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Talk:Kantianism

Portions of this article are horribly inaccurate
The epistemology section of this page presents a grossly inaccurate summary of Kantian epistemology. The other sections seem grossly misrepresentative too. I'll work on it when I have some time, but for now it pains me to see most of this page's contents. Any edit would be helpful!

Aniras 02:55, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

Edited epistemology page. I wrote: "Central to Kant's epistemology are the following ideas: a priori, a posteriori, analytic, synthetic, and his famous synthetic a priori." This should be elaborated and Kant's epistemological constructivism should be explained. --Gottg135 03:13, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

I tend to agree that the Epistemology section needs a lot of work. At the moment the word "apperception" does not even appear in the article, which seems impossible of any adequate account of Kant. --User:TMusgrove

This page needs expertise!
I don't know where the majority of the content of this page comes from, but it's massively different than what I learned in university in the classes I took on Kant. It also fails to mention a variety of crucial Kantian concepts like the analytic/synthetic distinction in epistemology.

In particular, the section on ethis (the part of Kantian philosophy I'm most familiar with, or was ten years ago) is really a misrepresentation. Kantian ethis are deontological, meaning driven by rational considerations of right and wrong; intent has very little to do with it, except that Kant thought that the only truly moral acts are one's which are contrary to one's disposition to act that way--in other words, the person who gives to charity because they're compassionate is not truly moral because they're serving their own impulses, not acting strictly accordingly to the principle that charity is good. The role of the Categorical Imperative, which virtually defines Kantian ethics, isn't even explored.

THIS IS COPIED FROM http://www.answers.com/kantianism :(

I know the Wikipedia response is "well, fix it, then!" However, it's been too long, and I'm not a Kant scholar.

Justin Johnson 04:38, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

Would Kant find Genetic manipulation, engineering and cloning to be immoral? On what grounds. I cant seem to figure it out. --

Interesting question. You might try to think it through by focusing on specific hypothetical applications of these technologies. For example, in 2044, two parents have a sick child -- call him Boy. The doctor tells them that Boy needs a kidney transplant, but has a tricky immune system, so the ideal donor would be a brother or sister.

Now, the parents might get to work trying to produce a second child. But doing this the old-fashioned way means 9 months and then some (because one wouldn't operate on a neonate.) So the doctor, "We can quicken the process by cloning."

You can fill in other details if you like. I would imagine Kant would find THIS use of cloning despicable. He would say that it is wrong to use a human being as a means to an end, rather than as an end in himself. In this case a human is being brought into the world as a means, as an organ farm. So some of the possible applications of some of the new technologies, I conclude, Kant would find immoral. --Christofurio 13:30, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * He would say that it is wrong to use a human being as a means to an end This is where your thinking is going wrong. Kant argued that it is wrong to use a person as a means to an end. A person is at once a stronger and a weaker standard than "human being", since some blobs of human tissue (like fetuses, stem cells, strains of genetic information etc) are not persons, while an imaginary race of rationally autonomous aliens would be persons. Therefore it seems clear that a process that creates and kills a blob of human tissue that never develops into personhood is morally neutral under Kant's account. --malathion talk 23:08, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure what you're trying to say here. You make a distinction between persons on one hand and "blobs of human tissue" on the other, and object to my use of the term "human being." Why? Because you hold that "human being" is an ambiguous term? I suspect you're trying to impose a dichotomy on Kant that wouldn't have occurred to him, and that you haven't really address my hypothetical, which dealt neither with stem cells nor with autonomous aliens, but with born human beings! Cloned, but otherwise normally born. Read it again. --Christofurio 12:26, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * The distinction can be found in Kant's account of persons versus things. "Beings the existence of which rests not on our will but on nature, if they are beings without reason, still have only a relative worth, as means, and are therefore called things, whereas rational beings are called persons because their nature already marks them out as an end in itself, that is, as something that may not be used merely as a means, and hence so far limits all choice (and is an object of respect)," [Groundwork, Kt.4:428]. Until it can be determined that some "blob of tissue" is capable of reason, it should be, according to Kant, considered a "thing" and can therefore be used as merely a means, since it does not yet exist as an end-in-itself. Of course, this should probably be considered within the context that Kant was also of the opinion that infanticide of bastard children does not violate the law (wrt the doctrine of right, so legal not moral law) [Metaphysic of morals, Kt.6:336].Shaggorama 09:22, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

 * You really should read Christofurio original message again, we're talking about a fully cloned human being, alive and kicking like Dolly, who has the potential of a life and therefore reason, unlike a stem cell grown organ. Therefore this clone perfectly qualifies as a 'person', making your reply miss the point. Which is, can a 'person' be grown and harvested for organs? Quite an interesting question since science hasn't advanced up to a point where such a measure would be rendered unnecessary, if one would want to clone organs. Oliver Simon 21:45, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

 * If any one has time, please go through the ethics section and add citations (where the information is accurate) because the section has literally no citations right now. Sad --Polsky215 (talk) 18:39, 20 June 2012 (UTC)

Re: proposed merge of Kant and Kantianism articles
There is a discussion of this topic under way at the Kant talk page. FYI. fi99ig 19:00, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

My two cents
It seems like there is some complementary information on this page that isn't included at the biography page called Immanuel Kant. My proposal is that we check this page for possible plaigarism, only because the writing quality is very high, and this topic is so difficult. I certainly couldn't say a whole lot about the topics in the headings, and I've studied a lot of philosophy. Kant is obtuse and he makes me crabby.

Also, it seems like it would be good if we listed Philosophers who followed Kant, if we are going to continue having a page called Kantianism. My guess is that most people that could be called "Kantianists" would fit better at the Neo-Kantianism page.

I'm going to start looking for plaigarized sources, because that's a job I can do, but I'd like to leave altering the pages up to someone with a little more experience with Kant. Maybe we can figure out some philosophers that are Kantianists and preserve this page, but my guess is that there isn't any reason to do so.

69.221.216.14 18:30, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

Yeah, I agree with that. Kant is one of the more difficult philosophers to summarize. I don't know if I would go as far as saying it was plagarized, but that very well maybe so. I say that we keep them seperate because Kant (the man), and Kantianism (the philosophy) are two different things. cheers, --zachjones4 10:49, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Keep separate. It makes no sense to conflate the two, as not all Kantianism, imperceptibly shading off into neo-K-ism, is properly due to Kant.  Jon Awbrey 14:46, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I think that Immanuel Kant's philosophy has a nice summary on his page (although there could be more written about the categories) and that because that page is getting rather large in file size, we should move it all here and rewrite Kant's page with very basic summaries and links to the adequate portions of this page (such as a brief summary of space and time being pure a priori forms of intuition and a link to the portion of this page that deals with that more in depth). As for the Neo-Kantian page, I think it should be kept separate from this page and list some of the major followers of Kant's philosophy and where they differ from him (such as Schopenhauer, who is a good example, Jakob Friedrich Fries and Karl Jaspers). Josh.passmore 20:35, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

Kantism
Is there a distinction between Kantianism and Kantism? There's a stub on that page that i think should be deleted. Borisblue 16:43, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Uninformative sentence in "Ethics" section
Removing:

 * The Categorical Imperative is very different from a simple "What if everyone did this," moral argument and appeals solely to logical principles.

This is a worthless assertion. You'll have to explain what the difference is (currently, you're just saying "I know that difference, but I'm not gonna tell you"). --193.99.145.162 13:18, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

some1 plz come up with a better ex for categorical imperative
some1 plz come up with a better example!!! teh current version suckz!!! it giv the following example:

"kill everyone who annoys you"

it says that teh maxim is illogical cos if it were followed soon the world would be devoid of people to kill...

wtf!!! teh same argument can be applied to "obliterate the HIV virus", "destroy every sample of small pox"... if some1 destroy the hiv virus, there wouldn't be any more hiv virus to destroy...   so like, wtf men, kantian ethics says we shouldn't destroy AIDS and shit ??? omfg... that's lamez

need better xample plz, 1 of you smart ppl

 * I think the example is a very good one. Regardless of what it implies, the examples of "Obliterate the HIV virus" and "destroy every sample of small pox" are considered irrational by the standards presented in the article. Changing the example won't change the standards by which you evaluate it. And I'm sure I could think of many medical reasons why it would, in fact, not be a great idea to obliterate all of HIV or small pox. There is a reason we still have vials of the bubonic plague around. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.4.226.25 (talk) 09:12, 27 December 2008 (UTC)

 * My two cents : going by what is presented in the article, the "Obliterate the HIV virus" amounts to being valid (end) by the presented "Categorical Imperative" (keep eliminating HIV if rediscovered) or amounts to "perfect duty" even otherwise, wherein the maxim would no longer be needed anymore then. Quote: "Kant's ethics are founded on his view of rationality as the ultimate good and his belief that all people are fundamentally rational beings". To put it in very simple words: no one wants to have this virus, everyone wants to kill this virus. Also killing the virus is a good thing as opposed to what the article example uses (people); people want good things not the bad things. IMHO, the example used in the article conveys the idea with great ease.

I am new to the idea of editing the wiki, and I am not sure where such a suggestion/request would go (if at all)? Also, I am no expert in any of the matters involved... But, it would be significant/great to also see Kant's philosophy being applied to the system of petrodollars, current global monetary system, debt and the economic/financial/political diktats from the IMF & World Bank (which are very much actuated by humans). More accurately, apply them to the unbalanced consumerism/materialism (actuated by a system that humans actuate) prevalent in parts of the world arising from the combination of these factors mentioned. — Preceding unsigned comment added by X86core (talk • contribs) 11:28, 2 September 2014 (UTC)

To start with (in trying to explain the petrodollar and the current monetary system):

One could write an entire page on this, while continuing to relate it at various levels to Kantism... Maybe I should elaborate and expand when I find time. Although I am not fully sure where and how that would fit in, but one thing is for certain, Kantism does help in simplifying and in giving a realistic picture of our consumerist/materialist system with a lot more ease; also this would be a significant example. Perhaps I'm just motivated by a Kantian thought !! — Preceding unsigned comment added by X86core (talk • contribs) 14:23, 2 September 2014 (UTC)

Oil, petrol, weapons, nuclear fuel, etc. such essentials can be bought in only petrodollar by an entity. Having no petrodollars would mean facing a severe to mild shortage (depending on it own supply) of fuel and power, thus impacting almost all functions of an entity. It could stall an entire nation in almost every aspect. And the IMF/Word Bank, knowing this, would lend if and only if an entity accepts its trade liberalization, currency devalutaion and other economic/political/financial/judiciary diktats. The entity has little choice but to oblige and borrow, effectively attaching a siphon to its own local industry and its own local monetary system. And as for the dollars, IMF/World bank produces it out of thin air !! — Preceding unsigned comment added by X86core (talk • contribs) 11:22, 4 September 2014 (UTC)

Possible Ungrammatical Sentence
The first of the two principles of Kant seems to me to be nonsensical. It reads, "1. Act only from moral rules that you can at the same time obey will be the universal moral rule." Shouldn't there be an "and it" in between "obey" and "will"? I don't know anything about Kant, or his philosophy, so I don't want to change it--especially since I might change it inaccurately--but this sentence, as it's written, makes no sense to me. If it does make sense, is there some sort of jargon I'm missing out on that would make it grammatical? 72.129.0.10 (talk) 09:53, 17 August 2008 (UTC)

 * On the Immanuel Kant page can be found:

 * The first formulation (Formula of Universal Law) of the moral imperative "requires that the maxims be chosen as though they should hold as universal laws of nature" (436).[34] This formulation in principle has as its supreme law the creed "Always act according to that maxim whose universality as a law you can at the same time will" and is the "only condition under which a will can never come into conflict with itself [....]"
 * Let me think about it because, to me, the sentence needs a more complete rewrite in order for it to be properly clarified. Something like, "Act only from moral rules that you can at the same time will (and/or obey) as a universal moral rule (or law)."    .`^) Paine  diss`cuss (^`.   20:23, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

This article is redundant
The part about Kant's philosophy in the article about Kant is much longer and probably much better than the description here. Can we just remove it? Ettrig (talk) 21:31, 7 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kantianism


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Talk:CZ-5000

Request for picture
If anyone has one of these in their closet, please upload a picture of it so we can have a GFDL picture of this beasty. Samboy

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:CZ-5000


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User:LucasVB/Gallery

Below is a mostly comprehensive gallery of all images — illustrations, diagrams and animations — that I have created for Wikipedia over the years, some of which have been selected as featured pictures, or even picture of the day. As you'll probably notice, they're mostly related to physics and mathematics, which are my main areas of interest.

If you have any comments, requests, suggestions or corrections, feel free to drop me a message on my talk page. But please, before making a suggestion, first take a look and see what sort of stuff I can do. Due to time, knowledge and complexity constraints, I cannot guarantee I'll be able to make a good illustration of any topic.

You can also follow me on tumblr for WIPs, current and failed projects and other creations.

If you appreciate my work, consider making a donation.

Waves
Wave-related animations.

Pendula
A series of images illustrating the oscillation of a pendulum.

Blue Solids
A series of 3D renderings made in POV-Ray using the same aesthetic style.

3D
All created using POV-Ray, except where noted.

Vector
Some of these were rasterized.

Special mention
I also created the redirect arrow, now used across all Wikimedia projects as well as most websites running MediaWiki software. This arrow was the winner of the Redirect Arrow Contest on Meta. Nothing amazing, but that's kinda cool. :)

title: User:LucasVB/Gallery


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Machiavelli and the Four Seasons

Machiavelli and the Four Seasons is the third studio album by the Australian rock group TISM (This Is Serious Mum). It was released on 4 May 1995.

Background and release
TISM worked on what would become their next album at Metropolis Audio between December 1992 and September 1993 with various producers, including Tony Cohen, Laurence Maddy and Paul McKercher. Tracks known from these sessions include "Jung Talent Time", "Aussiemandias", "Abscess Makes the Heart Grow Fonder" and "State Schools are Great Schools". The group became dissatisfied with the hard rock sound they had cultivated with Cohen and realised after playing alongside Soundgarden on the Big Day Out in January 1994 that they did not want to be associated with grunge, which was at the height of its popularity at the time. The group abandoned work on the album and started recording new demos in a techno-influenced alternative dance style after returning from the Big Day Out. Three months later, their demos were wiped by a computer virus.

In September 1994, the group recorded Machiavelli and the Four Seasons at Platinum Studios. The final track list included "Jung Talent Time" and "Aussiemandias" from the September 1993 sessions. The chorus to "How Do I Love Thee" is taken from the end of the second movement of "Opium is the Religion of the Masses", a song written by TISM in 1983 and played during the Great Truckin' Songs of the Renaissance tour in 1988.

A song entitled "Russia" was intended to be the last song on the album, but was removed for legal reasons due to the song's chorus, which was seen to be similar to "Back in the USSR" by The Beatles. It remained unreleased until 2009, when an edited version, retitled "The Last Soviet Star", was released as an iTunes bonus. The original version, however, was uploaded to an old version of the TISM website, appeared on promotional pressings released in late 1994, and is known to have been played during TISM's set at the 1993 Big Day Out, at Melbourne Showgrounds (a diatribe recited at this concert appeared on Australia the Lucky Cunt). It would later see wide release for the first time as a hidden track on the 2023 CD reissue.

The title is a composite phrase of doo wop group Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons and thinker Niccolò Machiavelli. The cover of the album is a picture of The Hollywood Argyles.

Singles

 * "Jung Talent Time" was released in February 1995 as the album's lead single.
 * "(He'll Never Be An) Ol' Man River" was released in June 1995. The album peaked at number 23 on the ARIA Charts. )
 * "Greg! The Stop Sign!!" was released in August 1995. The song peaked at number 59 on the ARIA Charts and was nominated for an ARIA Award at the ARIA Music Awards of 1996.
 * "Garbage" was released in January 1996
 * "All Homeboys Are Dickheads" was pressed up and prepared for sale, but for reasons unknown, prior to shipping, TISM ordered that the single be deleted. Copies of the single did make their way into the hands of TISM fans. It was also released as a promo with Machines Against the Rage.

Reception
The album was a commercial success, peaking at number 8 on the ARIA Charts and was certified Gold in 1996. To celebrate Machiavelli going "gold", it was re-released with a bonus disc in January 1996. The album was re-released again in December 1996 with a live album.

At the ARIA Music Awards of 1995, the album won the ARIA Award for Best Independent Release. Three of its songs reached Triple J Hottest 100, 1995, two of them in the top 10.

Jonathan Lewis from AllMusic said TISM "had generated a strong cult following during the 14 years of their existence prior to the release of this album, but commercial success had proved elusive.. but for Machiavelli and the Four Seasons, the band chose to embrace dance music and the resulting commercial success this album enjoyed came as a shock, at least to the band, if to no one else." Lewis opined the album "sees TISM at their wittiest since Great Truckin' Songs of the Renaissance" adding "Their lyrics are smart and their use of musical trends extremely clever... Funny, clever, and just tasteless enough to make it interesting, Machiavelli and the Four Seasons was easily the best TISM album of the '90s."

In 2021, the album was ranked #74 on Rolling Stone's 200 Greatest Australian Albums of All Time, with Tyler Jenke stating the album was "another musical evolution for the group, combining the whip-smart social satire they employed within their lyrics and pairing it with compositions that coupled commercial appeal with stellar musicianship and artistry" and concluding his writing saying the band "had crafted one of the decade’s best and most memorable albums, and their success and recognition was truly deserved.

On January 10, 2023, Paul Simpson highlighted the album as one of AllMusic's Staff Picks of that week, comparing the band to the likes of the Justified Ancients of Mu Mu and Chumbawamba, "but more absurd and tasteless" and that the band "embraced rave culture in the mid-‘90s and unexpectedly hit the top ten with their gold-selling third album." He highlights “(He’ll Never Be An) Ol’ Man River” as the breakthrough hit, but said "the best song is “Garbage”, a thrashing breakbeat techno track with lyrics condemning classic rock and the endless recycling of nostalgia."

Personnel

 * Peter Minack - lead vocals
 * James Paull - guitar, backing vocals, vocal arrangements ("Philip Glass's Arse")
 * John Holt - bass, backing vocals
 * Damian Cowell - drums, lead vocals, backing vocals
 * Eugene Cester - keyboards, backing vocals
 * Christine Storey - soprano vocals ("Philip Glass's Arse")
 * Belinda Gillam - alto vocals ("Philip Glass's Arse")
 * Ewan Harwood - tenor vocals ("Philip Glass's Arse")
 * Bruce Raggatt - bass vocals ("Philip Glass's Arse")
 * Produced by TISM
 * Recorded by Laurence Maddy except "Jung Talent Time" and "Aussiemandias" by Paul McKercher

title: Machiavelli and the Four Seasons


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Niranam poets

The Niranam poets, also known as the Kannassan poets, were three poets from the same family by the names of Madhava Panikkar, Sankara Panikkar, and Rama Panikkar. They hailed from Niranam, a small village in southern Kerala, India, near the town of Thiruvalla. Their works mainly comprised translation and adaptation of Sanskrit epics and Puranic works and were for devotional purposes. They lived between 1350 and 1450 C.E.

It is believed that they all belonged to the same Kannassa family and that Madhava Panikkar and Sankara Panikkar were the uncles of Rama Panikkar, the youngest of the three.

As Kannassa, they were probably Nair Panikkers or members of the Kaniyar caste, which makes their claim to mastery of Sanskrit a significant feature as Kaniyar, being adept in Astrology and Ayurveda, they were accepted by then the Kings

Their works have been mostly assigned to the Pattu taxon. It revived the Bhakti school of literature and reasserted the seriousness of the poetic vocation in the place of the excessive sensuality and eroticism of the Manipravalam poets. Divergence from the Manipravalam school, through non-usage of Dravidian metre and Sanskrit grammatical forms, are noted.

Madhava Panikkar's Bhasha Bhagavadgita, a condensed Malayalam translation of Bhagavad Gita was its first translation into any modern Indian language. Sankara Panikkar's main work is Bharatamala, a masterly condensation of Mahabharata. Perhaps the most important was Rama Panikkar, who is the author of Ramayanam, Bharatam, Bhagavatam, and Sivarathri Mahatmyam. Kannassa Ramayanam and Kannassa Bharatam are the most important of these Niranam works. The former is an important link between Cheeraman's Ramacharitam, Ayyappilli Asan's Ramakathapattu and Ezhuthachan's Adhyathmaramayanam. Ulloor has said that Rama Panikkar holds the same position in Malayalam literature that Edmund Spenser has in English literature.

title: Niranam poets


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Eumuroida

The Eumuroida are a clade defined in 2004 by Steppan et al. to describe a group of muroid rodents (mice, rats and relatives). The clade is not defined in the standard taxonomic hierarchy, but it is between superfamily and family.

The Eumuroida are technically defined as the clade including all organisms descended from the most recent common ancestor of the Calomyscidae, Nesomyidae, Cricetidae, and Muridae. It specifically excludes the fossorial forms of mouse-like rodents in the family Spalacidae. It has yet to be determined if the Platacanthomyidae belong to the Eumuroida, but Norris et al. (2004) suggested they do not because of subtle features in the skull.

Norris et al. (2004) noted that two characters can be used to define the Eumuroida: the infraorbital foramen is V-shaped and extends to the roof of the palate, and the incisive foramina are medium to large in size. The zygomatic plate is at least moderately developed in this group, producing the V shape. The common ancestors of the Eumuroida were probably not specialized as burrowing animals, whereas the spalacid ancestor may have been.

Jansa and Weksler (2004) noted that the Eumuroid ancestors likely had hamster-like (cricetid) molars as opposed to mouse-like molars (murid). Essentially, the occlusal surface of the molars probably had two rows of cusps (cricetid) instead of three (murid).

Early fossil muroids, such as cricetodontines, represent a possible ancestor to the Eumuroida. These rodents have cricetid teeth, hence the name: Neo-Latin cricetus 'hamster', Ancient Greek odóntes 'teeth'. The presence of these fossils in Eurasia is parsimonious, because most families of eumuroids (except the Nesomyidae) have representatives in Asia. Steppan et al. (2004) suggested the most recent common ancestor of the Eumuroida lived around the transition between the Oligocene and Miocene. This date only slightly precedes the first appearance of cricetodontines.

Taxonomy

 * Family Calomyscidae
 * Subfamily Calomyscinae (mouse-like hamsters)
 * Family Nesomyidae
 * Subfamily Cricetomyinae (pouched rats and mice)
 * Subfamily Dendromurinae (African climbing mice, gerbil mice, fat mice and forest mice)
 * Subfamily Mystromyinae (white-tailed rat)
 * Subfamily Nesomyinae (Malagasy rats and mice)
 * Subfamily Petromyscinae (rock mice and the climbing swamp mouse)
 * Family Cricetidae
 * Subfamily Arvicolinae (voles, lemmings and muskrat)
 * Subfamily Cricetinae (true hamsters)
 * Subfamily Neotominae (North American rats and mice)
 * Subfamily Sigmodontinae (New World rats and mice)
 * Subfamily Tylomyinae
 * Family Muridae
 * Subfamily Deomyinae (spiny mice, brush furred mice, link rat)
 * Subfamily Gerbillinae (gerbils, jirds and sand rats)
 * Subfamily Lophiomyinae (crested rat)
 * Subfamily Murinae (Old World rats and mice including vlei rats)

title: Eumuroida


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Talk:Unpledged elector

Untitled
I think this page could use a little more explanation of what exactly an unpledged elector is, and why they aren't pledged to a certain candidate. This is particularly important for non-Americans who aren't familiar with the Electoral College. -R. fiend 07:30, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

10 months on, I've read this article right through twice, and I'm still confused. Chris talk back 22:45, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

Comment. The last slate of unpledged Electors that I am aware of ran in Minnesota in 1984. Nevada also has a "None of the Above" option, which is similar to hosting a slate of unpledged Electors. Chronicler3 02:47, 9 February 2006 (UTC) Chronicler3

Comment. Also the first unpledged Elector that I have found ran in 1804. Chronicler3 02:48, 9 February 2006 (UTC) Chronicler3

Possible Introductory Paragraph
In presidential elections in the United States, the electoral vote is cast by people chosen as Presidential Electors. Before the "general election," each party files a slate of Electors in each state. Occasionally, a group of Electors will run which is not pledged to any candidate. If these "unpledged Electors" win a state, they have an opportunity to assess the political situation and then decide how to cast their electoral votes. In most cases historically, unpledged Electors have been a ballot option when a group of voters feels that no candidate is addressing the most serious issues of the time.

Chronicler3 13:03, 9 February 2006 (UTC) Chronicler3

Total rewrite. Whaddya think?
Saw the cleanup needed notice and was bold and did a complete rewrite. Comments welcome. I elminated the material on the 1948 election because there were no unpledged electors in that election -- the "States Rights Democrats" were in fact pledged to Thurmond in advance. --Jfruh (talk) 06:46, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Unpledged elector


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User:Jdjuice

I get to make my own article about myself? I think that is pretty neat. I once wrote an article about myself that was greatly exaggerated, and I was both astounded and honored by the number of people that took the time to read it and vote it for deletion. It was an out-and-out lie, and I'm sorry for lending a certain degree of credibility to my article so as to actually have some sort of debate about its encyclopedic worth. I no doubt respect their opinion and as a result pledge my life to the betterment of all things Wiki.

title: User:Jdjuice


text: User talk:203.56.245.47

title: User talk:203.56.245.47


text:
CZ-1

CZ-1 may refer to:

 * the Casio CZ-1 synthesizer
 * the CZ-1 (Changzheng-1) missile

title: CZ-1


text:
Dongwon Institute of Science and Technology

Dongwon Institute of Science and Technology is a private college located in Yangsan City, South Gyeongsang province, South Korea. It was called Yangsan College until August 2013.


text: Talk:Dongwon Institute of Science and Technology


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Xinzheng

Xinzheng is a county-level city of Henan Province, China. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Zhengzhou, the provincial capital. The city has a population of 600,000 people and covers an area of 873 km2, 15 km2 of which is urban.

History
Xinzheng is considered one of the birthplaces of the Chinese nation. More than 8000 years ago, neolithic people of Peiligang culture lived in the vicinity. The legendary Yellow Emperor was said to have been born in Xinzheng 5000 years ago. During the Zhou dynasty it was the capital of the state of Zheng and later, the state of Han, after the conquest of the former by the latter. It was the seat of government for the Qin dynasty, from about 221 BCE, which is considered the beginning of a unified China. The word qin, which is pronounced similar to "chin", is thought to be the basis for the word "China."

Historically, this prefecture was an integrated part of Zhengzhou. However, in 1994, the Henan Provincial Council authorized the incorporation of Xinzheng into a separate municipality.

Administrative divisions
As 2012, this city is divided to three subdistricts, nine towns and three townships.
 * Subdistricts
 * Towns
 * Townships

Education
Xinzheng has one of the largest concentrations of foreign teachers in central China due to the presence of Sias International University. The school has over 27,000 students and over 120 foreign teachers and their 40 dependent family members. Along with Sias University, the city is also home to another university: ShengDa.

Economy
Xinzheng has a diversified economy, though agriculture and heavy industry dominate the economic landscape.

Agriculture
Xinzheng's agriculture involves the cultivation of maize, cotton, tobacco and other industrial crops. The city is well known for its jujube or Chinese Date. At harvest time, large quantities of these fruits are sold in markets, as well as on the side of the roads into the town.

Industry
Xinzheng is home to several industrial factories, namely cigarette factories, which are located near the center of town. In 2006, more than US$2 billion was invested in a nearby industrial project, although the status of this investment is currently unknown. Mining coal locally has also been an important source of income.

Impact of educational institutions
Two large private universities, ShengDa University and Sias International University play a major role in the local economy as well. ShengDa has 14,000 students, and Sias University has over 27,000 students. Service industries (restaurants, hotels, banks, retail shops, etc.) to accommodate the students have sprung out around the universities in abundance. At Sias, the administration tacitly allows students to live off campus, creating a large community of landlords around the university. The presence of 40,000 students has had an undeniable and long lasting impact on the community.

Tourism
Due to limited accommodation, lack of infrastructure, pollution and other factors, tourism has been slow to take off in Xinzheng. Every Spring, the city hosts a ceremony honoring the Yellow Emperor, the legendary ancestor of the Chinese nation. In 2009, this celebration attracted over 10,000 Chinese people from within the People's Republic of China, as well as many Overseas Chinese.

However, many of these guests find accommodations in nearby Zhengzhou, and the economic impact to the city is minimal. Xinzheng is said to be an 'open-air' museum, and the nearby Shizu mountain is said to be the exact birthplace of the Yellow Emperor. The Zhengzhou Dragon realization company began construction at the turn of the 21st century of a large concrete dragon that would straddle the mountain.

A giant dragon was being constructed by private investors near the city out of concrete and marble with a 29.9m tall head and a body that would have stretched 21 km along the ridge line of Shizu Mountain. The hollow body of the dragon was slated to be 9m high and 6m wide and would have contained a light rail system along with facilities for sight seeing and leisure, such as shops, restaurants and luxury clubs. The project was expected to be completed before October 1, 2009, to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China. However, lack of funding, and a general lack of interest, left the project unfinished.

Air
The airport that serves the provincial capital, Zhengzhou Xinzheng International Airport, is located in Xinzheng. This is of particular importance not only because it is an airport for a large urban center, but because it is the only international airport for the province of 100 million. On February 8, 2009, a nonstop air route between Zhengzhou and Taipei–Taoyuan was launched; this route was initially operated by Shenzhen Airlines.

Rail
As in the rest of China, rail transport in Xinzheng is handled by the China Railway Corporation. Xinzheng itself had a small railroad station, Xinzheng railway station, at the edge of town that used to accommodate trains on the Beijing–Guangzhou railway, as well as to and from Zhengzhou. It is no longer open.

However, nearby Zhengzhou is a major railway hub, with services radiating in all directions nationally. As of 2007, high-speed rail service began between Zhengzhou and Beijing. To do any travel beyond the Zhengzhou immediate area, most residents travel to Zhengzhou, then onward.

Mass transit
The regional bus station to the north of the town's city center (34.43664°N, 113.75573°W) serves buses destined for Zhengzhou, Xinmi, Kaifeng, and Luoyang.

Taxi
All Xinzheng taxis belong to the same local company, with a starting fare of 6 renminbi.

Roads
Xinzheng is well connected to Zhengzhou and points south by China National Highway 107. All inter-city roads are well maintained. Within the city limits, as in the rest of many small Chinese cities, many residential roads remain in a serious state of disrepair.

title: Xinzheng


text:
Nissan Vanette

The Nissan Vanette (日産・バネット) is a cabover van and pickup truck produced by the Japanese automaker Nissan from 1978 until 2011. The first two generations were engineered by Nissan's Aichi Manufacturing Division for private, personal ownership, with the last two generations built by Mazda, rebadged as Nissans and refocused as commercial vehicles, based on the Mazda Bongo. The van has also been sold as the Nissan Sunny-Vanette or Nissan Van. The private purchase passenger platform was replaced by the Nissan Serena in 1991, renamed Vanette in various international markets, and came equipped with multiple engine and drivetrain configurations.

2WD and 4WD versions were produced, with manual, automatic, floor and column shift options available. While no longer produced for the Japanese market, it was still available in other markets around the world such as Malaysia. Production ended around 2010, eventually being replaced by the Nissan NV200.

History
The first appearance of a cabover truck/delivery van appeared in 1962 with the Datsun Cablight, a rebadged version of the earlier Kurogane Mighty Nissan acquired when they assumed the operations of Tokyu Kogyo Kurogane. As the Cablight was reengineered, it was offered as a cab-over truck and van called the Datsun Sunny Cab/Nissan Cherry Cab (C20) introduced in 1969, and was one size smaller from the Prince Homer truck and the Prince Homy van. The cabover approach allowed the exterior dimensions to remain unchanged while increasing the length of the cargo area of the Nissan Sunny truck. The Sunny Cab Van/Cherry Cab Van passenger van could accommodate five passengers and an extended length coach that could carry eight people. Both Cab Vans didn't have sliding passenger doors, instead they had conventional front-hinged doors with extended lengths on the passenger side. The rear tailgate was a clamshell design where the door separated into two pieces that would extend up, with a tailgate on the lower half of the door.

The commercial model was basic, that kept the price low. The Sunny Truck continued to be built after the introduction of the second generation passenger version, and was only replaced in early 1971 by the new B120-series truck. The Cabover trucks were renamed the Nissan Vanette and the Nissan Cherry Cab/Vanette or Vonnate.

First generation (C120; 1978–1988)
Introduced in October 1978 as a replacement for the 1969 Nissan Cherry Cab/Sunny Cab C20 and Nissan Sunny Cab Van/Nissan Cherry Cab Van, the first Vanette was exported as the Datsun C20 (later the Nissan C20) or as the Nissan Datsun Vanette (later the Nissan Vanette). In the home market it was initially marketed as either the 'Nissan Sunny Vanette' or the 'Nissan Cherry Vanette', depending on the distribution network, although in engineering terms it borrowed heavily from the rear-wheel drive generations of the Sunny line—in particular the B210 and B310 series models, with which it shared engines and transmissions. The Sunny Vanette was sold through Nissan Satio Store and the Cherry Vanette was sold through Nissan Cherry Store locations. These two models had somewhat differing front-end treatment. In March 1980, a Datsun Vanette version was also added, sold through the Nissan Bluebird Store dealer network. The Datsun Vanette received twin headlights, while its related models had single headlights. It was a junior model to the larger Nissan Caravan.

Initially it was available in three lines: a truck version, vans (usually with passenger accommodation), and as a 9-seat minibus (Vanette Coach). The Coach received a 1397 cc A14 four cylinder, producing 75 PS at 5,400 rpm. The van and truck versions originally had to make do with the lesser A12 of 1171 cc and 64 PS at the same engine speed. Later, the 1400 engine became available in Van and Truck versions as well. In July 1979, a high-roof version was added, as well as a long wheelbase van and ten-seater Coach version. This was stretched by 33 cm between the front and side doors, LWB versions were never available with the A12 engine. Some versions received separate air conditioning outlets for the rear.

In June 1980, the Coach version changed from the A14 to the larger (1,487 cc) A15 engine, offering 83 PS. There was also a luxurious SGL version of the Vanette Coach added, with an available sunroof and swivelling captain's chairs in the rear – both firsts for the segment in Japan. To indicate its luxurious nature, the SGL received double square headlights for a more modern appearance. In June 1981 the LD20 diesel engine was added, as was a 2-litre gasoline version (Z20) for the top-of-the-line SGX version.

In 1981, Nissan introduced a smaller passenger vehicle which had sliding passenger doors on both sides of the vehicle, with conventional front doors, called the Nissan Prairie, making the Vanette/Largo no longer the smallest cargo van offered.

In October 1982, minor changes occurred (along with the introduction of the bigger "Largo"). The dashboard was redesigned, while the base 'CT' model received front disc brakes, the optional air conditioning system was modernized, and an inexpensive 'FL' Coach version was added. In October 1983 a DX-A version was added, followed by modifications to the transmission carried out in August 1985. The next month, production of Van and Coach models ended as they were replaced by the C22 Vanette. The truck versions of the C120 Vanette remained in production (with light modifications carried out in August 1986) until September 1988.

Vanette Largo
The Vanette Largo (GC120) was introduced in October 1982 and was a wider (by 90 mm, to stay just beneath the important Japanese 1,700 mm tax threshold) and somewhat longer version. This was then developed into a cargo version built in Spain (by Nissan Ibérica), called the Nissan/Datsun Vanette Cargo. This largely supplanted the smaller Vanette versions in European markets. Engines were the A15 and Z20 gasoline versions, accompanied by the diesel LD20 (also available turbocharged). The Spanish-built versions were originally intended to be built with a Spanish-made Perkins diesel motor but this did not materialize. There was a minibus 'Coach' version of the Largo as well, with a luxurious "Grand Saloon" version topping the range.

The Vanette Largo continued in production until a GC22 successor arrived, in May 1986. From this point the Vanette name was dropped and the Largo became a separate, more luxurious model in its own right. In the Japanese market, the C120 vehicle was either marketed as the Datsun Vanette Largo or as a Nissan with the Cherry and Sunny prefixes. The Spanish C220 received a facelift and continued to be built into the 1990s, and was mostly sold in markets which hindered the import of Japanese-built vehicles.

Japan
5 trim levels, 4 engine options and 2 transmission options were available for the C22 Vanette COACH series launched in Japan. SC - 5/6 seater, available in 1.5L A15 (67ps) petrol engine and 2L LD20.II (67ps) diesel engine. Manual only transmission. Distinguished by round headlamps and no rear screen wiper.

GL - 8/9 seater, available in 1.5L engine and 2L diesel. Manual only transmission. Square headlamps.

SGL- 8/9 seater, available in 1.5L and 2L diesel engine. Automatic transmission optional. Rectangle headlamps with high roof. All SGL variants has collapsible seats, rotatable middle row seat and rear air conditioning. Longer body length of 4050mm vs the SC and GL at 3980mm

SGL Panorama Roof - Similar to SGL except with the optional glass sunroof that stretches from driver seat row to 2nd row seats.

SGL EXCEL - 8 seater, available in 2L petrol Z20S or 2L diesel LD20.II engine. Later models came with CA20 petrol engine. Automatic transmission optional. Top of the range model which comes with color coded bumpers, chrome trimming, central locking, panorama glass roof, factory fitted audio and cooler box mounted in the center console. A late model update with enlarged version similar to the US market Nissan Van was again sold in Japan as the Largo, until 1992 when the Serena-based Nissan Largo was launched.

United States
The Nissan C22 was modified for the United States market to compete with the similar sized Toyota Van and Mitsubishi Van, and to join the growing minivan market in the US. This van was sold as the "Nissan Van" in the US from 1986–1989, where it was billed as a cheaper alternative to Chrysler's minivans. Most of the vans were sold in the Sun Belt states, particularly California, Texas, and Florida, and sales were strongest for the first two years. Nissan had to engineer its larger 2.4-liter Z24i engine into the C22 to handle American market requirements which included air conditioning and highway driving. The C22 was not originally designed for such a large engine, and the resulting tight quarters would later contribute to overheating and engine fire issues.

In 1994, after four safety recalls did not end the engine fire problems, and with a class action lawsuit pending, Nissan took the unprecedented step of recalling every Nissan Van sold in the US. Van owners were offered Kelly Blue Book value or more for their van, and most accepted, but a few opted to keep their vans. Critics argued that Nissan had been long aware of the problems with the vans (the first reports of fires appeared in 1987, shortly after they went on sale in the US), but did not take action for years, after which they had been replaced by the Nissan Quest. By the time of the recall in 1994, at least 135 fires had been reported, although none of them had resulted in deaths or injuries. The class-action settlement offered discounts on the purchase of a new Nissan vehicle. The vehicles which were recalled were crushed en masse.

The Nissan Van was intended mainly as a stopgap for the North American market until a proper minivan could be introduced, and it was replaced by the Nissan Quest in 1993, a vehicle designed in a joint venture with Ford.

Malaysia
The C22 Nissan Vanette was built in Malaysia at the Tan Chong assembly plant in Segambut (Kuala Lumpur) until 2010. After 13 years in production, it was the longest running model built in Malaysia. There was a chassis cab, a truck, a panel van, and a window van version. Malaysian Vanettes have the venerable 1.5-liter pushrod A15 engine, with 82 PS. While it has had a few facelifts over the years, the basic body was still the same. The 1980s interior is still intact. Malaysia was the only place where the Vanette was built for many years, being exported from there to many other markets. After a brief hiatus, it was replaced by the Nissan NV200, which retains the "Vanette" name in the Malaysian market.

Philippines
The Nissan Vanette was available in the Philippines until the end of 1999 as the Nissan Vanette Grand coach. In its final version it remains essentially the same Vanette as in previous years except for a different wheel design, upgraded seat materials and a faux wood trim dashboard. The sole engine available is the Z20 2.0-liter gasoline engine. Unlike in other Asian countries, no diesel variant was offered or available, which was an oversight on Nissan's part that could have made the difference in the van's popularity.

India
The C22 Vanette also provides the basis for Ashok Leyland's "Dost", the Indian truck manufacturer's first entry into this market segment.

Third generation (S20, SE, SK; 1994–1999)

A badge engineered Mazda Bongo, also rebadged as Ford Econovan and Ford Spectron.

Fourth generation (S21, SK; 1999–2011)

A badge engineered Mazda Bongo/Ford Econovan. The successor of the Vanette van is the Nissan NV200 Vanette.

title: Nissan Vanette


text:
Andy Walker (journalist)

Andy Walker is a Canadian television personality and journalist.

He is best known as having been a co-host alongside Leo Laporte and Amber MacArthur of Call for Help, a technology help television program on G4techTV Canada in Canada and the HOW TO Channel in Australia. His most popular segments on the show were what he called "food demos" which use household groceries like cheese and whip cream to show how complex technology mechanisms work. In one show he built a transistor out of cheddar cheese and tomato juice.

Walker is also the owner of Cyberwalker.com, a technology advice website, and the author of The Absolute Beginner's Guide to Security, Spam, Spyware and Viruses and Windows Vista Help Desk both from Que Books. He also co-authored the book You Call This the Future? (Chicago Review Press) with Nick Sagan and Mark Frary.

In December 2013, Walker announced he had signed deal with Pearson Education to write his 5th book called Super You: How Technology is Revolutionizing What it Means to Be Human. It was co-authored with blogger/entrepreneur Kay Svela (AwesomeLifeClub.com; DeathisObsolete.comDepression Zone) and Walker's longtime collaborator Sean Carruthers. Super You was published in June 2016. Walker was married to Svela in July 2014. They have a boy Carter Devon Walker, born in February 2014.

Besides channelling his two most recent books toward transhumanism and hyper longevity, Walker is also working as a futurist keynote speaker.

Background
On August 31, 2005, after hosting Call for Help with Leo Laporte for over a year, Walker announced that he was leaving the show due to an unsatisfactory pay cut in his proposed contract renewal.

Walker hosted two spin-offs to Call For Help called Web Gems and My Media. Web Gems focused on tips and tricks on navigating the Internet. My Media was focused on TV and living room technology. Both shows aired on G4techTV Canada until late 2006. He appeared as one of the first guests on Leo Laporte's old television show The Lab with Leo Laporte, which started production in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in April 2007 and aired in May 2007 on G4techTV Canada in Canada and the HOW TO Channel in Australia. Walker also co-hosted an internet technology podcast called Lab-Rats with Sean Carruthers until late 2011. But in 2012, Andy Walker and Sean Carruthers once again started the Lab Rats podcast which can be found at Lab Rats.

In January 2013, it was announced that Walker would be a recipient of the Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Medal. Walker's community service includes founder of the Little Geeks Foundation, a national Canadian non-profit charity that provides computers to school children from families in need. Walker also serves as a technology advisor to His Honour David Onley on his aboriginal children literacy initiative. Walker was also a technology advisor to Kids Help Phone, a national 24-hour telephone and online counselling service for children.

title: Andy Walker (journalist)


text:
Amber MacArthur

Amber Dawn MacArthur (born 27 June 1976) is a Canadian television and netcasting personality, bestselling author of two books, and keynote speaker. MacArthur (aka Amber Mac) is the former co-host of BNN's App Central and Bloomberg Brink, G4TechTV's Call for Help, and TWiT's The Social Hour (successor to net@night/Inside the Net). She was the most followed Canadian television personality on Twitter in 2008. In 2018, she was named DMZ's 30 inspirational women making a difference in tech.

She is now the co-host of the 2018 AI podcast series, The AI Effect where she interviews notable guests such as Prime Minister Trudeau and Mayor John Tory. Amber is President of a digital media company called AmberMac Media, Inc.

MacArthur used to produce and co-host her own video podcast, commandN, and has also hosted on Torrent and Gadgets and Gizmos for G4techTV Canada. MacArthur worked for over a year for Citytv's CityNews and CP24, and she had returned to the now CTV-owned CP24 as New Media Specialist and was the host of Webnation. She previously hosted and produced a show for Xbox called "Girls Go Geek" alongside her brother Jeff MacArthur and Christopher Dick that features women in technology.

Background
MacArthur is originally from Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, and lives in Toronto. She received an undergraduate degree in English from Dalhousie University, and studied journalism at the University of King's College in Halifax, Nova Scotia.

She and Christopher Dick have one son.

Technology
MacArthur worked for Microsoft for two years as a web strategist, as a web designer at Razorfish in San Francisco, and as a judge at the Webby Awards 2000. She was also Director of Web Marketing at HigherMarkets, "where she managed corporate branding initiatives, software usability and online course development." In 2007, she co-founded a media company MGImedia Communications Inc. with her brother Jeff.

Television
Upon graduation, MacArthur worked in her hometown of Charlottetown at CBC Television, as an associate reporter from April to July 1999, and the San Francisco radio station KQED. In July 2002, she co-hosted a Discovery Channel special "Science on the Red Carpet", with Dave Foley at the Science & Technical Academy Awards. She appeared weekly in the summer of 2006, as a tech columnist for CBC Newsworld.

In 2004, MacArthur became a host on Call for Help, a technology series produced for G4techTV Canada, which still airs daily on G4 Canada and HOW TO Channel in Australia. MacArthur is the subject of a song written in tribute to Call for Help 2.0. While working as a host on Call for Help, MacArthur joined the series Gadgets and Gizmos as a co-host, working with Marc Saltzman and Andy Walker until the show ended production in 2005. From August 2004 to September 2006, MacArthur was host of the G4techTV Canada program Torrent, which is still in production. She also hosted Gadgets and Gizmos for the Canadian channel.

On 28 August 2006, MacArthur announced on her blog that she was leaving her position at G4techTV and would no longer appear on Call For Help, Torrent, or Gadgets and Gizmos.

In mid-September, she joined Citytv, CP24 in Toronto with the title "New Media Specialist", to report on "new media and interactive trends" for CityNews International. She first appeared on the station's nightly newscast, CityNews at Six, commenting in another reporter's story on 9/11 conspiracy theories propagated through the Internet. Segments since have ranged from former sex trade workers blogging the Robert Pickton trial, to a Toronto Transit Commission/Google Maps mashup.

In January 2007, she launched a weekly program on CP24, which became quite popular as a vodcast. Originally titled "Inside Popnology", the CHUM Television-produced program quickly became Webnation. She resigned in October to go for freelance projects, feeling she was being asked to target too old an audience, and wanted to pursue two projects in the United States. They convinced her to stick around for two more months, after Rogers Communications promised her show would be weekly on the Citytv network and on G4techTV Canada, reformatted, as of January 2008 as Webnation V2. (CTV's parent company; CTVglobemedia bought out CHUM Limited in June 2007, with the exception of the Citytv network, which was sold to Rogers.)

She was informed on 4 January 2008 that the budget was not there for the program. Just before the announcement, the program was named the "Top New Podcast Award for 2007" by iTunes. Citytv began airing The Lab with Leo Laporte around this time. CP24 has since made some reorganization to the anchors/reporters as a result of the change in ownership of CP24's former parent company; CHUM Limited. For a time, after David Onley was named Lieutenant Governor of Ontario, MacArthur hosted Home Page; Jee-Yun Lee replaced her when MacArthur resigned. MacArthur's Webnation replaced HomePage on the CP24 schedule 14 October 2009.

Over the years, she has been a technology guest on CBC Newsworld, CBC Radio, Global TV, CTV Montreal, MTV Live, MuchMoreMusic, Life Network, and CFRB.

Podcasting
In June 2005, MacArthur started the weekly video podcast commandN, which covered technology trends both online and offline. The podcast has not released an episode since June 2013, however. A commercial study found that commandN was the fifth most-downloaded podcast among surveyed Canadians.

Through October 2006, she worked on a podcast with Call for Help co-host Leo Laporte called Inside the Net, which then morphed into net@night, and then The Social Hour with Sarah Lane, a Friday lunch time live broadcast. The show was available as part of the TWIT.tv network before it was retired from the Twit network in October 2014.

MacArthur describes how various types of technology work on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation radio show/podcast Spark.

Journalism
Since summer of 2006, she has written a monthly "Web Trends" column for The Calgary Sun Urbane Magazine. She has been quoted by major Canadian newspapers, when they need a tech expert. Now Magazine declared her the "Best geek personality", 2006.

Interviews

 * Toronto Through the Eyes of Amber MacArthur, BlogTO, 7 December 2006 undefined
 * TheFlux.tv podcast interview with Amber MacArthur undefined
 * Chris Hogg, "Digital Journal TV: Up Close and Personal With Internet Star Amber MacArthur", Digital Journal, 19 January 2008.

title: Amber MacArthur


text:
Santa Cruz, Laguna

Santa Cruz, officially the Municipality of Santa Cruz, is a 1st class municipality and capital of the province of Laguna, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 123,574 people.

Santa Cruz is situated on the banks of the Santa Cruz River which flows into the eastern part of Laguna de Bay. The town is bounded by the Bay on the north, by Lumban and Pagsanjan towns in the east, Pagsanjan and Magdalena towns in the south, and Pila in the west. It is 88 km from Manila via Calamba and Los Baños. It is accessible by land from Metro Manila passing through Rizal Province via Manila East Road or via South Luzon Expressway

Santa Cruz is considered as the service and commercial center on the eastern part of the province. The town is composed of five barangays in the Poblacion area and 21 classified urban barangays. Although relatively far from the immediate urbanizing influence of Metropolitan Manila, Santa Cruz continues to progress. It is now classified as first class municipality. The present administration is headed by the Mayor Egay San Luis Sr.. Santa Cruz is also the seat of the provincial government since 1885, giving the municipality an additional administrative function over the entire province. It also functions as the service center for transportation, commerce, health, education, and other social services for the predominantly rural north-eastern municipalities of the province. Boosting the economy of the municipality are the incipient and fast-growing agribusiness industries such as livestock raising, horticulture and aquaculture. The town is composed of twenty-six (26) urban barangays. All barangays are being classified as urban.

The development of Santa Cruz as the administrative, commercial, and service center of Laguna makes it accessible for all private/public vehicles going to nearby places particularly Pagsanjan, Lake Caliraya, Liliw, Paete and Nagcarlan.

History
During the last decade of the 16th century, Santa Cruz was once a well populated barrio of the present municipality of Lumban, as well as other contemporary towns like Pagsanjan, Cavinti, Paete and Pangil. On September 6, 1602, Santa Cruz separated from Lumban and became a pueblo with its church and local government.

Since its foundation in 1602, the town had been ravaged by calamitous forces such as fires, typhoons, floods and human vandalism during the Philippine Revolution of 1896–1899, the war of the Philippine Independence (1899–1902), Battle of Santa Cruz, the assault of the Tulisanes (bandits) during the Spanish times. The Filipino troops of the pre-war 4th and 42nd Infantry Division of the Philippine Commonwealth Army and recognized guerrillas also came from the town and was involved in the Second Battle of Santa Cruz on January 26, 1945.

Characterized by fertile flat lands situated along the coastal plains of Laguna de Bay, the economic base of the town had been traditionally anchored on two primary industries, namely agriculture and fishing which still remain up to the present. In view of the strategic location of Santa Cruz relative to the other coastal settlements about the lake, trading activities have likewise rooted on the town during those early settlement days. The town proper which has always been the focal point of activities used to be accessible to the other lake-shore areas due to the navigable Santa Cruz River aside from Laguna de Bay itself. Since those early days, water is the principal mode of transportation.

Today, Santa Cruz serves as the capital of Laguna and is considered as the business and commercial center on the eastern part of the province.

SANTA CRUZ CITYHOOD 2025

Geography
Situated at the central portion of Laguna province along the south-eastern coast of Laguna de Bay, Santa Cruz lies 87 km southeast of Metro Manila via Calamba and is geographically located at approximately 14 degrees 17' latitude and 121 degrees 25' longitude. The municipality is bounded on the north and north-west by Laguna de Bay, on the north-east by Lumban, on the east by Pagsanjan, on the southeast by Magdalena, on the south by Liliw, and on the south-west by Pila. It has 26 barangays and covers approximate land area of 3860 hectares which comprises about 2% of the total land area of Laguna Province.

 * Land Area: 3,860 hectares
 * Residential: 381.97
 * Commercial: 35.96
 * Institutional: 92.17
 * Functional Open Space: 31.27
 * Roads: 157.73
 * Total Built-up: 696.10
 * Agricultural: 3,048.57
 * Special Use: 115.33

Geology
The two types of rocks found in Santa Cruz are alluvium and clastic rocks. Clastic rocks are located at the eastern portion of the municipality specifically in Barangay Alipit, San Jose, Oogong, Jasaan, San Juan, Palasan, and portions of Barangays Pagsawitan, Patimbao, Bubukal, Labuin and Malinao. These rocks consist of inter-bedded shale and sandstone with occasional thin lenses of limestone, tuff, and reworked sandy tuffs, calcareous sandstone and partly tuffaceous shale.

Climate
Like most areas in the province of Laguna, the climate of Santa Cruz is characterized by two pronounced seasons: dry from January to April and wet during the rest of the year. The municipality has annual temperature of 27.2 degree Celsius and annual rainfall of 1962.7mm. Northeasterly winds with an average wind speed of 9 knots prevail in the municipality.

Barangays
Santa Cruz is politically subdivided into 26 barangays.

 * Alipit
 * Bagumbayan
 * Bubukal
 * Calios
 * Duhat
 * Gatid
 * Jasaan
 * Labuin
 * Malinao
 * Oogong
 * Pagsawitan
 * Palasan
 * Patimbao
 * Poblacion I
 * Poblacion II
 * Poblacion III
 * Poblacion IV
 * Poblacion V
 * San Jose
 * San Juan
 * San Pablo Norte
 * San Pablo Sur
 * Santisima Cruz
 * Santo Angel Central
 * Santo Angel Norte
 * Santo Angel Sur

Demographics
In the 2020 census, the population of Santa Cruz, Laguna, was 123,574 people, with a density of undefined PD/km2.

Commerce
The provincial capital of Laguna, Santa Cruz serves as service center of the province particularly for the municipalities on its north-eastern part.

Trade and commerce remain to be one of the primary economic activities in the locality. The presence of jeepney services plying Lumban, Paete, Siniloan, San Pablo, Pila, Victoria, Cavinti-Caliraya, Luisiana, Majayjay, Calumpang, Nagcarlan, Liliw, Magdalena, Pagsanjan, Lucban, Lucena and Calamba has further enhanced the municipality's role as a commerce and trade center.

The center of business activities is in the poblacion specifically at Barangay V where the four (4) buildings of Public Market is situated.

Santa Cruz has many establishment that contribute to its development. Development in this vicinity has been a quasi-residential commercial type as manifested by the proliferation of structures which are used both for business and residential purposes by the proprietors/owners. There is also a concentration of business establishments at the section of the national highway/expressway especially Barangay Gatid where a Mall is located, and the abandoned PNR Railway (road) while a strip pattern of commercial development is noticeable along the Quezon Avenue and along the old highway and Pedro Guevarra Avenue. Along P Guevarra Avenue, several establishments are also located such as Hospitals, Meralco office, PLDT office, Red Cross, several Banking Institutions, and Executive Eminent Lending Company. There is also SL Agritech Corporation, in Barangay Oogong, Santa Cruz, Laguna.

Tax collection
Annual local government collection:
 * 2008 — ₱ 160,196,679.38
 * 2007 — ₱ 135,792,097.46
 * 2006 — ₱ 128,812,429.41
 * 2005 — ₱ 117,351,293.14

Points of interest
Santa Cruz may not have natural tourist spots and no wide areas to develop but one thing the townsmen of Santa Cruz are proud of are the local foods available in the town. Santa Cruz boasts of the famous white cheese or kesong puti, freshly made from carabao's milk.

 * Immaculate Concepcion Parish Church (Catholic)
 * Cathedral of the Our Lady of Maulawin (Aglipayan Church)
 * Emilio Jacinto Shrine Burial Site
 * Villa Valenzuela
 * Santa Cruz Town Plaza
 * Provincial Capitol of Laguna

Events
Santa Cruz hosted the Palarong Pambansa from May 4–10, 2014.

 * Festivals
 * Kesong puti Festival — April 4–11
 * Anilag Festival — March 8–17

Education

 * Kindergarten schools:
 * Public: 35
 * Private: 12

 * Elementary (primary and intermediate):
 * Public: 16
 * Private: 11

 * High schools:
 * Public: 2
 * Private: 6

Colleges:
 * Public: 2
 * Private: 8

 * Vocational:
 * Public: 1
 * Private: 2

 * Number of students:
 * Elementary: 15,291
 * High school: 8,155
 * Tertiary: 10,914

• Santa Cruz Central Elementary School (The Central School of Santa Cruz)
 * Partial list of schools:

• Bagumbayan Elementary School

• Bubukal Elementary School

• Calios Elementary School

• Duhat Elementary School

• Gatid Elementary School

• Oogong Elementary School

• Pagsawitan Elementary School

• Palasan Elementary School

• Patimbao Elementary School

• San Jose Elementary School

• Santisima Cruz Elementary School

• Santo Angel Central Elementary School

• Santo Angel Norte Elementary School

• Santo Angel Sur Elementary School

• Silangan Elementary School

• Pedro Guevara Memorial National High School

• Basic Christian International School and Special Education Center, Inc.

• ACTS Computer College

• AMA Computer University

• AMA Computer Learning Center

• Capitol View Christian School

• Immaculate Conception Catholic College (formerly Don Bosco High School)

• Laguna Santiago Educational Foundation Inc.

• Laguna Senior High School

• Laguna State Polytechnic University

• Laguna University

• Little Javannah Montessori School

• Maranatha Christian Academy of Santa Cruz, Laguna

• Our Lady of Maulawin Educational Foundation, Inc.

• Philippine Women's University

• SHARPMINDS Tutorial Center

• STI College

• St. Therese Martin of Lisieux School and Business High School

• United Evangelical Church School

• Union College of Laguna

• Southbay Montessori School

• GOAL-DEN Learners Center

• iExcel Learning Hub

• Mind Builders Academy

• Rabbi Excellent Christian School

Hospitals
Private Hospitals: 4 Rural Health Units: 2 Government Hospital: 1
 * Health Centers: 26
 * Laguna Medical Center
 * Santa Cruz Laguna Polymedic, Inc.
 * Laguna Doctors Hospital
 * Laguna Holy Family Hospital
 * Jesus the Saviour Hospital

Notable people

 * Gen. Juan Cailles - First Filipino Military Governor of Laguna, Teacher, Soldier, and Public Servant
 * Gen. Agueda Kahabagan - First Filipino Female General of 1st Republic of the Philippines
 * Pedro Guevara - Soldier, Legislator, Lawyer and Writer
 * Eduardo Quisumbing - National Scientist of the Philippines for Plant Taxonomy, Systematics, and Morphology
 * Emil Q. Javier, National Scientist of the Philippines for Agriculture, and 17th President of the University of the Philippines
 * Nena Saguil - modernist and abstract art painter
 * Socorro Ramos – Filipina entrepreneurship and co-founder of National Book Store, the largest bookstore chain in the Philippines.
 * Carmina Villarroel - Filipina actress, presenter, former child actress.
 * Gov. Felicisimo T. San Luis - Former Provincial Governor of Laguna (1960–1992)
 * Jacinto Vallenzuela - Former Mayor (1926–1929)
 * Ariel Magcalas - Former Mayor (2007–2010)
 * Rodolfo S. San Luis - Former Mayor and Representative of the 4th District of Laguna
 * Henry Bautista - Former Mayor (1995 to 1998)
 * Domingo G. Panganiban - Former Mayor (1998–2007; 2010–2019)

Sister cities

 * 🇵🇭 Makati, Philippines

Route Bus

 * DLTBCo PITX Metro Manila Skyway SLEX Real Calamba Pila - Santa Cruz plies via To Manila East Road in Siniloan-Santa Maria route or Mabitac Market also it offers plies Town of Santa Cruz to PITX Bay City Metro Manila & Cubao in Quezon City via SLEX North-Southbound Cupang,Alabang toll plaza flyover, Muntinlupa route North-South Bound.
 * Lucena Lines Santa Cruz Laguna Bus Terminal it offer plies route to Pagsanjan, Laguna via East Manila Road & South Luzon Expressway (SLEX) route North-South Bound or Santa Cruz Province Of Laguna West Portion Of Real Calamba Exit via SLEX North-Southbound Cupang,Alabang Toll Plaza Flyover To EDSA kamias City Of Quezon City.

title: Santa Cruz, Laguna


text:
User:SilasM/To-do list

Create

 * [[Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union]

Expand

 * Lionel Murphy

title: User:SilasM/To-do list


text:
Armenians of Romania

Armenians have been present in what are now the states of Romania and Moldova for over a millennium, and have been an important presence as traders since the 14th century. Numbering only in the thousands in modern times, they were culturally suppressed in the Communist era, but have undergone a cultural revival since the Romanian Revolution of 1989.

Danubian Principalities
The earliest traces of Armenians in what was later Moldavia are dated by 967 (recorded presence in Cetatea Albă). Early Armenian Diasporas stemmed in the fall of the Bagratuni rule (c. 885-1045) and other disasters, including the 13th-century Mongol invasion.

Armenian expatriates were awarded tax exemptions at different times in the Danubian Principalities' history. Encouraged to settle as early as the 14th century, they became a familiar presence in towns, usually as the main entrepreneurs of the community – for this, in early modern Botoșani and several other places, Armenians as a guild were awarded political representation and degrees of self-rule. A considerable number of noble families in the Principalities were of Armenian descent. In 1572–1574, John III the Terrible, grandson of Stephen the Great and son of Bogdan III and his Armenian concubine Serpega, was Hospodar (Prince) of Moldavia.

In Bucharest, an Armenian presence was first recorded in the second half of the 14th century – most likely, immigrants from the Ottoman-ruled Balkans, as well as from the area around Kamianets-Podilskyi and towns in Moldavia; throughout the 19th century, a large part of Armenian Bucharesters had arrived from Rousse, in present-day Bulgaria. The Gregorian Armenians were given the right to build a church around 1638 – it was rebuilt and expanded in 1685, but was damaged by the Russian attack during the 1768–1774 war with the Ottomans.

Citizenship was bestowed on the community only with the decision taken by the international protectorate over the two countries (instituted after the Crimean War and the ensuing 1856 Treaty of Paris) to extend civil rights to all religious minorities.

Transylvania
Armenians were present from early on in Transylvania, clearly attested in a document issued by Hungarian King Ladislaus IV the Cuman (late 13th century). Here, they were even allowed to found their own trading towns, the most notable one being Gherla, called Armenopolis/Armenierstadt or Hayakaghak (Հայաքաղաք). The second important Armenian town in Transylvania is Dumbrăveni (Elisabethstadt).

Despite their increasing autonomy, the townspeople's adherence to the Roman Catholic Church was nonetheless demanded (a conversion begun through the efforts of a Botoșani-born prelate, Oxendius Vărzărescu, 1655-1715), and further submitted to forced integration by the Habsburg monarchy since the 18th century. The Ordinariate for Catholics of Armenian Rite in Romania is nowadays centered on Gherla, and is placed under the jurisdiction of the Romanian Roman-Catholic Church archbishops of Alba Iulia.

Most Armenians from Transylvania were magyarized in the last half of the 19th century.

Romania
After the Armenian genocide of 1915, Romania was the first state to officially provide political asylum to refugees from the area.

Following World War 1, Romania acquired territories including 40,000 Armenians (15,000 in Bessarabia, 20,000 in Transylvania, and 5,000 refugees), thereby raising the Armenian population of Romania to 50,000—they were represented by the Union of Romanian Armenians (headed by Harutiun A. Khentirian who would later become the honorary consul-general of Armenia in Romania in 1922–1924) which sought to gain them minority rights and to facilitate repatriation to Armenia. Despite cosigning the Treaty of Sèvres with Armenia, Romania withheld de jure recognition "pending the final determination of Armenia's boundaries and ratification of the Turkish peace treaty."

In 1940 about 40,000 Armenians lived in Romania. Under communist rule, Armenians started to leave the country, and Nicolae Ceaușescu's regime eventually closed all Armenian schools.

In the 1990s, after the dissolution of the USSR, the poor economic conditions in Armenia and the military conflicts in the Caucasus, Iraq or Lebanon caused a number of Armenians to seek a better future in Romania as emigrants or travel through Romania to Western Europe or the United States. Since the 1990s, Armenians of Romania enjoyed a cultural revival. As a state-recognized national minority, the Armenians of Romania have 1 seat in the Chamber of Deputies. The Armenians of Romania have 3 newspapers: Nor Ghiank, Ararat and the Romanian-funded Lăcașuri de cult.

Notable Romanians of Armenian descent
Romanians of Armenian descent have been very active in Romanian political, cultural, academic and social life. Most worthy of mention would be Vazgen I, Catholicos of Armenia, and Iacob Zadig, a general in the Romanian Army during World War I.

title: Armenians of Romania


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Islam in Jordan

The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is a majority Muslim country with 96% of the population following Sunni Islam while a small minority follow Shiite branches. There are also about 20,000 to 32,000 Druze living mostly in the north of Jordan, even though most Druze no longer consider themselves Muslim. Many Jordanian Muslims practice Sufism.

The 1952 Constitution grants freedom of religion while stipulating that the king and his successors must be Muslims and sons of Muslim parents. Religious minorities include Christians of various denominations (1%) and even fewer adherents of other faiths. Jordan is a religious and conservative country.

Islam in Social Life pre-1980s
Despite a strong identification with and loyalty to Islam, religious practices varied among segments of Jordan's population. This unevenness in practice did not necessarily correlate with a rural-urban division or differing levels of education. The religious observance of some Jordanians was marked by beliefs and practices that were sometimes antithetical to the teachings of Islam. Authorities attributed at least some of these elements to pre-Islamic beliefs and customs common to the area.

In daily life, neither rural dwellers nor urbanites were overly fatalistic. They did not directly hold God responsible for all occurrences; rather, they placed events in a religious context that imbued them with meaning. The expression in shari'a Allah often accompanied statements of intention, and the term bismillah (in the name of Allah) accompanied the performance of most important actions. Such pronouncements did not indicate a ceding of control over one's life or events. Jordanian Muslims generally believed that in matters that they could control, God expected them to work diligently.

Muslims have other ways of invoking God's presence in daily life. Despite Islam's unequivocal teaching that God is one and that no being resembles him in sanctity, some people accepted the notion that certain persons (saints) have baraka, a special quality of personal holiness and affinity to God. The intercession of these beings was believed to help in all manner of trouble, and shrines to such people could be found in some localities. Devotees often visited the shrine of their patron, especially seeking relief from illness or inability to have children.

Numerous spiritual creatures were believed to inhabit the world. Evil spirits known as jinn — fiery, intelligent beings that are capable of appearing in human and other forms — could cause all sorts of malicious mischief. For protection, villagers carried in their clothing bits of paper inscribed with Qur'anic verses (amulets), and they frequently pronounced the name of God. A copy of the Qur'an was said to keep a house safe from jinn. The "evil eye" also could be foiled by the same means. Although any literate Muslim was able to prepare amulets, some persons gained reputations as being particularly skilled in prescribing and preparing them. To underscore the difficulty in drawing a fine distinction between orthodox and popular Islam, one only needs note that some religious shaykhs were sought for their ability to prepare successful amulets. For example, in the 1980s in a village in northern Jordan, two elderly shaykhs (who also were brothers) were famous for their abilities in specific areas: one was skilled in warding off illness among children; the other was sought for his skills in curing infertility.

Their reverence for Islam notwithstanding, Muslims did not always practice strict adherence to the five pillars. Although most people tried to give the impression that they fulfilled their religious duties, many people did not fast during Ramadan. They generally avoided breaking the fast in public, however. In addition, most people did not contribute the required proportion of alms to support religious institutions, nor was a pilgrimage to Mecca common. Attendance at public prayers and prayer in general increased during the 1980s as part of a regional concern with strengthening Islamic values and beliefs.

Traditionally, social segregation of the sexes prevented women from participating in much of the formal religious life of the community. The 1980s brought several changes in women's religious practices. Younger women, particularly university students, were seen more often praying in the mosques and could be said to have carved a place for themselves in the public domain of Islam.

Although some women in the late 1980s resorted to unorthodox practices and beliefs, women generally were considered more religiously observant than men. They fasted more than men and prayed more regularly in the home. Education, particularly of women, diminished the folk-religious component of belief and practice and probably enhanced observance of the more orthodox aspects of Islam.

Islamic Revival 1980s onward
The 1980s witnessed a stronger and more visible adherence to Islamic customs and beliefs among significant segments of the population. The increased interest in incorporating Islam more fully into daily life was expressed in a variety of ways. Women wearing conservative Islamic dress and the headscarf were seen with greater frequency in the streets of urban as well as rural areas; men with beards also were more often seen. Attendance at Friday prayers rose, as did the number of people observing Ramadan.

Women in the 1980s, particularly university students, were actively involved in expressions of Islamic revival. Women wearing Islamic garb were a common sight at the country's universities. For example, the mosque at Yarmouk University had a large women's section. The section was usually full, and women there formed groups to study Islam. By and large, women and girls who adopted Islamic dress apparently did so of their own volition, although it was not unusual for men to insist that their sisters, wives, and daughters cover their hair in public.

The adoption of the Islamic form of dress did not signify a return to segregation of the sexes or female seclusion. Indeed, women who adopted Islamic clothing often were working women and students who interacted daily with men. They cited a lag in cultural attitudes as part of the reason for donning such dress. In other words, when dressed in Islamic garb they felt that they received more respect from and were taken more seriously by their fellow students and colleagues. Women also could move more readily in public if they were modestly attired. The increased religious observance also accounted for women's new style of dress. In the 1980s, Islamic dress did not indicate social status, particularly wealth, as it had in the past; Islamic dress was being worn by women of all classes, especially the lower and middle classes.

Several factors gave rise to increased adherence to Islamic practices. During the 1970s and 1980s, the Middle East region saw a rise of Islamism in response to the economic recession and to the failure of nationalist politics to solve regional problems. In this context, Islam was an idiom for expressing social discontent. In Jordan, opposition politics had long been forbidden, and since the 1950s the Muslim Brotherhood had been the only legal political party. These factors were exacerbated by King Hussein's public support for the shah of Iran in his confrontation with Ayatollah Khomeini and the forces of opposition, by continued relations with Egypt in the wake of the 1979 Treaty of Peace Between Egypt and Israel, and by the king's support for Iraq in the Iran–Iraq War.

Although Islamic opposition politics never became as widespread in Jordan as in Iran and Egypt, they were pervasive enough for the regime to act swiftly to bring them under its supervision. By the close of the 1970s and throughout the 1980s, government-controlled television regularly showed the king and his brother Hasan attending Friday prayers. The media granted more time to religious programs and broadcasts. Aware that the Islamic movement might become a vehicle for expressing opposition to the regime and its policies, and in a move to repair relations with Syria, in the mid-1980s the government began to promote a moderate form of Islam, denouncing fanatical and intolerant forms.

title: Islam in Jordan


text: Template:Northern Ireland Football League


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Swiss cheese plant

Swiss cheese plant may refer to:

 * Monstera deliciosa, a species of flowering plant native to tropical forests of southern Mexico, south to Panama
 * Monstera adansonii, a species of flowering plant widespread across much of South America and Central America

title: Swiss cheese plant


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User:Haabet/Tightlacing rewrite

This page was created because of the difficulties with the Tightlacing page. I wanted to rewrite that page; hopefully it will be more organized and agreeable to everyone. Feel free to work on this page, and leave feedback in the talk section.

A rewrite of this page has been proposed.

Tightlacing (also called corset training and waist training) is the practice of wearing a tightly-laced corset to achieve extreme body modifications to the figure and posture. Those who practice tightlacing are called tightlacers. And the particular corsets are called training corset.

The two types of corset and stay
{| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"  WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="right"

Tightlacing by Broad chest
How can a tightlacer survive the intensity body modification?!

The answer: When a woman is pregnant, the belly fill the body, and all entrails have escape into the chest. And the chest expand by the pressure from the big belly. If a Tightlacing is healthy, it is close to the natural pregnancy. But A tight lace by shoulder blades will press the ribs down, so a corset Tightlacing by Broad chest is with difficulty to make.

Tightlacing by Broad chest have two type. By shoulders or by hip.

Tightlacing by Broad chest by shoulders

Patent 1887

Tightlacing by Broad chest by hip
Patent 1907

Tightlacing by Narrow chest
It is very easy to make a corset, which compress the chest.

Because the chest is a conical and compressed, the entrails been pressed down, and they are not construct to a press down.

Link
http://users.chariot.net.au/~posture/PostureTheoryExamination.html#anchor23462

[[Category:Corsetry
 * }

title: User:Haabet/Tightlacing rewrite


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Robert M. Gordon

Robert M. "Bob" Gordon (born July 3, 1950) is an American politician serving as a commissioner of the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities. Prior to being commissioner, Gordon was a Democratic Party politician who served in the New Jersey Senate from January 8, 2008 to April 4, 2018 representing the 38th Legislative District. He also served in the General Assembly from 2004 to 2008.

Early life and education
Gordon was born in Paterson and grew up in Fair Lawn, New Jersey. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in political economy from Williams College in 1972, a Master of Public Policy from the University of California, Berkeley, and an MBA in finance and health care management from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.

Career
Gordon began his career an analyst in the Congressional Budget Office from 1975 to 1977.

Gordon served on the Fair Lawn Borough Council from 1986 to 1995, on its Planning Board from 1986 to 1995 and was Mayor of Fair Lawn, New Jersey from 1988 to 1991. He was the Fair Lawn Fire Commissioner from 1986 to 1995 and served on the Fair Lawn Ethics Board from 1999 to 2003. During this time he also served as an aide in the New Jersey Office of the Governor from 1990 to 1991. He was also a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1988 and 1992. In 1996, Gordon ran in the Democratic primary for the open Congressional seat in the 9th district but was defeated in a landslide against former Englewood mayor Steve Rothman.

He served on the Democratic State Committee from 1993 to 1998. Gordon is a real estate development consultant in addition to being a state senator.

New Jersey Assembly
In the 2003 election, Gordon and Joan Voss unseated the incumbents, Green Party candidate Matt Ahearn and Republican Rose Marie Heck, to win the Assembly seats. Bergen County Freeholder and Paramus Councilwoman Connie Wagner replaced Gordon on the Democrats' 2007 Assembly ticket.

New Jersey Senate
Gordon was the 2007 Democratic nominee to succeed outgoing Senator Joseph Coniglio and won the seat with 59.9% of the vote. He was re-elected in 2011 and served on the Legislative Oversight Committee (Chair), the Transportation Committee (Vice-Chair), and the Health, Human Services and Senior Citizens Committee.

In the 2013 election, the then-increasingly popular Governor Chris Christie targeted the 38th Legislative District to unseat Gordon. However, Gordon prevailed who said he was "pleased that he's on Christie's radar screen." He became one of the leading proponents of increased accountability and transparency at the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey after the 2013 Fort Lee Bridgegate Scandal.

Gordon also served as chair of the Senate Transportation Committee and co-chair of a special panel which investigated problems with NJ Transit.

Board of Public Utilities
Gordon has been a commissioner of the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities since April 2018. He was appointed by Governor Phil Murphy to fill the role.

Personal life
The Democratic lawmaker is married to Gail Balph Gordon, a Republican who served on the staff of Richard Thornburgh, the former Pennsylvania Governor and United States Attorney General, and as a member of Governor Chris Christie's campaign finance committee and his transition team. In February, 2013, Gail Gordon joined the Florio Perrucci Steinhardt & Fader law firm, which is headed by former Democratic Governor Jim Florio.

title: Robert M. Gordon


text:
Talk:G.I. Joe/Archive 1

User:Lee Daniel Crocker (who appears to have gone inactive more than a year ago) moved this here from G.I. Joe in May 2003. I can't fathom why (since G.I. is not initials but a quasi acronym), and there is no explanation here. I'm inclined to move it back, but I thought I'd post here to see if any of the page's normal contributors can justify keeping the space in G.I. —Tkinias 07:46, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I moved it back. It didn't make any sense adding spaces after each period. --Kross 02:48, May 16, 2005 (UTC)

G. I. Josip
G. I. Joe: An Austro-Hungarian Hero

title: Talk:G.I. Joe/Archive 1


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Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Wiki Syntax/redirect-target-004.txt

Somebody please delete the section starting with Spithead Mutiny as I have completed all the links in this section but the wiki for some reason won't let me edit that page. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 07:49, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)


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Koryo Hotel

The Koryo Hotel (or Pyongyang Koryo Hotel) is the second largest operating hotel in North Korea, the largest being the Yanggakdo Hotel. The Ryugyong Hotel is larger than both, but is not yet operating. The twin-towered Koryo Hotel building is 143 metres (469 ft) tall and contains 43 stories. Erected in 1985 under Kim Il Sung, it was intended to "showcase the glory and strength of the DPRK."

The hotel is rated five stars by North Korea. A section of the hotel reportedly caught fire on 11 June 2015 due to undisclosed circumstances, leaving the bridge between the two buildings badly damaged.

Name
"Koryo" is the name of an early kingdom which is the source of the English name "Korea". It is also used in the name of the North Korean airline, Air Koryo.

The Koryo Hotel replaced an older hotel of the same name, but in a different location. For a time after 1946, the leader of North Korea's Democratic Party Cho Man-sik was kept under house arrest in the older Koryo Hotel.

Location
The hotel is situated close to Pyongyang Station in Chung-guyok, central Pyongyang.

Features

The hotel's extravagance is exemplified by its entryway, which consists of a 9-metre (30 ft) wide jade dragon's mouth that leads into an expansive lobby dominated by a mosaic of North Korean cultural symbols. The mosaic tiles make use of a wide variety of precious metals and gemstones underneath low-dispersion glass panes, which are replaced biannually to preserve the mosaic's luster.

The hotel has 500 rooms. Rooms are equipped with a mini-bar and TV. Guests have reported power outages within the hotel grounds.

Amenities include a hard currency gift shop, gym, a swimming pool, a revolving restaurant on the 45th floor, a circular bar on the 44th floor and two cinemas; one with 200 seats and one with 70 seats. There is a coffee shop on the ground floor. The hotel also features a billiards room on the second floor and a casino in the basement. The casino offers blackjack, roulette, and slot machines. The casino is staffed by Chinese workers. Amenities do not include the use of the Internet. Plenty of floors in the Hotel appear not to be in use.

Restaurants
Each tower is topped by a revolving restaurant, however only one is open. The revolving restaurant apparently had a 9 pm closing time but in 2010 it was reported that in recent years the closing time would be extended or relaxed based on the quality of the guests' tipping. Aside from the single open revolving restaurant, the hotel has four other restaurants including a Japanese restaurant and a Korean BBQ restaurant.

The restaurants are operated by Japanese expatriates and are run as private businesses, but they must pay a fee to the state.

Guest liberty
By some reports, guests are prevented by guards from leaving the hotel. However, others report the ability to wander off the hotel grounds. The hotel is a few blocks from the city's restaurant district and the Pyongyang Railroad Station.

title: Koryo Hotel