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Sufjan Stevens

Sufjan Stevens (born July 1, 1975) is an American singer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist. He has released ten solo studio albums and multiple collaborative albums with other artists. Stevens has received Grammy and Academy Award nominations.

His debut album, A Sun Came, was released in 2000 on the Asthmatic Kitty label, which he co-founded with his stepfather. He received wide recognition for his 2005 album Illinois, which hit number one on the Billboard Top Heatseekers chart, and for the single "Chicago" from that album. Stevens later contributed to the soundtrack of the 2017 film Call Me by Your Name. He received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song and a Grammy nomination for Best Song Written for Visual Media for the soundtrack's lead single, "Mystery of Love".

Stevens has released albums of varying styles, from the electronica of The Age of Adz and the lo-fi folk of Seven Swans to the symphonic instrumentation of Illinois and Yuletide-themed Songs for Christmas. He employs various instruments, often playing many of them himself on the same recording. Stevens' music is also known for exploring various themes, particularly religion and spirituality. Stevens' tenth and most recent studio album, Javelin, was released in October 2023.

Early life
Stevens was born in Detroit, Michigan, and lived there until the age of nine, when his family moved to Alanson, Michigan, in the northern part of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. He was raised by his father, Rasjid, and his stepmother, Pat, only occasionally visiting his mother, Carrie, in Oregon after she married her second husband, Lowell Brams. Brams later became the head of Stevens' record label Asthmatic Kitty. Stevens is of Lithuanian and Greek descent.

Stevens attended the Detroit Waldorf School, Alanson Public Schools and Interlochen Arts Academy, and graduated from Harbor Light Christian School. He then attended Hope College in Holland, Michigan, where he graduated Phi Beta Kappa, and then earned an MFA in Creative Writing from The New School in New York City.

While in school, Stevens studied the oboe and English horn, which he plays on his albums. Stevens did not learn to play the guitar until his time at Hope College.

Sufjan is a name of Arabic or Persian origin. The name was given to Stevens by the founder of Subud, an interfaith spiritual community to which his parents belonged when he was born.

Early career and the Fifty States Project (1995–2006)
Stevens began his musical career as a member of Marzuki, a folk-rock band from Holland, Michigan, as well as garage band Con Los Dudes. He also played (and continues to play) various instruments for Danielson Famile. During his final semester at Hope College, Stevens wrote and recorded his debut solo album, A Sun Came, which he released on Asthmatic Kitty Records. He later moved to New York City, where he enrolled in a writing program at The New School for Social Research. During his time at the New School, Stevens developed a preoccupation with the short story form, which he believed would lead him to write a novel, but ultimately returned him to songwriting.

While in New York, Stevens composed and recorded the music for his second album, Enjoy Your Rabbit, a song cycle based around the animals of the Chinese zodiac that delved into electronica.

Stevens followed this with the album Michigan, a collection of folk songs and instrumentals. It includes odes to cities including Detroit and Flint, the Upper Peninsula, and vacation areas such as Tahquamenon Falls and the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore. Melded into the scenic descriptions and characters are his own declarations of faith, sorrow, love, and the regeneration of Michigan. Beginning with the album, Stevens announced his intent to write an album for each of the 50 U.S. states, which he termed the Fifty States Project. Following the release of Michigan, Stevens compiled a collection of songs recorded previously into a side project, the album Seven Swans, which was released in March 2004. Stevens did not leave his job in the children's book division at Time Warner until touring for Seven Swans.

Next, he released the second in the Fifty States project, titled Illinois. Among the subjects explored on Illinois are the cities of Chicago, Decatur and Jacksonville; the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893, the death of a friend on Casimir Pulaski Day, the poet Carl Sandburg, and the serial killer John Wayne Gacy. Stevens had spent the second half of 2004 researching and writing material for the album. As with Michigan, Stevens used the state of Illinois as a leaping-off point for his more personal explorations of faith, family, love, and location. Though slated for release on July 5, 2005, the album was briefly delayed by legal issues regarding the use of an image of Superman in the original album cover artwork. In the double vinyl release, a balloon sticker was placed over Superman on the cover art of the first 5,000 copies. The next printings had an empty space where the Superman image was, as with the CD release. Illinois was widely acclaimed and was the highest-rated album of 2005 on the review aggregator website Metacritic. The 2006 PLUG Independent Music Awards awarded Stevens with the Album of the Year, Best Album Art/Packaging, and Male Artist of the Year. Pitchfork, No Ripcord, and Paste magazine named Illinois as the editors' choice for best album of 2005, and Stevens received the 2005 Pantheon prize, awarded to noteworthy albums selling fewer than 500,000 copies, for Illinois.

In April 2006, Stevens announced that 21 pieces of music he had culled from the Illinois recording sessions would be incorporated into a new album, called The Avalanche, which was released on July 11, 2006. On September 11, 2006, in Nashville, Tennessee, Stevens debuted a new composition, a ten-minute-plus piece titled "Majesty Snowbird". On November 21, 2006, a five CD box set Songs for Christmas was released, which contains originals and Christmas standards recorded every year since 2001 (except 2004). Stevens undertook in the project initially as an exercise to make himself 'appreciate' Christmas more. The songs were the work of an annual collaboration between Stevens and different collaborators, including minister Vito Aiuto; the songs themselves were distributed to friends and family.

Although Stevens' subsequent work was sometimes speculated to tie into future "States" projects, and Stevens himself would make occasional statements alluding to the future of the project, Stevens later admitted that the project had been a "promotional gimmick" and not one he had seriously intended to complete. In November 2009, Stevens admitted to Exclaim! magazine, in regard to the fact that he recently called his fifty-state project a joke, that "I don't really have as much faith in my work as I used to, but I think that's healthy. I think it's allowed me to be less precious about how I work and write. And maybe it's okay for us to take it less seriously."

Soundtrack album and various collaborative projects (2007–2009)
Over the 2005 winter holidays, Stevens recorded an album with Rosie Thomas and Denison Witmer playing banjo and providing vocals. In April 2006, Pitchfork erroneously announced that Stevens and Thomas were having a baby together, and were forced to print a retraction. Witmer and Thomas later admitted it was an April Fools' prank. In December 2006, the collaborative recordings were digitally released by Nettwerk as a Rosie Thomas album titled These Friends of Mine. The album was released in physical form on March 13, 2007.

On May 31, 2007, Asthmatic Kitty announced that Stevens would be premiering a new project titled The BQE in early November 2007. The project, dubbed a "symphonic and cinematic exploration of New York City's infamous Brooklyn–Queens Expressway", was manifested in a live show. The BQE featured an original film by Stevens (shot in Super 8 film and standard 16 mm), while Stevens and a backing orchestra provided the live soundtrack. The performance used 36 performers which included a small band, a wind and brass ensemble, string players, horn players, and hula hoopers. There were no lyrics to the music. The BQE was commissioned by the Brooklyn Academy of Music as part of their Next Wave Festival and performed on three consecutive nights from November 1–3, 2007.

The performance sold out the 2,109 seat BAM Opera House without any advertising. After three weeks of rehearsing the piece with the three dozen musicians involved, he presented the 30-minute composition. The BQE was followed by an additional one hour of concert by Stevens and his orchestra. The BQE won the 2008 Brendan Gill Prize. In April 2007, in Brooklyn and Philadelphia, Stevens made unannounced appearances on Thomas's tour in support of this album. In 2007, he did a Take-Away Show acoustic video session shot by Vincent Moon standing on a roof in Cincinnati. In 2007, he played shows sporadically, including playing at the Kennedy Center to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the Millennium Stage concerts.

Stevens has also worked as an essayist, contributing to Asthmatic Kitty Records' "Sidebar" feature and Topic Magazine. He wrote the introduction to the 2007 edition of The Best American Nonrequired Reading, a short story about his early childhood education and learning to read titled How I Trumped Rudolf Steiner and Overcame the Tribulations of Illiteracy, One Snickers Bar at a Time. That winter, he hosted an "Xmas Song Exchange Contest" in which winner Alec Duffy won exclusive rights to the original Stevens song "Lonely Man of Winter". The track could only be heard by attending private listening parties at Duffy's home in Brooklyn and at places around the world until 2018, when Duffy negotiated with Asthmatic Kitty Records to release the song with all proceeds going towards Duffy's organization JACK.

Stevens has contributed to the music of Denison Witmer, Soul-Junk, Half-handed Cloud, Brother Danielson, Danielson Famile, Serena-Maneesh, Castanets, Will Stratton, Shannon Stephens, Clare & the Reasons, Little Scream, and Liz Janes. In 2007 alone, Stevens played piano on The National's album Boxer, produced and contributed many instrumental tracks to Rosie Thomas's album These Friends of Mine, multiple instruments on Ben + Vesper's album All This Could Kill You and oboe and vocals to David Garland's 2007 album Noise in You.

He has contributed covers of Tim Buckley ("She Is"), Joni Mitchell ("Free Man in Paris"), Daniel Johnston ("Worried Shoes"), John Fahey ("Variation on 'Commemorative Transfiguration & Communion at Magruder Park"), The Innocence Mission ("The Lakes of Canada"), Bob Dylan ("Ring Them Bells"), Drake ("Hotline Bling"), Prince ("Kiss") and The Beatles ("What Goes On") to various tribute albums. His versions of "Free Man in Paris" and "What Goes On" are notable for only retaining the lyrics of the original, as Stevens has taken his own interpretation on the melody and arrangement. His rendition of "The Star-Spangled Banner" has a similar rearranged melody and arrangement as well as a whole new verse.

His songs "The Tallest Man, The Broadest Shoulders" and "All the Trees of the Field Will Clap Their Hands" were featured in the 2006 British comedy-drama Driving Lessons, starring Julie Walters and Rupert Grint. In 2008, he produced Welcome to The Welcome Wagon, the debut album of Brooklyn-based husband and wife duo Vito and Monique Aiuto, The Welcome Wagon.

In February 2009, Stevens contributed "You Are the Blood" to the AIDS benefit album Dark Was the Night produced by the Red Hot Organization. In April 2009, Stevens uploaded a song about director Sofia Coppola online. This song was written while Stevens was in college, from a series of songs about names.

Stevens recalled:

"A few weeks later, our dog got hit by a snowplow and I forgot all about the problem of names. Until college, when I learned to play the guitar, and, as an exercise, started writing songs (very poorly executed) in the same way that Henry Ford produced the automobile: assembly-line-style. I wrote songs for the days of the week (poor Monday!). Songs for the planets (poor Pluto!). Songs for the Apostles (poor Judas!). And, finally, when all else failed, I started a series of songs for names. [...] Each piece was a rhetorical, philosophical, musical rumination on all the possible names I had entertained years before when my parents had given me the one chance to change my own. Oh fates! I sang these songs in the privacy of my dorm room, behind closed doors, pillows and cushions stuffed in the air vents so no one would hear. And then I almost failed Latin class, my grades plummeted, my social life dissolved into ping pong tournaments in the residence halls, and, gradually, my interest in music (or anything divine, creative, fruitful, enriching) completely waned. I turned to beer. And cigarettes. And TV sitcoms. And candy bars. Oh well! A perfectly good youth wasted on junk food! That is, until a few months ago, when I came across some of the old name songs, stuffed onto tape cassettes, 4-track recorders, forgotten boxes, forgotten shelves, forgotten hard drives. It was like finding an old diary, or a high school yearbook, senior picture with lens flare and pockmarks, slightly cute and embarrassing. What was I thinking?"

Solo studio albums (2009–2011)
In September 2009, Stevens began performing four new songs while on his fall tour, "All Delighted People", "Impossible Soul", "Too Much" and "Age of Adz". That year Stevens contributed to an album with his stepfather, Lowell Brams, titled Music for Insomnia. The album was released December 8, 2009. On October 6, 2009, Stevens' label, Asthmatic Kitty Records, released an album of versions of his 2001 album Enjoy Your Rabbit rearranged for strings and performed by the Osso String Quartet, titled Run Rabbit Run.

In 2010, Stevens was featured on The National's album High Violet, released in May, and sang backing vocals for the band on the Late Show with David Letterman. Following the release of High Violet, band frontman Matt Berninger mentioned that Stevens was recording a new album in the band's studio and that The National would appear on some of the tracks. In early August, Stevens announced North American tour dates across dozens of cities. On August 20, 2010, Stevens suddenly and unexpectedly released a new collection of tracks, the All Delighted People EP, for digital download. The EP is built around two versions of the title track, "All Delighted People". The EP surprisingly rose to No. 27 on the Billboard 200 albums solely through its digital sales. On August 26, Asthmatic Kitty announced that Stevens would release his newest full-length album, The Age of Adz, on October 12. NPR streamed the album until it was released on October 12, 2010.

The two albums featured a wide range of arrangements, from orchestral to electronic. Song lengths were also extended; the track "Djohariah" from All Delighted People is 17 minutes long, while "Impossible Soul" from The Age of Adz is 25 minutes long. The albums also feature many styles from disco to folk.

Stevens has stated in interviews that in 2009 and 2010 he suffered from a mysterious debilitating virus infection that affected his nervous system. He experienced chronic pain and was forced to stop working on music for several months. He said: "The Age of Adz, is, in some ways, a result of that process of working through health issues and getting much more in touch with my physical self. That's why I think the record's really obsessed with sensation and has a hysterical melodrama to it."

On October 12, 2010, Stevens began his North American tour in Montreal, featuring virtually all new material. The tour lasted just over a month and ended on November 15, 2010, in New York City. Stevens toured Australia and New Zealand in early 2011, featured as part of the Sydney Festival, and appeared on-stage with The National during the last of three sold-out Auckland shows. He also toured Europe and the United Kingdom in April and May 2011, playing there for the first time in five years. His shows mostly consisted of new material, but he did play many older tracks from Seven Swans and Illinois. Stevens ended the Age of Adz tour with two shows in Prospect Park, Brooklyn, New York.

Further collaborative projects (2012–2014)
On February 27, 2012, it was announced Stevens would release a collaborative EP titled Beak & Claw, on March 20, with artists Son Lux and Serengeti under the name S / S / S on the Anticon record label. Stevens released a 7" with close friend Rosie Thomas for Record Store Day 2012, titled Hit & Run Vol. 1. He also collaborated with choreographer Justin Peck on two ballets for the New York City Ballet: Year of the Rabbit (2012) and Everywhere We Go (2014), both to great critical acclaim. Stevens, along with fellow Brooklyn musicians Nico Muhly and Bryce Dessner, began performing their classical project Planetarium, a song-cycle based around the planets in our solar system in countries such as England, The Netherlands, Australia and France from March to July 2012.

On October 2, 2012, it was announced that Stevens would release a second set of Christmas albums, titled Silver & Gold: Songs for Christmas, Vols. 6–10, on November 13, 2012. Silver & Gold contains 58 songs, allowing for a total of 100 when combined with his first set of Christmas albums, Songs for Christmas. To support this new release, Stevens performed in 24 cities around the United States for his 2012 tour titled "The Sirfjam Stephanapolous Christmas Sing-a-Long Seasonal Affective Disorder Spectacular Music Pageant Variety Show Disaster". On December 11, 2012, Stevens released Chopped and Scrooged, a Christmas-themed hip-hop mixtape featuring music from Silver & Gold.

As a part of Joyful Noise's 2013 Flexi Disc Series, Stevens and Cat Martino, of Stranger Cat, recorded the single "Take the Time". Martino has contributed to many of Stevens' past projects, including The Age of Adz. On March 18, 2014, Stevens released the self-titled album, Sisyphus, with Son Lux and rapper Serengeti.

Carrie and Lowell (2015–2017)
On January 12, 2015, Asthmatic Kitty Records announced that Stevens would release a new album called Carrie & Lowell. Stevens shared the first single from the album, "No Shade in the Shadow of the Cross", on February 16, 2015. Carrie & Lowell was released on March 31, 2015. The album garnered critical acclaim upon its release. Stereogum placed the album on its best albums of the decade list in 16th place and described it as "an elegant heartbreaker of an album", while Consequence of Sound ranked it the 43rd best album of the decade, calling it "a special brew that makes even the most intimate personal moment feel parabolic".

The album follows the nuances and trials of life with Stevens' mother, Carrie, who was diagnosed bipolar and schizophrenic, was addicted to drugs, and abandoned him when he was a year old; it also includes Stevens' stepfather, Lowell Brams. Stevens also stated that the songwriting for the album was incited by his process of grieving and coming to terms with his and his mother's relationship following his mother's death due to stomach cancer in 2012. On January 26, 2015, Asthmatic Kitty Records announced a tour of North America, which began in April 2015, to coincide with the new album. Stevens also headlined the End of the Road Festival in the United Kingdom in September. On July 21, a second set of U.S. tour dates, which took place in October and November 2015, was announced.

After Stevens performed new compositions about the solar system alongside composers Nico Muhly and Bryce Dessner in Amsterdam in April 2012, it was reported in March 2017 that the three and James McAlister would produce an album. The "80-minute concept album", titled Planetarium, was released in July 2017. On April 28, 2017, a live album and concert film, Carrie & Lowell Live was released, featuring new interpretations, re-workings and expansions of the songs from Carrie & Lowell. In addition to the live album, Stevens announced another Carrie & Lowell companion piece, The Greatest Gift, released on November 24. It includes four unreleased songs from the album sessions, as well as several remixes and a demo.

Call Me by Your Name and The Decalogue (2017–2019)
In January 2017, it was announced that Stevens would contribute original songs written and recorded by himself for the coming-of-age romantic drama film Call Me by Your Name. The film was released on November 24, 2017, by Sony Pictures Classics. The soundtrack of the film features two new songs and a remix of an existing song by Stevens: "Visions of Gideon", which has been described as containing "lush orchestrations" and "staccato-heavy piano refrains", "Mystery of Love", which was featured in the film's trailer as well as the film itself, and an "ethereal piano arrangement" of The Age of Adz track "Futile Devices". In his review of the film, Consequence of Sound writer Dominick Suzanne-Mayer praised Stevens' work as a composer on the film, noting that he "has a perfect ear for the film's portrayal of a summer that's getting shorter by the day." In January 2018, "Mystery of Love" earned a nomination for the year's Academy Award for Best Original Song. Later in the year, the song received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Song Written for Visual Media. The song was featured in the second season of the Netflix series Sex Education.

In December 2017, Stevens released two versions of "Tonya Harding", a song about the figure skater of the same name. The song's video shows a clip of the eponymous skater performing at the 1991 US Figure Skating Championships. Two days later, the single was offered for digital download and streaming, to be followed later by a cassette and vinyl release, in two versions, the one featured in the video (subtitled "in D major") and a piano-only arrangement ("in E♭ major"); in a short essay, Stevens revealed his intention to write a song about Harding since 1991. According to Stevens, "I've been trying to write a Tonya Harding song since I first saw her skate at the U.S. Figure Skating Championships in 1991. She's a complicated subject for a song partly because the hard facts of her life are so strange, disputable, heroic, unprecedented, and indelibly American." Stevens later revealed that the song was offered to the producers to the biographical film I, Tonya, which was released in the same period, but that they decided not to include it in the film.

In October 2018, Stevens performed and recorded with indie folk musician Angelo De Augustine a collaborative duo of the latter's "Time" single. On May 29, 2019, Stevens released two new songs, respectively titled "Love Yourself" and "With My Whole Heart", which were released in celebration of Pride Month. Sam Sodomsky of Pitchfork called "With My Whole Heart" "five minutes of unabashed and (relatively) unadorned inspirational soft rock" and "Love Yourself" "similarly glowing". Pride-themed T-shirts designed by Stevens also debuted alongside the singles. He later stated that a portion of the song and shirts' proceeds would go to the Ali Forney Center in Brooklyn and the Ruth Ellis Center in Detroit, two organizations which aim to help LGBT youth. In October 2019, Stevens released an album titled The Decalogue with pianist Timo Andres. It is based on a ballet of the same name by Justin Peck, composed by Stevens.

Aporia, The Ascension, and Convocations (2020–2022)
On March 24, 2020, Stevens released a collaborative album with his stepfather, Lowell Brams, titled Aporia. In June, Stevens announced his eighth studio album, titled The Ascension, along with the album's lead single "America", which was released on July 3. The album's second single, "Video Game", was released on August 13, and the third single, "Sugar", was released on September 15. The Ascension was released in full on September 25.

On May 6, 2021, Stevens released a five-volume album of meditation music, called Convocations. On July 7, 2021, Stevens announced the release of a collaborative album, called A Beginner's Mind, that he recorded with fellow folk singer-songwriter Angelo De Augustine. On the same day, they unveiled the cover and the first two singles, "Reach Out" and "Olympus". A Beginner's Mind is a concept album, each track being inspired by a different film from either the 20th or 21st century.

Reflections and Javelin (2023–present)
On April 18, 2023, Stevens announced the album Reflections, which contains duo-piano pieces he had written for Houston Ballet. Along with announcing Reflections, Stevens released the album's first track, "Ekstasis", a piece performed by pianists Timo Andres and Conor Hanick. Reflections was released on May 19, 2023, on Asthmatic Kitty Records.

On August 14, 2023, Stevens released the single "So You Are Tired", alongside an announcement for an album to be released in October 2023, titled Javelin. The record is described as his first "singer-songwriter" album since 2015's Carrie & Lowell. The album includes contributions from Adrienne Maree Brown, Hannah Cohen, Pauline Delassus, Megan Lui, and Nedelle Torrisi, as well as the National's Bryce Dessner, who contributed acoustic and electric guitar for the track "Shit Talk".

On January 28, 2024, the musical Illinoise debuted at Chicago Shakespeare Theater. Based on the album Illinois in its entirety, and with additional music & lyrics contributed by Stevens, it was directed & choreographed by Justin Peck, who discussed the project with Stevens on and off for several years before they agreed to move forward with it. The story was written by Peck and Jackie Sibblies Drury. On March 19, it was announced that the show would transfer to the St. James Theatre on Broadway for a limited time from April 24 until August 10. This production received four nominations at the 77th Tony Awards, including Best Musical, Best Lighting Design of a Musical for Brandon Stirling Baker, and Best Orchestrations for Timo Andres, ultimately winning one for Best Choreography for Peck.

Musical style
Stevens' sound has been most generally associated with genres such as indie folk, alternative rock, indie rock, indie pop, baroque pop, chamber pop, folk pop, avant-garde folk, lo-fi folk, and electronica. For coverage of indie folk see:

for coverage of alternative rock see:

for coverage of indie rock see:

for coverage of indie pop see:

for coverage of baroque pop see:

for coverage of chamber pop see:

for coverage of folk pop see:

for coverage of avant-garde folk see:

for coverage of lo-fi folk see:

for coverage of electronica see:
 * . A multi-instrumentalist, Stevens is known for his frequent use of the banjo, but also plays guitar, piano, drums, woodwind, and several other instruments on his records, layered through the use of multitrack recording.
 * . A multi-instrumentalist, Stevens is known for his frequent use of the banjo, but also plays guitar, piano, drums, woodwind, and several other instruments on his records, layered through the use of multitrack recording.

Themes
Stevens' work is known to explore themes of love, religion, outer space, and grief. His record label stated that 2010's The Age of Adz featured themes of "love, sex, death, disease, illness, anxiety, and suicide".

Despite many of his songs having spiritual allusions, Stevens does not identify as a contemporary Christian music artist or frequently discuss religion with the press. He told The Village Voice: "I don't think music media is the real forum for theological discussions. I think I've said things and sung about things that probably weren't appropriate for this kind of form. And I just feel like it's not my work or my place to be making claims and statements because I often think it's misunderstood."

During a 2004 interview with Adrian Pannett for Comes with a Smile magazine, when asked how important faith was to his music, he said "I don't like talking about that stuff in the public forum because, I think, certain themes and convictions are meant for personal conversation." In a 2006 interview, he said "It's not so much that faith influences us as it lives in us. In every circumstance (giving a speech or tying my shoes), I am living and moving and being."

Personal life
Stevens has resided in Upstate New York near the Catskill Mountains since 2019. Before this, he lived in New York City for 20 years. He is a Christian. Stevens also stated in 2005 that he attended an Anglo-Catholic Episcopal church.

In September 2023, Stevens revealed in a post on Instagram that he had been hospitalized the previous month and diagnosed with Guillain–Barré syndrome. He wrote that he was undergoing physical rehabilitation to relearn how to walk after the illness.

In October 2023, Stevens dedicated his new album Javelin to his partner Evans Richardson, who died in April of the same year. Richardson had served as the chief of staff at the Studio Museum in Harlem, which is dedicated to showcasing the work of black artists; in 2021 he had also been elected as chair of the accreditation commission for the American Alliance of Museums, with "a focus on diversity and access for the communities they serve". Stevens' dedication of Javelin to Richardson was the first time that Stevens had publicly discussed his sexuality.

Awards and nominations
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" | Award ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Nominee(s) ! scope="col" | Category ! scope="col" | Result ! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Ref. ! scope="row"|Academy Awards ! scope="row"|AMFT Awards ! scope="row"|Awards Circuit Community Awards ! scope="row"|Critics Choice Awards ! scope="row"|David di Donatello Awards ! scope="row"|Dorian Awards ! scope="row"|Georgia Film Critics Association ! rowspan="4" scope="row"|Gold Derby Awards ! scope="row"|Grammy Awards ! scope="row"|Guild of Music Supervisors Awards ! scope="row"|Hawaii Film Critics Society ! scope="row"|Houston Film Critics Society Awards ! scope="row"|International Cinephile Society Awards ! rowspan="2" scope="row"|International Online Cinema Awards ! scope="row"|New Mexico Film Critics ! rowspan="2" scope="row"|Online Film & Television Association ! rowspan="7" scope="row"|PLUG Independent Music Awards ! scope="row"|Shortlist Music Prize
 * +List of awards and nominations for Sufjan Stevens
 * 2018
 * rowspan="5"|"Mystery of Love"
 * Best Original Song
 * 2017
 * Best Song Written For Visual Media
 * Won
 * 2017
 * Best Original Song
 * Won
 * 2018
 * Best Song
 * 2019
 * Best Original Song
 * Won
 * 2019
 * 2018 Oscar's Performance
 * TV Musical Performance of the Year
 * 2018
 * rowspan="2"|"Mystery of Love"
 * Best Original Song
 * rowspan="2"|2018
 * rowspan="2"|Original Song
 * rowspan="4"|
 * rowspan="2"|"Visions of Gideon"
 * Won
 * rowspan="2"|2020
 * rowspan="2"|Original Song of the Decade
 * rowspan="4"|"Mystery of Love"
 * rowspan="2"|2020
 * rowspan="2"|Original Song of the Decade
 * rowspan="4"|"Mystery of Love"
 * rowspan="4"|"Mystery of Love"
 * rowspan="4"|"Mystery of Love"
 * 2019
 * Best Song Written for Visual Media
 * 2018
 * Best Song/Recording Created for a Film
 * Won
 * 2018
 * Best Original Song
 * 2018
 * "Visions of Gideon"
 * Best Original Song
 * 2018
 * "Call Me By Your Name"
 * Best Original Score
 * rowspan="2"|2018
 * "Mystery of Love"
 * rowspan="2"|Best Original Song
 * Won
 * rowspan="2"|
 * "Visions of Gideon"
 * "Visions of Gideon"
 * 2017
 * "Mystery of Love"
 * Best Original Song
 * Won
 * rowspan="2"|2018
 * "Mystery of Love"
 * rowspan="2"|Best Music, Original Song
 * rowspan="2"|
 * "Visions of Gideon"
 * "Visions of Gideon"
 * "Visions of Gideon"
 * rowspan="6"|2006
 * rowspan="3"|"Illinois"
 * Album of the Year
 * Won
 * rowspan="7"|
 * Album/Art Packaging of the Year
 * Won
 * Indie Rock Album of the Year
 * rowspan="2"|Himself
 * Artist of the Year
 * Male Artist of the Year
 * Won
 * "Chicago"
 * Song of the Year
 * 2007
 * Himself
 * Male Artist of the Year
 * Won
 * "Chicago"
 * Song of the Year
 * 2007
 * Himself
 * Male Artist of the Year
 * 2007
 * Himself
 * Male Artist of the Year
 * 2005
 * "Illinois"
 * Won
 * Won

Discography
Studio albums
 * A Sun Came (2000)
 * Enjoy Your Rabbit (2001)
 * Michigan (2003)
 * Seven Swans (2004)
 * Illinois (2005)
 * The Age of Adz (2010)
 * Carrie & Lowell (2015)
 * The Ascension (2020)
 * Javelin (2023)

Collaborative albums
 * Planetarium (2017), with Bryce Dessner, Nico Muhly, and James McAlister
 * The Decalogue (2019), with Timo Andres
 * Aporia (2020), with Lowell Brams
 * A Beginner's Mind (2021), with Angelo De Augustine
 * Reflections (2023), with Timo Andres and Conor Hanick

Compilations & Additional Releases
 *  The Avalanche (2006)
 *  Songs for Christmas (2006)
 * The BQE (2009) (soundtrack)
 * All Delighted People (2010)
 * Silver & Gold (2012)
 * Convocations (2021) (five-volume collection)

title: Sufjan Stevens


text:
GANEFO

The Games of the New Emerging Forces (GANEFO; Pesta Olahraga Negara-Negara Berkembang) were the games set up by Indonesia as a counter to the Olympic Games. Established for the athletes of the so-called "emerging nations" (mainly socialist states and newly independent former colonies), GANEFO was the name given both to the games held in Jakarta in 1963 and the 36-member sporting federation established the same year. A second GANEFO scheduled for Cairo in 1967 was cancelled and GANEFO had only one subsequent event, an "Asian GANEFO" held in Phnom Penh in 1966.

Sports and politics at GANEFO
Indonesia established GANEFO in the aftermath of IOC censure for the politically charged fourth edition of Asian Games in 1962 in Jakarta which Indonesia hosted and for which Taiwan and Israel were refused entry cards. This ran against the doctrine of the International Olympic Committee, which strove to separate politics from sport. The IOC's eventual reaction was to suspend Indonesia indefinitely from the IOC. Indonesia had “thrown down a challenge to all international amateur sports organizations, which cannot very well be ignored,” in the words of IOC president Avery Brundage. This was the first time the IOC suspended one of its members, although Indonesia was readmitted in time for the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo.

Indonesian president Sukarno responded that the IOC was itself political because it did not have the People's Republic of China or North Vietnam as members; the IOC was simply "a tool of the imperialists and colonialists." In his words: “The International Olympic Games have proved to be openly an imperialistic tool… Now let’s frankly say, sports have something to do with politics. Indonesia proposes now to mix sports with politics, and let us now establish the Games of the New Emerging Forces, the GANEFO… against the Old Established Order.” GANEFO itself would make it clear in its constitution that politics and sport were intertwined. The event was inspired by the anti-Western, anti-colonial movement and the ideas of the 1955 Bandung Conference.

Ten countries (Cambodia, China, Guinea, Indonesia, Iraq, Mali, Pakistan, Vietnam, and the USSR) announced plans to form GANEFO in April 1963, and another 36 signed on as members in November 1963. Despite its doctrine of separating sports and politics, the IOC nevertheless decreed that the athletes attending GANEFO would be ineligible to participate in the Olympic Games.

Sukarno would later form, with Chinese support, a Conference of New Emerging Forces, or CONEFO (Conference of New Emerging Forces).

Participating states in 1st GANEFO
The first edition of GANEFO was held in Jakarta, Indonesia, on 10 to 22 November 1963. Athletes from 46 states dispatched about 2,700 athletes and seven nations sent staff and officials. In total, 51 states participated in the Games from Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America such as Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, Cambodia, Chile, Ceylon, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, DPR Korea, the Dominican Republic, Finland, France, the German Democratic Republic, Guinea, Hungary, Indonesia, Iraq, Italy, Japan, Laos, Lebanon, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, the Netherlands, Nigeria, Pakistan, Palestine (then divided to Jordanian West Bank and Egyptian Gaza Strip), People's Republic of China, the Philippines, Poland, Republic of Mali, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Somalia, Thailand, Tunisia, Soviet Union, North Vietnam, the United Arab Republic, Uruguay, Yugoslavia, and one other state. Unlike the Olympics, there was also a team representing "Arab Palestine."

No country, however, was represented officially by its national Olympics committee, for fear of IOC reprisals. For instance, the Soviet Union, in a show of solidarity, sent athletes to the first GANEFO, but in order not to jeopardise their position in the IOC, the Soviet athletes were not of Olympic calibre. Japan let their athletes of non-Olympic calibre attend the first GANEFO to take account of the host nation's position of 1964 Summer Olympics. Nevertheless, in the lead-up to the first GANEFO, the Japanese NOC did receive a thinly-veiled threat from the American IOC President at the time, Avery Brundage, regarding Japanese participation in the first GANEFO.

Commemorative stamps
A set of eight postage stamps were issued by Indonesia on November 10, 1963 to publicise the GANEFO.

Medal table at 1st GANEFO
In the first edition of GANEFO, China was the highest-ranking country with 68 gold medals, Soviet Union the second, followed by the United Arab Republic on the third, Indonesia the fourth, and North Korea the fifth. In all, 48 countries reportedly won medals.

2nd GANEFO (1st Asian GANEFO)
The second edition of GANEFO had been planned to be held in Cairo, United Arab Republic, in 1967, but this was cancelled for various political reasons.

The second GANEFO was held in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, on 25 November – 6 December 1966.

Participating nations in 2nd GANEFO (1st Asian GANEFO)
About 2,000 athletes participated in the 2nd edition of GANEFO from 17 nations (Cambodia, Ceylon, China PR, Indonesia, Iraq, Japan, North Korea, Laos, Lebanon, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Palestine, Singapore, Syria, North Vietnam and Yemen). The games were opened by then Prince Sihanouk, the then Chief of State of Cambodia.

The second GANEFO was restricted to Asia, except Guinea which participated in the qualifying tournament in Pyongyang, North Korea, on 1–11 August 1965. Consequently, only 17 Asian countries participated in the second tournament in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, on 25 November – 6 December 1966 which was named '1st Asian GANEFO'.

Medal table at 2nd GANEFO (1st Asian GANEFO)
In the second edition of GANEFO, China PR was the highest-ranking country with 108 gold medals, North Korea the second, and the host nation, Cambodia, the third.

2nd Asian GANEFO
In September 1967 was announced a second Asian GANEFO to be held in Beijing, China, in 1970, but later Beijing dropped the plans to host the Games, which were then awarded to Pyongyang, North Korea. The Games never occurred, however, and the GANEFO organisation collapsed.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: GANEFO


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Category:Czech engineers

See also Category:Czechoslovak engineers

title: Category:Czech engineers


text: Category:British politicians by party

title: Category:British politicians by party


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Michigan (album)

Michigan (styled Sufjan Stevens Presents... Greetings from Michigan, the Great Lake State on the cover) is a concept album by American indie folk songwriter Sufjan Stevens, released on July 1, 2003, on Sounds Familyre, Asthmatic Kitty and Secretly Canadian in the US, and on Rough Trade in Europe. It is Stevens' third studio album and features songs referencing places, events, and persons related to the U.S. state of Michigan.

The album is the first in Stevens' fifty states project, a planned series of fifty albums to encompass all fifty U.S. states. Stevens only released two state albums before admitting the project was a "promotional gimmick". The other album was Illinois (based on the U.S. state of Illinois), which was released in 2005.

Recording and production
The album was recorded and produced entirely by Stevens, using relatively cheap equipment for a market release. All of the tracks were recorded using 2 Shure SM57s and an AKG C1000, running through a Roland VS880EX, at a sampling rate of 32 kHz (lower than the rates typically used in recording). Michigan was produced in Pro Tools, which Stevens has also used for his following albums.

The instrumentation was recorded in various locations: a home in Petoskey, Michigan; Buxton School in Williamstown, Massachusetts; the N. J. Rec. Room in Clarksboro, New Jersey; and throughout Brooklyn, including Stevens' apartment and those of his friends and St. Paul's Church.

A 20th-anniversary re-release was released on June 13, 2023.

Artwork
Album art features original hand-paintings by Martha Stewart Living crafts editor Laura Normandin.

The two-disc vinyl edition of Michigan contains an inscription within the run-off groove of each LP side:
 * "Say YES to Michigan!": This was an old state tourism board slogan.
 * "Go! Tigers!": The Detroit Tigers are a Major League Baseball team based in Michigan.
 * "If you seek a Pleasant Peninsula, look about you": This is the English translation of Michigan's state motto.
 * "The Great Lake State": This is a popular nickname for Michigan.

Critical reception
Michigan received acclaim from critics. Brandon Stosuy of Pitchfork described the album as "a beautiful, sprawling homage" to the state, noting its "lush production", but criticizing the excessive length of some of the album's tracks. In December 2003, American webzine Somewhere Cold voted Michigan Album of the Year on their 2003 Somewhere Cold Awards Hall of Fame list. A year later, in December 2004, Somewhere Cold voted Michigan Vinyl of the Year on their 2004 Somewhere Cold Awards Hall of Fame list.

Legacy
Upon the album's tenth anniversary, Stereogum's Chris DeVille stated: "[Stevens's] widescreen love letter to his home state was such a momentous leap forward... Sufjan has produced a wealth of fascinating, deeply affecting (and sometimes deeply affected) music over the years... Nowadays, aggressive guitar bands like Coliseum are considered punk or metal because indie rock is the kind of genre where neoclassical whiz kid Nico Muhly contributes string arrangements to seemingly every major record, where Régine Chassagne passionately rocks the accordion, where Bon Iver channels Richard Marx unironically. Michigan’s flurry of glockenspiels, oboes, trombones, and, yes, banjos had a lot to do with that."

By 2005, it had sold 27,000 copies in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan.

The song "Redford" was the inspiration for the name of the protagonist of The Roots' 2011 album Undun, who used the song as the opening to a four-part instrumental movement at the end of the album.

Track listing
The vinyl release also includes alternate arrangements of "Vito's Ordination Song" and "Romulus".

The European re-release of the album in 2004 also contains the bonus tracks "Marching Band" and "Pickerel Lake".

Personnel

 * Sufjan Stevens – oboe, English horn, piano, electronic organ, electric piano, banjo, acoustic & electric guitar, bass, vibraphone, xylophone, glockenspiel, recorders, wood flute, whistles, drums, percussion, vocals, layout, art design, arrangement, mixing, production
 * Monique Aiuto – vocals on "Detroit, Lift Up Your Weary Head! (Rebuild! Restore! Reconsider!)" and "Vito's Ordination Song"
 * Vito Aiuto – vocals on "Vito's Ordination Song"
 * Alan Douches – mastering at West Westside Studios in New Jersey
 * Tom Eaton – trumpet on "Flint (For the Unemployed and Underpaid)", "For the Widows in Paradise, For the Fatherless in Ypsilanti", "Detroit, Lift Up Your Weary Head! (Rebuild! Restore! Reconsider!)", and "Vito's Ordination Song"
 * Laura Normandin – artwork
 * John Ringhofer – trombone and vocals on "Oh God, Where Are You Now? (In Pickerel Lake? Pigeon? Marquette? Mackinaw?)"
 * Daniel Smith – vocals on "Vito's Ordination Song"
 * Elin Smith – vocals on "All Good Naysayers, Speak Up! Or Forever Hold Your Peace!", "For the Widows in Paradise, For the Fatherless in Ypsilanti", "Say Yes! to M!ch!gan!", "The Upper Peninsula", "Sleeping Bear, Sault Saint Marie", "They Also Mourn Who Do Not Wear Black (For the Homeless in Muskegon)", "Oh God, Where Are You Now? (In Pickerel Lake? Pigeon? Marquette? Mackinaw?)", and "Vito's Ordination Song"
 * Megan Smith – vocals on "All Good Naysayers, Speak Up! Or Forever Hold Your Peace!", "The Upper Peninsula", "Detroit, Lift Up Your Weary Head! (Rebuild! Restore! Reconsider!)", "Sleeping Bear, Sault Saint Marie", "They Also Mourn Who Do Not Wear Black (For the Homeless in Muskegon)", and "Oh God, Where Are You Now? (In Pickerel Lake? Pigeon? Marquette? Mackinaw?)"

title: Michigan (album)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/HYP (universities)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirected to Big Three (colleges). – Juliancolton  | Talk 05:34, 26 November 2009 (UTC)

HYP
A fairly egregious example of boosterism. While many people refer to H/Y/P as an example or archetype of "top colleges" (the same way they might refer to Harvard/MIT/Stanford as the top research institutions), it's not a recognized enough term (< 1000 Google hits) to warrant an encyclopedia entry. -- Barshon 05:58, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * This claim of <1000 Google hits is simply false. See my Google analysis below.  —Lowellian (talk)   08:54, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Fenster 06:09, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Opinion Unchanged -- Delete. These three schools just often refer to each other, but there is no "accepted" term.  Lowellian, apparently a Harvard alum, refers to it as HYP, but we can see at from Yalie's point of view  that their preferred shorthand is Y-H-P.  The number of Google hits is still non-existent relative to how common this term is supposed to be. Seems like sheer boosterism. - Fenster 22:42, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. utcursch 13:13, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Not a widespread, stable term. It's not an acronymn that's overly needed or particularly used.  Remember that we're for the established, not the emergent terms.  We just try to catch the established stuff early.  Geogre 14:26, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * According to the Korea Times article it's an established term in Korea. . Also if HYP are often treated as a unit (are they?), it should have its own article. If so, move the contents to Harvard, Yale and Princeton, and put something like "In Korea, HYP stands for Harvard, Yale and Princeton" at HYP. Kappa 16:03, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * My vote is now Keep or move to Hardvard, Yale and Princeton since Lowellian found more hits. Kappa 14:49, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment The term was familiar to me and was used in my high school during the sixties, a very upscale competitive school whose guidance counselors spent a lot of time trying to convince tense parents that going to Reed or Haverford or even (gasp) the University of North Carolina was not going to scar their kiddies for life. The categorization of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton as the creme de la creme is also familiar. I do not believe the differentiation is only on the basis of academics; I believe it takes social prestige into account as well. True story: English teacher speaking to advanced placement class: "I don't see what all the fuss is about, trust me, there are other schools besides Princeton." Student snaps back, instantly: "Yeah: two." [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 17:26, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 19:43, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete (or redirect to Ivy League). Academic boosterism and snobbery are out of control on Wikipedia.  At one of these institutions now, and I've never heard of this term.  Rbellin 02:55, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Sticking with Delete despite greater Google evidence. This is not an article-worthy topic, and at most deserves a mention in the Ivy article. Rbellin 20:06, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The claim that HYP < 1000 Google hits is false. "hyp" gets 853000 Google hits, admittedly many of which refer to other things, so we need some better way to filter. "+hyp +harvard" gets 11500 hits, "+hyp +princeton" gets 7340 hits. "+hyp +yale" gets 6010 hits. "+hyp +harvard +princeton +yale" gets 844 hits. Or why don't you check out the following links, taken from the top ten of Google (the ninth hit is Wikipedia's own article)?      . Furthermore, the links clearly show that the term is used by not just a single one of those schools, but all three.   —Lowellian (talk)   08:54, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * One reason the last Google result I gave (the 844 result) undercounts the actual usage of the term is that it searches for pages that contain both "hyp" and the names of the individual schools. But some pages that use HYP will assume that the reader knows what the acronym means and hence will not give the schools anywhere in the page.  —Lowellian (talk)   09:03, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh, and for those curious, "harvard yale princeton" gets 10500 Google hits.  —Lowellian (talk)   09:08, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * This is compared to 1640 hits for "harvard mit stanford", the example Barshon gives above. Harvard, Yale, and Princeton have a close historical tradition that binds them with each other that many other colleges do not have.  —Lowellian (talk)   09:12, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * It is true that +hyp +harvard +yale +princeton gets only 844 hits whereas +hms +harvard +mit +stanford gets 3160 hits. However, here the results are skewed by "hms" being an abbreviation for "Harvard Medical School."  —Lowellian (talk)   09:12, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * The more I think about it, the more I think I am going about the wrong way defending this page. This shouldn't even be about Google hits. It's about whether the term is existent and in use. And it is. It's as simple as that. I didn't make up the term. It's used in college guides and on the web. I wrote an article on it because I heard and saw it used. If you believe the article is POV, then such a page should be improved by NPOVing it, not deleted—you could add a tag to it or edit it so that it is not POV. Improve the page, don't delete it.   —Lowellian (talk)   01:07, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * As for charges of "academic boosterism", many people regard the three universities as having some sort of special quality, but I especially very early on added the clause "though the actual quality of the three universities is a matter of some debate (for more information, see the college and university rankings article)" to qualify the article and make it NPOV. If you still believe it is POV, please NPOV it rather than delete it.  —Lowellian (talk)   01:07, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * I wondered why it seems so many think the article is extremely POV considering that I tried hard to only make statements that were factual and could be backed up with a citation (examples: Worth quotation, university rankings, Rhodes scholarships). I looked at the article again. The last sentence, "Academically, however, all three universities compete for many of the top students and faculty, both in the United States, and increasingly, the rest of the world" is POV, and it doesn't even have a citation. It was also added by an anon, not me. And I have now removed it.  —Lowellian (talk)   01:16, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete Redirect to Ivy League with a note. Wyss 20:52, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Del .Mikkalai 08:33, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, but rename. It is one of many usages of the abbreviation, but the topic deserves an article. Big Three universities? Mikkalai 17:49, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Try googling "hyp regatta"... the  wiki article should be reworked to focus on the "athletic meets"

 * Acronym Finder does acknowledge HYP as Harvard/Yale/Princeton. It doesn't appear to warrant its own article, but redirects are cheap.  Link it to the Ivy League article and merge any pertinent information.  —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 10:20, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree with Radman1 (RaD Man). This doesn't merit its own article. -- Hoary 11:05, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * After looking at the Google hits for "hyp princeton", "hyp yale" and "hyp harvard", I'm changing my vote to a Keep. There is enough usage of the term (at least in the three schools' own media) to merit an article. However, the term seems to be used almost only in the context of sporting events (regatta only?), so the article should be changed to reflect that (i.e. it's not really a general acronym for the schools).   — Asbestos | Talk 13:37, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The phenomenon is real, but there's no good single name for it, and no good reason for a separate article. The actual current article we're discussing is garbage, because it is not an intelligent NPOV discussion of the phenomenon. In fact it seems to be trying to make some sort of case that the special Harvard, Yale, Princeton aura stems from their academic superiority. (On reading Lowellian's remarks, I don't think this was his intent, apologies [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 01:59, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)) We know darn well that the HYP aura is partly based on inertia (everyone's been calling them as the best for a couple of centuries and old habits die hard) and partly on social factors. To put it bluntly, HYP's aura has an element of snobbery, and to pretend it doesn't is to push a point of view. Can anybody imagine a tense parent approaching a guidance counselor and saying "I want to get Johnnie into a school like Harvard, Yale, or Stanford?" or "Harvard, Princeton, or Berkeley?" Ask a dozen people to complete the phrase "Harvard and&mdash" and ten of 'em will say "Yale." I don't have time right now to find appropriate sources to buttress these (self-evident) assertions. But IMHO what should be done is to compose some nice, clear, concise, well-buttressed NPOV statement and place it in each of the articles about Harvard, Yale, and Princeton. Something like the following: [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 23:09, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Harvard is one of a trio of universities, Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, irreverently referred to as HYP, the "Big Three," or the "Holy Trinity." These three are considered to have a special cachet, based on history and social standing as well as academic excellence, that puts them in a subtly different category from the other Ivy League schools.
 * Dpbsmith writes: Can anybody imagine a tense parent approaching a guidance counselor and saying "I want to get Johnnie into a school like Harvard, Yale, or Stanford?" or "Harvard, Princeton, or Berkeley?". My answer, without even having to think about it:  YES, OF COURSE.  In fact, thinking that someone wouldn't say "Harvard, Yale, or Stanford?" makes no sense to me, and makes me think that there's some weird, regionalized worship of these schools going on.  In Europe, Asia, even Canada, the top US schools are generally considered to be -- with Yale, Princeton, and Berkeley following closely behind.
 * "there's some weird, regionalized worship..." Yes, of course. That's the point. The special status of "Harvard, Yale, and Princeton" within the United States a) is a fact, b) that is not obvious and is therefore, if true, worth documenting. 4700 Google hits on "Harvard, Yale and Princeton" versus 353 for "Harvard, MIT and Stanford" look rather like a fact of some kind. It is probably related to another fact, mentioned below: "two-thirds of the men listed in the 1963 edition of the New York Social Register went to Harvard, Yale, and Princeton." [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 00:18, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Redirect to [Ivy League] with comment on that page - Trick 23:10, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Comments
The problem is that HYP is often referred to as the 'Big Three' or 'Holy Trinity' of Ivy League schools. The number of Google hits for 'HYP' itself will be low. Of course, there are some other schools that are also considered to be on par with HYP, such as Stanford and MIT. I think the problem would be resolved if these schools were mentioned in the article, just to let people know that HYP are not the only top-notch American universities. -- 152.163.100.6
 * If HYP is an accepted, real term, like "Ivy League", it should be used enough to generate lots of hits. If it's not, it doesn't warrant an entry.  Period.  In this case, HYP = < 1000 Google hits, while Ivy League = > 1 MILLION hits. -- Barshon 07:46, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Agreed. The actual universities themselves are obviously notable, and mentioning them together is too, but the term itself is not notable (a Google search for 'hyp "harvard yale princeton"' finds just over 600 hits).   — Asbestos | Talk 10:29, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * This claim of <1000 Google hits is simply false. See my Google analysis above.  —Lowellian (talk)   08:54, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * While I got many raw Google hits on the search HYP college, most of the HYPs seemed to be lower case abbreviations for hypnotherapy, often used in the form dip.hyp (referring to a diploma). Worse, a search for HYP college -dip still turns up a first result referring to hypnotherapy. So while I assume it's used routinely in a few scattered schools and counseling offices, it's still limited and usually appears in a distinctly boosterish context. I'm at somewhat of a disadvantage because I'd never heard the term before I encountered this VfD. I'd definitely accept it in an educational jargon glossary, but I think it's below the horizon for an encyclopedia article. Wyss 17:54, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Comment PRINCETON IN YACHT RACES, Special to The New York Times Jun 11, 1931; pg. 36 "Princeton will defend the Hyp Cup and the William McMillan Cup, both of which it won last year in competition against Yale, Harvard, Cornell, Williams and Dartmouth." Hyp is presented as shown, capital H, small y and p. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 23:38, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment INDIFFERENCE IN COLLEGE. LOUIS BROMFIELD. New York Times Aug 29, 1920 pg. E2 "Too many parents believe "it is the thing" to have their sons graduated from Harvard or Yale and Princeton."
 * Comment Now a Degree Is Path to Power By FRED M. HECHINGER New York Times Aug 21, 1966; pg. 179 "Gene R. Hawes, a college admissions expert, reported that while nearly, fewer than half of their sons followed in their footsteps."
 * Comment Admissions Jitters BY HERBERT F. DALTON JR. New York Times Jan 3, 1988 pg. EDUC53 "High schools contribute to admissions stress.... the quality of a senior class or the strength of a year is often judged by how many students were accepted at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton."
 * Comment Google hits on exact phrase: [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 23:52, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * about 4,700 for "Harvard, Yale and Princeton"
 * about 3,940 for "Harvard, Princeton and Yale" (!)
 * about 749 for "Yale, Harvard and Princeton"
 * about 605 for "Harvard, Yale and Stanford"
 * about 344 for "Yale, Princeton and Harvard"
 * about 399 for "Princeton, Yale and Harvard"
 * about 354 for "Princeton, Harvard and Yale"
 * about 303 for "Harvard, Yale and Brown"
 * about 275 for "Harvard, Yale and MIT"
 * about 253 for "Harvard, Yale and Dartmouth"
 * about 145 for "Harvard, Yale and Cornell"
 * about 54 for "Harvard, Yale and Berkeley"
 * about 6 for "Harvard, Yale and Rutgers"

Uhm... these aren't hits on the acronym HYP, which is all we're discussing. Please let me know if I'm missing something? Wyss 09:32, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I think we're discussing two different but related things: a) the initialism HYP, and b) the trio of universities to which it refers (Haverford, Yeshiva, and Purdue. Sorry, couldn't resist). My own opinion is that these three universities are frequently bracketed together; that this bracketing of the three is a reasonably encyclopedic and NPOV fact; and that it ought to be documented somewhere in Wikipedia. That granted, the next question is "where," and my answer is "Dunno." But not in a separate article of it's own, and not under the heading HYP because that isn't really in very wide use, nor is there any really well defined single term for the group. (Unlike Ivy League or Colonial colleges). [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 13:25, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The more I look into this, the less notable it seems. Wyss 17:52, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I undeleted the history of this to merge with another article, which appeared to have used it as a major source, to ensure the original authorship was not lost. Angela. 18:11, Mar 23, 2005 (UTC)


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Personal Storage Table

In computing, a Personal Storage Table (.pst) is an open proprietary file format used to store copies of messages, calendar events, and other items within Microsoft software such as Microsoft Exchange Client, Windows Messaging, and Microsoft Outlook. The open format is controlled by Microsoft who provide free specifications and free irrevocable technology licensing.

The file format may also be known as a Personal Folders (File) or Post Office File. When functioning in its capacity as a cache for Outlook's Cached Exchange Mode feature, it may be called an Off-line Storage Table (.ost) or an Off-line Folders (File).

Overview
In Microsoft Exchange Server, the messages, the calendar, and other data items are delivered to and stored on the server. Microsoft Outlook stores these items in a personal-storage-table (.pst) or off-line-storage-table (.ost) files that are located on the local computer. Most commonly, the .pst files are used to store archived items and the .ost files to maintain off-line availability of the items. This is an essential feature of Microsoft Outlook. The size of these files no longer counts against the size of the mailbox used; by moving files from a server mailbox to .pst files, users can free storage space on their mailservers. To use the .pst files from another location the user needs to be able to access the files directly over a network from their mail client. While it is possible to open and use a .pst file from over a network, this is unsupported, and Microsoft advises against it, as .pst files are prone to corruption when used in this manner.

Both the .pst and .ost files use a fixed-block-based allocation scheme; the file is enlarged by a fixed amount of bytes, and the file internally maintains information about the allocated and non-allocated blocks. So, when data files like email messages are added to a .pst file, its file size is automatically adjusted by the mail client (if necessary). When mail is deleted from a .pst file, the size of the .pst file will stay the same, marking the space as unallocated so that it will hold future data items. Recently removed data items can actually be recovered from .pst and .ost files.

To reduce the size of .pst files, the user needs to compact them.

Data access
Password protection can be used to protect the content of the .pst files. However, Microsoft admits that the password adds very little protection, due to the existence of commonly available tools which can remove or simply bypass the password protection. The password to access the table is stored without the first and last XOR CRC-32 integer representation of itself in the .pst file. Outlook checks to make sure that it matches the user-specified password and refuses to operate if there is no match. The data is readable by the libpst project code.

Microsoft (MS) offers three values for the encryption setting: none, compressible, and high.

 * None the .pst data is stored as plain text.
 * Compressible the .pst data is encrypted with a byte-substitution cipher with a fixed substitution table.
 * High (sometimes called "better") encryption is similar to a WWII German Enigma cipher with three fixed rotors.

Note that neither of the two encryption modes uses the user-specified password as any part of the key for the encryption.

Support
The .pst file format is supported by several Microsoft client applications, including Microsoft Exchange Client, Windows Messaging, and Microsoft Outlook; in the previous two, it was often used with a Personal Address Book (.pab) file, which stores address book. The .pst file format is an open format for which Microsoft provides free specifications and irrevocable free patent licensing through the Open Specification Promise.

The libpst project includes tools to convert .pst files into open formats such as mbox and LDAP Data Interchange Format. libpst is licensed under the GPL and is now included in Fedora 10. MVCOM is a commercially licensed COM Component that provides access to .pst files without MAPI.

There are tools to convert .pst to other formats or to upload to other online e-mails like Gmail, for example.

Formats and size
The file is structured as a B-tree with 512 byte nodes and leaves. All PST files begin with the four-byte magic string "!BDN", a four-byte CRC number, and a two-byte magic string of "SM".

Outlook 2002 and earlier use ANSI (extended ASCII with a codepage) encoding for their .pst and .ost files. This format has a maximum size of 2 GiB (231 bytes) and does not support unicode. A file exceeding this size is likely to give error messages, such as ".pst has reached maximum size limit," and could become corrupted. Although superseded, this format is supported by all Outlook versions, by Internet Message Access Protocol Version 4rev1 (IMAP4) accounts and by HTTP accounts.

From Outlook 2003 and onward, the new standard format for .pst and .ost files is Unicode (UTF-16 little-endian), with 64-bit pointers instead of 32-bit to allow larger than 2 GiB sizes. The limit became 20 GB for Outlook 2003-2007, and increased to 50 GB from Outlook 2010. A file that is created in the personal-folders format in Outlook 2003 or later is not compatible and cannot be opened by earlier versions.

As with any file, .pst files can become corrupted. Growth over the limit has been a consistent problem; ANSI .pst that grew beyond 2 GiB and Unicode .pst that grew beyond 20 or 50 GB would become unusable. The scanpst.exe tool has been included with all versions of Outlook to detect and repair .pst database corruption, and Microsoft at one point offered a special-purpose PST2GB that would simply truncate the file to 2 GiB to allow Outlook to repair it.

Entourage and Outlook for Mac
Microsoft Entourage was Microsoft's email and personal information program for Mac OS X (replaced by Outlook for Macintosh in Microsoft Office for Mac 2011). While superficially similar to Outlook, it was an entirely different application, and used a unique database format which cannot be imported or exported, though user data can be imported and exported to and from another unique format called .rge (a bundle consisting of many individual files plus metadata). Entourage 2008, the current version as of May 2010, has no support for .pst files, though there exists Microsoft's .pst import tool for Entourage 2004; however, the tool could only import .pst files from Outlook for Mac 2001, and not any Windows versions. Entourage's replacement, Outlook for Office 2011 for Intel Macs, was able to import Outlook .pst files from Windows; however, data will be stored as many individual files, rather than in a single database such as .pst or the Entourage database.

Outlook for Mac 2001, which runs under Mac OS 9 or the Mac OS X Classic Environment, connects exclusively to Exchange servers, and to this day is closer to its Windows counterpart than Entourage is. It works directly with 'Outlook 97-2002' .pst files, and can freely interchange those files with Outlook for Windows, as recent versions are still compatible with the older .pst format. The limit for Outlook 2011 is 10GB.

title: Personal Storage Table


text:
Punu people

The Punu  or Bapunu (Pungwe|Pungu|Uréwé) (Sira, Ban Sira), are a Bantu meta-ethnicity of Gabon and the Republic of Congo.

History
According to Magang-Ma-Mbuju and Mbumb Bwass the Punu people originated from the people called «Jagas» and came from Kasaï and Zambezi. According to them, it was the Punu people who had invaded the kingdom of Kongo in 1568 and they were known as Jagas.

Claude Hélène Perrot said that before the publication of the work of these two authors (Magang-Ma-Mbuju and Mbumb Bwass), many studies devoted to the Jagas had shown that this warrior group was of diverse origins, B.M. Batsikama and M. Ipari had concluded that the invaders of Mbanza Kongo in 1568 were populations of Kongo origin. The Punu people migrated into The Republic of the Congo in the 16th century and migrated into Southern Gabon in the 18th century.

White masks

One of the well known Punu art objects are the white masks with nine dots on the forehead symbolizing the nine Punu clans, now known as the Punu masks. The masks are life size, they can cover a person's face. They are worn by the dancers in south Gabon. When there is a major community event the dancers wear these masks, one major event would be a dance performed for a secret society. Europeans have been trying to discover the Punu society for a long time, but not until June 1865 did the first European discover the first white mask. Later in 1925-30 Europeans had more access to the societies and the secrecy was less than before.

Black masks
Black masks in Punu culture were worn by dancers as training masks, which perform first to announce the arrival of the white mask dancer which is more experienced. Sometimes when a misfortune happens to a group they take white masks and paint them black. This type of mask is only danced with in the dark at night. Different from the other two masks, these masks are rarely found in a museum because they used to hide them very well, due to the belief that they are dangerous and they have an evil nature.

Beliefs
The Punu believe in their God Nyambye, they feared evil spirits, they used to do chirurgical operations after someone death to find out the cause of the death however if the cause of the late person could not be found it was then the wizard (mulosi) from the family circle who should be held responsible. People were jealous of successful people and they believe that their jealousy would cause the successful person harm or death. Illness was always seen as a work of an evil spirit and the only way to heal was by a special ritual to cast away the evil spirit's work.

Diaspora
Newspaper adverts, seeking the capture and return of enslaved runaways, known as 'Freedom Seekers', have uncovered a young, female member of the Punu community living and working in East London in the early 1700s. Her intricate scarification marks, described as diamonds on her forehead and temples are those portrayed on the Mukudj, female ancestor masks of the Punu community in Gabon.

Punu carvers continue to model these masks on the women they consider most beautiful in the village. The features of the mask, although idealised, reflect the subject’s best features. Women with scarification are admired for their strength in enduring this process and are considered particularly beautiful as a result.

The girl, aged about 16, resided with Captain Henry Lumley and his household at number 18 Prescott street, Goodman Fields, Aldgate. On the night of Thursday 14th January 1706, taking advantage of the Captain's absence, she escaped her captivity, and was still free when the advert was printed three days later.

title: Punu people


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User talk:Barshon

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 06:03, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Barshon


text:
User talk:Holodoctor1

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 06:06, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Holodoctor1


text:
James Lane Allen

James Lane Allen (December 21, 1849 – February 18, 1925) was an American novelist and short story writer whose work, including the novel A Kentucky Cardinal, often depicted the culture and dialects of his native Kentucky. His work is characteristic of the late 19th-century local color era, when writers sought to capture the vernacular in their fiction. Allen has been described as "Kentucky's first important novelist".

Early life and education
James Lane Allen was born near Lexington, Kentucky, to Richard and Helen Jane (Foster) Allen on December 21, 1849. Allen, the youngest child in the family, had four sisters Lydia, May, Sally, and Annie, and two brothers, John and Henry. Allen lived at the Scarlet Gate estate in Lexington in the late 1800s until age 22 years.

In 1872 Allen graduated from the University of Kentucky, Lexington, taught at Fort Spring, Kentucky, at Richmond and at Lexington, Missouri, and from 1877 to 1879 at the academy of the University of Kentucky, where he was principal and taught modern languages. In 1880 he was professor of Latin and English at Bethany College (West Virginia); and then became head of a private school at Lexington, Kentucky. Allen spent his youth in Lexington during the Antebellum era, the American Civil War, and the Reconstruction periods. His childhood experience heavily influenced his writing. He described living at Scarlet Gate in the introduction to A Kentucky Cardinal.

Career in New York
In 1893 Allen moved to New York City, where he lived until his death. He was a contributor to Harper's Magazine, The Atlantic Monthly, and other popular magazines of the time. His novels include The Choir Invisible, which was a very popular best seller in 1897.

Death and legacy
Allen died "from insomnia" in 1925, and is buried in Lexington Cemetery. At the northern edge of Gratz Park in Lexington is the "Fountain of Youth", built in memory of Allen using proceeds willed to the city by him.

James Lane Allen School, an elementary school off Alexandria Drive in Lexington, Kentucky is named in his honor.

title: James Lane Allen


text:
Buissi people

The Babuissi are an ethnic group of Gabon and the Republic of the Congo. Linguistically part of the Eshira, they live mostly in the upper basin of the Nyanga River.

title: Buissi people


text: User talk:128.125.222.145

title: User talk:128.125.222.145


text:
Mountains of the Moon (Africa)

Mountains of the Moon (Latin: Montes Lunae; جبال القمر, Jibālu al-Qamar or Jibbel el Kumri ) is a legendary mountain or mountain range in east Africa at the source of the Nile River. Various identifications have been made in modern times, the Rwenzori Mountains of Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo being the most celebrated.

Ancient testimony
People of the ancient world were long curious about the source of the Nile, especially ancient Greek geographers. A number of expeditions up the Nile failed to find the source.

Eventually, a merchant named Diogenes reported that he had traveled inland from Rhapta in East Africa for twenty-five days and had found the source of the Nile. He reported that it flowed from a group of massive mountains into a series of large lakes. He reported the natives called this range the Mountains of the Moon because of their snowcapped whiteness.

These reports were accepted as true by most Greek and Roman geographers, most notably by Ptolemy, who produced maps that indicated the reported location of the mountains. Late Arab geographers, despite having far more knowledge of Africa, also presumed the report was fact, and included the mountains in the same location given by Ptolemy.

Modern identifications
It was not until modern times that Europeans resumed their search for the source of the Nile. The Scottish explorer James Bruce, who travelled to Gojjam, Ethiopia, in 1770, investigated the source of the Blue Nile there. He identified the "Mountains of the Moon" with Mount Amedamit, which he described surrounded the source of the Lesser Abay "in two semi-circles like a new moon ... and seem, by their shape, to deserve the name of mountains of the moon, such as was given by antiquity to mountains in the neighborhood of which the Nile was supposed to rise".

James Grant and John Speke in 1862 sought the source of the White Nile in the Great Lakes region. Henry Morton Stanley finally found glacier-capped mountains possibly fitting Diogenes's description in 1889 (they had eluded European explorers for so long due to often being shrouded in mist). Today known as the Rwenzori Mountains, the peaks are the source of some of the Nile's waters, but only a small fraction, and Diogenes would have crossed the Victoria Nile to reach them.

Many modern scholars doubt that these were the Mountains of the Moon described by Diogenes, some holding that his reports were wholly fabricated. G.W.B. Huntingford suggested in 1940 that the Mountain of the Moon should be identified with Mount Kilimanjaro (despite Kilimanjaro being a solitary mountain rather than a mountain range and not feeding the Nile at all), and "was subsequently ridiculed in J. Oliver Thompson's History of Ancient Geography published in 1948". Huntingford later noted that he was not alone in this theory, citing Sir Harry Johnston in 1911 and Dr. Gervase Mathew later in 1963 having made the same identification. O. G. S. Crawford identified this range with the Mount Abuna Yosef area in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia.

Literature

 * In Miguel de Cervantes' 1604 novel Don Quijote de la Mancha, the title character likens the roaring sound of a local river to water that falls from the high Mountains of the Moon.
 * Henry David Thoreau's 1849 book A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers compares the Mountains of the Moon, the Rocky Mountains, and the Himalayas ("Himmaleh") as having "a kind of personal importance in the annals of the world".
 * Edgar Allan Poe's 1849 poem "Eldorado" references the Mountains of the Moon.
 * Vachel Lindsay's 1914 (published—written in 1912) poem "Congo" contains the lines "From the mouth of the Congo to the Mountains of the Moon".
 * Adventure!, a 1931 travelogue by Carveth Wells, details a trip over the Scott Elliot Pass, noting the tropical glaciers and their "prehistoric vegetation", including lobelias 10 ft tall, groundsel 30 ft tall, and enormous patches of green or yellow mosses. In another chapter he tells the story of the great explorer Henry Morton Stanley and why his discovery of the Mountains of the Moon in 1889 was refuted for decades and caused them to be removed from maps for many years.
 * A 1937 Bengali adventure novel by Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay has the name of Chander Pahar, meaning the "mountains of the moon". The novel chronicles the adventures of an Indian boy in the forests of Africa.
 * In a 1964 children's book by Willard Price called Elephant Adventure, the story takes place in the Mountains of the Moon, where the wildlife trees and other vegetation are supposed to be of sizes at least one third larger than in the rest of Africa. Price cites a March 1962 article in National Geographic Magazine as the basis for his premise.
 * Mountains of the Moon is a song by Grateful Dead's Robert Hunter (lyrics) and Jerry Garcia (music). Its first release on record was on their album AOXOMOXOA, released in 1969 by the Warner Bros.-Seven Arts label.
 * Expedition to the Mountains of the Moon is the third novel in the steampunk alternate history series "Burton & Swinburne" by Mark Hodder.
 * Pygmy Kitabu by Jean-Pierre Hallet cites the Mountains of the Moon as the source of the White Nile (Random House 1973).
 * According to J.K. Rowling and Pottermore, it is the location of Uagadou, the African School of Witchcraft and Wizardry.
 * In ‘’The Quest’’ by Wilbur A. Smith, Taita the Magus in his search for the source of the Nile travels to the Mountains of the Moon where the witch Eos has established her lair. While the book doesn't exactly allude that it’s the source of the Nile, it purports that the mountains are key in formation of the Kitangule River which is a key tributary of the Nile. (St. Martin’s Paperbacks, 2008)

Movies and television

 * The 1965 film based on the H. Rider Haggard novel She is set in a lost Egyptian colony located in The Mountains of the Moon.
 * The feature film Mountains of the Moon (1990) relates the story of Sir Richard Francis Burton and John Hanning Speke seeking the source of the Nile in the 1850s.
 * The Mountains of the Moon were featured in the television documentary series Africa by David Attenborough on BBC 1, shown in January 2013.
 * A film based on the novel Chander Pahar, directed by Kamaleshwar Mukherjee, was scheduled to begin shooting in February 2013. The film is produced by Shree Venkatesh Films and was shot on locations in Africa. The film was released on 20 December 2013.

title: Mountains of the Moon (Africa)


text:
Duboce Triangle, San Francisco

The Duboce Triangle is a neighborhood of San Francisco, California, located below Buena Vista Park and between the neighborhoods of the Castro/Eureka Valley, the Mission District, and the Lower Haight.

The Duboce Triangle is served by Muni Metro and buses. Because of its location east of Buena Vista Heights and Twin Peaks, the area sees less fog than many places in San Francisco.

Location
According to the 2010 neighborhoods map of the San Francisco Association of Realtors (SFAR), Duboce Triangle is bordered by Market Street on its southeastern side, by Castro Street to the West and by Duboce Avenue to the North. A 2006 definition by the city mayor's Office of Neighborhood Services puts the neighborhood's northern boundary further north at Waller Street (thereby including Duboce Park), while still excluding the San Francisco Mint building near Market Street.

History
The name Duboce originates from Victor Duboce, a lieutenant colonel of the First California Volunteer Infantry regiment in the Philippines during the Spanish–American War.

Many of the houses in the neighborhood are 1906 flats in the classic revival style, with the earliest house dating from the 1870s (such as the house at 22 Beaver Street built in 1876). A Victorian apartment building at the Northern side of 400 Duboce Avenue which survived the 1906 earthquake, has been described as the country's largest wooden structure to the West of the Mississippi.

From 1970 to 1984, the neighborhood was home to Scott's Pit, the first lesbian biker bar in the city.

title: Duboce Triangle, San Francisco


text:
Dennis McKenna

Dennis Jon McKenna (born December 17, 1950, in Paonia, Colorado) is an American ethnopharmacologist, research pharmacognosist, lecturer and author. He is the brother of well-known psychedelics proponent Terence McKenna and is a founding board member and the director of ethnopharmacology at the Heffter Research Institute, a non-profit organization concerned with the investigation of the potential therapeutic uses of psychedelic medicines.

Education
McKenna received his Master's degree in botany at the University of Hawaii in 1979. He received his doctorate in botanical sciences in 1984 from the University of British Columbia, where he wrote a dissertation titled Monoamine oxidase inhibitors in Amazonian hallucinogenic plants: ethnobotanical, phytochemical, and pharmacological investigations. McKenna then received post-doctoral research fellowships in the Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, National Institute of Mental Health, and in the Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine.

Career
McKenna's research led to the development of natural products for Aveda Corporation as well as greater awareness of natural products and medicines. He has authored numerous scientific articles and books. He co-authored The Invisible Landscape with his brother Terence and Botanical Medicines: the Desk Reference for Major Herbal Supplements with Kenneth Jones and Kerry Hughes. McKenna spent a number of years as a senior lecturer for the Center for Spirituality and Healing, part of the Academic Health Center at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities. He became a senior research scientist for the Natural Health Products Research Group at the British Columbia Institute of Technology in the Vancouver area.

His research has included the pharmacology, botany, and chemistry of ayahuasca and oo-koo-hé, the subjects of his master's thesis. He has also conducted extensive fieldwork in the Peruvian, Colombian, and Brazilian Amazon.

Psilocybin mushroom cultivation
During the early 1970s Jeremy Bigwood and the McKenna brothers developed a technique for cultivating psilocybin mushrooms and they published what they had learned in a book titled Psilocybin - Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide. The team of Bigwood and the McKennas were the first to come up with a reliable method for cultivating psilocybin mushrooms at home.

Other
McKenna's memoir, The Brotherhood of the Screaming Abyss, about his and his brother Terence's life and journeys together, was published in 2012.

He is featured in the documentary DMT: The Spirit Molecule.

McKenna participated in the first Evolver Convergence 2012 in Pittsburgh, June 1–4.

He has been the main guest several times on the popular radio show Coast to Coast AM. His last appearance on the show was the Sunday March 23, 2014, episode.

On December 16, 2012, April 17, 2017, and June 21, 2018, McKenna was the guest on The Joe Rogan Experience podcast.

Dennis was also a key guest on The Cosmic Echo Podcast on September 18, 2018.

title: Dennis McKenna


text: User talk:69.109.42.8

title: User talk:69.109.42.8


text:
File:Tina Arena - Strong as Steel.jpg

Cover for album Strong as Steel by Tina Arena.

Fair use rationale for

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright

title: File:Tina Arena - Strong as Steel.jpg


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Talk:Pigeon pea

Oily versus non-oily
Some toor dal are sold oily (with castor oil) and some are sold without oil. What are the purposes, benefits, and drawbacks of adding (castor) oil to toor dal? 204.210.242.157 (talk) 01:29, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Oil was traditionally added to preserve freshness for long storage. Many modern consumers will buy toor dal in small packets and will find the un-oiled version lasts long enough. The continued popularity of the traditional oiled style is sometimes said to be a matter of consumer habit rather than necessity.

 * In either case, the dal should be washed thoroughly before use. If this is done correctly, there should not be much difference in taste between the two preparations. Happydemic (talk) 14:26, 20 June 2010 (UTC)

disambiguation, Pidgeon peas in The UK
I visited this article to find out about pidgeon peas that are used in traditional British recipes. I have now discovered that these are actually varieties of the field pea, Pisum Sativum Arvense. Thet are known as pidgeon peas in Britain and possibly in other European countries as in modern times they are used primarily as pidgeon food for those who race these birds.

Source:

http://adambalic.typepad.com/the_art_and_mystery_of_fo/2007/02/left_maple_peas

It would seem ppropriate to include a clarification in this article 82.39.231.56 (talk) 15:39, 18 January 2013 (UTC)

Alternative names jumbled

 * 1) Which of the names are used in English?
 * 2) Where?
 * 3) What language are the non-English ones?
 * 4) How about transliterations of those not in Latin script? DCDuring (talk) 04:31, 6 January 2014 (UTC)

Amino acids
Whoever claimed this has a significant amount of tryptophan is a danger to themselves and others. For someone who is bipolar, it is a nasty trick. You cannot make serotonin or B12 without tryptophan: Tryptophan 0.4g	- Threonine 1.6g	- Isoleucine 1.6g	- Leucine 3.2g	- Lysine 3.1g	- Methionine 0.5g	- Cystine 0.5g	- Phenylalanine 3.8g	- Tyrosine 1.1g	- Valine 1.9g	- Arginine 2.7g	- Histidine 1.6g	- Alanine 2g	- Aspartic acid 4.4g	- Glutamic acid 10.3g	- Glycine 1.6g	- Proline 2g	- Serine 2.1g

For each gram of protein you eat, you should get 18 milligrams of histidine, 25 of isoleucine, methionine and cysteine, 55 of leucine, 51 of lysine, 47 of phenylalanine and tyrosine, 27 of threonine, 7 of tryptophan and 32 of valine, according to the Institute of Medicine.

If you eat 128 grams of protein each day, this amounts to a total of 2.3 grams of histidine, 3.2 of isoleucine, methionine and cysteine, 7 of leucine, 6.5 of lysine, 6 of phenylalanine and tyrosine, 3.5 of threonine, .9 of tryptophan and 4.1 of valine. http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/recommended-levels-essential-amino-acids-3649.html

nutrition comparison of mature/immature seeds
The nutrition comparison between mature/immature seed probably doesn't take into account the greater water content of the immature seed, in which case the comparison is meaningless. For the reader to have any confidence in the nutrition comparison, the chart should show the % water in each, or compare dry weights and state so. USDA needs correcting too, probably. Rtdrury (talk) 10:33, 23 March 2014 (UTC)

Common names
Toor Dal is one of the most widely consumed staple foods of India, but the name 'Pigeon pea' is entirely unknown. It is therefore essential that the names of this staple food in various vernaculars find prominent space on this page, so that people know what they are talking about. Someone removed the entire list of names a few days ago. That person clearly did not know the importance of the list of names; perhaps he thought it was a vanity list. That is not the case and I hope the importance of the list is understood. Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 120.63.1.226 (talk) 06:25, 3 July 2019 (UTC)

 * Are you talking about the "Common Names section"? I'm not the one who removed it, and I'm not planning to, but I also don't understand why this is here, and why half of it is devoted to Indian languages. Listing all of the common English names makes sense, but no other plant page has a list of common names in so many other languages. Given that languages like Hindi have their own Wikipedias, I don't see the importance of translating it into Hindi here. Justin Kunimune (talk) 13:51, 7 July 2019 (UTC)

 * Actually, upon closer inspection, it seems that the WP:Plants guidelines are pretty clear on the subject: only common names in English should be listed on the English Wikipedia page. Thus, for consistency's sake, I'm re-removing the section, which I believe is extraneous as per the reasons noted above. Readers can go to the Hindi Wikipedia to see the plant's common name in Hindi, etc. Justin Kunimune (talk) 23:23, 30 July 2019 (UTC)

 * @120.63.25.127, please describe your reasoning for re-adding the names section here. Is "toor dal" commonly used to refer to pigeon peas in English? If not, then it's not relevant to this page, only to the Hindi page: https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2 Justin Kunimune (talk) 13:19, 3 August 2019 (UTC)

I've removed this section again. I hope the above IP editors have read WP:PLANTS and noted the emphasis placed on "used in English". Names in the removed section don't meet these guidelines. Also note the more general guidelines at WP:NOTDICTIONARY: indiscriminate lists of names or terms in other languages are not suitable content. As Justin Kunimune says, these names may be added to the respective Wikipedias of those languages, subject to their policies regarding suitable references etc. Declangi (talk) 04:01, 27 September 2019 (UTC)

In Australia, at least, split pigeon peas are commonly sold in Indian stores under the name of toor dal. (My chain supermarket has them too.) I am an Australian of European descent and have used toor dal for years, without knowing what pigeon peas are. Given how widespread Indian cuisine and Indian grocery stores are, let's at least include toor in the article. Not sure where, though (toor is now just mentioned briefly under dry method) --Chriswaterguy talk 07:20, 5 February 2020 (UTC)

 * Okay. If "toor" is commonly used in English, then it does deserve to be mentioned. I found [this English language source](http://www.geacindia.gov.in/resource-documents.aspx) mentioning "tur" and "read gram" as alternative vernacular names and added both to the lead with that citation. I couldn't find any source using the spelling "toor"; ideally that shouldn't be mentioned without one, but on the other hand it's just an alternate romanization of the same Hindi word, so it might be safe to have it uncited. Either way, I added a redirect from "toor" to this page ("Tur (bean)" also already redirects here).
 * Justin Kunimune (talk) 17:10, 5 February 2020 (UTC)

toor(Unix)
Should Toor (Unix) be added as a disambiguation? Wikitrumpets (talk) 00:51, 21 May 2020 (UTC)

Actually a pea or a lentil?
Are these actually a pea or a lentil, or is legume the best we can do here? Would be nice to clarify this point explicitly.

See the following:

 * Split Pea or Lentil? How to tell the difference — 26 June 2017

Both split peas and lentils are from the legume family they, like beans, come from a different variety of legume.

Split peas are grown specifically for drying and they split naturally when dried and lentils are the seed of a plant that is dried.

The better word for all these is pulse.

A pulse is a dry legume that grows in a pod of one to 12 seeds.

It includes beans, lentils, and peas.

Although split peas belong to the same family as beans and lentils, they are usually distinguished as a separate group because of the ways in which they are prepared.

Peas are all round or spherical and lentils are flat and round, and beans are more oval and fuller in shape.

I've gone around the block enough with all the mind-numbing Hindi synonyms of various legume products to know that little is precisely as it first seems, so merely the presence of "pea" in the name is not good enough. — MaxEnt 22:23, 8 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Going off the definition used on other Wikipedia pages, it seems that "split pea" and "lentil" refer to specific species of legume, in the genuses Pisum and Lens, respectively. The pigeon pea is neither of these, being in the genus Cajanus. Justin Kunimune (talk) 22:36, 8 December 2020 (UTC)

 * I believe it may have acquired the common epithet pigeon pea because the seeds are prone to splitting and the outer skin is easily removed, as with typical green split peas, which are skinless when purchased by a consumer. To split a lentil would not be a process easily carried out by man or machine. Pigeion pea is not pisum, but it is a "pea" in the colloquial sense.--Quisqualis (talk) 23:44, 8 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Are the widely-available split red lentils not actually lentils then? (I call them widely available because in my area I can find them in nearly any "mainstream" store; however, many of my neighbours are Indian, so perhaps the lentils are less available elsewhere. TooManyFingers (talk) 03:24, 27 August 2021 (UTC)

Dehulling methods: confusing
The section on dehulling methods is very confusing because it starts by saying there are two methods, but when those methods are described, there seems to be nearly no difference between them. The wet method is wet; the dry method is ... also wet.

Is the section simply a big mistake? Or is it true but requiring a better explanation? TooManyFingers (talk) 03:34, 27 August 2021 (UTC)

Regional names - one more?
Several regional names are described, and that's good. But where are they in fact commonly called "pigeon peas"? TooManyFingers (talk) 04:13, 27 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pigeon pea


text: User talk:82.36.124.59

title: User talk:82.36.124.59


text:
Strong as Steel

Strong as Steel is the second studio album by Australian pop singer Tina Arena, released in 1990 by EMI.

Album information
The album has a very light tone and a pop rock feel to it compared to Arena's subsequent albums, which were darker and more personal.

Strong as Steel was re-released in 1996 by Sony Music, however the re-release is substantially different from the original version. The cover art for the re-release is completely different and only five of the thirteen tracks from the original version are included. Five previously unreleased songs (including a demo destined for her next studio effort) recorded at a later date were added for a total of ten tracks on the new version. The uniqueness and rarity of the original 1990 version has made it a highly sought after collector's item.

Production

 * Producers: Tina Arena, Doug Brady, Ross Inglis, Pam Reswick, Steve Werfel
 * Art direction: Pierre Baroni
 * Design: Pierre Baroni
 * Photography: Pierre Baroni

title: Strong as Steel


text: Talk:Strong as Steel

title: Talk:Strong as Steel


text: Category:Tina Arena albums

title: Category:Tina Arena albums


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