text:
Talk:George Pataki

Re-Election?
Could he run for re-election in 2006?Is there any constitutional ban for running for 4th term for him?--Sina 22:46, 11 December 2004 (UTC)

 * Pataki is eligible to run again in 06, as far as I know. The big thing in NY politics is whether he'll choose to do so. Khanartist 23:56, 15 December 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, Pataki can run again -- there are no term limits for Governors in New York. However, to my knowledge, nobody's ever won four terms as governor and the last person who tried, Mario Cuomo, was pretty soundly defeated. It would be risky for Pataki, but he's absolutely eligible to run again. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.141.171.2 (talk) 02:30, 20 January 2005 (UTC)
 * Rockefeller was the only one who ever has won 4 terms in a row. Tevi 02:28, 2 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Pataki was eligible for 2006, but has (just today) publicly announced his intention to sit out the 2006 governor's race. By many reports, he's now jockeying position for the 2008 Republican primaries.--Daniel 16:46, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Death penalty
Any chance on Pataki and the Death Penalty, IIRC that was a major point of his first campaign? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.67.6.241 (talk) 05:07, 3 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree that more needs to be added on Pataki and the death penalty. It was indeed a major part of Pataki's first campaign, and it was indeed passed. It was later thrown out by the NYS courts. No execution has ever happened under Pataki, despite what Law & Order would have you think.--Daniel 16:46, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Pataki and the death penalty is ancient history at this point. The story on the death penalty is really that the courts keep moving the goalposts with the discovery of "flaws" in every law the legislature passes and the governor signs. Loop:
 * (1) Pass law correcting a flaw in a prior law. (2) Murder. Conviction. Sentencing.  (4) Law is tested in the courts. (5) Flaw found. patsw 18:58, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Pataki and the death penalty is not ancient history (and even if it was, it'd still be Wiki worthy). It was only overturned last year. And on a different note: might I add that the reason Pataki passed the death penalty statute was because a few wealthy donors (e.g., Donald Trump) went on a press blitz buying up ads demanding it after the Central Park jogger rape/attempted murder case and the backlash against the so-called "lenient" punishment the five kids who were arrested/convicted of it received.
 * Of course, years later, the convictions of the five youths were overturned (only after serving their "lenient" punishment) because it was shown that A) their confessions were coached and coerced from them by the NYPD, B) new examination of the forensic evidence with DNA-identification techniques absolutely cleared them in favor of a serial rapist who'd been arrested later in a separate case, C) that the serial rapist in question himself confessed to the crime, leading to D) the Manhattan District Attorney, Robert Morgenthau himself deciding that the convictions should be thrown out.
 * So did the courts really move the goalposts and go looking for flaws, or did the flaws in the poster-child case for the death penalty end up finding the courts? --Daniel 01:00, July 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * Plus, the re-enaction of the death penalty in New York could be used in a Pataki presidential campaign as an appeal to social conservatives. He could also take that opportunity to rail against "activist judges", and that would appeal to the conservative base, as well.  The death penalty could be a major issue in a Pataki presidential campaign; if a New Yorker could write a comprehensive mini-section on the history of Pataki and the death penalty, it would be quite valuable. --Alfoor 18:38, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

Pataki VS SUNY
is there anything on the amount of money he gutted from the SUNY system? or the tution hikes? or the ciriculum shift in both state universities and public edjucation? towards less perceptually 'liberal' things, like sciences, and math and what not.. and towards a more athletics and religion orriented program, especially in the state universities, who are devoid of research funding now, on both the state and federal level?--172.144.60.219 12:23, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

Pataki Is he not of a Greek ancestry?
Sorry to bother you but I am a Greek knowing that Pataki(s) is 100% a greek surname. How come this fellow hasn't got a greek ancestry?? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.16.202.37 (talk) 08:27, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Pataki happens to be a common surname in Hungary. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.182.83.206 (talk) 15:17, 4 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Pataki is of Hungarian, Italian and Irish descent and I have just updated the wikipage to that effect. You people are supposed to sign your comments using four tildes (~) as a sign of accountability. 216.194.20.193 16:36, 21 May 2006 (UTC)
 * "Pataki" is definitely of Eastern-European origin. "Patakis" may be Greek; "Pataki" is not. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mike 7 (talk • contribs) 03:50, 10 June 2006 (UTC)
 * In greek 'pataki' would be the female form of 'patakis' and also a form of the male word in certain grammar, also some people immigrating to english speaking countries change their surnames so the last 's' is removed. But generally who cares, this is simply a name that is not greek according to the sources. (I actually came to this page to find out if he had greek ancestry, it appears he doesn't, nothing to see here move along). -- f s  03:31, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

So..?
How do people feel about him bullying the NY State Teacher's Union into not opposing him publicly in the last election?--NY101 16:31, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Him bullying the teachers?? You must be kidding -- that pack of money-hungry miscreants. How do people feel about the rapacious money-hungry extortionist Randi Weingarten and this bogus lawsuit (CFE) demanding more money apporoved by a Democrat machine judge when New York already spends more per pupil than almost any other state with dubious results. They are going to help drive NYC and New York State into bankruptcy.
 * 216.194.20.193 16:38, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

Not cutting taxes is equal to raising taxes?
The section titled "Liberal republican legacy" includes a quote (see below) that references possible new taxes but is not clear as to which possible these new taxes he is referring to.
 * Pataki made a controversial budget proposal in which he proposed several tax cuts, despite the state's rising deficits. He also made cuts in education and health care funding which, some say, may close emergency rooms and turn non-profit hospitals into for-profits. Pataki argued that new taxes would drive businesses out-of-state, reducing jobs, further compounding the deficit.

The paragraph mentions his proposal for further cutting taxes, but opposing that is not the same as raising taxes. It ought to be made clearer exactly what new taxes he was opposing. --Cab88 20:46, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

Memorial "taking forever to build"
I'm just passing through here, so I figured I'd point something out that you guys apparently haven't noticed and let you deal with it. :-)

In the September 11th section, it says: Pataki and Giuliani appointed the LMDC to distribute nearly $10 billion in federal grants and to oversee the building of a memorial as well as oversee construction, which are taking forever to build.

I'm sure we can do without the hyperbole, can't we?

Alexwebb2 17:48, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

Confusion with other people?
Can anyone confirm if this person is or has been a stamp collector. I ran into an article called Caveat Emptor! in Stamp Show News for February 1978; it is a reprint from Romanian Philatelic Studies, No. 1-1978. The article deals with unethical practices among stamp dealers whom the author found to be selling forged Romanian stamps. One of those stamp dealers had his business in New York. The by-line for the article shows "George Pataki". Is this the same George Pataki? Eclecticology 08:27, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

On that same note, Pataki is listed as "Amateur Radio People." Pataki is being confused with another George Pataki who had often wrote articles for QST Magazine. This needs to be corrected. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 136.181.195.45 (talk) 13:58, 29 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Correct that the citation to George Pataki's ham call sign is to a different George Pataki, originally from Romania.
 * The governor was also a ham in the late 1960's and let his license lapse. But he WAS a ham, K2ZCZ. To verify this, you could check the Callbooks in the late 60's, and early 70's to verify which specific years he had his license. His brother Louis was also a ham (for longer than George).
 * As to the stamp collector - I have no idea if the non-ham George Pataki in the citation was a stamp collector or seller, just that both had a connection with Romania. 108.211.226.114 (talk) 01:54, 7 May 2024 (UTC)

Physical dimensions
I just saw a picture of this guy, and he seems to be pretty tall, possibly one of the tallest current-serving governors. Does anyone have his height? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Parrot22 (talk • contribs) 18:30, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

His term ends at on New Years' Eve
11:59:59 PM on Dec. 31st I thought that I would add that. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ericl (talk • contribs) 17:33, 6 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Wait a sec, on the List of Governors of New York, the Governors terms are ending on even numbered years (eg. Mario Cuomo 1983-94). Yet on all the seperate biographies of New York Governors, the terms end on odd numbered years (eg. Mario Cuomo 1983-95). The New York Governor related articles, should have the same dates, should they? GoodDay 21:58, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Please Elaborate
WHEN did Pataki decide NOT to seek re-election? WHO is his wife?
 * Libby

HOW many children does he have?
 * By Libby or others?

WHAT schools did he attend? HOW does he rank against other Republican Presidentian nominees?
 * Doesn't.

I await these updates. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.231.193.160 (talk) 0708, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Unsigned replies added by 24.195.212.212 (talk) 14:39, 1 July 2008 (UTC) Indents added by Ken Gallager (talk) 14:40, 15 November 2023 (UTC)

Governors of New York
The category box is in error, Spitzer shouldn't be listed. If he's to be listed, it should be 'Spitzer (elect)'. GoodDay 18:47, 10 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Now moot. --gohlkus 23:07, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

Neutrality of Post columnist:"Good Riddance"
It doesn't seem like there's any reason this column should be included in this article, much less given its own section. Furthermore, there are plenty of positive opinions about Pataki's tenure in office. Including only this one column obscures this fact.--Cg-realms 06:10, 2 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I think it would be appropriate to provide a balance of opinions here. I posted the Dicker piece because he writes for the major conservative paper in the state (the Post) as well as being a leading commentator on Albany TV. He's a serious voice on state government and one who would have been expected to have been less caustic given his background — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.181.52.14 (talk) 01:13, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

Clarification
George Pataki's term (on this article), is listed as ending January 1st, 2007. Yet on the List of Governors of New York article, his term ends December 31st, 2006. The New Year date, is shown in most NY Governors bio articles. Which is it? GoodDay 23:30, 11 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I've corrected the date, which Pataki left office. It's December 31st, 2006 NOT January 1st, 2007. Made similar correction in all Governors & Lt.Governors of New York tenures (from 1817-2006) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by GoodDay (talk • contribs) 21:23, 12 January 2007 (UTC).

yale political union / party of the right / conservative party
I have removed the following text from the article: (just the bolded bit)

While there he served as chairman of the Conservative Party of the Yale Political Union, and, after completing that service, joined the Party of the Right of the same organization.

I am a current member of the Yale Political Union, and as such I know that this cannot but be unsourced. Moreover, though, I cannot but think that it is not particularly relevant to Pataki's life, as interesting as it may be to historians of the YPU and PoR. Pataki's membership in the Union is surely noteworthy--he is one of the more prominent members the Union has had in its 75-year history, along with J. Harvie Wilkinson, John Kerry, and Fareed Zakaria--but I can't imagine his change in party membership is, especially with it being unsourced. Lastly, because such a membership could create controversy, given its unproven status I am reluctant to let it stand. I probably know more YPU history than anyone in the Union at this point, but whether or not this is true is beyond even me. I am tempted to think that it is just PoR lore.

However, if any source can be unearthed for this information, I'd be willing to consider its inclusion.

Best,

-Paul

Vivisel 20:48, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

Airplane usage
You state:

Airplane usage

During his tenure, he used the planes more than Cuomo.

You do not supply a citation to any sort of state public record showing how many times Pataki and Cuomo used the planes. Please add a citation so that this fact can be reinstated. Sonnickboom 22:34, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

World Trade Center legacy
This section is oddly written: full of irrelevant minutiae on the World Trade Center, full of POV animus against Pataki, and frankly, tedious reading.

The "legacy" of the World Trade Center in Pataki's bio is simple: he couldn't pull the different groups with a stake in remembering and rebuilding the World Trade Center in a timely manner, leaving a mess for others to contend with. His political skills were not up to the task.

The section needs a rewrite. So what do readers and editors think? patsw 03:22, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I rewrote and greatly condensed this section, it is no longer as strident or tedious. - RW, 27 July 2007 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.129.122.207 (talk) 15:11, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

I blame him for the Freedom Tower and the current plans for the World Trade Center rebuilding. He went against the wishes of the people of the city by pushing for the Freedom Tower. I prefer the Twin Towers to be rebuilt. I have no respect for this man whatsoever. He will be remembered for the cronyism he pulled off to get the Freedom Tower to be built. - Senjuto, 2:07 NY time, Sept 12, 2010 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.72.11.32 (talk) 06:07, 12 September 2010 (UTC)

FYI: Today is eleven years after the terrorist/Jihad attack, and watching FoxNews, I wrote down, “They will be remembered in a museum to be constructed here at Ground Zero” – Former governor of New York, Republican George Pataki — FYI, Charles Edwin Shipp (talk) 14:25, 11 September 2012 (UTC)

Governorship Tenure
According to List of Governors of New York, Pataki's term ended at midnight December 31, 2006. Which is it. Dec 31/06 or Jan 1/07. GoodDay 23:12, 4 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Hey wait a sec, the forementioned List was changed to match these bios. GoodDay 23:24, 4 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Have no fear I've fixed the page & the List page. GoodDay 18:44, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

Revere America, No American Debt
These organizations appear to be defunct. I think that the article should reflect that. 76.120.184.122 (talk) 03:33, 29 July 2013 (UTC) 76.120.184.122

Lack of Info in Governorship Section
Without lending support or critique to his policies, there is a great deal of information that could be shared about Pataki's terms in office. However, this page currently offers only a single paragraph worth of information. It seems very strange that a three term governor's tenure in office is summed up in a single paragraph. It's also very suspicious that said single paragraph only serves to point out criticisms of his fiscal policies while in office, a tone that is echoed in the subsequent Legacy section.

The page should reflect the actions taken and policies enacted by the Pataki administration while he served as governor.

Timatim (talk) 19:59, 12 August 2014 (UTC)

 * The governorship section was split out back in 2010 but that never should have been done - neither the main article or it was very long. I decided to be bold and so I've merged the two back together here and now the governorship section at least has something in it.  Wasted Time R (talk) 02:36, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

Question
Why is there a need to have a citation for the pronunciation of his last name? Seems a little over zealous and unnecessary. (71.74.12.217 (talk) 03:52, 7 June 2015 (UTC))

RFC about whether presidential candidacy belongs in lead paragraph
Talk:Rick_PerryAnythingyouwant (talk) 15:46, 7 August 2015 (UTC)

Wondering about his role in tech center at SUNY Albany
I wasn't a resident of NYS when he was governor (although at one time in the past I did go to school there) but I'm led to believe that this was the governor who directed the bulk of the massive spending (take a look at just the length of this site's article on the subject) that basically created the Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering at SUNY Albany. I've wondered for awhile whether this was something of a quid-pro-quo to attract GlobalFoundries to build a fab there (the premise being this would establish a local facility where they could locally and inexpensively get their workers trained) and I'm wondering whether the NYS taxpayers feel this was an appropriate expenditure of all that loot, especially because as an experiment to attract other semi outfits and make NYS a tech world leader it was obviously a massive failure. It would seem that such an issue would at least deserve a mention if not a full-throated discussion in the article about his leadership of the state but here I can't even find a mention of his participation, it seems like such a dramatic "oversight", I recall the extensive discussion about other tech awards to other NYS schools in previous eras that something seems to be quite "out of whack" here, I'd like to hear what other folks know about the topic, or point out if I've got this all wrong somehow. Jlawton11 (talk) 16:09, 15 January 2016 (UTC)

Rendering subject's name
. Established professional journalistic practice, per style manuals of the AP, NYT, ad infinitum, is to render a subject's name in that indivual prefers such as often in her/his signature, etc. Thus it is WP's practice to render this in the header to the infobox when it conflicts with the shortened form the subject is generally known to the public by (as in wp:Common name); eg see Template:Infobox person: " If middle initials are specified (or implied) by the lead of the article, and are not specified separately in the birth_name field, include them here." Cf. infobox header "Hillary Rodham Clinton" at WP article Hillary Clinton, etc.--Hodgdon's secret garden (talk) 15:48, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Sources for infobox religion?
I am going through the entire list of all forty candidates for US President in 2016 (many now withdrawn) and trying to make sure that the religion entry in the infobox of each page meets Wikipedia's requirements.

Here are the requirements for listing a religion in the infobox (religion in the body of the article has different rules):

 * Per Village pump (policy)/Archive 126: "the 'religion=' parameter and the associated 'denomination=' parameter should be removed from all pages that use Template:Infobox person. Inclusion is permitted in individual articles' infoboxes as a custom parameter only if directly tied to the person's notability. Inclusion is permitted in derived, more specific infoboxes that genuinely need it for all cases, such as one for religious leaders." Please note that if nobody has bothered to mention religion in the body of the article, that is strong evidence that the subject's beliefs are not relevant to their public life or notability.

 * Per WP:BLPCAT: "Categories regarding religious beliefs (or lack of such) should not be used unless the subject has publicly self-identified with the belief or orientation in question, and the subject's beliefs are relevant to their public life or notability, according to reliable published sources" ... "These principles apply equally to lists, navigation templates, and Infobox statements". The "relevant to their public life or notability" clause should be interpreted as follows: Would this individual be notable for his/her religion if he/she were not notable for running for US president? Are we talking about someone who is notable for being religious, of someone who is notable who also happens to be religious?

 * Per WP:CAT/R: "Categories regarding religious beliefs or lack of such beliefs of a living person should not be used unless the subject has publicly self-identified with the belief in question (see WP:BLPCAT), either through direct speech or through actions like serving in an official clerical position for the religion." In other words, if someone running for US president has never publicly stated on the record that they belong to a religion, we don't take the word of even reliable sources on what their religion is.

 * Per WP:LOCALCON, a local consensus on an article talk page can not override the overwhelming (75% to 25%) consensus at Template talk:Infobox that nonreligions cannot be listed in the religion entry of any infobox. That RfC has a handy list of religions and nonreligions to avoid the inevitable arguments about what is and what is not a religion. Everyone who !voted on the RfC saw that list and had ample opportunity to dispute it if they disagreed with it.

The forty candidates are:

Source of list: United States presidential election, 2016
 * Name: Farley Anderson: No Wikipedia page, nothing to do.
 * Name: Jeb Bush: Infobox Religion: Roman Catholicism Religion name mentioned in Body? Yes, but all links cited are dead. Discuss on article talk page.
 * Name: Ben Carson: Infobox Religion: Seventh-day Adventist. Clearly meets all requirements for inclusion, nothing to do.
 * Name: Darrell Castle: Infobox Religion: No religion entry in infobox, nothing to do.
 * Name: Lincoln Chafee: Infobox Religion: Episcopalian. Religion name not mentioned in body; religion entry in infobox should be removed.
 * Name: Darryl Cherney: Infobox Religion: No religion entry in infobox, nothing to do.
 * Name: Chris Christie: Infobox Religion: Roman Catholicism. Religion name mentioned in body, self-identifies as Catholic. Discuss on article talk page.
 * Name: Hillary Clinton: Infobox Religion: Methodist. Religion name mentioned in body, self-identifies as Methodist. Discuss on article talk page.
 * Name: Ted Cruz: Infobox Religion: Southern Baptist. Religion name mentioned in body, self-identifies as Southern Baptist. Discuss on article talk page.
 * Name: Sedinam Curry: No Wikipedia page, nothing to do.
 * Name: Carly Fiorina: Infobox Religion: Nondenominational Christianity. Religion name not mentioned in body; religion entry in infobox should be removed.
 * Name: Jim Gilmore: Infobox Religion: Methodism. Religion name not mentioned in body; religion entry in infobox should be removed.
 * Name: Lindsey Graham: Infobox Religion: Southern Baptist. Religion name mentioned in body, but citation fails direct speech requiement. Discuss on article talk page.
 * Name: James Hedges: Infobox Religion: No religion entry in infobox, nothing to do.
 * Name: Tom Hoefling: No Infobox, nothing to do.
 * Name: Mike Huckabee: Infobox Religion: Southern Baptist. Clearly meets all requirements for inclusion, nothing to do.
 * Name: Bobby Jindal: Infobox Religion: Roman Catholicism. Religion name mentioned in body, self-identifies as "Evangelical Catholic."
 * Name: Gary Johnson: Infobox Religion: Lutheranism. Religion name mentioned in body, but citation is a dead link. Discuss on article talk page.
 * Name: John Kasich: Infobox Religion: Anglicanism. Religion name mentioned in body, self-identifies as Christian but citation doesn't have him specifying anglicism in direct speech. Discuss on article talk page.
 * Name: Chris Keniston: No Wikipedia page, nothing to do.
 * Name: William Kreml: No Wikipedia page, nothing to do.
 * Name: Gloria La Riva: Infobox Religion: No religion entry in infobox, nothing to do.
 * Name: Lawrence Lessig: Infobox Religion: No religion entry in infobox, nothing to do.
 * Name: John McAfee: Infobox Religion: No religion entry in infobox, nothing to do.
 * Name: Kent Mesplay: Infobox Religion: No religion entry in infobox, nothing to do.
 * Name: Martin O'Malley: Infobox Religion: Roman Catholicism. Religion name mentioned in body, comes really close to self-identifying but I would be more comforable if we could find a citation with unambigious direct speech. Discuss on article talk page.
 * Name: George Pataki: Infobox Religion: Roman Catholicism. Religion name not mentioned in body; religion entry in infobox should be removed.
 * Name: Rand Paul: Infobox Religion: Presbyterianism. Religion name not mentioned in body; religion entry in infobox should be removed.
 * Name: Rick Perry: Infobox Religion: Nondenominational Evangelicalism. Religion name mentioned in body, but this page is a classic case of what happens when you don't follow the self-identification rule. Someone took a reference that says "Perry now attends Lake Hills Church more frequently than he attends Tarrytown, he said, in part because it's closer to his home" and assigned him as being a member of Lake Hills Church based on that slim evidence. Discuss on article talk page.
 * Name: Austin Petersen: No Wikipedia page, nothing to do.
 * Name: Marco Rubio: Infobox Religion: Roman Catholicism. Religion name mentioned in body, but this page is a classic case of what happens when you don't follow the self-identification rule. Someone took a reference that says "Rubio... attends Catholic churches as well as a Southern Baptist megachurch." and assigned him as being Roman Catholic based on that slim evidence. Discuss on article talk page.
 * Name: Bernie Sanders: Infobox Religion: Infobox religion already decided by RfC. See Talk:Bernie Sanders/Archive 13.
 * Name: Rick Santorum: Infobox Religion: Roman Catholicism. Religion name mentioned in body. Many citations about him being catholic, but I couldn't find a place where he self-identifioes using direct speech. Religion name mentioned in body,
 * Name: Rod Silva (businessman) No Infobox, nothing to do.
 * Name: Mimi Soltysik Infobox Religion: No religion entry in infobox, nothing to do.
 * Name: Jill Stein Infobox Religion: Reform Judaism. Religion name not mentioned in body; religion entry in infobox should be removed.
 * Name: Donald Trump Infobox Religion:Presbyterian. Infobox religion already decided by RfC. See Talk:Donald Trump/Archive 1
 * Name: Scott Walker Infobox Religion: Nondenominational Evangelicalism. Religion name mentioned in body, self-identifies as "born-again Christian". Discuss on article talk page.
 * Name: Jim Webb Infobox Religion: Nondenominational Christianity. Religion name not mentioned in body; religion entry in infobox should be removed. Note: Citation in infobox fails self-identification requirement.

My goal is to determine whether Wikipedia's requirements are met for the above forty pages, and to insure that we have citations to reliable sources that meet the requirements.

You are encouraged to look at and comment on the other pages, not just this one.

Please provide any citations that you believe establish a direct tie to the person's notability, self-identification in the person's own words, etc. Merely posting an opinion is not particularly helpful unless you have sources to back up your claims. I would ask everyone to please avoid responding to any comment that doesn't discuss a source or one of the requirements listed above. You can. of course, discuss anything you want in a separate section, but right now we are focusing on finding and verifying sources that meet Wikipedia's requirements. --Guy Macon (talk) 05:21, 9 May 2016 (UTC)

Removing religion from infobox
Previously, I asked for citations showing that this page meets Wikipedia's requirements for listing religion in the infobox and in the list of categories. I also did my own search. There do not appear to be sources establishing compliance with the rules for inclusion, so I have removed the religion entry and categories. It appears that this page does not meet Wikipedia's requirements, so I am removing religion from the infobox and categories. Editors are encouraged to add properly sourced religion information to the body of the article, subject to WP:V and WP:WEIGHT.

As a reminder Here are the requirements for listing a religion in the infobox and categories (religion in the body of the article has different rules):

 * Per Village pump (policy)/Archive 126: "the 'religion=' parameter and the associated 'denomination=' parameter should be removed from all pages that use Template:Infobox person. Inclusion is permitted in individual articles' infoboxes as a custom parameter only if directly tied to the person's notability. Inclusion is permitted in derived, more specific infoboxes that genuinely need it for all cases, such as one for religious leaders." Please note that if nobody has bothered to mention religion in the body of the article, that is strong evidence that the subject's beliefs are not relevant to their public life or notability.

 * Per WP:BLPCAT: "Categories regarding religious beliefs (or lack of such) should not be used unless the subject has publicly self-identified with the belief or orientation in question, and the subject's beliefs are relevant to their public life or notability, according to reliable published sources" ... "These principles apply equally to lists, navigation templates, and Infobox statements". In the context of politicians and political candidates, there is a strong consensus in discussion after discussion that The "relevant to their public life or notability" clause should be interpreted as follows: Would this individual be notable for his/her religion if he/she were not notable for running for US president? Are we talking about someone who is notable for being religious, of someone who is notable who also happens to be religious?

 * Per WP:CAT/R: "Categories regarding religious beliefs or lack of such beliefs of a living person should not be used unless the subject has publicly self-identified with the belief in question (see WP:BLPCAT), either through direct speech or through actions like serving in an official clerical position for the religion." In other words, if someone running for US president has never publicly stated on the record that they belong to a religion, we don't take the word of even reliable sources on what their religion is.

 * Per WP:CATDEF: "A central concept used in categorising articles is that of the defining characteristics of a subject of the article. A defining characteristic is one that reliable sources commonly and consistently define in prose, as opposed to a tabular or list form the subject as having -- such as nationality or notable profession (in the case of people), type of location or region (in the case of places), etc. (Emphasis is in original)

 * Per WP:DEFINING: "Biographical articles should be categorized by defining characteristics. As a rule of thumb for main biographies this includes: standard biographical details: year of birth, year of death and nationality [and] the reason(s) for the person's notability; i.e., the characteristics the person is best known for. For example, a film actor who holds a law degree should be categorized as a film actor, but not as a lawyer unless his or her legal career was notable in its own right [...] a defining characteristic is one that reliable, secondary sources commonly and consistently define, in prose, the subject as having. For example: "Subject is an adjective noun..." or "Subject, an adjective noun,...". If such examples are common, each of adjective and noun may be deemed to be "defining" for subject. If the characteristic would not be appropriate to mention in the lead portion of an article, it is probably not defining. [...] Often, users can become confused between the standards of notability, verifiability, and "definingness". Notability is the test that is used to determine if a topic should have its own article. This test, combined with the test of verifiability, is used to determine if particular information should be included in an article about a topic. Definingness is the test that is used to determine if a category should be created for a particular attribute of a topic. In general, it is much easier to verifiably demonstrate that a particular characteristic is notable than to prove that it is a defining characteristic.

 * Per WP:LOCALCON, a local consensus on an article talk page can not override the overwhelming (75% to 25%) consensus at Template talk:Infobox that nonreligions cannot be listed in the religion entry of any infobox. That RfC has a handy list of religions and nonreligions to avoid the inevitable arguments about what is and what is not a religion. Everyone who !voted on the RfC saw that list and had ample opportunity to dispute it if they disagreed with it.

Note: this page has not been singled out. I asked for citations on all forty candidates (some now withdrawn) for the 2016 US presidential election. --Guy Macon (talk) 09:14, 19 May 2016 (UTC)

Proposed merge with George Pataki 2016 presidential campaign
There are only a few paragraphs of information in the campaign article that aren't in the main article. p b  p  17:26, 10 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Support The campaign obviously went nowhere and it can certainly be covered in the main article. Reywas92Talk 19:53, 23 August 2019 (UTC)

 * Support No reason for a separate article on that topic. SunCrow (talk) 14:54, 2 October 2019 (UTC)

Links to for-profit nursing homes
My students and I are reading about links between Pataki and for-profit nursing homes. In the literature, it's been documented that nursing home and board-and-care home executives have been major contributors to Pataki's campaigns. Ought'nt that be mentioned in an overview of his career? 100.15.131.130 (talk) 18:20, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:George Pataki


text:
Brian Deer

Brian Laurence Deer is a British investigative journalist, best known for inquiries into the drug industry, medicine and social issues for The Sunday Times. Deer's investigative nonfiction book The Doctor Who Fooled the World, an exposé on disgraced former doctor Andrew Wakefield and the 1998 Lancet MMR autism fraud, was published in September 2020 by Johns Hopkins University Press.

Career
After graduating in philosophy from the University of Warwick, he became editor and press officer for the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, and was a member of The Leveller magazine collective. Subsequently, he joined The Times, then The Sunday Times, first as a business news subeditor and then as a staff news reporter and feature writer. In the 1980s, under then Sunday Times editor Andrew Neil, Deer was the UK's first social affairs correspondent, and between 1990 and 1992 reported from the United States. On 9 November 2022, Deer received Irish citizenship.

Deer has also reported for other British newspapers, including The Guardian, and The Daily Telegraph.

Investigations
In 1986, one of Deer's early investigations exposed research by British scientist Michael Briggs at Deakin University, Australia into the safety of the contraceptive pill. Deer's reports revealed that several of Briggs's studies were fabricated so as to give a positive profile for the products' cardiovascular safety. The research was largely financed by the German drug company Schering AG.

In 1994, his investigation of the Wellcome Trust led to the withdrawal in the UK of the antibiotic, Septrin (also sold under the name Bactrim) and the sale by the Wellcome Trust of its drug company subsidiary. In 2005, the withdrawal of the painkiller Vioxx was followed by an investigation by Deer into the people responsible for the drug's introduction.

In 2006, Deer's Dispatches documentary, "The drug trial that went wrong", investigated the experimental monoclonal antibody TGN1412. It was nominated for a Royal Television Society journalism award. In 2008, the media psychiatrist Raj Persaud was suspended from practicing medicine and resigned his academic position after being found guilty of plagiarism following an investigation by Deer.

MMR vaccine controversy
In a series of reports between 2004 and 2010, for The Sunday Times, Deer investigated and helped debunk controversial claims linking the MMR vaccine to autism that had first emerged with the publication in 1998 of a fraudulent research paper in the medical journal The Lancet written by Andrew Wakefield, and his colleagues. Deer revealed that Wakefield had multiple undeclared conflicts of interest, had manipulated evidence, and was responsible for what the BMJ later called "an elaborate fraud".

Deer's investigation led to the longest-ever inquiry by the UK General Medical Council (GMC), lasting 217 days. In January 2010, the GMC judged Wakefield to be "dishonest", "unethical" and "callous", and on 24 May 2010, Wakefield was removed ("struck off") from the UK medical register. Responding to Deer's findings, The Lancet partially retracted Wakefield's research in February 2004, and fully retracted it in February 2010 following the GMC findings. In January 2011, Deer published his findings in the BMJ which in a signed editorial stated of the journalist, "It has taken the diligent scepticism of one man, standing outside medicine and science, to show that the paper was in fact an elaborate fraud."

On 18 November 2004, UK Channel 4's Dispatches series broadcast Deer's television documentary: "MMR: What they didn't tell you". Television critic Nancy Banks-Smith wrote in The Guardian: "After a year of rebuffs, Deer ran Dr Wakefield to ground at an Indianapolis conference on autism. The camera took a bit of a buffet and Dr Wakefield left with Deer following, shouting: 'We have very important questions to ask you about your research and your commercial ambitions, sir! Will you stand your ground and answer?' If this was hounding, and it was, Dr Wakefield had only himself to blame for running away". In response to the documentary, Wakefield initiated a libel suit against Deer. The case was later dropped and Wakefield became liable for the costs incurred by Deer and the other defendants.

In January 2012, Wakefield sued Deer and the BMJ, this time in Texas, but the case was thrown out in both district and appeals courts, with Wakefield again ordered to pay costs.

In October 2014, in an article published in The Sunday Times, Deer reported on a ruling from the Court of Protection, then recently made public but with the identities of the parties redacted. In the ruling, Justice Baker wrote, "The critical facts established in this case can be summarised as follows. M has autistic disorder. There is no evidence that his autism was caused by the MMR vaccination. His parents' account of an adverse reaction to that vaccination is fabricated."

In July 2015, Deer gave a lecture at The Amazing Meeting titled "Vaccines: The Vanishing Victims".

The Doctor Who Fooled the World
In September 2020 Johns Hopkins University Press published in North America Deer's investigation of Andrew Wakefield and the origins of the anti-vaccine movement in his book, The Doctor Who Fooled the World: Science, Deception, and the War on Vaccines. This was simultaneously published in the United Kingdom and Australasia by Scribe. Reviews included The Times Book of the Week where columnist David Aaronovitch wrote, "This is a remarkable story and this is a remarkable book… helping to explain the political and social predicament that now afflicts so many of us — the crisis in truth and its exploitation by people without scruple." Reviewing for the leading science journal Nature, Saad Omer praised the book as "riveting… a compelling portrait of hubris and the terrible dark shadow it can cast."

Among other reviews, Michael Shermer in The Wall Street Journal wrote, "Exposing researchers who lie, cheat and fake their data often requires the work of courageous whistleblowers or tenacious investigative journalists. Enter Brian Deer, an award-winning reporter for The Sunday Times of London." Publishers Weekly also described the book as "riveting," and the Big Think website said, "Every chapter drops your jaw". According to Foreword Reviews, "This stunning work sounds an urgent message and demonstrates the essential role of investigative journalism in uncovering the truth."

Honours
Working for The Times and The Sunday Times, Deer received several awards, including two British Press Awards for his Sunday Times investigations. Following his first British Press Award in 1999, in February 2011 he was nominated for two more, in the categories of news reporter of the year and specialist journalist of the year, the latter of which he won on 5 April 2011.

In October 2011, Deer won the annual HealthWatch award, previously awarded to Sir Iain Chalmers, Professor David Colquhoun, and other prominent British medical campaigners. Deer was the 2009 Susan B. Meister lecturer in child health policy at the University of Michigan, and the 2012 Distinguished Lecturer in Life Sciences at the University of Wisconsin, La Crosse.

On 17 November 2016, Deer was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Letters (D Litt Hon) by York St John University.

In May 2021, Deer's book, The Doctor Who Fooled the World, won the Eric Hoffer Award for nonfiction, and a gold medal in the Independent Publisher Book Awards (IPPYs).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Brian Deer


text:
Aranyaprathet district

Aranyaprathet (อรัญประเทศ, ) is a district (amphoe) in Sa Kaeo province in Thailand. It borders Cambodia to the east and the busiest border crossing between Cambodia and Thailand is located in this district.

The largest town in the district is also called Aranyaprathet.

History
Aranyaprathet was originally a district in the Kabin Buri Province. On 1 April 1926 the province was abolished and the two districts Mueang Kabin Buri and Aranyapathet became districts of Prachinburi province. In 1993 it was one of the districts that formed the new Sa Kaeo province.

Economy
Until the Khmer Rouge disrupted neighbouring Cambodia in 1975, Aranyaprathet was a stop on the railroad connecting Bangkok with the Cambodian capital Phnom Penh. Aranyaprathet maintains its rail link with Bangkok but Poipet, the neighbouring Cambodian town, has still yet to see any rail activity since the Khmer Rouge destroyed the track.

Six kilometres southeast of Aranyaprathet town, at Ban Klong Luk (also spelled Ban Khlong Luek), is the busiest border crossing between Cambodia and Thailand. In addition to being on a major trade route, the border sees much tourist activity as it is on the road between Bangkok and Siem Reap, the town nearest Angkor Wat.

Aran, as the town is known in Thailand, has been affected by the growth of the gambling industry in Poipet. Despite gambling being illegal in both Thailand and Cambodia, the Cambodian government has granted concessions for casinos to be built at many of its land crossings. Cambodians are not permitted to gamble in the casinos. Poipet's proximity to Bangkok (3-5 hrs by road) has made it the most popular of these border casino areas. It now hosts seven casinos.

Administration
Aranyaprathet is divided into 13 sub-districts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 114 administrative villages (mubans).

Stadium
Aranyaprathet District Stadium (สนามกีฬาอำเภออรัญประเทศ สวนกาญจนาภิเษก) is a multi-purpose stadium used mostly for football matches and was the home stadium of Sa Kaeo F.C.

title: Aranyaprathet district


text:
Talk:K. B. Hedgewar

Happiness seems a short and sweet storey to find unique answers for your the other hand forgiveness or get ready and drink it all up to who it may.
The compramise between twins, for yourself, and when it is its, when. 47.208.94.87 (talk) 02:26, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:K. B. Hedgewar


text:
Talk:The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past

GA review

 * The lead section needs to summarize the whole article, so it needs at least a sentence explaining the plot, I mean is it a sequel to the other Zeldas? is it the first? the last? you could also add the release dates on the lead
 * However Link could hold his sword in front of him whilst charging his sword and could "poke" his foes. this phrase at the end of the paragraph doesn't make much sense, are you referring to the 3D incarnations or to this game? If it's the first then it should go.
 * The Game Over paragraph on the Development section is original research and it says nothing about the development of the game. Do you really need to have a whole paragraph describing a glitch?
 * The last paragraph on Development could use a source, but because it is comparing plots I guess I could do without
 * Roam bears a very strong resemblance to Jet Link, AKA Cyborg 002, of Ishinomori's classic manga Cyborg 009. - depends on the point of view, needs a source
 * I'm not convinced by the whole Chris Houlihan room section, it needs to be more consistent, shorter and sourced
 * The music section obviously needs as much clean up as Chris Houlihan
 * I read both sources listed for the first sentence on the Critical reception section and neither says "excellent graphics and complex, well-engineered, intriguing gameplay", this sentence needs be rewritten, it's too weasely
 * no tags please

 * On hold for seven days, then I will take another look.--Yamanbaiia(free hugs!) 22:19, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

I cleaned up the article. The original nominator has retired from Wikipedia so I have taken the reigns. Gary King (talk) 00:33, 30 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Done, thanks a good work! --Yamanbaiia(free hugs!) 08:49, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

Merge in Characters article
Please actually look at the article before voicing an opinion List of characters in The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past As you can see, if trimmed down slightly, it would fit as a characters section, a totally appropriate section for this article and eliminate a stubby article with basically no notability. Judgesurreal777 (talk) 18:49, 2 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Fair enough, but I'd prefer that it be trimmed down before merging. I don't want to see it merged in its current state. Gary King (talk) 18:52, 2 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Very true. Judgesurreal777 (talk) 18:53, 2 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Good trim, though I do think that since there is no article on the manga Link to the Past, and this covers that comic, we should probably mention its plot and characters somewhere in the article. Judgesurreal777 (talk) 21:50, 3 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I trimmed that paragraph because I cannot find references mentioning the characters. Just searching for the character name alone only returns 500 hits on Google, with no relation to Zelda. Gary King (talk) 21:53, 3 April 2008 (UTC)

Four Swords merger
I used to think an original game warranted being separate, but FS is definitely of lesser importance than ALttP on the cartridge. I think that the GBA re-release could be summed up quite easily in this article, with a couple paragraphs for gameplay, a paragraph for the significant differences in ALttP GBA, a paragraph for development, and a couple paragraphs for critical and consumer reception. - A Link to the Past (talk) 07:07, 7 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I wholeheartedly agree. I have been struggling endlessly to figure out how I can expand this article to Featured Article status. The fact is, I don't think I can, and this merger would work quite nicely for everyone. Gary King (talk) 07:09, 7 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm glad the importance and beauty of mergers is finally sinking in :) Totally agree. Judgesurreal777 (talk) 15:11, 7 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Someone do it please, so I can get this article off my mind :) Gary King (talk) 19:18, 7 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I wouldnt know where to begin or what to include. Judgesurreal777 (talk) 20:01, 7 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Well, can I see hands for people whose names are named after this game?
 * Anyone?
 * ...Oh, hey, a hand! Mine. :D I think I'll give it a shot. - A Link to the Past (talk) 22:49, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

Article merged: See old talk page here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Megata Sanshiro (talk • contribs) 08:42, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

 * That just redirects right back here. Rather than just delete it, I'll mention it in case the old page still exists and can be linked by someone who knows where it is. If not, someone who knows for sure can delete.76.226.200.238 (talk) 00:35, 23 June 2009 (UTC)

FA nom
This article seems very close, with lots of good work done. If we just add references to the scores in the score box, it looks like it will be ready. Thoughts? Judgesurreal777 (talk) 06:07, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

Peer review
I think this article calls for a Peer review. It has been over a year since it was assessed. Alot has changed. We need to see what stands in our way from this being a FA. I think it looks amazing. Lets see what others say. Who will start the review? I am not good at doing that sort of stuff, and I think someone who has actualy worked on the article should. --Blake (talk) 14:29, 20 May 2009 (UTC)

Split out Four Swords?
Yeah, I know - awkward that the guy who proposed the merge is proposing its reversal. I think it looks a little awkward, the way it's set up currently. As opposed to feeling like an essential part of the article, it feels tacked onto the end of it. While the single player portion is fairly identical, I think that we could fill out an article with reception and development. While some may be redundant, most especially in reception, we could still provide reception for how it's held up, or for changes to the main game, and of course reception for the multiplayer portion. I mean, we did it with Super Mario 64 DS, after all [though granted, it was a pretty significant DS launch, so it had a lot of developmental coverage and reception, and it had a lot of differences]. - The New Age Retro Hippie used Ruler! Now, he can figure out the length of things easily. 19:22, 30 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Four Swords is considered as its own separate game by the general fan community, so I support the split. I think it would be quite easy to fill up the page with a nice amount of information, and keep it from falling into stub status. —Resound (talk) 21:42, 1 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Although I don't know much of the Four Swords game, it could be looked at two ways. 1. It is simply a multi-player version added for the GBA, because of new features that the SNES couldn't support. 2. It is a whole other game tacked on because there wasn't enough for a whole game. Both point towards it being a part of this game. Blake (Talk·Edits) 00:54, 2 May 2010 (UTC)
 * It doesn't really make it a part of the game. Like I said earlier, using Super Mario 64 DS as an example, far less new content [that could be covered] was included in the game and it made for a very solid article. - The New Age Retro Hippie used Ruler! Now, he can figure out the length of things easily. 01:58, 2 May 2010 (UTC)

Influence on series
There are already some scattered mentions of the innovations in this game that were taken up in later Zelda games, but I think the article could benefit from a proper section discussing the importance of A Link to the Past in relation to the development of the whole series - music, characters, gameplay. — Hex    (❝  ?!  ❞)   14:24, 22 July 2010 (UTC)

In the gameplay section the Flute is mentioned as making it's first appearance in the franchise. However, I was under the impression that such an item had already been implemented in the very first Zelda game. Broadbandmink (talk) 22:03, 20 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Mostly true; I think that the statement is meant to say that the design originated from it. - The New Age Retro Hippie used Ruler! Now, he can figure out the length of things easily. 23:15, 20 March 2011 (UTC)

Merge discussion
I have moved the posts here to the project talk page as the discussion will get more attention there. Prime Blue (talk) 13:43, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

Images
As it stands, there are six images in total of this article, doubling what is considered an acceptable cap for an article. None of the images use any rationales besides the bare minimum. I've taken the liberty of removing the story image and the soundtrack image. I would further suggest removing the Four Swords image. - The New Age Retro Hippie used Ruler! Now, he can figure out the length of things easily. 02:40, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

The Faces of Evil
In the Zelda timeline I'm missing the obscure "Link: The Faces of Evil" (1993). Although the game is absolutly rubbish I think it should be there, like Link's Crossbow Training. More information: http://zelda.wikia.com/wiki/Link:_The_Faces_of_Evil — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.240.40.225 (talk) 09:31, 24 October 2011 (UTC)
 * I think you can ignore the CDi games as far as the official timeline is concerned. If you check the Zelda CDi games article here on Wikipedia, you should see a sourced claim that they aren't considered canon (or as Philips would say, cannon) by Nintendo. The same for Link's Crossbow Training; I believe it's considered a "what-if" rather than a canon game. Larrythefunkyferret (talk) 04:00, 26 October 2011 (UTC)

Source
Possible remake/sequel? This is just a heads-up. Probably too soon to have a full mention yet. Axem Titanium (talk) 17:28, 19 April 2012 (UTC)
 * I think you're right, they don't even seem clear on whether it's a port/remake of Link to the Past or an all new game done in the style of Link to the Past. Larrythefunkyferret (talk) 02:02, 20 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Very speculatory (is that a word?) at this point, all it says is that he wants to do something, and no one knows what. Perhaps worth a mention briefly somewhere, but it'd be difficult to phrase.  Я ehevkor ✉  10:13, 20 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Stick with your original instinct; don't bother reporting on it until there's something to report. If Myamotosan wants hard enough to do a project related to Link to the Past, he'll eventually say more about it. Until then, all we have is speculatory (I'll treat it as a word) information, which Wikipedia spits on. I would trust your gut, it is a wise gut. Larrythefunkyferret (talk) 02:37, 21 April 2012 (UTC)

This article needs improvement
There are dead links, unformatted references, it really needs a good referencing going over. Judgesurreal777 (talk) 17:32, 17 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Also, it uses amazon.com twice as a reference, and has materials at the top of the talk page that could be used to expand it. Judgesurreal777 (talk) 17:35, 17 April 2013 (UTC)

Outdated Flag
Hello, I removed the outdated flag after updating the section. It was on the "A Link Between Worlds" section. Let me know if you have any questions, or believe it requires further updating.Triforces (talk) 16:17, 1 July 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 4 one external links on The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20071220092232/http://ganonstower.com/lttpcomic.shtml to http://www.ganonstower.com/lttpcomic.shtml
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120902062030/http://www.ugo.com/games/a-new-snes-zelda to http://www.ugo.com/games/a-new-snes-zelda
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110220232113/http://www.officialnintendomagazine.co.uk:80/7327/features/100-best-nintendo-games-part-6 to http://www.officialnintendomagazine.co.uk/7327/features/100-best-nintendo-games-part-6/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110615175858/http://www.ugo.com/games/legend-of-zelda-retrospective-small-hyrule to http://www.ugo.com/games/legend-of-zelda-retrospective-small-hyrule

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 06:20, 30 August 2015 (UTC)

Kako e no Rinku
Why does "Kako e no Rinku" appear in the article? It's common for Japanese titles to appear in articles about Japanese games because often the English title is a translation of the original Japanese title. That's not the case with this particular game, which has completely different and unrelated titles in Japan and North America/Europe. The article already includes the correct official Japanese subtitle "Kamigami no Toraifōsu." There's no reason to translate the English title to Japanese. Assuming there is no good reason given for keeping it, I move that it be deleted. Druff (talk) 20:04, 18 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 6 external links on The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.1up.com/news/25-things-you-did-not-know-about-zelda
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131103141811/http://uk.top100.ign.com/2006/001-010.html to http://uk.top100.ign.com/2006/001-010.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ew.com/ew/article/commentary/0%2C6115%2C448924_8_0_%2C00.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150716111618/http://www.gamefaqs.com/features/contest/top10 to http://www.gamefaqs.com/features/contest/top10
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130308025830/http://www.gametrailers.com/videos/glx474/screwattack-s-top-ten-top-20-snes-games--10-1- to http://www.gametrailers.com/videos/glx474/screwattack-s-top-ten-top-20-snes-games--10-1-
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140502231234/http://www.gamesradar.com/best-snes-games-all-time/ to http://www.gamesradar.com/best-snes-games-all-time/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:40, 27 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050416012505/http://www.zelda.com/universe/pedia/s.jsp to http://www.zelda.com/universe/pedia/s.jsp
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/67LVML1fI?url=http://www.f3.dion.ne.jp/~kameb/satella/st_prg/st_prg.htm to http://www.f3.dion.ne.jp/~kameb/satella/st_prg/st_prg.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:38, 7 December 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071202212626/http://uk.top100.ign.com/2007/ign_top_game_8.html to http://uk.top100.ign.com/2007/ign_top_game_8.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120320093013/http://nerdmentality.com/article/5167/the-legend-of-zelda-twilight-princess/2/ to http://nerdmentality.com/article/5167/the-legend-of-zelda-twilight-princess/2/
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/6esCbYLpl?url=http://www.1up.com/news/25-things-you-did-not-know-about-zelda to http://www.1up.com/news/25-things-you-did-not-know-about-zelda
 * Added tag to http://palgn.com.au/6610/palgns-easter-egg-hunt/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:24, 10 January 2018 (UTC)

Open world
Shouldn't this game be part of the "open world video games" category? Because "A Link Between Worlds" is part of it, and both games are very similar.

Collapsible list for release dates
Is it possible to have the 'show' be a space away from the shown date? There's currently overlap and it looks artless and unfit.

Reception
This article needs a re-haul on the reception section. It's currently a ball of prose just listing "Best-ofs" and not very specific to what makes the game good or any contemporary reception prose. Andrzejbanas (talk) 17:02, 22 January 2024 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Pentadecane

Log P value
The value 7.13 provided in the article does not fit with the linear trend of all previous alkane chains on to hexadecane found on previous articles in the series. It seems it should be closer to 8.345. This may indicate that all of the previous values were generated with a linear fit, and that this value of 7.13 is derived from a different source. This linear fit is dubious for increasingly large compounds.

The uses of Pentadecane
Yes, we know now what Pentadecane is, should we not also know what it is used for? Please, add this info for us unenlightened ones. Dieter Simon 22:47, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

D. guineense fruit?
What does the " oil of D. guineense fruit" smell like? 24.27.81.133 (talk) 21:07, 14 March 2015 (UTC)

Ocean cycle
Cyanobacteria in the ocean combine sunlight and co2 to produce pentadecane, that is then consumed by other bacteria and archea in the ocean. This cycle far larger than other hydrocarbon sources in the oceans such as oil spills, but stays in balance. Maybe this is usable in the article: I'll leave it here. 2602:24A:DE47:BB20:50DE:F402:42A6:A17D (talk) 17:14, 13 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pentadecane


text:
Franz Roubaud

Franz Roubaud (Франц Алексеевич Рубо; François Iwan Roubaud; 15 June 1856 – 13 March 1928) was a Russian painter of French origin who created some of the largest and best known panoramic paintings. He created circular paintings, exposed on a cylindrical surface and viewed from the inside at a lookout point. His paintings were often believed to reproduce the original scene with high fidelity.

Biography
Franz (François) Roubaud was born on 15 June 1856 in Odessa to Honoré Fortuné Alexis Roubaud and his wife Magdeleine (née Sénèque). Franz was the fourth of five children in a Catholic family; his father was a bookseller and stationer, originally from Marseille. He studied at the Odessa Drawing School. In 1877 Roubaud went to Munich and studied at the Munich Academy of Fine Arts.

He then settled in Saint Petersburg, working in the Imperial Academy of Arts and painting huge panoramas of historical battles. In 1904-12 Roubaud taught at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts as a professor. During this time he painted the Siege of Sevastopol, a panoramic painting. In the mid-19th century, the various panoramic paintings became a fashionable way to depict landscapes and historical events. The panorama was a 360-degree visual medium patented by the artist Robert Barker in 1787. This was a new thing for the time and for the audiences in Europe of this period these paintings were a sensation. The paintings created a new illusion, transporting the viewer into a virtual reality, creating the perception of being physically present in the middle of the events. When standing in the middle of the 360 degree panorama this created the impression of standing in a new environment.

He became renowned thanks to the giant panoramic paintings he executed during his lifetime. Roubaud's works were so large that they required specially built pavilions to exhibit them. These paintings are one of the few panoramas still extant of a popular 19th-century genre. The viewer stands in the centre of the circular panorama, and observes the various scenes whilst walking around and observing the panorama from different viewing angles.

In 1913 Roubaud left Russia for Germany, settling in Munich. After the outbreak of World War I, the German authorities recognized him as a French citizen, but did not intern him, and on 19 December 1914 they granted him German citizenship. He lived in Munich for the rest of his life and died on 13 March 1928.

List of works

 * Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) – unveiled 1892
 * Storm of Achulgo – unveiled 1896, 3 fragments remain in the Dagestan museum of fine arts in Makhachkala, Daghestan
 * Siege of Sevastopol (1854) – unveiled in 1905, damaged during the Siege of Sevastopol (1942), restored 1950s
 * Battle of Borodino (1812) – unveiled 1911, moved to Poklonnaya Hill in Moscow in 1962

Sevastopol Panorama
The Sevastopol Panorama is a giant painting depicting the siege of Sevastopol of 1854–55. The painting was exhibited in a rotunda, a special building constructed in a circular shape. The size of the painting is enormous, but it was a necessity for the realistic depiction of military scenes because of the huge number of participants and the wide sweep of the scenery. Roubaud worked on this painting for almost three years, starting in 1901. He researched the historical events by traveling to Sevastopol, reading about the battle itself as well as by reading historical documents that described the different scenes and incidents during the war. He also talked to surviving participants. Roubaud made his first sketches in Saint Petersburg. He kept working on the painting later at the Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts where he decided to use a canvas 14 m high by 115 m long. When he finished the painting, it was displayed in Sevastopol in the summer of 1904, on the fiftieth anniversary of the defence of the city.

title: Franz Roubaud


text:
University of Salzburg

The University of Salzburg (Universität Salzburg), also known as the Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (Paris-Lodron-Universität Salzburg, PLUS), is an Austrian public university in Salzburg municipality, Salzburg State, named after its founder, Prince-Archbishop Paris Lodron.

Established in 1622, the university was closed in 1810 and re-established in 1962. Nowadays, it has around 18,000 students and 2,800 employees; it is the largest educational institution in Salzburg State. It is divided into six faculties: Catholic Theology, Law and Economics, Cultural Sciences, Social Sciences, Natural Sciences, Analytical and Life Sciences.

Benedictine University
On 23 July 1622, Archbishop Paris Lodron appointed the scholar Albert Keuslin first rector of the Benedictine university. Keuslin, a graduate of the Jesuit University of Dillingen, had established the Akademisches Gymnasium, a secondary school, at Salzburg five years earlier. By resolution of Emperor Ferdinand II, issued on October 8, the Gymnasium was raised to a university. While the Thirty Years' War raged outside the Archbishopric of Salzburg, the university was built up and maintained by a federation of Benedictine abbeys from Salzburg, Switzerland, Bavaria and Austria. In its early years, courses taught were theology, divinity, philosophy, law, and medicine.

During the Napoleonic Wars, the Prince-Archbishopric was secularized as the Electorate of Salzburg in 1803. It was ruled by Archduke Ferdinand III of Austria, a brother of Emperor Francis I, who established a Faculty of Medicine. After Salzburg was annexed by the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1810, however, the university was closed on 24 December and replaced by a Lyzeum college with sections for divinity and philosophy, as well as a school for medicine and surgery. After the Napoleonic Wars, Salzburg became part of the Austrian Empire.

The divinity section was again converted to a faculty in 1850. In World War I, plans were evolved to relocate the Francis Joseph University from Czernowitz to Salzburg, though never carried out.

University of Salzburg
The University of Salzburg was not re-established until 1962, with a faculty of Catholic theology and a faculty of philosophy. Classes resumed in 1964, with a faculty of law added the following year. In 1975, a new federal law regulated the organisation of all Austrian universities. The University of Salzburg created four academic divisions: the Faculty of Catholic Theology, the Faculty of Law, the Faculty of Humanities, and the Faculty of Natural Sciences. A fifth division, the Faculty of Medicine, was not realized.

In 1995, the organisation of Austrian universities was further restructured with more faculty autonomy. The university gradually incorporated new academic programs through 2004 into 32 Fachbereiche or “departments”, and again, decided not to create a Faculty of Medicine.

Locations
The University of Salzburg has no central campus, occupying several buildings in Salzburg's historic centre: parts of the Salzburg Residenz building (Toskanatrakt) and on Kapitelgasse south of Salzburg Cathedral. The university library is located between the Kollegienkirche (the University Church) and the Großes Festspielhaus; attached to it is the Große Aula, or ceremonial hall.

The traditional faculty building of Humanities (Communication Studies, Sociology and Political Science) is located by the Rudolfskai, only 100 metres from Mozartplatz and Papagenoplatz. The Faculty of Sciences is housed in the second largest building in Salzburg after Hohensalzburg Fortress, and is located just further south next to Schloss Freisaal Castle and Frohnburg Castle.

Completed in 2011, the Unipark Nonntal campus (replacing the old location at the Akademiestraße) is home to the departments of modern languages, and cultural and social sciences. The building is 17,000 square metres in size, with 5,500 students and 300 academic staff. There is a library and an Auditorium Maximum. Financing for the construction of the Unipark Nonntal was enabled by successful negotiations between Salzburg’s state governor Franz Schausberger and the Federal Ministry of Education. Originally designed in 2002 by architects Storch Ehlers Partners, it was constructed in three years.

Smaller university offices and institutes are scattered throughout the city, with arts and music being taught at the Mozarteum University Salzburg.

Alumni

 * Hannes Ametsreiter (born 1967), Austrian telecommunication manager
 * Martina Berthold (born 1970), Austrian politician
 * Gabi Burgstaller (born 1963), Austrian politician
 * Herbert Dachs (born 1943), Austrian political scientist
 * Wolfgang Eder (born 1952), Austrian iron steel manager
 * Renate Egger-Wenzel (born 1961), Austrian professor of Old Testament
 * Christine Esterházy (born 1959), German opera singer
 * Benita Ferrero-Waldner (born 1948), Austrian diplomat and politician
 * Alexandra Föderl-Schmid (born 1971), Austrian journalist
 * Karl-Markus Gauß (born 1954), Austrian novelist
 * Toni Giger (born 1963), Austrian ski trainer
 * Erich Hackl (born 1955), Austrian novelist and short-story writer
 * Gerhart Holzinger (born 1947), Austrian constitutional lawyer
 * Hannes Leitgeb (born 1972), Austrian philosopher and mathematician
 * Hieronymus II. Lindau, (1657–1719), Abbot of Ochsenhausen Abbey
 * Franziskus Klesin (1643–1708), Abbot of Ochsenhausen Abbey
 * Erwin Kräutler (born 1939), Roman Catholic bishop
 * Peter Launsky-Tieffenthal (born 1957), Austrian diplomat
 * Alois von und zu Liechtenstein (born 1968), Liechtensteiner heir to the throne
 * Andreas Maislinger (born 1955), Austrian historian
 * Leopold Mozart (1719–1787), German composer
 * Marie-Louise Nosch (born 1970), Danish archaeologist
 * Brigitta Pallauf (born 1960), Austrian politician
 * Helga Rabl-Stadler (born 1948), Austrian politician and cultural manager
 * Tobias Regner (born 1982) German singer, songwriter
 * Astrid Rössler (born 1959), Austrian politician
 * Abraham a Santa Clara (1644–1709), German Roman Catholic preacher and writer
 * Franz Schausberger (born 1950), Austrian politician and historian
 * Bernardin Schellenberger (born 1944), German Catholic theologian, priest and former Trappist
 * Wolfgang Vyslozil (born 1945), Austrian media executive and lecturer
 * Paulus Maria Weigele (born 1943), Abbot of Ottobeuren Abbey
 * Beda Werner (1673–1725), Abbot of Ochsenhausen Abbey
 * Bettina Bäumer (born 1940), Austrian-born Indian scholar and Indologist
 * Ute Wartenberg, German numismatist
 * Kay-Michael Dankl, Austrian politician
 * Stefan Weber, Austrian media researcher
 * Karl von Habsburg (born 1961), Austrian politician
 * Ivan Illich (1926–2002), Austrian philosopher

title: University of Salzburg


text:
Juan José Elhuyar

Juan José Elhuyar Lubize (15 June 1754 – 20 September 1796) was a Spanish chemist and mineralogist, who was best known for being first to isolate tungsten with his brother Fausto Elhuyar in 1783.

He was born in Logroño, in northern Spain and died in Santafé de Bogotá, New Granada (present-day Colombia) at 42.

title: Juan José Elhuyar


text:
John A. Davis

John Alexander Davis (born October 26, 1961) is an American film director, writer, animator, voice actor and composer known for his work both in stop-motion animation as well as computer animation, live action and live-action/CGI hybrids. Davis is best known for creating Nickelodeon's Jimmy Neutron franchise, which enjoyed popularity in the early to mid 2000s.

Early life
Davis began animating as a child using his parents' 8 mm camera to film action figures in stop motion. His interest in animation began when he watched a stop motion film called Icharus at a film festival. He worked on the stop motion film The Bermuda Triangle in 1981 while still attending Southern Methodist University, where he graduated in 1984.

Career
Soon after his graduation Davis joined the animation company K&H Productions, working with 2-D animator Keith Alcorn. Soon, Davis made the transition from claymation to 2-D animation with Alcorn's help. K&H did production work for commercials, public-access television cable TV animation, and film festivals. K&H Productions declared bankruptcy in early 1987; that same year DNA Productions was founded.

Davis came up with the idea for Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius (originally named Johnny Quasar) sometime during the 1980s and wrote a script titled Runaway Rocketboy (later the name of the second pilot) which was later abandoned. While moving to a new house in the early 1990s, he stumbled upon the script and re-worked it as a short film titled Johnny Quasar and presented it in SIGGRAPH where he met Steve Oedekerk and worked on a television series as well as the film.

In 2006, he directed the film The Ant Bully after being approached by Tom Hanks to direct the film. Production on the film made Davis resign from production of Jimmy Neutron in January 2003. He gave his position away as executive in charge of production to Steve Oedekerk. He also directed the film's video game.

Davis was set to direct an upcoming feature film based on Neopets with Warner Bros., together with producer Dylan Sellers and writer Rob Lieber. It was originally set to release on April 20, 2009, but was changed to 2011 and later changed to winter of 2012, before finally being cancelled with no other projects announced.

Nominations
In 2000, Davis was up for an Emmy along with 8 others in the category Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming More Than One Hour) for Olive, the Other Reindeer, but lost to Discovery Channel's Walking with Dinosaurs.

In 2002, Davis was nominated for an Academy Award along with Steve Oedekerk in the category of Best Animated Feature for Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius.

Astrophotography
Since about 2007, Davis has become a recognized astrophotographer, publishing high-resolution, generally wide-field images in astronomy magazines,  and in NASA's Astronomy Picture of the Day.

In 2009, Davis largely founded and continues to lead APSIG, the Astrophotography Special Interest Group, associated with the Texas Astronomical Society of Dallas.

title: John A. Davis


text: Category:Spanish chemists

title: Category:Spanish chemists


text:
The ClueFinders Math Adventures

The ClueFinders Math Adventures Ages 9–12: Mystery in the Himalayas is a computer game in The Learning Company's ClueFinders Series, where the ClueFinders try to recover stolen treasures in a small Himalayan village.

Plot
In a village high in the Himalayas, twenty-four priceless treasures have been stolen. An elder of the village calls the ClueFinders to help uncover the treasures and the thief's identity. Many, including the elder's pessimistic apprentice, believe the Yeti is behind the theft. However, the clues all point in different directions and it appears a different person is responsible for the theft of each item.

Gameplay
The game is set up similar to Clue in that the central goal of each round is to identify three variables - who stole the treasure, which treasure they stole and where they hid it - based on clues. Clues are acquired from playing games and helping the villagers with their work. Once the user has enough clues he/she can limit down the number of possibilities until only one remains. When twenty-four treasures are restored, the game is won.

The game has nine different activities, purely focused on the subject of Mathematics including Arithmetic, Decimals, Fractions, Geometrics, Graphs and Logic.

Reception
A review by gracepub for ReviewStream.com was generally positive. "I like the fact that I can see her skills improve as she moves through the game. This game is so cleverly developed that my daughter does not realize that it is teaching her the basics of algebra and geometry, fractions, decimals, tables, graphs, number computation, and even problem solving...the main advantage to this game is that parents do not need to understand the math concepts taught to help their children finish the course." The game was given a rating of 9 out of 10.

title: The ClueFinders Math Adventures


text:
Fausto Elhuyar

Fausto de Elhuyar (11 October 1755 – 6 February 1833) was a Spanish chemist, and the first to isolate tungsten with his brother Juan José Elhuyar in 1783. He was in charge, under a King of Spain commission, of organizing the School of Mines in México City and so was responsible for building the Palacio de Minería, a structure that would house the school. Elhuyar left Mexico after the Mexican War of Independence, when most of the Spanish residents in Mexico were expelled.

Life
He was born in Logroño, La Rioja, Spain son of Basque-French parents from Hasparren, France.

Between 1773 and 1777, Elhúyar studied medicine, surgery and chemistry, as well as mathematics, physics and natural history with his brother Juan José Elhuyar in Paris. After graduating, he returned to Spain, where he exercised himself in the study of mineralogy, specially that of the Basque Country and Navarre, where he resided. In 1781, he was appointed a member of the Real Sociedad Bascongada de Amigos del País (Royal Basque Society of Friends to the Country), an enlightened institution thanks to which he started teaching as professor of mineralogy and metallurgy in Bergara, the seat of both the Vascongada Society and the University of Vergara (nowadays merged with the University of the Basque Country). During those years, he published numerous articles and dossiers about minerals, ways to extract and purify them, etc., which made him famous throughout Europe as one of the top experts on the subject. In 1780, he started working in the Laboratorium Chemicum of Vergara along with François Chavaneau, with whom he was the first to purify platinum. After several months, he was the first person to discover and isolate tungsten, of which he's credited, along with his brother Juan José, as its discoverer. He also collaborated with Joseph-Louis Proust, the famous French chemist at the service of king Charles IV of Spain, who directed the National Laboratory in Segovia.

In 1783, he visited several European universities, such as the School of Mines of Freiberg, at which he lectured on metallurgy and mine machinery; the University of Uppsala, where he collaborated with Torbern Olof Bergman; and Köping, where he visited Carl Wilhelm Scheele, the one who announced Elhúyar's discovery of tungsten, and for some reason is credited for having made the discovery himself.

After his return to Spain, in 1785 he renounced his professorship and, in July 1786, was appointed General Director of Mines in Mexico. Before departing to his new office, he toured Europe again from 1786 to 1788 in order to study Born's method on refining silver. During this trip, he married Joan Raab in Vienna, in 1787. For the next thirty three years, he resided in Mexico City, where the crown founded the capital's School of Mines (January 1, 1792), with Elhuyar as its first director. During his tenure, he commissioned and directed the construction of that institution's seat, the Palacio de Minería, which was finished in 1813 and is considered one of the jewels of the Spanish American neoclassicism. He also visited and improved several of the existing Royal Mines of Mexico, dramatically increasing their productivity due to the introduction of new methods of exploitation. He aided Alexander von Humboldt during his time in New Spain, along with other mining experts then in Mexico, allowing Humboldt's section on mining in his Political essay on the Kingdom of New Spain to be replete with statistics and insights.

After Mexican Independence, he returned to Spain, where, due to his wide experience in modern minery methods, he was appointed Minister of Minery in 1822, and supervised the modern mining of the mines in Almadén, Guadalcanal, and Río Tinto. After falling from his ministry, he was appointed yet again General Director of Mines, and resumed his research activities in chemistry from this quieter office till his death in Madrid on January 6, 1833.

title: Fausto Elhuyar


text:
Contrarian investing

Contrarian investing is an investment strategy that is characterized by purchasing and selling in contrast to the prevailing sentiment of the time.

A contrarian believes that certain crowd behavior among investors can lead to exploitable mispricings in securities markets. For example, widespread pessimism about a stock can drive a price so low that it overstates the company's risks, and understates its prospects for returning to profitability. Identifying and purchasing such distressed stocks, and selling them after the company recovers, can lead to above-average gains. Conversely, widespread optimism can result in unjustifiably high valuations that will eventually lead to drops, when those high expectations do not pan out. Avoiding (or short-selling) investments in over-hyped investments reduces the risk of such drops. These general principles can apply whether the investment in question is an individual stock, an industry sector, or an entire market or any other asset class.

Some contrarians have a permanent bear market view, while the majority of investors bet on the market going up. However, a contrarian does not necessarily have a negative view of the overall stock market, nor do they have to believe that it is always overvalued, or that the conventional wisdom is always wrong. Rather, a contrarian seeks opportunities to buy or sell specific investments when the majority of investors appear to be doing the opposite, to the point where that investment has become mispriced. While more "buy" candidates are likely to be identified during market declines (and vice versa), these opportunities can occur during periods when the overall market is generally rising or falling.

Similarity to value investing
Contrarian investing is related to value investing in that the contrarian is also looking for mispriced investments and buying those that appear to be undervalued by the market. In "The Art of Contrary Thinking" (1954) by Humphrey B. Neill; considered influential by some in contrarian thinking, he notes it is easy to find something to go contrary to, but difficult to discover when everybody believes it. He concludes "when everybody thinks alike, everybody is likely to be wrong." Some well-known value investors such as John Neff have questioned whether there is a such thing as a "contrarian", seeing it as essentially synonymous with value investing. One possible distinction is that a value stock, in finance theory, can be identified by financial metrics such as the book value or P/E ratio. A contrarian investor may look at those metrics, but is also interested in measures of "sentiment" regarding the stock among other investors, such as sell-side analyst coverage and earnings forecasts, trading volume, and media commentary about the company and its business prospects.

In the example of a stock that has dropped because of excessive pessimism, one can see similarities to the "margin of safety" that value investor Benjamin Graham sought when purchasing stocks—essentially, being able to buy shares at a discount to their intrinsic value with an additional margin to adjust for possible errors in one's calculations. Arguably, that margin of safety is more likely to exist when a stock has fallen a great deal, and that type of drop is usually accompanied by negative news and general pessimism.

Along with this, although more dangerous, is shorting overvalued stocks. This requires 'deep pockets' in that an overvalued security may continue to rise, due to over-optimism, for quite some time. Eventually, the short-seller believes, the stock will 'crash and burn'.

Notable contrarian investors

 * Bill Ackman is a contrarian investor who twice reinvested heavily in beaten-down Valeant Pharmaceuticals against prevailing market sentiments. Later, he short-sold Herbalife, but was forced to take a large loss after the stock failed to fall as predicted.
 * Warren Buffett is a famous contrarian, who believes the best time to invest in a stock is when shortsightedness of the market has beaten down the price.
 * Keith Gill is a contrarian/value investor who produces educational YouTube videos, publicizing his bullish position in a company (GameStop) that most saw to be on its deathbed. His gains in that one stock surpassed 10,000% in under 1 year, maxing out at 44 million dollars before the stock dropped dramatically. He has since doubled his position in anticipation of more growth, and has seen more than 500% additional growth since doubling down.
 * Ryan Cohen is a notable contrarian/value investor. He was able to best Amazon, against public opinion, at online pet product sales and delivery through the company "Chewy." Cohen was able to sell Chewy for $3.35 billion. He has since taken a large enough stake in a company called GameStop to have more shares than any other individual. He has taken an aggressive activist value investor position in the company, and is up for the chairman of the board position. He has hired seasoned e-commerce specialists from executive positions in both Chewy and Amazon to take on leadership roles in GameStop moving forward.
 * Dodge & Cox is an American investing firm whose approach has been characterized as contrarian.
 * Michael Lee-Chin is a Jamaican billionaire investor who is often associated with contrarian investing.
 * Jim Rogers is an investor and author who is bullish on contrarian investing in Asian markets.
 * Marc Faber is a contrarian investor who publishes the Gloom Boom & Doom Report.
 * David Dreman is a money manager often associated with contrarian investing. He has authored several books on the topic and writes the "Contrarian" column in Forbes magazine.
 * John Maynard Keynes was an early contrarian investor.
 * John Neff, who managed the Vanguard Windsor fund for many years, is also considered a contrarian, though he has described himself as a value investor (and questioned the distinction).
 * Mark Ripple is a money manager often described as a contrarian. He has authored a book covering the topic in detail.
 * Paul Tudor Jones is a contrarian investor who attempts to buy and sell turning points.
 * Howard Marks regularly focuses his client memos on contrarian investing.
 * Humphrey B. Neill has been described as the father of contrary investing; see his book cited above.
 * Allan Gray was a noted South African contrarian investor that believed the best value was typically to be had when the market was down.
 * George Soros is often described as a visionary contrarian investor by analysts who cite his famous shorting of the yen and pound, an act that netted him $2 billion in profits.

Examples of contrarian investing
Economist John Maynard Keynes was an early contrarian investor when he managed the endowment for King's College, Cambridge from the 1920s to '40s. While most university endowments of the time invested almost exclusively in land and fixed income assets, Keynes was perhaps the first institutional investor to invest heavily in common stocks and international stocks. On average, Keynes's investments out-performed the U.K. market by more than 6% with a strategy similar to, but developed independently of, the value investing paradigm of Benjamin Graham and Charles Dodd.

Commonly used contrarian indicators for investor sentiment are Volatility Indexes (informally also referred to as "Fear indexes"), like VIX, which by tracking the prices of financial options, gives a numeric measure of how pessimistic or optimistic market actors at large are. A low number in this index indicates a prevailing optimistic or confident investor outlook for the future, while a high number indicates a pessimistic outlook. By comparing the VIX to the major stock-indexes over longer periods of time, it is evident that peaks in this index generally present good buying opportunities.

Another example of a simple contrarian strategy is Dogs of the Dow. When purchasing the stocks in the Dow Jones Industrial Average that have the highest relative dividend yield, an investor is often buying many of the "distressed" companies among those 30 stocks. These "Dogs" have high yields not because dividends were raised, but rather because their share prices fell. The company is experiencing difficulties, or simply is at a low point in their business cycle. By repeatedly buying such stocks, and selling them when they no longer meet the criteria, the "Dogs" investor is systematically buying the least-loved of the Dow 30, and selling them when they become loved again eventually.

When the Dot com bubble started to deflate, an investor would have profited by avoiding the technology stocks that were the subject of most investors' attention. Asset classes such as value stocks and real estate investment trusts were largely ignored by the financial press at the time, despite their historically low valuations, and many mutual funds in those categories lost assets. These investments experienced strong gains amidst the large drops in the overall US stock market when the bubble unwound.

The Fidelity Contrafund was founded in 1967 "to take a contrarian view, investing in out-of-favor stocks or sectors", but over time has abandoned this strategy to become a large cap growth fund.

Relationship to behavioral finance
Contrarians are attempting to exploit some of the principles of behavioral finance, and there is significant overlap between these fields. For example, studies in behavioral finance have demonstrated that investors as a group tend to overweight recent trends when predicting the future; a poorly performing stock will remain bad, and a strong performer will remain strong. This lends credence to the contrarian's belief that investments may drop "too low" during periods of negative news, due to incorrect assumptions by other investors, regarding the long-term prospects for the company. Furthermore, Foye and Mramor (2016) find that country-specific factors have a strong influence on measures of value (such as the book-to-market ratio). This leads them to conclude that the reasons why value stocks outperform are both country-specific and behavioral.

title: Contrarian investing