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Barry, Vale of Glamorgan

Barry ( Y Barri; ) is a town and community in the Vale of Glamorgan, Wales. It is on the north coast of the Bristol Channel approximately 9 mi south-southwest of Cardiff. Barry is a seaside resort, with attractions including several beaches and the resurrected Barry Island Pleasure Park. According to Office for National Statistics 2021 estimate data, the population of Barry was 56,605.

The town of Barry has absorbed its larger neighbouring villages of Cadoxton and Barry Island. It grew significantly from the 1880s with the development of Barry Docks, which, in 1913, was the largest coal port in the world.

Etymology
The origin of the town's name is disputed. It may derive from the sixth-century Saint Baruc who was buried on Barry Island where a ruined chapel was dedicated to him. Alternatively, the name may derive from Welsh bar, meaning "hill, summit". The name in Welsh Y Barri includes the definite article.

Early history
The area now occupied by Barry has seen human activity in many periods of history. Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age microlith flint tools have been found at Friars Point on Barry Island and near Wenvoe and Neolithic or New Stone Age polished stone axe-heads were discovered in St. Andrews Major. A cinerary urn (pottery urn buried with cremation ashes) was found on Barry Island during excavations of Bronze Age barrows and two more were found in a barrow at Cold Knap Point. A large defended enclosure or Iron Age promontory hillfort was located at the Bulwarks at Porthkerry and there was evidence of the existence of an early Iron Age farmstead during construction of Barry College off Colcot Road. In Roman times farmsteads existed on the site of Barry Castle and Biglis and there were verbal reports of discovery of a cemetery including lead coffins with scallop-shell decoration. Both St. Baruc's Chapel and St. Nicholas Church have re-used Roman bricks and tiles incorporated in their building fabric and a Roman villa was discovered in Llandough. In 1980 a Roman building consisting of 22 rooms and cellars in four ranges around a central courtyard was excavated at Glan-y-môr and is believed to be a third-century building associated with naval activity, maybe a supply depot.

The Vikings launched raids in the area and Barry Island was known to be a raider base in 1087. Flat Holm and Steep Holm islands in the Bristol Channel have their name Holm name derived from a Scandinavian word for an island in an estuary. The excavation of the Glan-y-môr site revealed the site had been reused in the 6th and 7th century and also between AD 830 and 950 as a dry stone sub-rectangular building with a turf or thatched roof.

Medieval Barry
The main feature of the area at this time was the island in the Bristol Channel, separated from the mainland by a tidal estuary. It is described in Giraldus Cambrensis or Gerald of Wales' Itinerarium Cambriae ("Journey through Wales", 1191). He states that Barry derives its name from St. Baruc whose remains are deposited in a chapel on the island. The local noble family who owned the island and the adjoining estates took the name of de Barri from the island.

Following the Norman conquest of England the area was divided into manors with the Barry area split into two large lordships, Penmark and Dinas Powys. Penmark was split into the sub-manors of Fonmon, West Penmark and Barry. Dinas Powys was split into the sub-manors of Cadoxton and Uchelolau ('Highlight'). The sub-manor of Barry was granted by the de Umfraville family to the de Barri family and the seat of the manor was Barry Castle, located on high ground overlooking the Bristol Channel, a site occupied in Roman times by a native homestead. The castle was a small fortified manor house, built to replace an earlier earthwork. By the late 13th century the castle had two stone buildings on the east and west sides of a courtyard. Early in the 14th century the castle was strengthened by the addition of a large hall and gatehouse on its south side, the ruins of which are all that survive today. By now Barry had grown into a village and port with its own church and watermill but in the 14th century its population was drastically reduced by the Black Death and the consequences of the rebellion of Owain Glyndŵr. It took the population some 300 years to recover and once more hold the title of village, essentially a sparsely populated area with a few scattered farms and much of the land a marsh that a small river flowed through. By 1622 the pattern of fields, where enclosure was almost complete, around Barry village was pretty much as it was to remain until the growth of the modern town. According to the 1673 hearth tax list the parish contained thirteen houses.

Whitehouse Cottage, the oldest existing inhabited house in modern Barry, dates from the late 1500s with the east end of the building added in around 1600. It overlooks the sea at Cold Knap.

Industrial history
By 1871 the population of Barry was over 100, with 21 buildings, the new estate-owning Romilly family being involved in the buildup of the village but it remained a largely agricultural community. It grew when it was developed as a coal port in the 1880s. The coal trade was growing faster than the facilities at Tiger Bay in Cardiff ever could and so a group of colliery owners formed the Barry Railway Company and chose to build the docks at Barry. Work commenced in 1884 and the first dock basin was opened in 1889 to be followed by two other docks and extensive port installations. The Barry Railway brought coal down from the South Wales Valleys to the new docks whose trade grew from one million tons in the first year, to over nine million tons by 1903. The port was crowded with ships and had flourishing ship repair yards, cold stores, flour mills and an ice factory. By 1913, Barry was the largest coal exporting port in the world. Barry Council Office and Library was completed in 1908.

Behind the docks rose the terraced houses of Barry which, with Cadoxton, soon formed a sizeable town. The railways which had played a major part in the development of the dock helped make Barry Island a popular resort. Barry Memorial Hall on Gladstone Road was inaugurated in November 1932, and obtained its name to honour those locals who lost their lives in World War I.

During its industrial peak a number of ships sank off the Barry coast.

Barry Scrapyard
Following the rise of diesel and electric power on the UK railways, the marshalling yards at Barry Docks became the largest repository of steam engines awaiting scrapping in the UK. Dai Woodham owned the Woodham Brothers Scrap yard and he allowed rail preservation organisations to buy back the locomotives at the scrap value, allowing around 200 of the 300 locomotives to be saved for future generations, although during the years of storage many were vandalised or looted by souvenir hunters. When interviewed just before his death, Woodham was reluctant to take full credit for this and pointed out that the town of Barry with its redundant sidings was the major factor in allowing these locomotives to be saved.

Modern times
Barry is the administrative centre of the Vale of Glamorgan, and home to Barry Town United F.C.

The road from Bonvilston was originally the B4266, as only Pontypridd Road within the town still is, and the road from Highlight Park right through the Vale to Bridgend was the B4265, as beyond Cardiff International Airport it still is. Since the 1970s, parts of these roads are numbered A4226, with the result that the A4226 radiates from Weycock Cross roundabout in three directions.

Although still a port, Barry is more of a manufacturing town and as a service centre for the Vale of Glamorgan. Barry Docks and the adjoining industrial area form the largest employment centre in the town. The docks, whose road links were dramatically improved with the opening of the Docks Link Road in 1981, now have direct road access with the M4 motorway. The docks can handle vessels up to 23,000 tonnes and the first-class tidal position close to the deep-water channel of the Severn Estuary, allows for scheduled sailings. With its transit sheds, warehouses and open storage, the docks are equipped to handle bulk cargoes but with the scrapping of their former electric cranes, ships’ own derricks have to be used or cranes hired in by ABP as required. Two roll on/roll off berths are available and have been used by routes to Ireland and West Africa. As at January 2016, Intermodal rail freight traffic is being operated from No. 2 Dock. With a new presence on the Mole in No. 1 Dock and the provision of a concrete slipway from it, leisure rowing and dinghy sailing is available (2016).

The town has a town council which is controlled by the Labour Party.

The majority of industrial firms are located in the dock area. The largest are the chemical producing concerns such as Cabot Carbon and Dow Corning who not long ago completed the development of the largest silicones plant in Europe. Other main employers in Barry Docks are Jewson Builders' Merchants, Western Welding and Engineering, Bumnelly, and Associated British Ports Holdings who, since 1982 have run the docks as successors to the British Transport Docks Board.

To the west of Barry is Porthkerry Park. This is a large area of open space, with woodlands, streams, and access to a pebbly beach. In the park is the former Barry Railway Company viaduct with 13 arched spans standing 110 ft high. Following the closure of the Vale of Glamorgan line to passengers between Barry and Bridgend in 1964, it was reopened on 10 June 2005 and for most of its 19 miles, provides a scenic view and link to Llantwit Major and beyond to Bridgend.

Barry Island
The Barry Island peninsula was an island until the 1880s when it was linked to the mainland as the town of Barry expanded. This was partly due to the opening of Barry Dock by the Barry Railway Company. Established by David Davies, the docks now link up the gap which used to form Barry Island.

There is a railway station to access the island at Barry Docks, there is also a heritage railway station which houses refurbished steam passenger trains. The railway is open to the public and holds events involving a large steam engine replica of Thomas the Tank Engine.

Barry Island is now known for its beach and Barry Island Pleasure Park. From 1966, the island was home to a Butlins Holiday camp, which was closed in 1987 and taken over by Majestic Holidays who renamed it Barry Island Resort. Between Butlins' closure and Majestic's reopening the camp was used as for filming scenes in the "Shangri-La" holiday camp from the Doctor Who serial Delta and the Bannermen. The camp closed in 1996 after Majestic had a disagreement with the local council, who refused an entertainments licence unless work was carried out to improve the now 30-year-old site. It was redeveloped for housing between 1997 and 2003 with the remaining two camp buildings and outdoor pool demolished in early 2005. The preserved Vale of Glamorgan Railway runs on Barry Island.

The BBC sitcom Gavin & Stacey was filmed in many areas of Barry and Barry Island, including establishments such as Marco's Café which feature in the show. Long-running medical drama Casualty which is filmed in Cardiff, regularly films scenes in and around Barry Island.

UK parliamentary constituency
From the 1536 Act of Union, Glamorgan was represented in parliament by one member, elected by the freeholders in the county. In 1885, the constituency was split into three with the creation of East Glamorganshire, Mid Glamorganshire and South Glamorganshire. The Representation of the People Act 1918 created the Llandaff and Barry constituency. Sir William Cope (Conservative) won the 1918 general election. Labour regained the seat at the 1929 general election when Charles Ellis Lloyd was returned but two years later lost the seat to the Conservatives' Patrick Munro. After Munro's death in 1942 Cyril Lakin won the by-election for the Conservatives. Arwyn Lynn Ungoed-Thomas (Labour) won the seat at the 1945 general election. The Llandaff and Barry constituency was abolished by the Representation of the People Act 1948. and replaced by the Barry parliamentary constituency. This seat was first contested in the 1950 United Kingdom general election when Dorothy Rees (Labour) was elected. She lost the seat to Sir Herbert Raymond Gower (Conservative) at the 1951 general election. He held the seat until its abolition in 1983.

It was replaced by the Vale of Glamorgan constituency which Sir Herbert Raymond Gower (Conservative) won at the 1983 general election. He remained as MP until his death in 1989. At the subsequent by-election the seat was won by John Smith (Labour). At the 1992 general election Walter Sweeney (Conservative) won it by only 19 votes. That made it the most marginal seat in Britain. John Smith won it back at the 1997 general election. In the 2010 General election there was a 6.1% swing from Labour to Conservative. This resulted in the election of Alun Cairns, a Conservative MP who has held the seat since.

Senedd (Welsh Parliament)
Barry is part of the Vale of Glamorgan Senedd constituency and part of the South Wales Central Senedd region. Jane Hutt of the Welsh Labour Party has been the assembly member since the inception of the Senedd.

Local councils
Barry was incorporated as a municipal borough by royal charter in September 1939. The Borough was the successor to Barry and Cadoxton Local Board (1888–1894) and Barry Urban District Council (1894–1939). The area covered by the borough comprised Barry, Cadoxton-juxta-Barry, Merthyr Dyfan and parts of Penmark, Porthkerry and Sully. In 1974, it was abolished and its functions taken over by the Vale of Glamorgan District Council and South Glamorgan County Council.

The local council, Barry Town Council, is the largest town council in Wales. It has given Olympic silver medalist David Davies freedom of the town, the first freedom granted since 1958. The mayor since May 2017 is Nic Hodges who represents Baruc Ward and is a Plaid Cymru councillor, Barry's first Plaid Cymru mayor. The town council has no overall control with Labour, Plaid Cymru and Conservative councillors.

The local unitary authority, created in 1995, is the Vale of Glamorgan Council which has its administrative headquarters in Barry. There are 23 wards electing 47 councillors, including eight wards in Barry (electing 18 county councillors) which comprise Baruc (2 councillors), Buttrills (2), Cadoc (3), Castleland (2), Court (2), Gibbonsdown (2), Dyfan (2) and Illtyd (3).

Districts
• Barry Dock

• Barry Island

• Barry Waterfront

• Buttrills

• Cadoxton

• Colcot

• Coldbrook

• Cwm Talwg

• Gibbonsdown

• Gladstone

• Highlight Park

• Holton

• Jenner Park

• Merthyr Dyfan

• Palmerstown

• Pencoedtre

• Romilly

Climate
As with the rest of the British Isles and Wales, Barry experiences a maritime climate with cool summers and mild winters, and often high winds. It is amongst the sunnier of Welsh locations, due to its southerly and coastal position. The nearest official weather observation station is at Cardiff Airport near Rhoose, about 3 mi west of the town centre.

The arts

 * Series 3–5 of Being Human (2010 on) was filmed in and around Barry Island, with much of the storyline referring to the town as "infested" with werewolves and vampires.
 * The 2011 film Submarine, although set in Swansea was mostly filmed in Barry.
 * Barry hosted the National Eisteddfod of Wales in 1920 and 1968.
 * The Doctor Who serial Delta and the Bannermen was set and filmed in Barry.
 * Several scenes of the Doctor Who episodes "The Empty Child" and "The Doctor Dances" were filmed at the Vale of Glamorgan Railway sites at Plymouth Road and Barry Island in January 2005.
 * Gavin & Stacey is partly set and filmed in and around Barry.
 * Art Central, a modern art gallery run by the local council, was created in the Town Hall as part of the library redevelopment in 2006.
 * Watercolour artist Thomas Frederick Worrall lived in Barry from 1913 until his death in 1957. Several of his paintings of Barry and other areas in the Vale of Glamorgan are in the National Library of Wales.
 * Composer Grace Williams (1906 – 1977), generally regarded as Wales's most notable female composer, was born in Barry and lived there during her latter years. Her best known works include Fantasia on Welsh Nursery Tunes and Sea Sketches.
 * Memo Arts Centre on Gladstone Road is the largest arts centre in the Vale of Glamorgan. In addition to a programme of a range of live arts and entertainment, the Memo has a 4K Sony Digital Cinema with Dolby Surround Sound. The Memo's Cinema screens blockbusters, independent films and live streaming broadcasts such as National Theatre's NT Live shows.
 * The Small Space on Island Road is "The World's Smallest Magic Theatre". In addition to magic, the theatre also puts on jazz performances and comedy.

Secondary schools
Barry has four secondary schools. Since 1993, Bryn Hafren and Barry Comprehensive School have worked together to provide the co-educational Barry Sixth Form. In July 2018, as part of the 'Transforming Secondary Education in Barry' scheme, both Barry Comprehensive School and Bryn Hafren closed their doors to make way for two new mixed-sex secondary schools which opened in September 2018. The old Barry Comprehensive School site has now become Whitmore High School and Bryn Hafren has now become Pencoedtre High School.
 * Whitmore High School – mixed 11–18
 * Pencoedtre High School – mixed 11–18
 * St Richard Gwyn Catholic High School – mixed 11–16
 * Ysgol Gyfun Bro Morgannwg – Welsh-medium school, mixed 11–18

Primary schools
Primary education (5–11) in Barry is provided by a number of community, Welsh-language, and faith-based schools spread throughout the town. • All Saints Church in Wales Primary School

• Barry Island Primary School

• Cadoxton Primary School

• Colcot Primary School

• Gladstone Primary School

• High Street Primary School

• Holton Primary School

• Jenner Park Primary School

• Oakfield Primary School

• Palmerston Primary School

• Romilly Primary School

• St Helen's RC Infants School (5–7)

• St Helens's RC Junior School (7–11)

• Ysgol Gwaun y Nant – Welsh-medium school

• Ysgol Nant Talwg – Welsh-medium school

• Ysgol Sant Baruc – Welsh-medium school

• Ysgol Sant Curig – Welsh-medium school

Sport

 * Barry Town F.C.
 * Barry RFC
 * Sea View RFC
 * Barry 40

Transport

The main forms of public transport in the town are bus and rail. Barry is served by Cardiff Bus which operates services to Llantwit Major, Penarth, Cardiff International Airport and Cardiff City Centre as well as operating town circular services. Barry's King's Square bus station is located on King's Square in the town centre. The A4050 road connects Barry to Culverhouse Cross Interchange and the rest of west Cardiff.

There are four railway stations in the town: Barry, Barry Docks, Barry Island and Cadoxton. These are operated and served by Transport for Wales and are on the Valley Lines network, a commuter rail network focused on Cardiff. Services operate westbound to Bridgend via Llantwit Major and Rhoose Cardiff International Airport, and eastbound to Cardiff Queen Street via Dinas Powys, Cardiff Grangetown and Cardiff Central. The latter service can continue to either Merthyr Tydfil, Pontypridd and/or Aberdare.

Barry is located less than 3 mi east of Cardiff International Airport.

Nearby places

 * Barry Island, now joined to the mainland by a causeway carrying a road and a railway line
 * The Bendricks, a rocky beach by the harbour
 * Sully Island, a small tidal islet a mile east of the harbour
 * Sully, a village east of the town

Notable people

 * See also Category:People from Barry, Vale of Glamorgan

 * Grace Williams (1906–1977), generally regarded as Wales's most notable female composer
 * Gwynfor Evans (1912–2005), Welsh nationalist politician, leader of Plaid Cymru, was from Barry.
 * Elfyn Richards (1914–1995), aeronautical and acoustical engineer, was born in Barry and educated at Barry Grammar School.
 * John Habakkuk (1915–2002), economic historian, was born in Barry and attended Barry County School
 * Abdulrahim Abby Farah (1919–2018), Somali diplomat, Undersecretary-General of the UN, born in Barry and educated at Barry Grammar School
 * Irving Davies (1926–2002), choreographer, was born in Barry
 * Barnett Janner, Baron Janner (1892 –1982), lived in Barry, where his father had a furniture shop
 * Robert Tear (1939 - 2011), operatic tenor who regularly sang at many of the world's great opera houses
 * Damian Green (born 1956), Conservative politician, is from Barry
 * Julia Gillard (born 1961), 27th Prime Minister of Australia, was born in Barry, and migrated with her family to Australia, in 1966
 * Derek Brockway (born 1967), BBC Wales meteorologist and TV presenter, was born in Barry was educated at Barry Comprehensive School
 * Rhodri Williams (born 1968), sports journalist, is from Barry.
 * Gareth Jones (13 August 1905 – 12 August 1935), journalist
 * Derek Tapscott (30 June 1932 – 12 June 2008), Welsh international footballer
 * Bryn Merrick (12 October 1958 – 12 September 2015), musician
 * Gerran Howell (born 25 February 1991), actor, was educated at Barry Comprehensive School
 * Alan Evans (academic) (born 1952), neuroscientist, was born in Barry Dock and attended Barry Comprehensive School
 * Lee Selby (born 1987), boxer, former world champion
 * Andrew Selby (born 1988), boxer
 * Annes Elwy (born 1992) Actress went to school in Barry.

Freedom of the Town
The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the Town of Barry.

Individuals

 * Major Edgar Jones: 26 April 1950.
 * Sophie Ingle: 18 October 2018.

Military units

 * RAF St Athan: 1959.

title: Barry, Vale of Glamorgan


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Forrest Mars Sr.

Forrest Edward Mars Sr. (March 21, 1904 – July 1, 1999) was an American billionaire businessman and the driving force of the Mars candy empire. He is best known for introducing Milky Way (1924) and Mars (1932) chocolate bars, and M&M's (1941) chocolate, as well as orchestrating the launch of Uncle Ben's Rice. He was the son of candy company Mars, Inc. founder Frank C. Mars and his first wife Ethel G. Mars (née Kissack).

Early life and career
Mars was born March 21, 1904, in Wadena, Minnesota, the only child of Franklin Clarence Mars, the founder of the Mars Candy Company, and his first wife Ethel Gale Mars (née Kissack; 1882-1980). He was raised by his maternal grandparents in North Battleford Saskatchewan, Canada, after his parents' divorce when he was just a child. He rarely saw his father who remarried to Ethel Veronica Healy in 1910. He had a half sister, Patricia Mars. After high school, he entered the University of California, Berkeley, and later transferred to Yale University, where he completed a degree in industrial engineering in 1928.

As an adult, Forrest Mars reunited with his father at Mars, Inc. However, the pair ran into a disagreement when Forrest wanted to expand abroad while his father did not. For a few years he worked at the new plant in Chicago and supervised the development of the Snickers and 3 Musketeers bars. Frances Herdlinger, a newly hired chemist at the Chicago lab of Mars Inc, remembered "Forrest Mars would turn up often with something new for us to try." Mars then took a buyout from his father and moved to England where he created the Mars bar and Maltesers while estranged from his father in 1933. In Europe, Mars briefly worked for Nestlé and the Tobler company.

In 1934, he bought a British company, Chappel Bros, specialized in canned meat for dogs. Due to the lack of competition, Forrest took control of this market as he launched and marketed Chappie's canned food.

After he returned to the United States, Mars started his own food business, Food Products Manufacturing, where he established the Uncle Ben's Rice line and a pet food business, Pedigree. In partnership later with Bruce Murrie, Mars developed M&M's, the chocolate candy covered in a crunchy shell which "melts in your mouth, not in your hands," in 1940. They were possibly modeled after Smarties. Peanut M&M's were introduced in 1954 although Forrest had been allergic to peanuts his entire life. Murrie later left the business.

Following the death of his father, Forrest Mars took over the family business, Mars, Inc, merging it with his own company in 1964. He was married to Audrey Ruth Meyer (b. May 25, 1910, in Chicago, d. June 15, 1989, in Washington, D.C.), and they had three children – Forrest Jr., John, and Jacqueline.

Mars retired from Mars, Inc., in 1973, turning the company over to his children.

In 1980, retired and living in Henderson, Nevada, he founded Ethel M Chocolates, named after his mother. Ethel M was purchased by Mars, Inc. in 1988.

Mars died at age 95 on July 1, 1999, in Miami, Florida, having amassed a fortune of $4 billion. Forbes magazine ranked him as the 30th richest American (Forrest Jr. and John were 29th and 31st, respectively) and as the 103rd wealthiest person in the world. He left the business jointly to his three children.

Mars was inducted into the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 1984.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Forrest Mars Sr.


text: User talk:81.79.201.133

title: User talk:81.79.201.133


text:
User talk:Suzanne Astorino

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Viriditas 01:35, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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hello
Hi Suzanne,

I happened to be editing Chris Layton at the same time as you. Your name is very familiar in connection with SRV, but I can't find anything. Were you a member of an SRV mailing list for example--or is there another connection? Regards Outriggr 06:13, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

Joan Alexander
What a great link. I kind of adopted the Joan page when I got frustrated at how devoid of information it was. I almost felt like I was intruding on her privacy as I did research. I'd like to find verifiable citations for the articles from the TV.com stuff, as it was pretty interesting.

From what I have pieced together, the surgeon husband is probably Jane's father, and Stanton would be her second husband.

I am also trying to persuade the superman boys that Joan is a major superman property, and is getting up there in years.

Anyway, I watch her on GSN every night, and I can tell the Name episodes are about to run out. I think Bob & Ray are its last hosts, and I do remeber Ralston is its last sponsor.--K3vin (talk) 23:51, 10 November 2008 (UTC)

Joan Alexander
I don't know if I have a tv.com userid i use the gmail so you can probably figure out my email address  from this kevin3.0@ K3vin (talk)

Octopus
I don't want to rain on your parade, but despite its two helicopters and two submarines, at 413', Octopus isn't the worlds largest privately owned yatch. (Rising Sun (yacht) is 452', and Eclipse (yacht) is/will be 548'.) Cheers, Pdfpdf (talk) 09:46, 18 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Hi. There was no parade or rain in sight. I did not make the PDF file, I merely provided the link and used the title that was on page one of the PDF file. I will edit the file description. Nice photos on your site. Suzanne (talk) 19 April 2009
 * "Hi. There was no parade or rain in sight." - Good! I didn't want to be a "wet blanket".
 * "I did not make the PDF file, I merely provided the link" - I expected it was something like that.
 * "Nice photos on your site" - Thank you! (I think they're attractive; it's nice to hear I'm not alone.)
 * Cheers, Pdfpdf (talk) 11:31, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

The Old Curiosity Shop
I've reverted your edit - it wasn't a typo. The word is conceit: in literary terms, a conceit an extended metaphor with a complex logic that governs an entire poem or poetic passage. By juxtaposing, usurping and manipulating images and ideas in surprising ways, a conceit invites the reader into a more sophisticated understanding of an object of comparison. That's what Dickens was doing in his original version of the story. Hope this helps. 86.138.46.93 (talk) 12:54, 21 May 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Suzanne (stage show)

The article Suzanne (stage show) has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * non notable play, can find no RS to satisfy WP:GNG

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Jezhotwells (talk) 14:53, 30 July 2011 (UTC)

Nomination of List of What's My Line? mystery guests for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article List of What's My Line? mystery guests is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/List of What's My Line? mystery guests until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. AldezD (talk) 16:48, 31 January 2013 (UTC)

January 2014
Hello. Your recent edit to List of gangs in the United States appears to have added the name of a non-notable entity to a list that normally includes only notable entries. In general, a person or organization added to a list should have a pre-existing article before being added to most lists. If you wish to create such an article, please first confirm that the subject qualifies for a separate, stand-alone article according to Wikipedia's notability guideline. Thank you. Sum mer PhD (talk) 03:26, 29 January 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:17, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Suzanne Astorino


text:
File:GoldfingerNovel.jpg

James Bond 007 - Goldfinger

© 1961 Pan Books.

Source: Image scanned and uploaded by 23skidoo.

Fair Use Rationale for image use in the article Goldfinger (novel)
No free or public domain images have been located for this book.

This image is used on various websites, and has been published in several books, so use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible or visible than it already is. It does not detract from the original and is used for information purposes only.

It is also being used in the article Pan Books as an example of the type of product being described in the article, therefore Fair Use is maintained.

title: File:GoldfingerNovel.jpg


text:
Royal Academy (disambiguation)

Royal Academy may refer to:

Language and literature

 * Real Academia Española ("Royal Spanish Academy" or "RAE"), the institution responsible for regulating the Spanish language
 * Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, a British drama school
 * Royal Academy of Dutch language and literature

Civilian education

 * Royal Academy of Turku, founded 1640, now the University of Helsinki
 * Royal Irish Academy, one of Ireland's premier learned societies and cultural institutions
 * Royal West of England Academy or RWA, an institution (founded 1844) based in Bristol, England, UK
 * Mount Royal Academy (New Hampshire), a Roman Catholic high school
 * Royal Academy of Cambodia, a Cambodian educational institution
 * Irvine Royal Academy, Scottish educational institution
 * Inverness Royal Academy, a Scottish educational institution
 * Belfast Royal Academy, an educational institution

Art and architecture

 * Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, an art institution and group of art schools in Copenhagen, Denmark
 * Royal Academy of Arts, also simply known as the Royal Academy (RA), an art institution (founded 1768) based in London, England, UK
 * Royal Academy of Fine Arts Antwerp (Koninklijke Academie voor Schone Kunsten Antwerpen), an art and design academy based in Antwerp, Belgium
 * Royal Academy of Fine Arts (Ghent), (founded 1741), in Ghent
 * Royal Academy of Art (The Hague), (founded 1682), an art academy based in The Hague
 * Académie de peinture et de sculpture, (founded 1648), in Paris
 * Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts, (founded 1711), in Brussels
 * Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando ("Royal Academy of Fine Art of San Fernando"), Spain's most prestigious fine arts institution
 * Swedish Royal Academies, a group of independent organisations that promote arts and culture in Sweden
 * Royal Scottish Academy, an art institution in Scotland
 * Academy of Fine Arts Munich, founded as the "Royal Academy of Fine Arts"
 * Royal Hibernian Academy, an Irish arts academy
 * Royal Swedish Academy of Arts
 * Royal Academy summer exhibition, a London art exhibit
 * Royal Canadian Academy of Arts
 * Korean Royal Academy of Painting (founded between 1463 and 1469)

Music and dance

 * Royal Academy of Dance, a dance institution specialising in Classical Ballet, founded in London, England in 1920.
 * Royal Academy of Music, a music conservatoire based in London
 * Royal Danish Academy of Music
 * Royal Academy of Music in Aarhus
 * Royal Academy of Music Museum, a British music museum
 * Royal Swedish Academy of Music
 * Royal Academy (China), a historical institution for music, dance and theatre in China

Belgium

 * Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Science and the Arts
 * The Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium
 * Royal Academy of Overseas Sciences, a Belgian scientific academy
 * Royal Belgian Entomological Society

United Kingdom

 * Royal Society, the Academy of Sciences of the United Kingdom
 * Royal Academy of Engineering, a national engineering institution based in London
 * Royal Astronomical Society
 * Royal Aeronautical Society
 * Royal Society of Medicine
 * Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

France

 * The Royal Academy of Sciences, one of the names of the French Academy of Sciences (founded 1666), which is now part of the French Institute

Spain

 * Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences
 * Spanish Royal Academy of Naval Engineers
 * Real Academia de la Historia
 * Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas
 * Royal Academy of Jurisprudence and Legislation
 * Royal Academy of Pharmacy
 * Royal Academy of Engineering of Spain
 * Spanish Royal Society of Chemistry

Italy

 * Royal Academy of Italy
 * Royal Academy of Sciences and Humanities of Naples
 * Royal Medico-Surgical Academy of Napoli
 * Reale Accademia Ercolanese

Other

 * Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
 * Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters
 * Royal Irish Academy
 * Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
 * Royal Scientific Society
 * Royal Society of New Zealand

Military

 * Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, a British academy for engineers and artillery, now closed
 * Royal Military Academy
 * Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, British
 * Royal Naval Academy, British
 * Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy, Thai military academy

Other

 * Royal Academy (horse), a thoroughbred racehorse

title: Royal Academy (disambiguation)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Lonely Soul's Map and Guidebook

The Lonely Soul's Map and Guidebook
"Christopher Lotito" "Lonely Soul's Map" gets 13 hits on google. All edits to this, Christopher Lotito, and List of Spiritualist authors by the same IP address. hfool 01:41, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * A "major spiritual work" written before the author was 21? I'm sorry, but religion and spirituality are areas where authors are lucky if they create major works before they turn fifty. (cf. Saint Jerome, Saint Augustine, G. K. Chesterton). And it's a pamphlet to boot, it's not even a book. I'll bet Luther's Theses are longer. Delete. Inky 03:40, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * No evidence this was ever even published. and if it was, it certainly isn't notable. Delete. -R. fiend 07:27, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: It has a cool title. That's not the whole battle.  A tract by a young man.  It is the nature of young men to have Deep Thoughts.  It is the sad nature of most of these Deep Thoughts to trip over the better-reasoned deep thoughts of previous generations and to turn out to be shaky.  "Keep your piece nine years."  Geogre 14:26, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable Wyss 21:04, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Not notable. delete. Jacob1207 21:35, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Michael Wong (actor)

Michael Fitzgerald Wong a.k.a. Wong Man-tak (born 16 April 1965) is a Chinese-American actor based in Hong Kong.

He is fluent in English, but not in Chinese, which is reflected in many of the characters he has portrayed. His most notable film is the 1998 film Beast Cops which won a Hong Kong Film Award with Wong in the lead role. As of 2004, he has appeared in over fifty films in twenty-one years, often in very minor roles.

Early life
Michael Wong was born and raised in Troy, New York, the son of restaurateur, William Wong, and an American artist of Dutch and French descent, Connie Van Yserloo. His brothers, Russell Wong and Declan Wong, would also become actors in the Hong Kong film industry. After finishing high school, he left to go to Hong Kong to try his luck in acting.

There were a number of significant factors against Wong's eventual success in the Hong Kong film industry including an inability to speak Cantonese Chinese, no formal training in acting and no background in martial arts. He also lacked an entry into the tightly knit in the Hong Kong film industry.

Career
His debut was in 1985's City Hero, then in 1986 he was cast in his first major role, Legacy of Rage alongside Brandon Lee. His next significant film was Royal Warriors a.k.a. In the Line of Duty, which established his dominant image for the first part of his career as a naive but tough outsider.

He made his English language movie debut in James Hong's The Vineyard in 1989.

Final Option, released in 1994, would make Wong a major star in the Chinese film industry. Playing the role of a police officer, Stone Wong, he established a tougher image.

In 1995, he starred alongside Jackie Chan in Thunderbolt.

In 1996, he reappeared as Stone Wong in the prequel First Option for which he would be nominated for both an Hong Kong Film Award and a Golden Horse Award. Also that year, Wong starred in the Canadian TV production Once A Thief directed by John Woo.

His starring role in Beast Cops, which won a 1998 Best Film prize at the Hong Kong film awards, further consolidated his position. Also that year he acted with Shannon Lee in Enter the Eagles, and played the role of a detective in the Jean-Claude Van Damme film, Knock Off.

In 2000, Wong made his debut as a director in Miles Apart, which he also produced and starred in. He has continued to work in the Hong Kong film industry, though more often as a supporting player rather than a leading man, in productions such as Cold War, Skiptrace and Triple Threat.

In the 2002 movie New Option, he reprised the role of Stone Wong.

In 2006, Wong re-entered the music scene by performing "big band" music accompanied by a 10 piece band with the likes of "Come Fly with Me".

Personal life
Wong married Hong Kong supermodel Janet Ma in 1992 and they had two daughters, Kayla Wong and Irisa Shannon Wong, and one son, Kadin Miles Wong.

Wong is a keen helicopter enthusiast, having held a pilot's license since 1998. In 2008, he was serving a term as President of the Hong Kong Helicopter Club.

Filmography

 * Flying Tiger 3 (2021)
 * Flying Tiger 2 (2020)
 * Triple Threat (2019)
 * Chasing the Dragon II: Wild Wild Bunch (2019)
 * Flying Tiger (2018)
 * Secret Treasure (2017)
 * Skiptrace (2016)
 * Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014)
 * Z Storm (2014)
 * Delete My Love (2014)
 * From Vegas to Macau (2014)
 * ''Firestorm (2013)
 * SDU: Sex Duties Unit (2013)
 * 7 Assassins (2013)
 * Cold War (2012)
 * Nightfall (2012)
 * Dear Enemy (亲密敌人, 2011)
 * Triple Tap (2010)
 * The Blood Bond (2010)
 * Overheard (2009)
 * Drive of Life (TVB Drama 2007)
 * The Counting House (2006)
 * PTU File: Death Trap (2005)
 * Seven Swords (2005)
 * House of Fury (2005)
 * Magic Kitchen (2004)
 * Women from Mars (2002)
 * Partners (2002)
 * The New Option (2002)
 * Calmi Couri Appassionati (冷靜與熱情之間, 2001)
 * There is a Secret in my Soup (2001)
 * Violent Cop (2000)
 * At the Threshold of an Era (TVB Drama 1999)
 * Knock Off (1998)
 * Beast Cops (1998)
 * Enter the Eagles (1998)
 * Lost and Found (1996)
 * First Option (1996)
 * Thunderbolt (1995)
 * Return to a Better Tomorrow (1994)
 * The Final Option (飛虎雄心, 1994)
 * City Hunter (1993)
 * Tiger Cage 3 (1991)
 * The Vineyard (1989)
 * In the Line of Duty 4: Witness (1989)
 * Legacy of Rage (1986)
 * City Hero (1985)

title: Michael Wong (actor)


text:
User talk:Bwalkers

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Viriditas 01:37, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
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 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Bwalkers


text:
User talk:Smithereens~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Viriditas 01:38, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Smithereens. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Smithereens~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:46, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 19:00, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Smithereens~enwiki


text:
User talk:Gordon L

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Viriditas 01:39, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Jack the Ripper victim articles
Hi Gordon, I already left messages on the IP address talk page you were on earlier and a couple of articles, but now that you logged on I thought I'd post here. I see that you have made brand new articles for Martha Tabram and Catharine Eddowes and have just added more to another JtR victim page. This level of writing and amount of text is remarkable. Of course I have to admit it makes me nervous when a ne user posts fully fleshed out articles right away and one right after the other when it took a long time to get things to the level they were at earlier. Can you reassure me that these articles are original work and not copied from somewhere? What sources did you use to get your information? Also, as explained on the appropriate talk page, I think the name should be spelled Catherine Eddowes as we had it previously. DreamGuy 12:56, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi, got your reply. Welcome to Wikipedia. You had posted your response on my user page, and those are more for the person themself to write on. Users have discussion pages too (like this one) that you can click on the tab to get to and respond. I moved your comment from my user page to my talk page.

 * When I was asking for your sources, it was more to try to verify if you had done copying or to encourage you to list your sources on the new pages you make (or when doing extensive additions). Your later comments to the Jack the Ripper talk pages reassured me that you weren't just some kid grabbing text from some web page somewhere and pasting it here. I've read Sugden and the Casebook site, and I probably saw you around the messageboards there at some point (there were a few Gordons I think though -- I'm bad with names -- and I know the more recent people more than the ones from a while back).

 * But at any rate, I'm sure we can end up discussing things on the appropriate article talk pages. One helpful tip I should give out is that four tildes in a row (as described in the welcome message above) will spit out your username and the date and time when the page is saved, which makes a good way to sign talk page comments. DreamGuy 13:50, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for your work in adding references to Ripper victim articles. Keep up the good work. Here's a nice WikiThanks flower for the effort. - [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 21:45, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)

BTW, I'll have to agree with DreamGuy on this. Her real name may have been Catharine, but Wikipedia policy is to put the article at the place with the name that's most used to avoid Double redirects. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 22:02, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)

Exceptional Newcomer Award
Hi. For your great article Martha Tabram and your contributions to Catherine Eddowes and other Jack the Ripper articles I award you the Exceptional Newcomer Award (see your User page). Nicely done. Also, a few editing tips: Comments on a talk page can be signed by typing four tildes ~, which after saving will turn into a signature like Chris 73 Talk 00:15, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC). (three tildes is name only, and 5 is datetime only). Headings and subheadings can be done with ==Heading== or ===Subheading===. I also added links to Martha Tabram from other pages (see What links here). Also, i noticed the Tabram article initially because it was named Martha Tabram&redirect=no, so i moved it to Martha Tabram. Keep up the good work! -- Chris 73 Talk 01:14, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gordon L


text:
Carnotaurus

Carnotaurus (lit. 'meat bull') is a genus of theropod dinosaur that lived in South America during the Late Cretaceous period, probably sometime between 72 and 69 million years ago. The only species is Carnotaurus sastrei. Known from a single well-preserved skeleton, it is one of the best-understood theropods from the Southern Hemisphere. The skeleton, found in 1984, was uncovered in the Chubut Province of Argentina from rocks of the La Colonia Formation. Carnotaurus is a derived member of the Abelisauridae, a group of large theropods that occupied the large predatorial niche in the southern landmasses of Gondwana during the late Cretaceous. Within the Abelisauridae, the genus is often considered a member of the Brachyrostra, a clade of short-snouted forms restricted to South America.

Carnotaurus was a lightly built, bipedal predator, measuring 7.5 to 8 m in length and weighing 1.3 - 2.1 MT. As a theropod, Carnotaurus was highly specialized and distinctive. It had thick horns above the eyes, a feature unseen in all other carnivorous dinosaurs, and a very deep skull sitting on a muscular neck. Carnotaurus was further characterized by small, vestigial forelimbs and long, slender hind limbs. The skeleton is preserved with extensive skin impressions, showing a mosaic of small, non-overlapping scales approximately 5 mm in diameter. The mosaic was interrupted by large bumps that lined the sides of the animal, and there are no hints of feathers.

The distinctive horns and the muscular neck may have been used in fighting conspecifics. According to separate studies, rivaling individuals may have combated each other with quick head blows, by slow pushes with the upper sides of their skulls, or by ramming each other head-on, using their horns as shock absorbers. The feeding habits of Carnotaurus remain unclear: some studies suggested the animal was able to hunt down very large prey such as sauropods, while other studies found it preyed mainly on relatively small animals. Its brain cavity suggests an acute sense of smell, while hearing and sight were less well developed. Carnotaurus was probably well adapted for running and was possibly one of the fastest large theropods.

Discovery
The only skeleton (holotype MACN-CH 894) was unearthed in 1984 by an expedition led by Argentinian paleontologist José Bonaparte. This expedition also recovered the peculiar spiny sauropod Amargasaurus. It was the eighth expedition within the project named "Jurassic and Cretaceous Terrestrial Vertebrates of South America", which started in 1976 and was sponsored by the National Geographic Society. The skeleton is well-preserved and (still connected together), with only the posterior two thirds of the tail, much of the lower leg, and the hind feet being destroyed by weathering. The skeleton belonged to an adult individual, as indicated by the fused sutures in the. It was found lying on its right side, showing a typical death pose with the neck bent back over the torso. Unusually, it is preserved with extensive skin impressions. In view of the significance of these impressions, a second expedition was started to reinvestigate the original excavation site, leading to the recovery of several additional skin patches. The skull was deformed during fossilization, with the snout bones of the left side displaced forwards relative to the right side, the nasal bones pushed upwards, and the pushed backwards onto the. Deformation also exaggerated the upward curvature of the upper jaw. The snout was more strongly affected by deformation than the rear part of the skull, possibly due to the higher rigidity of the latter. In top or bottom view, the upper jaws were less U-shaped than the lower jaws, resulting in an apparent mismatch. This mismatch is the result of deformation acting from the sides, which affected the upper jaws but not the lower jaws, possibly due to the greater flexibility of the joints within the latter.

The skeleton was collected on a farm named "Pocho Sastre" near Bajada Moreno in the Telsen Department of Chubut Province, Argentina. Because it was embedded in a large hematite concretion, a very hard kind of rock, preparation was complicated and progressed slowly. In 1985, Bonaparte published a note presenting Carnotaurus sastrei as a new genus and species and briefly describing the skull and lower jaw. The generic name Carnotaurus is derived from the Latin carno [carnis] ("flesh") and taurus ("bull") and can be translated with "meat-eating bull", an allusion to the animal's bull-like horns. The specific name sastrei honors Angel Sastre, the owner of the ranch where the skeleton was found. A comprehensive description of the whole skeleton followed in 1990. After Abelisaurus, Carnotaurus was the second member of the family Abelisauridae that was discovered. For years, it was by far the best-understood member of its family, and also the best-understood theropod from the Southern Hemisphere. It was not until the 21st century that similar well-preserved abelisaurids were described, including Aucasaurus, Majungasaurus and Skorpiovenator, allowing scientists to re-evaluate certain aspects of the anatomy of Carnotaurus. The holotype skeleton is displayed in the Argentine Museum of Natural Sciences, Bernardino Rivadavia; replicas can be seen in this and other museums around the world. Sculptors Stephen and Sylvia Czerkas manufactured a life-sized sculpture of Carnotaurus that was previously on display at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. This sculpture, ordered by the museum during the mid-1980s, is probably the first life restoration of a theropod showing accurate skin.

Description
Carnotaurus was a large but lightly built predator. The only known individual was about 7.5 - 8 m in length, making Carnotaurus one of the largest abelisaurids. Ekrixinatosaurus and possibly Abelisaurus, which are highly incomplete, might have been similar or larger in size. A 2016 study found that only Pycnonemosaurus, at 8.9 m, was longer than Carnotaurus; it was estimated at 7.8 m. Its mass is estimated to have been 1,350 kg, 1,500 kg, 2,000 kg, 2,100 kg, and 1,306 - 1743 kg in separate studies that used different estimation methods. Carnotaurus was a highly specialized theropod, as seen especially in characteristics of the skull, the vertebrae and the forelimbs. The pelvis and hind limbs, on the other hand, remained relatively conservative, resembling those of the more basal Ceratosaurus. Both the pelvis and hind limb were long and slender. The left (thigh bone) of the individual measures 103 cm in length, but shows an average diameter of only 11 cm.

Skull
The skull, measuring 59.6 cm in length, was proportionally shorter and deeper than in any other large carnivorous dinosaur. The snout was moderately broad, not as tapering as seen in more basal theropods like Ceratosaurus, and the jaws were curved upwards. A prominent pair of horns protruded obliquely above the eyes. These horns, formed by the frontal bones, were thick and cone-shaped, internally solid, somewhat vertically flattened in cross-section, and measured 15 cm in length. Bonaparte, in 1990, suggested that these horns would probably have formed the bony cores of much longer keratinous sheaths. Mauricio Cerroni and colleagues, in 2020, agreed that the horns supported keratinous sheaths, but argued that these sheaths would not have been greatly longer than the bony cores.

As in other dinosaurs, the skull was perforated by six major skull openings on each side. The frontmost of these openings, the (bony nostril), was subrectangular and directed sidewards and forwards, but was not sloping in side view as in some other ceratosaurs such as Ceratosaurus. This opening was formed by the nasal and premaxilla only, while in some related ceratosaurs the maxilla also contributed to this opening. Between the bony nostril and the orbit (eye opening) was the antorbital fenestra. In Carnotaurus, this opening was higher than long, while it was longer than high in related forms such as Skorpiovenator and Majungasaurus. The antorbital fenestra was bounded by a larger depression, the, which was formed by recessed parts of the maxilla in front and the behind. As in all abelisaurids, this depression was small in Carnotaurus. The lower front corner of the antorbital fossa contained a smaller opening, the, which led into an air-filled cavity within the maxilla. The eye was situated in the upper part of the keyhole-shaped orbit. This upper part was proportionally small and subcircular, and separated from the lower part of the orbit by the forward-projecting. It was slightly rotated forward, probably permitting some degree of binocular vision. The keyhole-like shape of the orbit was possibly related to the marked skull shortening, and is also found in related short-snouted abelisaurids. As in all abelisaurids, the (on the skull roof between the eyes) was excluded from the orbit. Behind the orbit were two openings, the on the side and the  on the top of the skull. The infratemporal fenestra was tall, short, and kidney-shaped, while the supratemporal fenestra was short and square-shaped. Another opening, the, was located in the lower jaw – in Carnotaurus, this opening was comparatively large.

On each side of the upper jaws there were four premaxillary and twelve maxillary teeth, while the lower jaws were equipped with fifteen dentary teeth per side. The teeth had been described as being long and slender, as opposed to the very short teeth seen in other abelisaurids. However, Cerroni and colleagues, in their 2020 description of the skull, stated that all erupted teeth have been severely damaged during excavation and were later reconstructed with plaster (Bonaparte, in 1990, only noted that some lower jaw teeth had been fragmented). Reliable information on the shape of the teeth is therefore limited to replacement teeth and tooth roots that are still enclosed by the jaw, and can be studied using CT imaging. The replacement teeth had low, flattened crowns, were closely spaced, and inclined forwards at approximately 45°. In his 1990 description, Bonaparte noted that the lower jaw was shallow and weakly constructed, with the (the foremost jaw bone) connected to the hindmost jaw bones by only two contact points; this contrasts to the robust-looking skull. Cerroni and colleagues instead found multiple but loose connections between the dentary and the hindmost jaw bones. This articulation, therefore, was very flexible but not necessarily weak. The bottom margin of the dentary was convex, while it was straight in Majungasaurus.

The lower jaw was found with ossified hyoid bones, in the position they would be in if the animal was alive. These slender bones, supporting the tongue musculature and several other muscles, are rarely found in dinosaurs because they are often cartilaginous and not connected to other bones and therefore get lost easily. In Carnotaurus, three hyoid bones are preserved: a pair of curved, rod-like ceratobranchials that articulate with a single, trapezoidal element, the basihyal. Carnotaurus is the only known non-avian theropod from which a basihyal is known. The back of the skull had well-developed, air-filled chambers surrounding the braincase, as in other abelisaurids. Two separate chamber systems were present, the paratympanic system, which was connected to the middle ear cavity, as well as chambers resulting from outgrowths of the air sacs of the neck.

A number of autapomorphies (distinguishing features) can be found in the skull, including the pair of horns and the very short and deep skull. The maxilla had excavations above the promaxillary fenestra, which would have been excavated by the antorbital air sinus (air passages in the snout). The nasolacrimal duct, which transported eye fluid, exited on the medial (inner) surface of the lacrimal through a canal of uncertain function. Other proposed autapomorphies include a deep and long, air-filled excavation in the and an elongated depression on the  of the.

Vertebrae
The vertebral column consisted of ten cervical (neck), twelve dorsal, six fused sacral and an unknown number of caudal (tail) vertebrae. The neck was nearly straight, rather than having the S-curve seen in other theropods, and also unusually wide, especially towards its base. The top of the neck's spinal column featured a double row of enlarged, upwardly directed bony processes called epipophyses, creating a smooth trough on the top of the neck vertebrae. These processes were the highest points of the spine, towering above the unusually low spinous processes. The epipophyses probably provided attachment areas for a markedly strong neck musculature. A similar double row was also present in the tail, formed there by highly modified caudal ribs, in front view protruding upwards in a V-shape, their inner sides creating a smooth, flat, top surface of the front tail vertebrae. The end of each caudal rib was furnished with a forward projecting hook-shaped expansion that connected to the caudal rib of the preceding vertebra.

Forelimbs
The forelimbs were proportionally shorter than in any other large carnivorous dinosaurs, including tyrannosaurids. The forearm was only a quarter the size of the upper arm. There were no carpalia in the hand, so that the metacarpals articulated directly with the forearm. The hand showed four basic digits, though apparently only the middle two of these ended in finger bones, while the fourth consisted of a single splint-like metacarpal that may have represented an external 'spur'. The fingers themselves were fused and immobile, and may have lacked claws. Carnotaurus differed from all other abelisaurids in having proportionally shorter and more robust forelimbs, and in having the fourth, splint-like metacarpal as the longest bone in the hand. A 2009 study suggests that the arms were vestigial in abelisaurids, because nerve fibers responsible for stimulus transmission were reduced to an extent seen in today's emus and kiwis, which also have vestigial forelimbs.

Skin
Carnotaurus was the first theropod dinosaur discovered with a significant number of fossil skin impressions. These impressions, found beneath the skeleton's right side, come from different body parts, including the lower jaw, the front of the neck, the shoulder girdle, and the rib cage. The largest patch of skin corresponds to the anterior part of the tail. Originally, the right side of the skull also was covered with large patches of skin—this was not recognized when the skull was prepared, and these patches were accidentally destroyed. However, the surface texture of several skull bones allows for inferences on their probable covering. A hummocky surface with grooves, pits, and small openings is found on the sides and front of the snout and indicates a scaly covering, possibly with flat scales as in today's crocodilians. The top of the snout was sculptured with numerous small holes and spikes – this texture can probably be correlated with a cornified pad (horny covering). Such a pad also occurred in Majungasaurus but was absent in Abelisaurus and Rugops. A row of large scales did probably surround the eye, as indicated by a hummocky surface with longitudinal grooves on the lacrimal and postorbital bones. The skin was built up of a mosaic of polygonal, non-overlapping scales measuring approximately 5–12 mm in diameter. This mosaic was divided by thin, parallel grooves. Scalation was similar across different body parts with the exception of the head, which apparently showed a different, irregular pattern of scales. There is no evidence of feathers. Larger bump-like structures were distributed over the sides of the neck, back and tail in irregular rows. These bumps were 4 to 5 cm in diameter and up to 5 cm in height and often showed a low midline ridge. They were set 8 to 10 cm apart from each other and became larger towards the animal's top. The bumps probably represent feature scales – clusters of condensed scutes – similar to those seen on the soft frill running along the body midline in hadrosaurid ("duck-billed") dinosaurs. These structures did not contain bone. Stephen Czerkas (1997) suggested that these structures may have protected the animal's sides while fighting members of the same species (conspecifics) and other theropods, arguing that similar structures can be found on the neck of the modern iguana where they provide limited protection in combat.

More recent studies of the skin of Carnotaurus published in 2021 suggest that previous depictions of the scales on the body are inaccurate, and the larger feature scales were randomly distributed along the body, not distributed in discrete rows like in older artistic depictions and illustrations. There is also no sign of progressive size variation in feature scales along different areas along the body. The basement scales of Carnotaurus were by comparison highly variable, ranging in size from small and elongated, to large and polygonal, and from circular-to-lenticular in the thoracic, scapular, and tail regions, respectively. This scale differentiation may have been related to regulating body heat and shedding excess heat via thermoregulation due to its large body size and active lifestyle.

Classification
Carnotaurus is one of the best-understood genera of the Abelisauridae, a family of large theropods restricted to the ancient southern supercontinent Gondwana. Abelisaurids were the dominant predators in the Late Cretaceous of Gondwana, replacing the carcharodontosaurids and occupying the ecological niche filled by the tyrannosaurids in the northern continents. Several notable traits that evolved within this family, including shortening of the skull and arms as well as peculiarities in the cervical and caudal vertebrae, were more pronounced in Carnotaurus than in any other abelisaurid.

Though relationships within the Abelisauridae are debated, Carnotaurus is consistently shown to be one of the most derived members of the family by cladistical analyses. Its nearest relative might have been Aucasaurus  or Majungasaurus. A 2008 review, in contrast, suggested that Carnotaurus was not closely related to either genus, and instead proposed Ilokelesia as its sister taxon. Juan Canale and colleagues, in 2009, erected the new clade Brachyrostra to include Carnotaurus but not Majungasaurus; this classification has been followed by a number of studies since.

Carnotaurus is eponymous for two subgroups of the Abelisauridae: the Carnotaurinae and the Carnotaurini. Paleontologists do not universally accept these groups. The Carnotaurinae was defined to include all derived abelisaurids with the exclusion of Abelisaurus, which is considered a basal member in most studies. However, a 2008 review suggested that Abelisaurus was a derived abelisaurid instead. Carnotaurini was proposed to name the clade formed by Carnotaurus and Aucasaurus; only those paleontologists who consider Aucasaurus as the nearest relative of Carnotaurus use this group. A 2024 study recovered Carnotaurini as a valid clade consisting of Carnotaurus, Aucasaurus, Niebla and Koleken.

Below is a cladogram published by Canale and colleagues in 2009.

Function of the horns
Carnotaurus is the only known carnivorous bipedal animal with a pair of horns on the frontal bone. The use of these horns is not entirely clear. Several interpretations have revolved around use in fighting conspecifics or in killing prey, though a use in display for courtship or recognition of members of the same species is possible as well.

Greg Paul (1988) proposed that the horns were butting weapons and that the small orbita would have minimized the possibility of hurting the eyes while fighting. Gerardo Mazzetta and colleagues (1998) suggested that Carnotaurus used its horns in a way similar to rams. They calculated that the neck musculature was strong enough to absorb the force of two individuals colliding with their heads frontally at a speed of 5.7 m/s each. Fernando Novas (2009) interpreted several skeletal features as adaptations for delivering blows with the head. He suggested that the shortness of the skull might have made head movements quicker by reducing the moment of inertia, while the muscular neck would have allowed strong head blows. He also noted an enhanced rigidity and strength of the spinal column that may have evolved to withstand shocks conducted by the head and neck.

Other studies suggest that rivaling Carnotaurus did not deliver rapid head blows, but pushed slowly against each other with the upper sides of their skulls. Mazzetta and colleagues, in 2009, argued that the horns may have been a device for the distribution of compression forces without damage to the brain. This is supported by the flattened upper sides of the horns, the strongly fused bones of the top of the skull, and the inability of the skull to survive rapid head blows. Rafael Delcourt, in 2018, suggested that the horns could have been used either in slow headbutting and shoving, as seen in the modern marine iguana, or in blows to the opponent's neck and flanks, as seen in the modern giraffe. The latter possibility had been previously proposed for the related Majungasaurus in a 2011 conference paper.

Gerardo Mazzetta and colleagues (1998) propose that the horns might also have been used to injure or kill small prey. Though horn cores are blunt, they may have had a similar form to modern bovid horns if there was a keratinous covering. However, this would be the only reported example of horns being used as hunting weapons in animals.

Jaw function and diet
Analyses of the jaw structure of Carnotaurus by Mazzetta and colleagues, in 1998, 2004, and 2009, suggest that the animal was capable of quick bites, but not strong ones. Quick bites are more important than strong bites when capturing small prey, as shown by studies of modern-day crocodiles. These researchers also noted a high degree of flexibility (kinesis) within the skull and especially the lower jaw, somewhat similar to modern snakes. Elasticity of the jaw would have allowed Carnotaurus to swallow small prey items whole. In addition, the front part of the lower jaw was hinged, and thus able to move up and down. When pressed downwards, the teeth would have projected forward, allowing Carnotaurus to spike small prey items; when the teeth were curved upwards, the now backward projecting teeth would have hindered the caught prey from escaping. Mazzetta and colleagues also found that the skull was able to withstand forces that appear when tugging on large prey items. Carnotaurus may therefore have fed mainly on relatively small prey, but also was able to hunt large dinosaurs. In 2009, Mazzetta and colleagues estimated a bite force of around 3,341 newtons. A 2022 study estimating bite force for 33 different dinosaurs suggests that the bite force in Carnotaurus was around 3,392 newtons at the anterior portion of the jaws; slightly higher than the previous estimate. The posterior bite force at the back of the jaws meanwhile, was estimated at 7,172 newtons.

This interpretation was questioned by François Therrien and colleagues (2005), who found that the biting force of Carnotaurus was twice that of the American alligator, which may have the strongest bite of any living tetrapod. These researchers also noted analogies with modern Komodo dragons: the flexural strength of the lower jaw decreases towards the tip linearly, indicating that the jaws were not suited for high precision catching of small prey but for delivering slashing wounds to weaken big prey. As a consequence, according to this study, Carnotaurus must have mainly preyed upon large animals, possibly by ambush. Cerroni and colleagues, in 2020, argued that flexibility was restricted to the lower jaw, while the thickened skull roof and the ossification of several cranial joints suggest that the skull had no or only little kinesis.

Robert Bakker (1998) found that Carnotaurus mainly fed upon very large prey, especially sauropods. As he noted, several adaptations of the skull—the short snout, the relatively small teeth and the strong back of the skull (occiput)—had independently evolved in Allosaurus. These features suggest that the upper jaw was used like a serrated club to inflict wounds; big sauropods would have been weakened by repeated attacks.

Locomotion
Mazzetta and colleagues (1998, 1999) presumed that Carnotaurus was a swift runner, arguing that the thigh bone was adapted to withstand high bending moments while running; The ability of an animal's leg to withstand those forces limits its top speed. The running adaptations of Carnotaurus would have been better than those of a human, although not nearly as good as those of an ostrich. Scientists calculate that Carnotaurus had a top speed of up to 48 - 56 km per hour.

In dinosaurs, the most important locomotor muscle was located in the tail. This muscle, called the caudofemoralis, attaches to the fourth trochanter, a prominent ridge on the thigh bone, and pulls the thigh bone backwards when contracted. Scott Persons and Phil Currie (2011) in the tail vertebrae of Carnotaurus, the caudal ribs did not protrude horizontally ("T-shaped"), but were angled against the vertical axis of the vertebrae, forming a "V". This would have provided additional space for a caudofemoralis muscle larger than in any other theropod—the muscle mass was calculated at 111 to 137 kg per leg. Therefore, Carnotaurus could have been one of the fastest large theropods. While the caudofemoralis muscle was enlarged, the epaxial muscles situated above the caudal ribs would have been proportionally smaller. These muscles, called the longissimus and spinalis muscle, were responsible for tail movement and stability. To maintain tail stability in spite of reduction of these muscles, the caudal ribs bear forward projecting processes interlocking the vertebrae with each other and with the pelvis, stiffening the tail. As a consequence, the ability to make tight turns would have been diminished, because the hip and tail had to be turned simultaneously, unlike in other theropods.

Brain and senses
Cerroni and Paulina-Carabajal, in 2019, used a CT scan to study the endocranial cavity that contained the brain. The volume of the endocranial cavity was 168.8 cm3, although the brain would only have filled a fraction of this space. The authors used two different brain size estimates, assuming a brain size of 50% and 37% of the endocranial cavity, respectively. This results in a reptile encephalization quotient (a measure of intelligence) larger than that of the related Majungasaurus but smaller than in tyrannosaurids. The pineal gland, which produces hormones, might have been smaller than in other abelisaurids, as indicated by a low dural expansion – a space on top of the forebrain in which the pineal gland is thought to have been located.

The olfactory bulbs, which housed the sense of smell, were large, while the optic lobes, which were responsible for sight, were relatively small. This indicates that the sense of smell might have been better developed than the sense of sight, while the opposite is the case in modern birds. The front end of the olfactory tracts and bulbs were curved downwards, a feature only shared by Indosaurus; in other abelisaurids, these structures were oriented horizontally. As hypothesized by Cerroni and Paulina-Carabajal, this downward-curvature, together with the large size of the bulbs, might indicate that Carnotaurus relied more on the sense of smell than other abelisaurids. The flocculus, a brain lobe thought to be correlated with gaze stabilization (coordination between eyes and body), was large in Carnotaurus and other South American abelisaurids. This could indicate that these forms frequently used quick movements of the head and body. Hearing might have been poorly developed in Carnotaurus and other abelisaurids, as indicated by the short lagena of the inner ear. The hearing range was estimated to be below 3 kHz.

Age and paleoenvironment
Originally, the rocks in which Carnotaurus was found were assigned to the upper part of the Gorro Frigio Formation, which was considered to be approximately 100 million years old (Albian or Cenomanian stage). Later, they were realized to pertain to the much younger La Colonia Formation, dating to the Campanian and Maastrichtian stages (83.6 to 66 million years ago). Novas, in a 2009 book, gave a narrower time span of 72 to 69.9 million years ago (lower Maastrichtian stage). Carnotaurus therefore was the latest South American abelisaurid known. By the Late Cretaceous, South America was already isolated from both Africa and North America.

The La Colonia Formation is exposed over the southern slope of the North Patagonian Massif. Most vertebrate fossils, including Carnotaurus, come from the formation's middle section (called the middle facies association). This part likely represents the deposits of an environment of estuaries, tidal flats or coastal plains. The climate would have been seasonal with both dry and humid periods. The most common vertebrates collected include ceratodontid lungfish, turtles, plesiosaurs, crocodiles, dinosaurs, lizards, snakes and mammals. Other dinosaurs include Koleken inakayali, which is closely related to Carnotaurus; the saltasauroid titanosaur Titanomachya gimenezi; an unnamed ankylosaur; and an unnamed hadrosauroid, among others. Some of the snakes that have been found belong to the families Boidae and Madtsoidae, such as Alamitophis argentinus. Turtles are represented by at least five taxa, four from Chelidae (Pleurodira) and one from Meiolaniidae (Cryptodira). Plesiosaurs include two elasmosaurs (Kawanectes and Chubutinectes) and a polycotylid (Sulcusuchus). Mammals are represented by Reigitherium bunodontum and Coloniatherium cilinskii, the former of which was considered the first record of a South American docodont, and the possible gondwanatherians or multituberculates Argentodites coloniensis and Ferugliotherium windhauseni. Remains of an enantiornithine and, possibly, of a neornithine bird have been discovered.

title: Carnotaurus