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Royal Free Hospital

The Royal Free Hospital (also known simply as the Royal Free) is a major teaching hospital in the Hampstead area of the London Borough of Camden. The hospital is part of the Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, which also runs services at Barnet Hospital, Chase Farm Hospital and a number of other sites. The trust is a founder member of the UCLPartners academic health science centre.

Early history

What became the Royal Free Hospital was founded in 1828 by the surgeon William Marsden to provide free care to those of little means. It is said that one evening, Marsden found a young girl lying on the steps of St. Andrew Church, Holborn, dying from disease and hunger and sought help for her from one of the nearby hospitals. However, none would take the girl in and she died two days later. After this experience Marsden set up a small dispensary at 16 Greville Street, Holborn, called the London General Institution for the Gratuitous Care of Malignant Diseases. The hospital became the London Free Hospital in 1833, and the Free Hospital in 1835. A royal charter was granted by Queen Victoria in 1837 to what then became the Royal Free Hospital, after it was the only hospital to stay open during the 1826–1837 cholera epidemic and had cared for many victims.

As demand for in-patient facilities increased the hospital moved to the former barracks of the Light Horse Volunteers in Gray's Inn Road in 1844. The north wing of the former barracks, which was rebuilt and renamed the Sussex Wing after Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex, a benefactor of the hospital, re-opened in 1856 and the south wing, which was rebuilt and renamed the Victoria Wing after Queen Victoria, re-opened in 1879. Meanwhile, the western elevation on Gray's Inn Road, which was rebuilt and renamed the Alexandra Building after the Princess of Wales, was re-opened by the Prince and Princess of Wales in July 1895. Some additional land was purchased and used to develop the Helena Building, named after Princess Helena: the building was completed in 1915 and served as the Royal Free Military Hospital for officers during the latter stages of the First World War before becoming the maternity wing after the war. The Eastman Dental Clinic opened in a building adjacent to the main hospital in 1929. The Victoria Wing was badly damaged by a V-1 flying bomb in July 1944 during the Second World War.

Royal Free disease
In 1955 an apparent outbreak of an infectious illness, involving fever and subsequent persisting fatigue along with other symptoms, affected 292 members of staff and forced the hospital's closure between 25 July and 5 October. There was subsequently some debate as to whether the episode was of an infectious cause, or just an example of mass hysteria. The outbreak was later found to have been a notable case in the UK of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, and resulted in the coining of the disease's name.

Move to Hampstead
By the late 1960s the site on Gray's Inn Road had become too cramped, and a modern 12-storey cruciform tower block was built in Pond Street, Hampstead on the site of the former Hampstead General Hospital founded by William Heath Strange. It opened in 1974, and was officially opened by the Queen in 1978 on the Royal Free's 150th anniversary.

Meanwhile, the Eastman Dental Hospital took over the whole of the Gray's Inn Road site. The Royal Free was the first hospital in the UK to appoint a consultant in HIV medicine, in 1989. Professor Margaret Johnson, a specialist in thoracic medicine, built the Royal Free Centre for HIV Medicine, which is at the forefront of treatment of HIV-AIDS. The out-patients' centre was opened in 1992 by the actor Sir Ian McKellen and is named after the actor Ian Charleson.

MMR vaccine controversy
In February 1998, the Royal Free held a press conference to coincide with the publication in The Lancet of a paper by Andrew Wakefield who claimed to have found a possible link between the MMR vaccine and autism. This started a controversy which led to a crisis in public confidence over MMR and a fall in uptake of the vaccine. Wakefield left the medical school in October 2001 and was later struck off the UK medical register by the General Medical Council following an investigation by The Sunday Times newspaper into the MMR issue.

Ekweremadu organ trafficking case
In February 2022 a Nigerian male was presented to a private renal unit at the Royal Free hospital, in an attempt to persuade doctors to carry out an £80,000 kidney transplant. For a fee, a medical secretary at the hospital acted as an interpreter between the man and the doctors, to try to convince them he was an altruistic donor. Later, Ike Ekweremadu was convicted of organ trafficking, along with his wife Beatrice, and a doctor, Obinna Obeta, with the aim of harvesting the man’s kidney for Ekweremadu's daughter, Sonia. The court heard that Chris Agbo, an NHS consultant nephrologist at Hinchingbrooke hospital in Cambridgeshire, was paid by the Ekweremadus to facilitate the proposed transplant. Agbo also helped arrange a previous successful kidney transplant at the Royal Free, involving another man suspected of being trafficked from Nigeria, the jury was told.

Education
For a long time, the Royal Free was the only London hospital allowing women to study medicine, forming an association with the London School of Medicine for Women, under which women from the school completed their clinical studies at the hospital, from 1877. Under the Deanship of Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, one of the school's founders, it became part of the University of London and in 1896 became known as the London Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine for Women. In 1998 it merged with the University College Hospital's medical school to form the Royal Free and University College Medical School, renamed the UCL Medical School in 2008.

Facilities
The Royal Free Hospital has a high-level isolation unit equipped to treat highly infectious diseases such as Ebola virus disease. In 2014, the British nurse William Pooley was successfully treated for Ebola virus disease at the unit. In December 2014, Pauline Cafferkey, a British health worker diagnosed with Ebola in Glasgow was transferred to the unit for treatment. The unit has also previously been used to treat a patient with Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever.

Significant advances in the fields of liver medicine (hepatology) and transplantation; renal disease and dialysis; haematology and haemophilia have been made at the Royal Free, and the trust now treats all patients needing dialysis in north and central London. The department of liver medicine is recognised as one of the leading research units of its type in the world: it was founded by Professor Dame Sheila Sherlock.

Performance
The hospital was rated 'good' by the Care Quality Commission in September 2017. In a report of the Care Quality Commission completed in May 2019, Royal Free Hospital's overall surgical safety rating was downgraded from "good" to "requires improvement", due to a "large number" of "never events"—incidents so serious they should never have happened—which were partially related to "poor behaviours" by a few consultants at the Royal Free London NHS Trust and failures of the Trust's management.

Transport
The Royal Free is near Belsize Park tube station and Hampstead Heath railway station, and on several bus routes. There are limited car parking facilities.

Notable staff
Rachael Annie Cox-Davies, matron from 1905 to 1922 and founding member of the Royal College of Nursing

title: Royal Free Hospital


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Lituites

Lituites is an extinct nautiloid genus from the Middle Ordovician and type for the Lituitidae (a tarphycerid family) that in some more recent taxonomies has been classified with the orthocerids and listed under the order Lituitida. Fossils have been found in New York, Argentina, Norway, Sweden, Estonia, and China.

Lituites produced a shell with a planospirally coiled juvenile portion at the apex, reflective of its tarphycerid ancestry, followed by a long, moderately expanding, generally straight, orthoconic adult section with a subdorsal siphuncle connecting the chambers. The adult body chamber may equal or exceed the length of the chambered part of the orthoconic section. The mature aperture has a pair of pronounced ventrolateral lappets and a similar but shorter pair of dorsolateral lappets. Lituites gives its name to the term "lituiticone" which refers to a shell that is coiled in the early growth stage and later becomes uncoiled.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lituites


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Datel

Datel (previously Datel Electronics) is a UK-based electronics and game console peripherals manufacturer. The company is best known for producing a wide range of hardware and peripherals for home computers in the 1980s, for example replacement keyboards for the ZX Spectrum, the PlusD disk interface (originally designed and sold by Miles Gordon Technology) and the Action Replay series of video game cheating devices.

Datel was founded by Mike Connors, who still runs the company and was featured in the Sunday Times Rich List as one of the UK's top thousand richest people.

1980s
Datel started off selling AM CB radio transceivers in the UK. These AM-band radios were made illegal in the UK and even the importing of them was deemed illegal until 1981. Datel then started to import the CB radios in component form and build them up.

The company started to manufacture products related to home computers that were popular in the 1980s such as the Commodore 64, Amstrad CPC and ZX Spectrum. Such devices included light pens and memory expansion. One of their first commercial successes was joystick interfaces for the ZX Spectrum.

The greatest commercial success of Datel was the Action Replay, first for the Commodore 64 and then the Amiga. The Commodore 64 version was designed by Richard Bond, with six versions ultimately developed in all. The Amiga version was authored by two German students, Olaf Boehm and Joerg Zanger, who had been inspired by the Commodore 64 version.

The Commodore 64 and Amiga Action Replays included the ability to save the entire contents of a home computer's memory to floppy disk or compact audio cassette, and then to reload very quickly. This proved extremely popular with people, especially when the Commodore 64 could take 20 minutes to load a game from notoriously unreliable tape. It also did not escape people's attention that they could use Action Replays to copy games. The name Action Replay referred to the fact that could instantly restart a game from the position that had saved it. The OCP Art Studio painting software was also successful, in part due to the bundled mouse, which was a novelty on 8-bit systems.

Another feature the Amiga and Commodore 64 versions had in common was the ability to add POKEs, or cheats. They also had a system for finding pokes called a Pokefinder, or trainer.

1990s
The rise of the IBM PC and the x86 standard to personal computer market dominance changed Datel's traditional PC clients' fortunes; Commodore International, maker of Amiga and Commodore 64 computers filed for bankruptcy in 1994, Sinclair was sold to Amstrad in a bid to save its market share, and Miles Gordon Technology, a ZX Spectrum aftermarket accessory manufacturer sold their PlusD drive to Datel to finance their struggling SAM Coupé project.

By the mid-1990s, desktop computers —until then the exclusive medium of 3D games— were giving way to a new generation of polygon-capable, CD-based home consoles. Datel took the Pokes and Pokefinder features of the earlier Action Replays and created Action Replay for the Sega Mega Drive. This was followed shortly after by the Action Replay Pro, which used a superior system sometimes referred to as RAM stuffing. This, combined with a built-in Trainer, allowed users to easily find their own codes.

The Action Replay was in competition for some time with Codemasters' Game Genie, which was distributed by Galoob. At first, Codemasters tried to protect the Game Genie as they had filed a patent on cartridge cheat devices. Datel defended this by saying that they had been cheating at games since long before the Game Genie existed. Action Replay improved on the Game Genie's functionality by adding an enable/disable switch. The cheat codes, at the time, were published in a more logical hexadecimal format compared with Codemasters' obfuscated system. This meant that users, along with the trainer, could make their own cheat codes.

Ultimately Codemasters and Galoob dropped the Game Genie entirely leaving Datel as the only cheat device manufacturer in the world.

Datel initially struggled to maintain a presence in the North American market, but in late 1995 they signed a deal with InterAct Accessories. InterAct acquired the rights to production and distribution of Datel's new cheat devices for the Sega Saturn and Sony PlayStation in North America, allowing Datel's products to reach the major retail chains for the first time.

2000s
After numerous unsuccessful attempts at breaking into the sizable US market, Datel found an American partner, InterAct Accessories that was willing to distribute their products under a new name, GameShark. InterAct Accessories made cheat devices for most major consoles from the third through seventh generations. The GameShark's success helped InterAct dominate the video game accessory market with 70 percent share, the most successful being the ones for the Game Boy, and the PlayStation 1 and 2.

When InterAct's parent company, Recoton was going through financial difficulties, it decided to discontinue the GameShark name and website by the end of September 2002. In January 2003 Mad Catz acquired the GameShark brand for $5 million after Recoton went bankrupt. As a result, Datel started selling Action Replay products directly to the North American market. In addition to the Max Media Dock line, Datel also makes hard drive add-ons and wireless adapters for PSP, Nintendo DS and Wii. There is an active homebrew community surrounding the Max Media Dock for Nintendo DS.

In 2008, the company released the Wii Freeloader, which allows users to circumvent regional lockout on the Wii video game console.

In 2009 the TurboFire was released for the PS3. It has a modified design and offers turbo functions for the buttons. Unlike most aftermarket controllers the TurboFire uses Bluetooth and connects wirelessly to the PS3 without the need for an adapter.

Datel operated the TV station Max TV, on Sky Digital, Channel 675 until its closure in 2010.

Legal
In the 1990s, Sony filed a lawsuit in California court against Datel Electronics and Interact Accessories. Datel had allegedly logged on using Interact Accessories' Sony developer user name and password and accessed official developer software from an IP that resolved to datel.co.uk. The case was settled out of court.

In early 2009, Sony filed a suit against Datel for its Lite Blue Tool. The product was a sequel to the Datel Tool battery, which acted like a Pandora battery which caused a Sony PlayStation Portable (PSP) to enter into Jigkick or Factory programming mode, allowing the execution of the boot code from a removable storage. The Lite Blue Tool compensated for the fact that the new factory mode was encrypted. Datel withdrew this product shortly after action was announced.

On 20 November 2009, Datel filed a legal complaint against Microsoft in the Northern District of California for violations of §§1–2 of the Sherman Antitrust Act and §3 of the Clayton Antitrust Act; for unfair competition; and for tortious interference with prospective economic advantage. In response, Microsoft has filed patent infringement suits over the styling of their wildfire controllers.

title: Datel


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Walter Laqueur

Walter Ze'ev Laqueur (26 May 1921 – 30 September 2018) was a German-born American historian, journalist and political commentator. He was an influential scholar on the subjects of terrorism and political violence.

Biography
Walter Laqueur was born in Breslau, Lower Silesia, Germany (today Wrocław, Poland), into a Jewish family. In November 1938 he left Germany, immigrating to the British Mandate of Palestine. His parents, who were unable to leave, were murdered in the Holocaust. After less than a year at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, he left to work as an agricultural laborer and guard. In 1942 he became a member of kibbutz HaZore'a.

Laqueur was married to Naomi Koch, with whom he had two daughters. His second wife was Christa Susi Genzen. Laqueur died at his home in Washington, D.C., on September 30, 2018.

Journalism and academic career
From 1944, when he moved to Jerusalem, until his departure in 1955 he worked as a journalist for the Hashomer Hatzair newspaper, Mishmar (later, Al HaMishmar), and for The Palestine Post (later, The Jerusalem Post). In addition, he was the Middle East correspondent for journals in the United States and a commentator on world politics for Israel radio.

After moving to London, Laqueur founded and edited Soviet Survey, a journal focusing on Soviet and East European culture. Survey was one of the numerous publications of the CIA-funded Congress for Cultural Freedom to counter Soviet Communist cultural propaganda in the West.

Laqueur was Director of the Institute of Contemporary History and the Wiener Library in London from 1965 to 1994. Together with George Mosse, he founded and edited Journal of Contemporary History. From 1969 he was a member, and later Chairman (until 2000), of the International Research Council of the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington. He was the founding editor of The Washington Papers. He was Professor of the History of Ideas at Brandeis University from 1968 to 1972, and at Georgetown University from 1976 to 1988. He was also a visiting professor of history and government at Harvard, the University of Chicago, Tel Aviv University and Johns Hopkins University.

Laqueur wrote extensively about the Middle East, the Arab-Israeli conflict, the German Youth Movement, Zionism, the cultural history of the Weimar Republic, Communism and the Soviet Union, the Holocaust, the Cold War, fascism, post-World War II Europe and the decline of Europe, antisemitism both ancient and new. He pioneered the study of guerrilla warfare and terrorism. After the fall of the Soviet Union, he predicted that Russia would not become a democracy but an authoritarian system based on nationalist populism. His books and articles, which were published in many American and Europeans newspapers and periodicals, have been translated into several languages.

Laqueur's book The Last Days of Europe is often cited as a segment of "Eurabia literature",   although in After the Fall he dismisses the "alarmist" notion of Eurabia as popularized by Oriana Fallaci.

Selected works
Articles
 * "Letters from Readers." Commentary, vol. 21, no. 2 (February 1956), pp. 183–185.
 * "Communism and Nationalism in Tropical Africa." Foreign Affairs, vol. 39, no. 4 (July 1961), pp. 610–621..
 * "Hollanditis: A New Stage in European Neutralism." Commentary (August 1981), pp. 19–29.
 * "The Future of Intelligence." Society, vol. 35, no. 2 (January/February 1998), pp. 301–311..
 * "Disraelia: A Counterfactual History, 1848-2008." Middle East Papers, no. 1 (April 1, 2008).

Books
 * Communism and Nationalism in the Middle East, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul 1956
 * Nasser's Egypt, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1957
 * The Soviet Cultural Scene, 1956–1957, co-edited with George Lichtheim, New York: Praeger, 1958
 * The Middle East in Transition: Studies in Contemporary History, New York: Praeger, 1958.
 * The Soviet Union and the Middle East. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1959..
 * Polycentrism: The New Factor in International Communism, co-edited with Leopold Labedz, New York: Praeger, 1962
 * Young Germany: A History of the German Youth Movement, New York: Basic Books, 1962
 * Heimkehr: Reisen in der Vergangenheit, Berlin, Propylaen Verlag, 1964
 * Neue Welle in der Sowjetunion: Beharrung und Fortschritt in Literatur und Kunst, Vienna: Europa Verlag, 1964
 * Russia and Germany: A Century of Conflict, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1965
 * 1914: The Coming of the First World War, co-edited with George L. Mosse, New York: Harper & Row, 1966
 * Education and Social Structure in the Twentieth Century, co-edited with George L. Mosse, New York: Harper & Row, 1967
 * The Fate of the Revolution: Interpretations of Soviet History, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1967
 * The Road to Jerusalem: The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1967, New York: Macmillan, 1968 (published in the UK as The Road to War, 1967: The Origins of the Arab-Israel Conflict, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1969)
 * The Israel-Arab Reader: A Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict, Pelican Books, 1969.
 * Linksintellektuelle zwischen den beiden Weltkriegen, co-written with George Mosse, Munich: Nymphenburger Verlagshandlung, 1969
 * The Struggle for the Middle East: The Soviet Union in the Mediterranean, 1958–1968, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969
 * Europe Since Hitler, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1970
 * A Dictionary of Politics, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1971 ISBN 0-297-00091-8
 * Out of the Ruins of Europe, New York: Library Press, 1971 ISBN 0-912050-01-2
 * A Reader's Guide to Contemporary History, co-edited with Bernard Krikler, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1972 ISBN 0-297-99465-4.
 * A History of Zionism, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1972 ISBN 0-03-091614-3
 * Neo-Isolationism and the World of the Seventies, New York: Library Press, 1972 ISBN 0-912050-38-1
 * Confrontation: The Middle East War and World Politics', London: Wildwood House, 1974 ISBN 0-7045-0096-5
 * Historians in Politics, co-edited with George L. Mosse, London: Sage Publications, 1974 ISBN 0-8039-9930-5
 * Weimar: A Cultural History, 1918–1933. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1974. ISBN 0297765744.
 * Fascism: A Reader's Guide: Analyses, Interpretations, Bibliography (editor). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976. ISBN 0520030338.
 * Terrorism, Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1977 ISBN 0-316-51470-5
 * Guerrilla: A Historical and Critical Study, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1977 ISBN 0-297-77184-1
 * The Guerrilla Reader: A Historical Anthology, editor, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1977 ISBN 0-87722-095-6
 * The Terrorism Reader: A Historical Anthology, editor, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1978 ISBN 0-87722-119-7
 * The Human Rights Reader, co-edited with Barry Rubin, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1979 ISBN 0-87722-170-7
 * A Continent Astray: Europe, 1970–1978, London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1979 ISBN 0-19-502510-5
 * The Missing Years [a novel], London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1980 ISBN 0 297 77707 6
 * Farewell to Europe [a novel], London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson,1981 ISBN 0 297 77870 6
 * The Terrible Secret: Suppression of the Truth about Hitler's Final Solution, Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1980 ISBN 0-316-51474-8
 * The Political Psychology of Appeasement: Finlandization and Other Unpopular Essays, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1980. ISBN 0-87855-336-3
 * The Second World War: Essays in Military and Political History, London: Sage Publications, 1982 ISBN 0-8039-9780-9
 * America, Europe, and the Soviet Union: Selected Essays, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1983 ISBN 0-87855-362-2
 * The Pattern of Soviet Conduct in the Third World, editor, New York: Praeger, 1983 ISBN 0-03-063944-1
 * Looking Forward, Looking Back: A Decade of World Politics, New York: Praeger, 1983 ISBN 0-03-063422-9
 * The Israel-Arab Reader: A Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict, co-edited with Barry Rubin, London and New York: Penguin Books, 1984 ISBN 0-14-022588-9
 * Germany Today: A Personal Report, Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1985 ISBN 0-316-51453-5
 * A World of Secrets: The Uses and Limits of Intelligence, New York: Basic Books, 1985 ISBN 0-465-09237-3
 * European Peace Movements and the Future of the Western Alliance, co-edited with Robert Hunter, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1985 ISBN 0-88738-035-2
 * Breaking The Silence, co-written with Richard Breitman, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986 ISBN 0-671-54694-5
 * The Fate of the Revolution: Interpretations of Soviet History from 1917 to the Present, New York: Scribner's, 1987 ISBN 0-684-18903-8
 * America in the World, 1962–1987: A Strategic and Political Reader, co-edited with Brad Roberts, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-01318-3
 * The Age of Terrorism, Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1987 ISBN 0-316-51478-0
 * The Long Road to Freedom: Russia and Glasnost, Collier Books, 1989, ISBN 0-02-034090-7
 * Soviet Realities: Culture and Politics from Stalin to Gorbachev, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1990 ISBN 0-88738-302-5
 * Stalin: The Glasnost Revelations, New York : Scribner's, 1990 ISBN 0-684-19203-9
 * Soviet Union 2000: Reform or Revolution?, co-written with John Erickson, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990 ISBN 0-312-04425-9
 * Thursday's Child Has Far to Go: A Memoir of the Journeying Years, New York: Scribner's, 1992 ISBN 0-684-19421-X
 * Europe in Our Time: A History, 1945–1992, New York: Viking, 1992 ISBN 0-670-83507-2
 * Black Hundred: The Rise of the Extreme Right in Russia, New York : Harper Collins, 1993 ISBN 0-06-018336-5
 * The Dream That Failed: Reflections on the Soviet Union, London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1994 ISBN 0-19-508978-2
 * Fascism: Past, Present, Future. London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. ISBN 0195092457 / ISBN 978-0195092455.
 * Fin de Siècle and Other Essays on America & Europe, New Brunswick, NJ, and London: Transaction Publishers, 1997 ISBN 1-56000-261-1
 * Guerrilla Warfare: A Historical and Critical Study, New Brunswick, NJ, and London: Transaction Publishers, 1997 ISBN 0-7658-0406-9
 * Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind, Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1998 ISBN 0-943875-89-7
 * The New Terrorism: Fanaticism and the Arms of Mass Destruction, London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1999 ISBN 0-19-511816-2
 * Generation Exodus: The Fate of Young Jewish Refugees From Nazi Germany. Hanover, NH; London: University Press of New England for Brandeis University Press, 2001. The Tauber Institute for the Study of European Jewry Series. ISBN 1584651067.
 * The Holocaust Encyclopedia, with Judith Tydor Baumel. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001. ISBN 0300084323.
 * A History of Terrorism. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2001. ISBN 0765807998.
 * Voices of Terror: Manifestos, Writings and Manuals of Al Qaeda, Hamas, and Other Terrorists from Around the World and Throughout the Ages. Naperville, Illinois: Sourcebooks, Inc., 2004. ISBN 1594290350.
 * No End to War: Terrorism in the Twenty-first Century. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2004.
 * Dying for Jerusalem: The Past, Present and Future of the Holiest City. Naperville, Illinois: Sourcebooks, Inc., 2006. ISBN 1402206321 / ISBN 978-1402206320.
 * The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day, London and New York: Oxford University Press, 2006 ISBN 0-19-530429-2
 * The Last Days of Europe: Epitaph for an Old Continent. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2007. ISBN 0312368704 / ISBN 978-0312368708.
 * Best of Times, Worst of Times: Memoirs of a Political Education. Lebanon, NH: Brandeis University Press, 2009. The Tauber Institute for the Study of European Jewry Series. ISBN 978-1584657989.
 * After the Fall: The End of the European Dream and the Decline of a Continent. New York: Macmillan, 2011. ISBN 978-1250000088.
 * Harvest of a Decade: Disraelia and Other Essays. Piscataway, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2012. ISBN 978-1412842327.
 * Optimism in Politics: Reflections on Contemporary History. Piscataway, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2014. ISBN 978-1412852661.
 * Putinism: Russia and its Future with the West. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2015.
 * The Israel-Arab Reader: A Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict, with Dan Schueftan. London and New York: Penguin Books, 2016. Eighth revised and updated edition.
 * The Future of Terrorism: ISIS, Al-Qaeda, and the Alt-Right, with Christopher Wall. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2018. Audiobook available.

Hearings/Testimony
 * Negotiation and Statecraft. Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee of Government Operations, United States Senate. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1973–1975.

title: Walter Laqueur


text:
Talk:Bernard Kerik

Untitled

 * Of course, it must be kept in mind that "being assigned to the most substantial narcotic investigations(sic) in the history of the department" is not quite the same as "heading up" the investigation. What was Kerik's role?  Was he a lead detective on the case or just a "gopher" for the more experienced detectives?

Please attribute POV to the source which asserts or advocates it. If you personally doubt a source, you can't just say so in the body of the article; that's what this talk page is for. But if you can find somebody else who is a quotable authority and who doubts the other source, you are eagerly invited to add this info into the article. --user:Ed Poor (talk) 21:01, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

The Police Commissioner of the City of New York was Kerik's title and a page that should be created. Changing it to simple "police commission" when that apparently doesn't warrant a page either seems kind of pointless. --The[[User Talk:TheGrza| Grza ]] 01:49, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * I changed it to Police commissioner of the City of New York . Given that police commission has no article and that police commission of new york city has no article, what are the odds that someone is actually going to create  Police Commissioner of the City of New York in the near future?  At least the link I changed it to had some prospect of a useful article being written for it someday soon.  Or, are you planning to write that specific article? Wolfman 02:30, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Actually, the main reason I changed it was because I started researching the police commissioner of the City of New York. It's slow going, which is probably why there isn't an article, but I think a position of such importance and visibility deserves an article soon. --The[[User Talk:TheGrza| Grza ]] 08:15, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)

does he have kids?
Three questions: How many kids does he have and how old? Is he still married?

He's been married since '98 to a woman named Hala, a Syrian immigrant. At the time of his nomination to run DHS, they had two children, who could have been born anytime between 1999 and 2003, I suppose. She's the third Mrs. Kerik--apparently, he expunged all evidence of marriage no. 1 from the public record and even his best friends didn't know about it until evidence emerged when the wheels fell off the nomination wagon. Andrewjnyc 04:27, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

Categories
What is the evidence that he is an Autodidact or a Commander of the Order of the British Empire, as implied by the Categories assigned? Bejnar 21:03, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

Dunno about the former, but Giuliani recieved an honorary knighthood and Kerik and Thomas Von Essen (NYC fire commissioner at the time of 9/11) were named honorary OBEs on Queen Elizabeth's New Years Honours list in 2002.  Andrewjnyc 04:27, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

Jail renaming/unnaming
The article should probably include info about how the Manhattan jail was renamed in his honor by Giuliani, then unceremoniously de-named in the middle of the night on July 1 or 2 2006 following his guilty plea. I would expect the best place to add this would be in the sentence following the description of said plea. I can do the honors if no-one else steps up in the next day or so.Andrewjnyc 04:33, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

Dollar amounts
I think that the dollar amounts of the loan and gift are important to state, so that readers will neither exaggerate, nor belittle, the size of the infractions. Bejnar 03:39, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

Military experience
I am curious to find out what kind of training an MP (who only serves 3 years) can offer to Special Forces personnel that would be worthy of noting? I seriously doubt an MP with so little time in service would would be instructing SOF personnel on tactics. What was it that he trained these highly skilled operators how to do? Please show me the light...

See the section below about his tenure at the Interior Ministry. Apparently Kerik was little more than a strutting blowhard. 152.31.193.132 14:40, 22 September 2006 (UTC)Black Max, 9-21-06

In Guiliani's book "Leadership", he states that Kerik provided martial arts instruction to Special Forces. Elsewhere in the Wikipedia article it does note Kerik martial arts skill levels. --Purpleslog 02:49, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

According to his autobiography and several areas on the web, he has been in martial arts since he was 13, earned his black belt by 16 and today is a 5th degree master instructor. The JFK center at Ft. Bragg, supposedly trains special operations personnel in hand to hand combat. Found some interesting kicking photos in Flickr.

So from 1974-1977 he's 19-22 years old and yet he's teaching hand-to-hand combat tactics to SF personnel? Yeah right, just a bunch of ignorant Kerik fanboys backing this claim. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 153.31.113.21 (talk) 22:43, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

New information about Kerik's term as head of Iraq's Interior Ministry
I thought this article had some interesting facts that should be included into this article. 12.40.175.229 18:22, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

Actually, the entire section on his "service" with the Iraqi Interior Ministry needs to be revamped. According to a new book by Washington Post reporter Rajiv Chandrasekaran, "Imperial Life in the Emerald City," Kerik was little more than a showboat who spent his brief time in Iraq bloviating about his celebrity as a 9/11 hero, taking part in some raids without actually contributing anything or risking his own neck -- "Kerik never left the car. He stayed inside the armored car," Burke told the Daily News. "Some questioned his courage." -- and actually doing nothing positive. He left the country after little more than three months to "decompress" by jetsetting in Europe.

The book is excerpted in this article:

While this needs to be written in an unbiased and non-partisan manner, it certainly needs to be covered. 152.31.193.132 14:38, 22 September 2006 (UTC)Black Max, 9-21-06

would like to email Bernard Kerik
Good day I have read his book "The Lost Boy" I would like to e-mail him to let him know that I really cried when I read the book. I am also a daughter who the Government took my mom and she died when I was younger. Thank you Judy Franey e-mail: qupak@northwestel.net

I am a Canadian —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.189.224.189 (talk) 22:17, 29 March 2009 (UTC)

Why is the "WTC American Flag" section here
Kerik didn't find the flag or do anything notable with it that I can detect. Why is it discussed on this page? Uucp (talk) 22:47, 20 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I also couldn't see the revelance, so I've transferred it to World Trade Centre. MickMacNee (talk) 18:16, 5 November 2009 (UTC)

Personal Life
The introduction to this "Personal Life" section is garbled. "Kerik's first child was a daughter born out of wedlock, when he was 19 and serving in South Korea as a military policeman. The daughter, Lisa Marie Jordan, married to no son in law Joshua Jordan, having two grand children from that marriage, was born in October 1975. Her mother is a woman identified as Yi Yun Cha. In February 1976, Kerik completed his tour of duty in South Korea and was transferred back to the United States, leaving both women behind. In his autobiography, Kerik called the episode 'a mistake I will always regret, and I pray to God that one day I can make it right.' In December, 2001, Kerik and his daughter Lisa re-united after 26 years of separation. From his daughter, he has two grandchildren." I cannot find authority for these statements so I don't know how to fix this. -- Komowkwa (talk) 01:05, 27 April 2010 (UTC)

The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States
I would submit that Wikipedia is not the proper forum for republication of minor submissions of every crackpot and/or felon who testified before the committee. For example, the testimony of Kerick includes the following: "There must be internal monitoring systems that will insure efficiency and accountability with regard to information sharing and communications." Obviously, the signal-to-noise ratio in this sentence is very low. It is just a string of bureaucratic buzzwords. I attempt to bring greater precision and a degree of conciseness to this section was immediately reverted as vandalism. Wikipedia is devolving into a cut-and-paste operation with no attempt at thoughtful editorial control -- merely the petty exercise of power by "moderators." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.30.69.83 (talk) 03:07, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

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Lead sentence shouldn't include felon
Why is convicted felon in the first sentence, over former NYC Police Commissioner or DHS nominee? Is it typical on Wikileaks to include this in the first sentence for convicted felons? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.104.3.155 (talk) 20:21, 19 November 2019 (UTC)

pardon is notable event that deserves its own paragraph
The sentence about the recent pardon should be the start of a new paragraph.

The pardon also makes "convicted criminal" (as the second item!) in the lede even more ridiculous POV than it had been until now. 73.149.246.232 (talk) 00:20, 20 February 2020 (UTC)

To add to article
To add to this article: Kerik was involved with the 2021 United States Capitol attack, and was in the "war room" of the Willard Hotel in advance of the insurrection, helping to plan it. 173.88.246.138 (talk) 04:48, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

Relevance of last anecdote in Personal Life section
I am unsure of both the general relevance of the story about Kerik's appearance on the Shawn Ryan Show and its placement in this section. If anything, it seems as though this might be relevant to his career--not necessarily his personal life. It also seems questionable to me to include extensive quotes from an interview by an article's subject. I am a relatively novice Wikipedian, so if this is acceptable practice, I am happy to learn. Flawlessfrogs (talk) 13:36, 25 July 2023 (UTC)

 * I deleted it. It was sourced to a YouTube video and who is Shawn Ryan? WP:UNDUE. – Muboshgu (talk) 15:30, 25 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bernard Kerik


text: User talk:68.21.185.217

title: User talk:68.21.185.217


text:
FM- and TV-mast Klepaczka

The FM/TV Mast Wręczyca Wielka/Klepaczka is a 340 metre tall guyed mast for FM and TV situated at Klepaczka, Kłobuck County, Silesian Voivodeship in Poland. The FM/TV Mast Wręczyca Wielka/Klepaczka, which was built in 1997, is since the collapse of the Warsaw radio mast the fifth tallest structure in Poland. The site is also known as Wręczyca Transmitter.

title: FM- and TV-mast Klepaczka


text:
Charles Boycott

Charles Cunningham Boycott (12 March 1832 – 19 June 1897) was an English land agent whose ostracism by his local community in Ireland gave the English language the term boycott. He had served in the British Army 39th Foot, which brought him to Ireland. After retiring from the army, Boycott worked as a land agent for Lord Erne, a landowner in the Lough Mask area of County Mayo.

In 1880, as part of its campaign for the Three Fs (fair rent, fixity of tenure, and free sale) and specifically in resistance to proposed evictions on the estate, local activists of the Irish National Land League encouraged Boycott's employees (including the seasonal workers required to harvest the crops on Lord Erne's estate) to withdraw their labour, and began a campaign of isolation against Boycott in the local community. This campaign included shops in nearby Ballinrobe refusing to serve him, and the withdrawal of services. Some were threatened with violence to ensure compliance.

Opposition to the campaign against Boycott became a cause célèbre in the British press after he wrote a letter to The Times. Newspapers sent correspondents to the West of Ireland to highlight what they viewed as the victimisation of a servant of a peer of the realm by Irish nationalists. Fifty Orangemen from County Cavan and County Monaghan travelled to Lord Erne's estate to harvest the crops, while a regiment of the 19th Royal Hussars and more than 1,000 men of the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) were deployed to protect the harvesters. The episode was estimated to have cost the British government and others at least £10,000 to harvest about £500 worth of crops.

Boycott left Ireland on 1 December 1880, and in 1886, became land agent for Hugh Adair's Flixton estate in Suffolk. He died at the age of 65 on 19 June 1897 in his home in Flixton, after an illness earlier that year.

Early life and family
Charles Cunningham Boycott was born in 1832 to Reverend William Boycatt and his wife Georgiana. He grew up in the village of Burgh St Peter in Norfolk, England; the Boycatt family had lived in Norfolk for almost 150 years. They were of Huguenot origin, and had fled from France in 1685 when Louis XIV revoked civil and religious liberties to French Protestants. Charles Boycott was named Boycatt in his baptismal records. The family changed the spelling of its name from Boycatt to Boycott in 1841.

Boycott was educated at a boarding school in Blackheath, London. He was interested in the military—and in 1848, entered the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, in hopes of serving in the Corps of Royal Sappers and Miners. He was discharged from the academy in 1849 after failing a periodic exam, and the following year his family bought him a commission in the 39th Foot regiment for £450.

Boycott's regiment transferred to Belfast shortly after his arrival. Six months later, it was sent to Newry before marching to Dublin, where it remained for a year. In 1852, Boycott married Anne Dunne in St Paul's Church, Arran Quay, Dublin. He was ill between August 1851 and February 1852 and sold his commission the following year, but decided to remain in Ireland. He leased a farm in County Tipperary, where he acted as a landlord on a small scale.

Life on Achill Island

After receiving an inheritance, Boycott was persuaded by his friend, Murray McGregor Blacker, a local magistrate, to move to Achill Island, a large island off the coast of County Mayo. McGregor Blacker agreed to sublet 2000 acres of land belonging to the Irish Church Mission Society on Achill to Boycott, who moved there in 1854. According to Joyce Marlow in the book Captain Boycott and the Irish, Boycott's life on the island was difficult initially, and in Boycott's own words it was only after "a long struggle against adverse circumstances" that he became prosperous. With money from another inheritance and profits from farming, he built a large house near Dooagh.

Boycott was involved in a number of disputes while on Achill. Two years after his arrival, he was unsuccessfully sued for assault by Thomas Clarke, a local man. Clarke said that he had gone to Boycott's house because Boycott owed him money. He said that he had asked for repayment of the debt, and that Boycott had refused to pay him and told him to go away, which Clarke refused to do. Clarke alleged that Boycott approached him and said: "If you do not be off, I will make you." Clarke later withdrew his allegations, and said that Boycott did not actually owe him any money.

Both Boycott and McGregor Blacker were involved in a protracted dispute with Mr Carr, the agent for the Achill Church Mission Estate, from whom McGregor Blacker leased the lands, and Mr O'Donnell, Carr's bailiff. The dispute began when Boycott and Carr supported different sets of candidates in elections for the Board of Guardians to the Church Mission Estate, and Boycott's candidates won. Carr was also the local receiver of wrecks, which meant that he was entitled to collect the salvage from all shipwrecks in the area, and guard it until it was sold in a public auction. The local receiver had a right to a percentage of the sale and to keep whatever did not sell. In 1860 Carr wrote a letter to the Official Receiver of Wrecks stating that Boycott and his men had illegally broken up a wreck and moved the salvage to Boycott's property. In response to this accusation, Boycott sued Carr for libel and claimed £500 in damages.

Life in Lough Mask before controversy

In 1873, Boycott moved to Lough Mask House, owned by Lord Erne, four miles (6 km) from Ballinrobe in County Mayo. The 3rd Earl of Erne was a wealthy Ulster landowner who lived at Crom Castle, a country house near Newtownbutler in the south-east of County Fermanagh. He owned 40386 acre of land in Ireland, of which 31,389 were in County Fermanagh, 4,826 in County Donegal, 1,996 in County Sligo, and 2,184 in County Mayo. Lord Erne also owned properties in Dublin.

Boycott agreed to be Lord Erne's agent for 1500 acre he owned in County Mayo. One of Boycott's responsibilities was to collect rents from tenant farmers on the land, for which he earned ten per cent of the total rent due to Lord Erne, which was £500 each year. In his roles as farmer and agent, Boycott employed numerous local people as labourers, grooms, coachmen, and house-servants. Joyce Marlow wrote that Boycott had become set in his mode of thought, and that his twenty years on Achill had "...strengthened his innate belief in the divine right of the masters, and the tendency to behave as he saw fit, without regard to other people's point of view or feelings."

During his time in Lough Mask before the controversy began, Boycott had become unpopular with the tenants. He had become a magistrate and was an Englishman, which may have contributed to his unpopularity, but according to Marlow it was due more to his personal temperament. While Boycott himself maintained that he was on good terms with his tenants, they said that he had laid down many petty restrictions, such as not allowing gates to be left open and not allowing hens to trespass on his property, and that he fined anyone who transgressed these restrictions. He had also withdrawn privileges from the tenants, such as collecting wood from the estate. In August 1880, his labourers went on strike in a dispute over a wage increase.

Historical background

In the nineteenth century, agriculture was the biggest industry in Ireland. In 1876, the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland commissioned a survey to find who owned the land in Ireland. The survey found that almost all land was the property of just 10,000 people, or 0.2 per cent of the population. The majority were small landlords, but the 750 richest landlords owned half of the country between them. Many of the richest were absentee landlords who lived in Britain or elsewhere in Ireland, and paid agents like Charles Boycott to manage their estates.

Landlords generally divided their estates into smaller farms that they rented to tenant farmers. Tenant farmers were generally on one-year leases, and could be evicted even if they paid their rents. Some of the tenants were large farmers who farmed over 100 acre, but the majority were much smaller—on average between 15 and 50 acres (0.06–0.20 km2). Many small farmers worked as labourers on the larger farms. The poorest agricultural workers were the landless labourers, who worked on the land of other farmers. Farmers were an important group politically, having more votes than any other sector of society.

In the 1850s, some tenant farmers formed associations to demand the three Fs: fair rent, fixity of tenure, and free sale. In the 1870s, the Fenians tried to organise the tenant farmers in County Mayo to resist eviction. They mounted a demonstration against a local landlord in Irishtown and succeeded in getting him to lower his rents.

Michael Davitt was the son of a small tenant farmer in County Mayo who became a journalist and joined the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB). He was arrested and given a 15-year sentence for gun-running. Charles Stewart Parnell, then Member of Parliament for Meath and member of the Home Rule League, arranged to have Davitt released on probation. When Davitt returned to County Mayo, he was impressed by the Fenians' attempts to organise farmers. He thought that the "land question" was the best way to get the support of the farmers for Irish independence.

In October 1879, after forming the Land League of Mayo, Davitt formed the Irish National Land League. The Land League's aims were to reduce rents and to stop evictions, and in the long term, to make tenant farmers owners of the land they farmed. Davitt asked Parnell to become the leader of the league. In 1880, Parnell was also elected leader of the Home Rule Party.

Parnell's speech in Ennis
On 19 September 1880, Parnell gave a speech in Ennis, County Clare, to a crowd of Land League members. He asked the crowd, "What do you do with a tenant who bids for a farm from which his neighbour has been evicted?" The crowd responded, "kill him", "shoot him". Parnell replied: "I wish to point out to you a very much better way – a more Christian and charitable way, which will give the lost man an opportunity of repenting. When a man takes a farm from which another has been evicted, you must shun him on the roadside when you meet him – you must shun him in the streets of the town – you must shun him in the shop – you must shun him on the fair green and in the market place, and even in the place of worship, by leaving him alone, by putting him in moral Coventry, by isolating him from the rest of the country, as if he were the leper of old – you must show him your detestation of the crime he committed."

This speech set out the Land League's powerful weapon of social ostracism, which was first used against Charles Boycott.

Community action
The Land League was very active in the Lough Mask area, and one of the local leaders, Father John O'Malley, had been involved in the labourer's strike in August 1880. The following month, Lord Erne's tenants were due to pay their rents. He had agreed to a 10 per cent reduction owing to a poor harvest, but all except two of his tenants demanded a 25 per cent reduction. Boycott said that he had written to Lord Erne, and that Erne had refused to accede to the tenants' demands. He then issued demands for the outstanding rents, and obtained eviction notices against eleven tenants.

Three days after Parnell's speech in Ennis, a process server and seventeen members of the RIC began the attempt to serve Boycott's eviction notices. Legally, they had to be delivered to the head of the household or his spouse within a certain time period. The process server successfully delivered notices to three of the tenants, but a fourth, Mrs Fitzmorris, refused to accept the notice and began waving a red flag to alert other tenants that the notices were being served. The women of the area descended on the process server and the constabulary, and began throwing stones, mud, and manure at them, succeeding in driving them away to seek refuge in Lough Mask House.

The process server tried unsuccessfully to serve the notices the following day. News soon spread to nearby Ballinrobe, from where many people descended on Lough Mask House, where, according to journalist James Redpath, they advised Boycott's servants and labourers to leave his employment immediately. Boycott said that many of his servants were forced to leave "under threat of ulterior consequences". Martin Branigan, a labourer who subsequently sued Boycott for non-payment of wages, claimed he left because he was afraid of the people who came into the field where he was working. Eventually, all Boycott's employees left, forcing him to run the estate without help.

Within days, the blacksmith, postman, and laundress were persuaded or volunteered to stop serving Boycott. Boycott's young nephew volunteered to act as postman, but he was intercepted en route between Ballinrobe and Lough Mask, and told that he would be in danger if he continued. Soon, shopkeepers in Ballinrobe stopped serving Boycott, and he had to bring food and other provisions by boat from Cong.

Newspaper coverage
Before October 1880, Boycott's situation was little known outside County Mayo. On 14 October of that year, Boycott wrote a letter to The Times about his situation: "THE STATE OF IRELAND

Sir, The following detail may be interesting to your readers as exemplifying the power of the Land League. On the 22nd September a process-server, escorted by a police force of seventeen men, retreated to my house for protection, followed by a howling mob of people, who yelled and hooted at the members of my family. On the ensuing day, September 23rd, the people collected in crowds upon my farm, and some hundred or so came up to my house and ordered off, under threats of ulterior consequences, all my farm labourers, workmen, and stablemen, commanding them never to work for me again. My herd has been frightened by them into giving up his employment, though he has refused to give up the house he held from me as part of his emolument. Another herd on an off farm has also been compelled to resign his situation. My blacksmith has received a letter threatening him with murder if he does any more work for me, and my laundress has also been ordered to give up my washing. A little boy, twelve years of age, who carried my post-bag to and from the neighbouring town of Ballinrobe, was struck and threatened on 27th September, and ordered to desist from his work; since which time I have sent my little nephew for my letters and even he, on 2nd October, was stopped on the road and threatened if he continued to act as my messenger. The shopkeepers have been warned to stop all supplies to my house, and I have just received a message from the post mistress to say that the telegraph messenger was stopped and threatened on the road when bringing out a message to me and that she does not think it safe to send any telegrams which may come for me in the future for fear they should be abstracted and the messenger injured. My farm is public property; the people wander over it with impunity. My crops are trampled upon, carried away in quantities, and destroyed wholesale. The locks on my gates are smashed, the gates thrown open, the walls thrown down, and the stock driven out on the roads. I can get no workmen to do anything, and my ruin is openly avowed as the object of the Land League unless I throw up everything and leave the country. I say nothing about the danger to my own life, which is apparent to anybody who knows the country.

CHARLES C. BOYCOTT

Lough Mask House, County Mayo, 14 October"

After the publication of this letter, Bernard Becker, special correspondent of the Daily News, travelled to Ireland to cover Boycott's situation. On 24 October, he wrote a dispatch from Westport that contained an interview with Boycott. He reported that Boycott had £500 worth of crops that would rot if help could not be found to harvest them. According to Becker, "Personally he is protected, but no woman in Ballinrobe would dream of washing him a cravat or making him a loaf. All the people have to say is that they are sorry, but that they 'dare not. Boycott had been advised to leave, but he told Becker that "I can hardly desert Lord Erne, and, moreover, my own property is sunk in this place." Becker's report was reprinted in the Belfast News-Letter and the Dublin Daily Express. On 29 October, the Dublin Daily Express published a letter proposing a fund to finance a party of men to go to County Mayo to save Boycott's crops. Between them, the Daily Express, The Daily Telegraph, Daily News, and News Letter raised £2,000 to fund the relief expedition.

Saving the crops
In Belfast in early November 1880, The Boycott Relief Fund was established to arrange an armed expedition to Lough Mask. Plans soon gained momentum, and within days, the fund had received many subscriptions. The committee had arranged with the Midland Great Western Railway for special trains to transport the expedition from Ulster to County Mayo. Many nationalists viewed the expedition as an invasion. The Freeman's Journal denounced the organisers of the expedition, and asked, "How is it that this Government do not consider it necessary to prosecute the promoters of these warlike expeditions?"

William Edward Forster, Chief Secretary for Ireland, made it clear in a communication with the proprietor of the Dublin Daily Express that he would not allow an armed expedition of hundreds of men, as the committee was planning, and that 50 unarmed men would be sufficient to harvest the crops. He said that the government would consider it their duty to protect this group. On 10 November 1880, the relief expedition from South Ulster, consisting of one contingent from County Cavan and one from County Monaghan, left for County Mayo. Additional troops had already arrived in County Mayo to protect the expedition. Boycott himself said that he did not want such a large number of South Ulstermen, as he had saved the grain harvest himself, and that only ten or fifteen labourers were needed to save the root crops. He feared that bringing a large number of Ulster Protestants into County Mayo could lead to sectarian violence. While local Land League leaders said that there would be no trouble from them if the aim was simply to harvest the crops, more extreme sections of the local population did threaten violence against the expedition and the troops.

The expedition from South Ulster experienced hostile protests on their route through County Mayo, but there was no violence, and they harvested the crops without incident. Rumours spread amongst the South Ulstermen that an attack was being planned on the farm, but none materialised.

Aftermath
On 27 November 1880, Boycott, his family and a local magistrate were escorted from Lough Mask House by members of the 19th Hussars. A carriage had been hired for the family, but no driver could be found for it, and an army ambulance and driver had to be used. The ambulance was escorted to Claremorris railway station, where Boycott and his family boarded a train to Dublin, where Boycott was received with some hostility. The hotel he stayed in received letters saying that it would be 'boycotted' if Boycott remained. He had intended to stay in Dublin for a week, but Boycott was advised to cut his stay short. He left Dublin for England on the Holyhead mail boat on 1 December.

The cost to the government of harvesting Boycott's crops was estimated at £10,000: in Parnell's words, "one shilling for every turnip dug from Boycott's land". In a letter requesting compensation to William Ewart Gladstone, then Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Boycott said that he had lost £6,000 of his investment in the estate.

'Boycotting' had strengthened the power of the peasants, and by the end of 1880 there were reports of boycotting from all over Ireland. The events at Lough Mask had also increased the power of the Land League, and the popularity of Parnell as a leader.

On 28 December 1880, Parnell and other Land League leaders were put on trial on charges of conspiracy to prevent the payment of rent. The trial attracted thousands of people onto the streets outside the court. A Daily Express reporter wrote that the court reminded him "more of the stalls of the theatre on opera night". On 24 January 1881, the judge dismissed the jury, it having been hung ten to two in favour of acquittal. Parnell and Davitt received this news as a victory.

After the boycotting, Gladstone discussed the issue of land reform, writing in an 1880 letter, "The subject of the land weighs greatly on my mind and I am working on it to the best of my ability." In December 1880, the Bessborough Commission, headed by The 6th Earl of Bessborough, recommended major land reforms, including the three Fs.

William Edward Forster argued that a Coercion Act—which would punish those who participated in events like those at Lough Mask, and would include the suspension of habeas corpus—should be introduced before any Land Act. Gladstone eventually accepted this argument. When Forster attempted to introduce the Protection of Person and Property Act 1881, Parnell and other Land League MPs attempted to obstruct its passage with tactics such as filibustering. One such filibuster lasted for 41 hours. Eventually, the Speaker of the house intervened, and a measure was introduced whereby the Speaker could control the house if there was a three to one majority in favour of the business being urgent. This was the first time that a check was placed on a debate in a British parliament. The act was passed on 28 February 1881. There was a negative reaction to the passing of the act in both England and Ireland. In England, the Anti-Coercion Association was established, which was a precursor to the Labour Party.

In April 1881 Gladstone introduced the Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881, in which the principle of the dual ownership of the land between landlords and tenants was established, and the three Fs introduced. The act set up the Irish Land Commission, a judicial body that would fix rents for a period of 15 years and guarantee fixity of tenure. According to The Annual Register, the act was "probably the most important measure introduced into the House of Commons since the passing of the Reform Bill".

The word boycott
According to James Redpath, the verb to boycott was coined by Father O'Malley in a discussion between them on 23 September 1880. The following is Redpath's account: "I said, "I'm bothered about a word."

"What is it?" asked Father John.

"Well," I said, "When the people ostracise a land-grabber we call it social excommunication, but we ought to have an entirely different word to signify ostracism applied to a landlord or land-agent like Boycott. Ostracism won't do – the peasantry would not know the meaning of the word – and I can't think of any other."

"No," said Father John, "ostracism wouldn't do."

He looked down, tapped his big forehead, and said: "How would it do to call it to Boycott him?""

According to Joyce Marlow, the word was first used in print by Redpath in the Inter-Ocean on 12 October 1880. The coining of the word, and its first use in print, came before Boycott and his situation was widely known outside County Mayo. In November 1880, an article in the Birmingham Daily Post referred to the word as a local term in connection to the boycotting of a Ballinrobe merchant. Still in 1880, The Illustrated London News described how "To 'Boycott' has already become a verb active, signifying to 'ratten', to intimidate, to 'send to Coventry', and to 'taboo. In 1888, the word was included in the first volume of A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (later known as The Oxford English Dictionary). According to Gary Minda in his book, Boycott in America: How Imagination and Ideology Shape the Legal Mind, "Apparently there was no other word in the English language to describe this dispute." The word also entered the lexicon of languages other than English, such as Dutch, French, German, Polish and Russian.

Later life
After leaving Ireland, Boycott and his family visited the United States. His arrival in New York generated a great deal of media interest; the New York Tribune said that, "The arrival of Captain Boycott, who has involuntarily added a new word to the language, is an event of something like international interest." The New York Times said, "For private reasons the visitor made the voyage incognito, being registered simply as 'Charles Cunningham. The purpose of the visit was to see friends in Virginia, including Murray McGregor Blacker, a friend from his time on Achill Island who had settled in the United States. Boycott returned to England after some months.

In 1886, Boycott became a land agent for Hugh Adair's Flixton estate in Suffolk, England. He had a passion for horses and racing, and became secretary of the Bungay race committee. Boycott continued to spend holidays in Ireland, and according to Joyce Marlow, he left Ireland without bitterness.

In early 1897, Boycott's health became very poor. In an attempt to improve his health, he and his wife went on a cruise to Malta. In Brindisi, he became seriously ill, and had to return to England. His health continued to deteriorate, and on 19 June 1897 he died at his home in Flixton, aged 65. His funeral and burial took place at the church at Burgh St Peter, conducted by his nephew Arthur St John Boycott, who was at Lough Mask during the first boycott. Charles Boycott's widow, Annie, was subsequently sued over the funeral expenses and other debts, and had to sell some assets. A number of London newspapers, including The Times, published obituaries.

In popular culture
Charles Boycott and the events that led to his name entering the English language have been the subject of several works of fiction. The first was Captain Boycott, a 1946 romantic novel by Phillip Rooney. This was the basis for the 1947 film Captain Boycott—directed by Frank Launder and starred Stewart Granger, Kathleen Ryan, Alastair Sim, and Cecil Parker as Charles Boycott. More recently the story was the subject of the 2012 novel Boycott, by Colin C. Murphy.

title: Charles Boycott


text:
Dharma-dharmata-vibhaga

Dharma-dharmatā-vibhāga (Distinguishing Dharmas and Dharmata) is a short Yogācāra work, attributed to Maitreya-nātha, which discusses the distinction and correlation (vibhāga) between phenomena (dharma) and reality (dharmatā); the work exists in both a prose and a verse version and survives only in Tibetan translation. However, the Sanskrit original was reported to exist in Tibet during the 1930s by the Indian Buddhologist and explorer, Rahul Sankrityayan.

In English translation
The Dharmadharmata-vibhaga was translated into English by Jim Scott in 2004

title: Dharma-dharmata-vibhaga


text:
Captain Boycott (film)

Captain Boycott is a 1947 British historical drama film directed by Frank Launder and starring Stewart Granger, Kathleen Ryan, Mervyn Johns, Alastair Sim and Cecil Parker. Robert Donat makes a cameo appearance as the Irish nationalist leader Charles Stewart Parnell. The film explains how the word boycott appeared in the English language. Ironically, the titular character plays a secondary role in the film, as an anti-hero, and the hero of the film is Hugh Davin.

Plot
In 1880 in County Mayo, during the period of Irish history known as the Land War, Irish tenant farmers agitated for reinstatement of their former lower rents and increased tenants' rights, especially from absentee English landlords. They particularly resented evictions. Some resorted to the gun to achieve justice, but others, inspired by the Irish statesman Charles Stewart Parnell (played in a brief cameo role by Robert Donat), shunned violence and adopted a form of passive resistance.

Parnell advocates the theory that potential new tenants should never bid for farms from which the old or current tenant has been evicted: this is the core of the "boycott" concept. The crowd, containing Davin and his friends, who had thought that Parnell was going to speak in favour of eviction, put their rotten eggs away and are instead impressed.

The farmers are led by Hugh Davin (Stewart Granger) who, with the moral support of the local priest, Father McKeogh (Alastair Sim), encourages his fellow tenants to ostracize their land agent, the bombastic Captain Boycott (Cecil Parker). There is a love interest in the form of Ann Killain (Kathleen Ryan), whose father is also shunned for taking up a farm from which another farmer had been evicted. The resultant stand-off attracts international news coverage and will ultimately introduce a new word – to boycott – to the English language.

Actions begin with Boycott's servants abandoning his house. One final servant, Bridget, is caught as last to leave. She tells him Davin asked them to leave. Everyone refuses to gather Boycott's crops. The situation persists and Boycott asks for the support of the British parliament. The story reaches every newspaper and becomes the subject of music hall jokes. The British press go to the Boycott estate, followed by a squad of troopers to support him.

Things start to get out of hand when the authorities, at the word of Boycott, demolish Davin's farm.

Captain Boycott risks his survival, having lost all other income, on his horse racing at the Curragh. The Captain acts as his own jockey on a horse bought from Davin. However, the crowd will not tolerate it, and despite the number of mounted troopers they block the Captain on his horse as he approaches the finishing line and mob him.

Michael Fagan steals Davin's revolver and tries to kill Killain, who has been signing the eviction notices. A fight ensues and Fagan falls in a river. It is reported that he has been murdered. Davin tries to stop the mob from lynching Killain because he loves his daughter.

Davin rushes to the Killain cottage and finds the priest giving Killain the last rites having been shot by Fagan. When the mob arrive they are pointed to Boycott and the troops leaving: their cause lost. The priest says if anything like this happens again they will be able to "boycott" him.

Cast

 * Stewart Granger as Hugh Davin
 * Kathleen Ryan as Anne Killain
 * Cecil Parker as Capt. Charles Boycott
 * Mervyn Johns as Watty Connell
 * Alastair Sim as Father McKeogh the local priest
 * Noel Purcell as Daniel McGinty
 * Niall MacGinnis as Mark Killain
 * Maureen Delany as Mrs. Davin
 * Eddie Byrne as Sean Kerin
 * Liam Gaffney as Michael Fagan
 * Liam Redmond as Martin Egan
 * Edward Lexy as Sgt. Dempsey
 * Robert Donat as Charles Stewart Parnell
 * Bernadette O'Farrell as Mrs. Fagan
 * Harry Webster as Robert Hogan
 * Reginald Purdell as Reporter
 * Cavan Malone as Billy Killain

Production
During shooting of this film in 1946, Bernard Cardinal Griffin, the then Archbishop of Westminster, paid an official visit to the set, during which he met the film's two stars Kathleen Ryan and Stewart Granger. The event was filmed for newsreel.

Box office
According to trade papers, the film was a "notable box office attraction" at British cinemas in 1947.

Critical reception
Overall, the reception of the movie was positive. In an original review published in 1947, The New York Times' Bosley Crowther enthused that "a generous assortment of rich and pungent Irish characters contributes not only to the action but to the spirit, humor and charm of the film ... with the added virtues of beautiful vistas across the Irish countryside Launder have given us a picture which should thrill, amuse—and counsel well." Screenonline described Captain Boycott as "expertly constructed, wittily scripted, impeccably cast and enormously entertaining". Film 4 reviews, while describing the movie as "by turns enlightening and inspiring" felt that it had missed the point somewhat, and that "its characters are a little too quaint and good to convince ... while the script remains curiously unfocused."

title: Captain Boycott (film)


text:
Talk:Adlai E. Stevenson High School (Lincolnshire, Illinois)

Construction is Done
New building totally finished, old building refurnished

school articles in wikipedia
Wikipedia should delete all school articles unless someone writes something of good quality. This article does not belong in an encyclopedia. Insignificant schools do not need to be listed. Maybe every school in the US should have a Wikipedia entry? Wikipedia needs to control what people post on their site. THIS IS AN ENCYCLOPEDIA!! --70.228.13.47 01:53, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

Cross Country NPOV
mostly opinion Foxjwill 02:01, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

History Section
History section needs copy edit. The very fact that all lines (in edit) line up at the same point is evidence enough that this is not original text. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Dhalls (talk • contribs) 14:49, 12 August 2006 (UTC).
 * Whoever posted this was correct. Most of it was not original having been copied and wikified from this page on Stevenson High School's website. Therefore, I have deleted the copyright infringement. Foxjwill 20:46, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

disambiguation
I disambiguated Patriot to Patriot (American Revolution), but there's a chance that it could more properly be disambiguated to Patriotism. Unless my assumption that the mascot is specifically referring to a rebelling British colonist is correct, it should be changed. Thanks! -- Anaraug 23:45, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

Removed "scum bag" sentence
Removed a sentence under "students", which read "In reality, people who attend Stevenson High School are total scum bags." 69.37.98.85 21:28, 28 February 2007 (UTC)


text:
Types of hijab

This table of types of hijab describes terminologically distinguished styles of clothing commonly associated with the word hijab.

The Arabic word hijāb can be translated as "cover, wrap, curtain, veil, screen, partition", among other meanings. In the Quran it refers to notions of separation, protection and covering in both literal and metaphorical senses. Subsequently, the word has evolved in meaning and now usually denotes a Muslim woman's veil. In English, the term refers predominantly to the head covering for women and its underlying religious precepts. Not all Muslims believe the hijab is mandated in Islam.

title: Types of hijab


text:
Madhyanta-vibhaga-karika

The Madhyāntavibhāgakārikā, or Verses Distinguishing the Middle and the Extremes is a key work in Buddhist philosophy of the Yogacara school attributed in the Tibetan tradition to Maitreya-nātha and in other traditions to Asanga.

Text
The Madhyānta-vibhāga-kārikā consists of 112 verses (kārikā) which delineate the distinctions (vibhāga) and relationship between the middle (madhya) view and the extremes (anta); it contains five chapters: Attributes (laksana), Obscurations (āvarana), Reality (tattva), Cultivation of Antidotes (pratipakṣa-bhāvanā) and the Supreme Way (yānānuttarya). Along with Chinese, Tibetan and Mongolian translations, the text survives in a single Sanskrit manuscript discovered in Tibet by the Indian Buddhologist and explorer, Rahul Sankrityayan. The Sanskrit version also included a commentary (bhāsya) by Vasubandhu. An important sub-commentary (tīkā) by Sthiramati also survives in Sanskrit as well as a Tibetan version.

Editions and translations
A Sanskrit edition was prepared by Gadjin M. Nagao in 1964. The Madhyāntavibhāga-kārikā has been translated into English at least nine times, often with the Indian commentaries, in the following volumes:
 * Mathyanta-Vibhanga, "Discource on Discrimination between Middle and Extremes" ascribed to Bodhisattva Maitreya and commented by Vasubhandu and Sthiramathi, translated from the sanscrit by Theodore Stcherbatsky, Bibliotheca Buddhica XXX, Academy of Sciences USSR Press, Moscow/Leningrad 1936.
 * Madhyāntavibhāga-ṭikā: An Analysis of the Middle Path and the Extremes by David Lasar Friedmann. Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden. 1937
 * A Buddhist Doctrine of Experience: A New Translation and Interpretation of the Works of Vasubandhu the Yogacarin by Thomas Kochumuttom. Motilal Banarsidass. Delhi: 1982.
 * Seven Works of Vasubandhu by Stefan Anacker. Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi: 1984
 * The Principles of Buddhist Psychology by David J. Kalupahana. State University of New York Press. Albany: 1987
 * A Study of the Madhyāntavibhāga-bhāṣya-ṭikā by Richard Stanley. Doctoral dissertation, Australian National University, April, 1988
 * Mind Only: A Philosophical and Doctrinal Analysis of the Vijnanavada by Thomas E. Wood. University of Hawaii Press. 1991
 * Middle Beyond Extremes: Maitreya's Madhyantavibhaga with Commentaries by Khenpo Shenga and Ju Mipham by the Dharmachakra Translation Committee. Snow Lion Publications. Ithaca: 2007. ISBN 1-55939-270-3
 * Distinguishing the Middle and the Extremes by Asaṅga, Commentary by Vasubandhu: Draft Translation with brief annotations. by John D. Dunne. Unpublished.
 * Maitreya's Distinguishing the Middle from the Extremes (Madhyāntavibhāga): Along with Vasubandhu's Commentary (Madhyāntavibhāga-Bhāṣya): A Study and Annotated Translation by D'Amato, Mario. New York, American Institute of Buddhist Studies 2012. ISBN 9781935011057

title: Madhyanta-vibhaga-karika