text:
Glossary of BDSM

This glossary of BDSM (an initialism for bondage, discipline, domination, submission, sadism, and masochism) terms defines terms commonly used in the BDSM community.

BDSM activities are described as play in BDSM terminology.

Etymology
BDSM abbreviations have their origins in classified personal advertisements, where euphemisms for paraphilic and socially disapproved practices were required by periodical editors to circumvent censorship and obscenity law.

The term BDSM is a portmanteau of initialisms intended to encompass all of the following activities:
 * Bondage and discipline (B & D or B/D)
 * Dominance and submission (D & S or D/s) (including "master and slave" role-playing scenarios and ongoing relationship structures)
 * Sadism and masochism (S & M or S/M)

Capitalization conventions
Some people in the BDSM community begin dominant terms (Top, Master, Dom, Domme, etc.) with an uppercase, and submissive terms (bottom, slave, sub, etc.) with a lowercase, even where normally incorrect. A combined example of this is "D/s" for "Dom/sub." Some extend this to honorifics and capitalization: for example, Master Rob's slave, linda, may refer to him as Sir and themself as i (or as "this slave", restricted from referring to themself in the first person). Others are highly dismissive of this "slashy speak".

BDSM glossary

 * 24/7: A relationship in which protocols are in place continuously.
 * Abrasion: Use of friction with a rough surface against the receptive partner. May be used to sensitize an area of skin.
 * Adult baby/diaper lover (ABDL): A form of ageplay; adult babies receive gratification from role-playing an infant. This can involve submission on the adult baby's part. Diaper lovers receive gratification from the wearing and often using of diapers. Whilst these two paraphilias are distinct, it is common that a person who enjoys one will also enjoy the other to some degree.
 * Aftercare: The time after a BDSM scene or play session in which the participants calm down, discuss the previous events and their personal reactions to them, and slowly come back in touch with reality.
 * BDSM: Bondage/Discipline, Dominance/Submission, Sadism/Masochism: a combined acronym often used as a catchall for anything in the kink scene.
 * Blackmail: Commonly referred to as consensual blackmail. Where a submissive provides material that would be undesirable or have personal or career consequences for them if it was made public, in order to force them to stay in a relationship. The material can also be in the form of naked photos or videos of them or such material taken as part of BDSM sessions. Commonly used as part of consensual non-consent where they can only refuse to perform an activity or have an action performed if such material is released to the public or some individuals.
 * Bondage: Acts involving the physical restraint of a partner. Bondage typically refers to total restraint, but it can be limited to a particular body part, such as breast bondage.
 * Bottom: One who receives physical sensation from a top in a scene; the receiving partner.
 * Brat: A sub who behaves disobediently, mischievously, or uncontrollably; often to provoke a response.
 * Breast bondage: The act of tying breasts so that they are either flattened against the chest or they bulge.
 * Breast torture: Torture of the breasts.
 * Breath control play: Restriction of oxygen to heighten sexual arousal and orgasm. Methods to achieve this include strangulation, suffocation, and smothering.
 * Butt plug: A sex toy that is designed to be inserted into the rectum for sexual pleasure. They come in a variety of sizes; some can vibrate. Sometimes used in Petplay, with a tail attached. Some plugs have a locking mechanism that can increase the erotic or humiliation factor by preventing self-removal.
 * Chastity: A form of erotic sexual denial or orgasm denial whereby a person is prevented (often with a locking device) from access to, or stimulation of, their genitals, save at the whim or choice of their partner.
 * Cock and ball torture (CBT): Torture of the penis and testicles for sexual gratification.
 * Collared: Submissive or slave who is owned, usually (but certainly not exclusively) in a loving intimate relationship. A dominant may have multiple persons collared. Also: a pup's status, as differentiated from a "stray".
 * Collaring: The formal acceptance by a dominant of a sub's service. Also, the ceremony when a dominant commits to a sub (much like a wedding or other contract).
 * Contrapolar stimulation: "Hurts so good!” A type of physical stimulation that incorporates feeling of both pleasure and pain.
 * Consensual non-consent (CNC): An agreement where parties act as if consent has been waived. Consent is given in advance for some or any actions, and the dominant has the discretion to continue with any action or activity, even after the subject would have otherwise indicated they wish to withdraw consent.
 * Consent: Mutual agreement to terms of action, as in a scene or ongoing BDSM relationship.
 * D/s: Dominance/submission: play or relationships that involve a psychologically-based power exchange.
 * DDLG: Daddy Dom/Little Girl, a subset of Dominance and submission. The name of this lifestyle refers to the nurturing relationship between parent/child where the dom takes on the role of a parent figure and the sub of a little girl.
 * Dungeon monitor (DM): A person who supervises the interactions between participants at a play party or dungeon to enforce house rules-- essentially, the bouncer of a BDSM event. They may also help in basic ways, such as giving water to participants.
 * Dom: A person who exercises control (from dominant – contrasted with sub). This term is generally used for male dominants, but can be used for anyone regardless of gender.
 * Dominant: A person who exercises control – contrasted with submissive.
 * Domme: Woman who exercises control (see also Dominatrix). Some younger female dominants prefer to use the non-gendered terms dom/dominant.
 * Dom-space: The euphoric state of mind a dom may enter during a scene. May include an intensified perception of the scene.
 * Dungeon: Usually a room or area with BDSM equipment and play space.
 * Edgeplay: SM play that involves a chance of harm, either physically or emotionally. Because the definition of edgeplay is subjective to the specific players (i.e., what is risky for one person may not be as risky for another), there is not a universal list of what is included in edgeplay. Examples may include bloodplay and gunplay.
 * Enema play: Gratifying or sensual sexual arousal experienced from enemas. Enemas are also used in sadomasochistic activities for erotic humiliation or physical discomfort.
 * Erotic humiliation: Humiliating someone during a sexual act. This act could be either verbal or physical (for example, insulting a partner, making a partner display their private parts to a group of people, or even urinating or defecating on a partner). It can be a great source of pleasure for some people.
 * Erotic sexual denial: Keeping another person aroused while delaying or preventing resolution of the feelings, to keep them in a continual state of anticipatory tension, inner conflict, and heightened sensitivity. (See also tease and denial and chastity.)
 * Erotic spanking: The act of spanking another person for the sexual arousal or gratification of either or both parties.
 * Figging: Insertion of a piece of peeled ginger root into the anus, vagina, or urethra.
 * Financial domination: (Also known as money slavery or findom) is a sexual fetish associated with a practice of dominance and submission, where a submissive (money slave, finsub, paypig, human ATM, or cash piggy) will give gifts and money to a financial dominant (money mistress/master, findomme/findom, money dom/domme or cash master/mistress).
 * Fisting: Inserting a hand into the vagina or rectum. Fisting close-up (cropped).jpg
 * Forced orgasm: Where a subject has no control in being brought to orgasm, either through physical or mental restraint. May also be used where a female is continuously brought to orgasm to the point of it becoming painful, uncomfortable, or numb, rather than being pleasurable.
 * Genitorture: Torture of the genitals.
 * Golden showers: Urinating on, or being urinated on by, another person.
 * Good pain (1): Good pain and bad pain are terms used lightheartedly by BDSM practitioners, signifying that whilst BDSM may include an element (often quite pronounced) of consensual pain, there is a purpose to it, and some pain is consented to and accepted whilst other pain is not. Good pain is therefore pain that is mutually agreed upon, desired, or permitted by the submissive partner to be experienced and enjoyed.
 * Good pain (2): Good pain and bad pain refer to pain perceived as pleasant and unpleasant, respectively. Sensations that non-practitioners imagine to be painful are instead perceived and described by BDSM practitioners as pleasurable or a good form of pain, in much the way that muscles after a workout at the gym may be sore, but in a good way. The transition of perception from bad pain to good pain may require a warm-up beforehand.
 * Gorean: A subgenre based upon the rituals and practices created within the world of Gor in the erotic novels by John Norman. Though seen as separate from the BDSM community, the two communities may share similarities, especially in master/slave relationships.
 * Gunplay: The practice of including actual (or simulated) firearms into a scene.
 * Handkerchief codes: A code used to indicate to others one's area of interest in a sexual context, ex: a Handkerchief worn on the left indicates a top, on the right indicates a bottom; generally used in an LGBT context.
 * Hard limits: What someone absolutely will not do; non-negotiable (as opposed to "soft limits").
 * Hogtie: Tying up a submissive's wrists and ankles, fastening them together behind their back using physical restraints, such as rope or cuffs.
 * Impact play: Part of sensation play, dealing with impacts from whips, riding crops, paddles, floggers, etc.

 * Inspection: A form of scenario play, usually in a master/slave-like relationship, where a submissive has to strip naked at the command of a dominant and adopt a pose to have their body, posture, grooming, and appearance inspected. They may also have the execution of other duties examined during this time. During an inspection, areas of their body and their state may be examined. After an inspection, a sub may be rewarded for passing or punished for failing. Inspections may also be performed for eroticism or objectification, either in private or in view of others.
 * Kajira: A slave girl in BDSM
 * Kinbaku: Literally means "tight binding.". Kinbaku is a Japanese style of bondage that involves tying up the bottom using simple, yet visually intricate, patterns. Also referred to as shibari.
 * Kinbaku-bi: Literally means "beauty of tight binding."
 * Kinky sex: Any sexual act that is generally considered to be unconventional.
 * Klismaphilia See enema play.
 * Knife play: Slow, methodical sensation of the bottom with the edges and points of knives, usually without cutting the skin. Fear of the weapon plays a large part in the stimulus of the bottom.
 * Limits: What someone will not participate in (hard limits) or is hesitant to do so (soft limits).
 * Masochism: Act of receiving pleasure from acts involving the receipt or infliction of pain or humiliation.
 * Masochist: Person who enjoys pain, often sexually.
 * Master/slave: A consensual relationship in which one person receives control (the Master) when given it by another (the slave) for mutual benefit, with a focus on service and obedience. The slave will often accept a collar from their Master to show that they are owned.
 * MDLB: Mommy Domme/Little Boy, the female-led version of DDLG, a subset of Dominance and submission. While this lifestyle may or may not involve ageplay, the name refers to the nurturing relationship of parent/child.
 * Exxxotica NJ 2013-066.jpg 2013]]Mummification: Full body bondage that completely immobilizes the one wrapped up.
 * Munch: A group of people that practice BDSM meeting at a "vanilla" place (ie, a club) in street-appropriate attire. One might see an announcement like, "This weekend's munch is at Denny's".
 * Needle play: Temporary piercings done with sterile needles of varying gauges, usually only for the duration of a scene.
 * Nose torture: A traditionally Japanese form of BDSM often involving nose hooks.
 * Pain slut: A person who enjoys receiving a heavy degree of pain.
 * Pegging: A sexual practice in which typically a woman penetrates a man's anus with a strap-on dildo.
 * Play party: A BDSM event involving many people engaging in scenes.   Generally, there is an area for drinking and socializing, an area for changing into more appropriate attire (such as fetishwear), and an area for "play" or sexually arousing activities.
 * Ponyboy or Ponygirl: A sub dressed in a pony outfit, with mouth bit and anal plug with a tail. They are told to prance or behave like a pony.
 * Post-orgasm torture: Uncomfortable or painful stimulation of the genitals immediately after orgasm, when these are in a more sensitive state.
 * ProDom: Male professional dominant (charges money).
 * ProDomme: Female professional dominant (charges money).
 * Pup-play: Play where the sub acts like a puppy.
 * Pussy torture: Torture of the vulva or vagina for sexual gratification.
 * Risk Aware Consensual Kink (RACK): Describes a philosophical perspective within the BDSM community that prioritizes informed consent and awareness of the risks involved in BDSM activities. Unlike other guidelines that may focus on ensuring activities are inherently "safe," RACK emphasizes the importance of all participants being fully educated about the risks they are taking.
 * Rhaphanidosis: Insertion of a piece of radish into the anus.
 * Rope bondage: Tying someone with ropes. An example is Japanese kinbaku.
 * Sadism: The act of receiving pleasure from inflicting pain.
 * Sadist: A person who enjoys inflicting pain, usually sexually.
 * Safe, Sane and Consensual (SSC): A guideline, used by some in the BDSM community, that emphasises ensuring that activities are safe, all participants have capacity to give consent, and explicit consent is obtained from all parties involved. This approach is sometimes contrasted with RACK (Risk-Aware Consensual Kink), which emphasizes informed risk-taking over predetermined notions of safety.
 * Safeword: A codeword that can be used to force BDSM activity to be decreased in intensity or be stopped outright – used especially in scenes which may involve consensual force.
 * Scat play: Feces play.
 * Scene: Refers to the setting and participation of a BDSM activity.
 * Sensation play: class of activities meant to impart physical sensations upon a partner, as opposed to mental forms of erotic play such as power exchange or sexual roleplaying.
 * Service submission: A person who enjoys performing a service in a sexual or BDSM environment.
 * Slave: A submissive who consensually gives up total control of one or more aspects of their life to another person (their Master).
 * Soft limits: Something that someone is hesitant to do or is nervous to try. They can sometimes be talked into the activity, but it is preferable if it is negotiated into a scene at a trial stage or at beginner level.
 * Squick: The uncomfortable feeling someone may get when they hear or see certain kinky activities. It can also refer to someone who has no interest in the activity – it "squicks them out" – but who has no prejudice against the play or people who participate. It is believed that the word is a combination of "squirm" and "icky" and is used to imply an uncomfortable feeling mixed with disgust. The term is used instead of disgust because that word implies moral repugnance to the act.
 * Subdrop: A physical condition, often with cold- or flu-like symptoms, experienced by a submissive after an intense session of BDSM play. This can last for as long as a week and is best prevented by aftercare immediately after the session.
 * Submissive (or "sub" for short): A person that gives up control, either all the time or for a specified period (not to be confused with "bottom" or "slave").
 * Subspace: A specific psychological state that some submissives, s-types, or bottoms experience during a BDSM scene. It is often described as a "natural high" where the individual feels disconnected from time, space, and their body. Communication may be limited, so it's critical that the Dominant/top monitor their partner's well-being. Subspace is often induced by a combination of endorphins and adrenaline and can last for varying periods. It is crucial to have proper aftercare to help the submissive return to a "normal" psychological state following subspace.
 * Switch: Someone who likes being both dominant and submissive, either in one scene or on different occasions.
 * Tit torture: The act of causing deliberate physical pain to the breasts or nipples.
 * TNG: The Next Generation. A tag commonly used by groups and organizations which cater to younger people involved in BDSM, typically ages 18–35.
 * Top: The person "doing the action" (contrasted with bottom – the person receiving the action). A top is not necessarily a dominant.
 * Topping from the bottom: When a bottom purports to be a submissive but nonetheless tries to over-direct the top in a manner not fitting to the scene or relationship.
 * TPE (Total Power Exchange): A relationship where the dominant or owner has complete authority and influence over the submissive's life, making the majority of decisions.
 * Training: Either referring to a short period of time, or an ongoing effort of the dominant teaching the submissive how to behave for their own preferences.
 * Vanilla: Someone who is not into BDSM. Alternatively, sexual behavior which does not encompass BDSM activity.
 * Wax play: The top drips hot wax on the bottom.
 * WIITWD: What It Is That We Do. A broad term referring to all forms of alternative sexuality.

Protocol
High protocol refers to groups or individuals that adhere to strict roles and role-based rules of conduct, whereas low protocol refers to groups or individuals that are more relaxed. Old Guard now usually refers to high protocol groups, particularly gay leather BDSM groups; people who use this phrase may be romanticizing a perception of leather history: see Old Guard leather.

title: Glossary of BDSM


text:
User:Marowiliams

= LAMP - Debian Sarge (kernel 2.4.27) =
 * partizione
 * apache 2.0.52
 * mysql 4.0.22
 * php 4.3.9
 * bind 9.2.4
 * proftp 1.2.10
 * postfix 2.1.4-5

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Marowiliams


text:
Talk:1982 World's Fair

Did you know nomination
I’m glad this got gooded—it was a very enjoyable read on a topic I knew nothing about! jengod (talk) 13:16, 21 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:1982 World's Fair


text:
The Replacement Killers

The Replacement Killers is a 1998 American action film directed by Antoine Fuqua in his feature film directorial debut, and starring Chow Yun-fat (his international film debut), Mira Sorvino, Michael Rooker and Kenneth Tsang. The film was released in the United States on February 6, 1998. The storyline was conceived from a screenplay written by Ken Sanzel. Veteran action director John Woo co-produced and choreographed the action sequences. The film is set in modern-day Los Angeles and follows an emotionally disillusioned assassin who is forced to settle a violent vendetta for a ruthless crime boss. The film marks the American acting debut for Chow, as his previous film credits included Hong Kong action cinema only.

The film was a co-production between the motion picture studios of Columbia Pictures, Brillstein-Grey Entertainment, and WCG Entertainment Productions. The Replacement Killers explores assassination, violence and the influence of triads in modern society. The film score was orchestrated by Harry Gregson-Williams; the soundtrack was released by the Varèse Sarabande music label on March 10, 1998.

The Replacement Killers premiered in theaters nationwide in the United States on February 6, 1998, grossing $19.2 million in US ticket receipts and $39.5 million worldwide from a $30 million budget. It has a 38% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a consensus of "mixed reviews" on Metacritic.

Plot
During an orchestrated drug bust at a marine loading dock, LAPD detective Stan Zedkov kills Triad lieutenant Peter Wei.

Looking to exact revenge for his son's death, Peter's father, Terence, sends for professional assassin John Lee. Paying off an old debt, Lee has already killed two targets for Wei, who now tells him that this third and final job will settle the obligation. However, Lee's conscience prevents him from completing his final assignment: to assassinate Zedkov's seven-year-old son Stevie before the detective's eyes.

Realizing that his actions will result in retaliation against his mother and sister, Lee prepares to return to China, enlisting the help of old friend Alan Chan, a monk in a local Buddhist temple, to make arrangements to have his family moved to a secure location. Infuriated by Lee's disobedience, Wei orders his head lieutenant, Michael Kogan, to lead the hunt for Lee, and has his people in China begin the search for Lee's family.

No longer able to use the Triad network to get out of the country, Lee searches for alternative means outside Wei's sphere of influence, and looks to skilled forger Meg Coburn for a new passport. Before she can finish the job, Wei's men storm Meg's office, destroying the computerized tools of her trade in the ensuing shootout. Lee escapes; Coburn is picked up by the police, unsuccessfully interrogated by Zedkov, and released as bait so the detective can see who tries to kill her. Meanwhile, Wei hires two skilled out-of-town contract killers named Ryker and Collins to take over the hunt for Lee and the Zedkov contract.

Lee finds Coburn when she returns to her destroyed office. Having been made aware that the Triads are involved, Coburn wants out, but Lee forces her to finish her original task of creating a forged passport. Traveling with Coburn, and with the two "replacement killers" in pursuit, Lee gets pictures from a photo booth and phones Alan, who offers the use of his passport. When Lee arrives at the temple, he discovers that Alan has been tortured to the point of death. Alan tells Lee that his family was moved to Canton—but he told his torturers they were in Shanghai. Lee has little more than 24 hours before his family is found. The monk gives Lee his passport before dying in his arms.

Holed up in a hotel, Coburn finishes altering Alan's passport for Lee. The two exchange stories, and Coburn becomes sympathetic to Lee. Feeling compelled to stop the killing of Zedkov's son before leaving the country, Lee forces one of Wei's men to reveal the plan, which is to kill Stevie while he and his father are at a movie festival inside a cinema. Lee and Coburn, who insists on helping, arrive barely in time to prevent Ryker and Collins from killing the boy, and Ryker is killed by Lee in the subsequent gunfight.

Concerned that Lee and Coburn will make their way back to his base of operations, Wei makes plans to flee the country and hunt down Lee's mother and sister himself. However, when two guards open the main gate for Wei and his entourage to leave in a limo, Lee is just outside. He launches a two-handed handgun assault while Coburn surfaces moments later, driving a truck through the melee, incapacitating Michael, and later killing him. When Collins fires from a high perch on Lee and Coburn, Lee soon outflanks Collins, killing him from behind. Finally, Lee corners Wei on a fire escape platform. Though both men have emptied their guns, Lee is first to reload. Wei promises Lee that the boy and Lee's family will still die, but Lee replies, "Not in your lifetime," and kills him. Though Zedkov arrives before Lee and Coburn can get away, he lets them go, taking only their guns.

Coburn reluctantly bids goodbye to Lee at the airport, presenting him with one last gift, passports for his mother and sister.

Cast

 * Chow Yun-fat as John Lee
 * Mira Sorvino as Meg Coburn
 * Michael Rooker as Det. Stan "Zeedo" Zedkov
 * Kenneth Tsang as Terence Wei
 * Jürgen Prochnow as Michael Kogan
 * Til Schweiger as Ryker
 * Danny Trejo as Collins
 * Clifton Collins Jr. as Loco
 * Carlos Gomez as Det. Hunt
 * Frank Medrano as Eddie Rawlins
 * Carlos Leon as Romero
 * Leo Lee as Lam
 * Patrick Kilpatrick as Pryce
 * Randall Duk Kim as Alan Chan
 * Andrew J. Marton as Stevie Zedkov
 * Sydney Coberly as Sara Zedkov
 * Yau-Gene Chan as Peter Wei
 * Nicki Micheaux as Nicole, Police Technician
 * Max Daniels as Old Drug Smuggler
 * Albert Wong as Old Chinese Man

Filming
Production for the film began on February 10, 1997 in downtown Los Angeles. The first shoot was set in the historic Mayan Theater, refurbished as a trendy nightclub and cast with hundreds of extras for the film's opening scene. The eight-story, nearly condemned Giant Penny building in the middle of LA served as the location for a police station interior, a hotel room, and Meg Coburn's office. A chaotic gunfight was filmed amid the spray, brushes, and hoses of Joe's Car Wash, also in LA. A Chinatown-like streetscape of damp, narrow alleys and blinking red neon lights was created for the night-time finale, where Yun-Fat shot off 546 rounds of two-fisted shooting; the repetitive action left his hands blistered and shaking. More gunplay took place in a video arcade replicated at the original Lawry's California Center (now the Los Angeles River Center and Gardens), just north of downtown LA. Lee's tranquil Buddhist temple was fashioned under this same roof.

Director Fuqua stressed to his team that the aim was to design a "Taxi Driver for the 1990s". In addition to physical training, Mira Sorvino, who had never handled a gun prior to this film, took weapons training to prepare for her role. Sorvino, who majored in Asian studies at Harvard, speaks Mandarin, and lived for eight months (1988–89) in Beijing, where she studied Chinese, taught English, and saw Chinese films, including Hong Kong action films, felt The Replacement Killers brought her a step closer to her goal of making a film in Mandarin and working with a Chinese director. Prior to the start of filming, Sorvino had blown out her voice from screaming in reshoots of Mimic; Fuqua liked the effect and asked her to keep it, which required Sorvino to yell prior to each day's shoots to burn out her voice.

Soundtrack
The original motion picture score was composed by Harry Gregson-Williams. Alan Meyerson mixed the sound elements for the chorus, while Richard Whitfield edited the film's music. The soundtrack for the film was released on March 10, 1998 by the Varèse Sarabande music label. In an interview with Hideo Kojima, he stated it was the film's soundtrack that lead him to hire Harry to work on the soundtrack of Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty.

Additional music
In addition to the film score by Harry Gregson-Williams, several modern songs by cutting-edge artists were included on the soundtrack (although never officially released as a cd) including:
 * "Keep Hope Alive" by The Crystal Method
 * "Jaan " by Talvin Singh featuring Amar
 * "Makes Me Wanna Die (The Weekend Mix)" by Tricky
 * "Rocco" by Death In Vegas (album: Dead Elvis)
 * "Boom Boom Caw" by Brad
 * "33" by Hed PE
 * "Escape From The City Of Angels" by Ithaka (featuring Marta Dias) / Album: Flowers And The Color Of Paint)

Release
The Replacement Killers premiered in cinemas on February 6, 1998 in wide release throughout the US, and had a five-week theatrical run.

Home media
Following its cinematic release in theaters, The Replacement Killers was released on DVD and VHS by Columbia TriStar Home Video in the United States on July 1, 1998. Special features for the DVD include scene selections and the featurette specials; Chow Yun-Fat Goes Hollywood along wth an edited HBO special: "Where the Action is". A VHS format edition was released on March 30, 1999. On March 5, 2002, a Special Edition DVD was released. Features include: digitally mastered audio and anamorphic video; widescreen presentation; audio in English 5.1 (Dolby Digital), Spanish, French, Portuguese; subtitles in English, Spanish, French, Portuguese, Chinese, Korean, Thai; director's commentary; HBO making-of, Where the Action Is; deleted scenes; alternate ending; exclusive featurette, Chow Yun-Fat Goes Hollywood; theatrical trailers; filmographies; animated menus; and scene selections with motion images.

A UMD version of the film for the Sony PlayStation Portable was released on August 9, 2005. The disc features DVD quality picture; languages in Chinese, English, Korean, Portuguese, Spanish, and Thai, with viewing options for color and black and white.

An extended-cut DVD adding approximately 10 minutes to the film was released on April 25, 2006. Special features include: Chow Yun-Fat Goes Hollywood; digitally remastered picture and sound; and an edited HBO special, Where the Action Is.

The widescreen hi-definition Blu-ray version of the film was released on September 11, 2007. Special features include: The Making of the Replacement Killers: Where the Action Is and the exclusive featurette, Chow Yun-Fat Goes Hollywood. A supplemental viewing option for the film in the media format of Video on demand is available as well.

Box office
During its February 6, 1998 US opening weekend, the film ranked second place, grossing $8,046,553 at 1,936 locations. The film Titanic came in first place during that weekend grossing $23,027,838. Its revenue dropped by 49% in its second week of release, earning $4,068,335. For that particular weekend, the film fell to sixth place still screening in 1,936 theaters. Titanic remained in first place grossing $28,167,947 in box office revenue. During its final week in release, The Replacement Killers opened in a distant 21st place with $131,727 in revenue. The film went on to top out domestically at $19,204,929 in total ticket sales through a 5-week theatrical run. For 1998 as a whole, the film would cumulatively rank at a box office performance position of 90. Worldwide, the film grossed $39.5 million in all territories.

Critical response
Rotten Tomatoes reports that 37% of 38 sampled critics gave the film a positive review; the average score is 5.3 out of 10. The consensus summarizes: "Chow Yun-fat makes his dubious English-language debut in The Replacement Killers, a stylish but muddled knockoff of the Hong Kong shoot-em-ups that earned the star his international renown." At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average out of 100 to critics' reviews, the film received a score of 42 based on 22 reviews, which it classifies as "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.

Among some of the positive critiques, Roger Ebert writing in the Chicago Sun-Times called it "as abstract as a jazz instrumental, and as cool and self-assured." Discussing the film's style, he remarked that it was a "high-gloss version of a Hong Kong action picture, made in America but observing the exuberance of a genre where surfaces are everything." In Variety, Leonard Klady viewed the film as being a "big, loud music video that's not particularly interested in content. It's a rudderless style piece; as the old saw cautions, accept no substitutes." Regarding the film's set design and production qualities, he noted that, "while an apt homage, the set pieces here are technical but not visceral, feeling manufactured rather than organically integrated into the plot."

Russell Smith of The Austin Chronicle said the film was "so numbingly ritualistic that even the well-choreographed gun battles, probably the most Woo-like aspects of the film, lose much of their potential impact." Writing for The New York Times, Stephen Holden noted that although the film's "seamless fusion of Hong Kong action-adventure style and cool, Los Angeles street chic has a certain seductive charm, it is the only charm of a movie that is otherwise devoid of content." Edward Guthmann in the San Francisco Chronicle said that "As pointless blast-athons go, The Replacement Killers isn't bad. It's beautifully shot by first-time feature director Antoine Fuqua, whose eye for sensual surfaces, deft camera moves and elegant framing was refined with commercials and music videos."

Desson Thomson of The Washington Post stated that "Without Chow Yun-Fat, who makes his American screen debut here, there'd be nothing to say about The Replacement Killers. Antoine Fuqua's action movie is entirely free of surprise. It breaks no rules." He did however muse that "Chow's pretty face and cool presence are inescapable. You don't enjoy this movie, so much as you conduct a road test for the Hong Kong actor. Yes, he can survive in an English language picture!" In The San Francisco Examiner, Walter Addiego perceived that the film "remains a counterfeit of a Woo movie, even though Woo himself co-produced it. He turned the directing chores over to first-timer Antoine Fuqua, whose previous work was limited to music videos and commercials, and it shows." He added, "The script, by Ken Sanzel, is the work of someone who's seen Woo's movies and wasn't particularly moved by the experience."

Crew's response
In retrospect, Antoine Fuqua said: "'The Replacement Killers' was a good and bad experience. It was great because Chow Yun-Fat is the coolest guy in the world. He was just beautiful. Mira Sorvino was cool. It was fun working with Mira. But the difficult thing was learning the studio system, learning all the things that go along with that system. There are a lot of people that have a lot of say, especially when you're that young in the studio world. You learn that it is a business. I think for me, what I learned was I still love making movies, and I know what I don't want to do. The thing that I learned the most out of that movie was what I don't want to do."

Ken Sanzel, who wrote the movie, said: "The script bears very little resemblance to anything I would have written; only the bare bones of the plot really survived. I think that Chow Yun-Fat was incredible, but for me the movie was a series of otherwise bad decisions. I’m glad that people enjoy it, but it was really Antoine Fuqua’s sensibility top to bottom, which is not at all mine (aside from the fact that we both love the work of Michael Mann, though apparently for very different reasons).

Mira Sorvino said: "I loved working with Antoine, and it was fun to do an action movie. It was kind of like being a kid and playing cowboys and Indians, or cops and robbers. And I enjoyed the role of Meg. I thought she was fun to do."

title: The Replacement Killers


text:
Merpati Nusantara Airlines

PT Merpati Nusantara Airlines, operating as Merpati Nusantara Airlines, was an airline in Indonesia based in Central Jakarta, Jakarta. It operated scheduled domestic services to more than 25 destinations in Indonesia, as well as scheduled international services to East Timor and Malaysia. The word merpati is Indonesian for "dove", and Nusantara is a Javanese word found in the Pararaton ("the Book of Kings", probably written in the 16th century) meaning "the outer islands", referring to the Indonesian archipelago. The airline was based at Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, Jakarta. It also maintained both a maintenance and simulator facility at Juanda International Airport, Surabaya. The Merpati Training Centre at Surabaya housed Fokker F-27, AVIC MA60 and CN-235 full motion simulators.

All services were suspended in 2014 due to financial and regulatory issues. After 8 years of failing to negotiate the airlines relaunch and obtain funding, all operating licenses and certificates were permanently revoked and the airline was dissolved on 20 February 2023.

History
With a start-up capital of 10 million rupiah, Merpati began operations in Kalimantan, using a fleet of four de Havilland Otter/DHC-3s and two DC-3 Dakotas provided by the Indonesian Air Force (TNI AU). Pilots and technicians were supplied by the Indonesian Air Force, Garuda Indonesia Airways, and other civil aviation companies. Its mission, defined by the government, was to become an 'air bridge' linking remote areas of Indonesia and thereby helping to build the economies of such regional areas. The air bridge theme is the basis of the current Merpati logo, displayed on the tails of its aircraft.

The first Managing Director appointed was Air Commodore Sutoyo Adiputro Henk (1962–1966) who had an initial staff of 17 people. In 1963, the airline expanded its routes to include Jakarta - Tanjung Karang (Bandar Lampung), Jakarta - Semarang, and Jakarta - Balikpapan. In 1964, the airline took over operations from NV de Kroonduif Garuda, increasing its aircraft fleet to 12. With the addition of three DC-3 Dakotas, two DHC-6 Twin Otters and 1 DHC-2 Beaver, Merpati began to grow, with operations now reaching Sumatra, Papua and Nusa Tenggara Barat. Further expansion saw the addition of more aircraft, including three Dornier DO-28s and six Pilatus Porter PC-6s, and staff numbers growing to 583 people.

The airline was jointly owned by the Indonesian Government (93.2%) and Garuda Indonesia (6.8%).

In June 2011, the Merpati commercial director stated that the airline was opening a tender for 15 jet airliners, including 40 aircraft with a capacity of 50 passengers and 20 additional aircraft carrying 20 passengers, such as the MA-60, the NC-212 or DHC-6 Twin Otter. The following month, with the airline suffering from financial difficulties, the government and the legislature agreed to provide a capital injection of Rp.516 billion ($60.7 million) to Merpati Nusantara Airlines in the 2012 state budget.

In February 2014, due to the airline's inability to pay its employees salary or benefits for three consecutive months, many pilots and cabin crew resigned. The same month, Merpati suspended all services due to cashflow problems, including an inability to obtain fuel on credit, obliging the company to pay cash. On 24 July 2014 it was reported that the Indonesian Ministry of Finance had decided not to reopen the company following the airline's accumulating a debt of 7.9 trillion Rp, as well as the failure of a debt-to-equity-swap plan proposed by the company.

In late 2016 the Ministry of State Owned Enterprises stated that the airline might be able to resume commercial flights in 2017 following a restructuring plan and government cash injection.

On 14 November 2018, The Panel of Judges of the Commercial Court decided to approve the peace proposal of PT Merpati Nusantara Airlines with its creditors held at the District Court (PN), Surabaya, East Java. Thus, PT Merpati Nusantara Airlines was declared not bankrupt.

However, by June 2022, The New Merpati has been presumed no longer return and the airline license has been permanently revoked by the government. Thus, Merpati's obligations to third parties, such as severance pay to former employees, will be settled by selling all of its assets through an auction mechanism.

Corporate affairs
The airline's headquarters were in Central Jakarta. Previously, the airline had been based out of Kemajoran Airport.

Previous fleet
The Merpati fleet included the following aircraft prior to its suspension (as of January 2014):

Fleet development
In 2012, Merpati announced that it would take delivery of Airbus A320 aircraft in 2014 but, due to cash problems, this proposal was abandoned. Through a restructuring plan and government cash injection, Merpati hoped to relaunch its operations by the end of 2017 or early 2018, most likely using Boeing 737-700 or Boeing 737-800 aircraft. However, this plan was aborted as the airline decided to order other aircraft types instead.

In 2018 Merpati Nusantara signed a letter of intent for 10 Irkut MC-21-300 aircraft.

Former fleet

 * ATR 72
 * Airbus A300
 * Airbus A310
 * British Aerospace 146
 * British Aerospace ATP
 * Boeing 707-120B
 * Boeing 707-320C
 * Boeing 727
 * Boeing 737-200
 * Boeing 737-300
 * Boeing 737-400
 * de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter
 * Douglas DC-9
 * Fokker F27 Friendship
 * Fokker F28 Fellowship
 * Fokker 100
 * CASA/IPTN CN-235
 * Indonesian Aerospace 212-200
 * Hawker Siddeley 748
 * NAMC YS-11
 * Lockheed L-100 Hercules
 * Vickers Vanguard
 * Vickers Viscount

Merpati Training Center
Merpati Training Center is a division of strategic business unit and is one of the largest aviation training centres in Indonesia. It conducts ground school courses for pilots, flight attendants, flight operation officers (dispatchers), commercial airline operations and administration staff in the region. The training centre was founded in 1994 and known as 'Flight Safety Training' training initially Merpati's own staff, but later changed its name to the Merpati Training Center (MTC) in 1999. Some of MTC's clients include the national airline, Garuda Indonesia, Sriwijaya Air, Batavia Air, Lion Air, and Pelita Air Service, among others.

Courses conducted by the MTC include type rating courses for pilots, flight attendants and flight operation officers on the Boeing 737 Classic, AVIC Xian MA60, Fokker F27, CASA CN-235, DHC-6 Twin Otter, CASA C-212 Aviocar, as well as other ground courses including Dangerous Goods Awareness, Airline Transport Pilot License (ATPL) theory, Cockpit Resources Management (CRM), Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM), Approach and Landing Accident Reduction (ALAR), Safety Management Systems (SMS), Aviation Security (AVSEC) and Windshear Avoidance.

MTC has two campuses, located in Jakarta and Surabaya. MTC's Jakarta campus is located on 11th Floor of the Merpati Building in Kemayoran, whereas the Surabaya campus is located at Juanda International Airport.

Merpati Pilot School

On 16 February 2010, the Merpati Pilot School, a department of the MTC, was officially launched at Surabaya's Juanda International Airport. The flying school was awarded its Part 141 certification from the Directorate General of Civil Aviation on 18 August 2009 and currently has a fleet of four Cessna C172s, registered PK-MSA, PK-MSH, PK-MSN and PK-MST. Ground school for cadet pilots are conducted at the Merpati Training Centre in Surabaya, and flight training is conducted from Budiarto Airport, Curug (near Jakarta) as well as Trunojoyo Airport, Sumenep on the island of Madura. Flight Instructors at Merpati Pilot School are all current line pilots with Merpati Nusantara Airlines each with thousands of hours' flying experience.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 10 November 1971, Vickers Viscount PK-MVS crashed into the sea 75 mi off Sumatra, killing all 69 people on board.
 * On 5 April 1972, a Vickers Viscount was the subject of an attempted hijacking. The hijacker was killed.
 * On 7 February 1977, a Douglas C-47A PK-NDH was damaged beyond economic repair in a landing accident at Tanjung Santan Airport.
 * On 5 October 1978, a Douglas C-47A PK-NDI caught fire whilst parked at Ngurah Rai International Airport, Bali and was destroyed.
 * On 30 January 1991, Flight 7970, a Fokker 27 crashed after takeoff from Sam Ratulangi International Airport, all passengers survived.
 * On 18 October 1992, Merpati Nusantara Airlines Flight 5601, a CASA/IPTN CN-235 crashed into Mount Papandayan killing all 31 passengers and crew on board including Merpati's only female pilot at the time.
 * On 1 July 1993, Merpati Nusantara Airlines Flight 724, a Fokker F28 registered as PK-GFU, ditched into the sea off Sorong, West Papua after striking high ground. 41 people were drowned in the incident. 2 people were injured.
 * On 30 November 1994, Merpati Nusantara Airlines Flight 422, a Fokker F28 overran the runway at Achmad Yani International Airport with no casualties among the 85 on board.
 * On 10 January 1995, Flight 6715, a de Havilland Canada DHC-6, went missing over the Molo Strait. All 14 people on board were likely killed. Investigators suspected that an explosion occurred on the lower cargo compartment.
 * On 7 September 1997, a CASA 212 registered as PK-NCS slammed onto terrain while on approach to Pattimura Airport in Ambon. All 3 people on board were killed.
 * On 2 August 2009, Merpati Nusantara Airlines Flight 9760, a de Havilland Canada DHC-6 crashed on the island of New Guinea, about 14 mi north of Oksibil. All 16 people on board were killed.
 * On 3 December 2009, a Fokker 100 PK-MJD made an emergency landing at El Tari Airport, Kupang when the left main gear failed to extend. There were no injuries among the passengers and crew.
 * On 7 May 2011, Merpati Nusantara Airlines Flight 8968, a Xian MA60 PK-MZK, operating on the Sorong-Kaimana route, crashed in the sea, killing all 25 people on board.
 * On 3 December 2011, a CASA C-212 Aviocar passenger plane sustained substantial damage in a landing accident at Larat-Watidar Airport, Indonesia. There were three crew members and 19 passengers on board. Two passengers suffered minor injuries.
 * On 10 June 2013, a Xian MA60 PK-MZO, operating Flight 6517 from Bajawa to Kupang with 50 people on board, crash-landed at Kupang airport in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. One passenger was injured. The aircraft, which has been damaged beyond repair, lay on its belly on the runway with its engines jammed face down into the tarmac and its wings bent forward.

title: Merpati Nusantara Airlines


text:
Newell Park

Newell Park was a baseball playing field located in Syracuse, New York. The ground was home to the Syracuse Stars of the National League for the 1879 season. Historians also refer to it as Star Park (I). It had been opened in 1878 for minor league ball. The 1879 major league team played poorly and drew poorly, and folded in early September. A revived Syracuse Stars played here in 1883 and 1884 before moving to a new Star Park a couple of long blocks north of Newell Park on Salina Street.

The location of Newell Park was the southeast corner of East Raynor Street (originally Croton Street) and South Salina Street, extending east toward Montgomery Street and State Street, and about one half-mile west of the Carrier Dome at Syracuse University.

title: Newell Park


text:
Nasdaq Riga

The Nasdaq Riga, formerly Riga Stock Exchange, is the sole stock exchange operating in Riga, Latvia. It is owned by Nasdaq, which also operates exchanges in the USA, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Iceland, Armenia, Lithuania, and Estonia. Established in 1993.

Riga Stock Exchange, together with Vilnius Stock Exchange and Tallinn Stock Exchange is part of the joint Baltic market that was established to minimize investing barriers between Latvian, Lithuanian and Estonian markets.

OMX Riga (OMXRGI) is an all-share index consisting of all the shares listed on the Riga Stock Exchange.

The exchange has a pre-market session from 08:30am to 10:00am, a normal trading session from 10:00am to 04:00pm, and a post-market session from 04:00pm to 04:30pm.

title: Nasdaq Riga


text:
Wikipedia:School and university projects/Open Source Culture/Tom Forsythe

Food Chain Barbie & the Fight for Free Speech

by Tom Forsythe Posted August 10, 2004

Forsythe was sued by Mattel for copyright and trademark infringement in response to his “Food Chain Barbie” photography project. The District Court agreed with the Ninth Circuit court’s decision to uphold Forsythe’s freedom of speech and expression, and he received $2.1 million from the toy company.

“Mattel’s embarrassment might just send a wake up call to censorious corporate boards everywhere. At the very least, it will make it easier for artists who do get sued to find attorneys because they’re more likely to get paid at the end of the day.”

Forsythe’s art as well has his conflict with Mattel demonstrate the need to discuss open source issues and potential abuses of intellectual property laws in order to maintain our most basic freedom of speech. “We may be free to express ourselves, but if that expression involves offending a rapacious corporation, they’re equally free to sue; and unless we have the where withal to fight off high powered attorneys, that’s where our free speech ends.”


text: Category:Economy of Latvia

title: Category:Economy of Latvia


text:
User:Perconte~enwiki

Welcome
Hi there! I'm a stranger from the German Wikipedia-Page, thus I'm adding just sometimes new and amazing things here. The best way to get in contact with me is to visit the german Version of my Account. Please take a look here. Or my discussion-page here.

Topics of Interest

 * Moldova
 * Chisinau
 * Zurich

@
Kontakt: Deutsche Wikipedia

Contact: German Wikipedia

Tags
de:User:Perconte

title: User:Perconte~enwiki


text:
Republic Express Airlines

Republic Express Airlines (RPX Airlines) is a cargo airline based in Jakarta, Indonesia. It operates domestic and regional cargo services. Republic Express Airlines is listed in category 2 by Indonesian Civil Aviation Authority for airline safety quality.

History
The airline was established in 2001 and started operations on 17 October 2001. It is wholly owned by the RPX Group. Since 1985 RPX has been the licensee in Indonesia for Federal Express.

The airline remains operations until 2010 and it's only plane was stored in Jayapura until 2015.

Destinations
The airline flies to Batam, Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur, Surabaya, Balikpapan, Makassar, Pekanbaru and Surakarta.

Fleet
As of December 2012, the Republic Express Airlines fleet includes:

title: Republic Express Airlines


text: Category:Economy of Finland

title: Category:Economy of Finland


text:
LaMont Jordan

LaMont Damon Jordan (born November 11, 1978) is an American former professional football player who was a running back in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Maryland Terrapins and was selected by the New York Jets in the second round of the 2001 NFL draft. Jordan also played in the NFL for the Oakland Raiders, New England Patriots and Denver Broncos. After his playing career, he was the running backs coach for the San Diego Fleet of the Alliance of American Football (AAF) in 2019.

Early life
Jordan graduated from Suitland High School in 1997. A highly sought-after area prospect, he won many awards in high school, and played football and baseball, and was a member of the school's swimming and track teams.

College career
He attended the University of Maryland, College Park, and as a freshman, gained notice as a first-string player, and finished as runner-up for Rookie of the Year in the Atlantic Coast Conference. As a sophomore, he was named to the second-team All-ACC, and was named by Maryland as the team's most outstanding offensive player. As a junior, he began to gain national notice, and was a semifinalist for the Doak Walker Award. In the same year, he was named to the All-ACC first-team, and surpassed Maryland's single-season rushing record. That season, he gained over six yards per carry, one of only four NCAA players to do so. He was the NCAA rushing leader over the last six games of his junior season. He sat out the drills preceding the 2000 season due to fears of academic ineligibility, and, having a somewhat lackluster senior year, was named to the ACC second-team.

New York Jets
Jordan was drafted in the second round of the 2001 NFL draft by the New York Jets. Jordan spent his first four years as a backup to Curtis Martin before becoming a free agent.

Oakland Raiders
After the 2004 season, Jordan signed a five-year, $27.5 million contract with the Oakland Raiders. He wore No. 34. Jordan rushed for a career-high 1,025 yards in 2005 while leading all NFL running backs in receptions with 70.

On November 19, 2006, Jordan tore his medial collateral ligament in a game against the Kansas City Chiefs and missed the rest of the season. Jordan started the 2007 season with 350 yards rushing and two touchdowns in the first three games. He injured his back against the Miami Dolphins and was replaced by Justin Fargas. Fargas was productive and was named the starter for the next four games. On July 25, 2008 Jordan was released by the Raiders.

New England Patriots
On July 26, 2008, Jordan signed a one-year contract with the New England Patriots.

Denver Broncos
On March 4, 2009, Jordan signed a two-year, $2.5 million contract with the Denver Broncos. The deal included a $500,000 signing bonus. The move reunited him with Broncos head coach Josh McDaniels, who was the Patriots' offensive coordinator in 2008.

Jordan was released on February 23, 2010.

Coaching career
On December 19, 2018, Jordan was named running backs coach for the San Diego Fleet of the Alliance of American Football.

Personal life
Jordan is a supporter of the Maryland Terrapins women's basketball team. He has traveled to several ACC tournament games as well as the 2006 National Championship Game. He has also donated $25,000 to the women's basketball team. Jordan also owns his own restaurant, which was featured on an episode of Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives.

title: LaMont Jordan


text:
Category:Canadian environmentalists

This category lists advocates and activists for environmentalism in Canada.

title: Category:Canadian environmentalists


text: Category:Led Zeppelin songs

title: Category:Led Zeppelin songs


text:
South Khorasan province

South Khorasan Province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran, located in the eastern part of the country. Its capital is the city of Birjand.

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the province had a population of 600,568 in 159,255 households. The following census in 2011 counted 662,534 people in 183,114 households. In 2014, it was placed in Region 5. At the most recent census in 2016, the population of South Khorasan province had risen to 768,898 in 223,984 households.

This new province, is but the old Quhistan which was included into greater Khorasan in the Iranian administrative planning. However, historically Qohistan forms a separate entity, with a distinct culture, history, environment and ecology.

South Khorasan is one of the three provinces that were created after the division of Khorasan in 2004. While at the beginning, the newly created "South Khorasan" included only Birjand County and some new counties detached from that county (i.e. Nehbandan, Darmian and Sarbisheh), in subsequent years, all northern and western cities and territories of the old Quhistan (such as Qaen, Ferdows and Tabas) have been annexed into South Khorasan, which as of 2016 consists of 11 counties.

History

Greater Khorasan has witnessed the rise and fall of many dynasties and governments in its territory throughout history. Various tribes of the Arabs, Turks, Kurds and Turkemen brought changes to the region time and time again. , Mongols Ancient geographers of Iran divided Iran ("Iran-Shahr") into eight segments of which the most flourishing and largest was the territory of Greater Khorasan. Esfarayen, among other cities of the province, was one of the focal points for the residence of the Aryan tribes after entering Iran.

The Parthian empire was based near Merv in Khorasan for many years. At Parthians times, Esfarayen was one of the important villages of Nishapur.

During the Sassanid dynasty the province was governed by a Spahbod (Lieutenant General) called "Padgoosban" and four margraves, each commander of one of the four parts of the province.

Khorasan was divided into four parts during the Muslim conquest of Persia, each section being named after the four largest cities, Nishapur, Merv, Herat, and Balkh.

In the year 651, the army of Islamic Arabs invaded Khorasan. The territory remained in the hands of the Abbasid clan until 820, followed by the rule of the Iranian Taherid clan in the year 896 and the Samanid dynasty in 900.

Mahmud of Ghazni conquered Khorasan in 994 and in the year 1037 Toghrül, the first of the Seljuq empire rulers conquered Nishapur.

Mahmud of Ghazni retaliated against the invaders several times, and finally the Ghaznavids defeated Sultan Sanjar. But there was more to come, as in 1157 Khorasan was conquered by the Khwarazmids and because of simultaneous attacks by the Mongols, Khorasan was annexed to the territories of the Mongol Ilkhanate.

In the 14th century, a flag of independence was hoisted by the Sarbedaran movement in Sabzevar, and in 1468, Khorasan came into the hands of Tamerlane and the city of Herat was declared as the capital.

In 1507, Khorasan was occupied by Uzbek tribes. After the death of Nader Shah in 1747, parts of it were occupied by the Afghans for a short period.

In these periods, Birjand was a small part of Quhistan which almost encompasses the borders of today South Khorasan. The main cities of Quhistan were Toon (now Ferdows) and Qaen. Birjand grew in recent centuries, especially during the Qajar dynasty and found its important role in this region.

This region was a place of refuge for some movements like the Ismaili, and was the target of Arab refugees who escaped from the tyranny of the Abbasid caliphate. Zoroastrian vestiges also exist in the area.

In 1824, Herat became independent for several years when the Afghan Empire was split between the Durranis and Barakzais. The Persians sieged the city in 1837, but the British assisted the Afghans in repelling them. In 1856, the Persians launched another invasion, and briefly managed to recapture the city; it led directly to the Anglo-Persian War. In 1857 hostilities between the Persians and the British ended after the Treaty of Paris was signed, and the Persian troops withdrew from Herat. Afghanistan reconquered Herat in 1863 under Dost Muhammad Khan, two weeks before his death.

Khorasan was the largest province of Iran until it was divided into three provinces on September 29, 2004. The provinces approved by the parliament of Iran (on May 18, 2004) and the Council of Guardians (on May 29, 2004) were Razavi Khorasan, North Khorasan, and South Khorasan.

Administrative divisions

The population history and structural changes of South Khorasan Province's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table.

Cities
According to the 2016 census, 448,147 people (over 58% of the population of South Khorasan Province) live in the following cities:

Most populous cities
The following sorted table lists the most populous cities in South Khorasan Province.

South Khorasan today
The major ethnic group in this region are the Persians. South Khorasan is known for its famous rugs as well as its saffron, barberry which is produced in almost all parts of the province.

Historic and natural attractions
South Khorasan has many historic and natural attractions, but besides these, South Khorasan encompasses various religious buildings and places of pilgrimage as well.

The Cultural Heritage of Iran lists 1179 sites of historical and cultural significance in all three provinces of Khorasan.

Some of the popular attractions of South Khorasan are:

 * Birjand castle
 * Deragon Cave
 * Furg Citadel
 * Ferdows Religious School
 * Ferdows Hole-in-the-Rock
 * Ferdows Hot Spring
 * Ghal'eh Paeen-Shahr
 * Jameh Mosque of Ferdows
 * Kurit Dam
 * Kushk Complex
 * Qanats of Baladeh Ferdows
 * Nehbandan Citadel
 * Polond Desert

Higher Education

 * University of Birjand
 * Birjand University of Medical Sciences
 * Islamic Azad University of Birjand
 * Islamic Azad University of Ferdows
 * Birjand University of Technology
 * Payame Noor University
 * University of Applied Science and Technology (south khorasan branch)
 * Academy of Tarbiat-e Moalem
 * Academy of Amuzesh-e Aly
 * Academy of Amuzesh-e Modiriat Dolaty

title: South Khorasan province


text:
Talk:Protools

Avid/Digidesign use two words for their product name, but the rest of the world likes to squish it into one word.

title: Talk:Protools


text:
Myanmar Airways

Myanmar Airways may refer to:

 * Myanmar National Airlines, a state-owned airline and the flag carrier of Myanmar, based in Yangon
 * Myanmar Airways International, a privately owned airline in Yangon, Myanmar

title: Myanmar Airways


text:
Bouraq Indonesia Airlines

Bouraq Indonesia Airlines, branded sometimes as Bouraq Airlines or Bouraq, was an airline headquartered in Jakarta, Indonesia, which operated mostly domestic passenger flights out of its bases at Soekarno-Hatta International Airport and Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Airport.

History
Bouraq Indonesia Airlines was established in 1970 as a privately owned company by Jarry Albert Sumendap, and it stayed in the possession of his family ever since. It was named for al-Buraq, a flying horse in Muslim tradition. Bali Air was another airline owned by Sumendap, which was co-operating with Bouraq. Initially the airline operated Douglas DC-3s. From 1973 the turboprop Hawker Siddeley HS 748 was introduced on Bouraq services.

Both airlines were shut down in 2005 after prolonged financial problems. The last scheduled Bouraq flight took place in July 2005. The airline licence was later revoked in 2007.

During the 1980s
At that time, Bouraq Airlines offered scheduled flights to the following destinations:

 * 🇮🇩 Indonesia
 * Balikpapan - Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Airport (main hub)
 * Bandung - Husein Sastranegara International Airport
 * Banjarmasin - Syamsudin Noor Airport
 * Bima - Bima Airport
 * Denpasar - Ngurah Rai International Airport
 * Gorontalo - Jalaluddin Airport
 * Jakarta - Soekarno–Hatta International Airport (secondary hub)
 * Kupang - El Tari Airport
 * Luwuk - Bubung Airport
 * Manado - Sam Ratulangi International Airport
 * Mataram - Selaparang Airport
 * Maumere - Wai Oti Airport
 * Palangkaraya - Tjilik Riwut Airport
 * Palu - Mutiara Airport
 * Pangkalan Bun - Iskandar Airport
 * Pangkal Pinang - Depati Amir Airport
 * Pontianak - Supadio Airport

 * Poso - Poso Airport
 * Samarinda - Temindung Airport
 * Sampit - Sampit Airport
 * Semarang - Achmad Yani International Airport
 * Surabaya - Juanda International Airport
 * Tanjung Redeb - Kalimarau Airport
 * Tarakan - Juwata Airport
 * Ternate - Babullah Airport
 * Toli-Toli - Lalos Airport
 * Ujung Pandang - Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport
 * Waingapu - Mau Hau Airport
 * Yogyakarta - Adisucipto International Airport
 * 🇲🇾 Malaysia
 * Tawau - Tawau Airport
 * 🇵🇭 Philippines
 * Davao City - Francisco Bangoy International Airport
 * 🇸🇬 Singapore
 * Singapore - Singapore Changi Airport

During the 2000s
Prior to the airline closure, the network had been reduced compared to the 1980s, due to the rising financial problems. In late 2004, Bouraq served the following destinations:

 * 🇮🇩 Indonesia
 * Balikpapan - Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Airport (hub)
 * Banjarmasin - Syamsudin Noor Airport
 * Batam - Hang Nadim Airport
 * Denpasar - Ngurah Rai International Airport
 * Jakarta - Soekarno–Hatta International Airport (hub)
 * Makassar - Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport
 * Manado - Sam Ratulangi International Airport
 * Palu - Mutiara SIS Al-Jufrie Airport

 * Surabaya - Juanda International Airport (hub)
 * Tarakan - Juwata Airport
 * Ujung Pandang - Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport
 * Yogyakarta - Adisucipto International Airport
 * 🇸🇬 Singapore
 * Singapore - Singapore Changi Airport

Fleet
Over the years, Bouraq Indonesia Airlines operated the following aircraft types:

Fatal

 * On 26 August 1980 at 06:29 local time, a Vickers Viscount (registered PK-IVS) crashed near Jakarta during a scheduled passenger flight from Banjarmasin that was operated on behalf of Bouraq, killed 31 passengers and 6 crew on board. The pilots had lost control of the aircraft over Tanjung Karawang whilst approaching Kemayoran Airport when the right elevator broke off. It was later determined that the fastenings had exceeded their lifetime by a factor of three without having been substituted during maintenance checkups.
 * On 9 January 1993, a Bouraq Hawker Siddeley HS 748 (registered PH-IHE) crashed near Juanda International Airport, killing 11 of the 39 passengers and 4 of the 5 crew on board. The aircraft had just left the airport for a scheduled flight to Banjarmasin, when a failure of the right side engine was experienced. The pilots tried to return to Juanda Airport, but ultimately failed to do so. The aircraft crashed into a swamp, broke in two and caught fire.
 * On 6 August 1995, a Bouraq HS 748 (registered PK-KHL) crashed into Mount Kumawa at a height of 2,800 metres, killing 4 passengers and 6 crew on board. The aircraft had been on a chartered flight from Dumatubin Airport to Kaimana Airport.

Non-fatal

 * On 23 January 1976, a Bouraq Hawker Siddeley HS 748 (registered PK-IHD) was damaged beyond repair in a landing accident at Mutiara Airport. None of the 27 passengers and 5 crew on board were seriously injured.
 * On 9 February 1977, another Bouraq HS 748 (this time registered PH-IHK) had to be written off after a hard landing at Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport, which caused the landing gear to collapse. Again, there are no reports concerning any injuries of the 46 passengers and 5 crew on board.
 * On 10 December 1982, the nose gear of a Bouraq HS 748 (registered PH-IHI) collapsed upon landing at Sam Ratulangi International Airport, causing the aircraft to veer off the runway. Even though the plane was destroyed, all of the 42 passengers and three crew survived.
 * On 4 July 1988, a Bouraq Vickers Viscount (registered PK-IVW) was damaged beyond economic repair when the starboard and nose gear collapsed during a tailwind landing at Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Airport. There were no notable injuries among the 71 passengers and 5 crew members on board
 * On 4 January 1989, a Bouraq HS 748 suffered extensive damage when the pilots had to perform a belly landing at Syamsudin Noor Airport, following a failure of the landing gears with 47 passengers and five crew on board.
 * On 28 August 1992, a Bouraq Vickers Viscount (registered PH-IVX) was destroyed in an engine fire at Syamsudin Noor Airport. The fire started during the take-off run, but the pilots noticed it in time to abort take-off and evacuate the 64 passengers (plus six crew), before the aircraft was engulfed by the flames.
 * On 26 September 1994, a Bouraq Viscount (registered PK-IVU) was damaged in a landing accident at Pontianak Airport during a ferry flight with only two pilots on board. The aircraft could be repaired and returned to service.
 * On 11 July 1996 at 09:00 local time, Bouraq lost another HS 748 (registered PK-IHN) in a runway overshot at Pattimura Airport. The pilots had to abort the take-off for a scheduled flight to Manado because of an engine failure, but the remaining length of the runway did not suffice to bring the aircraft to a halt, so that it collided with a dyke. There were no noteworthy injuries amongst the 43 passengers and five crew members.

title: Bouraq Indonesia Airlines


text:
Space (Jimmy Cauty album)

Space is a 1990 ambient house concept album by Jimmy Cauty under the alias Space. Originally intended to be The Orb's debut album, Space was refactored for release as a solo album following Cauty's departure from that group. Space was independently released on KLF Communications, the record label formed to distribute the work of Cauty's other project, The KLF.

Origins
Space was originally a collaboration between Alex Paterson and Jimmy Cauty, the original line-up of The Orb. Cauty's record label KLF Communications planned to release it as The Orb's debut album, but when Cauty left The Orb in April 1990 to concentrate on producing music as The KLF with Bill Drummond, he took the recordings with him. Reworked to remove Paterson's contributions, the album was released by KLF Communications in July 1990 as an eponymous album, with Cauty alone receiving credit.

Youth, a friend and colleague of both men, recalled: "Jimmy and Alex were making an album called Space when they had a big argument. Jimmy stormed off, took all of Alex’s bits off the record and released it under his own name. Alex was mortified. I told him not to worry – we’d make a record that was even better".

According to Cauty, Space "was a jam, all done on Oberheim keyboards. Loads of samples... were chucked in there as well. I started on Monday morning and by Friday it was all done".

Composition
Space takes the listener on a voyage through the Solar System from Mercury outwards, with vast distances of empty space between worlds represented by periods of minimalist ambience and near-silence. Synthesisers, excerpts from classical compositions and nursery rhymes (including Twinkle Twinkle Little Star), sinusoidal loops, and communications from space flight controllers are among the sounds used to describe the voyage. This musical interpretation of a physical journey is also a characteristic of the early ambient house recordings The Orb's Adventures Beyond the Ultraworld and The KLF's Chill Out.

Cauty has called Space "a record for 14-year-old space cadets to go and take acid [to] for the first time".

Reviews
John Bush at AllMusic attributes "incredibly sparse ambience" to Space, with "long periods of near-silence [and] only an occasional break for galactic sine-waves and similarly spacy tones". The album is "more important for who's on it than what's in it", he concluded.

Track listing
Space comprises eight contiguous pieces across two sides of vinyl or one track of a CD.

 * 1) "Mercury" – 1:39
 * 2) "Venus" – 2:00
 * 3) "Mars" – 8:47
 * 4) "Jupiter" – 6:34
 * 5) "Saturn" – 2:44
 * 6) "Uranus" – 2:57
 * 7) "Neptune" – 10.28
 * 8) "Pluto" – 3:10

title: Space (Jimmy Cauty album)


text:
Nasdaq Tallinn

The Nasdaq Tallinn AS, formerly known as the Tallinn Stock Exchange, is a stock exchange operating in Tallinn, Estonia. Nasdaq Tallinn is the only regulated secondary securities market in Estonia. The major stock market index is Nasdaq Tallinn, formerly known as TALSE.

History
The foundation of Estonian Central Securities Depository in 1994 created the basis for the development of the secondary market based on electronic trading system. This was realized with the founding of the Tallinn Stock Exchange in April 1995 by 10 commercial banks, 9 brokerage firms and state players (Hüvitusfond, Bank of Estonia, and Ministry of Finance), equal holding of each of them. Licensed by the Ministry of Finance, Tallinn Stock Exchange opened for trading on May 31, 1996, with 11 securities listed.

June 3 was the first calculation day for the TALSE index.

In 1999 September 24, The alliance of Nordic Exchanges (NOREX) formally invited Tallinn Stock Exchange, alongside Riga Stock Exchange and the National Stock Exchange of Lithuania, to start negotiations for the potential merger with the union.

In 2001 May 28, the Baltic exchanges and the NOREX officially announced that they suspended further cooperation.

In 2000 October, Tallinn Stock Exchange and Estonian CSD formed, based on the two companies, a group under single strategic management.

In 2001 April, HEX Group from Finland acquired strategic ownership in the Tallinn Stock Exchange Group. Trading in Estonian securities in the HEX trading system started on February 25, 2002.

In 2003 September 4, The first day of operations for OMHEX, the new parent company of HEX Tallinn, created by the merger of Swedish OM and Finnish HEX.

In 2004, as a result of merger between Finnish and Swedish securities market operators into OMX, the Tallinn Stock Exchange adopted new trading platform.

In 2007, the alternative market “First North” was launched.

In 2008, NASDAQ and OMX merged; NASDAQ OMX Group, Inc. was formed. OMX Tallinn became NASDAQ OMX Tallinn.

In 2014, NASDAQ OMX Group, Inc. changed its business name to Nasdaq, Inc. NASDAQ OMX Tallinn became Nasdaq Tallinn.

Main list
As of August 2022, there were 18 companies listed on the main list of Nasdaq Tallinn:

 * Arco Vara (ARC1T)
 * Baltika (BLT1T)
 * Coop Pank (CPA1T)
 * EfTEN Real Estate Fund III (EFT1T)
 * Ekspress Grupp (EEG1T)
 * Enefit Green (EGR1T)
 * Harju Elekter (HAE1T)
 * Hepsor (HPR1T)
 * LHV Group (LHV1T)
 * Merko Ehitus (MRK1T; previously MKO1T)
 * Nordecon (NCN1T; previously Eesti Ehitus)
 * PRFoods (PRF1T)
 * Pro Kapital Grupp (PKG1T)
 * Silvano Fashion Group (SFGAT; previously PTA Grupp, PTAAT)
 * Tallink Grupp (TAL1T)
 * Tallinna Kaubamaja Grupp (TKM1T)
 * Tallinna Sadam (TSM1T)
 * Tallinna Vesi (TVEAT)

Secondary List
As of August 2022, there were two companies listed on the Secondary List of Nasdaq Tallinn:

 * Nordic Fibreboard (SKN1T)
 * Trigon Property Development (TPD1T)

Bond List
As of 2019 May, there were 7 corporate bond issues listed on the Bond List of Nasdaq Tallinn:

 * Admiral Markets 8% subord. bond
 * Baltic Horizon Fund 4.25% bond
 * Inbank 7.00% subord. bond
 * LHV Group 7.25% subord. bond
 * LHV Group 6.50% subord. bond
 * LHV Group 6.00% subord. bond
 * UPP Olaines 7.00% subord. bond

Fund List
As of 2019 May, there were the units of one investment fund listed on Nasdaq Tallinn Fund List:

 * Baltic Horizon Fund

Nasdaq First North
As of August 2022, the securities of 12 companies were being traded on Nasdaq Tallinn First North market:

 * Airbot Technologies (AIR)
 * Bercman Technologies (BERCM)
 * Cleveron Mobility (CLEV)
 * Estonian Japan Trading Company (EJTC)
 * ELMO Rent (ELMO)
 * Hagen Bikes (HAGEN)
 * Linda Nektar (LINDA)
 * MADARA Cosmetics (MDARA)
 * Modera (MODE)
 * Punktid Technologies (PNKTD)
 * Robus Group (ROBUS)
 * Saunum Group (SAUNA)

Formerly listed companies

 * Eesti Telekom (ETLAT)
 * Eesti Ühispank
 * Estiko
 * Hansapank
 * Kalev (KLV1T), later Luterma AS
 * Norma (NRM1T)
 * Olympic Entertainment Group (OEG1T)
 * Saku Õlletehas (SKU1T)
 * AS Starman (SMN1T)
 * Tallinna Farmaatsiatehas (TFA1T)

title: Nasdaq Tallinn


text:
Thai AirAsia

Thai AirAsia (set: AAV, ไทยแอร์เอเชีย) is a Thai low-cost airline. It is a joint venture of the Malaysian AirAsia (แอร์เอเชีย) and Thailand's Asia Aviation. It serves AirAsia's regularly scheduled domestic and international flights from Bangkok and other cities in Thailand.

History
On 12 November 2003, AirAsia partnered with Shin Corporation to establish AirAsia Aviation Co. Ltd. (Thai AirAsia). It launched operations in February 2004 by launching flights from Bangkok–Don Mueang to Hat Yai, Phuket, and Chiang Mai.

On 15 February 2006, it was announced that Asia Aviation PLC (AAV), a registered Thai company, had taken Shin Corporation's 50 percent stake in Thai AirAsia. Asia Aviation was a joint venture set up by Shin Corporation, which held 49 percent of Asia Aviation's shares, while 51 percent was held by Thai investor Sittichai Veerathammanoon.

In May 2007, Thai AirAsia's management acquired 100 percent of Asia Aviation. Thai AirAsia is 55 percent owned by Asia Aviation and 45 percent owned by Malaysia-based AirAsia Group. In June 2016 King Power purchased a US$225 million stake in Thai AirAsia. The purchase of 39 percent of holding company Asia Aviation makes King Power the second largest shareholder in Thai AirAsia. It sold back its shares to Asia Aviation a year later.

Thai AirAsia was once the only low-cost airline operating both domestic and international flights from Suvarnabhumi Airport in Bangkok, having moved there in 2007 from Don Mueang International Airport. However, the airline transferred all operations from Suvarnabhumi to Don Mueang on 1 October 2012. On 25 September 2020, Thai AirAsia resumed flights from Suvarnabhumi Airport.

Destinations
, Thai AirAsia operates or has operated to the following destinations:

Current fleet
, Thai AirAsia operates the following aircraft:

Sponsorship
Thai AirAsia is one of the sponsors of the Thailand national football team, Leicester City, Queens Park Rangers, the Thai Fight Muay Thai, the Thai football teams BG Pathum United, Bangkok United, Buriram United, SCG Muangthong United, Chonburi, Rajpracha, Police Tero, Chainat, Sisaket, Samut Prakan City, Rajnavy FC, Ubon United, Air Force Central, Port, Udon Thani, Krabi, Nakhon Ratchasima, Ayutthaya United, Khon Kaen, MOF CUTD, Nakhon Phanom, Loei City, Trang, Phayao, Phuket City, The referee of FAT, Coke Cup and Thailand Volleyball Association.

Marketing
Thai AirAsia has endorsement deals with the following:
 * Mum Jokmok
 * Pleumjit Thinkaow
 * Aed Carabao
 * Nadech Kugimiya

Reliability and On-Time Performance
Thai Air Asia was recognized by Cirium as 2022's most reliable airline in Asia. Thai Air Asia had an on-time performance rate of 91.56% in 2022. This is the first year it has won the top position.

title: Thai AirAsia


text:
Eric Drooker

Eric Drooker is an American painter, graphic novelist, and frequent cover artist for The New Yorker. He conceived and designed the animation for the film Howl (2010).

Biography
Drooker grew up in Manhattan's Stuyvesant Town, adjacent to the Lower East Side, which was then a working-class immigrant neighborhood with a tradition of left-wing political activism. He attended the Downtown Community School in Manhattan's East Village. Drooker developed an early interest in graphic arts and cartoons, particularly the woodcut novels of Frans Masereel and Lynd Ward and the underground comics of Robert Crumb.

After studying sculpture at Cooper Union, Drooker turned to poster art, creating flyers on local political issues while working as a tenant organizer. His images, done in a striking black-and-white style reminiscent of Masereel and other 1930s expressionist illustrators, were widely copied and reused by others—sometimes for unrelated purposes such as advertising concerts—and were popular enough that he could make a small income selling artwork on the street. During the 1980s, Drooker was further radicalized by his experiences with the police, due to their actions against squatters in the rapidly gentrifying Tompkins Square Park area and their increasing intolerance of unlicensed street artists and musicians.

His first published work appeared in leftist magazines such as The Nation, The Progressive, and various underground publications such as Screw. His work would later be seen in such mainstream publications as The New York Times, Newsweek, and The Wall Street Journal; and his paintings would appear on dozens of covers of The New Yorker. When World War 3 Illustrated was founded by Seth Tobocman and Peter Kuper, who shared Drooker's political beliefs and graphic approach, Drooker became one of the magazine's co-editors and frequent contributors. Eventually he began to sell illustrations to more mainstream publications.

He became more widely known as a cartoonist when his short story "L" appeared in Heavy Metal. "L", along with two other stories, made up his first graphic novel, ''Flood! A Novel in Pictures'' (1992); a wordless, dream-like narrative of powerless citizens' struggles with authority in a rapidly deteriorating New York City. Flood won an American Book Award. Portions of his Flood! artwork were used for album covers for the bands Faith No More and Rage Against the Machine. In 2006, the Library of Congress acquired the original art for ''Flood! A Novel in Pictures'', including preliminary drawings, sketches, and cover paintings. The complete Flood! Archive is housed in the Prints & Photographs Division of the Library of Congress, which is open to the public.

In the 1990s, Drooker broadened his scope from graphic arts to painting, creating several covers for The New Yorker and a book of illustrations of Allen Ginsberg's poetry, Illuminated Poems. His third book, Street Posters & Ballads, is a compilation of graphics, poems and songs about the Lower East Side. The book won the 1999 Firecracker Alternative Book Award for Outstanding Graphic Novel.

He designed the animation for the 2010 film, Howl, a movie based on the epic poem by Allen Ginsberg, who collaborated with Drooker on the book Illuminated Poems. His best-selling book, Howl: A Graphic Novel visualizes the poem with animation art Drooker designed for the film.

Cultural references
His painting "Native New York" inspired Lawrence Ferlinghetti's "Poem #7" from his book A Far Rockaway of the Heart.

title: Eric Drooker


text:
HV-016

The Home Guard Special Division 016 (Heimevernets spesialavdeling 016; abbreviated as HV-016) is a former military unit of Norway, that was a part of the Home Guard. It was established after 1985 to "stop terror- or sabotage actions that could weaken or paralyze Norway's ability to mobilize its military and its ability to resist".

It was decommissioned on 1 January 2011. Investigation after the 2011 Norway attacks, revealed that only parliament had the authority to have the unit decommissioned, but the matter was brought to parliament after the fact.

Background
Formed in 1987 as a result of the possible threat posed by the Russian Spetsnaz, HV-016 (also informally known as HV-SPES) was an elite unit of the Norwegian Home Guard. The unit had detachments based in the 4 largest cities in Norway; Oslo, Trondheim, Bergen and Stavanger. Not a special forces unit per se, as the operators are not full-time employed in the unit, but it does participate in numerous exercises throughout the course of a year.

When the Home Guard was re-structured in 2005, HV-016 was made part of the newly formed I-Styrken, or Innsatsstyrken (Rapid Response Unit).

The unit was disbanded by the Norwegian government in September 2010.

Resources
HV-016 specialized in close protection of key military personnel and assets, CQB (Close Quarter Battle), and direct, offensive action.

The soldiers all had personlig sambandsmiddel (communication handset), and the officers and sergeants had weapons (with all operational parts – komplette våpen) and ammunition (treningsammunisjon) stored in their homes.".

Training
Sharpshooting from moving helicopters had been trained during training exercises in Denmark in 2007, 2008 and 2010 – the "Sniper training Falcon Eye" training maneuvers (øvelse).

In 2006, during an unannounced training maneuver, 40 soldiers from the unit were able to muster battle-ready in "an hour and a half".

Selection and personnel
The soldiers were recruited among people who have finished their conscript duty in the Norwegian armed forces, and many of them have experience from international operations with other branches of the Norwegian forces, such as Telemark Battalion. Some also stem from Marinejegerkommandoen and Hærens Jegerkommando, the two special forces units in the Norwegian military.

The applicants go through a four-day selection period with a following two-week basic course for the ones who pass. After this, the cadets commence the regular exercises with the unit for 6 months before being considered full members.

The exact organization of HV-016 is not publicly known. Also, the number of, and identities of its operators, are kept secret.

After decommissioning
By January 2011, 94% of its former personnel in Oslo, Stavanger and Bergen gave up their contracts with Forsvaret, protesting what they considered an unfair and irrational process by military leadership.

After the 2011 attacks Norway is considering to re-establish an anti-terror unit of the Home Guard, Aftenposten wrote in November 2011.

Review by Office of the Auditor General
On December 12, 2011 media reported that the decommissioning of the unit will be investigated by the Office of the Auditor General. (3 years earlier, the same agency found "a lack of tracibility within the documentation for significant decisions" at the defence ministry. )

title: HV-016


text:
Jefferson Street Grounds

Jefferson Street Grounds was a baseball field located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was also known as Jefferson Park and Athletics Park. It was home to three different professional baseball teams, competing in three different leagues. Notably, it was the venue for the first game in National League history, played on April 22, 1876.

History
Baseball had first been played on the site in 1864. Several local clubs held their games there, including the historic Olympic Ball Club of Philadelphia, which had begun playing various varieties of town ball starting in the early 1830s and had adopted the "New York game" by 1860. When they began playing at the Jefferson site, the diamond was situated at the southeast corner, at 25th (first base) and Master (third base). The Olympics built a clubhouse along Master. Jefferson was behind right field. Local newspapers typically gave the ballfield location as "25th and Jefferson".

The grounds would be home to three different professional teams:
 * Athletic Club of Philadelphia (also known as the Philadelphia Athletics) from 1871 to 1876. The team competed in the National Association until 1875, and in the National League of Base Ball Clubs in 1876.
 * Philadelphia Base Ball Club (also known as the Philadelphia White Stockings) from 1873 to 1875, when they shared the venue with the Athletics. The White Stockings competed in the National Association.
 * Philadelphia Athletics from 1883 to 1890. This franchise competed in the American Association.

25th and Jefferson, 1864 to 1875
The grounds were located on a large block bounded by Jefferson Street (north); 25th Street (east); Master Street (south); and 27th Street (west). Across the street to the south was the Spring Garden Reservoir, which has since been filled in. Although often listed as one ballpark, the 1870s diamond was located in the opposite corner of the block from the 1880s diamond.

The facility opened to professional league baseball during 1871, as early as May 15. The club's first official National Association home game was played on June 3. The seating capacity was meager, only 5,000 seats.

The inaugural National League game was played there, on Saturday, April 22, 1876, between Athletic and Boston; the Bostons won, 6–5. By a quirk of fate, it was the only National League game played that day, all others being rained out. This game is often pointed to as the beginning of Major League Baseball.

26th and Jefferson, 1883 to 1890
After an early Athletics franchise was expelled from the National League following the 1876 season, the field fell into disuse. The City of Philadelphia cut 26th Street through the lot, allowing the eastern half of the large block to be developed. The western half remained vacant. A new American Association team, also called the Athletics, decided to move from their Oakdale Park after their inaugural 1882 season.

Beginning in 1883, the Athletics leased the western half of the Jefferson Street lot, and erected a new diamond and grandstands at the northwest corner. Local newspapers then referred to the ballfield location as "26th and Jefferson", where there was an entrance gate. Also by this time, the venue was being called Athletic Grounds or Athletic Park.

The Athletics opened the new ballpark to the public on Saturday, April 7, 1883 for a preseason exhibition game against Yale University which Athletic won 12 to 0. It was reported that the new ballpark could accommodate 5,000 to 6,000 fans.

One of the largest crowds at the ballpark was recorded on April 4, 1887 for the first game of Philadelphia's 1887 City Series when 9,183 tickets were sold and an "immense crowd" turned out to see the Phillies defeat the Athletics by a score of 10 to 2.

Prior to the 1889 season, a new band stand was erected on the left field side next to the grandstand large enough for a 25-piece military band.

On March 1, 1890, the Kensington Rovers and Philadelphia South End soccer clubs met at the ballpark in what the Philadelphia Inquirer called "the roughest and most exciting game of football (under English Association rules) that has ever been played in this city..."

The last major league game played in the park was October 11, 1890.

The "Athletics" teams that played at the Jefferson Street Grounds do not have any direct lineage to the Philadelphia Athletics franchise that was an inaugural member of the American League in 1901, and exists today as the Oakland Athletics.

Ballpark site today
The ball field still exists in a revised form.

The ballpark site is currently occupied by various structures including Daniel Boone Public School, also known as Camelot Academy, at 1435 N 26th St, and the Athletic Recreation Center and its ball fields. The field at the northwest corner of the lot approximates the location of the 1883–1890 diamond.

title: Jefferson Street Grounds


text:
Air Macau

Air Macau Company Limited (, Portuguese: Companhia de Transportes Aéreos Air Macau, S.A.R.L.) is the flag carrier of Macau. It operates services to 24 destinations in Mainland China, Indonesia, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam, from the airline's home base at Macau International Airport. In 2014, Air Macau carried 2.12 million passengers with an average load factor of 68.20% and carried 15,900 tonnes of cargo and mail.

History
The airline was established on 13 September 1994, and began commercial operations on 9 November 1995, with a flight from Macau to Beijing and Shanghai. Prior to 1995, there was no air service to Macau since 1962 other than the helicopter service. Seaplane service had been provided by Macau Air Transport Company from 1948 to 1961. One-aircraft service between Beijing, Shanghai and Taipei began on 8 December 1995. The first pure-freighter service was launched on 7 October 2002, between Taipei and Shenzhen via Macau.

In 1999 the airline had 1.1 million passengers each year, with 80% of them originating from two cities in the Republic of China on Taiwan: Kaohsiung and Taipei.

In 2006 Air Macau was owned by China National Aviation Holding (51%), TAP Air Portugal (20%), STDM (14%), EVA Air (5%), the government of Macau (5%) and Macau investors (5%). It employs 1,245 staff (at March 2016). In 2009 two companies controlled by Edmund Ho, the Chief Executive of Macau sold a combined 1.25% stake to Air China for a sum undisclosed by the parties. In 2010 TAP sold its share to Air China.

Corporate affairs
The head office is currently in the Edifício CNAC in Sé (Cathedral Parish) on the Macau Peninsula. Previously it was in the Edifício Tai Wah in Sé.

Destinations
The airline currently operates 24 destinations including 15 destinations in mainland China.

Codeshare agreements
Air Macau has codeshare agreements with the following airlines:

 * Air China
 * All Nippon Airways
 * Asiana Airlines
 * Philippine Airlines
 * Shenzhen Airlines
 * Thai Airways International

Air Macau and All Nippon Airways officially launch frequent flyer program cooperation from July 1, 2010. Air Macau Privileges members will earn mileages on all scheduled flights operated by All Nippon Airways and marketed by All Nippon Airways or Air Macau, and redeem Award Travel on all scheduled flights operated and marketed by All Nippon Airways.

Frequent flyer
Air Macau has its own frequent flyer program called Lotus Miles (formerly Privileges). On 1 January 2015, Privileges merged with Phoenix Miles, which is the frequent flyer program of Air China, hence retaining the current Lotus Miles.

Current fleet
, Air Macau operates an all-Airbus fleet composed of the following aircraft:

Former fleet
Two Boeing 727-100Fs were rented to provide air cargo service to Shenzhen and Taiwan from 2002 to 2006; both have returned to revenue service Transmile Air Services (and repainted from Air Macau livery). Both aircraft were replaced with two A300-600RFs owned by Air Macau. These two Airbus A300 left the company in 2012. Two old A321-100 were replaced by two new A321-200 in 2013. In 2020 two Airbus A319-100 were retired.

Livery
Although Air Macau serves as Macau's flag carrier, the flag of the Special Administrative Region of Macau has never appeared on any of its aircraft, similar to Hong Kong's Cathay Pacific. However, unlike Cathay Pacific, which carried a Union Jack on its aircraft prior to the 1997 Handover of Hong Kong, the flag of Portugal never appeared on any Air Macau aircraft prior to the 1999 Handover of Macau.

Macau Asia Express
Macau Asia Express was a failed low-cost airline project, which was to be based in Macau and originally to be launched in 2007, offering scheduled flights mostly to mainland China. It was founded on 24 January 2006 with an initial funding of $30 million. It was owned by Air Macau (51%) and ST-CNAC (CNAC and Shun Tak Holdings) (49%). The aircraft fleet would have consisted of 6 Airbus A320 short-medium haul jet aircraft, which was planned to be expanded to 15–20 aircraft over the first years in operation.

In November 2007, the Macau Daily News reported that Macau Asia Express was suffering from funding problems, which led to a delay at the taking-over of ordered aircraft, and finally the revocation of its Air Operator's Certificate in 2008.

title: Air Macau


text:
Wikipedia:School and university projects/Open Source Culture/FutureoftheBook

The Institute for the Future of the Book

 * website

The Institute for the Future of the Book was founded in 2004 to investigate the book as a social force and its evolution in the digital age. The institute regards the printed book as the "heavy-lifter" of intellectual thought in human history, and investigates ways in which that printed form will/has already translated to the digital screen. How does that translation change the heavy-lifting of the information, as well as the information itself? What new opportunities arise from this transformation?

The mission of the Institute for the Future of the Book is to play an important role in developing the form and function of books in the digital era.

"While it may be argued that the form of printed books (pages bound together by a spine) was inevitable, the new screen-based books has no such inevitable physically-imposed form. The challenge confronting us is to develop new forms that empower both authors and readers and enhance intellectual and social discourse throughout society."

One goal of the institute in particular relates to open source culture, that of their investigation into "what is the best way to take several thousand years of analog culture into the digital era in a way that respects the original form but that also exploits the potential of emerging technologies to help readers see, hear, and read better?" That balance between the oriignal form and the use of technology for communication and collaborative creation is also at the root of developing an open source culture.