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Paul Tellier

Paul Mathias Tellier, (born 1939) is a Canadian businessman and former public servant and lawyer.

Biography
Born in Joliette, Quebec, Tellier earned his undergraduate degree from the University of Ottawa and his law degree from the University of Oxford. He entered Canada's civil service in the 1970s and rose through the ranks of the federal bureaucracy through several high-profile deputy minister portfolios, culminating as the nation's top civil servant from August 12, 1985 to June 30, 1992, when he was appointed Clerk of the Privy Council, in the Privy Council Office of Canada, during Brian Mulroney's ministry. Mulroney reduced Tellier's role as Clerk between 1986 and 1989, when he appointed Dalton Camp as his personal Deputy Minister.

In 1992, he left the civil service and was appointed by Mulroney as President and Chief Executive Officer of the Crown corporation Canadian National Railway (CN). Tellier was a driving force behind the successful privatization of the company in 1995 and was widely seen as being the principal instigator behind CN's purchase of Illinois Central, which saw the company expand its focus from an exclusively east-west orientation into a north-south one. As such it was one of the first companies to reap the benefits of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Following a failed bid to merge CN with BNSF Railway in 2000, Tellier oversaw the purchase and integration of Wisconsin Central. He also was responsible for hiring a management team that focused on making CN a "scheduled" freight railway, largely by promoting former Illinois Central president Hunter Harrison to a vice-president position at CN.

In January 2003, Tellier stepped down from CN, (Harrison assumed the presidency of the company) to take a three-year posting as the President and CEO of Bombardier. This was largely seen in the Canadian business community as an attempt by Bombardier to turn itself around following several lacklustre years of growth in the aerospace and passenger rail vehicle markets. Tellier oversaw Bombardier and sold its recreational vehicle production to the Beaudoin family, Bombardier's majority shareholders. Tellier also made several major cuts in the workforce and attempted to adjust and refocus the company on its core business activities. On December 13, 2004, it was announced that Tellier was leaving Bombardier, after he told the company that he did not want to stay for the full three years of his contract. Tellier also serves as an executive on the board of directors of Bell Canada and Rio Tinto Alcan.

In 1992, he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada. In 2004, the second St. Clair Tunnel was named in his honor.

Since November 2006, Paul Tellier has served as joint chairman on the Prime Minister's Advisory Committee on the Public Service of Canada. This committee gives advice to the Prime Minister and the Clerk of the Privy Council on the renewal of the Public Service, with the objective of shaping it into an institution geared to excellence, distinguished by highly engaged and highly skilled people performing critical tasks with professionalism and efficiency.

In October 2007, he was appointed by Prime Minister Harper to a panel responsible for reviewing Canada's military mission in the War in Afghanistan.

Paul Tellier is the son of Maurice Tellier, and the grandson of Sir Joseph-Mathias Tellier, who was the brother of Louis Tellier. He is also a third cousin of Luc-Normand Tellier.

title: Paul Tellier


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Isle of Demons

The Isle of Demons is a phantom island once associated with Quirpon Island, Newfoundland, in Canada. It was generally shown as two islands. It began appearing on maps in the beginning of the 16th century and disappeared in the mid-17th century. It could also simply be a translation from First Nations people who often avoided areas where a person had died, believing it was haunted by spirits. This results in many islands with the same reference.

It was believed that the island was populated by demons and wild beasts which would torment and attack any ships that passed or anyone that was foolish enough to wander onto the island. A French noblewoman, Marguerite de La Rocque, was marooned on an island in the mid-16th century, allegedly because of an affair with a young man on her ship. This island is a possible site of their abandonment, and residents and visitors have claimed to see the couple. Across the centuries, many historians, novelists, poets and singers have retold the story of Marguerite abandoned on the island. It is believed now that the island of the marooning is most likely Harrington Harbour, Quebec.

The Isle of Demons first appears in the 1508 map of Johannes Ruysch. It may simply be a relocated version of the older legendary island of Satanazes ("Devils" in Portuguese) that was normally depicted in 15th century maps in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean just north of Antillia. With the Atlantic better mapped with the trans-oceanic voyages of the 1490s, Ruysch may simply have transplanted old Satanazes to a more suitable location.

The Isle of Demons continues to appear as late as the 1556 map of "La Nueva Francia" by Giacomo Gastaldi – that is, after Jacques Cartier's expeditions (1534, 1535, 1541) had explored much of Newfoundland and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The "Isola de Demoni" is depicted by Gastaldi as a substantially large island roughly encompassing northern Newfoundland, with figurative depictions of flying demons.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Isle of Demons


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Dark-sky movement

The dark-sky movement is a campaign to reduce light pollution. The advantages of reducing light pollution include an increased number of stars visible at night, reducing the effects of electric lighting on the environment, improving the well-being, health and safety of people and wildlife, and cutting down on energy usage. Earth Hour and National Dark-Sky Week are two examples of such efforts.

The movement started with professional and amateur astronomers alarmed that nocturnal skyglow from urban areas was blotting out the sight of stars. For example, the world-famous Palomar Observatory in California is threatened by sky-glow from the nearby city of Escondido and local businesses. For similar reasons, astronomers in Arizona helped push the governor there to veto a bill in 2012 which would have lifted a ban on illuminated billboards.

Nocturnal animals can be harmed by light pollution because they are biologically evolved to be dependent on an environment with a certain number of hours of uninterrupted daytime and nighttime. The over-illumination of the night sky is affecting these organisms (especially birds). This biological study of darkness is called scotobiology. Light pollution has also been found to affect human circadian rhythms.

The dark-sky movement encourages the use of full-cutoff fixtures that cast little or no light upward in public areas and generally to encourage communities to adopt lighting regulations. A 2011 project is to establish "dark sky oasis" in suburban areas.

Dark-sky lighting
Dark-sky lighting is a concept important to the dark-sky movement, as it minimizes light pollution. The concept was started in the 1950s by the city of Flagstaff, Arizona. Flagstaff is a city of over 70,000 people, but because of its effectively controlled lighting, the skies are dark enough to see the Milky Way, and the light dome over the city viewed from some distance has been measured as less than 10% as bright as that over a similarly-sized city (Cheyenne, Wyoming) that has not sought to protect its night skies. Lights should be shielded on the top and sides so light doesn't go up to the sky and only used when needed (use motion detectors and only the wattage necessary). To minimize the visual brightness of skyglow and reduce glare and most other biological impacts, amber-colored lighting is critical (such as formerly high- and low-pressure sodium, or now amber LED - see Skyglow). The International Dark-Sky Association certifies fixtures as dark sky friendly, and these will have the IDA Fixture Seal of Approval.

Skyglow
Skyglow is the illumination of the night sky or parts of it, resembling an orange "smog". It occurs from both natural and human-made sources. Artificial skyglow is caused by the over-illumination of the sky from large city centres, shopping centres, or stadiums. It consists of light that is either emitted directly upward or reflected from the ground that is then scattered by dust and gas molecules in the atmosphere, producing a luminous background or light dome. These artificial skyglows cause the sky to be up to 100 times brighter in urban areas than a naturally dark sky that is unaffected by artificial light. Natural skyglow can come from natural light sources, such as the Sun, the Moon, the stars, or auroras.

Some communities are becoming aware of this problem and are putting forth efforts to minimize the hazy, orange skyglow. A community in particular is the city of Merritt, British Columbia. An article published July 8, 2010 states that they are making minor changes to lighting in and around Merritt, such as the installment of down-cast lighting to commercial buildings, as part of their light pollution abatement program. The benefits of this technological change include "saving energy through better focused lights, preserving the environment by reducing excess light that may affect flora and fauna, reducing crime and increasing safety by more adequately illuminating areas, and reducing health risks."

Scotobiology
Scotobiology is the study of the role darkness plays in living organisms and shows that interrupting darkness by light pollution creates drastic effects for most organisms; changing their food gathering and feeding habits, their mating and reproduction behavior, migration behaviour (birds and insects) and social behavior. Approximately 30% of vertebrates and 60% of invertebrates are nocturnal, meaning that they depend on darkness. Their everyday behaviors are biologically evolved to adapt in uninterrupted darkness.

Human health is also adversely affected by the effects of light pollution. Light during night time hours has been linked to human cancers and psychological disorders.

Dark-sky preserves
Dark-sky preserves are the main contributors to the dark-sky movement. They are protected areas found mostly in national parks that have a zero light pollution policy set in by the government and, in the US, controlled by the National Dark Sky Association.

As of February 6, 2012, there were 35 formally recognized dark-sky preserves in the world with Canada in the lead containing 15 preserves. These preserves are located in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia. Other countries that have dark-sky preserves are the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, United Kingdom, and the United States. A list of designated parks is maintained by the Dark Skies Advisory Group of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

The parks are put in place by the Dark Sky Places program with the intention to remind us that the night sky serves just as much importance to our culture and history as our day-time sky.

International Dark-Sky Association
The International Dark-Sky Association (IDA) began in 1988. A non-profit, it manages the Fixture Seal of Approval program, which offers a third-party rating system judging the "sky-friendliness" of lighting fixtures. Another prominent outreach effort is the IDA Dark Sky Places program, created after a proposal from the Flagstaff Dark Skies Coalition in 2001 and the recognition of Flagstaff as the First International Dark-Sky Community in October 2001. IDA now recognizes over 200 Dark Sky Places worldwide. In 2009, the IDA opened an office for public policy and government affairs in Washington, D.C. to inform lawmakers and lobbyists about the energy efficiency of outdoor lighting and to promote the adoption of energy-saving measures. The IDA advances dark sky awareness and protection through promotion of guidelines developed in collaboration with lighting industry partners (e.g. IESNA). The recently published (2020) Five Principles of Responsible Outdoor Lighting, are:

 * Useful: Use light only if it is needed
 * Targeted: Direct light so it falls only where it is needed
 * Low Level: Light should be no brighter than necessary
 * Control: Use light only when it is needed
 * Warm -colored: Use warmer color lights were possible

List of groups

 * ANPCEN (France)
 * Astronomitaly (Italy)
 * Campaign for Dark Skies (UK)
 * Canadian Geographic (Canada)
 * Canadian Scotobiology Group (Canada)
 * CieloBuio (Italy)
 * Flagstaff Dark Skies Coalition
 * International Dark-Sky Association
 * National Dark-Sky Week (United States)
 * Niue
 * Royal Astronomical Society of Canada (Canada)

title: Dark-sky movement


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William Henry Vanderbilt III

William Henry Vanderbilt III (November 24, 1901 – April 14, 1981) was an American politician who served as Governor of Rhode Island from 1939 to 1941, and a member of the wealthy and socially prominent Vanderbilt family.

Early life
Vanderbilt was born in New York City on November 24, 1901. He was the son of Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt and Ellen "Elsie" French. Vanderbilt's father was a great-grandson of Cornelius Vanderbilt, who founded the family fortune in railroads and shipping. William Vanderbilt's parents divorced in 1908, and through his father's second marriage he had two half-brothers, Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt Jr., and George Washington Vanderbilt III. In 1915, his father perished in the sinking of the RMS Lusitania. Contemporary newspaper articles reporting on the 1917 appraisal of his father's estate state that William received a Trust Fund of $4,612,086 ($109,789,986.59 in 2023 when adjusted for inflation ), a life interest in $400,000, as well as the Congressional Gold Medal presented by the 38th US Congress to William's great-great grandfather Cornelius 'the Commodore' Vanderbilt I after the US Civil War which had come to signify the Headship of the Vanderbilt Dynasty.

Education
Vanderbilt was educated at St. George's School in Middletown, Rhode Island (Class of 1919) and the Evans School in Mesa, Arizona. He attended Princeton University but dropped out during his first year. In 1940, Vanderbilt received an honorary LL.D. from Bates College.

First World War
Shortly before the United States declared war on Germany during the First World War, Vanderbilt dropped out of St. George's School upon his appointment as a midshipman in the U.S. Naval Coast Defense Reserve to rank from March 20, 1917. As he was only 15 at the time, he was one of the youngest Americans to have served in the war.

During his service in the Navy, Vanderbilt served on the torpedo test ship USS Vesuvius (1888) from April 17 to May 31, 1917, the Naval Torpedo Station in Newport from June 1, 1917 to March 7, 1918, aide for information Second Naval District from March 7 to July 15, 1918, in Norfolk, Virginia from July 23 to September 16, 1918, New London, Connecticut from September 19 to November 14, 1918 and as a plank owner of the newly commissioned destroyer USS Evans (DD-78) from November 11, 1918 to August 30, 1919. While serving on the Evans, Vanderbilt went on a cruise to Europe from June to August 1919. He was discharged from the Navy shortly after the end of the cruise, having not yet reached his 18th birthday.

Inheritance
When he turned 21, the then legal age of majority, in 1922, Vanderbilt inherited a $5 million trust fund plus the 450 acre (1.8 km2) Oakland Farm in Portsmouth, Rhode Island, one of his father's estates that included a number of thoroughbred horses. He made the farm his permanent home until the end of the Second World War.

The Short Line
In 1925, Vanderbilt started a coach bus company, called The Short Line, carrying passengers between Newport and Providence. Within a few years he expanded the business to serve points throughout New England and New York. The Short Line was purchased by George Sage in 1955 and, in 1970, was renamed Bonanza Bus Lines. Bonanza eventually merged with the Coach USA bus line in 1998 and was sold to Peter Pan Bus Lines in 2003. The Short Line's original terminal building in Newport still stands and is located near the intersection of Spring and Touro streets.

As a state senator and successful business leader, Vanderbilt was also a champion of the Mount Hope Bridge which connects Aquidneck Island with the mainland on the road north to Providence, Rhode Island from Newport. He was named the Chairman of the Mount Hope Bridge Commission and gave the opening address at the bridge's dedication on October 24, 1929. When it was completed, the Mount Hope Bridge was the longest suspension bridge in New England, and one of the longest in the country.

Political career
Vanderbilt was a member of the Republican Party. In 1928 he was a delegate to the Republican National Convention from Rhode Island and that year was elected to the Rhode Island State Senate. Vanderbilt served in the State Senate for six years (1929–1935) and then took time off to be with his ailing wife, Anne Gordon Colby. On her recovery, he re-entered political life and successfully ran for Governor of Rhode Island in 1938. He served one two-year term from January 1939 to January 1941. His refusal to dole out patronage to fellow Republicans, however, weakened his power base, and a scandal over wire-tapping by a private detective firm he had hired to investigate election fraud, cost him re-election in 1940.

Navy service during World War II
In May 1941 Vanderbilt, an officer in the Naval Reserve, was called to active duty in June 1941 with the rank of lieutenant commander and initially assigned to the Panama Canal Zone. He was promoted to commander on August 15, 1942. In 1942 Vanderbilt was assigned as executive officer of the Special Operations Branch of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) under General William J. Donovan. In May 1944 he was assigned to the staff of Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, commander in chief of the Pacific Fleet, in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. He was promoted to the rank of captain prior to the end of the war.

Later life
After his discharge from the Navy at the end of the war, Vanderbilt left Rhode Island and retired to a farm in South Williamstown, Massachusetts. Oakland Farm and its 150 acres in Portsmouth, Rhode Island was sold to Robert R. Young and divided into housing lots by the end of the 1940s.

Vanderbilt died of cancer on April 14, 1981, at the age of 79. He was buried in the Southlawn Cemetery in Williamstown, Massachusetts. He is one of the few descendants of William Henry Vanderbilt not to be buried in the family tomb on Staten Island.

Personal life
Vanderbilt married Emily O'Neill Davies (1903–1935), granddaughter of Daniel O'Neill, owner of the Pittsburgh Dispatch newspaper, and daughter of Frederick Martin Davies on November 1, 1923 at Grace Church, New York. Emily was the grandniece of Frederick Townsend Martin, a prominent writer of the 1920s. The couple gave birth to a daughter:

 * Emily "Paddy" Vanderbilt (b. 1925), who married Jeptha Wade, both graduates of MIT.

The couple's marriage was troubled and Emily sued for divorce in Paris in the summer of 1926, but reconciled. She again sued for divorce in Newport, Rhode Island which was granted in June 1928. She later married Sigourney Thayer (1896–1944), for less than a year, and then Raoul Whitfield (1896–1945), shortly before her death in 1935.

On December 27, 1929, Vanderbilt married for the second time to Anne Gordon Colby (1909–1974) of West Orange, New Jersey. Together, they had three children:

 * Anne Vanderbilt (d. 2014), who was married Samuel Adams Hartwell, Sr.
 * Elsie Vanderbilt, who married Andre Walter George Newburg (1928–2018) in 1954 and M. Bernard Aidinoff (1929–2016) in 1996.
 * William H. Vanderbilt IV (b. 1945)

This marriage also ended in divorce in 1969 after 40 years of marriage, and Vanderbilt promptly remarried the following year to Helen Cummings Cook (d. 1997), who was previously married to John R. Cook, founder of Warren Cable Co., who survived him in death.

Awards
For his service in the Navy, Vanderbilt was entitled to the following medals:
 * World War I Victory Medal
 * Naval Reserve Medal
 * American Defense Service Medal with "BASE" clasp
 * American Campaign Medal
 * Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal
 * World War II Victory Medal

title: William Henry Vanderbilt III


text:
Talk:John McAulay

Untitled
I'm his grandson Ray Harding and I'm looking for photo's of him if anyone has any please forward to ray.harding3@btopenworld.com

many thanks Ray

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title: Talk:John McAulay


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Gallerie dell'Accademia

The Gallerie dell'Accademia is a museum gallery of pre-19th-century art in Venice, northern Italy. It is housed in the Scuola della Carità on the south bank of the Grand Canal, within the sestiere of Dorsoduro. It was originally the gallery of the Accademia di Belle Arti di Venezia, the art academy of Venice, from which it became independent in 1879, and for which the Ponte dell'Accademia and the Accademia boat landing station for the vaporetto water bus are named. The two institutions remained in the same building until 2004, when the art school moved to the Ospedale degli Incurabili.

Early history
The Accademia di Belle Arti di Venezia was founded on 24 September 1750; the statute dates from 1756. The first director was Giovanni Battista Piazzetta; Gianbattista Tiepolo became the first president after his return from Würzburg.

It was one of the first institutions to study art restoration starting in 1777 with Pietro Edwards, and formalised by 1819 as a course.

In 1807 the academy was re-founded by Napoleonic decree. The name was changed from Veneta Academia di Pittura, Scultura e Architettura to Accademia Reale di Belle Arti, "royal academy of fine arts", and the academy was moved to the Palladian complex of the Scuola della Carità, where the Gallerie dell'Accademia are still housed. The collections of the Accademia were first opened to the public on 10 August 1817.

Later history
The Gallerie dell'Accademia became independent from the Accademia di Belle Arti di Venezia in 1879. Like other state museums in Italy, it falls under the Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali, the Italian Ministry of Culture and Heritage.

Building
The Napoleonic administration had disbanded many institutions in Venice including some churches, convents and Scuole. The Scuola della Carità, the Convento dei Canonici Lateranensi and the church of Santa Maria della Carità thus became the home of the Accademia. The Scuola della Carità was the oldest of the six Scuole Grandi and the building dates back to 1343, though the scuola was formed in 1260. The Convento dei Canonici Lateranensi was started in 1561 by Andrea Palladio, though it was never fully completed. The facade of Santa Maria della Carità was completed in 1441 by Bartolomeo Bon.

Collection

The Gallerie dell’Accademia contains masterpieces of Venetian painting up to the 19th century, generally arranged chronologically though some thematic displays are evident.

Artists represented include: Giovanni d'Alemagna, Jacopo and Leandro Bassano, Lazzaro Bastiani, Jacopo, Gentile and Giovanni Bellini, Bernardo Bellotto, Paris Bordone, Hieronymus Bosch, Canaletto, Antonio Canova, Vittore Carpaccio, Giulio Carpioni, Rosalba Carriera, Cima da Conegliano, Pietro da Cortona, Domenico Fetti, Jacobello del Fiore, Fra Galgario, Pietro Gaspari, Luca Giordano, Giovanni Antonio and Francesco Guardi, Giorgione, Francesco Hayez, Giulia Lama, Charles Le Brun, Johann Liss, Leonardo da Vinci, Pietro and Alessandro Longhi, Lorenzo Veneziano, Johann Carl Loth, Lorenzo Lotto, Francesco Maffei, Giovanni Mansueti, Andrea Mantegna, Rocco Marconi, Michele Marieschi, Hans Memling, Michele di Matteo da Bologna, Palma Vecchio and Giovane, Paolo Veneziano, Giovanni Battista Piazzetta, Piero della Francesca, Bonifacio de' Pitati, Giambattista Pittoni, Mattia Preti, Sebastiano and Marco Ricci, Benedetto Rusconi, Carlo Saraceni, Giovanni Battista and Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo, Jacopo and Domenico Tintoretto, Titian, Cosmè Tura, Paolo Veronese, Giorgio Vasari, Antonio, Bartolomeo and Alvise Vivarini, Giuseppe Zais, Francesco Zuccarelli.

The collection includes Leonardo da Vinci's drawing of the Vitruvian Man, which is displayed only rarely as the work, being on paper, is fragile and sensitive to light. In 2019, the Louvre in Paris requested the loan of the drawing for its exhibition of works by Leonardo. The request was refused by a cultural heritage group. A court tribunal in Venice, however, decided that the work would suffer no ill effects if shipped with great care and displayed under controlled conditions. The work was, therefore, part of the Louvre's exhibition from 24 October 2019 to 24 February 2020.

title: Gallerie dell'Accademia


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Tryvannstårnet

Tryvannstårnet (the Tryvann tower) is an 118-metre (387 feet) tall broadcasting tower near Oslo, located 529 metres (1,736 feet) above mean sea level on the summit of Tryvannshøyden hill overlooking lake Tryvann.

Tryvannstårnet was built in 1962 and has an observation deck at a height of 60 metres (197 feet), from which, weather conditions permitting, the view extends to the border with Sweden and Gaustatoppen mountain. The observation deck was closed in 2005 because of new fire safety regulations which would have required expensive modifications which coincided with rapidly declining visitor numbers. In the 1980s and 1990s annual visitor numbers averaged 100,000, but in the last year it was open to the public, only 25,000.

There is a large underground shelter beneath Tryvannstårnet.

The tower became redundant in 2018 when TV and radio broadcasting went digital, and the City of Oslo attempted to sell it, but without success. It was put on the market again in 2024, valued at somewhere between NOK 14 million and NOK 42 million.

title: Tryvannstårnet


text:
Execution Rocks Light

Execution Rocks Light is a lighthouse in the middle of Long Island Sound on the border between New Rochelle and Sands Point, New York. It stands 55 ft tall, with a white light flashing every 10 seconds. The granite tower is painted white with a brown band around the middle. It has an attached stone keeper's house which has not been inhabited since the light was automated in 1979.

History
This island on which this lighthouse sits is claimed to derive its name from colonial New York, when slaveowning settlers of Sands Point murdered enslaved people by chaining them to the rocks during low tide to let them drown; this tale is first recorded by Robert Caro in 1974. A 1964 account in The Journal of Long Island History claims that in fact, murderers were manacled with chains to staples driven into the rock at low tide. A more likely etymology is that the British Admiralty named them Executioner's Rocks because so many ships ran aground on the treacherous rocks. References to "the Execution Rocks" in the Long Island Sound pre-date the American Revolution, existing as far back as 1766.

On March 3, 1847, the United States Congress appropriated $25,000 for creation of Execution Rocks Lighthouse. Designed by Alexander Parris, construction was completed in 1849, although it was not lit until 1850. Over the years, it has survived both a fire and a shipwreck.

The island is under the authority of the United States Coast Guard and is off limits to the public. It can be seen, however, during the Long Island Lighthouse Society's Spring Cold Coast Cruise, and from the Throgs Neck Bridge.

A Daboll trumpet was added to Execution Rocks Light on Jan 25, 1869.

Before being executed for murder, serial killer Carl Panzram claimed in a posthumous autobiography that in the summer of 1920 that he raped and killed a total of ten sailors and dumped their bodies at sea near Execution Rocks Light.

On November 25, 1958, Execution Rocks Light was the location of a pivotal scene in the first-season episode "The Bird Guard" of the television series Naked City.

On May 29, 2007, the Department of the Interior identified Execution Rocks Light Station as surplus under the National Historic Lighthouse Preservation Act of 2000.

"Designed and built (1848–49) by Alexander Parris. Six story 72 ft. tower has frustum shape. Cut granite masonry keeper's dwelling (1867–68) in Gothic Revival style with 2.5 floors, approx. 1000 SF. Early example of 'wave swept tower' engineering. On protective rip-rap artificial island (approx. 0.3 acre) with small boat basin.

Listed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by American Society of Engineers. Property must be maintained according to the Secretary of Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation. Historic covenants will be incorporated into the Quitclaim Deed; however, no submerged land will be conveyed under the Quitclaim Deed.

The U.S. Coast Guard shall retain an easement for an Arc of Visibility and an unrestricted right of access in, to and across the Property to maintain, operate, service, repair and install equipment as necessary to support its aid to navigation mission. Additionally, the U.S. Coast Guard shall retain the unrestricted right to relocate or add any aids to navigation, or communications towers and equipment (along with necessary right of ingress/egress), or make any changes on any portion of the property as may be necessary for navigation/public safety purposes."

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2007 as Execution Rocks Light Station. On January 27, 2009, the Secretary of the Interior announced that Execution Rocks Light would be transferred to the Philadelphia-based Historically Significant Structures, which would partner with the Science Museum of Long Island to restore the light.

Chronology
A chronological history of the lighthouse from the Coast Guard:

 * 1847, March: Congress appropriated $25,000 for the light to be built.
 * 1849, May: Construction was completed.
 * 1850: The lighthouse was first lit.
 * 1856: A fourth order Fresnel lens was installed.
 * 1868: The keeper's quarters were added. The keeper no longer had to live in the cramped space inside the tower.
 * December 8, 1918: A fire with an unknown origin caused $13,500 in damage.  The engine house and machinery were destroyed, the tower and oil house were damaged and the windows, woodwork, gutters and eaves were also damaged.
 * December 5, 1979: The lighthouse was automated. A VEGA lantern replaced the Fresnel lens.
 * 2010: Historically Significant Structures Inc. is giving tower climb tours of the lighthouse in the summer.

title: Execution Rocks Light


text:
Category:Credit unions of Canada

This is a list of credit unions and caisse populaires in Canada.

title: Category:Credit unions of Canada


text:
Atmospheric diving suit

An atmospheric diving suit (ADS), or single atmosphere diving suit is a small one-person articulated submersible which resembles a suit of armour, with elaborate pressure joints to allow articulation while maintaining an internal pressure of one atmosphere. An ADS can enable diving at depths of up to 700 m for many hours by eliminating the majority of significant physiological dangers associated with deep diving. The occupant of an ADS does not need to decompress, and there is no need for special breathing gas mixtures, so there is little danger of decompression sickness or nitrogen narcosis when the ADS is functioning properly. An ADS can permit less skilled swimmers to complete deep dives, albeit at the expense of dexterity.

Atmospheric diving suits in current use include the Newtsuit, Exosuit, Hardsuit and the WASP, all of which are self-contained hard suits that incorporate propulsion units. The Hardsuit is constructed from cast aluminum (forged aluminum in a version constructed for the US Navy for submarine rescue); the upper hull is made from cast aluminum, while the bottom dome is machined aluminum. The WASP is of glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) body tube construction.

Definition and classification
An atmospheric diving suit is a small one-person submersible with articulated limbs encasing the diver. Water- and pressure-tight joints allow articulation while maintaining an internal pressure of one atmosphere. Mobility may be through thrusters for mid-water operation, though this is not a requirement, and articulated legs may be provided for walking on the substrate.

Thornton (2000) distinguishes an ADS from a submersible in that the ADS has human powered articulated limbs, as opposed to remotely operated articulated limbs. It is not clear whether this would exclude servo-assisted limbs encasing those of the operator, as a powered exoskeleton, but it might be reasonable to include them as atmospheric diving suits.

An atmospheric diving suit may be classified as a manned submersible and a self-propelled, manned, one-atmosphere underwater intervention device, but has also been classified as an atmospheric diving system.

Purpose and requirements
The underwater environment exerts major physiological stresses on the diver, which increase with depth, and appear to impose an absolute limit to diving depth at ambient pressure. An atmospheric diving suit is a small submersible with a pressure hull which accommodates a single occupant at an internal pressure of about one atmosphere. The provision of hollow arm spaces with pressure resistant joints to carry manually operated manipulators, and usually separate leg spaces, similarly articulated for locomotion, makes a suit resemble a bulky suit of plate armour, or an exoskeleton, with elaborate joint seals to allow articulation while maintaining internal pressure.

An atmospheric diving suit is equipment intended primarily to isolate the occupant from the ambient pressure of the underwater environment, and provide any necessary life-support while the suit is in use. While using the suit, the diver will expect to perform useful work, and get to and from the place where the work is to be done. These functions require sufficient mobility, dexterity and sensory input to do the job, and this will vary depending on the details of the work. Consequently, the work possible in an atmospheric suit is limited by the suit construction.

Mobility at the surface and on deck can be managed by launch and recovery systems, Mobility underwater generally requires neutral or moderately negative buoyancy, and either the ability to walk or swim, or the use of finely controllable thrusters. Both walking and thruster propulsion have been applied with some success. Swimming has not been effective.

The dexterity to perform useful work is limited by joint mobility and geometry, inertia, and friction, and has been one of the more difficult engineering challenges. Haptic perception through manipulators is a major limitation on finer control, as the friction of the joints and seals greatly reduces the sensitivity available.

Operator visual input is relatively easy to provide directly by using transparent viewports. A wide field of view can be achieved simply and structurally effectively by using a transparent partial dome over the diver's head. Close-up views of the manipulators are limited by joint flexibility and geometry of the suit's arms. External sound and temperature perception are greatly attenuated, and there is no sense of touch through the suit. Communications must be provided by technology, as there is normally no-one else in the immediate vicinity.

Design constraints
The main environmental factors affecting design are the ambient hydrostatic pressure of the maximum operating depth, and ergonomic considerations regarding the potential range of operators. The structure and mechanics of the suit must reliably withstand the external pressure, without collapsing or deforming sufficiently to cause seals to leak or joints to experience excessive friction, and the full range of movement must not change the internal or external displaced volume, as this would have consequences for the amount of force required to move the joints in addition to the friction of the joint seals. Insulation is relatively simple, and can be applied to the inside of the suit and in the form of clothing on the diver. Active heating and cooling are also possible using well established technology. Mass changes can be used to provide initial and emergency buoyancy conditions by way of fixed and ditchable ballast weights.

Ergonomic considerations include the size and strength of the user. The interior dimensions must fit or be modifiable to fit a reasonable range of operators, and operating forces on joints must be reasonably practicable. The field of vision is constrained by the helmet design or viewport positioning, though closed circuit video can extend it considerably in any direction. General underwater conditions of visibility and water movement must be manageable for the range of conditions in which the suit is expected to be used. Marine thrusters may be mounted on the suit to help with maneuvering and positioning, and sonar and other scanning technologies may help provide an augmented external view.

Hazards and failure modes
The primary structural failure modes of an ADS are buckling collapse in compression, leaks, and lockup of joints. Leaks and buckling in compression both cause a reduction in buoyancy. Joint leaks and locking of articulating joints may be reversible when pressure is reduced. Electrically ignited fire is also possible.

Systems failures may include loss of power, communications, or propulsion, or life-support systems failure, such as failure of scrubbing the carbon dioxide from the breathing air, or failure of internal temperature control. Recovery from most of these would be by aborting the dive and making an emergency ascent. Bailout to emergency breathing system and ditching of ballast to establish positive buoyancy may be necessary. If the ADS is tethered it can be lifted. The most dangerous consequence is catastrophic leakage, which is likely to be fatal.

There has been one fatal incident involving an ADS in the modern era. A WASP was dropped 25 m in August 1999 due to a structural failure in a recently tested launch and recovery system, and the diver was killed by the impact with the launch platform. This is in the context of tens of thousands of operational man-hours by WASPs without serious incidents.

Comparison with alternative technologies
Several advantages over ambient pressure diving are claimed, but dexterity is less. There are also advantages and disadvantages in comparison with ROVs:
 * No decompression is required. Decompression from saturation takes approximately 1 day per 30 msw plus 1 day, during which time the divers are unproductive. This is particularly expensive when the total dive time is relatively short.
 * Consecutive dives can be made to any depths within the operating range. Saturation divers are very limited in safe excursion range from storage depth.
 * Thrusters, when provided, can provide moderate mid-water and current capability.
 * Manipulatory capacity and dexterity are better than ROVs. Less special tooling is required for most work. Depth perception of the diver is better than remote viewing via a ROV cameras.
 * Deep applications are possible compared with ambient pressure diving. The industry accepted maximum depth for routine saturation diving is 300 msw. ADS operations can go deeper. However, ROVs and manned submersibles can go much deeper.

For some work the most effective method can be a combination of ADS and ROV, in other cases, ADS and ambient pressure diver.

Early designs
In 1715, British inventor John Lethbridge constructed a "diving engine". Essentially a wooden barrel about 6 ft in length with two holes for the diver's arms sealed with leather cuffs, and a 4 in viewport of thick glass. It was reportedly used to dive as deep as 60 ft, and was used to salvage substantial quantities of silver from the wreck of the East Indiaman Vansittart, which sank in 1719 off the Cape Verde islands. A similar design made of copper was used by Jacob Rowe on the same salvage contract.

The first armored suit with real joints, designed as leather pieces with rings in the shape of a spring (also known as accordion joints), was designed by Englishman W. H. Taylor in 1838. The diver's hands and feet were covered with leather. Taylor also devised a ballast tank attached to the suit that could be filled with water to attain negative buoyancy. While it was patented, the suit was never actually produced. It is considered that its weight and bulk would have rendered it nearly immobile underwater.

Lodner D. Phillips designed the first completely enclosed ADS in 1856. His design comprised a barrel-shaped upper torso with domed ends and included ball and socket joints in the articulated arms and legs. The arms had joints at shoulder and elbow, and the legs at knee and hip. The suit included a ballast tank, a viewing port, entrance through a manhole cover on top, a hand-cranked propeller, and rudimentary manipulators at the ends of the arms. Air was to be supplied from the surface via hose. There is no indication, however, that Phillips' suit was ever constructed.

The first properly anthropomorphic design of ADS, built by the Carmagnolle brothers of Marseilles, France in 1882, featured rolling convolute joints consisting of partial sections of concentric spheres formed to create a close fit and kept watertight with a waterproof cloth. The suit had 22 of these joints: four in each leg, six per arm, and two in the body of the suit. The helmet had 25 individual 2 in glass viewing ports spaced at the average distance of the human eyes. Weighing 830 lb, the Carmagnole ADS never worked properly and its joints never were entirely waterproof. It is now on display at the French National Navy Museum in Paris.

Another design was patented in 1894 by inventors John Buchanan and Alexander Gordon from Melbourne, Australia. The construction was based on a frame of spiral wires covered with waterproof material. The design was improved by Alexander Gordon by attaching the suit to the helmet and other parts and incorporating jointed radius rods in the limbs. This resulted in a flexible suit which could withstand high pressure. The suit was manufactured by British firm Siebe Gorman and trialed in Scotland in 1898.

American designer Macduffee constructed the first suit to use ball bearings to provide joint movement in 1914; it was tested in New York to a depth of 214 ft, but was not very successful. A year later, Harry L. Bowdoin of Bayonne, New Jersey, made an improved ADS with oil-filled rotary joints. The joints use a small duct to the interior of the joint to allow equalization of pressure. The suit was designed to have four joints in each arm and leg, and one joint in each thumb, for a total of eighteen. Four viewing ports and a chest-mounted lamp were intended to assist underwater vision. Unfortunately, there is no evidence that Bowdoin's suit was ever built, or that it would have worked if it had been.

Atmospheric diving suits built by German firm Neufeldt and Kuhnke were used during the salvage of gold and silver bullion from the wreck of the British ship SS Egypt, an 8,000 ton P&O liner that sank in May 1922. The suit was relegated to duties as an observation chamber at the wreck's depth of 170 m, and was successfully used to direct mechanical grabs which opened up the bullion storage. In 1917, Benjamin F. Leavitt of Traverse City, Michigan, dived on the SS Pewabic which sank to a depth of 182 ft in Lake Huron in 1865, salvaging 350 tons of copper ore. In 1923, he went on to salvage the wreck of the British schooner Cape Horn which lay in 220 ft of water off Pichidangui, Chile, salvaging $600,000 worth of copper. Leavitt's suit was of his own design and construction. The most innovative aspect of Leavitt's suit was the fact that it was completely self-contained and needed no umbilical, the breathing mixture being supplied from a tank mounted on the back of the suit. The breathing apparatus incorporated a scrubber and an oxygen regulator and could last for up to a full hour.

In 1924 the Reichsmarine tested the second generation of the Neufeldt and Kuhnke suit to 530 ft, but limb movement was very difficult and the joints were judged not to be fail-safe, in that if they were to fail, there was a possibility that the suit's integrity would be violated. However, these suits were used by the Germans as armored divers during World War II and were later taken by the Western Allies after the war.

From 1929 to 1931 two atmospheric pressure one-man submersible "suits" designed by Carl Wiley were used in the successful salvage of the steamship Islander which sank in the Stevens Passage near Juneau, Alaska on 15 August 1901, with a large amount of gold dust in the cargo. The suits operated at a maximum depth of 365 ft. They were each equipped with a mechanical arm with a grasping claw at the end operated from within the suit. The suits were capable of traversing a hard, reasonably smooth substrate on wheels, and were used to place the steel cables used to raise the wreck by tidal lift (with an 18 ft tide range) under a catamaran barge in stages, while it was towed to shallow water. The suits had electrical power, and the diver/pilot used an oxygen rebreather. These suits have also been described as diving bells and observation chambers, as they do not match the usual definition of an atmospheric diving suit, but they were more than just observation chambers, being capable of work, and were independently mobile, so do not match the usual definition of a diving bell either. They were an unusual type of tethered manned submersible.

In 1952, Alfred A. Mikalow constructed an ADS employing ball and socket joints, specifically for the purpose of locating and salvaging sunken treasure. The suit was reportedly capable of diving to depths of 1000 ft and was used successfully to dive on the sunken vessel SS City of Rio de Janeiro in 100 m of water near Fort Point, San Francisco. Mikalow's suit had various interchangeable instruments which could be mounted on the end of the arms in place of the usual manipulators. It carried seven 90-cubic foot high pressure cylinders to provide breathing gas and control buoyancy. The ballast compartment covered the gas cylinders. For communication, the suit used hydrophones.

Peress' Tritonia
Although various atmospheric suits had been developed during the Victorian era, none of these suits had been able to overcome the basic design problem of constructing a joint which would remain flexible and watertight at depth without seizing up under pressure.

Pioneering British diving engineer, Joseph Salim Peress, invented the first truly usable atmospheric diving suit, the Tritonia, in 1932 and was later involved in the construction of the famous JIM suit. Having a natural talent for engineering design, he challenged himself to construct an ADS that would keep divers dry and at atmospheric pressure, even at great depth. In 1918, Peress began working for WG Tarrant at Byfleet, United Kingdom, where he was given the space and tools to develop his ideas about constructing an ADS. His first attempt was an immensely complex prototype machined from solid stainless steel.

In 1923, Peress was asked to design a suit for salvage work on the wreck of SS Egypt which had sunk in the English Channel. He declined, on the grounds that his prototype suit was too heavy for a diver to handle easily, but was encouraged by the request to begin work on a new suit using lighter materials. By 1929 he believed he had solved the weight problem, by using cast magnesium instead of steel, and had also managed to improve the design of the suit's joints by using a trapped cushion of oil to keep the surfaces moving smoothly. The oil was virtually non-compressible and readily displaceable, which would allow the limb joints to move freely even under great pressure. Peress claimed the Tritonia suit could function at 200 fathom, where the pressure was 520 psi, although this was never proven.

In 1930, Peress revealed the Tritonia suit. By May it had completed trials and was publicly demonstrated in a tank at Byfleet. In September Peress' assistant Jim Jarret dived in the suit to a depth of 123 m in Loch Ness. The suit performed perfectly, the joints proving resistant to pressure and moving freely even at depth. The suit was offered to the Royal Navy which turned it down, stating that Navy divers never needed to descend below 90 m. In October 1935 Jarret made a successful deep dive to more than 90 m on the wreck of the RMS Lusitania off south Ireland, followed by a shallower dive to 60 m in the English Channel in 1937 after which, due to lack of interest, the Tritonia suit was retired.

The development in atmospheric pressure suits stagnated in the 1940s through 1960s, as efforts were concentrated on solving the problems of deep diving by dealing with the physiological problems of ambient pressure diving instead of avoiding them by isolating the diver from the pressure. Although the advances in ambient pressure diving (in particular, with scuba gear) were significant, the limitations brought renewed interest to the development of the ADS in the late 1960s.

The JIM suit
The Tritonia suit spent about 30 years in an engineering company's warehouse in Glasgow, where it was discovered, with Peress' help, by two partners in the British firm Underwater Marine Equipment, Mike Humphrey and Mike Borrow, in the mid-1960s. UMEL would later classify Peress' suit as the "A.D.S Type I", a designation system that would be continued by the company for later models. In 1969, Peress was asked to become a consultant to the new company created to develop the JIM suit, named in honour of the diver Jim Jarret.

The first JIM suit was completed in November 1971 and underwent trials aboard HMS Reclaim in early 1972. In 1976, the JIM suit set a record for the longest working dive below 490 ft, lasting five hours and 59 minutes at a depth of 905 ft. The first JIM suits were constructed from cast magnesium for its high strength-to-weight ratio and weighed approximately 1,100 lb in air including the diver. They were 6 ft in height and had a maximum operating depth of 1,500 ft. The suit had a positive buoyancy of 15 to 50 lbf. Ballast was attached to the suit's front and could be jettisoned from within, allowing the operator to ascend to the surface at approximately 100 ft/min. The suit also incorporated a communication link and a jettisonable umbilical connection. The original JIM suit had eight annular oil-supported universal joints, one in each shoulder and lower arm, and one at each hip and knee. The JIM operator received air through an oral/nasal mask that attached to a lung-powered scrubber that had a life support duration of approximately 72 hours. Operations in arctic conditions with water temperatures of −1.7 C for over 5 hours were successfully carried out using woolen thermal protection and neoprene boots. In 30 C water the suit was reported to be uncomfortably hot during heavy work.

As technology improved and operational knowledge grew, Oceaneering upgraded their fleet of JIMs. The magnesium construction was replaced with glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) and the single joints with segmented ones, each allowing seven degrees of motion, and when added together giving the operator a very great range of motion. In addition, the four-port domed top of the suit was replaced by a transparent acrylic dome as used on WASP, this allowed the operator a much-improved field of vision. Trials were also carried out by the Ministry of Defence on a flying Jim suit powered from the surface through an umbilical cable. This resulted in a hybrid suit with the ability of working on the sea bed as well as mid water.

In addition to upgrades to the JIM design, other variations of the original suit were constructed. The first, named the SAM Suit (designated A.D.S III), was a completely aluminium model. A smaller and lighter suit, it was more anthropomorphic than the original JIMs and was depth-rated to 1,000 ft. Attempts were made to limit corrosion by the use of a chromic anodizing coating applied to the arm and leg joints, which gave them an unusual green color. The SAM suit stood at 6 ft in height, and had a life support duration of 20 hours. Only three SAM suits would be produced by UMEL before the design was shelved. The second, named the JAM suit (designated A.D.S IV), was constructed of glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) and was depth-rated for around 2,000 ft.

WASP
The WASP atmospheric diving system is part way between a one person submersible and an atmospheric diving suit, in that there are articulated arms which contain and are moved by the operator's arms, but the operator's legs are contained in a rigid housing. Mobility is provided by two vertical and two horizontal foot-switch controlled electrical marine thrusters. Operating depth was quoted as 2300 ft

WASP is 84 in high, 42 in wide, and 34 in front to back. Ballasted weight in air approximately 2200 lb, for neutral buoyancy in water, but buoyancy can be increased by up to 35 lb during operation, and ballast can be jettisoned in an emergency. WASP is transported on a support frame.

Current suits
In 1987, the "Newtsuit" was developed by the Canadian engineer Phil Nuytten, and a version was put into production as the "Hardsuit" by Hardsuits International. The Newtsuit is constructed to function like a 'submarine you can wear', allowing the diver to work at normal atmospheric pressure even at depths of over 1000 ft. Made of wrought aluminium, it had fully articulated joints so the diver can move more easily underwater. The life support system provides 6–8 hours of air, with an emergency back-up supply of an additional 48 hours. The Hardsuit was used to salvage the bell from the wreck of the SS Edmund Fitzgerald in 1995. The latest version of the Hardsuit designed by Oceanworks, the "Quantum 2", uses higher power commercially available ROV thrusters for better reliability and more power as well as an atmospheric monitoring system to monitor the environmental conditions in the cabin.

A more recent design by Nuytten is the Exosuit, a relatively lightweight and low powered suit intended for marine research. It was first used in 2014 at the Bluewater and Antikythera underwater research expeditions.

The ADS 2000 was developed jointly with OceanWorks International and the US Navy in 1997, as an evolution of the Hardsuit to meet US Navy requirements. The ADS2000 provides increased depth capability for the US Navy's Submarine Rescue Program. Manufactured from forged T6061 aluminum alloy it uses an advanced articulating joint design based on the Hardsuit joints. Capable of operating in up to 2000 ft of seawater for a normal mission of up to six hours it has a self-contained, automatic life support system. Additionally, the integrated dual thruster system allows the pilot to navigate easily underwater. It became fully operational and certified by the US Navy off southern California on August 1, 2006, when Chief Navy Diver Daniel Jackson submerged to 2000 ft.

From the project's beginning until 2011, the US navy spent $113 million on the ADS.

title: Atmospheric diving suit


text:
Talk:Robert Pires

Previous clubs
st anne de reims(as a child) he then moved to stade de reims and then finally moved to metz, marseille and arsenal.

i know a couple of robert pires sites if any1 might want to go on.

www.ifrance.com/carobby http://pavelicious.boo.pl/fls/robert/

—The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

SPAIN?????????? Where did he's spanish career info go..who the hell removed it...pliz bring it back someone..hello????...is there anyone who can respond to this coz that SPAIN CAREER INFO was one of the ways we kept informed about our Pires....pliz bring it back...I only see his french,english and international career info....so the moderators pliz respond and bring that section back...!!!!!!!!! 210.7.1.72 08:07, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

SOME INFO ON ROBBY PIRES
robert was not from portugeese background...his father is portugeese (Antonio) and his mother is spanish (Mabel)...he only has one little brother who's french called Tony! he has no other brothers and sisters...

he got married to Nathalie Pires...in 14th april 1998..they had no children...they divorced after 5yrs marriage. to view the wedding pictures vist www.rexfeatures.com and search under Nathalie Pires.

roberts favourite subjects at school was History, Geography, but most of all he enjoyed Sports.

robert also has his own autobiography out in which he talks about his sporting lifestyle.

—The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

BORN IN REIMS...
robert wasn't born in Metz... he was born in Reims...

—The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

Spelling of his last name
Could someone explain here why there is an accent over the E in Pires? I can find no official record of this accent. It's his portuguese father's name, and there is no accent in that portuguese name...

—The preceding unsigned comment was added by Hedymiguel (talk • contribs).

Stats and infobox
much as i loved pires, he's no longer in arsenal so i'm not keeping tabs on his entry anymore. someone please update his stats (total dom app/goals are missing) and correct the information box, since the app/goals are for domestic league only... then again, i wonder who invented the 'domestic' only criteria... Chensiyuan 09:59, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Soccerbase and FDB agree on the domestic league stats, so I'll adjust them to that. Hopefully one of the sites will provide accurate figures for his career in Spain, for periodic updates.  Slumgum   T.   C. ''  21:13, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Would like to add that Jessica Pires is not Australian, she is French. Her maiden name is Lemarie. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

fa community shield Pires has won two fa community shields with arsenal..in 2002 and 2004...please add this info as well —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

 * The article is now up to date with Pires' recent appearances for Villareal. Slow Graffiti 03:49, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

Personal Life
"Personal life

Pires likes parkour and would commute to Arsenal's training ground this way. He was very close to team mate Thierry Henry and misses him terribly."

Perhaps this section needs to be removed? Or at least seriously edited. I think we can all see the problems with this part of the article. 86.3.202.61 20:17, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, it should definitely be removed. The first part isn't quite coherent.  I don't know much about the relationship between Henry and Pires.  They are surely friends - they were apart of the France squad '98-'04, arrived at Arsenal around the same time and remained together for six seasons.  Always got along on the pitch.  But very close?  Misses him terribly?  It's no secret that Pires wasn't happy about leaving Arsenal and wouldn't mind returning to finish his career, but I've not heard anything about him missing Henry.  I've not purchased his autobiography yet - I will, and will report back if there's anything of note concerning such relationships. Slow Graffiti 02:46, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

where is pires' "personal life" section..please can somebody update hez "personal life" section coz i've seen that other players have it but not pires..update about he's marriage,he's daughter,parents,brother,hez 1st divorce,controversy with french coach etc etc.. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

Honours
First of all,is anybody listening to the suggestions we put here coz all the suggestions i've seen,hardly half of it is in the Pires page...ANYWAY IF THE EDITORS ARE READING THIS,I HAVE A GENUINE "HONOURS" SECTION INFO WHICH U CAN UPDATE: PIRES HAS WON 2 FA COMMUNITY SHIELDS WITH ARSENAL..IN 2002 AND IN 2004..PLEASE UPDATE THIS IN YOUR HONOURS SECTION 210.7.2.229 12:40, 24 April 2007 (UTC)piresgooner

 * Welcome to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit. Sʟυмgυм • т • c  12:44, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

Nicknames
who removed pires' nicknames from the list.."Bobby".."Le Bob"..etc —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

 * Hi, welcome to Wikipedia. If you sign your comments and place it at the bottom, someone is more likely to answer. The nickname feature of the infobox was removed as per consensus at Template talk:Infobox football biography. No footballer has a nickname in their infobox now. regards, SeveroTC 10:20, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

Complaint in Wigan match day program
How could he have complained in the Wigan match day programme? That match was before the UCL final. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

 * No, actually it was almost a year later. He was interviewed for the program for the February *2007* match v. Wigan, as the article states. The Champions League Final was in May of the previous year.  - Slow Graffiti 23:57, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

Spainish career section?????...where is it???
Pires is now playing for villareal which is in spain,of course....so why isn't there any section of his spainish career...there's only his french,english and international career section...can please someone put it up there..there still are bobby's fans out there so we wanna know how he's doin in spain...are there any moderators who can look upon this please...thank you....Mr.Pires will be very happy indeed...--Robert7000 08:56, 26 September 2007 (UTC)
 * It's been a while since your statement, but you may be interested to know people just like you (and I, fans of Pires or football in general) are the ones that update these articles. If information is missing here, you're encouraged to look elsewhere for it and come back to update Pires' entry!  Slow Graffiti (talk) 07:45, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

Spanish update 2007/2008
Can someone update his spain stat for 2007/2008 for his copa del rey and europe.He has scored 1 goal and also has assisted 1 in the match against UD Las Palmas in a 4-2 win.Actually I have a video of that match so i'd know.He has made 4 appearance in copa del rey with 1 goal.Also he has made 2 appearance in UEFA Cup with 0 goals.

So in Copa del rey: 4-appearances 1-goal....In Europe: 2 appearances 0-goal

I wud have edited it myself but I dont know how to.So please can someone do it.thank you.Robert7000 (talk) 04:47, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

Edit request from 92.30.15.102, 17 November 2010
edit semi-protected

Robert Pires currently plays for Aston Villa

92.30.15.102 (talk) 20:28, 17 November 2010 (UTC)
 * No he doesn't, as of this moment he is still in "negotiations" with the club over a contract. He is not a Villa player until a contract is signed. Woody (talk) 20:41, 17 November 2010 (UTC)

Cheat?
No mention in this article of the infamous 'cheating' incident versus Portsmouth? Please don't say it's not notable - just search 'Pires cheat'.78.147.19.42 (talk) 23:21, 7 March 2016 (UTC)

Don't be ridiculous, mate. Pires really doesn't have a rep for diving. Blown way out of proportion by the English press. I can name at least 10 players worthy of a 'cheat' section if Pires deserves one. Blckbrr7 (talk) 09:09, 8 March 2016 (UTC)

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Requested move 28 September 2018

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Moved as proposed. bd2412 T 22:34, 13 October 2018 (UTC)

Robert Pirès → Robert Pires – It appears to me as though Pirès is not the correct spelling of the subject's surname. For example, this entry in the Journal officiel de la République française spells the surname as Pires, while including diacritics for other names, such as for Lionel Charbonnier and Bernard Diomède. The subject himself spells his surname as Pires on his Twitter and Facebook accounts. And there's WP:COMMONNAME: A quick search of Robert Pires on Google News shows no instances of the surname spelt with the diacritic. Mattythewhite (talk) 01:23, 28 September 2018 (UTC) --Relisting. Dreamy Jazz 🎷 talk to me | my contributions 10:01, 5 October 2018 (UTC)

 * Oppose. If we take French spelling as canonical, the situation there is relatively clear:
 * L'Equipe: Pirès (look down the page, uppercase E is normally rendered without diacritics)
 * Le Parisien: Pirès
 * French Football Federation: Pirès
 * RTL.fr: Pirès
 * La voix du nord: Pirès
 * Europe1: Pirès
 * France Football: Pirès
 * Granted, there are also sites that use the accentless form, such as:
 * L'Union
 * Le Parisien (2)
 * Football 365
 * but those are in minority, and on balance, I think that the evidence indicates that Pirès is the correct form. No such user (talk) 09:37, 1 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Changed to Support having read Roman Spinner's explanation about Portuguese origin of the surname and self-identification, an in line with my own previous reasoning at similar Talk:Kevin_Mayer No such user (talk) 16:30, 6 October 2018 (UTC)
 * I've checked the site of the French Football Federation, which, if you search by typing "site:fff.fr "robert pires"" on your browser, does *not* exclusively refer to the subject as Pirès, as is implied above. I've not checked any of the other sites, but I wouldn't be surprised if they're also inconsistent in their spelling. Mattythewhite (talk) 14:21, 5 October 2018 (UTC)

 * Oppose It may be good shorthand to write Pires (which is what he may have done for social media for the Anglospheric supporters), but the majority of sources use the diacritic. This just seems to be a one off source that asserts it or it could just be a simple typo.  The C of E God Save the Queen!  ( talk ) 11:31, 5 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Could you show some evidence of what you claim to be the "majority of sources"? Because you must be looking at very different sources to me! Mattythewhite (talk) 14:16, 5 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Support. While he is a French citizen, born in France, Robert Pires carries the surname of his Portuguese father. As indicated in the lead sentence of Wikipedia's entry for Pires, There are 30 individuals who are subjects of Wikipedia articles, along with six other uses of "Pires" listed at that page and the only one with the forced accent mark is the footballer in question. His own preference in the public display of his surname should be respected and the linguistically misplaced accent mark removed.    Roman Spinner (talk • contribs) 14:05, 5 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Support Rreagan007 (talk) 20:15, 7 October 2018 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

2002 FA Cup
Hey, just wondering why the article says Pires only won 2 FA Cups, and the honours list doesn't mention the 2002 FA Cup. He was injured for the final, yes, but still received a winners' medal, as he had been part of the squad for the majority of the campaign. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sleakridge (talk • contribs) 13:44, 5 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Source for that?  The C of E God Save the Queen!  ( talk ) 15:37, 5 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Robert Pires


text:
Ed Gallagher (actor)

Edward Francis Gallagher (1873 – March 28, 1929) was a vaudeville actor and half of the comedy act Gallagher and Shean. Their story was told in an animated movie Mr. Gallagher and Mr. Shean (1931) by Max Fleischer and Dave Fleischer, who also created Koko the Clown and Betty Boop. Gallagher and Shean also reportedly made an early sound film at the Theodore Case studio in Auburn, New York, in 1925.

Biography
Gallagher was born in 1873 in San Francisco, California.

For fifteen years, Gallagher partnered with Joe Barrett in a comedy act that was best known for military burlesques, particularly "The Battle of Too Soon." Gallagher subsequently teamed with Al Shean to create the act Gallagher and Shean. While the act was successful, the men apparently did not like each other much.

Gallagher first performed with Shean in 1912 in the operetta The Rose Maid, which ran for 176 performances at the Globe Theatre in New York. The duo broke up in 1914, not performing again until 1920 and then stayed together until 1925. They had a featured part in the 1922 Ziegfeld Follies, earning a salary of US$1500 a week (approximately $0 today).

His fourth wife was actress Anne Luther.

He had a nervous breakdown in 1925 and in 1927 was institutionalized at the River Crest Sanitarium in Astoria, New York, where he died on March 28, 1929. He was buried in Kensico Cemetery.

Legacy
Helen Gallagher, his third wife, a former Ziegfeld girl, and Jack Solomon launched what would become Gallagher's Steak House in November 1927. She married Solomon after Gallagher's death.

title: Ed Gallagher (actor)


text: Category:Credit unions of the United States


text: Category:Credit unions of Australia

title: Category:Credit unions of Australia


text:
Talk:Bryan, Ohio

Untitled
Is Bryan the greatest City in OHIO? I think it has to be one of the top 251.

Answer: I don't know. I've never knew about it. What is there to do in Bryan?

External links modified
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Church charged
Shame on your county Carrie Schlage. Guaranteed you won’t be reelected. What an unconscionable, moronic thing to do. These are your people like it or not. Under emergency situation. God have mercy on your soul cause I don’t. 2603:9000:C902:D213:D0A4:A050:B4A4:774D (talk) 16:41, 20 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bryan, Ohio


text:
Jane Bernigau

Gerda "Jane" Bernigau (5 October 1908 – 23 March 1992) was an SS Oberaufseherin in Nazi concentration camps before and during World War II.

Camp work
Bernigau was born on 5 October 1908, in Sagan, Germany (now Żagań, Poland). In 1938, she joined the camp staff at the Lichtenburg early camp in eastern Germany. There, because of her willingness to get her job done, she was eventually promoted to chief wardress (Oberaufseherin) over the vast system of Gross-Rosen women's satellite camps. In May 1939, Bernigau was sent to Ravensbrück concentration camp as a guard.

In September 1942 (or 1943), Bernigau was sent as a wardress to the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp satellite camp at Sankt Lambrecht. Bernigau was posted to the Gross-Rosen concentration camp in 1944 as chief wardress and dealt with the initial training of female guard candidates until they were dispersed out to Langenbielau/Reichenbach for completion of their course.

She was awarded the ''Kriegsverdienstkreuz II. Klasse ohne Schwerter'' medal in 1944 for her devotion to the Third Reich and her camp services, and she had tremendous power over her subordinate female guards as well as the women prisoners in the sub-camps. In her 2008 book, A Narrow Bridge to Life, Bella Gutterman wrote: "The commander of Gross-Rosen inspected the camps frequently and went on field trips to choose appropriate locations for new camps. SS Chief Supervisor Jane Bernigau did a stint in Gross-Rosen and sometimes accompanied the commander on visits that had been chosen for new camps. She also joined him in visits to camps and factories where the employment of prisoners had to be regularized."

Evasion of justice
In February 1945 Bernigau accompanied male SS leaders from Gross-Rosen to Reichenau, from where she fled during May 1945, and was never prosecuted for war crimes.

After the war she lived in West Germany. According to the German historian Isabell Sprenger, Bernigau was several times interrogated by the authorities, for the last time in 1976. She died in Husum in March 1992 at the age of 83.

title: Jane Bernigau


text:
Talk:Origin

Origins of Faith
I am interested in learning about the Origins of Faith.

Disambiguation
This article needs to become a disambiguation to send off all meanings to their own articles. If there is no objection I will start doing that soon. Wikiacc 21:26, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I see, there is a disambiguation at the bottom. I will be working on the following things:
 * Get rid of horizontal rules, it says "use sparingly" and this is not sparingly.
 * Explanations such as the one about mathematics will be sent to their own articles.
 * Get it looking more like a disambiguation! Shorter would help too.

Wikiacc 21:29, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

SoltyRei
I updated the "Origin (anime)" entry to be more accurate. Argel1200 (talk) 23:08, 18 June 2008 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Origin (Brown novel) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 09:17, 19 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Origin


text:
Gana la Verde

Gana la Verde was a controversial game show which first aired in 2004 that promised the contestants (would-be immigrants to the US) legal help with getting a green card. There was a mild controversy when the advertising suggested that a green card would be the automatic prize for the victor. The events on the show, often testing a character's stomach or willpower, were similar to Fear Factor, another controversial game show that aired at the same time.

The program played on third-party Spanish-language channels in Los Angeles, San Diego, Houston, and Dallas. The program was created by Lenard Liberman, executive vice president of Liberman Broadcasting. The show was produced and directed by Spanish-language producer Adrian Vallarino (El Show de Don Cheto) and hosted by Mexican action sports personality George X. The show wrapped production after its third season at the beginning of 2005 but re-runs were still being aired once a week as of September 2007.

title: Gana la Verde


text:
File:GeorgeWVanderbiltII.jpg

George Washington Vanderbilt II (1862–1914). Since this photograph was taken before 1923, it can be considered public domain in the US.

title: File:GeorgeWVanderbiltII.jpg


text:
George Washington Vanderbilt II

George Washington Vanderbilt II (November 14, 1862 – March 6, 1914) was an American art collector and member of the prominent Vanderbilt family, which amassed a huge fortune through steamboats, railroads, and various business enterprises. He commissioned the construction of a 250-room mansion, the largest privately owned home in the United States, which he named Biltmore Estate.

Biography

George W. Vanderbilt II was the youngest child of William Henry Vanderbilt and Maria Louisa Kissam. Though there is no evidence to suggest that he referred to himself using a numerical suffix, various sources have called him both George Washington Vanderbilt II and III. Biltmore recognizes him as George W. Vanderbilt III, because he had two uncles by that name, the first of whom died at the age of four.

As the youngest of William's children, George was said to be his father's favorite and his constant companion. Relatives described him as slender, dark-haired, and pale-complexioned. Shy and introverted, his interests ran to philosophy, books, and the collection of paintings in his father's large art gallery. He acquired a private library of more than twenty thousand volumes. In addition to frequent visits to Paris, France, where several Vanderbilts kept homes, George Vanderbilt traveled extensively and became fluent in several languages.

His father owned elegant mansions in New York City and Newport, and an 800 acre country estate on Long Island. When William died in 1885 of a stroke, he left a fortune of approximately $200 million, the bulk of which was split between his two elder sons, Cornelius Vanderbilt II and William K. Vanderbilt. George W. Vanderbilt had inherited $2 million from his grandfather and received another million dollars on his 21st birthday from his father. Upon his father's death, he inherited $5 million more, as well as the income from a $5 million trust fund.

He ran the family farm at New Dorp and Woodland Beach, now the neighborhood of Midland Beach, on Staten Island, New York, where he was born, then lived with his mother in Manhattan until his own townhouse at 9 West 53rd Street was completed in 1887. The Vanderbilt family business was operated by his elder brothers. This left him time for intellectual pursuits. In 1891, he joined the New York Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. The next year Vanderbilt gifted his private gallery on 58th Street in Manhattan to the American Fine Arts Society. During the early 1900s, the Vanderbilts developed a pair of residences at 645 and 647 Fifth Avenue. George was the first owner of number 647.

Biltmore
Living in one or another of his family residences well into adulthood, Vanderbilt decided to construct his own country mansion and estate in 1888. For this purpose, he acquired 125,000 acres of woodland in North Carolina, employing the architect Richard Morris Hunt to design a limestone house modeled on the Chateau de Blois and other chateaux of the Loire Valley. With up to four acres of floor space, this is believed to be the largest domestic dwelling ever constructed in the United States.

At Biltmore, Vanderbilt led the life of a country gentleman. Having a great interest in horticulture and agriscience, he oversaw experiments in scientific farming, animal bloodline breeding, and silviculture (forestry). His goal was to run Biltmore as a self-sustaining estate. In 1892, Frederick Law Olmsted suggested that Vanderbilt hire Gifford Pinchot to manage the forests on the estate. According to Pinchot, who went on to be the first Chief of the United States Forest Service, Biltmore was the first professionally managed forest in the U.S. It was also the site of the Biltmore School of Forestry, the first such school in North America, established in 1898 by Dr. Carl A. Schenck.

Vanderbilt was known for his generosity toward his employees at Biltmore. Every year, he held a Christmas celebration for their children, complete with decorated tree and presents for each child, even those who could not make it to the party. He also paid all the expenses of the Cathedral of All Souls, an Episcopal cathedral he'd built and was a parishioner of, located directly across from the Biltmore Estate's main gate in Biltmore Village (the model village he had built for those who had worked to build the Estate or were employed on the Estate), so that the church's weekly collection could go directly to charity and outreach.

Family
On June 1, 1898, Vanderbilt married Edith Stuyvesant Dresser (January 17, 1873 – December 21, 1958) at the American Cathedral in Paris, France. George and Edith had one daughter together, Cornelia Stuyvesant Vanderbilt (August 22, 1900 - February 7, 1976).

In 1912, George and Edith booked passage on the doomed Titanic, but they changed their plans at the last minute via telephone, instead sailing on her sister ship, Olympic. Olympic left port before Titanic, and the Vanderbilts arrived in New York before the sinking. Accounts vary, but it has been suggested that a family member (reportedly his wife's well-travelled sister) warned the pair from travelling on Titanic, saying, "so many things can go wrong on a maiden voyage". It's possible the warning was acknowledged and heeded. In any case, Edith, in a letter to her friend Emily Ford Skeel (sister of Paul Leicester Ford), explained: "For no reason whatsoever we decided to sail on the Olympic and had only 18 hours to get ready in. We were homesick, and simply felt we must get home, and changed our ship, as I say, at the Eleventh hour!" Unfortunately, however, a servant to the Vanderbilts, Frederick Wheeler, perished aboard Titanic in second class, as, due to the close timing of their switch, the Vanderbilts were forced to leave most of their luggage aboard Titanic, and so Wheeler retained his ticket to travel with it.

Death
Vanderbilt died of complications following an appendectomy in Washington, D.C., on March 6, 1914. He was interred in the Vanderbilt family mausoleum at the Moravian Cemetery in New Dorp in Staten Island, New York.

Legacy
After his death, Vanderbilt's widow sold approximately 86000 acre of the Biltmore property to the United States Forest Service at $5 an acre, fulfilling her husband's wishes to create the core of Pisgah National Forest. She sold additional land as finances demanded; today, about 8000 acre remain. Edith Dresser Vanderbilt later married Peter Goelet Gerry (1879–1957), a United States Senator from Rhode Island.

The Vanderbilts' only child, Cornelia Stuyvesant Vanderbilt, married a British aristocrat, the Hon. John Francis Amherst Cecil (a descendant of William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley) in 1924. Their sons, George and William, eventually inherited the property. George Cecil, the elder of the two sons, chose to inherit the majority of the estate's land and the Biltmore Farms Company, which was more profitable than the house at the time. The younger son, William Cecil, was thus left with Biltmore House, and he is credited with preserving the chateau which (though still privately owned) is open to the public.

title: George Washington Vanderbilt II


text:
Category:Art collectors

 * This category contains art collectors, individuals who are known for their private collections of art.

title: Category:Art collectors


text: File:Ashanti - Concrete Rose.jpg

title: File:Ashanti - Concrete Rose.jpg


text:
Otocinclus

Otocinclus is a genus of catfish in the family Loricariidae native to South America, commonly known as "dwarf suckers" or "otos". This genus, like other loricariids, is characterized by rows of armour plating covering the body, as well as the underslung suckermouth. They are generally small in size; O. tapirape is the smallest of the species (2.4 cm), while O. flexilis is the biggest (5.5 cm). These species have adaptations that allow them to breathe air. A duct forms at the junction between the esophagus and the stomach and expands into an enlarged, ring-like diverticulum, characteristic of this genus, which allows air-breathing. Otocinclus are popular aquarium fish, and they are often purchased as algae eaters. It is difficult to breed them in captivity, and only wild caught Otocinclus are available to hobbyists. This genus is widely distributed east of the Andes of South America, throughout the lowlands from northern Venezuela to northern Argentina, but are generally absent from the Amazon and the Orinoco lowlands.

Etymology
The Otocinclus name is derived from the Greek oto, meaning ear and the Latin cinclus, meaning a latticework, an allusion to the holes in the head in the region of the ear.

Taxonomy
Otocinclus is the most basal genus of the tribe Hypoptopomatini of the subfamily Hypoptopomatinae. However, phylogenetic relationships are currently under study and this genus may eventually be relocated. Its monophyly is supported by seven derived features. O. batmani, O. bororo, O cocama, O. huaorani, O. mariae and O. mura form a monophyletic group within this genus. A monophyletic group is also formed by O. flexilis, O. mimulus and O. xakriaba, which all share mimicry as a synapomorphy.

Species
There are currently 19 recognized species in this genus:

 * Otocinclus arnoldi Regan, 1909
 * Otocinclus batmani Lehmann A., 2006
 * Otocinclus bororo Schaefer, 1997
 * Otocinclus caxarari Schaefer, 1997
 * Otocinclus cocama R. E. dos Reis, 2004
 * Otocinclus flexilis Cope, 1894
 * Otocinclus hasemani Steindachner, 1915
 * Otocinclus hoppei A. Miranda-Ribeiro, 1939
 * Otocinclus huaorani Schaefer, 1997
 * Otocinclus juruenae A. C. Ribeiro & Lehmann A., 2016
 * Otocinclus macrospilus C. H. Eigenmann & W. R. Allen, 1942
 * Otocinclus mangaba Lehmann A., Mayer & R. E. dos Reis, 2010
 * Otocinclus mariae Fowler, 1940
 * Otocinclus mimulus Axenrot & S. O. Kullander, 2003
 * Otocinclus mura Schaefer, 1997
 * Otocinclus tapirape M. R. Britto & C. L. R. Moreira, 2002
 * Otocinclus vestitus Cope, 1872
 * Otocinclus vittatus Regan, 1904
 * Otocinclus xakriaba Schaefer, 1997

Macrotocinclus affinus was considered to be a member of Otocinclus until it was moved to its own monotypic genus, Macrotocinclus. The name Otocinclus affinus is still used in the aquarium trade, however it actually refers to members of O. vittatus, O. vestitus and O. macrospilus. and O. huaorani.

Ecology
Species of this genus are diurnal and generally are found in small streams or along the margins of larger rivers, clinging to substrates using their suckermouth. The fish of this genus primarily feed on algae or aufwuchs on roots, stones, macrophytes and broad-leaved grasses. They inhabit well-oxygenated, moderate- to slow-flowing environments, often near river banks. They are found near the surface of the water, but are often associated with vegetation or other structures. They lay adhesive eggs and do not guard them; this is in contrast to many other loricariids where the male builds a nest and guards the eggs. These fish live in shoals or schools. Otocinclus are able to breathe air. Prior to surfacing, they will release air through their gills and mouth. Upon returning to the bottom, the fish do not need to pump their buccal cavities, indicating they are absorbing oxygen from the swallowed air.

O. flexilis, O. mimulus and O. xakriaba are considered to be Batesian mimics of certain Corydoras species (C. diphyes, C. garbei, C. nattereri and C. paleatus, respectively). These Corydoras species have bony plates of armor and strong spines as defenses, making them less palatable; by mimicking these species in size and coloration, Otocinclus spp. avoid predation.

title: Otocinclus