text:
Talk:Povel Ramel

Notable?
Is this person notable? RJFJR 16:55, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Editing
RJFJR 16:55, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I removed some material that seemed extraneous to a enclopedia entry (the words of a minor poem, sheet music).
 * I removed some wording that seemed to be POV (e.g. immortal classics).
 * I edited the way english translations shown. I do not speak Swedish! I can't be sure I correctly interpreted the translations I was editing.
 * I will complete understand if people modify what I did.

A quick web search suggests notability. Again, I don't speak Swedish, but it looks OK.

It would be good for someone to clarify what more cleanup is needed. It's not great, but there's worse pages around. Maybe tag it as fancruft?

Regards, Ben Aveling 11:43, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

Keep! This is a scream. Some of these titles alone make me LOL. Her Pegship 23:00, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Being a Swede, I just want to verrify that Ramel is a very notable musician. And his awards are taken most seriously. -PJ

Picture?
There is no picture of Povel Ramel.

Here is one young picture of one of his Music Albums: http://www.nrk.no/img/497902.jpeg

Is it fair use to use it on Wikipedia?~

The current picture (June 2010) does not give a good impression of what Povel Ramel really looks like (it is also showing three persons with no or minor connection to Povel Ramel). Better choices can be found in the corresponding Swedish Wiki page (e.g. the edit variant of the current picture, http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil:Povel_p%C3%A5_studentafton.jpg) or use the picture in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brita_Borg_%26_Povel_Ramel.jpg, from Povel's early productive days. 81.231.242.252 (talk) 10:09, 26 June 2010 (UTC)

Inappropriate tone
There are at least a handful of expressions in this article which are not "formal, impersonal, and dispassionate". Needs some love. I'll get to it in a couple of days if no else beats me to the punch (please do, though... I don't know much about Ramel). RIP, Povel. Mlibby 21:34, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Povel Ramel. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070930041241/http://svt.se/svt/road/Classic/shared/mediacenter/player.jsp?d=53441&a=615471 to http://svt.se/svt/road/Classic/shared/mediacenter/player.jsp?d=53441&a=615471

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 12:38, 25 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Povel Ramel


text:
Outerbanks Entertainment

Outerbanks Entertainment is an American production company based in Los Angeles, founded in 1995 by screenwriter Kevin Williamson.

It produced the CW series The Vampire Diaries (2009–2017). Past credits include Dawson's Creek (1998–2003). It also produced the series Glory Days (2002) for The WB and Wasteland (1999) for ABC.

It also served as the production company on Scream 4 (2011) and Sick (2022).

Its name is a reference to Williamson's origins in Oriental, North Carolina.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Outerbanks Entertainment


text:
Gas-generator cycle

The gas-generator cycle, also called open cycle, is one of the most commonly used power cycles in bipropellant liquid rocket engines.

Propellant is burned in a gas generator (or "preburner") and the resulting hot gas is used to power the propellant pumps before being exhausted overboard and lost. Because of this loss, this type of engine is termed open cycle.

The gas generator cycle exhaust products pass over the turbine first. Then they are expelled overboard. They can be expelled directly from the turbine, or are sometimes expelled into the nozzle (downstream from the throat) for a small gain in efficiency.

The main combustion chamber does not use these products. This explains the name of the open cycle. The major disadvantage is that this propellant contributes little to no thrust because they are not injected into the combustion chamber. The major advantage of the cycle is reduced engineering complexity compared to the staged combustion (closed) cycle.

Examples

 * RD-107, RD-108—Soviet engine type developed in the 1950s, used on R-7 family vehicles including the active Soyuz-2.
 * F-1—RP-1/LOX engine used on the first stage of Saturn V. Most powerful single combustion chamber liquid-fueled engine ever flown.
 * J-2—Upper stage LH2/LOX engine developed in the 1960s and used on Saturn V.
 * RS-27A—American RP-1/LOX engine first flown in 1990.
 * Vulcain—A family of European first stage engines using LH2/LOX flown on Ariane 5 and Ariane 6.
 * Merlin—RP-1/LOX engine developed by SpaceX for Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy, used on both first and second stages.
 * RS-68—LH2/LOX engine built in the 1990s by Aerojet Rocketdyne. Largest hydrogen-fueled rocket engine ever flown.
 * CE-20—Indian LH2/LOX engine developed in the 2010s for use on the LVM3 launch vehicle.
 * YF-20—Chinese N2O4/UDMH engine developed in the 1990s and used on Long March 2, 3, and 4.
 * TQ-12—LCH4/LOX engine developed by LandSpace. First flew in 2022 on Zhuque-2.

title: Gas-generator cycle


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Willy on Wheels

Willy on Wheels was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

Willy on Wheels
Self-explanatory. We don't need articles on our own vandals, even if an individual one is well-known to Wikipedias, and as far as I know, Willy is not particularly notable even among vandals. Tuf-Kat 17:01, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * I speedily deleted this, we certainly don't need this lying around while we argue about its notability. Adam Bishop 17:45, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I almost speedied it, but didn't think it would qualify. To future voters: it was an "article" about a supposedly famous Wikipedia vandal who has also vandalized various other wikis and things. Tuf-Kat 17:47, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Strongly support deletion; let it remain so. Antandrus 17:48, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I think this was a, so the speedying works for me.  --fvw *  18:19, 2004 Dec 18 (UTC)
 * Delete. The vandalism speedied on 21 September had the same name and I guess the same author, but different content. Andrewa 19:44, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Poetry magazine

Comments
Shouldn't this be something like Poetry (magazine)?

 * I agree, I'm going to go ahead and move it. Dystopos 16:12, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Magazine cover: Files For Deletion
Relative to recent editing on this article, I draw your attention to where the current magazine cover is proposed for deletion. Alanscottwalker (talk) 11:32, 25 February 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Poetry magazine


text: User talk:69.7.167.129

title: User talk:69.7.167.129


text:
Box-drawing characters

Box-drawing characters, also known as line-drawing characters, are a form of semigraphics widely used in text user interfaces to draw various geometric frames and boxes. These characters are characterized by being designed to be connected horizontally and/or vertically with adjacent characters, which requires proper alignment. Box-drawing characters therefore typically only work well with monospaced fonts.

In graphical user interfaces, these characters are much less useful as it is more simple and appropriate to draw lines and rectangles directly with graphical APIs. However, they are still useful for command-line interfaces and plaintext comments within source code.

Some recent embedded systems also use proprietary character sets, usually extensions to ISO 8859 character sets, which include box-drawing characters or other special symbols.

Other types of box-drawing characters are block elements, shade characters, and terminal graphic characters; these can be used for filling regions of the screen and portraying drop shadows.

Box Drawing
Unicode includes 128 such characters in the Box Drawing block. In many Unicode fonts, only the subset that is also available in the IBM PC character set (see below) will exist, due to it being defined as part of the WGL4 character set.

The image below is provided as a quick reference for these symbols on systems that are unable to display them directly:

Block Elements
The Block Elements Unicode block includes shading characters. 32 characters are included in the block.

Symbols for Legacy Computing
In version 13.0, Unicode was extended with another block containing many graphics characters, Symbols for Legacy Computing, which includes a few box-drawing characters and other symbols used by obsolete operating systems (mostly from the 1980s). Few fonts support these characters (one is Noto Sans Symbols 2), but the table of symbols is provided here:

The image below is provided as a quick reference for these symbols on systems that are unable to display them directly:

Platform-specific
Various different platforms defined their own unique set of box-drawing characters.

DOS
The hardware code page of the original IBM PC supplied the following box-drawing characters, in what DOS now calls code page 437. This subset of the Unicode box-drawing characters is thus included in WGL4 and is far more popular and likely to be rendered correctly:

The integral halves are also box drawing as they are used alongside 0xB3:

Their number is further limited to 28 on those code pages that replace the 18 characters that combine single and double lines, the left and right half blocks, as well as integral halves with other, usually alphabetic, characters (such as code page 850):

Note: The non-double characters are the thin (light) characters (U+2500, U+2502), not the bold (heavy) characters (U+2501, U+2503).

Some OEM DOS computers supported other character sets, for example the Hewlett-Packard HP 110 / HP Portable and HP 110 Plus / HP Portable Plus, where in a modified version of the character set box-drawing characters were added in reserved areas of their normal HP Roman-8 character set.

Unix, CP/M, BBS
On many Unix systems and early dial-up bulletin board systems the only common standard for box-drawing characters was the VT100 alternate character set (see also: DEC Special Graphics). The escape sequence  switched the codes for lower-case ASCII letters to draw this set, and the sequence   switched back:

On some terminals, these characters are not available at all, and the complexity of the escape sequences discouraged their use, so often only ASCII characters that approximate box-drawing characters are used, such as - (hyphen-minus), | (vertical bar), _(underscore), =(equal sign) and + (plus sign) in a kind of ASCII art fashion.

Modern Unix terminal emulators use Unicode and thus have access to the line-drawing characters listed above.

Teletext
The World System Teletext (WST) uses pixel-drawing characters for some graphics. A character cell is divided in 2×3 regions, and 26 = 64 code positions are allocated for all possible combinations of pixels. These characters were added to the Unicode standard in Version 13.

Historical
Many microcomputers of the 1970s and 1980s had their own proprietary character sets, which also included box-drawing characters. Many of these were added to Unicode as Symbols for Legacy Computing.

Commodore
Commodore machines, such as the Commodore PET and the Commodore 64, included a set of text semigraphics with block elements and dithering patterns in the PETSCII character set.

Sinclair

The Sinclair ZX80, ZX81, and ZX Spectrum included a set of text semigraphics with quadrant-based block elements. The ZX80 and ZX81 also included a set of text semigraphics with dithering patterns.

BBC and Acorn
The BBC Micro could utilize the Teletext 7-bit character set, which had 128 box-drawing characters, whose code points were shared with the regular alphanumeric and punctuation characters. Control characters were used to switch between regular text and box drawing.

The BBC Master and later Acorn computers have the soft font by default defined with line drawing characters.

Amstrad
The Amstrad CPC character set also has soft characters defined by default as block and line drawing characters.

The CP/M Plus character set used on various Amstrad computers of the CPC, PCW and Spectrum families included a rich set of line-drawing characters as well:

Apple
MouseText is a set of display characters for the Apple IIc, IIe, and IIGS that includes box-drawing characters.

Encoding
On many platforms, the character shape is determined programmatically from the character code.

 * ZX Spectrum block characters:
 * 0x80 + topright*1 + topleft*2 + bottomright*4 + bottomleft*8
 * Amstrad CPC block characters:
 * 0x80 + topleft*1 + topright*2 + bottomleft*4 + bottomright*8
 * Amstrad CPC line characters:
 * 0x90 + up*1 + right*2 + down*4 + left*8
 * BBC Master line characters:
 * 0xA0 + down*1 + right*2 + left*4 + up*8
 * Teletext block characters:
 * 0xA0 + topleft*1 + topright*2 + middleleft*4 + middleright*8 + bottomleft*16 + bottomright*64

However, DOS line- and box-drawing characters are not ordered in any programmatic manner, so calculating a particular character shape needs to use a look-up table.

Examples
Sample diagrams made out of the standard box-drawing characters, using a monospaced font:  ┌─┬┐ ╔═╦╗  ╓─╥╖  ╒═╤╕ │ ││  ║ ║║  ║ ║║  │ ││ ├─┼┤  ╠═╬╣  ╟─╫╢  ╞═╪╡ └─┴┘  ╚═╩╝  ╙─╨╜  ╘═╧╛ ┌───────────────────┐ │  ╔═══╗ Some Text  │▒ │ ╚═╦═╝ in the box │▒ ╞═╤══╩══╤═══════════╡▒ │ ├──┬──┤          │▒ │ └──┴──┘           │▒ └───────────────────┘▒ ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒

title: Box-drawing characters


text:
Gordon Campbell, Baron Campbell of Croy

Gordon Thomas Calthrop Campbell, Baron Campbell of Croy, (8 June 1921 – 26 April 2005) was a British Conservative politician and diplomat.

Early life and career
Campbell was born in Quetta, British India (now in Pakistan), the son of Major General James Alexander Campbell and was educated at Rockport School in Holywood, County Down, then at Wellington College before joining the Royal Artillery in 1939. He fought in the Second World War with the Royal Artillery from 1940, winning the Military Cross and Bar. Invalided out in 1947 with the honorary rank of major, he served the Foreign Office in New York and Vienna until 1957.

House of Commons
Elected to Parliament in 1959, he served as Member of Parliament for the constituency of Moray and Nairn until February 1974 when he was defeated by Winnie Ewing of the Scottish National Party. He served as a Government Whip, 1961–62; Lord Commissioner of the Treasury and Scottish Whip, 1962–63; Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Scotland, 1963–64. He was Opposition Spokesman on Defence, 1967–68 and a member of the Shadow Cabinet, 1969–70.

Secretary of State for Scotland
He was Secretary of State for Scotland during the whole of Edward Heath's government. During his term in office the issues of fishing and oil led to him losing his Moray coastal seat to the SNP. Government papers released under the 30 year rule reveal an attitude that may explain that loss. Papers from 1970 revealed how the Scottish Office was prepared to have a "weaker and less efficient national fleet" to enable the UK to sign up to the controversial Common Fisheries Policy. On oil in 1972 Campbell was against any move to pump oil revenues directly into the Scottish economy despite Heath asking government departments to explore such an arrangements to help revive Scotland's economy with "its own resources". Further papers from 1974 revealed how he proposed "exceptional measures" to force Shetland Islands Council to accept an oil terminal without financial benefit to the islands.

House of Lords
After being defeated by Winnie Ewing of the Scottish National Party at the February 1974 general election, Campbell was made a life peer as Baron Campbell of Croy, of Croy in the County of Nairn on 9 January 1975. He became Chairman of the Scottish Board in 1976, and was Vice President of the Advisory Committee on Pollution at Sea from 1976 to 1984.

Personal life
He married Nicola Madan, daughter of Geoffrey Spencer Madan and his wife Marjorie Noble, and had three children.
 * Hon. Colin Ian Calthrop Campbell b. 1950
 * Colonel Hon. Alastair James Calthrop Campbell (6 Jan 1952 – 24 Aug 2021)
 * Hon. Christina Marjorie Campbell b. 1953.

The Campbell family lived at Holme Rose at Croy in the Nairn Valley. In 2019, the property was put on the market for £2.3 million.

title: Gordon Campbell, Baron Campbell of Croy


text: File:Alice Auma Lakwena Behrend.jpg

title: File:Alice Auma Lakwena Behrend.jpg


text:
Hong Kong Time

Hong Kong Time (abbreviation: HKT; ) is the time in Hong Kong, observed at UTC+08:00 all year round. The Hong Kong Observatory is the official timekeeper of the Hong Kong Time. It is indicated as Asia/Hong_Kong in the IANA time zone database.

Time standards
In Hong Kong, Hong Kong Time is defined in the Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance (Cap 1), Laws of Hong Kong.

Section 67(2) of the Ordinance states that:

"'Hong Kong Time' (香港時間) means the time used for general purposes throughout Hong Kong namely, 8 hours, or such other period as may be determined by the Legislative Council by resolution under this subsection or under section 16 of the Oil (Conservation and Control) Ordinance (Cap 264), in advance of Universal Standard Time."

Currently, Hong Kong time is defined as UTC+08:00. The reference in section 67(2) to the Oil (Conservation and Control) Ordinance is actually a power given to the Legislative Council of Hong Kong to change Hong Kong Time for the purposes of conserving oil, i.e. to implement daylight saving time. However, no daylight saving time has been observed since 1979.

The Hong Kong Time was first set to Local Mean Time (GMT+07:36:42) on 1 January 1885 at 13:00 by the then Royal Observatory Hong Kong. In 1904, the Greenwich Mean Time was adopted as the basis for Hong Kong Time, the time was set at 8 hours in advance of Greenwich Mean Time. The current Coordinated Universal Time system was adopted as an official time standard on 1 January 1972. However, the legal Hong Kong Time still remained based on Greenwich Mean Time until it was changed to Universal Standard Time in 1998 after the Hong Kong handover.

Timekeeping
From 1885, Hong Kong Time was determined by astronomical observations at the Hong Kong Observatory using a 6-inch equatorial mount and a 3-inch Transit Circle. The time was announced to the general public, particularly mariners, by dropping a 6-feet diameter time ball from a mast exactly at 13:00 daily in front the Marine Police Headquarters Compound, where it is visible from the Victoria Harbour. In January 1908, the time ball was relocated to the hill of Blackhead Point where it had even higher visibility. With the rise of radio broadcast and the launching of Radio Hong Kong in 1922, the importance of the time ball decreased. It was decommissioned on 30 June 1933.

During the Second World War, the equatorial mount and transit circle were lost. After the war, a pendulum clock was installed and regulated by radio time signals from other timekeeping centres. Timing accuracy gradually improved from the daily engineering tolerance of a few seconds to one-fifth of a second.

In 1966, the pendulum clock in the Royal Observatory Hong Kong was replaced by a crystal oscillator timing system. In the same year, the Royal Observatory started to broadcast the time directly with a 6-pip time signal on 95 MHz. This continued until 16 September 1989.

In 1980, the Royal Observatory adopted a timing system based on a Caesium beam atomic clock. This system narrowed the engineering tolerance down to less than 1 millisecond. The frequency standard of the clock is based on the primary standard used by Japan's Communications Research Laboratory. In 1994, the atomic clock was replaced with a newer model.

Current Hong Kong Time can be obtained from the Observatory's Network Time Server.

Daylight Saving
Hong Kong adopted daylight saving measures in 1941. However, the practice eventually declined in popularity and was eliminated after 1979.

Time zone serial
Asia/Hong_Kong

title: Hong Kong Time


text:
Tomah

Tomah is the name of places in the US state of Wisconsin:

 * Tomah, Wisconsin, city
 * Tomah (town), Wisconsin, town
 * Tomah (Amtrak station), an Amtrak station in Tomah, Wisconsin

title: Tomah


text:
Max Schultze

Max Johann Sigismund Schultze (25 March 1825 – 16 January 1874) was a German microscopic anatomist noted for his work on cell theory.

Biography
Schultze was born in Freiburg im Breisgau (Baden). He studied medicine at Greifswald and Berlin, and was appointed an associate professor of anatomy at Halle in 1854. Five years later he became a full professor of anatomy and histology and director of the Anatomical Institute at the University of Bonn. He died in Bonn on 16 January 1874; his successor at the anatomical institute being Adolph von La Valette-St. George. He was the older brother of obstetrician Bernhard Sigmund Schultze (1827–1919).

He founded, in 1865, and edited the important "Archiv für mikroskopische Anatomie", to which he contributed many papers, and he advanced the subject generally, by refining on its technical methods. His works included:
 * Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der Turbellarien (1851).
 * Uber den Organismus der Polythalamien (1854).
 * Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Landplanarien (1857).
 * Zur Kenntnis der elektrischen Organe der Fische (1858).
 * Ein heizbarer Objecttisch und seine Verwendung bei Untersuchungen des Blutes, (In 1865 Schultze provided the first accurate description of the platelet).
 * Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Retina (1866).

His name is especially known for his work on cell theory. Uniting Félix Dujardin's conception of animal sarcode with Hugo von Mohl's of vegetable protoplasma, he pointed out their identity, and included them under the common name of protoplasm, defining the cell as a nucleated mass of protoplasm with or without a cell wall (Das Protoplasma der Rhizopoden und der Pflanzenzellen; ein Beiträg zur Theorie der Zelle, 1863).

Schultze studied medicine with the naturalist Fritz Müller, a German biologist and doctor who became a naturalized Brazilian. It was mainly because of his friendship and correspondence with Schultze that Müller to some extent was able to follow the debate in Europe about Darwin's theory of evolution. Schultze periodically sent him scientific literature, among which was Darwin's On the Origin of Species, and a small microscope manufactured in Berlin, by Friedrich Wilhelm Schiek (1857). Thanks to this microscope, Müller hypothesized from his own studies that "all higher Crustacea probably will be traceable to a Zoea ancestor". Based on these studies Müller also wrote his book Für Darwin, in defense of Darwin's theories, corroborating the theory of natural selection.

Swedish pathologist Axel Key studied under Schultze from 1860 to 1861 in Bonn.

title: Max Schultze


text:
Talk:Free store

Untitled
The link is dead.
 * As is the philosophy that spawned this idea. Lawyer2b 23:27, 17 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I guess you've never heard of Wikipedia. —Viriditas | Talk 06:52, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

This article should probably merged with give-away shop. It's too similar to have 2 articles on this. Guaka, not logged in, 22:56, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Free store


text:
Sean Bonniwell

Thomas Harvey "Sean" Bonniwell (August 16, 1940 – December 20, 2011) was an American singer-songwriter/guitarist, who was known as the creative force behind the 1960s garage rock band, The Music Machine.

Bonniwell was quoted in Richie Unterberger's 1998 book, Unknown Legends of Rock 'n' Roll, as saying "Rock and roll was a teenager in the '60s, and I used that climate to express my confusion, my anger, at the injustice of the world."

Early years to 1960s
Bonniwell was born in San Jose, California. During his teens, Bonniwell was inspired to form a high school vocal group after hearing the song "Only You" by The Platters. After high school, Bonniwell's first serious musical incarnation was that of clean-cut pop-folk guitarist for the quartet The Wayfarers. The Wayfarers released three albums under the RCA label.

As the folk music craze died out, Bonniwell sought to create music with "fuzz and fangs". In 1965, he formed a trio called The Ragamuffins, which quickly grew into The Music Machine. Adopting Beatles-style moptop hair and all-black outfits (and Bonniwell's signature single black leather glove), Music Machine churned out a diversified style of garage rock. After the band's debut album spawned the successful single "Talk Talk" (1966), the original line-up broke apart. Bonniwell continued on with Music Machine, now signed to Warner Bros. Records and renamed The Bonniwell Music Machine (1967). Unhappy with the way things were going, Bonniwell sold the rights to the band name to his label to be released from their contract.

In 1969, along with Mosaic Tweed and a duo consisting of Brad Truitt and Billy Woodruff, he was signed to the talent roster of Kevin Deverich and Associates run by Kevin Deverich. Also that year, Bonniwell released a solo album (Close) on Capitol Records. This recording marked a change in identity for Bonniwell, who not only chose to make gentle, sensitive music (contrasting that for which he was known), but also chose to record under the name of T.S. Bonniwell. The recording received minor label support and displeased Bonniwell enough that he left the music industry altogether. He entered a period of spiritual quest and internal soul-searching, grew a beard, sold everything he owned, and drove around the US in a Volkswagen bus.

1990s to 2000s
In 1996, Bonniwell self-published a memoir called Talk Talk, which was later revised and re-titled Beyond The Garage, published by the small press Christian Vision. Several years later, Sundazed Records put out previously unreleased Music Machine material from the 1960s, along with demo recordings from The Ragamuffins. Bonniwell claimed to have written over 300 songs since 1970.

In November 2004, Bonniwell embarked on his first European Tour, performing his hits with musicians from the US and Europe.

In 2006, Bonniwell recorded his first new material in several years, as a guest musician appearing on a self-titled debut album by The Larksmen, a garage rock group from Los Angeles, California. He appeared on two songs entitled "Burn Like A Boy" (actually written back in 1967 for The Music Machine but never released) and "Out Of Darwin's Mind".

Death
Bonniwell died on December 20, 2011, in Visalia, California, from lung cancer. He was 71 years old.

Singles

 * "Bottom of the Soul" / "Astrologically Incompatible" (November 1967)
 * "Me-Myself, And I" / "Soul Love" (January 1968)
 * "In My Neighborhood" / "You'll Love Me Again" (April 1968)
 * "To the Light" / "You'll Love Me Again" (May 1968)
 * "Time Out (For a Daydream)" / "Tin Can Beach" (September 1968)
 * "Advise and Consent" / "Mother Nature, Father Earth" (March 1969)
 * "Where Am I to Go" / "Sleep" (June 1969) (as T.S. Bonniwell)

Albums
(Turn On) The Music Machine(album) by The Music Machine Original Sound label (1966)
 * The Bonniwell Music Machine WS 1732 / W 1732 (January 1968)
 * Close (as T.S. Bonniwell) Capitol LP ST-277 (August 1969)

title: Sean Bonniwell


text:
Morlachs

Morlachs (Morlaci; Morlacchi; Morlaci) has been an exonym used for a rural Christian community in Herzegovina, Lika and the Dalmatian Hinterland. The term was initially used for a bilingual Vlach pastoralist community in the mountains of Croatia from the second half of the 14th until the early 16th century. Then, when the community straddled the Venetian–Ottoman border until the 17th century, it referred only to the people of the Dalmatian Hinterland, Orthodox and Catholic, on both the Venetian and Turkish side. The exonym ceased to be used in an ethnic sense by the end of the 18th century, and came to be viewed as derogatory, but has been renewed as a social or cultural anthropological subject. As the nation-building of the 19th century proceeded, the Vlach/Morlach population residing with the Croats and Serbs of the Dalmatian Hinterland espoused either a Serb or Croat ethnic identity, but preserved some common sociocultural outlines.

Etymology
The word Morlach is derived from the Italian Morlacco, used by the Venetians to refer to the Vlachs from Dalmatia since the 15th century. The name Morovlah appears in Dubrovnik records in the mid-14th century, while in the 15th century, the abbreviated form Morlah, Morlak or Murlak is found in both Dubrovnik and Venice archives. Two main theories have been put forward to explain the origin of the term.

The first one has initially been proposed by the 17th-century Dalmatian historian Johannes Lucius, who suggested that Morlach would have been derived from the Byzantine Greek Μαυροβλάχοι, Maurovlachoi, meaning "Black Latins" (from μαύρο, mauro, meaning "dark", "black"), that is "Black Vlachs". Lucius based his theory on the Doclean Chronicle, which he published and promoted. He explained that the choice made by the Venetians to use this name was made to distinguish the Morlachs from the White Latins, who would have been the inhabitants of the former Roman coastal cities of Dalmatia. This theory has had a strong echo in Romanian historiography, and Romanian scholars such as Cicerone Poghirc and Ela Cosma have suggested that the term "Morlachs" also meant "Northern Vlachs", derived from the Indo-European practice of indicating cardinal directions by colors. Petar Skok suggested that while the Latin maurus is derived from the Greek μαύρος ("dark"), the diphthongs au > av indicates a specific Dalmato-Romanian lexical remnant.

The other theory, mostly suggested by Croatian historiography of the previous centuries, states that Morlachs means "Vlachs near the sea", from the Serbo-Croatian more ("sea"), and vlah ("vlach"). The first reference to this theory comes from the 18th-century priest Alberto Fortis, who wrote extensively about the Morlachs in his book Viaggio in Dalmazia ("Journey to Dalmatia", 1774).

Origin and culture
The Morlachs are first mentioned in Dalmatian documents from the 14th century, but after the Ottoman conquest of Bosnia in 1463 and especially from the 16th century onwards, "Morlach" was used by the Venetians to refer usually to the Ottoman population from the Dalmatia Hinterland, across the border from Venetian Dalmatia, regardless of their ethnic, religious or social belonging. While their name implies some relation to the Romance-speaking Vlachs, travel accounts from the 17th and 18th century attest that the Morlachs were linguistically Slavs. The same travel accounts indicate that the Morlachs were mostly of the Eastern Orthodox faith, though some were also Roman Catholic. According to Dana Caciur, the Morlach community from the Venetian view, as long as they share a specific lifestyle, could represent a mixture of Vlachs, Croats, Serbs, Bosnians and other people.

Fortis spotted the physical difference between Morlachs; those from around Kotor, Sinj and Knin were generally blond-haired, with blue eyes, and broad faces, while those around Zadvarje and Vrgorac were generally brown-haired with narrow faces. They also differed in nature. Although they were often seen by urban dwellers as strangers and "those people" from the periphery, in 1730 provveditore Zorzi Grimani described them as "ferocious, but not indomitable" by nature, Edward Gibbon called them "barbarians", and Fortis praised their "noble savagery", moral, family, and friendship virtues, but also complained about their persistence in keeping to old traditions. He found that they sang melancholic verses of epic poetry related to the Ottoman occupation, accompanied with the traditional single stringed instrument called gusle. Fortis gave translation of folk song Hasanaginica at the and of his book. Manfred Beller and Joep Leerssen identified the cultural traits of the Morlachs as being part of the South Slavic and Serb ethnotype.

They made their living as shepherds and merchants, as well as soldiers. They neglected agricultural work, usually did not have gardens and orchards besides those growing naturally, and had for the time old farming tools, Lovrić explaining it as: "what our ancestors did not do, neither will we". Morlach families had herds numbering from 200 to 600, while the poorer families around 40 to 50, from which they received milk, and made various dairy products.

Contemporary I. Lovrić said that the Morlachs were Slavs who spoke better Slavic than the Ragusans (owing to the growing Italianization of the Dalmatian coast). Boško Desnica (1886–1945), after analysing Venetian papers, concluded that the Venetians undifferentiated the Slavic people in Dalmatia and labeled the language and script of the region as "Illirico" (Illyrian) or "Serviano" ["Serbian," particularly when referring to the language of the Morlachs or Vlachs in Dalmatia]. Language, idiom, characters/letters are always accompanied by the adjective Serb or Illyrian, when it is a matter of the military always is used term "cavalry (cavalleria) croata", "croato", "militia (milizia) croata" while the term "Slav" (schiavona) was used for the population. Lovrić made no distinction between the Vlachs/Morlachs and the Dalmatians and Montenegrins, whom he considered Slavs, and was not at all bothered by the fact that the Morlachs were predominantly Orthodox Christian. Fortis noted that there was often conflict between the Catholic and Orthodox Morlachs. However some of Morlachs have passed to Islam during Turkish occupation Mile Bogović says in his book that records of that time referred entire population along the Turkish-Venetian border in Dalmatia as Morlachs. Many historians, mostly Serbian, used the name Morlak and simply translate it as Serb. Almost the only difference between the Morlachs was their religious affiliation: Catholics and Orthodox.

In his book, Viaggio in Dalmazia, Fortis presented the poetry of the Morlachs. He also published several specimens of Morlach songs. Fortis believed that the Morlachs preserved their old customs and clothes. Their ethnographic traits were traditional clothing, use of the gusle musical instrument accompanied with epic singing. Fortis' work started a literary movement in Italian, Ragusan and Venetian literature: Morlachism, dedicated at the Morlachs, their customs and several other aspects of them.

On Krk island, where a community was settled from the 15th century, two small sample of the language were recorded in 1819 by the local priest from Bajčić in the forms of Lord's Prayer and Hail Mary, as shown below:

“Cače nostru, kirle jesti in čer

Neka se sveta nomelu tev

Neka venire kraljestvo to

Neka fiè volja ta, kasi jaste in čer, asa si prepemint

Pire nostre desa kazi da ne astec

Si lasne delgule nostre, kasisi noj lesam al delsnic a nostri

Si nun lesaj in ne napasta

Nego ne osloboda de rev. Asasifi.”

"Sora Maria pliena de milosti Domnu kutire

Blagoslovitest tu intre mulierle, si blagoslovituj ploda dela utroba ta Isus

''Sveta Maria, majula Domnu, rogè Domnu za noj akmoče si in vrajme de morte a nostru. Asasif!''"

Early history
The use of Morlachs is first attested in 1344, when Morolacorum are mentioned in lands around Knin and Krbava during the conflict between the counts of the Kurjaković and Nelipić families. The first mention of the term Morlachs is simultaneous with the appearance of Vlachs in the documents of Croatia in the early 14th century; in 1321, a local priest on the island of Krk granted land to the church ("to the lands of Kneže, which are called Vlach"), while in 1322 Vlachs were allied with Mladen Šubić at the battle in the hinterland of Trogir. According to Mužić in those early documents there is no identifiable differentiation between the terms Vlach and Morlach. In 1352, in the agreement in which Zadar sold salt to the Republic of Venice, Zadar retained part of the salt that Morlachi and others exported by land. In 1362, the Morlachorum, settled, without authorization, on lands of Trogir and used it for pasture for a few months. In the Statute of Senj dating to 1388, the Frankopans mentioned Morowlachi and defined the amount of time they had for pasture when they descended from the mountains. In 1412, the Murlachos captured the Ostrovica Fortress from Venice. In August 1417, Venetian authorities were concerned with the "Morlachs and other Slavs" from the hinterland, who were a threat to security in Šibenik. Authorities of Šibenik in 1450 gave permission to enter the city to Morlachs and some Vlachs who called themselves Croats who were in the same economic and social position at that time.

According to scholar Fine, the early Vlachs probably lived on Croatian territory even before the 14th century, being the progeny of romanized Illyrians and pre-Slavic Romance-speaking people. During the 14th century, Vlach settlements existed throughout much of today's Croatia, from the northern island Krk, around the Velebit and Dinara mountains, and along the southern rivers Krka and Cetina. Those Vlachs had, by the end of the 14th and 15th century, lost, their Romance language, or were at least bilingual. As they adopted Slavic language, the only characteristic "Vlach" element was their pastoralism. The so-called Istro-Romanians continued to speak their Romance language on the island of Krk and villages around Lake Čepić in Istria, while other communities in the mountains above the lake preserved the Shtokavian-Chakavian dialect with Ikavian accent from the southern Velebit and area of Zadar. Today's Istro-Romanians may be a residual branch of the Morlachs.

The Istro-Romanians, and other Vlachs (or Morlachs), had settled Istria (and mountain Ćićarija) after the various devastating outbreaks of the plague and wars between 1400 and 1600, reaching the island of Krk. In 1465 and 1468, there are mentions of "Morlach" judge Gerg Bodolić and "Vlach" peasant Mikul, in Krk and Crikvenica, respectively. In the second half of the 15th century, Catholic Morlachs (mostly Croatian Vlachs) migrated from the area of southern Velebit and Dinara area to the island of Krk, together with some Eastern Romance-speaking population. The Venetian colonization of Istria (and Ćićarija) occurred not later than the early 1520s, and there were several cases when "Vlachs" returned to Dalmatia.

16th century
Although the first Ottoman invasion of Croatia took place in the early 15th century, the threat to Dalmatian towns began only after the conquest of Bosnia in 1463. During the Ottoman–Venetian war of 1499-1502, a considerable demographic shift took place in the Dalmatian hinterland, leading to the abandonment of many of the region settlements by their previous inhabitants. During the years following the Ottoman conquest of Skradin and Knin in 1522, local Ottoman rulers started to resettle the depopulated areas with their Vlach subjects. Referred to as Morlachs in the Venetian records, the newcomers to Šibenik hinterland (Zagora) came from Herzegovina and among them, three Vlach clans (katuns) predominated: the Mirilovići, the Radohnići, and the Vojihnići.

At the same time, the Austrian Empire established the Military Frontier, which served as a buffer zone against Ottoman incursions. Thus, other Vlachs, Slavicized Vlachs and Serbs fled the Ottomans and settled in this area. As a consequence, Vlachs were used by both the Ottomans on one side, and Austria and Venice on the other.

From the 16th century onwards, the name "Morlach" became specifically used by the Venetians to refer the any inhabitant of the hinterland, as opposed to those of the coastal towns, in an area stretching from the north of Kotor to the Kvarner Gulf region. In particular, the area around the Velebit mountain range was largely populated by Morlachs, to the extent that the Venetians called it Montagne della Morlacca ("mountain of the Morlachs"), while they used the name Canale della Morlacca to designate the Velebit Channel.

Between the end of the War of Cyprus in 1573 and the start of the Cretan War in 1645, trading relations between the Venetian Repulic and the Ottoman Empire improved significantly. As the border region between the two, Dalmatia became a dynamic center of these relations. In particular, Morlachs from the hinterland played an important role in trade, bringing corn, meat, cheese and wool to towns like Šibenik, and buying fabrics, jewelry, clothing, delicacies and, above all, salt. During this period, a significant number of Morlachs immigrated to the Venetian side near Šibenik, either temporarily or permanently. These migrations were mainly in search of employment as soldiers or servants, or through "mixed" marriages. Most of these Morlach migrants came from the areas of Zagora, Petrovo Polje, the Miljevci plateau and the Cetina valley.

In 1579, several groups of Morlachs immigrated and requested to be employed as military colonists. Initially, there were some tensions between these immigrants and the established Uskoks. In 1593, provveditore generale (Overseer) Cristoforo Valier mentioned three nations constituting the Uskoks: the "natives of Senj, Croatians, and Morlachs from the Turkish parts".

17th century
At the time of the Cretan War (1645–69) and Morean War (1684–99), a large number of Morlachs settled inland of the Dalmatian towns, and Ravni Kotari of Zadar. They were skilled in warfare and familiar with local territory, and served as paid soldiers in both Venetian and Ottoman armies. Their activity was similar to that of the Uskoks. Their military service granted them land, and freed them from trials, and gave them rights which freed them from full debt law (only 1/10 yield), thus many joined the so-called "Morlach" or "Vlach" armies.

At the time, some notable Morlach military leaders who were also enumerated in epic poetry, were: Janko Mitrović, Ilija and Stojan Janković, Petar, Ilija and Franjo Smiljanić, Stjepan and Marko Sorić, Vuk Mandušić, Ilija Perajica, Šimun Bortulačić, Božo Milković, Stanislav Sočivica, and Counts Franjo and Juraj Posedarski. Divided by religion, the Mitrović-Janković family were the leaders of Orthodox Morlachs, while the Smiljanić family were leaders of Catholic Morlachs.

After the dissolution of the Republic of Venice in 1797, and loss of power in Dalmatia, the term Morlach would disappear from use.

Legacy
During the time of Enlightenment and Romanticism, Morlachs were seen as the "model of primitive Slavdom", and the "spirits of pastoral Arcadia Morlacchia". They attracted the attention of travel writers like 17th-century Jacob Spon and Sir George Wheler, and 18th-century writers Johann Gottfried Herder and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, who labeled their poems as "Morlackisch". In 1793, at the carnival in Venice, a play about Morlachs, Gli Antichi Slavi ("antique Slavs"), was performed, and in 1802 it was reconceived as a ballet Le Nozze dei Morlacchi. At the beginning of the 20th century, still seen as relics from the primitive past and a byword for barbarous people, they may have inspired science fiction novelist H. G. Wells in his depiction of the fictional Morlocks. Thomas Graham Jackson described Morlach women as half-savages wearing "embroidered leggings thet give them the appearance of Indian squaws". In the 20th century, Alice Lee Moqué, as did many other women travelers, in her 1914 travelogue Delightful Dalmatia emphasized the "barbaric gorgeousness" of the sight of Morlach women and men in their folk costumes, which "made Zara's Piazza look like a stage setting", and regretted the coming of new civilization.

In the Balkans, the term became derogatory, indicating people from the mountains and backward people, and became disliked by the Morlachs themselves.

Italian cheese Morlacco, also named as Morlak, Morlach, Burlach, or Burlacco, was named after Morlach herders and woodsmen who lived and made it in the region of Monte Grappa. "Morlacchi" remains attested as an Italian family name.

title: Morlachs


text:
Misty Hyman

Misty Dawn Marie Hyman (born March 23, 1979) is an American former competition swimmer, Olympic gold medalist, and former world record-holder. Hyman won the gold medal in the women's 200-meter butterfly at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney.

In March 1996, she just missed making the U.S. Olympic team for the 1996 Games, finishing third and fourth at the U.S. Olympic Trials in the 100- and 200-meter butterfly events.

Hyman competed as a member of the U.S. Finswimming Team at the 8th World Championship held in Hungary during August 1996.

At the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, Hyman was only expected to contend for silver in women's 200-meter butterfly on the night of September 20, 2000, as Australian Susie O'Neill was expected to repeat her title (O'Neill had been undefeated in the 200-meter butterfly for the previous 6 years; and was swimming in her home country). Hyman was so shocked that she looked at the scoreboard three times just to make sure that she had won. Hyman's victory was largely credited to her expert use of the very difficult fish kick on turns.

Also in 2000, Hyman was ranked 35th in the world in the 50-meter butterfly, twelfth in the 100-meter butterfly, and second in the 200-meter butterfly.

Personal
Hyman graduated from Shadow Mountain High School in Phoenix, Arizona. She attended Stanford University, under Hall of Fame Coach Richard Quick where she swam for the Stanford Cardinal swimming and diving team with Jessica Foschi. During this time, she befriended Chelsea Clinton, who was watching in the stands in Sydney when Hyman won gold. She twice received the Honda Sports Award for Swimming and Diving, recognizing her as the outstanding college female swimmer of the year in 1997–98 and again in 2000–01. She graduated from Stanford in 2002 and earned an MBA in Hospitality at Les Roches University in Switzerland.

In 2009, Hyman returned to Shadow Mountain High School and was appointed the Head Swim Coach. She would later be awarded the "Coach of the Year" award later that season. Hyman switched to part-time coaching at SMHS in 2011.

Hyman swam at AFOX under head coach and swim improver Bob Gillett. He was not there to see her swim, but her performance in the "golden" swim is among his biggest accomplishments.

In 1984, Hyman was diagnosed with asthma.

On November 19, 2009, it was announced that Hyman would be teaching private swim instructions as a part of the fitness team at the Sanctuary on Camelback Resort. Now, she has built her own pool and teaches there as well as the Sanctuary in her home state of Arizona in Paradise Valley, working with people at all levels of performance ability.

In 2015, Hyman was named an assistant coach at Arizona State University's swimming and diving team.

title: Misty Hyman


text:
Eugene Podkletnov

Eugene Podkletnov (Евгений Подклетнов, Yevgeny Podkletnov) is a Russian ceramics engineer known for his claims made in the 1990s of designing and demonstrating gravity shielding devices consisting of rotating discs constructed from ceramic superconducting materials.

Background and education
Podkletnov graduated from the University of Chemical Technology, Mendeleyev Institute, in Moscow; he then spent 15 years at the Institute for High Temperatures in the Russian Academy of Sciences. He received a doctorate in materials science from Tampere University of Technology in Finland. After graduation he continued superconductor research at the university, in the Materials Science department, until his expulsion in 1997. After which he moved back to Moscow where it is reported that he took an engineering job. Since leaving Tampere in 1997 Podkletnov has avoided public contact or appearances. There is a report that he later returned to Tampere to work on superconductors at Tamglass Engineering Oy.

Gravity shielding
According to the account Podkletnov gave to Wired reporter Charles Platt in a 1996 phone interview, during a 1992 experiment with a rotating superconducting disc:
 * "Someone in the laboratory was smoking a pipe, and the pipe smoke rose in a column above the superconducting disc. So we placed a ball-shaped magnet above the disc, attached to a balance. The balance behaved strangely. We substituted a nonmagnetic material, silicon, and still the balance was very strange. We found that any object above the disc lost some of its weight, and we found that if we rotated the disc, the effect was increased."

Public controversy
Podkletnov's first peer-reviewed paper on the apparent gravity-modification effect, published in 1992, attracted little notice. In 1996, he submitted a longer paper, in which he claimed to have observed a larger effect (2% weight reduction as opposed to 0.3% in the 1992 paper) to the Journal of Physics D. According to Platt, a member of the editorial staff, Ian Sample, leaked the submitted paper to Robert Matthews, the science correspondent for the British newspaper, the Sunday Telegraph.

On September 1, 1996, Matthews's story broke, leading with the startling statement: "Scientists in Finland are about to reveal details of the world's first anti-gravity device." In the ensuing uproar, the director of the laboratory where Podkletnov was working issued a defensive statement that Podkletnov was working entirely on his own. Vuorinen, listed as the paper's coauthor, disavowed prior knowledge of the paper and claimed that the name was used without consent. Podkletnov himself complained that he had never claimed to block gravity, only to have reduced its effect.

Podkletnov withdrew his second paper after it had been initially accepted. The resulting uproar over the alleged claims in the withdrawn paper is reported to be the primary reason for his expulsion from his lab and the termination of his employment at the university.

Attempted verification
In a 1997 telephone interview with Charles Platt, Podkletnov insisted that his gravity-shielding work was reproduced by researchers at universities in Toronto and Sheffield, but none have come forward to acknowledge this. The Sheffield work is known to have only been intended as partial replication, aimed at observing any unusual effects which might be present, since the team involved lacked the necessary facilities to construct a large enough disc and the ability to duplicate the means by which the original disc was rotated. Podkletnov counters that the researchers in question have kept quiet "lest they be criticized by the mainstream scientific community". Podkletnov is reported to have visited the Sheffield team in 2000 and advised them on the conditions necessary to achieve his effect, conditions that they never achieved.

In a BBC news item, it was alleged that researchers at Boeing were funding a project called GRASP (Gravity Research for Advanced Space Propulsion) which would attempt to construct a gravity shielding device based on rotating superconductors, but a subsequent Popular Mechanics news item stated that Boeing had denied funding GRASP with company money, although Boeing acknowledged that it could not comment on "black projects". It is alleged that the GRASP proposal was presented to Boeing and Boeing chose not to fund it.

In July 2002, an article by Nick Cook in Jane's Defence Weekly reported about Boeing's internal project GRASP — Gravity Research for Advanced Space Propulsion to evaluate the validity of Podkletnov's claims. The briefing obtained by Jane's says "If gravity modification is real, it will alter the entire aerospace business." The briefing allegedly says that Boeing, as well as BAE Systems and Lockheed Martin tried to approach Podkletnov directly and that "Podkletnov is strongly anti-military and will only provide assistance if the research is carried out in the 'white world' of open development."

title: Eugene Podkletnov


text:
Sutton Valence

Sutton Valence (in the past also called Sudtone, Town Sutton and Sutton Hastings, see below) is a village about five miles (8 km) SE of Maidstone, Kent, England on the A274 road going south to Headcorn and Tenterden. It is on the Greensand Ridge overlooking the Vale of Kent and Weald. St Mary's Church is on the west side of the village on Chart Road, close to the junction of the High Street with the A274. Another landmark is Sutton Valence Castle on the east side of the village, of which only the ruins of the 12th-century keep remain, under the ownership of English Heritage.

History
Iron Age and Roman artefacts have been found in the area. The Roman road from Maidstone to Ashford and Lympne passed through the village.

Saxon era – Before the Battle of Hastings
The earliest mention of a settlement at Sutton Valence was in 814, when Coenwulf mentioned Suinothe in a charter. Before the Battle of Hastings in 1066, the manor was owned by Leofwine Godwinson, brother of Harold who was to become King of England in 1066 and be defeated by William the Conqueror.

After 1066
In 1086 the village is recorded in the Domesday Book under the name of Sudtone (South Town, or Sutton), granted to Adam FitzHubert who held it from Odo Bishop of Bayeux, the half-brother of William the Conqueror. Domesday also records a Church of St. Mary in Sudtone, which may have been built of wood in about 1070. The manor was then granted to the Count of Aumale, Baldwin of Bethune, who built a castle, the remains of its keep or tower can be seen on the east side of the village.

In 1212 Baldwin died and the manor passed to his daughter Alice. She married William Marshal the son of the Earl of Pembroke, the manor passing to him on her death in 1215 (the date of Magna Carta). At that time, William Marshal's father was perhaps the most important noble in the land after the King and on the death of King John, became Protector of the young king Henry III and Regent of the Realm.

In 1221 a Royal charter was granted by Henry III allowing the village to hold a fair annually. William Marshal's son William the second earl then married Eleanor, daughter of King John and sister of his son Henry III (Eleanor was a child bride, aged nine). After the death of the Second Earl, she married Simon de Montfort, who rebelled at the lax rule of Henry III, won the Battle of Lewes but was killed at the Battle of Evesham in 1265, his estates being confiscated by the Crown.

In 1265 after the Battle of Evesham Henry III gave the manor and castle to his half-brother William de Valence, as a reward for his support during the de Montfort rebellion. The village of Sutton then became known as Sutton Valence after the town in France where William de Valence was born. Some of the de Valence Household Accounts have survived and show that the family often travelled between their estates. In 1296-7, Joan de Valence (William’s wife) stayed at eight different residences, including a month at Sutton Valence. In 1307 William's son, Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke inherited the manor and according to the Household Accounts, stayed at Sutton Valence in June 1315. In the mid-14th century the manor passed to the Hastings family and became known as Sutton Hastings.

St Mary's Church

In the 14th century, the church was rebuilt using the local ragstone a grey limestone, possibly quarried in Boughton Monchelsea between Sutton Valence and Maidstone

15th–16th centuries
In 1401, the manor was one of those sold to provide a ransom for the release of Baron Grey of Ruthin who had been captured by Owain Glyndŵr the Welsh leader who rebelled against King Henry IV and is mentioned in the Shakespeare play of that name. In 1418 the manor passed to the Clifford family. In 1548 the manor was sold to the Filmer family, who retained ownership until the early 20th century.

St Mary's Church. A William Lambe was baptised at St Mary's in the late 15th century and died in 1522. His will dated 1 July 1522 asked that his remains be placed in the church. In the SE corner of the church was a chapel dedicated to Saint Peter, which then became the Lambe Chapel. His grandson, also William, was a Citizen of the City of London and a member of the Worshipful Company of Clothworkers. He was a gentleman of the chapel to King Henry VIII and reputed to be a friend of the King. He clearly had wealth because later, in 1578, at "his own proper costs and charges", he built a free grammar school in the village, allowing the Master £20 per year with "a good house and garden to reside in", and a person called "the Usher" was allowed £10 per year.

Village Alms Houses. William Lambe also founded six alms-houses in the village with an orchard and gardens for the poor of the parish. He allotted £10 to be divided among them yearly, and entrusted the Company of Clothworkers with the management of this charity. The inhabitants were usually appointed by the master of the school. The arms of the founder, a "fess between three cinquefoils", are carved in stone on the front of the alms-houses.

18th and 19th centuries
The Filmer family lent money for the construction of the turnpike road from Maidstone to Tenterden (the current A274). When gas became available and replaced candles and oil lamps, the Filmers encouraged the provision of a gas supply in the village. Many of the older buildings in the village are constructed from "ragstone" which was quarried locally at Boughton Monchelsea between the village and Maidstone.

Local windmills
The Sutton Valence Town Mill was a Smock mill built about 1720.

In 1796 it was rebuilt and raised a storey following gale damage in which the cap and sails were blown off.

In 1918 it was again damaged in a gale, and was worked into the 1930s by an engine rather than its sails.

In 1945 it was demolished, leaving the base standing. An additional weatherboarded storey was added to the base and it was converted into a house.

Another windmill also stood at Five Wents to the north of Sutton Valence, but was demolished by 1875.

St Mary's Church
In 1825 an earlier church was rebuilt, the Worshipful Company of Clothworkers contributing the sum of £20 towards the rebuilding.

1827 - the Clothworkers Company gave £20 towards a gallery at the west end, in the front of which the pupils of the grammar school had seats.

1866 - the Clothworkers contributed £10 towards a memorial window at the east end in memory of Rev. F. Walter.

1872 - the Clothworkers gave £21 towards an organ on the north side of the chancel.

1874 - the Clothworkers gave what was called at the time a "munificent sum" of 300 guineas towards further alterations.

World War I and after
In 1916 the Filmer family connection with Sutton Valence ended when Robert Filmer was killed in France.

Following his death, property in Sutton Valence was sold at auction.

The Filmer family kept East Sutton Park until 1939.

World War 2
During the Second World War the residents of Watts' Almshouses, Rochester were evacuated to a Georgian house in the village called Eylesden.

Pilot Officer Shaw memorial

On 3 September 1940 at the height of the Battle of Britain, Hurricane aircraft P3782 flown by Pilot Officer Robert Henry Shaw crashed just south of Chart Road at Parkhouse Farm, killing the pilot, and there is a memorial at the edge of the field at the crash site.

Topography
The 100m contour (328 ft) passes E-W along the N side of Chart Road, along the West part of the Village High Street and East to the remains of the Castle tower. The ground rises to the North and the School sports ground to the East of the A274 is 125 m (410 ft) AMSL (Above Mean Sea Level). The ground falls steeply to the South, and the part of the Village called The Harbour is about 40 m (131 ft) AMSL. At the South end of Sutton Valence CP at Bardingley and the River Beult, the altitude falls to 16 m (52 ft) AMSL.

Transport links
Sutton Valence lies on the A274 road from Maidstone south to Headcorn and Tenterden and is linked by bus to each.

The nearest railway station to the village is Headcorn, on the South Eastern Main Line to the Kent Coast and the Channel Tunnel via Ashford, and to London via Staplehurst, Paddock Wood and Tonbridge. Headcorn to London Bridge station takes about one hour and to Charing Cross, one hour and 10 minutes.

In 1904 Colonel Holman Stephens proposed the construction of an extension of the Kent & East Sussex Railway line from Headcorn to Maidstone via Sutton Valence, but World War I intervened and it was never built.

The Civil Parish
The Sutton Valence Civil Parish (CP) has an area of 859 Hectares. Its width varies between 1 and 2 km from East to West, and is about 6 km from North to South. A diagram is on the left, and the exact boundary is shown by a dotted black line on the Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 map.

Sutton Valence CP features
As well as the Village itself to the East of the A274, the CP includes, to the North, Warmlake and the S side of Five Wents; to the West, about 400m along Chart Road; to the East, the Castle and Stallance; to the South, Farthing Green, Babylon Lane and Bardingley down to the River Beult.

Surrounding CPs
To the West is Chart Sutton CP; to the South, Headcorn CP; to the East, E Sutton CP; to the NE. Broomfield and Kingswood CP; and to the NW, Langley CP.

Local features
Sutton Valence can be split into two parts. The principal and older part is at the top of the Greensand Ridge overlooking the Vale of Kent, the area known as "The Harbour" is to the South at the bottom of the hill, and many houses here were originally owned by the local authority.

The village has a garage on the A274, a school, post office, some shops and three working pubs. There is also a recreation ground next to the village hall.

Village pubs

The pubs are all in the High Street and are, from west to east, The King's Head, the Queen's Head and The Clothworkers Arms. The Swan Inn is further east along the High Street and is now a private house. The name "Clothworkers Arms" and the next door Clothworkers Cottage is because of the Village association with the London Company of Clothmakers that is mentioned above, particularly with reference to St Mary's church and Almshouses.

War memorial

The village war memorial is on the SW side of the junction of the A274 with Chart Road and The High Street. It lists 29 soldiers from the First World War, two each from three of the same families. For World War II, nine soldiers are listed.

Education
Sutton Valence School, a leading independent school, is located in the north-west part of the village but also owns Art and Design Technology departments in the centre of the village. There is also Sutton Valence Primary School, which is nearby.

Sport
The school provides a venue for individual sporting activities. Sutton Valence Hockey Club play their home matches at Sutton Valence School. Sutton Valence Village is a local football club. There is also a golf club.

Sutton Valence Castle
The site of the 13th-century castle is on the east side of the modern village and the ruined keep can be visited today. See the separate Wiki entry for Sutton Valence Castle.

Notable people

 * Donnchadh Mac Cruitín, Irish scribe, fl. 1468.
 * Hezekiah Holland, 17th-century Puritan rector of Sutton Valence.
 * Sir Edmund Filmer, 1835–1886, MP for West Kent, JP, Sheriff of Kent, Grenadier Guards.

title: Sutton Valence


text:
Syncerus

Syncerus is a genus of African bovid that contains the living Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer), including the distinct African forest buffalo.

At least one extinct species belongs to this genus; Syncerus acoelotus. The extinct giant African buffalo (Syncerus antiquus) is also included in this genus by many authorities.

title: Syncerus


text:
Category:Sportspeople stubs

This category is for stub biographies of sportspeople. You can help Wikipedia by expanding them.

To add an article to this category, use sport-bio-stub.

A good biography article should include all of these items:
 * where and when the person lived.
 * what they did in life that made them significant enough to be in this encyclopedia.
 * Add at least one explicit category under Category:People possibly including a profession and nationality (don't forget a sort tag).

Because of the enormous number of biographical stubs associated with several different sports, the following sport-specific biography stub templates have been created. Please use them where appropriate rather than the simple sport-bio-stub:

title: Category:Sportspeople stubs


text:
Demonax (crater)

Demonax is a lunar impact crater near the southern limb of the Moon. This location makes the crater difficult to observe due to foreshortening. The crater is also illuminated at a very low angle, when it is in the sunlit side. Demonax lies just to the north of the crater Scott, one of the south polar formations. To the north-northwest is Boguslawsky.

This crater has a worn and eroded rim, with several small craters lying along the edge and the inner walls. The southeast rim in particular has a notable collection of impacts, including the satellite crater Demonax A which intrudes into the interior floor. The crater bottom has been resurfaced, leaving a flat, level floor. However, there is a group of central peaks near the midpoint, and the northern part of the floor is rough and hummocky. The remains of some terraces are visible along the western interior floor.

Due to the low angle of sunlight reaching this crater, the inner wall along the north side of the crater receives very little sunlight.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Demonax.

title: Demonax (crater)


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/List of Ohio county name etymologies/archive1

List of Ohio county name etymologies
Self-nomination. This page, and its two subpages, have been up for some time with only minor tinkering from Wikipedians. Both are exhaustive--they certainly were exhausting to write--compilations of material, all sourced, on county names. PedanticallySpeaking 17:20, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * Object lists are not acceptable for FAC. Alkivar 18:07, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree - as I said the last time one of these came up, one of the criteria for a featured article is good prose, and lists (which have none) do not meet this criteria. →Raul654 19:24, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Object for the reasons stated above. But good job putting the list together. Jacob1207 21:19, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I was not aware lists were ineligible as the criteria page is silent on this. I have suggested on the criteria talk page that the ineligibility of lists be explicitly stated.  PedanticallySpeaking 16:45, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Sure it does - A featurd article should have: Well-written: compelling, even "brilliant" prose—the former name for featured articles.. A list has no prose at all. QED. →Raul654 21:02, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Hugo von Mohl

Hugo von Mohl FFRS HFRSE (8 April 1805 – 1 April 1872) was a German botanist from Stuttgart. He was the first person to use the word "protoplasm".

Life
He was a son of the Württemberg statesman Benjamin Ferdinand von Mohl (1766–1845), the family being connected on both sides with the higher class of state officials of Württemberg. While a pupil at the gymnasium, he pursued botany and mineralogy in his leisure time, until in 1823 he entered the University of Tübingen. After graduating with distinction in medicine he went to Munich, where he met a distinguished circle of botanists, and found ample material for research.

This seems to have determined his career as a botanist, and he started in 1828 those anatomical investigations which continued until his death. In 1832 he was appointed professor of botany in Tübingen, a post which he never left. Unmarried, his pleasures were in his laboratory and library, and in perfecting optical apparatus and microscopic preparations, for which he showed extraordinary manual skill. He was largely a self-taught botanist from boyhood, and, little influenced in his opinions even by his teachers, preserved always his independence of view on scientific questions. He received many honours during his lifetime, and was elected foreign fellow of the Royal Society in 1868.

The process of cell division as observed under a microscope was first discovered by Hugo von Mohl in 1835 as he worked on green algae Cladophora glomerata.

Mohl's writings cover a period of forty-four years; the most notable of them were republished in 1845 in a volume entitled Vermischte Schriften (For lists of his works see Botanische Zeitung, 1872, p. 576, and Royal Soc. Catalogue, 1870, vol. iv.) They dealt with a variety of subjects, but chiefly with the structure of the higher forms, including both rough anatomy and minute histology. The word protoplasm was his suggestion; the nucleus had already been recognized by R. Brown and others; but Mohl showed in 1844 that the protoplasm is the source of those movements which at that time excited so much attention.

He recognized under the name of primordial utricle the protoplasmic lining of the vacuolated cell, and first described the behaviour of the protoplasm in cell division. These and other observations led to the overthrow of Schleiden's theory of origin of cells by free-cell-formation. His contributions to knowledge of the cell-wall were no less remarkable; he held the view now generally adopted of growth of cell-wall by apposition. He first explained the true nature of pits, and showed the cellular origin of vessels and of fibrous cells; he was, in fact, the true founder of the cell theory. Clearly the author of such researches was the man to collect into one volume the theory of cell-formation, and this he did in his treatise Die vegetabilische Zelle (1851), a short work translated into English (Ray Society, 1852).

Mohl's early investigations on the structure of palms, of cycads, and of tree ferns permanently laid the foundation of all later knowledge of this subject: so also his work on Isoetes (1840). His later anatomical work was chiefly on the stems of dicotyledons and gymnosperms; in his observations on cork and bark he first explained the formation and origin of different types of bark, and corrected errors relating to lenticels. Following on his early demonstration of the origin of stomata (1838), he wrote a classical paper on their opening and closing (1850).

In 1843 he started the weekly Botanische Zeitung in conjunction with Schlechtendal, which he edited jointly until his death. He was never a great writer of comprehensive works; no textbook exists in his name, and it would indeed appear from his withdrawal from co-operation in Hofmeister's Handbuch that he had a distaste for such efforts. In 1850, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In his latter years his productive activity fell off, doubtless through failing health, and he died suddenly at Tübingen on 1 April 1872.

title: Hugo von Mohl


text: User talk:203.101.8.16

title: User talk:203.101.8.16


text:
Category:Inca goddesses

See also: Inca gods

de:Kategorie:Gottheit der Inka

title: Category:Inca goddesses


text:
Mello Yello

Mello Yello is a highly caffeinated, citrus-flavored soft drink produced, distributed and created by the Coca-Cola Company that was introduced on March 12, 1979, to compete with PepsiCo's Mountain Dew.

Mello Yello was withdrawn from Australia in the early 1990s, being replaced with the similar but uncaffeinated Lift.

In South Africa in the 1980s, Mello Yello became associated with Apartheid South African Police and their notorious canary-colored vehicles.

There have been three flavored variants of Mello Yello in North America. Mello Yello Cherry was released in response to Mountain Dew Code Red. The other two variants were Mello Yello Afterglow (peach-flavored) and Mello Yello Melon. All three were only available for a limited time. Mello Yello Cherry is available at Coca-Cola Freestyle machines and is still available in limited markets.

The caffeine content is 49.5 mg per 12 USoz serving (99/24 mg/USoz).

The national expansion ended in 2021 with Mello Yello's availability limited to the eastern part of the United States, however it is still sold as a fountain drink at various locations including Arby's, Cracker Barrel, Hardee's, Golden Corral, and Culvers.

Marketing
Mello Yello was featured in the 1990 NASCAR-based movie Days of Thunder, in which Tom Cruise's character, Cole Trickle, drove a Mello Yello-sponsored car to victory in the Daytona 500, although the product name itself is never verbally mentioned in the movie. That livery went on to become a real NASCAR paint scheme the following year, when driver Kyle Petty drove with Mello Yello sponsorship in the Winston Cup Series. He ran four seasons (1991–1994) with the sponsor before switching over to Coors Light in 1995. Mello Yello was seen as a sponsor on die-cast toy and collectible cars for both the Days of Thunder #51 Chevrolet Lumina and Kyle Petty's #42 Pontiac Grand Prix. Mello Yello also sponsored the fall Winston Cup race at Charlotte Motor Speedway through 1994.

Mello Yello was also advertised in the Nashville-based Ernest commercials in which he coined the beverage's official slogan "Make The Mello Yello Move", followed by his trademark phrase, "Knowhutimean?"

In 1982, arcade manufacturer Gottlieb created but never released an edition of their successful arcade game Q*Bert with Mello Yello livery in-play as well as proposed cabinet artwork. The game has been preserved and is playable on the MAME arcade emulator.

In 2011, Mello Yello relaunched its ad campaign. The commercial featured cartoon adults who boarded a boat and made a band, singing "Mellow Yellow".

In 2013, Mello Yello became the title sponsor of the NHRA's professional drag racing circuit—the NHRA Mello Yello Drag Racing Series, as part of an extension of the Coca-Cola Company's sponsorship. Fellow Coca-Cola brands Powerade and Full Throttle had previously served as title sponsors.

In December 2015, Mello Yello unveiled a new logo and packaging design, featuring a new stylized "MY" emblem in black on yellow. This logo was only used for the regular variant and the Mello Yello Zero. Mello Yello Cherry and Peach continued to use the previous logo until 2017.

International relaunches
In October 2006, Mello Yello was relaunched in New Zealand as a 'limited edition' product after an absence of at least 15 years from the local market. The relaunched New Zealand version contained the original 1980s logo, and as when it was available in the 1980s included the words A Product of the Coca-Cola Company on the bottle top. This 'limited edition' release was available in 600 ml and 1.5 litre plastic bottles and contained the words Limited Edition. Only 200,000 cases of the promo product were produced in 2006 according to Coca-Cola. Mello Yello was once again relaunched to the New Zealand market in October 2007 and was available until the end of 2007. It has now been relaunched in New Zealand again as 'limited edition' for the summer months.

In late June 2011, Mello Yello was relaunched in Japan. Packaging in Japan carries a 'Smooth Taste Smooth Times' slogan and a 'Since 1983' badge on the side of cans and bottles.

In Australia, the Mello Yello brand has returned during the 2012–2013 summer, with a 1980s era logo being used. This Mello Yello is not caffeinated. It is notable that Mountain Dew in Australia had not been caffeinated until about six months prior to this release.

In 1994, it was launched in Colombia by the Coca-Cola Company under the name of Quatro.

title: Mello Yello


text:
Drygalski (crater)

Drygalski is a large lunar impact crater that lies along the southern limb of the Moon. It partly overlies the crater Ashbrook to the west on the far side of the Moon. Just to the north of Drygalski is the smaller Boltzmann. The location of this crater restricts its observation from the Earth, and even under conditions of favorable libration it is viewed from the edge. It is only illuminated by the Sun at an oblique angle, and it lies close to the south polar craters that are permanently shielded from sunlight.

The outer rim of this crater has been worn and eroded by subsequent impacts, leaving a rugged, mountainous ring that is overlaid in places by small craters. The most notable of these are Drygalski P across the southwest rim where it joins Ashbrook, and Drygalski V along the north-northwest inner wall. There is a small catena, or crater chain, beginning tangentially the northern outer rim then arcing to the north towards Boltzmann. To the south is an odd formation of two or more small craters, forming a short valley.

Portions of the interior floor within the inner walls is flat and level, having been resurfaced by lava. The flattest parts are in the southern and eastern sections of the interior. The surface is more rugged in the west, and is marked by several small craterlets. At the midpoint of the interior is a rugged central peak formation with several smaller ridges along the flanks.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Drygalski.

The following craters have been renamed by the IAU.

 * Drygalski Q — See Ashbrook.

title: Drygalski (crater)


text:
Talk:Public service

Merge
Merge with public good. - Jerryseinfeld 17:24, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Don't be ridiculous. See Talk:Government ownership. Rd232 19:19, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * So what's the difference? - Jerryseinfeld 23:49, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm sure you can figure out why, say, healthcare isn't a public good by looking at those pages. If the explanation there really doesn't suffice, then for the love of God go to a public library and pick up an introductory economics textbook. Seriously, even high-school economics students know what a public good is. Rd232 11:06, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, don't merge with public good - but what about public value? It does express both, a good and a service. --OliverGraf 00:00, 25 September 2005 (UTC)
 * No - they're quite different things. Public value is a way of thinking about public services. Rd232 08:33, 25 September 2005 (UTC)
 * ...and public goods! I agree on that so put it under "See also". Would be nice to expand on it later. --OliverGraf 20:25, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

Language

 * "of what a service is, so I put what it is not. Feel free to improve on this. Rd232 11:06, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Would you consider elected officials as public servants? [User:Higgsthegreat] —Preceding unsigned comment added by Higgsthegreat (talk • contribs) 13:17, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

Also one thing - why is the section on nationalisation written in the past tense and the section on privatisation written in the future tense. OK, I may not have the grammar down 100% but you know the point I'm getting at - is this NPOV? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.212.77.5 (talk) 22:39, 29 April 2011 (UTC)

Article Evaluation
This article needs clearer language to provide a concise message about Public Service. A Scholarly citation for the definition of Public Service is needed as well as working in how Public Policy works with Public Service. Mr.Haynes30 (talk) 16:47, 18 September 2015 (UTC)

Clear Sentences and more information
Some of the paragraphs inside of this article don't possess clear sentences and have just simple errors for sentences. Also being said their aren't many paragraphs talking about public service as a whole just links you to other articles, which is not bad, but doesn't give a short sentence to where it'd be going or what it's about.Blitzs20 (talk) 16:11, 25 September 2015 (UTC)

Civil / public servants
"Civil servants" (UK) are called "public servants" in Australia and maybe elsewhere.

Public service
What service is needed to provide by public service 103.181.227.28 (talk) 14:07, 3 July 2022 (UTC)

Public service
Public service for making presentation 2405:204:5089:ED43:4D17:68A0:37F0:C3DD (talk) 15:33, 1 February 2023 (UTC)

Publicservice
More information for making ppt 2405:204:5089:ED43:4D17:68A0:37F0:C3DD (talk) 15:34, 1 February 2023 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 06:39, 1 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Tbilisi, Georgia — Tbilisi Public Service Hall Building.jpg

title: Talk:Public service


text:
Talk:Baker Island

What's a mile?
One of my pet peeves is "miles" in these interisland distances. They are far too often unidentified, resulting in wide variations in numbers for the distances as they are converted from unidentified miles to kilometers (often incorrectly), then perhaps back to miles (maybe of a different type, with different rounding), so you end up with a totally unreliable mess.

This one was off by 500 km. Take a piece of string to a globe and see if the numbers are reasonable before including them in an article like this. Gene Nygaard 17:28, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Baker Island Historical Sovereignty
“It became a British Overseas Territory from 1886 to 1934.”

I removed this sentence because it is totally inaccurate: from the moment Americans claimed the island until this day it has always been under American jurisdiction. There was never a relinquishment of territorial sovereignty over this island by the US.Reaganamerican 01:00, 7 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Does this apply to Jarvis Island as well? -Indolences 06:23, 9 February 2007 (UTC)
 * The British Government considered this Island as British between 1897 and the 1936 agreement with the US. "American Jurisdiction" never applied during this time, and Arundel exchanged with the British government only regarding his rights on the island. Encolpe (talk) 09:46, 16 April 2015 (UTC)

=
=

re: "it is about one-half of the way from Hawaii to Australia." I think it is only 40% of the distance at best, not for me falling within the boundaries of "about one-half". I don't think a modified statement is that useful, and would just take this misleading one out completely. John McDonald 2006.08.20 2:35pm.

Feral cats
How on earth did feral cats ever manage to survive on an island with no fresh water? --Reuben 07:32, 17 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Rainfall probably created pockets of water somewhere I'm sure... By no fresh water they mean no lakes, ponds, etc. Or government super-cat conspiracy. Also try this website -Henry W. Schmitt 13:29, 17 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the link. It turns out that they are indeed super-cats, bred from desert-dwelling ancestors to have very low water consumption.  The cats on the island probably get more than enough water from the seabirds they eat.  Apparently canned cat food has almost enough moisture for domestic cats, and the seabirds should be even better since they still have blood in them.   --Reuben 00:30, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I've added the merge tag to merge Government of Baker Island into this article. The article appears to have had a quality tag/template on it since October 2005 and there is little content in that article. I think it would be better if merged into this article as a paragraph rather than keeping it as a separate article. Brollachan 08:20, 29 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I approve. -Henry W. Schmitt 23:57, 9 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Merged, though section needs a tidy up. Brollachan 09:40, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

Visits: How often?
Once a year or once every two years? --80.187.106.128 (talk) 23:18, 3 July 2014 (UTC)

Impossible!
On this earth, there doesn't exist any object with an area of 2,1 km² that is surrounded by a line of only 4,8 km!! Even in case an island of 2,1 km² had a perfectly round shape, its coastline would be more than 5,1 km.--84.185.96.78 (talk) 17:21, 1 April 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Baker Island. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110723085352/http://www.anytravels.com:80/oceania/baker/ to http://www.anytravels.com/oceania/baker

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 07:35, 27 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Baker Island. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100824071630/http://www.loran-history.info/Baker/baker.htm to http://www.loran-history.info/Baker/baker.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120419040523/http://www.doi.gov/oia/Islandpages/bhpage.htm to http://www.doi.gov/oia/Islandpages/bhpage.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:55, 13 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Baker Island


text: Template:Sport-bio-stub

title: Template:Sport-bio-stub


text: User talk:83.216.136.125

title: User talk:83.216.136.125


text:
Talk:Bad Hersfeld

please forgive my 14 yr old attempt to write/speek awonderful language,hang on here it gos....  Ich bien soldat in hersfeld 1997-2000 indas kasserna, mygerman is all but gone, but I was stationed in your wonderful stadt and remember it with tender affection,pictures please send us pictures (chr68ter@infoblvd.net)chris cutter.thanks for the memories my life is so much more rich for meeting you peaple,walking your streets, absorbing your culture.aaahhhhh the lullus fest..thank you....love from corning N.Y. ,U.S.A.
 * Chris thanks for serving and being part at(or of?) guarding my home county. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.183.15.192 (talk) 12:24, 1 April 2019 (UTC)

Local elections
This needs to be updated - slightly beyond my German and wiki-table constructing capabilities. Jackiespeel (talk) 10:29, 29 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Jackiespeel please tell whats your exact point? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.183.15.192 (talk) 12:25, 1 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bad Hersfeld


text:
Hadleigh Castle

Hadleigh Castle is a ruined fortification in the English county of Essex, overlooking the Thames Estuary from south of the town of Hadleigh. Built after 1215 during the reign of Henry III by Hubert de Burgh, the castle was surrounded by parkland and had an important economic and defensive role. The castle was significantly expanded and remodelled by Edward III, who turned it into a grander property, designed to defend against a potential French attack, as well as to provide the King with a convenient private residence close to London. Built on a soft hill of London clay, the castle has often been subject to subsidence; this, combined with the sale of its stonework in the 16th century, has led to it now being ruined. The remains are now preserved by English Heritage and protected under UK law as a Grade I listed building and scheduled monument.

13th century
Hadleigh Castle was first built by Hubert de Burgh, the 1st Earl of Kent, who was a key supporter of King John. De Burgh was given the honour of Rayleigh by John in 1215 as a reward for his services, but chose not to develop the existing caput of Rayleigh Castle, instead building a new fortification south of the town of Hadleigh. The exact date of construction is uncertain, but it is now believed the work was conducted early in de Burgh's tenure of the site, permission being retrospectively officially confirmed through a licence to crenellate in 1230 under Henry III.

The site was chosen on top of the South Essex south ridge, overlooking the Thames estuary, formed from generally soft deposits of London clay. In the 13th century, marshlands would have stretched away to the south of the castle, with the tide occasionally reaching up as far as the base of the hill itself, and the area would have been more wooded than today. By 1235 the park of Hadleigh had been formed around the castle, including woodland, a fishpond, stables and a park lodge, but the castle was also associated with a wider estate including Rayleigh, Thundersley and Eastwood Parks.

The first castle built on the site was probably of an octagonal design, running along the top of the ridge, protected by square and semi-circular mural towers, with a barbican guarding the eastern entrance. It probably resembled White Castle in Monmouthshire, remodelled by de Burgh in the same period, or Bolingbroke Castle in Lincolnshire and Beeston Castle in Cheshire, both built in the 1220s. The castle was built of Kentish ragstone and cemented by a mortar containing a large proportion of seashells, particularly cockleshells from the cockle beds of neighbouring Canvey Island. A valuable tidal watermill had been built by 1249, essential for making bread for the castle; recent archaeological work suggests that it was positioned on a wharf reaching out into the estuary just to the south-east of the castle. Terraced gardens were built along the south side of the castle overlooking the estuary, probably including vineyards.

De Burgh finally fell out of favour with Henry III; he was imprisoned and then finally stripped of Hadleigh Castle in 1239. For the rest of the century, Hadleigh was retained as a royal castle, as part of an estate containing 142 acre of agricultural land, the park and the castle mill. By the 1250s, the castle had fallen into neglect and, despite some investment after it was given to Queen Eleanor in 1273, it remained in relatively poor condition. Only the mill, vital for the operation of the wider estate, appears to have been well-maintained. A new 17-metre-wide by 9-metre-long (56 foot by 30 foot) hall and an adjacent solar complex were built at the castle around 1290, but collapsed due to subsidence shortly afterwards. In 1299 the castle was given to Queen Margaret, who complained about the quality of the building and insisted that repairs were carried out. Her husband, Edward I, visited the castle twice, using it as a base for hunting in the area.

14th century
Edward II took a much closer interest in Hadleigh, leading to a period of renewal and rebuilding during his reign and that of his son, Edward III. Edward II first stayed there in 1311, and work was done to renovate the castle before he arrived, including building new royal quarters and repairing some of the castle walls that had succumbed to subsidence. Amongst the buildings known to be in the castle during the period were the castle hall, larder, kitchen, cellar, a long house, prison, an "old chamber" and armoury; they were guarded by a garrison of 24 soldiers during crises. Edward stayed there frequently during his reign up until 1324, on occasion travelling to Hadleigh Castle from London on his royal barge, which docked at a wharf to the south of the castle.

Edward III acquired Hadleigh Castle in 1330, when he recovered it from his mother, Isabella of France, who had taken it from Edward when she deposed him in 1326. Edward paid little initial interest to the castle, but in the 1360s decided to make much greater use of the property, ordering large parts of it to be rebuilt at a cost of more than £2200. Between 1361 and 1363 the internal buildings were renovated and new royal lodgings built along the south walls, after which the east side of the castle was rebuilt entirely, with two large circular towers installed in a new stretch of curtain wall, completed by 1365. The north side of the castle was rebuilt to include a main entrance with a portcullis and a drawbridge, protected by a barbican and a large circular tower called the "High Tower", which was complete by 1370. The work was probably overseen by William of Wykeham.

Originally, historians believed that Edward's decision to rebuild much of the castle was in response to the growing tensions with France; in this version of events, Hadleigh would have formed an important coastal fortification along the Thames estuary, protecting it from French raids. Current historical opinion plays down this motivation, noting that at the time of the work on Hadleigh relations with France were unusually good. Instead, it is suspected that the increasing elderly Edward intended Hadleigh more as a personal retreat close to London, where he could stay in privacy and considerable comfort. Whilst the entrance on the inland side remained relatively basic, the building work created a grander impression from the estuary – any visitors to London, English or French, would have passed by Queenborough Castle on the south bank and Hadleigh on the north, the combination communicating a strong sense of royal power.

15th–19th centuries
Edward III's grandson, Richard II, made little use of Hadleigh, and the use of the castle was granted to Aubrey de Vere until his death in 1400. The castle was passed amongst a number of high-status owners during the 15th century, but saw little use by the crown. Edmund of Langley and his son Edward of Norwich, the Dukes of York, used the castle in the early years, before passing it on to Humphrey of Lancaster, the Duke of Gloucester. Richard, Duke of York, used the castle next, before it passed to Edmund Tudor in the middle of the century. The tradition of the castle forming part of the queen's property was then reinstated and it was granted to Elizabeth Woodville, the wife of Edward IV. Henry VIII made no known use of the castle himself, but it formed part of the dower of three of his wives - Catherine of Aragon, Anne of Cleves, and Catherine Parr - and the castle's parks were used as sources of timbers for his navy.

After 1544 the estate began to be broken up; first the parks were sold and then the castle itself, bought by Lord Richard Rich from Edward VI for £700 in 1551. Rich dismantled the castle for the value of its stone, primarily between 1551 and 1575, and the castle, now thoroughly ruined, passed through Rich's descendants.

The English painter John Constable visited Hadleigh in 1814 and made a drawing of the castle as preparation for ten oil sketches and a single painting. The oil painting Hadleigh Castle was produced in 1829 and exhibited at the Royal Academy in the same year. One of the sketches is currently displayed at the Tate Gallery, London, while the painting now hangs in the Yale Center for British Art at New Haven, United States. Constable's painting, "one of his most monumental works" according to the art historians Tammis Groft and Mary Mackay, depicts the early 19th-century Hadleigh Castle as a decaying, man-made structure, succumbing to the elemental power of nature.

William Booth purchased Hadleigh Castle and its surrounding site in 1891 for the use of the Salvation Army, which established a farm to train the English poor prior to them being sent overseas to the British colonies. Considerable subsidence and slippage on the ridge occurred between 1898 and 1923, causing a collapse of the southern curtain wall.

Today
The Salvation Army gave the castle to the Ministry of Works in 1948, and it is now owned by English Heritage, classed as a scheduled monument and a Grade I listed building. Subsidence and landslips have continued; the north-east tower largely collapsed in the 1950s, and further major slippages occurred in 1969, 1970, and 2002. One of the three-storey towers at the eastern side stands to nearly full height with narrow rectangular windows in the upper levels. The second tower has only about one-third of its original form. Some sections of the curtain wall have survived, as well as the foundations of the great hall, solars, and the kitchen.

The castle is still surrounded by the 19th-century Salvation Army farm, and beyond that by Hadleigh Country Park, owned and managed by Essex County Council and a Site of Special Scientific Interest with special regard for invertebrates. In 2008, Hadleigh Farm, close to the castle, was announced as the venue for the mountain biking competition in the 2012 Summer Olympics.

title: Hadleigh Castle


text:
Lobosa

Lobosa is a taxonomic group of amoebae in the phylum Amoebozoa. Most lobosans possess broad, bluntly rounded pseudopods, although one genus in the group, the recently discovered Sapocribrum, has slender and threadlike (filose) pseudopodia. In current classification schemes, Lobosa is a subphylum, composed mainly of amoebae that have lobose pseudopods but lack cilia or flagella.

Characteristics
The group was originally proposed in 1861 by William B. Carpenter, who created it as a taxonomic order containing the single family Amoebina. Carpenter's Lobosa consisted of amoeboid organisms whose endoplasm (endosarc) flows into lobe-like "pseudopodian prolongations." This type of pseudopod, which was understood to be typical of the genus Amoeba "and its allies," differed from the filose (thread-like) or reticulose (netlike) pseudopods of the Foraminifera. The name Lobosa was chosen for these amoebae "as expressing the lobe-like character of their pseudopodial extensions".

As currently defined, the subphylum Lobosa includes both shelled (testate) and naked amoebae (gymnamoebae), but excludes some organisms traditionally regarded as "lobosean", such as Pelomyxa and Entamoeba (Amoebozoa) and some Heterolobosea (Excavata).

Phylogeny
The subphylum Lobosa is paraphyletic, consisting of a grade of three clades: Discosea, Tubulinea and Cutosea. The first two are part of a paraphyletic superclass Glycopoda, while the latter constitutes the monophyletic superclass Cutosa. The clade uniting Tubulinea + Cutosea + Conosa is named Tevosa, while the clade uniting Cutosa + Conosa is named Evosea.

title: Lobosa