text:
Donmar Warehouse

The Donmar Warehouse is a 251-seat, not-for-profit theatre in Covent Garden, London, England. It first opened on 18 July 1977.

Sam Mendes, Michael Grandage, Josie Rourke and Michael Longhurst have all served as artistic director, a post held since March 2024 by Tim Sheader. The theatre produces new writing, contemporary reappraisals of European classics, British and American drama and small-scale musical theatre.

As well as presenting at least six productions a year at its home in Covent Garden, as well transferring shows to the West End, Broadway and elsewhere.

History
Theatrical producer Donald Albery formed Donmar Productions around 1953, with the name derived from the first three letters of his name and the first three letters of his friend, ballerina Margot Fonteyn. In 1961, he bought the warehouse, a building that in the 1870s had been a vat room and hops warehouse for the local brewery in Covent Garden, and in the 1920s had been used as a film studio and then the Covent Garden Market banana-ripening depot. His son Ian Albery, a producer and theatre design consultant, converted the warehouse into a private rehearsal studio.

In 1977, the Royal Shakespeare Company acquired it as a theatre and renamed it Warehouse, converting and equipping at "immense speed". The first show, which opened on 18 July 1977, was Schweik in the Second World War, directed by Howard Davies, which transferred from the Other Place in Stratford. The electricity for the theatre was turned on just 30 minutes before curtain up, and the concrete steps up to the theatre were still wet.

The Warehouse was an RSC workshop as much as a showcase and the seasons were remarkably innovative, including Trevor Nunn's acclaimed Stratford 1976 Macbeth, starring Judi Dench and Ian McKellen, which opened at the Covent Garden venue in September 1977 before transferring to the Young Vic. The RSC went on to stage numerous acclaimed productions, both original and transfers from The Other Place, Stratford. In 1980 nearly all the RSC company were involved in Nicholas Nickleby so a new two hander was found from the pile of submitted scripts. Educating Rita, with Julie Walters and Mark Kingston directed by Mike Ockrent, went on to be one of the RSC's biggest successes.

From 1983 to 1989 it came under the artistic directorship of Nica Burns.

In 1990, Roger Wingate was responsible for the acquisition of the Donmar Warehouse. He completely rebuilt and re-equipped it in the form it is known today. Prior to its reopening in 1992, Roger Wingate appointed Sam Mendes as the theatre's first Artistic Director. As a board member and theatrical producer, Roger Wingate remains closely involved with the Donmar to the present day.

Under Sam Mendes (1992–2002)
The Donmar became an independent producing house in 1992 with Sam Mendes as artistic director. His opening production was Stephen Sondheim's Assassins. He followed this with a series of classic revivals.

Among Mendes' productions were John Kander and Fred Ebb's Cabaret, Tennessee Williams's The Glass Menagerie, Stephen Sondheim's Company, Alan Bennett's Habeas Corpus and his farewell duo of Chekhov's Uncle Vanya and Twelfth Night, which transferred to the Brooklyn Academy of Music.

Under Mendes, Matthew Warchus's production of Sam Shepard's True West, Katie Mitchell's of Beckett's Endgame, David Leveaux's of Sophocles's Elektra and Tom Stoppard's The Real Thing were all productions at Donmar. Mendes' successor Michael Grandage directed some of the key productions of the later part of Mendes' tenure, including Peter Nichols's Passion Play and Privates on Parade and Sondheim's Merrily We Roll Along.

Under Michael Grandage (2002–2011)
In 2002 Michael Grandage succeeded Sam Mendes as Artistic Director. Grandage appointed Douglas Hodge and Jamie Lloyd as Associate Directors; in 2007 Rob Ashford succeeded Hodge.

For its revivals of foreign plays, the company regularly commissioned new translations or versions, including Ibsen's The Wild Duck (David Eldridge), Racine's Phaedra (Frank McGuinness), Dario Fo's Accidental Death of an Anarchist (Simon Nye) and Strindberg's Creditors (David Greig).

Its musical productions included Grand Hotel and the Stephen Sondheim works, Pacific Overtures, Merrily We Roll Along, Company, Into the Woods and the 1992 production of Assassins that opened Sam Mendes' tenure as Artistic Director.

Under the umbrella of Warehouse Productions, the theatre sometimes opened shows in the West End. Including 1999's Suddenly Last Summer and 2005's Guys and Dolls.

Many well-known actors have appeared at the theatre, including Nicole Kidman (The Blue Room), Gwyneth Paltrow (Proof), Ian McKellen (The Cut) and Ewan McGregor (Othello).

With only 250 seats, the tickets for Othello starring McGregor were in such demand that Grandage feared it could become "a bad news story". His response was to plan a one-year season at the 750-seat Wyndham's Theatre, four major new productions presented by Donmar West End. It commenced on 12 September 2008, with Kenneth Branagh in the title role of Chekhov's Ivanov, given in a new version by Tom Stoppard and directed by Grandage. The West End season continued with Derek Jacobi in Twelfth Night, Judi Dench in Yukio Mishima's Madame de Sade and Jude Law in Hamlet, all directed by Grandage.

Following the Donmar West End season, the Donmar held three productions internationally: transfers of Red, Piaf and Creditors, to Broadway, Madrid and the Brooklyn Academy of Music respectively. Furthermore, from 30 September through December, the Donmar had the first of three year resident spots at Trafalgar Studios 2, in order to showcase its past Resident Assistant Directors.

In late 2010, the Donmar led the UK celebrations to mark Stephen Sondheim's 80th birthday to recognise his long association with the theatre. It included a new production of Passion directed by Jamie Lloyd.

In February 2011, the Donmar collaborated with the National Theatre Live programme to broadcast its production of King Lear, starring Derek Jacobi, to cinemas around the world. With over 350 screens in 20 countries, this single performance of King Lear was seen by more than 30,000 people.

Under Josie Rourke (2012–2019)
In January 2012, Josie Rourke became the third Artistic Director in the Donmar's history. The first production under her leadership was George Farquhar's The Recruiting Officer, which Rourke also directed. Her first season also included Robert Holman's 1987 play, Making Noise Quietly, directed by Peter Gill; Jack Thorne's new version of The Physicists by Swiss playwright Friedrich Duerrenmatt; Brian Friel's Philadelphia, Here I Come!, directed by Lyndsey Turner; and Rourke's own production of Jean Racine's Berenice, in a new translation by Alan Hollinghurst and Phyllida Lloyd's all female Julius Caesar, which later went on to play at the St. Ann's Warehouse, New York.

The Donmar built a temporary, in-the-round, 420-seat theatre next to King's Cross station. This theatre housed the all-female Shakespeare trilogy: The Tempest, Julius Caesar and Henry IV, directed by Phyllida Lloyd, from September to December 2016.

Under Michael Longhurst (2019–2024)
In June 2018, Michael Longhurst was named the fourth Artistic Director of the Donmar Warehouse. Longhurst's previous credits include Constellations at the Royal Court Theatre and Amadeus at the National Theatre.

Longhurst's first season at the Donmar started on 20 June 2019 with David Greig’s Europe, followed by the UK premiere of Appropriate by Branden Jacobs-Jenkins. Further planned productions include [Blank] by Alice Birch, the UK premiere of Mike Lew's Teenage Dick and the season closes with Caryl Churchill's Far Away. He directed a revival of Constellations in the West End with four different casts. The theatre reopened in September 2021 and further productions included Henry V' with Kit Harington, Macbeth with David Tennant and Cush Jumbo and the musicals The Band's Visit and Next to Normal''.

In June 2023, it was announced that Tim Sheader, Artistic Director of the Regent's Park Open Air Theatre, would take over as Artistic Director in March 2024.

1990s

 * Assassins (22 October 1992 – 9 January 1993)
 * Richard III (14 January–20 February 1993)
 * Playland (25 February–17 April 1993)
 * Don't Fool With Love (22 April–15 May 1993)
 * Translations (3 June–24 July 1993)
 * Here (9 July–11 September 1993)
 * The Life of Stuff (16 September–6 November 1993)
 * Hamlet (10–27 November 1993)
 * Cabaret (2 December 1993 – 26 March 1994)
 * Half Time (4, 5, 11 and 12 February 1994)
 * Maria Friedman by Special Arrangement (20, 27 February and 6 March 1994)
 * Beautiful Thing (29 March–23 April 1994)
 * Maria Friedman by Special Arrangement by Further Arrangement (23 May–11 June 1994)
 * Glengarry Glen Ross (16 June–27 August 1994)
 * Design for Living (1 September–5 November 1994)
 * True West (9 November–3 December 1994)
 * The Threepenny Opera (8 December 1994 – 18 March 1995)
 * Highland Fling (21 March–8 April 1995)
 * Our Boys (11 April–13 May 1995)
 * Insignificance (1 June–6 August 1995)
 * The Glass Menagerie (7 September–5 November 1995)
 * Rupert Street Lonely Hearts Club (7–25 November 1995)
 * Company (1 December 1995 – 2 March 1996)
 * The King of Prussia (4–9 March 1996)
 * Buddleia (12–16 March 1996)
 * Song from a Forgotten City (18–23 March 1996)
 * Bondagers (27 March–6 April 1996)
 * Endgame (11 April–25 May 1996)
 * Habeas Corpus (30 May–27 July 1996)
 * Hedda Gabler (30 July–31 August 1996)
 * Pentecost (3–28 September 1996)
 * Fool for Love (3 October–30 November 1996)
 * Nine (6 December 1996 – 8 March 1997)
 * Badfinger (11–22 March 1997)
 * Summer Begins (25 March–5 April 1997)
 * Halloween Night (8–19 April 1997)
 * The Fix (26 April–14 June 1997)
 * The Maids (19 June–9 August 1997)
 * The Seagull (12 August–6 September 1997)
 * Enter the Guardsman (11 September–18 October 1997)
 * Electra (21 October–6 December 1997)
 * The Front Page (10 December 1997 – 28 February 1998)
 * In a Little World of our Own (3–7 March 1998)
 * Tell Me (9–14 March 1998)
 * Timeless (17–21 March 1998)
 * Sleeping Around (23–28 March 1998)
 * The Real Inspector Hound/Black Comedy (Tour: 25 March–11 April 1998, West End: 16 April–31 October 1998, Tour: 18 August–23 October 1999)
 * The Bullet (2 April–2 May 1998)
 * A Kind of Alaska, The Lover & The Collection (7 May–13 June 1998)
 * How I Learned to Drive (18 June–8 August 1998)
 * Divas at the Donmar with Ann Hampton Callaway & Liz Callaway, Barbara Cook and Imelda Staunton (10 August–5 September 1998)
 * The Blue Room (10 September–31 October 1998)
 * Into the Woods (6 November 1998 – 13 February 1999)
 * Splash Hatch on the E Going Down (16–27 February 1999)
 * Morphic Resonance (17–27 February 1999)
 * Three Days of Rain (1–13 March 1999)
 * Suddenly, Last Summer (Tour: 3 March–3 April 1999, West End: 8 April–17 July 1999)
 * Good (18 March–22 May 1999)
 * The Real Thing (27 May–7 August 1999)
 * Divas at the Donmar with Patti LuPone, Audra McDonald and Sam Brown (9 August–4 September 1999)
 * Antigone (Tour: 6–25 September 1999, West End: 27 September–18 December 1999)
 * Juno and the Paycock (9 September–6 November 1999)

2000s

 * Three Days of Rain (9 November–22 December 1999 & 5–22 January 2000)
 * American Buffalo (28 January–26 February 2000)
 * Helpless (2 March–8 April 2000)
 * Passion Play (13 April–10 June 2000)
 * Orpheus Descending (15 June–12 August 2000)
 * Divas at the Donmar with Betty Buckley and Clive Rowe (21 August–9 September 2000)
 * To the Green Fields Beyond (14 September–25 November 2000)
 * Merrily We Roll Along (1 December 2000 – 3 March 2001)
 * Boston Marriage (8 March–14 April 2001)
 * Tales from Hollywood (19 April–23 June 2001)
 * A Lie of the Mind (28 June–1 September 2001)
 * Divas at the Donmar with Clive Rowe, Siân Phillips and Michael Ball (3–29 September 2001)
 * The Little Foxes (4 October–24 November 2001)
 * Privates on Parade (30 November 2001 – 2 March 2002)
 * Jesus Hopped the 'A' Train (6–30 March 2002)
 * Frame 312 (11–30 March 2002)
 * Lobby Hero (10 April–4 May 2002)
 * Proof (9 May–15 June 2002)
 * Take Me Out (20 June–3 August 2002)
 * Divas at the Donmar with Janie Dee, Ruby Turner, Philip Quast and Kristin Chenoweth (5–31 August 2002)
 * Uncle Vanya (6 September–20 November 2002)
 * Twelfth Night (11 October–30 November 2002)
 * The Vortex (5 December 2002 – 15 February 2003)
 * Accidental Death of an Anarchist (20 February–18 April 2003)
 * Caligula (24 April–14 June 2003)
 * Pacific Overtures (20 June–6 September 2003)
 * The Hotel in Amsterdam (11 September–15 November 2003)
 * After Miss Julie (20 November 2003 – 7 February 2004)
 * World Music (12 February–13 March 2004)
 * The Dark (18 March–24 April 2004)
 * Pirandello's Henry IV (29 April–26 June 2004)
 * Old Times (1 July–4 September 2004)
 * Hecuba (9 September–12 November 2004)
 * Grand Hotel (19 November 2004 – 12 February 2005)
 * Days of Wine and Roses (17 February–2 April 2005)
 * The Cosmonaut's Last Message... (7 April–21 May 2005)
 * Guys and Dolls (West End; 20 May 2005 – 6 December 2007)
 * This Is How It Goes (26 May–9 July 2005)
 * Mary Stuart (14 July–3 September 2005)
 * The Philanthropist (8 September–15 October 2005)
 * The God of Hell (20 October–2 December 2005)
 * The Wild Duck (8 December 2005 – 18 February 2006)
 * The Cut (23 February–1 April 2006)
 * Phèdre (6 April–3 June 2006)
 * A Voyage Round My Father (8 June–5 August 2006)
 * Frost/Nixon (10 August–7 October 2006)
 * The Cryptogram (12 October–25 November 2006)
 * Don Juan in Soho (30 November 2006 – 10 February 2007)
 * John Gabriel Borkman (15 February–14 April 2007)
 * Kiss of the Spider Woman (19 April–26 May 2007)
 * Betrayal (31 May–21 July 2007)
 * Absurdia (26 July–8 September 2007)
 * Parade (14 September–24 November 2007)
 * Othello (4 December 2007 – 23 February 2008)
 * The Man Who Had All the Luck (28 February–5 April 2008)
 * Small Change (10 April–31 May 2008)
 * The Chalk Garden (5 June–2 August 2008)
 * Piaf (8 August–20 September 2008)
 * Ivanov (Donmar West End; 12 September–29 November 2008)
 * Creditors (25 September–15 November 2008)
 * The Family Reunion (20 November 2008 – 17 January 2009)
 * Twelfth Night (Donmar West End; 5 December 2008 – 7 March 2009)
 * Be Near Me (22 January–14 March 2009)
 * Dimetos (19 March–9 May 2009)
 * Madame de Sade (Donmar West End; 23 March–23 May 2009)
 * A Doll's House (14 May–18 July 2009)
 * Hamlet (Donmar West End; 29 May–22 August 2009)
 * A Streetcar Named Desire (23 July–3 October 2009)
 * Life is a Dream (8 October–28 November 2009)

2010s

 * Red (3 December 2009 – 6 February 2010)
 * Serenading Louie (11 February–27 March 2010)
 * Polar Bears (1 April–22 May 2010)
 * The Late Middle Classes (27 May–17 July 2010)
 * The Prince of Homburg (22 July–4 September 2010)
 * Passion (10 September–27 November 2010)
 * Lower Ninth (Donmar Trafalgar; 30 September–23 October 2010)
 * Novecento (Donmar Trafalgar; 28 October–20 November 2010)
 * Les Parents Terribles (Donmar Trafalgar; 25 November–18 December 2010)
 * King Lear (3 December 2010 – 5 February 2011)
 * The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee (11 February–2 April 2011)
 * Moonlight (7 April–28 May 2011)
 * Luise Miller (8 June–30 July 2011)
 * Anna Christie (4 August–8 October 2011)
 * Inadmissible Evidence (13 October–26 November 2011)
 * Salt, Root & Roe (Donmar Trafalgar; 10 November–3 December 2011)
 * Richard II (1 December 2011 – 4 February 2012)
 * Dublin Carol (Donmar Trafalgar; 8–31 December 2011)
 * Huis Clos (Donmar Trafalgar; 5–28 January 2012)
 * The Recruiting Officer (9 February–14 April 2012)
 * Making Noise Quietly (19 April–26 May 2012)
 * The Physicists (31 May–21 July 2012)
 * Philadelphia, Here I Come! (26 July–22 September 2012)
 * Berenice (27 September–24 November 2012)
 * Julius Caesar (30 November 2012 – 9 February 2013)
 * Trelawny of the Wells (15 February 2013 – 13 April 2013)
 * The Promise (Donmar Trafalgar; 15 November–8 December 2012)
 * Julius Caesar (30 November 2012 – 9 February 2013)
 * The Dance of Death (Donmar Trafalgar; 13 December 2012 – 5 January 2013)
 * The Silence of the Sea (Donmar Trafalgar; 10 January–2 February 2013)
 * Trelawny of the Wells (15 February–13 April 2013)
 * The Weir  (18 April–8 June 2013)
 * The Night Alive (13 June–27 July 2013)
 * The Same Deep Water As Me (1 August–28 September 2013)
 * Roots (3 October 2013 – 30 November 2013)
 * Coriolanus (6 December 2013 – 13 February 2014)
 * Versailles (20 February–5 April 2014)
 * Privacy (10 April–31 May 2014)
 * Fathers and Sons (5 June–26 July 2014)
 * My Night With Reg (31 July 2014 – 27 September 2014)
 * Henry IV (31 July 2014 – 27 September 2014)
 * City of Angels (5 December 2014 – 7 February 2015)
 * Closer (12 February – 4 April 2015)
 * The Vote (24 April – 7 May 2015)
 * Temple (21 May – 25 July 2015)
 * Splendour (30 July – 26 September 2015)
 * Teddy Ferrara (2 October – 5 December 2015)
 * Les Liaisons Dangereuses (11 December 2015 – 13 February 2016)
 * Welcome Home, Captain Fox! (18 February – 16 April 2016)
 * Elegy (21 April – 18 June 2016)
 * Faith Healer (23 June – 20 August 2016)
 * One Night in Miami (6 October – 3 December 2016)
 * Saint Joan (9 December 2016 – 18 February 2017)
 * Limehouse (2 March – 15 April 2017)
 * The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui (21 April – 17 June 2017)
 * Committee... (23 June – 12 August 2017)
 * Knives in Hens (17 August – 7 October 2017)
 * The Lady from the Sea (12 October – 2 December 2017)
 * Belleville (7 December – 3 February 2018)
 * The York Realist (8 February – 24 March 2018)
 * The Way of the World (29 March – 26 May 2018)
 * The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (play) (4 June – 28 July 2018)
 * Aristocrats (play) (2 August – 22 September 2018)
 * St Nicholas (play) (Donmar Dryden Street; 10 September – 5 October 2018)
 * Measure For Measure ( 28 September – 1 December 2018)
 * Sweat ( 7 December – 26 January 2019)
 * Berberian Sound Studio (based on the film) (8 February – 30 March 2019)
 * Sweet Charity (6 April – 8 June 2019)
 * Europe (20 June – 10 August 2019)
 * Appropriate (16 August – 5 October 2019)
 * [BLANK] (11 October – 30 November 2019)
 * Teenage Dick (6 December – 1 February 2020)

2020s

 * Far Away (6 February - 14 March 2020)
 * Blindness (1 August - 5 September 2020)
 * Constellations (Vaudeville Theatre; 18 June - 12 September 2021)
 * Love and Other Acts of Violence (7 October - 27 November 2021)
 * Force Majeure (10 December 2021 - 5 February 2022)
 * Henry V (11 February - 9 April 2022)
 * Marys Seacole (15 April - 5 June 2022)
 * A Dolls House, Part 2 (10 June - 6 August 2022)
 * The Trials (12 - 27 August 2022)
 * Silence (1 - 17 September 2022)
 * The Band's Visit (26 September - 3 December 2022)
 * Watch on the Rhine (9 December 2022 - 4 February 2023)
 * Trouble in Butetown (10 February - 25 March 2023)
 * Private Lives (7 April - 27 May 2023)
 * When Winston Went to War with the Wireless (2 June - 29 July 2023)
 * Next to Normal (12 August - 7 October 2023)
 * Clyde's (13 October - 2 December 2023)
 * Macbeth (8 December 2023 - 10 February 2024)
 * Natasha, Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812 (7 December 2024 - 8 February 2025)

title: Donmar Warehouse


text: Category:Vorticists

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Vorticists


text:
Jeju National University Teachers College

Jeju National University of Education was the only teacher-training university on South Korea's Jeju Island. It was located in the provincial capital, Jeju City. It merged with Cheju National University and its campus is used as Sara Campus of Cheju National University in 2008. Since then, it is being operated as the Teachers College of Cheju National University now.

Academics
Undergraduate studies are divided among the departments of Educational Research, Moral Education, Korean Education, Mathematics Education, English Education, Social Education, Physical Education, Music Education, Art Education, Practical Course Education, Science Education, and Computer Education.

History
The school began its existence shortly after liberation from Japanese rule in 1946, as a normal school called Jeju Elementary Teacher Instruction School (제주도 임시초등교원강습소). The first training program, begun in July 1946, was only 3 months in length, but following the end of the first session, on November 10 it was made a one-year program. The training program was expanded to three years in 1951. In 1953, the school was reorganized as Jeju Provincial Normal School (제주도립사범학교). From 1962 to 1968, it operated as the education department of Cheju National University. In 1984, following a reform in the national education law, the program was extended to four years in length. The college became a university in 1993. The graduate school was opened in 2000. It merged with Cheju National University again in 2008 as 1960s.


text:
Baekseok Culture University

Baekseok Culture University, formerly Cheonan College of Foreign Studies, is a Christian private college located in the city center of Cheonan, a major city of South Chungcheong province in western South Korea. It employs about 110 instructors.

Academics
The college's offerings focus heavily on language training, and include English, Japanese, Chinese, and Russian, as well as related fields such as tourism interpretation and international business. In addition, a number of government-supported continuing education programs are offered.

History
The school opened as Cheonan College of Foreign Studies in 1994, established by the Baekseok Educational Foundation. The first president was Jang Jong-hyun (장종현). The current president (the college's third), Kwang-Jae Huh (허광재), took office in 2003. The school name was originally known as Cheonan Junior College of Foreign Studies when it was opened in 1994. The first name amendment was made in May 1998, and was changed to the current version in 2004.

Sister schools
Sisterhood ties exist with universities in countries where each of the college's offered languages is spoken. These include Tianjin Foreign Studies University and Beijing Language and Culture University in China, Nagasaki University of Foreign Studies in Japan, Irkutsk National University of Education in Russia. The English-speaking world is represented by Central Michigan University in the United States, and by three Australian institutions: the International College of Hotel Management, the St Aloysius Adelaide Language Centre, and Tabor College Adelaide.

title: Baekseok Culture University


text:
Operation Reindeer

Operation Reindeer, which began on 4 May 1978, was South Africa's second major military operation in Angola, carried out under the Apartheid regime, the first being Operation Savannah.

The South African operation consisted of an assault by 2 South African Infantry Battalion on two South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) base complexes, Chetequera and Dombondola, near to the then-South West Africa/Angola border; an assault by the elite 32 Battalion on SWAPO's Omepepa-Namuidi-Henhombe base complex around 20 km east of Chetequera; and finally, the attack the operation is most known for — a controversial airborne assault by paratroopers on Cassinga, a refugee camp and SWAPO's regional headquarters, 260 km inside Angola. The operation ended on 10 May 1978.

Background
Prime Minister John Vorster met his defence advisers in December 1977. They discussed the need to take stronger measures against SWAPO, moving from the defensive position of reacting to PLAN incursions into SWA/Namibia, to one where the SADF would conduct pre-emptive attacks on PLAN bases in Angola. All external operational plans would have to have the approval of the Prime Minister.

Early in 1978, planning had begun for Operation Bruilof which involved a combined mechanised infantry and airborne attack on SWAPO bases around the town of Chetequera, 25 km inside Angola. These plans were abandoned and were expanded into a new plan called Operation Reindeer. This new operation included plans to attack the Chetequera bases but added the more important objective of attacking the SWAPO headquarters at Cassinga. The date of the operation was set for the 4 May.

Planning
Operation Reindeer planning identified three targets:

Target Alpha "Moscow"
The target was the former copper mining town of Cassinga which was about 250 km inside Angola. Cassinga had been converted into a SWAPO operational HQ, training base and refugee transit camp for Southern Angola commanded by Commander Dimo Hamaambo. South African military intelligence believed that the base contained around 1,200 recruits. The base was surrounded by zigzag trenches and bunkers. The plan involved three stages, an aerial attack by SAAF fighter bombers, followed by a parachute drop led by Colonel Jan Breytenbach, and lastly the withdrawal of paratroops by helicopter. The objectives were to destroy the base, capture Commander Dimo Hamaambo, destroy supplies and equipment, gather intelligence and take prisoners. The last objective was to free POW Sapper Johan van der Mescht.

Target Bravo "Vietnam"
This plan was for the attack by the SADF on six bases at Chetequera which included a SWAPO forward HQ for Western Ovamboland and supply base. Intelligence believed that these bases had a combined total of between 900 and 1000 PLAN insurgents. These bases were heavily defended by trenches and bunkers and contained weapons such as recoilless guns, RPG-7, 82mm mortars and 14.5mm AA guns. The plan involved an attack by mechanised Battle Group Juliet of SADF troops of national servicemen and permanent force soldiers commanded by Commandant Frank Bestbier. A further two independent combat teams would attack the southernmost bases. The plan ended with a withdrawal back over the border.

Target Charlie
The plan involved an attack on the smaller bases and suspected bases east of Chetequera. The attacked would be carried out by five rifle companies of the 32 Battalion supported by air and artillery units. The commander would be Commandant Deon Ferreira.

SADF Order of Battle
The following SADF units took part on the following targets:

Cassinga
Composite Parachute Battalion 9 Rifle Platoon 11 Rifle Platoon 2 Hawk Groups from 1 Parachute Battalion
 * Made up of elements from 1, 2 and 3 Parachute Battalions

Chetequera and Dombondola
1 South African Infantry Battalion
 * Combat Group Juliet (assault on Chetequera)
 * Combat Group Joubert (assault on Dombondola)
 * Combat Group Serfontein (assault on Dombondola)

Omepepa-Namuidi-Henhombe
32 Battalion
 * 5 rifle companies
 * 81mm mortar platoon
 * 140mm artillery troop
 * Helicopter gunships

Cassinga
===Chetequera and Dombondola === The plan called for Combat Team Juliet to attack the Chetequera base from the north while Combat Teams Joubert and Serfontein would cross the border and attack the bases around Dombondola from the south. Juliet crossed the border around 10 am on 4 May in the new Ratels. They headed east past Dombondola to assemble north of Chetequera but arrived 90 minutes late due to the condition of the Angolan bush and road tracks. This delayed the air attack by the SAAF which began around 13h30 with Canberras and Buccaneers bombing the base. Due to radio delays between Combat Team Juliet's forward air controller, the attack by ground forces started late giving PLAN time to prepare. Thick bush and maize fields interrupted the effectiveness of the mechanised infantry and individual units found themselves fighting on their own at close quarters in the trenches with rifles and grenades. The initial assault lasted only 11 minutes before all the units were able to reassemble and at which point it was realised that part of the base had been missed. The base was attacked again and by 15:30 pm fighting ceased, with the remaining PLAN forces either killed, surrendered or having escaped into the bush. It was recorded that 248 PLAN member had been killed and 200 captured while CG Juliet lost 2 men and had 10 wounded. Due to the delay in the start of the operation, Juliet spent the night in defensive positions in the Angolan bush and returned to the SWA border the next day.

Due to the heavy fighting at Chetequera, the SADF decided to use artillery to bombard the PLAN bases at Chatu and Dombondola 1 & 2. The two combat groups then crossed the border and headed for their respective targets. Combat Group Joubert headed off late and then got lost, arriving at the base from the wrong direction and used a swing manoeuvre with the assistance of a planned artillery bombardment, which never materialised, to attack the Chatu base. The attack lasted 30 minutes and concluded with its capture and the seizure of weapons. CG Joubert spent the night in defensive positions and returned the next day to SWA by 10 am with CG Juliet.

Combat Group Serfontein was to assist CG Joubert if required. This was not necessary and so attacked its objective of Dombondola 2. The base was found to be deserted and was destroyed and weapons captured. Serfontein was then ready to attack its next objective but the missions were cancelled and the group returned to SWA.

===Omepepa-Namuidi-Henhombe === The operation to attack the smaller SWAPO bases just north of the SWA border began on the morning of 6 May 1978. Three 32 Battalion companies advanced on the first target, with one company protecting the artillery troop while the fifth company was held in reserve. On lining up to attack the first target, artillery fire was called in to soften up the target. Due to an error in the calibration of the artillery pieces, the 32 Battalion units were shelled by their own side resulting in one death and eighteen wounded. The SA forces retreated south of their intended target to evacuate their wounded and the first target was attacked the next day after the artillery troop had moved forward. By the 8 May, SAAF helicopters were added to the attack plan and 32 Battalion troops were airlifted from one target to another with five SWAPO bases attacked that day. On the 9 May, the operation resumed without air support with bases being attacked throughout the day. 10 May was followed by further attacks on bases with several being empty of any enemy forces resulting in some of the 32 Battalion units being returned to the edge of the border. Though the operation officially ended on the 10 May, the last base was attacked in the early morning of the 11 May with all SADF forces back over the border by 10h00.

Aftermath
On the 25 April, several days before the beginning of Operation Reindeer, the South African apartheid government had agreed to the Western nations proposal of a settlement in SWA/Namibia though these proposals had not been accepted by SWAPO. At the same time the UN General Assembly had begun a 10-day session to discuss South Africa's control of South West Africa and which ended on the day before the raid on the 4 May. The Angolan news agency was the first to report a raid on a refugee camp at Cassinga, on the same day it occurred and this made international news that evening. During that day Radio Moscow was reporting a raid on a refugee camp and by that evening a special session of the UN Security Council was convened at the request of Angola. Sam Nujoma, SWAPO's leader, addressed the council calling for a full economic, oil and arms embargo of South Africa and resulted in the United Nations Security Council Resolution 428. By 8 May, SWAPO and its leader Sam Nujoma had left the talks in New York due to a belief that negotiations for a settlement to the SWA/Namibia question would serve no purpose at this stage.

SWAPO and the Angola government put their estimations of the number of casualties in a range between 582 and 624 people, mostly unarmed, murdered by the apartheid paratroopers. The South African apartheid regime in stark contrast claimed to have killed 1000 "PLAN combatants" with 200 captured. SADF's own casualties for Operation Reindeer were presented as 7 dead and 39 wounded.

title: Operation Reindeer


text:
Cheju Tourism College

Cheju Tourism College is a private technical college on South Korea's Jeju island. It offers education in various fields related to tourism, an important sector of the local economy. The current president is Kim Chang-hui (김창희).

Unlike most institutions of higher learning on Jeju island, the college campus is located in a relatively rural area, Bukjeju County. About 66 instructors are employed on the campus.

Academics
The school's academic offerings cover a diverse range of technical fields. Among these are computer applications for tourism, sports and leisure studies, and casino and hotel management.

History
The school was opened in 1993, as Jeju Tourism Technical College (제주관광전문대학). It adopted its current name in 1998.

Sister schools
The college maintains sisterhood ties with colleges and universities in four countries. The first such links were forged with universities in America and Australia: Ashland University in 1993, and the University of Western Sydney in 1995. More recently, the school has focused on developing ties with universities in Japan and China. Links now exist with Japan's Osaka Seikei College, Shobi Academy, Meikai University, and Suzuka International University, as well as with China's Ningbo University, Tianjin Normal College, and Tianjin University of Finance and Economics.

title: Cheju Tourism College


text:
Cheonan National Technical College

Cheonan National Technical College was a public vocational college located in Cheonan City, South Chungcheong province, South Korea. The school was amalgamated with Kongju National University in 2005 and exists today as Kongju National University's Cheonan campus.

Academics
Academic offerings are largely in industrial and technical fields. The various departments are divided into three divisions: Machinery, Electricity and Electronic Communications, and Materials and Environmental Design. In addition, the department of liberal arts is not affiliated with any division.

History
The school opened in 1973 as Cheonan Industrial Technical School (천안공업전문학교). It was brought under national jurisdiction in 1982.

Sister schools
Ties exist with schools in Japan (Nagano Technical Junior College), Taiwan (National Formosa University), Australia (University of Newcastle) and America (Bemidji State University).

title: Cheonan National Technical College


text:
Baekseok University

Baekseok University  is a private Christian institution of higher education, located in Cheonan City, in northern South Chungcheong province, South Korea. It carries a maximum enrollment of 15,000.

Academics
Undergraduate offerings are divided among twelve divisions: Christian Studies, Language and Literature, Social Welfare, Law and Public Administration, Business and Commerce, Tourism, Education, Information and Communication, Health Science, Christian Fine Arts, Music,  and Design and Imaging. Graduate offerings are provided by schools of Christian Studies, Christian Fine Arts, Divinity, Pastoral Theology, Education, Social Welfare, Counseling, and Information Technology.

History
The university was established by the Baekseok Educational Foundation, which also founded Baekseok Culture University. It opened its doors in 1994, at which time it provided instruction primarily in Christian theology. It became a college the following year, and a university one year thereafter, at which time the graduate school was also established.

Notable people

 * Gong Min-ji
 * Jung Taek-woon
 * Kim Na-young
 * Lee Jae-hwan
 * Hwang Yunseong
 * Moon Junho
 * Kim Jibeom
 * Hong Joochan
 * Bae Seungmin

Sister schools
Baekseok University has international exchange relationships with three institutions in America: Bloomfield College, Azusa Pacific University, and Calvin College. It also has ties with several other East Asian institutions: Tianjin Foreign Studies University, Beijing Language and Culture University, Heilongjiang University, Zhejiang University, Wuhan University, Hwanan University, Shanghai Normal University, Liaoning Normal University, & Ningbo University in China, and Nagasaki University of Foreign Studies, Aichi Shukutoku University, Tokyo Seitoku University, Kochi University, Sacred Heart University, & Beppu University in Japan. Such relationships also exist with the Irkutsk National University of Education in Russia and with the University of South Australia, Tabor College, and International College of Hotel Management in Australia, as well as universities in Vietnam, Malaysia, and Hong Kong.

title: Baekseok University


text:
Talk:Baekseok University

Scandal
Anonymous user 152.149.73.56 added some claims about a February 28th 2005 scandal involving a picture of one taekwondo student disrobing another. Allegedly the picture was posted on the "Yahoo erotic taekwondo" site. I have removed these assertions because I cannot verify them. If anyone can provide a credible source, please feel free to reinstate the information. -- Visviva 11:14, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Baekseok University


text:
Talk:Cheonan National Technical College

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title: Talk:Cheonan National Technical College


text: Talk:Baekseok Culture University

title: Talk:Baekseok Culture University


text: Talk:Cheju Tourism College

title: Talk:Cheju Tourism College


text: Talk:Jeju National University Teachers College


text:
Downeaster (train)

The Downeaster is a 145 mi passenger train service operated by Amtrak and managed by the Northern New England Passenger Rail Authority (NNEPRA), an agency of the state of Maine. Named for the Down East region of Maine, the train operates five daily round trips between North Station in Boston, Massachusetts, and Brunswick, Maine, with ten intermediate stops.

In fiscal 2023, the Downeaster carried 542,639 passengers, up 22.0% from the previous year. In 2018, the train earned ticket revenue of $10.2 million.

Previous service
The Downeaster follows the route historically used by the Pine Tree and Flying Yankee trains that traveled from Bangor to Boston and were operated jointly by the Boston & Maine Railroad and Maine Central Railroad. Passenger operations between Portland and Boston ceased in 1965.

Service resumption
In 1989, a group of volunteers founded TrainRiders/Northeast, a non-profit organization dedicated to bringing modern passenger rail service to Northern New England.

In 1990, at the urging of Maine's congressional delegation, Amtrak estimated the cost of creating passenger rail service at about $50 million: $30 million for infrastructure improvements and another $20 million for equipment.

The following year, Amtrak agreed to provide the equipment at no charge to the State of Maine. Earlier in that same year, the Maine Legislature adopted its first citizen-initiated bill, the "Passenger Rail Service Act", which was endorsed by the Maine DOT and signed by the governor. In 1992, Maine voters approved a $5.4 million rail bond for right-of-way improvements, and $60,000 was granted to the Maine DOT to design a Portland intermodal terminal. Later that year, Congress approved $25.5 million for more right-of-way improvements, and 1993 saw an additional $9.5 million in track improvements. By the end of 1994, total appropriations for infrastructure had reached $38.6 million.

In 1995, Governor Angus King and Commissioner of Transportation John Melrose ordered the creation of a passenger rail authority. TrainRiders/Northeast, led by Chairman Wayne Davis, worked with the state Chamber of Commerce and industry, Maine DOT, and others to convince the legislature to create the Northern New England Passenger Rail Authority in August.

Service was initially expected to start in the 1990s. Negotiations between NNEPRA, Amtrak, and Guilford Industries (now Pan Am Railways) began in 1996, but began to fail over many factors, including equipment weight and speed limits. In December 1998, a speed limit of 80 mph was agreed upon; the following year, the Federal Surface Transportation Board approved a limit of 79 mph. Most right-of-way improvements were complete in 2000, but the following year, start-up was delayed again when Guilford refused to allow Amtrak to test track modulus or run trains faster than 59 mph. The Downeaster made its first run on December 15, 2001.

Service improvements
In August 2007, top speeds were increased from 60 mph to 79 mph, cutting 20 minutes from trips between Portland and Boston. The first expansion of Downeaster service came that month, when the improvements made it possible to increase from four to five daily round trips from Portland to Boston. Amtrak plans to eventually add one or two round trips between Portland and Boston, bringing the daily total to six or seven. In 2009, NNEPRA unsuccessfully applied for federal stimulus money to increase train speeds—enough to cut 10 to 12 minutes off travel time—and increase the number of daily round trips from five to seven.

In 2011, the Downeaster became the first Amtrak train to offer free Wi-Fi service and e-ticketing.

In May 2014, NNEPRA agreed to add a station stop in Kennebunk, Maine. Like Old Orchard Beach, it would have been a seasonal stop, open from April to October. Initial plans called for a temporary platform to be erected in 2016, with a permanent platform constructed with $300,000 in town money and $800,000 in state money for 2017 or 2018. Part of the former Boston & Maine depot building, used for passenger service from 1873 to 1965, was to be leased for use as a waiting area. On October 9, 2018, the Kennebunk Board of Selectmen cancelled the station project over concerns about the suitability of the site. In November 2021 it was announced a stop in Kennebunk was back on the table, although not likely a priority ahead of other expansions and improvements.

In 2019, NNEPRA officials began looking into moving the Portland station. The Portland Transportation Center is on a branch line, which adds 15 minutes to travel time for trains to or from Brunswick. Other concerns with the current station include limited parking and its location on Thompson's Point. A new location could put the station on the main line, move it closer to downtown, and improve vehicular and pedestrian access. In 2021, a MaineDOT study endorsed moving the station to a location near the original location of Portland's Union Station.

NNERPA plans to extend an existing 2 miles siding in Wells by 6 miles, which will allow an additional daily Brunswick-Wells round trip. Wells station will get a second platform and a footbridge. In February 2020, NNERPA was awarded a $16.9 million federal grant for the project.

In July 2019, local officials proposed an infill station in West Falmouth next to a Maine Turnpike exit.

High-speed rail
In October 2000, the Federal Railroad Administration designated a route from Boston to Portland and Auburn as one component of the Northern New England Corridor, a proposed high-speed rail project.

Brunswick extension
Service to Brunswick was originally intended to begin within five years of the Downeaster's 2001 launch, but was delayed by lack of funding and other obstacles. Ground was broken in October 2008 for the Brunswick Maine Street Station, a retail development that included shops, condominiums, an inn, and office space. In January 2010, NNEPRA received a $35 million grant from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 for track and signal upgrades for the Portland-Brunswick line. Pan Am Railways began work on the line in summer 2010, and on May 14, 2012, the platforms in Brunswick and Freeport were declared complete. Service began on November 1, 2012, with two daily services to and from Boston.

The extension to Brunswick led to the construction of an enclosed layover facility there, just west of the station; trains had been stored outdoors in Portland. The facility opened in November 2016, permitting a third daily Brunswick–Boston trip. NNEPRA announced plans for the facility in 2013, with construction slated to run from summer 2013 until late 2014, but local opposition delayed the project. Neighbors of the planned location demanded further environmental studies, saying they believe the facility would hurt nearby areas. State politicians became involved; Governor Paul LePage, concerned about job creation at Brunswick Landing, suggested alternate locations in eastern Brunswick. Several Democratic state legislators asked NNEPRA to build in an existing rail yard in South Portland, and to focus on the "core product" of Boston-Portland service instead. Legal challenges to the facility ended in January 2016.

In 2017 and 2018, NNEPRA constructed a 4 mi passing track, the Royal Junction siding, on the 30 mi single-track section of line between Portland and Brunswick to enable an increase from three to five daily round trips to Brunswick. The increase to five weekday round trips between Boston and Brunswick (with four Brunswick round trips and one Portland round trip on weekends) took place on November 12, 2018. All five weekend round trips began running to Brunswick on May 20, 2019.

2015 winter and track work
The Downeaster's ridership, finances, and performance suffered in the first half of 2015 because of an exceptionally brutal winter and a subsequent large-scale tie replacement project funded by the NNEPRA. During its fiscal year 2015 (July 2014 to June 2015), Amtrak cancelled 488, or 13 percent, of its scheduled Downeaster trains. The trains that ran saw an on-time percentage of 30%, less than half the national average of 71%; during the tie replacement, none ran on time in May and 8% in June. Ridership dropped 18.2% (nearly 100,000 fewer riders) from the previous fiscal year.

The Downeaster resumed its full schedule on August 1, 2015, following the completion of the track repairs. By December 2015, the Downeaster was up to a monthly on-time percentage of 86%, well above the national average.

2020s
In April 2020, the Downeaster was suspended as part of Amtrak service reductions during the COVID-19 pandemic. A single round trip resumed between Boston and Brunswick on June 15, 2020. Service was increased to four daily round trips in July 2020; the full five round trips resumed on May 3, 2021.

On June 24–27, 2021, Downeaster trains stopped at Falmouth Country Club to serve attendees of the Live and Work in Maine Open.

Design work for positive train control (PTC) over the section of the route between Haverhill and Brunswick was completed in March 2023. (The Boston–Haverhill section had PTC installed by the MBTA several years earlier.) In November 2023, Amtrak and CSX reached a construction agreement under which Amtrak will contribute over $50 million and CSX will perform the work. , the PTC installation is expected to be complete in 2026.

Equipment
Most Downeaster trains consist of five cars hauled by a locomotive.

The passenger cars are the Amfleet I series passenger cars built by the Budd Company in the mid-to-late 1970s. Most trains include an Amfleet club car which has a combination of Business Class seating with a Café (food service/lounge) and four Coach Class cars. Trains are pulled or pushed on the northbound end of the train by a GE Genesis diesel locomotive at speeds up to 79 mph. A second GE Genesis or a Non-Powered Control Unit (a former EMD F40PH locomotive converted into a control car) runs on the southbound end of the train.

In the coming years all equipment will be replaced with Amtrak Airo trainsets, the railroad's branding of its combination of Siemens Venture passenger cars and a Siemens Charger diesel-electric locomotive. The trainsets for the Downeaster will have six passenger cars, which will include a food service area and a mix of 2x2 Coach Class and 2x1 Business Class seating.

Classes of service
All classes of service include complimentary WiFi, an electric outlet (120 V, 60 Hz AC) at each seat, reading lamps, fold-out tray tables. Reservations are required on all trains, tickets may be purchased online, from an agent at some stations, a ticketing machine at most stations, or, at a higher cost, from the conductor on the train.
 * Coach Class: 2x2 seating. Passengers self-select seats on a first-come, first-served basis.
 * Business Class: 2x1 seating with more legroom than coach. Passengers receive complimentary soft drinks. Passengers self-select seats on a first-come, first-served basis.

Some Downeaster trains carry volunteers, coordinated by Trainriders Northeast, to inform passengers about destinations, attractions, and transfers.

Ridership and finances
Between December 2001 through 2005, annual ridership ranged from 250,000 to 300,000 passengers. Since 2005, ridership has increased an average of 13.1% per year, excluding calendar year 2009, which saw ridership shrink by 4.7%. In fiscal 2008, the Downeaster was Amtrak's fastest-growing service, with ridership up 22.9% from the previous year. In fiscal 2011, ridership topped 500,000 for the first time. FY2018 was the Downeaster's busiest year. Compared to fiscal 2017, ridership rose 7.75% to 551,038 passengers while ticket revenue rose 18.85% to $10.2 million. Ridership dropped sharply due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but was back up to 516,723 in fiscal year 2023.

The line's busiest station is North Station in Boston. Due in part to the route's success, North Station was the 23rd busiest Amtrak station in the country in fiscal year 2018, and the fifth busiest in New England (behind South Station, Providence, New Haven Union and Back Bay). The busiest station in Maine is the Portland Transportation Center, while Exeter is New Hampshire's busiest.

As of 2013, operational costs were around $15 million annually, $5.6 million of which is covered by Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality (CMAQ) funding, $8.1 million in revenues, and $1.8 million in operating subsidy from the State of Maine. 58% of the overall ridership travels to or from the state of Maine.

Economic impact
A 2008 study by the Chicago-based Center for Neighborhood Technology suggested that the Brunswick extension, combined with commercial developments along the "Downeaster Corridor", could generate several billion dollars in construction investments plus $55 million annually in tax revenue for the state of Maine.

In 2013, the Northern New England Passenger Rail Authority estimated that the Downeaster has an annual economic impact of $12 million from visitors to Maine, and directly or indirectly employs 200 people.

Route
The Downeaster uses the MBTA's Lowell Line from Boston's North Station to Wilmington, the Wildcat Branch to Wilmington Junction, and the Haverhill Line to the Massachusetts–New Hampshire state line. From there to just short of Brunswick, it uses CSX Transportation's former Pan Am Railways Freight Main Line. The last mile of track in Brunswick is owned by MaineDOT. Lines south of Portland were once part of the Boston and Maine Railroad; the part south of Wilmington Junction was once the mainline and a branch of the Boston and Lowell Railroad, and the rest was the mainline of the B&M. The line north of Portland to Brunswick was once part of the Maine Central Railroad.

If the Downeaster were to run solely on the Haverhill Line, it would conflict with the local commuter rail service on a largely single-tracked rail line, since the Amtrak train makes no stops between Woburn and Haverhill. By using the Wildcat Branch to cross between the Lowell and Haverhill lines, the Downeaster can pass a Haverhill train.

Passengers are generally prohibited from purchasing Downeaster tickets to ride between Woburn and Boston, a route served by MBTA commuter trains; this keeps seats free for longer-distance passengers. This restriction is lifted during MBTA service disruptions on the Lowell or Haverhill lines.

The Downeaster is separated from the rest of Amtrak's system because there is no direct link between Boston's train stations. Downeaster passengers continuing from Boston can ride six stops on the MBTA Orange Line to Amtrak's Back Bay station, where they can make connections to Amtrak's Northeast Corridor services to New York and points south, as well as the Lakeshore Limited to Chicago.

A proposed connection is strongly supported by U.S. Senator Ed Markey, former Massachusetts governor Michael Dukakis, and others who are pushing for the connection so the diesel engines that currently haul the Downeaster can be replaced by electrified ones.

Bangor
There have been various proposals to extend Downeaster service from Brunswick along the old Maine Central Railroad main line to Augusta, Waterville, and Bangor, which last saw passenger train service in 1961 at Bangor Union Station.

In April 2015, Representative Michelle Dunphy and nine cosponsors introduced a bill in the Maine House that would direct MaineDOT to study the feasibility and cost of extending passenger rail to Bangor. The bill "died between houses" when legislators declined to appropriate the $300,000 cost from the highway fund. Dunphy and eight cosponsors reintroduced the bill in February 2017, but it also died in committee.

In January 2021, Senator Joe Baldacci and seven cosponsors introduced a bill similar to Dunphy's in the Maine Senate. This bill was passed unanimously through committee in May 2021, and in June 2021 was passed by the legislature and signed by Governor Janet Mills. The amended bill directs MaineDOT to study the propensity for new passenger rail or other transit between Portland and Bangor by January 1, 2023, but only if local municipalities provide 25% of the study's cost.

In March 2021, Amtrak did not include the route to Bangor in its "Amtrak Connects Us" 15-year expansion vision. Local stakeholders stated that they had not signed off on the plan, and that the omission does not preclude future service.

In April 2023, the results of the studies ordered in 2021 were published. MaineDOT concluded that a rail extension was not feasible, citing high capital costs and projected operating subsidies and limited projected ridership. Augmenting existing intercity bus service along the proposed extension corridor was recommended instead. Some politicians, including Baldacci and Auburn mayor Jason Levesque, stated that they would continue to pursue a rail extension.

Lewiston–Auburn
In 1960, the Maine Central Railroad ended passenger train service between Portland and Lewiston–Auburn, Maine's second-largest metropolitan area. Two existing rail lines have been identified as candidates for restored service along the route: the private Pan Am Railways line (expected to merge with CSX) and the state-owned St. Lawrence and Atlantic line.

An August 2011 feasibility study by MaineDOT examined a Portland-to-Auburn service, which would take 40 minutes and consist of eight daily round trips. There would be a bus connection from Auburn to downtown Lewiston. The report estimated 30,000 to 46,000 riders per year, depending on the number of direct rides to Boston versus transfers. The construction costs were placed at $107 million to $234 million, with annual operating costs of $3.5 to $9.4 million and a farebox recovery ratio of 15 to 27%.

In April 2013, NNEPRA announced that a plan for revived Portland-Lewiston–Auburn passenger rail would be released later in the year. New infrastructure needed for the route was said to include a layover facility in Brunswick (built in 2016), 4 mi of new passing track in Yarmouth (the Royal Junction Siding, built in 2018), a wye in Portland, and an island platform at Portland Transportation Center.

In December 2016, NNEPRA hired VHB and WSP to produce a propensity report for the extension. Released in May 2018, the report forecast daily ridership of 250 to 330 given four round-trip trains per day, and 700 to 1,900 given 12 to 20 round-trip trains. The lower estimate alone was said to position Lewiston–Auburn as the third-busiest station of the Downeaster.

In June 2021, the Maine Legislature passed a bill directing MaineDOT to conduct an "economic evaluation study" building on the 2018 study, positioning the project for new federal funding expected from the Biden agenda. The state required municipalities to fund 10% of the $200,000 cost. Lewiston officials approved $10,000, but Auburn's city council refused, calling the project a "money pit." Portland stepped in to cover the remaining cost.

"Amtrak Connects Us" 15-year expansion vision, released in March 2021, did not include the route to Lewiston–Auburn.

Bethel
MaineDOT's 2011 study also looked into a longer extension beyond Auburn to Bethel, with intermediate stops in Auburn and South Paris. This option was estimated to draw 66,700 to 71,100 riders per year.

Rockland
Until April 1959, the Maine Central Railroad provided passenger service from Brunswick east to Rockland, Maine, via the 56-mile Rockland Branch. The State of Maine purchased the line in 1987. From 2003 to 2015, the Maine Eastern Railroad leased operation of the line, offering seasonal excursion service to Rockland. The route was popular with summer vacationers; Rockland station is within walking distance of Rockland Ferry Terminal, which serves Vinalhaven, North Haven, and Matinicus. The Canadian Pacific Railway took over operations in June 2020, but does not run passenger service.

In 2017, NNEPRA announced plans for a 2018 pilot program that would extend one weekend Downeaster round trip to Rockland between Memorial Day and Labor Day. Intermediate stops would be made in Bath, Wiscasset, and Newcastle. The proposed pilot was later pared to three weekends in summer 2018, before ultimately being cancelled when Amtrak failed to conduct a risk assessment in time. Plans for a summer 2019 pilot also fell through when time ran out to reach a contract with the Central Maine and Quebec Railway. In August 2019, local stakeholders inspected the route aboard an Amtrak track geometry car, looking toward a summer 2020 pilot. In August 2021, NNEPRA said that the extension project is on hold, though public support remains for it.

In March 2021, Amtrak included the extension to Rockland in its "Amtrak Connects Us" 15-year expansion vision, coinciding with the Biden administration's push to pass an infrastructure bill. Amtrak's map lists stops in Waldoboro and Thomaston, as well as those previously proposed in Bath, Wiscasset, and Newcastle.

Finger Lakes Railway proposed a private alternative to this extension in January 2022. Under the plan, their subsidiary Midcoast Rail Service would operate a rail shuttle to Rockland that would have timed transfers with the Downeaster in Brunswick. One daily round trip would run year-round, unlike in Amtrak's seasonal proposal. Two daily round trips would run on summer weekends. On June 12, Finger Lakes exited its lease to operate the branch after the loss of its primary freight customer, rendering the line unprofitable to operate and again putting Downeaster expansion plans on hold.

Westbrook
In 2019, developers of the Rock Row development in Westbrook were looking into a rail link to the city. The rail shuttle would connect Commercial Street in Portland with high-density developments at Thompson's Point, Rock Row, and to other transit services, which would support private investments and reduce the growing congestion. A NNEPRA feasibility study estimated that it would cost about $100 million to establishing such a service—mostly infrastructure and rolling stock—and between $7 million and $13 million annually to operate, depending on the service.

title: Downeaster (train)


text:
Kevin Mack

James Kevin Mack (born August 9, 1962) is an American former professional football player who was a fullback for the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Clemson Tigers.

Early life
Mack was born in Kings Mountain, North Carolina. He began playing football as a youth in Pop Warner football games, but he was more focused as a teenager in track competitions. He was a star athlete at Kings Mountain High School.

Mack attended Clemson University for four years where he played football for its team, helping them reach the national championship in 1981. He averaged over five yards per carry his senior year at Clemson, running 886 yards and scoring 8 touchdowns.

Professional athletic career
Mack was selected by the Washington Federals in the 1984 USFL Territorial Draft. He was traded to the Los Angeles Express, where he played the 1984 USFL season.

He was also selected by the Cleveland Browns 11th overall in the 1984 NFL Supplemental Draft of USFL and CFL Players. He joined the Browns to play the 1985 NFL season. As a rookie, he rushed for 1,104 yards and 7 touchdowns and was the AFC Rookie of the year.

Mack played for the Browns for nine seasons, from 1985 to 1993. In 1985, Mack rushed for 1,104 yards and halfback Earnest Byner rushed for 1,001 yards, becoming just the third pair of teammates to run for over 1,000 yards for the same team in the same season. Nicknamed "Mack Truck", he was a two-time Pro Bowl selection in 1985 and 1987.

After athletic career
After playing in the NFL, Mack relocated to Houston, Texas, where among other work he was a coach, including at Texas Southern University.

Since returning to Cleveland, Ohio, Mack has worked for the Cleveland Browns in its Alumni Relations Department. He had originally expected to become a talent scout for the team, initially being named the team's Assistant Director of Player Programs when coming back to the organization in 2007.

Awards and recognition

 * 1981: Honorable Mention All-American
 * 1981: MVP, Blue-Gray All-Star Game
 * 1985: AFC Rookie of the Year
 * 2000: Kings Mountain's Football Player of the 20th Century (designated by Kings Mountain Herald)
 * 2012: 58th Greatest football player in the history of the NFL's Cleveland Browns (designated by Cleveland.com)
 * 2012: Kings Mountain's Player of the Decade of the 1970s
 * 2016: Dino Lucarelli Lifetime Achievement Award (National Football Foundation and Cleveland Touchdown Club Charities)
 * 2016: Greater Cleveland Sports Hall of Fame
 * 2017: Cleveland County Sports Hall of Fame
 * 2023: National High School Football Hall of Fame

Personal life
Mack has mentioned having two daughters who were young when he resided in Houston; he lived there for about 14 years.

In 1989 in Cuyahoga County Court in Cleveland, Mack pleaded guilty to cocaine use in exchange for three other charges (cocaine trafficking, possession of criminal tools, and using a motor vehicle for drug abuse) being dropped. He was sentenced to six months in jail.

title: Kevin Mack


text:
Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport

Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport (Port Lotniczy Gdańsk im. Lecha Wałęsy, formerly Port Lotniczy Gdańsk-Rębiechowo, Flughafen Danzig Lech Walesa) is an international airport located 12 km northwest of Gdańsk, Poland, not far from the city centres of the Tricity metropolitan area: Gdańsk (12 km), Sopot (10 km) and Gdynia (23 km). Since 2004 the airport has been named after Lech Wałęsa, the former Polish president. With around six million passengers served in 2023, it is the 3rd largest airport in Poland in terms of passenger traffic.

Early years (1910s–1950s)
The first passenger flights in Gdańsk were operated in the year 1919 from an airfield in the Langfuhr district of the Free City of Danzig (now the Wrzeszcz district of Gdańsk). It was possible thanks to a transformation of that military location into a civilian facility. The airport was at that time additionally used for airmail services and by the police. In the next years, the airport continued acquisitions of further areas which allowed it to expand and invest in modern infrastructure. The technical development of Gdansk Wrzeszcz Airport (Danzig-Langfuhr Airport) was followed by the launching of regular routes to Warsaw, Berlin, Moscow, Königsberg and other important cities of the region. The flights were operated by numerous international aviation companies.

The first Polish route was served between Gdańsk, Warsaw and Lviv by Aerolloyd beginning in September 1922. The company initially used Junkers F.13 aircraft on that route. This domestic service was the beginning of the company which later became LOT Polish Airlines, which is still Poland's national carrier.

A railway connection to Gdansk Wrzeszcz Airport was built in the 1920s. This was followed by new tram tracks in 1930. The airport itself had a concrete runway which had light and navigation facilities allowing aircraft to land and to take off at night. In the 1930s, Gdansk Wrzeszcz Airport served fewer than 2 thousand passengers annually, but it was an important international hub that connected four countries and provided transport facilities between Polish cities.

The airport in Wrzeszcz was an important base of the German air forces during World War II. Even before that, German pilots had been trained on the grounds of this airport. Heavy bombings and other military activities led to the destruction of the airport. However, it was reconstructed after the war and it was provided with modern technologies which allowed the airport to develop. Old domestic routes as well as many international destinations were relaunched. The airport had regular connections to countries like Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, Denmark and Sweden.

New location since 1970s
As the airport facilities became outdated at the end of the 1960s (including runway lights which forced airport authorities to impose a ban on overnight flights), a new location near the village of Rębiechowo was chosen. The airport had to be built somewhere else also because of further urban development. New areas were needed in order to make it possible for the public investors to construct new buildings for the growing population of Gdańsk. Furthermore, a new, longer runway was necessary in order to allow larger jet airliners to take off and land safely as the era of modern jet aircraft began. The old airport in Wrzeszcz was officially closed on 1 May 1974, and a large housing estate was built on its grounds. Nowadays, only a few remaining elements of the old Wrzeszcz airport infrastructure can be found, including remnants of its main north–south oriented runway in what is now the Zaspa district.

After the closure of the old airport, the new one was built, and it opened in 1974 near the village of Rębiechowo (on westernmost land incorporated into the Gdańsk borough of Matarnia in 1973). The airport acquired its current name in 2004. There was some controversy as to whether the name should be spelled Lech Walesa (without diacritics, but better recognisable in the world) or Lech Wałęsa (with Polish letters, but difficult to write and pronounce for foreigners, the closest English phonetic approximation being "Vawensa").

Since 1993, Gdańsk Airport has been owned 31.45% by the authorities of Pomeranian Voivodeship, 29.45% by the city of Gdańsk, 1.14% by the city of Gdynia, 0.35% by the city of Sopot and 37.61% by Polish Airports State Enterprise. In 2006, the airport served for the first time in its history more than 1 million passengers per year. In 2010, the passengers numbers exceeded 2 million. After the construction of a new modern passenger terminal with extended capacities (the opening took place in April 2012 ahead of the UEFA Euro 2012 football championships), the airport continued its development and it served for the first time over 3 million passengers in a single year in 2014. In summer 2015, airlines flying to and from the airport served over 50 regular routes as well as charter and cargo flights.

Airside facilities
Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport has a single asphalt-concrete runway in the direction of 11/29. The runway is 2800 m long and it is equipped with a modern ILS CAT IIIb allowing aircraft to land in foggy weather. The decision height established for the approach system in Gdańsk is 30 m, whereas the visibility minimum for pilots varies from 125 m to 300 m, the higher value being required in the initial one-third of the runway's length. In addition, the navigation facilities at the airport are supplemented with a modern wide area multilateration system.

The runway as well as taxiways are equipped with light aids system using LED technology. The lighting of the runway can be remotely controlled from the flight control tower. The runway has eight exit taxiways leading to five parking aprons where up to 18 middle-sized aircraft (e.g. Boeing 737 or Airbus A321) can be parked. The airport also has an extra apron used in winter for de-icing of aircraft. The deicing pad has been constructed in a way which allows keeping up ecological standards.

Passenger terminals
Source:

Terminal 1
Terminal T1 was inaugurated in 1997 and has primarily served passengers flying to countries outside the Schengen Area in recent years. The facility covers an area of 9,662 square meters. Terminal 1 is currently not operational for passenger services and it is planned to be demolished as soon as the Terminal 2 expansion works begin in the next years.

Terminal 2

Source:

The first part of passenger terminal T2 was constructed in 2012, ahead of the UEFA European Football Championship held in Poland and Ukraine. At that time, Terminal T2 had a usable area of 39,433 square meters, catering mainly to departing passengers to Schengen countries. The new terminal was built to the west of the existing terminal T1, parallel to the proposed access road and the existing runway. This building was designed as a hall housing two functional zones - those related to the airport apron (airside) - baggage sorting and waiting areas, as well as zones related to the city side (landside) - ticket and baggage check-in halls (departures), airline offices, dining facilities, and services. The terminal has three above-ground floors and one underground floor. The terminals are connected by a connector at the first-floor level. The terminal was designed in such a way that it could be modularly expanded in subsequent stages, if necessary. An intermediate floor - a corridor for arrivals - had been planned on the aircraft parking apron side. On the apron side, four external staircases were designed on the forecourt of the terminal. The implementation of this project doubled the passenger capacity of Gdańsk Airport, from 2.5 to 5 million passengers annually.

From 2014 to 2015, Terminal T2 underwent expansion, increasing its total area by 5,512 square meters and its usable area by 15,537 square meters. The new part housed the arrivals zone.

Between 2019 and 2022, Gdańsk Airport expanded Terminal T2 with a new western pier, adding 16,000 square meters of usable space. Functionally, it extends Terminal T2 by an additional 180 meters and is 46 meters wide. Structurally, it is a completely separate facility. On the ground floor of the pier, an expanded baggage claim hall has been implemented, where ultimately nine baggage system belts can be installed, along with an extended area for arrival baggage handling, a passport control zone equipped with six document control points for arriving passengers from Non-Schengen and third countries, and communication space to gates for Schengen, Non-Schengen, and third-country flights, along with accompanying facilities: service rooms, airport service areas, technical rooms, and restrooms. On the northern side of the pier, a driveway for buses to two bus gates has been constructed, allowing direct access from the airport apron to the first-floor level.

On the first floor, a departure hall with three dual jet bridges for Non-Schengen flights and one for Schengen flights was constructed. Rooms for the Border Guard, Customs Office, and airport services were established. The spatial layout of the hall serves as an extension of the existing terminal T2 hall.

The distinctive multi-level roofing structure and steel framework, constituting a unique feature and recognizable symbol of the Gdańsk Airport, serve as the primary reference point for the design of the new western pier.

The airport offers nine jet bridges, which directly connect passengers to airplanes. As of 2024, these are the only passenger boarding bridges in Poland that are also compatible with turboprop aircraft such as the Bombardier Q400.

Terminal T2 provides passengers with comprehensive services. Travellers can use VIP services, a premium lounge, and a fast track at security control. Currency exchange services are available at the airport. Terminal T2 has a Tourist and Airport Information Point where visitors can obtain information on various topics, receive promotional materials, and purchase the Gdańsk Tourist Card, vouchers for Executive Lounge and Fast Track services. Visitors can also send letters or packages via Polish Post from the airport. Upon arrival in Gdańsk, rental cars are available from several car rental companies. From Terminal T2, passengers can directly access the platforms of the Pomeranian Metropolitan Railway. Taxis are available in front of the terminal, and bus stops are nearby for travel to Gdańsk and Sopot. Several parking lots are located around the terminals.

Rail
Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna (PKM, the 'Pomeranian Metropolitan Railway) connects Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport with Wrzeszcz, Gdynia Główna railway station and downtown Gdańsk. It connects to the Fast Urban Railway.

Bus
The airport has bus connections with Gdańsk-Centre, Gdańsk-Wrzeszcz railway station, Gdańsk-Łostowice and Sopot – Kamienny Potok railway station.

title: Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport


text:
User talk:Willardlard

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 14:42, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Willardlard


text:
Prince Charles Cinema

The Prince Charles Cinema (PCC) is a repertory cinema located in Leicester Place, 50 yards north of Leicester Square in the West End of London. It shows a rotating programme of cult, arthouse, and classic films alongside recent Hollywood releases – typically more than ten different films a week on two screens (300 velvet seats downstairs and 104 high back leather seats upstairs). It also hosts a sing-a-long version of The Sound of Music, as well as The Rocky Horror Picture Show and The Room. The cinema has achieved a cult status amongst fans, and is the only independent cinema in the West End.

History
Constructed between 1961 and 1962, the building was built by Richard Costain Limited for Alfred Esdaile and designed by Carl Fisher and Associates. The building, named for then-Prince Charles, originally functioned as a theatre with a distinctive 'satellite dish' curve to the floor of the stalls, meaning that audience members are sat at an upwards angle as they face the stage. After a short period supporting the dramatic arts, the venue was reinvented as a porn cinema. During this period it hosted the UK's longest continuous run of Emmanuelle, as well as Caligula (1979).

The cinema was used as the setting for a number of stunts in the British sketch show Trigger Happy TV in the early 2000s. Filming was facilitated by the cinema having a balcony at the time from which aerial shots could be taken, which was later converted into a second screen in 2008.

During the UK launch of Kill Bill: Volume 2 (2004), Uma Thurman recorded a special video introduction for a double bill of both movies being held at the cinema. In it she welcomed the audience to "Quentin's favourite UK cinema". Quentin Tarantino has said, "The Prince Charles Cinema is everything an independent movie theatre should be. For lovers of quality films, this is Mecca." and "The day Kill Bill plays the Prince Charles is the day Kill Bill truly comes home." He further described it as London's "queen's jewel" of a grindhouse saying "I was so honoured when Reservoir Dogs hit so big there that they started playing it at midnight and all the lads would show up in the black suits with little squirt guns".

In April 2007, the cinema opened an official Kevin Smith toilet cubicle, after the director held a question and answer session at the cinema. He said "I don't know, Quentin Tarantino has never turned up here and they name the bar after him, it's my second visit and they haven't even named a toilet after me!" The next day they screwed a framed picture of him to the first cubicle in the gents and he officially opened the toilet. The Kevin Smith cubicle is now in the ladies toilets as the cinema swapped the ladies and gents in late 2013.

As a commitment to promoting environmental causes, the PCC screened the documentary An Inconvenient Truth every week of 2007. Often the screenings have Q&As with special guests; previous speakers have included Tony Juniper, David Miliband and Sir Menzies Campbell.

The cinema and surrounding area was featured in the music video to "Golden Gaze" by Ian Brown. Peter Doherty, lead singer of The Libertines, worked at the cinema for several months in 1999 before being dismissed.

In 2023, after the Coronation of Charles III, the cinema announced that it had no intention of changing its name.

In June 2024, the cinema cancelled a planned world premiere of The Last Screenwriter, a film written by ChatGPT, amid concerns from its patrons about the use of artificial intelligence "in place of a writer".

Canopy
The canopy above the cinema is used for regular advertising for films, and sports cult film quotes or other obscure messages. Previous messages have cheered on England in the World Cup, proclaimed the cinema to be the ninth wonder of the world, after King Kong, and joked about other local cinemas.

title: Prince Charles Cinema


text:
Sterling Sharpe

Sterling Sharpe (born April 6, 1965) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the South Carolina Gamecocks, and played in the NFL from 1988 to 1994 with the Packers in a career shortened by a neck injury. He became an analyst for the NFL Network. He is the older brother of Pro Football Hall of Fame tight end Shannon Sharpe.

Early life and college
Sharpe was born in Chicago to Pete Sharpe and Mary Alice Dixon. Growing up, Sharpe lived in Glennville, Georgia, with his grandparents and siblings, including his younger brother, Hall of Fame tight end Shannon Sharpe. He graduated Glennville High School, playing running back, quarterback and linebacker and was a member of the basketball and track teams. As a wide receiver at the University of South Carolina, Sharpe set school records with 169 career receptions and 2,497 receiving yards and a since-broken record of 17 career touchdowns. He also set the school record for single-season receiving touchdowns with 11, which was broken in 2005 by Sidney Rice. Sharpe's No. 2 jersey was retired by South Carolina at the end of the 1987 regular season, making him the second Gamecock to be granted this honor while still playing. His college coach and mentor, William "Tank" Black, left the Gamecocks to become a player-manager and represented Sharpe throughout his professional career. Sharpe was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2014.

Professional career
Sharpe was the first round, seventh overall, draft pick by the Packers in 1988 and had an immediate impact on the team. In his rookie season, he started all sixteen games and caught 55 passes. His sophomore season he led the league with 90 receptions, the first Packer to do so since Don Hutson in 1945, and broke Hutson's records for receptions and receiving yards in a season. Sharpe was known as a tough receiver with strong hands, who was willing to go over the middle to make difficult catches in traffic.

A few years later, in 1992, Sharpe and the new quarterback, Brett Favre, teamed up to become one of the top passing tandems in the league. In the final game of that season, Sterling and Favre hooked up for Sharpe's 107th reception of the season which broke the NFL's single-season receptions record, set by Art Monk in 1984. That season, he became one of only seven players in NFL history to win the outright "Triple Crown" at the receiver position: leading the league in receiving yards, receiving touchdowns, and receptions. Ray Flaherty (1932), Don Hutson (1936, 1941–44), Elroy Hirsch (1951), and Raymond Berry (1959) achieved this in the years before the Super Bowl era. The only other players to accomplish this feat are Jerry Rice (1990), Steve Smith Sr. (2005), and Cooper Kupp (2021).

In the 1993 season he broke his own record, with 112 receptions, which also made him the first player to have consecutive seasons catching more than 100 passes. In 1994, his 18 touchdown receptions were the second-most in league history at the time, behind Jerry Rice's 22 in 1987. On October 24, 1993, he became the second Packer in team history to catch four touchdown passes in one game since Don Hutson in 1945.

Sharpe's tenure at wide receiver was cut short by a neck injury. Near the end of the 1994 season, it was found that he had a neck abnormality that needed surgery, as he had looseness in the top two vertebrae in his neck. He had stinger injuries against Atlanta and Tampa Bay. He had the surgery and never returned to football. It ended a career in which he was invited to the Pro Bowl five times (1989, 1990, 1992, 1993, and 1994). Since he was unable to continue playing and was not on the Packers team that won the Super Bowl in 1996, his younger brother Shannon gave him the first of the three Super Bowl rings he won, citing him as a major influence in his life by saying: "The two people who influenced me the most, good or bad, are Sterling and my grandmother. Everything I know about being a man, about football, everything I know about sports, pretty much in life, is because of those two people."

In the span of his seven seasons in the League, he was second in receptions and receiving yards along with being third in touchdowns (with Jerry Rice being ahead of him in each category). His brother Shannon stated during his Hall of Fame induction ceremony that, "I am the only person in the Hall of Fame that can say I was the second best player in my own family." In 2002, he was inducted into the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame.

After his retirement from the NFL, Sharpe became an analyst for the NFL Network.

title: Sterling Sharpe


text:
Wikipedia talk:What Wikipedia is not/Rewrite December 2004

This draft created 24 December 2004 - later changes to original page to be incorporated before (if ever) this replaces it. Please discuss it at Wikipedia talk:What Wikipedia is not.

- Wikipedia is an online encyclopedia and, as a means to that end, also an online community. Therefore, there are certain things that Wikipedia is not.

Please feel free to add to this list as we discover interesting new ways of not writing encyclopedia articles; but preferably discuss your suggestions on Wikipedia talk:What Wikipedia is not first. When adding new options, please be as clear as possible and provide counter-examples of similar, but permitted, subjects.

Wikipedia is not a paper encyclopedia
Wikipedia is not a paper encyclopedia. Thus, Wikipedia has no size limits, can include links, can be more timely, etc. It also means that the style and length of writing appropriate for paper is not necessarily appropriate here.

Wikipedia is not a dictionary
Wikipedia is not a dictionary or a usage or jargon guide. If you're interested in working on a wiki dictionary, check out our sister project Wiktionary. Therefore, Wikipedia articles are not:
 * 1) Dictionary definitions. Because Wikipedia is not a dictionary, please do not create an entry merely to define a term. Of course, an article can and should always begin with a good definition or a clear description of the topic. If you come across an article that is nothing more than a definition, see if there is information you can add that would be appropriate for an encyclopedia. An exception to this rule is for articles about the cultural meanings of individual numbers.
 * 2) Lists of such definitions. But an article can consist of a pointer to other pages, where a word is too general to have any one topic associated with it, these are known as disambiguation pages. Wikipedia also includes glossary pages for various specialized fields.
 * 3) A usage guide, or slang and idiom guide. Wikipedia is not in the business of saying how words, idioms, etc., are used. We aren't teaching people how to talk like a leet cracker or a Cockney chimney-sweep. However, it is often very important in the context of an encyclopedia article to describe just how a word is used. E.g., the article on freedom will, if it doesn't already, have a long discussion about this. In some special cases an article about an essential piece of slang may be appropriate.

Wikipedia is not a soapbox
Wikipedia is not a soapbox, a chatroom, or discussion forum. Therefore, Wikipedia articles are not:
 * 1) Propaganda or advocacy of any kind. Of course, an article can report objectively about such things, as long as an attempt is made to approach a neutral point of view. Go to Usenet or start a blog if you want to convince people of the merits of your favorite views.
 * 2) Discussion forums, or Everything2 nodes. Please try to stay on the task of creating  an encyclopedia. You can chat with folks on their discussion pages, and should resolve problems with articles on the relevant talk pages.
 * 3) Critical reviews. Biographies and articles about art works are supposed to be encyclopedia articles. Of course, critical analysis of art is welcome, if grounded in direct observations. See also Guide to writing better articles.
 * 4) Personal essays that state your particular opinions about a topic. Wikipedia is supposed to compile human knowledge, not serve as a vehicle for personal opinions to become part of human knowledge. See No original research. In the unusual situation where the opinions of a single individual are important enough to discuss, it is preferable to let other people to whom those opinions are important write about them. Of course personal essays on topics relating to Wikipedia are welcome at Meta-Wikipedia. Wikinfo is a Wikipedia fork that encourages personal opinions in articles.
 * 5) Primary research such as proposing theories and solutions, original ideas, defining terms, coining new words, etc. If you have done primary research on a topic, publish your results in normal peer-reviewed journals, or elsewhere on the web. Wikipedia will report about your work once it becomes part of accepted human knowledge. Of course, you don't have to get all of your information on entries from peer-reviewed journals. See No original research.
 * 6) Vehicles for commercial advertising.  External links to commercial organisations are allowed if they can serve to identify major corporations associated with a topic, as in finishing school.  The general rule of thumb: if the purpose of the link is to provide additional useful information to the reader, it belongs here; if the purpose is to bring traffic to the linked site, it doesn't.  Advertisers will understandably try to blur this line by providing information as well as products on ther sites, so this requires a judgment call.  When in doubt, omit the link, or ask for other opinions on the article's talk page before inserting it.
 * 7) Vehicles for fan site advertising.  Depending on the subject matter, sites created by enthusiasts are sometimes the best source of information on a given topic.  However, debates about the quality of sites, and which fan sites should be included, can sometimes be acrimonious.  (This may sometimes be solved by inserting a single link to a stable list of fansites, such as an official site's links list, or a dmoz directory category.)  The same rule of thumb as for commercial advertising applies: if the purpose of the link is to provide additional useful information to the reader, it belongs here; if the purpose is to bring traffic to the linked site, it doesn't.  (Note that discussion forums and mailing lists are generally not appropriate links unless they are noted prominently within the article.)
 * 8) Vehicles for self-promotion.  Many people consider it a good idea not to start articles about yourself or projects you have a strong personal involvement in. A very few somewhat famous Wikipedians have significantly contributed to encyclopedia articles about themselves and their accomplishments, and this has mostly been accepted after some debate. But of course the standards for encyclopedic articles apply to such a page just like any other. Creating overly abundant links and references to autobiographical articles is not in accordance with the spirit of Wikipedia. See Auto-biography for more information. (Please note Wikipedia does not endorse any businesses and it does not set up affiliate programs.)

Wikipedia is not a mirror or a repository of links, images, or media files
Wikipedia is neither a mirror nor a repository of links, images, or media files. All content added to Wikipedia may have to be edited mercilessly to be included in the encyclopedia. By submitting any content, you agree to release it for free use under the GNU FDL (however, Wikipedia does incorporate many images and some text which are considered "fair use" into its GFDLed articles). See Copyrights. Wikipedia articles are not:
 * 1) Mere collections of external links. Of course, there's nothing wrong with adding both lists of content-relevant links and on-line references you used in writing an article.
 * 2) Mere collections of internal links, except for disambiguation pages when an article title is ambiguous; and of course, it may help to make lists of internal links relevant to the article you are editing, as this conveys useful information and helps navigation.
 * 3) Mere collections of public domain or other source material; such as entire books or source code, original historical documents, letters, laws, proclamations, and other source material that are only useful when presented with their original, un-modified wording. Complete copies of primary sources (including any public domain documents you can find) should go into Wikisource. Of course there's nothing wrong with using public domain resources in order to add factual content and wording to an article (such as the use of the 1911 Brittanica encyclopaedia). See Don't include copies of primary sources. Complete copies of primary sources (including any public domain documents you can find) should go into Wikisource.
 * 4) Collections of photographs or media files with no text to go with the articles. If you are interested in presenting a picture, please provide an encyclopedic context, or consider adding it to Wikimedia Commons. If a picture comes from a public domain source on a website, then consider adding it to Images with missing articles or Public domain image resources.

Wikipedia is not a free wiki host or webspace provider
You may not host your own website or blog at Wikipedia. If you are interested in using the wiki technology for a collaborative effort on something else, even if it is just a single page, there are many sites (such as SeedWiki or Riters.com) that provide wiki hosting (free or for money). You can even install wiki software on your server. Wikipedia pages are not:
 * 1) Personal homepages and/or file storage areas. Wikipedians have their own personal pages, but they are used for information relevant to working on the encyclopedia. If you are looking to make a personal webpage unrelated to encyclopedia work, there are many free homepage providers on the Internet. If you upload files, please upload only files that are used (or will be used) in encyclopedia articles; anything else will be deleted.

Wikipedia is not a general knowledge base
Wikipedia is not a general knowledge base, that is, it is not an indiscriminate collection of items of information. Just because something is 100% true doesn't mean it is suitable for inclusion in an encyclopedia. Therefore, Wikipedia articles are not:
 * 1) Lists of Frequently Asked Questions. Wikipedia articles should not list FAQs, either with or without answers. Instead, format the information provided as neutral prose within the appropriate article(s). You may want to consider contributing FAQ lists to Wikibooks.
 * 2) Lists or repositories of loosely associated topics such as quotations, aphorisms or persons. If you want to enter lists of quotations, put them into Wikiquote, Wikipedia's sister project. Of course, there is nothing wrong with having lists if their entries are famous because they are associated with or significantly contributed to the list topic. Wikipedia also includes reference tables and tabular information for quick reference.
 * 3) Cookbook entries. For example, when writing an article about fried rice, don't give "A simple recipe for fried rice." That belongs in Wiki Cookbook. Instead, write an article about what is commonly included in a fried rice recipe, the history of fried rice, types of fried rice, how the Chinese and Japanese versions differ, etc.
 * 4) Travel guides. An article on Paris should mention landmarks such as the Eiffel Tower and the Louvre, but not the telephone number of your favorite hotel or the price of a café au lait on the Champs-Elysées. Such details are, however, very welcome at Wikitravel.
 * 5) Memorials. It's always sad when people die, but Wikipedia is not the place to honour them. Of course, you are free to write articles about notable people who have died.
 * 6) News reports. Wikipedia should not offer news reports on breaking stories. Our emerging sister project Wikinews will do exactly that instead. Wikipedia does however have many encyclopedia articles on topics currently in the news, as the Wiki process lends itself to collaborative, up-to-the-minute construction of current events of historical significance. See current events for some examples.
 * 7) Genealogical or biographical entries, or phonebook entries. Biography articles should only be for people with some sort of notoriety or achievement. One measure of achievement is whether someone has been featured in several external sources (on or off-line). Of course, minor characters may be mentioned within other articles (e.g. Ronald Gay in Persecution of gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and the transgendered). See Wikipeople for a proposed genealogical/biographical dictionary project. People who have biographies here should be important or otherwise notable for some reason.
 * 8) A Directory or a resource for conducting business. For example, an article on a radio station generally shouldn't list upcoming events, current promotions, phone numbers, etc (although mention of major events or promotions is of course acceptable). Furthermore, the Talk pages associated with an article are for talking about the article, not for conducting the business of the topic of the article.

Wikipedia is not censored for the protection of minors
Wikipedia is not censored for the 'protection of minors' (content-rated). Firstly, anyone can edit an article and the results are displayed instantaneously, so we cannot guarantee that a child will see or read nothing objectionable. Secondly, Wikipedia has no organized system for the removal of material that might be thought likely to harm minors. However, articles can be, and are, censored by consensus.

Wikipedia is not a theater of war
Every user is expected to interact with others civilly, calmly, and in a spirit of cooperation. Do not insult, harass or intimidate those with whom you have a disagreement. Rather, approach the matter in an intelligent manner, and engage in polite discussion. Do not create or edit articles just to prove a point. Do not make legal or other threats against Wikipedia, Wikipedians, or the Wikimedia Foundation1. Threats are not tolerated and may result in a ban.

Wikipedia is not an anarchy
The fact that Wikipedia is an open, self-governing project does not mean that any part of its purpose is to explore the viability of anarchistic communities. (If you want to do so, you can use Wikipedia fork Anarchopedia.) Our purpose is to build an encyclopedia, not to test the limits of anarchism. But of course none of this is to deny that a great deal of our success has been due precisely to our openness.

When you wonder what to do
When you wonder what should or should not be in an article named "whatever", ask youself what a reader would expect under "whatever" in an encyclopedia. For examples of what kinds of articles people consider to be encyclopedic, see Votes for deletion/Precedents.

When you wonder whether the rules given above are being violated, consider:
 * Changing the content of an article (normal editing)
 * Changing the page into a redirect, preserving the page history
 * Nominating the page for deletion on Votes for deletion if it meets grounds for such action under the Deletion policy page. To develop an understanding of what kinds of contributions are in danger of being deleted you have to regularly follow discussions there.
 * Changing the rules on this page after a consensus has been reached following appropriate discussion with other Wikipedians via the Talk page.