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Talk:List of English words of Hungarian origin

Untitled
I'd say the correct etymology of "hallo" would be the mentioned one (the word people use to pick up the phone) but not of "hello" (to say hi). IMHO. --grin ✎ 16:13, 2004 Dec 1 (UTC)

 * There is no difference in English, the same word, Hello, is used both on and off the phone. Nicholas 19:40, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

<-- There is not such a breed of dog in Hungary. "Magyar" simply means "Hungarian" (noun/adj). LKorona
 * Magyar : A Hungarian breed of dog.

Re-added the word sabre. About its etimology:

Hm, wondering if the similarity of the english word chunk to the Hungarian word for stub (csonk) is just a coincidence, or do they relate somehow....--85.248.66.2 23:04, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

Sabre
Sabre gets constantly removed without any comments on the discussion page. According to www.etymonline.com ,
 * saber   "single-edged sword," 1680, from Fr. sabre "heavy, curved sword" (17c.), alteration of sable (1640), from Ger. Sabel, probably ult. from Hung. szablya "saber," lit. "tool to cut with," from szabni "to cut." The Slavic words (cf. Rus. sablya, Polish szabla "sword, saber") are perhaps also from Ger. It. sciabla seems to be directly from Hungarian. Saber-rattling "militarism" is attested from 1922. Saber-toothed cat (originally tiger) is attested from 1849.

Yes. However, the sabre article says that
 * The word sabre was thought to derive from Hungarian szablya "sabre," literally "tool to cut with," from szabni "to cut."[1] However, a linguistically and historically much more realistic etymology was presented by Marek Stachowski in his study 'The Origin of the European Word for Sabre' (in: Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia 9 [2004], p. 133-141).

So I guess that's the reason the sabre is getting removed. Also, while I'm no linguist, have no access to the cited work and generally find the paragraph all to self-assured, 'szablya' doesn't literally mean "tool to cut with"; while szab=cut, the "lya" is mightily unusual. As a matter of fact, the, umm, whatitscalledinenglish, Magyar Értelmező Kéziszótár (the official dictionary of the language, 1972 ed.) says the connection between szablya and szab as dubious. So, anyhow, maybe marking the entry as "somewhat disputed" (or something to that effect) would be in order. SáT 06:36, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

?
Can enyone support this. Seems a bit far out. added by 72.211.156.109 (23:35, 14 September 2008 Warrington (talk) 09:52, 15 September 2008 (UTC)
 * honyak: From hanyák, a boor

kocsi
The Hungarian word kocsi is strangely similar to the Slavic word kočija, could it be that the word is actually of Slavic origin? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.103.217.47 (talk) 21:15, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I think it's the other way around: the origin of "kočija" is also the Hungarian "kocsi." It was an old Hungarian technical invention: the "kocsi" has a fifth wheel, which allows the front part of the "kocsi" to turn more easily than before. This means that it is a modern type of horse-drawn cart. Csomorkány (talk) 15:56, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

I believe there is a place in Hungary named Kocs. Kocsi means -from Kocs and originally described a type of horse drawn carriage which was used there at around the 15th century. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.254.147.36 (talk) 11:38, 7 June 2011 (UTC)

lekvar
What about lekvar? It is listed as hungarian origin at M-W online. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.239.175.171 (talk) 22:21, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

Never heard it in English, but it does describe "jam" in Hungarian. However, I don't really see the root word from which it would be generated. {i.e.: "befott" (preserves in English) makes more sense in terms of literally meaning "in(be-)[jars] cooked(fott)"; describing the fruit preservation technique.}

In the Hungarian language, the "lekvár" and the "jam" or "dzsem" (with Hungarian letters) are not the same. The "lekvár" is more fruitful, you can see and feel the fruit in the "lekvár". You can also make "lekvár" at home, the jam is always industrial (in Hungary...). They are Hungarian articles about the difference... https://www.hazipatika.com/taplalkozas/egeszseg_es_gasztronomia/cikkek/lekvar_vagy_dzsem_mi_a_kulonbseg --Csomorkány (talk) 16:47, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

Paprika
Taken from the article:
 * paprika : From paprika, a spice made out of ground hot or mild red peppers. [Originally not Hungarian, but IndoEuropean, specifically Slavic; cf. "pepper"]

It came from the Serbian word "papar" not from pepper, totally different word, but still not Hungarian! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Csendesmark (talk • contribs) 19:36, 7 September 2011 (UTC)

Itsy-bitsy
According to other sources, it's nothing Hungarian, just baby talk, similar across languages. To me, it sounds sensible. 31.6.141.51 (talk) 01:57, 25 March 2012 (UTC)

 * I don't know, but the Hungarian "icipici" is not only baby talk (baby talk too). For example, I can say: "Kérek egy icipici borsot a levesbe." = "I would like a tiny bit of pepper in the soup." My first impression that the two words (itsy-bitsy and icipici) have the same root, but this is naturally not sure. The classical example in the Hungarian schools, that the Hungarian "ház" has the same meaning that the German "Haus" (and the English "house") but there is no etimological relationship between the "ház" and "Haus".

Csomorkány (talk) 16:03, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

hussars, verbunkos and tokaj has slavic and german origin

 * tokaj: as i know its derived from slavic "tok": http://books.google.cz/books?id=M1JIPAN-eJ4C&pg=PA378&dq=tokaj+slavic+origin&hl=cs&sa=X&ei=RmuAT8G_NoXOhAfsw-HMBw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=tokaj%20slavic%20origin&f=false
 * hussars: as I know its from Serbian gusar, husar: http://www.warfareeast.co.uk/main/Hungarian_Composition.htm original Hussars were from present day Serbia (in that time the part of KoH)
 * verbunkos: as I know its from german recruitment songs: http://books.google.cz/books?id=xbikIwyuwbEC&pg=PA213&dq=verbunk+german&hl=cs&sa=X&ei=nGyAT4LpKtS2hAejsYnNBw&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=verbunk%20german&f=false and verbunk is used in czech language also

So in my opinion, it should be removed. --Samofi (talk) 16:39, 7 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Serbian gusar derives from Latin (according to others)."According to Webster's the word hussar stems from the Hungarian huszár, which in turn originates from the Serbian хусар (Husar, or гусар, Gusar) meaning pirate, from the Medieval Latin cursarius (cf. the English word corsair)" But this word is well known because of the Hungarian Hussar traditions.Fakirbakir (talk) 17:13, 7 April 2012 (UTC)
 * The origin of the word "Tokaj" has lots of explanation (Turkic, Slavic, Magyar, Polish etc...). Fakirbakir (talk) 17:23, 7 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Okay, thank you for answer (which supports what i said), so do you agree that these words are not of Hungarian origin? Btw original Hussars from KoH were Serbs (Racowie) and famous hussars were also a Polish hussars (http://books.google.cz/books?id=1h9zzSH-NmwC&pg=PA428&dq=polish+hussars&hl=cs&sa=X&ei=ooeAT-meJJGXhQe05vHKBw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=polish%20hussars&f=false). I agree that term is from Kingdom of Hungary but its origin has nothing to do with Hungarian language. Origin of fujara is in Kingdom of Hungary but its Slovak word for example. Or bryndza is famous because of Slovaks but origin of word is Romanian. And so on... Btw verbunk is also Czech kind of dance and UNESCO heritage: http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00311&cp=CZ --Samofi (talk) 18:35, 7 April 2012 (UTC)

 * If English gets a word from language A, and A previously got it from B, B from C, etc., then the scope of a page "English loanwards of X'ian origin" is defined primarily by the question of which of these languages is the direct source for English. So, if Hungarian is language A in this scheme, the words fit in. Of course, the previous history involving those other languages is also an interesting thing to be added to the entries, but it's not a reason for removing the entries. Fut.Perf. ☼ 21:40, 7 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Okay, so it should be easy to find a sources whose say it was taken to English from Hungarian. Wine region of Tokaj was ethnically mixed. Today is the part of this region in Slovakia - Tokaj (Slovakia) also. Its Slavic word and its famous not because of "Hungarian language" but because of "Hungarian Kingdom" which was the exporter of this vine. Same with hussars. In Hungarian kingdom was the first light cavalry of hussars ethnically Serbian. Polish adopted this name from the Serbian light cavalry from the Hungarian kingdom. Again, Slavic origin of word but its famous because of cavalry from the Hungarian kingdom, not because of Hungarian language. About verbunkos, its also dances in Czech republic and part of UNESCO heritage. So we have Hungarian verbunkos and Czech verbunkos a both words came from German. Btw Roma musicians made it popular and this term is in Romani language also. We cannot say, that it was taken from Hungarian language. 1) It was taken from the name of vine from Kingdom of Hungary, not language 2) It was taken from light cavalry in the Kingdom of Hungary, not language 3) it was taken from Roma musicians from Hungarian kingdom, not from language. --Samofi (talk) 05:54, 8 April 2012 (UTC)
 * You are topic-banned from "all Hungarian-Slovak national and ethnicity issues". By turning this harmless linguistic page into a dispute over Hungarian and Slovak heritage, you are briging this page into the scope of this topic ban too. Please consider yourself banned from here also. Fut.Perf. ☼ 07:12, 8 April 2012 (UTC)

soutache?
Is this word not of Hungarian origin? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.82.143.237 (talk) 09:46, 3 May 2013 (UTC)

 * In Hungarian "sujtás" If this word exist in English, I think, really has a Hungarian origin. Csomorkány (talk) 16:54, 9 January 2024 (UTC)


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Kurdish alphabets

Kurdish is written using either of two alphabets: the Latin-based Bedirxan or Hawar alphabet, introduced by Celadet Alî Bedirxan in 1932 and popularized through the Hawar magazine, and the Kurdo-Arabic alphabet. The Kurdistan Region has agreed upon a standard for Central Kurdish, implemented in Unicode for computation purposes. The Hawar alphabet is primarily used in Syria, Turkey, and Armenia, while the Kurdo-Arabic alphabet is commonly used in Iraq and Iran. The Hawar alphabet is also used to some extent in Iraqi Kurdistan. Two additional alphabets, based on the Armenian and Cyrillic scripts, were once used by Kurds in the Soviet Union, most notably in the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic and Kurdistansky Uyezd.

Hawar alphabet
Usually it is the northern languages spoken by Kurds, Zazaki and Kurmanji, that are written in the extended Latin alphabet consisting of the 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin Alphabet with 5 letters with diacritics, for a total of 31 letters (each having an uppercase and a lowercase form):

In this alphabet the short vowels are E, I and U while the long vowels are A, Ê, Î, O and Û (see the IPA equivalents in the Help:IPA/Kurdish table).

When presenting the alphabet in his magazine Hawar, Celadet Alî Bedirxan proposed using diacritics on $⟨ḧ ẍ⟩$ to distinguish the Arabic غ and ح sounds (see page 12, 13). These are not considered letters, but are used to disambiguate loanwords that would otherwise be conflated.

Turkey does not recognize this alphabet. Using the letters Q, W, and X, which did not exist in the Turkish alphabet until 2013, led to a trial in 2000 and 2003 (see, p. 8, and ). Since September 2003, many Kurds applied to the courts seeking to change their names to Kurdish ones written with these letters, but failed.

The Turkish government finally legalized the letters Q, W, and X as part of the Turkish alphabet in 2013.

History
The Kurdish Latin alphabet was elaborated mainly by Celadet Bedirxan who initially had sought the cooperation of Tawfiq Wahbi, who in 1931 lived in Iraq. But after not having received any responses by Wahbi for several months, he and his brother Kamuran Alî Bedirxan decided to launch the "Hawar" alphabet in 1932. Celadet Bedirxan aimed to create an alphabet that didn't use two letters for representing one sound. As the Kurds in Turkey already learned the Turkish Latin alphabet, he created an alphabet which would specifically be accessible for the Kurds in Turkey. Some scholars have suggested making minor additions to Bedirxan's alphabet to make it more user-friendly.

Kurdo-Arabic alphabet
Many Kurdish varieties, mainly Sorani, are written using a modified Persian alphabet with 33 letters introduced by Sa'id Kaban Sedqi. Unlike the Persian alphabet, which is an abjad, Central Kurdish is almost a true alphabet in which vowels are given the same treatment as consonants. Central Kurdish does not have a complete representation of Kurmanji Kurdish sounds, as it lacks i. Written Central Kurdish also relies on vowel and consonant context to differentiate between the phonemes u/w and î/y instead of using separate letters. It does show the two pharyngeal consonants, as well as a voiced velar fricative, used in Kurdish.

A new sort order for the alphabet was proposed some time ago by the Kurdish Academy as the new standard, all of which are letters accepted included in the Central Kurdish Unicode Keyboard:

The alphabet is represented by 34 letters including وو which is given its own position. Kurds in Iraq and Iran use this alphabet. Although the Kurdistan Region's standardization uses ک (Unicode 06A9) instead of ك (Unicode 0643) for letter kaf (22 in above table) as listed in the Unicode table on the official home page, the latter glyph is still in use by various individuals and organizations.

Vowels
Central Kurdish has seven vowels, all of them except are represented by letters: Similar to some letters in English, both و (u) and ی (î) can become consonants. In the words وان (Wan) and یاری (play), و and ی are consonants. Central Kurdish stipulates that syllables must be formed with at least one vowel, whilst a maximum of two vowels is permitted.

Old Kurdish script
An old Kurdish alphabet is documented by the Muslim author Ibn Wahshiyya in his book Shawq al-Mustaham written in 856 A.D. Ibn Wahshiyya writes: "I saw thirty books in Baghdad in this alphabet, out of which I translated two scientific books from Kurdish into Arabic; one of the books on the culture of the vine and the palm tree, and the other on water and the means of finding it out in unknown ground." It has also been claimed by “Center for Arab and Middle Eastern Studies” that the Old Kurdish script, like several other scripts found in Ibn Washiyya's book, are fantastical inventions.

Cyrillic alphabet
A third system, used for the few (Kurmanji-speaking) Kurds in the former Soviet Union, especially in Armenia, used a Cyrillic alphabet, consisting of 40 letters. It was designed in 1946 by Heciyê Cindî.

Armenian alphabet
From 1921 to 1929, a modified version of the Armenian alphabet was used for Kurmanji, in the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic.

It was then replaced with a Yañalif-like Latin alphabet during the campaigns for Latinisation in the Soviet Union.

Soviet Latin alphabet
In 1928, Kurdish languages in all of the Soviet Union, including the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, were switched to a Latin alphabet containing some Cyrillic characters: a, b, c, ç, d, e, ә, f, g, г, h, i, ь, j, k, ʀ, l, m, ɴ, o, ө, w, p, n, q, ч, s, ш, ц, t, u, y, v, x, z, ƶ. In 1929 it was reformed and was replaced by the following alphabet:

The Soviet Latin alphabet is no longer used.

Yezidi script
The Yezidi script is written from right to left and was used to write in Kurdish, specifically in the Kurmanji dialect (also called Northern Kurdish). The script has a long history, according to some data, it can be dated back to 13th-14th centuries, however, some scholars trace the creation of this script to 17th-18th centuries. The author of the script is unknown, but it was used for two manuscripts, Meṣḥefa Reş and Kitêba Cilwe, first published by Anastase Marie in 1911.

It is believed that historically, there existed two sacred Yezidi manuscripts known as Meshefa Reş and Kitêba Cilwe, but the originals were lost. Later copies of these manuscripts were found, written in a special Yezidi alphabet, however, their contents was distorted. As a result, while the Yazidi clergy do recognize the Yezidi alphabet, they do not consider the content of these two manuscripts to be sources of the Yezidi religion.

In 2013, the Spiritual Council of Yazidis in Georgia decided to revive the Yezidi script and use it for writing prayers, religious books, on the organization letterhead and in the Yazidi heraldry. Today, it is used by the Yazidi clergymen in the Yazidi temple of Sultan Ezid at Tbilisi, where the names of the Yazidi saints are written on walls in this alphabet. Furthermore, Dua'yêd Êzdiyan, a book containing a collection of Yazidi prayers, was written and published in the Yezidi alphabet.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kurdish alphabets


text:
VFA-15

Strike Fighter Squadron 15 (VFA-15) was an aviation unit of the United States Navy, based at Naval Air Station Oceana. The squadron was in service from 1 August 1968 to 31 May 2017, although the squadron had adopted the traditions of the first VA-15, which was established on 10 January 1942. The unit's nickname was "Valions" and its call sign was Pride.

History
Two distinct squadrons have been called the "Valions". Officially, the US Navy does not recognize a direct lineage with disestablished squadrons if a new squadron is formed with the same designation. Often, the new squadron will assume the nickname, insignia, and traditions of the earlier squadrons. The first VA-15 was established on 10 January 1942 and disestablished on 1 June 1969.

1960s
On 1 June 1969 after the first VA-15 was disestablished, the men and equipment were merged with Attack Squadron 67 (VA-67), which had been established on 1 August 1968. On 2 June 1969, the combined squadron was redesignated VA-15 and adopted the insignia and traditions of the Valions. In August 1968, the squadron began training under VA-174 in the A-7 Corsair II.

1970s
In October–November 1973 while embarked on USS Franklin D. Roosevelt (CVA-42), the squadron operated in the vicinity of Crete in response to the Yom Kippur War. In June–July 1976 following the assassination of the American Ambassador to Lebanon, VA-15 embarked on USS America (CV-66) operated in the vicinity of Lebanon in support of the evacuation of non-combatants.

1980s
In November 1980, the squadron, embarked on USS Independence (CV-62) were on station when the American hostages were released from Iran.

In May 1981 USS Independence transited the Suez Canal and maintained station in the eastern Mediterranean due to the crisis between Israel and Syria following Israeli raids against Syrian surface-to-air missile sites in Lebanon.

In October–November 1983, VA-15 aircraft flew combat close air support and reconnaissance sorties in support of Operation Urgent Fury, the U.S. invasion of Grenada.

On 4 December 1983, in response to hostile fire against U.S. reconnaissance aircraft from Syrian positions in Lebanon, VA-15 aircraft participated in coordinated strikes against Syrian radar, communications and artillery positions overlooking the Multi-National Peacekeeping Forces. One of the squadron's A-7E Corsair IIs, flown by the air wing commander, Commander Edward Andrews, was lost when it was hit by a Syrian surface-to-air missile. Commander Andrews ejected, was rescued and returned to USS Independence.

From December 1985 to June 1986 the squadron was assigned to Marine Aircraft Group 12M, 1st Marine Air Wing for a six-month deployment to MCAS Iwakuni, Japan. This deployment was designed to test the enhanced interoperability between Marine and Navy squadrons, with emphasis on close air support for Marine ground operations and the sharing of other techniques used by both communities. The squadron participated in Operation "Team Spirit" in Korea.

In June 1986, the squadron began transition training in the F/A-18 Hornet, and on 1 October 1986, VA-15 was redesignated Strike Fighter Squadron 15 (VFA-15). The squadron accepted their first F/A-18 Hornet in January 1987.

1990s
On 28 December 1990, VFA-15 departed for a six-month deployment to the Persian Gulf in support of Operation Desert Shield. The squadron flew daily strikes into Iraq and occupied Kuwait until the suspension of hostilities on 28 February. During 1992, VFA-15 transitioned to the F/A-18C Hornet. In 1993, VFA-15 deployed again with CVW-8 on board USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71). They operated in the Adriatic Sea participating in Operation Provide Promise (March - April 1993) and Operation Deny Flight (April - May 1993) over Bosnia. They, then, transited with Theodore Roosevelt to the Red Sea to conduct operations in support of Operation Southern Watch. They returned to home port with Theodore Roosevelt in September 1993.

In March 1999, VFA-15 departed for a deployment which would involve two theaters of operation. After crossing the Atlantic in record time aboard Theodore Roosevelt, squadron aircraft were launched in support of Operation Deliberate Force 30 August to 20 September 1999. For the next thirteen weeks, VFA-15 flew over 1,100 combat sorties over Kosovo to bring an end to Serbian ethnic cleansing. The battle group then steamed to the Persian Gulf and supported Operation Southern Watch. Upon their return, the squadron made a homeport change to NAS Oceana due to the closure of NAS Cecil Field.

2000s
During their 2001 deployment, the squadron took station in the Persian Gulf, patrolling the skies of the southern Iraqi no-fly zone.

Soon after returning through the Strait of Hormuz in early fall 2001 to begin the voyage home, the September 11 attacks unfolded. For the next four weeks VFA-15 took station in the North Indian Ocean and prepared for combat, with flight operations in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), including combat air patrols over Pakistan. Missions into Afghanistan began on 7 October, and over the next several weeks the squadron flew four to eight-hour missions deep into Afghanistan.

In 2002, VFA-15 deployed on USS Theodore Roosevelt to the Mediterranean. In support of the US invasion of Iraq, from 19 March to 15 April 2003, the squadron delivered over 245,000 pounds of ordnance.

In September 2005 the squadron deployed to the Persian Gulf, returning on 11 March 2006. On 8 September 2008 the squadron deployed again to the Persian Gulf in support of OEF. They returned 18 April 2009.

2010s
On 11 May 2011, the squadrons of CVW-8 embarked on USS George H.W. Bush (CVN-77)'s maiden deployment, scheduled to conduct operations in the US 5th and 6th Fleet areas of operations. Upon return from deployment, the squadron was awarded the Commander, Naval Air Forces Atlantic Battle "E" Award as the dominant Strike Fighter Squadron on the East Coast.

In February 2016, plans were announced to deactivate VFA-15 in FY 2017. The deactivation ceremony took place on 31 May 2017 and the squadron was deactivated on the same day.

title: VFA-15


text:
Talk:Farhud

Saatchi
Were the Saatchi brothers of Saatchi & Saatchi fame, Iraqi Jews expelled in this event?
 * During the progress of the event itself, no Jews were expelled. However, following the event, many jews who had the capability to do so, chose to leave. 80.179.69.194 (talk) 13:00, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

This article
This article has a ridiculous focus on the Mufti of Jerusalem, who in fact played a minor role in this event. It also has plain errors of fact (eg. "charged with terrorism"). Until I can find time to fix it, this article gets a tag. --Zero 01:43, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

Moreover, there was no "near complete expulsion" in 1951. --Zero 10:24, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Zero, it's been long time since you have commented out every single mention of al-Husayni from the article. Is this your idea of his "minor role"?  ←Humus sapiens←ну? 09:42, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually I didn't edit the article except to add a tag. Some mention of al-Husayni needs to go back, but the myth that he was the major instigator does not. --Zero 09:59, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

 * You are correct about the tag. Sorry, I should have doublechecked. In addition to Husayni's role, perhaps it makes sense to separate the Golden Square coup into its own article. History of Iraq doesn't mention it (nor British/German engagement there, nor Farhud) at all.  ←Humus sapiens←ну? 10:21, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Oops, I'll have to take that back. There is Iraq coup (1941).  ←Humus sapiens←ну? 10:23, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

The only pogrom in 2,500 years?
Ian, are you seriously going to argue that Farhud was the only pogrom from 5th century BCE until 1941? ←Humus sapiens ну? 20:20, 6 June 2006 (UTC)
 * You do understand the difference between "arguing" something and citing a claim in the literature? I reported accurately material published in the British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. The Daly Telegraph article doesn't say anything about pogroms before this date; indeed it says "persecution was not out-and-out violence until shortly before the Farhud". --Ian Pitchford 20:51, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Sourcing issues
the hebrew article, from which i've made the edits, is well-sourced, although the sources are in hebrew only. considering the dearth of sources on the subject, i doubt many good non-hebrew sources can be found. how can we proceed? while it is obvious that "no english sources means it never happened" is a bad policy, i still don't like the idea of having no english sources. should i copy the hebrew ones from hebrew wikipedia? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.64.228.215 (talk) 17:16, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

Need a reference for Facism as an international phenomenon in order to include information from this page

 * Hi – Could any of you give me the reference for the information in this article, “Between 1932 and 1941, the German embassy in Iraq, headed by Dr. Fritz Groebe, successfully promoted Nazi antisemitism and fascism among Egypt’s Arabs." I am trying to add countries from the Middle East to the pages on Facism as an international phenomenon, starting with Egypt, and have been challenged by Soman, who is calling the information fringe and racist, and challenging my references.  So if any of you wrote that paragraph and can dig up the reference, I would be very grateful.  Any other good references on the fascist movements in the Middle East would also be welcome.  There is nothing on Iraq on Facism as an international phenomenon either, so I will try and put in the sub-title Iraq and link it to this page…--Cimicifugia (talk) 15:56, 28 July 2008 (UTC)Cimicifugia

 * Just a slight correction, the article talks about Iraqi arabs and not egyptian arabs. now, i expect most material to be hebrew but maybe michael eppel or ester meir did publish some articles in english. MiS-Saath (talk) 17:00, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Hi - thanks for the correction. I could also use some advice on how to work in Wikipedia on issues of antisemitism. I have tried a couple of times to add good referenced material, each time to have it deleted immediately by people who are against having such information, in any form.  I know many of you have walked this path before.

Is there a group on Antisemitism?
how do such groups work together, without breaking rules against canvasing? what is the most effective way to reach a postive consensus, when in most cases it seems to just be a one on one, head butting with no hope of agreement? --Cimicifugia (talk) 01:50, 29 July 2008 (UTC)Cimicifugia

Page move
Why was this page moved without discussion?

This event is known as the Farhud. I suggest moving the article back to where it belongs. No More Mr Nice Guy (talk) 09:40, 31 March 2011 (UTC)
 * It does look better in the cat to have them listed all by date, but the event is commonly known as Farhud, so we don't have much choice. Chesdovi (talk) 12:31, 31 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Moved it back for now. Move never agreed upon. "Baghdad" was even misspelled. Plot Spoiler (talk) 15:40, 31 March 2011 (UTC)

Removal of reliable source on Farhud
Dear Oncenawhile, you have recently performed an edit on Farhud article, tagging it as "clarifying, matching rest of article, removing non-RS source and oversimplification of catalyst". However, i must note your removed two sources, one of which is clearly a WP:RS (US Dept of State research division). Please self-revert as WP:GF.GreyShark (dibra) 16:19, 30 April 2014 (UTC) [Copied by Oncenawhile from user talk]
 * Hi Greyshark, the non-RS source I was referring to was at www.projetaladin.org. I have no issue with the US Dept of State source, but I removed the sentence it supports because the sentence was part of the oversimplification inherent in the paragraph that attempts to connect the Farhud directly to the exodus. The is a complex issue which needs to be treated carefully. Oncenawhile (talk) 21:02, 30 April 2014 (UTC)

Part of the Holocaust?
Can anyone provide WP:RS supporting the statement in the infobox that the Farhud was "part of the Holocaust"?

Oncenawhile (talk) 22:24, 30 April 2014 (UTC)

 * I just tried to find it myself, and came across an interesting answer. Bashkin writes:
 * As is to be expected, both Arab and Zionist national memories have silenced important aspects of the Farhud.... Zionist historiography... has highlighted the Farhud as a watershed in the history of the Iraqi-Jewish community. From the Zionist standpoint, the Farhud was the outcome of the anti-Semitism and Iraqi nationalist rhetoric in the 1930s. It was also viewed as having galvanized the Zionist movement in Iraq and ultimately as causing Iraq’s Jews to recognize that their country had rejected their attempts at integration and assimilation. In some Zionist circles, the event came to be understood as an extension of the European Holocaust into the Middle East. This connection is made manifest today by the archiving of certain documents relating to the Farhud in Yad Va-Shem, the Israeli Holocaust Museum in Jerusalem.
 * So describing the Farhud as part of the Holocaust represents POV.
 * Does anyone disagree with this? Oncenawhile (talk) 22:40, 30 April 2014 (UTC)

 * I don't see how it can't be "a watershed in the history of the Iraqi-Jewish community" considering that it was kind of the beginning of the end of the Iraqi-Jewish community -- it was all downhill after that (at first slowly, then with accelerating speed)...
 * As for being part of the Holocaust, the 1941 Iraqi coup d'état was loosely influenced or inspired by Nazism (though also motivated by local concerns), and sought to link up to Axis military forces; however, the Farhud itself did not take place until the authority and power of the anti-British rebel leaders had essentially fallen apart, and was certainly not part of any long-range central plan. Different people can draw different conclusions based on these facts. AnonMoos (talk) 08:18, 7 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Your first paragraph made me laugh out loud - it says the same thing three times! "I don't see how it can't be Colonel Mustard whodunnit, considering it was kind of Colonel Mustard whodunnit - it was all Colonel Mustard whodunnit"...
 * Oncenawhile (talk) 08:37, 7 May 2014 (UTC)

Reason for the name?
Per Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Kurdistan, can anyone find a source explaining why this term is used? Oncenawhile (talk) 08:32, 1 May 2014 (UTC)

Quotes in lead
User:Chesdovi, please could you explain this edit from 2010? The source you added does not include one of the quotes you linked it to ("forgotten pogrom of the Holocaust"). Interestingly, the quote since turned up in a book written three years later, where the authors appear to have taken the two quotes together verbatim from your wikipedia edit..... Oncenawhile (talk) 17:38, 3 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately an increasing number of authors, especially journalists, cite Wikipedia without acknowledgement. In this book a citation is given on the sentence, but the referenced article does not have it.  It also doesn't have the word "pogrom" except in the names of works it cites. To place the Farhud in the Holocaust, something much better is needed. Zerotalk 06:52, 4 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Maybe this was the source? Chesdovi (talk) 13:03, 9 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Maybe the quote should be attributed to Edwin Black who seems to have come up with the slogan, although it has since been repeated by others . Chesdovi (talk) 13:13, 9 May 2014 (UTC)

Earlier pogroms in Iraq?
Cohen and Shenhav both state they were not aware of any other pogroms in the history of Iraq's Jews.

However, we have an uncited sentence stating "There had been at least two earlier comparable pogroms in the modern history of Iraqi Jews, in Basra in 1776 and in Baghdad in 1828."

Can anyone source this?

Oncenawhile (talk) 07:36, 4 May 2014 (UTC)

 * The Encyclopedia Judaica articles on those two cities don't mention either of these, so they can't have been too notable. In 1776 the Persians captured Basra after a siege; we need more than the death of some Jews, we need an action particularly against Jews. Zerotalk 08:32, 4 May 2014 (UTC)

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Needs better source
You asked why I think a better source than this Daily Telegraph article is needed for "There were many instances of violence against Jews during their long history in Iraq.". That's easy. The article in question mostly consists of interviews with people of unknown expertise regarding modern times. The general reliability of Daily Telegraph means that we can trust that those interviews were reported fairly; it does not mean that the people interviewed gave a correct and balanced account. Also, the "long history [of Jews] in Iraq" is an interval spanning thousands of years, yet the only mention of something before the 19th century is a claim about Ottoman times by a "65-year-old business consultant". On this topic there are a very large number of serious works by historians, so there is really no excuse for relying on a collection of amateur anecdotes for such a general statement. Zerotalk 23:36, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

 * I have added  to the statement in Farhud.
 * I have two questions about your comment here:
 * Should we then change the statement to something like There were instances of violence against Jews during the 19th century. to better reflect the time period?
 * You mentioned On this topic there are a very large number of serious works by historians. Are there any that document a history of violence against Jews in Iraq? If so, would you please list them here.

Peaceray (talk) 16:23, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

Rachel Wahba
Rachel Wahba has written extensively about her mother's traumatic experience during the Farhud. There may be some things in her writings to include in the article, or perhaps a mention of them. Peaceray (talk) 20:41, 26 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Farhud


text:
Orange Ridge, DeLand and Atlantic Railroad

The Orange Ridge, DeLand and Atlantic Railroad was a railroad in Central Florida, United States, linking DeLand with the main line of the Jacksonville, Tampa and Key West Railway (now the CSX Sanford Subdivision). It connected with the Jacksonville, Tampa and Key West main line 2 mile from DeLand Landing at DeLand Junction. The line is still operated by CSX as their DeLand Spur.

History
Florida state law chapter 3332, approved 1880, incorporated the Orange Ridge, DeLand and Atlantic Railroad Company.

Florida state law chapter 3646, approved February 16, 1885, extended the time limit for completion to January 1, 1888.

The railroad was reincorporated in 1886 as the Deland and St. Johns River Railroad Company and converted to 5-foot gauge to match the Jacksonville, Tampa and Key West Railway.

The Jacksonville, Tampa and Key West Railway acquired the line in 1890, which became part of the Plant System in 1899. The Plant System became part of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad in 1902. The Atlantic Coast Line Railroad merged with the Seaboard Air Line Railroad in 1967 to form the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad, and eventually became part of CSX Transportation in the 1980s.


text:
VA15

VA-15 has the following meanings:
 * Attack Squadron 15 (U.S. Navy)
 * Virginia's 15th congressional district
 * Virginia State Route 15 (disambiguation)

title: VA15


text:
Montes Jura

Montes Jura is a mountain range in the northwest part of the near side of the Moon. The selenographic coordinates of this range are 47.1° N 34.0° W. It has a diameter of 422 km, with mountains rising to approximately 3800m above the level of Sinus Iridum. They were named after the Jura Mountains in eastern France / western Switzerland.

This range of mountains form a visually pleasing semi-circular ring around the Sinus Iridum, a bay along the northwestern edge of Mare Imbrium. The blunt, east-facing cape at the southwestern end of the range is named Promontorium Heraclides, while the east-facing wedge at the northeast end is called Promontorium Laplace. As the terminator advances near this range two to three nights after the first quarter moon, the peaks of this range catch the sunlight at their tops. This produces a string of bright points that have been described as the 'jeweled scimitar' effect.

Ten to eleven days after new moon the crater rim is already illuminated by the sun when the moon is waxing, while the Sinus Iridum is still in shadow. This creates the illusion of a handle, so that the illuminated crater rim is also called Golden Handle.

The only crater of note in this range is Bianchini, which lies across the north-northwestern portion of the curve. A little farther to the west is Sharp, and to the northeast is the ruined crater Maupertuis.

Peter Grego describes a figurine of "The Moon Maiden", seeing her facial profile in Promontorium Heraclides, her hair in the hills to the west, and her body in Montes Jura. She appears upside down when viewed in binoculars from the Northern Hemisphere.

History
In the distant past this range once formed the outer wall of a crater about 260 km in diameter. The southeast face of this crater was then removed and the interior flooded with basaltic lava. As a result, the side of the range facing the mare ends in the nearly level plains, which the opposite side merges with a region of rough and irregular terrain.

title: Montes Jura


text:
Grosse Ile

Grosse Ile (French: large island) or Grosse Isle may refer to:

Places in Canada

 * Grosse Isle, Quebec, an island where many Irish Immigrants to Canada were housed and the site of the Grosse Isle Disaster
 * Grosse-Île, Quebec, one of two municipalities forming the urban agglomeration of Îles-de-la-Madeleine in Quebec, Canada
 * Grosse Isle, Manitoba, a small community in Manitoba, Canada

Places in the United States

 * Grosse Ile Township, Michigan, United States
 * Grosse Ile (Michigan), the largest island in the township

title: Grosse Ile


text:
Instrument of Government (1772)

The 1772 Instrument of Government (regeringsform) was the constitution of the Kingdom of Sweden from 1772 to 1809. It was promulgated in the wake of the Revolution of 1772, a self-coup mounted by King Gustav III, and replaced the 1720 Instrument of Government, which had been in force for most of the Age of Liberty (1719-72). Although in theory the 1772 Instrument merely readjusted the balance of power between the Crown and the Riksdag of the Estates (Swedish Parliament), without changing Sweden's status as a constitutional monarchy, in practice it is generally seen as instituting an absolute monarchy, especially after its modification in 1789 by the Union and Security Act, which further strengthened royal power at the expense of the Riksdag. It remained in force throughout the Gustavian era, until replaced by the 1809 Instrument of Government as a result of the Coup of 1809.

Background
During the Age of Liberty (1719–1772), Sweden was governed as a constitutional monarchy, initially under the Instrument of Government (1719) and later under the near-identical Instrument of Government (1720). Under this system, the king played a relatively minor role in the government, which was instead dominated by the Riksdag of the Estates, with most of the executive functions of government being discharged by the Council of the Realm (riksråd). The Age of Liberty is generally remembered as a golden age of political and artistic freedom, but it was also characterised by factional struggles between the so-called "Cap" and "Hat" parties in the Riksdag and by military humiliation in the Hats' War (1741–1743) and the Pomeranian War (1757–1762). Indeed, some historians argue that by the early 1770s the situation had deteriorated to the extent that Sweden was on the brink of anarchy.

Gustav III was therefore able to attract considerable support for his scheme to overthrow the government and replace the 1720 Instrument of Government with a new constitution. On 19 August 1772 the king rallied the Stockholm garrison and arrested the Council of the Realm, along with several prominent members of the Cap party. Two days later he convened a session of the Riksdag and compelled it to accept a new constitution which he had drawn up, the 1772 Instrument of Government.

Description
The Instrument of Government was a somewhat curious mix of different influences. In part it was based on earlier Swedish political traditions, harking back above all to the reign of the revered King Gustav II Adolf; for example, it revived the posts of Lord High Chancellor and Lord High Steward, which had once been among the Great Offices of the Realm but had fallen out of use in the previous century.

On the other hand, large parts of the Instrument were also inspired by recent Enlightenment ideas, in particular Montesquieu's notion of the separation of powers. This concept would also be one of the main principles behind the US Constitution, drawn up four years later, and indeed Gustav was an avowed admirer of the nascent United States.

However, while Gustav may have admired republican concepts like the separation of powers in theory, in practice he tended to rule as an enlightened despot, akin to contemporaries such as Joseph II of Austria and Frederick the Great of Prussia, rather than as a constitutional monarch. The phraseology of the Instrument of Government was rather vague, in part due to its having been written in haste in the aftermath of the coup, and although it invoked ideas like the separation of powers, it provided few practical checks upon the king's power. Moreover, in 1789 Gustav removed many of the few limits which did exist upon his power by compelling the Riksdag to pass the Union and Security Act, which revised the Instrument of Government in a more nakedly authoritarian direction.

Details
Significant provisions of the Instrument of Government included the following:
 * The king governed the civil service and Parliaments were assembled only at the king's will when the king had to raise taxes and legislate (legislation was regulated in articles 40-43). An offensive war also had to be approved by Parliament (article 48) and also new taxation (articles 45-46).
 * The Privy Council's justice department (Justitierevisionen), functioned as a fairly independent Supreme Court (the king had two votes in this Court's judgements, as in all decisions by the council in the Age of Liberty). The Privy Council did not however function so much as a political institution as in the Age of Liberty, and in these matters the king could put it aside and listen to other advisors and councillors as the king also often did.
 * The king however, had to listen to the advice of the Privy Council in cases concerning treaties about peace, armistice and alliances with foreign powers  and (state) visits to other countries. In these cases the council also could veto the king, if all members of the Council shared this view unanimously.

Coup of 1809
After the Swedish defeat in the Finnish War, a coup d'état was mounted against Gustav's son and successor, King Gustav IV Adolf, by disgruntled liberals and army officers. The king was forced to abdicate and sent into exile, and a new constitution was then drawn up, the Instrument of Government (1809), which superseded the 1772 Instrument.

In Finland after 1809
In the Grand Duchy of Finland, created in 1809 from the eastern third of Sweden as part of the Russian Empire, the 1772 Instrument of Government had a peculiar status. While the Russian emperors, reigning in Finland as grand dukes, never gave any indication that they considered their autocratic powers limited by any constitution, a theory was developed in Finland that the old Instrument of Government remained in force, mutatis mutandis, with Finland's position as part of the Empire having the nature of a personal union. This theory was, however, never put forward officially and never accepted in St. Petersburg. It did gain considerable popular currency in Finland, so that Russification measures instituted from the 1890s onwards were commonly decried as an "unconstitutional" assault on the country's autonomy. The "Constitutionals" (perustuslailliset) were an important political faction in Finland at this time, and their legacy of constitutional legalism has had a significant effect on later Finnish politics.

The matter remained officially uncontested and arguably unresolved for more than a century, but after the abdication of Nicholas II in 1917, the Parliament of Finland, as successor to the old Estates of the Realm, moved to assume sovereign power in Finland, based on the old Swedish provisions in case of a vacancy on the throne. This led to a power struggle with the Provisional Government of Russia, as well as within Finland, culminating, after the October Revolution, in the Finnish declaration of independence.

The Instrument of Government was finally superseded when Finland adopted a new, republican instrument of government in 1919.

title: Instrument of Government (1772)


text:
Flight into Danger

Flight into Danger is a 1956 Canadian live television play starring James Doohan, Corinne Conley and Cec Linder. It was written by Arthur Hailey, produced and screened by CBC Television, and broadcast on April 3, 1956, on the General Motors Theatre series. It was later adapted into two different feature films, a parody feature film, a novel, and international television versions in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Australia.

Plot
While on a flight from Toronto, Ontario, to Vancouver, British Columbia, the pilots at the controls of a Canadair North Star, a large commercial airliner, fall victim to food poisoning. Approximately half of the passengers have also been incapacitated by eating the same fish served to the pilots. After the stewardess (Corinne Conley) asks for help from the passengers, George Spencer (James Doohan), an ex-Second World War Spitfire fighter pilot, is forced to take over, with the stewardess's assistance.

Production
Playwright Hailey, a former British pilot in the Second World War, emigrated to Canada in 1947. He began working as a sales promotion manager for a tractor-trailer manufacturer in Toronto. On a flight between Vancouver and Toronto in 1955, he came up with the original idea that spawned Flight into Danger. The story of an airliner whose passengers and crew were threatened by an unforeseen event such as food poisoning was written in only nine days and shopped about as a screenplay. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, whose television service was less than four years old, bought the script for $600.

The production acquired the cockpit of a Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) Canadair North Star and had it shipped by road to RCAF Station Trenton, where the filming took place, including aerial shots. The Malton Airport at Malton, Ontario, present day Toronto Pearson International Airport, was also used for the airport scenes.

Reception
When Flight into Danger was broadcast live-to-air on April 3, 1956, on the network's General Motors Theatre, it was seen by two million people and received a resounding positive reaction. "In the words of one journalist, it was 'probably the most successful TV play ever written anywhere'." A kinescope of the live production was broadcast in August 1956 due to viewer demand. The play was remade with a new cast and production staff on NBC's anthology series The Alcoa Hour on September 16, 1956, and later the same month the original CBC version was shown by the BBC in the United Kingdom and was a major factor in the supervising producer of CBC's television dramas, Sydney Newman, being brought across to work in the UK. There he made a significant impact on the British television drama industry.

In 1957, Flight into Danger was adapted into the feature film Zero Hour! and, in 1962, the story was adapted for an episode of the BBC series Studio 4. In 1964, a German version of the television film was produced under the title Flug in Gefahr. Czechoslovak radio (Československý rozhlas) has produced it as part of the radio series Let do nebezpečí, directed by Jiří Horčička. An Australian television version was produced in 1966.

In Flight into Danger, Hailey created the template for future disaster films. Character-driven plot lines built up among diverse characters would dominate, with brief episodes or flashbacks giving back stories, and all the individual stories coming together at the climax. Hailey's story was adapted as a novel by John Castle (a pseudonym for Ronald Payne and John Garrod), with Hailey receiving credit as co-author. The book was called Flight into Danger (Souvenir Press) for its British publication in 1958, but retitled Runway Zero-Eight (Doubleday) for its American publication in 1959. The story was again produced for American television in 1971 as Terror in the Sky, a Movie of the Week, and more famously parodied in the 1980 comedy feature film Airplane!.

title: Flight into Danger


text:
The Nolans

The Nolans were an Anglo-Irish girl group who formed in Blackpool in 1974 as the Nolan Sisters, before changing their name in 1980. From 1979 to 1982, the group had a run of hits, including "I'm in the Mood for Dancing", "Gotta Pull Myself Together", "Who's Gonna Rock You", "Attention to Me" and "Chemistry". They are one of the world's biggest selling girl groups. They were particularly successful in Japan, becoming the first European act to win the Tokyo Music Festival with "Sexy Music" in 1981, and won a Japan Record Award (Tokubetsu Kikaku Shō) in 1991.

1962–1974: Early career
Tommy (26 September 1925–1998) and Maureen Nolan (15 December 1926 – 30 December 2007) met at Clerys Ballroom in Dublin and raised their family in Raheny. Tommy had a radio show on RTÉ. Due to the lack of work the young family moved from Dublin to Blackpool in 1962, and launched a family singing group, the Singing Nolans, in 1963. The original line-up comprised the parents, and seven of their eight children: sons Tommy (born 20 July 1949) and Brian (born 19 June 1955), and daughters Anne (born 12 November 1950), Denise (born 6 April 1952), Maureen (born 14 June 1954), Linda (born 23 February 1959), and Bernadette ('Bernie', 17 October 1960 – 4 July 2013). The youngest member, Coleen (born 12 March 1965), did not formally join the group until 1980 as she was too young to perform with her sisters.

The family performed even as the five girls went to school at Blackpool's St Mary's Catholic College. The Nolans also attended The Cardinal Wiseman School in Greenford, West London.

The Singing Nolans recorded an album, The Singing Nolans, a single "Blackpool" – which was a song about their local football club, Blackpool F.C., and is still used on match days at Bloomfield Road – and the EP Silent Night for the Nevis label in 1972.

Tommy Nolan Sr. died of liver cancer in 1998. His widow Maureen died in Blackpool on 30 December 2007, aged 81, after suffering from Alzheimer's disease.

Anne Nolan released her autobiography, titled Anne's Song, on 27 March 2008. In the book, co-written with Richard Barber, Anne said she had been repeatedly sexually abused by her father, from the age of 11 until she was 15 or 16.

1973–1978: The Nolan Sisters
In 1973, the Singing Nolans were booked to sing in Blackpool's Cliffs Hotel on Christmas Day. After their performance, their father Tommy Nolan was at the bar when businessman Joe Lewis told Tommy that he was very interested for Tommy's daughters to move to London to sing in Lewis's club above the New London Theatre. In early 1974, the Nolan clan moved to London to work in the London Rooms on Drury Lane, where the girls changed their name from the Singing Nolans to the Nolan Sisters. They made their television debut on Cliff Richard's TV show, singing "Stuck on You" and were the resident guests for the entire run of series 4 of It's Cliff Richard on BBC1. The line-up included Coleen, who sang lead on their debut single "But I Do" released on EMI records in 1974.

Following the 1974 single on EMI, they released several more non-charting singles on Target Records from 1975 to 1977, several of which were composed by Roger Greenaway. A 1977 eponymous album on the Hanover Grand label was sold only at the London Club Room in Drury Lane, and is ranked by price guides as the most collectible UK release by the group.

During this period the Nolan Sisters appeared as the musical act for series six of The Two Ronnies.

1978–1984: Chart success
Their chart breakthrough came in 1978 with the covers album 20 Giant Hits on Target, which reached No.3 in the UK. That year, they also supported Engelbert Humperdinck on a US tour, and Denise left the group to pursue a solo career.

In 1979, the group participated in the UK Eurovision selection contest A Song For Europe. Their track "Harry My Honolulu Lover" had been written by former Eurovision contestant Terry Bradford who had finished 11th in the 1978 contest as part of the group Co-Co with their song "Bad Old Days". The track was considered the favourite before the contest, but ultimately placed fourth, with Black Lace going on to represent the UK with their song "Mary Ann". A lightning strike by BBC technicians minutes before the broadcast led to the cancellation of the show. In order to find a winner nonetheless, the regional juries had to make their decisions based on audio tapes of the songs from the show's rehearsals. The group had been booked to promote the song on many BBC shows, leading to speculation that it had been taken for granted they would win the competition. One booking was representing the BBC at the 25th Anniversary celebrations for the Eurovision network, which was staged in Montreux, Switzerland, in May 1979.

After signing with CBS subsidiary Epic Records in 1979, the group enjoyed their greatest period of commercial success. Although their debut release – the failed UK Eurovision entry "Harry, My Honolulu Lover" – did not chart, their second Epic single "Spirit, Body and Soul" released in September, reached number 34 on the UK singles chart. In December 1979, the group released the disco-flavoured single "I'm in the Mood for Dancing", which became their best-known tune and biggest hit. It reached number 3 in the UK, number 2 in their native Ireland and number 1 in Japan, a rare event for a Western act; the single eventually sold more than 600,000 copies in Japan. The song, like the majority of the Nolans' hit singles, was written by Ben Findon, Mike Myers and Robert Puzey.

The self-titled album Nolan Sisters, which featured the first two charting Epic singles, eventually reached number 15 in the UK. Although still not an official member of the group, the youngest member of the family, Coleen, appeared on the cover of the album and in the video for "I'm in the Mood for Dancing". In early 1980, the group changed its name from the Nolan Sisters to the Nolans. Coleen released one solo single on Target in 1978, a song about Prince Andrew's status as a teen idol.

The group's 1980 album  Making Waves  peaked at number 11 but had the longest UK album chart run of their career (33 weeks) Singles from the album included "Don't Make Waves" released April 1980 (UK number 12, Ireland number 5); "Gotta Pull Myself Together" released September 1980 (UK number 9, Ireland number 8) and "Who's Gonna Rock You" released November 1980 (co-written by Billy Ocean, UK number 12, Ireland number 14). It was around the time of the release of "Gotta Pull Myself Together" that the line-up changed. Following her marriage, Anne left the group and Coleen became an official member (Anne appears on the UK single sleeve, while Coleen appears in the music video). "Gotta Pull Myself Together" also became the group's first Australian hit, reaching number 3 in 1981; its parent album reached number 10 in Australia The last UK single release from Making Waves was "Attention To Me" released in March 1981 (UK number 9, Ireland number 5, Australia number 94).

"Sexy Music", also featured on Making Waves, won the grand prize at the 1981 Tokyo Music Festival, and was subsequently released as a single in Japan. This became the group's third number 1 on the Japanese Import chart – following "I'm in the Mood for Dancing" and "Gotta Pull Myself Together". During 1981, Coleen and Linda contributed vocals to the Young and Moody Band along with Motörhead frontman Lemmy, which scored a UK number 63 hit with "Don't Do That".

Another 1981 single "Chemistry" released in August (UK number 15, Ireland number 11, Australia number 51) was drawn from the album Portrait. This would become the group's second Top 10 UK album, reaching number 7 in 1982 (Australia number 54), and was also the source of their final UK Top 20 single "Don't Love Me Too Hard" released February 1982 (UK number 14, Ireland number 17). A third single from the album "Crashing Down" was released in May 1982. Anne rejoined the group in late 1982, making it a five-piece line up.

The 1982 compilation album Altogether reached UK number 52, but the accompanying single, "Dragonfly", failed to chart. In 1983, their single, "Dressed to Kill" was removed from the chart due to allegations of chart rigging. The group had released the single with a limited edition poster, exclusive to shops which registered chart sales. Later in the year, Linda left the group to pursue a solo career. At the time, she was nicknamed the "Naughty Nolan" due to risque publicity photos. The resulting four-woman line up of Bernie, Anne, Maureen and Coleen was stable until 1994.

The covers album Girls Just Wanna Have Fun! was released on Towerbell Records in 1984 and reached number 39. The Nolans also achieved success in Europe and New Zealand.

1984–2005: New labels and line-ups
In 1986, the Nolans released the LP Tenderly, which was an album of standards. They appeared in the second episode of the 1987 comedy series Filthy Rich & Catflap, playing themselves in a blackmail plot and performing "I'm in the Mood for Dancing". A 1989 re-recording of the same song reached number 99, and another version reached number 51 in 1995.

In 1991, the group signed with Teichiku Records to record a series of albums covering popular J-pop songs in English. The first release was Playback Part 2, which covered songs made popular by Momoe Yamaguchi. Rock and Rolling Idol featured covers of Kyōko Koizumi songs. Tidal Wave (Samishii Nettaigyo) included the group's versions of songs made famous by Wink, Seiko Matsuda, Akina Nakamori, Candies, and Yōko Oginome. The Hottest Place on Earth featured five covers of Princess Princess songs. The Nolans became the first Irish group to be awarded the 33rd Japan Record Awards Kikaku-shō (Prize for Planning) for their cover albums. Compilations of their Japanese material, often featuring remixes and some featuring other artists as well, were regularly released throughout the 1990s and 2000s in Japan, while several budget-priced compilations of their Epic-era material (sometimes re-recorded) appeared in the UK.

Coleen, who had married performer Shane Richie in 1990, and was now a mother of two, quit the group in 1994. In 1995, longstanding lead singer Bernie left to pursue an acting career; Anne and Maureen continued as a two-piece version of the Nolans. A re-recorded and remixed version of "I'm in the Mood for Dancing", released on the Living Beat label, reached number 51 in the UK in 1995, and Bernie and Coleen returned briefly to promote the single.

From 2000, the line-up consisted of Maureen and Anne, together with Anne's daughter Amy and unrelated singer Julia Duckworth, and concentrated on live appearances, often at venues such as Butlins holiday camps and bingo halls. The group disbanded in 2005, with Maureen Nolan having been a member for 31 consecutive years.

Anne was diagnosed with breast cancer in 2000, as was Linda in 2006. As part of her treatment, Linda had a breast removed. Bernie was diagnosed with breast cancer in April 2010, but successfully fought the disease until it later returned.

2009–2014: Solo careers, reformation and death of Bernie Nolan
Most of the sisters have continued to work in show business, pursuing careers in acting, musical theatre, pantomime and touring. As an actress, Bernie had prominent TV roles in Brookside and The Bill, and toured in several stage shows, including the adaptation of the movie Flashdance in 2008. Coleen has mostly worked as a television presenter, hosting This Morning briefly in 2001 and appearing regularly as a panellist on Loose Women since 2000.

Four of the sisters – Bernie, Denise, Linda, and Maureen – have played the role of Mrs. Johnstone in the musical Blood Brothers. Both Maureen and Bernie have performed in productions of the comedy Mum's the Word, and they toured together in the show in 2008.

Linda performed in the role of Maggie May at Blackpool's Central Pier for 10 years, clocking up more than 1,000 performances and toured with Prisoner Cell Block H – The Musical. Denise released one solo single on Pye in 1979 and two on Mercury in 1982. She has frequently performed a Judy Garland tribute show.

The Nolans reunited as a five-piece (Anne, Bernie, Coleen, Linda and Maureen) for one-off performances of "I'm in the Mood for Dancing" first for BBC One's All Time Greatest Party Songs, hosted by Tess Daly, which aired on 17 December 2005 and again on 9 August 2007 on Loose Women, but dismissed any immediate prospect of a full-scale reunion.

The Nolans announced in June 2009 that they were reforming for a UK and Ireland tour. Four members – Coleen, Bernie, Linda and Maureen – undertook the tour, in October and November 2009. The two other sisters, Anne and Denise, were not involved.

Coleen said she had instigated the reformation after speaking to her manager. She explained: "We've been approached before over the last four or five years but it has never felt like the right time and the right people being involved, and this time it was like 'let's just do it once more". The sisters performed their hits and several classic diva-type songs.

The reunion however sparked a split in the family as Anne has appeared in the press stating that she was excluded from the tour, and also issued a statement on her official website, which includes the comment: "they are not my sisters anymore". Denise also issued a statement in support of Anne, claiming that the real reason for the reunion was due to some of the sisters being in financial difficulty. Bernie and Maureen later made amends with Anne and Denise, but Bernie stated there would not be a reconciliation with Coleen and Linda.

The Nolans released a new album, I'm in the Mood Again, on 28 September 2009, which reached number 22 in the UK Albums Chart, their highest charting album for 27 years. A live DVD was released on 9 November 2009. 2011 saw the release of an autobiography Survivors: Our Story.

In 2012, the eldest of the sisters, Anne, released her solo album, Just One Voice.

In September 2012, a farewell tour was announced, to take place from 15 February to 14 March 2013. The line-up would be the same as for the 2009 tour. On 28 October it was announced that the 2013 Farewell Tour had been postponed as a result of Bernie's breast cancer resurgence. Early in 2013, the tour was cancelled completely. Bernie Nolan died from metastatic cancer on 4 July 2013, her cancer having spread to her brain, lungs, liver and bones. In 2014, Linda said that Bernie's death had resulted in her making up with Anne and Denise. Also in 2014, Coleen stated that they had been asked to tour again, with Bernie appearing via holograms, but that it was still too soon.

2020–2022: The Nolans Go Cruising
In February 2020, it was announced that the group would appear in a new TV series for Quest Red, The Nolans Go Crusing, a rival show to Channel 5's award winning Cruising with Jane McDonald. In the first series the band performed together for the first time in over 10 years. A second series was confirmed with the return of original member Denise Nolan, who would be performing with the band for the first time in over 40 years.

Discography

 * The Singing Nolans (1972)
 * The Nolan Sisters (1975)
 * 20 Giant Hits (1978)
 * Nolan Sisters (1979)
 * Making Waves (1980)
 * Portrait (1982)
 * Girls Just Wanna Have Fun! (1984)
 * Tenderly (1986)
 * Playback Part 2 (1991)
 * Rock and Rolling Idol (1991)
 * Tidal Wave (1991)
 * The Hottest Place on Earth (1992)
 * Please Don't (1992)
 * The Nolans Sing Momoe 2005 (2005)
 * I'm in the Mood Again (2009)

Members

 * Maureen Nolan (1974–09, 2020–2022)
 * Anne Nolan (1974–80, 1982–05, 2020–2022)
 * Coleen Nolan (1979–94, 2009, 2020–2022)
 * Linda Nolan (1974–83, 2009, 2020–2022)
 * Denise Nolan (1974–78, 2021–2022)
 * Bernie Nolan (1974–95, 2009; died 2013 )
 * Amy Nolan (2000–05)
 * Julia Duckworth (2000-05)

Line-ups

 * 1974-78: Maureen, Anne, Bernie, Linda and Denise
 * 1978-80: Maureen, Anne, Bernie and Linda
 * 1980-82: Maureen, Bernie, Linda and Coleen
 * 1982-83: Maureen, Anne, Bernie, Linda and Coleen
 * 1983-94: Maureen, Anne, Bernie and Coleen
 * 1994-95: Maureen, Anne and Bernie
 * 1995-00: Maureen and Anne
 * 2000-05: Maureen, Anne, Amy and Julia Duckworth
 * 2009: Maureen, Bernie, Linda and Coleen
 * 2020: Maureen, Anne, Linda, and Coleen
 * 2021-22: Maureen, Anne, Linda, Denise and Coleen

Notes:
 * Coleen made occasional appearances in the 1970s, but did not become a full-time member until 1980.
 * Coleen briefly returned to the group for the promotion of the 1995 re-release of "I'm in the Mood for Dancing" and filled in for Anne while she received treatment for cancer in 2000.

title: The Nolans


text:
Talk:Video game studies

There is much more to ludology than "video game studies". Video games are a subset of games, yes, and worthy of study on their own. But the meat of ludology does NOT rely upon video as a medium; it is about human-culture-system interaction in the contrived context of a game. Ludocrat 07:17, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed. This article should be under "ludology" or (preferably, as the term "ludology" is loaded, to Frasca's dismay) "game studies."

So what is the term to describe the science studying *all* games, not only video/computer ones? --213.227.93.57 16:20, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I thought I would point out that the text on this page is identical to the text on this other page: http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Ludology

I don't know who's copying who, but it seemed worth mentioning. --Omeomi 02:22, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * They're copying Wikipedia. TheFreeDictionary is a Wikipedia mirror; see Mirrors_and_forks/Def. --Mrwojo 05:02, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I'm confused... this entry claims that Aarseth is a ludologist, whereas I have read in other sources (can't name them right now) that he is primarily a narratologist... I read Cybertext, and seem to recall that he was fond of arguing that, even when a traditional narrative isn't explicit, gameplay allows the user to construct their own narrative of play, which seems it would put him more in the narratology camp... can anybody comment or clarify on this? Thanks. --Anonymous 11 Aug 2005

title: Talk:Video game studies


text:
Nationwide League

Nationwide League may refer to:
 * Nigeria Nationwide League, the third level of club football in Nigeria
 * Nationwide Football League, English Football League
 * Nationwide League (Kenya), replaced by FKF Division One
 * Nationwide League (Kenya Rugby Union), a domestic Kenyan rugby union competition

title: Nationwide League


text:
Montes Archimedes

Montes Archimedes is a mountain range on the Moon. It is named after the nearby crater Archimedes, which in turn is named after the ancient Greek mathematician Archimedes.

This group of mountains is located on a plateau in the eastern part of the Mare Imbrium, a lunar mare in the northwest quadrant of the Moon's near side. They are bounded on the eastern side by the Palus Putredinis, a small mare, and to the north by Archimedes. Farther to the south and east lies the impressive Montes Apenninus, a long mountain range.

The selenographic coordinates of this range is 25.3° N, 4.6° W. The peaks of Montes Archimedes occupy an area with a maximum diameter of 163 km, although the most rugged portion of the terrain is concentrated within the central 70 km. The remainder of the peaks are scattered across the plateau, with no particular structure or pattern. Some of the peaks in this range achieve heights of up to 2.0 km, much less than those in the Montes Apenninus, for example, and none have received specific designations.

title: Montes Archimedes


text:
HBL

HBL may refer to:

 * HBL F.C., a Pakistani football club
 * HBL Pakistan, a Pakistani bank
 * Habib Bank Limited cricket team, a Pakistani cricket team
 * Handball-Bundesliga, a professional handball league in Germany
 * Himalayan Bank Limited, a Nepalese bank
 * Homer D. Babbidge Library, an American academic library
 * Hufvudstadsbladet, a Swedish-language newspaper in Finland

title: HBL


text:
HBT

HBT may refer to:

 * HBT (explosive)
 * Haifa Beirut Tripoli Railway
 * Hanbury Brown and Twiss effect
 * Herringbone Twill cloth military uniforms
 * Heterojunction bipolar transistor
 * Hole-board test
 * Hydrogen breath test

title: HBT


text:
Administrative Template

Administrative Templates are a feature of Group Policy, a Microsoft technology for centralized management of machines and users in an Active Directory environment.

Administrative Templates facilitate the management of registry-based policy. An ADM file is used to describe both the user interface presented to the Group Policy administrator and the registry keys that should be updated on the target machines. An ADM file is a text file with a specific syntax which describes both the interface and the registry values which will be changed if the policy is enabled or disabled.

ADM files are consumed by the Group Policy Object Editor (GPEdit). Windows XP Service Pack 2 shipped with five ADM files (system.adm, inetres.adm, wmplayer.adm, conf.adm and wuau.adm). These are merged into a unified "namespace" in GPEdit and presented to the administrator under the Administrative Templates node (for both machine and user policy).

Syntax
A simple ADM example follows:

CLASS MACHINE CATEGORY "Wikipedia Apps" POLICY "Wikipedia" KEYNAME "Software\WikiSoft\Preferences" EXPLAIN "Configures WikiSoft Preferences" VALUENAME "SharingEnabled" VALUEON "Yes" VALUEOFF "No" END POLICY END CATEGORY

A valid ADM file must have the following keywords: Optional keywords used include:
 * Class - either MACHINE or USER
 * Category - Defines organizational structure of ADM and where it will be displayed in the GPEdit window.
 * Policy - Groups definitions into one node and configuration screen of the GPEdit tree
 * Keyname - used to define what registry key will be affected

View Filtering must be turned off in order to see custom preference settings (such as this example) in the Group Policy Editor.

ADM files across different platforms
It is important to note that ADM files shipped with Microsoft operating systems include descriptions of policy settings for not just that platform but for all other platforms on which Group Policy is supported. For example, the Windows XP Service Pack 2 ADM files described policy settings not just for this platform but also for Windows 2000 and Windows Server 2003. This approach allows management of machines that are running an operating system other than that on which GPEdit is used.

Managing ADM files
By default, ADM files are stored in each GPO, within Sysvol on domain controllers. This creates a simple and effective model for replicating ADM files across domain controllers (which is handled by the File Replication Service). However, in some instances this can cause operational issues. To this end, various policy settings are available to manage the manner in which ADM files are read and stored. These are described in Microsoft's KB article 816662.

title: Administrative Template


text:
Talk:Kirkegaard Associates

Untitled
For a November 2004 deletion debate over this page see Votes for deletion/Kirkegaard Associates

This page was speedy deleted in the middle of a VfD discussion. Several days later, several votes appeared arguing that the article should be kept. Since this is no longer a non-controversial deletion, I have restored the article so that it may be reviewed and run it's course through the full VfD discussion. Rossami (talk) 16:28, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kirkegaard Associates


text:
St. Johns and Halifax Railway

The St. Johns and Halifax Railway was a narrow gauge railroad incorporated on December 12, 1881, under the general incorporation laws of Florida. Its plan was to build a railroad from Rollestown in Putnam County on the St. Johns River, to a point on the Halifax River in Volusia County at or near New Britain (known as Ormond Beach today). The distance of the line was 51.99 miles, but 1.4 miles of the line was eventually abandoned. Florida state law chapter 3650, approved February 12, 1885, assigned it land grants.

On October 1, 1888, the property of the St. Johns and Halifax Railway was conveyed to the St. Johns & Halifax River Railway, which was incorporated a few days later on October 11, 1888. At some point after this and before 1893, the narrow gauge line was converted to. On January 1, 1893, the line was acquired by the Florida East Coast Railway.

title: St. Johns and Halifax Railway


text:
St Paul's Island

St Paul's Island (Maltese: Il-Gżejjer ta' San Pawl), also known as Selmunett, is a small island off Selmun, Mellieħa near the north of the island of Malta. St Paul's Island is sometimes split into two islands by a shallow isthmus, and it is therefore sometimes referred to in the plural as St Paul's Islands. St Paul's Island has been uninhabited since World War II, and it is the second largest uninhabited island of Malta, having an area of 0.1 km2.

History
The Acts of the Apostles tell the story of how Paul the Apostle was shipwrecked on an island which Chapter 28 identifies as Malta while on his way to Rome to face charges in 60 AD. Traditionally, St Paul's Island was identified as the location for this shipwreck, but this has been disputed. Given the prevalent North Easterly winds and the sandbar and sandy beach mentioned in the Bible, it has been argued that it is more likely the actual shipwreck took place in the area known as il-Munxar which has a submerged reef and a sandy beach near St. Thomas' Bay in the southeast part of the island. Archaeologists have found the 4 anchors in St. Thomas Bay and documented the journey.

Until 1575, the islands were named after the Salomone family, who owned a nearby land in Mellieħa also called Selmun; the islands were named on maps as Isola Salomone and Isola Salomonetto and interpreted by the Maltese as Selmun and Selmunett. On other maps, the islands were referred to as Selmun's Islands and The Scroll of Selmun. In 1576, Marco di Maria was being chased by Barbary corsairs off the coast of Malta. He navigated his vessel through the narrow channel between St Paul's Island and Malta, but when the pirates followed him they ran aground and were captured. As a result of this, the Grandmaster Jean de la Cassière gave St Paul's Islands to di Maria and the islands started to be called Tal-Barba Marku.

After the death of Marco, as decreed by the Grand Master, the island passed to his family. It first went to his son Giovanni de Maria and later to the nephew of Marco who was the son of Giavanni, who was named Narduccio de Maria. Narduccio lost his life in a battle at sea in a fight against the Ottomans. The island was then transferred to the Order of Saint John. Sometime after 1649 a tower was built on the island by Grand Master Giovanni Paolo Lascaris. The tower was part of a contract, for the exchange of the island with the Casa della Giornata (now the site of the Royal Opera House) in Valletta which belonged to Michel de Torellas, the Prior of Catalonia.

In 1844 a prominent statue of Saint Paul was erected on the island. It was sculpted by Segismondo Dimech from Valletta and Salvatore Dimech from Lija. The statue was officially inaugurated and blessed on 21 September 1845. It was restored by Din l-Art Ħelwa a number of times, first in 1996, then in 2007, in 2014, and 2015.

Until the 1930s, a farmer called Vincenzo Borg, nicknamed Ta' Bajdafin, lived on the island in the tower built by Grandmaster Lascaris. He converted it and used it as a farmhouse. Borg abandoned the dwelling, and the fields on the island, just before World War II started. The tower was a three-chambered structure with a heavily buttressed wall at its lower level. It was built similar to other Lascaris towers. Since it was abandoned, the upper room has collapsed and the structure is now in ruins.

Pope John Paul II visited the island by boat during his visit to Malta in 1990. In the same year, a statue named Kristu tal-Baħħara was sunk near St. Paul's Island. After 10 years, the statue was moved from St. Paul's Bay to Qawra point because of deteriorating visibility in the water and a decline in divers visiting the site.

Geography
Saint Paul's Islands lie about 100 metres off the coast of Mellieħa, Malta. The island can split into two islands by a shallow isthmus according to the sea level, and when they are split the larger island on the west is known as Saint Paul's Island while the smaller one on the east is known as Quartz Island. Both islands are made of upper coralline limestone.

Saint Paul's Island's landscape is a maritime garigue dominated by golden samphire, Maltese fleabane and other species. Quartz Island is more exposed and has less vegetation than the main island.

A population of the land snail Trochoidea spratti can be found on the islands. Wild rabbits used to live on the island but the population died off due to disease. A subspecies of the Maltese wall lizard known as Podarcis filfolensis kieselbachi also lived there but the population apparently became extinct in 2005.

title: St Paul's Island


text:
Protectorate General to Pacify the East

The Protectorate-General to Pacify the East was an administrative division of the Chinese Tang dynasty in Manchuria and the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. It was established after the Tang dynasty defeated Goguryeo and annexed its territories. In the place of Baekje and Goguryeo, the Tang dynasty created the Protectorate General to Pacify the East and the Ungjin Commandery. A proposal to set up the Great Commandery of Gyerim by the Emperor Gaozong of Tang to King Munmu of Silla was refused.

History

After the Tang dynasty conquered Goguryeo in 668, the Protectorate General to Pacify the East, otherwise known as the Andong Protectorate, was created in Pyongyang and supposedly stationed with 200,000 soldiers. The protectorate was divided into 9 commanderies, 42 prefectures, and 100 counties with an estimated 697,000 Goguryeo households.

In 669 the people of Goguryeo revolted in response to Tang governance. In response the Tang forcibly deported tens of thousands of households and resettled them in empty areas south of the Changjiang (Yangtze) and Huai River, each in contemporary China. The weak and poor were left behind and assigned to guard duty in service of the protectorate. Different numbers of households are given by various sources. According to the Samguk Sagi citing Chinese sources, the Zizhi Tongjian says 38,200 households, the Old Book of Tang and Tongdian say 28,200, and the New Book of Tang says 30,000. The Samguk Sagi says 38,300. Mark Cartwright gives a number of 200,000 people forcefully resettled including the king. Wang Zhenping gives a figure of 78,000 households.

From 670 to 675, Goguryeo loyalists aligned with Silla launched offensives against the Tang Chinese on all fronts within and outside the Protectorate. Aided by Silla, Goguryeo generals such as Go Yeonmu and Geom Mojam reclaimed parts of former Goguryeo territories after winning several decisive battles in Ogol, Gaedonyang, and Paeseo. For instance, Go Yeonmu, led a counter-offensive against the Tang armies in Liaodong alongside the Sillan general Seol Oyu in 670, defeating the Tang armies stationed in the area and occupying it briefly until 674. Originally Emperor Taizong of Tang promised to exchange Baekje and the lands south of Pyongyang in return for Silla's military cooperation. However Taizong died before the conquest of Goguryeo was completed, and his successor Gaozong reneged on the promise.

In 671, Sillan forces drove out the Tang. In 675 the Tang attacked Silla and defeated them in Gyeonggi. In response Munmu of Silla dispatched a tributary mission to Tang with apologies. Gaozong accepted Munmu's apologies and withdrew Tang troops to deal with the Tibetan threat in the west. Seeing the Tang's strategic weakness, Silla renewed the advance on Tang territory. Silla took all the territory south of the Taedong River in a series of battles in 676.

By 676 the Tang were forced to relocate the protectorate seat to the more easily defendable city of Liaoyang.

In 677 the seat was moved to Xincheng, in modern Fushun, Liaoning.

The deposed Bojang of Goguryeo was designated "Liaodong Commander King of Joseon" in 667. Upon arriving in Liaodong, he plotted with the Mohe people to revive Goguryeo. News of his intentions reached the Tang, and Bojang was banished to southwestern China in 681.

In 714, the seat was moved to Pingzhou, in modern Lulong County, Qinhuangdao, Hebei.

In 736, the Tang formally recognized Silla's control of Korea south of the Taedong River. In 743, the seat was moved to the Old City of Liaoxi, possibly Ying Prefecture (modern Chaoyang, Liaoning).

The Protectorate General to Pacify the East, otherwise known as the Andong Protectorate, was abandoned in 756 or ended in 761.

List of protector generals

 * Wei Zhe (668–669)
 * Xue Rengui (669–670) – 안동도호부사/安東都護府使
 * Gao Kan (670–676)
 * Bojang of Goguryeo (677–681) – (Hangul : 요동주도독 조선왕 Hanja:遼東州都督朝鮮王) and (Hangul : 조선군왕 Hanja:朝鮮郡王)
 * Qu Tuquan (681–685)
 * Xue Ne (685–696) 薛訥 – 安東道經略 안동도경락 – also military commander of Youjou
 * Pei Xuangui (696–698) 裴玄珪
 * Go Deokmu (698–699) (Hangul : 고덕무 Hanja: 高德武), Son of Bojang – 안동도독/安東都督
 * Tang Xiujing (704–705) 唐休璟
 * Pei Huaigu (712) 裴懷古
 * Sun Jian (712) 孫儉
 * Shan Sijing (713) 單思敬
 * Xu Qincou (714) 許欽湊
 * Xu Qindan (714) 許欽澹
 * Zhang Shuo (715–719) 張說
 * Xue Tai (720–725) 薛泰
 * Li Jiao (727–732) 李璬
 * Pei Min (733–741) 裴旻
 * Jia Xun (742–755) 賈循
 * Wang Xuanzhi (756–758) 王玄志
 * Hou Xiyi (758–761) 侯希逸

Administrative area
Administratively, it was intended to oversee nine commanderies, 42 prefectures (later decreased into 14) and 100 counties.

Nine commanderies

 * Shinseongju (Hangul: 신성주 Hanja/Hanzi: 新城州)
 * Yoseongju (Hangul: 요성주Hanja/Hanzi: 遼城州/辽城州)
 * Gamulju (Hangul: 가물주 Hanja/Hanzi: 哥勿州)
 * Wirakju (Hangul: 위락주Hanja/Hanzi: 衛樂州/卫乐州)
 * Saraju (Hangul: 사리주 Hanja/Hanzi: 舍利州)
 * Geosoju (Hangul: 거소주 Hanja/Hanzi: 去素州/居素州)
 * Wueolhuiji (Hangul: 월희주 Hanja/Hanzi: 越喜州)
 * Geodanju (Hangul: 거단주 Hanja/Hanzi: 去旦州)
 * Geonanju (Hangul: 건안주 Hanja/Hanzi: 建安州)

14 prefectures (州)

 * Namso (Hangul: 남소주 Hanja/Hanzi: 南蘇州)
 * Gaemo (Hangul: 개모주 Hanja/Hanzi: 蓋牟州)
 * Daena (Hangul: 대나주 Hanja/Hanzi: 大那州)
 * Changam (Hangul: 창암주 Hanja/Hanzi: 倉巖州)
 * Mami (Hangul: 마미주 Hanja/Hanzi: 磨米州)
 * Jeokri (Hangul: 적리주 Hanja/Hanzi: 積利州)
 * Yeosan (Hangul: 여산주 Hanja/Hanzi: 黎山州)
 * Yeonjin (Hangul: 연진주 Hanja/Hanzi: 延津州)
 * Mokjeo (Hangul: 목저주 Hanja/Hanzi: 木底州)
 * Ansi (Hangul: 안시주 Hanja/Hanzi: 安市州)
 * Chebok (Hangul: 제북주 Hanja/Hanzi: 諸北州)
 * Shikri (Hangul: 식리주 Hanja/Hanzi: 識利州)
 * Buryeol (Hangul: 불열주 Hanja/Hanzi: 拂涅州)
 * Baehan (Hangul: 배한주 Hanja/Hanzi: 拜漢州)

title: Protectorate General to Pacify the East


text:
User:Shert~enwiki

Hi! I'm Shert and I'm from Italy. I've been studying English at school for nine years, with good results, and so I thought that I could try to test my knowledge of this language by writing articles in this Wikipedia.

Please excuse eventual grammar or lexicon mistakes, and correct it if it is no trouble. Then, if you would kindly explain to me the nature of my mistake, I would highly appreciate it. With this experience, I look forward to better my English skills.

As for the content of the articles, I'll mostly write about literature and astronomy, with minor contributions in other subjects.

title: User:Shert~enwiki


text:
Gavin Schmidt

Gavin A. Schmidt is a British climatologist, climate modeler and Director of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) in New York, and co-founder of the climate science blog RealClimate.

Work
He was educated at The Corsham School, earned a BA (Hons) in mathematics at Jesus College, Oxford, and a PhD in applied mathematics at University College London. Schmidt worked on the variability of the ocean circulation and climate, using general circulation models (GCMs). He has also worked on ways to reconcile paleo-data with models. He helped develop the GISS ocean and coupled GCMs to improve the representation of the present day climate, while investigating their response to climate forcing.

As of 2024, Schmidt heads NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies. He was named for the director position in June 2014 as its then deputy director, becoming to the third person to hold this post, which had been vacant after the retirement of James E. Hansen. In an interview with Science News, Schmidt said that he wanted to continue the institute's work on climate modeling and to expand its work on climate impacts and astrobiology.

Research
His main research interest is climate variability, both its internal and the response to climate forcing, investigated via ocean-atmosphere general circulation models. He also uses these to study palaeoclimate by working on methods to compare palaeo-data with model output. Schmidt helps to develop the GISS ocean and coupled GCMs (ModelE). This model has been "isotopically enabled" to carry oxygen-18 tracers, allowing the model to simulate the pattern of δ18O observed in ice cores, cave records and ocean sediments.

Media and outreach
Schmidt has appeared on various occasions in the media, often he is asked about his expertise on climate related study findings, current events or gives lectures. Schmidt worked with the American Museum of Natural History, the College de France, and the New York Academy of Sciences for education and outreach. Schmidt and eight other colleagues founded in 2004 the RealClimate blog. The blog provides critical commentary on climate science with the scope on outreach to the public and for journalists. Additionally, the blog features frequent guest posts by experts in their field. Articles and commentary have defended scientific research against allegations made about the hockey stick graph. During the 2009-2010 Climatic Research Unit email controversy, he strongly defended the scientists involved, including Michael E. Mann and Phil Jones. Journalist Fred Pearce noted, "Schmidt wrote that the emails merely showed how scientists interact in private", and that "Gravity isn't a useful theory because Newton was a nice man."

Schmidt was EarthSky Science Communicator of the Year in 2011.

Awards
In 2011, the American Geophysical Union awarded Schmidt the inaugural Climate Communications Prize, for his work on communicating climate-change issues to the public. The award news release noted his outreach work including co-founding and contributing to the RealClimate blog. He was a contributing author of the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); the work of the IPCC, including the contributions of many scientists, was recognised by the joint award of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize. Schmidt was named as one of Scientific American's "Top 50 Research Leaders" of the year 2004.

Publications
Schmidt has published over 100 studies in peer-reviewed journals such as Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Science, and Nature, on various climate related topics.

He is the co-author, with Joshua Wolfe, of Climate Change: Picturing the Science (2009), which has a foreword by Jeffrey D. Sachs. The book combines images of the effects of climate change with scientific explanations.

His Erdős number is four.

Selected publications

 * Lenssen, Nathan J. L., Gavin A. Schmidt, James E. Hansen, Matthew J. Menne, Avraham Persin, Reto Ruedy, and Daniel Zyss (2019). "Improvements in the GISTEMP Uncertainty Model," Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 214(12), pp. 6307-6326.

title: Gavin Schmidt


text:
Alexander O. Anderson

Alexander Outlaw Anderson (November 10, 1794 – May 23, 1869) was an American slave owner and attorney who represented Tennessee in the United States Senate, and later served in the California State Senate, and on the California Supreme Court.

Early life
The son of Patience Outlaw and longtime U.S. Senator Joseph Anderson, he was born at his father's home, "Soldier's Rest" in Jefferson County (now Hamblen County), Tennessee. He was named for his maternal grandfather, frontiersman Alexander Outlaw (1738–1826).

As a youth he graduated from Washington College near Greeneville, Tennessee. He volunteered for service in the War of 1812 and fought under Andrew Jackson in the Battle of New Orleans in 1815. Later that year he was admitted to the bar and began a practice in Dandridge, Tennessee. In 1821, Jackson was appointed Territorial Governor of Florida, and Anderson the United States district attorney of West Florida.

Afterward, he moved to Knoxville, and then served as the superintendent of the United States United States General Land Office in Alabama in 1836. He was an agent in the Indian removals of 1838 for Alabama and Florida, and held a contract through 1848.

Senate and legal career
In February 1840, Anderson was elected to the United States Senate by the Tennessee General Assembly to the vacancy caused by the resignation of Senator Hugh Lawson White. He was a member of the Whig party whose resignation was orchestrated by Governor James K. Polk so that a Democratic senator could be appointed. Anderson served in that body from February 26, 1840, to March 3, 1841, when the term expired. In May 1840, he was a delegate to the national Democratic Party convention in Baltimore, Maryland. Anderson did not stand for reelection to the seat; it was to remain vacant for a period when a group of Tennessee Democratic legislators called the "Immortal Thirteen" refused to meet and give a quorum sufficient to allow the election of a successor, apparently preferring no representation to that by a member of the other party, the Whigs.

After leaving the Senate, Anderson remained active in politics. In September 1844, he published a series of letters on the admission of Texas as a new state, which were published as a book. In July 1847, he announced his support for Zachary Taylor of Louisiana as a candidate for President of the United States.

Anderson was a leader of an overland company of leaving from Independence, Missouri, and going to California in 1849. He served in the California State Senate in 1852 as a Democrat. In February 1852, his name was put forward for U.S. Senator, but he lost the Democratic Party nomination. He then was appointed by Governor John Bigler as an associate justice of the California Supreme Court, serving from April 6, 1852, to January 2, 1853, before returning to Tennessee in 1853 or 1854. While in the California Supreme Court, he co-authored a ruling supporting the Fugitive Slave Act, writing, "Slaves are not parties to the Constitution, and although ‘persons,’ they are property."

Anderson later practiced law in Washington, D.C., appearing before both the Court of Claims and the Supreme Court of the United States. During the American Civil War he returned to Alabama, practicing law in Mobile and Camden. Again returning to Tennessee, he died in Knoxville on May 23, 1869, and is buried in the Old Gray Cemetery.

Personal life
In 1821, he married Maria Hamilton in Washington, D.C., who died in 1825 in Jonesboro, Tennessee. On June 7, 1825, he remarried married to Eliza Rosa Deaderick, his cousin, and they had 11 children. She died October 15, 1866, in Knoxville, Tennessee.

title: Alexander O. Anderson


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European Shield

The European Shield (known as the Parker Pen Shield for sponsorship reasons) was a repechage tournament for teams knocked out in the first round of the European Challenge Cup. As such, it formed Europe's third-tier club rugby union competition below the Heineken Cup and European Challenge Cup. The name "European Shield" had previously been used for the now renamed European Challenge Cup.

A total of 16 teams participated in each season. The competition was contested between the first round losers from the European Challenge Cup with teams being added directly to make up the full 16 team complement. The structure of the competition was a purely knockout format; teams played each other on a home and away basis, with the aggregate points winner proceeding to the next round. The final was a single leg.

The competition had a brief existence, running for just three seasons in 2002–03, 2003–04 and 2004–05. Three clubs won the competition in each year that it was run and there were three different runners up. Thereafter, the European Challenge Cup reverted to its previous "pool and knockout" format and the European Shield was discontinued.

2002–03 competition
This competition was contested between the first round losers from the 2002–03 European Challenge Cup. A total of 16 teams participated, representing five countries.

The competition began on 6 December 2002 and culminated in the final at the Madejski Stadium in Reading on 25 May 2003. Castres Olympique secured a victory over Caerphilly in the final and picked up their first piece of European Club silverware.

2003–04 competition
This competition was contested between 12 first round losers from the 2003–04 European Challenge Cup plus 4 other Clubs entering directly into the 1st Round. A total of 16 teams participated, representing five countries.

The competition began on 10 January 2004 and culminated in the final at the Stadio Luigi Zaffanella in Viadana on 21 May 2004. Montpellier secured a victory over Viadana in the final and picked up their first piece of European Club silverware.

2004–05 competition
This competition was intended to be contested between 12 first round losers from the 2004–05 European Challenge Cup, plus 4 other Clubs that joined directly at the 1st Round of the Shield. AA Coimbra subsequently declined to play in the competition. therefore a total of 15 teams participated, representing six countries.

The competition began on 4 December 2004 and culminated in the final at Kassam Stadium in Oxford on 21 May 2005. Auch secured a victory over Worcester Warriors in the final and picked up their first piece of European Club silverware.

title: European Shield