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Samantha Bee

Samantha Anne Bee (born October 25, 1969) is a Canadian-American comedian, writer, producer, political commentator, actress, and television host.

Bee rose to fame as a correspondent on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, where she became the longest-serving regular correspondent. In 2015, she departed the show after 12 years to start her own show, Full Frontal with Samantha Bee. The show was canceled in 2022 as a "business-based decision" by TBS.

In 2017, Time named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world on their annual Time 100 list.

Early life
Bee was born in Toronto, Ontario, the daughter of Debra and Ronald Bee. She has said of her family: "Dating from well before the turn of the 20th century, if there has ever been a successful, happy marriage in my family lineage, I've yet to hear about it." Bee's parents split up soon after her birth, and she was initially raised by her grandmother, who worked as a secretary at the Catholic school Bee attended, on Roncesvalles Avenue during her childhood. She attended Humberside Collegiate Institute and York Memorial Collegiate Institute.

After graduating from high school, Bee attended McGill University, where she studied humanities. Dissatisfied with a range of issues at the school, she transferred to the University of Ottawa after her first year. At the University of Ottawa, Bee signed up for a theatre class, thinking it would be easy. The class led to Bee discovering her love of performing. Bee later enrolled in the George Brown Theatre School in Toronto.

Career beginnings
Bee started auditioning for acting roles in Toronto while working as a waitress. At age 26, Bee toured with a stage production of Sailor Moon where she played the titular role. Bee performed in Sailor Moon's "A" cast and future husband Jason Jones was a member of the "B" cast.

Bee was one of the four founding members of Toronto-based sketch comedy troupe The Atomic Fireballs. The Fireballs were all women. Demonstrating mutual support, the group would try to perform as many of each other's ideas as they could.

2003–2014 at The Daily Show
Bee became a correspondent for The Daily Show with Jon Stewart on July 10, 2003. Bee was the sole female correspondent on The Daily Show from her debut in 2003 until Kristen Schaal joined the show in March 2008. She was The Daily Show's first non-US citizen correspondent. On that program, Bee demonstrated an ability to coax people into caricaturing themselves—particularly in segments like "Kill Drill", on hunters and fossil fuel executives claiming to be environmentalists; "They So Horny?", on the dearth of Asian men in U.S. pornography; "Tropical Repression", on Ed Heeney, a Florida politician running his campaign based on opposition to gay rights; "The Undecided", an over-the-top look at the undecided voters leading up to the 2004 US presidential elections; the "Samantha Bee's So You Want To Bee A..." report series, which humorously caricatured the way in which one can easily obtain a certain job, like becoming a 527 group; and a segment entitled "NILFs" ("News I'd Like to F#@k"), discussing the sexiness of news anchors: "CNN has the wholesome girl-next-door NILFs, the kind you can bring home to meet your mother. MSNBC has the dirty-over-30 NILFs. Fox has the filthy NILFs who will report anything. They're the Hustler of NILFs."

Bee had her first starring role in a feature film in 2004 with the Canadian independent film Ham & Cheese, co-written by her husband Jason Jones and starring Canadian comics Scott Thompson and Dave Foley. The film marked Bee's first starring role. She won a Canadian Comedy Award for "Pretty Funny Female Performance" for her role. Jones joined The Daily Show as a correspondent in 2005, two years after his wife. Jones became a freelance correspondent for the show while Bee reduced her workload during her pregnancy.

In December 2005, on The O'Reilly Factor, Bill O'Reilly used a clip of Bee from The Daily Show as an example of "The War on Christmas", presenting it as having aired recently. The satirical clip featured Bee mentioning how Christmas was the only religious holiday that's also a federal holiday in the United States, with O'Reilly talking about "Secular Central...excuse me, Comedy Central". Jon Stewart responded on his show; inviting Bee out for a discussion, and unlike in the clip that aired on Factor, Bee was visibly eight months pregnant. Bee joked it was obvious that the footage O'Reilly showed was a year old (it originally aired in 2004) because she had different highlights in her hair, before stating that her water had just broken. Bee was recognized with a 2005 Canadian Comedy Award for Best Female TV Performance for her work on The Daily Show.

On January 20, 2008, Bee finished as the highest scoring celebrity in the CBC game show Test the Nation. She had a minor role in Episode 15, "Spy Something or Get Out", of Little Mosque on the Prairie. Bee also appeared in the 12th episode of Season 20 of Law & Order ("Blackmail", episode 445), which aired on January 15, 2010. She played a minor role in an episode of the HBO series Bored to Death. She appeared as herself on the "Madame President" episode of The Electric Company. Bee also did a guest voice role of a talk show hostess named Pam in the Season 2 finale of Bob's Burgers, in addition to providing the voice of Lyla Lolliberry for two episodes in Season 4 of Phineas and Ferb. She appeared on Sesame Street during Season 42 as Mother Goose. In 2009, Bee appeared in the original cast of Love, Loss, and What I Wore. That same year, she had a small role in the comedy Whatever Works, written and directed by Woody Allen.

Bee authored a book titled I Know I Am, But What Are You?, which was published in 2010. She became the longest-serving regular Daily Show correspondent after passing Stephen Colbert's record in 2011. The same year, Bee collaborated with her longtime friend Allana Harkin on the parenting blog "Eating Over the Sink" for the online magazine Babble. In 2012, she appeared in Ken Finkleman's series Good God as Shandy Sommers, a devoutly Christian cable news host. She has also played roles in the series Bounty Hunters and Game On. In 2014, Bee was a panellist on Canada Reads, the CBC's annual national book debate. She defended Rawi Hage's novel Cockroach. On October 7, 2014, in the absence of Jon Stewart, she co-hosted The Daily Show with Jones.

2015–2022: Full Frontal with Samantha Bee
In March 2015, it was announced that she would leave The Daily Show – after 12 years – to host her own satirical news show on TBS. Bee departed The Daily Show on April 30, 2015. Her new show, Full Frontal with Samantha Bee, debuted on February 8, 2016. With the program's debut, Bee became the first woman to host a late-night satire show. Bee also tried to implement a hiring process which would give her show a more diverse staff than what is typical for a late night comedy show. The first season of Full Frontal generated critical acclaim and in November 2016, the show was renewed for a second season throughout 2017.

Bee is an executive producer of the TBS comedy series The Detour (2016–present), which she created with her husband, Jason Jones. One year into Bee's run on Full Frontal, Time named Bee one of the 100 most influential people in the world. On April 29, 2017, Full Frontal with Samantha Bee hosted "Not the White House Correspondents' Dinner" which aired on TBS the same evening. In July 2017, Bee's "Nasty Woman Shirt" campaign raised over $1 million for Planned Parenthood. In January 2018, TBS renewed Full Frontal for a third and fourth season, set to air through 2020. Bee's deal with Turner runs through 2022.

In 2018, Bee faced backlash on social media and from the White House for calling Ivanka Trump a "feckless cunt", while criticizing her stance as a mother regarding the immigration policy of Donald Trump. The comments were made in the context of highlighting the administration's actions on immigration and the separation of undocumented children from their parents. Critics on Twitter started a hashtag calling for a boycott of TBS network until Bee's show is canceled. The day after the segment aired, Bee apologized and "deeply [regretted]" the comment. Comedians Kathy Griffin, Michelle Wolf, Sarah Silverman, and Jon Stewart defended Bee, with Stewart suggesting much of the outrage over the joke was strategic rather than genuine. The show featured fewer national advertisements the following week. Bee began the episode with an apology to any women she had offended and lamenting that one bad word had overshadowed the policy of detaining illegal immigrant children which she had been criticizing.

In 2018, Bee formed a production company called Swimsuit Competition, focused on creating original content for television, aiming to work with underrepresented talent and those whose work has been underestimated in the past. The company signed a first-look deal with TBS. Full Frontal producer Kristen Everman was named head of development.

She appeared as Jillian on the revived The Kids in the Hall, released in May 2022.

On July 25, 2022, Bee's representatives announced that TBS had not renewed Full Frontal for a seventh season, and was officially canceled by TBS.

In 2023, Bee was named as the host of the 11th Canadian Screen Awards broadcast on April 16.

Influences
Bee has credited Jon Stewart as one of her major influences, and in several interviews she has said that her other comedic influences include Steve Martin, David Letterman, Mary Tyler Moore, Lucille Ball, Carol Burnett, Betty White, and Joan Rivers.

Personal life
In 2001, Bee married actor and writer Jason Jones, whom she first met in 1996. They reside in Manhattan, New York. In January 2006, she gave birth to her first child, a daughter named Piper, then returned to The Daily Show in March 2006. On January 24, 2008, Bee announced a second pregnancy on air during a bit about the media's coverage of the 2008 presidential campaign, and gave birth to their second child, a son named Fletcher, later that year. Their third child, a daughter named Ripley, was born in late 2010. During her third pregnancy, Bee joked she and Jones were "just procreating like we're farmers."

Bee holds dual Canadian-American citizenship after being naturalized in 2014.

title: Samantha Bee


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Talk:Noncommutative logic

If this is the Retore calculus, I've never heard it called ordered logic, but instead pomset logic. Should we move this page? Charles Stewart 20:31, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Noncommutativity
There's more to noncommutativity than ordered logic: Yetter's cyclic linear logic is noncommutative but there is no order on sequents. So (after noting noncommutative is a redirect to here), I suggest we move the page to noncommutative logic, and talk about ordered logics in a section of the article Charles Stewart 20:39, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm in favour of deleting this article/merging it elsewhere. — Kaustuv 04:34, 2004 Dec 5 (UTC)

There's plenty of material for an article on noncommutative logic (Lambek calculus and its applications in linguistics, cyclic logic, the Retore calculus and logic with self-dual sequentiality). So I propose that the current noncommutative logic page is deleted, and move this page there, then I can put in a quick sketch of the topic. The linear logic page needs a bit of rejigging too. I don't expect this is controversial, so I'll just ask CSTAR if he can do this. Charles Stewart 15:19, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Postscript: Google tells me that 'noncommutative' is more widely used than 'non-commutative', so I shall just move this article, and change non-commutative logic to the appropriate redirect, so no administrator privileges are needed. Charles Stewart 15:48, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Global structure
When you type "Lambek calculus" into the search box, it takes you to this page (noncommutative logic). Yet this page says almost nothing about it, but links to the page called (categorial grammar), which had nothing much about it either. I wrote something about it there, but the search still comes here. How can that be changed? I put a link at that page that comes here, but the search should go there, I think.Programmer in Chief (talk) 01:49, 7 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Fixed. You'd just click on the blue link that says Lambek calculus, which takes you to the redirect page, which you can edit as a normal page. Lambek Calculus too.99.153.64.179 (talk) 02:20, 24 June 2013 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Noncommutative logic


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Gretsch

Gretsch is an American company that manufactures and markets musical instruments. The company was founded in 1883 in Brooklyn, New York by Friedrich Gretsch, a 27-year-old German immigrant, shortly after his arrival to the United States. Friedrich Gretsch manufactured banjos, tambourines, and drums until his death in 1895. In 1916, his son, Fred Gretsch Sr. moved operations to a larger facility where Gretsch went on to become a prominent manufacturer of American musical instruments. Through the years, Gretsch has manufactured a wide range of instruments, though they currently focus on electric, acoustic and resonator guitars, basses, ukuleles, and drums.

Gretsch instruments enjoyed market prominence by the 1950s. In 1954, Gretsch began a collaboration with guitarist Chet Atkins to manufacture a line of electric guitars with Atkins' endorsement, resulting in the Gretsch 6120 hollowbody guitar and other later models such as the Country Gentleman. Electric guitars before 1957 used single coil pickups that have significant hum problems as an inherent part of their design. Frustration with the hum of these pickups prompted Atkins to collaborate with American inventor and engineer Ray Butts on the development of a new "humbucking" pickup by connecting two single-coil pickups serially and out of phase. This resulted in what may have been the first humbucker pickup (a claim lost to Gibson Guitars because Gibson was able to file a patent for their humbucker design first). Butts' design became the Gretsch Filter'Tron and was used on Gretsch guitars beginning in 1957, and is highly regarded for its unique sound properties. The popularity of Gretsch guitars soared in the mid-1960s because of its association with Beatles guitarist George Harrison, who played Gretsch guitars beginning in the band's early years.

In 2002, Gretsch entered a business agreement with Fender Musical Instruments Corporation. Under the terms of the agreement Fred W. Gretsch retains ownership while Fender has the exclusive rights to develop, produce, market and distribute Gretsch guitars worldwide.

Beginnings

Gretsch was founded in 1883 by Friedrich Gretsch, a young German immigrant who opened his own musical instrument shop on 128 Middleton Street in Brooklyn, New York that year. His shop was designed for the manufacture of tambourines and drums. The operation moved to South 4th Street in 1894. In 1895, Gretsch died at the age of 39 and the company was taken over by his wife and fifteen-year-old son Fred.

Fred Gretsch expanded the business, adding Gretsch Building #1 at 109 South 5th Street in 1903, Gretsch Building #2 at 104-114 South 4th Street in 1910, and a new ten-story Gretsch Building #4 at 60 Broadway in 1916. The company ultimately owned or operated six properties in the immediate area, including a warehouse on Dunham Place. Gretsch Building #4 was owned by the Gretsch family until 1999. Guitar production by the Gretsch Company began in the early 1930s, and Gretsch guitars became highly sought after, most notably in the 1950s and 1960s.

1950s, 1960s, 1970s

Fred Gretsch Sr. handed over the family business to his son, Fred Gretsch Jr., after retiring in 1942. Soon after taking over, Fred Jr. left to serve in WWII as a Navy commander, leaving the business in the hands of his younger brother, William Walter "Bill" Gretsch. Bill Gretsch died in 1948 and the company was again run by Fred Jr.

By the mid-1950s the company introduced several models, including the 6120 "Nashville," and the Duo Jet chambered "solid body", which was played by Bo Diddley. Two other models were introduced - the Country Club, and the White Falcon.

During this time, Chet Atkins became an endorser of Gretsch and they sold guitars with Atkins' name on the pickguard.

Sale to Baldwin, Gretsch family regains interest
Fred Gretsch never found a suitable successor, and in 1967 Gretsch was sold to Baldwin Pianos, becoming a subsidiary of that firm. Mid-1969, Baldwin moved Gretsch instrument manufacturing operations from Brooklyn to a plant in DeQueen, Arkansas.

In 1983, Baldwin's holding company and several of its subsidiaries were forced into bankruptcy. At the time it was the largest bankruptcy ever, with a total debt of over $9 billion. In 1984, former Baldwin CEO Richard Harrison bought the Baldwin music divisions and brought back former Gretsch employee, Duke Kramer, to run the Gretsch division.

In 1985, the Gretsch company once again came under the leadership of the Gretsch family when Fred W. Gretsch, great-grandson of Friedrich and nephew of Fred Gretsch Jr, assumed presidency of the company. The first Gretsch guitars after Fred W Gretsch became president were released in 1988. They were a series of Traveling Wilburys commemorative guitars, which bore little resemblance to prior Gretsch models. In 1989, Gretsch restarted large-scale production of new guitars based on classic Gretsch models.

Fender control
In late 2002, Gretsch and the Fender Musical Instruments Corporation reached an agreement giving Fender control over marketing, production, and distribution of guitars, with the Gretsch family retaining ownership of the company.

Models

 * Gretsch 6120, Chet Atkins
 * Gretsch G1627 Synchromatic Sparkle Jet
 * Gretsch 6128 Duo Jet
 * Gretsch G6131 Jet Firebird
 * Gretsch G6131MY Signature Jet (Malcolm Young Edition)
 * Gretsch 6136 White Falcon
 * Gretsch 6199 Jupiter Thunderbird
 * Gretsch BST 1000
 * Gretsch Triple Jet

title: Gretsch


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Marc Hempel

Marc Hempel (born May 25, 1957) is an American cartoonist/comics artist best known for his work on The Sandman with Neil Gaiman.

Biography
Writer and artist Marc Hempel grew up in the northwest suburbs of Chicago and now lives in Baltimore. He received a B.F.A. in Painting from Northern Illinois University in 1980. He and Mark Wheatley co-created the titles Breathtaker, Blood of the Innocent, and Mars. In 1994–1995, he collaborated with Neil Gaiman on the climactic story arc "The Kindly Ones" in The Sandman. Hempel's own creations Gregory and Tug & Buster were nominated for several industry awards, and his humor anthology Naked Brain was named "Best Comic Book" in the Baltimore City Paper's "Best of Baltimore 2003" issue. His art has also appeared in Marvel Fanfare, Epic Illustrated, Heavy Metal, Jonny Quest, Tarzan the Warrior, Clive Barker’s Hellraiser, Flinch, My Faith in Frankie, The Dreaming, Lucifer, and Disney Adventures.

Original art from The Sandman and Breathtaker was included in an exhibition entitled "LitGraphic: The World of the Graphic Novel," which originated at the Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge, Massachusetts.

Hempel has created advertising art for print and television as well as character design for HBO Animation. He has produced CD art for the Nashville band Swamp Rat, drawn an episode of the online strip Munden's Bar for ComicMix.com, illustrated a 21–page Escapist story for Dark Horse Comics, and contributed to Mad, Nickelodeon Magazine, and SpongeBob Comics.

Awards
Marc Hempel received an Inkpot Award at the San Diego Comic-Con in 1992.

Apple Comics

 * Blood of Dracula #1–2, 11 (1987–1989)

Art & Soul

 * Tug & Buster #1–7 (1995–1998)

Comico Comics

 * Jonny Quest #3, 10, 14–15, 17–18, 20, 22, 24–31 (1987–1988)

DC Comics

 * Breathtaker #1–4 (1990)
 * Dreaming #34, 50 (1999–2000)
 * Flinch #5 (1999)
 * Gregory #1–4 (1989–1993)
 * The Invisibles #6 (1997)
 * Lucifer #55 (2004)
 * Mad #484, 493, 498, 500, 504, 506 (2007–2010)
 * My Faith in Frankie #1–4 (2004)
 * Re-Gifters graphic novel (2007)
 * The Sandman #57–61, 63, 65–69 (1994–1995)
 * Swamp Thing vol. 3 #13–16, 18 (2001)
 * Who's Who in the DC Universe #9 (Vicki Vale) (1991)

Fantagraphics Books

 * Anything Goes! #1 (1986)
 * Honk #1–3 (1986–1987)

First Comics

 * Mars #1–12 (1984–1985)

HM Communications

 * Heavy Metal #v5#11, #v6#3, #v6#8 (1982)

Insight Studios Group

 * Naked Brain #1–3 (2002)

Malibu Comics

 * Tarzan the Warrior #1–5 (1992)

Marvel Comics

 * Amazing High Adventure #3 (1986)
 * Clive Barker's Hellraiser #20 (1993)
 * Epic Illustrated #4, 16, 31 (1980–1985)
 * Marvel Fanfare #27 (Spider-Man) (1986)

WaRP Graphics

 * Blood of the Innocent #1–4 (1986)
 * Warp Graphics Annual #1 (1986)

title: Marc Hempel


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Juergen Teller

Juergen Teller (born 28 January 1964) is a German fine-art and fashion photographer. He was awarded the Citibank Prize for Photography in 2003 and received the Special Presentation International Center of Photography Infinity Award in 2018.

Major solo exhibitions of his work have been organised at Fondation Cartier pour l’art Contemporain, Paris (2006); Le Consortium, Dijon, France (2010); Dallas Contemporary, TX (2011); Daelim Museum, Seoul (2011); Institute of Contemporary Art, London (2013); Contemporary Fine Arts, Berlin (2015); Kunsthalle Bonn, Germany (2016), Garage Museum of Contemporary Art, Moscow (2018), Grand Palais Éphémère, Paris (2023). Self-portraiture has been a prominent feature of his practice and was the main focus of his 'Macho' exhibition at DESTE Foundation, Athens, Greece (2014).

Education
Teller studied at the Bayerische Staatslehranstalt für Photographie in Munich, Germany (1984–1986). In order to avoid military national service he learned English and moved to London in 1986, aged 22.

Career
Since the beginning his career in the late 1980s, Teller has blurred the boundaries between his commissioned and personal work in his numerous campaigns, editorials, publications and exhibitions. Teller treats all of his subjects—family members, celebrities, and himself with a uniform style of grit, raw emotion and humour that has become his iconic and recognizable aesthetic.

His photographs have appeared in Arena Homme +, The Face, i-D, 032c, Pop, Purple, Self Service, W, Vogue (American, Australian, British, French, Italian, Japanese, Polish) and Zeit magazin among others. He photographed Kylie Minogue for the artwork of her 1991 album Let's Get to It. Teller first gained wider recognition in 1996 with his front cover of Süddeutsche Zeitung Magazine featuring a nude Kristen McMenamy with the word ‘Versace’ drawn in a heart across her chest.

In 1997, Marc Jacobs worked with Teller's then-partner, Venetia Scott to style his collections and Teller shot Kim Gordon from Sonic Youth for the Spring Summer 1998 campaign. For the brand's 2005 campaign, he photographed himself with Cindy Sherman and also collaborated with Winona Ryder, Sofia Coppola, Helena Bonham Carter, Michael Stipe, Rufus Wainwright and Harmony Korine amongst others until the SS2014 campaign. Teller has also collaborated with a range of other designers and fashion houses during his career, including Helmut Lang, Yves Saint Laurent, Vivienne Westwood, Céline, Missoni, Moschino, Barney's, Louis Vuitton, Adidas, Palace and Valentino.

Teller has photographed many celebrities, musicians, artists and photographers, including Arnold Schwarzenegger, O. J. Simpson, Kurt Cobain, Bjork, Kate Moss, Elton John, Pelé, David Hockney, Roni Horn, Sarah Lucas, William Eggleston, Boris Mikhailov and Araki Nobuyoshi. He photographed American rapper Kanye West for T: The New York Times Style Magazine and shot the 'Kanye, Juergen and Kim' supplement for System featuring Kanye West and Kim Kardashian as well as himself in 2015. The actress Charlotte Rampling has been a long term collaborator, appearing in Teller's Louis XV series which was exhibited at Contemporary Fine Arts, Berlin and published by Steidl as a book in 2005, and the Paradis photographs shot at Musée du Louvre in 2009.

Teller has directed several fashion films, short films and artist videos including Can I Own Myself (1998), Go-Sees (2001), World Cup Final, Germany 0 Brazil 2 London (2002), Schmetterling' (2005) and Dieter (2017).

Teaching
Teller was Professor of Photography at the Academy of Fine Arts in Nuremberg from 2014 to 2019.

Curating
In 2016, Teller curated an exhibition of Robert Mapplethorpe's photographs at Alison Jacques Gallery in London where he selected 58 images from the Mapplethorpe Foundation collection.

Personal life
Teller was married to UK contemporary art dealer Sadie Coles from 2003 to 2018. Teller married Dovile Drizyte in 2021.

Publications

 * Juergen Teller. Cologne: Taschen, 1996
 * Der verborgene Brecht. Ein Berliner Stadtrundgang. Zurich: Scalo, 1998
 * Go-Sees: Girls Knocking on My Door. Zurich: Scalo, 1999. ISBN 978-3908247142.
 * Remake Berlin. Steidl Verlag, Fotomuseum Winterthur, Bank Hofmann AG, 1999
 * Tracht.Göttingen: Steidl/Lehmann Maupin Gallery, 2001
 * More. Göttingen: Steidl, 2001
 * Märchenstüberl. Göttingen: Steidl, 2002
 * Zwei Schäuferle mit Kloß und eine Kinderportion Schnitzel mit Pommes Frites. Göttingen: Steidl, 2003
 * Nackig auf dem Fußballplatz. Göttingen: Steidl, 2003
 * Louis XV. Göttingen: Steidl, 2004
 * Ich bin Vierzig. Göttingen: Steidl, 2004
 * The Master. Göttingen: Steidl, 2004
 * Ohne Titel. Göttingen: Steidl, 2005
 * Nürnberg. Göttingen: Steidl, 2006
 * Ed in Japan. Paris: Purple publications, 2006
 * Jürgen Teller, Do You Know What I Mean. Exhibition catalogue. Paris: Foundation Cartier pour l'art contemporain/London-New York: Thames & Hudson, 2006
 * Juergen Teller Vivienne Westwood, Spring Summer 2008. Göttingen: Steidl, 2008
 * Election Day, Vivienne Westwood, Spring Summer 2009. Göttingen: Steidl, 2009
 * Juergen Teller: Marc Jacobs Advertising 1997-2008. Göttingen: Steidl, 2008
 * The Master II. Göttingen: Steidl, 2010
 * Zimmermann. Göttingen: Steidl, 2010
 * The Deste Foundation Collection. Göttingen: Steidl, 2010
 * Get a Life, Vivienne Westwood Spring Summer 2010. Göttingen: Steidl, 2010
 * Calves and Thighs. TF Editore, 2010
 * Touch Me. Reel, 2011
 * Hotel Il Pellicano. Italy: Slim Arons, John Swope, Juergen Teller, Rizzoli 2011
 * Common Ground. Marsilio Editoria, 2012
 * The Keys to the House. Göttingen: Steidl, 2012
 * Pictures and Text Göttingen: Steidl, 2012
 * The Master III Göttingen: Steidl, 2012
 * Woo! Juergen Teller Steidl and ICA, 2013
 * Eating at Hotel Il Pellicano. Violette Editions, 2013
 * Kolkata. The Juergen Teller Purple Book, Purple Institute, 2014
 * I'm Fifty. Suzanne Tarasieve, Paris, 2014
 * Araki Teller, Teller Araki., Eyesencia, 2014. With Nobuyoshi Araki
 * I Just Arrived in Paris. (Louis Vuitton AW2014), Göttingen: Steidl, 2014
 * Siegerflieger Göttingen: Steidl, 2015
 * The Flow. (Louis Vuitton SS2015), Göttingen: Steidl, 2015
 * Season Three. (Louis Vuitton AW2015), Göttingen: Steidl, 2015
 * The Clinic. Contemporary Fine Arts, Berlin, 2015
 * Mit dem Teller nach Bonn. Steidl/Bundeskunsthalle, 2016
 * Boris Mikhailov, Parliament. Rodovid, Kyiv, Ukraine, 2017
 * Vivienne Westwood, Andreas Kronthaler, Juergen Teller. In Other Words, 2017
 * Leg, Snails and Peaches. Suzanne Tarasieve, Paris, 2018
 * The Master IV. Göttingen: Steidl, 2019
 * Handbags. Göttingen: Steidl, 2019
 * Mmm!. Göttingen: Steidl, 2019
 * TELLER ABLOH. Fine Print/Prestel, 2019
 * 50 Times Bonami and Obrist. Göttingen: Steidl, 2019
 * Plumtree Court. Göttingen: Steidl, 2020
 * Leben und Tod: Nobuyoshi Araki and Juergen Teller. Göttingen: Steidl, 2020
 * The Nipple, Annual Series No.7. Oakland California: TBW, 2020
 * William Eggleston 414. Göttingen: Steidl, 2020. With Harmony Korine. ISBN 978-3-95829-763-0.
 * Donkey Man and Other Stories. New York: Rizzoli, 2021. ISBN 978-0-8478-7077-6.
 * Auguri. Göttingen: Steidl, 2022. With Dovile Drizyte. ISBN 978-3-96999-093-3.
 * Notes About My Work. Göttingen: Steidl, 2022. ISBN 978-3-96999-135-0.
 * The Master V. Göttingen: Steidl, 2022. ISBN 978-3-96999-134-3.

Awards

 * 2003: Citibank Prize for Photography
 * 2018: Special Presentation, International Center of Photography Infinity Award

Solo exhibitions

 * 1998	Juergen Teller, The Photographers' Gallery, London
 * 2002	Märchenstüberl, Münchner Stadtmuseum, Germany
 * 2002	Märchenstüberl, Museum Folkwang, Essen, Germany
 * 2003	Märchenstüberl, Galleria d'Arte Moderna, Bologna, Italy
 * 2003	Märchenstüberl, Frans Hals Museum, Haarlem, Netherlands
 * 2003	Tracht, Kunsthalle Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
 * 2004	Go-sees and World cup Final, Germany v Brazil 0-2 Temple Bar Visual Arts, Dublin, Ireland
 * 2004	Ich bin Vierzig, Kunsthalle Wien, Vienna, Austria
 * 2006	Do You Know What I Mean, Fondation Cartier pour l'Art Contemporain, Paris
 * 2007	Awailable, Inverleith House, Edinburgh, Scotland
 * 2009	Teller, Frans Hals Museum, Haarlem, Netherlands
 * 2009	Logisch, Kunsthalle Nürnberg, Germany
 * 2010	Touch Me, Le Consortium, Dijon, France
 * 2011	Man with Banana, Dallas Contemporary, US
 * 2011	Texte und Bilder, Moscow House of Photography, Russia
 * 2011	Texte und Bilder, Brukenthal National Museum, Sibiu, Romania
 * 2012	Bilder und Texte, Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany, London, UK
 * 2013  Woo!, Institute of Contemporary Arts, London
 * 2014	Bus Stops, Strand, London
 * 2014	Macho, Deste Foundation, Athens, Greece
 * 2016	Enjoy Your Life!, Bundeskunsthalle, Bonn, Germany
 * 2016	Enjoy Your Life!, Galerie Rudolfinum, Prague, Czech Republic
 * 2017	Enjoy Your Life!, Martin-Gropius-Bau, Berlin, Germany
 * 2017 	Juergen Teller, Kunstpalais Erlangen, Germany
 * 2017	Juergen Teller, Great Arch Hall, Photo London, Somerset House, London
 * 2018	Enjoy Your Life!, Fotomuseum Winterthur, Switzerland
 * 2018  Zittern auf dem Sofa, Garage Museum of Contemporary Art, Moscow, Russia
 * 2019 Handbags, Museo Villa Pignatelli, Naples, Italy
 * 2019 Heimweh, Konig Tokio x MCM Ginza Haus I, Tokyo
 * 2021 What Are We Talking About?, T-10, Beijing, China
 * 2023 I need to live, Grand Palais, Paris, France

Curated exhibitions

 * 2016 	Teller on Mapplethorpe, Alison Jacques Gallery, London

Selected Group exhibitions

 * Citibank Photography Prize, The Photographers Gallery, London (2003)
 * The Kate Show, The Foam Museum, Amsterdam, Netherlands (2006)
 * 2007: represented Ukraine as one of five artists in the 52nd Venice Biennale
 * Street & Studio: An Urban History of Photography, Tate Modern, London (2008)
 * Not in Fashion, MMK Museum, Frankfürt, Germany (2010)
 * Night in Twilight: Art from Romanticism to the Present, Belvedere Museum, Vienna, Austria (2012)
 * Riotous Baroque, Kunsthaus Zurich, Switzerland (2012), toured to Guggenheim, Bilbao, Spain (2013)
 * Paparazzi! Photographers, Stars and Artists, Centre Pompidou, Metz, France (2014)
 * Faces Now: European Portrait Photography Since 1990, BOZAR Centre for Fine Arts, Brussels, toured to Nederlands Fotomuseum, Rotterdam, and National Museum of Photography, Thessaloniki, Greece (2015-2016)
 * VOGUE 100: A Century of Style, National Portrait Gallery, London and Manchester Art Gallery (2016)
 * La Vie Simple - Simplement la Vie, Fondation Vincent van Gogh, Arles, France (2017)
 * Icons of Style: A Century of Fashion Photography 1911-2011, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, USA (2018)
 * The Exhausted Man, Swiss National Museum, Zurich, Switzerland (2020)
 * E/Motion. Fashion in Transition, MoMu Fashion Museum Antwerp, Belgium (2021)
 * Captivate! Fashion Photography from the 1990s. Curated by Claudia Schiffer, Kunstpalast, Dusseldorf, Germany (2021)
 * Vogue Paris-100 years-1920-2020, Palais Galliera, Paris, France (2021)

Collections
Teller's work is held in the following permanent collections:
 * Centre Pompidou, Paris
 * Fondation Cartier pour l'Art Contemporain, Paris
 * Museum für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt
 * National Portrait Gallery, London: 3 prints (as of January 2021)
 * Victoria and Albert Museum, London: 4 prints (as of January 2021)

title: Juergen Teller


text:
Albert Samuel Gatschet

Albert Samuel Gatschet (October 3, 1832, Beatenberg, Canton of Bern – March 16, 1907, Washington, D.C.) was a Swiss-American ethnologist who trained as a linguist in the universities of Bern and Berlin. He later moved to the United States and settled there in order to study Native American languages, a field in which he was a pioneer.

In 1877 he became an ethnologist with the US Geological Survey. In 1879 he became a member of the Bureau of American Ethnology, which was part of the Smithsonian Institution. In 1884, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society.

Gatschet published his observations of the Karankawa people of Texas. His study of the Klamath people located in present-day Oregon, published in 1890, is recognized as outstanding. In 1902 Gatschet was elected as a member of the American Antiquarian Society, whose members were studying ancient and historic peoples.

title: Albert Samuel Gatschet


text:
Triangle of Death (Iraq)

The Triangle of Death is a name given to a region south of Baghdad during the 2003–2011 occupation of Iraq by the U.S. and allied forces which saw major combat activity and sectarian violence from early 2003 into the fall of 2007.

Description
The "Triangle of Death" (not to be confused with the much larger Sunni Triangle further north) lies between Baghdad and Al Hillah, is inhabited by one million mostly Sunni civilians, and contains several large towns in the Mahmudiya District including Yusufiyah, Mahmoudiyah, Iskandariyah, Latifiyah and Jurf Al Sakhar and hundreds of rural villages. The major terrain feature of the Triangle of Death is the Euphrates River, which borders the Triangle to the southwest. The terrain is mostly farmland, but is sliced by many irrigation ditches. These farms are usually small, being maintained by the families that own the land. The weather is generally consistent with the rest of Iraq, except for increased humidity due to the area's proximity to the Euphrates River and irrigation canals used for farming.

Musayyib is home to the Musayyib Power Plant, which was a frequent target of insurgent attacks due to its infrastructure importance. The power plant would be capable of supplying between one quarter and one third of Iraq's electricity demands if it were fully operational. In October 2006, it was at roughly 33% of its maximum potential output. Because of the indirect fire attacks on the facility, and the kidnapping of American soldiers to the area, U.S. forces occupied Patrol Base Dragon (formerly known as FOB Chosin) on the grounds of the power plant. Attacks diminished due to increased security in 2007 and with an overall increase in the security situation of Babil Governorate in 2008, the facility was closed as a U.S. base.

Sociological causes of violence
Analysts generally attributed this area's high level of violence to the tension between the majority Sunni population, the Saddam Hussein-era military industrial complex in the area (such as the al-Quds General Company for Mechanical Industries, the al-Musayyib Ammunition Depot, and the Al Qa'qaa Munitions Facility), the lack of economic alternatives to joining the insurgency, and the near-endless supply of munitions that were stored throughout the area (in part due to the looting of the munitions facilities after the fall of Hussein's government).

Post-invasion violence
After the fall of the Ba'athist government, the area's population suffered from unemployment. One city in the north of Babil Governorate, Al Hillah, was a frequent target of insurgent attacks. On 28 February 2005, al Hillah saw the deadliest suicide bombing in the Iraq War until that point, when 125 Iraqis were killed. At 9:30 in the morning, a suicide bomber struck a crowd of recruits for police and other government jobs waiting outside for their physicals. Casualties were also suffered at a nearby vegetable market. Other suicide attacks occurred in al Hillah on 30 May 2005 (20 killed), 30 May 2006 (12 killed), and 30 August 2006 (12 killed). On 16 July 2005, the town of Musayyib was attacked in a suicide bombing in one of the most savage attacks of the war until that point, when an insurgent detonated his explosive belt in a crowded marketplace beside a fuel truck containing cooking gas, exploding the truck and killing 98 Iraqis.

The Triangle of Death often saw catastrophic attacks like these due to the proximity to both Baghdad and Fallujah-Ramadi area, where suicide bombers usually met before heading to their intended targets. The Triangle of Death also was used as the staging area for attacks in Baghdad, specifically the 24 October 2005 attack on the Palestine Hotel. The Triangle of Death saw several deadly sectarian attacks during the 2007 Ashura processions.

Even though most insurgent attacks in the Triangle of Death were against Iraqi civilians and Iraqi government forces, U.S. forces were also the target of many attacks.

On June 16, 2006, one American soldier (SPC David J. Babineau) was killed and two other soldiers (PFC Thomas L. Tucker and PV2 Kristian Menchaca) were kidnapped near the Jurf Al Sakhar Bridge (located on the Euphrates River in southwestern Yusufiyah) after their Humvee was attacked. Their remains were found four days later, on the side of a canal road near Patrol Base Swamp in Shakaria (approximately 10 kilometers northeast from where they were ambushed). The bodies were discovered by SFC Jason Beaton, of 3rd Platoon, B Company, 2nd Battalion, 502nd Infantry Regiment (101st Airborne Division). The report from the U.S. Army Graves Registration team indicated that the bodies had been dismembered, mutilated, burned and beheaded, as well as rigged with an IED between one of the victim's legs.

On April 8, 2007, members of Bayonet Company, 2nd Battalion, 69th Armor Regiment were on static overwatch at a battle position composed of two Bradley Fighting Vehicles southwest of Yusufiah when insurgents detonated an improvised explosive device attached to one of the vehicles. The explosion destroyed one Bradley and killed PFC David Simmons and SSG Harrison Brown.

On May 12, 2007, members of Delta Company, 4th Battalion, 31st Infantry Regiment (of the U.S. Army's 10th Mountain Division) were attacked with IED, rocket-propelled grenades and small-arms fire while operating near the Qarghouli tribe region of Yusufiyah. The ambush left five soldiers dead and three missing. The body of one of these missing soldiers, PFC Joseph Anzack, was found in the Euphrates River in Musayyib by members of D Company, 1st Battalion, 501st Infantry Regiment (Airborne) and members of the local Iraq police force. The other two missing soldiers, SGT Alex Jimenez and PFC Byron Fouty, remained missing for over a year until their remains were discovered by soldiers from 3rd platoon, A Company, 3rd Battalion, 7th Infantry Regiment "Cotton Bailers By God" west of the town of Jurf Al Sakhar.

Military in the area
Numerous units were stationed in the Triangle of Death from 2003. Initial deployments began with occupation of small towns and roads, sometimes in individual houses and temporarily abandoned schools, but later expanded to extensive troop commitments and culminated in 2007 with multiple brigades incurring 15-month deployments commanded by Multi-National Division-Central headed by 3rd Infantry Division Headquarters. Attacks dropped dramatically from the spring through fall of 2007 following the activation of Multi-National Division-Central and an increase in operational tempo following the kidnapping of soldiers from 4th Battalion, 31st Infantry Regiment, 10th Mountain Division, near Yusifiyah in May 2007. Another contributing factor to the decline in violence was the implementation of "concerned citizen" groups in the region, conducting their own patrols of several tribal areas.

Situation in late 2014 to 2015
The towns and villages of the Triangle of Death are under the control of the Iraqi Government following many battles to regain control over the area, of which Operation Ashura was the most significant.

title: Triangle of Death (Iraq)


text:
UFIP

UFIP, an acronym for Unione Fabbricanti Italiani Piatti (Italian Cymbal Manufacturers Union) is an Italian musical instrument manufacturing company based in Pistoia, Tuscany.

The company currently produces cymbals, gongs, and metal percussion instruments.

History
In the early 20th century the "Agati-Tronci" company, a known pipe organ manufacturer, began the production of cymbals, as they were difficult to import from Turkey. In 1926 a worker for the Tronci family, Fiorello Zanchi, left the company to start a new cymbal manufacturer with Manlio Biasei, the "Zanchi & Biasei" company. A number of cymbals manufacturers were founded in Pistoia after the First World War, starting a competition.

On January 6, 1931 four companies (Marradi-Benti, Zanchi & Biasei, Rosati Leopoldo and A. & B. Fratelli Tronci) founded a cooperative society called UFIP to stop the competition between cymbals manufacturers. In 1947 Zanchi left UFIP to start his own company, Zanchi (later spelled "Zanki"). In 1968 UFIP changed from a cooperative society to an actual production company.

The grandson of Rosati, Buiani, co-founded with Giovanni Spadacini the Tosco company in 1974. In 1979, Robert Zildjian took over Tosco and transformed it in a Sabian subsidiary. One of the main innovation designed by Tosco is the Octagonal cymbal. This particular design inspired the Sabian Rocktagon.

At the beginning UFIP sold his cymbals under commission of various drums companies, initially with Turkish sounding names such as "Zinjian" (commissioned by Pearl, Ludwig and Premier), "Kashian" (commissioned by Slingerland), "Pasha" (commissioned by Rogers), "Ajaha" (commissioned by Gretsch) and "Super Constantinoples" (commissioned by Dolnet). In the United States UFIP cymbals were sold as "Atlas" and "Abraxis" until, in the early nineties, the company began to use the "UFIP" name internationally.

UFiP is being distributed in the United States by Davitt & Hanser music.

Manufacturing
UFIP is known for using the "Rotocasting" technique. This technique was patented (IT000001141690B) by the Zanchi brothers in the seventies. Rotocasting consists in casting molten bronze in a cymbal mold mounted on a centrifuge that spins approximately a thousand revolutions per minute. This particular technique reduces air pockets in the alloy and ensures a thicker bell-to-bow ratio. Most of the UFIP top level cymbal series are manufactured using the Rotocasting technique.

title: UFIP


text:
Stacy Haiduk

Stacy Haiduk (born April 24, 1968) is an American actress. She starred as Lana Lang in the syndicated superhero series Superboy (1988–1992) and as Katherine Hitchcock in the NBC science fiction series, seaQuest DSV (1993–1994). Haiduk also had leading roles in the NBC prime time soap opera, The Round Table (1992) and Fox supernatural horror series, Kindred: The Embraced (1996), and has appeared in a number of feature and made-for-television movies.

Haiduk played Hannah Nichols in the ABC daytime soap opera All My Children (2007-2008), and Patty Williams and Emily Peterson on CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless (2009-2016), for which she received a Daytime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2017. In 2018, she began starring as Kristen DiMera and Susan Banks on the NBC soap opera, Days of Our Lives receiving another Daytime Emmy Award nomination in 2022.

Career
Haiduk was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan. She achieved national fame when she was cast in the role of Lana Lang in the live-action superhero series, Superboy in 1988. After the series ended in 1992, Haiduk portrayed the leading role of Rhea McPherson, an aspiring FBI agent, in the Aaron Spelling-produced prime time soap opera, The Round Table. Haiduk's next significant role was in the NBC science fiction series, seaQuest DSV, in which she played Lt. Cmdr. Katherine Hitchcock, the chief engineer, and third in command of the high-tech submarine. She left the series after one season in 1994. She also had a female leading role in the NBC series Route 66, a remake of the 1960s series with the same name.

Haiduk made her film debut in the 1990 horror film Luther the Geek for Troma Entertainment, and later starred in Steel and Lace (1991). She starred in the made-for-television films, notable Danielle Steel's A Perfect Stranger (based on the novel of the same name by Danielle Steel) in 1994. In 1996, Haiduk went on to play a female vampire in the Fox supernatural horror series, Kindred: The Embraced. The following year, she had a recurring role in the Fox prime time soap opera, Melrose Place, appeared in the romantic comedy film Little City, and was lead actress in the thriller film The Beneficiary. She later guest-starred on Nash Bridges, Charmed, The X-Files, ER, NCIS, CSI: Miami, Crossing Jordan and CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. She had a recurring role as FBI Agent Elisa Thayer in Heroes from 2006 to 2007, and as Lisa Tabak in Prison Break from 2008 to 2009.

In 2006, Haiduk appeared in new supplemental material for the Superboy: The Complete First Season DVD release. She also appeared regularly on the ABC soap opera All My Children as Hannah Nichols from January 2007 through January 2008. From February 2009 to August 2010, she appeared on the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless as Patty Williams, and also played Emily Peterson on the series. In July 2010, Haiduk was cast to play a prison warden on Days of Our Lives; she was subsequently dismissed and recast with former Santa Barbara actress Gina Gallego after three episodes, due to a scheduling conflict with The Chicago Code. Haiduk's appearances as Warden Smith aired in September 2010. She returned to prime time with the recurring roles on HBO series, True Blood from 2013 to 2014, and ABC Family series Twisted in 2014. In 2019, she starred in the Netflix thriller film, Home Is Where the Killer Is.

In 2018, it was announced that Haiduk had again been cast on Days of Our Lives, this time in the roles of Kristen DiMera and lookalike Susan Banks. In early 2019, she returned to the show, signing contract this time.

Personal life
In June 2010, an issue of Soap Opera Digest reported that Haiduk has been married to Bradford Tatum since November 11, 1997. The couple met on the set of seaQuest DSV. They have one daughter, actress Sophia Tatum. In 2009, Haiduk was the subject of an online boycott petition for apparently wearing a stuffed cat as a purse during the Daytime Emmy Awards. The cat was actually a prop used in her role on The Young and the Restless and not a purse.

title: Stacy Haiduk


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Dyula people

The Dyula (Dioula or Juula) are a Mande ethnic group inhabiting several West African countries, including Mali, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, and Burkina Faso.

Characterized as a highly successful merchant caste, Dyula migrants began establishing trading communities across the region in the fourteenth century. Since business was often conducted under non-Muslim rulers, the Dyula developed a set of theological principles for Muslim minorities in non-Muslim societies. Their unique contribution of long-distance commerce, Islamic scholarship and religious tolerance were significant factors in the peaceful expansion of Islam in West Africa.

Historical background

The Mandé embraced Islam during the thirteenth century following introduction to the faith through contact with the North African traders. By the 14th century, the Malian empire (c.1230-1600) had reached its apogee, acquiring a considerable reputation for the Islamic rulings of its court and the pilgrimages of several emperors who followed the tradition of Lahilatul Kalabi, the first black prince to make hajj to Mecca. It was at this time that Mali began encouraging some of its local merchants to establish colonies close to the gold fields of West Africa. This migrant trading class were known as Dyula, the Mandingo word for “merchant”.

The Dyula spread throughout the former area of Mandé culture from the Atlantic coast of Senegambia to the Niger and from the southern edge of the Sahara to forest zones further south. They established decentralized townships in non-Muslim colonies that were linked to an extensive commercial network, in what was described by professor Philip D. Curtin as a "trading diaspora". Motivated by business imperatives, they expanded into new markets, founding settlements under the auspices of various local rulers who often permitted them self-governance and autonomy. Organization of dyula trading companies was based on a clan-family structure known as the lu - a working unit consisting of a father and his sons and other attached males. Members of a given lu dispersed from the savanna to the forest, managed circulation of goods and information, placed orders, and effectively controlled the economic mechanisms of supply and demand.

Suwarian tradition
Over time dyula colonies developed a theological rationale for their relations with non-Muslim ruling classes and subjects in what author Nehemia Levtzion dubbed “accommodationist Islam”. The man credited with formulating this rationale is Sheikh Al-Hajj Salim Suwari, a Soninke cleric from the core Mali area who lived around 1500. He made hajj to Mecca several times and devoted his intellectual career to developing an understanding of the faith that would assist Muslim minorities in “pagan” lands. He drew on North African and Middle Eastern jurists and theologians who had reflected on the problem of Muslims living among non-Muslim majorities, situations that were frequent in the centuries of Islamic expansion.

Sheikh Suwari formulated the obligations of Muslim minorities in West Africa into something known as the Suwarian tradition. It stressed the need for Muslims to coexist peaceably with unbelievers and so justified a separation of religion and politics. In this understanding, Muslims must nurture their own learning and piety and thereby furnish good examples to the non-Muslims around them. They could accept jurisdiction of non-Muslim authorities as long as they had the necessary protection and conditions to practice the faith. In this teaching, Suwari followed a strong predilection in Islamic thought for any government, even if non-Muslim or tyrannical, as opposed to none. The military jihad was a resort only if the faithful were threatened. Suwari discouraged dawah (missionary activity), instead contending that God would bring non-Muslims to Islam in his own way; it was not a Muslim's responsibility to decide when ignorance should give way to belief. Since their Islamic practice was capable of accommodating traditional cults, dyula often served as priests, soothsayers, and counselors at the courts of animist rulers.

Commercial and political expansion
As fellow Muslims, dyula merchants were also able to assess the valuable trans-Saharan trade network conducted by North African Arabs and Berbers whom they met at commercial centers across the Sahel. Some important trade goods included gold, millet, slaves, and kola nuts from the south and slave beads and cowrie shells from the north (for use as currency). It was under Mali that the great cities of the Niger bend including Gao and Djenné prospered, with Timbuktu in particular becoming known across Europe for its great wealth. Important trading centers in Southern West Africa developed at the transitional zone between the forest and the savanna; examples include Begho and Bono Manso (in present-day Ghana) and Bondoukou (in present-day Côte d'Ivoire). Western trade routes continued to be important, with Ouadane, Oualata and Chinguetti being the major trade centres in what is now Mauritania.

Penetration into southern forest regions
The development of Dyula trade in Ghana and the adjacent Ivory Coast had important political consequences and sometimes military implications as well. The dyula spearheaded Mande penetration of the forested zones in the south by establishing caravan routes and trading posts at strategic locations throughout the region en route to cola-producing areas. By the start of the sixteenth century, dyula merchants were trading as far south as the coast of modern Ghana.

On the forest's northern fringes, new states emerged, such as Bono and Banda. As the economic value of gold and kola became appreciated, forests south of these states which had hitherto been little inhabited because of limited agricultural potential became more thickly populated, and the same principles of political and military mobilization began being applied there. Village communities became tributaries of ruling groups, with some members becoming the clients and slaves needed to support royal households, armies, and trading enterprises. Sometimes these political changes were not to the advantage of the Dyula, who employed Mande warriors to guard their caravans and if necessary could call in larger contingents from the Sudanic kingdoms. In the seventeenth century, tensions between the Muslims and the local pagans in Begho erupted into a destructive war which eventually led to the total abandonment of the Banda capital. The local people eventually settled in a number of towns further east, while the dyula withdrew to the west to the further side of the Banda hills where they established the new trading center of Bonduku.

Gonja state
The dyula presence and changes in the balance of power occasioned political upheavals in other places. Among the paramount Mande political initiatives along trade routes south of Jenne was creation of the dyula state of Gonja by Naba'a in the 16th century. This was motivated by a general worsening of the competitive position of dyula traders and was occasioned by three factors: (1) a near-monopoly control in exporting forest produce achieved by the Akan kingdom of Bono; (2) the rise to power further north of the Dagomba Kingdom which controlled local salt pans; and (3) increased competition following the arrival in the region of rival long-distance traders from Hausaland.

The reaction of the Dyula in the Bono-Banda-Gonja region to these developments was to establish a kingdom of their own in Gonja - the territory northern traders had to cross to reach Akan forestlands, situated in what is now modern Ghana. By 1675, Gonja had established a paramount chief called Yagbongwura to control the kingdom. But Gonja was not a fruitful land in which to try to maintain a centralized government. This is because the Dagomba power to the north and Akan power to the south were too powerful; thus, the new kingdom rapidly declined in strength.

Kong Empire
Many of the trading posts established by the Dyula eventually became market villages or cities, such as Kong in today's Northeastern Côte d'Ivoire. It emerged as a commercial center when Malian merchants began trading in the territory which was inhabited by pagan Senufo and other Voltaic groups. The sous-préfecture of Kong, in the area of Kong to Dabakala, is said to be the “origin” area, where dyula traders first settled in the twelfth century. Dyula presence in the Kong area grew rapidly in the seventeenth century as a result of the developing trade between the commercial centers along the Niger banks and the forest region to the south which was controlled by the Baule chiefdoms and the Ashanti. The dyula brought their trading skills and connections and transformed Kong into an international market for the exchange of northern desert goods, such as salt and cloth, and southern forest exports, such as cola nuts, gold, and slaves. The city was also a religious center that housed a substantial academic community of Muslim scholars, with palaces and mosques built in the traditional Sudanese style. As Kong grew prosperous, its early rulers from the Taraweré clan combined dyula and Senufo traditions and extended their authority over the surrounding region.

By the eighteenth century the dyula had become quite powerful in the area and wished to rid themselves of subordination to Senufo chiefs. This was achieved in an uprising led by Seku Wattara (Ouattara), a dyula warrior who claimed descent from the Malinke Keita lineage and who had studied the Quran and engaged in commerce before becoming a warrior. By rallying around himself all dyula in the area, Seku Wattara easily defeated local chiefdoms and set up an independent Dyula state in 1710, the first of its kind in West Africa. He established himself as ruler and under his authority, the city rose from a small city-state to the capital of the great Kong Empire, holding sway over much of the region. The dyula of Kong also maintained commercial links with European traders on the Atlantic coast around the Gulf of Guinea, from whom they easily obtained prized European goods, most notably rifles, gunpowder, and textiles. The acquisition of weapons allowed for the creation of an armed militia force that protected trade routes passing through the territories of various minor rulers. In the course of developing his state, Seku Wattara built a strong army composed mostly of defeated pagan groups. The leadership of the army eventually developed into a new warrior class, called sonangi, which was gradually separated from the overall dyula merchant class.

The Kong Empire started to decline after the death of Seku Wattara. Succession struggles divided the kingdom into two parts, with the northern area being controlled by Seku's brother Famagan who refused to recognize the rule of Seku's oldest son in the south. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, many of Kong's provinces had formed independent chiefdoms. The city of Kong retained the prestige of an Islamic commercial center, but it was no longer the seat of an important political power. It eventually came under French colonial control in 1898. Despite the fall from glory, the seventeenth-century Kong Friday Mosque survived, and the city was largely rebuilt in a traditional Sudano-Sahelian architectural style and features a Qur'anic school.

Kingdom of Wasulu
The Mande conquerors of the nineteenth century frequently utilized trade routes established by the Dyula. Indeed, it was his exploitation of their commercial network that allowed military leader Samory Touré (1830–1900) to rise to a dominant position in the Upper Niger region. A member of a dyula family from Sanankoro in Guinea, Samori conquered and united Dyula states during the 1860s. He gained control over the Milo River Valley in 1871, seized the village of Kankan in 1881, and became the principal power holder on the Upper Niger. By 1883, Samori had successfully brought the local chieftains under his control and officially founded the kingdom of Wasulu.

Having established an empire, he adopted the religious title of Almami in 1884 and recreated the Malian realm. This new state was governed by Samori and a council of kinsmen and clients who took on the management of the chancery and the treasury, and administered justice, religious affairs, and foreign relations. Unlike some of his contemporary state-builders, Samori was not a religious preacher, and Wasulu was not a reformist state as such. Nevertheless, he used Islam to unify the nation, promoting Islamic education and basing his rule on shari’a (Islamic law). However, Samori's professional army was the essential institution and the real strength behind his empire. He imported horses and weapons and modernized the army along European lines.

Dyula traders had never enjoyed as much prosperity as they did under the almamy. Even though they did not play a central part in the creation of the state, the dyula supported Samori because he actively encouraged commerce and protected trade routes, thus promoting a free circulation of people and goods. Samori put up the strongest resistance to European colonial penetration in West Africa, fighting both the French and British for seventeen years. Samori's would-be Muslim empire was undone by the French, who took Sikasso in 1898, and sent Samori into exile, where he died in 1900.

Dyula culture and society
Dyula society is hierarchical or caste-based, with nobility and vassals. Like numerous other African peoples, they previously held slaves (jonw), who were often war prisoners from lands surrounding their territory. Descendants of former kings and generals had a higher status than their nomadic and more settled compatriots. With time, that difference has eroded, corresponding to the economic fortunes of the groups.

The traditional dyula social structure is further organized into various familial clan groups, and clan affiliation continues to be a dominant aspect of both collective and individual identity. People are fiercely loyal to their clan lineage, often expressing their cultural history and devotion through the oral traditions of dance and storytelling. The dyula are patrilineal and patriarchal, with older males possessing the most power and influence. Men and women commonly reside in separate houses made of mud or cement - men occupying roundhouses and women in rectangular ones. The father heads the family, and inheritances are passed down from fathers to their sons. Despite being illegal, the dyula still practice polygamy, and young people are often encouraged to marry within their own clan.

Another hereditary class that was afforded a particularly important status by the dyula social hierarchy was occupied by the tuntigi or warrior class. The dyula had long been accustomed to surrounding their cities with fortifications and taking up arms when it was deemed necessary in order to defend themselves and maintain the smooth flow of trade caravans. As a result, they became closely associated with the tuntigi warriors.

Islamic tradition

The dyula have been predominantly Muslim since the 13th century. Many in rural areas combine Islamic beliefs with certain pre-Islamic animistic traditions such as the presence of spirits and use of amulets. Dyula communities have a reputation for historically maintaining a high standard of Muslim education. The dyula family enterprise based on the lu could afford to provide some of its younger men an Islamic education. Thus, an ulema (clerical) class known as karamogo emerged, who were educated in the Quran and commentary (tafsir), hadith (prophetic narrations), and the life of Muhammad. According to the dyula clerical tradition, a student received instruction under a single sheikh for a duration varying from five to thirty years, and earned his living as a part-time farmer working his teacher's lands. After he completed his studies, a karamogo obtained a turban and an isnad (teaching license), and either sought further instruction or started his own school in a remote village. A highly educated karamogo could become a professional imam or qadi (judge).

Certain families gained a reputation for providing multiple generations of scholars. For example, the Saghanughu clan was a dyula lineage living in Northern and Western Ivory Coast and parts of the Upper Volta. This lineage may be traced to Timbuktu, but its principal figure was Sheikh Muhammad al-Mustafa Saghanughu (d. 1776), the imam of Bobo-Dyulasso. He produced an educational system based on three canonical texts of Quranic commentary (tafsir) and hadith. His sons continued spreading their father's teachings and expanded through towns in Ghana and the Ivory Coast, founding Islamic schools, or madaris, and acting as imams and qadis.

These madaris were probably a positive byproduct of the long history of Muslims’ interest in literary work. In "The Islamic Literary Tradition in Ghana", author Thomas Hodgkin enumerates the large literary contribution that was made by Dyula-Wangara Muslims to the history of not only the regions they found themselves in but also of West Africa as a whole. He cites al-Hajj Osmanu Eshaka Boyo of Kintampo as an “‘alim'' with a wide range of Muslim connexions and an excellent grasp of local Islamic history” whose efforts brought together a great many Arabic manuscripts from around Ghana. These manuscripts, the Isnad al-shuyukh wa’l-ulama, or Kitab Ghunja, compiled by al-Hajj ‘Umar ibn Abi Bakr ibn ‘Uthman al-Kabbawi al-Kanawi al-Salaghawi of Kete-Krachi who Hodgkin describes as “the most interesting, and historically significant of the poets,” may now be found in the library of the Institute of African Studies of the University of Ghana.

Dioula language
The dyula speak the Dioula language or Julakan, which is included in the group of closely interrelated Manding languages that are spoken by various ethnic groups spread across Western Africa. Dioula is most closely related to the Bambara language (the most widely spoken language in Mali), in a manner similar to the relation between American English and British English. It is probably the most used language for trade in West Africa.

The Dioula language and people are distinct from the Diola (Jola) people of Guinea-Bissau and Casamance.

Notable Dyula people

 * Alpha Blondy
 * Amadou Touré
 * Amadou Ouattara, Footballer
 * Christian Manfredini
 * Cyrille Bayala
 * Issouf Ouattara
 * Kalpi Ouattara
 * Mohamed Ouattara
 * Modibo Sagnan
 * Mohamed Touré
 * Kolo Touré, Ivorian footballer
 * Yaya Touré, Ivorian footballer

 * Seku Ouattara (Wattara) - a dioula warrior.
 * Alassane Ouattara, President of Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) since 2010.
 * Vincent Angban
 * Yacouba Songné

title: Dyula people


text:
Graphical Models

Graphical Models is an academic journal in computer graphics and geometry processing publisher by Elsevier. , its editor-in-chief is Bedrich Benes of the Purdue University.

History
This journal has gone through multiple names. Founded in 1972 as Computer Graphics and Image Processing by Azriel Rosenfeld, it became the first journal to focus on computer image analysis. Its first change of name came in 1983, when it became Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing. In 1991 it split into two journals, CVGIP: Graphical Models and Image Processing, and CVGIP: Image Understanding, which later became Computer Vision and Image Understanding. Meanwhile, in 1995, the journal Graphical Models and Image Processing removed the "CVGIP" prefix from its former name, and finally took its current title, Graphical Models, in 2002.

Ranking
Although initially ranked by SCImago Journal Rank as a top-quartile journal in 1999 in its main topic areas, computer graphics and computer-aided design, and then for many years ranked as second-quartile, by 2020 it had fallen to the third quartile.

title: Graphical Models


text:
Mütter Museum

The Mütter Museum is a medical history and science museum located in the Center City area of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It contains a collection of anatomical and pathological specimens, wax models, and antique medical equipment. The museum is part of The College of Physicians of Philadelphia. The original purpose of the museum, founded with a gift from Dr. Thomas Dent Mütter on December 11, 1858, was for the education of medical professionals, medical students, and invited guests of College Fellows, and did not become open to non-Fellows until the mid-1970s. The College of Physicians of Philadelphia is itself not a teaching organization, but rather a member organization or "scientific body dedicated to the advancement of science and medicine".

The museum has a collection of over 37,000 specimens, of which about 10% were on display as of 2023. This does not include the large literary collection contained within the Historical Medical Library, which is also housed within the College of Physicians of Philadelphia.

Collection items, artifacts, and specimens were acquired globally, and as Ella Wade (curator from 1939 to 1957) says, "The Mütter Museum Committee, as the minutes show, proceeded to spend Dr. Mütter's money like sailors on shore leave". In other words, some museum material was purchased by College Fellows as they travelled the world, and they were reimbursed for each purchase and any expenses incurred in connection with acquisitions. Other collection items were donated from the private collections of physicians.

In October 2023, the Mütter Museum was awarded a grant from the Pew Center for Arts and Heritage to research the history of the collection of human remains to better understand how each body and specimen came into the museum collections and to conduct discussions with members of the public to discuss the future of the museum. The first Town Hall discussion took place on November 17, 2023.

Osteological (skeletal) specimens
The Mütter Museum is home to over 3,000 osteological specimens, including several full skeletons. One of the most famous of these is the fully articulated skeleton of Harry Raymond Eastlack, who suffered from FOP.

Other osteological specimens include:
 * The Mütter American Giant, the tallest human skeleton on exhibit in North America, at 7’6" (228.6 cm) tall.
 * The Hyrtl Skull Collection, a collection of 139 skulls from Josef Hyrtl, an Austrian anatomist. This collection's original purpose was to show the diversity of cranial anatomy in Europeans, thereby disproving the racial science of phrenology.
 * The skeleton of Mary Ashberry, a woman with achondroplasia who died in 1856 due to medical negligence during childbirth.
 * 10 skulls and 5 crania with extensive syphilitic involvement, many of which are specimens from the original Mütter donation.

Wet specimens
The Mütter Collection comprises almost 1,500 wet specimens acquired between the 19th and 21st centuries. These include teratological specimens, cysts, tumors and other pathologies from nearly every organ of the body.

These include:

 * The heart of Robert Pendarvis, a living donor with acromegaly
 * Intestinal specimens collected during the 1849 cholera outbreak by Dr. John Neill, curator of what was then known as the Pathological Cabinet of The College of Physicians of Philadelphia
 * 19th and early 20th century tattooed skin

Wax models
Augmenting the real human specimens on display are numerous wax models displaying various examples of pathology in the human body. These models, mostly produced by Tramond of Paris and Joseph Towne of London, were used for educational purposes when cadavers were difficult to acquire and preserve. Some moulages are known to have used skeletal remains as a part of their construction. One of the most famous wax models on display in the Mütter Museum is the last known remaining model of Madame Dimanche, who had a, "human horn (cutaneous horn). Successfully removed after six-years growth from Madame Dimanche, a Parisian widow, in the early 19th century. From the original collection of Dr. Thomas Dent Mütter (1811-1859)".

Other specimens
The museum's holdings also include:
 * A malignant tumor removed from President Grover Cleveland's hard palate
 * The conjoined liver and plaster torso death cast of Thai-American Siamese twins Chang and Eng Bunker
 * A piece of thoracic tissue removed from John Wilkes Booth, the assassin of President Abraham Lincoln
 * A section of the brain of Charles J. Guiteau, the assassin of President James A. Garfield
 * The Chevalier Jackson Foreign Body Collection, a collection of 2,374 swallowed or inhaled objects that Dr. Jackson extracted from patients’ throats, esophaguses, and lungs during his almost 75-year-long career. Most of the items are on display.

Dr. Benjamin Rush Medicinal Plant Garden
Dr. Rush helped to found the College of Physicians of Philadelphia in 1787, which is now home to the Mütter Museum. Dr. Rush pushed for the maintenance of a medicinal garden to allow College Fellows to replenish items in their medicinal chests. The Garden was eventually founded in 1937. It displays between 50 and 60 medicinal herbs and plants, which include strawberries, wormwort, and bugleweed.

Special exhibitions
The museum is also host to a variety of changing special exhibits.

Dr. Joseph McFarland
Dr. Joseph McFarland was the curator of the Mütter Museum from 1937 to 1945. He published multiple papers looking into some of the more questionable histories of museum collections, including The Soap Lady, and the Mütter American Giant. McFarland was able to prove, through dogged historical and archival research, that Leidy's stories for both "The Petrified Woman" at the Mütter Museum, and "The Petrified Man" at the Wistar Institute were complete nonsense. McFarland read through the annals of The College of Physicians of Philadelphia nearly 70 years after The Mütter American Giant first graced its halls and ascertained that there truly was nothing known about the former owner.

Ella N. Wade
Ella Wade (1892-1980), began her tenure at the College of Physicians of Philadelphia as a clerk. She became the first female curator and the first curator without an MD.

Gretchen Worden
Gretchen Worden joined the museum staff as a curatorial assistant in 1975 and became the museum's curator in 1982 and its director in 1988.

Worden was a frequent guest on the Late Show with David Letterman, "displaying a mischievous glee as she frightened him with human hairballs and wicked-looking Victorian surgical tools, only to disarm him with her antic laugh" and appeared in numerous PBS, BBC and cable television documentaries (including an episode of Errol Morris' show First Person) as well as NPR's "Fresh Air with Terry Gross" on the museum's behalf. She was also instrumental in the creation of numerous Mütter Museum projects, including the popular Mütter Museum calendars and the book, The Mütter Museum: Of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia. During Worden's tenure, the visitorship of the museum grew from several hundred visitors each year to, at the time of her death, more than 60,000 tourists annually.

After her death, the Mütter Museum opened a gallery in her memory. In an article written about the gallery's September 30, 2005 opening, the New York Times described the "Gretchen Worden Room":

"There are jars of preserved human kidneys and livers, and a man's skull so eaten away by tertiary syphilis that it looks like pounded rock. There are dried severed hands shiny as lacquered wood, showing their veins like leaves; a distended ovary larger than a soccer ball; spines and leg bones so twisted by rickets they're painful just to see; the skeleton of a dwarf who stood 3 ft small, next to that of a giant who towered seven and a half feet. And 'Jim and Joe,' the green-tinted corpse of a two-headed baby, sleeping in a bath of formaldehyde."

Worden was known for using humor and shock factor to garner interest in the museum. In the foreword of The Mütter Museum: Of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, she wrote "While these bodies may be ugly, there is a terrifying beauty in the spirits of those forced to endure these afflictions."

Podcast
In September 2020, the Mütter Museum launched a medical history podcast, entitled My Favorite Malady.

Other related projects
Blast Books has published two large books of photography involving the Mütter Museum.

The first book, 2002's The Mütter Museum: Of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, contains images of the museum's exhibits shot by contemporary fine art photographers. William Wegman, Joel-Peter Witkin and Shelby Lee Adams have work that appear in the book.

The second book was 2007's Mütter Museum Historic Medical Photographs.

Mütter, a screenplay based on the life of Mütter Museum founder Thomas Dent Mütter, won the 2003 "Set In Philadelphia" Screenwriting Award at the Philadelphia Film Festival and a Sloan Foundation Fellowship at the 2004 Hampton International Film Festival. The screenplay, written by poet and Philadelphia native Cristin O'Keefe Aptowicz, remains unproduced, although a short based on the feature-length script was created as a part of the Philadelphia Film Festival prize package.

In 2010, Aptowicz was named the 2010–2011 University of Pennsylvania ArtsEdge Writer-in-Residence and she noted that she will be using the residency to work on a biography of Thomas Dent Mütter. The museum has granted Aptowicz full access to their museum, library and archives for the duration of the residency so that she may conduct her research for the book, and the Mütter Museum's Francis C. Wood Institute for the History of Medicine has additionally awarded Aptowicz with a Wood Institute Travel Grant to help further fund and support her work on this project. In April 2013, it was announced that Aptowicz's biography of Mütter will be published in Fall 2014 by the Gotham Books division of Penguin. On September 4, 2014, Dr. Mütter's Marvels: A True Tale of Intrigue and Innovation at the Dawn of Modern Medicine was released to critical acclaim, including starred reviews in Publishers Weekly, Library Journal, School Library Journal and Kirkus Reviews, as well as lengthy positive reviews in The Wall Street Journal, The Onion's AV Club and NPR. The book would debut at #7 on The New York Times Bestseller List for Books about Health.

In 2016, Harvard University Press published Bone Rooms: From Scientific Racism to Human Prehistory in Museums. The author, Samuel J. Redman, completed a pair of residencies through the Francis C. Wood Institute for the History of Medicine program in 2010 and 2015. A chapter in the book examines the history of collecting at the Mütter Museum.

title: Mütter Museum


text:
Dynamic Bayesian network

A dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) is a Bayesian network (BN) which relates variables to each other over adjacent time steps.

History
A dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) is often called a "two-timeslice" BN (2TBN) because it says that at any point in time T, the value of a variable can be calculated from the internal regressors and the immediate prior value (time T-1). DBNs were developed by Paul Dagum in the early 1990s at Stanford University's Section on Medical Informatics. Dagum developed DBNs to unify and extend traditional linear state-space models such as Kalman filters, linear and normal forecasting models such as ARMA and simple dependency models such as hidden Markov models into a general probabilistic representation and inference mechanism for arbitrary nonlinear and non-normal time-dependent domains.

Today, DBNs are common in robotics, and have shown potential for a wide range of data mining applications. For example, they have been used in speech recognition, digital forensics, protein sequencing, and bioinformatics. DBN is a generalization of hidden Markov models and Kalman filters.

DBNs are conceptually related to probabilistic Boolean networks and can, similarly, be used to model dynamical systems at steady-state.

Software

 * : the Bayes Net Toolbox for Matlab, by Kevin Murphy, (released under a GPL license)
 * Graphical Models Toolkit (GMTK): an open-source, publicly available toolkit for rapidly prototyping statistical models using dynamic graphical models (DGMs) and dynamic Bayesian networks (DBNs). GMTK can be used for applications and research in speech and language processing, bioinformatics, activity recognition, and any time-series application.
 * DBmcmc : Inferring Dynamic Bayesian Networks with MCMC, for Matlab (free software)
 * : Modeling gene regulatory network via global optimization of dynamic bayesian network (released under a GPL license)
 * libDAI: C++ library that provides implementations of various (approximate) inference methods for discrete graphical models; supports arbitrary factor graphs with discrete variables, including discrete Markov Random Fields and Bayesian Networks (released under the FreeBSD license)
 * aGrUM: C++ library (with Python bindings) for different types of PGMs including Bayesian Networks and Dynamic Bayesian Networks (released under the GPLv3)
 * FALCON: Matlab toolbox for contextualization of DBNs models of regulatory networks with biological quantitative data, including various regularization schemes to model prior biological knowledge (released under the GPLv3)

title: Dynamic Bayesian network


text: User talk:82.37.139.181

title: User talk:82.37.139.181


text:
USS Hendrick Hudson

USS Hendrick Hudson was a schooner-rigged screw steamer.

CSS Florida
Hendrick Hudson was built as Florida in 1859 at Greenpoint, New York. She was taken into the Confederate States Navy in 1862 as CSS Florida.

USS Hendrick Hudson
Hendrick Hudson was captured by USS Pursuit (1861) while attempting to run the blockade at St. Andrews Bay, Florida on 6 April 1862. She was taken to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania for adjudication, where she was condemned and purchased by the United States Department of the Navy from the prize court on 20 September 1862. Renamed Hendrick Hudson, she commissioned 30 December 1862 at Philadelphia, Acting Master John E. Giddings commanding. Assigned to the East Gulf Blockading Squadron, Hendrick Hudson sailed to Hampton Roads, Virginia, arriving 3 January 1863, and from there proceeded to her blockading station off East Pass, St. George's Sound, Florida. On station 1 February, Hendrick Hudson began her long months of arduous blockade duty, working to shut off commerce through the multitude of small inlets and passes of the Florida coast.

She remained off St. George's Sound until late August 1863, capturing schooner Margaret on 1 February and schooner Teresa on 16 April. She then retired to Boston, Massachusetts for repairs and refitting, returning to a new station off the mouth of the Suwannee River on 28 December. Resuming her blockading duties, Hendrick Hudson encountered a small schooner off Key West, Florida on 21 March 1864 and stood toward her. The blockade runner, Wild Pigeon, suddenly turned across Hendrick Hudson's bow, however, and was inadvertently rammed and sunk. None of her assorted cargo could be recovered. The steamer continued her blockading duties through 1864, spending much of her time in busy Tampa Bay and St. Marks, Florida. A group of her men went ashore on an expedition on 12 November and engaged some Confederate soldiers briefly, in one of the many forays ashore by personnel of the East Gulf Squadron.

Hendrick Hudson participated 27 February to 7 March 1865 in an expedition with Union Army units in the vicinity of St. Marks, Florida. The steamer helped blockade the river and some of her crew went ashore with the Army in an attempt to capture Confederate positions in what came to be known as the Battle of Natural Bridge. Two of the ship's sailors were awarded the Medal of Honor for their part in this battle: Seaman John Mack and Coxswain George Schutt. Following the end of the U.S. Civil War, Hendrick Hudson was not retained in the squadron, and was ordered north 15 July 1865. She decommissioned 8 August 1865 at Philadelphia and was sold on 12 September. Hendrick Hudson operated in commercial service until she was wrecked off Havana, Cuba on 13 November 1867. Her passengers and crew were rescued.

title: USS Hendrick Hudson


text:
Pitheciinae

Pitheciinae is a subfamily of the New World monkey family Pitheciidae. It contains three genera and 14 species. Pitheciines are forest dwellers from northern and central South America, east of the Andes.

They are small to medium-sized primates, with a stocky build due to their close skin. The skin is covered in shaggy fur, its coloring varies depending upon species from black to grey and brown up to white. Parts of the face can be bald. The tail, which is not used for grasping but for balance, is also hairy, although the uakari's tail is only a stub.

Like most New World monkeys, they are diurnal and arboreal. They are good climbers and spend the majority of their life in the trees. They live in groups ranging in number from small groups (such as with the saki monkeys ) to as many as 50 animals. They communicate with a set of sounds which typically includes high cries and a nearly bird-like twitter.

Pitheciines are generally omnivores, the main part of their diet coming from fruits and insects. This is supplemented by flowers, buds, nuts and small vertebrates. Large canines help them to break through the hard rind of the unripe fruits.

Births are typically of single offspring with a gestation time of about 5 to 6 months. They typically reach maturity at approximately 3 to 4 years and can become up to 15 years old.

Classification

 * Family Pitheciidae: titis, sakis and uakaris
 * Subfamily Pitheciinae
 * Genus Pithecia
 * Equatorial saki, Pithecia aequatorialis
 * White-footed saki or buffy saki, Pithecia albicans
 * Cazuza's saki, Pithecia cazuzai
 * Golden-faced saki, Pithecia chrysocephala
 * Hairy saki, Pithecia hirsuta
 * Burnished saki, Pithecia inusta
 * Rio Tapajós saki or Gray's bald-faced saki, Pithecia irrorata
 * Isabel's saki, Pithecia isabela
 * Monk saki, Pithecia monachus
 * Miller's saki, Pithecia milleri
 * Mittermeier's Tapajós saki, Pithecia mittermeieri (disputed)
 * Napo saki, Pithecia napensis
 * Pissinatti’s saki, Pithecia pissinattii (disputed)
 * White-faced saki, Pithecia pithecia
 * Rylands' bald-faced saki, Pithecia rylandsi (disputed)
 * Vanzolini's bald-faced saki, Pithecia vanzolinii
 * Genus Chiropotes
 * Black bearded saki, Chiropotes satanas
 * Red-backed bearded saki, Chiropotes chiropotes
 * Brown-backed bearded saki, Chiropotes israelita
 * Uta Hick's bearded saki, Chiropotes utahickae
 * White-nosed saki, Chiropotes albinasus
 * Genus Cacajao
 * Black-headed uakari, Cacajao melanocephalus
 * Bald uakari, Cacajao calvus
 * Aracá uakari, Cacajao ayresii
 * Neblina uakari, Cacajao hosomi
 * Subfamily Callicebinae

title: Pitheciinae


text: Talk:Pitheciinae

title: Talk:Pitheciinae


text:
Talk:Saki monkey

Etymology?
Who can give etymology? GregZak (talk) 14:13, 13 March 2020 (UTC)
 * You, using this source. DCDuring (talk) 14:35, 13 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Saki monkey


text:
List of military hospitals in Turkey

This is a list of military hospitals in Turkey.

Ankara

 * Ankara Gülhane Askeri Tıp Akademisi
 * Ankara Mevki Asker Hastanesi
 * Etimesgut Hava Hastanesi

Balıkesir

 * Balıkesir Asker Hastanesi
 * Edremit Asker Hastanesi

Diyarbakır

 * Diyarbakır Asker Hastanesi

Erzurum

 * Mareşal Çakmak Asker Hastanesi

Eskişehir

 * Eskişehir Hava Hastanesi

Istanbul

 * GATA Haydarpaşa Eğitim Hastanesi
 * Gümüşsuyu Asker Hastanesi
 * Kasımpaşa Deniz Hastanesi

İzmir

 * Güzelyalı Hava Hastanesi, Üçkuyular
 * İzmir Mevki Asker Hastanesi, Hatay

Kocaeli

 * Gölcük Deniz Hastanesi

Tekirdağ

 * Çorlu Asker Hastanesi

title: List of military hospitals in Turkey


text:
Talk:Pitheciidae

GoldenPalace.com Monkey
the official name is GoldenPalace.com Monkey, not GoldenPalace Monkey. it is horrifying to me. but it is official. Kingturtle 05:50, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Fossil NWM reorganization
Please see the discussion at Talk:List_of_fossil_primates_of_South_America. Thanks! - UtherSRG (talk) 20:22, 12 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pitheciidae


text: User talk:24.24.93.91

title: User talk:24.24.93.91


text:
The Record of the Year

The Record of the Year was an award voted by the United Kingdom public. For many years it was given in conjunction with a television programme on ITV of the same name.

At the beginning of December, a shortlist of twenty (later extended to thirty) songs were decided by an expert industry panel and showcased in a preview programme, with the public then invited to choose their favourite by phone vote, and the ten songs with the most votes advanced to the live show the following week.

The live show, held on a Saturday just before Christmas, was split into two parts. In the first part, the ten songs were represented as either live performances or pre-recorded performances via satellite if the artist was unable to travel to the UK and on some occasions, if a performance of any kind was not possible, the song was represented by an airing of its music video. After all of the songs had been presented, the phone lines were opened and in later years, voting was also conducted by both online and text message. In the second part, aired around one or two hours later, the results of the vote were announced with each ITV region represented by its own spokesperson to announce the results of their local area. The artist with the most votes was declared the winner and received the trophy before performing their winning song again to close the programme.

It became one of the highest rated music TV ceremonies in the UK, boosting sales of CDs and then downloads in the crucial fortnight before Christmas every year. For that reason, it was much respected by the industry, labels, publishers and retailers. It was the only music award in the UK to be chosen by the public.

The award began in 1998 and was televised on ITV for eight years before being dropped in 2006 after disagreements over the phone voting element. Since then, it had been an online poll, administered through the Record of the Year website. In 2013, the online poll was axed, signaling the end of the award.

Winners
The most frequent winner was Irish boy band Westlife, with four awards (1999, 2000, 2003 and 2005), two of which were consecutive. The only other artist to win multiple awards was American singer Lady Gaga, with two awards (2009 and 2011).

The 2008 winner, "Rockstar" by Canadian band Nickelback, was the first winner from North America.

The only artist to receive multiple nominations in the same year was American rapper Pitbull, who was nominated as both a lead and featured artist in 2011, although he never won.

1998
The first Record of the Year took place on 12 December 1998 and presented by Denise van Outen. The ten finalists were:

1999
The second Record of the Year took place on 11 December 1999 and presented by Denise van Outen. The ten finalists were:

2000
The third Record of the Year took place on 9 December 2000 and presented by Denise van Outen. In a change to the first two years, the votes that each song received from each region were converted into a points value (e.g. the least voted song received 1 point, and the highest voted song received 10 points). The ten finalists were:

2001
The fourth Record of the Year took place on 8 December 2001. Ant & Dec presented the show for the first time. For the first time, in addition to the regional phone vote, viewers could cast their vote online, the result of which was announced as an individual set of points. The ten finalists were:

2002
The fifth Record of the Year took place on 7 December 2002 and presented by Ant & Dec. The results format was changed from this year onwards, the five songs with the lowest votes were eliminated from the scoreboard and only the top five songs went forward to receive points from the regional vote. Text message voting was also introduced this year; like the online vote the previous year, these results had their own individual set of points awarded. The ten finalists were:

2003
The sixth Record of the Year took place on 6 December 2003. Ant & Dec were unable to return as hosts due to their commitments presenting Pop Idol; and the pair were replaced as hosts by Cat Deeley. The ten finalists were:

2004
The seventh Record of the Year took place on 4 December 2004 and was hosted by Cat Deeley. The ten finalists were:

2005
The eighth Record of the Year took place on 10 December 2005 and was hosted by Vernon Kay. The text message vote was incorporated into the regional vote for this year. It would prove to be the final year in which a television show was held to determine the winner of the award. The ten finalists were:

2006
The result was:

2007
The result was:

2008
The result was:

2009
The result was:

2010
The result was:

2011
The result was:

2012
The result was:

Criticism and praise
Many have criticised the 'Record of the Year' Award, as they feel the nominations are unfairly dominated by pop acts and thus the winner is usually not the "true" record of the year. One suggested reason for this is that it is done to attract young girls, who the organisers are sure will watch the televised final and vote for the records. Others have argued that it is an attempt to boost the sales of pop artists' albums, which traditionally have limited success relative to their singles, in the crucial pre-Christmas period. Of the examples cited as evidence for this, the most famous include the exclusion of rap artist Eminem's "My Name Is..." in 1999 as he was unavailable to perform live on the Record of the Year final and the omission from nominations of rock act The Darkness's track "I Believe in a Thing Called Love" in 2003 despite being one of the highest selling singles of the year.

In spite of this, many winners of the award, as well as the organisers, argue its significance and integrity on the basis that it represents the views of the public, rather than critics. It inspired Simon Cowell to get into television and he attributes the show for his entry into the media. Some may argue this is not entirely a good thing. However, it always gets massive ratings. Indeed, Westlife have often said that their first win for the single "Flying Without Wings" was the most exciting moment in their career. Unsurprisingly, critics eventually began to say that it was just an award to prove Westlife were still around, hence why Heat Magazine dubbed it "Westlife Record of the Year" in 2004. However, a counter-argument is that this, and similar awards based on phone polls, are a true representation of public opinion, a possibly better indication than sales, which calls BBC Radio 1's countdown of the 20 best selling singles of the last calendar year a more accurate indication of the record of the year. Still, the chosen tracks on the televised Record of the Year contest reflect the views of the television programme viewers only, and not necessarily the music-buying public at large, who might not phone in multiple times to vote for their favourite song. In contrast, the Radio 1 end-of-year chart includes all music sales in all formats.

Sponsorship
Below is a list of companies that have sponsored the award since it began:

 * 1998–2001: Britannia Music
 * 2002–2005: T-Mobile

Theme music
From 1998 to 2004, the theme music was the club track "Disco Cop" by Blue Adonis. In 2005, ITV used a specially recorded track.

title: The Record of the Year


text:
Bolson tortoise

The Bolson tortoise (Gopherus flavomarginatus), also called the Mexican giant tortoise or yellow-margined tortoise, is a species of tortoise from North America. Of the six North American tortoise species, it is the largest, having a carapace length of about 46 cm. It lives in a region of the Chihuahuan Desert known as the Bolsón de Mapimí, which is located in north-central Mexico.

Discovery
The Bolson tortoise was discovered only in 1959. The legend is that a group of biologists working in the Bolsón de Mapimí were at a ranch and saw chickens eating out of a large tortoise shell. They inquired about the origin of the shell and the locals responded by saying that it was, "la tortuga grande del desierto", the big turtle of the desert.

In 1979 the 340,000 hectare Mapimi Biosphere Reserve was created to protect the Bolson tortoise and other unique flora and fauna of the Bolsón de Mapimí. Despite this designation, cattle ranching and mining still occur in the reserve. Whether this is detrimental to the tortoise is not known.

Declining population
The most recent research, published in 1991 from data collected in 1983, estimates that fewer than 10,000 tortoises remain in the wild. Populations have declined mostly due to overcollecting for food and the pet trade. Incursion of roads, railroads and agricultural development have accelerated the decline of the species in the last 40 years. In the central portion of its range locals are keenly aware of the tortoise's protected status and aid in its conservation. However, in the northeastern portion of its range, near La Sierra Mojada, populations of the tortoise are low. It is believed that tortoises are still collected and eaten in this area. Additionally, extensive brush clearing operations are being conducted to make way for cattle grazing. In 2008, following the construction of federally subsidized ethanol plants, extensive corn farming operations began within the Mapimi Biosphere Reserve. Farms have been tilled in tortoise habitat, despite its protected status. In 2018, the IUCN Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group recommended a re-assessment and re-classification of all six Gopherus species. This reclassification would move G. flavomarginatus from Vulnerable (VU) to Critically Endangered (CR)

Appleton tortoises
In the fall of 2006, 26 Bolson tortoises were translocated from the Audubon Appleton-Whittell Research Ranch in Elgin, Arizona to Ted Turner's Armendaris Ranch in south-central New Mexico, a Chihuahuan desert environment within the prehistoric range of this species. These tortoises, known as the Appleton tortoises in commemoration of Ariel Appleton, a champion of Bolson tortoise conservation, were originally brought to Arizona from Durango, Mexico by Dr. David Morafka in 1973. Four tortoises from the Appleton population were established at the Living Desert Museum in Carlsbad, New Mexico. Both locations have active breeding programs in place.

Rewilding
The Bolson tortoise was recently brought to the world's attention when, in August 2005 an, article on Pleistocene rewilding appeared in the journal Nature (Donlan, et al., 2005) proposing that megafauna that became extinct in North America at the close of the Pleistocene (~12,800 years ago) be reintroduced to the continent to create a Pleistocene Park. The Bolson tortoise was the first species proposed for this restoration effort. The tortoise is unique in that, unlike mammoths, sabre-toothed cats and giant ground sloths, it is not extinct. The Turner Endangered Species Fund, who re-introduced the tortoise to New Mexico, has made it clear that the restoration of the tortoise to the Southwest is an endangered species recovery project and not a rewilding project, although elements of rewilding exist.

title: Bolson tortoise


text:
File:Encke Division.jpg

The Encke Division within Saturn's rings.

Full caption released with image:

An intriguing knotted ringlet within the Encke Gap is the main attraction in this Cassini image. The Encke Gap is a small division near the outer edge of Saturn's rings that is about 300 kilometers (190 miles) wide. The tiny moon Pan (20 kilometers, or 12 miles across) orbits within the gap and maintains it. Many waves produced by orbiting moons are visible.

The image was taken in visible light with the Cassini spacecraft narrow angle camera on October 29, 2004, at a distance of about 807,000 kilometers (501,000 miles) from Saturn. The image scale is 4.5 kilometers (2.8 miles) per pixel.

title: File:Encke Division.jpg