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Talk:Punahou School

Track and Field
It's not called "athletics" in America 128.12.186.192 11:10, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

Notable Faculty
Removed McCoullough, who is merely a famous historian's son.

General POV Questions
Michelle Wie has never won a PGA golf tournament.

Punahou is not Royal School.

The article only mentions that the land was gifted to the school, it does not imply that the school is or was otherwise connected to the Hawai'ian Royal Famly.

There was a redirect from the Royal School entry to Punahou before I revised the Royal School entry. The error of the person who created the Royal School entry in the first place. I wanted to make sure that anyone coming back since the revision would know the difference.--Gmosaki 06:47, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

Racism

 * The best way to know is to test it yourself. Call around to all the private schools on Oahu and get your 4 year old an application, and see that 4 year old through the testing and admissions processes at the schools. Since I myself went through the same process when I was 4 and remember it clearly, I have two time periods and two sets of administrations to compare and can say that Punahou's process is still MORE hidden than any of the others and has more barriers to entry, never mind the number of applications they receive. Having spent a very significant amount of time dealing with Punahou over a lifetime, I can say the school is in the habit of controlling information about itself, socially and professionally to an extent that other schools don't care about, except for maybe Kamehameha. This habit of hiding things and controlling information and the degree to which it is practiced in the admissions process is what I'm talking about; Punahou's habit of broadcasting the guidelines for entry to the school and then "hiding" the process by which students are really chosen behind closed doors (and I don't mean just literal doors, but behind the invisible divider of class.) It's not impossible in Honolulu to make friends with or meet the people who are in charge of admissions at private schools. After a lifetime of social interaction and casual information exchanged by word of mouth, it's my impression that Punahou has significant invisible barriers to keep in who needs to be kept in and keep out who needs to be kept out--because it all comes down to money and who can donate it--and other Oahu schools, by comparison, with what can be observed and what people say or imply, do not. 12:16, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Specifics please? I'm still not sure if I understand the difference between one form of "hiding" and another.  For example, when I applied to private schools for my son, each of the rejection letters was boilerplate, with no indication on exactly why he was denied admission.  Their selection process was "hidden".  I didn't know which people made the decisions, or by what criteria, or why others may have been chosen ahead of him.  It's my impression that every private school works this way.  Although for the most basic qualifications they may give you a letter saying, "sorry, but your child did not pass our test", I doubt any private school would tell you, "we had 3 equal candidates, and chose one over the other two because we wanted to maintain a balance of boys and girls".

 * Now if the allegation you're making is that during the admissions process at Punahou, if they have 3 roughly equal candidates and only 1 opening they will go with the richest family, that would be an interesting policy to investigate and bring to light (and incidentally, one I wouldn't doubt was true). By the same token, a private school like Maryknoll may give preference to the family that tithes the most at church would also be interesting to investigate.  But unless other schools are openly admitting all the criteria that they use for each particular decision, each school is "hiding" similarly.  Do we have any evidence that other schools are more transparent with their admissions process?  Does any private school in hawaii clearly tell you in the rejection letter the reasons you were passed over?  Or is your assertion that the admissions departments at Punahou are more close-lipped than other admissions departments, so informal information is harder to obtain? --JereKrischel 12:12, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * It's the degree and type of occlusion, not the fact that the admissions process isn't open for inspection. The occlusion begins when you call for an application, and then gets murkier from there. I'm refering to the many small barriers, some cultural, set up that can discount your child in the admissions process at Punahou (before the application is even filled out) as a way of keeping out the "foreigners". And these small "barriers" don't exist in their subtlety or number at any of the other parochial schools, which would make the other schools admissions processes more "transparent" in the sense that they are straightforward. We're speaking about the ruling class here. Wouldn't you say, by defnition, the practices of the ruling class tend to be less transparent?

 * Class bias would have worked against the principal's son, considering the principal and his family were working middle class compared to other alumni and students. The reason for the son's return was probably more realistic, like, as a business decision, the principal's son was allowed to return to insure that the principal, who would have been costly to replace, wouldn't pick up and move somewhere else. 06:23, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

 * How can you say that these small "barriers" don't exist at any of the other parochial schools if their admissions process isn't open for inspection? I'm sorry, but I'm not sure if I see a difference between "occlusion" and "opaqeness".  We cannot one way or the other judge whether or not admissions of any school is "straightforward" unless the process is transparent, and I don't know of any private school with a particularly transparent admissions process.  Please inform me if you know of an example, I would be interested to learn more about it. --JereKrischel 06:19, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Punahou doesn't have racial quotas in its admissions process, but it does have preferential policies. That might have changed recently, but the preferential policies are for admitting descendants of the original missionaries to Honolulu, family members of alumni, Hawaiians and the childeren of faculty and staff when choosing between equal candidates based on test scores. These small preferential policies are all you need to keep out the unwanted. You don't need to discriminate based on race. Punahou's admissions process is also one of the most clouded and un-transparent of all the admissions process at private schools in Hawaii. The secretiveness is also a way to keep out the unwanted. Race is not so much a factor these days as class is. And the principal's son wasn't expelled for drug posession; he was removed from enrollment before he could be expelled. Why he was let back in is anybody's guess. But that's not a very good example of buying admission for your child. There are far more blatant examples in what is usually a subtle unspoken process. 01:25, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I didn't realize that the principal's son managed to avoid official expulsion by being "removed from enrollment"...certainly a tricky way around the drug and citizenship policies of Punahou. I wonder if anyone else has tried that trick since...in any case, as you say, there is definitely class bias, and I would not doubt that it was through that influence that the principal's son was allowed to return.

 * That being said, I don't know of any private academic institution which has an open and transparent admissions policy. Private schools, colleges, all make their decisions behind closed doors, and I don't believe any of them publicy publish the statistics of who they chose and who they didn't and why.  I understand that these admissions processes are often terribly subjective, and such statistics may not be of great use, but they certainly would be interesting.

 * Any examples of more open and transparent admissions policies and procedures in hawaii? --JereKrischel 20:59, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

Punahou was founded by the Protestant missionaries to educate their children away from the native population. The missionaries felt that the native children were posessed by the devil. It is a bit ironic that Punahou now makes an effort to recruit students of native Hawaiian ancestry. However, they have a quota system that limits the number of students from various races and ethnic groups that are admitted into the school. Gmosaki 04:31, 5 August 2005 UTC

 * Regardless of opinion of the above comment, I reverted it back into existence as I think Awotter made a boo-boo. (S/he simply deleted it with the note "This is an undocumented charge of current racism which more properly belongs in the history of Hawaii and not in an entry describing a K-12 private school" as the change description.) My understanding of WP culture being that rather than simply expunging remarks from a Talk page the appropriate way to challenge them is to add one's own comment? It might be different if Gmosaki had put POV into the article itself, but a Talk page is another story, there's supposed to be free rein to hash stuff out on Talk pages as long as one does not overstep the bounds of WIkiquette... Deletion is IMO an overreaction... --IslandGyrl 20:55, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

Thank you for the clarification, I disagree in that Gmosaki simply makes unsubstantiated comments and edited the article by placing an NPOV flag on it with no supporting reasons which appears to violate Wiki policy, which is why I deleted the comments, which I do not think I should have done. The article itself however does not appear to violate neutrality so I have edited it to its original state.

In the interest of full disclosure I did briefly attend Punahou, as well as Leilehua in Hawai'i. Racism is and remains a problem in the Islands, however, Punahou (or more correctly O'ahu College) was formed as one of the first upper level schools on the island and early on admitted Hawaiians. The school currently has no racial quotas, although preference is given to alumni for admissions.Awotter

My mother was told that there were too many smart Asian girls applying to Punahou the years I applied. I surpassed the test scores and made the required GPA. Asian Americans can experience racism, too! My brother was admitted, but only because they thought he could play football. --Gmosaki 06:12, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

 * When was the last time you actually looked at a group of Punahou students? The racial quotas were eliminated long ago (circa 1930 I believe), and Asians now make up an overwhelming majority of the student body at the school, with a higher percentage every year. The fact of the matter is that Punahou is very difficult to get into, and they turn away lots of qualified applicants. Would you say that my incredibly bright white cousins were racially discriminated against when they did not get in? I wouldn't - even though there is a policy giving preference to Native Hawaiians (and children of alumni and missionary descendants), it acts only as a tiebreaker and makes no difference in most cases. In short, it's time to let go of your strange bitterness toward aprospective high school. -- Class of '02

 * Racial quotas were officially eliminated a long time ago, but were kept alive and well unofficially by members of the board of trustees and major donors who put pressure on the president and admissions office to keep the school white far closer to the present than is comfortable to admit. Yeah, not so many haoles these days. I just counted the class of '06. Seventy-seven haoles (not counting the very light skinned Hawaiians) out of 411 graduating seniors. Nice annual this year, by the way. Why would you call the bitterness "strange?" Considering the history of Hawaii or what it's like to work at a job in Hawaii, I would call the bitterness "commonplace." But I guess it would seem "strange" to a Punahou student '02 who wasn't used to interacting with non-Punahou types. Hmm...I just thought of something while looking at each senior in this year's graduating class. A more illuminating statistic would be household income for the 411 grads, because a quota would have to indirectly exist for that statistic. Can't run a school if you don't let in kids whose parents can pay for it (and will in the future donate towards it).--66.133.248.240 11:48, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Did Punahou School actually tell you that you were denied because of an excess of smart Asian girls? I know that private school admissions are very competitive, and in some cases they try to balance the sex ratio of their classes...I was told that outright when I was applying my son to Chandler School in Pasadena.  It almost seems like you may have been a victim of sexism, not racism.  I also know that what grade you apply in makes a big difference.  In Punahou's case, I beleve that the big years for admission are Kindergarten, 4th grade, 7th grade, and 9th grade.  In most cases I'm sure they have a large stack of highly qualified candidates and only a very few openings, if any.

 * My personal experience with Punahou has been that the real discrimination that happens there is based on money, not race. It seems that if you are rich enough, you can get in despite behavior, skill or race.  The classic case I always referred to was when the principal's son was expelled for drug possession, but after a large cash donation was allowed to attend his senior year after being expelled for only 1 year.  Typically expulsions are permanent.

 * Anyway, I'm sorry to hear of your experience. Punahou, despite it's faults, was a good place for a poor chop-suey mixed breed to get an education.  Being poor among the rich is no fun at all, but the education is top notch. --JereKrischel

There are reasons for NPOV. For one, some people thing that 'Iolani is the most respected Academy in the islands or other schools. McKinley, a public high school, is also held in high regard. The article also fails to tell the true history of the school, including its admission policies. The dress code or lack there of in the school as well as the lowering of their spoken English standard in recent years are also missing.--Gmosaki 06:56, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

Two of us were accepted to Punahou in 7th grade from my primary school. We were both at the top of the class. I am from an upper-middle class family (with no previous ties to Punahou). The other student was the son of a Portugese immigrant who drove taxis. He received extensive scholarship money his whole time at Punahou. Many of my friends were on scholarships. Yes, many old-family rich kids go to Punahou, but that isn't everyone. -- [pineapplenan 9/11/06]

I'm not sure where you guys get this idea of racial quotas. The underlying debate over Punahou should be whether it takes smart kids or makes kids smart. I think it's a mix of both, with heavy leaning on ability in the lower grades. K-5 seems almost entirely based on the kids' inherent abilities, it's gotten to the point where they are rejecting boys far more because the girls outclass them in intelligence and potential. There's no reason why Punahou would waste money on a student that lacked the potential, hence why I see very little merit or fact in the idea of racial quotas. And it seems that many of you are simply making claims aganist the school without actually understanding. I had many friends with some level of financial aid. Some had full scholarships and weren't that bright comparatively. There are rich kids who aren't that bright, but that is found in all private schools, how many private schools can say they offer and pay for the housing and education of poor students? The Jason (apt building) across the street has housed several highschool students. Singling out Punahou for criticism when everyone else does it is hardly professional and reeks of a grudge rather then a legitimate concern. Futhermore, Punahou has such a large donation base that it can easily afford to allow a poor bright student in and reject a smart rich student despite the fact that it costs them significently more to educate them. The real argument should be aganist Punahou's (and to a degree all private) history of taking the smarter student (and teacher) away from the public system, but that maybe a simple market effect due to the difference in educations found between the private and public methods.

JereKrischel is correct in the behavior of asian girls displacing and disportionally taking the open slots. What we see at Punahou is a smaller scale of what is happening to mainland colleges. Except that mainland colleges try to even things out, Punahou does not. Kindergarten has a ratio close to 60:40 female to male, or at least did in 2002. The school used to be heavily Caucasian. That's clearly not the case today where whites are clear minority. As for the explusion, Punahou tends to let seniors return their final year and graduate with their class. It's not a good policy but it has a long history of occurance, whether you have money or not. Also the school has a tendency to overlook the behaviors of the children of its faculty, but I suspect this happens at all private schools.

- ['04 Grad 1/7/07]

"Local kine" vs. North American POV
It's probably very difficult to attain 100% NPOV on any Hawaii-related topic. Consciously or not, we all tend to accept an established North American perceptual frame that sees Hawaii and its institutions as perhaps a wee bit different for historical reasons, but basically nowadays just like any other part of the U.S.A.

This glosses over various sorts of stuff which only folks who grew up there (and sometimes not even they/we) know about. Facts that other folks, no matter how well educated, are often astonished (if not angered to the point of reflex denial) to hear about for the first time (see a surprised reader's remark at Talk:Bayonet Constitution).

Case in point: the "English standard school system" peculiar to Hawaii, whereby Lincoln elementary, RL Stevenson intermediate and Roosevelt were maintained as a more Americanized, more college-prep track ("uncontaminated" by pidgin speakers), and Washington, Kawananakoa, and McKinley as a more "local", more vocational-training type track (for pidgin speakers). One of us should probably create a Wikipedia article about it one of these days.

 * During the late 1920s, the Hawaii Department of Public Instruction–which became the Hawaii State Department of Education in 1960–responded to pressures from influential segments of the community by designating certain schools as English-standard schools. The criterion for admission to these schools was the demonstrated ability to speak the English language satisfactorily. Thus, a de facto segregation on the basis of language ability existed in Hawaii's educational system, a situation that lasted until the time that the English-standard schools were formally abandoned in 1940. Operationally, however, vestiges of the English-standard school system existed until as late as 1960, when the last English-standard class at Roosevelt High School was finally abolished (Office of Instructional Services, 1985). (emphasis mine)

Punahou was only one piece of the whole puzzle. I too went there, only for 3 years—at a time when they still had race quotas, maximum limits on "Oriental" admissions—which they unapologetically declared were necessary in order to maintain the school's "American" cultural character.

Encyclopedia scholarship demands verifiable facts and citations; but compared to North American POV, "local" folks' life and opinions are much more likely not to have been documented anywhere. Even now, who has heard of "local" writers like Lois-Ann Yamanaka, poets like Eric Chock or Wing Tek Lum, publishing outfits like Bamboo Ridge? For generations, North American culture and media were a mirror in which a "local" person might stare for a lifetime and see everyone else's reflection—just never his or her own.

This is how something like Wikipedia can be different. If one doesn't see oneself in what the reference book in the library says, one can add to it and collaborate with other, unlike-minded people (!) to rewrite it. --IslandGyrl 19:02, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

I attend Punahou and I just got in last year. The process wasn't confusing at all, and there are no "barriers" they fail to mention. Punahou just wants its students to have a wide variety of extracurriculars, like me for instance: I do kung fu, play violin, go to church, do community service, swim competitivley. I also served as secretary for student council and still managed to get a 4.0 GPA my whole year at a public middle school. I also scored above or in between the median scores for the SSAT test. It was my first time applying to Punahou, too, so I don't think that Punahou was being unfair in any way. They just choose the candidates that meet the the criteria best.

 * Wow, what luck. An actual Punahou student responds and unwittingly proves the particular point about "barriers" using Punahou dogma and a personal anecdote. For a minor to have access to lessons that teach kung fu, violin and competitive swimming, and to be in a position to do community service and serve as secretary for student council, that minor has to have some form of capital backing her up, meaning she has to have a family who is in a position to afford a life that will allow her to do these things. Punahou prides itself on students who are "well rounded," who engage in many "activities." Punahou picked you because you are "like" the other kids in that you engage in varied interests, which also means your family can afford them. You seem to take this situation at face value, using the word "just" twice during an explanation of why you were let in, as in Punahou was "just" looking for... or Punahou "just" chose... Your use of the word "just" is another way of saying "there is nothing out of the norm about Punahou's choices." What would happen during the interview process if there was a student who scored just as well as you on the SSAT and had a 4.0 GPA, but who didn't have a family that encouraged or could afford music lessons, sports lessons and other kinds of lessons? Would you be let into the school over this theoretical candidate because of your wide variety of activities? Maybe if she had a family with capital to back her, she would be more "like" you and would "fit in" at Punahou. This scenario is an example of an institutional barrier. Punahou says nothing during the interview process about a student's family's financial situation coming to bear on admission, but there are financial realities that can render a student with good scores "not a good fit" and make her "not like" other Punahou students and keep her from not "meeting the criteria best." This particular phenomenon of choosing students who "meet the criteria best" without a clear spoken institutional recognition that rich kids have an easier time fulfilling the criteria over poor kids, is an example of an institutional barrier. Punahou is a place, after all, of people who have gathered together around their similarities and are often surprised to learn that those outside of the school resent the way its members blithely and exclusively seek out individuals who are "like" themselves already, while rationalizing the process as "normal." The admissions office at Punahou is a good example of a group who views its actions as seemingly "normal," as they go about "just" looking for well rounded students or "just" looking for students who are a "good fit" who "meet the criteria best", where the word "just" inspected a little closer reveals more than it suggests, perhaps even a process hidden, unintentional and unexamined within the admissions officer himself. By the way, the paragraph you contributed had several errors of punctuation and word choice. I took the liberty of correcting them for you. You can view the changes by checking against the different saved versions.

 * Incidentally there are many extra-curricular activities that are not expensive and require little by way of financial standing. For example I sing in the Hawaii Youth Opera Chorus, and while it charges a tuition, it's hardly a dent and most people in any need at all can get a scholarship, either in part or in full. There are other like activities that require little other than some talent and interest.  And even those can be supplimented somewhat.  Also, I really fail to see how finance has anything to do with being a Student Council secretary. I'd think that requires a bit of popularity, some skill, and good communication skills. I may be biased, but I would like, at least, a better understanding of this percieved bias. Keakealani 08:39, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

 * You didn't list any activities that are "not expensive" and require "little by way of financial standing." What are they? Are you able to consider any activities that you don't personally participate in, or do you only have yourself as an example? Is your situation a normal situation compared to all other school age children in Hawaii? Do you know how many school age children there are in Hawaii? How much is tutition to the Hawaii Youth Opera Chorus? Do you have to wear a uniform to perform? How much does it cost out of pocket? How do you get to practice? Does your family own a car? How much does it cost to own and operate a car? Is there an adult that drives you? Do the practices and performances take place during work hours? If there is a tution waver, what kind of paper work must be submitted? Is the paperwork available only in English? So many variables to take for granted.

I'm a currently a student at UH and am writing a research paper on Punahou School. The student above is at most 14 years old and does not need to be condescended to so much. He/She was just retelling his/her personal experience with the admissions process. I also attended Punahou, for thirteen years actually, but I don't have a lot of knowledge about the clarity of the admissions process. However, I would like to mention the crazy amount of money Punahou spends each year on financial aid. 100% of the earnings from the annual Punahou carnival go towards financial aid. In 2007, $3 million went to the need based financial aid program. About 15% of the students receive financial aid with an average grant of over $7,000. I, myself, was not on financial aid, but my single mother worked damn hard to send me there. Although many students do come from wealthy families, I would say that the majority of them come from families who could have saved that money but instead, chose to invest it in an great education for their child at a great cost. They also have the PUEO bridge program, which I have TAed classes for. "PUEO stands for Partnerships in Unlimited Educational Opportunities - was designed as an intensive and continuing hands-on experience to inspire and support more young people to pursue a college education. Launched in 2005, PUEO provides opportunities to public middle and high school students with college aspirations who have financial need. It's aimed specifically at scholars in the academic middle, in the C to B+ range." 168.105.233.129 (talk) 00:01, 30 November 2010 (UTC)

To Keakealani: From the violin player, almost 10+ years later. I did in fact graduate from Punahou. Your post is laughable, being so hostile to a 12 year old (at the time) is ridiculous and unnecessary. No, I don't come from a family with lots of money. In fact, both my parents are immigrants. My mother couldn't speak a word of english when she arrive in Hawaii. I did kung fu because it was only $5 to join for the month and it was across the street from my family's apartment (government subsidized housing). All of my friends joined so I joined as well. I would walk there and back home. In fact, my parents discouraged me from doing kung fu...but because all my friends did it, I wanted to do it too.

I learnt to play violin at public school, because YES, they have orchestras too (huge shocker)! I was inspired to play violin on my own because in my public elementary school, middle school kids would come to my school and perform for us. I thought it was the coolest thing. My parents never invested in violin lessons at all. They never groomed me be to become an applicant for Punahou. All my extracurricular activities were things that I pursued on my own. I had to beg my parents to get me violin lessons later on.

Also, I took TheBus to school. Even at Punahou I TOOK TheBus TO SCHOOL AND BACK. I walked a mile from Punahou to Foodland on Beretania with all my heavy books and caught TheBus back home to KALIHI. So, sorry your post is enitrely WRONG and based on the assumption that I'm one of those spoiled rich punahou kids. Sorry but NO. Once, my mom got so pissed at me she didn't give me bus money to get home. I had to walk 6 miles home from Punahou after my Japanese extra help class. It was a horrendous experience.

Sorry Keakealani, I wasn't a spoiled brat. My family by no means, has this "financial backing" that you speak of. My parents were strict. They were adamant supporters of education because they both worked two blue collar jobs in order to make ends meet. They wanted better for me. Nothing was ever forced onto me. I was never forced to learn violin, do kungfu, or do community service. I was recommended onto the Student Council board for being a responsible student from my teachers and voted into the board by my classmates. Again, something that I never actively sought out. I went to church because my mom's boss is an active church goer and wanted to "convert our family", community service was just one aspect of it. I didn't go looking for it so that it would look good on a Punahou application.

The reason I was able to do so well on SSAT tests was that I loved to read growing up. My mom would take me to the public library (yes because we couldn't afford to buy books) and I would borrow a 2 ft high stack of books and finish them within the week because that was what I did for fun. (Wow! A child that likes to read for fun, imagine that!) We had no cable TV, I had to keep myself occupied, WE COULDN'T AFFORD IT. My father has a knack for math so he taught me a lot of math tips and tricks. But by no means did my family dump loads of money into extracurriculars for me. We couldn't afford that! My extracurriculars were my hobbies. I did them because I wanted to do them.

Punahou was a blessing, I attended because of a generous scholarship. My family has no connections to the school. We obviously couldn't donate any money. I am one of those "poor kids." Yet here I am, a Punahou graduate. I took care of most things myself. My application to Punahou was filled out by me in my neatest handwriting. I had to do my own financial aid forms.

Your preconceived notions and generalizations about Punahou just show me that you are a spiteful and judgemental person who is bitter and ill informed about the facts. It seems you have some sort of personal vendetta against Punahou. Sorry you didn't make the cut bro. Not all of us are rich kids.

--Nujabes125 (talk) 21:58, 7 September 2014 (UTC)

 * 1) Please sign your posts with:

--~

 * 2) This is thread drift, I know, but just to give the perspective of an impoverished kid who got into Punahou, my experience in there during the 1980s clearly had a wildly diverse student body, even in regards to "have/have-not". Granted, us "have-nots" who worked the pineapple fields in the summer instead of skiing in the Alps were not nearly representative of the have-nots all throughout society (that is to say, taken as a whole, the sample of Punahou students is going to skew towards the wealthy), but there was representation there.  Frankly, I would probably assert that parental expectations, regardless of family income, were the most important thing - very few folks, of any economic level, could survive Punahou if they didn't value education.  YMMV, of course.  On the whole I would support more financial aid and outreach to low-income folk for all private schools, but then again, maybe if we were able to take OHA funding and plow it into public education, the gap wouldn't be so enormous. --JereKrischel 22:45, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

Taking a swing at Kam School? Comments please
Personally, I find the sentence inserted by JereKrischel on racial discrimination and Kam School out of place, and liable to be misunderstood, for instance as "Punahou article officially disses Kam". What do other folks think? --IslandGyrl 21:44, 17 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I think the entire section is rather difficult to be sure. It seems that we're mentioning historical race limitations with Punahou rather prominently (within the first few paragraphs), but for the only school in hawaii that does have race-based restrictions, we save it until the end of the Kamehameha Schools article, and it is couched in a much different tone.  One alternative would be to make a similarly prominent and immediate mention of Kamehameha's race-based admissions within it's page, so that we're treating schools evenly.  The other alternative would be to move the race-based commentary within the Punahou School article lower down in a "controversy" section or something similar to what exists on the Kamehameha Schools site.
 * I'm probably more supportive of moving the race-based controversy to a lower section in the Punahou School article than placing it more prominently directly on the Kamehameha Schools page. I wanted to place some context around the section to make clear that if someone is interested in the various forms of racial-discrimination in schooling in hawaii that not only is there the history of Punahou, but the present of Kamehameha.  The entire section most likely doesn't belong in the Punahou page at all I suppose...any votes for removing it entirely?--JereKrischel

I've added the header until this is resolved. JereKrischel appears to be making a false analogy. --Viriditas | Talk 11:53, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * There is something to the observation that Punahou and Kam are receiving different treatment. A prominently linked separate article, e.g. "Hawaii schools and discrimination", might indeed be a better solution. With a direct link to sections coded thus:
 * in the Punahou article
 * in the Kam article etc.

 * Or perhaps a better way of organizing the "Hawaii schools and discrimination" page would be to have a History section with: Punahou specifics, Kam specifics, treatment of Hawaiians (the story is that teachers would strike them on the hands or face if they used their own language), schools under World War II martial law, the English standard school system, tensions in the 50s (vandalism by Punahou and Roosevelt students of each others' schools that culminated in the two administrations creating the "Paintbrush" trophy for their ILH football league games to seal the "peace treaty"; Kam ROTC cadets standing guard in the bleachers of Honolulu Stadium in full uniform to prevent "incidents" when they played Punahou, and the like), reports of "mokes" bullying white students at certain schools …. And then a section The present: Punahou specifics, Kam specifics, …. The hard work is putting together an encyclopedic treatment with citations, as opposed to a few persons' individual recollections which, unless put in proper context, break the WP policy against "autobiography" or "original research".

 * Cautionary note: In the political context of all Hawaii-related topics, the phrase race-based (as opposed to, say, ancestry-based) is a meme which can be taken as expressing a POV. When used with a certain "spin", the meme evokes a picture of a Hawaii where in general it is now primarily white people or non-Hawaiians who are the victims of institutionalized discrimination. This is the position of, for example, Aloha for All, a political advocacy non-profit founded by Kenneth R. Conklin, Bill and Sandra Burgess, and Thurston Twigg-Smith.

 * Kamehameha Schools supporters would argue in defence that admissions policy goes back to Princess Pauahi Bishop's original will and testament under Kingdom of Hawaii law, etc. Certainly the will has been reinterpreted by courts and politicians again and again. For decades there was a controversial understanding among the powers-that-be that only white Protestants could be appointed trustees. This was finally broken when, IIRC, financier Chinn Ho became the first non-white Bishop Estate trustee.

 * It would be nice to have Gmosaki's and Awotter's opinions as well, since the passage being debated originated as kind of a compromise between them. --IslandGyrl 12:50, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I think IslandGyrl outlines a very good strategy for dealing with this topic evenhandedly and gracefully. The place for a discussion about discrimination is probably in it's own page so that context may be had.

 * Insofar as the ancestry-based verus race-based, she makes an incredibly potent point. It is quite a different read to hear of 'ancestry-based' admissions policy versus 'race-based'.  Of course, when you add the word 'discrimination', it also alters the tone and tenor.  I believe that her caution note should be prominent on the page discussing "Hawaiian schools and discrimination".

 * That being said, I must admit I am of the opinion that 'ancestry-based' is a euphemism, and in the case of Punahou may indicate preference to children of alumni, whereas in Kamehameha it would clearly mean based along racial lines (as well as children of alumni). As a mixed breed with family that still goes to Kamehameha, I am both sympathetic to the desire to preserve hawaiian culture and hurt that it should be limited only to a certain racial group.  Although the 'toe-nail' hawaiians that go to kamehameha certainly make it more racially inclusive than people would have you believe when they tout around "race-based" admissions, is there really an important difference between someone who is 95% japanese and one who is 100% japanese?  99% versus 100%?  I jokingly talk with my wife about starting up a blood transfusion business that withdraws blood from kanaka maoli, and gives 1 pint to anyone who wants to claim that they have "hawaiian-blood".

 * I also think the "Hawaiian schools and discrimination" page would be a good place to talk about the economic discrimination that goes on in hawaii with public versus private schools. Preferences for children of alumni are particularly abhorrent in my view (for any institution).

 * Anyway, I'm also interested in the opinions of the original posters. Although I've read the threads they left, I couldn't quite tell if they met halfway. --JereKrischel

As clunky as the language I inserted was, I did feel it contributed to clarifying for readers the concerns Gmosaki brought forth (in a less anecdotal way) in regards to history specific to Punahou both racial and religious.

I have an issue with including Kamehameha in the discussion for several reasons; Hawaiian ancestory is a criteria for admission, but the policy has also been to allow qualified students of non-Hawaiian ancestory admission if places were available, so part of what has been inserted is incorrect.

In addition, it has been the policy on the mainland to recognize sovereign Native American tribal schools as being able to limit admission based on race. Rightly or wrongly, that is also an issue (sovereignity) that is before the Congress and if passed would make the Kamehameha issue moot.

Perhaps a better category than "Hawaiian schools and discrimination" would be "Hawaiian Society-Island Paradox" Awotter

 * Good point on the non-Hawaiian ancestry admission if places are available Awotter, although the last time that happened there was quite an uproar (Brayden Mohica-Cummings). So although both Punahou and Kamehameha may have official admissions policies that say one thing, both schools (and perhaps all private schools in hawaii) have a history of discrimination.  Just as IslandGyrl spoke of a time when oriental admissions to Punahou were limited to keep the "american" character of the school, it seems that Kamehameha makes the same argument for the token amount of hawaiian blood necessary to attend.  Neither seems very defensible to modern sensibilities.

 * I guess I'm concerned that if Punahou School had been created by a trust left by Hiram Bingham, and his will stated -

 * ...to devote a portion of each years income to the support and education of orphans, and others in indigent circumstances, giving the preference to Europeans of pure or part caucasian blood...

 * - we would all be condemning the will as racist and exclusionary. Apparently Pauahi-Bishop gets a pass.

 * I'm not sure if we should get into a pro/anti sovereignty debate here, but suffice it to say that not all people make the same connections between Native American tribes and Native Hawaiians. And even those who do may still take umbrage with racial/ancestral preferences.

 * Depsite our differences of opinion, I think I'm hearing consensus that such controversial topics belong on a separate page to allow for a more thorough discussion in proper context. I think either category ("Hawaiian schools and discrimination" or "Hawaiian Society-Island Paradox") would be appropriate.  Does anyone else care to chime in before we effect those changes? --JereKrischel

I agree with the above in making a separate page. It should be noted here that Kamehameha Schools has always been open about their racial policies unlike Punahou. However, the reverse is true with regard to religion and hiring faculty. Punahou admits it is a Protestant based school, whereas Kamehameha Schools try to gloss over the fact that they prefer faculty who are members of the Congregationalist churches. I know that Kamehameha Schools have refused to hire Roman Catholics to be on their permenent faculty in the past. However, I'm not sure if they still are.

It should also be noted that non-Hawaiians did not seem interested in going to Kamehameha Schools when they were vocational schools, which is what the Schools were when they started. There are certain rights afforded to native peoples in US law, which Kamehameha Schools' policies fall under unlike Punahou. It seems that only when schools catering to native peoples become successful that outsiders make a big stink about the ancestry requirements. --Gmosaki 18:06, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the comments Gmosaki. I was actually surprised to hear from IslandGyrl that at one time Punahou was unapologetic about limiting asian admissions to keep the 'american' character of the school.  They certainly didn't mention it to us in the 80's.  I would be interested in the admissions history of Punahou, both official and unofficial, over the course of time since 1841.

 * Insofar as the religous nature of the schools, in the 80's when I was there Punahou was strictly non-demoninational, although I suppose there was some Protestant versus Catholic rivalry with Maryknoll across the street. My mother worked for Kamehameha in the 80's for a while, and she's a Catholic turned atheist (Maryknoll grad), but I don't recall her ever feeling pressured out...I'll ask her next time I talk to her though.

 * Although some people may decide that only when a school catering to native people gets successful should we care about ancestry requirements, it certainly hasn't been my perspective. I see race/ancestry based requirements hearkening back to a point in time when it was assumed that the natives could not take care of themselves due to their inherent inferiority, and needed extra help to even the scales.  It is my assertion that native peoples are just as capable as anyone else, and our concentration for attention should probably lie with the economically disadvantaged regardless of race.  For the most part, that will end up aiding more natives by proportion, but I think actual economic disadvantage criteria are much more defensible than blood quantum.

 * In the interests of full disclosure, my family has gone to Farrington, Maryknoll, Punahou, AOP, MidPac, Iolani, Kamehameha, Assets, and Playmate on Keeamoku. We've got one mostly japanese side, one toenail hawaiian side, one completely mixed side, and some portuguese / filipino tossed into the mix.  Some of the family is real haole, some of the family is real local.  All of the family are hawaiian since before the overthrow.  I guess since we're so mixed up, it's hard for me to judge that only one branch of my family deserves privilege. --JereKrischel

Steve Case
Steve Case was recently added under faculty and staff section. I'm not sure if he qualifies for this section... how often are the trustees actually on campus? Perhaps an administration section should be created.

My responds to this:

Steve Case attended Punahou School, understands the this school's goals in their priority to the students, and being such a generous donor, he should be entitled to have saying in the direction of this school. Apparently, he had made such an accomplishment in his own life, being a great role model with a straight forward reputation and also in giving back to the local community.

Punahou Alumni

 * Doesn't exactly answer the question. Should we group trustees with "faculty and staff," or not?204.107.82.254 (talk) 18:50, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

Historical Correction
I believe the Lahainaluna High School (also founded my missionaries) pre-dates Punahou as the oldest school west of the Mississippi.

Punahou Alumni now on Maui

True. However Lahainaluna High School was founded as seminary school, not a college prep school. Punahou is the oldest college prep school west of the Mississippi. I've never heard Punahou called just the oldest high school west of the Mississippi.

O4' Grad

It doesn't matter. St. Louis University High School pre-dates them both by decades, and has always been a college prep school. It was founded in 1818 as St. Louis Academy, later grew to include a college, and then separated from said college (St. Louis University). - SLUH '04 grad —Preceding unsigned comment added by 18.139.6.115 (talk) 23:32, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

The NRHP listing says it was the first English language school west of the Rockies. I will add that, since Lahainluna had classes in Hawaiian language, not English.

Weasel Words?
I noticed the weasel word template...please specify the sections. I'll be happy to help out! Sr13 (T|C) Editor review 07:36, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I suspect it was vandalism. Removed tag, please put something in the talk page if you anyone feels it is necessary to add back in. --JereKrischel 05:28, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

 * It was not vandalism. If a statement is made such as "it is well-known nationally, and is widely considered to be one of the top academic institutions in the United States," please provide either a citation to an authoritative source or re-word. --Jwcomo 21:54, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I've done a good deal of referencing this article; hope others can help! Sr13 (T|C) 05:50, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

IP message
I attended Punahou and can't help but note that this page reads like a p.r. mailer. Punahou is a hugely powerful institution with a long and complex history, none of which is mentioned here. 72.235.245.193 23:58, 17 April 2007 (UTC) JJK

Alumni
This article contains a shockingly long list of alumni. There are 70 alumni wiki-linked and over 100 others listed (yes, I counted) that do not even have Wiki pages. I realize this is an exclusive prep school with some very notable alumni, but the list should not be exhaustive. Currently, the list of alumni is about 10 times as long as the actual article text. It needs some serious paring down. Maralia 05:07, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

RESPONSE
I am actually modeling the alumni page after schools such as Choate and Exeter. For another example, see Washington University's alumni page, which is not even as prestigious, but which lists lots and lots of people. If you want to fix this page, the text at the top is what is unbalanced and not a good representation of the school. I agree with JJK, above, about the missing textual history. What about the WWII function of Punahou as a military base? What about its math and debate teams, and literary magazine? For instance, why do athletics figure so prominently? I had to work around the fact that Olympians were exhaustively listed before I started. The list I generated is by no means exhaustive. I am in fact only in the G's in the alumni register, and will have to raise the standards. But I do not want to be the one who says that a Bronze Star for valor is not enough. I think eventually we will want to summarize the very non-wiki sections, such as leading medical figures, and link to a separate page of names. I promise to do that once I complete the list (get from G to Z in the register), or once I lose interest in extending it. As it stands, it is a much better picture than it used to be, when it basically listed Case, Preston, and Wie. That's by no means an accurate image. An institution is really quite well judged by its people. I believe the teacher standards are quite a bit lower for inclusion than the alums! Another problem is that a lot of people with wiki pages are not as significant as others who do not have such pages. The picture is accurate precisely because of the diversity of the things that this school's alumni do -- some people will sniff at a Tony award, others will not be impressed by a Chariman at UCSD, and still others think Brigadier General is not much. For example, Kirby Wright and Jason Tam and all the NFL players have wiki pages, but a guy like Johnson, leader of the Nisei at Cassino and KIA, is probably more deserving. How do you include Fairbank and exclude Linn and Gentry, just because they're older so they don't have wiki pages for exactly the same or better notoriety? unsigned comment added by User:Ronaldloui (talk • contribs) 05:33, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for responding. I note that the Washington University and Exeter Academy alumni lists (which are separate pages from their schools' articles) are both pages shorter than the current Punahou list, which you say is only half done. Choate lists less than 40 people.

 * I'm puzzled by your approach, for a few reasons:
 * If you agree that the actual article content is lacking and 'not a good representation of the school', why are you spending your time adding alumni names when there are already 200 names there, instead of focusing on improving the article text?
 * By adding nearly every remotely prominent alumnus, you are essentially creating a situation where we'll have to 'cut people out' - this seems needlessly dramatic (and more work for you!) when the alternative is to just add the very most prominent in each field or from each era, using your own judgment.

 * I don't want to quibble over notability of those with & without wikipedia pages; I agree that having an existing page (or not) is not a clearcut indication of notability (or the reverse). However, I would argue that if a page for the person could not be accepted (i.e. would not pass WP:NOTABILITY) then said person is not notable for purposes here. Maralia 14:14, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I'd suggest a good solution here would be to have a few paragraphs in narrative form, along the lines of:

 * Punahou School has produced a number of notable alumni. The alumni include athletes such as  golfer Michelle Wie,  hall of fame swimmer Richard Fitch Cleveland, and 3-time World Karate Federation World Champion Elisa Au; political office-holders such as the first Territorial Governor of Hawaii and Federal Judge Sanford Dole, Commodity Futures Trading Commission chairman Wendy Lee Gramm, and Justice of Washington State Supreme Court Mary Fairhurst; and entertainers such as Kingston Trio founder Dave Guard, actress Kelly Preston, and Tony-award winning Broadway producer Kevin McCollum.

 * Many Punahou alumni are notable for multiple reasons. For example, Buster Crabbe won medals in both the 1928 (bronze) and 1932 (gold) Olympics, and also went on to a very successful career as an actor.  Fred Hemmings, Jr. was the 1968 world surfing champion as well as a Hawaii state senator.

 * My selection of individuals to include here is more or less random, just to give an idea of a typical approach. You might choose other candidates for this list. This short list, set out in this way, fits the encyclopedic style and does not dominate the article, and the reader is referred to Punahou School Alumni for a more comprehensive treatment of the subject.  -- Terry Carroll 00:07, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Choate Rosemary Hall does not list numerous graduates as "notable" without a link or citation. I just checked and tagged the 4 that were in need of such citation. This Punahou list really needs citations or significant tightening up.  K u k i ni  hablame aqui 15:17, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

No list at all, but a summary instead
Terry Carroll makes a good point that an encyclopedia article tends to have a short list of alumni. Since someone has removed the short list and just put in a link to the larger list, this is a great time to write a short narrative summary of the alums with a few prominent examples. I think I can do that, and that will be even better than the two-list solution I proposed. Citations continue to be added to the longer list as time permits. Ronaldloui 08:08, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

 * There are major problems with this section as I see it. The style is not consistent with the majority of articles in similar categories. It is largely unreferenced, especially in regards to living people and the style is inappropriate (see "darling of the paparazzi"). I understand that Wikipedia articles that include alumni lists are inherently problematical, but the solution is to develop a strong consensus about who is and who is not notable beyond being included in a simple list. And by notable I mean someone who is notable in some way directly related to (and verifiable) Punahou in ways other than simply having attended. For example are there sources that reference the type of Western education received at Punahou that influenced Sun Yat-sen? Several major articles have already discussed Barack Obama's time at Punahou in regards to his family situation and what his educational experience consisted of and how that may have shaped him. The Case donation is notable because of the way it reshaped the campus. I think that those types of examples should guide this section and we should err on the side of paring it to roughly rather than being all inclusive. Awotter 20:06, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Wow! flagged before I even finished... well, editors, go to it!  Start your cutting!  Ronaldloui 22:44, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

 * You have mail. I know how you feel, I had an article flagged for immediate deletion about 30 seconds after adding it. What I hope to do is generate some discussion toward consensus on tone and style. It's not a reflection on your hard work so far. Awotter 22:52, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

Article balance
After taking a glimpse at the article, I think that the alumni section is way too long and needs to be cut down to a summary. At this state, it almost fails the purpose of the alumni article, which was created to reduce the section. We know the school is not all about famous alumni; there needs to be more balance with other sections such as history, tradition, and other aspects of any regular school that are equally important. I'll wait a week for a response to this, if there isn't, I'll be bold change the section.  Singu larity  22:04, 16 December 2007 (UTC)
 * After thinking, I change my mind...I guess more content can be included in the other sections to create balance.  Singu larity  08:07, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

Now that there is a separate article for Alumni, we should remove any that do not have articles, for example, and some that are mentioned twice. W Nowicki (talk) 20:14, 9 September 2010 (UTC)

School Mission, School Honor Code sections
These sections were added by a series of edits by 67.49.144.30, who has been recently blocked for vandalizing this article. These edits were made two weeks ago, but their content seems a little suspect. Could someone take a look? Flatscan (talk) 02:02, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

I attend Punahou and have never heard of this apparent "School Mission" or "Honor Code." And like you said, that address sounds suspect. Travis Dos Santos-Tam (talk) 06:36, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks for taking a look and removing the sections. Flatscan (talk) 02:42, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

Motto
Albeit I have heard the phrase "Private school, with a public mission" many times (presentations in Chapel, speeches by Dr. James K. Scott, etc.), I don't believe that it has been explicitly stated as the motto of Punahou. Neither the website nor any published materials I've seen state this. Travis Dos Santos-Tam (talk) 05:21, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

I found the closest reference to this supposed "Private school, with a public mission" motto here--http://www.punahou.edu/page.cfm?p=40. However, the statement there, "Helping Students Learn at a Private School Serving a Public Purpose" is in regards to the Luke Center for Public Service. The other reference, found here--http://www.punahou.edu/page.cfm?p=5--states, "As a school, Punahou recognizes our responsibility to serve a broader public purpose." Therefore, I feel it is necessary to remove this motto. Travis Dos Santos-Tam (talk) 08:34, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

Nonsectarian
This is a bit unclear to me. As Punahou is a private school founded by Christian missionaries and it requires students to attend Chapel, the term "nonsectarian" might not be accurate. Does this warrant an explanation in the text? Yes, I realize this is the school's IP, I cba to remember my login. 204.107.82.254 (talk) 18:45, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

Notable students and faculty
I am trying to work out two things:
 * 1) How it is determined who is listed within the various Notable Students and Faculty sub-sections and
 * 2) How it is determined who is listed on the List of Punahou School alumni wikipage?

For example, the In Athletics sub-section details only NFL and Olympic Games whilst mentioning people.

Is a Neutral point of view with no Conflict of Interest being achieved?

Proposal: The entire Notable Students and Faculty section simply reads   or remove all references to people and create generic descriptions of the various types of successes the former students have achieved. Factrules (talk) 03:35, 2 August 2011 (UTC)

Alumni Nobel Peace Prize
There are several categories of recognition for alumni. 'Winners of the Nobel Peace Prize' is not now one of them. Perhaps this should be changed and winners who attended Punahou be noted briefly in the alumni section.Mydogtrouble (talk) 17:47, 8 September 2012 (UTC) http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2009/press.html the citation Mydogtrouble (talk) 17:50, 8 September 2012 (UTC)

Obama in lede
There are tens of thousands of high schools in the United States, but only 43 presidents. Obama belongs in the lede. Lahaun (talk) 00:32, 20 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Sun Yat-sen is way way more significant than Obama, but I'd grant he only went for a semester or something.T. Anthony (talk) 04:37, 13 November 2018 (UTC)

re Obama
Would anyone care to address this: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F2_jBbLpswA;... some-where/how (perhaps under entrance requirements or in the youtube defamation?).Wblakesx (talk) 12:16, 24 April 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 12 external links on Punahou School. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.punahou.edu/page.cfm?p=1715
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140720173959/http://iws.punahou.edu/punablogs/pfa/archives/currents/Currents_Jan05.pdf to http://iws.punahou.edu/punablogs/pfa/archives/currents/Currents_Jan05.pdf
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Punahou School's new digital archive
Punahou has a new digital archive, which may be useful to find sourcing for existing claims in this article or to add to it: https://digitalarchives.punahou.edu/ -- ezlev (user/tlk/ctrbs) 03:01, 8 June 2021 (UTC)

Asterisks
This article is riddled with asterisks which lead nowhere. If it's an isolated case, this could be covered by a parenthetical statement, but if the asterisk means the same thing in every case it should be addressed somewhere, but it's not. Maybe this information was copy-pasted from a place which had an explanation of the asterisks, but it's not on the page as is. In many cases I think it's probably indicating that a person did not receive any sort of degree or diploma here, like for Sun Yat-Sen who only attended for a single semester, but it's not clear in other cases. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.231.166.176 (talk) 11:24, 10 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Punahou School


text:
Frazer Nash

Frazer Nash was a brand of British sports car manufactured from 1922 first by Frazer Nash Limited founded by engineer Archibald Frazer-Nash. On its financial collapse in 1927 a new company, AFN Limited, was incorporated. Control of AFN passed to Harold John Aldington in 1929.

Until the Second World War AFN continued to produce a small number of sports cars badged Frazer Nash incorporating a unique multi-chain transmission. It continued after the war making another 85 sports cars before ending manufacture in 1957. The post-war cars had conventional transmissions.

UK agents for BMW arranged coachwork and made modifications, including badging the cars "Frazer Nash BMW".

Control of AFN Limited, UK agents for Porsche, passed from the Aldington family to Porsche in 1987.

Archie Nash
Frazer Nash Limited's business was founded in 1922 by Archie Nash. Nash with friend Ron Godfrey had founded and run the GN cyclecar company in 1909 but their partnership split in 1922 and Nash began making his own cars by buying GN components and adding a new body. His new business's activities were centred on Kingston upon Thames, Surrey. The first true Frazer Nash was made in 1924. However, Nash, a clever engineer and designer, seemed unable to run a business at a profit. Shareholders in this period even included author Evelyn Waugh. Eventually the faltering business was sold to a new company, AFN Limited, formed in 1927. Profitability did not improve and, with effect from 1 January 1929, H J Aldington was made managing director and Nash was given the post of 'technical adviser'. Archie Nash managed to keep a small shareholding and as if to confirm the link in 1938 hyphenated his second name to his surname and became Archie Frazer-Nash.

Aldington brothers
During 1929 a majority of AFN's capital was acquired by Harold Joseph ("Aldy") Aldington (1902–1976) and AFN's operations moved to Isleworth, Middlesex. Thereafter, the business was run by the three Aldington brothers: Aldy, Don and Bill. The other two were Donald Arthur Aldington (1907–1997) and William Henry Aldington (1900–1980). They were all usually referred to by their initials.

Frazer Nash and subsequently AFN produced around 350 of the famous chain drive models between 1924 and 1939.

The last of the family owners/directors was Aldy's son, John Taylor ("JT") Aldington, who sold AFN Ltd to Porsche GB in 1987.

Bristol BMW
In 1946 at the 36th Ordinary General Meeting of the Bristol Aeroplane Company it was announced that its Engine Division had acquired the majority of the shares in AFN Ltd. AFN Ltd produced about 85 more cars from 1948 to 1957. These cars were entirely unrelated to the chain-drive pre-war Frazer Nash but were largely a direct evolution of the sporting BMW 328 mentioned above. AFN, as owners of the UK rights to the 328 engine, licensed Bristol to make it against an agreement for its supply to them. Models include the Le Mans Replica, the Mille Miglia, the Targa Florio, the Le Mans Coupé and the Sebring. Competition successes included a third place at Le Mans (1949) and wins in the Targa Florio in 1951 and the 12 Hours of Sebring in 1952. The post-war cars are very highly prized by collectors.

Formula 2 cars produced by the company contested various races including four Grand Prix events counting towards the 1952 World Championship of Drivers. The cars were driven by Tony Crook and Ken Wharton.

Porsche
In 1954 AFN Limited added Porsche cars becoming the official importer for Great Britain in 1956. This lasted until 1965 when Porsche Cars Great Britain was set up. Aldington family members remained on the board of this company until John Aldington sold out to Porsche in 1987.

Post War Weapons and Multi Market Engineering until now
Within the 1950s weapons technology grew into a major factor of the company's operations. With the well tuned joining of several company parts in the year 1971 the still today existing unit of "Frazer-Nash Consultancy" was born. This moved through multiple hands over time and under the hood of various owners Besitzer: 1990 had a management buyout, 2004 it was moved to Devonport Management Limited which soon got acquired by Babcock International Group plc., 2021 it was taken over by KBR. Starting in 2010 the company opened multiple development and office locations in Australia. For summer 2022 a total staff of about 1000 employees is reported by the web pages of the company. Furthermore a revenue of 101 Million British Pounds (once equal to 186 Million Australian Dollars) for the fiscal year of 2020/2021 got reported.

Products
Considering the small number of cars made, the model range is vast and the following is not entirely comprehensive. Cars were all built to order and virtually any combination was possible. Some were rebuilt at the factory as different versions.

Complete World Championship of Drivers results
Frazer Nash cars participated in four Grands Prix counting towards the World Championship of Drivers. Drivers of Frazer Nash cars scored 3 World Championship points.

All Grand Prix races counting towards the 1952 World Championship were restricted to Formula Two cars.

(key)

World Sportscar Championship
Frazer Nash placed equal 13th in the 1953 World Sportscar Championship with a Le Mans model having finished sixth in the 1953 RAC Tourist Trophy.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Frazer Nash


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Fry (racing team)

Fry was a Formula Two constructor from the United Kingdom. The team was founded by David Fry and Alec Issigonis, whose previous employer John Parkes at Alvis brought his son Mike Parkes as a development driver. The car, built to Formula 2 specifications, was fitted with a Coventry Climax engine and was constructed with several advanced concepts, featuring a semi-monocoque design, an extreme forward driving position and a shark fin on its rear.

The Fry F2 made its début appearance in June 1958 at Brands Hatch, with Parkes finishing its first race sixth at the Crystal Palace circuit. Appearing in a number of Formula Two events throughout 1958 and 1959, the car was entered for the Formula One 1959 British Grand Prix. Parkes did not qualify for the race, setting the 27th fastest time, and the car was not entered for another World Championship Grand Prix. The car participated in several more races, before the final appearance with a second-place finish at the Brands Hatch Boxing Day event.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
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title: Fry (racing team)


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Santos-Dumont 14-bis

The 14-bis (Quatorze-bis; (Quatorze-bis; Fourteen-again), also known as Oiseau de proie ("bird of prey" in French), was a pioneer era, canard-style biplane designed and built by Brazilian aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont. In 1906, near Paris, the 14-bis made a manned powered flight that was the first to be publicly witnessed by a crowd and also filmed. It was also the first powered flight by a non-Wright Brothers airplane aside from short powered "hops" by Clément Ader and Traian Vuia.

Background
In June 1905, French aviator Gabriel Voisin had flown a glider towed by a fast boat on the river Seine, making a flight of over 150 m. The glider's wing and tail were made up of Hargrave cells, a box kite-like structure that provided a degree of inherent stability. This established the Hargrave cell as a configuration useful not only for kites but also for heavier-than-air aircraft. Santos-Dumont was living in Paris at the time, and was one of the most active "aeronauts" in Europe, having developed a series of non-rigid airships that displayed unparalleled agility, speed, endurance, and ease of control. Santos-Dumont met Voisin at the end of 1905, and commissioned him to help him construct an aircraft with the intention of attempting to win one of the prizes for heavier-than-air flights offered by the Aéro-Club de France to promote the development of heavier-than-air aviation in France. These included the Coupe Ernest Archdeacon prize of a silver trophy and 1500 francs for the first flight of 25 m and another prize of 1500 francs for the first flight of 100 m.

Design
Santos-Dumont supervised construction of a Hargrave-cell biplane powered by an Antoinette engine. The wings, each made up of three cells, were at the back and configured with pronounced dihedral to make the aircraft laterally stable. The 50 hp Antoinette liquid-cooled, fuel-injected V8 engine was mounted at the extreme rear end of the fuselage, itself located almost vertically equidistant between the biplane wing panels' wing roots, with the rear-mount engine driving a pusher propeller, and the pilot stood in a wicker basket immediately in front of the engine. A movable boxkite-style cell at the nose, pivoted on a universal joint within it and controlled by cables was intended for yaw and pitch control. This layout would later come to be called a "canard configuration". It was constructed from bamboo and pine joined by aluminium sockets and was covered with Japanese silk.

Operational history

The first trials of the aircraft were made on 22 July 1906 at Santos-Dumont's grounds at Neuilly, where it had been assembled. In order to simulate flight conditions, Santos-Dumont attached the aircraft under his latest non-rigid airship, the Number 14, which is why the aircraft came to be known as the "14-bis". The aircraft was then transported to the grounds of the Château de Bagatelle in the Bois de Boulogne, where there was more space. The forces imposed by the aircraft pulled dangerously at the airship's envelope, nearly tearing it and only allowing limited control. The danger of these tests caused Santos-Dumont and his team to quickly abandon them, although some useful information was obtained that led to adjustments in the balance and weight distribution of the aircraft.

Further trials were made with the aircraft hung from a rope attached to pulleys running along a 60 m long steel cable slung between two posts, one 13.5 m high and the other 7 m high, much like a zip-line or tyrolienne of today.

The first free-flight trials of the 14-bis took place at the Polo Ground in the Bois de Boulogne on 21 August, but were halted by damage to the newly fitted aluminium-bladed propeller, which replaced one with silk-covered wooden blades. After repairs another trial took place the following day; although the nosewheel left the ground, the aircraft had insufficient power to take off, and Santos-Dumont decided to replace the engine with a 50 hp Antoinette. Trials resumed on 4 September without great success, and on 7 September, after the propeller was damaged, a new slightly larger one was fitted.

On 13 September 1906 Aéro-Club de France observers gathered to witness an attempt to make a prize-winning flight. The aircraft failed to take off during a first attempt, but during the second it lifted and flew between 4 and 7 m at an altitude of about 70 cm. The aircraft then landed in a nose-up attitude, breaking the propeller and bringing an end to the day's experiments. This brief flight did not qualify for any prize, but earned Santos-Dumont an ovation from the crowd.

On 23 October, after a series of engine tests and high-speed ground runs (one of which ended as one wheel came loose, but this was quickly fixed), Santos-Dumont made a flight of over 50 m at an altitude of 3 –. This earned Santos-Dumont the first of the aviation prizes, 3,000 francs for a flight of 25 m or more.

This landing damaged the aircraft slightly, but Santos-Dumont announced that he should be ready to attempt the 100 m prize on 12 November 1906.

Concluding flights, and the inclusion of ailerons
Following the airframe damage from the 23 October flights, the 14-bis was repaired, and octagonal ailerons, with a hinging and mounting location similar to Robert Esnault-Pelterie's 1904-era biplane glider design, were added to the middle of each outermost wing cell, with the surfaces pivoting between the outermost forward struts, again like Pelterie's 1904 glider. These were operated by cables attached to the shoulders of the pilot's flightsuit, somewhat like the hip-movement wing-warping control of the Wright Flyer. On the morning of 12 November 1906 the aviation community of France assembled at the Château de Bagatelle's grounds to witness Santos-Dumont's next attempt. As Santos-Dumont allowed the 14-bis to run down the field, a car drove alongside, from which Henry Farman dropped a plate each time he observed the wheels of the aircraft leave the ground or touch down again. The first attempt achieved a 5-second flight of about 40 m around 40 cm off the ground, and the second two brief flights of 40 and 50 m. A hurried landing due to the proximity of some trees after this second attempt damaged the wheel axles, and these were fixed during a lunch break. In the afternoon, further flights of 50 meters and then 82 m (achieving about 40 km/h), this one interrupted by the proximity of a polo barrier. As the sun set, Santos-Dumont attempted one more flight. In order to ensure he would not hit the spectators, who by this time were all over the field, he pulled up while flying over them. After 22 seconds, he cut the engine and glided in to land. He had flown for 220 meters (over 700 ft), qualifying for the second aviation prize offered for heavier-than-air-aircraft, 1,000 francs for a flight of 100 meters or more. The next notable Santos-Dumont flights were made a year later in November 1907, flying his No. 19 Demoiselle.

14-bis vs. Wright Flyer
Some contend that the 14-bis, rather than the 1903 Wright Flyer, was the first true airplane. For takeoff the 1903 Wright Flyer used a launch rail and a wheeled dolly which was left on the ground; the airplane landed on skids due to the sandy landing surface at Kitty Hawk. After 1903 the Wrights used a catapult to assist most takeoffs of their 1904 and 1905 airplanes. The Santos-Dumont 14-bis did not use a catapult and ran on wheels located at the back of the aircraft – said to have been adopted by Santos-Dumont for his 14-bis after personally witnessing Traian Vuia's contemporary, four-wheeled aircraft's flight attempts earlier in 1906 in the western suburbs of Paris, not far from the Château de Bagatelle's grounds – with a "nose-skid" under the front of the 14-bis' fuselage.

In contrast to that view, on October 5, 1905, Wilbur Wright made a circling flight of 38.9 km in 39 minutes 23 seconds, over Huffman Prairie near Dayton, Ohio, a year before Santos-Dumont's 50 m flight earned him his first aviation award. Furthermore, written and photographic documentation by the Wrights authenticated by historians shows that the 1903 Wright Flyer accomplished takeoffs in a strong headwind without a catapult and made controlled and sustained flight; nearly three years before Santos-Dumont made his first heavier-than-air takeoff. In addition, although the Hargrave cells gave the 14-bis lateral stability, there was no lateral control, which is required for making turns, rolling, and banking. The Wright design used wing-warping for lateral control, something which they had been using since 1899 in their gliders. Without lateral control, the aircraft merely hops, or lifts off the ground and returns to it in a straight line. Dumont added octagonal ailerons to the 14 bis for lateral control in November 1906 (see media pictures below).

Legacy
The 14-bis was featured as one of the highlights of Brazil during the 2016 Summer Olympics opening ceremony.

title: Santos-Dumont 14-bis


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Gilby Engineering

Gilby Engineering was a British general engineering company and Formula One constructor owned by Syd Greene.

History
Greene had lost an arm in a bicycle accident at 16 but went on to compete in many UK speed trials very successfully in the early 1950s. After he stopped competing, he fed his enthusiasm for motor racing by founding a motor racing team named after his company and later constructing the Gilby racing car. The team competed in 12 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, including 6 with cars of their own construction, but scored no World Championship points. The Gilby cars were constructed by Syd Greene for his son Keith to drive, having previously entered a Maserati 250F for Roy Salvadori and Ivor Bueb and also a Cooper for Greene Jr. Keith Greene later became better known as a team manager in Formula One and sports car racing. Gilby made its debut in the 1954 French Grand Prix with the Maserati, for Salvadori, who also drove for the team in and, and the team's last event was the 1962 Italian Grand Prix. After the team ceased competing in Formula One, the final Gilby car was purchased and entered in three events in by privateer Ian Raby. Keith Greene achieved a third-place finish in the non-championship Naples Grand Prix of 1962, with the BRM-engined car, behind the works Ferrari's of Willy Mairesse and Lorenzo Bandini.

Non-constructor entries
(key) * Gilby did not compete as a constructor

Constructor entries
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title: Gilby Engineering


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Kauhsen

Kauhsen was a Formula One constructor from Germany, founded by former sportscar driver Willi Kauhsen. The team started in Formula Two in 1976, purchasing Renault cars, and raced with an assortment of drivers with limited success. Kauhsen then entered the 1979 Formula One season, spending 1978 designing their own chassis with Cosworth engines. They participated in two World Championship Grands Prix with Gianfranco Brancatelli, failing to qualify on both occasions, before the team was shut down.

Formula Two
Willi Kauhsen, who had raced Porsches and quasi-works Alfa Romeo sports cars, founded his racing team in Formula Two in 1976, buying the championship-winning Elf-Renault 2J Formula Two cars. The cars, driven by Michel Leclère and Klaus Ludwig, were renamed to Kauhsen-Renaults and initially started successfully, with Leclère taking pole at the first race of the 1977 Formula Two championship at Silverstone. Continued modifications to the chassis by Kauhsen however led to downturns in performance, and the car's original performance turned to successive failures to qualify; the poor results making Ludwig leave the squad mid-season. The second seat was then rotated between José Dolhem, Vittorio Brambilla and Alain Prost for the remainder of the season. Brambilla achieved a third place in the second heat at the Misano Circuit, which was the team's best result in the Formula Two championship. Subsequent races saw a best result of 10th for Prost, and with successive retirements and failures to qualify Kauhsen gave up on the championship before the final races.

Formula One
Although unsuccessful in Formula Two, Kauhsen decided to enter Formula One in, and after failing to secure a deal to run the Kojima cars used in the 1977 Japanese Grand Prix, Kauhsen spent 1978 designing their own chassis. Bringing in designer Klaus Kapitza from Ford, Kauhsen planned to construct a copy of the Lotus 79, a car that had dominated the 1978 championship due to the use of ground effects. Apart from the chassis, Kauhsen bought the rest of the components from suppliers, including the Cosworth DFV engine utilised by the majority of the teams at the time, and an outdated five-speed gearbox from Hewland. Having planned to follow the then-advanced use of ground effects by Lotus, initial testing of the prototype revealed fundamental design issues; the designers failed to take account of the variable ride height of cars during braking and acceleration, stopping the ground effects functioning correctly. These problems forced the team to redesign the entire car, bringing in drivers Patrick Nève and Harald Ertl to develop a new car with the limited funds available in the months before the Formula One season was to begin.

The problems in getting working ground effects on the chassis led to the team abandoning the concept, and returning to the older "wing car" that had been in prevalence before. These redesigns drained the team of funds; Kauhsen struggled to pay the entry fee for the championship, and only managed to acquire older tyres from Goodyear. After obtaining some sponsorship, and signing Italian driver Gianfranco Brancatelli, the Kauhsen WK004 made its début appearance at the first race of the 1979 British Formula One season in Zolder, albeit retiring early in the race due to engine issues. Kauhsen's first World Championship appearance was at the, using another redesigned car. Brancatelli failed to qualify for the race, being the slowest out of the 27 entries, the closest competitor being three seconds quicker. Running an updated car at the next race in Belgium, Brancatelli again failed to qualify, with a broken clutch preventing an improvement in pace. After the two successive failures, and a lack of funds, Willi Kauhsen withdrew from Formula One and closed the team.

The team's assets were purchased by Arturo Merzario, and was merged with his own eponymous Merzario team, which had been having a similar lack of success with the A2 chassis. The Kauhsen WK was used as the basis for the Giampaolo Dallara designed Merzario A4 car, but this did not improve from the performance of either of the cars, failing to qualify at the remaining World Championship rounds. The A4's only racing appearance was at the non-championship Dino Ferrari Grand Prix, finishing in 11th place. Merzario later left Formula One at the end of 1979, and moved to the Formula Two championship.

Complete European Formula Two results
(key) (Results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap.)

Complete Formula One World Championship results
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title: Kauhsen


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LEC Refrigeration Racing

LEC Refrigeration Racing was a UK motor racing team and Formula One constructor based at Bognor Regis, West Sussex. They participated in ten Grands Prix using a March in and their own car, the LEC CRP1, in.

1973
In David Purley hired a March 731 and with backing from his family's refrigeration company LEC Refrigeration, made a largely unsuccessful attempt at Formula One. Purley and the team made their debut in Monaco where the fuel tank broke. Purley did not make the restart at the British GP after he spun off. It was at the 1973 Dutch Grand Prix, however, where Purley carried out arguably his most memorable actions. Upon witnessing a crash which left fellow British driver Roger Williamson trapped in his overturned and burning car, Purley abandoned his own race and attempted to save Williamson, who was participating in only his second Formula One race. Purley later recalled that upon arriving at the scene, he heard Williamson crying for help as the fire began to take hold. Purley's efforts to right the car and extinguish the flames were in vain as he received no help from nearby track marshals or emergency workers, in spite of attempts to encourage them, and other passing drivers, to come to his aid; Williamson died from asphyxiation. Because the marshalls were not wearing fire resistant clothing and the passing drivers believed that Purley was attempting to extinguish his own car, having escaped a fiery crash unharmed; they had no idea that a second driver was involved. The team took their first finish at the German GP. Purley also finished in Italy.

1977
LEC racing returned to Formula One in 1977 with their own LEC chassis designed by Mike Pilbeam and run by Mike Earle. It was this car in which Purley suffered serious injuries in an accident during pre-qualifying for that year's British Grand Prix. He survived an estimated 179.8 g when he decelerated from 173 km/h (108 mph) to 0 in a distance of 66 cm (26 inches) after his throttle got stuck wide open and he hit a wall. For many years, this was thought to be the highest g-force ever survived by a human being. He suffered multiple fractures to his legs, pelvis and ribs.

The second CRP1 has been restored and has competed in historic Formula One racing alongside a modern replica built by WKD Motorsport.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
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title: LEC Refrigeration Racing


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File:CXI (with flaming coleridge).jpg

User:CXI on a camping/burning trip after finishing the HSC. I look funny because MY EYES ARE ON FIRE.

title: File:CXI (with flaming coleridge).jpg


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Talk:Juliette Récamier

Birth / Death?
Cause of the redirect Juliette Récamier and some datas it seems to be the same person as fr:Juliette Récamier, but here see i (1770-1837), not (1777-1849). What is the truth? AN(Ger) 13:49, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Year of exile
Which year was she exiled by Napoleon?--85.226.47.128 (talk) 19:23, 16 February 2010 (UTC)

Any children?
The article does not say whether or not she had children.--Jeanne Boleyn (talk) 18:11, 29 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Can't find trace of any. The closest relative left after she died was probably Mme Lenormant, her niece, who published part of her correspondence in 1859.
 * --Frania W. (talk) 19:06, 29 November 2010 (UTC)

Name
The article has been moved twice in the last 24 hours without discussion or sources to support the many changes of names and dates. The editor responsible is invited to explain. Ewulp (talk) 00:19, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Marriage proposal by Prince Augustus of Prussia
This page says that she "spurned an offer of marriage from Prince Augustus of Prussia"

Further down, it says "There was a project for her divorce, in order that she might marry Prince Augustus of Prussia, but, though her husband was willing, it was not arranged."

Then it mentions "Prince Augustus of Prussia (whose proposal was accepted but the marriage never occurred)" This last parenthesis is misleading, since apparently it was Jacques Récamier who accepted that she marry the Prince, but Juliette Récamier refused this. I am therefore changing the parenthesis to: "(whose marriage proposal she rejected)"

The source article says: [she] "rejected an offer of marriage from the prince of Prussia." ...   "Prince Augustus of Prussia fell in love with her and sought marriage, but she refused to divorce her husband and father." — Preceding unsigned comment added by Afarr (talk • contribs) 12:23, 18 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Juliette Récamier


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Life Racing Engines

Life was a Formula One constructor from Modena, Italy. The company was named for its founder, Ernesto Vita ("Vita" is Italian for "Life"). Life first emerged on the Formula One scene in 1990, trying to market their unconventional W12 3.5-litre engine.

The team had a disastrous single season, and failed to make the grid in all 14 attempted starts during the 1990 season, often clocking in laps many seconds slower than their next competitor.

The W12 adventure
Life's W12, or "broad arrow", engine had been designed by the former Ferrari engineer Franco Rocchi, who had been responsible for, among others, Ferrari's 3-litre V8 for the 1970s 308 GTB and GTS. Rocchi's W12 plans dated back to a 1967 single-module W3 of 500 cc as a prototype for a 3-litre W18 Ferrari engine of a planned 480 hp. After his dismissal in 1980, Rocchi worked privately on an engine in a W12 configuration.

According to his concept, the engine had three banks of four DOHC cylinders; hence it was short like a V8 but taller than a regular V-banked engine. In France, Guy Nègre from Moteurs Guy Nègre worked on a similar machine that saw the light of day in 1989 before being tested privately in an out-dated AGS JH22, chassis. Apart from the W12 configuration, both engines bore no other similarities, nor were there any links between their designers. Life's W12 architecture resembles closely that of the Napier-Lion W12 engine.

Ernesto Vita was able to convince the retired ex-Ferrari engineer to go back to the drawing board to make the W12 concept come true. Rocchi's W12 was ready in the first half of the Formula One season. It was the time when turbocharged engines were no longer legal in Formula One and the rules required a naturally aspirated motor. New engine manufacturers entered Formula One (such as Ilmor, Judd and Yamaha), and new ideas broke through. Ferrari and Lamborghini used V12 engines (successfully in the former's case), Carlo Chiti's Motori Moderni unsuccessfully tried to revive flat-12 engines, badged as Subarus and used by the Coloni team, whilst Renault and Honda developed V10 engines, used successfully by Williams and McLaren.

Vita's plan was to sell the engine concept to a well-funded Formula One team. During 1989, he searched for a partner without any success. Finally, he gave up his search and decided to run the engine on his own in the 1990 Formula One season.

The birth of the team
Vita founded the Life Team, "life" being the English translation of his family name. The team's headquarters were originally split between the technical offices in Reggio Emilia and the factory in Formigine, near Modena, then regrouped under the same roof in Formigine. While not having state of the art facilities, the factory was equipped with a "Borghi e Severi" dyno bench and related AVL datalogging computers, which was used for the development of the W12 motor, standard toolshop machines, and a warehouse. As Life was not able to build a car on its own, the team purchased the still-born Formula One chassis from First Racing that had been designed by Richard Divila for Lamberto Leoni´s abortive Formula One team the year before. In late 1989, the chassis was fitted with his W12 engine. The major engineering work had been done by Gianni Marelli, another former Ferrari man. The car – now dubbed Life L190 – was ready by February 1990, and tested briefly at Vallelunga and Monza.

The 1990 season
When the new season came, the team had one chassis, four engines and spare parts, and a spare chassis. The W12 turned out to be the least powerful engine of the year: its output was 470 hp while others produced 600 to 700 hp. At the same time, the ex-First L190 chassis was one of the heaviest cars in the field at 530 kg. Handling was bad and reliability was poor. As a result, the Life was no faster than a Formula 3 car. Even in Formula 3000, it would have been outclassed.

Several drivers were approached to drive for the team, including Gabriele Tarquini, Pierluigi Martini, Marco Apicella, Roberto Moreno and Gianni Morbidelli. Ultimately Sir Jack Brabham's son Gary Brabham was signed to drive with Franco Scapini hired as test driver and Sergio Barbasio as team manager. When Brabham failed to pre-qualify twice he left the team for good, as the car had coasted to a halt after 400 yards with a malfunctioning battery. Brabham later stated that the car did not have a functioning tachometer in either of the pre-qualifying sessions, and that the team did not possess a tyre pressure gauge, having to borrow one from the EuroBrun team. This claim is disputed by the team's former mechanics. He also made efforts to persuade the team to switch to a Judd CV V8 engine, but was unsuccessful. Designer Gianni Marelli also left the team at this stage, after a disagreement with Vita.

After Brabham left, Vita tried to replace the Australian with Bernd Schneider, who had stood in at Arrows at the first race of the season, but the German driver refused. "I definitely don't want to drive for them", he said. Test driver Scapini was also a candidate to replace Brabham, but the Italian was not granted an FIA Super Licence. Another driver contacted by the team was New Zealander Rob Wilson, who said he would be interested in driving for Life, especially if the team expanded to two cars.

Bruno Giacomelli, an Italian veteran who had last raced in Formula One in 1983, was then signed by the team. Giacomelli was an attractive proposition as he had recent experience of Formula 1 cars in his role as test driver for Leyton House Racing and good contacts with Engine Developments, who designed and manufactured the Judd Formula 1 engines. The most laps made by the car during pre-qualifying was twenty-two in Silverstone. At the 1990 San Marino Grand Prix Giacomelli said that he was scared he might be struck from behind as his car was so slow. In the pre-qualifying sessions for that race, Giacomelli apparently finished his run with an almost six-minute gap to the second slowest time, as his car broke down at the end of the pit lane on the out lap, and the car's transponder was left switched on, resulting in it being timed while being towed. For the Portuguese Grand Prix, the team replaced its original W12 engine with the more conventional Judd CV V8, an enormous undertaking completed in under three weeks by a minuscule and chronically underfunded company. The car successfully began the pre-qualifying round, however, on its first lap at Estoril, the engine cover came loose and flew off. The last appearance of the car was at Jerez for the Spanish GP. Subsequently, the team opted to withdraw before the final two Grands Prix.

The race team usually consisted of only nine people: the racing driver; Sergio Barbasio (team manager); Franco Scapini (test driver); Francesca Papa (Ernesto Vita's wife); Maurizio Ferrari (engineer); Emilio Gabrielli (truckie and mechanic); and the three mechanics: chief mechanic Oliver Piazzi, Heinz Willi Mueller and Luca Cassoni.

After Formula One
The Life L190 which took part in the 1990 World F1 Championship was fully restored in 2009 by Oliver Piazzi and ran at the 2009 Goodwood Festival of Speed with its original W12 engine back in place. It made two successful attempts at completing the Goodwood hill climb, driven by Arturo Merzario, and Lorenzo Prandina, who at that time was the owner of the car.

Complete Formula One results
(key)

title: Life Racing Engines


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Lyncar

Lyncar was a Formula One constructor from the United Kingdom. They participated in only two grands prix, the 1974 and 1975 British Grands Prix, entering a total of two cars.

Lyncar's founder Martin Slater had built and raced his own cars in junior formulae before becoming a designer for Lola, Brabham and March. In 1971, Slater built a car to enter the British Formula Atlantic Championship, the first of a series of machines which led to the Lyncar 005 with which McLaren engine-builder and amateur racer John Nicholson won the 1973 and 1974 championships.

Based upon success in Formula Atlantic, Nicholson commissioned a Formula One chassis from Slater. Nicholson had by then established his own engine building business and was unable to spare the time for a full Grand Prix season. He entered non-championship races and the British Grand Prix in both and, qualifying for the latter. He was classified 17th (five laps behind) despite crashing in the heavy storm at the end of the race.

The car was later updated and entered for Emilio de Villota in the Shellsport International Series, winning a round in 1977 at Mallory Park.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

title: Lyncar