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Write Anywhere File Layout

The Write Anywhere File Layout (WAFL) is a proprietary file system that supports large, high-performance RAID arrays, quick restarts without lengthy consistency checks in the event of a crash or power failure, and growing the filesystems size quickly. It was designed by NetApp for use in its storage appliances like NetApp FAS, AFF, Cloud Volumes ONTAP and ONTAP Select.

Its author claims that WAFL is not a file system, although it includes one. It tracks changes similarly to journaling file systems as logs (known as NVLOGs) in dedicated memory storage device non-volatile random access memory, referred to as NVRAM or NVMEM. WAFL provides mechanisms that enable a variety of file systems and technologies that want to access disk blocks.

Design
WAFL stores metadata, as well as data, in files; metadata, such as inodes and block maps indicating which blocks in the volume are allocated, are not stored in fixed locations in the file system. The top-level file in a volume is the inode file, which contains the inodes for all other files; the inode for the inode file itself, called the root inode, is stored in a block with a fixed location. An inode for a sufficiently small file contains the file's contents; otherwise, it contains a list of pointers to file data blocks or a list of pointers to indirect blocks containing lists of pointers to file data blocks, and so forth, with as many layers of indirect blocks as are necessary, forming a tree of blocks. All data and metadata blocks in the file system, other than the block containing the root inode, are stored in files in the file system. The root inode can thus be used to locate all of the blocks of all files other than the inode file.

Main memory is used as a page cache for blocks from files. When a change is made to a block of a file, the copy in the page cache is updated and marked dirty, and the difference is logged in non-volatile memory in a log called the NVLOG. If the dirty block in the page cache is to be written to permanent storage, it is not rewritten to the block from which it was read; instead, a new block is allocated on permanent storage, the contents of the block are written to the new location, and the inode or indirect block that pointed to the block in question is updated in main memory. If the block containing the inode, or the indirect block, is to be written to permanent storage, it is also written to a new location, rather than being overwritten at its previous position. This is what the "Write Anywhere" in "Write Anywhere File Layout" refers to.

As all blocks, other than the block containing the root inode, are found via the root inode, none of the changes written to permanent storage are visible on permanent storage until the root inode is updated. The root inode is updated by a process called a consistency point, in which all dirty blocks not yet written to permanent storage are written to permanent storage, and a new root inode is written out, pointing to the blocks in the new version of the inode file. At that point, all of the changes to the file system are visible on permanent storage, using the new root inode. The NVLOG entries for changes that are now visible are discarded to make room for log entries for subsequent changes. Consistency points are performed periodically or if the non-volatile memory is close to being full of log entries.

If the server crashes before all changes to a file system have been made visible in a consistency point, the changes that have not been made visible are still in the NVLOG; when the server reboots, it replays all entries in the NVLOG, again making the changes recorded in the NVLOG, so that they will not be lost.

Features
As discussed above, WAFL does not store data or metadata in pre-determined locations on disk. Instead it automatically places data using temporal locality to write metadata alongside user data in a way designed to minimize the number of disk operations required to commit data to stable disk storage using single and dual parity based RAID.

Using a data placement based on temporal locality of reference can improve the performance of reading datasets which are read in a similar way to the way they were written (e.g. a database record and its associated index entry), however it can also cause fragmentation from the perspective of spatial locality of reference. On spinning HDDs this does not adversely affect files that are sequentially written, randomly read, or are subsequently read using the same temporal pattern, but does affect sequential read after random write spatial data access patterns because of magnetic head could be only in one position at a time to read data from platter while fragmentation does no effect on SSD drives.

Releases of ONTAP since 7.3.1 have included a number of techniques to optimize spatial data layout such as the reallocate command to perform scheduled and manual defragmentation, and the Write after Reading volume option which detects and automatically corrects suboptimal data access patterns caused by spatial fragmentation. Releases of ONTAP 8.1.1 include other techniques to automatically optimize contiguous free-space within the filesystem which also helps to maintain optimal data layouts for most data access patterns. Before 7G, the wafl scan reallocate command would need to be invoked from an advanced privilege level and could not be scheduled. Releases of ONTAP since 9.1 have included a number of techniques to optimize SSD usage such as Inline Data Compaction (in 9.1), starting with ONTAP 9.2 FabricPool functionality for automatic tiering of cold data to slow S3 storage and back if needed for SSD aggregates, and Cross Volume Deduplication within an aggregate with maximum of 800TiB for each aggregate.

Snapshots
WAFL supports snapshots, which are read-only copies of a file system. Snapshots are created by performing the same operations that are performed in a consistency point, but, instead of updating the root inode corresponding to the current state of the file system, saving a copy of the root inode. As all data and metadata in a file system can be found from the root inode, all data and metadata in a file system, as of the time when the snapshot is created, can be found from the snapshot's copy of the root inode. No other data needs to be copied to create a snapshot.

Blocks are allocated when written using a block map, which keeps track of which blocks are in use and which blocks are free. An entry in the block map contains a bit indicating whether the block is in use in the current version of the file system and several bits, one per snapshot, indicating whether the block is in use in the snapshot. This ensures that data in a snapshot is not overwritten until the snapshot is deleted. Using block map all new writes and rewrites are written to new empty blocks, WAFL only reports that block rewrite successful, but no rewrites actually occur, this approach called Redirect-on-write (ROW) technique. ROW is much faster on rewrite operations compare to Copy-on-write where old data block going to be rewritten in-place and captured in a snapshot needs to be copied first to space allocated for snapshot reserve in order to preserve original data, this generates additional data copy operations once system get rewrites to that block.

Snapshots provide online backups that can be accessed quickly, through special hidden directories in the file system, allowing users to recover files that have been accidentally deleted or modified.

NetApp's Data ONTAP Release 7G operating system supports a read-write snapshot called FlexClone. Snapshots are basis for technologies like SnapMirror, SnapVault and Online Volume Move while features like FlexClone, SnapLock, SnapRestore are snapshot-like technologies leverage on WAFL capabilities and properties like manipulations with inodes. Starting with ONTAP 9.4 maximum number of snapshots supported for each FlexVol is 1024, while for previous versions max limit was 255.

Starting with ONTAP 9.5 snapshot sharing functionality were added to run deduplication scan across Active file system and snapshots, and deduplication savings is a magnitude of number of snapshots. Before 9.5 not deduplicated data locked in a snapshot couldn’t be used by deduplication process and runs only in active file system.

File and directory model
An important feature of WAFL is its support for both a Unix-style file and directory model for NFS clients and a Microsoft Windows-style file and directory model for SMB clients. WAFL also supports both security models, including a mode where different files on the same volume can have different security attributes attached to them. Unix can use either access control lists (ACL) or a simple bitmask, whereas the more recent Windows model is based on access control lists. These two features make it possible to write a file to an SMB type of networked filesystem and access it later via NFS from a Unix workstation. Alongside ordinary files, WAFL can contain file-containers called LUNs with required special attributes like LUN serial number for block devices, which could be accessed using SAN protocols running on ONTAP OS software.

FlexVol
Each Flexible Volume (FlexVol) is a separate WAFL file system, located on an aggregate and distributed across all disks in the aggregate. Each aggregate can contain and usually has multiple FlexVol volumes. ONTAP during data optimization process including the "Tetris" which finishes with Consistency Points (see NVRAM) is programmed to evenly distribute data blocks as much as possible in each FlexVol volume across all disks in aggregate so each FlexVol could potentially use all available performance of all the data disks in the aggregate. With the approach of even data block distribution across all the data disks in an aggregate, performance throttling for a FlexVol could be done dynamically with storage QoS and does not require dedicated aggregates or RAID groups for each FlexVol to guarantee performance and provide the unused performance to a FlexVol volume which requires it. Each FlexVol could be configured as thick or thin provisioned space and later could be changed on the fly any time. Block device access with storage area network (SAN) protocols such as iSCSI, Fibre Channel (FC), and Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE) is done with LUN emulation similar to Loop device technique on top of a FlexVol volume; thus each LUN on WAFL file system appears as a file, yet have additional properties required for block devices. LUNs can also be configured as thick or thin provisioned and can be changed later on the fly. Due to WAFL architecture, FlexVols and LUNs can increase or decrease configured space usage on the fly. If a FlexVol contains data, internal space can be decreased no less than used space. Even though LUN size with data on it could be decreased on WAFL file system, ONTAP has no knowledge about upper-level block structure due to SAN architecture so it could truncate data and damage the file system on that LUN, so the host needs to migrate the blocks containing the data into a new LUN boundary to prevent data loss. Each FlexVol can have its own QoS, FlashPool, FlasCache or FabricPool policies.

If two FlexVol volumes are created, each on two aggregates and those aggregates owned by two different controllers, and the system administrator needs to use space from these volumes through a NAS protocol. Then they would create two file shares, one on each volume. In this case, the administrator will most probably even create different IP addresses; each will be used to access a dedicated file share. Each volume will have a single write waffinity, and there will be two buckets of space. Though even if two volumes reside on a single controller, and for example on a single aggregate (thus if the second aggregate exists, it will not be used in this case) and both volumes will be accessed through a single IP address, there will still be two write affinities, one on each volume and there always will be two separate buckets of space. Therefore, the more volumes you have, the more write waffinities you'll have (better parallelization and thus better CPU utilization), but then you'll have multiple volumes (and multiple buckets for space thus multiple file shares).

Plexes
Similar to RAID 1, plexes in ONTAP systems can keep mirrored data in two places, but while conventional RAID-1 must exist within the bounds of one storage system, two plexes could be distributed between two storage systems. Each aggregate consists of one or two plexes. Conventional HA storage systems have only one plex for each aggregate, while SyncMirror local or MetroCluster configurations can have two plexes for each aggregate. On the other hand, each plex includes underlying storage space from one or more NetApp RAID groups or LUNs from third-party storage systems (see FlexArray) in a single plex similarly to RAID 0. If an aggregate consists of two plexes, one plex is considered a master and second as a slave; slaves must consist of exactly the same RAID configuration and drives. For example, if we have an aggregate consisting of two plexes where the master plex consists of 21 data and 3 1.8 TB SAS parity drives in RAID-TEC, then the slave plex must consist of 21 data and 3 1.8 TB SAS parity drives in RAID-TEC. The second example, if we have an aggregate consisted of two plexes where master plex consists of one RAID 17 data and 3 parity SAS drives 1.8 TB configured as RAID-TEC and second RAID in the master plex is RAID-DP with 2 data and 2 parity SSD 960 GB. The second plex must have the same configuration: one RAID 17 data and 3 parity SAS drives 1.8 TB configured as RAID-TEC, and the second RAID in the slave plex is RAID-DP with 2 data and 2 parity SSD 960 GB. MetroCluster configurations use SyncMirror technology for synchronous data replication. There are two SyncMirror options: MetroCluster and Local SyncMirror, both using the same plex technique for synchronous replication of data between two plexes. Local SyncMirror creates both plexes in a single controller and is often used for additional security to prevent failure for an entire disk shelf in a storage system. MetroCluster allows data to be replicated between two storage systems. Each storage system could consist of one controller or be configured as an HA pair with two controllers. In a single HA pair, it is possible to have two controllers in separate chassis and distance from each other could be tens of meters, while in MetroCluster configuration distance could be up to 300 km.

Nonvolatile memory
Like many competitors, NetApp ONTAP systems utilizing memory as a much faster storage medium for accepting and caching data from hosts and, most importantly, for data optimization before writes which greatly improves the performance of such storage systems. While competitors widely using non-volatile random-access memory (NVRAM) to preserve data in it during unexpected events like a reboot for both write caching and data optimization, NetApp ONTAP systems using ordinary random-access memory (RAM) for data optimization and dedicated NVRAM or NVDIMM for logging of initial data in an unchanged state as they came from hosts similarly as transaction logging done in Relational databases. So in case of disaster, naturally, RAM will be automatically cleared after reboot, and data stored in non-volatile memory in the form of logs called NVLOGs will survive after reboot and will be used for restore consistency. All changes and optimizations in ONTAP systems done only in RAM, which helps to reduce the size of non-volatile memory for ONTAP systems. After optimizations data from hosts structured in Tetris-like manner, optimized and prepared with passing few stages (i.e., WAFL and RAID) to be written in underlying disks in RAID groups on the aggregate where data are going to be stored. After optimizations, data is going to be sequentially written on disks as part of the Consistency Point (CP) transaction. Data written to aggregates will contain necessary WAFL metadata and RAID parity so no additional read from data disks, calculate and write to parity disks operations will occur as with traditional RAID-6 and RAID-4 groups. CP at first creating system snapshot on an aggregate where data are going to be written, then optimized and prepared data from RAM written sequentially as a single transaction to the aggregate, if it fails, the whole transaction fails in case of a sudden reboot which allows WAFL file system always to be consistent. In case of successful CP transaction new active file system point is propagated and corresponding NVLOGs cleared. All data are always going to be written to a new place, and no rewrites can occur. Data blocks deleted by hosts marked as free so they could be used later on next CP cycles and the system will not run out of space with the always-write-new-data-to-new-place policy of WAFL. Only NVLOGs in HA storage systems is replicated synchronously between two controllers for HA storage system failover capability, which helps to reduce overall system memory protection overheads. In a storage system with two controllers in HA configuration or MetroCluster with one controller on each site, each of the two controllers divides its own non-volatile memory into two pieces: local and its partner. In MetroCluster configuration with four nodes, each non-volatile memory divided into next pieces: local, local partner's and remote partner's.

Starting with the All-Flash FAS A800 system, NetApp replaced the NVRAM PCI module with NVDIMMs connected to the memory bus, increasing the performance.

title: Write Anywhere File Layout


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Stobswell

Stobswell is an area of Dundee, Scotland with a population of approximately 10,000. It was originally a small hamlet outside the city until the industrial revolution caused the growth of Dundee. The area is by and large a residential area. Schools in the area are Morgan Academy Secondary School, Glebelands Primary School and Clepington Primary School. The area is home to the Dundee International Sports Centre (D.I.S.C.).

History
The area developed around a well which serviced the nearby farmhouses of Janefield and Maryfield. The name Stob derives from the Scots word for a post indicating to travellers that it was 1 mi to Dundee. Housing was developed in the area by the city's "jute barons" in the 19th century to accommodate workers in the textile mills in the area and the city. In 1856, the East Dundee Poorhouse was built on a two-acre (8,000 m2) site in the area. After the inception of the National Health Service, the poorhouse was renamed The Rowans and later became a hospital and care-home for the elderly. The building now known as Morgan Academy opened in 1868 as Morgan Hospital, a charitable institution providing accommodation and education for "sons of tradesmen and persons of the working class whose parents stand in the need of assistance". The present Stobswell Church (itself a union of four local churches) was built in 1874. It is the local Church of Scotland parish church.

Education
Schools in the area are Morgan Academy, Glebelands Primary School and Clepington Primary School. The Melrose Campus of Dundee College was also located in the area.

Sports and recreation
The area is home to the Dundee International Sports Centre (D.I.S.C.), which staged the European Hockey Championships in 1998. The local Rugby club is Stobswell R.F.C. and play at the McTaggart Sports Centre, Old Glamis Road.

The local community also run a number of events. The longest-established is the annual Celebration in the Park, which brings thousands to Baxter Park in August. It also includes a winter Doggyfest, the week-long Stobfest in May, and an annual motor show held by Dundee Museum of Transport.

Notable residents

 * In the summer of 1812, Mary Shelley lived in the area with William Baxter, an acquaintance of her family. She developed a friendship with Baxter's two daughters Christina and Isabel. The dunes, beach, and barren hills near Dundee inspired Mary, and she would describe this scenery in her novella Mathilda (written in 1819-1820).
 * Doug Cowie Scottish International football player. Dundee F.C. and Scotland
 * Former Leeds United and Scotland football player, Peter Lorimer scored 176 goals in one season for Stobswell School.
 * Billy Mackenzie singer with The Associates

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Stobswell


text: User talk:140.247.103.132

title: User talk:140.247.103.132


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Talk:Dominique Swain

Untitled
She's acted in quite a few other movies, someone should probably do a rewrite of this page. --Yamla 04:09, 2004 Dec 6 (UTC)

She's soooooo pretty ;) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.123.67.107 (talk) 19:48, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

Yeah, she may be pretty but did you know that when she dated Andrew Bennett she stabbed him? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 104.220.212.20 (talk) 04:06, 14 October 2020 (UTC)

Born in... Santa Monica or Malibu? I know they are close to each other, but still it's time to decide on one or the other, because now the article looks stupid. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.205.87.178 (talk) 15:43, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

is dominique the girl in the bath tub in the rockstar video by nickelback or is she someone else?
is dominique the girl in the bath tub in the rockstar video by nickelback or is she someone else? if she is not can someone post which one she is cuz there is no picture on this site of her. thanks —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.201.46.207 (talk) 09:43, 8 September 2007 (UTC)
 * According to Wikipedia and Yahoo answers, she is the girl in the video. Λ u α  (Operibus anteire) 13:12, 9 August 2008 (UTC)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140727160145/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/smallscreen/news/article_1511221.php/Starz-Inside-Sex-and-the-Cinema-unzips-on-November-10 to http://www.monstersandcritics.com/smallscreen/news/article_1511221.php/Starz-Inside-Sex-and-the-Cinema-unzips-on-November-10

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Siblings
In the Early Life section, it says: "She has two sisters, actress Chelse and Alexis, and a half-sister and brother from her father's first marriage."

I added the hyphen in "half-sister." But I don't know if the brother is a half-brother. Indeed, there is no source cited. Can anyone clarify this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kirby777 (talk • contribs) 03:01, 9 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dominique Swain


text: User talk:64.172.24.235

title: User talk:64.172.24.235


text: Category:Medical testing equipment

title: Category:Medical testing equipment


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User:Brizor

cliché

title: User:Brizor


text:
Talk:Jesus in Kashmir

For a December 2004 deletion debate over this page see Votes for deletion/Jesus in Kashmir

Jesus was actually called Issa. He has travelled a lot more than is mentioned in the bible. Bible has distorted many great facts about this remarkable personality due to repeated and incorrect translations of the bible into different languages.

title: Talk:Jesus in Kashmir


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Verge

Verge, Le Verge, Vergé or The Verge may refer to:

People

 * David Vergé
 * Jack Verge (died 1915), Australian rugby union player
 * John Verge (1782–1861), English architect, builder and pioneer settler of New South Wales, Australia
 * Lynn Verge (born c. 1951), Canadian lawyer and politician
 * Marianne Le Verge (born 1979), French former swimmer who competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics
 * Roger Vergé (1930–2015), French chef and restaurateur
 * Wade Verge, 21st century Canadian politician
 * William E. Verge (1901–1973), United States Navy rear admiral

Music

 * Verge (album), musical compilation album by I've Sound
 * The Verge (album), a 2011 album by the band There for Tomorrow
 * "Verge" (song), a 2015 song by Owl City
 * Verge music festival

Media

 * The Verge (XM), a Canadian satellite radio station
 * The Verge, a technology news network
 * The Verge, a live videogame news and review TV programme on Vuzu in South Africa

Other uses

 * Verge (cryptocurrency), a secure and anonymous cryptocurrency
 * Verge, the jurisdiction of the Marshalsea Court
 * Verge or virge, a ceremonial rod
 * Road verge, a strip of grass or other vegetation beside a road
 * The Verge, Singapore, a shopping mall in Singapore
 * Verge Rocks, Graham Land, Antarctica
 * Verge escapement, a clock escapement mechanism
 * Verge3D, a 3D web authoring software
 * Verge (royal court) an area of special legal jurisdiction around the English royal court

title: Verge


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Peter U. Murphey

Peter Umstead Murphey (born July 20, 1810, in Caswell County, North Carolina; died 1876) was a former officer of the United States Navy who joined the Confederate States Navy during the American Civil War. He was the son of Archibald DeBow Murphey and Jane Armistead Murphey.

Biography
Murphey (sometimes incorrectly spelled Murphy) was born in Caswell County, North Carolina, the son of State Senator Archibald Debow Murphey and Jane Debow. Appointed from that state as a United States Navy midshipman on May 12, 1834, he was promoted to passed midshipman on July 8, 1839, and to the rank of lieutenant on May 29, 1846. Murphey resigned from the U.S. Navy, in which he served as an instructor at the Norfolk Military Academy in Norfolk, Va., in April 1861.

In April 1861 he joined the Virginia State Navy, and was appointed commander of the steam tug Arrow on picket duty in the vicinity of Craney Island. Murphey became a Confederate States Navy officer on 10 June 1861, with the rank of first lieutenant. After working on naval defenses in Virginia and North Carolina, he served at the Gosport Navy Yard in 1861–62, and then commanded the gunboat CSS Morgan in the Mobile Squadron from March 7, 1862.

Murphey assumed command of the gunboat CSS Selma in July 1862, and was wounded when Selma was captured in the Battle of Mobile Bay on August 5, 1864, by a U.S. Navy squadron headed by Admiral David Farragut. Murphey, who was fondly referred to by his crew and fellow officers as "Captain Pat", was held as a prisoner of war at Fort Warren, until exchanged at Cox Wharf, Virginia, on October 18, 1864. He surrendered to Union forces on May 4, 1865, and was paroled on May 10, 1865.

title: Peter U. Murphey


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User talk:Brizor

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has now been reverted or removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing in articles will normally be reverted quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Hadal 04:12, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Brizor


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Shayne Graham

Michael Shayne Graham (born December 9, 1977) is an American American football coach and former placekicker. Graham played 15 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Virginia Tech. He made his professional debut in May 2000 with the Richmond Speed of the Arena Football League's now-defunct developmental league, AF2.

His first NFL contract was with the New Orleans Saints where he signed as an undrafted free agent in 2000. A journeyman most of his career, he played for 14 different NFL franchises over 9 seasons, excluding the 7 seasons he spent with the Cincinnati Bengals. With the Bengals, he made the Pro Bowl in 2005. In the latter part of his career, he was signed as an injury replacement or to provide competition during training camps for a number of teams.

In 2018, Graham was hired as a special teams intern at Michigan State University.

Early years
Graham attended Pulaski County High School in Dublin, Virginia, graduating in 1996. He holds many of the school's kicking records including most field goals in career (28, from 1992 to 1995), most field goals in a season (15, 1995), and longest field goal, a 54-yarder against Anacostia in 1995.

College career
Graham played college football at Virginia Tech and was named to the first-team All-Big East Conference in all four seasons. In 1999, as a senior, Graham earned Big East Special Teams Player of the Year honors after leading the conference and breaking the school's single-season scoring record with 107 points on 56-of-57 extra points and 17-of-22 field goals. He was 68-of-93 (73.1%) in field goals for his Virginia Tech career and set a Virginia Tech and Big East record with 97 consecutive successful extra points. He left Virginia Tech as the all-time scoring leader in school history and Big East history with 371 points. His contributions at Tech led to his induction in the Virginia Tech Sports Hall of Fame.

Richmond Speed
Following a tryout with the Cleveland Browns, it was announced in May 2000, that Graham would play in two games for the Richmond Speed of the AF2, and that he would use the time to practice for a future NFL tryout with the Tennessee Titans. As it turned out Graham played in only one game for the Speed, a 60 - 21 loss against the Arkansas Twisters on May 26, 2000. During the game, he missed two field goals, from 36 and 44-yards, and two of three extra points. After the game, Graham told the Roanoke Times: "It was a big adjustment. In the arena game, the holder puts the ball down, then the kicker starts forward. I've always been accustomed to starting with the snap. My rhythm was all messed up." Graham left the team and was replaced by special teams coach Dave DeArmas, who unretired and played in the following week's game against the Jacksonville Tomcats.

New Orleans Saints
After going undrafted in the 2000 NFL draft, Graham signed with the New Orleans Saints on June 30, 2000. Graham was 1-for-1 on extra points and did not attempt a field goal during the preseason. He was waived on August 22, 2000.

Seattle Seahawks
Graham was signed by the Seattle Seahawks on April 27, 2001. He was 6-for-6 on extra points in the preseason but had his only field goal attempt blocked. He was waived on September 2, 2001. On October 30, 2001, Graham was invited back for a tryout after kicker Rian Lindell missed two field goals in a 24–20 loss to the Miami Dolphins. Graham did not get a contract and Lindell was retained as the Seahawks' kicker for the remainder of the 2001 season.

Buffalo Bills
The Buffalo Bills signed Graham on November 27, 2001, to replace rookie kicker Jake Arians; Arians had missed several key field goals and a crucial extra point over the course of the season. Graham played in the Bills' final six games, going 6-for-8 on field goals. He was released on April 23, 2002, and replaced by Mike Hollis.

Seattle Seahawks (second stint)
Graham was re-signed by the Seahawks on May 13, 2002. He began training camp with Seattle before being waived on August 13, 2002.

Carolina Panthers
Graham signed with the Carolina Panthers on September 28, 2002, after an injury to veteran John Kasay. Originally, Jon Hilbert replaced Kasay; however, after missing two field goals during the Week 3 game versus the Minnesota Vikings, Hilbert was replaced by Graham. The following week, in a game against the Green Bay Packers and after being on the team for only two days, Graham missed a 24-yard field goal inches to the right with 13 seconds remaining that would have tied the score. The Panthers ended up losing the game 17–14. In total he played in 11 of the Panthers' final 13 games, leading the team in scoring with 60 points. He was 13-of-18 on field goals and averaged 66 yards on his five kickoffs.

After spending the 2003 preseason with Carolina, Graham was waived on August 31, right before the season began.

Cincinnati Bengals
The Cincinnati Bengals claimed Graham off waivers on September 1, 2003. With the Bengals in 2003, Graham played in all 16 games and set a franchise record by making 88% (22-of-25) of his field goals.

In the following offseason, Graham was tendered a restricted free agent offer sheet by the Jacksonville Jaguars, but the offer was matched by the Bengals. In 2004, Graham narrowly missed matching his previous season's accuracy mark, finishing the year 27-of-31 (87.1%) on field goals. In 2005, Graham made 28-of-32 field goals (87.5%), scored a franchise record 131 points, was selected to be the kicker for the AFC Pro Bowl squad, and helped the Bengals record their first winning season since 1990. Graham was the first kicker in franchise history ever to be selected to play in a Pro Bowl.

In 2005, Graham set the NFL record for tackles by a kicker with 11 combined (7 plus 4 assists.)

In 2006, Graham finished fourth in the AFC with 115 points and was 25-of-30 (83.3%) on field goals on the season.

In 2007, Graham missed his first field goal attempt of the season (a 53-yard attempt). But after that, he set a Bengals record by kicking 21 consecutive field goals without a miss over the season's first 10 games. This included a game against the Baltimore Ravens where he set a franchise record by kicking 7 field goals (the second highest total in NFL history). His streak came to an end when he missed a 26-yard attempt in Week 12. By the end of the season, Graham set new franchise records for field goals in a season (31) and field goal percentage (91.2).

Graham finished the 2008 season with an 87.5 field goal percentage, going 21-of-24. In 2009, Graham went 23-of-28 in the regular season, his lowest percentage — 82.1 — in his Bengals career. In the Wild Card playoffs on January 9, 2010, Graham missed two field goals in the Bengals' 24–14 loss to the New York Jets, including a 28-yard attempt that would have cut the score to 24–17 late in the fourth quarter. After the game, Marvin Lewis commented on Graham's missed field goals stating "It is a shame, and it killed us. Unfortunately kicking is mostly a one-man operation. I know Shayne feels worse about it than anyone. Those points obviously make a big difference."

He was not re-signed as an unrestricted free agent following the 2009 season.

Baltimore Ravens
In June 2010, Graham signed a 1-year-deal with the Baltimore Ravens worth up to $2.5 million. Graham was released during final cuts before the season started in favor of Billy Cundiff.

New York Giants
On October 16, 2010, the New York Giants signed Graham due to an injury to kicker Lawrence Tynes. Graham only played in one game for the Giants and did not attempt a field goal. He did, however, make all four of his extra point attempts. On October 18, 2010, just two days after being signed, the Giants released Graham.

New England Patriots
On November 10, 2010, the New England Patriots signed Graham after an injury to kicker Stephen Gostkowski. In his first game, in Week 10 against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Graham was 2-for-2 on field goals but missed one of four extra point attempts on the night. In eight games, Graham finished the 2010 season 12-for-12 on field goals, and 35-for-37 on extra points. In the playoffs, Graham was 2-for-2 in the Patriots loss to the Jets.

Washington Redskins
On August 1, 2011, the Washington Redskins signed Graham to provide training camp competition for Graham Gano. After missing two field goals in a pre-season game, Graham was released.

Dallas Cowboys
On August 23, 2011, the Dallas Cowboys signed Graham due to a hip injury to David Buehler, but did not make the roster after being passed on the depth chart by rookie Dan Bailey.

Miami Dolphins
The Miami Dolphins signed Graham on November 19, 2011, after an injury to Dan Carpenter. Graham was waived November 30.

Baltimore Ravens (second stint)
The Baltimore Ravens signed Graham on December 21, 2011, to back up Billy Cundiff, who had a calf injury throughout most of December. He made both field goal attempts and both extra point attempts in his short stint with the team. Graham was released on January 3.

Houston Texans
The Texans signed Graham on May 7, 2012, to battle rookie Randy Bullock for the position. In August, Graham was named the team's kicker after Bullock went on injured reserve. On January 13, 2013, Graham set his career longest field goal after he made a 55-yard field goal against the New England Patriots in the divisional round of the playoffs.

Cleveland Browns
On April 15, 2013, the Cleveland Browns signed Graham to replace Phil Dawson who left as a free agent. On August 31, 2013, he was surprisingly released, even after making all of his pre-season attempts, leaving the Browns with no kicker on the roster days before the season began.

Pittsburgh Steelers
On September 9, 2013, the Pittsburgh Steelers signed Graham due to a hamstring injury to Shaun Suisham. Graham was on the roster for one game, but was inactive due to Suisham's ability to play through his injury. Since he was not needed, Graham was released by the Steelers on September 17.

New Orleans Saints (second stint)
Graham was re-signed by the Saints on December 17, 2013, to replace Garrett Hartley. Hartley had been cut from the Saints after he had struggled in the 2012 and 2013 seasons and the final straw came when he missed two close range field goals in a game against the St. Louis Rams. On January 4, 2014, Graham went 4 for 4 including a 32-yard game winner as time expired to propel the Saints past the Philadelphia Eagles in the wild-card round of the 2014 playoffs. However, the following week during the divisional round game he missed two field goals versus the Seattle Seahawks. On his first miss, from 45-yards, holder (and backup quarterback) Luke McCown had the laces facing the wrong way. Strong winds also contributed to his poor performance.

On February 14, 2014, the Saints re-signed Graham to a new one-year contract with a base salary of $955,000. In a surprise move, Graham along with kicker Derek Dimke were released as part of the final roster cuts on August 30, 2014, leaving the Saints with no kickers on their roster after the reduction to 53-players. A few days later on September 2, 2014, it was announced that the Saints had waived quarterback Ryan Griffin to make room for the re-signing of Graham to their 53-man roster.

Graham was selected as NFC special teams player of the month for October 2014, for making all nine field goals and all nine extra points he tried during the month. He also scored 14 points during the October 26, 2014 victory over the Packers.

After Graham missed a 42-yard field goal during the Saints' loss to the Carolina Panthers on December 7, 2014, the Saints tried out kickers Garrett Hartley, Derek Dimke and Zach Hocker on December 10, 2014. However, in the end the Saints decided to stick with Graham as their kicker.

On February 12, 2015, Graham was re-signed to a one-year deal with the Saints. He was released on May 19, 2015.

Atlanta Falcons
On November 26, 2015, Graham signed with the Atlanta Falcons as a replacement kicker, after Matt Bryant injured his leg. On August 20, 2016, Graham was re-signed by the Falcons. On September 3, 2016, Graham was released by the Falcons.

Retirement
On February 6, 2017, Graham announced his retirement from the NFL at the age of 39 to pursue jobs as a special teams coach. Graham signed an unofficial ceremonial contract on February 21, 2017, to retire as a Bengal.

Central Michigan
In March 2017, Graham was hired as a special teams coach at Central Michigan University

Michigan State
In June 2018, Graham was hired at Michigan State University as a special teams intern.

Florida
Graham was hired at the University of Florida in 2020 as a special teams quality control coach.

Bengals franchise records

 * Most field goals in a season (31)
 * Most field goals in a game (7)
 * Highest field goal percentage in a season (91.2)
 * Highest field goal percentage in a career (86.8)

title: Shayne Graham


text:
User talk:Rerdavies

Please take note of the fact that you are ineligable for voting on VfD issues until you have a reasonable number of edits to articles on your contributions list. Joining just to vote on VfD is not allowed. -- Reene :: talk 04:13, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

This account was, in fact created several weeks ago. I have, in fact, contributed several edits to the page in question, although I didn't log in. The official policy on eligibility is ambiguous. However, the fact that the account was created before the VfD would serioulsy call into question whether this is a sockpuppet account, and would absolutely refute the allegation that this account was created solely to vote in this VfD. It's difficult to create an account to vote on a VfD before the VfD was posted. rerdavies 04:37, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Two things:

 * 1) The date an account is created is not saved or logged anywhere. The only thing people can go by is the date of the first edit.
 * 2) That said, if you had created the account before the VfD that does not mean you can vote in it without any other contributions.

Sockpuppets are not the only concern. The simple fact is that users with nothing but VfD voting on their contributions lists usually have their votes thrown out. It matters not if you contributed as an anonymous user before. Reene✎ 07:18, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rerdavies


text: User talk:68.80.5.71

title: User talk:68.80.5.71


text:
Sterile fungi

The sterile fungi, or mycelia sterilia, are a group of fungi that do not produce any known spores, either sexual or asexual. This is considered a form group, not a taxonomic division, and is used as a matter of convenience only, as various isolates within such morphotypes could include distantly related taxa or different morphotypes of the same species, leading to incorrect identifications. Because these fungi do not produce spores, it is impossible to use traditional methods of morphological comparison to classify them. However, molecular techniques can be applied to determine their evolutionary history, with ITS testing being the preferred method.

title: Sterile fungi


text:
Talk:TVGoHome

This article was listed on votes for deletion; see Votes for deletion/TVGoHome. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk, automation script)]] 04:16, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:TVGoHome


text:
Milo (drink)

Milo (stylised as MILO) is a chocolate-flavoured malted powder product produced by Nestlé, typically mixed with milk, hot water, or both, to produce a beverage. It was originally developed in Australia by Thomas Mayne (1901–1995) in 1934.

Most commonly sold as a powder in a green can, often depicting various sporting activities like badminton or football, Milo is available as a premixed beverage in some countries and has been subsequently developed into a snack bar, breakfast cereal and protein granola. Its composition and taste differ from country to country.

Milo maintains significant popularity in a diverse range of countries throughout the world, particularly in Australasia, Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

History
In 1934, Australian industrial chemist and inventor Thomas Mayne, who was working at Nestlé, developed "Milo" and launched it at the Sydney Royal Easter Show. Mayne came up with his formula for Milo combining malt extract (made from malted barley), full cream milk powder, cocoa, sugar, mineral salts, iron and vitamins A, D and B1, in an attempt "to develop a completely balanced food drink which contained all the necessary proteins and minerals". It was intended to help children to obtain enough nutrients in their diet.

Nestlé, which had taken ownership of a milk-processing plant in Smithtown, New South Wales, in 1921, started producing the product not long after the show. The name was derived from the famous ancient Greek athlete Milo of Croton, after his legendary strength. The product was even noted as "tonic food".

Manufacture
Milo is manufactured by evaporating the water content from a thick syrup at reduced pressure, using a vacuum dryer to reduce the mix to granular form. The thick opaque syrup is obtained from malted wheat or barley sourced from companies that produce these raw products.

Milo's composition and taste differ in some countries due to logistics limitations and personal preferences among different regions.

, the Smithtown factory, which produces the product for Australia and New Zealand, produces more than 13,000 tonnes of Milo a year. Nestlé Singapore states that Milo is produced locally at its factory in Jurong. Milo in Japan is manufactured using ingredients imported from Singapore.

Nutritional information
The recipe for the standard product has remained almost exactly the same since its creation in 1934, the only variation being in the added minerals and vitamins.

Standard Milo consists of four main ingredients: malted barley, milk powder, sugar and cocoa. It contains 1,680 kJ (402 kilocalories) in every 100 g of the powder, mostly from carbohydrates. Carbohydrates can be used for energy by the body, which is the basis of Milo being marketed as an energy drink. Most of the carbohydrate content is sugar. The New Zealand version of Milo is 46 percent sugar.

Milo dissolved in water has a glycemic index (GI) of 55. However, milk has a much lower GI of 30 to 33, so mixing a very small amount of Milo into a mug of milk yields an overall GI closer to 33, however adding a lot of Milo into a mug of milk, yields an overall GI that is closer to 55.

Milo is high in calcium, iron and the vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12. Milo is advertised as containing "Actigen-E" which is Nestlé's trademarked name for the vitamins in the Milo recipe. It also contains some theobromine, a xanthine alkaloid similar to caffeine, which is present in the cocoa used in the product.

A study conducted in Malaysia by the 'Nutrition Society of Malaysia' suggested that Milo and similar products made children who consumed them "more likely to be physically active and spend less time in front of a computer or television". A 2017 New York Times article found that Nestlé had been financing the society and vetting the articles before publication, leading to questions of scientific impartiality. The high concentration of sugar, and the presence of maltodextrin, also raised whether the product should be marketed as a health product.

Versions
Since 2017, Nestle Philippines has produced Milo using its "protomalt" formulation. The protomalt is composed of carbohydrates derived from barley and cassava.

In Australia, a version of Milo called Milo B-Smart was released in 2008, which had a finer texture, added B vitamins and iodine, and a different taste from the original Milo formula, and was marketed as a health food for children. However,, this product is no longer available. A higher malt content form also existed in Australia and was marketed in brown and maroon coloured cans. Nestlé stopped advertising this higher malt form on their Australian products website sometime between March and April 2015.

, three other varieties are manufactured at the Australian plant: high protein, reduced sugar and a plant-based version.

As of 2021, Nestlé has launched dairy-free plant-based versions of Milo and other drinks under the brand. The new version of these drinks contain almond and soy milk, the two core ingredients – cocoa and malt –  remain the same.

Consumption
Milo is typically mixed with milk, hot water, or both, to produce a beverage.

Australia and New Zealand
Traditionally in Australia and New Zealand, Milo is served mixed with either hot or cold milk, or sprinkled on top.

Asia
Milo manufactured outside Australia is customised for local methods of preparation. In Malaysia, as well as Brunei and some other parts of Asia, Milo with ice added is known as "Iced Milo" or "Milo Ais" in Malay Language (alternatively, "bing" or "peng", meaning ice in Cantonese and Hokkien respectively). Iced Milo is even available at fast food restaurants such as KFC and McDonald's.

In Malaysia, Milo is also served locally in kopitiams and mamak stalls in versions such as "Milo Dinosaur" (a cup of Milo with an extra heaped spoonfuls worth of undissolved Milo powder added on top of it), "Milo Godzilla" (a cup of Milo with ice cream and/or topped with whipped cream) "Neslo" (combined with Nescafé powdered coffee) and "Milo Mangkuk" (Iced Milo that is served with shaved ice inside a plastic bowl). The Milo powder is also usually used in the making of Batik cake. In Hong Kong, Milo is served in Cha chaan teng.

In Malaysia, Milo is also sometimes sprinkled on ice cream or breakfast cereals, or mixed with milk into a paste and spread on bread. Milo can be used as an ingredient in roti canai, where it is usually called "roti Milo".

At the present time, Malaysia has the world's highest per capita consumption of Milo, Singapore coming second.

Marketing
Apart from Australia, Milo is popular in many countries and regions including New Zealand, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Pakistan, Philippines, Vietnam, India, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Thailand, Japan, Jamaica, Guyana, Chile, Colombia, and countries in Southern Africa, Central Africa, East Africa, West Africa. In Australia and most other countries, the packaging is a green can and depicts people playing various sports.

In Australia, the MILO in2CRICKET and MILO T20 Blast programs, operated in most areas by volunteers, teach children age 5–12 how to play the game of cricket. In the 2016–2017 season, over 78,000 children participated in the programs.

Milo is very popular in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore, where the brand name is synonymous with chocolate flavoured drinks: Milo has a 90% market share in Malaysia, and Malaysians were said to be the world's largest consumers of Milo. In Malaysia and Singapore, specialised trucks or vans, affectionately called Milo vans, serving up to three thousand cup of the drink are commonly seen at sports and community events and schools.

In Peru, during the 1970s military dictatorship, Milo labels displayed Peruvian motifs, such as photos and pictures of Peruvian towns, history, crops, fruits, animals, plants, as an educational aid. After 1980, when the military left power, sports predominated on the labels.

Milo is sold by Nestlé in Canada at all major food retailers. Although Milo has been available since the 1970s, a Canadian-specific flavour launched within the last decade that dissolves more quickly but maintains the sweet malt flavour profile. It competes with the British brand Ovaltine.

Aside from the International section of specific grocery stores and certain Asian grocery stores, Nestlé does not market Milo in the United States. In 2017 Colombian-manufactured Milo started appearing on shelves in supermarkets in the United States such as Walmart.

It can also be found in the United Kingdom in some Sainsbury's and Tesco supermarkets, which import it from Kenya and South Africa. Asian food specialists also stock it. Ovaltine is more popular with UK consumers.

In Ireland, it can be found in many Asian or African stores. Typically they will stock Kenyan or Filipino Milo.

In China, it is commonly sold in Western supermarkets, but also smaller convenience stores. Usually packaged in a 240gram flexible foil pouch, single-drink packets can also be purchased. The Milo itself contains more milk solids than the Australian Milo.

In the past, it was available in Portugal and Brazil. Nestlé Brazil discontinued production of Milo in Brazil, to focus on the much-popular domestic brands Nescau and Nesquik. The Chilean version of Milo is still in production and is identical in taste and texture to the one that was once produced in Brazil.

In May 2013, more than 20 years out of the Portuguese market, Nestlé reintroduced the brand, aiming at the high-end market.

In the Philippines, Nestlé partnered with the Department of Education in 2017, in a marketing response to the "energy gap" within school-aged children whose athletic and academic performance were impacted due to low energy. This raised the ethical question of advertising to children.

Derivative products
Milo was available as a snack in cube form in Nigeria, Ghana and Dubai in 1975.

The Milo chocolate bar was a brand of brownie, caramel, Milo and chocolate-covered candy bars, produced by Nestlé for sale in Australia and available in 2006. It included ingredients of Milo powder. It claimed to be the only milk chocolate with "choco malt" and "all natural ingredients including cocoa, milk and malt". The chocolate bar was discontinued in Australia in 2003, replaced with an "energy food bar", which  is no longer available either. Two varieties of Milo snack bars can be bought in packs of six.

As of 2006, there was also Milo cereal (described as "cornflakes with a Milo coating"), Milo smoothies, Milo mousse, and Milo ice-cream (a vanilla ice-cream coated with hard Milo/chocolate shell).

In South Africa, Milo Cereal and Milo Chocolate bars are available and sold in most supermarkets.

Milo nuggets have been available since 1994 in Southeast Asia and Colombia. Milo cereal balls and a range of other derivative products are marketed by Tesco in Malaysia.

title: Milo (drink)


text:
File:Shout-and-Fall example.PNG

Shout-and-fall modal frame example

Created by Hyacinth 22:19, 5 December 2004 using Sibelius 5 and Paint.

See: File:Shout-and-Fall example.mid

Source

 * Middleton, Richard (1990/2002). Studying Popular Music. Philadelphia: Open University Press. ISBN 0335152759.

Fair use for Shout-and-fall
The image linked here is claimed to be used under fair use as:
 * 1) it is a very short portion of one part of the entire piece;
 * 2) the transcription is only being used for informational purposes;
 * 3) it is inferior to the original piece;
 * 4) Its inclusion in the article adds significantly to the article because it shows shout-and-fall.

title: File:Shout-and-Fall example.PNG


text:
APACHE II

APACHE II ("Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II") is a severity-of-disease classification system, one of several ICU scoring systems. It is applied within 24 hours of admission of a patient to an intensive care unit (ICU): an integer score from 0 to 71 is computed based on several measurements; higher scores correspond to more severe disease and a higher risk of death. The first APACHE model was presented by Knaus et al. in 1981.

Application
APACHE II was designed to measure the severity of disease for adult patients admitted to intensive care units. It has not been validated for use in children or young people aged under 16.

This scoring system is used in many ways which include:

 * 1) Some procedures or some medicine is only given to patients with a certain APACHE II score
 * 2) APACHE II score can be used to describe the morbidity of a patient when comparing the outcome with other patients.
 * 3) Predicted mortalities are averaged for groups of patients in order to specify the group's morbidity.

Even though newer scoring systems, such as APACHE III, have replaced APACHE II in many places, APACHE II continues to be used extensively because so much documentation is based on it.

Calculation
The point score is calculated from 12 admission physiologic variables comprising the Acute Physiology Score, the patient's age, and chronic health status:

 * A. Acute Physiology Score (measured within 24 hours of admission)
 * 1) AaDO2 or PaO2 (for FiO2≥0.5 or <0.5, respectively)
 * 2) body temperature (rectal)
 * 3) mean arterial pressure
 * 4) blood pH
 * 5) heart rate
 * 6) respiratory rate
 * 7) serum sodium
 * 8) serum potassium
 * 9) creatinine (Double point score for acute renal failure)
 * 10) hematocrit
 * 11) white blood cell count
 * 12) Glasgow Coma Scale (15 minus actual GCS)

 * B. Age points

 * C. Chronic health points

If the patient has a history of severe organ system insufficiency (i.e. liver cirrhosis, portal hypertension, NYHA class IV heart failure, severe respiratory disease, dialysis dependent) or is immunocompromised (i.e. due to chemotherapy, radiation, high dose steroid therapy, or advanced leukemia, lymphoma or AIDS) assign points as follows:

 * a. for nonoperative or emergency postoperative patients: 5 points
 * b. for elective postoperative patients: 2 points

The method is optimized for manual calculation, by using integer values and limiting the number of options so that data fits on a single-sheet paper form.

The score is not recalculated during the stay. It is by definition an admission score. If a patient is discharged from the ICU and subsequently readmitted, a new APACHE II score is calculated.

In the original research paper that described the APACHE II score, patient prognosis (specifically, predicted mortality) was computed based on the patient's APACHE II score in combination with the principal diagnosis at admission.

APACHE III
A method to compute a refined score known as APACHE III was published in 1991.

The score was validated on the dataset from 17,440 adult medical/surgical intensive care unit (ICU) admissions at 40 US hospitals.

The prognostic system of APACHE III has two options:
 * APACHE III Score
 * Provides an initial risk classification of severely ill hospitalized patients in defined groups.

 * APACHE III predictive equation
 * Adds additional variables to the APACHE III Score including the primary reason for ICU admission (from a reference list of 212 conditions classified according to etiology, major organ involved, and distinction between surgical/medical categories); age, sex, race and preexisting comorbidities; and location prior to ICU admission (operating room, recovery or emergency department, transfer or readmission from another hospital or ICU).

When possible, the time between the patient's arrival at the hospital and their ICU admission is recorded.

To evaluate the severity of disease 20 physiologic variables are measured, compared to 12 variables for APACHE II.

APACHE III scores range from 0 to 299.

APACHE IV
APACHE IV, published in 2006, is the latest version. The model was developed using data from 104 intensive care units (ICUs) in 45 U.S. hospitals and could be recommended to use in U.S. ICUs.

title: APACHE II


text:
Republic of China national football team

Republic of China national football team may refer to:

 * China national football team, which represented the 1912–1949 Republic of China
 * Chinese Taipei national football team, which has represented Taiwan since 1949


text:
GOMS

GOMS is a specialized human information processor model for human-computer interaction observation that describes a user's cognitive structure on four components. In the book The Psychology of Human Computer Interaction. written in 1983 by Stuart K. Card, Thomas P. Moran and Allen Newell, the authors introduce: "a set of Goals, a set of Operators, a set of Methods for achieving the goals, and a set of Selections rules for choosing among competing methods for goals." GOMS is a widely used method by usability specialists for computer system designers because it produces quantitative and qualitative predictions of how people will use a proposed system.

Overview
A GOMS model is composed of methods that are used to achieve specific goals. These methods are then composed of operators at the lowest level. The operators are specific steps that a user performs and are assigned a specific execution time. If a goal can be achieved by more than one method, then selection rules are used to determine the method.

 * Goals are symbolic structures that define a state of affairs to be achieved and determinate a set of possible methods by which it may be accomplished
 * Operators are elementary perceptual, motor or cognitive acts, whose execution is necessary to change any aspect of the user's mental state or to affect the task environment
 * Methods describe a procedure for accomplishing a goal
 * Selection Rules are needed when a goal is attempted, there may be more than one method available to the user to accomplish it.

There are several different GOMS variations which allow for different aspects of an interface to be accurately studied and predicted. For all of the variants, the definitions of the major concepts are the same. There is some flexibility for the designer's/analyst's definition of all of the entities. For instance, an operator in one method may be a goal in a different method. The level of granularity is adjusted to capture what the particular evaluator is examining. For a simple applied example see CMN-GOMS.

Advantages
The GOMS approach to user modeling has strengths and weaknesses. While it is not necessarily the most accurate method to measure human-computer interface interaction, it does allow visibility of all procedural knowledge. With GOMS, an analyst can easily estimate a particular interaction and calculate it quickly and easily. This is only possible if the average Methods-Time Measurement data for each specific task has previously been measured experimentally to a high degree of accuracy.

Disadvantages
GOMS only applies to skilled users. It does not work for beginners or intermediates for errors may occur which can alter the data. Also the model doesn't apply to learning the system or a user using the system after a longer time of not using it. Another big disadvantage is the lack of account for errors, even skilled users make errors but GOMS does not account for errors. Mental workload is not addressed in the model, making this an unpredictable variable. The same applies to fatigue. GOMS only addresses the usability of a task on a system, it does not address its functionality.

User personalities, habits or physical restrictions (for example disabilities) are not accounted for in any of the GOMS models. All users are assumed to be exactly the same. Recently some extensions of GOMS were developed, that allow to formulate GOMS models describing the interaction behavior of disabled users.

Variations
Basically there are five different GOMS models: the Keystroke-Level Model, CMN-GOMS, NGOMSL, CPM-GOMS, and SGOMS. Each model has a different complexity and varies in activities.

KLM
The Keystroke-Level Model (KLM) is the first and simplest GOMS technique Stuart Card, Thomas P. Moran and Allen Newell created. Estimating an execution time for a task is done by listing the sequence of operators and then totaling the execution times for the individual operators. With KLM the analyst must specify the method used to accomplish each particular task instance. Furthermore, the specified methods are limited to being in sequence form and containing only keystroke-level primitive operators. The biggest difference between GOMS and KLM is how time is assigned to cognitive and perceptual operators when it comes to execution time predictions. Another major difference is that the goal-hierarchy is explicit in GOMS while it was implicit in the KLM. The nature of unobservable operators is another important difference. KLM has a single M operator that precedes each cognitive unit of action. In contrast, GOMS assigns no time to such cognitive overhead. But both models include M-like operators for substantial time-consuming mental actions such as locating information on the screen and verifying entries. Both methods assign roughly the same time to unobservable perceptual and cognitive activities. Also they make different assumptions about unobservable cognitive and perceptual operators and so distribute the time in different ways.

KLM's execution part is described in four physical-motor operators:

 * K keystroking/ keypressing
 * P pointing with a mouse to a target
 * H homing the hand on the keyboard
 * D drawing a line segment on a grid

One mental operator M that stands for the time a user has to mentally prepare themselves to do an action, and a system response operator R in with the user has to wait for the system. Execution time is the sum of the times spent executing the different operator types:

 * Texecute = TK + TP + TH + TD + TM + TR.

Each of these operators has an estimate of execution time, either a single value or a parameterized estimate.

Touch Level Model (TLM)
GOMS and it variants were designed for keyboard interfaces, nowadays a new type of interface is omnipresent. This addition to the GOMS family, together with updates to the existing KLM operators, is called the Touch Level Model (TLM). Andrew D. Rice and Jonathan W. Lartigue propose this model for the used to model human task performance on a constrained input touchscreen device and, with proper benchmarking, accurately predict actual user performance.

The goal is to provide an instrument for quantitative analysis of touchscreen interfaces.

A number of operators are added for touchscreen interactions:
 * Distraction (X) : a multiplicative operator that is applied to other operators to model real world distractions
 * Gesture (G) : gestures are conceptualized as specialized combinations of finger movements across the device's screen
 * Pinch (P) : refers to the common two-finger gesture
 * Zoom (Z) : the reverse application of the Pinch operator. value in MS = 200 Ms
 * Initial Act (I) : KLM assumed the user is prepared to begin an action, touchscreen devices require users to prepare them for use (home button or password)
 * Tap (T) : operator refers to the physical action of tapping an area on the touchscreen device in order to initiate some change or action
 * Swipe (S) : usually a horizontally or vertically swipe like changing the page in a book. value in MS = 70 Ms
 * Tilt (L(d)) : used with an interacting with  a devices equipped with accelerometers.
 * Rotate (O(d)) : gesture in which two or more fingers are placed on the screen and then rotated about a central point
 * Drag (D) : similar to Swipe, Drag also involves tapping a location on the screen and then moving one or more fingers in specific direction

CMN-GOMS
CMN-GOMS is the original GOMS model proposed by Stuart Card, Thomas P. Moran and Allen Newell.

CMN stands for Card, Moran and Newell and it takes the KLM as its basic and adds subgoals and selection rules. This model can predict operator sequence as well as execution time. A CMN-GOMS model can be represented in program form, making it amenable to analysis as well as execution. CMN-GOMS has been used to model word processors and CAD systems for ergonomic design(see CAD). The CMN method can predict the operator sequence and the execution time of a task on a quantitative level and can focus its attention on methods to accomplish goals on a qualitative level.

In the example by Bonnie E. John and David E. Kieras a simple CMN-GOMS on editing a manuscript is shown.

GOAL: EDIT-MANUSCRIPT . GOAL. EDIT-UNIT-TASK ...repeat until no more unit tasks . . GOAL. ACQUIRE UNIT-TASK ...if task not remembered . . .  GOAL. TURN PAGE ...if at end of manuscript . . .  GOAL. GET-FROM-MANUSCRIPT . . GOAL. EXECUTE-UNIT-TASK ...if a unit task was found . . . GOAL. MODIFY-TEXT . . . .  select. GOAL. MOVE-TEXT* ...if text is to be moved . . . . . .    GOAL. DELETE-PHRASE ...if a phrase is to be deleted . . . . . .    GOAL. INSERT-WORD ... if a word is to be inserted . . . .     VERIFY-EDIT

Shown below is a simple copy and paste example. GOAL COPY-AND-PASTE-TEXT

GOAL COPY-TEXT GOAL HIGHLIGH-TEXT Operator MOVE-CURSOR-TO-BEGINNING Operator CLICK-MOUSE-BUTTON Operator MOVE-CURSOR-TO-END Operator SHIFT-CLICK-MOUSE-BUTTON Operator VERIFY-HIGHLIGHT GOAL ISSUE-COPY-COMMAND Select* GOAL USE-MOUSE Operator MOVE-CURSOR-TO-EDIT-MENU Operator PRESS-MOUSE-BUTTON Operator MOVE-CURSOR-TO-COPY-ITEM Operator VERIFY-HIGHLIGHT Operator RELEASE-MOUSE-BUTTON GOAL USE-KEYBOARD Operator PRESS-KEY-STRG Operator PRESS-KEY-C Operator RELEASE-KEYS GOAL PASTE-TEXT[...]

 * Selection rule for GOAL ISSUE-COPY-COMMAND

if HANDS-ARE-ON-KEYBOARD then

select GOAL USE-KEYBOARD else

select GOAL USE-MOUSE

NGOMSL
NGOMSL is a structured natural language notation for representing GOMS models and a procedure for constructing them. This program form provides predictions of operator sequences, execution time and time to learn methods. An analyst constructs an NGOMSL model by performing a top-down, breadth-first expansion of the user's top-level goals into methods, until the methods contain only primitive operators, typically keystroke-level operators. This model explicitly represents the goal structure just like the CMN-GOMS and can so represent high-level goals.

Shown below is a simple example.

NGOMSL Statements

METHOD for GOAL   MOVE TEXT

STEP 1    ACCOMPLISH GOAL     CUT TEXT STEP 2    ACCOMPLISH GOAL     PASTE TEXT STEP 3    RETURN WITH GOAL ACCOMPLISHED

METHOD for GOAL    CUT TEXT

STEP 1    ACCOMPLISH GOAL     HIGHLIGHT TEXT STEP 2    RETAIN THAT COMMAND IS CUT, AND ACCOMPLISH GOAL    ISSUE A COMMAND STEP 3    RETURN WITH GOAL ACCOMPLISHED

etc.

CPM-GOMS
Bonnie E. John and David Kieras describe four different types of GOMS. CMN-GOMS, KLM and NGOMSL assume that all of the operators occur in sequence and do not contain operators that are below the activity level. CPM-GOMS being the fourth method uses operators at the level of Model Human Processor which assumes that operators of the cognitive processor, perceptual processor, and the motor processor can work in parallel to each other. The most important point of CPM-GOMS is the ability to predict skilled behavior from its ability to model overlapping actions.

SGOMS
SGOMS stands for Sociotechnical GOMS  and was created to allow GOMS to model work in complex sociotechnical systems. GOMS is meant to model an individual user, working in isolation, with no unexpected interruptions, similar to a Cognitive Psychology experiment. This level of analysis is sometimes referred to as microcognition to distinguish it from macrocognition, which refers to real world cognition. SGOMS is meant to expand the applicability of GOMS to the macro cognitive level of analysis. To do this, SGOMS adds a high level control structure to GOMS, called the planning unit. This allows GOMS to deal with unexpected interruptions.

A planning unit is a list of unit tasks. Planning units can be ordered (the unit tasks must be done in order) or situated (the unit tasks in the list are done as the situation demands). Consistent with CPM-GOMS, SGOMS assumes that the agent can monitor the situation in parallel in order to detect threats (neurophysiologically, this function is associated with the amygdala). Planning units can be interrupted and bookmarked so they can be resumed later. When a planning unit is interrupted the agent considers the situation and can resume the same planning unit or bookmark it and switch to a different planning unit. SGOMS does not prescribe how this choice is made but, if the decision is based on routine expertise, it can be included in the SGOMS model.

Importance of assumptions in GOMS analysis
Accurate assumptions are vital in GOMS analysis. Before applying the average times for detailed functions, it is very important that an experimenter make sure he or she has accounted for as many variables as possible by using assumptions. Experimenters should design their GOMS analysis for the users who will most likely be using the system which is being analyzed. Consider, for example, an experimenter wishes to determine how long it will take an F22 Raptor pilot to interact with an interface he or she has used for years. It can probably be assumed that the pilot has outstanding vision and is in good physical health. In addition, it can be assumed that the pilot can interact with the interface quickly because of the vast hours of simulation and previous use he or she has endured. All things considered, it is fair to use fastman times in this situation. Contrarily, consider an 80-year-old person with no flight experience attempting to interact with the same F22 Raptor interface. It is fair to say that the two people would have much different skill sets and those skill sets should be accounted for subjectively.

Accounting for errors
The only way to account for errors in GOMS analysis is to predict where the errors are most likely to occur and measure the time it would take to correct the predicted errors. For example, assume an experimenter thought that in typing the word "the" it was likely that a subject would instead incorrectly type "". The experimenter would calculate the time it takes to type the incorrect word, the time it takes to recognize that a mistake has been made, and the time it takes to correct the recognized error.

Workstation efficiency
A successful implementation of CPM-GOMS was in Project Ernestine held by New England Telephone. New ergonomically designed workstations were compared to old workstations in terms of improvement in telephone operators' performance. CPM-GOMS analysis estimated a 3% decrease in productivity. Over the four-month trial 78,240 calls were analysed and it was concluded that the new workstations produced an actual 4% decrease in productivity. As the proposed workstation required less keystrokes than the original it was not clear from the time trials why the decrease occurred. However CPM-GOMS analysis made it apparent that the problem was that the new workstations did not utilize the workers' slack time. Not only did CPM-GOMS give a close estimate, but it provided more information of the situation.

CAD
GOMS models were employed in the redesign of a CAD (computer-aided design) system for industrial ergonomics. An applied GOMS model shows where the interface needs to be redesigned, as well as provides an evaluation of design concepts and ideas. In Richard Gong's example, when GOMS revealed a frequent goal supported by a very inefficient method, he changed the method to a more efficient one. If GOMS showed that there were goals not supported by any method at all, then new methods were added. GOMS also revealed where similar goals are supported by inconsistent methods, a situation in which users are likely to have problems remembering what to do, and showed how to make the methods consistent.

Software tools
There exist various tools for the creation and analysis of Goms-Models. A selection is listed in the following:
 * QGoms (Quick-Goms)
 * CogTool KLM-based modelling tool
 * Cogulator Cognitive calculator for GOMS modeling

title: GOMS


text:
User talk:Aacharya

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title: User talk:Aacharya


text: User talk:65.101.103.214

title: User talk:65.101.103.214


text:
Rob Morris (American football)

Robert Samuel Morris (born January 18, 1975) is an American former professional football player who spent his entire eight-year career as a linebacker for the Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the BYU Cougars and was selected by the Colts in the first round (28th overall) of the 2000 NFL draft. With the Colts, Morris won Super Bowl XLI against the Chicago Bears.

Early years
Morris was born and raised in Nampa, Idaho, and graduated from Nampa High School in 1993. He was an all-state fullback for the Bulldogs in football and USA Today All-American, and also lettered in basketball and track. Morris was also an Eagle Scout and was inducted into the NHS hall of fame in 2010.

College career
Morris attended Brigham Young University (BYU) in Provo, Utah, and played college football for the Cougars. Morris was a semi-finalist for the Butkus Award and was named as a first-team All-American by the Associated Press, Sporting News, and The Football News. He earned a bachelor's degree in communications from BYU.

Professional career
In 2000, Morris was selected in the first round (28th overall) of the NFL draft by the Indianapolis Colts, where he spent his entire career. Morris started at middle linebacker for the Colts for the first 5 years of his career, and was the Colts' leading special teams tackler in the 2006 season. Morris also started 9 games for the Colts during the 2006 season, including 3 games in the playoffs and Super Bowl XLI, replacing Gilbert Gardner to improve the Colts' run defense. In 2001, Morris had his best statistical year with 114 total tackles (84 solo) and one sack. Morris was an unrestricted free agent after the 2006 season concluded and was re-signed by Indianapolis on March 5. He injured his left knee in the fourth game of 2007, and had season-ending surgery. He was released after a failed physical on February 27, 2008.

title: Rob Morris (American football)


text:
PPK

PPK may refer to:

Politics

 * Parliamentary Party of Kosovo
 * Peruvians for Change (Peruanos Por el Kambio), a political party in Peru

Other uses

 * Ppk, a process performance index
 * PPK (trance duo), a Russian trance duo
 * .ppk, PuTTY private key file format
 * Walther PPK, a variant of the Walther PP pistol
 * Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (born 1938), also known as PPK, former President of Peru
 * Personal preference kit, an allowance of personal items that an astronaut can bring on a mission

title: PPK


text:
User:Rerdavies

This is my page.

title: User:Rerdavies


text: User talk:68.109.92.179

title: User talk:68.109.92.179


text:
Conecuh Ridge Whiskey

Conecuh Ridge Whiskey was rebranded as Clyde May's Whiskey in 2017. It is a high-quality, high-proof, aged whiskey that is available as an Alabama-style whiskey, Straight Bourbon and Straight Rye whisky. Originally it was produced illegally in Alabama during the mid to late 20th century by Clyde May but the brand was legalized by Clyde's son, Kenny May in 2001.

In 2004 it was designated the official "State Spirit" of Alabama by legislative resolution. Later the same year the brand's founder Kenny May was charged with several violations of Alabama liquor laws, to which he pleaded guilty. After a 15-month period during which the whiskey was unavailable for purchase, the brand ownership was restructured and production resumed.

History
The History of Conecuh Ridge Whiskey begins with Clyde May, a legendary Alabama moonshiner and bootlegger. After returning from World War II with a Purple Heart and a Bronze Star, Clyde May started to produce his own moonshine whiskey as a side hustle. From the 1950s to the 1980s Clyde managed to produce around 300 gallons a week in a still of his own design in the woods near Almeria, Alabama in Bullock County, southeast of Montgomery. His product was known for its high quality relative to typical moonshine. According to his son, Kenny, the reason was his painstaking insistence on using the best equipment he could fabricate and taking extra steps during production to maintain the purity and quality of the product. While much of it was sold, unaged, as corn liquor, a certain amount would be casked in charred barrels with a couple of dried apples for flavor. This would be aged for about one year. Clyde claimed that the hot Alabama summers accelerated the effect of aging, requiring only one year instead of the minimum of two required for it to be called a Straight Bourbon. This would be bottled and given to friends and valued customers as "Christmas Whiskey". Always operating outside the state liquor laws, Clyde May served an 18-month sentence at Maxwell Air Force Base in 1973. He gave up his cell to the man who convicted him, Attorney General John N. Mitchell, who was convicted in 1974 on charges from the Watergate scandal.

When Clyde May died in 1990 his son Kenny began looking for a way to honor his father's memory by producing legal whiskey from his recipe. Careful planning led to a production run of 4000 bottles of Conecuh Ridge in 2002. Though Conecuh Brands' offices were in Union Springs, the actual producer for its first batches was Kentucky Bourbon Distillers, Ltd. of Bardstown, Kentucky, overseen by master distiller Even Kulsveen. Under contract from Conecuh Brands they had a mash produced using Conecuh Ridge spring water trucked in from Alabama, had the product distilled, aged in oak barrels, and bottled, and returned it to Alabama for distribution.

In April 2004, both houses of the Alabama Legislature voted to override the veto of Governor Bob Riley and adopted a resolution, now known as Act of Alabama 2004-97 naming "Conecuh Ridge Alabama Fine Whiskey" the "official state spirit". For a few months it was sold in Alabama's 147 ABC State Liquor Stores and privately owned package stores in Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee and Florida. During 2004, citing distribution difficulties and limited demand for the boutique-priced liquor, the state Alcoholic Beverage Control Board stopped stocking Conecuh Ridge in its stores, but would still take special orders for customers who requested it.

In December 2004, state liquor agents charged Kenny May with misdemeanor violations in two counties. He pleaded guilty to charges of selling liquor without a license, possessing excessive quantities of liquor in a dry county, and selling alcohol to a minor. The Control Board immediately moved to revoke Conecuh Ridge's distribution licence, meaning that once stores sold out of their existing stock, the state's official spirit could no longer be sold in Alabama. May's stock was held in trust pending the outcome of his trial. Attorney Alva Lambert assumed interim leadership of the company, followed by spirits industry veteran Wesley Henderson, who led the company through turbulent times. Under Henderson's leadership, distribution was expanded to additional domestic and international markets.Wesley Henderson then went on to create Angel's Envy Bourbon in 2010.

After May entered his guilty plea, the Alabama House of Representatives moved to repeal the declaration of Conecuh Ridge as Alabama's "Official State Spirit". However, the reversal legislation never passed the Alabama Senate. It remains the "Official State Spirit" today. Kenny May passed away in 2016.

As of March 2009, Conecuh Ridge was purchased by Dallas, Texas-based Spirits Acquisition Corp. In 2014, the company was recapitalized by an investment group, Conecuh Ridge Distillery, Inc., led by chairman James Ammeen and is currently expanding the brand into selected markets throughout the U.S. and abroad.

In June 2017, L.C. May, the grandson of Clyde May, joined the company as their National Brand Ambassador thus helping bring the family heritage and history to the brand.

In September 2017, Clyde May's Whiskey announced their plans to build a distillery in Troy, Alabama. Troy is located about 20 miles from where Clyde May made his whiskey. Prior to 2013, distillation of Spirits in Alabama was illegal, and Clyde May's Whiskey began searching for a distillery site in early 2015.

Character
Conecuh Ridge is described as an "Alabama Style Tippling Whiskey", a rather imprecise designation which basically means that it is patterned after the spirits that would have been available at informal "tippling houses". Clyde May used spring water from Southern Alabama and added oven-dried apples to his barrels. The resulting hints of green apple and cinnamon not only made it smoother than other whiskeys—they're what made it Alabama Style. It is then aged for five to six years in heavy-toast charred white oak barrels.

Awards
Clyde May's Whiskey continues to win awards & accolades across the globe. In 2023 alone, the brand won 11 medals and received numerous 90+ ratings in various competitions and tastings. Some of the highlights include:

Clyde May's Straight Bourbon won Double Gold at the 2023 San Francisco Spirits Competition and scored 95 points at the New York International Spirits Competition.

Clyde May's Alabama Style Whiskey received a 93 rating from Tasting Panel Magazine and a Gold Medal at the 2023 Ascot Awards.

Clyde May's Straight Rye Whiskey won Double Platinum at the 2023 Ascot Awards and a 92 rating at the New York International Spirits Competiton.

Clyde May's Special Reserve 6-Year Old 110-Proof Straight Bourbon was awarded Double Gold at the 2022 San Francisco Spirits Competition.

Clyde May's 9 Year Old Cask Strength Whiskey was listed in Liquor.com's list of “10 Great New Aged Bourbons and Ryes.”

Reviews

 * In the 2014 book Southern Living Bourbon & Bacon: The Ultimate Guide to the South's Favorite Foods, food critic Morgan Murphy said "Conecuh uses the formula of an old Alabama moonshiner, Clyde May, and the tradition shines through."
 * At the 2013 Los Angeles International Spirits Competition, the whiskey was rated at 96 points and named Best of Division (Small Batch Bourbon 10 years or less $30).
 * Wine Enthusiast Magazine named Clyde May's Conecuh Ridge Whiskey among its Top 50 Spirits of 2012, and its reviewer Kara Newman said it was "A spry chameleon of a whiskey. At first, this dark amber spirit reads as light and sweet, from its distinct ripe apple and hazelnut notes to the light-bodied feel. But just when you think it's going to be a lightweight, there's surprising oomph on the finish, dry leather and clove notes that balance it out. This sippable whiskey would be great for whiskey sours and other cocktails. 93 points."
 * Spirits Review by Chris Carlsson gave it a rating of 8 out of 10 (overall and for price/value) and said it was "A interesting whiskey if a bit on the light side. A good starter whiskey for people who are starting to explore brown spirits. But not something that would challenge the serious bourbon drinker."

title: Conecuh Ridge Whiskey


text: File:J. Geils Band - Sanctuary.jpg

title: File:J. Geils Band - Sanctuary.jpg


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User talk:Agutie

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 04:28, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)
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Hi! I've noticed you have added many external links to some of the pages relating to Peruvian history. I'm sure the website is very good, but please, please try not to link to multiple articles on the same website. Thanks! Gsd97jks 04:03, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

You seem to be adding links to your own ad-supported website to every possible page on Wikipedia. Please stop doing this, or at least stick to cases where the content is clearly useful and relevant to the Wikipedia page. --Srleffler 30 October 2005 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to use Wikipedia for advertising, you will be blocked from editing. OhNo itsJamie Talk 19:13, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

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May 2009
Please stop adding inappropriate external links to Wikipedia. It is considered spamming and Wikipedia is not a vehicle for advertising or promotion. Since Wikipedia uses nofollow tags, additions of links to Wikipedia will not alter search engine rankings. If you continue spamming, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. MrOllie (talk) 19:23, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

Please join a discussion at WT:WPSPAM
Hello Agutie. This is not a pure invitation, since your edits seem to violate our policy on SPAM. You have never left an edit summary, you do not join in discussions, and your entire activity on Wikipedia seems to be devoted to promoting your own web site. If you won't discuss your edits, you may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. So please participate in the discussion. EdJohnston (talk) 20:24, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

November 2011
This is your last warning. The next time you insert a spam link, you may be blocked from editing without further notice. Persistent spammers may have their websites blacklisted, preventing anyone from linking to them from all Wikimedia sites as well as potentially being penalized by search engines.  MrOllie (talk) 17:50, 10 November 2011 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Agutie