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Will Clark

William Nuschler Clark Jr. (born March 13, 1964) is an American professional baseball first baseman who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1986 through 2000. He played for the San Francisco Giants, Texas Rangers, Baltimore Orioles, and St. Louis Cardinals. Clark was known by the nickname of "Will the Thrill." The nickname has often been truncated to simply, "the Thrill."

Clark played college baseball for the Mississippi State Bulldogs, where he won the Golden Spikes Award, and at the 1984 Summer Olympics before playing in the major leagues. Clark was a six-time MLB All-Star, a two-time Silver Slugger Award winner, a Gold Glove Award winner, and the winner of the National League Championship Series Most Valuable Player Award in 1989.

Clark has been inducted into the National College Baseball Hall of Fame, Mississippi Sports Hall of Fame, Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame, and Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame. His uniform number, 22, was retired by the Giants during the 2022 season. Clark continues to be active in baseball, serving as a Special Assistant in the Giants' front office.

Early life
Clark graduated Jesuit High School in New Orleans, Louisiana. He grew up a Kansas City Royals fan and was drafted by the Royals in the 4th round of the 1982 draft but chose not to sign.

College career
Clark attended Mississippi State University to play college baseball for the Mississippi State Bulldogs. In 1983, he played collegiate summer baseball for the Cotuit Kettleers of the Cape Cod Baseball League (CCBL). A league all-star, Clark batted .367 and was inducted into the CCBL Hall of Fame in 2004. Clark played for the United States national baseball team at the 1984 Summer Olympics. During the five-game Olympic tournament, Clark led the team in batting average (.429), hits (9), runs batted in (8) and tied for the team lead in home runs (3).

In 1985, The Sporting News named Clark an All-American and he later won the Golden Spikes Award from USA Baseball as the best amateur baseball player in the country. A teammate of Rafael Palmeiro, the two were known as "Thunder and Lightning." Clark and Palmeiro were known to dislike each other, dating back to their time at Mississippi State.

Draft and minor leagues
Clark was drafted with the second overall pick in the 1985 Major League Baseball draft by the San Francisco Giants.

San Francisco Giants (1986–1993)
In his first major league at-bat on April 8, 1986, on his first swing, Clark hit a home run off Nolan Ryan. A few days later, Clark also homered in his first home game at Candlestick Park. An elbow injury cost Clark 47 games in his rookie season. Clark finished the year with a .287 batting average and placed fifth in National League Rookie of the Year voting.

In his first full season in, Clark had a .308 batting average. Clark was voted the starting first baseman for the NL All-Star team every season from 1988 through 1992. In, Clark was the first Giants' player to drive in 90 or more runs in consecutive seasons since Bobby Murcer from -.

In, Clark batted .333 (losing the batting title to Tony Gwynn on the final day of the season) with 111 runs batted in (RBIs). Clark finished second in the NL Most Valuable Player voting to Giants teammate Kevin Mitchell. In, Clark and the Giants defeated the Chicago Cubs in the National League Championship Series (NLCS). In Game 1, Clark had already hit a solo home run. Prior to a subsequent at-bat, Cubs' catcher Rick Wrona went to the mound to discuss with Greg Maddux how to pitch to Clark. From the on-deck circle, Clark watched the conversation and read Greg Maddux's lips saying "fastball high, inside." The first pitch was a fastball high and inside which Clark sent into the street beyond right field for a grand slam. Afterwards, pitchers began to cover their mouths with their gloves when having conversations on the pitcher's mound. (The Chicago Tribune's front page the next day paid tribute to his performance with a headline of "Clark's night on Addison", referring to the street outside Wrigley Field where the home runs landed. )

In Game 5 of the series, Clark faced Cubs closer Mitch Williams with the score 1–1 in the bottom of the eighth inning. Clark singled to center field to drive in two runs, breaking the tie, eventually sending the Giants to the World Series. Clark's efforts, which included a .650 batting average and two home runs, resulted in him being named NLCS MVP. The Giants went on to face the Oakland Athletics in the 1989 World Series, but were swept. In the only World Series appearance of his career, Clark failed to contribute significantly at the plate, finishing with no runs batted in and a .250 batting average while battling tonsillitis.

Clark had become a very durable player since his rookie year injury, setting a San Francisco record with 320 consecutive games played from September 1987 through August 1989. However, a string of injuries reduced his playing time in the early 1990s and diminished his production. Clark drove in just 73 runs in, the lowest total since his rookie year.

Clark's contract with the Giants expired after the 1993 season.

Texas Rangers (1994–1998)
The Texas Rangers signed Clark to replace his former Mississippi State teammate, Rafael Palmeiro, at first base. Clark made the American League All-Star team in 1994 and finished the season with a .329 batting average, the second-highest of his career. He maintained a high level of offensive production throughout his tenure with Texas, finishing below .300 only in 1996. Injuries limited his playing time to 123, 117 and 110 games from 1995 through 1997, but Clark led the Rangers to American League West Division titles in 1996 and 1998. Clark struggled offensively in both the 1996 and 1998 postseasons, though he put together his most productive regular season in seven years in 1998 (.305, 23 HRs, 41 2Bs, 102 RBIs). Following the 1998 season, the Rangers re-signed Rafael Palmeiro, effectively ending Clark's days with the team.

Baltimore Orioles and St. Louis Cardinals (1999–2000)
Clark signed a two-year deal with the Orioles before the season, again replacing Palmeiro, who had left Baltimore to return to Texas. Part of the reason Clark chose Baltimore was to be near Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, since Clark's son, Trey, has autism. Clark spent nearly two years with Baltimore but was plagued by injuries. On June 15, Clark got his 2000th hit versus the Kansas City Royals.

At the MLB trade deadline in 2000, the Orioles traded Clark to the St. Louis Cardinals for José León. He was acquired in part to play in place of the injured Mark McGwire. Clark batted .345 while hitting 12 home runs and driving in 42 runs in 51 games. Clark helped the Cardinals defeat the Atlanta Braves in the NLDS with four runs batted in during the series. In the NLCS, the Cardinals faced the New York Mets. Clark batted .412 in the series but the Mets won the series and the National League pennant. Despite being revitalized during his time with the Cardinals, he decided to retire at the end of the season, largely due to familial obligations. Clark batted .319 during his final season and went 1 for 3 in his final game on October 16, 2000.

Legacy
Clark was inducted into the College Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006. He was inducted into the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame in June 2004, the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame on April 26, 2007, and the Mississippi Sports Hall of Fame on August 1, 2008. Clark final statistics were 284 home runs, 1,205 RBI, a .303 batting average, and a .881 OPS. In 2006 Hall of Fame balloting, Clark received 23 votes, 4.4% of the total, which withdrew him from consideration from future ballots, as he did not receive the required 5% threshold to stay on.

It was announced on August 11, 2019, that the Giants would retire Clark's #22 during the 2020 season. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic the retirement ceremony was postponed to 2022. Clark's number was ceremoniously retired on July 30, 2022.

Personal life
Clark is married to his wife, Lisa White Clark, whom he wed in 1994. Their son Trey was born in 1996. In 1998, at age two, Trey was diagnosed with autism. Will and Lisa also have a daughter, Ella. Clark is a spokesman for Autism Speaks and Anova. In 1999, Clark's wife Lisa had open heart surgery to address a hole that had been undiagnosed since birth.

title: Will Clark


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Li Tang (painter)

Li Tang (, courtesy name Xigu 晞古; c. 1050 – 1130) was a Chinese landscape painter who practised at Kaifeng and Hangzhou during both the Northern Song and Southern Song dynasty. He forms a link between earlier painters such as Guo Xi, Fan Kuan and Li Cheng and later artists such as Xia Gui and Ma Yuan. He perfected the technique of "axe-cut" brush-strokes and his style of painting became for what is regarded as the academy-style landscape of the Southern Song.

Biography
Li Tang was born ca. 1050, a native of Heyang. Already in his early years he earned his living by painting. Sometime after 1100, under Emperor Huizong, he earned the highest rank in the Painting Academy at the court in Bianjing (now Kaifeng).

He survived the invasion by the Jurchen Jin dynasty in 1126–27, and, together with the court, moved to Qiantang (now Hangzhou), which became the capital city of the newly established Southern Song Dynasty. He continued to serve as painter in the court under Emperor Gaozong, and died circa 1130.

Character of his art
Li was among the most influential of the early Southern Song landscape artists and had many followers. He represented a vital link between the Northern Song school (Guo Xi, Fan Kuan, Li Cheng, and others), and the later Southern Song painters, such as Xia Gui and Ma Yuan, both of whom studied Li's art. He developed and perfected the technique of the so-called "ax-cut" brushstrokes, which gave rocks and mountains a particularly fine quality.

"Wind in Pines Among a Myriad Valleys"
As with most Song artists, few of Li Tang's paintings survive, and most are of questionable authorship. The large hanging scroll Wind in Pines Among a Myriad Valleys (also known as Whispering Pines in the Mountains; National Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan) is the only painting that bears a clear signature by the artist, which is placed on one of the peaks in the top section. It reads: "Painted by Li Tang of Ho-yang in Spring of the chia-ch'en year of the Hsüan-ho Reign of the Great Song [Dynasty]." The texture of the rocks in this painting is a standard example of the "ax-cut" strokes technique.

Other attributed works
Other works commonly attributed to Li Tang are Intimate Scenery of River and Mountains, a long landscape scroll, and Sitting on Rocks Gazing at the Mist, both in the possession of the National Palace Museum.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Li Tang (painter)


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Cantons of the Calvados department

The following is a list of the 25 cantons of the Calvados department, in France, following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:

 * Bayeux
 * Cabourg
 * Caen-1
 * Caen-2
 * Caen-3
 * Caen-4
 * Caen-5
 * Condé-en-Normandie
 * Courseulles-sur-Mer
 * Évrecy
 * Falaise
 * Hérouville-Saint-Clair
 * Le Hom
 * Honfleur-Deauville
 * Ifs
 * Lisieux
 * Livarot-Pays-d'Auge
 * Mézidon Vallée d'Auge
 * Les Monts d'Aunay
 * Ouistreham
 * Pont-l'Évêque
 * Thue et Mue
 * Trévières
 * Troarn
 * Vire Normandie

title: Cantons of the Calvados department


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John Giorno

John Giorno (December 4, 1936 – October 11, 2019) was an American poet and performance artist. He founded the not-for-profit production company Giorno Poetry Systems and organized a number of early multimedia poetry experiments and events. Giorno's creative journey was marked by collaborations, groundbreaking initiatives, and a deep exploration of diverse art forms. He gained prominence through his association with pop art luminary Andy Warhol, sparking a creative partnership that propelled his career to new heights.

Giorno's artistic evolution was shaped by his encounters with Warhol and other influential figures. His notable appearance in Warhol's 1964 film Sleep, where he slept on camera for over five hours, introduced audiences to his unique blend of performance and artistic expression. Giorno's creative trajectory was marked by an array of multimedia poetry experiments, one of which was the pioneering "Dial-A-Poem" project. This venture allowed individuals to access brief poems by contemporary poets via telephone, forging a novel connection between technology and poetry.

Collaboration was a hallmark of Giorno's work, as he joined forces with renowned artists, including William S. Burroughs, Patti Smith, Laurie Anderson, Philip Glass, and Robert Mapplethorpe. His poetic style evolved over time, encompassing techniques such as appropriation, cut-ups, and montage. His signature double-column poems, characterized by repetition, mirrored the vocal distortions he employed in his performances. As Giorno's career progressed, his work began to incorporate political themes, notably his active protests against the Vietnam War.

Beyond his artistic endeavors, Giorno embraced spirituality and activism. A transformative trip to India in 1971 introduced him to Tibetan Buddhism, particularly the Nyingma tradition. He was one of the earliest Western students of Tibetan Buddhism, inviting various Tibetan teachers to New York City and hosting them. As a committed AIDS activist, he founded the AIDS Treatment Project in 1984, providing vital support to those affected by the epidemic. Giorno's impact extended globally, as he continued to perform, collaborate, and exhibit his work, leaving an enduring legacy in the worlds of poetry, performance art, and multimedia exploration.

Early life and education
Giorno was born in New York City, and was raised both in Brooklyn and the Long Island town of Roslyn Heights. He attended high school at James Madison High School in Brooklyn and graduated from Columbia University in 1958, where he was a "college chum" of physicist Hans Christian von Baeyer. At Columbia, he was a resident of Livingston Hall. While in his early twenties, he briefly worked in New York City as a stockbroker.

Career
In 1962 Giorno met Andy Warhol during Warhol's first New York Pop Art solo exhibit at Eleanor Ward's Stable Gallery. They became lovers and Warhol remained an important influence for Giorno's developments in poetry, performance and recordings. Warhol's 1964 silent film Sleep shows Giorno sleeping on camera for more than five hours. A lesser-known Warhol film featuring Giorno, John Washing (also 1963), runs a mere 4½ minutes. Giorno and Warhol are said to have remained very close until 1964, after which time their meetings were rare. Their relationship was revived somewhat in the last year before Warhol's death. Inspired by Warhol, and subsequent relationships with Robert Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns, Giorno began applying Pop Art techniques of appropriation of found imagery to his poetry, producing The American Book of the Dead in 1964 (published in part in his first book, Poems, in 1967). Meetings with William S. Burroughs and Brion Gysin in 1964 contributed to his interest in applying cut up and montage techniques to found texts, and (via Gysin) his first audio poem pieces, one of which was played at the Paris Museum of Modern Art Biennale in 1965.

Inspired by Rauschenberg's Experiments in Art and Technology events of 1966, Giorno began making "Electronic Sensory Poetry Environments", working in collaboration with synthesizer creator Robert Moog and others to create psychedelic poetry installation/happenings at venues such as St. Mark's Church in New York. In 1965, Giorno founded a not-for-profit production company, Giorno Poetry Systems, in order to connect poetry to new audiences, using innovative technologies. In 1967, Giorno organized the first Dial-A-Poem event at the Architectural League of New York, making short poems by various contemporary poets available over the telephone. The piece was repeated to considerable acclaim at the Museum of Modern Art in 1970, and resulted in a series of LP records compiling the recordings, which were issued by Giorno Poetry Systems. Some of the poets and artists who recorded or collaborated with Giorno Poetry Systems were William Burroughs, John Ashbery, Ted Berrigan, Patti Smith, Laurie Anderson, Philip Glass, Robert Rauschenberg, Anne Waldman, and Robert Mapplethorpe. From 1976 to 1979, Giorno also hosted The Poetry Experiment and presented his eight-part series Dial-A-Poem Poets, with Charles Ruas, on WBAI-Pacifica Radio.

Giorno's text-based poetry evolved rapidly in the late 1960s from direct appropriation of entire texts from newspapers, to montage of radically different types of textual material, to the development of his signature double-column poems, which feature extensive use of repetition both across columns and down the page. This device allowed Giorno to mimic the echoes and distortions he was applying to his voice in performance. A number of these poems were collected in Balling Buddha (1970). The poems also feature increasingly radical political content, and Giorno was involved in a number of protests against the Vietnam War. Spiro Agnew called Giorno and Abbie Hoffman "would be Hanoi Hannahs" after their WPAX radio broadcasts made to the U.S. troops in South Vietnam on Radio Hanoi. Some of Giorno's work from this period was published in 0 to 9 magazine, a late 1960s avant-garde publication that experimented with language and meaning-making.

Giorno travelled to India in 1971 where he met Dudjom Rinpoche, head of the Nyingma order of Tibetan Buddhism. He became one of the earliest Western students of Tibetan Buddhism, and participated in Buddhist communities for several decades, inviting various Tibetan teachers to New York City and hosting them. Some of Giorno's poetry reflects Buddhist and other Asian religious themes beginning with his earliest verse, but the poems in Cancer In My Left Ball (1972) and those that follow involve a highly original interpenetration of Buddhist and Western avant-garde practices and poetics.

Touring rock clubs in the 1970s with Burroughs, Giorno continued to develop an amplified, confrontational performance poetry that was highly influential on what became the Poetry Slam scene, as well as the performance art of Karen Finley and Penny Arcade, and the early Industrial music of Throbbing Gristle and Suicide. In 1982 he made the album Who Are You Staring At? with Glenn Branca and is prominently featured in Ron Mann's 1982 film Poetry in Motion. He stopped using found elements in his poetry in the early 1980s and henceforth pursued a kind of experimental realism, incantatory and repetitive yet at the same time lyrical.

Giorno celebrated queer sexuality from the 1964 "Pornographic Poem", through his psychedelic evocations of gay New York City nightlife in the 1970s, to more recent poems such as "Just Say No To Family Values". He founded an AIDS charity, the AIDS Treatment Project in 1984, which continues to give direct financial and other support to individuals with AIDS to the present day.

In addition to his collaborations with Burroughs, Giorno produced 55 LPs, tapes, videos and books. He performed at poetry festivals and events, notably in Europe where he was an active participant in the sound poetry scene for several decades. Giorno's artwork Poem Prints (1991) is included in the permanent collection of the Pérez Art Museum Miami, Florida. The piece was acquired through the larger acquisition of over 400 language-based artworks from the collection of founders of the Sackner Archive of Concrete and Visual Poetry, a Miami based words and language arts collection.

Giorno lived at 255 East 74th Street, when a small carriage house was located on the property. He later lived and worked from three lofts in a building in the Bowery neighborhood on the Lower East Side.

In 2007 he appeared in Nine Poems in Basilicata, a film directed by Antonello Faretta based on his poems and his performances. In addition to his solo performances in live poetry shows, since 2005 he had collaborated in some music-poetry shows with Spanish rock singer and composer Javier Colis.

The first career-spanning collection of Giorno's poems, Subduing Demons in America: Selected Poems 1962–2007, edited by Marcus Boon, was published by Soft Skull in 2008.

In 2010, Giorno had his first one-person gallery show in New York City, entitled Black Paintings and Drawings, at the Nicole Klagsbrun Gallery, wherein he exhibited works that chronicled the evolution of the poem painting. The first Poem Prints were part of the Dial-A-Poem installation in the 1970 exhibition Information at the Museum of Modern Art. Connecting words and images, the poet uses the materiality of the written word to confront audiences with poetry in different contexts.

In 2011, he starred in one of two versions for the music video to R.E.M.'s final single "We All Go Back to Where We Belong".

Death
Giorno died of a heart attack at age 82 on October 11, 2019, at his home in Lower Manhattan. At the time of his death, he was married to Swiss artist Ugo Rondinone.

title: John Giorno


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Carlos Dávila

Carlos Gregorio Dávila Espinoza (September 15, 1887 – October 19, 1955), was a Chilean political figure, journalist, chairman of the Government Junta of Chile in 1932, and secretary general of the Organization of American States (OAS) from 1954 until his death in 1955.

Early life
Dávila was born in Los Ángeles, Chile, to Luis Dávila and Emilia Espinoza. He graduated from the University of Santiago, Chile, (then called School of Arts and Crafts) in 1907. In 1911, he entered law school at the University of Chile, but dropped out three years later to work for newspaper El Mercurio, of Santiago. He left that paper in 1917 to establish La Nación of the same city, which he directed until 1927. In 1932, he founded the Chilean magazine Hoy.

Political career
From 1927 to 1931, Dávila served as Chilean ambassador to the United States. In 1929, he received an honorary LL.D. from Columbia University, and another the same year from the University of Southern California, in Los Angeles, California.

Socialist Republic of Chile
Dávila was a member of the Government Junta of Chile that controlled Chile from June 4 to July 8, 1932, serving as president of the Government Junta from June 16. On July 8, Dávila dissolved the Government Junta and assumed power as "Provisional President of Chile", calling new congressional elections. He served as provisional President of Chile until September 13, one of six people during that year to lead the country as President of Chile and/or President of the Government Junta.

Professor, journalist and international public service
In 1933, Dávila was visiting professor of international law at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, under the auspices of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Later he came to the United States and was associated for many years with the Editors Press Service, and acted as correspondent for numerous important South American newspapers. In 1941 he received the Maria Moors Cabot Award from Columbia University for his distinguished journalistic contribution in the service of the Americas. A prolific writer, Dávila is the author of "We of the Americas", published in 1949 and has contributed many analytical studies on politics and economics to leading American publications.

Dávila served on the Council of United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration from 1943 to 1946, and was Chilean representative to the Inter-American Financial and Economic Advisory Committee in 1940. In the same year, he became the author of the "Dávila plan", which created the Inter-American Development Commission, which became the Inter-American Council for Integral Development within the Organization of American States, when that body was created in 1948. In 1946, he served as a member of the United Nations Economic and Social Council.

Having contributed to the founding of the OAS, Dávila was chosen, in August 1954, as its secretary general.

Personal life
Dávila's first wife, Herminia Arrate de Dávila, died in Chile in 1941, and Dávila returned to the United States with their two daughters, Luz and Paz. In 1950, he remarried, this time to Frances Adams Moore of Massachusetts, a widow with a daughter, Dolly, by her first husband.

Dávila died on 19 October 1955, 14 months into his service as secretary general of the Organization of American States.

title: Carlos Dávila


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Carrollton bus collision

The Carrollton bus collision occurred on May 14, 1988, on Interstate 71 in unincorporated Carroll County, Kentucky. The collision involved a former school bus in use by a church youth group and a pickup truck driven by an alcohol-impaired driver. The head-on collision was the deadliest incident involving drunk driving and the third-deadliest bus crash in U.S. history. Of the 67 people on the bus (counting the driver), there were 27 fatalities in the crash, the same number as the 1958 Prestonsburg bus disaster, and behind the 1976 Yuba City bus disaster (29) and 1963 Chualar bus crash (32).

In the aftermath of the disaster, several family members of victims became active leaders of Mothers Against Drunk Driving, and one—Karolyn Nunnallee—became national president of the organization. The standards for both operation and equipment for school buses and similar buses were improved in Kentucky and many other states. These include an increased number of emergency exits, higher standards for structural integrity, and the use of less volatile diesel fuel. On Interstate 71, the crash site is marked with a highway sign erected by the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. Memorial items such as crosses and flower arrangements are regularly placed at the site by families and friends.

Background
On May 14, 1988, a youth group mostly consisting of teenagers who attended North Hardin High School, James T. Alton Middle School, Radcliff Middle School and four adults from Assembly of God church in Radcliff, Kentucky, boarded their church bus and headed to Kings Island theme park in Mason, Ohio, about 170 mi from Radcliff. The group included church members and their invited guests. As everyone arrived early that Saturday morning, the number of those wanting to go on the trip had grown to more than originally anticipated. The church's principal pastor, who did not join the trip, restricted the ridership to the legal limit of 66 persons plus the driver.

Bus
The bus involved in the crash was a former school bus, configured with a bus body mated to a medium-duty truck chassis and frame. The 1977 model-year Ford B700 chassis was mated to a Superior school bus body. The vehicle was designed with a capacity of 66 passengers and a driver, including 11 rows of 39-inch wide seats, separated by a 12-inch central aisle.

Ford Motor Company manufactured the B700 chassis at its Kentucky Truck Plant in Louisville, Kentucky; it was then shipped to Superior Coach Company of Lima, Ohio. A company owned by industrial conglomerate Sheller-Globe Corporation, Superior manufactured the school bus body that was installed on the Ford B700 chassis. The vehicle was certified as a "school bus" with an effective build date of March 23, 1977, the date associated with the construction of the Ford chassis (as required by federal regulations).

Both the vehicle type and the build date would later serve as important legal distinctions. The bus was manufactured on March 23, 1977, just nine days before four major federal safety standards were to take effect for school bus production. In addition to upgraded rollover protection, school buses produced on or after April 1, 1977, were required to be designed with improved structural integrity in body joints, better seating protection in crashes, and improved fuel system protection (to reduce spills and fires).

The completed bus was delivered in time for use during the 1977–78 school year, and served ten years in use as a school bus. Radcliff Assembly of God acquired the used school bus as surplus from the Meade County school district, and it had been owned by the church for about one year as a church bus. In July 1987, the church successfully made the same round trip with the bus to Kings Island. Along with short local moves on school days, the church also drove the bus successfully on several other long trips. It was maintained regularly by mechanically inclined church members, including a civilian motor pool supervisor from nearby Fort Knox. A week before the 1988 Kings Island trip, the bus received two new tires of a good commercial quality; the front-end suspension and steering components were also examined at that time. The 11-year old vehicle was considered to be in good mechanical condition on May 14, 1988.

Trip
On the trip, the bus was driven by John Pearman, a part-time associate pastor of the church who was a local court clerk. The group left the church early that morning and traveled uneventfully to the park. They spent the whole day and early evening at Kings Island, then boarded the bus and began traveling out of Ohio and back into Northern Kentucky toward Radcliff. After about an hour, they stopped to fill the 60-gallon (227-litre) fuel tank with gasoline, then resumed the trip southward.

Collision
At 10:55 p.m., while heading south on Interstate 71 outside of Carrollton, Kentucky, the bus collided almost head-on with a black 1987 Toyota pickup truck which was traveling at high speed the wrong way (north in the southbound lanes) on a curved stretch of the highway. The small truck was driven by Larry Wayne Mahoney, a 34-year-old factory worker who was intoxicated. Mahoney later admitted he had been drinking in a bar and at a friend's house prior to the collision. Police also found a twelve-pack of Miller Lite beer in Mahoney's truck which was still cold and had several cans missing.

During the collision, the left rear of the pickup truck spun 90 degrees to the right and, while doing so, struck the left side of a 1977 Cadillac Sedan de Ville heading in the same direction of the bus causing damage to the back driver's door and vinyl roof. The car had broken glass along with red plastic material that was from the taillight lens of the Toyota. The right front of the pickup truck struck the right front of the bus, breaking off the bus' suspension and driving the leaf spring backward into the gas tank mounted behind an exterior panel but outside the heavier frame, just behind the step well for the front door. The front door was jammed shut by collision damage.

Both vehicle drivers sustained injuries, but nobody aboard the bus was seriously injured by the actual collision between the two vehicles. However, the right front suspension of the Ford chassis broke off through the bus stepwell, puncturing the gasoline tank and igniting the fuel supply. When fire first broke out immediately after the collision, bus driver John Pearman tried to put it out with a small fire extinguisher while passengers began to evacuate through the center rear emergency door, squeezing through the narrow opening between the two rear seats and jumping to the ground.

A survivor recounted the short timeframe of events: "We knew we hit something, and…all the kids got up in the aisle thinking we were gonna get off. And within 20 second you felt the heat come in the bus. You started hearing kids crying and screaming for their mom, panicking. That's when everybody started pushing on everybody to go one way." Another remembered startling awake after the collision and attempting to escape through a window but it refused to open, before rushing to the back.

Survivors said after emptying the small fire extinguisher, Pearman helped some of the many children find their way down the narrow and dark aisle to the only practical way out of the smoke-filled bus. According to the NTSB investigation, more than 60 people trying to reach the rear emergency door—the only available exit—created a crush of bodies in the 12-inch-wide aisle. Many passengers found themselves unable to move. A beverage cooler which had been earlier placed in the aisle near row 10 (of 11 rows of seats) aggravated the crush.

Other passengers tried unsuccessfully to break or kick out any of the split-sash side windows. Only one adult, a woman who was of small stature, managed to escape through a 9 in opening side window. When she looked back up from the ground, the window opening was filled with flames. The other three adults aboard died, including Pearman. Passersby and some of the escaped passengers helped to extract immobilized children through the rear door, and help them to ground level about 3 ft below. A survivor recounted how when he reached the back door; "Someone on the outside grabbed my arm, put their foot on the bumper and literally pulled me out. I hit the asphalt and started running... I could hear the screams and the explosions."

Within four minutes, the entire bus was on fire, and soon the exodus of passengers stopped. At that point, the passersby who had stopped to help could not reach those still aboard due to the raging fire, and turned their efforts to tending to the crowd of 40 mostly injured survivors. Soon the entire interior of the bus flashed over, ultimately burning the trapped 27 people remaining aboard.

After first responders treated and transported survivors and extinguished the fire, a crane was used to load the bus onto a flatbed truck that transported the bus and those persons killed to the National Guard Armory in Carrollton. There, the Kentucky State Police and the Carroll County coroner went through the interior of the bus seat by seat to find and remove bodies, most of which were burned beyond recognition.

Victims
In total, 26 passengers and the bus driver died, 34 passengers were injured, and six passengers escaped the bus without serious injury. Larry Mahoney, the driver of the Toyota pickup, sustained injuries from the collision. The deceased children ranged in age from 10 to 19 years old, with a majority aged between 13 and 14 years old.

Many bodies were found facing the only exit, the rear door. The coroner later determined that none of the bus occupants suffered broken bones or mortal injuries from the crash impact; all had died from the fire and smoke. The victims are as follows:

 * 1) Patricia Susan Nunnallee, 10, a 4th grader at Meadow View Elementary School. She was described as a good student, and had recently placed 3rd in a speech contest.
 * 2) Robin Williams, 10, a 4th grader at Meadow View Elementary School. She was described as "sports-minded". Her sister and mother also perished in the crash.
 * 3) Lori Kathleen Holzer, 11, a 6th grader at Radcliff Middle School. She did ballet in Germany while her father was stationed there.
 * 4) Dwailla Dawn Fischel, 12, a 7th grader at Radcliff Middle School. She was originally from Fort Riley, Kansas. She was a nominee for the President's Award in Academics. She participated in the school's drama club and was a member of the First Assembly of God.
 * 5) Julie Ann Earnest, 12, a 7th grader at Radcliff Middle School. Her family had recently moved to Radcliff from Germany. She enjoyed reading, and had a 4.0 GPA.
 * 6) Sandy Jean Brewer, 12, a 7th grader at Radcliff Middle School. She loved baseball, and was described as having a cheerful personality.
 * 7) Cynthia Anne Atherton, 13, an 8th grader at Radcliff Middle School. She was described as energetic, and recently had her braces removed. She was a member of Stithton Baptist Church in Radcliff.
 * 8) Crystal Erin Uhey, 13, a 6th grader at Radcliff Middle School. She was very close with her family, and enjoyed amateur music and drama productions.
 * 9) Denise Ellen Voglund, 13, an 8th grader at Radcliff Middle School. She was involved in her neighborhood softball league, and was described to always have a smile on her face.
 * 10) Emillie S. Thompson, 13, an 8th grader at James P. Alton Junior High School in Vine Grove, Kentucky. She was described as bright and "all knees, elbows, and smiles".
 * 11) Jennifer Ann Arnett, 13, an 8th grader at Radcliff Middle School. She played trumpet in band, and was known as a good babysitter.
 * 12) Phillip Lee Morgan, 13, a 7th grader at James T. Alton Junior Highschool in Vine Grove, Kentucky. He played drums in the school band.
 * 13) Amy Christine Wheelock, 14, an 8th grader at Radcliff Middle School. She was both a cheerleader and a gymnast, and played trumpet in the school band.
 * 14) Chad Anthony Witt, 14, an 8th grader at Radcliff Middle School. He played drums in the school band and enjoyed basketball.
 * 15) Kashawn R. Etheredge, 14, an 8th grader at Radcliff Middle School. She was on the girls basketball team, and was a member of the First Baptist Church of Elizabethtown.
 * 16) Kristen Williams, 14, an 8th grader at Radcliff Middle School. She was described as a sensitive girl. She played bass clarinet in the school band. She perished with her sister and her mother.
 * 17) Mary Catheryn Daniels, 14, an 8th grader at Radcliff Middle School. She was an honors student, loved needlepoint, water-skiing, and never missed mass. She was a member of the St. Christopher Catholic Church in Radcliff.
 * 18) Joshua Michael Conyers, 14, of Vine Grove. He was a 9th grader at North Hardin High School. He enjoyed karate, fishing, and playing basketball with his little brother. He was planning to go to college after graduation. His younger brother was reportedly in critical condition after the crash but survived.
 * 19) Shannon Rae Fair, 14, an 8th grader at Radcliff Middle School. She was an honors student. She had recently been baptized and was a member of the Stithton Baptist Church.
 * 20) Tina Michelle Mustain, 14, an 8th grader at Radcliff Middle School. She was a member of the school band and girls' softball team.
 * 21) April LuAnn Mills, 15, an 8th grader at Radcliff Middle School. She was remembered to be kind to everyone.
 * 22) William Joseph Nicholas Jr., 17, a sophomore at Fort Knox High School. He was remembered to always be well dressed.
 * 23) Anthony Marks, 15, a 9th grader at North Hardin Highschool. He managed the freshman basketball team and was remembered to be quick to make a friendship.
 * 24) Richard Keith Gohn, 19, a senior at North Hardin High School. Teachers describe him as an ideal student who worked hard, and wanted to learn.
 * 25) Charles "Chuck" John Kytta, 34, of Elizabethtown. He was a loan officer at Citizens and Fidelity Bank and Trust, and served in the Vietnam War.
 * 26) Joy Williams, 34, of Radcliff. She had just recently gained her real estate license. Two of her children, Kristen and Robin, also perished in the disaster.
 * 27) John R. Pearman, 36, of Radcliff. He was driving the school bus at the time of the crash, and lost his life while trying to save passengers by working to extinguish the fire.

Among the bus survivors, one person's leg from just below the knee had to be amputated, and about ten others suffered disfiguring burns. Only 6 bus passengers were uninjured and virtually all suffered varying degrees of emotional trauma and survivor guilt syndrome.

Investigation
The National Transportation Safety Board responded, conducted an investigation and issued a report on March 28, 1989.

"About 10:55 p.m. EDT on May 14, 1988, a pickup truck traveling northbound in the southbound lanes of Interstate 71 struck head-on a church activity bus traveling southbound in the left lane of the highway near Carrollton, Kentucky. As the pickup truck rotated during impact, it struck a passenger car traveling southbound in the right lane near the church bus. The church bus fuel tank was punctured during the collision sequence, and a fire ensued, engulfing the entire bus. The bus driver and 26 bus passengers were fatally injured. Thirty-four bus passengers sustained minor to critical injuries, and six bus passengers were not injured. The pickup truck driver sustained serious injuries, but neither occupant of the passenger car was injured."

The NTSB determined that "the probable cause of the collision between the pickup truck and the church activity bus was the alcohol-impaired condition of the pickup truck driver who operated his vehicle opposite to the direction of traffic flow on an interstate highway." The agency also found that the design of the 11-year-old bus also contributed to the fatalities. The bus's fuel tank was unprotected, seat covers were made of flammable material, and the rear exit was partially blocked by a row of seats. Following the NTSB report, and much sooner in many instances, many federal, state, and local agencies and bus manufacturers changed regulations, vehicle features, and operating practices.

The board recommended the phaseout of buses not meeting the federal standards established in 1977. The standards required all new school buses to have stronger fuel tanks, stronger seats and more accessible emergency exits. At the time the report was issued, about 22% of school buses in use nationwide were built before the standards were in place. The board also recommended stricter punishments for drunk driving.

Legal
There was considerable civil litigation. Ford Motor Company, Sheller-Globe Corporation, and others eventually contributed to settlements with all victims and/or their families.

Truck driver
Mahoney had been previously arrested for driving under the influence in 1984, for which he was fined US$300 and his driver's license was suspended for six months. His blood alcohol concentration (BAC) two hours after the crash was .24 percent—substantially more than the 1988 Kentucky legal limit of .10. Mahoney had no memory of the crash and learned of the collision after waking in the hospital the next day.

Mahoney was indicted by a Carroll County grand jury July 23, 1988, on 27 counts of murder. He pleaded not guilty, and bail was set at $270,000, $10,000 for each death in the crash. The Carroll County Commonwealth's Attorney initially planned to seek indictments for capital murder which would have made Mahoney eligible for a possible sentence of death by electrocution if convicted. Ultimately, however, it was decided not to file those charges. Mahoney posted bail and was released from jail in October 1988. On December 21, 1989, Mahoney was found guilty of all charges. He was sentenced to imprisonment for 16 years after a jury of the Carroll Circuit Court, under Indictment No. 88-CR-27, convicted him of 27 counts of manslaughter in the second degree, 16 counts of assault in the second degree, and 27 counts of wanton endangerment in the first degree. At trial, he was represented by the Cleveland, Ohio, criminal defense lawyer, William L. Summers. On appeal, in Case No. 1988-CA-1635, Judge Anthony M. Wilhoit of the Kentucky Court of Appeals reversed Mahoney's conviction for drunk driving on the grounds that it constituted double jeopardy under the Kentucky Constitution, ruling that the 27 counts of manslaughter in the second degree subsumed the drunk-driving conviction. The court ruled that, under Kentucky law, the elements of drunk driving were substantially similar to those of manslaughter. This meant that Mahoney's driver's license could be reinstated, even during his imprisonment. The Kentucky Supreme Court subsequently reversed this line of reasoning in another case, Justice v. Commonwealth, 987 S.W.2d 306 (Ky. December 17, 1998). On May 6, 1992, the Kentucky Supreme Court denied review of Mahoney's appeal in Case No. 1992-SC-98.

At the Kentucky State Reformatory, Mahoney worked in the medium-security facility as a clerk. He earned his GED high school equivalency diploma and attended Alcoholics Anonymous meetings. Described by authorities as a model prisoner, Mahoney reduced his incarceration by six years with good behavior, known under Kentucky law as "good time" credit. He declined the Kentucky Parole Board's parole recommendation and served out his sentence, before leaving the prison in La Grange, on September 1, 1999, having served nine and a half years. Local television stations broadcast video of him walking out of the prison.

That week, according to a published account in The Courier-Journal (Louisville), some survivors of the crash and families of the victims had said that they were willing to forgive Mahoney although the disaster marked forever the congregation of the First Assembly of God, which had many members on the bus. "I feel a little bit sorry for him", Katrina Henderson, then 23, told The Courier-Journal in 1998. "He didn't wake up one day and say 'I'm going to kill 27 people.' That's not to take any blame away from him. I think that he is a person who made some very bad choices and he paid for those choices", said Henderson, who was age 12 when she survived the wreck. The victims were members of a church, and many felt called by their religious beliefs to forgive him.

During his trial, the idea was discussed that Mahoney could save lives by talking to school groups, but Mahoney has so far declined.

According to a story by The Cincinnati Enquirer in 2003, Mahoney was living in quiet, self-imposed obscurity in rural Owen County, Kentucky, about 10 mi from the crash site.

Changes in Kentucky
Shortly after the collision, governor Wallace Wilkinson ordered his cabinet to review the state's drunk driving laws and bus safety regulations. At a news conference on May 20, 1988, Wilkinson announced stricter enforcement of drunk driving by the state, including police sobriety checkpoints and more frequent inspections by state Alcoholic Beverage Control. The governor also indicated support for increased safety standards for buses and training for bus drivers, and the state began offering free safety inspections for privately owned buses.

Kentucky now requires all school buses to have nine emergency exits—more than any other federal or state standard. This includes front and back doors, a side door, four emergency windows and two roof exits. The bus that crashed at Carrollton had only front and back exits, which was to be expected, as the bus was built years before tougher standards were enacted.

Buses used by Kentucky schools must also have a cage around the fuel tank, a stronger frame and roof to resist crumpling on impact and rollover, high-backed seats, extra seat padding, a fuel system that slows leaks, flame-retardant seats and floors, reflective tape on all emergency exits, an 8 in wide black band with the district name in white letters on the side, and strobe lights on the exterior. Schools also must have a diesel-powered fleet. (Unlike gasoline, diesel fuel is not highly flammable.)

In 1991, Kentucky enacted stricter drunk driving laws.

School bus and church bus standards and regulations
A contributing factor to the crash itself and the severity seemed to be loopholes between the laws and procedures for a school bus and those involving the same vehicle after it was released from school service, but continued to be used for transporting passengers in non-school use. (Had the bus been built new in March 1977 for the non-school use such as a church activity bus, the applicable federal motor vehicle standards in place at that time would have required it to have been built with more emergency exits than were required for school buses). One of the NTSB recommendations after the Carrollton Bus Disaster was that school buses have no fewer emergency exits than required of non-school buses.

Some states also require that the usually different seating capacities for children and adults be displayed near the service door of school buses and non-school buses. Most states consider secondary school (middle and high school) age students to be adults with regards to the space occupied in bus seats and aisles by their bodies.

MADD and drunk-driving prevention
The collision riveted the nation's attention on the problem of drunken driving as never before and has been credited in part with causing the steady decline in the number of alcohol-related fatalities. Mothers Against Drunk Driving, a grassroots organization, worked both before and after the Carrollton crash to reduce the hazards created by drunk (or drinking) drivers.

One of the victims, the youngest killed on the fatal bus, was ten-year-old Patricia "Patty" Susan Nunnallee. Patty's mother, Karolyn Nunnallee, became an active member of MADD after the crash, eventually becoming MADD's national president. Patty's mother wrote on MADD's memorial web page to Patty: They were traveling on a school bus, so I thought she'd be safe.

Janey Fair, whose 14-year-old daughter Shannon was killed, become a national volunteer for MADD, and rose within the organization to become national vice president. She was also head of the Kentucky Victims Coalition. According to the MADD website, "MADD helped me find my inner strength and see that life could go on," Janey said. "I have found I can make real changes in people's attitudes about drinking and driving and in how our government addresses this critical problem. Additionally, I can help other victims move forward in their lives." Her husband also became active locally in MADD.

Joy Williams, wife of Lee Williams, a pastor of the church, and their two young daughters, Kristen and Robin, were among those killed. Dotty Pearman's husband, John Pearman, associate pastor at the church and the bus driver, was also killed while their daughter, Christy, was involved in the crash and survived. In the year after the crash, Lee Williams and Dotty Pearman, who barely knew each other before the crash, became friends and eventually married. Lee and Dotty Williams also volunteer for MADD.

Memorials
Ford Motor Company paid for a black marble memorial in North Hardin Memorial Gardens Cemetery in Radcliff, Kentucky. The stone lists the names of all of the persons who were aboard the bus during the crash. The Kentucky Transportation Cabinet has two small signs, one in each direction of I-71, reading "SITE OF FATAL BUS CRASH MAY 14, 1988" at the site of the crash.

Quinton Higgins, one of the survivors of the crash, created a memorial and anti-drunk driving message using a similar bus to the one in the collision, with the photos of the twenty-seven deceased students and the message "Twenty-seven reasons not to drink and drive" affixed to it.

Depiction in media
Among the many media agencies that provided thorough coverage, The Courier-Journal of Louisville, Kentucky, received the 1989 Pulitzer Prize for General News Reporting for its coverage.

The collision and its aftermath, including efforts of some of the families to obtain more than financial settlements, were chronicled by author James S. Kunen in his 1994 book Reckless Disregard: Corporate Greed, Government Indifference, and the Kentucky School Bus Crash.

In 2013, MADD produced a documentary about the crash titled Impact: After the Crash.

title: Carrollton bus collision


text:
WhatPulse

WhatPulse is a key-counting program that monitors computer uptime, bandwidth usage and the number of keystrokes and mouse clicks made by a user over a period of time. Unlike keyloggers, the authors claim WhatPulse does not record the order in which keys are pressed but instead counts the number of times keys are pressed. As of March 7, 2023, over 380,000+ users are active on WhatPulse.

Features
The software tracks a user's pressed keys, mouse clicks and used bandwidth and the uptime of the system. Periodically, the user can upload to the server the number of keystrokes made; this is called "pulsing". Users can see where they are in a leaderboard of people who have joined the program and compare themselves against people from their own countries. Users can also join teams, which enables them to compare themselves against people with similar interests.

The program also has anti-cheat measures in place. Automated measures against cheating include a 50 keys per second maximum.

Platform compatibility
WhatPulse is a freeware cross-platform application, running on Windows, macOS, and Linux. However, the Mac and Linux clients were not always updated as often as the Windows client. This changed in version 2.0, which became available for all platforms at the same time and aims at letting the client act the same across all platforms.

title: WhatPulse


text:
MTN

MTN may refer to:
 * an abbreviation of mountain
 * MTN Group, mobile telephone network operator in 2 regions; African and Middle Eastern countries
 * MTN-Qhubeka, cycling team sponsored by the telephone company
 * Maritime Telecommunications Network, satellite phone network
 * Martin State Airport, Baltimore, US, IATA code
 * Mauritania, IOC and ITU code
 * Manitoba Television Network, former branding of CHMI-TV, now known as Citytv Winnipeg
 * MTN (TV station), Griffith, New South Wales, Australia
 * Medium term note, a debt note
 * Michigan Talk Network, radio network
 * Metriol trinitrate, a liquid explosive similar to nitroglycerin
 * Montana Television Network, US
 * Montenegro, UNDP-Code
 * Mountain Air Cargo, ICAO airline designator
 * MountainWest Sports Network, dedicated to the Mountain West Conference
 * Multilateral trade negotiations, trade talks associated with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and World Trade Organization
 * Mountain Dew (stylized as Mtn Dew), carbonated soft drink

title: MTN


text:
Hugh Thomas

Hugh Thomas may refer to:
 * Hugh Thomas (actor) (born 1949), Welsh actor
 * Hugh Thomas, Baron Thomas of Swynnerton (1931–2017), British historian and writer
 * Hugh Thomas (equestrian) (born 1948), British ex-Olympian and Badminton Horse Trials director and course-designer
 * Hugh Thomas (choral conductor), American choral conductor, pianist and educator
 * Hugh Thomas (coach), Australian rules football coach
 * Hugh Hamshaw Thomas (1885–1962), British paleobotanist
 * Hugh Owen Thomas (1834–1891), Welsh surgeon
 * Hugh Thomas (priest) (c. 1706–1780), Dean of Ely and Master of Christ's College, Cambridge

title: Hugh Thomas


text:
Template talk:Pop music

Girl group
Why does the caption say "Girl band" if it's always called a "girl group"? Brianjd 07:29, 2004 Dec 13 (UTC)

Britpop
Should Britpop be added? — Instantnood 14:53, May 4, 2005 (UTC)

Mandopop
How about Mandopop? - Lawrence Lavigne 21:07, May 10, 2005 (UTC)

Proposal for deletion
Like Template:pop, this template is proposed for deletion. But I added a template because I found that template classier and more informative than this. but TUF-KAT believes that Template:pop looked too vague and inappropiate for articles to follow. --Gh87 09:32, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Template:pop was put forward for deletion as individual genre pages are getting their own infoboxes in future. see here for more info. i'm removing the proposal for deletion from this one as footer templates are handy for navigating genres with similar characteristics. --MilkMiruku 19:41, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

The template was kept: see Templates for deletion/Log/2006 February 9. -Splash talk 23:58, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

Indi-pop/Indie pop
Indi-pop and Indie pop sound the same and therefore indi-pop will be changed to indian pop.  Thundermaster TRUC 09:23, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

Dance-pop
Should Dance-pop be added? Thanks - RockandDiscoFanCZ (talk) 13:47, 22 October 2008 (UTC)

Disco-Pop
This has been repeatedly added, but is a red link to a recently deleted article, and thus is very likely to be reinstated (see WP:RECREATE). If it is re-created with sufficient changes and not deleted, that would demonstrate notablility and then it would be a candidate to be included on this template. At the moment there is very little point in having it included here.-- SabreBD (talk) 11:18, 25 January 2010 (UTC)

Indie Pop & Noise Pop
Are Indie pop & Noise pop part of pop? Superastig (talk) 11:41, 16 January 2011 (UTC)

 * No they shouldn't because they are sub-genres of rock music (see here. As I have pointed out a number of times. Of course if you can offer some reliable sources to the contrary there would be grounds for a change.-- SabreBD (talk) 12:50, 16 January 2011 (UTC)

This template is messed up
I found some issues on this template like how can Doo-woop, Crunkcore and Northern Soul are subgenres of pop music? Also, you all know that popular music and pop music are different, right? Why y'all put such "best selling" lists? Why we make them as two synonyms? We should separate "popular music" and pop music into different templates. — Preceding unsigned comment added by GogoLion (talk • contribs) 11:35, 1 October 2021 (UTC)

 * Yeah, totally agree that this has long needed to be split into pop and popular. Solidest (talk) 13:27, 29 November 2021 (UTC)

Notable artists
Do we really need a separate section devoted to "notable" artists? That kind of thing seems very arbitrary to me. Classicalfan626 (talk) 22:39, 28 September 2023 (UTC)
 * You're right. I removed it. Binksternet (talk) 23:39, 28 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Pop music


text:
Liliw

Liliw, officially the Municipality of Liliw, is a 4th class municipality in the province of Laguna, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 39,491 people.

It is one of the highland towns forming the southern extremity of Laguna. It is situated at the foot of Mt. Banahaw.

Liliw has a total land area of 3910 ha. It is bounded on the north-west by Santa Cruz; north-east by Magdalena; on the east by Majayjay; on the west by Nagcarlan; and on the south by Dolores. It is 56 km from Santa Cruz and 101 km from Manila.

Liliw is perhaps best known for its cold water spring resorts, native homemade sweets and a sizeable shoe industry that rivals that of Marikina. The town is also known for its baroque church and its Liliw-style houses.

The local government is currently undertaking means to conserve its cultural heritage sites and has proposed to enact a legislation that would mandate the usage of the Liliw-style architecture as the only means of construction and re-construction in the town. If the ordinance passes, Liliw will have a greater chance to become a heritage town, and further support from the National Commission for Culture and the Arts.

History
Founded in 1571 by Gat Tayaw, the small town of Liliw is nestled at the foot of Mount Banahaw, 17 km away from Santa Cruz, Laguna's capital.

According to a story, Liliw got its name from a bird. It was said that Gat Tayaw and his followers decided to erect a bamboo pole and to name the town after the bird that would first alight at the top of the pole within four days. A crow, however, was the first bird to alight on the pole. A crow was considered bad and so Gat Tayaw and his men moved south and erected another bamboo pole. A beautiful bird alighted on the pole and sang, "Liw, Liw, Liw". Thus the town became Liliw.

This is supported by first Tagalog dictionary written by Fr. San Buenaventura in 1613, under the dictionary entry 'lilio' stating "a type of bird, from which the town in Laguna under the Franciscan monks is named after."

The spelling of the town's name from Lilio was changed on June 11, 1965, when the municipal council passed Resolution No. 38-S-65 which declared “Liliw” as the official name and spelling of the town. This was to avoid confusion in pronouncing and spelling the name of the town.

Barangays
Liliw is politically subdivided into 33 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

 * Bagong Anyo (Poblacion)
 * Bayate
 * Bongkol
 * Bubukal
 * Cabuyew
 * Calumpang
 * San Isidro
 * Culoy
 * Dagatan
 * Daniw
 * Dita
 * Ibabang Palina
 * Ibabang San Roque
 * Ibabang Sungi
 * Ibabang Taykin
 * Ilayang Palina
 * Ilayang San Roque
 * Ilayang Sungi
 * Ilayang Taykin
 * Kanlurang Bukal
 * Laguan
 * Luquin
 * Malabo-Kalantukan
 * Masikap (Poblacion)
 * Maslun (Poblacion)
 * Mojon
 * Novaliches
 * Oples
 * Pag-asa (Poblacion)
 * Palayan
 * Rizal (Poblacion)
 * San Isidro
 * Silangang Bukal
 * Tuy-Baanan

Demographics
In the 2020 census, the population of Liliw was 39,491 people, with a density of undefined PD/km2.

Economy
The town's main attraction is its growing footwear industry. It started in 1931 when Casiano Pisueña became interested in making slippers. His first prototype was made from coconut husk and rubber from tire interiors. He soon became successful and many residents of Liliw followed suit. At present there are about 50 stores selling footwear in Liliw. The regular slippers are still the most popular, but many stores are now selling shoes, handbags and other leather goods. Most stores still carry the three-for-P100 slippers. The annual Tsinelas Festival is celebrated every end of April.

Transportation
Tricycles and jeepneys are popular modes of transportation in Liliw. Buses are available to Santa Cruz, Calamba, and Metro Manila.

How to get there Liliw is 110 kilometers from Manila via Santa Cruz and 105 kilometers via San Pablo.

For those taking public transport, there are buses in Cubao in Quezon City, Buendia in Makati/Pasay, and Alabang in Muntinlupa going to either Santa Cruz or San Pablo. Travel time from Manila is about two hours. Upon arriving in either Santa Cruz or San Pablo, take a jeepney going to Liliw.

Those bringing private vehicles have several options. The trip to Liliw can be combined with Nagcarlan and Majayjay using the San Pablo route or with Pagsanjan and Lake Caliraya using the Santa Cruz route. If it's summer, avoid the Santa Cruz route as traffic at the Pansol area can become horrible.

The route via San Pablo starts in Manila, enters South Luzon Expressway and exits from Santo Tomas. From there, continue driving to Alaminos town, then enter city of San Pablo, turn left to Rizal, continue driving via Nagcarlan before finally arriving in Liliw.

Liliw is known for its baroque style church whose façade is made of striking red bricks. Known as St. John the Baptist church, its first church was built in wood in 1620. The stronger stone church was built from 1643 to 1646. The present church patio has been developed to promote Catholic teachings. Standing in front of the church are several elevated statues of different saints that are patrons of each of the town's barangays (villages).

Standing next to the municipal hall is the statue of Gat Tayaw. On Gat Tayaw and P. Burgos streets still stand the ancestral houses of many of Liliw's prominent families who got rich during the American time from agricultural products like copra, lanzones, banana, and vegetables like tomatoes and mustasa.

Liliw also has many natural attractions like the Kilangin Falls and the colds springs of Batis ng Liliw and Liliw Resort.

title: Liliw


text:
Talk:Book of Leviticus

[Untitled]
I apologize I thought you meant the Book of Leviticus was written during this Persian Period, not that the last edits were made during that time. I misinterpreted what was meant. — Preceding unsigned comment added by AndrewP609 (talk • contribs) 13:20, 3 February 2023 (UTC)

Isaiah.
Isaiah, Chapter 1, states that the Lord is angered and disgusted by animal sacrifice, which seems to suggest an evolution of spirituality that supersedes that part of Leviticus. (Note that animal sacrifice was common practice in ancient times among the Greeks, Romans, Druids, and on other continents, a practice that disappeared in places that became civilized.) Given that Jesus quoted Isaiah extensively, and is also directly quoted in non-canonical sources as opposing animal sacrifice, it seems to me that it is an error for Christians to quote the ancient book of Leviticus as a foundation for modern morality. It is my observation that it is primarily US "fundamentalists" who make this error. I am referring to the breakaway denominations invented in the US over the last couple of centuries, that are based largely on Calvinism, along with the innovative doctrine that the King James Version (translation) of the Bible was itself divinely inspired, and therefore inerrant, and to be taken literally (e.g. one-week Creation). These denominations often are denoted by terms such as "evangelical", "pentecostal", and "born again", and place undue emphasis on Leviticus and the book of Revelations, while largely ignoring Jesus' teachings as presented in the four Gospels, and they also believe that the Apocalypse is coming soon, maybe next week. Because these denominations are heavily represented on television ("televangelists"), many non-Christians receive a false impression of Christianity. Jesus said not one recorded word about homosexuality, for example. So, to set the record straight, it would be better to say, "some evangelical Christian denominations quote Leviticus to support their view that homosexuality is immoral", rather than "Christians quote Leviticus". My own view is that the whole topic of Leviticus, evangelicals, and homosexuality doesn't belong in an article about Leviticus. To me, those early books of the Bible reveal the early stages in the spiritual progress of a tribe trying to bring order into the primitive times they were living in, and are of interest for that reason, and the misuse of those books by misguided people in the 21st Century belongs in an article about American Christian Fundamentalism. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.147.120.224 (talk • contribs)

 * We do not WP:CITE the Bible in order to WP:V statements. See WP:RSPSCRIPTURE. tgeorgescu (talk) 23:29, 30 March 2023 (UTC)
 * The Bible is not a reliable source, nor a scholarly one. Dimadick (talk) 11:10, 31 March 2023 (UTC)

Discussion at Talk:Vayikra (disambiguation)
You are invited to join the discussion at Talk:Vayikra (disambiguation). Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 14:39, 12 March 2018 (UTC)

BC or BCE
Might we consider changing this article's format from BC to BCE? As a text from multiple religious traditions, such a neutral approach would seem appropriate. BibleScholar (talk) 09:26, 26 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I would agree to the change, since the usage of CE / BCE is now widespread in academia, meaning simply "Common era" or "Before the Common era".---Davidbena (talk) 13:32, 26 August 2022 (UTC)

Heretic statement
—actually: not! Liberal Protestants, Conservative and Reformed Jews, mainstream Catholics, many Eastern Orthodox have no problem with higher criticism. tgeorgescu (talk) 23:26, 30 March 2023 (UTC)
 * "heretical and ridiculous" A contradiction in terms. Heretics are the people who poke holes in the absurdities of mainstream Christianity. Dimadick (talk) 11:12, 31 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Book of Leviticus


text:
Talk:ISM radio band

whats ism

868 vs 900 Mhz
I miss the 868 MHz band as a possible ISM band? or is that incorporated in the 900 Mhz band? --Alras 14:44, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC).

 * The 863-870 MHz range is an ISM band in Europe only. A side note: The current list of ISM bands here (900 MHz, 1.8 GHz, 2.4 GHz, 5.8 GHz) appears to refer to US regulations. However, I do not find any reference to the 1.8 GHz band in Part 18 of the FCC rules (47CFR18.301)? --128.131.214.206 15:33, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

There are already 433 MHz for Regfion 1 and 915 MHz for region 2, why not 868 MHz for Europe? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.56.82.123 (talk) 08:48, 6 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I'd suggest to add the ISM 868 MHz band and mark at as only existing in EUrope.

 * Oops: Just saw in the German ISM Band article, that 868 MHz is NOT an ISM band, but an SRD (SHort Range Device) Band, It is listed in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-power_communication_device

German Wikipedia article
The corresponding article in the German Wikipedia, ISM-Band, has lots of more info, especially on the different bands, perhaps someone who feels confident enough could merge in some of that? -- magetoo 07:58, 16 May 2006 (UTC)..

 * I think its quite a bit more work then it seems at first sight. As ISM bands somewhat differ per country. Creating an article that is somewhat specific is relatively ok for the german page. But for the english version, it should probably be a bit more in general. I will try to find some time and add some stuff. brainball 09:33, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

 * My compliments if you do, Alras. I also strongly feel that this page should at least attempt to distinguish between the different regulations per country when referring to frequency bands and related regulations. Unfortunately, I don't have the time to do it right now... --128.131.214.206 15:33, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

It would be really helpful to include the date that the ITU-R adopted the ISM band and how the band came to include 900 MHz and 5.8 GHz under its profile in the United States. It would also be helpful to indicate whether other countries also use this same convention. Sorry I am only asking questions and not providing answers at this point... [This unsigned comment was added by Prof R on 04:10, 28 May 2006 --128.131.214.206 15:37, 15 October 2006 (UTC)]

Links to CFR
I just added a link to CFR Title 47 Part 15 (Subpart 247), which looks as if it could break soon. The GPO has a page describing how to generate proper CFR links (which would even be independent of the CFR edition). Alas, the link generated according to these instructions didn't work for me. --128.131.214.206 15:46, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

5.2 GHz ISM
Isn't there also an ISM band around 5.2 GHz? -Roger (talk) 18:52, 4 July 2008 (UTC)
 * No. There is a band from 5.15-5.35 GHz which is authorized in some places (including the United States ) for unlicensed uses of ultra-wideband equipment that you may be thinking of, but it isn't an ISM band.  While unlicensed operations often makes use of the ISM bands because they don't have to worry about causing interference within those bands, they aren't the only frequencies in which unlicensed operation is allowed. Caerwine Caer’s whines  20:58, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

microwave ovens and the ISM band
Which came first -- the ISM band allocation, or the microwave oven? Please help us find out at Talk:Electromagnetic compatibility. --68.0.124.33 (talk) 04:13, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

"Part 18 ISM rules prohibit using ISM for communications"
perhaps this isn't the place to ask this, but could someone clarify this part of the rules for me? It would seem to me that wireless networking and 2.4Ghz phones are probably used for communication. What do they really mean by prohibiting communication on the ISM band? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Venevus (talk • contribs) 16:26, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

 * "Prohibiting communication" means exactly as it reads, use for telecommunication purposes is not allowed. The reason that this is seems confusing is because there is a common misconception that wireless networking and cordless phones qualify as ISM equipment.  They do not.  Cordless phones and the like operate under Part 15 rules in the United States, and they operate under similar provisions to Part 15 in other countries.  These unlicensed devices are permitted to operate in ISM bands because of the undesirability of these bands by licensed services, due to the requirement to accept harmful interference from ISM equiment.  –Sparkgap (talk) 06:11, 10 August 2011 (UTC)

What does "must accept" mean?
From the article, "In general, communications equipment must accept any interference generated by ISM equipment." Also the FCC label requirements include a statement that "this device must accept any interference that may cause undesired operation." But what does "accept" mean in this context? Is the device required to absorb the interference rather than reflecting it? Is the device not allowed to burst into flames? (Or would bursting into flames simply be "undesired operation"?) What could the device do that would constitute not accepting the interference? --Brouhaha (talk) 03:31, 29 October 2009 (UTC)

 * It means you can't complain about any interference you are subject to. Basically, you are a "secondary" user on the band.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.188.232.92 (talk) 04:52, 4 December 2009 (UTC)

 * That doesn't really answer my question. The FCC requires the label to say that "this device" (not the user) "must accept any interference".  What would constitute the device rejecting the interference?  --Brouhaha (talk) 08:17, 7 February 2010 (UTC)

 * The FCC's "must accept any interference" labeling requirement is for Part 15 devices, not Part 18 (ISM) devices. The labeling requirements for ISM devices are different. –Sparkgap (talk) 06:18, 10 August 2011 (UTC)

bhanchod na ban ganduuuuu :D — Preceding unsigned comment added by 180.178.188.40 (talk) 05:47, 31 December 2013 (UTC)

ISM equipment does not include telecommunication devices.
It is a common misconception that ISM equipment includes telecommunication devices such as WiFi and cordless phones. This misconception stems from the fact that many unlicensed communication devices are permitted to operate in ISM bands; however, a device is not ISM just because it operates in an ISM band. Unlicensed communication devices legally operate under separate rules from ISM. Of important note is the international definition of ISM written by the ITU (emphasis added):

"Industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) applications (of radio frequency energy): Operation of equipment or appliances designed to generate and use locally radio frequency energy for industrial, scientific, medical, domestic or similar purposes, excluding applications in the field of telecommunications."

Many national regulators have adopted the above definition as part of their definition of ISM. The following is an incomplete list of countries with the above in their definition of ISM:
 * Anguilla (Page 6)
 * Canada
 * Jamaica
 * Pakistan (Page 6)
 * Trinidad and Tobago (Page 6)
 * United Kingdom (Pages 10 & 11)
 * United States (FCC)

–Sparkgap (talk) 05:55, 10 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, but the article is about the ISM band(s), not ISM equipment - most users of the ISM bands are using them for communications ( I wonder if wireless hubs now outnumber microwave ovens? Certainly cordless phones outnumber diathermy machines or plywood gluing presses.) --Wtshymanski (talk) 13:27, 10 August 2011 (UTC)

 * This is the only article dealing with specifically with ISM. Mentioning what ISM equipment is, is within the article's scope.  Not having a mention as to what ISM equipment is, is similar to having an article on baseball field, with no mention or reference of what baseball is.  Many of the ISM bands are clearly used more by unlicensed communication devices than by any other user, but the communication uses of the bands are not why they are called ISM bands.
 * Overall though, I do like the rewrite of the introduction that you made.
 * –Sparkgap (talk) 23:52, 11 August 2011 (UTC)

Free bands not ISM
Seems this piece of information is rejected by some users. So any suggestion where to place it?

There no free bands in North America neither in the ITU regulations. If you have a source for thoses claims, please provide it. Sparkgap is right, ISM and Licensed free are linked, but not the same. For example, a frs radio is license free in North America but does not operate in a ISM band. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Albator2214 (talk • contribs) 19:16, 26 June 2019 (UTC)

"In the USA there are also Licence Free Part 15 bands for "Short Range Devices" that are not ISM bands. 315 MHz is commonly used instead of the European ISM 433 MHz, though 315 MHz is not an ISM band. In Europe, CE marked and ETSI approved equipment can use the 868 MHz band lying between GSM and UHF TV. The USA 902-928 MHz is overlapped by European 872-960 MHz Mobile bands (formerly GSM only)."Electron9 (talk) 02:22, 12 August 2011 (UTC)

 * I am wondering if a new article, which covers unlicensed radio spectrum use in general, should be made. Currently, there does not seem to be an article on this notable subject.  Such an article could hold information like the above, and it could list/link the various related articles out there.  My principle objection to the above being added to this article, is that ISM is not a catchall for unlicensed use.  Many ISM bands permit notable unlicensed uses, but not all.  Also, not all frequency ranges where unlicensed users may operate, are available for ISM devices.  There is a relation between the two subjects but not an equivalency.  The closest existing article I see for the general topic is Part 15, but that is an inherently US-centric topic.  –Sparkgap (talk) 03:35, 12 August 2011 (UTC)

 * I also miss an central article on frequency allocation with an international perspective. Jumping between articles seems crap really. Electron9 (talk) 13:19, 12 August 2011 (UTC)

 * You mean like Frequency allocation? ISM is just one chipped plate in the kitchen cupboard of dishware...--Wtshymanski (talk) 14:31, 12 August 2011 (UTC)

 * That article is only true in name, not in content. A table like the ISM article would be neat covering bands not channels thoe. Electron9 (talk) 22:11, 12 August 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on ISM band. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070314063902/http://www.marcus-spectrum.com:80/documents/81413RO.txt to http://www.marcus-spectrum.com/documents/81413RO.txt

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 04:19, 1 January 2016 (UTC)

Misleading introduction
The second paragraph does not clearly define what it purports to. It implies that _any_ unlicensed use of ISM bands is legal, which is certainly not the case in the US (except under the strict Part 15 limits not specific to ISM bands). I'm not sure how all those wireless services did become allowed to use these frequencies, and I hoped this article would explain that.
 * I think the paragraph only says those mentioned devices use those bands because you don't need a license. This usage is allowed by the local governing body. I am European, but I think in the US that's the FCC, see the paragraph below it. Can you point exactly to what is confusing you, so perhaps some things there can be written in a better way?Robijn (talk) 22:26, 29 October 2018 (UTC)
 * But it is not true that the user of such devices does not need a license because it is an ISM band. The rules state that any use of RF for communication requires a license unless a specific exemption is written in for it - even if enforcement is sometimes less than strict, it's certainly not true that I would be allowed to broadcast with high power on an ISM frequency without even a license! Such exemptions often use ISM frequencies, but also some that definitely aren't like the 49 MHz band.
 * I suspect someone made the false assumption that because ISM use for ISM purposes doesn't require a radio license, use for radio purposes doesn't either. Maybe that ought to be true, but it certainly isn't how the law is written and there can be no doubt about that (I've read it). The accurate way it should be written (as far as I know) is that because the ISM bands are full of interference anyway, governments are more willing to approve devices that will create more if they use those frequencies. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.242.3.106 (talk) 00:43, 1 November 2018 (UTC)
 * No reply. I admit my use of license above was potentially ambiguous but my facts were correct. The way in which the government uses forms of 'license' in the radio context is confusing to the general public - what they call unlicensed use is not what most people would think of, which is probably the origin of this mistake. In any case, this demonstrates once again Wikipedia's lack of interest in the truth, as it is clearly wrong and in a way that should be especially avoided (declaring something illegal to be legal).
 * I was shocked when I found that List of teetotalers had been deleted; God forbid that Wikipedia have some true and useful information that's not accessible anywhere else online! I had used that article many times, and the arguments for deletion were largely specious. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.242.3.106 (talk) 11:59, 22 January 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:ISM radio band


text:
Kirk Rueter

Kirk Wesley Rueter (born December 1, 1970), nicknamed "Woody", is an American former professional baseball pitcher who played 13 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB), primarily for the San Francisco Giants. He also played for the Montreal Expos who had drafted him in 1991.

Early life and education
Rueter was born in Centralia, Illinois, grew up in Hoyleton, Illinois, and graduated from Nashville Community High School in Nashville, Illinois, in 1988. He attended and played for Murray State University.

Montreal Expos
Drafted by the Montreal Expos in 1991, Rueter broke into the majors in 1993 at twenty-two years old and posted an 8-0 record in 14 starts. He pitched for the Expos through the 1996 season and compiled an overall 25-12 record. He would also go on to be the last player in the Nationals/Expos organization to wear the number 42 before its league-wide retirement the following season.

San Francisco Giants
On July 30, 1996, he was traded to the San Francisco Giants along with Tim Scott for Mark Leiter. Rueter blossomed into one of the Giants' most dependable starters. The following season, Rueter pitched in his first full season and to great success, going 13-6 with a 3.45 ERA in 32 starts with a career high 115 K's. In 1998, despite achieving a career high 16 victories, Rueter's ERA rose from the previous season, finishing with a 4.36 in 187+ innings.

In 1999, backed with a lot of run support, Rueter reached 15 wins despite posting an ERA of 5.41, while also serving 28 home runs.

In 2000, Rueter was the first pitcher to start a major league game at Pacific Bell Park in San Francisco. By the end of the season, Rueter bounced back to post an ERA of 3.96, while also collecting 11 wins. For many fans, Rueter's defining moment as a Giant was his gutsy bullpen performance in Game 2 of the 2000 NLDS, where he relieved starter Shawn Estes after Estes sprained his ankle on a baserunning play.

2002, a year which saw a Giants' World Series appearance, was statistically Rueter's best year. He went 14-8 with a 3.23 ERA. Rueter was the pitcher in Game 4 of the 2002 World Series; he went six innings, allowing three earned runs. Rueter also pitched shutout ball in relief of Liván Hernández in Game 7 of the 2002 Series, but the Giants failed to score enough runs to come back.

In 2003, despite posting a record of 10-5 in 27 starts, Rueter had an ERA of 4.53 and went through control problems throughout the season, recording 47 walks while striking out just 41.

He began to struggle in 2004 with a 9-12 record and a 4.73 ERA, while continuing with his control issues from the previous season. Despite starting 33 games for the Giants, Rueter issued 66 walks while striking out 56.

In 2005, after posting a 2-7 record and 5.95 ERA, the Giants designated him for assignment. His nine-year tenure in San Francisco ended with some controversy, as Rueter complained about having to pitch out of the bullpen and only pitching three times in his last 41 days as a Giant. Rueter's trademarks were his fast-paced pitching style and his large ears.

On March 6, 2006, Rueter announced his retirement from the game after 13 seasons. He retired as the Giants franchise record holder for career wins by a left-handed pitcher in the San Francisco Era (since broken by Madison Bumgarner), with 105 of his 130 career wins in a Giants uniform. Rueter has the 20th most wins all-time in Giants franchise history. He is the third all-time in wins during the San Francisco Era. He made the third most career starts in San Francisco Giants history. Only Juan Marichal and Gaylord Perry had more career starts and wins. The Giants honored Rueter's career during pregame ceremonies on "Kirk Rueter Day" at SBC Park on August 19, 2006, by giving Rueter a lifesize bobblehead of his likeness and giving him and his family a trip to Hawaii.

Scouting report
Rueter was primarily a control and changeup pitcher. His fastball rarely hit 90 mph. He threw changeups, fastballs, sinkers, curveballs, cut fastballs, and sliders. He also was an exceptional fielder, ranking highly in defensive metrics throughout his career. He posted a career .988 fielding percentage with only seven errors in 581 total chances covering 1918 innings.

Some credited the effects of the QuesTec umpiring system to his decline, because Rueter's success came mostly from being able to "paint the corners" of the strike zone and the system effectively took that ability away from him because it encouraged umpires to call a tighter strike zone. Rueter was never a strikeout pitcher; he struck out more than a hundred batters in a season only twice in his career. Former teammate Rich Aurilia said, "He was very, very capable of winning with his stuff because he had confidence in what he could do. He always pitched to what his strengths were."

Personal life
Rueter resides in Nashville, Illinois, with his wife and two daughters and his home is famous for its "Shed", a large recreational facility filled with games and sports memorabilia. Rueter also resided at the Shed during the off-seasons of his playing career. When the San Francisco Giants made trips to St. Louis during the baseball season, Rueter invited the team to relax at his Shed.

Although Rueter never attended the University of North Carolina, he is a fan of Tar Heels basketball. He also serves as an MLB coach at the Gaetti Sports Academy, in Centralia, Illinois.

title: Kirk Rueter


text:
Talk:Crystal (disambiguation)

Art?
What does crystal gazing have to do with art?

 * Magic is an art. "Art" does not necessarily mean drawing, painting, and sculpture. I can think of no other general category in which to put crystal gazing. "Magic" could be a misleading header and is not general enough anyway. —Centrx→talk • 02:44, 6 August 2007 (UTC)
 * See also Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. "art", under "magic art". —Centrx→talk • 23:53, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

Primary usage
Like I said in this edit, there are at least two primary topics. The spelling is the same as the dab name regardless of capitalization. Besides, it's not unheard of. Take a gander at:
 * Qi (disambiguation)
 * Avatar (disambiguation)
 * HP (disambiguation)
 * Satan (disambiguation)
 * Seta (disambiguation)
 * Acid (disambiguation)
 * Dante (disambiguation)
 * Kudos (disambiguation)
 * Krypton (disambiguation)
 * Cloud (disambiguation)
 * FAD (disambiguation)

Though Freak (disambiguation) and Heart (disambiguation) are somewhat "special cases", I think they too serve as precedents. Any thoughts? Lord Sesshomaru (talk • edits) 04:29, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Alright, I am convinced - the purpose of having the primary meaning at the top is that that is how people get to a disambiguation page like this. I do not see where this is discussed at either WP:DISAMBIG or WP:MOSDAB, but it does make sense in terms of aiding navigation. The term primary topic, though, is misleading in this context - crystals are a bit more common than CRYSTALs. - Eldereft (cont.) 06:30, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

 * You're welcome. However, if this is something you still disagree with it might be best to leave a note at WT:WPDIS. Lord Sesshomaru (talk • edits) 07:22, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Heh, I forgot about Jackal (disambiguation). Though I wonder if that second primary topic is even legit ... Lord Sesshomaru (talk • edits) 18:13, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I have also made some modifications to Lion (disambiguation) regarding this matter. Lord Sesshomaru (talk • edits) 01:22, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

There was no link to this dab page from the primary usage of the capitalised version, at CRYSTAL. Given that some people seem to use caps too much of the time, I think it's needed so have added a hatnote. PamD (talk) 18:02, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Seems to follow from the above logic - good work. - Eldereft (cont.) 00:19, 26 January 2009 (UTC)

Argument against multiple primary topics: Village pump (policy)/Archive 50. I don't feel strongly about it one way or the other. -- JHunterJ (talk) 15:22, 5 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Ive reverted and moved this specific meaning to the main body. I can only see dual primary topics if they are of approximately equal importance. the program obviously derives its name from the geologic term, and is of much less notability. same goes for most of the other dual primary topic disambigs listed above.(mercurywoodrose not logged in)66.80.6.163 (talk) 21:14, 17 August 2010 (UTC)

Crystal Wall of Crying (2021)
why there is No mention? In 2021, she inaugurates a monument, Crystal wall of crying, at the site of a Holocaust massacre in Ukraine of Babi Yar memorials. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Abramović#Other The Holocaust Center will present the “Crystal Wailing Wall” on October 6, to the 80th anniversary of the Babi Yar tragedy. It will be one of the largest art objects in Europe built over the past decade. https://www.skny.com/news-events/marina-abramovic-crystal-wall-of-crying Why Such important event, ignored? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babi_Yar#Massacres_of_September_1941 https://mai.art/immaterial/crystalwallofcrying https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/artist-marina-abramovics-crystal-wall-crying-commemorates-jews-killed-babyn-yar-2021-10-06/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 186.83.225.20 (talk) 20:03, 11 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Because this is a WP:DAB page, with the specific purpose of distinguishing various uses of the word "crystal". The title of the work you mention would only appear on this page if there is cited evidence that it is referred to by the single word "Crystal". Laterthanyouthink (talk) 23:12, 11 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Crystal (disambiguation)


text:
SNN

SNN may refer to:

Neural networks

 * Semantic neural network, a natural language processing network based on those of John von Neumann and Nikolai Amosov
 * Simulated neural network or static neural network, another term for an artificial neural network
 * Spiking neural network, a type of artificial neural network
 * Spatial neural network, another type of artificial neural network

News and broadcasting

 * ScrappleFace Network News, a faux newscast on ScrappleFace, an American conservative satirical website
 * Student News Network, an Iranian news agency running in Tehran
 * SNN News news-parody show on Swedish television
 * SNN: Suncoast News Network, a 24/7 local news operation running in Sarasota, Florida
 * SNN: Showbiz News Ngayon, a Philippine news show for showbiz
 * Sports News Network (1989–1990), an American cable channel
 * Sun News Network, a Canadian 24h news network
 * Suncoast News Network, also known as WSNN-LD, an independent television station (channel 39) licensed to Sarasota, Florida, United States
 * Sarimanok News Network, a Philippine 24/7 News Channel since 1996, now ABS-CBN News Channel or ANC since 1999

Other

 * Shannon Airport, Ireland (IATA code: SNN)
 * Siona language of Colombia/Ecuador (ISO 639-3 code: )
 * Smith & Nephew, a British manufacturer of medical equipment (NYSE ticker symbol: SNN)
 * SNN (gene), a human gene encoding the protein stannin
 * SN Nuclearelectrica, a Romanian nuclear energy company

title: SNN


text:
Mayville State University

Mayville State University (MSU or MaSU) is a public university in Mayville, North Dakota. It is part of the North Dakota University System.

History
Founded as a normal school by provision of the North Dakota Constitution in 1889, Mayville State was granted 30,000 acre and organized by the first Legislative Assembly.

Classes began in 1889, with funds for the current Old Main a building provided by the Second Legislative Assembly in early 1891, where classes were initially held in 1894. In 1926, the State Board of Higher Education authorized Mayville State to grant a Bachelor of Arts in education. The Mayville Normal School thus became Mayville State Teacher's College, providing general education and offering a four-year degree. Successive additions strengthened the curriculum; and as enrollment grew, new buildings appeared.

In 1948, the B.A. in Education became a B.S. in Education and the first non-teaching Bachelor of Arts was offered in 1961. In 1973 and 1982, Mayville State College established programs in business administration and computer studies respectively. In the early 1980s, the Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of General Studies became available. The present name, Mayville State University, was approved by the legislature in 1987.

Campus

In 1985, multiple campus buildings were recognized by the National Register of Historic Places with the creation of the Mayville Historic District.

On April 9, 2010, the university broke ground on "the first state funded building in more than 40 years." Agassiz Hall, the largest residence hall has been remodeled to provide suite- and apartment-style living accommodations for men and women. An addition to the science and library buildings is providing a new home for the Division of Education and Psychology. Great progress continues to be made on a state-funded HPER project, which involves replacement of the 1929 Old Gymnasium and expansion of classroom and lab/practice space for Sports Management, Fitness and Wellness, Health Education, and Physical Education majors.

Athletics

The Mayville State athletic teams are called the Comets. The university is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing as a member of the North Star Athletic Association (NSAA) as a founding member since the 2013–14 academic year. The Comets previously competed as an NAIA Independent within the Association of Independent Institutions (AII) from 2011–12 to 2012–13; and in these defunct conferences: the Dakota Athletic Conference (DAC) from 2000–01 to 2010–11; and the North Dakota College Athletic Conference (NDCAC) from 1922–23 to 1999–2000.

Mayville State competes in six intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball and football; while women's sports include basketball, softball and volleyball.

Men's basketball
The Mayville State Comets men's basketball team finished runner-up at the NAIA Division II Men's Basketball National Tournament in 2007. This is the only men's basketball team in North Dakota history to play in a national collegiate championship game. Head coach Darren lead the team to back to back to back tournament championships.

Softball
Mayville State's softball team appeared in one Women's College World Series in 1976.

Volleyball
Mayville State volleyball made a national tournament appearance in 2021. The program has had several all-american players. The newest All American includes Honorable Mention Elora Passa

title: Mayville State University


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jeff Lehnert

Jeff Lehnert
Jeff Lehnert was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

Non-notable. --fvw *  07:37, 2004 Dec 13 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. [[User:Knowledge Seeker|Knowledge Seeker দ (talk)]] 07:54, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not much of a strong believer in wikipedia if he violates some of our strongest policies by posting this tripe about himself.  Postdlf 08:01, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * He should finish his research paper instead of writing vanity articles.... [[User:Rhymeless|Rhymeless | (Methyl Remiss)]] 08:14, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Normally I am quite liberal with the 'keep' vote, but this is a vanity article. 129.177.61.120 08:19, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete of course -- Hoary 09:08, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete JeffLehnert.com is currently available for this drivel. Markaci 09:13, 2004 Dec 13 (UTC)

Come on people, let's not get too mean; It's probably just someone who's just discovered wikipedia and hasn't realised our notability-requirement yet. No use driving off potential editors by namecalling. --fvw *  09:20, 2004 Dec 13 (UTC)

 * Move to his userpage if he has one? Houshuang 18:35, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Gentle Delete, innocently written vanity. Wyss 12:24, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.