text:
Talk:Phenylketonuria

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Folling's Disease
Known as Folling's Disease in Norway, not in the US or most other countries.

Please i would like to know the reference about 'compulsive licking of others and small children ears". i have searched the web for a corroborating medical article on that and found none. thank you.82.198.0.170 (talk) 10:37, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

Reference:

The Discovery of Phenylketonuria The Story of a Young Couple, Two Retarded Children, and a Scientist Pediatrics, Jan. 2000. Siegried A. Centerwall, Willard R. Centerwall

Life: The Science of Biology Purves. not sure of other info for book... This is a American High School AP Biology book, in it PKU is called phenylketnouria. Følling's Disase could easily convey the same disease though and may not confuse too much...--Randalllin 06:24, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

Can you have it?
Can you have this disorder and not know? Are people affected by it and seem normal? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Energman (talk • contribs) 1st September 2006.

Quick answer: No, if you had pku and wern't treated from birth you would be severly mentally damaged from the toxic phe levels in your blood and Yes people affected (and treated from birth) are undetectable from anyone else, if someone you knew had pku you would never realise unless they chose to tell you 81.137.243.44 15:41, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Hang on, I just thought about what you wrote, SEEM normal? We ARE normal thank you very much! 81.137.243.44 15:44, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

I have PKU and am only slightly affected by it and no you can't have PKU and not know it the doctor always tell parents a couple of weeks later. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Cutie fo eva (talk • contribs) 11th September 2006.

only in developed countries is testing for PKU available.- Ran  da   l  l  l   in   05:12, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

Sometimes mild forms of PKU can be missed during NBS, although I understand technology is getting better and those chances are being lowered. I met a couple who had a baby girl with a mild PKU and they restested her older sisters and found one of them also had a mild PKU that had not been caught during NBS... it is mild enough that they won't need to worry about a diet until they decide to have children. If you had a severe mutation (or classic PKU) and were not diagnosed/treated you would have severe brain damage, but a mild case may not. The people I know with PKU are completely normal except for their diet.

No starchy foods?
This article says people with PKU are supposed to avoid starchy foods.... I have had PKU all my life and NEVER heard this. This article lists bread and pasta, which I eat sparingly, but I have always eaten all the corn and potatoes I want. Does anyone have an validation to this claim?

MistressOfSnape 05:54, 12 February 2007 (UTC)MistressOfSnape
 * Then consider yourself lucky.. theres only a "chance it can affect you, im sure its not good but its not a 100% thing that starchy food will effect it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.79.179.66 (talk • contribs) 7 February 2009

Hi!
who is at risk for PKU and is it possible for you to get Pku later on in your life? it may have been a recessive gene from your mother or father...?

no.. you have PKU from birth.. it doesnt develop over time or anything like that. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.100.163.61 (talk) 21:50, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

An important thing to remember if you have pku is that party pills containing X factor are dangerous if you suffer from this disease —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.69.70.130 (talk) 12:19, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

Since Phenylalanine is important in the role of dopamine production (phenylalanine -> tyrosine -> L-DOPA -> dopamine) should the article mention something about what foods might replace tyrosine in PKU patient's diets. Dopamine is incredibly important to brain function. 75.73.31.54 (talk) 15:23, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

Asbjørn Følling
Something strange is going on in the last sentence of the openning section. I don't know what was meant to be there, but I'm guessing there's a code error. My suggestion to fix this is to make a section for "discovery", but I'm not knowledgeable enough on PKU to do this. RitRat (talk) 18:03, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

Treatment
It is said in the "treatment" section that phenylalanine intake should be restricted to 10 grams. 10 grams per what? Day? Month? Feketekave (talk) 18:13, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

Yeah, that is wrong. I could only assume a dose so large would total amount ever, but I have never heard of that. Typically dosing of medications is mg of drug pr lb of body weight per day. http://www.medhelp.org/lib/pku.htm mentions the following: "The goal of PKU treatment is to maintain the blood level of phenylalanine between 2 and 10 mg/dl". Hope that can help anyone clean it up. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.80.142.27 (talk) 18:49, 21 May 2009 (UTC)

Soda, Pop, Soft Drink...
I heard that people who have PKU cannot drink carbonated drinks such as Soda, Pop, Soft Drink, etc. Is this true and if so, what is the reason? Gibsonj338 (talk) 06:31, 12 November 2008 (UTC)

 * It's because phenylalanine is used as an artificial sweetener in certain soft drinks (particularly diet drinks, where it's used instead of sugar or HFCS). Some drinks will have a warning printed on the side saying "Phenylketonurics: Contains Phenylalanine" (at least here in Australia they do, I can't speak for other countries). —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dmartin25 (talk • contribs) 09:45, 14 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Not a phenylalanine itself, but aspartam (sweetener), which is converted to phenylalanine in the body. In russia a lot of diet drinks (and Sprite, which have both sweetener and sugar) is market as "Contains source of Phenylalanine" ("Содержит источник фенилаланина", somtimes with "Противопоказано применение при фенилкетонурии" - "prohibited to use with Phenylketonuria")! `a5b (talk) 22:14, 24 November 2010 (UTC)

Compound heterozygosity
For a long time, there has been a stub for compound heterozygosity, and no references. In the last few days, I have edited the page and added examples. I wanted the first example to be about phenylketonuria because it seems to be, in so many respects, the first public health model for screening. I am not familiar with allied syndromes for phenylketonuria in compound heterozygotes. Perhaps somebody could check my work on that page, and add links and information about compound heterozygosity to this page.Metzenberg (talk) 22:26, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

Promote to High Importance
Phenylketonuria was the first great success of genetic screening, and is of great importance in public health. For no other Mendelian disease is there such a long record of study and action. This is one of the disease models that is always presented in textbooks. Metzenberg (talk) 04:32, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

Screening and presentation references
The only reference in the section points to an article about screening in the world, and gives nothing to back up any of the statements following the reference. The following article does for anyone that wants to add that properly: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00000243.htm and this source: http://www.medhelp.org/lib/pku.htm —Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.80.142.27 (talk) 17:57, 21 May 2009 (UTC)

Altering the definition in the beggining
Hi

I would suggest to alter the initial definition of PKU. In fact, PKU is a deficiency/impairment in Phenylalanine Hydroxylase or in the synthesis of its cofactors (tetrahydrobiopterin and dihydrobiopterin - its metabolic precursor).

89.180.130.196 (talk) 11:32, 26 June 2009 (UTC)

rare (orphan disease)?
Is it considered as a rare disease (or orphan disease)? `a5b (talk) 22:09, 24 November 2010 (UTC)

Answering this question five years later... Yes, it's considered a "rare disease" -- the National Organization For Rare Disorders (NORD) offers some kinds of assistance for people with PKU. And the only drug for PKU, Kuvan, was approved under the Orphan Drug Act in the US. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mmessall (talk • contribs) 15:33, 10 September 2015 (UTC)

Incidence needs reference
In the incidence section, there is an assertion that:
 * The mean incidence of PKU is about 1 in 15,000 births, but varies widely in different human populations

However, there's no reference/footnote for this mean incidence. In fact the incidence of "1 in 15,000 births" is listed as the mean for USA (not the world) in cite_note-26. I can't find any reference for a global mean (though I'm not an authority, so maybe someone with background on this can), and it may be that there is no estimated mean.

Unless (and until) there is a reference for this, I propose that this sentence should change to:
 * The mean incidence of PKU varies widely in different human populations

Being new to editing Wikipedia, I'd rather "talk" than go ahead and effect this change. Timdig (talk) 10:55, 5 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Worse than that, the source for the US mentions specifically classical PKU. I tried to clarify it a bit, but more would be welcome; be bold, fix it. If someone can dig up incidence rates for more populations, we can format it as a table. - 2/0 (cont.) 17:56, 5 July 2011 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose that Hyperphenylalanemia be merged into Phenylketonuria. As this is a milder form of the same metabolic defects and there are several classification schemes, it is not clear where to make the demarcation. As hyperphenylalaninemia is a symptom of PKU, redirecting here makes sense. As there is so much overlap, keeping the conditions together will help if the classification scheme changes. I was about to begin a rewrite, and realized that discussing the metabolic basis would duplicate content present in this article. Even the infobox presented problems because of the ambiguity.Novangelis (talk) 14:47, 9 August 2011 (UTC)
 * I think the Hyperphe article definitely needs a rewrite (hyperphe does not "cause" or "result in" PKU), but I am not sure that combining them is the solution. A solid rewrite of the Hyperphe article would solve the problem.  Combining them could be confusing to someone searching for information (they hear "hyperphenylalanemia" from a doc, and a google search brings them to the PKU page - which is much more disturbing info).  Just an opinion, though.  I think the articles would be clearer with separate pages for the separate conditions.  Canada Hky (talk) 23:14, 14 August 2011 (UTC)

I agree that it shouldn't be merged so as to prevent alarming people, but also that though the two may be related they are separate disorders. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Voxweps (talk • contribs) 14:57, 13 October 2011 (UTC)

 * I'd be hard pressed to call the two separate disorders—same genes, but differing degrees of inactivation—and from a medical billing standpoint, the codes overlap. WP:SURPRISE seems to be the guiding force.Novangelis (talk) 15:58, 13 October 2011 (UTC)

Inconsistent Abbreviation for phenylalanine
Reading this article for the first time, I came across the compound term "PHE-restricted" in the second paragraph, and was immediately confused, having to look up the meaning of PHE. On the disambiguation page I found that it is an abbreviation for phenylalanine and wondered why I had not seen this noted in the first paragraph of the article where I remembered reading about phenylalanine. But then I found that was there, although in different case. Thus:

In the first paragraph of the introduction, "Phe" is introduced as an abbreviation for phenylalanine. In the second paragraph the adjective "PHE-restricted" is used. Every other occurrence of the three letter abbreviation in this article uses title case (first letter capitalised, all the rest lower case). The article on phenylalanine itself states that it is "abbreviated as Phe or F", indeed "Phe" redirects to the phenylalanine article.

The disambiguation page for "PHE", however, lists phenylalanine as one of five possible meanings of "PHE" (block caps) even though it has a separate list for "Phe" (title case) which lists only "the constellation Phoenix".

Simply from weight of use and definition, it seems likely to me that "Phe" is the correct abbreviation, not "PHE", however, I am not a subject expert and I have not found in a reasonable time a published source that confirms this.

If someone who is more in touch with chemical nomenclature documentation can confirm that I am correct, I would suggest the two changes:

 * In the disambiguation page for "PHE", move the list element for phenylalanine from the first group "PHE" to the second group "Phe", and
 * In this article (Phenylketonuria): change "PHE-restricted", in the 2nd paragraph, to "Phe-restricted".

On the other hand, not being subject-educated, I don't if "PHE-restricted" is in common use with the fully capitalised abbreviation despite this using a (possibly) incorrect abbreviation of phenylalanine. Hedles (talk) 09:35, 19 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Both are correct in their contexts. In describing amino acid sequences with three letter abbreviations, "Phe" is used (e.g. ...-Phe-Ala-Glu-...) by IUPAC standard. On the other hand, when describing a single amino acid, nutritionists will characterize a diet as "PHE-restricted" or "PHE-restricted, TYR-supplemented", and abbreviate an amino acid in all caps ("PHE", "TYR"). In both cases, legibility seems to be the driving force, but sadly, I don't have a handy source discussing the abbreviations, themselves.Novangelis (talk) 15:08, 19 February 2013 (UTC)

"Inborn"??? pffft...
"inborn error"? How about replacing this word which appears at the top with "genetic". What does "inborn" mean? It's too open for interpretation 182.255.99.214 (talk) 10:00, 11 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Careful not to fall into the recency illusion. The word inborn is a normal, well-established term in medicine that means congenital, genetically determined, or, in usual net effect, congenital because genetically determined. For example, the phrase inborn error of metabolism is the well-known usual phrase for that topic. Quercus solaris (talk) 15:41, 14 March 2015 (UTC)

Phenylalanine Hydrosylase Deficiency
The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics has issued updated guidelines for diagnosis and treatment for which recommend using the name "Phenylalanine Hydrosylase Deficiency" to refer to the whole spectrum from classic PKU to Hyperphenylalaninemia.

https://www.acmg.net/docs/Phenylalanine_Hydrosylase_Deficiency_Practice_Guideline_AOP_Jan_2013.pdf

"PAH deficiency most accurately describes the spectrum of clinical phenotypes ranging from PKU to hyperphenylalaninemia and thus will be used throughout this guideline." "This guideline recommends a unifying nomenclature and therefore refers to the spectrum of PAH deficiency, not specifically relying on the blood PHE level, although we recognize that the most severe form is still likely to be referred to as “classical PKU” in many settings."

I agree that this is a helpful change in terminology (I know of some patients whose diagnosis has changed from "PKU" to "hyperphe" and back as their levels/treatment have changed. Changing diagnosis rather than changing the estimated severity with the same diagnosis seems illogical.)

I think it would be a good idea for Wikipedia to follow this same convention, basically renaming the "PKU" article "PAH deficiency" and importing the (little) non-redundant information from the current "hyperphenylalaninemia" page into it. I can see from the talk page that something like this has been considered and rejected before, but given the revised guidelines from an influential medical association, I think we should re-think that. I don't know how to go about making a change like that, though...

Essential amino acid
If phenylalanine is an essential amino acid, and there are people who can't process it (nevermind about them getting sick), how do they survive? Wouldn't they stop being able to make new complete proteins in their bodies? Or can they survive on complete (animal) sources of protein and just hope only a small amount of the amino acids get broken up into that particular acid? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.72.206.153 (talk) 23:17, 22 December 2015 (UTC)
 * The problem is that they cannot get rid of the excess. Prevention of the disease is a diet low in phenylalanine, not completely deficient.David notMD (talk) 01:25, 17 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Added text and citations comparing what people with and without PKU should consume. David notMD (talk) 22:57, 14 October 2017 (UTC)

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Treatment part 2
I was doing a little research and I saw this:

"For people who do not have phenylketonuria, the U.S. Institute of Medicine set recommended at least 33 mg/kg body weight/day phenylalanine plus tyrosine for adults 19 years and older.[31] For people with PKU, a recommendation for children up to age 10 years is 200 to 500 mg/d; for older children and adults 220 to 1200 mg/day. Where in the range depends on body weight and age, and on monitoring blood concentration."

Now, if I understand that correctly, it's saying that the recommendation for unaffected adults is 33 mg/d. After that it says that the recommended amount for those afflicted is 220 to 1200 mg/d. I was confused by this, seeing such a low recommended amount for the unaffected and then a high number for the affected, especially since a low diet is recommended everywhere in the article. Is there a contradiction here or am I missing something?

Concerns with this edit
"Treatment is with a diet low in foods that contain phenylalanine and special supplements"

was changed to:

"Treatment is with a diet low in foods that contain phenylalanine, and it requires special supplements often with additional "Tetrahydrobiopterin|medicine"."

The ref which is here: recommends a special formula / supplements. "Tetrahydrobiopterin" however " only helps some people reduce the phenylalanine in their blood"

Supplements area always recommended, this stuff is only occasionally recommended and is discussed in the body of the text. The change was undue weight. Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 01:20, 10 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Agreed. The edit to mention diet for life, rather than up to age 10, in the lead is good, but BH4 supplementation is considerably more nuanced.  Canada Hky (talk) 14:23, 11 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Ref says "if instituted soon after birth and strictly followed up to the age of at least 10 years" Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 22:45, 19 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Phenylketonuria


text:
The Bard (The Twilight Zone)

"The Bard" is an episode of the American television anthology series The Twilight Zone. It was the final episode of The Twilight Zone to be one hour long. A direct satire of the American television industry, the episode features a parody of Marlon Brando by Burt Reynolds, and concerns an inept screenwriter, who through the use of black magic, employs William Shakespeare as his ghostwriter.

Opening narration
You've just witnessed opportunity, if not knocking, at least scratching plaintively on a closed door. Mr. Julius Moomer, a would-be writer, who if talent came 25 cents a pound, would be worth less than car fare. But, in a moment, Mr. Moomer, through the offices of some black magic, is about to embark on a brand-new career. And although he may never get a writing credit on the Twilight Zone, he's to become an integral character in it.

Plot
A bumbling screenwriter, Julius K. Moomer, is becoming desperate for a sale after years of working on unproduced scripts. When his agent mentions that he is submitting another writer's pitch for a television series about black magic, Julius pleads to be allowed to be given first crack at the series. Knowing nothing about the subject, he attempts some research, but turns up only an actual book of black magic. While experimenting with the book, he accidentally conjures William Shakespeare, who says he is at the service of the conjurer. Deciding not to waste Shakespeare's talent on a television pilot, Julius directs him to write a film.

The producers decide that Shakespeare's script, The Tragic Cycle, though archaic to the point of being almost incomprehensible, has potential. His task finished, Shakespeare proposes to leave. Julius argues that if he stops writing now, Shakespeare will lose his chance at Hollywood fame and become forgotten. Shakespeare at last says he will attend a rehearsal for the film and stay on if it does justice to his script. At the rehearsal, he is so horrified at the revisions by the sponsor that he assaults the leading man and storms out. Julius's next assignment, a TV special on American history, seems doomed to failure until he remembers his book on black magic, and uses it to conjure up Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant, Abraham Lincoln, George Washington, Pocahontas, Daniel Boone, Benjamin Franklin, and Theodore Roosevelt to act as consultants.

Closing narration
Mr. Julius Moomer, a streetcar conductor with delusions of authorship, and if the tale just told seems a little tall, remember a thing called poetic license, and another thing called the Twilight Zone.

Cast

 * Jack Weston as Julius Moomer
 * John Williams as William Shakespeare
 * Burt Reynolds as Rocky Rhodes
 * Henry Lascoe as Gerald Hugo
 * John McGiver as Mr. Shannon
 * Howard McNear as Bramhoff
 * Judy Strangis as Cora
 * Marge Redmond as Secretary
 * Doro Merande as Sadie
 * William Lanteau as Dolan
 * Clegg Hoyt as Bus driver
 * John Newton as TV interviewer
 * John Bose as Daniel Boone (uncredited)
 * Rudy Bowman as Robert E. Lee (uncredited)

Notes: Weston and McGiver appeared in the other episodes, "The Monsters Are Due on Maple Street" and "Sounds and Silences".

Production history
The episode was likely written by Rod Serling as a reaction to the advertising executives with whom he dealt regularly while producing for television. In the book The Twilight Zone Companion, Serling is quoted as saying that things were so bad with the overcautious executives that "one could not ford a river if Chevy was the sponsor."

The actor portrayed by Burt Reynolds satirizes Marlon Brando's style of method acting, augmented by the close physical resemblance between Reynolds and Brando during that period.

The episode was also featured in the final episode of The Sopranos, in 2007, "Made in America". Tony Soprano, the protagonist of the series, is seen watching this episode while in hiding from his enemies in a safe house.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Bard (The Twilight Zone)


text:
User talk:CoolMike

Welcome
--Slowking Man 07:22, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)

Plastic Engineering
Hi CoolMike The reason that environmental issues particualrly apply to plastics rather than say Steel or wood is in the nature of their imapact on limited world resources and their imapct on global CO2 levels. Few other enginnering mateerials have the same impact in terms of their whole life-cycle environmental impact as plastics do, hence my comments. Velela 08:09, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Woodworkers
GREAT call on that add of Studley. I've seen that case before, and wanted to include it's creator, but forgot who built it. That's an excellent add. If you find more good info, please add it! ThuranX 04:56, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry to not reply sooner. I think both those pages could use a reference to Studley's work, or as a famous example of. You might check if there's not a list of new england woodworkers, or some such as well. A third suggestion is that the WP:Woodworking group might also help you find other places to link to and insert information on Studley.ThuranX 20:45, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

Resin code/living hinge photo
Well, thanks. It's great to be recognized!--Joel 01:25, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

About viscosity article
Can you tell me why you delete the vibrating viscometer link on the viscosity article ? this website respect the rules actually the measurerment of process viscosity use this kind of system. I think you didn't check this website www.sofraser.com/viscometer.htm It is really not a spam. This link was there for a very long time, moreover Sofraser and I contribute a lot of to increase industrial articles about these subjects. Waiting for your point of view about this case.

Best regards

Marcus

 * Hi Marcus. Thanks for posting your question on my talk page.  As a general rule I try to avoid edit wars, so I was very hesitant to delete your link the second time.  In general for a link to a commercial web site is allowed in external link sections if it has a wealth of information that can not otherwise be included in the article, or if the article is about the commercial web site or company in question.  Neither of these are true in this case.  See WP:EL, Conflict_of_interest and WP:Spam.

 * I did delete it for a few reasons. First of all it has very little info of encyclopedeaic quality, especially if you are looking for information regarding viscosity without look for means of measuring viscosity.  In general a link like this belongs more in the viscometer article, if it belongs anywhere.  The only fact on the sofrasier website I see as being verifiable is that the vibrating viscometers require less maintenence.

 * Secondly, the web site you are linking to is poorly organized, and features bad grammer. Any wikipedian who follows it might be turned off to any information contained in the web site by its poor organization.

 * Thirdly the web site you are linking to appears to me to be non-neutral in point of view. Obviously any company is going to want to show their products in the best light possible, but this comes at the expense of a neautral point of view.

 * Fourthly, there are a ton of ways of measuring viscosity, and the page you are linking to only has meaningful information on a few of them. If it included lots of information about simple viscometers, capillary rheometers/plastometers, extrusion plastometers, and other forms of viscosity measurement I might be more likely to accept it's inclusion in this article.

 * Finally I removed it becuase the majority of edits you have done under your user name on wikipedia are related to finding ways to link to the SOFRASER web site. I felt like this was corroberating evidence to show that the link was spam, as it seemed like your main goal is directing traffic to the sofraser web site.

 * All that being said, I am a resonable person, and I am open to trying to resolve this issue in a fair manner. I wonder if we should put it to a vote on the talk page for the viscosity article.  Also we could try asking a few admins for thier opinion of wether it should be included or not.  Let me know what you think, and thanks again for posting on my talk page.  I was a little worried about simply getting into an edit war.  For now I will not delete the article again until after I have heard your response, and/or gotten a second opinion from a third party.  CoolMike 13:03, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

Hi, I am a designer of viscometry equipment. I, too, found that Marcus's focus in his viscometer page edits on the SOFRASER instrument is commercial spam. The instrument is one of many, each of which has merits and limitations. I, too, independently removed his spam, and gave my reasons, on the viscometer talk page, but he restored his version without comment. He doesn't respond to my request for a more neutral pov on his talk page. I don't quite know what to do about this, but you asked for a third opinion, and here it is. Diogenes 01:59, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

Thanks for your response. Unfortunately, marcus pipo reverted all my edits, and does not address my critiqe on his talk page. I don't want to start a childish edit war. What are my options? Thanks Diogenes 23:31, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Why would you remove a POV tag without joining in on the discussion?
I am enlightened that you found the questions on the discussion page frivolous but would have appreciated your reasoning behind that statement. I don't see how you, as a party that wasn't involved in the edits, can determine the article was no longer POV. 71.39.78.68 18:04, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

The article was never POV. The sections were in a logical order to a casual reader like myself. Assuming that people are not going to read the whole article is a bad assumption and leads to people trying to get thier point of view higher up on the table of contents. I read the article, saw that both sides were represented, and that both sides had references that seemed in order, and decided that it should not have a POV tag. In fact, putting a POV tag on that article is a way of making it less neutral (more POV) and not more neutral (less POV). Basically when you add that tag you are trying to invalidate the referenced sources that were part of the article. It seemed to me that a person made some infamous statements in written form, the validity of those statements were questioned. Then one or two scources say the statements were falsified, and one or two sources say the statements have been confirmed. How is that POV? Thanks for your question though. As always I appreciate someone who takes the time to post on my talk page. CoolMike 21:19, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

Your comment about re-directs to the Viscosity article
CoolMike, please note my response to your comment on Talk:Viscosity about re-directs to the Viscosity article. - mbeychok 21:47, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

Solidworks
You may find this article interesting, also this is about a reseller, but says Solidworks is the "world's most popular CAD (computer aided design) software.", which I highly doubt, I would think that AutoCAD would easily be above it....--kelapstick (talk) 22:52, 5 January 2010 (UTC)
 * No problem, glad to help.--kelapstick (talk) 23:44, 5 January 2010 (UTC)

Ken Griffey, Jr.
I reverted to Jauerback's version. Feel free to restore any useful edits that may have been removed. Reach Out to the Truth 23:08, 16 February 2010 (UTC)

Your recent edits
Hello. In case you didn't know, when you add content to talk pages and Wikipedia pages that have open discussion, you must sign your posts by typing four tildes ( ~~~~ ) at the end of your comment. You may also click on the signature button located above the edit window. This will automatically insert a signature with your username or IP address and the time you posted the comment. This information is useful because other editors will be able to tell who said what, and when. Thank you. --SineBot (talk) 03:41, 19 October 2010 (UTC)

Request board
I have removed your comment from the Request board as you do not appear to be asking for community input regarding article content, user conduct, or Wikipedia policy and guidelines.

The request board is for dispute resolution. If you just want general comments or help improving an article, then please go to peer review. VernoWhitney (talk) 19:02, 19 October 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:55, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:CoolMike


text:
Charles Paddock Zoo

The Charles Paddock Zoo is a 5 acre community zoo located in San Luis Obispo County, California, in the City of Atascadero on the Central Coast. It is home to an endangered male Malayan tiger named Menderu.

Accredited since 1991, the zoo is one of the smallest zoos accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA).

History
The Charles Paddock Zoo was started by Charles "Chuck" Paddock, a county park ranger, in the county animal shelter in 1955. Paddock would nurse wild animals back to health, and by 1959 his menagerie contained over 125 birds and mammals. In 1963 the animals were moved to the current location adjacent to the Atascadero Lake Park, just off State Route 41, and the new zoo was named Atascadero Children's Zoo.

In 1979, the City of Atascadero took over management of the zoo after it was incorporated. The name was changed to Charles Paddock Zoo in honor of its founder in 1980.

In 2010, while the zoo was under review for re-accreditation, it started a series of renovations and maintenance updates including new roofs, repaving, new public fencing, and a long list of other smaller projects. A new entrance to the zoo was opened on 9 November 2010. In April 2019, the zoo opened the Thelma Vetter Red Panda Experience, home to red pandas, Asian ratsnakes, and various birds.

Exhibits and animals
The zoo is home to more than 100 animals representing 45 species.

 * Birds

Birds at the zoo include black-necked stilt, Inca tern, Mandarin duck, ring-necked parakeet, ringed teal, roseate spoonbill, scarlet ibis, Sulawesi ground dove, and white-faced whistling duck in the aviary, blue and gold macaw, double yellow-headed amazon parrot, salmon-crested cockatoo, and scarlet macaw at the Parrot Pond, as well as burrowing owl, Caribbean flamingo, emu, great horned owl, and helmeted guineafowl.

 * Mammals

Mammals at the zoo include Jacob's sheep in the barnyard, titi monkey in the South American exhibit, and African crested porcupine, Bennett's wallaby, black-handed spider monkey, Channel Island fox, fossa, Malayan tiger, mara (Patagonia cavy), prehensile-tailed porcupine, Prevost's squirrel, red river hog, red ruffed lemur, slender-tailed meerkat, and white-fronted marmoset.

Reptiles and amphibians at the zoo include Aldabra giant tortoise, Burmese python, carpet python, desert tortoise, European pond turtle, giant Asian hill tortoise, Gila monster, South American red-footed tortoise, and African bullfrog (burrowing frog).
 * Reptiles and amphibians

The Central Coast Zoo Society
The Central Coast Zoo Society, originally formed in 1962 as the Children's Zoo Friendship Society, has formed partnerships with both the City of Atascadero and the Zoo Director to "support and promote the Charles Paddock Zoo, its exhibits, the educational and scientific programs, and the conservation and preservation of wildlife."

Projects
Plans for the future include a new fisher exhibit and a new Indo-Burma exhibit to include a tiger, red pandas, and a reptile house for Komodo dragons.

title: Charles Paddock Zoo


text:
Pupa's Window

Pupa's Window is a lo-fi singer/songwriter pseudonym from Baltimore, Maryland.

History
In 1994, singer/songwriter Michael Nestor formed Pupa's Window in Eldersburg, Maryland-mostly as a vehicle to document the recording process and produce lo-fi cassette recordings. In the early-to-mid 1990s, Pupa's Window recorded music at the advent of cassette-based, lo-fi indie pop. The project had some early success on college radio-typically charting in the CMJ New Music Report. After 2002, Pupa's Window records began to become more orchestrated, and involve other musicians. Shortly after joining The Beechfields Record Label in Baltimore, Maryland, Pupa's Window began to be regarded as one of the "best-kept indie-pop songwriter secrets" in Baltimore. The band's music draws comparison to Lou Barlow, Bill Callahan and Elliott Smith and has been described as, "a stripped-down, folky type of indie-pop with a freak factor provided by plenty of echoey production, a few odd instruments and sounds, and tape-loop tinkering." Between 1994 and 2008, Pupa's Window released over eighteen records on both cassette and compact disc, and collaborated with Baltimore-based artist Private Eleanor. Concurrently with this project, from 1998 to 2001, Nestor played in a shoegaze band, called Lowell. Work on both Pupa's Window and Lowell were instrumental in Nestor joining the alt-rock group The Seldon Plan. Recording as Pupa's Window contributed to The Seldon Plan's role in the Baltimore indie and DIY movement that experienced a revitalization across the late 1990s through the mid 2000s.

The lo-fi indie DIY ethos had a significant impact on Nestor and his work with Pupa's Window helped in his development of The Beechfields Record Label. In 2003, he founded The Beechfields. Nestor notes in an interview with Baltimore City Paper, the goal was to maintain an artist-centered approach to releasing records based on Virginia label Simple Machines founded by Jenny Toomey. In 2004, Baltimore musician Austin Stahl began working at The Beechfields with Nestor to develop the label's roster while playing percussion for Pupa's Window. Asked about the potential for too much emphasis on an inward-looking and diary-esque approach within lo-fi indie pop in general and Pupa's Window specifically, Nestor has said, "I'm really afraid of the self-indulgent aspect of this music...what I try to remember, is to keep things in the service of the song, that if something isn't working for the song--the lyrics, a drum loop, whatever--to rethink it."

title: Pupa's Window


text:
Talk:Araneomorphae

Stub
This article has been listed as a stub. Because of the nature of the category, the most informative content that can be provided is a list of the members of this group. I will add a drawing of the distinguishing feature of this group later. P0M 07:29, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I am removing a paragraph that relates to an entirely irrelevant Suborder. The Geolycosa is an example of the Araneomorphae, which is why it is listed here: Phylum: ARTHROPODA Class: 	ARACHNIDA Order: 	Araneida Suborder: Araneomorphae Family: Lycosida Genus: Geolycosa The other spider, shown as a contrast, belongs to the Suborder Mygalomorphae. P0M 16:34, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * That being said, I have a hard time to understand why Sphodros rufipes has its place in here too (as there's also the photograph in its respective suborder)... it seems these articles need overhauling. FelisSchrödingeris 01:08, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

Rewrite?
This article is in need of a rewrite, I think. Most of it appears to be copy-pasted from another source, and obviously someone has removed or repositioned some pictures, because one section refers to images that aren't actually there. Edaemus (talk) 11:39, 13 February 2010 (UTC)

Rank?
Is this a suborder as stated here or an infraorder within suborder Opisthothelae as stated in Spider and Wikispecies? --Stfg (talk) 14:30, 5 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Ranks do not matter much. Mithril (talk) 15:31, 5 December 2010 (UTC)
 * OK, I understand that view, but Wikipedia is inconsistent in its treatment of Opisthothelae and its members. I'd have the thought that the consitency does matter. --Stfg (talk) 20:38, 5 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Since there's no rank between order and suborder, if araneomorphs are considered a suborder, Opisthothelae have no rank. To my mind the appropriate solution of the inconsistency depends on what version is more common in taxoboxes. Mithril (talk) 09:59, 6 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I see, thanks. Unfortunately, some articles treat Araneomorphae as a suborder and some as an infraorder of Opisthothelae. I've raised the issue for spider articles as a whole at Talk:Spider. What's there is about all I can do as a layman. Please would you have a look at it? --Stfg (talk) 15:02, 7 December 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Araneomorphae


text:
The Clark Sisters

The Clark Sisters are an American gospel vocal group originally consisting of five sisters: Jacky Clark Chisholm (born 1948), Denise "Niecy" Clark-Bradford (born 1953), Elbernita "Twinkie" Clark (born 1954), Dorinda Clark-Cole (born 1957), and Karen Clark Sheard (born 1960). The Clark Sisters are the daughters of gospel musician and choral director Dr. Mattie Moss Clark. They are credited for helping to bring gospel music to the mainstream and are considered pioneers of contemporary gospel.

Their biggest hits include "Is My Living in Vain", "Praise the Lord (Hallelujah)", "I Can Do All Things Through Christ That Strengthens Me", "A Praying Spirit", "Nothing to Lose, All to Gain", "Endow Me", "Jesus Is a Love Song", "Ha-Ya (Eternal Life)", "Pure Gold", "Expect Your Miracle", and their biggest, mainstream crossover hit, "You Brought the Sunshine".

As a group, the Clark Sisters have won two Grammy Awards and are the highest-selling female gospel group in history. In 2020, the Clark Sisters were honored with the James Cleveland Lifetime Achievement Award at the 35th Annual Stellar Awards. In 2022, the group was inducted into the Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame. In 2024, the group (including Denise Clark-Bradford) was honored with the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, becoming the fifth gospel act to receive the award, after Mahalia Jackson, The Staple Singers, The Blind Boys of Alabama, and Shirley Caesar.

Early years
The Clark Sisters were born and raised in Detroit, Michigan, to gospel choir director and musician Dr. Mattie Moss Clark. Dr. Clark was married twice: her first marriage in 1945 to Leo H. Cullum, Sr. produced two children, Leo, Jr. and Jacqueline (Jacky). After her divorce, she met and later married Pastor Elbert Clark in 1952. This marriage produced four daughters: Denise, Elbernita (Twinkie), Dorinda, and Karen. They each began singing at an early age in the choir at their father's Church of God in Christ, and by the late 1960s they were all performing together in church services, usually singing songs written and arranged by their mother. Shortly after the Clarks' divorce in 1973, Dr. Clark formally created "the Clark Sisters" and the sisters recorded their first album, Jesus Has a Lot to Give, on their uncle (their mother's younger brother) Bill Moss' local label Billesse Records. The first television appearance of the Clark Sisters was on TV Gospel Time.

The following year, Dr. Mattie Moss Clark Presents the Clark Sisters was released and people around Detroit began to take notice of the group. The Clark Sisters signed to Sound of Gospel Records in 1974. Under this association, the group released albums such as Unworthy, Count It All Joy, and He Gave Me Nothing to Lose, which hit the top 20 of the Billboard Spiritual LPs chart. By this point, Dr. Clark had turned over control of the group to Twinkie, who continued to write, arrange, conduct, and produce all of the Clark Sisters' recordings. Their popularity soared with the release of the live recording Is My Living in Vain, in 1980. Their debut live recording was first ranked on the 1981 Billboard Spiritual Albums year-end chart at number 21, before topping the year-end Spiritual Albums chart of 1982. Opening with the bluesy title track, each sister vocally declares that their dedication to Christ is not a useless effort. The innovative "Ha-Ya (Eternal Life)" was funky enough to find its way into a Tonex-produced track over two decades later. Karen Clark's lead on "Speak Lord" expresses deep faith while the call to worship is raised on "Now Is the Time". Another hit from this release, "Expect Your Miracle", is still a staple in African American churches across the country.

Mainstream success (1981-1984)
Their next release, You Brought the Sunshine (1981), became successful due to its title track. Reminiscent of Stevie Wonder's "Master Blaster (Jammin')", the song became a hit in churches and on dance floors across the country, including New York's Studio 54. "You Brought the Sunshine (Into My Life)" was picked up from its original independent gospel record label Sound of Gospel and distributed by both Westbound Records and Elektra Records. In 1983, the song peaked at number 16 on Billboard Black Singles, number 27 on Dance Club Songs and in 2020 – the Live: One Last Time (2007) recording – hit number 11 on the Hot Gospel Songs chart. The album was also a commercial success, peaking at number nine on the US Top Gospel Albums chart and also appeared on both the 1983 and 1984 year-end charts at number two and 25 respectively. Furthermore, Billboard ranked The Clark Sisters as the number-four Top Gospel Albums Artist of 1982 and number-one Top Gospel Albums Artist of 1983.

The sisters delivered another album in 1982, Sincerely, which included "Name It, Claim It" and the politically charged "World". Though its success was overshadowed by You Brought the Sunshine, the sisters received their first Grammy Award nomination for Best Soul Gospel Performance by a Duo or Group for the album at the 26th Annual Grammy Awards. Shortly after winning the Grammy nomination, the Clark Sisters won the NAACP Image Award for best gospel group for 1983. After receiving a second Grammy nomination in the Best Soul Gospel Performance by a Duo or Group category for the song, "He'll Turn Your Scars into Stars" – later included on the album Heart & Soul (1986) – the sisters were invited to perform live on the following 27th Annual Grammy Awards in 1985, alongside their mother, where they performed "Hallelujah" as part of a medley with the year's fellow gospel nominees.

Denise's departure and subsequent projects (1986-1994)
In 1986, after a four-year gap between releases, the sisters Jacky, Twinkie, Dorinda, and Karen (sister Denise left the group earlier that year) continued to release music, signing with Rejoice Records, a division of Word. This new deal yielded the Grammy-nominated Heart & Soul, featuring the mainstream single "Time Out". This project made a top-five debut on Billboard's Gospel Charts and garnered the group a Dove Award. It featured the original versions of "Jesus Is a Love Song", "There Is a Balm in Gilead", and "Pray for the USA", all of which have been re-recorded several times. Although not pictured, Denise had contributed to the album before her departure but was later removed from the album. The music took on a more contemporary sound with programmed drums and synthesizers. Also included on this album were "Smile, God Loves You", "I Am Blessed", and the funky "He'll Turn Your Scars into Stars".

In 1988, The Clark Sisters released their Billboard chart-topping and critically acclaimed album Conqueror. It featured a bolder, more intense sound, with synthesizers, drum machines, and more funk-oriented beats. Conqueror quickly became a fan favorite with hits like "The Darkest Hour Is Just Before the Day", "Take Me Higher", "For the Love of the People", "Computers Rule the World", and the original studio version of "Jesus Forevermore".

In 1989, The Clark Sisters released their live album, Bringing It Back Home, recorded in their home town of Detroit. It was the last recording from The Clark Sisters on Word Records' Rejoice imprint and the last group album with Twinkie just before the launch of her solo career. The album included both previous hits and new material. It also featured guest appearances from Rance Allen and backing choir vocals from the Michigan State Choir under the direction of their mother, Dr. Mattie Moss Clark.

In 1994, The Clark Sisters (Jacky, Dorinda, and Karen) released their last studio album of the decade, Miracle, which was the first album recorded without the songwriting and vocals of sister Twinkie. Produced by BeBe Winans and Michael J. Powell, this disc featured a commercialized version of the Clark Sisters classic "Expect Your Miracle" (now titled "Miracle") and a remake of "Jesus Is the Best Thing". Dorinda made her songwriting debut on a Clark Sisters recording with "Work to Do". The album, although it fared well in sales, did not match the success of previous albums due to the Clark Sisters not being able to tour and promote the project due to the illness of their mother, Dr. Mattie Moss Clark, who died in September 1994 from diabetes complications.

Solo careers (1995-2006)
Following their last Word Records release, Twinkie resumed her calling as a minister and her solo career. She had previously released two solo albums under the Sound of Gospel Record label: 1979's Praise Belongs to God and 1981's Ye Shall Receive Power. In 1992 she recorded her independent solo album Comin' Home. She re-appeared in 1996 with a pair of albums to her credit: the solo studio release The Masterpiece for Ben Tankard's Tribute Records label and the live project Twinkie Clark-Terrell Presents the Florida A&M University Gospel Choir. She later released the following albums: Twinkie Clark & Friends: Live in Charlotte in 2002, Home Once Again: Live in Detroit in 2004, With Humility in 2011, Live & Unplugged in 2015, and with her nephew Larry Clark (her sister Denise's oldest son) The Generations in 2020.

Karen delivered her solo debut Finally Karen in 1997. The album, featuring The Clark Sisters, Faith Evans, and daughter Kierra Sheard, was nominated for a Grammy Award, in addition to winning a Soul Train Lady of Soul Award. She has since released five more solo albums: 2nd Chance, The Heavens Are Telling, It's Not Over, All in One, and Destined to Win.

Dorinda released her self-titled debut solo album, Dorinda Clark-Cole in 2002, earning her two Stellar Awards, and a Soul Train Lady of Soul award. She has since released four more solo albums: Live in Houston and Take It Back, each of which have earned her the award for Female Vocalist of the Year at the Stellar Awards; I Survived in 2011, and in 2015, she released her fifth solo album, Living It, which was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Gospel Album.

Jacky released her first solo project, Expectancy, in 2005, which features The Clark Sisters on the track "Blessing Me". In 2014, she released an urban-inspired single, "My Season", followed by singles "Cover Me" and "Shout". In February 2020, she released a single "Feel Good", featuring Mary J. Blige and rapper Tia P.

The Clark Sisters have all contributed in various capacities to each other's albums, whether they sang or wrote lyrics.

Live...One Last Time and Grammy recognition (2007-2009)
On July 8, 2006, The Clark Sisters (Jacky, Twinkie, Dorinda, and Karen) recorded a live album in Houston, Texas, entitled Live...One Last Time. The recording was directed and produced by Donald Lawrence and was released as a CD on April 10, 2007 on EMI Gospel, followed by a CD/DVD Special Edition release on June 19, 2007. In support of the reunion album, the Clark Sisters embarked on a 25-city concert tour beginning October 4, 2007 in Nashville, Tennessee. Though they had been thrice nominated previously for the Best Soul Gospel Performance by a Duo or Group Grammy with 1982's Sincerely, 1986's Heart & Soul, and 1988's Conqueror without a win, the group was nominated for two Grammys in 2008. Live...One Last Time won the award for Best Traditional Gospel Album. Its album track "Blessed & Highly Favored" won the award for Best Gospel Performance, and as songwriter of "Blessed & Highly Favored," sister Karen Clark Sheard won the individual award for Best Gospel Song. Additionally, at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards ceremony featuring a gospel segment with Aretha Franklin, BeBe Winans, Israel & New Breed, and Trin-i-tee 5:7, the Clark Sisters performed a snippet of their signature hit "You Brought the Sunshine" when the ceremony was broadcast on February 10 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles.

Following the group's resurgence in popularity, Rhino Entertainment released a greatest-hits collection including material from three albums recorded for Word Records from the mid-1980s through the early 1990s, including the Grammy-nominated Heart & Soul. The album, Encore: The Best of the Clark Sisters, was released on February 12, 2008. In December of that year, TV One's popular hour-long music documentary series Unsung featured the Clark Sisters in its second episode. The episode, which highlighted the group's role in breaking down barriers in gospel music, featured interviews with each sister except sister Denise Clark-Bradford, who since leaving the group, had relocated to California and had begun a ministry.

In 2009, the Clark Sisters released their second Christmas album, entitled The Clark Sisters' Family Christmas, which featured special appearances by Karen's daughter Kierra Sheard, and their cousins Bill Moss, Jr. and James Moss (known as J. Moss). The album was produced by Karen's son, J. Drew Sheard, II.

Lifetime movie and The Return (2018-present)
On November 11, 2018, it was reported that The Clark Sisters would have a television biopic, The Clark Sisters: First Ladies of Gospel. The film aired on Lifetime on April 11, 2020, and netted a viewership of 2.7 million, giving the network its highest rated original movie in four years. The film was executive produced by Queen Latifah, Missy Elliott, and Mary J. Blige, and starred Aunjanue Ellis as Dr. Mattie Moss Clark, Angela Birchett as Jacky Clark Chisholm, Raven Goodwin as Denise Clark-Bradford, Christina Bell as Twinkie Clark, Sheléa Frazier as Dorinda Clark Cole, and Kierra Sheard as her mother, Karen Clark Sheard. The movie was directed by Christine Swanson, the story was by Camille Tucker, with a teleplay by Sylvia L. Jones and Camille Tucker.

On October 18, 2019, the Clark Sisters debuted their new single "Victory" on Erica Campbell's radio show Get Up Erica. The single was later released on November 15, 2019, through Karew/Motown Gospel/Capitol CMG On March 13, 2020, the Clark Sisters released their seventeenth album, The Return. Their first release in over a decade, it featured production from J. Drew Sheard, II, Warryn Campell, Rodney Jerkins, Jermaine Dupri, Mano Hines, and Kurt Carr, with a special feature by Snoop Dogg on the track, "His Love".

In September 2023, the Clark Sisters embarked on the Reunion Tour with Kirk Franklin, Tye Tribbett, Israel Houghton, and Tamela Mann. The tour spanned 29 shows across North America and ended in Dallas, Texas on November 24, 2023.

In January 2024, it was announced that the Clark Sisters would be honored with the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.

"The Clark Sound"
Since early in the group's development, Twinkie has been the chief songwriter, vocal arranger, and producer for the group. The Clark Sisters as a whole are renowned for their group style, dubbed as "the Clark Sound". They incorporate high and fast melismas, acrobatic trills and riffs, and deep, soulful growls or "squalls". While they have been praised for their precise harmonies, The Clark Sisters are also known for their individual, distinctive vocal styles, and while there is no single lead vocalist in the group, each sister has led a handful of songs over the years.

The Clark Sisters have cited Aretha Franklin, who also grew up in Detroit, as a major musical influence. When Franklin died of pancreatic cancer in 2018, the Clark Sisters sang one of their signature songs, "Is My Living in Vain", at her funeral service.

Influence and covers
The Clark Sisters are credited as vocal inspirations to Faith Evans, Beyonce, Kelly Price, Missy Elliott, Mary Mary, Queen Latifah, Kelly Rowland, Mary J. Blige, Yebba and Mariah Carey. Their musical influence has been celebrated through covers and interpolations from both religious and secular artists alike.

BET Awards
The BET Awards are awarded annually by the Black Entertainment Television network. The Clark Sisters have received 2 nominations.

Dove Awards
The Dove Awards are awarded annually by the Gospel Music Association. The Clark Sisters have won 2 awards from 8 nominations.

Grammy Awards
The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. The Clark Sisters have won 3 awards from 7 nominations, including a Lifetime Achievement award.

NAACP Image Awards
The NAACP Image Awards are awarded annually by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). The Clark Sisters have won 2 awards from 4 nominations.

Soul Train Awards
The Soul Train Music Awards are awarded annually. The Clark Sisters have received 3 nominations.

Stellar Awards
The Stellar Awards are awarded annually by SAGMA. The Clark Sisters have received 8 awards and 1 honorary award.

title: The Clark Sisters


text:
NCL

NCL may refer to:

Places

 * New Caledonia, French territory in the Pacific

Organizations

 * National Carriers Limited, a former British road haulage company subsequently merged into Lynx Express
 * National Central Library, China
 * National Central Library (disambiguation) (various other libraries)
 * National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
 * National Consumers League, US
 * Newcastle University
 * Nintendo Company Limited, Japanese video game company
 * Northern Coalfields, Indian coal company

Science

 * Native chemical ligation, a chemical way to synthesize proteins
 * Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, neurodegenerative disorders
 * nidopallium caudolaterale, part of the birdbrain's nidopallium
 * Nucleolin, a protein
 * Nested Context Language
 * NCAR Command Language
 * NULL convention logic, a form of asynchronous logic

Sports

 * National Conference League, a rugby league in the UK
 * National Cricket League, Bangladesh
 * North Coast League, a high school athletic conference in Ohio

Transport

 * Newcastle International Airport, England
 * Newcastle railway station, England
 * North Coast railway line, Queensland, Australia
 * North Coast railway line, New South Wales, Australia
 * National City Lines, American transportation company
 * Northern City Line, railway line in London
 * Norwegian Cruise Line, a cruise ship company

title: NCL


text:
Gunnery

Gunnery may refer to:
 * The use of guns or the study of how to apply the techniques and procedures of operating them
 * The operation of artillery
 * The operation of naval artillery
 * The Gunnery, a coeducational prep school in Connecticut, United States

title: Gunnery


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Joseph Dickens

Joseph Dickens
Joseph Dickens was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

 * Delete, vanity. Also Dickonian Theory.-gadfium (talk) 07:44, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity. If you feel this should have been speedy-deleted, see Wikipedia:Proposal_to_expand_WP:CSD. --Carnildo 08:13, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Not sure this qualifies as speedy, but there's no doubt it needs to see deletee. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 08:14, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. Likely self-promotion. Not a speedy under current rules though. jni 08:17, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity - I would vote for speedy. Jeff Knaggs 08:19, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, borderline speedy, abusive vanity. Wyss 22:00, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Regardless of how, please delete this patent vanity page. Edeans 00:41, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dickonian Theory

Dickonian Theory
Dickonian Theory was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

 * Delete. Vanity.-gadfium (talk) 07:45, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity and original research. --Carnildo 08:06, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Zero Google hits for "Dickonian Theory". Searching "Joseph Dickens" + sociology shows total of one hits. jni 08:13, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, cranky vanity. Wyss 21:59, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, obvious vanity. Edeans 00:48, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:193.188.105.8

title: User talk:193.188.105.8


text: User talk:63.24.14.26

title: User talk:63.24.14.26


text:
Talk:The Julekalender

I have completely rewritten this article, and, unless anyone objects, I will go on to remove the clean-up tag shortly. Brother Dysk 08:24, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)

Old Version
Aha! There was a Norweigan remake. Details of this moved to The Julekalender (Norwegian remake) Brother Dysk 08:25, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * I updated the above link because the page has been moved to a more descriptive title and the redirect is being proposed for deletion. RJFJR 23:42, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Seems like a bunch of material has been deleted and not moved. Hu 09:13, 2004 Dec 26 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Julekalender


text:
Harry H. Laughlin

Harry Hamilton Laughlin (March 11, 1880 – January 26, 1943) was an American educator and eugenicist. He served as the superintendent of the Eugenics Record Office from its inception in 1910 to its closure in 1939, and was among the most active individuals influencing American eugenics policy, especially compulsory sterilization legislation.

Early life
Harry Hamilton Laughlin was born March 11, 1880, in Oskaloosa, Iowa. He graduated from the First District Normal School (now Truman State University) in Kirksville, Missouri. In 1917, he earned a Doctor of Science degree from Princeton University in the field of cytology.

Eugenics Record Office
He worked as a high school teacher and principal before his interest turned to eugenics. This led to his correspondence with Charles Davenport, an early researcher into Mendelian inheritance in the United States. In 1910, Davenport asked Laughlin to move to Long Island, New York, to serve as the superintendent of his new research office.

The Eugenics Record Office (ERO) was founded at Cold Spring Harbor, New York, by Davenport with initial support from Mary Williamson Averell (Mrs. E. H. Harriman) and John Harvey Kellogg, and later by the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Laughlin was appointed as managing director and pursued the goals of the institution, even co-writing a eugenical comedy in four acts for performance at the ERO for the amusement of field workers being trained. He regularly lectured to groups around the United States.

Laughlin provided extensive statistical testimony to the United States Congress in support of the Johnson-Reed Immigration Act of 1924. Part of his testimony dealt with "excessive" insanity among immigrants from southern Europe and eastern Europe. He also argued that most Jews were born feeble-minded. Bacterial geneticist Herbert Spencer Jennings, condemned Laughlin's statistics as invalid because they compared recent immigrants to more settled immigrants. Economist Joseph M. Gillman criticized the statistical analysis and research methodology of Laughlin's work, arguing that there were rudimentary statistics errors, as well as selection bias. For instance, Laughlin asserted that various forms of "degeneracy" were innate to certain racial groups of recent immigrants by looking at populations in asylums and homes for the disabled. However, he failed to account for the fact that racial groups of older immigrant communities were more likely to take care of their disabled at home rather than place them in institutions, which was not the case for smaller recent immigrant groups who may not have family in the country to take care of them.

He was eventually appointed as an expert eugenics agent to the Committee on Immigration and Naturalization (the 1924 law applied national-origin quotas on immigrants, which stopped the large Italian and Russian influx of the early 1900s).

In 1927, the Eugenics Research Association, of which Laughlin was an officer, began a study of the heritage of U.S. Senators. Some senators were enthusiastic while others reluctantly complied, and Senator William Cabell Bruce questioned whether eugenics was even a science and refused to participate. Laughlin wrote to Bruce's hometown newspaper in an attempt to gain the information.

Sterilization laws
One of Laughlin's interests was to encourage the proliferation of compulsory sterilization legislation in the United States, to sterilize the "unfit" members of the population. By 1914, twelve states had already passed sterilization laws, beginning with Indiana in 1907 and Connecticut in 1909. However, the laws were not employed with significant vigor, with the exception of California. In his study of this, Laughlin deduced that much of the state sterilization legislation was poorly worded, leaving it open to questions of constitutionality and confusion over bureaucratic responsibility. As a result, Laughlin drafted the Model Eugenical Sterilization Law, a model act for compulsory sterilization, intended to obviate these difficulties. He published the proposal in his 1922 study of American sterilization policy, Eugenical Sterilization in the United States. It included as subjects for eugenic sterilization: the feeble-minded, the insane, criminals, epileptics, alcoholics, blind persons, deaf persons, deformed persons, and indigent persons. An additional eighteen states passed laws based on Laughlin's model, including Virginia in 1924.

The first person ordered sterilized in Virginia under the new law was Carrie Buck, on the grounds that she was a "probable potential parent of socially inadequate offspring." A lawsuit ensued and Laughlin, who had never met Buck, gave a deposition endorsing her suitability for sterilization, calling the family members of Buck "the shiftless, ignorant, and worthless class of anti-social whites of the South". Other scientists from the ERO testified in person. The state won the case, which was appealed to the United States Supreme Court in 1927. The resulting case, Buck v. Bell, upheld the constitutionality of the laws that Laughlin helped write. Five months after the court confirmed the law, Carrie Buck was sterilized. A law allowing for the sterilization of repeat criminals was overturned in 1942, in Skinner v. Oklahoma, but sterilizations of mental patients continued into the 1970s. Altogether more than 60,000 Americans were sterilized. Virginia repealed its sterilization law in 1974. Laughlin also supported the passage of Virginia's Racial Integrity Act, which outlawed miscegenation. In 1967, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned that law in Loving v. Virginia.

Association with German eugenics
The Reichstag of Nazi Germany passed the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring in 1933, closely based on Laughlin's model. Between 35,000 and 80,000 persons were sterilized in the first full year alone (it is now known that over 350,000 persons were sterilized). Laughlin was awarded an honorary degree by the University of Heidelberg in 1936 for his work on behalf of the "science of racial cleansing." However, reports about the extensive use of compulsory sterilization in Germany began to appear in US newspapers. By the end of the decade, eugenics had become associated with Nazism and poor science. Support for groups like the American Eugenics Society began to fade. In 1935, a review panel convened by the Carnegie Institute concluded that the ERO's research did not have scientific merit. By 1939, the institute withdrew funding for the ERO, which was forced to close.

Laughlin was a founding member of the Pioneer Fund, and was its first president, serving from 1937 to 1941. The Pioneer Fund was created by Wickliffe Draper in order to promote the "betterment of the race" through eugenics. Draper had been supporting the Eugenics Research Association and its Eugenical News since 1932. One of the first projects that Laughlin pursued for the Fund was the distribution of two films from Germany depicting the success of eugenics programs in that country.

Laughlin lobbied to keep immigration barriers enforced during the Nazi Holocaust, preventing Jews from reaching safety in the United States. A biographer has described Laughlin as "among the most racist and anti-Semitic of early twentieth-century eugenicists."

World government
As well as his interest in eugenics, Laughlin was fascinated by the idea of establishing a world government. He worked on his plans for this throughout his adult life. The world government model that he devised was loosely based on the U.S. Constitution and the League of Nations. The allotment of representation in the body was heavily biased in favor of Europe and North America, particularly the United Kingdom and the United States. Laughlin believed that his world government model would promote the eugenicist aim of preventing the intermixing of different races. Many leading internationalists expressed interest in Laughlin's world government plan; these included Edward M. House, Woodrow Wilson's foreign policy adviser.

Retirement and death
Laughlin and his wife Pansy married in 1902; the couple did not have children. Laughlin was pressured into retirement by Vannevar Bush in 1939, after a series of severe seizures. These seizures may have been due to hereditary epilepsy. After his retirement from the Eugenics Record Office, the couple returned to Kirksville in December 1939. Laughlin died January 26, 1943, and was buried near his father and mother in Highland Park Cemetery in Kirksville.

title: Harry H. Laughlin


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Principles of Islamic jurisprudence

Principles of Islamic jurisprudence (أصول الفقه) are traditional methodological principles used in Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) for deriving the rulings of Islamic law (sharia).

Traditional theory of Islamic jurisprudence elaborates how the scriptures (Quran and hadith) should be interpreted from the standpoint of linguistics and rhetoric. It also comprises methods for establishing authenticity of hadith and for determining when the legal force of a scriptural passage is abrogated by a passage revealed at a later date. In addition to the Quran and hadith, the classical theory of Sunni jurisprudence recognizes secondary sources of law: juristic consensus (ijmaʿ) and analogical reasoning (qiyas). It therefore studies the application and limits of analogy, as well as the value and limits of consensus, along with other methodological principles, some of which are accepted by only certain legal schools (madhahib). This interpretive apparatus is brought together under the rubric of ijtihad, which refers to a jurist's exertion in an attempt to arrive at a ruling on a particular question. The theory of Twelver Shia jurisprudence parallels that of Sunni schools with some differences, such as recognition of reason (ʿaql) as a source of law in place of qiyās and extension of the notions of hadith and sunnah to include traditions of the imams.

Etymology
Uṣūl al-fiqh is a genitive construction with two Arabic terms, uṣūl and fiqh. Uṣūl means roots or basis. Some says, Uṣūl, the plural form of Aṣl, means Rājih (preponderant). Also means Qā’idah (rules) which the real application of the word. For example: "every sentence must contain a verb" is a rule of Grammar. Fiqh linguistically refers to knowledge, deep understanding or comprehension. In the context of Islamic law, it refers to traditional Islamic jurisprudence.

Overview
Classical jurists held that human reason is a gift from God which should be exercised to its fullest capacity. However, they believed that use of reason alone is insufficient to distinguish right from wrong, and that rational argumentation must draw its content from the body of transcendental knowledge revealed in the Quran and through the sunnah of Muhammad.

Quran
In Islam, the Quran is considered to be the most sacred source of law. Classical jurists held its textual integrity to be beyond doubt on account of it having been handed down by many people in each generation, which is known as "recurrence" or "concurrent transmission" (tawātur). Only several hundred verses of the Quran have direct legal relevance, and they are concentrated in a few specific areas such as inheritance, though other passages have been used as a source for general principles whose legal ramifications were elaborated by other means.

Hadith
The body of hadith provides more detailed and practical legal guidance, but it was recognized early on that not all of them were authentic. Early Islamic scholars developed a methodology for evaluating their authenticity by assessing trustworthiness of the individuals listed in their transmission chains. These criteria narrowed down the vast corpus of prophetic traditions to several thousand "sound" hadiths, which were collected in several canonical compilations. The hadiths which enjoyed concurrent transmission were deemed unquestionably authentic; however, the vast majority of hadiths were handed down by only one or a few transmitters and were therefore seen to yield only probable knowledge. The uncertainty was further compounded by ambiguity of the language contained in some hadiths and Quranic passages. Disagreements on the relative merits and interpretation of the textual sources allowed legal scholars considerable leeway in formulating alternative rulings.

Ijmā' (consensus)
Consensus (ijma) could in principle elevate a ruling based on probable evidence to absolute certainty. This classical doctrine drew its authority from a series of hadiths stating that the Islamic community could never agree on an error. This form of consensus was technically defined as agreement of all competent jurists in any particular generation, acting as representatives of the community. However, the practical difficulty of obtaining and ascertaining such an agreement meant that it had little impact on legal development. A more pragmatic form of consensus, which could be determined by consulting works of prominent jurists, was used to confirm a ruling so that it could not be reopened for further discussion. The cases for which there was a consensus account for less than 1 percent of the body of classical jurisprudence.

Qiyās (analogical reasoning) and 'aql (reason)
Analogical reasoning (qiyas) is used to derive a ruling for a situation not addressed in the scripture by analogy with a scripturally-based rule. In a classic example, the Quranic prohibition of drinking wine is extended to all intoxicating substances, on the basis of the "cause" (ʿilla) shared by these situations, which in this case is identified to be intoxication. Since the cause of a rule may not be apparent, its selection commonly occasioned controversy and extensive debate. Twelver Shia jurisprudence does not recognize the use of qiyās, but relies on reason (ʿaql) in its place.

Ijtihād

The classical process of ijtihād combined these generally recognized principles with other methods, which were not adopted by all legal schools, such as istiḥsān (juristic preference), istiṣlāḥ (consideration of public interest) and istiṣḥāb (presumption of continuity). A jurist who is qualified to practice ijtihad is known as a mujtahid. The use of independent reasoning to arrive at a ruling is contrasted with taqlīd (imitation), which refers to following the rulings of a mujtahid. By the beginning of the 10th century, development of Sunni jurisprudence prompted leading jurists to state that the main legal questions had been addressed and the scope of ijtihad was gradually restricted. From the 18th century on, leading Muslim reformers began calling for abandonment of taqlid and renewed emphasis on ijtihad, which they saw as a return to the vitality of early Islamic jurisprudence.

Decision types (aḥkām)
Sharia rulings fall into one of five categories known as "the five rulings" (al-aḥkām al-khamsa): mandatory (farḍ or wājib), recommended (mandūb or mustaḥabb), neutral (mubāḥ), reprehensible (makrūh), and forbidden (ḥarām). It is a sin or a crime to perform a forbidden action or not to perform a mandatory action. Reprehensible acts should be avoided, but they are not considered to be sinful or punishable in court. Avoiding reprehensible acts and performing recommended acts is held to be subject of reward in the afterlife, while neutral actions entail no judgement from God. Jurists disagree on whether the term ḥalāl covers the first three or the first four categories. The legal and moral verdict depends on whether the action is committed out of necessity (ḍarūra).

Aims of sharia and public interest
Maqāṣid (aims or purposes) of sharia and maṣlaḥa (welfare or public interest) are two related classical doctrines which have come to play an increasingly prominent role in modern times. They were first clearly articulated by al-Ghazali (d. 1111 C.E/ 505 A.H), who argued that maslaha was God's general purpose in revealing the divine law, and that its specific aim was preservation of five essentials of human well-being: religion, life, intellect, offspring, and property. Although most classical-era jurists recognized maslaha and maqāsid as important legal principles, they held different views regarding the role they should play in Islamic law. Some jurists viewed them as auxiliary rationales constrained by scriptural sources and analogical reasoning. Others regarded them as an independent source of law, whose general principles could override specific inferences based on the letter of scripture. While the latter view was held by a minority of classical jurists, in modern times it came to be championed in different forms by prominent scholars who sought to adapt Islamic law to changing social conditions by drawing on the intellectual heritage of traditional jurisprudence. These scholars expanded the inventory of maqāsid to include such aims of sharia as reform and women's rights (Rashid Rida); justice and freedom (Mohammed al-Ghazali); and human dignity and rights (Yusuf al-Qaradawi).

Schools of law

The main Sunni schools of law (madhhabs) are the Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i and Hanbali madhhabs. They grew out of differences of opinion and methodology between the sahāba and each generation of students after them. Initially there were hundreds of schools of thought which eventually contracted into the prominent four. These four schools recognize each other's validity and they have interacted in legal debate over the centuries. Rulings of these schools are followed across the Muslim world without exclusive regional restrictions, but they each came to dominate in different parts of the world. For example, the Maliki school is predominant in North and West Africa; the Hanafi school in South and Central Asia; the Shafi'i school in Lower Egypt, East Africa, and Southeast Asia; and the Hanbali school in North and Central Arabia.

The first centuries of Islam also witnessed a number of short-lived Sunni madhhabs. The Zahiri school, which is commonly identified as extinct, continues to exert influence over legal thought. The development of Shia legal schools occurred along the lines of theological differences and resulted in formation of the Twelver, Zaidi and Ismaili madhhabs, whose differences from Sunni legal schools are roughly of the same order as the differences among Sunni schools. The Ibadi legal school, distinct from Sunni and Shia madhhabs, is predominant in Oman.

The transformations of Islamic legal institutions in the modern era have had profound implications for the madhhab system. Legal practice in most of the Muslim world has come to be controlled by government policy and state law, so that the influence of the madhhabs beyond personal ritual practice depends on the status accorded to them within the national legal system. State law codification commonly used the methods of takhayyur (selection of rulings without restriction to a particular madhhab) and talfiq (combining parts of different rulings on the same question). Legal professionals trained in modern law schools have largely replaced traditional ulema as interpreters of the resulting laws. Global Islamic movements have at times drawn on different madhhabs and at other times placed greater focus on the scriptural sources rather than classical jurisprudence. The Hanbali school, with its particularly strict adherence to the Quran and hadith, has inspired conservative currents of direct scriptural interpretation by the Salafi and Wahhabi movements. Other currents, such as networks of Indonesian ulema and Islamic scholars residing in Muslim-minority countries, have advanced liberal interpretations of Islamic law without focusing on traditions of a particular madhhab.

Principles within Sunni Islam
Islamic scholar Sayyid Rashid Rida (1865 – 1935 C.E) lists the four basic principles of Islamic law, agreed upon by all Sunni Muslims:"'the [well-known] sources of legislation in Islam are four: the Qur'an, the Sunnah, the consensus of the ummah and ijtihad undertaken by competent jurists'"

The contribution of al-Shafi'i
Al-Shafi'i documented a systematized set of principles, developing a cohesive procedure for legal derivation of verdicts. His approach contrasted with the Hanafite methodology that determined the sources from the sayings and rulings of the companions and successors. Furthermore, he raised the Sunnah to a place of prominence and restricted its legal use. According to Shafi'i, only practices directly passed down from Muhammad were valid, eliminating the legitimacy of practices of Muhammad's followers. Prior to Shafi'i, legal reasoning included personal reasoning thus suffering from inconsistency. Shafi'i is probably best known for writing Risala, a prime example of applying logic and order to Islamic jurisprudence. While Risala is considered a seminal work in the field of principles, it has been noted that the term "usul" is neither found in the title of the book nor is it used as such within the text.

Evolution of methods
Between Shāfi'i's Al-Risala and the next attested works of Usul al-Fiqh is a gap of several hundred years. These later works were significantly different from Shafi'is book, likely due to the insertion of Mu'tazilite and Ash'arite theology into works of jurisprudence. The difference between Shafi'i's work and these later works –  in terms of both content and the large chronological gap between which they were all composed  –  is so great that modern scholarship has questioned the status of Shafi'i as the founder of Islamic jurisprudence.

Indeed, even the division of the sources of Sunni law into four –  Qur'an, prophetic tradition, consensus and analogical reason  –  was not present in Shafi'is books at all, despite Muslim scholarship generally attributing this division to him. According to Qadi al-Nu'man, one of the earliest jurists to write about usul after Shafi'i did – perhaps during Shafi'is lifetime – was Abū 'Ubaid al-Qāsim b. Sallām, who actually considered the sources of law to consist of only three –  the Qur'an, the prophetic tradition, and consensus consisting of either scholarly consensus or consensus of the early generations. This division into four sources is most often attributed to later jurists upon whose work most Sunni jurisprudence has been modeled such as Baqillani and Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad, of the Ash'arite and Mu'tazilite schools respectively. Thus, the four main sources often attributed to Shafi'i evolved into popular usage long after his death.

Application of sources
Even after this evolution, there are still some disputes among Sunni jurists regarding these four sources and their application. Malik ibn Anas, Ahmad ibn Hanbal and in particular Dawud al-Zahiri rejected all forms of analogical reason in authentic narrations from them, yet the later Malikites and Hanbalites  –  and in some cases, even Zahirites  –  gravitated toward the acceptance of varying levels of analogical reason already accepted by Shafi'ites and Hanafites. Malik and Abu Hanifa both accepted pure reason as a source of law; Ahmad and Shafi'i did not, and Shafi'i was especially hostile to juristic preference as implemented by Abu Hanifa, yet pure reason later found its way into all Sunni schools of law.

The question of consensus has evolved considerably. Abu Hanifa, Ahmad and Zahiri only accepted the consensus of the first generation of Muslims, while Malik was willing to accept the consensus of the first generation in general or the consensus of later generations within the community of Medina. Shafi'i insinuated that consensus was not practically possible to confirm. Later scholars of all schools eventually followed the views of Al-Ghazali and Ibn Taymiyyah in expanding the definition of accepted consensus to include scholarly consensus and silent consensus as well.

Principles within Shia Islam
In Shi'a legal theory, analogical reason is not recognised as a source of law; pure reason is, however. Shi'ites may differ in the exact application of principles depending on whether they follow the Ja'fari, Ismaili or Zaidi subdivisions of Shi'ism.

Ja'fari principles
There are two interpretations of what constitutes sources of law among jurists of the Ja'fari school.

 * According to the Akhbari view, the only sources of law are the Quran and the Hadith, and any case not explicitly covered by one of these must be regarded as not having been provided for.
 * According to the majority Usuli view, it is legitimate to seek general principles by induction, to provide for cases not expressly provided for. This process is known as ijtihad, and the intellect is recognised as a source of law. It differs from the Sunni qiyas in that it does not simply extend existing laws on a test of factual resemblance: it is necessary to formulate a general principle that can be rationally supported.

Javadi Amoli wrote about source of revelation in Shiism:
 * 1) The most important source in Shiite law is the Quran itself, which interprets itself
 * 2) The other source is the tradition of the "infallibles" (the family of Muhammad), according to the successive tradition (Saqalain) passed down by the family of Muhammad as well as according to the Quran itself: to accept one without the other is equivalent to rejecting both of them.
 * 3) A third source is theoretical wisdom where it is impossible to conceive the contrary, which proves the existence of God and the necessity of his unity, eternity, pre-existence, power, will and other exalted attributes: this cannot be denied with any verse.
 * 4) Although we cannot impose science upon the Quran, we can use verified scientific, experimental, historical, artistic, logical and other evidence to interpret the subject addressed in a given passage, rather than through another verse.

In doubtful cases the law is often derived not from substantive principles induced from existing rules, but from procedural presumptions (usul 'amaliyyah) concerning factual probability. An example is the presumption of continuity: if one knows that a given state of affairs, such as ritual purity, existed at some point in the past but one has no evidence one way or the other whether it exists now, one can presume that the situation has not changed.

The analysis of probability forms a large part of the Shiite science of usul al-fiqh, and was developed by Muhammad Baqir Behbahani (1706–1792) and Shaykh Murtada al-Ansari (died 1864). The only primary text on Shi'ite principles of jurisprudence in English is the translation of Muhammad Baqir as-Sadr's Durus fi 'Ilm al-'Usul.

Parts of the Shiite Uşūl al-Fiqh
Discussions of this science are presented in various parts in the works of uşūl al-fiqh. However, the best division is presented by al-Muhaqqiq al-Isfahani (d. 1940) in his last course of teaching (as narrated by his great student Muhammad Rida al-Muzaffar in his Uşūl al-Fiqh, p. 11) according to which all uşūlī topics are discussed in the four following parts: Discussions of "terms," of "intellectual implications," of "the authority," and of "practical principles." Discussions of terms deal with denotations and appearances of terms from a general aspect, such as appearance of the imperative in the obligation, that of the prohibition in the unlawfulness, and the like. Discussions of intellectual implications survey implications of precepts even though such precepts may not be inferred from terms, such as discussing truthfulness of mutual implication of intellectual judgments and juristic precepts, of obligation of something necessitating obligation of its preliminaries (known as "the problem of preliminary of the mandatory act"), of obligation of something necessitating unlawfulness of its opposite (known as "the problem of the opposite"), of possibility of conjunction of the command and the prohibition, and so on. Discussions of the authority investigate whether some specific thing is juristically treated as a proof; for instance, whether report of a single transmitter, appearances, appearances of the Quran, Sunna, consensus, intellect, and the like are authoritative proofs. Discussions of practical principles deal with what the jurist refers to when he cannot find a persuasive proof, such as the principle of clearance from obligation, that of precaution, and so forth. For more on this science, see An Introduction to Methodology of Islamic Jurisprudence(A Shiite Approach)

Ismaili principles
Most early Ismaili works within the field of the principles of jurisprudence were actually responses to Sunni works on the topic. Qadi al-Nu'man's Differences Among the Schools of Law is most likely the first of such written responses.

Famous classical Muslim jurists (usulis)

 * Ja'far al-Sadiq
 * Abu Hanifa
 * Al-Shafi'i
 * Malik ibn Anas
 * Ahmad ibn Hanbal
 * Al-Amidi
 * Al-Ghazali
 * Al-Sarakhsi
 * Al-Isnawi
 * Abu Yusuf
 * Shaybani
 * Al-Qurtubi
 * Al-Layth ibn Sa'd
 * Sufyan ibn ʽUyaynah
 * Abdullah ibn Mubarak
 * Sufyan al-Thawri

Famous contemporary Muslim jurists (usoolis)

 * Sheikh Abdur Rahman Nasir as sathi
 * Sheikh Adam Al ethiyopie

title: Principles of Islamic jurisprudence


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Short Circuit 2

Short Circuit 2 is a 1988 American science fiction comedy film, the sequel to the 1986 film Short Circuit. It was directed by Kenneth Johnson and starred Fisher Stevens as Ben Jahveri, Michael McKean as Fred Ritter, Cynthia Gibb as Sandy Banatoni, and Tim Blaney as the voice of Johnny 5 (the main character – a friendly, naive, self-aware robot).

Plot
After being fired from Nova Robotics after the events of the first movie, Benjamin Jahveri (nee Jabituya) starts up his own business, "Titanic Toy Corporation", which specializes in making sophisticated toy robots that he builds by hand from the back of his truck. For two days, Ben has been in an unspecified U.S. metropolis peddling his toy robots on the street corners. One robot wanders away from his stand and ends up in the office of Sandy Banatoni, an assistant buyer for Simpsons' toy department. Sandy tracks Ben down and orders 1,000 of his toys. Overhearing this offer is con artist Fred Ritter, who smooth-talks his way into brokering the transaction between Ben and Sandy, becoming Ben's business partner in the deal, and later acquires the funding Ben needs from a loan shark.

Ben and Fred hire some workers and move into a derelict warehouse which, unknown to them, is the base of operations for thieves who are tunneling into a bank vault across the street to steal a set of jewels known as the Vanderveer Collection. The thieves (Saunders and Jones) assault Ben and Fred and destroy their equipment, causing the new workers to flee and preventing them from completing Sandy's order. However, Ben's friends Stephanie Speck and Newton Crosby have sent Johnny 5, a robot who became sentient after being struck by lightning whom Ben helped to create. When Saunders and Jones return, Johnny fends them off, then sets up self-defense mechanisms should they try to break in again. Johnny sets to work mass-producing the toys to meet Sandy's deadline but later leaves to explore the city. He runs afoul of many people, who are rude and unfriendly to him. He befriends one man, Oscar Baldwin, who works at the bank across the street from Ben and Fred's warehouse.

Fred, having learned that Johnny is worth $11 million, tries to sell him. Discovering this, Johnny escapes into the city, is taken into police custody, and is placed in the stolen goods warehouse, where he is claimed by Ben. Johnny uses his robotic abilities to help Ben court Sandy.

With time running out before the Vanderveer Collection is moved from the bank, Saunders and Jones lock Ben and Fred in the freezer of a Chinese restaurant. It is revealed that Oscar is the mastermind of the heist, and he tricks Johnny into finishing the tunnel leading to the vault. Ben and Fred get Sandy to save them, using polyphonic renditions of songs that Ben learned on his date with her as clues to their location. Having discovered the Vanderveer Collection, Johnny deduces Oscar's true intentions and is severely damaged by Saunders and Jones per Oscar’s orders. As Ben, Fred and Sandy return to the warehouse, the police arrest Ben and Sandy as suspects in the bank vault break-in. Fred eludes capture and later finds the disheveled Johnny in an alley and informs him of Ben's arrest.

Fred attempts to repair Johnny by breaking into a Radio Shack and following Johnny's guidance, but with limited success. Ben and Sandy are cleared of any charges for the break-in and persuade the police to help locate Johnny. An enraged Johnny vows revenge for Oscar’s betrayal, and with Fred’s help, tracks down Oscar and his accomplices. Saunders and Jones are caught by Fred and Johnny and later arrested. However, Oscar attacks Fred and attempts to flee on a boat. Johnny gives chase and, as his backup battery dwindles, uses a crane to swing Tarzan-style to capture Oscar, who is then apprehended by police. Ben, Fred, and Sandy arrive and tend to an exhausted Johnny while the last of his power supply depletes. Ben revives Johnny with a defibrillator.

Johnny is fully repaired and becomes a celebrity, while Ben, Fred, and Sandy start a new company called "Input Inc." with Johnny as its mascot. Johnny and Ben later take the Oath of Allegiance to become United States citizens. After the ceremony, when questioned by reporters about his thoughts on becoming the country's first robotic citizen, a gold-plated Johnny leaps into the air and exclaims "I feel alive!"

Cast

 * Tim Blaney as the voice of Johnny 5, the self-aware robot
 * Fisher Stevens as Benjamin Jabituya Jahveri, the peddler, later toy robot builder
 * Michael McKean as Frederick "Fred" Ritter, the con artist
 * Cynthia Gibb as Sandy Banatoni, Assistant Buyer, Simpson's Toy Department
 * Jack Weston as Oscar Baldwin, the First Federal Trust Bank Worker, later Mastermind Heist
 * David Hemblen as Jones, the young bank robber
 * Dee McCafferty as Saunders, the older bank robber
 * Don Lake as Manic Mike, the Radio Shack owner
 * Ally Sheedy as Stephanie Speck (voice only, uncredited)
 * Gerry Parkes as the Priest with no name given

Production
Short Circuit 2 had initially been developed with original film's director John Badham, but Badham dropped out in order to do Stakeout Principal photography of the film took place between September 13 and December 1987 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Despite the film taking place in an American metropolis, much of the shots throughout the film featured prominent downtown Toronto landmarks. Five robots were used for filming the "Johnny 5" character. Reported complications arose with their hydraulic and electrical systems due to rainy and cold weather during production. The film's budget was reportedly $15 million.

The movie was originally titled Short Circuit 2: More Input, as seen on much of the promotional material.

Critical response
Short Circuit 2 received mixed reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of 38% based on reviews from 13 critics, with an average rating of 4.1/10. Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave it a grade A−.

Vincent Canby, writing in The New York Times, gave Short Circuit 2 a negative review. He wrote: "For anyone over the age of 6, the film is as much fun as wearing wet sneakers". Rita Kempley, for The Washington Post, gave it a mixed review (6/10) saying: "Short Circuit 2 is unabashedly mawkish and sophomoric, and the actors support the technology. But if you're a kid, or an adult with an Erector Set, you might just enjoy this summer-weight caper". Most of the positive reviews were accepting of the film's flaws. Variety added: "Mild and meek, Short Circuit 2 has an uncomplicated sweetness as a successful follow-up to the original robot kiddie comedy".

Siskel & Ebert, having disliked the first film, gave Short Circuit 2 "two thumbs up". Roger Ebert said the movie "will probably seem better the younger you are" but that it was "pleasant" and "entertaining". Gene Siskel called it "better than the original", said the dialogue made him "laugh out loud" and argued that "the movie works" because he "felt bad" when the robot was being attacked. A review in the Los Angeles Times noted that "Wilson and Maddock have improved considerably here. They're just as derivative and glib, but more thoughtful. Their construction is more deft, their dialogue is better, and they make Number Five come more alive."

Box office
At the box office, Short Circuit 2 placed 7th on its first weekend making $3,843,067. It finished with $21,630,088, down almost half from what the first Short Circuit film made. It ranked 45th at the U.S. box office in 1988.

Accolades

 * Honored with the Winsor McCay Award [for career achievement]

The film was nominated at Saturn Awards in the categories Best Science Fiction Film and Best Special Effects (Eric Allard, Jeff Jarvis).

Home media
Short Circuit 2 was released on August 7, 2001, and re-released on DVD on April 24, 2007, which included a "making-of featurette" on actor Fisher Stevens. In 2010, the film was released once again with alternative cover art. A Blu-ray disc of the film was released in April 2011, though no extras were included.

In 2021, a Blu-ray release of the movie was released in the United Kingdom, with several extras including commentary by Kenneth Johnson.

Sequel
Hot Cars, Cold Facts, made in 1990, is a short educational film featuring the character Johnny 5, voiced by Russell Turner. It also starred Gina Revarra as Lisa, John Hugh as Officer Dave, and Donald Bishop as Howard. The film takes place after Short Circuit 2.

title: Short Circuit 2