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Scroll compressor

A scroll compressor (also called spiral compressor, scroll pump and scroll vacuum pump) is a device for compressing air or refrigerant. It is used in air conditioning equipment, as an automobile supercharger (where it is known as a scroll-type supercharger) and as a vacuum pump. Many residential central heat pump and air conditioning systems and a few automotive air conditioning systems employ a scroll compressor instead of the more traditional rotary, reciprocating, and wobble-plate compressors.

A scroll compressor operating in reverse is a scroll expander, and can generate mechanical work.

History

Léon Creux first patented a scroll compressor in 1905 in France and the US (Patent number 801182). Creux invented the compressor as a rotary steam engine concept, but the metal casting technology of the period was not sufficiently advanced to construct a working prototype, since a scroll compressor demands very tight tolerances to function effectively. In the 1905 patent, Creux defines a co-orbiting or spinning reversible steam expander driven by a fixed radius crank on a single shaft. However, the scroll expander engine could not overcome the machining hurdles of radial compliance inherent to achieving efficiency in scroll operation that would not be adequately addressed until the works of Niels Young in 1975. The first practical scroll compressors did not appear on the market until after World War II, when higher-precision machine tools enabled their construction. In 1981, Sanden began manufacturing the first commercially available scroll compressors for automobile air conditioners. They were not commercially produced for room air conditioning until 1983 when Hitachi launched the world's first air conditioner with a hermetic scroll compressor.

Design
A scroll compressor uses two interleaving scrolls to pump, compress or pressurize fluids such as liquids and gases. The vane geometry may be involute, Archimedean spiral, or hybrid curves.

Often, one of the scrolls is fixed, while the other orbits eccentrically without rotating, thereby trapping and pumping or compressing pockets of fluid between the scrolls. An eccentric shaft can provide the orbital motion but the scroll must be prevented from rotating, typically with an Oldham-type coupling, additional eccentric idler shafts, or a bellows joint (particularly for high-purity applications). Another method for producing the compression motion is co-rotating the scrolls, in synchronous motion, but with offset centers of rotation. The relative motion is the same as if one were orbiting.

Leaks from axial gaps are prevented by the use of spiral-shaped tip seals, placed into grooves on the tips of both spirals. These tip seals also help lower the friction and can be replaced when worn down. Some compressors use the pressurized discharge gas to push both scrolls together, eliminating the need for tip seals and improving sealing with use; these compressors are said to wear-in instead of wear-out,   but other parts such as the Oldham ring can still wear out.

Another variation is with flexible (layflat) tubing where the archimedean spiral acts as a peristaltic pump, which operates on much the same principle as a toothpaste tube. They have casings filled with lubricant to prevent abrasion of the exterior of the pump tube and to aid in the dissipation of heat, and use reinforced tubes, often called 'hoses'. This class of pump is often called a 'hose pumper'.

Engineering comparison to other pumps

These devices are known for operating more smoothly, quietly, and reliably than conventional compressors in some applications.

Rotations and pulse flow

The compression process occurs over approximately 2 to 2½ rotations of the crankshaft, compared to one rotation for rotary compressors, and one-half rotation for reciprocating compressors. The scroll discharge and suction processes occur for a full rotation, compared to less than a half-rotation for the reciprocating suction process, and less than a quarter-rotation for the reciprocating discharge process. Reciprocating compressors have multiple cylinders (typically, anywhere from two to six), while scroll compressors only have one compression element. The presence of multiple cylinders in reciprocating compressors reduces suction and discharge pulsations. Therefore, it is difficult to state whether scroll compressors have lower pulsation levels than reciprocating compressors as has often been claimed by some suppliers of scroll compressors. The more steady flow yields lower gas pulsations, lower sound and lower vibration of attached piping, while having no influence on the compressor operating efficiency.

Valves
Scroll compressors never have a suction valve, but depending on the application may or may not have a discharge valve. The use of a dynamic discharge valve is more prominent in high pressure ratio applications, typical of refrigeration. Typically, an air-conditioning scroll does not have a dynamic discharge valve. The use of a dynamic discharge valve improves scroll compressor efficiency over a wide range of operating conditions, when the operating pressure ratio is well above the built-in pressure ratio of the compressors. If the compressor is designed to operate near a single operating point, then the scroll compressor can actually gain efficiency around this point if there is no dynamic discharge valve present (since there are additional discharge flow losses associated with the presence of the discharge valve as well as discharge ports tend to be smaller when the discharge is present).

Efficiency
The isentropic efficiency of scroll compressors is slightly higher than that of a typical reciprocating compressor when the compressor is designed to operate near one selected rating point. The scroll compressors are more efficient in this case because they do not have a dynamic discharge valve that introduces additional throttling losses. However, the efficiency of a scroll compressor that does not have a discharge valve begins to decrease as compared to the reciprocating compressor at higher pressure ratio operation. This is a result of under-compression losses that occur at high pressure ratio operation of the positive displacement compressors that do not have a dynamic discharge valve.

The scroll compression process is nearly 100% volumetrically efficient in pumping the trapped fluid. The suction process creates its own volume, separate from the compression and discharge processes further inside. By comparison, reciprocating compressors leave a small amount of compressed gas in the cylinder, because it is not practical for the piston to touch the head or valve plate. That remnant gas from the last cycle then occupies space intended for suction gas. The reduction in capacity (i.e. volumetric efficiency) depends on the suction and discharge pressures with greater reductions occurring at higher ratios of discharge to suction pressures.

Size
Scroll compressors tend to be very compact and smooth running and so do not require spring suspension. This allows them to have very small shell enclosures which reduces overall cost but also results in smaller free volume.

Reliability
Scroll compressors have fewer moving parts than reciprocating compressors which, theoretically, should improve reliability. According to Emerson Climate Technologies, manufacturer of Copeland scroll compressors, scroll compressors have 70 percent fewer moving parts than conventional reciprocating compressors.

At least one manufacturer found through testing that the scroll compressor design delivered better reliability and efficiency in operation than reciprocating compressors.

Scroll expander
The scroll expander is a work-producing device used mostly in low-pressure heat recovery applications. It is essentially a scroll compressor working in reverse; high enthalpy working fluid or gas enters the discharge side of the compressor and rotates the eccentric scroll before discharging from the compressor inlet. The basic modification required to convert the scroll compressor to a scroll expander is to remove the non-return valve from the compressor discharge.

title: Scroll compressor


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It's a Gift

It's a Gift is a 1934 American comedy film starring W.C. Fields. It was Fields's 16th sound film, and his fifth in 1934 alone. It was directed by Norman McLeod, who had directed Fields in his cameo as Humpty Dumpty in Alice in Wonderland (1933).

The film concerns the trials and tribulations of a grocer as he battles a shrewish wife, an incompetent assistant, and assorted annoying children, customers, and salesmen. The film reprises routines honed by Fields from his career over the years 1915–1925. Fields often tried to recapture sketches that led to his stage success onto film; skits such as "The Picnic", "A Joy Ride", and most famously, "The Back Porch" are all featured in It's a Gift.

Lesser known than some of Fields' later works such as The Bank Dick, the film is perhaps the best example of the recurring theme of the Everyman battling against his domestic entrapment. Historians and critics have often cited its numerous memorable comic moments. It is one of several Paramount Pictures in which Fields contended with child actor Baby LeRoy.

Plot
After he inherits some money, Harold Bissonette (mispronounced by his pompous wife as "biss-on-ay") decides to give up the grocery business, move to California, and run an orange ranch. Despite his family's objections and the news that the land he bought is worthless, Bissonette packs up and drives out to California with his nagging wife Amelia, self-involved daughter Mildred, and bothersome son Norman. As they pass several prosperous orange groves, his wife softens and figures he made a good purchase. The information about the orange grove is confirmed; his barren plot contains only a tumbledown shack, and a tumbleweed. Disgusted, his wife and family are walking out on him. As he sits down on the car's running board, the car collapses under his weight.

Just when Harold is about to lose all hope, though, his luck takes a dramatic turn; a neighbor informs him that a developer is desperate to acquire his land to build a grandstand for a race track. Finally standing up for himself, and to his nagging wife, Harold holds out for a large sum of money (including a commission for the friendly neighbor), as well as a demand that the developer buy him an orange grove like the one in the brochure he has been carrying throughout the film. The film ends with Harold sitting at an outdoor breakfast table squeezing orange juice into a glass, while his happy family takes off for a ride in their new car. The now-contented Harold pours a flask of booze into the small amount of orange juice in the glass.

The film is a chronicle of the "many titanic struggles between Harold Bissonnette and the universe. There will be battle of wills between father and daughter, between male and female, between man and a variety of uncontrollable objects."

The plot is almost secondary to the series of routines that make up the film. Over the course of the picture, Harold fails to prevent a blind customer named Mr. Muckle (and Baby LeRoy) from turning his store into a disaster area; attempts to share a bathroom mirror with his self-centered, high-pitched, gargling daughter; has a destructive picnic on private property; and in the film's lengthy centerpiece, is driven to sleep on the porch by his haranguing wife, and is kept awake all night by neighbors (including further trouble with the mother of the baby who caused damage in his grocery store), salesmen, and assorted noises and calamities.

A well-known, and often somewhat misquoted Fields comment occurs at the climax of the film, as Harold is haggling with the developer, who angrily claims that Harold is drunk. Harold responds, "Yeah, and you're crazy; and I'll be sober tomorrow and ... you'll be crazy for the rest of your life!"

Cast

 * W.C. Fields as Harold Bissonette
 * Kathleen Howard as Amelia Bissonette
 * Jean Rouverol as Mildred Bissonette
 * Julian Madison as John Durston
 * Tommy Bupp as Norman Bissonette
 * Tammany Young as Everett Ricks, store employee
 * Baby LeRoy as Baby Elwood Dunk
 * Morgan Wallace as Jasper Fitchmueller, Kumquats customer
 * Charles Sellon as Mr. Muckle, blind customer
 * Josephine Whittell as Mrs. Dunk
 * Diana Lewis as Betty Dunk
 * Dell Henderson as Charles Abernathy, Californian neighbour
 * T. Roy Barnes as Insurance Salesman
 * Spencer Charters as Park Guard

Additional cast: Jerry Mandy, James Burke, Edith Kingdon, The Avalon Boys and Billy Engle.

Additional production credits

 * Art direction by Hans Dreier and John B. Goodman

Reception
A contemporary review from 'Argus' in The Literary Digest, 1935, declared: "It is clumsy, crude, and quite amateurish in its appearance. It merely happens that a great comedian appears in it and has a free hand in his brilliant clowning, with the result that defects become unimportant, and the film emerges as a comedy delight."

As of January, 2023 the film has a reviewer rating of 94% on Rotten Tomatoes.

In 2010, this film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in:
 * 2000: AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs – #58

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: It's a Gift


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HNLMS Van Speijk

Eight ships of the Royal Netherlands Navy have been named HNLMS Van Speijk (also spelled Speyk), after Jan van Speijk:

 * HNLMS Van Speijk (1832), ex Argo, corvette;
 * HNLMS Van Speijk (1842), ex Medusa, corvette;
 * HNLMS Van Speyk (1882), an Atjeh-class cruiser unprotected cruiser
 * HNLMS Van Speijk (K3), shore bombardment/escort ship;
 * HNLMS Van Speijk (1960), auxiliary ship (ex Flores);
 * HNLMS Van Speijk (F802), was the lead ship of her class of frigates.
 * HNLMS Van Speijk (1986), experimental ship for testing with new fuel. Ex HNLMS Dokkum, a Van Stralen-class minesweeper;
 * HNLMS Van Speijk (F828), launched in 1994, is a Karel Doorman-class frigate.

title: HNLMS Van Speijk


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UNIVAC EXEC I

EXEC I is UNIVAC's original operating system developed for the UNIVAC 1107 in 1962. EXEC I is a batch processing operating system that supports multiprogramming.

title: UNIVAC EXEC I


text:
Nan Desu Kan

Nan Desu Kan (NDK) is an annual three-day anime convention held during September at the Gaylord Rockies Resort & Convention Center in Aurora, Colorado. The convention is the largest anime convention in the Rocky Mountain region and each one takes eighteen months to plan. Its name in Japanese roughly means nan desu ka (何ですか), "what is it?". The parent company, Rocky Mountain Anime Association, is a registered 501(c)(4) nonprofit organization.

Programming
The convention typically offers an anime music video contest, art showings and auctions, cultural panels, dances, dealer's room, games, masquerade, musical guests, screenings of anime, and workshops. NDK at one time hosted a contest for attendees who decorate their atrium hotel rooms, with the winners receiving a free hotel room. The convention has held various fundraisers since 2000 to support organizations that include: American Diabetes Association, American Red Cross, Child's Play, Japan America Society of Colorado, Susan G. Komen Foundation, and the United Way Gulf Recovery Fund (2010). In 2012, $12,000 was raised for the Aurora Victim Relief Fund and other charities. The 2015 charity fundraiser was a poker tournament for Dumb Friends League. The conventions tabletop and video gaming room runs 24 hours during the event.

History
Prior to 2000 the convention was known as Nan Desu Kon. Renovations in the hotel were still underway prior to the start in 2003, but did not affect the convention. The convention chose not to move to the Colorado Convention Center due to attendee logistic issues (hotels, money, and parking). The convention instituted an attendance cap of 7,500 per day in 2011 due to event quality and attendee comfort concerns. The attendance cap of 7,500 per day continued into 2012 and the convention was a sellout. The convention added the Hilton Garden Inn DTC hotel in 2013, occurred during the 2013 Colorado floods, and attendance remained capped at 7,500 attendees. Along with the flooding the fire alarm went off, tornado warnings occurred, long lines occurred, and the masquerade had to be stopped due to a medical emergency. The convention also hosted the World Cosplay Summit Mountain Qualifiers with Green Jello Cosplay winning.

Nan Desu Kan moved from the Marriott Denver Tech Center to Sheraton Denver Downtown Hotel in 2015 due to growth and included an expanded dealers room. Nan Desu Kan 2020 was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021, the convention moved to the Gaylord Rockies Resort & Convention Center.

Other events
On August 8, 2004 the convention held a CosPlay Dance Party at the Rock Island Night Club in Denver, Colorado. In 2011, Nan Desu Kan organized a benefit for the Japanese Red Cross named Rave2Save. The event was held on Saturday April 30, 2011 at the Marriott Denver Tech Center, which donated the Evergreen Ballroom, and funds raised at the event were matched by the Rocky Mountain Anime Association. The event raised $13,440.

title: Nan Desu Kan


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Algoma West

Algoma West was a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1904 to 1968. It was created in 1903 from parts of Algoma riding.

The west riding of Algoma was defined to consist of the portion of the territorial district of Algoma lying west of Algoma East riding.

The electoral district was abolished in 1966 when it was redistributed between Algoma, Cochrane, Sault Ste. Marie and Timmins—Chapleau ridings. Algoma West was created in 1903 from Algoma, and was abolished in 1966 into Algoma and Sault Ste. Marie.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of the House of Commons of Canada:

Election results

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title: Algoma West


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Water softening

Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water. The resulting soft water requires less soap for the same cleaning effort, as soap is not wasted bonding with calcium ions. Soft water also extends the lifetime of plumbing by reducing or eliminating scale build-up in pipes and fittings. Water softening is usually achieved using lime softening or ion-exchange resins, but is increasingly being accomplished using nanofiltration or reverse osmosis membranes.

Rationale
The presence of certain metal ions like calcium and magnesium, principally as bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates, in water causes a variety of problems.

Hard water leads to the buildup of limescale, which can foul plumbing, and promote galvanic corrosion. In industrial scale water softening plants, the effluent flow from the re-generation process can precipitate scale that can interfere with sewage systems.

The slippery feeling associated with washing in soft water is caused by the weaker attraction of the soap to the water ions when the water has been stripped of its mineral content. The surface of human skin has a light charge that the soap tends to bind with, requiring more effort and a greater volume of water to remove. Hard water contains calcium or magnesium ions that form insoluble salts upon reacting with soap, leaving a coating of insoluble stearates on tub and shower surfaces, commonly called soap scum.

Methods
The most common means for removing water hardness rely on ion-exchange resin or reverse osmosis. Other approaches include precipitation methods and sequestration by the addition of chelating agents. Distillation and reverse osmosis are the most widely used two non-chemical methods of water softening.

Ion-exchange resin method
Conventional water-softening appliances intended for household use depend on an ion-exchange resin in which "hardness ions"—mainly Ca2+ and Mg2+—are exchanged for sodium ions. As described by NSF/ANSI Standard 44, ion-exchange devices reduce the hardness by replacing magnesium and calcium (Mg2+ and Ca2+) with sodium or potassium ions (Na+ and K+)."

Ion-exchange resins are organic polymers containing anionic functional groups to which the divalent cations (Ca2+) bind more strongly than monovalent cations (Na+). Inorganic materials called zeolites also exhibit ion-exchange properties. These minerals are widely used in laundry detergents. Resins are also available to remove the carbonate, bicarbonate, and sulfate ions that are absorbed and hydroxide ions that are released from the resin.

When all the available Na+ ions have been replaced with calcium or magnesium ions, the resin must be recharged by eluting the Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions using a solution of sodium chloride or sodium hydroxide, depending on the type of resin used. For anionic resins, regeneration typically uses a solution of sodium hydroxide (lye) or potassium hydroxide. The waste waters eluted from the ion-exchange column containing the unwanted calcium and magnesium salts are typically discharged to the sewage system.

Recharge typically takes the following steps:
 * Backwash: Water is directed through the resin in the direction opposite to that of normal flow, and the output is sent to a drain for disposal. This ten-minute process flushes out solids, and expands the resin bed.
 * Brine draw: Water is directed through a jet pump, which pulls salt water from the brine tank, before the water and brine pass through the resin bed in the normal direction, if co-current, or in the reverse direction, if counter-current. The output of this typically thirty-minute process is discarded through the drain hose.
 * Rinse: Brine draw stops, but water continues to flow from the inlet to the outlet, gradually flushing the brine out of the resin bed. The flushing water flows slowly for several minutes, then at a faster rate for as long as an hour.  At some point, the brine reservoir is refilled with fresh water.

Lime softening
Lime softening is the process in which lime is added to hard water to make it softer. It has several advantages over the ion-exchange method but is mainly suited to commercial treatment applications.

Chelating agents
Chelators are used in chemical analysis, as water softeners, and are ingredients in many commercial products such as shampoos and food preservatives. Citric acid is used to soften water in soaps, personal care products and laundry detergents. A commonly used synthetic chelator is ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), which may exist as a tetrasodium or disodium salt. Due to environmental and aquatic toxicity concerns regarding widespread use of EDTA in household and personal care products, alternatives such as sodium phytate/phytic acid, tetrasodium glutamate diacetate and trisodium ethylenediamine disuccinate are finding more prevalent usage.

Washing soda method
In this method, water is treated with a calculated amount of washing soda (Na2CO3), which converts the chlorides and sulphates of calcium and magnesium into their respective carbonates, which get precipitated.

CaCl2 + Na2CO3 → CaCO3 + 2NaCl

MgSO4 + Na2CO3 → MgCO3 + Na2SO4

Distillation and rain water
Since Ca2+ and Mg2+ exist as nonvolatile salts, they can be removed by distilling the water. Distillation is expensive and energy-inefficient compared to other methods of water softening. Rainwater is soft because it is naturally distilled during the water cycle of evaporation, condensation and precipitation.

Reverse osmosis
Reverse osmosis uses an applied pressure gradient across a semipermeable membrane to overcome osmotic pressure and remove water molecules from the solution with hardness ions. The membrane has pores large enough to admit water molecules for passage; hardness ions such as Ca2+ and Mg2+ will not fit through the pores. The resulting soft water supply is free of hardness ions without any other ions being added. Membranes are a type of water filter requiring regular cleaning or replacement maintenance.

Nanofiltration
Nanofiltration is a process similar to reverse osmosis in that it involves the use of a semipermeable membrane, though the filter membrane is distinct in that its pores are ≤ 10 nanometers in diameter. The process is often used in conjunction with reverse osmosis filtration, as nanofiltration on its own is not as effective and more expensive than chemical water treatment methods.

Non-chemical devices
Some manufacturers claim that the electrical devices they produce can affect the interaction of minerals with water so that the minerals do not bind to surfaces. Since these systems do not work by exchanging ions, like traditional water softeners do, one benefit claimed for the user is the elimination of the need to add salt to the system. Such systems do not remove minerals from the water itself. Rather, they can only alter the downstream effects that the mineral-bearing water would otherwise have. These systems do not fall within the term "water softening" but rather "water conditioning".

Similar claims for magnetic water treatment are not considered to be valid. For instance, no reduction of scale formation was found when such a magnet device was scientifically tested.

Alternatives to ion-exchange water softeners
Removing or replacing minerals in hard water is called water softening. An alternative water treatment is called water conditioning, in which minerals remain in the water, but are altered so they do not form scale. Although the United States has standards for measuring the minerals in water, it does not have standards for measuring scale forming ability of water. Instead, US researchers use the German DVGW-W512 protocol.

Rain water contains dissolved carbon dioxide taken from the atmosphere. Some of the dissolved carbon dioxide reacts with the water to form carbonic acid, which remains in solution. Minerals containing calcium and magnesium form soluble bicarbonates when exposed to carbonic acid. Water containing these minerals is known as "hard water".

When hard water is heated in a plumbing system, carbon dioxide goes out of solution, and bicarbonates become carbonates, which are much less soluble. The carbonates bind to plumbing surfaces providing seed crystals for further crystal growth, which build up as hard scale.

Physical water treatment (PWT) devices cause microscopic mineral crystals to form and remain suspended as they flow with the water, while also acting as seeds for further crystal growth. As water is heated, minerals will crystallize on these seeds, instead of the plumbing system. The dissolved minerals become insoluble solid particles in suspension, passing through the system without binding to plumbing surfaces.

Alternatives to ion-exchange water softeners exist, see table below.

Template assisted crystallization
Cold hard water passes through a tank containing tiny polymeric beads with surfaces that allow nucleation of tiny bubbles of carbon dioxide gas. The initial nucleation of the gas bubbles can occur due to depressurization of the hard water as it flows up a water well just like when the top comes off of a beer bottle. Once carbon dioxide leaves the liquid a chemical reaction immediately drives formation of calcium carbonate crystals on the surface of the bubbles. As crystals grow on these seeds they break off in the flow while still of microscopic size. If these tiny particles travel through a water heater, further exsolution of carbon dioxide occurs due to increased temperature and new crystal growth occurs on the particles, rather than on the water heater. Once calcite occurs in the water, new calcite will prefer to form on the old calcite due to the available bonds on the crystals and the proximity and number of calcite surfaces in the water.

This process is either called template assisted crystallization (TAC) or nucleation assisted crystallization (NAC). The polymeric beads are polyphosphates ranging in size from 0.5 to 2.0 μm. and some have a ceramic coating. Testing at the University of Arizona and elsewhere has shown that TAC tanks are effective at the reduction of scale formation although slightly less effective than ion exchange or other chemical treatment. They are more effective than approaches that attempt to sequester ions through application of magnetic or electric fields. The advantages of TAC tanks include simplicity, low maintenance, lack of toxic effluent (like chlorine), and the availability of calcium as a nutrient in drinking water. The disadvantages include that the calcite crystals are not avoided or removed from the water such that areas where water evaporates will still show deposits. It is claimed by manufacturers that these deposits are easier to clean since the calcite forms on seed crystals instead of on the surfaces.

Health effects
The UK's National Health Service recommends a maximum salt intake of 6g, against an actual current intake of 8.1g. The US CDC recommends limiting daily total sodium intake to 2,300 mg per day, though the average US American consumes 3,500 mg per day. Because the amount of sodium present in drinking water—even after softening—does not represent a significant percentage of a person's daily sodium intake, the US EPA considers sodium in drinking water to be unlikely to cause adverse health effects.

A study found the mean concentration of sodium in softened water to be 278 mg/L. In 2 liters of water—the amount of drinking water typically suggested for an average adult, this constitutes about 22% of the recommended sodium intake by the US CDC and may make a difference to those who need to significantly limit their sodium consumption. For those who are on sodium-restricted diets, the use of a reverse osmosis system for drinking water and cooking water will remove sodium along with any other impurities that may be present.Potassium chloride can also be used as a regenerant instead of sodium chloride, although it is more costly. For people with impaired kidney function, however, elevated potassium levels, or hyperkalemia, can lead to complications such as cardiac arrhythmia.

High levels of water hardness in the home may also be linked to the development of eczema early in life, although the actual relationship is correlational at the present and further research is indicated to establish a causal one.

Environmental impact
Softened water (measured as residual sodium carbonate index) in which calcium and magnesium have been partly replaced by sodium is not suitable for irrigation use, as it tends to cause the development of alkali soils. Non-chemical devices are often used in place of traditional water softening for this application.

title: Water softening


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The Salisbury Review

The Salisbury Review is a quarterly British "magazine of conservative thought". It was founded in 1982 by the Salisbury Group, who sought to articulate and further traditional intellectual conservative ideas.

The Review was named after Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, the British prime minister at the end of the nineteenth century. The philosopher Roger Scruton was the chief editor for eighteen years and published it through his Claridge Press. From 2000 the editor was the historian and hoaxer A. D. Harvey. The managing editor from 2006 to 2012 was Merrie Cave. The editor as of 2012 is Myles Harris who is a practising doctor and journalist.

Contributors have included Antony Flew, Christie Davies, Enoch Powell, Margaret Thatcher, Václav Havel, Hugh Trevor-Roper, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Norman Stone, Theodore Dalrymple, Roger Watson and Peter Mullen.

History
The publication was founded in 1982 by the Salisbury Group, who chose Roger Scruton as editor for his defence of traditional conservatism in The Meaning of Conservatism (1980) in opposition to the Thatcherite proponents of the free market. The Salisbury group itself was set up in 1978 to support the view of the Third Marquess of Salisbury that "good government consisted of doing as little as possible."

In The Spectator of 21 September 2002 Scruton wrote an article, "My Life Beyond the Pale", in which he explained what he saw as the difficulties "of finding people to write in an explicitly conservative journal". He noted that finding subscribers was initially difficult, and that Maurice Cowling had told him that to "try to encapsulate [conservatism] in a philosophy was the kind of quaint project that Americans might undertake". He also wrote that the editorship

 * "had cost me many thousand hours of unpaid labour, a hideous character assassination in Private Eye, three lawsuits, two interrogations, one expulsion, the loss of a university career in Britain, unendingly contemptuous reviews, Tory suspicion, and the hatred of decent liberals everywhere. And it was worth it."

Honeyford affair
A controversy involving Ray Honeyford, headmaster of Drummond Middle School in Bradford, Yorkshire, gave The Salisbury Review much publicity in 1984. According to Scruton: "This episode was our first great success, and led to the 600 subscriptions that we needed."

An article written by Honeyford for the Review in 1984 discussed themes on ethnicity, culture and assimilation, and educational performance. He had already made public his views in two letters in 1982, to the Times Educational Supplement (TES) and a local Bradford paper, and then in an extended article in the TES in November 1982. In that, he rehearsed a number of points, in particular on where the onus for integration and the limiting factors for educational performance lie in the home family environment in immigrant families. He attacked what he saw as the misplaced use of multiculturalism in schools, and 'political correctness' in the form of scrutiny of textbook material.

The 1984 Salisbury Review article "Education and Race — an Alternative View" covered similar ground, but caused a national outcry. Honeyford had already been in discussion with his local education authority after the 1982 TES article, in the context of Bradford Council guidelines on educational aims issued in that year, but had not been disciplined. After the second article he was disciplined, and was also the target of a campaign for his dismissal. He was sacked, reinstated and then took early retirement, about two years after The Salisbury Review article was published.

title: The Salisbury Review


text: User talk:80.44.73.23

title: User talk:80.44.73.23


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Logic Will Break Your Heart

Logic Will Break Your Heart is the debut album by the Montreal-based indie rock band the Stills. The album was released in North America on October 21, 2003, and in the UK on February 23, 2004. It included the singles "Lola Stars and Stripes", "Changes Are No Good" and "Still in Love Song".

The album elicited comparisons to Interpol and Echo & the Bunnymen, with AllMusic citing its "dark, art-pop design", and Pitchfork noting its "retro arrangements, percussive guitar work, and 'big' cavernous production".

Track listing
All songs written by The Stills.

 * 1) "Lola Stars and Stripes" – 3:50
 * 2) "Gender Bombs" – 4:00
 * 3) "Changes Are No Good" – 3:42
 * 4) "Love and Death" – 4:16
 * 5) "Of Montreal" – 4:28
 * 6) "Ready for It" – 5:20
 * 7) "Let's Roll" – 4:24
 * 8) "Allison Krausse" – 3:06
 * 9) "Animals and Insects" – 3:40
 * 10) "Still in Love Song" – 3:41
 * 11) "Fevered" – 4:03
 * 12) "Yesterday Never Tomorrows" – 5:21

Singles

 * "Lola Stars and Stripes" (February 16, 2004)
 * CD1:
 * "Lola Stars and Stripes"
 * "Still in Love Song (12" Extended Remix)"
 * "Lola Stars and Stripes (4-Track Demo)"
 * "Lola Stars and Stripes (Enhanced Video)
 * CD2:
 * "Lola Stars and Stripes"
 * "At War (4-Track Demo)"
 * 7" vinyl:
 * "Lola Stars and Stripes"
 * "Lola Stars and Stripes (4-Track Demo)"
 * "Changes Are No Good" (April 19, 2004)
 * CD1:
 * "Changes Are No Good"
 * "Changes Are No Good (Grand National Remix)"
 * "Changes Are No Good (4-Track Demo)"
 * "Lola Stars and Stripes"
 * "Changes Are No Good" (Enhanced Video)
 * CD2:
 * "Changes Are No Good"
 * "Let's Roll (Band Demo)"
 * 7" vinyl:
 * "Changes Are No Good"
 * "Changes Are No Good (4-Track Demo)"
 * "Still in Love Song" (August 9, 2004)
 * CD1:
 * "Still in Love Song"
 * "Yesterday Never Tomorrows (Live Acoustic)"
 * CD2:
 * "Still in Love Song"
 * "Lola Stars and Stripes (Live Acoustic)"
 * "Love and Death (Live at The Troubadour)"
 * "Still in Love Song (Live Acoustic)"
 * "Still in Love Song" (Enhanced Video)
 * 7" vinyl:
 * "Still in Love Song"
 * "Still in Love Song (12" Extended Remix)"

Personnel

 * The Stills
 * Tim Fletcher - vocals, guitar
 * Dave Hamelin - drums, keyboards, guitar, vocals
 * Greg Paquet - lead guitar
 * Oliver Crowe - bass
 * Liam O'Neil - keyboards on tracks 1, 2, 3, 6 and 11
 * Werner F. - baritone guitar on track 7; additional guitar on track 12; drum programming on track 9

 * Additional personnel
 * Produced by Gus Van Go.
 * Recorded by Werner F. at The Boiler-Room, Brooklyn, NY.
 * except track 10, recorded by Jay Braun at Melody Lane, NYC.
 * Mixed by Gus Van Go and Werner F.
 * Mastered by Emily Lazar at The Lodge, NYC.
 * Managed by Adam "Bix" Berger.
 * Art direction and design by Surface to Air.
 * Cover photographs by Santiago Marotto.
 * Interior portraits by Johnny Giunta.
 * Illustrations by Gordon Hull.

title: Logic Will Break Your Heart


text:
Demolirer-Polka

 Demolierer-Polka  (Demolition Men's Polka) op. 269 is a polka written by Johann Strauss II in 1862. The title chronicled a significant milestone in the history of Vienna, where earlier on 20 December 1857, Austrian emperor Franz Josef decreed that the city limits of the capital be expanded to cater to the further needs of a blooming and prosperous city. This would include the demolition of the ancient bastions surrounding the old inner city by scores of demolition men recruited from the Habsburg crownlands of Bohemia, Moravia and Croatia. This project would incorporate many of Vienna's suburbs and the removal of the medieval fortifications were replaced by the magnificent Vienna Ring Road with parks, gardens and many other structures of architectural grandeur.

Strauss' famous polka was first performed at a soirée in the 'Sperl' ballroom alongside his waltz Karnevalsbotschafter op. 270 on 22 November 1862. The polka does not, however, suggest anything from its unconventional title although it never runs out of typical Strauss good-humor and gaiety.

title: Demolirer-Polka


text:
Michel Chossudovsky

Michel Chossudovsky (born 1946) is a Canadian economist and author. He is professor emeritus of economics at the University of Ottawa and the president and director of the Centre for Research on Globalization (CRG), which runs the website globalresearch.ca, founded in 2001, which publishes falsehoods and conspiracy theories. Chossudovsky has promoted conspiracy theories about 9/11.

In 2017, the Centre for Research on Globalization was accused by information warfare specialists at NATO’s Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence (STRATCOM) of playing a key role in the spread of pro-Russian propaganda. A report by the U.S. State Department in August 2020 accused the website of being a proxy for a Russian disinformation campaign.

Biography
Chossudovsky is the son of a Russian Jewish émigré, the career United Nations diplomat and academic Evgeny Chossudovsky, and an Irish Protestant, Rachel Sullivan. Raised in Switzerland, Chossudovsky moved to Canada and joined the University of Ottawa in 1968. According to the Ottawa Citizen, Chossudovsky's academic research kept him "on the margins of mainstream academia," but won praise from anti-establishment intellectuals such as Noam Chomsky. In 2005, shortly after Chossudovsky began writing about terrorism, the Citizen reported that Chossudovsky's was "a popular figure among anti-globalization activists," and that some of his students referred to him as "Canada's Chomsky." At that time, some colleagues were becoming uncomfortable with Chossudovsky's ideas, with one professor describing them as having "a conspiratorial element."

In 2005, Chossudovsky published the book America's "War on Terrorism". According to The New York Times, the "conspiracy-minded book... argued that the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks were simply a pretext for American incursions into the Middle East, and that Bin Laden was nothing but a boogeyman created by the United States". The book was found on a bookshelf in Osama bin Laden's Abbottabad, Pakistan compound. According to the Vox website, the book's theory is that "9/11 was a United States government conspiracy to start the Iraq War and enable a 'new world order' to help corporate interests. Bin Laden was, at best, a pawn in CIA interests."

Chossudovsky has contributed to the French magazine Le Monde diplomatique. He is frequently quoted by or appears on the Kremlin-backed RT (formerly known as Russia Today) or in material issued by the Sputnik news agency. The Centre for Research on Globalization regularly reposts content from both outlets.

Centre for Research on Globalization
In 2001, Chossudovsky founded the Centre for Research on Globalization (CRG), becoming its director and the editor of its online resource, Global Research. Located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, the CRG describes itself as an "independent research and media organization" providing "analysis on issues which are barely covered by the mainstream media".

The Centre for Research on Globalization promotes conspiracy theories and falsehoods. According to Peter Knight, it "published influential early articles alleging that the U.S. intelligence agencies had far more forewarning than they claimed" of the September 11 attacks. that the United States and its allies fund al-Qaeda and the Islamic State, and that sarin was not used in the Khan Shaykhun chemical attack, which globalresearch.ca articles characterized as a false flag operation orchestrated by terrorists opposed to Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. Other articles published on the site have asserted that the 7 July 2005 London bombings were perpetrated by the United States, Israel, and United Kingdom. Chossudovsky has himself posted articles on the site which suggested that Osama bin Laden was a CIA asset, and accusing the United States, Israel and Britain of plotting to conquer the world. The centre has also promoted the Irish slavery myth, prompting a letter by more than 80 scholars debunking the myth.

According to PolitiFact, the Centre "has advanced specious conspiracy theories on topics like 9/11, vaccines and global warming." Foreign Policy magazine has commented that the Centre "sells books and videos that 'expose' how the September 11 terrorist attacks were 'most likely a special covert action' to 'further the goals of corporate globalization.'" A 2010 study categorized the website as a source of anti-vaccine misinformation. The Atlantic Council's Digital Forensic Research Lab described it as "pro-Putin and anti-NATO". The Jewish Tribune, citing a complaint from B'nai Brith Canada, describing the website as being "rife with anti-Jewish conspiracy theory and Holocaust denial." Writing for The New Republic in 2013, Muhammad Idrees Ahmad, lecturer in digital journalism at the University of Stirling, describes the centre's website as a "conspiracy site".

In November 2017, The Globe and Mail reported that the centre's website was "in the sights" of NATO information warfare specialists investigating "the online spread of pro-Russia propaganda and of disinformation." According to the Globe, NATO's Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence (StratCom) believed that the site was playing a "key accelerant role in helping popularize articles with little basis in fact that also happen to fit the narratives being pushed by the Kremlin" and the Syrian regime of Bashar al-Assad. The report described the site as an "online refuge for conspiracy theorists" and suggested that NATO specialists viewed it as "a link in a concerted effort to undermine the credibility of mainstream Western media—as well as the North American and European public's trust in government and public institutions." Asked to comment on the report, Chossudovsky responded through his lawyer, saying that the Centre did not have ties to pro-Russia or pro-Assad networks, was not "affiliated with governmental organizations" and did not benefit from their support.

An August 2020 report by the U.S. State Department Global Engagement Center stated that Global Research is, by a significant margin, the most accessed proxy website allied with the pro-Kremlin disinformation campaign. By the estimation of report's authors, it has accumulated 12.4 million page views, with around 351,247 readers for each article. Chossudovsky is a board member of other pro-Russian websites which attempt to spread conspiracy theories. Responding via his lawyer, this time to CBC News, Chossudovsky again denied the 2020 accusations made against him.

The CRG has been accused of spreading CCP propaganda. An article on Global Research making the false assertion that the coronavirus pandemic was not real was carried by 70 other outlets, according to the August 2020 State department report. Chossudovsky himself has described it as being a "manufactured pandemic". Earlier in 2020, his list of 10 questions was tweeted by the foreign minister of Iran. They included the claim that the United States government was responsible for the international coronavirus pandemic. Global Research published an article entitled "COVID-19: Further Evidence that the Virus Originated in the US" was posted on social media by a senior official in the Chinese foreign ministry. Chinese state media have reported such unfounded speculation which has been carried by Chossudovsky's website with, according to The Globe and Mail, misattributed sources. Reportedly, the two articles on this theme have since been removed from the globalresearch.ca website.

Awards

 * Gold Medal for Merit of the Republic of Serbia, 2014.

title: Michel Chossudovsky


text: User talk:216.98.24.70

title: User talk:216.98.24.70


text:
Talk:Language policy in France

Untitled
Suggest moving to Language policy in France Man vyi 19:26, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Severe POV
This article is severely biased. The supposed paradox between France's exterior and interior policy is anachronic and stems from poor research on the subject of regional languages in all of Europe. The articles contains a series of annecdotes that fail to inform readers of the political issue behind linguistic politics and do little other than mock France for behind stuck with these serious issues and discredit its policy (or lack thereof).

Also, an important fact is that 51 of the 75 minority languages are spoken in the overseas departments and territories. Not to mention this gives the wrong picture about the languages spoken in France itself.

I will have to come back and fix this. -- Mathieugp 13:39, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I second this. This article is, to me, like some kind of prosecution of France. It accumulates anecdotes and factoids outside of their political and historical context. Some effort has been made to bring in some context, but still, the article still sounds severely biased. David.Monniaux 14:27, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

I totally agree with the 2 other comments It seems that there is a misunderstanding of the french adm. The "conseil constitutionnel" who stopped the change that J.Lang wanted did it because it was agains the constitution which is 200 years old which say the french is the only official language in France. Nothing to do with a willingness of reduicing these languages.

The article states 2 links which I will take off

One is more about an old anecdote, The second is wrong about lot of facts including the facts that there ARE indeed bilingual school (French-Breton, Alsatian-French, Flemish-French...). Also the writer of the article stats below that it is easier to learn arab in France than flemish (which is true) and add "It looks as if Paris is more impressed by young Arab arsonists than by good local law-abiding Flemish citizens who are looking for a job"

Hard to say something more racist! Is this a good reference for Wikipedia? Surprising! Phil of Bristol 13:10, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually the constitutional provision which states that French is the only official language was the result of an amendment of 1992. It was this 1992 amendment, as interpreted by the Constitutional Council, that was the primary stumbling block to ratification of the European Charter. Man vyi 16:09, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

 * In this case, I'd like to see proof of that. I really can not see how a constitutional provision of France can be the primary stumbling block to ratification of the European Union's Charter's referendum of 2006!

Beside, I would have thought that the policy of French as the dominant language of France was more XIXth and XXth century! Phil of Bristol 15:44, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

 * The Charter has nothing to do with the European Union. It's a Council of Europe convention. It was certainly a longstanding policy of the French state that French should be the dominant language, but the constitution of the 5th Republic was only amended (not by referendum) to state that explicitly in 1992. You can read the Constitutional Council's judgement here - it's quite clear that the Council ruled that the Charter was incompatible with the Constitution. A current campaign outlines the situation as they lobby presidential candidates to support Charter ratification and constitutional amendment (Ségo - for, Sarko - broadly against). Man vyi 16:45, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree about the POV problem with this article. No mention is made of efforts to save languages, or for example France's new article 75 in the constitution. See http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2008/07/31/l-entree-des-langues-regionales-dans-la-constitution-suscite-des-espoirs_1079043_3224.html

Hrcolyer (talk) 14:45, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Still the case in Oct 2009. also, an amazing list of statements are made without any proofs, quotations, citations...

Is that really an article for wikipedia???Phil of Bristol (talk) 16:44, 26 October 2009 (UTC)]]

Completely Support this article
It is a fact that French government DOES NOT admit that there are several languages in the territory of France. This is a fact that you can stand or not, but this is an objective TRUTH.Saying France government supports more languages than french or that there's no more language in France than French is simply a LIE.

Support for article (with one reservation)
I note that the two vehement critics of this article (both of whom appear to be French and/or French speakers) do not identify one single fact (or "factoid", whatever that may be) which is alleged to be false or materially incorrect.

The article strikes a neutral observer as utterly unexceptionable, save for the rather judgmental tone of the first paragraph under the heading 'Opposition to the language policy' (which is at odds with the otherwise factual tone of the rest of the piece). This paragraph should be re-written to remove the inference that France has acted hypocritically. Readers are well able to make any judgments about France's historic attitudes towards minority languages for themselves from the litany of incontrovertible facts set out.

 * I think that you misunderstand the meaning of the tag which is affixed the article. What you allude to (false or materially incorrect facts) results in an accuracy dispute. A "NPOV" dispute is something different. A NPOV dispute, without accuracy dispute, suggests that facts are selectively reported (for instance, in order to support a certain point of view or discard another one), or that partial commentary or comparisons are made.
 * As an example: if we were to write an article on George W. Bush, we could just say "He went into the Texas National Guard and thus was not sent to Vietnam, and he later abused alcohol.". It would be factually true, but it would also be intensely biased.
 * I note that there are ample discussion on the opposition to the "language policies" but that, before I added a few sentences here and there, there is no discussion of the rationale of those supporting the current policies. There is, I think, a lot to be said in that respect: whether or not teaching regional languages in school makes sense from an educational point of view, budgetary questions, etc. You just cannot summarize such questions by a few quotes talking of "balkanization".
 * I note that you are bringing up questions of nationalities or citizenship. If I may say, French people are probably better placed to know about what goes on inside their country. Especially, I realize now that this may have escaped people not knowing about French current politics, it must be stressed that there is a strong political dimension to the questions of regional languages. Generally speaking, the groups pushing for more recognition of regional languages are generally tied to groups pushings for autonomy or independence of certain regions. The language issue, to some extent, is an advertisement vector for them. I won't enter into a discussion of independentist movements, but let us say that the topic is politically loaded. (Similarly, if we are to discuss abortion in the United States, we should also be prudent, because it is a politically loaded topic.) David.Monniaux 07:30, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * "Generally speaking, the groups pushing for more recognition of regional languages are generally tied to groups pushing for autonomy or independence of certain regions." - I've heard this argument a number of times, that people who are promoting cultural/lingual diversity within a country are really just using it as an excuse or an introduction to a full blown independence movement. That's a handy way of dismissing anyone who doesn't want to speak only French, isn't it David? All these people from Alsace and Brittany who want to promote something besides French really just want to secede from France. Obviously we can't let them do that, so the language issue doesn't matter! This is a straw-man, cultural and lingual diversity is perfectly compatible with a united country.
 * And even if there are some people wanting to promote a minority language and autonomy that doesn't justify denying them a right to their linguistic heritage. In fact, it's probably counter productive, because people who care about their language will be drawn to more extreme groups. If the French government just granted more linguistic independence, then movements for succession would be really isolated and have practically no support.
 * Finally, because something is politically loaded does not mean it should not be discussed. Being criticized by other nations for your domestic policies can be annoying, but you're frankly going to have to deal with it. Wikipedia is an international forum, if you want to just discuss this topic with other French people who would be more apt to agree with you, then go to your local café. 130.71.96.19 05:11, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Clarification
Just to make sure it is clear, I didn't write that the article suffered from a severe POV so as to suggest the article should be deleted. I don't believe that David.Monniaux wanted the article gone either, but I cannot talk for him.

Regarding the assertion by user Hansoniac that the French government doest not admit that there are several languages on the territory of France, it is false. He can educate himself on that subject by reading this article :

http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/europe/france_politik_minorites.htm

That is not to say that the policies of France regarding the protection of the unique languages on its territory are adequate. Personnally, I think they are far from being adequate, but my opinion does not belong in the article.

Regarding the assertion by user FelixV that "the two vehement critics of this article (both of whom appear to be French and/or French speakers) do not identify one single fact (or "factoid", whatever that may be) which is alleged to be false or materially incorrect." it is entirely correct. I admit that I did not state precisely what was wrong with the article. I guess I assumed that it was obvious. This is was false assumption.

It must be pointed out first of all that my comment in this talk page was added on December 23, 2004. I was commenting the article of the time. Since then, it has been almost completely rewritten by users Man vyi and David.Monniaux (see the page's history). At the present, the article is significantly better and, although it still contains elements of POV (such as the paragraph which tries to put under a bad light France's priority on the protection of global linguistic cultural diversity over the protection of its own regional diversity). You will certainly not see me defend France's lack of efforts to protect Breton, Corsican, Basque, Catalan etc. but the way it is written in the article is still non-neutral. -- Mathieugp 02:13, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité
I'm a French student and I want to say that even with all the effort France puts into promoting French, the language still isn't much appreciated, and this shows that something has gone wrong. Let's not say how hard it is for French to survive in this anglicised world, or how proud one should be to speak French. The beauty of a language depends on the people who use it. Governments suppress regional languages causing them to decline, and the unfriendly faces that most tourists encountered make an impression of close-minded insecurity. The ironic fact is that it is only French people who can ruin people's desire to learn the language.

I'm going to argue against that opinion stated above. French is one of the most beautiful, neat and organized languages ever. My native tongue is English, I speak Hindi, Marathi, Arabic, and French. I must say that French is my favorite because:

 * 1) It is much more organized than most languages (example: English which suffers from serious disorganization)
 * 2) It has clear pronunciation rules and it's pronunciation is first-class and as the Merovingian said, "it's like wiping your arse with silk"
 * 3) It is used by millions of people and it has lots of rich literature (on everything from meditations on metaphysical philosophy to trashy fiction).
 * 4) It is independent and does not get affected by other languages much, and still has the largest vocabulary after English (which gets screwed up by foreign influence all the time).
 * Screwed up by foreign influence? What the hell are you talking about? French is just bad Latin. 74.225.130.13 10:33, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

A review
I'm a college student in a French history class, and our assignment was to review a Wikipedia article and post it to the discussion page.

When I found this article about French language policy, the first thing I noticed was the logo at the top of the page, declaring that “the neutrality of this article is disputed.” Thus anticipating intense bias worthy of discussion, I was disappointed upon reading the currently posted text and finding no immediately obvious prejudice. Later, I read the Talk Page and realized that while the original document may have inspired debate and criticism, it had since been edited by several others in the almost two years it had been featured on Wikipedia. Although this is one of the advantages of the website, it also makes it harder to find a voice consistent throughout the article.

Although the previously forceful argument is now diluted, I still perceived the remnants of an author trying to persuade readers that France’s language policy regarding endangered regional tongues was sufficient and perhaps even too kind to minorities. For example, the (collective) author uses terms like “commercial failure” and “mere waste of government resources” in reference to a Breton television channel and government intervention. Such subtle tones in diction quietly influence the reader’s view of the question, which is rendered even more one-sided by the section named “The debate about the Council of Europe’s Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.” Under this heading, there is a brief explanation of this attempt to conserve endangered dialects followed by arguments against French ratification. The author cites the worry of losing France’s unity, the irrelevance of both minority languages and French itself, and then quotations from a satirical journal and from Jacques Chirac. Every item listed is in opposition to the acceptance of the Charter, and supports one perspective, but there is no reason given in favor of the signing and passing of the Charter. This is certainly the most convincing and truly argumentative part of the article, as it influences the reader by presenting the “con” side as the only viable option, and even as the only option at all.

On the other end of the spectrum, there seems to be an attempt at reversing that opinion toward the end. In the final segment of the text, entitled “Opposition to the language policy,” someone has added a contrasting viewpoint and does not believe the current course of action to be adequate. Scattered throughout these paragraphs are sentences like, “France has been struggling for two hundred years against cultural and linguistic diversity, denying the very existence of minorities.” This type of statement casts a positive light on the effort to preserve Breton, Catalan, etc., and also cultivates the image of the French government as a conspiracy-ridden, authoritarian state. Despite this particular sentence and an earlier mention of the Fourth Republic’s “policy of repression,” readers do not find enough direct and straightforward claims to be genuinely convinced that regional languages are victims in need of and deserving salvation.

Additionally, the article is not as explicit as it might be. The author jumps to the conclusion that the Académie Française has very little role in this hot topic, and that nothing pertinent occurred in the historical gap between 1539 and the Revolution of the eighteenth century. “He” also neglects to explain the political implications in modern French society and assume that the entire issue can be boiled down to several facts. Furthermore, a certain measure of prior knowledge or extended research is expected. Many allusions and names are thrown out and never fully elucidated; specifically, the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and the Loi Toubon, among others, seem important, but are discussed casually as if they should be common knowledge. Luckily, Wikipedia conveniently links certain names and ideas to their corresponding articles so that I could look up the applicable information, even though it merely increases the amount of reading I have to sift through to understand.

Fortunately, the author of this article seems to have done some research. The References section lists four articles from academic journals. He also consults other publications such as Report on the necessity and means to annihilate the patois and to universalize the use of the French language, a pamphlet by Henri Grégoire from the Revolutionary period, and quotes both the current French president and an article from the satirical journal, Charlie Hebdo. Moreover, there are passages from Anatole de Monzie and Georges Pompidou, and a paragraph of statistics about endangered languages and their speakers. Quantitatively, sources seem satisfactory; however they also seem selective, especially the direct quotations. Also, although the journal articles listed are recent, there is conspicuously little data, etc., from beyond the 1980s. The topic is treated as a closed case settled decades ago and no longer notable. One of the areas where the reader is left wanting more is the contemporary aspect, a problem only underlined by the lack of up to date resources.

How prevalent is this problem in today’s political arena? How is each opposing position linked to political parties, regional identities, and other beliefs? Are there organizations lobbying for the conservation of Flemish, for instance, and how effective are they? In addition to the inquiry about the current state of affairs, I would also love to know about more specifics in the past. There are no individual events or any tangible action mentioned in the history or in the description of the proposed Charter and the whole issue seems incredible vague and remote. These questions reveal the breakdown of Wikipedia articles: while anyone can utilize the website to find general, background information, more often than not, close reading will only inspire more curiosity and warrant further research elsewhere.

In general, the article is cohesive and clear in its writing style, despite a few lapses in suitability (“…newspapers and historical, scientific etc books…[sic],” and “…but most of them are old people.”). For the most part, noteworthy features of the article are double-edged swords: on one hand, it lacks a lot of germane information, but on the other, it is concise and without unnecessary padding; having several contributors helps neutralize a distinct bias and incorporates more detail, but also removes consistency and can cause confusion with accuracy and sources.

Personal opinion
I feel that France has come a fair way but still has some way to go. In comparison with Spain though France is less decentralised for obvious reasons. The idea though that giving regional languages more rights is encouraging the division of France is really stupid. I think it relates to that mentality where French is the real language and the rest is just really patois which pervaded France for many years (and still does somewhat).Domsta333 (talk) 03:53, 21 April 2010 (UTC)

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Lodge 2001 ?
Citation made but not listed. Who is this Lodge? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2603:7000:3902:B10A:3D6B:E32B:F348:2C39 (talk) 22:40, 21 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Language policy in France


text:
Lake Sherwood

Lake Sherwood or Sherwood Lake may refer to some places in the United States:
 * United States
 * Lake Sherwood, California, a gated community
 * Lake Sherwood (California), the reservoir around which the community is built
 * Lake Sherwood (Florida), a lake near Orlando, Florida
 * Lake Sherwood, Wisconsin, a CDP
 * Lake Sherwood (Kansas), a lake
 * Sherwood Lake (Berrien County, Michigan), a lake
 * Lake Sherwood (West Virginia), a lake in the Monongahela National Forest

title: Lake Sherwood


text:
UNIVAC EXEC II

EXEC II is a discontinued operating system developed for the UNIVAC 1107 by Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC) while under contract to UNIVAC to develop the machine's COBOL compiler. They developed EXEC II because Univac's EXEC I operating system development was late. Because of this the COBOL compiler was actually designed to run under EXEC II, not EXEC I as specified in the original contract.

EXEC II is a batch processing operating system that supports a single job stream with concurrent spooling.

title: UNIVAC EXEC II


text:
HNLMS Tromp

At least eight ships of the Royal Netherlands Navy have been named HNLMS Tromp after Admiral Maarten Tromp (1598–1653), or his son Cornelis Tromp (1629–1691):

 * HNLMS Admiraal C. Tromp, a 7-gun armed schooner, which served from 1809-1826.
 * HNLMS Tromp, a 64/68 gun ship of the line launched in 1808, and sold in 1820.
 * HNLMS Tromp, a 74-gun ship of the line laid down in 1830, but not completed until 1850, struck in 1867, and sold for scrap in 1872.
 * HNLMS Tromp (1877), was an Atjeh-class cruiser unprotected cruiser.
 * HNLMS Maarten Harpertszoon Tromp (1904)
 * HNLMS Tromp (1937), launched in 1937, was a Tromp-class cruiser light cruiser that served in World War II.
 * HNLMS Tromp (F801), launched in 1973, was the lead ship of her class of guided missile frigates.
 * HNLMS Tromp (F803), second of the De Zeven Provinciën-class frigates, entered service in 2003.

title: HNLMS Tromp


text:
File:Garden State Poster.jpg

Poster for the film Garden State.

Fair use rationale
Fair use in Garden State:
 * 1) This image illustrates the text next to which it appears, which describes the film in question for which it promotes.
 * 2) It does not limit the copyright owner's rights to market or sell the film in any way.
 * 3) The image is of lower resolution than the original poster (copies made from it will be of inferior quality).
 * 4) The image is being used in an informative way and does not detract from the film.
 * 5) No free or public domain images have been located for this film.

Fair use rationale
Fair use in "New Slang":
 * 1) This image illustrates the text next to which it appears, which describes the film's impact on the band through the song.
 * 2) It does not limit the copyright owner's rights to market or sell the film in any way.
 * 3) The image is of lower resolution than the original poster (copies made from it will be of inferior quality).
 * 4) The image is being used in an informative way and does not detract from the film.
 * 5) No free or public domain images have been located for this film.

title: File:Garden State Poster.jpg


text:
Talk:John Conyers

Additional Info
Conyers seems one of the most outspoken members of congress, openly supporting non-mainstream partisan positions. He has repeatedly suggested conspiracies involved in the outcome of the 2004 US presidential elections, and in June 2005 held a pretend impeachment hearing. Many other partisan political figures have a section detailing controversial quotes and inviting readers to come their own conclusions (see Ann Coulter's article, for example). Anyone have the resources to add a positions section in here?

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External links modified
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Broke?
This website shows his net worth as being negative. How did John spend or lose his income over the years? — Preceding unsigned comment added by SChalice (talk • contribs) 20:21, 26 November 2017 (UTC)

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Latest allegation... To include or not include?
Perhaps I'm missing it, but I didn't see mention of the newest allegation in the article anywhere. The announcement of his retirement was added. https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/sexual-misconduct/conyers-allegations-ex-staffer-says-congressman-inappropriately-touched-her-n826561 As the newest set of allegations appears to be the straw that broke the camel's back, so to speak, should it be included? 207.222.59.50 (talk) 16:52, 5 December 2017 (UTC)

 * In my opinion, it should be included in the Sexual Harassment allegation section. Abzeronow (talk) 18:07, 5 December 2017 (UTC)

Janet Reno
Does anyone think it is worth it to mention the confrontation he had with Janet Reno over the Waco siege (during a House hearing)? I always thought that was interesting. (Since they were both of the same party.)Rja13ww33 (talk) 15:39, 8 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Conyers


text:
Talk:Hispano-Suiza 12Z

I'm reasonably certain that the "hp" (horsepower) that were original to this article were CV or PS (735.5 W) rather than the British horsepower (745.7 W), so the conversions from "hp" to kilowatts are off by a little bit. Gene Nygaard 19:33, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hispano-Suiza 12Z


text:
Talk:Arsenal VG-33

Untitled
I'm reasonably certain that the "hp" (horsepower) that were original to this article were CV or PS (735.5 W) rather than the British horsepower (745.7 W), so the conversions from "hp" to kilowatts are off by a little bit, as are the "kW" in the table without any horsepower equivalent. Gene Nygaard 19:35, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 02:25, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Arsenal VG-33


text:
EMC E1

The EMC E1 was an early passenger-train diesel locomotive developing 1,800 hp, with an A1A-A1A wheel arrangement, and manufactured by Electro-Motive Corporation of La Grange, Illinois. They were built during 1937 and 1938 for the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway for a new generation of diesel-powered streamlined trains. 8 cab-equipped lead A units and three cabless booster B units were built. The initial three locomotives were AB pairs built to haul the Santa Fe's Super Chief diesel streamliners, while the others were built as single A units to haul shorter trains. The locomotives were diesel-electrics with two 900 hp Winton 201-A engines each, with each engine driving its own generator to power the traction motors. The E1 was the second model in a long line of passenger diesels of similar design known as EMD E-units. All Winton 201A-engined Santa Fe passenger units, including the E1s, were extensively rebuilt into the 80-class E8M engines in 1952–53. These were similar to production E8 models, but derated to 2,000 hp so as not to burn out the early traction (axle) motors (which were reused).

Significance and influence
The E1—along with the more-or-less simultaneous EA/EB for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, the E2 for the Union Pacific Railroad, Chicago and North Western Railway and Southern Pacific Railroad, and the TA for the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad—represented an important step in the evolution of the passenger diesel locomotive. While the EA, E1, E2 and TA were each built for a specific railroad, they were largely identical mechanically (though the TA used a single Winton 201-A diesel of sixteen cylinders, and produced only 1,200 horsepower), and were a step further away from the custom-built, integrated streamliner and towards mass-produced passenger locomotives—a step achieved with the E3, EMD's next model.

Styling
The EA/EB and E1 featured largely identical and innovative styling showing the influence of the Electro-Motive Corporation's new owner General Motors. While mechanically they had much in common with previous, experimental EMC locomotives, GM understood the importance of looking new and exciting, not merely being technically innovative. This basic "slant nose" style was continued in the subsequent E3, E4, E5 and E6 models, while a more "bulldog nose" style was tried in the E2 and a style somewhere in between was used for the E7, E8 and E9, as well as the freight diesel cab units. It could fairly be said that the overall styling influenced passenger locomotives around the world. The "shovelnose" styling was modified on later models because the streamlined headlight was found less satisfactory than more common types with vertical lenses, and the elegantly sloped nose had a bad habit of deflecting vehicles up toward the cab in a grade crossing collision. More enduring was the paint scheme—E1 number two and her booster #2A were the first locomotives to wear the world-famous Santa Fe "Warbonnet" red and silver colors. In fact, these units used stainless steel sides on the car body to better match the road's new stainless passenger cars. This decor was not developed by the Santa Fe, but by EMC—or rather, by GM's Art and Color section.

Numbers and assignments
Each E1 was initially ordered for and assigned to a particular train. The ATSF practice was to give all locomotive units in a set the same number, distinguished by letter. The lead unit was designated 'L', but this was not carried on its numberboards. The second unit was 'A'; subsequent units were 'B', 'C', if present. This numbering was part of the railroad's ultimately successful campaign to convince the railroad unions that a multiple-unit diesel locomotive should be considered one locomotive of several parts (and thus needing only one crew) rather than multiple locomotives requiring multiple crews under union agreements.
 * 2 and 2A - for the original streamlined Super Chief.
 * 3 and 3A - for the second streamlined Super Chief trainset.
 * 4 and 4A - "protection" (backup) power for the Super Chief.
 * 5 - for the El Capitan.
 * 6 - for the El Capitan.
 * 7 - for the San Diegan.
 * 8 - for the Golden Gate.
 * 9 - for the Golden Gate.

About a month before inaugurating Golden Gate service, units 8 and 9 inaugurated the Chicagoan/Kansas Cityan streamlined coach trains. After the publicity photos and promotional runs had been done with these handsome units, these services were taken over by a strange-looking pair, the mechanically similar, heavily rebuilt numbers 1 and 10 (the latter being the former 1A) of 1935. Soon, additional equipment from the Budd Company allowed the Santa Fe to enlarge the wildly successful El Capitan beyond the original pair of five car consists. The 4/4A set, which originally sat around "protecting" the Super Chief, was pressed into regular service, and units five and six were combined to form one lashup. This provided four 3,600 horsepower lashups to serve these four trainsets in transcontinental service, providing twice-weekly service for both trains.

With the delivery of EMC E3, E6 and ALCO DL-107 and DL-108 units in 1940–41, the E1 units were less often used on the Super Chief and El Capitan. Instead they doubled up on the other trains as their consists were expanded, and occasionally handled the normally steam-powered Chief. In 1947, all the Santa Fe's E1 locomotives were pulled from transcontinental service, and used on a variety of other services where the grades were not as severe. These units and the similarly powered 1 and 1A were rebuilt by EMD as E8M locomotives, eliminating the unreliable 201-A diesels. The first few units rebuilt retained their original numbers for a time, but as unit 1 was rebuilt as a booster, the group was renumbered 80-87 (cab units) and 80A-84A (boosters). Unit 3, as unit 82, was destroyed in a wreck near Hardin, Missouri in August 1959 and scrapped. The other units were sold in 1971.

None survive into preservation.

title: EMC E1


text:
User talk:Christinewales

Are we supposed to be impressed?
Are we supposed to be impressed by your unimaginative vandalism? Is it supposed to make us write the Sollog article like you want it? A2Kafir 19:42, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Christinewales


text:
Yoshimoto Kogyo

Yoshimoto Kogyo Holdings Co., Ltd. (吉本興業ホールディングス株式会社) is a Japanese entertainment conglomerate. It was founded in 1912, Osaka, as a traditional theatre, and has since grown to be one of the most influential companies in Japan, employing most of Japan's popular owarai (comedy) talent, producing and promoting the shows they appear in. The two main headquarters are stationed in Osaka and Tokyo.

Yoshimoto has been expanding its business in recent years, due to the warai boom. They now have their own comedy theme park in Otaru, Hokkaido and have begun signing the likes of musicians, producers, athletes and singers alongside business with the Japanese owarai industry.

1912–1932: Establishment of Yoshimoto Kogyo-bu
On April 1, 1912, Kichibei Yoshimoto and his wife Sei Yoshimoto purchased the Second Arts Building in Osaka. They later established Yoshimoto Kogyo-bu in January 1913 in Shinsaibashi. In 1922, they purchased two theatre establishments in January and May in Tokyo and Yokohama.

1932–2005: Rename to Yoshimoto Kogyo, influence on manzai
On March 1, 1932, Yoshimoto Kogyobu changed its name to Yoshimoto Kogyo and set up their second headquarters in Tokyo. In 1933, Yoshimoto Kogyo's film department was established. Yoshimoto helped shape the manzai comedic style after World War II, and the kanji that used for the word manzai were introduced by Yoshimoto in 1933. In November 1935, Asakusa Kagetsu Theatre opened under Yoshimoto Kogyo in Asakusa, Tokyo. In 1941, in collaboration with the national intelligence agency and the Imperial Rule Assistance Association, Yoshimoto Kogyo established the Yoshimoto Theatre Caravan and began tours across the nation. On February 13, 1943, Tsūtenkaku, a landmark tower owned by Yoshimoto, suffered a fire which severely damaged it. Rather than repairing the structure, it was disassembled with the steel and other materials used for the war effort. On March 10, 1945, Several theatres owned by Yoshimoto Kogyo were destroyed or severely damaged due to the Bombing of Tokyo. In October 1946, the Yoshimoto Kogyo headquarters in Tokyo split off from the main company to form its own entity as Yoshimoto Kabushiki Gaisha. In November 1946, Yoshimoto Kabushiki Gaisha established the Oizumi Eiko Kabushiki Gaisha, which later joined several other companies to form Toei Company. On May 14, 1949, Yoshimoto Kogyo began trading on the Osaka Securities Exchange.

In 1959, the company established its own comedy troupe theater group, Yoshimoto Shinkigeki. On October 2, 1961, Yoshimoto Kogyo began trading on the Tokyo Stock Exchange. From 1962 to 1963, the Kyoto Kagetsu Theater and the Namba Kagetsu Theater opened. In 1982, Yoshimoto New Star Creation was established in Osaka. A second headquarters in Tokyo was established in 1995.

2005–present: Expansion
In January 2005, Isao Yoshino replaced Masao Kimura as director. Kimura had been part of the company since entering in 1969. Yoshimoto Kogyo, Faith, Fandango and Intel Japan formed a strategic alliance, and established Bellrock Media in the United States. On October 1, 2007, Yoshimoto Kogyo restructured as a holding company. In 2009, Yoshimoto Kogyo establishes partnership with the Creative Artists Agency. On February 24, 2010, Yoshimoto Kogyo stopped trading on all stock exchanges.

Anti-social group scandal
In 2019, several comedians associated with Yoshimoto Kogyo admitted they had accepted money and attended parties held by the yakuza in 2014 without the knowledge of the company. 11 celebrities under the company were suspended, one of whom included Hiroyuki Miyasako. Shinya Irie, a member of the comedy duo Karateka, was fired earlier for arranging their appearances at the party without the agency's permission. President and CEO Akihiko Okamoto also admitted that the company had found out about the connection between the comedians and the anti-social forces but pressured the comedians to stay silent. Okamoto also apologized for Miyasako and Ryo Tamura and decided to reinstate their contracts after initially firing them. He and chairman Hiroshi Osaki vowed to take a 50% pay cut for one year as atonement over the scandal. The celebrities returned from suspension and resumed their activities on August 19, 2019.

Solo

 * Sanma Akashiya
 * Takashi Fujii
 * Koji Higashino
 * Tomonori Jinnai
 * Koji Imada
 * Kendo Kobayashi
 * Kazutoyo Koyabu
 * Daisuke Miyagawa
 * Obata no Oniisan
 * Jimmy Onishi
 * Onishi Lion
 * Tomochika
 * Naomi Watanabe
 * Tonikaku Akarui Yasumura
 * Hōsei Tsukitei
 * - 山田花子
 * Natsuko Yokosawa
 * - 山田花子
 * Natsuko Yokosawa

Groups

 * 130R (Hon Kon and Itsuji Itao)
 * Aiseki Start (Kei Yamazaki and Kan Yamaso)
 * All Hanshin-Kyōjin (All Hanshin and All Kyojin)
 * Akina (Kenta Akiyama and Nobukazu Yamane)
 * Amakō Inter (Nagisa and Seiko)
 * Ameagari Kesshitai (Hiroyuki Miyasako and Tōru Hotohara)
 * Bad Boys (Kiyoto Omizo and Masaki Sata)
 * Chidori (Daigo and Nobu)
 * Chihara Kyodai (Chihara Seiji and Chihara Junior)
 * Black Mayonnaise (Takashi Yoshida and Ryuichi Kosugi)
 * Cocorico (Shōzō Endō and Naoki Tanaka)
 * Colocolo Chikichiki Peppers (Soto Nishino and Nadal)
 * COWCOW (Yoshi and Kenji Tada)
 * Downtown (Masatoshi Hamada and Hitoshi Matsumoto)
 * EXIT (Rintaro and Daiki Kanechika)
 * Football Hour (Terumoto Goto and Nozomu Iwao)
 * Fruit Punch (Kenji Murakami and Kentaro Watari)
 * FUJIWARA (Toshifumi Fujimoto and Takayuki Haranishi)
 * Ginshari (Kazuhiro Unagi and Nao Hashimoto)
 * Gokuraku Tombo (Koji Kato and Keiichi Yamamoto)
 * Hanamaru・Daikichi Hakata (Hanamaru Hakata and Daikichi Hakata)
 * Harisenbon (Haruka Minowa and Haruna Kondou)
 * Heisei Nobushi Kobushi (Takashi Yoshimura and Kenta Tokui)
 * Impulse (Toshiyuki Itakura and Atsushi Tsutsumishita)
 * Jaru Jaru (Junpei Goto and Shusuke Fukutoku)
 * Jichō Kachō (Junichi Kōmoto and Satoshi Inoue)
 * Jungle Pocket (Shinji Saito, Hirohisa Ota and Otake)
 * Kamaitachi (Ryuichi Hamaie and Kenji Yamauchi)
 * King Kong (Akihiro Nishino and Yuta Kajiwara)
 * Kirin (Akira Kawashima and Hiroshi Tamura)
 * License (Kazuhiro Fujiwara and Takafumi Inomoto)
 * London Boots (Atsushi Tamura and Ryō Tamura)
 * Matenrō (Anthony and Otoni)
 * Miki (Asei and Kosei)
 * Nakagawake (Reiji and Tsuyoshi)
 * Nankai Candies (Ryota Yamasato and Shizuyo Yamazaki)
 * Morisanchū (Kazuko Kurosawa, Miyuki Oshima and Tomoko Murakami)
 * Ninety-nine (Takashi Okamura and Hiroyuki Yabe)
 * NON STYLE (Akira Ishida and Yusuke Inoue)
 * Okazu Club (Ocarina and Yui P)
 * Oriental Radio (Atsuhiko Nakada and Shingo Fujimori)
 * Panther (Satoshi Mukai, Ryotaro Kan, Takahiro Ogata)
 * Peace (Naoki Matayoshi and Yuji Ayabe)
 * Penalty (Hide and Wakki)
 * Razor Ramon (HG and RG)
 * Regular (Kōta Matsumoto and Akihiro Nishikawa)
 * Savanna (Shigeo Takahashi and Masumi Yagi)
 * Shimofuri Myojo (Seiya and Soshina)
 * Shinagawa Shoji (Hiroshi Shinagawa and Tomoharu Shoji)
 * Super Maradona (Kazuhiro Tanaka and Takechi)
 * Robert (Ryuji Akiyama, Hiroshi Yamamoto and Hiroyuki Baba)
 * Rozan (Fuminori Ujihara and Hirofumi Suga)
 * Taka and Toshi (Taka and Toshi)
 * Trendy Angel (Tsukasa Saito and Takashi)
 * Tutorial (Yoshimi Tokui and Mitsunori Fukuda)
 * Universe (Hara and Kawase Meijin)
 * Wagyu (Shinji Mizuta and Kenshiro Kawanishi)
 * Waraimeshi (Koji Nishida and Tetsuo)
 * Woman Rush Hour (Daisuke Muramoto and Paradise Nakagawa)
 * Yasei Bakudan (Cookie and Rossy)

Recording artists

 * NMB48
 * Yoshimotozaka46
 * Radio Fish
 * Re:Complex
 * Kawachiya Kikusuimaru
 * Run&Gun
 * Fayray
 * Jealkb
 * The Boom
 * Yoyoka Soma
 * Rocket Punch
 * Octpath
 * Octpath
 * Octpath

Actors/actresses

 * Ayumi Beppu
 * Hirohito Gotō
 * Chizuru Ikewaki
 * Asami Kawasaki
 * Annu Mari
 * Kumiko Nakano
 * Ryo Nishikata
 * Natsumi Ogawa
 * Masi Oka
 * Tetsuji Sakakibara
 * Sōichirō Sorihashi
 * Kozo Takeda

Others

 * Ayaka Ichinose (gravure idol)
 * Toshio Okada (Anime producer and author)
 * Masahiko Katsuya (columnist and pundit)
 * Shigefumi Matsuzawa (politician)
 * Nobukazu Kuriki (mountaineer and entrepreneur)
 * Kazuyuki Ishihara (garden designer)
 * Kazuhisa Ishii (baseball commentator, ex-MLB pitcher)
 * Kansei Nakano (politician)

Property
Yoshimoto Kogyo is the owner of a number of corporate offices and stages, most situated in the downtown areas of Osaka and Tokyo. The company has two headquarters, Osaka HQ (大阪本部) and Tokyo HQ (東京本部) and a number of stages, namely Lumine the Yoshimoto (ルミネtheよしもと), 5 up Yoshimoto (5upよしもと), NMB48 Theater (NMB48劇場), Nanba Grand Kagetsu (なんばグランド花月), and a new stage in the popular Shibuya district of Tokyo, Yoshimoto Mugendai Hall (ヨシモト∞ホール). Yoshimoto also had a comedy museum in downtown Osaka called Yoshimoto Shōtengai (吉本笑店街), but it closed in 2009.

Other assets
Yoshimoto Kogyo also owns a community FM radio station, YES-fm 78.1 (callsign: JOZZ7AF-FM), based in Namba, Osaka.

title: Yoshimoto Kogyo


text: Template:Campaignbox Blockade of the Chesapeake Bay


text:
Talk:EMC E1

Maximum speed ?
I am looking for the maximum speed that the EMC E1 could reach. Someone could help me thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Game4rode (talk • contribs) 16:13, 25 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:EMC E1


text:
Talk:EMD E1/to do

 * When they were replaced on their original assignments
 * Subsequent service
 * Withdrawal
 * Do any survive?
 * In-service modifications
 * More technical detail
 * External links
 * References

title: Talk:EMD E1/to do


text:
Robert James Waller

Robert James Waller (August 1, 1939 – March 10, 2017) was an American author best known for The Bridges of Madison County. He was also a professor, photographer, and musician.

Biography
Robert James Waller Jr. was born in Charles City, Iowa, and grew up in Rockford, Iowa. In 1961, he married Georgia Ann Wiedemeier. Waller received his BA ('62) and MA ('64) from University of Northern Iowa (then known as Iowa State Teachers College). He received his PhD in business from the Kelley School of Business at Indiana University Bloomington in 1968.

Later that year, he returned to UNI and began teaching management and economics and in 1977 became a full professor. He became the founding dean of the College of Business in 1980 and retired from that position in 1986. In addition to his teaching and administrative duties, Waller was also the director of the university's International Business Institute.

In 1992, Waller published his first novel, The Bridges of Madison County. It became a New York Times bestseller, the top best-seller in 1993. Both that novel and his 1995 novel Puerto Vallarta Squeeze have been made into motion pictures.

In 1997, Waller and his wife, Georgia, divorced. Around that time, he began a relationship with Linda Bow, who he married in 2004. An article in People Magazine commented on the divorce: "The parallels between Waller's life and his art—his Bridges heroine, farmwife Francesca, sacrifices her chance for happiness with a globe-hopping photographer in order to stay home and shield her loved ones from small-town scandal—haven't been lost on the locals."

Waller died on March 10, 2017, at his home in Fredericksburg, Texas. He was 77 and had been battling multiple myeloma.

Novels

 * The Bridges of Madison County (1992; original UK title Love in Black and White)
 * Slow Waltz in Cedar Bend (1993); ISBN 0-446-51653-8
 * Puerto Vallarta Squeeze (1995)
 * Border Music (1995)
 * A Thousand Country Roads: An Epilogue to The Bridges of Madison County (2002)
 * High Plains Tango (2005)
 * The Long Night of Winchell Dear (2007)

Collections

 * Just Beyond the Firelight (1988), Iowa State University Press; 1st edition (1988), ISBN 081380163X/ISBN 978-0813801636

Non-fiction

 * One Good Road is Enough (1990)
 * Iowa: Perspectives on Today and Tomorrow (1991)
 * Old Songs in a New Café (1994)
 * Images (1994)
 * The Summer Nights Never End...Until They Do: Life, Liberty, and the Lure of the Short-Run (2012)

Music

 * The Ballads of Madison County: a Collection of Songs; Audio CD (July 23, 1993); Atlantic Records 82511.

title: Robert James Waller


text:
Annapolis (federal electoral district)

Annapolis was a federal electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1917. The district was created in the British North America Act, 1867. It was abolished in 1914 when it was redistributed into Digby and Annapolis. It consisted of Annapolis County, Nova Scotia.

Geography
This riding was set by the British North America Act, 1867 to consist of Annapolis County. The boundaries were not changed during the electoral redistributions of 1872, 1882, 1892 or 1903. This riding was dissolved into Digby and Annapolis in the 1914 electoral redistribution. The county was legally defined in 1837 as such:

"...to comprehend and comprise all that part of the present County of Annapolis to the Eastward of a line to pass through the centre of the Gut of Annapolis and from a line to be drawn from the same to the centre of Bear River, and from thence to be continued southwardly, following the course of the same River, to the head of the tide, and thence following a line South twenty four degrees East to the boundary of Queen's County, and containing the Townships of Annapolis, Granville and Wilmot, and so much of the Township of Clements as lies to the Eastward of Bear River, and of the aforesaid line; and also, all other parts of the County of Annapolis to the Eastward of the same line, and not included in any Township."

title: Annapolis (federal electoral district)