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Terry stop

A Terry stop in the United States allows the police to briefly detain a person based on reasonable suspicion of involvement in criminal activity. Reasonable suspicion is a lower standard than probable cause which is needed for arrest. When police stop and search a pedestrian, this is commonly known as a stop and frisk. When police stop an automobile, this is known as a traffic stop. If the police stop a motor vehicle on minor infringements in order to investigate other suspected criminal activity, this is known as a pretextual stop. Additional rules apply to stops that occur on a bus.

In the United States at the federal level, the Supreme Court has decided many cases that define the intersection between policing and the Fourth Amendment protection against unreasonable searches and seizures. However, Congress has not defined a baseline for police behavior. There has been some state action at both the legislative and judicial levels, and also some cities have passed laws on these issues.

Some law academicians are concerned that jurisprudence permitting Terry stops does not account for possible implicit bias of officers, and that this possibly results in racially skewed decision-making. Communities that have high rates of incarceration may experience more intense and punitive policing and surveillance practices even during periods of time when general crime rates are decreasing.

Origins
The concept of a Terry stop originated in the 1968 Supreme Court case Terry v. Ohio, in which a police officer detained three Cleveland men on the street behaving suspiciously, as if they were preparing for armed robbery. The police conducted a pat down search and discovered a revolver, and subsequently, two of the men were convicted of carrying a concealed weapon. The men appealed their case to the Supreme Court, arguing that the search in which the revolver was found was illegal under the Fourth Amendment. This brief detention and search were deemed permissible by the court, judging that the officer had reasonable suspicion which could be articulated (not just a hunch) that the person detained may be armed and dangerous. This was not mere "suspicion" but "reasonable suspicion" which could be articulated at a later date.

This decision was made during a period of great social unrest in the United States in the 1960s, with rising crime, opposition to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War and the civil rights movement, and race riots. It was thought that law enforcement needed to be provided with tools to deal with the unrest and new issues of urban crime. Some criticized the decision for watering down the prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures; others praised it for balancing safety and individual rights.

Elements
The United States Supreme Court held that where: a police officer observes unusual conduct by a subject; the subject's conduct leads the officer reasonably to conclude that criminal activity may be afoot, and that the subject may be armed and presently dangerous; the officer identifies themselves as a police officer; the officer makes reasonable inquiries; and nothing in the initial stages of the encounter serves to dispel the officer's reasonable fear for safety, the officer may conduct a carefully limited search of the outer clothing of the subject in an attempt to discover weapons, and that such a search is a reasonable search under the Fourteenth Amendment, so that any weapons seized may properly be introduced in evidence.

Reasonable suspicion
To possess reasonable suspicion that would justify a stop, police must have "specific and articulable facts" that indicate that the person to be stopped is, or is about to be, engaged in criminal activity. Because officers usually do not have supervision when they encounter civilians, they have discretion regarding whom to stop. Reasonable suspicion depends on the "totality of the circumstances". Reasonable suspicion is a vague term, and the Supreme Court concluded that it is to be decided on a case-by-case basis. It often arises from a combination of facts, each of which would, in itself, not be enough justification for the stop.

The suspicion must be that of an individual person. Police officers primarily use situational factors based on criminal behavior to determine whether a stop is needed. In essence, when they witness a person behaving suspiciously or violating the law, they are constitutionally permitted to stop them. Other factors informing the decision include personal attitudes and the decision-making model in effect where the officer works. These subjective influences naturally create the opportunity for bias on the part of police officers who possess animus toward a certain class of people.

The three types of primary sources that courts should accept in order to determine suspiciousness are information obtained from third parties, information based on the suspect's appearance and behavior and the time and place of the suspected offense. Officers can define what they believe is normal, and if and how the suspect deviates from this. Reasonable suspicion has been used for actions such as standing in the wrong place, nervousness, exceptional calmness or walking quickly in another direction. Officers' experiences may make them suspicious of behavior that is usually innocuous. For instance, a social interaction such as a hug or a handshake might be perceived as a drug deal. Merely identifying that a person belongs to a broad category, such as physical location, race, ethnicity or profile, is insufficient for reasonable suspicion. However, stop-and-frisk has been validated on the basis of furtive movements, inappropriate attire, carrying objects such as a television or a pillowcase (in English law, "going equipped"), vague, nonspecific answers to routine questions, refusal to identify oneself and appearing to be out of place.

Before 1968, the law required substantial evidence to impede liberty or seize property. However, the Fourth Amendment does not protect consensual encounters. In its Terry decision, the Supreme Court found that the police should have the power to search, even without probable cause, to protect themselves from weapons. The Terry stop operates under the assumption that although stop-and-frisk is an intrusion, the potential harm from weapons outweighs it.

The cases following Terry expanded the power of the police. While the original case was concerned with armed violence and firsthand observation by officers, Adams v. Williams (1972) extended the doctrine to drug possession substantiated by the secondhand hearsay of an informant. The Adams v. Williams case set a precedent that police are not required to directly observe suspicious behavior if their reasonable suspicion is based upon information provided by a confidential informant. Regarding the case, Justice Marshall stated: "Today's decision invokes the specter of a society in which innocent citizens may be stopped, searched, and arrested at the whim of police officers who have only the slightest suspicion of improper conduct." United States v. Hensley (1985) ruled that police officers may stop and question suspects whom they recognize from "wanted" flyers issued by other police departments. In Illinois v. Wardlow (2000), a person's unprovoked flight from Chicago police officers in "an area known for heavy narcotics trafficking" constituted reasonable suspicion to stop him.

During Terry stops, police usually ask detainees to identify themselves. Several states require people to provide their names to the police upon request. In Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada (2004), these stop-and-identify statutes were deemed constitutional. While the specifics of stop-and-identify statutes and ordinances vary, a significant number of states and local jurisdictions have enacted such laws. In New York, courts have limited the effects of Terry by creating a four-level continuum of intrusion, each of which requires its own level of suspicion. This allows police officers to detain people if the officers possess an articulable and objectively credible reason. In People v. DeBour, New York's highest court permitted the police to stop a person who simply crosses the street upon observing the police.

Lacking reasonable suspicion, police may stop a person based on a hunch, constituting a consensual stop. United States v. Mendenhall found that police are not generally required to advise an individual that the stop is on a consensual basis nor that the person may leave at any time. A person can typically determine whether a stop is consensual by asking, "Am I free to go?". If the officer responds in the negative or does not respond, the person is being detained under a Terry stop; otherwise, the person may leave. Mendenhall also found that a consensual stop can be converted into an unconstitutional Terry stop by circumstances such as "the threatening presence of several officers, the display of a weapon by an officer, some physical touching of the person of the citizen, or the use of language or tone of voice indicating that compliance with the officer's request might be compelled." Police who conduct an unconstitutional Terry stop can face administrative discipline and civil suits.

In Pennsylvania v. Mimms, two police officers issued Mimms a ticket for driving a car with an expired license plate. When they asked him to step out, they realized that he had a gun, and promptly arrested him. The court ruled in favor of the police, citing officer safety as their reason. Dissenting justices found that this furthers the expansion of Terry. They feared that the ruling set a precedent that officers could ask citizens to perform actions through warrantless intrusion.

Search
A frisk, also known as a pat-down, of the surface of a suspect's garments is permitted during a Terry stop but must be limited to actions necessary to discover weapons and must be based on a reasonable suspicion the individual may be armed. However, pursuant to the plain-feel doctrine (similar to the plain-view doctrine), police may seize contraband discovered in the course of a frisk, but only if the type of contraband is immediately apparent.

The Supreme Court has placed very liberal requirements on what is "immediately apparent" regarding contraband. In an example provided by the Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers, an officer feels a hard pack of cigarettes while frisking a suspect and inspects the pack, discovering drugs inside. The officer is legally permitted to open the pack because he has prior knowledge, based on experience, that a small switchblade or tiny gun could be hidden in such a box.

Subsequent court cases have expanded the definition of what constitutes a frisk and what is considered as admissible evidence. In Michigan v. Long, Terry stops were extended to searching the inside of a car passenger compartment if police have reasonable suspicion that an occupant may have access to a weapon there. In Minnesota v. Dickerson, the court ruled that "immediately recognized" contraband discovered during a Terry stop is also a lawful seizure.

Consensual search
Based on the Supreme Court decision in Schneckloth v. Bustamonte (1972), a person waives Fourth Amendment protections when voluntarily consenting to a search. Police are not required to inform a person of his or her right to decline the search. Justice Marshall, in his dissent, wrote that it is a "curious result that one can choose to relinquish a constitutional right—the right to be free from unreasonable searches—without knowing that he has the alternative of refusing to accede to a police request." Several cities and states require police to inform citizens of their right to deny a search.

Traffic stops
For practical purposes, a traffic stop is essentially the same as a Terry stop; for the duration of a stop, driver and passengers are "seized" within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. The Supreme Court has held that drivers and passengers may be ordered to exit the vehicle without violating the Fourth Amendment's proscription of unreasonable searches and seizures. Drivers and passengers may be frisked for weapons upon reasonable suspicion they are armed and dangerous. If police reasonably suspect the driver or any of the occupants may be dangerous and that the vehicle may contain a weapon to which an occupant may gain access, police may perform a protective search of the passenger compartment. Otherwise, lacking a warrant or the driver's consent, police may not search the vehicle, but under the plain-view doctrine may seize and use as evidence weapons or contraband that are visible from outside the vehicle.

As decided in Ohio v. Robinette (1996), after an officer returns the driver's identification, there is no requirement that the officer inform the driver of his or her freedom to leave; therefore, although the encounter has changed to a consensual encounter, questioning can continue, including a request to search the vehicle.

Pretextual stops
Pretextual stops are a subset of traffic stops deemed constitutional by the Supreme Court in Whren v. United States (1996). They occur when a police officer wishes to investigate a motorist on other suspicions, generally related to drug possession, and uses a minor traffic infringement as a pretext to stop the driver. In the case of Whren, the defense used a "would-have" rule, asking whether a reasonable police officer would have made the stop without the suspicion of other criminal behavior. Some consider that pretextual stops can allow racial profiling to occur. There are numerous petty violations that a typical driver might commit, and the officer can be selective about whom to detain for questioning. Sixteen states ban pretextual stops based solely upon racial profiling or other factors:

• Arizona

• Arkansas

• California

• Colorado

• Connecticut

• Kansas

• Maryland

• Mississippi

• Montana

• Nebraska

• New Jersey

• New Mexico

• Oklahoma

• Rhode Island

• Utah

• West Virginia

Racial disparities
Police officers may develop schemas after continuously being exposed to certain environments, like high-crime minority neighborhoods, which can lead to their association of crime with race instead of focusing on suspicious behavior. Officers who have been in the police force for longer are more likely to have suspicions based on non-behavioral reasons. Forms of American culture that perpetuate negative stereotypes, such as blacks being violent or whites committing white-collar crimes, can theoretically cause people to act on these stereotypes, even if they do not believe them, making implicit bias a possible factor in arrests. Some argue that Black and Hispanic people are more likely to be targeted and are more likely to be stopped than population and relative crime rates might suggest.

Terry stop regulations vary by area. Areas with high crime, such as public housing, might require less evidence for someone to be stopped. This places the inhabitants of the area at greater risk for detainment. In areas that are perceived to have high crimes, more police are deployed, which results in higher arrest rates, which are then used to justify more policing. When controlling for location-based stops, one study found that white people were more likely to have a weapon than are black or Hispanic people. Another study determined that the same proportion of racial groups were stopped during the day and at night, suggesting that stop decisions were not based on the physical appearance of the driver. However, the study was interpreted to suggest that black people are more likely to be detained for longer periods of time. The National Research Council states that "more research is needed on the complex interplay of race, ethnicity, and other social factors in police-citizen interactions."

One study suggested a 27% increase in the likelihood of blacks experiencing force during a stop compared to a white person, and a 28% increase in likelihood that the officer would draw his or her gun. The study also determined that even during consensual stops, blacks are 29% more likely to experience force than other racial groups. Young people were found more likely to experience force compared to older people. In New York City between 1996 and 2000, there was a disproportionate number of complaints by blacks about officers' use of force. Governmental and nongovernmental organizations investigations have confirmed that police-perpetrated abuse has affected many people of all races. Another study blamed variances in types of nonverbal communication among races as a factor influencing some officers' suspicions.

A 2009 study theorized that police officers could use their power to enforce their masculinity. Because most police officers and detainees are men, officers are susceptible to the culture of honor stance and hypermasculinity, in which they are more prone to physical aggression in order to protect their social standing.

A 2015 study concluded that immigration does not have a positive correlation with crime, but that immigrants are disproportionately stopped and arrested, leading to distrust of law enforcement. The study also argued that immigrants typically possess less awareness of how to behave when stopped by the police. After being stopped more often, immigrants may hold distrust towards the police.

Usage of force
The experience of minority citizens, who are both more likely to be stopped by police and more likely to experience the use of force by the police after being stopped, has been characterized as a racial or ethnic "double jeopardy". Acts of police force cause injury, death, civil litigation, public outrage, civil disorder, and a distrust towards the police.

Eric Garner and NYPD, Freddie Gray and the Baltimore police, and Michael Brown and the Ferguson police are notable examples of police force at Terry stops that ended tragically. Although racial disparities in the frequency of Terry stops are well known, less is known about the nature, prevalence, and factors predictive of use of force during Terry stops.

Morrow et al. studied NYPD's SQF (stop, question, and frisk) records in 2010 to determine the frequency of force used at stops and whether the citizen's race/ethnicity was a factor in the decision to use force. SQF tactics were found to disproportionately target minorities, regardless of control over variables like social and economic factors, precinct crime rates, and neighborhood racial or ethnic composition. SQF tactics did not seem to actually address crime either, as only 6% of stops yielded an arrest and only 0.15% of stops yielded a gun. In 2013, 44% of young minority New Yorkers had been stopped by NYPD nine or more times.

Using the US Census Bureau's data from 2012, Morrow et al. analyzed racial/ethnic disparities in the use of force among NYPD. Force was classified as hands, suspect on ground, suspect against wall, weapon drawn, weapon pointed, baton, handcuffs, pepper spray, and other; these were then categorized as no force, physical/non-weapon force, and weapon force. They found that non-weapon force occurred in 14.1% of SQF. However, when this was further separated by racial categories, while for whites, only 0.9% experienced non-weapon force, 7.6% blacks and 5.0% Hispanics experienced non-weapon force, eight to nine times more likely than whites. There is a possibility that these results are due to implicit biases of police officers, which could be shaped by previous experiences in the workforce.

Psychological and emotional harm
A stop and frisk can be damaging to communities. Kwate and Threadcraft argue that stop and frisk is a public health problem and works to "produce bodies that are harassed, stressed and resource deprived, if not altogether dead". Stop and frisk creates an environment of fear that alters the behaviors of a community's inhabitants and limits their freedom of action. The police conduct pat-downs that intrude upon the privacy of the individual, and can result in escalation through physical or sexual violence. During this process, officers sometimes use profanity and discriminatory slurs. Because of this, residents often have anger, fear, or distrust towards the police.

For those with mental disorders and disabilities, pat-downs can be traumatic, especially for those with sensory disorders. Those who have suffered through sexual trauma, which is prevalent among men with criminal justice histories and black people in poorer urban areas, can relive their trauma through the invasive procedure, resulting in stress, depression, and anxiety. This practice also increases the possibility of sexual exploitation or assault, especially in communities that are more vulnerable, like black and poor sex workers and sex trafficking victims. Because ways of transporting drugs have evolved, some police officers utilize methods such as stripping the civilian and searching their body for drugs, which can be traumatizing for both users and nonusers of drugs. Civilians have also reported that police officers often wait until their quota is filled up to bring the arrested civilians back to stations. Civilians must stay in the back of the van, which often was missing seats, for hours on end and packed with 15 or 16 people, without access to the bathroom.

In a study conducted by Cooper et al., young men who do not use drugs stated that they feel uncomfortable when stopped by a police officer because they were afraid that "unnecessary violence or life disruption was imminent during every police stop". Those who have been stopped more often develop more allostatic load, resulting in low self esteem and despair. When residents of a community know they are being treated both unfairly, and unfairly due to their social identity, they are more likely to anticipate stigma and rejection due to their race. Marginalized communities that experience recurring injustice from the police distrust them and become more cynical of them, resulting in legal cynicism, which in turn results in decreased cooperation and respect toward the legal system. This loss of faith in the system causes depressed civic and political engagement. Community residents are less likely to call for the police to help when they believe the police are not on their side, instead turning towards other community members. This distrust towards police is passed down from generation to generation, otherwise known as legal socialization, as a means of protection, forcing the community to live in perpetual fear.

Items that are discovered during pat-downs that are incriminating, like clean needles, condoms, and other harm reduction tools, are used less to prevent arrest; this then is a danger to public health.

Solutions
Many police departments all over the country have adapted courtesy policing as a response to criticism of racial profiling and police violence. Courtesy policing is when the police build rapport with the community through respect and friendliness. Legitimacy policing is a method used by police officers to interact with the community, where, in order to achieve a desired outcome, police officers utilize both punitive and courtesy strategies. While courtesy policing is used to gain trust and collect information, the punitive approach is used whenever it appears that the stopped people did not comply, making the police more aggressive; these approaches are adapted on a shifting continuum to the actions of the people they stop. People of color are more likely to see this community policing as degrading.

Cooper believes that in order to address hypermasculinity, which increases physical aggression in the police force, officers should be taught to not use command presence (where they use an authoritative tone of voice or even become physically violent) in situations where it is not needed. It should still be used when the officer is in a dangerous situation, but not when a situation does not require force. Instead of the officer punishing the harm doer, the officer should instead make it a goal to have a full understanding of the situation. Police training culture should not emphasize aggressive approaches and instead advocate for a more patient approach. An emphasis should be put on how to communicate with civilians who challenge their authority. Officers should also be made aware of any potential biases they may have.

Terry was originally created to prevent imminent armed robberies. However, 90% of individuals who are stop-and-frisked in New York City were free to leave afterwards. This demonstrates that they were not about to do serious criminal activity, which goes against Terry’s purpose of preventing serious crime. Hutchins wishes to narrow the scope of Terry, and prevent certain police encounters from happening in the first place, and proposes to limit the reach of Terry stops so that officers may not stop someone based on a possessory offense under nothing more than reasonable suspicion. Goel calls for the optimization of stop relating to criminal possession of a weapon (CPW). Because having a lower threshold of evidence to stop someone disproportionately affects black and Hispanic people, optimization would result in less racial disparities for Terry stops. Goel examines NYPD’s three million stops for cases where the stop yielded an individual involved with criminal possession of a weapon. In approximately 43% of these stops, there was less than 1% of a chance that the suspect had a weapon. Goel found that five stop circumstances are more likely to increase the likelihood of recovering a weapon for a stop: suspicious weapon, sights and sounds of criminal activity, suspicious bulge, witness report, and ongoing investigation.

Kwate and Threadcraft advocate for three ways to address Stop and Frisk, as a public health issue. First, they believe the health department’s city wide health surveys should include Stop and Frisk encounters, so that the data can be used to investigate health outcomes of a Stop and Frisk. Second, within 24 hours, reports of traumatic stops should be received by the city. Third, a registry should be created in which communities can report police encounters. Torres calls for more comprehensive data in stop and frisk reports. Specifically, since Latinos can also be white and black, current data is not as accurate.

Data collection
The following states require stop-and-frisk data collection:

• Alabama

• California

• Connecticut

• Florida

• Illinois

• Louisiana

• Maryland

• Massachusetts

• Minnesota

• Missouri

• Montana

• North Carolina

• Nebraska

• Nevada

• Rhode Island

• Texas

• Washington

• West Virginia

Using public record requests, the Stanford Open Policing project amassed 60 million state traffic stops in 20 states over the period 2011 through 2015.

North Carolina was the first state in the country to require the release of all traffic stop data starting in 2000. Researchers have analysed 20 million traffic stops from this data finding that African Americans as a share of the population were twice as likely to be pulled over than whites and four times as likely to be searched. Hispanics were not more likely to be pulled over, but had a higher likelihood of being searched.

There is a push to release more open police data nationwide. In 2015, the White House launched the Police Data Initiative which,, has 130 participating police departments, some of which provide data sets on stop-and-frisk. The 130 departments cover 15% of the population.

title: Terry stop


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Maldives national football team

The Maldives national football team (Dhivehi: ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭ ގައުމީ ފުޓްބޯލް ޓީމް) represents the Maldives in international football and is controlled by the Football Association of Maldives. It is a member of the Asian Football Confederation (AFC).

The Maldives' most significant success was winning the 2008 SAFF Championship where they beat the most successful team India in the final 1–0. They won their second local title in 2018 SAFF Championship, once again by beating India in the final.

1997 South Asian Football Federation Gold Cup
This was the third edition of SAFF Cup which was held in Kathmandu, Nepal, and it was Maldives' first campaign in this regional tournament.

Maldives was placed in the group B with India and Bangladesh, where they advanced into the semi-final as the group's second team with two points in hand. They drew their first match against Bangladesh with the help of Lirugham Saeed's only goal. In the second match, they drew against the India 2–2, in which Ibrahim Rasheed and Mohamed Nizam came scoring when the Red Snappers were at a two-goal deposit.

Maldives went on to win the semi-final match 2–1 against Sri Lanka with Shah Ismail and Mohamed Nizam on the scoreline, but lost the final match to India by 5–1, where Adam Abdul Latheef scored the only goal for Maldives.

1999 South Asian Football Federation Gold Cup
In this edition of SAFF Cup, hosted in Fatorda Stadium, Goa, India, Maldives were grouped with Nepal and Sri Lanka, where Maldives finished at the top of the group B.

First match against Sri Lanka ended as a goalless draw while they managed to win 3–2 against the Nepal. Shah Ismail, Mohamed Wildhan and Mausoom Abdul Gafoor scored the goals for Maldives in this match.

Maldives had to face the two times SAFF Cup champion India in the semi-final and lost the game by 2–1, where Mohamed Wildhan scored against the Blue Tigers. Though they failed to qualify for the Final of the tournament, they claimed the bronze by defeating Nepal in the third place play-off match by 2–0. Mohamed Wildhan and Mohamed Ibrahim were the goal scorers.

Mohamed Wildhan shared the top scorer award with Nepal's Naresh Joshi, India's Baichung Bhutia and Bangladesh's Mihazur Rehman scoring three goals each in this competition.

2003 South Asian Football Federation Gold Cup
In the 2003 SAFF Gold Cup held in Dhaka, Bangladesh, Maldives were drawn in the group B along with Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan.

Maldives won their first match 6–0 a record win of the highest number of goals scored by a team in a single match in this tournament history against Bhutan, with Maldives' first hat-trick in the regional tournament, scored by Ali Shiham. Mohamed Nizam, Ashraf Luthfy and Ali Umar scored one goal each in this victory. Despite the 1–0 loss to Bangladesh in the second match, Maldives won their third match against Nepal and they were through into the semi-final of the tournament as the group runners-up. Mohamed Nizam, Ashraf Luthfy and Ali Umar scored in their 3–2 win over Nepal.

Ibrahim Fazeel scored the only goal against Pakistan in the semi-final, which helped them to reach the final for the second time. Ali Umar's only goal in the second half helped Maldives to survive until the penalty shootout in the final match against Bangladesh, but Maldives lost 5–3 at the Bangabandhu National Stadium where Ahmed Naaz, Ismail Naseem and Ibrahim Fazeel succeeded to convert it from the spot but Ashraf Luthfy failed.

2005 South Asian Football Federation Gold Cup
In 2005, the tournament was held in Pakistan and Maldives were drawn with Afghanistan and Sri Lanka along with the host Pakistan in group A.

Maldives started their campaign by breaking their own record created in the previous edition 2003, scoring a highest number of goals by a team in a single match. They won the first match 9–1 against Afghanistan. Ibrahim Fazeel and Ahmed Thoriq both scored a hat-trick while Ali Ashfaq scored a brace and Ali Umar scored their opener. They won their second match against Sri Lanka 2–0 with goals from Ali Ashfaq and Ali Umar, while they ended at the top of the group, leaving the host Pakistan in second even after the goalless draw against them in the final group stage match.

Even though Maldives lost the semi-final match against India by one goal to nil, the top scorer award was shared by three of the Maldivian players; Ibrahim hassan, Ali Ashfaq and Ahmed Thoriq scored three goals each.

2008 SAFF Championship winners
The 2008 SAFF Championship draw, which took place on 26 February 2007, placed Maldives in group A, alongside Nepal, India, and Pakistan. Maldives started with a comfortable 3–0 win over Pakistan, with the goals from Mohamed Shifan, Ahmed Thoriq and an own goal from Naveed Akram. In their second match they defeated Nepal 4–1, with two goals apiece from Ismail Mohamed and Ibrahim Fazeel. They lost their last group stage match against India, 0–1.

They advanced to the semi-finals and defeated Sri Lanka 0–1, with a brilliant goal by Ibrahim Fazeel on a pass from Ali Ashfaq. They then advanced to the final for the third time in SAFF Championship history.

In the final three minutes of full-time during the SAFF Championship final against the four time SAFF Championship Champions India, Mukhthar Naseer scored a single goal from a corner kick taken by Ali Ashfaq, winning the SAFF Championship for Maldives for the first time in their history. Maldives won the SAFF Championship by scoring nine goals and conceding two.

In 2008 SAFF Championship, Ali Ashfaq won the Best Player award. Maldives was the team who scored the most goals in this year's competition along with their rivals India. They were also the team who conceded the fewest goals in the tournament.

The SAFF Championship was Maldives first ever gold medal in Maldivian Football history, and to celebrate this memorable day the President declared that 15 June 2008 will be a public holiday. The only goal scored in the final match, by Mukhthar, was his first international goal for the Maldives national football team.

2009 SAFF Championship
Maldives were drawn with the rivals India in group A, along with Afghanistan and Nepal.

Maldives started their campaign as the defending champions, facing a 1–1 draw where The Gorkhalis did not allow the red snappers win the match with the only goal by Ahmed Thoriq. In their second match they defeated Afghanistan by 3–1 with two goals from Ali Ashfaq and one from Ahmed Thoriq. Their next match against rival India on 9 December was won by 2–0, Ahmed Thoriq and Ibrahim Fazeel scoring the goals which took them into the semi-finals as group A winners, finishing the group stage ahead of India.

In the semi-final, they defeated Sri Lanka with a comfortable score line of 5–1 where Ibrahim Fazeel scored two goals and Ahmed Thoriq, Ali Ashfaq and Ashad Ali scored one goal each, but they lost 3–1 to eventual winners India from a penalty shootout in the final after playing 120 minutes without seeing a goal from either sides. Ibrahim Fazeel was the only player to score in the penalty shootout for Maldives while Ahmed Thoriq, Mukhthar Naseer and Ali Ashfaq failed to convert it from the spot.

Ahmed Thoriq shared the top scorer award with Bangladesh's Enamul Haque and Sri Lanka's Channa Ediri Bandanage scoring four goals each in this competition.

This was the second time Maldives lost the SAFF Championship final in penalties, and Bangabandhu National Stadium was the venue on both occasions.

2011 SAFF Championship
The 2011 SAFF Championship hosted in Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi was the tournament with Maldives' worst result. Even though Maldives managed to qualify for the semi-finals as the group winner, Maldives ended their campaign with only one win, two draws and losing one game, scoring and conceding 5 goals.

Maldives were in the group B, drawn with Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan. They drew 1–1 against Nepal with Ali Ashfaq's only goal and their second game against Pakistan ended goalless. Maldives finished the group stage with a 3–1 win over Bangladesh, with Ahmed Thoriq's brace and Ali Ashfaq's goal.

Maldives lost 3–1 to India in the semi-final, Shamweel Qasim scoring Maldives' only goal.

2013 SAFF Championship
Maldives were drawn in the group B alongside Afghanistan, Bhutan and Sri Lanka.

They started the group stage by renewing their record of scoring the most goals by a team in a single game; winning 10–0 against Sri Lanka. In this match, skipper Ali Ashfaq scored a double hat-trick and broke the record of India's IM Vijayan who holds the record of all-time top scorer of the tournament with 12 goals. He also made a new record of scoring the highest number of goals by a single player in a match in the tournament. Remaining goals of this match came from Assadhulla Abdulla, Hassan Adhuham, Ali Fasir and Ali Umar.

In their second match, Ali Ashfaq scored four goals and Ali Fasir scored a brace while Mohammad Umair and Ali Umar scored one goal each in the 8–2 win against Bhutan. Maldives' third match of the group stage against Afghanistan ended goalless.

However, Maldives faced India for a record fourth time in a semi final match of this competition, and never won a semi final match against them as Maldives lost 1–0 in this semi final match at the Dasarath Rangasala Stadium, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Ali Ashfaq won the Golden Boot Award, scoring 10 goals in the competition. He now holds the record of competition's all-time top scorer with 18 goals, and the player to score the highest number of goals in one SAFF Championship; 10. India's IM Vijayan was the previous player to hold this record, scoring 6 goals in the 1997 edition.

2018 SAFF Suzuki Cup winners
Maldives was drawn in a group with Sri Lanka and India, where they drew with Sri Lanka at 0–0 and lost to India 2–0. Due to Maldives and Sri Lanka having accumulated the same points, a coin toss was held to decide which team will advance to the semi-finals against Nepal. Luck was in favor of Maldives as they won the coin toss and the match against Nepal 3–0.

This meant that Maldives would once against compete with India in the finals. During the first half of the match Maldives player Ibrahim Mahudhee scored the opening goal and in the second half Hamza Mohamed makes an excellent threaded through pass that allowed Ali Fasir to score the second goal for Maldives. India's Sumeet Passi scored a consolation goal for India in extra time.

The match ended with Maldives as the victors of the 2018 SAFF Suzuki championship making them the second team in the competition to have ever won the Cup more than once. Maldives goal keeper Mohamed Faisal won the MVP award of the competition for his work between the sticks.

2021 SAFF Championship
Maldives hosted the 2021 SAFF Championship, failing to advance to the knockout round from the lone group phase, achieving victories over Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, and losing against Nepal and India in their four matches. The team was placed at the top of the table until the eventual defeat against India in the last match of the group stage.

Asian Cup and World Cup qualifications
Maldives has never qualified for such big tournaments and often classified as a weaker team in the continent. Nonetheless, Maldives achieved several impressive results. During 2006 World Cup qualification, Maldives stunned by drawing South Korea, an Asian powerhouse, 0–0 at home; and defeating Vietnam, a rising Asian team, in the same ground with an impressive 3–0. However, its worst defeat also occurred in the World Cup qualification as they were thrashed 0–17 by Iran in Damascus during 1998 World Cup qualification.

Media coverage
All Maldives matches are broadcast with full commentary on Television Maldives and Dhivehi Raajjeyge Adu Radio Live.

Home stadium
National Football Stadium (ގައުމީ ފުޓުބޯޅަ ދަނޑު) is a multi-purpose stadium in Malé, Maldives. It is used mostly for football matches of the Dhivehi League, Maldives FA Cup, and International matches. The stadium holds around 11,850 spectators.

Supporters
About 11,500 Maldivian supporters, including the former president Maumoon Abdul Gayyoom, attended to see the 2008 SAFF Championship final match in Sugathadasa Stadium, Colombo, Sri Lanka. After their win, many supporters, together with ministers, gave a warm welcome to the team on their return with their first gold medal. To celebrate this memorable day the President declared that 15 June 2008 will be a public holiday.

Kits
Maldives' home kit comprises a red jersey and red shorts – red is the national colour of the Maldives, and represents the boldness of the nation's heroes.

Results and fixtures
The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

Coaching history

 * Caretaker managers are listed in italics.

 * P.D. Sirisena (1988)
 * 🇭🇺 Miklós Temesvári (1991–93)
 * 🇷🇴 Victor Stănculescu (1993–96)
 * 🇧🇴 Rómulo Cortez (1996–97)
 * 🇺🇿 Vyacheslav Solokho (1999-2001)
 * 🇸🇰 Jozef Jankech (2001–03)
 * Manuel Gomes (2004)
 * 🇧🇬 Yordan Stoykov (2005–07)
 * 🇸🇰 Jozef Jankech (2008)
 * 🇭🇺 István Urbányi (2009–10)
 * 🇦🇷 Andrés Cruciani (2010–11)
 * 🇭🇺 István Urbányi (2011–13)
 * 🇲🇻 Ali Nashid (2013–14)
 * Drago Mamić (2014)
 * 🇧🇬 Velizar Popov (2015)
 * 🇲🇻 Ismail Mahfooz (2015)
 * 🇳🇿 Ricki Herbert (2015–16)
 * 🇲🇻 Ismail Mahfooz (2016)
 * 🇦🇺 Darren Stewart (2016–18)
 * Petar Segrt (2018–19)
 * Martin Koopman (2020–21)
 * 🇲🇻 Ali Suzain (2021)
 * 🇮🇹 Francesco Moriero (2021–present)

Current squad
Caps and goals are correct 22 June 2023, after the match against .
 * The following players were named in the squad for the 2023 SAFF Championship from 21 June to 4 July 2023.

Recent call-ups
The following players also received a call-up within the last twelve months.

Player records

 * Players in bold are still active with Maldives.

South Asian Football Federation Cup

 * *Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.
 * **Gold background colour indicates that the tournament was won.
 * ***Red border color indicates tournament was held on home soil.

Continental

 * AFC Challenge Cup
 * Third place (1): 2014

Regional

 * SAFF Championship
 * Champions (2): 2018, 2008
 * Runners-up (3): 2009, 2003, 1997
 * Third place (1): 1999
 * South Asian Games
 * Silver medal (1): 1991
 * Bronze medal (1): 1984

Exhibition

 * Nehru Cup
 * Third place (1): 2012

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Maldives national football team


text:
Clyde X

Clyde X (1931 – February 14, 2009), also known as Clyde Rahman, was a religious leader associated with the Nation of Islam. Most of his work for the NOI was in St. Louis, Missouri and Cleveland, Ohio. He was wounded when a violent factional dispute arose in St. Louis in the 1960s. In the 1970s he became a follower of W. D. Muhammad's Sunni faction of the NOI and established a mosque in Cleveland.

Early life
He was born Clyde Jones in Canton, Mississippi. He served in the U.S. Army during the Korean War. After his service, he moved to Dayton, Ohio, and then to Detroit where he worked as a machinist.

He served in the army during the Korean War, in which he was badly wounded. He joked that he was cured when a nurse denied him morphine, and he jumped out of bed to chase her. He subsequently joined the police force in Detroit.

NOI activist
While in Detroit, Clyde was first introduced to the Nation of Islam (NOI) through "people talking about it in a poolroom." He became "Clyde X". In 1958 he was sent to St. Louis in the service of the NOI to establish Temple No. 28 at 1434 N. Grand Avenue.

When he arrived in St. Louis the local media described him as "a glowering moon-faced giant... on the fleshy side of 200 pounds... mild mannered, polite, and diplomatic." They also described him as "too emotional," a "rabble rouser," and "a haranguer."

Clyde X helped to launch many business ventures with Temple No. 28, opening a restaurant called the "Shabbaz"; laundry; record store; dress shop; and a grocery along Grand Avenue, leading some in the community to call the area "Little Egypt."

Violent splits
In 1961, Clyde X's Temple No. 28 saw an internal split, with members leaving to join the offshoot "Islamic Service Church" headquartered at 1902 Union Boulevard. Elijah Muhammad, displeased with the split, sent the Supreme Commander of the Fruit of Islam to try to broker a reconciliation. No such agreement could be reached, and the two temples were officially separated.

The split resulted in sporadic incidents of violence, with Clyde X, Timothy Hoffman, and John Moore being shot outside the Shabazz restaurant in 1966. The principal suspect was Hoffman's brother Andrew, who was subsequently arrested. While Clyde and Hoffman were not seriously hurt, Moore died as a result of his wounds. Nevertheless, Clyde had a bullet lodged in his skull for the rest of his life. One year later, on January 9, 1967, Clyde X's home was bombed, but he was unhurt. Andrew Hoffman was again suspected. Two days after this Andrew Hoffman and his wife were both shot to death outside their home. An associate of his, Roy Tyson, was found beaten to death. No charges were ever brought in the deaths.

Later career
In the mid-1970s, after the death of Elijah Muhammad, Clyde X supported the reforms of Warith Deen Mohammed's faction, which sought to align the NOI with mainstream Sunni Islam. He became a leader in W.D. Mohammed's new organization, the American Society of Muslims. He moved to Cleveland, Ohio, where he worked with Cleveland's Muslim community using the name Imam Clyde Rahman. Rahman became W.D. Muhammad's principal representative in Cleveland, building the Masjid Bilal mosque there in 1983. He adopted an ecumenical approach saying "Our Koran does not even hint that we should take innocent life, and it is a disgrace to Islam for any Muslim to support terrorism."

He served on the board of a number of local civic groups. In his last years he suffered from complications of Alzheimer's disease. He died on February 14, 2009, at age 79, at Park East Care and Rehabilitation Center, Beachwood.

Family
Rahman married twice. His first wife, Beatrice, died young. The couple had no children. Rahman came to believe he may be infertile. However, he remarried in 1990 to Hameeda, with whom he had three daughters, Daa'iyah Rahman, Jameelah Rahman, and step-daughter Siddeeqah Abdullah.

title: Clyde X


text: User talk:81.77.8.254

title: User talk:81.77.8.254


text:
Wikipedia:Graphics Lab/Maintenance/Images for cleanup

 * This page is not for listing possible copyright problems or untagged images. For those, go to Possible copyright infringements and Untagged Images.

{| style="clear:both; background:white;"
 * width="50%" style="padding:1em; border:1px solid #A3B1BF; background-color:#E6F2FF" valign="top"|
 * width="50%" style="padding:1em; border:1px solid #A3B1BF; background-color:#E6F2FF" valign="top"|

Images for cleanup

Images for cleanup (Ifc) is where images with technical problems are displayed for users who are willing to fix, restore, and improve them.

If you find an image that needs improvement, add to its description page. A few words about how you would like to see the image improved will also help.

Images tagged with can be found at Category:Image files for cleanup.

Examples of image technical problems
 * style="vertical-align:top;padding:1em; border:1px solid #A3B1BF; background-color:#E6F2FF" |

 * Bordered - The image has unneeded borders or frames.
 * Watermarks - The image contains captions, dates, or symbols, usually to indicate copyright status and links.
 * Weak quality - Image may have inappropriate quality such as bad hue, contrast, EV, grained, or saturation.
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 * Description & information - The image may lack description, date, licensing, or author.

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Images with unnecessary borders
Some images present borders that are not necessary and contain redundant information (such as description texts). These include images with excess white "padding" on the sides. Example: -- What to do: trim the image to the relevant area only. If it's a JPEG image, please, perform a lossless crop with a tool like Cropbot or jpegtran.

JPEG images that should be PNG
(More about image formating'') Certain images (practically anything but photos) look and work better as PNG. These generally include flags, graphics, icons, diagrams and certain screenshots (such as from old video or arcade games.) Example: -- What to do: remake the image or retouch it (making it sharp) using image editing software. More information can be found at How to reduce colors for saving a JPEG as PNG. Note: you should not just convert JPEG files into PNG files without doing anything else, since this won't improve quality and will just make a larger file.

PNG photos that should be JPEG
PNG is not an efficient format for photographs. These should be converted to JPEG to save space. What to do: save the PNG on your computer, open it with an image editing program and save or export the file in JPEG format. Try saving with different quality settings and choose the lowest quality (highest compression) that maintains the appearance of the image.

Pictures that need to be retouched, trimmed and scaled
These include images with captions that are too small to read or photos that contain irrelevant surroundings. Dark and unclear pictures should also be properly modified. Background color of graphics and diagrams should be white or transparent.

Low quality pictures

 * Some pictures just aren't pretty looking, and new versions with higher quality should be found and used instead.
 * What to do: make or look for a substitute. Be very careful if you use the image search feature in most search engines; the vast majority of pictures on the Internet will be unsuitable for the Commons because of copyright problems.

 * }
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text: Category:1292 births

title: Category:1292 births


text:
The Bird (The Time song)

"The Bird" is a song from The Time's third album, Ice Cream Castle. The song was initially recorded in the studio in 1983 with all instruments by Prince, except guitar, which was performed by Jesse Johnson. This version was replaced by a live recording with the full band at the First Avenue on October 4, 1983. This is the first Time song to be released both live and featuring The Time as a band, rather than primarily Prince with Morris Day on vocals. The song has become a signature number for the band and continues to be played in every Time concert to this day. In addition, two additional live versions have since been released: one on Prince's Rave Un2 the Year 2000 DVD and one recorded at the House of Blues in 1998 for Morris Day's 2004 album It's About Time.

Background
The title of the upbeat number refers to a dance in which the arms are flapped, mimicking a bird's wings. Morris Day also squawks throughout the song. The song suggests that by "doing the bird", one can overcome their troubles. "The Bird" uses both a drum machine and live drumming by Jellybean Johnson. Guitar takes the background for a funk effect, while keyboards play a dominant role in the song. After the main lyrics, there is an extended instrumental section to allow the band to dance. A "Dance Remix" of the song was released as a 12" single. The B-side to the single was the rocker, "My Drawers".

Reception
John Leland of Spin said the song, "comes close enough to capturing the band's leopard-skin razzle-dazzle to give the overextended Kid a run for his considerable money. The best song from Purple Rain is the best slice of black rock on the market."

Personnel
Credits sourced from Duane Tudahl

 * Morris Day – lead vocals
 * Prince – electric guitar, synthesizers, bass guitar; music box (demo and album versions)
 * Jesse Johnson – electric guitar, backing vocals
 * St. Paul Peterson – synthesizers, backing vocals
 * Mark Cardenas – synthesizers, backing vocals
 * Jellybean Johnson – drums, Linn LM-1, backing vocals
 * Jerome Benton – percussion, backing vocals
 * Jerry Hubbard – backing vocals

In the media

 * Used in the 1984 movie Purple Rain.
 * Sampled on "The Latest Fashion" for the Graffiti Bridge album.

title: The Bird (The Time song)


text:
Talk:Waddle Dee

Uh... Um, why is there a section for an enemy in the Kirby series? It doesn't serve much of a purpose...

 * Other recurring enemies from other video game franchises have their own pages-- for instance, Goombas. I don't see a problem with this one, since there's apparently enough to say about Waddle Dees that this isn't just a stub.  FredMSloniker 20:23, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

Really in all games?
Are Waddle Dees featured in Kirby's Star Stacker? I can't remember. --Grandy02 13:47, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

I'm pretty sure they were in that game, although I can't exactly verify that...--Phantom Kirby 20:39, 20 October 2007 (UTC)
 * You are right, a Waddle Dee is the second player's character in a two-player game. --Grandy02 (talk) 18:53, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Merge to Characters in the Kirby video game series (discussion)
Waddle Dee was listed for deletion: There was no consensus to delete, but a substantial proportion of those commenting on the proposal suggested merging it to a suitable target. As closer of the discussion, I propose that we discuss merging it to Characters in the Kirby video game series. --Tony Sidaway 16:06, 5 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Articles for deletion/Waddle Dee
 * Discussion
 * Merge per WP:N. ShadowUltra 00:29, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Hey!
I'm sorry, but the Anime section is horribly written. Could somebody please rewrite it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.26.162.239 (talk) 18:41, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Waddle Dee


text:
File:Supertramp - Free As a Bird.jpg

Cover for 1987 album Free as a Bird by Supertramp.

Fair use rationale for

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright

title: File:Supertramp - Free As a Bird.jpg


text:
Free as a Bird (album)

Free as a Bird is the ninth studio album by the English rock band Supertramp, released in October 1987, and their last album of new music for A&M Records.

The album was a turn of direction of sorts, with most of the songs stepping back from their progressive rock sound, employing synthesised dance beats and rhythms. Chief songwriter Rick Davies later recalled, "Free as a Bird was an experiment to try and be modern and build it up with computers and drum machines and have people come in one by one, which makes you lose the band spirit a little bit." In the liner notes to the 2005 compilation Retrospectacle, Davies said, "Each time we went in, we would try to give it something a bit different. Free as a Bird was a lot more machine-based than anything we'd done before. That was good and bad, but it had some interesting songs on it."

Overview
Free as a Bird was the first Supertramp album to feature contributions from guitarist/vocalist Mark Hart. He would later become a full-fledged member of the group, as would trumpet player Lee Thornburg.

Despite the fact that "I'm Beggin' You" was a club chart-topping hit and Free as a Bird's title cut was a minor hit, the album did not do well peaking at No. 101, making it the first Supertramp album since 1971's Indelibly Stamped not to crack Billboard's Top 100 on the album charts.

The band disbanded after the tour in support of the album and would not reconvene until 1997. They did so without bassist Dougie Thomson.

A remastered CD version of the album was released on 30 July 2002 on A&M Records. The remastered CD comes with all of the original album artwork, lyrics and credits.

Artwork
Originally, the vinyl album featured four color variants – blue (pictured), green, yellow and pink. The bird in the picture was a cut-out.

The cover depicts a photograph of Georges Braque in his studio, painting a stylized bird. The bird silhouette also appeared on the LP and CD label.

Reception
AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine brief retrospective review dismissed Free as a Bird as "a colorless and tuneless collection of prog rock meandering".

Track listing
All songs written by Rick Davies except where noted.

 * Called in digital platforms and Supertramp's official page as "Where I Stand with you". Always titled "Where I Stand" on any CD, LP or cassette.

Personnel

 * Supertramp
 * Rick Davies – keyboards, vocals, timbales on track 1
 * John Helliwell – saxophone, brass
 * Dougie Thomson – bass
 * Bob Siebenberg – drums, percussion

Additional personnel
 * Mark Hart – keyboards, guitars, vocals
 * Marty Walsh – guitar, background vocals
 * Lee Thornburg – trumpet, brass
 * Nick Lane – brass
 * Scott Page – brass
 * Lon Price – brass
 * David Woodford – brass
 * Steve Reid – percussion
 * Linda Foot – background vocals
 * Lise Miller – background vocals
 * Evan Rogers – background vocals
 * Karyn White – background vocals

Production
 * Rick Davies – producer
 * Tom Lord-Alge – mixing, co-producer on "It's Alright"
 * Supertramp – producer
 * Norman Hall – engineer
 * Bob Loftus – assistant engineer
 * Jeff Lorenzen – assistant engineer
 * Bob Ludwig – original LP mastering
 * Greg Calbi – remastering
 * Jay Messina – remastering
 * Richard Frankel – art direction
 * Richard Frankel – design
 * Raul Vega – photography

2002 A&M reissue The 2002 A&M Records reissue was mastered from the original master tapes by Greg Calbi and Jay Messina at Sterling Sound, New York, 2002. The reissue was supervised by Bill Levenson with art direction by Vartan and design by Mike Diehl, with production coordination by Beth Stempel.

Singles
Charts – Billboard (United States)

Official Charts (United Kingdom)

title: Free as a Bird (album)


text:
Talk:Free as a Bird (album)

Free as a Bird single
Doesn't seem to be any evidence that "Free as a Bird" was a "minor hit." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.69.204.131 (talk) 18:48, 8 October 2014 (UTC)
 * No, but it's a plausible claim, given that the song has appeared on compilations such as Retrospectacle – The Supertramp Anthology.--NukeofEarl (talk) 15:17, 9 October 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Free as a Bird (album)


text: Category:Norfolk, Virginia

title: Category:Norfolk, Virginia


text:
Hundred Islands National Park

The Hundred Islands National Park is the first Philippine national park and a protected area located in Alaminos, Pangasinan. The islands, totaling 124 at low tide and 123 at high tide, are scattered in Lingayen Gulf covering an area of 16.76 km2. Only four of them had been developed for tourism: Marcos Island, Governor Island, Quezon Island, and Children's Island.

Geology

The islands are believed to be about two million years old. There are actually ancient corals that extend well inland, in an area previously comprising the seabed of an ancient sea. The lowering of the sea level have exposed them to the surface. The peculiar "mushroom-like" shapes of some of the islands were caused by the eroding action of ocean waves.

History
The national park was created by Presidential Proclamation No. 667, covering an area of 16.76 km2 and signed by President Manuel L. Quezon on January 18, 1940, for the benefit and enjoyment of the people of the Philippines and known as the Hundred Islands National Park (HINP). The Republic Act No. 3655 signed on June 22, 1962, created the Hundred Islands Conservation and Development Authority (HICDA), for the conservation, development and management of HINP. The park including Lucap Bay was transferred from HICDA to the Philippine Tourism Authority (PTA) by virtue of Section 35 of Presidential Decree No. 564 signed by President Ferdinand Marcos on October 2, 1974.

On April 27, 1982, under Proclamation No. 2183, the national park including Lucap Bay and its foreshore areas, beginning from Sitio Telbang to the east to Sitio Recudo to the west, were declared as a Tourist Zone and Marine Reserve under the control and administration of the PTA. Subsequently, under the Presidential Proclamation No. 2237 enacted on November 6, 1982, the parcels of land reserve for the Marine Fisheries Multi-Purpose Farm (created under Proclamation No. 1282 of June 21, 1974) were withdrawn and were also placed under the control and supervision of the Tourism Authority for development purposes.

The Executive Order No. 436 signed by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on June 21, 2005, transferred the administration, management, maintenance, and operation of the whole Hundred Islands National Park (HINP), including all the activities, facilities, and improvements thereafter, from the Philippine Tourism Authority (PTA) to the city government of Alaminos, Pangasinan in pursuit of Republic Act No. 7160, otherwise known as the Local Government Code of 1991, which encouraged the transfer of power and authority from the national government to local government units, in line with the government's devolution program mandated by the Constitution.

Fauna

The Sagip Lingayen Gulf Project is a study done in 2010, implemented by the Marine Environment and Resources Foundation Inc. and funded by the Dutch government, in response to the lack of resources on the terrestrial wildlife of the islands. The study assessed and created an inventory of the flora and fauna of the islands to help the city government create an environmental monitoring program to protect the island's biodiversity.

The wildlife in this place includes bird such as the Philippine duck, white-eared brown-dove, Philippine hawk-cuckoo, Philippine coucal, Philippine bulbul, elegant tit, lemon-throated leaf-warbler, and the grey-backed tailorbird; fish such as thresher sharks, angelfish, and butterflyfish; and crustaceans such as ghost crabs and hermit crabs.

title: Hundred Islands National Park


text: User talk:70.16.118.200

title: User talk:70.16.118.200


text:
Glen Innes, New Zealand

Glen Innes is a suburb in East Auckland, New Zealand, located nine kilometres to the east of the city centre, close to the waters of the Tamaki River estuary.

Glen Innes was named after a large farm owned by William Innes Taylor in the area. There were four Taylor brothers in Auckland, the sons of a British man who had had a military career in India. Three of the brothers had farms in this area and built houses; William Innes Taylor at Glen Innes, Richard James Taylor at Glendowie and Charles John Taylor at Glen Orchard (now Saint Heliers). Their brother Allan Kerr Taylor had a farm estate in Mount Albert, whose house was called Alberton.

The main streets in Glen Innes are Taniwha Street and Apirana Avenue, which meet in the shopping centre of the suburb. Glen Innes has a train station on the Eastern Line of the Auckland rail network, and is a hub for eastern Auckland isthmus buses (Metrolink).

Glen Innes is a low-income, working class area with around 1,500 state houses. In an effort to improve the quality of state housing in Glen Innes, the government introduced "Talbot Park", an area of higher density housing, consisting of mostly apartment-style housing. The Tāmaki Regeneration Programme will also target 2500 public homes that will transform into 10,500 new private market, affordable and public homes across the area creating new vibrant and mixed-tenure neighbourhoods.

European settlement
The first government sale of land in Tamaki was on 1 February 1842. Allotments were bought for farming by Charles Whybrow Lidgar, John Armitage Buttery, and Patrick Anderson. William Innes Taylor arrived in Auckland in November 1843 made his first purchase of land shortly after. Taylor named the farm the Glen Innes estate. He gradually added to his land holdings and by 1862, Taylor owned around 751 acres. The site Taylor chose for his homestead is now occupied by the Glen Taylor School on West Tamaki Road. Although the homestead is no longer in existence, a Morton Bay fig tree thought to have been planted by Taylor still stands at the entrance of the school. William Innes Taylor died on 7 March 1890. By 1913, 400 acres of the Glen Innes estate had been sold. The land was described as peerless seaside sections.

Demographics
The statistical area of Glen Innes West covers 1.37 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Glen Innes West had a population of 4,413 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 810 people (22.5%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 594 people (15.6%) since the 2006 census. There were 1,212 households, comprising 2,109 males and 2,304 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.92 males per female. The median age was 29.0 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 1,125 people (25.5%) aged under 15 years, 1,149 (26.0%) aged 15 to 29, 1,824 (41.3%) aged 30 to 64, and 315 (7.1%) aged 65 or older.

As of 2013, 39.1% of residents were European/Pākehā, 20.8% were Māori, 40.2% were Pacific peoples, 12.5% were Asian, and 3.6% were other ethnicities. The percentage of people who were born overseas was 33.8, compared with 27.1% nationally. 32.8% had no religion, 49.2% were Christian, 3.1% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.7% were Hindu, 3.5% were Muslim, 2.5% were Buddhist and 1.6% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 645 (19.6%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 624 (19.0%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $25,200, compared with $31,800 nationally. 474 people (14.4%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,494 (45.4%) people were employed full-time, 486 (14.8%) were part-time, and 237 (7.2%) were unemployed.

Education
Tamaki College is a secondary school (years 9-13) with a roll of.

Glen Innes School is a full primary school (years 1-8) with a roll of.

St Pius X Catholic School is a state-integrated full primary school with a roll of.

Sacred Heart College is a state-integrated Catholic boys' school (years 7-13) with a roll of.

Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Pūau Te Moananui-ā-Kiwa is a composite school (years 1-13) with a roll of. It teaches primarily in the Māori language.

All these schools are coeducational. Rolls are as of

Te Ara Rama Matariki Light Trail
Since 2013, the annual Te Ara Rama Matariki Light Trail has been hosted in Glen Innes in celebration of Matariki, the Māori new year. It is an outdoor public lighting festival that runs throughout Maybury Reserve, and typically takes place over nine nights, representing the nine stars of Matariki. On the final night, a large fireworks display takes place.

Redevelopment conflict
There have been protests in Glen Innes over proposals to redevelop existing state-owned housing. Housing New Zealand plans to replace houses on large sections with more "intensive development", including many conversions to privately owned and sold housing with profits going to developers such as property mogul, Murdoch Dryden. This involves removing tenants from properties some have lived in for long periods. There has been a number of reported deaths of elderly tenants from during the relocation process. Many protests have resulted in arrests of demonstrators, including Mana Party MP Hone Harawira on one occasion, as well as a number of reported police brutality cases. Housing New Zealand argues that the development will "make better use of land" and enable the provision of higher quality homes to their tenants, however community members argue it is a gentrification process which is tearing apart their community.

Notable people

 * Dave Dobbyn
 * George Moala

Panmure-Glen Innes industrial area
The area to the southwest of Glen Innes is primarily industrial.

The statistical area called Panmure Glen Innes Industrial covers 2.01 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Panmure Glen Innes Industrial had a population of 321 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 69 people (27.4%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 168 people (109.8%) since the 2006 census. There were 51 households, comprising 192 males and 129 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.49 males per female. The median age was 33.6 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 24 people (7.5%) aged under 15 years, 108 (33.6%) aged 15 to 29, 165 (51.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 21 (6.5%) aged 65 or older.

As of the 2013 census, 35.5% were European/Pākehā, 23.4% were Māori, 21.5% were Pacific peoples, 27.1% were Asian, and 4.7% were other ethnicities. The percentage of people who were born overseas was 44.9%, compared with 27.1% nationally. 31.8% had no religion, 43.9% were Christian, 4.7% had Māori religious beliefs, 6.5% were Hindu, 4.7% were Muslim, 1.9% were Buddhist and 3.7% were other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 57 (19.2%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 33 (11.1%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $26,700, compared with $31,800 nationally. 30 people (10.1%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was; 153 (51.5%) people were employed full-time, 42 (14.1%) were part-time employed, and 21 (7.1%) were unemployed.

title: Glen Innes, New Zealand


text: User talk:203.134.117.80

title: User talk:203.134.117.80


text:
Chrysophyllum cainito

Chrysophyllum cainito is a tropical tree of the family Sapotaceae. It is native to the Isthmus of Panama, where it was domesticated. It has spread to the Greater Antilles and the West Indies and is now grown throughout the tropics, including Southeast Asia. It grows rapidly and reaches 20 meters in height.

Name
The common names cainito and caimito likely come from the Mayan words cab (juice), im (breast), and vitis (sap), via Spanish. Star apple is a common name.

Tree
The leaves are evergreen, alternate, simple oval, entire, 5–15 cm long; the underside shines with a golden color when seen from a distance. The tiny flowers are purplish white and have a sweet fragrant smell. The tree is also hermaphroditic (self-fertile). It produces a strong odor.

Fruit
The fruit is globose and typically measures from 2 to 3 inches in diameter. When ripe, it usually has purple skin with a faint green area appearing around the calyx. A radiating star pattern is visible in the pulp. Greenish-white and yellow-fruited cultivars are sometimes available. The skin is rich in latex, and both it and the rind are not edible. The flattened seeds are light brown and hard. It is a seasonal fruit bearing tree.

The fruits are used as a fresh dessert fruit; it is sweet and often served chilled. The fruit also exists in three colors, dark purple, greenish brown and yellow. The purple fruit has a denser skin and texture while the greenish brown fruit has a thin skin and a more liquid pulp; the yellow variety is less common.

A number of related species, also called star apples, are grown in Africa including Gambeya albida and G. africana.

title: Chrysophyllum cainito


text:
Hard Candy (Counting Crows album)

Hard Candy is the fourth studio album by American rock band Counting Crows, released in the United Kingdom on July 7, 2002, and the following day in the United States.

The album features the hidden track "Big Yellow Taxi", a Joni Mitchell cover. This was one of their biggest radio hits from the album; re-releases were revised to mention the song. Originally the song did not include Vanessa Carlton and the standard version caught the ear of a producer who added it to the movie Two Weeks Notice adding Carlton's voice to the track. This version topped the VH-1 charts and American Top 40 for a while. A new version of the song "Holiday in Spain", recorded as a duet in English and Dutch with Dutch band BLØF, became a number-one hit in the Netherlands.

Reception
Reviews hailed the album as the best release since their debut, with the albums of the mid-1990s being "long, and drawn out", likely due to Duritz's state of mind at that time, one reviewer happily announced that, "Hard Candy is crisp and tight, packed with three- and four-minute shots of radio friendly fare", and that during a time when hard rock is the standard, the band are not afraid of a sound that is in the title track, compared to the Byrds, and with its "Allman-esque" twin guitars, echoes The Band in "If I Could Give All My Love (Richard Manuel Is Dead)". The album has received a score of 69 out of 100 based on "generally favorable reviews" from Metacritic.

However, the cover of "Big Yellow Taxi" was met with searing criticism, with The Village Voice naming it the worst song of the 2000s :"Adam, we don't know if you misunderstood the song's anti-globalization, anti-industrialization, anti-corporation message, or just chose to ignore it so you could get free Frappucinos for life. But we're gonna hip you to a harsh reality. Seriously, you know the line about how they "paved paradise and put up a parking lot?" Like how they replaced something beautiful with something cold and heartless and commercial? That's you. You're the parking lot, motherfucker. You drove your shitty steamroller over something everyone loved so you could pander your sensitive pussyhound whine to people waiting in line at the Carl's Jr. They paved Nirvana and put up a Counting Crow. Argh!" Additionally, NME also included this cover on its list of the worst songs of the 2000s, and Ultimate Classic Rock highlighted this song in its Terrible Classic Rock Covers series.

Track listing
All tracks written by Adam F. Duritz unless otherwise indicated. The song "Big Yellow Taxi" was written by Joni Mitchell, who is credited in the liner notes with the passage "May contain trace amounts of Joni Mitchell"
 * 1) "Hard Candy" (Duritz, Daniel J. Vickrey, Charles Gillingham) – 4:20
 * 2) "American Girls" – 4:32
 * 3) "Good Time" – 4:24
 * 4) "If I Could Give All My Love (Richard Manuel Is Dead)" (Duritz, Vickrey, David Immerglück, Gillingham, Matt Malley) – 3:52
 * 5) "Goodnight L.A." – 4:17
 * 6) "Butterfly in Reverse" (Duritz, Ryan Adams, Gillingham) – 2:48
 * 7) "Miami" (Duritz, Gillingham, Immerglück) – 5:01
 * 8) "New Frontier" – 3:51
 * 9) "Carriage" – 4:04
 * 10) "Black and Blue" – 3:53
 * 11) "Why Should You Come When I Call?" (Duritz, Gillingham) – 4:38
 * 12) "Up All Night (Frankie Miller Goes to Hollywood)" – 5:07
 * 13) "Holiday in Spain" – 3:50
 * 14) "Big Yellow Taxi" (Joni Mitchell) – 3:47 [Original issue hidden track]

 * 2006 revised edition
 * 1) "4 White Stallions" (Jeff Trott, Vickrey, Patrick Winningham) – 4:21
 * 2) "Big Yellow Taxi" (Single Version, featuring Vanessa Carlton) (Mitchell) – 3:47

 * United Kingdom release
 * 1) "4 White Stallions" (Jeff Trott, Vickery, Patrick Winningham) – 4:21
 * 2) "You Ain't Going Nowhere" (Bob Dylan) – 8:43
 * 3) "Big Yellow Taxi" (Joni Mitchell) – 3:47 [Original issue hidden track]

 * United Kingdom 2003 re-release
 * 1) "4 White Stallions" (Jeff Trott, Vickery, Patrick Winningham) – 4:21
 * 2) "You Ain't Going Nowhere" (Bob Dylan) – 3:44
 * 3) "Big Yellow Taxi" (Single Version, featuring Vanessa Carlton) (Mitchell) – 3:47

 * Japanese release
 * 1) "4 White Stallions" (Jeff Trott, Vickrey, Patrick Winningham) – 4:21
 * 2) "You Ain't Going Nowhere" (Bob Dylan) – 3:44
 * 3) "Start Again" (Norman Blake) – 3:34
 * 4) "Big Yellow Taxi" (Mitchell) – 3:47 [Original issue hidden track]

 * Japanese 2003 re-release
 * 1) "4 White Stallions" (Jeff Trott, Vickrey, Patrick Winningham) – 4:21
 * 2) "You Ain't Going Nowhere" (Bob Dylan) – 3:44
 * 3) "Start Again" (Norman Blake) – 3:34
 * 4) "Big Yellow Taxi" (Single Version, featuring Vanessa Carlton) (Mitchell) – 3:47

Personnel

 * Counting Crows
 * Dave Bryson – acoustic guitar, electric guitar
 * Adam Duritz – piano, vocals, horn arrangements, string arrangements, string samples
 * Charlie Gillingham – synthesizer, piano, oboe, Hammond organ, Mellotron, Omnichord, Fender Rhodes, horn arrangements, string arrangements, Wurlitzer, tack piano, vocals
 * David Immerglück – acoustic guitar, bass, mandolin, electric guitar, vocals, slide guitar, electric sitar
 * Matt Malley – bass, vocals, upright bass
 * Ben Mize – drums, percussion, vocals, drum loops
 * Dan Vickrey – acoustic guitar, banjo, electric guitar, vocals

 * Additional musicians
 * Ryan Adams – backing vocalist on "Butterfly In Reverse"
 * Vanessa Carlton - backing vocalist on "Big Yellow Taxi"
 * Sheryl Crow – backing vocalist on "American Girls"
 * Dave Gibbs – backing vocalist on "Hard Candy"
 * Leona Naess – backing vocalist on "Black and Blue"
 * Matthew Sweet – backing vocalist on "Hard Candy"
 * Carole Castillo – viola
 * Jacqueline Brand – violin
 * Mario deLeon – violin
 * Brian Dembow – viola
 * Stephen Erdody – cello
 * Ron Fair – string arrangements
 * Richard Feves – bass
 * Alan Grunfeld – violin
 * Jerry Hey – flugelhorn, horn arrangements, string arrangements
 * Paula Hochhalter – cello
 * Ethan Johns – conga
 * Karen Jones – violin
 * Natalie Leggett – violin
 * Alan Mautner – violin
 * Ed Meares – bass
 * Ralph Morrison – violin
 * Robin Olson – violin
 * Sara Parkins – violin
 * Katia Popov – violin
 * John Scanlon – viola
 * Tina Soule – cello
 * Cecilia Tsan – cello
 * Josephina Vergara – violin

title: Hard Candy (Counting Crows album)


text:
Human Arts Ensemble

The Human Arts Ensemble was a 1970s musical collective operating in St. Louis, Missouri. Members explored free jazz and loosely associated themselves with the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians (AACM) and the Black Artists' Group (BAG) collective. It was formed in 1971 with the idea that performers could perform in the ensemble, without restrictions as to the performer's race. Additionally, public funding had ended for musical associations that were suspected of having connections with radical organizations. It disbanded in 1977.

Human Arts Ensemble co-founder, saxophonist James Marshall, continues to pursue the vision of HAE to this day in Tucson, Arizona. Originally, after its activity in St. Louis, Jim and his then wife (and HAE co-founder) Carol, moved to Oregon to continue the project there in the context of a musician's commune. Unfortunately, neither the marriage (they're still friends) nor the commune lasted. However, when Jim moved to Tucson, Arizona, he continued to pursue his vision of free form and soulful jazz improvisation.

Jim worked closely with another partner from the St. Louis days—Ajule Eneke Rutlin, who died suddenly in 2006. Ajule had been associated with the Black Artists Group, which inspired the foundation of HAE, and was also a founding member of HAE. The Human Arts Ensemble was not only committed to the beauty that can emerge from humans interacting freely and without restriction, but it also consciously, from the beginning, saw its music as a direct, soulful contradiction to a world of hate produced by racism, consumerism, greed, and war. To this day, the new incarnation of HAE that exists in Tucson still maintains that vision. During the 90's Human Arts Ensemble played benefits to raise money for Iraqi civilians suffering under the effect of US/UN sanctions, and HAE members have regularly performed at anti-war protests.

Discography

 * 1972: Whisper of Dharma (Universal Justice)
 * 1973: Poem of Gratitude (Universal Justice)
 * 1973: Under the Sun (Freedom)
 * 1974: Streets Of St. Louis as Charles Bobo Shaw with Human Arts Ensemble (Moers Music)
 * 1978: Live In Trio Performance Vols. 1 & 2 (Circle Records (Germany))
 * 1978: Junk Trap as Charles Bobo Shaw with Human Arts Ensemble (Black Saint)

title: Human Arts Ensemble


text: User:Amillar/Copyrights

title: User:Amillar/Copyrights


text:
Ertar

Ertar is an alternative reality project, created by a group of Czech science fiction fans, led by D.Cap. The theme evolved from work on an officially unrecognized fan magazine named Light Years (Svetelne roky), founded in 1982, that as mainly a means of information on science fiction movies seen abroad. From the year 1985 on regular meetings of the fan magazine readers (READERCON) were organised.

After November 1989 more science fiction films started to be accessible in Czechoslovakia and the fan club turned to a wider spectrum of activities. Though the film fan magazine continued its existence, the club activities were centered on creating a modern Utopian republic known as Ertar situated on a planet Ergea. Special conventions (ERCON) and new-year meetings (KVIDO) take place every year, contributing new facts to the mosaic of this parallel world.

Fan activities ("Ertology") are based on creating reports on a parallel world named Ertar, on the planet Ergea, manufacturing artifacts "brought" from there, and taking an active part in science fiction conventions. Honorary members of the fan club included famous Czech writer and musician Jaroslav Velinský (Kapitán Kid), whose songs were used in the "restoration" of some Ertarian artifacts. In the recent years the importance of the fan magazine Light Years is gaining again. Instead of providing a basic information of unavailable SF movies the magazine provides guiding in the growing pool of SF movies now available.

title: Ertar


text:
Chrysophyllum

Chrysophyllum is a group of trees in the Sapotaceae described as a genus by Linnaeus in 1753.

The genus is native to the tropical Americas, from Mexico to northern Argentina, including the Caribbean. One species, C. oliviforme, extends north to southern Florida.

Description
Chrysophyllum members are usually tropical trees, often growing rapidly to 10–20 m or more in height. The leaves are oval, 3–15 cm long, green above, densely golden pubescent below, from which the genus is named. The flowers are small (3–8 mm), purplish white and have a sweet fragrant smell; they are clustered several together, and are hermaphroditic (self fertile). The fruit is edible; round, usually purple skinned (sometimes greenish-white), often green around the calyx, with a star pattern in the pulp; the flattened seeds are light brown and hard. The fruit skin is chewy like gum, and contrary to some reports, is edible.

Species
Currently accepted species include: • # Chrysophyllum acreanum - Brazil (Acre, Amazonas)

• # Chrysophyllum albipilum - Peru (San Martín)

• # Chrysophyllum amazonicum - Amazon Basin

• # Chrysophyllum arenarium - E Brazil

• # Chrysophyllum argenteum - West Indies, Central America, N South America

• # Chrysophyllum aulacocarpum - Miranda

• # Chrysophyllum bicolor - Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands

• # Chrysophyllum bombycinum - Loreto, Amazonas

• # Chrysophyllum brenesii - Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama

• # Chrysophyllum cainito - Belize, Jamaica, Cayman Is

• # Chrysophyllum colombianum - Central America, NW South America

• # Chrysophyllum contumacense - Peru

• # Chrysophyllum cuneifolium - N South America

• # Chrysophyllum durifructum - Amazonas

• # Chrysophyllum euryphyllum - Colombia

• # Chrysophyllum eximium - Suriname, N. Brazil

• # Chrysophyllum flexuosum - Brazil

• # Chrysophyllum gonocarpum - Brazil, Bolivia, Uruguay, Paraguay, N Argentina

• # Chrysophyllum hirsutum - Panama, Costa Rica

• # Chrysophyllum imperiale - E Brazil

• # Chrysophyllum inornatum - S Brazil

• # Chrysophyllum januariense - Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro

• # Chrysophyllum lanatum - Colombia

• # Chrysophyllum lancisepalum R.Lima – Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo)

• # Chrysophyllum lucentifolium - Panama, Costa Rica, South America

• # Chrysophyllum manabiense - Ecuador

• # Chrysophyllum manaosense - N South America

• # Chrysophyllum marginatum - South America

• # Chrysophyllum mexicanum - Mexico, Central America

• # Chrysophyllum moralesiananum Aguilar, D.Santam. & J.M.Chaves – Costa Rica

• # Chrysophyllum oliviforme L. - Florida, West Indies

• # Chrysophyllum ovale - Peru, Bolivia, Acre

• # Chrysophyllum paranaense - São Paulo, Paraná

• # Chrysophyllum parvulum - Colombia, Venezuela

• # Chrysophyllum pauciflorum - Puerto Rico to Virgin Islands

• # Chrysophyllum pomiferum - tropical South America

• # Chrysophyllum prieurii - Panama, tropical South America

• # Chrysophyllum pubipetalum Sossai & Alves-Araújo – Brazil (Espirito Santo)

• # Chrysophyllum reitzianum – Santa Catarina

• # Chrysophyllum revolutum - Peru

• # Chrysophyllum rufum - E Brazil

• # Chrysophyllum sanguinolentum - tropical South America

• # Chrysophyllum scalare - Peru, Venezuela

• # Chrysophyllum sierpense Aguilar, D.Santam. & J.M.Chaves – Costa Rica

• # Chrysophyllum sparsiflorum - Venezuela, Guyana, Brazil, Bolivia

• # Chrysophyllum splendens - E Brazil

• # Chrysophyllum striatum - Panama

• # Chrysophyllum subspinosum - Bahia

• # Chrysophyllum superbum - Amazonas

• # Chrysophyllum ucuquirana-branca - S Venezuela, N Brazil

• # Chrysophyllum venezuelanense - tropical South America, Central America, Mexico

• # Chrysophyllum viride - Brazil

• # Chrysophyllum wilsonii - Amazonas

 * Formerly included
 * Donella ambrensis Aubrév. (as C. ambrense (Aubrév.) G.E.Schatz & L.Gaut. )
 * Donella analalavensis Aubrév. (as C. analalavense (Aubrév.) G.E.Schatz & L.Gaut. )
 * Donella bangweolensis (R.E.Fr. & Pellegr.) Mackinder (as C. bangweolense R.E.Fr. & Pellegr. )
 * Donella capuronii (G.E.Schatz & L.Gaut.) Mackinder & L.Gaut. (as C. capuronii G.E.Schatz & L.Gaut. )
 * Donella delphinensis Aubrév. (as C. delphinense (Aubrév.) G.E.Schatz & L.Gaut. )
 * Donella fenerivensis Aubrév. (as C. fenerivense (Aubrév.) G.E.Schatz & L.Gaut. )
 * Donella guereliana (Aubrév.) Mackinder (as C guerelianum (Aubrév.) G.E.Schatz & L.Gaut. )
 * Donella masoalensis Aubrév. (as C. masoalense (Aubrév.) G.E.Schatz & L.Gaut. )
 * Donella perrieri Lecomte (as C. perrieri (Lecomte) G.E.Schatz & L.Gaut. )
 * Donella pruniformis (Engl.) Pierre ex Engl. (as C. pruniforme Engl. )
 * Donella viridifolia (J.M.Wood & Franks) Aubrév. & Pellegr. (as C. viridifolium J.M.Wood & Franks )
 * Donella ubangiensis (De Wild.) Aubrév. (as C. ubangiense (De Wild.) Govaerts )
 * Englerophytum longepedicellatum (De Wild.) L.Gaut. (as C. longifolium De Wild. )
 * Englerophytum magalismontanum (Sond.) T.D.Penn. (as C. magalismontanum Sond. )
 * Englerophytum oblanceolatum (S.Moore) T.D.Penn. (as C. tessmannii Engl. & K.Krause )
 * Gambeya africana - (A.DC.) Pierre (as C. africanum A.DC. )
 * Gambeya albida (G.Don) Aubrév. & Pellegr. (as C. albidum G.Don )
 * Gambeya azaguieana (J.Miège) Aubrév. & Pellegr. (as C. azaguieanum J.Miège )
 * Gambeya beguei (Aubrév. & Pellegr.) Aubrév. & Pellegr. (as C. beguei (Aubrév. & Pellegr.) Aubrév. & Pellegr. )
 * Gambeya boiviniana Pierre (as C. boivinianum (Pierre) Baehni )
 * Gambeya boukokoensis Aubrév. & Pellegr. (as C. boukokoense (Aubrév. & Pellegr.) L.Gaut. )
 * Gambeya gigantea (A.Chev.) Aubrév. & Pellegr. (as C. giganteum A.Chev. )
 * Gambeya gorungosana (Engl.) Liben (as C. gorungosanum Engl. )
 * Gambeya lacourtiana (De Wild.) Aubrév. & Pellegr. (as C. lacourtianum De Wild. )
 * Gambeya lungi (De Wild.) Aubrév. & Pellegr. (as C. lungi De Wild. )
 * Gambeya muerensis (Engl.) Liben (as C. muerense Engl. )
 * Gambeya taiensis (Aubrév. & Pellegr.) Aubrév. & Pellegr. (as C. taiense Aubrév. & Pellegr. )
 * Jacquinia arborea Vahl (as C. barbasco Loefl. )
 * Micropholis rugosa (Sw.) Pierre (as C. rugosum Sw. )
 * Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B.Rob. (as C. philippense Perr. )
 * Pouteria alnifolia (Baker) Roberty (as C. alnifolium Baker )
 * Pouteria gardneri (Mart. & Miq.) Baehni (as C. gardneri Mart. & Miq. )
 * Pouteria macrophylla (Lam.) Eyma (as C. macrophyllum Lam. )
 * Pouteria reticulata (Engl.) Eyma (as C. reticulatum Engl. )
 * Pradosia brevipes (Pierre) T.D.Penn. (as C. soboliferum Rizzini )
 * Pradosia lactescens (Vell.) Radlk. (as C. burahem Riedel )

title: Chrysophyllum


text:
Yury Yaremenko

Yury Vasilevich Yaremenko (Юрий Васильевич Ярёменко) (1935 August 8 -1996 September 18) was an outstanding Soviet and Russian economist, member of the Academy of Sciences (from 1994) and Director of the Institute of Economic Forecasting of the Academy. He was especially noted for his work in multisectoral (input-output) economics and for his concept of the multi-level economy, a description of how the planned economy of the Soviet Union actually worked.

Youth and education
He was born in Chita in eastern Siberia, 300 miles east of Lake Baikal and 100 miles north of China. His father worked in a repair shop for railroad cars. This work would have exempted him from military service in World War II, but he chose to enlist and served in a tank crew. After the war, he was stationed in Germany for two years, where he was joined by his wife, ten-year-old Yuri, and a younger sister. After two years, they returned to the Ukraine. From there Yuri was able to enter Moscow State University in 1953. From his first year, he began to study Chinese and the economy of China. After graduation, he was sent in November 1957 to study economics at the People's University in Beijing. He graduated there in 1960 and returned to Moscow at just the moment when relations between China and the Soviet Union dramatically worsened. Despite his exceptional knowledge of Chinese institutions and language, he could find no appropriate work that used them. Nevertheless, during the rest of his life, he followed events in China closely, wrote about them, and taught courses on the economy of China at Moscow State University.

Professional career
After six months as a translator for Intourist, he accepted a job in the newly organized Economic Research Institute (НИЭИ) in Gosplan. the State Planning Commission. There he came to recognize the importance of forecasting and envisioning of the future. In 1973, he and several other members of this Institute moved to the Central Economic-Mathematical Institute (ЦЭМИ) of the Academy of Sciences, where he was a deputy director and head of a laboratory. In 1985, he became a Deputy Director of the newly organized Institute of Economic Forecasting in the Academy of Sciences. Following the death in 1987 of the founding director of this Institute, A. I. Anchishkin, Yaremenko became its director and served in this capacity until his sudden death of a heart attack that began in his office.

In 1987 he was made a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences; and in 1994, a full member. In 1990 -1991, he served on the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. In the 1980s, the Five Year Plans were set in 20-year outlooks on economic, scientific and technical development which were primarily the work of Yaremenko.

His most fundamental contribution to economics was the working out of the theory of the multilevel economy. In this theory, different levels of the economy have access to resources of different quality. There had been various economic theories of socialism. Yaremenko's work, however, was unique in describing theoretically and analytically how it actually worked in the Soviet Union.

Yaremenko was one of the principal economic advisers to Mikhail Gorbachev, last president of the USSR. Yaremenko warned that simply discontinuing central planning and opening the country to foreign trade would lead to collapse of consumer goods sectors which could not compete with imports. Rather, the system of priorities should first be used to transform the economy's structure to something approximating that of market economy. This advice was not heeded, and the consequences were much as he had anticipated. In the 1990s, he was sharply critical of the policies adopted by the Russian government. He was not at all opposed to an orderly transition to a market economy but felt that the “shock therapy” approach was needlessly costly.

Throughout his professional career, he was much concerned with sources of information on the economy. On weekends, he often went to the Lenin library to see what the technical journals had to offer about the economic situation in various industries. In the 1990s, he engaged a sociologist, S. A. Belonovskiï, to interview plant managers around the country. In 1993 and again in 1995, Belonovskiï interviewed Yaremenko. After his death, these interviews were edited by Belonovskiï and G. A. Yaremenko into a book, Economic Conversations, which appeared in 1998. They afford a unique and altogether remarkable commentary on the dramatic events in the Russian economy during the first half of the 1990s.

In October 2015, the year of the 80th anniversary of Yaremenko's birth, the Economic Forecasting Institute of the Academy of Sciences held a three-day conference to honor his memory. The first day was devoted to analysis of the current economic situation; the second, to economic modeling; and the third, to studies on the economy of China. For this occasion, the Institute issued a one-volume collection of Yaremenko's most important works.

title: Yury Yaremenko