text:
Castrol

Castrol Limited is a British oil company that markets industrial and automotive lubricants, offering a wide range of oil, greases and similar products for most lubrication applications. The company was originally named CC Wakefield; the name Castrol was originally just the brand name for CC Wakefield's motor oils, but the company eventually changed its name to Castrol when the product name became better-known than the original company name.

Since 2000, Castrol Limited has been a subsidiary of BP, which acquired the company for $4.73 billion.

History

The "Wakefield Oil Company" was founded by Charles Wakefield in Cheapside, London in 1899. Wakefield had previously left a job at Vacuum Oil to start a new business selling lubricants for trains and heavy machinery. Eight Vacuum Oil employees joined Wakefield, and the company launched its first lubricant in 1906.

In early 20th century, Wakefield Co. developed lubricants especially suited for automobiles and aeroplanes. The brand "Castrol" originated after researchers added measured amounts of castor oil (a vegetable oil derived from castor beans) to their lubricant formulations. By 1960, the name of the motor oil had eclipsed the company's name itself so "CC Wakefield & Company" became "Castrol Limited". In 1966, Castrol was acquired by company Burmah Oil, which was renamed "Burmah-Castrol". Burmah-Castrol was purchased by London-based multinational BP (then, "BP Amoco plc") in 2000.

At the time of purchase, Burmah-Castrol had a turnover of nearly £3 billion with operating profits of £284 million. The company also had 18,000 employees worldwide, with operations in 55 countries. Respectively, BP Amoco had 80,400 employees worldwide and revenues of more than £63 billion.

While Burmah's operations folded into the group, Castrol has remained as a subsidiary of BP.

Products
Some steam locomotives were fitted with one or more Wakefield mechanical lubricators. These were normally mounted on the locomotive footplate alomgside the boiler, in a position where a mechanical linkage could be made with some point on the locomotive's valve gear or another moving part. The reciprocation of this caused a lever on the lubricator to oscillate, and this was converted to a small rotary movement by a ratchet. The gradual rotation caused a small amount of lubricating oil to be fed into pipes leading to the cylinders, valves and other parts. The amount of oil fed was in proportion to the distance travelled by the locomotive in either direction.

Motorsport
The brand has been involved in Formula One for many years, supplying to a number of teams, including McLaren (1979–1980 and 2017), Williams (1997–2005), Team Lotus (1992–1993), Brabham (1983–1984), Sauber (1994-early 1995), Jaguar (2002–2004), Renault/Alpine (2017–present), Audi (2026 onwards) and Walter Wolf Racing.

Castrol has sponsored the Ford World Rally Team and M-Sport in the World Rally Championship since 2003, and the Chip Ganassi Racing Ford GT factory team from 2016, to 2019. It has also sponsored Volkswagen Motorsport activities in the Dakar Rally and later the World Rally Championship since 2005. Audi Sport's activities in rallying and touring car racing have been sponsored by Castrol, as well as its Le Mans Prototypes program since 2011. BMW Motorsport was sponsored by Castrol from 1999 to 2014.

Toyota Motorsport had Castrol sponsorship in the World Rally Championship from 1993 to 1999, and Hyundai Motorsport did so from 2000 to 2002. Also, the Honda factory team at the World Touring Car Championship had Castrol sponsorship from 2012 to 2020.

In the All-Japan Grand Touring Championship, the 1997 championship-winning TOM'S Toyota Supra (famous from the Gran Turismo series by Polyphony Digital) and later the Mugen Honda NSX had Castrol sponsorships.

In North America, Castrol has been an active sponsor of NHRA drag racing. Castrol sponsored John Force Racing under the GTX brand from 1987 until the end of the 2014 season. Also, the All American Racers had Castrol sponsorship in the CART World Series from 1996 to 1999. In 2014, Castrol sponsored former Indy 500-winning IndyCar team Bryan Herta Autosport, with English rookie Jack Hawksworth behind the wheel.

Castrol is the name sponsor of Castrol Raceway, a multi-track oval, drag, and motocross racing facility in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Castrol is the sponsor of D. J. Kennington in the NASCAR Canadian Tire Series and NASCAR Cup Series.

In Australia, Castrol has a long history with the Supercars category, and between 1993 and 2005, Castrol was the title sponsor of Perkins Engineering. It also sponsored Longhurst Racing between 1995 and 1999, Ford Performance Racing between 2007 and 2009, and Paul Morris Motorsport in 2010. In conjunction with a multi-year series sponsorship, between 2014 - 2016 several race events acquired Castrol naming rights including the Castrol Edge Townsville 500 and the Castrol Gold Coast 600. Castrol was the title sponsor of Team Bray, owned by Australian drag car legend, Victor Bray for 17 years.

Castrol was the main sponsor of the Castrol International Rally in Canberra for 11 years between 1976 and 1986. The same was true for an International Rally held in South Africa, ending annually in neighbouring Swaziland. It was the most prestigious event on the South African rally calendar at the time, until Castrol ended its sponsorship of this event. Later only some competitors' cars were carrying the bright green and red colours of Castrol sponsorship in national rally events, notably the S.A. Toyota dealer team.

In 2019, Castrol extended their sponsorship activities by re-forming a partnership with Jaguar, this time supporting them in Formula E and also NASCAR Cup Series giants Roush Fenway Racing-Ford since 2020 season.

Castrol also briefly made an appearance in 1993 with Nissan in the British Touring Car Championship, where Keith O'Dor managed to win the 9th round of the season at Silverstone with his teammate Win Percy taking 2nd.

American football
Castrol advertising has been a part of telecasts of the National Football League for years. In 2011, Castrol's Edge brand became the official motor oil sponsor for the league, renewed until the 2017 season.

Cricket
The Castrol Cricket Index is a dynamic indicator of the overall performance of a cricket team. It is calculated by taking into consideration the batting momentum, the bowling efficiency, the performance of the teams in the quick start overs and the extreme performance overs and many other factors. Castrol Cricket also ranks cricketers based on their overall performance. India centric initiatives being undertaken like Castrol World Cup ka Hero was created during the 2011 Cricket World Cup.

Rugby Union
In 2011, Castrol signed a four-year sponsorship deal for the Australian national rugby union team and as the naming rights sponsor of The Rugby Championship.

Football
From 1995 until 1997, Castrol were also the shirt sponsors of English Football League side Swindon Town.

Advertising
Castrol products are still marketed under the red, white and green colour scheme that dates from the launch of Castrol motor oil in 1909. Advertisements for Castrol oil historically featured the slogan "Castrol – liquid engineering". This was more recently refreshed and reintroduced as "It's more than just oil. It's liquid engineering."

For many years, the opening notes of the second Nachtmusik movement of Mahler's Seventh Symphony were used as the signature theme of Castrol TV commercials.

Wakefield vehicles advertised the company and Castrol on their sides; models of them were made by Dinky Toys, and in later times became sought-after collectors' items. One example from 1934 to 1935, in very good to excellent condition, was estimated to fetch £1,000-£1,500 at auction in 2016.

title: Castrol


text:
Deflection

Deflection or deflexion may refer to:

Board games

 * Deflection (chess), a tactic that forces an opposing chess piece to leave a square
 * Khet (game), formerly Deflexion, an Egyptian-themed chess-like game using lasers

Mechanics

 * Deflection (ballistics), shooting ahead of a moving target so that the target and projectile will collide
 * Deflection (engineering), the displacement of a structural element under load
 * Deflection (physics), the event where an object collides and bounces against a plane surface

Social sciences

 * Deflexion (linguistics), the degeneration of a language's inflectional system over time
 * Deflection (psychology), a defence mechanism

Technologies

 * Deflection routing, a routing strategy for networks to reduce the need of buffering packets
 * Deflection yoke, a kind of magnetic lens used in cathode ray tubes
 * Electrostatic deflection, a technique for modifying the path of charged particles by the use of an electric field
 * Deflect.ca, a DDoS mitigation and website security service

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Deflection


text:
Basil Whitener

Basil Lee Whitener (May 14, 1915 – March 20, 1989) was a Democratic U.S. Representative from North Carolina between 1957 and 1969.

Whitener was born in York County, South Carolina on May 14, 1915, and was educated in the public schools of Gaston County, North Carolina. He graduated from Lowell High School in 1931 and from Rutherford College in 1933, attending the University of South Carolina from 1933 to 1935 and graduating from Duke University Law School in 1937. He was admitted to the North Carolina bar in 1937 and commenced practice of law in Gastonia, North Carolina.

In 1941 Whitener was elected to the North Carolina House of Representatives and was renominated in 1943 but resigned to enter the United States Navy. He served as a gunnery officer until November 1945, leaving with a rank of lieutenant. Whitener was appointed solicitor, fourteenth solicitorial district, in January 1946 and elected in November 1946, reelected in 1950 and 1954, and served until December 31, 1956. In 1948, he was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention.

Whitener was elected as a Democrat to the Eighty-fifth and to the five succeeding Congresses (January 3, 1957 – January 3, 1969); he was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1968 to the Ninety-first Congress and an unsuccessful candidate for election in 1970 to the Ninety-second Congress. He resumed the practice of law.

In 1966, Whitener unsuccessfully introduced an amendment to a bill to make Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 inoperative.

Whitener was a resident of Gastonia, North Carolina until his death there on March 20, 1989.

title: Basil Whitener


text:
User:Fvw/TalkArchive/3

Vfd-ing
Sorry, Fvw, I was just about to add Elbert bill when there was a knock on my office door and I had a long talk. My visitor has just left now. Hold on a few seconds! -- Hoary 09:39, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

URLs
Thanks for the tip! Another case of RTFM, I'm afraid ;) Wyss 14:50, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Redirects to User: space
Actually, you don't need to bother with the extra work of tagging each leftover redirect (after you do the moves) with the "Main namespace cleanup" stuff - that's just making more work for you. If you do the moves for sections of the list, I'll follow behind and do the redirect deletes (and link fixes, as needed).

Would you like to try this on the subpages part of the list (most of which, as you can see from the copious red, I have already nailed)? Just start from the first entry, and work down the list, moving any that need to be moved (i.e. have any history, above and beyond switching redirect targets around). I was originally just skipping around in that section, trying to find big blocks of ones with no history I could delete, but now I've switched to working from the start and deleting the ones with no history, leaving those with for you. (If you get to one with no history that's still there, that's as far as I've gotten.) Noel (talk) 16:00, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, your call on adding the tags; I was just trying to say you some work! (I carefully always check to make sure things are "ready to roll" before I delete anything.) However, if you find it useful, to keep track of where you are, it's your call! I'm currently distracted with User:Nickj/Redirects, but I haven't forgotten about these redirects! I'll go do a few now, as a matter of fact. Noel (talk) 19:23, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Steve Davis (Comedian)
Okay, restored. The author blanked it though, which is grounds for a speedy delete, I think. Dunc|☺ 23:53, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

zippo tricks
to answer yur question about what is it with you people and zippos? is this: we happen to come from lightertricks.com itself and we thought it would be nice to add information on zippo tricking to what wikipedia has on zippo tricking.

Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero
As spanish i feel bad because the article of Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero you restored, it shows the president as a far leftist dagerous political, and psoe as a leninist party. I would thank you look at the history of the article and see all this false data was introduced by only one user: 138.100.17.69 with crealy political intentions. At least i would like to see the neutral articles, many of the things said there are just untrue, you only have to look at the history of the article and the articles about zapatero in other languages. Please, dont restore articles that infame.

is not only a matter or disagree or not, i dont mind that people can tell here what they want, but something different is changing the oryginal article and saying dirty things about someone just because you dont like he is in office. Is like i sayed you adore hitler and stalin... anyway who knows.

Duck Fancy
Why sir do you not like Boners Dias? You make friend cry tears like duck. And he likes ducks! But not swans.

Culture of Madagascar
Nice comment in db-template :). Thue | talk 15:59, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

UK city links
Heya, I see you've removed the spam link from Oxford. Could you use your shiny admin powers to do the same for all the other cities the link's been added to? It was on my todo list, but since you've shown an interest and have to click less to do it I was hoping to get you to do it for me... Incidentally, congrats on the adminship! --fvw *  16:59, 2004 Dec 15 (UTC)

 * Hi Fvw, sorry I didn't catch your note earlier. In fact, if I had reverted Oxford, I must have already been half way through reverting the anon users contributions of commercial external links. In fact I did it the non-admin way since (for some reason that escapes me now), I wanted to be gentle on the new user and provide a reason for the reverts. Anyhow, should all be tidy now. -- 22:29, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Great, thanks! And not biting the newbie was a very kind, even if the necessity was debatable. --fvw *  16:48, 2004 Dec 16 (UTC)

212.127.230.159
what are you exactly doing. You think these studies make any sense ? Don't do that again !!!

External links vs External link
Thank you for clearing this up. I understand. It's just that I've seen so many people changing "links" to "link" whenever there's just one link to be listed that I thought perhaps that one was the standard.

Carry on. – Kaonashi 02:04, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

VfD
Thanks for the reminder and for correcting my mistakes! --Viriditas | Talk 10:55, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

revised fafblog entry okay?
I'm not sure what qualifies as sufficiently not judgmental, fandom, and relevant to be kept. Please leave a detailed comment if you think further adjustments need to be made, the last instruction was a bit cryptic for a newbie.

I've advised the owner and other members of the fafblog community about the entry, so hopefully the entry will be further revised to reflect their thoughts.
 * My beef with the article is in the first place with its subject's notability. Even if you wrote the perfect article on it, I would still contend it was not encyclopaedic. --fvw *  14:20, 2004 Dec 17 (UTC)

Thanks for the link
I didn't mind at all. Good addition. Thanks. :) --J-Star 14:35, 2004 Dec 17 (UTC)

URLs
Thanks for the tip! Another case of RTFM, I'm afraid ;) Wyss 14:52, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

re: fafblog
I wasn't aware of the low regard wikipedia holds blogs. I am bitter that I wasn't told this immediately and had expended considerable extra effort to polish and research the final article. For the future, please tell people your intentions more clearly, so they don't waste time and effort.
 * I'm sorry the misunderstanding caused you to expend effort on an article likely to get deleted, however I think my assessment of "vanity" on the blog page should have made clear that it was not an appropriate subject. See the entry for vanity in The VfD glossary for more info. Also note that nor I nor wikipedia as a whole have anything against blogs, but the notability rules apply to them just as they do to anything else. --fvw *  22:46, 2004 Dec 17 (UTC)

Barnstar
Hey, thanks for the barnstar - Admin, barnstar and a featured picture - this has to be the best week ever ;-)  -- Solipsist 22:53, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Hi again
Thanks for your help, i still need practice with the sandbox (i apologise for future mistakes if any). This is the first time I have edited a public page on the English Wiki. If you see any pages that need proofreading or translation from French or Italian, please let me know.

Ciao from Italy

--Wikipedius 21:12, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * No problem, always nice to have some fresh blood. Don't worry too much about making mistakes, there's always people around to fix them. --fvw *  21:14, 2004 Dec 18 (UTC)

test3
I choose the number a bit by feeling according to the kind of vandalism and its persistence. If someone just adds an Image:Example.jpg, that's definitely just a test. If someone add "%Classmate% is gay", that's more like a 2, and if that one is done again after being removed before I may go directly to 3. Maybe I am sometimes a bit fast to go to the higher levels, but especially if its a vandal rush hour I prefer to get the RC manageable than to make sure no potential contributor is scared away. But I am quite sure other Admins have their own way how to treat the vandals. andy 21:24, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Sysop nomination
I would like to nominate you to be a Wikipedia administrator—Trevor Caira 02:04, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * That's very kind of you, and is always nice to hear. However I've been nominated less than a month ago (and there was no consensus (yes, I was shocked too)); Current practice is not to have a nomination of someone more than once a month, so I think it's better to wait until the beginning of next year. If you still feel the same way at that time, I'd be very grateful. For the time being I'll just tolerate having to make a few extra clicks per vandalism, it's not that big a deal. Thanks again for the compliment though, it does make it all worth it.  --fvw *  02:07, 2004 Dec 19 (UTC)

I'll certainly support you next time around.-gadfium (talk) 08:04, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Sandbox and libeling
First, it's a sandbox. Second, look at the history because you start accusing (if you were refering to the poem of course). Other than that, have a nice day. __earth 02:12, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * There are still rules in the sandbox though. Misattribution and libel are not allowed anywhere. I don't know who's creative mind the poem sprung from, I merely checked to see who most recently added it. And have a nice day yourself too. --fvw *  02:16, 2004 Dec 19 (UTC)

Pay Attention to Footnotes/Edit Summaries
There is a reason for the edit summary page. You just edited my text dump into The Beekeeper as "nonsense" when a quick glance at my edit summary would have clarified that I had dumped research text into the article temporarily and that the complete article would be readied in five minutes (as it is now.) Very frustrating. Pacian 03:37, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Please use preview for works in progress, or if that isn't possible, create new pages as subpages of your user page, and move them to the main namespace when done. For large and existing pages using can be used, but use sparingly.   --fvw *  03:40, 2004 Dec 19 (UTC)

Cleanup Paul Phillips Disambiguation...
...in what way?
 * A few things went wrong in your disambiguation.

 * First of all, you should never move pages by copy and pasting, as this loses the page's edit history. The original content of Paul Phillips has to be reverted, then that page should be moved the the appropriate new location. (moving requires a user account. Registering one just takes a few seconds, I can recommend it. You get your own user page and watchlist, and the ability to move pages.)
 * The disambiguation page should be made at Paul Phillips, once the original article has been moved away.
 * The names shouldn't be disambiguated with numbers. Ideally, you should use middle names or full names if either of them has any, and if that doesn't work, put the occupation or what that person is notable for after the name in parenthesis, i.e. Paul Philips (guitarist) and Paul Philips (poker player).
 * For consistency, the format of the disambiguation page should be something like that of Roger Taylor (or any of the many other dab pages). Also, remember to put a tag at the bottom of the page.

 * Let me know if you need any help. Oh, by the way: You can sign messages on talk pages by typing ~ so people know who said it without having to dive into edit histories.  --fvw<SMALL> * </SMALL> 05:02, 2004 Dec 19 (UTC)

Software problems?
Hi Fvw,

I've noticed in a few of your edits that characters such as - and ? get replaced by ?. For example, see and. Possibly it's a problem with my browser (Firefox 1.0/Debian Linux) but I don't think so. Just wanted to point it out.

Dbenbenn 07:56, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Yeah, this is a known problem, I'm claiming a firm not-my-fault though. Some non-standards-compliant browsers (MSIE, mainly) put codepage Windows-1252 characters in what they send even though the english wikipedia is ISO-8859-1. When I edit this, my browser recognises they're invalid characters, and replaces them with ?'s so as not to send invalid data. They should be replaced with either html &name; character entities, or for "smart quotes" with just plain regular quotes. Feel free to leave a link on my talk page when this happens though, I'll fix them up.  --fvw<SMALL> * </SMALL> 08:01, 2004 Dec 19 (UTC)

Lesya Ukrainka
Heya, I happened to stumble across Lesya Ukrainka in the course of RC patrolling. Very nice, I think it deserves a. Keep up the good work! --fvw<SMALL> * </SMALL> 09:22, 2004 Dec 19 (UTC)
 * Hey there.

 * Thanks for the comments on Lesya Ukrainka. I thought it was funny that I just started it, and already I've gotten a comment :-).  Much appreciated.  By the way ... what is RC patrolling?
 * RC patrolling is Special:Recentchanges patrolling. Those of us who have nothing interesting to write about patrol the list of recent changes to prevent bad information being inserted, and pretend to feel useful.

 * All chocolate chip cookie donations would be grately appreciated, but I should say it won't do well for my middle aged physique, which is declining at a rapid rate now that the Xmas holidays are getting closer (sigh).
 * I know how you feel, my early-twenties physique doesn't respond well either. Still, I'm dogmatically clinging on to the fact that alcohol dries out the skin and prevents acne and hoping this christmas will balance itsself out.
 * Xamian 09:41, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * --fvw<SMALL> * </SMALL> 09:52, 2004 Dec 19 (UTC)

Hummingbird
A note I didn't feel like mentioning about that particular hummingbird. It is being held by a janitor at our school because it died, unfortunately. I had asked the janitor to hold it for me so I can get a good shot of it. -- AllyUnion (talk) 10:29, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Stubs
Hi, I am sorry if I disturbed anything. I am trying to figure out how to get the (see Template:Israel-stub) to show up properly in the list of stubs with "images", instead of the "blank column" on the list of stubs at Template messages/Stubs. Also I am trying to do the same for the (Template:Judaism-stub) in the religious stubs at Template messages/Stubs, and  (Template:JewHist-stub) at Template messages/Stubs). Since I created these three stubs, (they all have "images" with them), and they are being used, I would appreciate any help in getting them to appear in the Template messages/Stubs page. If you could help I would greatly appreciate it. Thank you.IZAK 09:32, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Israel Law links
I added the links to the specific pages of the Law translations - why just one link to the header? The title of the site is not specific enough. The translated laws are commercial laws and not just insurance laws. I beleave the deep links are better.

Thanks (Re: Copyright notices)
Thanks for the welcome & feedback. To address your points:

1 - Thanks, I'll remove the copyright notice on the Haystack Rock page (strike that... noticed you already did...)

2 - I licensed under the GFDL, and then added my own "requests" beneath. Consider the GFDL to be formal, and my typing underneath to be a request to the viewer. IMO, 'non-commercial use only' is fairly free, altho not strictly keeping with the GFDL. I've seen user statements "all over the map" on people's picture pages, including no indication at all of where the picture came from (i.e. blank).

3 - All the pictures I added are completely unique (i.e. I took them myself, if that's what you mean by unique?). jkl_sem 18:25, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Damn! You beat me again.
Keep up the good work fighting vandalism!—Trevor Caira 22:08, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks, you too. Wikipedia is a wonderful community, but sometimes on RC patrol you realise Sartre was right: Hell is other Editors.  --fvw<SMALL> * </SMALL> 22:12, 2004 Dec 20 (UTC)

CSD etc
OK - thanks for pointing that out. And also thanks for pointing out Jeff Knaggs 22:57, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Vanity
Look, do you really want to leave that nonsense up for five days? Vandalism is a speedy deletion category. Using this site as personal blog is vandalism. Please stop slapping my wrist every time I move to delete someone's misuse of Wikipedia. Thanks. - Lucky 6.9 23:14, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm going to continue slapping your wrist as long as you break the rules. I don't like the vanitycruft any more than you do, but that's no excuse to ignore policy.  --fvw<SMALL> * </SMALL> 23:16, 2004 Dec 20 (UTC)
 * Fvw, I know you mean well, but there's no need to use language that's likely to upset Lucky. I know sometimes the judgement call on CSD can be wrong (he's not perfect) but I've watched him and he's only trying to stop vandalism. I've asked him to remove your RFC though. - Ta bu shi da yu 00:10, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Heya, thanks for taking an interest. I always welcome suggestions on how to improve pleasant communication with other editors. What language are you talking about though?  --fvw<SMALL> * </SMALL> 00:13, 2004 Dec 21 (UTC)
 * The "slapping your wrists" comment. It's liable to cause him to get him upset. - Ta bu shi da yu 00:15, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Hmm? That was his comment, I merely used the same term. But perhaps it wasn't the best phrase to copy.  --fvw<SMALL> * </SMALL> 00:16, 2004 Dec 21 (UTC)

 * I'll ask you nicely: Please don't accuse me of breaking rules and please don't police my edits.  I'm not the one who's breaking any rules or ignoring policy.  It's the computer geeks who seemed to think they were worthy of an encyclopedia who are doing the rule-breaking.  Thanks again. - Lucky 6.9 23:18, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * One more reversion and/or snide remark I'll put you on RfC immediately. - Lucky 6.9 23:23, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, you asked for it. - Lucky 6.9 23:35, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Per Tabu's request, I've withdrawn my RfC. I'd like to put this behind us and move on to more important tasks. - Lucky 6.9 00:58, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Vandalism Spree
Hi. Can't somebody just ban the IP? -- Curps 00:16, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah, that would be nice, note the desperate-measures banner I put at the top of S:RC. I wonder if wikipedia strips tags *evil grin*.  --fvw<SMALL> * </SMALL> 00:19, 2004 Dec 21 (UTC)
 * That would be ironic... vandalising the vandalism in progress page with blink tags ;P You truly are evil! Incidently, block log says that Chris_O blocked him. - Ta bu shi da yu 00:26, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Asbestosis - Compensation and Liability Disputes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestosis_-_Compensation_and_Liability_Disputes

Significant revision in progress. Please consider re-evaluation.

A dose of random incomprehensibility
I'm not that lonely loser.--The_stuart 06:25, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't recall claiming you were that (what?) or any other lonely loser. In fact, I don't recall ever interacting with you on wikipedia, though my memory may be flawed as far as that last one goes. Care to explain?  --fvw<SMALL> * </SMALL> 21:35, 2004 Dec 21 (UTC)

Hello
Thank you for reverting the vandalism to my userpage. :) Oven Fresh  ☺  20:31, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I second that. Thanks for the laugh as well, especially after yesterday's unpleasantness.  Best, - Lucky 6.9 00:14, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

My archive of Netoholic RfC
Hi Fvw. Would you be willing to support me if Netoholic succeeds in getting the copy speedied or lists it on VfD? By the way, thanks for reverting Netoholic's < notices. Vacuum c 02:12, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * I'll support your right to keep that RFC as a flat copy, yes. I'll vote against its deletion on VfD, and I'll keep removing speedy notices. Should the community decide to delete it on VfD I'll abide by that and expect you to do the same ofcourse.

 * However, in the interest of cooperation and not escalating matters and all that nonsense, have you considered putting it somewhere off wikipedia? Keep it somewhere on your computer or if you want to link it or show it to others, put it on a web host somewhere (heck, I'd be willing to host it somewhere if that'll stop this senseless bickering). Should you need it for wikipedia evidence later, you can always paste it back in at that point. I think you have a right to keep it in your user space, but I also think that all things considered it's not a wise choice.  --fvw<SMALL> * </SMALL> 02:33, 2004 Dec 22 (UTC)

re: Notability as a reason to VfD
Your argument about the difficulties of organization are also true but many (me among them) don't consider it as strong a justification. 10,000 Warcraft articles would be very, very hard to organize but probably no harder than sorting out our conflicted opinions and divergent articles on, say, the 2004 elections.

I think the reason the "critical mass of editors" argument plays well is that it so clearly addresses new and probably transient cultural topics. I've seen it open the eyes of quite a few new editors when they realize that their pristine article, their "golden prose" may not yet be NPOV and, even if it is, must be protected from vandalism for all time. Many decide not to accept that obligation.

I'll admit, it's not an argument that I push if someone's being irrational. But it seems to work for new editors who want to make a serious contribution and who understand that our goal is to write an encyclopedia. Rossami (talk) 03:16, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Lonely Loser
Some one signed in using your name edited my user page. You can check the history and see.--The_stuart 18:55, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh yes, so I did. The "he did make a point though" wasn't about the anon's claim that you were lonely though (I don't see the term loser anywhere), it was about the fact that you'd misspelt "Contributions", which I took the liberty of fixing up after reverting the vandalism.  --fvw<SMALL> * </SMALL> 23:34, 2004 Dec 22 (UTC)

 * Please don't take the liberty to mess with my user page ever again please. Its mine and I can missspell whatever I please there. Thank you in advance.--The_stuart 17:59, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Thanks!
Thanks mate :) My btrieve article is slowly but surely getting there... Ta bu shi da yu 04:24, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Thanks
Thank you for correcting my slight omission of the beta version at Announcements and for reverting vandalism to my user page. You caught it before I did! =D --Slowking Man 06:58, Dec 23, 2004 (UTC)

And more thanks
Thanks for the vandalism revert... and a merry Christmas! Man vyi 09:36, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Community Blog reference
I just competely rewrite the article - what is the problem now?

csd - console game
Please note Console game was not a candidate for speedy deletion. --fvw<SMALL> * </SMALL> 19:01, 2004 Dec 23 (UTC)
 * I think it falls under the category, a console game (describes typical gameplay, history, what to expect from a console game) is not a video game console (the actual hardware). If lumber did not exist and I pasted what was under tree into it, I think what would fall under no meaningful content - related, sure, but not what you're looking for.
 * I'm not arguing whether or not it should be deleted, I'm arguing it's not a speedy deletion candidate. Please read the page linked in my original comment, there are five strictly defined criteria for speedy deletion of redirects, this wasn't one of them. This sort of stuff should go on WP:RFD. --fvw<SMALL> * </SMALL> 11:25, 2004 Dec 24 (UTC)
 * You misunderstand my response, I'm arguing that it is a candidate under "No meaningful content or history". The redirect is an error, so it was removed - the article has no meaningful content or history. --Slike 11:29, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * No meaningful content is not a criterion for speedy deletion for redirects. Also, note that "no meaningful content" refers to patent nonsense (read this "is not" list on this one, I think it'll clarify things), not "this is silly" or "this is stupid" things. --fvw<SMALL> * </SMALL> 11:33, 2004 Dec 24 (UTC)
 * Ah, serves me right for not reading your entire link before posting a response. My above comment stands as an explanation. I'll use the other page. Thank you --Slike 11:37, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for helping with the eScrew mess.
That was one hectic event. You seem to have done quite a bit of work with this stuff on other occasions as well, so I hereby "award" you a WikiThanks. -- Kizor 12:39, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

stop unblanking my page
please

Timezones
I just used what was in the logs (GMT); I assumed it would be obvious. I suppose it won't hurt to specify, though. Noel (talk) 15:22, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't think you did, or at least if you did that would mean I wasn't at my exam this morning and that would be a shame as I think I did rather well. I warned at 13:07 and 13:13 GMT. --fvw<SMALL> * </SMALL> 15:25, 2004 Dec 24 (UTC)

 * Oh, wierd. The logs must be in local time, then. How odd. I thought signatures were local (so you could know whether the person was likely to be about to go off to bed, etc), and logs GMT (so we'd all be on the same temporal frame of reference for this kind of stuff), but it must be exactly the other way around. How useless! I'll fix my WP:AN entry, then. Noel (talk) 15:32, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah, it is suboptimal. I've just set my timezone to UTC in my preferences, at least that way it's all consistent and cannonical. --fvw<SMALL> * </SMALL> 15:35, 2004 Dec 24 (UTC)

 * I'm immensely amused to see you using "suboptimal" in the canonical way (not to mention "canonical", to boot) - have you been reading the Jargon File? :-) Anyway, excellent idea on the time-zone - I've now done the same. Noel (talk) 16:37, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Nah, I just hang out in geeky crowds, the language rubs off on you. Anyway, I'm taking the night off RC patrol, I'm off to find me some egg nog or something. Have a Merry Christmas! --fvw<SMALL> * </SMALL> 17:48, 2004 Dec 24 (UTC)

Vacuum's subpage
Vacuum is using that page simply to harass me. I am shocked that you support such an activity. The RFC failed, that means it gets deleted. Why should I, the "victim" here, have to be the one that goes to great measures to ensure that a frivolous RFC gets deleted? Stop removing my notices. -- Netoholic @ 18:01, 2004 Dec 24 (UTC)
 * Yes, it was deleted, exactly as policy dictates. The content however is just another GFDL blob of data, which Vacuum is well within his rights to put in his user space. Also note that even if he shouldn't be allowed to keep the content, speedy deletion is not the way to go: It is not a CSD, so your CSD tags are inappropriate. Take it to WP:VFD if you must, even if you could get someone to speedy the page it'll just be recreated anyway. The wise thing to do would be just ignore it ofcourse, the people who care about the RfC know about it already anyway, and you're only drawing more attention to it by acting this way. --fvw<SMALL> * </SMALL> 17:05, 2004 Dec 26 (UTC)

Einstein's Catagories
Frank, Could we please leave Einstein in the Category physicists? The fact that is is a subcategory of some other category is - to me - less important then the fact that the category of physicists will be imcomplete without him (and without the other Nobel prize winners). If someone is browsing through the physicists category, they might not think (or want) to look for and check out related categories. If we drop out all of the physicists who appear in other sub-categories, there will not be much left in the physicists category, which will make it far less useful. Michael L. Kaufman 02:11, Dec 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * Sorry about that, I was working under the incorrect assumption that items should be as far down the category tree as possible (and only there), but after reading up there appear to be not guidelines or attempts at guidelines for what parent categories to include and not to include. I do feel the category bar becomes a bit cluttered like this, but I suppose it is better than having people not find einstein where they expect him. --fvw<SMALL> * </SMALL> 16:58, 2004 Dec 26 (UTC)

Blocking
Could you block me?

Signatures
Hi Fvw - Heya. Have you seen Wikipedia:Username#Signatures? You're free to use images in your sig if you want to ofcourse, but it is perceived as unpleasant for some people

I hadn't seen that. I use my sig this way for a reason (the horse is how I sign my name when writing). I have made it a little smaller in the last few days bacuase I realised the length of the sig was a bit much. What I'd really like - and haven't found any way to do - is to use the image as the link to my talk page. If that were possible it would cut the size of the sig and keep my 'real signature' there. Grutness|hello?
 * I don't think that's possible I'm afraid, for consistency's sake people are always taken to the image page when clicking on the image. I suppose you could turn the image page into a redirect to your talk page if you're the only one using it, but it's a bit of a hack. --fvw<SMALL> * </SMALL> 13:18, 2004 Dec 27 (UTC)

CSD#2
Hello. Since you disagreed that copyvio-blanked-by-author qualifies as a test page under the current CSD criteria, I wanted to explain my reasoning. I really think it does qualify according to current criteria. Here's why: Someone comes across Wikipedia for the first time. They see these notices that they can edit any page or even create an article. They're thinking "Can I really create a page here? Do they really let just anyone do that?" So they go to one of the last web pages they were looking at, or pull up one of their bookmarked pages or whatever. They copy that page, paste it into Wikipedia and click save. "What do you know? I really did just create an article." A minute or two later, or even an hour or two later, they realize what they did and then try to delete it -- only they can't. The only way they can see to get rid of it is to blank it. "Maybe that's all it takes to delete an article." The entire purpose of pasting the material from another website was to see if they really could create an article. When I see copyvio that was subsequently blanked by the author, without first being tagged as copyvio, I assume that is what happened. It makes no sense to post copyrighted material, then blank it, unless the purpose of the original post was a test. SWAdair | Talk 07:12, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I see where you're coming from, but I'm afraid once you start trying to interpret "what they must have thought" as justifcation for speedy deletion it becomes a slippery slope. I'd be happy to have copy-of-webpage-followed-by-blanking become a CSD, but I'm not comfortable with "it must have been a test, because…" justifications. --fvw<SMALL> * </SMALL> 13:26, 2004 Dec 27 (UTC)

When do pages get deleted after the date of voting has passed?
I was going trough the random page button and came up with this page Fazed and as you can see in Votes for deletion/Fazed, it has been voted by all to DELETE, last vote 19th of december. When do paged listed on VTF get deleted after the tive of voting is passed? Theres no point having this page linger any longer than need be. Fledgeling 12:25, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Each entry on VfD that gets voted for deletion needs to get handled by an admin. Some backlog is to be expected here, especially in this festive season. The article is listed on Votes for deletion/Old until an admin deletes it. --fvw<SMALL> * </SMALL> 13:45, 2004 Dec 27 (UTC)

redirects
you mean I should not? because, it seems to work. But I do not care, of course, if it redirects to the top of the article. It barely survived VfD, and nothing will ever link to it anyway (it was created as a way to rewrite the Finno-Ugric article from a different pov, which is why I am so adamant about redirecting it). dab (ᛏ) 18:01, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Nope, I mean technically don't. They'll work when you're at the redirect page and click the link, but if you just click here you'll be redirected to the top of the page. This is just a technical consequence of the way mediawiki, http and html work. --fvw<SMALL> * </SMALL> 18:05, 2004 Dec 27 (UTC)
 * that's right. sorry. but it doesn't matter, here. dab (ᛏ) 18:09, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Thanks
I appreciate it -- I just thought that a Liger looked like an urban myth, but I'll check things out first in the future;) Take it easy:) Zantastik 20:29, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Fvw/TalkArchive/3


text:
Angles

Angles most commonly refers to:
 * Angles (tribe), a North Germanic-speaking people that took their name from the Angeln cultural region in Northern Germany and Southern Denmark
 * Angle, a geometric figure formed by two rays meeting at a common point

Angles may also refer to:

Places in France

 * Angles, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
 * Angles, Vendée
 * Anglès, Tarn
 * Les Angles (disambiguation)

Music

 * Angles (Dan Le Sac Vs Scroobius Pip album), 2008
 * Angles (The Strokes album), 2011
 * "Angles" (song), 2021 song by Wale featuring Chris Brown

Other uses

 * Anglès, Girona, Spain
 * Alan McManus, Scottish professional snooker player

title: Angles


text:
F.I.R.

F.I.R. is a Taiwanese pop rock band formed in 2004. The group is composed of Lydia, Ian Chen, and previously members Faye and Real Huang. They are well known throughout Asia after their hit "Lydia", which gained popularity for being the theme song of Taiwanese TV drama, The Outsiders (鬥魚).

In March 2018, it was announced that Faye would not be part of F.I.R. anymore – citing creative differences and in pursuit of a solo career. In October 2018, it was announced that then 22-year-old Lydia will join the group, replacing Faye as its lead vocal.

In 2024, guitarist Real Huang announced his withdrawal from the band and became an independent producer. Band leader Chen Jianning said that F.I.R. would go solo but would not disband.

The name F.I.R. comes from the initials of the three original members: Faye, Ian, and Real. It is also a backronym for "Fairyland In Reality", their debut album name.

Members
Current members

Ian Chen (2004–present) – Keyboards, guitars, occasional backing vocals

Lydia (2018–present) – Lead vocals

Former members

Faye (2004–2018) – Lead vocals

Real Huang (2004–2023) – Keyboards, guitars, occasional backing vocals, producer

Singles

 * Spread Love(把愛傳出來) (December 2005)
 * City of Sound(声音之城) (December 2018)
 * 愛我所愛 (December 2018)
 * Forever Young (September 2019)

Extended plays

 * I Want to Fly - Path to Dream All Record CD+2VCD
 * (我要飛 - 尋夢之途全紀錄) (17 September 2004)

 * 1) I Wanna Fly 我要飛
 * 2) Demo: Lydia
 * 3) Demo: Our Love 我們的愛
 * 4) Demo: Your Smile 你的微笑
 * 5) Demo: Tarot Cards 塔羅牌
 * Glory Days- Anniversary CD+DVD
 * (光榮之役-出道週年影音全集) (30 June 2005)

 * 1) Fly Away (unplug version)
 * 2) Thousand Years of Love 千年之戀 (unplug version)
 * 3) LOVE*3 (unplug version)
 * 4) The Reason of Giving Up 死心的理由 (string version)

Soundtracks

 * The Outsiders 鬥魚 (10 February 2004)
 * 心之火 (with 彭佳慧Julia Pang)(2 June 2015)

title: F.I.R.


text:
Beaujeu

Beaujeu may refer to:

Places in France

 * Beaujeu, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence département
 * Beaujeu, Rhône, in the Rhône département
 * Beaujeu-Saint-Vallier-Pierrejux-et-Quitteur, in the Haute-Saône département
 * Saint-Didier-sur-Beaujeu, in the Rhône département

People

 * Agnes of Beaujeu (1200–1231), French noblewoman
 * Guillaume de Beaujeu (died 1291), Grand Master of the Knights Templar
 * Renaud de Beaujeu (12th–13th century), French author
 * Anne of Beaujeu (1461–1522), a French princess and regent for her brother Charles VIII
 * Daniel Liénard de Beaujeu (1711–1755), French soldier who fought in the Seven Years' War
 * Jacques-Philippe Saveuse de Beaujeu (died 1832), 19th-century Canadian politician
 * James de Beaujeu Domville (1933–2015), Canadian theatrical producer and administrator

title: Beaujeu


text: User talk:66.130.31.185

title: User talk:66.130.31.185


text: Category:Speciation

title: Category:Speciation


text:
Survivor (Destiny's Child album)

Survivor is the third studio album by American girl group Destiny's Child. It was released on April 25, 2001, by Columbia Records. As their breakthrough second studio album The Writing's on the Wall (1999) became a rising commercial success, Destiny's Child faced the controversial departure of original members LeToya Luckett and LaTavia Roberson, who were replaced with Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams, in February 2000. Soon afterwards, they commenced production of their third studio album, tentatively titled Independent Women.

Mere five months after joining, Franklin departed from the group in July, and "Independent Women Part I" was subsequently released as a single from the accompanying soundtrack for the film Charlie's Angels (2000). The song became a global commercial success and the group's third US Billboard Hot 100 number-one single. Retitling the album Survivor in reference to the turmoil surrounding their line-up alterations, Destiny's Child enlisted producers such as Anthony Dent, Damon Elliott, Mark J. Feist, Rob Fusari and Keybeats alongside Beyoncé Knowles, who produced all and co-wrote nearly all of the album's tracks. Their final product was an R&B and pop record incorporating genres such as dance, funk and hip hop. Its lyrical themes explore dynamics between women, self-esteem, independence and romantic relationships.

Upon its release, Survivor received generally positive reviews, mostly aimed at its production, while its balladry, length and lyrical content ignited criticism. Retrospective critical commentaries have credited the record for its impact on mainstream music of the 2000s and for serving as foundation for Knowles' eventual solo career. A global commercial success, the album debuted atop the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 663,000 units, becoming Destiny's Child's first and only number-one studio album on the chart. It has gone on to be certified quadruple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). At the 44th Annual Grammy Awards (2002), the album was nominated for Best R&B Album. By the end of 2001, it had sold over three million copies worldwide, being among the best-selling girl group albums of all time.

Survivor produced four singles. Its title track peaked at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 and reached the top ten in 18 additional countries. In 2002, it won the Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals. "Bootylicious" became Destiny's Child's fourth US Billboard Hot 100 number-one single and attained international success. "Emotion" became a US Billboard Hot 100 top-ten hit in the wake of the September 11 attacks, while "Nasty Girl" was released only overseas and achieved moderate success. The album was further promoted with the co-headlining Total Request Live Tour (2001) and the Destiny's Child World Tour (2002). After the latter's conclusion, the group embarked on a two-year hiatus, during which each member released a solo studio album to varying levels of success.

Background and development
In July 1999, Destiny's Child released their second studio album The Writing's on the Wall. Their breakthrough record, it debuted at number six on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 133,000 units. In December, LeToya Luckett and LaTavia Roberson tried to split with Destiny's Child's manager Mathew Knowles, claiming that he was keeping too much of the group's profits and that he favored his daughter Beyoncé Knowles and Kelly Rowland. When the accompanying music video for "Say My Name" premiered in February 2000, Roberson and Luckett found out that they were being replaced with Michelle Williams, a former backing vocalist for Monica, and Farrah Franklin, an aspiring singer-actress. On March 15, Roberson and Luckett filed a lawsuit against Mathew Knowles and their former bandmates for breach of partnership and fiduciary duties. Following the lawsuit, both sides were disparaging towards each other in the media. However, the group's prominence and commercial success burgeoned, aided by "Say My Name", which peaked atop the US Billboard Hot 100. The Writing's on the Wall subsequently registered a significant rise in sales, ascending towards a new peak at number five on the Billboard 200.

In July 2000, it was announced that Franklin had departed Destiny's Child mere five months after joining. According to the group, Franklin missed a handful of promotional appearances and concerts and was asked to leave the group. However, Franklin stated that she quit because of negative energy within the group and her inability to assert any control in decision-making. The group had already begun recording material for their third studio album, with Franklin performing backing vocals on several tracks. Among those was "Independent Women Part I", which was recorded for the accompanying soundtrack for the 2000 film Charlie's Angels. The song was released as a single on August 29. A global commercial success, it became the group's third US Billboard Hot 100 and first UK Singles Chart number-one single. It was nominated for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media at the 43rd Annual Grammy Awards. Towards the end of 2000, Roberson and Luckett dropped the portion of their lawsuit aimed at Beyoncé and Rowland in exchange for a settlement, though they continued the action against Mathew Knowles. As part of the agreement, both sides were prohibited from speaking about each other publicly.

Recording and production
The recording sessions for Survivor commenced in May 2000 at the SugarHill Recording Studios in Houston, where most of the album was recorded. "Gospel Medley", which Destiny's Child had previewed during several public appearances throughout 2000, was also recorded there; the group decided to record it due to their longtime affinity for gospel. As on the group's previous records, their manager Mathew Knowles served as the executive producer. Initial tracks recorded for the album were in the vein of "Jumpin', Jumpin'", which was released as the fourth and final single from The Writing's on the Wall within that period, to tremendous commercial success. However, as the recording progressed, the group gradually added more depth to their work as there were "so many people copping [their] sound, it was necessary to change things up a bit." After emerging as the focal point of Destiny's Child, Knowles assumed more control by taking a greater hand in songwriting and even producing some of the album herself. Knowles' intention was not to monopolize the spotlight; however, she did co-write 17 and produce all of the album's 18 tracks. She explained: "I only wanted to do like three songs... The label kept saying "Do another song, do another song, do another song". It wasn't planned. It wasn't like I said, OK, I'm going to take charge." However, Kelly Rowland and Michelle Williams co-wrote only one track–"Outro (DC-3) Thank You". On July 20, Farrah Franklin departed from Destiny's Child, having already recorded backing vocals for several tracks, including "Independent Women Part I". The group embarked on Christina Aguilera's tour Christina Aguilera in Concert as an opening act on July 31, touring until October and simultaneously recording the album. Six songs, including both parts to "Independent Women", "Nasty Girl" and the unreleased "I Tried", had been recorded by September.

Originally, the Keybeats-produced "Independent Women Part II" was recorded first as the song's album version, while the track which would become "Independent Women Part I" served as a remix. However, their roles were reversed as the group was offered to record material for the accompanying soundtrack to Charlie's Angels (2000), a film adaption of the 1976–1981 television series of the same title. They re-recorded "Independent Women" and enlisted first-time collaborators Trackmasters to produce the track, altering the original's lyrics to suit the Charlie's Angels theme. Cory Rooney, who co-wrote and produced the re-recording, said it took only 15 minutes for him and the Trackmasters to create the instrumental track. Aside from the SugarHill Recording Studios, part one was recorded at the Lobo Studios in Deer Park, New York and the TK Studios in Honolulu, while part two was recorded at the Chung King Studios in New York City and the 24/7 Studios in Houston. The Anthony Dent-produced title track was inspired by a pun a radio station had made about the fact that three members had already left Destiny's Child, comparing the group to the reality competition television series Survivor. Knowles felt inspired to use the negative comment and turn its context positive by writing a song out of it. According to Williams, the song was recorded from September to November. It was recorded at the Chase Studios in Atlanta–where fellow Dent production was also recorded–and, alongside numerous other tracks, at the Enterprise Studios in Burbank, California.

Beyoncé claimed to have written "Bootylicious" on a plane flight to London while listening to the song "Edge of Seventeen" by Stevie Nicks, when the word "bootylicious" popped into her head. Rob Fusari disputed the claim in 2010, stating he himself had the idea for the song and had wanted to use a guitar riff from Survivor's 1982 song "Eye of the Tiger" but, after not being able to find it, used a similar riff from "Edge of Seventeen". However, in 2016, he revealed that after the "Edge of Seventeen" sample was approved, he conceived the song with Beyoncé over the phone, adding: "She was out of the country at that point, but she had the 'Bootylicious' concept in her head. That was totally her. She knew what she wanted to say. It was very urban pop angle that they were taking on the record." Once the group decided to record "Bootylicious", Fusari wanted to remove the sample, explaining: "I figured I'd put the guitar loop on there temporarily, and later go into the studio with a guitar and replay it, because I'd learned, after sampling Stevie Wonder's "I Wish" for Will Smith's "Wild Wild West," that I didn't want to lose 50% of the publishing. I vividly remember telling Mathew Knowles, "Mathew, you got to book me into your studio and let me replay that riff." It was Guitar 101! One note!"; however, Knowles refused. Dan Workman, who engineered several tracks from Survivor, commented on the recording sessions: "Beyoncé would be driving over to the studio listening to all these tracks that had been sent to her, and she would pick out her favorite. When she got here, she would immediately start writing lyrics for the song and finish it right there in front of me. For the song "Bootylicious" she wrote all the lyrics for it right in [SugarHill Recording Studios'] Studio A. Then she taught the song to Kelly and Michelle, and all three of them worked on the vocals together."

D'wayne Wiggins, who wrote "Fancy" with Beyoncé and J. R. Rotem, said Destiny's Child would carefully select lyrics for the songs, adjusting them to suit the group. According to Wiggins, they would "just take a song and dissect it and put it back together again. For "Fancy," it took [only] about 30 or 45 minutes to change the hook." Rotem reflected on the song's simple instrumentation, revealing he created beats solely using a keyboard and a drum machine. The song was recorded at the Digital Services in Houston, with additional recording at the House of Music in Oakland, California. Mark J. Feist, who produced "Emotion", changed the arrangement and production of Samantha Sang's disco-soul 1977 original version into a contemporary ballad. Beyoncé would re-record "Dangerously in Love" with a modified arrangement for her 2003 debut solo studio album of the same title. Both versions were recorded at the SugarHill Recording Studios, and were written and produced by Beyoncé and Errol McCalla Jr. As Survivor neared its completion in December 2000, Destiny's Child referred to their hectic schedule while recording the album, revealing they took time off recording solely on Christmas Day. While they intended to complete the album soon afterwards, the recording continued into early 2001, causing the album's release date to be postponed and its lead single "Survivor" to be delayed from January to March. During the album's production, Rowland recorded her debut solo recording "Angel". Produced by Beyoncé, Fusari and Falonte Moore–who wrote and produced "Bootylicious", "Apple Pie à la Mode" and "Happy Face"–the track appeared on the accompanying soundtrack for the 2001 film Down to Earth. Previous collaborator Rodney Jerkins, whose production "Say My Name" became one of Destiny's Child's biggest hits, had also returned to work on Survivor. He produced two tracks, including the "street-edgy", up-tempo "Girl Like Me", but neither made the final track listing.

Music and lyrics
Survivor is predominantly an R&B and pop record exploring genres such as hip hop, funk and dance. Its lyrical themes include dynamics between women, self-esteem, independence and romantic relationships. The album opens with the uptempo club track "Independent Women Part I", which encourages female empowerment and financial independence. As it was recorded for the accompanying soundtrack for Charlie's Angels (2000), it makes numerous lyrical references to the film. The album's title track features looped strings built around an "abrasive" hip hop instrumental. Lyrically, it's considered a "prolonged and rather vindictive attack" on the former members of Destiny's Child–LeToya Luckett, LaTavia Roberson and Farrah Franklin. The "blinding Prince-like R&B-jazz odyssey" "Bootylicious" features a lyrical response to those who had criticized Beyoncé's weight gain, against a prominent guitar riff sample from Stevie Nicks' 1981 song "Edge of Seventeen". "Nasty Girl" features the group "hurling insults at a hip-hop harlot", while dismissing "classless" women altogether. It features an uncredited interpolation of Salt-N-Pepa's 1986 song "Push It". Pizzicato string-driven "Fancy" is seen as another diss track directed towards the group's former members.

Avant-funk track "Apple Pie à la Mode" features "percolating" beats and harmonies, while the dance track "Sexy Daddy" is infused with discordant harmonies and "thundering" ragga beats. "Independent Women Part II" sonically differs from its counterpart, featuring modified lyrics against a cartoonish bounce background. The "sunny day" pop track "Happy Face" promotes self-esteem; Sylvia Patterson from NME classified its genre as "cajun-R&B-yodel-pop". A string of ballads subsequently appears, including a "slow jam" cover version of Samantha Sang's 1977 song "Emotion", as well as the "soft" "Dangerously in Love" and the easy listening love song "Brown Eyes". Brian Hiatt from MTV described the latter as "a gently harmonized love song, with production reminiscent of the Janet Jackson hit "Again."" "The Story of Beauty" lyrically differs from the rest of Survivor, telling a story about a victim of sexual abuse; it was based on a fan who wrote a letter to the group. Beyoncé described it as "a pretty controversial yet realistic song that deals with something that happens in most families that no one wants to talk about." A cappella gospel track "Gospel Medley" comprises the Beyoncé-written "You've Been So Good", Kirk Franklin's "Now Behold the Lamb", the Christian hymn "Jesus Loves Me", and Richard Smallwood's "Total Praise". The album closes with "Outro (DC-3) Thank You", on which the members congratulate, praise and thank each other.

Title and packaging
Originally titled Independent Women after "Independent Women Part I", the album was later retitled Survivors, as Destiny's Child branded themselves "survivors" in reference to the turmoil that had coincided with the group throughout 2000. The title was later altered to Survivor. Beyoncé further explained: "I thought about this joke that this radio station had, and they were saying, 'Oh, Destiny's Child is like "Survivor," trying to see which member is going to last the longest on the island,' and everyone laughed. I was like, 'Ah, that's cute, but you know what? I'm going to use that negative thing and turn it into a positive thing and try to write a great song out of it.'"

The cover artwork for Survivor was photographed by Rod Spicer, with the group styled by Beyoncé's mother Tina Knowles. Biographer Daryl Easlea noted the cover "showing the group now as women rather than the girls of the previous sleeves". The album's booklet included a photograph of the members looking "triumphal" standing on rocks on a desert island, inspired by the reality television series Survivor, as a reference to the album's title and title track.

Release and promotion
Survivor was originally slated for February 13, 2001, before being postponed to April, and afterwards to its ultimate release date of May 1. Its promotional activities commenced on February 28, when Destiny's Child performed the lead single "Survivor" for the first time at the 2001 Soul Train Music Awards. The song was subsequently performed on the April 6 episode of Top of the Pops in the United Kingdom, with "Emotion" on Saturday Night Live on May 5, on Late Show with David Letterman on May 10, and with "Bootylicious" on Today on May 11. The group additionally performed the album's first three singles "Survivor", "Bootylicious" and "Emotion" on The Early Show on June 6. They subsequently opened the inaugural BET Awards with "Bootylicious" on June 19, later performing the song on the August 3 episode of Top of the Pops and the September 7 Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Celebration show. In the meantime, the group had embarked on the co-headlining Total Request Live Tour with 3LW, Dream, Eve and Nelly with the St. Lunatics, which ran throughout North America from July 18 until September 21. Afterwards, their own European tour was scheduled to run from October 24 to November 20, but was postponed in the wake of the September 11 attacks.

Following the tour's postponement, Destiny's Child performed "Survivor", "Emotion" and "Gospel Medley" during the benefit concert United We Stand: What More Can I Give, led by Michael Jackson in tribute to victims of the September 11 attacks, on October 21. Within subsequent months, the group focused on the overseas promotion of Survivor, performing "Emotion" on the November 23 episode of Top of the Pops in the UK and the December 15 episode of Wetten, dass..? in Germany, "Survivor" during the Sanremo Music Festival 2002 in Italy on March 8, and "Bootylicious" at the Logie Awards of 2002 in Australia on April 28. Also, their first remix album, titled This Is the Remix, was released on March 12 and included remixes of several tracks from Survivor among other tracks; it debuted at number 29 on the US Billboard 200. The postponed Destiny's Child World Tour commenced on April 29, being expanded from solely Europe to Oceania and Japan as well, and finished on June 24. Its Rotterdam show was filmed and released via video album Destiny's Child World Tour on July 8, 2003.

Singles
"Survivor" was released as the lead single from Survivor on March 6, 2001, to mixed critical reception. A commercial success, it became Destiny's Child's fourth consecutive US Billboard Hot 100 top-three single, peaking at number two. The digital single was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in July 2020. Internationally, the song reached the summit in Ireland, Norway and the United Kingdom, and the top ten in 15 additional countries. Despite a mixed critical response, it won Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals at the 44th Annual Grammy Awards (2002), marking Destiny's Child's third and final Grammy Award win as a group. Its Darren Grant-directed accompanying music video depicts the members as shipwreck survivors on a desert island. The video was released as the group's first DVD single, which peaked at number nine on the US Top Music Videos and was certified gold by the RIAA. At the 2001 MTV Video Music Awards, the video won Best R&B Video, also being nominated for Best Pop Video and Best Group Video.

"Bootylicious" was released as the second single from Survivor on May 22, 2001. Commercially, it fared similarly to its predecessor, becoming Destiny's Child's fourth and final US Billboard Hot 100 number-one single. The digital single was certified platinum by the RIAA in July 2020. Internationally, the song reached the top ten in Australia, Belgium, Canada, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden and the UK. Its Matthew Rolston-directed accompanying music video showcases the group performing numerous of Michael Jackson's choreographies and features Stevie Nicks playing the guitar riff sampled from her song "Edge of Seventeen".

"Emotion" was released as the third single from Survivor on September 4, 2001. A commercial success, it continued Destiny's Child's streak of US Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles by peaking at number ten after being fueled by post-September 11 attacks airplay. Internationally, it peaked within the top ten in Hungary, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, South Africa and the UK. Its Francis Lawrence-directed accompanying music video features the members' respective situations through a triple-split screen; Beyoncé deals with an adulterous boyfriend, Kelly Rowland deals with separation from her boyfriend, while Michelle Williams deals with the death of her grandmother.

"Nasty Girl" was released as the fourth and final single from Survivor outside North America on March 4, 2002, to negative critical reception. A moderate commercial success, it peaked at number ten in Australia and within the top 40 in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland. Its Sanaa Hamri-directed accompanying music video depicts women perceived as "nasty girls" receiving transformations. In 2016, Rob Fusari, who produced several tracks from Survivor, revealed "Happy Face" was originally slated as the album's final single, but those plans were scrapped due to the song's lyrical content being deemed inappropriate in the wake of the September 11 attacks.

Critical reception
Survivor received generally favorable reviews from music critics upon its release. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 63 out of 100, based on 17 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Writing for Entertainment Weekly, David Browne praised the record, calling it "the divas' premature, but inevitable growing pains album." Spin commented that "Survivor is relentlessly inventive in its recombinations." Ethan Brown from New York was less impressed, writing: "All fifteen tracks are one-dimensional disses and dismissals of scantily clad women, vengeful boyfriends, and the group's assorted doubters." Sylvia Patterson from NME summarized the album as "Multi-platinum booty-shakers in boundary-pushing nil-shit-taking exercise", while highlighting "Independent Women Part I". Natalie Nichols from Los Angeles Times described it as a "generic hip-hop music box of ticking percussion, pulsing bass and uninspiring samples [which] barely allows [Destiny's Child] a moment to breathe, let alone stretch out".

Despite criticizing its length, lyrical content and balladry, Alexis Petridis from The Guardian wrote that Survivor "has a rare individuality, and a hint of genius, hidden in its grooves". Nathan Rabin from The A.V. Club shared Petridis' negative sentiments, concluding his review by saying: "if the group wants to survive the stormy seas of the pop world for more than a few years, it should call its stable of songwriting wizards ASAP". In a positive review, Cristín Leach from RTÉ highlighted "The Story of Beauty" while dismissing the album's closing tracks "Gospel Medley" and "Outro (DC-3) Thank You". Laura Sinagra from Blender wrote: "Aside from disposable ballads and the sappy "Perfect Man," Survivor blasts haters, child molesters and "been-around-the-block-females," keeping the blood up as they whup ass." Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine expressed that "for the most part Survivor rises to the occasion, and while the album isn't groundbreaking, it at least shows the new trio breaking out on their own." Rob Sheffield from Rolling Stone praised the album but singled "the self-righteous tone creeping into the songs" out as its sole weakness.

Awards and nominations
! scope="row"| 2001 ! scope="row"| 2002 ! scope="row"| 2002 ! scope="row"| 2002 ! scope="row" rowspan="2"| 2002
 * Teen Choice Award
 * Choice Music – Album
 * rowspan="6"| Survivor
 * Nominated
 * American Music Award
 * Favorite Pop/Rock Album
 * Won
 * Grammy Award
 * Best R&B Album
 * Nominated
 * Soul Train Music Award
 * Best R&B/Soul Album – Group, Band or Duo
 * Nominated
 * TMF Award
 * Best Album
 * Won
 * Soul Train Lady of Soul Award
 * Best R&B/Soul Album by a Group, Band or Duo
 * Won
 * }
 * Won
 * }
 * }

Commercial performance
In the United States, Survivor debuted atop the Billboard 200 chart dated May 19, 2001, with first-week sales of 663,000 copies. It also debuted atop the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, selling over 87,000 copies at the R&B core stores within its first week. Destiny's Child's first number-one album on both charts, it registered the highest first-week sales for any Columbia Records artist at the time. Despite a 46% sales decline to 358,979 units, the album remained at the summit in its second week, reaching the one-million sales mark. In its third week, the album descended to number three, selling 221,884 copies; in total, it spent 14 consecutive weeks within the top ten. By the end of 2001, Survivor had sold over 3.7 million copies, becoming the seventh best-selling album of the year. It was certified quadruple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on January 7, 2002. By November 2005, the album had sold over 4.7 million units in the US, being one of the best-selling girl group albums ever in the country. In Canada, the album debuted atop the Canadian Albums Chart, spending four weeks at the summit. In October 2003, it was certified quadruple platinum by Music Canada.

Across Europe, Survivor reached the summit in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway and Switzerland. On the European Top 100 Albums, it debuted at number 49 and peaked atop the chart the following week. In 2001, the record was certified double platinum by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) for sales of two million units across Europe. In the United Kingdom, the album debuted atop the UK Albums Chart, UK R&B Albums Chart and Scottish Albums Chart, with first-week sales of 118,000 copies. It became the first studio album by an American girl group to peak atop the UK Albums Chart and made Destiny's Child the second American girl group in history to reach the summit, following The Supremes, who did so with their greatest hits albums Greatest Hits (1967) and 20 Golden Greats (1977). British Phonographic Industry (BPI) certified it triple platinum in December 2001.

In Australia, Survivor debuted and peaked at number four on the ARIA Top 100 Albums, and was certified double platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) in December 2001. In New Zealand, it debuted at number ten, ascending towards its peak at number five in its second week. The album was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ) in 2002. In Japan, it peaked at number 12 on the Oricon Albums Chart, being certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) in May 2001. In South Africa, the album reached number one and, in 2002, was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry of South Africa (RISA). According to IFPI, Survivor was the third best-selling album worldwide of 2001, with 7.8 million copies sold during the year. By November 2004, Survivor had sold over ten million copies worldwide, being the fifth best-selling girl group album of all time.

Controversy
Survivor was a subject of several controversies, albeit less than its predecessor The Writing's on the Wall (1999). Rob Fusari, who wrote "Bootylicious", recalled a dispute with Destiny's Child's manager and Beyoncé's father Mathew Knowles over the song's conception. In an interview with Barbara Walters, Beyoncé had discussed how she came up with the idea for the song herself. Upon seeing that, Fusari called Knowles, describing the conversation: "And he explained to me, in a nice way, he said, 'People don't want to hear about Rob Fusari, producer from Livingston, N.J. No offense, but that's not what sells records. What sells records is people believing that the artist is everything.' And I'm like, 'Yeah, I know, Mathew. I understand the game. But come on, I'm trying too. I'm a squirrel trying to get a nut, too.'"

The lyrical content of "Survivor" caused backlash from LeToya Luckett and LaTavia Roberson, who had controversially departed from the group in February 2000 and filed a lawsuit against the group and their management soon afterwards. The portion of the lawsuit directed towards Beyoncé and Kelly Rowland had been dropped by the end of the year, with a mutual agreement prohibiting either party involved from making "any public comment of a disparaging nature concerning one another". Luckett and Roberson contended the line "You thought I wouldn't sell without you, sold 9 million" violated the agreement and filed another lawsuit against the group in February 2002, accusing Beyoncé, Rowland and Michelle Williams of making "deliberate disparaging, defamatory factual misrepresentations" in the song, as well as in their statements for the press surrounding the release of Survivor. By late July, the parties had reached a settlement out of court.

Impact and legacy
Retrospectively, Survivor has received mixed to positive critical commentary, with criticism directed towards its lyrical content, and praise towards its thematic impact on mainstream music of the 2000s. Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote for AllMusic: "Survivor, their first album as full-fledged superstars – also their first album since most of the group disappeared due to managerial conflicts – is as contrived and calculated as a Mariah Carey record, only without the joy. This is a determined, bullheaded record, intent on proving Destiny's Child has artistic merit largely because the group survived internal strife." On the contrary, J'na Jefferson from Vibe declared the album "a seminal force in the female empowerment trend of the 21st century, serving as a love letter to body-positive, independent and fierce women all over the globe." Furthermore, Vincent Anthony from The 97 credited the record for "unbiasedly [melding] R&B inspirations and hip-hop nuances into an [sic] unique brand of pop that defined the early 2000s". From a standpoint concerning pop culture, Nathan Brackett and Christian Hoard wrote that the album "helped establish [Destiny's Child] as an American institution" in The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (2004). Its second single "Bootylicious" popularized the portmanteau term "bootylicious", a combination of the words "booty" and "delicious", although the term had already been used by Snoop Dogg on Dr. Dre's 1992 song "Fuck wit Dre Day (And Everybody's Celebratin')" as a pejorative. As Destiny's Child brought the term's neologism of approval to prominence, it consequently entered the mainstream English language, thus being added to the Oxford English Dictionary in 2004, referring to a sexually attractive woman in its definition. Following the September 11 attacks, the lead single "Survivor" received new lyrical interpretations from the public, being called a "tool for national grief in a way to show solidarity and strength". "Emotion", which was released as the third single around the time of the attacks, was also branded a "healing song", which contributed to its commercial success in the United States.

As previously announced, following the completion of promotional duties for Survivor, Destiny's Child embarked on a hiatus in 2002, in order for its members to release solo albums. Michelle Williams was first to release a solo album, titled Heart to Yours, in April 2002. It features the "Gospel Medley" first released on Survivor. The critically acclaimed gospel record debuted at number 57 on the US Billboard 200, with first-week sales of 17,000 copies and later peaked at number-one on the Top Gospel Albums chart. It became the biggest-selling gospel album of the year, with 220,000 copies sold in the US. At the 2002 MOBO Awards, Wiliams won an award for "Best Gospel Act", before making her Broadway debut, as the lead in the musical Aida in November 2003. Although Beyoncé Knowles' solo album was initially scheduled for October 2002, its release was postponed due to the success of Kelly Rowland's collaboration with Nelly, "Dilemma". The song reached the summit of the US Billboard Hot 100, thus Rowland's pop rock-oriented solo debut Simply Deep was moved up to October from its original early 2003 release date. Simply Deep debuted at number 12 on the US Billboard 200, selling 77,000 units within its first week and going on to be certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). "Dilemma" additionally won Rowland her first Grammy Award outside the group, for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration at the 45th Annual Grammy Awards (2003). Following numerous postponements, Beyoncé was the last to release a solo album. Titled Dangerously in Love, it was released in June 2003 to widespread critical acclaim. The album debuted atop the US Billboard 200 and registered the highest first-week sales among the members with 317,000 units. It was preceded by the lead single "Crazy in Love", which spent eight consecutive weeks atop the US Billboard Hot 100. "Crazy in Love" was followed by "Baby Boy", which surpassed its predecessor's reign at the summit by one week, and the top-five hits "Me, Myself and I" and "Naughty Girl". At the 46th Annual Grammy Awards (2004), Dangerously in Love and its tracks won five awards, including Best Contemporary R&B Album; Beyoncé consequently tied with Lauryn Hill, Alicia Keys and Norah Jones for the record of most Grammy Awards won by a woman at a single ceremony. Following the release of her sixth solo studio album Lemonade (2016), Sasha Geffen from MTV claimed "Survivor marked [Beyoncé]'s turning point from musician to global phenomenon", drawing parallels between lyrical themes of tracks from Survivor and those from Lemonade.

Track listing
Notes
 * undefined signifies a co-producer
 * undefined signifies a vocal producer
 * undefined signifies a remix producer
 * "Gospel Medley" comprises "You've Been So Good", "Now Behold the Lamb", "Jesus Loves Me" and "Total Praise".

Sample credits
 * "Bootylicious" contains samples from "Edge of Seventeen" by Stevie Nicks.
 * "Nasty Girl" contains replayed elements from "Tarzan Boy" by Baltimora and uncredited interpolations from "Push It" by Salt-N-Pepa.
 * "Independent Women Part II" contains samples from "Peabody's Improbable History" by Frank Comstock.

Personnel
Credits are adapted from the liner notes of Survivor.

 * Walter Afanasieff – arrangement (tracks 12 and 14), bass (tracks 12 and 14), drum programming (tracks 12 and 14), production (tracks 12 and 14), rhythm programming (tracks 12 and 14), songwriting (tracks 12 and 14)
 * Billy B. – make-up
 * Rich Balmer – engineering assistance (track 2)
 * Maurizio Bassi – songwriting (track 4)
 * Kerren Berz – live strings (track 2)
 * Greg Bieck – additional keyboards (tracks 12 and 14), drum programming (tracks 12 and 14), engineering (tracks 12 and 14), Macintosh/digital programming (tracks 12 and 14), rhythm programming (tracks 12 and 14)
 * John "Jab" Broussard – additional guitars (track 15)
 * Orlando Calzada – engineering (tracks 2 and 4)
 * Jim Caruana – engineering (track 18)
 * Frank Comstock – songwriting (track 9)
 * Robert Conley – additional programming (tracks 12 and 14)
 * Michael Conrader – engineering (tracks 8 and 9), mixing (track 9)
 * Tom Coyne – mastering (all tracks)
 * Rich Davis – production coordination (track 14)
 * Anthony Dent – engineering (track 2), production (tracks 2 and 4), songwriting (tracks 2 and 4)
 * David Donaldson – additional keyboards (track 9), songwriting (track 9), vocal engineering (track 9)
 * Damon Elliott – additional engineering (track 7), production (track 7), songwriting (track 7)
 * Greg Edenfield – 2nd engineer (track 11)
 * Ken "K-Fam" Fambro – production (track 16), songwriting (track 16)
 * Mark Feist – production (track 13)
 * Farrah Franklin – backing vocals (tracks 1 and 9)
 * Kirk Franklin – songwriting (track 17)
 * Rob Fusari – production (tracks 3, 6, 10 and 18), songwriting (tracks 3, 6, 10 and 18)
 * Calvin Gaines – production (tracks 10 and 18), songwriting (tracks 10 and 18)
 * Barry Gibb – songwriting (track 13)
 * Robin Gibb – songwriting (track 13)
 * David Gleeson – engineering (track 14)
 * Troy Gonzalez – additional engineering (track 1)
 * Andy Gwynn – mixing assistance (track 2)
 * Naimy Hackett – songwriting (track 4)
 * James Hoover – engineering (tracks 5–7), vocal engineering (tracks 4 and 10)
 * Kent Huffnagle – additional engineering (track 6)
 * I.C. – art direction
 * Kenneth Karlin – instrumentation (track 11), production (track 11), songwriting (track 11)
 * Beyoncé Knowles – arrangement (track 17), backing vocals (all tracks), lead vocals (all tracks), production (tracks 1–7 and 9–18), songwriting (tracks 1–12 and 14–18), vocal arrangement (track 13), vocal production (track 8)
 * Mathew Knowles – executive production, production (track 13), songwriting (track 2)
 * Tina Knowles – hair, styling
 * Pete Krawiec – engineering assistance (tracks 12 and 14)
 * Bill Lee – production (tracks 10 and 18), songwriting (tracks 10 and 18)
 * William Malina – engineering (track 11)
 * Manny Marroquin – mixing (track 11)
 * Tony Maserati – mixing (tracks 2–6, 10 and 18), mixing engineering (track 9)
 * Errol "Poppi" McCalla Jr. – additional programming (track 13), production (track 15), songwriting (track 15)
 * Michael McCoy – engineering assistance (tracks 12 and 14)
 * Falonte Moore – production (tracks 3, 6 and 10), songwriting (tracks 3, 6 and 10)
 * Ramon Morales – additional engineering (track 1)
 * Stevie Nicks – songwriting (track 3)
 * Flip Osman – mixing assistance (tracks 2–6, 10 and 18)
 * Dave "Hard Drive" Pensado – mixing (tracks 7, 13, 16 and 17)
 * Poke and Tone – production (track 1), songwriting (track 1)
 * Redd – keyboards (track 2)
 * Cory Rooney – production (track 1), songwriting (track 1)
 * J. R. Rotem – additional instrumentation (track 5), songwriting (track 5)
 * Kelly Rowland – backing vocals (tracks 1–11 and 13–18), lead vocals (tracks 1–7, 10, 13 and 16–18), songwriting (track 18)
 * Eric Seats – instrumentation (track 9), mixing (track 9), production (tracks 8 and 9), songwriting (tracks 8 and 9)
 * Nunzil Signore – guitars (track 10)
 * Dexter Simmons – mixing (track 15)
 * Richard Smallwood – songwriting (track 17)
 * Manelich Sotolongo – engineering (track 1)
 * Soulshock – instrumentation (track 11), mixing (track 11), production (track 11), songwriting (track 11)
 * Spicer – photography
 * Brian Springer – engineering (track 13), vocal engineering (tracks 15 and 16)
 * Rapture Stewart – instrumentation (track 9), mixing (track 9), production (tracks 8 and 9), songwriting (tracks 8 and 9)
 * Terry-T – additional engineering (track 5)
 * Jill Topol – styling
 * Rich Travali – mixing (track 1)
 * Dave Way – mixing (tracks 12 and 14)
 * Marla Weinhoff – prop styling
 * Teresa LaBarbera Whites – A&R
 * Dwayne Wiggins – guitars (track 5), production (track 5), songwriting (track 5)
 * Michelle Williams – backing vocals (tracks 1–7, 9–11 and 13–18), lead vocals (tracks 2–5, 7, 10, 13 and 18), songwriting (track 18)
 * Kim Woods Sandusky – vocal consultation
 * Dan Workman – additional engineering (track 13), additional mixing (track 2), engineering (tracks 15 and 17), guitars (track 15), vocal engineering (track 3)
 * Wassin Zreik – engineering assistance (track 7)

title: Survivor (Destiny's Child album)


text:
Mara Croatto

Mara Croatto (born February 2, 1969) is a retired Venezuelan-born Puerto Rican actress.

Early years
Croatto is the daughter of Argentine actress Raquel Montero and Puerto Rican ( Italian Argentine born) folk singer, Tony Croatto. Shortly after birth in Caracas, Venezuela, her parents decided to move and resettle in Puerto Rico.

She was raised and educated in San Juan. When Croatto was 11 years old, she attended the D'Rose Modeling School, where she took modeling classes. She was an alumna of the Academia del Perpetuo Socorro in Miramar. Croatto always considers herself a Puerto Rican and publicly identifies herself as such.

Acting career
Croatto started her acting career as a narrator in El Show de Shows ("The Show of Shows") which aired locally on Channel 11. She also worked as a dancer on such television shows Juventud 83 and Juventud 84 during her adolescence.

During her early adulthood, she won a small part on the television show La Pension de Doña Tere (Mrs. Tere Boardinghouse) starring Norma Candal. That year, she also worked in her first mini soap opera in which the members of Menudo participated. Her character was that of the sister of Ricky Martin who happened to be in love with Robby Rosa.

Her first important role in a soap opera was in Cisne Blanco (White Swan) with Deborah Carthy-Deu. Among the other soap operas in which she has participated are:

 * María María 1989, Julia
 * Pobre diabla 1990
 * Marielena 1992, Graciela (Special performance)
 * Guadalupe 1993-1994, Diana Zambrano
 * Morelia 1995, Sarah (Special performance)
 * Aguamarina 1997, Verona Calatrava
 * La Mujer de Mi Vida 1998, Katiuska Cardona
 * Me muero por ti 1999, Helena
 * Gata Salvaje 2002-2003, Eduarda Arismendi - antagonist
 * Amor descarado 2003, Chantal
 * La ley del silencio 2005, Isabel
 * Valeria 2008, Estrella Granados

Personal
Croatto was married to Juan Roselló, the brother of former Menudo member Roy Rosselló. She and Roselló have two sons together, Juan Alejandro and Michael Gabriel. On August 29, 2004, Croatto married Mexican actor José Ángel Llamas. They have one son together, Rafael.

In February 2011, Croatto and Llamas became born-again Christians, and they have quit acting to focus on their service to God.

title: Mara Croatto


text:
Lake Region State College

Lake Region State College (LRSC) is a public junior college in Devils Lake, North Dakota. It was founded in 1941 as an extension of the public school system and first known as Devils Lake Junior College and Business School. Several name changes have occurred over the years ranging from Lake Region Junior College to Community College. The current name of Lake Region State College was adopted in 1999. From 1987 until 1999, the college was a branch campus of the University of North Dakota in Grand Forks, known as UND-Lake Region. In 1984, the college became a part of the North Dakota University System.

title: Lake Region State College


text:
Institut de génie informatique et industriel

Ingénieur en Génie Informatique et Industriel (IG2I, EC-Lille) is an information engineering school in Lens, France. Founded in 1992 by "Ecole Centrale de Lille", it offers courses in computer Science, networking, and industrial engineering.


text:
User talk:Chan siuman

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! And it's me--Wingchi 03:37, 2 December 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Chan siuman


text: User talk:63.229.217.138

title: User talk:63.229.217.138


text:
Anatoly Alexandrov (physicist)

Anatoly Petrovich Alexandrov (Анатолий Петрович Александров, 13 February 1903 – 3 February 1994) was a Russian physicist who played a crucial and centralizing role in the former Soviet program of nuclear weapons.

During his lifetime, Alexandrov was the recipient of many honors, civil citations, and state awards for this work and was also the director of the Kurchatov Institute and the President of the Soviet Academy of Sciences from 1975 until 1986.

Early life
Anatoly Alexandrov was born on 13 February 1903 into a Russian family of a prominent judge in the town of Tarashcha, Kiev Governorate, Russian Empire (now located in modern-day Ukraine).

In 1919, at the height of the Russian Civil War, Alexandrov graduated from high school in Kiev. The certificate gave the right to enter the university at the physics and mathematics or medical faculty. When the Red Army captured Kiev on February 5, 1919, Alexandrov and a friend were at a dacha in Mlynka. He and his friend encountered an officer of the White Guard, who urged them to enlist. They went to the front with the officer.

At the age of 16, he became a cadet and fought in the Army of Wrangel as a machine gunner, and was awarded three Crosses of St. George. During the evacuation of remnants of the White Guard army from Crimea to Turkey, Alexandrov refused to leave and preferred to stay. As a result, he was captured and sentenced to death, but he narrowly escaped.

Scientific career
Later he worked as an assistant at the Kiev Mining Institute as an electrician. He later worked as an electrical engineer at the Kiev Physicochemical Society under the Political Education and a high school teacher in the village of Belki, Kiev region. For several years, he combined his studies at the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of Kiev University, where he studied from 1924 to 1930, with teaching physics and chemistry at school#79 in Kiev.

After graduating from Faculty of Physics in Kiev University in 1930, he worked at the X-ray Physics Department in the Kiev Institute of Health. After his graduation in 1930, he was invited by Abram Ioffe to join him in Leningrad. At Leningrad Physicotechnical Institute, he developed a statistical theory of strength and doctoral dissertation - "Relaxation in Polymers" (1941).

From the spring of 1931, he worked at the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute, where he became a candidate, and then a professor of physical and mathematical sciences.

World War II
Alexandrov became prominent during World War II, when he devised in collaboration with Igor Kurchatov a method of demagnetizing ships to protect them from German naval mines, known as the LPTI system. On 9 August 1941, Alexandrov and Kurchatov arrived in Sevastopol to organize work on equipping the Black Sea Fleet ships with the system, and by the end of October it had been installed on more than 50 ships. At the same time, Alexandrov and Kurchatov continued research to improve it. The method was effective by the end of 1941 and was in active use through the end of the war and afterwards. It was successfully used by the Soviet Navy, during the Siege of Sevastopol, Siege of Leningrad, on the Volga River during the Battle of Stalingrad and in the Baltic Sea campaigns.

Later career
Both Alexandrov and Kurchatov worked at the Ioffe Institute by that time (their laboratory separated from the Ioffe Institute and moved to Moscow in 1943 for the work on the Soviet atomic bomb project).

From 1946 to 1955, he was director of the Institute for Physical Problems, where he was appointed to replace Pyotr Kapitsa. In 1955, he became deputy director of the Institute of Atomic Energy, and after the death of Kurchatov in 1960, he became its director. On the initiative of Alexandov, power plants for the nuclear icebreakers Lenin, Arktika, and Sibir were developed.

Alexandrov was a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1962. It was under the leadership of Alexandrov, that technical, organizational and production problems were solved in an unprecedentedly short time during the construction of the USSR's first nuclear submarine with a nuclear propulsion system. As a result, in 1952-1972, Sevmash mastered the serial production of submarines with a nuclear propulsion system and became the largest nuclear submarine shipbuilding center in the USSR and the world. At Sevmash, 163 combat submarines were built. In the 1970s, the company produced Typhoon-class nuclear submarines, which entered into the Guinness Book of Records as the largest submarines in the world.

In the 1960s, on the initiative of Alexandov, the largest helium liquefaction plant was built in the USSR. This provided a wide front for fundamental research in the physics of low temperatures, as well as on the technical use of superconductivity. He was the scientific supervisor of the project of RBMK reactor plants.

Described by colleagues as a brilliant scientist and organizer, he was deeply affected by the Chernobyl disaster, the worst nuclear accident in history. According to him:

"'To manage such an institute as the IAE, the largest institute and the most difficult work, and at the same time take care of the Academy - I must say, it was extremely difficult. In the end it ended sadly. And when the Chernobyl accident happened, I believe that from that time both my life began to end, and my creative life.'"

The accident subsequently prompted the Soviet Government to review and suspend the ambitious nuclear power program. As principal designer of the RBMK reactor that exploded at Chernobyl, Alexandrov refused to concede that a design flaw contributed to the disaster.

Alexandrov died of cardiac arrest on 3 February 1994 in Moscow. He is buried at the city's Mitinskoe Cemetery.

Personal life
Alexandrov was first married to Antonina Mikhailovna Zolotareva, with whom he had a son Yuri, a physicist. Antonina died in 1947. Alexandrov later remarried to Marianna Alexandrovna Balashov. They had a daughter Maria, who became a biologist, and two sons Peter and Alexander. Peter became a physicist and Alexander became a biologist. Marianna died in 1986.

His nephew is Eugene Alexandrov, a Russian physicist and member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (since 1992).

Honours and awards

 * Army of Wrangel

 * Soviet Union
 * Foreign

 * Other awards
 * Lenin Prize (1959)
 * Stalin Prize (1942, 1949, 1951, 1953)
 * Diploma of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation (1993)
 * Kurchatov Medal (1968)
 * Lomonosov Gold Medal (1978)
 * Vavilov Gold Medal (1978)
 * XXXVIII Mendeleev Reader (4 February 1982)

title: Anatoly Alexandrov (physicist)