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Zaporozhian Sich

The Zaporozhian Sich (Sicz Zaporoska, Запорозька Січ, Zaporozka Sich; also Вольностi Вiйська Запорозького Низового, Volnosti Viiska Zaporozkoho Nyzovoho; Free lands of the Zaporozhian Host the Lower) was a semi-autonomous polity and proto-state of Cossacks that existed between the 16th to 18th centuries, including as an autonomous stratocratic state within the Cossack Hetmanate for over a hundred years, centred around the region now home to the Kakhovka Reservoir and spanning the lower Dnieper river in Ukraine. In different periods the area came under the sovereignty of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Ottoman Empire, the Tsardom of Russia, and the Russian Empire.

In 1775, shortly after Russia annexed the territories ceded to it by the Ottoman Empire under the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774), Catherine the Great disbanded the Sich. She incorporated its territory into the Russian province of Novorossiya.

The term Zaporozhian Sich can also refer metonymically and informally to the whole military-administrative organisation of the Zaporozhian Cossack host.

Name
The name Zaporizhia refers to the military and political organization of the Cossacks and to the location of their autonomous territory 'beyond the rapids' () of the Dnieper River. The Dnieper Rapids were a major portage on the north–south Dnieper trade route. The term sich is a noun related to the East Slavic verb sich (сѣчь), meaning 'to chop' or 'cut'; it may have been associated with the usual wood sharp-spiked stockades around Cossack settlements.

Zaporizhia was located in the region around Kakhovka Reservoir in today's south-eastern Ukraine (much of its territory is now flooded by the reservoir). The area was also known under the historical term Wild Fields.

History
A possible precursor of the Zaporozhian Sich was a fortification (sich) built on the Tomakivka island (Tomakivska Sich) in the middle of the Dnieper River in the present-day Zaporizhzhia region of Ukraine. However, there is no direct evidence about the exact time of the existence of Tomakivska Sich, whereas indirect data suggest that at the time of Tomakivska Sich there was no Zaporozhian Sich yet.

The history of Zaporozhian Sich spans six time-periods:

 * the emergence of the Sich (construction of Khortytsia castle) (1471–1583)
 * as part of the Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown by inclusion in the Kiev Voivodeship (1583–1657)
 * the struggle against the Rzeczpospolita (the Polish-Lithuanian state), the Ottoman Empire, and the Crimea Khanate for the independence of the Ukrainian part of the Rzeczpospolita (Commonwealth) (1657–1686)
 * the struggle with Crimea, the Ottoman Empire, and the Russian Empire for the unique identity of Cossacks (1686–1709)
 * the standoff with the Russian government during its attempts to cancel the self-governing of the Sich, and its fall (1734–1775)
 * the formation of the Danubian Sich outside the Russian Empire and finding ways to return home (1775–1828)

Formation

The Zaporozhian Sich emerged as a method of defence by Slavic colonists against the frequent and devastating raids of Crimean Tatars, who captured and enslaved hundreds of thousands of Ukrainians, Belarusians and Poles in operations called "the harvesting of the steppe". The Ukrainians created a self-defence force, the Cossacks, fierce enough to stop the Tatar hordes, and built fortified camps (sichi) that were later united to form a central fortress, the Zaporozhian Sich.

Prince Dmytro Vyshnevetsky established the first Zaporozhian Sich on the island of Small (Mala) Khortytsia in 1552, building a fortress at Niz Dnieprovsky (Lower Dnieper) and placing a Cossack garrison there; Tatar forces destroyed the fortress in 1558. The Tomakivka Sich was built on a now-inundated island to the south, near the modern city of Marhanets; Tatars also razed that sich, in 1593. A third sich soon followed, on Bazavluk island, which survived until 1638, when it was destroyed by a Polish expeditionary force suppressing a Cossack uprising. These settlements, founded during the 16th century, were already complex enough to constitute an early proto-state.

Struggle for independence
The Zaporozhian Cossacks became included in the Kiev Voivodeship from 1583 to 1657, part of the Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown. They resented Polish rule, however, one of the reasons being religious differences, as the cossacks were Orthodox Christians whereas the Poles were mostly Catholics. They thus engaged in a long struggle for independence from surrounding powers, the Rzeczpospolita (Polish state), the Ottoman Empire, the Crimean Khanate, and the Tsardom of Russia and Russian Empire. The Sich became the centre of Cossack life, governed by the Sich Rada alongside its Kosh Ataman (sometimes called Hetman, from German "Hauptmann").

In 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky captured a sich at Mykytyn Rih, near the present-day city of Nikopol. From there he began an uprising against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that led to the establishment of the Cossack Hetmanate (1648–1764). After the Treaty of Pereyaslav in 1654, the Zaporozhian Host was split into the Hetmanate, with its capital at Chyhyryn, and the more autonomous region of Zaporozhia, which continued to be centred on the Sich. During this period the Sich changed location several times. The Chortomlyk Sich was built at the mouth of the Chortomlyk River in 1652. In 1667 the Truce of Andrusovo made the Sich a condominium ruled jointly by Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

During the reign of Peter the Great, Cossacks were used for the construction of canals and fortification lines in northern Russia. An estimated 20–30 thousands were sent each year. Hard labour led to a high mortality rate among builders, and only an estimated 40% of Cossacks returned home.

After the Battle of Poltava in 1709, the Chortomlyk Sich (sometimes referred to as the "Old Sich" (Stara Sich)) was destroyed and Baturyn, the capital of Hetman Ivan Mazepa, was razed. Another sich was built at the mouth of the Kamianets river but was destroyed in 1711 by the Russian government. The Cossacks then fled to the Crimean Khanate to avoid persecution and founded the Oleshky Sich in 1711 (today the city of Oleshky). In 1734, they were allowed to return to the Russian Empire. Suffering from discrimination in the Khanate, Cossacks accepted the offer to return and built another Sich in close proximity to the former Chortomlyk Sich (referred to as the "New Sich"). The population in steppe region numbered around 52,000 in the year 1768.

Fear of the independence of the Sich resulted in the Russian administration abolishing the Hetmanate in 1764. The Cossack officer class was incorporated into the Imperial Russian nobility (Dvoryanstvo). The rank and file Cossacks, however, including a substantial portion of the old Zaporozhians, were reduced to peasant status. Tension rose after the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, when the need for a southern frontier ended after the annexation of the Crimea. The colonisation of Novorossiya (New Russia) with Serbian and Romanians sponsored by Russia created further conflict. After the end of the war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire for possession of the Black Sea and Crimean steppes, Russia no longer needed the Zaporozhian Cossacks for protection of the border region. Russia finally destroyed the Zaporozhian Sich through military force in 1775.

Destruction and aftermath
In May 1775, Russian General Peter Tekeli received orders to occupy and destroy the Zaporozhian Sich from Grigory Potemkin, who had been formally admitted into Cossackdom a few years earlier. Potemkin was given direct orders from Catherine the Great. On 5 June 1775, Tekeli surrounded the Sich with artillery and infantry. He postponed the assault and even allowed visits while the head of the Host, Petro Kalnyshevsky, was deciding how to react to the Russian ultimatum. The Zaporozhians decided to surrender. The Sich was officially disbanded by the 3 August 1775 manifesto of Catherine, "On the Liquidation of Zaporozhian Sich and Annexation thereof to Novorossiya Governorate", and the Sich was razed to the ground.

Some of the Cossack officer class, the starshyna, became hereditary Russian nobility and obtained huge lands in spite of their previous attempts to relocate the Sich to either North America or Australia. Under the guidance of a starshyna named Lyakh, a conspiracy was formed among a group of 50 Cossacks to pretend to go fishing on the river Inhul next to the Southern Buh in the Ottoman provinces, and to obtain 50 passports for the expedition. The pretext was enough to allow about 5,000 Zaporozhians to flee, some travelling to the Danube Delta where they formed a new Danube Sich, as a protectorate of the Ottoman Empire. Others moved to Hungary to form a Sich there as a protectorate of the Austrian Empire. According to folklore, some moved to Malta, because Kosh otamans and other senior members of the starshyna considered themselves a kind of Maltese chivalry.

The leader of the Zaporozhian Host, Petro Kalnyshevsky, was arrested and exiled to the Solovetsky Islands (where he lived to the age of 112 in the Solovetsky Monastery). Four high level starshynas were repressed and exiled, later dying in Siberian monasteries. Lower level starshynas who remained and went over to the Russian side were given army ranks and all the privileges that accompanied them, and allowed to join Hussar and Dragoon regiments. Most of the ordinary Cossacks were made peasants and even serfs.

In 1780, after disbanding the Zaporozhian Cossack Host, General Grigorii Potemkin attempted to gather and reorganize the Cossacks on a voluntary basis, and they helped to defend Ukraine from the Turks during the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792). He was able to gather almost 12,000 Cossacks and called them the Black Sea Cossacks. After the conflict was over, rather than allowing the Cossacks to settle across Southern Ukraine, the Russian government began to resettle them on the Kuban River. In 1860, they changed their name to the Kuban Cossacks.

Ukrainian writer Adrian Kaschenko (1858–1921) and historian Olena Apanovich note that the abolition of the Zaporozhian Sich had a strong symbolic effect, and memories of the event remained for a long time in local folklore.

Organization and government
The Zaporozhian Host was led by the Sich Rada that elected a Kosh Otaman as the host's leader. He was aided by a head secretary (pysar), head judge, and head archivist. During military operations the Otaman carried unlimited power supported by his staff as the military collegiate. He decided with an agreement from the Rada whether to support a certain Hetman (such as Bohdan Khmelnytsky) or other leaders of state.

Some sources refer to the Zaporozhian Sich as a "Cossack republic", because the highest power in it belonged to the assembly of all its members, and its leaders (starshyna) were elected. The Cossacks formed a society (hromada) that consisted of "kurins" (each with several hundred Cossacks). A Cossack military court severely punished violence and stealing among compatriots, the bringing of women to the Sich, the consumption of alcohol in periods of conflict, and other offenses. The administration of the Sich provided Orthodox churches and schools for the religious and secular education of children.

The population of the Sich had a cosmopolitan component, including Ukrainians, Moldavians, Tatars, Poles, Lithuanians, Jews, Russians and many other ethnicities. The social structure was complex, consisting of destitute gentry and boyars, szlachta (Polish nobility), merchants, peasants, outlaws of every sort, runaway slaves from Turkish galleys, and runaway serfs (as the Zaporozhian polkovnyk Pivtorakozhukha). Some of those who were not accepted to the host formed gangs of their own, and also claimed to be Cossacks. However, after the Khmelnytsky Uprising these formations largely disappeared and were integrated mainly into Hetmanate society.

Army and warfare
The Cossacks developed a large fleet of fast, light vessels. Their campaigns were targeted at rich settlements on the Black Sea shores of the Ottoman Empire, and several times took them as far as Constantinople and Trabzon (formerly Trebizond).

Zaporozhian Sich centers and locations

 * Khortytsia Sich (1556–1557)
 * Khortytsia Island (today, part of Zaporizhzhia)
 * Tomakivka Sich (1564–1593)
 * submerged (located near today's Marhanets)
 * Bazavluk Sich, (1593–1638)
 * submerged (located near today's village of Kapulivka, Nikopol Raion)
 * Mykyta Sich (1639–1652)
 * Nikopol
 * Chortomlyk Sich (1652–1709)
 * submerged (located near today's village of Kapulivka, Nikopol Raion)
 * Kamyanka Sich (1709–1711)
 * near village of Respublikanets, Beryslav Raion
 * Oleshky Sich (1711–1734)
 * eastern outskirts of the city of Oleshky
 * Nova Pidpilnenska Sich (1734–1775)
 * near village of Pokrovske, Nikopol Raion (about same location of Chortomlyk and Bazavluk)

Zaporozhian Siches and their leaders

 * Khortytsia Sich (1556–1557)
 * Wężyk Chmielnicki (1534–1569)
 * Tomakivka Sich (1564–1593)
 * Wężyk Chmielnicki (1534–1569)
 * Michał Wiśniowiecki (1529–1584) (1569–1570)
 * Iwan Swiergowski (1574)
 * Samiylo Kishka (1574–1575)
 * Bohdan Ruzhynski (1575–1576)
 * Jacub Szach (1576–1578)
 * Ioan Potcoavă (1577–1578)
 * Lukyan Chornynsky (1578)
 * Jan Oryszowski (1581)
 * Samuel Zborowski (1581–1584)
 * Bohdan Mokoshynsky (1584)
 * Mykhailo Ruzhynski (1585)
 * Zakhar Kulaha (1585)
 * Bohdan Mokoshynsky (1586)
 * Lukyan Chornynsky (1586)
 * Demyan Skalozub (1585–1589)
 * Krzysztof Kosiński (−1593)
 * Bazavluk Sich, (1593–1638)
 * Hryhoriy Loboda (1593–1596)
 * Bohdan Mokoshynsky (1594)
 * Jan Oryszowski (1596)
 * Severyn Nalyvaiko (1596)
 * Khrystofor Netkovsky (1596–1597)
 * Hnat Vasylevych (1596–1597)
 * Tykhin Baybuza (1597–1598)
 * Fedir Polous (1598)
 * Semen Skalozub (1599)
 * Samiylo Kishka (1600–1602)
 * Havrylo Krutnevych (1602–1603)
 * Ivan Kutskovych (1602–1603)
 * Ivan Kosyi (1603)
 * Kaletnyk Andriyevych (1609–1610)
 * Olifer Holub (1622–1623)
 * Mykhailo Doroshenko (1623–1625)
 * Kaletnyk Andriyevych (1624–1625)
 * Marek Zhmaylo (1625)
 * Mykhailo Doroshenko (1625–1628)
 * Hryhoriy Chorny (1628–1630)
 * Ivan Sulyma (1628–1629)
 * Lev Ivanovych (1629–1630)
 * Taras Tryasylo (1630)
 * Timothy Orendarenko (1630–1631)
 * Semen Perevyazka (1632)
 * Timothy Orendarenko (1632–1633)
 * Ivan Petrizhitsky-Kulaga (1632)
 * Andriy Didenko (1633)
 * Dorothy Doroshenko (1633)
 * Ivan Sulyma (1633–1635)
 * Sava Kononovych (1637)
 * Pavlo Pavlyuk (1637)
 * Illyash Karayimovych (1638)
 * Yakiv Ostryanyn (1638)
 * Dmytro Hunia (1638)
 * Mykytyn Sich (1639–1652)
 * Karpo Pivtora-Kozhukha (1639–1642)
 * Maksym Hulak (1642–1646)
 * establishment of the Hetman of Zaporizhian Host
 * Chortomlyk Sich (1652–1709)
 * Kamyanka Sich (1709–1711)
 * Oleshky Sich (1711–1734)
 * Nova Podpolnenska Sich (1734–1775)
 * Danubian Sich (1775–1828)

title: Zaporozhian Sich


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Talk:Gambit

Give material back
I don't understand the paragraph below that appears in the article. What does it mean to "give material back"? What is a "sound gambit"? I really don't understand the next two sentences about "free development moves". Can somebody who does understand what is meant here please clarify this paragraph? Here it is:

"In modern chess, the typical response to a moderately sound gambit is to accept the material and give the material back at an advantageous time. For gambits that are less sound, the accepting player is more likely to try to hold onto his extra material. A rule of thumb often found in various primers on chess suggests that a player should get 3 moves of development for a sacrificed pawn, but it is unclear how useful this general maxim is since the "free moves" part of the compensation is almost never the entirety of what the gambiteer gains." Red Plum 08:51, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

I agree. I rearranged the information to (hopefully) alleviate some of the confusion and provided short definitions where I felt was helpful. It's still far from 'clear,' though. TilonRespir (talk) 08:39, 7 January 2010 (UTC)

Disambiguous
Is it true that 'Gambit' is a character of the famous TV-series, that had also starring the characters 'John Steed', 'Emma Peel', 'Purdey', ... ? In that case this could be added at the end of this article. Bob.v.R 18:21, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * well relly it should be in the disambiguous, but only once it's confirmed.Wolfmankurd 17:30, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Queen's Gambit
Removed section in Queen's Gambit "'This is the most played 'gambit', but it is technically not a gambit since white can guarantee the recovery of his pawn (most simply 2. ..dxc4 3. Qa4+ Nc6 4. e3, but usually more subtle lines)." The above would seem to be false. Cannot see anything technically none Gambit about the 'Queen's Gambit'. ChessCreator (talk) 11:35, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

It's true that it's technically not a gambit in that White can immediately regain the pawn with 3. Qa4+ and 4. Qxc4Chessmasterguy (talk) 11:34, 27 February 2015 (UTC)Chessmasterguy

Gambit (chess)
Seems there are many visits to this 'Gambit' topic, would perhaps be links from none chess related topics? Perhaps renaming to Gambit (chess) might help this? Example false link from Bill Sienkiewicz, Ultimate Spider-Man. ChessCreator (talk) 15:43, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Maybe but I'm not sure. Perhaps Gambit (chess) and send Gambit to disambig.  But the chess use is the granddaddy of the term.  But on the other hand, there are many non-chess titles.  Bubba73 (talk), 02:18, 28 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Yea, on second thoughts keep 'Gambit' as it is. Better to remove the links incorrectly pointing here. ChessCreator (talk) 02:25, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

Soundness
The Danish Gambit may not be such a great example to give as a sound gambit - there are arguably gambits are more sound, such as the Queen's Gambit, or the Scotch Gambit. In many lines of the Danish, the Black player can retain one extra pawn with an advantage, so its soundness is somewhat dubious. dawhipsta (talk) 19:29, 13 April 2010 (UTC)

Hahahhahahahahahahahahahhahahahahahhaha, what kind of people are editing wikipedia here? Black can FORCE an advantage for an endgame where white has to play for a draw if you're playing the danish, how on earth is that gambit sound?

This is why wikipedia is not to be trusted, folks, 1200 rated people try to type as they know something.

Put in King's gambit or the evans gambit as a suggestion if you want a real gambit which is sound. Queen's gambit can't be called a gambit, you get the pawn back every single time83.249.118.124 (talk) 14:20, 20 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I did not see your comment, but just added the "dubious" tag to the gambit. I don't think it is that sound. I just looked in my database which as 3.5 million games wtih an average ration of 2242. The average rating of the players playing the Danish gambit is only 1919, so it does not appear that it is played at the top level, so I don't think it is sound. I don't know what is the best example of a true gambit. As noted, the queens gambit is not really a gambit. I suspect the King's Gambit is one of the sounder ones, though I'm not convinced that is sound either. But it is sounder than the Danish. Drkirkby (talk) 20:41, 7 April 2012 (UTC)

I have my doubts about the soundness of the Danish Gambit with 1.e4 e5 2.d4 exd4 3.c3 dxc3 4.Bc4 cxb2 5.Bxb2, not because of 5...d5 which leads to an equal endgame with best play, but because of 5...Bb4+ and 5...Nf6. In neither case it is clear that White has enough for two pawns. I believe that the version with 4.Nxc3 is sound, but some sources disagree with me. I don't think the Queen's Gambit is a very good example either for reasons that others have given. The Scotch Gambit would be a very good example in my opinion- it is a "true" gambit since White is forced to sacrifice a pawn speculatively after 4...Bb4+ or 4...Bc5 5.c3 dxc3, but in both cases gets very good compensation, while Black's best responses are near-universally regarded to involve returning the pawn (4...Nf6, 4...Bc5 5.c3 Nf6). The Staunton Gambit (1.d4 f5 2.e4) is another gambit that is near-universally considered sound. Tws45 (talk) 11:53, 18 November 2013 (UTC)

Gambit type of opening?
Ok am I crazy or is limiting the term "gambit" to only be a type of opening kind of incorrect? It is true that there are many openings that ARE gambits, and that the word gambit is most often used when referring to an opening but the word gambit (at least these days) is not bound to this. If you listen to any live commentary videos of chess players, or read/listen to analysis from players (up to the GM level) you will often hear them saying things like "I decided to gambit the pawn" not only referring to an opening but also in the middle game, and even rarely in the endgame. And even though this usage is very similar to just saying "sacrifice" I can still see a distinction between the word gambit and sacrifice, aside from the fact that the word gambit is more chess-specific, the distinction seems to lie in the type of position that results in the material sacrifice. Usually it's still unclear after a gambit if the material sacrifice will work or somehow relies on how the opponent responds whereas the word sacrifice is a more clearcut material disadvantage which may or may not be sound play.

24.111.116.220 (talk) 01:57, 19 January 2011 (UTC) Matt S.

Etymology paragraph needs some work
I've marked the second paragraph of the lead section as needing a citation, and really it should probably also have textual attribution (i.e., state who made the claim that the etymology of "gambit" is as it is). These sorts of etymologies are notoriously fraught with controversy. I'll also say that from an initial check just on the Oxford English Dictionary, it provides attestations of "gambit" in English going back to the 17th century (though I presume the statement in the article is referring to the use of the term metaphorically outside of chess, in which case it does correspond to an 1855 attestation). Anyway, I think it need citing and a bit of polishing. —/M endaliv /2¢/Δ's/ 12:09, 1 May 2014 (UTC)

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Gambetto (ancient italian word)
It doesn't mean leg. It's an ancient form of the word "sgambetto" which means "tipping". Since in english "tipping" is quite an ambiguous word, i might add this to make it more clear.

sgambetto — Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.95.118.25 (talk) 10:17, 20 February 2022 (UTC)

Why is it so vague
I have chose to remove the items in the see also section because of their vague connections to this page ; please debate my conclusions if you find the edit unsatisfactory and I will explain my reasons for doing so ; hopefully we are able to come to some agreement that pleases both of us Solitaire addict jabberwocky (talk) 16:59, 18 October 2022 (UTC)

English variety
Ok the original edit by an IP established the spelling "defence", though curiously the IP was based in the US. Later introduced the US spelling "center". So based on the article history I'm leaning towards using US spellings. MaxBrowne2 (talk) 06:41, 28 December 2022 (UTC)

Requested move 5 January 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. This discussion was split oppose–support 5–3, not counting the nominator, but this is, of course not a vote. However, supporters failed to stand any arguments that were not conclusively dismissed by the opposition. Cobblet's comment is especially elucidating. (non-admin closure) 🌺 Cremastra (talk) 14:23, 13 January 2024 (UTC)

– The Pageviews show that the chess gambit is not the primary topic here with the Marvel character having around 5x as much views. The disambiguation page should probably be the primary with the amount of topics listed there. Gonnym (talk) 12:13, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Gambit → Chess gambit
 * Gambit (disambiguation) → Gambit
 * Oppose: per the long term significance of the chess concept. YorkshireExpat (talk) 14:10, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Chess has been notified of this discussion. Vanderwaalforces (talk) 17:06, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose, long term significance. 162 etc. (talk) 17:40, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Support yes the chess meaning is the only use I've heard of but in addition to views and there are it seems unrelated uses like the forum and unit.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 18:05, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose, this is the original, well established and still current meaning of the word "gambit". All other uses of the word are derivative of this. MaxBrowne2 (talk) 18:19, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Support A search on Google Books is, surprisingly, evenly split between the chess and X-Men meanings. No evidence has been presented toward the claim of the chess opening's long-term significance; being the original source of the name is ... not determinative per WP:DPT. Hameltion (talk | contribs) 21:09, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Chess has been around a lot longer than X-Men. Presumably Google Books includes comics? YorkshireExpat (talk) 22:19, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * What would you accept as evidence for long-term significance? Its use has historically remained ubiquitous in the chess world, as well as by direct analogy. Remsense  留  04:16, 8 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose The word first appeared in English in a 1656 chess book, The Royall Game of Chesse-play. For two hundred years, "gambit" was not even used in a metaphorical sense. Before the creation of the Marvel character in 1990, the word's primary meaning was indisputably associated with chess, and even today, the chess definition of "gambit" remains primary in Merriam-Webster. The Marvel character is part of pop culture; at this moment we cannot speak of it having demonstrated any long-term significance compared to the centuries-old chess term. It would be more appropriate to speak of long-term significance if the Marvel franchise is still around in 50 years' time. Cobblet (talk) 05:57, 6 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Absolutely. I would add that the word 'gambit' is regularly used in politics articles when something risky is going on. This type of usage is entirely predicated on the original chess meaning, and has nothing to do with X-Men. The article already has a paragraph on this, and a quick search on recent news articles will prove it. YorkshireExpat (talk) 09:27, 6 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Please note WP:D has updated advice on how to analyze statistics. Page views alone are not sufficient to demonstrate usage, and for example we have https://wikinav.toolforge.org/?language=en&title=Gambit and https://wikinav.toolforge.org/?language=en&title=Gambit_%28disambiguation%29 which tell us more about how readers actually navigate. Right now it shows that in October '23, we could identify 378 clickstreams towards the hatnote over a total incoming traffic of 6.2k (~6%) and total identifiable outgoing traffic of 1.6k (~24%). This isn't conclusive at all, and a more coherent argument needs to be made about why it's better for the average reader to see the disambiguation list as opposed to this page. --Joy (talk) 09:04, 6 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. No primary topic. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:50, 8 January 2024 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose – the chess sense remains the primary topic either directly or by analogy. Remsense  留  20:42, 8 January 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Gambit


text:
Beaudry station

Beaudry is a Montreal Metro station in the borough of Ville-Marie, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is operated by the Société de transport de Montréal (STM) and serves the Green Line. It is in Montreal's Gay Village, part of the Centre-Sud district. Although part of the original network of the Metro, it opened two months after the rest of the network, on December 21, 1966.

Overview
Designed by Adalbert Niklewicz, it is a normal side platform station, built in-tunnel; a transept leads to a long inclined moving sidewalk, the only one of its kind in the Metro, traversing the distance between De Maisonneuve Boulevard and Saint Catherine Street, on which the entrance is located. The moving sidewalk has been a burden to the STM because it is unique and so replacement parts must be custom-built.

The walls in the entrance building, ticket hall, passage to the platforms, and transept area were updated in a stylish light slate blue and stainless steel scheme. The platform is covered in a cream-and-brown tile pattern, but in 1999, part of the walls near the exits were redone during renovations into a pattern of blue tiles and stainless steel.

Renovations
In October 2018, the station was temporarily closed for renovations for 8 months, as part of a significant renovation that would take 18 months to complete fully. Unlike at Honoré-Beaugrand and the adjacent Berri-UQAM, which remained partly or wholly open during their recent renovations, "a complete closure was necessary" for the renovations to take place, according to STM spokesperson Amélie Régis, as the station only had a sole entrance. Beaudry's closure was the first time that a metro station closed completely for renovations since Beaubien station closed for four months in the spring of 2015. Shuttle buses were provided during the closure to facilitate transport between the station and its two neighbouring stations, Berri-UQAM and Papineau.

The station reopened, as scheduled, on June 3, 2019. Since then, work has been continued to replace the wall on the platform. The renovation has been completed in 2020.

Architecture and art
The station was renovated and partially redecorated in the Réno-Métro program in 1999. Part of this work included a large new glassed-in entrance building by Béïque, Thuot, and Legault; a unique part of its design are rainbow-coloured masts over the door, an homage to Montreal's large gay and lesbian neighbourhood, the Village (Village gai), which the station serves. These were created by Jacques Thibault.

Origin of the name
The station is named for Beaudry Street. Pierre Beaudry (1774–1848) was the landowner across whose farm the street was opened; he also donated the land on which the Saint-Pierre-Apôtre Church was built.

Nearby points of interest

 * The Village
 * Maison Radio-Canada
 * Écomusée du fier monde
 * Hôpital Notre-Dame

title: Beaudry station


text:
Talk:Ridley (Metroid)

Images
The images are in desperate need of organization, but I have no idea how to get things to look nicer. Anyone know how to make things so the images go something like this?

Metroid

Text

Image

Metroid II

Text

Metroid Prime

Text

Image

And so on. Help? ^^' --Sparky the Seventh Chaos 18:26, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)

We're working on that, it's just Wikimedia lacks Metroid images. All they show is thier logos and fan art. Plus copyright is very strict here, so it's gonna be challenging for us to post an image of Ridley. I've tried looking to see if Ridley are in other Metroid related articles, but none are found.

Can someone please import an image of Ridley, so we can include his photos in this article. (no fan art and cosplay will be nessecary). GeekFreak98 (talk) 15:20, 6 January 2021 (UTC)

Pterodactyl
I've removed the two sentences comparing Ridley to a pterodactyl. He exactly matches the physical description of a European dragon. I've added a (brief) note to this effect in the text. --Christopher Thomas 15:28, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

 * He doesn't quite match such a description, in my opinion.

 * First (unrelated to the pterodactyl comment), he tends to be portrayed as rather thin/bony, as opposed to the typical "meaty" look seen on illustrations of European-style dragons.

 * Second (also unrelated to the pterodactyl comment), he is not confirmed to be reptilian, at least to my knowledge; it's not known whether he is cold-blooded or has scaly skin, two of the most famous characteristics of reptiles. (Not that it matters for the game, but...yeah.)  Now, cold-blooded would be kinda hard to determine, but he isn't ever portrayed with scaly skin in the games or in that Super Metroid art piece displayed on this article--at least not that I've seen.

 * Third, most European-style (and even Chinese-style) dragons have two horns on their heads. Ridley, in contrast, doesn't have any notable horns, but has a single crest, like that of a pterodactyl.

 * I don't remember there being two references to Ridley's looking like a pterodactyl (I only recall one), but I think there should be at least one mention of what's quite possibly one of the bases of Ridley's character design. ~GMH talk to me 05:08, 25 December 2005 (UTC)

 * To add my two cents... I don't think Ridley is a dragon, either. He is, however, an alien who looks a great deal like a dragon. Yes, he lacks the classic double horns, and the crest may well have been based on that of the pteranodon, but he fits most of the other criteria for being at least dragon-like, most importantly the basic body plan and the fire-breathing.  Pterosaurs did not have six limbs, and as far as I know they did not breathe fire.

 * Also, modern depictions of dragons are, well, extremely variable. Off the top of my head, I cite the Pokémon Dragonite, which instead of having two horns on its head, has either a single small horn on its forehead with two longer ones or a single horn and two antennae.

 * At any rate, I made an attempt to balance the dragon/pterodactyl thing. I changed 'pterodactyl' to the more specific 'pteranodon', and removed the thing about scales. I do not think his having or lacking scales is relevent, since pterandons were either scaled or possibly had fur, so his lack of or possesion of scales would not support either side. --Sparky Lurkdragon 05:55, 25 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Come to think of it, I think there should be a distinction between what Ridley is and what inspired Ridley's character design. I put the pterodactyl/pteranodon/pterosaur thing back in because I felt that comparing Ridley to such a creature would suggest more about possible sources for his character design.

 * I seriously doubt that anyone truly believes that Ridley literally is a dragon or a ptero-whatever. (Metroid series fans have, of course, come up with various possibilities including Ridley and Kraid originating from some Earth-like planet that evolved giant reptilian creatures but never got meteor-struck.)  In this sense, I agree with you that Ridley is not a dragon in both senses that (1) he is not some real-life (in the Metroid universe) European-style dragon and (2) his design wasn't only based on the prototypical (I think that's the right word) European dragon.

 * I still find it interesting to speculate as to what things influenced his design though. ~GMH talk to me 18:43, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Google for "ridley dragon metroid": 11900 hits.

 * Google for "ridley pteranodon metroid": 39 hits.

 * Google for "ridley pteradactyl metroid": 45 hits.

 * The vast majority of references to Ridley consider him to be dragonlike first and foremost. The text of the article should reflect this, per WP:NPOV's guidelines on presenting mainstream and non-mainstream views. The 25 Dec. 2005 version of the article by Sparky mentions the pteranodon/pteradactyl comparison, and that single mention is adequate, given the numbers. --Christopher Thomas 20:35, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

Matrix Kage: I say Ridley IS a Meta Dragon (My term), and BTW, he DOES have the horns... they're pretty small, but they're there... all of the idiot sprite comics I'VE seen have had Ridz as a lackey... and a stupid one at that... but the E-Manga from Nintendo of Japan shows clearly that he's the leader of the Pirates and VERY layered... first off... he shows a bit of pity for 3-year-old Samus before deciding he had to kill her. Then, in the second chapter, it shows Mother Brain on Zebes, under the control of the Choujin-zoku (Japanese: Bird-people) also known as Chozo (Latin: Carved statue). that was also the first time he died. therefore, that adds to his importance becase they revived him yet another time. This makes... 5 times he's been revived, including Mecha-forms (Spirit from Zero Mission and Mecha Ridley from Super Metroid) plus the X-Parasites infecting and absorbing him. Mother Brain was revived once and upgraded once. So, that's my explaination as to what he is, where he stands, and how these can be seen. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 4.152.48.159 (talk • contribs).

American Muddlification
Okay, I know that NCL completely ignored all of the wacky eightiesish Metroid stuff what NoA and their underlings came up with, and all that was for the greater good. =)

Yet, there's one thing that I want to... remember weirdly. Samus' gunship was featured in Captain N. It looked weird.

The point is, one of those comics - either Captain N or some other illustrative Nintendo Comics System bit - also had Ridley in them. It's not in one l33t site which had scans of most of these comics, so my luck is not that good. It's intriguing because this particular two-page comic had the basic history of the Metroid game, featuring more weird speculation on Mother Brain's role etc, and also had cute drawings of Ridley and Kraid in a sort of a cameo role, pacing on the surface of Zebeth with Kraid looking over his shoulder at the invading metroids flying all around.

Anyone remember that one or know the original publication issue? The reason I'm asking because I only got the Finnish edition, kind of hard to tell anything from that, and besides, it's not at my hand right now anyway... =/ --wwwwolf (barks/growls) 01:16, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

Okay, I didn't find those comics at all, but I did find some other interesting Ridley appearances - much more remarkable than that little appearance I tried to mention above, though. =) I put some of that to the article. --wwwwolf (barks/growls) 01:00, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

Fusion flashback
"Ridley is often seen as a sort of rival against Samus, and likely to have been the one responsible for killing Samus' parents, as briefly seen in flashback cutscenes in Metroid: Fusion."

...the what now? I don't recall there being any flashbacks in Fusion, and SURELY not any related to the space pirates! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 83.28.235.211 (talk • contribs) on 00:54, 22 February 2006.

 * Me again. It's stated two paragraphs later that it's in the japaneese version bonus scens (gods I hate version disrepancies). So this piece of info is given twice, once as a possiblity, the other as a fact. Curious. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 83.28.235.211 (talk • contribs) on 00:56, 22 February 2006.

Super Metroid Ridley
Yo. It appears to me that if samus crippled Ridley in Metroid, and he was cyberneticly enhanced in Metroid Prime, but killed again, Im pretty sure that the super metroid Ridly is not the original. He has no trace of cybernetics on him, so unless they managed to regrow alot of destroyed tissue, ill be damned if hes the original —This unsigned comment was added by Purple Pikmin (talk • contribs) on 22:23, 31 March 2006.

Well until we see any solid statements that they're not the same, this is merely a theory. Unless you have any proof besides "well he probably died again". If he could survive getting destroyed by Samus once, he can survive twice.

I remember somewhere that the Pirates talked about cloning Ridley, so the Ridley in Super Metroid may just be a clone.

The Metroid Prime instruction manual talks about "recovering Mother Brain, Ridley, and Kraid" after the events of Metroid. So obviously he wasn't dead. This means that Meta Ridley was around WHILE the original Ridley was in recovery. Don't know how this fits into the whole thing, but that's what the book says.

Copyediting
I've marked the page as in need of copyediting, particularly the opening paragraph, Leader of the Space Pirates and Metroid Prime sections. I've attempted to clean up Metroid Fusion, but the language there was so unclear as to make it difficult to determine the intended meanings in some cases. Moppet 07:56, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Metroid/Alien conspiracy
Okay, I reworded the bit about Alien series - at least I haven't heard of any real interviews or anything where the Metroid folks would directly say the games were really inspired by Alien series. However, the similarities are there.

Yet, I think I have heard vague, vague, vague, very vague ramblings about Alien rights holders suing Nintendo and Ridley getting his name as a result. Doesn't sound too plausible to me though (as Ridley was introduced in the first game and with that name too), was that just one of those weird internet rumours? --wwwwolf (barks/growls) 20:19, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

Prime 3 appearance
User:210.10.155.138 added a note about Ridley appearing in a Prime 3 trailer, although looking over an ostensible copy of that trailer I didn't see anything matching the description. I added a source citation for the E3 prime3 coverage, but the description could use a better one. Moppet 09:00, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Super Smash Bros. Brawl
As much as I would love to see Ridley appear in this game, I think it's best not to say something like "he's a likely candidate" because it's very hard to estimate a character's chances. Let's say we leave this subject alone for now. Xubelox 07:26, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, Sakurai did say he was thinking about more Metroid characters. But at the moment, that could be Dark Samus, Ridley, even a GF Trooper or U-Mos. Besides, I think that was just a rumor. It's on the Brawl Talk Page. You could check it out if you wanted to. --DcPimp 15:51, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Uh, ignore what I said earlier. That thing about Sakurai turned out to be nothing more than a hoax. HOWEVER, Ridley is on the "official" (I'm assuming its official; that could change at any time) list of characters people want to see in the game. The list is on the Brawl Talk Page, assuming you want to see it. --DcPimp 03:04, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

 * The general idea at the actual Brawl article at this time is to not include anyone who hasn't been confirmed for sure - not even pretty much certain characters such as Donkey Kong. I would agree with Xublox that it's best to not mention Ridley as being in Brawl until he is actually in it for sure, that is, appears on the official website or gets unlocked by someone in the final game. I'm going to be bold and remove the Brawl paragraph for now. --Sparky Lurkdragon 05:06, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I was bold. I put the Brawl paragraph back in, but did some major rewording. With all these sites claiming nearly the exact same thing from only a limited number of sources, it is getting kind of hard to ignore. --DcPimp 12:24, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

Seeing as how the official website has not said anything and it's passed the time that Sakurai was expected to update (and someone on GameFaqs even admitted that their friend started it), I'll delete the SSBB stuff again for now. Xubelox 05:09, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

He prabably in, don't worry.--YOSHIANDLINK1 00:38, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

Sakurai has confirmed that Ridley's boss music will be used in Brawl, which makes it obvious that he's in. Also Ridley was a trophy in SSBM. Wario was a trophy. He's in Brawl. Meta-Knight was a trophy. He's in Brawl. Pit was a trophy. He's in Brawl. So Ridley is practically confirmed. Ridley76 7:39, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Ridley is not confirmed until he is confirmed. The music could be for a new Metroid stage, which incorporates Ridley as a hazard or background, perhaps, or not at all. Wikipedia is not the place for speculation of any sort. Also, Melee had 190 trophies, most of which were characters. Are you suggesting that there will be nearly 190 playable characters in Brawl? --Herald Alberich 07:16, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Also, Yoshi has a stage and music and he's been in the first two games.
 * The Brawl article will not include him until we get a character profile or the game comes out, whichever comes first. --Sparky Lurkdragon 15:50, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

Someone please replace that animated Mecha-Ridley pic
It looks so tacky and should be replaced with a still image of it. Buzda 04:41, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Something weird.
In Super Metroid, Ridley's tail attacks seem to be the only thing that can knock Samus out of the Screw Attack

I don't know if this is noteworthy enough to put in the article, though. Any opinions? Digital Watches 23:39, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

Not really important. --Niroht 01:25, 31 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Okay. Thought not. Thanks for the clarification. --Digital Watches 01:47, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Ridley Scott relation?
Can someone provide evidence about his name being inspiration for Ridley? If not we should place it as a rumour. 60.241.126.129 22:07, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

I want to move this page.
Someone brought up over at the villiage pump that this seems an odd choice for the article you get when you type in "Ridley". I would like to move this article to Ridley (Metroid character) or some such, and then move Ridley (disambiguation) here. Just thought I'd throw out this warning. ~  ONUnicorn (Talk problem solving 15:33, 20 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree with primary disambiguation. If you look at the disambig page though, you'll notice that this Ridley is pretty much the only thing that is named just Ridley, which is probably why it's survived here for so long. I also suggest the target destination for this page be Ridley (Metroid) since Ridley is possibly not just the name of one character (may be the species name as well) and it's shorter. --tjstrf talk 18:11, 20 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I orginally thought Ridley (Metroid), but then thought that some confused person might think that there was a Meteoroid called Ridley, and that Wikipedians can't spell. ~  ONUnicorn (Talk problem solving 19:29, 20 February 2007 (UTC)
 * A draconic, purple, semi-organic, meteoroid species? Or are we supposing they would also think the pictures and content were vandalism? Strikes me as an unlikely error. --tjstrf talk 19:36, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

The e-manga makes it quite clear that Ridley is a name and not a species, but in any case, I think Ridley (Metroid) would suffice just fine nonetheless. 199.126.137.209 21:03, 21 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Ok, off to Ridley (Metroid) it goes then. :) ~  ONUnicorn (Talk problem solving 16:34, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

chronological order
ok since when is metroid prime 3 BEFORE super metroid?67.189.192.245 00:49, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Since always. All the Prime games take place in between the original Metroid and Metroid II: Return of Samus. --Herald Alberich 06:46, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

Meta-Ridley in a harness?
What's all this about? I played that part of the game recently and I only saw Meta-Ridley twice on the Frigate; in the grapple beam room, and when you complete your escape. Luigi "Kurai" III 17:19, 18 August 2007 (UTC)

Image=Spoiler
Seriously, I'm pissed more than ever for hovering my mouse over the image of ridley.

Is there ANY way a new image can get uploaded? 'cause that's some SERIOUS spoilery right there.GreenAiden555 02:44, 31 August 2007 (UTC)
 * That image is not a spoiler in the lest. He show up like that in the introduction stage. It's not like it's a pic of Omega Ridley. --Bobby D. DS. 02:24, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

 * ...O_o Yes, it is. Just hover your mouse over the image. And, I just killed ridley(again) on a different file, and have been watching the E3 demo/trailer....NOT the same ridley.GreenAiden555 06:15, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Oh, I see. Well it not like someone will realize that unless they know who Omega Ridley is already. --Bobby D. DS. 22:45, 3 September 2007 (UTC)
 * They just have to hover over the image, and BAM! Spoiled.GreenAiden555 00:50, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

 * It seems like it would just be a simple matter of renaming the file. Then BAM! No spoilers when you hover over it.Trashydrummer 00:16, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

I've beaten the game on the normal difficulty and I never encountered that version of ridley. It must be from something else like the game artwork. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.169.163.21 (talk) 04:41, 4 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I've beaten it, too. Yes, it doesn't look 100% EXACTLY like omega, but damn, does it look close.GreenAiden555 21:00, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

 * The image is concept art of Meta-Ridley. Also Meta-Ridley and Omega Ridley have the same model, the only difference is color. --Bobby D. DS. 22:30, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree. That is definitely a picture of Meta Ridley. Someone should change the description.Trashydrummer 06:47, 18 September 2007 (UTC)
 * It's not a description, it's the title of the image page, Image:Omega Ridley.jpg. To change it, one would have to re-upload the file to a new page, which really isn't worth it, especially for a non-free image. I know that adding a caption to an image causes that caption to appear when the mouse is hovered over an image, instead of the image title, but I don't know what to do about an image in an infobox. Wikipedia is not censored for spoilers, anyway. --Herald Alberich 20:39, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

Size inconsistency
Has anyone besides me noticed a size inconsistency with Ridley? Barring Metroid Classic, Ridley's size seems to have changed from being a little larger than Samus to being large, to being massive. The X version was massive, but the frozen version was only a little bigger than Samus. Bu then in Metroid Prime 3 he's big enough for Samus to fit into his mouth. It's not quite as big as Bowser's size issue, but still. Think it's worth mentioning? Probably not.Three-Tail 04:11, 4 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Yeah, i really don't think it's worth mentioning. Yeah, his size does change when he's omega ridley, but other than that, I don't really see a size difference.GreenAiden555 21:02, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

Main image
As cool as it looks, it shouldn't be the main image. The Super Metroid art is probably the best way to represent him. The Omega Ridley form deviates considerably from his standard appearance. 75.153.231.20 12:21, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

I'm going to give this a couple more days to give people a chance to discuss, then I'm changing it back. The image is a very specific form of Ridley and doesn't represent him well as a whole character. 75.153.231.20 20:11, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

Agreed. I don't know how, so if you want to....I say do it.GreenAiden555 21:32, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

 * This image is better, but it needs copyright info. --Bobby D. DS. 19:55, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Disagreed. Ignoring his evolution "chronologically" in the series, the most up-to-date rendition of the character should be up. SM Ridley is a classic, but MP3 Ridley is his current depiction. 98.199.186.160 20:04, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

Umm... the infobox says Ridley is orange in Super Metroid, but his Characteristics section says he is purple, Super Metroid included. Shouldn't we change them to reflect each other or something? 207.216.197.154 (talk) 03:48, 12 April 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Ridley (Metroid)


text:
David Liss

David Liss (born March 16, 1966) is an American writer of novels, essays and short fiction; more recently working also in comic books. He was born in New Jersey and grew up in South Florida. Liss received his BA degree from Syracuse University, an MA from Georgia State University and his M. Phil from Columbia University. He left his post-graduate studies of 18th Century British literature and unfinished dissertation to write full-time. "If things had not worked out with fiction, I probably would have kept to my graduate school career track and sought a job as a literature professor," he said. A full-time writer since 2010, Liss lives in San Antonio, Texas, with his wife and children.

Most of Liss' novels are historical-mystery (or historical-thriller) novels. Settings include 18th-century London and America and 17th-century Amsterdam. One novel, The Ethical Assassin, is a modern mystery-thriller. His first book, A Conspiracy of Paper (2000), won the 2001 Edgar Award for Best First Novel. A member of the International Thriller Writers, he is a regular attendee at Bouchercon and Thrillerfest.

Novels

 * A Conspiracy of Paper (2000)
 * The Coffee Trader (2003)
 * A Spectacle of Corruption (2004)
 * The Ethical Assassin (2006)
 * The Whiskey Rebels (2008)
 * The Devil's Company (2009)
 * The Twelfth Enchantment (2011)
 * The Day of Atonement (2014)
 * Randoms (2015)
 * Rebels (2016)
 * Renegades (2017)
 * Spider-Man: Hostile Takeover (2018)
 * The Peculiarities (2021)

Short fiction

 * "The Double Dealer", in the anthology Thriller.
 * "What Maisie Knew", in the anthology The New Dead, edited by Christopher Golden. ISBN 978-0-312-55971-7
 * "Watchlist: A Serial Thriller". ISBN 978-1-59315-559-9 (Collaborator)
 * "A Bad Season for Necromancy", in the anthology Four Summoner's Tales. ISBN 978-1-4516-9668-4
 * "Hollow Choices", with Robert Jackson Bennett, first published in Dark Duets: All-New Tales of Horror and Dark Fantasy, Harper Voyager, 2014
 * "Dead Man's Pecker", first published in Dark Discoveries, issue #26, 2014

Comic books

 * The Daring Mystery Comics 70th Anniversary Special, featuring The Phantom Reporter, published by Marvel Comics (January 2010)
 * Black Panther: The Man Without Fear (which became Black Panther: The Most Dangerous Man Alive) #513–529, ongoing series, published by Marvel Comics (February 2011 – April 2012)
 * Mystery Men, 5-issue limited series with Patrick Zircher, published by Marvel Comics (August–November 2011) tpb: hardcover ISBN 978-0785162933, soft cover ISBN 978-0785147459
 * The Spider, comic book series, with Colton Worley, published by Dynamite Entertainment (May 2012 – March 2014)
 * The Shadow Now, 6-issue limited series, with Colton Worley, Dynamite Entertainment (October 2013 – April 2014)
 * Sherlock Holmes: Moriarty Lives, 5-issue limited series, with Daniel Indro, published by Dynamite Entertainment (December 2013 – July 2014)

title: David Liss


text:
Wilhelm (crater)

Wilhelm is a lunar impact crater in the southern part of the Moon, to the west of the prominent Tycho. Portions of the ray material from Tycho lie across the rim and floor of Wilhelm. Attached to its southern rim is the crater Montanari, while Lagalla is attached to the southwest. To the north-northeast is Heinsius.

This crater is of the type traditionally termed a walled plain. It has a heavily eroded outer rim that is overlain by several smaller craters. Among these are Wilhelm A and Wilhelm K across the southwest rim, and Wilhelm B just to the northwest along the western rim. Wilhelm C intrudes into the north-northeast rim, and Wilhelm D is attached to the northeast outer rim. There is an outward protrusion in the southern rim that extends to contact Montanari.

The interior floor of Wilhelm is relatively level, with a rougher area to the northeast. The remainder is flat and almost featureless except for a few tiny craterlets.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Wilhelm.

title: Wilhelm (crater)


text:
Legal dispute over Quebec's language policy

The legal dispute over Quebec's language policy began soon after the enactment of Bill 101, establishing the Charter of the French Language, by the Parliament of Quebec in 1977.

The Charter, enacted under the Parti Québécois government of René Lévesque, expanded upon Quebec's previous language legislation, Bill 22, also known as the Official Language Act, enacted in 1974 under the Liberal Party of Quebec government of Robert Bourassa. Earlier language legislation in Quebec had included An Act to promote the French language in Quebec in 1969, and the La Vergne Law of 1910.

Both statutes were drafted in an attempt to follow the recommendations of the Commission of Inquiry on the Situation of the French Language and Linguistic Rights in Quebec (the Gendron Commission).

Unlike the (Quebec) Official Language Act of 1974 (not to be confused with the federal Official Languages Act), the Charter of the French Language is a legal framework defining the linguistic rights of Quebecers, and a language management policy giving the Government of Quebec the power to intervene in many sectors of public life to promote French as the common language of all citizens. Its enactment sparked a legal battle that still goes on today.

Before 1982
In 1867, the British Parliament passed the British North America Act, 1867, now known as the Constitution Act, 1867, which became the supreme law of the Dominion of Canada (although it was modified several times, it is still part of the Constitution of Canada). This act contains only one section (section 133) dealing with language. It reads:

"Either the English or the French Language may be used by any Person in the Debates of the Houses of the Parliament of Canada and of the Houses of the Legislature of Quebec; and both those Languages shall be used in the respective Records and Journals of those Houses; and either of those Languages may be used by any Person or in any Pleading or Process in or issuing from any Court of Canada established under this Act, and in or from all or any of the Courts of Quebec."

"The Acts of the Parliament of Canada and of the Legislature of Quebec shall be printed and published in both those Languages."

Language of legislation and justice
Three Quebec Lawyers, Peter Blaikie, Roland Durand and Yoine Goldstein first challenged the constitutionality of the Charter of the French Language under section 133.

In 1979, the Supreme Court of Canada declared Chapter III of the Charter of the French Language unconstitutional, citing it contrary to section 133 of the British North America Act of 1867. The highest court in Canada judged that the enacting and passing of laws had to be done in both French and English in the parliaments of Quebec and Canada.

Sections 7 to 13 of the Charter of the French Language had made French the only language of legislation and only provided for a translation of laws in English at the end of the legislative process.

The Quebec government responded by re-enacting the charter (and all other acts enacted since 1977) in French and English. Sections 7 to 13 of the charter were however left untouched.

In 1981, another Supreme Court decision (''Quebec (Attorney General) v. Blaikie (No. 2)'') declared that section 133 also applied to government regulations.

After 1982
The patriation of the Canadian Constitution occurred as the British Parliament passed the Canada Act 1982. This act enacted the Constitution Act, 1982 for Canada (including the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms), which has two provisions which have provided the basis for further constitutional disputes concerning Quebec's Charter of the French Language. Section 2 of the Charter guarantees freedom of expression, which opens the door to challenges to laws which restrict an individual's ability to use a particular language, while section 23 introduced the notion of "minority language education rights".

Alliance Quebec, an Anglophone rights lobby group was founded in May 1982. It is through this civil association that various anglophone lawyers challenged the constitutionality of Quebec's territorial language policy.

Quebec (A.G.) v. Quebec Protestant School Boards
In 1984, the Supreme Court invalidated Chapter VIII of the Quebec Charter of the French Language on the basis of its incompatibility with section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Section 23 of the Canadian Charter reads:

(1) Citizens of Canada

(a) whose first language learned and still understood is that of the English or French linguistic minority population of the province in which they reside, or

(b) who have received their primary school instruction in Canada in English or French and reside in a province where the language in which they received that instruction is the language of the English or French linguistic minority population of the province,

have the right to have their children receive primary and secondary school instruction in that language in that province.

Section 73 of the Charter of the French language had recognized the right to English language instruction to Quebec residents alone. Canadian citizens from outside Quebec are forced to send their children to French primary and secondary schools, in direct violation of S26.(3) of the UN Declaration of Human Rights, which states that "''Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.

On July 26, 1984, the Supreme Court invalidated part of Section 73. Judged retroactively unconstitutional, the section had to be modified so that it no longer clashes with the Canadian charter's definition of a linguistic minority. The current Section 73 of the Charter of the French language reads:

The following children, at the request of one of their parents, may receive instruction in English:

1) a child whose father or mother is a Canadian citizen and received elementary instruction in English in Canada, provided that that instruction constitutes the major part of the elementary instruction he or she received in Canada;

2) a child whose father or mother is a Canadian citizen and who has received or is receiving elementary or secondary instruction in English in Canada, and the brothers and sisters of that child, provided that that instruction constitutes the major part of the elementary or secondary instruction received by the child in Canada;

3) a child whose father and mother are not Canadian citizens, but whose father or mother received elementary instruction in English in Québec, provided that that instruction constitutes the major part of the elementary instruction he or she received in Québec;

4) a child who, in their last year in school in Québec before 26 August 1977, was receiving instruction in English in a public kindergarten class or in an elementary or secondary school, and the brothers and sisters of that child;

5) a child whose father or mother was residing in Québec on 26 August 1977 and had received elementary instruction in English outside Québec, provided that that instruction constitutes the major part of the elementary instruction he or she received outside Québec.

In 2005, a Supreme Court ruling upheld Section 73 of the Charter of the French language and its corresponding subsections (1 through 5). See Maclean's 5 April 2005, an article by John Geddes entitled "Tweaking the Language Laws". It maintains that the court upheld S.73 yet provided for flexibility in matters dealing with English-speaking Canadians and immigrants from other countries.

Bill 104
In August 2007, the Quebec Court of Appeal ruled that a section of the province's language legislation is unlawful. The judgment stated that Bill 104, an amendment to the Charter passed in 2002 that stopped children of francophone and newcomers from using the English educational system, was contrary to the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The amendment was passed to thwart entry to English schools by pupils who had gone to at least one year of an unsubsidized private institution. It had been passed unanimously (by all parties) in the provincial legislature.

The Appeal Court verdict disallowed a segment of Bill 104, suggesting that students can be present English public establishments if they have been at an English private academy for a minimum of one year or have been permitted a special dispensation. The Quebec government immediately announced it would appeal the decision to the Supreme Court of Canada, which it did.

A judgment was given that delayed use of that conclusion until the Supreme Court of Canada judged on a provincial administration request.

The challenge to Bill 104 continued but with funding from the English school boards affected, as the federal Court Challenges Program established for such minority language rights was cut by the Conservative minority government. There was a precedent for having the government pay the fees of the challenging side, or appointing an amicus curiae.

A representative of the Quebec Association of Independent Schools proclaimed its goal to and Brent Tyler, the advocate for the 26 families in the case, said he would pull together an appeal.

The Quebec English School Board Association (QESBA) suspected the volume of probable English-system learners who might be affected by this result to be 500 annually, the majority of whom would enroll in Montreal schools. It said such a loss to the French school enrollment of almost 1 million would be unimportant. It asked that the decision be respected until it can be referred to the Supreme Court.

About half of all enrollment decline in the English Montreal School Board since 2002 has resulted from Bill 104, a low fertility rate and urban sprawl being other reasons, said a spokesman in 2007.

A coalition of groups for defending French supported the Quebec government in its venture to overturn the Quebec Appeal Court ruling. Former CSN leader Gérald Larose, chairman of the Conseil de la souveraineté, commented negatively on this "undermining" of the Charter of the French Language by an "English judge" (the decision was handed down by the Quebec Court of Appeals, which is not an English body). Larose was also the Parti Québécois–appointed president of a commission on the future of the French language and advocated that Quebec be granted unshared supremacy over language legislation, despite the Canadian constitution which divides such power between the national and provincial governments. Jean Dorion, president of the Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Montréal, said that Appeals Court judges are appointed by the national government and said that they should not have the power to overrule Quebec's language laws. Other commentators remonstrated that Justice Hilton had previously served as legal counsel for Alliance Quebec, an anglophone rights group. Le Devoir reported, however, that the Quebec department of justice did not ask Hilton to recuse himself from the case. Through a spokesperson, the Ministry of Justice said that such a recusal was not necessary and that the government trusted the Court of Appeal to be fair. Parti Québécois leader Pauline Marois suggested in 2007 that the ruling could be "catastrophic" and described it as unsatisfactory. Over the 30-year life of Bill 101 "about 4,000 children have used this to get into the English network," she said, as opposed to the French network.

Ford v. Quebec (Attorney General)
In 1988, the Supreme Court ruled that the sections of the Charter of the French Language enforcing the exclusive use of French on outdoor commercial signs were unconstitutional. The Court-based this decision on the guarantee of freedom of expression in s. 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

The Supreme Court remarked that the Quebec government could legitimately require French to have "greater visibility" or "marked predominance" on exterior commercial signs, however it could not enforce the exclusive use of French.

With the Act to amend the Charter of the French language, S.Q. 1988, c. 54 (also known as Bill 178), the National Assembly (under a Quebec Liberal government) made use of the notwithstanding clause of the Canadian constitution and amended the Charter by allowing English provided that the letters are no larger than half the size of the French.

Ballantyne, Davidson, McIntyre v. Canada
The use of the notwithstanding clause led to formal complaints by three Quebecers: John Ballantyne, Elizabeth Davidson, and Gordon McIntyre, who own businesses in Sutton, Quebec and Huntingdon, Quebec. In 1993, they brought their case before the Human Rights Committee of the United Nations.

They challenged sections 1, 6 and 10 of Bill No. 178 enacted by the Quebec legislature on 22 December 1988. They alleged to be victims of violations of articles 2, 19, 26 and 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights by the federal government of Canada and by the Province of Quebec, due to the act's prohibitions on the use English in advertising or in the name of their firms.

After hearing both parties, the Committee gave its opinion on what it believed to be the three major issues:

 * (a) whether Sec.58 of the Charter of the French Language, as amended by Bill 178, Sec.1, violates any right that the authors might have by virtue of article 27;
 * (b) whether Sec.58 of the Charter of the French Language, as amended by Bill 178, Sec.1, violates the authors' right to freedom of expression;
 * (c) whether the same provision is compatible with the authors' right to equality before the law.
 * 1. The Committee observed that "provisions of article 27 refers to minorities in States", which English-speaking people in Canada are not. It stated that the "authors therefore have no claim under article 27 of the Covenant".
 * 2. The Committee disagreed with the Government of Quebec which asserted "that commercial activities such as outdoor advertising do not fall within the ambit of article 19." The Committee stated "Article 19, paragraph 2, must be interpreted as encompassing every form of subjective ideas and opinions capable of transmission to others, which are compatible with article 20 of the Covenant, of news and information, of commercial expression and advertising, of works of art, etc.; it should not be confined to means of political, cultural or artistic expression." The Committee believed that "it [was] not necessary, in order to protect the vulnerable position in Canada of the francophone group, to prohibit commercial advertising in English." It suggested that "This protection may be achieved in other ways that do not preclude the freedom of expression, in a language of their choice, of those engaged in such fields as trade. For example, the law could have required that advertising be in both French and English." It concluded that "A State may choose one or more official languages, but it may not exclude, outside the spheres of public life, the freedom to express oneself in a language of one's choice. The Committee accordingly concludes that there has been a violation of article 19, paragraph 2."
 * 3. Regarding the right to equality, the Committee found that "the authors have not been discriminated against on the ground of their language, and concludes that there has been no violation of article 26 of the Covenant."

There were 5 concurring and dissenting opinions, signed by eight Committee members.

Internet
The Court of Quebec rendered a number of decisions regarding the applicability of the Charter to advertising over the Internet. The court found that commercial websites of businesses that operate from Quebec and sell to Quebec need to conform to the provisions of the Charter regarding the rights of Quebecers to receive services in French. In A.G. of Quebec (Procureur Général) c. Stanley John Reid et Frances Muriel Reid (JE 2002-1266), the defendant raised the argument that the content of Internet is of exclusive federal jurisdiction pursuant to the Constitution Act, 1867, and thus its regulation is ultra vires of the Quebec Government. The court confirmed the applicability of the Charter on advertising over the Internet.

Compliance
With the Act to amend the Charter of the French language, S.Q. 1993, c. 40 (also known as Bill 86), the National Assembly (under a Quebec Liberal government) amended the Charter of the French Language to make it comply with the Supreme Court rulings. The amending law introduced the "Canada Clause" which replaced the "Quebec Clause". That is, the recognized right to English language education was extended to all Canadian citizens. It also introduced the current regulations on the "marked predominance" of French on outdoor commercial signs in conformity with the Supreme Court suggestion.

As suggested by the Supreme Court ruling, the current law specifies that commercial outdoor signs can be multilingual so long as French is markedly predominant. The current provisions regarding exterior commercial signs were confirmed as constitutional by the Quebec Court of Appeal in R. c. Entreprises W.F.H. [2001] R.J.Q. 2557 (C.A.) (also known as "The Lyon & the Walrus Case"). Today, many businesses choose to put up French-only signs, and at times, even change their registered trademarks to adapt to the Quebec market. Nevertheless, English–French bilingualism quickly returned on exterior signs after 1993, especially on the island of Montreal.


text:
Meyer Shapiro

Meyer Shapiro may refer to:

 * Meir Shapiro, dean of Chachmei Lublin Yeshiva, and founder of the Daf Yomi Talmud folio cycle
 * Meyer Shapiro, one of the Shapiro Brothers, New York City labor racketeer
 * Meyer Schapiro, art historian

title: Meyer Shapiro


text: User talk:65.219.209.113

title: User talk:65.219.209.113


text:
Fox Theatre (Atlanta)

The Fox Theatre (often marketed as the Fabulous Fox), a former movie palace, is a performing arts venue located at 660 Peachtree Street NE in Midtown Atlanta, Georgia, and is the centerpiece of the Fox Theatre Historic District.

The theater was originally planned as part of a large Shrine Temple as evidenced by its Moorish design. The 4,665-seat auditorium was ultimately developed as a lavish movie theater in the Fox Theatres chain and opened in 1929. It hosts a variety of cultural and artistic events including the Atlanta Ballet, a summer film series, and performances by national touring companies of Broadway shows. The venue also hosts occasional concerts by popular artists.

Architectural features
When the Fox Theatre first opened, the local newspaper described it as having, "a picturesque and almost disturbing grandeur beyond imagination". It remains a showplace that impresses theater-goers to this day. The principal architect of the project was Olivier Vinour of the firm Marye, Alger and Vinour.

The original architecture and décor of the Fox can be roughly divided into two architectural styles: Islamic architecture (building exterior, auditorium, Grand Salon, mezzanine Gentlemen's Lounge and lower Ladies Lounge) and Egyptian architecture (Egyptian Ballroom, mezzanine Ladies Lounge and lower Gentlemen's Lounge). The 4,665-seat auditorium, which was designed for movies and live performances, replicates an Arabian courtyard, complete with 96 embedded crystal "stars" (a third of which flicker) in its ceiling and a projection of clouds that slowly drift across this "night sky." A longstanding rumor that one of the stars was a piece of a Coca-Cola bottle was confirmed in June 2010 when two members of the theater's restoration staff conducted a search from within the attic above the auditorium ceiling.

The Egyptian Ballroom is designed after a temple for Ramses II at Karnak while the mezzanine Ladies Lounge features a replica of the throne chair of King Tut and makeup tables that feature tiny Sphinxes. The Islamic sections feature a number of ablution fountains, which are currently kept dry.

Throughout the Fox there is extensive use of trompe-l'œil; "wooden" beams are actually plaster, paint that appears gold leaf is not, areas are painted and lit to appear to receive outside lighting, ornate fireplaces were never designed to have working chimneys, and what appears to be a giant Bedouin canopy in the auditorium is plaster and steel rods designed to help funnel sound to the farthest balcony.

The Fox Theatre gives regular tours of the building's interior.

History
Originally designed as the Yaarab Shrine Temple, the headquarters for a 5,000-member Shriners organization, the $2.75 million project exceeded the Shriners' budget, so they leased the auditorium to movie mogul William Fox, who was building theaters around the country at the time. The theater opened on December 25, 1929, just two months after the stock market crash and the start of the Great Depression. A week later, on New Year's Day, the Shriners inaugurated their new "mosque" in their part of the building, which contained executive offices, a large lounge, a ballroom/banquet hall, kitchen, practice hall, and locker-shower room. Under the terms of the lease, they remained as paying tenants until 1949.

According to the National Park Service, "the Fox Theatre closed only 125 weeks after it opened. Members of the Yaarab Temple could not meet their [mortgage payments], and by 1932, William Fox was bankrupt." After the mortgage was foreclosed in December 1932, the entire complex was purchased jointly by Paramount Pictures and Lucas & Jenkins, a Georgia company that owned a hundred theatres.

In 1939, the movie most associated with Atlanta and the South, Gone with the Wind, premiered at the now-demolished Loew's Grand Theatre rather than the Fox. Although GWTW was produced by Selznick International, it was distributed by Loew's Incorporated as part of a deal with rival studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The parade down Peachtree Street for the movie's premier coincidentally started just outside the Fox because the movie's cast was staying across the street at the Georgian Terrace Hotel.

During the 1940s, the Fox acquired strong management and became one of the finest movie theaters in Atlanta. It was also at this time that the Egyptian Ballroom became Atlanta's most popular public dance hall and hosted all the important big bands and country and western swing bands of the era. It was notable at that time for being the only theater in Atlanta allowing both white and black patrons. However, there was a separate black box office, entrance, and seating; the segregation wall in the middle of the second dress seating still remains, and the "colored" box office window stands unused at the back entrance. These are left in place for educational and historical purposes. The theater was integrated in 1962.

During the 1970s, several elements collided to bring about the Fox's decline – white flight, the rise of suburban multiplex theaters, and changes in how films were distributed. In 1974, Southern Bell, the regional arm of AT&T, approached the owners of the theater with an offer to buy and with the intent of tearing it down and building the parking deck for a new headquarters on the site. A group was formed to save the theater and it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in May 1974. The ensuing public outcry and massive campaign, including such entertainers as Liberace and Lynyrd Skynyrd (recording their first live album there and debuting guitarist Ed King's replacement, Steve Gaines, to the world), among other celebrities, resulted in the city refusing to issue a demolition permit. Ultimately, a complicated deal was brokered that prevented the Fox's demolition. The Southern Bell Building (now Tower Square) was built on land adjacent to the theater on the building's west side in conjunction with the construction of the North Avenue MARTA station, with its parking deck built on the north end of the property at the corner of West Peachtree and 3rd streets. The U.S. Department of the Interior subsequently named the Fox a National Historic Landmark on May 26, 1976, citing its architectural uniqueness.

After the Fox was saved from demolition, a lengthy and expensive restoration process began. Much of the original décor had survived and new pieces were created with the help of old photographs. Today, the Fox appears much as it did when it opened, with some additions that were in the original plans but had to be scrapped in the 1920s due to financial constraints. Other changes have been made to bring the building up to current safety codes.

The Fox is now the only remaining movie palace in Atlanta. The Loew's Grand, Martin Cinerama, Georgia Cinerama, Paramount Theater, and the Roxy Theater, all once-famous Atlanta movie palaces, are gone, and others that opened in the 1960s have since been converted to multiplexes. The Fox Theatre, now run under the non-profit Atlanta Landmarks, Inc., hosts a multitude of cultural and artistic events, including the Atlanta Ballet's annual Nutcracker performances, a summer film series, and performances for various national touring companies of Broadway shows. Because of its origins as a movie house, the Fox has a shallow stage by theatrical standards and is unable—without extensive but temporary alterations—to accommodate some of the set pieces required by modern large scale shows such as The Lion King and Miss Saigon.

In June 2006, the theater installed a $130,000 digital cinema video projection system, which debuted with a showing of The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe on June 26, part of the Summer Film Festival. The sing-alongs that precede each feature are still shown by the Brenograph Movie projector which was installed in 1929.

The Egyptian Ballroom and the Grand Salon are rented regularly for corporate and private functions, including banquets, fundraisers, weddings, trade shows and conventions. They are also both popular spots for proms for many area high schools. Notably, Oxford College of Emory University hosts its annual Fall Formal in the Egyptian Ballroom.

Every year since Atlanta Landmarks assumed management in 1975, the Fox has generated an operating surplus. An estimated 750,000 people visit the Fox every year. The venue was the site of Prince's final performance, held one week before his death on April 21, 2016. In May 2017, Aquarium Rescue Unit frontman Col. Bruce Hampton died after collapsing onstage at the Fox during a concert celebrating his 70th birthday.

On February 2, 2019, the Fox hosted the NFL Honors ahead of Super Bowl LIII at Mercedes-Benz Stadium.

Elvis Presley played at the Fox Theatre in 1956, Bruce Springsteen played it in 1976, 1978 and 1996, Bob Marley and the Wailers performed there on December 12, 1979, in support of his Survival Tour and Pearl Jam played there in 1994, and the Rolling Stones in 1981. Georgia musicians the Allman Brothers played at the Fox Theatre in 1980, Ray Charles in 1983, James Brown in 1985, R.E.M. in 1989, the B-52's in 1989 and 2022, the Black Crowes in 1992, Alan Jackson in 1992, Widespread Panic in 1993, Collective Soul in 1996, Jeff Foxworthy in '01, Outkast in 2001, Indigo Girls in '04, Zac Brown Band in 2009 (released on the live album Pass the Jar), Monica in 2010, Mastodon in 2017, Manchester Orchestra in 2018, Drivin' N' Cryin' with Drive-By Truckers in '19, Blackberry Smoke in '19, Travis Tritt in '19, and The Georgia Satellites in 2022.

The Mighty Mo
The Fox features a four manual (or keyboard) 42-rank pipe organ nicknamed the "Mighty Mo". It was custom built for the Fox by M. P. Möller, Inc. in 1929 in Hagerstown, Maryland. With 3,622 pipes, it is the second-largest theater organ in the country, behind the Wurlitzer at Radio City Music Hall in New York City and was the largest theater instrument built by Möller.

As a true theater organ, as opposed to a church organ, Mighty Mo boasts pipes that range in size from 32 feet (nearly 10 meters) tall to the size of a small ballpoint pen, and is designed to imitate the sounds of a full orchestra. Besides the pipes, it also contains a marimba, xylophone, glockenspiel, drums, sleigh bells, a gong, and even a six-foot (1.8m) grand piano (originally from the Kilgen organ in Chicago's Piccadilly Theatre); plus a large variety of silent movie sound effects (such as various car horns, thunder and rain effects, bird whistles, etc.). The organ is remarkable for a theater organ because it also includes 12 ranks of pipes for a church organ, known as the "Ethereal" division. Thus the organ can be played as a church organ as well as a theater organ. It is noteworthy that the Mighty Mo is among the shrinking list of instruments which remain installed in the theaters for which they were designed.

Larry Douglas Embury was the theater's permanent Organist in Residence from 2002 until his death in February 2016. In that capacity he presided over the Mighty Mo in performances during the Fox's summer film festival and the Atlanta Ballet's annual production of The Nutcracker. In September 2002, he hosted "Fox at the Fox," a concert commemorating the twenty-second anniversary of the death of the great concert organist, Virgil Fox. Fox had played a famous series of "Fox at the Fox" concerts on the Mighty Mo at the Fox Theatre in the 1970s.

Private residence
The Fox also contains a 3640 sqft apartment that served as the private residence of Joe Patten, who served as technical director from 1974 to 2004. Patten, who was born in 1927, and died on April 7, 2016, was granted a lifetime rent-free lease to the apartment. Patten first became involved with the Fox when he volunteered to restore the theater's Moller pipe organ. He later was instrumental in the movement to save the Fox from demolition. The apartment occupies space previously used as an office by the Shriners, who had built the Fox as a meeting hall. The apartment's walls are 2 to 3 ft thick, and a passageway leads from the bedroom to a former spotlight platform at the top of the auditorium. A separate entrance provides direct access to the street outside the theater.

Patten's presence is credited with having saved the Fox from a fast-moving fire in April 1996. The pre-dawn blaze, which broke out in the attic wiring, caused $2 million in damage. Damage likely would have been greater if Patten had not been on site to call the fire department, said Alan Thomas, president of Atlanta Landmarks, the nonprofit agency that owns the Fox.

Atlanta Landmarks had no definite plan on how the apartment will be used after Patten's death. "We could use it for dressing space, rehearsal halls," Thomas told the Atlanta Journal-Constitution. "It's unlikely that we'd let anyone else live there."

On August 30, 2010, local news outlets reported a dispute between Patten and the non-profit Atlanta Landmarks which owns the theater. Patten reported that he was being evicted from his apartment by the group which he helped to found. Meanwhile, the Atlanta Landmarks board in a statement to the public indicated their intent to draw a new lease which addressed Patten's health needs. They stated he remained welcome to live in the apartment.

title: Fox Theatre (Atlanta)