text:
Talk:Forward (association football)

Forward vs. striker
The term "striker" is not synonomous with "forward" in football. A striker is a type of forward that plays as far up the field as he can, and waits on the shoulder of the last defender, waiting for a ball over the top, or a through this a ball of ball along the floor. Michael Owen is a striker, Wayne Rooney isn't. Ronaldo is, Ronaldinho isn't.

 * Wrong. A striker is the same as a forward and attacker. They are synonymous. The type of player you describe is called a centre forward. Where'd you got that description from? Mandel June 28, 2005 16:54 (UTC)

 * No, you are wrong. Since when does anyone call a foward winger a striker...  Udonknome 22:29, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Right Team sheets often include players listed as strikers (or centre foward) and other players listed as Forwards. It could also be argued that a striker is an even more attacking version of a centre forward. A striker waits for oppotunities to score goals. A forward sets up other players, usually his partner (the striker). A centre forward is not the same as a forward, it is a type of forward. A more accurate version of this article would be called Forward with various types listed. e.g. inside foward, outside forward, striker or forward. josh 23:11, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Wanna bet? Give me a dictionary that defines them differently. "Ronaldinho" and "striker" throws up 107,000 results. Even BBC calls Dennis Bergkamp a striker Mandel 22:46, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * If Eto'o and Messi are the strikers, this Leaves Giuly and Ronaldinho as... non-strikers. The 107K results tell me nothing... 95% of fans would agree Ronaldinho is not a striker. He is the best footballer in the world as of October 2005, and this is an Argentine saying this... 192.115.248.2 09:25, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

 * An Argentinian whose English is not up to par maybe...there could be a word distinguishing the two in Spanish, unfortunately, this is the English encyclopedia; in English, the two are one and the same. UEFA calls Ronadinho a striker. Mandel 14:56, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I actually half disagree with you, in a way. These days strikers fall under two categories, number nines and number tens. Your #9 is definitely a striker, but you can't class your typical #10 as an out and out striker, because they're just as comfortable in midfield. Luis Garcia is probably the best example of a "forward" I can think of right now. It would probably be a good idea to make this distinction on the page? --Scarfo 00:32, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The guy at the top is right, forward is not synonymous with striker. Even the article goes on to list under the headings of "Centre forward" and "Deep-lying forwards". I propose this article should be renamed to Forward (football). The infoboxes also use the two-letter abbr. FW, and the Football Manager series of games distinguishes between SC (out and out striker), FC (centre forward), FR (right forward) and FL (left forward). The latter two are not wingers by the way. -- Boothman   /tɔːk/  18:27, 30 June 2006 (UTC).

I would concur that 'Striker' and 'Forward' are one and the same.--Mike Infinitum 22:11, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

 * A forward does not have to be a striker. They are not one and the same thing. A forward plays in a forward role whereas the strikers main aim is to strike the ball! Cls14 12:10, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

In recent years with the popularity of Zinedine Zidane and Ronaldinho, the No.10 has been more associated with playmakers/attacking midfielders. - unsigned

I was surprised to see that forward redirected to striker, because the players whose positions I have listed as the former in the past definitely aren't strikers. I'll put this to a wider community for discussion. - Dudesleeper · Talk 11:06, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

"Forward" and "Striker" are most assurdely not synonymous. The term "forward" incorporates wingers and all manner of hyphenated-forwards. Glance at any squad list in any pre-tournament publication you care to mention and you will see players such as Cristiano Ronaldo listed as "FW." Forward is synonymous with attacker; attacker is not synonmous with striker. DublinDilettante 04:44, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

The term "Striker" is NOT accurate: it includes Center Forwards and Second Strikers, but it doesn't include Wing Forwards like Cristiano Ronaldo or Robben... and ALL of these players are listed as "Forward" in TV transmissions and console games. This should be fixed or voted ASAP, since it's a HUGE mistake.Santiago Roza (Kq) 00:42, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

In any case, the section of this article that is labelled "Striker" should at least contain the word forward someplace. Right now it does not and it makes it seem that this section should not be in an article on Forwards. 69.201.168.196 (talk) 21:22, 29 June 2014 (UTC)

It is 2019 and it is still confusing
Time for the lecture, guys!

The position of winger was born with the 1-1-8, 1-2-7 and 2-3-7 formations.

1-2-7 formation

ONE DEFENDER

- 1 full-back (center-back)

TWO MIDFIELDERS

- 2 half-backs (left wing-half and right wing-half): The play-makers.

SEVEN FORWARDS

- 2 wingers (outside left and outside right forwards): THEY WERE NEVER CONSIDERED "HALF-BACKS" (midfielders) because the played closer to the other forwards than to the half-backs. They would cross balls. A hard task as balls were heavier.

- 2 inside forwards (inside left and inside right forwards): THEY WERE THE "PASSERS". They would carry the ball and pass it to a striker.

- 3 strikers (left-center, center and right-center forwards): THEY HAD ZERO RESPONSIBILITIES CONCERNING PASSING. THEY HAD TO KICK AND SCORE! THEY WOULD NOT EVEN PASS THE BALL AMONG THEM!!! PLAY-MAKING WAS BLASPHEMY FOR THEM!!!

2-3-5 formation

TWO DEFENDERS

- 2 full-backs (left and right back)

THREE MIDFIELDERS

- 3 half-backs (left wing-half, center-half and right wing-half)

FIVE FORWARDS

- 2 wingers (outside left and outside right forwards): The balls were still too heavy.

- 2 inside forwards (inside left and inside right forwards)

- 1 striker (center forward): Yeah, center forwards, AT THIS TIME, did not have to pass the ball or, even worse, "create" opportunities to score!!!

2-3-5 Danubian School formation

The lone striker was re-located a few meters backwards (TO ALIGN WITH THE WINGERS) and was NOT only given the responsibility of scoring but if, possible, pass it to the inside forwards which were deployed as strikers.

WHAT WIKIPEDIA CALLS A "CENTER FORWARD" WAS BORN.

George Rodney Maruri Game (talk) 23:57, 5 July 2019 (UTC)

 * What is the point of all this? 71.208.32.185 (talk) 21:05, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

HUGE confusion between "Playmaker" and "Second Striker"
The article mixes two completely different concepts, under the inaccurate umbrella of "Deep-lying Forwards": the Playmaker ("Enganche" in Spanish) with the Second Striker ("Mediapunta"). The first role is about creativity, ball control and killer passing; while the second one is about speed, dribbling, and some goal scoring.

They should NOT be mixed in this article; which should only have the Second Striker role, not the Playmaker one (BTW, it should also have the Wing Forward role, but that would mean changing its title to the more correct "Forward").Santiago Roza (Kq) 00:42, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

Certain players
Zinedine Zidane, Juan Roman Riquelme and Lionel Messi are not Deep lying Forwards. Messi is a different breed of player, a player in a position between a Deep lying forward and an attacking midfielder and he is also a Playmaker. That's what makes Barcelona's formation unique along with Ronaldinho. Zinedine Zidane and Juan Roman Riquelme are Playmakers. Just because they wear the Number 10 doesn't mean they are deep lying forwards. In recent years the number 10 has been more the number of a playmaker and the number 11 is used for a Deep lying forward.

I agree
Yeah this article needs a lot of editing, the positions are not described for what they really are. They are mixing a lot of functions of different positions. Zidane and Riquelme are real PLAYMAKERS, Messi is not but he has the ability to be one. In argentina they gave him the position as a second striker or even a number 9 but due to not receving the ball he dropped back to midfield making it seem he was a attacking midfielder. In Barcelona Messi is not a playmaker, we know who they are. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Natsunoyuutsu (talk • contribs) 16:33, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

Well-known strikers
The list of well-known strikers is ridiculous. It should have a more strict policy on who should be on and who shouldn't. There is no excuse to have players from women's football on there too, because it's not a popular sport in comparison to men's football.--Utotri 14:19, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

 * In the USA they love their womens football. If that example means something to them, and the rest don't, leave it in.

 * In the US they dont even love their mens football — Preceding unsigned comment added by Artaxus (talk • contribs) 19:22, 21 February 2011 (UTC)

I agree with that but Fernando Torres if you go to his wikipedia page you can see it says he is a striker. But in this page its says he is a center foward. Which is correct? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.31.108.219 (talk) 04:16, 30 July 2012 (UTC)

More players added
I have just added several examples of what I believe to be well known players (regardless of stirker, forward, centre forward, etc); in doing so it makes this list somewhat British. I believe it needs expanding on a global scale to include others. The criteria I used to consider players was

1. They were well known for the type of role they played 2. They had competed at the highest level (e.g. World Cups, Champions League/UEFA cup, etc.) 3. They had been top scorers or held scoring records for their respective clubs.

If this same criteria is used the list could be more comprehensive and developed in to a category, e.g. Well known strikers. Ianguy 23:49, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

 * There is already such a list at List of renowned football players. It is linked under See Also as List of renowned strikers. The names were split from Football (soccer) positions. I think naming one or two very, very popular players as an example of a certain playing style is fine, but anything more than that would encourage fans to add their own favourite players. And eventually you would have something like this where the list takes up more space than the main content.(Which was the main reason for the split)--Dodo bird 06:31, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

I agree. Instead of listing prime examples, there seems to be an attempt to list every player you can think of in that role! I've edited the list down to a handfull for each role - although if anyone can think of better players to use as examples then please do so.--Mike Infinitum 22:14, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

The "Sheringham" role
I personally haven't heard it being called that in quite a while. Seeing how the name the sheringham role probably isn't relevant anymore I think it should be removed. Yonatanh 01:02, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

It is still occasionally used by the dinosaurs on 'Match of the Day' Nicander 08:03, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

Yes it is still used.

I don't think it is often called the 'Sheringham role' in the uk. Maybe on MOTD or in specific conversations about the England side but I don't think anyone would have the audacity to suggest that Maradona, Totti or Bergkamp played in the 'Sheringham role'. I think 'in the hole' should be the term used most in the uk maybe with a reference to the 'Sherringham role' being used occasionally. Lets face it he was only really any good in Euro 96 for England. I haven't made any changes just leaving my opinion Robbiati11 20:29, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

I agree, I've never heard anybody calling it the "Sheringham role" in my entire life - I'm sure there were plenty of good players in the same role before his time. It's always known as second striker round here or as said before "in the hole" Andy86 23:12, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

Drogba
Under centre-forwards Drogba is listed twice, under poachers, and target men. I noticed after questioning whether Drogba was a target man. He does certainly not fall under the category of players that attempt to shield the ball, turn and score, at least not in the premiership, although his use of strength cannot be questioned. I just do not believe he falls under the category of target man. I shall remove Drogba fromt the list of target men, as it allows the article to contradict itself to an extent, when it states "Other centre-forwards are known as "target men" and goes to to list Drogba when he was listed under the previous type of Centre-Forward. --84.71.199.210 09:13, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I think Drogba does a good bit of both. To avoid confusion, perhaps players whose style is not clearly/predominantly one of the roles listed should not be used as examples.  The examples are there to do just that - provide examples for the audience to watch and see the role being carried out.  They shouldn't be there out of an attempt to classify every famous forward in football. Thoughts? - Slow Graffiti 21:45, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

I don't see Andry Shevchenko in the list. - —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 203.49.196.163 (talk • contribs).

 * As I said, this page does not and should not seek to classify every famous forward. - Slow Graffiti 04:08, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

Names of strikers- why not just list several from different countries rather than revert constantly?
There is plenty of room in the article to include a section of famous strikers from different countries. Why not just have an area when the country is listed, and the names of notable strikers listed. It would avoid a lot of the edit changes and removals back and forth, and give everyone credit. Seems a better solution than constant reverts. The article is barely 20k big, there is plenty of room to accommodate everyone here.Enriquecardova (talk) 17:54, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

Removal of Examples?
Why were the examples of the different styles of strikers eliminated, the inclusion of a few notable examples is no more subjective than the very acknowledgment of these unofficial roles. What is the purpose of this page? If it is to help people understand the position, the examples are a massive help by letting them associate the description with a real life example, likewise it greatly helps people who would like to compare one player to somebody that is similar who they might not have know, if there is no response I will undo the changes. I know the examples were a great help to me, and I will gladly put them back up as a great help to others.

Jbshoup Sep 2, 2008 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jbshoup (talk • contribs) 02:35, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

Requested move
move. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 09:52, 19 October 2008 (UTC) Striker → Forward (association football) — The current title of this article is not appropriate. The term "striker" may encompass centre-forwards and second strikers, but it is not commonly used to refer to wing forwards such as Cristiano Ronaldo or Lionel Messi. I certainly would never refer to either of those two as a striker. The term "forward", however, refers to any player who plays in an advanced role, whether they be a striker, a second striker or a winger. The disambiguator "association football" is only necessary to disambiguate from other articles about forwards. — – PeeJay 09:56, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's naming conventions.

 * Support- This would remove the ambiguity over which positions were covered and would encompass a broader and more comprehensive range of players.--Lucy-marie (talk) 10:07, 13 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose per below Knepflerle (talk) 17:59, 13 October 2008 (UTC)
 *  Oppose  Support- Per comments . I don't know what I was thinking. A striker is a type of forward and the article is about forwards in general. Hubschrauber729 (talk) 19:36, 13 October 2008 (UTC)
 * It would be nice if you specified which comments you agree with. It could be assumed that you agree with Lucy-marie's opinion... – PeeJay 10:48, 16 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose move. It's a good article on a good, well-defined and notable topic, on which there's plenty of material for an article. Suggest that, if there's plenty of material available to cover this broader and more comprehensive range of players, then a new article should be created, under the more generic title. Andrewa (talk) 11:13, 14 October 2008 (UTC)
 * But the content for the new article is here, under this title. Hence the move. Why can't you people see that? – PeeJay 12:00, 14 October 2008 (UTC)
 * If content gets added to an article that isn't directly in its remit, we find the extra information a new, better home. We don't keep renaming the article to fit.  Whether you view the current problem as a naming problem or a content problem is a matter of scale and opinion, but we fix content problems by fixing articles, not titles. Knepflerle (talk) 16:37, 14 October 2008 (UTC)
 * OK, so we should remove the information from this article that does not relate to its title? That would mean removing both the "Second striker" and "Winger" sections. Assuming that new articles do not get created in the near future, the removed information would not have a home for quite a while. The most appropriate thing to do, in-keeping with the fact that we already have articles about the umbrella positions Goalkeeper, Defender and Midfielder, it stands to reason that the one remaining position article should be titled Forward, does it not? – PeeJay 17:49, 14 October 2008 (UTC)
 * No, it doesn't. The article is about the role very commonly known as striker. Of course we shouldn't just remove material, any useful content that doesn't belong under this topic should be moved to a more appropriate article. To just remove it is to do half the job. Don't disrupt Wikipedia to prove a point. Andrewa (talk) 00:43, 15 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Who's disrupting Wikipedia? I'm using logic to disprove Knepflerle's point. Anyway, this article is about the role of a Forward, of which the role of Striker is a variant. See this UEFA squad list for evidence. The squad list is divided into "Goalkeepers", "Defenders", "Midfielders" and "Forwards", not "Goalkeepers", "Defenders", "Midfielders" and "Strikers". There have been plenty of other arguments further up the page about why this page is inappropriately titled. This is not a content dispute so please can everyone stop treating it as such. – PeeJay 08:25, 15 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Nobody is disrupting Wikipedia, and nobody is suggesting they were. But removing useful content without finding it a new home would be unhelpful. And that's what you seem to be proposing above, perhaps rhetorically. Did I misunderstand you? Andrewa (talk) 20:17, 15 October 2008 (UTC)
 * It was rhetorical. – PeeJay 10:47, 16 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Support - In my opinion, Forward is the generic name and Striker is one specific type of Forward. There's plenty of crossover and grey areas in the terminology, and different pundits/analysts/commentators use them in different ways, but I think Forward is a more appropriate name for the article than Striker. Beve (talk) 08:40, 15 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Support - I was tempted originally to oppose this, as I've always categorised people such as Cristiano Ronaldo as wingers (and therefore midfielders), and used 'strikers' as just the ones whose job it is to score goals. Having said that, I'm quite keen that the various WP articles on football are consistent, so in keeping with Association football positions, I think it should be 'forward'. If there is "official" backing for it to be 'forward' rather than 'striker' then so much the better. It's a funny old thing, as I'd never really wondered before which of the terms was the generic one for the position. I would probably have typically used 'striker' in the past, but I think that 'forward' sounds better for an encyclopedia. Pure unscientific gut-feeling, but that's the way I'm headed. El Pollo Diablo (Talk) 13:02, 16 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Support - as per Beve's comments. -- Alexf(talk) 17:18, 16 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. GiantSnowman 19:18, 16 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Support per discussion above and below. Strikers are just one kind of forward.  --   Grant  .  Alpaugh  19:24, 16 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Support. Striker is a modern term, and the article needs to cover all forward players from all periods. Many years ago teams played with five forward players - Outside Right/Left (also known as wingers), Inside Right/Left (inside forwards) and a centre forward (now known as striker). Having the article at Striker means the other types of forward player are excluded when they should be included. — Gasheadsteve Talk to me 14:26, 17 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Support. Strikers are usually found on a picket line, not on a football field. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 09:45, 19 October 2008 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:

 * This discussion has been included in WikiProject Football's list of association football related page moves. – PeeJay 10:03, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

 * What you need is a new, second article to explain the overlap and differences, not a title-change. Knepflerle (talk) 13:33, 13 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Why do that when we can simply rename this article and explain the differences between a striker, a centre forward, a second striker and a wing forward here? We don't have special articles explaining the differences between an attacking midfielder and a plain, simple midfielder, so why have one explaining the difference between a striker and a forward? – PeeJay 17:33, 13 October 2008 (UTC)
 * There's probably enough encyclopaedic to say about each of those positions, with forward as an umbrella article explaining the differences. They're commonly-enough used terms with specific meanings and history.  American football has articles for a panoply of positions - see American football positions - and there's no reason something similar wouldn't be useful for the range of football positions.  My editing time will be sharply limited for a short while, but afterwards I would happily help in furnishing some of these articles with text. Knepflerle (talk) 18:21, 13 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree that an article for each position on the football pitch would not be a bad idea. However, the content of this article is more suited to the title "Forward" than "Striker", hence the move request. The move request has nothing to do with the content, only that the current title is not quite correct. – PeeJay 18:26, 13 October 2008 (UTC)
 * There just doesn't seem much point moving the page then moving some content back here as opposed to separating out the stuff that doesn't belong here and using it to create a useful article. Knepflerle (talk) 19:43, 13 October 2008 (UTC)
 * And what if the proposed articles never get created? We'll still have this article in the wrong place. – PeeJay 20:09, 13 October 2008 (UTC)
 * A second article would create a disparity of information and be a prime candidate for merging with this article title, so the creation a second artilce smacks of lunacy.--Lucy-marie (talk) 22:18, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

"A second article would create a disparity of information": I don't understand what you mean by this. "a prime candidate for merging with this article title": not necessarily - the positions are noteworthy with obviously distinct definition, usage and history. ""smacks of lunacy": pure hyperbole. Knepflerle (talk) 10:58, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

I can't ever remember hearing a commentary on a soccer match in which there wasn't someone described as striker from each team. It's a very well accepted term. To put the topic into an article on forwards generally, however it is managed, is a bit like merging Tutankhamun into Pharaoh. Andrewa (talk) 02:01, 16 October 2008 (UTC)
 * That's probably because there's always a striker on a team. However, there are usually other players playing in forward positions, who, despite their forward position, are not referred to as strikers. That is why this article should be renamed to "Forward (association football)". – PeeJay 10:47, 16 October 2008 (UTC)
 * No, it's because the striker is a particularly important role, and one that many who know little else about football would know exists, and even be able to name particular people who played in this role. There's always a goalkeeper, too, and the role is at least as important, but less newsworthy somehow. Andrewa (talk) 03:04, 17 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, the striker is an important role. Hence why there's almost always at least one striker on the field for each team at any one time. As for goalkeepers, the goalkeeper is a specialist role, even more specialist than any other on the field. It also already has its own article, so why we're discussing it is beyond me. – PeeJay 08:28, 17 October 2008 (UTC)
 * The relevance is that goallie is the other position or role that many of the public would easily recognise as being part of a soccer team. Andrewa (talk) 20:18, 18 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Really, that's not a good analogy. Merging Tutankhamun into Pharaoh would be more akin to merging Pelé into Striker. Having Striker as a subsection of Forward would be more like having Winger as a subset of Midfielder - which is exactly what we do have. Beve (talk) 13:17, 16 October 2008 (UTC)
 * No analogy is perfect. The problem with merging Pelé into Striker is that both topics are in the public awareness, while I'd contend that many would know that Pelé was a striker without necessarily knowing he was a forward.
 * Agree that the current article is not about striker, it's about forwards in general. But we need an article on striker as well IMO. Many would for example be surprised to find no mention of midfielder David Beckham, who is often described as a striker http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Does_David_Beckham_play_Striker http://www.hi5celebrity.com/david-beckham/beckham-the-star-striker/, presumably because of his ability to score. This may be a confusion, but it's a common enough one that we should deal with it. Andrewa (talk) 20:18, 18 October 2008 (UTC)

Deep-Lying??
This article needs to get rid of the misnomer "deep-lying centre-forward." If you are central and forward then how on earth can you be deep-lying? The position is known as being "in-the-hole" in English. The term "d-l-c-forward" dates from the 1950s when Hungary came to Wembley and battered England 6-3 with a revolutionary new style of game, using players in positions that the English had never seen used before. Faced with these new positions the confused English press invented lots of new-fangled names, most of which were clearly inadequate. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.18.136.70 (talk) 15:38, 1 November 2008 (UTC)

Terminology
First of all, I admit my knowledge of this sport is basically nil.

Since I think this encyclopedia is supposed to be for a "general reader", it seems to me there is too much specialized terminology used in this article.

I recognize that editors have gone to a lot of effort to explain the terminology that is used. And with some success. The first point where I found it unclear was here:

 * "to win long balls or receive passes and "hold up" the ball as team-mates advance, to help team-mates score by providing a pass ('through ball' into the box), or to score himself".

Whether it is possible, or worthwhile, to make the article clear to someone with my limited knowledge of the subject is another matter. I arrived at the article by clicking "random article". CBHA (talk) 03:30, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

Strickers are the most fame collectors —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.21.36.106 (talk) 11:23, 22 October 2009 (UTC)

Ditto what the first guy said, more or less. Except that I came here deliberately have encountered football terms in BBC news quite a few times without knowing what they mean. I can imagine what it's like being so familiar with the game that you would think twice about the meaning of "have the ability to slot the ball" but some of us can only guess what that might mean. Thanks in any case for giving me some idea of what a striker is. SewerCat (talk) 14:09, 26 May 2010 (UTC)

Striker vs Centre Forward (yet again)
Can i please draw peoples attention to this page: []. It gives a clear and understandable distinction between strikers and centre forwards, why cant what is on that page be copied and pasted onto this page? It appears to be accepted on that page, so why not on here? Brock 009 (talk) 12:08, 2 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Because UEFA and FIFA do not make that distinction. If an international footballing organization does not recognize that, this article will conform to that.  The Wikipedia link has no reference at all, making it dubious. 116.14.17.153 (talk) 16:42, 27 May 2010 (UTC)

Yes, that is why Wiki conforms to the fact 1)Henry did not use his hand, 2)using your hand is no longer a foul in football and all the rest of the nonsense FIFA do not acknowledge /sweep under the carpet. Striker and Centre Forward are two different roles, but hey if the geniuses at FIFA don't recognise it, despite the fact that teams do, then it can't be true. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.34.204.219 (talk) 14:59, 14 July 2010 (UTC)

Number 10 and Poor Terminology
Why the obsession with number 10? The number that most players wear nowadays are completely irrelevant to their position oj the field or their role within the team. Why do people keep insisting on referring to players as a 'number 10'? Even when the shirt numbers MEANT something the number 10 could be a midfielder or a forward.

Also, can we stop using the nonsense phrase 'Deep-Lying Centre-Forward' please? Think about the words. How can you be forward if you are deep-lying? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.82.139.180 (talk) 01:14, 26 January 2010 (UTC)

Merger
Should Outside forward be merged into this article? I reckon that it isn't unique or significant enough to have an article of its own and it is just a type of forward Alza08 (talk) 04:36, 19 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Agree.—indopug (talk) 13:00, 28 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Agree, provided that the any redirect points to the newly created section. —WFC— 18:05, 7 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Agree.- PL (talk) 16:34, 20 August 2011 (UTC)

Agree - ive listed some basic attributes Of such position could somebody correct my english? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Natsunoyuutsu (talk • contribs) 04:04, 10 September 2011 (UTC)

The false 9(New Page Request)
In addition to the pages of all possible positions in football, a new page should be dedicated to the false nine position. The false 9 or nine and a half is generally an attacking midfielder employed as a striker who eventually goes deep to support midfield. Swapnil2309 (talk) 05:10, 12 December 2011 (UTC)

Name of the page
The topic should be edited as "Forward (football)". Because that is how the game is called by 7 billion people. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.149.217.233 (talk) 01:07, 12 July 2012 (UTC) - We know that NFL pays big money to Wikipedia for the name, but this should be stated, so that there can be hope for the world in fight against corrupted lies. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.149.217.233 (talk) 01:12, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

Me about introduction
"Forwards, also known as strikers"

But wingers, second strikers, inside-forwards and centre-forwards are also forwards. For example, CR7 is winger, which is also forward --82.139.5.13 (talk) 18:10, 10 August 2012 (UTC)

Highest fee
What happened with Ronaldo in this ranking? He is the most expensive transfer in the history and I don't see him there. If Luis Figo or Hulk appears in the list, Ronaldo too. I hope an answer or I will edit it. Sorry for my bad English — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.221.92.184 (talk) 16:34, 3 February 2013 (UTC)

"Deep" needs explaining
The word is used many times but the novice is not told what it means, it is not intuitive. Rcbutcher (talk) 23:19, 4 September 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Merge Proposal
I propose that Inside forward be merged with Forward (association football).

This was one of the forward positions in early formations. The short article (which could easily be a paragraph in the more general article) does state that it could be equated with an attacking midfielder, but this is also true of the description for Winger and that position is part of the Forward article. No need for this separate article when all other 'types' of forward are listed in one main article.Crowsus (talk) 11:29, 27 February 2017 (UTC)

 * Comment: It seems "Winger" has a section in Forward and a section in Midfielder (with the main section the Winger page is redirected to being the Midfielder section). --SuperJew (talk) 12:56, 27 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Comment: Yeah, that's not ideal, although winger is definitely a grey area for categorisation between midfield and forward line as outlined in its text. I also spotted there is a separate article for Inverted winger, which surely should be appended to the rest of the Winger section, whichever generic positional article it has been decided to be placed in - is there any established consensus on that at WP:FOOTY? Obviously I've not been there very long and these debates have been ongoing for many years. But in terms of Inside Forward, its graphic clearly shows it as a Forward placement, and Outside-Forward (which became Winger, incidentally) is already in the Forward article so it is logical for it to go there too.Crowsus (talk) 13:20, 27 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Support: What content there is can comfortably be accommodated in the general article. It's true that, as tactics developed, the old inside forward role can be said to have developed to some extent into the modern attacking midfielder, but when they were a thing they were clearly a subset of forwards – the clue being in the name! Jellyman (talk) 17:54, 1 March 2017 (UTC)

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Strike Combinations: Wambach & Morgan/Female Representation on Wikipedia Association Football Pages
Please stop removing the sourced information and images regarding Abby Wambach & Alex Morgan's goalscoring record for the USWNT in 2012; it is an impressive record, they have been highly successful in their field, there are reliable sources, the photo includes both players (not just one), and if anything we need more female representation in association football pages on Wikipedia. Thank you. Best regards, Messirulez (talk) 16:15, 8 January 2020 (UTC)

Goalscorer Table
Is it really relevant to have this table in this article? It's not sourced, and a non–registered user keeps changing the formatting so that it doesn't conform to wiki standards, and I don't think it's relevant to an article on football forwards; if anything it could be added to the article on strikers with 500 or more goals. A user removed it but their edit was reverted. Could the page be protected? Thanks, Messirulez (talk) 23:35, 19 May 2021 (UTC)

Clearly a troll, looks like some sort of amateur league that is inserting one of their strikers as some sort of top scorer of all time. 100.38.248.101 (talk) 05:34, 20 May 2021 (UTC)

This keeps getting reinserted by the troll. Can we get this protected? 67.183.184.21 (talk) 06:42, 25 May 2021 (UTC)

Caption change?
Considering Lionel Messi does not play for FC Barcelona anymore, should the caption on his image be changed or is it still accurate due to the fact that he is playing with Barcelona in that photo? Kelsiesmith7 (talk) 00:51, 11 August 2021 (UTC)

"Forward(association football)" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Forward(association football) and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 March 24 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Steel1943 (talk) 05:43, 24 March 2022 (UTC)

Needs fixing
Page has an issue at the top 209.35.94.207 (talk) 09:56, 30 April 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Intro to Technical Writing
— Assignment last updated by Jazaam02 (talk) 19:28, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Forward (association football)


text:
Battle of Yahagi-gawa

The Battle of Yahagi-gawa (矢作川の戦い) took place in 1181. Retreating from the Battle of Sunomata-gawa, Minamoto no Yukiie attempted to make a stand by destroying the bridge over the Yahagi River (矢作川 Yahagi-gawa) and putting up a defensive shieldwall. He was forced to withdraw in the end, but the Taira pursuit was soon called off when their leader, Tomomori, fell ill.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Battle of Yahagi-gawa


text:
Müller (surname)

The German word Müller means "miller" (as a profession). It is the most common family surname in Germany, Switzerland, and the French départements of Bas-Rhin and Moselle (with the spelling Müller, Mueller or Muller) and is the fifth most common surname in Austria (see List of most common surnames in Europe). Other forms are Miller (mainly Southern Germany, Austria and Switzerland) and Möller (Northern and Central Germany and the Netherlands). Of the various family coats of arms that exist, many incorporate milling iconography, such as windmills or watermill wheels.

A–F

 * Achim Müller (born 1938), German chemist
 * Adam Müller (1779–1829), German political economist and theorist of the state
 * Adolf Müller (industrialist) (1857–1932), Croatian industrialist, manufacturer and entrepreneur
 * Alexander Müller (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Alexandre Müller (born 1997), French tennis player
 * Alfred Müller (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Andy Müller-Maguhn (born 1971), German computer expert (Chaos Computer Club)
 * Andreas Müller (1811–1890), German painter.
 * Arnold Müller (1884–1934), Austrian entomologist who was born and spent his life in what is now Romania.
 * Axel Müller (born 1996), Uruguayan football player
 * Axel Müller (born 1963), German politician
 * Baal Müller (born 1969), German writer and publisher
 * Bettina Müller (born 1959), German politician
 * Carsten Müller (born 1970), German politician
 * Caroline Müller (mezzo-soprano) (1755–1826), Danish/Swedish mezzo-soprano, singer, actress
 * Caroline Müller (born 1964), Dutch-German pop-singer, known as C. C. Catch
 * Cecília Müller (born 1958), Hungarian physician
 * Claudia Müller (born 1981), German politician
 * Detlef Müller (born 1964), German politician
 * Daniel Müller (born 1965), Swiss curler
 * Daniel Jobst Müller (born 1965), German scientist
 * Danny Muller (born 1969), Dutch football player
 * Dieter Müller (born 1954), German football player
 * Dirk Müller (disambiguation), several persons
 * Eduard Müller (disambiguation), several persons
 * Erwin Wilhelm Müller (1911–1977), German physicist
 * Filinto Müller (1900–1973), Brazilian politician and police chief
 * Filip Müller (1922–2013), Holocaust survivor
 * Frank Müller (born 1968), German decathlete
 * Friedrich Müller (disambiguation), several persons
 * Fritz Müller (1821–1897), German-born Brazilian naturalist
 * Fritz Müller (doctor) (1834–1895), Swiss doctor, zoologist, and herpetologist
 * Fritz Müller (rugby player), German rugby union international

G–H

 * Gebhard Müller (1900-1990), German lawyer and politician (CDU)
 * George Müller (1805–1898), Christian benefactor and missionary
 * Georg Elias Müller (1850–1934), German experimental psychologist
 * Gerd Müller (disambiguation), name of several persons
 * Gerhard Friedrich Müller (1705–1783), Russian historian of German descent
 * Gerhard Ludwig Müller (born 1947), German cardinal
 * Gilles Müller (born 1983), Luxembourgian professional tennis player
 * Günter Müller (born 1954), German jazz percussionist
 * Gustav Müller (disambiguation)
 * Hanno Müller-Brachmann (born 1970), German baritone
 * Hans Müller (disambiguation), name of several persons
 * Hansjörg Müller (born 1968), German politician
 * Heiner Müller (1929–1995), German dramatist
 * Heinrich Müller (Gestapo) (1900–1945), German Nazi official, wartime Gestapo chief
 * Heinrich Müller (physiologist) (1820–1864), German physiologist
 * Henri Müller, French curler
 * Herbert Müller (racing driver) (1940–1981), Swiss race car driver
 * Hermann Müller (disambiguation), name of several persons
 * Herta Müller (born 1953), Romanian-born German novelist and poet who won the Nobel Prize in Literature

I–K

 * Inge Müller (1925–1966), German poet
 * Jaroslav Müller, Czech swimmer
 * Jens Müller (pilot) (1917–1999), Norwegian World War II pilot, POW and survivor of the "Great Escape" from Stalag Luft III
 * Jens Müller (luger) (born 1965), German luger
 * Jochum Nicolay Müller (1775–1848), Danish (Norwegian) Naval officer
 * Joel Müller (1827–1895), German rabbi
 * Joël Müller (born 1952), former football player and manager, currently working as a technical director for FC Metz
 * Johann Gotthard von Müller (1747–1830), German engraver, and his son, Johann Friedrich Müller (1782–1816), engraver
 * Johann Heinrich Jakob Müller (1809–1875), German physicist
 * Johannes Müller (disambiguation), several persons
 * Jörg Müller (born 1969), German race car driver
 * Jörg Müller (cyclist) (born 1961), Swiss track cyclist and road bicycle racer
 * Josef Müller (CSU politician) (1898–1979), German politician and resistance member
 * Josef Müller (entomologist) (1880–1964), Croatian entomologist
 * Julius Müller (disambiguation), several people
 * Julius Müller (theologian) (1801–1878), German Protestant theologian
 * Jürgen Müller (born 1963), German neurologist and forensic psychiatrist
 * Karl Müller (astronomer) (1866–1942), Czechoslovakian government official and amateur astronomer
 * Karl Alexander Müller (1927–2023), Swiss physicist, 1987 Nobel Prize in Physics
 * Karl H. Müller (born 1953), Austrian social scientist
 * Karl Otfried Müller (1797–1840), German scholar of Spartan culture
 * Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Müller (1813–1894), German scholar of ancient Greek geography
 * Karl von Müller (1873–1923), German naval officer, captain of SMS Emden
 * Klaus Müller (disambiguation), name of several persons
 * Kurt Müller (footballer) (born 1948), Swiss international footballer
 * Klaus Uwe Müller (1915–1989), German chess player

L–O

 * Lauro Müller (1863–1926), Brazilian politician, diplomat, and military engineer
 * Lena Müller (born 1987), German rower
 * Leo Müller (1894–1941), Croatian industrialist and philanthropist killed during the Holocaust
 * Leopold Müller (engineer) (1908–1988), Austrian tunneling engineer
 * Leopold Müller (painter) (1834–1892), Austrian genre painter
 * Lillian Müller (born 1951), Norwegian model and actress
 * Lorenz Müller, (1868–1953), German herpetologist
 * Lucian Müller (1836–1898), German classical scholar
 * Ludwig Müller (disambiguation), several persons
 * Maler Müller (1749–1825), German poet, dramatist and painter, really Friedrich Müller
 * Malik Müller (born 1994), German basketball player
 * Margit Müller (born 1952), German field hockey player
 * Maria Müller (1898–1958), Austrian soprano
 * Martin Müller (disambiguation), several people
 * Martina Müller (footballer) (born 1980), German footballer
 * Martina Müller (tennis), (born 1982), German professional tennis player
 * Mary Ann Wilson Griffiths Müller (1819–1901) aka "Fémmina," New Zealand pamphleteer
 * Matthias Müller (disambiguation), several persons
 * Maurice Edmond Müller (1918–2009), Swiss orthopedic surgeon
 * Max Müller (disambiguation), several people
 * Monika Müller-Seps (born 1986), Swiss chess grandmaster
 * Müller (footballer) (born 1966), Brazilian footballer nicknamed Müller
 * Niclas Müller (1809–1875), German-American poet
 * Norbert Müller (born 1986), German politician
 * Norman Müller (born 1985), German decathlete
 * Nuraan Muller, South African politician
 * Otto Müller (1898–1979), German artist
 * Otto Friedrich Müller (1730–1784), Danish naturalist

P–Z

 * Paul Heinrich Theodor Müller (1896–?), German SS-Obersturmführer and Schutzhaftlagerführer
 * Paul Hermann Müller (1899–1965), Swiss chemist, 1948 Nobel Prize in Medicine
 * Patrick Müller (disambiguation), several people
 * Peter Müller (disambiguation), several people
 * Philipp Ludwig Statius Müller (1725–1776), German zoologist
 * Renate Müller (1906–1937), German actress
 * Richard Müller (singer) (born 1961), Slovak singer and musician
 * Richard Müller (socialist) (1880-1943), German trade unionist and revolutionary
 * Robert Müller (1980–2009), German ice hockey player
 * Rosmarie Müller (born 1958), Swiss long-distance runner
 * Salomon Müller (1804–1864), German naturalist
 * Sándor Müller, Hungarian footballer
 * Sepp Müller (born 1989), German politician
 * Silke Müller (born 1978), German field hockey player
 * Sophie Müller (1803–1830), German and Austrian stage actress
 * Stefan Müller (born 1975), German politician
 * Susanne Müller (born 1972), German field hockey player
 * Theo Müller (born 1940), German businessman
 * Thomas Müller (disambiguation), several people
 * Torsten Müller (agroscientist) (born 1961), German agroscientist
 * Torsten Müller (musician) (born 1957), German musician
 * Urban Müller, Swiss computer programmer, creator of the brainfuck programming language
 * Vincenz Müller (1894–1961), German soldier and politician
 * Vít Müller, Czech athlete
 * Vladimir Müller (1880–before 1943), Russian lexicographer and medieval dramaturgy scholar
 * Walter Andreas Müller (born 1945), Swiss actor and comedian
 * Walther Müller (1905–1979), German physicist
 * Walther Otto Müller (1833–1887), German botanist
 * Wenzel Müller (1767–1835), Austrian composer
 * Werner Müller (politician) (1946–2019), German businessman and politician, Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Energy from 1998 to 2002, CEO of RAG AG
 * Wilhelm Müller (1794–1827), German poet
 * William James Müller (1812–1845), English artist
 * Wolfgang Müller von Königswinter (1816–1873), German novelist and poet
 * Wolfgang Müller (1931–2021), German equestrian
 * Wolfgang Philipp Müller (born 1966), German founder of VDM Publishing
 * Xeno Müller (born 1972), Swiss rower

title: Müller (surname)


text: User talk:213.55.95.2

title: User talk:213.55.95.2


text:
Hebei (disambiguation)

Hebei is a province in China.

Hebei ( unless otherwise noted) may also refer to:

Places in People's Republic of China

 * Hebei District, an urban district of Tianjin

Towns

 * Hebei, Beijing, in Fangshan District, Beijing
 * Hebei, Luobei County (鹤北), in Luobei County, Heilongjiang
 * Hebei, Shaanxi, in Long County, Shaanxi
 * Hebei, Shanxi, in Yangcheng County, Shanxi

Townships

 * Hebei Township, Heilongjiang, in Keshan County, Heilongjiang
 * Hebei Township, Liaoning, in Fushun, Liaoning
 * Hebei Township, Qinghai, in Tongde County, Qinghai

Subdistricts

 * Hebei Subdistrict, Gongzhuling, in Gongzhuling, Jilin
 * Hebei Subdistrict, Jiaohe, in Jiaohe, Jilin
 * Hebei Subdistrict, Fuxin, in Haizhou District, Fuxin, Liaoning
 * Hebei Subdistrict, Ya'an, in Yucheng District, Ya'an, Sichuan

Historical regions

 * Heshuo, also named Hebei, an ancient Chinese term referring to areas north of the Yellow River
 * Hebei Circuit, a major administrative division during the Tang, Five Dynasties and Song dynasties

title: Hebei (disambiguation)


text:
Hart to Hart

Hart to Hart is an American mystery television series that premiered on August 25, 1979, on ABC. The show stars Robert Wagner and Stefanie Powers as Jonathan and Jennifer Hart, respectively, a wealthy couple who lead a glamorous jetset lifestyle and regularly find themselves working as unpaid detectives in order to solve crimes in which they become embroiled. The series was created by novelist and television writer Sidney Sheldon. The series ended after five seasons on May 22, 1984, but was followed by eight made-for-television movies, from 1993 to 1996.

Premise
The premise of the show is summed up in the opening credits sequence, narrated by Max, the Harts' majordomo (Lionel Stander), as he introduces the characters:

"This is my boss – Jonathan Hart, a self-made millionaire. He's quite a guy. This is Mrs. H – she's gorgeous. What a terrific lady. By the way, my name is Max. I take care of them - which ain't easy; 'cause their hobby is - murder."

Several early first season episodes originally included a slightly differently worded intro, with some alternative accompanying shots. This is replaced with the standard first season opening in syndication and later digital releases:

"This is my boss – Mr. Jonathan Hart, self-made millionaire and quite a guy. This here's his wife, Mrs. H – yeah, she's gorgeous, but don't let her looks deceive you. Oh, and me? My name is Max. I'm their chauffeur... among other things, and it's my job to try and take care of them - which ain't easy; 'cause when they meet... it's murder."

Beginning with Season 2 onward, the opening lines were slightly changed:

"This is my boss – Jonathan Hart, a self-made millionaire. He's quite a guy. This is Mrs. H – she's gorgeous. She's one lady who knows how to take care of herself. By the way, my name is Max. I take care of both of them – which ain't easy; 'cause when they met, it was murder."

Jonathan Hart (Robert Wagner) is the CEO of Hart Industries, a global conglomerate based in Los Angeles. His wife Jennifer (Stefanie Powers) is a freelance journalist. Living the jetset lifestyle, the Harts often find themselves involved in cases of smuggling, theft, corporate and international espionage and, most commonly, murder. At their opulent Bel Air estate, they are assisted by Max (Lionel Stander), their shared mansion's loyal, gravel-voiced majordomo, who also helps with their cases. The Harts' beloved pet dog is a Löwchen called Freeway, so named because he was a stray that they found wandering on the freeway. The Harts own a Mercedes-Benz 300 TD diesel wagon, a dark green Rolls-Royce Corniche convertible (replacing the Series III Bentley custom cabriolet in the first season), and a yellow Mercedes-Benz SL roadster (1979 450 SL, replaced by a 1981 380 SL) with personalized California vanity plates "3 HARTs", "2 HARTs", and "1 HART" respectively. The opening credits sequence (stock footage drawn from the series pilot) also shows Jonathan Hart driving a red Dino 246 GTS. They also own a Grumman Gulfstream II private jet, which is featured at the start of the opening credits.

Critics have long noted that the premise of Hart to Hart strongly resembles that of The Thin Man series of 1930s and 1940s films and 1950s The Thin Man television series, which also depicted a wealthy and glamorous crime-fighting couple that had a dog, and no children.

Production
Screenwriter and novelist Sidney Sheldon had originally written a script in the early 1970s for CBS, titled Double Twist, about a married couple who were spies. The script remained unfilmed for several years until producers Aaron Spelling and Leonard Goldberg decided to update the idea for a potential television series. They offered the script to screenwriter Tom Mankiewicz, who had by that time written several screenplays, including three James Bond films.

They instructed Mankiewicz to make the script more contemporary for a potential weekly series. They proposed to Mankiewicz that if his draft was successful, he could direct the pilot episode. Mankiewicz reworked Sheldon's original script and renamed it Hart to Hart, emphasizing the romantic aspect of the couple. As planned, Mankiewicz made his directorial debut with the pilot episode, and remained a creative consultant to the series. The first ten episodes were developed by Mankiewicz and the series's original story editor, Bob Shayne.

Spelling's and Goldberg's initial choice for the role of Jonathan Hart was Cary Grant. However, Grant (seventy-five years old at the time) had effectively retired from acting over a decade earlier; his last film, Walk, Don't Run, had been released in 1966. They then decided to find a younger actor who might embody the same style, zest and persona that Grant was famous for, and offered the role to Robert Wagner. No one else was seriously considered for the role; George Hamilton had a high profile at the time and was suggested, but Aaron Spelling said that if he was signed for the role, "the audience will resent him as Hart for being that rich. But no one will begrudge RJ [Wagner] a nickel."

ABC wanted Wagner's then-real life wife Natalie Wood to co-star with him as Jennifer Hart, but Wagner did not think it was a good idea. (Wood did make a cameo appearance in the pilot, as an actress playing Scarlett O'Hara.) Initial choices for the role of Jennifer Hart included Suzanne Pleshette, Kate Jackson (months removed from ending a three-year turn starring as detective Sabrina Duncan on Charlie's Angels) and Lindsay Wagner (no relation), but Wagner suggested Stefanie Powers, who had previously worked with him when she made a guest appearance in an episode of his action-adventure series It Takes a Thief in 1970.

Wagner wanted Sugar Ray Robinson to portray Max, but ABC-TV executives were worried about a black man as majordomo for a rich white couple. Eventually they signed Lionel Stander, who had also worked with Wagner in an episode of It Takes a Thief. In that episode, "King of Thieves", he had also played a character named Max, who was likewise a lifelong friend.

The main title theme for the series was scored by Mark Snow.

Fashion and jewelry designer Nolan Miller, who later designed the clothes for Dynasty, was the costume designer for the show.

The ranch-style house used for exterior filming had previously belonged to actors Dick Powell and his wife, June Allyson. Powell was an old friend of both Robert Wagner and Aaron Spelling. The actual estate, known as Amber Hills, is situated on 48 acres in the Mandeville Canyon section of Brentwood, Los Angeles. In the series, the Harts' address is given as 3100 Willow Pond Road, Bel Air: the real address of the house is 3100 Mandeville Canyon Road. One episode was shot in San Diego, California.

As with most of the Spelling library series under the control of Sony Pictures Television, the series was remastered from the original masters in the 2000s for widescreen high definition presentation. This version of the series is currently a regular part of the schedule for Hallmark Movies & Mysteries.

TV movies
In 1993, almost a decade after the series ended, Wagner and Powers reunited for a series of Hart to Hart TV movies. Eight 90-minute telemovies were made in total between 1993 and 1996. The first five aired on NBC; the final three were broadcast on The Family Channel: • Hart to Hart Returns (November 5, 1993)

• Home is Where the Hart Is (February 18, 1994)

• Crimes of the Hart (March 25, 1994)

• Old Friends Never Die (May 6, 1994)

• Secrets of the Hart (March 6, 1995)

• Two Harts in 3/4 Time (November 26, 1995)

• Harts in High Season (March 24, 1996)

• Till Death Do Us Hart (August 25, 1996) Lionel Stander reprised his role as Max in five of the movies before his death from lung cancer on November 30, 1994. His last screen appearance was in Secrets of the Hart, which aired in March 1995.

Remakes
In 2002, Alan Cumming was attached to star in a series being developed for ABC that was being touted as a "gay Hart to Hart". Titled Mr and Mr Nash, the planned series featured a gay couple, both interior designers, who "stumble upon a murder each week", but it never went into production. In September of 2015, Deadline Hollywood reported that NBC had made a script commitment to a Hart to Hart remake series featuring a gay male couple. Written by Christopher Fife and produced by Carol Mendelsohn and Julie Weitz, the new series was described as "a modern and sexy retelling of the classic series that focuses on by-the-book attorney Jonathan Hart and free-spirited investigator Dan Hartman, who must balance the two sides of their life: action-packed crime-solving in the midst of newly found domesticity." But as of late September of 2020, that series was not known to be in production either.

Home media
Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the first two seasons of Hart to Hart on DVD in Regions 1 & 2 in 2005/2006.

In 2010/2011, Sony Pictures released all eight TV movies on DVD individually via the Warner Archive Collection. These were Manufacture-on-Demand (MOD) releases and are available exclusively through WBShop.com and Amazon.com. On October 2, 2012, Sony released all eight TV movies in two volume collections titled Hart to Hart: TV Movie Collection, Volume 1 and Hart to Hart: TV Movie Collection, Volume 2. These are also manufacture-on-demand (MOD) releases, available via Amazon.com, and are part of the Sony Choice Collection.

On September 4, 2014, it was announced that Shout! Factory had acquired the rights to the series for Region 1. They released Season 3 in December 2014, Season 4 in February 2015, the fifth and final season in June 2015, and The Complete Series on May 30, 2017.

The Greatest Event in Television History (2013)
On June 6, 2013 (June 7 in the Eastern Time Zone), Adult Swim aired an edition of The Greatest Event in Television History. Hosted by Jeff Probst, the program went behind the scenes during the making of a shot-for-shot remake of the Hart to Hart opening sequence, with Adam Scott and Amy Poehler respectively in the roles of Jonathan and Jennifer Hart, and Horatio Sanz as Max. The remake followed a similar effort in the fall of 2012, adapting the opening credit sequence of Simon & Simon.

title: Hart to Hart


text:
Direct integral

In mathematics and functional analysis, a direct integral or Hilbert integral is a generalization of the concept of direct sum. The theory is most developed for direct integrals of Hilbert spaces and direct integrals of von Neumann algebras. The concept was introduced in 1949 by John von Neumann in one of the papers in the series On Rings of Operators. One of von Neumann's goals in this paper was to reduce the classification of (what are now called) von Neumann algebras on separable Hilbert spaces to the classification of so-called factors. Factors are analogous to full matrix algebras over a field, and von Neumann wanted to prove a continuous analogue of the Artin–Wedderburn theorem classifying semi-simple rings.

Results on direct integrals can be viewed as generalizations of results about finite-dimensional C*-algebras of matrices; in this case the results are easy to prove directly. The infinite-dimensional case is complicated by measure-theoretic technicalities.

Direct integral theory was also used by George Mackey in his analysis of systems of imprimitivity and his general theory of induced representations of locally compact separable groups.

Direct integrals of Hilbert spaces
The simplest example of a direct integral are the L2 spaces associated to a (σ-finite) countably additive measure μ on a measurable space X. Somewhat more generally one can consider a separable Hilbert space H and the space of square-integrable H-valued functions

 * $$ L^2_\mu(X, H). $$

Terminological note: The terminology adopted by the literature on the subject is followed here, according to which a measurable space X is referred to as a Borel space and the elements of the distinguished σ-algebra of X as Borel sets, regardless of whether or not the underlying σ-algebra comes from a topological space (in most examples it does). A Borel space is standard if and only if it is isomorphic to the underlying Borel space of a Polish space; all Polish spaces of a given cardinality are isomorphic to each other (as Borel spaces). Given a countably additive measure μ on X, a measurable set is one that differs from a Borel set by a null set. The measure μ on X is a standard measure if and only if there is a null set E such that its complement X − E is a standard Borel space. All measures considered here are σ-finite.

Definition. Let X be a Borel space equipped with a countably additive measure μ. A measurable family of Hilbert spaces on (X, μ) is a family {Hx}x∈ X, which is locally equivalent to a trivial family in the following sense: There is a countable partition

 * $$ \{X_n\}_{1 \leq n \leq \omega} $$

by measurable subsets of X such that

 * $$ H_x = \mathbf{H}_n \quad x \in X_n $$

where Hn is the canonical n-dimensional Hilbert space, that is

 * $$ \mathbf{H}_n = \left\{ \begin{matrix} \mathbb{C}^n & \mbox{ if } n < \omega \\ \ell^2 & \mbox{ if } n = \omega \end{matrix}\right. $$

In the above, $$\ell^2$$ is the space of square summable sequences; all separable Hilbert spaces are isomorphic to $$\ell^2.$$

A cross-section of {Hx}x∈ X is a family {sx}x ∈ X such that sx ∈ Hx for all x ∈ X. A cross-section is measurable if and only if its restriction to each partition element Xn is measurable. We will identify measurable cross-sections s, t that are equal almost everywhere. Given a measurable family of Hilbert spaces, the direct integral

 * $$ \int^\oplus_X H_x \, \mathrm{d} \mu(x) $$

consists of equivalence classes (with respect to almost everywhere equality) of measurable square integrable cross-sections of {Hx}x∈ X. This is a Hilbert space under the inner product

 * $$ \langle s | t \rangle = \int_X \langle s(x) | t(x) \rangle \, \mathrm{d} \mu(x) $$

Given the local nature of our definition, many definitions applicable to single Hilbert spaces apply to measurable families of Hilbert spaces as well.

Remark. This definition is apparently more restrictive than the one given by von Neumann and discussed in Dixmier's classic treatise on von Neumann algebras. In the more general definition, the Hilbert space fibers Hx are allowed to vary from point to point without having a local triviality requirement (local in a measure-theoretic sense). One of the main theorems of the von Neumann theory is to show that in fact the more general definition is equivalent to the simpler one given here.

Note that the direct integral of a measurable family of Hilbert spaces depends only on the measure class of the measure μ; more precisely:

Theorem. Suppose μ, ν are σ-finite countably additive measures on X that have the same sets of measure 0. Then the mapping

 * $$ s \mapsto \left(\frac{\mathrm{d} \mu}{\mathrm{d} \nu}\right)^{1/2} s $$

is a unitary operator

 * $$ \int^\oplus_X H_x \, \mathrm{d} \mu(x) \rightarrow \int^\oplus_X H_x \, \mathrm{d} \nu(x). $$

Example
The simplest example occurs when X is a countable set and μ is a discrete measure. Thus, when X = N and μ is counting measure on N, then any sequence {Hk} of separable Hilbert spaces can be considered as a measurable family. Moreover,

 * $$ \int^\oplus_X H_x \, \mathrm{d} \mu(x) \cong \bigoplus_{k \in \mathbb{N}} H_k $$

Decomposable operators
For the example of a discrete measure on a countable set, any bounded linear operator T on

 * $$ H = \bigoplus_{k \in \mathbb{N}} H_k $$

is given by an infinite matrix

 * $$ \begin{bmatrix} T_{1 1} & T_{1 2} & \cdots & T_{1 n} & \cdots \\ T_{2 1} & T_{2 2} & \cdots & T_{2 n} & \cdots \\

\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \cdots \\ T_{n 1} & T_{n 2} & \cdots & T_{n n} & \cdots \\ \vdots & \vdots & \cdots & \vdots & \ddots \end{bmatrix}. $$

For this example, of a discrete measure on a countable set, decomposable operators are defined as the operators that are block diagonal, having zero for all non-diagonal entries. Decomposable operators can be characterized as those which commute with diagonal matrices:

 * $$ \begin{bmatrix} \lambda_{1} & 0 & \cdots & 0 & \cdots \\ 0 & \lambda_{2} & \cdots & 0 & \cdots \\

\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \cdots \\ 0 & 0 & \cdots & \lambda_{n} & \cdots \\ \vdots & \vdots & \cdots & \vdots & \ddots \end{bmatrix}. $$

The above example motivates the general definition: A family of bounded operators {Tx}x∈ X with Tx ∈ L(Hx) is said to be strongly measurable if and only if its restriction to each Xn is strongly measurable. This makes sense because Hx is constant on Xn.

Measurable families of operators with an essentially bounded norm, that is

 * $$ \operatorname{ess-sup}_{x \in X} \|T_x\| < \infty $$

define bounded linear operators

 * $$ \int^\oplus_X \ T_x d \mu(x) \in \operatorname{L}\bigg(\int^\oplus_X H_x \ d \mu(x)\bigg) $$

acting in a pointwise fashion, that is

 * $$ \bigg[\int^\oplus_X \ T_x d \mu(x) \bigg] \bigg(\int^\oplus_X \ s_x d \mu(x) \bigg) = \int^\oplus_X \ T_x(s_x) d \mu(x). $$

Such operators are said to be decomposable.

Examples of decomposable operators are those defined by scalar-valued (i.e. C-valued) measurable functions λ on X. In fact,

Theorem. The mapping

 * $$ \phi: L^\infty_\mu(X) \rightarrow \operatorname{L}\bigg(\int^\oplus_X H_x \ d \mu(x)\bigg) $$

given by

 * $$ \lambda \mapsto \int^\oplus_X \ \lambda_x d \mu(x) $$

is an involutive algebraic isomorphism onto its image.

This allows L∞μ(X) to be identified with the image of φ.

Theorem Decomposable operators are precisely those that are in the operator commutant of the abelian algebra L∞μ(X).

Decomposition of Abelian von Neumann algebras
The spectral theorem has many variants. A particularly powerful version is as follows:

Theorem. For any Abelian von Neumann algebra A on a separable Hilbert space H, there is a standard Borel space X and a measure μ on X such that it is unitarily equivalent as an operator algebra to L∞μ(X) acting on a direct integral of Hilbert spaces

 * $$ \int_X^\oplus H_x d \mu(x). \quad$$

To assert A is unitarily equivalent to L∞μ(X) as an operator algebra means that there is a unitary

 * $$ U: H \rightarrow \int_X^\oplus H_x d\mu(x) $$

such that U A U* is the algebra of diagonal operators L∞μ(X). Note that this asserts more than just the algebraic equivalence of A with the algebra of diagonal operators.

This version of the spectral theorem does not explicitly state how the underlying standard Borel space X is obtained. There is a uniqueness result for the above decomposition.

Theorem. If the Abelian von Neumann algebra A is unitarily equivalent to both L∞μ(X) and L∞ν(Y) acting on the direct integral spaces

 * $$ \int_X^\oplus H_x d \mu(x), \quad \int_Y^\oplus K_y d \nu(y) $$

and μ, ν are standard measures, then there is a Borel isomorphism

 * $$\varphi: X - E \rightarrow Y - F $$

where E, F are null sets such that

 * $$ K_{\phi(x)} = H_x \quad \mbox{almost everywhere} $$

The isomorphism φ is a measure class isomorphism, in that φ and its inverse preserve sets of measure 0.

The previous two theorems provide a complete classification of Abelian von Neumann algebras on separable Hilbert spaces. This classification takes into account the realization of the von Neumann algebra as an algebra of operators. If one considers the underlying von Neumann algebra independently of its realization (as a von Neumann algebra), then its structure is determined by very simple measure-theoretic invariants.

Direct integrals of von Neumann algebras
Let {Hx}x ∈ X be a measurable family of Hilbert spaces. A family of von Neumann algebras {Ax}x ∈ X with

 * $$ A_x \subseteq \operatorname{L}(H_x) $$

is measurable if and only if there is a countable set D of measurable operator families that pointwise generate {Ax} x ∈ X as a von Neumann algebra in the following sense: For almost all x ∈ X,

 * $$ \operatorname{W^*}(\{S_x: S \in D\}) = A_x $$

where W*(S) denotes the von Neumann algebra generated by the set S. If {Ax}x ∈ X is a measurable family of von Neumann algebras, the direct integral of von Neumann algebras

 * $$ \int_X^\oplus A_x d\mu(x) $$

consists of all operators of the form

 * $$ \int_X^\oplus T_x d\mu(x) $$

for Tx ∈ Ax.

One of the main theorems of von Neumann and Murray in their original series of papers is a proof of the decomposition theorem: Any von Neumann algebra is a direct integral of factors. Precisely stated,

Theorem. If {Ax}x ∈ X is a measurable family of von Neumann algebras and μ is standard, then the family of operator commutants is also measurable and

 * $$ \bigg[\int_X^\oplus A_x d\mu(x)\bigg]' = \int_X^\oplus A'_x d\mu(x). $$

Central decomposition
Suppose A is a von Neumann algebra. Let Z(A) be the center of A. The center is the set of operators in A that commute with all operators A:

 * $$ \mathbf{Z}(A) = A \cap A' $$

Then Z(A) is an Abelian von Neumann algebra.

Example. The center of L(H) is 1-dimensional. In general, if A is a von Neumann algebra, if the center is 1-dimensional we say A is a factor.

When A is a von Neumann algebra whose center contains a sequence of minimal pairwise orthogonal non-zero projections {Ei}i ∈ N such that

 * $$ 1 = \sum_{i \in \mathbb{N}} E_i $$

then A Ei is a von Neumann algebra on the range Hi of Ei. It is easy to see A Ei is a factor. Thus, in this special case

 * $$ A = \bigoplus_{i \in \mathbb{N}} A E_i $$

represents A as a direct sum of factors. This is a special case of the central decomposition theorem of von Neumann.

In general, the structure theorem of Abelian von Neumann algebras represents Z(A) as an algebra of scalar diagonal operators. In any such representation, all the operators in A are decomposable operators. This can be used to prove the basic result of von Neumann: any von Neumann algebra admits a decomposition into factors.

Theorem. Suppose

 * $$ H = \int_X^\oplus H_x d \mu(x) $$

is a direct integral decomposition of H and A is a von Neumann algebra on H so that Z(A) is represented by the algebra of scalar diagonal operators L∞μ(X) where X is a standard Borel space. Then

 * $$ \mathbf{A} = \int^\oplus_X A_x d \mu(x) $$

where for almost all x ∈ X, Ax is a von Neumann algebra that is a factor.

Measurable families of representations
If A is a separable C*-algebra, the above results can be applied to measurable families of non-degenerate *-representations of A. In the case that A has a unit, non-degeneracy is equivalent to unit-preserving. By the general correspondence that exists between strongly continuous unitary representations of a locally compact group G and non-degenerate *-representations of the groups C*-algebra C*(G), the theory for C*-algebras immediately provides a decomposition theory for representations of separable locally compact groups.

Theorem. Let A be a separable C*-algebra and π a non-degenerate involutive representation of A on a separable Hilbert space H. Let W*(π) be the von Neumann algebra generated by the operators π(a) for a ∈ A. Then corresponding to any central decomposition of W*(π) over a standard measure space (X, μ) (which, as stated, is unique in a measure theoretic sense), there is a measurable family of factor representations

 * $$ \{\pi_x\}_{x \in X} $$

of A such that

 * $$ \pi(a) = \int_X^\oplus \pi_x(a) d \mu(x), \quad \forall a \in A. $$

Moreover, there is a subset N of X with μ measure zero, such that πx, πy are disjoint whenever x, y ∈ X − N, where representations are said to be disjoint if and only if there are no intertwining operators between them.

One can show that the direct integral can be indexed on the so-called quasi-spectrum Q of A, consisting of quasi-equivalence classes of factor representations of A. Thus, there is a standard measure μ on Q and a measurable family of factor representations indexed on Q such that πx belongs to the class of x. This decomposition is essentially unique. This result is fundamental in the theory of group representations.

title: Direct integral


text:
Siege of Hiuchi

Hiuchiyama (火打ち山) was one of Minamoto no Yoshinaka's fortresses in Echizen Province, Japan. In April and May 1183, a Taira force led by Taira no Koremori attacked the fortress. It was built on rocky crags, and well-defended; the Minamoto had even built a dam to create a moat. However, a traitor within the fortress tied a message to an arrow, firing it into the Taira camp, and revealing a way to breach the dam and drain the water. The castle soon fell to the Taira, but Yoshinaka and much of his forces survived and escaped.

title: Siege of Hiuchi


text:
Bulgarian National Revival

The Bulgarian Revival (Българско възраждане, Balgarsko vazrazhdane or simply: Възраждане, Vazrazhdane, and Bulgar ulus canlanması) sometimes called the Bulgarian National Revival, was a period of socio-economic development and national integration among Bulgarian people under Ottoman rule. It is commonly accepted to have started with the historical book, Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya, written in 1762 by Paisius, a Bulgarian monk of the Hilandar monastery at Mount Athos, lead to the National awakening of Bulgaria and the modern Bulgarian nationalism, and lasted until the Liberation of Bulgaria in 1878 as a result of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878.

Characteristics
The period is remarkable for its characteristic architecture which can still be observed in old Bulgarian towns such as Tryavna, Koprivshtitsa and Veliko Tarnovo, the rich literary heritage of authors like Ivan Vazov and Hristo Botev that inspired the Bulgarian struggle for independence and an autonomous church, and the April Uprising of 1876, a significant event of armed opposition to Ottoman rule, which ultimately led to the Russo-Turkish Liberation War of 1877–1878. The significant changes in the Bulgarian society, the freedom of economic initiative and religious choice led to the formation of the Bulgarian nation in its ethnic borders and common territory embracing the lands of Moesia (including Dobruja), Thrace and Macedonia.

The Bulgarian National Revival is traditionally divided into three periods, the first from the 18th until the beginning of the 19th century (Bulgarian National Awakening), the second from the Ottoman reforms of the 1820s to the 1850s until the Crimean War, and the third from the Crimean War until the Liberation of Bulgaria in 1878.

The beginning of the Bulgarian National Revival has been a topic of intensified discussion in the past. According to contemporaries of the period, it began in the 1820s. Later Marin Drinov suggested the actual beginning was marked by the writing of Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya by Paisius of Hilendar. According to an even later assumption by Hristo Gandev, the period began in the beginning of the 17th century after the end of the Köprülü era and the beginning of the Tulip period and the rule of the Phanarites. The prevailing opinion in contemporary historiography is that the Bulgarian National Revival's beginning is marked by the first clear processes of decomposition in the Ottoman Empire. The April Uprising led to the liberation and the end of the Revival.

It is universally accepted that the Bulgarian National Revival ended with the Liberation of Bulgaria. This is meant only to include the Principality of Bulgaria, as revival processes continued until later in Eastern Rumelia and Macedonia.

Bulgarian Enlighteners and Revolutionaries

 * Yankul Hrelyovski (first half of the 18th century)
 * Yosif Bradati (1714-1789)
 * Paisius of Hilendar (1722 - 1773)
 * Sophronius of Vratsa (1739 - 1813)
 * Spiridon Gabrovski (1740 - 1824)
 * Stoyan Kovanlashki
 * Puncho Kuzdin
 * Yosif Hilendarets
 * Todor Vrachanski
 * Aleksi Velkovich Popovich
 * Doyno Gramatik
 * Dimitraki Hadjitoshev
 * Nikifor of Rila
 * Yoakim Karchovski (1750 - 1820)
 * Indzhe Voyvoda (1755 - 1821)
 * Kiril Peychinovich (1770 - 1865)
 * Todor of Pirdop (1775 - 1850)
 * Nikola Karastoyanov (1778 - 1874)
 * Rayno Popovich (1783 - 1858)
 * Neofit Bozveli (c. 1785 - 1848)
 * Joseph Sokolsky (1786 - 1879)
 * Vasil Aprilov (1789 – 1847)
 * Konstantin Fotinov (1790 - 1858)
 * Neofit Rilski (1793 - 1881)
 * Traycho Doychinovich
 * Petar Beron (1799 – 1871)
 * Kolyu Ficheto (1800 - 1881)
 * Hristaki Pavlovich (1804 – 1848)
 * Ilyo Voyvoda (1805 – 1898)
 * Zahari Krusha (1808 - 1881)
 * Dimitar Smrikarov (1810 - 1876)
 * Zahari Zograf (1810–1853)
 * Miladinovi Brothers - Dimitar Miladinov (1810–1862) and Konstantin Miladinov (1830–1862
 * Alexander Exarch (1810 - 1891)
 * Ilarion Makariopolski (1812 - 1875)
 * Anthim I (1816 - 1888)
 * Parteniy Zografski (1818 – 1876)
 * Nikola Obrazopisov (1828 - 1915)
 * Ivan Bogorov (1818–1892)
 * Georgi Rakovski (1821 – 1867)
 * Stanislav Dospevski (1823 - 1878)
 * Nayden Gerov (1823 – 1900)
 * Nedelya Petkova (Baba Nedelya, Grandma Nedelya) (1826 - 1894)
 * Roumena Voyvoda (1829 - 1862 or 1895)
 * Filip Totyu (1830 - 1907)
 * Panayot Hitov (1830 – 1918)
 * Dobri Voynikov (1833 - 1878)
 * Lyuben Karavelov (1834 – 1879)
 * Dragan Manchov (1834 - 1908)
 * Kuzman Shapkarev (1834 - 1909)
 * Dimitar Obshti (1835 - 1873)
 * Todor Ikonomov (1835 – 1892)
 * Bacho Kiro (1835 – 28 May 1876)
 * Vasil Levski (1837 – 1873)
 * Marin Drinov (1838 - 1906)
 * Stefan Karadzha (1840 – 1868)
 * Hadzhi Dimitar (1840 – 1868)
 * Vasil Drumev (1841 – 1901)
 * Nikola Voyvodov (1841 - 1847)
 * Georgi Benkovski (1843 – 1876)
 * Petko Voyvoda (1844 – 1900)
 * Vasil Petleshkov (1845 - 1876)
 * Tanyo Stoyanov (1846 - 1876)
 * Hristo Botev (1848 - 1876)
 * Ivan Vazov (1850 – 1921)
 * Panayot Volov (1850 – 1876)
 * Georgi Izmirliev (1851 – 1876)
 * Todor Kableshkov (1851 – 1876)
 * Stefan Stambolov (1854 - 1895)
 * Konstantin Velichkov (1855 - 1907)
 * Trayko Kitanchev (1858 – 1895)

Predecessors and other notable figures

 * Euthymius of Tarnovo (c. 1325 - c. 1402/1404)
 * Romylos of Vidin (1330 - 1385)
 * Cyprian, Metropolitan of Kiev (1336 - 1406)
 * Gregory Tsamblak (c. 1365 - 1420)
 * Joasaf of Vidin (14th century)
 * Constantine of Kostenets (ca. 1380 - after 1431)
 * Vladislav the Grammarian (1456-1479)
 * Pimen Zografski (1540 - 1620)
 * Petar Bogdan (1601 – 1674)
 * Filip Stanislavov (1608 - 1674)
 * Petar Parchevich (1612 – 1674)
 * Avram Dimitriev (1630 - 1710)
 * Velko Popovich (before 1689 - after 1706)
 * Hristofor Žefarović (1690 - 1753)
 * Parteniy Pavlovich (1695 - 1760)
 * Blasius Kleiner (? - 1785)
 * Elias Riggs (1810 – 1901)
 * Spiridon Palauzov (1818 - 1892)
 * Evlogi (1819 - 1897) and Hristo (1824 - 1872) Georgievi brothers
 * Felix Kanitz (1829 – 1904)
 * Albert Long (1832 - 1901)
 * Konstantin Josef Jireček (1854 - 1918)
 * Karel (1859 - 1944) and Hermann Škorpil (1858 - 1923)
 * Dimitar Kudoglu (1862 - 1940)
 * Todor Aleksandrov (1881 – 1924)

title: Bulgarian National Revival


text:
David Levy (Israeli politician)

David Levy (דוד לוי; 21 December 1937 – 2 June 2024) was an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset between 1969 and 2006. Levy's ascent to political prominence demonstrated the growing influence of Mizrahi Jews in Israel. He played a crucial role in changing the political power structure in Israel by motivating hundreds of thousands of Mizrahi voters to cast their ballots for Menachem Begin. To quote Benjamin Netanyahu, “David, born in Morocco, forged his way through life with his own two hands… On the national level, he made a personal mark on the political world, while taking care of weak populations that knew adversity.” He served Israel as Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Immigrant Absorption, Minister of Housing and Construction, and as a Minister without Portfolio. Although most of his time as a Knesset member was spent with Likud, he also led the breakaway Gesher faction, which formed part of Ehud Barak's Labor-led government between 1999 and 2001.

Biography
David Levy was born in Rabat, Morocco. Levy was student at the Alliance school and at a Talmud Torah (religious junior school) in Morocco.

He immigrated to Israel in 1957. His first jobs in Israel were planting trees for the Jewish National Fund and picking cotton on a kibbutz, where he organized a strike to protest the quality of drinking water for the workers. He went on to become a leader of Beit She'an's working-class population. As a union activist, he campaigned for membership in the Histadrut Labour Federation's executive body, which was dominated by loyalists of the governing Mapai. Levy headed the opposition Blue-White faction.

David Levy was married and the father of twelve children, including Orly Levy and Jackie Levy. He died on 2 June 2024, at the age of 86.

Political career
Until 1973 Likud had been an alliance of the right-wing Herut and centrist Liberal parties known as Gahal, which had never had an active role in governing Israel and had always been a weak opposition. Levy distinguished himself as the first of many young working-class members of the party from a Mizrahi (Oriental) background. Until then Herut and the Liberals had been both dominated by right-wing upper-class or upper-middle-class intellectuals, businessmen, agriculturalists, or lawyers.

Levy's rise expressed the surging power of the new rebellion of the Mizrahi Israeli. In 1977, Levy became one of the most strident campaigners in Likud leader Menachem Begin's triumphant campaign that overturned the 30-year domination of Israeli elections by parties of the left. He drove hundreds of thousands of Mizrahi voters to the polls to vote for Begin, whose populist messages struck a chord in their hearts after the three decades of almost completely Ashkenazic Mapai hegemony.

Minister of Immigrant Absorption
From 1977 until 1981, Levy was Minister of Immigrant Absorption in the first two Begin governments. At this time the largest issues he dealt with during his tenure in that ministry were the campaign to liberate Soviet Jews confined to the USSR, and the controversy over the Beta Israel, a group from Ethiopia that had still not received total recognition as Jews at that time.

Minister of Housing and Construction
On 15 January 1979 he was given the Ministry of Housing and Construction, a post he invested a great deal of time in. Levy held the ministry until 1990.

As Housing Minister Levy was able to make housing more affordable (radical inflation in 1984 produced a crisis as property and rent values plummeted along with the Israeli shekels). While rival Likud members like Defense Minister Ariel Sharon and Health Minister Ehud Olmert were hit by controversies regarding abuse of their positions, and repeated finance ministers fell, Levy remained stable in the Housing Ministry. He served in this position in the governments of Begin, Yitzhak Shamir, and Shimon Peres.

Levy was the symbolic leader of the young Mizrahi Likud leaders that included former Kiryat Malakhi mayor Moshe Katzav, later President of Israel, and David Magen, mayor of neighbouring Kiryat Gat. In the Likud Central Committee, Levy commanded a huge portion of the members, and was considered a true candidate to succeed Shamir.

In 1987, he met Benjamin Netanyahu, then the Israeli ambassador to the United Nations. Levy viewed Netanyahu as a potential spokesman for him in the Knesset, as he was viewed as a master at rhetoric and debating during his career as a diplomat.

Netanyahu turned down Levy's offer and became an ally of then-Defense Minister Moshe Arens (his former boss when Arens was Ambassador to the United States in the early 1980s). Levy was criticized for his perceived pompousness and shifting policies on the peace process. Levy, who speaks Hebrew, French, and Moroccan Arabic, was not fluent in English, which became an impediment in talks with the Americans. Levy's candidacy was supposed to rejuvenate the Likud's Mizrahi voting base and form a hawkish working class opposition to Labour. Levy's policies on the peace question was moderate relative to Ariel Sharon, Moshe Arens, and almost all other senior Likud figures. Again he ran parallel to Benjamin Netanyahu who took a hard-line stand, describing a doomsday scenario of terror at the doorstep of every Israeli. Levy refused to accept Netanyahu as the new Likud chairman. The result was the establishment of Gesher ("Bridge"), Levy's own political party. Levy believed he could draw a mass defection from the Likud of parliament members and topple Benjamin Netanyahu. What occurred was that only David Magen, a Moroccan politician and former mayor of Kiryat Gat who served as Minister of Economics and Planning in the last Shamir government, broke with the Likud. Magen later broke with Levy to join the Center Party in 1998 (then known as "Israel in the Center").

Netanyahu and Levy agreed to establish Likud–Gesher–Tzomet, a joint three-party list for the May 1996 elections.

Foreign Minister
Levy first served as Foreign Minister in 1990, under Yitzhak Shamir. Under Ehud Barak, Levy was again appointed foreign minister, with his deputy being Nawaf Mazalha (One Israel), an Arab Israeli. He quit the coalition in April 2000 in response to Barak's plan to withdraw Israeli military forces from Lebanon.

Levy was the first minister in Barak's government to resign when his demands were not met. He reformed Gesher along with Maxim Levy and rookie legislator Mordechai Mishani. In February 2002 One Nation quit Sharon's government to protest his economic policies. Their leader, Histadrut Labour Federation chairman Amir Peretz. Levy's position for the elections for the 16th Knesset was precarious. Levy left Gesher and moved back to the Likud. Etty (Estee) Shiraz, the party's head of communications at that time, was elected as the head of Gesher instead of David Levy, and led Gesher in the elections to the 16th Knesset. Levy and his supporters objected in the petition to prevent Shiraz and the rest of Gesher members from continuing the party's activity, and asked to dissolve the party and relate to his move as a merge of his political party in its entirety. The struggle continued years later, while Shiraz and other members of the party are trying to rebuild Gesher and transform it into a modern social party appealing to Israel's young generation of academics and professionals, and David Levy and his supporters seeking to dismantle it.

Levy was elected as a member of the 16th Knesset but did not get a realistic place on the Likud list in the election to the 17th Knesset and disappeared from the political arena. Following the Kadima split, Levy failed to acquire a high position on Likud's Knesset list, and as a result of this lost his seat at the 2006 election.

Awards and recognition
In 2018, Levy won the Israel Prize for lifetime achievement.

title: David Levy (Israeli politician)