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Room Service (1938 film)

Room Service is a 1938 American comedy film directed by William A. Seiter, based on the 1937 play of the same name by Allen Boretz and John Murray. The film stars the Marx Brothers (Groucho, Harpo and Chico) and also features Lucille Ball, Ann Miller and Frank Albertson. It was produced and distributed by RKO Pictures; RKO paid $255,000 for filming rights, which was then a record for a sound picture.

This is the only film starring the Marx Brothers with a screenplay based on material that was not written especially for the team. Less frenetic and more physically contained than their other films, the plot revolves around the shenanigans of a broke Broadway producer getting a play staged and funded by a mysterious backer, while evading eviction from a hotel.

RKO remade the movie in 1944 as Step Lively, starring George Murphy and Frank Sinatra.

Plot
Gordon Miller, a flat-broke theatrical producer, whose staff includes Harry Binelli and Faker Englund, is told by his brother-in-law Joseph Gribble, manager of the White Way Hotel, that he and his cast of twenty-two actors, who have run up a bill of $1,200, must leave the hotel immediately or face the wrath of supervising director Gregory Wagner. Miller has hidden the cast and crew of his play, Hail and Farewell, in the empty hotel ballroom. Miller is planning on skipping out on the hotel without paying the bill when he receives word that one of his actresses, Christine Marlowe, has found a financial backer for the play. Miller must avoid being evicted and keep the company hidden in the hotel until he can meet with the backer and receive a check.

At the same time, Wagner discovers Miller's debt. Assured by Gribble that Miller had skipped without paying his bill, Wagner is surprised to find Miller still in the hotel, now joined by Leo Davis, the play's young author who has arrived unexpectedly. Davis is also broke and hopes to collect an advance on his royalties from the play.

When Wagner threatens to throw Miller out of the hotel before the backer can arrive, Miller and Binelli convince Davis to pretend to be sick. Hungry and with no money for food, Miller promises hotel waiter Sasha Smirnoff a part in the play in exchange for a meal. When Davis leaves to meet with new love interest Hilda Manney, Englund takes over as the sick patient examined by Dr. Glass, brought in by Mr. Wagner. Wagner leaves to confront the crowd in the ballroom, while the doctor examines the patient. To delay the doctor giving his report to Wagner, Binelli and Miller tie him up, gag him, and lock him in the bathroom. Simon Jenkins, the agent for the wealthy backer, arrives to sign the check and contract. Wagner returns and interrupts just as Jenkins is about to sign; Binelli and Gribble arrive. After Dr. Glass is freed, he angrily tells Wagner that he overheard everything while tied up in the bathroom: Miller was about to transact a legitimate deal. During the commotion, Jenkins is accidentally hit on the head by Englund as he chases a flying turkey around with a baseball bat. Jenkins, desperately trying to escape the madness, quickly signs over the check and flees.

Davis returns and informs Miller he saw Jenkins in the lobby who told him he is stopping payment on the check and signed it only to get out of the room. Wagner is fooled into believing all is well, and upgrades the boys to a fancier room and extends them more credit. Later, just as the play is about to open, Wagner discovers the check has bounced and has Miller, Binelli, Englund and Davis locked in their room. They manipulate Wagner into believing he's driven Davis to take poison. They pretend to give Davis large quantities of Ipecac (which is actually drunk by Englund), and he eventually pretends to die. Then Englund pretends to have committed suicide. Wagner is bluffed into believing he drove both Davis and Englund to suicide and helps take Englund's "body" down to the alley. As Miller and Wagner prop Englund on a crate, a passing policeman asks what's going on. Miller bluffs their way out of the situation, so he and Wagner make an escape, leaving Englund "asleep". They go to watch the end of the play, a scene where the miners are bringing a body from out of the mine. The body on the stretcher is Englund's. Wagner realizes he's been duped as the play is greeted with thunderous applause and a revived Davis appears next to Wagner, causing him to faint.

Cast
* Indicates the actor created the role on Broadway.

Production
Zeppo Marx, who had retired from the screen after Duck Soup, was now a Hollywood agent representing his brothers. He brokered a deal with RKO to produce the version of the Broadway play Room Service by John Murray and Allan Boretz. The play was adapted for the Marxes by Morrie Ryskind. Room Service was the only film in which neither the story nor the characters were created especially for the Marx Brothers.

This was only the second Marx Brothers film (the other being Duck Soup) in which Chico does not play the piano and Harpo does not play the harp.

Ann Miller was only 15 years old when she made this film. She had lied about her age and obtained a fake birth certificate when she was about 14 years old, which stated that she was 18, just prior to signing with RKO Pictures. In a Private Screenings interview with Robert Osborne on Turner Classic Movies, Miller described her experience with the Marx brothers. Miller described a situation in which Harpo Marx dropped his pants in front of her, beeped his horn and chased her across the set. Miller described her being so "scared to death of the man" and thought he was "crazy", but she "loved" Groucho Marx.

Reception
Frank S. Nugent of The New York Times noted that the film had not changed much from the play and "the Marxes haven't made it any funnier; but neither has their presence interfered to any large extent with the disorderly progress of an antic piece. While there may be some question about the play's being a perfect Marx vehicle, there can be none about its being a thoroughly daffy show." Variety wrote that it would "do plenty of business and satisfy on the laugh score." "Sure-fire comedy smash ... the hilarious proceedings find the Marx Brothers right in their element," Film Daily wrote. Harrison's Reports called it "A good comedy" with a "pleasant" romance. John Mosher of The New Yorker wrote, "As comic pictures go, this ranks certainly above average; it has enough of the Marxian note for that. As Marx Brothers movies go, however, it is a minor effort."

The film recorded a loss of $330,000.

In popular culture

 * The basic plot of Room Service was used for the "Monkees, Manhattan Style" episode of The Monkees (season 1, episode 30, first broadcast April 10, 1967, also known as "Monkees in Manhattan").

title: Room Service (1938 film)


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Ruth Neudeck

Ruth Closius-Neudeck (5 July 1920 – 29 July 1948) was a Nazi Schutzstaffel (SS) supervisor at a Nazi concentration camp complex from December 1944 until March 1945. She was executed for war crimes for her role in the Holocaust.

Early life
Ruth Closius was born in Breslau, Germany (now Wrocław, Poland). She later married and was known as Ruth Neudeck or Ruth Closius-Neudeck.

Atrocities in Nazi concentration camps
In July 1944, she arrived at the Ravensbrück concentration camp to begin her training to be a camp guard. Neudeck soon began impressing her superiors with her unbending brutality towards the female prisoners, resulting in her promotion to the rank of Blockführerin (Barrack Overseer) in late July 1944.

In the Ravensbrück camp, she was known as one of the most ruthless female guards. Former French prisoner Geneviève de Gaulle-Anthonioz commented after the war that she had seen Neudeck "cut the throat of an inmate with the sharp edge of her shovel". In December 1944, she was promoted to the rank of Oberaufseherin, and moved to the Uckermark extermination complex down the road from Ravensbrück. There she involved herself in the selection and execution of over 5,000 women and children. The prisoners were mistreated by Neudeck or her fellow SS Aufseherinnen. In March 1945, Neudeck became head of the Barth subcamp.

Capture, trial and execution
In late April 1945, she fled the camp but was later captured and detained in prison while the British Army investigated the allegations against her. In April 1948, she stood accused at the third Ravensbrück trial, along with other Schutzstaffel (SS) women. The 28-year-old former SS supervisor admitted to the accusations of murder and maltreatment made against her.

The British court found Neudeck guilty of war crimes and sentenced her to death by hanging. On 29 July 1948, she was executed by British executioner Albert Pierrepoint on the gallows at Hamelin Prison.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ruth Neudeck


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Richard Warch

Richard Warch (August 4, 1939 – Sept 14, 2013) was an American professor, ordained minister and academic. He served as the 14th president of Lawrence University.

Early life
Warch was raised in Ho-Ho-Kus, New Jersey. He received his bachelor's degree in history from Williams College in 1961. He studied theology at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland and earned a Bachelor of Divinity degree from the Yale Divinity School in 1964 and a Ph.D. in American studies from Yale University in 1968.

Career
From 1968 to 1977, Warch was a member of the faculty in the history and American studies departments at Yale University, and served as associate dean in his last year.

In the fall of 1977, he served as vice president for academic affairs and professor of history at Lawrence University. He became president of the school in 1979.

In June 1999, Warch was named to the executive committee of the Annapolis Group, an association of more than 100 of America's leading liberal arts colleges. In the 1987 study, "The Effective College President," a two-year project funded by the Exxon Education Foundation, he was named one of the nation's top 100 college presidents.

He is the author of the book School of the Prophets: Yale College, 1710–1740, co-edited the volume John Brown in the Prentice-Hall Great Lives Observed Series, and has addressed a wide variety of issues facing higher education in numerous published articles, reviews, and commentaries.

His tenure as president at Lawrence University was marked by an improvement in the school's academic reputation, building projects, and an emphasis on the school's liberal arts tradition.

Retirement
Warch retired from the office of president of Lawrence University effective July 1, 2004. After retirement, he and his wife, Margot, moved to Ellison Bay in Wisconsin's Door County. On September 14, 2013, Warch died of cancer.

title: Richard Warch


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Golden Earring (album)

Golden Earring is the self-titled album by Dutch rock band Golden Earring, released in 1970. Fans often refer to it as Wall of Dolls due to the cover artwork. This is the first Golden Earring album with drummer Cesar Zuiderwijk as a member. From that time, all four members of the band on this album have remained in the lineup.

Track listing
All songs written by Kooymans except where noted.

 * 1) "Yellow and Blue" – 3:43
 * 2) "The Loner" – 3:28
 * 3) "This Is the Time of the Year" – 3:32
 * 4) "Big Tree, Blue Sea" (Hay, Kooymans) – 6:09
 * 5) "The Wall of Dolls" (Gerritsen, Hay) – 3:31
 * 6) "Back Home" – 3:50
 * 7) "See See" (Hay) – 3:10
 * 8) "I'm Going to Send My Pigeons to the Sky" – 5:57
 * 9) "As Long As the Wind Blows" – 5:20

Personnel

 * Barry Hay – flute, rhythm guitar, vocals; lead vocals (tracks 2, 4-8)
 * George Kooymans – lead guitar, vocals; lead vocals (tracks 1, 3, 9)
 * Rinus Gerritsen – bass, piano, organ, Mellotron
 * Cesar Zuiderwijk – drums, percussion

Production

 * Producer: Fred Haayen
 * Engineer: Albert Kos
 * Photography: Claude Van Heye

title: Golden Earring (album)


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Billy Cotton Band Show

The Billy Cotton Band Show was a Sunday lunchtime radio programme broadcast in the BBC Light Programme from 1949 until 1968.

The band leader, Billy Cotton, was a larger-than-life Cockney character who started each show with the cry "Wakey-Wake-aaaay!”, followed by the band's signature tune “Somebody Stole My Gal”.

The show transferred to BBC Television in 1956, usually on Saturday evenings at 7.00 pm. It ran, under various names, until 1968. Regular entertainers included Alan Breeze, Kathie Kay, and the pianist Russ Conway. Pianist Mrs Mills made her first television appearance on the show. An additional regular act was the Leslie Roberts Silhouettes, recruited to the line-up before the television series began

Terry Jones and Michael Palin, both later to become members of Monty Python's Flying Circus, wrote jokes for the show.

title: Billy Cotton Band Show


text: Talk:Golden Earring (album)

title: Talk:Golden Earring (album)


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Go West

Go West may refer to:

 * "Go West, young man", a quote often attributed to American author Horace Greeley concerning America's expansion westward
 * A euphemism for death

Companies

 * Go West, a division of NZ Bus that operates bus services between Auckland's West and central suburbs

Film, art and entertainment

 * Go West (1925 film), a 1925 film by Buster Keaton
 * Go West (1940 film), a 1940 Marx Brothers comedy film
 * Go West (2005 film), a 2005 Bosnian film directed by Ahmed Imamović
 * Go West (exhibition), the Stuckist art show in Spectrum London gallery, 2006
 * Go West, a manga by Yu Yagami
 * Go West, a 2023 film by the original cast of Studio C.

Music

 * Go West (band), a British pop band successful through the 1980s and 1990s
 * Go West (Go West album), the band's first album in 1985
 * Go West (Village People album), a 1979 album by the Village People

Songs

 * "Go West" (song), a 1979 song by the Village People, later covered by the Pet Shop Boys in 1993
 * "Go West", a song by Liz Phair on the 1994 album Whip-Smart
 * "Go West", a song by Chris Spedding on the 1986 album Enemy Within
 * "Go West (Crazy Spinning Circles)", a song by The Cult on the 1984 album Dreamtime
 * "Go West Young Man (In The Motherlode)", alternative title for the Genesis song Deep in the Motherloade for its US single release

title: Go West


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HMS Juniper

Two vessels of the British Royal Navy have been named Juniper for the juniper:

 * HMS Juniper (1809) was a Shamrock-class schooner launched at Bermuda. She participated in one campaign for which her crew was awarded the Naval General Service Medal (1847) with clasp "San Sebastian". She also participated in the capture of several merchant ships. The Navy sold her in 1814.
 * HMT Juniper (T123) was a Tree-class minesweeping trawler launched in 1939. The German heavy cruiser GERMAN CRUISER Admiral Hipper sank her on 8 June 1940 in the Norwegian Sea.

title: HMS Juniper


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Missolonghi

Missolonghi or Mesolongi (Μεσολόγγι, ) is a municipality of 32,048 people (according to the 2021 census) in western Greece. The town is the capital of Aetolia-Acarnania regional unit, and the seat of the municipality of Iera Polis Mesolongiou (Ιερά Πόλις Μεσολογγίου). Missolonghi is known as the site of a dramatic siege during the Greek War of Independence, and of the death of poet Lord Byron.

Geography
The town is located between the Achelous and the Evinos rivers and has a port on the Gulf of Patras. It trades in fish, wine, and tobacco. The Arakynthos mountains lie to the northeast. The town is almost canalized but houses are within the gulf and the swamplands. The Missolonghi–Aitoliko Lagoons complex lies to the west. In the ancient times, the land was part of the gulf.

Climate
Summers are long, hot and humid, with temperatures rarely surpassing 40 °C and sometimes remaining above 25 °C at night. Winters are short, mild and humid with frequent rainfalls.

National Transport
The new Greek National Motorway 5 (Ionia Odos) passes north of Missolonghi.

The town had a railway station on the Hellenic Railways Organisation line from Krioneri to Agrinio but this has been abandoned since the 1970s.

The Intercity Buses Of Aitoloakarnania also have service towards Agrinio, Amfilochia, Astakos, Volos, Vonitsa, Thessaloniki, Lamia, Larisa, Livadeia, Mitikas, Patras, Chalkida and the capital Athens.

The local airport has a hard runway but no scheduled services. The closest airport with scheduled services is Aktion National Airport just an hour and half away.

Two new ferry connections towards Zakynthos, Cephalonia, and Ithaca are to be launched by the next summer season (2019 - 2020).

Education
Three departments of the University of Patras are based in the city.

Administration
The municipality Missolonghi (official name: Δήμος Ιεράς Πόλεως Μεσολογγίου) was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 3 former municipalities, that became municipal units:
 * Aitoliko
 * Missolonghi
 * Oiniades

The municipal unit Missolonghi is subdivided into 8 communities:
 * Agios Georgios
 * Agios Thomas
 * Ano Koudouni
 * Ellinika
 * Evinochori
 * Missolonghi
 * Mousoura
 * Retsina

The municipality has an area of 680.372 km2, the municipal unit 280.168 km2.

Province
The province of Missolonghi (Επαρχία Μεσολογγίου) was one of the provinces of the Aetolia-Acarnania Prefecture. Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipality Missolonghi (except part of the municipal unit Oiniades) and the municipal units Angelokastro, Arakynthos and Makryneia. It was abolished in 2006.

Early history
North-west of Missolonghi are the remains of Pleuron (modern Asfakovouni), a town mentioned in Homer's works. It participated in the Trojan War and was destroyed in 234 BC by Demetrius II Aetolicus. The new town, which was built on the remains of old Pleuron, was one of the most important towns in Aetolia. Its monumental fortification comprised thirty towers and seven gates. The remains of the theatre and an enormous water tank with four compartments still exist.

The modern settlement of Missolonghi was first mentioned by a Venetian called Paruta when he was describing the naval Battle of Lepanto, which took place nearby. According to predominant historical opinion, its name came from the combination of two Italian words, mezzo and laghi which means "in the middle of lakes" or messo and laghi (Messolaghi) which means "a place surrounded by lakes".

The town grew as a fishing and trading hub. It was captured in 1684 by the Venetians, and held throughout the Morean War, but it was returned to the Ottoman Empire after the 1699 Treaty of Karlowitz. The town joined the Orlov Revolt in 1770, but the uprising was quickly quelled and it returned to Ottoman rule.

Greek War of Independence
When the Greek War of Independence broke out in spring 1821, Missolonghi was the first place in western Greece to join the uprising, on 20 May 1821, under the leadership of the town notables, chiefly Athanasios Razikotsikas, Panos Papaloukas, and A. Kapsalis. With rumours of Greek successes in the Morea and eastern Greece spreading throughout April, most of the Turkish families of the town had already evacuated to nearby Vrachori, where there was a strong Ottoman military presence. Missolonghi was soon reinforced by the klepht chieftain Dimitrios Makris, who immediately occupied the nearby island of Anatoliko; there too, the few Turks abandoned the town without resistance and made for Vrachori.

Its location made it a vital bastion to the Greeks in the War of Independence: protected by a chain of small islands and its lagoon from the sea, and by a wall and the marshy terrain from the landward side, it was strategically located near the Peloponnese and the Ionian Islands. Coming from Marseilles, Alexandros Mavrokordatos landed in the town in July, and made it the base of his attempts to form his own power-base in western Greece, independent of the authority of Dimitrios Ypsilantis in the Morea. On 4 November, Mavrokordatos and his political allies convened an assembly of regional representatives in the town, which established a separate governing body, the "Senate of Western Continental Greece".

The town's fortifications were initially limited to a ditch 2 m wide and 1.2 m deep, in many places filled up with rubbish, as well as by a small wall, not higher than 1 m and in need of repair, with fourteen guns. Nevertheless, the city held out against the first Ottoman attempt to capture it in 1822. A 7,000-8,000 strong Ottoman army under Omer Vryonis and Mehmed Reshid Pasha laid siege to the city on 25 October 1822. The small Greek garrison of 500 men, under Mavrokordatos, managed to delay the Ottomans by pretending to negotiate a surrender until the Greek fleet landed reinforcements on 8 November. The subsequent Ottoman attacks were beaten off, and the onset of winter, disease, and the attacks of other Greek forces from the rear under Georgios Karaiskakis forced the Ottoman commanders to lift the siege on 31 December 1822.

A second Ottoman attack, led by Vryonis and Mustafa Pasha of Scutari, was launched on 20 September 1823, and focused mostly on Anatoliko. Facing the onset of winter, disease, the failure of the simultaneous Ottoman operations in eastern Greece, and Greek attacks on their foraging parties, the Ottoman commanders abandoned the siege on 17 November.

Another siege started on 15 April 1825 by Reşid Mehmed Pasha whose army numbered 30,000 men and was later reinforced by another 10,000 men led by Ibrahim Pasha, son of Muhammad Ali Pasha of Egypt. After a year of relentless enemy attacks and facing starvation, the people of Missolonghi decided to leave the beleaguered city in the "Exodus of its Guards" (The Sortie) on the night of 10 April 1826. At the time, there were 10,500 people in Missolonghi, 3,500 of whom were armed. Very few people survived the Ottoman pincer movement after the betrayal of their plan.

Due to the heroic stance of the population and the subsequent massacre of its inhabitants by the Turkish-Egyptian forces, the town of Missolonghi received the honorary title of Hiera Polis (the Sacred City), unique among other Greek cities. The famous British poet and philhellene Lord Byron, who supported the Greek struggle for independence, died in Missolonghi in 1824. He is commemorated by a cenotaph, containing his heart, and a statue located in the town.

Modern era

The town itself is very picturesque but also modern with functional, regular urban planning. Some very interesting buildings representative of traditional architecture can be seen here. People whose names were related to modern Greek history once lived in some of them. The mansion of the Trikoupis family, Palamas' House, Valvios Library, Christos and Sophia Moschandreou Gallery of Modern Art emphasize the fact that Missolonghi has always been a city of some wealth and refinement. In addition, the Centre of Culture and Art, Diexodos, which hosts cultural events and exhibitions as well as the Museum of History and Art is housed in a neo-classical building in Markos Botsaris Square and hosts a collection of paintings indicative of the struggle of Missolonghi, further boosting the city's cultural and artistic profile. The Messolonghi Byron Society also, founded in 1991 in the city, is a non profit organisation which is devoted to promoting scholarly and general understanding of Lord Byron's life and poetry as well as cultivating appreciation for other historical figures in the 19th-century international Philhellenic movement, idealists who, like Byron, gave their fortunes, talents, and lives for the cause of Greek War of Independence. The Messolonghi Byron Center is now located in the upper floor of Byron House.

Today, the Entrance Gate remains intact and so does part of the fortification of the Free Besieged which was rebuilt by King Otto. Past the gate, there is the Garden of Heroes where several famous and some anonymous heroes who fought during the Heroic Sortie are buried. The Garden of Heroes is the equivalent of the Elysian Fields for modern Greece. Every year the Memorial Day for the Exodus is celebrated on Palm Sunday (the Sunday before Easter); the Greek State is represented by high-ranking officials and foreign countries by their ambassadors.

Media

 * Radiofonikos Stathmos Mesolongiou,(Radio Missolonghi 92FM),Website

Landmarks

 * Museum of the History and the Art of the Sacred City of Messolonghi, Website
 * Centre of Culture and Art, Diexodos,Website
 * Christos and Sophia Mosxandreou Gallery of Modern Art
 * The Messolonghi Byron Society-International Research Center for Lord Byron and Philhellenism,Website

Notable people

 * Lord Byron died here in 1824 and is commemorated by a cenotaph and a statue
 * Epameinontas Deligeorgis (1829–1879), former Prime Minister of Greece
 * John Lykoudis (1910–1980), major and medical doctor involved in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease
 * Miltiadis Malakasis (1869–1943), poet
 * Spyros Moustaklis, Army officer, democracy activist during the junta
 * Thanasoulas Valtinos (1801 or 1802-1870 or 1877), revolutionary of the Greek War of Independence
 * Kostis Palamas (1859–1943), Greek poet, co-author of the Olympic Hymn
 * Anastasios Papoulas (1859–1935), Greek general and commander-in-chief in the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)
 * Antonis Travlantonis (1895–1896), Greek educator, former director of Zosimaia School
 * Charilaos Trikoupis (1832–1896), Prime Minister of Greece
 * Nikolaos Trikoupis (1869–1956), Greek general
 * Spyridon Trikoupis (1788–1873), Prime Minister of Greece, father of Charilaos Trikoupis
 * Charalambos Tseroulis (1879–1929), Greek general
 * Dimitrios Valvis (1814–1886), Prime Minister of Greece
 * Zinovios Valvis (1800–1872), Prime Minister of Greece
 * Sperantza Vrana (1926–2009), actress

Twin towns—sister cities
Missolonghi is twinned with:

title: Missolonghi


text: Category:Golden Earring albums

title: Category:Golden Earring albums


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Mekong River Commission

The Mekong River Commission (MRC) is an "...inter-governmental organisation that works directly with the governments of Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam to jointly manage the shared water resources and the sustainable development of the Mekong River". Its mission is "To promote and coordinate sustainable management and development of water and related resources for the countries' mutual benefit and the people's well-being".

Mekong Committee (1957–1978)
The origins of the Mekong Committee are linked to the legacy of (de)colonialism in Indochina and subsequent geopolitical developments. The political, social, and economic conditions of the Mekong River basin countries evolved dramatically since the 1950s, when the Mekong represented the "only large river left in the world, besides the Amazon, which remained virtually unexploited." The impetus for the creation of the Mekong cooperative regime progressed in tandem with the drive for the development of the lower Mekong, following the 1954 Geneva Conference which granted Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam independence from France. A 1957 United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE) report, Development of Water Resources in the Lower Mekong Basin, recommended development to the tune of 90,000 km2 of irrigation and 13.7 gigawatts (GW) from five dams. Based largely on the recommendations of ECAFE, the "Committee for Coordination on the Lower Mekong Basin" (known as the Mekong Committee) was established in September 1957 with the adoption of the Statute for the Committee for Coordination of Investigations into the Lower Mekong Basin. ECAFE's Bureau of Flood Control had prioritized the Mekong—of the 18 international waterways within its jurisdiction—in the hopes of creating a precedent for cooperation elsewhere. and "one of the UN's earliest spin-offs", as the organization functioned under the aegis of the UN, with its Executive Agent (EA) chosen from the career staff of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

The US government—which feared that poverty in the basin would contribute to the strength of communist movements—proved one of the most vocal international backers of the committee, with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation conducting a seminal 1956 study on the basin's potential. Another 1962 study by U.S. geographer Gilbert F. White, Economic and Social Aspects of Lower Mekong Development, proved extremely influential, resulting in the postponement of (in White's own estimation) the construction of the (still unrealized) mainstream Pa Mong Dam, which would have displaced a quarter-million people. The influence of the United States in the committee's formation can also been seen in development studies of General Raymond Wheeler, the former Chief of the Army Corps of Engineers, the role of C. Hart Schaaf as the Mekong Committee's Executive Agent from 1959 to 1969, and President Lyndon Johnson’s promotion of the committee as having the potential to "dwarf even our own T.V.A." However, US financial support was terminated in 1975 and did not resume for decades due to embargoes against Cambodia (until 1992) and Vietnam (until 1994), followed by periods of trade restrictions. However, Makim argues that the committee was "largely unaffected by formal or informal U.S. preferences" given the ambivalence of some riparians about US technical support, in particular Cambodia's rejection of some specific types of assistance. However, the fact remains that "international development agencies have always paid the bills for the Mekong regime," with European (especially Scandinavian) nations picking up the slack left by the United States, and then (to a lesser extent) Japan.

The Mekong Committee was a forceful advocate for large-scale dams and other projects, primarily preoccupied with facilitating projects. For example, the 1970 Indicative Basin Plan called for 30,000 km2 of irrigation by the year 2000 (up from 2,130 km2) as well as 87 short-term tributary development projects and 17 long-term development projects on the mainstream. The Indicative Basin Plan was crafted largely in response to criticisms of the committee's "piecemeal" approach and declining political support of the organization; for example, the committee had received no funds from Thailand, normally the biggest contributor, during the 1970 fiscal year. The completion of all 17 projects was never intended; rather the list was meant to serve as a "menu" for international donors, who were to select 9 or 10 of the projects. While a few of the short-term projects were implemented, none of the long-term projects prevailed in the political climate of the ensuing decade, which included the end of the Vietnam War in 1975. Several tributary dams were constructed, but only one—the Nam Ngum Dam (completed 1971), in Laos—outside of Thailand, whose electricity was sold to Thailand. According to Makim, Nam Ngum was the "only truly intergovernmental project achieved" by the committee.

This period was also marked by efforts to expand the jurisdiction and mandate of the committee between 1958 and 1975, which did not receive the consent of all four riparians. However, these efforts culminated, in January 1975, in the adoption of a 35-article Joint Declaration of Principles for Utilization of the Waters of the Mekong Basin by the sixty-eighth session of the Mekong Committee, prohibiting the "unilateral appropriation" without "prior approval" and "extra-basin diversion" without unanimous consent. However, no committee sessions were held in 1976 or 1977, as no plenipotentiary members had been appointed by Cambodia, Laos, or Vietnam—all of which experienced regime change in 1975.

Interim Mekong Committee (1978–1995)

The rise of the xenophobic and paranoid Khmer Rouge government in Cambodia made Cambodia's continued participation unsustainable, so in April 1977 the other three riparians agreed to the Declaration Concerning the Interim Mekong Committee, which resulted in the establishment of the Interim Mekong Committee in January 1978. The weakened interim organization was only able to study large-scale projects and implement a few small-scale projects in Thailand and Laos, where the Dutch Government through the IMC funded fisheries and agricultural development projects along the Nam Ngum, as well as port facilities at Keng Kabao near Savannakhet; the institutional role of the organization shifted nonetheless largely to data collection. The 1987 Revised Indicative Basin Plan—the high-water mark of the Interim Committee's activity—scaled back the ambitions of the 1970 plan, envisioning a cascade of smaller dams along the Mekong's mainstream, divided into 29 projects, 26 of which were strictly national in scope. The Revised Indicative Basin Plan can also be seen as laying the groundwork for Cambodia's readmission. The Supreme National Council of Cambodia did request readmission in June 1991.

Cambodia's readmission was largely a side-show which masked the true issue facing the riparians: that the rapid economic growth experienced in Thailand relative to its neighbors had made even the modest sovereignty limitations imposed by Mekong agreements seem undesirable in Bangkok. Thailand and the other three riparians (led by Vietnam, the most powerful of the remaining three states) were locked in disagreement over whether Cambodia should be readmitted under the terms of the 1957 Statute (and more importantly, the 1975 Joint Declaration), with Thailand preferring to negotiate an entirely new framework to allow its planned Kong-Chi-Moon Project (and others) to proceed without a Vietnamese veto. Article 10 of the Joint Declaration, requiring unanimous consent for all mainstream development and inter-basin diversion proved to be the main sticking point of Cambodia's readmission, with Thailand perhaps prepared to walk away from the regime altogether. The conflict came to a head in April 1992 when Thailand forced the executive agent of the committee, Chuck Lankester, to resign and leave the country after barring the secretariat from the March 1992 meeting. This prompted a series of meetings organized by the UNDP (which was terrified that the regime in which it had invested so much might disappear), culminating in the April 1995 Agreement on the Cooperation for the Sustainable Development of the Mekong River Basin signed by Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam in Chiang Rai, Thailand, creating the Mekong River Commission (MRC).

Since the dramatic confrontation of 1992, several seemingly overlapping organizations were created, including the Asian Development Bank's Greater Mekong Subregion (ADB-GMS, 1992), Japan's Forum of Comprehensive Development of Indochina (FCDI, 1993), the Quadripite Economic Cooperation (QEC, 1993), the Association of South East Asian Nations and Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry's Working Group on Economic Cooperation in Indochina and Burma (AEM-MITI, 1994), and (almost finalized) Myanmar and Singapore's ASEAN-Mekong Basin Development Cooperation (ASEAN-ME, 1996).

Mekong River Commission (1995–present)

The MRC has evolved since 1995. Some of the "thorny issues" set aside during the negotiation of the agreement were at least partially resolved by the implementation of subsequent programmes such as the Water Utilization Programme (WUP) agreed to in 1999 and committed to implementation by 2005. The commission's hierarchical structure has been repeatedly tweaked, as in July 2000 when the MRC Secretariat was restructured. The 2001 Work Programme has largely come to be viewed as a shift "from a project-oriented focus to an emphasis on better management and preservation of existing resources." On paper, the Work Programme represents a rejection of the ambitious development schemes embodied by the 1970 and 1987 Indicative Basin Plans (calling for no mainstream dams) and a shift to a holistic rather than programmatic approach. In part, these changes represent a response to criticism of the MRC's failure to undertake a "regional-scale project" or even a region-level focus.

2001 also saw a major shift in the MRC—at least on paper—when it committed to a role as a "learning organization" with an emphasis on "the livelihoods of the people in the Mekong region." In the same year its annual report emphasized the importance of "bottoms-up" solutions and the "voice of the people directly affected." Similarly, the 2001 MRC Hydropower Development Strategy explicitly disavowed the "promotion of specific projects" in favor of "basin-wide issues." In part, these shifts mark a retreat from past project failures and recognition that the MRC faces multiple, and often more lucrative, competitors in the project arena.

Governance
The MRC is governed by its four member countries through the Joint Committee and the council. Members of the Joint Committee are usually senior civil servants heading government departments. There is one member from each country. The Joint Committee meets two to three times a year to approve budgets and strategic plans. Members of the council are cabinet ministers. The Council meets once a year.

Technical and administrative support is provided by the MRC Secretariat. The secretariat is based in Vientiane, Laos, with over 120 staff including scientists, administrators, and technical staff. A chief executive officer manages the secretariat.

In April 2010, the Mekong River Commission convened a summit in Hua Hin, Thailand. All six riparian nations were in attendance, including China, Burma (Myanmar), Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam.

Leadership
From its conception until 1995 the organization was under the leadership of an "executive agent". Since then it has had CEO's.
 * C. Hart Schaaf, Executive Agent, 1959 – November 1969
 * Willem van der Oord, Executive Agent, December 1969 – June 1980
 * Bernt Bernander, Executive Agent, July 1980 – 1983
 * Galal Magdi, Executive Agent, 1983 – 1987
 * Chuck Lankester, Executive Agent, 1988 – 1990
 * Jan Kamp, Executive Agent, 1990 – 1995
 * Yasunobu Matoba, CEO, 1995 – August 1999
 * Jörn Kristensen, CEO, October 1999 – 2004
 * Olivier Cogels, CEO, July 2004 – 2007
 * Jeremy Bird, CEO, 2008 – 2010
 * Hans Guttman, CEO, 2011
 * Pham Tuan Phan, CEO 2016–2018
 * An Pich Hatda, CEO, 2019 -

Relations with the People's Republic of China and Burma
The Mekong River Commission and its predecessors have never included PR China (which was not a member of the United Nations in 1957) or Burma (which does not significantly rely on or tap the Mekong), whose territory contains the upper Basin of the Mekong. Part of a joint initiative by the US agency for International Development (USAID) and NASA, SERVIR Mekong project, with five countries, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam including Myanmar which aims to tap into the latest technologies to help the Mekong River region protect its vital ecosystem. Although China contributes only 16–18 percent of the Mekong's overall water volume, the glacial melt waters of the Tibetan plateau take on increasing importance during the dry season. The ability of upstream nations to undermine downstream cooperation was perhaps best symbolized by an April 1995 ceremonial boat trip from Thailand to Vietnam—to celebrate the signing of the 1995 Agreement—which ran aground mid-river as a result of China filling the reservoir of the Manwan Dam. Although China and Burma became "dialogue partners" of the MRC in 1996 and slowly but steadily escalated their (non-binding) participation in its various forums, it is at present unthinkable that either would join the MRC in the near future.

In April 2002, China began providing daily water level data to the MRC during the flood season. Critics noted that the emphasis on "flood control" rather than dry season flows represented an important omission given the concerns prioritized by the Mekong regime. In July 2003, MRC CEO Joern Kristensen reported that China had agreed to scale back its plans to blast rapids by implementing only phase one (of three) of its Upper Mekong Navigation Improvement Project; however, China's future intentions in this area are far from certain. One area in which China has been particularly reticent is in providing information about the operation of its dams, rather than just flow data, including refusing to join emergency meetings in 2004. Only in 2005 did China agreed to hold technical discussions directly with the MRC. On 2 June 2005, at the invitation of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Water Resources, MRC CEO Dr. Olivier Cogels and a delegation of the secretariat's senior staff made the first official visit to Beijing to hold technical consultations under the framework of cooperation between China and the MRC, within the scope of the Mekong Programme. The delegation identified a number of potential areas of cooperation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Water Resources, and the Ministry of Communication, Information and Transport. These discussions resulted in China supplying the MRC (beginning in 2007) with 24-hour water level and 12-hour rainfall data for flood forecasts in exchange for monthly flow data from the MRC Secretariat. The incentives for China to enter into cooperative regimes on the Mekong are substantially reduced by the alternative of the Salween River as a commercial outlet for China's Yunnan province, made considerably more attractive by requiring negotiation solely with Burma, rather than with four different riparians. News media and official sources often portray China's joining the commission as a panacea for resolving the overdevelopment of the Mekong. However, there is no indication that China's joining the MRC would provide downstream riparians with any real capacity to challenge China's development plans, given the dramatic power imbalances exhibited by these countries' relations with China.

The MRC has been hesitant to fully register concerns about Chinese upstream hydro-development. For example, in a letter to the Bangkok Post, MRC CEO Dr. Olivier Cogels in fact argued that Chinese dams would increase the river's dry season volume as their purpose was electricity generation and not irrigation. While such dams certainly could increase dry season flows, the only certainty about future Chinese reservoir policies seems to be that they will be crafted outside of downstream cooperation regimes. Public statements from MRC leaders in the same vein as Cogels' comments have—to some—earned the MRC a reputation of being complicit in allowing "China's dam-building machine float downstream."

title: Mekong River Commission


text:
The Big Store

The Big Store is a 1941 American comedy film directed by Charles Reisner and starring the Marx Brothers (Groucho, Harpo and Chico) that takes place in a large department store. Groucho appears as private detective Wolf J. Flywheel (a character name originating from the Marx-Perrin radio show Flywheel, Shyster, and Flywheel in the early 1930s).

The Big Store was the last of the five films that the Marx Bros. made under contract to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The Marxes had decided to retire as a team and The Big Store was advertised as their farewell film. However, they would return to the screen in A Night in Casablanca (1946) and Love Happy (1949).

The film also features singer Tony Martin and Virginia Grey as the love interests and longtime Marx Brothers foil Margaret Dumont in her seventh and final film with the Marxes. The villain is portrayed by Douglass Dumbrille, who had played a similar role in A Day at the Races (1937).

Plot
Singer Tommy Rogers has recently inherited half ownership of the Phelps department store from his late uncle, Hiram Phelps. The other half of the business is owned by Hiram's sister and Tommy's aunt, Martha Phelps. Rogers has no interest in running a department store, so he plans to sell his interest in the store to finance a new music conservatory. Mr. Grover, the store manager, plots to kill Rogers before he can sell his share of the business, marry the wealthy Martha and then likely kill her, becoming sole owner of the Phelps department store. Martha is extremely worried about her nephew's safety, lest anyone should suspect her of engaging in foul play to take over the store. Against Grover's wishes, Martha hires private detective Wolf J. Flywheel as a floorwalker and Tommy's bodyguard. Tommy is in love with Joan Sutton a, a store employee. Flywheel romances Martha, while Wacky, Fleewheel's assistant and driver, is reunited with his brother Ravelli, Tommy's best friend. Eventually, Flywheel, Wacky and Ravelli expose Grover and his henchmen and save Tommy.

Production
The film has two extended scenes with all three Marx Brothers. One is in the store's bed department, with several unusual beds that appear out of the walls and floor. The other takes place near the film's climax, when Groucho, Chico and Harpo escape their pursuers in a madcap chase through the store on roller skates. This elaborate sequence took an entire month to shoot and utilized an unusual number of stunt doubles, Mack Sennett-type slapstick stunts and stop-motion photography for a Marx Brothers film. Oddly, a "funny" janitor also appears as a sort of comic relief.

At two points, Groucho breaks the fourth wall. During the "Sing While You Sell" number, he narrates a fashion show and speaks a few asides, including "This is a bright red dress, but Technicolor is so expensive." At the end of the film, after Grover has been exposed as the villain, Groucho comments, "I told you in the first reel he was a crook!"

Music
As with the previous Marx Bros. MGM films, The Big Store contains elaborate musical numbers, including the upbeat "Sing While You Sell" led by a singing and dancing Groucho, "Tenement Symphony" sung by Tony Martin and a children's choir. The screenwriting team of Sid Kuller, Ray Golden and Hal Fimberg also supplied the lyrics to Hal Borne's original music. An instrumental version of the Arthur Freed/Nacio Herb Brown tune "Sing Before Breakfast" from Broadway Melody of 1936 is heard during the Groucho-Harpo scene. The Big Store is the second Marx film with an instrumental version of "Cosi-Cosa" from A Night at the Opera, which can be heard during the bed department scene. It is also heard at the beginning of the racetrack scene in A Day at the Races.

 * "If It's You": Tony Martin (music and lyrics by Ben Oakland, Artie Shaw and Milton Drake)
 * "Sing While You Sell": Groucho, Six Hits and a Miss, Virginia O'Brien and Harpo as a drum-beating snake charmer
 * "Rock-a-bye Baby": Virginia O'Brien
 * "Mama Eu Quero": Chico and Harpo (piano duet)
 * "A Whimsical Trio": Harpo (harp, violin, cello) (by Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco, using music from a Mozart sonata and a Beethoven minuet)
 * "Tenement Symphony": Tony Martin, onstage choir and orchestra, featuring Chico and Harpo

Reception
Reviews for The Big Store were generally positive, but unenthusiastic.

Theodore Strauss of The New York Times wrote that "if it lacks the continuously harebrained invention of, say, A Night at the Opera, the boys are still the most erratic maniacs this side of bars. If one were entirely truthful one would have to admit that the picture has many a dull stretch, that the tricks have been overworked, that the boys are slowing down, etc., etc. But with Marxian adherents—among whom we most decidedly belong—the question is simply, Are the Marx Brothers in it? They are."

A review in Variety called the film a "moderate comedy where dull stretches overshadow the several socko laugh sequences during a bumpy unfolding ... Marx Bros. repeat their familiar antics without much variation from previous appearances."

Film Daily suggested that a couple of the chase scenes were "a little lengthy" but still concluded, "A 'laugh clocker' could run a high total checking this and the preview audience seemed to love it."

John Mosher of The New Yorker wrote that the film was "not great Marx material, not a film that collectors will exhibit as a sample of this era's humor, but again and again the old flash is there."

The Big Store returned a modest profit of $33,000, but was initially the most profitable of the Marxes three final films for MGM.

title: The Big Store


text:
Jagdwurst

Jagdwurst (literally hunting sausage) is a German cooked sausage made with finely ground pork sausage meat and coarse chunks of lean pork or pork belly. Some recipes also include beef. The meat is usually seasoned with salt and flavoured with spices such as green peppercorns, mace, ginger and coriander. North German styles of Jagdwurst often contain mustard seeds, and in the south, pistachio pieces are a common ingredient.

Jagdwurst can be eaten cold, for example in sandwiches, or hot, sometimes cut into soup and other hot dishes.

In eastern Germany, fried, sliced Jagdwurst, often coated in breadcrumbs, is termed Jägerschnitzel. The dish is essentially a lower-budget schnitzel conceived in harder times and popular in the German Democratic Republic, using sausage instead of lean meat due to its lower price and higher availability. The more traditional, common preparation of jägerschnitzel comprises an escalope of lean pork or veal served with a mushroom sauce, also known as Schnitzel nach Jäger Art ('huntsman-style schnitzel').

title: Jagdwurst


text:
User:SpaceMoose

Hello there.

title: User:SpaceMoose


text:
Talk:Recreational diving

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Reader feedback: more hand signals for advanced divers
76.25.27.94 posted this comment on 6 July 2013 (view all feedback).

"more hand signals for advanced divers"

Any thoughts?

• • • Peter (Southwood) (talk): 14:44, 19 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Don't entirely agree - there is an entire article called diver communications that can be consulted. It would be better to add a sentence somewhere and which links to the diver communications article and possibly other articles of use to those seeking information about Recreational diving. Alternaively, update 'See also' to include the necessary links.Cowdy001 (talk) 20:48, 19 July 2013 (UTC)
 * You are right, I have added a new section on procedures which links to a lot of related articles including Diver communications. It can probably benefit by some more content, links and references. • • • Peter (Southwood) (talk): 18:29, 31 July 2013 (UTC)

Issues
The Issues section is devoid of references, apart from a couple of old primary studies in the risk section. The rest of it is written like a personal view, unsupported by any reliable source. In fact, checking back to February 2009, the had a weasel section template then. In fact the unsourced content dates back to in September 2004. In over ten years, nothing has improved, so I propose we cut the section entirely as unsalvageable. Thoughts? --RexxS (talk) 14:01, 27 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Hi RexxS, I would suggest replacement with possibly one or two  new sections.  Firstly, a section about "Training" is necessary to inform the reader that training is a fundamental aspect of contemporary Recreational Diving.   This could be  a precise of  content from Recreational diver training.  Secondly, I like to see retention of the content about "Risk" in the form of a new expanded section, subject to the availability of additional citation.   Regards Cowdy001 (talk) 21:35, 27 April 2015 (UTC)
 * I am with Cowdy001 on this. Lose the section "Issues", replace with a summary on "Training" and one on "Risk", NPOV and cited. • • • Peter (Southwood) (talk): 06:20, 29 April 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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B-Class review
More citations needed. Some challenged material still unreferenced. • • • Peter (Southwood) (talk): 15:56, 12 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Still a few unreferenced claims, but for fairly uncontroversial historical details, so promoting to B-class • • • Peter (Southwood) (talk): 05:04, 17 June 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Recreational diving


text:
Shalom Shachna

Shalom Shachna (c. 1490 or c. 1510 – 1558) was a rabbi and Talmudist, and Rosh yeshiva of several great Acharonim including Moses Isserles, who was also his son-in-law.

Biography
Shachna was a pupil of Jacob Pollak, founder of the method of Talmudic study known as Pilpul. In 1515 Shachna established the yeshiva in Lublin, which had the third largest Jewish community in Poland during that period. Shachna became famous as a teacher, and students came to Lublin from all over Europe to study there. The yeshiva became a center of learning of both Talmud and Kabbalah; the Rosh yeshiva received the title of rector and equal rights to those in Polish universities with the permission of the King in 1567. (This, as well as the great scholarship of those who studied there, have led some to refer to Lublin as "the Jewish Oxford".) Shachna was succeeded as head of Lublin Yeshiva by Solomon Luria (the Maharshal).

Works
Only one of Shachna's writings, the treatise Pesakim be-Inyan Kiddushin has been published - Shachna was known for his modesty, and enjoined his son Israel from printing any of his manuscripts.

title: Shalom Shachna


text:
1942 in rail transport

January events

 * January 1 – Government of India takes over Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway and Assam Bengal Railway, merging the latter with the Eastern Bengal Railway to form the Bengal Assam Railway.

April events

 * April – Union Pacific Railroad's M-10002 streamliner trainset re-enters revenue service to equip the connection between Seattle, Washington, and Portland, Oregon.
 * April 29 – LNER A4 4469 Sir Ralph Wedgwood is destroyed in the bombing of York sheds.

May events

 * May 1 – The last pre-war streamliner, the Illinois Central Railroad's refurbished Panama Limited, is put into service.
 * May – Deutsche Reichsbahn begins planning for Hitler's proposed pan-European Breitspurbahn broad-gauge railway.
 * May – D'Alton Corry Coleman succeeds Sir Edward Wentworth Beatty as president of the Canadian Pacific Railway.

June events

 * June – First deliveries of USATC S200 Class 2-8-2 locomotives, to British Middle East forces. 200 are built to standard gauge.
 * June – First USATC S100 Class 0-6-0T switchers enter service in Britain, first of nearly 400 built for service in the European theater.
 * June 13 – Service is discontinued on the IRT Second Avenue Line, an elevated railway in Manhattan, New York City.
 * June 22 – Work starts on construction of the Burma Railway between Bangkok, Thailand and Rangoon, Burma (now Myanmar), by the Empire of Japan to support its forces in the Burma campaign using the forced labour of Asian civilians and Allied Prisoners of war.

July events

 * July 5 – The multiple unit passenger trainsets used by the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad on the Prospector between Denver, Colorado, and Salt Lake City, Utah, are removed from revenue service; the train is now equipped with standard locomotives and unpowered passenger cars.
 * July 11
 * A section of the Sind Peshin State Railway in the Chappar Rift, in modern-day Pakistan, is destroyed by a flash flood; the line has not been rebuilt.
 * Golden Spike ceremony on the Claiborne–Polk Military Railroad, running 50 miles (80 km) from Camp Claiborne to Fort Polk on the Kansas City Southern south of Leesville, Louisiana.

August events

 * August 8 – The Mumbai Rajdhani passenger train is inaugurated in India.

September events

 * September 8 – "Unspiking" ceremony at Promontory Summit as the original Central Pacific/Union Pacific line is torn up. The rails will be re-laid in Navy Yards throughout the United States.

October events

 * October 1 – United States Army 770th Railway Operating Battalion takes operational control of the narrow gauge White Pass and Yukon Route for construction of the Alaska Highway.

November events

 * November 25–26 – Operation Harling: A British Special Operations Executive team, together with Greek Resistance fighters, blows up the Gorgopotamos viaduct in the first major sabotage act in occupied continental Europe, cutting the enemy-controlled rail line between Thessaloniki and Athens.

December events

 * December – Ian Allan publishes his first book, ABC of Southern Locomotives, the first in a popular series which encourages the hobby of trainspotting in Britain.
 * December – Rail transport in Libya: Western Desert Extension Railway reaches Tobruk.
 * December – First deliveries of USATC S118 Class "MacArthur" 2-8-2 locomotives, to Nigeria. There will eventually be nearly 800 built to the same basic design, seeing service on every continent, on or metre gauge.
 * December 6 – Schedules of fast trains around the United States are slightly lengthened to reduce wear and tear, following a wartime decision by the Office of Defense Transportation.
 * December 11 – USATC S160 Class 2-8-0 #1604 (built by Alco) is officially handed over on loan to the British government at London Paddington station, from the first batch of 2120 for service in the European theater.
 * December 27 – Almonte, Ontario, Canada: Thirty-six people are killed and over 200 injured when a passenger train running late is struck from behind by a troop train.

Unknown date events

 * Samuel Hopkins Adams publishes his novel The Harvey Girls commemorating the Harvey House chain of restaurants and hotels that served passengers of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway.
 * Grizzly Flats Railroad, the first full-size ( gauge) backyard railroad in the United States, is opened by Disney animator Ward Kimball at his home in San Gabriel, California.

title: 1942 in rail transport


text:
United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio

The U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Ohio (in case citations, N.D. Ohio) is the federal trial court for the northern half of Ohio, encompassing most territories north of the city of Columbus. The court has courthouses in Cleveland, Toledo, Akron and Youngstown.

Appeals from this court are heard by the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit).

The United States Attorney's Office of the Northern District of Ohio represents the United States in civil and criminal litigation in the court. the United States attorney, the district’s chief prosecutor, is Rebecca C. Lutzko.

History
The United States District Court for the District of Ohio was established on February 19, 1803, by. The District was subdivided into Northern and Southern Districts on February 10, 1855, by.

Divisions
The Northern District comprises two divisions.

Eastern Division
The Eastern Division comprises the counties of Ashland, Ashtabula, Carroll, Columbiana, Crawford, Cuyahoga, Geauga, Holmes, Lake, Lorain, Mahoning, Medina, Portage, Richland, Stark, Summit, Trumbull, Tuscarawas and Wayne.

Court for the Eastern Division can be held in Akron, Cleveland and Youngstown.

Western Division
The Western Division comprises the counties of Allen, Auglaize, Defiance, Erie, Fulton, Hancock, Hardin, Henry, Huron, Lucas, Marion, Mercer, Ottawa, Paulding, Putnam, Sandusky, Seneca, Van Wert, Williams, Wood and Wyandot.

Court for the Western Division can be held in Toledo.


text:
West Kowloon Cultural District

The West Kowloon Cultural District (WKCD, ) is a large arts development in Hong Kong. Designed and planned by Foster and Partners, the district comprises 40 ha with 17 venues. Major establishments include Xiqu Centre for Chinese opera, the Freespace Centre for contemporary performance, the M+ Museum, and the Hong Kong Palace Museum. As of 2023, the Lyric Theatre and other commercial structures are under construction. It is managed by the West Kowloon Cultural District Authority (WKCDA).

Location
The wedge-shaped waterfront site was created from reclaimed land in the 1990s as part of the Airport Core Programme. It lies west of Yau Ma Tei in the Yau Tsim Mong District and is bounded by Canton Road in the east, the Western Harbour Crossing, Austin Road West, and Victoria Harbour.

It is within walking distance of Tsim Sha Tsui (TST), a popular tourist area, and of the Kowloon Station and West Kowloon Terminus complex, which is connected to the Elements commercial centre and national high-speed rail network.

West Kowloon Bamboo Theatre (demolished)
The West Kowloon Bamboo Theatre was built at the junction of Canton Road and Austin Road West (the present site of Xiqu Centre) in January 2012. It was the first cultural event organised by WKCDA to mark the launch of the design and construction stage of the district. Bamboo theaters were once a staple for honouring and celebrating the Chinese sea goddess Tin Hau and Zhen Jun. The event, which was a combination of traditional Cantonese opera, contemporary visual art installations and film shows in collaboration with the Chinese Artists Association of Hong Kong and involved various renowned visual artists, attracted over 12,000 participants in 7 days. The Bamboo Theatre was initially to be an annual event, but as of 2021 has not been recreated.

AXA x WONDERLAND (nursery park)
Opened in July 2015, the temporary Nursery Park is located at the northwestern part of the site. It features open lawns and a pet zone, and is a testing ground for greenery in the future park. It is also where Freespace Happening, a free outdoor music and arts event, takes place. Since September 2022, it is called AXA x WONDERLAND.

M+ Pavilion
Designed by VPANG + JET + Lisa Cheung, the M+ Pavilion was used to provide exhibition space for M+ prior to the completion of the main museum building. It was inaugurated with the exhibition 'Nothing' by Hong Kong artist Tsang Kin-Wah in September 2016. It is now used a multi purpose space hosting various events and exhibitions.

Art Park
The park includes Freespace and The Lawn. Designed by Dennis Lau & Ng Chun Man Architects & Engineers with West 8 and ACLA, the park was partially opened in 2017 and fully operational by 2018.

Xiqu Centre
Located on the eastern edge of the district, at the junction of Canton Road and Austin Road, the Xiqu Centre is directly accessible from Kowloon MTR Station, Austin MTR station and West Kowloon Terminus. The building was inspired by traditional Chinese lanterns. Stepping through the main entrance, shaped to resemble parted stage curtains, visitors are led directly into an atrium with a raised podium and space for presenting Chinese traditional theatre. The eight-storey building has a total area of 28,164 sq m and houses a Grand Theatre, accommodating 1,075 seats, a Tea House Theatre, with a capacity of up to 200 seats, eight professional studios and a seminar hall, all specially designed for different types of xiqu-related functions and activities. A unique feature of the venue is the location of the Grand Theatre at the top of the building, which allows for the large open atrium below. It was designed by Revery Architecture (formerly Bing Thom Architects) and Ronald Lu & Partners and opened in January 2019.

Freespace
Freespace, a centre for contemporary performance, has the largest blackbox theatre in Hong Kong, accommodating up to 900 people, as well as other multi-purpose venues designed for creative exchanges, exhibitions and workshops, as well as professional and private meetings and gatherings. up to is a highly flexible space fully adaptable for small- to medium-sized performances of experimental theatre, dance, parkour multimedia shows and music events, as well as exhibitions. Freespace Livehouse is a small bar and performance space presenting music from Hong Kong and around the world, also hosting workshops, film screenings and cultural events, and free outdoor music in the Art Park. Freespace was designed by Dennis Lau & Ng Chun Man Architects and Engineers (DLN) and opened in 2019.

M+ Museum
The M+ Museum has three major focuses: visual art, design and architecture, and the moving image. Designed by Herzog & de Meuron, the museum opened in November 2021.

Lyric Theatre Complex
The Lyric Theatre Complex will be a major performing arts venue in the WKCD, comprising a 1,450-seat theatre, a 600-seat medium theatre and a 250-seat studio theatre. A Resident Company Centre and extensive rehearsal facilities will be situated in the complex as well.

Centre for Contemporary Performance
The centre will include two Black Boxes.

Hong Kong Palace Museum

On 23 December 2016, Carrie Lam, then chair of the WKCDA, announced in Beijing that a new Hong Kong Palace Museum would be built on the southern part of the land originally slated for the Mega Performance Venue and Exhibition Centre. Occupying around 10,000 square metres, the floor area of the new Palace Museum is estimated at 30,500 square metres, housing two exhibition galleries, activity rooms, a 400-seat lecture theatre, shops and restaurants. The Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust donated HK$3.5 billion for the design, construction and exhibition preparation works of the museum. Rocco Design Architects were commissioned to design the building. The museum opened on 3 July 2022 to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the handover of Hong Kong.

Mega Performance Venue (MPV) and Exhibition Centre
The MPV was planned as a performance venue with 15,000 seats. The board of the WKCDA, however, decided not to use the current Nursery Park as the site for the MPV. As of 2021, the Authority was presently considering developing the northern part of the coastal land as a medium-sized multipurpose venue for exhibitions, conventions and performances through privately financed initiatives.

Batch 3 will also accommodate additional projects under the working titles of Musical Theatre, Great Theatre, Music Centre, Medium Theatre, Xiqu Small Theatre and M+ Phase II. Some of these projects will require additional funding approvals and/or subject to review in the future by the WKCDA.

West Kowloon Waterfront Promenade
Part of the district's site is still used as a temporary promenade, the West Kowloon Waterfront Promenade, opened in 2005 and managed by the Leisure and Cultural Services Department. The promenade can be accessed from the east via Museum Drive or via a pedestrian entrance close to the bus station, to the west of the toll booths. Bicycles are available for hire for riding along a short waterfront cycle track, which will be removed when the site is developed.

Development and history
The project has gone through multiple, well-publicised delays for nearly 20 years. The first phase opened in 2015, while the second phase is expected to be completed in 2026.

In 1996, the Hong Kong Tourism Board (HKTB) conducted a survey of visiting tourists, who cited a lack of cultural attractions. The HKTB proposed to LegCo in 1998 that new venues for the arts and cultural events be established. In his 1998 Policy Address, Chief Executive Tung Chee-hwa proposed the establishment of the West Kowloon Cultural District, endeavouring to develop Hong Kong as a cultural hub for Asia.

In April 2001, an international design competition was launched. Ten members of the judging panel selected a canopy design submitted by Foster and Partners as the winner under eight aspects. Leslie E. Robertson Associates were appointed as the structural engineering firm. However, the design was scrapped in 2005 due to intense public criticism with regard to financing models, the involvement of property developers, lack of planning, and the design itself. In 2006, the government established consultative committees to formulate a report on what facilities to offer and how they would be managed. In 2007, a three-month public consultation was carried out again, the early stages of which were completed in December 2007.

Invitation for proposals
In September 2003, the government announced an Invitation For Proposals for the Development of the district. While it required the provision of certain facilities, proponents were allowed considerable freedom, which meant that developers could sell residential and commercial space for profit. The requirements were:

 * Three theatres with at least 400, 800 and 2,000, seats respectively
 * A performance venue with at least 10,000 seats
 * A cluster of four museums of at least 75,000 m2
 * An art exhibition centre of at least 10,000 m2
 * A water amphitheater
 * At least four piazzas
 * A canopy covering at least 55% of the development area

Three proposals, submitted by Dynamic Star International Limited, Sunny Development Limited and World City Culture Park Limited, were consulted on with the public from December 2004 to June 2005.

First public consultation
The executive summary of the consultation report showed that the single-package development approach, the large canopy, government supervision of the district and the concept of the project itself were among most questioned in the open question section of the consultation form. The report noted there was fear that the project could evolve into an ordinary property development project, common in Hong Kong. Over half of the written submissions were opposed to the canopy.

As the government renewed conditions for the development, the shortlisted proponents failed to renew their proposals and Chief Secretary Rafael Hui Si-yan said the much-criticised giant canopy – a centrepiece of the winning design by Foster and Partners – would be scrapped.

Consultative Committee and Public Engagement
The government appointed members to the Consultative Committee on the Core Arts and Cultural Facilities (CACF) of WKCD in April 2006 and the committee was scheduled to last until June 2007. It re-examined and re-confirmed the need for the CACF as defined in the Invitation for Proposals issued in September 2003. A Stage 1 Public Engagement Exercise was conducted from October 2009 to January 2010. Public forums and focus group meetings were held to understand the views and needs of the stakeholders and the public. Around 66 public engagement events were held. A Stage 2 Public Engagement Exercise followed, which sought to obtain feedback on the concept plans prepared by three planning teams, which incorporated public views learnt in Stage 1 into their conceptual plans.

Master Plan
The three conceptual plans were unveiled on 20 August 2010 by the WKCDA:
 * City Park, prepared by Foster and Partners, led by Lord Norman Foster
 * Cultural Connect, Key to Sustained Vitality, prepared by Rocco Design Architects Limited, led by Rocco Yim
 * Project for a New Dimension, prepared by Office for Metropolitan Architecture, led by Rem Koolhaas

The Stage 2 Public Engagement exercise lasted three months and ran until November 2010.

On 4 March 2011, Foster and Partners' plan, City Park, was selected as the master plan out of the three entries. Ronald Arculli, then head of the WKCDA, as well as of the selection board, said the master plan would be submitted to the Town Planning Board at the end of 2011. Construction could start as soon as the fourth quarter of 2012 with the first phase of the WKCD finished by the end of 2015. The plan was originally estimated to cost HK$21.6 billion. In October 2011, the government revised its cost estimates upwards, to over HK$29 billion.

The WKCD's Stage 3 Public Engagement Exercise began in September 2011 at the Hong Kong Heritage Discovery Centre. The focal point of the exhibition was a giant 1:250 physical model of the hub. A digital 3D model, photo montages and panels displaying key information and features were also presented. The plan – with public consultation running until 30 October – eventually went to the Town Planning Board, which subsequently gave the go-ahead by the end of next year.

West Kowloon Cultural District Authority (WKCDA)
The WKCD Authority was established under the West Kowloon Cultural District Authority Ordinance, Cap 601 to develop the West Kowloon Cultural district. It came into action on 11 July 2008. The authority is made up of a board, committees and executive board directors.

A board of directors was appointed in October 2008. Its chairman was former Chief Secretary Henry Tang Ying-yen, subsequent chairperson of the WKCDA. While government officials and experts were recruited to aid the authority operation temporarily, executives and managers were recruited to independently manage the operation.

The authority has an executive team of seven. Its first executive director, Angus Cheng Siu-chuen, a former executive at Hong Kong Disneyland, was appointed in June 2009 but resigned for personal reasons less than two weeks after taking up the post. Project Director Augustine Ng Wah-keung subsequently led the project on a provisional basis. On 24 March 2010, Graham Sheffield, formerly artistic director of the Barbican Centre, was appointed CEO of the authority on a three-year, HK$3.5 million-a-year contract. However, on 7 January 2011, he, too, suddenly resigned for "health reasons," just five months into the job. A recruitment exercise to replace Sheffield as CEO was subsequently launched, though the impact of these two top-level resignations worried critics. A member of the Legislative Council's home affairs panel, Tanya Chan, expressed fear at the time that candidates for the job could be deterred by the apparent problems with the project, ostensibly delaying the project until 2020.

On 27 May 2011, Michael Lynch, former Chief Executive of the Southbank Centre, was appointed CEO of the West Kowloon Cultural District Authority by Tang. Lynch resigned in 2015, citing family reasons, and was replaced by Duncan Pescod. A popular figure, Pescod was forced to resign from the WKCDA in 2020, not long before his term was due to end. Longtime bureaucrat Betty Fung Ching Suk-yee was subsequently appointed to the post in June 2021, assuming her duties on 15 October 2021 for a term of three years.

title: West Kowloon Cultural District


text:
Jimmy Herring

Jimmy Herring (born January 22, 1962) is an American guitarist, known as the lead guitarist for the band Widespread Panic since 2006. He is a founding member of Aquarium Rescue Unit and Jazz Is Dead and has played with The Allman Brothers Band, Project Z, Derek Trucks Band, Phil Lesh and Friends, and The Dead.

Career
A native of Fayetteville, North Carolina, Herring is the son of a high school English teacher and a Superior Court judge. The youngest of three brothers, he attended Terry Sanford High School in Fayetteville. Although he played saxophone in the high school band, he became known for his talent on guitar, which he had begun playing at age 13. Herring had a Telecaster guitar with a Stratocaster neck, in the same style as one of his biggest influences, Steve Morse of the Dixie Dregs. After high school he formed the Paradox, a cover band that played mostly jazz fusion and songs by the Dixie Dregs, Al Di Meola, and Chuck Mangione. The band's horn section included Wayne Rigsby and Charles Humphries on trumpet and Herring on saxophone. After graduating from high school, in 1980, Herring attended a summer session at the Berklee College of Music. In addition, he is a graduate of The Guitar Institute of Technology in Hollywood, California.

Herring was the lead guitarist for the jam band Col. Bruce Hampton and the Aquarium Rescue Unit. Formed in Atlanta in 1989, its members include Allman Brothers Band bassist Oteil Burbridge and Leftover Salmon drummer Jeff Sipe. He was invited to participate on the H.O.R.D.E. tour with Aquarium Rescue Unit in 1992 and 1993 and was offered the lead guitar job in the Allman Brothers Band after Dickey Betts was arrested after a show in Saratoga Springs, New York on July 30, 1993. Herring declined to take the position full-time. Bruce Hampton left Aquarium Rescue Unit in 1994, citing time pressure as his reason. Herring and other members continued to tour in early 1997 until drummer Jeff Sipe departed for Leftover Salmon.

In 1998 and 1999 Herring went on tour as Jazz Is Dead with bassist Alphonso Johnson, keyboardist T Lavitz, and drummer Billy Cobham. The band's albums included jazz rock versions of songs by the Grateful Dead. Herring also appeared on the album Out of the Madness by The Derek Trucks Band. He went on tour with the Allman Brothers Band in 2000, then joined Phil Lesh of the Grateful Dead in Phil Lesh and Friends.

In 2002, Herring joined The Other Ones, a band which included four former members of the Grateful Dead — Phil Lesh, Bob Weir, Mickey Hart, and Bill Kreutzmann. Herring continued to play with the group, now renamed The Dead, in 2003 and 2004.

In 2005, he also toured with the jazz, funk, and occasionally bluegrass-oriented band The Codetalkers, which featured Herring on guitar with his previous bandmate Col. Bruce Hampton on vocals, harmonica, and guitar. This band also allowed Herring to expand a musical friendship with Codetalkers' front man Bobby Lee Rodgers, with whom Herring formed a new band in the spring of 2006 (tentatively dubbed Herring, Rodgers, and Sipe). 2005 also marked the release of the Lincoln Memorial disc from Project Z, of which Jimmy is a founding member. In January 2005, Herring appeared on the Jam Cruise 3 stage with several acts, including Colonel Les Claypool's Fearless Flying Frog Brigade.

Herring left Phil Lesh and Friends in November, 2005. On August 3, 2006, Widespread Panic announced Herring would be taking over the lead guitar spot in the band after the departure of George McConnell. Also in 2006, Herring and an almost complete original lineup of Aquarium Rescue Unit reunited as Col. Bruce Hampton and The Aquarium Rescue Unit featuring Oteil Burbridge, Jimmy Herring, Col. Bruce Hampton and Jeff Sipe with Bobby Lee Rodgers sitting in.

In 2006, Jimmy officially became a member of Widespread Panic as their new lead guitar player. His first performance with the group was at Radio City Music Hall.

In 2008, Herring released Lifeboat, his first official solo album, on Abstract Logix. The material consists primarily of instrumental jazz-rock fusion, and features a rotating lineup of long-time Herring collaborators, including Oteil and brother Kofi Burbridge, Jeff Sipe, alto and soprano saxophonist Greg Osby, and others, including two songs featuring Derek Trucks. The album was met with generally positive reviews.

On February 7, 2009, Herring, along with Steve Gorman (The Black Crowes), guitarist Audley Freed (Jakob Dylan, ex-Crowes, Blue Floyd) and bassist-singer Nick Govrik, made their live debut of Trigger Hippy at the Cox Capitol Theater in Macon, Georgia.

On August 21, 2012, Jimmy Herring released Subject to Change Without Notice, his second solo album on Abstract Logix. The album received rave reviews and was produced by John Keane who is well known for producing albums for Widespread Panic, R.E.M, The Indigo Girls among others. Jimmy Herring was also on the cover of Guitar Player Magazine the very same year. He toured the album extensively in the United States during the Fall of 2012 with Jeff Sipe, Neal Fountain and Matt Slocum.

In 2013, Jimmy Herring, Wayne Krantz, Michael Landau, Etienne Mbappe and Keith Carlock started a band called The Ringers. The idea of this five musicians to form this unique band came from Abstract Logix Founder and Producer Souvik Dutta. They went to perform five concerts in USA to a wonderful response.

The Ringers returned in 2014 performing fourteen concerts in January and February, this time with drummer Gary Novak.

In 2017, Jimmy Herring formed The Invisible Whip with Jeff Sipe on drums, Jason Crosby on violin and Rhodes, Kevin Scott on bass, Matt Slocum on Organ. They performed 50 shows, which includes co-billing with John McLaughlin on his farewell American Tour.

In 2018, Abstract Logix released Live in San Francisco, a live album from John McLaughlin and Jimmy Herring's co-bill tour from the year prior.

On May 26, 2018, Jimmy Herring played guitar with The Dave Matthews Band in Atlanta, Georgia. He joined the band on stage for the songs Satellite and #41 where he again displayed his smooth playing style and warmth on the guitar.

In 2019, Jimmy Herring formed The 5 of 7, featuring Kevin Scott on bass, Matt Slocum on keys, Darren Stanley on drums and Rick Lollar on voice and guitar.

Equipment
One of Herring's primary guitars is a white PRS NF3 model guitar with a maple neck, stock electronics, mint green pickguard and Dunlop 6000 frets. As of 2019, for the Jimmy Herring and the 5 of 7 projects, Herring has primarily used a natural finished PRS NF3 model guitar that was custom made for him by Paul Reed Smith. He has also been known to use a modified American Standard Fender Stratocaster. The Stratocaster is equipped with two Lollar Imperial humbuckers. The fingerboard radius has been flattened out to 20" and has Dunlop 6000 fret wire, which are the tallest and widest guitar frets manufactured today. Herring also uses a 1969 Stratocaster as well as several other PRS guitars (including a hollowbody) and has played a 1970 Gibson SG given as a gift from Derek Trucks. Although he has long used effects sparingly, his 2005 Codetalkers rig saw him sport an Ernie Ball volume pedal and an H&K Tube Factor. He has expanded his effects pedals when playing Dead related music, and sported a TC Electronic M-One, and a Mutron with both The Dead and Phil Lesh and Friends. He splits the signal off at the speaker output of his amp and uses that signal to drive a separate solid state amp just for reverb. The reverb level is controlled with a volume pedal. As of early 2014, the reverb unit is an Eventide Space Reverb. Amps are chosen for specific venues and projects. Most common now are a slightly modified blackface Super Reverb head, slightly modified blackface Pro Reverb, slightly modified blackface Twin Reverb, stock blond/black Bassman head. Depending on the amp, the speakers are either Tone Tubby or ElectroVoice. In the last few years, Jimmy has also employed amps from Homestead and Germino, and guitars from PRS, an NF3, a Custom 22 with an extra volume knob for the neck pickup, a 20th PS Anniversary, and a 594. The NF3 and Custom 22 are the most prevalent. A Stratocaster with 3 single coils is sometimes used as well.

With Widespread Panic
At the beginning of Herring's tenure with Widespread Panic he was using his favorite guitar, a 3-color sunburst Stratocaster built by his friend Gene Baker at the Fender Custom Shop, equipped with two Seymour Duncan ‘59 reissue humbuckers, with a 1973 Marshall Superlead 100 watt amp accompanied by a 4x12 Marshall stereo and a ‘67 blackface Fender Super Reverb as amplifiers. During the remainder of the Fall 2006 tour Herring continued to use his custom shop Strat. At the beginning of Fall 2007, Herring began using Fuchs Overdrive Supreme  amplifiers. Into 2009 Herring continued to use Fuchs amps, but now used a Tripledrive Supreme 100 watt head, and occasionally an Overdrive Supreme 100 watt head. He uses a Tone Tubby 4x12 cab and two 2x12 Hard Truckers speaker cabs with Alnico tone tubby speakers. He also uses a Fractal Audio Axe-Fx for effects, mainly reverb and delay sounds. In 2011 he continues to use Fuchs as his main amplifier. His main guitars are the White American Standard Stratocaster with Lollar Imperial humbuckers and an MIJ '62 Telecaster Custom reissue with Lollar Vintage T pickups.

Discography
As a leader
 * Lifeboat (Abstract Logix, 2008)
 * Subject to Change Without Notice (Abstract Logix, 2012)
 * Live in San Francisco (Abstract Logix, 2018)

Source:

With Aquarium Rescue Unit
 * Eepeee (1994)
 * In a Perfect World (1994)
 * The Calling (2003)

With Col. Bruce Hampton
 * Arkansas (1987/2000)

With Col. Bruce Hampton & the Aquarium Rescue Unit
 * Col. Bruce Hampton & the Aquarium Rescue Unit (1992)
 * Mirrors of Embarrassment (1993)

With Endangered Species (Herring, T. Lavitz, Richie Hayward, and Kenny Gradney)
 * Endangered Species (Tone Center, 2001)

With Frogwings
 * Croakin' at Toad's (Flying Frog Records, 2000)

With Jazz Is Dead
 * Blue Light Rain (1998)
 * Laughing Water (1999)
 * Great Sky River (2001)

With Phil Lesh and Friends
 * There and Back Again (2002)

With Joseph Patrick Moore
 * Decade 1996-2005 (2006)
 * Soul Cloud (2000)

With Project Z
 * Project Z (2001)
 * Lincoln Memorial (2005)

With Derek Trucks Band
 * Out of the Madness (1998)

With Widespread Panic
 * Free Somehow (2008)
 * Dirty Side Down (2010)
 * Street Dogs (2015)

title: Jimmy Herring


text:
Islam in Mauritania

Virtually all Mauritanians are Sunni Muslims. They adhere to the Maliki madhhab, one of the four Sunni schools of law. Since independence in 1960, Mauritania has been an Islamic republic. The Constitutional Charter of 1985 declares Islam the state religion and sharia the law of the land.

History

The Umayyads were the first Arab Muslims to enter Mauritania. During the Islamic conquests, they made incursions into Mauritania and were present in the region by the end of the 7th century. Many Berber tribes in Mauritania fled the arrival of the Arabs to the Gao region in Mali.

It was not until the nineteenth century that the brotherhoods (Sufism and tariqa) assumed importance when they attempted to make religion a force for expanding identities and loyalties beyond the limits of kinship. The relative peace brought to the area by French administration and the growing resentment of colonial rule contributed to the rapid rise in the power and influence of the brotherhoods. In recent decades, these orders have opposed tribalism and have been an indispensable element in the growth of nationalist sentiment. Since the Ahmadiyya Islamic movement has a large presence in West Africa, the African Muslim Congress met in Mauritania in 1976 to call upon African nations to regard Ahmadi Muslims as apostates, though with little success.

Sufi brotherhoods
In the 1980s, two brotherhoods (tariqa), the Qadiriyyah and the Tijaniyyah, accounted for nearly all the brotherhood membership in Mauritania. The Qadiriyyah and Tijaniyyah were essentially parallel "ways," differing primarily in their methods of reciting the litanies. Their Islamic doctrines and their religious obligations were basically similar. Two smaller brotherhoods also existed — the Shadhiliyyah, centered in Boumdeït in Tagant Region, and the Goudfiya, found in the regions of Tagant, Adrar, Hodh ech Chargui, and Hodh el Gharbi.

title: Islam in Mauritania


text: File:Fantasy hero cover.jpg

title: File:Fantasy hero cover.jpg


text:
Talk:Oxcarbazepine

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Gabewong group14, Jmorimune14, D Bunag 14. Peer reviewers: HpduongG13, BMacapinlacG13, PChuks13.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 05:58, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Edit Summary
Our group initially focused on the lead section, we intended to improve it by stating & citing the relevant indications for oxcarbazepine, and denoting its structural similarities to carbamazepine and the impact associated with that. Then we expanded the content in the medical uses section, by providing age restriction. Next, we tried to improve the side effect section by converting the format from paragraph to bullet points, so that the information would be easier to sort through. Finally, we attempted to expand the content in the article by including the following sections: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacogenetics, interactions and contraindications. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gabewong group14 (talk • contribs) 07:53, 5 November 2015 (UTC)

Re: Edit Summary from 05Nov2015
1. Does this draft submission reflect a neutral point of view?

Yes, their edits neither support nor deter the use of Oxcarbazepine.

2. Are the points included verifiable with cited published material?

Yes their edits include citations directly from package insert or approved secondary sources.

3. What recommendations can you provide your colleague for improvement of their draft?

· Additions made to the Pregnancy section were appropriate; however, the entire section may be considered too difficult to read for most of the public. A more concise and simplified revision can be made to properly explain what pregnancy category C meant, or a link to the pregnancy category system could have been provided.

· For the side effects portion, percentages could be listed to help the general public prioritize which side effects are most common.

· The last 2 sentences in side effects are not cited. The last sentence also seems to be anecdotal, which should be omitted. BMacapinlacG13 (talk) 05:52, 9 November 2015 (UTC)

Summary
Not sure why the summary of side effects was removed from the lead? Also not sure why a bunch of interactions were removed. Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 19:00, 18 October 2017 (UTC)
 * I'll split that up for readability:
 * The summary of adverse effects in the lead was recently close to identical to the section actually titled “Adverse Effects”. Also, the reasons of the next bullet apply. Relevant difference: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxcarbazepine&type=revision&diff=806037601&oldid=806036934
 * The summary was previously removed, for being full of errors, for not providing any additional information over the section then titled "Side Effects”, and for not having sufficient relevance to be recapitulated in half length of the section dedicated to in in the heading. That's not the purpose of the first paragraph. Take a look at other medical articles for guidance. Not needlessly spamming the lead paragraph, not duplicating without good reason, and having correct content are the imperatives here. Relevant difference: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxcarbazepine&diff=next&oldid=805897638
 * Instead of asking for explanations on the user talk page (which will cause message to appear, IPs dont generally watch articles), then waiting some time so I can respond, you just revert without so much as a sensible comment. That's not assumption of good faith.
 * Instead of fixing minor issues which were introduced with large edits or many consecutive edits, you just revert them all. That's not assumption of good faith. See bullet point 2 for an example of a relevant edit difference. See this edit for another example of a massive revert without any sensible explanation or, let alone, asking first: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxcarbazepine&type=revision&diff=806055504&oldid=806050151
 * Interactions were originally removed, because they were arbitrary selections, leading to wrong impressions. The most recent version, as was destroyed in your the most recent reversion, named a few substances which either might have large impact (eg getting pregnant) or are likely to be administered simultaneously. Additionally, the section was restructured for readability, clarity and sourced. Relevant difference see previous bullet point.
 * Given your edit history, it cannot be assumed you didn't know better. Therefore, in summery all of this is nothing short of vandalism. Therefore, I will now request you be banned. Let's see how that goes, shall we?
 * --92.194.54.218 (talk) 11:38, 19 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Per WP:LEAD the lead is supposed to include a summary of the body of the article. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 11:46, 19 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Apart from this not excusing all the other issues with your behaviour which I've just outlined, "A summary of the body of the article" does not validated picking a single section, adding a summary of that section only to the lead, without that one section having paramount importance over all the other sections. Where's your summary of pharmacology in the lead? A summary is not simply a shorter version of the same, it also means leaving things out and giving the reader an overview of what is to come. Though, again, this doesn't excuse you vandalising (see previous response for why this choice of words applies) tons of edits, instead of just adding a sentence or two about side effects if you feel they're needed so badly; when doing so, you could have fixed the substantial, content-wise mistakes of that side effect summary, too. The fix to a large edit / many edits with minor issues still isn't to revert.--92.194.54.218 (talk) 12:10, 19 October 2017 (UTC)
 * The order of sections is determined by WP:MEDMOS, and the lead follows WP:LEAD and summarizes the body. Many people only read the lead, and removing the adverse effects from the lead is not OK.  Please address this. Thanks. Jytdog (talk) 13:21, 19 October 2017 (UTC)
 * WP:MEDMOS supports the order and seperation of sections I tried to work into the article a dozen times now. It does not support the obstructive reverts you and Doc James keep doing. Also, I cannot find anywhere in there that adverse effects are to be represented in the lead; care to point that out, specifically? Everyone can throw around general links to huge boiler plates of style manual; it's not useful. I already pointed that out to you here [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxcarbazepine&type=revision&diff=805893495&oldid=805890849]. While it does seem sensible to add a comparative sentence in reference to other antiepileptic drugs, the general range of side effects and their general frequency, this sentence a) needs to be correct content-wise and b) shouldn't be a list just reiterating, recapitulating what mostly you yourself wrote in the "Adverse effects" section. Not that I'd still care about this article now, though. If y'all collectively fell in love with that old version, you keep it. I'm pretty much out of here, waiting for the undeserved range ban over this and ready to get on with what matters in life :-) 92.194.54.218 (talk) 14:21, 19 October 2017 (UTC)
 * The lead is supposed to summarize the body. We generally put some side effects in the lead. This was why you were reverted. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 22:51, 20 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Oxcarbazepine