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Talk:Short bowel syndrome

note
Reference for 6 feet of functional small intestine needed before short bowel syndrome appears: Johns Hopkins Family Health Book, 1st ed., Johns Hopkins University. Other references cite 50% or approx 10 ft. of small intestine must be preserved, others list as little as 3 ft. (since absorption occurs in the first 100 to 150 cm of the small intestine, ref. eMedicine - Short Bowel Syndrome) Hfwd 14:18, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Short bowel syndrome
The Crohn's Colitis of America has a lot of information about SBS. This is just one of many links that can be found. I think the information should be expanded instead of all the lists which prevent extension of this article. Of course this is just my opinion. -- Crohnie Gal Talk  12:36, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

Omegaven
This page is receiving quite a few edits claiming that the use of Omegaven vs Intralipid as TPN decreases risk of hepatic fibrosis. The truth is that this is widely suspected and has been the subject of a 2-patient case report, but no hard data exists. Dr Puder is highly popular with parents of SBS children on TPN (see numerous blog posts), and has sparked a nationwide trend despite the fact that Fresenius Kabi is not planning an FDA application for Omegaven in children.

I think this article should not mention the Omegaven issue. The reason is that not every SBS patient receives TPN, and that the Intralipid link is still too fresh. JFW | T@lk  01:25, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I removed a link to another wiki and a OP statement per WP:EL policy. Spryde 15:00, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

WP, I think you are looking at this in the wrong way. Whether or not physicians or parents choose to use Omegaven is something that is up to each individual but they deserve to know about it. We were lucky to find Omegaven quickly after Nora was born, within 2 weeks of birth, but it took us 3 months to get approved and and get the Omegaven for her here. We just stumbled upon another SBS blog which led us to Omegaven but many families are not finding Omegaven information until 6 months or 1 year or more down the road when their babies are already very sick. I understand your position about whether Omegaven should be listed on Wikipedia due to its limited documented evidence but I can tell you that you are doing the wrong thing by editing it out. People should have the opportunity to know about their options. If your child was going to die would you not want to know Omegaven could be an option for them? If you found out about it after your child died how would you feel? I hope that you will reconsider yoru decision and put the Omegaven information back up. Please let me know your decision because I plan on fighting to get this information on Wikipedia if your decision is to not post it. Thanks. Oh and to answer your question I am not sure when Dr. Puder is going to release more data. I can tell you though if you look at all of the children that are currently on it you will find they are all doing better. I understand this is not clinical data but Wikipedia is FULL of incorrect information and to keep information like this out that could save babies lives seems completly ridiculous to me. Again please let me know your decision on whether or not you will be posting the information back up. Thanks. Montana Thomas —Preceding unsigned comment added by Montanathomas (talk • contribs) 21:37, August 27, 2007 (UTC)

 * I wish you had awaited my response before undoing my edit without as much as leaving an edit summary. I also suggest you tone down your rhetoric on "fighting to get this information on Wikipedia". I'd like to stick to the issues, and come to a solution that is acceptable to all concerned. If consensus cannot be reached, dispute resolution guidelines can always be used.
 * Your arguments are completely valid if Wikipedia was a news site, a blog or some other forum. But it is an encyclopedia, which means that rather than speculate it is meant to be completely factual and neutral. Despite all the hype, all the documented evidence consists of 2 case reports, and even in that paper Dr Puder's team make it clear that they have not made a causal link with Intralipid. As a result I think I am correct in being somewhat conservative. Again, please don't be combative (I am sympathetic to your cause but skeptical on the present evidence). JFW | T@lk  22:03, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm not totally opposed to mentioning Omegaven; after all, the study was published in a solid journal and has generated quite a bit of interest. But we need to be conservative and responsible about not overselling the results, and everything we add needs to be verifiable in reliable sources. If we mention it, I think a sentence or two along the lines of "A recent case report of 2 patients suggested that Omegaven may improve hepatic fibrosis, though trials of this approach have not yet been published." MastCell Talk 22:44, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

I would like to see a citation for this lead
The lead just got added this;

Short bowel syndrome (SBS, also short gut syndrome or simply short gut) is a malabsorption disorder caused by the surgical removal of the small intestine, or rarely due to the complete dysfunction of a large segment of bowel. Most cases are acquired, although some children are born with a congenital short bowel. It usually does not develop unless a person has lost more than two thirds of their small intestine. I'd like to see where it says that two thirds needs to be removed before short bowel becomes a problem please. My understanding isn't that amount of bowel lost but what part is lost.

Also what are the thoughts of directing this article to other articles of bowel disease like the Crohn's article? -- Crohnie Gal Talk  16:35, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

Short Bowel Syndrome Lifestyle Section
I would like to see a section added about Short Bowel Syndrome and the lifestyle the patient will end up having after their diagnosis. I was diagnosed with SBS in 1986 before my birth, almost resulting in my death, today I am one of the very few lucky pediatric patients who has been able to rid of parental nutritional support, but there are many limitations as to what a patient can and can not eat, and physical limitations as well. Also there can be multiple medical conditions can come with Short Bowel Syndrome, such as Metabolic Acidosis, Anemia, Osteoporosis, Muscular Atrophy, and Seizures to name a few that I know of, all of which can alter a patients lifestyle further. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Surgems2386 (talk • contribs) 06:19, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I think you should go for it. If you have the reliable sources for all of this, and I know there are many of them, then make a sub-topic for 'Lifestyle changes' and add in what your thoughts are.  I am sure others will come and help you set it up.  I think this is a good idea.  On a different note, glad to hear you were able to get off the nutrutional support and eat, I know this is very rare and the diet to eat has to be hard to figure out.  Good luck to you, -- Crohnie Gal  Talk  12:41, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

Would you take references from a Top Rated Pediatric Gastroenterologist and his Clinical Nurse Specialist from the University of Nebraska Medical Center. If yes I could create something for the lifestyle, as myself being very knowledgeable on the topic (I am surgems2386, lost my old name, created a new one). —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ajablonski2386 (talk • contribs) 03:06, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

I added the information about NutreStore and Zorbtive. To respond to you question about growth hormone being administered at home, yes, after being trained by their physician, patients can quite easily inject themselves. See the website www.zobtive.come and see the patient guideline. The glutamine is oral, and is very easy to take. If you have any questions, please let me know. Otherwise, I would appreciate the material added on February 2, 2009 left in place. Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by DanKimbell84 (talk • contribs) 00:31, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

 * You added the material but it is difficult to read. I think it's because some of it is supposed to be refs but aren't set up as refs.  Would you please read what you inserted again and make any correction so that it's clearer and has references?  Thanks, -- Crohnie Gal  Talk  11:09, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

Prognosis incomplete
The first paragraph refers only to "newborn infants" while the second paragraph does not specify an age range, but refers specifically to "small intestine transplant" which I understand is just one treatment. Could this section be expanded? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bumface11 (talk • contribs) 13:53, 10 August 2014 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: ENGL 101 English Composition
— Assignment last updated by Ulmer087 (talk) 17:57, 2 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Short bowel syndrome


text:
User:Martin Villafuerte

Why do you keep inserting that Pan Am Flight 103 was going to Edinburgh? It wasn't. Please don't insert it again, unless you supply a reference that shows I'm wrong. Slim 14:17, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * You're also inserting plagiarized material. You must re-write and check material before you insert it into Wikipedia. Or, if it's an authoritative source, re-write it or attribute it, but you can't just lift whole sections word for word with no attribution. Slim 14:27, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Martin Villafuerte


text:
University Square, Bucharest

University Square (Piața Universității) is located in Bucharest city centre, near the University of Bucharest. It is served by Universitate metro station.

Four statues can be found in the University Square, in front of the university; they depict Ion Heliade Rădulescu (1879), Michael the Brave (1874), Gheorghe Lazăr (1889) and Spiru Haret (1932).

The Ion Luca Caragiale Bucharest National Theatre and the Intercontinental Hotel (one of the tallest buildings in Bucharest) are also located near University Square.

University Square marks the northeastern boundary of the Old Center of Bucharest.

Since the end of 2014, after a project costing up to 65 million euros, the National Theatre has a new face, dominated by futuristic elements.

History
In the 15th century, here was the northern limit of the city. Around 1700, the limit was already around what is today Piața Romană (Roman Square). Thought to define the axes north–south and east–west of the city after 1880, "the great crossroad" (marea intersecție, la grande croisée) follows the Haussmannian scenario of urban modernization – in the spirit of the Parisian influence of those times. This intersection has never evolved as a monumental square, but emerged as most important road junction of the capital at the geometric center of the city.

The Bucharest boulevards of those times hosted tram lines, and in the center of the intersection was placed the monument dedicated to Ion Brătianu, the square then bearing his name. This square was part of an east–west axis full of important monuments, starting in the east with the statue of C.A. Rossetti in Piața Rosetti (Rosetti Square) and culminating with the statue of Mihail Kogălniceanu in the eponymous square. University Square was established in 1857 as part of the creation of the University of Bucharest (architect Alexandru Orăscu), its character being defined by four statues, made over six decades: Michael the Brave (1876, sculptor Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse) and scholars Ion Heliade-Rădulescu (1882, Ettore Ferrari), Gheorghe Lazăr (1886, Ion Georgescu) and Spiru Haret (1935, Ion Jalea).

In 1679 the Princely Academy was built here, which in the 1857 century was to become the University of Bucharest. The university was built in several stages, following neoclassical aesthetic principles. The facade existing today was constructed between 1921 and 1943 (architect Nicolae Ghika-Budești).

Pedestrians can cross the streets only by University Passage, constructed during the development of M2 metro thoroughfare and leading, as well, to a metro station. The space that now extends from the InterContinental hotel and National Theatre once was home to an outdoor circus, around which existed shops with mititei (small Romanian sausages) and beer, and a stum shop named Zori de zi (Daylight). All this disappeared after urban planning in the 1960s proposed the idea of developing the area through tourism, cultural or administrative functions. Between 1968 and 1970 the Hotel InterContinental (architects Dinu Hariton, Gheorghe Nădrag, Ion Moscu and Romeo Belea) was built, and the new National Theatre was constructed between 1964 and 1973 in the style of that period, the halls being equipped with top stage installations. Damaged during the 1977 earthquake, the theater was rebuilt 1982–1984, under the aegis of Cezar Lăzărescu, in a heavy form and lacking spectacular elements. The square was the site of the 1990 Golaniad, a peaceful student protest against the ex-communists in the Romanian government. The demonstrations ended violently when miners from the Jiu Valley were called in by president Ion Iliescu to restore order in Bucharest (see: Mineriad).

Events
In September 2014 the 2014 FIBA Europe 3x3 Championships, the European Championships of 3x3 basketball, were contested at the University Square.

title: University Square, Bucharest


text:
Ajagae

Ajagae was a military leader in the Sangju area during the waning years of Unified Silla who led a local rebellion which seized Sangju and is remembered primarily as the father of Kyŏn Hwŏn, the founder and first king of Later Baekje. Some Kyŏn family lineages therefore claim him as their progenitor, although he was surnamed Yi. Ajagae was born and lived most of his life in Gaeun, in modern-day Mungyeong City, where he was a farmer. According to the Samguk Yusa, he was descended from King Jinheung of Silla, but clearly his branch of the family had lost its royal connection some time before.

Since there is no record of interactions between Ajagae and Kyŏn Hwŏn during their later years, it is possible that Ajagae was not really Kyŏn Hwŏn's father. The records of the Later Three Kingdoms period, however, are too sparse to permit any conclusive judgment. It is equally possible that the two men became estranged after Kyŏn Hwŏn left home to join the Silla army.

title: Ajagae


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Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/Snowspinner vs. Lir/Proposed decision

 * If Raul and Snowspinner are going to accuse me of vandalising user pages ... shouldn't the users whose pages were allegedly vandalised feel that their page was vandalised? There are obviously certain arbcom members who wish to run this like a kangaroo court. It is stunning that a talk page comment of "Its true!" could be construed as vandalism. Certainly, the users in question have not expressed the belief that they were vandalised. Lirath Q. Pynnor 14:26, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Why is the arbcom not addressing the actual issue here, which was Snowspinner's illegal one month ban of Lir. All these complaints about what Lir responded to Fennec's question about how things should change at the wiki (*gasp* he suggested Jimbo should resign) or that *gasp* Lir somehow allegedly inserted the letters "da" into an article (which Im sure every member of the arbcom has done at least once, accidents happen) -- all these frivolous complaints by snowspinner were never addressed at any earlier levels of dispute resolution. If Snowspinner feels offended by my friendly request for Angela to resign, shouldn't he seek mediation? Why doesn't the arbcom follow its own rules?
 * Does anyone else find it blatantly absurd that the following edit could possibly be considered "lying": yes, fyi i have nearly one hundred sockpuppets. That includes 23 sysops, 3 developers, 2 arbcom members, and a member of the board in a pear tree.
 * The charges against me are trumped up and completely bogus. The case falters on four points: A) I didn't cause any vandalism or even edit any articles B) You have no evidence that not logging in was not an accident. C) There was no ruling that accidentally not logging in was unacceptable. D)The sole reason you know I forgot to login, was because I told you I forgot to log in, because I took time to sign my name.Lirath Q. Pynnor


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Joseph Pearce

Joseph Pearce (born February 12, 1961), is an English-born American writer, and Director of the Center for Faith and Culture at Aquinas College in Nashville, Tennessee, before which he held positions at Thomas More College of Liberal Arts in Merrimack, New Hampshire, Ave Maria College in Ypsilanti, Michigan and Ave Maria University in Ave Maria, Florida.

He is a co-editor of the St. Austin Review.

Pearce has written biographies of literary figures, often Christian, including William Shakespeare, J. R. R. Tolkien, Oscar Wilde, C. S. Lewis, G. K. Chesterton, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Hilaire Belloc.

Early life
Joseph Pearce was born in Barking, London, and brought up in Haverhill, Suffolk. His father, Albert Arthur Pearce, was a heavy drinker with a history of brawling in pubs with Irishmen and non-Whites, had an encyclopedic knowledge of English poetry and British military history, and an intense nostalgia for the vanished British Empire. In 1973 the family moved back to Barking in the East End of London, so that the Pearce boys would grow up with Cockney accents. Pearce had been a compliant pupil at the school in Haverhill, but at Eastbury comprehensive school in Barking he led the racist disruption of the lessons taught by a young Pakistani British mathematics teacher.

Early Political Activity
At 15, Pearce joined the youth wing of the National Front, an antisemitic and white supremacist political party advocating the compulsory repatriation of all legal immigrants and British-born non-Whites. He came to prominence in 1977 when he set up Bulldog, the NF's openly racist newspaper. Like his father, Pearce became an enthusiastic supporter of Ulster Loyalism during the Troubles from 1978, and joined the Orange Order, a Protestant secret society closely linked to Ulster Loyalist paramilitary organizations. In 1980, he became editor of Nationalism Today, advocating white supremacy. Pearce was twice prosecuted and imprisoned under the Race Relations Act of 1976 for his writings, in 1981 and 1985. At one stage, he contacted John Tyndall to suggest coalition talks with the British National Party, but Tyndall rejected the plan. Pearce was a close associate of Nick Griffin, whom he helped to oust Martin Webster from the NF's leadership. As a spokesman for the Strasserite Political Soldier faction within the NF, Pearce argued for white supremacy, publishing the Fight for Freedom! pamphlet in 1984. At the same time, however, Pearce adopted the group's support for ethnopluralism, contacting the Iranian embassy in London in 1984 in a vain attempt to secure funding from the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Pearce became a leading member of a new NF political faction known as the Flag Group, writing for its publications and contributing to its ideology. Pearce notably argued, based on the writings of G.K. Chesterton and Hilaire Belloc, for distributism as an alternative to both Marxism and Laissez faire Capitalism in a 1987 article for the party magazine Vanguard.

Conversion

Pearce decided to convert to Catholicism during his second prison term (1985-1986). He was received into the Catholic Church during Mass at Our Lady Mother of God Church in Norwich, England on Saint Joseph's Day, 19 March 1989. Following the Mass, the women of the parish held a surprise party for Pearce, accompanied by a cake with, "Welcome Home, Joe", emblazoned on it. Pearce has attributed his conversion to reading books by Catholic authors G. K. Chesterton, John Henry Newman, J.R.R. Tolkien, and Hilaire Belloc.

Catholic subjects
As a Catholic author, Pearce has focused mainly on the life and work of English Catholic writers, such as J. R. R. Tolkien, G. K. Chesterton and Hilaire Belloc. The Guardian commented that Old Thunder: A Life of Hilaire Belloc "skates over" Belloc's antisemitism, "the central disfiguring fact of his oeuvre".

He chose the pen name "Robert Williamson" after a character in the Ulster Loyalist ballad The Old Orange Flute, who, like Pearce, is an Orange Order member who converts to Roman Catholicism. Pearce's biography of G. K. Chesterton, Wisdom and Innocence: A Life of G. K. Chesterton, was published, under the pseudonym of Robert Williamson, by Hodder and Stoughton in 1996. Jay P. Corrin, reviewing the book for The Catholic Historical Review, called it "a venture of love and high praise", but which adds little to existing biographies. Its contribution, Corrin wrote, is its focus on Chesterton's religious vision and personal relationships, contrasting his friendly style with the combative Belloc.

Pearce's 2000 biography The Unmasking of Oscar Wilde focused on the conflict between Oscar Wilde's homosexuality and his lifelong attraction to the Roman Catholic Church and how it was finally settled by his reception into the Church on his deathbed in Paris.

In a review for The Wildean Michael Seeney described Pearce's biography as "badly written and muddled", "woefully poorly annotated" and using "odd sources without question". Seeney wrote that it "does not 'unmask' anything", but contains too much "cod psychology" and "hyperbolic cliché" to be a "workmanlike biography".

In 2001, Pearce published a biography of Anglo-South African poet and Catholic convert Roy Campbell, followed in 2003 by an edited anthology of Campbell's poetry and verse translations.

Tolkien
Pearce has written and published a variety of books of Tolkien studies. His essay Letting the Catholic Out of the Baggins discusses why. In 1997, the British people, in a nationwide poll by the Folio Society, voted The Lord of the Rings the greatest book of the 20th-century and the outraged reactions of literary celebrities such as Howard Jacobson, Griff Rhys Jones, and Germaine Greer, inspired Pearce to write the books Tolkien: Man and Myth (1998), Tolkien, a Celebration (1999) and Bilbo's Journey: Discovering the Hidden Meaning in The Hobbit (2012). All of Pearce's Tolkien-themed books consider his subject's person and writings from a Catholic perspective. Bradley J. Birzer writes in The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia that scholars had hardly discussed Tolkien's Catholicism until Pearce's Tolkien: Man and Myth, describing the book as "outstanding", treating The Lord of the Rings as a "theological thriller" that "inspired a whole new wave of Christian evaluations".

Pearce has credited his previously published books of Tolkien studies and "the wave of Tolkien enthusiasm" caused by Peter Jackson's film adaptation of The Lord of the Rings, with making him into a celebrity intellectual following his 2001 emigration from England to the United States.

Move to the United States
Pearce married Susannah Brown, an Irish-American woman with family roots in Dungannon, County Tyrone, in St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church in Steubenville, Ohio in April 2001. They have two children. He then received a telephone call and a job offer from the President of Ave Maria College in Michigan. The Pearces arrived in the United States on September 7, 2001. Pearce recalls that his first day of teaching coincided with the September 11 attacks, "making my arrival in the States something of a baptism of fire." The first issue of the Catholic literary magazine the St. Austin Review, which Pearce has coedited ever since alongside Robert Asch, was also published in September 2001.

Pearce was the host of the 2009 EWTN television series The Quest for Shakespeare. Based upon his eponymous book, the show is concerned with Pearce's belief that Shakespeare was a Catholic.

In a 2014 essay, Pearce announced that he had become an American citizen.

In his 2017 stage play Death Comes for the War Poets, according to Catholic Arts Today, Pearce weaves "a verse tapestry," about the military and spiritual journeys of war poets Siegfried Sassoon and Wilfred Owen.

In a 2022 interview with Pearce, Polish journalist Anna Szyda from the literary magazine Magna Polonia explained that the nihilism of modern American poetry is widely noticed and commented upon in the Third Polish Republic as reflecting, "the deleterious influence of the contemporary civilisation on the American soul." In response, Pearce described "the neo-formalist revival" inspired by the late Richard Wilbur and how it has been reflected in recent verse by the Catholic poets whom he and Robert Asch publish in the St. Austin Review. Pearce said that the Catholic faith and optimism of the younger generation of Catholic poets made him feel hope for the future.

In July 2022, Pearce was a speaker at the 41st Annual Conference of the American Chesterton Society in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Pearce's lecture was titled "How Chesterton Saved Me from anti-Semitism".

Publications

 * Published in the United States as
 * Published in the United States as (Book Review and Summary)
 * Foreword to The Cenacle Press's 2023 republication of Robert Hugh Benson's The King's Achievement .
 * Foreword to Os Justi Press's 2023 republication of Hilaire Belloc's The Cruise of the 'Nona' .
 * Published in the United States as
 * Published in the United States as (Book Review and Summary)
 * Foreword to The Cenacle Press's 2023 republication of Robert Hugh Benson's The King's Achievement .
 * Foreword to Os Justi Press's 2023 republication of Hilaire Belloc's The Cruise of the 'Nona' .
 * Published in the United States as
 * Published in the United States as (Book Review and Summary)
 * Foreword to The Cenacle Press's 2023 republication of Robert Hugh Benson's The King's Achievement .
 * Foreword to Os Justi Press's 2023 republication of Hilaire Belloc's The Cruise of the 'Nona' .
 * Foreword to The Cenacle Press's 2023 republication of Robert Hugh Benson's The King's Achievement .
 * Foreword to Os Justi Press's 2023 republication of Hilaire Belloc's The Cruise of the 'Nona' .
 * Foreword to The Cenacle Press's 2023 republication of Robert Hugh Benson's The King's Achievement .
 * Foreword to Os Justi Press's 2023 republication of Hilaire Belloc's The Cruise of the 'Nona' .
 * Foreword to The Cenacle Press's 2023 republication of Robert Hugh Benson's The King's Achievement .
 * Foreword to Os Justi Press's 2023 republication of Hilaire Belloc's The Cruise of the 'Nona' .
 * Foreword to The Cenacle Press's 2023 republication of Robert Hugh Benson's The King's Achievement .
 * Foreword to Os Justi Press's 2023 republication of Hilaire Belloc's The Cruise of the 'Nona' .
 * Foreword to The Cenacle Press's 2023 republication of Robert Hugh Benson's The King's Achievement .
 * Foreword to Os Justi Press's 2023 republication of Hilaire Belloc's The Cruise of the 'Nona' .
 * Foreword to The Cenacle Press's 2023 republication of Robert Hugh Benson's The King's Achievement .
 * Foreword to Os Justi Press's 2023 republication of Hilaire Belloc's The Cruise of the 'Nona' .
 * Foreword to The Cenacle Press's 2023 republication of Robert Hugh Benson's The King's Achievement .
 * Foreword to Os Justi Press's 2023 republication of Hilaire Belloc's The Cruise of the 'Nona' .
 * Foreword to The Cenacle Press's 2023 republication of Robert Hugh Benson's The King's Achievement .
 * Foreword to Os Justi Press's 2023 republication of Hilaire Belloc's The Cruise of the 'Nona' .
 * Foreword to The Cenacle Press's 2023 republication of Robert Hugh Benson's The King's Achievement .
 * Foreword to Os Justi Press's 2023 republication of Hilaire Belloc's The Cruise of the 'Nona' .
 * Foreword to The Cenacle Press's 2023 republication of Robert Hugh Benson's The King's Achievement .
 * Foreword to Os Justi Press's 2023 republication of Hilaire Belloc's The Cruise of the 'Nona' .
 * Foreword to The Cenacle Press's 2023 republication of Robert Hugh Benson's The King's Achievement .
 * Foreword to Os Justi Press's 2023 republication of Hilaire Belloc's The Cruise of the 'Nona' .

title: Joseph Pearce


text:
Peorð

 is the rune denoting the sound p (voiceless bilabial stop) in the Elder Futhark runic alphabet. It does not appear in the Younger Futhark. It is named peorð in the Anglo-Saxon rune-poem and glossed enigmatically as follows:
 * peorð bẏþ sẏmble plega and hlehter / ƿlancum [on middum], ðar ƿigan sittaþ / on beorsele bliþe ætsomne
 * "Peorð is a source of recreation and amusement to the great, where warriors sit happily together in the beerhall."

The name is not comprehensible from Old English, i.e. no word similar to peorð is known in this language. According to a 9th-century manuscript of Alcuin (Codex Vindobonensis 795), written using the Gothic alphabet in Britain, the letters p (based on a Greek Π) and  q (an inverted Π) are called "pairþra" and "qairþra", respectively. One of these names clearly is derived from the other. However, the names are not comprehensible in Gothic either, and it is not clear which is derived from which, although it is known that the Elder Futhark had a p, but no q rune. In any case, it seems evident that peorð is related to pairþra. The Anglo-Saxon futhorc adopted exactly the same approach for the addition of a labiovelar rune, cƿeorð, in both shape and name based on peorð, but it is not known if the Gothic runes already had a similar variant rune of p, or if the labiovelar letter was a 4th-century creation of Ulfilas.

The Common Germanic name could be referring to a pear-tree (or perhaps generally a fruit-tree). Based on the context of "recreation and amusement" given in the rune poem, a common speculative interpretation is that the intended meaning is "pear-wood" as the material of either a woodwind instrument, or a "game box" or game pieces made from wood.

From peorð, Proto-Germanic form *perðu, *perþō or *perþaz may be reconstructed on purely phonological grounds. The expected Proto-Germanic term for "pear tree" would be *pera-trewô (*pera being, however, a post-Proto-Germanic loan, either West Germanic, or Common Germanic, if Gothic pairþra meant "pear tree", from Vulgar Latin pirum (plural pira), itself of unknown origin). The Ogham letter name Ceirt, glossed as "apple tree", may in turn be a loan from Germanic into Primitive Irish.

The earliest attestation of the rune is in the Kylver Stone futhark row (ca. AD 400). The earliest example in a linguistic context (as opposed to an abecedarium) is already in futhorc, in the Kent II, III and IV coin inscriptions (the personal names pada and æpa/epa), dated to ca. AD 700. On St. Cuthbert's coffin (AD 698), a p rune takes the place of Greek Ρ. The Westeremden yew-stick (ca. AD 750) has op hæmu "at home" and up duna "on the hill".

Looijenga (1997) speculates that the p rune arose as a variant of the b rune, parallel to the secondary nature of Ogham peith. The uncertainty surrounding the rune is a consequence of the rarity of the *p phoneme in Proto-Germanic.

The rune is discontinued in Younger Futhark, which expresses /p/ with the b rune, for example on the Viking Age Skarpåker Stone,

title: Peorð


text:
Talk:Ajagae

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title: Talk:Ajagae


text:
Old Vicarage, Grantchester

The Old Vicarage in the Cambridgeshire village of Grantchester is a house associated with the poet Rupert Brooke, who lived nearby and in 1912 referenced it in an eponymous poem – "The Old Vicarage, Grantchester". The house is next door to The Orchard tea garden, also part of the poem. A portrait statue of Brooke by Paul Day stands in the front garden.

The Old Vicarage was built in around 1685 on the site of an earlier building, a minute's walk from the Church of St Andrew and St Mary. It passed from church ownership into private hands in 1820, and was bought in 1850 by Samuel Page Widnall (1825–1894), who extended it and established a printing business, the Widnall Press.

In 1910 it was owned by Henry and Florence Neeve from whom Rupert Brooke rented a room and, later, a large part of the house. Brooke's mother bought the house in 1916 and gave it to his friend, the economist Dudley Ward. In December 1979, it was bought by the scientist Mary Archer, who had recently been appointed to a position at Cambridge University, and her husband Jeffrey Archer, then a politician and subsequently a novelist. The house has been listed Grade II on the National Heritage List for England since August 1962.

The Guardian crossword setter John Galbraith Graham (Araucaria) set a clue often described as epitomising his clue-making: Poetical scene with surprisingly chaste Lord Archer vegetating (3, 3, 8, 12), the last four words forming the anagram THE OLD VICARAGE GRANTCHESTER.

title: Old Vicarage, Grantchester


text:
1831 in rail transport

February events

 * February 18 – The West Chester Railroad is chartered in Pennsylvania.

April events

 * April 23 – the Pontchartrain Rail-Road begins operation.
 * April 25
 * Matthias W. Baldwin displays a model steam locomotive at the Philadelphia City Museum a year before building his first full-size locomotive for a working railroad.
 * The New York and Harlem Railroad is incorporated as a passenger carrier.

May events

 * May – Members of a Manchester (England) Sunday School are conveyed by a special train on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway to Liverpool, the first recorded private railway excursion.

June events

 * June 17 - The first boiler explosion in the United States occurs when the engineer on the Best Friend of Charleston ties the steam safety pressure release valve shut.
 * June 18 – The John Bull is constructed by Robert Stephenson and Company in England.
 * June 21 – The Boston and Providence Rail Road is incorporated and chartered to build a railroad connection between Boston, Massachusetts, and Providence, Rhode Island.
 * June 23 – The Boston and Worcester Railroad is chartered to build a railroad between its namesake cities in Massachusetts.

July events

 * July 1 – The first railroad built in Virginia, the Chesterfield Railroad, begins operations.
 * July 4 – Opening of first section of Edinburgh and Dalkeith Railway in Scotland including St Leonards Tunnel, Scotland's earliest tunnel on a public railway.
 * July 14 – The John Bull departs Liverpool aboard the steamship Allegheny bound for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

August events

 * August 9 – The Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, the first railroad built in New York state, opens.

September events

 * September 4 – The John Bull arrives in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from Liverpool.
 * September 15 – The John Bull is operated for the first time on the Camden and Amboy Railroad.
 * September 24 – The Mohawk and Hudson Railroad opens between Albany and Schenectady, New York.

November events

 * November 12 – Robert L. Stevens, president of the Camden and Amboy Railroad hosts a demonstration run of the John Bull for New Jersey politicians and dignitaries.

Unknown date events

 * First rail carriage of United States mail, by South Carolina Canal and Rail Road Company, according to some sources.
 * John B. Jervis becomes the chief engineer for the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, a predecessor of the New York Central.

January births

 * January 14 – William D. Washburn, first president of Soo Line Railroad 1883–1889, is born (d. 1912).

March births

 * March 3 – George Pullman, American inventor and industrialist, founder of the Pullman Company (d. 1897)

August births

 * August 26 – T. Jefferson Coolidge, president of Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway 1880–1881 (d. 1920).

Unknown date births

 * Eli H. Janney, inventor of the knuckle coupler (d. 1912).

authors: Кокушев Сергей

title: 1831 in rail transport


text:
Blood of Elves

Blood of Elves (Krew elfów) is the first novel in The Witcher series written by the Polish fantasy writer Andrzej Sapkowski, first published in Poland in 1994. It is a sequel to the Witcher short stories collected in the books The Last Wish and Sword of Destiny and is followed by Time of Contempt. The book won the Janusz A. Zajdel Award in 1994 and the David Gemmell Legend Award in 2009. An English translation was published in the United Kingdom in 2008 (Gollancz) and in the United States in 2009 (Orbit).

Plot
About a year before the beginning of the novel, the Empire of Nilfgaard attacks the Kingdom of Cintra. Queen Calanthe, mortally wounded, commits suicide and her granddaughter, Cirilla, nicknamed Ciri, flees from the burning capital city. Emhyr var Emreis, Emperor of Nilfgaard, sends his spies to find her, as, in addition to her royal lineage, Ciri has elven blood, giving her immense magical potential. The war ends with Nilfgaard's defeat by a coalition of the Northern Kingdoms, though the Empire retains much of its power.

Almost two years after the armistice, the rulers of the Northern Kingdoms meet in secret to discuss the political situation. Peace with Nilfgaard is not what it was supposed to be – the Empire's financial clout is ruining the northern economy, Imperial emissaries agitate aristocrats and merchants against their monarchs, elves and dwarves have formed partisan groups called Scoia'tael and are conducting acts of terror against humans – and cultists are prophesying that the world will end, unless the Savior comes from the South. The kings decide to start a war, before the Empire weakens their countries further, and to regain Cintra. They are aware that the Emperor is looking for Ciri to marry her (morganatically) and thus legitimize his occupation of Cintra. To prevent this, the monarchs decide to find and kill Ciri.

Ciri is being protected by the Witcher Geralt of Rivia, a magically and genetically mutated monster-slayer-for-hire, who takes her to the witchers' keep, Kaer Morhen, to be trained by the few remaining witchers. The oldest witcher, Vesemir, asks the sorceress Triss Merigold to help with strange behavior he had seen in Ciri. Triss eventually realizes that Ciri is a "Source". As she is unable to control Ciri's talent, she advises Geralt to seek help from his former lover Yennefer, a more experienced sorceress.

At the same time, the wizard Rience is searching for Ciri, serving an unknown powerful mage. He captures Geralt's friend, Dandilion the bard, and tortures him for information about Ciri. Dandilion is saved by the arrival of Yennefer, who engages in a magic duel with Rience. Rience escapes with his master's help, but is scarred from the encounter.

In the spring, Geralt leaves Kaer Morhen with Triss and Ciri, to deliver Ciri to the Temple School in Ellander where she would receive a "normal" education from the priestess Nenneke. On the way, Triss falls ill, and they join Yarpen Zigrin's dwarven company, who is leading a caravan for King Henselt of Kaedwen. Geralt tells Ciri about the roses of Aelirenn, an elf who died leading elven youths to fight the humans in a hopeless attack. The caravan is attacked by the Scoia'tael, and it is revealed that the escort mission was a trap set by the kings who doubted Yarpen's loyalty.

Meanwhile, Geralt tracks Rience and his employer. With the help of Dandilion, the medical student Shani, and the sorceress Philippa Eilhart, he forces a confrontation with Rience, during which both are injured. Rience's master intervenes again, opening a portal for him, and Geralt is prevented from pursuing by Eilhart.

Some time in the future, Yennefer and Ciri are about to leave the Temple School in Ellander. Yennefer asks Ciri whether she did not like her at first. A series of flashbacks details Ciri's studies with Yennefer, from the day they were introduced and back to the present. Ciri's stay in Ellander had been haunted by disturbing dreams until Yennefer's arrival, who started educating her in magic. From an initial antagonism, their relationship developed into a mother-daughter bond. Ciri admits that she did not like Yennefer, at first, and they leave.

Characters

 * Geralt of Rivia. A Witcher, a human who has been transformed into a supernatural monster-slayer by the ingestion of various mutagens. Although Witchers rarely get involved in politics, Geralt takes under his charge a political refugee called Ciri, the granddaughter of the previous Queen of Cintra, a kingdom destroyed by Nilfgaardian invaders. He is the protagonist of tie-in videogames The Witcher, The Witcher 2: Assassins of Kings and The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt.
 * Triss Merigold. A powerful sorceress and member of the Chapter of Wizards, Triss wields significant power and unclear motives.
 * Cirilla, the Lion-Cub of Cintra, is the young granddaughter of the deceased and overthrown Queen Calanthe of Cintra. The blood of the elves flow through her veins, and she is hunted down for the mysterious yet dangerous power which she possesses.
 * Dandelion. Geralt's best friend. A charming, famous poet who is also a spy for the King of Redania.
 * Yennefer of Vengerberg. Another member of the Chapter of Wizards, and an on-again off-again lover of Geralt's. Considered more powerful than even Triss Merrigold, Yennefer is called upon to try and gain an understanding of Ciri's power.
 * Philippa Eilhart. A senior sorceress of the Chapter of Wizards, and trusted advisor to the King of Redania, alongside royal spymaster Sigismund Dijkstra. She is one of the few mages that has mastered the rare art of magical polymorphy, enabling her to transform into an owl. She aids Geralt in tracking down the renegade mage Rience who is looking for Ciri on behalf of Nilfgaard and another more powerful mage, whom she does not want Geralt to be aware of.

Production
With the positive reader reception to his The Witcher short stories, Andrzej Sapkowski decided to write a fantasy saga. He claimed that Polish publishers at the time believed only fantasy authors from Anglophone countries were worth publishing and that Polish writers of the genre were too risky. SuperNowa were the only publisher willing to take the risk, and "Now everybody envies" them. For the saga, the author expanded on the story he had used for "A Question of Price" and "Sword of Destiny"; the universally known fairy tale in which a monster or sorcerer saves somebody's life and then demands payment.

Translations

 * Czech (Leonardo, 1995)
 * Brazilian Portuguese (WMF Martins Fontes, 2013)
 * Bulgarian (InfoDAR/ИнфоДАР 2008) ISBN 978-954-761-332-4
 * Dutch (Luitingh-Sijthoff B.V., 2014) ISBN 978-90-245-6401-9
 * English
 * UK (Victor Gollancz Ltd, 16 October 2008) ISBN 0-575-08318-2
 * US (Orbit, April 28, 2009), translated by Danusia Stok. ISBN 978-031-6-02919-3
 * Estonian (Varrak, 2017), ISBN 9789985341742
 * Finnish (WSOY, 2012) ISBN 978-951-0-39023-8
 * French (Bragelonne, 2008)
 * German (Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1 November 2008) ISBN 3-423-24700-2
 * Greek (Σελίνι, 2019)ISBN 9786185049782
 * Hungarian (PlayON, 2013) ISBN 9789634069256
 * Italian (Editrice Nord, 2012) ISBN 978-88-429-1665-9
 * Japanese (2010) ISBN 978-4-15-020514-0
 * Lithuanian (Eridanas, 2006)
 * Russian (AST, 1996)
 * Serbian (Čarobna Knjiga, 2012)
 * Spanish (Bibliópolis, 2003)
 * Swedish (2011)
 * Slovak (2016)
 * Turkish (Pegasus, 2017) ISBN 9786052992715
 * Croatian
 * Slovak (Lindeni, 2022)
 * Ukrainian (КСД, 2016) ISBN 978-617-12-1037-0

Adaptations
In 2014 a Polish audiobook was released. It features 79 actors, music, and special effects.

It forms the primary basis of the second season of Netflix's Witcher series, released in 2021.

Reception
Blood of Elves was the winner of the Polish Janusz A. Zajdel Award for Best Science Fiction or Fantasy Novel in 1994. In 2009 the book won the David Gemmell Legend Award in the United Kingdom.

title: Blood of Elves


text:
Talk:Faucett Perú Flight 251

Hi, I'm reverting your edit again, because you previously inserted false information into this article. If you add anything else, please provide a reference for the information, either on the page, or if it's inappropriate to do it there, on this Talk page, so that it can be verified. You have also twice inserted false information into Pan Am Flight 103. If you want to insert for a third time that it was going to Edinburgh, please provide a reference; otherwise it will be deleted again. You have also inserted plagiarized information into several other articles today. Information must either be checked and rewritten or, if lifted word for word, it must be attributed. Please discuss these issues on the articles' Talk pages. Many thanks, Slim 14:35, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC) - Please remove the information on flight 251. The wrong flight was erroneously indicated. It was AeroPeru Flight 603 that was to have been discussed. Since the information there (Flight 603) is basically complete there is no need to add to it.

originally posted by 201.230.246.159 on article page
From the author of "El ultimo vuelo de Faucett" ("Faucett´s last flight") ISBN 978-9972-2982-0-2

Habiendo leído el comentario y sin refutar la posibilidad del CFIT, lo cual no ha sido comprobado, pero con la intención de aportar evidencias que permitan determinar las reales causas del fatal accidente, entre otras, que el tren de aterrizaje estaba arriba conforme aparece de las fotografías y en el plano topográfico levantado con la distribución de los restos del avión, así como que el investigador oficial del accidente declaró ante el fiscal penal que los motores estaban a máxima potencia al momento que hizo el impacto con la parte posterior del fuselaje, podemos establecer que el piloto había decidido frustrar la aproximación y que por ello se encontraba con ángulo positivo, es decir, en posición de ascenso; sin embargo, en esas condiciones continuó perdiendo altura hasta estrellarse por debajo de los 8,500 pies que había seleccionado en el altitud alert, ello por el infernal sobrepeso de 8,000 kilos (aproximadamente 17,000 libras, casi 25% demás) en un avión equipado con motores JT8D-9 con menor potencia que la necesaria para aeropuertos de altura, tales como Aspen, Colorado, USA; La Paz, Bolivia; Quito, Ecuador; Cuzco, Peru.

Cabe precisar que en el vuelo de restitución, realizado varios días después con la finalidad de verificar si la altitud seleccionada por el piloto fue la causa del accidente, también descendieron hasta 8,500 pies pasando el VOR/DME y continuando a esa altura sobrevolando la pista 09 que está a 8,270 pies; esto significa que a pesar de haber seleccionado una altura menor a la mínima del descenso instrumental (8,760 pies), todavía tenían margen sobre el terreno, por consiguiente, queda comprobado que esa aeronave se estrelló porque con los motores JT8D-9 a máxima potencia no pudo superar el tremendo sobrepeso que la aerolínea tenía como política comercial, tan es así que la mañana del mismo día ese avión fue despachado al Cuzco con 6,000 kilos (13,000 lbs.) de sobrepeso.

Con mucho gusto brindaré mayor información a quien lo desee, comunicándose con el autor de esta nota y del libro “El último vuelo de Faucett”, Victor Girao Alatrista, piloto de línea aérea y abogado, ya sea a la dirección electrónica estudio@abogadogirao.com o mediante la página Web www.abogadogirao.com 201.230.246.159 02:26, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Faucett Perú Flight 251


text:
Whammy! The All-New Press Your Luck

Whammy! (subtitled The All-New Press Your Luck for its first season) is an American television game show that aired new episodes on Game Show Network (GSN) from April 15, 2002, to December 5, 2003. The series was produced by Fremantle North America, in association with GSN. The main goal of the game is to earn as much money and prizes as possible through collecting spins by answering trivia questions correctly, then using those spins on a gameboard to win various prizes and cash amounts while attempting to avoid the show's eponymous character, the "Whammy." Contestants who do land on a Whammy lose all their prizes accumulated to that point; four Whammies eliminates a contestant from the game. The program is an updated version of Press Your Luck, which originally aired on CBS from September 19, 1983, to September 26, 1986. The series was taped at Tribune Studios and was hosted by Todd Newton, with Gary Kroeger announcing. The show aired in reruns on GSN until 2017, and came back on May 11, 2020, up until October 1, 2021.

Gameplay
Gameplay remained largely similar to Press Your Luck, with contestants accumulating cash and prizes and attempting to avoid landing on a Whammy, who took away the winnings of any contestant who landed on it. At the start of the game, each of the three contestants was spotted $1,000 and took turns taking one spin at a time on the board. After each cycle of spins, additional Whammies were added to the board replacing cash values or prizes, and contestants chose to spin again or freeze with their score at that point. Any contestant who hit a Whammy was eliminated from play for the rest of the round. Play continued until all three contestants froze or hit a Whammy. Cash values ranged from $100–$1,500 in round one, and prizes of similar values also appeared.

Round two consisted of five questions (four in some episodes) posed to the players. The host read a question, and one of the contestants buzzed-in and provided a response. Their response, along with two other choices, were provided to the other two contestants, who selected one of the choices. Correct answers earned three spins for a buzz-in answer and one spin for a multiple choice answer. After five questions, all three contestants advanced to the final round.

In the final round, cash values ranged from $500–$5,000, and some spaces offered additional spins in addition to cash. Other spaces offered the choice of up to four adjacent spaces, or directed the contestants directly to another space. Any contestant who accumulated a total of four Whammies, including any that were hit in round one, was eliminated from the game. In Season Two, whenever a contestant that has been eliminated from the game by hitting a fourth Whammy, the whammy will show the contestant's scoreboard. Also added to the board were "Double Whammies," which, in addition to bankruptcy, added a physical consequence following the Whammy's appearance (e.g. spraying the contestant with water or dropping ping-pong balls on them). Play began with the contestant with the lowest score at the start of the round, or, in the case of a tie for last place, the contestant with the fewest spins. If there was still a tie in terms of score and spin totals, the contestant farthest to the left went first.

Spins earned in this round could be passed to the opponent with the higher total (if they were tied, the contestant passing the spins could choose the recipient). Contestants were required to use all spins passed until they used their spins or hit a Whammy; in the latter case, any remaining passed spins were transferred to their earned spin total. If a contestant using passed spins hit a space that awarded a spin (e.g., $3,000 + One Spin), that spin was added to the earned total. The contestant in the lead at the end of the game kept any cash and/or prizes in their bank at that time. Unlike its predecessors, three new contestants appeared on each episode.

Other features
In round one, the board featured a "Pick-a-Prize" space. Contestants who landed on it could choose any prize on the board at the time. In round two, one space labeled "$2,000 or Lose-1-Whammy" gave the contestant a choice of a cash prize of $2,000 or removing a previously landed-upon Whammy (also seen on the classic show). "$1,000 or Spin Again" offered the choice of a $1,000 cash prize or the opportunity to spin again (without using an earned spin), in season two, the cash award of this space was lowered to $555.

Contestants also had an opportunity to win a Gem Car during the game. To claim the prize, the contestant needed to land on the "GEM" space in round one, and avoid landing on a Whammy for the rest of the round. In round two, the contestant needed to land on the "CAR" space, and again avoid the Whammy, and also win the game. In season two, the GEM car was replaced with a Suzuki Aerio SX, and the contestant needed to claim both halves of a car key in order to win the prize; only one half was on the board at any given time.

A new feature called "Big Bank" was added for the second season. The Big Bank on each episode was a cumulative jackpot that began at $3,000, and any cash and prizes that the contestants lost after landing on a Whammy (including halves of the car key) were added to the Big Bank. If a contestant landed on the Big Bank square, Todd Newton asked an open-ended general knowledge question to the contestant, who could claim the money and prizes in the Big Bank with a correct answer. Once the Big Bank was claimed by a contestant, it was reset to $3,000.

Technological changes
Whammy! made use of technological advances that had been developed since the original Press Your Luck ended its run in the 1980s. For example, the prizes and light patterns for each space on the Big Board were randomly generated using a personal computer, running at a speed of 200 MHz. This resulted in a very large number of patterns for gameplay, which prevented memorisation of patterns as Michael Larson did on Press Your Luck (the same holds true for all subsequent versions, Todd Newton once referred to it as “Larson-proof”). Also, the Whammy animations were animated in 3D computer graphics, rather than being digitally hand-drawn as on Press Your Luck.

Production
Game Show Network (GSN) acquired the rights to air Press Your Luck in September 2001, and high viewership ratings prompted the network to order a revival of the series. Two pilots were taped on February 13, 2002: one with original Press Your Luck host Peter Tomarken and the other hosted by Todd Newton. Newton was ultimately chosen to host the show. Tomarken explained that he was asked to change his style of hosting, saying, "It was terribly hurtful and I think I was doomed before I did [the audition]. I remember being told, 'No, no. Be nice. Be sure everybody likes you.' I took that advice with the pilot. I made the same mistake." Tomarken also acknowledged that GSN wanted to employ a younger host in an effort to attract a younger audience.

GSN produced 65 episodes for the first season, which began airing April 15, 2002. The series was eventually renewed for a second season, which consisted of 65 additional episodes that premiered March 17, 2003. Following the conclusion of the Tournament of Champions, which completed its run on July 25, 2003. Additionally, a short-lived Filipino version of the show aired on GMA Network in 2007–08. The series, entitled Whammy! Push Your Luck, was hosted by Paolo Bediones and Rufa Mae Quinto.

Special episodes
The show aired four holiday specials: a Mother's Day special (featuring an all-cash board and with Karen Grassle (Little House on the Prairie), Estelle Harris (Seinfeld) and Mimi Kennedy as contestants)), a Halloween special (featuring contestants in costume), a St. Patrick's Day special (with the contestants wearing green, and all the whammy animations in green as well), and an April Fools' Day special that featured Graham Elwood (from Cram) as the episode's host, with Newton only appearing when a contestant hit a Double Whammy.

Janie Litras and Ed Long appeared on a special episode coinciding with GSN's documentary Big Bucks: The Press Your Luck Scandal. Litras and Long originally appeared on the episodes airing June 8 and 11, 1984, competing against Michael Larson, who had memorized the light pattern and went on to win $110,237. Larson's brother, James, competed in the 2003 episode against Litras and Long, as Michael had died of throat cancer in 1999. Tomarken made a special appearance hosting the question round of this episode, which would be his last television appearance before his death in a plane crash in 2006. James would win the game with a digital grand piano worth $6,695. After the game, Newton commented, "The legacy continues."

The July 21, 2003 episode featured a "Tournament of Losers" starring three past contestants who had lost their previous games. July 22–25 of that same week in 2003 featured a Tournament of Champions, with nine of the biggest winners to that point competing for additional cash and prizes. The winners on the Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday episodes returned to compete against each other on the Friday episode in the finale of the tournament. Friday's episode featured higher-valued spaces in both rounds, and the eventual winner also received a Suzuki Aerio SX as a bonus prize in addition to their grand total winnings.

Reception
Whammy! lasted on GSN for only two seasons, leading Garin Pirnia of Mental Floss to deem the series "[not] a huge hit like its predecessor." At the sixth World Media Economics Conference, Eileen O'Neill and Marianne Barrett listed Whammy! among several television series that used creative methods of advertising in their programs, noting GSN's ability to "encourage viewers to watch the programs live." The series was also mentioned in Steve Ryan and Fred Wostbrock's The Ultimate TV Game Show Book in a list of GSN original programs. It would not be until 2019 that another revival of Press Your Luck would air, with this version being hosted by Elizabeth Banks on ABC.

title: Whammy! The All-New Press Your Luck


text:
1869 in rail transport

January events

 * January 9 – Government of India resolves not to create new guaranteed railway companies, thus determining future relationships between private enterprise and state in railway development.
 * January 23 – George Westinghouse files for a patent on his air brake; this year also he founds the Westinghouse Air Brake Company ("WABCO").

February events

 * February 17 – Henry Keyes succeeds Henry C. Lord as president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway.
 * February 27 – The first line of what is now Athens Metro, in Greece, opens as Athens Piraeus Railway SA, the first railroad in the country (8.8 km).

March events

 * March – By an act of Congress, the Kansas Pacific Railway's name is shortened to Kansas Pacific.

April events

 * April 6 – The Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway is formed through merger of the Michigan Southern and Northern Indiana Railroad and the Lake Shore Railway.
 * April 23 – Crews building the Central Pacific Railroad lay 10 miles (16 km) of track in one day.
 * April 26 – The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad opens its first segment of track (6 miles / 10 km long) between Topeka and Pauline, Kansas.
 * April 28 – Franklin B. Gowen becomes president of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad.

May events

 * May 10 – The golden spike is driven at Promontory Summit, Utah, on the First transcontinental railroad in North America.
 * May 15 – The first trains operate the entire length of the First transcontinental railroad in North America traveling between Omaha, Nebraska, and Sacramento, California.

June events

 * June 1 – The Merchants Despatch is reformed as a joint stock trading company, with ownership divided among the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati and Indianapolis Railway (CCC&I), the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway, and the New York Central Railroad (NYC), all part of the Cornelius Vanderbilt rail empire.
 * June 17 – The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, building westward from Topeka, reaches Carbondale, Kansas.

July events

 * July 3
 * Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad subsidiary Kansas City and Cameron Railroad opens the Hannibal Bridge, the first railroad bridge across the Missouri River, connecting its namesake cities.
 * Completion of the Mount Washington Cog Railway in New Hampshire, U.S., the world's first mountain rack railway.
 * Riihimäki – Saint Petersburg Railway line in the Grand Duchy of Finland completed from the Finland Station in Saint Petersburg to Zelenogorsk. Stations opened at Lanskaya, Udelnaya, Ozerki, Pargolovo, Pesochny, Levashovo, Beloostrov, Solnechnoye, Repino, Komarovo and Zelenogorsk.

August events

 * August 18 – The Windsor and Annapolis Railway in Nova Scotia officially opens between Annapolis and Grand Pre.

September events

 * September 13 – The Solway Junction Railway is opened for iron ore traffic, including a 1-mile 8 chain (1.8 km) iron girder viaduct across the Solway Firth in Scotland.
 * September 21 – The Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway leases the Kalamazoo, Allegan and Grand Rapids Railway in Michigan.

October events

 * 10 October – A branch of the West Coast Main Line to Liverpool Lime Street, is opened by the London and North Western Railway, from Weaver Junction north of Crewe to Ditton Junction via the Runcorn Railway Bridge over the River Mersey, bypassing the earlier Liverpool and Manchester line.

November events

 * November 8 – The Central Pacific Railroad completes the final leg of the First transcontinental railroad in North America, connecting Sacramento, California, to San Francisco, California.
 * November 11 – After the New York and Erie Railroad moves its primary shop facilities from Dunkirk, New York, to Buffalo, Horatio G. Brooks leases the facilities in Dunkirk and opens Brooks Locomotive Works.
 * November 22 – The Ft. Wayne, Jackson and Saginaw Railroad opens between Jackson and Reading, Michigan.

December events

 * December – Newly founded Brooks Locomotive Works completes construction of the company's first steam locomotive; it is included in an order for the New York and Erie Railroad.

Unknown date events

 * The New York State Legislature authorised the merger of railroads already owned by Cornelius Vanderbilt into the New York Central, including the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway, the Canada Southern Railroad and the Michigan Central Railroad into the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad.
 * William Henry Vanderbilt, son of Cornelius Vanderbilt, is promoted to Vice President of the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad.
 * The first railroad built in New Jersey, the Camden and Amboy Railroad, is merged into the United New Jersey Railroad and Canal Company.
 * Wells and French Company, later to become part of American Car and Foundry, is founded in Chicago, Illinois.
 * Construction begins on the central pontifical railroad station in Rome, Italy.

June births

 * June 8 – William R. Coe, chief executive officer of Virginian Railway during World War II (d. 1955).

July births

 * July 24 – Julius Dorpmüller, German railway administrator (d. 1945).

August births

 * August 11 – Hale Holden, president of Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad 1914–1918 and 1920–1929, chairman of the board of directors for Southern Pacific Railroad 1932–1939, is born (d. 1940).

November births

 * November 9 - Charles Donnelly, president of Northern Pacific Railway 1920–1939, is born (d. 1939).

title: 1869 in rail transport


text:
IÉ 201 Class

The Iarnród Éireann (IÉ) / Northern Ireland Railways 201 Class locomotives are the newest and most powerful diesel locomotives operating in Ireland and were built between 1994 and 1995 by General Motors Diesel. They are model type JT42HCW, fitted with an EMD 12-710G3B engine of 3200 hp, weigh 108.862 t and have a maximum speed of 164 km/h.

History
By the early 1990s, the locomotives operating passenger services in Ireland were becoming increasingly obsolete, with the newest type in service being the 071 Class introduced in 1976. The economic boom in Ireland in the mid-1990s allowed Iarnród Éireann to begin significant investment in the infrastructure of the railways, which began with an order for 32 brand new express locomotives from GM-EMD. Northern Ireland Railways also purchased 2. The first were delivered in 1994, with deliveries continuing until 1995.

To allow clearance tests and driver training to commence in advance of the delivery of the main order of 201s, it was decided to transport the first locomotive, number 201, to Dublin by air. An Antonov An-124 was used to transport the locomotive from London, Ontario to Dublin Airport, arriving on Thursday 9 June 1994. The first light-engine test run operated from Inchicore works to Kildare on the Tuesday 14.

Unfortunately, the locomotives have had a chequered service history. The authors of Jane's Train Recognition Guide noted that IÉ had had problems with engine fires and bogie cracks.

Technical details

 * Main Generator Assembly: AR8PHEH/CA6
 * Head End Alternator (HEP): Dayton-Phoenix, model E7145, 438 kVA, 220/380VAC, 3-phase, 50 Hz
 * Standby HEP: 220 kVA from AR8, available only when stationary
 * Auxiliary Generator: 5A-8147, 18 kW
 * Air Compressor/Exhauster: Gardner Denver, model WLPA9B
 * Multiple Working: All IÉ & NIR EMD locos
 * Push Pull Working: Locos 206-209 & 215-234
 * Curve Negotiation Capability:
 * Yard: 80 m
 * Running line: 115 m
 * Coupled to train: 141 m

Equipment new to IÉ locos

 * Air Dryer
 * Teloc 2200 Event Recorder
 * Electrically heated windscreens
 * Active noise control in both cabs
 * Enclosed body style, last seen on 1950s Metro-Vic A and C Classes
 * Head End Power (HEP)
 * This system supplied AC power to the train for heating, battery charging, etc. and was intended to replace the Mark 2 & Mark 3 Generator Vans used at the time. In the event HEP was only used on the Enterprise cross-border De Dietrich service. HEP is no longer used due to noise while the train is in station, and reliability issues running the prime mover at high speed constantly. Four Mark 3 generator vans remain in use on the Enterprise service. The later CAF-built Mark 4 sets include their own generators in the Driving Van Trailer (DVT).
 * EM2000 digital traction computer
 * Train (carriage) door control
 * D43 Traction Motors
 * Super Series wheel creep control
 * Cab mounted electronic fuel gauges
 * Fire suppression system, FM200 extinguisher

Variants
There are three versions within the Class 201:
 * 201 to 205 & 210 to 214
 * Fixed buffers, shackle coupling
 * 215, 217 to 226-, 229, 232 and 234
 * Retractable buffers, automatic or shackle coupling,
 * Push-pull capability, electronic fuel gauges
 * 206 to 209, 216, 227, 228, 230, 231 & 233
 * Retractable buffers, automatic or shackle coupling,
 * Push-pull capability, electronic fuel gauges
 * NIR train radio and TPWS/AWS for cross-border service.
 * HaslerRail 2500 Event recorder

InterCity
Today push-pull equipped members of the 201 class operate the only passenger locomotive hauled services in the Republic of Ireland between Dublin and Cork. They operate with Mark 4 carriages which were introduced to the route in 2006/2007. The current livery, which primarily consists of green and silver, was introduced in 2006. All locomotives have full yellow ends to enhance visibility.

Non push-pull locomotives were withdrawn from service because Mark 4 carriages operate a push-pull system and rolling stock on other InterCity routes was replaced by 22000 Class DMUs. The only other locomotive-hauled service (also push-pull) is the Enterprise cross-border service to Belfast which is detailed below.

Enterprise
The Enterprise is a cross-border passenger service between Dublin and Belfast operated by Iarnród Éireann and Northern Ireland Railways. This is also a locomotive-hauled service and operates a similar push-pull system like services to Cork. As this is a jointly operated service, it is marketed as the "Enterprise" and the coaching stock and locomotives carry a separate livery to either operator's own services. It consists of light grey with a purple and red strip. Locomotives also have full yellow ends to enhance visibility.

As the service is shared, locomotives (8)208 and (8)209 are owned by Northern Ireland Railways. The coaching stock is owned by operators, Iarnród Éireann own the odd numbered coaches and NIR own the even numbered coaches.

In addition, Iarnród Éireann introduced four former Mark 3 generator vans, in September 2012, to operate this route, in a bid to improve reliability of the service and reduce maintenance costs. Previously, the service operated with head end power and this caused regular locomotive failures, increased wear and tear and also contributed to locomotive 230 being removed from service in June 2013 after an engine fire, while operating a passenger service with HEP in operation.

Freight
201 Class locomotives also operate some freight services as required. There is a container flow between Dublin Port and Ballina.

Since 2016, some 201 Class locomotives have operated increased freight services, as the weight and length of some freight services was increased, due to customer demand.

Common livery
Locomotives 231 and 233 are painted in a common livery, which consists of light grey with a black stripe. The reason for this is that they are assigned for Enterprise duties and as part of the refurbishment of the Enterprise service, in 2015-2016, only six were given the full livery. Prior to this, some of those given the current livery had previously had the InterCity livery. As part of Iarnród Éireann's logo change, all InterCity 201's carry the new Iarnród Éireann logo, which includes the Irish flag, and for operational and safety reasons they do not operate cross border services, so a common colour scheme was adopted. After the cancellation of the Belmond Grand Hibernian in Ireland, locomotive 216 has been used on both Enterprise and Intercity services, it remains in the blue livery of the Belmond Grand Hibernian as of April 2024.

List of locomotives and names
The entire class is named after Irish rivers, with the IÉ locomotives carrying two nameplates, one in Irish and one in English, on each side of the locomotive. As 208 and 209 are owned by Northern Ireland Railways, they carry English language only nameplates. The nameplates are trapezium shaped, with the names in upper case. Some of the class have had long periods out of service, some of these are outlined below.

Current operations
All of the non push-pull capable locomotives (201–205 and 210–214) were placed in storage at Inchicore during 2009, the last being 214 in July 2009. This was due to the withdrawal of the Mark 3 fleet and their replacement with 22000 Class DMUs on the vast majority of passenger services. This left only the Mark 4 Dublin–Cork services and the cross-border Enterprise service (with De Dietrich rolling stock) as the only locomotive hauled passenger services operated by Iarnród Éireann.

The reduction in the number of locomotive hauled passenger workings, combined with the withdrawal of older GM locomotives, has seen 201 Class locomotives used on freight workings, whilst four push-pull capable units were transferred to join the original four dedicated locomotives in use on the Enterprise.

In 2010 Iarnród Éireann planned to store some of its remaining push-pull capable Mark 3 coaches, which could potentially have been used with 201 Class locomotives to enhance Enterprise's service. However, most Mark 3 carriages were scrapped during 2013 and 2014. A fleet of 10 Mark 3 coaches were sold to Belmond Grand Hibernian, while 216 and 225 were earmarked be returned to service to handle the extra traffic generated by Belmond operation. In May 2016, 216 returned to service in Belmond livery, and has operated the Grand Hibernian almost exclusively since that time.

In October 2011 233 suffered bearing failure en route to Connolly station from Belfast. It was transported by road to Inchicore Railway Works

On 15 February 2016 two 201 Class locomotives (226 & 209) operated freight trials with a long train of 15 HOBS ballast wagons plus one un-powered loco, possibly assessing the loco's capabilities for future freight services.

In October 2016 Iarnród Éireann expressed an interest in seeking solutions to re-power most of the fleet during a mid-life refurbishment. The requirement was for floor-up engine and control gear solutions, which kept the existing cab controls and compatibility with the existing GM fleet and push/pull equipment. The body, cab controls, bogies, and traction motors would remain unchanged. 201 and 205 were brought in from storage for internal and external inspection, possibly in relation to this re-powering. The re-powering project was originally scheduled to begin in the first quarter of 2017, but was cancelled in early 2019.

In July 2017, 230 received some bodywork repairs after it suffered significant damage, due to a fire in the HEP system in 2013. The loco has been in storage since.

It is worth noting that they cannot operate on the Larne line due to weight clearance.

Model
In the late 1990s, Model Irish Railways produced a resin bodyshell kit with nameplates, numbering, brass grills and the standard yellow / black livery line transfers. Marks Models also released a resin kit for these locomotives in 00 gauge in c.2000.

In 2001, Murphy Models commissioned LIMA to produce an '00' gauge 201 model loco. They were produced in IÉ orange (201, 216, 217, 219, 230) and Enterprise (206, 207, 208, 209) liveries, in batches of 300 (except 500 of #207).

In 2011 Murphy Models launched a completely new version of the 201, with all wheel drive, centre can motor and preinstalled speaker. This was released in IÉ orange (original and revised), Green Intercity and NIR blue as well as NIR Enterprise original and revised.

Railtec Transfers and Studio Scale Models make transfers for the full range of 201 liveries, No's 201-234, original and updated Orange, original and updated Enterprise and Green Intercity.

The 201 Class has also been released in virtual form as a player driveable locomotive in the Microsoft Train Simulator add-on, "Irish Enterprise North", by Making Tracks, and for OpenBVE by Celtic Trainsim.

title: IÉ 201 Class


text:
Redpoint (climbing)

In rock climbing, redpointing means to free-climb a climbing route from the ground to the top while lead climbing, after having practiced the route (either by headpointing or top roping) or after having failed the first attempt (i.e. falling or resting on the rope for artificial aid). Climbers will try to redpoint a route after having failed to onsight it (free climb the route on the first attempt with no falls and no prior beta), or flash it (free climb the route on the first attempt with no falls but with prior beta). The first successful redpoint of a route, in the absence of any prior onsight or flash, is recorded as the first free ascent (FFA) of that route.

Description
Climbers can rest during a redpoint ascent but not using the rope or any artificial aids (e.g. they can use natural resting techniques such as hanging off the holds, or using a kneebar or a bat hang). Where the climber falls during an attempted redpoint ascent (and thus ends up in a position of hanging off the rope), they must return to the very bottom of the climb, pull their rope free of the route, and completely re-start the ascent from scratch (the term "hangdoging" is where the climber rests on the rope after falling and then restarts climbing without returning to the ground). This process is also known as "climbing a route clean" (it should not be confused with the broader topic of clean climbing). The first climber to complete a redpoint of a route, in the absence of any prior onsight or flash of a route, has made the first free ascent (FFA) of that route.

Where the quickdraws are pre-placed into the fixed protection bolts on sport climbing routes (i.e. the climber is just clipping in the rope on their lead), it is called "pinkpointing"; in practice, most ascents of extreme sport climbing routes are done as pinkpoints, as are ascents in modern competition climbing, so the term "pinkpoint" is no longer in use in sport or competition climbing. However, due to additional significant challenge of placing climbing protection while ascending traditional climbing routes, it is not uncommon for traditional climbers to differentiate whether their first ascent was a pinkpoint (e.g. as Swiss traditional climber Didier Berthod did on making the first ascent of The Crack of Destiny in 2023).

Comparisons
The unlimited practicing allowed before making a proper redpoint ascent contrasts with the historical aversion to "headpointing" (i.e. practicing the route on a toprope before making the first ascent) in traditional climbing. In the early 1980s, redpointing was therefore a term largely exclusive to sport climbing. While headpointing was then considered a lesser form of first free ascent in traditional climbing (and an FFA that was headpointed would be asterisked as such), leading traditional climbers eventually followed the redpointing practices of the sport climbers, and by the 2000s, had largely dispensed with the stigma associated with headpointing.

From about the 2010s, traditional climbers were using the derived term "greenpointing" (or the Grünpunkt, as a play on the Rotpunkt), to describe climbing a pre-bolted sport-climb, but only using "traditional protection" (i.e. climbing protection that is not permanently fixed via pre-placed bolts or pitons); as with redpointing, the climber may have repeatedly practiced falling on the “traditional protection” before making their greenpoint ascent. Notable examples include Austrian climber Beat Kammerlander's greenpoint of Prinzip Hoffnung (5.14a R, 2009) in Bürs in Austria, and Canadian Sonnie Trotter's greenpoint of The Path (5.14a R, 2007) in Lake Louise, Alberta, and of East Face (Monkey Face) (5.13d R, 2004) at Smith Rocks.

Projecting
Repeatedly attempting a redpoint can take place over any length of time, from hours to years (i.e. any time, once the initial onsight or flash has failed). Climbers use the term projecting to denote a longer-term project to complete the FFA, or their own personal first ascent, of a route that is at the limit of their abilities. The redpoint FFA of many of contemporary sport climbing routes, particularly those that involved breaking new grade milestones, took years, and even decades, to project (e.g. Realization, La Dura Dura, and Jumbo Love).

While bouldering climbers use the terms onsight and flash, they mostly use the term projecting instead of redpointing, when discussing long-term attempts of FFAs/personal first ascents.

Etymology
The English term "redpoint" is a loan translation of the German Rotpunkt that was coined by Kurt Albert in the mid-1970s at Frankenjura. Albert would paint a red "X" on any fixed metal pitons on a rock climbing route so that he could avoid using them while climbing, thus not using any artificial aid. Once Albert was able to free-climb the entire route, and avoid all the red "X"s, he would then paint a red "dot" (the "Roter Punkt") at the base of the route. His first Rotpunkt was the aid climbing route  Adolf-Rott-Gedächtnis-Weg (V+/A1) at the Streitberger Schild crag in the Frankenjura, which he freed at in 1975. Albert got the idea for the "red dot" from the logo and name of a brand of German coffee and kettle maker. To achieve a Rotpunkt, Albert additionally defined that if a climber fell during the ascent, they had to return to the base, pull the rope free, and re-start the climb from scratch (i.e. as if the climber had only just approached it).

The connotation spread of a "redpoint" being a route that had to be repeatedly attempted because it was so hard – which is why metal pitons had been hammered into the rock as an aid in the first place – until it could be climbed in one clean push (i.e. no falls, and any falls required a full re-start), and without any artificial aids. Because these routes were already established aid climbing routes, Albert could not remove the pitons (that would happen in later decades), however, his Rotpunkt laid down a mark to other climbers that the route could be free climbed without the use of the metal aids, and thus became an important moment in the development of free climbing. Eventually, Albert's Rotpunkte became associated with the development of sport climbing in the 1980s, as many of these aids were on routes that had no possibility of even natural traditional climbing protection (e.g. no cracks), and thus bolts would be needed for protection (but not aid).

Notable redpoints
Notable redpointed climbs are chronicled by the climbing media to track progress in rock climbing standards and levels of technical difficulty; in contrast, the hardest traditional climbing routes tend to be of lower technical difficulty due to the additional burden of having to place protection during the course of the climb, and due to the lack of any possibility of using natural protection on extreme sport climbs.

As of May 2024, the world's hardest redpointed routes are Silence by Adam Ondra,  by Seb Bouin, and B.I.G. by Jakob Schubert, which are all at a proposed grade of, and none of which have been repeated. As of May 2024, four female climbers Angela Eiter, Laura Rogora, Julia Chanourdie, and Anak Verhoeven have redpointed established routes at the grade of.

title: Redpoint (climbing)


text:
Seongjong of Goryeo

Seongjong of Goryeo (15 January 961 – 29 November 997), personal name Wang Ch'i, was the sixth king of the Goryeo dynasty of Korea.

Reign
Seongjong was born on 15 January 961, the second son of Daejong, and a grandson of King Taejo (the founder of the Goryeo Dynasty). He ascended the throne after his cousin and also his brother-in-law King Gyeongjong died in 981. After he ascended the throne, Seongjong was at first content not to interfere with the provincial lords, and to appease the artistocrats from the former state of Silla, Seongjong married a woman of the Silla royal clan. In 982, Seongjong adopted the suggestions in a memorial written by Confucian scholar Ch'oe Sŭng-no and began to create a Confucian-style government. Ch'oe Sung-no suggested that Seongjong would be able to complete the reforms of King Gwangjong, the fourth King of Goryeo, which he had inherited from Taejo of Goryeo. Taejo had emphasized the Confucian Classic of History, which stated that the ideal Emperor should understand the suffering of farmers and directly experience their toil. Seongjong followed this principle and established a policy by which district officials were appointed by the central government, and all privately owned weapons were collected to be recast into agricultural tools. Seongjong set out to establish the Goryeo state as a centralized Confucian monarchy. In 983, he established the system of twelve mok, the administrative divisions which prevailed for most of the rest of the Goryeo period, and sent learned men to each of the mok to oversee local education, as a means of integrating the country aristocracy into the new bureaucratic system. Talented sons of the country aristocrats were educated so that they could pass the civil service examinations and be appointed to official government posts in the capital. In September, 995 (the 14th year of Seongjong‘s reign), the nation was divided into ten provinces for the first time, which formed the basis for the modern day Provinces of Korea.

The First Goryeo-Khitan War
In late August 993, Goryeo intelligence sources along the frontier learned of an impending Khitan invasion. Seongjong quickly mobilized the military and divided his forces into three army groups to take up defensive positions in the northwest. Advanced units of the Goryeo army marched northwestward from their headquarters near modern Anju on the south bank of the Cheongcheon River. The seriousness of the situation compelled Seongjong to travel from the capital to Pyongyang to personally direct operations. That October, a massive Khitan army said to number nearly 800,000 men (in fact 60,000 men) under the command of General Xiao Sunning swarmed out of Liao from the Naewon-song Fortress and surged across the Yalu River into Goryeo. Waves of Khitan warriors swept across the river and fanned out over the countryside. In bloody back-and-forth warfare, the fierce resistance of Goryeo soldiers at first slowed, then considerably hampered the Khitan advance at the city of Pongsan-gun. But Goryeo's army never surrendered. It stood firm against frontal attacks, broke to retreat and lay ambushes, and launched flanking attacks against the Khitan. Goryeo warriors finally halted Xiao Sunning's army at the Cheongcheon River. In the face of such quick and determined resistance, the Khitan decided that further attempts to conquer the entire peninsula would be far too costly, and sought instead to negotiate a settlement with Goryeo.

Without a hint of contrition or humility, the Khitan General Xiao Sunning demanded the surrender of the former territory of Balhae to Emperor Shengzong. He asked that Goryeo sever its relations with Song dynasty and, in the boldest demand of all, that Seongjong accept vassal status under the Liao emperor and pay a set annual tribute to the Liao state. Instead of and rejecting General Xiao's demands outright, the royal court at Kaesong began a heated debate about the Khitan ultimatum. Government officials believed that acceding to General Xiao would prevent further Khitan incursions and urged the court to appease the Liao emperor. Many of the senior military commanders who had recently faced the Khitan army on the battlefield opposed accepting General Xiao’s terms, including Official Sŏ Hŭi, commander of an army group north of Anju. While the bureaucrats argued in Kaesong, General Xiao launched a sudden attack across the Cheongcheon River, directly on the Goryeo army headquarters in Anju. The Khitan assault was quickly repulsed, but it agitated the royal court to a state of near panic. In an effort to calm the court nobility, minister Sŏ Hŭi volunteered to negotiate directly with General Xiao. Both parties knew that a key factor influencing the negotiations was the heavy pressure being exerted on the Liao state by Song dynasty. In face-to-face talks with his Khitan counterpart, minister Seo bluntly told General Xiao that the Khitan had no basis for claims to former Balhae territory. Since the Goryeo dynasty was, without question, successor to the former Goguryeo kingdom, that land rightfully belonged under Goryeo's domain. In a cleverly veiled threat, Sŏ Hŭi reminded General Xiao that the Liaodong Peninsula had also once been under the dominion of Goguryeo and that the Manchurian territories, including the Khitan capital at Liaoyang, should properly belong to Goryeo. In a remarkable conclusion, minister So obtained Khitan consent to allow the region up to the Yalu River to be incorporated into Goryeo territory. General Xiao and the Khitan army not only returned to Liao without having achieved their goals, but the invasion ended with the Khitan giving up territory along the southern Yalu River to Seongjong. Sŏ Hŭi's brilliant diplomatic maneuver underscored his correct understanding of both the contemporary international situation and Goryeo's position in the region.

The Khitan withdrew and ceded territory to the east of the Yalu River when Goryeo agreed to end its alliance with Song Dynasty. However, Goryeo continued to communicate with Song, having strengthened its position by building fortress in the newly gained northern territories. The Goryeo-Khitan Wars continued with the second and third campaigns until 1018.

Death
He died of disease in November 997 and was succeeded by his nephew, Mokjong.

Family

 * Father: Daejong of Goryeo
 * Grandfather: Taejo of Goryeo
 * Grandmother: Queen Sinjeong
 * Mother: Queen Seonui
 * Grandfather: Taejo of Goryeo
 * Grandmother: Queen Jeongdeok
 * Sister: Queen Heonae
 * Sister: Queen Heonjeong
 * Consorts and their respective issue(s):
 * 1) Queen Mundeok of the Chungju Yu clan ; half first cousin – No issue.
 * 2) Queen Munhwa of the Seonsan Kim clan
 * 3) Queen Wonjeong
 * 4) Lady Yeonchang of the Gyeongju Choe clan
 * 5) Queen Wonhwa

In popular culture

 * Portrayed by Kim Myung-soo in the 2009 KBS2 TV series Empress Cheonchu.

title: Seongjong of Goryeo


text:
1862 in rail transport

January events

 * January – United States Military Railroad is authorized by the United States Congress to coordinate military operation of designated railroads during the American Civil War.
 * January 1 - Maj. Gen. “Stonewall” Jackson marches his troops northward with the objective of disrupting traffic on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and C&O Canal; the Battle of Hancock is unsuccessful and the Confederate Army withdraws.
 * January 31 – Opening of first rail line in the (at this time) Grand Duchy of Finland, between Helsinki and Hämeenlinna, on the Imperial Russian track gauge of.

February events

 * February 1 – London and South Western Railway begins operations over an extension from Exeter to St Davids then via dual gauge track on the line from there to Crediton.

March events

 * March 31 – The West Somerset Railway opens to passenger service on its line from a connection with the Bristol and Exeter Railway west of Taunton to Watchet.

April events

 * April 12 – Andrew's Raiders steal The General and drive it north toward Chattanooga, Tennessee, with Western and Atlantic Railroad conductor William Fuller chasing it in the Great Locomotive Chase.
 * April 27 - Herman Haupt appointed Colonel in charge of United States Military Railroad operations.
 * April–September - William Powell Frith's oil painting The Railway Station, depicting London Paddington, goes on public display.

May events

 * May 6 - The bill that will become the Pacific Railroad Act is passed by the United States House of Representatives.
 * The 10.00 a.m. "Special Scotch Express", predecessor of the Flying Scotsman express train, first departs from London King's Cross for Edinburgh Waverley over the East Coast Main Line in Britain.
 * Herman Haupt rebuilds the Potomac Creek Bridge in nine days.

June events

 * June 1 – The 10:00 a.m. 'Royal Scot' express passenger train over the British West Coast Main Line between London Euston railway station and Glasgow first runs, although not yet named.
 * June 16 – Cowes and Newport Railway opens the first section of passenger line on the Isle of Wight (England) between the two towns of its title (4.5 mi).
 * June 20 – The bill that will become the Pacific Railroad Act is passed by the United States Senate.
 * June 28 – The St. Paul and Pacific Railroad makes an inaugural run led by the William Crooks, the first locomotive to run in the state of Minnesota.
 * June 29 – Robert E. Lee has the first railway gun used in combat pushed by a locomotive over the Richmond and York River line (later part of the Southern Railway) for the Battle of Savage's Station.

July events

 * July 1 - The Pacific Railroad Act is signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln.
 * July 1 – The Union Pacific Railroad is incorporated.
 * July 1 – Effective date of creation of Great Eastern Railway in England by amalgamation of Eastern Counties Railway, Eastern Union Railway, East Anglian Railway, Newmarket Railway and Norfolk Railway Companies.
 * July 28 – The first railway post office car in North America is operated over the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, the mail being transferred to stagecoach in St. Joseph, Missouri, for the rest of the journey to California.
 * July 29 – The Washington and Georgetown Railroad Company began streetcar operations on Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C.

August events

 * August 15 – Opening of first railroad in Algeria, from Algiers to Blida (48 km of 1445 mm gauge).

September events

 * September 1 – James Staats Forbes becomes General Manager of the London, Chatham and Dover Railway.

October events

 * October 3 – Kongsvingerbanen opens between Lillestrøm and Kongsvinger, Norway.
 * October 13 – The Winchburgh rail crash in Scotland kills 15 people.
 * October 28 – Portland gauge Maine Central Railroad is formed by merger of the Androscoggin and Kennebec Railroad with the Penobscot and Kennebec Railroad.

November events

 * November 10 – Chicago and North Western Railway reaches Green Bay, Wisconsin.

December events

 * December 9 – The Winona and St. Peter Railroad makes its first run between Winona and Stockton, Minnesota.

Unknown date events

 * Cornelius Vanderbilt acquires the New York and Harlem Railroad.
 * Bergisch-Märkische Eisenbahn opens Essen Hauptbahnhof station.
 * Patna–Digha Ghat line opens in British India.

Deaths

 * March 2 – Frederick W. Lander, Chief Civil Engineer for the Pacific Railroad (b. 1822).
 * September 18? – Septimus Norris, steam locomotive designer often credited as designing the first 4-6-0 (b. 1818).

title: 1862 in rail transport


text: Talk:Seongjong of Goryeo

title: Talk:Seongjong of Goryeo


text:
NIR 1 Class

The Northern Ireland Railways DH class was a class of three diesel-hydraulic shunting locomotives obtained in 1969. All three have now been withdrawn, and two have since been rebuilt for work in Sri Lanka.

Early service life
The DH class of Northern Ireland Railways consisted of three diesel-hydraulic shunting locomotives numbered 1, 2 & 3. They were built by the English Electric Company at their Vulcan Foundry works in Newton-le-Willows in 1969. The works numbers 3954–3956 in the EE list, and D1266–D1268 in the VF list. They were of 0-6-0 wheel arrangement and fitted with Dorman 12QTV engines of 620 hp, connected to an EE Twin Disc torque converter and a Wiseman final drive. They weighed 42.5 t and had a maximum speed of 29 mph. They are often referred to with their, "DH," prefix.

The locomotives were of EE's standard 'Stephenson' class, and were obtained primarily for shunting work, trip freights and engineer's trains. Locomotive No. 1 was the first to enter service on 31 July 1969, with No. 2 following on 27 September and No. 3 on 4 October. However, the locomotives were not particularly successful due to problems with the engines overheating regularly while in service.

Withdrawal from service and initial preservation
All three were put into store during the late 1980s, the first in 1986 and the last two in May 1989. The Irish Traction group had approached NIR in August 1989 hoping to run a farewell excursion with No. 2 in September 1989, but this plan failed after No. 2 suffered a catastrophic engine failure on Saturday 9 September 1989 (the day before the excursion), despite having been overhauled by NIR at York Road Works. Both Nos. 2 and 3 ended up in secure storage at Larne Harbour, where the Diesel engines, torque converters and final drives were removed in 1991.

It was originally intended to put the locomotives on display at Lisburn, Belfast Central, and Londonderry to celebrate the 150th anniversary of railways in Northern Ireland, and in mid-1989, locomotive No. 1 had its engine, torque converter and final drive removed at York Road works before being repainted in NIR red and moved to the Lisburn Engineer's yard; unfortunately, difficulties in placing the engine meant it was shunted to the back of the yard.

Preservation
In September 1994, the Irish Traction Group purchased the three locomotives from NIR and moved them south to their restoration base at Carrick-on-Suir. Although Nos 2 and 3 were moved to Lisburn on Sunday 11 September 1994 to be reunited with No. 1, paperwork issues with Iarnród Éireann regarding the transport of the engines from Lisburn to Carrick-on-Suir meant that the locomotives did not move until Monday 7 January 1995 to Inchicore Works at Dublin, where they spent a week parked outside the running shed at Dublin Heuston. The move was completed on 14 January when the locomotives were towed from Dublin to Carrick-on-Suir.

When they moved to Carrick-on-Suir by rail, they formed the last recorded un-braked train in Ireland and were regarded as an "Engineers Special". Unfortunately, despite the best efforts of the ITG to prevent the locomotives from being vandalised while at Carrick-on-Suir, they were repeatedly attacked during their ten years of outside storage. This has prompted the ITG in recent times to construct large metal covers to protect any engines stored out of doors at Carrick-on-Suir, both from vandals and deterioration caused by the Irish weather.

During this period, it became clear that the ITG could not restore even one of the locomotives to running condition. The major cost was to replace the engine, torque converter and final drive, with prices in the area of £70,000 sterling to replace these components. Several engineering companies also queried whether the locomotives would be made available for sale, though the cost of replacing the engines and related drive components meant that these inquiries did not amount to much more than that. Since, two have been rebuilt for work in Sri Lanka; one is in storage in Wales.

Return to Service
In 2005, the ITG was approached by Beaver Power Ltd, who wanted to buy the three locomotives for re-use in Sri Lanka. After much deliberation, the ITG sold Nos. 2 and 3 to Beaver for export to Sri Lanka, and moved to Merthyr Tydfil for overhaul and regauging to allow them to run on the 5 ft 6 in broad gauge tracks in Sri Lanka. Locomotive No. 1 was also sent to Merthyr Tydfil for parts recovery to enable the other two to be rebuilt to running condition. At the time, No. 1 was still owned by the ITG, and was not offered for sale until five years later.

In May 2006, Nos. 2 and 3 departed for Sri Lanka to work at a Holcim cement plant in the Puttalam area. The work included regauging to 5 ft 6 in (1676 mm), fitting of a Rolls-Royce CV12 750 hp Diesel engine coupled to a Twin Disc 13800 MS230 torque converter (both engines had lost their Diesel engines, torque converter and final drives in 1991), and repainting in Holcim livery.

In November 2010, the decision was made by the ITG to sell the stripped remains of No. 1 to Beaver, the sale being concluded on 28 November. This locomotive had lost its engine, torque converter and final drive in 1989, and was heavily stripped due to its use by Beaver as a spare parts unit. It is understood that the locomotive will be rebuilt for industrial service, whether in the UK or overseas.

It is understood that, as of 2010, locomotive No. 3 has been withdrawn and heavily stripped for parts. The locomotive still carries the white Holcim livery that it was painted in when first exported to Sri Lanka, while No. 2 was repainted into a blue and white livery: it is still in service. No. 2 has been named, "Shakhti", and No. 3, "Prince Vijaya" - nameplates adorn the cabsides of each locomotive. No. 2 has received a further repaint and now sports a red and white livery with yellow band.

title: NIR 1 Class


text: Talk:Saejae Sinmun

title: Talk:Saejae Sinmun