text:
Talk:Discworld (world)

Dragons??
Correct me if am am wrong, but offically the only dragons in discworld are swamp draons, and the dragons rincewind visted are not techniacally of the discworld, but of some parrell dragon world, or some such?Oxinabox1 10:12, 6 August 2006 (UTC)
 * According to the Discworld Companion, the noble dragons from TCoM originated on the Discworld during the Mage Wars but left for another dimension, that of the human imagination. Since they're barely referred to in this article, it doesn't need to be an issue, IMO.  (BTW, please add new topics to the bottom of talk pages, not to the top) Vashti 17:18, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh sorry, i didn't no that convention (ui've only just stated,) thanks for inorming me,

and also this artical isn't really about the place, discworld but the series right?Oxinabox1 11:40, 18 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I guess you're wrong... Discworld (world) is the title! --80.242.32.51 09:20, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Physics and environment
Shouldn't we mention such aspect of the DW as the light/meta-light/dark concept and the absurdly-but-necessarily complex system of days and years described in TCOM? Especially since they've been referred to in the last few novels more than usual... or is there already a page for this? Tyrhinis 21:43, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

There is a page on the Discworld calendar, but I don't think there's much information about ideas like "dark light" and "anti-crime" and "pork futures" etc. It might be interesting to explain it. Serendipodous 10:52, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

List of Discworld locations
Could I ask people to take a look at this page and see what they think of the recent change of making every location a link?

I disagree with it as I feel it makes the page look ugly, most of the locations referenced are done so in such a brief referenece as to never deserve an article, and the user who linked everything made no attempt to make sure the links were relevant - see Razorback, Bugs, Eskrow, Brindisi, Kom and many more. --Neo 09:49, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

Magic (Discworld)
I really think this article should be merged with that one. You cannot give an overview of the Discworld without mentioning its standing magical field, the law of narrative causality and the power of belief.-Serendipodous 11:58, 3 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't believe that a merger would be a good idea, just that a summary should be written here (there is already a blank section ready for it). violet/riga (t) 10:26, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

Revisions
I've just completed a revision of this article that I hope will make it more readable and accessible. I haven't added or taken away anything, but I've shifted some of the sections around and added some new titles. The information was a bit scattered before, now I hope it's better organised. Serendipodous 19:38, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

Copying?
This is obviously a very tricky matter, but a lot of the article reads like it was copied or lightly paraphrased from The Discworld Companion. Now obviously it's hard to describe the Discworld without using some of the words from the novels, but is it possible to do it in a way that feels more like a study of the books than a cut-and-paste? Confusing Manifestation 17:08, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

Could you point out which sections you feel are paraphrasing the Companion? Serendipodous 20:40, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

map?
Nice idea, but apparently, even linking to an online map is not permitted, since it would violate copyright. I suppose someone could design their own map, but that might violate copyright also.Serendipodous 07:55, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

 * i don't know about image copy right but in graphic modeling (computer mesh and texture programing) it doesn't breech copy right if it is 'scratch' built, as in there wasa not direct copy and pastes etc. Oxinabox1 11:42, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

Merging
This article has been created from information taken from the following articles: Discworld, Sto Plains, Ramtops, Überwald, Borogravia, Counterweight Continent, Klatch, Circle Sea, Great A'Tuin. It needs work and the general idea is: I haven't removed the content of the above articles (except Discworld) yet but plan to shortly, assuming there is no large objection to this process. violet/riga (t) 21:07, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * to have this as the central point of reference for the Discworld itself
 * the Discworld article being about the books and plays (etc.)
 * the country articles redirecting here
 * individual cities or aspects (Ankh-Morpork, Clacks for example) to have their own articles where such an article would be large enough
 * I've chopped back all the continent/country information here and left it to the main articles - I think they're all worthy of their own articles and this one should just tie them together. violet/riga (t) 19:34, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * OK; I've merged "The Sto Plains", "The Circle Sea," and "The Hub" with this article, since they are essentially duplications. All information in those articles that was not in this article has been shifted here. I've also included "The Ramtops", "Klatch", "Howandaland" and "The Counterweight Continent", since they were, I think, short enough to be made into subsections. The other locations have articles of their own detailed enough to stand. I'm debating whether or not to merge "The Discworld Calendar" with this article as well. Serendipodous 10:48, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Since every other Discworld continent now directs to this article, I feel it is right that the FourEcks article, even though it is relatively large, should also Serendipodous 13:07, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I've just merged "Discworld calendar" and some of "Magic (Discworld)" with this article. I know this article is getting very large but there are a gargantuan number of Discowrld articles on this site, many of which I've only discovered since I began merging all the smaller ones. I think the Discworld needs a few portals to make some of these lesser known articles accessible. Serendipodous 07:55, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

End of the world
Methinks it would be worth it to mention somewhere that the end of the universe will be followed shortly by the beginning of the universe, or at least of a new one (as seen in the sequence when Death waits for this at the end of time in  Faust Eric and implied by Azriel's thoughts, "I remember when all this will be again" in Reaper Man). Any thoughts on where this ought to be put? —Yar Kramer 14:43, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

Great A'Tuin
I seem to recall as a kid learning about a myth about the Earth being held on the back of elephants, which in turn are on the back of a turtle. When I first was introduced to Discworld, I thought Prattchet had used that ancient myth as the basis of his novels. However, the only myth I could find that was similar was an Iroquois myth that had the earth on the back of a turtle. I have yet to find a myth that has both the turtle and elephants. I thought that perhaps I was just confusing Discworld with this myth, but this article indicates that it was in "reference to popular mythology." Can anyone help me out here? What was the myth? If it exists, it should be mentioned in the article.

-- Fogelmatrix 16:10, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

From a lecture on early cosmologies:

Brahmin World Mountain, resting on the back of elephants, themselves on the back of a giant turtle swimming in an infinite sea.

OK. I found an authoritative reference to it in Brewers:

The Tortoise which Supports the Earth is Chukwa; the elephant (between the tortoise and the world) is Maha-pudma.

This would suggest that it is of Hindu origin. Perhaps "Hindu" rather than "popular" is a better descriptor.

Serendipodous 15:47, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

I found something similar to this, mentioned by Richard Feynman, a Nobel Prize winner in Physics, in one of his lectures ("The Value of Science"). He says: "For instance, how much more remarkable it is for us all to be stuck - half of us upside down - by a mysterious attraction to a spinning ball that has been swinging in space for billions of years than to be carried on the back of an elephant supported on a tortoise swimming in a bottomless sea." See more of this speech at http://www.phys.washington.edu/users/vladi/phys216/Feynman.html

69.140.123.125 02:57, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

The story I heard was in one of the discworld books and involved a lecture given by George Bernard Shaw and a woman who believed it was 'turtles all the way down'

86.130.220.45 19:28, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

moving geography stuff
Would anyone mind if I merged "List of Discworld locations" with the geography section of this article into a new article called "Discworld geography" (or something). That way the main article would become a bit more managable without increasing the number of Discworld articles.
 * Sounds OK to me. Serendipodous 01:43, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

Dung beetles?
"A'Tuin is also orbited by a number of small "planets" made from the droppings of the elephants by giant dung beetles." I don't remember this bit - where's it from? It does seem Pratchetty. Mon Vier 13:04, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

 * The Last Hero. Leonard compares it to the Dhelibeybian (i.e. Egyption) myth of the Sun being pushed by a scarab beetle. Daibhid C 13:03, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

"Neo-liberal science"
"The Discworld is the fictional setting for all of Terry Pratchett's Discworld fantasy novels, although some hold to it as more real than neoliberal-'scientific' ideas of reality."

...uh, what? Is this something mentioned in a book I haven't read (possibly the Science of the Discworld), or is it some fundamentalist Christian taking a swing at geologists who say the Earth is more than 10, 000 years old? 58.7.224.214 04:02, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

 * 6000, but, uh, yeah. I think we need to do some reverting. —Yar Kramer 04:38, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

In-universe
To the editors who keep putting an "in universe" tag on this page: Of course this article is in-universe. So is pretty much every Discworld-related article on this site. The only way to deal with the problem is to nominate every Discworld-related article on this site for deletion. But if you were to do that, you'd also have to do it to every nearly every Harry Potter-related article, nearly every Star Wars-related article, nearly every Star Trek-related article, and nearly every Dune-related article. So unless you're willing to go the whole hog, bite the bullet and stop being pedantic. Serendi pod ous  06:30, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

 * If you actually read the article, frequent comparisons or references to the real world (unless your arguing their to roundworld) are not in universe, and the into is one of the least in universe I've seen! For the most part where it appears to be discussed in-universe it is on the grounds of the information reviled to readers, for example no-one, on the disc (or probably Prachett himself) knows the sex of Great A'Tuin. --Nate1481(t/c) 10:40, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Haha, the article here says "Roundworld," completely in universe. To avoid in universe style try reading WP:WAF, find people in the real world who have written about this topic and use them as sources. It's not pedantic, it's required by Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. As is, this article is really just fanboy nonsense, with utterly no relevance in the real world. There is a such thing as a good article about fiction and this isn't it. IvoShandor (talk) 00:27, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Not too mention the fact that if "editors keep adding" the in universe tag, don't you think that it means there is a problem here. Removing it and declaring that they are wrong really does little to improve this article, which has no real references to much of the material. How do I know it's true? Because you say so? Doesn't cut it. I would suggest thinking again before you summarily dismiss the concerns of others. IvoShandor (talk) 00:31, 26 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Not that I really care that much, but there is a trend on Wikipedia to eliminate pop culture articles that are written in universe, or without sources. I only came to this page because I watched Hogfather on Ion last night. IvoShandor (talk) 10:36, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

(unindent)I would also point out that this statement: ''But if you were to do that, you'd also have to do it to every nearly every Harry Potter-related article, nearly every Star Wars-related article, nearly every Star Trek-related article, and nearly every Dune-related article. So unless you're willing to go the whole hog, bite the bullet and stop being pedantic'' really is a logical fallacy. The status of this article has nothing to do with the status of other articles and vice versa. IvoShandor (talk) 10:39, 26 November 2007 (UTC)
 * If we're going to point out logical fallacies, it's not pedantic, it's required by Wikipedia's policies and guidelines is also a howler. Some of Wikipedia's guidelines plumb the depths of pedantry, Mr. Shandor, but that aside, I tend to agree with your general point. I've read some of the books, and many of the details are throwaway jokes. They're mentioned once and have no effect on the rest of the story or any other story. They seem to be of limited use in Wikipedia. Including them out of context without the accompanying joke is especially unforgivable. Well, just saying. --192.75.48.150 (talk) 14:48, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

Howl away, the fact of the matter is, any encyclopedia must have some kind of references. Say what you want about Wikipedia policies and guidelines, they are open to discussion, and I suppose problems with them should be brought up there, though they are hard to change. But honestly, if you want an article to stand in Wikipedia, which I assume the authors here do, then it has to follow Wikipedia policies and guidelines. Not doing so would be like telling any other publication to shove their publication guidelines, because "I am gonna do what I want." Seriously, if any of the guidelines and policies are good, the one that requires authors to attribute their information is it. IvoShandor (talk) 15:21, 26 November 2007 (UTC)
 * As an added note, the show I watched last night intrigued me, not to be off topic but I may actually read some of the novels now. IvoShandor (talk) 15:23, 26 November 2007 (UTC)
 * And as I said, I am not that concerned with this, but I found the idea of Discworld interesting and came here, because even if it is unreferenced, at least I can find out something about it. I have seen a lot of pop culture deletions, many because of lack of sources, or lack of real world sources. Surely someone has written about the Discworld series in the real world. And, yes, while some policies and guidelines are pedantic (parts of the MOS comes to mind) several of them are nothing more than common sense, including some of the key ones. IvoShandor (talk) 15:28, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

(unindent)Also, I hope I am not coming off like a jerk, I am trying not to. IvoShandor (talk) 15:29, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

Seasons on the Rim

 * Technically, the fact that the Disc's sun, like Earth's, passes from solstice to equinox once a year should mean that the Rim would be alternately scorched desert and frozen wasteland rather than the balmy tropical region it is presented as, and the seasons generally would be significantly more pronounced than on Earth. It has been theorised that the standing magical field equalises the sun's energy across the Rim (the "slow light phenomenon").

Removed. Minus two points for dull pedantry and unfunny explanation. --192.75.48.150 (talk) 18:56, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:TheDiscworld.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 19:58, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

Making Terry Pratchett a Featured Article
This is a call to arms to make the Terry Pratchett article a Featured Article. It will greatly help the cause if all the side articles that link from it are of a reasonable standard. Terry Pratchett has around 40 side articles (ie the ones relating to his work) - I don't think they are all expected to be GA (Good Article) standard for TP to become featured, but certain basic elements will be looked at for sure.

A full list of the sub articles is here on the TP talk page: I'm posting this comment on the talk pages of each article on the list. Editors reading may also like to help with the TP article too?

The main issue, especially with smaller articles, is often a finding reasonable amount of citations, and prose can sometimes be a little POV too. Coverage of the topic is probably less important, but of course it needs to be reasonably good. --Matt Lewis (talk) 15:04, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

Librarian??
There is no mention of the librarian on this page nor on the fauna and flora page. The librarian is definitely a sentient creature what used to be a human wizard. Does it not deserve a place on this page? Aethalides (talk) 13:37, 16 December 2012 (UTC)
 * See Unseen University-- Auric 13:45, 16 December 2012 (UTC)

Does the 'Octarine' section contain an "Easter Egg" link?
I'm not familiar with the article's subject, so I didn't understand why the phrase "eighth colour" was linked to the article for "Impossible colours". I wondered if it might be an "Easter Egg" link, especially regarding "veiled and uncited interpretations of fiction through piped links" mentioned in WP:EASTEREGG.

My ignorance isn't quite complete, so I can guess that Pratchett draws on this science in describing the "eighth colour"; or does he? Would that be original research, or a truth that's unsourced?

Maybe someone with knowledge of the subject could rewrite this to provide a link that has a clearer relationship with the text. Willondon (talk) 22:15, 14 October 2014 (UTC)

merge from book
I've proposed a merge from The Folklore of Discworld, as the book doesn't appear to be notable on its own. With no objections, I'll perform this merge in a couple weeks. -- Mikeblas (talk) 16:15, 4 January 2015 (UTC)
 * I have performed this merge. -- Mikeblas (talk) 02:54, 13 February 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100713000407/http://www.matchitforpratchett.org/2008/03/wear-the-lilac.html to http://www.matchitforpratchett.org/2008/03/wear-the-lilac.html

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Quality improvement project - Lie-to-children
I've embarked on a Quality improvement project for Lie-to-children, first introduced as a phrase in The Science of Discworld.
 * Lie-to-children

If you've got recommendations for additional secondary sources that could be utilized to further improve the quality of the article, please suggest them at Talk:Lie-to-children.

Thank you for your time,

— Cirt (talk) 02:34, 26 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100713000407/http://www.matchitforpratchett.org/2008/03/wear-the-lilac.html to http://www.matchitforpratchett.org/2008/03/wear-the-lilac.html

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Requested move 27 December 2017

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Not moved. ErikHaugen (talk | contribs) 18:25, 11 January 2018 (UTC)

Discworld (world) → Discworld (fictional planet) – PER WP:INUNIVERSE. LaundryPizza03 (talk) 15:29, 27 December 2017 (UTC) --Relisted. SatyrTN (talk / contribs) 20:53, 4 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Support In ictu oculi (talk) 17:12, 27 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Support alternative move to Discworld (fictional world) as it's not really a planet (it's a disc).ZXCVBNM (TALK) 18:36, 27 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose.  Prefer world > fictional world > fictional planet.  As noted, calling it a "planet" is really weird in-setting, the cosmology is not very similar to the normal sense of "planet."  I don't see the need to add "fictional" in front of anything in-universe as far as good article titling goes; the fictional nature can be discussed in the lede.  SnowFire (talk) 15:48, 28 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Support move to Discworld (fictional world) per ZXCVBNM. We don't usually use such a name for a fictional world. Planet would be too inappropriate for the title.  CookieMonster755  ✉    19:16, 28 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Weak support move to Discworld (fictional world) per ZXCVBNM. It's not a planet, but it would possibly need "fictional" per WP:INUNIVERSE. Paintspot Infez (talk) 03:42, 29 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose per SnowFire and WP:CONCISE, particularly WP:NCDAB (bold mine): If there are several possible choices for parenthetical disambiguation, use the same disambiguating phrase already commonly used for other topics within the same class and context, if any. Otherwise, choose whichever is simpler. For example, use "(mythology)" rather than "(mythological figure); examining Category:Fantasy worlds, there are precedents for this title in Titan (world) and Narnia (world).WP:INUNIVERSE is primarily a content guideline, and while MOS complements AT, there's no pressing reason to apply it here: the point of the disambiguator is to distinguish the subject from Discworld franchise, not to be an exercise in MOS fine points. No such user (talk) 15:13, 3 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Comment - Well then. Thinking about it, seeing the precedent set by other articles, I'm starting to be a bit more on the fence on this one... Paintspot Infez (talk) 20:43, 4 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose - As above, its not a planet. (fictional world) seems redundant as all worlds generally spoken about are fictional (except Earth of course). Revisit to add "fictional" is someday we discover other populated worlds. -- Netoholic @ 10:36, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

"Mouldavia" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Mouldavia. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 May 20 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. 🌸 1.Ayana 🌸 (talk) 21:16, 20 May 2020 (UTC)

absence of heat is described as "coldness"? ...
I get it .... But an absense of heat isn't describing coldness. It's describing a loss of perceived warmth, measured in temperature. Perhaps the writer means without energy: a measure of units expressed by degree in temperature..

Nvm I'm missing the point probably 2600:100F:B077:62D0:6ED2:AADA:39F9:39E6 (talk) 17:53, 11 April 2022 (UTC)

"Cheery Littlebottom" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheery_Littlebottom&redirect=no Cheery Littlebottom] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Marcocapelle (talk) 11:54, 1 April 2023 (UTC)

"Sergeant Cheery Littlebottom" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sergeant_Cheery_Littlebottom&redirect=no Sergeant Cheery Littlebottom] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Jay 💬 14:34, 8 April 2023 (UTC)

Ephebe
"unclear" time setting in "Small Gods ? => Somewhere in that book we are told, that,by acts of the prophet Brutha (and of course of Lu Tse, the monk) a timeline of another 6000 years of ... :let's say "killinginthenameof"(insert name of your favourite...god here, if you tend to be philosophical?) ceases to exist - therefore the story is set 600o years before the century of the fruitbat, in which their clergy attacks no more living beings at all, and even only one of the undead, right ? 46.114.221.103 (talk) 20:20, 3 May 2023 (UTC)

 * The century (not 6000 years) of killing is at the end, said by Lu-Tze, but as it was supposed to be. I quote, "'Er... you know the books say that Brutha died and there was a century of terrible warfare?'
 * 'you know my eyesight isn't what it was, Lu-Tze'
 * 'well... it's not entirely like that now.'
 * if this is not what you are referring to, I am sorry, please tell me. thank you Cal3000000 (talk) 21:21, 22 March 2024 (UTC)

Dark Gods‽
For the things from the dungeon dimensions on the lifeforms part, it says Things from the Dungeon Dimensions (AKA Dark Gods), as well as being under Gods. As far as I can tell from the books, they are never referred to as dark gods, and they are certainly not a subset of gods, with how they work being completely different (the things from the dungeon dimensions do not need belief, just as gods do not crave being. Gods already exist.). Therefore I suggest someone put the things from the dungeon dimensions as it's own subset and remove the dark gods part. (If you want to be very pedantic about this, they are not even sentient.) Cal3000000 (talk) 21:14, 22 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Discworld (world)


text: Category:Bridges in Austria

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Bridges in Austria


text:
Irregular military

Irregular military is any non-standard military component that is distinct from a country's national armed forces. Being defined by exclusion, there is significant variance in what comes under the term. It can refer to the type of military organization, or to the type of tactics used. An irregular military organization is one which is not part of the regular army organization. Without standard military unit organization, various more general names are often used; such organizations may be called a troop, group, unit, column, band, or force. Irregulars are soldiers or warriors that are members of these organizations, or are members of special military units that employ irregular military tactics. This also applies to irregular infantry and irregular cavalry units.

Irregular warfare is warfare employing the tactics commonly used by irregular military organizations. This involves avoiding large-scale combat, and focusing on small, stealthy, hit-and-run engagements.

Regular vs. irregular
The words "regular" and "irregular" have been used to describe combat forces for hundreds of years, usually with little ambiguity. The requirements of a government's chain of command cause the regular army to be very well defined, and anybody fighting outside it, other than official paramilitary forces, are irregular. In case the legitimacy of the army or its opponents is questioned, some legal definitions have been created.

In international humanitarian law, the term "irregular forces" refers to a category of combatants that consists of individuals forming part of the armed forces of a party to an armed conflict, international or domestic, but not belonging to that party's regular forces and operating inside or outside of their own territory, even if the territory is under occupation.

The Third Geneva Convention of 1949 uses "regular armed forces" as a critical distinction. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is a non-governmental organization primarily responsible for and most closely associated with the drafting and successful completion of the Third Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War ("GPW"). The ICRC provided commentary saying that "regular armed forces" satisfy four Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907) (Hague IV) conditions. In other words, "regular forces" must satisfy the following criteria:

 * being commanded by a person responsible for his subordinates to a party of conflict
 * having a fixed distinctive emblem recognizable at a distance
 * carrying arms openly
 * conducting operations in accordance with the laws and customs of war

By extension, combat forces that do not satisfy these criteria are termed "irregular forces".

Types
The term "irregular military" describes the "how" and "what", but it is more common to focus on the "why" as just about all irregular units were created to provide a tactical advantage to an existing military, whether it was privateer forces harassing shipping lanes against assorted New World colonies on behalf of their European contractors, or Auxiliaries, levies, civilian and other standing irregular troops that are used as more expendable supplements to assist costly trained soldiers. Bypassing the legitimate military and taking up arms is an extreme measure. The motivation for doing so is often used as the basis of the primary label for any irregular military. Different terms come into and out of fashion, based on political and emotional associations that develop. Here is a list of such terms, which is organized more or less from oldest to latest:

 * Auxiliaries – foreign or allied troops supplementing the regular army, organized from provincial or tribal regions. In the Imperial Roman army, it became common to maintain a number of auxiliaries about equal to the legionaries.
 * Levies – feudal peasants and freemen liable to be called up for short-term military duty.
 * Privateer – a "for-profit" private person or ship authorized and sponsored by a government by letters of marque to attack foreign vessels during wartime and to destroy or disrupt logistics of the enemy during "peacetime", often on the open sea by attacking its merchant shipping, rather than engaging its combatants or enforcing a blockade against them.
 * Revolutionary – someone part of a revolution, whether military or not.
 * Guerrilla – someone who uses unconventional military tactics. The term tends to refer to groups engaged in open conflict, rather than underground resistance. It was coined during the Peninsula War in Spain against France.
 * Montoneras – they were a type of irregular forces that were formed in the 19th century in Latin America.
 * Franc-tireur – French irregular forces during the Franco-Prussian War. The term is also used in international legal cases as a synonym for unprivileged combatant (for example the Hostages Trial [1947–1948]).
 * Militia – military force composed of ordinary citizens.
 * Ordenanças – The Portuguese territorial militia system from the 16th century to the 19th century. From the 17th century, it became the third line of the Army, serving both as local defense force and as the mobilization system that provided conscripts for the first (Regular) and second (Militia) lines of the Army.
 * Partisan – In the 20th century, someone part of a resistance movement. In the 18th and 19th century, a local conventional military force using irregular tactics. Often used to refer to resistance movements against the Axis Powers during the Second World War.
 * Freedom fighter – A type of irregular military in which the main cause, in their or their supporters' view, is freedom for themselves or others.
 * Paramilitary – An organization whose structure, tactics, training, subculture, and (often) function are similar to those of a professional military, but which is not part of a country's official or legitimate armed forces.
 * Terrorist – An irregular military that targets civilians and other non-combatants to gain political leverage. The term is almost always used pejoratively. Although reasonably well defined, its application is frequently controversial.
 * False flag or pseudo-operations – Troops of one side dressing like troops of another side to eliminate or discredit the latter and its support, such as members of the Panzer Brigade 150, commanded by Waffen-SS commando Otto Skorzeny in Operation Greif during the Battle of the Bulge in World War II and Selous Scouts of the Rhodesian Bush War.
 * Insurgent – An alternate term for a member of an irregular military that tends to refer to members of underground groups such as the Iraqi Insurgency, rather than larger rebel organizations like the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia.
 * Fifth column - A group that carries out sabotage, disinformation, espionage, and/or terrorism within a group that responds to external enemies
 * Bandit - It is generally treated as an organized crime, but it has the character of a resistance movement depending on the political and social situation.
 * Private army - Combatants who owe their allegiance to a private person, group, or organization.
 * Mercenary or "soldier of fortune" – Someone who is generally not a national in a standing army or not otherwise an inherently-invested party to an armed conflict who becomes involved in an armed conflict for monetary motives or for private gain. Mercenaries are often explicitly hired to fight or provide manpower or expertise in exchange for money; material wealth or, less commonly, political power. Mercenaries are often experienced combatants or former regular soldiers who decided to sell their combat experience, skill or manpower to interested parties or to the highest bidder in an armed conflict. Famous historic examples of "professional" or organized (often "career") mercenaries include the Italian condottieri, or "contractors", leaders of "free agent" mercenary armies that provided their armies to the various Italian city-states and the Papal states during the Late Middle Ages and Renaissance Italy in exchange for profit, land or power. However, not all soldiers deemed to be "mercenaries" are "professional" or "career" mercenaries, and many mercenaries may be simply opportunists or persons with no prior combat experience. Whether a combatant is truly a "mercenary" may be a matter of controversy or degree, as financial and national interests often overlap, and most standing regular armies also provide their soldiers with some form of payment. Furthermore, as reflected in the Geneva Convention, mercenaries are generally provided less protection under the rules of war than non-mercenaries, and many countries have criminalized "mercenary activity".

Intense debates can build up over which term is to be used to refer to a specific group. Using one term over another can strongly imply strong support or opposition for the cause.

It is possible for a military to cross the line between regular and irregular. Isolated regular army units that are forced to operate without regular support for long periods of time can degrade into irregulars. As an irregular military becomes more successful, it may transition away from irregular, even to the point of becoming the new regular army if it wins.

Regular military units that use irregular military tactics
Most conventional military officers and militaries are wary of using irregular military forces and see them as unreliable, of doubtful military usefulness, and prone to committing atrocities leading to retaliation in kind. Usually, such forces are raised outside the regular military like the British SOE during World War II and, more recently, the CIA's Special Activities Center. However at times, such as out of desperation, conventional militaries will resort to guerilla tactics, usually to buy breathing space and time for themselves by tying up enemy forces to threaten their line of communications and rear areas, such as the 43rd Battalion Virginia Cavalry and the Chindits.

Although they are part of a regular army, United States Special Forces are trained in missions such as implementing irregular military tactics. However, outside the United States, the term special forces does not generally imply a force that is trained to fight as guerillas and insurgents. Originally, the United States Special Forces were created to serve as a cadre around which stay-behind resistance forces could be built in the event of a communist victory in Europe or elsewhere. The United States Special Forces and the CIA's Special Activities Center can trace their lineage to the OSS operators of World War II, which were tasked with inspiring, training, arming and leading resistance movements in German-occupied Europe and Japanese occupied Asia.

In Finland, well-trained light infantry Sissi troops use irregular tactics such as reconnaissance, sabotage and guerrilla warfare behind enemy lines.

The founder of the People's Republic of China, Mao Zedong actively advocated for the use of irregular military tactics by regular military units. In his book On Guerrilla Warfare, Mao described seven types of Guerilla units, and argues that "regular army units temporarily detailed for the purpose (of guerilla warfare)," "regular army units permanently detailed (for the purpose of guerilla warfare)," and bands of guerillas created "through a combination of a regular army unit and a unit recruited from the people" were all examples of ways in which regular military units could be involved in irregular warfare. Mao argues that regular army units temporarily detailed for irregular warfare are essential because "First, in mobile-warfare situations, the coordination of guerilla activities with regular operations is necessary. Second, until guerilla hostilities can be developed on a grand scale, there is no one to carry out guerilla missions but regulars." He also emphasizes the importance for the use of regular units permanently attached to guerilla warfare activities, stating that they can play key roles in severing enemy supply routes.

Effectiveness
While the morale, training and equipment of the individual irregular soldier can vary from very poor to excellent, irregulars are usually lacking the higher-level organizational training and equipment that is part of regular army. This usually makes irregulars ineffective in direct, main-line combat, the typical focus of more standard armed forces. Other things being equal, major battles between regulars and irregulars heavily favor the regulars.

However, irregulars can excel at many other combat duties besides main-line combat, such as scouting, skirmishing, harassing, pursuing, rear-guard actions, cutting supply, sabotage, raids, ambushes and underground resistance. Experienced irregulars often surpass the regular army in these functions. By avoiding formal battles, irregulars have sometimes harassed high quality armies to destruction.

The total effect of irregulars is often underestimated. Since the military actions of irregulars are often small and unofficial, they are underreported or even overlooked. Even when engaged by regular armies, some military histories exclude all irregulars when counting friendly troops, but include irregulars in the count of enemy troops, making the odds seem much worse than they were. This may be accidental; counts of friendly troops often came from official regular army rolls that exclude unofficial forces, while enemy strength often came from visual estimates, where the distinction between regular and irregular were lost. If irregular forces overwhelm regulars, records of the defeat are often lost in the resulting chaos.

History

By definition, "irregular" is understood in contrast to "regular armies", which grew slowly from personal bodyguards or elite militia. In Ancient warfare, most civilized nations relied heavily on irregulars to augment their small regular army. Even in advanced civilizations, the irregulars commonly outnumbered the regular army.

Sometimes entire tribal armies of irregulars were brought in from internal native or neighboring cultures, especially ones that still had an active hunting tradition to provide the basic training of irregulars. The regulars would only provide the core military in the major battles; irregulars would provide all other combat duties.

Notable examples of regulars relying on irregulars include Bashi-bazouk units in the Ottoman Empire, auxiliary cohorts of Germanic peoples in the Roman Empire, Cossacks in the Russian Empire, and Native American forces in the American frontier of the Confederate States of America.

One could attribute the disastrous defeat of the Romans at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest to the lack of supporting irregular forces; only a few squadrons of irregular light cavalry accompanied the invasion of Germany when normally the number of foederati and auxiliaries would equal the regular legions. During this campaign the majority of locally recruited irregulars defected to the Germanic tribesmen led by the former auxiliary officer Arminius. During the decline of the Roman Empire, irregulars made up an ever-increasing proportion of the Roman military. At the end of the Western Empire, there was little difference between the Roman military and the barbarians across the borders.

Following Napoleon's modernisation of warfare with the invention of conscription, the Peninsular War led by Spaniards against the French invaders in 1808 provided the first modern example of guerrilla warfare. Indeed, the term of guerrilla itself was coined during this time.

As the Industrial Revolution dried up the traditional source of irregulars, nations were forced take over the duties of the irregulars using specially trained regular army units. Examples are the light infantry in the British Army.

Irregular regiments in British India
Prior to 1857 Britain's East India Company maintained large numbers of cavalry and infantry regiments officially designated as "irregulars", although they were permanently established units. The end of Muslim rule saw a large number of unemployed Indian Muslim horsemen, who were employed in the army of the EIC. British officers such as Skinner, Gardner and Hearsay had become leaders of irregular cavalry that preserved the traditions of Mughal cavalry, which had a political purpose because it absorbed pockets of cavalrymen who might otherwise become disaffected plunderers. These were less formally drilled and had fewer British officers (sometimes only three or four per regiment) than the "regular" sepoys in British service. This system enabled the Indian officers to achieve greater responsibility than their counterparts in regular regiments. Promotion for both Indian and British officers was for efficiency and energy, rather than by seniority as elsewhere in the EIC's armies. In irregular cavalry the Indian troopers provided their horses under the silladar system. The result was a loose collection of regiments which in general were more effective in the field, if not so smart on parade, than their regular counterparts. These irregular units were also cheaper to raise and maintain and as a result many survived into the new Indian Army that was organized following the great Indian Rebellion of 1857.

Irregular military in Canada before 1867
Before 1867, military units in Canada consisted of British units of volunteers.

During French rule, small local volunteer militia units or colonial militias were used to provide defence needs. During British control of various local militias, the Provincial Marine were used to support British regular forces in Canada.

Other instances of irregulars
Use of large irregular forces featured heavily in wars such as the Three Kingdoms period, the American Revolution, the Irish War of Independence and Irish Civil War, the Franco-Prussian War, the Russian Civil War, the Second Boer War, Liberation war of Bangladesh, Vietnam War, the Syrian Civil War and especially the Eastern Front of World War II where hundreds of thousands of partisans fought on both sides.

The Chinese People's Liberation Army began as a peasant guerilla force which in time transformed itself into a large regular force. This transformation was foreseen in the doctrine of "people's war", in which irregular forces were seen as being able to engage the enemy and to win the support of the populace but as being incapable of taking and holding ground against regular military forces.

Examples

 * Arbegnoch - Guerrilla force in occupied Ethiopia 1936-44.
 * Armatoloi - Ottoman Greek irregulars
 * Armenian fedayi – Armenian irregular units of the 1880s–1920s
 * Atholl Highlanders – The only legal and still existing private army in Europe under the command of the Duke of Atholl in Scotland, United Kingdom, (1777–1783 and since 1839)
 * Bands - (Italian Army colonial and foreign irregulars)
 * Bargi - Maratha horsemen 1741-51.
 * Bashi-bazouk – Irregular mounted mercenary in the Ottoman Empire
 * Bushwhackers – Irregular partisans who fought for the South during the American Civil War.
 * Cacos - Haitian insurgent groups 19th and 20th centuries.
 * Camisards – Huguenot insurgency in the beginning of the 18th century in the Cévennes
 * Cateran - Scottish clan warriors and marauders pre-18th century.
 * Çetes - Muslim irregulars Asia Minor 1910s-1920s
 * Cheta - armed bands resisting Ottoman rule in Macedonia, early 20th century.
 * Chetniks - nationalist movement and guerrilla force in occupied Yugoslavia 1941-44.
 * Croats (military unit) - 17th century frontier light cavalry in Habsburgh service.
 * Dubat - indigenous auxiliaries in Italian Somaliand.
 * Fano - Ethiopian guerrilla force
 * Fedayeen - Arabic term for fighters willing to sacrifice themselves
 * Fellagha - nationalist militants in Algeria and Tunisia opposing French colonial rule 1950s.
 * Filibuster (military) - participants in foreign military interventions without official backing.
 * Free Corps (Freikorps) – volunteer units in German-speaking countries, that existed from the 18th to the early 20th centuries as private armies
 * Free Swarm (Freischar) – volunteers, that participated in a conflict without the formal authorisation of one of the belligerents, but on the instigation of a political party or an individual
 * Goumiers – originally tribal allies supporting France in Algeria during the 19th century. From 1912 to 1956 Moroccan auxiliaries serving with the French Army.
 * Hajduks— bandits and irregulars in and against the Ottoman Empire, but found amongst military ranks in Hungary and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
 * Harkis – Algerian Muslim irregulars who served with the French Army during the Algerian War of 1954–62.
 * Haydamak - pro-Cossack paramilitary (18th century)
 * Honghuzi – Manchurian bandits who served as irregulars during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905.
 * Jagunço – armed hand in Northern Brazil.
 * Kachaks - Albanian bandits and rebels (1880s–1930)
 * Klephts – Greek guerrilla fighters in Ottoman Greece
 * Komitadji – rebel bands operating in the Balkans during the final period of the Ottoman Empire.
 * Kuruc - Hungarian insurgent groups 17th-18th centuries.
 * Kuva-yi Milliye - Ottoman/Turkish militia 1918-1921
 * Land Storm (troops) (Landsturm) – created by a 21 April 1813 edict of Frederick William III of Prussia, lowest level of reserve troops in Prussia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Sweden, Switzerland and the Netherlands
 * Legion of Frontiersmen – An irregular quasi-military organization that proliferated throughout the British Empire prior to World War I
 * Macheteros de Jara - Paraguayan cavalry regiment of the Chaco War
 * Republiquetas
 * Requeté
 * Makhnovshchina – Ukrainian anarchist army that fought both the White Armies and the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War.
 * Minutemen – American irregular troops during the American Revolution
 * Morlachs - Dalmatian auxiliaries in Venetian service during the 17th century.
 * People's Liberation Armed Forces of South Vietnam- Viet Cong's army
 * Pindari – 18th century irregular horsemen in India
 * Rapparee - Irish guerillas (1690s)
 * Righteous Army— militias organised at several dates in Korean history
 * Rough Riders – in the Spanish–American War
 * Ruga-Ruga - East African auxiliaries to German and British colonial armies.
 * Selbstschutz
 * Shifta – local militia in the Horn of Africa,
 * Trenck's Pandurs – Habsburg monarchy 17th and 18th century skirmisher, later evolving in the regular Grenz infantry.
 * Zapatistas - militant political movement active in southern Mexico from 1994.
 * Zeybeks - Ottoman irregulars (17th to 20th centuries)

Irregulars in today's warfare
Modern conflicts in post-invasion Iraq, the renewed Taliban insurgency in the 2001 war in Afghanistan, the Darfur conflict, the rebellion in the North of Uganda by the Lord's Resistance Army, and the Second Chechen War are fought almost entirely by irregular forces on one or both sides.

The CIA's Special Activities Center (SAC) is the premiere American paramilitary clandestine unit for creating or combating irregular military forces. SAD paramilitary officers created and led successful units from the Hmong tribe during the Laotian Civil War in the 1960s and 1970s. They also organized and led the Mujaheddin as an irregular force against the Soviet Union in Afghanistan in the 1980s, as well as the Northern Alliance as an irregular insurgency force against the Taliban with US Army Special Forces during the war in Afghanistan in 2001 and organized and led the Kurdish Peshmerga with US Army Special Forces as an irregular counter-insurgency force against the Kurdish Sunni Islamist group Ansar al-Islam at the Iraq-Iran border and as an irregular force against Saddam Hussein during the war in Iraq in 2003.

Irregular civilian volunteers also played a large role in the Battle of Kyiv during the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine.

Legal aspects, categories

 * Definition of terrorism
 * Enemy combatant, US term used during the "War on Terror"
 * Law of war
 * Martens Clause, stating that customary law applies where specific law is lacking in detail
 * Unlawful combatant

title: Irregular military


text:
Sheldon

Sheldon may refer to:

People and fictional characters

 * Sheldon (name), a given name and a surname, and a list of people and fictional characters with the name

Antarctica

 * Sheldon Glacier, Adelaide Island

Australia

 * Sheldon, Queensland, a rural residential locality in Redland City
 * Sheldon Forest, New South Wales

United Kingdom

 * Sheldon, Derbyshire, England, a village and civil parish
 * Sheldon, Devon, England, a village and civil parish
 * Sheldon, West Midlands, England
 * Sheldon stone circle, Aberdeenshire, Scotland

United States

 * Sheldon, Illinois, a village
 * Sheldon, Iowa, a city
 * Sheldon, Minnesota, an unincorporated community
 * Sheldon, Missouri, a city
 * Sheldon, New York, a town
 * Sheldon, North Dakota, a city
 * Sheldon, South Carolina, an unincorporated community and census-designated place
 * Sheldon, Texas, an unincorporated community
 * Sheldon, Vermont, a town
 * Sheldon, Monroe County, Wisconsin, a town
 * Sheldon, Rusk County, Wisconsin, a village
 * Sheldon Township, Iroquois County, Illinois
 * Sheldon Township, Houston County, Minnesota
 * Mount Sheldon, Alaska
 * Sheldon Lake, northeast of downtown Houston, Texas
 * Sheldon National Wildlife Refuge, Nevada

Schools

 * Sheldon School, a mixed secondary school and sixth form in Chippenham, Wiltshire, England
 * Sheldon High School (disambiguation), several schools in the United States
 * Sheldon College, a private day school in Sheldon, Queensland

Other uses

 * Sheldon coin grading scale
 * Sheldon Museum of Art, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States
 * The Sheldon, a concert hall and art galleries in St. Louis, Missouri, United States
 * Sheldon Inn, a former building in Canton Township, Michigan, on the National Register of Historic Places
 * Sheldon Theatre, Red Wing, Minnesota, United States, on the National Register of Historic Places
 * Sheldon Hall, an early 16th-century Grade II* listed manor house in Birmingham, England
 * Sheldon Manor, Chippenham, Wiltshire, England
 * Sheldon (webcomic), created by Dave Kellett
 * Sheldon, a character from the video game Splatoon

title: Sheldon


text:
Walpole

Walpole most commonly refers to the first Prime Minister of Great Britain Robert Walpole and his governments, the Walpole–Townshend ministry and the Walpole ministry.

Walpole may also refer to:

People

 * Walpole (surname)
 * Baron Walpole, a title in the Peerage of Great Britain
 * Walpole G. Colerick (1845–1911), American politician
 * Walpole Vidal (1853–1914), 19th century British footballer

Australia

 * Walpole, Western Australia
 * Walpole River, Western Australia

Canada

 * Rural Municipality of Walpole No. 92, Saskatchewan
 * Walpole Island First Nation, Ontario
 * Walpole Island, Six Mile Lake, Georgian Bay, Ontario

England

 * Walpole, Norfolk, a parish that includes the villages of Walpole St Andrew and Walpole St Peter
 * Walpole, Suffolk
 * Walpole Cross Keys, Norfolk
 * Walpole Highway, Norfolk
 * Walpole Park, London Borough of Ealing

France

 * Walpole Island (New Caledonia)

United States

 * Walpole, Maine
 * Walpole, Massachusetts, a New England town
 * Walpole (CDP), Massachusetts, the original village within the town
 * Massachusetts Correctional Institution – Cedar Junction, formerly known as Walpole
 * Walpole, New Hampshire, a New England town
 * Walpole (CDP), New Hampshire, the central village in the town

Transportation

 * HMS Walpole (D41), a 1918 W-class destroyer of the Royal Navy
 * Walpole (1779 EIC ship), an East Indiaman
 * Walpole (1798 EIC ship), an East Indiaman
 * Walpole railway station (England), a former station in Walpole, Norfolk, England
 * Walpole station (MBTA), or Union Station, in Walpole, Massachusetts, United States

Other uses

 * Turbonilla walpole, a sea snail of family Pyramidellidae
 * Walpole (trade association)

title: Walpole


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dumping MSX ROM cartridges

The result of the debate was delete [added by Andre🚐 22:44, 15 August 2022 (UTC) for afdstats]

Dumping MSX ROM cartridges
I'm quite sure this page deserves to be somewhere on the Internet, but I don't think that somewhere is Wikipedia.

No potential to become encyclopedic.

Richard W.M. Jones 21:11, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - it's a howto, and hence not right for Wikipedia. A two-sentence description of this process (not a howto) might be appropriate in MSX, if someone cared to write it. Cdc 22:04, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. All of the above is true, and what's more, the legality of dumping the cartridges even for personal use is dubious, thus making a detailed how-to somewhat legally sketchy.  (For example, Nintendo claims on their website that playing ROMs even for games that you own, much less exchanging them with others, is illegal. Copyright law in the United States is open to this interpretation.)  --LostLeviathan 00:06, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to Wikibooks and delete. Andre ( talk )A| 00:25, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Transwiki  --fvw *  08:21, 2004 Dec 20 (UTC)
 * Transwiki, then delete Dan100 08:32, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete or transwiki how-to. Gazpacho 12:36, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Longhair 15:18, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

--- however no one would ever sue anyone who tries to dump a msx cartidge, doing so would expose that 150-170 year long copyright are a fraud because it becomes extremely unlikely than an original copyrighted works will survice this long , so when the copyright expire , the material is long lost and forgotten , nothing enters the public domain making the whole copyright thing void , so , you will not ever see an author sue someone trying to preserve a 20 year old obscure material in fear that copyrights might start getting shorter (like the very reasonable 7 year long original copyright) , so that's it for the it's illegal argument (btw , I don't like people acting all "this might be illegal , we don't want to offend our copyright masters , let's delete it just to be on the safe side" this attitude is extremely counter-productive and is a side-effect of everyone losing their rights because they didn't know they had them in the first place , this is what happens when corporations say slightly wrong things like "copyright infrigement is theft" and then copyright infrigement becomes theft) well anyway...

for the "this is a howto not a proper encyclopedia article", well , wikipedia isn't your everyday encyclopedia .. I don't see the problem really, it's not like we're short on article address space space or disk space , I think this is good complementary information to the MSX entry and but to put this information in the MSX entry would clutter the MSX entry wikipedia@domn.net ---

 * Transwiki to Wikibooks then delete from Wikipedia... it's illegal for a cartdrige owner to do a backup of the cartridge, preserving the cartridge and having the backup to play in the proper machine emulator? I don't think the article being deleted because of illegal, but instead should be moved to wikibooks because it doesn't seem to be a concept for an enciclopedia.


text:
Talk:Cheez Whiz

Relatively important change, but page locked
Air quotes around the "important" - but everything is relative I suppose.

Cheez Whiz was the slightly more expensive, non-generic, aerosol can cheese ("EZ Cheez" being the cheaper off brand) until this product line was discontinued. Back stock of it was sold until very recently (and at a much increased price) through walmart's product website. Product link below, for proof of existence, as Dan Aykroyd holding up the wrong brand of cheese in a movie seems to have caused some doubt as to its existence in certain online groups.

https://www.walmart.com/ip/Cheez-Whiz-Sharp-Cheddar-Cheese-Snack-8-oz-Spout-Top-Can/44872880

TheGrinningViking (talk) 01:31, 23 May 2018 (UTC)

Trash
This article is trash, no one ought to ever learn of the atrocities called Cheese Whiz.

 * It's popular enough in the states to warrant an article. Besides, it tastes good on crackers.

I actually looked up the article because I didn't know what Cheese Whiz was; so, from my point of view, it's a keeper, not least as a prime chunk of Americana. And I love the bit stating that the stuff is "somewhat popular in the US", which to, me sums up processed cheese neatly. --Maikel 17:00, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I thought the description, "bright, orange, viscous liquid" made it sound exceptionally vile. For what it is worth, I thik it is better described as a bright yellow paste.  While I agree that it is a particularly American thing, I wouldn't necessarily call it /popular/ over here.  Many parts of American society hold it in contempt -- though maybe less contempt than held for Aerosol Cheese Product... --Mdwyer 01:48, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

First of it's kind?
I am interested to know if Cheez Whiz was the first product of this type. ike9898 02:50, 20 February 2006 (UTC)
 * What do you consider it's 'type'? Is it the first processed american cheese food product sold in jars? --Mdwyer 01:50, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

Cans or Jars?
Why does the article say it's sold in jars? isn't actually sold in a can - sort of like a small whipped cream can.

 * Because it is sold in jars. Easy cheese is sold in a can. PrometheusX303 16:16, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

Image
This page needs an image. Scepia 07:17, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I just read, this, but merry xmas.. Whitebox 18:43, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry about deleting the pic. Must have gotten ahead of myself.  Prome  theus  -X303-  18:58, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

That's ok, we were working on the article at the same time, I just got my line of text back out of the history. Whitebox 19:29, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

Origin Myth
Apparently, it is a popular myth or urban legend that Cheez Whiz was invented at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. According to their Department of Food Science, this is false. --Ben James Ben 15:27, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

recent vandalism
most of it was fixed, however the introduction year (356 B.C) remains wrong, I do not know what is right and previous versions did not have a year at all, not sure what to do with this...Mwv2 04:39, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

I wonder if calling it "bright yellow, viscous paste" isn't vandalism. While it is an accurate description of something I wouldn't feed to my dog, it just doesn't have that ring of non-pov. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.191.151.75 (talk) 06:12, 27 September 2010 (UTC)

suspected vandalism
Sorry if I was wrong to revert, but a cursory search of the usual suspects shows no such person as Edgar Romp III, and the Wikipedia entry for Processed cheese states that it was invented by Walter Gerber and patented in the US by James L. Kraft.

The part about South African tribes just sounds silly. But I could be wrong. --Russell (talk) 18:55, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

Types of process cheese
I removed the mention of Velveeta in the beginning of the article because Velveeta is a process cheese product rather than a process cheese food. Cheez Whiz Lite is a process cheese product as well, but regular Cheez Whiz seems to be just called a process cheese sauce. It has to be either process cheese food or process cheese product, but I can't find out which. Anyone? 71.236.22.22 (talk) 16:27, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

Bean Whiz?
I'm going by memory here, but wasn't there a "Bean Whiz" product marketed in the 90s? Surv1v4l1st (Talk 21:57, 11 September 2009 (UTC)
 * I know it existed for a short spell, but not turning up much in the way of RS. Anyone have some?-- Surv1v4l1st ╠Talk║Contribs╣ 00:33, 7 April 2022 (UTC)

Cheez Whiz in pressurized spray cans
For a long time it was sold in pressurized Reddi-Wip-like spray cans under that name. I don't know whether "Easy Cheese" is the same product under a new name. A search on exact phrase "can of Cheez Whiz" in Google Books turns up numerous references. A few at random:

p. 115 Dec 2001 Popular Mechanics, “a door that sounded like a bank vault when the car was new now sounds like a Cheez Whiz can rolling down a cobblestone hill.”

“A Woman at War” By Molly Moore, 2002, p. 147: “I devoured half a box of Ritz crackers and most of a spray can of Cheez Whiz.”

“Attack of the Mole Master” By Dan Danko, Tom Mason: “Pete held out an old can of Cheez Whiz. Dried orange “cheese” was encrusted around the spout. Pete put the Cheez Whiz tip in his mouth and began sucking cheese as he listened."

Too lazy to copy references now but a few others, each from a different source:

“I’m guessing one of the nimrods threw that aerosol can of Cheez Whiz into the fire.”

“No, but I have a can of Cheez Whiz. I’ll write your number on the counter with it, then find a pen and copy it” “Calvin opens the drawer of the desk, gets out some crackers and a can of Cheez-Whiz. He sprays Cheez-Whiz on a cracker. A big gob of it drops on the floor.”

“…where the fish, ruined by handouts, swam up to the divers expecting an aerosal burst from a can of Cheez-Whiz”

“Calvin opens the drawer of the desk, gets out some crackers and a can of Cheez-Whiz. He sprays Cheez-Whiz on a cracker.”

Dpbsmith (talk) 01:24, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

-For some reason Cheez Whiz seems to have become a generic name for aerosol cans of processed cheese, but to the best of my knowledge it has never actually been sold in cans. For the life of me I can't find a picture of a can of Cheez Whiz, and if it had ever been sold in a can someone would have a picture. When people refer to Cheez Whiz in a can, it's likely they actually mean Easy Cheese or Cheese Wow or another aerosol brand. This confusion might merit a note in the article, though.

NobleHam (talk) 11:01, 11 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Is this evidence? Seems to be discontinued but the image is clearly Cheez Whiz. 2601:249:8B00:4EA0:262C:693F:5E9C:B477 (talk) 17:52, 16 April 2023 (UTC)

salsa con queso
salsa con queso redirects here....... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.130.160.74 (talk) 21:13, 23 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I've corrected it. Now redirects to Dip_(food). - SummerPhD (talk) 21:20, 23 March 2010 (UTC)

Picture
Why describe it, when we can just use a picture? surely it would fall under fair use... Bumblebritches57 (talk) 22:30, 9 July 2014 (UTC)
 * We cannot use an existing, copyrighted (or presumably copyrighted) photo under "fair use" (please see WP:NFCC). We can, however, use a photo that anyone would care to take and release with an appropriate license. Fair use is not an issue here. - Sum mer PhD  (talk) 04:03, 10 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Alright, next time I get some I'll try to remember to take a picture, should I take a picture of just the jar, or with the lid open peering inside, or scoop it onto a plate or what? I've never photographed food before. Bumblebritches57 (talk) 19:08, 15 July 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Semi-protected edit request on 31 May 2017
Somebody added "Ryan Ross" when you search up product and it's clearly from a Cow, Please change it Ryanruss (talk) 03:19, 31 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Pictogram voting wait.svg Already done. "Ryan Ross" has already been removed. Gulumeemee (talk) 03:36, 31 May 2017 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 2 June 2017
Cheeze Whiz is also associated with Ryan Ross and his well known phrase, "No But I Got Cheez Whiz." It is a very well known meme to emos,scenes,goths,etc. Peeople have edited this clip to make more memey.--2602:301:7710:E190:E927:D46B:D289:588C (talk) 21:52, 2 June 2017 (UTC) Emo Fuck

As a fan of Ryan Ross, I have to tell you that Wikipedia is not made for humour, it's made for educational purposes. However, I will link you to this article: Wikipedia:Go ahead, vandalize Quilladin206 (talk) 17:55, 7 June 2017 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 9 June 2017
i would like to edit this artical i found some mistakes while reading so if you would let me change the mistake i would be happy to help correct your grammar. thank you 666Unknown666 (talk) 18:16, 9 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format. --- Barek (talk • contribs) - 18:39, 9 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: this is not the right page to request additional user rights. You may reopen this request with the specific changes to be made and someone will add them for you, or if you have an account, you can wait until you are autoconfirmed and edit the page yourself. jd22292 (Jalen D. Folf) (talk) 18:05, 11 July 2017 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 3 August 2017
please,let me change this to the truth Alleywxys (talk) 09:07, 3 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Padlock-dash2.svg Not done: requests for decreases to the page protection level should be directed to the protecting admin or to Requests for page protection if the protecting admin is not active or has declined the request. —72 talk 09:53, 3 August 2017 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 23 January 2018
Add sources GeesusChrist (talk) 11:13, 23 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format. ‡ Єl Cid of ᐺalencia  ᐐT₳LKᐬ  12:41, 23 January 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 28 June 2018
I want to make sure there are no spelling errors, and that includes punctuation, and spelling, among other things. Memes666 (talk) 20:39, 28 June 2018 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: It is not possible for individual users to be granted permission to edit a semi-protected article. You can do one of the following:
 * You will be able to edit this article without restriction four days after account registration if you make at least 10 constructive edits to other articles.
 * You can request the article be unprotected at this page. To do this, you need to provide a valid rationale that refutes the original reason for protection.
 * You can provide a specific request to edit the article in "change X to Y" format on this talk page and an editor who is not blocked from editing the article will determine if the requested edit is appropriate.

 * Thanks, ‑‑ El Hef  ( Meep? ) 21:33, 28 June 2018 (UTC)

In Music
In his song Loser from the 1994 album Mellow Gold, Beck sings the lyric "Get crazy with the Cheez Whiz." Sasquatchfuzz (talk) 02:42, 29 July 2018 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: The link to the Cheez Whiz product is ephemeral, and owing to Beck's fondness for scratch vocals in other earlier tracks, it's likely the connection for him was tenuous at best.  spintendo   07:00, 29 July 2018 (UTC)

Beck's personal affinity to Cheez Whiz is irrelevant to this addition, as it is a major and well known reference to Cheez Whiz in pop culture. I'd argue that it has at least as much (and maybe more) significance than the Blues Brothers reference described in the "In Film" section. Sasquatchfuzz (talk) 03:40, 7 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Still ❌ - trivia. We don't list every item mentioned in passing in songs in the article of that item. Please do not reopen this request. Fish +Karate  12:43, 7 August 2018 (UTC)

Additional movie reference
Cheez Whiz is mentioned in the movie "Avengers Endgame" ; but it references a situation which might be a "spoiler", and I don't know how Wikipedia can accommodate that.

From IMDB Quotes : "Thor: [arguing over which Avenger is strong enough to wield the Infinity Gauntle] Do you know what is coursing through my veins right now? James Rhodes: Cheez Whiz?"

The inclusion in the movie, does suggest Cheez Whiz is well-enough known to justify a Wikipedia article. GeoffAvogadro (talk) 10:53, 7 May 2019 (UTC)

Another additional movie reference
There is a mention of a race "horse" with the name "Cheese Whiz" in the opening scene of *All Dogs go to Heaven*, with a caption indicating the scene is set in the year 1939 (Note that the present Wikipedia article states that Cheez Whiz dates back to 1952 at the earliest). Lori (talk) 14:40, 12 April 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 1 July 2019
I need to change some things that are incorrect 2600:100D:B022:286:1D9D:4917:6C3A:7F58 (talk) 18:05, 1 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. aboideautalk 18:22, 1 July 2019 (UTC)

Spout-tip canned Cheez Whiz
Discontinued at some point, but perhaps worth adding into the varieties? 2601:249:8B00:4EA0:137C:907B:B19C:2577 (talk) 20:28, 9 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cheez Whiz


text:
User:Acarvin

Hi there! I'm the founding editor of the Digital Divide Network, an online community for activists from around the world working to bridge the digital divide. I'm author of the website EdWeb: Exploring Technology & School Reform (1994), one of the first websites to advocate the use of the Web in education. I'm also the founder of WWWEDU, the Internet's oldest email forum regarding the Web in education, and DIGITALDIVIDE. I served as creator and moderator of SEPT11INFO, one of the first online communities created in the hours following terrorist attacks on New York and Washington.

I'm a long-time blogger at Andy Carvin's Waste of Bandwidth, which I use for experimenting with podcasting and video blogging for several years; I've conducted video blogging worksshops in the US and West Africa. Recently, I became a correspondent for the vlog Rocketboom and the PBS blog learning.now.

title: User:Acarvin


text:
User:Hyark

I've been contributing on Wiktionary but was finally drawn here. I suppose I'll fill in bits and pieces of languages and linguistics, for example and others like
 * Finno-Ugric languages
 * Finnish language
 * Finnish grammar
 * Finnish grammar numbers
 * Finnish_phonetics
 * Spoken_Finnish

I may have not edited all of these yet. Toni | hyark

title: User:Hyark


text:
Strășeni

Strășeni is a city and municipality of about 20,000 inhabitants in central Moldova, the administrative center of Strășeni District. The city administers one village, Făgureni.

There are several legends about its name. One tells that the name of the region is derived from strașnic, a Romanian adjective that can mean "scary", "terrible", and the story goes that in former times this region was covered by a fearsome forest.

Nowadays, Strășeni is famous for its wine. The Strășeni vineyard, 12 km west of Chișinău, is renowned for its sparkling white wines. A little farther north is the Romănești winery, one of the largest locally and the one-time leading producer of wines in the USSR. One of its more famous products is a Bordeaux-type red.

Demographics
According to the 2014 census, the population of Strășeni amounted to 18,376 inhabitants, a decrease compared to the previous census in 2004, when 19,090 inhabitants were registered. Of these, 8,840 were men and 9,536 were women.

Footnotes:

* There is an ongoing controversy regarding the ethnic identification of Moldovans and Romanians.

* ''Moldovan language is one of the two local names for the Romanian language in Moldova. In 2013, the Constitutional Court of Moldova interpreted that Article 13 of the constitution is superseded by the Declaration of Independence, thus giving official status to the name Romanian. ''

Media

 * Vocea Basarabiei 102.3

Points of interest

 * Strășeni TV Mast, a 355-metre (1165') tall, guyed mast for FM radio and TV broadcasting built in 1984–85.

Twin towns and sister cities

 * 🇷🇴 Onești, Romania (2015)

title: Strășeni


text:
Allendale

Allendale may refer to:

Australia

 * Allendale, Victoria, a town

Canada

 * Allendale, Edmonton, a neighbourhood

England

 * Allendale, Northumberland

United States

 * Allendale, Oakland, California, former community now part of Oakland, California
 * Allendale, Gwinnett County, Georgia, unincorporated community
 * Allendale, Muscogee County, Georgia, unincorporated community
 * Allendale, Illinois, village
 * Allendale, Indiana, unincorporated community
 * Allendale, Louisiana, a neighborhood in Shreveport, Louisiana
 * Allendale, Michigan, census-designated place
 * Allendale Charter Township, Michigan
 * Allendale, Missouri, city
 * Allendale, New Jersey, borough
 * Allendale, South Carolina, town
 * Allendale, West Virginia
 * Allendale County, South Carolina
 * The former name of Kissimmee, Florida, before its incorporation in 1883

Other uses

 * Allendale, a version of the Intel Core 2 microprocessor
 * Viscount Allendale, a title in the peerage of the United Kingdom

title: Allendale


text:
Alexander Samsonov

Aleksandr Vasilyevich Samsonov (Алекса́ндр Васи́льевич Самсо́нов, tr. Aleksándr Vasíl’evič Samsónov; 14 November 1859 – 30 August 1914) was a career officer in the cavalry of the Imperial Russian Army and a general during the Russo-Japanese War and World War I. He was the commander of the Russian Second Army which was surrounded and defeated by the German Eighth Army in the Battle of Tannenberg, one of the early battles of World War I. Ashamed by his loss of the Army, Samsonov committed suicide while retreating from the battlefield.

Early military career
He was born in Kherson Governorate of the Russian Empire in what is now part of Ukraine. After graduation from the Vladimir of Kiev Cadet Corps and elite Nicholas Cavalry College, he joined the Imperial Russian Army at age 18 as a cornet in the 12th Hussars Regiment.

Samsonov fought in the Russo-Turkish War, 1877–78. After this war he attended the Nikolaevsky Military Academy in St. Petersburg. On November 4, 1888, he was appointed senior aide to the staff of the 20th Infantry Division, and from July 10, 1885, to February 4, 1889, served as Senior Staff Adjutant to the Caucasus Grenadier Division. From March 11, 1890, through July 26, 1896, he worked at various assignments at the Warsaw Military District. He subsequently became commandant of the Elisavetgrad Cavalry School. During the Boxer Rebellion (1900), Samsonov commanded a cavalry unit. During the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), Samsonov commanded a cavalry brigade of the Ussuri Siberian Cossack Division. He was promoted to command all Russian cavalry forces in the First Siberian Army Corps following the Russian defeat at the Battle of Telissu. His forces subsequently protected the Russian flanks at the Battle of Liaoyang. Through these conflicts Samsonov gained a reputation as an energetic and resourceful leader, but some observers criticized his strategic abilities. He had no command experience preparing him to command an army of thirteen divisions.

In 1906, Samsonov became Chief of staff of the Warsaw Military District, and in 1909 was Governor-General of Russian Turkestan and commander of the Turkestan Military District. He was also commander of the Semirechye Cossacks.

Command of the Russian Second Army
At the start of World War I, Samsonov received the command of the Russian Second Army for the invasion of East Prussia, which was defeated by the German Eighth Army under the command of General Maximilian von Prittwitz. Samsonov advanced slowly into the south-western corner of East Prussia, intending to link up with the Russian First Army, commanded by General Paul von Rennenkampf, which had started advancing into the north-east section of East Prussia. However, lack of communications between the two armies, and with the rear command of the Northwest Army Group, hindered co-ordination.

It is sometimes claimed that the poor coordination between Samsonov and Rennenkampf during the campaign was based on their personal antagonism towards each other. This antagonism is said to have been based on an incident after the Battle of Liaoyang during the Russo-Japanese War where Samsonov had publicly quarrelled with Rennenkampf on the landing platform of a railway station, and that the two were mutual lifetime enemies. However, the original source of this story is considered to be Max Hoffmann, at that time a colonel on the staff of the German Eighth Army. His claim of first hand knowledge of the disagreement is contradicted by the injuries to Rennenkampf at the time. Hoffman appears to have advanced this story during planning sessions, in support of his argument that Rennenkampf would not come to the aid of Samsonov. He argued that the German Eighth Army was free to use all of its forces in the attack on the Russian Second Army to their south, without fear of a counter-attack from their rear by the Russian First Army.

Battle of Tannenberg
Rennenkampf and the Russian First Army were the first to encounter the German Eighth Army, winning the Battle of Gumbinnen. The defeat led the German High Command to dismiss von Prittwitz and his chief of staff, replacing them with General (later Field Marshal) Paul von Hindenburg and General Erich Ludendorff. Hindenburg and Ludendorff arrived on the Eastern Front and decided to attack Samsonov's advancing forces with the full weight of the Eighth Army. Hindenburg and Ludendorff were strengthened in making this decision by intercepted Russian wireless communications, which indicated that Rennenkampf and the Russian First Army could not reach the proposed battle in time to be of assistance, and by an intercepted order from Samsonov, showing the movement of his forces. The armies made contact on August 22 and for six days the numerically superior Russians had some success. However, by August 29 the Germans had surrounded Samsonov's Second Army in the woods between Allenstein and Willenberg. The rout that followed was named the Battle of Tannenberg by Hindenburg, to compensate for a defeat of the Teutonic Knights by the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the same location five centuries earlier.

Retreat and death
Samsonov attempted to retreat, but with his army now trapped in a German encirclement, the German forces killed or captured most of his troops. Only 10,000 of the 150,000 Russian soldiers managed to escape the encirclement. At least 92,000 Russian troops were taken prisoner, and between 300 and 500 Russian guns had been captured, out of the Second Army's initial total of some 600. Over 30,000 Russian soldiers were estimated dead or missing.

Samsonov and a small group of staff officers and men attempted to escape the encirclement, at first on horseback, and then on foot, over swampy ground, in the darkness of the night of August 29. Samsonov repeatedly was heard to say "The Tsar trusted me. How can I face him after such a disaster?" They reached the town of Willenberg late at night, but found it was held by the Germans. At approximately 1 a.m. on August 30, Samsonov slipped away from his party into the forest. A shot rang out. The Russians were not able to find his body in the darkness, but were eventually able to make their way to safety.

A German search party eventually found Samsonov's body in the adjacent forest, a bullet wound in his head and a revolver in his hand. The Germans buried Samsonov in Willenberg. In 1916, through the intercession of the International Red Cross, the Germans transferred his body to his widow, who was able to bury him in Russia.

Honours

 * Order of Saint Anna ribbon bar.svg Order of St. Anne, 4th degree (1877)
 * Order of Saint Stanislaus Ribbon.PNG Order of St. Stanislaus, 3rd degree (1880)
 * Order of Saint Anna ribbon bar.svg Order of St. Anne, 3rd degree (1885)
 * Order of Saint Stanislaus Ribbon.PNG Order of St. Stanislaus, 2nd degree (1889)
 * Order of Saint Anna ribbon bar.svg Order of St. Anne, 2nd degree (1892)
 * Saint vladimir (bande).png Order of St Vladimir, 4th degree (1896)
 * Saint vladimir (bande).png Order of St Vladimir, 3rd degree (1900)
 * Order of Saint Stanislaus Ribbon.PNG Order of St. Stanislaus, 1st degree with swords (1904)
 * Order of Saint Anna ribbon bar.svg Order of St. Anne, 1st degree (1905)
 * Order of Glory Ribbon Bar.svg Golden Sword of St. George (1906)
 * Saint vladimir (bande).png Order of St Vladimir, 2nd degree (1906)
 * RUS Order of Saint George 4th class ribbon 2000.svg Order of St. George, 4th class (1907)
 * RUS Imperial Order of the White Eagle ribbon.svg Order of the White Eagle, with swords (1909)
 * Band to Order St Alexander Nevsky.png Order of St. Alexander Nevsky (1913)

title: Alexander Samsonov


text:
File:Stations.jpeg

Stations of the Crass cover art used with band's permission

(Rationale added by Rien Post (talk) 09:11, 14 February 2008 (UTC) )

title: File:Stations.jpeg


text:
Project Phoenix

Project Phoenix may refer to:

 * Project Phoenix, a secret Nazi Germany project in the Call of Duty: Vanguard in 2021
 * Project Phoenix (SETI), a search for extraterrestrial intelligence by listening for radio signals
 * Project Phoenix (South Africa), South African National Defence Force programme to revive its Reserve Force element
 * Project Phoenix (BBC), a BBC news-based magazine
 * Project Phoenix, a Kickstarter proposal by Hiroaki Yura
 * Project Phoenix, a football project of the Hong Kong Football Association

title: Project Phoenix


text:
Linn

Linn may refer to:

People

 * Linn (surname)
 * Linn (given name)
 * Carl Linnaeus, abbreviated as Linn.
 * Linn da Quebrada, stage name of Brazilian singer, actress, screenwriter and television personality Lina Pereira dos Santos (born 1990)

Germany

 * Linn (Gangkofen), a part of Gangkofen in the Rottal-Inn district, Bavaria
 * Linn (Massing), a part of Massing in the Rottal-Inn district, Bavaria
 * Krefeld-Linn, a part of Krefeld in North Rhine-Westphalia

Scotland

 * Linn (ward), an electoral ward in Glasgow
 * Linn Park, Glasgow, a park on the outskirts of Glasgow

United States

 * Linn, Kansas, a city
 * Linn, Mississippi, an unincorporated community
 * Linn, Missouri, a city
 * Linn, Texas, an unincorporated area and census-designated place
 * Linn, West Virginia
 * Linn, Wisconsin, a town
 * Linn County, Iowa
 * Linn County, Kansas
 * Linn County, Missouri
 * Linn County, Oregon
 * Mount Linn, California
 * Linn Creek, Missouri, a city
 * Linn Creek (Fox River tributary), Missouri
 * Linn Lake, a lake in Minnesota
 * Linn Park, Birmingham, Alabama, an urban park
 * Linn Township (disambiguation)

Elsewhere

 * Linn, Aargau, a former municipality in the Canton of Aargau, Switzerland
 * Linn Mesa, Victoria Land, Antarctica

Businesses

 * Linn Energy, a defunct oil and gas company that operated in Western Oklahoma
 * Linn Products, a Scottish audio electronics company
 * Linn Records, a record label, a division of Linn Products

Other uses

 * Linn (geology), in Scotland and northern England a type of water feature
 * Waterfall
 * Linn tractor, a heavy duty civilian half-track or crawler tractor
 * Linn LM-1, the first programmable digital drum machine
 * Linn's Stamp News, a weekly newspaper for stamp collectors
 * LINN, herbarium code for Linnaean Herbarium

title: Linn


text:
User:Pyromonkeykw

COTW
Congratulations, First Indochina War has been voted this week's Collaboration of the week. Please edit it to help raise it to featured article status.

title: User:Pyromonkeykw


text:
Talk:Robert Carney

Untitled
I asked the grandson of Robert Carney (Judge Robert Carney) to edit this article, but he said that it looks like whoever wrote this article knows more about his grandfather than he does. --NoPetrol 21:25, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I too spoke with Judge Carney about his grandfather and actually provided him with print outs from this page. He was a great Judge (now retired). That said, Robert Carney is seriously non-existent in Wiki. He witnessed and participated in our Naval history yet isn't even mentioned on the Annapolis page for important graduates.... How do we fix this?? After all the man was the CNO!!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.146.6.206 (talk) 01:06, 1 March 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Robert Carney


text:
Gaganendranath Tagore

Gaganendranath Tagore (17 September 1867 – 14 February 1938) was an Indian painter and cartoonist of the Bengal school. Along with his brother Abanindranath Tagore, he was counted as one of the earliest modern artists in India.

Life and career
Gaganendranath Tagore was born at Jorasanko into a family whose creativity defined Bengal's cultural life. Gaganendranath was the eldest son of Gunendranath Tagore, grandson of Girindranath Tagore and a great-grandson of Prince Dwarkanath Tagore. His brother Abanindranath was a pioneer and leading exponent of the Bengal School of Art. He was a nephew of the poet Rabindranath Tagore and the paternal great-grandfather of actress Sharmila Tagore.

Gaganendranath received no formal education but trained under the watercolourist Harinarayan Bandopadhyay. In 1907, along with his brother Abanindranath, he founded the Indian Society of Oriental Art which later published the influential journal Rupam. Between 1906 and 1910, the artist studied and assimilated Japanese brush techniques and the influence of Far Eastern art into his own work, as demonstrated by his illustrations for Rabindranath Tagore's autobiography Jeevansmriti (1912). He went on to develop his own approach in his Chaitanya and Pilgrim series. Gaganendranath eventually abandoned the revivalism of the Bengal School and took up caricature. The Modern Review published many of his cartoons in 1917. From 1917 onwards, his satirical lithographs appeared in a series of books, including Play of Opposites, Realm of the Absurd and Reform Screams.

Between 1920 and 1925, Gaganendranath pioneered experiments in modernist painting. Partha Mitter describes him as "the only Indian painter before the 1940s who made use of the language and syntax of Cubism in his painting". From 1925 onwards, the artist developed a complex post-cubist style.

Gaganendranath also took a keen interest in theatre, and wrote a children's book in the manner of Lewis Carroll, Bhodor Bahadur ('Otter the Great').

Works

 * Adbhut Lok: realm of the absurd, 1917, Calcutta: Vichitra Press, a portfolio of thirteen satirical pictures.
 * Naba Hullod: Reform screams; a pictorial review at the close of the year 1921, 1921, Calcutta: Thacker, Spink & Co.
 * Birupa bajra (Play of Opposites), 1930, Calcutta: Preonath Das Gupta for the Indian Publishing House.
 * Bhondor bahadur, Kolkata: Shishu Sahitya Samsad, 1998, classic children's book

title: Gaganendranath Tagore


text: Category:Disney stubs

title: Category:Disney stubs


text:
Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine

Charles (953 – 22 June 992×995) was the duke of Lower Lorraine from 977 until his death.

Life
Born at Reims in the summer of 953, Charles was the son of Louis IV of France and Gerberga of Saxony and the younger brother of King Lothair. He was a sixth-generation descendant of Charlemagne. When his father was captured by the Normans and held, both his sons were demanded as ransom for his release. Queen Gerberga would only send Charles, who was then handed over and his father was released into the custody of Hugh Capet.

In or before 976, he accused Lothair's wife, Emma, daughter of Lothair II of Italy, of infidelity with Adalberon, Bishop of Laon. The council of Sainte-Macre at Fismes (near Reims) exonerated the queen and the bishop, but Charles maintained his claim and was driven from the kingdom, finding refuge at the court of his cousin, the emperor Otto II. Otto promised to crown Charles as soon as Lothair was out of the way and Charles paid him homage, receiving back Lower Lorraine.

In August 978, Lothair invaded Germany and captured the imperial capital of Aachen, but failed to capture either Otto or Charles. In October, Otto and Charles in turn invaded France, devastating the land around Reims, Soissons and Laon. In the latter city, the chief seat of the kings of France, Charles was crowned by Theodoric I, Bishop of Metz. Lothair fled to Paris and was besieged there but a relief army of Hugh Capet forced Otto and Charles to lift the siege on 30 November. Lothair and Capet, the tables turned once more, chased the German king and Charles back to Aachen and retook Laon.

Around 979, Charles transferred the relics of Saint Gudula from Moorsel to the Saint Gaugericus chapel on Saint-Géry Island near Brussels. This is generally accepted as the time when the city was founded. Charles would construct the first permanent fortification in the city, doing so on that same island.

As he had been a vassal also of Lothair, Charles' acts on behalf of Otto were considered treason and he was thereafter excluded from the throne. On Lothair's death (986), the magnates elected his son Louis V and on the latter's death (987), Hugh Capet. Thus, the House of Capet came to the throne over the disgraced and ignored Charles. Charles' unexceptional marriage and his lack of wealth are two of the reasons he was denied the throne. Charles made war on Hugh, even taking Rheims and Laon. However, on Maundy Thursday (26 March) 991, he was captured, through the perfidy of the Bishop Adalberon, and was imprisoned by Hugh in Orléans. He was succeeded as Duke of Lower Lorraine by his son Otto.

There is uncertainty over the date and place of Charles' death. The necrology of the diocese of Liège dates Charles' death to 22 June without specifying the year. Sigebert of Gembloux records it under the year 991, but he may have confused it with his capture, since two documents of January 992 seem to imply that Charles was still alive. One was dated by a supporter to the fifth year of "Charles king in waiting" (sperante Karolo rege), the other is dated by Hugh's reign, "Charles being thrown in prison" (Karolo trusus in carcere). He must have been dead by 995, when Adalberon and Count Odo of Blois tried to install his son Louis on the throne. His death is sometimes placed in Orléans, but this is pure conjecture.

The Historia Francorum Senonensis, written between 1015 and 1034, propagated the view that Charles was the rightful king in 987 and Hugh a usurper. In 1666, the lead sarcophagus of Charles was discovered in the Basilica of Saint Servatius in Maastricht with an inscription bearing the date 1001. This appears to be the date of his interment in Maastricht, however, and not of his death. Probably his son Otto had his body moved. While the sarcophagus remains, the original inscription has been lost.

Family
In 970 Charles married Adelaide of Troyes. Together he and Adelaide had:

 * Otto, succeeded as Duke of Lower Lotharingia
 * Ermengarde, who married Albert I, Count of Namur
 * Gerberga of Lower Lorraine (b. 975–1018), who married Lambert I, Count of Louvain
 * Louis (c. 989 – 1023)
 * Charles (b. 989)

title: Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine


text:
Talk:EXeem

Relation to torrents
I thought exeem is just like everyother p2p, but only sharing torrent files :D is that incorect? --Sloncek 22:29, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * No- exeem supposedly is using a secure, quasi torrent system of its own that lacks trackers. --maru 15:32, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

As one of the developers of Exeem I take the liberty to correct this article. --ArvidNorberg 13:54, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

Vitality
So, is Exeem still active now that SuprNova has died? --Harry 21:28, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Somewhat. --maru 15:32, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

The eXeem.com page and forums are down and if you follow the dowload link in this article you can read in the user comment posts: "Reviewer:	kevinsanz	Nov 5, 2005 Version:	0.27 Public Beta	 Dude I have spoken to slonek he know the network is down. he is helping me with my P2P though MyMute. eXeem is dead in his words. why do you think the site and forums are down the same day the network shutdown." So does anyone know for sure if eXeem is still viable or is it dead?

POV
article seems unnecessarily bitter! --Anonymous
 * Not what I can see now anyway. But maybe you commenected ages ago; please sign your comments. -- Northgrove 09:49, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

Pros and Cons
excuse me..but eXeem is cool, and if encryption is integrated will have similar benifits to the freenet project, which by the way is full of kiddie porn. exeem is high profile, so hopefull somebody has control enough to remove that crap. anyway.. my gripe is this: how can exeem be closed source? completely? they had to have stolen code from bram...

Licensing
MIT License says they can do what they want with it... does it mean close the sources too? Time to get some answers. --Ghost Freeman 15:59, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)

More off center criticism
Sorry but article is poor and Cydoor can be removed easy with spybot. Exeem simply is the revolution of P2P is comming. --Anonymous

 * Riight... And why is hardly anyone using Exeem anymore, while Usenet, Edonkey, and the Bittorrent scenes are only growing up? --maru 15:32, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

Relation to Bittorrent
Neither BitTorrent's Cohen nor Swam system's representative, Sloncek, claims that eXeem incorporates BitTorrent. Influenced by? Based on? Something like that.....

As to whether eXeem is cool, is worthy of more praise here, or is indeed the future of P2P--that's all unsubstantiated speculation at this point. Indepth reviews are scarce--not surprising given that the package is still in beta. Until eXeem is released, with interface, performance benchmarks and a much wider audience, this article will by neccessity be sketchy. --Barte 05:25, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Policy or convention on dead off-site links? Is exeem trustworthy?
Policy or convention on dead off-site links? Is exeem trustworthy? Those that fly by night frequently are, but I'm somewhat trepidatious. Anyhoo, how long is a link that is to something that might be only occasionally available (but is noted to be down at time of a number of posting(s)) does the general thinking incline to warrant removal of such a link? And why is there not easy way to start a poll in MediaWiki? Any few Wikipedians could prolly be trusted to sort out any matter they were asked to peek at briefly and answer a really quick poll about, as long as you can up the N enough. -:)Ozzyslovechild 03:44, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

-:)Ozzyslovechild 03:44, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

Where is exeem now?
Does anyone know where exeem is now and what has happened to it? It is not working and the sites have been down for months, a surprise as I thought it was doing well.
 * I would like someone to enter some information regarding this, into this article, as well. I'm curious to know. --Gary King 21:44, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

eXeem back?
This article says that exeem was closed back in 2005, but http://www.exeem.com/ looks functional. Anyone know anything?

As functional as www.emule.net, www.shareaza.net, www.shareza.com, mmmhmm, sign your comments, thanks. -- nlitement [talk]  20:42, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:EXeem