text:
Talk:MX record

CNAME as value of MX record
The RFCs are hopelessly vague on this subject. This is my attempt at clarifying the discussion. RFC 2321 (1997) defines that MX records must not point to CNAMEs. The RFC predates the more formal MUST, MAY, etc terminology. The reason given is basically efficiency reasons.

The latest RFC 5321 on SMTP has a confusing section on the MX record. It states that when you are looking for an MX record, you should follow CNAMEs. Meaning you follow a certain record until you finally end up with a record that has an MX value. The RFC 5321 then points back to RFC 2321 for the discussion of the value of MX records.

The "efficiency" argument is pretty outdated by now, there are many many DNS queries being done, and most results are actually cached anyway. Furthermore, from the SMTP implementation standpoint, it is impossible to tell whether an MX record points to a CNAME, as the resolver handles all this, and the resolver will just give you an answer, even if the MX record points to a CNAME.

So, summarising, MX records must not point to CNAMEs, but most likely nothing will break if you do. Vdham (talk) 14:32, 30 September 2014 (UTC)

Removed a redundant section
I removed a small line in the beginning of the second section, I thought it was really redundant saying RFC meant Request for Comments. Kschap (talk) 05:06, 13 January 2013 (UTC)

distance
Regarding the priority of selecting mail servers, I am unclear what "the shortest distance" refers to. But, according to http://www.han.com/dns.html, the mail server with the lowest priority number is selected first.

 * "Distance" is Dan Bernstein's word for what the IETF calls "Priority". I've updated the article to clarify. — mendel ☎ 00:49, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)

location for MX records
Suggestion from little old me: maybe list the standard default locations for MX Records. I viewed this article in an attempt to figure out where Apache hides the MX records.

 * Apache doesn't store MX records (so it does not hide them either). Read the fine documentation of your nameserver. Erik Warmelink 20:49, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

external link to harvesting site
the external link: "MX Record Lookup" appears to be an email harvesting site. It insists on a full email addy (not just a domain) before providing an MX record lookup.

 * Which link are you referring to? I tested them all and I could not find one that insisted in getting a full email address.

maximum priority value
I don't know how accurate the info is, but I was trying to find the maximum priority value... the only reference I could find was http://www.petri.co.il/configure_mx_records_for_incoming_smtp_email_traffic.htm and this said it's 0 to 65535 (so I guess 2 bytes unsigned)... think it's worth adding to the page but would like a more solid reference (like an RFC document).

 * RFC 1035 in section 3.3.9 indicates the value of "PREFERENCE" is "A 16 bit integer which specifies the preference given to this RR among others at the same owner." HectorH (talk) 17:47, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

IN A versus IN CNAME
Hello, I'm wondering if there should be some explanation about the use of a hostname in the MX record that is defined as an IN A host or a IN CNAME host.

Picture the following scenario:

mx1 IN A 192.168.1.1 mail IN CNAME mx1 acme.com. IN MX 10 mail.acme.com.

the host mx1 would receive email for the acme.com domain, it would then look at the list of MX records to determine if it should forward it to another exchanger or try to deliver it locally. Since mx1.acme.com != mail.acme.com, it may try to contact mail.acme.com (itself) to forward the mail causing an SMTP 554 - local configuration error message.

Most new SMTP servers handle this situation gracefully, but I wonder if this information should be listed in the entry for MX record.

 * RFC 1912 strongly discourages an MX pointing to a CNAME by referencing RFC 1034 and RFC 974.
 * This is also staed in RFC 2181 Section 10.3
 * By corollary, NS and SOA records should not point to a CNAME (especially since as of version 9,
 * Bind will not query for the glue record from a root nameserver for the additional section by default).
 * -Cowbert 22:13, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

equal weight MX records
"If there is more than one entry with the same preference number, all of those must be tried before moving on to lower-priority entries."

Is there any references for this? A number of systems seem to try just one server at random of equal perference and then give up. The RFC 2821 is not explicit: If there are multiple destinations with the same preference and there is no clear reason to favor one (e.g., by recognition of an easily-reached address), then the sender-SMTP MUST randomize them to spread the load across multiple mail exchangers for a specific organization.

 * On page 60 of RFC 2821 (my emphasis): the SMTP client MUST be able to try (and retry) each of the relevant addresses in this list in order Erik Warmelink 20:49, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

spam?
Ehhh what's that 'noonward awsome' thing? Spam? (EDIT: OMG you people are FAST - kewlness)

DNS Query
The article says "the sending mail transfer agent makes a DNS query" - but to what does it make the query? --Mickraus 15:50, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

 * That would be a (far too) long story. Please see Domain name system. Erik Warmelink 20:49, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

weighting value
I do not agree with the second part of this statement:

The MX mechanism does not grant the ability to provide mail service on alternative ports, nor does it provide the ability to distribute mail delivery across a set of equal-priority mail servers by assigning a weighting value to each one.

Assigning equal weight values, would distribute mail delivery across a set of mail servers. Someone please edit or explain.

 * Weighting is not supported in MX records AFAIK, the only way weighting can be accomplished is through SRV records. :I think what you mean is assigning equal priorities to several MX records, which would allow for multiple servers to receive roughly the same amount of requests, albeit not very reliably, as queries will return a different server randomly.
 * At least this is my understanding, please correct if needed. :)

 * That is what I understand too. I removed the remark. Erik Warmelink 20:49, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

Why is the author assuming the reader already knows the subject???
Once again, a technical subject written by a technical person, strewn with the assumption that those of us who come to Wikipedia already know what we came here to learn about. How Aggravating!

Would technical people who contribute here please understand the audience they are writing for: We are the UNINFORMED. You are not in a water-cooler conversation with your cohorts. You are writing for those who seek to learn something. That is why we read these pages, TO BECOME INFORMED!

It does not help to begin reading, only to encounter undefined terms, as well as assumed schema and content that make the reader break-away to yet another topic to get a definition for a term used in the article about the subject they are trying to learn something about.

In this case, I want to learn about MX records. In the first sentence, I find the need to understand CNAME's. This goes on and on and on. Soon the reader is balancing a half dozen NEW concept in their mind, while trying to integrate it all down to the original topic queried. I have an IQ or well over 150; but this is just insanity to think that those wanting to learn something are going to learn anything from a string of verbiage that assumes prior knowledge in a subject. Are you mad?

I'm sure the author wants to be helpful; but writing for a Wikipedia entry is NOT the same as writing for a technical manual.

Please, consider your audience. Lay the premise and supporting information out early and STATE IT. Better yet, take a course in the language and grammatical composition. Grrrrrrrrrr!

Ricky_O July 8, 2007, 2:50pm GMT

 * Wikipedia is an encyclopaedia, not an instruction manual. Erik Warmelink 15:10, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I feel your pain, Ricky_0. But you're dealing with complex technical topics. Fortunately, the terms you are not familiar with are linked to pages describing them. When you find yourself entering into a topic in the middle of the complexity, you might need to jump up a few levels until you're are the overview, then dig back down into it. Then the topic should make more sense inside a proper context. --Gmuir 14:33, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

This article is very short. where is information about how to recording MX ( I mean it should be a host name not IP or CName. ) where is diagram? I think it need alot of change. what do you think? are you agree whit me? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.242.12.166 (talk) 19:22, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

 * While there are much worse articles in terms of "over tech-ness" out there, could we perhaps have this edited to explain the anatomy of an MX record? I see three separate fields -- "priority," "host" and "goes to" -- perhaps the article could begin with an explanation of these before moving on to the history of MX records? It is very frustrating to open up a page and find almost no helpful (non-historic) information about the topic. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.190.90.184 (talk) 10:16, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

Reference to support a half-truth
"However, not all versions of all mail transfer agents pay attention to lower priority MX records — in other words, if the highest-priority MX server fails, the MTA doesn't address the backup server [2]."

This particular reference concerns older versions of PostFix which DO pay attention to lower priority MX records, but only do so if a higher priority server did not answer at all. I'm not sure how to phrase the text better without making it very complicated. 69.135.188.10 (talk) 16:08, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

Nolisting (proposed merge)
IMO creative games with MX priorities don't need a separate Nolisting article, the external link and a short section here would be good enough. At least it's educational wrt MX priorities. --217.184.142.38 (talk) 01:23, 29 May 2008 (UTC)

nolisting is a specialized technique for spam reduction. It is a stub, but it would make more sense to merge it with an article on anti-spam techniques. Smallpond (talk) 19:31, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

It's not really related to greylisting, and I'm not aware of any other anti-spam article in this direction. --217.184.142.51 (talk) 06:27, 5 June 2008 (UTC)
 * greylisting and nolisting are two of a number of techniques that test the e-mail sender to make sure they conform to RFCs. The assumption is that spamware is poorly written or that conforming to standards is not effective for them.  (e.g. slowing down the sending of spam hurts more than people dropping the spam due to non-conformance.)  There are a few other techniques that fall in this category as per Anti-spam techniques (e-mail).  The "hello" checking there doesn't have an article, I guess a new, catch-all, article could be created that lists all the minor techniques in this class.  Wrs1864 (talk) 10:32, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

If nolisting is merged, shouldn't Null MX also be merged? Memoryhole (talk) 18:55, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

Overview
The overview section, the section where a reader might be expected to get his bearings, starts rather abruptly. It doesn't tell us what an MX record is, nor that it is part of the internet email system, nor that it is part of the Domain Name System (DNS). It doesn't tell us what an MX record is for. It tells us that it needs an address for the hostname that is contained in it. Not a good start.

I agree with Ricky O. In fact, I think I am going to wait a bit for suggestions, and then have a whack at it myself. I am not an internet expert, but I can at least add a little organization and an introduction to the article.

C. B. Edgar 76.93.154.244 (talk) 07:53, 21 February 2009 (UTC)

I agree with these comments. The item should start with a description of the function and format of an MX record, referring to RFC 1035, which includes the following:

"3.3.9. MX RDATA format   +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+    |                  PREFERENCE                   |    +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+    /                   EXCHANGE                    /    /                                               /    +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+

where:

PREFERENCE     A 16 bit integer which specifies the preference given to		          this RR among others at the same owner. Lower values are preferred.

EXCHANGE       A  which specifies a host willing to act as		         a mail exchange for the owner name."

I think the new section should also include examples of well-formatted MX records, e.g. "MX: 10 domainname.com." and "MX: 10 domainname.com., 20 anotherdomainname.com."

Mergy (talk) 16:07, 23 June 2010 (UTC)

Meaning of destination in RFC
I think the following text is misleading (excerpt from MX_record): For example, sometimes servers indicate temporary failures, either by explicitly sending a 4xx error or by ending the connection unexpectedly (which must be treated as a 451 error, according to Section 3.8 of the RFC). If there is a temporary failure, should a more distant MX record be attempted, or should the server wait and retry later? According to Section 4.5.4.1:
 * The sender MUST delay retrying a particular destination after one attempt has failed.

But as far as I understand, a "destination" in RFC 5321 always describes an individual host. So it would be perfectly OK to try all MX records directly one after the other, until delivery succeeds or all MX records have been tried. Or do I understand this wrong? -- Tbleher (talk) 11:34, 6 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Well, I will pipe in. Consider an old version of this article, like in which I edited it in 2008. Note that a later editor has simply updated some references to a newer RFC and left some of the original verbiage alone. The issues with this are many. First, there is standard SMTP and there is the revised (extended) versions, many of which are recognized but not as yet a formal standard. This means that the article gets twisted between talking about SMTP as it were, and the newer RFCs, fresh off the press with new ideas and improvements that fix some of the nuances of SMTP.

So without answering your question further, look at all of the RFCs from the beginning and the old article versions to see where the "Preference debate" has turned into a mess on the Wikipedia. This is why standards are good and debate becomes so difficult... I like to saw logs! (talk) 06:12, 7 July 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) the problems are old,
 * 2) unfixed, and
 * 3) eternally debatable, and
 * 4) SMTP implementations are all over the place,
 * 5) today and for years to come;
 * 6) Plus, there are so many RFCs, many people get confused as to which one(s) are valid, so they prefer the most recent one, even if it is not an Internet standard.
 * 7) Please click the link for the above and see the current standard, RFC 5000 and see why my 2008 edit is (in my opinion) more applicable than the current version of the MX Record article.

How about some actual examples of mx records in the article itself? 76.19.126.1 (talk) 21:37, 4 April 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Trim and tidy
I hope that my recent changes have mad the article more readable. Certainly fix any mistakes I've introduced, and add extra information when vital - but please keep it clear and readable. - Snori (talk) 03:15, 21 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:MX record


text: User talk:209.56.72.1

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:209.56.72.1


text: User talk:66.30.59.189

title: User talk:66.30.59.189


text:
Diploblasty

Diploblasty is a condition of the blastula in which there are two primary germ layers: the ectoderm and endoderm.

Diploblastic organisms are organisms which develop from such a blastula, and include Cnidaria and Ctenophora, formerly grouped together in the phylum Coelenterata, but later understanding of their differences resulted in their being placed in separate phyla.

The endoderm allows them to develop true tissue. This includes tissue associated with the gut and associated glands. The ectoderm, on the other hand, gives rise to the epidermis, the nervous tissue, and if present, nephridia.

Simpler animals, such as sea sponges, have one germ layer and lack true tissue organization.

All the more complex animals (from flat worms to humans) are triploblastic with three germ layers (a mesoderm as well as ectoderm and endoderm). The mesoderm allows them to develop true organs.

Groups of diploblastic animals alive today include jellyfish, corals, sea anemones and comb jellies.

title: Diploblasty


text:
Sete Lagoas

Sete Lagoas (meaning 'Seven Lagoons' in Portuguese) is a city in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. The municipal area is 537;km2 while the population was 241,835 in 2020.

Location
Sete Lagoas is situated about 70 kilometres from Belo Horizonte, the capital of Minas Gerais. The BR 040 motorway connects Sete Lagoas with Belo Horizonte and the national capital Brasília. The altitude is 761 metres above sea level. It is surrounded by the following municipalities: Araçaí, Funilândia, Prudente de Morais, Capim Branco, Esmeraldas, Inhaúma, Paraopeba, and Caetanópolis.

Climate
According to data from the meteorological station of the municipality, the average temperature of the city between the years 1961 to 1990 was 20.9 °C.

The coldest month (July) had an average of 17.5 °C while the hottest month (February) had an average of 23.0 °C.

The four lowest temperature records at the Sete Lagoas meteorological station were as follows: 0.8 °C on July 18, 1926; 1.3 °C on October 31, 1942; 1.5 °C on June 26, 1937 and also on May 8, 1942.

Distances to other cities in Minas Gerais

 * Montes Claros: 355 km.
 * Uberaba: 521 km.
 * Uberlândia: 582 km.
 * Três Marias: 202 km.
 * Governador Valadares: 383 km.
 * Juiz de Fora: 331 km.
 * Funilândia: 28 km.

Statistical Micro-region of Sete Lagoas
Sete Lagoas is also a statistical micro-region with 20 municipalities: Araçaí, Baldim, Cachoeira da Prata, Caetanópolis, Capim Branco, Cordisburgo, Fortuna de Minas, Funilândia, Inhaúma, Jaboticatubas, Jequitibá, Maravilhas, Matozinhos, Papagaios, Paraopeba, Pequi, Prudente de Morais, Santana de Pirapama, Santana do Riacho, and Sete Lagoas. In 2000 the population of this area was 341,568 inhabitants in a total area of 8,560.40;km².

Economy
The economy is based on services, industry and some agriculture. The GDP in 2005 was R$2 billion 800 million, with 1 billion 120 million from services, 1 billion 250 thousand from industry, and 17 million from agriculture. There were 824 transformation industries in 2005 with 15,000 workers. Heavy industry was important with 23 factories producing mainly pig iron. There is an Iveco-Fiat plant, which opened in 2001, that produces trucks and vans.

Health and education
In 2005 there were 51 public and 53 private health clinics. There were 5 hospitals with 315 beds. Educational needs were met by 86 primary schools (29 private), 30 middle schools (9 private), and 56 pre-primary schools (36 private). In higher education there was the private Centro Universitario de Sete Lagoas, the private Faculdade Cenecista de Sete Lagoas, a campus of the private Faculdade Promove de Sete Lagoas, the private Faculdade Ciências da Vida - FCV, the private Faculdade Sete Lagoas de Minas Gerais - FSLMG, and the private Faculdade Setelagoana de Ciências Gerenciais - FASCIG. See Mundo Vestibular. The city also has a campus of the Universidade Federal de Sao João Del Rei where approximately 300 students are attending Food and Agronomic Engineering in a partnership with the Embrapa Maize and Sorghum.

History
Evidence of pre-Columbian presence has been found in the Gruta Rei do Mato (Cave of the Forest King).

From around 1700, colonists entered Minas Gerais in search of gold, gems and diamonds. Nowadays, the Santa Luzia quarter is unofficially still called "o garimpo" (meaning "the goldmine").

Between 1780 and 1867, the name 'Sete Lagoas' was used for several regional types of administrations. The municipality of Sete Lagoas was founded in 1867.

Although "Sete Lagoas" means "Seven Lakes", there are currently more than seven lakes in Sete Lagoas (10 within the urban perimeter, 17 in the municipality). Some were dug out while others became part of the town when the town expanded. There are, however, 7 'official' lakes according to a municipal law from 1989. These are: Lagoa da Boa Vista, Lagoa da Catarina, Lagoa da Chácara, Lagoa do Cercadinho, Lagoa José Felix, Lagoa do Matadouro and Lagoa Paulino.

Food
Food is an important element of the culture of Minas Gerais. In Sete Lagoas, two dishes can be found that are hardly found elsewhere: Galopé and Muchacho. Galopé is a dish of chicken (galo) and pork feet (pé de porco). Muchacho is also composed of chicken and pork but it also contains cheese.

Sports
Bela Vista Futebol Clube is one of 4 relevant football team in the city. Also is known for being the only football team from Sete Lagoas to tour over Europe in the 1959. Despite severe issues throughout the tour, the club reached some highlights scores in matches such as against Real Madrid in Santiago Bernabéu.

Democrata Futebol Clube is a football club based in Sete Lagoas. The club plays its home matches at the Arena do Jacaré ("Alligator Arena", so named because of Democrata's mascot; the official name is Joaquim Henrique Nogueira stadium).

Both teams used to play the traditional "sete-lagoano" derby being a very famous and known as the "Clássico dos sertões" ( Countryside's Derby ). An interesting fact about both was its old home arenas: it was only one block distance from each, which was an extra spice for the rivality. The old Democrata's Arena was demolished, but the original and glorious BV arena is still there.

In 2010 and 2011, Arena do Jacaré served as a home stadium for Atlético Mineiro, Cruzeiro and América-MG, as both Belo Horizonte stadia - Mineirão and Independência - were going through reforms.

Other smaller, but very competitive clubs are Ideal Sport Club, América Futebol Clube.

title: Sete Lagoas


text:
Turing (cipher)

Turing is a stream cipher developed by Gregory G. Rose and Philip Hawkes at Qualcomm for CDMA.

Turing generates 160 bits of output in each round by applying a non-linear filter to the internal state of an LFSR. It is named after Alan Turing. It was developed based on the SOBER cipher introduced by Rose in 1998. This is evident in its major component, the Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR), which is the same technology found in the family of SOBER machines. Turing, however, is distinguished from its predecessors by the way it produces five words (five times more) of output for every internal update. It also provides up to 256-bit key strength and is designed to be fast in software, achieving around 5.5 cycles/byte on some x86 processors.

There are experts who found that the Turing stream cipher has a number of weaknesses when faced with chosen IV attacks. For instance, its key scheduling algorithm has the same secret key for different initialization vectors and this is found to lower the system's security.

title: Turing (cipher)


text:
User:Fugiware

Seattle HS student/CEO of Fugiware International Software Development Grunge Fan

title: User:Fugiware


text:
User talk:Bmw22

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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Rv Vandalism
There is a way. You CAN revert vandalism, and you are encouraged to instead of commenting on the page (Prostitution). Simply click History of the vandalized page, find a version of the page that was vandalized, and edit that page (you don't have to do anything, just click Edit and then Save without typing anything). That way, you can help Wikipedia! :-D Ambush Commander 20:34, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bmw22


text:
Talk:.edu/1

List of edu domain
1. The external link does not work

 * The URL has changed (although the old one works for me via redirect). I've put the updated link in the article.

2. I would like a list of all registerd .edu domains. It can't be that many.

 * It is. You can use the whois server. --Zundark 11:47, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Accreditation
"Under the present system, only post-secondary institutions that are accredited by an agency on the U.S. Department of Education's list of nationally recognized accrediting agencies are eligible to apply for a .edu domain. "

How long has this been policy? Hyles-Anderson is completely independent (from what I know) and it has a .edu at http://www.hylesanderson.edu/. It's Whois Lookup is the following:

''' Search Results

Domain Name: HYLESANDERSON.EDU

Registrant: Hyles-Anderson College 8400 Burr Street Crown Point, IN 46307 UNITED STATES

Administrative Contact: Keith Cowling Department Head Hyles-Anderson College 8400 Burr Street Crown Point, IN 46307 UNITED STATES (219) 365-4031  web@hylesanderson.com

Technical Contact: Jack Christensen Website manager Hyles-Anderson College 8400 Burr Street Crown Point, IN 46307 UNITED STATES (219) 365-4301  jackc@hylesanderson.com

Name Servers: NS1.SERVERMATRIX.COM NS2.SERVERMATRIX.COM

Domain record activated:   22-Jul-2003 Domain record last updated: 02-Mar-2005 Domain expires:            31-Jul-2007 '''

--Kalmia 06:28, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

Is it really restricted to the USA?
I trust the article, but there have to be more .edu websites about non-USA colleges, not just three. In example, my university's website (University of Barcelona) is http://www.ub.edu --SMP - talk (en)  -  talk (ca)  18:00, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Existing registrations were grandfathered when the "US accreditation required" rule was adopted. *Dan T.* 18:07, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Who said there were only three? There are many that qualify even under the present rules. Others have inherited  domains from earlier times, as Dan T. says. --Zundark 19:17, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

It isn't restricted to the United States of America, in Australia, all the universities have '.edu.au'. Someone should change it. (203.214.112.31 (talk) 08:49, 27 July 2008 (UTC))

 * The article doesn't say that  is restricted to the USA. However, you seem to be suggesting that   domains are   domains, which is incorrect (they are   domains, and are discussed in the .au article). --Zundark (talk) 12:37, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

Other non-post-secondary institutions with .edu domains include...
I've removed "the Art Institute of Chicago, an art museum at www.artic.edu;" from the list. The School of the Art Institute of Chicago (originally "Chicago Academy of Design") is actually older than The Art Institute of Chicago, the museum, and has been accredited since 1936. — Linnwood 20:02, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

It seems that every high school student with a .edu school site wants to include their school on the list. I've selected three schools just to prove the point. I'm not trying to play favorites, but the paragraph was not encyclopedic. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.208.76.208 (talk) 17:21, 17 June 2008 (UTC)

No dude. artic.edu is the main website for the 'Art Institute of Chicago', not the school. Although it links to the school (on a 'different' website saic.edu) on the first page, if you click ahead you'll find that all art institute's pages are on this artic.edu, while all the school's are on saic.edu. I'd say that's enough to say it's the Art Institute's, which doesn't debase its legitimacy, but merely recognizes it was grandfathered in as being registered before the domain change. 68.110.212.162 (talk) 17:22, 31 May 2010 (UTC)

Non-accredited institutes
Reading through the paragraph listing examples of those with .edu addresses that are not accredited universities, it appears very messy. As the paragraph is essentially a list, I think it would make more sense to format it as such, with bullet points outlining the name and a description of the institute. Kingturkey 08:13, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

 * The problem is that people keep adding their favourite non-accredited institutions, and the list has become ridiculously long. Most of the examples serve no purpose, and should be removed. (Do we really need any examples at all?) --Zundark 13:26, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

American World University
In the table on the article it says that amu is a degree mill. While I agree that it probably is, this hardly seems to be a neutral POV, and as such should be changed to read perhaps, "online university" or other such non degregating descriptor. Boydannie (talk) 18:36, 31 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Since there has been no objection, I will change it to say, "online university" and not "degree mill". Queerbubbles (talk) 18:20, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

Examples of "schools" that do not qualify under current rules
The list consists of:

 * 1) Stuyvesant High School, a public secondary school at stuy.edu;
 * 2) Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, a public secondary school at tjhsst.edu;
 * 3) the Hudson City School District, at hudson.edu;
 * 4) the Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy, at imsa.edu;
 * 5) the University of the West Indies, an international university, at uwi.edu;
 * 6) Phillips Exeter Academy, a private secondary school at exeter.edu;
 * 7) Montgomery Blair High School, a public magnet high school in Montgomery County, MD at mbhs.edu;
 * 8) Phillips Academy Andover, a private secondary school at andover.edu;
 * 9) Westtown School, a private, Quaker secondary school at westtown.edu;
 * 10) Porter-Gaud School, an Episcopal school in Charleston, SC at portergaud.edu;
 * 11) Catlin Gabel, a private secondary school at catlin.edu.

However, no mention of how these institutions do not qualify under the current rules is given. This list is, therefore, meaningless. Is there a belief that Exeter, Andover, Westtown, or Catlin are not accredited, or is there a belief that their accreditation has been issued by an agency not recognized by the US DOE?

It would be nice to have a list of notable examples of institutions that use an .edu domain name but do not qualify under the current rules. The current list is not sufficient.

Additionally, descriptions such as "international university" is not just confusing, it's meaningless.

Recognized Accrediting Agencies and Lists Thereof
Educase clearly states that there are at least two lists of accrediting agencies not one. There's a Regional list and a National list, but how institutional and program accreditation differ, well that's not so clear...this is the discussion it's not the article: Eligibility for a .edu domain name is limited to U.S. postsecondary institutions that are institutionally accredited, i.e., the entire institution and not just particular programs, by agencies on the U.S. Department of Education’s list of Nationally Recognized Accrediting Agencies. These include both "Regional Institutional Accrediting Agencies" and "National Institutional and Specialized Accrediting Bodies" recognized by the U.S. Department of Education.

Note that institutional accreditation is required for .edu eligibility; program accreditation is not sufficient. Not all agencies accredit institutions. Some accredit only institutions, some accredit only programs, and others accredit both institutions and programs.

I don't know what the rule was prior to Oct 29, 2001, while it is important to know what it was, the link provided is to the current rule and that rule includes more than one list and also relates to the type of accreditation.

This paragraph of the article: Starting on October 29, 2001, only post-secondary institutions that are accredited by an agency on the U.S. Department of Education's list of nationally recognized accrediting agencies are eligible to apply for a .edu domain.[2] Most such agencies accredit only US institutions, so very few non-US institutions qualify, and .edu remains almost exclusively a top-level domain of the United States. is a gross oversimplification and must be re-written. --TMH (talk) 00:32, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

Community Colleges
I was told once, while a student at a Community college in the late 90s, that community colleges did not qualify for .edu domain names. Was this ever in fact a rule, and if so when did it change? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.171.186.233 (talk) 00:12, 27 November 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:.edu/1


text: User talk:149.159.112.172

title: User talk:149.159.112.172


text:
Iven C. Kincheloe Award

The Iven C. Kincheloe Award recognizes outstanding professional accomplishment in the conduct of flight testing. It was established in 1958 by the Society of Experimental Test Pilots in memory of test pilot and Korean War ace Iven C. Kincheloe, United States Air Force, who died during flight testing.

The Kincheloe Trophy consists of four columns and a symbolic aerospace vehicle that points toward the shield of the society. The columns represent the foundation on which the society was created—courage, integrity, knowledge, and accomplishment. The vehicle reinforces the role played by the society in the development of aerospace systems. Plaques bearing the name of each honoree are mounted around the sides of the onyx base.

Criteria
The Society lists three criteria for nominations to this award:

 * 1) The recipient must be a living member of the Society.
 * 2) The accomplishment, or significant portion of the accomplishment, must have occurred in the past year (From July 1)
 * 3) The accomplishment must involve actual flight testing conducted by the individual, while in a test pilot role, and represent an outstanding contribution to an aerospace program.

Recipients
Recipients of this award, from 1958 to present, include:

 * 1958
 * James R. Gannett, Boeing First Commercial Jet
 * Joseph John "Tym" Tymczyszyn, CAA First Commercial Jet
 * 1959
 * Robert G. Ferry, Maj USAF, XV-3 convertiplane
 * 1960
 * A. Scott Crossfield, North American X-15 Program
 * William M. Magruder, Douglas DC-8 Flight Test Program
 * 1961
 * Joseph A. Walker, NASA X-15 Program
 * Robert M. White, Maj USAF, NASA X-15 Program
 * 1962
 * Donald W. McCracken, McDonnell F-4 Mach Investigation
 * 1963
 * Astronaut Team, NASA Mercury Program
 * M. Scott Carpenter, LCDR USN
 * L. Gordon Cooper, Maj USAF
 * John H. Glenn, Jr. Lt Col USMC
 * Virgil I. Grissom, Capt USAF
 * Walter M. Schirra, CDR USN
 * Alan B. Shepard, CDR USN
 * Donald K. Slayton, Maj USAF
 * 1964
 * Pilots of YF12A (A-11) Lockheed Super-Secret Project
 * Louis W. Schalk
 * William C. Park
 * Robert J. Gilliland
 * James D. Eastham
 * 1965
 * Alvin S. White, North American XB-70 Supersonic Flight
 * 1966
 * Milton Orville Thompson, NASA M2/F2-Lifting Body Program
 * 1967
 * Richard L. Johnson, for the General Dynamics F-111 test Program
 * 1968
 * Drury W. Wood, Jr, Dornier Werke DO31 Test Program-VTOL Flight
 * 1969
 * Jerauld R. Gentry, Maj USAF, NASA/FRC Lifting Body Program
 * James A. McDivitt, Col USAF/NASA Apollo IX Mission, test of LM maneuvering
 * 1970
 * Darryl G. Greenamyer, Lockheed World speed record for piston engine airplane
 * Apollo 11 Team Moon landing and return
 * Neil A. Armstrong NASA
 * Edwin E. Aldrin, Col USAF/NASA
 * Michael Collins, Col USAF/NASA
 * 1971
 * Andre Turcat, Aerospatiale, Concorde joint test program
 * Brian Trubshaw, British Aircraft Corporation, Concorde joint test program
 * 1972
 * Apollo XVI Crew Moon landing and return
 * John W. Young, CAPT USN, NASA
 * Thomas K. Mattingly CDR USN/NASA
 * Charles M. Duke, Lt Col USAF/NASA
 * Donald R. Segner, Lockheed-California For accomplishments in Company testing the Cheyenne helicopter
 * 1973
 * Charles A. Sewell, Grumman Aerospace Spin Prevention Testing in a Grumman F-14A Tomcat.
 * 1974
 * Irving L. Burrows, McDonnell Aircraft Outstanding professional Company contributions as a test pilot during F15A development program
 * 1975
 * John E. Krings, McDonnell Aircraft As Project Pilot on F15A Company high angle of attack characteristics test program
 * 1976
 * Charles C. Bock, Jr, Rockwell International For his outstanding accomplishments on the B-1 Program
 * 1977
 * Fitzhugh L. Fulton, Jr, NASA/Dryden Flight 747/Space Shuttle Carrier Research Center
 * 1978
 * James M. Patton Jr, NASA/Langley Research Stall/Spin Flight Research Center
 * Fred W. Haise, Jr, NASA/JSC Space Shuttle
 * Joe H. Engle, Col, USAF
 * Charles Fullerton, Lt Col USAF
 * Richard H. Truly, CDR USN
 * 1979
 * Philip F. Oestricher, General Dynamics Corp. F-16 Flight Test Program
 * Robert C. Ettinger, Lt Col USAF
 * 1980
 * Dorman A. Cannon, Bell Helicopter Textron Tilt Rotor XV-15
 * Ronald G. Erhart, Bell Helicopter Textron
 * 1981
 * John W. Young, NASA Space Shuttle Columbia
 * Robert L. Crippen, CAPT USN
 * 1982
 * Thomas McMurtry, NASA AD-1 Oblique Wing Program
 * 1983
 * John M. Hoffman, Lt Col USAF For Outstanding contribution to the derivative F-15 fighter planes
 * 1984
 * Donald L. Bloom, Bell Helicopter 0H-58C helicopter spin phenomena
 * Charles A. Sewell, Grumman Aerospace Low Altitude high angle Corporation of attack, asymmetric thrust flight test program on the F-14 Tomcat.
 * 1985
 * William W. Lowe, McDonnell Douglas AV-8B High Angle of Attack Corporation Test Program
 * 1986
 * David A. Kerzie, Lockheed Corp. U-2/TR-1 extremely high altitude investigative and exploratory flights to determine flutter characteristics.
 * 1987
 * Guy Mitaux-Maurouard, Avions Marcel Dassault Rafale Flight Test Program
 * Dick Rutan, Voyager Aircraft, Inc. Successful around-the-world non-stop, non-refueled flight of the Voyager aircraft
 * Jeana Yeager, Voyager Aircraft, Inc.
 * 1988
 * Channing S. Morse, McDonnell Douglas NOTAR Helicopter, Helicopter Company Development Program
 * 1989
 * Addison S. Thompson, Rockwell International B-1B high alpha envelope
 * Randy Gaston, Lt Col USAF, expansion and flight control system development
 * William C. Park, Jr, Lockheed Aircraft Corp. Research and development
 * N. Kenneth Dyson, Lt Col USAF, flights of prototype
 * 1990
 * Bruce J. Hinds, Jr. Northrop Corporation B-2 Flight Test Program
 * Richard S. Couch, Col USAF
 * 1991
 * Paul Metz, Northrop Corporation YF-23 ATF Prototype
 * David L. Ferguson, Lockheed Corporation YF-22 ATF Prototype
 * 1992
 * Daniel C. Brandenstein, CAPT USN Space Shuttle/Satellite Recovery
 * 1993
 * Allan T. Reed, McDonnell Douglas T-45 High Angle of Attack and Corporation Flying Qualities & Spin Evaluation
 * 1994
 * Christopher J. Yeo, British Aerospace Eurofighter 2000 Flight Test
 * Peter Weger, Deutsche Aerospace Program
 * 1995
 * John E. Cashman, The Boeing Company 777 Flight Test Program
 * 1996
 * Erwin Danuwinata, IPTN Expansion and flight tests leading to FAA/JAA certification
 * Ken Dyson & Richard G. Thomas, Tacit Blue Program (Retroactive 1982)
 * Jon S. Beesley, USAF F-117 Combined Test Force, Harold C. Farley Lockheed, David L. Ferguson Lockheed & Thomas A. Morgenfeld Lockheed (Retroactive 1983)
 * 1997
 * Douglas B. Shane, Scaled Composites V-Jet II and Vision Aire Vantage
 * 1998
 * Gary Freeman, Gulfstream Aerospace G-V Certification Test Program
 * 1999
 * Mike Melvill, Scaled Composites Proteus high-altitude multimission aircraft
 * 2000
 * Jeremy Tracy, GKN Westland Helicopters
 * 2001
 * Wg Cdr Rajiv Kothiyal, Indian AF
 * 2002
 * Herb Moran Bell Helicopter, envelope expansion and aircraft definition of the AH-1Z helicopter.
 * 2003
 * Thomas L. Macdonald, Bell-Boeing High Rate of Descent (HROD) testing for the V-22 Osprey
 * 2004
 * Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne Test Team
 * Mike Melvill
 * Brian Binnie
 * Peter Siebold
 * 2005
 * Randy Neville, Boeing F-22
 * 2006
 * Norman E. Howell, Boeing, C-17
 * 2007
 * Jon S. Beesley, Lockheed Martin, F-35A and Bird of Prey Test Team (Retroactive from 1997)
 * Rudy Haug, Boeing
 * Doug Benjamin, Boeing
 * Joe Felock, Boeing
 * 2008
 * Terry E. Tomeny, Calspan Corporation Eclipse
 * 2009
 * Peter Siebold, Scaled Composites
 * 2010
 * Michael Carriker, Boeing
 * 2011
 * Kevin Bredenbeck, Sikorsky Aircraft, X2 Demonstrator
 * 2012
 * Markus Scherdel, Solar Impulse, HB-SIA
 * 2013
 * Mark "Forger" Stucky, Scaled Composites Test Pilot for SpaceShipTwo and WhiteKnightTwo
 * 2014
 * AgustaWestland AW609 Tiltrotor Test Team
 * Pietro Venanzi
 * Dan Wells
 * Paul Edwards
 * 2015
 * Prospero Uybarreta, Bombardier Commercial Aircraft, C Series and CRJ Series
 * 2016
 * Scott Martin, Gulfstream Aerospace, GVII-G500/G600
 * 2017
 * Charles Ellis, Bombardier Flight Test Center, Bombardier CSeries
 * 2018
 * James Payne, Airbus Perlan Project
 * 2019
 * Evan C. Thomas, Scaled Composites, LLC., Stratolaunch Aircraft
 * 2020
 * Tom Carr, Garmin, Garmin Emergency Autoland (EAL)
 * 2021
 * Donald Grove, Bell Textron, V-280 Demonstrator Program
 * 2022
 * Benjamin Williamson, Sikorsky, A Lockheed Martin Company, S-70 Optionally Piloted Vehicle
 * 2023
 * Steven Crane, Eviation, Alice V2 Aircraft

title: Iven C. Kincheloe Award


text:
Rock sculpture of Decebalus

The rock sculpture of Decebalus (Chipul regelui dac Decebal) is a colossal carving of the face of Decebalus (r. AD 87–106), the last king of Dacia, who fought against the Roman emperors Domitian and Trajan to preserve the independence of his country, which corresponds to present-day Romania.

The sculpture is located near the city of Orșova, in Mehedinți County. It was made between 1994 and 2004, on a rocky outcrop on the river Danube, at the Iron Gates, which form the border between Romania and Serbia. The Dacian king's sculpture is the tallest rock relief in Europe, at 55 m in height and 25 m in width.

Creation
It was commissioned by Romanian businessman Iosif Constantin Drăgan and it took 10 years for twelve sculptors to complete it. The lead artist sculptor was Florin Cotarcea, from Orșova. According to Drăgan's website, the businessman purchased the rock in 1992, after which the Italian sculptor Mario Galeotti assessed the location and made an initial model. The first six years involved dynamiting the rock into the basic shape, and the remaining four years were devoted to completing the detail.

Under the face of Decebalus there is a Latin inscription which reads "DECEBALUS REX—DRAGAN FECIT" ("King Decebalus—Made by Drăgan"). The carving was placed opposite an ancient memorial plaque, carved in the rock on the Serbian side of the river facing Romania. The plaque, known as the Tabula Traiana, records the completion of Trajan's military road along the Danube and thus commemorates the final defeat of Decebalus by Trajan in 105, and the absorption of the Dacian kingdom into the Roman Empire. Drăgan wanted the Serbs to carve a giant head of a Roman Emperor, as if confronting Decebalus on the opposite side of the river, but the Serbs refused.

Significance
Drăgan was a leading figure in the protochronism and Dacianism movements, nationalist ideologies which attempted to portray Romania as the major cradle of civilisation and which identified Romania with the Dacians and an ancient Thracian empire that supposedly dominated central Europe. In this ideology, Dacia, the pre-Roman name of Romania, was the inheritor of this Thracian culture, a view expounded by Drăgan in his book and journal Noì, tracii ("We Thracians").

The Fundația Europeană Drăgan, Drăgan's foundation, states that "Giuseppe Costantino Dragan is a strong supporter of the theory that the original 'flame' of civilization started on the ancient territory of Romania and argues as much in his work". Drăgan saw the sculpture as a signpost to the cradle of civilisation. He is quoted saying, "Anyone travelling towards 'Decebal Rex Dragan Fecit' is also travelling towards the origins of European civilization and will discover that a United Europe represents the natural course of history".

Descriptions
Michael Palin in his 2007 book New Europe described the colossal head:

"As we move into the Kazan Gorge, where a small valley enters the Danube from the Romanian shore, an enormous head is carved into the rock together with the Latin inscription 'Decebalus Rex - Dragan Fecit'. It turns out to be less ancient than I thought, in fact it dates from the 1990s. The carved figure, Decebalus, was a Dacian king who took on the armies of Emperor Trajan and is regarded as a great Romanian folk hero. Dragan, more prosaically, is a rich businessman who paid for it to be carved. On this slightly ominous note of resurgent nationalism, we pass into the gorge itself."

Nick Thorpe in The Danube: A Journey Upriver from the Black Sea to the Black Forest writes, "Upstream from the church, the bulbous features of Decebal, moustachioed and wide-eyed, have been carved into the rock face, forty meters high and twenty five wide. The ancient Dacian leader stares across the river at the opposite cliff...The cliff, rising above his head into the wooded slope, provides him with the illusion of a large forehead or a pointed wizard's hat."

title: Rock sculpture of Decebalus


text:
Vaughan Jones

Sir Vaughan Frederick Randal Jones  (31 December 1952 –6 September 2020) was a New Zealand mathematician known for his work on von Neumann algebras and knot polynomials. He was awarded a Fields Medal in 1990.

Early life
Jones was born in Gisborne, New Zealand, on 31 December 1952. He was brought up in Cambridge, New Zealand, where he attended St Peter's School. He subsequently transferred to Auckland Grammar School after winning the Gillies Scholarship, and graduated in 1969 from Auckland Grammar. He went on to complete his undergraduate studies at the University of Auckland, obtaining a BSc in 1972 and an MSc in 1973. For his graduate studies, he went to Switzerland, where he completed his PhD at the University of Geneva in 1979. His thesis, titled Actions of finite groups on the hyperfinite II1 factor, was written under the supervision of André Haefliger, and won him the Vacheron Constantin Prize.

Career
Jones moved to the United States in 1980. There, he taught at the University of California, Los Angeles (1980–1981), and the University of Pennsylvania (1981–1985), before being appointed as professor of mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley. His work on knot polynomials, with the discovery of what is now called the Jones polynomial, was from an unexpected direction with origins in the theory of von Neumann algebras, an area of analysis already much developed by Alain Connes. It led to the solution of a number of classical problems of knot theory, to increased interest in low-dimensional topology, and the development of quantum topology.

Jones taught at Vanderbilt University as Stevenson Distinguished Professor of mathematics from 2011 until his death. He remained Professor Emeritus at University of California, Berkeley, where he had been on the faculty from 1985 to 2011 and was a Distinguished Alumni Professor at the University of Auckland.

Jones was made an honorary vice-president for life of the International Guild of Knot Tyers in 1992. The Jones Medal, created by the Royal Society of New Zealand in 2010, is named after him.

Personal life
Jones met his wife, Martha Myers, during a ski camp for foreign students while they were studying in Switzerland. She was there as a Fulbright scholar, and subsequently became an associate professor of medicine, health and society. Together, they have three children.

Jones died on 6 September 2020 at age 67 from health complications resulting from a severe ear infection.

Jones was a certified barista.

Honours and awards

 * 1990 – awarded the Fields Medal
 * 1990 – elected Fellow of the Royal Society
 * 1991 – awarded the Rutherford Medal by the Royal Society of New Zealand
 * 1991 – awarded the degree of Doctor of Science by the University of Auckland
 * 1991 – elected Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand
 * 1992 – elected to the Australian Academy of Science as a Corresponding Fellow
 * 1992 – awarded a Miller Professorship at the University of California Berkeley
 * 2002 – appointed Distinguished Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit (DCNZM) in the 2002 Queen's Birthday and Golden Jubilee Honours, for services to mathematics
 * 2009 – his DCNZM redesignated to a Knight Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit in the 2009 Special Honours
 * 2012 – elected a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society

title: Vaughan Jones


text:
User talk:Santiparam

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 20:18, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)

operas, and hello
Hi Santiparam, I just wanted to say hello. I appreciate the work you are doing on Eastern European operas, e.g. Janáček and Szymanowski (I probably wouldn't have gotten around to it for a long time, even though I love those pieces!) Best regards, Antandrus 20:36, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Taking off the heading on the Sandbox
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits did not appear to be constructive and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. -- HP Jo ker  Leave me a message 18:52, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Santiparam


text:
Soar

Soar or SOAR may refer to:

Acronyms

 * 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), US Army regiment
 * Safe operating area ratings in electronics
 * Security orchestration, automation, and response, a set of applications that collect data from disparate sources and automatically respond to security events
 * Southern Astrophysical Research Telescope, optical and near-infrared telescope located on Cerro Pachón, Chile
 * Special Operations Assault Rifle, primary assault rifle for the special forces unit of the Philippine National Police
 * Student orientation and Registration
 * Surgical Outcomes Analysis and Research, a research collaborative in the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center

Scotland

 * Intu Braehead Soar, a shopping centre in Braehead, Renfrewshire

England

 * River Soar, a river in Leicestershire/Midlands England
 * Soar, South Hams, a settlement in South Hams
 * Old Soar Manor, an English Heritage property near Plaxtol, Kent

Wales

 * Soar, Anglesey
 * Soar, Gwynedd
 * Soar, Ceredigion, location of chapel near Llangynfelyn
 * Soar, Powys, former village

Chapels

 * Soar Chapel, Cwmaman, Rhondda Cynon Taf
 * Soar Chapel, Hirwaun, Rhondda Cynon Taf
 * Soar Chapel, Llanelli, Carmarthenshire
 * Soar Chapel, Llwydcoed, Rhondda Cynon Taf
 * Soar y mynydd, Llanddewi Brefi, Ceredigion
 * Canolfan Soar (arts centre in a former chapel), Merthyr Tydfil

Music

 * "Soar", a song by Christina Aguilera from the album Stripped (2002)
 * Soar, a 1991 album by the American band Samiam
 * Soar (Mari Hamada album), 2023
 * S.O.A.R. (Devour The Day album), 2016

Other uses

 * Soar (cognitive architecture), a symbolic cognitive architecture
 * SOAR (spaceplane), air-space system under development for launch of satellites and suborbital space tourism from Swiss Space Systems company, Switzerland

title: Soar


text:
File:VCHenryMay.jpg

Photo of Victoria Cross recipient Henry May, migrated from the Victoria Cross Reference site with permission. Photo submitted by Franklyncards.

title: File:VCHenryMay.jpg


text:
Steve Staunton

Stephen Staunton (born 19 January 1969) is an Irish football manager, scout and former professional footballer.

He played as a defender with two separate spells each with Premier League sides Aston Villa and Liverpool. He also played in the Football League for Bradford City, Crystal Palace, Coventry City and Walsall. He earned 102 caps for the Republic of Ireland national football team, captained his team to the knock-out stage of the 2002 FIFA World Cup and earned his place in the FIFA Century Club.

After retiring, he served as Republic of Ireland national team coach prior to Giovanni Trapattoni. He also spent five months as manager of Darlington in Football League Two and has worked on the coaching staff at Leeds United and Sunderland.

Pre-Liverpool
Born in Dundalk, County Louth, Staunton was an accomplished all-round sportsman. He lived in Dundalk, County Louth, and attended the De La Salle College in the town. As well as playing soccer for his home club of Dundalk, he played Gaelic football, appearing for Louth's U-16 team and winning a Louth Senior Championship medal with Clan na Gael. He also played for his local team St Dominic's at underage level.

Liverpool
Staunton was spotted by Liverpool playing in Ireland for his home club of Dundalk as a 17-year-old and was signed on 2 September 1986 by manager Kenny Dalglish for a fee of £20,000.

He spent the first two seasons in the reserves and even went on loan to Bradford City for eight games during the 1987–88 season as cover for the injured Karl Goddard. He made his Liverpool debut on 17 September 1988 in the 1–1 league draw with Tottenham Hotspur at Anfield. As a result of his impressive performance he remained in the side for the rest of the season, despite him being vastly inexperienced compared to the players around him who were defending a League championship title won the year before. Following on from his impressive debut he scored his first goal three days later on 20 September; however, his 80th-minute strike wasn't enough to prevent Arsenal winning the Centenary Trophy semi-final 2–1.

An injury to captain Alan Hansen meant that regular left back Gary Ablett had to be shifted across to the centre of defence. Staunton was therefore given his chance and proved an impressive and consistent performer in a team of strong players, playing his part as Liverpool challenged for the title again.

In the aftermath of the Hillsborough disaster, which claimed the lives of 97 fans at the FA Cup semi-final on 15 April 1989, Staunton was among the players who comforted bereaved families and attended many of the funerals. He also put in an outstanding performance when the fateful FA Cup semi-final was rescheduled a month later, with Liverpool beating Nottingham Forest 3–1.

Staunton played in the FA Cup Final at Wembley – he was substituted at the start of the extra-time period – as Liverpool defeated Merseyside rivals Everton 3–2. However, the season ended with disappointment when Liverpool lost the League title in a decider against Arsenal at Anfield. The Gunners needed to win by two clear goals and were 1–0 up with just seconds remaining. With virtually the last kick of the season Michael Thomas broke through the centre of the Reds defence to score, thus stopping Liverpool gaining a second league and FA Cup double – something which no English club had yet achieved.

The following year, Staunton was a frequent presence again as Liverpool reclaimed the League title. His first goals for Liverpool came in remarkable fashion on 4 October 1989 when he came on as a substitute in a League Cup tie against Wigan Athletic and scored a hat-trick. The following season he scored twice more; against Crewe Alexandra in the League Cup and Blackburn Rovers in the FA Cup. However 1990–91 was his final season with Liverpool before being astutely signed up by Aston Villa on 7 August 1991 for £1.1 million. New manager Graeme Souness was accused of misjudging the player's abilities, though the ruling for European ties possibly had a bearing, with Staunton being classed as a foreigner, of which no team was allowed to field more than four; the Bosman ruling (which included the abolishment of quotas for EU citizens on teams in member countries) was not passed until 1995.

Aston Villa
Staunton made a good impression on the Villa fans by marking his debut on 17 August with a goal in the 3–2 win over Sheffield Wednesday at Hillsborough. He soon became a regular in Villa's defence, alongside the likes of the legendary Villan Paul McGrath, as they finished seventh during the 1991–92 season. The following year he played an important role in the club's push for the title in the first Premier League season. Villa, in the end, lost out to Manchester United and had to settle for second place.

The following season, he won a League Cup winners medal when he helped a wounded Villa gain revenge on Manchester United by beating them 3–1 (denying them a domestic treble). The League Cup medal completed his domestic medal set. In the 1994–95 season, despite the club's managerial problems, he had a fine season and regularly captained the side. The 1995–96 season was a mixed one for Staunton. He won another League Cup medal, this time as a non-playing substitute in the excellent 3–0 victory over Leeds United, but his playing time was limited due to a number of injuries.

Over the next two seasons he was once again a regular in defence, playing his part in Villa's run to the UEFA Cup quarter finals in 1996–97. He also scored from a corner during his time at Villa. Meanwhile, in the league, he helped a transitional Villa team to a fifth-place finish in 1996–97 and seventh in 1997–98.

Return to Anfield
With his contract set to expire at Villa, he gained a surprise move back to Liverpool on 3 July 1998 when joint managers Roy Evans and Gérard Houllier signed him on a free transfer. On 27 September 1999, during the Merseyside derby against Everton at Anfield, Staunton played the last 15 minutes of the game in goal after Sander Westerveld had been sent off for fighting with Francis Jeffers after Liverpool had used all three substitutes. He scored once in his second spell at Liverpool, his goal coming in a League Cup tie against Hull City in September 1999.

His second spell on Merseyside lasted two years before he was told he could leave on a free transfer. After a brief loan spell at Crystal Palace, where he made six league appearances and scored once against Tranmere Rovers, he was recalled to Anfield to appear in his 148th and last game for the Reds: it came on 23 November 2000 in the 2–2 draw with Greek side Olympiakos in the UEFA Cup.

Return to Villa Park
On 7 December 2000, he re-joined Aston Villa on another free transfer. He played in 14 of the club's remaining league fixtures and then featured regularly for a further two seasons. He scored once in his second spell at Villa, his goal coming in the Intertoto Cup against FC Zurich.

Coventry City
Staunton continued to play club football, plying his trade with Coventry City, moving there on 15 August 2003 on another free transfer. He made his début on 16 August 2003 in the 0–0 league draw with Walsall at Highfield Road. He remained with the Sky Blues until the summer of 2005, clocking up 75 appearances.

Walsall
Staunton decided not to renew his contract once it had expired, and instead joined Walsall on 2 August 2005. He played just 10 times for Walsall and also held the post of assistant coach until 16 January 2006, when he was appointed manager of the Republic of Ireland senior international side. He was captain of the Walsall side that defeated Blackpool 2–0 on New Year's Eve 2005, in what was his final game as a professional footballer at the end of a 20-year career.

International career
Staunton made his debut for the Republic of Ireland in the 4–0 friendly win over Tunisia. He went to Italy with Jack Charlton's squad as the Republic of Ireland competed in their first ever FIFA World Cup finals. Staunton, the youngest member of the squad, played in every match at left back (though by now at club level he had also proved his usefulness as a central defender or midfield player) as the Republic of Ireland progressed to the quarter-finals, when they were beaten by the host nation.

He also represented the Republic of Ireland at FIFA World Cup 1994 in the United States. Again, he played in each game as the Republic of Ireland succumbed in the second round to the Netherlands.

The Republic of Ireland failed to qualify for both Euro 96 in England and the 1998 World Cup in France, though Staunton was still selected regularly for the team.

The Republic of Ireland qualified for the 2002 World Cup held in Japan and South Korea following a playoff against Iran. Staunton captained the Irish team in the second leg in Tehran. Coach Mick McCarthy, who had been Staunton's captain at the country's first World Cup 12 years earlier, selected him for the squad and named him captain following the departure of Roy Keane from the squad.

Again, Staunton played in every Republic of Ireland game of the tournament, with the 1–1 group match draw against Germany on 5 June proving to be a very special and historic occasion as he became the first Irishman to make 100 appearances for his country. Together with Gary Breen, he formed an impressive central defensive partnership in front of Shay Given. Staunton was the first footballer to have reached a century of caps for the Republic of Ireland national team, and as of the end of Ireland's qualifying campaign for the 2010 FIFA World Cup he was still the joint record holder with former teammates Shay Given and Kevin Kilbane, though both players (along with Robbie Keane) have since emulated Staunton's appearance record.

Ireland's competition ended once more in the second round when they lost agonizingly to Spain in a penalty shoot-out after the game had finished 1–1. Staunton announced his retirement from international football immediately afterwards after setting a national record of 102 appearances. He is the only player to have played in every single one of Ireland's 13 World Cup finals games.

On two occasions he scored directly from corner-kicks. The first of which came in a 2–0 victory over Portugal on 7 June 1992, during a US Cup game in Boston and the second came in a 3–0 defeat of Northern Ireland on 31 March 1993 during a World Cup qualifier in Dublin.

National team
Following the Republic of Ireland's failure to reach the 2006 FIFA World Cup, the tenure of manager Brian Kerr came to an end. A three-man Football Association of Ireland (FAI) subcommittee spearheaded by its former treasurer John Delaney was formed with the remit of appointing a capable successor to Kerr. Delaney assured the Irish public that a "world class" management team would be appointed to oversee Ireland's qualification campaign for the 2008 European Championship. After an initial flurry of rumours linking names of the calibre of Alex Ferguson, Terry Venables and Bobby Robson with the post, Staunton was released from his player/assistant manager role for Walsall on 12 January 2006 and was officially named as Kerr's replacement the following day, with former England manager Sir Bobby Robson supporting him in the role of International Consultant and with former Aston Villa teammate Kevin MacDonald as coach. Staunton was something of a shock appointment given the names that had been circulated and his own limited coaching and managerial experience.

His international management career enjoyed a dream start, something Staunton called "a bit of a fairytale", when he led Ireland to an impressive 3–0 victory over Sweden on 1 March 2006 with Damien Duff, Robbie Keane (captaining the Republic of Ireland for the first time) and Liam Miller getting onto the score sheet. The victory over Sweden was followed by two friendly defeats, the first a disappointing 1–0 loss against Chile on 23 May 2006 and then a 4–0 thrashing by Holland at Lansdowne Road, Ireland's worst home reverse in 40 years.

Prior to the Holland game, Staunton was confronted and threatened by a man outside the team hotel on Monday 14 August with a gun that turned out to be an imitation Uzi machine gun. The 31-year-old assailant was arrested at a nearby beach and released by police the following day. No physical harm was caused but the event was a public relations disaster for both Staunton and the FAI (this was not the first time an assailant had attacked members of the squad at that particular hotel). Shortly after this incident further embarrassment was caused by the revelation that the FAI had sent news of Ireland midfielder Andy Reid's recall to the national side to the player's former club Tottenham despite the fact that he was by then a Charlton player.

It was against this backdrop that Staunton oversaw his first competitive match in charge as Republic of Ireland manager; a 1–0 defeat against Germany in Stuttgart, Ireland losing despite a battling performance. Staunton himself was sent off by the referee for kicking a water bottle onto the pitch in frustration during the second half. Worse was swiftly to follow. On 7 October 2006, in their second UEFA Euro 2008 qualifier, Ireland suffered a demoralising 5–2 defeat by lowly Cyprus in Nicosia. Staunton was watching from the stands, having been given a touchline ban for his sending-off in Germany. The defeat by Cyprus heaped additional pressure on the already beleaguered Staunton, who even at this early stage of his leadership was already facing calls for his resignation, ahead of Ireland's next game which was at home to the Czech Republic on 11 October. The FAI, when pressed on the matter, refused to deny that a poor result would result in the manager's immediate dismissal. An improved performance against the Czechs resulted in a 1–1 draw, a result that eased the pressure on Staunton to some extent.

Staunton was seen to be emotional after the 5–0 victory over San Marino; it was to be the last match to be played on the old Lansdowne Road pitch. In the return fixture, a poor performance ensured the team needed a goal from Stephen Ireland four minutes into injury time to secure the three points with a final score of 2–1. Coming so close to dropping points against a team ranked 195th in the world at the time of the match immediately sparked further calls for the manager's resignation.

Ireland returned to form with two successive 1–0 home victories over Wales and Slovakia which brought them close to contention for second place in Group D of the UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying groups. Such was the surprise that greeted the results that RTÉ presenter Bill O'Herlihy concluded the coverage of the Slovakia game with the comment, "Ireland are now in contention for qualification for Euro 2008. Who would have thought it?" The upswing in form continued on 22 August 2007 with a 4–0 win in a non-competitive match against Denmark in Aarhus. Staunton was delighted with the results and headed into the next set of fixtures with Ireland placed third in the qualifying group.

The victories, however, proved to be something of a false dawn as, over the space of five days in September, an injury-hit Ireland dropped five points from two games and saw their qualifying campaign effectively come to an end. Leading 2–1 away to Slovakia the team would emerge with just one point after an injury-time strike from Marek Cech cancelled their advantage. Staunton was disappointed by the performance but four days later, on 12 September, a 1–0 defeat to the Czech Republic in Prague crippled the qualifying campaign. A 0–0 draw with Germany on 13 October at Croke Park and a 1–1 draw at home to Cyprus in the same stadium four days later (during which a chorus of boos greeted the final whistle) secured qualification for both Germany and the Czech Republic. Ireland would not be competing in the 2008 European Championship.

Amid the fans' dissatisfaction, many pundits commented that Staunton was now effectively on borrowed time and the FAI announced that an emergency meeting was to be called to discuss Staunton's position on 23 October. Prior to this, John Delaney gave an interview to RTÉ where he refused to publicly back the beleaguered manager and attempted to extricate himself from any responsibility for his role in Staunton's initial appointment. Staunton, for his part, refused to resign and publicly stated that he intended to see out the remainder of his four-year contract.

On the evening of 23 October 2007, after initially indicating to reporters that the FAI meeting would take place in Dublin's Crown Plaza Hotel, where two executive rooms had been hired for use by the FAI, it emerged that Staunton had met the FAI in secret in the Radisson Hotel at Dublin airport where he made his case to be retained in the job. The FAI subsequently met in private discussion for six hours after which it was confirmed that Staunton's turbulent 21-month reign as international manager had come to an end. He was replaced by Don Givens who temporarily took charge of the national team until Giovanni Trapattoni's appointment as manager.

Leeds United
On 4 February 2008, Staunton joined up with recently appointed Leeds United manager Gary McAllister for a training session, with a view to becoming McAllister's assistant manager at the club. He was given the post later that day. In his first month at Leeds, the club did not win a game, until a 1–0 victory on 1 March against Swindon Town. When McAllister was sacked by Leeds United in December 2008 after five consecutive defeats, Staunton also left the club.

Darlington
Staunton was appointed as a scout at Wolverhampton Wanderers under manager Mick McCarthy. In May 2009, it was reported that he had applied for the then vacant manager's seat at Port Vale. On 5 October 2009, he was announced as Darlington manager, to take over officially two days later following a Football League Trophy game against his previous club Leeds United. His contract was initially to take him to the end of the season, with Kevin Richardson appointed as his assistant manager. Staunton lost his first game in charge, 2–0 to Dagenham & Redbridge. On 21 March 2010, with Darlington bottom of the league and facing relegation to the Football Conference, Staunton was sacked as the Darlington manager. He had won just four games from his 23 league matches in charge, although his sacking was also put down to a record low crowd for a league game at the Darlington Arena of 1,463 against Barnet in Staunton's final match in charge.

Sunderland
Staunton was then handed a job as a scout at Sunderland on 22 August 2011. However, he was relieved of his role in 2013.

Honours
Liverpool
 * Football League First Division: 1989–90
 * FA Cup: 1988–89
 * FA Charity Shield: 1988, 1990 (shared)

Aston Villa
 * Football League Cup: 1993–94, 1995–96

Individual
 * FAI Senior International Player of the Year: 1993
 * FAI Young International Player of the Year: 1989

title: Steve Staunton


text: User talk:24.164.138.142

title: User talk:24.164.138.142


text:
Soybean rust

Soybean rust is a disease that affects soybeans and other legumes. It is caused by two types of fungi, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, commonly known as Asian soybean rust, and Phakopsora meibomiae, commonly known as New World soybean rust. P. meibomiae is the weaker pathogen of the two and generally does not cause widespread problems. The disease has been reported across Asia, Australia, Africa, South America and the United States.

Importance
Soybean is one of the most important commercial crops around the world. Asian soybean rust is the major disease that affects soybeans. It causes lesions on the leaves of soybean plants and eventually kills the plants. The disease has caused serious yield loss of soybeans. In the areas where this disease is common, the yield losses can be up to 80%. The first reported cases in the United States occurred in 2004. This population originated in northern South America or the Caribbean. The spores were most likely spread by Hurricane Ivan. In 2002, USDA reported 10-60% yield losses in South America and Africa. in countries where this pathogen is established, estimated losses are between 10 and 80% depending on the inoculation and environmental conditions.

Host and symptoms
Soybean rust is caused by two types of fungi, Phakopsora pachyrhizi and Phakopsora meibomiae. It affects several important commercial plants, however, most notable for soybeans. Asian Soybean Rust can infect and reproduce on 90 known plant species, 20 of which are found in the United States, such as, soybeans, dry beans, kidney beans, peas. Asian soybean rust also infects yellow sweet lover, vetch, medic, lupine, green and kidney bean, and lima and butter bean. leguminous forage crops such as trefoil and sweet clover and weeds such as kudzu.

At the early stage of Asian Soybean Rust, it causes yellow mosaic discoloration on the upper surfaces of older foliage. At this stage, it is usually hard to identify since the symptoms are relatively small and poorly defined.

Later as the disease continues to progress, the leaves will turn yellow and there will be lesions mostly on the undersides of the leaves and sometimes on petioles, stems or pods and premature defoliation can also be observed. In Phakopsora pachyrhizi will begin to form small brown and brick red sports on the lower canopy of the leaves that will begin to turn into lesions. Asian Soybean Rust produces two types of lesions. Lesions at the later stage will turn from gray to tan or reddish brown. Mature tan lesions consist of small pustules surrounded by discolored necrotic areas. Tan spores can be found at the necrotic areas on the underside of the leaf. In the case of reddish brown lesions, there are larger reddish brown necrotic areas with few pustules and visible spores on the underside of the leaf. A good way to distinguish Asian Soybean Rust from other diseases is to look at the pustules it produces. ASR pustules usually do not have the yellow halo which is typical of bacterial pustules. Besides, ASR pustules are raised and can be commonly found on the underside of the leaf which makes it different from the lesions caused by spot diseases.

Soybean plants are one of ASR's most known hosts and are susceptible at any stage in the life cycle. However, symptoms are most commonly found during or after flowering. ASR infection will reduce pod production and fill.

Environment
Asian Soybean Rust (ASR) was first detected in Asia. It has been found in many countries around the world since then. For example, Australia, China, Korea, India, Japan, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand, the Philippines, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Uganda, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay. This disease was first detected in the Caribbean in Puerto Rico in 1976 and first reported in the continental United States in 2004.

Asian Soybean Rust favors environments that are humid and warm. A continuous period of wetness on leaves will aid the growth of this disease since this situation is required for spores to germinate. Therefore, is most likely to appear under conditions of 60 to 85 F and a relative humidity of 75% to 80%. Therefore, ASR is a more serious problem in tropical and subtropical areas in Asia, Africa, Australia and South America. It is unable to survive the cold winters of northern habitats. However, this pathogen can be spread easily from wind and storm fronts and can inoculate quickly within a soybean field under favorable environmental conditions. And the Asian Soybean Rust may be favored by the climatic anomalies phenomena that cause extreme rainfall natural disasters that is called El Niño.

Disease cycle
Soybean rust is spread by windblown spores and has caused significant crop losses in many soybean-growing regions of the world. Windblown spores can travel for great distances and are released in cycles of seven days to two weeks. It is likely that ASR will survive on vast acreages of naturalized kudzu in the southern U.S. and thereby establish a permanent presence in the continental U.S. It is commonly believed that the disease was carried from Venezuela to the United States by Hurricane Ivan.

P. pachyrhizi is an obligate parasite, meaning that it must have live, green tissue to survive. For this reason ASR is something that will blow in every year, as cold winters will push it back. It can overwinter in southern states, so long as it has a living host.

ASR overwinters on live host legumes and sporulates the following spring. It cannot survive on dead tissue or crop residues.

Additional hosts can serve as overwintering reservoirs for the pathogen and allow for build-up of inoculum, in those environs free from freezing temperatures. The pathogen is well adapted for long-distance dispersal, because spores can be readily carried long distances by the wind to new, rust-free regions.

Overwintering sites of soybean rust are restricted to areas with very mild winters, such as the gulf coasts of Florida, the very southernmost areas of Texas, or in Mexico. Soybean rust will not survive over the winter in the North Central region because it can't live and reproduce without green living tissue.

Spores of the soybean rust pathogen are transported readily by air currents and can be carried hundreds of miles in a few days. Weather conditions will determine when and where the spores travel from south to north.

Rust spores, called urediniospores, are able to penetrate the plant cells directly, rather than through natural openings or through wounds in the leaf tissue. Thus infection is relatively quick: about 9 to 10 days from initial infection to the next cycle of spore production.

Rust is a multi-cyclic disease. After the initial infection is established, the infection site can produce spores for 10 to 14 days. Abundant spore production occurs during wet leaf periods (in the form of rain or dew) of at least 8 hours and moderate temperatures of 60 to 80 F.

The process
The infection process starts when urediniospores germinate to produce a single germ tube that grows across the leaf surface, until an appressorium forms. Appressoria form over anticlinal walls or over the center of epidermal cells, but rarely over stomata. Penetration of epidermal cells is by direct penetration through the cuticle by an appressorial peg. When appressoria form over stomata, the hyphae penetrate one of the guard cells rather than entering the leaf through the stomatal opening. This rust and related species are unique in their ability to directly penetrate the epidermis; most rust pathogens enter the leaf through stomatal openings and penetrate cells once inside the leaf. The direct penetration of the epidermal cells and the non-specific induction of appressoria in the infection process of P. pachyrhizi may aid in understanding the broad host range of the pathogen and may have consequences in the development of resistant cultivars.

Uredinia can develop 5 to 8 days after infection by urediniospores. The first urediniospores can be produced as early as 9 days after infection, and spore production can continue for up to 3 weeks. Uredinia may develop for up to 4 weeks after a single inoculation, and secondary uredinia will arise on the margins of the initial infections for an additional 8 weeks. Thus, from an initial infection, there could be first generation pustules that maintain sporulation for up to 15 weeks. Even under dry conditions this extended sporulation capacity allows the pathogen to persist and remain a threat. If conditions for re-infection are sporadic throughout the season, significant inoculum potential still remains from the initial infection to reestablish an epidemic. Successful infection is dependent on the availability of moisture on plant surfaces. At least 6 hours of free moisture is needed for infection with maximum infections occurring with 10 to 12 hours of free moisture. Temperatures between 15 and 28 C are ideal for infection.

Management and control
Disease control options for ASR are limited. Rust descends in clouds of spores across the countryside. Cultural practices such as row spacing and crop rotations have little effect. Resistant cultivars do exist, carrying what are called Rpp genes. When weather and disease infection conditions are favorable, the occurrence of ASR can be widespread. Thus, remedial control measures—using fungicides as protective sprays—are the main effective disease control method. Soybean rust must be managed as early in the growing season as possible to be managed successfully.

Synthetic fungicides are the primary disease control option for protection against Asian soybean rust. The cost of spraying is estimated to be about $15 to $20 per acre; however, two or three sprays may be needed over the course of the growing season. These are significant additional production costs for soybean growers.

Fungicide screening trials to determine disease control efficacy have been field conducted in South America and South Africa. These reports are available on the Web through USDA's Integrated Pest Management Information Centers. These research trials form the basis for fungicidal recommendations in the U.S.

Recent research from Washington State University indicates that the herbicide Glyphosate may be effective in dealing with the fungus.

Rust-resistant varieties of soybeans are currently in development by both public universities and private industry.

In some regions, the selection of winter cover crops and forage legumes may be effected, since they can serve as host plants. Resistance genes (Rpps) have been identified and host resistance is expected to be an effective, long-term solution for soybean rust in the future. Until resistant commercial varieties are in place, the management of rust depends on judicious use of fungicides.

When untreated, soybean rust causes yield losses due to premature defoliation, fewer seeds per pod and decreased number of filled pods per plant.

title: Soybean rust


text:
Henry May (VC)

Lieutenant Henry May VC (29 July 1885 – 26 July 1941) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Early life
Henry was born 29 July 1885 in Bridgeton, Glasgow, to William and Maggie May.

He attended Dalmarnock Public School in Bridgeton and enlisted in the Army on 29 August 1902 at the age of seventeen. He served as a rifleman in the 1st Battalion, Cameronians (Scottish Rifles), British Army during the First World War.

Freemasonry
He was Initiated into Freemasonry in The Lodge of Glasgow, No. 441, (Glasgow, Scotland) on 24 April, Passed on 12 June and Raised 10 July 1914.

Victoria Cross
On 22 October 1914 in France, May rescued Lieutenant Douglas Graham. May dragged him 300 yards whilst under fire. Earlier in the same day May had voluntarily attempted a rescue of a heavily wounded man, who died before May could reach him.

The citation was published in a supplement to the London Gazette of 16 April 1915, dated 19 April 1915, and read:

War Office, 19th April, 1915.

His Majesty the KING has been graciously pleased to approve of the grant of the Victoria Cross to the undermentioned Officer, Non-commissioned Officer and Men for their conspicuous acts of bravery and devotion to duty whilst serving with the Expeditionary Force: —

[...]

No. 7504 Private Henry May, 1st Battalion, The Cameronians (Scottish Rifles).

For most conspicuous bravery near La Boutillerie, on 22nd October, 1914, in voluntarily endeavouring to rescue, under very heavy fire, a wounded man, who was killed before he could save him, and subsequently, on the same day, in carrying a wounded Officer a distance of 300 yards into safety whilst exposed to very severe fire.

The Victoria Cross was presented to May by King George V on 12 August 1915.

Later life
Henry May was initially discharged from the Army on 28 August 1915 after receiving the VC, after 13 years as a regular. He later rejoined in 1918 and achieved the rank of Lieutenant in the Army Service Corps.

After the war, May returned to work in the textiles industry. He died on 26 July 1941 and is buried at Riddrie Park Cemetery, Glasgow, Section B, Lair 146. His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Cameronians Regimental Museum within Hamilton Low Parks Museum in Hamilton, Scotland.

In October 2014, an engraved granite paving stone was laid during a ceremony outside the People's Palace in Glasgow to remember May and his bravery. The ceremony was attended by his grandchildren. Glasgow's Depute Lord Provost unveiled the memorial and said "May [...] ranks among the very few men in the Great War who survived while carrying out the ultimate act of valour, risking his life to save the lives of comrades [...] He deserves our utmost respect and it will be a real honour to meet with his relatives".

title: Henry May (VC)


text:
File:VCPatrickMcHale.jpg

Photo of Victoria Cross recipient Patrick McHale, migrated from the Victoria Cross Reference site with permission. Photo submitted by Neil Hutton.

title: File:VCPatrickMcHale.jpg


text:
Patrick McHale

Patrick McHale VC (Pádraig Mac Céile; 1826 – 26 October 1866) was born in Killala, County Mayo and was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Details
He was approximately 31 years old, and a private in the 1st Battalion, 5th Regiment of Foot (later The Northumberland Fusiliers) British Army, during the Siege of Lucknow and Second Battle of Cawnpore, turning points in the Indian Mutiny, when the following deeds took place for which he was awarded the VC: "1st Battalion, 5th Regiment Private Patrick M'Hale

Date of Acts of Bravery, 2nd October and 22nd December, 1857.

For conspicuous bravery at Lucknow on the 2nd October, 1857, when he was the first man at the capture of one of the guns at the Cawnpore Battery,—and again, on the 22 December 1857, when, by a bold rush, he was the first to take possession of one of the enemy's guns, which had sent several rounds of grape through his company, which was skirmishing up to it. On every occasion of attack, Private M'Hale has been the first to meet the foe, amongst whom he caused such consternation by the boldness of his rush, as to leave little work for those who followed to his support. By his habitual coolness and daring, and sustained bravery in action, his name has become a household word for gallantry among his comrades."

Further information
He died at Shorncliff, Kent on 26 October 1866 and was buried at Shorncliffe Military Cemetery, near Folkestone, Kent, England. Section I – Upper Right. Headstone.

The medal
His Victoria Cross is displayed in the Fusiliers Museum of Northumberland at Alnwick Castle, Northumberland, England.

title: Patrick McHale


text:
Talk:Jennifer Granholm

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Appearance on Networks, CNN July 23 2017 with Jake Tapper
Interesting comments, as panelist, on assignment of Anthony Scaramucci as Communications director. Perhaps, worthy of external link reference.--Wikipietime (talk) 13:55, 23 July 2017 (UTC)

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She Questioned Religious Sincerity
She may be in the Roman Catholic Church for purely political reasons. Her ardent support for wanton abortions at any trimester are an affront to the entire Roman Catholic Church. Recanting and penance or excommunication are the only options. She smuggled materials to the Soviet Union during the 1980s while living in France. Something tells me it was to help atheist Communists, not religious observant Orthodox Jews. Jakewayd (talk) 05:55, 11 September 2018 (UTC)

Page preview for Jennifer Granholm has "horrible" in the basic description.
The page preview has been vandalized. When you hover, it reads "Jennifer Mulhern Granholm is a horrible Canadian-American politician...". On the actual Jennifer Granholm page it does not say this.

99.54.133.177 (talk) 21:42, 12 March 2019 (UTC)

Whether to list her as "Nominee" or not change anything until Biden officially nominates her as Secretary of Energy
For every single nomination that has been reported, but before it was officially confirmed by the transition, they were listed as the nominee. I think we should have her as the nominee. In the "Cabinet of Joe Biden" section, she's there as his Secretary of Energy, we should do the same here as we did in all other instances.BazingaFountain42 (talk) 01:51, 16 December 2020 (UTC)
 * , it has not been confirmed by the Biden transition, and we should wait at the very least for that announcement to be official. I don't doubt that the leaks are accurate, but WP:CRYSTAL still applies. – Muboshgu (talk) 02:07, 16 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I get that, but in other cases, such as Pete Buttigieg, they were listed as the nominee before the nomination was officially confirmed. The very least we could do is list her as the "Presumptive nominee".BazingaFountain42 (talk) 02:12, 16 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I agree with . Let's say the nomination comes in the next 24 hours or in the next 24 days, who knows? Nobody can predict the future, hence WP:CRYSTAL "Wikipedia is not a collection of unverifiable speculation or presumptions" Wait until the official press release comes out and then make it so. No big deal. Snickers2686 (talk) 05:15, 16 December 2020 (UTC)

When Biden nominates her. What will we do with the infobox? PS - Wish folks would give more attention to the Antony Blinken article. GoodDay (talk) 22:55, 16 December 2020 (UTC)
 * what do you mean by "what will we do with the infobox"? We do what we always do: we put her office as "Secretary of Energy" and list her as "Nominee" where "Incumbent" usually is. Also, the Blinken article is a separate issue. I don't know why the guy that keeps editing it to have Blinken listed as the "Presumptive nominee", when "presumptive" means that it's not official, even though his nomination is official and has been for weeks, and for every other one of Biden's nominees, it just lists them as the nominee, not the "Presumptive nominee" is doing that, but he's being dumb. Regardless, I hope the Blinken issue is resolved and I think it should've been already. Ironically enough, having Granholm listed as the "Presumptive nominee" would actually make sense since it's not official. Regardless, please don't try to bring one issue into another, it'll just derail the whole thing. BazingaFountain42 (talk) 23:17, 16 December 2020 (UTC)
 * All these bio articles should be consistent, concerning this topic. GoodDay (talk) 23:15, 16 December 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
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 * JENNIFER GRANHOLM OFFICIAL 2021.jpg

Virtue Signal Edit Needed
The first woman to do this or that, the first person in her family to attend college, somebody should go through the article and edit out its pompous virtue signals, which sound like a campaign ad. Also, more emphasis should be place on her laughter at the notion that she could do anything about gas prices. America was a net exporter of energy just a few years ago under a politician the Democrats hated (Trump), and now with the halting of the Keystone XL Pipeline and other moves the price of gasoline has soared when it didn't have to be that way. Somebody please redo this important article and try to make it politically neutral so that it has some credibility as a cyber-encyclopedia article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.49.27.38 (talk) 16:12, 12 March 2022 (UTC)

 * It's not "virtue signaling" to point out that noone else in her family had attended college. Also, the U.S. was a net exporter in crude oil for the first time in 2020. What might have been different about 2020, I wonder? In 2020, the plunge in global oil demand and the low oil prices that removed incentives for petroleum-exporting countries to raise production allowed the United States to export more petroleum in 2020 than it had in the past, the EIA said today. Also in 2020, the difference between U.S. crude oil imports and exports fell to its lowest point since at least 1985, the administration added. With rising consumption in 2021, net crude oil imports increased by 19 percent to an average of 3.2 million barrels per day (bpd). This has nothing to do with Keystone XL, the oil is still flowing even though that pipeline isn't happening. I don't think your proposed edits are neutral. Gas prices are rising because of inflation, increased demand as people resume driving, low supply as OPEC slows down drilling to raise prices, oil companies that are raising prices even though they are making record profits, and the war in Ukraine. – Muboshgu (talk) 18:58, 12 March 2022 (UTC)

Ambiguity
We should at least edit the current ambiguity in she previously served as the attorney general of Michigan from 1999 to 2003 and as the 47th governor of Michigan from 2003 to 2011, as the first woman to hold both offices.

She was apparently the first female Governor of Michigan, but was she also the first female Attorney general of Michigan? Andrewa (talk) 09:27, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jennifer Granholm