text:
Wikipedia:Collaboration of the week/Removed/2004/Archive 10

This page contains nominations from the main collaboration of the week page which have been removed due to lack of votes or because they're unsuitable nominations from November 10 to November 30, 2004.

Pergamon Altar (3 votes in 1 week)

 * Nominated November 4 2004; needs 5 votes by November 11 2004

Support:
 * 1) KNewman 20:50, Nov 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) ✏ Sverdrup
 * 3) PedanticallySpeaking 16:53, Nov 10, 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Note to curious: The Pergamon Altar is a magnificent structure that can be seen in the Pergamon Museum, Berlin. ✏ Sverdrup 15:42, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Indeed; from Pergamon, no less. Is there that much more to be said than is in those articles? I wonder if this is a touch too specific... -- ALoan (Talk) 16:17, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, as for me, I would definitely want to know more about this structure, considering the fact that there was a rumor that the architect of Lenin's tomb had designed his mausoleum after the Pergamon Altar. KNewman 20:46, Nov 5, 2004 (UTC)

Reason for removal:
 * Lack of votes. -- ALoan (Talk) 12:15, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Stunt (5 votes in two weeks)

 * Nominated October 30 2004; needs 10 votes by November 13 2004

Support:
 * 1) violet/riga (t) 23:35, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 07:48, Oct 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) [[User:Aranel|Aranel ("Sarah")]] 22:34, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Aramգուտանգa|   23:36, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Burgundavia 03:00, Nov 5, 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Has the barebones of an article but is still a stub that could be expanded to include the history of stunt work. violet/riga (t) 23:35, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Should be much expanded. I read an article on CBBC newsround about the youngest British stuntwoman not so long ago. If only we could get our hands on her last name, it should really be included. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 07:48, Oct 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * An exciting topic that would be fun to research. [[User:Aranel|Aranel ("Sarah")]] 22:34, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Reason for removal:
 * Lack of votes. --AndyL 03:18, 14 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Left Opposition (6 votes in 2 weeks)

 * Nominated October 30 2004; needs 10 votes by November 13 2004

Support:
 * 1) AndyL 17:31, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Shorne 13:45, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) KNewman 14:18, Nov 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) NeoJustin 03:08 Nov 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Warofdreams 17:22, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) Rj 17:13, Nov 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) --Martin Wisse 11:35, 14 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Two and a half paragraphs and a list of names for an important participant of 1920s Soviet history. We can do better!
 * Agreed. This article doesn't even describe the position of the so-called Left Opposition. Shorne 13:45, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Reason for removal:
 * Lack of votes. --AndyL 14:03, 14 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Artificial island (13 votes in 3 weeks)

 * Nominated October 25 2004; needs 15 votes by November 15 2004

Support:
 * 1) Pharos 04:14, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Litefantastic 10:45, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Passw0rd 14:48, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Che Fox 15:44, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Golbez 22:06, Oct 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) Conti|✉ 22:15, Oct 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) Sarge Baldy 00:40, Nov 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * 8) Burgundavia 03:06, Nov 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * 9) PlasmaDragon 19:13, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 10) David 5000 21:07, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 11) minnesotaflipsta 19:35, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 12) D AVODD  [[User_talk:Davodd|« TALK »]] 07:45, Nov 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * 13) Sextus 03:02, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Currently redirects to a rather incomplete list; This is a great topic of real map-shaping excitement encompassing everything from ancient civilizations to futuristic proposals, this subject being otherwise impossible to find treated comprehensively and historically.--Pharos 04:14, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I'll take it! -Litefantastic 10:45, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Absolutely important. --Golbez 22:06, Oct 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * I've given a preliminary start to the article, to whet the appetite and give an idea of the breadth of this topic to the unconvinced. I also linked a number of existing articles there, and you can see the category I've compiled of artificial islands.  I hope noone will accuse me of preemptory destubbing; there is still much more to be done.--Pharos 02:20, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Reason for removal:
 * Lack of votes. -- ALoan (Talk) 12:07, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Confederate States Navy (11 votes in 3 weeks)

 * Nominated October 25 2004; needs 15 votes by November 15 2004

Support:
 * 1) McMullen 16:06, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (hopefully!)]] 16:11, Oct 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Golbez 22:07, Oct 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) NeoJustin 02:16, Oct 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Jason 02:20, Oct 26, 2004 (UTC)Jason
 * 6) PedanticallySpeaking 16:07, Oct 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) Sam [Spade] 21:53, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 8) [[User:BrokenSegue|BrokenSegue]] 01:21, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 9) Burgundavia 03:04, Nov 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * 10) RJH 18:23, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 11) enceladus 21:48, Nov 14, 2004 (UTC)

Comments: --Golbez 18:23, Oct 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * Nothing but a sub-stub? Important historical topic that needs much expansion. McMullen 16:06, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm pretty sure they made the first submarine. NeoJustin 02:18, Oct 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * The CSS Hunley was a significant early submarine but certainly not the first.--Pharos 03:09, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * It was the first one to make a confirmed kill, I believe.
 * There was a history channel special about the sub a couple of weeks ago. Very interesting. It sunk a very large ship near the end of the war.

Reason for removal:
 * Lack of votes. --AndyL 23:05, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Erwin Rommel (not a stub)

 * Nominated November 15; needs 5 votes by November 22

Support:
 * 1) Etaonish  22:32, Nov 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 23:21, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * The article is already quite developed. Too much so to be a COTW candidate under the guidelines. AndyL 23:25, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * The article on Rommel is actually much bigger than the one on the History of Tunisia, where he fought with the allies. KNewman 02:05, Nov 16, 2004 (UTC)

Reason for removal:
 * Not a stub. -- ALoan (Talk) 11:33, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Hard hat (4 votes in 1 week)

 * Nominated November 10; needs 5 votes by November 17

Support:
 * 1) Litefantastic 15:26, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) enceladus 01:52, Nov 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) ZayZayEM 02:52, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) ALoan (Talk) 14:34, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * I know a lot more could be said about this. -Litefantastic 15:26, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Reason for removal:
 * Lack of votes. -- ALoan (Talk) 11:42, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)

List of Internet stations (1 vote in 1 week)

 * Nominated November 11; needs 5 votes by November 18

Support:
 * 1) Erauch 20:10, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * This would be an ideal Wikipedia project. There have been numerous attempts to put comprehensive lists together on the web, but there is no easy way to add stations to them, and they often succumb to link rot.

 * At present, the article is merely a list of a few homepages of stations that provide streaming. Linking to stations' homepages, however, is not very useful. In lists of this type, one has to spend a minute each time searching for the streaming link, if it is even there at all. I propose the following guidelines:

 * 1. Each station entry should include a link directly to the stream, so that one click on the link brings up the audio stream in an audio player. The only exception should be when the station deliberately prevents this by technical means.

 * 2. Where available, each station should have a link to the schedule.

 * Here is an example entry:

 * BBC Radio Ulster (stream)

 * A number of lists could be used as sources:

 * Radio Locator
 * Live Radio Stations with Real Audio

 * See also Celtic Radio on the Internet for other examples of direct links to streams.

 * Lists don't make for very good collaborations of the week, I don't think..,Besides, the list is already pretty long. And remember; Wikipedia is not a web directory. — David Remahl 20:19, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Length is not what matters; quality does. For that reason, lists can be ideal collaborations. In fact, there is no better place than Wikipedia to create such lists. Have a look at the list of carfree places. . Erauch 04:20, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * While you're at it, look at the list of fictional Elvis impersonators, which may be the single most obscure page here. -Litefantastic 13:02, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Reason for removal:
 * Lack of votes. --AndyL 12:17, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Furniture (7 votes in 2 weeks)

 * Nominated November 9; needs 10 votes by November 23

Support:
 * 1) Donar Reiskoffer 10:25, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Warofdreams 12:45, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Tuf-Kat 03:25, Nov 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) ALoan (Talk) 10:15, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Joyous 23:52, Nov 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) Burgundavia 04:29, Nov 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) NeoJustin 17:32, Nov. 22, 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Not a real substub, but needs expansion. Pages like Table (furniture), Chest (furniture), Bench (furniture), Cabinet (furniture), or Wardrobe are real substubs.
 * This is a very common subject and a page a lot of people could contribute to.
 * It is essentially a stub, with a couple of lists appended. Could be much improved. Warofdreams 12:45, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Easy to do, so why not. -- ALoan (Talk) 10:15, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Reason for removal:
 * Lack of votes. --AndyL 05:46, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Dance (1 vote in 1 week)

 * Nominated November 19; needs 5 votes by November 26

Though there seems to be some support for reforming the CotW process, only one person has commented (in support) in favor of my suggestion on the talk page. So, I am boldly nominating the subject of dance as a Collaboration of the Week. I am proposing that one be allowed to either submit a single stub article as a nominee, or choose a subject with a number of articles, resources and tasks. Feel free to note one's support for the idea though not the topic of dance. Tuf-Kat 21:29, Nov 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * Not bad - Make featured: dance, modern dance, breakdancing, ballroom dance
 * Bad - Expand, organize and improve: waltz, tango, choreography, ballet, history of dance, tap dance, postmodern dance, heavy metal dance, dance notation, square dance, circle dance, erotic dance, samba, mosh, Mashed Potato, lambada, fandango, mazurka
 * Doesn't exist - Write: ritual dance, dance of Russia, dance of France, dance of China, polka and flamenco (articles exist but focus on music, either make a new section or disambiguated article)
 * Organizational list - Add captions and improve coverage: List of dance style categories, List of novelty/fad dances, List of folk dances sorted by origin
 * Other tasks: interlinking is terribly inconsistent and there are confusing overlaps on general topics (e.g. kinds of dances organized by purpose, performer and/or style); very confusing relationships between Latin dances (e.g. bolero, lambada, rumba, contradanse, contradance and contradanza (and country dance, or maybe just English country dance), conga, danzon and habanera, not to mention the dozens of Latin dance fads); aside from a brief mention or two, there is little explanation of connections between martial arts and dance

Links:
 * Dance basic topics
 * great resource on dozens of modern and historical dances
 * article on ballet history
 * European social dances

Support:
 * Tuf-Kat 21:29, Nov 19, 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * I have been led to believe that the German, Dutch and Japanese 'pedias do something akin to this, but I don't speak any of those languages. I think the benefits are obvious:
 * 1) it takes a bit more to nominate a subject, so the list of nominees will be shorter, meaning less of a wait time before nomination and collaboration
 * 2) allowing both options (either a single stub article or an entire subject) greatly expands the suitable subjects for collaboration
 * 3) the inclusion of a number of articles on broad subjects, with useful resources attached will make it easier for contributors to choose an area to help out in
 * Tuf-Kat 21:29, Nov 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * What are you talking about, exactly? -Litefantastic 13:50, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Collaborating on a subject with a few set goals instead of a single article. Tuf-Kat 03:37, Nov 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * Interesting. We could have a seperate page for it. 'Cavalcade of the Week', or something like that. -Litefantastic 23:28, 26 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I like this idea to expand COTW to something Qualitätsoffensive-like. However, I don't have any interest in dance. :-/ ✏ Sverdrup 23:36, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Perhaps it should be a separate page... Tuf-Kat 03:37, Nov 25, 2004 (UTC)

Reason for removal:
 * Lack of votes. --AndyL 05:46, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Culture of England (8 votes in 2 weeks)
Nominated November 16, needs 10 votes by November 30

Support: Comments:
 * 1) Wonderfool 11:56, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) McMullen 13:51, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) ALoan (Talk) 14:34, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Graham ☺ | Talk 16:59, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) AndyL 00:50, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) Grunners 14:17, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) NeoJustin 03:26, Nov. 23 2004 (UTC)
 * 8) Rho 07:07, 26 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * we done culture of Spain and Greece, so lets give England a shot
 * You mean Culture of England or Culture of Great Britain? Just making sure, because a lot of folks believe them to be the same thing. KNewman 12:14, Nov 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Note Culture of the United Kingdom is the current UK Collaboration of the Week. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 12:18, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC) That week has gone by now. -- Graham  ☺ | Talk 02:55, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Also note there is a link to Culture of England (as well as Culture of Scotland, Culture of Wales, and Culture of Northern Ireland) in the Culture of the United Kingdom article. (We also need a page somewhere defining the difference between England, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom.) McMullen 13:51, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Culture of England? Sounds almost oxymoronic. Shorne 03:54, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Not so sure about needing to explain the difference between UK, Great Britain, and England, as this is made clear on those pages. Also, I think that the majority of people are eductaed enough to know the difference between a country, an island and a multi-nation union Grunners 14:17, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Reason for removal:
 * Lack of votes. --AndyL 13:47, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Indian reservation (34 votes in 7 weeks)

 * Nominated October 12 2004; needs 35 votes by November 30 2004

Support:
 * 1) Ce garcon 08:44, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Tuf-Kat 18:42, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Shorne 21:10, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Maurreen 02:29, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Conti|✉ 12:47, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) jengod 20:07, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) Rmhermen 15:10, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * 8) KNewman 20:18, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * 9) Golbez 21:40, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * 10) NeoJustin 02:05 Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * 11) Metahacker 02:49, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 12) Bearcat 04:44, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 13) GuloGuloGulo 20:34, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * 14) PedanticallySpeaking 16:06, Oct 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * 15) older ≠ wiser 15:59, Oct 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * 16) Sam [Spade] 21:52, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 17) Rmhermen 13:08, Oct 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * 18) Jmabel | Talk 18:48, Oct 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * 19) Aramգուտանգa|   23:36, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 20) AndyL 05:45, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 21) Ornil 04:47, 14 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 22) llywrch 19:03, 14 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 23) john k 23:31, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 24) Joyous 23:51, Nov 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * 25) Amgine 23:53, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 26) The Anome 23:56, Nov 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * 27) [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 01:39, Nov 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * 28) Felix Wan 22:10, 2004 Nov 19 (UTC)
 * 29) The KoG | (talk) 02:02, Nov 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * 30) FZ 05:37, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 31) PZFUN 20:00, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 32) Bogdan | Talk 12:11, 26 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 33) Vin UTC/GMT is 15:31 on Friday, November 26, 2004

Comments: jengod 23:25, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * There seems to be a separate article on Canadian Indian reserves which is much better. This article is rather terrible, and could use much more on what makes reservations legally special, the history of the institution, etc. Tuf-Kat 18:42, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * I thought Native American reservation was the generally accepted term these days? Not being from the USA I went into the article expecting it to be about India. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 23:13, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * It's funny...Native American has replaced Indian in many ways, but many "Indians" refer to themselves as just that, and the term remains in place in phrases like "Indian summer" and institutions like Bureau of Indian Affairs and Indian casino.
 * The parts of South Dakota where the Native American people live are generally refered to as "Indian Country", apparently even by Native Americans. Morris 01:28, Nov 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't think I have ever heard the term Native American reservation. They are called Indian Reservations and this article needs some help. NeoJustin 02:07 Oct 22, 2004
 * Oh, dear. That article definitely needs to be a lot longer and more detailed than it is. Bearcat 04:44, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Also watch the german article --Napa 15:21, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Note I have nominated this for US Collaboration of the Week as well. Tuf-Kat
 * We should also try to work on getting articles in place on individual reservations, no? john k 23:31, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Only a timely self-reversion by a supporter prevented this registered user (with little or no history of editing related articles) from at least agonizing out loud here about wanting to vote against this article in response to being spammed by that supporter. Hmm, maybe that agonizing out loud wasn't prevented.  Sorry, never' a COTW reader and wrong time to start.

Reason for removal:
 * Lack of votes. -- ALoan (Talk) 19:16, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Knesset (7 votes in 2 weeks)

 * Nominated November 16; needs 10 votes by November 30

Support:
 * 1) Penta 22:19, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) ALoan (Talk) 14:34, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (hopefully!)]] 04:28, Nov 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * 4)   ⇒ whkoh [talk] 00:24, Nov 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) [[User:BrokenSegue|BrokenSegue]] 00:08, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) PedanticallySpeaking 19:40, Nov 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) FZ 05:37, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * This article could and probably should be expanded. The Knesset has a double-role that's still important, and usually missed. --Penta 22:19, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * It perhaps should be expanded and should be listed on Requests for expansion but it's too long to be a COTW candidate. Please see the notice on the top of this page under "Considerations for nominations": Please only nominate articles which don't currently exist or are stubs. (Two paragraphs or less of information or fewer than 1,000 characters)AndyL 22:27, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * AndyL is right. Delete this. Shorne 03:55, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * The article about Underground Railroad was just a bit shorter than this one when it was nominated. And it was OK. KNewman 12:08, Nov 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm stating my reasons for not voting for this article and if you check the archives you'll see I've made similar comments about other COTW nominations. If other editors disagree with me that's fine. AndyL 13:52, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * AndyL has been consistent. I agree with him: this is far too long for a COTW. Shorne 00:28, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * While on the long side, Knesset is hardly in the same league as Erwin Rommel (the most recent candidate to be removed as "not a stub"). COTW is hardly pushed for space at the moment:  unless people have strong views otherwise (in which case they can Be Bold), I would let this one have its chance. -- ALoan (Talk) 14:16, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Reason for removal:
 * Lack of votes. -- AndyL 23:03, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Filled Milk Act

Filled Milk Act
A direct copy of law text ddoesn't belong in wikipedia. Onyl a few laws deserve own articles and I doubt that this law is important enough. I find it hard to believe that this law has caused controversy anywhere. Jeltz 21:22, 2004 Dec 14 (UTC)
 * Delete wiki is not a data dump Wyss 22:50, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to WikiSource and delete. Geogre 01:14, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to WikiSource and delete. If it has created controversy anywhere, it's just a case of people crying over Filled Milk (dodges rotten vegetables). [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 01:27, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is easily available on Thomas. Katefan0 14:03, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * As is, I suspect, the content of everything the editor in question has created. Delete --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 17:13, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree in this case, but in principle I think articles about laws are good, even if the law is not controversial. Mark Richards 20:55, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
James Joyner

James Joyner is a political scientist who runs the weblog Outside The Beltway.

Career
He is Professor of Security Studies at the Command and Staff College at Marine Corps University, a nonresident senior fellow with the Brent Scowcroft Center on Strategy and Security at the Atlantic Council and an Expert at Wikistrat.

Previously, he was a managing editor at the Atlantic Council, a defense contractor for the Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA), Managing Editor of Strategic Insights, the professional journal of the Center for Contemporary Conflict at the Naval Postgraduate School, acquisitions editor for international affairs at Brassey's, Inc., a Dulles, Virginia book publisher (later called Potomac Books), and a political science professor at Troy State University, Bainbridge College, and the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga.

Joyner served in the U.S. Army from 1988 to 1992 and is a combat veteran of Operation Desert Storm. He was awarded the Bronze Star, the Army Commendation Medal, and numerous service medals and ribbons. He is a graduate of the Airborne and Air Assault schools.

He holds a PhD in political science from the University of Alabama and B.A. and M.A. degrees in political science from Jacksonville State University.

Personal life
James Joyner married Kimberly Webb on October 8, 2005. The couple had two daughters. On November 27, 2011, Kimberly Webb Joyner died unexpectedly in her sleep.

title: James Joyner


text:
Anna DeForge

Anna Louise DeForge (born April 14, 1976) is an American-Montenegrin professional female basketball player who most recently played for the Detroit Shock in the WNBA. She is the first player from the University of Nebraska to ever play in the WNBA. After finding little success and playing time for several WNBA teams, she finally earned a spot on a WNBA All-Star team in 2004. She was one of the players selected to play in the historic WNBA vs. USA Basketball Game.

On February 3, 2006, she was traded to the Indiana Fever from the Phoenix Mercury in exchange for Kelly Miller.

On February 19, 2008 DeForge signed on with the Minnesota Lynx.

On February 27, 2009 DeForge signed on with the Beşiktaş Istanbul.

Regular season

 * align="left" | 2000
 * align="left" | Detroit
 * 27 || 10 || 16.0 || .405 || .321 || .781 || 1.7 || 1.7 || 1.0 || 0.1 || 1.2 || 5.4
 * align="left" | 2003
 * align="left" | Phoenix
 * 34 || 27 || 31.3 || .412 || .412 || .725 || 3.1 || 2.1 || 1.5 || 0.4 || 1.6 || 11.9
 * align="left" | 2004
 * align="left" | Phoenix
 * 34 || 34 || 33.9 || .417 || .387 || .863 || 3.6 || 3.1 || 1.5 || 0.2 || 2.0 || 14.4
 * align="left" | 2005
 * align="left" | Phoenix
 * 33 || 33 || 34.3 || .390 || .326 || .850 || 3.5 || 2.4 || 1.2 || 0.2 || 2.5 || 13.1
 * align="left" | 2006
 * align="left" | Indiana
 * 34 || 34 || 29.3 || .393 || .378 || .818 || 4.3 || 2.2 || 1.1 || 0.3 || 1.6 || 10.2
 * align="left" | 2007
 * align="left" | Indiana
 * 34 || 34 || 23.4 || .418 || .410 || .906 || 3.3 || 1.5 || 0.8 || 0.1 || 1.4 || 8.7
 * align="left" | 2008
 * align="left" | Minnesota
 * 34 || 34 || 24.9 || .391 || .364 || .763 || 3.0 || 1.7 || 0.8 || 0.1 || 0.9 || 8.5
 * align="left" | 2009
 * align="left" | Detroit
 * 7 || 7 || 16.1 || .278 || .000 || .000 || 2.9 || 1.4 || 0.6 || 0.0 || 1.0 || 1.4
 * align="left" | Career
 * align="left" | 8 years, 4 teams
 * 237 || 213 || 27.6 || .403 || .374 || .821 || 3.2 || 2.1 || 1.1 || 0.2 || 1.6 || 10.2
 * 34 || 34 || 24.9 || .391 || .364 || .763 || 3.0 || 1.7 || 0.8 || 0.1 || 0.9 || 8.5
 * align="left" | 2009
 * align="left" | Detroit
 * 7 || 7 || 16.1 || .278 || .000 || .000 || 2.9 || 1.4 || 0.6 || 0.0 || 1.0 || 1.4
 * align="left" | Career
 * align="left" | 8 years, 4 teams
 * 237 || 213 || 27.6 || .403 || .374 || .821 || 3.2 || 2.1 || 1.1 || 0.2 || 1.6 || 10.2
 * align="left" | 8 years, 4 teams
 * 237 || 213 || 27.6 || .403 || .374 || .821 || 3.2 || 2.1 || 1.1 || 0.2 || 1.6 || 10.2

Playoffs

 * align="left" | 2006
 * align="left" | Indiana
 * 2 || 2 || 32.0 || .333 || .250 || .000 || 3.5 || 1.5 || 0.5 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 6.0
 * align="left" | 2007
 * align="left" | Indiana
 * 6 || 6 || 32.8 || .467 || .393 || 1.000 || 3.7 || 1.0 || 1.3 || 0.2 || 1.5 || 16.8
 * align="left" | Career
 * align="left" | 2 years, 1 team
 * 8 || 8 || 32.6 || .444 || .361 || 1.000 || 3.6 || 1.1 || 1.1 || 0.1 || 1.1 || 14.1
 * align="left" | Career
 * align="left" | 2 years, 1 team
 * 8 || 8 || 32.6 || .444 || .361 || 1.000 || 3.6 || 1.1 || 1.1 || 0.1 || 1.1 || 14.1

Nebraska statistics
Source

Personal
Born to Rosemary and Roger DeForge in Iron Mountain, Michigan, she played at Niagara High School in Niagara, Wisconsin. DeForge majored in Business Administration at the University of Nebraska.

Career highlights

 * Selected to start the 2007 WNBA All-Star for the Eastern Conference by the WNBA Fans
 * Selected to play in the WNBA vs. USA Basketball Game at Radio City Music Hall in 2004
 * Won the National Women's Basketball League Championship with the Dallas Fury in 2004
 * 2005-2006: 🇵🇱 Honored as league (PLKK) MVP . The Polish TS Wisla Can-Pack Krakow team won the Women's PLKK Championship Series.
 * 2006-2007: 🇵🇱 Her Polish TS Wisła Can-Pack Kraków team won the Women's PLKK Championship Series.
 * 2007-2008: 🇵🇱 Her Polish TS Wisła Can-Pack Kraków team won the Women's PLKK Championship Series.
 * 2022 Spring Season: Won the Brewtown Recreation Co-Ed Flag Football League Championship with Beer Bellys.
 * 2024 Spring Season: Won the Brewtown Recreation Co-Ed Flag Football League Championship with Beer Bellys.

title: Anna DeForge


text:
Phönix-Schwingen

 Phönix-Schwingen  (Phoenix's Wings) op. 125 is a waltz composed by Johann Strauss II in 1853. Strauss has amalgamated his late father's orchestra with his own in 1849 and with the new responsibility, was expected to rehearse, organise, compose, orchestrate, and lastly, conduct at two or three venues on the same day. During the hectic years of 1851 and 1852, Strauss exerted himself and after a tiring tour of Germany late 1852, he was taken seriously ill.

Many of his engagements were forced to be cancelled although Strauss felt sufficiently well to appear at his benefit concert at the Sofienbad-Saal ballroom on January 16, 1853 along with his new waltz 'Phönix-Schwingen'. The title suggested a possible reference to himself, having like the mythical bird, 'risen from the ashes'. However, Strauss' interesting title may well refer to the unpopular Vienna transport enterprise 'Phoenix' which had promised faster and cheaper travel intending to rival the traditional Viennese 'fiaker'. The enterprise proved to be no more than a flash in the pan and foundered after a mere few days.

Whether meaning the mythical creature or the enterprise, Strauss' work is very brisk and stylish, with rising arpeggios and effective motif usage. The work was dedicated to Hans Guido von Bülow.

title: Phönix-Schwingen


text:
North American Car of the Year

The North American Car, Utility and Truck of the Year are a set of automotive awards announced at a news conference each January at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit. The jury consists of no more than 60 automotive journalists from the US and Canada.

History
In 2016, a board of directors was created and the award became a 501 6(c) corporation. The new Board consists of: Mark Phelan, President; Matt DeLorenzo, Vice President; and Lauren Fix, Secretary / Treasurer.

For 2017 a new category was added to this award: Utility, with the Chrysler Pacifica the first winner.

List of nominees and winners
For each award and year, the winner is shown at the top in bold, with the other finalists in italics in a bulleted list below.

2017–present
Beginning with the 2017 awards, the Truck of the Year category was divided, creating a new Utility Vehicle of the Year category. * Vehicle was nominated for World Car of the Year; underlining indicates the vehicle won.

title: North American Car of the Year


text:
Ivan Massow

Ivan Julian Massow (born 11 September 1967) is a British financial services entrepreneur, gay rights campaigner, and media personality. He is also a former Chairman of the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London. He has been active in UK politics, formerly as a member of the Conservative Party and since 2016 in the Liberal Democrats.

He is Master of the Southdown and Eridge Hunt.

Early life
Massow was born Ivan Field in Brighton, East Sussex. His relationships with his father and subsequently his stepfather were poor; as a boy he ended up being cared for by social services, before being adopted as a pre-teenager by John Massow. Commenting on his life prior to his adoption, Massow has stated that "My life up to then is a bit of a blur. I had four different families, my name changed from Field to Mitchell to Massow, I was moved around for various reasons."

Massow is dyslexic and left school at 16 with one O-level in metalwork, with possibly others in photography and history; however, information regarding his early qualifications is ambiguous, and Massow himself has commented that "I lied about them so much, I can't remember what's actually true." He studied at Eastbourne for a BTEC in art and design, then moved to Bristol and was employed by an insurance firm. In 1990 Massow moved to London and started his own financial services business.

Massow Financial Services
In 1990 and with less than £5,000 Massow started Bowater Massow, later to become Massow Financial Services Ltd, running it initially from a squat in Kentish Town, London, using just a mobile phone. Massow specialised in offering financial services to gay people, in particular sourcing competitively priced insurance and mortgages for customers whose sexuality previously resulted in their being charged much higher premiums.

Massow's company soon attracted customers and expanded; the success and high profile of the business resulted in Massow being voted Man of the Year by the Pink Paper in 1996, and by 1997 Massow had become a multi-millionaire. At the end of the decade his company had several offices, including branches in Edinburgh, Manchester and Liverpool, and was at the forefront of the 'gay finance' sector.

At the end of 2000 Massow merged his company with another gay-orientated finance company, Rainbow Finance of Oxford, thereby creating Rainbow Massow, one of the largest independent financial advice firms in the UK. Massow took the role of chairman while Louis Letourneau, who had run Rainbow Finance, became managing director. The market value of the new company was £20 million, and Massow predicted that turnover would rise from £2 million per annum to over £3.5 million. However, within one year the firm ran out of money and was placed in receivership. Both Massow and Letourneau blamed each other for the firm's demise. Massow bought the company back from the receiver for about £1.5 million and subsequently re-established it.

Jake
In 2001 Massow set up Jake, an online social networking site for gay professionals.

Allied Dunbar and Zurich
Between 2003 and 2004 Massow was director of another financial adviser firm, this time a tied agent of the Zurich Advice Network (previously Allied Dunbar). Massow had previously campaigned against what he saw as Allied Dunbar's anti-gay underwriting practices, but he claimed that "they've moved on and, for the sake of my customers, so must I [...] if other gay financial advisers think they're doing the best for their customers by blackballing all the companies that were once out of line (there were about eight of them) when it came to gay issues – then their priorities are very strange. Financial advice is about getting the best product – not petty grudge bearing." Massow accepted a transitional loan of £330,000 to enable office relocation and staff training. However the arrangement was short-lived and ironically ended after a dispute between Massow and Zurich over Zurich's approach to insuring the gay clients in which the firm specialised. A long £13 million legal case followed which was settled out of court.

Pay Me My
In September 2011 Massow set up Pay Me My, a trading name of Massows Limited, which offered customers a rebate of 80% of the 'trail' commission paid to their existing advisers if the customer switched their insurance, pension and investment policies to the agency of Pay Me My, who would take 20% as their fee. Massow defended the business model of the firm from suggestions that it would not be viable following changes to financial regulation in the UK due to start on 1 January 2013; however, it ceased trading in August 2013 when the government banned commission rendering its services obsolete. The firm informed its clients that, should they choose to remain with the company, all future trail commissions would be retained and not rebated. This action was unpopular with customers, therefore Massow agreed to sell the remaining assets under management to Clubfinance, who would continue rebating the majority of their commission.

Others
Other Massow businesses include Halos and Horns and Massows Angels.

Contemporary art
In 1999, Massow became Chairman of the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London. He was brought in by Director Philip Dodd to increase sponsorship and patronage for the organisation. Dodd claimed that Massow was a "mass of contradictions, just like the ICA. He's a risky choice for us, but the ICA should always live dangerously." However the working relationship between Massow and Dodd subsequently proved to be not wholly successful, as Dodd increasingly disliked Massow's knack for self-promotion and perceived him to be taking over the role of being the organisation's public face.

The situation deteriorated irreparably when in January 2002 Massow wrote an article in New Statesman magazine, attacking the predominance of conceptual art in the art world. He described modern concept art as "pretentious, self-indulgent, craftless tat" and "the product of over-indulged, middle-class [...], bloated egos who patronise real people with fake understanding". He called the ICA a "pillar of the shock establishment". He attacked Tracey Emin saying she "couldn't think her way out of a paper bag", though he admitted this comment was "a little below the belt".

In February 2002, Massow resigned as Chairman of the ICA, after the board unanimously requested him to. Board member Ekow Eshun was quoted in The Guardian as saying "I have no problem with Ivan bringing up this debate. But Ivan has been ramping up the story all week. I think he's been a little bit of a pillock." There was speculation that Massow had deliberately been as provocative as possible to engineer his own sacking. Massow claims he spoke out to redress the imbalance between the promotion of conceptual and more traditional art in the British art scene.

His views have engendered strong feelings about him amongst the art world; a year after his resignation one artist commented that "they treat him like the Black Death round here", although Massow has received less vocal support from many artists who fear they will never achieve recognition unless they follow the conceptual route.

Massow collects figurative contemporary art and claims that he visits art colleges and artists' studios regularly. In a 2003 interview he stated that "I visit at least one a week, quietly, on my own. It helps to see how people work. How they define themselves. I rarely buy from galleries." Massow has had his portrait painted nearly 30 times, including a double nude diptych by Jonathan Yeo, son of Conservative MP Tim Yeo, and a portrait by Darren Coffield of Massow in full foxhunting attire, which was exhibited at the National Portrait Gallery. Massow has personally provided regular financial support for some artists, to assist them in their lives and work.

Politics
Massow was first attracted to the politics of the Conservative Party when he was a boy. He joined his local Young Conservatives and at age 14 became its chairman, the youngest in the country at the time.

In the 1990s Massow's flatmates were for a time former Conservative Secretary of State for Education Michael Gove, and MP and former head of Conservative policy Nicholas Boles, a situation Massow described as "Tory Friends".

However Massow, along with many espousing "compassionate conservatism", was frustrated by the Party's apparent reluctance to alter its stance on gay rights issues and discrimination in general. In 2000, following John Bercow MP's resignation from the front bench and the defection of Shaun Woodward MP to Labour, Massow too left the Conservative Party to join the Labour Party, where he was welcomed by Mo Mowlam. However Massow later returned to the Conservatives, subsequently claiming that the brief defection to Labour had a particular motivation: "I knew if I switched it would be front page news. I thought it would help the party focus on repealing Section 28. I had one meeting with Labour, that's all. I never wanted to be a candidate."

Massow is pro-hunting and in 2003 was depicted in full hunting gear in a portrait by Darren Coffield, exhibited at the National Portrait gallery.

Massow became head of the Conservative Technology Initiative for London in 2012.

In November 2014, he became the first Conservative to declare their plan to seek the Conservative Party's candidacy to become Mayor of London at the 2016 elections. He was unsuccessful in his candidacy.

He joined the Liberal Democrats in September 2016, in protest at the Conservative Party's post-Brexit vote stance.

Media
In November 2005, Massow was the winning mentor on Channel 4's Make Me a Million.

Massow produced the film Banksy's Coming For Dinner, starring Joan Collins.

In 2013 Massow was a significant part of Derren Brown's The Great Art Robbery for Channel 4, in which Brown taught a group of old age pensioners how to get away with a robbery using various techniques such as how to stay unnoticed as well as controlling fear and nerves. The OAPs then embarked on a large-scale robbery, which involved stealing an expensive painting from Massow. The show first aired on 13 December 2013.

In 2016 Massow featured in the Channel 4 documentary "Rich Brother, Poor Brother" along with his estranged younger brother David. The documentary contrasted Ivan's millionaire London lifestyle with that of David, a bohemian labourer who lives in a converted truck near Glastonbury.

Charity work
Massow Financial Services was the first mainstream business to sponsor London's Gay Pride in 1990 which it continued to do in subsequent years.

Massow has raised funds for charity and founded the April Bombing Appeal for victims of the April 1999 nail-bombings in Soho, Brixton and Brick Lane in London. Massow Financial Services collected donations for the appeal.

In March 2010, in partnership with Oxfam and Beat That Quote, Massow developed Compare for Good, a charity fundraising price comparison website which promised to pay more than two-thirds of the money raised by the site to Oxfam. In March 2011 Beat That Quote was sold to Google.

Personal life
Massow is gay. He lives in Hoxton, in London's East End and enjoys horse riding and foxhunting.

In the aftermath of the Zurich case, Massow moved to Spain. He began to drink heavily and became an alcoholic. However he has not drunk since 2008 and chaired an Alcoholics Anonymous group in Soho.

In 2010 Massow developed an aneurysm and became seriously ill. He required urgent hospital treatment, including at one point having to be operated on without anaesthetic, which saved his life. Massow subsequently described the experience as uplifting, stating that "The prospect of dying wasn't frightening, as I'd thought, but calm and full of relief. And instead of thinking about a tomorrow that wouldn't come, I looked over my past 'life' and was actually quite proud and happy I'd acquitted myself OK. There was nothing to be ashamed of."

title: Ivan Massow


text:
Rains Brook

Rains Brook is a 11.8 km tributary of the River Leam.

Formed by a series of small headwater streams midway between Barby and Kilsby in Northamptonshire, it then flows west in a valley south of Rugby on the border between Northamptonshire and Warwickshire. It then runs south-west to where it joins the River Leam, between Kites Hardwick and Woolscott.

title: Rains Brook


text:
Talk:Anna Wolff-Powęska

Untitled
Anna Wolff-Powęska ukończyła studia historyczne na Wydziale Filozoficzno-Historycznym Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu w 1964 roku. W 1970 r. uzyskała stopień naukowy doktora nauk humanistycznych, w 1980 stopień naukowy doktora habilitowanego nauk prawnych na Wydziale Prawa i Administracji UAM w zakresie doktryn polityczno-prawnych, w 1986 roku tytuł profesora. W latach 1964-1969 była nauczycielem historii w szkole podstawowej. Od 1969 r. jest związana z Instytutem Zachodnim w Poznaniu, od 1990 r. do chwili obecnej jest jego dyrektorem. Jej zainteresowania badawcze koncentrują się wokół dziejów niemieckiej myśli politycznej i kultury politycznej Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. Pasje historyka łączy z temperamentem politologa.

Jest autorką wielu publikacji, z których ostatnie dotyczą analizy i oceny procesu jednoczenia Niemiec, kształtowania się myśli integracyjnej i nowej kultury politycznej w Europie; najistotniejsze z nich to: Doktryna geopolityki w Niemczech (1979), Polityczne i filozoficzne nurty konserwatyzmu w Republice Federalnej Niemiec (1984), Niemiecka myśl polityczna wieku oświecenia (1988), Wspólna Europa. Mit czy rzeczywistość (praca zbiorowa, 1990), Polacy wobec Niemców. Z dziejów kultury politycznej Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej 1945-1989 (1993), Oswojona Rewolucja. Europa Środkowo-Wschodnia w procesie demokratyzacji (1998), Polen in Deutschland, Integration oder Separation? (2000), Przestrzeń i polityka. Z dziejów niemieckiej myśli politycznej (antologia, red. 2000), A bliźniego swego... Kościoły w Niemczech wobec „problemu żydowskiego” (2003).

title: Talk:Anna Wolff-Powęska


text: User talk:65.114.5.2

title: User talk:65.114.5.2


text:
List of Turkic-languages poets

This is a list of poets writing in Turkic languages.

11th–12th century

 * Mahmud al-Kashgari, poet (1005–1102)
 * Yusuf Balasaguni, poet (1019–1085)
 * Ahmad Yasawi, poet, mystic (1093–1166)
 * Arslan Baba, poet, mystic

13th–14th century

 * Mahmud Qırımlı, first attested Crimean Tatar poet (c. 1200)
 * Yunus Emre, poet, mystic and Dervish Sufi (1240–1320)
 * Izzeddin "Hasanoglu" Esfaryani, poet, (13th - 14th centuries)
 * Köroğlu, a poet of the ashik tradition
 * Kaygusuz Abdal, Alevi folk poet, (1341–1444)
 * Kadi Burhan al-Din, (1345–1398)
 * Pir Sultan Abdal, (1480–1550)

15th–16th century

 * Nasimi, (1369–1417)
 * Ali Şir Nevai, poet (1441–1501)
 * Pir Sultan Abdal (1480–1550)
 * Khatai, (1487–1524)
 * Gül Baba, (d. 1541)
 * Muhibbi, (1494–1566)
 * Fuzûlî, poet (1483–1556)
 * Babur, poet (1483–1530)

17th–18th–19th century

 * Karacaoğlan (c. 1606-c. 1680)
 * Aşıq Ümer (1621–1707), Crimean Tatar poet-ashik
 * Yusuf Nabi (1642–1712)
 * Magtymguly Pyragy (1724–1807), Turkmen poet, songwriter and intellectual
 * Kul Nesîmî (17th century), Alevi-Bektashi poet
 * Ahmet Nedîm Efendi (c. 1681–1730)
 * Bukhar-zhirau Kalmakanov, poet (1693–1789)
 * Erzurumlu Emrah, poet (1775–1854)
 * Dadaloğlu, (c. 1785–c. 1868)
 * Abay Qunanbayuli, (1845–1904), poet, composer and philosopher

20th century

 * Ismail Gasprinski, Crimean Tatar poet, publisher, intellectual (1851–1914)
 * Mirjaqip Dulatuli (1885–1935) - poet, writer and a leader of Alash Orda government
 * Akhmet Baytursinuli (1873–1937) - poet, writer, pedagogue and politician
 * Neyzen Tevfik, poet (1879–1953)
 * Magzhan Zhumabayev, poet (1893– 1938)
 * Yahya Kemal Beyatlı, poet (1884–1958)
 * Noman Çelebicihan, Crimean Tatar leader and poet (1885–1918)
 * Bekir Çoban-zade, Crimean Tatar poet and professor of Turkic languages (1893–1937)
 * Faruk Nafiz Çamlıbel, poet (1898–1973)
 * Nazim Hikmet Ran, poet (1901–1963)
 * Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar, poet, novelist, essayist (1901–1962)
 * Ahmet Kutsi Tecer, poet, dramatist (1901–1967)
 * Necip Fazıl Kısakürek, poet, essayist (1905–1983)
 * Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar, poet (1906–1988)
 * Ahmet Muhip Dıranas, poet (1909–1980)
 * Cahit Sıtkı Tarancı, poet (1910–1956)
 * Rıfat Ilgaz, poet, writer, journalist (1911–1993)
 * Bedri Rahmi Eyüboğlu, painter and poet (1913–1975)
 * Oktay Rıfat Horozcu, poet (1914–1988)
 * Orhan Veli Kanik, poet (1914–1950)
 * Melih Cevdet Anday, poet (1915–2002)
 * Alykul Osmonov, poet (1915–1950)
 * Âşık Veysel, ashik, poet (1894–1973)
 * Behçet Necatigil, poet, dramatist (1916–1979)
 * Ilhan Berk, poet (1918–2008)
 * Necati Cumalı, poet, dramatist (1921–2001)
 * Bahtiyar Vahapzade, poet (1925–2009)
 * Can Yücel, poet (1926–1999)
 * Ümit Yaşar Oğuzcan, poet, author (1926–1984)
 * Edip Cansever, poet (1928–1986)
 * Ece Ayhan Çağlar, poet (1931–2002)
 * Talat Sait Halman, poet (1931–2014)
 * Cemal Süreya, poet (1931–1990)
 * Onat Kutlar, writer, poet (1936–1995)
 * Aşık Mahzuni Şerif, ashik, poet (1939–2002)
 * Attila Ilhan, writer, poet, captain (1925–2005)

21st century

 * Abdurehim Ötkür, poet (1923–1995)
 * Sabit İnce, writer, poet (1954)
 * Ismet Özel, poet (1944–)
 * Haydar Ergülen, poet (1956–)
 * Sunay Akın, poet, writer (1962–)
 * Abdurehim Heyt, poet, singer (1962–)
 * Süreyya Aylin Antmen (1981–)

title: List of Turkic-languages poets


text:
Elections in Mozambique

Mozambique elects representatives at several levels:
 * at national level a head of state – the president – and a legislature. The president is elected for a five-year term by the people. The Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da República) has 250 members, elected for a five-year term by proportional representation.
 * at provincial level, since 2009 Provincial Assemblies, elected at the same time that the national elections.
 * at local level, since 1998 Municipal Elections to elect the leaders of the growing number of municipalities: the President of the Municipal Council and Municipal Assemblies.

Electoral commission law
Mozambican elections are run by a National Election Commission (CNE), and the election law has changed often. In December 2012, a new law in regards to the composition of the election commission consists of eight political party representatives: five appointed by the incumbent FRELIMO, two appointed by the principal opposition RENAMO and one by the Democratic Movement of Mozambique (MDM). There are further three members nominated by civil society representatives, a judge appointed by the Higher Council of the Judicial Magistrature and an attorney appointed by the Higher Council of the Public Prosecutor's Office.

1994 – Presidential and Parliamentary election
In the first multi-party elections held in Mozambique, in 1994, FRELIMO candidate and president of Mozambique since 1986 Joaquim Chissano was elected and the opposition party and former guerrilla group RENAMO acknowledged the result. The United Nations Security Council, which had a peacekeeping operation based there due to the civil war, endorsed the results as free and fair in Resolution 960.

1999 – Presidential and Parliamentary election
In the elections in late 1999 President Joaquim Chissano from FRELIMO was re-elected with 52.3% of the vote, and FRELIMO secured 133 of 250 parliamentary seats. The main opposition parties candidate, RENAMO's Afonso Dhlakama, got 47.7% and the party won the remaining 117 parliamentary seats.

2004 – Presidential and Parliamentary election
In the 1–2 December 2004 election Armando Guebuza, the new FRELIMO candidate, won with 63.7% of the votes, more than twice as many as RENAMO's candidate Afonso Dhlakama (31.7%). In the parliamentary election FRELIMO won 62% (1.8 million) of the votes, RENAMO 29.7% (905,000 votes), and 18 minor parties shared the remaining 8%. FRELIMO will hold 160 of the parliamentary seats, RENAMO 90.

The elections have been criticized for not having been conducted in a fair and transparent manner by the National Electoral Commission. Several cases of electoral fraud have occurred and remained unsanctioned. This has been criticized among others by the European Union Election Observation Mission to Mozambique and the Carter Center. However, the elections shortcomings have probably not (also according to EU observers) affected the result in the presidential election. The distribution of parliamentary seats among the parties will have been somewhat altered, though (RENAMO probably losing a number of seats to FRELIMO).

On 2 February 2005 Guebuza was sworn in as president of the republic, but without Dhlakama and RENAMO's recognition and presence at the inauguration. RENAMO have, however, agreed to participate in the Parliament and the Council of State.

2009 – Presidential and Parliamentary election
The Presidential and Parliamentary elections were held on 28 October 2009 for the fourth time since the introduction of the multiparty system. In the elections for the Assembly of the Republic, FRELIMO and RENAMO contested all 13 parliamentary constituencies, but the newly formed MDM was able to contest only 4 parliamentary constituencies.

2014 – Presidential and Parliamentary election
The Presidential and Parliamentary elections were held on 15 October 2014 for the fifth time since the introduction of the multiparty system. In the elections for the Assembly of the Republic, FRELIMO, MDM and RENAMO contested all 13 parliamentary constituencies.

title: Elections in Mozambique


text:
Talk:Guy Consolmagno

Untitled
I changed "the current Vatican Astronomer" to "an astronomer at the Vatican Observatory". I don't think there is an actual single position called "the Vatican Astronomer"; rather, the VO is staffed by about a dozen astronomers; if anybody should get a special title, it would be Brother Guy's boss, Brother George Coyne.

(This is not to say that I don't think Brother Guy is an intensely cool dude. He is that.  He's just not "the current Vatican Astronomer".)

ACW 21:28, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Whoever wrote that was no doubt thinking of the Astronomer Royal in Britain. This quaint notion of top experts closely associated with the head of state goes back to the Sumerian/Babylonian/Old Egyptian tradition of soothsayers being the monarch's closest and most trusted advisors. We never really left the Bronze Age. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A01:CB0C:CD:D800:AC17:CE7F:F698:53FE (talk) 13:48, 29 September 2023 (UTC)

Creationism opinions
An anonymous editor added a quote, presumably from Brother Guy, about creationism. Can said editor please come back and provide a source for the quote? Thanks. ACW 18:59, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

 * http://news.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=674042006 -- Steve Mollmann 19:36, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

Science fiction fandom
Guy has been put into the category "science fiction fans", which is for active participants (past and present) in the culture of science fiction fandom. Does he actually belong in the category? Has he pubbed or even locced a fanzine, attended conventions, etc.? -- Orange Mike  |  Talk  14:39, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

He was head of the MIT Science Fiction Society when he was a student there in the early 1970s. In recent years he has attended the Boskone convention in Boston and the 2004 Worldcon, also in Boston. He may have been at other conventions, but I know about the Boskones and 2004 Worldcon because I saw him there.--GrouchoRoss (talk) 05:23, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

 * One of us! One of us! We accept you, one of us! See you at the cons. -- Orange Mike  |   Talk  13:53, 19 March 2008 (UTC) (WisCon; ICON (the Iowa one); Chattacon)
 * I also wondered about that category when I spotted it, so I'm glad the question has already been answered. However, the info (at least some part of it) needs to be added to the text of the article, preferably with sourcing. Cgingold (talk) 11:51, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Guy Consolmagno


text: User talk:12.75.204.34

title: User talk:12.75.204.34


text:
Olli Rehn

Olli Ilmari Rehn (born 31 March 1962) is a Finnish economist and public official who has been serving as governor of the Bank of Finland since 2018. A member of the Centre Party, he previously served as the European Commissioner for Enlargement from 2004 to 2010, European Commissioner for Economic and Monetary Affairs and the Euro from 2010 to 2014, and Minister of Economic Affairs in Juha Sipilä's cabinet from 2015 until 2016. Rehn ran for President of Finland as an independent candidate in 2024, but was not elected.

Early life and education
Born in Mikkeli in Eastern Finland, Rehn studied economics, international relations, and journalism at Macalester College in Saint Paul, Minnesota, in the United States. He gained a master's degree in political science from the University of Helsinki in 1989, and a D.Phil. from St. Antony's College, Oxford in 1996 on the subject of "Corporatism and Industrial Competitiveness in Small European States". In addition to his native Finnish and German he speaks English, French, Swedish, and some Russian, Polish and Hungarian.

Rehn also played football for his hometown club Mikkelin Palloilijat in Finland's top division Mestaruussarja (now Veikkausliiga) in his youth.

Finnish politics
He began his political career in youth politics as a regular member of the Finnish Centre Youth and soon became the secretary general of the Nordic Centre Youth. In 1987, he was elected as the president of the Finnish Centre Youth. That position can be seen as predicting high political responsibilities in Finnish politics.

In 1988 Rehn was elected as a city councillor in Helsinki. He was vice president of the Centre Party from 1988 to 1994, having been president of its youth wing from 1987. Elected to the Finnish Parliament in 1991, Rehn led the Finnish delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, and was a special adviser to the Finnish Prime Minister Esko Aho from 1992 to 1993. He left the Finnish Parliament in 1995 to become an MEP, aligned to the liberal group. He was, however, not re-elected in the 1996 election.

He was briefly the chairman of Veikkausliiga from 1996 to 1997. From 1998 to 2002 Rehn ran the office of Erkki Liikanen, Finland's representative on the Prodi Commission. Rehn would later succeed Liikanen in the role of commissioner for Enterprise and Information Society. In 2002, he left European politics for the University of Helsinki, where he led the Centre for European Studies. In 2003, he became an adviser to the prime minister on economic policy, a position he held until his appointment to the European Commission the following year.

European Commission
Rehn served briefly on the Prodi Commission. He was appointed European commissioner for enterprise and information society on 12 July 2004, taking over the role from the previous Finnish commissioner Erkki Liikanen, who left his post the same day to become governor of the Bank of Finland. The Finnish government nominated Rehn for the incoming Barroso Commission, which took office on 22 November 2004. He was the youngest member of the first Barroso Commission.

Rehn's appointment to the enlargement post was seen as a slight disappointment for Finland, who had hoped for their nominee to be given a portfolio relating to economic issues. Enlargement was a central issue for the EU in the run-up to the landmark accession of ten countries on 1 May 2004, but has since declined in importance, if only slightly. Rehn presided over the accession of Bulgaria and Romania in 2007, as well as continuing negotiations with Croatia and opening them with Turkey, the latter being perhaps the most significant and the most hotly debated future accession.

Rehn favours Turkish membership but has controversially suggested permanent restrictions on the free movement of workers from Turkey, "in case serious disturbances occur in the labour market within the EU as a result of Turkey’s accession", an attitude seen by some as running counter to the whole purpose and spirit of the EU. He has stressed the importance of greater respect for human rights and civil liberties as preconditions for Turkey's entry, while acknowledging the advances it had already made in this respect.

Siim Kallas was twice acting commissioner in his stead, from 19 April 2014 to 25 May 2014 while he was on electoral campaign leave for the 2014 elections to the European Parliament and from 1 July 2014 – 16 July 2014 after he took up his seat.

Selection hearing
Questioned by the European Parliament, Rehn offered his thoughts on the prospects for accession of each of the countries highest on the enlargement agenda. He praised Turkey for the human rights advances it had made but said he would advocate stronger monitoring if the decision was taken to open accession talks by the European Council when it considered the question in December.

Asked about free movement of Turkish labour after the country's accession, Rehn expressed the view that there should be "considerable transitional periods as well as a permanent safeguard clause". He was cautious on the question of the inevitability of Turkish membership, stating that he did not "believe in historic determinism", but that if negotiations were begun, "underpinned by the commitment that [Turkey] will be able to join [the EU] once it fulfils all conditions, it will join as soon as it does meet the conditions".

He insisted that Bulgaria and Romania would be judged on their merits and that he would not hesitate to delay accession by a year if the EU's requirements were not met on time. He considered the establishment of a pre-accession strategy for the Western Balkans one of his prime tasks.

European sovereign debt crisis
In late June 2011, Rehn spoke out on austerity measures being considered by the Greek parliament, saying, "The only way to avoid immediate default is for parliament to endorse the revised economic program...The program includes both the medium-term fiscal strategy and the privatization program. They must be approved if the next tranche of financial assistance [a 12 billion euro aid payment] is to be released...To those who speculate about other options, let me say this clearly: there is no Plan B to avoid default".

In May 2012, coincident with warnings from Mario Draghi of the ECB, Rehn said that even if Eurobonds "were ever approved, it would still not be sufficient to save the euro. The single currency’s members needed 'a genuine stability culture and a much upgraded common capacity to contain common contagion', if they wanted to avoid a disintegration of the eurozone and if they wanted it to survive".

Rehn has continued to maintain that the only way out of the crisis is a continued programme of fiscal austerity. Economist Paul Krugman has been critical of this stance, saying in early 2013 that Olli Rehn, and the economic management of the European Commission, had been proven disastrously wrong in their predictions and management since the beginning of the crisis. He noted, "European leaders seem determined to learn nothing, which makes this more than a tragedy; it’s an outrage." Krugman maintains that Rehn's focus on fiscal discipline is in fact an excuse to dismantle the social safety net and reduce the size of government, as he has criticized countries, such as France which have tried to achieve fiscal discipline through tax increases.

In mid-2013, Rehn claimed that the European Commission was following a pragmatic policy balancing austerity policies with pro-growth policies and that much of the criticism was unfair.

Member of the European Parliament, 2014–2015
Rehn was a candidate in the 2014 European election and was elected MEP. In the European Parliament he was elected to be one of the parliament's 14 vice presidents.

Minister of Economic Affairs, 2015–2016
In 2015, Rehn was elected in the Finnish parliamentary election with 6,837 votes. His term in the European Parliament ended on 27 April, when Rehn officially accepted the seat in the Finnish Parliament. On 29 May 2015, Rehn was appointed the Minister of Economic Affairs in Sipilä Cabinet. During his time in office, he oversaw the country's emergence from a three-year recession thanks to a combination of tax and spending cuts. He also played a key role in persuading labor unions to agree to pay cuts to restore competitiveness.

Bank of Finland, 2016–present
On 14 October 2016, Rehn was selected to the board of the Bank of Finland. In this capacity, he is in charge of monetary policy implementation and investment of the Bank of Finland's financial assets. He is also responsible for the bank's digitalisation process and for the activities of the Financial Supervisory Authority, where he is chairman of the board. He continued as a minister and MP till the end of 2016.

Following the resignation of Christine Lagarde as managing director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in 2019, Rehn was one of the candidates considered by European governments as potential successor; he withdrew his candidacy shortly after and the post went to Kristalina Georgieva instead.

Presidential election 2024
In June 2023, Rehn announced his candidacy for 2024 presidential election as an independent candidate. In the election, he placed fourth with 15.32% of the total vote count and failed to advance to the second round of voting.

International organizations

 * European Central Bank (ECB), ex officio member of the governing council
 * European Systemic Risk Board (ESRB), ex officio member
 * International Monetary Fund (IMF), ex officio alternate member of the board of governors
 * European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), ex officio member of the board of governors (2010–2014)

Non-profit organizations

 * Women Political Leaders Global Forum (WPL), member of the global advisory board
 * World Economic Forum (WEF), member of the Europe Policy Group (since 2017)
 * World Economic Forum (WEF), chairman of the Global Agenda Council on Public Finance and Social Protection Systems
 * World Economic Forum (WEF), member of the Global Future Council on the Future of Financial and Monetary Systems
 * Trilateral Commission, member of the European Group
 * Academy of European Law (ERA), member of the board of trustees

Personal life
Rehn is married with one child.

After launching his political career Rehn did not give up football but has played for the teams of both the Finnish parliament and the European Commission. With the Finnish parliament team, he twice helped to win the European championship of parliaments in the early 1990s.

His mother was Vuokko Rehn.

Awards

 * Royal Order of the Polar Star (1748-1975) - Commander Grand Cross.svg 🇸🇪 Sweden: Commander Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Polar Star (23 April 2024)
 * 🇫🇮 Finland: Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Lion of Finland (2014)
 * 🇪🇪 Estonia: 2nd Class of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana (2011)
 * 🇱🇻 Latvia: Commander (3rd Class) of Order of the Three Stars (October 2014)
 * Finnish Expat of the Year (2011, Suomi Seura Society)

title: Olli Rehn


text:
Gray horse

A gray horse (or grey horse) has a coat color characterized by progressive depigmentation of the colored hairs of the coat. Most gray horses have black skin and dark eyes; unlike some equine dilution genes and some other genes that lead to depigmentation, gray does not affect skin or eye color. Gray horses may be born any base color, depending on other color genes present. White hairs begin to appear at or shortly after birth and become progressively more prevalent as the horse ages as white hairs become intermingled with hairs of other colors. Graying can occur at different rates—very quickly on one horse and very slowly on another. As adults, most gray horses eventually become completely white, though some retain intermixed light and dark hairs.

The stages of graying vary widely. Some horses develop a dappled pattern for a period of time, others resemble a roan with more uniform intermixing of light and dark hairs. As they age, some gray horses, particularly those heterozygous for the gray gene, may develop pigmented speckles in addition to a white coat, a pattern colloquially called a "fleabitten gray."

Gray horses appear in many breeds, though the color is most commonly seen in breeds descended from Arabian ancestors. Some breeds that have large numbers of gray-colored horses include the Thoroughbred, the Arabian, the American Quarter Horse and the Welsh pony. Breeds with a very high prevalence of gray include the Percheron, the Andalusian, and the Lipizzaner.

People who are unfamiliar with horses may refer to gray horses as "white". However, a gray horse whose hair coat is completely "white" will still have black skin (except under markings that were white at birth) and dark eyes. This is how to discern a gray horse from a white horse. White horses usually have pink skin and sometimes even have blue eyes. Young horses with hair coats consisting of a mixture of colored and gray or white hairs are sometimes confused with roan. Some horses that carry dilution genes may also be confused with white or gray.

While gray is classified as a coat color by breed registries, genetically it may be more correct to call it a depigmentation pattern. It is a dominant allele, and thus a horse needs only one copy of the gray allele, that is, heterozygous, to be gray in color. A homozygous gray horse, one carrying two gray alleles, will always produce gray foals.

Prevalence
Gray is common in many breeds. Today, about one horse in 10 carries the mutation for graying with age. The vast majority of Lipizzaners are gray, as are the majority of Andalusian horses. Many breeds of French draft horse such as the Percheron and Boulonnais are often gray as well. Gray is also found among Welsh Ponies, Thoroughbreds, and American Quarter Horses. All of these breeds have common ancestry in the Arabian horse. In particular, all gray Thoroughbreds descend from a horse named Alcock's Arabian, a gray born in 1700. The gray coat color makes up about 3% of Thoroughbreds.

Gray also affects spotting patterns of pintos and leopard complex horses such as Appaloosas. Its effects wash out the contrast of the markings of these patterns, sometimes colloquially described as "ghosting."

Changes in the color of gray horses

A gray foal may be born any color. However, bay, chestnut, or black base colors are most often seen. As the horse matures, it "grays out" as white hairs begin to replace the base or birth color. Usually white hairs are first seen by the muzzle, eyes and flanks, occasionally at birth, and usually by the age of one year. Over time, white hairs replace the birth color. The changing patterns of white and dark hairs have many informal names, such as "rose gray," "salt and pepper," "iron gray", or "dapple gray." As the horse ages, the coat continues to lighten, often to a pure white. Some horses develop pigmented reddish-brown speckles on an otherwise white hair coat. Such horses are often called "fleabitten gray".

Different breeds, and individuals within each breed, take differing amounts of time to gray out. Thus, graying cannot be used to approximate the age of a horse except in the broadest of terms: a very young horse will never have a white coat (unless it is a true white horse), while a horse in its teens usually is completely grayed out. One must also be careful not to confuse the small amount of gray hairs that may appear on some older horses in their late teens or twenties, which do not reflect the gray gene and never cause a complete graying of the horse.

This change in hair color means that the same gray horse will appear to be a different color over time, sometimes resulting in a need to change the color noted on breed registry papers. Other times, people traveling with gray horses who have a pure white hair coat have encountered problems with non-horse-oriented officials such as police officers or border guards who are unclear about a horse who has papers saying it is "gray" when the horse in front of them appears white.

To further complicate matters, the skin and eyes may be other colors if influenced by other factors such as white markings, certain white spotting patterns or dilution genes.

The genetics of gray
The gray gene (G) is an autosomal dominant gene. In simple terms, a horse which has even one copy of the gray allele, regardless of other coat color genes present, will always become gray. This also means that all gray horses must have at least one gray parent. If a gray horse is homozygous (GG), meaning that it has a gray allele from both parents, it will always produce gray offspring no matter the color genetics of the other parent. However, if a gray horse is heterozygous (Gg), meaning it inherits one copy of the recessive gene (g), that animal may produce offspring who are not gray, depending on the genetics of the other parent and Mendelian inheritance principles. Genetic testing is now possible to determine whether a horse is homozygous or heterozygous for gray. The gray gene does not affect skin or eye color, so grays typically have dark skin and eyes, as opposed to the unpigmented pink skin of white horses.

In 2008, researchers at Uppsala University in Sweden identified the genetic mutation that governs the graying process. The study revealed that all gray horses carry an identical mutation that can be traced back to a common ancestor that lived at least two thousand years ago. The discovery that gray can be linked to a single animal provides an example of how humans have "cherry-picked" attractive mutations in domestic animals.

Gray is controlled by a single dominant allele of a gene that regulates specific kinds of stem cells. Homozygous grays turn white faster, are more likely to develop melanomas, and are less prone to develop the "fleabitten" speckling than heterozygous grays.

Researchers suggest the pigmented speckles of the "fleabitten" gray, as well as more intense reddish-brown colored areas called "blood" markings, may be caused by a loss or inactivation of the gray allele in some of the somatic cells as that would explain why the speckles are more common on heterozygous grays than homozygotes.

Melanoma in gray horses
The identification of the gray mutation is of great interest in of medical research since this mutation also enhances the risk for melanoma in horses: some studies have suggested as many as 80% of grays over 15 years of age have some form of melanoma. Growth rate depends on the type, and many are slow-growing, but over time, many develop into a malignant melanoma.

The study of gray genetics has pointed to a molecular pathway that may lead to tumour development. Both STX17 and the neighboring NR4A3 gene are overexpressed in melanomas from gray horses, and those carrying a loss-of-function mutation in ASIP (agouti signaling protein) had a higher incidence of melanoma, implying that increased melanocortin-1 receptor signaling promotes melanoma development in Gray horses. Some studies indicate as many as 66% of melanomas become malignant, though other studies have found much lower rates, and in one case, zero.

White horses
Many people who are unfamiliar with horses refer to a gray horse as "white". However, most white horses have pink skin and some have blue eyes. A horse with dark skin and dark eyes under a white hair coat is gray. However, a gray horse with an underlying homozygous cream base coat color may be born with rosy-pink skin, blue eyes and near-white hair. In such cases, DNA testing may clarify the genetics of the horse.

Roan
Some grays in intermediate stages of graying may be confused with a roan or a rabicano. Some heavily fleabitten grays may also be confused with roans. However, roans are easily distinguishable from grays: roan consists of individual white hairs on a dark base coat, usually with the head and legs of the horse darker than the rest of the body. Rabicanos also have intermixed white hairs primarily on the body with a dark head. With gray horses, the head is often the first area to lighten, especially around the eyes and muzzle. Also, roans do not lighten with age, while grays always do.

The varnish roan is another unusual coloration, sometimes seen in Appaloosa horses, that, like gray, can change with age, but unlike gray, the horse does not become progressively lighter until it is pure white. Varnish roans are created by the action of leopard complex within breeds such as the Appaloosa and are seldom seen elsewhere.

Diluted colors
The dilution genes that create dun, cream, pearl, silver dapple and champagne coloring may occasionally result in confusion with gray.

Some horses with a particular type of dun hair coat known as a "blue dun", grullo, or "mouse" dun appear to be a solid gray. However, this color is caused by the dun gene acting on a black base coat, and horses who are dun have all hairs the same color; there is no intermingling of white and dark hairs. Also, dun horses do not get lighter as they age. Horses that are a light cream color are also not grays. These are usually cremello, perlino or smoky cream horses, all colors produced by the action of the cream gene. However, if a gray parent passes on the gene, the hairs will turn white like any other gray. Another cream-colored dilution, the pearl gene or "barlink factor", may also create very light-coated horses. Similarly, the champagne gene can lighten coat color, often producing dappling or light colors that can be confused with gray.

In spite of its name, the silver dapple gene has nothing to do with graying. It is a dilution gene that acts only on a black coat, diluting the coat to a dark brown and the mane to a flaxen shade. Horses that express the silver dapple gene (and do not have the gray gene) are born that color and it will not lighten. However, again, if one parent passes on the gray gene, the gray gene will again be dominant.

Mythology
Throughout history, both gray and white horses have been mythologized. As part of its legendary dimension, the gray horse in myth has been depicted with seven heads (Uchaishravas) or eight feet (Sleipnir), sometimes in groups or singly. There are also mythological tales of divinatory gray horses who prophesy or warn of danger.

title: Gray horse


text:
Watt's linkage

[[Image:Watts Linkage.gif|thumb|Animation of Watt's Linkage Dimensions (unit lengths $a, b$):

Vertical distance between ground joints $a + a$ Horizontal distance between ground joints $≈ 2a$ Thus, link 1 (total distance between ground joints): $$\approx \sqrt{4a^2 + 4b^2}$$]]

A Watt's linkage is a type of mechanical linkage invented by James Watt in which the central moving point of the linkage is constrained to travel a nearly straight path. Watt's described the linkage in his patent specification of 1784 for the Watt steam engine.

Today it is used in automobile suspensions, where it is key to a suspension's kinematics, i.e., its motion properties, constraining the vehicle axle's movement to nearly vertical travel while also limiting horizontal motion.

Description
Watt's linkage consists of three bars bolted together in a chain. The chain of bars consists of two end bars and a middle bar. The middle bar is bolted at each of its ends to one of the ends of each outer bar. The two outer bars are of equal length, and are longer than the middle bar. The three bars can pivot around the two bolts. The outer endpoints of the long bars are fixed in place relative to each other, but otherwise the three bars are free to pivot around the two joints where they meet.

In linkage analysis, there is an imaginary fixed-length bar connecting the outer endpoints. Thus, Watt's linkage is an example of a four-bar linkage.

History
Its genesis is contained in a letter Watt wrote to Matthew Boulton in June 1784. "I have got a glimpse of a method of causing a piston rod to move up and down perpendicularly by only fixing it to a piece of iron upon the beam, without chains or perpendicular guides [...] and one of the most ingenious simple pieces of mechanics I have invented."

The context of Watt's innovation has been described by C. G. Gibson:
 * During the Industrial Revolution, mechanisms for converting rotary into linear motion were widely adopted in industrial and mining machinery, locomotives and metering devices. Such devices had to combine engineering simplicity with a high degree of accuracy, and the ability to operate at speed for lengthy periods. For many purposes approximate linear motion is an acceptable substitute for exact linear motion. Perhaps the best known example is the Watt four bar linkage, invented by the Scottish engineer James Watt in 1784.

This type of linkage is one of several types described in Watt's 28 April 1784 patent specification. However, in his letter to Boulton he was actually describing a development of the linkage which was not included in the patent. The slightly later design, called a parallel motion linkage, led to a more convenient space-saving design which was actually used in his reciprocating, and his rotary, beam engines.

Shape traced by the linkage
This linkage does not generate a true straight line motion, and indeed Watt did not claim it did so. Rather, it traces out Watt's curve, a lemniscate or figure eight shaped curve; when the lengths of its bars and its base are chosen to form a crossed square, it traces the lemniscate of Bernoulli. In a letter to Boulton on 11 September 1784 Watt describes the linkage as follows. "The convexities of the arches, lying in contrary directions, there is a certain point in the connecting-lever, which has very little sensible variation from a straight line."

Although the Peaucellier–Lipkin linkage, Hart's inversor, and other straight line mechanisms generate true straight-line motion, Watt's linkage has the advantage of much greater simplicity than these other linkages. It is similar in this respect to the Chebyshev linkage, a different linkage that produces approximate straight-line motion; however, in the case of Watt's linkage, the motion is perpendicular to the line between its two endpoints, whereas in the Chebyshev linkage the motion is parallel to this line.

Double-acting piston
The earlier single-action beam engines used a chain to connect the piston to the beam and this worked satisfactorily for pumping water from mines, etc. However, for rotary motion a linkage that works both in compression and tension provides a better design and allows a double-acting cylinder to be used. Such an engine incorporates a piston acted upon by steam alternately on the two sides, hence doubling its power. The linkage actually used by Watt (also invented by him) in his later rotary beam engines was called the parallel motion linkage, a development of "Watt's linkage", but using the same principle. The piston of the engine is attached to the central point of the linkage, allowing it to act on the two outer beams of the linkage both by pushing and by pulling. The nearly linear motion of the linkage allows this type of engine to use a rigid connection to the piston without causing the piston to bind in its containing cylinder. This configuration also results in a smoother motion of the beam than the single-action engine, making it easier to convert its back-and-forth motion into rotation.

An example of Watt's linkage can be found on the high and intermediate pressure piston rod of the 1865 Crossness engines. In these engines, the low pressure piston rod uses the more conventional parallel motion linkage, but the high and intermediate pressure rod does not connect to the end of the beam so there is no requirement to save space.

Vehicle suspension

Watt's linkage is used in the rear axle of some car suspensions as an improvement over the Panhard rod, which was designed in the early twentieth century. Both methods are intended to prevent relative sideways motion between the axle and body of the car. Watt's linkage approximates a vertical straight-line motion much more closely, and it does so while consistently locating the centre of the axle at the vehicle's longitudinal centreline, rather than toward one side of the vehicle as would be the case if a simple Panhard rod were used.

It consists of two horizontal rods of equal length mounted at each side of the chassis. In between these two rods, a short vertical bar is connected. The center of this short vertical rod – the point which is constrained in a straight line motion - is mounted to the center of the axle. All pivoting points are free to rotate in a vertical plane.

In a way, Watt's linkage can be seen as two Panhard rods mounted opposite each other. In Watt's arrangement, however, the opposing curved movements introduced by the pivoting Panhard rods largely balance each other in the short vertical rotating bar.

The linkage can be inverted, in which case the centre P is attached to the body, and L1 and L3 mount to the axle. This reduces the unsprung mass and changes the kinematics slightly. This arrangement was used on Australian V8 Supercars until the end of the 2012 season.

Watt's linkage can also be used to prevent axle movement in the longitudinal direction of the car. This application involves two Watt's linkages on each side of the axle, mounted parallel to the driving direction, but just a single 4-bar linkage is more common in racing suspension systems.

title: Watt's linkage


text:
Above and Beyond

Above and Beyond may refer to:

Film

 * Above and Beyond (1952 film), a 1952 film about World War II American pilot Paul Tibbets and the atomic bombing of Hiroshima
 * Above and Beyond (2014 film), a 2014 film about World War II veteran pilots who defended the nascent state of Israel in 1948

Music

 * Above & Beyond (band), an English trance music group formed in 2000
 * Above & Beyond (album), a 1999 live album by jazz musician Freddie Hubbard
 * "Above and Beyond" (song), a 1960 country music song written by Harlan Howard

Other

 * Above and Beyond (miniseries), a 2006 Canadian mini series about World War II Atlantic ferry operations
 * above&beyond (magazine), a Canadian magazine
 * Above & Beyond Children's Museum, Sheboygan, Wisconsin
 * Above and Beyond Party, UK political party established in 2015

title: Above and Beyond


text: User talk:67.9.127.254

title: User talk:67.9.127.254


text:
CQ (call)

CQ is a station code used by wireless operators derived from long established telegraphic practice on undersea cables and landlines, particularly used by those communicating in Morse code,, but also by voice operators, to make a general call (called a CQ call). Transmitting the letters CQ on a particular radio frequency means that the transmission is a broadcast or "General Call" to anyone listening, and when the operator sends "K" or says "Go Ahead" it is an invitation for any licensed radio station listening on that frequency to respond. Its use on radio matched the existing use on Morse landline telegraphy and dates from the earliest wireless stations. It was widely used in point-to-point diplomatic and press services, maritime, aviation, and police services until those services eliminated Morse radiotelegraphy. It is still widely used in amateur radio which still has active use of Morse radiotelegraphy.

History and usage
The CQ station code was originally used by land line and undersea cable telegraphy operators in the United Kingdom. An early land line reference to CQ is contained in Electrical Tables and Formulæ: For Use of Telegraph Inspectors and Operators (1871), which lists "The call for 'all stations' (C Q)...". Additionally, in 1884 the telegraphic station code "CQ" was mentioned in The Practical Telegraphist (1884), which lists "CQ all stations"; and The Telegraphist (August 1884).

International Morse  was adopted by the Marconi Company in 1904 for use in wireless telegraphy, at that time via spark-gap transmitters, and was adopted internationally at the London 1912 International Radiotelegraph Convention, and is still in use.

A variant of the ' call, ', was the first code used as a distress signal. It was proposed by the Marconi Company and adopted in 1904, but was replaced between 1906 and 1908 by the $\overline{}$ prosign. When the Titanic sank in 1912, it initially transmitted the distress call ' (with ' being the ship's call sign). Titanic 's radio operator subsequently alternated between ' and ' calls afterwards.

In amateur radio use, a ' call can be qualified by appending more letters, as in ' (meaning "calling all stations located on a different continent from the caller"), or the ITU call sign prefix for a particular country (e.g. ' for "calling Australia" or ' for "calling Japan"). The originator of the call is normally identified by appending the letters  (French for "from", also means "this is ...") and the call sign of the transmitting station. Another common qualifier is , followed by the sender's station ID, which is used in ham radio contests. When using CW mode, unattended receivers connected to a computer my automatically decode the signal and log it on the Reverse Beacon Network.

In the use of single-sideband (SSB) voice or CW mode (morse code telegraphy), an amateur radio operator often makes a general call by transmitting ' repeatedly (such as ') so that other operators scanning for such calls are aided by the familiar rhythmic sound in quickly discriminating distant (weak signal) general callers from other traffic and spurious emissions. This technique allows the other operators to zero-in as close to the caller's center frequency using the human ear to fine-tune their transceiver before engaging the caller in a two-way communication.

The use of a CQ call is almost always used in single-sideband (SSB) voice or CW mode (morse code telegraphy). Unlike FM mode, in the SSB voice and CW mode areas of the amateur radio bands operators are free to center their transmissions where it is most optimal (such as away from adjacent traffic that can interfere) and not expected to use whole-number, divisible-by-five, or otherwise channelized center frequencies. CQ is in constant use on the amateur bands on shortwave but very rarely used in the FM voice mode of transmission or on FM repeaters common on the VHF and UHF local bands, since tuning of a repeater or FM signal does not require the aid of human perception to perfectly tune the signal.

The code "dah dit dah dit, dah dah dit dah" (the vocalization of ) was used as part of the chorus to the song "Communications" by Slim Gaillard.

title: CQ (call)


text:
Nissim Ze'ev

Nissim Mordechai Ze'ev (נסים מרדכי זאב; born 9 September 1951) is an Israeli politician. One of the founders of Shas, he served as Deputy Mayor of Jerusalem between 1983 and 1998, and as a member of Knesset from 1999 until 2015.

Biography
Ze'ev was born and resides in Jerusalem. He is married, and has a large family. He is a graduate of Porat Yosef Yeshiva, and was ordained to the Rabbinate. He has served as a Rabbi, Shochet, Mohel, and Chazzan in Israel and abroad.

He began his Torah activities in his youth when, in 1968, he established Torah youth clubs named "Irgun Yeladim Lomdei Torah" (Association of Children Who Study Torah). They were established in memory of the IDF soldiers who died when the INS Eilat was lost in 1967. Hundreds of students participated in this club in the afternoon studying "Ta'amei Hamikra" (Torah incantations), Psalms, Jewish Law, and Jewish Legend.

In 1971, Ze'ev served as a rabbi and shochet in the Ein HaEmek moshav. Three years later, he was sent abroad as a shochet and inspector on behalf of the Chief Rabbinate of Israel. He would ultimately spend five years away from Israel, going to Mexico City in 1977, to help establish the Aram Tzova Kollel, then to the "Sephardic Jewish Center" in Brooklyn, New York, where he served as rabbi and chazzan. In 1979, he returned to Israel to establish the "Nevat Israel" Institutes for Sephardic Jewish girls - ranging from kindergarten, to elementary schools, to high schools, and to a teaching seminary to train teachers and kindergarten teachers.

Political career
In the summer of 1983, he established a non-profit organization called the "Sephardic Association of Torah Observers", and served as its chairman. In addition to educational, cultural, and charitable activities, the association was involved in the selection of representatives to appear as a political list for the elections for local municipalities and the Knesset. The first meeting of the association convened shortly thereafter in the Yesodei Torah Yeshiva in Jerusalem. Participants included the president of the Torah Elders Council, Chief Rabbi Ovadia Yosef, as well as Rabbi Shalom Cohen, Rabbi Yehuda Tzadka (Head of the Porat Yoseph Yeshiva), and Rabbi Shabtai Aton. With their blessings, the Shas party ran for the first time for the local elections in Jerusalem, with Ze'ev at its head, and succeeded in winning three seats. Between 1983 and 1998, Ze'ev served as deputy mayor of Jerusalem in charge of the Welfare Department, as well as chairman of the Allotments of Land for Public Institutes and chairman of the Exemption Committee for Arnona. He was a candidate in the 1993 Jerusalem mayoral election, but finished third with only 5% of the vote.

In 1999, Ze'ev was elected to the Knesset on the Shas list, and was re-elected in 2003, 2006, 2009, and 2013. During his time in the Knesset, he served as a member of the Knesset Committee, the Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee, the Constitution, Law, and Justice Committee, and the Committee on Interior Affairs. In the 17th Knesset (2006–2009), he served as chairman of the Knesset Committee on the War Against Drugs and Alcohol, coordinating with all the relevant agencies and holding many meetings which led to a body of legislation to fight drug and alcohol abuse.

He was not included in the Shas list for the 2015 elections after being removed from the list by Shas leader Aryeh Deri.

Views
Ze'ev is known for his strong opposition to the evacuation of Jews from Israeli settlements. To advance this cause, he established the Knesset Caucus for Israel, Judaism, and Global Ethics, and presented legislative proposals to prevent the evacuation of settlers against their will. Among the other laws initiated by him are the Law to Increase Child Allotments, the Law to Punish Terrorists, the Abortion Law, the Incitement Law, and the Law to Recognize the Rights of Jewish Refugees from Arab Lands.

In June 2007, he compared homosexuals to drug addicts, and suggested that rehabilitation centers be set up for them throughout Israel, saying: "The government should initiate this; these people are unfortunate, and we must keep an eye on them to assist them... I am not speaking of a closed institution, but of a center that will accept anyone who walks through its doors... We must set up special teams of psychologists, psychiatrists, and social workers who will help them return to a normal life, just like in a drug rehabilitation center."

He also claimed that gay people must be made aware of "how their lifestyle is destroying our existence", and that MKs "propose numerous bills to help barren women become more fertile, but on the other hand, we allow this immorality".

title: Nissim Ze'ev