text:
Far Rockaway, Queens

Far Rockaway is a neighborhood on the eastern part of the Rockaway peninsula in the New York City borough of Queens. It is the easternmost section of the Rockaways. The neighborhood extends from Beach 32nd Street east to the Nassau County line. Its southern boundary is the Atlantic Ocean; it is one of the neighborhoods along Rockaway Beach.

Far Rockaway is located in Queens Community District 14 and its ZIP Codes are 11691 and 11693. It is patrolled by the New York City Police Department's 101st Precinct.

Precolonial and colonial era

The indigenous inhabitants of the Rockaways were the Canarsie Indians, a band of Mohegan, whose name was associated with the geography. By 1639, the Mohegan tribe sold most of the Rockaways to the Dutch West India Company. In 1664, the English defeated the Dutch colony and took over their lands in present-day New York. In 1685, the band chief, Tackapoucha, and the English governor of the province agreed to sell the Rockaways to a Captain Palmer for 31 pounds sterling.

The Rockaway Peninsula was originally designated as part of the Town of Hempstead, then a part of Queens County. Palmer and the Town of Hempstead disputed over who owned Rockaway, so in 1687 he sold the land to Richard Cornell, an iron master from Flushing. Cornell and his family lived on a homestead on what is now Central Avenue, near the shore of the Atlantic Ocean. At his death, Cornell was buried in a small family cemetery, Cornell Cemetery.

19th century
In the late 19th century, the Rockaway Association wanted to build a hotel on the Rockaway Peninsula, as it was increasingly popular as a summer destination. The association, consisting of many wealthy members who had homes in the area, bought most of Cornell's old homestead property. They developed the Marine Pavilion on that site, which attracted such guests as Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Washington Irving, and the Vanderbilt family. The Rockaway Association also built the Rockaway Turnpike. The Marine Hotel burned to the ground in 1864, but more hotels and private residences were built in the area.

In the 19th century, people traveled to the Rockaways by horse-drawn carriages or on horseback. A ferry powered by steam sailed from Lower Manhattan to Brooklyn. By the 1880s, the Long Island Rail Road's Rockaway Beach Branch was built to serve Far Rockaway station. The steam railroad went to Long Island City and Flatbush Terminal (now Atlantic Terminal). When it opened in the 1880s, this connection stimulated population growth on the Rockaway Peninsula. Benjamin Mott gave the LIRR 7 acre of land for a railroad depot. Land values increased and businesses in the area grew, and by 1888, Far Rockaway was a relatively large village. It incorporated as a village on September 19 of that year.

20th century to present
In 1898, the area was incorporated into the City of Greater New York and became part of Queens. The neighborhoods of Far Rockaway, Hammels, and Arverne in Queens tried to secede from the city several times. In 1915 and 1917, a bill approving secession passed in the legislature but was vetoed by the New York City mayor John Purroy Mitchel. The area saw economic decline in World War I and again during the Great Depression. New apartment complexes were built in the neighborhood following World War II, but the construction of public housing and medical institutions again caused the reputation of Far Rockaway to decline in the 1960s.

In September 2017, the New York City Council voted to rezone 23 blocks in the center of Far Rockaway, after the New York City Planning Commission approved the rezoning. The rezoning would allow as many as 3,100 residences to be built in the neighborhood, as well as community spaces and retail. Following the rezoning, city officials approved 670 affordable apartments within the area in 2018.

Demographics
Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Far Rockaway was 50,058, a change of 1,714 (3.4%) from the 48,344 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 1251 acres, the neighborhood had a population density of 40 PD/acre.

The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 25.5% (12,778) White, 44.7% (22,400) African American, 0.3% (175) Native American, 1.9% (931) Asian, 0.1% (44) Pacific Islander, 1% (504) from other races, and 1.7% (860) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 24.7% (12,366) of the population.

Far Rockaway is a diverse neighborhood with many immigrants from Jamaica, Guyana, and Guatemala, as well as Russia and Ukraine. It also is home to a significant number of Orthodox Jews.

Bungalows
The Far Rockaway Beach Bungalow Historic District recognizes an area with a distinct character. This and individual properties, such as the Russell Sage Memorial Church, Trinity Chapel, and United States Post Office are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

With its nearby beach, Far Rockaway attracted tourists and vacationers from the other boroughs. Bungalows were the homes of choice for many residents who lived in Far Rockaway. The railroad abandoned the Rockaway Beach Branch in 1950 because of the shift of many people to driving private cars. In addition, this destination had to compete with the many others that people were visiting by car and air travel, which created access to even more distant destinations and heightened competition for travel dollars.

As the neighborhood's heyday as a resort community declined in the 1950s, the city built substantial numbers of public housing developments to try to replace substandard housing after World War II. Bungalows and other residential housing were converted to year-round use for low-income residents. Some bungalows were used as public housing. The 1970s New York City budget crisis had a negative effect on the provision of social services, and problems of poverty, unemployment and drug use increased in this area.

In September 1984, residents founded the Beachside Bungalow Preservation Association to "improve the quality of the Far Rockaway community through preservation, education, and cultural programs". The organization donated a collection of materials highlighting its history, correspondence, and activities to the Queens Library Archives in 2008.

Parks

 * O'Donohue Park
 * Bayswater Point State Park

Police and crime
Far Rockaway is patrolled by the NYPD's 101st Precinct, located at 16-12 Mott Avenue. The 101st Precinct and the adjoining 100th Precinct, which serves the rest of the Rockaways, collectively ranked 10th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010. However, the low-income and densely populated 101st Precinct has significantly more crime than the 100th Precinct, which is high-income and more insular.

The 101st Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 74.6% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 6 murders, 26 rapes, 151 robberies, 301 felony assaults, 98 burglaries, 250 grand larcenies, and 31 grand larcenies auto in 2018.

Fire safety
Far Rockaway is served by the New York City Fire Department (FDNY)'s Engine Cos. 264 and 328/Ladder Co. 134, located at 16-15 Central Avenue.

Post office and ZIP Code
Far Rockaway is covered by ZIP Code 11691. The United States Post Office operates the Far Rockaway Station at 18-36 Mott Avenue.

Public schools
The neighborhood, like all of New York City, is served by the New York City Department of Education. Far Rockaway residents are zoned to several different elementary schools:
 * P.S. 43
 * P.S. 104 (The Bayswater School) (Kindergarten–6th grade)
 * P.S. 105 (The Bay School)
 * P.S. 106
 * P.S. 197 (The Ocean School)
 * P.S. 215 (W.A.V.E Prep)
 * P.S. 253

Far Rockaway residents are zoned to M.S. 53 Brian Piccolo.

All New York City residents who wish to attend a public high school must apply to high schools. Far Rockaway High School was located in Far Rockaway, but was shut down in 2011 as a stand-alone institution. During the administration of Mayor Michael Bloomberg in 2011, many large, underperforming, older traditional high schools were closed in the city. The 1929 building was renovated to operate as the Far Rockaway Educational Campus, home to a number of smaller, specialized academies that share the building. They can provide more individualized attention to their students. The former Beach Channel High School was similarly closed in 2014 and repurposed to house several smaller, specialized academies; it is in Rockaway Park, near Far Rockaway, and draws some of its students from Far Rockaway.

Library
Queens Public Library operates the Far Rockaway branch at a temporary location at 1003 Beach 20th Street. The library was formerly located at Central Avenue. In 2013, New York magazine reported that the city planned to construct a public library in the neighborhood, to be designed by the internationally known architectural firm Snøhetta. Construction started in November 2018.

Jewish institutions
During the early and mid-20th century, many Jewish immigrants and their working-class descendants settled in Far Rockaway, sometimes first as summer visitors. They founded numerous synagogues and private schools, including those devoted to all-boys or all-girls institutions for educating Orthodox children. Following World War II, as residential housing was developed in Nassau and later Suffolk counties, many Jewish families left the Rockaways for newer housing. According to The New York Times, Far Rockaway had "flourished in the 1940s but withered...1960s" until "a few Jewish families...started the Hebrew Free Loan Society for new home buyers."

Synagogues include Congregation Kneseth Israel in Far Rockaway (The White Shul), which was founded in 1922. Schools include Sh'or Yoshuv Institute of Jewish Studies/Sh'or Yoshuv Yeshiva, Yeshiva Darchei Torah and the Yeshiva of Far Rockaway.

Other synagogues (past and present): • Agudath Israel of Long Island

• Agudath Israel of West Lawrence

• Bayswater Jewish Center

• Young Israel of Far Rockaway

• Young Israel of Bayswater

Other schools (past and present): • Bnois Bais Yaakov

• Siach Yitzchok Elementary School for Boys

• Torah Academy for Girls

• The Hebrew Institute of Long Island

• Yeshiva Ateres Shimon

• Mechon Sara

Transportation
Far Rockaway is served by the following transportation services:
 * The New York City Subway's IND Rockaway Line, which has a terminal at Mott Avenue.
 * The Far Rockaway terminal station for the Long Island Rail Road's Far Rockaway Branch. The branch had been part of a loop with service along the existing route, continuing through the Rockaway Peninsula and crossing on a trestle across Jamaica Bay through Queens, where it reconnected with other branches. Frequent fires and maintenance problems led the LIRR to abandon the Queens portion of the route. The city acquired this to develop the IND Rockaway Line.
 * MTA Regional Bus Operations:
 * Nassau Inter-County Express: . Unlike other NICE routes in Queens, these buses operate open-door in Far Rockaway, meaning customers can ride these buses wholly within the neighborhood without going to Nassau County.

Notable people

 * Nisson Alpert (1927–1986), rabbi who was Rosh Yeshiva at the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary
 * Khaleel Anderson (born 1996), politician who has represented the 31st district of the New York State Assembly since 2020
 * Richard Bey (born 1951), talk show host; went to Far Rockaway High School
 * Baruch Samuel Blumberg (1925–2011), winner of 1976 Nobel Prize in Medicine; graduated from Far Rockaway High School in 1942
 * Avrohom Blumenkrantz (1944–2007), Orthodox rabbi who was a widely consulted authority on the laws of Passover kashrut
 * Albert J. Brackley (1874–1937), politician who served in the New York State Assembly
 * Steven Brill (born 1950), journalist and founder of Court TV
 * Joyce Brothers (1927–2013), family psychologist and advice columnist; grew up in Far Rockaway
 * Joseph Cassidy (c. 1866–1920), political boss who served as borough president of Queens
 * Chinx (1983–2015), rapper, grew up in both the Redfern Houses and Edgemere Houses (the latter are now known as Ocean Bay Apartments)
 * Cormega (born Cory McKay, 1970), rapper, lived in Far Rockaway as a youth
 * Mac DeMarco (born 1990), Canadian songwriter and musician; has a house in Far Rockaway, where he recorded his album Another One
 * Father MC (born 1967), recording artist with Uptown Records
 * Folorunso Fatukasi (born 1995), defensive end for the New York Jets
 * Olakunle Fatukasi (born 1999), linebacker for Rutgers
 * Joan Feynman (1927–2020), astrophysicist and NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal recipient
 * Richard Feynman (1918–1988), physicist and Nobel Prize winner; grew up in Far Rockaway and graduated from Far Rockaway High School.
 * Marcus Gaither (1961–2020), professional basketball player in France and Israel, who played the guard position and led the Israel Basketball Premier League in scoring in 1989–90
 * Mary Gordon (born 1949), writer of novels, memoirs, and literary criticism, and professor at Barnard College; born in Far Rockaway and lived there for several years
 * Margo Guryan (1937-2021), singer-songwriter, musician and lyricist who is remembered for her 1968 album "Take A Picture"
 * Steven Handel (born 1945), educator and restoration ecologist
 * Zander Hollander (1923–2014), sportswriter, journalist, editor and archivist
 * Carl Icahn (born 1936), businessman and philanthropist; grew up in Far Rockaway and went to Far Rockaway High School
 * Al Jaffee (1921-2023), cartoonist best known for his work in the satirical magazine Mad, including his trademark feature, the Mad Fold-in
 * Nancy Lieberman (born 1958), women's basketball pioneer; grew up in Far Rockaway
 * Deborah Lipstadt (born 1947), historian
 * Bernard Madoff (1938-2021), former American stockbroker, investment advisor, and financier who was convicted of fraud; went to Far Rockaway High School, where he met his wife, Ruth Alpern
 * Steve Madden (born 1958), shoe designer and former CEO of Steve Madden Ltd; born in Far Rockaway
 * Cliff Mass (born 1952/53), atmospheric sciences professor and weather and climate blogger; born in Far Rockaway
 * Alice Nielsen (1872–1943), Broadway performer and operatic soprano; owned a house in Far Rockaway in the 1920s
 * Barbara Novak (born 1929), art historian, novelist, National Book Award for Nonfiction finalist
 * Phil Ochs (1940–1976), folk-protest singer; resided here for a period during childhood and died at his sister's home here
 * Ryan Pearson (born 1990), professional basketball player
 * Kelly Price (born 1973), nine-time Grammy nominated R&B and gospel singer and songwriter grew up in the Edgemere Projects
 * Rammellzee (1960–2010), rap pioneer; born and died in Far Rockaway
 * Kenneth Alan Ribet (born 1948), mathematician
 * Burton Richter (1931–2018), winner of 1976 Nobel Prize in Physics; graduated from Far Rockaway High School in 1948
 * Gary Schwartz (born 1940), art historian
 * MC Serch (born 1967 as Michael Berrin), former member of the hip hop group 3rd Bass
 * Raymond Smullyan (1919-2017), mathematician; grew up in Far Rockaway
 * Herbert Sturhahn (1902–1979), football player elected to the College Football Hall of Fame; born in Far Rockaway
 * Conrad Thibault (1903–1987), baritone vocalist who frequently appeared on radio, recordings, and concert tours

title: Far Rockaway, Queens


text:
Dall

Dall may refer to:

People

 * Anders Bendssøn Dall (died 1607), Danish Lutheran bishop
 * Bobby Dall (born 1963), American musician
 * Caroline Healey Dall (1822–1912), American feminist writer
 * Clarrie Dall (1887–1953), Australian footballer
 * Curtis Bean Dall (1896–1991), American businessman and author
 * Cynthia Dall, (1971–2012) American musician
 * Evelyn Dall (1918–2010), American singer and actress
 * Ferdomhnach Dall (died 1110), Lector of Kildare and harpist
 * James Kyle Dall, first headmaster of Elmfield College
 * John Dall (1920–1971), American actor
 * Karl Dall (1941–2020), German television presenter
 * Nicholas Thomas Dall (died 1777), Danish painter
 * Niels Dall (born 1984), Danish archer
 * Rose Datoc Dall (born 1968), Filipina-American artist
 * William Healey Dall (1845–1927), American naturalist and malacologist
 * Dall Fields (1889–1956)

Places

 * Dall Island, an island in the Alexander Archipelago
 * Dall Lake, a lake in Alaska, United States
 * Dall River Old Growth Provincial Park, a park in British Columbia, Canada

Other

 * Dall sheep, a wild sheep of North America
 * Dall's porpoise, a species of porpoise
 * Dallara, an automobile chassis manufacturer
 * DALL, an acronym for Devine All Love and Live, a 2024 album by Artms

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dall


text:
Thurman Arnold

Thurman Wesley Arnold (June 2, 1891 – November 7, 1969) was an American lawyer best known for his trust-busting campaign as Assistant Attorney General in charge of the Antitrust Division in President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Department of Justice from 1938 to 1943. He later served as a Judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. Before coming to Washington in 1938, Arnold was the mayor of Laramie, Wyoming and a professor at Yale Law School, where he took part in the legal realism movement and published two books: The Symbols of Government (1935) and The Folklore of Capitalism (1937). He also published The Bottlenecks of Business (1940).

Early life and education
Thurman was born in the frontier ranch town of Laramie, Wyoming, which grew to be a small city and the location of the University of Wyoming. He was the son of Annie (Brockway) and Constantine Peter Arnold. He began his university studies at Wabash College, but transferred to Princeton University, earning his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1911. He earned his Bachelor of Laws from Harvard Law School in 1914.

Career
Arnold served in World War I, rising to the rank of lieutenant in the United States Army (Field Artillery) and worked briefly in Chicago, Illinois before returning to Laramie, where he was a member of the Wyoming House of Representatives in 1921 and then mayor from 1923 to 1924. He developed a reputation as a maverick lawyer. He was a Lecturer at the University of Wyoming from 1921 to 1926. He was Dean of the West Virginia University College of Law from 1927 to 1930. He was a visiting professor at Yale University from 1930 to 1931, and then professor of law at the same institution from 1931 to 1938. He was a special assistant to the general counsel of the Agricultural Adjustment Administration in 1933. He was an Assistant Attorney General of the United States Department of Justice from 1938 to 1943. As chief competition lawyer for the United States Government, Arnold launched numerous studies to support the antitrust efforts in the late 1930s. He targeted the American Medical Association in their anti-competitive efforts against health plans. The Roosevelt administration later de-emphasized antitrust enforcement, for the stated purpose of allowing corporations to concentrate on contributing to victory in World War II.

Federal judicial service
Arnold was nominated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 11, 1943, to an Associate Justice seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia (now the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit) vacated by Associate Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge. He was "kicked upstairs" by President Roosevelt to the Court of Appeals in order to get him out of the Antitrust Division. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 9, 1943, and received his commission on March 11, 1943. His service terminated on July 9, 1945, due to his resignation.

Court of Appeals tenure
Although the District of Columbia Court of Appeals had some responsibility for review of decisions by federal administrative agencies, during Arnold's tenure the court's primary role was reviewing decisions of local trial courts involving routine civil and criminal matters arising in Washington, D.C. Arnold was never happy during his time on the court, resigning after only two years on the bench. As an explanation of his decision, he told observers he "would rather be speaking to damn fools than listening to damn fools."

Arnold & Porter
Arnold returned to private practice in Washington, D.C. where, along with Paul A. Porter and Abe Fortas, he co-founded the law firm known today as Arnold & Porter.

Personal and death
Thurman married his lifelong partner Frances Longan Arnold on September 4, 1917. They had two children, Thurman Jr. and George, both of whom enjoyed successful careers in the law. Nebraskan "Hugh Cox, famous as Thurman Arnold's chief deputy" and also as an early partner at Root Clark & Bird (later Root, Clark, Buckner & Ballantine; later Dewey Ballantine, later Dewey & LeBouef) was attorney for Donald Hiss, brother of Alger Hiss. Both Cox and Hiss were partners at Covington & Burling, where he was called the "perfect advocate" ) during the Hiss-Chambers Case."

Arnold died on November 7, 1969.

Thurman Arnold Jr. established a law firm in Palm Springs, California in 1953. Thurman Arnold Jr.'s son, Thurman Arnold III, joined his father's law firm in 1982 and is currently practicing law with an emphasis on Family Law in Palm Springs, California. George Arnold married and raised a family with Ellen Cameron Pearson, daughter of columnist Drew Pearson and granddaughter of Cissy Patterson, owner of the Washington Times-Herald.

title: Thurman Arnold


text:
Platinum & Gold Collection (Lit album)

Platinum & Gold Collection is a compilation of Lit's greatest hits, released on May 4, 2004, by RCA Records. It contains material from their A Place in the Sun and Atomic albums.

Track listing
All songs were written by A. Jay Popoff and Jeremy Popoff, except where noted.
 * 1) "Something To Someone" – 4:50
 * 2) "My Own Worst Enemy" – 2:49
 * 3) "Quicksand" – 3:17
 * 4) "Miserable" – 4:17
 * 5) "Lipstick and Bruises" – 3:01
 * 6) "Happy in the Meantime (remix)" (A. J. Popoff, J. Popoff, Danny Walker) – 2:45
 * 7) "Over My Head" – 3:40
 * 8) "Zip-Lock" – 3:33
 * 9) "Addicted" – 2:57
 * 10) "Four" – 3:22
 * 11) "The Party's Over" – 2:42
 * 12) "Down (acoustic)" – 3:45

Personnel

 * A. Jay Popoff - lead vocals
 * Jeremy Popoff - guitar, backing vocals
 * Kevin Baldes - bass guitar
 * Allen Shellenberger - drums

title: Platinum & Gold Collection (Lit album)


text:
Talk:Afterburner (disambiguation)

I moved the disambiguation page from Afterburner to Afterburner (disambiguation), and made Afterburner redirect to Afterburner (engine) since

 * 1) Afterburner (engine) has twice as many links as the second place meaning, Afterburner (album).
 * 2) The original meaning of afterburner is the engine modification, so someone making a bare link in the future probably means Afterburner (engine), not one of the other meanings.

Dbenbenn 18:46, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Afterburner (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Dorchester, New Brunswick

Untitled
FYI: the prison in Dorchester, New Brunswick is medium security (and the attached Westmorland Institution is minimun security). Dorchester Pen hasn't been a maximum security facility for at least 15 years.
 * Good catch; I've fixed the article. Sharkford 22:19, 2004 Dec 20 (UTC)

External links modified
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Village Usage
The municipal aspect of community in New Brunswick has not superseded the more universal understanding of the English language word. As if the legislative shortcomings should have such reach. Failing to provide accurate descriptors for the districts/regions is yet another example of the reform's characteristic community fragmentation. Insisting the use of "village" must adhere to New Brunswick local government law, in absence of explanatory modifier in an encycolpedia or in general usage, is asinine.

Like in this case of Dorchester, New Brunswick, if in the header of a community article it is said that a village (which BTW was a village in official provincial government documents prior to incorporation as a "village" according to the to legislation). While formerly afforded village municipal status, ever since the municipalities and concurrent annexation of certain territory in unincorporated units, there remains a village not defined by the former municipality.

No amount of referencing the municipal law in the province substantiates its use in place of the meaning of village. What we are seeing is a possessiveness. To undertake the separation of the municipal aspect of community from the greater community is what we are tasked with. There has been created the need for clarification as is evidenced in efforts of the new municipalities themselves in choices for official names that avoid the municipal type. You will see I have made a modification, therefor.

I will also note here that it is unfortunate that we see the degradation of articles because of those editors who look to update the specific language without consideration of the remainder.

@Hwy43, @G. Timothy Walton, @Roncanada, @Canterbury Tail PonapsqisHous (talk) 13:09, 15 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dorchester, New Brunswick


text:
User talk:Helel

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * Featured pictures
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 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

[[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Wants you to vote!]] 18:48, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Helel


text:
Lawrence Township

Lawrence Township may refer to:

Arkansas

 * Lawrence Township, Lawrence County, Arkansas, in Lawrence County, Arkansas

Illinois

 * Lawrence Township, Lawrence County, Illinois

Indiana

 * Lawrence Township, Marion County, Indiana

Kansas

 * Lawrence Township, Cloud County, Kansas
 * Lawrence Township, Osborne County, Kansas, in Osborne County, Kansas

Michigan

 * Lawrence Township, Michigan

Minnesota

 * Lawrence Township, Grant County, Minnesota
 * Lawrence Township, Itasca County, Minnesota

New Jersey

 * Lawrence Township, Cumberland County, New Jersey
 * Lawrence Township, Mercer County, New Jersey

Ohio

 * Lawrence Township, Lawrence County, Ohio
 * Lawrence Township, Stark County, Ohio
 * Lawrence Township, Tuscarawas County, Ohio
 * Lawrence Township, Washington County, Ohio

Pennsylvania

 * Lawrence Township, Clearfield County, Pennsylvania
 * Lawrence Township, Tioga County, Pennsylvania

South Dakota

 * Lawrence Township, Charles Mix County, South Dakota, in Charles Mix County, South Dakota
 * Lawrence Township, Roberts County, South Dakota, in Roberts County, South Dakota

title: Lawrence Township


text:
Matthias II

Matthias II may refer to:

 * Matthias II, Duke of Lorraine (ca. 1193 – 1251)
 * Pope Matthew II of Alexandria, ruled in 1453–1466
 * Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor (1557–1619), Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia

title: Matthias II


text:
Mendon

Mendon may refer to:

Places in the United States

 * Mendon, Illinois, a village
 * Mendon, Massachusetts, a town
 * Mendon, Michigan, a village
 * Mendon, Missouri, a city
 * Mendon, New York, a town
 * Mendon, Ohio, a village
 * Mendon, Utah, a city
 * Mendon, Vermont, a town
 * Mendon Township (disambiguation)
 * Mendon Peak

People

 * Lalaji Mendon, Indian politician
 * Mendon Morrill (1902–1961), United States federal judge

title: Mendon


text:
Talk:Historiography of the Pauline Epistles

Discussion from WP:RfD about a request to delete this, archived here:

Note that historiography is writing about history rather than of history. Historiography is meta-analysis of descriptions of the past. The analysis usually focuses on the narrative, interpretations, worldview, use of evidence, or method of presentation of other historians. As such I don't believe this is an appropriate redirect to that article. - Ta bu shi da yu 04:37, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Wow, that's an awfully fine hair to split! To me, discussions over authorship are just one aspect of the historiography of a writing (which is clearly subtly different from the historiography of an event); i.e. they are meta-discussions about the writing. So I would say that it's basically on-point, unless someone wants to write about e.g. the history of various translations, at which point it would properly become a separate article. Noel (talk) 15:07, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, that's my point. Authorship discussions are only one part of the historiography of a writing! So it's not appropriate to redirect to a more specific article that only covers one aspect of that topic. - Ta bu shi da yu 05:23, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, but do we have any other content at all on the historiography of the Pauline Epistles? If not, then the redirect serves a useful purpose, which is to send anyone looking for content on the HofPE to whatever material we do have on that subject (albeit on a limited subset of that topic). It's not like the canonical bad redirect ([Emperors of Foo] - [Foo]) which sends you to an article which covers a lot more material, other than the topic of the redirect. About the only argument I can see for ditching this is that it will stop links to HofPE showing up as a red link (and thereby inciting someone to write it). Noel (talk) 12:45, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)


text:
Brogan

Brogan or O'Brogan, is a surname originating in Ireland, anglicized from the original Ó Brógáin. The form McBrogan, is also present sharing the meaning of O'Brogan, essentially "son of Brogan."

The name is an anglicized form of Irish Ó Brógáin (“descendants of Brógán”), probably from a diminutive of bróg (“shoe”), which is ultimately from Old Norse brók (“breeches”).

The name has also been traced back to ancient King Breogán, and Saint Brogan (Broccán Clóen), Saint Patrick's nephew and scribe, and has many original meanings, including sorrowful, sharp-faced, sturdy and strong.

Traditionally, Brogan has also been used as a first name for boys, after the Saint.

Notable people with the name

 * Alan Brogan, an Irish footballer
 * Benedict Brogan, English journalist
 * Bernard Brogan (senior), an Irish footballer
 * Bernard Brogan (junior), an Irish footballer
 * Bill Brogan, Australian rugby league footballer
 * Colm Brogan, a Scottish journalist and political pamphleteer
 * Denis William Brogan (1900–1974), Scottish historian
 * Frank Brogan, an American politician
 * Hugh Brogan (1936–2019), British historian
 * Jack Brogan (1930–2022), American art fabricator
 * James Brogan (footballer born 1865), a Scottish footballer
 * James Brogan (footballer born 1890), a Scottish footballer
 * Jim Brogan (basketball), an American basketball player
 * Jim Brogan (Gaelic footballer), an Irish Gaelic footballer
 * Jim Brogan (Scottish footballer), a Scottish footballer
 * John Brogan (footballer born 1958), a Scottish footballer
 * Joseph Brogan, American politician, Missouri senator
 * Mervyn Brogan, an Australian army officer
 * Michelle Brogan, an Australian basketball player
 * Mike Brogan, an author's pseudonym
 * Nicola Brogan, Northern Irish politician
 * Stephen Brogan, an English footballer
 * William Brogan, Australian rugby player

title: Brogan


text:
Category talk:Nazi SS

Untitled
Perhaps this category should be called Schutzstaffel instead of SS? Fuelbottle | Talk 18:55, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I think most people are more familiar with the term "SS" than the German name. 24.44.34.146 05:46, 31 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Problem is that "SS" is too ambiguous; See SS (disambiguation). I think the category should be called Schutzstaffel (SS), which is unambiguous and contains the full name as well as its common abbreviation.  — JonRoma 22:48, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Nazi SS


text:
Leme panoramic camera

The Leme panoramic camera was invented by Sebastião Carvalho Leme (1918–2007), a photographer from Marília, São Paulo, Brazil.

In 1957, an entrepreneur requested a picture of his buildings, which stood at three of the corners of a street-crossing, and he wanted to show the group of buildings in one single photo, which would have to cover 360°. Using a Rolleiflex with a panoramic head, ten negatives were taken that, enlarged and mounted, resulted in a 360° photo. Leme then addressed the challenge of taking a 360° photo in a single negative.

The demonstration of his eventual solution consisted of a lens mounted in a small, empty tomato purée can, an internal device which is the principle of the invention, and a piece of film fixed inside the can. He tested it in front of the Senai building by rotating the lens by hand. The film, when developed, precariously confirmed that it was possible to take 360° photos.

The first prototype was entirely mechanical. Three prototypes were made, and they were improved over one year. In the meantime, sure of having found a solution to the problem of taking 360° photos, Leme applied for a patent registration, a process that went on for some years.

On April 23, 1962 the patent was awarded under No. 61.472. About 20 years after the patent was awarded, a similar system appeared in the United States, but without the internal device mentioned above. The camera remained out of use for 15 years. At the end of 1997, it was taken up again, improved, and put to use once more.

title: Leme panoramic camera


text:
Brothers (disambiguation)

Brothers are male siblings.

Brothers may also refer to:

Film

 * Brothers (1913 film), an American silent film directed by D. W. Griffith
 * Brothers (1929 film), a German film directed by Werner Hochbaum
 * Brothers (1930 film), an American film directed by Walter Lang
 * Brothers (1935 film), a Chinese film of the 1930s
 * Brothers (1977 film), an American drama film directed by Arthur Barron
 * Brothers (1982 film), an Australian war drama directed by Terry Bourke
 * Brothers (2004 film), a Danish film
 * Brothers (2004 Chinese film), a Chinese film starring Roy Cheung
 * Brothers (2007 film), a Hong Kong film starring Andy Lau, Michael Miu, and Eason Chan
 * Brothers (2009 film), an American film starring Tobey Maguire and Jake Gyllenhaal, based on the Danish film
 * Brothers (2012 film), a Telugu Indian film, a dubbed version of Tamil film  Maattrraan
 * Brothers (2015 film), a Hindi film, a remake of the film Warrior
 * Brothers (2016 film), a Chinese war action drama film
 * Brothers (2017 adventure film), a Dutch film
 * Brothers (2017 drama film), a Dutch film
 * Brothers (2023 film), a Czech action drama
 * Brothers (upcoming film), an American comedy film directed by Max Barbakow

Literature

 * Brothers (Goldman novel), a 1986 novel by William Goldman
 * Brothers (Yu novel), a novel by the Chinese author Yu Hua
 * "Brothers" (Dickson), a short story by Gordon R. Dickson
 * Brothers (manga), a manga written by Eiji Otsuka and illustrated by Shou Tajima

Albums

 * Brothers (The Black Keys album)
 * Brothers (Take 6 album)
 * Brothers (soundtrack), by Taj Mahal, from the 1977 film (see above)
 * Santana Brothers or Brothers, an album by Carlos Santana, Jorge Santana, and Carlos Hernandez

Songs

 * "Brothers" (Dean Brody song)
 * "Brothers" (Gang of Youths song)
 * "Brothers" (Kanye West song)
 * "Brothers" (Lil Tjay song)
 * "Brothers" (Ola song)
 * "Brothers", by Brand New
 * "Brothers", by Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft from 1st Step to Heaven
 * "Brothers", by Kid Cudi from Indicud
 * "Brothers", by Tiga from Sexor
 * "Brothers", by Yngwie Malmsteen from The Seventh Sign

Performers

 * The Brothers, a Dutch duo made up of brothers Dean Saunders and Ben Saunders

Series

 * Brothers (1984 TV series), an American sitcom on Showtime
 * Brothers TV, a 2004 Canadian sketch comedy show on Access and OUTtv
 * Brothers (2009 TV series), an American sitcom on Fox
 * Ang Probinsyano (international title: Brothers), a 2015–2022 Philippine drama action series

Episodes

 * "Brothers" (Star Trek:The Next Generation), 1990
 * "Brothers" (Star Wars: The Clone Wars), 2012
 * "Brothers" (Ugly Betty), 2007

People

 * Brothers (surname)

Organizations

 * Brother (Christian), a member of a monastic religious order
 * Friars, members of one of the mendicant orders
 * Brothers, members of a fraternity
 * Brothers, male members of the Rainbow Family

Sports

 * Brothers Old Boys, an Australian rugby union team
 * CTBC Brothers, a Taiwanese professional baseball team
 * Past Brothers, an Australian rugby league team

Other uses

 * Brothers (comics), comic book characters from Amalgam Comics
 * Brothers (ferry), a 19th-century Manly-to-Sydney ferry in Australia
 * Brothers, Oregon, an unincorporated community in the United States
 * Brothers Cider, a brand of cider made in England
 * Brothers: A Tale of Two Sons, an adventure video game
 * Brothers (HBC vessel), see Hudson's Bay Company vessels

title: Brothers (disambiguation)


text:
List of settlements in Phocis

This is a list of settlements in Phocis, Greece

A

 * Agia Efthymia
 * Agioi Pantes
 * Agios Georgios
 * Agios Konstantinos
 * Alpochori
 * Amfissa
 * Amygdalia
 * Ano Polydrosos
 * Apostolias
 * Artotina
 * Athanasios Diakos
 * Avoros

C

 * Chrisso

D

 * Dafnos
 * Delphi
 * Desfina
 * Diakopi
 * Dichori
 * Doriko
 * Drosato
 * Drosochori

E

 * Efpalio
 * Elaia
 * Elaionas
 * Eptalofos
 * Erateini

F

 * Filothei

G

 * Galaxidi
 * Glyfada
 * Gravia

I

 * Itea

K

 * Kalli
 * Kallithea
 * Kaloskopi
 * Kampos
 * Karoutes
 * Kastellia
 * Kastraki
 * Kastriotissa
 * Kerasies
 * Kirra
 * Klima
 * Kokkino
 * Koniakos
 * Koupaki
 * Kriatsi
 * Krokyleio

L

 * Lefkaditi
 * Lidoriki
 * Lilaia
 * Livadi

M

 * Makrini
 * Malamata
 * Malandrino
 * Managouli
 * Marathias
 * Mariolata
 * Mavrolithari
 * Milea
 * Monastiraki
 * Mousounitsa

O

 * Oinochori

P

 * Palaioxari
 * Panormos
 * Panourgia
 * Pentagioi
 * Pentapoli
 * Penteoria
 * Perithiotissa
 * Perivoli
 * Polydrosos
 * Potidaneia
 * Prosilio
 * Pyra
 * Pyrgos

S

 * Sernikaki
 * Sergoula
 * Sklithro
 * Sotaina
 * Stilia
 * Stromi
 * Sykia

T

 * Teichio
 * Tolofon
 * Trikorfo
 * Tristeno
 * Tritaia
 * Trizonia

V

 * Vargiani
 * Vounichora
 * Vraila

Y

 * Ypsilo Chori

Z

 * Zorianos

title: List of settlements in Phocis


text:
User:Clark Perks

I'm a newspaper editor in New Jersey.

title: User:Clark Perks


text:
User:NimbleTurtle

NimbleTurtle is the online identity of a 29 year old Portland Oregonian. He is currently trying to finish his dissertation in Computer Science (he's had 3 months to go for the last 18 months). NimbleTurtle and his wife enjoy windsurfing in the Columbia River Gorge and pretty much any sort of active outdoor sport.

title: User:NimbleTurtle


text:
Arnold & Porter

Arnold & Porter Kaye Scholer LLP, doing business as Arnold & Porter, is an American multinational law firm. It is a white-shoe firm and among the largest law firms in the world, both by revenue and by number of lawyers.

History
The original firm was founded as Arnold & Fortas in 1946 by New Deal veterans Thurman Arnold, a former Yale Law School professor and U.S. Court of Appeals judge on the D.C. Circuit, and Abe Fortas, another former Yale Law School professor who later became a Supreme Court Justice. In 1947, Paul A. Porter, a former chairman of the Federal Communications Commission, joined the firm and it was renamed as Arnold, Fortas & Porter. In 1965, Abe Fortas' name was dropped from the firm's moniker after his ascension to the Supreme Court.

In November 2016, Arnold & Porter announced that it would be merging with New York-based firm Kaye Scholer (founded in 1917) to form Arnold & Porter Kaye Scholer LLP, with approximately 1000 attorneys across ten domestic and four international offices. The merger took effect on January 1, 2017.

In February 2018, The National Law Journal reported that the newly combined "firm has quietly reversed its post-merger branding efforts" and "scrubbed nearly all mention of 'Kaye Scholer' from its public image, changing its brand name, email addresses and web domain", while retaining the legal entity name in full. In September 2020, Arnold & Porter announced that it will shut down its Frankfurt office by the end of March 2021.

In 2022, Arnold & Porter was a founding member of the Legal Alliance for Reproductive Rights, a coalition of United States law firms offering free legal services to people seeking and providing abortions in the wake of Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, which overruled Roe v. Wade.

Pro bono work
In 2020, Arnold & Porter attorneys helped secure a $14 million judgment for 12 Black Lives Matter protesters who were victims of police brutality in Colorado. The matter took 18 months to settle and required 14,000-plus lawyer hours.

Attorneys with the firm assisted the family of Lt. Henry Ossian Flipper in obtaining the first posthumous presidential pardon in U.S. history, and representated Ukrainian mail order bride Nataliya Fox against international marriage broker Encounters International in a landmark case that helped to establish the rights of such women.

The firm is co-counsel with the DC Prisoners' Project of the Washington Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights and Urban Affairs, which represents prisoners at ADX Florence who allege deficiencies in psychiatric evaluation and care in Cunningham v. Federal Bureau of Prisons.

Offices

 * Amsterdam, the Netherlands
 * 🇧🇪 Brussels, Belgium
 * 🇺🇸 Chicago, Illinois
 * 🇺🇸 Denver, Colorado
 * 🇬🇧 London, United Kingdom
 * 🇺🇸 Los Angeles, California
 * 🇺🇸 Houston, Texas
 * 🇺🇸 Newark, New Jersey
 * 🇺🇸 New York, New York
 * 🇺🇸 Palo Alto, California
 * 🇺🇸 San Francisco, California
 * 🇰🇷 Seoul, South Korea
 * 🇨🇳 Shanghai, China
 * 🇺🇸 Washington, D.C.

Notable people

 * Clifford Alexander - U.S. Secretary of the Army, chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, and presidential advisor
 * Thurman Arnold, founder — U.S. Court of Appeals Judge for the D.C. Circuit, Yale Law School Professor
 * William Baer — United States Department of Justice Assistant Attorney General, Antitrust Division
 * Naomi Biden — lawyer and granddaughter of U.S. President Joe Biden
 * David Bonderman (born 1942) — businessman
 * Eli Whitney Debevoise II — U.S. Executive Director of the World Bank
 * Chris Dodd — former Democratic Senator, Connecticut
 * Brooksley Born — Chairwoman, U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission
 * Joseph A. Califano — U.S. Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, Chairman of the National Center of Addiction and Substance Abuse
 * Pamela Ki Mai Chen — United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York.
 * Mary DeRosa — former Deputy Counsel to the President for National Security Affairs in the Obama administration
 * Allison H. Eid — Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
 * John Hart Ely — legal scholar and former dean of Stanford Law School
 * Abe Fortas, founder — Supreme Court Justice, Yale Law School professor
 * Merrick Garland — Attorney General of the United States, former U.S. Court of Appeals Chief Judge for the D.C. Circuit, 2016 nominee to the Supreme Court to replace Antonin Scalia
 * Michael Gerrard — Columbia Law School professor, former partner in charge of the firm's New York City office
 * Charles Halpern — Founder of the Center for Law and Social Policy, first Dean of City University of New York School of Law, Berkeley School of Law professor
 * Kenneth I. Juster — Under Secretary of Commerce for Export Administration
 * Irvin B. Nathan — Attorney General of the District of Columbia, General Counsel of the United States House of Representatives
 * Matthew G. Olsen — Director of the National Counterterrorism Center and former General Counsel of the National Security Agency
 * Paul A. Porter, founder — Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission
 * Margaret M. Morrow — United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of California
 * Jack Quinn — former Clinton White House counsel and founder of Quinn Gillespie & Associates
 * Sarah Bloom Raskin — member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
 * Charles A. Reich — legal and social scholar
 * William D. Rogers — President, American Society of International Law, Undersecretary of State for Economic Affairs, Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs
 * Jonathan Schiller — co-founder and managing partner, Boies Schiller Flexner LLP

title: Arnold & Porter


text:
Reginar IV, Count of Mons

Reginar IV, Count of Mons, in Hainaut, (c. 950–1013) was the son of Reginar III and Adela. His father died in exile in Bohemia in 973.

History
His father, Reginar III, was exiled in 958 as a rebel by Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor. Hainaut was held after then by Godfrey I, Duke of Lower Lorraine, but Reginar IV claimed that Mons in Hainaut had been his father's.

He attacked Mons in 973, after the death of Duke Godfrey, but did not manage to hold it, because Godfrey I, Count of Verdun then held it until he died. He managed to replace Godfrey as Count of Mons in 998.

Family
Regnier IV married Hedwig, daughter of Hugh Capet and Adelaide of Poitou.

They had:

 * Reginar V, Count of Mons, married Mathilde of Verdun, daughter of Herman, Count of Verdun.
 * Lambert of Mons
 * Beatrix, who married Ebles I, Count of Rheims and Roucy and Archbishop of Rheims.
 * Ermentrude, died at the age of two or three; buried in the Collegiate Church of Saint Gertrude in Nivelles, Belgium. The burial came to light during an excavation. A lead cross, inscribed with her name and that of her parents, was found in the tomb.

title: Reginar IV, Count of Mons


text:
User talk:NimbleTurtle

Drop NimbleTurtle a line here

title: User talk:NimbleTurtle


text:
Fontana

Fontana may refer to:

Italy

 * Fontana Liri, comune in the Province of Frosinone
 * Fontanafredda, comune in the Province of Pordenone
 * Fontanarosa, comune in the Province of Avellino
 * Francavilla Fontana, comune in the Province of Brindisi
 * Serrara Fontana, comune in the Province of Napoli

Switzerland

 * Fontana GR, a settlement in Tarasp in the Canton of Graubünden
 * Fontana (Airolo), a settlement in Airolo, in the Canton of Ticino

United States

 * Fontana, California
 * Fontana, Kansas
 * Fontana, Texas
 * Fontana Village, North Carolina
 * Fontana-on-Geneva Lake, Wisconsin
 * Fontana Dam in the U.S. state of North Carolina

Elsewhere

 * Fontana, Chaco, a settlement in San Fernando Department, Chaco Province, Argentina
 * Fontana, Gozo, on Gozo Island, Republic of Malta
 * Fontana (Belgrade), a neighborhood of Belgrade, Serbia
 * Fontana (lunar crater), an impact crater on the Moon
 * Fontana (Martian crater), an impact craters on Mars
 * Fontana metro station, a rapid transit station in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
 * Fontana station (California), a commuter rail station in Fontana, California, USA

Other uses

 * Fontana (surname)
 * Fontana (Schooner), a schooner that wrecked in the St. Clair River
 * Fontana Books or Fontana Press, an imprint of HarperCollins
 * Fontana Distribution, a record distribution company
 * Fontana North, a Canadian record distribution company
 * Fontana Records, a record label
 * Fontana (drag queen), Brazilian-Swedish drag queen
 * The House of Love (1990 album), album by the House of Love, also known as Fontana

title: Fontana


text:
The Andantes

The Andantes were an American female session group for the Motown record label during the 1960s. Composed of Jackie Hicks, Marlene Barrow, and Louvain Demps, the group sang background vocals on numerous Motown recordings, including songs by Martha Reeves & the Vandellas, the Temptations, Stevie Wonder, the Four Tops, Jimmy Ruffin, Edwin Starr, the Supremes, the Marvelettes, Marvin Gaye and the Isley Brothers, among others. It is estimated they appeared on 20,000 recordings.

The Andantes provided back-up singing on Motown singles starting in 1962. The group was most prominently used on all of the Four Tops' Holland–Dozier–Holland-produced hits, including "Baby I Need Your Loving", "I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch)", "Reach Out I'll Be There", and more. Motown began to use the Andantes as either substitute or additional background vocalists on certain recordings by its girl groups beginning with the Marvelettes recordings in 1965, Martha & the Vandellas in 1966, and major part of the Supremes recordings between 1968–1969 although Mary Wilson and Cindy Birdsong continued to record.

In 1963, the Andantes, with the Marvelettes, released the single "Too Hurt to Cry, Too Much in Love to Say Goodbye" b/w "Come on Home" as credited to the Darnells. In 1964 they released a single of their own called "(Like A) Nightmare" b/w "If You Were Mine", though none of the actual Andantes sang lead on either track (future Marvelette Ann Bogan performed the lead vocals).

The Andantes are also featured on some records that were not produced by Motown Records, the most prominent example being Jackie Wilson's "(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher" (Pat Lewis substitutes for Louvain Demps on this track). In addition to various awards, the Andantes were inducted into the Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame in August 2014.

Barrow died on February 23, 2015, at the age of 73.

Motown
Throughout the 1960s and early 1970s, the Andantes appeared as backing vocalists on many of Motown's recorded singles, as the Funk Brothers also had when providing instrumentation. Seven of these singles that they provided background vocals for would go on to chart at the number one position on the Billboard Hot 100 popular music chart.

Chart-topping hits

 * "My Guy" – Mary Wells
 * "Stop! In the Name of Love – The Supremes
 * "I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch)" – Four Tops
 * "Reach Out I'll Be There" – Four Tops
 * "Love Child" – Diana Ross & the Supremes
 * "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" – Marvin Gaye
 * "Ain't No Mountain High Enough" – Diana Ross

Brenda Holloway
The Andantes appeared on many singles for Brenda Holloway. These include:
 * "When I'm Gone"
 * "Operator"
 * "You Can Cry on My Shoulder"
 * "Together 'Til the End of Time"
 * "Just Look What You've Done"

The Four Tops
The Andantes appeared as backing vocalists on 16 singles for the Four Tops. These releases include:
 * "Baby I Need Your Loving"
 * "Without the One You Love (Life's Not Worth While)"
 * "Ask the Lonely"
 * "I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch)"
 * "It's the Same Old Song"
 * "Something About You"
 * "Shake Me, Wake Me (When It's Over)"
 * "Reach Out I'll Be There"
 * "Standing in the Shadows of Love"
 * "Bernadette"
 * "7-Rooms of Gloom"
 * "You Keep Running Away"
 * "I'm in a Different World"
 * "Still Water (Love)"
 * "Walk Away Renee"
 * "If I Were a Carpenter"

The Supremes
They appeared as backing vocalists on seven singles for The Supremes. These releases include:
 * "Stop! In the Name of Love"
 * "Children's Christmas Song"
 * "In and Out of Love"
 * "Forever Came Today"
 * "Love Child"
 * "I'm Livin' in Shame"
 * "The Composer"

Martha & the Vandellas
They appeared as backing vocalists on twelve singles for Martha & the Vandellas. These releases include:
 * "You've Been in Love Too Long"
 * "Love (Makes Me Do Foolish Things)" (B-Side of "You've Been in Love Too Long")
 * "My Baby Loves Me" (with the Four Tops)
 * "I'm Ready for Love"
 * "Jimmy Mack"
 * "I Promise to Wait My Love"
 * "Forget Me Not" (B-Side of "I Promise to Wait My Love")
 * "I Can't Dance to That Music You're Playin'" (with Syreeta Wright)
 * "(We've Got) Honey Love"
 * "Taking My Love (And Leaving Me)"
 * "I Should Be Proud"

The Marvelettes
They appeared as backing vocalists on 15 singles for the Marvelettes. These releases include:
 * "Tie a String Around Your Finger" (B-side of "As Long as I Know He's Mine")
 * "A Need For Love" (B-side of "Too Many Fish in the Sea")
 * "I'll Keep Holding On"
 * "Don't Mess with Bill"
 * "You're The One"
 * "The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game"
 * "When You're Young and in Love"
 * "My Baby Must Be a Magician"
 * "Here I Am Baby"
 * "Destination: Anywhere"
 * "What's Easy for Two Is So Hard for One"
 * "I'm Gonna Hold On As Long As I Can"
 * "That's How Heartaches Are Made"
 * "Marionette"
 * "A Breath-Taking Guy"

The Temptations
They appeared as backing vocalists on seven recordings for the Temptations.
 * "It's Growing"
 * "Get Ready"
 * "Last One Out is Broken Hearted"
 * "Just Another Lonely Night"
 * "All I Need"
 * "That'll Be the Day"
 * "Love Woke Me Up This Morning"

Marvin Gaye
They appeared as backing vocalists on (at least) 15 singles for Marvin Gaye. These releases include:
 * "Baby Don't You Do It"
 * "What Good Am I Without You"
 * "How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved by You)"
 * "I'll Be Doggone"
 * "Pretty Little Baby"
 * "Ain't That Peculiar"
 * "One More Heartache"
 * "Take This Heart of Mine"
 * "Little Darling (I Need You)"
 * "Your Unchanging Love"
 * "I Heard It Through the Grapevine"
 * "Too Busy Thinking About My Baby"
 * "That's the Way Love Is"
 * "The End of Our Road"
 * "Save the Children"

Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell
They also appeared as backing vocalists on these following recordings and singles for Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell:
 * "This Poor Heart Of Mine"
 * "Give In, You Just Can't Win"
 * "When Love Comes Knocking At My Heart"
 * "Two Can Have A Party"
 * "Come On And See Me"
 * "Oh How I'd Miss You"
 * "Love Woke Me Up This Morning"

Stevie Wonder
The Andantes have also appeared as backing vocalists on numerous Stevie Wonder recordings, including:

 * "Sunset" (B-side of "Contract on Love")
 * "Kiss Me Baby"
 * "Music Talk" (B-side of "Hi-Heel Sneakers")
 * "Uptight (Everything's Alright)"
 * "Nothing's Too Good For My Baby"
 * "A Place in the Sun"
 * "Hey Love"
 * "I Was Made to Love Her"
 * "I'm Wondering"
 * "Shoo-Be-Doo-Be-Doo-Da-Day"
 * "For Once in My Life"
 * "Yester-Me, Yester-You, Yesterday"

Non-Motown recordings
Much like the Funk Brothers, The Andantes also appear on several notable recordings produced and/or released by record companies outside of Motown, including:

 * "Come On" – The Distants
 * "All Right" – The Distants
 * "Your Love" – Billy Kent
 * "He Gave Me You" – Marv Johnson
 * The Big Soul of John Lee Hooker – John Lee Hooker (with Mary Wilson)
 * "Prince of Players" – Betty Everett
 * John Lee Hooker on Campus – John Lee Hooker
 * "To Win Your Heart" – Laura Lee
 * "Agent Double-O-Soul" – Edwin Starr
 * "Whispers (Gettin' Louder)" – Jackie Wilson
 * "(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher" – Jackie Wilson (Pat Lewis substitutes for group member Louvain Demps)
 * The Andantes also appear on much of the accompanying Higher and Higher album
 * "I Get the Sweetest Feeling" – Jackie Wilson

Motorcity Records
As part of the Ian Levine's Motorcity Records project in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Andantes were signed to the label and once again provided a service in recording backing vocals to former Motown artists. By this time, Pat Lewis had joined Jackie Hicks, Barrow and Demps (from 1989 to 1992).

Levine also recorded several songs with the Andantes, issuing a new single "Lightning Never Strikes Twice", which featured Demps on lead vocals. Most other songs recorded by the group at Motorcity had Lewis on lead vocals.

Motorcity recordings
Original recordings
 * "Lightning Never Strikes Twice"
 * "Hurricane"
 * "Throw Love Away"
 * "Step Into My Shoes" – also recorded by Martha Reeves and the Vandellas
 * "Two Sides Of Love"
 * "One Drop Of Rain"
 * "Will You Always Be There"
 * "Love Is A Bumpy Road"
 * "All Around the Motorcity"

Cover versions
 * "Girls Are Out To Get You"
 * "Superstition"
 * "Mercy, Mercy Me"
 * "I Wish" – cover of the Stevie Wonder classic
 * "My World Is Empty Without You"
 * "The Boss"
 * "Last Dance"
 * "Little Darlin'"
 * "Why Am I Loving You"

Unreleased tracks
 * "Back In My Arms Again"
 * "In And Out Of Love"
 * "I Wish It Would Rain"
 * "Waste of Time" (Instrumental only)

Louvain Demps – Better Times

Whilst under contract to Motorcity Records, Louvain was given the opportunity to step up to the microphone and record a full album, which was released in 1992 under the title Better Times, which includes original tunes and one cover of the Diana Ross hit "Reach Out and Touch (Somebody's Hand)".

 * "On the Front Page"
 * "Better times"
 * "One Shot At Happiness"
 * "Lost & Found"
 * "Good Intentions"
 * "Blind Love"
 * "On the Beach"
 * "My Heart Won't Say No"
 * "No Time For Tears"
 * "Reach Out & Touch Somebody's Hand"

Louvain recorded two further tracks with Motorcity which did not appear on the above album:

 * "On Top Of the Mountain"
 * "Sight And Sound"

Pat Lewis

Ian Levine has cited that he has recorded more songs with Pat Lewis than with any other artist. Several songs recorded by Lewis whilst with Motorcity Records are:

Cover versions
 * "I Want You Back"
 * "Don't Leave Me This Way"
 * "I'll Be There"
 * "Selfish One"
 * "Rescue Me"

Original recordings
 * "No Right Turn"
 * "Hungry For You"
 * "Something's Telling Me"

title: The Andantes


text: User talk:68.46.58.202

title: User talk:68.46.58.202


text:
Hedwig of France, Countess of Nevers

Hedwig (or Advisa) of France (c. 1003–1063) was a French princess, the daughter of Robert II of France and Constance of Arles. She married Renauld I, Count of Nevers, on 25 January 1016, and they had the following children:
 * William I of Nevers (c. 1030-1083/1097)
 * Henry of Nevers (died 1067)
 * Guy (died 1067)
 * Robert, Baron of Craon (c. 1035-1098)
 * Adelaide

title: Hedwig of France, Countess of Nevers


text:
Government Center

Government Center may refer to:

United States

 * Government Center, Boston, a city square in Massachusetts
 * Government Center, Miami, a district in Miami, Florida
 * Stephen P. Clark Government Center, the county hall of Miami-Dade County, Florida
 * Government Center, Newark, an area in downtown Newark, New Jersey
 * The headquarters building (or complex of buildings) of certain county governments:
 * Burnett County, Wisconsin
 * Clark County, Nevada
 * Delaware County, Pennsylvania
 * Fairfax County, Virginia
 * Hennepin County Government Center, Minnesota
 * Kings County, California
 * Salt Lake County, Utah
 * San Luis Obispo County, California
 * San Mateo County, California
 * Santa Clara County, California
 * Solano County, California
 * Ventura County, California
 * The headquarters building (or complex of buildings) of certain city governments:
 * Bremerton, Washington
 * Columbus, Georgia
 * Florence, Kentucky
 * Stamford, Connecticut

Canada

 * Government Centre, an area in Downtown Edmonton, Alberta

title: Government Center


text:
Stevens

Stevens may refer to:

People

 * Stevens (surname), including a list of people with the surname

Given name

 * Stevens Baker (1791–1868), farmer and member of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada
 * Stevens T. Mason (1811–1843), territorial governor of the Michigan Territory, first governor of the state of Michigan
 * Stevens Thomson Mason (Virginia) (1760–1803), a colonel in the American Continental Army and senator from Virginia, grandfather of the above

United States

 * Stevens, Pennsylvania, an unincorporated community
 * Stevens, South Dakota, a ghost town
 * Stevens County, Kansas
 * Stevens County, Minnesota
 * Stevens County, Washington
 * Stevens Park (disambiguation), multiple locations
 * Stevens Point, Wisconsin
 * Stevens Township (disambiguation), multiple locations
 * Stevens Village, Alaska, a census-designated place
 * Lake Stevens, Washington, a lake and the surrounding city
 * Stevens Creek, various creeks
 * Stevens Pass, a pass through the Cascade Mountains in Washington
 * Stevens Knoll, a hill that played a part in the Civil War Battle of Gettysburg

Other

 * Stevens Rock, Antarctica
 * 38540 Stevens, an asteroid

United States

 * Fort Stevens (Oregon)
 * Fort Stevens (Washington, D.C.)
 * Battle of Fort Stevens (1864)
 * USS Stevens (DD-86), U.S. Navy World War I destroyer
 * USS Stevens (DD-479), U.S. Navy World War II destroyer

Schools

 * Stevens School (disambiguation)
 * Stevens High School (disambiguation)
 * Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey

Businesses

 * Stevens Arms, American firearms maker also known as the J Stevens Arms & Tool Co and the J Stevens Arms Co
 * Stevens Motorcycles, a British company that made motorcycles from 1934 to 1938
 * Stevens Vehicles, a British electric car and van manufacturer
 * Stevens, The Kitchen Specialists, a New Zealand kitchenware retailer owned by the James Pascoe Group

Automotive

 * Stevens (constructor), a former racing car constructor
 * Stevens-Duryea, early U.S. car

Other uses

 * Stevens Inquiries, a British government report
 * Stevens grip, a percussion technique for holding four mallets
 * Stevens' power law, a psychophysical theory
 * Stevens MRT station, a mass rapid transit station in Singapore
 * Stevens Field, an airfield in Colorado
 * SS Stevens, a floating dormitory
 * Stevens Center, a performance venue in Winston-Salem

title: Stevens


text:
Renauld I, Count of Nevers

Renauld I (died 29 May 1040) was a French nobleman. He was the Count of Nevers and Count of Auxerre from 1028 until his death at the battle of Seignelay against Robert I, Duke of Burgundy.

Family
Renauld was the son of Landerich of Monceau and Matilda of Mâcon.

Marriage
He married Hedwig (or Advisa) of France on 25 January 1016, daughter of Robert II, King of France and Constance of Arles.

Children

 * William I of Nevers (c. 1030–1083/1097)
 * Henry of Nevers (died 1067)
 * Guy of Nevers (died 1067)
 * Robert of Nevers Baron of Craon (c. 1035–1098)
 * Adelaide of Nevers

title: Renauld I, Count of Nevers


text:
Mapleton

Mapleton may refer to:

Australia

 * Mapleton, Queensland, a rural town and locality in the Sunshine Coast Region

Canada

 * Mapleton, New Brunswick, a rural community in Kings County
 * Mapleton, Moncton, New Brunswick, a neighborhood
 * Mapleton, Nova Scotia
 * Mapleton, Ontario

England

 * Mapleton, Derbyshire

United States

 * Mapleton, Illinois
 * Mapleton, Iowa
 * Mapleton, Kansas
 * Mapleton, Maine, a New England town
 * Mapleton (CDP), Maine, the main village in the town
 * Mapleton, Michigan
 * Mapleton, Minnesota
 * Mapleton, New York, hamlet in Niagara County
 * Mapleton, Brooklyn, New York, a neighborhood
 * Mapleton (White Plains, New York), a house listed on the National Register of Historic Places
 * Mapleton, Oregon
 * Mapleton, Pennsylvania
 * Mapleton, North Dakota
 * Mapleton, Utah
 * Mapleton, Wisconsin

Companies

 * Mapleton Communications

title: Mapleton


text:
Maywood

Maywood may refer to:

Places in the United States
 * Maywood, California
 * Maywood, Illinois
 * Maywood (Metra), a commuter railroad station
 * Maywood, Missouri
 * Maywood, New Jersey
 * Maywood Station Museum, formerly the station of Maywood
 * Maywood, Nebraska
 * Maywood, West Virginia
 * Maywood Beach, a former water park in northern Mississippi
 * Ellwood H. May Environmental Park, known as Maywood Park in Sheboygan, Wisconsin

Other
 * Maywood (band)
 * Maywood Community School

title: Maywood


text:
William I, Count of Nevers

William I, Count of Nevers (c. 1029 – 20 June 1100), was the son of Renauld I, Count of Nevers and Hedwig of France, Countess d'Auxerre. He married Ermengarde, daughter of Renauld, Count of Tonnerre about 1039. William died in 1098.

William I and Ermengarde:

 * 1)  Renauld II (d. 1089), succeeded his father as Count of Nevers and Count of Auxerre.
 * 2)  William II, succeeded his father as Count of Tonnerre
 * 3)  Robert (d. 1095), later Bishop of Auxerre
 * 4)  Ermengarde (d. 1090–95), married Hubert de Beaumont-au-Maine, Viscount of Maine
 * 5)  Helvise, married William, Count of Évreux

title: William I, Count of Nevers


text:
Saint Lucy's Day

Saint Lucy's Day, also called the Feast of Saint Lucy, is a Christian feast day observed on 13 December. The observance commemorates Lucia of Syracuse, an early-fourth-century virgin martyr under the Diocletianic Persecution. According to legend, she brought food and aid to Christians hiding in the Roman catacombs, wearing a candle-lit wreath on her head to light her way, leaving both hands free to carry as much food as possible. Because her name means "light" and her feast day had at one time coincided with the shortest day of the year prior to calendar reforms, it is now widely celebrated as a festival of light. Falling within the Advent season, Saint Lucy's Day is viewed as a precursor of Christmastide, pointing to the arrival of the Light of Christ in the calendar on 25 December, Christmas Day.

Saint Lucy's Day is celebrated most widely in Scandinavia, Italy and the island nation of Saint Lucia, each emphasising a different aspect of her story. In Scandinavia, where Lucy is called Santa/Sankta Lucia, she is represented as a woman in a white dress symbolizing a baptismal robe and a red sash symbolizing the blood of her martyrdom, with a crown or wreath of candles on her head.

In Norway, Denmark, Sweden and Swedish-speaking regions of Finland, as songs are sung, girls dressed as Saint Lucy carry cookies and saffron buns in procession, which symbolizes bringing the Light of Christ into the world's darkness. In both Catholic and Protestant churches, boys participate in the procession as well, playing different roles associated with Christmastide, such as that of Saint Stephen or generic gingerbread men, Santa Clauses, or nisses. The celebration of Saint Lucy's Day is said to help one live the winter days with enough light.

A special devotion to Saint Lucy is practised in the Italian regions of Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna, Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trentino-Alto Adige, in the north of the country, and Sicily, in the south, as well as in the Croatian coastal region of Dalmatia. In Hungary and Croatia, a popular tradition on Saint Lucy's Day involves planting wheat grains that grow to be several centimetres tall by Christmas Day, representing the Nativity of Jesus.

Saint Lucy's Day is one of the Ember Days.

Origins
An inscription in Syracuse dedicated to Euskia mentioning St Lucy's Day as a local feast dates back to the fourth century A.D., which states "Euskia, the irreproachable, lived a good and pure life for about 25 years, died on my Saint Lucy's feast day, she for whom I cannot find appropriate words of praise: she was a Christian, faithful, perfection itself, full of thankfulness and gratitude". The Feast of Saint Lucy became a universal feast of the Church in the 6th century, commemorating the Christian martyr's death on 13 December 304 A.D.  St. Lucy's Day appears in the sacramentary of Gregory, as well as that of Bede, and Christian churches were dedicated to Saint Lucy in Italy as well as in England.

Later, Christian missionaries arrived in Scandinavia to evangelize the local population, carrying the commemoration of Saint Lucy with them, and this "story of a young girl bringing light in the midst of darkness no doubt held great meaning for people who, in the midst of a North Sea December, were longing for the relief of warmth and light". Saint Lucy is one of very few saints still celebrated by the overwhelmingly Lutheran Nordic people — Danes; Swedes; Finns and Norwegians but also in the United States and Canada and Italy. Some of the practices associated with the Feast of Saint Lucy may predate the adoption of Christianity in that region, and like much of Scandinavian folklore and even religiosity, is centred on the annual struggle between light and darkness. The Nordic observation of St. Lucy is first attested in the Middle Ages, and continued after the Protestant Reformation in the 1520s and 1530s, although the modern celebration is only about 200 years old. It is likely that tradition owes its popularity in the Nordic countries to the extreme change in daylight hours between the seasons in this region.

13 December
In Scandinavia (until as late as the mid 18th century) this date was the longest night of the year, coinciding with Winter Solstice, due to the Julian Calendar being employed at that time. The same can be seen in the poem "A Nocturnal upon S. Lucy's Day, Being the Shortest Day" by the English poet John Donne.

While this does not hold for the current Gregorian calendar, a discrepancy of eight days would have been the case in the Julian calendar during the 14th century, resulting in Winter solstice falling on 13 December. With the original adoption of the Gregorian calendar in the 16th century the discrepancy was ten days and had increased to 11 days in the 18th century when Scandinavia adopted the new calendar, with the Winter solstice falling on 9 December.

The Winter solstice is not visibly shorter than the several days leading up to and following it and although the actual Julian date of Winter solstice would have been on 15 or 14 December at the time when Christianity was introduced to Scandinavia, 13 December could well have lodged in people's mind as being the shortest day.

The choice of 13 December as Saint Lucy's Day, however, predates the eight-day error of the 14th-century Julian calendar. This date is attested in the pre-Tridentic Monastic calendar, probably going back to the earliest attestations of her life in the sixth and seventh centuries, and it is the date used throughout Europe. So, while the world changed from a Julian to a Gregorian calendar system—and hence acquired a new date for the Winter Solstice—St Lucy's Day was kept on 13 December, and not moved to the 21.

In the Roman Empire, 25 December (in the Julian Calendar) date was celebrated as being the day when the Sun was born, the birthday of Sol Invictus, as can be seen in the Chronography of 354. This date corresponds to the Winter solstice. Early Christians considered this a likely date for their saviour's nativity, as it was commonly held that the world was created on Spring equinox (thought to fall on 25 March at the time), and that Christ had been conceived on that date, being born nine months later on Winter solstice.

A Swedish source states that the date of (Winter Solstice, St. Lucia, Lucinatta, Lucia-day, Lussi-mass...) i.e. 13 December, predates the Gregorian which implies that "Lucia's Day" was 13 Dec in the Julian Calendar, which is equal to 21 December in the Gregorian, i.e. now. Same source states use of the name "Little Yule" for the day, that it was among the most important days of the year, that it marked the start of Christmas month, and that with the move to the Gregorian calendar (in Sweden 1753) the date (not the celebration) "completely lost its appropriateness/significance".

Saint Lucy

According to the traditional story, Lucy was born of rich and noble parents in about the year 283. Her father was of Roman origin, but died when she was five years old, leaving Lucy and her mother without a protective guardian. Although no sources for her life story exist other than in hagiographies, St. Lucy, whose name Lucia refers to "light" (Lux, lucis), is known to have been a Sicilian saint who suffered a sad death in Siracusa, Sicily, around AD 310. A devout Christian who had taken a vow of virginity, her mother betrothed her to a pagan. She was seeking help for her mother's long-term illness at the shrine of Saint Agatha when the saint appeared to her in a dream beside the shrine. Saint Agatha told Lucy that the illness would be cured through faith, and Lucy was able to convince her mother to cancel the wedding and donate the dowry to the poor. Enraged, her suitor then reported her to the governor for being a Christian. According to the legend, she was threatened to be taken to a brothel if she did not renounce her Christian beliefs, but they were unable to move her, even with a thousand men and fifty oxen pulling. Instead, they stacked materials for a fire around her and set light to it, but she would not stop speaking, insisting that her death would lessen the fear of it for other Christians and bring grief to non-believers. One of the soldiers stuck a spear through her throat to stop these denouncements, but to no effect. Another gouged out her eyes in an attempt to force her into complacency, but her eyes were miraculously restored. Saint Lucy was able to die only when she was given the Christian Last Rites.

In one story, Saint Lucy was working to help Christians hiding in the catacombs during the terror under the Roman Emperor Diocletian, and in order to bring with her as many supplies as possible, she needed to have both hands free. She solved this problem by attaching candles to a wreath on her head.

Saint Lucy is often depicted in art with a palm as the symbol of martyrdom.

Lussi
Lussinatta, the Lussi Night, was marked in Sweden 13 December. Then Lussi, a female being with evil traits, like a female demon or witch, was said to ride through the air with her followers, called Lussiferda. This itself might be an echo of the myth of the Wild Hunt, called Oskoreia in Scandinavia, found across Northern, Western and Central Europe.

Between Lussi Night and Yule, trolls and evil spirits, in some accounts also the spirits of the dead, were thought to be active outside. It was believed to be particularly dangerous to be out during Lussi Night. According to tradition, children who had done mischief had to take special care, since Lussi could come down through the chimney and take them away, and certain tasks of work in the preparation for Yule had to be finished, or else the Lussi would come to punish the household. The tradition of Lussevaka – to stay awake through the Lussinatt to guard oneself and the household against evil, has found a modern form through throwing parties until daybreak. Another company of spirits was said to come riding through the night around Yule itself, journeying through the air, over land and water.

There is little evidence that the legend itself derives from the folklore of northern Europe, but the similarities in the names ("Lussi" and "Lucia"), and the date of her festival, 13 December, suggest that two separate traditions may have been brought together in the modern-day celebrations in Scandinavia.

Italy
Catholic celebrations take place on 13 December and in May. Saint Lucy or Lucia, whose name comes from the Latin word "lux" meaning light, links with this element and with the days growing longer after the Winter solstice.

St. Lucy is the patron saint of the city of Siracusa (Sicily). On 13 December a silver statue of St. Lucy containing her relics is paraded through the streets before returning to the Cathedral of Syracuse. Sicilians recall a legend that holds that a famine ended on her feast day when ships loaded with grain entered the harbour. Here, it is traditional to eat whole grains instead of bread on 13 December. This usually takes the form of cuccìa, a dish of boiled wheat berries often mixed with ricotta and honey, or sometimes served as a savoury soup with beans.

St. Lucy is also popular among children in some regions of North-Eastern Italy, namely Trentino, East Lombardy (Bergamo, Brescia, Cremona, Lodi and Mantua), parts of Veneto (Verona), parts of Emilia-Romagna (Piacenza, Parma, Reggio Emilia and Bologna), and all of Friuli, where she is said to bring gifts to good children and coal to bad ones the night between 12 and 13 December. According to tradition, she arrives in the company of a donkey and her escort, Castaldo. Children are asked to leave some coffee for Lucia, a carrot for the donkey and a glass of wine for Castaldo. They must not watch Santa Lucia delivering these gifts, or she will throw ashes in their eyes, temporarily blinding them.

Croatia and Hungary
In Croatia, Hungary and some of their neighbouring countries, a popular tradition on Saint Lucy's Day involves planting wheat grains; nowadays this serves as symbol of the new life born in Bethlehem, with a candle sometimes placed in the middle of the new plant as a symbol of the Light of Christ that Saint Lucia brings. Wheat grains are planted in a round dish or plate of soil, and then watered. If the planter is kept moist, the seeds germinate and the shoots are ideally several inches high by Christmas. The new green shoots, reminding us of the new life born in Bethlehem, may be tied with a ribbon and put near or under the Christmas tree. The real reason wheat was and is planted at this time, or on 4 December, the Day of Saint Barbara, is because the density, color and richness of the shoots will foretell how the upcoming yield will be, as well as increase the chances of it being a good one. In Hungary, the Luca széke (Lucy's chair) tradition teaches that one must start crafting a stool or chair on St. Lucy's Day, doing one piece per day and finishing by Christmas Eve. On that night, when one stands on the finished stool or chair one will be able to see who is a witch.

Malta
Santa Luċija is the patron saint of the villages of Mtarfa (Malta) and Santa Luċija, Gozo. On 13 December Malta also celebrates Republic Day.

In the Nordic countries
The celebration of Lucia in its current format began in the 20th century and gained popularity in 1927 after a Stockholm newspaper sponsored a competition to select Lucia. The winner that year was a dark-haired girl, but over time, it became customary to choose a typical Swedish blonde.

On 13 December, Lucia is venerated in Sweden, Denmark, Norway, and Finland in a ceremony where a girl wearing a white gown with a red sash and a crown of candles walks at the head of a procession of women holding  candles. The candles symbolize the fire that refused to take St. Lucy's life when she was sentenced to be burned. The women sing a Lucia song to the melody of the traditional Neapolitan song Santa Lucia; the Neapolitan lyrics describe the view from Santa Lucia in Naples, the Scandinavian lyrics describe the light with which Lucia overcomes the darkness. Each Scandinavian country has lyrics in its native tongue. After finishing this song, procession Christmas carols or more songs about Lucia are sung.

Sweden

The Swedish lyrics to the Neapolitan song Santa Lucia have traditionally been either Natten går tunga fjät (The Night steps heavily) or Sankta Lucia, ljusklara hägring (Saint Lucy, bright mirage). There is also a modern version with simpler lyrics for children: Ute är mörkt och kallt (Outside, it's dark and cold).

Although St. Lucy's Day is not an official holiday in Sweden, there is a widespread custom of schools choosing a girl to portray Lucy and a national competition is held among the regional winners. The regional Lucies visit shopping malls, old people's homes and churches, singing and handing out gingernut cookies (pepparkakor). The procession in Ericsson Globe in Stockholm holds the Guinness World Records distinction of being the largest in the world, with 1200 participants from Adolf Fredrik's Music School, Stockholms Musikgymnasium and Stockholmläns Blåsarsymfoniker.

Boys take part in the procession, playing different roles associated with Christmas. Some may be dressed in the same kind of white robe, but with a cone-shaped hat decorated with golden stars, called stjärngossar (star boys); some may be dressed up as "tomtenissar" (Santa's elves), carrying lanterns; and some may be dressed up as gingerbread men. They participate in the singing and also have a song or two of their own, usually Staffan Stalledräng, which tells the story about Saint Stephen, the first Christian martyr, caring for his five horses. Some trace the "re-birth" of the Lucy celebrations in Sweden to the tradition in German Protestant families of having girls dressed as angelic Christ children, handing out Christmas presents. The Swedish variant of this white-dressed Kindchen Jesus, or Christkind, was called Kinken Jes, and started to appear in upper-class families in the 18th century on Christmas Eve with a candle-wreath in her hair, handing out candy and cakes to the children. Another theory claims that the Lucy celebration evolved from old Swedish traditions of "star boys" and white-dressed angels singing Christmas carols at different events during Advent and Christmas. In either case, the current tradition of having a white-dressed woman with candles in her hair appearing on the morning of the Lucy Day started in the area around Vänern in the late 18th century and spread slowly to other parts of the country during the 19th century.

A special baked bun, Lussekatt (St. Lucy Bun), made with saffron and in use as early as November, is a very popular Christmas tradition.

Since 2008 there has been some controversy over males as Lucy, with one male who was elected Lucy at a high school being blocked from performing, and another performing together with a female. In another case a six-year-old boy was not allowed to appear with a Lucy crown because the school said it couldn't guarantee his safety. Conflicts over children of color portraying Saint Lucy have also become prevalent, such as when a company posted an advertisement in 2016 where a dark-skinned Swedish child portrayed Saint Lucy.

Finland
The Finnish celebrations have been historically tied to Swedish culture and the Swedish-speaking Finns. They observe "Luciadagen" a week before the Winter Solstice. St Lucy is celebrated as a "beacon of brightness" in the darkest time of year. The first records of St. Lucy celebrations in Finland are from 1898, and the first large celebrations came in 1930, a couple of years after the popularization of the celebrations in Sweden. The St. Lucy of Finland has been elected since 1949 and she is crowned in the Helsinki Cathedral. Local St. Lucies are elected in almost every place where there is a Swedish populace in Finland. The Finnish-speaking population has also lately begun to embrace the celebrations.

Denmark
In Denmark, the Day of Lucy (Luciadag) was first celebrated on 13 December 1944. The tradition was directly imported from Sweden by initiative of Franz Wend, secretary of Föreningen Norden, as an attempt "to bring light in a time of darkness". Implicitly it was meant as a passive protest against German occupation during the Second World War but it has been a tradition ever since.

Although the tradition is imported from Sweden, it differs somewhat in that the church celebration has always been strongly centered on Christianity and it is a yearly local event in most churches in conjunction with Christmas. Schools and kindergartens also use the occasion to mark the event as a special day for children on one of the final days before the Christmas holidays, but it does not have much impact anywhere else in society.

There are also a number of additional historical traditions connected with the celebration, which are not widely observed. The night before candles are lit and all electrical lights are turned off, and on the Sunday closest to 13 December Danes traditionally attend church.

The traditional Danish version of the Neapolitan song is not especially Christian in nature, the only Christian concept being "Sankta Lucia". Excerpt: "Nu bæres lyset frem | stolt på din krone. | Rundt om i hus og hjem | sangen skal tone." ("The light's carried forward | proudly on your crown. | Around in house and home | The song shall sound now.")

The Christian version used in churches is Sankta Lucia from 1982, by priest Holger Lissner.

Saint Lucy's Day is celebrated also in the Faroe Islands.

Norway

Historically Norwegians considered what they called Lussinatten the longest night of the year and no work was to be done. From that night until Christmas, spirits, gnomes and trolls roamed the earth. Lussi, a feared enchantress, punished anyone who dared work. Legend also has it that farm animals talked to each other on Lussinatten, and that they were given additional feed on this longest night of the year. The Lussinatt, the night of 13 December, was largely forgotten in Norway at the beginning of the 20th century, though still remembered as an ominous night, and also celebrated in some areas, especially in Mid, Central and Eastern inland.

It was not until after World War II that the modern celebration of Lucia in Norway became adopted on a larger scale. It is now again observed all over the country.

Like the Swedish tradition, and unlike the Danish, Lucy is largely a secular event in Norway, and is observed in kindergartens and schools (often through secondary level). However, it has in recent years also been incorporated in the Advent liturgy in the Church of Norway. The boys are often incorporated in the procession, staging as magi with tall hats and star-staffs. Occasionally, anthems of Saint Stephen are taken in on behalf of the boys.

For the traditional observance of the day, school children form processions through the hallways of the school building carrying candles, and hand out lussekatt buns. While rarely observed at home, parents often take time off work to watch these school processions in the morning, and if their child should be chosen to be Lucia, it is considered a great honor. Later on in the day, the procession usually visits local retirement homes, hospitals, and nursing homes.

The traditional Norwegian version of the Neapolitan song is, just like the Danish, not especially Christian in nature, the only Christian concept being "Sankta Lucia". Excerpt: "Svart senker natten seg / i stall og stue. / Solen har gått sin vei / skyggene truer." ("Darkly the night descends / in stable and cottage. / The sun has gone away / the shadows loom.")

Sámi
It has become common for those populations of Indigenous Sámi that live in districts where the Lucia Day is celebrated to also have such celebrations. While the Sámi Lucia beaivi events follow the mainly secular spirit of the Nordic majority cultures' Lucia celebrations, the lyrics to the Sámi version of the Neapolitan song are more markedly religious, focusing on the life story of Lucia the martyr. Excerpt: "Guhkkin Sicilias / dolin lei nieida / Dan nieidda namma lei / Sáŋta Lucia." ("In faraway Sicily / long ago was a girl / The name of that girl was / Saint Lucy."). The lyrics are also notable in that the words "Sicilia" and "Lucia" do not follow usual Sámi orthography, as when written like this they should be pronounced "Sitsilia" and "Lutsia" but are sung as "Sisilia" and "Lusia".

Estonia
In Estonia Saint Lucia Day (Luutsinapäev in Estonian) was traditionally celebrated by the local Estonian Swedes. It is also celebrated annually in the Gustav Adolf Grammar School, which was founded by King Gustav II Adolf.

Saint Lucia (Caribbean)
In Saint Lucia, a small island nation in the Caribbean named after its patron saint, St. Lucy, 13 December is celebrated as National Day. The National Festival of Lights and Renewal is held the night before the holiday, in honour of St. Lucy of Syracuse the saint of light. In this celebration, decorative lights (mostly bearing a Christmas theme) are lit in the capital city of Castries; artisans present decorated lanterns for competition; and the official activities end with a fireworks display. In the past, a jour ouvert celebration has continued into the sunrise of 13 December.

Spain
The town of Mollerussa since 1963 holds a contest of paper clothing around this day. Saint Lucy is considered the patron saint of dressmakers, who showed their talent making elaborate dresses out of paper.

United States

The celebration of St. Lucy's Day is popular among Scandinavian Americans, and is practiced in many different contexts, including (but not limited to) parties, at home, in churches, and through organizations across the country. Continuing to uphold this ritual helps people keep ties with the Scandinavian countries.

In the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA), which is the successor denomination to hundreds of Scandinavian and German Lutheran congregations, St. Lucy is treated as a commemoration on 13 December, in which red vestments are worn. Usually, the Sunday in Advent closest to 13 December is set aside for St. Lucy, in which the traditional Scandinavian procession is observed.

The public St. Lucy celebration in Lindsborg, Kansas, is a way to display the town's Swedish heritage, and serves as a rallying point for the community. It also brings visitors to the town, which benefits the town financially.

Since 1979, Hutto, Texas, has held a St. Lucy celebration for their town at the Lutheran church. Every year a Lucy is picked from the congregation. The procession then walks around the church, sings the traditional St. Lucy song, and serves the traditional saffron buns and ginger cookies.

Gustavus Adolphus College, as a school founded by Swedish immigrants, has celebrated the Festival of Saint Lucy annually since 1941. Six sophomore women are chosen to be a part of the Court of St. Lucy. The women are chosen by their peers honoring the qualities of the legendary Lucy. In an effort to keep the tradition relevant to today, the selection process changed in 2011 was modified. First, the campus community is invited to submit nominations of any sophomore woman who exemplifies the qualities of courageous leadership, service to others, strength of character, and compassion and therefore is a light to others. These women do not have to have a Swedish connection or the ability to sing (since the court goes caroling in the early morning). Sophomore women then vote who should be on the court. The highest three nominees are included. Then the Guild of St. Lucy, a senior honors society, reviews the remaining nominations and selects up to three more women to serve on the court with the goal of having the court be representative of the sophomore class.

Venezuela
The town of Mucuchíes in Mérida state, Venezuela, has chosen as their patron saints St. Lucy and St. Benedict the Moor. Patron saint festivities are held during the month of December.

title: Saint Lucy's Day