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Red River (manga)

Red River (天は赤い河のほとり), also known as Anatolia Story, is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Chie Shinohara. It was published by Shōgakukan in their Sho-Comi magazine from January 1995 to June 2002. It was collected in 28 tankōbon volumes. It is published in English in North America by Viz Media.

As of March 2019, the manga had over 20 million copies in circulation, making it one of the best-selling manga series. In 2001, Red River won the Shogakukan Manga Award for the shōjo category.

Setting
The story takes place during the reign of King Suppiluliuma I, at a time when the Hittite Empire was near its peak in power, rivaled only by Egypt, which was then ruled by the young Pharaoh Tutankhamen. Many of the people and events in the story are drawn from actual history, from Princes Kail Mursili, Sari Arnuwanda, and Zannanza, to battles with the neighboring Mitanni kingdom around the town of Kizzuwatna.

Plot
Red River is about a fifteen-year-old Japanese girl named Yuri Suzuki, who time travels to Hattusa, the capital of the Hittite Empire in Anatolia. She was summoned by Queen Nakia who means to use Yuri as a human sacrifice. Yuri's blood is the key element needed in placing a curse upon the princes of the land so that they will perish, leaving Nakia's son as the sole heir to the throne. As the story progresses, however, Yuri not only repeatedly manages to escape Nakia's scheming, she also becomes revered as an incarnation of the goddess Ishtar and falls in love with prince Kail.

Main

 * Yuri Suzuki (鈴木夕梨)
 * She is the main character of the story. Only fifteen at the start of the series, Yuri is willing to take up any charitable cause. As she possesses knowledge far greater than any woman of the time (such as recognition of iron, knowledge of 20th century hygiene and famous war strategies), and often seems to find herself in situations that "prove" she is Ishtar, she is considered to have divine powers and is thought by most to be the living incarnation of the goddess of love and war, Ishtar. As such, she is frequently referred to as Yuri Ishtar (ユーリ·イシュタル).  Despite this, Yuri is insecure and a tomboy; she generally prefers to dress in men's clothing for the sake of practicality, much to the consternation and dismay of her handmaids. The general opinion holds that she is "not strikingly beautiful" and "possesses little womanly charm" (although through the perseverance of her handmaids, she has sometimes been shown to be transformed into a stunning beauty). However, her natural charm, goodness, and selflessness win her the undying affection and loyalty of many people, both Hittites and their enemies. She is an accomplished gymnast who learns the arts of sword fighting and archery in order to protect herself and help Kail survive his stepmother's machinations.
 * Yuri falls in love with Kail early on in the story. Torn between her desire to return to her original time and her love for Kail, which he reciprocates, Yuri ultimately decides to remain in Anatolia forever. In a desperate attempt to overthrow Queen Nakia, she raises a private army and unites other factions loyal to her and Kail, and eventually succeeds in deposing Queen Nakia once and for all. She marries Kail and ascends to the title of Tawananna, the Hittite Queen.

 * Historically speaking, Yuri is most likely based on Puduhepa, the priestess of Ishtar who married King Hattusili III. She has been referred to as "one of the most influential women known from the Ancient Near East." She played an important role in diplomacy with Egypt and was a co-signatory in the Ulmi-Teshub treaty.

 * Kail Mursili (カイル・ムルシリ)
 * He is the third prince of the Hittite empire, son of King Suppililiuma and the second Tawananna, Queen Hinti. He is described as attractive and beautiful. At the beginning of the series, he finds Yuri attempting to escape from Nakia's guards, and gives her the gift of understanding and speaking their language by way of a kiss. He rescues Yuri from being used as a sacrifice for the god Teshub by claiming to have taken her virginity, and takes her as a concubine to keep up appearances. He finds Yuri to be quite unlike any woman he has ever met, and promises to help her find a way home to Japan. However, he soon begins to struggle with his own growing love and desire for her.  He initially calls Yuri his concubine and the incarnation of Ishtar in order to protect her from Queen Nakia, but eventually begins to believe his own tale as the legend of Yuri as Ishtar and his feelings towards her evolve beyond his control.

 * Kail is loyal to those he cares for, but is constantly at odds with his stepmother, the third Tawananna, Queen Nakia. Her desire to make her son, Prince Juda, the heir to the throne is the prime motivation behind Kail's search for a woman whom he can love unconditionally and who has the qualities of a true queen. A powerful priest and sorcerer in his own right, he has the ability to control wind and air, and is one of the few who can counter Nakia's spells. Halfway through the series (Volume 12), he ascends to the throne as King Mursili II. His utmost devotion to his country and his people is the reason behind their loyalty to him. He is a strong, charismatic tactician, and as King, he endeavors to put an end to any wars and establish a peaceful age for his nation.

Enemies
Queen Nakia (ナキア皇妃（皇太后）)

 * The third and current Tawananna (queen) of the Hittite Empire. A former princess of Babylonia, Nakia was sent to Suppililiuma at the age of 15 in exchange for monetary aid. Desperately lonely and jealous of the emperor's second wife Queen Hinti, Nakia offered all of her jewelry to Urhi and begged him to escape with her to start a new life. When he claimed he could not give her the life and children she deserved, she reluctantly "fulfilled her duty" and gave birth to Prince Juda. Because Juda bore little to no resemblance to Suppililiuma, Nakia dedicated her life to ensuring that he assumed the Hittite throne by any means necessary.

 * It was Nakia's spell that took Yuri from her original time frame, and she intended to use Yuri's blood as part of a curse to kill the five princes ahead of her son in line for the throne. Foiled by Prince Kail in her initial attempts to secure Yuri, Nakia constantly and shamelessly manipulates people and situations to her benefit. Her schemings come to an end, however, when her son Juda publicly attacks her for her evil deeds, screaming that he renounces the royal throne; she is subsequently deposed and placed under his supervision.

 * Nakia is a high priestess, and she has control over water, using certain kinds of enchanted water as a form of mind control. The character is loosely based on the historical Tawananna Mal-Nikal of Babylon.

Urhi Shalma (ウルヒ　シャルマ)

 * Nakia's personal servant, an assassin who usually takes the guise of a royal priest. He takes advantage of his position and his uncommonly feminine appearance to gain the trust of people to be used in Nakia's plots against Yuri and Prince Kail. His surname is not well known, and is used when he chooses to go incognito. Under his robes, he hides a number of whipping scars. In Volume 11, he loses an eye to Rusafa and wears an ornate eyepatch for most of the rest of the series.

 * A former member of a royal family, Urhi's nation was invaded and destroyed when he was a young boy. Taken captive by the invading nation's commander, he was savagely beaten (leaving the scars on his back), raped and later castrated to ensure that his family's bloodline would not continue. He arrived in Hattusa after being purchased to serve as a priest in the seraglio temple.

 * Urhi is initially rumored to be the true father of Prince Juda; this is proven false when his castration is revealed. However, he and Nakia did share a strong romantic interest in each other.

Prince Mattiwaza (Kuro, The Prince of Darkness or Shattiwaza) (マッティワザ（黒太子）)

 * The crown prince of the Mitanni kingdom, son of King Tushratta, and younger brother of Nefertiti. Called the "Prince of Darkness" for his ruthless demeanor and behavior at war, he launches a campaign against the Hittites and kidnaps Yuri in an attempt to demoralize them. This strategy fails, as the Mitanni people rally around Yuri when she tends to the injured and sick in the capital, and even Mattiwaza himself is eventually won over by Yuri's charm. When the Mitanni kingdom is completely overrun and the king murdered by his own soldiers, Mattiwaza releases Yuri, abdicates the throne, and departs with his head concubine Nadia. In volume 23, having received a pardon from Kail, Mattiwaza returns as an ally of the Hitties against the Egyptians and is now the new ruler of the Mitanni kingdom.

 * During her captivity, Mattizawa reveals to Yuri that his sister Tatukia was sold to the Egyptians to be a queen, and is now known as Nefertiti. Though Mattiwaza and Tatukia were siblings, they had an affair when younger. Her change from a caring sister and lover to a cold and calculating schemer had a severe effect on Mattizawa; while he ruled his people with intelligence and consideration, he had no compassion for the lives and feelings of others - until he met Yuri. The jewel Mattiwaza wears of his forehead is a memento of his love for his sister, and this memento is passed on to Yuri, who wears it around her neck for much of the rest of the series.

 * The character is loosely based on the historical Shattiwaza of Mitanni, who was actually the brother of Tushratta and uncle of Tadukhipa, who is sometimes erroneously identified with Nefertiti.

Nefertiti (Tatukia or Tadukhipa)
 * A famous queen of Egypt, once a princess of Mitanni, and the blood sister of Mattiwaza, with whom she had an affair when they were younger. She was sold to Egypt to solidify the legitimacy of the Mitanni kingdom, and was married to Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten). In many ways she is the Egyptian counterpart of Queen Nakia: a powerful and influential schemer working for her own desires, not for the welfare of the people or the nation. It is suggested that she has her hand in Tutankhamen's death, and she also conspires with Nakia for the downfall of the Hittite empire.

 * A fictionalized conflation of the historical Tadukhipa and Nefertiti. Modern Egyptologists are of the opinion that these women were two different wives of Akhenaten.

 * In the English version, instead of the more conforming version of her name listed above, the spelling 'Tatukia' is used.

Zuwa
 * The leader of the fierce Kashuga (Kaska) tribe, who works for Queen Nakia. Larger than the average man, he is also very bloodthirsty and sadistic, collecting the skins of his human victims, much like a hunter would collect the skins of animals, and crafting his attire from them. After killing Tito, he meets his end, outmaneuvered and outsmarted, by Yuri's hands, who shatters his outsized copper sword and the mud bricks beneath his feet with an iron blade, causing him to fall to his death from the palace walls.

Royalty
King Suppililiuma
 * The ruler of the Hittites, by the beginning of the story he is already advanced in years. He has fought several wars with the Mitanni and the Egyptians, and his reign is considered to be a high point in the history of the people. He later falls victim to the Seven Day Fever.

Queen Hinti
 * The late second wife of King Suppiluliuma and Kail's mother. From the flashbacks and mentionings scattered throughout the story, she is depicted as a gentle, caring queen and mother. She was murdered by Nakia so that she could usurp the position of Tawananna.

Sari Arnuwanda
 * The Crown Prince, oldest son of King Suppiluliuma and the King's first wife. Largely invalid, he relies heavily on his brothers, specifically Zannanza and Kail, in order to fulfill his duties.  After he ascends to the throne, he in turn picks Kail to be his heir, as he has no sons. Shortly afterwards, he is assassinated by Urhi, and Yuri gets blamed for his murder.

Zannanza Hattusili
 * The fourth son of King Suppiluliuma (with a palace maid), he is very skilled with swords and military tactics, and is the mayor of the Hittite city of Kadesh. Prince Zannanza is very fond of Kail, whom he regards as a full brother, and he was also raised by Kail's mother after his own mother died. He also falls in love with Yuri, which unfortunately is exploited by Queen Nakia. Zannanza is very loyal to Kail, and despite his feelings, does not try to get in the way of the relationship between Kail and Yuri.  He is betrothed to Ankhesenamen, the widow of Tutankhamen, in an attempt to make peace between the Hittites and Egypt, but never arrives at his destination, getting assassinated en route. Only Yuri, who accompanied him, escapes to bring news of his death.

Juda Haspasrupi
 * The sixth son of King Suppiluliuma and the current Tawananna, Queen Nakia. Despite his mother's constant and blatantly evil scheming, Prince Juda is a kind boy who does not understand his mother's enmity towards his beloved brothers, particularly his favorite, Kail. He has a strong interest in astronomy, and despite his (for modern times comparatively) young age (14 when he is first introduced) he is mentioned to have at least one wife and two concubines. His dream is to serve as a domestic advisor to Kail, whom he wishes to become king, and he thinks of Yuri as an older sister.

 * Juda falls victim to his mother's schemes quite often, but he is an unwilling pawn who must be controlled by magic to cooperate. When he eventually discovers the truth behind his mother's schemes, he attempts suicide.  He later tries to slay his mother for attempted murder upon Yuri in a fit of rage, permanently renouncing his right of succession to the throne as his protest against Nakia and his support for Yuri and Kail, before Yuri and Kail intervene.

Rois Telipinu
 * The second son of King Suppililiuma (with a concubine), he is not considered to be one of the serious claimants to the throne and is largely relegated to royal ceremonies. He is the mayor of the Hittite city of Haleb.

Mali Piyasili
 * The fifth son of King Suppililiuma and mayor of Karkemish. He is stabbed by Ramses in battle and later dies from his wounds.

Nepis Ilra
 * Kail's older half-sister and a priestess. She is blind from birth.

Servants
Tito
 * Yuri's first true friend after her arrival in Anatolia. Tito is a servant in the palace, but also the only son of Talos, the head of the Hatti clan, and the inheritor of the secret of iron-making. While helping Yuri escape from Queen Nakia, he is murdered by Nakia's servant, Zuwa. Ultimately, it is her desire to avenge Tito's death that causes Yuri to stay even when given the chance of returning home. Yuri is framed for the death, and his sisters attempt to kill her in retaliation.  Tito is finally avenged when Yuri defeats Zuwa and reveals him as the true killer. In gratitude, Talos granted Tito's inheritance to Yuri, and Tito's sisters take his place in the royal household.

Hadi
 * The eldest sister of Tito, she is an intelligent and skilled fighter. Urged on by Urhi, she and her sisters tried to kill Yuri in order to avenge Tito's death, but after finding out the truth, they pledge their lives as Yuri's handmaids. Though Hadi admires Yuri for her bravery and kindness, her attempts to get Yuri to be more traditionally feminine have very mixed results.

Ryui and Shala
 * Twin sisters of Hadi and Tito, both loyal and capable fighters in their own right. Along with Hadi, they pledge their lives as Yuri's loyal handmaids.  Both of them often conspire with Hadi and Kikkuri to draw Kail and Yuri closer together, and eventually, both Ryui and Shala become romantically involved with Kikkuri, due to similar tastes and personalities.

Kikkuri
 * Prince Kail's servant, who goes everywhere with him. Though quite cautious and timid by nature, he is not above conspiring with Yuri's handmaids and working behind Kail's back in order to encourage him to "settle down" with Yuri.  In an omake chapter at the end of the story, he writes a horse care manual that is in modern day times discovered in the ruins of the old Hittite empire. The character is loosely based on historical Kikkuli, the master horse trainer of the land Mitanni.

Ilbani
 * Prince Kail's strategic adviser, foster brother, palace steward, and childhood friend. Though very serious and formal, Ilvani has a dry wit and an insatiable urge to find a wife for Prince Kail. (He can also appear from behind curtains at will.)  At first unsure of Yuri's intentions and suitability, he quickly decides that Yuri is the perfect wife for Kail and the best possible candidate to unseat Nakia as Tawananna.  He is one of the few to consistently see through Queen Nakia's plots and has been known to manipulate Urhi to benefit his counter schemes. He is also very resourceful; at one time, Yuri says that the reason why Ilbani is so trusted is because he can "find advantages in the most outrageous situations." His loyalty to Kail and Yuri often seems rooted in a greater loyalty to the Hittite nation on the whole.

Ursula
 * Initially used as a pawn by Queen Nakia, she is introduced as a false Ishtar in a town ravaged by the Seven Day Fever. When unveiled by Prince Kail and subsequently forgiven, she joins Yuri's retinue as a handmaid.  She falls in love with Kash, and they become betrothed, but she ultimately sacrifices her life for Yuri when Yuri is falsely accused of the assassination of King Arnuwanda.  Before her execution, she gives her hair to Kash, who wears her braid as his headband until the day Urhi is revealed as the true assassin.

Hittite generals and military leaders
Rusafa
 * The leader of the Hittite archers, he is highly loyal to Yuri and Kail. Free-spirited and easygoing, he nevertheless falls under Nakia's control at one point.  His name is often translated as "Lucifer" due to the ambiguity of the katakana used in the original Japanese.

 * Rusafa's unrequited love for Yuri makes him go out of his way to protect her, even if it means disobeying orders from his superiors. When he finds that Kail and Yuri are already in love (at which point he too loves her), he is somewhat dismayed when Kail announces marriage. Just as Kash keeps Ursula's hair as a keepsake, Rusafa wears the obsidian sliver Yuri had passed to him to save his life in volume 17 around his neck as a sign of his devotion for her. After meeting him, Hathor Nefert (Ramses' sister) falls in love with him even though she is aware that he is in love with Yuri. However, before he dies, he seems to have been developing feelings of respect and admiration for Nefert. Rusafa is killed by Nakia at her final attempt at the lives of Yuri and Kail, thereby stopping Nakia for good.

Kash
 * The leader of the Hittite chariots, and a guard of Prince Kail. He falls in love with Ursula not long after she comes to live in the palace. Following her execution, he wears a braided band made from her hair around his head.

Mittannamuwa
 * The leader of the Hittite infantry, he does not play much of a role in palace politics, as he is considerably older and spends most of his time out in the field.

Shubas
 * The second commander of the Hittite archers, he is first introduced in book thirteen of the series, having gone to war with Egypt along with Mursili II, as Shubas' superior officer is serving the second army in Arzawa with Yuri. Like his fellow officer Zora, he seems to be largely inexperienced at first, a fact remarked upon by Kikkuri.

Zora
 * The second commander of the Hittite infantry, he is first introduced in book thirteen of the series, having gone to war with Egypt along with Mursili II, as Zora's superior officer is serving the second army in Arzawa with Yuri. Like his fellow officer Shubas, he seems to be largely inexperienced at first, a fact remarked upon by Kikkuri.

 * In Volume 20, it is discovered that critical information is being leaked from behind the Hittite lines to Egyptian forces. Zora is discovered to be the informant; however, it is to Queen Nakia that he is submitting the information, who in turn has been forwarding it to the Egyptians. When confronted, Zora said that in exchange for this deed, he had been promised a promotion, citing jealousy against Shubas, who had been promoted while Zora had not, despite the two of them being close friends and having entered the Hittite armies at roughly the same time.

Egyptians
User Ramses
 * A military officer from a noble family. In the manga, he is easily distinguished by his heterochromatic eyes (the left one is sepia, the right one is golden) and blond hair. He has a lot of sisters, most chiefly among them Nefert. His name is sometimes romanized as Usr Ramses.

 * Ramses initially encounters Yuri while on patrol near the Egyptian-Hittite border awaiting Zannanza's caravan. He is intrigued by Yuri's ingenuity and bravery in preventing a war between Egypt and the Hittites following Zannanza's assassination, and requests to be assigned to Hattusa as a military liaison.  His true motive is revealed when he later kidnaps Yuri.  He tells her he has ambitions of becoming the next Egyptian pharaoh by ousting the current, corrupt leaders of the Egyptian 18th Dynasty.  To do this, he needs a woman of his own caliber, like Yuri, to be his future queen.

 * His first and second attempts to kidnap her are foiled by Kail. A third attempt is successful when a desperate Rusafa seeks his help when Yuri is weakened and in danger of dying after a shipwreck which also causes Yuri to have a miscarriage. After Rusafa escapes Egypt and informs Kail that Yuri did not die in the shipwreck, Kail sends Ilbani, Hadi, Ryui, and Shala to Egypt. By this time, Ramses, who had initially only wanted Yuri because of his ambitions, has truly fallen in love with her. But soon after Kail's servants arrive, Egyptian soldiers come to arrest Yuri for interfering with an official's attempt to cut off the hand of a child. Ramses goes in her stead to Queen Nefertiti's palace. After Yuri rescues him from death at her hands, he gives her a document found in Queen Nefertiti's palace which concerns Queen Nakia's betrayal before she goes back to Kail.

 * Later, Ramses and Kail fight to a draw at the Battle of Kadesh at the Orontes River, and Ramses accepts defeat and asks Yuri to bear a daughter to marry his son (a wish which does not actually come to pass, but is finally consummated by their grandchildren). He later becomes Ramses I, first Pharaoh of the Egyptian 19th Dynasty. (In actual history, Ramses was known as Paramesse prior to succeeding Horemheb, the historical pharaoh of this period. The actual User Ramses would be Ramses II, a contemporary of Mursilli II's son, Muwatalli, and during whose reign the actual Battle of Kadesh occurred, which eventually resulted in the oldest known peace treaty, the Ramses–Hattusili Treaty.)

Hathor Nefert
 * The oldest of Ramses younger sisters is a free-spirited and flirtatious personality. During the time when Yuri is in captivity in Egypt, Nefert comes to view her as a little sister, and also takes a romantic interest in Rusafa even though she is aware that he is in love with Yuri. After, Rusafa dies, she is shown grieving for him. Like Ramses, she has blonde hair, though she wears a black wig to look more native.

Ankhesenamen
 * The daughter of Nefertiti and the wife of Tutankhamen. When Tutankhamen dies, her hand in marriage is offered to a son of the Hittite king, but this deal is never completed due to treachery, and she is married off to a high-level government official, Ay.

Horemheb
 * The pharaoh who rules Egypt by the time Yuri arrives there (volume 20 of the series). In the series he is actually a weak puppet king under Nefertiti's control.

Ay
 * A formerly a high-level (though largely incompetent) government official, he ascends to the position of Pharaoh after the failure of Ankhesenamen's arranged marriage to the Hittite Empire. Ramses sees him as a personification of the corruption of the Egyptian 18th Dynasty, having married a girl "young enough to be his granddaughter".

Animals
Aslan
 * Yuri's black war horse, whom only Yuri can ride or control. (In volume 13, Aslan is referred to as a "she," which may - or may not - be different from the original translation.) In the mythology surrounding her, Ishtar as a goddess is said to have ridden a lion into battle, and Yuri is often depicted as such, since in the Turkish language Aslan means "lion".

Shimshek
 * Yuri's hawk, raised by her from a chick. He is usually kept in a wicker basket when not out.

Characters from Yuri’s time
Yuri's family
 * In modern-day Japan, Yuri has a mother, father, and two sisters, Eimi (詠美) (younger) and Marie (毬絵) (older). Very little is shown of them beyond the initial pages of the manga, but it is assumed they are a normal Japanese family. In volume 28 it is revealed that several of Yuri's daughters and granddaughters were named after her sisters.

Satoshi Himuro
 * Satoshi Himuro (氷室 聡) is a classmate and long-time friend of Yuri. Towards the beginning of the story, Satoshi and Yuri had just officially become a couple: the story opens with their first kiss. While they were out on a date, Yuri was grabbed by the queen by way of a snow puddle. Yuri misses Satoshi for the first few months in Anatolia, but his memory fades gradually with time.

 * In a short comic included in the fan-book, it is revealed Himuro has become a professor of Hittite history, and is married to Yuri's younger sister, Eimi. While excavating the tomb of Ishtar at Hattusa, his grad students uncover tablets recording the exploits of Mursili II and his Tawananna Ishtar, written by Illvani's son. This short comic unofficially closes the storyline.

Others
Talos
 * The headman of the Hatti people, keeper of the secret of iron making, and father to Hadi, Ryui, Shala, and Tito. He is one of the first to see the true potential in Yuri ("proving" her claim as Ishtar by asking her to pick a blade from his armory), and quietly supports her from behind the scenes throughout the course of the series.

Nadia
 * The head concubine of Prince Mattiwaza, and younger sister of Queen Nakia. She initially plans to trick Mattiwaza into killing Yuri, but only because she was afraid of being replaced. Though long suspected of being a spy for Queen Nakia or her birth kingdom of Babylonia, she has no intention of being a pawn of Nakia or Urhi, as she is genuinely in love with Mattiwaza, and even defends him with her life (which ultimately saves Mattiwaza and Yuri themselves as well).  Her selfless act redeems Mattiwaza, and they flee to Babylonia to seek out for a new life together. Following Mattiwaza's reinstatement as Mittani's king by Kail, she has likely since become his queen.

Guzel
 * The daughter of the chairman of the Hittite senate, who claims her son is Prince Kail's while under the control of Queen Nakia. A gentle and understanding person, and previously one of the leading candidates to become Kail's queen, she still a close friend to Kail and has also come to appreciate Yuri as the only one Kail would ever take for his wife. Her son, whose father was really a traveling minstrel, was named after Kail.

Alexandra
 * The first princess of Arzawa (a country to the west of the Hittites on the shores of the Aegean Sea), Alexandra is sent by her mother to surrender herself to Ishtar as a concubine, not realizing that Ishtar is female. After Arzawa becomes an ally of the Hittites, Alexandra, who has come to adore Yuri, spends a great deal of time in the Hittite kingdom and later becomes the love interest for Prince Juda.
 * Alexandra is about 13 years old when she is first seen in book 13 of the series. In a slight difference to the Japanese edition, probably changed to appeal more to an American audience, the manga translation only mentions that Alexandra has been sent to "serve" Ishtar, not that she has been sent as a concubine.

Manga
The manga series was written and illustrated by Chie Shinohara. Its chapters were serialized in the bimonthly manga anthology Shōjo Comic from January 5, 1995 to June 5, 2002. They were then collected and published in 28 tankōbon volumes by Shogakukan, and later republished in 16 bunkobon volumes. Viz Media announced on February 13, 2004 that they had acquired the series for an English-language release in North America, with volume 1 scheduled for a second-quarter release. Viz released volume 1 on June 23, 2004, and volume 28 was released on January 12, 2010. On February 2, 2024, Viz Media announced that they would begin releasing 3-in-1 omnibus versions of the manga in Q4 2024.

Red River is also published in Vietnam by Tre Publishing House, in Germany by Egmont Manga & Anime, and in Italy by Star Comics.

Drama CDs
The series was adapted as a series of 8 drama CDs released in two "seasons" between 1997 and 2003. The cast for said drama CD series is as follows:
 * Yuri Ishtar: Minami Takayama
 * Kail Mursili: Kazuhiko Inoue
 * Queen Nakia: Yuriko Yamaguchi, later Misa Watanabe
 * Urhi Shalma: Katsumi Toriumi, later Takahiro Sakurai
 * Prince Mattiwaza: Kenyuu Horiuchi
 * Juda Haspasrupi: Ikue Ohtani
 * Tito: Hiro Yuuki
 * Ilbani: Haruki Sayama
 * Hadi: Ai Orikasa
 * Ryuhi: Chiemi Chiba, later Machiko Toyoshima
 * Shala: Yukiko Fujikawa
 * Ramses: Toshihiko Seki, later Takehito Koyasu
 * Kikkuri: Tomokazu Seki
 * Ursula: Yuko Nagashima
 * Kash: Koji Yusa, later Hideo Ishikawa
 * Zannanza: Hikaru Midorikawa
 * Guzel: Miyuki Ishizuka

Books
An art book for Red River was released on February 24, 1999 (ISBN 4-09-199613-2) and a fan-book on July 26, 2002 (ISBN 4-09-135782-2).

Two novels based on the manga have been released, written and illustrated by Shinohara:
 * Volume 1 was published on May 24, 2007 (ISBN 978-4-09-452006-4)
 * Volume 2 was published on August 31, 2007 (ISBN 978-4-09-452020-0)

Reception
Red River won the Shogakukan Manga Award for the shōjo category in 2001.

As of May 2006, the manga had over 16 million copies in circulation. As of March 2019, the manga had over 20 million copies in circulation.

title: Red River (manga)


text:
Carl G. Bachmann

Carl G. Bachmann (May 14, 1890 – January 22, 1980) was an American lawyer and politician who served four terms as a United States Congressman from Wheeling, West Virginia from 1925 to 1933.

Biography
Bachmann was born in Wheeling as the son of Charles F. and Sophia Bachmann; three of his grandparents were German immigrants. In 1908 he graduated from Linsly Institute. He went to college first at Washington and Jefferson College for two years, and later graduated from West Virginia University, where he was a member of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity. He later graduated from law school at West Virginia University in 1915.

Family
On July 14, 1914, he married Susan Louise Smith. They had three children: Charles F., Gilbert S. and Susan Jane.

Early career
In 1915, Bachmann began to practice law in Wheeling, and in 1917 he was appointed assistant prosecuting attorney for Ohio County. In 1920 he was elected prosecuting attorney, serving from January 1921 to December 1924.

Congress
In November 1924 he was elected to the United States House of Representatives as a Republican, to serve in the First Congressional District of West Virginia. From 1931 to 1933 Bachmann was the Minority Whip.

He served as a Congressman until he was defeated in 1932.

Later career
He was later elected Mayor of Wheeling in 1947 and served until 1951.

Death and burial
He died in Wheeling and is buried in Greenwood Cemetery.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Carl G. Bachmann


text:
Swartz Bay

Swartz Bay, located on the north end of the Saanich Peninsula on Vancouver Island, is primarily known for being the location of one of BC Ferries' main terminals, the Swartz Bay Ferry Terminal. Swartz Bay was named after John Aaron Swart, purchaser in 1876 - i.e. it was meant to be Swart's Bay, but was incorrectly spelled when it was adopted by the Government. In the SENĆOŦEN language spoken by Indigenous W̱SÁNEĆ people of the area, its name is ŚJEL¸KES.

title: Swartz Bay


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Anchor text

The anchor text, link label, or link text is the visible, clickable text in an HTML hyperlink. The term "anchor" was used in older versions of the HTML specification for what is currently referred to as the a element, or. The HTML specification does not have a specific term for anchor text, but refers to it as "text that the a element wraps around". In XML terms (since HTML is XML), the anchor text is the content of the element, provided that the content is text.

Usually, web search engines analyze anchor text from hyperlinks on web pages. The words contained in the anchor text can determine the ranking that the page will receive from search engines. Other services apply the basic principles of anchor text analysis as well. For instance, academic search engines may use citation context to classify academic articles, and anchor text from documents linked in mind maps may be used too.

Overview
Anchor text usually gives the user relevant descriptive or contextual information about the content of the link's destination. The anchor text may or may not be related to the actual text of the URL of the link. For example, a hyperlink to the English-language Wikipedia's homepage might take this form:

"Wikipedia" is the anchor text in this example. The URL it points to is. The entire hyperlink appears on a web page as.

Search engine algorithms
Anchor text is weighted (ranked) highly in search engine algorithms, because the linked text is usually relevant to the landing page. The objective of search engines is to provide highly relevant search results; this is where anchor text helps, as the tendency was, more often than not, to hyperlink words relevant to the landing page. Anchor text can also serve the purpose of directing the user to internal pages on the site, which can also help to rank the website higher in the search rankings.

Webmasters may use anchor text to procure high results in search engine results pages. Google's Webmaster Tools facilitate this optimization by letting website owners view the most common words in anchor text linking to their site. In the past, Google bombing was possible through anchor text manipulation; however, in January 2007, Google announced it had updated its algorithm to minimize the impact of Google bombs, which refers to a prank where people attempt to cause someone else's site to rank for an obscure or meaningless query.

In April 2012, Google announced in its March "Penguin" update that it would be changing the way it handled anchor text, implying that anchor text would no longer be as important an element for their ranking metrics. Moving forward, Google would be paying more attention to a diversified link profile which has a mix of anchor text and other types of links.

However a 2016 study of anchor text influence across 16,000 keywords found that presence of exact and partial match anchor links continues to have a strong correlation with Google rankings.

August 2016 study conducted by Moz, found that Exact and partial match domains can be affected by over optimization penalty since Google considers domain Brand and naked URL links as Exact match.

Terminology
There are different classifications of anchor text that are used within the search engine optimization community such as the following:

 * Exact match: An anchor that is used with a keyword that mirrors the page that is being linked to. Example: "search engine optimization" is an exact match anchor because it's linking to a page about "search engine optimization".
 * Partial match: An anchor that is used with a keyword and a variation that mirrors the page that is being linked to. Example: "different search engine optimization techniques" is a partial match, anchor text as it links to a broader concept (i.e. to the article about search engine optimization).
 * Branded: A brand that is used as the anchor. "Wikipedia" is a branded anchor text.
 * Naked link: A URL that is used as an anchor. "www.wikipedia.com" is a naked link anchor.
 * Generic: A generic word or phrase that is used as the anchor. "Click here" is a generic anchor recommended against on grounds of usability and accessibility. Other variations may include "go here", "visit this website", etc..
 * Images: Whenever an image is linked, Google will use the "alt" attribute as the anchor text.
 * Empty: Whenever an image is linked, and the "alt" attribute is empty.
 * Latent semantic indexing: Latent semantic indexing (LSI) is a method used by Google to determine similar keywords.

title: Anchor text


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Amazing-Man (DC Comics)

Amazing-Man is the name used by four fictional characters published by DC Comics. The first three are African-American superheroes and are members of the same family. The first Amazing-Man debuted in All-Star Squadron #23 (July 1983), and was created by Roy Thomas and Jerry Ordway. The second Amazing-Man debuted in Justice League America #86 (March 1994), and was created by Dan Vado and Marc Campos. The third Amazing-Man debuted in Justice Society of America vol. 3 #12 (March 2008), and was created by Geoff Johns and Dale Eaglesham. The fourth Amazing Man debuted in OMAC vol. 3 #2 (December 2011), and was created by Dan DiDio and Keith Giffen.

Publication history
Although a 1980s creation of writer Roy Thomas, the Amazing-Man published by DC Comics was placed in the 1940s and made a contemporary of various Golden Age superheroes. The character was created by Roy Thomas as a tribute to Bill Everett's Amazing-Man, a character he created for Centaur Publications during the so-called Golden Age of Comic Books.

Will Everett
Will Everett was a promising young African-American Olympian who had competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, but his post-Olympic career devolved into a janitorial profession at a laboratory owned by Dr. Terry Curtis. During an accident involving the explosion of some equipment to which he was exposed (developed by the criminal mastermind the Ultra-Humanite), Everett quickly developed the ability to mimic whatever properties he touched (similar to Marvel Comics' Absorbing Man). For example, if he touched steel, then his body became composed of steel.

All-Star Squadron
At first, he was employed by the Ultra-Humanite as a henchman along with Curtis (as Cyclotron) and Deathbolt. However, his sympathies soon swayed towards the side of good after repeated exposure to the All-Star Squadron, a team of both Golden Age characters and retroactive characters like himself, with whom he joined to defeat his former employer's machinations. He then served a lengthy stint as a member of this voluminous mystery man organization.

In February 1942, the Squadron helped Everett defeat the bigoted villain in his home town of Detroit, the Real American. During the first Crisis, Amazing-Man was one of a group of heroes chosen by the Monitor to stop the Anti-Monitor's quest for destruction. On a future case, Amazing-Man's powers changed so that now he had mastery of magnetism while losing his ability to mimic matter.

Civil Rights Activist
In the 1950s, his secret identity was revealed to the general public by J. Edgar Hoover. This act endangered the lives of Everett's wife and family. During the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, the murder of his nephew alongside two other civil rights activists spurred his involvement in the Civil Rights Movement of the time. He led marches against segregation across the United States, and also helped to quell riots in Detroit. Everett was also responsible for the capture of Martin Luther King Jr.'s murderer, James Earl Ray. In the DC Comics Universe, he is considered the third most important advocate for African American civil rights, behind only King and Malcolm X.

Heirs
It was later revealed that his grandson, Will Everett III (a.k.a. "Junior") also developed mimicry abilities. Will Everett Senior was last seen in the hospital, visited by his grandson Will Everett III. The senior Everett was dying of cancer. The status of his son, the father of Amazing-Man III, is currently unknown. For a brief time, his grandson carried on the legacy of Amazing-Man before dying tragically. Later, another grandson named Markus Clay would take up the mantle of Amazing-Man.

Will Everett III
Will Everett III carried on his grandfather's heroic tradition, joining the Justice League at Wonder Woman's request. As a member, he was instrumental in defeating the Overmaster alongside the other members of the League and reformed members of the Cadre of the Immortal. Soon after this, Captain Atom formed a splinter group of the JLA nicknamed Extreme Justice. He remained with this team until its end.

Later, Will joined the Crimson Fox's unofficial re-grouping of Justice League Europe. In their single ill-fated adventure, Will was apparently killed by a supervillainess named the Mist, along with the Crimson Fox and Blue Devil. In Amazing-Man's case, Mist tricked him into mimicking glass and then shattered him. The status of his father Will Everett II is unknown, but his cousin Markus Clay is the new Amazing-Man.

During the events of JLA/Avengers, Will was briefly resurrected by the effects of Krona's tampering with reality. He was shown fighting the Absorbing Man, an enemy of Thor.

Years later during 52, Will is memorialized by Martian Manhunter with a statue in Happy Harbor alongside other fallen Justice League members.

Markus Clay
The third Amazing-Man is a man named Markus Clay, who operates out of New Orleans, Louisiana. He is Will Everett's other grandson, and the cousin of Will Everett III. Markus is currently helping survivors of Hurricane Katrina. A recent recruit of the Justice Society of America, he has helped the team communicate with Gog. After Gog's defeat, Markus returns to New Orleans, considering forming a team of his own.

Despite having resigned from the JSA, Markus is seen attending Damage's funeral following his death during Blackest Night.

The New 52
A new Amazing-Man appears following the events of Flashpoint in The New 52, where among other changes, the JSA has been removed from the history of Prime Earth. The new Amazing-Man is revealed to be Rocker Bonn, a former Checkmate agent who was given metahuman abilities by Project Cadmus. After going into hiding in Texas, Bonn is attacked by Kevin Kho, the new OMAC. Bonn is defeated by Kho and subsequently absorbed by Brother Eye, who states that he may prove useful at a later date.

Powers and abilities

 * Will Everett was originally capable of transforming himself into any material he touched. Later Will Everett's powers were altered, and he was instead able to magnetically attract or repel objects with his hands.
 * Will Everett III could cause his body to duplicate the properties of any inorganic material he touched from stone to glass. If he touched the pavement, for example, he became a sentient being made of living stone, with all its commensurate strengths and weaknesses. Will Everett III could also absorb and duplicate vast amounts of energy, as when he defeated the Overmaster by draining and duplicating its powers.
 * Markus Clay appears to possess the same abilities as the first two Amazing-Men.

In other media
Amazing-Man appears in Justice League: Crisis on Infinite Earths – Part One, voiced by Ike Amadi.

title: Amazing-Man (DC Comics)


text: Category:American aviators

title: Category:American aviators


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Nobuyuki Anzai

Nobuyuki Anzai (安西 信行) is a Japanese manga artist Best known for creating Flame of Recca and MÄR. He was an assistant of Kazuhiro Fujita. He made his debut as a manga artist after he received an honorable mention in Shinjin Comic Taisho (Shogakukan Beginners Editions) with a oneshot called Ken 2 Strenger.

Works

 * Rocket Princess (ロケットプリンセス) (1994 Shogakukan)
 * Flame of Recca (烈火の炎) (1995–2002 Shogakukan)
 * MÄR (2003–2007 Shogakukan)
 * Mixim 11 (ミクシム・イレブン) (2008–2011 Shogakukan)
 * Crazy Maniax (クレイジーマニアックス) (2008 Shogakukan)
 * Koutetsu Manroku -Metal★Rock- (鋼鉄漫録―メタ★ろっく―) (2014–2017 Takeshobo)
 * Uruha no Sekai de Arisugawa (麗の世界で有栖川) (2018–present Shogakukan)

Assistants

 * Kōichirō Hoshino (Flame of Recca, MÄR)
 * Makoto Raiku (Flame of Recca)
 * Michiteru Kusaba (Flame of Recca)
 * Hisashi Nosaka (Flame of Recca)
 * Masahiro Ikeno (MÄR)

title: Nobuyuki Anzai


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Manurewa

Manurewa is a major suburb in South Auckland, New Zealand, located 6 km south of Manukau Central, and 26 km southeast of the Auckland City Centre. It is home to the Auckland Botanic Gardens, which receives over a million visitors a year. Manurewa has a high proportion of non-European ethnicities, making it one of the most multi-cultural suburbs in New Zealand. Employment for many is at the many companies of nearby Wiri, Papakura, and at the steel mill at Glenbrook.

The area has been inhabited since at least the 13th century, and has cultural significance for Ngāti Te Ata Waiohua. Manurewa developed as a rural community after the Manurewa railway station opened in 1875, becoming a borough in 1937. The area saw major suburban growth in the 1950s and 1960s, and became a shopping hub when Southmall Manurewa opened in 1967.

Etymology
The name Manurewa is a variant of the Māori word for "kite", manu aute, used by in local Waiohua dialect. The translation "soaring bird" gained popularity in the 1920s among English speakers. The name is a shortened form of Te Manurewa o Tamapahore ("The Drifted-away Kite of Tamapahore"), a name which recalls a story involving Waiohua ancestor Tamapahore. One day the men who lived at Matukutūruru and Matukutūreia decided to fly kites, and Tamapahore's was the kite that flew the highest. His brother Tamapahure caused the chord of Tamapahore's kite to break. Tamapahore left the area in search of his valuable kite, eventually finding it at Whenuakite on the Coromandel Peninsula.

Geography

Manurewa is located in South Auckland, inland from the south-eastern Manukau Harbour, north of the Pahurehure Inlet. Manurewa is south of the Puhinui Creek, and north of the Papakura Stream. Manurewa is at the southern border of the Auckland volcanic field. Two volcanoes are located to the north in Wiri: Matukutūreia (also known as McLaughlins Mountain), which erupted an estimated 48,000 years ago, and Matukutūruru (Wiri Mountain), which erupted an estimated 30,000 years ago. Matukutūruru was quarried, primarily by the New Zealand Railways Corporation.

Māori history
Manurewa has been inhabited since at least the 13th century. Matukutūreia and Matukutūruru were home to two hilltop pā, collectively known as Matukurua. The names of the mountains commemorate a story of two chiefs. The chief of Matukutūruru ("the bittern standing at ease") was captured while eel fishing. The chief of Matukutūreia ("the vigilant bittern") saved the pā and the people of Matukutūruru. Over 8,000 hectares of stonefield gardens were tended by Tāmaki Māori peoples on the lower slopes of the volcanoes, where crops such as kūmara and bracken fern root were grown.

The Manurewa area was settled by Ngā Riki, who were one of the three Tāmaki Māori groups who joined together to form the Waiohua in the 17th and 18th-centuries. During this time, the two pā were home to the Ngāi Huatau hapū of Waiohua, settled by Huatau, daughter of Huakaiwaka. The chief Huarangi was based at Matukutūruru with his wife Takawai of Ngāi Tahuhu. After her death, he married Kohe, a high ranking woman from Ngāti Pāoa, a union that was widely disapproved by the hapū. This dissent eventually led to a division in the family, with the children of Takawai settling at Matukutūruru, and Huarangi moving with Kohe to Matukutūreia.

Around the year 1740, a conflict between Ngāti Whātua and Waiohua led to the death of paramount chief Kiwi Tāmaki, who became the major occupants of the Tāmaki isthmus and Māngere to the north. Ngāti Whātua was significantly smaller than the Waiohua confederation and chose to focus life at Onehunga, Māngere and Ōrākei, meaning that Waiohua were able to re-establish a presence in South Auckland.

The Manurewa area has significance for Waiohua iwi, especially Ngāti Te Ata Waiohua, who descent from Te Ata i Rehia, the daughter of Huatau who was born on Matukutūreia, and Te Ākitai Waiohua.

Colonial era

In January 1836 missionary William Thomas Fairburn brokered a land sale between Tāmaki Māori chiefs, Pōtatau Te Wherowhero and Turia of Ngāti Te Rau, covering the majority of modern-day South Auckland between Ōtāhuhu and Papakura. The sale was envisioned as a way to end hostilities in the area, but it is unclear what the chiefs understood or consented to. Māori continued to live in South Auckland, unchanged by this sale. Fairburn was criticised for the sheer size of the purchase, and in 1842 the Crown significantly reduced the size of his land holdings, and the Crown partitioned much of the land for European settlers. 10,000 acres of the Fairburn purchase was given to James Reddy Clendon in return for land at Kororāreka / Russell where the new capital of New Zealand was established. Clendon never lived or visited the area, but sold 2,000 acres to the Martin brothers, who subdivided the land in the mid-1900s. Much of the Martin brothers' land became modern-day Manurewa.

Work on the Great South Road began in 1843, reaching as far south as Drury in 1855. In the early 1860s, Great South Road was used as a military supply route between Auckland and the frontier of the Invasion of the Waikato. Manurewa was only sparsely populated in the 1860s and 1870s. The major stop on the Great South Road for coach services was the Raglan Hotel at Woodside (modern-day Wiri). The Manurewa Highway District was formed in 1867, and in 1875 the first Manurewa railway station opened. The station led to growth in the area; 81 people lived in Manurewa by 1879, and a post office opened in 1884. By the 1900s, much of Woodside village had moved to Manurewa, including the school that moved by 1906, and joined by the Methodist Church in 1909. Manurewa became a centre for the dairy industry in the early 20th century, with the first creamery opening in 1905.

Suburban development

By 1915, Manurewa had grown large enough to become a town district, created from parts of the former Manurewa and Papakura road districts. The area was promoted as a commuter suburb for Auckland in the early 1920s. Local farmer Charles Henry Lupton was instrumental in developing the Manurewa community, serving on the town board, school and church committees, and became known as "The Father of Manurewa". By 1937, the population of Manurewa had increased to over 1,500 people, allowing Manurewa to become a borough. In 1939, a fire destroyed the Manurewa Picture Theatre, and the adjoining shops and boarding house. During World War II, parts of Manurewa were used as military camps for United States Army soldiers bound for the Pacific.

Manurewa experienced rapid growth in the 1950s and early 1960s after the development of the Auckland Southern Motorway, developing from a semi-rural locality into a suburb of Auckland. Southmall Manurewa, the third American-style mall in Auckland, was opened in 1967. The mall was initially very successful, but struggled from October 1976 onwards after the opening of the Manukau Shopping Centre.

By the 1970s, Manurewa East and Weymouth had developed as suburban areas, and after the construction of Manukau Central in the 1980s, Manurewa became connected to the urban sprawl of Auckland. In 1982, the Auckland Botanic Gardens opened in Manurewa.

By the 2010s, Manurewa had developed a significant Pasifika population, and had the highest proportion of Māori residents in the city.

Demographics
Manurewa covers 5.32 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Manurewa had a population of 19,236 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 2,394 people (14.2%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 3,645 people (23.4%) since the 2006 census. There were 4,572 households, comprising 9,765 males and 9,474 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.03 males per female, with 5,160 people (26.8%) aged under 15 years, 5,226 (27.2%) aged 15 to 29, 7,461 (38.8%) aged 30 to 64, and 1,392 (7.2%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 24.5% European/Pākehā, 30.9% Māori, 41.1% Pacific peoples, 23.0% Asian, and 2.3% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 34.9, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 27.3% had no religion, 46.3% were Christian, 3.8% had Māori religious beliefs, 6.7% were Hindu, 2.4% were Muslim, 1.4% were Buddhist and 6.4% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 1,494 (10.6%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 3,153 (22.4%) people had no formal qualifications. 891 people (6.3%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 6,927 (49.2%) people were employed full-time, 1,515 (10.8%) were part-time, and 996 (7.1%) were unemployed.

Manurewa East
Manurewa East covers 0.83 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Manurewa East had a population of 2,907 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 402 people (16.0%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 597 people (25.8%) since the 2006 census. There were 726 households, comprising 1,500 males and 1,407 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.07 males per female. The median age was 30.4 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 693 people (23.8%) aged under 15 years, 744 (25.6%) aged 15 to 29, 1,221 (42.0%) aged 30 to 64, and 252 (8.7%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 25.1% European/Pākehā, 30.7% Māori, 35.8% Pacific peoples, 27.2% Asian, and 2.4% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 35.3, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 30.9% had no religion, 42.7% were Christian, 2.8% had Māori religious beliefs, 8.0% were Hindu, 1.7% were Muslim, 2.1% were Buddhist and 6.9% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 234 (10.6%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 534 (24.1%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $23,700, compared with $31,800 nationally. 150 people (6.8%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,065 (48.1%) people were employed full-time, 225 (10.2%) were part-time, and 138 (6.2%) were unemployed.

Rugby union
The Manurewa Rugby Football Club is based at Mountfort Park Manurewa. They were founded in 1921 and now play within the Counties Manukau Rugby Union Club competition and are one of the biggest and most successful Rugby clubs within the region. They have a large junior section plus and string Golden Oldies Section made up of many past players. They also have associated sports of AFL, Netball & Softball operating within the club. They were originally based at Jellicoe Park in Manurewa and had a club room affectionately known as the "Old Black Shed". They built the new clubrooms at Mountfort Park and moved to this site officially in 1978. Notable current Super 15 Chiefs players Tim Nanai-Williams, Viliami Taulani and Bundee Aki are former Manurewa Rugby Club players.

Association football
The football (soccer) club Manurewa AFC who play in the Lotto Sport Italia NRFL Division 1A are based in Manurewa.

Rugby league
The Manurewa Marlins are based in Manurewa.

Local government
The first local government in the area was the Manurewa Highway District, which formed in 1867 to administer road upkeep. By 1915, Manurewa had grown large enough to become a town district within the Manukau County, and by 1937 it had become a borough. On 3 September 1965, the Manukau County and Manurewa Borough merged to form Manukau City. In November 2010, all cities and districts of the Auckland Region were amalgamated into a single body, governed by the Auckland Council.

Manurewa is a part of the Manurewa local board area. The residents of Manurewa elect a local board, and two councillors from the Manurewa-Papakura ward to sit on the Auckland Council.

Chairmen of the Manurewa Town Board
Below is a list of the six people who served as the chairman of the Manurewa Town Board.

 * 1916–1918 Thomas James Corin
 * 1918–1920 Charles Henry Lupton
 * 1920–1922 Thomas James Corin
 * 1922–1928 Arthur Clifton Axford Sexton
 * 1928–1930 George Gallaher
 * 1930–1932 William Johnston Ferguson
 * 1932–1937 William Thomas Cox

Mayors during Manurewa Borough Council
Below is a list of the six people who served as the mayor of the Manurewa Borough Council.

 * 1937–1944 William Johnston Ferguson
 * 1944–1946 Frederick Herny Barnard
 * 1946–1948 John Augusta Kelly
 * 1948–1953 Reginald Frank Judson
 * 1953–1956 Cecil Millington Crawford
 * 1956–1965 Harry Beaumont

Amenities and attractions

 * Auckland Botanic Gardens
 * Jellicoe Park, home to Manurewa Amateur Athletics & Harriers Club and Jellicoe Park Tennis Club
 * Gallaher Park, home to the Manurewa Scout Hall, Gallaher Park Touch and Alfriston Road Playcentre
 * Manurewa Pool and Leisure Centre
 * Manurewa Marae in Clendon Park
 * Southmall Manurewa, and the surrounding Manurewa town centre.
 * Te Pae Maumahara / Manurewa War Memorial Park, home to Manurewa AFC and the Homai Bowling Club

Religion

 * Baitul Muqeet Mosque, an Ahmadi Muslim mosque that was built in 2013.
 * Manurewa Methodist Church, which moved from Witi to Manurewa in 1909.
 * The Manurewa Nanaksar gurdwara, a large Sikh temple.
 * St Andrews Presbyterian Church, established in 1927.
 * St Anne's Catholic Church, established in 1927.
 * St Lukes Anglican Church, which was established in 1910.
 * Wat Khemaraphirataram, a Cambodian Buddhist temple that opened in 2018.

Education
The first school in Manurewa was the Manurewa Central School, which began as the Woodhill School in Wiri, and was moved in 1906.

James Cook High School is a secondary school (years 9–13) with a roll of.

Manurewa Intermediate is an intermediate school (years 7–8) with a roll of. Greenmeadows Intermediate is an intermediate school (years 7–8) with a roll of.

Finlayson Park School, Leabank School, Manurewa Central School, Manurewa East School, Manurewa South School, Manurewa West School and Rowandale School are contributing primary schools (years 1–6) with rolls of, , , , ,  and  students, respectively. In 2020 Finlayson Park School in Auckland became the first school in New Zealand to set up a Kiribati language unit, where Erika Taeang was employed as the teacher.

St Anne's Catholic School is a state-integrated full primary school (years 1–8) with a roll of. Notable alumni includes libertarian politician Stephen Berry.

Manukau Christian School is a private composite school (years 1–13) with a roll of.

All these schools are coeducational. Rolls are as of

Notable people

 * Decepticonz, hip hop group
 * Stephen Berry (born 1983), politician and political commentator
 * Jawsh 685 (born 2002), musician
 * Erika Taeang, teacher

title: Manurewa


text:
Dry sump

A dry-sump system is a method to manage the lubricating motor oil in four-stroke and large two-stroke piston driven internal combustion engines. The dry-sump system uses two or more oil pumps and a separate oil reservoir, as opposed to a conventional wet-sump system, which uses only the main sump (U.S.: oil pan) below the engine and a single pump. A dry-sump engine requires a pressure relief valve to regulate negative pressure inside the engine, so internal seals are not inverted.

Dry-sumps are common on larger diesel engines such as those used in ships, as well as gasoline engines used in racing cars, aerobatic aircraft, high-performance personal watercraft and motorcycles. Dry sump lubrication may be chosen for these applications due to increased reliability, oil capacity, reduction of oil starvation under high g-loads and/or other technical or performance reasons. Dry sump systems may not be suitable for all applications due to increased cost, complexity, and/or bulk, among other factors.

Design
Engines are both lubricated and cooled by oil that circulates throughout the engine, feeding various bearings and other moving parts and then draining, via gravity, into the sump at the base of the engine. In the wet-sump system of nearly all production automobile engines, the oil that's not actively circulating is stored in the sump, which is large enough for this purpose. A pump collects oil from the sump and directly circulates it back through the engine. In a dry-sump system, the oil still falls to the base of the engine, but into a much shallower sump, where one or more scavenge pumps draw it away and transfer it to a (usually external) reservoir, where it is both cooled and de-aerated before being recirculated through the engine by a pressure pump. The sump in a dry-sump system is not actually dry; it is still wet from oil draining from the engine. The reservoir is usually tall and narrow and specially designed with internal baffles, and an oil outlet (supply) at the very bottom for uninhibited oil supply even during sloshing.

The dry pump operation consists of a pressure stage and a scavenging stage. Although the term "stages" is commonly used to describe the work of the multiple pumps, they typically run in parallel rather than in series as might be implied by the term. The pressure stage draws oil from the bottom of the reservoir and passes it through the filter and into the engine itself. An adjustable pressure regulator ensures that the oil pressure is kept stable at different engine speeds. The dry-sump system requires at least two pumps - one pressure and one scavenge - and sometimes as many as four or five scavenge pumps are used to minimize the amount of oil in the engine. The pressure pump and scavenge pumps are frequently mounted on a common crankshaft, so that a single pulley at the front of the system can run as many pumps as the engine design requires. It is common practice to have one scavenge pump per crankcase section; however, in the case of inverted engines (typically aircraft engines) it is necessary to employ separate scavenge pumps for each cylinder bank. Therefore, an inverted V engine would have a minimum of two scavenge pumps and a pressure pump in the pump stack.

Dry sump systems may optionally be designed to keep the engine's crankcase at lower than atmospheric pressure (vacuum), by sealing the crankcase and allowing the scavenge pumps to draw out both oil and gases. An equilibrium pressure will be reached when the rate of gases entering the crankcase (blow-by gases past the piston rings, but also air leaks and oil vapor) equals the rate of gas removal from the scavenge pump capacity beyond what's required to remove just the oil. Alternatively, the crankcase may be kept near atmospheric pressure by venting it to the oil reservoir, which in turn is vented into the engine's air intake, or to outside air.

Advantages
A dry-sump system offers many advantages over a wet-sump. The primary advantages include:
 * Prevention of the engine experiencing oil starvation during high g-loads when oil sloshes, which improves engine reliability. Most engines can be damaged by even brief periods of oil starvation. This is the reason why dry-sumps were invented, and is particularly valuable in racing cars, high performance sports cars, and aerobatic aircraft that regularly experience high accelerations. Oil slosh occurs in dry-sump systems too, but it is much easier to design a remote reservoir to tolerate high amounts of slosh, by being tall and narrow, and having large baffles.
 * Increased oil capacity by using a large external reservoir, which would be impractical in a wet-sump system.
 * Improvements to vehicle handling and stability. The vehicle's center of gravity can be lowered by mounting the (typically very heavy) engine lower in the chassis due to a shallow sump profile. A vehicle's overall weight distribution can be modified by locating the external oil reservoir away from the engine.
 * Improved oil temperature control. This is due to increased oil volume providing resistance to heat saturation, the positioning of the oil reservoir away from the hot engine, and the ability to include cooling capabilities between the scavenger pumps and oil reservoir and also within the reservoir itself.
 * Improved oil quality. When oil sloshes against the crankshaft and other high-speed spinning parts, it causes a "hurricane that whips the oil in a wet-sump engine into an aerated froth like a milkshake in a blender". Aerated oil protects engine components far less effectively. A dry-sump system minimizes oil aeration, and also de-aerates oil far more effectively by pumping it first into a remote reservoir.
 * Increased engine power. In a wet-sump engine, oil slosh against spinning parts causes substantial viscous drag which creates parasitic power loss. A dry-sump system removes oil from the crankcase, along with the possibility of such viscous drag. More complex dry-sump systems may scavenge oil from other areas where oil may pool, such as in the valvetrain. Power can be further increased if the dry-sump system is designed to create a vacuum inside the crankcase, which reduces air drag (or 'windage') on moving parts as well.
 * Improved pump efficiency to maintain oil supply to the engine. Since scavenge pumps are typically mounted at the lowest point on the engine, the oil flows into the pump intake by gravity rather than having to be lifted up into the intake of the pump as in a wet-sump. Furthermore, scavenge pumps can be of a design that is more tolerant of entrapped gasses than the typical pressure pump, which can lose suction if too much air mixes into the oil. Since the pressure pump is typically lower than the external oil tank, it always has a positive pressure on its suction regardless of cornering forces.
 * Having the pumps external to the engine makes them easier to maintain or replace.

Disadvantages
Dry-sump engines have several disadvantages compared to wet-sump engines, including;
 * Dry-sump systems add cost, complexity, and weight.
 * The extra pumps and lines in dry-sump engines require additional oil and maintenance.
 * The large external reservoir and pumps can be tricky to position around the engine and within the engine bay due to their size.
 * As wrist pins and pistons rely on the oil being splashed around in the crankcase for lubrication and cooling respectively, these parts might have inadequate oiling if too much oil is pulled away by the pump. Installing piston oilers can circumvent this issue, but do so with additional cost and complexity for the engine.
 * Inadequate upper valvetrain lubrication can also become an issue if too much oil vapor is being pulled out from the area, especially with multi-staged pumps.

Common engine applications
Dry-sumps are common on larger diesel engines such as those used for ship propulsion, largely due to increased reliability and serviceability. They are also commonly used in racing cars and aerobatic aircraft, due to problems with g-forces, reliable oil supply, power output and vehicle handling. The Chevrolet Corvette Z06 has a dry sump engine which requires initial oil change after 500 miles.

Motorcycle engines
The dry-sump lubrication is particularly applicable to motorcycles, which tend to be operated more vigorously than other road vehicles. Although motorcycles such as the Honda CB750 (1969) feature a dry-sump engine, modern motorcycles tend to use a wet-sump design. This is understandable with across-the-frame inline four-cylinder engines, since these wide engines must be mounted fairly high in the frame (for ground clearance), so the space below may as well be used for a wet-sump. However, narrower engines can be mounted lower and ideally should use dry-sump lubrication.

Several motorcycle models that use dry-sumps include;
 * The classic British parallel twin motorcycles, such as BSA, Triumph and Norton, all used dry-sump lubrication. Traditionally, the oil tank was a remote item, but some late-model BSAs, and the Meriden Triumphs, used "oil-in-the-frame" designs.
 * The Triumph Rocket 3, an inline three-cylinder, water-cooled, DOHC engine.
 * The Yamaha TRX850 270-degree parallel twin motorcycle has a dry-sump engine. Its oil reservoir is not remote, but integral to the engine, sitting atop the gearbox. This design eliminates external oil lines, allowing simpler engine removal and providing faster oil warm up.
 * The Yamaha XT660Z (and R/X models) use a dry-sump design where the bike's frame tubing is used as the oil reservoir and cooling system
 * The Yamaha SR400/500 uses a dry-sump design where the bike's frame tubing doubles as the oil reservoir and cooling system.
 * Harley-Davidson has used dry-sump type lubricating oil systems in their engines since the 1930s.
 * The Rotax engined Aprilia RSV Mille, and the Aprilia RST1000 Futura both incorporate a dry-sump, along with sister bikes, the SL1000 Falco and ETV1000 Caponord.
 * All BMW K-series motorcycles with inline-4 engines.
 * The Honda NX650, XR500R, XR600R, XR650R and XR650L four-stroke dirt bikes utilize a dry-sump with the oil in the frame tubing.
 * The Suzuki DR-Z400 has a 2L dry-sump with oil in the frame tubing.
 * Chennai built Royal Enfield prior to 2007. Royal Enfield dry sump designs were completely phased out by 2012.

title: Dry sump


text:
Talk:Monpa people

Topche zachu wa

Untitled
Wait a second. Are you talking about 45,000 Monpa living in the Tawang and Kameng districts of Arunachal Pradesh and another 5,000 on the Tibetan side in China? If so, wouldn't you cite the Monpa on the Indian side? Or is this part of the territorial boundary dispute and Wikipedia has accepted PRC's claims over AP? This should be corrected, as the Monpa would be quite cross if they learned they were included on in the PRC. -- 64.231.33.54 07:42, 30 November 2004

There is also a discrepancy in this article claiming that it was China venturing south of the McMahon line which caused India to retaliate, setting off the 1962 war. This is a blatant reversal of the facts - Indian patrols stationed north of the McMahon line were first to attack the Chinese outposts, and after diplomatic protests and requests to negotiate, the Chinese opted to retaliate by advancing to their claim lines, followed by a retreat back behind the McMahon line, probably due to supply issues. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 123.115.194.84 (talk) 09:30, 4 July 2011 (UTC)

"related groups" info removed from infobox
For dedicated editors of this page: The "Related Groups" info was removed from all Infobox Ethnic group infoboxes. Comments may be left on the Ethnic groups talk page. Ling.Nut 20:38, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

Good source for material
I came across a good source of information for this article from the Centre for Bhutan Studies, which is claimed to be the first indepth study into the Monpa people of Bhutan, and seems to be chocked full of information which can be used for this article. The location is The Vital Link: Monpas and Their Forests (Published 2004) --Россавиа Диалог 13:06, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

Ethnic subgroups
Takpa people, Chugpa tribe and Lishipa tribe ought to be better linked from this article. Perhaps a section on ethnic subdivisions would be warranted. -- Trɔpʏliʊm • blah 22:25, 27 August 2014 (UTC)

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Population in China
Why does this article say there are about 25,000 Monpa in China, yet the List of ethnic groups in China says there were 10,561 in 2010? Please fix this discrepancy. 173.88.246.138 (talk) 23:35, 15 April 2021 (UTC)

Now the article states that there are 9,000 Monpa in China, and also 10,561 Monpa in China. Why is there still a discrepancy? Please fix. 173.88.246.138 (talk) 15:58, 1 May 2022 (UTC)

History section
The history section seems more interested in Chinese propaganda on Tawang rather than to say anything about the Monpa people. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 13:16, 30 November 2021 (UTC)
 * apparently wants this content. The WP:ONUS on them to argue for it, because it is clearly not about Monpa people. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 18:13, 19 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Hello, please explain how the text is "Chinese propaganda". I don't quite see it. --Glennznl (talk) 19:26, 19 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Can you see pro-China content having been added here, without any concern for sources? "Britain and its colonial authorities"? "Chinese Tibet? "China continued to claim the pre-McMahon border? -- Kautilya3 (talk) 20:54, 19 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Even earlier content was corrupt. "Direct rule over the area from Lhasa" was supposedly established "in the 17th century" Is there any mention of 17th century in the source? Even though this is not even a valid source for history? -- Kautilya3 (talk) 21:10, 19 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Hello. "Chinese Tibet", Tibet was officially a part of Qing China, so I don't see a problem in using that term, especially in comparison with "British India". "China continued to claim the pre-McMahon border" Well they do, do they not? The content should be verified with sources, I do agree with that, and what is not directly found in the source can be removed. --Glennznl (talk) 08:23, 20 October 2022 (UTC)

Thank you for accepting that the content that is not directly found in the source should be removed. But the issue I raised (six months ago) is that content that does not "say anything about the Monpa people" should be removed. What is your view on that? -- Kautilya3 (talk) 10:38, 20 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Well apparently the Monpa people got divided by this border, so the border dispute can be briefly mentioned, but we don't need a long history lesson like the page has now. We can shorten it up a bit. --Glennznl (talk) 11:51, 20 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Ok, do you want to take a crack at it, so that we don't end up edit warring again? I am sure you will pay due attention to WP:V. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 12:25, 20 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I just did a first attempt. I did not yet remove all the unsourced text, because not much would be left of the history section, without first adding more new sourced text. --Glennznl (talk) 18:31, 20 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Thanks. Unsourced content doesn't bother me that much because it can always be removed or sources can be found when something is legit. It is the WP:OR and WP:POV masquerading as authentic content that is the bigger problem. I removed some of the egregiously WP:POV content and removed the banner template.
 * But the remaining unsourced content will also go away at some point. If you care about any of it, you need to find the sources.
 * By the way, I don't believe that the border "divided" the people. People always move across borders, for whatever reason. It is part of human nature. The border was already there before McMahon got involved. You can see a "Chukang" marked right across the border north of Tawang. A "Chukang" is a customs house. There was also a Chukang in the Nyamjang Chu valley according to observers, but it isn't marked on the map. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 00:50, 21 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I think the page is in a better state now, good for someone else to pick up and expand. --Glennznl (talk) 19:48, 21 October 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:51, 14 November 2022 (UTC)
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title: Talk:Monpa people


text:
Tuxedo Gin

Tuxedo Gin (タキシード銀) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Tokihiko Matsuura. It was published in Shogakukan's Weekly Shōnen Sunday from 1997 to 2000, with its chapters collected in 15 tankōbon volumes. In North America, it was licensed for English released by Viz Media. The series is about a teenaged boxer named Ginji Kusanagi who is reincarnated as a penguin in order to be close to the girl he likes. On August 4, 2011, Walt Disney Pictures and Viz Pictures announced they were adapting the Tuxedo Gin manga into a feature film under the name, Tux.

Plot
At the start of the series, Ginji Kusanagi (草薙 銀次), a high school student on the verge of making his professional debut as a boxer, is killed in a suspicious motorcycle accident on his way to his first date with Minako Sasebo (佐瀬保 美奈子), the girl of his dreams. An angel (who is depicted as a Buddhist monk with cherub wings and halo) tells Ginji that because of a celestial mistake, he can be reunited with Minako, but only if he lives out the natural lifespan of another animal, after which he will return to his human body. Remembering Minako's love for penguins, Ginji decides to be reincarnated as an Adelie penguin, and he hatches from an egg in a Tokyo aquarium.

When Ginji reaches adolescence, he escapes from the aquarium with his penguin friends, only to discover he cannot swim. He washes up in the harbor, where he is discovered by Minako. She takes him home and names him Gin-chan (at first thinking this to be an affectionate contraction of his own name, Ginji is crestfallen when Minako reveals that she has selected this name because, in her words, "You're such a cute little pengin! (ペンギン)".

The series depicts Ginji's life with Minako, where he does his best to protect Minako from any man who tries to go out with her or simply "harm" her. Along the way, Mike and the other penguins from the aquarium help him once in a while and he meets fellow reincarnated humans.

In the final arc, Minako is kidnapped by a murderous criminal named Kurosaki and Ginji goes and rescues her, but at the cost of losing his ability to fully reincarnate. Minako loses her memory and believes that Gin-chan headed back to the North Pole to be with his kind. The angel, becoming sympathetic to Ginji's ordeal, makes a plea to God to give up his form so that Ginji can be brought back to life. Ginji reunites with a relieved Minako and they become a couple while adopting a penguin named Popo whom Ginji had befriended earlier.

Publication
Written and illustrated by Tokihiko Matsuura, Tuxedo Gin was serialized in Shogakukan's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Sunday from March 26, 1997, to January 29, 2000. Shogakukan collected its chapters in 15 tankōbon volumes, released from September 18, 1997, to April 18, 2000.

It was published in North America by Viz Media.

Reception
Tuxedo Gin has been reviewed as having the sort of wacky premise and serious plotlines that make a good romantic comedy, unfortunately being weakened by mediocre characters. Tokihiko Matsuura's art has been praised for clean lines and clear layouts but criticized for its generic character designs.

title: Tuxedo Gin


text:
Marinejegerkommandoen

Marinejegerkommandoen (MJK) (Naval Special Operations Command) is the maritime/naval special warfare unit of the Norwegian Armed Forces and was established in 1953.

The MJK is under the command of the Norwegian Special Operations Command (NORSOCOM) together with the Forsvarets Spesialkommando (FSK), with the MJK being the older of the two units. The unit is headquartered on the Ramsund naval base in northern Norway, with other MJK operators stationed on the Haakonsvern naval base in southwestern Norway.

Selection
As with any modern special operations forces, the training to become an MJK operator is long and arduous, both physically and mentally taxing. To become a fully qualified MJK operator takes a minimum of two years and is further augmented by specialized courses during the following contract period, such as combat medic training, sniper training and forward air control (FAC) training.

In 2008 a news-team from NRK filmed their selection process, showing recruits being strip searched and doing water exercises in a secret abandoned naval base somewhere along the Norwegian coast.

History
In the autumn of 1940, two Norwegian military units were set up in the United Kingdom. Their mission was to carry out special operations against Nazi forces in occupied Norway. The two units were Shetlandsgjengen (Shetland Bus), who used fishing vessels to transport people and materials to and from Norway, and Kompani Linge (Norwegian Independent Company 1), initially under the command of Lieutenant Martin Linge. Both units were under the command of the British Special Operations Executive.

In 1953, the Royal Norwegian Navy formed a frogman-unit. This unit was under the command of Ove Lund, and is the origin of the modern Marinejegerkommandoen and Minedykkerkommandoen. The mission of the frogmen was to conduct recon and sabotage against enemy targets above and below water. The frogmen were also tasked with disarming all water-borne explosive devices.

The missions gradually become more comprehensive and different frogman specialities emerged. This led to members of the unit being divided into a clearance diver team and two combat swimmer teams, in 1968. Of the combat swimmer groups, one was based at Ramsund Naval Station in northern Norway, and one was based at Karljohansvern Naval Station in southern Norway.

The two combat swimmer teams were eventually fused into one and based in Ramsund. They later changed names to the current Marinejegerkommandoen. Today the unit has its main base in Bergen, with training facilities in Ramsund.

Role
Marinejegerkommandoen plays an integral part in modern warfare operations. The unit carries out missions that require thorough planning, quick reaction, high precision, covert implementation, daring, courage and the ability to work independently. As with all SOF missions, they target objectives of high or critical strategic value.

Domestic security
Marinejegerkommandoen is on national counter-terrorism standby to assist the Norwegian Police if required (alongside Forsvarets Spesialkommando), and is also on continuous standby for international operations.

International operations

The Marinejegerkommandoen have participated in a number of international operations. The unit conducted operations in Afghanistan in 2002 (Task Force K-Bar), in 2003 and in 2005–2006, as part of Operation Enduring Freedom. The unit was also involved in the training of the Afghan National Police Crisis Response Unit around Kabul in 2008–2009, relieving Forsvarets Spesialkommando for a short period.

The unit provided operators for Military Observer Teams (MOT's), as part of the Norwegian Armed Forces contribution in Faryab Province in northern Afghanistan. It was during a MOT patrol on 27 June 2010 that Lieutenant Commander Trond Andrè Bolle was killed, along with three members of the Norwegian Coastal Ranger Command, when the Iveco LMV they were travelling in was struck by an IED. Lt Cmdr Bolle was later awarded the Norwegian War Cross with Sword for his actions commanding the Norwegian Special Operations Force Task Group II in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan's Helmand province from October 2005 to February 2006.

MJK's contribution in Afghanistan has largely been kept secret, but from what little information is available, its missions have included DA (direct action), Forward Air Control (FAC) and SR (Special Surveillance and Reconnaissance), and cooperating with other coalition forces in the fight against the Taliban and Al-Qaeda.

Following Afghanistan, MJK has deployed twice aboard Royal Norwegian Navy frigate HNoMS Fridtjof Nansen (F310) off the coast of Somalia, conducting anti-piracy operations as part of Operation Atalanta (2009) and Operation Ocean Shield (2013).

In January 2013, medical specialists from MJK, amongst other units, were sent on a Norwegian Air Force Super Hercules to Sicily in connection with the In Amenas hostage crisis in Algeria.

Recognition
Marinejegerkommandoen's participation in Operation Enduring Freedom earned the unit the Navy Presidential Unit Citation on 8 February 2005. The Presidential Unit Citation is the highest unit award given by the United States to allied units and was awarded to all members of Task Force K-Bar. William H. McRaven, a United States Navy Admiral who previously served as the commander of Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC), said in an interview with a Norwegian newspaper in 2007 that he regarded the Special Operations Forces of Norway to be among the top special operations forces in the world.

A member of the MJK was in August 2020 awarded the Bronze Star Medal of the United States for extraordinary allied efforts during a mission in Afghanistan.

Structure
Naval Special Operations Commando (Marinejegerkommandoen) (MJK), at Jaeger's Bight in Haakonsvern Naval Base, near Bergen. A research paper of the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment puts the force structure of the MJK at a staff and six combat squadrons:
 * HQ Staff (MJK stab)
 * Alfa Squadron - premier naval special warfare unit
 * Bravo Squadron - entry unit for recent graduates of the training course
 * Echo Squadron - special boat squadron
 * Reconnaissance Squadron - special reconnaissance and intelligence unit
 * Lima Squadron - combat service support squadron
 * Training Squadron, at Ramsund Naval War Station (Ramsund orlogsstasjon) near Tjeldsund

Commanding officers

 * Tom Robertsen (-2014)
 * Petter Hellesen (2014-2018)
 * Trond Gimmingsrud (2018-2020)
 * Kåre Karlsen (2020-)

Vessels

 * 10 Goldfish 36 RIB ( special version of the 36 model ) by Goldfish Boats AS
 * Safeguard ship for special forces - Petter B Salen. Dockstavarvet AB type IC20M Interceptor

title: Marinejegerkommandoen


text:
Talk:Revolver Ocelot

Requested move 12 January 2017

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved. (non-admin closure) JudgeRM   (talk to me)  18:36, 21 January 2017 (UTC)

Revolver Ocelot → Ocelot (Metal Gear) – Opening move discussion on behalf of. The1337gamer (talk) 07:55, 12 January 2017 (UTC)

 * Oppose. First, changing it to "Ocelot (Metal Gear)" is unnecessarily making it into a disambiguated title. Second, I don't see any evidence that the character is more commonly called "Ocelot" than "Revolver Ocelot" (see the custom WP:VG/RS search engine). Third, the character has been called several names throughout the series, why pick "Ocelot" to begin with? soetermans . ↑↑↓↓←→←→ B A TALK 12:09, 12 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Revolver Ocelot (Revolver Ocelot).  Revolver Ocelot  (Revolver Ocelot) 06:53, 13 January 2017 (UTC)
 * , could you explain what you think? Because I don't think you mean to change the title to "Revolver Ocelot (Revolver Ocelot)", right? soetermans . ↑↑↓↓←→←→ B A TALK 09:01, 13 January 2017 (UTC)
 * I prefer keeping it at Revolver Ocelot.  ONR  (talk) 09:15, 13 January 2017 (UTC) (Revolver Ocelot)

 * While I agree with you, in a discussion you have to explain the reason of your proposal. For example, I want it as Revolver Ocelot since it's the easiest one to remember (remember Shalahas--- can't remember).Tintor2 (talk) 13:34, 13 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Right, I actually have to mention my reasoning. It's simple enough - the character is commonly known as Revolver Ocelot, not Shalawhatevershka.  ONR  (talk) 20:24, 15 January 2017 (UTC)

 * The character is "Revolver Ocelot" in the original Metal Gear Solid games (Metal Gear Solid (The Twin Snakes) and Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty) along with "Shalashaska". He's commonly referred to as "Ocelot" in the Metal Gear Solid prequels and Metal Gear Solid V; he's occasionally known as "Major Ocelot" in Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater and commonly identified as "Liquid Ocelot" in Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots. In the end, "Ocelot (Metal Gear)" is the simplest. 13:00 21 January 2017

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

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Does Shalashaska is gay?
Like, it very much is made clear that he *loves* Big Boss, not just as a friend but more than that. He goes out of his way to do *anything* for him, being a backstabbing double crosser but having that one man he will not betray. Alena 33 (talk) 04:40, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Revolver Ocelot


text:
Variable-pitch propeller (marine)

In marine propulsion, a variable-pitch propeller is a type of propeller with blades that can be rotated around their long axis to change the blade pitch. Reversible propellers—those where the pitch can be set to negative values—can also create reverse thrust for braking or going backwards without the need to change the direction of shaft revolution.

A controllable pitch propeller (CPP) can be efficient for the full range of rotational speeds and load conditions, since its pitch will be varied to absorb the maximum power that the engine is capable of producing. When fully loaded, a vessel will need more propulsion power than when empty. By varying the propeller blades to the optimal pitch, higher efficiency can be obtained, thus saving fuel. A vessel with a VPP can accelerate faster from a standstill and can decelerate much more effectively, making stopping quicker and safer. A CPP can also improve vessel maneuverability by directing a stronger flow of water onto the rudder.

However, a fixed pitch propeller (FPP) is both cheaper and more robust than a CPP. Also, an FPP is typically more efficient than a CPP for a single specific rotational speed and load condition. Accordingly, vessels that normally operate at a standard speed (such as large bulk carriers, tankers and container ships) will have an FPP optimized for that speed. At the other extreme, a canal narrowboat will have a FPP for two reasons: speed is limited to 4 mph (to protect the canal bank), and the propeller needs to be robust (when encountering underwater obstacles).

Vessels with medium or high speed diesel or gasoline engines use a reduction gear to reduce the engine output speed to an optimal propeller speed—although the large low speed diesels, whose cruising RPM is in the 80 to 120 range, are usually direct drive with direct-reversing engines. While an FPP-equipped vessel needs either a reversing gear or a reversible engine to reverse, a CPP vessel may not. On a large ship the CPP requires a hydraulic system to control the position of the blades. Compared to an FPP, a CPP is more efficient in reverse as the blades' leading edges remain as such in reverse also, so that the hydrodynamic cross-sectional shape is optimal for forward propulsion and satisfactory for reverse operations.

In the mid-1970s, Uljanik Shipyard in Yugoslavia produced four VLCCs with CPPs – a tanker and three ore/oil carriers – each powered by two 20,000 bhp B & W diesel engines directly driving Kamewa variable-pitch propellers. Due to the high construction cost none of these vessels ever returned a profit over their lifetimes. For these vessels, fixed variable-pitch propellers would have been more appropriate.

Controllable-pitch propellers are usually found on harbour or ocean-going tugs, dredgers, cruise ships, ferries, cargo vessels and larger fishing vessels. Prior to the development of CPPs, some vessels would alternate between "speed wheel" and "power wheel" propellers depending on the task. Current VPP designs can tolerate a maximum output of 44000 kW (60,000 hp).

Sail boats
A sailboat or motorsailer when voyaging on sail alone will benefit from reduced drag, and just like an aeronautical propeller, a marine VPP may be "feathered" to give the least water resistance when sailing without using power. A VPP is particularly useful when motorsailing (i.e. voyaging under both power and sail), as the VPP can be coarsened to incorporate the wind component. If the prop remained at the "normal" setting, it would be too fine and the engine would provide little useful contribution; but by coarsening the prop, the engine provides useful thrust, resulting in a higher speed yet reduced fuel consumption because of the sailing component resistance.

title: Variable-pitch propeller (marine)


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Boulder Adventure Film Festival

The Adventure Film Festival is an international film festival in Boulder, Colorado. Started in 2004 by local climber Jonny Copp who was killed in an avalanche in 2009 while on an expedition in China, the festival predominantly screens films on adventure, environmental activism, and the outdoors.

title: Boulder Adventure Film Festival