text:
Talk:Michael Alig

"Angel" Melendez?
The article states that Melendez's nickname was Angel...rather than his real name. (There's quotation marks.) Everywhere I've looked says that Angel is Melendez's real name. I'm removing the quotation marks. Does anyone have a source that states otherwise? Long Away May (talk) 18:54, 31 December 2007 (UTC)
 * His real name is Andre as shown by the source in the article -- Esemono (talk) 14:54, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

Citation needed?
There are an awful lot of "citation needed" markers, one after every sentence in some sections. Are these facts really in dispute, or is someone playing games? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.191.24.137 (talk) 12:42, 24 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Most of the info in article is based on someone watching the fictionalized story of Michael Alig in Party Monster (2003) and then adding info from the movie into the article. The movie Party Monster (2003) can't be used as a source so the info has to be confirmed from other sources. -- Esemono (talk) 14:54, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

 * To clarify, the documentary movie could be used as a source if the material is in that but the feature film based on the book and documentary likely was fictionalized in parts so by itself is not reliable. The article could certainly used more sources and there are plenty out there as the case has been covered extensively. Benji boi 20:55, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

OLD POST, BUT: WHICH DOCUMENTARY IS THE PERSON ABOVE REFERRING TO? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 165.138.95.59 (talk) 15:50, 7 August 2009 (UTC)

I just saw an "American Justice" episode on Michael Alig (non-fiction investigative TV show), and the facts presented there differ from this article. In short, I agree that the current article may be based on fictionalized information. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.251.103.204 (talk) 00:12, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

Part of the problem is there are actually TWO "Party Monters": Party Monster: The Shockumentary in which Alig stars as himself; and Party Monster (2003 film) in which Macauly Culkin plays as Alig (but the latter is "based on" Alig's life, and is thus fiction. Wheras the former could be used for sourcing, since Alig appears as himself in the film (alongside other sources, of course); the latter cannot be used adequately as a reference.   (Except in so much as it states that the movie was "based on" Alig's life, but it cannot be used for anything further.)  24.33.248.110 (talk) 20:03, 24 August 2009 (UTC)

another 'in popular culture'
the owen book "clubland" (isbn 978-0767917353) is another popular culture appearance. Rmd1023 (talk) 03:46, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

wording in the lede is confusing
The second portion of the lede sentence is a tad bit confusing: "Michael Alig (born South Bend, Indiana, April 29, 1966) is the co-founding member of the notorious Club Kids, a group of young clubgoers led by long time best friend James St. James and Alig in the late 1980s and early 1990s."

Can someone fix this? Thanks. 70.61.247.31 (talk) 18:03, 5 October 2009 (UTC)

Wikipedia is not a story-book (or in this case, a movie turned story-book)
This part reads too much like a Murder Mystery novel, or a rehashing of a scene from the fictional movie Party Monster....

"Then according to Freez he hit Melendez a total of three times on the head. Then Alig grabbed a pillow and tried to smother him.[8] When Melendez was unconscious Freez went to the other room and when he came back he noticed a broken syringe on the floor. However, Alig's story was that he injected Angel with Drano, while Freez claims that Alig poured it down Angel's throat and duct-taped his mouth closed.[8] After a few days, the body began to smell. Alig injected himself with heroin, cut the legs off the corpse, and stuffed him in a box and afterward threw the corpse into the Hudson River."

Can we add somethings like "Such and a Source states that, Mendezes head was struck three times by a blunt implement" and/or something like "Official Court Documents state that Alig also attempted to suffocate Mendez with a pillow." 70.61.247.31 (talk) 18:19, 5 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree. Nearly five years later and this article still reads like a story. Lara  17:25, 7 May 2014 (UTC)

Shampoo Horns
In 1998, the deceased Spanish film director Manuel Toledano released a movie called Shampoo Horns with a story line related to Michael Alig's case. The interesting thing is that he himself appears in it briefly. I am guessing it was shot before his conviction but I can't find anything on the net, only the IMDb page. I don't know if it is important but nonetheless interesting to know he appeared in a movie. If anyone has more information and can put it in... Thanks. --Nauki (talk) 09:30, 14 May 2011 (UTC)

Puffery
Wikipedia is not a repository or publisher of promotional materials. Centrify (f / k / a FCAYS)  (talk)  (contribs) 17:32, 1 June 2014 (UTC)
 * I've reverted your edits, which did not improve the article. Please get a consensus from the editors on this talk page for the changes you wish before you restore them. BMK (talk) 19:31, 1 June 2014 (UTC)

Discuss
why you keep reverting my edits. Use words, please. Centrify (f / k / a FCAYS)  (talk)  (contribs) 16:11, 3 June 2014 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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Infobox
It appears that the infobox is a little confused and has info both on Alig as an artist/personality and as a murderer. Since most of the infobox is about the murder, it may mislead casual readers. For example, it says he was active from 1984 - 1997, but that actually represents his time as a club kid, not as a murderer. There are two ways to resolve this, as I see it. This only effects the infobox; I'm not suggesting deleting anything about the murder from the body of the article.:
 * Remove the information about the murder from the infobox and present him just as an artist and personality in the infobox. This is consistent with examples such as Phil Spector.
 * Delete the "years active" information and make the infobox about him as a murderer. This is consistent with the Jared Fogle article. (yes not a murderer, but a known celebrity personality who went to prison for serious crimes). †Basilosauridae  ❯❯❯Talk  17:43, 19 June 2018 (UTC)
 * As no one responded to this discussion, I have chosen to remove the "years active" info as it was the action that required the least amount of change. If you feel differently, lets discuss. †Basilosauridae  ❯❯❯Talk  23:17, 1 September 2018 (UTC)

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reasons for deletion at the file description pages linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 07:07, 26 July 2022 (UTC)
 * James St James, Ingrid LaLa.jpg
 * Michael Alig and Jason Chaos.jpg
 * Michael Alig artshow.jpg
 * Michael Alig hosting virtual party.jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:52, 26 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Michael Alig June 25,2015.jpg

Reason for changing the lead sentence
User:Emem1138, I disagree with your edit, which you've made twice, to the lead sentence of the article. It had read, accurately, "Michael Alig ... was an American club promoter and convicted felon." You changed it (with a misleading edit summary) to "Michael Alig ... was an American club promoter, artist and Individual who was Formerly Incarcerated." There's nothing wrong with adding that he was an artist, as, according to the body of the article, he was one, but I disagree with replacing the concise "convicted felon" with "Individual who was Formerly Incarcerated". First, I don't know what the capital letters are for. Second, it seems as though you're whitewashing his situation. He was a felon, a murderer. He was convicted for it. Your version makes it sound like his incarceration was something passive that happened to him, independently of anything he might have done. What was your intention? I'm inclined to change it back. Largoplazo (talk) 23:46, 8 February 2023 (UTC)

Hello. I changed it for a couple of reasons. But first, I am not whitewashing Angel's death in the least. However the phrase Formerly Incarcerated or Individual who was Formerly Incarcerated is the actual Legal term used here in NY to describe someone who has been convicted of a crime and was incarcerated for it. The state passed this legislation last year and the governor signed it into law. That is one reason. Another is he was Not convicted of murder. It was in every sense or essence of the law Manslaughter. I knew Michael. And no I am not condoning what he and Robert did in the least. However much of the narrative in the form of crime docus and movies are one dimension and in some inaccurate. Yes he had his dark faults, and like I said I am not condoning what happened. However, did you know he addressed the state legislature and assembly post release detailing the debacle of solitary confinement and received standing ovations. I work in reentry and activism to end mass incarceration. No one, and I mean no one has gotten a standing ovation on the solitary confinement issue since then. And there have been some powerful speeches. And I took am formerly incarcerated, I am a Survivor of Domestic Violence for which I was criminalized for. Translation: my abusive ex husband committed a larceny for which I was blamed and arrested for. I got an obnoxious bail and a crap load of attorneys. So I took the plea for went to prison, here in NY. And played their little game and came home. I had my short time in solitary too. And I am Not just "someone who took the rap when he scummy ex set her up for a crime he committed " and by the way I couldn't have implicated him, or divulged that he had done it and I had no knowledge of it, which I did not until I was arrested. The ada had threatened to charge me with conspiracy and That comes with a state mandatory minimum of 15 years in prison. So I did what I had to do to come home. And I work tooth and nail so it doesn't happen to someone else. Michael was the only one who knew a correction officer raped me at knife point. He talked me down from nightmares and panic attacks and understood how I felt and my pain. We are not just the one bad mistake or whatever one wants to call it. So I changed the beginning to read what legally describes what he andnro Emem1138 (talk) 13:32, 9 February 2023 (UTC)

Emem1138 (talk) 13:45, 9 February 2023 (UTC)

Sorry I messed up there. What he and Robert did. The capital letters are because I was writing like I talk. Prison did not just happen to him. And anyone who has either been there or has been impacted in other ways, I.e the mothers and fathers, children and spouses of those incarcerated understands. However the disaster of our so called justice system here does no justice to the victims and survivors of the crimes or to those incarcerated and impacted. Eileen Emem1138 (talk) 13:49, 9 February 2023 (UTC)

Is this pic ok to use?

... Jamplevia (talk) 11:27, 4 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Since no one has written anything, I'm going to ask James St. James on X (twitter).
 * -- Jamplevia (talk) 15:27, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
 * James St. James isn't the arbiter of what's OK to use in Wikipedia articles! If you specifically mean, to get his permission, his permission is irrelevant unless he holds the copyright to the posters in the photo. Copyright and fair use are complicated and I'm not going to get into them here. See FAQ/Copyright. If the posters aren't yours and you don't have permission from the copyright holder to use them and they don't qualify under fair use, then the photo should be deleted.
 * As for whether I think the photo would be a good addition if it does qualify for inclusion: yeah, possibly. Largoplazo (talk) 22:42, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Do you think that I made a baldface lie about asking for permission on X (twitter)? Not only have I been using computers for 48 years, I've lived through the wild-west of the early Internet and on top of that I was a very minor club kid too, mostly in DC but with several excursions to NYC. Too bad timing is everything. I only showed up in the Limelight when he wasn't around. But his account did not reply. He only "liked" it. Who actually owns the rights to those flyers anyway?
 * -- Jamplevia (talk) 00:44, 20 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Not to get weird (HAHA) but I happen to be celebrating Saturnalia 2023. Saturn is my god of lead poisoning and baby I have it bad.
 * -- Jamplevia (talk) 04:30, 20 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I didn't say anything resembling a suggestion that you were lying.
 * The rights would have been held originally by whoever created them or the organization on behalf of which they created them. Largoplazo (talk) 11:02, 20 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Is there a Michael Alig foundation yet?
 * -- Jamplevia (talk) 00:45, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Michael Alig


text:
Lawrence East station

Lawrence East was a rapid transit station on Line 3 Scarborough of the Toronto subway until the line's closure on July 24, 2023. It was the third-busiest station on Line 3, after and.

History
Lawrence East opened in 1985, along with the rest of Line 3. All bus routes that operated along Lawrence Avenue East at the time were rerouted to serve the station on March 23, 1985, one day after the opening.

The station was renovated between 2011 and 2012 to include automated sliding doors, allowing the southbound platform and the bus platform to be accessible.

In February 2021, the TTC recommended the closure of Line 3 in 2023 and its replacement by bus service until the completion of the Scarborough extension of Line 2 Bloor–Danforth. However, the rail portion of this station permanently closed following a derailment on July 24, 2023. A new Lawrence East station is planned to be built along the planned Line 2 extension on the southwest corner of Lawrence Avenue East and McCowan Road and is scheduled to open circa 2030.

Station description

The small station was built on two levels. The Line 3 platforms, bus platforms, and only entrance were located on ground level. The entrance was an automatic sliding door facing north with a sidewalk connecting to Lawrence Avenue East to the west side, and an underpass underneath both the Line 3 and GO rails towards the commuter parking lot, Access Road, and Prudential Drive. Below ground level in the interior of the station was an underpass connecting the entrance to the northbound platforms through the means of stairs and escalators.

This station was a "partially accessible" station, as all services within the station, except for the northbound platform, were accessible. The TTC suggested that people in need of accessible service onto the northbound platform take Line 3 southbound to Kennedy station and double back to Lawrence East. An accessible fare gate was also available inside the station at the main fare booth.

The station had a bus terminal located underneath the elevated portion of Lawrence Avenue East, in the Midland Avenue and Kennedy Road corridor. At the time of its closure, five TTC bus routes (three daytime routes and two Blue Night routes) served or passed near the station, including routes running along Kennedy Road. After the Line 3 closure, the 954 Lawrence East Express bus continued to turn back at Lawrence East station until October 9, 2023, when it was rerouted to terminate at Kennedy station.

A commuter parking lot for up to 90 vehicles is located just east of the station, also underneath the elevated section of Lawrence Avenue East. Parking is managed by the Toronto Parking Authority.

Rapid transit infrastructure in the vicinity
Line 3 continued to travel on ground level, straight north after Lawrence East station, running parallel to the nearby railway tracks. South of the station, the line continued to travel on ground level but became elevated shortly before reaching Kennedy station, where it made a 90-degree turn.

Planned busway stop
The TTC plans to replace the Line 3 right-of-way with a busway between Kennedy and Ellesmere stations. According to a 2022 TTC report, the adjacent station's bus facilities would be retained along with a pedestrian underpass for the local community to use. Buses would serve customers at new stops on the south side of the former station.

Future replacement station
The provincial transit agency Metrolinx plans to build a new subway station on Lawrence Avenue East, approximately 2 km east of the Line 3 station. The underground station will be parallel to McCowan Road along a planned extension of Line 2 Bloor–Danforth. It will be on a north–south alignment to the west of the Scarborough General Hospital and the new bus terminal will be located on McCowan Road west of Lawrence Avenue East. The new station and bus terminal are expected to open in 2030.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lawrence East station


text:
Ellesmere station

Ellesmere was a rapid transit station on Line 3 Scarborough of the Toronto subway in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was located at Ellesmere Road, between Kennedy Road and Midland Avenue.

Ellesmere was the least-used station on the entire TTC network. On average, only 1,850 passengers boarded trains here each day from 2006 to 2007 and only 1,678 from 2007 to 2008. Part of the reason for this is that there were no bus bays or bus stops at the station; passengers would have to walk to the nearest bus stop on Ellesmere Road.

History
Ellesmere station opened in 1985, along with the rest of Line 3.

In February 2021, the TTC recommended the closure of Line 3 in 2023 and its replacement by bus service until the completion of the Scarborough extension of Line 2 Bloor–Danforth. The station was permanently closed earlier than expected following a derailment on July 24, 2023.

Station description
The station building was located underneath the elevated section of Ellesmere Road, in the Kennedy Road and Midland Avenue corridor. The station was fairly small and is similar in appearance to Lawrence East station. It was built on two levels, with the ground level being the Line 3 platforms and the single entrance and collector underneath it.

The entrance was accessed from either side of the station through two sets of stairs, from either Kennedy Road or Midland Avenue via Service Road. Since entering the station requires the use of stairs, this station was not accessible whatsoever. The station also had a commuter parking lot for 68 vehicles located just to the east of the station, also underneath the elevated section of Ellesmere Road.

At the time of its closure, 6 TTC bus routes (4 daytime routes and 2 Blue Night routes) passed near the station including routes running along Kennedy Road.

Rapid transit infrastructure in the vicinity
North of this station, the line turned 90° east, dipping briefly into a tunnel to cross underneath the nearby GO train tracks, then rising to an elevated structure for the remainder of its route towards Midland station. South of the station, the line continued to travel at ground level alongside the GO train tracks for the remainder of the route towards Lawrence East station.

title: Ellesmere station


text:
Talk:List of governors of Vermont

Vermont Governors
As with the Lieutenant Governors, a legend would be handy to explain the different colored names and table cell backgrounds.

--Mfwills (talk) 01:01, 26 January 2009 (UTC)mfwills

Shumlin Elected. Yay! Now can somebody please fix the chart?!?! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.61.27.107 (talk) 19:47, 3 November 2010 (UTC)

Counting Thomas Chittenden's terms of office
Thomas Chittenden is listed here as the first and third governor of the independent Vermont Republic and as the first governor of the State(-of-the-Union) of Vermont. Vermont's admission to the Union was done differently from what was done with (if I'm not mistaken) most (or all?) states admitted later. The government of the entity calling itself the State of Vermont (often described now as the independent Vermont Republic) simply continued to function when Vermont was admitted to the Union: when the state was admitted to the Union, Governor Chittenden was not sworn in to a new office as governor of the State(-within-the-Union) of Vermont, but simply continued his one-year term begun less than five months earlier; and likewise other officers of the state; and no new constitution of the state went into effect, but the 1786 Constitution of the State of Vermont simply continued in effect. For many purposes internal to the state, no new entity superseded the republic that before March 4, 1791 was independent of the United States. The table gives an impression that Chittenden's term as governor of the independent republic ended, and his term as governor of a state within the Union began, when Vermont was admitted to the Union. But nothing like that happened. His term as the third governor of the independent republic and his term as the "first" governor of a state within the Union were not in fact two different terms: they were both the same one-year term that began in October 1790 and ended in October 1791. Chittenden was elected 19 times, not 20.

Might there be some way of organizing the presentation of information differently so that a misleading impression would not result? Michael Hardy (talk) 21:45, 14 January 2016 (UTC)

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Talk:Zaifeng, Prince Chun

Untitled
Please see Talk:1st Prince Chun regarding the naming of this artcle. --Jiang 06:55, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

City names
It is a serious error in these articles to use modern names for the cities and towns in the periods covered in these articles as all references, atlases and maps show the correct names, not those adopted by the communists. 86.137.120.79 (talk) 11:38, 2 December 2014 (UTC)

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James Pankow

James Carter Pankow (born August 20, 1947) is an American trombone player, songwriter, and brass instrument arranger who is a founding member of the rock band Chicago. He is best known for his brass arrangements, and for being one-third of Chicago's brass/woodwind section alongside Lee Loughnane and Walter Parazaider.

Early life, family and education
Born in St. Louis, Missouri, of German and Irish descent, Pankow was one of nine siblings. He is the older brother of actor John Pankow, who appeared on the TV series Mad About You. The family moved to Park Ridge, Illinois, when he was eight years old.

Pankow was influenced by his musician father, Wayne. He started playing the trombone at St. Paul of the Cross Elementary School. His Notre Dame High School band instructor was Father George Wiskirchen, CSC.

Pankow earned a full music scholarship to Quincy College, where he studied the bass trombone. After completing his first year, he returned home for the summer and formed a band that began to play some live local shows. Not wanting to give up this work, Pankow transferred to DePaul University.

He is a member of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, and he was given the National Citation as well as recognition as Signature Sinfonian along with fellow Chicago members and Sinfonians on August 26, 2009.

Chicago
At DePaul, Pankow met Walter Parazaider, who recruited him to join a band, The Big Thing, which would become Chicago Transit Authority. Soon after the first album's release, the band's name was shortened to Chicago. Pankow has remained a member of Chicago since its inception.

In addition to playing the trombone, Pankow has composed many songs for Chicago, including the hits "Make Me Smile" and "Colour My World" (both from his suite Ballet for a Girl in Buchannon), "Just You 'N' Me," "(I've Been) Searchin' So Long," "Old Days," "Alive Again," and (with Peter Cetera) "Feelin' Stronger Every Day."

Pankow has scored most of Chicago's brass arrangements. Although he is not one of the band's principal vocalists, he sang lead vocals for two Chicago songs: "You Are On My Mind" (from Chicago X, 1976) and "Till the End of Time" (Chicago XI, 1977).

Other
Along with fellow Chicago horns Lee Loughnane and Walter Parazaider, Pankow was featured on Three Dog Night's 1969 #15 hit "Celebrate" and on several tracks of the 1979 Bee Gees' Spirits Having Flown album. Pankow has appeared on several albums for the rock band Toto, including the 1982 Grammy Award-winning Toto IV and their 2006 album Falling in Between, for which he composed the brass arrangements and performed on the song "Dying on My Feet".

Personal life
Pankow and his first wife Karen were married for 18 years. Their children are Jonathan (born 1981) and Sarah (born 1986).

Pankow and his second wife Jeanne Pacelli have two children, Carter (born 1999) and Lilli (born 2002).

title: James Pankow


text:
Loyola Academy

Loyola Academy is a private, co-educational college preparatory high school run by the USA Midwest Province of the Society of Jesus in Wilmette, Illinois, a northern suburb of Chicago, and in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago. It is a member of the Jesuit Secondary Education Association and the largest Jesuit high school in America, with over 2,000 students from more than 80 different zip codes throughout the Chicago area. It was founded by the Jesuits in 1909.

History
Loyola Academy was founded as a Roman Catholic, Jesuit, college preparatory school for young men in 1909. The school was originally located in the Rogers Park neighborhood of Chicago, on the campus of Loyola University Chicago's Dumbach Hall; it moved to the current Wilmette campus in 1957. Both Loyola University and its prep school adjunct, Loyola Academy, grew out of St. Ignatius College Prep, a Roman Catholic, Jesuit college preparatory school in Chicago that was founded in 1870 as St. Ignatius College, with both university and preparatory programs for young men. While St. Ignatius transitioned to being solely a preparatory school and remained in the same location, Loyola Academy and University were established in Rogers Park. All three institutions were named after the Basque intellectual and a military officer in the army of a Duke, St. Ignatius of Loyola, who founded the Jesuits.

As a precondition to granting approval to move to the suburbs, the Archdiocese of Chicago required the Jesuits to stipulate that they would continue to serve the young Roman Catholic men of the city of Chicago. Consequently, Loyola Academy has had a significant representation of Chicago residents of various financial means, giving the school an economic diversity fairly unique in the Chicago area. This was achieved through the use of various scholarships and forms of financial aid.

Loyola Academy maintained the strict disciplinary and academic regimen seen in most of the exclusive American prep schools during the bulk of its history. Students were required to wear blazers and ties, maintain silence when moving between classes, attend weekly Mass on campus, address their teachers as either "sir" or "Father", and also maintain a demeanor befitting the Jesuit educational ideal of "Men for others."

One of Loyola's "sister schools" was Regina Dominican High School, an all-girls Academy located less than a mile away in Wilmette. Beginning in 1970, small groups of select Regina students began commuting to Loyola to take selected advanced science and computer science classes, as these classes were unavailable on their campus at the time.

The Jesuit presence has fallen off from what it once was, with some 40 priests teaching and working at the school in 1961, down to 11 out of roughly 200 staff members in 2007. The priests left for a variety of reasons. Some left due to the child abuse cases surrounding the Catholic church.

Loyola Academy affiliated with Saint Louise de Marillac High School, an all-girls high school from Northfield, Illinois and became co-educational in 1994. The affiliation was done for financial reasons. The President of Marillac was approached by Loyola to consider a co-ed option on the North Shore as requested by the Archdiocese. About that same time, Loyola added on to their existing building. In 2003, Loyola Academy opened a new 60 acre campus in Glenview, Illinois. The property, near the decommissioned Glenview Naval Air Station (NAS Glenview), was purchased by Loyola in 2001 and now houses several athletic fields for lacrosse, baseball, softball, and soccer, a cross country path, and a wetland preserve area that has been used as a natural laboratory for science classes.

While Loyola Academy is a Jesuit, Catholic school, it has always admitted non-Catholics seeking a Loyola education.

Academics
Loyola Academy offers a comprehensive liberal arts curriculum with over 110 courses in language arts, fine arts (dance, music, theater, visual arts, and architecture), foreign languages (Spanish, French, Latin, Mandarin Chinese, and Ancient Greek), mathematics, physical education, science, social studies, and theology. (As it is a college-preparatory high school, it does not offer any true vocational courses.) The school has two competitive honors programs (the Dumbach Scholars and the Clavius Scholars) and a plethora of students enrolled in AP classes. Loyola also offers the O'Shaughnessy Program, which assists students who show the potential for success in college but may require smaller classes and extra help from teachers. Annually, about 99% of students are accepted by four-year universities.

The school fields a Certamen team and in 2005 six students received perfect scores on the National Latin Examination. Loyola is also very active in forensics, Scholastic Bowl, and Science Olympiad competitions. In 2013, Loyola's scholastic bowl team placed third at both NAQT HSNCT and PACE NSC, the best performance of a team from Illinois at both national championship tournaments.

Athletics
Loyola Academy offers 16 women's sports and 17 men's sports. Its varsity teams are called the Ramblers, which copied from the nickname of the varsity teams at Loyola University. The school competes as a member of the CCL.

The men's lacrosse team won 11 State Titles and 11 runner ups with three straight championships with from 2002 to 2004, with its most recent in 2018.

Prior to the IHSA Football Championships (1974), Loyola won the Prep Bowl in 1965, 1966, and 1969. Loyola won the IHSA State Championship in football in 1993, 2015, 2018, 2022, and 2023 and was runners-up in 1992, 2011, 2013, 2016, and 2017. Former football coach John Holecek led Ramblers to the state playoffs every year since 2006, including three of the last five Illinois State 8A Finals. In November 2011, the Loyola Academy football team lost to Bolingbrook in the class 8A Illinois State championship. On November 24, 2018 Loyola won the 2018 IHSA 8A Football Championship by beating Brother Rice High School 13–3. In 2022, Loyola won the IHSA Class 8A State Football Championship by beating undefeated Lincoln-Way East High School 13–3, marking their fourth state championship win. Holecek resigned after the championship and was succeeded by Beau Desherow. Former Northwestern Wildcats football head coach Pat Fitzgerald joined the Ramblers' head coaching staff as a parent volunteer, with his middle son, Ryan, serving as the team's starting quarterback. In 2023, Loyola Academy went undefeated and beat Lincoln-Way East High School again to capture their fifth state championship win.

In 2014 Loyola won the Illinois State Girls Swimming Championship and defeated Fenwick 11-10 (OT) to capture the IHSA Boys Water Polo State Championship. The Ramblers were also State Water Polo Champions in 1978.

Loyola has had a storied history in rowing. In 2017, the Boys' Junior 8+ won the SRAA National Championships.

The girls lacrosse team won the 2023 IHSA state championship over Hinsdale Central.

Athletics

 * Dan Bellino is a Major League Baseball umpire
 * George Bon Salle was a first round draft pick in the 1957 NBA draft. He played briefly with the Chicago Packers.
 * John Dee was the head men's basketball coach at the University of Alabama (1953–56) and the University of Notre Dame (1964–71).
 * Robert J. Dunne was an Olympic decathlete
 * Conor Dwyer is a swimmer who was a gold medalist in the 4*200 freestyle relay at the 2012 Summer Olympics as well as the gold medalist in the 4*200m freestyle and bronze medalist in the 200m freestyle in the 2016 Summer Olympics.
 * Colin Falls is a former Notre Dame basketball player who played professionally for Italy's Orlandina Basket.
 * Rob Feaster is a former professional basketball player.
 * Dave Finzer was an NFL punter (1984–85).
 * John Fitzgerald was an Olympic pentathlete, competing in the 1972 and 1976 Olympics.
 * Paul Florence was a Major League Baseball catcher (1926), playing for the New York Giants.
 * Tim Foley was an All-American defensive back at Purdue, later an All-Pro NFL defensive back (1970–80), playing his career with the Miami Dolphins. He was a member of the Super Bowl VII and Super Bowl VIII champions.
 * Christian Friedrich is a professional baseball player.
 * Charlie Leibrandt was a Major League Baseball pitcher (1979–93). Pitching most of his career for the Kansas City Royals, he was a member of the 1985 World Series Champions.
 * Freddie Lindstrom was a Major League Baseball third baseman and outfielder (1924–36), playing most of his career with the New York Giants. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1976. 2
 * Tom Machowski (born 1953), retired professional ice hockey defenceman
 * Lucas McGee is a rowing coach for the United States National Team.
 * Bert Metzger was an offensive guard, starring on the Notre Dame National Championship teams of 1929 and 1930. He was elected a member of the College Football Hall of Fame in 1982.
 * Al Montoya was an NHL goaltender (2008–2019). 3
 * Jim Mooney was an NFL player (1930–35).
 * Steve Quinn was a center (1968) who played for the Houston Oilers.
 * Nick Rassas was an NFL safety (1966–68), playing for the Atlanta Falcons.
 * John Shannon is an American football long snapper, played for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish
 * Bob Skoglund was an NFL end (1947) who played for the Green Bay Packers.

Politics and public service

 * Michael Cabonargi, commissioner of Cook County Board of Review (2011–present)
 * Mark Curran, Lake County Sheriff (2006–2018)
 * Peter H. Daly was a Vice Admiral in the U.S. Navy and later became the CEO of the U.S. Naval Institute (2011–2023).
 * Richard A. Devine was the Cook County State's Attorney (1996–2008).
 * Robert J. Egan, was an Illinois state senator and judge
 * Neil Hartigan was an Illinois politician, serving as Lt. Governor of Illinois (1973–77) and Attorney General of Illinois (1982–90).
 * Neal Katyal was the lead counsel in the Supreme Court case Hamdan v. Rumsfeld. He was Principal Deputy Solicitor General of the United States.
 * James C. Kenny was the United States Ambassador to Ireland.
 * Dan Kotowski was an Illinois State Senator, representing the 33rd Senatorial District (2007–2013).
 * George M. O'Brien was a United States representative for the Illinois's 17th congressional district (1973–86).

Arts and letters

 * Pat Foley is a sportscaster, best known for his work in ice hockey with the Chicago Blackhawks.
 * Eckhard Gerdes is a novelist (Cistern Tawdry, The Million-Year Centipede, or, Liquid Structures and My Landlady the Lobotomist) and editor (The Journal of Experimental Fiction).
 * Gilbert V. Hartke is a social activist and founded the drama department at the Catholic University of America.
 * Mike Leonard is an author and correspondent for The Today Show
 * David Marconi is a screenwriter (Enemy of the State, Live Free or Die Hard).
 * Bill Murray is an actor and comedian (Lost in Translation, Caddyshack, Ghostbusters).
 * Brian Doyle-Murray is an actor, and the older brother of actors Bill Murray and Joel Murray.
 * Joel Murray is an actor and the brother of Bill Murray and Brian Doyle-Murray.
 * John Musker is an animated film director (The Little Mermaid, Aladdin)
 * Richard L. Newhafer, novelist and teleplay writer
 * Jonathan Nolan is a writer
 * Timothy L. O'Brien is a journalist and author.
 * Chris O'Donnell is an actor (Scent of a Woman, Batman Forever, NCIS: Los Angeles).
 * Westbrook Pegler was a newspaper columnist and critic of the Democratic Party. 4
 * Bill Plante was a journalist with CBS News.
 * Gregory Qaiyum (GQ) is an actor and writer (The Bomb-itty of Errors).
 * Jeffery Ameen Qaiyum (JAQ) is a beatboxer and contributor to The Bomb-itty of Errors.
 * Robert Ryan (1927) was an actor (The Wild Bunch, The Dirty Dozen).
 * Eddie Shin is an actor.
 * Keong Sim, actor
 * Peter Steinfels is an author (A People Adrift: The Crisis of the Roman Catholic Church in America)

Business and technology

 * Ed Boon is the co-creator of the video game Mortal Kombat.
 * Jim Irsay is the owner of the NFL's Indianapolis Colts.
 * Jeffrey Jordan is an entrepreneur and son of Michael Jordan.
 * Jim Moran was an auto dealer and philanthropist.
 * Danny Wirtz, owner of the NHL's Chicago Blackhawks and chairman of the Wirtz Corporation.

Television

 * Eric Bolling, conservative political commentator on Fox News and Fox Business

Notable staff

 * John Holecek is a former NFL linebacker (1995–2002), playing most of his career with the Buffalo Bills. He was the school's head football coach from 2006–2022.

title: Loyola Academy


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Sex differences in psychology

Sex differences in psychology are differences in the mental functions and behaviors of the sexes and are due to a complex interplay of biological, developmental, and cultural factors. Differences have been found in a variety of fields such as mental health, cognitive abilities, personality, emotion, sexuality, friendship, and tendency towards aggression. Such variation may be innate, learned, or both. Modern research attempts to distinguish between these causes and to analyze any ethical concerns raised. Since behavior is a result of interactions between nature and nurture, researchers are interested in investigating how biology and environment interact to produce such differences, although this is often not possible.

A number of factors combine to influence the development of sex differences, including genetics and epigenetics; differences in brain structure and function; hormones, and socialization.

The formation of gender is controversial in many scientific fields, including psychology. Specifically, researchers and theorists take different perspectives on how much of gender is due to biological, neurochemical, and evolutionary factors (nature), or is the result of culture and socialization (nurture). This is known as the nature versus nurture debate.

Definition
Psychological sex differences refer to emotional, motivational, or cognitive differences between the sexes. Examples include greater male tendencies toward violence, or greater female empathy.

The terms "sex differences" and "gender differences" are at times used interchangeably, sometimes to refer to differences in male and female behaviors as either biological ("sex differences") or environmental/cultural ("gender differences"). This distinction is often difficult to make due to challenges in determining whether a difference is biological or environmental/cultural. It's important to note, however, that many individuals will use "sex" to refer to the biological and "gender" as a social construct.

Gender is generally conceived as a set of characteristics or traits that are associated with a certain biological sex (male or female). The characteristics that generally define gender are referred to as masculine or feminine. In some cultures, gender is not always conceived as binary, or strictly linked to biological sex. As a result, in some cultures there are third, fourth, or "some" genders.

History
Beliefs about sex differences have likely existed throughout history.

In his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, Charles Darwin proposed that, like physical traits, psychological traits evolve through the process of sexual selection:

"In the distant future I see open fields for far more important researches. Psychology will be based on a new foundation, that of the necessary acquirement of each mental power and capacity by gradation."

Two of his later books, The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871) and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872) explore the subject of psychological differences between the sexes. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex includes 70 pages on sexual selection in human evolution, some of which concerns psychological traits.

The study of gender took off in the 1970s. During this time period, academic works were published reflecting the changing views of researchers towards gender studies. Some of these works included textbooks, as they were an important way that information was compiled and made sense of the new field. In 1978 Women and sex roles: A social psychological perspective was published, one of the first textbooks on the psychology behind women and sex roles. Another textbook to be published, Gender and Communication, was the first textbook to discuss the topic of its subject.

Other influential academic works focused on the development of gender. In 1966, The Development of Sex Differences was published by Eleanor E Maccoby. This book went into what factors influence a child's gender development, with contributors proposing the effects of hormones, social learning, and cognitive development in respective chapters. Man and Woman, Boy and Girl, by John Money was published in 1972, reporting findings of research done with intersex subjects. The book proposed that the social environment a child grows up in is more important in determining gender than the genetic factors he or she inherits. The majority of Money's theories regarding the importance of socialization in the determination of gender have come under intense criticism, especially in connection with the inaccurate reporting of success in the infant sex reassignment of David Reimer.

In 1974, The Psychology of Sex Differences was published. It said that men and women behave more similarly than had been previously supposed. They also proposed that children have much power over what gender role they grow into, whether by choosing which parent to imitate, or doing activities such as playing with action figures or dolls. These works added new knowledge to the field of gender psychology.

Personality traits
Cross-cultural research has shown population-level gender differences on the tests measuring sociability and emotionality. For example, on the scales measured by the Big Five personality traits women consistently report higher neuroticism, agreeableness, warmth and openness to feelings, and men often report higher assertiveness and openness to ideas. Nevertheless, there is significant overlap in all these traits, so an individual woman may, for example, have lower neuroticism than the majority of men. The size of the differences varied between cultures.

Across cultures, gender differences in personality traits are largest in prosperous, healthy, and egalitarian cultures in which women have more opportunities that are equal to those of men. However, variation in the magnitude of sex differences between more or less developed world regions were due to changes between men, not women, in these respective regions. That is, men in highly developed world regions were less neurotic, extroverted, conscientious and agreeable compared to men in less developed world regions. Women, on the other hand, tended not to differ significantly in personality traits across regions.

A personality trait directly linked to emotion and empathy where gender differences exist (see below) is scored on the Machiavellianism scale. Individuals who score high on this dimension are emotionally cool; this allows them to detach from others as well as values, and act egoistically rather than driven by affect, empathy or morality. In large samples of US college students, males are on average more Machiavellian than females; in particular, males are over-represented among very high Machiavellians, while females are overrepresented among low Machiavellians. A 2014 meta-analysis by researchers Rebecca Friesdorf and Paul Conway found that men score significantly higher on narcissism than women and this finding is robust across past literature. The meta-analysis included 355 studies measuring narcissism across participants from the US, Germany, China, Netherlands, Italy, UK, Hong Kong, Singapore, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, Australia and Belgium as well as measuring latent factors from 124 additional studies. The researchers noted that gender differences in narcissism is not just a measurement artifact but also represents true differences in the latent personality traits such as men's heightened sense of entitlement and authority.

Males on average are more assertive and have higher self-esteem. Females were on average higher than males in extraversion, anxiety, trust, and, especially, tender-mindedness (e.g., nurturance).

When interests were classified by RIASEC type Holland Codes (Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional), men were found to prefer working with things, while women preferred working with people. Men also showed stronger Realistic and Investigative interests, and women showed stronger Artistic, Social, and Conventional interests. Sex differences favoring men were also found for more specific measures of engineering, science, and mathematics interests.

Emotion
When measured with an affect intensity measure, women reported greater intensity of both positive and negative affect than men. Women also reported a more intense and more frequent experience of affect, joy, and love but also experienced more embarrassment, guilt, shame, sadness, anger, fear, and distress. Experiencing pride was more frequent and intense for men than for women. In imagined frightening situations, such as being home alone and witnessing a stranger walking towards your house, women reported greater fear. Women also reported more fear in situations that involved "a male's hostile and aggressive behavior". Emotional contagion refers to the phenomenon of a person's emotions becoming similar to those of surrounding people. Women have been reported to be more responsive to this. In fact, it was found in a study that men had stronger emotional experiences while women had stronger emotional expressivity, when it came to anger. It was also reported in a previous study that men had a higher physiological response to stimuli meant to induce anger. Seeing that emotional experience and expressivity are two different things, another study has found that "the emotional responses elicited by emotional videos were inconsistent between emotional experience and emotional expressivity. Men had stronger emotional experiences, whereas women had stronger emotional expressivity" where in this case emotional experience is the physiological arousal one faces due to an external stimulus and emotional expressivity is the "external expression of subjective experience."

There are documented differences in socialization that could contribute to sex differences in emotion and to differences in patterns of brain activity.

Context also determines a man or woman's emotional behavior. Context-based emotion norms, such as feeling rules or display rules, "prescribe emotional experience and expressions in specific situations like a wedding or a funeral", may be independent of the person's gender. In situations like a wedding or a funeral, the activated emotion norms apply to and constrain every person in the situation. Gender differences are more pronounced when situational demands are very small or non-existent as well as in ambiguous situations. During these situations, gender norms "are the default option that prescribes emotional behavior".

Professor of Psychology Ann Kring said, "It is incorrect to make a blanket statement that women are more emotional than men, it is correct to say that women show their emotions more than men." In two studies by Kring, women were found to be more facially expressive than men when it came to both positive and negative emotions. These researchers concluded that women and men experience the same amount of emotion, but that women are more likely to express their emotions.

Women are known to have anatomically differently shaped tear glands than men as well as having more of the hormone prolactin, which is present in tear glands, as adults. While girls and boys cry at roughly the same amount at age 12, by age 18, women generally cry four times more than men, which could be explained by higher levels of prolactin.

Empathy
Current literature find that women demonstrate more empathy across studies. Women perform better than men in tests involving emotional interpretation, such as understanding facial expressions, and empathy.

Some studies argue that this is related to the subject's perceived gender identity and gendered expectations influencing the subject's implicit gender stereotypes. Additionally, culture impacts gender differences in the expression of emotions. This may be explained by the different social roles women and men have in different cultures, and by the status and power men and women hold in different societies, as well as the different cultural values various societies hold. Some studies have found no differences in empathy between women and men, and suggest that perceived gender differences are the result of motivational differences. Some researchers argue that because differences in empathy disappear on tests where it is not clear that empathy is being studied, men and women do not differ in ability, but instead in how empathetic they would like to appear to themselves and others.

Women are better at recognizing facial effects, expression processing and emotions in general., while men were better at recognizing specific behaviour which includes anger, aggression and threatening cues. Small but statistically significant sex differences favour females in "Reading of the mind" test. "Reading of the mind" test is an ability measure of theory of mind or cognitive empathy. Overall, females have an advantage in non-verbal emotional recognition.

There are some sex differences in empathy from birth which remains consistent and stable across lifespan. Females were found to have higher empathy than males while children with higher empathy regardless of gender continue to be higher in empathy throughout development. Further analysis of brain tools such as event related potentials found that females who saw human suffering had higher ERP waveforms than males. Another investigation with similar brain tools such as N400 amplitudes found higher N400 in females in response to social situations which positively correlated with self-reported empathy. Structural fMRI studies found females have larger grey matter volumes in posterior inferior frontal and anterior inferior parietal cortex areas which are correlated with mirror neurons in fMRI literature. Females were also found to have stronger link between emotional and cognitive empathy. The researchers found that the stability of these sex differences in development are unlikely to be explained by any environment influences but rather might have some roots in human evolution and inheritance.

An evolutionary explanation for the difference is that understanding and tracking relationships and reading others' emotional states was particularly important for women in prehistoric societies for tasks such as caring for children and social networking. Throughout prehistory, females nurtured and were the primary caretakers of children so this might have led to an evolved neurological adaptation for women to be more aware and responsive to non-verbal expressions. According to the Primary Caretaker Hypothesis, prehistoric males did not have same selective pressure as primary caretakers so therefore this might explain modern day sex differences in emotion recognition and empathy.

Aggression
Although research on sex differences in aggression show that males are generally more likely to display aggression than females, how much of this is due to social factors and gender expectations is unclear. Aggression is closely linked with cultural definitions of "masculine" and "feminine". In some situations, women show equal or more aggression than men, although less physical; for example, women are more likely to use direct aggression in private, where other people cannot see them and are more likely to use indirect aggression in public. Men are more likely to be the targets of displays of aggression and provocation than females. Studies by Bettencourt and Miller show that when provocation is controlled for, sex differences in aggression are greatly reduced. They argue that this shows that gender-role norms play a large part in the differences in aggressive behavior between men and women.

Sex differences in aggression are one of the most robust and oldest findings in psychology. Males regardless of age engaged in more physical and verbal aggression while small effect for females engaging in more indirect aggression such as rumor spreading or gossiping. Males tend to engage in more unprovoked aggression at higher frequency than females. This greater male aggression is also present in childhood and adolescence. The difference is greater in the physical type of aggression, compared to the verbal type. Males are more likely to cyber-bully than females. Difference also showed that females reported more cyberbullying behaviour during mid-adolescence, while males showed more cyber bullying behaviour at late adolescence.

In humans, males engage in crime and especially violent crime more than females. The relationship between testosterone and aggression is highly debated in the scientific community, and evidence for a causal link between the two has resulted in conflicting conclusions. Some studies indicate that testosterone levels may be affected by environmental and social influences. while in the biological paradigm, the relationship between testosterone and the brain is primarily studied from two domains, a lumbar puncture which is mostly used to clinically diagnose disorders relevant in the nervous system and are usually not done for research purposes, a majority of research papers however rely on measures such as blood sampling (which is in widespread use across scientific academia ) in order to calculate active testosterone levels in behavior-related brain reigons while the androgen is being administered or to observe testosterone increase in (mostly) men during physical activities. Involvement in crime usually rises in the early teens to mid teens, which happen at the same time as testosterone levels rise. Most studies support a link between adult criminality and testosterone, although the relationship is modest if examined separately for each sex. However, nearly all studies of juvenile delinquency and testosterone are not significant. Most studies have also found testosterone to be associated with behaviors or personality traits linked with criminality such as antisocial behavior and alcoholism.

In species that have high levels of male physical competition and aggression over females, males tend to be larger and stronger than females. Humans have modest general body sexual dimorphism on characteristics such as height and body mass. However, this may understate the sexual dimorphism regarding characteristics related to aggression since females have large fat stores. The sex differences are greater for muscle mass and especially for upper body muscle mass. Men's skeleton, especially in the vulnerable face, is more robust. Another possible explanation, instead of intra-species aggression, for this sexual dimorphism may be that it is an adaption for a sexual division of labor with males doing the hunting. However, the hunting theory may have difficulty explaining differences regarding features such as stronger protective skeleton, beards (not helpful in hunting, but they increase the perceived size of the jaws and perceived dominance, which may be helpful in intra-species male competition), and greater male ability at interception (greater targeting ability can be explained by hunting).

Ethics and morality
Sex differences of moral orientation find that women tend towards a more care-based morality while men tend towards a more justice-based morality. This is usually based on the fact that men have slightly more utilitarian reasoning while women have more deontological reasoning which is largely because of greater female affective response and rejection of harm-based behaviours (based on dual process theory). Women tend to have greater moral sensitivity than men. Using the five moral principles of care, fairness, loyalty, authority, and purity (based on moral foundations theory), women consistently score higher on care, fairness, and purity across 67 cultures. On the other hand, sex differences in loyalty and authority were small in size and highly variable across cultural contexts. Country-level sex differences in all moral foundations in relation to cultural, socioeconomic, and gender-related indicators reveal that global sex differences in moral foundations are larger in individualistic, Western, and gender-equal cultures.

Cognitive traits
Sex-related differences of cognitive functioning is questioned in research done on the areas of perception, attention, reasoning, thinking, problem solving, memory, learning, language and emotion. Cognitive testing on the sexes involves written tests that typically have a time limit, the most common form being a standardized test such as the SAT or ACT. These test basic individual abilities rather than complex combination of abilities needed to solve real life problems. Analysis of the research has found a lack of credibility when relying on published studies about cognition because most contain findings of cognitive differences between the males and females, but they overlook those that do not show any differences, creating a pool of biased information. Those differences found are attributed to both social and biological factors.

It was once thought that sex differences in cognitive task and problem solving did not occur until puberty. However, as of 2000, evidence suggested that cognitive and skill differences are present earlier in development. For example, researchers have found that three- and four-year-old boys were better at targeting and at mentally rotating figures within a clock face than girls of the same age. Prepubescent girls, however, excelled at recalling lists of words. These sex differences in cognition correspond to patterns of ability rather than overall intelligence. Laboratory settings are used to systematically study the sexual dimorphism in problem solving task performed by adults.

On average, females excel relative to males on tests that measure recollection. They have an advantage on processing speed involving letters, digits and rapid naming tasks. Females tend to have better object location memory and verbal memory. They also perform better at verbal learning. Females have better performance at matching items and precision tasks, such as placing pegs into designated holes. In maze and path completion tasks, males learn the goal route in fewer trials than females, but females remember more of the landmarks presented. This suggests that females use landmarks in everyday situations to orient themselves more than males. Females were better at remembering whether objects had switched places or not.

On average, males excel relative to females at certain spatial tasks. Specifically, males have an advantage in tests that require the mental rotation or manipulation of an object. In a computer simulation of a maze task, males completed the task faster and with fewer errors than their female counterparts. Additionally, males have displayed higher accuracy in tests of targeted motor skills, such as guiding projectiles. Males are also faster on reaction time and finger tapping tests.

Doreen Kimura, a psychobiologist, has published books and articles specifically on the subject of sex and cognition. Since studying gender differences in cognition, Kimura has further proved generalizations made from research data collected in the field of cognitive psychology. These scientific findings have not been generalized cross culturally. Females have shown to have a higher ability in reading facial and body cues than their male counterparts. Though studies have found females to have more advanced verbal skills, men and women in adulthood do not have varied vocabularies. Women tend to have better spelling capabilities and verbal memory.

Intelligence
An article published in the Review of Educational Research summarizes the history of the controversy around sex differences in variability of intelligence. Through modern research, the main idea has held that males have a much wider range in test performance in IQ tests. The study also analyzes data concerning differences in central tendencies through environmental and biological theories. Males were found to have much wider variation than females in areas of quantitative reasoning, spatial visualization, spelling, and general knowledge than females. In the studies conclusion, to form an accurate summary, both the variability in sex differences and in the central tendencies must be examined to generalize the cognitive variances of males and females.

Empirical studies of g, or general intelligence, in men and women have given inconsistent results, showing either no differences or advantages for either sex. The differences in average IQ between women and men are small in magnitude and inconsistent in direction.

There have been many studies where this issue has been looked into. Scientists have found that a mindset of differing intelligence is still prominent in many cultures. Databases like ProQuest Central, PsycINFO, and Web of Science were searched for more information on this topic. This resulted in a total of 71 studies that show a variety of gender inequalities across the world.

According to the 1995 report Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns by the American Psychological Association, "Most standard tests of intelligence have been constructed so that there are no overall score differences between females and males." Arthur Jensen in 1998 conducted studies on sex differences in intelligence through tests that were "loaded heavily on g" but were not normalized to eliminate sex differences. He concluded, "No evidence was found for sex differences in the mean level of g. Males, on average, excel on some factors; females on others". Jensen's results that no overall sex differences existed for g has been strengthened by researchers who assessed this issue with a battery of 42 mental ability tests and found no overall sex difference.

Although most of the tests showed no difference, there were some that did. For example, some tests found females performed better on verbal abilities while males performed better on visuospatial abilities. One female advantage is in verbal fluency where they have been found to perform better in vocabulary, reading comprehension, speech production and essay writing. Males have been specifically found to perform better on spatial visualization, spatial perception, and mental rotation. Researchers had then recommended that general models such as fluid and crystallized intelligence be divided into verbal, perceptual and visuospatial domains of g, because when this model is applied then females excel at verbal and perceptual tasks while males on visuospatial tasks.

There are, however, also differences in the capacity of males and females in performing certain tasks, such as rotation of objects in space, often categorized as spatial ability. These differences are more pronounced when people are exposed to a stereotype threat to their gender, which can be as subtle as being asked for their gender before being tested. Differences in mental rotation have also been seen to correlate with computer experience and video game practice, with as little as 10 hours of video game training reducing the disparity. Other traditionally male advantages, such as in the field of mathematics are less clear; again, differences may be caused by stereotype threats to women, and several recent studies show no difference whatsoever. In some regions, especially in Arab countries, observed sex differences in math ability favor girls and women, and in gender-equal countries the traditional difference is eliminated, highlighting the importance of societal influences. Although females have lesser performance in spatial abilities on average, they have better performance in processing speed involving letters, digits and rapid naming tasks, object location memory, verbal memory, and also verbal learning.

Memory
The results from research on sex differences in memory are mixed and inconsistent, as some studies show no difference, and others show a female or male advantage. Females tend to perform better in episodic memory tasks and access their memories faster than males and use more emotional terms when describing memories. Females also outperform men in random word recall, semantic memory and autobiographical memory. Men are more likely to get the gist of events rather than be aware of specific details. Men also recall more factual information like childhood memories better than females, and also have increased spatial based memories. Men use strategies where they use mental spatial maps and are better at knowing absolute direction, like north and south. Women use landmarks and directional cues for spatial navigation. Also, estradiol, a hormone found in women, affects learning and memory. Estradiol affects the function related to memory in the brain because it maintains cognitive function by increasing nervous tissue growth in the brain to help maintain memory. Though women experience brain fog when they go through menopause, it has been attributed to stress and processes in frontal neural networks instead.

Cognitive control of behavior
A 2011 meta-analyses found that women have small, but persistent, advantages in punishment sensitivity and effortful control across cultures. A 2014 review found that in humans, women discount more steeply than men, but sex differences on measures of impulsive action depend on tasks and subject samples.

Childhood play
The differences between males and females in the context of childhood play is linked to differences in gender roles. A research on the "acquisition of fundamental movement skills" found that even though the level of mastery for certain skills were about the same for both boys and girls, after a certain age boys have better object control skills than girls do.

Some differences in gender roles influence on childhood play are suggested to be biological. A study by Alexander, Wilcox, and Woods led to the conclusion that toy preferences are innate. The reason being that the infants in the study visually discriminated between dolls and trucks. Where as the girls preferred the dolls over the truck, the boys preferred the trucks.

Hines and Kaufman hypothesized that girls with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia who are exposed to high androgen levels during pregnancy might be more physically forceful and rougher like boys are observed to be when they play. The results of Hines and Kaufman's research led them to conclude that androgen didn't cause girls with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia to be rougher than unaffected girls during play. The study suggested socialization also influenced the type of play children participated in.

Sexual behavior
Psychological theories exist regarding the development and expression of gender differences in human sexuality. A number of these theories are consistent in predicting that men should be more approving of casual sex (sex happening outside a stable, committed relationship such as marriage) and should also be more promiscuous (have a higher number of sexual partners) than women.

A sociobiological approach applies evolutionary biology to human sexuality, emphasizing reproductive success in shaping patterns of sexual behavior. According to sociobiologists, since women's parental investment in reproduction is greater than men's, owing to human sperm being much more plentiful than eggs, and the fact that women must devote considerable energy to gestating their offspring, women will tend to be much more selective in their choice of mates than men. It may not be possible to accurately test sociobiological theories in relation to promiscuity and casual sex in contemporary (U.S.) society, which is quite different from the ancestral human societies in which most natural selection for sexual traits has occurred.

Neoanalytic theories are based on the observation that mothers, as opposed to fathers, bear the major responsibility for childcare in most families and cultures; both male and female infants, therefore, form an intense emotional attachment to their mother, a woman. According to feminist psychoanalytic theorist Nancy Chodorow, girls tend to preserve this attachment throughout life and define their identities in relational terms, whereas boys must reject this maternal attachment in order to develop a masculine identity. In addition, this theory predicts that women's economic dependence on men in a male-dominated society will tend to cause women to approve of sex more in committed relationships providing economic security, and less so in casual relationships.

The sexual strategies theory by David Buss and David P. Schmitt is an evolutionary psychology theory regarding female and male short-term and long-term mating strategies which they argued are dependent on several different goals and vary depending on the environment.

According to social learning theory, sexuality is influenced by people's social environment. This theory suggests that sexual attitudes and behaviors are learned through observation of role models such as parents and media figures, as well as through positive or negative reinforcements for behaviors that match or defy established gender roles. It predicts that gender differences in sexuality can change over time as a function of changing social norms, and also that a societal double standard in punishing women more severely than men (who may in fact be rewarded) for engaging in promiscuous or casual sex will lead to significant gender differences in attitudes and behaviors regarding sexuality.

Such a societal double standard also figures in social role theory, which suggests that sexual attitudes and behaviors are shaped by the roles that men and women are expected to fill in society, and script theory, which focuses on the symbolic meaning of behaviors; this theory suggests that social conventions influence the meaning of specific acts, such as male sexuality being tied more to individual pleasure and macho stereotypes (therefore predicting a high number of casual sexual encounters) and female sexuality being tied more to the quality of a committed relationship.

The ovulatory shift hypothesis is the contested theory that female behaviour and preferences relating to mate selection changes throughout the ovulation cycle. A meta-analysis of 58 studies concluded that there was no evidence to support this theory. Another meta-analysis found that the hypothesis was only support in regards to short-term attraction. Additionally, a 2016 paper suggested that any possible changes in preferences during ovulation would be moderated by the relationship quality itself, even to the point of inversion in favor of the female's current partner.

A recent study sought to test the connection between current fertility status and sociosexual attitudes and desires; the researchers concluded that their hypothesis was not met, meaning they found no connection between women's fertility status and sociosexual desires or attitudes.

Mental health
Childhood conduct disorder and adult antisocial personality disorder as well as substance use disorders are more common in men. Many mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and eating disorders are more common in women. One explanation is that men tend to externalize stress while women tend to internalize it. Gender differences vary to some degree for different cultures.

Men and women do not differ on their overall rates of psychopathology; however, certain disorders are more prevalent in women, and vice versa. Women have higher rates of anxiety and depression (internalizing disorders) and men have higher rates of substance abuse and antisocial disorders (externalizing disorders). It is believed that divisions of power and the responsibilities set upon each sex are critical to this predisposition. Namely, women earn less money than men do, they tend to have jobs with less power and autonomy, and women are more responsive to problems of people in their social networks. These three differences can contribute to women's predisposition to anxiety and depression. It is suggested that socializing practices that encourage high self-regard and mastery would benefit the mental health of both women and men.

Anxiety and depression
One study interviewed 18,572 respondents, aged 18 and over, about 15 phobic symptoms. These symptoms would yield diagnoses based on criteria for agoraphobia, social phobia, and simple phobia. Women had significantly higher prevalence rates of agoraphobia and simple phobia; however, there were no differences found between men and women in social phobia. The most common phobias for both women and men involved spiders, bugs, mice, snakes, and heights. The biggest differences between men and women in these disorders were found on the agoraphobic symptoms of "going out of the house alone" and "being alone", and on two simple phobic symptoms, involving the fear of "any harmless or dangerous animal" and "storms", with relatively more women having both phobias. There were no differences in the age of onset, reporting a fear on the phobic level, telling a doctor about symptoms, or the recall of past symptoms.

Women are more likely than men to have depression. One 1987 study found little empirical support for several proposed explanations, including biological ones, and argued that when depressed women tend to ruminate which may lower the mood further while men tend to distract themselves with activities. This may develop from women and men being raised differently.

Suicide
Although females have more suicidal thoughts and attempts, and are diagnosed with depression more than men, males are much more likely to die from suicide. Suicide from males happens 4 times more often than among females. Also, though females try to commit suicide more often, men choose more violent methods, like guns. Women are more likely to use different methods like drug overdose or poison. One proposed cause for these disparities is socialization: men are expected to be independent and discouraged from showing weakness or emotion, while women are encouraged to share emotions and rely on support from others. Other suggested factors are societal expectations linking men's worth to their ability to provide and men's higher rate of alcoholism.

Schizophrenia
Women and men are both equally likely at developing symptoms of schizophrenia, but the onset occurs earlier for men. It has been suggested that sexually dimorphic brain anatomy, the differential effects of estrogens and androgens, and the heavy exposure of male adolescents to alcohol and other toxic substances can lead to this earlier onset in men. Various neurodevelopmental theories suggest the reasoning behind an earlier onset for men. One theory suggests that male fetal brains are more vulnerable to prenatal complications. Another theory argues that the gender differentiation in schizophrenia onset is due to excessive pruning of synaptic nerves during male adolescence. "The estrogen hypothesis" proposes that higher levels of estrogen in women has a protective effect against these prenatal and adolescent complications that may be associated with men having schizophrenia onset earlier. Estrogen can alter post-synaptic signal transduction and inhibit psychotic symptoms. Thus, as women experience lower levels of estrogen during menopause or the menstrual cycle, they can experience greater amounts of psychotic symptoms. In addition, estrogen treatment has yielded beneficial effects in patients with schizophrenia.

Autism Spectrum Disorder
The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorder varies amongst males and females. Globally, data isn't available for every individual country, but a worldwide review of epidemiological surveys, found a median of 62 out of 10,000 people have ASD. Amongst 8-year-olds in the United States 1 in 44 children have been identified with autism spectrum disorder, but it is "4 times more common among males than females." According to a research looking at the disparity between the actual prevalence of ASD and what actually gets diagnosed, there is a 2:1 ratio of males to females who are undiagnosed. This same statistic suggests that females have a disadvantage when it comes to being diagnosed and are underrepresented.

The "extreme male brain" or empathizing–systemizing theory views the autism spectrum as an extreme version of male-female differences regarding systemizing and empathizing abilities. It's used to explain the possible reason why males with ASD score higher on systemizing tests than females with ASD.

Symptom presentation in females with ASD is not as noticeable as it is in males. Females are better able to cope with the symptoms and often camouflage to be able to fit in socially and form relationships. Camouflaging has been suggested to be the cause of females with ASD having more emotional distress, while male counterparts usually had more external social problems.

The imprinted brain hypothesis argues that autism and psychosis are contrasting disorders on a number of different variables and that this is caused by an unbalanced genomic imprinting favoring paternal genes (autism) or maternal genes (psychosis). According to the Female Protective Effect Hypothesis, for females to develop autism they need to have acquired a wider range of genetic mutations than their male counterpart.

Possible causes
Both biological and social/environmental factors have been studied for their impact on sex differences. Separating biological from environmental effects is difficult, and advocates for biological influences generally accept that social factors are also important.

Biological
Biological differentiation is a fundamental part of human reproduction. Generally, males have two different sex chromosomes, an X and a Y; females have two X chromosomes. The Y chromosome, or more precisely the SRY gene located on it, is what generally determines sexual differentiation. If a Y chromosome with an SRY gene is present, growth is along male lines; it results in the production of testes, which in turn produce testosterone. In addition to physical effects, this prenatal testosterone increases the likeliness of certain "male" patterns of behavior after birth, though the exact impact and mechanism are not well understood. Parts of the SRY and specific parts of the Y chromosome may also possibly influence different gender behaviors, but if so, these impacts have not yet been identified.

Biological perspectives on psychological differentiation often place parallels to the physical nature of sexual differentiation. These parallels include genetic and hormonal factors that create different individuals, with the main difference being the reproductive function. The brain controls the behavior of individuals, but it is influenced by genes, hormones and evolution. Evidence has shown that the ways that male and female children become adults is different, and that there are variations between the individuals of each sex.

Sex linkage
Certain psychological traits may be related to the chromosomal sex of the individual. In contrast, there are also "sex-influenced" (or sex-conditioned) traits, in which the same gene may present different phenotypes depending on sex. For example, two siblings might share the same gene of aggressiveness but one might be more docile than the other due to differences in sex. Even in a homozygous dominant or recessive female the condition may not be expressed fully. "Sex-limited" traits are characteristics only expressed in one sex, or only in men or women. They may be caused by genes on either autosomal or sex chromosomes. Evidence exists that there are sex-linked differences between the male and female brain.

Epigenetics
Epigenetic changes have also been found to cause sex-based differentiation in the brain. The extent and nature of these differences are not fully characterised. Differences in socialization of males and females may decrease or increase the size of sex differences.

Neuroscience
A 2021 meta-synthesis of existing literature found that sex accounted for 1% of the brain's structure or laterality, finding large group-level differences only in total brain volume. This partially contradicts a review from 2006 and a meta-analysis from 2014 which found that some evidence from brain morphology and function studies indicates that male and female brains cannot always be assumed to be identical from either a structural or functional perspective, and some brain structures are sexually dimorphic.

Socialization
Differences in socialization of males and females are known to cause, decrease, or increase the magnitude of various sex differences.

In most cultures, humans are subject from infancy to gender socialization. For example, infant girls typically wear pink and infant boys typically wear blue. Gender schemas, or gendered cultural ideals which determine a person's preferences, are also installed into our behaviors beginning at infancy.

As people get older, gender stereotypes become more applied. The social role theory primarily deals with such stereotypes, more specifically the division of labor and a gender hierarchy. When this theory is applied in social settings, such as the workplace, it can often lead to sexism. This theory also applies to certain personality trails, such as men are more typically more assertive and women more passive. According to this theory, ideally, in most cultures, the woman is to stay and tend to the house and home while the man works to both better the house itself and increase finances.

Gender roles vary significantly by culture and time period. Such differences include political rights as well as employment and education opportunities solely available to females. Homosexual people are also subject to various societal expectations. Sexual inversion was one theory of homosexuality, positing that homosexuality was due to an innate reversal of gender traits.

Evolutionary product
Donald Symons has argued that fundamental sex differences in genetics, hormones and brain structure and function may manifest as distal cultural phenomena (e.g., males as primary combatants in warfare, the primarily female readership of romance novels, etc.). There has been significant feminist critique of these and other evolutionary psychology arguments, from both within and outside of the scientific community.

title: Sex differences in psychology


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The Inner Mounting Flame

The Inner Mounting Flame is the debut studio album by jazz-rock fusion band Mahavishnu Orchestra, recorded in August 1971 and released later that year by Columbia Records. After their formation, the group performed several debut gigs before they entered the studio to record their first album featuring all original material written by guitarist John McLaughlin.

Release and reception
The Inner Mounting Flame was released in 1971. Reviewing the album for JazzTimes in 1998, Bill Milkowski said: One is struck by the grandiose reach of the quintet that dared to call itself an orchestra. Pieces like "Meeting of the Spirits" and the fragile, acoustic "A Lotus on Irish Streams" are like classically-inspired suites in miniature. But it was numbers like "Noonward Race", "Vital Transformation" and especially "Awakening", fueled by Cobham’s smoldering intensity on the kit and McLaughlin’s raging, distortion-soaked guitar lines, that really grabbed rock crowds. More ethereal pieces like "The Dance of Maya", with its odd time signatures and arpeggios, and the haunting "You Know, You Know", a drum feature for Cobham, helped to create a kind of mystique about the Mahavishnu Orchestra that was wholly unprecedented for its time. In a retrospective review for Allmusic, Richard S. Ginell wrote that The Inner Mounting Flame "is the album that made John McLaughlin a semi-household name, a furious, high-energy, yet rigorously conceived meeting of virtuosos that, for all intents and purposes, defined the fusion of jazz and rock a year after Miles Davis' Bitches Brew breakthrough".

Later releases
A remastered version of the album, on CD, was released in 1998 by Sony Music Entertainment. It features a facsimile of the LP front cover, a new set of liner notes by Bob Belden, and many photographs of the band. The Inner Mounting Flame was included in 2011 as part of The Complete Columbia Albums Collection box set, along with the other albums by the first line-up of the band, including The Lost Trident Sessions. This version includes a version of "The Noonward Race" recorded live at the Mar y Sol Pop Festival 3 April 1972. That version was previously available on the compilation album Mar Y Sol: The First International Puerto Rico Pop Festival, but the version included in the box set is two minutes longer.

Track listing
All tracks composed by John McLaughlin.

Mahavishnu Orchestra

 * John McLaughlin – guitar
 * Rick Laird – bass
 * Billy Cobham – drums, percussion
 * Jan Hammer – keyboards, organ
 * Jerry Goodman – violin

Additional personnel

 * Don Puluse – engineer

title: The Inner Mounting Flame


text:
International Australian Football Council

The International Australian Football Council (IAFC) was a body established in 1995 to govern the sport of Australian rules football internationally. It was established by a small number of amateur football bodies.

The IAFC was established after the Arafura Games, held in Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.

The Arafura Games were the first international games to have Australian rules football as a competition, rather than a demonstration sport. Papua New Guinea won the Gold medal that year and retained it in subsequent games. The national delegations that fielded Australian rules football teams met and decided to form a central body to co-ordinate efforts to promote the game in their own nations. The IAFC was founded as a result of this meeting, the first president being Will McKenzie (New Zealand).

The IAFC helped organise the first Australian Football International Cup in Melbourne in 2002 which was won by Ireland.

As the primary rulemaker in Australia, the Australian Football League (AFL) refused to recognise the IAFC's role to govern the rules of the code internationally (given that it was primarily responsible for small amateur competitions). As a response, the AFL brought on its own international game development initiatives and funding, limiting the scope and purpose of the IAFC to a promotional body. In line with these initiatives, many leagues around the world formally affiliated with the AFL and the AFL negotiated the unanimous voluntary dissolution (by member country vote) of the IAFC at the end of 2002 in a successful attempt to gain the status of world governing body.

By 2004, the AFL formed its own International Policy, the first of its kind since the formation of the IAFC and became formally recognised as the world governing body for the sport. The AFL has stated that it does not see the need for a FIFA style governing body until at least 2050.

Splinter group
Some individual members of the IAFC voted to continue under the IAFC banner as the "International Australian Football Confederation". Board members included Ron Barassi, Allen Aylett and Brian Dixon. This organisation was not recognised by the AFL. It instigated the Multicultural Cup competitions in 2004 and 2005, involving expatriate communities living in Australia, of which Israel won the first, while Greece won the second. It also played a role in organising the first EU Cup. This organisation eventually changed its name to Aussie Rules International (ARI) and later Australian Football International (AFI), which functions only as a development and promotional body.

Predecessors
The first Australasian Football Council was formed in Melbourne in 1883 to take control of all intercolonial representative matches (21 years before FIFA). However the right for the council to the laws of the game was challenged in 1894 by the Victorian Football Association, the premier league at the time, resulting in its dissolution.

In 1905, an official Australasian Football Council was formed, after delegates from the North and South Islands of New Zealand became involved. Unlike its predecessor, this body maintained control of the game internationally until 1995 when its right to govern the code was similarly challenged by the premier competition, the Australian Football League. The AFC is in no way related to the International Australian Football Council, although the principle is the same.


text:
Recommendation

Recommendation may refer to:

 * European Union recommendation, in international law
 * Letter of recommendation, in employment or academia
 * W3C recommendation, in Internet contexts
 * A computer-generated recommendation created by a recommender system

title: Recommendation


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Midland station (Toronto)

Midland was a rapid transit station on Line 3 Scarborough of the Toronto subway in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located on Midland Avenue between Ellesmere Road and Progress Avenue.

History
Midland station opened in 1985, along with the rest of the Scarborough line.

In February 2021, the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) recommended the closure of Line 3 in 2023 and its replacement by bus service until the completion of the Scarborough extension of Line 2 Bloor–Danforth. Line 3 was set to close in November 2023. The station was permanently closed earlier than expected on July 24, 2023, following a derailment which ultimately resulted in the TTC deciding to end Line 3 service early.

Station description
The station is located beside and above Midland Avenue, between Ellesmere Road and Progress Avenue. The station was fairly small compared to the other stations on the Scarborough RT line. It was built on two levels, with the two entrances on either side of Midland Avenue, as well as the collector and bus stops on ground level, and the Line 3 platforms on the level above. The east side entrance to the station was an unstaffed automatic entrance with entry only by Presto card.

The station served TTC bus routes running along Midland Avenue, Ellesmere Road and Progress Avenue, but only the 57 Midland bus stopped in front of the station. At the time of its closure, 5 TTC bus routes (4 daytime routes and 1 Blue Night route) passed by or near the station.

Rapid transit infrastructure in the vicinity
East of the station, the Line 3 trains continued to run elevated above the ground, and the elevation of the bridge increased as the tracks went further east towards Scarborough Centre station. West of the station, the line gradually descended until reaching a tunnel where it made a 90 degree turn south and it reached Ellesmere station station as soon as it exited the tunnel.

Nearby landmarks
At the time of its closing, the station was next to an Atlantic Packaging facility.

title: Midland station (Toronto)


text:
ISL

Isl (or isl) is a common abbreviation for "island" or "islands".

ISL may also refer to:

Education and research

 * Illinois Security Lab, a research laboratory at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
 * Independent School League (disambiguation), independent high school athletic conferences in the United States
 * Institute of State and Law, a Russian legal think tank affiliated with the Russian Academy of Sciences
 * International School of Louisiana, a charter school system in the United States
 * International School of Lusaka, an international school in Zambia
 * International School of Luxembourg, a privately owned non-profit school in Luxembourg
 * International School of Lyon, an international school in France

Languages

 * Icelandic language (ISO 639-2 tag: ISL), a language spoken in Iceland
 * Icelandic Sign Language, the sign language of Iceland
 * Indian Sign Language also known as sign language of the deaf community in India
 * International Sign Language, any of several international auxiliary languages
 * Irish Sign Language, the sign language of Ireland
 * Israeli Sign Language, the most commonly used sign language within Israel's deaf community
 * Italian Sign Language, sign language used for Italian deaf people

Sports

 * Independent School League (Illinois), a group of nine Chicago-area preparatory schools
 * Independent School League (New England), a group of 16 New England preparatory schools
 * Independent School League (Washington, D.C. area), a group of 17 Washington, D.C. preparatory schools
 * Interscholastic League of Honolulu, a group of Hawaiian private schools
 * Indian Super League, a professional football-club league based in India
 * Ice Hockey Superleague, a British-based ice hockey league that existed between 1996 and 2003
 * Indonesia Super League, the top-tier competition for football clubs in Indonesia
 * International Soccer League, a U.S. based soccer league which was formed in 1960 and collapsed in 1965
 * International Sport and Leisure, a bankrupt Swiss sports marketing company that was closely affiliated with FIFA and the IOC
 * Iranian Super League (disambiguation), the Iranian professional basketball, futsal or volleyball leagues
 * Island Soccer League, a professional six-a-side association football league based in Bermuda
 * International Swimming League, a professional swimming league with ten teams and nine rounds in different cities all over the world

Transport

 * Island line (MTR), one of the rapid transit railway lines in Hong Kong
 * Isleworth railway station, London, England (National Rail station code)
 * Atatürk Airport, a former major international airport serving Istanbul, Turkey now serves cargo flights

Political organizations

 * Independent Socialist League, a defunct Trotskyist group in the United States (originally called the "Workers Party")
 * International Socialist League (South Africa), a former syndicalist group
 * International Socialist League (UK), a Trotskyist party in United Kingdom
 * International Socialist Left (Germany) (German: internationale sozialistische linke), a Trotskyist group in Germany

Other uses

 * Iceland, a Nordic European island country
 * In situ leach, a mining technique
 * Independent state legislature theory, U.S. Constitution reading
 * Integer set library (isl), a programming library for manipulating integer sets
 * Inter-Switch Link (disambiguation), a specially configured connection between network equipment
 * Cisco Inter-Switch Link, a proprietary Cisco VLAN trunking protocol
 * Intercon Security, a security firm
 * Irish Shipping Limited, an Irish state-owned deepsea shipping company formed during World War II
 * i. s. L., "in the sense of Lyapunov" (in mathematical contexts), a reference to Lyapunov stability
 * International Service Learning, a humanitarian NGO that offers volunteers practical experience in medical, education, and community enrichment programs

title: ISL