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User talk:Hina~enwiki

This area may appear a bit disorganized for a while. I'll be using my talk area to practice my "wiki-syntax" (sandbox is a bit too busy - I keep getting editing conflicts). --Hina 01:47, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This is an outline of a few conventions and standards that we should use when creating or editing wiki pages. While use of these standards is not required, and will sometimes not be appropriate for a specific type of content, we should adhere to them whenever possible to improve the consistency of the content we produce.

Most of this has been borrowed from various conventions and standards established for Wikipedia. The intent of this page is to summarize those areas that we feel are the most important and references will be added for additional detail directly from Wikipedia. It should be noted that not all the referenced material will be applicable in our environment.

General
Any "article-style" pages (like this one) should start with one or more short introductory paragraph(s) explaining the purpose of the article. The title of the page should be contained in the first sentence, and should be in bold text. A section header should follow the introductory paragraph. As more than four section headers are added to the article, this will trigger the placement of a table-of-contents in the proper location (following the introduction).

Specific
This section contains a few specific conventions that would be good to follow.

Discussion pages
Conventions that are unique within discussion pages include:

 * Add signature to comments

Naming conventions
Guidelines for creating and naming pages. For additional information, look at the Wikipedia page on naming conventions.

Test Meeting Template
This is a test of a table to handle standard meta-information at the top of meeting minutes.

The meeting agenda/minutes should be combined in this space. There should be a notes/decision section, and the last section should be a list of action items.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Hina. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Hina~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:21, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 13:48, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hina~enwiki


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Talk:Fireplace

Possible article expansion

 * Fireplace design
 * Count Rumford -
 * "Fire Art" fireplaces, the new category arguably started by Heat&Glo
 * The Cyclone fireplace
 * Alcohol fireplaces like the new ones from Ecosmart
 * Fireplace efficiency (woodstoves more efficient)

I am having some serious issues with the only two links within Wikipedia are to carbon monoxide and Kyoto protocol. It seems that this article could be a little politically based, this is not acceptable. You also need to provide sources for air pollution and some testimony that current technology of gas and electric does not come close to duplication of a wood fireplace.

I have an existing fireplace and am making my garage a family room I would like to open the fireplace on the garage side so the I have access to the fireplace in both rooms

>> Discussion of switch mechanism to activate pilot ignition of natural gas fireplace may be useful. I believe it involves a thermocouple at near pilot flame, producing electrical current that completes a circuit when switch is closed thus opening flow for starting fireplace.

Commercial links gone
Removed commercial links. 68.96.173.125 1 July 2005 19:47 (UTC)

Hey; what's a definition of a commercial link?

New material on chimneys
Excellent, informative contribution, Chimney Jack. But doesn't most of it belong under chimney?--Dell Adams 06:03, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

Back boiler
In the UK many fireplaces had a "back boiler" for heating the water from the fire, however it wasn't the main water heater in the house. Please include that in the main article.

Some chimneys have a gas back boiler that heats the water and powers the central heating, since the chimney itself is used as a flue.

I am new to this - I edited the article to include what I thought was interesting content on a book whick examies the oral storytelling tradition - I was thinking that it was relevant becuse of the history of sitting around a fire and storytelling.

Anyway - I don't think it was proper protocal. I am to only suggest additions or can I truly edit pages? I would really like to contribute. :)

Stacey from [www.fireplacesandwoodstoves.com]

HOW CAN I RESTART THE PILOT LIGHT ?

Fiction?
Just edit Stacey, but try to provide reliable sources. Also Fireplaces in fiction? This has to be the most useless info I have ever seen. How about some fireplace history, design, etc. You know, some useful information. A mcmurray 22:17, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

 * No one replied last time but I have nuked that section. Unencyclopedic drivel, useless and nothing more than a collection of pointless trivia. Fireplaces in fiction? Come on. IvoShandor 16:07, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

How do modern electric fireplaces work?
Can how modern electric fireplaces work be added to the article? I have seen some that don't use the "flame-shaped paper streamers wave vertically in the air" mentioned in the article. These did produce a lot of heat, required no chimney, and simply plugged in. I also see them as prizes on The Price is Right. Will (Talk - contribs) 20:02, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

 * There is an article on Electric fireplace, that I updated to wikify and to remove commercial plugs. The OED simply defines them as a type of electric heater. That seems about correct: they are a "special effect" used in conjunction with an electric heater. The companys making them might like to dignify as having a particular purpose, but in practical effect, they aren't much different than a computer running a simulation of flames. Both look pretty and produce heat. Piano non troppo (talk) 05:19, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

Ventless Firplaces
Do these not pose a significant risk of carbon-dioxide/carbon-monoxide gas poisoning in the tightly sealed modern house ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.220.5.220 (talk) 18:54, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

Dates for Franklin and Rumford
The article says Franklin introduced some improvements in the 1600s, but he lived in the 1700s. Not suer about Rumford, but the article says he was later than Franklin. 203.189.134.3 (talk) 09:14, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

Article rewrite needed
This article needs a complete rewrite. A glance at any book dedicated to fireplaces will suggest deficiencies:

1) Historical perspective: Fireplaces of various forms have been used for thousands of years. The previous historical material (uncited, essay, OR) -- I removed. It read like an introduction to a home improvement magazine article.

2) Historical and worldwide perspective: The cavemen, the Chinese, the Romans, the Vikings, the Midievals, the Victorians, and the Western moderns have hugely different types of fireplaces, sometimes with quite different uses. There were fireplaces aboard ship.

3) The relationship needs to be drawn between fireplaces, campfires, bonfires, and furnaces.

4) The existing article has rightly pointed to the social, even animal-hypnotic role of fireplaces. The article needs to quote references in social works, not indulge in original research about how "pets like fireplaces, too" and "fireplaces are family bonding places before bedtime". That all may be true, but references are necessary. (I.e., it wasn't necessarily "family bonding" as much as the only place out of bed where the family could be warm. Or, for that matter to get reading light. Or food.)

5) Construction. The sections on construction are still a haphazard list of features and accessories with little explanation of which were used together, and for what purpose. And again, they are heavily oriented toward just-passed Western history. The severe problems with fireplaces -- the fires started, the pollution caused outside and inside, the maintenance -- all need to be put in an historical context. Piano non troppo (talk) 06:38, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

This is an advertisement, not an article
This article is completely biased in favor of gas fireplaces. It seems to me it's been manipulated by people within the gas fireplace industry. It should be re-written. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.18.214.254 (talk) 16:44, 18 December 2011 (UTC)

Low efficiency 80% and High efficiency 80%? Can someone clean this up? From the article: Most older fireplaces have a relatively low efficiency rating. Standard, modern, wood-burning masonry fireplaces though have an efficiency rating of at least 80% (legal minimum requirement for example in Salzburg/Austria).[7] To improve efficiency, fireplaces can also be modified by inserting special heavy fireboxes designed to burn much cleaner and can reach efficiencies as high as 80% in heating the air. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.129.236.252 (talk) 18:21, 5 October 2015 (UTC)

Terminology
Suggested changes to much of the terminology, based on some general research I have been doing.

Found this site: http://www.melluishanddavis.com/, particularly look at the terminology section. A small English firm doing Chimney-piece restoration, run by the author of this book- http://www.amazon.co.uk/Antique-Garden-Ornaments-John-Davies/dp/1851490981 Their website seems to me to be very intent on educating viewers about antique chimney-pieces.

So if not a full scale change, certainly an a new section regarding English Georgian chimney-pieces is necessary. Pat232323 (talk) 17:13, 3 August 2015 (UTC)

 * I don't think this one website can be the basis for making the wholesale decision that fireplaces will henceforth be called chimney-pieces. The website itself indicates that the term was used in the past, and not so much today. I'm open to adding a section about historical terminology. NawlinWiki (talk) 18:01, 3 August 2015 (UTC)

Fire grate redirects here
I was sorting out a red-link for Register grate and arrived here. Ummm. Look at Bricks& Brass and Brooking collection of Architectural detail. Should Fire grate be floated? You see we have dog-grates, basket-grates, hob-grates, register-grates, fire-frames, mantle-registers, patent types and tiled register grates to consider too.-- Clem Rutter (talk) 10:54, 22 December 2015 (UTC)

Safety is not an issue
In all new fueled heaters (to warm persons) a dual venting system is suggested, but not required. Many common HVAC systems use a two way up pipe (one for intake air, one for exhaust). Using internet one sees only "why fireplaces don't work or "how to vent horizontally" diagrams.

For new fireplaces the MODERN solution is simple yet still often neglected by builders: a fresh air intake pipe that runs up the chimney allows the fireplace front (doors) to be "sealed", meaning there is no heat loss inside the room from outside air and also no oxygen loss.

The issue of the modern household fireplace being unsafe or in-efficient is a myth, propagated mostly by the laziness of failing to install a vented system - a simple extra pipe (required and typical for furnaces) - when installing the fireplace.

(it's suggested all fueled heaters be dual pipe, exhaust and intake, though many ignore this simple to do advice) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.219.207.25 (talk) 14:58, 26 October 2016 (UTC)

efficiency
It's possible to have a force air pipe loop which radiates heat from inside the fireplace into the room - that with the fact wood is cheap is great efficiency for a room.

What isn't possible in many modern homes is to upgrade the fireplace to be has hot as a wood-burning-stove; these are made from thick iron and can take the heat, whereas a fireplace should not be made too hot; it should burn normal wood.

Obviously the only practical way to go for a whole house (because gas gen would be too many gallons for some days), assuming the house has some infinite supply for water heating during power outage, is the "old" high temp water heater systems (boilers + radiators). These sound attractive until one sees the complexity and price of installing them. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.219.207.25 (talk) 15:04, 26 October 2016 (UTC)

Old fireplace
This would be a useful addition to the article but it is very well illustrated already.--Johnsoniensis (talk) 10:21, 2 April 2020 (UTC)

A fireplace is not a stove. The Franklin stove is a stove. Fireplaces are not 80% efficient.
The Franklin Stove is a stove. That's one of the reasons it's called a Franklin Stove and not a Franklin Fireplace.

Specifically, a circulating stove. A free-standing, cast-iron, circulating stove. Early designs had the hot gasses go down below the floor, so maybe the fireplace needed to be modified for one, but not later designs.

It and other stoves like it are a stove that is inserted into a fireplace. It is not the fireplace.

Such stoves are typically called "stoves" or "inserts" or "fireplace inserts" but never "fireplaces." At least in modern times, though the term may have been interchangeable in the late 1700s and early 1800s. Nowadays, a "fireplace" is an open hearth built into a home.

Maybe there are some obscure exceptions. But I argue that calling a stove a "fireplace" does not seem helpful and only introduces confusion with 99.999% of readers.

Later this article claims fireplaces are required to be 80% efficient in Austria. This is wildly false information, and may even violate the laws of physics.

Fireplaces, i.e. open hearths, are around 5%-15% efficient. Some claim as high as 25% but I highly doubt it. 10% seems to be the median of claims. [Note: I don't think this counts all the heat lost from the house from previously warmed air being sucked out of the house and up the chimney, and replaced with cold air from outside. If you do count that, I've seen claims that a fireplace will heat the immediate room but actually make the rest of the house colder. So 0% or -10%?]

The most efficient wood-burning insert I have ever seen is 79% efficient -- the "Clydesdale." It has a catalytic converter, baffles for pre-combustion air and post combustion gasses, blowers, etc. to raise efficiency, things a fireplace does not have. And it only reached 79%.

That Austrian 80% "fireplace" link cited seems to discuss heating systems, not fireplaces, according to google translate. Or perhaps it's talking about fake fireplaces, like electric ones, or gas inserts? I can't read German.

Anyway, why are we citing a requirement in Austria written in another language? In America, the minimum efficiency to get tax credits is 75%, and that citation will be in English. Seems like a much better citation than 80% for ???????? in German. Skintigh (talk) 22:00, 30 October 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Fireplace


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Skank (band)

Skank was a Brazilian pop rock band from Belo Horizonte. Having begun in 1991, they sold approximately 5,200,000 copies of their albums as of 2004. Initially intending to mix dancehall with traditional Brazilian styles, later the band changed its sonority to music closer to Britpop and local movement Clube da Esquina. Their last concert was held on March 26, 2023, at Mineirão, in Belo Horizonte.

Biography
In 1983, Samuel Rosa (guitars, vocals) and Henrique Portugal (keyboards) started to play in a reggae band called "Pouso Alto", along with Dinho Mourão (drums) and his brother Alexandre (bass). In 1991, Pouso Alto arranged for a performance in São Paulo, but due to the Mourão brothers not being in Belo Horizonte, bassist Lelo Zaneti and drummer Haroldo Ferretti were called for the gig. The band premiered on June 5, 1991, and due to the performance competing with the Campeonato Paulista final match, the audience was 37 people. After the show, the group changed its name to Skank, inspired by Bob Marley's song "Easy skanking", and began to perform regularly at "Mister Beef" churrascaria in Belo Horizonte.

After playing for some time in steakhouses, bars and clubhouses, the band spent US$10,000 in their first album, Skank, released as an independent CD in late 1992 with 3,000 copies, fully paid by the band members themselves. In 45 days, 1,200 were sold, and Sony Music signed the band as the first Brazilian act in its Chaos label. Skank was re-released in April 1993. The singles "O Homem Que Sabia Demais", "Tanto" (version of Bob Dylan's "I Want You") and "In(Dig)Nação" took the group on a 120 concerts tour around Brazil, and the album sold 250 thousand copies.

Calango (1994) was the first record produced by Dudu Marote. "É Proibido Fumar", "Te Ver", "Pacato Cidadão", "Esmola" and "Jackie Tequila" were hits, and Calango sold around 1,200,000 copies.

O Samba Poconé was released in 1996. The album had three big hits, "Tão Seu", "É Uma Partida de Futebol", included by FIFA in the official soundtrack for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, and "Garota Nacional", which topped the Spanish charts for three months (under the Spanish title "Chica Nacional"), was the only Portuguese language song in the Sony Music compilation Soundtrack for a Century, released in 1997 to celebrate the company's centennial, and took the group on tour in Argentina, Chile, United States, France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland and Portugal. Although "Garota Nacional" literally translates to "national girl", the song is not about the women of Brazil: it celebrates the "girls of Bar Nacional", a bar and nightclub in Belo Horizonte famous in the early 1990s for the beauty of its female patrons. Manu Chao featured in "Sem Terra", "Los Pretos" e "Zé Trindade". "O Samba Poconé" sold 1,800,000 cópias - 800,000 of those in two months.

Siderado, produced by John Shaw (UB40) and Paul Ralphes, begins the band's movement towards a more rock and roll sound. The Clube da Esquina-influenced "Resposta" (re-recorded in 1999 by Milton Nascimento and Lô Borges, the latter the song's co-author with Samuel Rosa and Nando Reis), "Mandrake e Os Cubanos" and "Saideira" were hits. Released in 1998, Siderado sold 750 thousand copies. Daúde and Uakti participated as guest artists.

In 1999 Skank recorded a Spanish language version for "Wrapped Around Your Finger" in a tribute album for The Police entitled Outlandos d'America.

With Maquinarama, the band begins in earnest its move away from the ska and reggae sound towards a more rock oriented one influence by The Beatles, Clube da Esquina, Britpop and contemporary alternative rock. Maquinarama, produced by Chico Neves and Tom Capone and released in July 2000, sold 275 thousand copies. Some of the hit singles were "Três Lados", "Balada do Amor Inabalável" and "Canção Noturna". The original cover shows a Cadillac with graffiti by Californian artist Kenny Scharf. The international version has a different cover.

In 2001, Skank recorded the first live album in Ouro Preto as part of the MTV Brasil's series "MTV Ao Vivo". MTV ao Vivo: Skank sold 600 thousand copies. Besides a list of hits chosen by fans through Skank's website, the album had the new song "Acima do Sol", a national hit. In 2002 Samuel Rosa played acoustic guitar in "É Proibido Fumar", from the Acústico MTV (MTV Unplugged) by Roberto Carlos.

Cosmotron, produced by Skank and Tom Capone, was released in July 2003 and sold 250 thousand copies - a disappointment next to their vigorous previous sales figures. Nevertheless, the album had many radio and ringtone hits. "Supernova", "Dois Rios", "Vou Deixar" and "Amores Imperfeitos" were the main tracks. Cosmotron won the Latin Grammy - best Brazilian rock album award in 2004.

Released in October 2004, Radiola was the first compilation album by Skank. It included four new songs, including the Gilberto Gil cover "Vamos Fugir". The cover reproduces a painting by the hyped Los Angeles artists the Clayton Brothers. Radiola sold 200 thousand copies.

In March 2006 Skank began recording the new album Carrossel in their studio in Belo Horizonte, with producers Chico Neves, who also worked in Maquinarama, and Carlos Eduardo Miranda, producer of O Rappa's Unplugged album. Released in August, the album had the semi-hits "Uma Canção É Pra Isso" and "Mil Acasos". Arnaldo Antunes ("Trancoso"), César Mauricio ("Lugar") and Humberto Effe ("Cara Nua" and "Notícia") were the songwriting partners.

In 2008, the band reunited with Dudu Marote, who produced Calango and O Samba Poconé, to record the album Estandarte in their studio in Belo Horizonte. Released in September, the album had low sales, but produced the hits "Ainda Gosto Dela" (featuring Negra Li), "Sutilmente" (a massive number 1 hit in Brazil) and "Noites de um Verão Qualquer."

On June 19, 2010, Skank performed a free concert on the Mineirão stadium in Belo Horizonte. It was the last event before the venue was closed to reform in order to accommodate the 2014 FIFA World Cup. The show was recorded for the live album and DVD Multishow ao Vivo: Skank no Mineirão, which featured two new songs, "De Repente" and "Fotos na Estante".

International career
Skank had some success with "Garota Nacional", that lead the Spanish charts, and "É Uma Partida de Futebol" was shown before some games of the 1998 World Cup due to being in the championship's soundtrack. By the time of O Samba Poconé, the group toured through Hispanic America and Europe, and appeared in big festivals such as Super Bock/Super Rock 1997 in Portugal, Páleo Festival 97 and St. Gallen 98 in Switzerland, Montreux Jazz Festival 2001, and SummerStage 2002 in New York City. The group also played in two editions of Rock in Rio, at the 2008 Rock in Rio Lisboa and the fourth Brazilian edition of the festival in 2011. Skank had been previously called for Rock in Rio II] in 2001, but went out along with other Brazilian bands in protest against O Rappa's exclusion. However, the band never invested much in its international career. Some songs received versions in Spanish, such as "Chica Nacional" ("Garota Nacional"), and "Respuesta" ("Resposta"), but foreign shows are usually in places with many Brazilians, such as Miami and New York City.

Members

 * Samuel Rosa: lead vocals, electric and acoustic guitars
 * Henrique Portugal: keyboards, acoustic guitar, backing vocals
 * Lelo Zaneti: bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Haroldo Ferretti: drums

Touring members

 * Doca Rolim: electric and acoustic guitars, backing vocals (2003 - 2023)
 * Paulo Márcio: trumpet (1998 - 2023)
 * Pedro Aristides: trombone (2003 - 2023)
 * Vinícius Augustus: saxophone (2008 - 2023)
 * Marcos Gauguin: electric guitar (1991)
 * Chico Amaral: saxophone (1991 - 1998, 2017), acoustic guitar (on Maquinarama tour)
 * João Vianna: trumpet (1991 - 1998)
 * Ed Maciel: trombone (1994 - 1996)
 * Edivaldo Silva: trombone (1996 - 1998)
 * Jorge Continentino: saxophone (1998 - 2001)
 * Wagner Mayer: trombone (1998 - 2001)

Awards

 * Cosmotron won the Latin Grammy Awards - Best Brazilian rock album in 2004.
 * Skank received the Premio Ondas in Spain as New Latin Group in 1997.
 * MTV Video Music Brazil: Viewer's Choice in 1996 ("Garota Nacional") and 1997 ("É Uma Partida de Futebol"); Video of the Year in 1999 ("Mandrake e os Cubanos"); Pop Video in 1996 ("Garota Nacional"), 1997 ("É Uma Partida de Futebol"), 1999 ("Mandrake e os Cubanos"), 2000 ("Três Lados"), 2003 ("Dois Rios") and 2004 ("Vou Deixar").

title: Skank (band)


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Stingers (TV series)

Stingers is an Australian police procedural crime drama  television series. It premiered on 29 September 1998, and ran for eight seasons on the Nine Network before it was cancelled in late 2004 due to declining ratings, with its final episode airing on 14 December 2004. Inspired by true events, Stingers chronicled the cases of a deep undercover unit of the Victoria Police. The series also followed their personal lives, which sometimes became intertwined with their jobs. The original cast members include Peter Phelps, Joe Petruzzi, Kate Kendall, Ian Stenlake, Anita Hegh, and Jessica Napier. Phelps and Kendall were the only actors to remain with the show for its entire run.

The show received average ratings during its debut season, but after some major changes, including intensive character development, the series became a success the following year. The series has also aired in 65 countries, including Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

Overview
Inspired by true events, Stingers chronicled the cases of a deep undercover unit of the Victoria police. The series also followed their personal lives, which sometimes became intertwined with their jobs. The original unit was composed of Senior Detective Peter Church (whose real name was Mike Fischer) played by Peter Phelps, Senior Detective Angie Piper (Kate Kendall), Constable Oscar Stone (whose real name was Cameron Pierce) played by Ian Stenlake, Det-Sgt. Ellen 'Mac' Mackenzie (Anita Hegh) and Det-Sen Sgt. Bernie Rocca (Joe Petruzzi), who led the unit. Rocca was shot and left the unit in season two, and Mac became the new head.

Constable Danni Mayo (Roxane Wilson) joined the unit in season three, while season five saw two casualties: Stone was killed while Mac ran away with a diamond robber. Detective Inspector Luke Harris (Gary Sweet) took over as head of the unit until the end of the series, and Danni quit the force after being enraged by him. Constable Christina Dichiera (Jacinta Stapleton) joined the unit in season six. Her real name is Felicity Matthews, but this was not known to the force, as she had a criminal history under that name. Senior Detective Leo Flynn (Daniel Frederiksen) joined in season seven.

Season eight saw the arrival of Detective Katherine Marks, who was revealed as Harris' daughter from his first marriage. The revelation also ended Harris and Angie's already shaky relationship, which had produced a son.

Main

 * Senior Constable Peter Church, played by Peter Phelps
 * (Detective) Constable Angie Piper, played by Kate Kendall
 * Constable Kaye Kelso, played by Jessica Napier (season 1)
 * Det-Sen Sgt. Bernie Rocca, played by Joe Petruzzi (starring seasons 1–2; guest season 7)
 * Constable Oscar Stone, played by Ian Stenlake (seasons 1–5)
 * Det-Sen Sgt. (originally Det-Sgt.) Ellen 'Mac' Mackenzie, played by Anita Hegh (seasons 1–5)
 * Constable Daniella Mayo, played by Roxane Wilson (seasons 3–6)
 * Detective Inspector Luke Harris, played by Gary Sweet (seasons 6–8)
 * Constable (originally Probationary Constable) Christina Dichiera, played by Jacinta Stapleton (seasons 6–8)
 * Senior Detective Leo Flynn, played by Daniel Frederiksen (seasons 7–8)

Recurring and supporting

 * Senior Detective (briefly demoted from Detective Inspector) Bill Hollister (Head of Homicide), played by Nicholas Bell (seasons 1–4)
 * Det. Stewart Campbell (Homicide Detective), played by William Houten (seasons 1–5)
 * Det-Sen Sgt. Reg 'The Ferret' Masters (Head of Vice Squad/Head of Drugs Squad), played by Richard Morgan (seasons 2–8)
 * Det-Sen Sgt. Eric Chatterly (Senior Homicide Detective, possibly Acting Head of Homicide), played by John Ridley (seasons 2–8)
 * Samantha Piper, Angie's younger sister, played by Asher Keddie (seasons 3–8)
 * Det-Sen Sgt. Bryan Gray (Head of Armed Robbery/Senior Detective for Special Investigations), played by Jeremy Kewley (seasons 3–8)
 * Det. Insp. Andrew Bligh (Internal Affairs), played by Russell Kiefel (seasons 3–7)
 * Det-Insp. Frank Callahan (Head of Homicide), played by David Swann (seasons 3–5)
 * Det-Insp. Harry Love (Head of Homicide), played by Martin Jacobs (season 5)
 * Det. Nick Jardine, played by Andy Rodoreda (season 5)
 * Marty Engle (Informant/Angie's Fiancé), played by Jim Russell (season 5)
 * Criminal Barrister Ingrid Burton, played by Rebecca Gibney (seasons 6–7)
 * Sophie Novak, played by Katrina Milosevic (seasons 7–8)
 * Detective Katherine Marks, played by Gigi Edgley (season 8)
 * Constable Megan Walsh, played by Lisa Chappell (season 8)
 * Tony / Glen / Vadlov, played by Robert Rabiah (seasons 1-3-8)

Series history and production
On Sunday 16 July 2006 at 2 p.m., Executive producer John Wild and script producer Marcia Gardner sat down with an audience at ACMI in Federation Square in Melbourne to "explore the narrative arc and character development from the first episodes to the final series." The event took place in the Screen Pit and was free to the public. Also in attendance was cast member Jeremy Kewley who posted the following rundown of the discussion for the Stingers forum:

Stingers came about in a very fast manner. John Wild had to get the show from a concept 'jotted down on paper' into a television series in just 11 weeks and in an 8.30pm time slot!

It first began airing up towards the end of the year, on Monday nights. It was up against another new show on Channel Seven, Ally McBeal, and Stingers beat McBeal regularly for its first 11 weeks before it went on its Christmas ratings break. When both shows returned after the ratings break, McBeal began to win in the ratings quite comfortably, worrying Nine executives.

At this time Channel Nine and the producers had to work out how to win ratings back, and found that the reason why so many people preferred Ally McBeal over Stingers was because Stingers had a very rough, edgy and realistic feel to it, and that this did not appeal to women of all ages, who preferred the lightness of McBeal. So Stingers was moved to Tuesday night. This helped a bit, but not enough. Channel Nine were thinking about canceling the show, but Nine owner Kerry Packer liked the show and suggested that they keep it on the air. Nine did, but moved it an hour later to 9.30pm Tuesdays, and Stingers started to find its audience (although this was still not a big one). It stayed at this timeslot until the end of 7th season which seemed to be predominately male middle class white collar workers between the ages of 30–55.

By the middle of the second season, ratings were still not spectacular enough and Channel Nine commissioned research which showed that women were not particularly interested in Stingers. As women make up 50% of the audience the producers were told to make the first major change to Stingers: make it more female-friendly. This led to the departure of Joe Petruzzi, making Anita Hegh's character the boss of the Unit. This also led to another female character being introduced, undercover operative Danni Mayo, portrayed by Roxane Wilson. This led to the show becoming more 'lighter' to appeal to the female audiences. Soon after, humour was added to the show, in the form of Jeremy Kewley's character, Bryan Gray. These changes worked well and Stingers steamed through Seasons 3, 4 and 5, but then Anita Hegh and Ian Stenlake decided to leave the show, causing another drastic change in the series.

Channel Nine, on a nationwide cost-cutting drive, hinted at dropping the show because Stingers' was considered too expensive; its budget had crept up from its original $440,000-per-episode cost, to around $480,000. They dropped a bombshell on the producers: shave around $130,000 every week from the budget or the show would have to cease production. A huge ask, but everyone at Stingers was keen to keep going as everyone felt there were still life in the show and plenty of stories to tell.

By the start of the next season the budget was chopped down to $350,000 per episode. Shooting changed from six days per episode to five, stock changed from 16 mm film to SP Betacam Videotape, the crew became smaller, and writers were given less time to write each episode. The location changed from the "Crimplex" (warehouse/studio/offices by the Yarra River) to the studios of Channel Nine in Richmond. Channel Nine spent money on a big new set (plus a new "hospital ward" set and a new "pub/bar" set) and justified the cost by making sure that most of the action on the show now took place inside the studio on the new sets, with a lot less time spent on locations, with less money spent on car chases, stunts and special effects.

Channel Nine also wanted more "star power" in the show, so Gary Sweet was brought in as Luke Harris (and Roxane Wilson decided to leave), and Rebecca Gibney – now out of a job without Halifax f.p. – was cast for the first few episodes of the new season. Most of these major changes worked quite well, and most viewers at home would not have been too aware of the changes to the visual quality of the show (such as using tape instead of film).

But, as Executive Producer John Wild humorously pointed out, "the ratings didn't change one point!" Channel Nine commissioned more surveys that told them the show needed to appeal to younger viewers. So two new characters were added, played by Daniel Frederiksen and Jacinta Stapleton, and, John Wild said, "and the ratings still didn't change one point!" Channel Nine insisted that still more star power was needed to lift the ratings, so Lisa Chappell (Logie winning McLeod's Daughters star) joined the cast. After still no improvement to the ratings, more star power was further added in guest roles with Bill Hunter, Gigi Edgley, Steve Bisley, Tottie Goldsmith. No improvement still.

Stingers was then "rested" for a couple of weeks and replaced by repeats of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, and these repeats rated better than first-run episodes of Stingers (screening a repeat episode of CSI probably costs the network about $25,000 as opposed to a first-run episode of Stingers at $350,000).

It became clear what Nine would do: move Stingers to 10.30pm on a permanent basis and put higher-rating repeats of CSI on at 9.30 p.m. Channel Nine in Adelaide did not like this move and moved Stingers to 9:30 Monday nights, however this only lasted for five weeks before it was moved back to 10:30 on a Tuesday night; such a move to a later timeslot caused Stingers’ ratings to drop even lower, giving Nine reason to finally end the show. Stingers’ curse seemed to be that it always rated well, but it never rated spectacularly.

Home media

 * 2006–2009: Beyond Home Entertainment released Seasons 1–8 as individual Season DVDs.
 * 2013: Beyond Home Entertainment released Stingers: The Complete Collection Boxset.
 * 2016: Beyond Home Entertainment released Stingers: Season 1 & 2 Collectors set.
 * 2020: In August, 9now streams the complete series.

Awards
Australian Film Institute Television Awards:

 * Best Television Drama Series (2004)
 * Best Performance by an Actor in a Guest Role in a Television Drama Series – Chris Haywood for the episode "Men in the Dark" (2000)

Logie Awards:

 * Most Popular Actor – Peter Phelps (2002)

Nominations
Australian Film Institute Television Awards:
 * Best Actress in a Supporting or Guest Role in a Television Drama or Comedy – Jacinta Stapleton (2004)
 * Best Direction in Television – Grant Brown (2004)
 * Best Screenplay in Television – Matt Ford (2004)
 * Best Television Drama Series (2003)
 * Best Actor in a Guest Role in a Television Drama Series – Travis McMahon for the episode "Rich Man's World" (2001)
 * Best Performance by an Actress in a Guest Role in a Television Drama Series – Rhondda Findleton for the episode "Fool To Want You" (2001)
 * Best Performance by an Actor in a Guest Role in a Television Drama Series – Aaron Blabey for the episode "Second Chance" (2000)
 * Best Performance by an Actor in a Guest Role in a Television Drama Series – Daniel Daperis for the episode "Forced Perspective" (2000)
 * Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Television Drama Series – Anita Hegh (2000)

Logie Awards:

 * Most Outstanding Drama Series (2005)
 * Most Popular New Female Talent – Katrina Milosevic (2004)
 * Most Popular New Male Talent – Daniel Frederiksen (2004)
 * Most Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series – Gary Sweet (2004)
 * Most Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series – Kate Kendall (2004)
 * Most Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series – Gary Sweet (2003)
 * Most Outstanding Drama Series (2001)

title: Stingers (TV series)


text:
Tom Foran

Thomas Aquinas Foran (January 11, 1924 – August 6, 2000) was a United States Attorney best known as the chief prosecutor in the Chicago Seven conspiracy trial in which seven defendants, including Jerry Rubin, Abbie Hoffman, David Dellinger, Rennie Davis, and Tom Hayden, were charged with inciting riots at the 1968 Democratic National Convention. Foran also prosecuted several police officers caught on film beating the protestors with clubs.

Early life and education
Foran was born in Chicago, Illinois, on January 11, 1924. His parents were a physician and former high school teacher. He attended Quigley Preparatory Seminary and St. Ignatius High School and began studying at the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts. He interrupted his college education to serve as a torpedo bomber pilot in the Pacific in World War II. After the war, he graduated with a bachelor's degree in philosophy from Loyola University Chicago and received his law degree at the University of Detroit School of Law in 1950. He married Jean Foran and the couple had six children.

Legal career
Foran was a senior partner in Foran & Schultz (formerly Foran, Wiss & Schultz), the firm he founded in 1957. The other senior partners were Robert E. Wiss, who died in 1995, and Richard G. Schultz. In private practice, he established a reputation as an expert in eminent domain law, representing the city of Chicago in major public works projects, but he also acted as counsel for property owners. Foran became an assistant corporate counsel for Chicago in 1962.

U.S. Attorney
Foran was appointed a United States Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois in 1968 with the support of the Chicago mayor, Richard M. Daley. He professionalized the office and shifted the office away from patronage. While in this role, he successfully prosecuted more than 150 organized crime figures, including Felix Alderisio, Jackie Cerone, Fiore Buccieri, Richard Cain and William Daddano. In 1969, he was the chief prosecutor of the Chicago Seven conspiracy trial which charged seven defendants, including Jerry Rubin, Abbie Hoffman, David Dellinger, Rennie Davis, and Tom Hayden, with inciting riots at the 1968 Democratic National Convention. He was later censured by a United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit panel "for their open hostility toward the defendants and their failure to fulfill 'the standards of our system of justice'".

Post-U.S. Attorney
In the 1970 special election, Foran was a campaign aide for Adlai Stevenson III. In the 1980s, Tom Foran represented former Governor Dan Walker in his bank fraud case.

Later life
He died of cancer in Lake Forest, Illinois, on August 6, 2000.

In popular culture
Harris Yulin played Foran in the 1987 film Conspiracy: The Trial of the Chicago 8, and in the animated 2007 film Chicago 10, Foran's voice was provided by Nick Nolte. He was portrayed by Steven Culp in the 2010 film The Chicago 8 and by J. C. MacKenzie in the 2020 film, The Trial of the Chicago 7.

Gary Houston played Foran in the 1992 stage adaptation from transcripts titled The Chicago Conspiracy Trial and produced by Remains Theatre in Chicago.

title: Tom Foran


text:
Reza Abbasi

Reza Abbasi, also known as Aqa Reza (c. 1565 – 1635), was the leading Persian miniaturist of the Isfahan School during the later Safavid period, spending most of his career working for Shah Abbas I. He is considered to be the last great master of the Persian miniature, best known for his single miniatures for muraqqa or albums, especially single figures of beautiful youths.

Life and art
Riza was possibly born in Kashan, as Āqā Riżā Kāshānī is one of the versions of his name; it has also been suggested that he was born in Mashad, where his father, the miniature artist Ali Asghar, is recorded as having worked in the atelier of the governor, Prince Ibrahim Mirza. After Ibrahim's murder, Ali Asghar joined Shah Ismail II's workshop in the capital Qasvin. Riza probably received his training from his father and joined the workshop of Shah Abbas I at a young age. By this date, the number of royal commissions for illustrated books had diminished, and had been replaced by album miniatures in terms of employment given to the artists of the royal workshop.

Unlike most earlier Persian artists, he typically signed his work, often giving dates and other details as well, though there are many pieces with signatures that scholars now reject. He may have worked on the ambitious, but incomplete Shahnameh, now in the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin. A much later copy of the work, from 1628, at the end of Abbas' reign and rendered in a very different style, may also be his. It is now in the British Library (MS Additional 27258). His first dated drawing is from 1601, in the Topkapi Palace. A book miniature of 1601–2 in the National Library of Russia has been attributed to him; the only other miniature in the book is probably by his father. He is generally attributed with the 19 miniatures in a Khusraw and Shirin of 1631–32, although their quality has been criticised.

His speciality, however, was the single miniature for the albums or muraqqas of private collectors, typically showing one or two figures with a lightly drawn garden background, sometimes in gold, in the style formerly used for border paintings, with individual plants dotted about on a plain background. These vary between pure pen drawings and fully painted subjects with colour throughout, with several intermediate varieties. The most typical have at least some colour in the figures, though not in the background; later works tend to have less colour. His, or his buyers', favourite subjects were idealized figures of stylishly dressed and beautiful young men. According to Barbara Brend:"The line of Riza's ink drawings has an absolute mastery conveying texture, form, movement and even personality. His coloured figures, which must often be portraits, are more restrained and lay more emphasis on the fashions of the day, the rich textiles, the carelessly draped turban, the European hat. Effete figures are often presented standing in a curved posture which accentuates their well-fed waists." The style he pioneered remained influential on subsequent generations of Persian painters; several pupils were prominent artists, including Mo'en Mosavver, who painted his portrait many decades later (illustrated at top) as well as Riza's son, Muhammed Shafi Abbasi.

His earlier works were signed Aqa Risa (or Riza, Reza etc., depending on the transliteration used), which, confusingly, is also the name of a contemporary Persian artist who worked for the Mughal Emperor Jahangir in India. In 1603, at the age of about 38, the artist in Persia received the honorific title of Abbasi from his patron, the shah, associating him with his name. In the early 20th century, there was much scholarly debate, mostly in German, as to whether the later Aqa Risa and Riza Abbasi were the same figures. It is now accepted that they were, although his style shows a considerable shift in mid-career. Riza Abbasi, the painter, is also not to be confused with his contemporary Ali Riza Abbasi, Shah Abbas' favourite calligrapher, who in 1598, was appointed to the important position of royal librarian, and therefore in charge of the royal atelier of painters and calligraphers. Both Rizas accompanied the shah on his campaign to Khurasan in 1598 and followed him to the new capital he established in Isfahan from 1597 to 1598. Soon after, Riza Abbasi left the Shah's employ in a "mid-life crisis", apparently seeking greater independence and freedom to associate with Isfahan's "low-life" world, including athletes, wrestlers and other unrespectable types. In 1610, he returned to the court, probably because he was short of money, and continued in the employ of the Shah until his death. A series of drawings copying the miniatures attributed to the great 15th-century artist Behzad, which were in the library of the shrine at Ardabil, strongly suggest that Riza had visited the city, probably as part of the Shah's party and perhaps on his visits in 1618 or 1625.

About the time of his return to court service, there is a considerable change in his style. "The primary colours and virtuoso technique of his early portraits give way in the 1620s to darker, earthier colours and a coarser, heavier line. New subjects only partly compensate for this disappointing stylistic development". He painted many older men, perhaps scholars, Sufi divines, or shepherds, as well as birds and Europeans, and in his last years sometimes satirized his subjects.

Sheila Canby's 1996 monograph accepts 128 miniatures and drawings as by Riza, or probably so, and lists as "Rejected" or "Uncertain Attributions" a further 109 that have been ascribed to him at some point Today, his works can be found in Tehran in the Reza Abbasi Museum and in the library at the Topkapi Palace in Istanbul. They can also be found in several western museums, such as the Smithsonian, where the Freer Gallery of Art has an album of works by him and pupils, the British Museum, Louvre and the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

title: Reza Abbasi


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Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway

The Spokane, Portland & Seattle Railway (SP&S; ) was a railroad in the northwest United States. Incorporated in 1905, it was a joint venture by the Great Northern Railway and the Northern Pacific Railway to build a railroad along the north bank of the Columbia River. The railroad later built or acquired other routes in Oregon. The SP&S was merged into the Burlington Northern in March, 1970. Remnants of the line are currently operated by BNSF Railway and the Portland and Western Railroad.

History
The railroad was chartered in 1905 by James J. Hill to connect the two transcontinental railroads owned by him, the Northern Pacific (NP) and Great Northern (GN), to Portland, Oregon from Spokane, Washington, to gain a portion of the lumber trade in Oregon, a business then dominated by E. H. Harriman's Union Pacific and Southern Pacific railroads. Construction began in 1906 under the name Portland & Seattle Railway, proceeding to the east and south from Vancouver, Washington. The work included construction of three major bridges over the Columbia River, the Oregon Slough, and the Willamette River. The northernmost of these was the first bridge of any kind to be built across the lower Columbia River.

Despite legal challenges from Harriman, within a year the line had been built as far as Pasco along the Columbia River, where it connected with NP. The first section to open was from Pasco west to Cliffs (near Maryhill), a length of 112 mi, on December 15, 1907. Operation was extended west to Lyle, 33 mi further west, on January 15, 1908, as construction continued on the 221 mi section from Pasco to Vancouver.

In January 1908 "Spokane" was added to the railroad's name, making it the Spokane, Portland & Seattle Railway. A "golden spike" ceremony was held on March 11, 1908 at Sheridan's Point to commerate the completion of the railroad along the Columbia. SP&S freight and passenger service (from Pasco) to Portland was inaugurated in November 1908. (First & Second Subdivisions) By 1909 the railroad had completed construction of its line up to Spokane along the Snake River (Third Subdivision).

In 1910 the SP&S gained control of the Oregon Electric interurban railway, which James J. Hill and the Great Northern had acquired two years before. Under the control of the SP&S (Ninth, Tenth, & Eleventh Subdivision), the railroad was extended southward to Eugene by 1912. The line was extended from Albany into Lebanon, Oregon and Sweet Home, Oregon in 1931. The Dollar branch was completed from Sweet Home to Dollar, Oregon later that same year.

SP&S also operated a second subsidiary railroad, which James J. Hill purchased in 1907 for 5 million dollars, in northwestern Oregon. This was previously the Astoria and Columbia River Railroad, which created a route in 1898 along the south bank of the Columbia River, from Portland through to Astoria and Seaside. This portion of the SP&S (Sixth & Seventh Subdivision) was known as the "Astoria" or "A" line.

A third route on which the SP&S operated extended southward from Wishram, Washington, to Bend, Oregon, was the Oregon Trunk Railway Company (Fifth Subdivision). Edward Harriman's Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company also was building a railroad south from the Columbia River to Bend resulting in a "railroad war" across opposite sides of the Deschutes River in which each railroad attempted to sabotage the other. In the end, the railroad opened using mostly the track of the Oregon Trunk, with a short portion of the Oregon & Washington Railway & Navigation Company track, and both railroads used the route (an arrangement that still exists with BNSF owning the majority of the line and UP having trackage rights). Building this railroad included construction in 1912 of another railroad bridge across the Columbia River, the Oregon Trunk Rail Bridge, at Wishram, Washington.

The 41 mile branch to Goldendale (Fourth Subdivision), the only branch line in Washington State, began at Lyle Washington. This railroad was originally completed in 1903 as the Columbia River & Northern Railway and was quickly acquired by the SP&S after the 1908 completion along the north bank of the Columbia River. This branch was shut down in 1992.

United Railways later became a branch line of the SP&S (Eighth Subdivision). The finished United Railways line went north from Wilkesboro through Banks, Manning, Buxton and Vernonia, Oregon. At this location, the line turned west, eventually reaching the town of Keasey, and continued on to the county line between Clatsop and Columbia Counties. Several logging companies started operation in the area, and used the United Railways to some extent. However, Oregon American traffic continued to be the largest user of the line. In 1944, the United Railways was dissolved and taken over completely by the Spokane Portland & Seattle Railway. In 1953, the line was sold to Long-Bell Lumber Company and in 1956 Long-Bell was sold to International Paper. International Paper had different plans for the region, and by September 1957 the rail traffic was gone. The line from Vernonia westward was abandoned in 1958.

During World War II the SP&S carried war materials to the Pacific Theatre; new industries located along the Columbia River, taking advantage of cheap electricity from hydroelectric dams on the river, including the Bonneville Dam, The Dalles Dam, and the McNary Dam. New industries served by the SP&S included aluminum plants, sawmills, chemical factories and grain elevators.

In 1954, a SP&S train derailed after hitting a rockslide on the route to Bend, Oregon, killing all crew members. Part of the train landed in the Deschutes River, including a boxcar, which landed in a rapid that was later named "Boxcar Rapids" after the incident.

In March 1970, the SP&S was merged into the Burlington Northern Railroad (BN). The BN was the product of the merger of four major railroads: the Great Northern Railway (GN), the Northern Pacific Railway (NP), the Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway (SP&S) and the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (CB&Q).

The history of the railroad is chronicled and preserved by the SP&S Historical Society.

Passenger trains
The SP&S's passenger operations mostly involved hosting connections with parents' trains, such as the Empire Builder and North Coast Limited, which were combined to form the Streamliner (No. 1/No. 2). Oriental Limited, Mainstreeter, and Western Star connected with (No. 3/No. 4). However, some of these SP&S trains were named. The Inland Empire Express (daytime) and North Bank Limited (overnight) provided daily, through service between Portland and Spokane. The Columbia River Express (No. 5/No. 6) operated between Portland and Pasco, connecting at Pasco with Northern Pacific No. 5/No. 6 for service to/from Spokane. From 1908 until the 1920s, the SP&S used the North Bank Depot as its Portland Terminus. After the 1920s, it used Portland (Union Station) for their passenger station arrivals and departures.

The only surviving SP&S Business car, the (second) No. 99 or "The Ruth M." (as nicknamed by a later private owner) is in operating condition and being further restored. It was built in 1915 by Barney and Smith and reconfigured by the railroad in 1927, 1948, and lastly in 1959. It resides at the Chehalis–Centralia Railroad since 2017. The car will be used as "premier seating", and during dinner trains can host a private party of up to eight in its lounge and dining room. As of 2023, the car has been repainted, and is in need of further cosmetic and mechanical repairs. The SP&S Historical Society is assisting with the efforts.

Two surviving SP&S Sleeper/Lounge cars are housed at museums, located at both ends of the reach of the railroad. These were built by the Pullman Standard Manufacturing Co. of Chicago and delivered to the railroad in 1950 at a cost of about $250,000. These cars ran in the Empire Builder service (Trains No. 1/No. 2) between Portland and Spokane. Weighing 131,000 pounds and seating up to 37 (with seating for 22 in the lounge), these lounge cars allowed passengers to buy food and drinks to enjoy with comfortable seating. The Mt. St. Helens No. 601 is at the Inland NW Rail Museum near Spokane. The Mt. Hood No. 600 is owned by the Pacific Northwest Chapter of the National Railway Historical Society and is housed at the Oregon Rail Heritage Center in Portland. These cars had a full-length antenna on the car roof. Of special note in the lounge was the push-button Farnsworth AM radio. The cars contained six single-person roomettes and three large 2-person compartments, two of them can be opened to provide a 4-person room.

Four passenger coaches, a baggage-coach, an observation car, a mail storage car, and a Pullman 6-5-2 sleeper car are preserved at the Northwest Railway Museum in Snoqualmie, Washington. Wood coaches 213 and 218 (Barney & Smith 1912) were restored to running order between 2007 and 2019 on the museum's interpretive railway. Steel coaches 275 and 276 are also Barney & Smith products, built in 1915. Coach 275 is in storage awaiting restoration, and 276 is in running order on the museum's interpretive railway. Baggage-coach 272 (Barney & Smith 1915) was built as a coach but later modified to include a baggage section. Wood observation car 556 (Barney & Smith 1912) and steel mail storage car 52 (Barney & Smith 1915) are both in storage awaiting restoration. Mail storage car 52 was originally mail and express car 40. Restoration of the steel Pullman sleeper 701 "Wapinitia Pass" (1950) began in 2023. All of these units were acquired by the Northwest Railway Museum between the early 1970s and early 1980s.

Preservation
Preserved steam locomotives:

 * Spokane, Portland and Seattle 700 - A 1938 E-1 "Northern" 4-8-4 preserved and operational in Portland, Oregon.
 * Spokane, Portland and Seattle 539 - A 1917 O-3 "Mikado" 2-8-2 preserved on static display in Kalama, Washington.

Preserved diesel locomotives:

 * Spokane, Portland and Seattle 804 - A 1953-built EMD F7A, now preserved and to be moved to and restored at the Inland NW Rail Museum in Reardan, Washington. As of 2023, a fund-raising effort is underway to complete the restoration.

Preserved wrecking cranes:

 * Spokane, Portland and Seattle X-5 - A 1908 Industrial Works (Bay City, Michigan) 75-ton capacity steam wrecking crane, construction number 1825. Donated to the Northwest Railway Museum in Snoqualmie, Washington in 1972. As of 2023, in storage awaiting restoration.
 * Spokane, Portland and Seattle X-116 - Originally Great Northern Railway boxcar 4722, built by Haskell & Barker Car Company (Michigan City, Indiana), converted in 1910 to serve as a boom tender to X-5. Acquired by the Northwest Railway Museum in 1975. As of 2023, in storage awaiting restoration.

title: Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway


text:
Category talk:Exploding animals

earlier comments
We have a category "exploding animals"? Whoa. - Ta bu shi da yu 01:42, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

And its filling up nicely. One day all animals will've had an occurence of exploding. Dude, didn't you "quit" like a couple of months ago? --Newnoise 18:08, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I'm amazed. Exploding White Mice is somewhat disappointing though. -- User:Docu

Suicide bombing?
This is great category. Oddly, I find myself trying to talk myself out of adding Suicide bombing to the list, for though it seems entirely within the scope of the category, it seems to involve choice, which none of the others do. Thoughts?--Mike Selinker 08:39, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

Can we put something about how seagulls explode if you give them alka seltzer? 69.217.54.245 02:26, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

TfD nomination of Template:Exploding organisms
Template:Exploding organisms has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for Deletion page. Thank you. — DropDeadGorgias (talk) 20:08, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

 * The result of the discussion was keep. (See archive here). EdJogg 00:25, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Digg!
http://digg.com/offbeat_news/Best_Wikipedia_category_EVER LOL, now we get to deal with Lots of kind loving individuals. yay :P

E. Sn0 = 31337 = Talk 00:25, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Exploding animals


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Orly

Orly is a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, Île-de-France. It is located 12.7 km from the center of Paris.

The name of Orly came from Latin Aureliacum, "the villa of Aurelius".

Orly Airport partially lies on the territory of the commune of Orly, which gave its name to the airport.

Transport
Orly is served by two stations on Paris RER line C: Les Saules and Orly-Ville.

Education
Schools in Orly: Lycée Guillaume Apollinaire, a senior high/sixth-form in Thiais; and Lycée Georges Brassens, a senior high/sixth-form in Villeneuve-le-Roi, are nearby.
 * Preschools (écoles maternelles): Cité Jardins, Jean Moulin, Joliot-Curie, Marcel Cachin, Noyer-Grenot, Paul Eluard, Romain Rolland
 * Elementary schools (écoles élémentaires): Cité Jardins, Centre, Jean Moulin, Joliot-Curie, Marcel Cachin A and B, Paul Eluard A and B, Romain Rolland A and B
 * Junior high schools: Collège Dorval and Collège Desnos
 * One senior high school/sixth-form college: Lycée des métiers Armand Guillaumin

Personalities

 * Kery James, rapper
 * Dry, rapper
 * Jean Fernand, an impressionist painter

title: Orly


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Curtiss Robin

The Curtiss Robin, introduced in 1928, was an American high-wing monoplane built by the Curtiss-Robertson Airplane Manufacturing Company. The J-1 version was flown by Wrongway Corrigan who crossed the Atlantic after being refused permission to do so.

Design
The Robin, a workmanlike cabin monoplane, had a wooden wing and steel tubing fuselage. The cabin accommodated three persons; two passengers were seated side-by-side behind the pilot. Early Robins were distinguished by large flat fairings over the parallel diagonal wing bracing struts; the fairings were abandoned on later versions, having been found to be ineffective in creating lift. The original landing gear had bungee rubber cord shock absorbers, later replaced by an oleo-pneumatic system; a number of Robins had twin floats added. Variants of the Robin were fitted with engines which developed 90 - 185 hp.

Operational history

A single modified Robin (with a 110 hp Warner R-420-1) was used by the United States Army Air Corps, and designated the XC-10. This aircraft was used in a test program for radio-controlled (and unmanned) flight.

Cuba's national airline, Compañía Nacional Cubana de Aviación Curtiss, was founded in 1929 with the Curtiss-Wright company serving as its co-founder and major investor. The airline's first aircraft was a Curtiss Robin and it was flown on domestic routes as a mail and passenger transport.

From September 1929 to May 1930 a Robin C-1 was used to deliver the McCook, Nebraska Daily Gazette to communities in rural Nebraska and Kansas. The airplane flew a nonstop route of 380 mi daily, dropping bundles of newspapers from a height of 500 ft to local carriers.

A Curtiss Robin C was purchased by the Paraguayan government in 1932 for the transport squadron of its air arm. It was intensively used as a VIP transport plane and air ambulance during the Chaco War (1932–1935).

Variants (Model 50)
Data from:Curtiss aircraft : 1907-1947
 * Challenger Robin: (Model 50A) An early version of the Robin, powered by a 165 hp Curtiss Challenger radial piston engine.
 * Comet Robin: One Robin was converted by its owner in 1937, fitted with a 150 hp Comet 7-D radial piston engine.
 * Robin: (Model 50A) Prototypes and initial production aircraft powered by 90 hp Curtiss OX-5 engines.
 * Robin B: A three-seat cabin monoplane, fitted with wheel brakes and a steerable tailwheel, powered by a 90 hp Curtiss OX-5 V-8 engine; about 325 were built.
 * Robin B-2: A three-seat cabin monoplane, powered by a 150 - 180 hp Wright-Hisso "A","E" and "I" V-8 water-cooled piston engine.
 * Robin C: A three-seat cabin monoplane, powered by a 170 hp or 185 hp Curtiss Challenger radial piston engine; about 50 built.
 * Robin C-1: (Model 50C) An improved version of the Robin C, powered by a 185 hp Curtiss Challenger radial piston engine; over 200 built.
 * Robin C-2: (Model 50D) A long-range version fitted with an extra fuel tank, powered by a 170 hp Curtiss Challenger radial piston engine; six built.
 * Robin 4C: (Model 50E) A four-seat version, powered by a Curtiss Challenger radial piston engine; one built.
 * Robin 4C-1: A three-seat version with an enlarged forward fuselage section; three built.
 * Robin 4C-1A: (Model 50G) Another four-seat version with an enlarged forward fuselage section; 11 built.
 * Robin 4C-2: A single un-certified version powered by a 225 hp Wright J-6-7 Whirlwind engine.
 * Robin CR: A one-off experimental version, fitted with a 120 hp Curtiss Crusader engine.
 * Robin J-1: (Model 50H) Powered by a 165 hp Wright J-6-5 Whirlwind radial piston engine; about 40 built.
 * Robin J-2: (Model 50I) A long-range version, with 80 USgal fuel. Two were built
 * Robin J-3: A J-1 temporarily designated J-3, which reverted to the J-1 designation after being de-modified.
 * Robin M: A Robin B aircraft, fitted with the 115 hp Milwaukee Tank V-502 V-8 engine (air-cooled OX-5 conversions).
 * Robin W: (Model 50J) Powered by a 110 hp Warner Scarab radial piston engine. Only a small number were built in 1930.
 * XC-10: One Robin W was sold to the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) and converted into an unmanned pilot-less radio-controlled test aircraft, powered by a 110 hp Warner R-420-1.

Military operators

 * 🇵🇾 Paraguay
 * Paraguayan Air Force
 * United States Army Air Corps
 * United States Army Air Corps

Australia

 * 477 – J-1 airworthy with John Graeme Vevers of Patterson Lakes, Victoria.

Brazil

 * 248 – C-2 in storage at the TAM Museum in São Carlos, São Paulo.

Canada

 * 405 – C-1 on display at the Reynolds-Alberta Museum in Wetaskiwin, Alberta.

Costa Rica

 * C-1 on display at the Juan Santamaría International Airport domestic terminal in Alajuela, Costa Rica.

Germany

 * 130 – J-1 airworthy with Antique Aeroflyers in Mengen, Baden-Württemberg.

United States

 * 193 – B airworthy at the Fantasy of Flight in Polk City, Florida.
 * 213 – B airworthy at the Western Antique Aeroplane & Automobile Museum in Hood River, Oregon.
 * 329 – B-1 on static display at the San Diego Air & Space Museum in San Diego, California.
 * 337 – C-1 on static display at the Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum in McMinnville, Oregon.
 * 403 – B-2 on display at the EAA Aviation Museum in Oshkosh, Wisconsin.
 * 469 – C-1 on display at the Yanks Air Museum in Chino, California.
 * 628 – C-1 on static display at the Museum of Flight in Seattle, Washington.
 * 712 – 4C-1A on display at the Western North Carolina Air Museum in Hendersonville, North Carolina.
 * 733 – J-1D on display at the Shannon Air Museum in Fredericksburg, Virginia. It was previously on display at the Virginia Aviation Museum.
 * 737 – J-1 airworthy with Brian T. Coughlin of Cazenovia, New York. It is based at Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome.
 * J-1 Ole Miss (US registration NR526N) on static display at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C. that set the aviation endurance record in 1935 (continuously airborne June 4-July 1), which it held for 4 years.
 * On static display at the Cradle of Aviation Museum in Garden City, New York. It has floats in place of wheeled landing gear.
 * On display at the Air Zoo in Portage, Michigan.
 * On display at the Eagles Mere Air Museum in Eagles Mere, Pennsylvania.
 * On static display at the Glenn H. Curtiss Museum in Hammondsport, New York.
 * On display at the Historic Aircraft Restoration Museum in Maryland Heights, Missouri.
 * Under restoration at the Candler Field Museum in Williamson, Georgia. Now owned and operated by Capt. Buerk’s Living History Museum in New Hampshire.
 * Under restoration at the Port Townsend Aero Museum in Port Townsend, Washington.

title: Curtiss Robin


text:
Eartha

Eartha is the world's largest rotating and revolving globe, located within the former headquarters of the DeLorme mapping corporation in Yarmouth, Maine. Garmin purchased the company and the building in 2016. The globe weighs approximately 5,600 pounds (2,500 kg), and has a diameter of over 41 feet (12.5 m).

Construction
The globe was built with a scale of 1:1,000,000, on which one inch represents sixteen miles (1mm = 1km). As with most globes, it is mounted at a 23.5 degree angle, the same axial tilt as the Earth itself; thus the equator is diagonal to the floor. It uses a cantilever mount with two motors, and simulates one day's revolution and rotation every 18 minutes, though it is possible for the motors to fully rotate the globe in as little as one minute. The globe was completed in 1998, after two years of construction and planning, and it uses a composite database built from satellite imagery, shaded relief, colored bathymetry, and information about road networks and urban areas. The database used to generate the surface images was approximately 140 gigabytes.

Former CEO of DeLorme Maps, David DeLorme, designed the globe, while Lewiston-based surveyor and civil engineer, Vincent J.P. Leblanc, was involved in the building project. Map technician Jeff Clark was responsible for the 792 plastic sections that cover the rotating globe.

Eartha is contained in an atrium with several glass walls that allow it to be seen from outside of the building; it is readily visible from U.S. Route 1. At night, the globe is illuminated.

Eartha is constructed around a truss structure which is called Omni-Span, and consists of over 6000 pieces of aluminum tubing. The map panels each cover 8 degrees of latitude and 10 degrees of longitude, and are attached to the trusses with a custom-designed system of hidden bolts.

Public viewing
The atrium containing Eartha is open to the public during business hours. There was an adjacent coffee shop which, in 2016, replaced a gift shop that carried various DeLorme and geography-related products. A cafeteria returned at the time of Garmin's acquisition.

The mounting equipment is in a large pit below floor level and is visible to visitors, but the stairway down is chained off to prevent public access. There are two balconies that allow visitors to more easily view the higher parts of the globe.

Eartha was originally designed to be 42 ft in diameter. In 1999, surveyors hired by the Guinness Book of World Records measured the globe at 41 ft. The previous record holder is the Globe of Peace located in Apecchio, Pesaro, Italy.

title: Eartha


text:
Fassionola

Fassionola is a typically red-colored fruit-flavored (passion fruit and others) syrup that was frequently used in tropical drinks during the 1930s but is now a relatively unusual ingredient. It also comes in green and gold varieties that are sometimes made to taste differently. It is used as a fruit punch concentrate, and some claim that a red-colored fruit syrup called fassionola was an ingredient in the original Hurricane cocktail. Although a frequent attribution, solid evidence of fassionola's use in the Hurricane from before 1956 is lacking, and it is not known what the precise ingredients were in the earliest version of fassionola.

Tiki drink usage
Claimed to have been first fashioned in 1916, the complete history of fassionola is unclear but is closely associated with Donn Beach (AKA Don the Beachcomber). Beach cites his childhood as growing up near New Orleans, and he sometimes used fassionola in making what came to be known as "tiki drinks" in his 1930s-era bars. Some claim fassionola was invented by Beach; others believe that is unclear. Regardless, the ingredient is listed as being used by Beach in the book Hawai'i, Rum Drinks & Cuisine by Don the Beachcomber and calls for its use in some of Beach's more well-known drinks such as the Cobra's Fang, Pi Yi, and Rum Barrel. The book also discusses the extent that Beach went to in order to keep his recipes a secret, premixing ingredients himself and relabeling bottles with only numbers and letters, with recipes sometimes written in code.

Trader Vic listed what he called "passionola" in the index of his 1972 revised Bartender's Guide. He described it as "a non-alcoholic syrup made from passion fruit [that] comes in three colors — red, green, and natural". He did not, however, list it as an ingredient for any of the cocktails in his book.

21st-century drink makers continue to use the ingredient in tiki cocktail recipes, where it is viewed by some as a "secret ingredient" and by others as a generic fruit punch concentrate.

Manufactured brands
A common and the attributed original mass manufactured brand is Jonathan English's Brand Red Tropical Gold Fruit Mix, produced and distributed by the Jonathan English Company in San Diego since the 1950s.

title: Fassionola


text:
Vilson Ahmeti

Vilson Ahmeti  (born 5 September 1951 in Fier) is an Albanian political figure. He served as the 27th Prime Minister of Albania between 10 December 1991 and 13 April 1992. He was appointed to the position by President Ramiz Alia on December 4, following the dismissal of seven ministers, the resignation of Ylli Bufi, and the dissolution of the June 12th caretaker government. He had previously served as a minister in the Socialist government.

On 31 August 1993, Ahmeti was sentenced to two years in prison on charges of abuse of power.

title: Vilson Ahmeti


text: User talk:4.8.143.190

title: User talk:4.8.143.190


text:
Category:Gang members

This category includes articles on members of criminal street gangs, but not organized crime groups. For members of organized crime groups, see Category:Gangsters

title: Category:Gang members


text:
Justin Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin

Justin Ahomadegbé-Tomêtin (January 16, 1917 – March 8, 2002) was a Beninese politician most active when his country was known as Dahomey. He arose on a political scene where one's power was dictated by what region of Dahomey one lived in. He served as president of the National Assembly of Dahomey from April 1959 to November 1960 and as prime minister and vice president of Dahomey from 1964 to 1965.

Ahomadégbé became President as part of a system that rotated the office between three leading political figures: Ahomadégbé, Hubert Maga, and Sourou-Migan Apithy. Maga peacefully handed power to Ahomadégbé on May 7, 1972. On October 26, 1972, he was overthrown in a coup d'état led by Mathieu Kérékou. All three remained under house arrest until 1981.

Early life and entry into politics
Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin was born on January 16, 1917, a direct descendant of the kings of Abomey, the town of his birth. He attended the École William Ponty and the French West Africa School of Medicine in Dakar. He served in the French Army for a short while, where he attained the rank of sergeant. After his short military career, Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin decided to pursue dentistry, opening an office in Porto-Novo.

Originally a member of the Dahomeyan Progressive Union (UPD), in 1946 he established the African People's Bloc (BPA), and was elected to the General Council shortly afterwards. He was re-elected in 1952. In 1955 the BPA merged with the UPD to established the Dahomeyan Democratic Union (UDD). He was a vocal critic of the French rule, and gained influence upon allying himself with trade unions. Using this, Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin was elected Mayor of Abomey in November 1956 elections.

The results of the territorial elections of 1959 were as such: the Republican Party of Dahomey (PRD), led by Sourou-Migan Apithy received 37 seats with 144,038 votes; the Dahomeyan Democratic Rally (RDD), led by Hubert Maga received 22 seats with 62,132 votes; and Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin's UDD receiving just 11 deputies for its 162,179 votes. What followed was described by journalist Robert Matthews as "an immediate explosion". Supporters of Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin started riots that were so severe that French soldiers were called in to quell them. Apithy and Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin agreed to split the contested 18 seats in a southwest constituency among themselves as a result of a mediation performed by Félix Houphouët-Boigny. However, Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin made it clear that he would not allow Apithy to remain the Prime Minister of Dahomey, but Apithy was not going to listen to his demands. Maga was chosen as a compromise for the premiership and was voted into this post on May 22, 1959.

Independence and dissent
On August 1, 1960, Dahomey gained its independence and Maga became its first president. Shortly after independence, the three parties united into the "Patriotic Action Front" and redistricted Dahomey into one electoral constituency. Under this system, they would provide a list of candidates of whom whoever received a majority would win all legislative seats. It did not last long; soon, Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin broke from the union and, using the discontent among people over the increasing rarity of jobs in the country, incited demonstrations. In September 1960 he claimed that a single-party state was the only solution to the stagnation of the economy; since he had just broken from one, he was looking for another party to be led by him.

Meanwhile, Maga made Houphouët-Boigny recognise the RDD as the Dahomeyan wing of his African Democratic Rally. Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin had always believed that the UDD was the sole representative of the Rally.

At the end of September Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin convinced the trade unions that he owned to begin another strike for Maga's inability to promote national development and ensure the welfare of the working class. The strike, which existed in Dahomey's capital of Porto-Novo and its largest city of Cotonou, became so serious that police forces used tear gas and ended when Maga sent down some faithful Northerners, carrying around bows and arrows and patrolling the streets at night. At the same time members of the UDD organised a motion of censure in the National Assembly. Maga relied on Apithy for help in opposing the motion, and it was ultimately rejected.

Right after the motion was rejected, UDD deputies began quitting their jobs. They were in turn replaced by deputies of the PRD Shortly after this the PRD and RDD merged to form the Dahomeyan Unity Party (PDU) and Maga was naturally elected its leader. On December 11, Maga was formally elected president and Apithy vice president. In the parliamentary elections the PDU received 69% of the vote and UDD 31%, although it was not represented in the National Assembly.

Maga assassination plot
On May 26 Information Minister Albert Tévoédjrè notified Maga that Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin had plotted to assassinate the president but he and 11 other dissidents had been arrested. The trial date was set for December. It differed from many political trials in Africa being that it was held in public and the defence was allowed a lawyer from Paris. In any event, Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin received five years for his role in the conspiracy, and the others were dealt from one- to ten-year sentences. The UDD was also banned. Maga ultimately released them in November 1962, saying in a broadcast that it was not only due to their good behavior in jail but also to reconcile with his former enemies.

Background and 1970 election
On December 10, 1969, Émile Derlin Zinsou was overthrown by Maurice Kouandété, who had installed him as president in the first place. The military, however, refused to recognize Kouandété, and as the two men could not reach agreement, a Military Directorate was established with Paul-Émile de Souza as its chairman. An election was held on March 28, 1970, to determine the true president. On this occasion, the triumvirate was allowed to campaign, and they did not miss the chance. Intimidation and bribery were commonplace, and the electoral campaign saw the comeback of regional loyalties. It was also marked by a series of violent outbursts; invalidated reports state that six people were killed or wounded at incidents in Parakou on the eve of the elections. Fellow candidate Zinsou asserted that Maga supporters had killed one of his supporters during said incidents.

These charges did not affect Maga's standing in the polls; he received a majority of the vote in the north, and Apithy and Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin received a majority in the southeast and southwest/central, respectively. The election results were as follows: 252,551 citizens voted for Maga; 200,091 for Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin, and 186,332 for Apithy. In the entire south, Maga received 24,000 votes compared to the 180,000 who voted for him in the Borgou Department, obtaining 97.3 percent of the 78 percent turnout. Zinsou, running to counter the constant tribal clashes, received 3 percent, with 17,551 votes.

Nonetheless, de Souza decided to nullify the results from Atakora, the region where Maga received the most votes, on April 3. Outraged, Maga formed the Assembly of the Peoples of the North, which threatened to secede unless he was declared President. He refused to leave his campaign headquarters at Parakou even to attend political meetings. Maga's reaction to the nullification prompted many southern workers to flee the north. Apithy stated that he would convince his region to join Nigeria if Maga took the presidency and took steps to bribe his way into that office. Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin claimed Maga had defrauded the electoral system to his advantage. In contrast with the other three former presidents, Zinsou admitted that he had been defeated and decided participate in bargaining, explaining that he rejected the idea of a coalition "for personal reasons". The other former Presidents, on the other hand, agreed to a hasty compromise on April 13 to prevent a civil war.

Under Maga
A presidential council, consisting of Maga, Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin, and Apithy, was set up on May 7 with a presidency that changed every two years. Maga inaugurated this system for the first two years. Each man agreed to not use the military to extend their term or use any other means toward that consequence. If decisions were not unanimous during the first round of voting, a two councilman majority would suffice on the second round. The council served as the executive and legislative branch of Dahomey.

The cabinet was composed of four Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin allies, three Maga allies, and three allies of Apithy. Gabriel Lozès, appointed minister of finance; Theophile Paoletti, new minister of information and tourism; Edmond Doussou-Yovo, minister of education; and Karl Ahouansou, minister of communication, were all friends of Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin. Maga's colleagues in the cabinet were Pascal Chabi Kao, minister of finance; Albert Ouassa, minister of health; and Chabi Mama, minister of rural development; while Apithy friends were Ambroise Agboton, minister of labor; Joseph Keke, minister of economy and planning; and Michel Toko, minister of justice and guardian of the seals. Daouda Badarou, who had served as foreign minister under Zinsou, was allowed to keep his job.

Maga's economic policies during his chairmanship helped quiet union leaders whose protests during his presidency had been intense. He helped create a tax plan that would finance their salaries by cutting expenditures and cracking down on tax evasion. In 1970 Dahomey witnessed a surplus of 429 million CFA francs, rising to a 570 million CFA franc surplus the following year. With the national economy in a favorable position, Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin and the rest of the council could afford a number of luxuries, including three houses and three Mercedes-Benz 300 automobiles to be shared amongst themselves, and festivals for the anniversary of the founding of the triumvirate.

The Council lost popularity with the Kutuklui Affair. By decree of Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin and the rest of the council, Togolese opposition leader Noe Kutuklui was officially expelled from Dahomey on October 27, 1971, where he had been practicing law since the late 1960s. It was at the request of General Étienne Eyadéma, president of Togo, as Kutuklui had been involved in several plots against Eyadema's military government. The Council's decision to extradite him spurred demonstrations in Cotonou. Maga was unable to carry out his decision; Alphonse Alley protected Kutuklui and took him to an unknown place outside of Dahomey. Col. Alley received no punishment whatsoever for his role in the Affair.

Students were some of those involved in the protests, and they soon had another reason to conflict with their government. On November 5, 1971, Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin and his administration shut down the Union Général des Etudiants et Eleves de Dahomey (UGEED), a radical youth group which sought to "transform Dahomey into a battlefield" using "workers, soldiers, and policemen". This stemmed from UGEED-sponsored demonstrations against the minister of education when he failed to attend an educational meeting. Students whose schools followed the strike were allowed back to school on November 19, and only if their parents signed documents that said they would not participate in more demonstrations. If they failed to comply, they would be expelled from the educational system of Dahomey. Government-instituted rallies were arranged to support the ban.

The military was also aroused. The formation of a presidential council only further enraged the army. Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin was ambushed while traveling to a rally in Abomey on May 7, 1971. Maga initially denied its existence, and to this day details are unclear. An artillery camp at Ouidah was the location of another military uprising on January 28, 1972. The president sent two officers to overpower the rebels although no punishment was undertaken. Both Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin and Maga believed that the latter incident was an attempted coup.

Kouandété attempted to usurp power again at dawn on February 23. When he first heard of the mutiny, Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin believed that it was an attempt by Maga to remain in power. Leading the Ouidah garrison, Kouandété also attempted to take over government buildings and murder de Souza. Over the course of the operation, assailant Major Moumouni was mortally wounded by de Souza's bullets. The plot was foiled, although Maga canceled a visit to France to attend to the matter at hand. A 12-member military commission would soon discover another plot, that would have been undertaken simultaneous to Kouandété's. According to its findings, Captains Glele and Pierre Boni were going to follow Kouandété until de Souza was assassinated, when they would eradicate their leader and insert Zinsou back into power. The recent events epitomised the Council's "fear and contempt" for the military.

Under Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin
Maga transferred power to Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin on May 7, 1972. This was the first time in 12 years that the head of Dahomey was succeeded in a nonmilitary fashion. The new chairman congratulated Maga and praised the triumvirate as "one of Dahomey's most beneficial institutions." It was believed that the triumvirate would continually undermine each other, and the simple transition of power was viewed as a positive step toward Dahomeyan unity.

The Presidential Council was slow in organizing a military trial for the 1972 coup plotters, and it did not begin until May 12. The court tried 21 men besides Kouandété, mostly military officers but also including several commoners and even Maga bodyguards. The punishments were announced on May 16. Kouandété received the death penalty, as did Captains Josué and Glélé, Quartermaster Sergeant Agboton, and a corporal and a sergeant in absentia. Lesser sentences were handed to five men who were given life imprisonment, two who would serve 20 years in prison, another with 15 years, two with ten, and two with five. An additional four were acquitted. The sentences were never carried out; the jurors believed that Kouandété would seize power in another coup.

Another delayed function of the Council was the formation of the Assemblée Consultative Nationale, an advisory assembly required by the 1970 constitution. As per the constitution, such an assembly would contain 30 members advising councilmen on economic, social, and other issues, with Paul Darboux presiding. It was not established until July 1972, due to, in the words of academic Samuel Decalo, "intensive horse-trading between the partners in the Presidential Council ... and pressures from their political lieutenants for a position in the Assembly."

One of the most notable aspects of Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin's time in power was the Kovacs Affair. It began with Pascal Chabi Kao being given a monopoly over selling official stationary to the Presidential Council and spread to claims of bribery and embezzlement. Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin tried to fire Chabi Kao, but Maga, who was Chabi Kao's mentor, refused. Maga convinced Apithy to help and the bill was vetoed.

Another coup was launched by soldiers of the Ouidah garrison on October 26. This one, however, was successful, and Major Mathieu Kérékou was installed as president. It occurred during a cabinet meeting between Maga and Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin. Kérékou had served as Maga's aide-de-camp in 1961. According to reports at the scene, soldiers abruptly arrived in the Cabinet room of the presidential palace and started firing bullets, but no one was injured. Kérékou called the triumvirate "truly a monster" as it showed "unpardonable incompetence", amongst other charges which were used to justify the coup. Kouandété was pardoned, although the former council was not. Maga, Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin, and Apithy spent more than nine years in prison before being freed by Kérékou in 1981.

Later life and death
After being released from incarceration, Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin was elected a Member of Parliament in 1991 under the National Rally for Democracy ticket and served at until 1995. He continued to lead the U.D.D. until his death on March 8, 2002, at the Hubert Maga National University and Hospital Center in Cotonou. No cause of death was given, although he was said to have suffered for a long time. The last of the triumvirate to die, he was awarded a state funeral and seven days of mourning, beginning on March 11. Flags were ordered to be flown at half-staff throughout the country during that period. President Kerekou visited Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin's house shortly after his death, praising him as "a man of character, conviction, a fighter and a wise man".

The passing of Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin, which dominated newspapers in Dahomey, was received with more ambivalence than Kerekou's positive sentiments. Le Progres went so far as to say that Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin was "the monster of Abomey", and that he was "envied by his brothers due to his frankness and integrity ... Many of those now commending his patriotism, high morals and political exploits somehow killed him at one time or other." Le Matinal wrote an article on the man, entitled "Message from beyond: Ahomadegbe challenges Kerekou", questioning why "the perpetrators of crimes [are] so indecent as to shed crocodile tears". More neutral was Fraternite, noting that "Ahomadegbe, whose political might was extraordinary, was among the most feared politicians in Benin's contemporary history. He was dangerous to have either as friend or foe. To him, politics was a winding sentence with several commas but no full stop."

Le Republicain compared his fall to that of a baobab tree, reflecting the mostly sad emotions that followed his departing. According to them, Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin "was among the three great thinkers who took turns to lead Dahomey (now Benin) from May 1970 to October 1972". A long prison sentence did not affect his inspiratory qualities. Les Echos du Jour stated that "the dental surgeon who became president fought to the end against life and its mishaps, then against death ... He resisted with all his might not to escape death, but merely to show that nothing was over until it was over." In an obituary, Jeune Afrique described the man as "humor[ous], loved good cheer, knew how to enjoy the good side of life, but his blows of anger were Homeric".

title: Justin Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin