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Glossopteris

Glossopteris (etymology: from Ancient Greek γλῶσσα (glôssa, " tongue ") + πτερίς (pterís, " fern ")) is the largest and best-known genus of the extinct Permian order of seed plants known as Glossopteridales (also known as Arberiales, Ottokariales, or Dictyopteridiales). The name Glossopteris refers only to leaves, within the framework of form genera used in paleobotany (for likely reproductive organs, see Glossopteridaceae).

Species of Glossopteris were the dominant trees of the middle to high-latitude lowland vegetation across the supercontinent Gondwana during the Permian Period. Glossopteris fossils were critical in recognizing former connections between the various fragments of Gondwana: South America, Africa, India, Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica.

Description
The leaves of Glossopteris are characterized by their distinctive tongue shape that gives them their name, as well as their reticulate venation. The leaves were either widely spaced on long stems, or were densely helically arranged on short shoots.

Glossopteris bearing plants grew as woody, seed-bearing trees and shrubs. Their trunks had a maximum diameter of 80 cm, with some likely reaching a height of 30 m. They had a softwood interior resembling Araucariaceae conifers.

Seeds were borne on one side of variably branched or fused structures,     and microsporangia containing pollen were borne in clusters at the tips of slender filaments. Both the seed- and pollen-bearing organs were partially fused (adnate) to the leaves, or, in some cases, possibly positioned in the axils of leaves. The homologies of the flattened seed-bearing structures have remained particularly controversial with some arguing that the fertile organs represent megasporophylls (fertile leaves) whereas others have interpreted the structures as flattened, seed-bearing, axillary axes (cladodes). It is unclear whether glossopterids were monoecious or dioecious, the fact that only pollen organ bearing leaves and not ovules were found in some layers suggest that at least some species were the latter.

Distribution
More than 70 fossil species of this genus have been recognized in India alone, with additional species from South America, Australia, Africa, Madagascar and Antarctica. Essentially, Glossopteris was restricted to the middle- and high-latitude parts of Gondwana during the Permian and was an important contributor to the vast Permian coal deposits of the Southern Hemisphere continents. Most northern parts of South America and Africa lack Glossopteris and its associated organs.

However, in recent years a few disparate localities in Morocco, Oman, Anatolia, the western part of the island of New Guinea, Thailand and Laos have yielded fossils that are of possible glossopterid affinity. These peri-gondwanan records commonly occur together with Cathaysian or Euramerican plant species—the assemblages representing a zone of mixing between the strongly provincial floras of the Permian. Apart from those in India and the peri-gondwanan localities, a few other fossils from the Northern Hemisphere have been assigned to this group, but these are not identified with great certainty. For example, specimens assigned to Glossopteris from the far east of Russia in the 1960s are more likely to be misdentifications of other gymnosperms such as Pursongia. Confident assignment of fossil leaves to Glossopteris normally requires their co-preservation with the distinctive segmented roots of this group (called Vertebraria) or with the distinctive fertile organs. In 2018, Glossopteris leaves were reported from mid-Permian (Roadian – early Wordian) deposits in Mongolia, then located at high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, but these fossils were not found in association with other typical glossopterid organs, such as chambered roots or reproductive structures, so the phylogenetic affinities of these leaves remain uncertain.

Chronology
The Glossopteridales arose in the Southern Hemisphere around the beginning of the Permian Period, but became extinct during the end-Permian (Changhsingian) mass extinction. The putative persistence of Glossopteris into younger strata is commonly invoked on the basis of the distribution of dispersed taeniate bisaccate pollen. However, this category of pollen is known to have been produced by various seed plants, and Triassic examples, in the absence of convincing co-preserved Glossopteris leaves, probably belonged to non-glossopterid groups, such as voltzialean conifers. The distribution of Glossopteris across several, now detached, landmasses led Eduard Suess, amongst others, to propose that the southern continents were once amalgamated into a single supercontinent—Pangea. These plants went on to become the dominant elements of the southern flora through the rest of the Permian but disappeared in almost all places at the end of the Permian. The only potential Triassic records are Glossopteris leaves exposed in the banks of the Gopad River near Nidpur, India, but even these records are stratigraphically ambiguous owing to faulting and complex juxtapositioning of Permian and Triassic strata at Nidpur. Moreover, even if some Glossopteris leaves do persist above the end-Permian extinction horizon, this level pre-dates the Permian-Triassic boundary proper in continental settings of Gondwana by several hundred thousand years and there are no convincing examples of Glossopteris in confidently dated Triassic strata. Although most modern palaeobotany textbooks cite the continuation of glossopterids into later parts of the Triassic and, in some cases into the Jurassic, these ranges are erroneous and are based on misidentification of morphologically similar leaves such as Gontriglossa, Sagenopteris, or Mexiglossa. Glossopterids were, thus, one of the major casualties of the end-Permian mass extinction event.

Taxonomy
Long considered a fern after its discovery in the 1820s, it was later assigned to the gymnosperms sensu lato (i.e. Spermatophyta). The genus is in the order Glossopteridales, which is placed in the division Pteridospermatophyta (often informally called "seed ferns"). In reality, many of the plant groups included within this division are only distantly related to one another, and the relationships of Glossopteridales to other seed plant groups is unclear. Some authors have suggested that the Glossopteridales are closely related to flowering plants, though the evidence for such a relationship is weak.

Glossopteris should strictly be used to refer to the distinctive spathulate fossil leaves with reticulate venation, however, the term has also been used to refer to the parent plant as a whole. Leaves of Glossopteris are associated with reproductive structures belonging to the family Dictyopteridiaceae within the Glossopteridales.

The name comes from Ancient Greek γλώσσα ( 'tongue'), because the leaves were tongue-shaped, and πτέρις ( 'fern, feathery').

Paleoecology
They are interpreted to have grown in very wet soil conditions, similar to the modern Bald Cypress. The leaves ranged from about 2 cm to over 30 cm in length.

The profile of glossopterid trees is largely speculative as complete trees have not been preserved. However, based on analogies with modern high-latitude plants, polar-latitude Glossopteris trees have been suggested to have had a tapered, conical profile like that of a Christmas tree and to have been relatively widely spaced to take advantage of the low-angle sunlight at high latitudes, instead of needles, they had large, broad lance- or tongue-shaped leaves commonly with well differentiated palisade and spongy mesophyll layers.

Glossopteris trees are assumed to have been deciduous, as fossil leaves are commonly found as dense accumulations representing autumnal leaf banks. The broad fossilized growth rings in Glossopteris woods from Antarctica, then part of Gondwana, reveal that the plants experienced strong growth spurts each spring-summer but underwent the abrupt cessation of growth before each following winter, a transition that could take as little as a month. The idea that all Glossopteris species are deciduous has been challenged, with an isotopic study finding that Antarctic Glossopteris forests were mixed evergreen-deciduous.

The Glossopteris bearing plants are likely to have primarily been wind pollinated. Seeds borne by Glossopteris bearing plants include the genera Plectilospermum, Choanostoma, Pachtestopsis, Illawarraspermum, Lakkosia, Lonchiphyllum and Homevaleia. Many of these bear wings, and it is likely that at least some of these were wind dispersed. One species Choanostoma verruculosum, may have been adapted to being dispersed by water.

Glossopteris leaves are morphologically simple so there are few characters that can be used to differentiate species. Consequently, many past researchers have considered the Permian Glossopteris flora to be rather homogeneous with the same species distributed throughout the Southern Hemisphere. However, more recent studies of the more morphologically diverse fertile organs have shown that taxa had more restricted regional distributions and several intra-gondwanan floristic provinces are recognizable. Seeds, much too large to be wind-borne, could not have blown across thousands of miles of open sea, nor is it likely they have floated across vast oceans. Observations such as these led the Austrian geologist Eduard Suess to deduce that there had once been a land bridge between these areas. He named this large land mass Gondwanaland (named after the district in India where the plant Glossopteris was found). These same observations would also lend support to Alfred Wegener's Continental drift theory.

The first Antarctic specimens of Glossopteris were discovered by members of Robert Scott's doomed Terra Nova expedition. The expedition members abandoned much of their gear in an effort to reduce their load, but kept 35 pounds of Glossopteris fossils; these were found alongside their bodies.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Glossopteris


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Neander

Neander may refer to:
 * Surname
 * August Neander (1789–1850), a German theologian and church historian
 * Ernst Neumann-Neander (1871–1954), founder of the now defunct Neander motorcycle manufacturer
 * Joachim Neander (1650–1680), Calvinist teacher
 * Michael Neander (1529–1581), professor of medicine at the University of Jena
 * Michael Neander (philologist) (1525–1595), philologist from Sorau, Germany

 * Other uses
 * Neander crater on the Moon.
 * Neander Lake, a lake in Minnesota
 * Neander, character from Essay of Dramatick Poesie

title: Neander


text:
Anti-Masonic

Anti-Masonic may refer to:

 * Anti-Masonry, diverse movement
 * Anti-Masonic Party, active in the US from 1828 to 1838

title: Anti-Masonic


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Global Sunday

Global Sunday was a Canadian news magazine television program which aired Sunday evenings on the Global Television Network. The program was launched in September 2001, with Charles Adler as host. Run separately from the rest of Global's news division, the program often reflected the political views of Global's founder, Israel Asper and the Asper family, and was designed to showcase a Western Canadian perspective on Canadian political affairs.

The program ran a mix of features reporting and interviews, effectively acting as a cross between a newsmagazine and an American-style Sunday talk show, and aired reportage and panel discussions featuring journalists from both Global News and the network's co-owned CanWest News Service network of newspapers.

The program's launch also spurred both of Global's major rival networks, CTV and CBC, to relaunch Sunday public affairs shows. CTV, which had not produced such a program since the cancellation of Mike Duffy's Sunday Edition in 1999, relaunched its earlier show Question Period, while CBC launched CBC News: Sunday.

Hosts and features
As a right-wing voice in Canadian television, the show developed a loyal audience, and was broadcast weekly from studios in Calgary, the cultural hotbed of Canadian conservatism. Adler was simultaneously host of a weekday radio talk show on CJOB in Winnipeg, and commuted to Calgary on weekends to host Global Sunday.

On February 24, 2002, the show staged and broadcast the candidate debates in the inaugural leadership convention of the then-new Canadian Alliance political party, with Adler as moderator.

Adler, who described his hosting style on the program as "a mix of Larry King, Ted Koppel and Vince McMahon", also recorded a weekly series of news commentaries for the network's weekday Global National newscasts concurrently with his stint as host of the program. However, not wishing to continue his schedule of weekly flights to Calgary, Adler resigned after a year. The program was then hosted for the next number of months by a rotating roster of guest hosts, both Global News personalities and outside figures.

In early 2003, Global named a permanent host in Danielle Smith, who at the time was an editorial writer for the Calgary Herald. In 2004, the program introduced "The Final Round", a weekly debate segment featuring Stephen LeDrew and Ezra Levant.

Cancellation
With the launch of Global National ' s weekend edition in February 2005, the program lost its coveted early-evening timeslot. Ratings and resources both dwindled, and the decision was made in August 2005 to cancel Global Sunday. The network replaced it with Global Currents, which aired documentary reports, and merged some other features, including "The Final Round", into the Sunday edition of Global National.

In 2011, Global resumed airing a weekly national public affairs show with The West Block.

title: Global Sunday


text:
Bisbee

Bisbee may refer to:
 * Bisbee, Arizona
 * Bisbee Blue, turquoise from Bisbee, Arizona
 * Bisbee Deportation, the illegal expulsion of 1,300 miners from Bisbee, Arizona (1917)
 * Bisbee Riot, gunfight between black Buffalo Soldiers and local police in Bisbee, Arizona (1919)
 * Bisbee massacre, payroll robbery and murder, followed by hangings, in Bisbee, Arizona (1883)
 * Bisbee, North Dakota
 * Bisbee, Texas
 * Sam Bisbee, American independent film producer and composer

title: Bisbee


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Boas

Boas might refer to:

 * Boidae, snakes
 * Boas' sign, pain below the right shoulder
 * BOAS is an acronym for Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome

People with the surname

 * Abraham Tobias Boas (1844–1923), Australian rabbi
 * André Vilas Boas (born 1983), Portuguese footballer
 * André Villas-Boas (born 1977), Portuguese football manager
 * Antonio Villas Boas (1934–1992), Brazilian alien abduction claimant
 * Benjamin Boas (born 1983), American writer and consultant on Japanese culture
 * Carlos Thorne Boas (born 1923), Peruvian novelist, writer and lawyer
 * Ernst Philip Boas (1891–1955), American physician
 * Franz Boas (1858–1942), German-American anthropologist and linguist
 * Franziska Boas (1902–1988), American choreographer, percussionist, and educator
 * Frederick S. Boas (1862–1957), English drama scholar
 * George Boas (1891–1980), American philosopher
 * Harold Boas (1883–1980), Australian town planner and architect
 * Harold P. Boas (born 1954), American mathematician
 * Ismar Isidor Boas (1858–1938), German gastroenterologist
 * Johan Erik Vesti Boas (1855–1935), Danish zoologist
 * Kléber Boas (born 1975), Brazilian footballer
 * Marie Boas Hall (1919–2009), American historian of science, sister of Ralph, Jr
 * Mary L. Boas (1917–2010) American mathematician and physics teacher
 * Ralph P. Boas, Jr (1912–1992), American mathematician
 * Roger Boas (1921–2017), American politician

title: Boas


text:
Bladensburg

Bladensburg can mean:

Australia

 * Bladensburg National Park, a former pastoral station and homestead in Queensland

United States

 * Bladensburg, Maryland, a town in Prince George's County
 * Bladensburg, Iowa, an unincorporated community in Wapello County
 * Bladensburg, Ohio, an unincorporated community in Knox County

title: Bladensburg


text:
Weathersfield

Weathersfield may refer to:
 * Weathersfield Elementary School - school located in Thousand Oaks, California
 * Weathersfield Township, Trumbull County, Ohio — located in northeastern Ohio, near Youngstown
 * Weathersfield, Vermont — town in Windsor County, Vermont

title: Weathersfield


text:
Wellfleet

Wellfleet may refer to:

 * Geography
 * Wellfleet, Massachusetts, a town in Massachusetts
 * Wellfleet Center Historic District
 * Wellfleet, Nebraska, a town in Nebraska

 * Other
 * Camp Wellfleet, a former United States military training camp in Wellfleet, Massachusetts
 * Wellfleet Communications, a former Internet router company
 * Wellfleet Drive-In Theater, a drive-in cinema in Wellfleet, Massachusetts
 * Wellfleet oyster, a name for the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica)
 * Wellfleet Railroad Station, a former railroad station in Wellfleet, Massachusetts

title: Wellfleet


text:
Balfour

Balfour may refer to:

Earls of Balfour

 * Arthur James Balfour, 1st Earl of Balfour (1848–1930), British Conservative politician, Prime Minister of the UK (1902-1905), who signed the Balfour Declaration
 * Gerald Balfour, 2nd Earl of Balfour (1853–1945), British Conservative politician
 * Robert Balfour, 3rd Earl of Balfour (1902–1968)
 * Gerald Arthur James Balfour, 4th Earl of Balfour (1925–2003)
 * Roderick Balfour, 5th Earl of Balfour (born 1948)

Other people

 * Balfour (surname), a Scottish family name
 * Lord Balfour of Burleigh
 * Baron Balfour of Glenawley
 * Sir Graham Balfour (1858–1929), Victorian statistician and member of Florence Nightingale's inner circle
 * Sir Isaac Bayley Balfour (1853–1922), a Scottish botanist and son of John Hutton Balfour
 * John Hutton Balfour (1808–1884), a Scottish botanist and father of Sir Isaac Bayley Balfour

Canada

 * Balfour, British Columbia (aka Balfour Bay)
 * Rayside-Balfour, Ontario
 * Balfour Building

New Zealand

 * Balfour, New Zealand
 * Balfour River

Scotland

 * Balfour, Aberdeenshire
 * Balfour, Orkney
 * Balfour Castle, Orkney

South Africa

 * Balfour, Eastern Cape
 * Balfour, Mpumalanga

Turks and Caicos Islands

 * Balfour Town, Salt Cay, Turks Islands

United States

 * Balfour, North Dakota
 * Balfour, North Carolina

Other uses

 * Beit Aghion, residence of the Israeli prime minister
 * Gymnasia Balfour
 * HMS Balfour (K464)
 * Balfour v. Balfour, English contract law case
 * Balfour Beatty
 * L.G. Balfour Company

title: Balfour


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Jeptha Wade

Jeptha Homer Wade (August 11, 1811 – August 9, 1890) was an American industrialist, philanthropist, and one of the founding members of Western Union Telegraph. Wade was born in Romulus, New York, the youngest of nine children of Jeptha and Sarah (Allen) Wade. He made the first Daguerreotypes west of New York, was a portrait painter, and moved to Adrian, Michigan, in 1840 before developing an interest in the telegraph.

Biography
In 1847, he was subcontractor for J.J. Speed and constructed a telegraph line from Detroit to Jackson, Michigan, where Wade and his son operated the telegraph office. He also connected Detroit, Michigan, to Buffalo, New York, Cleveland to Cincinnati (Cleveland and Cincinnati Telegraph Company, the Wade Line), and others.

Wade moved to Cleveland, Ohio, in 1856 with his wife and only child, Randall P. Wade (1835–1876). Eventually Randall would supervise the construction of two adjoining mansions with a shared driveway on Cleveland's Euclid Avenue, called Millionaires' Row. His grandson, Jeptha H. Wade II (1811–1890) commissioned the Cleveland firm of Hubbell & Benes to design several residences, commercial and public buildings.

In 1856 Jeptha helped Hiram Sibley consolidate most of the telegraph industry by forming Western Union through a series of acquisitions and mergers. In 1861, Jeptha Wade joined forces with Benjamin Franklin Ficklin and Hiram Sibley to form the Pacific Telegraph Company. The company's formation completed the linkage between the east and west coast of the United States by telegraph. Wade became president of Western Union in 1866. A year later he resigned because of ill-health and sold his interests to Jay Gould, and William Orton succeeded to the presidency of Western Union. Jeptha was nominated by the Democratic Party for Representative of Ohio's 18th congressional district in 1864, but lost. He was an incorporator of the Cleveland Rolling Mill Company and the Citizens Savings and Loan Association (becoming its first president), became president of National Bank of Commerce, and served on the board of directors of eight railroads.

Wade used his vast wealth to benefit the city of Cleveland. In 1882, he donated 63 acre of land east of the city for the purpose of creating Wade Park, which was named in his honor. Wade Park is Cleveland's cultural center surrounded by the Cleveland Museum of Art, the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, the Western Reserve Historical Society and the Cleveland Botanical Garden.

Wade also was heavily involved with the establishment of Hathaway Brown School, a private academy for young girls and women. He also co-founded the Case School of Applied Technology, which later became part of Case Western Reserve University. In addition, Wade served as the first President of the Board of Trustees for Lake View Cemetery on Cleveland's east side.

Personal life
Wade married Rebecca Louiza Facer in 1832, who bore his first son, Randall Palmer Wade, later that year. Rebecca Wade died November 30, 1836, at the age of 24.

He remarried in 1837 to Susan Maranda Fleming, with whom he adopted 4 more children. All are buried in Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland.

Legacy
Wade's grandchildren included Jeptha Homer Wade II (1857–1926), son of Randall Palmer Wade and Anna Rebecca McGaw Wade. He worked in the banking industry, railway business, mining industry, and manufacturing after graduating from Mt. Pleasant Military Academy in Ossining, New York, and Western Reserve University. He owned the USS Wadena (SP-158). He established the family's Mill Pond Plantation in Thomasville, Georgia, in 1906 (later divided by the family to include the Arcadia Plantation). He bequeathed to the Cleveland Museum of Natural History a large gem collection that is now part of the Jeptha Homer Wade II Gallery of Gems and Jewels. Jeptha H. Wade II was also a founder of the Cleveland Museum of Art, which houses two paintings by Jeptha Wade I.

A grandchild of Jeptha Homer Wade II was Jeptha Homer Wade III (December 26, 1924 – August 8, 2008), son of George Garretson and Irene Love Wade, who was a prominent Boston attorney assisting in the formation of the federal Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, and served in the American Field Service beginning in 1944. He graduated from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1946 and Harvard Law School in 1950. He volunteered as an assistant to retired Secretary of the Army John McCloy in the formation of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency under the Kennedy Administration before returning to Choate, Hall & Stewart in 1961. He was an advocate for nuclear arms control, president of the Lawyers Alliance for Nuclear Arms Control (later known as LAWS, Lawyers for World Security). He married Emily Vanderbilt, daughter of William Henry Vanderbilt III, who in 2015 added to the family's land holdings in Thomasville, Georgia, by purchasing roughly 4000 acre of the Greenwood Plantation. The large tract of old-growth forest will be conserved for research on the ecology of longleaf yellow pine forests. Jeptha Wade has many living descendants.

title: Jeptha Wade


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Leader of the Scottish National Party

The leader of the Scottish National Party is the highest position within Scotland's Scottish National Party (SNP). The incumbent is John Swinney, who was elected unopposed in the 2024 leadership election on 6 May 2024, succeeding Humza Yousaf as party leader.

Scotland has had a devolved government since 1999. When the SNP is Scotland's major governing party, as it currently is, its leader has also been the First Minister of Scotland.

History
The post was officially created on 7 April 1934 with the foundation of the SNP. The role was titled Chairman of the Scottish National Party from 1934 until 1969, with the first chairman, Alexander MacEwen, appointed to the office in 1934. In 1969 the title of chairman was replaced with that of National Convener, with William Wolfe the first person elected as National Convener. The post gained its current title of Leader at the SNP spring conference on 24 April 2004.

While Gordon Wilson had the longest uninterrupted spell as leader, lasting just over eleven years from 1979 to 1990, Alex Salmond has been the party's longest-serving leader overall, serving twenty years and two months across two spells as leader.

Other party leadership
Keith Brown is the depute leader of the party; however, he is not the Deputy First Minister of Scotland.

Stephen Flynn is the Leader of the party's House of Commons delegation, with Mhairi Black as deputy leader.

title: Leader of the Scottish National Party


text:
Books to Prisoners

Books to Prisoners is an umbrella term for organizations that mail free reading material to prison inmates.

Background
The first Books to Prisoners projects were founded in the early 1970s. These included Seattle's Books to Prisoners, Boston's Prison Book Program, and the Prison Library Project which was founded in Durham, North Carolina but relocated to Claremont, California in 1986. Since then, dozens of prison book programs have been established, although many have had short life-spans. Currently there are more than fifty similar projects in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. The groups communicate about common issues and solutions through a listserv created in 2006 and have held national and regional conferences, including a 2003 conference in Philadelphia, PA, a 2007 conference in Urbana-Champaign, IL, and a 2019 conference in Boston, MA. In keeping with the anarchist cultural roots of the concept, each group is autonomous though they frequently collaborate on common challenges, especially prison book restrictions and book bans.

Books to Prisoners programs have a diverse range of political affiliations. Many groups identify as anarchist or abolitionist. Others are nonpolitical and simply promote education and literacy. Some group serve specific populations and focus on gender, sexuality, or race.

Books to prisoners programs generally accept donations of books from publishers, bookstores, and individuals. During the COVID-19 pandemic, when processing donated books was impractical, many groups launched wish lists at independent bookstores where supporters could buy in-demand books which were later sent to prisoners. Each project solicits book requests from incarcerated people, usually by genre or by naming a preferred author. Often-requested materials include dictionaries, how-to books, educational books, and historical works, especially those focusing on African-American, Latino, and Native American history. Project volunteers or workers fill the requests by sending a few books taken from the project's library. There is no cost to book recipients.

Generally, volunteers answer letters, mail packages, and complete administrative work. Many of the projects are affiliated with a local independent bookstore in their home city, which provides a drop-off location for donations and sometimes a small supply of books as well.

Prison book groups continuously struggle to fulfill their mission in the face of prison book bans, which constitute the largest area of book censorship in the United States. In 2018, Mississippi-based prison book group Big House Books sued the Mississippi Department of Corrections over an all-encompassing ban on non-religious books; the lawsuit was dropped after the Department of Corrections agreed to allow Big House Books to continue sending free books to Mississippi prisons. Also in 2018, the state of New York issued Directive 4911A in an attempt to restrict the books available to prisoners at three of its prisons; after public outcry and media attention, garnered in part through the efforts of New York City-based prison book group Books Through Bars, the directive was rescinded. In 2019, the Washington Department of Corrections banned the shipment of used books directly to prisoners. After facing public criticism and pushback from Seattle Books to Prisoners, the Washington DOC partially backed down and allowed shipments from four BTP programs to continue.

title: Books to Prisoners


text:
Fox 8

Fox 8 may refer to:

Current

 * KJUD-DT3, a digital subchannel of KJUD in Juneau, Alaska
 * WAGM-DT2, a digital subchannel of WAGM-TV in Presque Isle, Maine
 * WCHS-DT2, a digital subchannel of WCHS-TV in Charleston, West Virginia
 * WGHP in High Point, North Carolina
 * WJW in Cleveland, Ohio
 * WLIO-DT2, a digital subchannel of WLIO in Lima, Ohio
 * WVUE-DT in New Orleans, Louisiana
 * WWCP-TV in Johnstown, Pennsylvania

Former

 * WFXI, Morehead City, North Carolina (1989-2017)

Other uses

 * Fox8, a general entertainment channel in Australia owned by Foxtel Management Pty Ltd
 * Veronica TV, a Dutch television channel formerly known as Fox 8 when it was owned by News Corporation
 * A 2013 short story written by George Saunders

title: Fox 8


text:
Appeal procedure before the European Patent Office

The European Patent Convention (EPC), the multilateral treaty instituting the legal system according to which European patents are granted, contains provisions allowing a party to appeal a decision issued by a first instance department of the European Patent Office (EPO). For instance, a decision of an Examining Division refusing to grant a European patent application may be appealed by the applicant. The appeal procedure before the European Patent Office is under the responsibility of its Boards of Appeal, which are institutionally independent within the EPO.

Overview
Decisions of the first instance departments of the European Patent Office (EPO) can be appealed, i.e. challenged, before the Boards of Appeal of the EPO, in a judicial procedure (proper to an administrative court), as opposed to an administrative procedure. These boards act as the final instances in the granting and opposition procedures before the EPO. The Boards of Appeal have been recognised as courts, or tribunals, of an international organisation, the EPO.

The Boards of Appeal of the EPO, including the Enlarged Board of Appeal, were until 2017 based at the headquarters of the EPO in Munich, Germany. In October 2017, the Boards of Appeal moved to Haar, a municipality located 12 km east of Munich's city centre. In contrast to the Boards of Appeal, the Examining Divisions and Opposition Divisions, i.e. the first instance departments carrying the examination of patent applications and of oppositions to granted European patents, are not all based in a single location; those may be in Munich, in Rijswijk (a suburb of The Hague, Netherlands), or in Berlin, Germany.

Enlarged Board of Appeal
In addition to the Boards of Appeal (i.e., the Technical Boards of Appeal and the Legal Board of Appeal), the European Patent Office also has an "Enlarged Board of Appeal" (sometimes abbreviated "EBoA" or "EBA"). The Enlarged Board of Appeal does not constitute an additional level of jurisdiction in the classical sense. It is fundamentally a legal instance in charge of deciding on points of law, and has the four following functions.

The first two functions of the Enlarged Board of Appeal are to make decisions or to issue opinions when the case law of the Boards of Appeal becomes inconsistent or when an important point of law arises, either upon a referral from a Board of Appeal (first function of the Enlarged Board of Appeal), in which case the Enlarged Board issues a decision, or upon a referral from the President of the EPO (second function of the Enlarged Board of Appeal), in which case the Enlarged Board issues an opinion. Its purpose is to ensure uniform application of the European Patent Convention and to clarify or interpret important points of law in relation to the European Patent Convention. When fulfilling these two functions, the Enlarged Board of Appeal is composed of seven members, five legally qualified members and two technical members. The referral of a question of law by a Board of Appeal to the Enlarged Board of Appeal is fairly similar to a referral by a national court to the European Court of Justice.

The third function of the Enlarged Board of Appeal is to examine petitions for review of decisions of the Boards of Appeal. The third function is relatively recent. It is indeed only since December 2007 and the entry into force of the EPC 2000, the revised European Patent Convention, that a petition for review of a decision of a Board may be filed, albeit on limited grounds.

The fourth function is to propose the removal from office of a member of the boards of appeal. Under Article 23(1) EPC, a member of the Enlarged Board or of a Board of Appeal may not be removed from office during the five-year term of appointment, other than on serious grounds and if the "Administrative Council, on a proposal from the Enlarged Board of Appeal, takes a decision to this effect." The Enlarged Board has been requested on three occasions to propose the removal from office of the same Board member, but did so in none of these cases.

Organisational structure, and supervision
The Boards of Appeal, the Enlarged Board of Appeal, as well as their registries and support services, form a separate unit within the European Patent Office, the so-called "Boards of Appeal Unit". It is directed by the President of the Boards of Appeal, a position held as of 2018 by former Swedish Judge Carl Josefsson. The President of the Boards of Appeal is also the chairperson of the Enlarged Board of Appeal. The "Presidium of the Boards of Appeal" is the autonomous authority within the Boards of Appeal Unit, and consists of the President of the Boards of Appeal and twelve members of the Boards of Appeal, elected by their peers.

Furthermore, a "Boards of Appeal Committee" has been set up by the Administrative Council of the European Patent Organisation to adopt the Rules of Procedure of the Boards of Appeal (and of the Enlarged Board of Appeal), and to assist the Administrative Council in supervising the Boards of Appeal. The Boards of Appeal Committee consists of six members, three of whom are members of the Administrative Council itself (i.e. representatives of the Contracting States within the meaning of ) and the remaining three are "serving or former judges of international or European courts or of national courts of the Contracting States".

The current organisational and managerial structure of the Boards of Appeal resulted from a reform undertaken by the Administrative Council as a reaction to Enlarged Board of Appeal decision R 19/12 of 25 April 2014. The reform was undertaken by the Administrative Council "within the existing framework of the European Patent Convention, without requiring its revision."

Procedure
An appeal may be filed against a decision of a first instance department of the EPO, i.e. a decision of the Receiving Section, of an Examining Division, of an Opposition Division or of the Legal Division. The Boards of Appeal are not competent, however, to review decisions taken by the EPO acting as international authority under the Patent Cooperation Treaty. Most appeals are filed (i.e., lodged) against decisions of Examining Divisions and Opposition Divisions, with a relatively small number of cases being appeals against decisions of the Receiving Section and Legal Division. An appeal has a suspensive effect, which means that, for example, "[i]n the case of a refusal of an application, the filing of an appeal will have the effect of suspending the effect of the order refusing the application". The provisions applicable to the first instance proceedings from which the appeal derives also apply during appeal proceedings, "[u]nless otherwise provided."

Possible interlocutory revision in ex parte proceedings
If an appeal is lodged against a decision in ex parte proceedings (i.e., proceedings where the appellant is not opposed to another party) and if the first instance department that took the decision regards the appeal to be admissible and well founded, it has to rectify its decision. This is called an "interlocutory revision", which is said to be a rather unusual procedure within the EPO. Nonetheless, this is a very useful procedure, for procedural expediency and economy, for example if amendments are filed with the appeal, which clearly overcome the objections in the first instance decision. If the appeal is not allowed by the first instance department within three months of receipt of the statement of grounds, the first instance department has to transfer the case to the Board of Appeal without delay, and without comment as to its merit.

In the event of an interlocutory revision, the appeal fee is reimbursed in full "if such reimbursement is equitable by reason of a substantial procedural violation". Whether the appeal fee is to be reimbursed in the event of an interlocutory revision must be examined "regardless of whether or not the appellant has actually submitted" a request for reimbursement of the appeal fee. If the first instance department decides to grant the interlocutory revision but not a request of the appellant for reimbursement of the appeal fee, the first instance department has to remit "the request of the appellant for reimbursement of the appeal fee to a board of appeal". In other words, in such a case, the first instance department "is not competent to refuse a request of the appellant for reimbursement of the appeal fee." Instead, a Board is competent to decide on the request.

Examination of the admissibility of the appeal
For an appeal to be admissible, amongst other requirements, notice of appeal must be filed at the EPO within two months of notification of the contested decision, and the fee for appeal must be paid. In addition, within four months of notification of the decision, a statement setting out the grounds of appeal (i.e., the appeal grounds) must be filed, which shall contain the appellant's complete case. The appellant must also be adversely affected by the appealed decision. A party is only adversely affected by an appealed decision if the order of the appealed decision does not comply with its request (i.e., what the party requested during the first instance proceedings). For instance, when "the order of the decision of the opposition division is the revocation of the patent, an opponent who requested revocation of the patent in its entirety is not "adversely affected by" said decision... irrespective of the reasons given in the decision."

The admissibility of an appeal may be assessed at every stage of the appeal proceedings. Furthermore, the requirements for admissibility must not only be satisfied when lodging the appeal, they must be sustained throughout the duration of the appeal proceedings.

Examination of the merits of the appeal
If the appeal is found to be admissible, the Board of Appeal examines whether the appeal is allowable, i.e. the Board addresses the merits of the case. When doing so, "the boards have competence to review appealed decisions in full, including points of law and fact".

In that context, if the first instance department exercised its discretion (pursuant to ) to admit facts or evidence which were not submitted in due time by a party, the Board "should only overrule such a decision, if it concludes that the department that took it applied the wrong principles, took no account of the right principles, or exercised its discretion in an unreasonable way, thus exceeding the proper limits of its discretion".

Optional remittal
After examining the allowability of an appeal, a Board has the discretion to either "exercise any power within the competence of the department which was responsible for the decision appealed" (correction of a decision) or "remit the case to that department for further prosecution" (cassation of a decision). When a board remits a case to the first instance, it does so notably to give the parties the possibility of defending their case before two instances, i.e. at two levels of jurisdiction, although there is no absolute right to have an issue decided upon by two instances. The boards generally take into account as well the need for procedural efficiency when deciding whether to remit a case to the first instance and "the general interest that proceedings are brought to a close within an appropriate period of time".

Accelerated processing
Appeal proceedings conducted at the EPO may be accelerated "by giving a case priority over others". A party to the proceedings may request accelerated processing of the appeal proceedings. The request must be reasoned. The Board has the discretion to grant or refuse the request. Courts, competent authorities of the contracting states, and the Unified Patent Court (UPC) may also request acceleration of proceedings relating to a specific patent, without providing a specific reason. The Board may also decide to accelerate the proceedings of its own motion.

Oral proceedings
During appeal proceedings, oral proceedings may take place at the request of the EPO or at the request of any party to the proceedings, i.e. the applicant (who is, in pre-grant appeal, the appellant), or the patentee or an opponent (who are, in opposition appeal, appellant and/or respondent). The oral proceedings in appeal are held in Haar or Munich, and are public unless very particular circumstances apply. This contrasts with oral proceedings held before an Examining Division, which are not public. The list of public oral proceedings in appeal is available on the EPO web site. The right to oral proceedings is a specific and codified part of the procedural right to be heard. Oral proceedings may also be held by videoconference.

To prepare the oral proceedings, the Board shall "issue a communication drawing attention to matters that seem to be of particular significance for the decision to be taken". Together with such a communication, "[t]he Board may also provide a preliminary opinion" on the merits of the case. A decision may be, and often is, announced at the end of the oral proceedings, since the purpose of oral proceedings is to come to a conclusion on a case.

Substantial procedural violation and reimbursement of the appeal fee
The EPC provides that, if the Board of Appeal finds out that a substantial procedural violation took place during the first instance proceedings and if the Board considers the appeal to be allowable, the appeal fee shall be reimbursed if such reimbursement is equitable.

A substantial procedural violation may for instance occur during the first instance proceedings if the right of the parties to be heard were violated or if the first instance decision was not properly reasoned. To be properly reasoned, "a decision must contain, in logical sequence, those arguments which justify its order" "so as to enable the parties and, in case of an appeal, the board of appeal to examine whether the decision was justified or not".

More generally, a substantial procedural violation is "an objective deficiency affecting the entire proceedings". The expression "substantial procedural violation" is to be understood, in principle, as meaning "that the rules of procedure have not been applied in the manner prescribed by the [European Patent] Convention."

Full or partial reimbursement of the appeal fee upon withdrawal of the appeal
The appeal fee is reimbursed in full "if the appeal is withdrawn before the filing of the statement of grounds of appeal and before the period for filing that statement has expired." Besides, the appeal fee is partially reimbursed, at a rate of 75%, 50%, or 25%, if the appeal is withdrawn at certain stages of the appeal proceedings. The withdrawal of an appeal must be explicit and unambiguous.

Binding character of decisions
The legal system established under the EPC differs from a common law legal system in that "[it] does not treat (...) established jurisprudence as binding." Under the EPC, there is no principle of binding case law. That is, the binding effect of board of appeal decisions is extremely limited.

A decision of a Board of Appeal is only binding on to the department whose decision was appealed, insofar as the facts are the same (if the case is remitted to the first instance of course). However, "[if] the decision which was appealed emanated from the Receiving Section, the Examining Division shall similarly be bound by the ratio decidendi of the Board of Appeal." However, if "a Board consider[s] it necessary to deviate from an interpretation or explanation of the [EPC] given in an earlier decision of any Board, the grounds for this deviation shall be given, unless such grounds are in accordance with an earlier decision or opinion of the Enlarged Board of Appeal (...)."

A decision of the Enlarged Board of Appeal (pursuant to ) is only binding on the Board of Appeal in respect of the appeal in question, i.e. on the Board of Appeal that referred the question to the Enlarged Board of Appeal. Furthermore, in the event that a Board considers it necessary to deviate from an opinion or decision of the Enlarged Board of Appeal, a question must be referred to the Enlarged Board of Appeal.

Outside the European Patent Office, the decisions of the Boards of Appeal are not strictly binding on national courts, but they certainly have a persuasive authority.

Correction of a Board's decision under Rule 140 EPC
Under, "only linguistic errors, errors of transcription and obvious mistakes may be corrected" in decisions of the EPO. This possibility to correct a decision is also available for decisions of the EPO Boards of Appeal.

Independence of the members of the Boards of Appeal
The members of the Boards of Appeal and of the Enlarged Board of Appeal are appointed by the Administrative Council of the European Patent Organisation on a proposal from the President of the European Patent Office. Moreover, during their five-year term, the Board members may only be removed from office under exceptional circumstances.

According to Sir Robin Jacob, the members of the Boards of Appeal are "judges in all but name". They are only bound by the European Patent Convention. They are not bound by any instructions, such as the "Guidelines for Examination in the European Patent Office". They have a duty of independence.

However, since "the [appeal] boards' administrative and organisational attachment to the EPO which is an administrative authority obscures their judicial nature and is not fully commensurate with their function as a judicial body", there have been calls for creating, within the European Patent Organisation, a third judicial body alongside the Administrative Council and the European Patent Office. This third judicial body would replace the present Boards of Appeal and could be called the "Court of Appeals of the European Patent Organisation" or the "European Court of Patent Appeals". This third body would have its own budget, would have its seat in Munich, Germany and would be supervised "without prejudice to its judicial independence" by the Administrative Council of the EPO. The EPO has also proposed that the members of the Boards of Appeal should be appointed for lifetime, "with grounds for termination exhaustively regulated in the EPC". These changes would however need to be approved by a new Diplomatic Conference.

According to some experts, the calls to improve the institutional independence of the Boards of Appeal have not received so far the appropriate consideration by the Administrative Council of the European Patent Organisation. Echoing these concerns, the Enlarged Board of Appeal in its decision R 19/12 regarded an objection of partiality against the Vice-President DG3 (Directorate-General Appeals) as justified on the grounds that he was acting both as chairman of the Enlarged Board of Appeal and as a member of the Management Committee of the EPO. The decision shows the persistent disquietude caused by the integration of the Boards of Appeal into the European Patent Office. This question, namely the question of the independence of the Boards of Appeal, was also raised by Spain "against the Regulations on the unitary patent" in cases C-146/13 and C-147/13.

Case references
Each decision of the Boards of Appeal and the Enlarged Board of Appeal, as well as each opinion of the Enlarged Board of Appeal, has an alphanumeric reference, such as decision T 285/93. The first letter (or the text "Art 23") of the reference indicates the type of board which took the decision: The number before the oblique is the serial number, allocated by chronological order of receipt at the DG3, the Directorate General 3 (Appeals) of the European Patent Office. The last two digits give the year of receipt of the appeal in DG3. The letter "V" is sometimes used to refer to a decision of an Examining or Opposition Division.
 * G – Enlarged Board of Appeal (decisions and opinions under )
 * R – Enlarged Board of Appeal (petitions for review under )
 * T – Technical Board of Appeal
 * J – Legal Board of Appeal
 * D – Disciplinary Board of Appeal
 * W – Decision concerning PCT reserves under or
 * Art. 23 – Enlarged Board of Appeal (proposals to the Administrative Council under for removal from office of a member of the Boards of Appeal)

In addition to their alphanumeric reference, decisions are sometimes referred to and identified by their date to distinguish between decisions regarding the same case issued at a different date (e.g. T 843/91 of 17 March 1993 and T 843/91 of 5 August 1993, T 59/87 of 26 April 1988  and T 59/87 of 14 August 1990  or T 261/88 of 28 March 1991  and T 261/88 of 16 February 1993 ).


text:
Bypass surgery

Bypass surgery refers to a class of surgery involving rerouting a tubular body part.

Types include:
 * Vascular bypass surgery such as coronary artery bypass surgery, a heart operation, in which the internal thoracic artery and great saphanous vein are used to bypass the coronary artery.
 * Cardiopulmonary bypass, a technique used in coronary artery bypass surgery
 * In on-pump bypass surgery, a heart-lung machine is used; in off-pump bypass surgery, the surgeon stabilizies the heart without use of the machine.
 * Weight loss or Bariatric surgery:
 * Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery or "stomach stapling", the upper part of the stomach is permanently stapled to create a smaller pouch
 * Adjustable gastric band or "lap band", a band creates a pocket in the stomach that can be adjusted with a port placed just under the skin
 * Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery, the small intestine is connected to the upper part of the stomach
 * Partial ileal bypass surgery, shortening the final portion of the small intestine
 * Popliteal bypass surgery, to treat diseased leg arteries above or below the knee
 * Jejunojejunostomy, surgery that connects two portions of small intestine and is no longer used
 * Ileojejunal bypass, surgery that connects the middle and final portions of the small intestine that was experimental and is no longer used.

title: Bypass surgery


text:
Cortina

Cortina may refer to:

Things

 * Cortina (tango), a short piece of music played during a tango dance event
 * Ford Cortina, a medium-sized family car built by Ford of Britain from 1962 to 1982
 * Lotus Cortina, a 1963–1968 performance variant on the above
 * Cortina (mycology), a cobweb-like partial veil on certain types of mushroom (which gives name to the genus Cortinarius)
 * MV Cortina, a Panamanian passenger ship in service 1996-97

Places

 * Cortina d'Ampezzo, a town in the province of Belluno, northern Italy
 * Cortina sulla strada del vino, Italian name of Kurtinig an der Weinstraße, a town in South Tyrol, northern Italy
 * Cortina Elementary School, in Queen Creek, Arizona
 * Cortina Indian Rancheria, California, a Native American reservation in Colusa county, California

People

 * Adela Cortina, Spanish philosopher
 * Alfonso Cortina (1944–2020), Spanish businessman
 * Jon Cortina (1934–2005), Spanish Jesuit priest
 * Juan Cortina (1824–1894), Mexican rancher, politician, military leader, outlaw and folk hero
 * Cortina Troubles (1859-1861), in which paramilitary forces led by Juan Cortina engaged various regular and militia forces

Companies

 * Cortina, a bicycle brand of a Dutch bicycle wholesaler Kruitbosch B.V. from Zwolle
 * Cortina Cycles, a defunct US manufacturer of mountain bike frames based in Santa Barbara, California
 * Cortina Systems, a fabless semiconductor company headquartered in Sunnyvale, California
 * Cortina Watch, a Singapore-based luxury watch retailer

title: Cortina


text:
Fountain Valley

Fountain Valley or Fountains Valley may refer to:

 * Fountain Valley (British Columbia), Canada, a valley and rural community
 * Fountain Valley, California, U.S., a suburban city
 * Fountain Valley High School
 * Fountain Valley, Wisconsin, U.S., an unincorporated community
 * Fountains Valley, Pretoria, a recreational resort in South Africa

title: Fountain Valley


text:
Charlotte Amalie

Charlotte Amalie may refer to:

 * Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) (1650–1714), queen-consort of Denmark and Norway
 * Princess Charlotte Amalie of Denmark (1706–1782), Danish princess, daughter of King Frederick IV
 * Charlotte Amalie, U.S. Virgin Islands, the capital city, which was named after the queen-consort
 * Charlotte Amalie High School, a high school in the aforementioned city

title: Charlotte Amalie


text:
Talk:Eutheism, dystheism, and maltheism

This article is the result of merging several articles, Dystheism, Eutheism and dystheism, and Maltheism. Refer to those articles for the histories and related Talk. In particular, see Talk:Maltheism for most of the discussion before Dec 21, 2004. --BM 21:50, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

It seems to me that one component of dystheism we are missing is the idea of a fallible God. When George Burns observes he made the pit of the avocado "too big," he suggests God may be learning. I do not have any sources, but my understanding from talking with some Kabbalists is that are a number of forms of Judaism, some quite old, that purport that God, while omnipotent in human terms, is fallible and capable of learning.

Maltheism, since it means, essentially, "Evil god," is essentially Satanism (Satan= adversary/accuser). I can see why the term is dystheism is preferred, since the Greeks, for instance, did not see their gods as actively evil, just dangerous. Being divine, they were good, or at least beyond human moral judgment. Maltheism would be inaccurate to describe Gods who were merely many and fractious.

Impartial to dystheism?
This majority of this article seems to discuss dystheism. Perhapseutheism should be made an article and this could be its counterpart. Regarding the previous person's comment, I do not believe that dystheism is the same as lacking omniscience. -Moogle from 128.187.0.164 04:25, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Moogle, this is Craig. I did a lot of the rewriting of this article per DAB's request. I found that eutheism/dystheism is a dialectic, it's hard to talk about one without talking about the other, without citing things in terms of the other. This would make any two articles on the separate subjects of eutheism and dystheism either very disjointed or full of replications. Hence, the current structure.

Dystheism is the focus of this article because the bulk of the discourse about most religion and virtually all monotheistic religion is eutheistic by default. In fact, the reason why talking about dystheism as an alternative to eutheism is important is precisely because it is presumptive to assume that all belief in God is eutheistic by default, and one would think that an online encyclopedia ought to shatter naive assumptions by providing such knowledge coherently.

It's been argued here both ways—Detractors have said that maltheism shouldn't be talked about because it's a "made-up word," but then when an academically blessed word is offered, it's argued that Maltheism just isn't a "real" movement because it has no church, no organization, it "only" exists online, etc. By this logic, any idea shared by people for which there is no "blessed" academically defined name and no formal organization is not worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia, even if people come forward that share this idea and even if a word is used by them to describe themselves! That's like saying the first advocates of "extreme programming" or "design patterns", or other at one-time new computer software related notions would have been deemed unworthy of an article here if no one had already written a best-selling book on the subjects. To me, this hardly seems the way to grow an online encyclopedia, by shortcircuiting innovation and expansion of ideas.

Craig zimmerman 03:12, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Satanism/Maltheism differences
What are the differences between Satanism and Maltheism? I think that would be an important point to make, if only because of the stigma of Satanism.

---

I think the main difference, as indicated by the article, is that a Maltheist doesn't celebrate or even necessarily believe in "the devil". The Emmanuel Goldstein analogy is a good one, imho. I also disagree on the point made above regarding the term "maltheism" necessarily being connected to Satanism (and let's not get into Levay, I mean the actual devil worshipping kind).

A malicious and deceptive monotheistic God that is to be loathed is a very different concept from a rebellious angel/minor-god that rebels against the "#1 God", starts his own kingdom and is to be celebrated for it. There is quite a lot that seperates these two worldviews.

 * Whoever wrote this description, I compliment you on your insight. This is the very difference between Maltheism and Satanism in a nutshell. It is not a matter of dissociating ourselves from any stigma associated with Satanism by God worshippers—hell, you think telling people you believe that the God most people worship is evil helps us avoid that sort of stigma? I am frankly disturbed by those who want to lump together all people who don't share their positive opinion of God into one basket, simply for their convenience. Your comments make the distinction clear, and demonstrate that the two are not the same merely because some people would prefer to believe that this is so. -Craig zimmerman 03:19, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

maltheists believe
this article still has the same old problem: It says "Maltheists believe", "Maltheists do", etc., but there is no written source, publication, organization or anything at all that authoritatively speaks for the "maltheists" of this world. So apart from the self-evident "maltheists believe that God is evil, or not wholly good", all these statements are not verifiable in any meaningful sense. dab (ᛏ) 12:01, 14 May 2005 (UTC)

We have Euthyphro dilemma and Theodicy, where the points at hand are discussed with encyclopedic relevance. This article still has no solid references. "eutheism" and "dystheism" are terms that theologists can coin repeatedly when treating the above topics. "maltheism" is "eutheism" coined by somebody without any knowledge of Greek. "Maltheism" is a blog. Any attempt to make it sound otherwise will have to provide references, sorry. It is also not permissible to upload a personal essay to Wikipedia after simply changing every sentence to begin with "Maltheists believe/think/point out". I am sorry, but that't just not what Wikipedia is aiming at. dab (ᛏ) 12:20, 14 May 2005 (UTC)

Maltheists don't have any real organization besides the group at beliefnet because they aren't a movement and they don't aim to be a movement (I suppose it could also be oppression/suppression, the person that first started writing about Maltheism was killed in an 'accident'). According to them, going around 'converting' others to Malthetism would be sinking to the level of those that worship God.

I do understand that from your point of view, the article in Maltheism is "a personal essay", but it's more that just that. It's a set of beliefs that a group, no matter how small, has subscribed to. What next? Should we erase everything regarding Jews/Muslims/Christians/Buddhists because they don't have a single consolidated oraganization?--Morzas Merix 01:54, May 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you Morzas. As I mentioned before, I have to wonder what would it take to "legitimize" Maltheism in an adequate way? The fact that people use the term, that people believe this way, doesn't seem to be enough. Do we have to be "blessed" by an academic authority, apparently, before inclusion is warranted? Do we have to build a church that God worshippers would firebomb? These criteria would seem to make entries for many groups unworthy of entry here (as I've already suggested, the Marranos for one). -Craig zimmerman 03:25, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I do in fact agree with the majority of the article, but the term maltheism is only barely ever used. In fact, I would be very interested to know how many people actually do believe that a God exists that is evil, instead of using it as hypothetical viewpoint to defend antitheistic similarities of secularism, atheism and agnosticism. I do believe that the bulk of this article makes perfect sense in the antitheism article, with a reference to a smaller maltheism article. The majority of references in the article refer to sources who claim to be atheist and use maltheism in a hypothetical sense. This article should reflect that. In no way do I want to harm the term: I think it is a completely useful and valid description of people who believe in God, and God being evil. Preserving that meaning should absolutely prevail. Precisely its value as hypothetical viewpoint in religious discussions makes maltheism legitimate. Robert John Kaper 21:32, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

DAB: "Robert Koons' certainly isn't the first elaboration, who said that?"

Actually, I think you did. :-) You were the one who found Koons' essay, as I recall, and said it was the only formal academic reference you could find on the topic. If it's the only one, it would also be the first. Again, between you and me, I think it is vain to presume that Koons was the first or the only, but thus far his essay represented the only "legitimate" academic data point, if that is to be considered the sole indicator of significance. -Craig zimmerman 03:59, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Atheism is not a belief system
While I understand many Christians like to group atheists with God-haters, atheism is rather badly out of place when categorised as a dystheistic belief system. I'm not disagreeing many atheists today tend to think eutheistic views do not make logically much sense if one reads the Bible as it is (see the Skeptic's Annotated Bible for examples), but atheism itself is neither dystheistic, a belief nor a system. --Lakefall 21:38, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

on the adam and eve part. Adam and Eve did die, according to the bible. so it wouldnt have been a lie.

copied to Talk:Eutheism_and_dystheism Craig zimmerman

title: Talk:Eutheism, dystheism, and maltheism


text: User talk:68.69.218.12

title: User talk:68.69.218.12


text:
Chicopee

Chicopee may refer to:

Place names
In the United States:
 * Chicopee, Georgia, a village that is part of the city of Gainesville.
 * Chicopee, Kansas
 * Chicopee, Massachusetts
 * Chicopee River, Massachusetts
 * Chicopee Valley Aqueduct
 * Chicopee Falls Dam
 * Chicopee, Missouri

Vessels

 * USS Chicopee (1863), a Civil War era vessel
 * Chicopee class oiler, a modern class of vessels
 * USS Chicopee (AO-34)
 * Chicopee (brig), built in Medford, MA, 1845

Other uses

 * Chicopee Ski Club, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada

title: Chicopee


text:
Cloppenburg

Cloppenburg (Cloppenborg; Kloppenbuurich ) is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany, capital of Cloppenburg District and part of Oldenburg Münsterland. It lies 38 km south-south-west of Oldenburg in the Weser-Ems region between Bremen and the Dutch border. Cloppenburg is not far from the A1, the major motorway connecting the Ruhr area to Bremen and Hamburg. Another major road is the federal highway B213 being the shortest link from the Netherlands to the A1 and thus to Bremen and Hamburg.

The town had strong cultural links with St Munchins Parish in Limerick, Ireland from the 1970s to the 1990s. During this period many groups of teens/young adults from both areas visited and were hosted by families from the other area.

Economy
The town is a centre for the largely agricultural region of southern Oldenburg. It is the administrative centre of the district and there are many schools.

However, there is also some industry in town: e.g. Lumberg, (connector systems) and Derby Cycle (bikes).

Tourism
One of Cloppenburg's main tourist attractions is the Cloppenburg Museum Village, a collection of old buildings from the region that were dismantled and reassembled in the museum.

Sport
MSC Cloppenburg are a German motorcycle speedway team who race at the MSC Arena Cloppenburg on Boschstraße.

Twin town
Cloppenburg is twinned with:
 * 🇫🇷 Bernay, France

Mayors

 * Ignatz Feigel (1855–1922)
 * Bernhard Heukamp (1884–1946)
 * Georg Wessling (1889–1974)
 * Wolfgang Wiese (2014–2021)
 * Neidhard Varnhorn (2021–incumbent)

Notable people

 * Fanny Moran-Olden (1855–1905), opera singer (soprano)
 * Georg Wessling, (DE Wiki) (1889–1974), mayor of Cloppenburg and member of parliament
 * Werner Baumbach (1916–1953), bomber pilot in World War II
 * Jupp Derwall (1927–2007), football player and coach, played over 275 games
 * Manfred Zapatka (born 1942), actor, graduated from the Clemens-August-Gymnasium Cloppenburg in 1962
 * Günter Dreyer (1943–2019), an Egyptologist at the German Archaeological Institute.
 * Heinrich Timmerevers (born 1952), prelate, the 50th Bishop of Dresden-Meissen since 2016.
 * Laurenz Berges (born 1966), photographer, work focuses on transience
 * Lena Gercke (born 1988), model, grew up locally
 * Bernd Gerdes (born 1989), footballer, played 350 games

title: Cloppenburg


text:
Clerk of the Privy Council

Clerk of the Privy Council can refer to:
 * Clerk of the Privy Council (Canada)
 * Clerk of the Privy Council (United Kingdom)

title: Clerk of the Privy Council


text:
Clyde Hill

Clyde Hill may refer to:
 * Clyde Hill, Washington
 * Clyde Hill (footballer) (1895–1965), Australian rules footballer

title: Clyde Hill


text:
Moose River

Moose River may refer to:

Canada

 * Moose River (British Columbia)
 * Moose River (Nova Scotia), site of the Moose River Gold Mines, Nova Scotia
 * Moose River (Ontario)
 * Moose River (Québec)

United States

 * Moose River (Maine)
 * Moose River (Namakan Lake), Minnesota
 * Moose River (Nina Moose River), Minnesota
 * Moose River (Thief Lake), Minnesota
 * Moose River (Willow River), Minnesota
 * Moose River (New Hampshire)
 * Moose River (New York)
 * Moose River (Vermont)
 * Moose River (Alaska), tributary of the Kenai River
 * Moose River Site, an archeological site at the confluence of the Moose and Kenai rivers

Places

 * Moose River, Maine, United States

title: Moose River


text:
Street team

A street team is a term used in marketing to describe a group of people who 'hit the streets' promoting an event or a product. 'Street Teams' are promotional tools that have been adopted industry-wide as a standard line item in marketing budgets by entertainment companies, record labels, the tech industry, corporate brand marketers, new media companies and direct marketers worldwide. The music industry is now seeing a boom in the use of large street teams to reach out to fans and improve sales among the fewer, harder-to-reach fans internationally.

History
The now ubiquitous "street team" model was originally developed by urban record labels, such as: Loud Records, Jive, Bad Boy Records, Roc-A-Fella Records, Priority Records, and Ruthless Records. Rap labels found it affordable and highly effective bridge to their target audience that did not require the traditional outlets found in print, radio, television mediums and elusive large scale record distribution deals. One of the first independent rock bands to introduce a version of the street team was Chicago folk-rockers the Drovers, who launched a "campus rep" initiative in 1991 for the college rock club circuit, copying practices used by the Mondale presidential campaign to activate registration and turnout at universities.

This grassroots tactic was partly born in the mid-1990s from the larger monopolistic record distributors trying to shut out rap and smaller music labels of the day from radio and mass distribution due to the early stigma of gangsta rap and "punk" on those genres as a whole.

Street Teams were used by smaller independent record labels as a tool to circumvent the larger out-of-reach distributors and corporate owned record labels. Other independent label owners used street teams as a way to build equity in their stable of artists for the benefit of gaining a courtship by a larger music label or record distributor to merge or sell part or all of the company. (see Loud Records sale late 1990s)

For the smaller labels trying to get in the door of the music business, the thinking was in part to build a loyal fan base in key markets first, getting a strong street hype and "street-cred," getting on the local radio stations through the hype/word-of-mouth, and moving on to the larger record distributors with a much stronger negotiating hand and a solid "sellable" commodity.

Through this method of building a solid fan base with disposable income first, the smaller label could wield greater power in their initial distribution negotiations for the benefit of their recording artists and their profit margins. Often, distribution deals for an "unproven" new artist(s) who comes with a built-in fan base, generally receive better upfront money deals than music artists had previously received without street teams sharing the music and spreading the word, (viral marketing) nationwide.

Street Teamers
The position of street team representative was often filled by fans of an artist or young people looking for an introductory position in the music industry. In many cases, an influential teen referred to as a neighborhood "tastemaker" was sought out or pinpointed by a record label to be used as a conduit to their respective neighborhood, due to their stronger influence over other teens that looked to them for "what's hot" or "what's the next hot thing". The tastemaker was directed to create a team on the streets to make an unsigned music artist more popular through word-of-mouth and hype.

The concept for organized promotion teams in the music business can also be traced back to mid-1970s, when Starkey and Evans, two teenage Kiss fans from Terre Haute, Indiana created the Kiss Army as a group of fans determined to promote the Kiss name. Although this could be more attributed to fan clubs, fans worked together outside of their homes, to promote Kiss to other kids at school or while hanging out. This Kiss army was quickly taken over by the band Kiss itself and army recruits were offered limited edition merchandise and seating.

Usually unpaid, street teams for bands and artists are still often composed of teenagers who are rewarded with free band merchandise or show access in exchange for a variety of actions:

 * placing stickers and posters in their communities
 * bringing friends to the shows
 * convincing friends to buy band merchandise
 * phoning the local radio stations to request their songs for airplays & voting in the charts
 * bringing vinyl and CDs to local DJs in the clubs where they work
 * posting to band internet forums online

In some cases, points are assigned to an individual for a particular action, and those points can be exchanged for tickets to shows, or for band merchandise. Some bands even produce special items just for street team members.

title: Street team


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Repossessed (film)

Repossessed is a 1990 American comedy horror film that parodies the 1973 horror film, The Exorcist. It was written and directed by Bob Logan. The film features the original star of The Exorcist, Linda Blair, as well as Leslie Nielsen and Anthony Starke. Many gags parodied events in The Exorcist, such as the green-vomit and head-spinning scenes, and real-life events such as the televangelist scandals of the 1980s.

Plot
In 1973, Father Jedediah Mayii casts out the devil from the body of young Nancy Aglet. In 1990, Nancy's body is possessed once again, while watching The Ernest and Fanny Miracle Hour, a prosperity gospel broadcast by two hucksters.

After a visit to the hospital, and a visit from Father Luke Brophy, Brophy concludes that Nancy is indeed possessed. Mayii, however, refuses to perform the exorcism, claiming he is too weak, and that both he and Nancy barely survived her previous exorcism. Brophy visits the Supreme Council for Exorcism Granting. Ernest and Fanny of The Ernest and Fanny Miracle Hour are also present. Ernest concludes that an exorcism is warranted, and convinces the council to televise Nancy's exorcism. They agree, believing it will convert millions, so Ernest presents Ernest and Fanny's Exorcism Tonight to the network.

Feeling he may be needed, Mayii visits "Bods-R-Us", a gymnasium, to restore his physical strength. There, Brophy approaches him, informs him of the televised exorcism, and attempts once more to convince Mayii to conduct the exorcism. He refuses again.

After a montage of attempts to free Nancy's body using phone donations, song, and insults, Ernest and Fanny's Exorcism Tonight is announced as having the largest audience in history. Upon hearing this, the devil, in Nancy's body, sets the studio on fire, causing the audience to flee. He reveals to Ernest and Fanny that he used them to get the largest audience, and turns them into a pantomime horse.

Using the camera, the devil tries to claim the souls of the viewing audience, but is stopped by Brophy, who destroys the camera. The devil announces he knows another way to claim their souls, and runs away, heading for a satellite transmitter. He is pursued by religious figures from around the world, who have gathered at Brophy's command. Brophy teases the devil about his earlier defeat by Mayii.

Back in the studio, the devil uses the camera to lure Mayii to him for a rematch. The exorcism, with commentary by "Mean Gene" Okerlund and Jesse "The Body" Ventura, is ineffective until the devil mentions that he hates rock 'n roll. Turning the TV studio into a live concert, the song "Devil with a Blue Dress On" is played to the devil by the various religious figures, including The Pope on guitars. The devil is tormented so much that he is finally driven from Nancy's body for good.

Cast

 * Linda Blair as Nancy Aglet
 * Ned Beatty as Ernest Weller
 * Leslie Nielsen as Father Jedediah Mayii
 * Anthony Starke as Father Luke Brophy
 * Lana Schwab as Fanny Ray Weller
 * Thom J. Sharp as Braydon Aglet
 * Robert Fuller as Dr. Hackett
 * Jesse Ventura as himself
 * Gene Okerlund as himself
 * Bob Zany as Studio Tour Guest
 * Jake Steinfeld as himself
 * Wally George as himself
 * Jack LaLanne as himself
 * Army Archerd as himself
 * Gene Greytak as Pope John Paul II

Release
The film received a limited theatrical release in the United States by New Line Cinema in September 1990, one month after the release of The Exorcist III.

Home media
The film was released on VHS and laserdisc by LIVE Home Video the same year.

In 2003, Artisan Entertainment released the film on DVD. The film was re-released on DVD on April 14, 2009 by Lions Gate Entertainment, in a collection of forgotten films called the "Lost Collection". The corporation again released the film on DVD on January 4, 2011, in a "4-Film Collection" set along with My Best Friend Is a Vampire, Slaughter High and Silent Night, Deadly Night 3: Better Watch Out!

Reception
One review came from Mick Martin and Marsha Porter's DVD and Video Guide, where they called it an "uproarious parody" and praising Nielsen's performance.

The film otherwise received largely negative reviews on the few theatrical releases it had and on its video release. Craig MacInnes of the Toronto Star called the film a "fitful locker room farce" that "delights in trotting out a bevy of naked women with pendulous breasts and happily indulges in vicious sexist remarks that seek immunity in the name of parody." However, he praised Blair's performance and the work of the special effects crew, remarking that the latter "actually made Blair look as scary and repugnant and possessed as she did in [The Exorcist]. If only she had turned her hell’s-belle fury on-the movie’s hapless writers." Leonard Maltin gave the film one-and-a-half stars out of four and remarked that it has "too few gags, too many targets, and a poor finale" but noted that "Blair and Nielsen are good."

Repossessed is one of the few films to achieve a 0% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, out of seven reviews.

The film won a Razzie Award, the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Original Song, for the song "He's Comin' Back (The Devil!)".

title: Repossessed (film)


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Wreckless Eric

Eric Goulden (born 18 May 1954), known as Wreckless Eric, is an English rock and new wave singer-songwriter, best known for his 1977 single "Whole Wide World" on Stiff Records. More than two decades after its release, the song was included in Mojo magazine's list of the best punk rock singles of all time. It was also acclaimed as one of the "top 40 singles of the alternative era 1975–2000".

Early life
Wreckless Eric was born in Newhaven, East Sussex. He is a cousin of actress Gemma Arterton through her mother. In 1973, he began attending Art School in Hull, where he joined bands such as Dirty Henry that played local clubs. On a break after his first year at school he saw Kilburn and the High Roads in Oldham. Struck by their honest approach to music, Eric decided to employ the same to his composing and performing. His next band, Addis and the Flip Tops, were the first incarnation of what would later be known as the DIY style. He first became known as one of the original members of the late 1970s Stiff Records artist roster, along with Ian Dury, Elvis Costello and Nick Lowe.

Eric's first appearance on record was "Whole Wide World" on the Stiff label sampler A Bunch of Stiff Records in April 1977. The single version of that song was finally released in August. The song was produced by, and featured bass and guitar by Nick Lowe, with Steve Goulding on drums. The following month, the song was one of five tracks broadcast for the first of two sessions Eric recorded for DJ John Peel at BBC Radio 1. The song went on to make number 47 in John Peel's 'Festive Fifty', the so-called 'lost list' of 1977; it was also number 8 in the Sounds critics' singles of the year. The song's reputation has grown over the years and numerous bands have covered "Whole Wide World", such as the Lightning Seeds, Mental As Anything, The Monkees (on their Pool It! album in 1987), The Proclaimers (on their 2007 album Life with You), Paul Westerberg, The Bahamas, and Cage The Elephant (on their 2017 album Unpeeled).

His debut album Wreckless Eric was a Top 50 hit in the UK Albums Chart. His second album with Stiff Records was The Wonderful World of Wreckless Eric.

End of Stiff days
Eric became increasingly unhappy with Stiff Records' business ideas and promotion. The label forced Eric to work with songwriting teams, hired backing bands and assigned his music to unsympathetic producers. By 1980, shortly after the release of Big Smash!, he decided to leave Stiff and record music at his home studio. Despite leaving the mainstream music business, he has continued writing songs and performing consistently throughout Europe and the United States. Since the 1980s Eric has released albums on numerous independent record labels.

Post-Stiff bands
Eric's post-Stiff bands/projects include: The Captains of Industry, The Len Bright Combo, The Hitsville House Band, with one album Karaoke (1997) recorded under his real name, Eric Goulden.

Post-Stiff albums
In 1985, he released A Roomful of Monkeys with the Captains of Industry. It was followed in 1986 by a couple of homemade garage albums with 'The Len Bright Combo'. He always stayed in touch with Ian Dury and the Blockheads – two Blockheads, Norman Watt-Roy and Mick Gallagher, were in the Captains of Industry.

In 1989, he signed to New Rose Records as Eric Goulden, released the homemade Le Beat Group Electrique with bassist André Barreau and drummer Catfish Truton. This same year he moved to France, in a quiet countryside corner where he stayed for about ten years. By the time he made this move to the vineyard country, he had already ended his "career of full-time alcoholic", that he referred to in his autobiography.

Eric toured Eastern Europe in a 1960s Peugeot car, both solo and with his band. In 1990, he released a second Le Beat Group Electrique album, recorded live in a New Rose record shop in Paris, entitled At the Shop with Eduardo Leal de la Gala and Fabrice Bertran on the drums. Together they formed the Hitsville House Band.

Eric returned to the UK in 1998, wrote his autobiography A Dysfunctional Success – The Wreckless Eric Manual about his life in England in the punk rock years and the music industry, ending at his departure for France. Eric contributed his version of "Clevor Trever" (sic) to the Ian Dury tribute album Brand New Boots and Panties released in 2001. A new album Bungalow Hi was home-recorded, produced and released in 2004.

Later career
The soundtrack to the 2002 film Heartlands contained "(I'd Go The) Whole Wide World".

"(I'd Go The) Whole Wide World" appears in the 1996 film Different for Girls.

In the 2006 film Stranger Than Fiction, starring Will Ferrell, Ferrell sings "Whole Wide World" while playing the guitar, until the original Wreckless Eric version takes over.

In 2008, Wreckless Eric & Amy Rigby was released. The album had a sound that was described as including "lots of strummed acoustic guitars, insistent and melodic bass lines and atmospherics created by vintage keyboards, synthesizers, processed electric guitars and electronic effects". They toured to support the album.

Eric joined The Proclaimers onstage at Edinburgh Castle in Scotland, on 19 July 2008, to perform his song, "(I'd Go the) Whole Wide World" which they covered on their album Life with You. Eric and Amy Rigby joined John Wesley Harding onstage at Wiggins Park in Camden, New Jersey, United States, on 25 July 2009, to perform "(I'd Go the) Whole Wide World".

In September 2010, Eric and Rigby offered a track for a compilation album, Daddy Rockin Strong: A Tribute to Nolan Strong & The Diablos. They recorded a cover of the 1950s doo-wop song "I Want To Be Your Happiness." The Wind Records, along with Norton Records, released the album.

After some years living in France with his wife and co-performer, singer-songwriter Amy Rigby, Goulden moved with her to the United States in 2011. As of November 2011, they lived in upstate New York, and continued to tour together.

In 2012, Wreckless Eric and Amy Rigby recorded a version of the Bread song "The Guitar Man", for the fund raising CD Super Hits of the Seventies, for the radio station WFMU.

In December 2013, Fire Records re-released both Len Bright Combo records and the band reunited for a one off show at The Lexington in London. In 2014, Fire Records re-released Le Beat Group Electrique, The Donovan of Trash and 12 O'Clock Stereo.

In December 2016, Wreckless Eric appeared in the Mighty Mighty Bosstones Hometown Throwdown at the House of Blues in Boston. He sang "(I'd Go The) Whole Wide World".

In April 2018, Wreckless Eric released an album of new songs, Construction Time & Demolition, supported with shows in the UK, the US, and Canada.

"(I'd Go The) Whole Wide World" appears in the eighth episode of the 2019 Amazon TV series The Widow.

Albums
As Wreckless Eric
 * Wreckless Eric (March 1978: Stiff Records, SEEZ 6) No. 46 UK Albums Chart
 * The Wonderful World of Wreckless Eric (October 1978: Stiff, SEEZ 9)
 * Big Smash! (February 1980: Stiff, SEEZ 21) [double, inc. compilation album] No. 30 UK
 * The Donovan of Trash (1991)
 * Bungalow Hi (2004)
 * AmERICa (2015)
 * Construction Time & Demolition (2018)
 * Transience (2019)
 * Leisureland (2023)

Compilations

 * The Whole Wide World (December 1979) [compilation album] US release
 * Almost a Jubilee: 25 Years at the BBC (with Gaps) (2003)
 * Hits, Misses, Rags and Tatters (2010)

With Captains of Industry
 * Roomful of Monkeys (1984)

With The Len Bright Combo (The two Len Bright Combo albums were re-released on a single CD on Eric's Southern Domestic label in 2004).
 * The Len Bright Combo Presents... (1985)
 * Combo Time (1986)

With Le Beat Group Electrique
 * Le Beat Group Electrique (1989)
 * At the Shop (1990)

With Hitsville House Band
 * 12 O'Clock Stereo  (1996)

As Eric Goulden
 * Karaoke (1997)

With Amy Rigby

 *  Wreckless Eric & Amy Rigby (2008)
 * Two-Way Family Favourites (2010)
 * A Working Museum (2012)

Various artists compilation album appearances

 * A Bunch of Stiff Records (1977)
 * Stiffs Live (1978: Stiff Records, GET 1) No. 28 UK Albums Chart
 * Heroes & Cowards (1978)
 * Can't Start Dancing (1978)
 * "Whole Wide World" featured on the That Summer! compilation album (June 1979) UK No. 36
 * The Last Compilation Album (1980)
 * The Stiff Records Box Set (1991)
 * DiY 3: Teenage Kicks – UK Pop I (1976–79) (1993)
 * Stranger Than Fiction Soundtrack (2006)
 * The Sandinista! Project (2007)
 * "Sick Organism" featured on The Good Lyre - Songs of John Wesley Harding (2021)

title: Wreckless Eric