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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lászlo Kovács

Lászlo Kovács was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was

Lászlo Kovács
This article is simply spam/advertising for a website. Really this should be a speedy, but articles like this don't come under speedy delete's remit (though they are proposed). Rje 16:19, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete: proposer. Wikiepedia is not a website database. Rje 16:19, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Now article has been stubifyed I change my vote to keep, my argument is not with the notability of Laszlo Kavacs. I apologise for wasting time, however when an anonymous user creates an article which consists solely of a link to an outside website I feel somewhat justified in my initial response.Rje 20:49, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: The guy in the link seems to be the 'other' László Kovács. Kappa 17:22, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup. Yes, there do seem to be two of them, both notable, and there should be links between the two articles, assuming that the current article names are reasonable. And you're right, Rje, being an external link only is currently listed as a proposed grounds for speedy, see Candidates for speedy deletion#2. The fascinating thing is, it was previously considered as valid grounds for a speedy, at least by the sysops who criticised me for saving a link-only page (which I was then expanding into a proper stub) when I was a newbie. Food for thought? Andrewa 17:43, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Now stubified. I must question whether it's really constructive to list harmless and potentially useful articles like this on VfD mere minutes after their creation, especially when they are the work of a newbie who can't possibly know all the rules yet. As for speedying them, I think my views are obvious. Andrewa 18:11, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The spelling should be László Kovács for both people. Rename page to "László Kovács (cinematographer)" and disambiguate. UPi 18:00, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Good suggestion on naming IMO. Perhaps keep the variant spelling as a redirect to the disambig? No change of vote. Andrewa 18:11, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, notable, could use expansion. Wyss 18:52, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and allow for organic growth. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 19:00, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep: I think the cinematographer is more famous, but I'm more cineaste than wonk. (As for the validity of an external link only page being speedy deleted, I'm all for it.  A coherent and valuable new user can establish what's going on, but, given the amount of outright spam and page rank boosting that goes on, I think we should trust admin judgment there, as we already do with other things, to tell the good from the bad.)  Geogre 05:00, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Agree that the cinematographer is probably the more notable. Easily fixed. Disagree about coherent and valuable new user, my guess is that we lost one here. Check the times on the article history. If the original contributor tried to expand it, they probably received an edit conflict owing to the addition of the VfD notice. All in all an appallingly inhospitable welcome. No change of vote. Andrewa 18:11, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Absolutely keep the article on the filmmaker. He's famous enough to namechecked on Dawson's Creek, for pete's sake.  PedanticallySpeaking 18:12, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Tōyō kanji

The tōyō kanji (当用漢字) are those kanji listed on the Tōyō kanji hyō (当用漢字表), which was released by the Japanese Ministry of Education (文部省) on 16 November 1946, following a reform of kanji characters of Chinese origin in the Japanese language. The intention of the tōyō list was to declare which kanji could used in official government documents.

The 1,850-character list was not meant to be exhaustive, as many characters that were in common use at the time, and are today, were not included. It was meant as a baseline for satisfactory functional literacy in Japanese at a secondary education level, as all of the listed characters were to be taught nationwide in compulsory education.

They were replaced in 1981 by the jōyō kanji, which initially included 1,945 characters, but was expanded to 2,136 characters in 2010 following several revisions.

Reform
Thousands of kanji characters were in use in various writing systems, leading to great difficulties for those learning written Japanese. Additionally, several characters had identical meanings but were written differently from each other, further increasing complexity.

After World War II, the Ministry of Education decided to minimize the number of kanji by choosing the most commonly used kanji, along with simplified kanji (see Shinjitai) commonly appearing in contemporary literature, to form the tōyō kanji. This was an integral part of the postwar reform of Japanese national writing.

This was meant as a preparation for re-introducing their previous unsuccessful reform abolishing Chinese characters. Although the postwar timing meant no public debate was held on the future of the Japanese written language, the defenders of the original kanji system considered and accepted the tōyō kanji as a reasonable compromise. Since this compromise could not then be withdrawn in favour of more radical reform, discussion of kanji abolition ended. Thirty-five years passed before further reforms were brought to the Japanese written form.

The table of the pronunciations of the kanji was published in 1948 and the exposition of altered character forms (Shinjitai) in 1949.

In 1981, the Ministry of Education decided to replace the tōyō kanji with a more flexible system, leading to the publication of the jōyō kanji. This rendered the tōyō kanji obsolete.

Applications and limitations
In addition to a list of the standardized tōyō kanji, the reform published by the Ministry for Education in 1946 also contains a set of guidelines for their use.

Regarding provenance and scope, the foreword of the document states that:
 * The table of tōyō kanji put forth therein, are the selection of kanji recommended for use by the general public, including legal and governmental documents, newspapers, and magazines.
 * The presented kanji are selected as an approximate set of those characters found to be of no insignificant utility in the lives of today's Japanese citizens.
 * Concerning proper nouns, there is a wide range of usage beyond what may be formulated as rules, and consequently they are treated as outside the scope of this standard.
 * The simplified character forms from modern custom are taken as the proper form, and their original forms are provided alongside them for reference.
 * A systemization of the character forms and their readings is still under consideration (this referring to the later 1948 and 1949 publications that addressed these points in detail).

Regarding guidelines for use, it continues:
 * If the kanji set forth in this standard do not suffice for the writing of a word, then either a different word should be substituted, or else the word shall be written in kana.
 * Write pronouns, adverbs, conjunctions, interjections, auxiliary verbs, and particles using kana as much as possible (normally hiragana is used for these).
 * Foreign placenames and people's names are to be written in kana, except that traditional usage examples such as 米国 (beikoku, America) or 英国 (eikoku, England) are permitted.
 * Words of foreign origin are to be written in kana (katakana is customarily used, but exceptions occur).
 * Names of plants and animals should be written in kana (katakana is frequently but not ubiquitously used for these).
 * Ateji (words like 玉子 (tamago, egg) and 多分 (tabun, probably) that use the characters for their sounds, ignoring meaning) are to be written in kana. (This rule is not widely followed in practice.)
 * As a general rule, furigana should not be used.
 * Concerning technical and specialized terminology, it is hoped that the list of characters prescribed by the list of tōyō kanji will serve as a template for further standardization (acknowledging that the tōyō list may be insufficient for these applications, but should be used to guide more complete de facto standards).

(In the above, parenthetical remarks are used for exposition and do not reflect text that is present in the document.)

Mazegaki
Because the majority of character-based words are composed of two (or more) kanji, many words were left with one character included in the tōyō kanji, and the other character missing. In this case, the recommendation was to write the included part in kanji and the excluded part in kana, e.g. ふ頭 for 埠頭 and 危ぐ for 危惧. These words were called mazegaki (交ぜ書き).

List of the 1,850 tōyō kanji
一 丁 七 丈 三 上 下 不 且 世 丘 丙 中 丸 丹 主 久 乏 乘 乙 九 乳 乾 乱 了 事 二 互 五 井 亞 亡 交 享 京 人 仁 今 介 仕 他 付 代 令 以 仰 仲 件 任 企 伏 伐 休 伯 伴 伸 伺 似 但 位 低 住 佐 何 佛 作 佳 使 來 例 侍 供 依 侮 侯 侵 便 係 促 俊 俗 保 信 修 俳 俵 併 倉 個 倍 倒 候 借 倣 値 倫 仮 偉 偏 停 健 側 偶 傍 傑 備 催 傳 債 傷 傾 働 像 僚 僞 僧 價 儀 億 儉 儒 償 優 元 兄 充 兆 先 光 克 免 兒 入 内 全 両 八 公 六 共 兵 具 典 兼 册 再 冒 冗 冠 冬 冷 准 凍 凝 凡 凶 出 刀 刃 分 切 刈 刊 刑 列 初 判 別 利 到 制 刷 券 刺 刻 則 削 前 剖 剛 剩 副 割 創 劇 剤 劍 力 功 加 劣 助 努 効 劾 勅 勇 勉 動 勘 務 勝 労 募 勢 勤 勳 励 勧 勺 匁 包 化 北 匠 匹 匿 区 十 千 升 午 半 卑 卒 卓 協 南 博 占 印 危 却 卵 卷 卸 卽 厘 厚 原 去 参 又 及 友 反 叔 取 受 口 古 句 叫 召 可 史 右 司 各 合 吉 同 名 后 吏 吐 向 君 吟 否 含 呈 呉 吸 吹 告 周 味 呼 命 和 咲 哀 品 員 哲 唆 唐 唯 唱 商 問 啓 善 喚 喜 喪 喫 單 嗣 嘆 器 噴 嚇 嚴 嘱 囚 四 回 因 困 固 圈 國 囲 園 円 図 團 土 在 地 坂 均 坊 坑 坪 垂 型 埋 城 域 執 培 基 堂 堅 堤 堪 報 場 塊 塑 塔 塗 境 墓 墜 增 墨 堕 墳 墾 壁 壇 圧 壘 壞 士 壯 壱 壽 夏 夕 外 多 夜 夢 大 天 太 夫 央 失 奇 奉 奏 契 奔 奧 奪 獎 奮 女 奴 好 如 妃 妊 妙 妥 妨 妹 妻 姉 始 姓 委 姫 姻 姿 威 娘 娯 娠 婆 婚 婦 婿 媒 嫁 嫡 孃 子 孔 字 存 孝 季 孤 孫 学 宅 宇 守 安 完 宗 官 宙 定 宜 客 宣 室 宮 宰 害 宴 家 容 宿 寂 寄 密 富 寒 察 寡 寢 実 寧 審 写 寬 寮 宝 寸 寺 封 射 將 專 尉 尊 尋 対 導 小 少 就 尺 尼 尾 尿 局 居 届 屈 屋 展 層 履 属 山 岐 岩 岸 峠 峰 島 峽 崇 崩 岳 川 州 巡 巢 工 左 巧 巨 差 己 市 布 帆 希 帝 帥 師 席 帳 帶 常 帽 幅 幕 幤 干 平 年 幸 幹 幻 幼 幽 幾 床 序 底 店 府 度 座 庫 庭 庶 康 庸 廉 廊 廃 廣 廳 延 廷 建 弊 式 弓 弔 引 弟 弦 弧 弱 張 強 彈 形 彩 彫 彰 影 役 彼 往 征 待 律 後 徐 径 徒 得 從 御 復 循 微 徵 德 徹 心 必 忌 忍 志 忘 忙 忠 快 念 怒 怖 思 怠 急 性 怪 恆 恐 恥 恨 恩 恭 息 悦 悔 悟 患 悲 悼 情 惑 惜 惠 惡 惰 悩 想 愁 愉 意 愚 愛 感 愼 慈 態 慌 慕 惨 慢 慣 慨 慮 慰 慶 憂 憎 憤 憩 憲 憶 憾 懇 應 懲 懷 懸 恋 成 我 戒 戰 戲 戸 房 所 扇 手 才 打 扱 扶 批 承 技 抄 抑 投 抗 折 抱 抵 押 抽 拂 拍 拒 拓 拔 拘 拙 招 拜 括 拷 拾 持 指 振 捕 捨 掃 授 掌 排 掘 掛 採 探 接 控 推 措 描 提 揚 換 握 揭 揮 援 損 搖 捜 搬 携 搾 摘 摩 撤 撮 撲 擁 択 擊 操 担 拠 擦 挙 擬 拡 攝 支 收 改 攻 放 政 故 敘 教 敏 救 敗 敢 散 敬 敵 敷 数 整 文 斗 料 斜 斤 斥 新 断 方 施 旅 旋 族 旗 既 日 旨 早 旬 昇 明 易 昔 星 映 春 昨 昭 是 時 晚 晝 普 景 晴 晶 暇 暑 暖 暗 暫 暮 暴 曆 曇 曉 曜 曲 更 書 替 最 会 月 有 服 朕 朗 望 朝 期 木 未 末 本 札 朱 机 朽 材 村 束 杯 東 松 板 析 林 枚 果 枝 枯 架 柄 某 染 柔 査 柱 柳 校 株 核 根 格 栽 桃 案 桑 梅 條 械 棄 棋 棒 森 棺 植 業 極 栄 構 槪 樂 楼 標 枢 模 樣 樹 橋 機 橫 檢 櫻 欄 権 次 欲 欺 款 歌 欧 歓 止 正 步 武 歳 歷 帰 死 殉 殊 殖 残 段 殺 殿 殴 母 每 毒 比 毛 氏 民 氣 水 氷 永 求 汗 汚 江 池 決 汽 沈 沒 沖 河 沸 油 治 沼 沿 況 泉 泊 泌 法 波 泣 注 泰 泳 洋 洗 津 活 派 流 浦 浪 浮 浴 海 浸 消 涉 液 涼 淑 淚 淡 淨 深 混 清 浅 添 減 渡 測 港 渴 湖 湯 源 準 溫 溶 滅 滋 滑 滯 滴 満 漁 漂 漆 漏 演 漢 漫 漸 潔 潜 潤 潮 澁 澄 沢 激 濁 濃 濕 済 濫 浜 滝 瀨 湾 火 灰 災 炊 炎 炭 烈 無 焦 然 煮 煙 照 煩 熟 熱 燃 燈 燒 営 燥 爆 炉 爭 爲 爵 父 片 版 牛 牧 物 牲 特 犠 犬 犯 狀 狂 狩 狹 猛 猶 獄 独 獲 猟 獸 献 玄 率 玉 王 珍 珠 班 現 球 理 琴 環 璽 甘 生 産 用 田 由 甲 申 男 町 界 畑 畔 留 畜 畝 略 番 画 異 当 疊 疎 疑 疫 疲 疾 病 症 痘 痛 痢 痴 療 癖 登 発 白 百 的 皆 皇 皮 盆 益 盛 盜 盟 盡 監 盤 目 盲 直 相 盾 省 看 眞 眠 眼 睡 督 瞬 矛 矢 知 短 石 砂 砲 破 研 硝 硫 硬 碁 碎 碑 確 磁 礁 礎 示 社 祈 祉 祕 祖 祝 神 祥 票 祭 禁 禍 福 禪 礼 秀 私 秋 科 秒 租 秩 移 税 程 稚 種 称 稻 稿 穀 積 穗 穏 穫 穴 究 空 突 窒 窓 窮 窯 窃 立 並 章 童 端 競 竹 笑 笛 符 第 筆 等 筋 筒 答 策 箇 算 管 箱 節 範 築 篤 簡 簿 籍 米 粉 粒 粗 粘 粧 粹 精 糖 糧 系 糾 紀 約 紅 紋 納 純 紙 級 紛 素 紡 索 紫 累 細 紳 紹 紺 終 組 結 絶 絞 絡 給 統 糸 絹 経 綠 維 綱 網 綿 緊 緖 線 締 緣 編 緩 緯 練 縛 縣 縫 縮 縱 総 績 繁 織 繕 絵 繭 繰 継 続 纎 欠 罪 置 罰 署 罷 羊 美 着 群 義 羽 翁 翌 習 翼 老 考 者 耐 耕 耗 耳 聖 聞 声 職 聽 粛 肉 肖 肝 肥 肩 肪 肯 育 肺 胃 背 胎 胞 胴 胸 能 脂 脅 脈 脚 脱 脹 腐 腕 脳 腰 腸 腹 膚 膜 膨 胆 臟 臣 臨 自 臭 至 致 台 與 興 旧 舌 舍 舖 舞 舟 航 般 舶 船 艇 艦 良 色 芋 芝 花 芳 芽 苗 若 苦 英 茂 茶 草 荒 荷 莊 茎 菊 菌 菓 菜 華 万 落 葉 著 葬 蒸 蓄 薄 薦 薪 薰 藏 藝 藥 藩 虐 処 虛 虜 虞 号 蚊 融 虫 蚕 蛮 血 衆 行 術 街 衝 衞 衡 衣 表 衰 衷 袋 被 裁 裂 裏 裕 補 裝 裸 製 複 襲 西 要 覆 見 規 視 親 覚 覽 観 角 解 触 言 訂 計 討 訓 託 記 訟 訪 設 許 訴 診 詐 詔 評 詞 詠 試 詩 詰 話 該 詳 誇 誌 認 誓 誕 誘 語 誠 誤 説 課 調 談 請 論 諭 諮 諸 諾 謀 謁 謄 謙 講 謝 謠 謹 証 識 譜 警 訳 議 護 誉 読 変 讓 谷 豆 豊 豚 象 豪 予 貝 貞 負 財 貢 貧 貨 販 貫 責 貯 弐 貴 買 貸 費 貿 賀 賃 賄 資 賊 賓 賜 賞 賠 賢 賣 賦 質 賴 購 贈 賛 赤 赦 走 赴 起 超 越 趣 足 距 跡 路 跳 踊 踏 践 躍 身 車 軌 軍 軒 軟 軸 較 載 軽 輝 輩 輪 輸 轄 轉 辛 弁 辞 辱 農 込 迅 迎 近 返 迫 迭 述 迷 追 退 送 逃 逆 透 逐 途 通 速 造 連 逮 週 進 逸 遂 遇 遊 運 遍 過 道 達 違 逓 遠 遣 適 遭 遅 遵 遷 選 遺 避 還 辺 邦 邪 邸 郊 郞 郡 部 郭 郵 都 鄕 配 酒 酢 酬 酪 酵 酷 酸 醉 醜 医 釀 釈 里 重 野 量 金 針 鈍 鈴 鉛 銀 銃 銅 銑 銘 鋭 鋼 錄 錘 錠 銭 錯 鍊 鍛 鎖 鎭 鏡 鐘 鉄 鑄 鑑 鉱 長 門 閉 開 閑 間 閣 閥 閲 関 防 阻 附 降 限 陛 院 陣 除 陪 陰 陳 陵 陶 陷 陸 陽 隆 隊 階 隔 際 障 隣 随 險 隠 隷 隻 雄 雅 集 雇 雌 双 雜 離 難 雨 雪 雲 零 雷 電 需 震 霜 霧 露 霊 青 靜 非 面 革 音 韻 響 頂 項 順 預 頒 領 頭 題 額 顏 願 類 顧 顯 風 飛 飜 食 飢 飮 飯 飼 飽 飾 養 餓 余 館 首 香 馬 駐 騎 騰 騷 駆 驗 驚 駅 骨 髄 体 高 髮 鬪 鬼 魂 魅 魔 魚 鮮 鯨 鳥 鳴 鷄 塩 麗 麦 麻 黃 黑 默 点 党 鼓 鼻 斎 歯 齢

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tōyō kanji


text:
Talk:Tōyō kanji

First header
Hello all -- pardon my French, literally, I'm just using autotranlation from the French wikipedia article on this and then cleaning up the language. Any help is appreciated. --Arcadian 16:18, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for all your work in translating this page, Arcadian and others afterward. I hope you don't mind that I marked it for cleanup. I would love to learn more about this topic but I think there are still some points in the article that are obscured by language issues. Hopefully someone more expert in the topic than I am can help us out. --63.65.27.18 18:21, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Second
Hi, was just passing through and I thought I'd have a go at article cleanup, and I've rewritten and reorganised most of it. However, I wasn't too sure about the 'Applications and limitations' [capitalise 'limitations' too?] section, especially the sense of the parts of the text in brackets - I wasn't sure if it was meant to be the wording of the Japanese book, or a commentary by the author of the wikipedia text. Another heading also mentions the 1850 toyo kanji - does this make sense if it was introduced in 1946? If anyone can follow the French version (see link in the left margin of the page) and have a look, it'd be good. Cheers then, --Gt 02:23, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I'm not an expert on your other issues, but I can help on your last question -- the 1850 refers to the number of kanji, not the year of introduction. --Arcadian 05:15, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Is it possible to make this page like the kyōiku kanji page? I think it would be more helpful if there was a table with the meaning of each symbol with the symbol's pronounciation beside it. I would do this but I don't speak a word of Japanese. 132.203.54.53 15:41, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

Third
Is "general use" a commonly accepted translation of 当用? 当, tô seems to mean correct or appropriate, and as such "appropriate use" would seem a more literal translation. JMdict/EDICT (ftp://ftp.monash.edu.au/pub/nihongo/edict_doc.html) lists the translation "daily use" or "daily-use kanji" for 当用漢字, which I think makes more sense in the context. I feel I know too little about the subject matter to go and change it right away though. Any opinions on the matter? 130.89.228.82 23:48, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

Fourth
This article needs a complete rewrite. The facts are practically all wrong. Tôyô 当用 originally meant tôza no shiyô 当座の使用, i.e. «temporary use». The Japanese never intended to give up the orthodox characters. The Tôyô-kanji-hyô was announced in 1946 because the Americans forced the Japanese to either abolish or simplify and limit the number of the characters. This was NOT something that the Japanese, at the time, felt the need for. Let’s write this clear: it was an imposition. Read the introduction of Jôyô-jikai 字解 for instance, or the introduction of Jitô 字統 (works written by Shirakawa Shizuka 白川静, maybe the first authority on Chinese characters). The current meaning of tô 当, which is said to stand for tôi 当為, «what has to be», was a later re-interpretation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.19.44.83 (talk) 14:53, 4 June 2011 (UTC)

(Necrocomment, but anyway.) The claims above would need to be carefully cited if they were to be included. Some of it sounds overstated to me - I don't think it's literally true that Tôyô as it exists was forced on Japan, and its specifics certainly were dictated by Japanese concerns. I don't remotely doubt that pressures from General MacArthur and his administration played a role, but I also see plenty of reason to think that reformations of the written language had been discussed for some decades prior to MacArthur's administration—apparently even, in some radical corners, the idea that the language should be written exclusively in rômaji. I've seen sources ranging everywhere from the claim that MacArthur forced things, to that it was wholly driven by Japanese administrations that wished to take the opportunity now afforded them. Since this is Wikipedia, I'd imagine we'd want to take all credible sources of information and teach the controversy, rather than take one point of view or the other as gospel. Particularly since I think it's doubtful we'll find genuinely authoritative information on the subject. ...these radical interpretations of both 当座の使用 and a "later reinterpretation" of 当為の使用 both sound like fabrications to me. 当用 was already a word (whose meaning is approximately 当時の使用) outside of its use in 当用漢字; assigning fantastic alternative meanings for it is silliness, particularly any idea of "temporary use", which no Japanese reader would expect from viewing the word (even if it had originated with that term). — Micahcowan (talk) 21:33, 21 May 2020 (UTC)

Objection to Romanization led to Toyo Kanji
http://web.archive.org/web/20130109061422/http://home.vicnet.net.au/~ozideas/wjapref.htm

http://www.tofugu.com/2011/09/19/the-kana-they-are-a-changin/

Rajmaan (talk) 08:56, 17 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Neither of those links actually say that. The first one comes closest, saying "After 1940 patriotism put a stop to serious proposals that had been made to use the roman alphabet as the major script, but a new 'official' list of only 2000 Chinese characters included some simplifications" but doesn't actually say that the creation of the standardized list was a reaction to romanization. The second link doesn't talk about kanji at all: it's about modern kana usage. — Gwalla | Talk 16:46, 17 April 2014 (UTC)

Applications and Limitations needed total rewrite
I've rewritten this section, to bring it in line with what's actually in the 1946 ministry statement. About half of what was stated in this section (claiming to be taken from the document's foreword) was made up. For starters, the preface to the Tôyô statement never at any point dictates katakana versus hiragana for any of the non-kanji recommendations - it simply uses the word "kana" throughout. Which kana system is used was by normal convention and was not specifically indicated by this document. The phrase "places of another country are changed to match the pronunciation of the original language" is wholly fabricated and does not match either actual place names in the language (cf. mekishiko for Mexico, and supên for Spain, as opposed to itaria for Italy and doitsu for Germany), nor anything stated in the Tôyô preface (or elsewhere). The phrase "If a kanji can only be used to cover part of a word, e.g. 小さい (chiisai, 小=chii, さい=sai) then the uncovered part can only be written using hiragana" is likewise found nowhere in the document. The statement about technical terms is a different one from what is actually said: at no point does it say to use other kanji in preference over kana; it says that it is hoped that this Tôyô standard will be used as the basis/template for organizing technical terms (i.e., where Tôyô falls short of meeting the needs of technical language, it is hoped that similar de facto conventions will take hold). Some statements that are in the preface have been left out entirely: that ateji (like 玉子 for tamago) should be avoided, and that where a word whose kanji are not covered by Tôyô is used, it should either be written in kana or else a different word should be preferred. — Micahcowan (talk) 22:42, 22 May 2020 (UTC)

1900 kanji in official recommendation of 1977
The heart of the book ‘Langenscheidts Lehrbuch und Lexikon der japanischen Schrift’ of 1980 by Wolfgang Hadamitzky is a list of 1900 kanji, which were officially recommended on January 21, 1977 by the Council for Japanese Language. It might make sense to list this recommendation in this article, too. ◅ Sebastian Helm 🗨 07:49, 10 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tōyō kanji


text:
De La Salle–College of Saint Benilde

The De La Salle–College of Saint Benilde (Dalubhasaan ng De La Salle San Benildo; Collège De La Salle de Sainte Benilde), also known as DLS-CSB or Benilde, is a private, Catholic secondary and tertiary education institution established by the De La Salle Brothers, located in the Malate district of Manila, Philippines. It operates four campuses, all of which are located within the vicinity of Malate, Manila. The college is a member institution of De La Salle Philippines (DLSP), a network of 16 Catholic Lasallian institutions. Benilde is also a member of a 350-year-old international network of over 1,200 Lasallian educational institutions globally established by the De La Salle Christian Brothers in 82 countries.

The college was established in 1980 during the administration of Br. Andrew Gonzalez, FSC as the College of Career Development, a night school for working students at De La Salle University-Manila. In 1988, it was renamed the De La Salle University–College of Saint Benilde after the Vatican's Patron Saint of Vocations – Saint Bénilde Romançon, a Christian Brother who taught in France during the 19th century. In 1994, the college became autonomous. In 2004, along with a restated vision and mission, received its present name, dropping the University and becoming De La Salle–College of Saint Benilde.

The college uses "learner-centered instruction" to offer degree and non-degree programs in the arts, design, management, service industries, computer applications in business, and special fields of study. It is the first in the Philippines to offer degrees in AB Animation, AB Film, AB Production Design, AB Multimedia Arts, AB Fashion Design and Merchandising, BPA Dance and AB Photography.

The college's sports teams, known as the Saint Benilde Blazers, compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association with La Salle Green Hills representing the junior division. Since joining the league in 1998, the college has won five general championships, first in the 2005 season, back-to-back in the 2007 and 2008 seasons and another back-to-back win in 2013 and 2014 seasons.

Early history (1980–1987)
In 1980, De La Salle University-Manila opened an academic unit known as the  College of Career Development, an evening school for working students. It was Saint Benilde Romancon, FSC who pioneered the development of evening classes for adult working students for continuing education hundreds of years ago. In 1984, the Preparatory Studies Department (PSD) was established to allow students to cope with the requirements of subsequent degree-oriented courses in regular undergraduate colleges. In 1985, the college was renamed the Community College. In May 1987, the PSD was phased out and replaced by the Arts and Business Studies Area (ABSA). The ABSA offered two courses: a Bachelor of Arts degree in management with emphasis on human resources management and a Bachelor of Science degree in business administration, major in computer applications.

Under De La Salle University (1988–1994)
The Community College was officially renamed  De La Salle University–College of Saint Benilde in 1988, after the establishment of the De La Salle University System. Saint Bénilde Romançon was selected as the namesake to symbolize its objective of providing innovative education for the verbally but not numerically gifted, late bloomers, disabled, as well as artists. Bénilde made room for his students in Clermont-Ferrand, regardless of their age or their mental capabilities. He also learned sign language to instruct a deaf-mute boy for his first Holy Communion.

The ABSA was renamed as the Arts and Business Studies Department (ABSD) and became the day program of the college, while the Career Development Department (CDD) remained as the college's evening program. Because of the need for more space, the college moved to its own campus at 2544 Taft Avenue in 1989. A third major program, a Bachelor of Arts degree in Interdisciplinary Studies, was offered, undertaken in consortium with the College of Liberal Arts. In 1991, the college offered certificate programs in Accounting and Bookkeeping for the deaf, and a Bachelor of Science degree in Industrial Design.

As an autonomous college (1994–2005)
Benilde became an autonomous member of the De La Salle University System in April 1994. It ratified its proposed Constitution and By-Laws and identified Benildean core values in November 1994. The Night College, a scholarship program, was transferred from De La Salle University-Manila to the college in 1995. In the same year, the School of Design and Arts (SDA) was established, and the following degrees were offered: Bachelor of Arts in Animation, Bachelor of Arts in Film, Bachelor of Arts in Photography, Bachelor of Arts in Music Production, Bachelor of Arts in Theater Arts, Bachelor of Arts in Production Design, Bachelor of Arts major in Fashion Design and Merchandising, Bachelor of Performing Arts major in Dance, Bachelor of Science in Industrial Design, Bachelor of Science in Interior Design.

In 1996, the School of Hotel, Restaurant, and Institution Management was formed, and groundbreaking ceremonies for the Angelo King International Center building were held. The following degrees were first offered in the same year: Bachelor of Science in Business Administration, Major in Export Management; Bachelor of Science in Hotel, Restaurant, and Institution Management; Bachelor of Arts major in Fashion Design and Merchandising; Bachelor of Arts major in Consular and Diplomatic Affairs, and the Bachelor of Arts in Applied Deaf Studies. The college also established the Certificate Program Center (CPC) which offered short courses, and the Grants-in-Aid Program to provide financial assistance to students in need.

In 1997, the administration of the vocational programs of the Night College of the De La Salle University was passed on to the college in June and was renamed as the Blessed Arnould Study Assistance Program in September. In October 1997, the college held its first graduation rites independent from De La Salle University. In the same year, the college established the School of Special Studies for deaf students. In March 1998, the NCAA accepted the college's application for membership to the sports league along with La Salle Green Hills athletes as its high school representatives. In 1999, the School of Design and Arts offered the Bachelor of Arts in Multimedia Arts degree, the first of its kind in the country. Later that year, the construction of the Angelo King International Center was completed, which then housed the School of Hotel, Restaurant, and Institution Management.

In 2000, the college won its first Men's Basketball Championship title in the NCAA, marking the fastest win of any new school in the league since World War II. The college offered a BSBA degree in Information Management and a Bachelor of Arts in Music Production degree, a first of its kind. In the same year, the college held bidding for the architect of the proposed School of Design and Arts building. In 2001, the School of Special Studies was renamed as the School of Deaf Education and Applied Studies (SDEAS). A year later, the SDEAS was invited to become a member of the Post-Secondary Education Network-International.

In 2004, the non-university members of the DLSU System — Canlubang, and Medical and Health Sciences Campus — removed the term "University" from their names. The college then restated its mission and vision and was renamed De La Salle–College of Saint Benilde. Construction for the 14-storey School of Design and Arts campus was started in this year. The Certificate Program Center was expanded and renamed into the School of Professional and Continuing Education. In 2005, the college became overall champions for the first time in NCAA Season 81.

Recent history (2006–present)

In 2006, the college became a district school of De La Salle Philippines, the successor of the DLSU System. Br. Edmundo Fernandez FSC, Brother Visitor of the De La Salle Brothers Philippine District, became the college's interim president. The college became the host for the NCAA Season 82, and landed in second place for the General Championship rankings.

In 2007, the School of Design and Arts opened four new degree programs: the Bachelor of Arts degrees in Animation, Digital Filmmaking, and Photography, the first of their kind in the country, and Architecture That same year, the new 14-storey School of Design and Arts Campus opened in May in time for the start of the school year 2007–2008. The college inaugurated its first Brother President, Br. Victor Franco FSC in September.

In 2008, the School of Management and Information Technology (SMIT), in partnership with the School of Design and Arts, announced its intention to offer a new degree in game design and development, pending approval of the Commission on Higher Education. At the end of NCAA Season 83, the college again became the overall champions, winning their second title after two years.

On August 12, 2008, East Timor President, José Ramos-Horta visited the college and gave a talk entitled United in Faith, Partners in Nation-Building held at the School of Design and Arts Campus during a four-day state visit to the Philippines, which marked the first time that a foreign head of state visited the college.

In 2009, the college opened three new degree programs, the Bachelor of Science in International Hospitality Management for SHRIM, which partnered with Vatel International Hospitality School in France, the Bachelor of Science in Information Technology, Major in Game Design and Development for SMIT, the first IT program anchored in game design and development in the Philippines, and Bachelor of Science in Architecture for the SDA. The college won its third championship title in the NCAA, and became back-to-back general champions for NCAA Season 84.

Groundbreaking of a new building commenced in 2017. The building would serve as a sports center for the Benilde Blazers and a dormitory for scholars. It was inaugurated as the Benilde Sports and Dorm Building and opened in 2020. A five-story building, the complex stands on a 4196 sqm lot in San Isidro Drive corner Dominga Street with the Taft and SDA Campuses as neighbors.

Campuses

The college has four campuses: the Taft Campus, the Angelo King International Center, the School of Design and Arts, and the Atrium, all in Malate, Manila. The Taft Campus is a block from De La Salle University beside St. Scholastica's College and the LRT-1 Vito Cruz Station. The college is surrounded by dormitories, condominiums, and restaurants. To travel between campuses, students may either walk or ride cycle rickshaws stationed near the campuses or the electric jeepney shuttle service provided by the college.

Other properties include the Blessed Hilario Hall on Dominga Street which functions as the college's retreat house. Beside it is the Blessed Scubilion Hall, a residence for student-athletes. The Solomon Guest House on C. Ayala Street is a restaurant and meeting area used as a hands-on workplace for selected SHRIM students where they handle the operation of the establishment.

In 2018, Benilde Antipolo opened its new building in the Antipolo city proper. The campus is the new home of the tertiary programs from La Salle College Antipolo. The school offers a bachelor's degree in Marketing Management, Accountancy, Hospitality Management, Tourism Management, Psychology, Communication Arts, and Education.

Taft Campus
The Taft Campus stands on a 6,380-square-meter lot that stretches from Taft Avenue to the next parallel street, Leon Guinto. The land was acquired from LBP Leasing Corporation, a subsidiary of the Land Bank of the Philippines. The campus is a square lot made up of four interconnected buildings: St. Benilde Hall, Duerr Hall, Blessed Solomon Hall, and St. Mutien Marie Hall. The Duerr Hall has a different alignment from the rest of the buildings, requiring the need for stairs and a ramp on its intersections with the Blessed Solomon Hall.

The Plaza Villarosa, named after architect Rogelio Villarosa, is on this campus' second level. It is decorated by lush plants and palm trees and has a basketball court, an elevated platform, and several cabañas with stone benches. The plaza is used as a study area and venue for events and activities such as those of student organizations. Bazaars and food establishments also temporarily set up stalls in the plaza during such events. The statue of Saint Benilde, originally located on the campus's old front gate, was moved to the plaza after its completion. Behind the statue is an 18-bell carillon, built as a memorial to the Lasallian Christian Brothers who were massacred and murdered at the De La Salle College Taft campus during World War II by 20 plus Japanese soldiers. The names of the brothers are inscribed on the bells of the carillon. The carillon and the statue, when taken together, stand as the visual representation of the college.

St. Benilde Hall

The first building of the college, named after Saint Bénilde Romançon, was opened on August 11, 1989. It is located at the back of the campus and was designed by Gines Rivera. The building has four levels, holding numerous lecture rooms and computer laboratories, a cafeteria, a clinic, and the office of the Information Technology Center. It also houses the offices of the School of Deaf Education and Applied Studies and the School of Management and Information Technology, as well as the Student Grants Unit and the Center for Counseling Services.

Duerr Hall

Br. Crescentius Richard Duerr FSC, president of De La Salle University from 1961 to 1966, was a visionary teacher and administrator of La Salle schools in Manila, Bacolod and Iligan City, doing missionary work for 31 years before returning to New York. He was instrumental in the transformation of De La Salle University-Manila becoming a pillar of Philippine education.

The second building of the campus, originally called "South Wing" because of its location at the southern side of the campus, was blessed on August 10, 1992, and cost 30 million pesos. It houses the Accounting Office, Faculty and Administrative offices of the School of Multidisciplinary Studies, several offices of the programs of the School of Management and Information Technology, and laboratories of the School of Deaf Education and Applied Studies. It has several classrooms and computer laboratories, and an auditorium. It also has a badminton court located on the fifth floor. The on-campus bookstore is located on the first level of the hall near the Career and Placement Office. The Duerr Hall formerly held the Multimedia and Fashion Design laboratories of the School of Design and Arts, prior to the completion of the SDA campus.

The Chapel of the Resurrection is located on the second-floor intersection of Duerr and Solomon Hall. It features glass doors, a stenciled drawing of the praying hands, a sacristy, a confessional room, and an altar showing Napoleon Abueva's "Lord of the Resurrection."

St. Mutien Marie Hall
Saint Mutien Marie Wiaux was a devoutly religious Brother who made a tremendous influence on the students under his charge through his patience and piety. He taught in Malonne for 58 years, teaching music and arts alongside Catholic dogma. He was canonized in 1989.

Construction of the third and fourth wings of the campus was approved by the Board of Trustees on January 6, 1993. Groundbreaking ceremonies were made in March 1994, while actual construction began on April 16 of the same year. The Mutien Marie Hall and the Blessed Solomon Hall were blessed at October 29, 1996. Both buildings were designed by Rogelio Villarosa and construction cost 120 million pesos.

The General Administrative Services Office occupies the first floor while the Br. Fidelis Leddy Learning Resource Center occupies the whole second level of the building. The third floor up to the fifth consists of lecture rooms. There is also a case room for thesis defense located on the third floor. The gymnasium is located on the topmost level of the building. Most of the classrooms in this building are equipped with LCD and OHP projectors, television sets with VHS players, and computers. The Mutien-Marie Hall formerly held the drafting rooms, Industrial Design laboratory, and the head office of the School of Design and Arts.

Blessed Solomon Hall
Blessed Solomon Leclerq was martyred in 1792 after refusing to swear an oath that forced the French clergy of the time to support the state. Before that, he was a teacher, director, and bursar, and was known for his love for people and for his work. He was beatified in 1926, the first Lasallian brother to be given that honor.

The main entrance of the campus is located at the first level of the Blessed Solomon Hall facing Taft Avenue. The Admissions Office and the Office of Student Behavior can be found on the ground floor, and near the vehicle, entrance is the waiting lounge, popularly known as The Airport because the fixed seats resemble an airport departure lounge. The Office of the Registrar, as well as other Executive offices, is housed on the second level of the building while the Office of Student Affairs, Office of Culture and Arts, Social Action Office, Sports Development Office, Student Publications Office, and the Student Involvement Office are all located on the third level. On the fourth level is the Center for Learning and Performance Assessment, and a dance room and multipurpose room for Physical education classes. On the top level of Solomon Hall is the Augusto-Rosario Gonzalez Theater, named after the parents of the late Br. Andrew Gonzalez FSC.

Angelo King International Center
The Angelo King International Center (AKIC or the CSB Hotel-International Conference Center) is a fully operational four-star hotel on a 2,100-square-meter lot at the corner of Estrada Street and Arellano Avenue, two blocks from the main campus. It was envisioned to be the first operational hotel school in the Philippines where students will be able to experience learning in a real-world environment. Groundbreaking rites for the building were held in 1996 but actual construction began in 1998 and was finished a year after. It was formally opened in August and named after De La Salle alumnus – Dr. Angelo King, who gave financial assistance to the construction of the building.

Sharing the space at the building is the Hotel Benilde, which has 46 guest rooms and two dormitory-type rooms, a conference hall, a fine dining rooftop restaurant and lobby lounge, a cafeteria, a library, transport services office, parking space for 126 vehicles, and two guest elevators. The first, second, eleventh, and twelfth floors are used by the CSB Hotel, and the third to fifth floors are for interior parking while the SHRIM occupies the fifth to ninth floors.

The School of Hotel, Restaurant, and Institution Management occupy four floors with 14 classrooms, a tiered demonstration kitchen, demonstration bar, institutional hot, cold, and baking/pastry kitchens with adequate cold and dry storage areas, two basic food laboratories, two computer laboratories, a nutrition laboratory, conference rooms, a clinic, and a chapel. The School of HRIM is served by two passenger elevators and one service elevator. Occupying the roof deck is Vatel Restaurant Manila, a fine dining restaurant operated by selected SHRIM students.

Near the AKIC building is the Solomon Guest House, which is operated by selected SHRIM students, who are involved in marketing meal preparation and service. The SGH also has three rooms and a suite that could be used as venues for private meetings and gatherings.

Design and Arts Campus – D+A Campus
The Design and Arts Campus (D+A Campus) (formerly School of Design and Arts Campus (SDA Campus)) is a 14-story academic complex with 55,121.95 m2 of usable floor space designed by Lor Calma Design and Associates, with Eduardo Calma as the design principal. It was built on a 4,560 m2 lot that was formerly used as parking space for the college, located at 950 Pablo Ocampo Street, and about 500 meters away from the Taft Campus. It was originally planned to open in January 2006, but due to construction delays, the opening was moved to May 2007. It is the third, largest, and most advanced campus of the college which houses its largest and busiest school, the School of Design and Arts. While the exact budget for the building is classified, an estimated amount of 1.2 billion pesos was said to be allotted for the whole building project.

The building was dubbed by then De La Salle University System president, Br. Armin Luistro FSC as the "jewel in the crown of the De La Salle University System schools," as well as one of De La Salle's most ambitious projects. The building features an architectural design never before used, with a sophisticated façade and all-glass backside and designed in a way that only the floor from the tenth are visible. Calma relates that the building will feature louvers which, when illuminated at night, will appear like lanterns, and considering the location, the lighting effects would set the building apart from its surroundings.

The opening date of the building was moved to September 2006 when the January 2006 opening could not be achieved, but due to construction delays again, a September opening was not possible and the administration opted for a May 2007 opening instead. The building was delayed due to the intricacy of the architectural design, implementation of the complicated plans, and other problems encountered with the Project Manager and the Contractor. The architectural plans presented design issues that made them difficult to implement at a steady rate. The construction management encountered conflicts in approach and principles with the onsite technical team. Construction, however, gained a steady pace after October 2006 and the building was completed and inaugurated in April 2007.

The building has four floors of above-level parking space and ten floors of workspace served by two service and five-passenger elevators and five sets of stairs. It features a Building Management System with intelligent controls for air conditioning; smoke detection and fire alarms; CCTV surveillance security systems; and has its own sewage management plant. The building is also fully Wi-Fi enabled and the first building in the Philippines to be equipped with 10 Gigabit Ethernet. Among its notable facilities is a three-story, 558-seat theater which is cantilevered four stories above the ground and the Museum of Contemporary Art and Design, a 520 m2 contemporary art museum which was envisioned to be the first of its kind in the Philippines. Inside, its corridors can double as exhibition spaces. Every classroom is air-conditioned and configured for better acoustics. The building also has a cafeteria, a chapel, and a two-floor library in addition to the lecture, computer, and seminar rooms. There are also video, animation, and sound production laboratories as well as a photography studio and a greenscreen TV and film production studio with motion capture equipment, and a 105-seat cinema.

Atrium
The Atrium is the newest building of the college. A 10-storey building, it was designed by architect Daniel Lichauco, the principal and managing partner of Archion Architects. It was constructed by D.M. Consunji Inc., a pioneer of advanced engineering technology. The new campus will house The School of Diplomacy and Governance, the School of Management and Information Technology, and the School of Professional and Continuing Education. Features of the building include an open-air cafeteria located at the topmost floor, and escalators every two floors that are designed to lessen the load of the elevators. The building also houses the Learning Resource Center dedicated to the students of the Benilde Deaf School as well as various departments, offices, conference rooms, initiative learning studios, and classrooms.

Academics

The college uses Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, where each person is said to possess varying levels of different intelligence which determine his or her cognitive profile. The theory is implemented through learner-centered instruction where classes are taught according to the student's understanding of the subject and recognizes the uniqueness of each learner. Learner-centered also refers to a learning environment that pays attention to the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and beliefs that learners bring to the educational setting.

The college has six schools that offer degree and non-degree programs designed for the development of professionals in the arts, design, management, service industries, computer applications in business, and special fields of study.

School of Deaf Education and Applied Studies
The School of Deaf Education and Applied Studies (SDEAS) was first established in 1991 as a vocational program offering courses in accounting and bookkeeping for the Deaf. The vocational program became the School of Special Studies with the addition of the Bachelor in Applied Deaf Studies (BAPDST) degree five years later. The school was restructured and renamed the School of Deaf Education and Applied Studies in 2000. The BAPDST course was refined and began offering specialization tracks in Multimedia Arts and Business Entrepreneurship. The SDEAS is one of only six institutions in the Philippines that offer postsecondary education to the deaf.

In 2001, the SDEAS partnered with the Postsecondary Education Network-International, a global partnership of colleges and universities funded by the Nippon Foundation of Japan that aims to provide deaf students the appropriate postsecondary education for them to achieve their full potentials. Two learning centers were established since the partnership: The PEN-Multimedia Learning Center (2003) and the PEN-Learning Center (2006), both at Duerr Hall.

School of Design and Arts
The School of Design and Arts (SDA) was established in 1995 and is one of the largest schools of the college with its thirteen-degree program offerings and a student population of about 2,000. It has approximately 145 faculty members per trimester and 90 percent are part-timers because they are also active industry practitioners at the same time. The SDA seeks to develop the creative and business skills of students adept in the arts. Because of the increasing number of students, a new building was constructed to accommodate the growing student population.

The SDA offers Bachelor of Arts degrees in Animation (ABANI), Arts Management (ABAM), Digital Filmmaking (ABFILM), Multimedia Arts (ABMMA), Music Production (ABMP), Photography (ABPHOTO), Production Design (AB-PROD), Technical Theater (ABTHA), and Fashion Design and Merchandising (AB-FDM); Bachelor of Science degrees in Architecture (BS-ARCH), Industrial Design (BS-ID) and Interior Design (BS-IND); and a Bachelor of Performing Arts degree in Dance (BPAD).

The Multimedia Arts and Technical Theater degrees are the first of their kind in the Philippines. The Technical Theater program teaches the technical aspects of production on stage, film, and television. It also provides in-depth coverage on the applications of various technical equipment used in set production, while the Multimedia Arts program incorporates various art forms with the latest in multimedia technology. Areas of study include graphic design, photography, 2D and 3D animation, web design and development, and video production. It is also one of the three most popular SDA programs, along with Fashion Design and Merchandising, and Industrial Design.

In June 2002, Team St. Benilde under the Multimedia Arts program of the School of Design and Arts, has first taken the championship in the First Philippine Animation Competition with their entry, "Fiesta Karera", a fully 3D animated short of a futuristic rendition of carabao races usually held in festivals in the Philippines.

School of Hotel, Restaurant and Institution Management
The School of Hotel, Restaurant and Institution Management (SHRIM) was established in 1996 and aims to provide the hotel and restaurant industry with graduates who possess the requisite knowledge, skills, knowledge, and values to become successful entrepreneurs and to train students to become "industry-ready" for hotel and restaurants in the country and abroad. It offers the Bachelor of Science degree in Hotel, Restaurant and Institution Management (BS-HRIM), which integrates theory and practice to provide students with a strong management and service orientation as well as a global perspective of hotel and restaurant operations. It has three tracks, the Culinary Arts track, Hospitality Management track, and Tourism Management track.

The school is housed at the Angelo King International Center, a four-star hotel school at the corner of Arellano Avenue and Estrada Street. Students are given their first on-the-job training at the Hotel Benilde regardless of their tracks. Students are deployed at either of its subsidiaries: the Solomon Guest House, a restaurant and lodge fully student-managed and operated, and the Chefs' Station, a food stall at the cafeterias of the college.

In 2009, the SHRIM partnered with the Vatel International Hospitality School in Paris. With this educational cooperation, the school is concurrently known as Vatel Manila and is included in the Vatel international network. Under the Vatel partnership, the school offers the Bachelor of Science in International Hospitality Management (BS-IHM).

School of Management and Information Technology
The School of Management and Information Technology (SMIT) offers degrees based on emerging profitable disciplines. It offers Bachelor of Science in Business Administration (BSBA) degrees majoring in Computer Applications (BSBA-CA), Export Management (BSBA-EM), Human Resource Management (BSBA-HRM) and Bachelor of Science degrees in Information Systems (BS-IS),  Real Estate Management (BS-REM) and Interactive Entertainment and Multimedia Computing majoring in Game Development and Game Art (BSIEMC). The SMIT continues the college's Career Development Program by offering BSBA degrees in Business Management (BSBA-BM) and Marketing Management (BSBA-MM) as night programs for working students.

In 2005, the SMIT, along with the SHRIM, was given accreditation by the Philippine Accrediting Association of Schools, Colleges and Universities. In 2009, the SMIT partnered with the Singapore-based online graduate school Universitas 21 Global. Part of the agreement includes an elective in Electronic Business for the Computer Applications and Information Systems programs. Students enrolled in the elective will have access to Universitas 21 Global's resources, and will be trained by its staff.

School of Diplomacy and Governance
The School of Diplomacy and Governance (SDG) handles the general education curriculum of all programs offered by the college. It provides the students a strong foundation in the languages, social and natural sciences, theology, and philosophy. Until 2020, it offered the Bachelor of Arts in Consular and Diplomatic Affairs (CDA) degree to develop practitioners in international relations. In January 2020, SDG Dean Gary Ador Dionisio announced that the CDA degree would be replaced with the Bachelor of Arts in Diplomacy and International Affairs (AB-DIA) degree, while a new program entitled the Bachelor of Arts in Governance and Public Affairs (AB-GPA) would be offered, starting August that year.

The Consular and Diplomatic Affairs program has networked with various government (e.g. Department of Foreign Affairs, international and Philippine embassies and consulates abroad) and non-government organizations to provide the relevant exposure to students as well as to provide job opportunities to graduates.

Consular and Diplomatic Affairs program has entered into agreements with non-profit institutions like Alliance Française de Manille and Instituto Cervantes de Manila to provide the needed foreign language learning and cultural exposures to students.

Most of the professors in the CDA program were former diplomats, namely Rosario Manalo (former Philippine ambassador to Belgium, Sweden, France, and Special Envoy of the Philippines to the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights), Minerva Jean Falcon (former Philippine Consul General to Toronto, former Philippine Ambassador to Turkey, Switzerland, and Germany), Antonio Rodriguez (former DFA Undersecretary, former Philippine Ambassador to Thailand), Franklin Ebdalin (former DFA Undersecretary and Philippine ambassador to Hungary), José del Rosario Jr. (former Philippine ambassador to India and Jordan), Monina Estrella Callangan-Rueca (former Philippine ambassador to Hungary), Luz Palacios (former DFA Assistant Secretary for European Affairs), and Marilyn Alarilla (former Philippine ambassador to Laos and Turkey).

Linkages were also created with different international institutions handling the Model United Nations Assembly (MUNA) abroad (e.g. MUNA USA, China, Switzerland, Germany, Hong Kong, Czech Republic, France, and Canada). Through this, students are able to attend the MUNA as official delegates representing assigned countries.

School of Professional and Continuing Education
The School of Professional and Continuing Education (SPaCE) provides post-baccalaureate diploma programs for graduates seeking continuing education in various business-related fields. Formerly held by the SMIT, the SPaCE now handles the Career Development Program (CDP) which offers BSBA degrees in Business Management and Marketing Management. The Career Development Program gives adult students the opportunity to gain a degree program while at work through a streamlined program and format which caters to their busy lifestyle.

Athletics
The College of Saint Benilde Blazers and Lady Blazers are the NCAA senior varsity teams of De La Salle–College of Saint Benilde.

The Blazers were formerly a member of the National Capital Region Athletic Association (NCRAA) before they were admitted to the NCAA in 1998. They then went on to win their first NCAA seniors basketball title in 2000, the fastest for an expansion squad.

The college's male juniors team are the CSB–LSGH Junior Blazers (officially the CSB–LSGH Greenies) of La Salle Green Hills.

Student life

The college uses the trimestral calendar, where the school year usually begins in the last week of August. Freshmen students are required to attend the freshmen orientation program of the Department of Student Life, which is held a week before the start of classes. Freshmen students are oriented by upperclassmen about the school's policies, the facilities of the campus as well as what to expect during their stay in the college. In September, the Student Involvement Unit organizes the SI week (Student Involvement week), when the student organizations can recruit new members from the freshmen. The College Week is held during August, where the feast day of Saint Benilde is celebrated through various activities and several masses. Every Friday, a vacant period given from 11 a.m to 2:30 p.m., known as C-Break (College Break), can be used by organizations to hold seminars and workshops, training period for the performing groups, or to hold special events and activities. The Plaza Villarosa is usually used for activities, where the basketball court can be used for training sessions or sports activities, the performing stage for concerts, and the cabañas for bazaars.

Central Student Government
The De La Salle–College of Saint Benilde Central Student Government is the official student government of the college. It is composed of 35 officers and all enrolled students as members. It is categorized into the executive board (EB) and the School Student Governments (SSG). The EB is composed of six officers namely the President, Vice President for Academics, Vice President for Internal Affairs, Vice President for External Affairs, Vice President For Operations, and the Vice President for Finance, all of which are elected by the entire student body. The School Student Governments are composed of six officers namely the President, Secretary, Public Relations Officer, two Batch Representatives (One higher and lower), and the Frosh Representative (except for SDEAS), all of which are elected only by the students of their respective schools.

Student organizations

The college has organizations under the Student Involvement Office of the Department of Student Life. All recognized student organizations are members of the Council of Presidents, the mother organization which overlooks operations and project handling.

Professional organizations cater to a specific degree program. There are sixteen professional and profitable organizations which include the:
 * AIESEC is an international non-governmental not-for-profit organization in Benilde that provides young people with leadership development and cross-cultural global internship and volunteer exchange experiences. Currently, AIESEC in Benilde is a Specialized Unit. (AIESEC SU DLS-CSB)
 * Animotion is the professional organization of the AB-Animation Program.
 * Association of Information Management (AIM) is the professional organization that protects, uplifts, and promotes the Information Systems program of the college. It establishes linkages with other social organizations and key departments of the college, and other organizations outside of the college.
 * Association of Music Production Students (AMPS) is an organization that is dedicated to fostering the growth of musical aptitude and the appreciation of all types of music among the students of the Music Production Program.
 * Benildean Industrial Designers (BInD)
 * Benilde Red Cross Youth Council (BRCYC)
 * Benildean Deaf Association (BDA)
 * Computer Business Association (CBA) is an information technology and business student organization.
 * Export Management Society (EMS) is a professional organization that aims to develop future exporters and entrepreneurs who are Filipino in Ideals, professionally competent, and world-class.
 * Game Developers Union for Innovation and Leadership Development (GUILD), the professional organization representing the Game Design and Development Program of the college. The organization provides venues for students to appreciate the many facets of video games from their creation to their consumption as well as showcase burgeoning local game development talent.
 * Guild of Rising Interior Designers (GRID), the professional organization for the BS Interior Design program.
 * Human Resource Management Society (HRMS)
 * Hoteliers in Progress (HIP) is the professional organization of students majoring in Hospitality Management under the School of Hotel, Restaurant and Institution Management.
 * Benilde Business Management Society is the professional organization of Business Management Students under the Career Development Program of DLS-CSB.
 * Junior Marketing Association (JMA) is the professional organization of Marketing Management Students under the Career Development Program of DLS-CSB.
 * Media Max (MMX)
 * Students Collaborating and Reaching Out in Events and Arts Management (SCREAM)
 * Travelers in Progress (TRIP)
 * Vateliens in Progress (VIP)
 * Chefs in Progress (CHIP)

Special Interest organizations cater to non-academic and special interests. Special interest organizations include:
 * Christ's Youth in Action(CYA) a Catholic missional movement formed to evangelize and train youth for the service of the Church and society.
 * Computer Link(COMLINK) is a special interest organization organizing student-centered programs and projects.
 * Coro San Benildo is the resident chorale group of De La Salle–College of Saint Benilde.
 * Debate Society (DebSoc) is the official debate team and organization of the college. The organization represents the college in national and international tournaments.
 * Dulaang Filipino (DF) is the resident theater company of the De La Salle–College of Saint Benilde.
 * Greenergy (GNY)
 * International Student Association (ISA) is a special interest organization of De La Salle–College of Saint Benilde that aims to promote intercultural awareness, understanding, and a comprehensive association between Foreign and Filipino students.
 * Kino Eye (KE)
 * Optic View (OV) is a special interest organization.
 * Silent Steps
 * Societe Et' Cultura (SEC)
 * Stage Production and Operations Team (SPOT)
 * Saint Benilde Romancon Dance Company (SBRDC) is the resident dance company of the De La Salle – College of Saint Benilde.

An electoral body (a student government body)
 * DLS-CSB Commission on Elections (COMELEC)

Publication organizations include:
 * Benildean Press Corps (BPC) is the official student-journalists' organization of De La Salle-College of Saint Benilde. It is committed to provide relevant and legitimate information to the students as well as showcase their talents, skills, and creativity in upholding free and responsible journalism.
 * Ad Astra is the official student organization of De La Salle-College of Saint Benilde that is tasked to produce the College yearbook.

Varsity organizations include the:
 * DLS-CSB Green Pepper School Spirit Team
 * CSB Fencing Team
 * CSB Samahang Kali Arnis ng Benilde
 * CSB Women's Football Team

Volunteer groups
Students may also opt to join the five volunteer groups directly tied to an office under the Department of Student Life. These include the volunteer groups:
 * Benildean Student Envoys (BSE) are the student ambassadors of Benilde. They are professionally trained to represent the school. They handle the tours of guests, parents, students, and VIPs around the campuses of Benilde. They also usher in different events like seminars, conferences, theater plays, and the like.
 * Student Trainers (STRAINS)* is the volunteer arm of the Student Involvement Office, which helps the office implement its year-long training program. The group is part of the planning, implementation, and evaluation stages of the unit's programs and projects. It assists in the implementation of the Frosh Orientation Program(Interaktiv), Frosh Solidarity Night (UNITE), team building of the different organizations, and student-development activities.
 * Social Action Volunteers for the Center for Social Action
 * Student Ministers for the Center for Lasallian Ministry
 * Kaagapay for the Center for Counseling Services.

Learning Resource Center

The Br. Fidelis Leddy Learning Resource Center (LRC) is the multimedia resource center and library of the college. It provides access to conventional printed materials, such as books and periodicals, and other forms of storage media, such as transparencies, videotapes, compact discs, and other electronic/digital materials. The LRC's audio-visual equipment can be borrowed. The LRC has facilities on each campus. Each facility has separate audio-visual and reading areas.

Members of the De La Salle Brothers' community, De La Salle University-Manila alumni, as well as students and employees of De La Salle Philippines member schools, are authorized to use the LRC. Non-Lasallian users can be given access as long as they have a recommendation or referral letters from their respective librarians.

The LRC was first located at the Benilde Hall in a three-classroom setup. It housed a small collection of books and some audio-visual equipment. After the completion of the Mutien-Marie Hall in 1996, the LRC was moved to its present location on the second floor of the new building. It was named the Br. Fidelis Leddy Learning Resource Center, in honor of the longest living Lasallian Brother in the Philippines at that time, Br. Leander Fidelis Leddy FSC celebrated his 50 years of service in the country and his 60th year as a Lasallian Brother that year.

Taft Campus
At the Taft Campus, the LRC is divided into two areas: the LRC-Main occupying the second floor of the St. Mutien-Marie Hall, up the stairway from the main entrance, and the LRC-Extension located underneath the Plaza Villarosa, which was formerly used as parking space. The LRC-Main holds the audio-visual equipment and multimedia resource collections, periodicals, as well as the memorabilia and thesis collections of the college. It has an audio-video listening and viewing area for the LRC's VHS collection. The LRC-Extension is an additional reading area where students can browse, borrow, and bring home books from the LRC's general book collections except for the Lasalliana collection which is for room use only.

AKIC Campus
The LRC in the AKIC Campus provides the learning resource needs of the School of HRIM, holding book collections and relevant periodicals for its students and faculty. The reading area can be found on the sixth floor of the AKIC campus. It has a floor area of 224 square meters, and a seating capacity of 100. The Audio-Visual Service Section can be found on the seventh floor and has a floor area of 105 square meters.

D+A Campus
The LRC in the D+A Campus occupies a part of the seventh and eighth floors of the building, housing the LRC's design and art book collection.

Collections
As of summer 2006, the LRC has a total collection of about 80,000 book titles (90,000 volumes), 4,657 volumes of undergraduate theses, more than 1,000 periodical titles (in print, electronic and microfilm formats), 139 titles of transparency-based library materials, more than 4,013 CD-ROM volumes, more than 2,562 commercial VHS tapes, 113 slide titles, 253 maps, 594 audio cassette tapes, 159 VCD titles, 107 DVD titles, 440 volumes of audio CDs, 7 titles of selected newspapers in microfilm format, and 5,000 volumes of in-house VHS tapes on campus activities.

Books found at the LRC-Extension and LRC-AKIC are grouped by collection: Reference, Reference Filipiniana, Filipiniana and General Collection. Each book is arranged by the Library of Congress Classification System. The LRC follows the revised Anglo-American Cataloging Rules 2 and the LC Classification System for cataloging and classifying books. The LRC and its extensions have Online Public Access Catalog stations for quick searching of books needed by the students.

The college subscribes to several online databases and electronic journals. Among them are ProQuest 5000 International, Thomson Gale, Global Market Information Database, Ovid PsycArticles Full-Text Journals, Emerald Database, and the Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education. The database and journals can be accessed from computer units within the campus or at home through the online library facility at the college website.

Official Publications

 * The Benildean, the official student publication of De La Salle–College of Saint Benilde – Manila
 * BLiP (Benildean Lifestyle, Interests and People) is the official features magazine of the college, which showcases the life and interests of Benildeans. First published in 2004, it tackles fashion, travel, and other topics.
 * Karilyon is a magazine discussing Filipino lifestyles and issues. It aims to promote Filipino culture, language and ideals. It is published only in the Filipino language.
 * Shades of Gray is a literary folio that showcases the literary talents of students. It is published once a year.
 * Ablaze is a sports magazine released twice a year that provides an in-depth look into the personalities and perspectives behind Benildean sports and its athletes.
 * Horizons is a design folio that trains students adept in the visual arts. It presents representations and images that are sometimes serious, sometimes light-hearted, but always thought-provoking.
 * Dekunstrukt is a photo folio that showcases the works of students skilled in photography. It provides a venue for the college's student photographers to express and present their view of the people and the world around them.
 * Ad Astra is the annual yearbook. It was first published as the Benildean Yearbook in 2000. Students are encouraged to subscribe to it one year before their graduation.

Notable alumni
Notable alumni from the De La Salle–College of Saint Benilde include:

 * Stanley Ng - Benilde BSBA-Computer Applications alumnus and Philippine Airlines President and Chief Operating Officer.
 * Hidilyn Diaz - is a Saint Benilde Medallion awardee, an Olympic World Champion Filipina weightlifter, and an active Staff Sargeant of the Philippine Air Force, the first Filipino to ever win an Olympic gold medal for the Philippines. She is also an Olympic weightlifting record-holder by winning the women's 55 kg category for weightlifting at the 2020 Summer Olympics.
 * Mimiyuuuh (AB-FDM, 2017) – internet personality, fashion designer
 * Say Alonzo (BS-HRIM, 2005) – television personality (Pinoy Big Brother: Season 1)
 * Phoemela Baranda (2001) – model and actress
 * Zild Benitez (ABMP) – musician (IV of Spades)
 * Justin De Dios (ABMMA, 2018) – singer-performer (SB19)
 * Albie Casiño (BSBA-EM, 2016) – actor
 * Ken Chan (BS-HRIM) – actor, model, and television personality
 * Yam Concepcion (ABMMA, 2010) – actress
 * Serena Dalrymple (BSBA, 2011) – actress
 * John Vic De Guzman (BSBA-HRM, 2017) – volleyball player (silver medalist, 2019 Southeast Asian Games)
 * Rita De Guzman (ABFILM) – actress and singer
 * Moira Dela Torre – singer-songwriter
 * Karen delos Reyes (ABPHOTO, 2008) – actress
 * Andi Eigenmann (AB-FDM, 2014) – actress
 * Dino Imperial (ABMMA, 2010) – actor, model, and radio personality
 * Elisse Joson (AB-FDM) – actress
 * Kian Kazemi (BS-HRIM, 2006) – television personality and model
 * Bianca King (ABFILM, 2012) – actress, model and television host
 * Carlo Lastimosa (BS-HRIM) – basketball player, former Benilde Blazer
 * Champ Lui Pio (BSBA-HRM, 2004) – musician (Hale)
 * Elmo Magalona (BS-HRIM) – actor and singer
 * Luis Manzano (BS-HRIM, 2003) – television host and actor
 * Maxine Medina (BS-IND) – actress and beauty queen (Binibining Pilipinas 2016)
 * Maine Mendoza (BS-HRIM, 2015) – actress and television personality (Yaya Dub)
 * Valeen Montenegro (AB-FDM, 2013) – actress and model
 * Robin Nievera (ABMP) – singer-songwriter and record producer
 * Sam Pinto (AB-FDM) – actress
 * Dominic Roque (BS-HRIM, 2011) – actor and model
 * Jondan Salvador – basketball player, former Benilde Blazer
 * Shalani Soledad (BSBA-HRM, 2002) – member of the Valenzuela City Council (2004–2013)
 * Paolo Taha – basketball player
 * Ena Mori – singer-songwriter, indie pop artist
 * Nyoy Volante (ABTHR, 1999) – singer-songwriter and actor
 * Lauren Young (BS-HRIM, 2019) – actress and model
 * Megan Young (ABFILM) – actress and beauty queen (Miss World 2013)
 * David Licauco - basketball player, former Benilde Blazer, brand model and actor of Maria Clara at Ibarra
 * Ralph Recto - Member of the Philippines House of Representatives and Former Senator of the Philippines

title: De La Salle–College of Saint Benilde


text: Category:World War I battleships

title: Category:World War I battleships


text:
Hill (crater)

Hill is a small lunar impact crater that is located to the west of the prominent crater Macrobius, near the eastern edge of the Sinus Amoris. Its diameter is 16 km. It was named after American astronomer George William Hill. It was previously designated Macrobius B. It lies just to the north-northeast of Carmichael, another renamed satellite crater of Macrobius.

This is a circular, bowl-shaped crater with an inner wall that has a relatively high albedo compared to the surrounding terrain. The inner walls are symmetrical in form, and slope gently down to the small floor at the midpoint, a surface about one-fourth the diameter of the crater. This formation is not significantly eroded, and is otherwise indistinguishable from many similar craters on the Moon.

title: Hill (crater)


text:
Rais massacre

The Rais massacre, of August 28, 1997, was one of Algeria's bloodiest massacres of the 1990s. It took place at the village of Rais, near Sidi Moussa and south of Algiers. The initial official death toll was 98 people killed and 120 wounded; CNN said that hospital workers and witnesses gave a toll of at least 200, and up to 400. The figure given by the Algerian government to the UN Commission on Human Rights was 238. The BBC later quoted the figure of 800 killed.

In 1997, Algeria was at the peak of a brutal civil conflict that had begun after the military's cancellation of 1992 elections set to be won by the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS). The poor farming village of Rais had mostly voted for FIS and had a history of supporting Islamist guerrillas in the region, but (according to a villager quoted by PBS) had recently stopped providing them with food and money.

Massacre
The hooded attackers arrived about 1 am in trucks and cars, armed with shotguns, knives, axes, and bombs. They continued killing the village's men, women, children, and even animals until dawn (about 6 am), cutting throats and taking the time to burn corpses; young women, however, were abducted instead of being killed. In some cases, they left severed heads on doorsteps. They mutilated and stole from the dead, and committed atrocities against pregnant women. They burned and bombed some houses. The villagers tried to flee or hide. Army units stayed outside the village, shooting at fleeing villagers, but not attempting to enter the village until after the attackers, carrying away some 20 young women, left at dawn.

Responsibility was claimed for this, as for the Bentalha massacre, by the Armed Islamic Group (GIA). In An Inquiry into the Algerian Massacres (a book arguing that the GIA had become a tool of the state) two survivors are quoted as reporting that the killers were dressed like "Afghans", with turbans, covered faces, beards (some false), and uniforms, that the attackers were also cursing God throughout, and that among them were a few women, wearing hijab over a uniform. These accounts (which can be read below) appear not to be corroborated by major media outlets.

The government vowed to "continue to struggle without mercy against the barbarous criminals until their eradication", announcing a massive manhunt and new measures to reinforce rural security. Amnesty International expressed concern regarding the government response, noting that "the massacre site is surrounded by army barracks and security forces posts, located between a few hundreds metres and a few kilometers away", including an army barracks 100 metres away, and quoting a survivor as saying "The army and the security forces were right there; they heard and saw everything and did nothing, and they let the terrorists leave." AI interviewed another survivor and they mentioned how " in addition to the security forces barracks nearby, security forces’ units were also stationed just outside the village, and were aware that the massacre was being committed because those who were able to flee at the beginning of the attack had gone to seek help and refuge with the nearby security forces." The Prime Minister, Ahmed Ouyahia, retorted to ITN that "the army, the national guard intervened, intervened as quickly as it was possible." The authorities cited concern regarding the possible presence of mines and ambushes; however, a rescue worker interviewed by Human Rights Watch said that the first gendarmes there had not taken any precautions against possible mines as they drove in.

The Algerian government told the UN Commission on Human Rights (E/CN.4/2000/3/Add.1 ) that "A judicial inquiry was opened by the Larbâa court and the four perpetrators of the massacre identified. Search warrants were issued by the examining magistrate on 30 May 1998." How four attackers killed 238 people is not made clear.

The village's population had already dropped from 1000 before the conflict began to 200 after the massacre; many of the remainder left following this massacre. Some of those who remained were given arms by the government for future self-defense, according to La Tribune, which quotes residents opposing Abdelaziz Bouteflika's amnesty to certain members of the armed groups (the Law of National Reconciliation), fearing that it would include murderers like those who killed their neighbors.

Eyewitness quotes
A few recounts of the massacre allow us to step into the shoes of the victims and hear the events that unfolded on August 28, 1997.

Mrs. Bachiri, a victim of the Rais massacre, testified on the deaths of her sixteen brothers and their children before members of the Algerian League for the Defence of Human Rights (LADDH):

"They slaughtered him along with his seven children. They slit their throats. He is blind the poor guy… a blind man… what could he have done to deserve this? He is married to a lady who is not totally fit mentally. She gave him two sons and two daughters. The sons were dragged outside with their father and had their throats slit, whereas the daughters were taken away. One was twentyeight years old, the other was twenty-four. 'why would they want to kill me? What did I do? They told him: 'come out, we want a word with you'. When he came out they were there… with military uniforms and toting their guns. There were a few women with them. The women were wearing the hijab over a military uniform.

One of the soldiers cut the finger of one of Amara’s daughters and said to his colleague: 'take the gold, take the gold'. Amara’s 2-year-old granddaughter was found burnt in the oven. His old daughter [the guest], was slaughtered too… she was lying on the ground… they put one of her sons on her right arm, another son on the left arm and they shouted 'Allah Akfar'… We say: Allah Akbar [Allah is the Greatest]' but they were saying 'Allah Akfar' [Allah is the worst of the unbelievers]. They came in cars, in Landrovers… People who stayed at home were slaughtered, and those who went out were shot dead."

Quote from an unnamed survivor of the Rais massacre to Amnesty International:

“Why did this happen? Why didn’t anyone stop it? There is no law any more. The army and the security forces were right there; they heard and saw everything and did nothing, and they let the terrorists leave.... They [the army] waited for the terrorists to finish their dirty task and then they let them leave. What does this mean to you? ...... I had been threatened by the fundamentalists but I almost got killed by the army. Even my friends in the army don’t understand anything anymore these days...”.

title: Rais massacre


text:
Ways of Seeing

Ways of Seeing is a 1972 television series of 30-minute films created chiefly by writer John Berger and producer Mike Dibb. It was broadcast on BBC Two in January 1972 and adapted into a book of the same name.

The series was intended as a response to Kenneth Clark's Civilisation TV series, which represents a more traditionalist view of the Western artistic and cultural canon, and the series and book criticise traditional Western cultural aesthetics by raising questions about hidden ideologies in visual images. According to James Bridle, Berger "didn't just help us gain a new perspective on viewing art with his 1972 series Ways of Seeing – he also revealed much about the world in which we live. Whether exploring the history of the female nude or the status of oil paint, his landmark series showed how art revealed the social and political systems in which it was made. He also examined what had changed in our ways of seeing in the time between when the art was made and today."

The series has had a lasting influence, and in particular introduced the concept of the male gaze, as part of his analysis of the treatment of the nude in European painting. It soon became popular among feminists, including the British film critic Laura Mulvey, who used it to critique traditional media representations of the female character in cinema.

Book
The book Ways of Seeing was written by Berger and Dibb, along with Sven Blomberg, Chris Fox, and Richard Hollis. The book consists of seven numbered essays: four using words and images; and three essays using only images.

Now described as "revolutionary", the book has contributed to feminist readings of popular culture, through essays that focus particularly on how women are portrayed in advertisements and oil paintings. "Berger ... has had a profound influence on the popular understanding of art and the visual image," according to sociologists Yasmin Gunaratnam and Vikki Bell.

Reception and legacy
The book and television series were considered groundbreaking. A 1994 critic noted: "There is one occasion when other voices are introduced, in the second programme, about representations of women - reflecting Berger's awareness that he's been speaking on behalf of women too long. About two-thirds through, he says he's shown what he's done so far to 'five women', and asked them to discuss it. The discussion occupies the rest of the time. A clear gesture of openness. But the 'five women' remain unnamed until the closing credits. They are women. And Berger himself actually sits in on the discussion - in fact he chairs it, with complete confidence in the non-prejudicial nature of his own presence."

title: Ways of Seeing


text:
File:Karbox.jpg

Kirby Air Ride box art. Source:

Rationale
It is believed that the use of this image qualifies as fair use in the article Kirby Air Ride because:

 * Nintendo has released no such images into the public domain, and a replacement image could not be created that would adequately provide the same information
 * The image is being used for no purpose other than to identify the subject of the article
 * The image resolution has been significantly decreased from the original, so copies made from it would be of inferior quality
 * The use of this image neither detracts from the game nor inhibits its salability in any way

title: File:Karbox.jpg


text:
Llanberis Lake Railway

The Llanberis Lake Railway (Rheilffordd Llyn Padarn) is a narrow gauge heritage railway that runs for 2.5 mi along the northern shore of Llyn Padarn in north Wales in the Snowdonia National Park. The starting point is the village of Llanberis at the eastern end of the lake (53.1175°N, -4.1193°W), with the western terminus at Pen Llyn in the Padarn Country Park (53.137°N, -4.1495°W). The return journey takes around 60 minutes.

Early proposals
The Llanberis Lake Railway runs along part of the trackbed of the defunct Padarn Railway, a gauge line which connected the quarry with Y Felinheli (Port Dinorwic) on the Menai Strait. The Padarn Railway closed in October 1961 and was lifted between 16 May 1962 and February 1963. Following the closure of the Padarn Railway, various plans were made to open a gauge tourist railway on the trackbed. The first serious attempt was made by G. Ward, a local resident, who proposed a railway that would circle Llyn Padarn using the trackbeds of the British Rail Llanberis branch and the Padarn Railway. This plan would have utilized track and locomotives from the Dinorwic slate quarry, but the company did not pursue the proposal.

Quarry closure and formation of the railway company
In July 1966, A. Lowry Porter of Southend-on-Sea proposed a shorter railway running from the quarry company's workshops at Gilfach Ddu near Llanberis to Penllyn, along the easternmost three miles of Padarn Railway trackbed. Negotiations were progressing with the company, when in July 1969 the quarry closed at short notice. The quarry's workshops at Gilfach Ddu were purchased by the Gwynedd County Council with the intention of creating a Country Park.

The quarry's land and equipment were put up for auction, and Lowry Porter's fledgling railway company purchased three steam locomotives and one diesel locomotive for use on the planned lake railway. In June 1970 the County Council purchased the trackbed of the Padarn Railway and agreed to allow its use for the lake railway.

The Ruston diesel locomotive was quickly put into service laying track. Meanwhile, the first steam locomotive, Dolbadarn, was restored to working order. The new railway was built to narrow gauge instead of the more unusual  narrow gauge used in the quarries. This required all the rolling stock to be regauged, including the locomotives. Tracklaying progressed during 1970 using track recovered from several sources, including some originally used on the Lynton and Barnstaple Railway.

New carriages were built using the chassis of bogie wagons. These initial efforts at creating passenger stock proved unsatisfactory – they had a tendency to derail due to their very rigid construction. This caused a delay in opening, and a subsequent rapid redesign of the carriages.

Early years
The railway officially opened on 28 May 1971 but because of the need to redesign the carriage stock, the first public trains did not run until 19 July 1971. By the end of the first season, more than 30,000 passengers had been carried. In the winter of 1971 the railway was extended to its current terminus at Penllyn. For the beginning of the 1972 season, a second steam locomotive Red Damsel was returned to service with a new name: Elidir. The locomotive roster was expanded that year to include Maid Marian (now operating on the Bala Lake Railway) and an 0-4-0 tank locomotive built by Jung in Germany.

Llanberis extension
In June 2003 the railway was extended to the town of Llanberis, with a new station close to the start of the Snowdon Mountain Railway. The original terminus at Gilfach Ddu is now a through station serving both the National Slate Museum and the nearby Dolbadarn Castle. On the return journey from Pen Llyn, passengers may alight at Cei Llydan station, where a picnic site is available with views of the Snowdonian mountains above Llanberis Pass.

Operations
The railway uses three steam locomotives ("Elidir", "Dolbadarn" and "Thomas Bach") all of which ran on the internal gauge lines of the Dinorwic Quarry. There are also several diesel locomotives which are used for works trains and when the steam locomotives are unavailable for passenger trains.

When the Quarry closed down in 1969 the lakeside section of the trackbed was utilised for the current Llanberis Lake Railway, originally running from the National Slate Museum at Gilfach Ddu to Pen Llyn. Gilfach Ddu was the main engineering workshop of the Dinorwic Quarry and provided repair facilities for all of the steam locomotives of the quarry system.

Former locomotives
These are locomotives that ran on the Llanberis Lake Railway in the past, but have now moved to other locations.

Locomotives formerly on site
These are locomotives that were stored at the Llanberis Lake Railway in the past, that have now moved to other locations. They did not run on the LLR during their stay.

title: Llanberis Lake Railway


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Macrobius (crater)

Macrobius is a prominent lunar impact crater located to the northwest of the Mare Crisium. Its diameter is 63 km. It was named after ancient Roman writer Macrobius. It lies on the southeast edge of the Lacus Bonitatis, a small lunar mare. The somewhat smaller crater Tisserand lies just to the east.

The outer wall of Macrobius has a multiply terraced inner surface, with some slumping along the top of the rim. The small satellite crater Macrobius C lies across the western rim, but the wall is otherwise relatively free of significant wear. In the center of the floor is a central mountain complex. There is a low ridge in the western interior, but the remainder of the floor is relatively level.

Macrobius is a crater of Lower (Early) Imbrian age.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Macrobius.

The following craters have been renamed by the IAU.
 * Macrobius A — See Carmichael.
 * Macrobius B — See Hill.
 * Macrobius D — See Fredholm.
 * Macrobius L — See Esclangon.

title: Macrobius (crater)


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Nina Katzir

Nina Katzir (נינה קציר; née Gottlieb; October 4, 1914 – March 12, 1986) was the wife of the President of the State of Israel Ephraim Katzir, and an English teacher at Tichon meuhad high school in Rehovot.

Biography
Born in Mogilev to the Gottlieb family. At the age of 16, she made Aliya to Mandatory Palestine alone and settled on the Rehovot, at her grandfather's house. After graduating from the Beit Hakerem seminary in Jerusalem, she worked as a teacher. She taught Hebrew in Ulpan for new immigrants and taught English in schools. As an English language teacher, she became famous for the modern teaching methods she developed.

She had a column in the Jerusalem Post devoted to foreign language teaching problems. In 1973 she wrote the tourist information book "Hebrew with a smile" which was published by the Ministry of Tourism.

As the wife of the President, she initiated meetings between children's writers and children. On her own initiative, International Children's Week was celebrated in Israel, as part of its activities, wife of diplomats talk about Israel to children in their country of origin.

After the Yom Kippur War, she created a minor scandal, when she initiated the distribution of thousands of "Playboy" booklets to the soldiers at the front due to a request from soldiers.

The Katzir couple had three children: one son, Meir Kaczelski, who serves as a professor of mathematics at the Technion, and two daughters who died at a young age: daughter Nurit died in a gas inhalation accident and daughter Irit who committed suicide.

She acted as part of the "Nurit Foundation" in memory of her daughter, and organized activities for the teenagers. In 1978, the Nurit Katzir Municipal Theater Center in Jerusalem was established in her memory. Other institutions were inaugurated in her daughter name, including the MDA Youth Club and the Nursing School at Assaf Harofeh Hospital.

title: Nina Katzir


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Jōyō kanji

The jōyō kanji (常用漢字) are those kanji listed on the Jōyō kanji hyō (常用漢字表), officially announced by the Japanese Ministry of Education. The current list of 2,136 characters was issued in 2010. It is a slightly modified version of the tōyō kanji, which was the initial list of secondary school-level kanji standardized after World War II. The list is not a comprehensive list of all characters and readings in regular use; rather, it is intended as a literacy baseline for those who have completed compulsory education, as well as a list of permitted characters and readings for use in official government documents. Due to the requirement that official government documents make use of only jōyō kanji and their readings, several rare characters are also included due to their use in the Constitution of Japan, which was being written at the same time the original 1,850-character tōyō kanji list was compiled.

The 2,136 kanji in the jōyō kanji consist of:
 * 1,026 kanji taught in primary school (Grade 1-6) (the kyōiku kanji)
 * 1,110 additional kanji taught in secondary school (Grade 7-9)

Changes from the tōyō kanji
In 1981, the jōyō kanji replaced the tōyō kanji as the standardized list of common kanji. The differences between the two consisted of 95 additional characters, and the simplification of 燈 as 灯.

History

 * 1923: The Ministry of Education specified 1,962 kanji and 154 simplified characters.
 * 1931: The former jōyō kanji list was revised and 1,858 characters were specified.
 * 1942: 1,134 characters as standard jōyō kanji and 1,320 characters as sub-jōyō kanji were specified.
 * 1946: The 1,850 characters of tōyō kanji were adopted by law "as those most essential for common use and everyday communication". This list included 881 'basic requirement' kanji for elementary school.
 * 1981: The 1,945 characters of jōyō kanji were adopted, replacing the list of tōyō kanji.
 * 2010: The list was revised on 30 November to include an additional 196 characters and remove 5 characters (勺, 銑, 脹, 錘, and 匁), for a total of 2,136. The amendment also made changes to the readings of kanji present in the previous jōyō kanji list. Twenty-eight kanji gained new readings, three kanji lost obscure readings and the kun'yomi of 側 was changed from kawa (かわ) to gawa (がわ). The 196 additional characters are:

 * 媛 怨 鬱 唄 淫 咽 茨 彙 椅 萎 畏 嵐 宛 顎 曖 挨 韓 鎌 葛 骸 蓋 崖 諧 潰 瓦 牙 苛 俺 臆 岡 旺 艶 稽 憬 詣 熊 窟 串 惧 錦 僅 巾 嗅 臼 畿 亀 伎 玩 挫 沙 痕 頃 駒 傲 乞 喉 梗 虎 股 舷 鍵 拳 桁 隙 呪 腫 嫉 𠮟/叱 鹿 餌 摯 恣 斬 拶 刹 柵 埼 塞 采 戚 脊 醒 凄 裾 須 腎 芯 尻 拭 憧 蹴 羞 袖 汰 遜 捉 踪 痩 曽 爽 遡 狙 膳 箋 詮 腺 煎 羨 鶴 爪 椎 捗 嘲 貼 酎 緻 綻 旦 誰 戴 堆 唾 鍋 謎 梨 奈 那 丼 貪 頓 栃 瞳 藤 賭 妬 塡 [ 填 ] 溺 諦 阜 訃 肘 膝 眉 斑 阪 汎 氾 箸 剝 [ 剥 ] 罵 捻 虹 匂 喩 闇 弥 冶 麺 冥 蜜 枕 昧 勃 頰 [ 頬 ] 貌 蜂 蔑 璧 餅 蔽 脇 麓 籠 弄 呂 瑠 瞭 侶 慄 璃 藍 辣 拉 沃 瘍 妖 湧 柿 哺 楷 睦 釜 錮 賂 毀 勾
 * Note: Characters in bold are used in the names of prefectures. Jōyō kanji followed by a character in brackets are not included in JIS X 0208; the character in brackets is the unofficial print variant JIS X 0208 does have. JIS X 0208 also lacks 𠮟, but does include the official variant 叱. The jōyō kanji 茨, 韓, 牙, and 栃 also have official variants.

The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology instructed teachers to start teaching the new characters in fiscal 2012, so that junior high school students would be able to read them and high school students would be able to write them. High schools and universities started using the characters in their entrance exams in the 2015 academic year.

title: Jōyō kanji


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Football Association of Serbia

The Football Association of Serbia (Фудбалски савез Србије, ФСС / Fudbalski savez Srbije, FSS) is the governing body of football in Serbia, based in Belgrade. It organizes Serbian football leagues, namely the Serbian Superliga, the Serbia national football team, as well as the Second Leagues.

FSS was part of the Football Association of Yugoslavia, which was founded in 1919 in Zagreb then the new Football Association of Serbia and Montenegro in 2003. It was established as Football Association of Serbia in 2006 after the split of Montenegro and Serbia as two different independent countries. Javier Clemente was appointed the first coach of the Serbia national football team. The current head coach is Dragan Stojković.

Symbols
After receiving 150 proposals, in December 2006, the commission has decided to accept solution submitted by the Belgrade architect Nikola Vujisić. Next to new Serbian Army symbols, Serbian Football Association has revived the smallest element of the Serbian Coat of arms. The white cross and 4 firesteelers are on a red background shield, with the golden frame and golden ball in the middle of the cross. Cyrillic name of the country (Србија) is above in white on golden background. The flag of the Serbian FA is blue, with the golden fringe for indoor use, and the new emblem in the middle.

Association presidents

 * 🇷🇸 Zvezdan Terzić (July 2006 – March 2008)
 * 🇷🇸 Tomislav Karadžić (March 2008 – May 2016)
 * 🇷🇸 Slaviša Kokeza (May 2016 – March 2021)
 * 🇷🇸 Marko Pantelić (Acting, March 2021 – May 2021)
 * 🇷🇸 Nenad Bjeković (Acting, May 2021 – Mar 2023)
 * 🇷🇸 Dragan Džajić (March 2023 – present)

Current sponsorships

 * Puma - Official sponsor
 * Nektar pivo - Banjalučka pivara - Official sponsor
 * Telekom Srbija - Official sponsor
 * Vujić Voda - Official sponsor
 * Lasta Beograd - Official sponsor
 * Saobraćajni Institut CIP - Official sponsor
 * EKO Serbia - Official sponsor

title: Football Association of Serbia


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Megamarketing

Megamarketing is a term coined by U.S. marketing academic, Philip Kotler,  to describe the type of marketing activity required when it is necessary to manage elements of the firm's external environment (governments, the media, pressure groups, etc.) as well as the marketing variables; Kotler suggests that two more Ps must be added to the marketing mix: public relations and power.

The public relations element of Megamarketing focuses primarily on businesses familiarizing themselves with the surrounding community, prior to actually entering a desired market. Of note, the negotiations that occur as a consequence of this particular form of marketing are often far more rigorous than those associated with conventional marketing; as such, it is difficult to adequately satisfy both parties in an equitable manner. Marketers who choose to pursue these foreign environments must also look to appease the general public, as they can have a significant impact on the continuing profitability of their businesses. One important element comprising the general public involves the local media, as they can heavily influence the perception associated with newly emerging companies. Contrarily, the power variable also proposed by Philip Kotler deals more so with the power to persuade third parties. This includes offering the correct incentives to entice expansion into foreign markets, in doing so, allowing for a controlling position when conducting business. Kotler's framework for power elucidates the importance of establishing strong ties with powerful political members in external markets; this, in turn, should enable ease of access to engage in commerce with these particular countries. Furthermore, this particular aspect of Megamarketing examines the means by which marketers go about incentivizing third parties, such as government organizations, in order to circumvent entry barriers. If businesses are to successfully adopt this nuanced marketing strategy, it is important that they diversify their business operations and broaden their business scope within the marketplace. This, of course, must be executed whilst continuing to meet the demands of the consumers in the various markets. Additionally, Megamarketing success can be attained through acquiring employees with the correct skill sets; likewise, having a desirable mix of resources on hand at the companies disposal. This broadened form of marketing is typically associated with a long-decision making process; this can be attributed to the fact that it takes a substantial amount of time to coordinate meetings at the same time requiring larger sums of money in an attempt to finance these augmented business endeavors. Megamarketing is different from traditional marketing in that its primary objective is grounded in expanding operations into external markets. This, in turn, makes it conducive to companies seeking foreign expansion to introduce new products and services to broaden consumer demands. In essence, it seeks to transform the types of industries that are prevalent in an existing market, however, these changes can often come at the expense of over imposing on others. So much so, in fact, that many Megamarketers run the risk of being perceived in a more negative light

title: Megamarketing


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User:Dmcnelis

How about a User page, Dave? :) Justin Walters

title: User:Dmcnelis