text:
User:Sean3000

I’m from the Republic of Ireland but am currently living in Britain doing a postgrad in statistics. In Wikepedia I'm principally concerned with British art, and to a lesser extent, Irish art.

Interests in Wikipedia
Art (Especially British) History Literature

Articles I've started/have an active interest in

 * British art
 * The Wilton Diptych
 * John Wootton
 * Jean Rhys
 * Hot Press
 * Coryat's Crudities
 * Boss volenti
 * WH Smith Literary Award
 * International Gothic

Articles I've modified
TWAIN John Waters (columnist)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Sean3000


text:
Dean Reed

Dean Cyril Reed (September 22, 1938 – June 13, 1986) was an American actor, singer-songwriter, director, and social activist who lived a great part of his adult life in South America and then in East Germany. Nicknamed the Red Elvis, Reed was the best-selling Western performer in communist countries, with his songs often topping the local charts, and millions of his records were sold in the Eastern Bloc and elsewhere mostly under the Melodiya label. He never renounced his U.S. citizenship, despite often denouncing the policy of the U.S. government, and was seen by the Western media as a threat and as a revolutionary artist.

Early life and education
Dean Reed was born in Denver, Colorado, on September 22, 1938. His father was a high school math and history teacher, described as a staunch anticommunist and supporter of Barry Goldwater, while his mother was a homemaker. He had two elder brothers, Dale and Vernon. Reed's family moved many times during the 1940s, living in various cities in California and Utah, before returning to Colorado. He graduated from Wheat Ridge High School in 1956, where he was a star athlete on the track team. Despite his father's desire for Reed to enroll in a military academy, Reed studied meteorology for a couple of years at the University of Colorado and earned money in bars singing rock and roll and country music.

Career
Reed moved to Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, at the age of 19 and with his good looks won roles in TV. He took acting classes with Warner Bros under Paton Price amongst others. Price was a pacifist and taught him that art should be a mode of promoting one's beliefs. After realizing he had some talent as a musician, he recorded "Once Again" for Imperial Records as a one-off single to see if reaction to it would justify a full contract. Imperial did not offer a contract, but in 1958 Reed signed a long-term recording contract with Capitol Records. Capitol groomed him to be a teen idol and he produced some modestly popular singles, including "Annabelle", "The Search", "No Wonder", "A Pair of Scissors", "I Kissed a Queen", and "Our Summer Romance". He also made guest appearances on family television programs such as Bachelor Father. In 1985 he said, "When I was in Hollywood it was a place of fear and exploitation, a prostitution camp, where very few people could keep their integrity. I'm not ready to come back and do Coca-Cola ads to make a living."

International fame
Reed never achieved musical success in the U.S., where "The Search" became his only Billboard entry at No. 96. However, "Our Summer Romance" proved to be very popular in South America. In March 1962, Capitol sent him on a forty-day tour of Brazil, Chile, and Peru. While in Chile, he developed a left-wing political philosophy, and began to speak out against oppression and poverty. He protested against nuclear weapons and US foreign policy, and performed shows free in poor neighborhoods and in prisons.

After learning Spanish, he stayed on in Argentina for approximately four years.

During his live concert performances, he was accompanied by the group Los Dominantes, a rock-band from Lanus, formed by Juan Luis Bhe 'Ricky' (keyboard), Carlos Reale 'Charly' (bass), Dardo Rivero (first guitar), Juan Chiarello (second guitar), and Jacinto Atencio (drums). Reed made numerous albums and movies, toured extensively, and even appeared on his own television programs in Buenos Aires, such as Sabados Continuados, with the appearance of Antonio Carrizo.

In July 1965, he went to Europe for the first time, performing before the World Peace Congress. He traveled frequently to Spain and Italy, and in 1966 he went on a singing tour through the Soviet Union.

Back in Buenos Aires, his politics eventually ran foul of Argentine government policies after the 1966 military coup and he was deported.

From 1967 to 1969 Reed lived in Rome, acting in television commercials and Spaghetti Western movies such as Adiós, Sabata (1970). He toured Central and Eastern Europe, including the Soviet Union, where he was immensely popular.

In 1970, a week prior to the election of Chilean president Salvador Allende, he was arrested for washing a U.S. flag in front of Santiago's U.S. consulate. Pablo Neruda helped him to get out of jail. In 1971, he re-entered Chile only to be arrested again for 21 days. His wife filed for divorce at that point.

Also in 1971, Reed wrote an "open letter" to Alexander Solzhenitsyn, accusing him of having slandered the USSR.

Life in the Soviet bloc
In 1973, Reed chose to settle permanently in East Germany, where he continued to write, direct, and perform in films. Over the years he played in 20 films, produced 13 records, and gave concerts in 32 countries. The majority of his songs during this period were uncertified covers of successful hits of Chuck Berry, Elvis Presley, The Beatles and others. In 1978 he directed and starred in El Cantor (The Singer), a biopic about his friend Víctor Jara, the popular Chilean singer-songwriter murdered by the military after the 1973 coup d'état against President Salvador Allende.

While committed to the politics of his adopted communist home, he did not join the ruling Socialist Unity Party (SED). Despite his opposition to many US government and economic policies, he professed his love of America until the end of his life, and his songs often reflected his fondness for his homeland. He never renounced his US citizenship and continued to file tax returns for the Internal Revenue Service. In a 1986 television interview on CBS's 60 Minutes, he defended the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan and the building of the Berlin Wall, and compared Reagan negatively to Stalin, which angered many in the U.S., including Reed's family and friends. Following the interview, Reed received hate mail from the U.S. accusing him of being a traitor.

Personal life
Reed married three times. His first marriage was circa 1964 to an American woman, Patricia Hobbs, with whom he had a daughter, Ramona, born 1968. Patricia left him in 1971, returned to the United States with their daughter, and divorced him. Reed married an East German woman, Wiebke Dorndeck (née Schmidt), in 1973, with whom he had a second daughter, Natascha, born 1975. The couple divorced in 1978. In 1981, he married his third wife, East German actress Renate Blume, with whom he stayed until his death despite tensions and allegations that she was informing on him for the Stasi. Reed also had on and off affair for seven years with Estonian actress Eve Kivi.

Death
Six weeks after his appearance on 60 Minutes, Reed was found dead in Zeuthener Lake near his home in East Berlin. Though it was officially ruled an accidental drowning, his friends in Germany suspected his death was a suicide and his family in the U.S. claimed he had been murdered.

Reed's suicide note was later found on the back of a screenplay in his car. In it, Reed expressed his regret about his crumbling relationship with his third wife. He apologised to Erich Honecker, General Secretary of the SED, for his actions which could have resulted in a bad image for the GDR. The note was put into state files as classified information, which did not resurface until after German reunification. Eberhard Fensch, who was addressed in the note, later said "The reason was to spare his wife's feelings. There was no other reason. The letter even contained a greeting to Erich Honecker. Why would we cover that up?"

In 2004, Russia's Rossiya television channel aired a documentary on Dean Reed, entitled Кто Вы, мистер Рид? (Who Are You, Mister Reed?), speculating on the possibilities of him having been a CIA, KGB or Stasi agent, but failing to present any concrete evidence to support any such theories. Between 1976 and 1978, he worked for the Stasi's international department according to a 2005 book.

Filmography

 * 1964: Love Has Many Faces (USA)
 * 1965: Mi primera novia (Аrgentina)
 * 1965: Guadalajara en verano (Mexico)
 * 1965: Ritmo nuevo y vieja ola (Аrgentina)
 * 1967: God Made Them... I Kill Them (Italy)
 * 1967: Buckaroo: The Winchester Does Not Forgive (Italy)
 * 1968: The Nephews of Zorro (Italy)
 * 1969: Il diario proibito di Fanny (Italy)
 * 1969: Mitra Baby Face (Italy)
 * 1969: Death Knocks Twice (Italy, West Germany)
 * 1970: Veinte pasos para la muerte (Italy, Spain)
 * 1970: La banda de los tres crisantemos (Spain, Italy)
 * 1970: Adiós, Sabata (Italy, USA, Spain)
 * 1971: Los Corsarios / I pirati dell'isola verde (Italy, Spain)
 * 1971: La stirpe di Caino (Italy)
 * 1971: Die Vergnügungsspalte (West Germany) (uses parts of Il diario proibito di Fanny)
 * 1973: Storia di karat`e, pugni e fagioli (Spain, Italy)
 * 1973: Excerpts from the Life of a Good-For-Nothing (East Germany)
 * 1974: Kit & Co (East Germany, USSR, CSSR)
 * 1975: Blood Brothers (East Germany)
 * 1976: Soviel Lieder, soviel Worte (East Germany, USSR)
 * 1978: El Cantor (East Germany)
 * 1981: Sing, Cowboy, Sing (East Germany)
 * 1984: Uindii / Races (Japan, West Germany)

Legacy
The University of Colorado sponsors the Dean Reed Peace Prize, an annual essay contest held in Reed's memory.

Media depictions
Reed's life is the subject of the documentary American Rebel: The Dean Reed Story (1985).

Reed's life story influenced Grammy Award-winning writer and comedian Lewis Black and composer Rusty Magee to create the musical The Czar of Rock and Roll. It chronicled the rise of a Reed-like character, Eugene Reeves, from Nebraska musician to Soviet superstar. The musical was first produced in New York City at the West Bank Café Downstairs Theater Bar in 1989 and then at the Alley Theater in Houston in 1990. In April 2009 a concert version of the musical, directed by Evan Cabnet, was produced at Joe's Pub in New York City.

In 1991 Tom Hanks optioned a biography by Reggie Nadelson, titled Comrade Rockstar, finally published in the U.S. by Walker & Company in 2006. Nadelson had been inspired to write her book after seeing the 60 Minutes broadcast. Hanks planned to produce a movie on Reed's life. In 1993, Dean Reed – Glamour und Protest was released, in 2007 Der Rote Elvis (The Red Elvis) and Gringo Rojo (2016).

In 2001, English singer-songwriter Steve Bush published the song "Salome for Dean Reed" on the album Blossom Freak.

In January 2022, Sky UK broadcast a documentary about the life of Dean Reed on their channel Sky Documentaries titled Red Elvis, Cold War Cowboy. CuriosityStream and Amazon Prime are also streaming the documentary.

title: Dean Reed


text:
Talk:Cheeseburger

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Cheeseburger. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.culturefreak.com/tale.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.louisvilleky.gov/Visitors/Louisville%2BFacts%2Band%2BFirsts.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130928003530/https://ecf.moed.uscourts.gov/documents/opinions/STEAK_N_SHAKE_ET_AL_V_BURGER_KING_ET_AL-CDP-57.PDF to https://ecf.moed.uscourts.gov/documents/opinions/STEAK_N_SHAKE_ET_AL_V_BURGER_KING_ET_AL-CDP-57.PDF
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.culturefreak.com/tale.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:53, 27 July 2017 (UTC)

Suggestions for article improvement
Here are a set of ideas to improve the article from an Intertwine "Evaluating an Article" session.

Set of Ideas:
 * In the history section, towards the end of the fourth paragraph, citations on hamburgers in Hamburg, Germany should be included.
 * The second sentence in the Ingredients section seems like a personal opinion.
 * Religious section is not relevant to the central themes of a cheeseburger
 * Citation for the great plains and cattle ranching in the History section in the first sentence.
 * Reference #5 does not take you to Pasadena Sun. It doesn't have any info on it about cheeseburgers.
 * Maybe have a "Hamburger Records" or "Popular culture" section for inclassifiable information
 * Article 26 seems unreliable. New York Post is heavily slanted right.
 * Reference #11 is a blog post, which should not be included as reference in Wikipedia.
 * Ideas by Nmermoud, Msaimeevo, Christopher Sanders (user: sande2cj), PinkPanther4597, Sloth36, Nathan Blottie - Danku, ElizabethOgunsuyi — Preceding unsigned comment added by PinkPanther4597 (talk • contribs) 19:29, 28 January 2018 (UTC)

 * I believe these are all great improvements. My peers and I came up with the following review during an Intertwine session. A good lead section. It includes what goes on a cheeseburger and the types of cheeses that normally go on the cheeseburger. Very detailed and unbiased. Maybe there could be more talk about cows, and the ways of getting the meat. Including more religious beliefs would be great as well. For example, in India people do not eat beef. Also, some of the sources do not appear to be reliable. To better improve this article, the sources should be re-evaluated and the article expanded upon. The specific source would be the one referring to the bible. maljohns (talk) 19:28, 4 February 2018 (UTC) Tamaracyoung (talk) 19:31, 4 February 2018 (UTC) (19:35, 4 February 2018 (UTC))

Shannonkhod (talk) 19:32, 4 February 2018 (UTC)Shannon

Impossible Burger
Our Intertwine team added an internal link to the Impossible Foods page. Impossible Foods has developed an all-plant patty that mimics beef. We added this to the ingredients section. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sydney Stephens (talk • contribs) 20:20, 4 February 2018 (UTC)

(Interwine evaulating an article session) opinion on the article
Structure of the article: - the lead section of the article is pretty clear and straightforward, but it omits certain sections (like those for "Hamburgers") such as cheeseburgers around the world, unusual cheeseburgers, etc. -"Variations" section to provide clearer information about different ingredients that can be used, etc. - I would of like for the lead to have a sentence or even a few words on where the cheese burger orginated.

Balanced/neutral coverage: - the balance of the article is neutral/unbiased, but at least in the "Religious" section of the article, they only briefly talk about Judaism/Kosher food laws without mentioning other religions (ex. Islam/Halal food laws). -I agree. This article was not balanced when it came to giving information on other religions. It did not touch on any other religion.

Reliable sources: - the links generally work, but there is one citaton needed for tofu. Isha9 (talk) 19:20, 10 February 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 13:08, 11 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Lionel Sternberger Cheeseburger plaque.jpg

title: Talk:Cheeseburger


text:
Front page

Front Page or The Front Page may also refer to:

Periodicals

 * Frontpage (techno magazine), a German magazine for electronic music
 * FrontPage Africa, a Liberian daily newspaper
 * FrontPage Magazine, an online political magazine sometimes known as The Front Page
 * Frontpage: Ulat ni Mel Tiangco, a Philippine news bulletin
 * The Michigan FrontPage, a weekly newspaper in Detroit, Michigan

Television and movies

 * Front Page (newsmagazine), a short-lived TV show in 1993
 * Frontpage (TV series), a 2008 Malaysian drama series
 * Front Page (film), a 1990 Hong Kong film starring Michael Hui
 * The Front Page (1931 film), starring Adolphe Menjou and Pat O'Brien
 * The Front Page (1974 film), directed by Billy Wilder, starring Jack Lemmon and Walter Matthau
 * The Front Page (TV series), an American series that aired in 1949
 * "The Front Page" (Diff'rent Strokes), the final episode of the sitcom Diff'rent Strokes

Other

 * Front Page Challenge, a Canadian television game show that aired from 1957 to 1995
 * Front Page (New Zealand company), a news and political media company
 * The Front Page, a 1928 Broadway comedy written by Ben Hecht and Charles MacArthur
 * Front Page, a 2003 jazz album by Biréli Lagrène, Dominique Di Piazza, and Dennis Chambers
 * Microsoft FrontPage, discontinued software by Microsoft
 * Reddit, describes itself as the front page of the Internet.

title: Front page


text:
SFIA

SFIA may refer to:

 * San Francisco International Airport, in the United States
 * Skills Framework for the Information Age, originating from the United Kingdom, now established as the de facto global IT and digital skills framework
 * SfiA, aka SulA, an SOS response protein
 * Science & Futurism with Isaac Arthur

title: SFIA


text:
Horseshoe Tavern

The Horseshoe Tavern (known as The Horseshoe, The 'Shoe', The 'Toronto Tavern'  and The 'Triple T'  to Toronto locals) is a concert venue at 370 Queen Street West (northeast corner of Queen at Spadina) in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and has been in operation since 1947. Owned by "JC", Ken Sprackman, Craig Laskey, Naomi Montpetit, and the late Michael "X-Ray" MacRae, the venue is a significant part of Canadian musical lore. It is captured in the memories of thousands of concertgoers, and in books such as Have Not Been the Same.

History
The building, erected in 1861, previously housed a blacksmith. Originally an 87-seat saloon, it was advertised in recent decades as a "Country Roots n' Rockabilly Music Tavern". The Horseshoe Tavern welcomed blues and folk artists in the 1960s; reggae, mod, punk and new wave acts in the 1970s and 1980s; and then alternative rock and everything from ska, surf and swing to Celtic music and alternative country from the 1990s onward.

The Horseshoe has supported up and coming Canadian artists through programs such as Dave Bookman's Nu Music Nite, a regular Tuesday showcase. Bookman was a Toronto radio DJ for Indie 88.

The Horseshoe Tavern celebrated its 60th anniversary in 2007 with six shows by Joel Plaskett. Plaskett played his entire catalogue over six consecutive nights, devoting each show to one full album. Special guests appearing at the concerts included Peter Elkas, Sarah Harmer and Gord Downie.

In 2023, several musicians withdrew their performances from the Horseshoe in response to the venue's cancellation of a pro-Palestine fundraiser and contentious emails from co-owner Jeff Cohen.

Artists who have played at Horseshoe Tavern
Here is a selection of artists who have played at the Horseshoe Tavern.

International artists
• Billy Bragg

• Bon Iver

• Bright Eyes

• Cage the Elephant

• Cat Power

• Cecil Taylor

• The Charlatans

• The Cramps

• Crowded House

• Dandy Warhols

• Dead Boys

• Deerhunter

• Deer Tick

• Dick Dale

• Drive-by Truckers

• Elliott Smith

• Etta James

• Everclear

• Explosions in the Sky

• Father John Misty

• Foo Fighters

• Fountains of Wayne

• Frank Black

• Guided by Voices

• The Heartbreakers

• The Hold Steady

• Jason Isbell

• The Jayhawks

• Jesus Jones

• The Jesus Lizard

• Link Wray

• Linkin Park

• Live

• Los Lobos

• Manic Street Preachers

• Mission of Burma

• Mogwai

• Mudhoney

• My Chemical Romance

• My Morning Jacket

• The National

• Neko Case

• Neutral Milk Hotel

• Pedro the Lion

• Pixies

• The Police

• Ramones

• The Rolling Stones

• Talking Heads

• Sneaker Pimps

• The Soft Boys

• Soul Coughing

• Spin Doctors

• Spoon

• The Shins

• The Stranglers

• The Strokes

• Sufjan Stevens

• Sugar Ray

• Suicide

• Sun Ra

• Super Furry Animals

• Tame Impala

• Teenage Fanclub

• Throwing Muses

• Tripping Daisy

• The Troggs

• TV on the Radio

• Urge Overkill

• Vampire Weekend

• Veruca Salt

• Warren Zevon

• The War on Drugs

• The Wedding Present

• Wilco

• The Wonder Stuff

• Young the Giant

• The Bacon Brothers

Canadian artists
• 13 Engines

• 54-40

• Arcade Fire

• Arkells

• Art Bergmann

• The Band

• Barenaked Ladies

• Big Sugar

• Big Wreck

• Billy Talent

• Blue Rodeo

• Bryan Adams

• Change of Heart

• Constantines

• Death From Above 1979

• Do Make Say Think

• Fucked Up

• Great Big Sea

• Helix

• Images in Vogue

• Jane Siberry

• Junkhouse

• The Jeff Healey Band

• The Dead Pixels

• Maestro Fresh Wes

• Mary Margaret O'Hara

• Nash the Slash

• Nickelback

• Our Lady Peace

• ONEK

• Prairie Oyster

• The Pukka Orchestra

• PUP

• Rheostatics

• Rough Trade

• Sloan

• Spirit of the West

• Spoons

• Stompin' Tom Connors

• Teenage Head

• Three Days Grace

• The Tragically Hip

• The Viletones

• The Watchmen

• The Weakerthans

• Wide Mouth Mason

Media appearances
Two Stompin' Tom Connors concert films, This Is Stompin' Tom (1972) and Across This Land with Stompin' Tom (1973) were shot at the Horseshoe. In 1978, the tavern was the setting for Colin Brunton's punk rock documentary The Last Pogo, featuring The Scenics, The Cardboard Brains, The Secrets, The Mods, The Ugly, The Viletones, and Teenage Head. An archival photo montage of the Horseshoe Tavern's history was also featured in Brunton's 2013 feature film, The Last Pogo Jumps Again.

The Horseshoe was featured on Live on MTV in September 1997, when the Rolling Stones began their Bridges To Babylon Tour there with a 75-minute show. In 1998, the club's trademark "checkerboard floors" were referenced in the Tragically Hip song "Bobcaygeon". In 2000, it hosted the Humble & Fred "Gift of Christmas" broadcast. In 2006, a live recording of "Red Flag" by Billy Talent from a performance at the tavern was released on the "Red Flag" CD single. In 2020, Kathleen Edwards referenced the Horseshoe in her song "Glenfern".

Live releases

 * 1971 - Stompin' Tom Connors: Live At The Horseshoe
 * 1979 - Various Artists: And Now Live From Toronto... The Last Pogo (also a concert film)
 * 1994 - Various Artists: Kumbaya Album Nineteen Ninety Four (Junkhouse track "Praying For The Rain")
 * 1994 - Pat Temple And The High Lonesome Players: Cold Cuts
 * 1995 - The Mods:	Twenty 2 Months (4 tracks)
 * 1998 - Edgefest 98 Rarities & Collectables (Watchmen track "Say Something")
 * 1998 - Watchmen: Live Radar
 * 2000 - Skydiggers: There And Back (12 tracks, recorded 1998)
 * 2000 - Wilco: Why Would You Wanna Live (track "Passenger Side", recorded in 1997)
 * 2001 - Melanie Doane: Melvin Live
 * 2003 - Chris Bottomley's Brainfudge: Full Frontal Lobottomley Live 1990-1998 (7 tracks, recorded 1994)
 * 2003 - The Mahones: Live At The Horseshoe
 * 2004 - Tobin Sprout: Live At The Horseshoe Tavern
 * 2004 - Pedro The Lion: Stations (3 tracks
 * 2004 - Rheostatics: Calling Out The Chords - Vol. 1
 * 2004 - Various Artists: It's A Team Mint Xmas Vol. 2
 * 2006 - Hot Chip: Live At The Horseshoe, Toronto (recorded live 2005)
 * 2006 - Loudness – Loudness In America 06 (concert film)
 * 2006 - The Parkas: A Life Of Crime documentary / The Scars To Prove It E.P. (track "My Life Of Crime", recorded 2005)
 * 2006 - Wolf Eyes: Live At Horseshoe Tavern, Toronto
 * 2006 - Wolf Eyes / John Wiese: Live Frying: Toronto
 * 2008 - Sun Ra: Live At The Horseshoe Tavern, Toronto 1978
 * 2010 - The Master Plan: Maximum Respect (track "Picketts Charge")
 * 2013 - Skydiggers: All Of Our Dreaming - Live 1988, 2000 & 2012 (10 tracks, recorded 1999)
 * 2014 - The Tragically Hip: Fully Completely (2014 reissue bonus live disc, recorded 1992)
 * 2015 - Neko Case: Fox Confessor Brings The Flood (track "John Saw That Number")
 * 2015 - Teenage Jesus and the Jerks: Live 1977-1979 (three tracks, recorded 1978)
 * 2016 - The Jeff Healey Band – Live At The Horseshoe Tavern 1993
 * 2019 - The Unintended: The Unintended (2019 Reissue, Deluxe Version, three tracks recorded 2004)
 * 2019 - The Hold Steady: Live In Toronto 9-14-18
 * 2019 - The Hold Steady: Live In Toronto 9-15-18
 * 2022 - The Hold Steady: Live In Toronto 5-4-22

title: Horseshoe Tavern


text:
Josep Maria de Porcioles i Colomer

Josep Maria de Porcioles i Colomer (Amer, 15 July 1904 – Vilassar de Dalt, 3 September 1993) was the mayor of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain for sixteen years, from 15 March 1957 until 11 May 1973 during the fascist dictatorship of Francisco Franco. His long administration is associated with the rapid economic and industrial growth of the city during Spain's desarrolisme and unplanned urban sprawl in Barcelona to accommodate the hundreds of thousands of immigrants attracted to the city from southern Spain. He was finally forced to retire in 1973 due to neighbourhood protests over the poor quality of the housing in the new areas and lack of social provision, and the speculation and corruption associated with the mayor. He is interred in the Montjuïc Cemetery in Barcelona.

title: Josep Maria de Porcioles i Colomer


text: User talk:68.158.51.249

title: User talk:68.158.51.249


text:
Gillespie, Kidd & Coia

Gillespie, Kidd & Coia was a Scottish architectural firm famous for their application of modernism in churches and universities, as well as at St Peter's Seminary in Cardross. Though founded in 1927, they are best known for their work in the post-war period. The firm was wound up in 1987.

In 2007, the firm was the subject of a major retrospective exhibition at The Lighthouse, Glasgow.

Origins
The Scottish architect James Salmon (1805–1888) established a practice in Glasgow in 1830. John Gaff Gillespie (1870–1926) was hired in 1891, when the practice was known as James Salmon & Son, and was run by the son, William Forrest Salmon. The practice name was changed in 1903 to Salmon & Son & Gillespie, with James Salmon (1873–1924), grandson of the founder, and John Gaff Gillespie as partners. William Alexander Kidd (1879–1928) joined the firm in 1898, becoming a partner, with Gillespie, in 1918 (James Salmon had left the firm in 1913). Kidd became sole partner on Gillespie's death in 1926.

In 1915, the 16-year-old Giacomo Antonio ("Jack") Coia (1898–1981) joined the firm of Gillespie & Kidd as an apprentice. Coia was born in Wolverhampton, England, to Italian parents, and was raised in Glasgow. In 1923, he left for travel to Europe and work in London, returning as a partner in 1927, at Kidd’s request following Gillespie’s death. Kidd himself died in 1928 and Coia thus inherited the practice by then known as Gillespie, Kidd & Coia.

Early years
At the time Coia took over, the practice had little work. Coia took a teaching position at the Mackintosh School of Architecture within the Glasgow School of Art (GSA), and began to seek new clients. After approaching Donald Mackintosh, the Archbishop of Glasgow, he secured the practice's first commission for a new church in 1931. The Roman Catholic Church would remain the firm's principal client until the early 1970s. In 1938, Thomas Warnett Kennedy became a partner with Coia, contributing to designs for St Peter in Chains, Ardrossan, and the Roman Catholic pavilion for the Glasgow Empire Exhibition. The practice also collaborated with Thomas S. Tait on the Exhibition masterplan.

Even though the Second World War brought a hiatus in the practice's work, one church that they designed, St Columba's Church in Glasgow, was completed in 1941. The Dictionary of Scottish Architects states that Coia was interned as an enemy alien during the war. However, Rodger disputes this, stating that there is no record of the Wolverhampton-born Coia's internment, although several of his Italian-born relatives were taken to the Isle of Man.

Post-war period
Gillespie, Kidd & Coia was revived in 1945, although without Kennedy, who later emigrated to Canada. Coia hired 17-year-old Isi Metzstein as an apprentice and continued to design churches and other works for the Roman Catholic Church. The firm's work of this period is considered by architectural historians to be inferior. Rodger describes Coia's difficulty with seeing projects through, which was countered by his "flair for heading an architectural office". This led to the development of an atelier-style practice, with Coia gradually handing over design control to concentrate on client relations. In 1954 Andy MacMillan, a contemporary of Metzstein at the GSA, joined the firm from the East Kilbride Development Corporation, and despite neither of the young architects being fully qualified, they had assumed creative control by 1956. Coia's last significant architectural work was for St Charles, North Kelvinside in 1959.

MacMillan and Metzstein
The first result of the new designers was St Paul's, Glenrothes (1956), which broke with the practice's earlier church designs by embracing the Modernism of Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright. Their opportunity lay in demographic changes taking place in Scotland at the time. The huge post-war construction project of new towns relocated many people from inner city Glasgow. These changes required new churches for the new town communities, as well as new city churches to service the remaining congregations. Gillespie, Kidd & Coia were one of the few practices involved in the building of the new churches. MacMillan and Metzstein's work in the period 1956–1987 was enabled not only by MacMillan's practical experience at the new town of East Kilbride, but also by the willingness of their principal client, the Roman Catholic Church, to accept radical experimentation in the wake of the Second Vatican Council.

Meanwhile, Coia continued to keep up the profile of the practice through lecturing and through his roles as a prominent member of the Catenian Association of Catholic professionals, as a governor of the GSA, and as president of the Glasgow Institute of Architects. He was made a CBE in 1967, and received the RIBA Royal Gold Medal in 1969.

The church-building programme drew to a close in the 1970s, and Gillespie, Kidd & Coia began to seek out alternative sources of work. They completed several schools, as well as university projects in England. After Coia's death in 1981, the practice was gradually wound down. Their limited output through the 1980s was brought to a close with the conversion of the Museum of Modern Art in Oxford in 1987.

Architectural work
Gillespie, Kidd & Coia's work can be split into three main phases, coinciding with the historical development of the practice. Early works were executed in a neo-romanesque style, with features such as round arches inserted into building shapes influenced by Arts and Crafts architecture and international-style modernism. Their use of brick walls was also bold in Scotland, where stone or render were the dominant external building finishes. This style was continued in the second phase, after the war, but with less successful results. The third and most celebrated phase is the period 1956-1987, when Metzstein and MacMillan took over creative control, bringing with them the influence of Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright. Concrete, as well as brick, became a preferred material, and the practice continued to be influenced by contemporary developments of Mid-Century modernism and brutalism. The firm is regarded as one of the key British architects of the Roman Catholic Liturgical Movement in the UK that resulted in a large number of new modernist RC churches being built, and other churches being reordered. This group of architects, which included Gerard Goalen, Francis Pollen, Desmond Williams and Austin Winkley, utilised contemporary design and construction methods to deliver the ‘noble simplicity’ instructed by Vatican I.

Churches
The firm was already designing churches with a modern influence in the 1930s. with St. Patrick's, Orangefield, Greenock forming an example from 1934-35.

Scotland is peppered with modernist ecclesiastical architecture, virtually all from the firm of Gillespie, Kidd & Coia. St Mary's, Bo'ness (1962), since demolished; St Joseph's, Faifley, (1964); Our Lady of Good Counsel, Dennistoun, (1965); St Benedict's, Easterhouse, (1965); and St. Paul's, Glenrothes, (1956) were all geometric buildings with sweeping roofs, using new construction techniques, such as glued laminated timber. By contrast, churches including St Charles, North Kelvinside, (1959); St Mary of the Angels, Falkirk, (1960); St Bride's, East Kilbride, (1963), St Patricks, Kilsyth, (1963); and Sacred Heart, Cumbernauld, (1964) were all rectangular, load-bearing brick, or in the case of St Charles', exposed concrete frame with brick curtain-walling. These churches are very plain on the outside, but dramatically lit on the inside.

St Peter's Seminary
St. Peter's Seminary in Cardross, Argyll and Bute is regarded as Gillespie, Kidd & Coia's most significant work. However, since the building's closure in the 1980s it has been in a ruinous state. In January 2019 Ronnie Convery, director of communications of the Archdiocese of Glasgow, said that the building was an "albatross around the neck" of the archdiocese, which had the responsibility to maintain, secure, and insure it, and that they could not sell it, give it away, or demolish it.

Schools and colleges
Gillespie, Kidd & Coia carried out several school commissions, including Roman Catholic schools in Cumbernauld, Bellshill and Glasgow, and the Notre Dame College in Bearsden (1969, partially demolished 2007).

Offices and other works
The firm's most prominent office commission was the BOAC building on Buchanan Street, Glasgow (1970). The firm undertook relatively little residential work, with projects in East Kilbride, Cumbernauld (1961), and Stantonbury, Milton Keynes (1976), as well as sheltered housing in Dumbarton (1967). In 1962, the practice completed Bellshill Maternity Hospital (demolished 2003), winning a Civic Trust Award.

University architecture
From the late 1960s, Gillespie, Kidd & Coia executed three major university projects in England, as well as Bonar Hall at the University of Dundee (1976). The first was The Lawns, a group of student residences in Cottingham, Yorkshire for the University of Hull. It was awarded a RIBA Bronze Regional Award in 1968 and was listed Grade II 1993. From 1971 to 1979 they worked on two extensions to Wadham College, Oxford. These included one large block containing new undergraduate accommodation and a college library, and a smaller addition behind the King's Arms pub. This includes a small music shop for Blackwell's, described as "a refreshing, shocking contribution to the gloomy Oxford backstreet in which it stands" by the Architects' Journal.

Robinson College, Cambridge was their most important building of this phase, and the last major building they designed. Winning a competition in 1974 for the entirely new college, their building is clad almost exclusively in brick, and incorporates existing gardens dating from the 1890s and 1900s. It was listed at Grade II* in 2022.

title: Gillespie, Kidd & Coia


text:
Ganges shark

The Ganges shark (Glyphis gangeticus) is a critically endangered species of requiem shark found in the Ganges River (Padma River) and the Brahmaputra River of India and Bangladesh. It is often confused with the more common bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas), which also inhabits the Ganges River and is sometimes incorrectly referred to as the Ganges shark. The genus is currently considered to contain three recent species; genetic evidence has shown that both the Borneo river shark (G. fowlerae) and Irrawaddy river shark (G. siamensis) should be regarded as synonyms of the Ganges shark, expanding the range of the species to Pakistan, Myanmar, Borneo, and Java. While the other members of the genus Glyphis occur in coastal marine waters as well as rivers, the Ganges shark is found only in fresh water, making it the world's only exclusively freshwater shark. The species remains poorly known and very rare.

Taxonomy
Formerly the Borneo river shark (Glyphis fowlerae) and the Irrawaddy river shark (Glyphis siamensis) were considered to represent two other species in the genus Glyphis. They have recently been reclassified as G. gangeticus based on genetic studies, and their scientific names are treated as synonyms.

The Borneo river shark is known only from the Kinabatangan River in Borneo. It can reach a length of 78 cm. Only 13 specimens are known to science, all collected in 1996. Expeditions in 2010 and 2011 failed to find any, and while fishermen recognised the shark, they have not been seen for many years.

The Irrawaddy river shark is known only from a single museum specimen originally caught at the mouth of the Irrawaddy River in Myanmar, a brackish-water locality in a large, heavily silt-laden river lined with mangrove forests. It was collected in the 19th century and described as Carcharias siamensis by Austrian ichthyologist Franz Steindachner, in Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien (volume 11, 1896). However, subsequent authors doubted the validity of this species, regarding it as an abnormal bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas), until in 2005 shark systematist Leonard Compagno recognized it as distinct member of the genus Glyphis. The specimen is a 60-cm-long immature male. It closely resembles the Ganges shark, but has more vertebrae (209 versus 169) and fewer teeth (29/29 versus 32–37/31–34).

A possibly undescribed species of Glyphis is known from Mukah in Borneo, as well as Bangladesh. The status of a Borneo specimen from Sampit remains unclear.

Physical appearance
G. gangeticus is a little-known species that is yet to be adequately described. Its size at birth is 56 to 61 cm, growing to an estimated 178 cm at maturity, with a maximum size of about 204 cm. The size at birth or maturity is unknown for any other Glyphis species.

A typical requiem shark in its external appearance, it is stocky, with two spineless dorsal fins and an anal fin. The first dorsal fin originates over the last third of the pectoral fins, with a free rear tip that is well in front of the pelvic fins. The second dorsal fin is relatively large, but much smaller than the first (about half the height). The anal fin is slightly smaller than the second dorsal fin and the pectoral fins are broad. A longitudinal upper precaudal pit is seen, but no interdorsal ridge. It is uniformly grey to brownish in color, with no discernible markings.

Its snout is broadly rounded and much shorter than the width of its mouth. The mouth is long, broad, and extends back and up towards the eyes.

Its eyes are minute, suggesting that it may be adapted to turbid water with poor visibility, such as occurs in the Ganges River and the Bay of Bengal. It has internal nictitating eyelids.

The upper teeth have high, broad, serrated, triangular cusps and the labial furrows are very short. The lower front teeth have long, hooked, protruding cusps with unserrated cutting edges along the entire cusp, but without spear-like tips and with low cusplets on feet of crowns. The tooth row counts are 32–37/31–34.

Diagnostic features
G. gangeticus can be identified by the first few lower front teeth, which have cutting edges along entire cusp, giving the cusps a claw-like shape, and low cusplets. Also, a second dorsal fin that is about half the height of first dorsal is distinct to this species.

Distribution
The Ganges shark, as its name suggests, is largely restricted to the rivers of eastern and northeastern India, particularly the Hooghly River of West Bengal, and the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Mahanadi in Bihar, Assam, and Odisha, respectively. It is typically found in the middle to lower reaches of a river. One found in 2018 in a Mumbai fish market may have come from somewhere along the banks of the Arabian Sea.

In theory, G. gangeticus could occur in shallow marine estuaries; however, no marine records of the species have been verified to date. Originally, the species was assigned a wide range in the Indo-West Pacific, but this was found to be mostly based on other species of requiem sharks, particularly members of the genus Carcharhinus.

Most literature records and specimens labelled as this species are in fact bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) or other carcharhinid species. An extensive 10-year search produced only a few specimens, caught in 1996 in the Ganges River.

Habitat and ecology
G. gangeticus is known to inhabit only freshwater, inshore marine, and estuarine systems in the lower reaches of the Ganges-Hooghly River system. Their feeding habits are mostly unknown. The shark's small eyes and slender teeth suggest that it is primarily a fish-eater and is adapted to turbid water. With such limited visibility typical of many tropical rivers and estuaries, other senses − such as hearing, smell, and electroreception − are likely used for predation. Because its eyes are tilted towards its back rather than to the sides or bottom (as is the case in most carcharhinids), the shark may swim along the bottom and scan the water above it for potential prey back-lit by the sun. However, in the Bay of Bengal, G. gangeticus was found to feed heavily on dasyatid stingrays, which spend much of their time on the bottom.

Reproduction
It is probably viviparous, with a yolk-sac placenta (speculation through analogy to related species of carcharhinids). The litter size and gestation period are unknown. However, their life history cycle is probably similar to other river sharks, characterized by long gestation, slow growth, delayed maturity, and small litter size. These factors make the Ganges shark populations vulnerable to even relatively low levels of exploitation, such as sport angling or gill netting.

Possibility of migration
Some researchers consider G. gangeticus to be amphidromous, covering more than 100 km in both directions. However, this is not thought to be for breeding, as the case in anadromous and catadromous species. The presence of newborn individuals in the Hooghly River suggests that the young may be born in fresh water.

A specimen photographed in 2011 by natural history journalist Malaka Rodrigo at Negombo fish market in Sri Lanka prompted researcher Rex de Silva to speculate on whether the species could occasionally be carried south of its normal range by ocean currents. However, only the head of the shark appears in the photo. Leading shark expert Leonard Compagno emphasised the need to check the dentition and the dorsal fin proportions to confirm the specimen as G. gangeticus, stating that it could also be one of the four other named species.

Specimens
G. gangeticus was originally known only from three 19th-century museum specimens, one each in the National Museum of Natural History in Paris, Natural History Museum, Berlin in Berlin, and the Zoological Survey of India in Calcutta. No records exist between 1867 and 1996, and the 1996 records have not been confirmed as G. gangeticus. A specimen collected 84 km upstream of the mouth of the Hooghly River at Mahishadal in 2001 was identified as G. gangeticus, but on photographs of the jaw only. If Carcharias murrayi (Günter, 1887) can be considered a junior synonym of this species, one was found near Karachi, Pakistan. However, the holotype was apparently lost or misplaced in the British Museum of Natural History.

One female specimen was recorded at Sassoon Docks in Mumbai, India in February 2016, measuring 266 cm total length. It was caught in the Arabian Sea.

Molecular biology
Glyphis species, like other sharks, exhibit a very slow rate of genetic change. This makes them even more vulnerable to becoming extinct, as they are unable to adapt to the rapid and extreme changes caused by humans to their environment.

As only a few specimens exist, naturally little material available is for genetic sampling. However, two websites list records for G. gangeticus:

The Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats website lists one record:

Public Records: 0

Specimens with Barcodes: 1

Species With Barcodes: 1

The NCBI Taxonomy database has one record of mitochondrial genetic material (1,044 base pairs of linear DNA):

Glyphis gangeticus bio-material GN2669, reported in a 2012 paper on DNA sequencing in shark and ray species.

Conservation
G. gangeticus is one of 20 sharks on the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Red List of endangered shark species. The species is currently classified as critically endangered. According to the organisation, fewer than 250 Ganges sharks are believed to exist. The need is urgent for a detailed survey of the shark fisheries of the Bay of Bengal.

Major threats
River sharks are thought to be particularly vulnerable to habitat changes. The Ganges shark is restricted to a very narrow band of habitat that is heavily affected by human activity. Overfishing, habitat degradation from pollution, increasing river use, and management including the construction of dams and barrages, are the principal threats. Thought to be consumed locally for its meat, the Ganges shark is caught by gillnet, and its oil, along with that of the South Asian river dolphin, is highly sought after as a fish attractant. It is also believed to be part of the Asian shark fin trade. After a sighting in 2006, the species was not seen again for over a decade until one was found at a Mumbai fish market in 2016.

The single Irrawaddy river shark specimen stems from an area of intensive artisanal fishing, mainly gillnetting, but also line and electrofishing. Habitat degradation may pose a further threat to this shark, including water pollution and the clearing of mangrove trees for fuel, construction materials, and other products. The shark may be naturally rare in this area and highly restricted in its range. Despite fishing and scientific surveys in the area, no more Irrawaddy river sharks have been recorded in the 100-plus years since the first.

Conservation actions
In 2001, the Indian government banned the landing of all species of chondrichthyan fish in its ports. However, shortly afterwards, this ban was amended to cover only 10 species of chondrichthyans. These, including G. gangeticus, are protected under Schedule I, Part II A of the Wildlife Protection Act of India. Doubt exists about the effectiveness of this measure, however, because of difficulties in enforcement. A widespread, albeit widely dispersed, artisanal fishery exists for both local consumption and international trade. Compagno (1997) recommends an in-depth survey of fishing camps and landing sites, along with a sampling program in the Ganges system to determine the current status of this shark along with other Gangetic elasmobranchs such as stingrays and sawfish.

Human interaction
The Ganges shark is widely feared as a ferocious man-eater, but most of the attacks attributed to it are probably the result of confusion with the bull shark Carcharhinus leucas. This is likely because bull sharks are known to travel long distances into freshwater systems and may co-exist in the same waters as the Ganges shark. Since little is known about the behaviour of genuine freshwater river sharks, and since G. gangeticus is critically endangered, contact with humans is very rare.

The biological differences between the Ganges shark and bull shark also point to a lower likelihood of attacks on humans by the Ganges shark. G. gangeticus has much narrower, higher, upper teeth and slender-cusped, less heavily built lower teeth than C. leucas. Such small sharp teeth are more suitable for fish-impaling, and less useful for dismembering tough mammalian prey than the stout teeth of the bull shark.

Etymology
Glyphis: from Greek glyphe, means "carving".

title: Ganges shark