text:
Nikolay Krylov (marshal)

Nikolai Ivanovich Krylov (Никола́й Ива́нович Крыло́в; April 29, 1903 – February 9, 1972) was a Russian Marshal of the Soviet Union (from 1962). He was commander of the Strategic Missile Troops from 1963 to 1972.

Early life
Krylov was born into a family of rural teachers. He joined the Komsomol in 1918, and was the secretary of the district Komsomol cell and a fighter of the volunteer party Komsomol Red Guard detachment.

During the Russian Civil War, he tried to join the Red Army. At the beginning of 1919, he was enrolled in the aviation division of the Southern Front, but after a few days he fell seriously ill and was left with his parents. At the same time, he passed the exam for the school course as an external student and received a certificate of graduation from the 2nd stage school.

Russian Civil War
In April 1919, at the age of 16, he achieved enrollment in the Red Army. After successfully completing the Saratov infantry and machine gun courses in 1920, he was appointed commander of a rifle platoon, then a half-company of riflemen in the 28th Rifle Division named after V.M. Azin. In the ranks of the 11th Army, he fought on the Southern Front and took part in the occupation of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in the Soviet-Georgian war of 1921. On the same year, he was transferred to the Russian Far East, where aged 19, he was appointed commander of a rifle battalion in the 3rd Verkhne-Uda Regiment of the 1st Pacific Division of the People's Revolutionary Army in the Far Eastern Republic. He participated in the liberation of Spassk, Nikolsk-Ussuriysky and Vladivostok from the White Army.

Post-civil war
After the end of the civil war, Krylov remained in the Red Army and continued to serve in the Far East, where he commanded a battalion. From 1923, he served as assistant chief of staff of a rifle regiment. Krylov joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1927 and graduated from Advanced Training Courses for the Command Staff of the Red Army in August 1928.

From 1929, he served as chief of staff of a rifle regiment in the 1st Pacific Rifle Division. Krylov commanded the Blagoveshchensk Fortified Region from 1931. In 1936, he was appointed as chief of staff of the fortified region. Krylov was assigned as head of the department of Osoaviakhim in Stavropol in 1939. In May 1941, he was appointed chief of staff of the Danube Fortified Region on the southern section of the Soviet-Romanian border in the Odessa Military District.

Eastern Front
Following the outbreak of Operation Barbarossa in June 1941, Krylov led the fight against Romanian troops who tried unsuccessfully to cross the Soviet border. When the threat of enemy occupation loomed, the Soviet troops were withdrawn from the border and Krylov became the deputy chief of the coastal army's operational department in July 1941.

Since there was a lack of commanders in the besieged Odessa, he became chief of the operational department of the army on August 11 and the chief of staff of the coastal army on August 21. He remained in this position from the beginning to the end of the defense of Odessa and Sevastopol. During a visit outside the dugout with two others, the Germans fired off mortar rounds, killing one of the men and severely wounding Krylov on 8 January 1942. He would suffer from this injury for the rest of his life. On 27 December 1941, he was appointed major general and was evacuated from the city in the last days of its defense by a Soviet Navy submarine. He was in the reserve for more than a month, during which time he wrote a report on the defense of Sevastopol.

In August 1942, Krylov was appointed Chief of Staff of the 1st Guards Army. Just a few days later, he was urgently summoned to Stalingrad and appointed chief of staff of the 62nd Army, which fought many months of street battles in the city during the battle of Stalingrad. Until the arrival of the new commander-in-chief Vasily Chuikov, he commanded the army in the battle for the city for more than a month. There he became a close friend with Chuikov and was also member of the Military Council of the Front led by Nikita Khrushchev, who was his superior.

After the victory at Stalingrad, General Krylov was appointed commander of the 3rd Reserve Army of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command in May 1943. From July 1943, he served as commander of the 21st and 5th Armies of the Western Front. During this time, his armies participated in the Orsha and Vitebsk offensives in 1943. Krylov's army was transferred to 3rd Belorussian Front. Commanding this army, Krylov successfully led them during Operation Bagration, when his army units successfully advanced near Vitebsk, Orsha and Minsk, and stormed Vilnius and repulsed enemy counter-attacks near Kaunas. For excellent command of troops, by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated 19 April 1945, Krylov was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union and was promoted to Colonel General on 15 July 1944.

Due to his old injury, he was in a Moscow hospital for two months at the end of 1944 and then returned to command of his army units during the East Prussian offensive.

Soviet-Japanese War
After the victory over Germany, the 5th Army in full strength was transferred to the Far East, where it became part of the 1st Far Eastern Front commanded by Marshal Kirill Meretskov. Kyrlov led the 5th Army in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria on August 1945, where he led the army to break through the deeply echeloned border defensive line in Manchuria, and liberated the cities of Muling and Mudanjiang.

For the successful defeat of the opposing enemy groupings in this operation, Krylov was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union for the second time.

Post-war
From October 1945, Krylov served as deputy commander of the Primorsky Military District. From January 1947, he was appointed as commander of the Far Eastern Military District. In March 1953, the district was reorganized into the army, which was included in the new united Far Eastern Military District. Krylov commanded this army for about six months, before being appointed as first deputy commander of the Far Eastern Military District in September 1953. At the same time, on 18 September 1953, he was awarded the military rank of General of the Army. From January 1956, he served as commander of the Ural Military District and from 1958, commander of the Leningrad Military District. In 1960, he was appointed as commander of the Moscow Military District. Krylov became Marshal of the Soviet Union on 28 April 1962.

In March 1963, he was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Strategic Rocket Forces. He was responsible for its founding, which had to be brought into combat readiness within a short time and whose new technology had to be tested in cooperation with the designers. The development of missile forces was also accelerated by the Cuban Missile Crisis. Krylov, missile designer Mikhail Yangel and a number of other specialists agreed that it was necessary to build new underground launch pads and put new missile complexes into operation. Krylov's duties also included inspections of all parts and departments of the missile forces. He was also responsible for building military towns where military personnel and their families lived.

Krylov died on 9 February 1972, at the age of 68, just nine days after the death of Marshal Matvei Zakharov. The urn containing his ashes is buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis.

Honours and awards
Krylov received the following honours and awards.
 * Soviet Union

 * Foreign

title: Nikolay Krylov (marshal)


text:
Supreme Court of Afghanistan

The Supreme Court of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, known locally as the Stera Mahkama (ستره محكمه; ), is the court of last resort of Afghanistan. Under the current Taliban government, the court has no independence or power of judicial review; the supreme leader of Afghanistan holds the ultimate authority to decide and interpret the law and may overturn any decision of any court. The current chief justice is Abdul Hakim Haqqani.

Democratic Republic (until 1992)
During Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Supreme Court have been chaired by Nizamuddin Tahzib then by Abdul Karim Shadan.

Islamic Republic (2004–2021)
The Supreme Court of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was the court of last resort in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. It was created by the Constitution of Afghanistan, which was approved on January 4, 2004. Its creation was called for by the Bonn Agreement, which read in part:

 * The judicial power of Afghanistan shall be independent and shall be vested in a Supreme Court of Afghanistan, and such other courts as may be established by the Interim Administration.

At the time of its dissolution, the court was made up of the following justices:
 * Chief Justice Sayed Yousuf Halim
 * Dr. Abdul Malik Kamawi
 * Barat Ali Mateen
 * Pohadowy Abdulqader Adalatkhwah
 * Abdul Haseb Ahadi
 * Mohammad Zaman Sangari

The nine justices on the tribunal are appointed for 10-year terms by the President of Afghanistan, with the approval of the Wolesi Jirga, the lower house of the nation's legislature. The President selects one of the nine members to serve as Chief Justice. The constitution allows for judges to be trained in either civil or Islamic law. Matters of law with no provision in the constitution or other standing laws shall be judged by the Hanafi jurisprudence. The judiciary shall apply the Shia school of law in cases dealing with personal matters of those who are of the Shia sect, where applicable.

The Court was previously dominated by conservative religious figures and the former Chief Justice, Fazal Hadi Shinwari, in particular was described as "ultra conservative." Several of its rulings disappointed reform-minded Afghans and people in the Western world. For instance:

 * the court, during the 2004 presidential election campaign, sought to ban a candidate who questioned whether polygamy was in keeping with the spirit of Islam;
 * they have called for an end to cable television service in the country, at least pending government regulation, due in part to the apparent influence of films from Bollywood, which were allegedly prurient;
 * the court upheld the death penalty for two journalists convicted of blasphemy for saying the Islam being practised in the country was reactionary;
 * they banned women from singing on television; and
 * they ruled that a girl, given as a bride when 9 years old and now 13, could not get a divorce from her abusive husband, notwithstanding a law that makes it illegal for girls under 16 to marry.
 * they ruled that the punishment for homosexuality is death, even through the penal code of 1976 stipulates long prison sentence for adultery and sodomy.

In 2006, President Hamid Karzai appointed several new, more moderate members to the court. However, he also chose to renominate Faisal Ahmad Shinwari as Chief Justice. Despite controversy surrounding the validity of Shinwari's legal credentials, his nomination was allowed to continue, but ultimately failed when voted on in the National Assembly. Karzai then chose his legal counsel, Abdul Salam Azimi, to succeed Shinwari. Azimi's nomination passed, and the new court was sworn in on August 5, 2006.

On January 17, 2021, 2 female judges working at the Afghan supreme court were killed as they were driving to work.

Building
The Supreme Court is housed in a four storey office building on Great Massoud Road next to Massoud Circle. On February 7, 2017, a suicide bomber killed 20 people outside the building.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Supreme Court of Afghanistan


text:
Talk:The Frogs (band)

Article Expansion
If someone could find some copyright-free photographs of Jimmy and Dennis, that would be super duper. Steveprutz 21:53, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

?
So what happened to the Frogs? Without a website, I have no idea whats going on with them?

thanks!

Try: http://www.queenboys.com

It's a fan run website..... Pictures, mp3s, tour dates, etc....

AND A BBS!

This site is now gone.

Sad. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.184.125.184 (talk) 00:25, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

Navbox
Someone please create a for The Frogs. I'm no good at it. Good example: Template:Portishead. StevePrutz (talk) 09:26, 5 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Nevermind, it's up now. See Template:TheFrogs. StevePrutz (talk) 10:22, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

Oh Thank you!
to whoever is edeting the frogs article, and their albums its freakin awesome —Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.101.157.193 (talk) 06:42, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120710073002/http://www.matadorrecords.com/matablog/2012/07/09/dennis-flemion/ to http://www.matadorrecords.com/matablog/2012/07/09/dennis-flemion/

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title: Talk:The Frogs (band)


text:
Sobaek Mountains

The Sobaek Mountains are a mountain range cutting across the southern Korean peninsula. They split off from the Taebaek Mountains and trend southwest across the center of the peninsula. They are traditionally considered to reach their southwestern limit at Jirisan, which, at an elevation of 1,915 meters, is also the highest peak of the range. Other famous mountains in the range include Songni Mountain, Joryeong Mountain, Gaya Mountain, Worak Mountain, and Sobaek Mountain itself. The peaks of the Sobaek Mountains are generally well over 1,000 m above sea level.

The Sobaek Mountains form the southern half of the Baekdu-daegan, the symbolic "spine" of Korea. They mark the traditional border between the Honam and Yeongnam regions.

title: Sobaek Mountains


text:
Woraksan

Woraksan, or Worak Mountain, is a major mountain of the Sobaek mountain range in South Korea. Its highest peak is 1094 m above sea level. It forms part of the boundary between North Chungcheong and North Gyeongsang provinces. Its slopes contain portions of Mungyeong city in North Gyeongsang, as well as Danyang County, Jecheon City, and Chungju City in North Chungcheong. Woraksan National Park takes up 28% of the land in Danyang County.

Worak Mountain is the centerpiece of Woraksan National Park, and its slopes are home to numerous Buddhist shrines and historical sites. The area is known for its beauty and history, and is sometimes referred to as "Little Kumgang-san" to compare it with that famed Korean mountain. The tenth-century Later Baekje king Kyŏn Hwŏn, who was born nearby, allegedly planned to build a palace on the slopes of Worak Mountain, although he was never able to do so. Woraksan was designated a "global park" in 2004 by the United Nations Environment Program and the World Conservation Monitoring Center.

title: Woraksan


text: User talk:12.221.65.201

title: User talk:12.221.65.201


text:
Talk:Sobaek Mountains

Map, please!
This page badly needs a map.
 * The article now includes a map so I removed the requested map tag. Transpoman (talk) 14:12, 2 October 2023 (UTC)

New page needed
A new page should be made to distinguish between the Sobaek Mountains (소백산맥), a mountain range, and Sobaeksan/Sobaek mountain, a mountain that shares the same name. They are in no way the same thing. Waygugin (talk) 08:19, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sobaek Mountains


text: Talk:Woraksan

title: Talk:Woraksan


text:
Rick Strom (music producer)

Rick Strom is a Los Angeles, California based electronic music producer. Rick Strom was, shortly, signed to the Water Music Records/Universal label in 2001, but his album Flow was subsequently released as a free MP3 release via the Glowdot label and Soulseek Records. Notable collaborations include Julee Cruise (David Lynch/Twin Peaks) and Nastassja Kinski (daughter of Klaus Kinski).

Strom is probably best known for his more mainstream collaborations with other artists, as his solo work is fairly experimental. Notable collaborations and remixes have been done for and with Nastassja Kinski, Julee Cruise, Chuck D (of Public Enemy), and others.

Albums

 * Population 1 (2002)
 * Flow (2003)

Appears On

 * "N" on Chilled Grooves (2003)
 * "Je Taime" on I Love Paris: The Fashion Chillout Lounge Collection (2003)
 * "Maybe I Should" on Ultimate Chill Out (2003)
 * "Cold" on ID Models - Fashion Lounge (2003)
 * "Moments in Love" on Purified: The Liquid Lounge Chillout Series Vol. 1 (2003)
 * "Close to the Limit" on This Is Dance! (2003)
 * "Population 1" on Cafe Electronica (2003)
 * "Maybe I Should" on Chilled Sirens (import) (2004)
 * 'Maybe I Should' on Global Chilled Volume 1 (2003)
 * "Requiem" on Global Chilled Volume 2 (2003)
 * "Maybe I Should" on Velvet Lounge (DVD) (2003)

DJ mixes

 * Samedi (2003)
 * Excursions (2003)
 * Chilled Grooves (2003)

Guest produced on

 * Julee Cruise The Art of Being a Girl (2003)
 * Nastassja Kinski Close to the Limit

title: Rick Strom (music producer)


text:
Chris Brown (soccer, born 1977)

Chris Brown (born March 10, 1977, in Portland, Oregon) is an American soccer midfielder and forward who last played for Portland Timbers of USL-1.

Youth
Brown is an alumnus of Jesuit High School in Portland Oregon where he played soccer under the guidance of Dave Nicholas, varsity coach for the Crusaders. Brown played college soccer at the University of Portland from 1995 to 1998, scoring a total of 33 goals in his four years there, and being awarded for the MAC Award as a senior.

Professional
On February 2, 1999, Brown was selected fifth overall in the 1999 MLS College Draft by the Kansas City Wizards. He immediately earned a spot in the Wizards rotation as a rookie, playing in 28 games and starting 19, while scoring four goals and making three assists. He saw reduced playing time in 2000 after the Wizards' acquisition of Miklos Molnar, appearing in 22 games but only registering one assist; he did, however, make four appearances, two of them starts, assisting Kansas City in winning their first MLS Cup. Brown regained his starting spot in 2001, and would fluctuate between being a starter and a valuable substitute for Kansas City for the next three years.

However, during the 2003 season, the Wizards traded Brown along with Darío Fabbro to the New England Revolution in exchange for Wolde Harris and Jorge Vazquez. In his first start there, Brown's explosive scoring yielded him a hat-trick. However, he was traded again during the 2003 off-season to the San Jose Earthquakes the then reigning MLS champions, making it difficult for Brown to displace veteran team members and capture a starting position. In San Jose, he finished the season with two goals and one assist in eleven appearances. When the MLS announced two expansion teams, Brown was recruited by John Ellinger inaugural coach of Real Salt Lake to come and play for him there where he has remained a versatile and consistent starter. He was waived at the end of 2007 and signed for USL-1 side Portland Timbers in January, 2008. In January 2009, Brown announced his retirement from playing professional soccer.

title: Chris Brown (soccer, born 1977)


text:
Culver's

Culver Franchising System, LLC, doing business as Culver's, is an American fast-casual restaurant chain. The company was founded in 1984 by George, Ruth, Craig, and Lea Culver. The first location opened in Sauk City, Wisconsin, on July 18, 1984, under the name "Culver's Frozen Custard and ButterBurgers." The privately held company is headquartered in Prairie du Sac, Wisconsin. The chain operates primarily in the Midwestern United States, and has a total of 965 restaurants in 26 states as of July 2024.

History
Sauk City restaurateurs and husband and wife team George and Ruth Culver started their fast food careers as the owners of an A&W on Phillips Boulevard (U.S. Highway 12) in 1961. In 1968, they purchased a resort-styled restaurant at Devil's Lake called The Farm Kitchen. Their son, Craig Culver, worked for a local McDonald's right out of college in 1973. In July 18, 1984, George, Ruth, son Craig, and his wife Lea opened the first Culver's Frozen Custard and ButterBurgers in Sauk City, Wisconsin. Craig was CEO of Culver's from its inception until mid-2015.

On June 15, 2015, Phil Keiser became the second CEO of the franchise, until his death in October 2016. On January 1, 2017, Joe Koss became the third CEO of Culver's, until his retirement at the end of 2020.

In October 2017, Culver's sold a minority share to Roark Capital Group, a private equity firm based in Atlanta. The Culver family retains majority ownership.

On March 29, 2021, Enrique 'Rick' Silva became the fourth CEO of Culver's.

In July 2024, Culver's celebrated 40 years.

Wisconsin

In 1988, the Culver family were approached about franchising a restaurant in nearby Richland Center. The family agreed, granting the franchisee a loose licensing agreement, charging no fees or royalties. Because the franchisee had invested very little of his own money, it was a simple matter for him to walk away a year later when he decided he no longer wanted to be in the restaurant business.

As a result of this experience, the Culver family established a set of standard franchising procedures that form the basis for those currently used by Culver Franchising System, Inc. Three years later, they tried again in Baraboo, and business quickly doubled. Soon after, the increased recognition that the second store earned this small-town chain prompted expansion into the Middleton, Madison and Milwaukee areas.

Midwest
In 1993, Culver's was still a small, local chain, with only 14 restaurants across southern Wisconsin. Culver's first restaurants outside Wisconsin opened in Buffalo, Minnesota, in September 1995, Roscoe, Illinois, in December 1995, and Dubuque, Iowa, in November 1997. In February 1998, the company opened the first Culver's outside the Midwest in Texas.

Beyond the Midwest

The current franchising strategy is one of strategic expansion. The chain expanded into Colorado Springs, Colorado, and Cheyenne, Wyoming, in 2005, followed by an opening in Bowling Green, Kentucky, in July 2006. Culver's shifted its attention to developing markets beyond the Midwest.

The Metro-98 prototype, developed in 2006 and first constructed in Fort Dodge, Iowa, was much more compact than the traditional 120-seater commonly built through much of Culver's expansion. While the Metro-98 has less seating to offer guests, it also reduced the amount of land needed for construction by around 20%.

In 2008, Culver's expanded to the Phoenix metropolitan area.

In 2011, Culver's expanded into Utah, when Kristin and Tom Davis of Wisconsin relocated to Utah and opened a 100-seat Culver's franchise in Midvale. The couple signed a development agreement for four locations in the southern half of Salt Lake County.

At the end of 2011, 445 Culver's restaurants were open in 19 states. Culver's also opened in South Carolina in 2012; Florida, Georgia, and Tennessee in 2014; and North Carolina in 2015. On June 28, 2018, Culver's had announced that a location will be opening in Alabama. In January 2022, Culver's expanded into the state of Arkansas.

Venture into casual dining
Culver's Blue Spoon Cafe opened its first store in Prairie du Sac, Wisconsin, in 2000 as a soup-sandwich-salad restaurant as Blue Spoon Creamery Cafe. The name Blue Spoon comes from the color of the spoons used at the Culver's fast food restaurants. A second store in Middleton, Wisconsin, was open for two years but closed in August 2010. The Prairie du Sac location closed in May 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic.

More recent developments
In 2013, according to a survey by Franchise Business Review, "Culver Franchising System was rated No. 1 in franchisee satisfaction among restaurant franchises."

Menu

Culver's menu comprises butter burgers, chicken sandwiches, fish, salads, french fries, and cheese curds. For dessert, the restaurant offers its frozen custard, served in either a dish, cone, or blended into a concrete mixer or shake.

On October 15, 2021, in celebration of National Cheese Curd Day, Culver's sold a limited-time product: the CurderBurger, consisting of a large cheese curd on top of a burger patty. On April 1, Culver's released an April Fools' joke showing a large fried cheese curd in a burger bun, naming it the CurderBurger. Soon after the post was made, a change.org petition was created to make the burger a reality, gathering over 600 signatures. Each location only got a limited number of cheese curd patties, and all Madison, Wisconsin, restaurants sold out before noon.

Sponsorships
Culver's sponsors sports teams, including the Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference, Wisconsin Badgers, Minnesota Golden Gophers, Madison Mallards, Green Bay Packers, American Family Insurance Championship, Culver's Cup Hockey Tournament, Jeff Trickey QB Camps, Isthmus Bowl and Wisconsin Junior Boys & Girls Golf Championships. Culver's also sponsors the WIAC baseball championship.

Official mascot
The official Culver's mascot is an anthropomorphic custard cone named Scoopie, featured in various advertisements, community events, and fundraisers. Along the way, three new characters were added: Curdis the Curd, Goldie the Curd and Sundae the turtle.

title: Culver's


text:
Terry Jordan (writer)

Terry Jordan is a fiction writer, musician, essaying and dramatist whose stage plays have been produced across the country, in the U.S and Ireland. His book of stories It's a Hard Cow, won a Saskatchewan Book Award and was nominated for the Commonwealth Book Prize. His novel, Beneath That Starry Place was published internationally. Jordan taught Creative Writing at Concordia University, Montreal, and was the first Margaret Laurence Fellow at Trent University. In the past he facilitated the Fiction workshop at Sage Hill Writing Experience, served as Writer in Residence at the Saskatoon, Regina and Winnipeg Public Libraries, and Okanagan College.

Publications

 * Been in the Storm So Long (novel). Coteau Books, Regina
 * We're Already Home (play). Wild Sage Press, Regina.
 * False Spring. Letterpress edition. New Leaf Editions, Vancouver.
 * Une Constellation d'escrocs. JC Lattes, Paris, France.
 * Beneath That Starry Place (novel). HarperCollins Publishers (Canada), Toronto. U.S. Edition: MacMurray and Beck Publishers, Denver/San Francisco USA.
 * It's A Hard Cow (short story collection). Thistledown, Saskatoon.
 * Numbers. Pachyderm, Winnipeg.
 * Movie Dust. Small Poetry, San Francisco USA.

title: Terry Jordan (writer)


text:
Club set

In mathematics, particularly in mathematical logic and set theory, a club set is a subset of a limit ordinal that is closed under the order topology, and is unbounded (see below) relative to the limit ordinal. The name club is a contraction of "closed and unbounded".

Formal definition
Formally, if $$\kappa$$ is a limit ordinal, then a set $$C\subseteq\kappa$$ is closed in $$\kappa$$ if and only if for every $$\alpha < \kappa,$$ if $$\sup(C \cap \alpha) = \alpha \neq 0,$$ then $$\alpha \in C.$$ Thus, if the limit of some sequence from $$C$$ is less than $$\kappa,$$ then the limit is also in $$C.$$

If $$\kappa$$ is a limit ordinal and $$C \subseteq \kappa$$ then $$C$$ is unbounded in $$\kappa$$ if for any $$\alpha < \kappa,$$ there is some $$\beta \in C$$ such that $$\alpha < \beta.$$

If a set is both closed and unbounded, then it is a club set. Closed proper classes are also of interest (every proper class of ordinals is unbounded in the class of all ordinals).

For example, the set of all countable limit ordinals is a club set with respect to the first uncountable ordinal; but it is not a club set with respect to any higher limit ordinal, since it is neither closed nor unbounded. If $$\kappa$$ is an uncountable initial ordinal, then the set of all limit ordinals $$\alpha < \kappa$$ is closed unbounded in $$\kappa.$$ In fact a  club set is nothing else but the range of a normal function  (i.e. increasing and continuous).

More generally, if $$X$$ is a nonempty set and $$\lambda$$ is a cardinal, then $$C \subseteq [X]^\lambda$$ (the set of subsets of $$X$$ of cardinality $$\lambda$$) is club if every union of a subset of $$C$$ is in $$C$$ and every subset of $$X$$ of cardinality less than $$\lambda$$ is contained in some element of $$C$$ (see stationary set).

The closed unbounded filter
Let $$\kappa \,$$ be a limit ordinal of uncountable cofinality $$\lambda \,.$$ For some $$\alpha < \lambda \,$$, let $$\langle C_\xi : \xi < \alpha\rangle \,$$ be a sequence of closed unbounded subsets of $$\kappa \,.$$ Then $$\bigcap_{\xi < \alpha} C_\xi \,$$ is also closed unbounded. To see this, one can note that an intersection of closed sets is always closed, so we just need to show that this intersection is unbounded. So fix any $$\beta_0 < \kappa \,,$$ and for each n < ω choose from each $$C_\xi \,$$ an element $$\beta_{n+1}^\xi > \beta_{n} \,,$$ which is possible because each is unbounded. Since this is a collection of fewer than $$\lambda \,$$ ordinals, all less than $$\kappa \,,$$ their least upper bound must also be less than $$\kappa \,,$$ so we can call it $$\beta_{n+1} \,.$$ This process generates a countable sequence $$\beta_0,\beta_1,\beta_2, \ldots \,.$$ The limit of this sequence must in fact also be the limit of the sequence $$\beta_0^\xi,\beta_1^\xi,\beta_2^\xi, \ldots \,,$$ and since each $$C_\xi \,$$ is closed and $$\lambda \,$$ is uncountable, this limit must be in each $$C_\xi \,,$$ and therefore this limit is an element of the intersection that is above $$\beta_0 \,,$$ which shows that the intersection is unbounded. QED.

From this, it can be seen that if $$\kappa \,$$ is a regular cardinal, then $$\{S \subseteq \kappa : \exists C \subseteq S \text{ such that } C \text{ is closed unbounded in } \kappa\}$$ is a non-principal $$\kappa \,$$-complete proper filter on the set $$\kappa$$ (that is, on the poset $$(\wp(\kappa), \subseteq)$$).

If $$\kappa \,$$ is a regular cardinal then club sets are also closed under diagonal intersection.

In fact, if $$\kappa \,$$ is regular and $$\mathcal{F} \,$$ is any filter on $$\kappa \,,$$ closed under diagonal intersection, containing all sets of the form $$\{\xi < \kappa : \xi \geq \alpha\} \,$$ for $$\alpha < \kappa \,,$$ then $$\mathcal{F} \,$$ must include all club sets.

title: Club set


text:
Anne Beadell Highway

Anne Beadell Highway is an outback unsealed track linking Coober Pedy, South Australia, and Laverton, Western Australia, a total distance of 1325 km. The track was surveyed and built by Len Beadell, Australian surveyor, who named it after his wife.

The track passes through remote arid deserts and scrub territory of South Australia and Western Australia, which often have summer temperatures approaching 50 C. Sand dunes predominate for most of the track.

Map and overview
The road was constructed to provide access for a series of surveys, adding to the overall geodetic survey of unexplored parts of Australia. The information was required for rocket range projects at Woomera. Construction was completed in five stages, spanning nine years from 1953 to 1962. The first stage from Mabel Creek station near Coober Pedy, west towards Emu Field, was built in February and March 1953 to provide access for British atomic tests at Emu Field. This stage preceded the formation of Beadell's Gunbarrel Road Construction Party, and was the first road built by Beadell.

The second stage was begun in July 1957 in the reverse direction, from Anne's Corner towards Emu Field, after Beadell had completed the Mount Davies Road in the north-west of South Australia. The third stage started in August 1961, running westward from Anne's Corner to Vokes Hill. In April 1962 the fourth stage proceeded west from Vokes Hill, beyond Serpentine Lakes towards the future Neale Junction where the construction party arrived in August.

From Neale Junction during August and September 1962, the north–south Connie Sue Highway was constructed between Warburton and Rawlinna. The fifth stage of the Anne Beadell Highway was then commenced, and was completed at Yamarna near Lake Yeo when it joined an existing track to Laverton in November 1962.

Beadell put considerable effort into rediscovering Vokes Hill while surveying the track, as a new device called a Tellurometer was being introduced. It used radio waves for distance measurement, and required elevated points for its operation.

Fuel and supplies
The track is suitable for only well-provisioned and experienced four-wheel drivers. There are no settlements between Coober Pedy and Laverton.

A roadhouse named Ilkurlka in Western Australia, opened in 2003, is 167 km west of the Western Australia – South Australian state border. It is at the intersection of the Madura Loongana Track (Aboriginal Business Road) and the Anne Beadell Highway. The roadhouse caters mainly for local Aboriginal communities and may be the most isolated roadhouse in Australia. There are no resupply stops on the 780 km journey between Ilkurlka and Coober Pedy.

Places of interest
Neale Junction, where the Anne Beadell Highway intersects with the Connie Sue Highway, another outback track constructed by Len Beadell, is 172 km west of Ilkurlka.

The track passes through the former British atomic test site of Emu Field, rabbit and dog fences, restricted nature conservation areas, and Aboriginal lands, all of which require permits to pass through.

Of interest is the wreck of a light aircraft near the track in Western Australia. The road passes through Mamungari Conservation Park in South Australia, which is one of Australia's fourteen World Biosphere Reserves and the Tallaringa Conservation Park.

Conditions
Because the track is remote and not signposted, satellite navigation is advisable. For communication, high frequency radio or satellite telephone are recommended. In good conditions, it may take five days to complete the journey. Hazards such as flat tyres, breakdowns, and occasional flash floods must be taken into account.

title: Anne Beadell Highway


text:
Template talk:Birth year category header

Categorisation
Over the course of this template's history, there has been a fair amount of change in its default recategorisation scheme. Originally, the years were unsorted. Then, they were sorted by their last digit. Later, they were changed to no sort by letter (i.e. .  As of this writing they are all sorted under the asterisk, as are lists .  Can there be some discussion on the best system by which to sort these years?   →Iñgólemo←   (talk)  04:37, 2004 Dec 7 (UTC)

 * The following seem to sort in the same order, without (unneeded) headers:
 * I turned it back to use the "*" rather than " " as I already used the "*" for other articles/categories within People by year which are not articles about people being classified (e.g. Recent deaths). This allows to distinguish entries in the categorylinks table e.g. Category:1920s births only on the sortkey (everything without an "*" is an article about a person). -- User:Docu
 * I turned it back to use the "*" rather than " " as I already used the "*" for other articles/categories within People by year which are not articles about people being classified (e.g. Recent deaths). This allows to distinguish entries in the categorylinks table e.g. Category:1920s births only on the sortkey (everything without an "*" is an article about a person). -- User:Docu
 * I turned it back to use the "*" rather than " " as I already used the "*" for other articles/categories within People by year which are not articles about people being classified (e.g. Recent deaths). This allows to distinguish entries in the categorylinks table e.g. Category:1920s births only on the sortkey (everything without an "*" is an article about a person). -- User:Docu
 * I turned it back to use the "*" rather than " " as I already used the "*" for other articles/categories within People by year which are not articles about people being classified (e.g. Recent deaths). This allows to distinguish entries in the categorylinks table e.g. Category:1920s births only on the sortkey (everything without an "*" is an article about a person). -- User:Docu

 * Okay, thanks. Maanandil 'Bomber Maniac' Ingoolemo

Just because, for example, Category:1947 births might include a few "c. 1947" cases where the exact year is not known, doesn't mean this is a category for "people born c. 1947" since it doesn't include people known to be born in 1946 or 1948, which would also be "c. 1947". If "people born in 1947" is not good enough for you, you'd have to use a more complicated wording like "people born in 1947 and people born c. 1947 whose exact birth year is not known". Rivarez 13:49, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Suggestions changes
Please discuss here first. -- User:Docu

Avoid using meta-templates
This policy means - do not place "templates within templates".

There, I discussed, now revert back. -- Netoholic @ 12:54, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Would you provide us with a test version of the change as well as a link to page where you discussed removing the categorization. The same goes for Template:Deathyr. -- User:Docu

(sample templates deleted rom this page to eliminate categorization of this talk page in certain death years categories; see revision history.) Jerry 12:26, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

Template talk:Birthyr/Test
Sample new versions, see above. -- User:Docu

interwiki
Hi ! Please can someone add these interwiki links :

fr:Modèle:Naissance tr:Şablon:Kronoloji (doğum)

Thanks. Eras-mus 20:40, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

and while you're at it, add:

that goes for Template:Deathyr as well --Rimshots 10:18, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Done. Luigi30 (Taλk) 15:30, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Somebody has to put tags around the interwikilinks, otherwise they show up on every page where this template is used. Nedless to say, this goes for the Deathyr template as well. /Ludde23 Talk Contrib 20:42, 6 March 2007 (UTC)
 * ✅ Done. – Luna Santin  (talk) 19:57, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

Requested changes
editprotected

Can we please add the following:

See also |Main Article:. Jerry 06:12, 7 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Apologies, I haven't worked too much with these templates, but if I understand things right, that seems to be redundant to the already-present "People born in ." I could be wrong, though. – Luna Santin  (talk) 19:59, 8 March 2007 (UTC)
 * It is. Neil   (not Proto ►)  12:15, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

 * No. Please see my explanation on Template talk:Deathyr.  Jerry 03:54, 16 March 2007 (UTC)
 * You're absolutely right. hmmmmm.  Thanks for the reply and patience.  Jerry 21:55, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

mk interwiki
Please add mk:Шаблон:Birthyr interwiki. Thanks. --iNkubusse? 18:32, 31 May 2008 (UTC)
 * ✅,  Alex  Muller   19:20, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

See also animal births
A link to "Category:xxxx animal births" would be useful. Greenshed (talk) 21:52, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

Help:Using
How can I use this template? Nowhere stated. -- Myrecovery .

Interwiki to BG
Could somebody please add the interwiki to BG: bg:Шаблон:Birthyr Thank you. — Luchesar • T/C 10:27, 8 March 2010 (UTC)
 * ✅ — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 12:29, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

Beginnings by year cat
Please can this template be edited to automatically include its transcluded categories as sub-cats of the relevant Beginnings by year cat. Thanks Greenshed (talk) 20:20, 14 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please make your requested changes to the template's sandbox first; see WP:TESTCASES. If you need help with this, please give me some more details (and examples) to show what you mean. — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 12:16, 18 November 2019 (UTC)

Beginnings category
Could someone update the template so that pages are included in the [year] beginnings category? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Numberguy6 (talk • contribs)
 * is this the same as the request above by any chance? — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 14:19, 18 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I think so. --Numberguy6 (talk) 16:53, 18 November 2019 (UTC)

Banner proposal
I propose adding the newly created Base category banner to this template (and to the Death year category header), to make it clear that Albert Einstein should be in Category:1879 births, but Category:Albert Einstein should not. Any objections? I just did a cleanup, would be good to avoid in the future. Best, UnitedStatesian (talk) 17:58, 10 November 2021 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Taurus Raging Bull

Action?
this article needs more specs on the weapon... I mean, it dosent even specify if its a singe or double action revolver. Sp!der (talk) 12:20, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

Chambered in .45 Long Colt?
Can anybody confirm that the Raging Bull comes in .45 Long Colt? Taurus' official site has no .45 Raging Bulls. The sites that mention them are iffy at best, and do not mention some of the more obscure available calibers like .41 and .480, which means they're either outdated or just making things up. However, I did find speed loaders for sale for the .45 Raging Bull, which leads me to believe that .45 variants were being made at some point in time.

I have pulled references to .45 caliber from the page until I find reliable proof that Raging Bulls actually use it, or used to use it. Please help me find that proof. Tronno 04:37, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)

.454 Casull was developed from .45 Long Colt. Anything chambered in .454 can fire .45 colt. 172.200.64.193 14:39, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

Thanks! - Tronno ( t | c ) 21:51, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I corrected the table to indicate that the .45 Colt was an alternate chambering for the .454 model; I also added .44 Special as an alternte chambering for the .44 Magnum. scot 22:05, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

Hi there. I am thinking of going hunting in africa, would you recommend this gun? Also i heard therew is a custom 34" barrell available....is this the case?

 * I'd go with the Super Redhawk in .454, because it gives you 6 shots instead of 5, is easier to reload (the Raging Bull requires 2 hands to open the cylinder, the Super Redhawk just one), and the Ruger offers a brass bead front sight and V notch rear for the SR, which is probably a better sight for hunting than a Patridge style--it'll be a bit faster to acquire, and occlude less of the target. The only thing the SR lacks is barrel porting, and that's going to be a matter of preference; the ports will cut down on the muzzle rise, but as a tradeoff you get a much, much louder muzzle blast, since the gasses get directed back towards you by the ports.  As far as barrels go, I know the SR is available in the UK with a 21" barrel, which makes it a rifle under UK law and therefore not prohibited under the handgun ban, so the Raging Bull be similarly available.  However, this is utterly useless for hunting; it's too long to be effectively used as a handgun, and not nearly as accurate as a similar length carbine would be.  But keep in mind that a handgun, ANY handgun, is going to be very inferior to a good express rifle for taking dangerous game.  People hunt with handguns because it makes things as hard as possible on the hunter, so you'd better be an expert hunter with a rifle before you try it with a handgun.  scot 14:44, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

Picture?
This picture really isn't good. Does anyone have a better one? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.147.42.81 (talk) 18:36, 20 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Agree that the quality is certainly lacking. A clear shot would be much better. Surv1v4l1st (Talk 21:36, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

Yo, why'd they change it? There used to be a really good picture —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.186.190.189 (talk) 17:00, 9 December 2009 (UTC)

Footnote 5
The fifth footnote appears to be broken. Surv1v4l1st (Talk 15:21, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

Raging 223
There is no reference to the Raging 223 on the Taurus site. Is this a currently offered model? Surv1v4l1st (Talk 18:50, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

Based on the research I've done so far, the Raging 223 never made it to market - there are a lot of problems using bottle-necked cartridges in revolvers. It's as valid an entry for the article as the Raging Judge's 28 gauge variant is for the Taurus Judge article, which also never made it to market. Atypicaloracle (talk) 21:08, 20 November 2012 (UTC)

 * I too had doubts it would work in a revolver. It looks like it was a prototype or one-off.  Still good there is some reference to the model though. -- Surv1v4l1st ╠Talk║Contribs╣ 18:38, 30 May 2022 (UTC)

=== I can confirm, the raging bull come (some time ago) in 45 Long Colt with 6 round cilinder (454 come with 5 round). I have one in 8 3/8 with chrome finish and shoot very well using hard reload, 255 gr Lee mould hard cast with 27 gr W296 powder (1400 fps)or 300 gr remington bullet hollow point with 23 gr W296 (1240 fps). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 186.22.161.145 (talk) 17:28, 28 April 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Taurus Raging Bull


text:
Template talk:Death year category header

Untitled
Over the course of this template's history, there has been a fair amount of change in its default recategorisation scheme. Originally, the years were unsorted. Then, they were sorted by their last digit. Later, they were changed to no sort by letter (i.e. .  As of this writing they are all sorted under the asterisk, as are lists .  Can there be some discussion on the best system by which to sort these years?   →Iñgólemo←   (talk)  04:37, 2004 Dec 7 (UTC)
 * See Template talk:Birthyr – ABCD 23:39, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Does anybody know why de: interlang link is listed twice in X deaths categories? --131.111.8.103 28 June 2005 16:13 (UTC)

 * It was first added directly to the categories, later to this template. Apparently this is one way that still displays them twice. -- User:Docu

Suggestions for changes
Please discussion here. -- User:Docu

Avoid using meta-templates
This policy means - do not place "templates within templates".

There, I discussed, now revert back. -- Netoholic @ 12:55, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

 * see Template talk:Birthyr -- User:Docu

Requested changes
Can we please add the following:

See also |Main Article:. Jerry 06:10, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

Protected page edit declined.. There is already a link to in the template. Sandstein 21:57, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

 * No there isn't. There is a link to Category:1968_deaths. What I was asking for is: See also: 1968. Jerry 03:48, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

 * That link is already there at the very top, as: People who died c. 1968. Sandstein 06:38, 16 March 2007 (UTC)
 * You're absolutely right. hmmmmm.  Thanks for the reply and patience.  Jerry 21:53, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

Interwiki
fr:Modèle:Naissance tr:Şablon:Kronoloji (doğum) is not correct.

Please change interwiki links to: fr:Modèle:Décès lv:Veidne:Mirgads tr:Şablon:Kronoloji (ölüm) --Dainis 07:20, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Interwikis
editprotected Fix interwikis: fr:Modèle:Décès lv:Veidne:Mirgads tr:Şablon:Kronoloji (ölüm)
 * ✅. עוד מישהו Od Mishehu 05:37, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

Also, a mk:Шаблон:Deathyr interwiki. --iNkubusse? 18:50, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

please add Arabic interwiki ar:قالب:وفيات عقد --Heshamdiab116 (talk) 19:36, 8 August 2009 (UTC)

Interwiki to BG
Could somebody please add the interwiki to BG: bg:Шаблон:Deathyr Thank you. — Luchesar • T/C 10:27, 8 March 2010 (UTC)
 * ✅ — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 12:29, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

Fix the bug
This edit screwed things up. See Category:2006 deaths for an example (specifically, the text " "). Needs to be reverted or fixed. —danhash (talk) 19:55, 20 March 2012 (UTC)
 * ✅ Tra (Talk) 21:00, 20 March 2012 (UTC)

Edit request: year article titles
Please use the new title for moved year articles in categories such as 420 deaths. I have mocked up the change in a sandbox (diff). You may wish to semi-protect Year article or provide an alternative implementation. A similar change will be needed for births. Certes (talk) 21:39, 30 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done You should now make the protection request at WP:RFPP. Sceptre (talk) 00:00, 2 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Thank you for fixing both templates. As Year article has no history of vandalism and is only used in a few thousand pages (mainly outside mainspace), I've not requested protection at this time. Certes (talk) 10:21, 2 October 2019 (UTC)
 * MusikBot II has semi-protected the subtemplate, which seems like a reasonable compromise. Certes (talk) 18:03, 2 October 2019 (UTC)


text:
Moulin de la Galette

The Moulin de la Galette is a windmill and associated businesses situated near the top of the district of Montmartre in Paris. Since the 17th century the windmill has been known for more than just its milling capabilities. Nineteenth-century owners and millers, the Debray family, made a brown bread, galette, which became popular and thus the name of the windmill and its businesses, which have included a famous guinguette and restaurant. In the 19th century, Le Moulin de la Galette represented diversion for Parisians seeking entertainment, a glass of wine and bread made from flour ground by the windmill. Artists, such as Renoir, van Gogh, Ramón Casas and Pissarro have immortalized Le Moulin de la Galette; likely the most notable was Renoir's festive painting, Bal du moulin de la Galette.

Windmill
The windmill Moulin de la Galette, also known as Blute-fin, was built in 1622. The name Blute-fin comes from the French verb bluter which means sifting flour for the separation from bran.

The Debray family acquired the two mills in 1809 for producing flour, the Blute-fin and the Radet, built in 1717. But it was also used to pressurize the harvest or grind materials needed for manufacturing.

An association Friends of Old Montmartre saved it from destruction in 1915. In 1924, its owner moved the windmill to the corner of Girardon and Lepic streets. It was restored in 1978, but is not running. The windmill has been classified as a monument since 1958.

Sieges in 1814 and 1870
At the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1814, during the siege of Paris three Debray men lost their lives defending the windmill against Cossacks; the miller was killed and nailed to the wings of the windmill.

During the Franco-Prussian War Montmartre was attacked by 20,000 Prussian soldiers. During the siege, Pierre-Charles Debray was killed and nailed to the wings of the windmill. A mass grave for those killed during the siege was made just steps away from the Moulin de la Galette.

Commercial expansion
The mill was turned into a guinguette by the surviving son of the miller killed during the siege of Paris in 1814.

The current name Moulin de la Galette is based upon galette, a small brown bread that the Debray millers, who owned the mill in the 19th century, made and sold with a glass of milk. The tasty bread became so popular that it later became the name of the windmill. In 1830, they replaced milk with wine (especially the local Montmartre wine) and the windmill became a cabaret. Parisians made their way to Montmartre to enjoy "the simple pleasures" of the countryside with a glass of wine, freshly baked bread and a terrace view of Paris and the Seine below. In 1833, one of the Debrays decided to open an area for dancing, dedicated to the Greek muse Terpsichore. His flair for dancing and enthusiasm attracted patrons to the dancing hall and it became a success.

Author Émile Zola wrote in 1876, "We rushed off into the countryside to celebrate the joy of not having to listen to any more talk about politics," which often meant reflection of France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War. Montmartre, attainable by a train ride or a one-hour walk, was still a village with orchards, shops and two remaining windmills.

As the nearby fields were replaced with housing and factories, Nicholas Charles Debray sought commercial opportunities to remain a going concern. One of the windmills was turned into a viewing tower and a dance hall was opened adjacently. People came to the relaxed, popular Moulin de la Galette for entertainment and dancing.

Over its history, the building has experienced a wide range of uses: open-air cafe, music-hall, television studios and restaurant. It is now a private property. The windmill Radet, however, marks the entrance to a bistro named Le Moulin de la Galette.

The windmill in art
The area has been depicted by artists such as Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Vincent van Gogh, Pablo Picasso, Ramon Casas, Paul François Quinsac, Kees van Dongen and Maurice Utrillo.

title: Moulin de la Galette


text:
Transplanting

In agriculture and gardening, transplanting or replanting is the technique of moving a plant from one location to another. Most often this takes the form of starting a plant from seed in optimal conditions, such as in a greenhouse or protected nursery bed, then replanting it in another, usually outdoor, growing location. The agricultural machine that does this is called a transplanter. This is common in market gardening and truck farming, where setting out or planting out are synonymous with transplanting. In the horticulture of some ornamental plants, transplants are used infrequently and carefully because they carry with them a significant risk of killing the plant.

Transplanting has a variety of applications, including:
 * Extending the growing season by starting plants indoors, before outdoor conditions are favorable;
 * Protecting young plants from diseases and pests until they are sufficiently established;
 * Avoiding germination problems by setting out seedlings instead of direct seeding.

Different species and varieties react differently to transplanting; for some, it is not recommended. In all cases, avoiding transplant shock—the stress or damage received in the process—is the principal concern. Plants raised in protected conditions usually need a period of acclimatization, known as hardening off (see also frost hardiness). Also, root disturbance should be minimized. The stage of growth at which transplanting takes place, the weather conditions during transplanting, and treatment immediately after transplanting are other important factors.

Transplant production systems
Commercial growers employ what are called containerized and non-containerized transplant production.

Containerized transplants or plugs allow separately grown plants to be transplanted with the roots and soil intact. Typically grown in peat pots (a pot made of compressed peat), soil blocks (compressed blocks of soil), paper pots or multiple-cell containers such as plastic packs (four to twelve cells) or larger plug trays made of plastic or styrofoam.

Non-containerized transplants are typically grown in greenhouse ground beds or benches, outdoors in-ground with row covers and hotbeds, and in-ground in the open field. The plants are pulled with bare roots for transplanting, which are less-expensive than containerized transplants, but with lower yields due to poorer plant reestablishment.

Containerized stock
Containerized planting stock is classified by the type and size of container used. A great variety of containers has been used, with various degrees of success. Some containers are designed to be planted with the tree e.g., the tar paper pot, the Alberta peat sausage, the Walters square bullet, and paper pot systems, are filled with rooting medium and planted with the tree (Tinus and McDonald 1979). Also planted with the tree are other containers that are not filled with rooting medium, but in which the container is a molded block of growing medium, as with Polyloam, Tree Start, and BR-8 Blocks.

Designs of containers for raising planting stock have been many and various. Containerized white spruce stock is now the norm. Most containers are tube-like; both diameter and volume affect white spruce growth (Hocking and Mitchell 1975, Carlson and Endean 1976). White spruce grown in a container having a 1:1 height:diameter produced significantly greater dry weight than those in containers of 3:1 and 6:1 height:diameter configurations. Total dry weight and shoot length increased with increasing container volume. The larger the bag the fewer deployed per unit area. However, the biological advantage of size has been enough to influence a pronounced swing towards larger containers in British Columbia (Coates et al. 1994). The number of PSB211 (2 cm top diameter, 11 cm long) styroblock plugs ordered in British Columbia decreased from 14,246,000 in 1981 to zero in 1990, while orders for PSB415 (4 cm top diameter, 15 cm long) styroblock plugs increased in the same period from 257 000 to 41 008 000, although large stock is more expensive than small to raise, distribute, and plant.

Other containers are not planted with the tree, e.g., Styroblock, Superblock, Copperblock, and Miniblock container systems, produce Styroplug seedlings with roots in a cohesive plug of growing medium. The plug cavities vary in volume by various combinations of top diameter and depth, from 39 to 3260 mL, but those most commonly used, at least in British Columbia, are in the range 39 mL to 133 mL (Van Eerden and Gates 1990). The BC-CFS Styroblock plug, developed in 1969/70, has become the dominant stock type for interior spruce in British Columbia (Van Eerden and Gates 1990, Coates et al. 1994). Plug sizes are indicated by a 3-figure designation, the 1st figure of which gives the top diameter and the other 2 figures the depth of the plug cavity, both dimensions approximations in centimetres. The demand for larger plugs has been increasing strongly (Table 6.24; Coates et al. 1994). Stock raised in some sizes of plug can vary in age class. In British Columbia, for example, PSB 415 and PSB 313 plugs are raised as 1+0 or 2+0. PSB 615 plugs are seldom raised other than as 2+0.

Initially, the intention was to leave the plugs in situ in the Styroblocks until immediately before planting. But this led to logistic problems and reduced the efficiency of planting operations. Studies to compare the performance of extracted, packaged stock versus in situ stock seem not to have been carried out, but packaged stock has performed well and given no indication of distress.

Field storage
As advocated by Coates et al. (1994), thawed planting stock taken to the field should optimally be kept cool at 1 °C to 2 °C in relative humidities over 90% (Ronco 1972a). For a few days, storage temperatures around 4.5 °C and humidities about 50% can be tolerated. Binder and Fielder (1988) recommended that boxed seedlings retrieved from cold storage should not be exposed to temperatures above 10 °C. Refrigerator vans commonly used for transportation and on-site storage normally ‘maintain seedlings at 2 °C to 4 °C (Mitchell et al. 1980). Ronco (1972a, b) cautioned against using dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) to cool seedlings; he claimed that respiration and water transport in seedlings are disrupted by high concentrations of gaseous carbon dioxide.

Coniferous planting stock is often held in frozen storage, mostly at −2 °C, for extended periods and then cool-stored (+2 °C) to thaw the root plug prior to outplanting. Thawing is necessary if frozen seedlings cannot be separated from one another and has been advocated by some in order to avoid possible loss of contact between plug and soil with shrinkage of the plug with melting of ice in the plug. Physiological activity is also greater under cool rather than frozen storage, but seedlings of interior spruce and Engelmann spruce that were planted while still frozen had only brief and transient physiological effects, including xylem water potential, (Camm et al. 1995, Silem and Guy 1998). After 1 growing season, growth parameters did not differ between seedlings planted frozen and those planted thawed.

Studies of storage and planting practices have generally focussed on the effects of duration of frozen storage and the effects of subsequent cool storage (e.g., Ritchie et al. 1985, Chomba et al. 1993, Harper and Camm 1993). Reviews of colds storage techniques have paid little attention to the thawing process (Camm et al. 1994), or have merely noted that the rate of thawing is unlikely to cause damage (McKay 1997).

Kooistra and Bakker (2002) noted several lines of evidence suggesting that cool storage can have negative effects on seedling health. The rate of respiration is faster during cool storage than in frozen storage, so depleting carbohydrate reserves more rapidly. Certainly in the absence of light during cool storage, and to an indeterminate extent if seedlings are exposed to light (unusual), carbohydrate reserves are depleted (Wang and Zwiacek 1999). As well, Silem and Guy (1998), for instance, found that interior spruce seedlings had significantly lower total carbohydrate reserves if stored for 2 weeks at 2 °C than if thawed rapidly for 24 hours at 15 °C. Seedlings can rapidly lose cold hardiness in cool storage through increased respiration and consumption of intracellular sugars that function as cryoprotectants (Ogren 1997). Also, depletion of carbohydrate reserves impairs the ability of seedlings to make root growth. Finally, storage moulds are much more of a problem during cool than frozen storage. Kooistra and Bakker (2002), therefore, tested the hypothesis that such thawing is unnecessary. Seedlings of 3 species, including interior spruce were planted with frozen root plugs (frozen seedlings) and with thawed root plugs (thawed seedlings). Thawed root plugs warmed to soil temperature in about 20 minutes; frozen root plugs took about 2 hours, ice in the plug having to melt before the temperature could rise above zero. Size of root plug influenced thawing time. These outplantings were into warm soil by boreal standards, and seedlings with frozen plugs might fare differently if outplanted into soil at temperatures more typical of planting sites in spring and at high elevations. Variable fluorescence did not differ between thawed and frozen seedlings. Bud break was no faster among thawed interior spruce seedlings than among frozen. Field performance did not differ between thawed and frozen seedlings.

title: Transplanting


text: User talk:68.3.21.215

title: User talk:68.3.21.215


text:
Talk:Dye-sublimation printing

Overcoat
The ribbon shown in the photos doesn't seem to have an overcoat section. Wouldn't it be better to replace it for the picture of a ribbon that has overcoat, since it is said on the article that dye sublimation printers usually have overcoats?

how easy is it to use

 * In my experience (with a mid-90's model Fargo dye-sub printer) the main challenge is keeping it free of dust as the article mentions. Also, the cellophane dye ribbons are very delicate and fragile, and were prone to getting wrinkles or creases in them which then ruined the print. (Corby 03:39, 5 June 2006 (UTC))

Inkjet description
Some of the details on the function of the inkjet printer are at odds with the Dots per inch article's explanation about how printing works. Specifically, do inkjet printers vary the color by changing the number of dots or the size of the dots, or do different models use different techniques? --W0lfie 18:32, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

I changed the article slightly to reflect the information in the Dots per inch article as well as linking to it. --KittensOnToast 11:31, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

The statement that inkjet inks are opaque strikes me as wrong. A simple inspection of an inkjet printout with a microscope reveals that the inks (other than black) are indeed transparent. Furthermore, it would be impossible using opaque CMYK inks to produce anything even remotely approaching, for instance, a true red (which is 100%Y and 100%M); the best one could do was non-overlapping 50%Y and 50%M which would yield some sort of pink. It is however true that the colour depth is limited: a CMYK inkjet only has 8 colours that it can (usefully) print on any pixel: white, cyan, magenta, yellow, red, green, blue, and black. Printers with "photo" inks (which are usually partial-strength forms of the same pigments) have a little more colour depth, but nothing approaching the 2^24 colours that can be printed on a pixel by dye sublimation. The inkjets try to make up for the poor colour depth by using very fine resolution, which allows dithering. --216.58.96.136 14:25, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

I am going to rewrite most of the part comparing inkjets, as it is FULL of misinformation. There are two kinds of inkjet inks: pigment and dye. Most black inks are pigment, and most color inks are dye (though all colors and black exist in both dye and pigment, for various applications. Dyes are translucent, while pigments are opaque. It is patent nonsense that an inkjet cannot overlap dots -- they do this routinely. Dye inks have the best color gamut (better than dye-sub -- the claim that dye-sub has a better gamut is nonsense), but modern pigment inks come very close. The advantage of pigments is primarily their superior lightfastness. tooki (talk) 11:48, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

Merge
should be merged with Dye sublimation

Merge template added --Eddie 13:27, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

Inadequate description
The explanation of dye sublimation printing ignores the fact that 'sublimation' has wider uses than in computer printers and is perfectly possible with ordinary inkjet technology. It is an important process in wide-format piezo printing of (polyester) banners and textile graphics and is also used to produce small runs of fashion and interior furnishing fabrics.

The kind of Sublimation you describe is slightly different to the Dye-Sublimation used by those who want to print photo quality pictures. I wouldn't have any problems with it being part of this article but sadly I only know about the Sublimation technology used in photos printers so can't add it myself. :) KittensOnToast 16:09, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

OK, after a bit of research I added a section on Dye-sub fabric printing. KittensOnToast 13:01, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

I got lost on this article. Just after the decription of the security risks, the article jumps right to a decription of dye sub on ink jets and I got lost. Printers used for sublimation printing are those with Piezo electric print heads made by Epson. It works by means of a tiny crystal in the head that pulsates with a small electrical charge forcing droplets of ink onto the paper with virtually no heat being generated. This print head is fitted in all Epson desktop printers and many large format printers and is the only print head that will work for sublimation printing(Photo USA Corp.)

The thermal heads are found in 'bubble jet' printers like HP, Canon and Lexmark work by heating up the ink which when it expands forces a droplet of ink onto the paper. The problem with this type of print head for sublimation is that the heat affects the inks as they are forced through the head and the ink will accumulate inside eventually clogging the print head.

Then we just right back to decription of problems with Dye-sub using ribbons again.(JAH)

Definitions Would be Helpful
There are more than a few terms used (bronzing and metamerism, to name two) that would benefit from definitional links. Some of the folks reading this will not be completely conversant in priting jargon.

Merge complete
I have merged dye sublimation into this page. Please review the new content for any editing, as I am not familiar enough with this article to do so. --HarmonicFeather 05:29, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

OK, I've done a bit more research on the other side of dye-sub printing, (dye-sub transfer on to fabrics), so this should help me in cleaning this article up to a more proffesional standard. Might take a while though :) KittensOnToast 15:36, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

Speed
I don't see anything about the speed of this type of printer. Maybe someone could find some info and include it? --Ortzinator 19:18, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

Done. KittensOnToast 12:59, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

Alps Dye-Sub printers
The article states that "Each colored panel is the size of the media that is being printed on," This is not true for all Dye-Sub printers. Alps printers use a catridge resembling a cassette tape for each color. The printer would pick up a cartridge color and sweep back and forth over the page like a regular inkjet, except the whole process worked one color at a time. Information about the printer can be found at this link: Alps 1300 Printer

Interesting point but Alps have been out of business for some time and I haven't seen a dyesub printer that uses that method anymore, (and I've seen quite a few). KittensOnToast 12:40, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

The kodak ML-500 uses a similar system. Prints all colours at once using multiple heads and can print the whole roll without stopping - all 500 feet of it. 82.24.156.27 (talk) 00:39, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

Many of these photo or snapshot printers (both personal and in store kiosks) on the market are not actually dye sublimation, but rather thermal dye transfer systems. That is, the dye is not sublimed (i.e., goes from solid to gas) in the process. This poses a problem for how to revise this article. The thermal dye transfer article is oriented more towards label printers. I'll try to think about this as I gather references. PhotoSci (talk) 20:49, 4 August 2009 (UTC)

Digital Photo ID Printing
It might be worthwhile to include a section about Photo ID printing. Most drivers licenses in the United States are now produced on-the-spot with a digital camera, and a dye sublimation card printer. This printer uses the usual plastic 4-panel dye roll, can flip the card over to print the back side.

After printing the card is usually given a plastic overlay with a UV-fluorescent or holographic logo. The topcoat protects the dye layer from damage, and the overprinted logo makes it obvious if people are trying to modify the card, such as to change the date of birth to buy alcohol when underage.

DMahalko 03:44, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

Dye Wastage
I don't know why dye wastage on the ribbon has become a major part of this article. With dye-sublimation printers the media packs you buy are rated for an exact number of prints, which you always get, giving you a fixed print cost, therefore making wastage irrelevant. This is not the case with Inkjet printers were you are buying your ink on a volume basis were wastage becomes an important factor.

Also the article talks about the ribbon allowing people to see what has previously been printed. This is true but dye-sub printers just aren't used for printing text or documents, only photos. If someone is printing confidential photos then the ribbon can easily be destroyed by fire if necessary or even pulled through a shredder.

I think I will edit the main article to reflect this.

KittensOnToast 12:23, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

Photo Reception Layer
Can you provide any information on what the top receiving layer of the dye sub paper is made of? I've tried printing on PVC sheets with a desktop dye sub photo printer and the dyes did not sublimate properly (only about 20% saturation) so there must be some sort of special receiving material used for the top layer. Do you know what it is, I can't find this info ANYWHERE!

What I'm trying to do is print dye sub "slides" on a clear or translucent material (I understand that the clear material would have to have a removable white backing in order for the printer to "see" it.) --Dyesubslides (talk) 15:53, 18 June 2008 (UTC)

Tektronix/Xerox "Phaser" printers missing from this article
The article presently says that all dye-sub printers use ink-covered ribbons for printing, but this simply isn't true. The former Tektronix (now Xerox) Phaser series of printers are dye-sub printers (at least Xerox uses that term), but they use solid ink chunks instead of ribbons, eliminating the problem of wasted ink due to non-image areas. But they are dye-sublimation printers as well: the ink is heated directly from solid to vapor form, even though the ink is in a different form. This ought to be worked into the article. (Currently the Phaser printing technology is covered in the Thermal transfer printer article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.251.73.56 (talk) 18:32, 21 July 2010 (UTC)

 * For anyone reading this 13 years later: the commenter above was confused.
 * For a while, Tektronix and then Xerox used the Phaser name for all their color printers, regardless of technology. The Phaser line, over the years, included thermal transfer/dye sub printers, laser printers, and solid ink inkjet printers. The latter were later sold under the ColorQube name. Thus, the commenter's claim that the solid-ink printers are also dye-sub is categorically incorrect. — tooki (talk) 09:25, 19 March 2023 (UTC)

Topic Split Suggestion
As two very different types of dye sublimation printing processes are being discussed in this one article, it reads as confusing and conflicting, and I would strongly suggest that they are split into two distinct articles. How these should be titled to be clear and avoid confusion I am not sure, but would suggest that maybe dropping the "printer" part of the title would be good, as surely we are discussing the overall process and not just one piece of equipment involved. I had thought that maybe the dye-sub photo printers topic could be entitled "dye sublimation (photographic)" but still think this would cause confusion, due to the large amount of dye sublimation used for printing photos onto mugs and other custom items. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pisquee (talk • contribs) 22:31, 27 December 2012 (UTC)

reference syntax help please
I've just added a reference to Chemical technology in Printing and Imaging systems. It has a chapter pp73-85 called "Dye diffusion thermal transfer (D2T2) printing" by R A Hann, which I'd like to inset into the reference but I'm not sure of the syntax of how to do that. The ISBN no is 0-85186-655-7. Any help appreciated.

Thanks Gravuritas (talk) 00:55, 16 November 2013 (UTC)

Dye diffusion, not sublimation (contradiction)
'Chemical Technology in Printing & Imaging Systems' Ed Drake, section 'Dye Diffusion Thermal Transfer (D2T2) Printing' by R A Hann p73 says: "Early workers believed that it [the basic mechanism by which this process takes place] was related to the sublimation dyeing of textiles, but since then ICI and others have recognized that the process is truly one of diffusion and does not involve sublimation for any significant part of the process." There are a couple of journal references quoted, which I can add if need be. Hope this settles the contradiction. Gravuritas (talk) 22:01, 5 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Sorry, just re-read the sentence marked as a contradiction. The apparent contradiction is simply that the dyes were found to move by diffusion, not by sublimation, and that of itself this does not specify whether they enter the liquid phase or not.  I'll change the sentence to:  "The whole printing cycle is extremely clean as there are no liquid inks to clean up." as this will be indisputable.
 * Gravuritas (talk) 22:07, 5 July 2014 (UTC)

Dye-sub vs dye-diffusion
Regarding the following statement "The sublimation name was first applied because the dye was considered to make the transition between the solid and gas states without going through a liquid stage. This understanding of the process was later shown to be incorrect." Could the author of this edit (or anyone else) cite some references to show sublimation is NOT taking place in these printers? I am currently completing an understudy, which includes a module on various print technologies, and every manufacturer of "dye-sub" card-printers I have researched claims the ink IS in fact being sublimated during the printing process - but I can't seem to find anything to refute or confirm this...

67kid (talk) 14:49, 10 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Book reference is as cited by me in the section above. That in its turn refers to RA Hann and NC Beck, J Imaging Tech., 1990, 16, 238-241 and IM Hodge & DS Ross " Mass diffusion in resistive head thermal printing" Proc 7th Int Congr on Adv in NIP Technologies, Portland, Oregon, USA, Oct 1991 226-231
 * Gravuritas (talk) 21:50, 10 April 2015 (UTC)

major edit October 2015
@Techstar Sorry mate, but you don't know what you're talking about. The ref you're quoting seems big on printing on textiles and entirely ignorant of the 'dye diffusion' ribbons, which the Hann source you've deleted showed a long time ago was not dye sublimation, though it continued to be called that. 'Cellophane' ribbons? Maybe 30 years ago, not since. I'm sure the article does need improvement, but don't throw the baby out with the bathwater. I suggest you make smaller changes and that you read and understand the current article before making such wholesale changes. Gravuritas (talk) 00:25, 4 October 2015 (UTC)\\

@Gravuritas You are preserving references to commercial content and references to an article by Sawgrass that is not even present anymore. Commercial: The Sublimation Process: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dhJj5mVJ1yU Commercial: Digital Sublimation Printing by Vapor Apparel http://www.vaporapparel.com/sublimation.html

And what is this? It is supported by a Powerpoint presentation -- haha. The printer speed is low. Any creases in the apparel during printing leave blank spots behind

Let's agree to get all this nonsense out of here. Techstar (talk) 02:53, 4 October 2015 (UTC)

 * Yes- agree to all that you say above. The bit I particularly want left in is the explanation that the ribbon-based 'dye-sub' printers do not function via sublimation.  I also think that some of the stuff around YMCKO etc is potentially of interest.  I don't wish to preserve what you refer to as nonsense, or the commercial stuff.  Could you possibly go ahead with your desired changes but in more manageable chunks, so we can debate if needed?  And I suspect that the source you quote may know his stuff about textile printing, but is pretty wobbly on the ribbons, so please be careful about using that source on ribbons.
 * Gravuritas (talk) 06:57, 4 October 2015 (UTC)

This article should be split between dye-sublimation photo printers and dye-sublimation piezo printers. There is a lot of material that is ambiguous as to the type of printer referenced. In some cases the material is true for one type of printer but false for the other. Can we agree to initiate a split?

Techstar (talk) 04:16, 6 October 2015 (UTC)

 * You might be right in the end, but could we start this by clarifying and structuring this article and see if it works out as a unified article first? I suggest after the leader para, which probably should be written last, the first chunk should be about genuine dye diffusion printing i.e the textile stuff, and then it is much easier to follow on to the misleadingly-nameddye  diffusion printing which is ribbon- based..  I know about the latter but not the former- if you have a bash at the textile stuff andsort of temporarily shovel the rest downwads, I can sort out the ribbon stuff, taking your previous points about commercials on board.  Would this be OK and let's see what emerges?.  For clarity, I am not trying to keep you off any bit of the article- you are of course free to edit waht you want.

 * Gravuritas (talk) 16:42, 6 October 2015 (UTC)

Introduction
I know next to nothing about this subject and I still don't after trying to read this.

2nd para starts "These are not to be confused with dye sublimation." What are "These?" As the head pronoun of the second para, "These" would either have to refer to the subject of the first, or to the nearest prior ephithet. Either way it makes no sense to me and I don't understand the context, limitations and diversity of the subject of this page even though I probably own some of this technology. Please could someone who does understand the subject offer an introduction that works to draw us in? Many thanks Atconsul (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 13:03, 29 August 2020 (UTC)

 * You clipped the quote which is "These are not to be confused with dye sublimation heat transfer imprinting printers" - the point is that 'dye sublimation heat transfer imprinting printers' are not the same thing as 'dye sublimation' printers. I threw some single quotes around the full phrase to reduce future confusion. - MrOllie (talk) 13:07, 29 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Many thanks. I do appreciate your responding to my call for clarification, and your improvement takes things forward. You seem to be saying: "'Dye sublimation printers' use a technique that does not involve sublimation. Other printers called 'dye sublimation heat transfer imprinting printers' are not dye sublimation printers but do involve sublimation."

 * If my analysis of the text is correct I feel justified in remaining confused, and I would still encourage you to ditch the pronoun para headword, which still renders a reading of this Talk page essential.

 * I'm afraid I'm still missing what the point really is here. If it's just me I'll get back in my box now, just say so. But the Theory section continues my uncertainty. Here (I think) we pick up the mainstream (now aka dye sub) case again and we seem to be back with to the idea that true sublimation is involved. We discuss how it is 'commonly used for decorating apparel, signs and banners, as well as novelty items ... with sublimation-friendly surfaces.' I suppose my understanding is hampered because after reading this I now imagine that the sort of low-cost printers that are sold on well-known e-markets to print such novelty stock belong to the 'dye sublimation heat transfer imprinting printers' classification rather than the main category, yet we are discussing them as if they are "true?" dye diffusion products. I feel like I'm detecting a difference in authorship of the two headings

 * Perhaps it's all too intangible. What real products are on offer? What use cases do they deliver solutions to? Which category do they belong to? Does it matter to the user at all? Many thanks. Atconsul (talk) 17:32, 13 September 2020 (UTC)
 * The core of the problem is that the "mainstream" use today is NOT what the word originally meant. In the late 80s, early 90s, before color laser printers were any good, ribbon-based dye sub printers were a mainstay of graphic design offices, as the cheapest way to print decent color prints for prepress proofing. (Tektronix and others made those up to tabloid/A3+ size.) The only competing technology was the IRIS continuous inkjet, which was much more expensive. Once laser printers and on-demand inkjet became good enough for prepress proofing, dye-sub fell into the much smaller niche of dedicated photo printing, as the sole continuous-tone printing technology other than actual photo lab prints. So in the 80s and 90s, if you saw the term "dye sub", it meant precisely one thing: ribbon to paper.
 * Then the fabric (and knickknack) printing industry came along and started using the term to mean something entirely different. This is certainly the dominant use of the term today, but it's not the original use, and the problem remains that there's no good alternative word for the original, which hasn't even died off.
 * No term seems clear, since every combination of "thermal transfer", "direct transfer", etc. still somehow overlaps with one of the fabric/knickknack printing processes. Even if we try to give the original process a retronym, there seems to be no terminology that could be used to cleanly differentiate the two groups of processes! — tooki (talk) 15:24, 19 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I've made an attempt to untangle the hot mess that this article had become, with the confusion between two radically different, largely unrelated groups of technologies. (It's super frustrating that the inkjet printer manufacturers co-opted the existing term "dye sublimation printer" to mean "an inkjet printer loaded with special ink to print dye-sub transfer sheets for subsequent transfer to fabric", when the term was already long established to mean the printers that use thermal printheads to dye-sub directly from ribbon onto paper.) — tooki (talk) 15:08, 19 March 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 4 December 2023
Add a subsection in the "Applications" section: Title of subsection: Versatile Applications in Textile, Ceramic, and Promotional Item Printing Text: Apart from its extensive application in business and industry, sublimation printing has become increasingly popular in the textile and apparel industries. Its capability to generate intricate designs with a vibrant color scheme that are integrated into the fabric composition results in prints that are resilient to fading. Sportswear, promotional clothes, and fashion apparel are examples of products where quality and durability are crucial, and this approach is perfect for them. Sublimation printing is also used to create custom graphics on ceramics and mugs, as well as to print on vinyl and T-shirts. Its high-quality prints and flexibility allow it to produce full-color, long-lasting designs that are integrated into the material rather than just being applied on its surface. Cyganprzemyslaw (talk) 14:44, 4 December 2023 (UTC)
 * ❌ - we cannot use someone's self published blog as a source, nor can we add this sort of non-neutral text. Please see WP:RS for information on Wikipedia's sourcing guidelines. And WP:NPOV for information on tone. - MrOllie (talk) 15:10, 4 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dye-sublimation printing


text:
User talk:KingDan1th

Hey, please don't create articles about yourself and your micronations. It will have to be deleted. Thanks. Adam Bishop 04:39, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:KingDan1th


text:
Black Knights' Tango

The Black Knights' Tango (also known as the Mexican Defense, Two Knights' Tango or Kevitz–Trajkovic Defense) is a chess opening beginning with the moves:
 * 1. d4 Nf6
 * 2. c4 Nc6

This position can also be reached by transposition, for example 1.c4 Nf6, 1.d4 Nc6, or 1.c4 Nc6.

History
The opening originated in the 1920s, when it was played by both the Mexican grandmaster Carlos Torre (hence the name "Mexican Defense") and the American master Alexander Kevitz (the "Kevitz" in "Kevitz–Trajkovic Defense"). Torre used it to defeat then-U.S. Chess Champion Frank James Marshall in only seven moves. It was later played by the Yugoslav master Mihailo Trajkovic and the Soviet grandmaster Anatoly Lutikov.

After decades of obscurity, the opening was revitalized by the International Master Georgi Orlov, who published a booklet and a book about it in 1992 and 1998, respectively. Orlov rechristened the opening the "Black Knights' Tango".

Since 1992, the opening has been employed by a number of strong grandmasters, including Victor Bologan, Joel Benjamin, Larry Christiansen, and Alex Yermolinsky. Yermolinsky has even ventured it against Garry Kasparov.

Basic ideas
Although fairly uncommon, the "Tango" has a sounder positional basis than most other offbeat openings: Black quickly, has a flexible pawn structure, and is prepared to strike back in the center with 3...e5, or with ...e6 and ...d5. The opening has some distinct variations but it is highly transpositional, and may transpose to the King's Indian Defense, Nimzo-Indian Defense, Bogo-Indian Defense, Chigorin Defense, Ragozin System, Catalan Opening, and English Opening.

3.Nf3
The most common move, preventing 3...e5. Black usually responds with 3...e6, although 3...d6, intending a kind of Old Indian Defense, is also possible. After 3...e6, White can play 4.Nc3 Bb4 (transposing to the Nimzo-Indian Defense); 4.a3, when Black can either play 4...d5 (reaching a kind of Queen's Gambit Declined or Ragozin System), or 4...d6 preparing 5...e5 or even 5...g6 ("championed by Bologan", according to Palliser), reaching a sort of King's Indian Defense;  or 4.g3, when Black can transpose to the Catalan Opening with 4...d5, recommended by Palliser or 4...Bb4+, preferred by Orlov, which transposes to a Nimzo-Indian after 5.Nc3, or to a Bogo-Indian Defense after 5.Bd2 or 5.Nbd2.

3.Nc3
This is White's second-most popular move. After the thematic 3...e5, one possibility for White is 4.Nf3, transposing to an English Opening. Palliser recommends 4...e4 in response, while Orlov prefers 4...exd4 5.Nxd4 Bb4. Instead, the main line is 4.d5 Ne7. Now the game may continue in "Tango" fashion, for example with 5.Nf3 Ng6, or transpose to the King's Indian Defense with, for example, 5.Nf3 d6 6.e4 (6.Bg5!?) g6 7.Be2 Bg7 8.0-0 0-0, reaching the main line of the King's Indian by transposition. Another interesting but relatively unexplored idea is 3...e6, allowing White to play 4.e4 (other moves such as 4.d5, 4.Bg5, 4.a3, 4.f3, and 4.Nf3 are also possible), whereupon Black follows up with 4...d5. From that position, the main possibilities are 5.e5 (the main line), 5.exd5, 5.cxd5, and 5.Bg5. These possibilities can also be reached via transposition from the Mikenas–Carls Variation of the English Opening (1.c4 Nf6 2.Nc3 e6 3.e4), although if Black wishes to play this way, the optimal move order is 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nc6.

3.d5
This ambitious move is but rarely seen. Black normally responds with 3...Ne5. Then after 4.e4 (inviting 4...Nxe4 5.Qd4 winning a knight), Black struck back in the center with 4...Ng6 5.f4 e5 in the seminal game Sämisch–Torre, Moscow 1925. Orlov considers both Torre's fourth and fifth moves inferior, however. He and Palliser both recommend 4...e6 instead, after which play can become extremely. For example, Elburg–Simmelink, correspondence 1999 continued 5.f4 Ng6 6.Bd3 exd5 7.e5 Ne4 8.cxd5 Qh4+ 9.g3 Bb4+! 10.Bd2 (Better is 10.Nc3 Nxc3! 11.bxc3 Bxc3+ 12.Bd2 Bxd2+ 13.Qxd2 Qe7 14.Nf3 d6 15.Bb5+! Kf8 16.Qc3 with some practical chances for the sacrificed pawn.) 10...Nxg3 11.Nf3 (first diagram) Nxf4! 12.Bf1! (12.Nxh4?? Nxd3!; 12.Bxb4? Nxd3+ 13.Qxd3 Qxb4+ is hopeless for White. ) 12...Bxd2+ 13.Nbxd2 (second diagram; 13.Qxd2? Nxf1+ 14.Nxh4 Nxd2 is winning for Black.) Qh3! 14.Rg1 (White cannot take either of Black's two hanging pieces: 14.Bxh3 Nd3#; 14.hxg3 Qxg3#. Nor is 14.Ng5 Qg2! any better.) 14...Nxf1 left Black with two extra pawns.

title: Black Knights' Tango


text:
User:Nulbyte/English/Verbs/Will

The English verb will is used to express various aspects and moods of intent, choice, desire, willingness or, when negated, refusal. Used as a modal or auxiliary verb, it expresses the conditional or imperative moods, as well as the future tense. As a transitive verb, it directly expresses one's wishes. This article focuses mainly on the modal and auxiliary functions; definitions are the transitive senses can be found in a common English dictionary.

As an modal verb, will expresses the following:
 * prediction of the future: "They'll be here soon." (for prediction based on fact, use Going-to future ("The result of this titration is going to be a neutral solution."))
 * inferential fact of the present: "They'll no doubt be there by now." (this is equally well expressed by "They are, doubtless, there by now.")
 * truths and facts: "This engine will only run on unleaded petrol."
 * obligation and orders: "All students will now, please, rise." (for official orders, shall is to be used)
 * habits: "He will always be willing to give you a hand whenever he can."
 * annoying habits: "She will keep interrupting me when I'm trying to work."
 * willingness: "I'll get some more milk if you like."
 * presently formed intention, spontaneous decision: "I'll post the letter for you tomorrow." (for previously planned actions, use Going-to future ("I am going to post the letter for you tomorrow."), and for previously agreed upon actions in the future, use Present Continuous ("We are having a party next week."))
 * resolve: "I will do my homework today."
 * requests: "You will open the door for me."

Will as an auxiliary in the Future Perfect expresses prediction of the future or the past:
 * 1) "I won't have finished reading the book by tomorrow."
 * 2) "They'll have easily got there by now."

The Future Perfect tense is generally used to describe activity which has started at an undefined time in the past and will be finished by a given time in the future. It can be recognised by the words by or next. (By the time; Next weekend ...).

The past tense of will in the modal verb sense is would. Would is used in reported speech, reporting the past (with the same meanings as will), conditional clauses, wish clauses, et cetera. For example:
 * I would have thought that he would have been thrilled! (or, better: "I should have thought ...") (but he wasn't)
 * He promised he would have posted my letter before the post office closed. (but I don't know if he had)
 * You wouldn't open the door, would you? (a polite request)
 * Would you open the door for me? (a polite request)
 * He said he would be late. (reported speech of He said: "I will be late.")
 * You'd be so much more accepted in society if you stopped wearing these awfully smelling perfumes. (2nd type conditional; because you wear perfumes with an awful odour, you are not accepted in society; the situation is hypothetical but possible)
 * If I had bought that winning ticket, I would be one hundred and twenty-five pounds richer now. (mixed conditional; I didn't buy that winning ticket, so I am not any richer now.)
 * If I had stomachache, I would have told the doctor. (mixed conditional; I do not have stomachache, so I did not say anything to the doctor about it.)
 * If I had had a motorcycle, I wouldn't have walked to school every day. (3rd type conditional; I did not have a motorcycle, so I walked to school.)
 * He would often tell me stories when I was young. (= He used to tell me stories when I was young.)
 * I wish she would stop her endless grievance. (wish clause for the present or the future, expressing annoyance; wish can only be followed by would in this case, and even so only when referring to activities performed by someone else)

For a discussion on when to use shall and when will, see Shall.

See also: future tense, going-to future.

Category:English language

title: User:Nulbyte/English/Verbs/Will