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Ariel (poetry collection)

Ariel was the second book of Sylvia Plath's poetry to be published. It was first released in 1965, two years after her death by suicide. The poems of Ariel, with their free-flowing images and characteristically menacing psychic landscapes, marked a dramatic turn from Plath's earlier Colossus poems.

The work's editor, Ted Hughes, made substantial changes to Plath's intended plan for the collection by changing her ordering of the poems, dropping some pieces, and adding others. The first American edition was published in 1966 and included an introduction by the poet Robert Lowell. This was appropriate, since, in a BBC interview, Plath cited Lowell's book Life Studies as having had a profound influence over the poetry she was writing in this last phase of her writing career. In the same interview, Plath also cited the poet Anne Sexton as an important influence on her writing during this time since Sexton was also exploring some of the same dark, taboo, personal subject matter that Plath was exploring in her writing.

In 2004, a new edition of Ariel was published which for the first time restored the selection and arrangement of the poems as Plath had left them; the 2004 edition also features a foreword by Frieda Hughes, who is the daughter of Plath and Ted Hughes.

Contents (1965 version)
Poems marked with an * were not in Plath's original manuscript, but were added by Ted Hughes. Most of them date from the last few weeks of Plath's life.

• #"Morning Song"

• #"The Couriers"

• #"Sheep in Fog"

• #"The Applicant"

• #"Lady Lazarus"

• #"Tulips"

• #"Cut"

• #"Elm"

• #"The Night Dances"

• #"Poppies in October"

• #"Berck-Plage"

• #"Ariel"

• #"Death & Co."

• #"Lesbos" (censored in some publications, not included in UK version)

• #"Nick and the Candlestick"

• #"Gulliver"

• #"Getting There"

• #"Medusa"

• #"The Moon and the Yew Tree"

• #"A Birthday Present"

• #"Mary's Song" (only in US version)

• #"Letter in November"

• #"The Rival"

• #"Daddy"

• #"You're"

• #"Fever 103°"

• #"The Bee Meeting"

• #"The Arrival of the Bee Box"

• #"Stings"

• #"The Swarm" (only in US version)

• #"Wintering"

• #"The Hanging Man"

• #"Little Fugue"

• #"Years"

• #"The Munich Mannequins"

• #"Totem"

• #"Paralytic"

• #"Balloons"

• #"Poppies in July"

• #"Kindness"

• #"Contusion"

• #"Edge"

• #"Words"

Reception
Marjorie Perloff said in her article, "The Two Ariels: The (Re)making Of The Sylvia Plath Canon” that “The fact remains that Plath herself had arranged the future Ariel poems ‘in a careful sequence,’ plotting out every detail including the first and last words of the volume." Another critic remarked that “her poetry would have been valuable no matter what she had written about.” A very accurate description of Plath, considering her form of poetry was notorious for being dark and questionable among her readers. On January 16, 2004, The Independent newspaper in London published an article that ranked Ariel as the 3rd best book of modern poetry among 'The 10 Best Modern Poetry Books.'

Awards

 * 1982 - Pulitzer Prize for Poetry

Analysis
Upon analyzing the collection of poems along with considering her other work, it is concluded that like her other poems, "Ariel" is "highly autobiographical, psychological and confessional poem."

Additional poems in her manuscript

 * 1) "The Rabbit Catcher"
 * 2) "Thalidomide"
 * 3) "Barren Woman"
 * 4) "A Secret"
 * 5) "The Jailor"
 * 6) "The Detective"
 * 7) "Magi"
 * 8) "The Other"
 * 9) "Stopped Dead"
 * 10) "The Courage of Shutting-Up"
 * 11) "Purdah"
 * 12) "Amnesiac"
 * 13) "Lesbos" (included in US version)

title: Ariel (poetry collection)


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Rabbi Levi (crater)

Rabbi Levi is a lunar impact crater that is located among the rugged highlands in the southeastern part of the Moon's near side. Several notable craters are located nearby, including Zagut just to the north-northwest, the heavily impacted Riccius to the southeast, and Lindenau to the northeast next to Zagut.

This is a heavily worn and eroded crater formation, with several smaller craters lying along the incised rim and across the interior floor. A group of these craters form a cluster in the western part of the floor, consisting of the satellite craters A, L, M, and D, as well as lesser craterlets trailing away to the south-southeast. The largest of these craters is Rabbi Levi L, a bowl-shaped formation just to the northwest of the midpoint. The remainder of the floor is relatively level and nearly featureless. Clusters of craters also lay across the eastern and southwestern sections of the rim.

Attached to the northeast is the remnant of an old formation that intrudes into Rabbi Levi, producing a straightened section of rim along that face. This unnamed formation has been almost completely obliterated, and is overlain in the northwest by Lindenau, and along the outer northeast side by Rothmann.

The crater is named after the Medieval French Jewish scholar Levi ben Gershon, better known by his Graecized name as Gersonides.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Rabbi Levi.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rabbi Levi (crater)


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List of tallest buildings in Poland

Poland has 42 high-rise buildings that stand at least 100 m tall, being one of 17 countries in the world to have a supertall skyscraper (building that rises at least 300 m).

The country's first high-rises started to be constructed in Warsaw, Katowice, Wrocław and Łódź in the first half of the 20th century. The PAST Building was the first such building in Poland. Built in 1908, it was at that time the tallest residential building in Europe at 51.5 m, as well as one of the earliest reinforced concrete structures of this type in the continent. Other early high-rises include the Drapacz Chmur, in Katowice, and the Prudential, in Warsaw, which was in its completion in 1933 the tenth tallest building in Europe at 66 m.

At the beginning of the post-war period, the 237-metre (778 ft) tall Palace of Culture and Science was built in the centre of Warsaw at the behest of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. At the time of its completion in 1955, it was the eighth tallest building in the world and the second tallest in Europe, retaining these positions until 1961 and 1990, respectively.

Poland saw a major increase in the number of high-rise buildings following its political transformation of 1989 and throughout the 21st century. Most of the country's tallest skyscrapers are located in the Śródmieście and Wola districts of Warsaw. In Śródmieście, a cluster of skyscrapers is arranged around the centrally located Palace of Culture and Science. Since the 1970s the district's urban planning has been designed in a way that counterpoints the skyline domination by the Palace.

The tallest building in Poland is currently the 310-metre (1017 ft) tall Varso Tower, in Warsaw, which is also the tallest building in the European Union and the sixth tallest building in Europe.

Tallest buildings
This list ranks buildings in Poland that stand at least 100 m tall.

Under construction
This list ranks buildings under construction in Poland that plan to stand at least 100 m tall.

{{legend|#c6f7c6|Indicates buildings that have been topped out|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

Approved
This list ranks approved buildings in Poland that plan to stand at least 100 m tall.

title: List of tallest buildings in Poland


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Tomato purée

Tomato purée is a thick liquid made by cooking and straining tomatoes. The difference between tomato paste, tomato purée, and tomato sauce is consistency; tomato puree has a thicker consistency and a deeper flavour than sauce.

Differences
The definitions of tomato purée vary from country to country. In the US, tomato purée is a processed food product, usually consisting of only tomatoes, but can also be found in the seasoned form. It differs from tomato sauce or tomato paste in consistency and content; tomato purée generally lacks the additives common to a complete tomato sauce and does not have the thickness of paste.

The standard consistency of tomato puree is more than or equal to 7% but less than 24% natural total soluble solids.

Passata di pomodoro
Passata di pomodoro is an uncooked tomato purée, strained of seeds and skins. Passata derives from the Italian verb passare, meaning 'to go through'.

title: Tomato purée


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Sono Osato

Sono Osato (大里 ソノ) was an American dancer and actress.

Early life
Osato was born in Omaha, Nebraska. She was the oldest of three children of a Japanese father (Shoji Osato, 1885–1955) and a Canadian mother of French-Irish origin (Frances Fitzpatrick, 1897–1954). Her family moved to Chicago in 1925 in order to be closer to Frances' family, and Shoji opened a photography studio there. In 1927, when she was eight, Osato's mother took her and her sister to Europe for two years; while in Monte Carlo, they attended a performance of Cléopâtre by Sergei Diaghilev's famous Ballets Russes company, which inspired Osato to start ballet classes when she returned to Chicago in late 1929. She studied with prominent dancers Berenice Holmes and Adolph Bolm.

Career
She performed with ballet companies Ballets Russe de Monte-Carlo and the American Ballet Theatre. As an actress, she starred alongside Frank Sinatra in the film The Kissing Bandit.

Osato began her career at the age of fourteen with Wassily de Basil's Ballets Russe de Monte-Carlo, which at the time was the world's most well known ballet company; she was the youngest member of the troupe, their first American dancer and their first dancer of Japanese descent. De Basil tried to persuade Osato to change her name to a Russian name, but she refused to do so. She spent six years touring the United States, Europe, Australia and South America with the company, leaving in 1941 as she felt her career was stagnating. She went to study at the School of American Ballet in New York City for six months, then joined the American Ballet Theatre as a dancer. While at the ABT, she danced roles in such ballets as Kenneth MacMillan's Sleeping Beauty, Antony Tudor's Pillar of Fire, and Bronislava Nijinska's The Beloved.

As a musical theater performer, her Broadway credits included principal dancer in One Touch of Venus (a performance for which she received a Donaldson Award in 1943), Ivy Smith in the original On the Town, and Cocaine Lil in Ballet Ballads.

Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Osato was encouraged to change her name to something more "American", and for a short time she used her mother's maiden name and performed as Sono Fitzpatrick. At around the same time, her father was arrested and detained in Chicago under the United States government's Japanese American Internment policy. In 1942, when the Ballet Theatre toured Mexico, Osato was unable to join the tour as Japanese Americans were barred from leaving the country, and she had several months without work. She was also unable to perform in California and other parts of the western United States when the company toured there later in the same year, as these states were deemed military areas and were off-limits for people of Japanese descent.

In the late 1940s and 1950s, Osato briefly pursued a career as an actress, appearing on Broadway in Peer Gynt, in the film The Kissing Bandit with Frank Sinatra, and in occasional guest appearances on television series such as, The Adventures of Ellery Queen (1950).

In 1980, Osato published an autobiography titled Distant Dances. In 2006, she founded the Sono Osato Scholarship Program in Graduate Studies at Career Transition For Dancers to help former dancers finance graduate work in both the professions and the liberal arts. In 2016, Thodos Dance Company in Chicago presented a dance production based on her life, titled Sono's Journey.

Personal life
Osato married real estate developer Victor Elmaleh in 1943, and they had two sons. Elmaleh died in November 2014, aged 95.

Osato died at her home in Manhattan on December 26, 2018, at the age of 99. She was the aunt of the installation artist of the same name, Sono Osato.

title: Sono Osato


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El Centro de la Raza

El Centro de la Raza in Seattle, Washington, United States, is an educational, cultural, and social service agency, centered in the Latino/Chicano community and headquartered in the former Beacon Hill Elementary School on Seattle's Beacon Hill. It was founded in 1972 and continues to serve clients in Seattle, King County and beyond. It is considered a significant part of civil rights history in the Pacific Northwest.

History

In the early 1960s thousands of Latinos in Seattle, nearly all of whom were seeking employment, found themselves lacking a traditional community center: a barrio, with a Latin American-style plaza. In early 1972, the ESL Program at South Seattle Community College suddenly found themselves without a physical home. Inspired by the 1970 occupation by Native Americans of the decommissioned Fort Lawton in Seattle's Magnolia neighborhood, which resulted in the founding of the Daybreak Star Cultural Center, members of the ESL program occupied an empty school building originally built in 1904 in Seattle's Beacon Hill neighborhood that had been closed due to declining student enrollment. On October 11, 1972 the group established itself as El Centro de la Raza.

Leaders of the building takeover quickly won a pledge from Seattle Public Schools superintendent Forbes Bottomly that no effort would be made to evict them by force. The school district even arranged to open a back door for fire safety. The school had a sprinkler system, but its water long had been cut off. After three months of occupying the building and numerous rallies, petitions and letters, the Seattle City Council agreed to hear their case. At one point, pressing for an audience, supporters of the occupation had laid siege to the City Council's chambers. The people who occupied the building joked that they were simply implementing advice from Washington governor Dan Evans, "advocating use of empty schools for community needs, such as child care". The City Council finally approved the lease, but mayor Wes Uhlman vetoed the action. Supporters then occupied the mayor's office and were arrested. An accord was finally reached with a five-year lease signed January 20, 1973 at $1 rent annually.

Cofounder Roberto Maestas, executive director until 2009, worked with community leaders Larry Gossett, Bob Santos, and Bernie Whitebear, also known as the Gang of Four as they established a unique ethnic alliance that lead to the founding of El Centro de la Raza.

More than 20 years later, Maestas would remark, "I found that the only way to get things done in this city is to do it -- and then work it out... It took five to six years for the building to become up to code. Everything had to be repaired, replaced or installed. With the help, love and dedication of the community, the organization's building was refurbished piece by piece. Money was donated. Grants were awarded. Materials were donated, as well. Laborers volunteered time. Plumbers gave services. Heating and plumbing were installed. The roof was fixed. Vinyl siding was put in place. The classrooms were spruced up."

In 2007, El Centro celebrated its 35th anniversary with a gathering of nearly 1,000 people at the Washington State Convention and Trade Center in Seattle.

Social activism
During the early 1980s, when the Reagan Administration was supporting the Nicaraguan Contras, El Centro played a major role in convincing the Seattle City Council to adopt Managua as a sister city, despite strong initial opposition from Seattle City Council. El Centro's bond with Nicaragua was forged before the Sandinistas took power in 1979. The relationship between El Centro and Managua began following the 1972 Nicaragua Earthquake and El Centro was able to coordinate relief efforts in the Seattle area.

The organization continued to practice direct action. When the Washington Natural Gas Company cut off El Centro's heat, the teachers and children of the child-development center sat in the office of the CEO of Washington Natural Gas until the gas was restored.

Affordable housing
In 2015 El Centro de la Raza built moderately priced apartments south of its main building – 110 units, home to about 350 people. These apartments are designed for families making 30-60 per cent of the average median annual income in Seattle, or $24,000 to $49,000. The apartments have been built within easy access to El Centro de Raza and the Beacon Hill Light Rail station

title: El Centro de la Raza


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Election Night Special

"Election Night Special" is a Monty Python sketch parodying the coverage of United Kingdom general elections, specifically the 1970 general election, on the BBC by including hectic (and downright silly) actions by the media and a range of ridiculous candidates.

This sketch was featured in Episode 19 of the Monty Python's Flying Circus TV series, first broadcast on 3 November 1970. A somewhat different version of the sketch (leading into "The Lumberjack Song") was also featured on the Monty Python Live at the Theatre Royal Drury Lane album. A longer edit of the Drury Lane version also appeared on the promotional flexidisc Monty Python's Tiny Black Round Thing. The sketch also provides the basis for an item in Monty Python's Big Red Book in the form of a mock pamphlet for the Silly Party, which alongside characters from the original sketch, also names both Paul Fox and Ian MacNaughton as Silly Party candidates.

Throughout the sketch, the linkman (John Cleese) and other commentators appear in a fixed sequence, either giving variations on their original statement or simply repeating it, as results are coming in from various constituencies. The election is mainly contested by two major parties, the Sensible Party and the Silly Party, though third-party candidates (a candidate for the Slightly Silly Party and a Very Silly Independent candidate) make appearances.

Candidates and their vote totals
The sketch focuses on election results from the following three constituencies:

At the end of the sketch, further results are given in short:
 * Engelbert Humperdinck gains Barrow in Furness from Ann Haydon-Jones and her husband Pip.
 * Arthur Negus has held Bristols. "That's not a result, that's a bit of gossip." (Bristols is rhyming slang for 'breasts': Bristol City = titty.)
 * Mary Whitehouse taking Umbrage (in reaction to the previous "held Bristols").
 * Wales isn't swinging at all, which is "no surprise".
 * Monty Python holds the Credits.

The Drury Lane version gives a different set of results:
 * A little pink pussycat gains Barrow in Furness, "a gain from the Liberals, there".
 * Rastus Odinga-Odinga has taken Wolverhampton South West; "That's Enoch Powell's old constituency; an important gain for Darkie Power".
 * Arthur Negus has held Bristols. "That's not a result, that's a bit of gossip." (see above)
 * Sir Alec Douglas-Home has taken Oldham for the Stone-Dead Party.
 * A small piece of putty about that big, a cheese mechanic from Dunbar, and two frogs (one called Kipper and the other one not) have all gone "neep neep neep" in Blackpool Central.

Cultural references

 * The character Tarquin Fin-tim-lin-bin-whin-bim-lim-bus-stop-F'tang-F'tang-Olé-Biscuitbarrel seemingly made another appearance in the third season, episode twelve, of Monty Python's Flying Circus in the "Spot the Looney" sketch, although was not identified by name.
 * In the 1981 Crosby by-election, candidate John Desmond Dougrez-Lewis, a 22-year-old student from Hayes in Greater London, changed his name by deed poll to Tarquin Fin-tim-lin-bin-whin-bim-lim-bus-stop-F'tang-F'tang-Olé-Biscuitbarrel. Thus the name was printed on the ballot paper, although the Returning Officer simply referred to him as "Tarquin Biscuitbarrel". He received 223 votes and finished fifth out of nine candidates. He later participated in the Official Monster Raving Loony Party, which has some conceptual similarities with the Silly Party mentioned in the sketch.
 * Jeremy Fox stood as a candidate for the Silly Party in Dover in the 1979 British general election, as a protest against the National Front. Fox outpolled the National Front candidate by 642 votes to 378.
 * The original sketch includes the line, "What do you make of the nylon dog cardigan and plastic mule rest?" These items had been mentioned in The Goon Show episode, "Tales of Old Dartmoor" fourteen years prior. The linkman later says, "Thank you Spike," apparently in acknowledgement to The Goon Show creator and star Spike Milligan.
 * In Small Gods by Terry Pratchett, a god called P'tang P'tang, who resembles a giant newt, is worshipped by a small nation of marsh-dwelling nomads totalling fifty-one people. The Great God Om persuades him to help him halt a war.

title: Election Night Special


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Neustadt an der Weinstraße

Neustadt an der Weinstraße (, formerly known as Neustadt an der Haardt ; Neustadt op der Wäistrooss ; ) is a town in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. With 53,300 inhabitants, it is the largest town called Neustadt.

Location
The town itself lies in the western park of the Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region between the Haardt mountains, the eastern edge of the Palatinate Forest, and the western edge of the Upper Rhine Plain in the middle of the Palatinate wine region, an area that is around 10 km wide and 85 km long. The Speyerbach river flows through the town from west to east as does the Rehbach, which separates from the Speyerbach within the town at the Winzinger Wassergescheid before emptying into the River Rhine several kilometres further north than the Speyerbach.

The borough, with its incorporated parishes, measures 22.5 km from west to east and 9.5 km from north to south. Its highest point is at the Hohe Loog House at the top of the Hohe Loog mountain and its lowest is  in the village of Geinsheim.

Town and town quarters
Over time the original town and its surrounding settlements, hamlets and farmsteads have grown together, blurring the original boundaries of the town. Today these have become the town quarters of Branchweilerhof in the southeast, the Hambacher Höhe to the southwest, the Afrikaviertel (so named because its streets are named after researchers into Africa) and the Schöntal to the west. These quarters do not have any particular privileges and are not legally incorporated districts, although some voting precinct borders match part of the boundaries.

The best-known quarter is Winzingen which was first recorded in 774 and thus much older than the Neustadt or "new town" founded in the early 13th century. It was a wine growing village that lay below the Speyerbach, i.e. to the east of the new settlement. In 1892 it was incorporated into the then Neustadt an der Haardt. Since then the town has grown beyond Winzingen to the east.

Inclusive all its incorporated subdistricts, Neustadt covers an area of 11,713.5 hectares. Of that, 5,020.0 ha is woodland, 2,216.0 ha are vineyards, 2,300.0 ha are used for other agricultural purposes, 1,607.0 is built up and 50.0 ha are industrial and retail areas.

Neighbouring communities
Neustadt's neighbouring municipalities running clockwise from the north are the small town of Deidesheim the municipalities of Ruppertsberg, Meckenheim, Haßloch and Maikammer, the small town of Lambrecht and the municipality of Lindenberg.

Climate
Neustadt has an equable climate, like that of the whole of Anterior Palatinate: warm summers (around 20 °C ; lower curve of the climatic diagram) during which most of the precipitation falls, albeit the annual total of 500 mm (upper curve) is quite low, and mild, yet drier winters. Annual precipitation figures are in the lower quartile of those recorded in Germany; only 12% of the monitoring stations of the German Weather Service register lower values. The driest month is March; the most rain falls in June, 1.7 times more than in March. However, they vary only slightly and are very evenly distributed throughout the year; only 3% of the weather stations register lower seasonal variations in precipitation.

However, this climate chart is from a weather station at in the subdistrict of Haardt above the town, which is 25 metres lower. So the values differ, with temperatures being a little lower and rainfall higher. The chart shows an annual average temperatures of 10.1 °C to 18.4 °C in the summer months dropping 1.7 °C during the winter. Its annual precipitation measured 614 mm.

Early history
The oldest traces of settlement and archaeological finds indicate that Celts used to live in the area of the present town. They have left behind ringworks, clay pots, coins and weapons that date to the time around 150 B.C. The Romans probably took possession of the land around 20 A. D. Around 400 it was taken by the Alemanni who were superseded in turn around 500 A.D. by the Germanic Franks.

There are no precise details for the centuries after the end of Roman rule, but it is known that villages already existed before the actual town of Neustadt was founded: Winzingen, today a town quarter, was already mentioned in 774. The subdistricts of Mußbach, Lachen-Speyerdorf, Geinsheim, Duttweiler and Hambach are also considerably older than the main town. In general it is fair to say that the history of Neustadt is closely linked to that of the Palatinate region.

Middle ages
Just a few decades after its foundation in the early 13th century, Neustadt was granted town rights on 6 April 1275 based on those given to Speyer.

Town quarters
In the Late Middle Ages Neustadt was divided into four town quarters, whose names indicate the status and occupations of their inhabitants or give important local information:

In the Lauerviertel (from Loheviertel = "Tanbark Quarter") next to the Speyerbach worked the tanners. The Kesselringviertel was named after an influential family of the 14th century. In the Frauenviertel ("Women's Quarter") were ecclesiastical possessions under the patronage of Saint Mary's. The Jewish community lived in the Judenviertel ("Jewish Quarter").

Towards the end of the 15th century, other quarters were established outside the town fortifications: the Stadtgasserviertel, the Kirschgartenviertel and the Ägyptenvorstadt.

Reformation
In the Peasants' Uprising, rebellious peasant bands entered the town unopposed on 6 May 1525.

During the Reformation, Louis the Pacific ruled the Palatinate until 1544 and strove for reconciliation. His 1538 religion edict allowed Lutherans to preach and take communion. Equally even-handed was his brother and successor, Frederick the Wise. Not until his successor were there strict Protestant rulers. When Frederick III died in 1576, he left a clause in his will that his Lutheran son, Louis VI should not inherit the Ämter of Kaiserslautern and Neustadt, but that they should go instead to his Calvinist brother, John Casimir.

In 1578, Count Palatine John Casimir founded the Neustadt College that was named after him, the Casimirianum, because his Lutheran brother, Louis had cleared the university in Heidelberg of Calvinists; John Casimir was active as an advocate of the reformed faith and offered the exiled professors and students asylum. When he moved to Heidelberg in 1583 in order to take over the regency for his still under-age son there after the death of the brother's reign, Neustadt's short time as a university seat ended.

17th century
Denominational disputes over the following century were no longer pursued purely by argument, but with weapons, and the Palatinate was invaded by one campaign after another. Neustadt was conquered six times during the Thirty Years' War; in 1622 by the Spaniards, in 1631 by Sweden, in 1635 by Imperial troops, in 1638 by troops of Duke Bernard of Weimar, in 1639 by the French under Field Marshal Henri II d'Orleans, Duke of Longueville and 1644 again by the French. After each occasion the occupying forces attempted to enforce their confession.

Unlike other Palatine towns, Neustadt survived the War of the Palatine Succession (1689–1697) almost unscathed.

18th and 19th centuries
In 1744 of the town population of 2,496, 1,676 were reformed, 620 were Roman Catholics and 200 were Lutherans. Jews were not included in these statistics.

In the 18th century the town lost its medieval appearance, because its militarily obsolete and superfluous town walls were demolished. When, in 1722, the state road to Mannheim, the new residence of the Elector had been built (today the B 38), in 1723 the northern town wall was pierced.

Following the seizure of the Left Bank of the Rhine during the French Revolution in 1797–98, Neustadt became just an insignificant administrative centre, the canton capital of the département of Donnersberg. Napoleon passed through the town on his retreat from Erfurt to Paris and its official celebrated his visit. When, five years later, parts of the emperor's army, defeated near Leipzig, marched through the town the sentiment was, however, quite the opposite.

In 1815, Neustadt became part of the Kingdom of Bavaria until 1945, along with the rest of the Palatinate which was one of 8 Bavarian districts (Rhine District). As of 1837 the district was renamed as Pfalz. As a result of this resubordination, in 1818 the town became the seat of a Landkommissariat (called a Bezirksamt from 1862 and a Landkreis from 1939). In 1832 the Hambach Festival took place near the town. In 1847, Neustadt was connected to the railway network by the Palatine Ludwig Railway.

20th century
A Workers and Soldiers Council was established during the German Revolution of 1918. Three delegates were sent to see Kurt Eisner, the premier of newly founded People's State of Bavaria. These delegates consisted of a member of the Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany, a member of the emergent German People's Party and a third linked to the interests of the local wine trade. However, Eisner failed to take notice of their concerns and despite his subsequent assertion that the Pfalz was an integral part of Bavaria, this indifference helped fuel separatist sentiment in the area.

According to the Armistice Agreement the Pfalz region fell within the French zone during the occupation of the Rhineland. The Siamese Expeditionary Forces occupied Neustadt following the end of World War I.

In 1920 Neustadt, like six others in the Palatinate, separated from its Bezirksamt and became an independent town.

Neustadt's role during the Nazi era began in 1927 when it became the seat of the Gauleiter for the Nazi Party. It retained this function de facto until 1945, although in 1939 Kaiserslautern was nominated as the Gauhauptstadt ("capital of the Gau") and the state authorities, who were formed in 1940 from the Palatine and Saarland administrations in Speyer and Saarbrücken and were led by the Gauleiter in personal union, were also not based in Neustadt. The town was given the function of a normal Palatine seat of administration on 8 September 1945, In 1946 it became the seat of the Rhineland-Palatinate province (Regierungsbezirk) of the Palatinate.

On 7 June 1969 the hitherto independent municipalities of Geinsheim, Gimmeldingen, Haardt an der Weinstraße, Hambach an der Weinstraße, Königsbach an der Weinstraße, Lachen-Speyerdorf, Mussbach an der Weinstraße and Diedesfeld were incorporated into the town's borough. On 16 March 1974 they were followed by Duttweiler.

Etymology
Officially abbreviated as Neustadt a. d. Weinstr., the name can be shortened as Neustadt/Weinstrasse (as on train departure and arrival boards) or Neustadt (Weinstrasse). The name literally means "new town on the wine route", as it lies on the German wine route (Deutsche Weinstrasse), in Rhineland-Palatinate, in Germany. It is one of several dozen German and Austrian places called Neustadt. These new towns are typically differentiated by the rivers upon which they lie (e. g., Neustadt (Aisch)), the regions they are located in (e. g., Neustadt/Hessen) or, in this case, a peculiar distinctive feature – namely Weinstraße – "Wine Route."

Culture
The following venues are available for cultural events: the Saalbau as a theatre and concert hall, the restored Herrenhof Mußbach as a cultural centre, the open air stage in the grounds of Villa Böhm, the Kleinkunstbühne, die reblaus in the Catacombe Theatre, the Theater in der Kurve in Hambach and the historic Steinhäuser Hof as the home venue of Jazzclub NW.

Nature
Neustadt's borough extends from the Rhine Plain into the Palatine Forest Nature Park, the largest contiguous forest region in Germany and part of the Palatine Forest-North Vosges Biosphere Reserve. There is a total of twelve nature reserves in the borough: Am Wolfsberg, Lochbusch-Königswiesen, Mußbacher Baggerweiher, Haardtrand–Am Häuselberg, Haardtrand–Berggewanne, Haardtrand–Am Wetterkreuz, Haardtrand–Im Erb, Haardtrand–Am Klausental, Haardtrand–Schloßberg, Haardtrand–Am Heidelberg, Haardtrand–Am Sonnenweg und Rehbachwiesen-Langwiesen.

Structures

Neustadt's main attraction is its historic Altstadt or Old Town. Notable buildings include its 14th century collegiate church, the former university of Casimirianum and the Steinhäuser Hof. More recently the Elwetritsche Fountain by Gernot Rumpf and the murals by Werner Holz have been added.

Outside the residential areas there are palaces and castles: Hambach Castle, the Wolfsburg, Winzingen Castle, Haardt Castle and the rather more distant Spangenberg Castle above the Elmstein Valley. In the quarter of Hambacher Höhe, by the edge of the Haardt, lies the Abbey of the Sacred Heart.

The outlying villages also have their sights; for example Mußbach with its Old Church of St. John, the manor house, White House and Carl Theodor Hof; or Gimmeldingen with St. Nicholas' Church, the Mithras Shrine, the Old Castle and King Ludwig's Pavilion.

Monuments
In Neustadt, the artist, Gunter Demnig, has laid 41 so-called Stolpersteine, metal paving stones, in memory of the Jewish victims of Nazism. The first Stolperstein was laid on 6 December 2002 in front of the Kurfürst Ruprecht Gymnasium in Landwehrstraße in memory of Karl Strauß, a former teacher at the school.

On 10 March 2013 the Justice Minister for Rhineland-Palatinate, Jochen Hartloff, and Neustadt's Lord Mayor, Hans Georg Löffler, opened the memorial site to Nazi victims which had been established in the prison building of the old Turenne Barracks by a friends' association founded in 2009. Eighty years earlier, on 10 March 1933, the Nazis had established a concentration camp in the barracks for several months under the title of Schutzhaft- und Arbeitslager ("Protective Detention and Labour Camp"). About 500 men from over 80 Palatine municipalities were detained here who, due to their political or religious activities, had fallen foul of the authorities.

Museums
The town is home to the following museums: the town museum, Villa Böhm, the Otto Dill Museum, the Palatine Bible Museum, the "Getreidekasten" Vineyard Museum in the Herrenhof and the Neustadt/Weinstraße Railway Museum.

Regular events
Since 1949, as part of the German Wine Festival, the German Wine Queen has been chosen and crowned in Neustadt. The high point of the festival, which traditionally takes place at the end of September/beginning of October, is the largest Vintners' Parade in Germany.

Other wine festivals take place regularly, usually at weekends from almond blossom time in March/April until October. Especially well known are the Gimmeldingen Almond Blossom Festival, the Eselshautfest in Mußbach and the Andergasser Fest in Hambach.

At the end of August the German Wine Road Adventure Day takes place, when the German Wine Road is closed to motorised traffic – even in Neustadt – and is only open to cyclists and pedestrians.

There's also a Christmas festival at the Marktplatz square in the Altstadt. A large Christmas tree is usually put on the north side of the square.

Patronage
Neustadt was the patron of the U-boat U 26 in the German Bundesmarine. Since 1978 it has sponsored a Lufthansa Airbus and, since 2000, ICE train of the Deutsche Bahn. In March 2007 it took on the sponsorship of a train on the Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn.

Economy
The largest local employer is BASF, located in Ludwigshafen am Rhein – one of the largest chemical companies in the world.

Symbols
The symbols of Neustadt are Elwedritsche, mythical animals of local folklore. Depictions of them are carved on a well in the town centre.

Transport
Neustadt is less than an hour away from larger cities such as Mannheim, Ludwigshafen, Heidelberg and Frankfurt.

Twin towns – sister cities
Neustadt an der Weinstraße is twinned with:

 * Echt-Susteren, Netherlands
 * 🏴 Lincoln, England, United Kingdom
 * 🇫🇷 Mâcon, France
 * 🇺🇸 Manchester, United States
 * 🇨🇳 Quanzhou, China
 * 🇩🇪 Wernigerode, Germany
 * 🇹🇷 Yenişehir, Turkey

Notable people

 * Frederick II, Elector Palatine (1482–1556), Elector of the Palatinate from 1544 to 1556
 * Johannes von Geissel (1796–1864), Cardinal, Archbishop of Cologne, Bishop of Speyer
 * August Rothpletz (1853–1918), geologist, paleontologist
 * Georg Balthazar von Neumayer, German polar explorer and scientist, died here in 1909
 * Ludwig Wolff (1857–1919), chemist
 * Franz Xaver Kugler (1862–1929), astronomer, chemist, mathematician, theologian
 * Albert Fraenkel (1864–1938), physician, tuberculosis and heart researcher
 * Karl Helfferich (1872–1924), banker, politician (DNVP) in the Weimar Republic
 * Hans Geiger (1882–1945), physicist, inventor of the Geiger counter
 * Hermann Künneth (1892–1975), mathematician
 * Friedrich Siebert (SS member) (1903–1966), jurist, SS official
 * Walter Bruch (1908–1990), electrical engineering technician, inventor of the PAL color television system
 * Willi Geiger (1909–1994), lawyer
 * Fritz Wiedemann (1920–1987), painter, sculptor
 * Herbert Culmann (1921–1998), lawyer, CEO of Deutsche Lufthansa AG
 * Karlheinz Rudolph (1923–1994), television journalist
 * Günther Osche (1926–2009), evolutionary biologist, ecologist, parasitologist
 * Alfred Mechtersheimer (1939–2018), political scientist, politician, Member of Bundestag
 * Jörg Zimmermann (born 1944), diplomat
 * Heiner Goebbels (born 1952), musician, composer, radio play director, director
 * Gregor Braun (born 1955), track cyclist, road bicycle racer
 * Malu Dreyer (born 1961), jurist, politician (SPD), Rhineland-Palatinate Minister President since 2013
 * Randolf Stich (1966-2023), politician (SPD)
 * Uwe Wolf (born 1967), footballer
 * Mario Basler (born 1968), football player, coach
 * Bernhard Hoëcker (born 1970), comedian
 * Sin With Sebastian (born 1971), pop singer
 * Gustav Policella (born 1975), football player, coach
 * Danko Bošković (born 1982), footballer
 * Moritz Oeler (born 1985), water polo player
 * Joseph Moog (born 1987), classical pianist and composer
 * Dominique Heintz (born 1993), footballer
 * Kevin Akpoguma (born 1995), footballer

title: Neustadt an der Weinstraße


text:
Don Pierson

Donald Grey Pierson (October 11, 1925 – March 30, 1996) was an American businessman and civic leader in Eastland, Texas. He founded the British pirate stations Wonderful Radio London, Swinging Radio England and Britain Radio during the 1960s. He also attempted to create free ports on the islands of Tortuga, Haiti and Dominica during the 1970s.

Early life
After graduating from Abilene High School in 1943, Pierson attended the University of Texas at Austin. He served as a gunnery instructor in the US Army Air Forces prior to the end of World War II. After the War, he continued his education at Baptist-affiliated Hardin-Simmons University in Abilene while he also worked as an automobile salesman.

Business interests
In 1948, he married the former Francis Annette Grubbs and, at the age of 21, acquired his first car dealership, a Dodge-Plymouth agency in Comanche. After opening his second dealership in 1953 for Oldsmobile-Cadillac in Eastland, he went on to establish a number of other automobile dealerships in Texas selling such makes as Volkswagen, Hillman, Renault, Triumph, Jaguar, Porsche, and BMW.

Don Pierson's other business ventures included a department store, a bowling facility, cable television, restaurants, oil investments, home banking, a slot car raceway, and farming and ranching operations. In 1963, he established U.S. Telephonics, the world's first computer telemarketing company and together, with a number of Abilene business leaders, he founded the Abilene National Bank (now Bank One - Abilene) in 1964 and served as the chairman of the board of the bank.

Mayor of Eastland
Although he was a soft-spoken individual, Pierson was also an untiring booster of his adopted hometown of Eastland. In 1957, he reopened the long-closed grass-strip Eastland airport which he renamed "Eastland International Airport." Later, in the 1970s, he became the first person to land a jet aircraft in Eastland.

He attracted world headlines when, as mayor of Eastland in 1964, he convinced his fellow council members to pass a purported ordinance banning all smoking in Eastland, with a mandatory three-year jail penalty for violators. It was intended as a humorous response to the Surgeon General's Commission on Smoking, whose recently issued report on the dangers of smoking had been accompanied by an official photo showing the commissioners' ashtrays overflowing with cigarette butts. The Eastland anti-smoking ordinance proved prophetic, although, at the time, it generated a deluge of hate mail from the outraged citizens of Winston-Salem, North Carolina.

Soon after, Eastland again found itself in the headlines when, as president of the local Rotary Club, and at the height of the Cold War, Pierson managed to convince the Deputy Soviet Ambassador to the United States, Vladimir Alkimov, to appear as the featured speaker at the club's weekly meeting.

Pirate radio
In 1964, his interests took him to the UK, after reading The Dallas Morning News. The newspaper carried a report of the start-up of Radio Caroline and Radio Atlanta from ships at that time anchored off the coastline of Southeast England.

In a 1984 interview, Pierson said he was captivated by the fact that these two offshore stations were the first and only all-day commercial radio broadcasters serving the UK. Pierson compared this with the number of stations then serving the population of his native Northwest Texas and realized that a UK radio operation could generate a lot of money. He caught the next available "red eye" flight to London from Dallas Love Field. On arriving, he chartered a small plane and flew over the two existing radio ships in the North Sea. After taking some photographs, he returned to Texas determined to create a station bigger and better than either of them.

The result was Radio London, which started transmitting on December 16, 1964, from the MV Galaxy, a former World War II United States Navy US Minesweeper. Radio London stopped transmitting August 14, 1967, when the Marine Broadcasting Offences Act came into effect in the United Kingdom. This law made it a criminal offence for any person to supply music, commentary, advertising, fuel, food, water or any other assistance (except for life-saving purposes) to any ship, offshore structure or aircraft used for broadcasting without a licence.

Between May 3, 1966, and November 13, 1966, Pierson ran radio stations Swinging Radio England and Britain Radio from the MV Olga Patricia (later renamed MV Laissez Faire), a World War II vessel built in the US as a supply ship. The two stations shared a studio and transmitter.

In the years that followed Don Pierson attempted to launch three more offshore radio station ventures. The first was off the coast of New York using the ship that had been the former home of Swinging Radio England and Britain Radio but under the call sign of Wonderful Radio London. He then engaged in plans to use a new ship as the home of Wonderful Radio London which would broadcast from off the coast of California.

Don Pierson re-entered the world of broadcasting during 1981 when he founded radio station KVMX-FM close to his home in Eastland, Texas. One of the local programs added to the station was the Wonderful Radio London Top 40 Show which by 1983 had evolved into a new company called Wonderful Radio London International with the intention of restarting the offshore station of the 1960s from a new ship off anchored once again off the coast of England. Although this plan failed to develop, a small syndicated programming network was formed using that name over XERF, KXOL in Fort Worth, Texas and KVMX.

Haitian Freeport
In 1967, during the time that Don Pierson was attempting to lease the ship which had been the former homes of Swinging Radio England and Britain Radio, he received a response from the Ambassador for Haiti in Washington, DC. Don Pierson's original plan was to lease or sell the ship to the government of Haiti for it to establish two powerful 50 kW commercial radio stations aimed at American tourists visiting the old buccaneer stronghold of Tortuga island, which is located some 10 miles off the north coast of the main Haitian island of Hispaniola which is also shared by the Dominican Republic.

This offer became a plan to develop the island itself as a freeport and he was asked to assist the government of Haiti to encourage business investment in that poverty-stricken land. After years of research and negotiation, Don Pierson's idea of a privately financed, privately managed free enterprise zone became a reality in 1971 when Haitian dictator François Duvalier (known as "Papa Doc") and the Haitian government entered into a 99-year contract with Don Pierson's company called Dupont Caribbean Inc. This contract provided for the establishment of Freeport Tortuga.

Within 18 months Don Pierson succeeded in building the island's first airport, a loading dock for seagoing vessels, a rudimentary water and sewer system, an electricity generating facility, and six miles of paved road. Of equal importance. the project created jobs for some 400 previously unemployed Haitians and resulted in the establishment of a small school to teach various job skills. During this period he also became Honorary Consul of the Republic of Haiti to Texas from 1969 through 1974.

Tragically, the free port project came to abrupt end in 1974 when, after it was announced that Gulf Oil Corporation was contemplating investing more than $300 million to build a resort on the island, the government of Jean-Claude Duvalier (known as "Baby Doc"), summarily expropriated the project, resulting in its collapse.

A similar venture on the island of Dominica which was attempted in the wake of the failed project in Haiti, also met with disaster following governmental turmoil in Dominica.

Pierson family
In his personal and private life Don Pierson was a longtime member of the First Presbyterian Church of Eastland. He was preceded in death by his parents, Ryce and Hazel Pierson, and his brother Ryce Pierson Jr. and survived by his wife Annette; his sisters, his son, his daughter, and two grandchildren.

title: Don Pierson


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/John Bull (locomotive)

John Bull (locomotive)
The oldest operable steam locomotive in the world (now approaching 175 years old, it was built in 1831) is still on public display at the Smithsonian Institution. With so few examples of early 19th century railroad technology, this piece of equipment is worthy of note. (self-nom; slambo 20:05, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC))
 * Not bad. Can the lead be trimmed? Most lead sections usually aren't longer than two (or at the most) three paragraphs. Support.Johnleemk | Talk 20:22, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I'll shorten it a little...  slambo 20:45, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC); I've removed some of the extra detail from the intro, leaving it for the article text.  slambo 20:56, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Minor object. Quite good, but I have some problems. 1) This train is particularly noteworthy for being the oldest operable locomotive (as you wrote above here as well), yet this is not mentioned in the first paragraph. Doing so would make it immediately clear why this particular locomotive is so important. Only a slight rewrite of the lead would be needed, I think. 2) The article really only has one section (Specs being a table and Timeline being a list), so I would consider dropping the "History" caption and moving all sections up to level two. 3) More important than the previous two, please briefly explain specific terminology where used. For example, it is not at all clear what an 0-4-0 is without reading that article. You could just say "Stephenson built the locomotive originally as an 0-4-0, a locomotive with two axles and four wheels, all of which are driven" or so. Jeronimo 08:04, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the comments. I've tried to address your points:
 * I've added verbage to the first paragraph to note that this locomotive is the oldest operable steam locomotive in the world and that the Camden & Amboy was the first railroad built in New Jersey.
 * I've modified section headings as you suggested.
 * I've added brief descriptions of specific terms throughout the article.
 * Is there anything else that I should update? slambo 12:03, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Support now. Jeronimo 13:57, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Support - well-written, good use of references. Sayeth 18:46, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Looks good. Though the external links used as references could stand to be formatted properly as at Cite sources. done - Taxman 21:50, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I thought they were correct, but I'll recheck them.  The book reference uses Template:Book reference. slambo 21:58, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC) -- Ah, I see what you mean.  I'll look through my notes tonight after work and update as appropriate.  slambo 22:00, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Updated to follow the practices on Cite sources. slambo 12:02, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Support - well written, good use of pics. Would be even better with one more current one.  Edeans 04:46, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I found and added a photo that is permissible under fair use as far as I can interpret the Smithsonian's copyright page, but I'd really like to add a photo of the locomotive as it appears in the museum today (since 1981 was over 20 years ago) that is free of fair use restrictions. slambo 13:54, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC).
 * Followed the link and agree with your interpretation of the Smithsonian's policy. I also understand and agree that a pic of the current display is also desirable.  Edeans 04:33, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)


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Taylor (crater)

Taylor is a lunar impact crater that is located to the south-southwest of Delambre. To the east is the smaller crater Alfraganus, and southeast of Taylor is Zöllner. It was named in honour of British mathematician Brook Taylor. The worn outer rim of Taylor is elongated in the north–south direction, giving it an elliptical appearance. There is a break in the northern wall that forms a narrow valley, and the southern rim is relatively low compared to the peak rim heights along the eastern and western sides. The small satellite crater Taylor E is attached to the exterior of the southeastern rim. There is a central ridge at the midpoint that is slightly elongated in the north–south direction.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Taylor.

title: Taylor (crater)


text:
Judah Leon Abravanel

Judah Leon Abravanel or Abrabanel (יְהוּדָה בֶּן יִצְחָק אַבְּרַבַנְאֵל) (c. 1460 Lisbon – c. 1530? Naples?), otherwise known by the pen name of Leo the Hebrew (in Latin: Leo Hebraeus; in Portuguese: Leão Hebreu; in Italian: Leone Ebreo; in Spanish: León Hebreo; in French: León l'Hebreu), was a Portuguese–Jewish philosopher, physician, and poet. His work Dialogues of Love was one of the most important philosophical works of his time.

Biography
The Abravanel (or Abrabanel) family was extraordinarily prominent among Jewish families in the Middle Ages, active in public service in the court of Castile. Judah (or Leon, as he is known in Spanish) was the son of Isaac ben Judah Abravanel (meaning Isaac “son of Judah” Abravanel) who, according to Soria was “the last great commentator of the Bible of Medieval Jewry” (12). Don Isaac was a statesman, financier, and a defender of the Jewish faith, who was also born in Lisbon in 1437 and spent most of his life in Portugal, eventually becoming a financial advisor to King Afonso V. However, in 1481 King Afonso V died and Don Isaac was suspected of conspiring to enthrone the Duke of Braganza, whom he had befriended earlier, over the son of Afonso, João II. Consequently, he had to flee without his family from Portugal to Seville, then Castile, finally settling in Toledo. Don Isaac eventually took refuge from his financial and political dealings in his other love—literature—while living with his family, with whom he was later reunited in Toledo.

Spain had recently seen the marriage of Isabel de Castilla and Fernando de Aragón, the Catholic Monarchs. Under their rule began the centralization of power in Spain, then fragmented by individual governance of its many regions. The monarchs desired to conquer the kingdom of Granada, which at that time was Muslim. Don Isaac Abravanel saw this as an opportunity and became a financier at the court. His son, Judah, joined him in service to the Catholic Monarchs in 1484 as personal doctor to the royal family.

The year 1492 brought a turbulent change to the Abravanel family and to all Jews in Spain, as Isabella and Ferdinand ordered the forced conversion or expulsion of all Jews in Spain. Don Isaac, in a desperate plea, threw himself at the feet of the Catholic Monarchs and begged them to revoke their decree, but to no avail. He made plans to move his family to Naples, Italy. To no avail he bribed King Ferdinand and even threatened Queen Isabella that the Jews were the eternal people and therefore could not be destroyed. A plot was hatched to kidnap Judah's son as an attempt to persuade the Abravanel family to convert to Christianity and, ultimately, to remain in the service of the Catholic Monarchs. In an attempt to circumvent the plot, Judah sent his son to Portugal with a nurse, but by order of the king, the son was seized and baptized. This occurrence was a devastating insult to Judah and to his family, and was a source of bitterness throughout Judah's life and the topic of his writings years later.

The Abravanel family chose exile over conversion, although it was not an easy choice, considering that there were not many places in Europe that Jews were welcomed and that living in exile required money, and the Jews were not allowed to take much with them. Originally intent on traveling to the Ottoman Empire, Don Isaac and his family settled in Naples. There, he became a financial advisor to the King of Naples, Ferrante, and his son Alfonso. The Abravanel family enjoyed a position of prestige in the court of Naples until 1494 when Charles VIII, king of France, invaded Naples. The Neapolitan royal family then fled to Sicily, accompanied by Don Isaac.

Judah, meanwhile, moved to Genoa, where he studied in an Italian humanist milieu and probably wrote the first two of his Dialoghi. There is evidence that he moved from Genoa to Barletta in 1501, where he became a servant of King Frederick of Naples, leaving in 1503 for Venice, where he rejoined his father Dom Isaac. Other sources say that he left Genoa for Naples in 1501 and remained there until 1506. While in Naples, Judah (apparently overlooking the injuries of the past) became the doctor of the Spanish viceroy, Don Gonsalvo of Cordoba, “The Great Captain.”

By 1506, the Neapolitan government was defeated, and Spain gained control of southern Italy. Judah left Naples for Venice, where he dedicated himself again to the study of philosophy until 1507. After this time, little is known about Judah's life. His most famous work, Dialoghi d'amore, appears to have been written around 1501-02. In 1535, when his friend Mariano Lenzi discovered the manuscript and had it published in Rome, records indicate he had already died.

There are claims that Judah converted to Christianity at the end of his life; however, upon further investigation, these claims appear unfounded. One source states that allusions made to Saint John the Evangelist in the work indicate his Christian beliefs; however, the tendency of Jewish scholars to cite examples from both New Testament and the Classics was common during this time. However, the Venetian press that printed the second and third editions of his Dialoghi in 1541 and 1545 claimed on the first pages of the work that the author had converted to Christianity: “Dialoghi di Amore composti per Leone Medico, di Natione Hebreo, et di poi fatto Christiano” (Dialogues of Love, composed by Doctor Leon, of Hebrew heritage, and who later became Christian). This statement does not appear in the first edition, nor in later editions. Therefore, this “editorial note” was most likely included to promote the work and to persuade those who harbored hostilities against Jews at that time to purchase the book. Further evidence that Judah remained true to his Jewish faith can be found in Dialoghi, where Judah directly addresses his heritage and religion, stating that the book was written “according to Hebrew truth” and addresses “all of us who believe in the holy law of Moses.”

Influences
Through his travels, Judah was well-acquainted with many Italian humanists and with the Neapolitan Court. Some say he may have met Giovanni Pico della Mirandola while in Florence and composed for him a discourse on the “Harmony of the Skies.” If so, he also probably associated with Elia de Medigo, teacher of Pico della Mirandola, Yohanan Alemanno (a Jewish writer influenced by the Medici court and mysticism and author of Song of songs), Giovanni Pontano, Mario Equicola and monk Egidio da Viterbo.

Leon was surrounded by humanists interested in the topic of Love. The Chancellor of Florence, Marsilio Ficino commented on Plato’s Symposium (1474–75), while Girolamo Benivieni composed his Canzone d’amore (1486), which Pico della Mirandola analyzed soon after. Equicola’s Libro della natura d’amore (1495), Pietro Bembo’s Asolani and Francesco Cattani da Diacceto’s De amore were published while Judah was writing. Abravanel’s Dialoghi is regarded as the finest of these works. Menéndez Pelayo describes it as the most monumental work of Platonic philosophy since Plotinus's Enneads.

Similar to other humanist works, Dialoghi is strongly influenced by Plato and Aristotle. Menéndez Pelayo states that Abravanel employs Platonic ideals in his work, but filtered through his heritage. That is, his Neo-platonism derived from the Hispanic Jewish community, especially the works of Solomon ibn Gabirol and Maimonides. A disciple of these renowned Jewish scholars, Abravanel was also influenced by the Hellenic spirit of the Renaissance. Platonic notions of reaching towards a nearly impossible ideal of beauty, wisdom, and perfection encompass the whole of the work.

Dialoghi d'amore
The Dialoghi was an exceedingly popular book that enjoyed at least five editions in twenty years. First published in Italian, it was translated into French by Tyard, as well as into Hebrew and into Latin by Sarasin. The Inca Garcilaso de la Vega made one of its three translations into Spanish. Abravanel’s Dialoghi is notably one of the first original philosophical compositions to be published in the vernacular (as opposed to Latin). However, there is some controversy about the language in which it was originally written. According to Roth, although Abravenel had ample time to embrace and employ Italian, “the Dialogue read a little stiffly, [therefore] there is good reason to doubt whether [it] represents the original text” (xii). Also, the Hebrew text that remains was probably a translation, and while Spanish scholars also want to claim he wrote it in the language of the country from which he was exiled, it is possible that he wrote it in Judeo-Spanish, the language of many Spanish Jews and a mixture of Hebrew and Castilian. In the British Library, there is a manuscript (Or. Gaster 10688) of a Spanish translation written with Hebrew characters. This was once thought to have been the author's original, or a copy of it; this is no longer accepted, and the text corresponds very closely to the 1568 Spanish translation. This translation was likely produced in order reclaim Abravanel's Jewish identity and to encourage Spanish-speaking diaspora communities and as an appeal to the Spanish king to remember and reconsider the situation of the Sephardic exiles.

In his Dialoghi d'amore, Judah (Leon) Abravanel seeks to define love in philosophical terms. He structures his three dialogues as a conversation between two abstract and mostly undeveloped “characters”: Philo, representing love or appetite, and Sophia, representing science or wisdom, in other words, Philo+Sophia (philosophy).

The first dialogue, titled, “Philo and Sophia on Love and Desire” is a contemplation on the distinctions between love and desire, or the types of love and the true nature of love. In Sophia's opinion, love and desire are exclusive; however, Philo argues that love and desire mix in things we find pleasurable, and that desire assumes knowledge of its object and, thus, its existence. Philo defines desire as that which seeks to become united with its object and love as that which, in union with its object, is enjoyed. When love and desire intersect, there are three different qualities of objects: useful, pleasant and good. Useful objects are not loved and desired together. Useful objects are those that are possessed. Meanwhile, love and desire of pleasant objects grows and perishes at the same time; pleasant objects exist because of privation. Good objects, on the other hand, exist when love and desire have no limit.

Sophia then asks Philo to distinguish love of God from love of friends. He posits that God is the fountainhead, reason and end of good in the world. However, as humans, we lack the knowledge to love God completely.

Happiness is the next topic of discussion, and the two determine that it exists not by gaining or enjoying a possession but rather in wisdom, when virtue is assumed. Wisdom is not omniscience, however, which is noted to be almost unreachable and can be found only in knowing God or communing with the Active Intellect. From there, Sophia asks Philo to clarify knowledge and love of God. Wisdom is born out of the love of God, he explains, and is the source of human happiness. Sophia then asks Philo to give a definition of the love that he feels for her, according to their discussion. He attempts to win her affection by stating that union increases love because of the physical aspect of human love, while injury does not. He adds that love is born of Reason (though it is not subject to it directly, or at least not to its “ordinary” form; rather, “heroic Reason” motivates it to seek the beloved as its object). At this point, Philo tells her that the hour is drawing late and she must rest while “my mind keeps it usual anguished watch.” However, she is not satisfied to end the discussion yet.

The second dialogue, titled, “Philo and Sophia on the Universality of Love” postulates that love is the dominant principle of all life and describes how love operates in human beings’ lives.

Sophia asks Philo to expound on his ideas of love's origin and universality. As the translation by F. Friedeberg-Seeley and Jean H. Barnes in The Philosophy of Love reads,

The third and most lengthy dialogue, “Philo and Sophia on the Origin of Love” is a discussion about God's love and how it encompasses all of existence, from the lowest creatures to the heavens and is the “cohesion of the universe.” A discussion of beauty and the soul follows, with an analysis of Plato's ideas. The third dialogue is considered the most important at the aesthetic level.

In this dialogue, Philo and Sophia meet unexpectedly. After Philo apologizes for not recognizing Sophia because he was struck by her beauteous image, he begins to discuss a comparison between the soul and intellect. As the translation by F. Friedeberg-Seeley and Jean H. Barnes in The Philosophy of Love reads, "The intellect is purely spiritual, whereas the soul is partly spiritual and partly corporeal, and is ever-moving to and fro between body and mind." Philo [later] defines the essence of love:

Philo then turns to Sophia's first question, and shows her that love must have been created and is subject to birth, because it presupposes both lover and beloved, from whom it takes its origin. The answer to the second question—when was love first born?—must depend on yet another—when was the world first created? The first love and procreative cause of the universe is that of God for Himself as eternal lover and beloved, and whenever the universe was first created, then love was first born.

As to the birthplace of love, this must have been the angelic world, which is the most perfect of all created being and has, therefore, the most perfect knowledge of the divine beauty it lacks.

In answer to the fourth question—who were the parents of love?—Philo tells Sophia of the allegorical meaning of the birth of Cupid, and that of the ancient and mythological figure, Androgynous, and of the creation of Adam and Eve and the fall of man. The universal father of all love is the beautiful, and the universal mother a knowledge of the beautiful together with privation. Beauty is the necessity a prior condition of all love, because it is upon the world. The supremely beautiful is God, the highest beauty is His intellect or wisdom, in the image of which the whole derives from the form that actuates their matter, and therefore all the forms or Ideas pre-exist in the eternal splendor. The end of all love is pleasure, and this is the same as the desire of the lover for union with the beloved, because pleasure consists in union with the pleasurable. The end of love of the universe is union with divine beauty, the final beatitude and highest perfection of all creation.

Philo, however is careful to point out that his love has no end but torment and grief, because Sophia is unwilling to grant him his desire and makes no return of his love. She persists in her refusal to recognize any save the love of the intellect, and finding that argument cannot avail her against the subtleties of Philo's reasoning, reminds him of his promise to tell of the effects of love, for she would know further of the dangers into which he would lead her. And so the lovers part, and the tale of their promised meeting is as yet untold.

Dialoghi d'amore was an important work in Spanish culture as it brought Renaissance ideals to Spain. Otis Green argues in his España y la tradición occidental that in Abravanel's work human love is spiritualized, placing it in connection with divine love, by posing the necessity of going beyond physical union to merge minds and souls.

Miguel de Cervantes refers to the Dialoghi d'amore in the Prologue to his Don Quixote.

title: Judah Leon Abravanel


text:
Gluma

Gluma is a brand-name desensitizer, used in dentistry to treat sensitivity, product created by manufacturer Heraeus Kulzer, a German company.

Use
Its formula of 5% glutaraldehyde and 35% HEMA (hydroxy-ethyl methacrylate) in water is used to help control both hypersensitive dentin and reduce the incidence of post-operative sensitivity in restorative dentistry procedures. It’s also useful as a cavity disinfectant, a rewetting agent and an adhesion promoter (when combined with most dentin bonding systems).

Research indicates that when used as a desensitizer under bonded restorative material, Gluma has no significant influence on bond strength, unlike some other liners, which contribute to a decrease in bond strength. In one study, potassium nitrate was more effective at reducing sensitivity.

Method of action
The glutaraldehyde in Gluma works by occluding (blocking) the microscopic tubules that compose dentin, thereby preventing the flow of fluid and decreasing sensitivity.

Gluteraldehyde induces coagulation of proteins in dentinal tubules, which reacts with the serum albumin in the dentinal fluid to cause its precipitation. HEMA forms deep resinous tags and then occludes the dentinal tubules.

title: Gluma


text: Category:Argolis

title: Category:Argolis


text:
Eric Erickson (spy)

Eric "Red" Erickson (1896 – January 1983) was a Swedish oil executive who worked as an operative for the Office of Strategic Services during World  War 2.

Background
Erickson was born in 1896 in Brooklyn, New York State in the United States, the son of Swedish immigrants. After working in the oilfields of Texas, Erickson decided to get a college degree and go to work in the oil business. In order to start college and avoid the 1917 wartime draft, Erickson claimed to be seven years older than his actual age, and years later would invent a cover story that he served with the U.S. Army in World War I as an intelligence officer, although this was not  true. After attending Cornell University at the suggestion of oil magnate Walter C. Teagle, Erickson graduated in 1921. After working for Standard Oil in Asia, Erickson moved to Sweden in 1924 and became a successful oil trader. During the mid-1930s, he renounced his U.S. citizenship and became a Swedish citizen.

Espionage Career
At the outbreak of war in 1939, Erickson continued his oil business with Nazi Germany, making millions of dollars in the process. After being placed on a wartime blacklist by the USA in 1942 for collaboration with the enemy, Erickson was disowned by his  brother in America. In order to clear his name, Erickson agreed to work for the Allies, and was given the code name 'Red' by U.S. intelligence. Pretending that he was a Nazi sympathizer interested in building a refinery in Sweden to process oil for Germany, Erickson visited Germany more than 30 times between 1939 and 1945 in order to spy on German synthetic oil plants for the OSS, which used his information to provide targeting data for Allied bombing raids. During his visits he fell in love with a German woman, Anne-Maria Freudenreich, who was shot by the Gestapo at Moabit Prison in 1945.

Alexander Klein wrote a 1958 book about Erickson's World War II exploits, The Counterfeit Traitor, which was made into a 1962 movie of the same name, starring William Holden in the role of 'Red' Erickson. While mostly accurate, the film included some invented material including Erickson's daring escape from Germany in 1945. Erickson himself appeared on "To Tell the Truth" June 3, 1958, to publicize the book, which also included some invented material such as his killing of a Gestapo agent.

Death
Erickson died in Sweden in January 1983 of natural causes.

title: Eric Erickson (spy)


text:
User:Nacerak

Sean Michael Webb, alias Nacerak (born August 5, 1989 in Angeles City, Philippines is a junior Religious Studies major at Marshall University in Huntington, WV.

gd:Neach-cleachdaidh:Nacerak

title: User:Nacerak


text:
Muhammed Bello

Muhammadu Bello (محمد بلو) was the second Caliph of Sokoto and reigned from 1817 until 1837. He was also an active writer of history, poetry, and Islamic studies. He was the son and primary aide to Usman dan Fodio, the founder of the Sokoto Caliphate and the first caliph. During his reign, he encouraged the spread of Islam throughout the region, increasing education for both men and women, and the establishment of Islamic courts. He died on October 25, 1837, and was succeeded by his brother Abu Bakr Atiku and then his son, Aliyu Babba.

Early life
Muhammad Bello was born on 3 November 1781. His father, Usman dan Fodio, was an Islamic preacher and scholar. His mother, Hauwa, was the daughter of a Fulani Islamic scholar and a friend of his father. He was nicknamed 'Bello', meaning 'assistant' or 'helper' in Fulfulde. This likely due to his attachment to his father, who Bello always accompanied everywhere he went from a very young age later becoming Usman's wazir.

He was from a Torodbe family who are partly Arabs and partly Fulani as stated by Abdullahi dan Fodio, brother of Usman dan Fodio who claimed that their family are part Fulani, and part Arabs, they claimed to descent from the Arabs through Uqba, but Bello added that he was not sure if it was Uqba ibn Nafi, Uqba ibn Yasir or Uqba ibn Amir. The Uqba in question married a Fulani woman called Bajjumangbu through which the Torodbe family of Usman dan Fodio descended. Caliph Muhammed Bello in his book Infaq al-Mansur claimed descent from Muhammad through his paternal grandmother Hawwa (mother of Usman dan Fodio), Alhaji Muhammadu Junaidu, Wazirin Sokoto, a scholar of Fulani history, restated the claims of Shaykh Abdullahi bin Fodio in respect of the Danfodio family been part Arabs and part Fulani, while Ahmadu Bello in his autobiography written after independence replicated Caliph's Muhammadu Bello claim of descent from the Arabs through Usman Danfodio's mother, the historical account indicates that the family of Shehu dan Fodio are partly Arabs and partly Fulani who culturally assimilated with the Hausas and can be described as Hausa-Fulani Arabs. Prior to the beginning of the 1804 Jihad the category Fulani was not important for the Torankawa (Torodbe), their literature reveals the ambivalence they had defining Torodbe-Fulani relationships. They adopted the language of the Fulbe and much ethos while maintaining a separate identity. The Toronkawa clan at first recruited members from all levels of Sūdānī society, particularly the poorer people. Toronkawa clerics included people whose origin was Fula, Wolof, Mande, Hausa and Berber. However, they spoke the Fula language, married into Fulbe families, and became the Fulbe scholarly caste.

Muhammed Bello was born to the fourth wife of Usman dan Fodio, known as Hauwa or Inna Garka, in 1781 Similar to all his siblings, he was involved in studies directed by his father in Degel until the family and some followers were exiled in 1804. In 1809, Bello was responsible for the founding of Sokoto which would become the key capital for his father's conquest of Hausa lands in the Fulani War (1804-1810).

Many of his siblings dedicated significant time to scholastic efforts and became well known in this regard. Notable amongst these were his sister Nana Asma’u, a poet and teacher, and Abu Bakr Atiku, who would become his successor as Sultan.

Sarkin Musulmi (1817–1837)
Following the jihad of Usman dan Fodio, the Sokoto Caliphate was one of the largest states in Africa and included large populations of both Fulani and Hausa. Usman dan Fodio tried to largely suppress Hausa systems, including traditional leadership, education, and language. Usman retired from administration of the state in 1815 and put Muhammed Bello in charge of some of the western Emirates of the Caliphate. Bello Presided over this Emirates from the city of Wurno close to Sokoto.

Upon the Death of Dan-Fodio, the Caliphate was thrown into disarray when the supporters of Bello encircled and sealed the gates of Sokoto, preventing other notable contenders to the office of Caliph ( including Bello's uncle Abdullahi Ibn Fodio ) from entering the city. The Caliphate eventually fractured into four Self-governing parts of which only the parts ruled by Bello's uncle; Abdullahi Ibn Fodio were to recognize and pay allegiance to Bello.

Sultan Bello faced early challenges from dissident leaders and the aristocracy of both Fulani and Hausa populations. In contrast with his father, his administration was more permissive of many Hausa systems that had existed prior to the caliphate. For Fulani populations, who had been largely pastoral prior to this point, Bello encourages permanent settlement around designed ribats with schools, mosques, fortifications, and other buildings. Although these moves ended much opposition, some dissident leaders such as 'Abd al-Salam and Dan Tunku continued to cause early resistance to his rule. Dan Tunku remained a significant dissident leader as the head of the Emirate of Kazaure. Although Dan Tunku had fought on the side of his father in the Fulani War, when Bello named Ibrahim Dado the Emir of Kano in 1819, Dan Tunku organized oppositional forces in revolution. Bello assisted Ibrahim Dado in defeating the forces of Dan Tunku and building significant fortresses throughout the region where Dan Tunku had drawn his power.

After ending some early opposition, the Sultan focused on consolidating his administration throughout the empire with significant construction, settlement, and uniform systems of justice. One significant aspect that he expanded from his father was greatly expanded education of both men and women. His sister, Nana Asma’u, became a crucial part of expanding education to women becoming an important teacher and liaison to rural women to encourage education.

During Muhammad Bello's rule, El Hadj Umar Tall, future founder of the Toucouleur empire, settled in Sokoto on his return from Mecca in 1822. Umar Tall was greatly influenced by Sultan Muhammad Bello as evidenced by the praise Tall lavished upon the Sultan in his own writings. To affirm a permanent alliance, Sultan Bello married one of his daughters to Hajj Umar who remained in Sokoto as a judge (qadi), and as a commanding officer in the Sultan's infantry until Bello's death.

Hugh Clapperton visited the court of Bello in 1824 and wrote a lot about the generosity and intelligence of the Sultan. Clapperton was very impressed at the writing works by Bello and his exhaustive knowledge regarding British exploration in India. In 1826, Clapperton returned for a second visit, but Bello would not let him cross the border because of warfare with the Bornu Empire and Clapperton became ill and died.

In 1836, the kingdom of Gobir revolted against Sokoto rule. Sultan Muhammed Bello gathered his forces and crushed the rebellion on 9 March 1836 at the Battle of Gawakuke.

While ruling, he continued with significant educational pursuits, mainly history and poetry. His Infaku'l Maisuri (The Wages of the Fortunate) is often considered a definitive history of the Fulani Wars and his father's empire. He wrote hundreds of texts on history, Islamic studies, and poetry during his lifetime.

He died of natural causes, at the age of 58, on October 25, 1837, in Wurno and was succeeded by his brother Abu Bakr Atiku as Sultan.

title: Muhammed Bello


text: Category:Sultans of Sokoto

title: Category:Sultans of Sokoto


text:
Roberto Maestas

Roberto Maestas (July 9, 1938 – September 22, 2010) was an American social activist who was prominent between the 1960s and the 1990s in Seattle, Washington. Maestas was a member of the Gang of Four and one of the founders of El Centro de la Raza.

Biography
Maestas was born in rural New Mexico and raised by his grandparents and after working throughout the Western United States as a migrant worker eventually settled in Seattle in the 1950s. Maestas was a high school teacher at Franklin High School and then enrolled in a graduate degree program at the University of Washington in 1968. In the early 1970s he helped begin an ESL program at South Seattle College. In 1972, funding to the program was abruptly cut off which led to Maestas and a number of other activists to occupy an abandoned school building in Seattle's Beacon Hill neighborhood which eventually became El Centro de la Raza.

Legacy
On April 25, 2011, the Seattle City Council voted unanimously to rename the segment of South Lander Street between 16th Avenue South and 17th Avenue South (immediately south of El Centro de la Raza) as South Roberto Maestas Festival Street.

title: Roberto Maestas


text:
1717 in music

The year 1717 in music involved some significant events.

Events

 * March 26 – Johann Sebastian Bach premieres his Weimarer Passion at the chapel of Friedrichstein Castle in Gotha
 * July 13 – Domenico Zipoli arrives in Buenos Aires with 52 other Jesuit missionaries.
 * July 17 – George Frideric Handel's Water Music is performed on the River Thames.
 * August – Handel becomes house composer at Cannons.
 * December 26 – Teatro Regio Ducale in Milan opens as an opera house.
 * Johann Sebastian Bach is appointed Kapellmeister by Leopold, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen.
 * Celebrated castrato Gaetano Berenstadt visits London and plays the lead in a revival of Handel's Rinaldo.

Classical music

 * Tomaso Albinoni – Violin Sonata in B-Flat Major, T. So 32
 * William Babell – Suits of the most Celebrated Lessons
 * Johann Sebastian Bach
 * 6 Kleine Präludien, BWV 933-938
 * 5 Kleine Präludien, BWV 939-943
 * Violin Sonata in B minor, BWV 1014
 * Violin Sonata in E major, BWV 1016
 * Violin Sonata in C minor, BWV 1017
 * Violin Sonata in F minor, BWV 1018
 * Violin Sonata in G major, BWV 1019
 * Pietro G.G. Boni – Cello Sonata in C major, Op. 1
 * François Chauvon – Tibiades
 * François Couperin – Pièces de clavecin, book 2
 * Charles Dieupart – 6 Sonatas for a Flute and a Through Bass
 * Johann Friedrich Fasch – Brockes-Passion, FaWV F:1
 * Christoph Graupner – Wie wunderbar ist Gottes Güte, GWV 1103/17
 * Georg Friedrich Handel
 * Dolc' è pur d'amor l'affanno, HWV 109a
 * Mi palpita il cor, HWV 132b
 * O be Joyful in the Lord, HWV 246
 * In the Lord I Put My Trust, HWV 247
 * Have Mercy upon Me, O God, HWV 248
 * O Sing unto the Lord a New Song, HWV 249b
 * I Will Magnify Thee, HWV 250a
 * O Praise the Lord with One Consent, HWV 254
 * The Lord is My Light, HWV 255
 * Oboe Concerto in B-flat major, HWV 302a
 * Concerto Grosso in G major, HWV 314
 * Water Music HWV 348-350
 * Trio Sonata in C minor, HWV 386a
 * Jacques Hotteterre – Suite in G major, Op. 6
 * Jean-Baptiste Loeillet – 12 Sonatas, Op. 5
 * Marin Marais – Pièces de viole, Livre 4
 * Pierre-Danican Philidor – 12 Suites, Opp. 1-3
 * Georg Philipp Telemann
 * Gott der Hoffnung erfülle euch, TWV 1:634 (formerly BWV 218)
 * Herr, sei mir gnädig, denn mir ist Angst, TWV 1:769
 * Ich bin der Erste und der Letzte, TWV 1:816
 * Sehet an die Exempel der Alten, TWV 1:1259
 * Antonio Vandini – Cello Sonata in C major, IAV 5
 * Antonio Vivaldi
 * Violin Sonata in C minor, RV 5
 * Concerto for Strings in C major, RV 114
 * Concerto for Strings in D major, RV 121
 * Concerto for Strings in D minor, RV 127
 * Concerto for 2 Oboes in C major, RV 534
 * Magnificat, RV 610
 * John Weaver (choreographer; composers unknown) – The Loves of Mars and Venus (ballet)

Opera

 * Antonio Maria Bononcini – La conquista del vello d'oro
 * Giuseppe Antonio Brescianello – Tisbe
 * Antonio Caldara – La verità nell'inganno
 * Leo Leonardo – Diana amante
 * Alessandro Scarlatti – Telemaco
 * Antonio Vivaldi
 * L'Incoronazione di Dario
 * Tieteberga, RV 737

Births

 * January 4 – Antonio Maria Mazzoni, composer (died 1785)
 * April 9 – Georg Matthias Monn, composer (died 1750)
 * June 18 – Johann Stamitz, violinist and composer (died 1757)
 * June 27 – Giacomo Durazzo, operatic impresario (died 1794)
 * date unknown
 * Leopold August Abel, violinist and composer (died 1794)
 * Elisabeth Lillström, Swedish operatic soprano (d. 1791)
 * William Williams Pantycelyn, Welsh hymn writer (died 1791)
 * probable – Marimutthu Pillai, composer of Carnatic music (died c.1787)

Deaths

 * February 11 – Johann Jakob Walther, violinist and composer (born 1650)
 * April 3 – Christian Friedrich Witt, composer, music editor and teacher (born c.1660)
 * October 13 – Wolfgang Printz, composer and cantor (born 1641)
 * November 26 – Daniel Purcell, composer (born 1664)
 * date unknown
 * Pierre Bouteiller, composer (born 1655)
 * Goffredo Cappa, luthier (born 1644)
 * Friedrich Erhard Niedt, jurist, music theorist, and composer (born 1674)
 * probable – Francisco Guerau, composer (born 1649)

title: 1717 in music


text:
User:64

Friend, enemy, accomplice, or sock of User:Mike Church, or someone wholly unrelated? You decide.

title: User:64


text:
File:Jody Watley - Larger than Life.jpg

Album cover for Larger than Life by Jody Watley

Fair use rationale for

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright

title: File:Jody Watley - Larger than Life.jpg


text:
User:Blue This

I'm a troll, thorough through and threw through.

I haven't even gotten farted started yet!!!!!!!oneoneone

I may be lobbing lumping laughing at you. And you wouldn't even k-now (with the hard "k").

Oh, for all who like conspiracy theories, take only the prime-numbered letters:

pfiogohpasts_cloawbndisldoskuarnkbaldlsuirtineyyack__orf_lwainterntsixht_y-ninaeaibr-punschsmegmuaourtdhouiste!!y

title: User:Blue This


text:
Transmitter Stallupöner Allee, Berlin

The Transmitter Stallupöner Allee, Berlin is a transmission site for medium wave radio broadcasts situated on the Stallupöner Allee ("Stallupone Avenue") in Berlin-Charlottenburg, Germany. This transmission site was established in 1948. It uses as aerial a 130-metre-high guyed steel framework mast with triangular section, which is insulated against ground. Until 1998 there was a second insulated guyed steel framework mast on the site. It was replaced by a small freestanding steel framework tower. The transmission power of the medium wave transmitter was reduced during the nineties from 100 kilowatts to 2.5 kilowatts.

title: Transmitter Stallupöner Allee, Berlin


text:
Laurel Networks

Laurel Networks was founded in 1999, and specialized in routers for telecommunications carriers.

Funding was provided in four rounds the first two of which were:

Round 1: $12.3 million, led by New Enterprise Associates (NEA) and Rein Capital

Round 2: $60M, led by NEA, Trinity Ventures, Worldview Technology Partners and WorldCom Venture Fund

In 2005, after ultimately consuming $120M in venture capital funding, they were purchased by ECI Telecom for $88M, and formally renamed as the Data Networking Division within ECI.

Their primary product is the ST Series of service edge routers. ECI considers the router's ability to do complicated traffic shaping, monitoring and QoS at line rate to be its primary competitive advantage.

They are located in Robinson Township in the Pittsburgh region. They began the startup initially in Sewickley, Pennsylvania.

On November 8, 2011, it was announced that the Pittsburgh office would be closed and that all employees would be laid off by September 30, 2012.

title: Laurel Networks


text:
Larger than Life (Jody Watley album)

Larger Than Life is the second studio album by American singer Jody Watley, released by MCA Records on March 27, 1989.

Reception
"André Cymone remains as slickly up to the minute as ever," observed Q's Mark Cooper, "filling his enormous rhythm sound with hip-hop references… Occasionally Watley lets the pose slip and slips into a passively sensuous ballad like 'Everything', but mostly she keeps acting stroppy. Perhaps she's annoyed at the lack of any tune to match that first hit; more likely she thinks looking angry makes her sexy."

Track listing
CD bonus track – Track 13. "Real Love" (Extended Version)

Personnel

 * Jody Watley – lead vocals, backing vocals
 * André Cymone – all other instruments
 * Todd Horriman – Fairlight programming
 * Gardner Cole – keyboards (3)
 * Jai Winding – acoustic piano (12)
 * Dean Parks – acoustic guitar (3, 8, 12), electric guitar (3, 8, 12)
 * John Robinson – drums (8, 12)
 * Paulinho da Costa – percussion (3, 8, 9)
 * Larry Williams – saxophone (3, 9)
 * Eric B. – turntablism (2)
 * Rakim – rap (2)
 * Bernadette Anderson – spoken voice (4)
 * Maria Gallagher – Spanish translation (8)

Production

 * André Cymone – producer, overdub recording
 * Jeff Lorber – additional production (13)
 * Bobby Brooks – engineer (1-12)
 * Dan Marnien – engineer (1-12)
 * Jeff Poe – engineer (1-12), assistant engineer (1-12)
 * David Bianco – engineer (13)
 * Lawrence Fried – assistant engineer (1-12)
 * Dave "the Blade" Knight – assistant engineer (1-12)
 * Andy Batwinas – assistant engineer (13)
 * Brian Malouf – mixing (1-12)
 * Louis Silas Jr. – remixing (13)
 * Greg Royal – special edits (13)
 * Steve Hall – mastering at Future Disc Systems (Hollywood, California)
 * Ivy Skoff – production assistant
 * Lynn Robb – art direction, design
 * Jody Watley – cover art concept, wardrobe stylist
 * Steven Meisel – photography
 * Mac James – portrait oil painting, portrait photography
 * Paul Cavaco – wardrobe stylist
 * Oribe – hair stylist
 * Francois Nars – make-up

Tour
Following the success of her Billboard chart hit pop singles, "Real Love" and "Friends", Watley embarked on her first USA solo tour, the Larger than Life Tour to support the platinum selling album.

Setlist

 * 1) "What 'Cha Gonna Do for Me"
 * 2) "Don't You Want Me"
 * 3) "Still a Thrill"
 * 4) "L.O.V.E.R."
 * 5) "For Love's Sake"
 * 6) "Most of All"
 * 7) "Everything"
 * 8) "Precious Love"
 * 9) "Some Kind of Lover"
 * 10) "Friends"
 * 11) "Looking for a New Love"
 * 12) "Real Love"

Shows

title: Larger than Life (Jody Watley album)


text:
It's Only a Game

It's Only a Game was a sports-and-game-oriented comics panel by Charles M. Schulz, creator of Peanuts. This panel feature ran for 14 months, from November 3, 1957, to January 11, 1959. It's Only a Game was distributed by United Feature Syndicate.

Schulz and cartoonist Jim Sasseville (who also assisted Schulz on Peanuts stories for various comic books) produced this strip which appeared in newspapers four times a week, including Sundays. Schulz created the strip and produced the first few weeks worth of strips himself; after that, while Schulz was responsible for most of the written content and rough artwork, Sasseville was brought on board to provide some of the gags and all the finished artwork, done in Schulz's style (Schulz continued to receive sole credit for the comic).

Despite the resemblance to the children in Peanuts, most of the characters in these cartoons were adults. The comic focused on games, which could range from card games and board games to classic "sporting" games, or even recreational activities. Unlike most other sports comics, the sporting activities focused on many amateur sports, like golf and ping pong.

The strip was modestly successful, although its unusual three-times-a-week publication schedule (Monday, Wednesday and Friday) may have limited its placement in many newspapers. A Sunday strip was also offered to newspapers, consisting of the three panels from earlier in the week, along with a bonus fourth panel in an elongated format.

Given the growing popularity of Peanuts (along with his work on Young Pillars) and the resulting demands on his time, Schulz canceled the strip after 63 weeks.

title: It's Only a Game


text: Talk:Larger than Life (Jody Watley album)


text:
Endarterectomy

Endarterectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the atheromatous plaque material, or blockage, in the lining of an artery constricted by the buildup of deposits. It is carried out by separating the plaque from the arterial wall.

It was first performed on a subsartorial artery in 1946 by a Portuguese surgeon, João Cid dos Santos, at the University of Lisbon. In 1951, E. J. Wylie, an American, performed it on the abdominal aorta. The first successful reconstruction of the carotid artery was performed by Carrea, Molins, and Murphy in Argentina, later in the same year. An endarterectomy of the carotid artery in the neck is recommended to reduce the risk of stroke when the carotid artery is severely narrowed, particularly after a stroke to reduce the risk of additional strokes.

Coronary endarterectomy involves removing atheroma from the wall of blocked blood vessels (coronary) supplying the heart muscle. The concept was first introduced by Bailey in the 1950s prior to the advent of coronary artery bypass surgery to help patients with angina and coronary artery disease. It is still used today when coronary artery bypass surgery proves difficult. Livesay in Texas and Nair in Leeds have published the largest series in the world.

A femoral endarterectomy is also frequently used as a supplement to a vein bypass graft at the sites of surgical anastomosis. Pulmonary hypertension caused by chronic thromboembolic disease (CTEPH) may be amenable to pulmonary thromboendarterectomy of the pulmonary artery. This procedure was refined by Jamieson over the last two decades and his technique has become the standard worldwide.

title: Endarterectomy


text:
Leo Hebraeus

Leo Hebraeus may refer to:

 * Judah Leon Abravanel
 * Gersonides

title: Leo Hebraeus


text:
File:Giant-Size X-Men (no. 1 - cover).jpg

Licensing
vi:Tập tin:Giantsize1.jpg


text: File:It's Only a Game (book cover).jpg

title: File:It's Only a Game (book cover).jpg