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Anti-aliasing filter

An anti-aliasing filter (AAF) is a filter used before a signal sampler to restrict the bandwidth of a signal to satisfy the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem over the band of interest. Since the theorem states that unambiguous reconstruction of the signal from its samples is possible when the power of frequencies above the Nyquist frequency is zero, a brick wall filter is an idealized but impractical AAF. A practical AAF makes a trade off between reduced bandwidth and increased aliasing. A practical anti-aliasing filter will typically permit some aliasing to occur or attenuate or otherwise distort some in-band frequencies close to the Nyquist limit. For this reason, many practical systems sample higher than would be theoretically required by a perfect AAF in order to ensure that all frequencies of interest can be reconstructed, a practice called oversampling.

Optical applications
In the case of optical image sampling, as by image sensors in digital cameras, the anti-aliasing filter is also known as an optical low-pass filter (OLPF), blur filter, or AA filter. The mathematics of sampling in two spatial dimensions is similar to the mathematics of time-domain sampling, but the filter implementation technologies are different.

The typical implementation in digital cameras is two layers of birefringent material such as lithium niobate, which spreads each optical point into a cluster of four points. The choice of spot separation for such a filter involves a tradeoff among sharpness, aliasing, and fill factor (the ratio of the active refracting area of a microlens array to the total contiguous area occupied by the array). In a monochrome or three-CCD or Foveon X3 camera, the microlens array alone, if near 100% effective, can provide a significant anti-aliasing function, while in color filter array (e.g. Bayer filter) cameras, an additional filter is generally needed to reduce aliasing to an acceptable level.

Alternative implementations include the Pentax K-3's anti-aliasing filter, which applies small vibrations to the sensor element.

Audio applications
Anti-aliasing filters are used at the input of an analog-to-digital converter. Similar filters are used as reconstruction filters at the output of a digital-to-analog converter. In the latter case, the filter prevents imaging, the reverse process of aliasing where in-band frequencies are mirrored out of band.

Oversampling
With oversampling, a higher intermediate digital sample rate is used, so that a nearly ideal digital filter can sharply cut off aliasing near the original low Nyquist frequency and give better phase response, while a much simpler analog filter can stop frequencies above the new higher Nyquist frequency. Because analog filters have relatively high cost and limited performance, relaxing the demands on the analog filter can greatly reduce both aliasing and cost. Furthermore, because some noise is averaged out, the higher sampling rate can moderately improve signal-to-noise ratio.

A signal may be intentionally sampled at a higher rate to reduce the requirements and distortion of the anti-alias filter. For example, compare CD audio with high-resolution audio. CD audio filters the signal to a passband edge of 20 kHz, with a stopband Nyquist frequency of 22.05 kHz and sample rate of 44.1 kHz. The narrow 2.05 kHz transition band requires a compromise between filter complexity and performance. High-resolution audio uses a higher sample rate, providing both a higher passband edge and larger transition band, which allows better filter performance with reduced aliasing, reduced attenuation of higher audio frequencies and reduced time and phase domain signal distortion.

Bandpass signals
Often, an anti-aliasing filter is a low-pass filter; this is not a requirement, however. Generalizations of the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem allow sampling of other band-limited passband signals instead of baseband signals.

For signals that are bandwidth limited, but not centered at zero, a band-pass filter can be used as an anti-aliasing filter. For example, this could be done with a single-sideband modulated or frequency modulated signal. If one desired to sample an FM radio broadcast centered at 87.9 MHz and bandlimited to a 200 kHz band, then an appropriate anti-alias filter would be centered on 87.9 MHz with 200 kHz bandwidth (or passband of 87.8 MHz to 88.0 MHz), and the sampling rate would be no less than 400 kHz, but should also satisfy other constraints to prevent aliasing.

Signal overload
It is very important to avoid input signal overload when using an anti-aliasing filter. If the signal is strong enough, it can cause clipping at the analog-to-digital converter, even after filtering. When distortion due to clipping occurs after the anti-aliasing filter, it can create components outside the passband of the anti-aliasing filter; these components can then alias, causing the reproduction of other non-harmonically related frequencies.

title: Anti-aliasing filter


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User talk:Pgeoff

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 00:09, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Pgeoff


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Lachlan Murdoch

Lachlan Keith Murdoch (born 8 September 1971) is an Australian businessman and mass media heir. He is the executive chairman of Nova Entertainment, chairman of News Corp, executive chairman and CEO of Fox Corporation, and the founder of Australian investment company Illyria Pty Ltd.

Early life and education
Murdoch was born on 8 September 1971 at Wimbledon Hospital in Wimbledon, London, the eldest son of Australian-born American media mogul Rupert Murdoch, and his former wife, Scottish journalist and author Anna Maria dePeyster (née Torv; formerly Murdoch). He was raised in New York City where his father owned the New York Post. He received his primary and secondary education at the Aspen Country Day School in Aspen, Colorado, Trinity School in New York City, and at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. In 1994, he graduated with a bachelor's degree in philosophy from Princeton University. While at Princeton, he studied philosophy with Béatrice Longuenesse and Alan Hajek.

News Corp executive
In 1989, Rupert Murdoch brought Lachlan Murdoch, then 18 years old, to Australia while on business, to have Lachlan trained for three months at the Daily Mirror. At the age of 22, Murdoch was appointed general manager of Queensland Newspapers, the publisher of Brisbane's Courier-Mail. One year later, he became publisher of Australia's first national paper, The Australian. In 1995, he was appointed deputy CEO of News Limited, executive director of News Corporation in 1996, deputy chief operating officer in 2000; he was made senior executive vice president from 1999 to 2000, and has been chairman of STAR since 1995.

Encouraged to invest in One.Tel by his friend Australian businessman James Packer, the son of television network owner Kerry Packer, Murdoch was extensively criticised for encouraging News Corporation's multi-hundred million-dollar investment in the start-up telecommunications company. In April 2014, Murdoch and Packer agreed to an A$40 million settlement over the failure of One.Tel. The settlement was approved by the Supreme Court of New South Wales on 17 April 2014, with A$14.93 million to be paid by the Packer family's Consolidated Press Holdings, A$11.77 million to be paid by Packer's Crown Resorts and A$13.3 million to be paid by News Corp.

Murdoch led an initial $10.75 million investment, of which only $2.25 million was in cash, in REA Group, and subsequently championed the retention of the investment over the objections of those who wished to sell it. The company later emerged as Australia's market leader in online real estate advertising, and in 2014 was assessed as worth more than $3.6 billion to News Corp. With a personal interest in Australian rugby league, on 30 March 1995 Murdoch was at the first Super League meeting in the Atanaskovic Hartnell offices in Sydney. He and former Brisbane Broncos chief John Ribot signed up leading Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs players on documents which were not legally effective. Murdoch was the Broncos' number one ticket holder. For the year 2001, Murdoch earned a salary of A$2.59 million. In June 2005, Murdoch received the Press & Outdoor Advertising "media person of the year" award in Cannes. Murdoch is one of the founding patrons (along with Anthony Pratt, Peter Lowy and Lisa Fox) of an organisation called "Advance", formerly known as the Young Australian Professionals in America.

In July 2005, the 33-year-old Murdoch abruptly resigned as an executive at the News Corp. The unexplained departure apparently dashed News Corp. Chief executive Rupert Murdoch's hopes that his son would one day take over as CEO of the global media empire, which then included the Twentieth Century Fox movie studio, now a subsidiary of Disney Studios; and includes the Fox television network, several satellite broadcasters, and newspapers in Britain, Australia, and the United States. Roger Ailes, the chairman of Fox News Channel, was named chairman of News Corp's group of television stations to succeed Murdoch junior. Media speculated that his brother, James Murdoch, then chief executive of UK satellite TV company BSkyB, may succeed Rupert Murdoch. During his time as an executive at News Corp, Murdoch was the deputy chief operating officer of News Corporation, now 21st Century Fox. He had oversight of HarperCollins and the company's lines of business in Australia, including REA. He also served on the board of Foxtel and as chairman of Fox Television stations and was the publisher of the New York Post. He was appointed to the News Corp board in 1996.

Private investment activities
On leaving News Corp with a two-year non-compete agreement, Murdoch founded an Australian private investment company, Illyria Pty Ltd., and developed an eclectic mix of investments, with stakes in the Indian Premier League (IPL) cricket team Rajasthan Royals, online DVD rental company Quickflix, toy marketer Funtastic and digital media company Destra. On 21 January 2008, Murdoch and James Packer announced that their companies, Illyria and Consolidated Press Holdings would seek to privatise the publicly-listed Consolidated Media Holdings. It was expected that the proposed A$3.3 billion deal would deliver Murdoch and Packer with private stakes in Foxtel, Fox Sports, Universal Media Firm, LLC and PBL Media, with the latter owning the Nine Network and ACP Magazines. Packer eventually decided to sell down his stake in media companies in a series of transactions between 2006 and 2008, and the deal with Murdoch collapsed.

In November 2009, Murdoch acquired 50% of Nova Entertainment via Illyria and he became chairman. In September 2012 Illyria acquired the balance of shares it did not own.

In 2010, Packer purchased an 18% stake in Network Ten, quickly offloading half to Murdoch. Both Packer and Murdoch joined the Ten board. In February 2011, Murdoch was appointed acting CEO of Ten Network Holdings after the company's board terminated the contract of CEO Grant Blackley. The following month Packer unexpectedly resigned from the board. In February 2012, the Ten board appointed Murdoch non-executive chairman of Ten Network Holdings. Although Ten was already in some financial difficulties before Murdoch became CEO, by late 2012, on paper Illyria had lost A$110 million of the original A$150 million invested since 2010. The share price had fallen by about 80% and network profits had dropped by over half. In an attempt to control costs, Ten had reduced employment numbers by 160 people, and the problems were mainly attributed to falling advertising revenues and restructuring at the network. Ten purchased, at three times its original cost, the Australian rights for MasterChef from the Australian subsidiary of the Shine Group, itself a subsidiary of the News Corpowned 21st Century Fox. On 14 June 2017, Ten went into voluntary administration after Murdoch and fellow shareholder Bruce Gordon declined to extend the company's credit facility. Two bids were received for Ten; one from Murdoch and Gordon and one from CBS Corporation – Ten's largest creditor. The CBS bid was preferred by both the administrators and creditors. CBS's successful bid meant Murdoch lost his entire investment in the network.

Return to the family fold
In March 2014, Murdoch was appointed as non-executive co-chairman of News Corp. and 21st Century Fox Inc. in a move that was seen as succession planning for the media empire. Murdoch stood aside as chairman and a Director of Ten Network Holdings. In June 2015 he was named as Executive Chairman of 21st Century Fox.

After 21st Century Fox was acquired by Disney in March 2019, Murdoch was named as the chairman and CEO of the Fox Corporation. His father was still hoping "to continue an active role in the company.”

In 2023, at the age of 51, he took over the leadership of his father's group.

Dominion lawsuit
In 2021, Lachlan Murdoch and his father Rupert were the defendants in a $1.6 billion lawsuit, filed by voting machine maker Dominion Voting Systems, for knowingly and maliciously spreading false accusations that Dominion committed election fraud. Fox News Corporation requested that the case be dismissed and on 16 December 2021, the court rejected the request, with the opinion that "Dominion adequately pleaded actual malice by Fox News".

On 6 June 2022, Fox News Corp requested Judge Eric M. Davis drop the lawsuit. In his opinion, Judge Davis denied the request, saying that Dominion had shown enough evidence of actual malice on behalf of Rupert and Lachlan Murdoch of Fox Corporation to allow the case to continue.

In April 2023, Fox News Corp settled with Dominion for $787.5 million.

Crikey controversy
Murdoch sent a series of legal threats to Crikey, an Australian electronic magazine, after political editor Bernard Keane tied the Murdochs to the January 6 United States Capitol attack in a 29 June 2022 article. Crikey originally removed the article to avoid legal persecution but later republished it with Editor Peter Fray accusing Murdoch of "using the law to silence public debate", and "seeking to intimidate us".

On 21 April 2023, Murdoch's lawyers filed a notice to discontinue the case.

Smartmatic lawsuit
In a lawsuit similar to Dominion's, voting machine maker Smartmatic filed a lawsuit implicating both Lachlan Murdoch and his father Rupert for US$2.7 billion on 4 February 2021. Smartmatic claims "Fox News engaged in conspiracy to spread disinformation about Smartmatic. They lied, and did so knowingly and intentionally." In March 2022, Justice David Cohen allowed the removal of several hosts as co-defendants but rejected Fox's motion for dismissal of the suit allowing it to go to the discovery phase. In a second attempt from Fox News to dismiss the lawsuit, Justice David Cohen again rejected Fox's request and gave the opinion that Smartmatic had showed a "substantial basis" for their claim that Fox News "showed a reckless disregard for the truth". Both Lachlan and Rupert Murdoch's emails are being sought in discovery to show the extent to which they knew their statements were false.

Personal life
Murdoch married British-born Australian model/actress Sarah O'Hare in 1999. The couple have two sons, Kalan Alexander (born 9 November 2004), and Aidan Patrick, (born 6 May 2006); and one daughter, Aerin Elisabeth (born 12 April 2010), named for his sister and grandmother.

The Murdochs owned "Berthong", a house in, Sydney, until it was sold to Russell Crowe in 2003. In November 2009, Murdoch purchased "Le Manoir", a 4097 m2 mansion in Bellevue Hill for $23 million; and purchased an adjoining 1049 m2 property two years later. In 2017, Murdoch and his wife paid US$29 million for a large equestrian property in Aspen, Colorado, that contains a 13500 sqft six-bedroom home. In 2019, they purchased the Chartwell Estate in Los Angeles for an estimated US$150 million.

title: Lachlan Murdoch


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George Bishop Sudworth

George Bishop Sudworth (August 31, 1864 – May 10, 1927 ) was an American botanist. At the time of his death, he was the Chief Dendrologist of the United States Forest Service.

Biography
Born in Kingston, Wisconsin, Sudworth graduated from the University of Michigan in 1885. In 1885-1886 he was an instructor in botany at Michigan State Agricultural College and entered the Forestry Division of the U. S. Department of Agriculture in 1886. During his life, Sudworth published several books, but his most famous is A Check List of the Forest Trees of the United States. Other works include "The Pine Trees of the Rocky Mountain Region" which was illustrated by Annie E. Hoyle.

Sudworth discovered many new species and varieties of North American trees.

Sudworth was a founder of the Society of American Foresters, and was also a member of the Washington Academy of Sciences, the Biological and Botanical Societies of Washington, and an honorary member of the Finnish forestry association, Finska Forstsamfundet.

He married Frances Gertrude Kingsbury on February 24, 1897, and they had one son.

He died at his home in Washington D.C., on May 10, 1927.

title: George Bishop Sudworth


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Peter Lunenfeld

Peter Lunenfeld (born 1962, in New York City) is a critic and theorist of digital media, digital humanities, and urban humanities. He is a professor and the Vice Chair of the Design Media Arts department at UCLA, director of the Institute for Technology and Aesthetics (ITA), and founder of mediawork: The Southern California New Media Group.

Lunenfeld is a leading figure in digital aesthetic theory, set on establishing philosophical quandaries regarding digital technology and its role in art, design and culture. Works like Snap to Grid and The Secret War Between Downloading and Uploading incorporate traditional and continental theories of art to account for digital media. His work revolves around the discourses of technology, aesthetics, and cultural theory, establishing the complexity of digital aesthetics while simultaneously categorizing it.

His books include City at the Edge of Forever, Digital_Humanities, USER, Snap to Grid, and The Digital Dialectic. Lunenfeld is the editorial director of the highly designed Mediawork pamphlet series for the MIT Press. The series features commissioned writings that weave life stories into "theoretical and critical praxis." These award-winning "theoretical fetish objects" cover the intersections of art, design, technology, and market culture. Included in the series is Utopian Entrepreneur (2001) by Brenda Laurel, designed by Denise Gonzales Crisp; Writing Machines (2002) by N. Katherine Hayles, designed by Anne Burdick; Rhythm Science (2004) by Paul D. Miller aka DJ Spooky that Subliminal Kid, designed by COMA; and, Shaping Things (2005) by Bruce Sterling, designed by Lorraine Wild. Lev Manovich, the author of The Language of New Media, lauded these 100 page "mind bombs" in the tradition of McLuhan and Fiore¹s The Medium is the Massage as a new operating system for the book.

Lunenfeld has a B.A. in history from Columbia University, an MA in Media Studies from SUNY Buffalo, and a Ph.D. from UCLA in Film & Television. He worked as the Applications Coordinator at the Academy Award winning hardware and software company Lyon Lamb. Honors and fellowships include a 2016 Internal Award for Art Criticism (from the IAAC), the Dorothy Lee Prize for Scholarship in 2013 (from the MEA), and fellowships at the Huntington Library (Dana and David Dornsife Fellow, 2015-16), USC Annenberg Center (Vectors, 2007), and the Columbia University Institute for Scholars at Reid Hall in Paris (2005). He lives in Los Angeles, California.

Related books

 * Peter Lunenfeld: City at the Edge of Forever: Los Angeles Reimagined, Viking, August 2020 ISBN 978-0-525-56193-4
 * Peter Lunenfeld, Anne Burdick, Johanna Drucker, Todd Presner, Jeffrey Schnapp: Digital Humanities, MIT Press, November 2012 ISBN 978-0-262-31211-0
 * Peter Lunenfeld: The Secret War Between Downloading and Uploading: Tales of the Computer as Culture Machine, MIT Press, April 2011 ISBN 978-0-262-01547-9
 * Peter Lunenfeld: USER:InfoTechnoDemo, MIT Press (2005), visuals Mieke Gerritzen ISBN 0-262-62198-3
 * Peter Lunenfeld: Snap to Grid: A User's Guide to Digital Arts, Media and Cultures, MIT Press (2000) ISBN 0-262-62158-4
 * Peter Lunenfeld, ed.: The Digital Dialectic: New Essays on New Media, MIT Press (1999) ISBN 0-262-62137-1

title: Peter Lunenfeld


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User talk:Vandalizor

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 00:11, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC) {| class="messagebox standard-talk"
 * [[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|50px]]:This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page you will be blocked from editing. Rdsmith4— Dan | Talk 17:52, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Also, if you upload an image, it must have a sensible name (not "Davel" but "Dave Lombardo"), a purpose (i.e. you should add it to a relevant article), and you must include a copyright notice, otherwise it will probably be deleted. Rdsmith4— Dan | Talk 17:59, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * You have been temporarily blocked from editing for vandalism of Wikipedia. You are welcome to come back after the block expires, if you will make useful contributions. Rdsmith4— Dan | Talk 21:17, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * You have been temporarily blocked from editing for vandalism of Wikipedia. You are welcome to come back after the block expires, if you will make useful contributions. Rdsmith4— Dan | Talk 21:17, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Personally, I think it's silly we're warning a user with the name "Vandalizor" who is...OMFG!...vandalizing articles. Mike H 17:53, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree. Banned on sight for vandalizing Paris Hilton. (the things I have in my watchlist...) --Golbez 21:50, Dec 27, 2004 (UTC)

After being unblocked you have continued to vandalise Paris Hilton, Rush (band) Nathan Gale etc. I have therefore blocked you for a week as a persistant vandal, surprise surprise... Rje 18:48, Mar 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually this is pointless thinking about it, I've changed the ban to infinite. Rje 19:03, Mar 31, 2005 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Galleryofsuicide.jpg
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If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 18:57, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vandalizor


text:
Talk:James Niggemeyer

This article was proposed for deletion December 2004. The consensus of the participants was to merge/redirect the article to Dimebag Darrell. The discussion can be viewed at Votes for deletion/James Niggemeyer.

title: Talk:James Niggemeyer


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Music of Maine

The state of Maine is located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Its musical traditions extend back thousands of years to the music of the first peoples of Maine, the Penobscot Passamaquoddy, Wabanaki and other related Indigenous cultures.

Classical music
In the colonial era, the talented composer, singer and compiler of tune books, Supply Belcher (1751–1836), a Maine resident, was known in his time as "the Handel of Maine". Belcher organized the first choir in Maine.

Neoclassical composer Walter Piston (1894–1976) was born and raised in Rockland before moving to Boston at the age of ten.

Popular music
Maine is home to many talented singers, songwriters, band leaders and composers. Composers from Maine include Charles Whitney Coombs, John Knowles Paine, Frank Churchill, Aaron Robinson, Claude Demetrius, Peter Garland, and Harold J. Crosby.

Rudy Vallée grew up in Westbrook. His career started as a saxophone player and singer, later becoming a band leader. He also helped Alice Faye and Frances Langford start their careers and appeared on Broadway for a time. Vallée was a graduate of the University of Maine.

Born in Fort Fairfield, country musician Dick Curless was a singer, songwriter and guitarist. His biggest hit, "A Tombstone Every Mile", was a song about a stretch of road in Northern Maine. He was an inaugural member of the Maine Country Music Hall Of Fame, located in Mechanic Falls. The Dick Curless Memorial Scholarship Fund has been established to support young Maine musicians.

Donald Doane Sr. is another member of the Maine Country Music Hall of Fame, born in Kennebunk in 1907. His band, the Kahtadin Mountaineers, was formed in the early 1950s and still performs regularly today at county fairs, fiddle contests and for many charities. The Windham Community Church was built from charity proceeds. The group has also played with singer Kate Smith, best known for her rendition of "God Bless America" (written by Irving Berlin).

Howie Day, who grew-up in Brewer, made it to the top 20 of the Billboard Hot 100 in June 2004 with "Collide".

Music venues and institutions
Major music venues in Maine include the University of Southern Maine, Corthell Hall, Gorham, Maine, Portland's Merrill Auditorium, State Theatre, One Longfellow Square, Port City Music Hall, Portland House of Music and Events, Stone Mountain Arts Center in Brownfield, North Atlantic Blues Festival in Rockland, The Chocolate Church Arts Center in Bath, Bar Harbor Music Festival, American Folk Festival in Bangor, Bay Chambers Summer Music Festival in Rockport, Bowdoin International Music Festival, Kneisel Hall Chamber Music Festival, Portland Chamber Music Festival, Salt Bay Chamberfest in Damariscotta, Sebago – Long Lake Music Festival in Harrison, Saltwater Celtic Music Festival, Ossipee Valley Music Festival in South Hiram, East Benton Fiddlers Festival and Contest, Sweet Chariot Music Festival on Swan's Island, Saddleback Mountain Bluegrass Festival, Frantasia at the University of Maine at Farmington, Treat Memorial Library in Livermore Falls, American Folk Festival in Bangor, Thomas Point Beach Bluegrass Festival in Brunswick, the Gamper Festival of Contemporary Music in Bowdoin and the Sebago – Long Lake Festival Players.

Maine is home to several prominent professional organizations, including the Portland Symphony Orchestra, the Bangor Symphony Orchestra, the Maine Country Music Association Hall of Fame, the Down East Country Musical Association and the Maine Academy of Country Music. The Maine State Music Theater in Brunswick has operated since 1959 and is one of three professional music theaters in the state; the others are Northport Music Theater in Northport, which opened in 2007, and Ogunquit Playhouse in Ogunguit, which opened in 1933.

Portland is also home to the Portland Choral Arts Society and the Portland String Quartet. The DaPonte String Quartet is the only other professional string quartet in Maine. The Portland Opera Repertory Theatre and Opera Maine are the main outlets for opera in the state.

Outside of Portland, there are pockets of people who preserve the traditional musical styles of their ancestors, including the Swedish music of Stockholm and New Sweden, the French-Maine community (especially in Upper St. John Valley, home to the Acadian Festival) and the ethnic Russian music of the Kennebec River community in Richmond.

Maine's musical heritage also include the longstanding men's a cappella group, the Meddiebempsters, at Bowdoin College, and Bates College's all-male Manic Optimists.

Original compositions about Maine and by Maine composers are stored in the Maine Collection at the Bagaduce Music Lending Library in Blue Hill. With over 225,000 separate titles, this library houses the largest publicly available sheet-music collection in North America.

Folk, country, and bluegrass music
Maine has a long folk fiddling tradition, including Mellie Dunham, which has helped inspire many modern bluegrass musicians. Maine's bluegrass and fiddling tradition is celebrated at the Eastern Maine Music Festival. There is also a Bluegrass Music Association of Maine. Maine's contributions to bluegrass include Clarence and Roland White of the Kentucky Colonels and Jimmy Cox.

Many prominent singer-songwriters grew up in Maine, including Patty Griffin, Ellis Paul, Slaid Cleaves, David Mallett and Rod Picott. Cleaves and Picott were childhood friends in South Berwick. Randy Browning of the Late Bloomer moved to South Berwick.

The Freewill Folk Society at Bates College also continues the folk tradition. There are also more traditional folk acts such as Schooner Fare, Maine's best-known folk trio-turned-duo following the death of Tom Rowe in 2004, and the Dave Rowe Trio, founded by the late Tom Rowe's son. The Maritime- and Celtic-inspired folk duo Castlebay continues these traditions by researching archives for songs and ballads sung in Maine and performing them. In addition, members Julia Lane and Fred Gosbee write and perform songs about Maine's people and history. Newer Maine-based progressive folk artists have been emerging since the 1990s, including Heather Caston and Nancy Cartonio.

Maine's religious music includes the well-known church choirs of St. Luke's Episcopal Cathedral and two Bangor-area churches both named after St. John (one Catholic and one Episcopal).

One Longfellow Square in Portland is a popular folk-music venue.

Contra dances abound throughout the state of Maine keeping a tradition vital. Live bands often include fiddle, guitar, piano, banjo, mandolin, bass, and more.

Maine's folk tradition is celebrated and kept alive in summer camps such as Maine Fiddle Camp in Montville. The Acadia School of Traditional Music and Arts (the Acadia Trad School) operates a week-long festival in June that attracts serious music and dance students of all ages from all across the US, Canada and beyond.

Maine's musicians play a variety of different styles of folk music. Irish, Scottish, Quebecois, and even southern styles were influential on Maine's folk tradition. French-Canadian music is popular in Northern Maine on the border of Canada. The traditional fiddle tunes extended into Maine and became very prominent in all of New England.

The only music museum east of Nashville is located in Mechanic Falls. The Maine Country Music Hall of Fame was founded in 1978 and in 2008 they opened a museum.

Blues
Blues pianist Bob Page was from Damariscotta. Harmonica player and singer Jason Ricci is from Portland.

Jazz
The southern coastal region both in and near Portland, Maine is home to many jazz instrumentalists, composers, singers, songwriters and arrangers. The University of Southern Maine at Gorham campus offers many jazz concerts throughout the academic year.

Lenny Breau, born in Auburn in 1941, is often considered to have been the most gifted jazz guitarist of all time. He was also a very well versed classical guitar player, known for his distinctive fingerstyle technique and ability to incorporate two-note comping, harmonics, quartal harmony and three-against-two rhythms. He was also known for blending jazz, flamenco, classical and country styles. During his lifetime, Breau recorded albums such as The Hallmark Sessions, Swingin' on a Seven String and Guitar Sounds. Some of his most memorable tunes are "Bouree", "The Claw" and "Emily", performed in Brunswick on August 2, 1980. Breau died in Los Angeles in 1984.

Don Doane, a jazz trombonist and music teacher within the Maine school system, has played with Woody Herman and Maynard Ferguson.

Dave Bowler, a professional jazz drummer born in 1957 in Portland, helped found the jazz/rock band the Franklin Street Arterial and recorded an album called Blue Hills. He has played with other well-known musicians such as Willie Nelson, Willie Dixon and Kilimandjaro. He also became a member of the Ahmad Jamal Trio.

Pianist, arranger and composer John Benson Brooks was born in Houlton.

Rock
Punk rock band Pinkerton Thugs formed in Kennebunk.

Alternative rock band Gouds Thumb, As Fast As, indie rock bands Rustic Overtones, Paranoid Social Club, Phantom Buffalo, Clay Camero, Big Blood and hardcore punk band Cruel Hand, rock band 6gig, Lost On Liftoff, Livid Orange, Sidecar Radio are from Portland. Portland is also home to many venues catering to the city's underground punk, indie, and experimental rock scene, including the Apohadion Theater, Sun Tiki Studios, and Geno's Rock Club. Notable contemporary bands from this scene include experimental rock groups Amiright?, FonFon Ru, and Lahnah, noise rock and shoegaze bands Twisted Hellcat and Crystal Canyon, electric folk punk outfit the Bumbling Woohas, and pop punk, emo, and indie punk bands such as Street Sity Surf, Frankie Moon & Dave Mathewses Band, and Uncle Spudd. The most commercially successful act to come out of this scene is the indie rock band Weakened Friends who were named "Unsigned Artist of the Year" in 2017's Boston Music Awards and collaborated with J Mascis of Dinosaur Jr. on the track Hate Mail

The DIY venue, the Squashed Warehouse, is revered among punk musicians and commonly hosts hardcore, pop punk, folk punk, and noise rock shows, having been played by national and local acts including folk punk outfit Days N' Daze, underground ska-core act Grey Matter, and many of the groups mentioned above. Another DIY Venue, Project Freewill, in New Portland Maine, celebrates underground musicians in Maine.

The band Oak, signed to Mercury/PolyGram, had four songs that made the Billboard Hot 100 chart; the most successful was "King of the Hill", which reached No. 36 in May 1980. Oak originally consisted of Rick Pinette (vocals, piano, guitar), Dave Stone (keyboard), Danny Caron (drums), George Borden (bass) and Scott Grover Weatherspoon (guitar). John Foster replaced Borden on bass for the band's second album. Carl Crosen (guitar) and Bruce Noell (bass) played in the band during the time in which demos for the record label were recorded. Oak went on national college concert tours and played all over the Northeast and Eastern Canada. The band was known for great theatrics, high energy and excellent vocals and musicianship.

Hip hop
Hip hop artist Alias, from Hollis, formed the label Anticon.

Spose was born in Portland and grew up in Wells.

Portland-based Trails has won local album awards and collaborated with Kool G Rap, members of the Wu-Tang Clan and others.

title: Music of Maine


text:
Talk:Music of Maine

Possible article or list on "Rock"
There appears to be a steadily growing stream of rock bands/musicians from Maine. I've pretty much heard of all of the ones listed in the "Rock" section, so, I feel we should make a separate article and/or list of "Maine Rockers". --Emevas 19:54, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

Actually, only a handful of the bands listed here should probably be on here, it looks to me like shameless self promotion. We should really keep a closer watch on the list.

Yeah... You're probabally right...  I think a rewrite of the article may be neccesary. -Emevas 17:03, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

Speaking as a Maine musician, I agree with this article's need for a rewrite, but I can say that most of the listed acts all belong here though there are some notable omissions, not the least of which is Lenny Breau and his parents, Hal Lone Pine (Harold Breau, I believe was his real name) and Betty Cody (Cote). Also, there should be some mention of jazz, especially if Lenny is mentioned.Rowemusic (talk) 13:14, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Music of Maine


text: Category:Belgian mathematicians

title: Category:Belgian mathematicians


text:
1953 West German federal election

Federal elections were held in West Germany on 6 September 1953 to elect the members of the second Bundestag. The Christian Democratic Union (CDU) emerged as the largest party.

This elections were the last before Saarland joined West Germany in 1957. It had been a separate entity, Saar protectorate, under French control since 1946.

Campaign
Federal Chancellor Konrad Adenauer (who was also CDU leader) campaigned on his policies of economic reconstruction and growth, moderate conservatism or Christian democracy, and close relations with the United States. During the campaign he attacked the Social Democratic Party (SPD) ferociously. His staff had a comfortable coach on a train previously used only by Hermann Göring and behind that a dining car with sleeping berths for journalists. The new SPD leader (Kurt Schumacher had died in 1952) was Erich Ollenhauer, who was more moderate in his policies than Schumacher had been. He did not oppose, in principle, the United States' military presence in Western Europe. He later – in 1957 – supported a military alliance of most European countries, including Germany. On 3 September American Secretary of State John Foster Dulles said that "A defeat for Adenauer would have catastrophic consequences for the prospects for German reunification and the restoration of sovereignty" and that it would "trigger off such confusion in Germany that further delays in German efforts for reunification and freedom would be unavoidable." Adenauer managed to convince clearly more West German voters of his leadership abilities and economic and political success to easily win a second term, although he had to form a coalition government with the Free Democratic Party and the conservative German Party to gain a majority in the Bundestag.

Aftermath
Konrad Adenauer remained Chancellor, governing in a broad coalition (two-thirds majority) with most of the minor parties except for the SPD and Centre Party.

title: 1953 West German federal election


text:
Jean Hagen

Jean Hagen (born Jean Shirley Verhagen; August 3, 1923 – August 29, 1977) was an American actress best known for her role as Doll Conovan in The Asphalt Jungle (1950) and as Lina Lamont in Singin' in the Rain (1952), for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Hagen was also nominated three times for an Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for her role as Margaret Williams on the first three seasons (1953–56) of the television series The Danny Thomas Show (when titled as Make Room for Daddy).

Early life
Hagen was born August 3, 1923, in Chicago, to Christian Verhagen, a Dutch immigrant, and Marie, his Chicago-born wife. The family moved to Elkhart, Indiana, when she was 12, and she graduated from Elkhart High School. She studied drama at Northwestern University, where she was a roommate of actress Patricia Neal. She graduated from Northwestern in 1945. She also worked as an usher.

Radio
Hagen began her show-business career in radio in the 1940s performing in Light of the World, Hollywood Story, and other programs. Using her birth name (Jean Verhagen), she played Betty Webster on Those Websters.

Stage
Hagen first appeared on Broadway in Swan Song. She acted in Another Part of the Forest, Ghosts, Born Yesterday, and The Traitor.

Film and television
Her film debut was as a comical femme fatale in the 1949 Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn film Adam's Rib, directed by George Cukor. The Asphalt Jungle (1950) provided Hagen with her first starring role. Hagen played Doll Conover, a woman who sticks by criminal Dix's side until the bitter end. She appeared in the film noir Side Street (1950), playing a gangster's sincere but dim girlfriend. Hagen gave a memorable comic performance in Singin' in the Rain as the vain, spoiled, and talentless silent film star Lina Lamont. She received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress for her performance.

By 1953, she had joined the cast of the television sitcom Make Room for Daddy. After she left the show, Marjorie Lord was cast as Danny's second wife and played opposite Thomas for the remainder of the series.

In 1957, Hagen co-starred in an episode of Alfred Hitchcock Presents titled "Enough Rope for Two", portraying a woman who accompanies two thieves trying to retrieve stolen money from a desert mine shaft. She then appeared as Elizabeth in the 1960 episode "Once Upon a Knight" on The DuPont Show with June Allyson; Also in 1960, Hagen was Marie Brandt on Wagon Train in the episode "The Marie Brandt Story"; and in 1963 Hagen portrayed Sarah Proctor on Wagon Train in the episode “The Sarah Proctor Story”. The following year, she guest-starred on The Andy Griffith Show in the episode "Andy and the Woman Speeder".

Although she made frequent guest appearances in television series, Hagen was unable to resume her film career in starring roles. Her health began to decline due to an alcohol problem and she spent many years hospitalized or under medical care in the 1960s. After appearing with Fred MacMurray in the Disney comedy The Shaggy Dog (1959), for the remainder of her career she played supporting roles, such as Marguerite LeHand, personal secretary to Franklin Delano Roosevelt, in Sunrise at Campobello (1960) and the friend of Bette Davis in Dead Ringer (1964).

Much later, in 1976, she made a comeback of sorts playing character roles in episodes of the television series Starsky and Hutch and The Streets of San Francisco. She made her final acting appearance the next year in the television movie Alexander: The Other Side of Dawn.

Personal life
Jean Hagen married actor Tom Seidel (who originated the role of Dr. Sanderson in the play Harvey) on June 12, 1947, in Brentwood, California. The couple had two children, Christine Patricia and Aric Phillip. According to Lorraine LoBianco's authoritative biography, Seidel, in his attempt to stop his wife from drinking, divorced her and gained custody of the children. It did not work; Hagen's alcoholism only worsened, finally becoming so severe by 1968 that she was hospitalized and lapsed into a coma at UCLA Medical Center. She managed to survive the ordeal, and her daughter, Christine, said that after she emerged from the coma, Hagen never drank again.

Unfortunately, another health problem arose: throat cancer. Patricia Neal wrote in her autobiography that Hagen went to Germany "'for laetrile, a supposed cure unavailable in the United States. But she was bubbly and bright and so much the way I remembered her from the old days.'"

Death
Hagen died, twenty-six days after her 54th birthday, of esophageal cancer on August 29, 1977, at the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital, and was buried in Chapel of the Pines Crematory.

Honors
Hagen was nominated for a 1956 Emmy Award in the "Best actress (continuing performance)" category. She has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1502 Vine Street for her contributions to television.

title: Jean Hagen


text:
John Callahan (actor)

John Kevin Callahan (December 23, 1953 – March 28, 2020) was an American actor, known for his work as Edmund Grey on the daytime soap opera All My Children.

Early life
Callahan was born in Brooklyn, New York. He was a pre-law student at University of California at Berkeley before pursuing a career in acting.

Career
Callahan portrayed Leo Russell on the daytime soap General Hospital from 1984 to 1985. Subsequent roles included Eric Stavros on the prime time series Falcon Crest from 1986 to 1988, and Craig Hunt on the daytime soap Santa Barbara from 1989 to 1991. He played Edmund Grey, his best known role, on All My Children from 1992 to 2005. Callahan also appeared as Edmund, with co-star Esta TerBlanche, in a 1997 episode of the sitcom Spin City called "My Life is a Soap Opera". From 2008 to 2010, he played Richard Baker on Days of Our Lives.

Callahan and his co-star Eva LaRue co-hosted both the Lifetime series Weddings of a Lifetime in 1995 and the 1997 Miss America pageant.

Callahan appeared on the 1990 revival of the television game show To Tell the Truth as a celebrity panelist.

Personal life
Callahan was married to Linda Freeman from 1982 to 1994, and has two stepsons from the union. He married his All My Children co-star Eva LaRue, who portrayed Edmund's love interest Maria Santos, on November 30, 1996 on the island of Lanai in Hawaii. They have a daughter, Kaya McKenna, born in December 2001. They divorced in 2005. Callahan died on March 28, 2020, after suffering a stroke the previous day, and having been taken to Eisenhower Medical Center in Rancho Mirage where he was put on life support.

title: John Callahan (actor)


text:
Talk:Adbusters Media Foundation

I merged this page with the Adbusters page (as was requested) and added a redirect.

--pgeoff 00:18, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Adbusters Media Foundation


text:
Astyanax (fish)

Astyanax is a genus of freshwater fish in the family Characidae of the order Characiformes. Some of these fish, like many of their relatives, are kept as aquarium pets and known collectively as tetras. With around 150 described species and new ones being described yearly, this genus is among the largest of the entire order; Hyphessobrycon also has more than 145 species and which one is larger at any one time depends on whether more species have been recently described in one or the other. The blind and colorless cave tetra of Mexico is a famous member of the genus, but its taxonomic position is disputed: Some recognize it as part of the Mexican tetra (A. mexicanus) and this is supported by phylogenetic evidence,   but others recognize the cave form as a separate species, A. jordani.

The type species is A. argentatus, now regarded as a form of the Mexican tetra (A. mexicanus). The generic name comes from Astyanax, a character in Greek mythology, who was the son of Hector of Troy; in homage to this, several specific epithets also refer to the Iliad.

Taxonomy and systematics
This genus is more or less defined as in 1917 by Carl H. Eigenmann. The lack of comprehensive phylogenetic analyses dealing with this genus is hindering a thorough review and the relationships remain as indeterminate as the monophyly is doubtful. The results of 2020 study using a combination of molecular and morphological data appeared to confirm that Astyanax is not monophyletic and suggested the creation of two new genera and the resurrection of Psalidodon. Although included in Astyanax by FishBase, phylogenetic evidence supports moving A. aurocaudatus back to the monotypic genus Carlastyanax.

Species
There are currently 132 recognized species in this genus: • Astyanax abramis (L. Jenyns, 1842)

• Astyanax acatlanensis Schmitter-Soto, 2017

• Astyanax aeneus (Günther, 1860) (Banded tetra)

• Astyanax altior C. L. Hubbs, 1936 (Yucatán tetra)

• Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000

• Astyanax anai Angulo, Santos, López, Langeani & McMahan, 2018

• Astyanax angustifrons (Regan, 1908)

• Astyanax apiaka Ferreira, Lima, Ribeiro, Flausino, Machado & Mirande, 2023

• Astyanax aramburui Protogino, Miquelarena & H. L. López, 2006

• Astyanax argentatus Baird & Girard, 1854 (Texan tetra)

• Astyanax argyrimarginatus Garutti, 1999

• Astyanax asuncionensis Géry, 1972

• Astyanax atratoensis C. H. Eigenmann, 1907

• Astyanax aurocaudatus C. H. Eigenmann, 1913

• Astyanax bacalarensis Schmitter-Soto, 2017

• Astyanax bagual Bertaco & Vigo, 2015

• Astyanax baileyi (D. E. Rosen, 1972)

• Astyanax belizianus (Bocourt, 1868) (Belizean tetra)

• Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Two-spot tetra)

• Astyanax biotae R. M. C. Castro & Vari, 2004

• Astyanax boliviensis Ruiz-C., Román-Valencia, Taphorn, Buckup & Ortega, 2018

• Astyanax bourgeti C. H. Eigenmann, 1908

• Astyanax brachypterygium Bertaco & L. R. Malabarba, 2001

• Astyanax bransfordii (T. N. Gill, 1877)

• Astyanax brevimanus (Günther, 1864) (Quiché tetra)

• Astyanax brevirhinus C. H. Eigenmann, 1908

• Astyanax caballeroi (Contreras-Balderas & Rivera-Tiellery, 1985)

• Astyanax caucanus (Steindachner, 1879)

• Astyanax chaparae Fowler, 1943

• Astyanax clavitaeniatus Garutti, 2003

• Astyanax cocibolca W. A. Bussing, 2008

• Astyanax cordovae (Günther, 1880)

• Astyanax courensis Bertaco, F. R. de Carvalho & Jerep, 2010

• Astyanax cremnobates Bertaco & L. R. Malabarba, 2001

• Astyanax cubilhuitz Schmitter-Soto, 2017

• Astyanax depressirostris A. Miranda-Ribeiro, 1908

• Astyanax dissimilis Garavello & F. A. A. Sampaio, 2010

• Astyanax dnophos F. C. T. Lima & Zuanon, 2004

• Astyanax dorioni (D. E. Rosen, 1970)

• Astyanax douradilho Bertaco, 2014

• Astyanax elachylepis Bertaco & P. H. F. Lucinda, 2005

• Astyanax embera Ruiz-C., Román-Valencia, Taphorn, Buckup & Ortega, 2018

• Astyanax epiagos Zanata & Camelier, 2008

• Astyanax eremus Ingenito & Duboc, 2014

• Astyanax fasslii (Steindachner, 1915)

• Astyanax filiferus (C. H. Eigenmann, 1913)

• Astyanax finitimus (Bocourt, 1868) (Veracruz tetra)

• Astyanax gandhiae Ruiz-C., Román-Valencia, Taphorn, Buckup & Ortega, 2018

• Astyanax gisleni Dahl, 1943

• Astyanax goyacensis C. H. Eigenmann, 1908

• Astyanax goyanensis (P. Miranda-Ribeiro, 1944)

• Astyanax gracilior C. H. Eigenmann, 1908

• Astyanax guaricana C. A. M. Oliveira, Abilhoa & Pavanelli, 2013

• Astyanax henseli F. A. G. Melo & Buckup, 2006

• Astyanax integer G. S. Myers, 1930

• Astyanax jacobinae Zanata & Camelier, 2008 (Piaba)

• Astyanax jacuhiensis (Cope, 1894)

• Astyanax jenynsii (C. H. Eigenmann, 1877)

• Astyanax joaovitori Oliveira, Pavanelli & Bertaco, 2017

• Astyanax jordanensis Vera Alcaraz, Pavanelli & Bertaco, 2009

• Astyanax jordani (C. L. Hubbs & Innes, 1936)

• Astyanax kennedyi Géry, 1964

• Astyanax keronolepis Silva, Malabarba & Malabarba, 2019

• Astyanax kompi Hildebrand, 1938

• Astyanax kullanderi W. J. E. M. Costa, 1995

• Astyanax lacustris (Lütken, 1875)

• Astyanax laticeps (Cope, 1894)

• Astyanax leopoldi Géry, Planquette & Le Bail, 1988

• Astyanax lineatus (Perugia, 1891)

• Astyanax longior (Cope, 1878)

• Astyanax longirhinus Garavello & F. A. A. Sampaio, 2010

• Astyanax macal Schmitter-Soto, 2017

• Astyanax maculisquamis Garutti & Britski, 1997

• Astyanax magdalenae C. H. Eigenmann & Henn, 1916

• Astyanax maximus (Steindachner, 1876)

• Astyanax megaspilura Fowler, 1944

• Astyanax mexicanus (De Filippi, 1853) (Mexican tetra)

• Astyanax microlepis C. H. Eigenmann, 1913

• Astyanax microschemos Bertaco & C. A. S. Lucena, 2006

• Astyanax minor Garavello & F. A. A. Sampaio, 2010

• Astyanax moorii (Boulenger, 1892)

• Astyanax multidens C. H. Eigenmann, 1908

• Astyanax myersi (Fernández-Yépez, 1950)

• Astyanax nasutus Meek, 1907

• Astyanax nicaraguensis C. H. Eigenmann & Ogle, 1907

• Astyanax novae C. H. Eigenmann, 1911

• Astyanax obscurus (R. F. Hensel, 1870)

• Astyanax ocotal Valdez-Moreno, Rodiles-Hernández & Schmitter-Soto, 2017

• Astyanax orbignyanus (Valenciennes, 1850)

• Astyanax orstedii (Lütken, 1875)

• Astyanax orthodus C. H. Eigenmann, 1907

• Astyanax panamensis Günther, 1864 (Panamanian tetra)

• Astyanax paraguayensis (Fowler, 1918)

• Astyanax paranahybae C. H. Eigenmann, 1911

• Astyanax pardensis Salgado, 2021

• Astyanax pedri (Eigenmann, 1908)

• Astyanax petenensis (Günther, 1864) (Petén tetra)

• Astyanax pirabitira C. A. S. Lucena, Bertaco & Berbigier, 2013

• Astyanax pirapuan Tagliacollo, Britzke, G. S. C. Silva & Benine, 2011

• Astyanax poetzschkei C. G. E. Ahl, 1932

• Astyanax procerus C. A. S. Lucena, J. B. Castro & Bertaco, 2013

• Astyanax rioverde Lozano-Vilano & Schmitter-Soto, 2017

• Astyanax robustus Meek, 1912

• Astyanax ruberrimus C. H. Eigenmann, 1913

• Astyanax rupununi Fowler, 1914

• Astyanax saltor Travassos, 1960

• Astyanax salvatoris Valdez-Moreno, Lozano-Vilano & Schmitter-Soto, 2017

• Astyanax scabripinnis (L. Jenyns, 1842)

• Astyanax scintillans G. S. Myers, 1928

• Astyanax serratus Garavello & F. A. A. Sampaio, 2010

• Astyanax siapae Garutti, 2003

• Astyanax stilbe (Cope, 1870)

• Astyanax superbus G. S. Myers, 1942

• Astyanax symmetricus C. H. Eigenmann, 1908

• Astyanax tamiahua Schmitter-Soto, 2017

• Astyanax tehuacanensis Schmitter-Soto, 2017

• Astyanax totae Ferreira Haluch & Abilhoa, 2005

• Astyanax trierythropterus Godoy (pt), 1970

• Astyanax turmalinensis Triques, Vono & Caiafa, 2003

• Astyanax unitaeniatus Garutti, 1998

• Astyanax utiariti Bertaco & Garutti, 2007

• Astyanax validus Géry, Planquette & Le Bail, 1991

• Astyanax varzeae Abilhoa & Duboc, 2007

• Astyanax venezuelae L. P. Schultz, 1944

• Astyanax vermilion Zanata & Camelier, 2009

• Astyanax villwocki Zarske & Géry, 1999

• Astyanax yariguies (Torres-Mejia, Hernández & Senechal, 2012)

title: Astyanax (fish)


text:
Music of North Dakota

The Music of North Dakota has followed general American trends over much of its history, beginning with ragtime and folk music, moving into big band and jazz. With the development of mass media, local artists in North Dakota, as in the rest of the country, saw a rapid loss of opportunity to create, perform, and sell popular music to the regional audience that had previously provided a market. Punk Music is a major genre in the modern youth scene of North Dakota.

Ethnic music
One aspect of music that has been around for over a century is the "old-time" music, still played, danced to, and sung in parts of North Dakota. Such music is typified by fast waltzes, polkas, schottisches, two-steps, and the butterfly.

Popular music
Presently, North Dakota has a number of active indie acts and pop music. The most active music scenes for local artists in popular styles are in Fargo, Minot, Grand Forks, Bismarck, and Williston, while Dickinson and Devils Lake are active to a lesser extent. Most shows are booked by independent promoters who find space for shows wherever available, though occasionally groups like the AMP have provided permanent venues for musical acts. A lot of bands that were popular in the 80s like playing in North Dakota to the old folk. Country music acts like to play more often in ND.

Touring acts
Smaller musical groups passing through North Dakota often play at the independently promoted shows in the state's larger cities alongside local acts.

Medium-sized groups may be headlined in events thrown by financially interested promoters, such as the Hub's Venue (formally Playmaker's Pavilion) in Fargo.

Large touring acts crossing North Dakota often use the state's larger event venues such as the Alerus Center (Grand Forks), Fargodome (Fargo), and Bismarck Civic Center (Bismarck), to draw large arena rock crowds. National acts in a variety of styles are also often booked for the North Dakota State Fair (Minot), though the fair does tend to have more country groups in keeping with the fair's rural focus.

Classical music
In addition to popular music, classical music and jazz are common across the state. Independent jazz bands are rare, but there are many school programs for music. The International Music Camp is also located on the border between North Dakota and Manitoba.

Many of North Dakota's universities have great music programs; the choir program at Jamestown College and the instrumental music programs at the University of Mary and the University of North Dakota are particularly notable.

Concert orchestras operate in Bismarck, Fargo, Grand Forks, and Minot. Of these, the Fargo-Moorhead Symphony Orchestra is the largest, while the Greater Grand Forks Symphony Orchestra is the oldest.

Many opera groups exist in the state. Two of the larger ones include the Fargo-Moorhead Opera Company and The Western Plains Opera Company of Minot, each of which stage two-three performances a season.

Choral music organizations include the Grand Forks Master Chorale, the Fargo Chamber Chorale, and the Nodakords, Heritage Singers, and Voices of Note, all of Minot.

International Music Camp, a summer camp providing intensive instruction in music and fine arts, is held each summer at the International Peace Garden.

Modern history
Since the late 20th century, North Dakota has seen a number of active musical scenes.

1970s and 1980s
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, there was a small but thriving new wave/power pop scene based in Fargo. Groups like "Johnny Holm", "The Unbelievable Uglies", "The Newz", "Clown", "Brittania", "Nitro Brothers", "The Phones" and "The Metro All-Stars" were the premier bands. These bands played extensively throughout the upper Midwest, benefitting from a short-lived surge in bars that booked rock and roll bands during the early 80s. For example, in Jamestown, North Dakota, there was one bar and a "teen canteen" that booked rock and roll bands in 1978, but by 1984, there were five such venues. Bismarck, also had several venues for local bands such as "The Champ Band", "Cypress" and "Nightlife" to perform in. In Fargo/Moorhead, you could hear a live band 7 nights a week with music clubs including The Lamplight, The Sunset Lanes, The Zodiac, The Gaslight, The 4-10 Lounge, Jerry's and Kirby's. These venues would draw bands from all over The Midwest where they could perform 5-6 nights a week. Some of the venues had music 7 nights a week. This pattern was briefly replicated in many similar cities in the region. This led several regional bands to write original music and even record albums, some of which sold respectably by regional standards. The scene was also lucrative enough to allow many bands from the Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota area to play throughout North Dakota.

As the 1980s progressed and a farm crisis hurt the state's economy, new drinking and driving laws, plus bar insurance laws were passed, the nightclub and bar scene began to struggle. In 1980, The Good Music Agency (GMA) relocated nearly all of their Fargo/Moorhead bands to Minneapolis which had a very hot music scene at the time. Thus, the local music scene shrank and a number of bars and clubs that had booked music ceased to do so. For example, the five Jamestown bars that had booked bands back in 1984 were all closed or no longer booking in 1989. By mid-decade, most of the leading bands had disbanded. "Silver", after purchasing the rights to the "Uglies" name, had decamped to Minneapolis, Minnesota and become "The Metro Allstars" (later: "The Metros"), "Brittania" and "The Newz" performed all over the Midwest. As the thriving Twin Cities music scene of the mid-1980s dissipated so to did the Fargo music scene fade.

Many homegrown bands spawned in the wake of this brief renaissance. Some bands tried to emulate bands from bigger markets by mixing originals in among the hours of cover songs. Most earned a living playing the hits of the day instead of original music.

Heavy metal bands were also popular in the 1980s. Chuck Klosterman wrote a tongue-in-cheek book on his experiences in the rock scene in North Dakota in the book Fargo Rock City.

2000s and 2010s
In the late 90s and early 00s, Fargo retained a small but active metal scene as well as a growing noise rock scene centered around bands like Morast, Godhead Silo, Hammerhead and Animal Lover.

In the mid to late 2010s, Fargo became recognized as a growing hub for experimental, industrial and noise music. Although noise had a smaller presence since the 90s with acts like Edwin Manchester and Unconditional Loathing, noise proliferated under the organization of musician Brandon Wald who would attend punk shows and hand out copies of zines on the history of industrial music. Throughout the decade, Wald would perform under the names of Monowolf and Support Unit while also running the Black Ring Rituals FM radio show and Black Ring Rituals Records label. In 2018, artist Trinity Hall began Doughgirl Tapes, a cassette label dedicated to pressing noise and experimental releases. The scene is noted for its heavy queer presence as well as its radical politics, with artists often covering themes related to violence against LGBT people, far-left politics, police brutality as well as local North Dakota issues related to environmental degradation and the Dakota Access Pipeline. Fargo has also hosted the biennial Fargo Noise Fest since 2016, though the event was cancelled in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Notable North Dakota musicians

 * Lynn Anderson - country/western musician, known for "Rose Garden" (1971). Born in Grand Forks.
 * Shannon Curfman - blues guitarist and singer. Born in Fargo.
 * Jonny Lang - blues guitarist and singer, 1990s–2020s. Born in Casselton.
 * Peggy Lee - pop singer of the 1940s–50s, known for "Mañana (Is Soon Enough for Me)" (1947) and other hits. Born in Jamestown.
 * Danny Mangold - guitarist
 * Mitch Malloy – rock musician. Born in Dickinson.
 * Mary Osborne - jazz guitarist of the 1940s–60s. Born in Minot.
 * Bobby Vee - rock/pop singer; became famous in the 1960s. Born in Fargo.
 * Lawrence Welk – band leader and TV host of the Lawerence Welk Show (1951–82). Born in Strasburg.
 * Wiz Khalifa - rapper, known for "See You Again" (2015) and other songs. Born in Minot.

title: Music of North Dakota


text:
Sandbox

A sandbox is a sandpit, a wide, shallow playground construction to hold sand, often made of wood or plastic.

Sandbox or sand box may also refer to:

Arts, entertainment, and media

 * Sandbox (band), a Canadian rock music group
 * Sandbox (Guided by Voices album), 1987
 * Sandbox (Michael Houser album), 2006, or the title track
 * Sandbox Theatre, an experimental theatre group in Minneapolis, Minnesota
 * The Sandbox (play), a 1960 one-act play by Edward Albee

Video gaming

 * Sandbox game, a genre or mode of some video games for open-ended, nonlinear play
 * The Sandbox (2012 video game), a 2012 game for mobile phones
 * Sandbox (video game), an in-development game by Facepunch Studios
 * Sandbox Studios, a computer- and video-game developer
 * The Sandbox (company), a metaverse platform developer
 * Sandbox (video game editor), a game level editor for Far Cry

Computing

 * Sandbox (computer security), a virtual container in which untrusted programs can be safely run
 * Sandbox (software development), an environment in which code or content changes can be tested without affecting the original system
 * Sandbox effect, in Google Internet search rankings

Other uses

 * Sand box (civil engineering), a device to remove centring
 * Sandbox (locomotive), a container that holds sand for use in improving rail adhesion in slippery conditions
 * Sandbox (missile) or SS-N-12, a Soviet anti-ship missile
 * Sandbox, a container for pounce (calligraphy), used before the invention of blotting paper
 * Sandbox therapy, a tool used by child psychologists
 * Sandbox tree, the evergreen species Hura crepitans of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), also known as possumwood and jabillo, native to tropical regions in the Americas

title: Sandbox


text:
Morristown Line

The Morristown Line is an NJ Transit commuter rail line connecting Morris and Essex counties to New York City, via either New York Penn Station or Hoboken Terminal. Out of 60 inbound and 58 outbound daily weekday trains, 28 inbound and 26 outbound Midtown Direct trains (about 45%) use the Kearny Connection (opened June 10, 1996) to Penn Station; the rest go to Hoboken. Passengers can transfer at Newark Broad Street or Summit to reach the other destination. On rail system maps the line is colored dark green, and its symbol is a drum, a reference to Morristown's history during the American Revolution.

There is frequent service weekdays, with hourly service to/from New York (none going beyond Dover) on weekends. Until August 13, 2006, there was also hourly service to Hoboken. On that date, service between Hoboken and Summit was cut back to once every two hours on weekends. On May 11, 2008, off-peak weekday Hoboken-Dover trains (600 Series) were cut. In addition, weekend Gladstone trains were cut back to Summit, and a shuttle train is operated every two hours between Newark Broad Street and Hoboken Terminal.

The Millburn-Summit segment underwent extensive rehabilitation in the mid-2010s. This included the replacement of the creosote crossties on both tracks with concrete crossties, the replacement of all crossties on the double trestle over Short Hills Avenue, and the replacement of several sections of rail. Work has also progressed on rehabilitating both tracks between Summit and Dover with concrete crossties and new welded rail, and rehabilitation of select road overpasses.

Hurricane Sandy inflicted considerable damage on the Morristown Line on October 29–30, 2012, as fallen trees brought down catenary and signal wires and washed out sections of track, most notably through the New Jersey Meadowlands on both the main line and the Kearny Connection. Midtown Direct service was restored from Dover to New York on November 12, 2012; service to Hoboken and west of Dover resumed on November 19.

Description
The Morristown Line begins at Hoboken Terminal or at New York Penn Station. Trains departing for points west of Dover require diesel locomotives. Immediately after leaving Hoboken, the route passes the coach and diesel yards before entering the 1908 Bergen Tunnels under the New Jersey Palisades just past the East End interlocking. At the west portal of the Bergen Tunnel is West End interlocking, where the Main Line, Bergen County Line and Pascack Valley Line branch off to the north. The Morristown Line then crosses over Lower Hack Lift, a vertical lift bridge built in 1927 over the Hackensack River. The line crosses under Route 7 and then passes NJ Transit's Meadowlands Maintenance Complex (MMC).

Amtrak's Northeast Corridor and the New Jersey Turnpike cross overhead. The Midtown Direct trains join the Morristown line from New York at Kearny Jct. just past this overpass. The Morristown Line parallels the Amtrak Northeast Corridor and PATH lines and Interstate 280 for a short distance here. The Waterfront Connection is just prior to the overpass at Meadows interlocking. It allows selected North Jersey Coast Line and Raritan Valley Line trains to reach Hoboken from the Northeast Corridor Line. After following Interstate 280, the line crosses a 2-track swing bridge, the Morristown Line Bridge (Newark Drawbridge) over the Passaic River into the renovated Newark Broad Street station with two high platforms serving all three tracks. After Newark Broad Street Station, within the city limits the line runs in a cut and crosses under many streets, Interstate 280 and the Newark City Subway, and at the abandoned Roseville Avenue station, now the location of Roseville interlocking, the Montclair-Boonton Line splits off to the right. The route west from Passaic River to a short distance to the east of Millburn station is triple tracked. The remainder of the route to Lake Hopatcong station is double tracked.

After passing an abandoned station at Grove Street (now the location of Green interlocking) and over the Garden State Parkway, East Orange is the next stop, on a viaduct. Brick Church and Orange follow, also elevated stations. The line curves south over Interstate 280 past Highland Avenue and Mountain Station. South Orange is next, an elevated station with two platforms and three tracks. Seton Hall University is located here. Maplewood follows, with a side platform and a center platform serving all westbound and some eastbound trains. After Maplewood the line narrows to two tracks at Millburn interlocking. Millburn and Short Hills have two side platforms, with two tracks.

Summit, a major station, is next with two high platforms and the station building above the tracks. A glass crossover passes above the platforms. Some weekday locals terminate and originate here. Many of the area's private schools are located in Summit and commuting high school students are a major source of traffic for this station. Schedules are timed for most Morristown trains to have a convenient transfer to a Gladstone branch train across the platform.

Just west of Summit the Gladstone Branch separates and the line crosses over the Passaic River (the second time) into Chatham. Chatham station is on an embankment with two side platforms. Madison on a viaduct is similar, with a recently refurbished 1916 station house on the eastbound side.

The line passes its first grade crossing at Convent Station at Saint Elizabeth University. This station has two side platforms with the station building on the eastbound side and a brick waiting house on the westbound track. An old freight station is on the eastbound side. After this station there are two more grade crossings.

Crossing Interstate 287 the line enters Morristown. The Morristown station has two low side platforms and a large station building open 7 days, and is the focal point of a new transit village development. Mini-high level platform ramps for ADA access at both ends. An abandoned freight station is at the west end. West of the station, the Morristown & Erie Railway's main office are located. The Morristown & Erie's main line diverges at this point.

The next station on the line is Morris Plains, with a 1915 brick station. A local model railroad club is located in the freight house just north of the station. After Morris Plains the line curves through wooded areas, under Route 10, and past several crossings before stopping at Mount Tabor, a small stop in Denville near the community of the same name in Parsippany located at a grade crossing. This stop is served by selected weekday and limited weekend trains and lacks an eastbound platform.

Denville station is a short distance from Mount Tabor. The Morristown Line rejoins the Montclair-Boonton Line just past this station.

The line passes over Estling Lake and alongside the Rockaway River into Dover. Dover, the final stop in electric territory, is next. The 1905 station was recently renovated in the mid-1990s and has a single high platform. Since the electric wiring ends near here, this is the last stop for most NJ Transit trains: as of 2022 all Midtown Direct Morristown Lines are exclusively electric, though this may change if NJ Transit purchases more dual mode locomotives and assigns them to Midtown Direct service on the Morristown line; also, most Hoboken trains on the Morristown line are electric due to its better efficiency and performance. Only a few Hoboken diesels continue west towards Hackettstown. The Morristown Line catenary wires end about a half-mile west of the station near the US Route 46 overpass. However, there are plans (currently unfunded) to extend the electric service to Lake Hopatcong as the Dover Yard is at capacity, and the substation at Wharton to supply this extension has been in service since 1984. Two tracks continue west over the Rockaway River and past D&R Junction in Wharton where Morris County's Dover-Rockaway Branch splits off. Chester (Lake) Junction is on the left and provides the connection to Morris County's Chester and High Bridge Branch. Mount Arlington park/ride station is next, with two high platforms and 285 parking spaces near Exit 30 on Interstate 80.After passing under Interstate 80, Lake Hopatcong station is next. The connection to the Lackawanna Cutoff is on the right as the train approaches Port Morris Yard, where the Montclair-Boonton and Morristown line's diesel fleet is based. Netcong station has a brick house on the low platform. Until late 1994, this was the endpoint of the line. Crossing under Interstate 80, the line enters the Mount Olive International Trade Center, where a station is located at Waterloo Valley Road.

The route passes through Allamuchy Mountain State Park and along the Musconetcong River to Hackettstown. A freight spur to the M&M/Mars plant is on the right, before the line crosses US Route 46 in downtown. The Hackettstown station is shortly ahead, with one low platform and a mini-high ADA ramp. Trackage south of Hackettstown is owned by Norfolk Southern and operated by the Dover and Delaware River Railroad as part of the Washington Secondary to Phillipsburg.

The Morristown line is the main line of the historic Lackawanna Railroad. Until 1970, passenger service continued beyond Lake Hopatcong, to the Pocono Mountains, Scranton, Binghamton, and Buffalo via the Lackawanna Cut-Off. Service on the Cut-Off as far as Andover is slated to begin again sometime after 2025 with completion of the first phase of the Lackawanna Cut-Off Restoration Project. Future plans include possibly extending rail service into northeastern Pennsylvania, perhaps as far as Scranton.

Electrification
The Morristown Line east of Dover station is electrified, using 25 kV, 60 Hz AC overhead catenary wire. The line was electrified in 1930 at 3 kV DC, but was re-electrified in 1984 at the contemporary standard of 25 kV, 60 Hz. The connecting Gladstone Branch and Montclair Branch were also re-electrified at this time.

Rolling stock
Weekday local service between Hoboken and Dover now is mainly diesel (electric if the locomotive is an ALP-45DP or ALP-46), with occasional Arrow III electric MU cars. All Midtown Direct service is push-pull, utilizing electric ALP-46 locomotives or dual-mode ALP-45DP locomotives and Comet or Multilevel coaches. Through service west of Dover from Hoboken uses GP40PH-2 or PL42AC diesels or the ALP-45DP dual-power locomotive (runs electric east of Dover, diesel west of Dover) with Comet cars.

title: Morristown Line


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Talk:Music of North Dakota

Modern musical acts in North Dakota
Does anyone else think that the "Modern musical acts in North Dakota" section is rather hard to manage? It seems like someone is always coming in and trying to put another band's name into the list. If we're not careful, we're going to end up with this article becoming just one big long list of all of the current bands operating in the state. --[[User:MatthewUND

Heading text
North Dakota is a peaceful place The favorite animal is the squirrel your favorite flower is a rose and I favorite music is rock music
 * Matth]] e w UND (talk) 07:54, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Other areas need to be included
Other areas need to be included, not just Grand Forks. Because I am know about the Fargo area, I added informatoin there. However people more familar with other major areas need to contribute for this article to be correct. And I agree with MatthewUND regarding listing the bands, thats not very good for this environment. AdamHolisky 15:53, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I would personally prefer to see the list of bands spun off into its own article. That way, we wouldn't have to try to limit the size of the list and no one could say we were purposefully neglecting a city or a band. What do you guys think? --Matth e w UND (talk) 08:59, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm going to now propose that we do follow through with my suggestion and move the list of bands to its own article. I have casually looked at a few other state music articles and I see no other lists like this included in a state's main music article. If this list has its own article, we wouldn't have to limit its size quite as much we've tried to do here. Currently, I think having the list in this article is a bit of a hassle (as far as keeping it tidy) and trying to limit its size and geographic emphasis seems to be inherently POV. With its own article, it could be as long and exhaustive as desired. --Matth e w UND (talk) 06:16, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Since I first mentioned this way back in November and no one put up any opposition to it, I have now made the list of musical groups its own article: List of North Dakota musical groups. --Matthew UND (talk) 00:21, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

Concerts and venues
This article should be focused on North Dakota musical acts and venues. No more than passing reference to "national" touring acts should be given. As such, the Alerus Center and Fargodome are virtually irrelevant to this article; more focus should be placed on local-focus venues such as the Empire Arts Center in Grand Forksm the Red Raven in Fargo, the AMP in Minot, etc etc.

Then again, venues need not be a major focus; Indeed, much of the modern music scene is managed by independent promoters in various cities renting out space where they can; this is the situation in Bismarck, Williston, Dickinson, and Devil's Lake, and presently in Minot as the AMP organization lacks a specific location. -- AlexWCovington  (talk) 23:08, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Music of North Dakota


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BoDeans

BoDeans is an American rock band formed in Waukesha, Wisconsin who came to prominence in the 1980s. The band's sound encompasses multiple rock genres, including roots rock, heartland rock, and alternative rock. The band's biggest hit to date is "Closer to Free", which was used as the theme song to the hit TV series Party of Five. The band has been described as "one of the most successful, and best known, bands to come out of the Milwaukee area". BoDeans is included in a permanent installation at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Museum in Cleveland, Ohio.

The 1980s: Emergence and early success
Kurt Neumann and Sam Llanas met at Waukesha South High School in 1977. After discovering that they had similar music interests, they began writing songs together. Llanas entered college, but soon left after Neumann urged him to pursue music with him. At this time Neumann did not sing much, and considered himself to be primarily a drummer, while Llanas had little experience as a guitar player. However, the two decided to get serious about music and both began to sing and play guitar under the name Da BoDeans in 1980.

In April 1983, Da BoDeans began playing around Milwaukee's East Side music scene, with a hired drummer and bass player. The band practiced in the garage of Mark McCraw, a mutual friend who soon became their manager and provided financial support during the early years. The band lost its rhythm section later that year, but continued to perform live as a duo and used the recording studio at McCraw's university to record demos on which Llanas and Neumann played all the instruments. In 1984, drummer Guy Hoffman joined the band. The trio's first recorded song, "Sally", appeared on the first volume of the Milwaukee Sampler compilation released by Breezeway Records. To compensate for the lack of a bass player, Neumann modified his Fender Esquire with two additional pickups intended to capture solid low-end frequencies. After the trio became popular around Milwaukee, they decided to add bassist Bob Griffin in 1985.

Later in 1985, the quartet received interest from multiple major labels and chose to sign a contract with Slash/Warner Records. After signing, the label suggested that they shorten their name to simply BoDeans. Under the guidance of producer T Bone Burnett, they entered Hollywood's Sunset Sound Factory in October to record their first album. Burnett focused on capturing the band's natural sound without many additional overdubs. The band later expressed their regret of not being able to spend more time on the production, but high studio costs kept the sessions concise. Love & Hope & Sex & Dreams, the band's critically acclaimed debut album, was released in 1986.

In January 1987, a Rolling Stone reader poll voted BoDeans the Best New American Band. Early that year, they traveled to Los Angeles to work with producer Mike Campbell, but the sessions were shelved after disagreement arose over the album's sound. Campbell wished for the album to resemble Tom Petty's brand of 1960's rock. The band, however, felt that this style did not fit their music and instead wanted a state-of-the-art production. They went back to Wisconsin and accepted an offer from Talking Heads member Jerry Harrison to produce their second album and were given more freedom to experiment. Outside Looking In was released in October 1987 and featured a more modern 80's-rock sound than its roots-influenced predecessor. At the time, the band wished to break past the "roots" label with a state-of-the-art production, but in retrospect, they felt that the album was not able to capture the true essence of the band. The album's lead single, "Only Love", peaked at number 16 on the US Mainstream Rock charts. In support of the album, the band toured extensively with U2 on The Joshua Tree Tour. That year, the band also contributed to Robbie Robertson's debut solo album alongside U2 and Peter Gabriel.

In 1989, the band's third album, titled Home, was released. It was more reminiscent of their rootsy debut, but showed a diverse range of influences including Motown, U2-inspired arena rock, and heartland rock. The songs “You Don’t Get Much” and “Red River” were used in the movie The Wizard that same year.

The 1990s: A new direction
In 1991, in search of a different take on their music, the band began recording with David Z (producer and sideman of Prince) at Paisley Park Studios. The band released its fourth studio album, Black and White, that year. The album's electronic-influenced sound was a sharp departure from most of their previous efforts, with more emphasis on synthesizers, drum machines, and processed guitar tones. The album also explored darker and grander lyrical themes. Although not a single, the album's first track, "Good Things," achieved some success and became one of the band's best-known songs. The rebellious and political "Black, White, and Blood Red" was the only single released from the album; it did not perform well in comparison to the band's previous songs that made the charts.

"Closer to Free" and aftermath
After Black & White, the band decided to shift their focus to making the album that pleased them instead of searching for a hit. For their 1993 album Go Slow Down, the band reunited with T-Bone Burnett and took a more homemade approach, with Neumann playing many of the instruments himself. Unlike their previous album, Go Slow Down was more acoustic and marked their transition into '90s alternative rock.

The first song from the album, "Closer to Free," brought Bodeans to a much larger audience after it was selected as the theme song to the television series Party of Five in 1994. (In 1999, the band would perform a cover of The Beatles' "I've Just Seen a Face" as the theme song for the show's short-lived spinoff, Time of Your Life.) Due to the newfound exposure, "Closer to Free" became the group's biggest pop hit, peaking at number 16 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in 1996.

In 1995, Joe Dirt Car, a two-CD live set, was released. The album included live tracks recorded between 1989 and 1995, some of which were acoustic. In 1996, the band released Blend, produced by Greg Goldman. The single "Hurt By Love" achieved minor chart success, while the song "Hey Pretty Girl" was used in an episode of Dawson's Creek.

Around this time, the band became entangled in legal battles with longtime manager Mark McCraw, who had gone on strike stating that he was entitled to partial copyright ownership of the band's first two albums.

The 2000s
In 2001, the 17-song compilation The Best Of BoDeans—Slash and Burn was released on London/Slash/Rhino.

In 2003, the band was able to terminate their former management and sign with Rounder Records. The following year, the band released their seventh album, Resolution, on Rounder/Zoe. BoDeans released an album entitled Still on March 4, 2008.

The 2010s
The band's ninth studio album, Mr. Sad Clown, was released on April 6, 2010. Similar to their 1993 release, Neumann produced and played most of the instruments on the album in his home studio. Though critics lauded the album for its homemade approach, reviews were mixed due to the overall melancholy theme. The album features some of Neumann's most personal songwriting.

The band released its tenth studio album, titled Indigo Dreams, on July 26, 2011.

On August 10, 2011, Llanas failed to arrive in Colorado for BoDeans performances in Denver, Boulder, and Winter Park, CO. He sent a text message to several band and crew members on August 11, 2011 notifying them of his departure from the band. On August 18, Llanas officially left the band due to "differences of opinion" that had been "going on for years", according to Neumann. The band stated that it would continue without Llanas, with the band's guitar technician Jake Owen filling in.

The band's eleventh studio album, entitled American Made, was released on June 12, 2012. On March 26, the album's first single, "All The World", was released. In November 2012, the band announced the upcoming release of Amped Across America, a double live album recorded at several venues from the American Made tour.

On October 3, 2014, Neumann announced the release of the band's 12th studio album, entitled I Cant Stop. On June 17, 2016, the band released the single "My Hometown" from their upcoming 13th studio album, which was entitled Thirteen. The release benefited the Milwaukee County Historical Society, which opened a BoDeans exhibit the same day. The band also released BoDeans Original Ginger Brew, a beer made by Sprecher Brewery in celebration of the 30th anniversary of their debut album. On November 11, 2016, the band released a Christmas record, “The Night Divine”. On April 21, 2017, the band released Thirteen.

Abuse allegation
On June 11, 2018, the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel reported that Kurt Neumann's stepdaughter, Tessa Neumann, had accused former BoDeans member Sam Llanas of sexually abusing her from 2001 though 2007 while she was a minor. Earlier in 2018, on the band's Facebook page, Kurt Neumann had publicly accused Llanas of molesting his stepdaughter. Llanas denied the allegations, stating that he was "shocked and sickened to read about the tremendously terrible, untrue allegations of misconduct against me by the Neumanns." The band posted the June 11 article on the Bodeans Facebook page and commented as follows: "We’ve had an amazing outpouring of love and support in response to Monday’s Milwaukee Journal Sentinel article. Thanks so much to all who have reached out offering love and encouragement. While we’ve tried to keep the BoDeans page all about music and positivity and moving forward, we’ve made the difficult decision to post the story here because, unfortunately, it is part of BoDeans history. It is our deepest desire to close this chapter and move forward as soon as we can."

Discography

 * Love & Hope & Sex & Dreams (1986)
 * Outside Looking In (1987)
 * Home (1989)
 * Black and White (1991)
 * Go Slow Down (1993)
 * Joe Dirt Car (1995)
 * Blend (1996)
 * The Leftovers (2003)
 * Resolution (2004)
 * Homebrewed - Live from the Pabst (2005)
 * Still (2008)
 * Mr. Sad Clown (2010)
 * Indigo Dreams (2011)
 * American Made (2012)
 * Amped Across America (2013)
 * I Cant Stop (2015)
 * Thirteen (2017)
 * 2020 Vision (2020)
 * 4 the Last Time (2022)

Band members
Former members
 * Kurt Neumann – lead vocals, lead guitar (1983–present)
 * Eric Holden – bass (2005–2009, 2014–present)
 * Tolan Shaw- acoustic guitar, backing vocals (2019)
 * Stefano Intelisano – keyboards, accordion (2013–present)
 * Kramer Sell – drums (2018–2019)
 * Bukka Allen – keyboards, accordion (2004–2011, 2014–present)
 * Kenny Aronoff – drums (1993, 1998, 2004–2007, 2012–present)
 * Glenn Fukunaga – bass
 * Brian Ferguson- drums (2021-present)
 * James Hertless- bass, backing vocals (2022-present)
 * Sam Hawksley – guitar, backing vocals (2013–2018)
 * David Sierra – drums (2011–2017)
 * Sam Llanas – vocals, acoustic guitar (1983–2011)
 * Guy Hoffman – drums (1984–1987)
 * Bob Griffin – bass (1985–2005)
 * Susan Julian – keyboards (1987–1989)
 * Jim "Bo" Conlon – drums (1987–1988)
 * Rick Jaeger – studio drummer (“Outside Looking In” 1987, ”Home” 1989)
 * Rafael Gayol – drums (1989–1992)
 * Nick Kitsos – drums (1993–2000)
 * Kevin Leahy – drums (2001–2004)
 * Michael Ramos – keyboards, accordion (1989–1995, 2001–2004, 2011–2012)
 * Noah Levy – drums (2005–2012)
 * Jake Owen – guitars, backing vocals (2011–2012)
 * Ryan Bowman – bass (2009–2012, 2013)
 * Warren Hood – violin (2011–2013)
 * David Duffy – violin (2012–2014)

title: BoDeans


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Sudak

Sudak (Ukrainian and Russian: Судак; Sudaq; ; sometimes spelled Sudac or Sudagh) is a city, multiple former Eastern Orthodox bishopric and double Latin Catholic titular see. It is of regional significance in Crimea, a territory recognized by most countries as part of Ukraine but annexed by Russia as the Republic of Crimea. Sudak serves as the administrative center of Sudak Municipality, one of the regions Crimea is divided into. It is situated 57 km to the west of Feodosia (the nearest railway station) and 104 km to the east of Simferopol, the republic's capital. Population:

A city of antiquity, today it is a popular resort, best known for its Genoese fortress, the best preserved on the northern shore of the Black Sea.

Foundation and early Middle Ages
The date and circumstances of the city's foundation are uncertain. The first written reference to the city dates to the 7th century (in the Ravenna Cosmography ), but later local tradition places its foundation in 212 CE, and archaeological evidence supports its foundation in Roman times. The city was in all likelihood founded by the Alans, as its name in Greek sources, Sougdaia is a cognate of the adjective sugda ("pure, holy") or derives from the word sugded/sogdad in the Ossetian language.

In the early Middle Ages, the city appears to have been under very loose Byzantine control, like other cities in the region. Archaeological remains indicate considerable construction activity near the shore in the 6th century. Under Byzantine influence, the city was subject to Christianization, and became the seat of a bishopric under the Patriarch of Constantinople, attested for the first time in the Second Council of Nicaea in 787. Although a Greek-speaking population was probably settled in the city, the area remained dominated by the Alans: a 9th-century hagiography of Apostle Andrew places "Upper Sougdaia" elsewhere, between Zichia and the Cimmerian Bosporus, "in the land of the Alans", while the hagiographer of Constantine the Philosopher mentions the tribe of Sougdoi, situated between the Iberians and the Crimean Goths, which the historian Francis Dvornik identifies as the Alans.

The period between the 8th and 11th centuries is obscure, but the available evidence points to a sharp decline in Sougdaia's fortunes. Archaeological evidence shows that the 6th-century constructions were abandoned in the 8th/9th century, while later Russian legends (probably apocryphal) claim that the city was captured by the Rus' chieftain, Bravlin, at around the same time. Byzantine control lapsed, and the city probably came under Khazar suzerainty thereafter, which lasted until the early 11th century. In the early 10th century, the local see was promoted to an archbishopric.

High and late Middle Ages
The 11th–14th centuries represent a period of prosperity for the city, as shown in archaeological evidence of renewed activity both in the harbour as well as the hinterland and the area of the citadel. It became an important location for trading on the Silk Road in the 12th and 13th centuries, as a terminus for Black Sea trade. The 14th-century Arab traveller Ibn Battuta even compares its harbour with that of Alexandria. The 13th-century chronicler Ibn al-Athir writes of it as the "city of the Qifjaq from which (flow) their material possessions. It is on the Khazar Sea. Ships come to it bearing clothes. The Qifjiqs buy from them and sell them slaves. Burtas furs, beaver, squirrels ..."

By the mid-11th century, Sougdaia had returned to Byzantine control, probably following the defeat of the Khazar warlord Georgius Tzul in 1016. An inscription of 1059 mentions Leo Aliates, "strategos of Cherson and Sougdaia". By the end of the century, however, the city passed under Cuman control, which lasted until the 13th century. In c. 1222 the Seljuk Turks besieged it, followed by destructive raids by the Mongol Empire in 1223 and 1238. Finally, in c. 1249 the city came under the control of the Mongol Golden Horde, although it retained considerable autonomy. Contemporary sources place its population at the time to 8,300, including Greeks, Alans, Mongols, Armenians, Latins, and Jews.

Under Tatar rule, the city was governed by the notables of the city and the 18 villages surrounding it. In the Greek sources they are mentioned by the Byzantine title sebastos, while the Latin sources use the Latinized Greek term proti ("first men"). Sometime between 1275 and 1282, the local see, which after being united with Phoulloi in the late 11th century was known as Sougdophoulloi, was raised to the status of a metropolitan see.

The city's prosperity was increased by the establishment of Venetian and Genoese commercial colonies in the Crimea during the late 13th century, but at the same time, the area was drawn into the constant disputes between these two rival cities. In the early 14th century, the city was eclipsed by the Genoese colonies of Tana and Kaffa: the Florentine merchant Francesco Balducci Pegolotti, who visited the area in c. 1330, neglects to mention the city altogether. At about the same time, the Tatars converted to Islam, which led to a deterioration of their relations with the Greek-speaking and Christian inhabitants of the city, many of whom were forced to leave it.

As a result, on 19 July 1365, the Genoese from Kaffa seized the city, which became a Genoese trading colony. The Genoese refortified the city, constructing the citadel that is still visible today, and induced a large part of the deported Greeks to return. Genoese rule lasted until 1475, when the Ottoman Grand Vizier Gedik Ahmed Pasha captured it after a long siege.

Ottoman and modern periods
The Ottomans took control of Soldaia and all other Genoese colonies, as well as the Principality of Theodoro in 1475. Although Sudak was the strategical center of a qadılıq, the smallest administrative unit in the Ottoman Empire, the town lost much of its military and commercial importance, until the Crimean Khanate took over.

In 1771, Sudak was occupied by Rumyantsev's army. In 1783, it definitively passed to the Russian Empire, with the rest of Crimea. Though sometimes contested, it seems that a mass emigration occurred as a result of the ensuing instability in that period. Even Potemkin ordered in 1778 the eviction of the Christian population from Crimea. The town rapidly turned into a small village, and according to the 1805 census, Sudak had just 33 inhabitants.

In 1804, the first Russian school of viticulture was opened there.

The town acquired its present status in 1982.

Byzantine metropolis of Sougdaia
It is unknown when the Byzantine see of Sougdaia was established, but it is attested for the first time in 787. It was in the sway of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, where it ranked 35th according to the Notitia Episcopatuum edited by Byzantine emperor Leo VI ((r. 886 – 912)). In the 10th century it was promoted to an archbishopric. After merging with the nearby see of Phoulloi towards the end of the 11th century, it was known as Sougdophoulloi. It was raised to metropolitan status in 1275/82.

Its historical bishops were :
 * St. Stephen, 787
 * Constantine, in 997.

See also Russian Orthodox Diocese of Surozh for Surozh, the old name of the city as an episcopal see in the Russian Orthodox Church, which has been nominally transferred to the Russian Orthodox Diocese in Great Britain and Ireland.

Latin bishopric of Soldaia
Under Genoese rule, a Latin Catholic diocese of Soldaia was established in 1390, which has had the following residential bishops :
 * Bonifacius (19 August 1393 – ? death)
 * John Greenlaw, O.F.M. (18 September 1400 – ?)
 * Ludovico, O.P. (? – 15 December 1427)
 * Agostino di Caffa, O.P. (23 July 1432 – ? death)
 * Giovanni di Pera, O.P. (9 July 1456 – ? death)
 * Leonard Wisbach, O.P. (6 October 1480 – ? death)

It was suppressed circa 1500 after the Ottoman conquest of the Crimea in 1475.

Latin titular metropolitan see of Sugdaea
In 1933 the see was nominally restored as titular bishopric of Sugdæa (Sugdaea), which was promoted in 1948 to metropolitan titular archbishopric.

It is vacant for decades, having had a single incumbent :
 * Titular Archbishop Thomas Roberts, S.J. (1950.12.04 – 1970.12.07), emeritus as former Metropolitan Archbishop of Bombay (India) (1937.08.12 – 1950.12.04).

Latin titular episcopal see of Soldaia
In 1933 the diocese was nominally restored as a Latin Catholic titular bishopric.

It has been vacant for decades, having had a single incumbent:
 * Titular Bishop José Romão Martenetz, Basilian Order of Saint Josaphat (O.S.B.M.) (1958.05.10 – 1971.11.29), as Auxiliary Bishop of Brazil of the Eastern Rite (Brazil) (1958.05.10 – 1962.05.30); succeeded as Apostolic Exarch of Brazil of the Ukrainians (Brazil) (1962.05.30 – 1971.11.29), later Eparch (Bishop) of São João Batista em Curitiba of the Ukrainians (Brazil) (1971.11.29 – 1978.03.10).

Demographics
As of the 2001 Ukrainian census, Sudak had a population of 29,448. More than half of the population were ethnic Russians. In a addition to the ethnic Russian majority, the city is also inhabited by big Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar minorities, which combined make up 35% of the population. Smaller minority groups include Belarusians, Armenians, Tatars and Poles.

title: Sudak