text:
Anwärter

Anwärter is a German title that translates as "candidate", "applicant" or "recruit". During the Nazi era, SS-Anwärter was used as a paramilitary rank by both the Nazi Party and the SS. Within the Nazi Party, an Anwärter was someone who had been accepted into a government service position and the rank was issued in two degrees: one for party members and the other for non-party members. Anwärter was the lowest Nazi Party rank in the extensive system of Nazi Party political ranks.

As an SS rank, an SS-Anwärter was a recruit, someone who had applied for membership in the SS and was undergoing a probationary period, after which time an appointment would be issued to the rank of SS-Mann. The earliest recorded use of Anwärter as an SS rank was 1932;

Within the Allgemeine-SS, the transition from Anwärter to Mann was an extensive process, typically taking over one year. During that year, a potential SS member would be drilled and indoctrinated; racial, political, and background checks would also be conducted. At the end of this time, typically in an elaborate ceremony, an Anwärter would be promoted to the rank of SS-Mann.

After 1941, Anwärter was also used as a rank of the Waffen-SS, but to a much lesser degree than in the general SS. A Waffen-SS Anwärter was usually a recruit who had been processed into the SS (typically at a recruiting station) but had yet to report for basic training. Once basic training began, the Anwärter was promoted to the rank of SS-Schütze.

Between 1942 and 1945, an even lower rank existed within the SS known as Bewerber. The SS was the only Nazi paramilitary group to have a rank lower than that of Anwärter. The SS rank of Anwärter used no insignia.

In modern-day Germany, the title of Anwärter is typically used by those applying for employment and also as a designation for members of the Bundeswehr who are under consideration for a leadership assignment.

title: Anwärter


text: Category:Slavic cuisine

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Slavic cuisine


text:
Talk:Prograph

Untitled
I have it on good authority (a former employee) that TGS (The Gunakara Sun) Systems was actually the first company and Prograph International the second. I haven't been able to confirm the dates yet, however.

At http://www.cs.dal.ca/~smedley/veu/particpants/cox.html, Phil Cox states that he and Tomasz Pietrzykowski co-founded Prograph International in 1985 "to commercialise the Prograph language."

The confusion grows....

 * You're right. I did some googling and it seems the TGS name was around at least as early as 1989. I'll update shortly. Maury 12:49, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The Gunakara Sun Systems was founded by Tomasz Pietrzykowski as a consulting company in the early 1980's, while he was at Acadia University. This company took up commercialization of Prograph after he moved to Halifax and the Technical University of Nova Scotia. It was later renamed to TGS Systems, and then to Prograph International. On going bankrupt in January 1995, its assets were purchased (for $1) by Pictorius. -- Mark Szpakowski, former Prograph UI and language (OOP) designer and product manager. --szpak 18:21, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Cheers to the person in Canada (eastlink.ca) who has improved the corporate history section! (Do I know you?) A former member of the "Pictorian Guard", I assume.... --RJCraig 04:05, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

RE "Finally, Prograph included no simple way to gather up several operations into a single 'black box', without turning it into a method of its own." This is incorrect: as the screen shot of the Opers menu shows, there is an "Opers to Local" menu item, which turns a selected group of operations into a single icon. You then have the option to turn that into a method if useful to do so. --szpak 18:21, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Mark, I agree that the original is misleading; is it possibly a result of a confusion in terminology, since Locals were Local Methods? --RJCraig 23:36, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Please create an account and sign in or at least indicate your identity in some way when editing the main article. It is the minimum in good wiki etiquette, after all. --RJCraig 03:24, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

Re some of the recent edits: Is "undercapitalization" a new euphemism? --RJCraig 03:29, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

Critique
Regarding the critique of the language:

 * The choice of icons which are not mnemonically associative with everyday entities was chosen purposefully, based on the fact that what is a mnemonic differs from person to person, circumstance to circumstance, and culture to culture. In the end, they elected to go with icons which were simple and distinctive, under the assumption that, after the programmer became familiar with the language, they would be indicative of the events they represented.  (As a person who is only passingly familiar with Prograph, I have no trouble in recognising the meaning of the various visual entities, with the exception of the occasional semantically inverted stop condition---a big 'X' indicating 'keep going', or vice-versa).

 * Comment - I agree with most of these criticisms of the Critique part of the article. The Prograph icons do have a certain mnemonic semantics: get is indented, set is outdented, for example. In any case obscurity of the icons was never singled out by Prograph users, or those checking it out, as an issue, to my knowledge. In fact Progaph's user interface was heralded as one of the reasons for its winning a MacUser Eddy award for best programming language. There were other factors that contributed to its eventual lack of success. --szpak

 * Comments can be tied to leads, and propagated into/out of procedures using the 'propagate comments' tool---which I admit is still a bit clumsy.

 * The non-routable wiring was, again, a design choice; contrast LabVIEW, in which the wiring is rectilinearly routable, and programmers spend a significant portion of their time maintaining the routing to adjust to changes in program code. Also, Prograph tries to encourage the coder to use locals to break portions of code off into subsections.

 * I have found that visual and textual programming languages simply have a different set of easily expressed concepts; for example, Prograph's quicksort implementation is extremely elegant; on the other hand, bubblesort is quite difficult to write. I don't think it's fair to make a 'messiness' judgment of this nature without considering a wide variety of different kinds of algorithm.

 * Paragraph three is simply not true; the 'local' subgroup is not a separate method, it is in fact precisely a 'black box' routine that is eliminated at compile-time.

 * Any program needs to be broken into pieces in order to promote a reasonable level of visibility; in visual languages, this will often take the form of windows. I don't think it's fair to contrast this negatively with textual languages, which typically require that programs be segmented into textual subprocedures and separate files, which are every bit as difficult to view in parallel as Prograph locals/methods (i.e. using windows placed beside each other).

 * The 'back' and 'forward' buttons are in fact case selectors; Prograph is a case-based language, and all cases accessible through these navigational tools are associated with the same local/method. I do, however, agree that this case-based layout is particularly irritating.

 * The major reason for the failure of Prograph is, according to Phil Cox, based on the narrow base of tool support. For a corporation to use a language like Prograph would involve embedding their source code in a set of tools limited to a single vendor (a small one, at that); therefore the survival of that corporation would depend on the survival of the vendor corporation.  He actually states that perhaps the key deciding factor in this issue was Apple corporation's refusal to back Prograph as a member of their supported toolset.  In the early 90's, Apple considered incorporating Prograph into the standard software distribution set, but for internal political reasons (largely, that their existing textual programmers thought visual programming languages were a stupid idea), the project was cut.  He believes that, had Apple supported the software, it would have been a viable choice for a much wider set of corporations, and therefore perhaps have survived; however without this kind of stable backing, uptake simply didn't happen.

In general, I think the critique needs a serious re-working for POV.

Penumbra 2k 22:36, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment - There were some initial discussions between the Prograph and Dylan teams about working together (from a visual point of view Prograph is more operation-oriented than object-oriented (the objects are pretty invisible), which may have had some implications for how to express generic functions, for example), but then Apple cancelled the Dylan project. --szpak

 * Another comment - I'm not sure what Cox means about "standard software distribution set". Having been in the Mac world throughout this period, the only thing like this I can think of would be MPW. Perhaps he means the Apple' catalogs or something? This is rather unclear to me.
 * Meanwhile many products were not officially supported, and yet were very successful. Consider that Apple was in the midst of the Bedrock fiasco with Symantec when Code Warrior came out of the blue and pummled the entire market. I sympathize with Cox's take, but the fact is that Prograph failed simply because it didn't get developer eyeballs, for whatever reason (and I stand by my original claim that this is due largely to "weirdness"). Maury 21:02, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

Undercapitalization made it a niche player for its entire lifetime
An anonymous someone at IP address 24.70.193.30 (shawcable.net = shaw.ca = Shaw Communications, handling western Canada) changed the intro text from "However a number of problems in the system, as well as its general "oddity", made it a niche player for its entire lifetime,..." to "Undercapitalization made it a niche player...".

I am not a TGS/PI/Pictorius/whatever insider, but from what I have heard from people who were, the various companies threw an incredible amount of money into the Prograph Developers Network; I have also heard that McLean-Watson poured something like 6 million CA$ into the company after they became involved. Could someone better versed in economics explain to me how this constitutes "undercapitalization". In lieu of any definite evidence one way or the other, I have cut the comment from the article. Please discuss before reverting. RJCraig 19:50, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah RJ, I'm with you. And it's not like I just made it up in the first place, I can remember discussing the system with my fellow developers at SoftArc, and the response was universally skeptical. Perhaps that's not the way it should have been, but with C++ in the midst of its takeover of the development market, blaming Prograph's problems on a lack of cash strikes me as extremely suspect. Maury 21:02, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

Marten History
I think it would be a good idea to include something about Marten in the history section, since it is a relevant development.

However, I don't believe I myself could manage a NPOV version. Would someone else mind getting the ball rolling? RJCraig 19:53, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

Open Prograph Initiative website
I'm currently planning on shutting down the www.ospgli.org website before the end of August. At that time I'll remove any links in the article. --RJCraig 14:57, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

Discuss Here!
Rather than discussing Critique et al on the main article page, do it here, where agreement can be reached on best content/wording. szpak 18:59, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't think there's really much to discuss. If the criticism can be cited, it can stay. Otherwise, it should go. --Steven Fisher 07:41, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

I'd like to add my professional experience with Prograph to the Critique. I loved the language, and it allowed me to be very productive on some image processing I did at PF. Magic. But the tool had a few flaws that I came to see in other visual programming tools. There was no way to do a 'diff', or integrate a versioning tool like CVS at that time. Second, no one else could easily look over and work with code that someone else had written. Only in some cases did it make sense for me to solve problems using Prograph when no one else at the company was familiar with the tool. Too many text based tools were being developed for improved productivity, and they could not be leveraged against Prograph. All of these issues affetced xUML from Kennedy-Carter; having had the issues with Prograph I was able to enumerate them immediately with  Kennedy-Carter - Andrew K.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Akaluzniacki (talk • contribs) 15:57, 28 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Prograph


text:
Ralph Borsodi

Ralph Borsodi (December, 1888 – October 27, 1977) was an American agrarian theorist and practical experimenter interested in ways of living useful to the modern family desiring greater self-reliance (especially so during the Great Depression). Much of his theory related to living in rural surroundings on a modern homestead and was rooted in his Georgist beliefs.

Life and work
He spent the early years of his life in Manhattan. His father William was a publisher who had connections in the advertising field, and Ralph worked in this business as a boy. By the age of 22, Borsodi was personally testing the idea of moving "back to the land." He had fully embraced the concept of simple living by 1920. Borsodi was influenced by the reformer Bolton Hall (1854–1938), a friend of his father's; Hall introduced Borsodi to the ideas of the economist Henry George. Borsodi was also influenced by Thomas Jefferson, Arthur Schopenhauer, Friedrich Nietzsche, Josiah Warren, Lysander Spooner, Benjamin Tucker, and Laurance Labadie.

Borsodi is chiefly known for his practical experiments in self-sufficient living during the 1920s and 1930s, and for the books he wrote about these experiments. The Distribution Age (1927), This Ugly Civilization (1929), and Flight from the City (1933) are his best known works. He established a School of Living in Rockland County, New York, during the winter of 1934–1935. Before long about 20 families began attending regularly from New York City, spending the weekends at the school. Some commentators claim Borsodi's books inspired "hundreds of thousands of people" to follow his example during the Great Depression.

Borsodi launched a community land trust in 1935 as a practical test of his ideas. He set up the non-profit Independence Foundation, Inc., with Chauncey Stillman and others, which acquired a tract of about 40 acres of land on Bayard Lane near Suffern, New York. The homes were owned individually, but the land cooperatively. A different group interested in forming a similar community land trust at Stillwater in Ossining, New York, then contacted Borsodi. The Stillwater project was unfortunately abandoned by the Independence Foundation in the early stages as unreasonably large, although it did develop along lines similar to Bayard Lane.

In 1937 Borsodi, with Herbert Agar and Chauncey Stillman started a journal called Free America, which advocated local agrarian democracy. In 1948 Borsodi self-published (even doing his own typesetting) Education and Living, a two-volume work designed to suggest a curriculum for the ongoing School of Living. In 1950, Borsodi moved to the Town of Melbourne Village, whose founders had been influenced by his teachings. Mildred Loomis, his most devoted student, continued the work of the School of Living into the 1970s when it was headquartered at Heathcote Community in Freeland, Maryland.

With Bob Swann, Borsodi created a land trust that functioned as an economic, banking, and credit institution, probably influenced by the ideas of Josiah Warren. Called the Independence Foundation, Inc., Borsodi intended it as a new and ethical way of making low-cost, cooperatively shared credit available to people who wanted to build homesteads in the community. This institution made it possible to provide people access to land without their having to pay outright for property in the beginning.

Borsodi spent decades analyzing the ills of modern society and imagining remedies for the problems. His 1968 work, published in India, and titled Seventeen Universal Problems of Man and Society, catalogued his research and can be considered the beginning of a modern taxonomy of human problems and solutions. His followers felt he usually was working at solving problems at least 20 years before most analysts realized the problem existed. For example, it is said he predicted the inflation of the 1970s some thirty years before it came. One of his interests was in local currency, and he started an experiment with such a currency in his home area, Exeter, New Hampshire; however, the project came to an early end with Borsodi's failing health. He created a commodity-backed bartering currency called the Constant, reminiscent of Josiah Warren's "labor notes" at the Cincinnati Time Store. These appeared first as paper notes, but in 1974, coin-like pieces, called Globes, were minted and sold in 1/2 ounce and 1 ounce .999 silver denominations. The non-profit organization that sponsored them was the International Foundation for Independence, Inc., but the Globes were minted and sold by an organization called Arbitrage International.

Borsodi died in Exeter, New Hampshire, in October 1977, survived by his wife Clare and two sons - Edward M. and Ralph W. - by his first wife Myrtle Mae Simpson.

Influence
Borsodi was cited as an important modern critic and creative thinker by Helen and Scott Nearing in such writings as Living the Good Life, a book sometimes credited as being the clarion call of the back-to-the-land movement of the 1970s. J.I. Rodale, who founded Organic Gardening and Farming magazine got his introduction to organic gardening at Borsodi's Dogwood Acres Homestead, as did the Keene family, founders of Walnut Acres organic food catalog. Borsodi was also a significant influence on the American libertarian movement.

A number of Borsodi's texts can be found in the Social Criticism section of the Soil and Health Online Library.

Selected works

 * National advertising vs. prosperity a study of the economic consequences of national advertising (1923)
 * The Distribution Age (1927).
 * This Ugly Civilization (1929).
 * Flight from the City (1933).
 * Prosperity and Security, A Study in Realistic Economics (1938)
 * The time has come : an open letter to the teachers of mankind on the question of war and peace and the creation of a really new world order (1942)
 * Inflation Is Coming (1948)
 *  Education and Living (1948)
 * The Challenge of Asia : A Study of Conflicting Ideas and Ideals (1956)
 * The Definition of Definition: A New Linguistic Approach to the Integration of Knowledge (1967)
 * Homestead notes a Journal, published by the School of Living, 1933-?

title: Ralph Borsodi


text:
The Complete U2

The Complete U2 is a digital box set by Irish rock band U2. It was released on 23 November 2004 by Apple Computer on the iTunes Store. It is the first major release of a purely digital online set by any artist. It contained the complete set of U2 albums, singles, live, rare and previously unreleased material from 1978 to 2004, with a total of 446 songs. This was accompanied by a PDF containing album art, track listings, and band commentary.

In the US it originally retailed for $149.99, but a $50 coupon was included with the U2 Special Edition iPods from the fourth-generation iPod. The video-capable U2 iPods included a code for a 33-minute video of live band performances and interviews. As of 20 December 2007, the set is no longer available for sale.

Digital box set-exclusive albums
The following albums are only officially available as part of this set:

Early Demos
Early Demos is an EP containing three demos, produced by Barry Devlin and recorded at Keystone Studios in November 1978. These songs are the band's second recorded studio work. "Street Mission" and "The Fool" have not been on any other album. "Shadows and Tall Trees" was the final track on their first studio album Boy, released in 1980.

Live from Boston 1981
Live from Boston 1981 is a live album recorded during U2's Boy Tour at Boston's Paradise Rock Club on March 6, 1981. Some of the tracks on this album have been originally released on other singles previous to the release of this album.

Live from the Point Depot
Live from the Point Depot is the first official release of the band's widely bootlegged New Year's Eve show at Dublin's Point Depot in 1989.

Unreleased & Rare
Unreleased & Rare is a compilation of unreleased and rare tracks. Most of the previously unreleased songs were from the band's All That You Can't Leave Behind and How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb sessions. The album Medium, Rare & Remastered, released in 2009, contains similar tracks.

title: The Complete U2


text:
Richard Murphy

Richard Murphy may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Richard Murphy (screenwriter) (1912–1993), American film and television writer
 * Richard Murphy (poet) (1927–2018), Irish poet
 * Richard Murphy (architect) (born 1955), Scottish architect

Politics and law

 * Richard L. Murphy (1875–1936), American Senator from Iowa
 * Richard W. Murphy (born 1929), American diplomat
 * Dick Murphy (Richard M. Murphy, born 1942), American politician, mayor of San Diego
 * Rick Murphy, American politician, Arizona state senator

Sports

 * Dick Murphy (basketball) (1921–1973), American basketball player
 * Bos Murphy (Richard Murphy, 1924–2000), New Zealand boxer
 * Dick Murphy (baseball) (1931–2020), American baseball player
 * Richard Murphy (rower) (1931–2023), American Olympic rower
 * Richard Murphy (American football) (born 1986), American football running back

Others

 * Richard Murphy (sea captain) (1838–1916), American sea captain in Gloucester, Massachusetts
 * Richard Murphy (marine ecologist) (born 1942), American marine ecologist
 * Richard A. Murphy (1944–2022), American neuroscientist
 * Richard Murphy (tax campaigner) (born 1958), British campaigner and accountant
 * Richard Murphy (police officer) (fl. 1999), American police officer, involved in shooting of Amadou Diallo

title: Richard Murphy


text:
KDHX

KDHX (88.1 FM) is an independent, non-commercial, listener-supported community radio station in St. Louis, Missouri, United States offering a full spectrum of music along with cultural and public affairs programming since 1987. KDHX broadcasts 24 hours a day online and with 42 kW of effective radiated power in stereo with RBDS data.

Station background
KDHX is licensed to the Double Helix Corporation, a 501(c)3 non-profit arts and educational organization with a mission to create community through media. The Double Helix Corporation was formed after the demise of KDNA, a countercultural community-radio station that operated in St. Louis's Gaslight Square district in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The corporation is independent of any governmental entity and is not affiliated with any religious or educational organization. The KDHX offices and studios are located at 3524 Washington Avenue in Grand Center; its tower is located in the northern part of Jefferson County.

Double Helix Corporation, operating under the name KDHX Community Media, is the licensee for 88.1 KDHX, which presents a primarily roots-based AAA (Adult Album Alternative) format interspersed with long-form public affairs programming one evening a week and short-form features throughout the broadcast schedule. The on-air DJs are all volunteers chosen by an elected program committee and trained by station staff.

In addition to its on-air activities, KDHX Community Media also previously produced a variety of music-oriented events such as Midwest Mayhem and Art Attack as well as collaborations with other community organizations. These collaborations included Harvest Sessions at the Tower Grove Farmers Market; Thursdays at the Intersection in Grand Center; the Sheldon Sessions with the Sheldon Concert Hall and SoundWaves with the Pulitzer Arts Foundation. Most of these events halted around 2015, largely due to the resignation of station director Beverly Hacker.

At the time of KDHX's founding, the frequency 88.1 MHz in the greater St. Louis area was occupied by 10-watt, Class D station KHRU-FM, operated by Clayton High School in Clayton, Missouri only from 5-8 p.m. Mon.-Fri. during the school year. It was the only station in St. Louis operating on that frequency. Double Helix tried to work out a cooperative arrangement with the Clayton School District to share the frequency, but the school district was unwilling to accept any frequency-sharing proposal. Eventually Double Helix sued in federal court, resulting in a decision that stations had to "use it or lose it" with regard to frequencies. After that decision, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) revoked KHRU’s license and awarded the frequency to Double Helix Corporation.

In 2023, over a dozen volunteer DJs were controversially dismissed by executive director Kelly Wells, citing various and often evolving reasons. This decision resulted in protests by other volunteers, associate members, and listeners, with many longtime donors withdrawing their financial support to the station.

In February 2024, over 450 local and national musicians signed a letter demanding the resignation of station leadership, saying "We, the musicians of St. Louis (and beyond), say enough is enough . . ." At that time, KDHX had lost nearly a third of their donors. The 990 tax filing for the 2023 tax year stated that the donations was $808,378, which is down from the $1,314,351 brought in before the allegations against Wells began.

Double Helix Corporation
Double Helix Corporation is a non-profit community media organization governed by a 15-member Board of Directors of which 9 spots are currently open after recent board resignations from the ongoing dispute with volunteers relieved of their duties. The inactive Community Advisory Board has no scheduled meetings and the last public board meeting specifically avoid all public comments as demonstrated by the publicly available recording of the last board meeting.

The corporation is independent of any governmental entity, and is not affiliated with any religious or educational organization. Double Helix Corporation is the licensee of 88.1 KDHX, the community radio station in St. Louis, Missouri.

Prior to December 31, 2011, when statewide video franchise legislation sunsetted the city's cable franchise ordinance, Double Helix Corporation managed the public and community access television stations for the City of St. Louis.

title: KDHX


text:
Gunton, Manitoba

Gunton is an unincorporated community located 40 km north of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada in the Rural Municipality of Rockwood. It has no major industry, as most residents work in Winnipeg or nearby communities. It has a bull test station (the only one in the Interlake Region) and an abandoned quarry.

The community's origin can be traced to 1904, when Donald Gunn started a limestone quarry on the south side of the current community's location. At one time when the quarry was operating it employed hundreds of people and the town had a population of approximately 3,000. In 1905, a post office with the name "Gunview" was opened, then name was changed to Gunton in 1906. The quarries closed during World War I, but the community remained as a farming community.

It was featured in the 1997 made-for-TV movie, Trucks.

title: Gunton, Manitoba


text:
Sanborn maps

Sanborn maps are detailed maps of U.S. cities and towns in the 19th and 20th centuries. Originally published by The Sanborn Map Company (Sanborn), the maps were created to allow fire insurance companies to assess their total liability in urbanized areas of the United States. Since they contain detailed information about properties and individual buildings in approximately 12,000 U.S. cities and towns, Sanborn maps are valuable for documenting changes in the built environment of American cities over many decades.

Sanborn held a monopoly over fire insurance maps for the majority of the 20th century, but the business declined as US insurance companies stopped using maps for underwriting in the 1960s. The last Sanborn fire maps were published on microfilm in 1977, but old Sanborn maps remain useful for historical research into urban geography. The license for the maps was acquired by land data company Environmental Data Resources (EDR), and EDR was acquired in 2019 by real estate services company LightBox.

Description
The Sanborn maps themselves are large-scale lithographed street plans at a scale of 50 feet to one inch (1:600) on 21 by sheets of paper. The maps were published in volumes, bound and then updated until the subsequent volume was produced. Larger cities would be covered by multiple volumes of maps. Between editions of published volumes, map updates were sent out as correction slips. Sanborn employees, called "pasters" or "correctors", would visit subscribers' offices to paste the slips on top of the old maps.

The map volumes contain an enormous amount of information. They are organized as follows: a decorative title page; an index of streets and addresses; a ‘specials’ index with the names of churches, schools, businesses etc.; and a master index indicating the entirety of the mapped area and the sheet numbers for each large-scale map (usually depicting four to six blocks); and general information such as population, economy and prevailing wind direction.

The maps include outlines of each building and outbuilding; the location of windows and doors; street names; street and sidewalk widths; property boundaries; fire walls; natural features (rivers, canals, etc.); railroad corridors; building use (sometimes even particular room uses); house and block number; as well as the composition of building materials including the framing, flooring, and roofing materials; the strength of the local fire department; indications of sprinkler systems; locations of fire hydrants; location of water and gas mains; and even the names of most public buildings, churches and businesses.

Unique information includes the location of the homes of prominent individuals, brothels, and more ephemeral buildings including outhouses and stables.

Insurance underwriting
At the outset of the fire insurance industry, underwriters visited every property that was under consideration for coverage. As insurance companies increased their service areas, it was no longer practical to send people to every insurable property to assess the risk. The Sanborn maps allowed them to underwrite properties from the office, pooling the cost with other insurance companies that also subscribed to the maps. It was said that at one time, insurance companies and their agents “relied upon them with almost blind faith”.

The maps were utilized by insurance companies to determine the potential risk of a particular building, taking into account all of the information included on the map: building material, proximity to other buildings and fire departments, the location of gas lines, etc. The decision as to how much, if any, insurance would be offered to a customer was often determined solely through the use of a Sanborn map. The maps also allowed insurance companies to visualize their exposure in their coverage areas; when an agent sold a policy, he could color in the corresponding building on the map.

History

In the late 18th century, insurance companies in London began to create detailed maps to give underwriters the information they needed to assess fire risk. The practice was adopted by American insurance companies in the mid-19th century. Demand for fire insurance mapping grew rapidly after the end of the Civil War. Factors such as the Homestead Act, railroad construction, the Second Industrial Revolution and massive immigration to the United States all fostered huge population growths, urbanization, and heightened demand for mapping.

Daniel Alfred Sanborn, a civil engineer and surveyor, began working on fire insurance maps in 1866. That year, he was contracted by the Aetna Insurance Company to prepare maps of areas in Tennessee. About the same time, he developed similar maps of Boston, published as Insurance Map of Boston, Volume 1, 1867. Seeing a lucrative market for this type of map, he established the D. A. Sanborn National Insurance Diagram Bureau in New York City to publish the Boston atlas and develop and sell maps of additional areas.

Within several decades, the company became the largest and most successful American map company. This growth came about through savvy management and the buyout of competing firms. In 1889 Sanborn acquired Perris and Browne, an older firm, and can by virtue of this expansion date its origins to 1852. The firm name established by Sanborn in 1867 was changed in 1876 when the firm was incorporated under the name Sanborn Map and Publishing Company, which then became the Sanborn-Perris Map Company, Ltd. until 1902, when the name was shortened to the Sanborn Map Company.

In 1916, Sanborn purchased its last major competitor, the E. Hexamer & Sons of Philadelphia, and became a monopoly. Company headquarters moved to 629 Fifth Avenue in northern Pelham, New York, but there were also regional offices in San Francisco, Chicago, and Atlanta. The Sanborn Company sent out legions of surveyors to map building footprints in all major urbanized areas, along with building details related to fire risk. At its peak in the 1920s, the company employed about 700 people, including about 300 field surveyors and 400 cartographers, printers, managers, salesmen, and support staff. Areas under intensive development were surveyed every six months. Sanborn's monopoly was resented by some insurance companies for its high cost. The Underwriter's Association of the Pacific complained that an "Eastern monopoly" was giving service that was "very slow, expensive, and generally unsatisfactory." In the 1910s, the National Board of Fire Underwriters investigated the possibility of creating its own maps. However, many insurance companies opposed the proposal, citing the "very large expenditure" required and their satisfaction with Sanborn's "commendably satisfactory" service. Instead, the NBFU Map Committee took an active role in Sanborn's operations. In 1922, Sanborn agreed to add a member of the Map Committee to its Board of Directors, and a second seat was added by 1927. However, the onset of the Great Depression greatly curtailed construction activity in the United States. By 1936, Sanborn had reduced its publishing output from 60 to 20 volumes per year, a pace that would take over 50 years to update the entire map collection.

Decline of insurance business
In the 1950s, insurance companies began to use an alternative form of underwriting known as line carding. Line carding had been used for decades to underwrite properties that were not covered by fire maps. Each insured property was listed on a single card, and no map was kept. Corporate mergers also reduced the need for Sanborn Maps, since the consolidated company only needed to buy one set of maps. As insurance companies increased in size, they could withstand larger disasters and no longer needed to use insurance maps to reduce their concentration of risk. Companies also cited "modern building construction, better building fire codes, and improved fire protection methods for the decline in importance of fire insurance maps."

From the late 1930s to the late 1950s, Sanborn's annual profit fell from $500,000 to just $100,000. About thirty insurance companies accounted for most of the company's sales. However, its monopoly over insurance mapping had allowed it to earn substantial profits over the decades. These profits were invested in a portfolio of stocks and bonds. By 1958, the stock was selling for $45 a share, but the investments were worth $65 a share. This attracted the attention of a young Warren Buffett, who pressured the company to distribute the investment portfolio to shareholders. Buffett eventually purchased 23% of the company's outstanding shares as an activist investor, representing 35% of his investment partnership's total assets under management. Allied with other dissatisfied shareholders, Buffett could count on the votes of at least 44% of the shares in a proxy fight. The Board agreed to buy back shares from any shareholder at fair value, paying with a portion of its investment portfolio. 72% of the outstanding shares were turned in. In just two years, Buffett had secured a 50% return on his investment.

With the decline of its insurance business, Sanborn could no longer afford to maintain its army of surveyors. However, the company continued to sell its maps and perform some updates. Government sales began to play a larger role, especially the Census Bureau and municipal planning agencies. Sanborn printed its last catalog in 1950, created its last new map in 1961, and issued its last update in 1977.

In 1996, the license for the maps was acquired by land data company Environmental Data Resources (EDR). In 2019, EDR was acquired by real estate services company LightBox.

Over time, Sanborn diversified into other mapping activities, and as of 2020 is a geospatial specialist and holder of electronic GIS assets and systems, though the fire insurance business continues as a niche department. Corporate headquarters are in Colorado.

Modern uses of fire insurance maps
Sanborn maps are found primarily in the archives and special collections of town halls and public and university libraries, and remain a resource for people in many different fields. The maps facilitate historical research through the study of urban growth and decline patterns, and for research into the evolution of specific buildings, sites and districts. Genealogists use the maps to locate the residences and workplaces of ancestors. Planners use the maps to study historic urban planning designs. Historic preservationists use the maps to understand the significance and historical evolution of buildings, including their historic uses and building materials in conservation and rehabilitation efforts. Demographers and urban geographers use them to study patterns of growth and migration of populations. Environmental scientists also use the maps for historical analysis of properties, as the maps often showed the locations of gas stations, drycleaners, and other potential sources of soil and groundwater contamination.

Historic Sanborn maps are available through public or university libraries, including the Library of Congress, and from the copyright owners, Environmental Data Resources (EDR), a division of LightBox.

Digital map collections

 * ProQuest Digital Sanborn Maps, 1867–1970 — pay site (free from some public and academic libraries)
 * Sanborn Maps, Environmental Data Resources — pay site
 * Sanborn Maps from over 15 states — Library of Congress
 * Sanborn Maps of Alabama, 1884–1950 — University of Alabama
 * Sanborn Maps of San Francisco, California, 1900 — SF Genealogy
 * Sanborn Maps of San Francisco, California, 1905 — David Rumsey
 * Sanborn Maps of San Jose, California – San Jose Public Library – Digital Sanborn Fire Maps of San Jose available to library card holders
 * Sanborn Maps of Colorado, 1883–1922 — University of Colorado Digital Library
 * Sanborn Maps of Florida, 1860–1923 — University of Florida Library
 * Sanborn Maps of Georgia, 1884–1922 — Digital Library of Georgia
 * Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps of Illinois — University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Map Library
 * Sanborn Maps of Indianapolis, Indiana, 1887–1941 — IUPUI University Library
 * Sanborn Maps of Muncie, Indiana, 1883–1911 — Ball State University Library
 * Sanborn Maps of Kansas, 1883–1922 — University of Kansas Libraries
 * Sanborn Maps of Kentucky, 1884–1922 — Kentuckiana Digital Library
 * Sanborn Maps of Frankfort, Kentucky, 1907 — David Rumsey
 * Sanborn Maps of Hallowell, Maine, 1890 — David Rumsey
 * Sanborn Maps of Maine – University of Maine Fogler Library, Orono
 * Sanborn Maps of Missouri, 1883–1951 — University of Missouri
 * Sanborn Maps of St. Louis, Missouri, 1870–1904 — Washington University in St. Louis
 * Sanborn Maps of Nevada, 1879–1923 — University of Nevada, Reno
 * Sanborn Maps of New Jersey, 1884–1950 — Princeton University Library
 * Sanborn Maps of New Hampshire, 1880s–1940s — Dartmouth College Library
 * Insurance Maps of New York — New York Public Library
 * Sanborn Maps of North Carolina, 1884–1922 — University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
 * Sanborn Maps of Cincinnati, Ohio — The Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County
 * Sanborn Maps of Toledo, Ohio, 1902 — Toledo's Attic
 * Sanborn Maps of Pennsylvania, 1884–1958 — Pennsylvania State University Libraries
 * Sanborn Maps of Texas, 1877–1922 — University of Texas Libraries
 * Sanborn Maps of South Carolina, 1884–1960 — University of South Carolina Library
 * Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps at University of Utah Digital Library, Marriott Library Special Collections
 * Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps of Wisconsin Communities – Wisconsin Historical Society
 * Sanborn Maps of Kenosha, Wisconsin, 1918 — UW Milwaukee, AGS Library
 * Sanborn Maps of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1894 and 1910 — UW Milwaukee, AGS Library

title: Sanborn maps


text:
Angela Winbush

Angela Lisa Winbush (born January 18, 1955) is an American R&B/soul singer-songwriter, musician and record producer who rose to fame first in the 1980s R&B duo René & Angela, also scoring hits as a solo artist. To date, Winbush has sold over 10 million albums and singles worldwide.

Early life and career
Born in St. Louis, Missouri, Angela began singing in church. She grew up in a middle-class area of St. Louis. Angela is a graduate of Northwest High School. She did not initially aspire to a career in music, instead studying architecture at Howard University, singing only to earn extra money. She continued to sing in church while at Howard as well as with gospel legend Richard Smallwood. She also performed as a singer with a group called "Hot Tea" while she attended Howard University. They opened for various well-known performers during shows and also did background singing for recording artists. One of the other members of "Hot Tea" was Tawatha Agee, who later did a lot of background singing on the albums of several well-noted recording artists, eventually joining the funk/soul band Mtume.

By 1977, Angela had changed her major to music education and recorded a demo. She shopped it to various record labels with no success but, through a personal introduction furnished by respected industry veteran, Wayne K. Garfield, the demo was heard by New York disc jockey Gary Byrd, who made the call that landed Angela a spot in Stevie Wonder's backing vocal group, Wonderlove. Becoming Wonder's protégé, she learned a great deal about writing and arranging songs.

While in Los Angeles with Wonder, Angela met singer Rene Moore. The two formed the duo René & Angela later that year. They soon came to the realization that they could be successful as duo music writers and producers for others as well, and began pursuing that goal. René & Angela released their self-titled debut album in 1980, followed by Wall to Wall in 1982 and Rise in 1983. During this period they scored two top 20 R&B hit singles, "I Love You More" and "My First Love.”

A Street Called Desire and meeting Ronald Isley
During Rene & Angela's early years, Moore and Winbush were asked to write and produce four songs for Janet Jackson's 1982 self-titled debut album, Janet Jackson. One of the songs, "Young Love," became Jackson's first top ten US R&B hit reaching number six on the chart. They also had songs recorded by the likes of Rufus & Chaka Khan, Lamont Dozier and Odyssey.

In 1985 they scored a US number one hit with "I Have Learned to Respect the Power of Love" by Stephanie Mills, with whom Angela had forged a close friendship (an earlier version of the song had been recorded by Alton McClain & Destiny). Having signed with Mercury Records, the duo released their breakthrough album, Street Called Desire the same year. Among the hit singles included on the album was their first R&B number one with the dance single, "Save Your Love (For #1)," which included guest vocals from rapper Kurtis Blow, making it besides Chaka Khan's "I Feel For You," one of the first songs to prominently feature a rapper. Other hit singles included "I'll Be Good", the mostly Winbush-led "Your Smile" – another number one hit – and the subsequent "You Don't Have to Cry" which hit number two in the beginning of 1986. Eventually Street Called Desire sold over a million copies, going platinum, but on the brink of their greatest success, tensions between Winbush and Moore had grown. After their split, Moore would continue to find success as a songwriter and producer, most notably for Michael Jackson.

In 1986, Winbush was introduced to Ronald Isley, lead singer of the influential Isley Brothers after Benny Medina had agreed to ask Winbush to be involved with the Isleys' next record when Isley proposed plans to work with Winbush on a future project. Producing, writing and arranging the Isleys' Smooth Sailin' album, Winbush helped the group, now featuring just Ronald and Rudolph (eldest brother O'Kelly had died the previous year), score a top 10 R&B hit with the title track.

Sharp and subsequent follow-ups
In turn, Isley opted to manage Winbush and he helped in the process of releasing her debut solo album, Sharp, which was also released in 1987. The album included the hit, "Angel" which showcased Winbush's four-octave range. The song reached the No. 1 R&B position for two weeks in 1987. Other notable hits include the dance track, "Run to Me," "C'est Toi (It's You)" and the Ron Isley duet, "Hello Beloved." The album spent 28 weeks on the Billboard 200 album chart and 51 weeks on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart.

In 1988, she wrote and produced two tracks for Sheena Easton's gold album The Lover in Me – "Without You" and "Fire and Rain," both of which showcased Easton's lower range and soulful vocals. In 1989, Winbush released her second solo album The Real Thing. The title track "It's The Real Thing" reached number two on the R&B chart while subsequent hits "No More Tears" and "Lay Your Troubles Down" continued Winbush's top 40 success on the R&B charts where she was now a fixture on despite failed attempts to cross her over to pop audiences. The album also included her version of "I Have Learned to Respect the Power of Love"). The same year, Winbush wrote and produced another US R&B number one for Stephanie Mills with "Something in the Way (You Make Me Feel)" for Mill's album Home, as well as the album cut "So Good, So Right" (previously recorded by D'atra Hicks).

In 1989, Winbush oversaw all songwriting and production on The Isley Brothers' 25th album Spend the Night including the US R&B number three hit "Spend the Night (Ce Soir)". The following year, she scored more top 20 R&B hits as a writer/producer for R&B girl group Body ("Footsteps in the Dark") and newcomer Lalah Hathaway ("Baby Don't Cry") as well as contributing cuts to their respective albums. In 1992, Winbush co-wrote and co-produced with longtime manager/collaborator/lover Ronald Isley another album for The Isley Brothers, Tracks of Life, featuring the R&B hit "Sensitive Lover".

On June 26, 1993, Winbush and Isley, 13 years Angela's senior, married. A year later, Winbush released her third self-titled solo album, which included the R&B hit, "Treat U Rite." Produced by Chuckii Booker, the song peaked at number six on the R&B chart making it Winbush's ninth top ten R&B hit altogether in her career. In 1996, Winbush produced the bulk of The Isley Brothers' Mission to Please album, which included the hit "Floatin' on Your Love," a duet between Angela and Ron Isley. The song was later remixed by Sean "Puffy" Combs and featured guest vocals from Lil' Kim and the group 112 in backgrounds. The video for it showcased Winbush serenading Isley's Mr. Biggs character. While married to Isley, the two had a daughter together named Tawanna Isley, about whom not much is known. Winbush continued to collaborate with the Isley Brothers until 2001's Eternal with Angela notably only contributing to 3 tracks as their marriage began to cool off. In 2002, Winbush and Isley quietly divorced. In 2003, Winbush made news when it was found out she was diagnosed with ovarian cancer. Eventually after a successful surgery, the cancer was in remission and Winbush returned to perform on the road.

Legacy and influence
Since starting out with Rene & Angela, Winbush and Moore have played an influence on various R&B and hip-hop acts. In the latter genre, their music has been sampled by acts such as The Notorious B.I.G. (who featured her and Jay-Z on his Rene & Angela-sampled "I Love You More" for the song "I Love the Dough"), Foxy Brown (who sampled her "I'll Be Good" for her 1997 top ten hit, "I'll Be," Rapper Sylk-E. Fyne's 1998 hit "Romeo and Juliet" that samples Rene and Angela's "You Don't Have to Cry," and last but not least singer Avant re-recorded the Rene & Angela ballad, "My First Love," with singer Keke Wyatt in 2000. In appreciation during Avant's performance of the song on BET's 106 & Park, in 2001, Winbush surprised the audience by singing alongside Avant on the song. As a singer, Winbush is well noted by her gospel-influenced musical humming during her songs. She has influenced the likes of Syleena Johnson and Chante Moore. Winbush and former partner Rene Moore also shared the distinction for being one of the first R&B acts to prominently feature a rap act in a R&B song sharing that distinction with Jody Watley, Chaka Khan and funk band Cameo. Winbush also carries the distinction of being one of the few female artists to find success as a songwriter, arranger, producer and session musician (Winbush also is an avid musician playing piano and keyboards).

Personal life
During a 2006 interview on the Christian TV show, Gospel of Music with Jeff Majors, Winbush disclosed that she had overcome Stage 3 ovarian cancer after six months of chemotherapy in 2003. During the interview she revealed that her undying faith in God got her through having a cyst (benign) removed from her breast, the ending of her marriage to Isley in divorce, and her struggle with depression.

TV appearances
After years of absence from mainstream TV, in March 2010, Winbush performed "Angel", live on the late night talk show The Mo'Nique Show. She was also featured on the TV One documentary Unsung, which first aired in October 2010. It was revealed that Rene Moore became violent with Winbush, in latter years, which led Winbush to cease her musical journey with Moore because she was no longer interested in being a member of "Rene & Angela." Moore declined to be interviewed for "Unsung."

Compilation albums

 * Ultimate Collection (2001, Hip-O)
 * Greatest Love Songs (2003, Hip-O)

Other Appearances
With Donald Byrd
 * Thank You...For F.U.M.L. (Funking Up My Life) (Elektra, 1978)

title: Angela Winbush


text:
File:BlackRiderPlay.jpg

This image was used for promotion of this production. I put a poster tag although this is in fact the program booklet cover. If a better tag is available, please substitute. (c)November Theatre.

title: File:BlackRiderPlay.jpg


text:
Category talk:Technical communication

I'm starting an article on audience analysis --GeoffPurchase 00:07, 2004 Nov 30 (UTC)

Category:Specification languages
Does Category:Specification languages really belong in this category? —iFaqeer (Talk to me!) 04:25, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm not totally sure. I'm still trying to get my head around how this category system is supposed to work. I think there's definitely some connection between technical communication and spec languages (like UML) but I don't know whether it belongs as a subcategory. It certainly looks strange to be all by itself. If you'd like to remove it, I wouldn't object. --LeeHunter 23:06, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't think it needs to be a subcategory. Perhaps it belongs as a link from an article discussing how some technical writers deal with them in their day to day jobs.  Maybe as part of the main Technical communication article??--GeoffPurchase 04:33, 2004 Dec 1 (UTC)

The contents of Specification language don't quite co-relate with the contents of that category. Does it? I mean, do they? The category seems to list what I would call "mark-up languages" while the definition is for a kind of programming language (which might be a superset of what is in the category). If I am right, the latter is definitely TC-related; the former is only marginally so.

I am not very well-informed on either of the two areas my confusion spans, so I would like someone else to chime in. And the reason I keep posting this here is that it's kinda lonely at Category talk:Specification languages. —iFaqeer (Talk to me!) 05:12, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)

Tech Comms Tools
There seems to be some common tools listed in the category, and of course many common tools missing from the list. Rather than add each of these tools to the category one by one, I'm going to create a new article "Tools for Technical Communication". I'll spend some time researching what is available in Wikipedia already, so if you've any objections/suggestions just let me know.--GeoffPurchase 04:33, 2004 Dec 1 (UTC)

 * Why not do a Category that is a sub-category of this? I might just create it. Will let you know if I do. —iFaqeer (Talk to me!) 05:06, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)

 * Done. Category:Technical communication tools. Wikipedia encourages/recommends that we not duplicate entries between categories and sub-categories, so I am just going through and changing the category for each of them. Everyone is welcome—and encouraged—to help. —iFaqeer (Talk to me!) 05:19, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)

 * I am marking the entries so they are listed under the common name for the tool: Corel Ventura under V, and so on. Please let me know if folks think this is wrong, so we don't have to re-do a lot of stuff later. —iFaqeer (Talk to me!) 05:25, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)

Technical communication main article
The category doesn't really have any information in it - its just links. Are there any arguments for keeping the main article as a link in the list? I'd like to move the content to the category page and delete the article altogether. There are less than 10 links that will need correcting, so that's not too much work.--GeoffPurchase 07:00, 2004 Dec 1 (UTC)

 * I think you will also need to do a redirect from Technical communication to Category:Technical communication, so someone just entering "Technical communication" and hitting Go (at left) gets to the right place. That will most probably also do away with the need to change links. Though for some reason, a lot of the topics on Wikipedia are the way we have things now. I guess the intention is to have one be the "Main article" on the topic and the other be a "List of articles related to". —iFaqeer (Talk to me!) 07:18, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)

 * I made some changes and got a bit confused with the redirect to a category. It appears that the standard for the Wiki is to not have content in the category listing.  Not my idea of perfect, but I can live with it.  I'm happy to leave the contect as a separate article, with the link at the top of the category.--GeoffPurchase 23:31, 2004 Dec 1 (UTC)

 * I guess not really no content, but not a whole article. See, for example, Category:Prime Ministers of Pakistan and Prime Minister of Pakistan. —iFaqeer (Talk to me!) 02:15, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)

Wikipedians/Tech Comm
I have started:

 * Wikipedians/Technical Communicators

Not sure where to list it under:

 * Wikipedians

Need to turn in now!

—iFaqeer (Talk to me!) 10:59, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)

Cleanup request
There are too many articles in this category; they need to be sorted into subcategories. -- Beland 23:23, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Added category diffuse. -- Beland (talk) 08:00, 21 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Technical communication


text: Category:1989 in music

title: Category:1989 in music


text: Category:Media books

title: Category:Media books


text:
Hankook Ilbo

Hankook Ilbo is a Korean-language daily newspaper in Seoul, South Korea. As of 2017, it had a daily circulation of about 213,200.

It was previously published by the Hankook Ilbo Media Group, however following an embezzlement scandal in 2013–2014 it was sold to Dongwha Enterprise, which also owns The Korea Times.

Political position
Hankook Ilbo tends to be economically centre-right and socially centre-left. Hankook Ilbo is a "liberal" media, but this is different from the meaning of "liberal" in the American political context.

Hankook Ilbo officially doesn't put forward ideology other than "centrism". However, Hankook Ilbo has basically shown a fiscal conservative tone that values "fiscal responsibility". The newspaper has often criticized the Moon Jae-in government's fiscal policy for its lack of awareness of "financial soundness". This newspaper also supports "liberal economy".

In contrast to the somewhat conservative tendency financially, the Hankook Ilbo has some cultural liberal tendency. The newspaper supported LGBT and other minority rights and emphasized "diversity". Hankook Ilbo has criticized the hatred of obesity in Korean society. In addition, the Hankook Ilbo has a favorable view of feminism.

title: Hankook Ilbo


text:
List of minerals recognized by the International Mineralogical Association

Mineralogy is an active science in which minerals are discovered or recognised on a regular basis. Use of old mineral names is also discontinued, for example when a name is no longer considered valid. Therefore, a list of recognised mineral species is never complete.

Minerals are distinguished by various chemical and physical properties. Differences in chemical composition and crystal structure distinguish the various species. Within a mineral species there may be variation in physical properties or minor amounts of impurities that are recognized by mineralogists or wider society as a mineral variety.

The International Mineralogical Association (IMA) is the international scientific group that recognises new minerals and new mineral names. However, minerals discovered before 1959 did not go through the official naming procedure. Some minerals published previously have been either confirmed or discredited since that date. This list contains a mixture of mineral names that have been approved since 1959 and those mineral names believed to still refer to valid mineral species (these are called "grandfathered" species). Presently, each year about 90–110 new mineral species (the sum of all mutations c. 120 per year) are officially approved by the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC) of the International Mineralogical Association.

, the IMA - CNMNC List of Minerals lists 6,062 valid minerals, including 1,153 pre-IMA minerals (grandfathered), and 97 questionable minerals. Also, the Mineralogical Society of America's Handbook of Mineralogy lists 5,663 species, and the IMA Database of Mineral Properties/RRUFF Project lists 6,006 valid species (IMA/CNMNC) of a total of 6,237 minerals. The IMA/RRUFF database includes 1,164 pre-IMA minerals.

Due to the length of this list, it is divided into alphabetical groups. The minerals are sorted by name.

 * List of minerals recognized by the International Mineralogical Association (A)
 * List of minerals recognized by the International Mineralogical Association (B)
 * List of minerals recognized by the International Mineralogical Association (C)
 * List of minerals recognized by the International Mineralogical Association (D)
 * List of minerals recognized by the International Mineralogical Association (E)
 * List of minerals recognized by the International Mineralogical Association (F)
 * List of minerals recognized by the International Mineralogical Association (G)
 * List of minerals recognized by the International Mineralogical Association (H)
 * List of minerals recognized by the International Mineralogical Association (I)
 * List of minerals recognized by the International Mineralogical Association (J)
 * List of minerals recognized by the International Mineralogical Association (K)

 * List of minerals recognized by the International Mineralogical Association (L)
 * List of minerals recognized by the International Mineralogical Association (M)
 * List of minerals recognized by the International Mineralogical Association (N)
 * List of minerals recognized by the International Mineralogical Association (O)
 * List of minerals recognized by the International Mineralogical Association (P–Q)
 * List of minerals recognized by the International Mineralogical Association (R)
 * List of minerals recognized by the International Mineralogical Association (S)
 * List of minerals recognized by the International Mineralogical Association (T)
 * List of minerals recognized by the International Mineralogical Association (U–V)
 * List of minerals recognized by the International Mineralogical Association (W–X)
 * List of minerals recognized by the International Mineralogical Association (Y–Z)

 * List of minerals (synonyms)
 * English Wikipedia: List of minerals (short list)

 * Abbreviations:
 * "*" – discredited (IMA/CNMNC status).
 * "s.p." – special procedure.
 * Q or "?" – questionable/doubtful (IMA/CNMNC, mindat.org or mineralienatlas.de status).
 * N – published without approval of the IMA/CNMNC, or just not an IMA approved mineral but with some acceptance in the scientific community nowadays. The 'IMA database of mineral properties' (rruff.info/ima) has 173 species with 'not an IMA approved mineral' tag, some are an intermediate member of a solid solution series, others are "recently" discredited minerals.
 * I – intermediate member of a solid-solution series.
 * H – hypothetical mineral (synthetic, anthropogenic, etc.)
 * ch – incomplete description, hypothetical solid solution end member. Published without approval and formally discredited or not approved, yet.
 * Mainly: pyrochlore, tourmaline and amphibole supergroups, arrojadite, and yftisite-(Y). IMA/CNMNC revisions generate hypothetical solid solution endmembers.
 * group – a name used to designate a group of species, sometimes only a mineral group name.

Working practices

 * The name of a new mineral is kept confidential by the IMA until it is approved or until its full description is published, its authors' option (approved decision: 'IMA2009-D'). The IMA uses a code for its own procedures for the supposed new mineral (and so it is a synonym). Ferri-ottoliniite's proposal was assigned code 'IMA2001-067', it was redefined and approved as 'IMA2001-067a' in 2003, for instance (the ottoliniite root name is discredited since 2012).
 * Current IMA regulations do not allow substances of anthropogenic origin (burning coal mine dumps, coal mine fires, slag, etc.) to be validated as a mineral species. Since 1998, the majority of polymorphs (especially polytypes and polytypoids) are not regarded as separate mineral species anymore.
 * IMA/CNMNC identifiers are usually written without space, as years don't get meaningful hits on Google search.
 * "The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana" (8 ed.) was the reference of CNMNC/CNMMN's (IMA) initial work. At the Kobe 2006 general meeting, the IMA council endorsed the creation of an Internet site on minerals ('rruff.info/ima'). So a Master List was needed and the older minerals were reviewed in a document of 130 pages. The final GQN List was published (grandfathered, questionable and published without approval) after a final review of Burke E A J and Nickel E H (approved decision: 'IMA2006-C'). Not only the well established minerals before 1959 was grandfathered (G), but the minerals that could not be discredited as well. The merging of the 'ARD List' (approved, revalidated and discredited) with the 'GQN List' resulted in the first 'IMA/CNMNC List of Mineral Names'. The 2007 draft of the 'IMA/CNMNC List of Mineral Names' was a courtesy of the Materials Data, Inc. (MDI), its 2009 review had important modifications. The RRUFF database was built with the help of the MDI's 2007 draft, the IMA Master List is an update of the MDI's 2009 review.   Some grandfathered minerals had their status changed to approved afterwards, based on IMA approved reports. Note: the list of approved minerals was revised with 'The New IMA List of Minerals (September 2012)'.
 * The IMA was founded in a meeting in Madrid (1958). The CNMMN (now CNMNC) was one of the original eight commissions, it was founded in 1959. Not all grandfathered mineral were first described prior to 1959. Hatrurite, a phase in cement clinker (alite, C3S), was first described in 1977, for instance.
 * Some mineral names were revised; this changed their first letters. Sodium-pharmacosiderite is now natropharmacosiderite, natroapophyllite is now fluorapophyllite-(Na), for instance.      But 2010, hydroxylapatite, fluorapatite, fluorellestadite and chlorapatite had their old names reinstated.
 * Everything is slower on earth sciences, geology, mineralogy:
 * Georgius Agricola's De re metallica libri xii though apparently finished in 1550, was published 1556 (the author died 1555).
 * Some IMA/CNMNC (1959–2000) approved minerals had their complete description published only 2012: 'IMA1998-018' (fluornatromicrolite, published 2011), 'IMA1987-046a' (ferrolaueite, published 2012), 'IMA1978-064' (approval probably based on fake data), 'IMA1977-006' (whelanite, published 2012) and 'IMA1968-003' (discredited, 'IMA2008-B'). 'IMA1995-025' was listed as well, a mistake (natroglaucocerinite, published 1995).
 * The paper of Armbruster et al. (2006) misunderstood the naming rules and renamed a well established mineral name (hancockite). Hatert et al. (2013) modified the naming rules. and proposal IMA2015 s.p. was accepted, reverting the renaming.
 * Sample: bergenite was discredited as a barium bearing mineral variety of phosphuranylite (IMA1962 s.p., special procedure). So phosphuranylite was already a valid mineral, and it is listed in the Michael Fleischer's mineral list (1966). Both are listed as grandfathered minerals as they are not listed in the 'ARD List' (approved, revalidated and discredited minerals; 2004).
 * The review and approval of new mineral is straight forward most of the time, but there are exceptions. Proposal IMA2009-096 was not accepted, proposal IMA2009-096a was approved as fontarnauite (6.DA.60) in 2014. Proposal IMA1995-020 was not accepted, proposal IMA1995-020c was approved as jarandolite (6.CB.25).
 * Every year some valid names get discredited (in the broader sense).
 * Tohdite (hydrous alumina) was conditionally approved as 'IMA2004-051'. But the re-examination of the holotype material of akdalaite ((Al2O3)5·H2O, 'IMA1969-002') from the Fersman Mineralogical Museum in Moscow showed that both minerals were identical (space group was corrected).
 * Tellurocanfieldite was conditionally approved as 'IMA2012-013'. Its approval was withdrawn as further studies showed it to be a Te-rich variety of canfieldite (Y: 1894, 2.BA.70).
 * Some old minerals were known before their 20th century names were first published.

Miscellany

 * Current regulations do not allow a new mineral name to honour a person a second time. But there are exceptions: Jöns Jakob Berzelius (1779–1848) (berzelianite, berzeliite and berzeline (now haüyne)); Pierre Berthier (1782–1861) (berthierine and berthierite); Andor von Semsey (1833–1923) (andorite IV, andorite VI and semseyite); Brian Harold Mason (1917–2009) (brianite and stenhuggarite); Caleb Wroe Wolfe (1908–1980) (wolfeite and wroewolfeite) and Leo Neal Yedlin (1908–1977) (yedlinite and nealite). The regulation does not affect mineral series and other variations (prefix iso, hexa, ortho, tetra, clino, meta, para, pseudo etc.). For instance: Karl Hugo Strunz (1910–2006) (strunzite group); George P. Merrill (1854–1929) (merrillite series, whitlockite group); Edward S. Grew (Ph.D. 1971) (edgrewite series, humite group).
 * Standard temperature and pressure (STP).
 * Silicate perovskites, argentite and β-quartz are not valid minerals, as they do not occur on Earth's surface (STP). The type material of bridgmanite is from a meteorite. Some minerals are unstable on Earth's surface (metastability): diamonds, cohenite and haxonite, for instance. Acanthite var. argentite (a pseudomorph after argentite) and β-quartz pseudomorphs are sometimes sold.
 * Ramdohr (1936) discovered that the type material of schapbachite (Ag0.4Pb0.2Bi0.4S) was a mixture of galena (PbS) and matildite (AgBiS2). It was discredited (1982) as it was found unstable at 'standard temperature and pressure' (STP). It was revalidated (2004) as Pb-bearing schabachite is stable at STP. The type locality is not Schapbach now, but Silberbrünnle mine, Gengenbach; both Black Forest localities.
 * Epsilon iron, hexagonal close-packed (HCP) phase of iron is stable only at extremely high pressure. It can be found as a mineral (chemical formula: (Fe,Os,Ru,Ir)).
 * It is not only schapbachite that had a longer controversy. Other minerals have a complicated history, as well.
 * Imogolite, 9.ED.20, was first published 1962.  Its formal discreditation by the IMA was published 1967, as its description was incomplete. The IMA referred it to the AIPEA (Association Internationale Pour l'Étude des Argiles) for advice and it was approved by the AIPEA (Nomenclature Committee) at its Tokyo meeting (1970).  Fleischer (1983) described it as a variety of allophane and it was finally redefined and approved by the IMA/CNMNC 1986.
 * Amorphous allophane, nanotube-like imogolite, halloysite-10Å , halloysite-7Å and gibbsite  are thought to be products of tuff weathering.
 * Betalommosovite was described by Gerasimovskiy and Kazakova (1962) and discredited by the IMA-CNMMN (IMA1967 s.p.). It was published without approval and listed as discredited on the 'IMA/CNMNC List of Mineral Names' (2009). Later, betalomonosovite was revalidated (IMA2014-J).
 * Jichengite as xinghuaite (IMA1984-047) was rejected by the IMA-CNMMN. Jichengite (IMA1994-039) was rejected by the IMA-CNMMN, as well. Unfortunately, it was published without approval in 2011.
 * UM1991-//-COF:BaCaCe (IMA1989-012), a calcium analogue of cordylite-(Ce) from Bayan Obo mine, had the approval procedure suspended by Joseph A. Mandarino, because of the cerium dominant cordylite (IMA2000-C).
 * Other curiosities:
 * Niggliite (former 1.AG.60, year: 1938), sorosite (former 1.AC.15, IMA1994-047), yuanjiangite (former 1.AC.15, IMA1993-028) are not classified as tin alloys (PGE-metal alloys and indium-tin family) in Fleischer's Glossary. But, they are stannide minerals (nickeline mineral group), sulfide mineral class there.
 * Tiragalloite (9.BJ.25, IMA1969-061, Mn4(2+)(HAsSi3O13)), is an arsenosilicate and grenmarite (9.BE.25, IMA2003-024, (Na,Ca)4(Mn,Na)(Zr,Mn)2(Zr,Ti)(Si2O7)2(O,F)4) is a zirconium silicate (analogous to the more common aluminosilicates, borosilicates and titanium silicates).
 * Mostly anthropogenic minerals: abhurite (3.DA.30), lausenite (7.CB.70), guildite (7.DC.30), hoelite (10.CA.15), calclacite (10.AA.25).
 * Studtite (4.GA.15, year: 1947) is the first peroxide mineral, the facies radioactivity generate peroxide.
 * Ianthinite (4.GA.10, year: 1926), U(IV) is one of the constituents of the mineral), it gets a layer of schoepite/ metaschoepite in the presence of oxygen.
 * Polyoxometalates:
 * Menezesite (4.FN.05, IMA2005-023) and aspedamite (IMA2011-056), are the only natural heteropolyniobates known.
 * Ophirite (IMA2013-017) is a mineral with a heteropolytungstate tri-lacunary keggin anion.
 * Melcherite (IMA2015-018) and peterandresenite (IMA2012-084) have a lindqvist anion.
 * Inosilicate, biopyriboles:
 * Jimthompsonite (IMA1977-011) is a triple chain inosilicate.
 * Chesterite (IMA1977-010) is a connected double chain inosilicate.
 * Inosilicate, double dreier chains:
 * Xonotlite (Y: 1866) is an inosilicate with double dreier chains.
 * Chivruaiite (IMA2004-052) is an inosilicate double dreier chains of (SiO4) tetrahedra.
 * Zorite (IMA1972-011) is an inosilicate double dreier chains of (SiO4) tetrahedra.
 * Haineaultite (IMA1997-015) is an inosilicate double dreier chains of (SiO4) tetrahedra.
 * Other inosilicates:
 * Veblenite (IMA2010-050) has a veblenite ribbon (Si8O22).
 * Yangite (IMA2012-052) is an inosilicate with two-connected double chain.
 * Yegorovite (IMA2008-033) is an inosilicate with single zig-zag chains of Si tetrahedra.
 * Icosahedrite (IMA2010-042), the only natural quasicrystal known.
 * Comancheite (IMA2013-B/ IMA1980-077, former 3.DD.65) is a mercury nitride mineral now.
 * α-Sulfur (old); chemical formula unit with 1 atom; unit cell with 128 formula units (Z).
 * Whitecapsite (IMA2012-030), chemical formula: H16Fe2+5Fe3+14Sb3+6(AsO4)18O16·120H2O; unit cell with 1 formula unit (Z).
 * Megacyclite (9.CP.10, IMA1991-015); chemical formula unit with 111 atoms; unit cell with 4 formula units (Z).
 * Labyrinthite (9.CO.10, IMA2002-065); chemical formula unit with 278.5 atoms; unit cell with 3 formula units (Z).
 * Ashcroftine-(Y) (9.DN.15, year: 1933); chemical formula unit with 180 atoms; unit cell with 4 formula units (Z).

Nomenclature dictionary

 * Special minerals (relaxed sense)
 * Native elements (class 1): carbides, silicides, nitrides, phosphides, elements, alloys, amalgams
 * Special minerals (strict sense): tellurium(VI) oxysalts ([Te6+Ox], trioxotellurate(IV) tetraoxotellurate(VI) [Te4+O3][Te6+O4])
 * "Ore" minerals (sulfides and oxides)
 * Sulfide class (class 2): sulfides [S], selenides [Se], tellurides [Te], arsenides [As], antimonides [Sb], bismuthides [Bi], sulfantimonides [SbxSy], sulfarsenides [AsxSy], sulfbismuthides [BixSy], sulfastannides [SnxSy], plumboarsenide [As,Pb], plumbobismuthide [Bi,Pb]
 * Oxide class (class 4): sulfites(IV) [SO3]2−, selenites(IV) [SeO3]2−, iodates [IO3], trioxotellurate(IV) [Te4+O3]2−, dihydroxotellurate(IV) [Te4+O(OH)2], pentaoxoditellurate(IV) [(Te4+)2O5]2−, vanadyl anion [V4+O2]2-
 * Evaporite and similar minerals
 * Halide class (class 3): fluoride [F], chloride [Cl], bromide [Br], iodide [I], tetrafluoroborates [BF4], hexafluorosilicates [SiF6], hexachlorothallate(III) [Tl3+Cl6]
 * Carbonate and nitrate class (class 5): carbonates [CO3], bicarbonate [HCO3]
 * Nitrates (subclass 5.N): nitrates [NO3]
 * Borate class (class 6): metaborates [B2O4], trioxoborate [BO3], tetrahydroborate [B(OH)4]
 * Mineral structures with a tetrahedral unit, monomeric minerals
 * Sulfate class (class 7), monomeric minerals: sulfates [SO4]2−, tungstates [WO4]2−, niobates [NbO4]2−, molybdates [MoO4]2−, chromates [CrO4]2−, tetraoxotantalate [TaO4], thiosulphates [SO3S]2−
 * Phosphate class (class 8), monomeric minerals: phosphates(V) [PO4]3−, arsenates(V) [AsO4]3−, vanadates(V) [VO4]3−, hydroxophosphates(V) [PO3OH]2−, dihydroxophosphates(V) [PO2(OH)2], hydroxoarsenates(V) [AsO3OH]2−, dihydroxoarsenates(V) [AsO2(OH)2]
 * Nesosilicates (subclass 9.A), monomeric minerals: tetraoxosilicate [SiO4], hydrotrioxosilicate [SiO3OH]
 * Mineral structures with a tetrahedral unit, di- and chain silicates
 * Sorosilicates (subclass 9.B): heptaoxodisilicate [Si2O7], hydrohexaoxodisilicate [Si2O6OH], tetraoxosilicate heptaoxodisilicate [SiO4][Si2O7], decaoxotrisilicate [Si3O10], undecaoxotetrasilicate [Si4O11]
 * Inosilicates (subclass 9.D):
 * Single-chain inosilicates: pyroxenes
 * Double-chain inosilicates: amphiboles
 * Other inosilicates:
 * Mineral structures with a tetrahedral unit, framework silicates
 * Cyclosilicates (subclass 9.C):
 * Phyllosilicates (subclass 9.E):
 * Tridimensional silicate frameworks: tectosilicates (subclass 9.F)
 * Silica family (class 4, family DA): dioxosilicate [SiO2]
 * Tectosilicates, zeolites (subclass 9.G):
 * Mineral structures with a tetrahedral unit, other cases
 * Dimeric and polymeric minerals, phosphate and sulfate class: polyphosphates, polyoxometalates, hexaniobates [Nb6O19], pyrophosphates [P2O7], pyroarsenates [As2O7], decavanadates [V10O28]
 * Other cases (relaxed sense)
 * Organic minerals, salts of organic acids (class 10, division A): oxalates, citrates, acetates, formiate
 * Cations: divalent [dimercury] [Hg2](2+), uranyl [U(6+)O2](2+), ammonium [NH4](+), tetramethylammonium [N(CH3)4](+)
 * Other building blocks: stannide alloys [Sn], aluminide alloys [Al], aluminosilicates, borosilicates, aluminoborosilicates, paddlewheel cluster [e.g.: uranyl-tricarbonate cluster (UO2)(CO3)3]


text:
Happy Go Licky

Happy Go Licky was an American post-hardcore band formed in the spring of 1987, and which broke up after their final show at Washington, D.C.'s 9:30 Club on New Year's Day in 1988. The group was a short-lived reunion of the renowned D.C. hardcore band Rites of Spring (active from 1984 to 1986).

Though comprising the same personnel as Rites of Spring (Eddie Janney and Guy Picciotto on guitar and vocals; Mike Fellows on bass and vocals; Brendan Canty on drums), their music was vastly different from their earlier incarnation. Happy Go Licky was far more experimental, often incorporating tape loops and sound effects into their live performances; additionally, their songs were often largely or entirely improvised, and featured unusual structures.

Their short life span did not allow Happy Go Licky to ever get into a recording studio; however some taped live performances were initially released in 1988 as a self-titled 12-inch on Picciotto's own Peterbilt Records. Later a larger selection of their performances was assembled and released on Dischord Records as Will Play (1997).

title: Happy Go Licky


text:
User talk:Zxcvbnm

Articles for deletion/Girl Next Door (anime)
Hello, Zxcvbnm,

I think this was too soon for a SNOW close. Typical snow closes have 8-12 Keep votes and no Delete votes and this had a fraction of that total. Please do not cut discussions off too short, there is really nothing controversial for letting a discussion run 7 days unless there is a mammoth level of Keep support which wasn't the case here. I'm not saying that I would have closed it differently a week after it was opened, I just know from experience that you don't want to give an editor a reason to bring a closure to Deletion Review. Thanks. Liz Read! Talk! 04:48, 24 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Understood, I guess I will only do it in extreme circumstances. ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ (ᴛ) 11:37, 24 June 2024 (UTC)

Nomination of Dracthyr for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Dracthyr is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Dracthyr until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. Kung Fu Man (talk) 19:01, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

CfD nomination at
A category or categories you have created have been nominated for possible deletion, merging, or renaming. A discussion is taking place to decide whether this proposal complies with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at  on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. DonIago (talk) 13:23, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

A concern with AHI-3000
AHI-3000 has recently re-created Category:Comedy video games. I do not think this category should be revived. Comedy is very subjective when it comes to video games.

He has also recently created, Video games by narrative genre, which might need to be merged with Video games by theme, or in perhaps purged by creating a category called video games by topic, which would strictly only contain the video games categories that typically begin with "Video games about", as opposed to "Romance video games", "Western video games" etc QuantumFoam66 (talk) 04:23, 17 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Then go talk about it in Categories for discussion instead of passive-aggressively gossiping about me specifically. You think I didn't notice this? AHI-3000 (talk) 04:25, 17 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Technically the proper place to talk about it would be at YOUR talk page, due to it being an issue with your editing, but you disingenuously delete legitimate concerns before they have run their course and fail to archive discussions, making it impossible to have a serious discussion. Please set up talk page archiving and stop removing things from your page and people will have less of a desire to talk "behind your back", as sending you a message seems to fall upon deaf ears.
 * Yes, the recreation should have probably been discussed at WP:VG before happening. There is no page for Comedy video game, only Comedy in video games because there is no such thing as a "comedy video game" genre. The category should not exist. I will go ahead and nominatae it for deletion. ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ (ᴛ) 07:06, 17 July 2024 (UTC)

WPVG Announcements
Hey Zxcvbnm. I recently nominated IGN Convention for deletion, but it does not seem to appear in the WPVG Announcements template at WT:VG. Just wanted to know how to make it show up there.  MK  at your service.  15:54, 17 July 2024 (UTC)

 * As far as I know it's auto updated on a delay so you should just wait for it to show up later. AfDs last for at least a week so there's definitely time. ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ (ᴛ) 16:06, 17 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Okay, thanks!  MK  at your service.  16:08, 17 July 2024 (UTC)

Can I edit this rejected Draft?
I think I finally found something that might make Draft:The Henry Stickmin Collection notable for Wikipedia. I'm asking for permission to edit it because it seems to be conclusively rejected.

I found out that TyC Sports (The spanish page for it is better), an argentine sports channel that also covers video games, has covered Henry Stickmin in two articles, and this time they aren't just brief mentions! Obviously TyC Sports alone isn't enough coverage, but we also have the Screen Rant article, so that could make Henry Stickmin notable (according to this category, two reliable in-depth sources are the minimum). Screen Rant also gave Henry Stickmin some decent depth in this one.

Again, just making sure I can edit it, since I'm new to drafts. Bonus Person (talk) 01:28, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zxcvbnm


text:
User talk:Wikiweirdia

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. - Lucky 6.9 00:10, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikipedia
Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (for eg. on talk pages) use 	 ~  (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * For help, see Where to ask a question.
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Five pillars, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * You can contribute in many ways: write a great article, fight vandalism, upload pictures, perform maintainance tasks, contribute to existing projects...

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop us a note at New user log.

-- utcursch | talk

title: User talk:Wikiweirdia


text: User talk:66.223.56.177

title: User talk:66.223.56.177


text:
Talk:Willem Hendrik Keesom

moved from article page: (If someone wishes to expand on this, more info can be found at http://www.knaw.nl/waals/keesom.html)

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title: Talk:Willem Hendrik Keesom


text:
John Cullum

John Cullum (born March 2, 1930) is an American actor and singer. He has appeared in many stage musicals and dramas, including Shenandoah (1975) and On the Twentieth Century (1978), winning the Tony Award for Best Leading Actor in a Musical for each. In 1966 he gained his first Tony nomination as the lead in On a Clear Day You Can See Forever, in which he introduced the title song, and more recently received Tony nominations for Urinetown The Musical (2002) (Best Actor in a Musical) and as Best Featured Actor in the revival of 110 in the Shade (2007).

Outside of the theatre world, Cullum is best known for his role as tavern owner Holling Vincoeur in the television drama series Northern Exposure, for which he was nominated for an Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama. He was featured in fifteen episodes of the NBC television series ER as Dr. Mark Greene's father. He played farmer Jim Dahlberg in the landmark television drama The Day After. He made multiple guest appearances on Law & Order and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit as attorney/judge Barry Moredock, and appeared as Big Mike in several episodes of The Middle. He appeared as Senator Beau Carpenter on the CBS series Madam Secretary.

Personal life
Cullum was born on March 2, 1930 in Knoxville, Tennessee. He attended Knoxville High School and the University of Tennessee. He played on the university's Southeastern Conference championship tennis team and was a member of Phi Gamma Delta. He starred in "Chucky Jack", an outdoor drama about Tennessee Governor John Sevier, at the old Hunter Hills Theater in Gatlinburg.

Cullum was married to Emily Frankel from 1959 until her death in 2024. They have one son, JD Cullum (John David Cullum), who is also an actor.

Career
He made his Broadway debut as Sir Dinadan in the Alan Jay Lerner/Frederick Loewe musical Camelot in 1960. He also understudied Richard Burton (King Arthur) and Roddy McDowall (Arthur's son Mordred), going on four times when Burton became ill and succeeding McDowall. He went on to play Laertes opposite Burton's 1964 Broadway performance as Hamlet (and in the film version of the production) and in Burton's final Broadway appearance in Noël Coward's Private Lives in 1983.

In 1965, he was called in to replace Louis Jourdan during the Boston tryout of the musical On a Clear Day You Can See Forever. It was his first starring role on Broadway, netting him a Theatre World Award and his first Tony Award nomination. The original cast album received a Grammy Award (presented to lyricist Alan Jay Lerner and composer Burton Lane).

He portrayed Edward Rutledge of South Carolina in the Broadway musical 1776, providing a dramatic highlight with his performance of "Molasses to Rum," a tirade against the hypocrisy of some Northerners over the slave trade ("They don't keep slaves, but they are willing to be considerable carriers of slaves to others. They're willing – for the shilling.") Cullum had been the third Rutledge on Broadway, but played the role the longest and repeated it for the 1972 film.

He is well known for premiering the role of Charlie Anderson in the musical Shenandoah, which began at Goodspeed Opera House, Connecticut in 1974. Cullum won the Tony, Drama Desk and Outer Critics Circle Awards when the show was produced on Broadway in 1975. He also played the role at Wolf Trap, Virginia, in June 1976, opened the national tour for 3 weeks in Fall 1977 in Chicago, and starred in the limited run Broadway revival in 1989.

He followed Shenandoah by playing the maniacal Broadway producer Oscar Jaffee in the 1978 musical On the Twentieth Century, opposite Madeline Kahn and later Judy Kaye, earning his second Tony Award. He received his fourth Tony nomination in 2002 for originating the role of evil moneygrubber corporate president Caldwell B. Cladwell in Urinetown The Musical. He earned his fifth Tony nomination in the 2007 revival of 110 in the Shade, playing H.C. Curry, father to Audra McDonald's Lizzie.

In 2003, Cullum co-starred with Northern Exposure castmate Barry Corbin in Blackwater Elegy, a short film written by Matthew Porter and co-directed by Porter and Joe O'Brien.

Later Broadway appearances include the title role of William Shakespeare's seldom-performed Cymbeline, at Lincoln Center in 2007 and August: Osage County, by Tracy Letts for the week of September 16, 2008, and then since November 11, 2008.

In addition to enjoying a long stage career, he is well known to television audiences for his regular role as Holling Vincoeur on the quirky CBS series Northern Exposure, his extended appearances on the NBC medical drama ER as Mark Greene's father, and on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit as constitutional lawyer and later judge, Barry Moredock. Cullum has also appeared as Lucky Strike executive Lee Garner, Sr. on AMC's Mad Men. He appeared as Leap Day William, the embodiment of the fictional Leap Day national holiday, in the "Leap Day" episode of the sixth season of NBC's 30 Rock.

John Cullum appeared on Broadway in The Scottsboro Boys (2010), a musical by Kander and Ebb about a notorious miscarriage of justice in the American South in the 1930s. The Scottsboro Boys was directed by Susan Stroman, with Cullum as the only non-African-American member of the cast.

John Cullum was inducted into the Theatre Hall of Fame in 2007.

In 2015 Cullum appeared and sang in the satirical B&W period movie-musical footage of Daddy's Boy on Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt. The "forgotten footage" features comically incestuous lyrics set in an innocent context that apes classic 1930's films.

Cullum, then an octogenarian, joined the cast of Waitress as Joe on October 12, 2017, replacing Larry Marshall.

Awards and nominations

 * Awards
 * 1966 Theatre World Award – On a Clear Day You Can See Forever
 * 1975 Drama Desk Award Outstanding Actor, Musical – Shenandoah
 * 1975 Outer Critics Circle Award, Best Performances – Shenandoah
 * 1975 Tony Award Best Actor in a Musical – Shenandoah
 * 1978 Tony Award Best Actor in a Musical – On the Twentieth Century
 * 1982 Drama Desk Award for Unique Theatrical Experience for the one-man show Whistler
 * 1998 Founders Day Medal, University of Tennessee
 * 2004 Clarence Brown Theatre Company (University of Tennessee), Lifetime Achievement Award
 * 2007 Inductee American Theatre Hall of Fame

 * Nominations
 * 1966 Tony Award Best Actor in a Musical – On a Clear Day You Can See Forever
 * 1993 Emmy Award Best Supporting Actor in a Drama – Northern Exposure
 * 2002 Outer Critics Circle Award Outstanding Actor in a Musical – Urinetown
 * 2002 Tony Award Best Actor in a Musical – Urinetown
 * 2005 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Play – Sin (A Cardinal Deposed)
 * 2007 Tony Award Best Featured Actor in a Musical – 110 in the Shade
 * 2008 Drama Desk Award, Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play – The Conscientious Objector

title: John Cullum


text:
Longthorpe

Longthorpe is an area of the city of Peterborough, in the ceremonial county of Cambridgeshire, England. Located 2 mi west from the city centre, the area covers 1,390 acre. For electoral purposes it forms part of Peterborough West ward.

A 1st century Roman fort was established at Longthorpe, it may have been as early as around AD 44–48 but was certainly present by 61–62. The first phase covered 27 acre, this was later replaced by another fort measuring 11 acre.

The ecclesiastical parish was formed in 1850 from the parish of Saint John the Baptist. The church of Saint Botolph is a plain building of coarse rubble, dating from the 13th century, consisting of chancel, nave, aisles and a western bell cote, containing one bell. In the chancel is a piscina and aumbry, two other brackets and a piscina are in the south aisle and two brackets in the north aisle. The church was restored in 1869 and will seat about 200 persons. The register dates from the year 1837; the earlier register is included in that of St. John the Baptist, Peterborough. Objections to controversial works were raised by the Victorian Society, Historic England and the Twentieth Century Society in 2017.

Oliver St John, a Lord Chief Justice who supported Parliament in the English Civil War, bought the lease of the manor of Longthorpe and built Thorpe Hall. In 1654 it was described by the author John Evelyn as "a stately place...built out of the ruins of the Bishop's Palace and cloisters." It is a Grade I listed building, situated in a Grade II listed garden open to members of the public throughout the year.

Longthorpe Tower, a 14th-century, three-storey tower and fortified manor house in the care of English Heritage, is also situated here. A Grade I listed building and scheduled ancient monument protected by law, it contains the finest and most complete set of domestic paintings of the period in northern Europe. Exhibitions are held there from time to time by local artists.

Longthorpe contains a number of other listed buildings, including the old Manor House and the Holy (or St. Cloud's) Well to south-east of the Manor House.

Longthorpe Primary School is located in the village on Bradwell Road; secondary pupils attend nearby Jack Hunt School in Netherton.

Civil parish
Longthorpe was formerly a chapelry in Peterborough-St. John-the-Baptist parish, from 1 November 1908 Longthorpe was a civil parish in its own right (being formed from Peterborough Without) until it was abolished on 1 April 1929 and merged with Peterborough. In 1921 the parish had a population of 274.

title: Longthorpe


text:
Talk:Thomas Swann

Assessment
This may be a sub stub but there is no reason to delete it. -- Derek Ross | Talk 00:13, 2004 Nov 30 (UTC)
 * It's a start now. Toddst1 (talk) 18:59, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

Family
This article needs to include something about his family. His daughter, Louisa, married Ferdinand Claiborne Latrobe, another political bigwig and multi-times mayor of Baltimore. They were all part of the same power dynasty. -- Michael K Smith Talk 20:53, 2 May 2012 (UTC)

Plagiarism
The introduction to this article contains plagiarized material (even worse, the material contains non-neutral wording and improper conventions). Someone with more expertise into Swann's involvement in the Oyster industry should rewrite the affected section with better sources and a more neutral tone -Dionysus1886 —Preceding undated comment added 00:14, 22 October 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thomas Swann