text:
User talk:DAnderson

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 06:53, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)

edits to Thursday
Thanks for experimenting with the page Thursday on Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Joyous | Talk 02:57, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Thursday
Joy -

Please let this stay for a day - I was not experimenting...  I put this paragraph in because of a statement my daughter Stephanie made in her blog (http://happy-thursday.blogspot.com/), paragraph 6.

She wrote paragraph 5 as though it was taken from the internet, so as a prank, I put her paragraph into Wiki, and added the Wikipedia hyperlink, to make her statement sort of true.

I know this is silly and unsupportable, but - oh well - it was fun.

Dave Anderson 2-2-2006

Image Tagging Image:Calthorpe.jpg
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Special Relativity Edit
Dave:

In fact, SR can handle accelerated reference frames. See, for example, Rindler coordinates. However, in SR, an accelerated reference frame is absolute - there is no relativity between an accelerated frame and an inertial frame. Nonetheless, the mathematics of SR is perfectly capable of describing accelerated frames of reference in flat spacetime. No harm done though. Shall I revert your edit or do you wish to do so? Alfred Centauri 17:54, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

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title: User talk:DAnderson


text:
Uzumaki (film)

Uzumaki (うずまき) is a 2000 Japanese supernatural horror film based on the manga of the same name by Junji Ito. The feature film directorial debut of Higuchinsky, it stars Eriko Hatsune, Fhi Fan, Hinako Saeki and Shin Eun-kyung. The film takes place in a town plagued by a mysterious curse involving spirals. As the film was produced while the manga was still being written and released, it departs from the story of the original work and features a different ending.

The film was backed by the company Omega Micott, who released it in Japan on a double bill with Tomie: Replay, another film based on a manga by Ito. Simultaneously, Uzumaki received a limited release in the American city of San Francisco. It received mixed reviews from critics.

Plot
High school student Kirie Goshima's first glimpse that something is awry in the small town of Kurouzu-cho comes when her boyfriend Shuichi Saito's father begins to film the corkscrew patterns on a snail; he is also in the process of making a video scrap book filled with the images of anything that has a spiral or vortex shape to it. His unusual obsession causes him to abandon his responsibilities at work; he proclaims that a spiral is the highest form of art, and frantically creates whirlpools in his miso soup when he runs out of spiral-patterned kamaboko. He then decides to film himself crawling into a washing machine, where he dies.

It is not long before the entire town is infected by the otherworldly spirals. Tamura, a reporter, is intrigued by Shuichi's father's suicide and becomes obsessed with the case. Meanwhile, Shuichi's mother, who has been in hospital since her husband's death, has developed a severe phobia of spirals. She cuts off her hair and fingertips due to their spiral-like shapes, and Shuichi tells the hospital staff to eliminate anything spiral-shaped so his mother may not encounter them. One night, after a millipede tries to crawl into her ear while she is asleep, Shuichi's mother, the millipede claims to be her husband and turns into a spiral, driving her to commit suicide.

At Kirie's high school, a student named Katayama begins to walk at a snail's pace, dripping in a slimy substance and only attending school on rainy days. He and other members of the student body gradually begin to sprout shells, drink water in copious amounts, and crawl on the walls of the school. Kirie's classmate, Sekino, begins to grow her hair in exaggerated curls, taking over her mind and the minds of other female students. Whirl-like clouds appear in the sky, and during funerals, they are accompanied by smoky, ghost-like faces of victims who perished in spiral-related ways.

Eventually, the entire town succumbs to the curse of the spiral—Kirie's father takes a drill to his eye after obsessively creating spiral shaped ceramics; a news crew reporting on the phenomenon lose themselves in a tunnel, only to be later found as humanoid yet snail-like corpses; and Sekino's snake-like curls grow to an abnormal height, wrapping around a telephone pole and cables electrocuting herself. A boy named Mitsuru who is obsessed with Kirie to be his girlfriend throws himself in front of Inspector Tamura's car and is twisted around the axle; the car collides with a pole, causing Tamura's head to hit the windshield, leaving a spiral-shaped crack. When Kirie and Shuichi decide to search for Kirie's father, Shuichi's body twists into a spiral-like contortion. He crawls towards Kirie, asking her to "become a spiral too". Kirie's fate is left unknown.

Development
Uzumaki is based on the manga Uzumaki, written and illustrated by Junji Ito. Ito had stated that for most of his stories, he starts with a visual image and builds a story around the picture. For Uzumaki, he had a different inspiration of wanting to make a film about people who lived in a traditional Japanese row-house and seeing what happened. When drawing the row-houses, he found himself drawing a very long house that coiled into a spiral to fit on his page.

The film was the debut feature for director Akihiro Higuchi, under his alias of Higuchinsky. While filming the television series Eko Eko Azarak, director Higuchinsky met Kengo Kaji who he proposed the idea of making a film to. Higuchinsky stated that he originally wanted to make a film like Star Wars but realized that "because I'm Japanese, I should do something different."

Higuchinsky had been reading a manga magazine compilation which contained Ito's Uzumaki. Higuchinsky thought the manga was brilliant and asked Kengo Kaji to adapt the film, finding out that the manga was already in the process of being made into a film and that producers were looking for a director. Higuchinsky described the lure of Uzumaki using the Japanese word kikai, which translates to "strange and mysterious things (or people)", and that "the allure of Uzumaki is not that the uzumaki itself is scary but rather the changes in the people caught up in it. " The original production of the film was going to be an independent production and would be part of an anthology film, but during production, Toei Animation decided to have it become a bigger film. The film was backed by Toyoyuki Yokohama's Omega Project, a company that married Japanese and foreign funding to make J-horror films for an international market. The company had previously had success with the 1999 film Audition.

Production
Higuchinsky desired to be faithful to the manga as possible. At the time, the manga had not been completed yet. To help his crew express a Japanese style in the film, he had his staff watch Akuma no temari uta. The film was primarily shot in Ueda, Nagano Prefecture, with a few locations in Tokyo. Higuchinsky said the film was shot in about two weeks.

Promotion and release
Uzumaki was released in Japan on 11 February 2000. It was released as the first half of a double bill with Tomie: Replay, a film based on the manga Tomie, also by Ito. The film was released concurrently in the United States as it was in Japan with a limited run in San Francisco. Omega's vice-president Akiko Funatsu stated that San Francisco was chosen due to "all the internet activity there". Based on grosses from Japan's nine key cities, the films opened in 14th place for the week.

The film was shown at the 2000 Fantasia Film Festival.

Reception
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 56% based on 25 reviews, with an average rating of 6.09/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "Uzumaki uses its creepy, David Lynch-inspired atmospherics to effectively build a sense of dread, but ultimately fails to do anything with it." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 62 out of 100 based on nine critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

In his review of the film for The New York Times, critic Elvis Mitchell noted the way the film develops mood, finding it part of the cycle of Japanese films like Kiyoshi Kurosawa's Cure and Hideo Nakata's Ring as "vivid, state-of-the-art scare films that move so swiftly that psychological underpinnings are a luxury". Mitchell concluded that in the film that "things really get weird, though not particularly scary", calling the film "ultimately disappointing". Variety's Dennis Harvey described the film as "intriguing, if ultimately unsatisfying", and criticized a perceived lack of atmosphere between set pieces, along with its "typically bland, schoolgirlish heroine." Kim Morgan of The Oregonian described the film as "beautiful, cold, oddly colorful and just plain otherworldly"; she wrote that it contains "many creatively terrifying and effectively gross sequences that stand on their own beautifully", but lamented that it "doesn't flow into a consistent building of terror".

Ross Williams of Film Threat praised the film's sound design and "cheesy, yet at the same time impressive and effective" special effects, writing: "While not as effectively creepy as The Ring, [Uzumaki] undoubtedly deserves to be watched". Scott Tobias of The A.V. Club noted the style of the film, opining that kinetic shooting style doesn't pause for anything; like a lot of music-video and commercial directors, his achievement is better considered shot-by-shot than as a whole." AllMovie's Josh Ralske gave the film a score of three-and-a-half stars out of five, calling it "visually imaginative and engagingly offbeat horror film, but its willful goofiness and unresolved story line doesn't offer much in the way of psychological resonance."

Higuchinsky stated that, since the film's release, he has received fan mail from Europe, which made him particularly happy as it was his "dream to use film as a way to overcome national borders and have my movies watched by people all over the world. I think that these fans focus not on the story but on the simple images, they sense something through the visuals."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Uzumaki (film)


text:
Talk:Islam in Sudan

Muhammad Ahmad influence
I'm not well enough informed, but I'd like to know more about whether the history of Muhammad_Ahmad has surviving influence in Islam in Sudan?

--babbage 06:55, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

what on earth does this mean?
"of civil war, the Muslim population at approximately 75%, including numerous Arab and non-Arab groups; Christians at approximately 10%; and traditionalists at 25%." So there are 110% of people in the country, aside from the fact that the sentence itself makes no sense. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 86.138.237.55 (talk) 21:07, 15 March 2007 (UTC).

update needed
Shari'a generally is to continue to be the basis of the national legal system as it applies in the north; national legislation applicable to the south is to be based on "popular consensus, the values, and the customs of the people." The south is gone. Separate country.--BoogaLouie (talk) 19:36, 30 April 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Islam in Sudan


text: User talk:68.99.176.137

title: User talk:68.99.176.137


text:
User talk:Cread

Hi there. I noticed that you contributed (to) an article Conley Read in the main namespace that appears to be about you. Did you mean to create your user page User:Cread instead? The material on Conley Read is not appropriate for the main namespace, where it would likely be considered a vanity page. However, it would probably be fine as your user page. Cheers, --MarkSweep 06:56, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

G'day and Welcome to Wikipedia. Agree with the above. Recommend reading Autobiography. If there's anyting I can help with, drop me a note at my talk page. Andrewa 16:09, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Conley Read the Wikipedian.jpg
Thank you for uploading File:Conley Read the Wikipedian.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the page from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of the website's terms of use of its content. If the original copyright holder is a party unaffiliated with the website, that author should also be credited. Please add this information by editing the image description page.

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title: User talk:Cread


text:
Hersham and Walton Motors

Hersham and Walton Motors (HWM) is the world's longest established Aston Martin business, having acquired the franchise in 1951. As a racing car constructor, HWM competed in Formula One and Formula Two, and in sports car racing.

Motor racing
Hersham and Walton Motors was founded in 1938 by John Heath, an excellent race driver and talented engineer. Heath was joined by George Abecassis in 1946. Together, they moved the business into a building based on New Zealand Avenue in Walton on Thames which was previously used by Vickers during the war as part of their aircraft construction facility.

George Abecassis and John Heath went racing together from 1946 and in 1948 they built a streamlined sports racing car on the chassis of a Sports Alta, and thus embarked upon the construction of racing cars and racing sports cars at the Walton-on-Thames works. The 1948 car gave them encouraging results and so new car, this time called an HW-Alta, was constructed and raced in 1949; this car was sufficiently successful to convince the partners to embark upon building a full team of cars for the 1950 Formula Two season of British and continental events: these cars were known as HWMs.

They were the first British team to find international success after WW2 which is almost forgotten. The operated with a very limited budget from their little garage in Walton-on-Thames. Over HWM's seven-year life as a racing car manufacturer less than two dozen were built, but some 70 per cent of the entire production survives today.

The HWM leadership had a skill for spotting young talent. There is a remarkable list of drivers that raced for the team including Duncan Hamilton, Peter Collins, Harry Schell, Lance Macklin and Paul Frère. This list is far from exhaustive but perhaps the most famous name was that of Stirling Moss. Before driving for HWM, Stirling was a privateer racing a Cooper. He was offered his first professional drive at HWM and went on to race for the team for nearly two years. His talent helped the team to gain results that were beyond expectation.

The HWM's four-cylinder Alta engine lacked the power of most of its rivals, but its all-independent chassis handled well, and Stirling's budding genius exploited it to the full. He finished third at Reims behind Ascari's Ferrari and Simon's Gordini, and, unbelievably, third in the F1 race at Bari behind the 159 Alfas of Farina and Fangio. He set fastest lap in the Rome Grand Prix chasing the F2 Ferraris of Ascari and Villoresi, and was leading the Naples Grand Prix when he was pushed off into a tree by a backmarker. Johnny Claes, meanwhile, scored the first post-war win by a British car in a race titled as a Grand Prix when he won the Belgian Grand Prix des Frontières at Chimay, while Lance Macklin was sixth in the German Grand Prix and Rudi Fischer was sixth at Berne.

In between, there were blown engines to rebuild and bent cars to repair, the hard-pressed transporters frequently broke down, one of the racers caught fire the night before a race, and one of the mechanics, plus car and van, got lost in the middle of Italy, without money and unable to speak a word of Italian. But the team made it to the end of the season, and with good enough results to have built a substantial reputation across Europe. Most important of all, once the three cars were sold off after the last race, there was a small profit to show for all that toil.

Of those three 1950 works cars, one has remained in its Alta-engined form. Another was given a Jaguar XK120 engine by its new owner Oscar Moore, becoming the first in a long line of Jaguar-powered specialist sports-racers. And the third ended up in Hollywood, starring in a movie with Kirk Douglas, before gaining a Chevrolet V8 engine and going on to a second racing career on the USA's West Coast as the Stovebolt Special. All three now live with enthusiastic owners in England.

From 1950 to 1952, HWM achieved remarkable success in Formula Two for a team that was run on very little money and yet which faced the might of continental marques in every race. By 1953 they were outclassed, but when the international Formula changed in 1954, John Heath constructed a works car to compete in Formula One. Right from the first event, the non-championship Lavant Cup at Goodwood, the new car proved to be off the pace. It retired from the BRDC International Trophy and then came its World Championship debut at the French Grand Prix at Reims-Gueux. Macklin qualified a whole 23 seconds behind Juan Manuel Fangio and was running last when the engine failed. With that, HWM abandoned their Formula One programme.

Meanwhile, the first Jaguar-engined HWM sports racing car had appeared in 1953, and this had some success with Abecassis at the wheel. From then on until 1957, the team was involved in sports car racing both in Britain and on the continent, sometimes beating their Jaguar and Aston Martin Works competitors. After John Heath was killed on the 1956 Mille Miglia in Italy in an HWM Works car, Abecassis did not wish to continue and the works racing programme continued for just a year.

Motor trade
In 1950 George Abecassis had won his class at Le Mans in an Aston Martin DB2 with co-driver Lance Macklin. This cemented George's relationship with Aston Martin and the following year HWM was awarded the Aston Martin franchise. It remains an Aston Martin dealership to this day. Having been extremely impressed by Lance Macklin's driving performance at Le Mans, George also secured Lance for the HWM team. Lance went on to be one HWM's most loyal drivers.

In 1958, Mike Harting arrived at HWM as a partner to George Abecassis. He had previously been the global sales manager for Aston Martin at their Feltham facility five miles away from the Walton dealership.

One of those contacts was George Abecassis. George had been running the business on his own since the death of John Heath but was keeping an eye out for a suitable partner. As an Aston Martin Works racing driver, George had struck up a relationship with Mike Harting. It became apparent that there was potential to work together. Mike wanted a career that required him to travel less and therefore see more of his family. The HWM business looked like an attractive option so the deal was agreed and they joined forces.

Eventually when George retired, Mike took ownership of the whole of the HWM business and continued at the helm, later joined by his son Andrew, through the rest of his life.

HWM is today owned by Andrew Harting and the Harting family along with Guy Jenner. HWM trades as HWM Aston Martin and HWM Sports Cars and is an Aston Martin and Sports Cars dealership. It is the oldest Aston Martin dealership in the world.

Works entries
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap)

Privateer entries
(key) (Results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap.)

title: Hersham and Walton Motors


text:
Ofayé

The Ofayé (also spelled as Opaié or Ofayé) are an indigenous people of Central Brazil. They live along the Paraná River, near the mouth of the Sucuriú River into the headwaters of the Ivinhema and Vacaria Rivers.

Their traditional lands were overtaken by cattle ranchers. Most Ofayé live in a reservation located in the municipality of Brasilândia in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul.

Language
The Ofaye language, a language isolate is severely endangered, and only two people were recorded speaking it in 2005.

title: Ofayé


text:
René Marqués

René Marqués  (October 4, 1919 – March 22, 1979) was a Puerto Rican short story writer and playwright.

Early years
Marqués was born, raised and educated in the city of Arecibo. He developed an interest in writing at a young age and was politically keen to support independence for the non-sovereign nation of Puerto Rico.

In the 1940s, Marqués wrote what is considered to be his best play, La Carreta (The Oxcart). In 1953, it opened in New York City. In 1954, it opened in San Juan and helped secure his reputation as a leading literary figure. The drama traces a rural Puerto Rican family as it moved to the slums of San Juan and then to New York in search of a better life, only to be disillusioned and to long for their island.

The Generation of the 50s
René Marqués was a figure of what was known in Puerto Rico as "La generación del 50" (The Generation of the 50s). This was an artistic and literary group of Puerto Rican intellectuals which included Francisco Matos Paoli, Francisco Arriví, Abelardo Díaz Alfaro and Lorenzo Homar. In 1950, together with the other members of the group, Marqués worked for the Division of Community Education of Puerto Rico. Marqués however, did often come into conflict with Luis Muñoz Marín. He believed in complete Puerto Rican sovereignty and he often criticized Muñoz Marín, when he became governor, because of his acceptance of U.S. sovereignty over Puerto Rico.

In 1954, Puerto Rican director, Roberto Rodríguez, produced La Carreta, the play opened at the Church of San Sebastian, located in Manhattan, New York. The success of the play motivated Míriam Colón and Rodríguez to form the first Latino theater group with its own 60-seat theater, called "El Círculo Dramatico" (The Dramatic Circle).

In 1955, Marqués wrote one of his later works, Juan Bobo y la Señora Occidental (Juan Bobo and the Occidental Lady).

In 1959, Marqués published three plays together in the collection Teatro (Theater). These were La Muerte no entrará en Palacio (Death will not enter the Palace), Un Niño Azul para esa Sombra (A Blue Boy for that Shadow) and Los Soles Truncos. In an essay (1960), which the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party published as a pamphlet, Marqués addressed the problem of the language of instruction in Puerto Rico's colonial situation. He concluded that only the enjoyment of complete national sovereignty will cleanse the pedagogical problem of all extra-pedagogical baggage.

Later years
In 1965, George Edgar and Stella Holt produced the English version of Marqués' "The Oxcart" Off-Broadway, with Míriam Colón in the lead role.

René Marqués died in San Juan, Puerto Rico on March 22, 1979, at age 59. Puerto Rico has named a school in his honor and in the Luis A. Ferré Performing Arts Center in San Juan there is a 760-seat René Marqués Theater.

Noted works
Plays

Juan Bobo and the Occidental Lady

La Carreta (The Oxcart)

El Hombre y Sus Sueños (Published in 1948) El Hombre Y Sus Sueños Palm Sunday

El Sol y Los Mac Donald (Premiered 1950)

Los Soles Truncos (Premiered 1958) (Based on his short story "Purificación en la Calle del Cristo")

Un Niño Azul para esa Sombra

La Muerte No Entrará en Palacio

La Casa Sin Reloj

El Apartamiento

Mariana o el Alba

Sacrificio en el Monte Moriah

David y Jonatán, Tito y Berenice

Carnaval Afuera, Carnaval Adentro

Novels

La Víspera del Hombre

La Mirada (1975)

Essays

El Puertorriqueño Dócil

Ensayos 1956–1969

Short Stories

Otro Día Nuestro

En Una Ciudad Llamada San Juan

Purificación en la Calle del Cristo

Cuentos Puertorriqueños de Hoy

Screenplays

Juan Sin Seso (Brainless Juan) (Short Film; Dir. Luis A. Maisonet)

Modesta (Short Film; Dir. Benji Doniger, Music by Héctor Campos Parsi)

title: René Marqués


text:
Talk:Far North

Moved Back
I've moved the article back to its former site (Far North (district), New Zealand). Too many unrelated things were linking here: movies, places in Australia, etc. Grutness talk 07:00, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Far North


text:
Talk:Far North District

Untitled
I moved everything back here because there is Far North, Australia; Far North, Canada; a movie called Far North... everything was getting messed up. 07:02, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Far North District


text:
Lachlin McCallum

Lachlin (Lachlan) McCallum (March 15, 1823 – January 13, 1903) was a Canadian politician.

McCallum, born in Tiree, Argyllshire, Scotland, was a contractor and shipowner before entering politics as a Liberal-Conservative. He represented the riding of Monck in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1872, when he was defeated by James David Edgar. However, in 1874, McCallum defeated Edgar by a margin of just 34 votes, and was returned to Parliament.

Due to the closeness of the result, McCallum was unseated on May 12, 1875. In the subsequent byelection, McCallum again defeated Edgar, this time by a mere 4 votes.

McCallum was an unsuccessful candidate for a seat in assembly for the Province of Canada in 1863. He was also a member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario having been elected in the 1871 election in the riding of Monck. He was a member of the Ontario Conservative Party.

He served as reeve for the United Townships of Sherbrooke and Moulton in Ontario.

McCallum remained in the House until 1887, when he was appointed to the Senate; he served in the Senate until his death at the age of 79.

McCallum was the founder and Naval Captain (Colonel) of the Dunnville Naval Brigade 1861–1866. During the Fenian Raid he commanded the 'war tug' W.T. Robb and fought with his men against the Fenians in Fort Erie on the afternoon of June 2. Outnumbered 10 to 1, McCallum and sixteen other men fought their way out of Fort Erie before being rescued by the Robb.

McCallum lived in Stromness, Ontario. In 1854, he married Priscilla Dawson Thewliss. He died in office in Stromness in 1903.

title: Lachlin McCallum


text:
User talk:Kawina

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 07:04, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)

hi
hi. it is nice to see someone writing about South America peoples & cultures. keep up the good work. peace – ishwar  (speak)  02:02, 2005 August 3 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kawina


text: Category:Film production

title: Category:Film production


text:
Index of Gabon-related articles

Articles (arranged alphabetically) related to Gabon include:

A
Abanayop - Jean-Baptiste Abessolo - Jean-Jérôme Adam - Adouma - Adyumba - Adzap - Jean-Marie Adzé - Affaires africaines - AfricaPhonebook/Annuaires Afrique - Pierre-Louis Agondjo-Okawe - Pierre Akendengué - Alar Ayong - Martin Alihanga - Francis Allison - Joseph Ambouroue-Avaro - Eugene Amogho - Andre-Ferdinand Anguile - André Gustave Anguilé - Laurent Antchouey - Sister Hyacinthe Antini - Apindji - Art of Gabon - Jean-Boniface Assélé - Association Générale des Étudiants du Gabon - Jean-Hilaire Aubame - Pierre Avaro - Awandji - Jean Rémy Ayouné

B
Babuissi - Bakele - Bapounou (Pounou) - Batsangui (Tsangui) - Benga - Jean-Rémy Bessieux - Laurent-Marie Biffot - Louis Bigmann - Bloc Democratique Gabonais - Ali Bongo Ondimba - Martin Bongo - Omar Bongo - Pascaline Bongo - Jean-Jacques Boucavel - Edouard Bouet-Williamez - Augustin Boumah - Jules Bourdes-Ogouliguende - Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza - Brothers of Saint Gabriel - Buengui River - Albert Bushnell - Buzogo River - Bwiti

C
Caisse Centrale de Coopération Économique (CCCE) - Catholicism in Gabon - Centre International des Civilisations Bantu (CICIBA) - Chamber of Commerce, Agriculture, Industry and Mines - Chiwa (Bichiwa) - Cinema of Gabon - Comité Mixte Gabonais (CMG) - Comité Mpongwe - Constitution of Gabon - Coup of February 17–20, 1964 - Currency of Gabon -

D
Georges Aleka Damas - Gabriel d'Arboussier - Charles Francis Darlington - Pierre Debizet - Decolonization in Gabon - Maurice Delauney - Demographics of Gabon - King Denis (Antchouwe Kowe Rapontchombo) - Ndouna Depenaud - Divungi Dijob Di NDing- Divounguy Pierre Claver- Josiah Dorsey - Paul du Chaillu - Luc Durand-Reville

E
Félix Éboué - Ecole Montfort - Economy of Gabon - Education in Gabon - Jean-Marc Ekoh - Emane Tole - Enenga - Eshira - Eveia - Exploration of Gabon - Eyi Affair

F
Fang - Brother Dominique Fara - Felix-Anande Rapontchombo - Denis-Marie Adande - Fernan Vaz Lagoon - FIDES - Henry A. Ford - Foreign relations of Gabon - Forestry in Gabon - Franc zone - Franceville - Free Emigrants Scheme - Free French - Freedom Villages - French Equatorial Africa

G
Galoa (Galwa) - Émile Gentil - King Glass (R'Ogouarowe) - Gold in Gabon - Paul Indjenjet Gondjout - Groupes d'Etudes Communistes (GEC) -

H
History of Gabon - Holy Ghost Father (Spiritans)

I
J. Ikenga Ibea - Immaculate Conception Sisters (Blue Sisters) - Indigénat - Iron in Gabon - Islam in Gabon - Aristide Issembe - Emile Issembe - iboga

J
Benjamin Van Rensselaer James - Jeunes Gabonais (Jeunesse Gabonais)

K
Kanigui (Akanigui, Bakanike) - Theophile Klaine- Kassa Mapessi

L
Labor unions in Gabon - Languages of Gabon - Richard E. Lawlin - Pierre-Marie Le Berre - Captain Le Cour - Alexandre Le Roy - LGBT rights in Gabon (Gay rights) - Libreville - Ligue des droits de l'homme - Loango - Blaise Louembe - King Louis (Anguile Dowe) - Louis Berre Monguitigana - Loumbou (Baloumbou) -

M
Mademoiselle (movement) - Raphael Mangouala - Pierre Claver Maganga Moussavou - Mahongwe - Felicien-Patrice Makouaka - Sébastien Mamboundou Mouyama - Manganese in Gabon - Herve Mapako-Gnali - Massango (Sangou) - Germain Mba - Léon M'ba - Paul Mba-Abessole - Emanuel Mba-Zue - Léon Mébiame - Media in Gabon - Roger Mengue Mi Ekomie - Nicolas Metegue N'nah - Métis - François Meye - Jean-Stanislas Migolet - Military of Gabon - Mitsogo (Mitshogo, Tshogo) - Stephanie Mouwandji Itsopault - Mouvement de Redressement National (MORENA) - Mpongwe people - Music of Gabon - Mutuelle Gabonaise - Basile Engone Mve - Charles Mve Ellah

N
Samuel Adrien Nang Essono - Robert Hamill Nassau - National Archives of Gabon - Jean-Baptiste N'Dende - Ndiwa - Nding Dyatelm- François Ndong - Mendame Ndong - Philippe Tsira Ndong Ntoutoume - Ndoumou (Mindoumou) - Ngowe (Ngove) - François Owono Nguema - Patrick N'Guema N'Dong - Nkomi - Truman Ntaka - Charles N'Tchoréré - Jean-François Ntoutoume Emane - Vincent de Paul Nyonda - Nzabi (Bandiabi)

O
Obamba (Mbamba) - Cyriaque Simeon Obamba - Ogooué River - Ogoula-M'Beye - King Ogoul' Issogoue (Rogombe, Passol) - Oil and gas in Gabon - Okande - Oklo reactor site - Okoume - Ombambo-Rogombe - ORSTOM - Orungu - Laurent Owondo - Casimir Oyé-Mba

P
Louis-Gabriel Pambo - Parti Démocratique Africain (PDA) - Parti Démocratique Gabonais (PDG) - Parti d'Union Nationale Gabonais (PUNGA) - Parti gabonais du progrès (PGP) - Peoples of Gabon - Petroleum in Gabon - Politics of Gabon - Port-Gentil - Paul-Vincent Pounah - Pove (Pubi) - Prehistory of Gabon - Ira Preston - Professors' Plot - Protestantism in Gabon - Pygmies -

Q
King Quaben (Kaka-Rapono)

R
Jean-Félix Rapontchombo - Angele Ntyugwetondo Rawiri - George Rawiri - Remi Rebombe - Joseph Rendjambe - King Reombi-Mpolo - Rubber in Gabon -

S
Louis Sanmarco - Albert Schweitzer - Henri Seignon - Seke - Shake - Shimba (Simba) - Slave trade - Société Commerciale, Industrielle, et Africole du Haut-Ogooue - Société Nationale Petrolière Gabonaise - René-Paul Sousatte - Survivor: Gabon - Simone Saint-Dénis

T
Jean-Felix Tchicaya - Teke people (Bateke) - Toko Ravony - Patrice Tonda - Transportation in Gabon - Henri Trilles - Ntaka Truman

U
Union Démocratique et Sociale Gabonaise (UDSG) - Union Douanière et Économique de l'Afrique Centrale (UDEAC) - Uranium in Gabon

V
François-de-Paul Vane - Varama - Vili people - La Voix du Pays - Voungou

W
Andre Raponda Walker - William Walker - Henri Walker-Deemin - John Leighton Wilson - Woumbou (Bavumbu)

Y
Paul-Marie Yembit

title: Index of Gabon-related articles


text:
Capillary electrophoresis

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a family of electrokinetic separation methods performed in submillimeter diameter capillaries and in micro- and nanofluidic channels. Very often, CE refers to capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), but other electrophoretic techniques including capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE), capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF), capillary isotachophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) belong also to this class of methods. In CE methods, analytes migrate through electrolyte solutions under the influence of an electric field. Analytes can be separated according to ionic mobility and/or partitioning into an alternate phase via non-covalent interactions. Additionally, analytes may be concentrated or "focused" by means of gradients in conductivity and pH.

Instrumentation
The instrumentation needed to perform capillary electrophoresis is relatively simple. A basic schematic of a capillary electrophoresis system is shown in figure 1. The system's main components are a sample vial, source and destination vials, a capillary, electrodes, a high voltage power supply, a detector, and a data output and handling device. The source vial, destination vial and capillary are filled with an electrolyte such as an aqueous buffer solution. To introduce the sample, the capillary inlet is placed into a vial containing the sample. Sample is introduced into the capillary via capillary action, pressure, siphoning, or electrokinetically, and the capillary is then returned to the source vial. The migration of the analytes is initiated by an electric field that is applied between the source and destination vials and is supplied to the electrodes by the high-voltage power supply. In the most common mode of CE, all ions, positive or negative, are pulled through the capillary in the same direction by electroosmotic flow. The analytes separate as they migrate due to their electrophoretic mobility, and are detected near the outlet end of the capillary. The output of the detector is sent to a data output and handling device such as an integrator or computer. The data is then displayed as an electropherogram, which reports detector response as a function of time. Separated chemical compounds appear as peaks with different migration times in an electropherogram. The technique is often attributed to James W. Jorgensen and Krynn DeArman Lukacs, who first demonstrated the capabilities of this technique. Capillary electrophoresis was first combined with mass spectrometry by Richard D. Smith and coworkers, and provides extremely high sensitivity for the analysis of very small sample sizes. Despite the very small sample sizes (typically only a few nanoliters of liquid are introduced into the capillary), high sensitivity and sharp peaks are achieved in part due to injection strategies that result in a concentration of analytes into a narrow zone near the inlet of the capillary. This is achieved in either pressure or electrokinetic injections simply by suspending the sample in a buffer of lower conductivity (e.g. lower salt concentration) than the running buffer. A process called field-amplified sample stacking (a form of isotachophoresis) results in concentration of analyte in a narrow zone at the boundary between the low-conductivity sample and the higher-conductivity running buffer.

To achieve greater sample throughput, instruments with arrays of capillaries are used to analyze many samples simultaneously. Such capillary array electrophoresis (CAE) instruments with 16 or 96 capillaries are used for medium- to high-throughput capillary DNA sequencing, and the inlet ends of the capillaries are arrayed spatially to accept samples directly from SBS-standard footprint 96-well plates. Certain aspects of the instrumentation (such as detection) are necessarily more complex than for a single-capillary system, but the fundamental principles of design and operation are similar to those shown in Figure 1.

Detection
Separation by capillary electrophoresis can be detected by several detection devices. The majority of commercial systems use UV or UV-Vis absorbance as their primary mode of detection. In these systems, a section of the capillary itself is used as the detection cell. The use of on-tube detection enables detection of separated analytes with no loss of resolution. In general, capillaries used in capillary electrophoresis are coated with a polymer (frequently polyimide or Teflon) for increased flexibility. The portion of the capillary used for UV detection, however, must be optically transparent. For polyimide-coated capillaries, a segment of the coating is typically burned or scraped off to provide a bare window several millimeters long. This bare section of capillary can break easily, and capillaries with transparent coatings are available to increase the stability of the cell window. The path length of the detection cell in capillary electrophoresis (~ 50 micrometers) is far less than that of a traditional UV cell (~ 1 cm). According to the Beer-Lambert law, the sensitivity of the detector is proportional to the path length of the cell. To improve the sensitivity, the path length can be increased, though this results in a loss of resolution. The capillary tube itself can be expanded at the detection point, creating a "bubble cell" with a longer path length or additional tubing can be added at the detection point as shown in figure 2. Both of these methods, however, will decrease the resolution of the separation. This decrease is almost unnoticeable if a smooth aneurysm is produced in the wall of a capillary by heating and pressurization, as plug flow can be preserved. This invention by Gary Gordon, US Patent 5061361, typically triples the absorbance path length. When used with a UV absorbance detector, the wider cross-section of the analyte in the cell allows for an illuminating beam twice as large, which reduces shot noise by a factor of two. Together these two factors increase the sensitivity of Agilent Technologies's Bubble Cell CE Detector six times over that of one using a straight capillary. This cell and its manufacture are described on page 62 of the June 1995 issue of the Hewlett-Packard Journal.

Fluorescence detection can also be used in capillary electrophoresis for samples that naturally fluoresce or are chemically modified to contain fluorescent tags. This mode of detection offers high sensitivity and improved selectivity for these samples, but cannot be utilized for samples that do not fluoresce. Numerous labeling strategies are used to create fluorescent derivatives or conjugates of non-fluorescent molecules, including proteins and DNA. The set-up for fluorescence detection in a capillary electrophoresis system can be complicated. The method requires that the light beam be focused on the capillary, which can be difficult for many light sources. Laser-induced fluorescence has been used in CE systems with detection limits as low as 10−18 to 10−21 mol. The sensitivity of the technique is attributed to the high intensity of the incident light and the ability to accurately focus the light on the capillary. Multi-color fluorescence detection can be achieved by including multiple dichroic mirrors and bandpass filters to separate the fluorescence emission amongst multiple detectors (e.g., photomultiplier tubes), or by using a prism or grating to project spectrally resolved fluorescence emission onto a position-sensitive detector such as a CCD array. CE systems with 4- and 5-color LIF detection systems are used routinely for capillary DNA sequencing and genotyping ("DNA fingerprinting") applications.

In order to obtain the identity of sample components, capillary electrophoresis can be directly coupled with mass spectrometers or surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). In most systems, the capillary outlet is introduced into an ion source that utilizes electrospray ionization (ESI). The resulting ions are then analyzed by the mass spectrometer. This setup requires volatile buffer solutions, which will affect the range of separation modes that can be employed and the degree of resolution that can be achieved. The measurement and analysis are mostly done with a specialized.

For CE-SERS, capillary electrophoresis eluants can be deposited onto a SERS-active substrate. Analyte retention times can be translated into spatial distance by moving the SERS-active substrate at a constant rate during capillary electrophoresis. This allows the subsequent spectroscopic technique to be applied to specific eluants for identification with high sensitivity. SERS-active substrates can be chosen that do not interfere with the spectrum of the analytes.

Modes of separation
The separation of compounds by capillary electrophoresis is dependent on the differential migration of analytes in an applied electric field. The electrophoretic migration velocity ($$u_p$$) of an analyte toward the electrode of opposite charge is: $$ u_p = \mu_p E \,$$

The electrophoretic mobility can be determined experimentally from the migration time and the field strength:

$$\mu_p = \left ( \frac{L}{t_r} \right )\left ( \frac{L_t}{V} \right )$$

where $$L$$ is the distance from the inlet to the detection point, $$t_r$$ is the time required for the analyte to reach the detection point (migration time), $$V$$ is the applied voltage (field strength), and $$L_t$$ is the total length of the capillary. Since only charged ions are affected by the electric field, neutral analytes are poorly separated by capillary electrophoresis.

The velocity of migration of an analyte in capillary electrophoresis will also depend upon the rate of electroosmotic flow (EOF) of the buffer solution. In a typical system, the electroosmotic flow is directed toward the negatively charged cathode so that the buffer flows through the capillary from the source vial to the destination vial. Separated by differing electrophoretic mobilities, analytes migrate toward the electrode of opposite charge. As a result, negatively charged analytes are attracted to the positively charged anode, counter to the EOF, while positively charged analytes are attracted to the cathode, in agreement with the EOF as depicted in figure 3.

The velocity of the electroosmotic flow, $$u_o$$ can be written as:

$$ u_o= \mu_o E $$

where $$\mu_o$$ is the electroosmotic mobility, which is defined as:

$$\mu_o= \frac{\epsilon \zeta}{\eta}$$

where $$\zeta$$ is the zeta potential of the capillary wall, and $$\epsilon$$ is the relative permittivity of the buffer solution. Experimentally, the electroosmotic mobility can be determined by measuring the retention time of a neutral analyte. The velocity ($$u$$) of an analyte in an electric field can then be defined as:

$$ u_p + u_o = (\mu_p +\mu_o) E$$

Since the electroosmotic flow of the buffer solution is generally greater than that of the electrophoretic mobility of the analytes, all analytes are carried along with the buffer solution toward the cathode. Even small, triply charged anions can be redirected to the cathode by the relatively powerful EOF of the buffer solution. Negatively charged analytes are retained longer in the capillary due to their conflicting electrophoretic mobilities. The order of migration seen by the detector is shown in figure 3: small multiply charged cations migrate quickly and small multiply charged anions are retained strongly.

Electroosmotic flow is observed when an electric field is applied to a solution in a capillary that has fixed charges on its interior wall. Charge is accumulated on the inner surface of a capillary when a buffer solution is placed inside the capillary. In a fused-silica capillary, silanol (Si-OH) groups attached to the interior wall of the capillary are ionized to negatively charged silanoate (Si-O−) groups at pH values greater than three. The ionization of the capillary wall can be enhanced by first running a basic solution, such as NaOH or KOH through the capillary prior to introducing the buffer solution. Attracted to the negatively charged silanoate groups, the positively charged cations of the buffer solution will form two inner layers of cations (called the diffuse double layer or the electrical double layer) on the capillary wall as shown in figure 4. The first layer is referred to as the fixed layer because it is held tightly to the silanoate groups. The outer layer, called the mobile layer, is farther from the silanoate groups. The mobile cation layer is pulled in the direction of the negatively charged cathode when an electric field is applied. Since these cations are solvated, the bulk buffer solution migrates with the mobile layer, causing the electroosmotic flow of the buffer solution. Other capillaries including Teflon capillaries also exhibit electroosmotic flow. The EOF of these capillaries is probably the result of adsorption of the electrically charged ions of the buffer onto the capillary walls. The rate of EOF is dependent on the field strength and the charge density of the capillary wall. The wall's charge density is proportional to the pH of the buffer solution. The electroosmotic flow will increase with pH until all of the available silanols lining the wall of the capillary are fully ionized.

In certain situations where strong electroosmotic flow toward the cathode is undesirable, the inner surface of the capillary can be coated with polymers, surfactants, or small molecules to reduce electroosmosis to very low levels, restoring the normal direction of migration (anions toward the anode, cations toward the cathode). CE instrumentation typically includes power supplies with reversible polarity, allowing the same instrument to be used in "normal" mode (with EOF and detection near the cathodic end of the capillary) and "reverse" mode (with EOF suppressed or reversed, and detection near the anodic end of the capillary). One of the most common approaches to suppressing EOF, reported by Stellan Hjertén in 1985, is to create a covalently attached layer of linear polyacrylamide. The silica surface of the capillary is first modified with a silane reagent bearing a polymerizable vinyl group (e.g. 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane), followed by introduction of acrylamide monomer and a free radical initiator. The acrylamide is polymerized in situ, forming long linear chains, some of which are covalently attached to the wall-bound silane reagent. Numerous other strategies for covalent modification of capillary surfaces exist. Dynamic or adsorbed coatings (which can include polymers or small molecules) are also common. For example, in capillary sequencing of DNA, the sieving polymer (typically polydimethylacrylamide) suppresses electroosmotic flow to very low levels. Besides modulating electroosmotic flow, capillary wall coatings can also serve the purpose of reducing interactions between "sticky" analytes (such as proteins) and the capillary wall. Such wall-analyte interactions, if severe, manifest as reduced peak efficiency, asymmetric (tailing) peaks, or even complete loss of analyte to the capillary wall.

Efficiency and resolution
The number of theoretical plates, or separation efficiency, in capillary electrophoresis is given by:

$$ N=\frac{\mu V}{2 D_m}$$

where $$N$$ is the number of theoretical plates, $$\mu$$ is the apparent mobility in the separation medium and $$D_m$$ is the diffusion coefficient of the analyte. According to this equation, the efficiency of separation is only limited by diffusion and is proportional to the strength of the electric field, although practical considerations limit the strength of the electric field to several hundred volts per centimeter. Application of very high potentials (>20-30 kV) may lead to arcing or breakdown of the capillary. Further, application of strong electric fields leads to resistive heating (Joule heating) of the buffer in the capillary. At sufficiently high field strengths, this heating is strong enough that radial temperature gradients can develop within the capillary. Since electrophoretic mobility of ions is generally temperature-dependent (due to both temperature-dependent ionization and solvent viscosity effects), a non-uniform temperature profile results in variation of electrophoretic mobility across the capillary, and a loss of resolution. The onset of significant Joule heating can be determined by constructing an "Ohm's Law plot", wherein the current through the capillary is measured as a function of applied potential. At low fields, the current is proportional to the applied potential (Ohm's Law), whereas at higher fields the current deviates from the straight line as heating results in decreased resistance of the buffer. The best resolution is typically obtained at the maximum field strength for which Joule heating is insignificant (i.e. near the boundary between the linear and nonlinear regimes of the Ohm's Law plot). Generally capillaries of smaller inner diameter support use of higher field strengths, due to improved heat dissipation and smaller thermal gradients relative to larger capillaries, but with the drawbacks of lower sensitivity in absorbance detection due to shorter path length, and greater difficulty in introducing buffer and sample into the capillary (small capillaries require greater pressure and/or longer times to force fluids through the capillary).

The efficiency of capillary electrophoresis separations is typically much higher than the efficiency of other separation techniques like HPLC. Unlike HPLC, in capillary electrophoresis there is no mass transfer between phases. In addition, the flow profile in EOF-driven systems is flat, rather than the rounded laminar flow profile characteristic of the pressure-driven flow in chromatography columns as shown in figure 5. As a result, EOF does not significantly contribute to band broadening as in pressure-driven chromatography. Capillary electrophoresis separations can have several hundred thousand theoretical plates.

The resolution ($$R_s$$) of capillary electrophoresis separations can be written as:

$$R_s = \frac{1}{4}\left ( \frac{\triangle \mu_p \sqrt{N} }{\mu_p +\mu_o} \right )$$

According to this equation, maximum resolution is reached when the electrophoretic and electroosmotic mobilities are similar in magnitude and opposite in sign. In addition, it can be seen that high resolution requires lower velocity and, correspondingly, increased analysis time.

Besides diffusion and Joule heating (discussed above), factors that may decrease the resolution in capillary electrophoresis from the theoretical limits in the above equation include, but are not limited to, the finite widths of the injection plug and detection window; interactions between the analyte and the capillary wall; instrumental non-idealities such as a slight difference in height of the fluid reservoirs leading to siphoning; irregularities in the electric field due to, e.g., imperfectly cut capillary ends; depletion of buffering capacity in the reservoirs; and electrodispersion (when an analyte has higher conductivity than the background electrolyte). Identifying and minimizing the numerous sources of band broadening is key to successful method development in capillary electrophoresis, with the objective of approaching as close as possible to the ideal of diffusion-limited resolution.

Applications
Capillary electrophoresis may be used for the simultaneous determination of the ions NH4+,, Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ in saliva.

One of the main applications of CE in forensic science is the development of methods for amplification and detection of DNA fragments using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which has led to rapid and dramatic advances in forensic DNA analysis. DNA separations are carried out using thin CE 50-mm fused silica capillaries filled with a sieving buffer. These capillaries have excellent capabilities to dissipate heat, permitting much higher electric field strengths to be used than slab gel electrophoresis. Therefore separations in capillaries are rapid and efficient. Additionally, the capillaries can be easily refilled and changed for efficient and automated injections. Detection occurs via fluorescence through a window etched in the capillary. Both single-capillary and capillary-array instruments are available with array systems capable of running 16 or more samples simultaneously for increased throughput.

A major use of CE by forensic biologists is typing of STR from biological samples to generate a profile from highly polymorphic genetic markers which differ between individuals. Other emerging uses for CE include the detection of specific mRNA fragments to help identify the biological fluid or tissue origin of a forensic sample.

Another application of CE in forensics is ink analysis, where the analysis of inkjet printing inks is becoming more necessary due to increasingly frequent counterfeiting of documents printed by inkjet printers. The chemical composition of inks provides very important information in cases of fraudulent documents and counterfeit banknotes. Micellar electrophoretic capillary chromatography (MECC) has been developed and applied to the analysis of inks extracted from paper. Due to its high resolving power relative to inks containing several chemically similar substances, differences between inks from the same manufacturer can also be distinguished. This makes it suitable for evaluating the origin of documents based on the chemical composition of inks. It is worth noting that because of the possible compatibility of the same cartridge with different printer models, the differentiation of inks on the basis of their MECC electrophoretic profiles is a more reliable method for the determination of the ink cartridge of origin (its producer and cartridge number) rather than the printer model of origin.

A specialized type of CE, affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE), utilizes intermolecular binding interactions to understand protein-ligand interactions. Pharmaceutical companies use ACE for a multitude of reasons, with one of the main ones being the association/binding constants for drugs and ligands or drugs and certain vehicle systems like micelles. It is a widely used technique because of its simplicity, rapid results, and low analyte usage. The use of ACE can provide specific details in binding, separation, and detection of analytes and is proven to be highly practical for studies in life sciences. Aptamer-based affinity capillary electrophoresis is utilized for the analysis and modifications of specific affinity reagents. Modified aptamers ideally exhibit and high binding affinity, specificity, and nuclease resistance. Ren et al. incorporated modified nucleotides in aptamers to introduce new confrontational features and high affinity interactions from the hydrophobic and polar interactions between IL-1α and the aptamer. Huang et al. uses ACE to investigate protein-protein interactions using aptamers. A α-thrombin binding aptamer was labeled with 6-carboxyfluorescein for use as a selective fluorescent probe and was studied to elucidate information on binding sites for protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions.

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has become an important, cost-effective approach to do DNA sequencing that provides high throughput and high accuracy sequencing information. Woolley and Mathies used a CE chip to sequence DNA fragments with 97% accuracy and a speed of 150 bases in 540 seconds. They used a 4-color labeling and detection format to collect fluorescent data. Fluorescence is used to view the concentrations of each part of the nucleic acid sequence, A, T, C and G, and these concentration peaks that are graphed from the detection are used to determine the sequence of the DNA.

title: Capillary electrophoresis


text:
Talk:Khuzestan province

Vandalism 11 Nov 2010
This article appears to have been vandalized back on 11 Nov. (Etymology section) Not quite sure how to clean it up. The prior text seems to have malformed footnotes. Larry (talk) 07:17, 31 December 2010 (UTC)

Comments by 132.66.201.143
This article is extremely biased Anti-Arab POV. If no one fixes it soon, i will be forced to NPOV tag it. 132.66.201.143 08:44, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Please be more specific and explain which parts needs improvement. Thank you. Arash the Archer 12:54, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * It gives little to no regard to the strong Arab ties of the Indigenous inhabitants of the area while over-stressing Farsi ones. this also applies to the redirect of Arabistan. a casual reader would be tempted to think that it's just a province that happens to contain some arab "minorities". looks like anti-arab POV in my book.
 * Khuzestan is a very important province. It has many historical, natural, cultural and economic aspects. The article should cover all of them. Of course an important part is the Iranian Arabs that should be mentioned in the article with a reasonable weight. Arash the Archer 17:09, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

Redirect from Arabistan
A Google search for Suudi arabistan brings 1,190,000 results while a search for khuzestan arabistan brings 1,280 and for ahwaz arabistanbrings 11,700 results. It means it does not even require a disambiguation and Arabistan should be redirected to Arabian Peninsula. Arash the Archer 16:55, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * The fact that KSA's name in german uses the word 'arabistan' means nothing towards the english use of that name. a search for "arabistan" in english only brings arabistan-related results (when filtering german and turkish ones). it is true that not many webpages use the topic. nonetheless, in english context, arabistan is NOT saudi arabia. give me one link where it is thus referred. 85.64.228.215 17:09, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Arabistan was the official English name for the region before 1935 and is still used by some. Arabistan has never been used in relation to Saudi Arabia in the English language, unless you have verifiable evidence to proove otherwise.--الأهواز | Hamid | Ahwaz 17:18, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Just a quick one Columbia Electronic redirects Arabistan to Arabia. In todays English usage Arabistan has no relation to Khuzestan and redirecting Arabistan to Khuzestan is misleading Arash the Archer 17:50, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I favour a disambiguation page rather than a redirect, because the province was commonly known as Arabistan in history. If one is researching history and wanted to find out more about Arabistan, they would be directed to the wrong page. It is best to give the reader a choice between the two.--الأهواز | Hamid | Ahwaz 17:54, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

Actually, no, the province was known as Khuzestan mostly, Khuzestan is also the much older name. The name Khuzestan goes back Parthian times and has been used continously till modern times. Arabistan on the hand goes back to Safavid times and is not used anymore. In Persian, Arabistan actually refers to Saudi Arabia. The Khuzestan article already covers the name Arabistan.Hajji Piruz 01:58, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I am against a disambiguation until i find a proper link. the one shown by Arash seems likely to be a parsing of wikipedia's redirects, than by own creation. i want to find a single article or source that actually refers to Saudi Arabia or the entire arab peninsula by the name "Arabistan" before i agree to disambiguation. The fact that it is so used by Farsi is meaningless for two reasons: first because it's a governmental decision to try and hide the fact and second because this is the english wikipedia and not the farsi one. 85.64.228.215 05:51, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

 * This discussion has appeared on this article before many times. "Arabistan" is a fairly recent name that was used simultaneously with Khuzestan during the late Safavid and Qajar eras. "Khuzestan" has always been the proper name of the land. See Origin of the name Khuzestan for more detail.--Zereshk 14:29, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * It may well be and it may not be, but in the event of confusion, it would be helpful for the reader to be directed to Khuzestan if they type in Arabistan, particularly as you say Arabistan has been used in history. I have the memoirs of Arnold Wilson in front of me and he only uses Arabistan, never Khuzestan. If one were to read it and then type in Arabistan into Wikipedia, one would be erroneously directed to the Arabian peninsula. The title of this article is not being disputed.--الأهواز | Hamid | Ahwaz 14:42, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I think it is OK to redirect, as long as the article explains that the name is not currently used, and was only prominent during the Qajar era. Imnot sure if others will agree with me though. But Ipersonally prefer a disambig page, because they are right: "Arabistan", even in Khuzestan itself today, refers to Saudi Arabia.--Zereshk 14:53, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Disambiguation is a good compromise, although I agree with the anon that Arabistan is not actually commonly used in the English language. Arabistan is still used by some Arabs, although it is uncommon in the English language and I agree it is not the name Iran officially uses for the province. The disambiguation page could make this point, if you'd prefer, but it would be good to have it as concise as possible, eg "Arabistan was used to refer to the province of Khuzestan before the Pahlavi dynasty and is still controversially used by some Arabs, although this is uncommon in contemporary English."--الأهواز | Hamid | Ahwaz 15:00, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * How's this?--Zereshk 15:14, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, that's a good improvement, although some Arabs still use Arabistan and I think the name dates back further than the Qajars. Also, it referred to the Arab-populated area, distinct from the area occupied by the Bakhtiari khans, which crosses into contemporary Khuzestan.--الأهواز | Hamid | Ahwaz 15:29, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * The name Arabistan is used for Saudi Arabia even in Khuzestan. Nobody uses it for Khuzestan today, except for separatists. You forget that Khuzestan has a large major non-Arab population. Trust me, Ive lived in the south of Iran. As for the chronology, I used the word "mainly during the Qajar era", which is accurate. During the late Safavid era, the name was not prominent. It only had concurrent usage.--Zereshk 23:48, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Forgive me for jumping in… this might be nitpicking, but this part [(the suffix "-istan" is the Persian and Turkish equivalent of the English suffix "-ia")] specifically that "istan" is the Persian equivalent … is not totally accurate. It should be clarified that "estan" in this context could be considered as the equivalent of "ia" in English and that the name in Persian is "Arabestan" instead of "Arabistan".  Regards ObserverToSee 18:55, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I've seen both Arabistan and Arabestan in English, but the former is far more common. This is a matter of transliteration from Farsi and Arabic, rather than the correct spelling used in these languages.--الأهواز | Hamid | Ahwaz 22:26, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

It's not Important what Brits called the land during the very recent colonization time (comparing the long Iranian history). The Fact is the land has already had a name (Khuzestan). The immigrant arabs to the land are better to respect historical facts as many civilized people do. and another thing for the guy using the nick "Al-Ahwaz"(writing it in arabic fonts), to your disappointment, the word Ahwaz itself refers to the word Khuzestan, not your favoured word, Arabistan!, Ahwaz = hawzes= khuzes, so I think you'd better have review of the objectivity of your ideas and never call Iranian lands, as "Arabic Heritage", though Iranian arabs are always welcomed as citizens, we should learn not to make up things. thanx. Sasan 12:06, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

Redirect again
The Arabistan page was a dismb page without any sources and hence WP:OR. Ive redirected here as the source in the lead and the history indicates it as notw beign Khuzestan(Lihaas (talk) 13:42, 22 December 2010 (UTC)).

The Article is so anti-Arab. It's funny how the persians go write about areas inside of Iraq and claim that those areas belong to Iran and stress out some "Persian" links (like shatt al-arab and others).. but at the same time they keep trying to eliminate any links of AlAhwaz to Arabs..... One simple fact will eliminate all doubts.... THe people who live in Ahwaz are Arabs... how come this is not emphasized at all — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.210.238.186 (talk) 08:19, 11 September 2012 (UTC)

1000
you should add this pic

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ar/0/01/Aaaaaaa.jpg

I thnik whoever designed this map, was high on something! what made an arab separatist think, Provinces like Bousher, Hormozgan, Kohkilooye and BoyerAhmad, Ilam, ........... are arabic regions and should be called Ahwaz (which is a persian name itself!)! I'm myself from Boushehr, and I'm a Persian, I have never seen arabs in whole my province, except those few families escaped from Khuzestan during Saddam's aggression! maybe it's a thank you to our hospitality! even Khuzestan Provnice has the majority of non arabic people ( Persians, Kurds, Ghashghaghi, Lors, Kamaris) regarding the fact most arabs (if not all) call reproduction and having many children their devine duty ( they believe Prophet Mohammed has ordered arabs to reproduce to make their "holy race" grow faster in new lands!) !!!!! Sasan 12:06, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

Check out The Persian Gulf in Modern History edited by Lawrence G. Potter if you want to understand the Arab history on the Persian side of the Gulf. 126.204.196.5 (talk) 23:17, 4 November 2018 (UTC)

GA Review
This article isn't quite at the Good Article level quite yet. I'd probably put it in the early B range currently, as there is still quite a bit of work to do. It's starting to look good in some areas, though. The lead section looks reasonably good, although it could be tightened up a bit to make it a more concise summary of the article, per WP:LEAD. There are also two 'citation needed' templates here as well that must be addressed prior to GA status.

The 'etymology' section looks good, although some details on pronunciation could be added to aid non-native speakers on the proper pronunciation, unless it's clearly phonetic.

The 'geography and climate' section is completely unreferenced. The 'history' section should be moved above the geography section.

The 'people and culture' section is a good start, but could be weaved together a bit better. It also seems to contain several small subsections with little text, that could probably be combined and/or reorganized. It might make more sense to have a separate 'demographics' section, covering the general population makeup of the province, and change the name of this section to 'arts and culture', and deal more with the arts and various purely cultural aspects.

The economy section could be tied together a bit better. Consider eliminating the separate subsections, and work on rephrasing the introductory paragraph here. The first sentence, "Khuzestan is the major oil-producing region of Iran, and as such is one of the wealthiest province in Iran, though it is claimed that this wealth does not benefit the average citizen." seems to run-on a bit.

The 'higher education' section is just a list of universities. This should be changed to simply 'education', and written as prose. Cover information about higher education of course, as well as some other elements of the general school system (public schools? private schools? demographics of the student population? literacy rate? libraries?).

Move 'attractions of Khuzestan' to the 'arts and culture' section. It's largely just listing major attractions, and this could be better addressed if converted to a more prose-like structure (without the bullets).

Consider moving the long list of Khuzestan celebrities to a separate article, like List of famous people from Khuzestan, Iran, or something similar. Link to it under 'see also'. Lists such as this are rather trivial and easily abused by anonymous editors that add a lot of non-notable people to them. But if they're just eliminated, people will complain, so it's best to keep it out of the article, but linked.

There is no information on the government of the province, and nothing about the transportation infrastructure. Some info on healthcare might be nice as well.

References should be formatted in accordinace with WP:CITE. At a minimum, references to content that is available online should not only contain the link to the content, but also full author, title, publisher, date of publication, and date when it was last retrieved online. This is so that, should the link ever become inaccessible (404 not found), the reference is not rendered useless, and the information could be used to verify the information, should someone want to do so.

Move the 'see also' section above 'references'. References and external links should be the last two main sections in an article.

That's the major things I can find. Hopefully that will help to get editors started. Once the cycle of editing and review goes on, and editors find more information from sources, the article will develop rapidly. Hope this helps! Good luck! Dr. Cash 21:53, 25 August 2007 (UTC)

Biased Article
In short, this is a biased article that deliberately tries to diminish the strong Arab identity of Arabestan/Khuzestan.

I wish the writer had the courage and moral conviction to state the truth. This proves that Wikipedia is a failure when it comes to articles that relate to politics, history, religion, etc.

Shame on you! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.140.166.84 (talk) 01:16, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

If anything, Khuzistan is more Bakhtiari than anything! I doubt you have ever been to that region, so keep your BS to yourself please! Thank you in advance! 203.106.67.249 (talk) 02:54, 16 April 2012 (UTC)

Khuzestan, Arabs, and the Elamites
The original Elamites were not Semetic or IE, in terms of language, genes or anthropology. The Semite-Elamite association is an unfortunate consequence of biblical literilism. Because, it is most probable (considering genetic evidence), that the Medes and Persians are the genetic descendants of the ancient Elamites, the Elamites should be considered proto-IE, firstly. However, it also appears that the pre-Elamites (at ~10kybp), after expanding into the middle east, gave rise to (after mixing with paleolithic dwellers) semetic peoples.
 * The Medes and the Persians were Iranian "invaders" branching off from the Indo-Europeans - they don't appear on the Iranian plateau for centuries after Elam had been established as a state. They are not the "genetic descendants" of Elamites. Elam was conquered/absorbed/assimilated by the Iranians and their language eventually went extinct.50.111.7.77 (talk) 09:31, 22 September 2018 (UTC)

What is interesting, with regards to the biblical passage about Elamites, is that the modern inhabitants of the Khuzestan province are in fact, predominately, ethnically Arab (semetic). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.151.172.17 (talk) 23:24, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

Khuzistan is not "predominately ethnically Arab". Bakhtiari/Lor people has been living in the eastern and northern parts of the province for thousands of years. Don't forget the Persians and Turks (Afshars) in the other half of the province! It's ridiculous to call the whole province "ethnically Arab" and it is an insult to millions of non-Arabs living in that region. 203.106.67.249 (talk) 03:02, 16 April 2012 (UTC)

Struggle over the province
I am currently working on a research paper over the Iran-Iraq War. In the section about the struggle over Khuzestan, this article says that domination of Khuzestan was Saddam's primary objective in the Iran-Iraq War. From the research I've done, this statement would have at least hundreds of scholars up in arms. Saddam's primary objective is highly contested, and very few (actually I'm not sure if any) of the books and articles I've come across have argued that this was Saddam's primary objective. I'm proposing that this statement, in the very least, be reworded so the reader knows that this is largely debated. On top of that, because very few scholars seem to argue that this was Saddam's primary objective, I think it would be fitting for at least one citation to be added as well. Crushti (talk) 22:04, 27 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Since there was no discussion, I took the liberty of editing the statement to say that Saddam attempted to capture Khuzestan without calling it his primary objective. Crushti (talk) 22:50, 5 December 2009 (UTC)
 * 'The regime is bleeding Khuzestan of it’s oil and water to benefit Tehran while most people in Khuzestan live in poverty. The same applies to Iranian Balochstan.' Should this POV be represented when the economy is discussed.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.147.79.5 (talk) 14:36, 31 March 2018 (UTC)

Concerning Lions of Khuzestan
Perhaps someone wishes to expand on Lions of Khuzestan, as described here (in Persian). --BF 18:40, 9 February 2010 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Moved Timrollpickering (talk) 16:45, 12 August 2011 (UTC)

Khūzestān Province → Khuzestan Province – per WP:COMMONNAME and USEENGLISH

-- Takabeg (talk) 11:46, 5 August 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Why don't you create the detailed colored provincial map as in Azerbaycanca(Azerbaijani) in English? Did this article originally appear in Azerbaijani? If not, then fix the map problem and tell me why you didn't do it at first before me. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.93.108.116 (talk) 20:40, 15 January 2012 (UTC)

Area in square kilometers
In the first paragraph, this article says: "it covers an area of 63,238 km2". In the infobox, it says: "Area Total 64,055 km2 (24,732 sq mi)". I don't know if this is very important, but it's not consistent. If someone wants to make it right, they could put in a source, and reference the source on both instances. Laurier (talk) 07:59, 3 December 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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A terribly written sentence
"Khuzestan, meaning "the Land of the Khuz" refers to the original inhabitants of this province, the "Susian" people (Old Persian "Huza" or Huja (as in the inscription at the tomb of Darius the Great at Naqsh-e Rostam, (the Shushan of the Hebrew sources) where it is recorded as inscription as "Hauja" or "Huja")." Please, rewrite it. I've tried to correct it, but it's still a subpar and confusing mess.--Adûnâi (talk) 17:42, 24 September 2018 (UTC)

Request for the definition of Khurs

 * I did the translation into traditional Chinese back in early 2020, and just finished the editing again. I found the word of Khurs was a mystery to me. Karkheh, Jarrahi, Arvandrood, Handian, Shavoor, Bahmanshir (Bahman-Ardeshir), Maroon-Alaa', Dez, and many other rivers and water sources in the form of Khurs, lagoons, ponds, and marshes demonstrate the vastness of water resources in this region, and are the main reason for the variety of agricultural products developed in the area. Thanks for your kind attentionThomasYehYeh (talk) 02:43, 14 June 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 08:12, 30 June 2021 (UTC)
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Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Alborz Province which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 04:49, 25 January 2022 (UTC)

Requested move 31 January 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Not moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) Silikonz 💬  14:32, 7 February 2023 (UTC)

Khuzestan province → Khuzestan – Unnecessary natural disambiguation; there is no other Khuzestan that is more notable than this Khuzestan. Current title fails WP:CRITERIA.  — Mr. Guye (talk) (contribs)  00:31, 31 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose Sorry, but I find that unnecessary, considering its a.. well, province. Every province has "province" in their article name, no? --HistoryofIran (talk) 00:35, 31 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose per en.wp MOS cf Category:Provinces_of_Iran In ictu oculi (talk) 09:43, 31 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Khuzestan province


text:
Euchloe crameri

Euchloe crameri, the western dappled white, is a butterfly in the family Pieridae.

Description
Fore and hind wings pearly white on the upperside, with a black apex, mottled white. Underside of the forewings very similar, although the apex spot is greenish; in the hind wings, the greenish colour predominates, with white spots. The female is larger, with a more greenish colour, a consequence of the superposition of black and yellow scales. Very similar to Euchloe ausonia.

Distribution and habitat
Widely distributed and mainly western, from Northwest Africa, Iberian Peninsula, S and SE of France, N of Italy, Ligurian Alps to Bologna. Its distribution overlaps with that of E. simplonia in E Pyrenees and SE of France. In Spain and Portugal it occurs abundantly in the Iberian Peninsula, especially in the Mediterranean area. It is a very adaptable and nomadic species, so it is found in all types of habitats from 0 -2400m. In Sierra Nevada (Spain) they have been observed even above 2500 m altitude, although in these populations there is only one annual reproduction, and their density is low. The specimens of this mountainous area were described by Heinrich Ribbe, in 1905, as a differentiated subspecies, under the name of Euchloe alhambra, although it has been rejected that there are differences that justify such a presumption. Likes open, warm and dry areas, and in rural lands, preferably cultivated.

Flight period
Bivoltine, reproduces twice a year, with the first brood in February, and the second between April and May. Flies until August.

Biology
Oviposition is on the floral buds of various plants (Sinapis arvensis, Moricandia foleyi , Sinapis alba, Biscutella spathulata, Erucastrum naturiifolium), individually, and the caterpillar develops quickly on the leaves, soon attaining the chrysalis phase. Not all chrysalis develop into adult individuals in the first year, as some of them hibernate, remaining in that state, sometimes, up to several years; Therefore, the second generation is always partial.

Subspecies
Euchloe crameri mauretanica (Röber 1907)

title: Euchloe crameri