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Tarn (river)

The Tarn (Tarn, Tarnis, possibly meaning 'rapid' or 'walled in') is a 380.2 km long river in the administrative region of Occitania in southern France. It is a right tributary of the Garonne.

The Tarn runs in a roughly westerly direction, from its source at an elevation of 1550 m on Mont Lozère in the Cévennes mountains (part of the Massif Central), through the deep gorges and canyons of the Gorges du Tarn that cuts through the Causse du Larzac, to Moissac in Tarn-et-Garonne, where it joins the Garonne, 4 km downstream from the centre of town.

Its basin covers approximately 12000 km2, and it has a mean flow of approximately 140 m3/s.

The Millau Viaduct spans the valley of the Tarn near Millau, and is now one of the area's most popular attractions.

Main tributaries
The tributaries of the Tarn include:
 * Agout (in Saint-Sulpice)
 * Alrance
 * Aveyron (near Montauban)
 * Cernon
 * Dourbie (in Millau)
 * Dourdou de Camarès
 * Jonte (in Le Rozier)
 * Lemboulas
 * Lumensonesque
 * Muze
 * Rance (near Trébas)
 * Tarnon (in Florac)
 * Tescou

The Tarn separates the Narbonne and Aquitaine basins.

Departments and cities
The Tarn passes through the following departments and towns:
 * Lozère: Le Pont-de-Montvert, Sainte-Enimie
 * Aveyron: Millau
 * Tarn: Albi, Gaillac, Lisle-sur-Tarn, Rabastens
 * Haute-Garonne: Villemur-sur-Tarn
 * Tarn-et-Garonne: Montauban, Moissac.

The Millau Viaduct, the tallest bridge in the world, carrying the A75 autoroute across the Tarn Gorge near Millau, opened in December 2004.

The Tarn is famous for its brutal floods, which are the most dangerous in Europe along with the Danube. The floods of March 1930 saw the Tarn rise more than 17 m above its normal level in Montauban in just 24 hours, with a discharge of 7000 m³/s (the average discharge of the Rhine is 2200 m³/s; the average discharge of the Nile during the traditional annual flooding before the building of the Aswan Dam was 8500 m³/s; the average discharge of the Mississippi River is 16,200 m³/s). One third of the Tarn-et-Garonne department was flooded, about 300 people died, thousands of houses were destroyed, the low-lying districts of Montauban were destroyed, and the town of Moissac was almost entirely destroyed.

Navigation
The Tarn was once navigable from its junction with the Garonne to Corbarieu, near Montauban. This stretch of river included seven river locks over a distance of 38 km. The canal was linked to the Canal de Garonne in Moissac by a branch lock upstream of the first river lock, and again, via the Canal de Montech, at Montauban.

The two access points from the Canal de Garonne have both been restored, and boats can again access the immediate reaches of the river at these points. Additionally the first river lock, between Moissac and the Garonne itself, has been flooded by the barrage for the Golfech power station on the Garonne, and is permanently open to boats which can thus reach the Garonne and navigate a short distance of that river.

The remaining six river locks are disused and unnavigable. A proposal exists to restore the five river locks between Moissac and Montauban, thus creating a waterway ring consisting of the Tarn from Moissac to Montauban, the Canal de Montech to Montech and the Canal de Garonne back to Moissac.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tarn (river)


text:
Boris Christoff

Boris Christoff (Борис Кирилов Христов, ; 18 May 1914 – 28 June 1993) was a Bulgarian opera singer, widely considered one of the greatest basses of the 20th century.

Early life
He was born in Plovdiv on 18 May 1914 to parents Kyryl Christov and Rayna Teodorova. Boris Christoff demonstrated early his singing talent and sang as a boy at the choir of the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia. His father had been a very popular cantor at Resen, attracting the faithful to the Bulgarian Exarchist church where he was chanting.

In the late 1930s he graduated in law and started a career as a magistrate. He continued singing in his spare time in the Gusla Chorus in Sofia, achieving an enormous success as the chorus soloist in 1940. Thanks to a government grant, Christoff left in May 1942 for Italy where he was tutored for two years in the core Italian bass repertoire by the great baritone of an earlier generation, Riccardo Stracciari.

Performance career
After several guest appearances and recitals in Austria in 1944 and 1945, Christoff returned to Italy in December 1945. He made his operatic debut as Colline in La bohème at Reggio Calabria on 12 March 1946. In following years Christoff appeared in a number of roles at Milan's La Scala, Venice's La Fenice, the Rome Opera, Covent Garden in London, the opera theatres in Naples, Barcelona, Lisbon, Rio de Janeiro, etc.

In 1950 he was invited to sing at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City but was refused entry into the USA as a result of the McCarran Immigration Act, which banned citizens of Eastern bloc countries from entering the country. The role was instead filled by the young Italian basso, Cesare Siepi. After the restrictions were loosened, Christoff made an operatic debut in the United States in 1956 at the San Francisco Opera. He refused any further invitations to the Metropolitan and never appeared there. After a brief absence from the scene due to brain tumour surgery in 1964, Christoff resumed his career in 1965, though at a much slower pace. In 1967 he was allowed to return to Bulgaria for the first time since 1945, for the funeral of his mother.

In the 1970s Christoff on-stage performances became more infrequent. He brought his career to an end with a final concert at the Accademia di Bulgaria in Rome on 22 June 1986. He died in Rome in 1993 and his body was returned to Bulgaria,  lay in repose in  Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Sofia and later was buried in section 46 of Sofia Central Cemetery.

Voice, repertoire, character
Christoff had an excellent voice with a distinctive dark tone. Although it was not as large as some other bass voices, he had no trouble making an impact in big spaces like the San Francisco Opera. Owing to his stage presence and dramatic temperament, he was a worthy heir to the grand tradition of Slavonic basses exemplified by Fyodor Stravinsky, Lev Sibiriakov, Vladimir Kastorsky, Feodor Chaliapin, Alexander Kipnis and Mark Reizen, among others. He sang mostly in Verdi and the Russian repertoire, and was also a refined performer of vocal chamber music. Among his most famous roles were those of Tsar Boris (Mussorgsky - Boris Godunov), Philip II (Verdi - Don Carlo), Mephistopheles (Gounod - Faust and Boito - Mefistofele), Ivan Susanin (Glinka - A Life for the Tsar), Zaccaria (Verdi - Nabucco), Tsar Ivan (Rimsky-Korsakov - Ivan the Terrible), Dosifei (Mussorgsky - Khovanshchina), Gomez da Silva (Verdi - Ernani), Fiesco (Verdi - Simon Boccanegra), Attila (Verdi - Attila), Padre Guardiano (Verdi - La forza del destino), Galitzky and Kontchak (Borodin - Prince Igor) and others.

Christoff made studio recordings of eight operas (Don Carlo, Boris Godunov and Faust twice each) and numerous live recordings (radio or stage performances). He was much admired as song singer and he recorded more than 200 Russian songs by Mussorgsky (he was the first to record all his 63 songs), Tchaikovsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, Glinka, Borodin, Cui, Balakirev as well as traditional songs, mostly with piano accompaniment. He initiated the tradition of making studio recordings of Boris Godunov with the same basso singing three roles (Boris, Varlaam, Pimen).

While he was a grand performer on stage, Christoff had difficult off-stage relations with fellow singers and producers, which sometimes grew into public scandals. In 1955 he fell out with Maria Callas during the performances of Medea at the Rome Opera and in 1961 his contract with La Scala was terminated after an open conflict with fellow Bulgarian Nicolai Ghiaurov whom Christoff blamed for collaborating with the Bulgarian communist regime. Herbert von Karajan tried to make him sing the title role in Don Giovanni which would have been inappropriate for his range; this prompted him to sever relations with von Karajan.

He was the brother-in-law of the Italian baritone Tito Gobbi.

Recordings
Many recordings are available. The following list contains just a few.

 * His complete songs by Mussorgsky are available, produced by EMI.
 * He recorded the Verdi Requiem 3 times, once under Tullio Serafin in Rome 1959, once with Herbert von Karajan and once with Bruno Bartoletti.
 * Two recordings of Boris Godunov are available with Christoff singing three roles: Boris, Pimen, and Father Varlaam.
 * Two performances in major Wagner roles are available, both sung in Italian: Gurnemanz in Parsifal conducted in Rome 1950 by Vittorio Gui, and Pogner the goldsmith in Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg, conducted (studio) by Lovro von Matačić in Torino 1962.
 * Lugano Recital 1976 [DVD]

Awards

 * Sonning Award (1969; Denmark)

Honors

 * A rocky cliff forming Aytos Point on the coast of Bransfield Strait, eastern Livingston Island, Antarctica is named after him.

title: Boris Christoff


text:
George Gilder

George Franklin Gilder (born November 29, 1939) is an American investor, author, economist, and co-founder of the Discovery Institute. His 1981 book, Wealth and Poverty, advanced a case for supply-side economics and capitalism during the early months of the Reagan administration. He is the chairman of George Gilder Fund Management, LLC.

Early life and education
Gilder was born in New York City and raised in New York and Massachusetts. His father, Richard Watson Gilder II, was killed flying in the United States Army Air Forces in World War II when Gilder was two years old. He is a great-grandson of designer Louis Comfort Tiffany.

He spent most of his childhood with his mother, Anne Spring Denny (Alsop), and his stepfather, Gilder Palmer, on a dairy farm in Tyringham, Massachusetts. Palmer, a college roommate of his father, was deeply involved with his upbringing, as was the family of David Rockefeller, his godfather.

Gilder attended Hamilton School in New York City, Phillips Exeter Academy, and Harvard University, graduating in 1962. He later returned to Harvard as a fellow at the Harvard Institute of Politics, and edited the Ripon Forum, the newspaper of the liberal Republican Ripon Society.

Marine Corps
Gilder served in the United States Marine Corps.

Speechwriting
In the 1960s Gilder served as a speechwriter for several prominent officials and candidates, including Nelson Rockefeller, George W. Romney, and Richard Nixon. He worked as a spokesman for the liberal Republican Senator Charles Mathias, as anti-war protesters surrounded the capital; some eventually scared Gilder out of his apartment. Gilder moved to Harvard Square the following year, and he became a writer who modeled himself after Joan Didion.

With his college roommate, Bruce Chapman, he wrote an attack on the anti-intellectual policies of the 1964 Republican presidential candidate Barry Goldwater, The Party That Lost Its Head (1966). He later recanted this attack: "The far Right — the same men I dismissed as extremists in my youth — turned out to know far more than I did. At least the 'right-wing extremists', as I confidently called them, were right on almost every major policy issue from welfare to Vietnam to Keynesian economics and defense — while I, in my Neo-Conservative sophistication, was nearly always wrong."

Supply-side economics
Supply-side economics was formulated in the mid-1970s by Jude Wanniski and Robert L. Bartley at The Wall Street Journal as a counterweight to the reigning "demand-side" Keynesian economics. At the center of the concept was the Laffer curve, the idea that high tax rates reduce government revenue.

Gilder wrote a book extending the ideas of his Visible Man (1978) into the realm of economics, to balance his theory of poverty with a theory of wealth. The book, published as the best-selling Wealth and Poverty in 1981, communicated the ideas of supply-side economics to a wide audience in the United States and the world.

Gilder also contributed to the development of supply-side economics when he served as Chairman of the Lehrman Institute's Economic Roundtable, as Program Director for the Manhattan Institute, and as a frequent contributor to Laffer's economic reports and the editorial page of The Wall Street Journal.

Technology
In the 1990s, he became an evangelist of technology and the Internet. He discussed emerging trends in several books and his newsletter, the Gilder Technology Report.

The first mention of the word "Digerati" on USENET occurred in 1992 and referred to an article by Gilder in Upside magazine. His other books include Life After Television, a 1990 book that predicted microchip "telecomputers" connected by fiberoptic cable would make broadcast-model television obsolete. The book was also notable for being published by the Federal Express company and featuring full-page advertisements for that company on every fifth page.

Gilder wrote the books Microcosm, about Carver Mead and the CMOS microchip revolution; Telecosm, about the promise of fiber optics; and The Silicon Eye, about the Foveon X3 sensor, a digital camera imager chip. The book cover of the Silicon Eye reads, "How a Silicon Valley Company Aims to Make All Current Computers, Cameras, and Cell Phones Obsolete." The Foveon sensor has not achieved this goal and has not yet been used in cell phones.

Gilder is an investor in private companies and serves as the chairman of the advisory board in Israel-based ASOCS that he discovered during his research for Israel Test.

On women and feminism
In the early 1970s, Gilder wrote an article in the Ripon Forum defending President Richard Nixon's veto of a day-care bill sponsored by Senator Walter Mondale (D-Minnesota) and Senator Jacob Javits (R-New York). He was fired as editor as a result. To defend himself, he appeared on Firing Line.

Gilder moved to New Orleans and worked in the mornings for Ben Toledano, Republican candidate for the United States Senate in 1972 and the party's nominee for mayor of New Orleans in 1970. He also wrote Sexual Suicide (1973), which was revised and reissued as Men and Marriage (1986). The book achieved a succès de scandale and Time made Gilder "Male Chauvinist Pig of the Year."

Support for immigration
Gilder has praised mass immigration as an economic boon in both the US and Israel. Although Gilder's support for mass immigration is framed by high tech hubs such as Silicon Valley's need for computer programmers, he sees recent American immigration policy as being vital to American prosperity overall.

The American Spectator
Gilder bought the conservative political monthly magazine The American Spectator from its founder, Emmett Tyrrell, in the summer of 2000, switching the magazine's focus from politics to technology.

Experiencing his own financial problems in 2002, Gilder sold the Spectator back to Tyrrell.

Speaking engagements and editorial contributions
Gilder lectures internationally on economics, technology, education, and social theory. He has addressed audiences from Washington, D.C., to the Vatican, and he has appeared at conferences, public policy events, and media outlets.

Wealth and Poverty
After completing Visible Man in the late 1970s, Gilder began writing "The Pursuit of Poverty." In early 1981, Basic Books published the result as Wealth and Poverty. It was an analysis of the roots of economic growth. Reviewing it within a month of the inauguration of the Reagan Administration, The New York Times reviewer called it "A Guide to Capitalism". It offered, he wrote, "a creed for capitalism worthy of intelligent people." The book was a New York Times bestseller, and eventually sold over a million copies.

In Wealth and Poverty, Gilder extended the sociological and anthropological analysis of his early books in which he had advocated for the socialization of men into service to women through work and marriage. He wove these sociological themes into the economic policy prescriptions of supply-side economics. In his eyes the breakup of the nuclear family and the policies of demand-side economics led to poverty, while family and supply-side policies led to wealth.

In reviewing the problems of the immediate past—the inflation, recession, and urban problems of the 1970s—and proposing his supply-side solutions, Gilder argued not just the practical but the moral superiority of supply-side capitalism over the alternatives. "Capitalism begins with giving," he asserted, while New Deal liberalism created moral hazard. It was work, family, and faith that created wealth out of poverty. "It is this supply-side moral vision that underlies all the economic arguments of Wealth and Poverty," he wrote.

In 1994, Gilder wrote that the poor in America are "ruined by the overflow of American prosperity" and "moral decay" and that they are in need of "Christian teaching from the churches."

Intelligent design
In 1991 Gilder cofounded the Discovery Institute with Bruce Chapman. The organization started as a moderate group that aimed to privatize and modernize Seattle's transit systems. It later became the leading thinktank of the intelligent design movement, with Gilder writing many articles for intelligent design and against the theory of evolution.

Books

 * The Party That Lost Its Head Alfred A. Knopf; 1st edition (1966). With Bruce Chapman.
 * Sexual Suicide (1973)
 * Naked Nomads: Unmarried Men in America (1974)
 * Visible Man: A True Story of Post-Racist America (1978)
 * Wealth and Poverty (1981)
 * Men and Marriage (1986)
 * The Spirit of Enterprise (1986)
 * Microcosm: The Quantum Revolution In Economics And Technology (1989)
 * Life After Television (1990)
 * Recapturing the Spirit of Enterprise (1992)
 * The Meaning of the Microcosm (1997)
 * Telecosm: The World After Bandwidth Abundance (2000)
 * The Silicon Eye: How a Silicon Valley Company Aims to Make All Current Computers, Cameras, and Cell Phones Obsolete (2005)
 * The Silicon Eye: Microchip Swashbucklers and the Future of High-Tech Innovation (2006)
 * The Israel Test (2009)
 * Wealth and Poverty: A New Edition for the 21st Century (2012)
 * Knowledge and Power: The Information Theory of Capitalism and How it is Revolutionizing our World (2013)
 * The Scandal of Money (2016)
 * Life after Google: The Fall of Big Data and the Rise of the Blockchain Economy (2018)
 * Gaming AI: Why AI Can't Think but Can Transform Jobs (2020)
 *  Life after Capitalism: The Meaning of Wealth, the Future of the Economy, and the Time Theory of Money  (2023)

Interviews

 * Audio interview with Larry Magid at IT Conversations

title: George Gilder


text:
Talk:Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks

Wanting to make edits
Hi, everyone. So hopefully there is someone a lot smarter than me who can help me make edits to this page. I transcribe records for the National Archives online and came across a very racially insensitive resolution that was passed by several Elks Lodges in 1942. This isnt to harm the Elks but to show what it was like living in American during WWII and the crazy beliefs that people held against the Japanese in the Pacific States. Highlighting this thinking is important and since the subject is very sensitive I didnt want to make my first entry a butcher job. The document is located here (https://catalog.archives.gov/id/48453422/30/public?contributionType=transcription). The document and related pages are in [R3.03] Public File (Part 2 of 3) pages 28-33. They are records for Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, Evacuee Property Department. If you read the records, you'll see what I mean and why I think its an important piece of history that should be documented. CharlieeFoxtrot (talk) 23:59, 20 July 2022 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Degenerative disc disease

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): AhsanSaeedd.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 19:14, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Headline text
--70.119.181.100 23:42, 27 October 2005 (UTC)The content of this page is copied verbatim from. Do we have the copyrightholder's permission to use it under the GFDL? Thue | talk 11:22, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC) Billy's Notes Added; {10-27-2005}

1] I have been diagnosed w/ this disease about 5 years ago. It really isn't a disease though. 2} DDD causes Osteophytes, i.e. bone spurs. These spurs poke themselves into muscles, nerves, & tissues. 3}

Image
Where does the image come from? Please email me your answer. See my User page for email. -- Fyslee 22:44, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

Page Title and URL reference
Degenerative disc disease is commonly spelled Degenerative disk disease. Because DISK is spelled DISC in this article both references should be used. Bdelisle 18:11, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

 * In the medical world "disc" is by far the most common spelling for an intervertebral disc:
 * Degenerative disc disease - 396,000 hits

 * Degenerative disk disease - 65,700 hits
 * -- Fyslee 18:47, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

alternative treatements
should there not be something about alternative treatements such as proliferant injection? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Noserider (talk • contribs) 14:26, 28 June 2011 (UTC)

Section notes on "Possible Causes of DDD"
The content of the article's concluding section, "Possible Causes of DDD," is little more than gibberish. If the content is, in fact, pertinent to a discussion of the possible causes of DDD, an explanation of the relationship between the facts presented and the development of DDD should be elucidated. As it is, the entire section is so muddled that the legitimacy of the rest of the article is seriously impugned. The section, "Possible Causes of DDD," should be either clarified or simply removed. QueenoftheWags (talk) 00:07, 11 January 2013 (UTC)

Imaging findings often clinically irrelevant
This article would be a scary read for someone who just was told there was DDD seen on their imaging reports. It has been known for some time that DDD seen on imaging is most commonly not clinically relevant and this idea should receive significant mention in this article. Here is a recent review:  Quote: "Imaging findings of spine degeneration are present in high proportions of asymptomatic individuals, increasing with age. Many imaging-based degenerative features are likely part of normal aging and unassociated with pain. These imaging findings must be interpreted in the context of the patient’s clinical condition." 2001:56A:75B7:9B00:1CD2:C8F4:CB20:61F3 (talk) 18:48, 23 May 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Degenerative disc disease. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090108203824/http://www.biotechnews.com.au/index.php/id;140193681 to http://www.biotechnews.com.au/index.php/id;140193681

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Orphaned references in Degenerative disc disease
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Degenerative disc disease's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "ReferenceA": From Mesoblast: http://investorsmedia.mesoblast.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=187006&p=irol-irhome From Preventive healthcare:  From Menopause:  From Failed back syndrome:  From Epidural administration:  From History of medicine: Galen, On the Natural Faculties, Books I, II, and III, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard, 2000 From Disaster medicine: Ramirez, M. National Strategies for Medical Contingency Planning seminar, September, 2007 From Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug:

From Errol Flynn: Glancy, H. Mark. "Warner Bros film grosses, 1921–51", Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television (March 1995).

From Emergency medicine:

From Palliative care:

From Allergy: NICE Diagnosis and assessment of food allergy in children and young people in primary care and community settings, 2011

From Spinal disc herniation: Anjankar SD, Poornima S, Raju S, Jaleel M, Bhiladvala D, Hasan Q. Degenerated intervertebral disc prolapse and its association of collagen I alpha 1 Spl gene polymorphism: A preliminary case control study of Indian population. Indian J Orthop 2015;49:589-94

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 16:17, 31 August 2020 (UTC)

Pseudoscience recommended as treatment
"Treatment may include chiropractic to reduce pain". Is this vandalism? 31.20.106.40 (talk) 11:50, 3 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Degenerative disc disease


text:
Talk:Singapore Airlines

Fires
There were some fires on Singapore Airlines flights. This is one of them.

https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20171129-0 |59.167.59.32 (talk) 22:15, 27 September 2021 (UTC)

 * Doesnt appear to be particularly relevant to Singapore Airlines. MilborneOne (talk) 12:01, 28 September 2021 (UTC)

 * But it is relevant. Plane catching fire and getting destroyed.59.167.59.32 (talk) 00:10, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 13:53, 17 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Singapore Airlines Cargo Plane.webp

Ownership
majority share of air india rests with tata sons and therefore air india cannot be considered a subsidiary of Singapore airlines and it is simply a stakeholder in the company 117.202.93.158 (talk) 06:15, 27 September 2023 (UTC)

"Big Top"/"Mega Top"
Not sure if it's more relevant here or at the fleet article, but could there be a mention of the affectionate (and downright badass) "Big Top" and "Mega Top" names given to the 747 a few decades ago? Mac Dreamstate (talk) 20:55, 29 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Singapore Airlines


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Casa Bonita

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. - Mailer Diablo 11:57, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Casa Bonita
This page is utterly uninteresting, and it is unlikely that any useful content can be added to it.

 * Keep. Casa Bonita is Cartman's favorite place in the whole of Colorado. Scott Gall 09:22, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Needs cleanup though. james_anatidae 07:26, Jan 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. How can you judge it is utterly uninteresting? This article may grow and it is still useful if you look for that information... Azhyd 20:06, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Needs cleanup and possibly splitting into separate articles on the real restaurant and the South park episode. AlistairMcMillan 19:53, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Good article and important. User:NewGuy4
 * Delete A chain of two restaurants is not notable, even if one them is used in South Park.(Full-disclosure, I used to work at the Tulsa store.) Dsmdgold 15:06, Mar 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: This was apparently never listed on vfd, so I'm putting it on today's page. —Korath (Talk) 00:30, Apr 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Invalid nomination. "Utterly uninteresting" is not a valid deletion criterion. Keep.--Centauri 01:44, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, under the bar of notability, advert/promo. Megan1967 03:31, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, notable, could use expanding though.Howabout1 03:33, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, fast food large dine-in restaurants chains are encyclopedic. bbx 08:58, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment, the Casa Bonita retaurants are not fast food, the are large dine -in restaurants. Dsmdgold 11:31, Apr 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Notability is questionable, but at the very least, Delete the South Park part and merge it into Eric Cartman. --Kitch 14:54, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I can't believe that place still exists.-- Decumanus 17:35, 2005 Apr 2 (UTC)
 * Keep, it has some notability as a kitch landmark, and a fair number of people who have never been anywhere near the place have heard of it. Combined with references in a popular tv show, that sqeaks in with enough notability for me. -- Infrogmation 17:39, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep kitch landmarks, and restaurants featured in South Park. Kappa 20:28, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, just avoid the food...I've heard horror stories from my friends about the day after eating there. humblefool® 22:14, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge per WP:FICT. Radiant_* 11:57, Apr 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * It's not fictitious, though. —Korath (Talk) 12:11, Apr 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * It isn't? I thought it was a restaurant from the South Park series. Radiant_* 10:49, Apr 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * It is a real restaurant that is refered to in the South Park series. -- Infrogmation 18:04, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, under the bar of notability. Martg76 14:00, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Johannes Clauberg

Johannes Clauberg (24 February 1622 – 31 January 1665) was a German theologian and philosopher. Clauberg was the founding Rector of the first University of Duisburg, where he taught from 1655 to 1665. He is known as a "scholastic cartesian".

Biography
He was born in Solingen, and educated in the Aristotelian tradition in Köln, Moers and Bremen, then in Groningen, where he discovered what came to be called the reformed variation of Aristotelianism. He gave his first disputations in Groningen under the supervision of Tobias Andreae. His first treatise in metaphysics was written in those student years: Elementa philosophiae sive Ontosophia (1647). Travelling in France and England, he came to study the Cartesian philosophy under Johannes de Raey at Leiden. In 1649, he became professor of philosophy and theology at Herborn, but subsequently (1651), in consequence of the jealousy of his colleagues, accepted an invitation to a similar post at Duisburg.

Clauberg was one of the earliest teachers of the new doctrines in Germany and an exact and methodical commentator on his masters writings. His theory of the connection between the soul and the body is in some respects analogous to that of Malebranche; but he is not therefore to be regarded as a true forerunner of Occasionalism, as he uses Occasion for the stimulus which directly produces a mental phenomenon, without postulating the intervention of God. His view of the relation of God to his creatures is held to foreshadow the pantheism of Spinoza. All creatures exist only through the continuous creative energy of the Divine Being, and are no more independent of his will than are our thoughts independent of us, or rather less, for there are thoughts which force themselves upon us whether we will or not.

Metaphysics, in Clauberg's conception, studies not the being (ens), but the intelligible, as in the most general object of the intellect (ens cogitabile). The most high concept is not being, but the object in general as known to the intellect. For metaphysics Clauberg suggested the names ontosophy or ontology, the latter being afterwards adopted by Wolff. In the prolegomena to his Elementa philosophiae sive Ontosophiae (1647), Clauberg says:

Since the science which is about God calls itself Theosophy or Theology, it would seem fitting to call Ontosophy or Ontology that science which does not deal with this and that being, as distinct from the others owing to its special name or properties, but with being in general.

Étienne Gilson writes:

This text may be held, in the present state of historical knowledge, for the birth certificate of ontology as a science conceived after the pattern of theology, yet radically distinct from it, since being qua being is held there as indifferent to all its conceivable determinations. 'There is, Clauberg says, a certain science which envisages being inasmuch as it is being, that is, inasmuch as it is understood to have a certain common nature or degree of being, a degree which is to be found in both corporeal and incorporeal beings, in God and in creatures, in each and every singular being according to its own mode.' Leibniz will later praise Clauberg for such an undertaking, but he will regret that it had not been a more successful one. The very word "ontology" occurs at least once in an undated fragment of Leibniz, and one can expect accidentally to meet it later in various places, but it is not until 1729 that it finally comes into its own with the Ontologia of Christian Wolff."

Clauberg died in Duisburg, and lies buried in the city's cathedral.

Works
A collected edition of his philosophical works was published at Amsterdam (1691), with life by H. C. Hennin; see also E. Zeller, Geschichte der deutschen Philosophie seit Leibnitz (1873).

 * Disputatio theologica practica de conscientia, Groningen, 1646.
 * [prop.], Tobias Andreae [praes.], Tessarakas thesium philosophicarum de logicae ab aliis disciplinis quibuscum vulgo confundi assolet distinctione (Groningen, 1646), 4 p.
 * Elementa philosophiae seu Ontosophia. Scientia prima, de iis quae Deo creaturisque suo modo communiter attribuuntur, distincta partibus quatuor, quarum I. Prolegomena, quibus ostenditur ratio huius scientiae perficiendae; II. Didactica, ipse nim. Ontosophia seu scientia prima et catholica methodo didascalicae inclusa brevissime; III. De usu illius scientiae in caeteris facultatibus ac scientiis omnibus; IV. Diacritica de differentia huius scientiae ab aliis disciplinis et imprimis theologia et logica quibuscum vulgo confundi solet. Pro mensura gratiae divinae impraesentiarum adspiranis elaborata, et ad elicienda Doctorum de his conatibus vel continuandis vel corrigendis iudiciis, iuris publici facta (Groningen, 1647).
 * Defensio cartesiana adversus Iacobum Revium ... et Cyriacum Lentulum pars prior exoterica, in qua Renati Cartesii dissertatio de Methodo vindicatur, simul illustria Cartesianae logicae et philosophiae specimina exhibentur (Amsterdam, 1652).
 * Logica vetus et nova, quadripartita, modum inveniendae ac tradendae veritatis in Genesi simul et analysi facile methodo exhibens (Editio princeps, Amsterdam, 1654; Editio secunda, Amsterdam, 1658; Editio tertia, Sulzbach, 1685); Specimen logicae Cartesianae seu modus philosophandi ubi ... in quibusdam novae introductionis in philosophiam aulicam veritas paucis expenditur. Studio Pauli Michaelis Rhegenii (Leipzig, 1689).
 * Initiatio philosophi, sive dubitatio Cartesiana, ad metaphysicam certitudinem viam aperiens (Leiden, 1655).
 * De Cognitione Dei et nostri, quatenus naturali rationis lumine, secundum veram philosophiam, potest comparari, exercitationes centum (Duisburg, 1656).
 * Redenkonst, Het menschelyk verstandt in de dingen te beghrijpen, oordelen, en onthouden, stierende Johan Klauberghens. Vertaalt uit het Latyn (Amsterdam, 1657).
 * Paraphrasis in R. Descartes Meditationes de prima Philosophia (Duisburg, 1658).
 * Ontosophia nova, quae vulgo Metaphysica, Theologiae, Iurisprudentiae et Philologiae, praesertim Germanicae studiosis accomodata. Accessit Logica contracta, et quae ex ea demonstratur Orthographia Germanica (Duisburg, 1660); Metaphysica de ente, quae rectius Ontosophia... Editio tertia (Amsterdam, 1664); Ontosophia, quae vulgo metaphysica vocatur, notis perpetuis in philosophiae et theologiae studiosorum usum illustrata, a Joh. Henrico Suicero. In calce annexa est Claubergii logica contracta (Tiguri, 1694).
 * Ars Etymologica Teutonum e Philosophiae fontibus derivata, id est, via Germanicarum vocum et origines et praestantiam detegendi ; cum plurium tum harum Vernunft, Suchen, Außspruch exemplis atque exinde enatis regulis praemonstrata (Duisburg, 1663).
 * Physica, quibus rerum corporearum vis et natura... explicantur (Amsterdam, 1664); Dictata physica privata, id est physica contracta seu theses physicae, commentario perpetuo explicatae (Frankfurt, 1681; Leipzig, 1689).
 * [praes.], Chilias thesium ad philosophiam naturalem pertinentium... disputanda in Academia Duisburgensi (Groningen, 1668).
 * Differentia inter Cartesianum et alias in Scholis usitatam Philosophiam (Groningen, 1680).
 * Opera omnia philosophica, ed. Johannes Theodor Schalbruch, 2 vol. (Amsterdam, 1691); reprint Hildesheim, Georg Olms, 1968.

title: Johannes Clauberg


text:
RIAS

RIAS or Rias may refer to:
 * Recording Industry Association Singapore
 * Regulatory Impact Analysis Statement, a description of the impact of new Canadian federal regulations
 * Remote Infrared Audible Signage
 * Research Institute for Advanced Studies, the former research facility created by the Glenn L. Martin Company
 * Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales, an intelligence test
 * Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland, a professional body
 * Rundfunk im amerikanischen Sektor (Broadcasting in the American Sector), a radio and television station in West Berlin, Germany
 * RIAS Symphonie-Orchester, now called the Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin, is a broadcast orchestra based in Berlin
 * RIAS Kammerchor, a choir founded as a radio choir and based in Berlin
 * Rias Gremory, a fictional character in the High School DxD franchise
 * Rias Line, a railway line in Japan

title: RIAS


text:
Cooking apple

A cooking apple or culinary apple is an apple that is used primarily for cooking, as opposed to a dessert apple, which is eaten raw. Cooking apples are generally larger, and can be tarter than dessert varieties. Some varieties have a firm flesh that does not break down much when cooked. Culinary varieties with a high acid content produce froth when cooked, which is desirable for some recipes. Britain grows a large range of apples specifically for cooking. Worldwide, dual-purpose varieties (for both cooking and eating raw) are more widely grown.

Apples can be cooked down into sauce, apple butter, or fruit preserves. They can be baked in an oven and served with custard, and made into pies or apple crumble. In the UK roast pork is commonly served with cold apple sauce made from boiled and mashed apples.

A baked apple is baked in an oven until it has become soft. The core is usually removed and the resulting cavity stuffed with fruits, brown sugar, raisins, or cinnamon, and sometimes a liquor such as brandy. An apple dumpling adds a pastry crust.

John Claudius Loudon wrote in 1842:

"Properties of a good apple — Apples for table are characterised by a firm pulp, elevated, poignant flavour, regular form, and beautiful colouring; those for kitchen use by the property of falling as it is technically termed, or forming in general a pulpy mass of equal consistency when baked or boiled, and by a large size. Some sorts of apples have the property of falling when green, as the Keswick, Carlisle, Hawthornden, and other codlins; and some only after being ripe, as the russet tribes. Those with this property when green are particularly valuable for affording sauces to geese early in the season, and for succeeding the gooseberry in tarts."

History
Popular cooking apples in US, in the late 19th century:

tart varieties: Duchess of Oldenburg, Fallawater, Gravenstein, Horse, Keswick Codlin, Red Astrachan, Rhode Island Greening,  Tetofsky. sweet varieties: Golden Sweet, Maverack Sweet, Peach Pound Sweet, Tolman Sweet and Willis Sweet. Popular cooking apples in the early 20th century´s England: Alfriston, Beauty of Kent, Bismark, Bramley, Cox Pomona, Dumelow, Ecklinville, Emneth Early, Golden Noble, Grenadier, Lord Grosvenor, Lord Derby, Newton Wonder, Stirling Castle,  Warners King.

Cooking apple cultivars
D = Dual purpose ( table + cooking). Cooking result P = Puree K = Keeps Shape

 * Alfriston P
 * Allington K
 * Annie Elizabeth K
 * Antonovka P
 * Arthur Turner P
 * Baldwin
 * Ballyfatten
 * Bancroft
 * Baron Ward
 * Beacon
 * Beauty of Kent P
 * Belle de Boskoop K
 * Bismarck apple P
 * Black Amish – also consumed as an eating apple
 * Black Twig D
 * Blenheim Orange P - K
 * Bloody Ploughman
 * Bountiful
 * Braeburn K
 * Bramley P
 * Crab apple (primarily for jelly)
 * Burr Knot P
 * Byflett Seedling P
 * Byford Wonder K
 * Calville Blanc d'hiver K
 * Calville Rouge d´automne K
 * Calville Rouge d´hiver P
 * Campanino
 * Carlisle Codlin P
 * Carolina Red June
 * Carter's Blue
 * Catshead P
 * Cellini P
 * Charles Ross K
 * Chelmsford Wonder P
 * Cockle Pippin P
 * Colloggett Pippin P - K
 * 'Cortland' D
 * Coul Blush
 * Cox Pomona P - K
 * Custard
 * Danziger Kantapfel K
 * Duchess of Oldenburg
 * Dudley Winter
 * Dumelow's Seedling P
 * Edward VII P
 * Emneth Early
 * Esopus Spitzenburg D
 * Fallawater
 * Flower of Kent
 * Galloway K
 * Gennet Moyle
 * George Neal
 * Glockenapfel
 * Ginger Gold
 * Golden Noble
 * Golden Pippi
 * Golden Reinette P - K
 * Golden Sweet
 * Gragg
 * Gravenstein
 * Granny Smith – also consumed as an eating apple
 * Greenup´s Pippin P
 * Grenadier
 * Hambledon Deux Ans P - K
 * Harrison Cider Apple
 * Hawthornden P
 * Howgate Wonder K
 * Irish Peach
 * Isaac Newton
 * James Grieve – also consumed as an eating apple
 * Jonathan – also consumed as an eating apple
 * Jumbo
 * Keswick Codlin P
 * King of the Pippins K D
 * Landsberger Reinette
 * Lane's Prince Albert P
 * Lodi
 * Lord Derby P
 * Lowell
 * Maiden Blush
 * Malinda
 * McIntosh – also consumed as an eating apple
 * My Jewel
 * Newell-Kimzey (aka Airlie Red Flesh)
 * Newton Wonder P
 * Nickajack
 * Norfolk Biffin K
 * Northern greening
 * Northern Spy
 * Oldenburg
 * Paulared D
 * Peasgood's Nonsuch P - K
 * Pink Lady – also consumed as an eating apple
 * Pinova
 * Porter's
 * Pott's Seedling
 * Pumpkin Sweet apple
 * Queen P
 * Red Astrachan
 * Red Prince
 * Reverend W. Wilks P
 * Rhode Island Greening
 * Rome Beauty
 * Sandow
 * Scotch Bridget
 * Scotch Dumpling
 * Schoolmaster P
 * Stirling Castle P
 * Smokehouse
 * Snow apple (aka Fameuse)
 * Spartan
 * Stayman
 * Stirling Castle P
 * Surprise K
 * Tetofsky
 * Tickled Pink
 * Tolman Sweet
 * Tom Putt
 * Topaz
 * Transparante de Croncels K
 * Twenty Ounce K
 * Wagener
 * Warner's King P
 * Wealthy D
 * White Melrose
 * White Transparent
 * Winesap K D
 * Wolf River K
 * York Imperial D

title: Cooking apple


text: User talk:Vanished user 9854142

title: User talk:Vanished user 9854142


text:
User talk:Saiful~enwiki

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

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title: User talk:Saiful~enwiki


text:
User talk:Foonly

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

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 * For help, see Where to ask a question.
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Five pillars, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * You can contribute in many ways: write a great article, fight vandalism, upload pictures, perform maintainance tasks, contribute to existing projects...

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop us a note at New user log.

-- utcursch | talk

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Foonly


text:
Galla

Galla may refer to:

Given name

 * Galla (wife of Julius Constantius), member of the Constantinian dynasty
 * Galla (wife of Theodosius I) (370s–394), empress of the Roman Empire
 * Galla (wife of Eucherius) (c.380-420s)
 * Galla Placidia (392–450), daughter of Theodosius I
 * Galla of Rome (died 550), 6th-century saint

Indian surname

 * Aruna Kumari Galla (born 1949), minister of Andhra Pradesh Government
 * Ramachandra Naidu Galla (born 1938), founder of Amaraja Group
 * Galla Jayadev (born 1966), an Indian-American politician and industrialist in India

Other uses

 * Ryszard Galla, Polish politician
 * Galla Gaulo, the fifth traditional Doge of Venice (755–756)
 * Galla tinctoria, the commercial nutgall produced by the gall oak (Quercus lusitanica)
 * Galla Township, Pope County, Arkansas
 * Gallu, a Mesopotamian demon
 * Another name for P'tcha, a traditional Ashkenazi Jewish food
 * A historically offensive name for the Oromo ethnic group in Ethiopia
 * Oromo, the language of this people
 * Gallaland, the lands occupied by this people in southern Ethiopia, particularly in a historical context

title: Galla


text:
Talk:Christmas around the world

errr..

Surely Spain should be mentioned?

 * hi, obviously no Spanish people have felt like contributing yet. If you want to add something to wikipedia, there are some tips on this page: Welcome, newcomers Saintswithin 08:39, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Father Christmas in Germany
A knock on the door heralds Father Christmas's arrival; someone dressed in a red suit and white beard enters with     a sack and a stick, supposedly for punishing the children if they have been bad. He asks how well-behaved the children have been, and they have to say a poem or sing a song. For families who lack a suitable figure, or to confuse suspicious children, Father Christmases can be hired to come to homes and play the part.

 * Sorry but in the southern parts of germany or other german speaking countries that's not true (6. December not 24th) if someone with a decent English skill could correct it.
 * So does the same thing happen as above, but just on the 6th of December? And what happens on Dec 24th ín the south? Saintswithin 08:13, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Christ in Hinduism
According to the article "the Hindus view Christ as a holyman and pay reverence." I know a few Hindus, and not a single one of them views Christ as a holy man, nor do they pay reverence to him. So I personally am a bit skeptical about this part of the article. Does anyone know whether this is true? Aecis 16:39, 19 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Pretty much anything said about Hinduism is bound to be wrong in some cases, since it's a pretty broad label and a lot of very different beliefs can still fall under the same heading. Still, I think you're probably right on this point. --Carl 14:09, 20 May 2005 (UTC)

Many of hindu religious bodies accept Christ as a holyman. For example Ramakrishna math celebrates christmas as one of the main festivals. Paramahamsa Yogananda went to US wearing cross and holding bible. Christmas is a national holiday and festival celebrated with full pomp at the Rashrapati Bhavan (The president's house). But let me add that hindus do not consider the christ as "the only son of God", but as one of many saints revered by hindus. Since many schools are run by the christian missionaries, the christmas is celebrated in big way in such schools. Let me also add that "The infant Jesus Church" in Bangalore and "Velankanni church" in Tamilnadu (Dedicated to mother Mary) have large following amonst hindus. Carl observations are true, but his conclusion about Aecis perception is not entirely correct. Also note that there is a strong belief that Jesus spent his days studying Vedanta in India during "Unknow years of Christ". The documents related to that in Tibet were even studied by Swami Abedhananda of Ramakrishna mission. Even Acharya Rajaneesh Osho agreed with this idea. Whatever may be the truth about it, the belief shows that Christ is regarded as 'ours own' by many hindus (but they dont accept the Church) Ramashray 14:15, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Christmas around the world


text:
Charles W. Morgan (naval officer)

Commodore Charles W. Morgan (c. 1790 – January 5, 1853) was an officer in the United States Navy during the War of 1812.

Biography
Born in Virginia, Morgan served during the War of 1812 as a lieutenant on USS Constitution during her battle with HMS Guerriere (1806) and also served aboard USS Franklin (1815).

He was promoted to captain in 1831 and commanded 74-gun ship of the line USS North Carolina (1820). He also served as the commodore of the Mediterranean Squadron.

Morgan died in Washington, D.C., in 1853. He was survived by his wife, Julia.

He should not be confused with Charles Waln Morgan (1796–1861), the original owner of the whaling ship Charles W. Morgan, which is preserved by Mystic Seaport in Stonington, Connecticut.

Dates of rank

 * Midshipman - 1 January 1808
 * Lieutenant - 3 March 1813
 * Master Commandant - 15 April 1820
 * Captain - 21 February 1831

title: Charles W. Morgan (naval officer)


text: File:Kiwidraw.jpg

title: File:Kiwidraw.jpg


text:
Eckhardt

Eckhardt is a surname and less commonly a given name. Notable people with the name include:

Surname

 * Danielle Eckhardt (born 1982), American painter
 * Edris Eckhardt (1905–1998), American ceramic and glass artist
 * Elizabeth Eckhardt May (1899-1996), American home economist
 * Franz Eckhardt (born 1927), Austrian bobsledder
 * Fred Eckhardt (1926–2015), American brewer and writer
 * Fritz Eckhardt (1907-1995), Austrian actor, director, and writer
 * Gisela Eckhardt (born 1926), German physicist and co-developer of the Raman laser
 * Jeffrey Edward Eckhardt (born 1965), English footballer
 * Gregory Eckhardt (born 1989), American soccer player
 * Jacob Eckhardt (1835–1881), American Republican member of the Wisconsin State Assembly
 * Johann Georg von Eckhart (1664–1730), German historian and linguist
 * Johann-Heinrich Eckhardt (1896–1945), German general in the Wehrmacht during World War II
 * Johnny Eckhardt (1911–1991), American freak show performer
 * Julius Eckhardt Raht (1826–1879), German engineer and businessman, pioneer of the mining and smelting of copper in Eastern Tennessee
 * Kai Eckhardt (born 1961), German composer and bassist
 * Kate Eckhardt (born 1997), Australian slalom canoeist
 * Linda West Eckhardt (born 1939), American culinary writer
 * Maik Eckhardt (born 1970), German sport shooter
 * Neele Eckhardt (born 1992), German triple jumper
 * Ox Eckhardt (1901–1951), American baseball player
 * Oliver Eckhardt (1873-1952), American actor
 * Paul-Luis Eckhardt (born 2000), German football midfielder
 * Peter Ralph Eckhardt (born 1960), Australian slalom canoeist
 * Robert C. Eckhardt (1913–2001), Texas congressman
 * Sean Eckhardt (born 1970), American former figure skater, retired boxer, and reality television personality
 * Sophie-Carmen Eckhardt-Gramatté (1899–1974), Russian-born Canadian composer and virtuoso pianist and violinist
 * Todd Eckhart, former member of the American eight-piece ska/soul band The Pietasters
 * Walter Eckhardt (1906–1994), German politician of the All-German Bloc/League of Expellees and Deprived of Rights (GB/BHE) and later CSU
 * William Eckhardt (lawyer), American lawyer and formerly military officer
 * William Eckhardt (trader) (born 1955), American commodities and futures trader and fund manager

Given name

 * Meister Eckhart (1260–1328), German theologian, philosopher, and mystic
 * Eckhardt Schultz (born 1964), West German rower
 * Eckhardt Tielscher (born 1942), German volleyball player

Fictional characters

 * Lt. Max Eckhardt, in the 1989 American superhero film Batman, directed by Tim Burton
 * Thomas Eckhardt, in the television series Twin Peaks

title: Eckhardt


text:
A75 autoroute

The A75 is an autoroute (motorway) in France.

Known also as la Méridienne, it is a developmental project with the aim of speeding up and reducing the cost of car travel from Paris southwards, and apart from the Millau Viaduct, it is entirely free for the 335 km between Clermont-Ferrand and Béziers. It was due for completion in spring 2011, but was fully open in December 2010.

South of St. Flour there are excellent views of the Garabit viaduct.

A large portion of the A75 is also part of the European route E11.

Engineering achievements

The building of a motorway across the Massif Central is, in itself, a formidable achievement. Much of the motorway runs at an altitude in excess of 800 m with 50 km in excess of 1,000 m.

The single most impressive feature is undoubtedly the Millau Viaduct, which carries the road over the Tarn. It was constructed under a government contract with the Eiffage group, effective for 75 years. Eiffage collects tolls at agreed rates making this the only tolled part of the A75.

Other impressive features include: Viaducts and bridges Passes
 * Viaduc de la Violette, 560 m long, between junctions 21 & 22
 * Pont sur la Truyère, 311 m long, between junctions 30 and 31
 * Viaduc du Piou, 414 m long, between junctions 38 and 39
 * Viaduc du Ricoulong, 342 m long, between junctions 38 and 39
 * Viaduc de la Planchette, 221 m long, between junctions 38 and 39
 * Viaduc de Verrières, 710 m long, between junctions 44 and 44.1
 * Viaduc de la Garrigue, 340 m long, between junctions 44.1 and 42
 * Viaduc de Millau, 2,500 m long, between junctions 45 and 46
 * 990|m}} between junctions 24 and 25
 * Col de la Fageole, 1,107 m, between junctions 26 and 27
 * Col des Issartets, 1,121 m, the highest point on the A75, between junctions 36 and 37
 * Col de la Fagette, 882 m, between junctions 40 and 41
 * Col d'Engayresque, 888 m, between junctions 44 and 44.1

Tunnels
 * Tunnel de Montjezieu, 616 m, long at an altitude of 650 m, between junctions 39.1 and 40
 * Tunnel de Pas d'Escalette, 725 m southbound, 830 m northbound, between junctions 50 and 51
 * Tunnel de la Vierge, 474 m, between junctions 52 and 53

The route

 * † The section between junctions 59 and 61 (the Pézenas by-pass) was not technically motorway and was still designated as the N9, despite the depiction on most maps. Work to upgrade the section to full motorway status was carried out between September 2013 and June 2014.

In May 2007, construction started on the final section of the A75, a connection from Pézenas to the A9 autoroute a kilometre or so east of the previous Béziers east intersection 35. The route to the south of the present D609 Pézenas-Béziers road bypassing Valros opened in February 2009. Further sections opened in spring 2010. The final section, a gap between Valros and Servian, was completed in December 2010. According to Serge Cuculière, construction operations manager, the delay was due to difficulties encountered on the section ("Les difficultés recontrées sur la section exigent un temps de réalisation plus important").

title: A75 autoroute


text:
E-class submarine

Two classes of submarine are known as the E class:

 * The British E-class submarine of 58 submarines of the Royal Navy, built between 1912 and 1916 that served in World War I
 * The United States E-class submarine of 2 submarines of the United States Navy

Classe E

title: E-class submarine


text:
Category:Proton vehicles

This category lists vehicles produced by Proton.

title: Category:Proton vehicles


text:
Dylan Cash

Dylan Joseph Cash (born November 30, 1994) is a former American child actor, known for his role as Michael Corinthos on ABC's daytime drama General Hospital.

Career
He began the role on General Hospital on a recurring basis in March 2002, but was put on contract in April 2005 following increased storyline. He was released from his contract in April 2008, as show executives wanted to explore recasting and ultimately aging the character. As a result, Cash's Michael suffered a gunshot wound to the head and fell into a "permanent" coma. Cash last aired on May 16, 2008, as Michael was checked into a facility for his state. Dylan returned to General Hospital on December 29, 2008 for one episode, when his TV parents Sonny and Carly Corinthos visited Michael at the hospital on his birthday. He also appeared in the 2004 hit Fat Albert. He was in Sabrina the Teenage Witch as Billy.

Filmography

 * The Cat That Looked at a King (2004) (V) as Boy
 * Fat Albert (2004) as Emmitt
 * The Polar Express (2004) (voice) as Boy on Train
 * Malcolm in the Middle
 * Judging Amy
 * Bad Santa (2003) (uncredited) as Kid on Bike
 * Apple Valley Knights (2002) ('TV Series) as Wyatt
 * General Hospital (2002–08) (TV Series) as Michael Morgan Corinthos III (March 2002–May 2008; December 2008)
 * All You Need (2001) (as Dylan Joseph Cash) as Dylan Rempley
 * Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles (2008) as Bryon Dawson
 * Opposite Day (2009) as Chaz

title: Dylan Cash


text:
Talk:Globalism

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Burgesspfc.

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History
With regards to "globalism", it would be constructive perhaps to know and recall some of the history. I think as a precursor to it was the rediscovery of the new world in 1492 by Christopher Columbus. This led to and proved the roundness of the planet to the establishment at large. Then in around 1870 ish Sir Sanford Fleming invented the Standard Time Zones which have greatly coordinated human activity. This then in a sense remained somewhat hypothetical itself until perhaps April 1,1960 when some of the first satellite images supported and confirmed the existence of the planetary sphere. Now the idea of "noosphere" has entered the lexicon which while somewhat interesting is somewhat speculative to and perhaps self referencing. Globalism itself to might be somewhat of a transcendant and self referencing notion. But Globalism and perhaps its degrees are in itself then nothing new but just perhaps a rose by another name. To imply an ideology and doctrine to it is perhaps giving it something which should be a matter of a more democracatic nature, within say the auspices of the United Nations. Perhaps the idea of "Democratic Globalism" is warranted or pertinent to the discussion and a necessary distinction that must be made. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.53.15.18 (talk) 14:15, 2 February 2005 (UTC)

POV
This page takes a very slanted view and fails to point out the positives of globalism. I don't know enough on the subject, but I know an unbalanced article when I see one. "Apotheosis" in the first sentence shows immediate bias. Nelson Ricardo 11:45, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

It's true the article focus a lot on the colonialism or unilateralism, where it could deal with multilateralism. Maybe I am mistaken, but the article could also deal with community-base relations, as the Internet itself is a globalist system (many-to-many relations), globalism is not only about country-to-country relations. Fafner 12:28, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Perhaps should just redirect to "Globalization", since "Globalism" is simply the "pro-" or at least, inevitablist, side of globalization. Stirling Newberry 22:05, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Almost the entire article consists of discussion about the meaning and use of the term itself. However, the only thing listed under "Definitions" is a quote from a more than questionable source. I looked into the source document and tried to read the relevant part of it and... wow, what can I say other than a genuine warning to you: just don't. (If had was going to die and the only way to stay alive was reading the rest of that book, I would kill myself. Twice.)

What made me smile anyway was how hard this reference fails in a different way though. The source is literally a book in which the writer first mentions that he is going to redefine a word, and then asserts the new definition without any explanation.

The source for the quote that supposedly defines globalism is a book by James Paul (see reference 3, link to PDF, remember that you've been warned!) which has a section at the beginning called "Defining Globalism, Nationalism and Tribalism". This starts at on page 20, where the author writes:

′What I intend to do here is use old words rather than neologisms, but to define a few key concepts in relation to each other as part of an interconnected method of understanding. Each new definition will appear to ‘standalone’, as much as it is possible for the meaning of any concept to standalone. Beyond that, a deeper understanding of the revisited old terms does depend upon understanding how they fit into the weaving of the overall theoretical approach. From this it should be possible to work out the definitions of the thousand other concepts that have been left implicitly rather than rigorously defined.′

One of these 'key concepts' is globalism, and the author then conveniently provides us with his 'new definition' on page 24:

"The associated concept of ‘globalism’, at least in its more specific use,is defined as the dominant ideology and subjectivity associated with different historically-dominant formations of global extension.″

(Just in case you're wondering, the part right before this quote doesn't mention the word globalism once.

I think this whole article should be removed since it adds no real information and the given definitions are incoherent, poorly sourced and not very useful to actually clarify anything. There are also multiple things on the page that look biased. We can try to find decent source for definitions of globalism and add the information to the page about Globalization.

Dennisoosterwaal —Preceding undated comment added 07:47, 2 July 2016 (UTC)

Original Article here:

Globalism is the apotheosis of the British doctrine of Free Trade. Under globalism, the concept of national sovereignty with respect to economic policy is effectively banned, and this ban is enforced by international agencies such as the World Trade Organization and the International Monetary Fund. Proponents of globalism argue that it is necessary to eliminate protectionism because it is an impediment to greater economic efficiencies, which may be realized through the unrestricted movement of capital. Opponents of globalism hold that it is simply a disguised form of colonialism, and that rather than seeking to improve the economic performance of most of the world, it is designed to retard and stifle it, to maintain the Third World, in particular, as a vast reserve of cheap labor and cheap raw materials. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Stirling Newberry (talk • contribs) 22:09, 1 January 2005 (UTC)

Globalism and war
A provocative new book was recently released, which sheds some light on the relationship between Globalism and the doctrine of preventive war, as practiced by the U.S. in Iraq. Entitled The Pentagon's New Map: War and Peace in the Twenty-First Century, it was written by Thomas P.M. Barnett, who is the top strategist in the Office of Force Transformation (OFT), under Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld. Barnett, who is otherwise on the faculty of the U.S. Naval War College, promotes a new geopolitical doctrine, which is said to be hegemonic theory among Pentagon war planners.

Barnett argues that globalization is here to stay, and that the mission of the United States is to be the guarantors of the globalization system of free trade, which he equates with "democracy." There are two kinds of countries in Barnett's geopolitical framework: "Core" countries that are integrated into the globalization system, and "Gap" countries that are still outside the system. The "Gap" states are the hotbeds of terrorism, drug trafficking, crime, corruption and every other form of evil on the planet. Barnett argued, in a March 2003 essay in Esquire magazine, that summarized a power-point briefing that, he claims, he has given 125 times in recent years to military, banking, business and government leaders, that a preventive war against Saddam Hussein is both justifiable and necessary, not because of Saddam's supposed WMD or terror links, but because such an action by the United States would "...mark a historical tipping point--the moment when Washington takes real ownership of strategic security in the age of globalization." — Preceding unsigned comment added by Stirling Newberry (talk • contribs) 22:09, 1 January 2005 (UTC)

Anti-globalization and antisemitism
There is an article on Wikipedia called anti-globalization and antisemitism. It argues that several antisemites have made an association between globalism and classical conspiracy theories about a secretive Jewish cabal. The current article should maybe explore these surrounding issues that characterize much of contemporary hostility towards globalism. ADM (talk) 02:31, 1 August 2009 (UTC)

 * It's 2018 (nine years later) and the word "globalist" is synonymous with "Jew" within the Alt-Right and White Nationalist groups. I think the association between the word "globalist" and "Jew" is a defined reality at this point, and Article should reflect this fact.2605:6000:6947:AB00:403D:E24D:E465:4A0 (talk) 11:16, 28 October 2018 (UTC)

Evidence for this argument has not been provided, and the idea that there is any "defined reality" is a type of argument meant to eliminate rebuttals. Reality is constructed through argument and is not merely one's political observation. Globalism is a politically problematic argument that began on the left, and arguably with many Jewish proponents. And now that movement has spread to many identiy groups, but their use of the term does not erode their claim. There are perhaps tens of millions of "anti-globalists" across the US and Europe now, so there is a significant and legitimate worldwide movement against political global identity and neoliberalism as an ideology and against globalized markets as exploitations of local economies. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.162.148.126 (talk) 00:20, 10 March 2019 (UTC)

It appears whoever is editing this section is using this term to project a political bias. They are refusing edits which suggests their motivations are highly political. They are misusing and abusing the term anti-Semitism for what appears to be nefarious political reasons. They are projecting "emotions" rather than adequately looking at the use of the word with a non-biased filter. None of the sources used come reflect conservative thought on this which clearly shows their bias. Ben Shapiro and Stephan Richter are both critical of the Trump administration, but neither makes the obnoxious and fallacious leap to accuse it of anti-Semitism by using this term. The sources provided are simply parroting a political narrative from the left that is used as cudgel against Conservatives in general and Trump in particular without bothering to explore how Conservatives use this term. Using this free encyclopedia in this manner and misapplying anti-Semitic intent on Conservative Free Trade ideology by someone who appears to have political malice is despicable. Rufus377 (talk) 06:24, 8 April 2019 (UTC)

 * Not as despicable as trying to force in unsourced content first using an IP address and then with this account. Doug Weller  talk 08:06, 8 April 2019 (UTC)
 * https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/may/06/nigel-farage-under-fire-alleged-antisemitic-tropes-far-right-us-talkshow-alex-jones "In the six identified interviews, which date from 2009 to last year, Farage, whose Brexit party is leading polls for the upcoming European elections, repeatedly uses words and phrases such as “globalists” and “new world order”, which regularly feature in antisemitic ideas." The mainstream press states that the term is antisemitic. 194.207.86.26 (talk) 22:20, 6 May 2019 (UTC)

Pejorative uses
https://qz.com/1433675/how-trump-defines-globalist-and-nationalist/

https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/03/the-origins-of-the-globalist-slur/555479/

https://forward.com/scribe/412627/yes-ranting-against-globalism-is-anti-semitic/

https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium-how-did-the-term-globalist-became-an-anti-semitic-slur-blame-bannon-1.5895925 Kaihsu (talk) 11:45, 4 August 2019 (UTC)

Avner Falk
Regarding this edit:

I removed this for several reasons. For one, the relevant chapter by Avner Falk cites this specific Wikipedia article several times, making it a clear WP:CIRC issue. This, alone, is a good reason to reject this source. The ref tag mistakenly indicated this book was published in 1995 and listed the wrong page numbers, but it was published in 2008.

Second, based on the included text and the search-terms embedded in the google book link (which I cleaned up here) it appears this was being used to introduce info about The Globalist Manifesto, which Falk claims was the "foundation of globalism ideology". This is such a bold, confusing claim to introduce with no background or context that seems far more confusing than helpful. This manifesto was published via a subgroup of the Asian Institute of Management in 1995, so this is especially odd, since the article already includes a rather lengthy explanation of globalism's rise starting decades before this obscure manifesto was published.

Lacking context and better sources, I do not think this should be restored. Grayfell (talk) 23:45, 29 August 2019 (UTC)

Added content nd sources on Arguments against globalism
I added "Rethinking Multiculturalism: Cultural Diversity and Political Theory" Bhikhu C. Parekh as a source to expand the section, which was previously poorly edited. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.147.11.76 (talk) 11:48, 10 November 2019 (UTC)

Arguments sections need removal or a rewrite
The references in the "against" section do not substantiate the claim of opposition to "globalism" (whatever that might mean) coming from "the left within the context of the 1990s" and the linked WP article chiefly describes left-wing opposition to a particular, neoliberal model of global integration. This is why it's called the "alter-globalization" movement. The right-wing, contemporary usage of the term is verifiable.

More importantly, the rest of the section is dedicated to criticism of the term's usage, from critics describing it as a far-right conspiracy theory and anti-Semitic slur. That's not opposition to "globalism"; it's opposition to calling things "globalism" -- which is notably different.

In the "in favor" section, the World Economic Forum reference makes no mention of how "proponents of globalism believe in global citizenship" and The Nation simply describes "many citizens of the world" in the sense of various different citizens living in different parts of the world -- a concept that could just as easily have come from any hardline nationalist. I don't know whether the assertion of support for "global citizenship" is correct, in regard to the term's meaning (if indeed it means anything at all), but it's certainly not supported by the references given. fi (talk) 14:36, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

"Globalists worldview" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Globalists worldview and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 April 25 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. QueenofBithynia (talk) 20:40, 25 April 2022 (UTC)

Anti semitism
I'm aware that some of the critics of globalism especially on the internet are far right people who make a connection between globalism and jews. But I remember my teacher also teaching us about the negative sides of globalism and he definitely was not far right or an anti semite. An online friend was also saying it was bad for workers rights and that I had no idea how bad it was and he wasn't these things either and was a person of color/ from India. I came here to learn about what globalism means but this wikipedia article is really misleading. I find a subpart about the article informing that there are far right conspiracies about it appropriate but it should definitely not insult anyone who is a critic of globalism in the first paragraph like this. The anti semitsm and far right claim does not belong in the basic definition part of the term which is the first paragraph. 2003:CD:5F3D:5300:D82D:5FF:FE6F:5561 (talk) 10:36, 8 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Globalism


text:
Jan Marijnissen

Johannes Guillaume Christianus Andreas "Jan" Marijnissen (born 8 October 1952) is a retired Dutch politician of the Socialist Party (SP).

Marijnissen, a welder by occupation, was selected as Leader of the Socialist Party after the death of Daan Monjé on 1 October 1986 and became Chairman of the Socialist Party on 20 May 1988. For the election of 1994 Marijnissen was the Lijsttrekker (top candidate) and won two seats in the House of Representatives, the first time the Socialist Party won representation in the States General of the Netherlands. Marijnissen was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives on 17 May 1994 and became the Parliamentary leader of the Socialist Party in the House of Representatives. For the elections of 1998 and 2002 Marijnissen again as Lijsttrekker won three and four seats respectively. For the election of 2006 Marijnissen for the fifth time as Lijsttrekker won sixteen seats and the Socialist Party became the third-largest party in the House of Representatives. On 20 June 2008 Marijnissen announced his retirement as Leader of the Socialist Party and Parliamentary leader of the Socialist Party in the House of Representatives citing health reasons. Marijnissen remained a Member of the House of Representatives until after the 2010 general election. Marijnissen stood down as Chairman of the Socialist Party on 28 November 2015.

He is the father of Lilian Marijnissen, a former Leader of the Socialist Party.

Early life
Johannes Guillaume Christianus Andreas Marijnissen was born on 8 October 1952 in Oss in the Dutch Province of North Brabant in a Roman Catholic family. After leaving secondary school shortly before the exams, he worked in a number of factories in and around Oss. He then trained as a welder, working for ten years in the metal industry.

Local politics
Meanwhile, he helped founding the SP in Oss and, in 1975, became the Netherlands' youngest councillor ever. He remained a councillor until 1993, playing a leading role in many campaigns, such as against polluting discharges. The SP's council representation in Oss has grown at every local election and is, as of 2005, the biggest stronghold of the Socialist Party in the Netherlands. Nicknamed "The Wizard of Oss", after his hometown, he became famous when he turned out to be one of the main architects of the Dutch vote that rejected the European Constitution in June 2005.

In 1987 Marijnissen became the party's first ever provincial assembly member, in North Brabant. A year later he became the SP's national president. Under his leadership the party was transformed from "a federation of local branches" into a party with a clear national programme, nationally-organised activities and a national profile.

National politics
Beginning in 1994, when the SP made the breakthrough which brought it into the House of Representatives, Marijnissen was chairman of the party's parliamentary group. After gaining two out of the 150 parliamentary seats during this first breakthrough, support for him and his party rose slowly but continuously. After four years in parliament, his Socialist Party went under his lead from two to five seats during the national elections of 1998, which was followed by a growth towards nine seats in 2002.

In 2003, after the 87-day term of Balkenende I, the Socialist Party didn't manage to gain more seats than the year before and stayed at the same level with again 9 out of 150 seats. Although there was a slight rise in number of people who voted for the SP compared to a year before, a few weeks before the elections the polls suggested the SP might double.

After the 2004 elections a conflict arose between Jan Marijnissen and Ali Lazrak, when the latter refused to conform to an agreement that required all SP politicians to donate part of their wages. Lazrak accused Marijnissen of dictatorial behavior; an attempt to settle the argument failed and Lazrak left the fraction on 2 February 2004.

In February 2006 the party was polled on 9.5% of the electorate in the municipal elections. After the untimely end of Balkenende II and the minority government of Balkenende III, the SP won 16 more seats in the 2006 elections to a total of 25, becoming the third party of the Netherlands. Soon after, the party membership passed 50,000.

In 2006 a majority of members of parliament voted for his idea to build a National Historic Museum in the Netherlands. In 2007 the Minister of Culture decided the city Arnhem would be its residence.

On 17 June 2008 Marijnissen announced his resignation as chairman of the SP group in the House of Representatives because of health reasons. However, he remains a member of the House of Representatives and chairman of the Socialist Party.

Marijnissen was said to appeal to the 'common man' because of his use of simple language. His appeal is also explained by some observers by his capacity of presenting himself as a valid, more social alternative to the PvdA, which moved into a more centrist third way direction by advocating welfare reforms under the leadership of Prime Minister Wim Kok and his so-called Purple Cabinets (1994–2002).

Critics of Marijnissen call his leadership style authoritarian, because he is presumed to have a tight grip on his party.

title: Jan Marijnissen


text:
Talk:Herd

Do not move to wiktionary
Do not move to wiktionary, a herd or flock has an extremely important role to play in animal behaviour and can be analysed as such, it is more than a word. Dunc|☺ 11:46, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I agree with Duncharris. Also, kudos to Pgreenfinch! S/he did a superb job of reorganizing the Herd page from an "almost a wiktionary sort of entry" to a solid foundation for a true wikipedia page on the term "herd." Good on you.

Glad I could help and thanks for your kind appreciation --Pgreenfinch 13:03, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

A 'flock' of geese?
In the caption to the first picture, it says 'a flock of geese'. However, isn't the plural noun for geese a 'gaggle'? I am changing it, but would appreciate feedback, rather than starting an edit war. D aniel (☎) 15:22, 18 February 2006 (UTC)
 * What I learned somewhere is that a flock of geese in the air can be called a "skein", and a flock on the ground or in the water can be called a "gaggle". Thus your change is correct.  However, I agree with the people who say that most such collective nouns are fanciful and there's no real need to go beyond "herd", "flock", "pack", "school" or "shoal", "colony", "swarm", and maybe "covey" and "troop" and "pod" and "pride".  So I wouldn't have changed "flock of geese", but I'm not going to change "gaggle of geese" either.  —JerryFriedman 18:00, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

Would this be an appropriate location for a listing of herd terms? I don't see such a list on WikiPedia, or Wiktionary. Steve8394 (talk) 07:06, 20 November 2014 (UTC)

This is my first contribution so forgive me if I am mis-posting this. I came here looking for terms like pod, pride, school, gaggle, etc as they relate to groups of various animals. Therefore I think this would be a very appropriate place for such a list as is mentioned by Steve8394. That's all.TMFK626 (talk) 04:03, 22 October 2015 (UTC)-

Three (or more?) Wikipedia articles on herding?
I just added herd behavior and herding instinct to the See also section, as they are both clearly related Wikipedia articles. In my view, we need to shrink these three articles (those two plus this one on just plain herd) into no more than two articles. There is already a discussion going on at Talk:Herd behavior on the possibilty of a merge. I weighed in on that issue over there. However, since I only recently became aware of this WP article herd, it looks like we should be looking at all three when considering how to clean up the group of them. Input from others would be helpful. How ought we organize the entire group? N2e 04:15, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

 * After reading the three articles you mention, I see how thorny the question is. It seems to me that the difficulty comes mostly in trying to sort out human herding from herding among animals in general. So, what if herd behavior and herding instinct were joined as one article under "Human herding", since that's what those articles are mostly about anyway? This way you could leave the herd article as is, since it's mostly about animal herding.
 * Rgfolsom 14:56, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Seems a good idea to have a specific Human herding article which would reunite most of the texts in herd behavior and herding instinct. --Pgreenfinch 22:14, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

It seems there is now a consensus on how these three articles ought to shake out: one article on human herding, and one (this one) on just plain herd] over in the [[Talk:Herd behavior page.  N2e 01:46, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Why do animals herd? section, expert attention requested
The statement "It is generally believed that the most important protective factor is risk dilution" is unsourced and to me it doesn't make sense. A hungry cheetah is going to eat just an many antelope in a herd as scattered individuals. In fact, probably more because the antelope are gathered together in a buffet instead of hiding. I found a more reasonable explanation at but this isn't a reliable source. This isn't my area of expertise, which is why I'm trying to find the answer here, and it would be appreciated if someone who knows this subject could fix the section.RDBury (talk) 15:03, 29 July 2013 (UTC)

 * I had the same thought. In a herd the probability of being caught by a predator during a confrontation with a predator is lower but the number of confrontations is higher by exactly the inverse factor, unless of course there are secondary effects such as the herd coordinating defense or predators getting confused by, for example, the movement of a large number of striped zebras or darting fish. So I'm removing that sentence. 89.99.122.33 (talk) 20:11, 16 April 2014 (UTC)

Conversely, I think it would enhance the article to distinguish "herds" from "groups of animals that do not exhibit herding behavior". On streams & in swamps, turtles may congregate on sunny logs or rocks, but they certainly don't behave as a herd, so the distinction seems relevant. Steve8394 (talk) 07:11, 20 November 2014 (UTC)

Photo - 'Boy Herding Sheep'
I might be a city boy, but those look like goats to me. LorenzoB (talk) 05:12, 4 August 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Herd


text:
Pisgat Ze'ev

Pisgat Ze'ev (פסגת זאב, lit. Ze'ev's Peak) is an Israeli settlement in East Jerusalem and the largest residential neighborhood in Jerusalem with a population of over 50,000. Pisgat Ze'ev was established by Israel as one of the city's five Ring Neighborhoods on land effectively annexed after the 1967 Six-Day War.

The international community considers Israeli settlements in East Jerusalem illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this.

Pisgat Ze'ev is situated east of Shuafat and Beit Hanina, west of Hizma, south of Neve Yaakov, and north of 'Anata and the Shuafat refugee camp. The Israeli West Bank barrier includes Pisgat Ze'ev in the northern section of Jerusalem while excluding Shuafat refugee camp from the city by running in an S-shape here.

Antiquity
Archeological evidence shows that in the biblical period, the site encompassed small agricultural villages along routes north from Jerusalem to Nablus and the Galilee. The villages made use of varied water-catchment strategies and served the needs of Israelite Jerusalem, including as a major producer of wine and oil for use in the Temple in Jerusalem. Three ritual baths from the Second Temple period have been excavated in Pisgat Ze'ev.

The Byzantine period saw the villages' primary use shift from agriculture to service religious functions, such as churches and monasteries. A large monastery from the period was located at the site's highest point, Ras at-Tawill. The monastery was likely active from the end of the 5th century to the close of the 8th century, and included a mosaic-floored chapel above a burial cave, as well as an oil press and a cloth bag of 200 coins. An oven and pots from the Iron Age were also found nearby.

An archaeological site known as Deir Ghazali (the Deer Monastery) was also excavated in eastern Pisgat Ze’ev.

Overlooking the neighborhood is Tell el-Ful, believed to be the capital of the Tribe of Judah and site of the Israelite King Saul's palace. King Hussein of Jordan began constructing a palace there in the mid-1960s.

Modern era
In the 1930s, plots of land were purchased near Hizme by European Jews for the establishment of a Jewish farming cooperative, Havatzelet Binyamin. Most of the landowners died in the Holocaust. The land was later expropriated along with Palestinian land to build Pisgat Ze'ev.

Pisgat Ze'ev was established in 1982 on land annexed to Israel after the 1967 Six-Day War as one of the city's five Ring Neighborhoods, meant to create a contiguous Jewish link with Neve Yaakov in the city's north, which had been isolated from other Jewish areas. The original name proposal was "Pisgat Tal," based on the Arabic name of the hilltop where construction was to begin, Ras at-Tawill, but the final choice was Pisgat Ze'ev, after the Revisionist Zionist leader, Ze'ev Jabotinsky.

According to ARIJ, Israel confiscated land from several surrounding Palestinian communities in order to construct Pisgat Ze'ev:

 * 1,458 dunams from Beit Hanina,
 * 686 dunams from Beit Hanina for the Pisgat Amir neighbourhood in Pisgat Ze'ev,
 * 239 dunams from Shuafat,
 * 89 dunams from Hizma.

In May 2003, a public bus leaving the Pisgat Ze'ev terminus was blown up by a Palestinian suicide bomber. Seven people were killed in the attack and dozens were wounded. The police said the bomber boarded the bus disguised as a religious Jew, wearing a kippa and a prayer shawl. One of the victims was a resident of the Shuafat refugee camp, on his way to work at the Hadassah Medical Center in Ein Kerem.

Geography
The neighborhood was established on a hilltop known in Arabic as Ras at-Tawill, 772 meters above sea level, and its additional construction phases descend along the ridge and up to a neighboring hill. Pisgat Ze'ev has five districts: Center (1984), West (1988), East and North (1990), and South (1998). Pisgat Ze'ev is situated in north Jerusalem to the east of Shuafat and Beit Hanina, west of Hizma, south of Neve Yaakov, and north of French Hill, 'Anata and the Shuafat refugee camp. It is due east of the watershed on the edge of the Judean Desert.

Demographics
In 2017, Pisgat Zeev had a population of 42,300. In 2007 it was reported to have about 1,300 of which were Arabs. Many residents of Pisgat Ze'ev are Jerusalem families that left the city center in search of more affordable housing. Pisgat Ze'ev has a mixed population of religious and secular Jews. The construction of the Israeli West Bank barrier has also prompted Arabs to move to Pisgat Ze'ev.

Status under international law
The international community considers Israeli settlements in the Israeli-occupied territories, including East Jerusalem, to violate the Fourth Geneva Convention's prohibition on the transfer of a civilian population into occupied territory and thus illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this. Israel disputes that the Fourth Geneva Convention applies to these territories as they had not been legally held by a sovereign prior to Israel taking control of them. This view has been rejected by the International Court of Justice and the International Committee of the Red Cross.

Schools and public buildings
With 40 percent of the residents under the age of 21, Pisgat Ze'ev has 58 kindergartens, 9 elementary schools, 2 middle schools and 3 high schools. There are also 22 synagogues and 2 libraries.

Transportation
Moshe Dayan Boulevard, beginning at Highway 1 (Israel/Palestine) in the south and ending in Neve Yaakov in the north, is named after the famed Israeli Army general. It is Pisgat Ze'ev's major commercial thoroughfare, including many shops, eateries and the Pisga Mall.

Pisgat Ze'ev is located on the Jerusalem Light Rail line. Pisgat Ze'ev Center is two stations away from the northern terminus.

Many of the street names in Pisgat Ze'ev commemorate leading Israeli personalities such as Simcha Holtzberg, Moshe Rachmilewitz, Eliyahu Meridor and Meir Gershon. In the center of Pisgat Ze'ev, many streets are named for Israel Defense Forces units that fought in the country's wars such as Sayeret Duchifat Blvd., HaSayeret HaYerushalmit St., Sayeret Golani St. and Hel HaAvir St. A memorial for fallen soldiers is located in an archeological park in central Pisgat Ze'ev.

Street names
Moshe Dayan Boulevard, beginning at Highway 1 (Israel/Palestine) in the south and ending in Neve Yaakov in the north, is named after the famed Israeli Army general. It is Pisgat Ze'ev's major commercial thoroughfare, including many shops, eateries and the Pisga Mall. Many of the street names in Pisgat Ze'ev commemorate leading Israeli personalities such as Simcha Holtzberg, Moshe Rachmilewitz, Eliyahu Meridor and Meir Gershon. In the center of Pisgat Ze'ev, many streets are named for Israel Defense Forces units that fought in the country's wars such as Sayeret Duchifat Blvd., HaSayeret HaYerushalmit St., Sayeret Golani St. and Hel HaAvir St. A memorial for fallen soldiers is located in an archeological park in central Pisgat Ze'ev.

Environmental projects
With the help of the Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel (SPNI), the residents of Pisgat Ze'ev transformed a 5 acre site used as an illegal dumping ground into a wildflower sanctuary with over 55 species of trees and plants.

In 2011, an innovative water-recycling project was introduced at the ritual bath in Pisgat Ze'ev which will make it unnecessary to change the water every day. In 2011, rainwater collection tanks were installed at the Pisgat Ze'ev (West) school in a project designed to conserve water organized by the Green Network, which specializes in educational programming in ecology and the environment.

title: Pisgat Ze'ev


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User talk:Kallumama

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title: User talk:Kallumama


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User talk:Jaidev

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

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Possibly unfree Image:Nalcampus.gif
An image that you uploaded or altered, Image:Nalcampus.gif, has been listed at Possibly unfree images because its copyright status is disputed. If the image's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. You may find more information on the image description page. You are welcome to add comments to its entry at Possibly unfree images if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. —Bkell (talk) 19:04, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Possibly unfree File:Obavvana-kindi.jpg
An image that you uploaded or altered, File:Obavvana-kindi.jpg, has been listed at Possibly unfree images because its copyright status is unclear or disputed. If the image's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. You may find more information on the image description page. You are welcome to add comments to its entry at if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. — neuro  (talk)  19:59, 1 March 2009 (UTC)  -- —  neuro  (talk)  19:59, 1 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I reverted my edits when I saw that it was an old upload (ie pre-'no images saying non-commercial'), including the discussion. — neuro  (talk)  17:34, 3 March 2009 (UTC)

Image discussion at article 17 Mile Drive
A discussion is underway about images on an article you have contributed to. Please help find a consensus for the article stub at: Talk:17-Mile Drive.--Amadscientist (talk) 04:28, 12 July 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jaidev


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Vallivattom

Vallivattom is a remote village in the Vellangur Panchayat district of Kerala, the southernmost state of India. Its eastern boundary has the Trichur-Kodungallor road. The town is 13 km (9.6 mi) from Kodungallor and Irinjalakuda.

Vallivattom has five schools, and its literacy rate is 75%. It is religiously diverse, containing seven mosques, 15 Hindu temples, and 3 churches. Its primary industries are coir production, Transportation, Retail Shop , Coconut Oil mill. The primary roads in and around the village are NH 17, the Trichur-Kodungallor Road, the Konathukunnu-Poovathumkadavu Road, the Paingode-Konathukunnu Road, and the Karupadanna-Chirattakkunnu Road.

Vallivattom Kadav
The boat is used as water transport which helps in connecting Vellangalloor panchayat with SN Puram panchayat, attracting the scenic beauty of the Connolly Canal.

title: Vallivattom