text:
Talk:Lanthanide

Lanthanide?
The USGS (on a subpage of the ref at the bottom of our article) says: [emphasis added]
 * The lanthanides are a group of 15 chemically similar elements with atomic numbers 57 through 71, inclusive. Although not a lanthanide, yttrium, atomic number 39, is included in the rare earths because it often occurs with them in nature, having similar chemical properties. Scandium, atomic number 21, is also included in the group, although it typically occurs in rare- earths ores only in minor amounts because of its smaller atomic and ionic size.

Our article talks of only 57 through 70, inclusive.

Any chemists able to clarify? Robin Patterson 21:51, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * There's no uniformly agreed-upon definition among chemists. There are three possible definitions: 57-70, 57-71, or 58-71.  Without getting into lots of chemistry, suffice it to say there are arguments that can be made for each of these three.

 * The three definitions are reflected in different arrangements of the Periodic Table as well. Everyone agrees that 56 goes below 38 and 72 goes below 40.  What goes below element 39 is different in different tables.  Some place 57 below 39, and have 58-71 off separately in the lanthanide block.  Some place 71 below 39 and have 57-70 in the lanthanide block.  Some just have a general reference to the lanthanides below element 39, and have 57-71 in the lanthanide block.

 * The same applies to the Actinides as well: some consider them to be 89-102, some 89-103, and some 90-103. The one thing that is uniform across periodic tables is that a given table will follow the same convention for lanthanides and actinides.  If the lanthanides are 57-70, the actinides are 89-102; if the lanthanides are 57-71, the actinides are 89-103; if the lanthanides are 58-71, the actinides are 90-103.

 * However, Wikipedia currently isn't even consistent in this way: the Lanthanides article says they're 58-71, but the Actinides article says they're 89-102.

 * It's easy enough to edit Lanthanides and Actinides to reflect this lack of consensus. However, the real issue comes in which convention should be used for periodic tables on Wikipedia, as different conventions are currently used in these:

 * Tables where lanthanides are elements 57-70:
 * Periodic table (standard)
 * Periodic table (alternate)
 * Periodic table (big)
 * Periodic table (huge)
 * Periodic table (detailed)
 * Periodic table (extended) (note this assignment is certainly right for this particular table because elements are assigned to groups based on their theoretical electron configuration; this is also evidenced by helium's placement above beryllium as opposed to its usual place above neon)
 * Periodic table (electron configurations)
 * Periodic table (metals and non-metals)
 * Periodic table (block)
 * Table where lanthanides are elements 57-71:
 * Periodic table (wide) (by color coding)
 * Table where lanthanides are elements 58-71:
 * Periodic Table

 * Chuck 22:58, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)

I'd vote for 57-70 (and 89-102 for actinides) (with Lutetium under Yttrium and Lawrencium under Lutetium). All four (Sc, Y, Lu, Lr) are clearly the first transition metals (with one 3d, 4d, 5d, and 6d electron, respectively) in their row, with all previous subshells completely filled.

Now... getting really tedious: Looking through the electron configurations:

3d begins filling immediately with Scandium, with the 4s subshell sometimes temporarily losing an electron to 3d. With Zinc, all the started subshells are full and 4p is still empty. For Yttrium it's very similar, with 5p staying empty until group 13.

Lanthanum (57), starts with a 5d, not a 4f, electron. Cerium (58) adds a 4f, and then Praseodymium has 3 4f and no 5d electrons, whereafter 4f consistently fills until Ytterbium, where it's permanently filled, and all started subshells are now full, and 5d has throughout at most one electron, (and this for only three elements - La (57), Ce (58), and Gd (64) ). Seems to me that Ytterbium (70) is a very nice element to end the 4f block on. Lutetium has one 5d electron (the first "transition" element in row 6), and the 5d orbitals continue to fill consistently up to and including Hg (80) (the last row 6 "transition" element), after which 6p begins filling.

The Actinides are similar to the Lanthanides - Ac (89) has 1, Th (90) 2, Pa (91) 1, U (92) 1, Np (93) 1, and Cm (96) 1, 6d electron(s), and No (102) has all its started subshells filled, with 6d empty. Note that Lawrencium (103) (the first row 7 "transition" element) temporarily has a 7p electron before the first 6d. Cn (112) seems to be the last row 7 "transition" element. 75.82.122.28 (talk) 00:50, 9 June 2020 (UTC)

Lutetium
It never seems to make sense to include Lutetium in the series.
 * I disagree, I think it's a borderline case, just like lanthanum, which has no f electrons at all, and its ions are [Xe] which makes it closest to Sc or Y, and rather like Al. In my research on lanthanide triflates I found a big difference in reactivity between La(OTf)3 and the triflates Ce(OTf)3 onwards.  Lutetium has a full set of f electrons, but then so does Yb metal, does that mean Yb gets ruled out too?  We run into the same arguments with the d-block, are Sc and Zn really transition metals?  If Zn is not, then what about Pd, a classic transition metal yet d10?  I think we can make arguments back & forth, but it's all academic.  I think the periodic table solution they have used is great, thanks.

Scandium and Yttrium ([Ar]4s2,3d1 and [Kr]5s2,4d1 and Lutetium and Lawrencium ([Xe]6s2,5d1,4f14 and [Rn]7s2,6d1,5f14) are similar in configuration - imho all 4 are in the d block - actually group 3. Lanthanum and Actinium ([Xe]6s2,5d1 and [Rn]7s2,6d1) also appear to be in the d block - however, here the f block is in play according to the Madelung rule - and I see them both not as group 3, but as in between groups 2 and 3, since the d electrons disappear later and the f orbitals are all filled within 14 elements, before the d orbitals begin refilling (with Lu & Lr).

Zn, Cd, Hg and Cn are all d block - I would like to call them "transition", but I'm not a chemist - this is my take thinking about the electron configurations. It seems simpler and more intuitive to arrange the table according to the Madelung rule, with the actual elements sometimes deviating from it. There's a great periodic table @ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_periodic_tables#Major_alternative_structures. 75.82.122.28 (talk) 04:23, 9 June 2020 (UTC)

lanthanide vs lanthanoid
IUPAC argues that the -ide ending is reserved for a binary compound, such as chlorides, nitrides or oxides. The -oid ending means "similar to" as in humanoid or android. Therefore, I propose to use the new official name first, with the old -ide ending as a synonym. --Gunnar (talk) 11:30, 1 September 2020 (UTC)

 * No consensus exists to enact this change—as of now, it's just a proposal—so I have reverted it. We can repost this talk page section and the revision ID to WT:ELEM, where a discussion can be had if necessary. ComplexRational (talk) 21:14, 5 September 2020 (UTC)

 * ComplexRational, I assume that Wikipedia including ELEM does not do original research and therefore did only repeat the naming as determined by IUPAC, who seems to be the legitimate authority on terminology questions.

The 1985 “Red Book” (p. 45) indicates that the following collective names for groups of atoms are IUPAC-approved: actinoids or actinides, lanthanoids or lanthanides. The note that accompanied that statement explained that although actinoid means “like actinium” and so should not include actinium, actinium has become common usage. Similarly, lanthanoid. The ending “-ide” normally indicates a negatives ion, and therefore “lanthanoid” and “actinoid” are preferred to “lanthanide” and “actinide.” However, owing to wide current use, “lanthanide” and “actinide” are still allowed. http://publications.iupac.org/ci/2004/2601/2_holden.html
 * Both lanthanoid and lanthanide can be used, but the preferred name is lanthanoid, whereas lanthanide is still allowed but certainly outdated and due to the reasons given on the path to be considered as obsolete in the future. --Gunnar (talk) 22:16, 5 September 2020 (UTC)
 * No original research, but as far as I can tell, lanthanide and actinide are still in common use among many reliable sources (both journal articles and other tertiary reference materials) and not obsolete, so it is not a trivial matter to enact such a massive change. ComplexRational (talk) 17:35, 6 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Obviously the series of elements are called "lathanoids" (new name since the 80s), whereas "lanthanides" is the old name, still allowed by IUPAC but not preferred. I am wondering why you doubt this fact?

Lanthanoid, also called lanthanide, any of the series of 15 consecutive chemical elements in the periodic table from lanthanum to lutetium (atomic numbers 57–71). https://www.britannica.com/science/lanthanoid
 * This is from Encyclopædia Britannica, they also have discovered that the primary name ends with -oid, and the secondary ("also") with -ide. -- Gunnar (talk) 22:40, 5 September 2020 (UTC)

 * I'm not opposed to a change if a broad assessment of the sources would reveal that lanthanoid and actinoid are preferred. I have not yet done a more thorough investigation myself. ComplexRational (talk) 17:35, 6 September 2020 (UTC)

 * ComplexRational, the scientific authority about how to name elements and chemical compounds is the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. The so called Red Book is the reference how to name inorganic chemicals. The last edition of 2005 shows the Periodic Table of the Elements on the page before the title page (pdf-page 2) and clearly spells out "lanthanoids". Page 336, footnote d) says: "The ending ‘ide’ in ‘actinide’ and ‘lanthanide’ indicates a negative ion. Therefore, ‘actinoid’ should be used as the collective name for the elements Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr, and ‘lanthanoid’ as a collective name for the elements La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu (cf. Section IR-3.5)." Furthermore, Section IR-3.5 (Elements in the Periodic Table) says on p. 51 :"The following collective names for like elements are IUPAC-approved: alkali metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr), alkaline earth metals (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra), pnictogens (N, P, As, Sb, Bi), chalcogens (O, S, Se, Te, Po), halogens (F, Cl, Br, I, At), noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn), *lanthanoids* (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu), rare earth metals (Sc, Y and the lanthanoids) and actinoids (Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr)." and on page 52: "Although lanthanoid means ‘like lanthanum’ and so should not include lanthanum, lanthanum has become included by common usage. Similarly, actinoid. The ending ‘ide’ normally indicates a negative ion, and therefore lanthanoid and actinoid are preferred to lanthanide and actinide."
 * The last sentence is not an observation scanning thousands of chemistry articles, it is a normative recommendation. It is obvious that in the past this group of elements was called "lanthanides". But it seems that many scientist were not very happy with this name, as '-ide' implies it is a compound like in sodium chloride or carbon monoxide, here the negative ions of chlorine and oxygen. Lanthanide is also mentioned in the Red Book on p. 311, Table IX in the column for "Anions (including anion radicals) or anionic substituent groups" which follows the -ide ending idea. Therefore if you talk about lanthanide there is some ambiguity: is it the negative ion of lanthanum or is it the whole series of lanthanum like elements?
 * Consequently, the IUPAC changed the naming scheme (in 1985, maybe earlier), by which they declared that lanthanoid is the new preferred way to name this group. Of course, it does not make to sense to forbid the old name, which has been in use for decades / centuries, so the old name is still allowed, but not recommended by IUPAC due to the logical weakness. It will probably take a couple of generations of new students who rise up, learn the new name and become professors and professionals themselves until in recent literature the lanthanoid spelling is dominating. Maybe it is similar to the notion that Pluto is not a regular planet any more. I have learned in my school time it is planet #9. But to sum up: the scientific research community has declared that the name of the series of elements #57-#71 is "lanthanoids", whereas it is still possible to call it "lanthanides" (not preferred = not recommended by IUPAC), due to the semantic problem the -ide ending has. While the "-oid" ending means "similar to" such as humanoid, the semantic conclusion would be that the similar to #57 elements are only #58-#71, and not #57 itself. But due to common use to have the series starting at the naming father lanthanum, this little semantic contradiction is accepted and also lanthanum itself belongs to the lanthanum like elements.

 * The lanthanoid /ˈlænθənɔɪd/ (IUPAC nomenclature, also called lanthanide /ˈlænθənaɪd/) series of chemical elements, ... means exactly this: official name is lanthanoid, but it is also called (not preferred by the scientific committee which is responsible for naming chemical stuff, but still in may minds) lanthanide. --Gunnar (talk) 15:38, 8 September 2020 (UTC)

 * My thoughts: if OP is right (esp re "-ide" and "-oid" chemical naming convention), that should solve it. However, since many sources & conventions use the current form, the name change proposal is not convincing.
 * enwiki should make an RFC with a wide research on sources, via WP:ELEMENTS preferably, to conclude on a RL scientific usage convention. -DePiep (talk) 20:28, 6 September 2020 (UTC)
 * What do you mean by "OP" above? It isn't clear to me. Thanks. YBG (talk) 00:39, 7 September 2020 (UTC)
 * "OP" = original post; opening post in top by Gunnar (IUPAC argues that ...). -DePiep (talk) 09:35, 7 September 2020 (UTC)

This discussion should probably occur at WT:ELEM. YBG (talk) 00:39, 7 September 2020 (UTC)
 * It already is, see Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Elements where a general question has been asked. Chemistry geeks may know: when was actually the switch from -ide to -oid? This was at least already done in 1985, see Holden article, but may be earlier. This here is the relevant article which deals with lanthanide / lanthanoid elements and needs proper implementation. --Gunnar (talk) 14:19, 8 September 2020 (UTC)
 * This is not the first time this has been discussed. Despite being IUPAC convention, "-oid" has not been widely adopted in the literature compared to "-ide". Here is an old discussion where there was consensus to keep the -ide naming convention. Polyamorph (talk) 15:10, 8 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Per WP:OFFICIALNAMES it does not really matter what the official name is, wikipedia article titles should use the WP:COMMONNAME. This is established consensus and does not really require further discussion, especially since this lathnan-ide/oide naming convention has been discussed several times before. Polyamorph (talk) 16:23, 8 September 2020 (UTC)

 * The IUPAC reasoning convinced me, because the purpose is to reduce ambiguity. I am not sure if "lanthanide" in the sense of a negative lanthanum ion actually exist, but nevertheless "lanthanide" does not fit into the whole "-ide" family. And I don't agree that it is a question of a common name, because the commoner would not find lanthanum nor the lanthanoids on a map. Both are names for professionals, one is rather old and therefore still rooted firmly in many brains, and the newer one is more precise, but slowly growing in use (maybe because many semi-specialists don't know and their textbooks don't tell). In 2011 the Britannica moved from lanthanide to lanthanoid, see https://www.britannica.com/science/lanthanoid and press the info button. --Gunnar (talk) 21:21, 8 September 2020 (UTC)

 * From WP:OFFICIALNAMES Wikipedia:Article titles is the relevant policy and reads in part: Article titles should be recognizable to readers, unambiguous, and consistent with usage in reliable English-language sources. In many cases, the official name will be the best choice to fit these criteria. However, in many other cases, it will not be. The article title policy later reads Wikipedia does not necessarily use the subject's "official" name as an article title (emphasis added). On wikipedia we go by what the sources say, not what the "official" terminology is. Polyamorph (talk) 13:41, 9 September 2020 (UTC)

 * And what do sources say about the term "lanthanide"?? Do they say that many people still prefer this term over lanthanoid even if they understand the reason lanthanoid has become official?? Georgia guy (talk) 13:46, 9 September 2020 (UTC)
 * That would be useful if you wanted to include some information in the article on the terminology. WP:Article titles is wikipedia policy for which there should be no argument. The common usage of the term in the scientific literature is clearly with the suffix -ide: For a crude metric check the 20,000 google scholar hits for lanthanoid (10%) cf. 170,000 for lanthanide (90%). Pointless re-hashing this discussion over and over. Polyamorph (talk) 14:49, 9 September 2020 (UTC)

 * I interpret the lines you quoted in green as a guideline. First, there is the principle: If you know the rule, you are able to break it (or translated: No rule without exception. If arguments can be agreed on, then there is always the option for a derogation). The sentence: "The article title policy later reads Wikipedia does not *necessarily* use the subject's "official" name as an article title." explains that there is not automatism if there is an official name. This is a door opener, but it does not forbid to use the official name.
 * Without doubt, "lanthanides" are still more often written down than "lanthanoids". Nevertheless, this does not mean that the most often used term is automatically the article title, eg. Kalashnikov rifle. Both AK47 and Kalashnikov (without rifle) are much more often used in literature . --Gunnar (talk) 18:55, 9 September 2020 (UTC)
 * It is not a guideline, WP:OFFICIALNAMES is an explanatory supplement of WP:Article titles which is WP:POLICY. Yes there is room for special cases, but this is not the general wikipedia practice. You'll need to get support to overturn the current documented consensus already cited. Polyamorph (talk) 19:08, 9 September 2020 (UTC)
 * I had to learn that: "It's a Wiki", so basically everbody can do whatever hesheit wants, but others follow that rule as well. As guidelines can be changed without the consent of the parliament, they are not really binding. And to be even more picky: the words "not necessarily" emphasise that the very general rule is to use the official name, but this is not hard coded. If there are good reasons, also the commonly used name can be used, e.g. AK47 instead of Kalashnikov assault rifle. Therefore - as everywhere in Wikipedia - the guidelines give a direction, but if there are good reasons you may deviate from anything (as I said, we are not in a legally binding contract which may help us to sue each other). In principle, I reject the argument "this is forbidden by principle" and ask for a technical discussion. --Gunnar (talk) 14:41, 10 September 2020 (UTC)
 * No, just because it is a wiki does not mean anyone can do as they like. Anyone can edit but there are still rules. Policy and guidelines built on consensus. There is already an established consensus against implementing the name change to -oid. To override this you will need to find a new consensus. Polyamorph (talk) 14:52, 10 September 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Lanthanide


text:
Talk:Foliation

stripe
My comment on the introduction paragraph. Obviously I used 'stripes' because it is a very quick way to get a visual image of a foliation, locally, for anyone.

Charles Matthews 17:10, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Right, but then you added a link to it, which I thought was very strange. I did entertain the notion it might be a technical term though and that's why I wrote my comment in my edit description.  I removed the link to avoid possible future confusion, since I figured you were using the word informally.--C S 01:56, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

Well, WP can have an article on stripe, some day. There is no need to 'remove' red links, in fact. Charles Matthews 06:20, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I wasn't removing it because it was a red link. Let me emphasize: I removed it to avoid future confusion.  I shudder to think of somebody clicking on it and getting sent to a page about a candy store.  For example, try Swirl.  If you want to put it back, go ahead.  I don't think there's a point to it though, since the second sentence pretty much gives a picture.  --C S 06:38, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

Why? If anyone created a stripe page - which I have just done, by the way - it is their responsibility to make sure the backlinks from it are all useful. It is not your responsibility to stop them making some hypothetical mistake, which might distract some hypothetical reader some day. In fact that may remove some information they should have. The wiki isn't perfect; but the policy is that we assume editors are reasonable people first.

Charles Matthews 08:02, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I see your point. --C S 08:45, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't see a relevant stripe page Lantonov (talk) 12:42, 31 August 2018 (UTC)

foliation (geology)
I had a wild dream of having Foliation be a redirect page to foliation (disambiguation) and this page, which deals with mathematics, being called foliation (mathematical), and the gelogical us being foliation (geology). But with over 40 pages linking here on the math side and only 4 on the geology side, it seems silly. However, it is my request of fellow wikiers that the link to the diambiguation page be maintained at the top, as people interested in the geological usage can then go through to there and find foliation (geology. Its either that or someone will have to go the disambiguation route, which seems like a lot of work. Cheers, Rolinator 03:35, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

History of the subject
Does anyone know about the history of foliation theory? the book by Camacho and Neto says that it was invented as an attempt to solve Poincare's conjecture, but a theorem of Novikov shattered this hopes (every foliation of a closed 3-manifold with trivial, or finite?, fundamental group has a Reeb component). This book, or any other I know of, does not provide a reason why study/ do research on this subject. So, perhaps this entry would benefit if a reason to study foliations is provided.

 * I read somewhere that foliation theory was developed to understand the phase space structure of dynamical systems. Perhaps I can dig up some material on the subject. MathMartin 18:39, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

that would be great!

 * Foliations can be viewed as solutions to first order linear homogeneous PDEs -- look at the technique of the proof of the Frobenius theorem. Rybu (talk) 16:51, 17 March 2020 (UTC)

modification of the definition
I changed codimension by dimension, because I think that p is used in that sense in the definition.

It is confusing what p and n-p are for. From the definition, the dimension of leaves (or strips/plaques), where x=constant, should be p-dimensional, not n-p dimensional as stated. But this is inconsistent with what in Examples and Foliation... One has to either switch p and n-p in Definition, or those in later parts. I hope that I am not misunderstood...

 * Nobody seems to react to this criticism and yet it points to a true problem in the text, at least in the version as of today. In the definition section x stands for the first n-p coordinates and leaves are identified with x=constant so leaves are p dimensional. In the section Foliations and integrability, the dimension of the integral curves of a vector field is first identified with the dimension of the leaves of a 1 dimensional foliation. However, in the next alinea, integral manifolds of an (n-p) dimensional distribution appear to be identified with the leaves of a foliation.
 * In the Examples section, the "book" example, although correct in itself, is not presented in the same logic as the definition, which adds to the confusion.

 * Is there someone among the principal contributors to this article willing to straighten this out? Bas Michielsen (talk) 22:59, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

 * p is the dimension of the leaves and also the dimension of the foliation, and q = n - p is the codimension of the foliation, n being the dimension of the ambient (embedding) manifold. I made this clear in the lead. Lantonov (talk) 10:28, 27 August 2018 (UTC)

More on the definition: There seems to be some confusion about the domain of $$\varphi_{ij}^2$$, changing from R^n to R^p a few times. Let's settle that R^n is correct. Eadmi (talk) 19:39, 4 July 2011 (UTC)

Made a correction (I think) and another minor change
I thought it was very confusing to boldface "stripe," as if it's some standard terminology to be learned, only to say that the correct terminology is "plaque." So I un-boldfaced stripe. Also, these guys are p-dimensional, not n-p - dimensional, rrright? They're sets where x (which consists of n-p dimensions) is held constant, so the remaining p dimensions are allowed to vary. Kier07 (talk) 21:49, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Should the line 'There is a global foliation theory, because topological constraints exist.' be 'There is no global foliation theory, because topological constraints exist.' ??
 * Sorry for replying here, not up with the interface quirks... 58.172.222.32 (talk) 11:32, 16 June 2022 (UTC)

Excessively technical
I'm getting a sense that this subject can be explained in a much less technical way with a few examples. Wolfram Mathematica's help documentation suggests that grid lines and contour lines are both examples of foliations. If I understand this correctly, then foliations are just ways of decomposing an $$n$$-dimensional manifold into a collection of $$(n-1)$$-dimensional manifolds. This could not be less obvious from reading the page. Such a simplified explanation should go either in the introduction or in a section before the more theoretic explanation presently included. I have not made such a change pending confirmation by someone who can confirm my interpretation.--Ipatrol (talk) 17:41, 16 June 2015 (UTC)

 * lpatrol, maybe you could add a section and call it "A simple example: mesh functions". In it you or someone else could explain why not every foliation is this simple. Crasshopper (talk) 19:12, 18 July 2015 (UTC)

Comments about the definition
From what I understand in this article, by "foliation" it means covering the manifold with immersed submanifolds. Although this may be correct as a very general and abstract definition, it is not how foliation is understood in the disciplines that use it (mainly relativity). In such applied sense, foliation is understood as a stack of disjoint embedded hypersurfaces (dimension n - 1) with all the properties of embedding, such as homeomorphism, push-forward and pull-back functions, etc. Also, foliation involves some additional structures that connect the leaves, such as a common normal or a requirement for the hypersurfaces to be Cauchy surfaces. Such a definition would be more useful for the people which actually use the foliation concept, and they are primarily numerical relativists doing 3+1 decomposition of spacetime. So I confirm the interpretation of Ipatrol above.

Therefore, I changed the lead, giving first the general mathematical definition, and then the more special relativistic definition.

Also, the difference between stripes, plaques, and leaves is not clear in the article. I intend to add more precise definitions of rectangular neighbourhood, foliated atlas, etc. and then the link to overlapping plaques of a foliated atlas to form the leaves of a foliation.

Lantonov (talk) 07:51, 27 August 2018 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 02:07, 5 May 2016 (UTC)

Start to C class
I think that C class is closer to the current state of the article so I promoted it. Lantonov (talk) 10:48, 26 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Foliation


text:
Queens Boulevard

Queens Boulevard is a major thoroughfare connecting Midtown Manhattan, via the Queensboro Bridge, to Jamaica in Queens, New York City, United States. It is 7.5 mi long and forms part of New York State Route 25.

Queens Boulevard runs northwest to southeast from Queens Plaza at the Queensboro Bridge entrance in Long Island City. It runs through the neighborhoods of Sunnyside, Woodside, Elmhurst, Rego Park, Forest Hills, Kew Gardens, and Briarwood before terminating at Jamaica Avenue in Jamaica. The boulevard is 200 ft wide for much of its length, with shorter sections between 80 and 150 ft wide. Its immense width, heavy automobile traffic, and thriving commercial scene has historically made it one of the most dangerous thoroughfares in New York City, with pedestrian crossings up to 300 ft long at some places.

The route of today's Queens Boulevard originally consisted of Hoffman Boulevard and Thompson Avenue, which was created by linking and expanding these already-existing streets, stubs of which still exist. In 1913, a trolley line was constructed from 59th Street in Manhattan east along the new boulevard. During the 1920s and 1930s the boulevard was widened in conjunction with the digging of the IND Queens Boulevard Line subway tunnels. In 1941, the New York City Planning Department proposed converting Queens Boulevard into a freeway, which ultimately never occurred.

Route description
Queens Boulevard runs northwest to southeast across a little short of half the length of the borough, starting at Queens Plaza at the Queensboro Bridge entrance in Long Island City and running through the neighborhoods of Sunnyside, Woodside, Elmhurst, Rego Park, Forest Hills, Kew Gardens, and Briarwood before terminating at Jamaica Avenue in Jamaica. At 7.5 mi, it is one of the longest roads in Queens, and it runs through some of Queens' busiest areas. Queens Boulevard is the starting point of a number of other major streets in Queens, such as Northern Boulevard, Woodhaven Boulevard, Junction Boulevard, Roosevelt Avenue, and Main Street.

Queens Boulevard has a width of 100 ft from Queens Plaza to Van Dam Street, 200 ft from Van Dam Street to Union Turnpike, 150 ft from Union Turnpike to Hillside Avenue, and 80 ft from Hillside Avenue to Jamaica Avenue. Much of the road has 12 lanes, and at its intersection with Yellowstone Boulevard in Forest Hills, it reaches a high point of 16 lanes.

Along much of its length (between Roosevelt Avenue and Union Turnpike), the road includes six express lanes (three in each direction) and a three-lane-wide service road on each side. Drivers must first exit to the service road to make right turns or pull over. Left turns must be made from the express lanes, but only at select cross-streets. The express lanes use a 60 ft underpass (separated by a median) to bypass Woodhaven Boulevard and Horace Harding Expressway; the service roads provide access to both streets.

Due to the high number of crashes, Queens Boulevard is known as the Boulevard of Death. More crashes happen along Queens Boulevard than any other roadway statewide.

Early history
The route of today's Queens Boulevard originally consisted of Hoffman Boulevard and Thompson Avenue, which was created by linking and expanding these already-existing streets, stubs of which still exist. A remnant of the old Hoffman Boulevard can be found in Forest Hills where the local lanes of traffic diverge into two routes, one straight and one that bends around MacDonald Park. The part that bends around the park was the original route of Hoffman Boulevard. The street was built in the early 20th century to connect the new Queensboro Bridge to central Queens, thereby offering an easy outlet from Manhattan.

In 1913, a trolley line was constructed from 59th Street in Manhattan east along the new boulevard.

1930s–1950s: widening and subway construction
During the 1920s and 1930s the boulevard was widened in conjunction with the digging of the IND Queens Boulevard Line subway tunnels. The new subway line used cut-and-cover construction and trenches had to be dug up in the center of the thoroughfare, and to allow pedestrians to pass over the construction, temporary bridges were built. The improvement was between Van Dam Street and Hillside Avenue, and it cost $2.23 million. The street was widened to 200 ft between Van Dam Street and Union Turnpike, and from there to Hillside Avenue it was widened to 150 ft. As part of the project, there was to have been separated rights-of-way for the trolley line.See Flickr album:

On May 2, 1936, Queens Borough President George U. Harvey cut the ribbon for the opening of the center roadway of the Boulevard at Seminole Avenue in Forest Hills. This widened section allowed drivers to access the Grand Central Parkway. This work was partially funded with aid from the Works Progress Administration. $1,555,000 was initially allotted to this project. On April 17, 1937, trolley service along Queens Boulevard ended, being replaced by bus service.

In the late 1930s, NY 25 was aligned to follow Queens Boulevard (NY 24) from Skillman Avenue to Horace Harding Boulevard, where NY 25 turned eastward to follow Horace Harding Boulevard back to its original alignment at Corona Avenue.

In 1941, the New York City Planning Department proposed converting Queens Boulevard into a freeway, as was done with the Van Wyck Expressway, from the Queensboro Bridge to Hillside Avenue. The boulevard would be converted to an expressway with grade separation at the more important intersections, and by closing off access from minor streets. As part of the project, the express lanes of Queens Boulevard were depressed in the area of Woodhaven Boulevard and Horace Harding Boulevard (later turned into the Long Island Expressway), while the local lanes were kept at grade level. The plan to upgrade the boulevard was delayed with the onset of World War II, and was never completed.

in the early 1940s, New York State Route 25 was altered to follow Queens Boulevard entirely.

On November 18, 1949, the Traffic Commission approved the retiming of traffic signals along the entire Boulevard to speed traffic, which would take effect about February 1, 1950. The change, known as the "triple-offset system" was expected to reduce peak congestion, like what was done on the Grand Concourse. Westbound traffic would be favored from 7 to 9 a.m., while eastbound traffic would be favored from 5 to 7 p.m.. The Boulevard handled 73,000 cars on an average weekday, with a peak of 7,600 cars an hour towards Manhattan, and a peak of 6,700 to points east.

1960s–1970s
In 1960, Queens borough president John T. Clancy proposed reconstructing the entire seven-mile boulevard to meet traffic demand from the 1964 New York World's Fair for $17.1 million. Due to bureaucratic issues and the need to finance the project using city funds, the project was delayed and cut back to a 2.5 mile section for $2.6 million. Underpasses at Union Turnpike and at Grand Avenue—Broadway were dropped from the plan. On September 3, 1964, the Department of Highways announced that the project was far behind the project's original schedule. Only $2.6 million for the central section of the project was approved as rebuilding more than a mile of the road a time was deemed to be too disruptive for travel. At the time, the rebuilding of the first 1-mile section from 70th Avenue to Union Turnpike was completed. The six service road lanes were resurfaced, yellow asphalt surfacing was installed to guide drivers turning at intersections, and malls were narrowed to widen the roadway and provide space for cars turning off the six-lane main roadway. Work on the 63rd Drive to 70th Avenue section was 70 percent complete, and the Department of Highways expected to request the release of $400,000 for the section to Woodhaven Boulevard within two weeks. Work on that section was expected to start in 1965. Queens Boulevard handled more than 85,000 vehicles a day, making it the second busiest roadway in the city, after the Long Island Expressway, which handled 125,000 vehicles a day.

In 1969, many traffic lights on Queens and Northern Boulevards were computerized, reducing travel time by as much as 25 percent during off-peak hours, and as much as 39 percent during rush hour.

1980s to 2000s

In 1985, the New York City Department of Transportation (NYCDOT) started a project to examine the causes of fatalities and injuries on the boulevard. The changing of traffic signals to increase crossing times across the boulevard helped reduce the average pedestrian deaths in a section in Forest Hills and Rego Park from 4 each year from 1980 and 1984 to 1 in 1986. In four of the five years between 1988 and 1992, as many people were killed in car accidents on the boulevard as on any other street in the city. Between 1991 and 1992, new speed limit signs were installed on the boulevard, police enforcement of traffic light and speeding violations was increased, and the timing for street lights was adjusted.

In 1992, in a test lasting a month, one camera on the boulevard recorded over 1,000 red-light and speeding violations. In 1993, the NYCDOT planned on installing 15 video cameras across the city that spring, with at least one installed on Queens Boulevard, to monitor and report drivers who run red lights or speed. Summonses would be sent to the owner of the car observed making the traffic infractions. The DOT also planned on installing barriers in the center median separating eastbound and westbound traffic in a section of Forest Hills to discourage people from crossing the street outside of intersections. The DOT had studied installing pedestrian bridges over Queens Boulevard, in addition to Eastern Parkway and Grand Concourse, but had found that it would have been too expensive to do so.

In January 1997, the city commissioned a study of the 2.5 mi of roadway between the Long Island Expressway and Union Turnpike. The study was completed by 1999, and most work was finished by July 2001. As part of the improvement process, the city installed new curb- and median-extensions along the corridor; repainted crosswalks so they were more visible; added fences in the medians; closed several "slips" that allowed vehicles to make high-speed turns; posted large signs proclaiming that "A Pedestrian Was Killed Crossing Here" at intersections where fatal accidents have occurred; and reduced the speed limit from 35 to 30 mph; a few segments had 35 mph speed limits. Pedestrian signals were adjusted so that they were given 60 seconds to cross the boulevard, compared to 32–50 seconds before the improvements.

The street gained notoriety in 2001 as "the Boulevard of Death" due to multiple pedestrian fatalities. Due to an aggressive public safety campaign by the NYCDOT and engineering changes, deaths fell from 17 in 1993 and 18 in 1997 to 4 in 2001; nonfatal accidents were reduced from 2,937 in 1993 to 1,627 in 2001. New fences in the median led most pedestrians to use crosswalks. The number of camera on poles to catch drivers running red lights increase from four to two, and the NYCDOT planned to mount dozens of fake cameras to keep drivers guessing in 2002. The NYCDOT had resisted making the speed for the boulevard a uniform 30 mph for some time, arguing that it would reduce traffic flow. The NYPD said that a uniform limit would allow them to issue more speeding tickets.

In January 2001, in response to the street safety crisis on the Boulevard, the NYPD began a crackdown on jaywalking, and issued over 6,000 jaywalking summonses on the street, as of June 2001. In May 2001, the NYCDOT proposed eliminating a traffic lane in each direction between Kneeland Avenue and Union Turnpike to be used for metered parking to make the street safer. The arrangement was initially going to be piloted for eight months. Between 1993 and 2000, there were 72 pedestrian boulevards on the boulevard, with 24 in 1993 and 22 in 1997.

A second phase covering the rest of the boulevard was studied from November 2001 to July 2004, and improvements were finished by late 2006. These improvements decreased pedestrian accidents on the boulevard by 68%, most notably at large and dangerous intersections. In 2004, one pedestrian was killed crossing Queens Boulevard. On April 5, 2004, city officials announced new measures to improve safety on the boulevard. These included additional fences to deter jaywalking, modifications to improve traffic flow and safety, longer crossing times for pedestrians, and the elimination of U-turns and left turns in some locations.

2010s to present: capital improvement
On August 18, 2010, the New York State Department of Transportation broke ground on the first phase of a reconstruction of the Kew Gardens Interchange, involved in the project was the renovation of a nearby viaduct carrying Queens Boulevard over the Van Wyck Expressway and the nearby Briarwood subway station. In 2011, safety enhancements, including pedestrian countdown signals, were added. That year was the first year that no one was killed crossing the street since 1983, the year when detailed fatality records were first kept.

In 2014, the speed limit on Queens Boulevard was reduced further, from 30 mph to 25 mph. The speed limit decrease was part of de Blasio's Vision Zero program, which aimed to decrease pedestrian deaths citywide. From 2014 to 2016, average speeds of eastbound cars on Queens Boulevard declined from 28.7 to 25.6 mph, and the speeds of westbound cars declined from 31.5 to 27.3 mph.

In 2015, a new initiative was announced to further improve Queens Boulevard at a cost of $100 million. The section between Roosevelt Avenue and 73rd Street received safety improvements, including pedestrian zones and bike lanes, as part of improvement's Phase 1, which began in August 2015 and was finished by the end of the year. Phase 2 between 74th Street and Eliot Avenue began in summer 2016. Phase 3 was split into two projects: between Eliot Avenue and Yellowstone Boulevard, and between Yellowstone Boulevard and Union Turnpike. The segment of the Phase 3 overhaul between Eliot and Yellowstone started in May 2017, while the segment between Yellowstone and Union Turnpike would start in July 2018.

The project gained opposition from some of the community boards surrounding Queens Boulevard because parking spots were removed to make way for the bike lanes. Starting in 2019, the whole boulevard was to have been totally overhauled in a manner similar to the Grand Concourse's capital reconstruction. Partially as a result of these safety improvements, there were no pedestrian deaths on Queens Boulevard between 2014 and 2017. The first segment to be overhauled, between Roosevelt Avenue and 73rd Street, received federal funding from the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act in 2023; it is expected to be renovated for $23.75 million between late 2024 and 2027.

Pedestrian safety
The combination of Queens Boulevard's immense width, heavy automobile traffic, and thriving commercial scene made it the most dangerous thoroughfare in New York City by the 1990s, and has earned it citywide notoriety and morbid nicknames such as "The Boulevard of Death" and "The Boulevard of Broken Bones". During the period 1950–2000, over 27,000 people were injured on Queens Boulevard. From 2002–04 there were 393 injuries and eight deaths. Queens Boulevard became known as the Boulevard of Death. New York Newsday and the New York Daily News got into a circulation war on the issue of the Boulevard of Death, and the DOT was under pressure to take action. Weinshall implemented pedestrian improvements on Queens Boulevard, including longer pedestrian crossing times, a lowering of the speed limit from 35 mph to 30 mph and the construction of new pedestrian median refuges. The safety improvements have proven successful, without the predicted backups.

Between 1980 and 1984, at least 22 people died and 18 were injured in a 2.5 mi stretch of Queens Boulevard in Rego Park and Forest Hills. From 1993 to 2000, 72 pedestrians were killed trying to cross the street, or an average of 10 per year. Eighteen pedestrians were killed while crossing the boulevard just in 1997. Between 1990 and 2017, it was estimated that 186 people, including 138 pedestrians, died in collisions along Queens Boulevard. The street's design with straight wide lanes has encouraged drivers to drive as if they were on a highway, leading drivers to travel well above the speed limit. In addition, many people cross the Boulevard in areas without crosswalks since there are long stretches between intersections.

Some of the most dangerous crossings of Queens Boulevard are near Roosevelt Avenue, 51st Avenue, Grand Avenue, Woodhaven Boulevard, Yellowstone Boulevard, 71st Avenue, and Union Turnpike; all of these streets either have high vehicular traffic or cross the boulevard diagonally. Pedestrian crossings of Queens Boulevard can be up to 300 ft long, or one-and-a-half times the length of a city block in Manhattan. As such, the Boulevard is hard to cross in one traffic light.

Transportation
This street hosts one of the highest numbers of New York City Subway services in the city. The (IND Queens Boulevard Line) and the  (IRT Flushing Line) all use stretches of the right of way; only Broadway (nine services), Sixth Avenue (seven) in Manhattan and Fulton Street (eight) in Brooklyn carry more at any one time. In addition, the Q60 bus travels its entire length, and the Q32 and Q59 buses travel for significant portions of the boulevard's length.

For a few decades, streetcar service operated along the boulevard, and until 1957 operated along the sides of the Queensboro Bridge into Manhattan. For the section where the line ran concurrently with the IRT Flushing Line, the streetcars ran in a median below the viaduct supporting the elevated trains. In the space of the present-day Aviation High School, there was a train yard for the streetcars.

title: Queens Boulevard


text: User talk:194.19.26.2

title: User talk:194.19.26.2


text:
Talk:Hakkapeliitta

Translation
" English: Hack on them; Swedish: hacka på), commonly translated as "Cut them down!" " This translation is fairly close, but wrong:

"Hack on them!" = "Hacka på dom!" "Cut them down!" = "Hacka ner dom!" "Hacka på!" = "Keep hacking!" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.255.233.254 (talk) 03:40, 10 September 2014 (UTC)

Untitled
A bit of nationalist exaggeration removed... -- 128.214.205.6

"by the Danube they raised up the Emperor's toast!"
I doubt the Hakkapeliittas toasted for the Emperor. More likely they just let their horses drink from his silverware cups, (and maybe pee on them).

-- Petri Krohn 22:41, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

John Hanson
The relation to John Hanson is incorrect. Please see John Hanson (myths).

 * Hanson the Swede

 * The entire tale was created in 1872 by connecting some dots that were very far apart. There was an Anders Hansson among the Swedish colonists of Delaware. There was also a Hanson on the staff of Gustavus Adolphus. But neither of these had any relation with our John Hanson. A Swedish periodical examined this myth in Släkthistoriskt Forum 2000:4, and an English version is available online.

-Viper Daimao 13:41, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

German name
User:Jaakko Sivonen has added the "citation needed" template for the German names of the song. Google clearly indicates the German names. If he is concerned with the fact that the song was not "German" but Swedish/Finnish, the song is often referenced in English with the German names. Olessi 20:20, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

Mercenary Group
Added Category:Mercenary groups Arctic-Editor 20:18, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

Incorrect Statement
I have deleted a portion of the following statement: "In the early 17th century the cavalry led by the Swedish-Finnish Field Marshal Jacob De la Gardie participated in campaigns against Poland and conquered the Russian cities Novgorod and Moscow." This statement contains false information. The Novgorodians fed up with Moscow domination have invited the Swedes, and surrendered their city to De la Gardie on the condition that one of Swedish princes (either Carl Filip or Gustavus Adolphus)should become their king (it never happened for a number of reasons). De la Gardie troops never took Moscow. If anything, De la Gardie's Swedes then allied with Vasily IV of Russia tried to relieve the tsar besieged by Poles in Moscow. See corresponding page of Wikipedia or translation of Karamzin. Vitoldus44 18:56, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

Correction to User Vitoldus44
According to written documents available in Krigsarkivet (Stockholm) and in Widekindi J: "Thet Svenska i Ryssland Tijo åhrs Krigz - Historie" and other confirmed written Swedish sources (in addition for sure to old Russians sources which are for political reasons kept out of sight), Jacob De la Gardie in front of his Finnish cavalry troops marched in to Moscow on March 1, 1610. His troops pacifyd Moscow by smashing the mutiny against Tsar Vasilij Schuiskij. There is no doubt of this. He left Moscow with his troops in June 1610 with the Russian troops toward Smoliensk / Smalenceke (Smolensk), but the march was stopped at Klusjino, a small village about 20 kilometres north from Moscow - Smoliensk road east of Vjasma, near village Gshatsk (today renamed to Gagarin).

It seems that Battle of Klusjino was the only battle where the Swedes (mostly Finnish) and Russians have fought side by side against the Poles (and Ukrainians, Belorussians and Lithuanians). Thus, this must be a place where Jacob De la Gardie with his Finnish troops liberated from Russian hands 30 Polish nobelities, including Stanislaw Koniecpolski, which the Russian Commander had senected to death, to be executed next night after Midnight Mess. To thank Jacob De la Gardie, later Fieldmarshall, Stanislaw Koniecpolski presented to "Lazy Jacob" painting of him as polite thanks for saving his life. (Taking from letter Claude de Mesmes, comte de d´Avaux French special envoy in Sweden) to Cardinal Richelieu, copied by ammassador secretary Charles Ogier.)

Jacob De la Gardie returned with his troops to Novgorod before August 1610 and stayed there up to 1617 and kept Novgorod occupied during the "Sable War". He sent seven letters in 1610 to Novgorod new appointed Governor asking to liberate his property which had been confiscated by the Russians from commercial convoy led by Muscovite trader Mensik Boranov. This incident opened the hostilities between Swedes and Russians which lasted up to signing the Treaty of Stolbova in 1617.

JN

Plural
Hakkapeliitat is the correct Finnish plural, but it's not appropriate to use it in English, so I've changed all instances to just hakkapeliitta. Jpatokal (talk) 14:07, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

Translation of the origins
Wouldn't "Hit (them) in the head" be a better translation of "hakkaa päälle"? Vigfus (talk) 14:43, 19 August 2009 (UTC)
 * It is very hard to translate the war-cry, as it does not have a clear meaning in modern Finnish. 'Hakkaa' means "hit" and 'päälle' means "position youself on something, go on the top, go above". So it apparently means something like "Go on them and hit them". "Hit them in the head" is a wrong translation at least according to the grammar of modern Finnish: "in the head" is päähän, not päälle. (I'm not quite sure of the 17th century language, however).--130.234.68.224 (talk) 11:59, 25 September 2009 (UTC)

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Nationalist exaggeration
from Swedish wiki page

Hakkapelites have gotten a legendary position in Finland as famous heroes and dreaded opponents. The historical research now sees the hackapelites as part of the then Swedish rider, without any special position. However, Gustav II Adolf had successfully reformed the Swedish rider's tactics, thus differing from the opponents. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.228.152.185 (talk) 14:13, 14 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hakkapeliitta


text:
Mark Strudal

Mark Agner Boecking Strudal (born 29 April 1968) is a Danish football coach and former player who played as a striker.

Playing career
Strudal was born in Glostrup. He got his national breakthrough while playing for Næstved IF in the Danish 1st Division championship. He made his debut for the Danish national team in May 1988, and was named 1988 Revelation of the Year as Næstved finished runners-up in the 1st Division. He moved abroad to play professionally for German team Borussia Dortmund in the winter 1988. He played half a season at Dortmund, but had a controversy with manager Horst Köppel. He moved on to play for Grasshopper Club Zürich in Switzerland in the summer 1989, and won three trophies in his two years at the club. When the Grasshoppers squad faced 20% wage cuts, Strudal decided to leave the club in July 1991.

In September 1991, he returned to Denmark to play for Vejle Boldklub in a transfer deal worth more than DKK 4 million. It was later to be known that his contract with Vejle had a clause which secured Vejle approximately DKK 4 million if he ever was to be sold to a club abroad. His stay at Vejle was short, as he suffered injuries and the club was relegated. He underwent a series of loan deals to other Danish teams; first to former club Næstved IF in the fall 1992, then to F.C. Copenhagen in February 1993, and finally to BK Frem in April 1993.

When his Vejle contract ran out in the summer 1993, he moved on to league rivals Brøndby IF on a free transfer in July 1993. Strudal helped Brøndby win the 1994 Danish Cup and he was a part of the Denmark national team which won the 1995 King Fahd Cup. He stayed two years at Brøndby, before he left the club in July 1995. Despite his credentials, the Vejle clause kept him from moving to a foreign club. He joined Næstved IF for a second time, where he suffered a knee injury which kept him out for five months. He tried to move abroad in the summer 1996, but a four-year contract with Greek club Skoda Xanthi was terminated without pay when Strudal was injured in a pre-season game. He underwent recovery, and made a short comeback to football on an amateur basis at Danish a local club in Hagested in August 1997.

Coaching career
Strudal had to end his active career at the end of 1996 due to an injury and then trained as a teacher, where he later taught at the seminary. In September 2000, Strudal was hired as a youth coach at Køge Boldklub.

In the summer 2004, Strudal was appointed manager of Danish club FC Zulu. However, in December 2005 it was confirmed, that Strudal in the summer 2006 would join FC Nordsjælland as a U19 manager. Beside that, Strudal was also a part of the first team staff, where he functioned as a forward coach. In December 2009, he went on full-time as a part of the first team staff, and therefore left the U19-manager position.

In the summer 2015, Strudal was appointed assistant coach of Thomas Frank at Brøndby IF. He left the position in May 2017.

In June 2018, Strudal was appointed manager of Danish 1st Division club Lyngby Boldklub. However, less than five months later, Strudal was fired, after 20 games with 23 points.

In February 2022, Strudal joined Danish amateur club Jyllinge FC as their manager.

Honours
Grasshoppers
 * Nationalliga A: 1989–90, 1990–91
 * Swiss Cup: 1989–90

Brøndby
 * Danish Cup: 1993–94

Denmark
 * King Fahd Cup: 1995

Individual
 * 1988 Danish 1st Division: Revelation of the Year

title: Mark Strudal


text:
Talk:Arthur Meighen

Untitled
The entry says his name was pronounced MAY-hin. Is there any evidence for this? I heard one of his descendants pronounce the name MAY-in. HistoryBA 17:24, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I heard it pronounced MEE-yin. Earl Andrew 18:07, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I went to high school in Toronto with one of Arthur Meighen's descendents -- I believe the name is pronounced MEE-yin. David James
 * Everyone knowledgeable on the topic of Canadian history (a number of teachers, etc.) I know has pronounced it Mee-yin. Dictionary.com has it like this as well: http://www.reference.com/search?r=13&q=Meighen --The Fwanksta, May 23, 2007, 20:32.

POV!
"This became known as the "King-Byng Affair"—a somewhat spurious attack by Mackenzie King on the Governor General's right to refuse an election where an alternative government is capable of commanding the support of the House of Commons, which right is now well-recognized."

The attack was not spurious in the slightest. It was in fact quite reasonable of King to be upset, because an unelected figurehead had refused the request of the Prime Minister of Canada to dissolve Parliament. The person who wrote the above paragraph is clearly predisposed against the King side of the argument, and that paragraph should be amended accordingly. -142.161.88.129 03:50, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I quite agree that this phrase "an attack by Mackenzie King on the Governor General's right to refuse an election request by a prime minister" is misleading. From King's perspective - and indeed from the perspective of a great many Canadians at the time - the Governor General's actions, however constitutionally correct, nonetheless constituted an unwarranted intrusion into the affairs of Parliament by an individual who, at the time, was still widely regarded as not merely a representative of the Monarch but, indeed, as a representative of the British government (the point that was expressly cleared up in the Balfour Declaration.)--Ggbroad 21:55, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

It is the prerogative of the Canadian head of state to decline the prime minister's request to dissolve Parliament when, as the original author notes, "an alternative government is capable of commanding the support of the House of Commons" (see Lascelles Principles for the grounds under which the Canadian head of state may reasonably decline his or her prime minister's request for a dissolution). King had no constitutional leg to stand on - and given a similar situation today, the Governor General would still be within her rights to refuse a request to dissolve Parliament. Conceivably, if Stephen Harper lost the support of the House, the GG could ask the Leader of the Opposition if he would be able to form a workable government. Fishhead64, 07:03, 07 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The Governor General was in the right the whole way through the "crisis"...really, King made all the fuss to make it an election issue to contrast with Meighen's unwavering support of Britain. Quite typically for King, he would campaign that Meighen was disregarding British tradition in Ontario, while saying that he was working against Canadian independence in Quebec. It was a beautiful wedge.Habsfannova 14:26, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

 * On that note, I can't believe nobody's mentioned "Ready, aye ready" yet. I'll do that now.Habsfannova 14:27, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Strictly legally speaking, Byng's actions were well within his right. But a lot of the Canadian system is built on customs and traditions, which totally de-emphasize the archaic powers we have still have technically vested in appointed officials. For example, the Governor-General has to sign laws for them to come into effect, but only because no one's bothered to change it because it's not worth the government's time and the taxpayers' money to change it if it never becomes a problem. --The Fwanksta, May 23, 2007, 20:36.

From Manitoba
This statement should be clarified. He was for a time an MP from a Manitoba riding, but he was born in Ontario. The first paragraph makes it sound as though he was Manitobian by birth. --Ggbroad 22:01, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Meighen biopg1 large.jpg
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Meighen as the first Western Prime Minister?
Arthur Meighen was not the first Prime Minister of Canada to represent a riding in Western Canada. Sir John A. Macdonald began his second tenure as Prime Minister after the defeat of Alexander Mackenzie as the Member of Parliament for Victoria, with Amor de Cosmos, from 1878 to 1882. In the 1882 election, Macdonald ran and won in Carleton, but he was still a "Western-based" Prime Minister for a good four years.

To be fair, Macdonald's connection to Victoria is pretty feeble. However, it is there, and it disqualifies Meighen's claim to be the first Western Prime Minister. Therefore, I've modified that sentence to emphasise his role as the first and to date only Prime Minister to represent Manitoba. Lord Bob 15:21, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

CNR: "largest piece of legislation"?
The article currently reads: "As Minister of the Interior, Meighen steered through Parliament the largest piece of legislation ever enacted in the British Empire - creating the Canadian National Railway Company, which continues today." What does "largest piece of legislation" mean? The longest act by words? The biggest budget? The most important? Without some clarification this sentence is meaningless. 24.222.119.169 19:57, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

Support for the Zionist project
Meighen is sometimes cited as an early supporter of the Zionist project in Palestine. It would be interesting if we could source this and add it to the article. ADM (talk) 20:53, 22 May 2009 (UTC)

Lost seat as PM
Do I read the article right that Meighen twice lost his seat while PM? This is pretty significant, and should be noted explicitly in the article if true. — ˈzɪzɨvə (talk) 22:25, 9 December 2009 (UTC)

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something is wrong with the preceded by and Succeeded by links with the entire series of canadian prime ministers. links are not correct.

Osgoode Hall
On 3 January 2008, an editor added a sentence claiming that Meighen attended Osgoode Hall Law School. I recently removed it as unsourced, and contrary to what appears in the scholarly work on Meighen. Another editor returned it with a source, a newspaper article from 2012. The problem is this: Roger Graham's meticulously researched three-volume biography of Meighen makes it clear that Meighen never attended law school. Meighen lived in Manitoba at the time that he decided to pursue a career in the law. "In those days there was no law school in Manitoba. The student prepared himself by being articled to a lawyer, gaining such experience as he might and reading for the examinations set by the Law Society of the province. Meighen's new career got under way with the new century. On January the second, 1900 he took out articles as a student-at-law with Edmund L. Taylor, Q.C., of Winnipeg." (Roger Graham, Arthur Meighen, vol. 1, p. 28) John English's shorter biography of Meighen says the same thing (John English, Arthur Meighen, p. 8) The same information appears in Larry A. Glassford's article on Meighen in the Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Clearly these sources, all based on extensive research and the result of years of work, are more reliable than a short newspaper article that was probably penned in a day or two. In fact, the newspaper article is likely an example of citogenesis: the author probably found the information on Osgoode Hall in this very Wikipedia article. I have removed the reference to Osgoode Hall again, but would be happy to return it if someone can find a source written by a reputable historian or written before the Wikipedia first made the Osgood Hall claim in 2008. Instant Comma (talk) 16:13, 24 December 2021 (UTC)

 * Kudos to you for rooting out this longstanding error. --  Zanimum (talk) 04:00, 30 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Arthur Meighen


text:
Siege of Fukuryūji

The siege of the Fukuryūji took place in 1183, and was a battle of the Genpei War, the great 12th-century Japanese civil war between the Taira clan and the Minamoto clan. Fukuryūji (福隆寺) was a fortress belonging to Seno Kaneyasu, a Taira partisan. Imai Kanehira led his men across muddy ricefields, under heavy archer fire, to take the fortress. The attackers were victorious, and Kaneyasu was killed.

title: Siege of Fukuryūji


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chicksaw

Chicksaw
I have actually heard of this term before. Kind of like a girl nerd, I suppose.

Another dicdef neologism. Luigi30 17:27, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Please note that 212.209.133.154 has tried to edit out Luigi's first line here. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 12:57, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Google doesn't find it - neologism. David Johnson 17:53, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Move to Wiktionary. dicdef. P Ingerson 19:06, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Wiktionary, it's still very obscure. Wyss 20:32, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, too obscure. Katefan0 21:52, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Neologism, not yet in wide use or stable reference. Geogre 22:16, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 04:46, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Del. NO wiktionary. Mikkalai 08:35, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)


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User:Charles Matthews/Ziolkowski

Erwin Ackerknecht - Frank Dawson Adams - Johann Christoph Adelung - Theodor W. Adorno - Georgius Agricola - Leon Battista Alberti - Albertus Magnus - Franz G. Alexander - Sheldon T. Selesnick - Alexander, Margrave of Anspach-Bayreuth - Karl Freiherr vom Stein zum Altenstein - Keith Andrews - Alfred Anger - Ernst Anrich - Johann August Apel - Thomas Aquinas - Arminius - Achim von Arnim - Bettina von Arnim - Thomas Arnold - Friedhelm Auhuber - Johann Heinrich Ferdinand Autenrieth - Franz von Baader - Johann Jakob Bachofen - Roger Bacon - Karl Bader - Lloyd Vernor Ballard - Honoré de Balzac - Emperor Friedrich I Barbarossa - Jules Barbier - Jean-Bertrand Barrère - Jakob Solomon Bartholdy - Karl Bartsch - Johann Bernhard Basedow - August Karl Batsch - William Battie - Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten - G. Bebermeyer - Sophie Becker - Wolfgang Becker - Frederick J. Beharriell - Ernst Behler - Wilhelm Gottlieb Becker - Gian Petro Bellori - John Bender - Walter Benjamin - Anke Bennholdt-Thomsen - Alfredo Guzzoni - Eduard Berend - Isaiah Berlin - Louis Alexandre Berthier - Christian Beutler - Karl Friedrich Beyme - Rudolph M. Bisanz - Eric Blackall - Sir William Blackstone - William Blake - Friedrich von Blanckenberg - August Böckh - Laetitia Boehm - Jakob Böhme - Johann Gottlieb Böhme - Auguste Böhmer - Joachim Bohnert - Sulpiz Boisserée - Martin Bollacher - Hartmut Boockmann - Kurt Borchardt - Ludwig Börne - Karl August Böttinger - Étienne-Louis Boullée - Johann Boumann - Henry de Bracton - Georg Christian Braun - Christian Brentano - Clemens Brentano - Kunigunde Brentano - Rétif de la Bretonne - Hermann Broch - Ludwig von Brockes - W. H. Bruford - Henri Brunschwig - William Cullen Bryant - Christa Bürger - Peter Bürger - Frederick Burwick - Auguste Bussmann - George Gordon. Lord Byron - Pierre Cabanis - Jacques Callot - Gudrun Calov - Johan Heinrich Campe - Roger Cardinal - Carl August, archduke of Saxe-Weimar - Thomas Carlyle - Heinrich Casimir von Carmer - Michel Carré - Franz Catel - Miguel de Cervantes - Adelbert von Chamisso - Julie von Charpentier - François René de Chateaubriand - Henri Chélin - Pierre Choderlos de Laclos - Daniel Chodowiecki - Peter Classen  - Eike Wolgast - Matthias Claudius - Samuel Cocceji - Sir Edward Coke - Samuel Taylor Coleridge - Étienne, abbé de Condillac - Carl Wilhelm Contessa - Peter Cornelius  - Frederick Gleason Corning - B. von Cotta - Karl Gottlob Cramer - Friedrich Creuzer - Alexander Crichton - William Cullen - David Daiches - John Flower - John Dalton - George Dance - D'Argensville - Erasmus Darwin - Roger DePiles - Bern Dibner - Gottfried Diener - Gerhard Dilcher - Wilhelm Dilthey - Johann Christoph Doederlein - Klaus Doerner - Alexander von Dohna - Fedor Dostoyevski - Margaret Drabble - Albert Dresdner - Albrecht Dürer - Josef Dürler - J. N. L. Durand - William Dyce

title: User:Charles Matthews/Ziolkowski


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Robert Bruce Merrifield

Robert Bruce Merrifield (July 15, 1921 – May 14, 2006) was an American biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1984 for the invention of solid phase peptide synthesis.

Early life
He was born in Fort Worth, Texas, on 15 July 1921, the only son of George E. Merrifield and Lorene née Lucas. In 1923 the family moved to California where he attended nine grade schools and two high schools before graduating from Montebello High School in 1939. It was there that he developed an interest both in chemistry and in astronomy.

After two years at Pasadena Junior College he transferred to the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA). After graduation in chemistry he worked for a year at the Philip R. Park Research Foundation taking care of an animal colony and assisting with growth experiments on synthetic amino acid diets. One of these was the experiment by Geiger that first demonstrated that the essential amino acids must be present simultaneously for growth to occur.

He returned to graduate school at the UCLA chemistry department with professor of biochemistry M.S. Dunn to develop microbiological methods for the quantitation of the pyrimidines. The day after graduating on 19 June 1949, he married Elizabeth Furlong and the next day left for New York City and the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.

Career
At the institute, later Rockefeller University, he worked as an Assistant for Dr. D.W. Woolley on a dinucleotide growth factor he discovered in graduate school and on peptide growth factors that Woolley had discovered earlier. These studies led to the need for peptide synthesis and, eventually, to the idea for solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) in 1959. In 1963, he was sole author of a classic paper in the Journal of the American Chemical Society in which he reported a method he called "solid phase peptide synthesis". This article is the fifth most cited paper in the journal's history.

In the mid-60s Dr. Merrifield's laboratory first synthesized bradykinin, angiotensin, desamino-oxytocin and insulin. In 1969, he and his colleague Bernd Gutte announced the first synthesis of the enzyme ribonuclease A. This work proved the chemical nature of enzymes.

Dr. Merrifield's method greatly stimulated progress in biochemistry, pharmacology and medicine, making possible the systematic exploration of the structural basis of the activities of enzymes, hormones and antibodies. The development and applications of the technique continued to occupy his laboratory, where he remained active at the bench until recently. In 1993, Jeffrey I. Seeman published Life during a Golden Age of Peptide Chemistry, Merrifield's autobiography, in the series "Profiles, Pathways, and Dreams" for the American Chemical Society. He received the Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities Award for outstanding contributions to Biomolecular Technologies in 1998.

The achievement of synthesizing ribonuclease A (with Bernd Gutte) was all the more significant in that it demonstrated that the linear sequence of amino acids joined in peptide bonds determined directly the tertiary structure of a peptide or protein. I.e. that information coded in one dimension can directly determine the three-dimensional structure of a molecule.

SPPS has been expanded to include solid phase synthesis of nucleotides and saccharides.

Personal life
After raising their 6 children, James, Nancy, Betsy, Cathy, Laurie and Sally, his wife Elizabeth (Libby), a biologist by training, joined the Merrifield laboratory at Rockefeller University where she worked for over 23 years.

After a long illness R. Bruce Merrifield died on May 14, 2006, at the age of 84 in his home in Cresskill, New Jersey. At the time of his death he was survived by his wife Libby, their 6 children and 16 grandchildren. Libby died on September 13, 2017.

title: Robert Bruce Merrifield


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AC Ajaccio

Athletic Club Ajaccien (Athletic Club Aiaccini), commonly referred to as AC Ajaccio, ACA or simply Ajaccio, is a French professional association football club based in the city of Ajaccio on the island of Corsica. The club was founded in 1910 and plays in the Ligue 2, the second tier of the French football league system. Ajaccio play their home matches at the Stade Michel-Moretti and are rivals with fellow Corsican club Bastia, with whom they contest the Corsica derby (Derby Corse).

History
Depending on sources, it is agreed that Ajaccio began playing in 1909–10. Their adopted colors are red and white stripes. Though they used to play in what was previously utilised as a sand dump, they decided to move to another, cleaner, safer stadium upon the insistence of Jean Lluis, father-in-law of club president Louis Baretti. The new stadium that was chosen held 5,000 spectators and was in use until 1969.

AC Ajaccio were elected Corsican champions on eight occasions, in 1920, 1921, 1934, 1939, 1948, 1950, 1955 and 1964, and are one of three big "island" teams, along with Gazélec Ajaccio and Bastia, the competition between the three being kept no secret. Spectators during the 1946 Corsican Cup final, held between A.C.A. and Sporting Bastia, were handed umbrellas to shield themselves from the violence. Upon refusal of a penalty which would have been awarded to ACA, violence erupted between the fans, who used umbrellas both to cause and shield themselves from violence. This final was abandoned and replayed much later.

A.C.A. became a professional team in 1965 thanks to the ambitious efforts of the club's leaders. They initially adopted the symbol of the polar bear, but this has since been dropped in favour of a more stylised logo that uses a part of the Corsican flag.

In 1967, the team became the first Corsican club to play in France's top division. Prior to the 2022–23 season, they were most recently in Ligue 1 in the 2013–14 season, when they were relegated after finishing in last place, following a spell of three seasons in the top flight; the drop was confirmed with defeat at neighbours Bastia.

In November 2014, Olivier Pantaloni returned for a third spell as manager. His team came third in 2017–18, qualifying for the play-offs, where they beat Le Havre in a semi-final marred by violence on and off the pitch, before losing the final to Toulouse. The club were denied promotion in 2019–20 when the season was curtailed with ten games remaining due to the coronavirus pandemic; Ajaccio were one point off the top two, who were the only ones to go up as the play-offs could not be contested. In the 2021–22 Ligue 2 season, Ajaccio were promoted back to Ligue 1 after finishing second. However, with three games in hand, the club were relegated directly back down.

On 27 June 2024, Ajaccio was administratively relegated to the Championnat National by the Direction Nationale du Contrôle de Gestion (DNCG) due to financial issues. They appealed the decision, and on the 11th of July 2024, they were reinstated in Ligue 2 for the 2024–25 season.

Notable past players
For a complete list of AC Ajaccio players, see Category:AC Ajaccio players.

Coaches
• Jean Pietri (pre–1955)

• Félix Pironti (1955–57)

• Michel Brusseaux (1957–58)

• Jean Laune (1958–59)

• Jean-Pierre Knayer (1959–63)

• Mohamed Azzouz (1963–64)

• Ernst Stojaspal (1964–65)

• Alberto Muro (1965–70)

• Louis Hon (1970–71)

• Antoine Cuissard (1971–72)

• André Mori (1972–73)

• Louis Hon (1973–74)

• Lulu Accorsi (1974–75)

• Alain Mistre (1975–76)

• François Paoli (1976–78)

• Mohamed Azzouz (1978–79)

• Unknown (1979–92)

• Baptiste Gentili (1 July 1992 – 30 June 2001)

• Rolland Courbis (1 July 2001 – 30 June 2003)

• Dominique Bijotat (1 July 2002 – 21 September 2004)

• Olivier Pantaloni (2004)

• Rolland Courbis (8 February 2005 – 11 January 2006)

• Olivier Pantaloni (interim) (11 January 2006 – 12 January 2006)

• José Pasqualetti (12 January 2006 – 30 June 2006)

• Ruud Krol (1 July 2006 – 30 June 2007)

• Gernot Rohr (1 July 2007 – 30 August 2008)

• José Pasqualetti (1 September 2008 – 23 February 2009)

• Olivier Pantaloni (23 February 2009 – 13 June 2012)

• Alex Dupont (22 June 2012 – 17 December 2012)

• Albert Emon (21 December 2012 – 28 May 2013)

• Fabrizio Ravanelli (7 June 2013 – 2 November 2013)

• Christian Bracconi (interim) (3 November 2013 – 14 October)

• Thierry Debès  (interim)  (October 2014)

• Olivier Pantaloni (6 November 2014– 24 June 2024)

Honours

 * Division 2 (Second Division)
 * Champions (2): 1966–67, 2001–02
 * Championnat National (Third Division)
 * Champions (1): 1997–98
 * Ligue de Corse (Corsican League)
 * Champions (9): 1920, 1921, 1934, 1939, 1948, 1950, 1955, 1964, 1994

title: AC Ajaccio


text:
User talk:Shadowtrooper

Old stuff

Nomination of Brandon LaCroix for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Brandon LaCroix is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Brandon LaCroix until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Wgolf (talk) 02:12, 10 March 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Shadowtrooper


text:
William Bourne (mathematician)

William Bourne (c. 1535–1582) was an English mathematician, innkeeper and former Royal Navy gunner who presented the first design for a navigable submarine and wrote important navigational manuals. He is often called William Bourne of Gravesend.

In 1574, he produced a popular version of the Martín Cortés de Albacar's Arte de Navegar, entitled A Regiment for the Sea. Bourne was critical of some aspects of the original and produced a manual of more practical use to the seaman. He described how to make observations of the sun and stars, using a cross-staff, and how to plot coastal features from the ship by taking bearings using triangulation.

Life in Gravesend
Before publishing his submarine design, William Bourne was a jurat in Gravesend, England. His name first appears in the first charter of incorporation of Gravesend from June 5, 1562. His name appears once again as a jurat in the second charter of Gravesend, June 5, 1568. During the time of the second charter, the only records of regulations for trading in Gravesend are written in Bourne's handwriting. This would imply that he held an office such as clerk of the market. He also worked as an innkeeper during this time, one of fourteen in the town of Gravesend.

Submarine Design
His design, detailed in his book Inventions or Devises published in 1578, was one of the first recorded plans for an underwater navigation vehicle. He designed an enclosed craft capable of submerging by decreasing the overall volume (rather than flooding chambers as in modern submarines), and being rowed underwater. Bourne described a ship with a wooden frame covered in waterproofed leather, but the description was a general principle rather than a detailed plan. However, the concept of an underwater rowing boat was eventually put into action by the Dutchman Cornelius Drebbel in 1620, and Nathaniel Symons demonstrated a 'sinking boat' in 1729 using the expanding and contracting volume of the boat to submerge.

The submarine was the subject of a modern-day recreation on season 3 of "The Re-Inventors" TV show, episode "Bourne Submarine". The recreation had limited functionality before it sank when water pressure ruptured some membranes on a test descent.

Inventions or Devises

Inventions or Devises, published in 1578, is one of William Bourne's more important works. This book gives many guides and instructional tools for sailors, mostly concerning interactions with other ships. The 21st device listed is the earliest known description of a ship's log and line, which he attributes to Humprey Cole, an officer of the Tower Mint. The 75th device on the list is a description of a night signal or early semaphore system to be used between people on distant ships who had previously decided on a code consisting of a series of lights and fashion of standing.

The 110th entry is what seems to be a type of telescope. The device was said to have been employed by mathematician and surveyor Leonard Digges and Bourne was asked to investigate it by Queen Elizabeth I's chief advisor Lord Burghley. Bourne's is the best description of it, and from his writing it seemed to consist of peering into a large curved mirror that reflected the image produced by a large lens (Bourne noted in his report that the device worked but had a very narrow field of view, making impractical in military applications). This "backwards" reflecting telescope predates the earliest known working telescope by 30 years but its unwieldy nature seems to have kept it from being developed.

Partial list of publications

 * An Almanac and Prognostication for Three Years, 1571
 * William Bourns booke of artillery, 1572 (draft manuscript)
 * Treasure for Travellers, 1572/3
 * Art of Shooting in Great Ordnance, 1572/3
 * A Regiment for the Sea, 1574 (11 English editions from 1574 to 1631, at least 3 Dutch editions starting in 1594)
 * A Booke called the Treasure for Traueilers, 1578 (republished in 1641 as A Mate for Mariners)
 * Inventions or Devises. Very Necessary for all Generalles and Captaines, as wel by Sea as by Land, 1578
 * The Arte of Shooting in Great Ordinance, 1578, 1587, 1643
 * "On Optical Glasses," transcribed manuscript published in Halliwell's Rara Mathematica.

title: William Bourne (mathematician)


text:
Valsörarna

Valsörarna (in Swedish) or Valassaaret (in Finnish) is a small archipelago in Korsholm, Finland, located in the Kvarken region of the Gulf of Bothnia. The islands are the last you see when going by boat or ferry from Vaasa, Finland to Umeå, Sweden. The archipelago is detached from Korsholm's main Replot-Björkö archipelago. They are uninhabited and there is no road access. However, they are an important bird sanctuary, frequented by birdwatchers and ornithologists. They are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List along with the High Coast of Sweden and the archipelago of Kvarken, for exhibiting the effects of land rise due to post-glacial rebound.

The name
The name Valsörarna is of Swedish origin. It is believed that the name was derived from the stone-clad shores and the moraine which resembles a whale. The Finnish name Valassaaret is believed to have been derived from the Swedish word.

An old route between Finland and Sweden
The Valsörarna is the shortest route to the Swedish island Holmsö only 23 km away. During winter, the waters of Kvarken are completely iced and it was possible to walk over to the neighbouring country that way. Today, this is not possible because of active ferry traffic and lanes that are kept open by icebreakers for commercial shipping.

This fact was used during the Finnish War by Russian general Barclay de Tolly who used this route in November 1809 when marching over to Umeå. The march to Sweden with about 3700 soldiers was successful but failed on the return trip. The severe cold of the spring and the lack of food took their toll on the men and it is estimated that 400 died from the cold alone. The remains of these soldiers were still present around Valsörarna in the 1900s. In memory of the fallen men, there is now a memorial mound of stones raised on Äbbskär. A saying tells the tale that the inhabitants of Valsörarna grew tired upon always finding skeletons everywhere around the islands and collected them all in one place, which today is the mound of stones.

The lighthouse is built
There was a sailmark made out of a tree on the island in the 1850s, but that became inefficient for use in the dangerous waters of Kvarken as traffic increased. The long thought-of lighthouse became reality after five boats ran aground on the same night in 1879. The lighthouse was designed by Henry Lepaute who worked for Gustave Eiffels engineering company and built by the same company in France that manufactured the components for the Eiffel Tower.

The lighthouse was initially intended to be placed on Äbbskär. However, after digging and ground analysis, it was concluded that Äbbskär had no suitable ground for the lighthouse and it was decided that it should be moved to Storskär. The hole that was dug on Äbbskär is still there today with a coast guard station as a neighbour.

For the move over to Storskär, a bridge of stone was built between it and Äbbskär. The road also built in connection to the bridge got the name Kärleksstigen (" the love path"). The lighthouse was securely fastened on the mountain on Storskär in 1886, and still stands there today, fire-red, 36 m high and with 175 steps inside.

The lighthouse amazed and even scared people with its fire-red color fuelling rumors. The best known rumor was that if you touched the lighthouse, you got seriously burned from it. This rumor was so widespread that it lived long until the 1950s.

In 1963 the lighthouse was first automated and later, in the 1980s, electrified. The lens system was removed in conjunction with the electrification and is now on display in Vaasa Seamuseum.

The lighthouse was closed from the public in 2013. It was found that it was impossible to repair or reconstruct the lighthouse to fulfill modern safety and accessibility standards without substantially modifying the architecture.

Climate
Valsörarna has a subarctic climate (Dfc) with strong moderation from the Kvarken.

title: Valsörarna


text:
Wakefield, Rhode Island

Wakefield is a village in the town of South Kingstown, Rhode Island, United States, and the commercial center of South Kingstown. Together with the village of Peace Dale, it is treated by the U.S. Census as a component of the census-designated place identified as Wakefield-Peacedale, Rhode Island. West Kingston, another South Kingstown village, was the traditional county seat of Washington County. Since 1991, the Washington County Courthouse has been in Wakefield. The Sheriff's Office which handles corrections is also in Wakefield.

The Wakefield village center along Main Street (old Boston Post Road) between Belmont Avenue and Columbia Street was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996 as Wakefield Historic District, with boundary increases in 2019 and 2022. The district is significant for being an early commercial and industrial center. The district includes 53 properties over an area of 400 acre.

History
Wakefield was a focus for settlement due to its location on the Saugatucket River and the old Post Road, which was laid out early in the 18th century. Settlement began in the early 18th century with establishment of a small mill on the Saugatucket River. A tavern and stagecoach stop were established in 1745 and a snuff mill was built around 1765. The textile industry began to become an important source of economic activity in 1807 when a carding mill was established on the Saugatucket River. By 1822, the village had about 60 residents and consisted of nine houses, a store, the carding mill, a grist mill, a saw mill, and a blacksmith shop. A Baptist church was built in 1830 and an Episcopal church followed in 1840.

The local textile mill continued to operate and expand through the 19th century, but in the mid-century, as nearby Peace Dale grew as a manufacturing center and factories were established in other water power sites in the area, Wakefield became the commercial center of South Kingstown. It underwent considerable growth in the 1840s, including the development of some major retail stores. A Roman Catholic priest was assigned to Wakefield in 1852 and the first Catholic church was built two years later. Kenyon's Department Store was founded in 1856. A carriage manufacturing operation was established in 1874, and in 1876 the Narragansett Pier Railroad started operation, with a station in Wakefield. It is now a bike trail called the William C. O'Neill Bike Path. In 1877, the South Kingstown Town Hall was built in the village. A bank and several other major businesses arrived in the 1880s. By 1895, Wakefield had a population of 1,543, and had begun to coalesce with the villages of Peace Dale and Rocky Brook, forming a roughly contiguous settlement with a total population of 3,285.

The Wakefield Mill underwent several ownership changes and expansions in the 20th century. In 1903, it was sold to the Wakefield Woolen Company, which installed new looms and carding equipment for producing high-grade woolen fabrics. It sold again in 1922 and four more times between World War II and 1984. Beginning in the 1950s, parts of the mill complex began to be converted to other uses, but as of 1984, much of the complex was still used for textile manufacturing.

Wakefield's first hospital was started in a house in 1919, and a new South County Hospital building was built in 1925 on a 6 acre tract that formerly had been the town farm.

Beginning in the late 1950s, commercial activity in Wakefield migrated away from the central business district to new commercial areas on the periphery of the community. As of 1984, the village was considered the largest shopping area in South County.

Economy
Much of Wakefield's economy is driven by seasonal tourism, as the main central business district of South Kingstown runs from the Saugatucket River up to Old Tower Hill.

Arts and culture
Buildings in Wakefield listed on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, Rhode Island include Wakefield Baptist Church, Nathaniel C. Armstrong House, John H. Armstrong House, Hera Gallery, and Bell Block.

Education
Wakefield is part of the South Kingstown School District. Schools in Wakefield include South Kingstown High School, Broad Rock Middle School, Curtis Corner Middle School, and Wakefield Elementary School(which has been closed along with Curtis Corner Middle School.)

Media
The Narragansett Times, a twice-weekly paper serving Narragansett and South Kingstown, is published in Wakefield.

Notable people

 * Ron Locke, baseball player
 * Bob Rathbun, play-by-play announcer for the Atlanta Hawks

title: Wakefield, Rhode Island