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Lisístrata

Lisístrata is a 2002 Spanish comedy film directed by Francesc Bellmunt. It is based on a comic book by the German cartoonist Ralf König, which in turn is loosely based on the play Lysistrata by Aristophanes.

Plot
It is the year 411 BC and the Peloponnesian War between Sparta (among others) and Athens has been raging for some 20 years. The women who want to see the conflict finally ended use a trick to make their husbands comply: led by the Feminist Lisístrata (Maribel Verdú), they barricade themselves on the Acropolis, where the Athenian treasure is kept, and refuse to have sex with their husbands until peace is restored.

The men soon sport gigantic erections, which as in Aristophanes' play are depicted by huge prosthetics that protrude from under the actors' clothes. This unfortunate state of "blue balls" hinders them in their capacity to fight. Luckily, the Spartans have the same problem.

To the rescue comes Hepatitos (Juan Luis Galiardo), the local homosexual and transvestite, who disguises himself as a medical doctor and advises the generals to order circumstantial homosexuality as a way to relieve the pressure in their men.

At first, the soldiers refuse, but quickly warm up to the idea — and soon everyone lives rather happily in male–male relationships. The women are not amused by this, as their plan has been foiled. However, as the soldiers begin to fall in love with enemy soldiers instead of fighting them, peace is finally established. The women end their strike (not to the delight of all men) and it is hinted that in the future, homosexual and heterosexual relationships will be regarded as relatively exchangeable.

While the film is primarily a bawdy comedy (even more so than the Greek play), it also contains interesting tidbits of historic truth, such as a relatively accurate life-size replica of the Pallas Athene statue by Phidias in the Parthenon.

The scene in which one soldier is about to kill an enemy fighter, but is moved by his beauty so much that he spares him and arranges a tête-à-tête with him after the battle, can be seen as being based on the legend of Achilles and Troilus, son of Priam.

Cast

 * Maribel Verdú as Lisístrata
 * Juan Luis Galiardo as Hepatitos
 * Javier Gurruchaga as Ajax
 * Jesús Bonilla as Cinesias
 * Teté Delgado (billed as Tete Delgado) as Mirrina
 * Aitor Mazo as General Termos
 * Glòria Cano as Sabrina
 * Eduardo Antuña as Harpix
 * Antonio Belart as Potax
 * Cristina Solà as Lampito
 * Anna Maria Barbany (billed as Anna Mª Barbany) as Papila
 * Albert Trifol as General Bonus
 * Sonia Ferrer (billed as Sònia Ferrer) as Cleonice
 * Sergio Pazos as Oficial Bitón
 * José Corbacho as Soldado Lico

title: Lisístrata


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Talk:Latin language

3 genders
Wikipedia states that there are three (3) distinct genders (i.e: masculine,feminine and neutral), yet does not distinguish between them; and generally ignores or confuses related searches. "a" "um" "o"

Prime example: Search for "Pudendum" results in a page illustrating "pudenda"; Search for "Pudenda" illustrates both "Pudendo" and "Pudenda"; Search for "Pudendo" has no results.

Someone more knowledgeable than I should add/edit content. --Edward27821 (talk) 03:53, 9 January 2012 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Latin language


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Place-des-Arts station

Place-des-Arts station is a Montreal Metro station in the borough of Ville-Marie, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is operated by the Société de transport de Montréal (STM) and serves the Green Line. The station opened on October 14, 1966, as part of the original network of the Metro. It is located in the Quartier des spectacles district, in east-central downtown.

Overview
Designed by David, Boulva, et Cleve, it is a normal side platform station built in open cut under boul. De Maisonneuve, with two ticket halls joined by corridors that surround and overlook the platforms. The eastern mezzanine includes staircases with one-way exit-only turnstiles. The station is joined by underground city to Place des Arts and Université du Québec à Montréal, and has additional four street-level exits.

The station's walls are coved in light-grey bricks in a zig-zag layout.

The station is equipped with the MétroVision information screens which displays news, commercials, and the time until the next train arrives.

The station has 4 entrances:
 * 1555, rue Jeanne-Mance
 * 2020, rue de Bleury
 * 1990, rue de Bleury
 * 150, rue Ontario

Architecture and art
The station features art by Frédéric Back: a massive stained glass mural entitled L'histoire de la musique à Montréal ("history of music in Montreal"). The work is composed of thousands of layered pieces of glass backlit by 105 lighting tubes and supported by a tonne of steel. The glass surface is rippled, causing the brilliant colours to shimmer ethereally. The work was originally intended to be an homage to four important Quebec musical artists: the composers Calixa Lavallée, Guillaume Couture, Alexis Contant, and soprano Dame Emma Albani. Unveiled on December 20, 1967, this stained glass was the first work of art to be commissioned for the Metro system. In 2008 the lighting system was completely renovated by the lighting artist Axel Morgenthaler.

The second work of art is a hand-glazed ceramic mosaic by the artist Saskia Siebrand, installed in 2005. It contains tiles of over 300 colours, all custom hand-glazed.

This architectural composition made of perforated aluminum panels was added to conceal a telecommunications room that had been added over the station's western tunnel opening. Before this work was added, the Montréal métro featured only one mosaic, the one by Gabriel Bastien and Andrea Vau at Sherbrooke station.

Accessibility
In March 2019, a real estate developer announced a new condo project on top of the De Bleury north entrance, and the entrance building was closed to the public. In the meantime, the STM also worked on improving the station's accessibility by installing three elevators from the street level to the platforms. The entrance building reopened on June 16, 2022 and the station became accessible on July 21, 2022.

Origin of the name
This station is named for the Place des Arts cultural complex. Opened in 1963, this complex includes five concert halls, including the largest multipurpose concert hall in Canada, and an art museum.

Connected via the underground city

 * UQAM (pavillons Président-Kennedy, Chimie, Biochimie, and Arts IV)
 * Place des Arts
 * Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal
 * Complexe Desjardins
 * Hydro-Québec Building
 * Place-d'Armes Metro station and points south

Other

 * Quartier des Spectacles
 * Église du Gesù
 * Cinéma Imperial

Film and television appearances
Scenes of the 2017 Keanu Reeves film John Wick: Chapter 2 were filmed at the station. The station was redressed to stand in for a New York City Subway station.

title: Place-des-Arts station


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Licence-Free Software

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was - kept

Licence-Free Software
Multiple problems. For one thing, if this article were kept with this title, the title should actually be License-free software (not capitalized). BUT, actually, it shouldn't be called that, either, because the this is not a widely used term (googling for it will turn up lots of pages containing "License: Free Software"). The article is mostly about Daniel J. Bernstein's software, and it incorporates some text I wrote at qmail that has since been moved. I agree that some general information that is relevant to all of djb's software should be on a different page than the qmail article, but this License-Free Software article isn't it. Maybe a section on the Daniel J. Bernstein article? Also, as User: Fubar Obfusco pointed out, djb's software is actually licensed. The text I put on qmail (since deleted) is much more accurate: "it does not include a lengthy software license". It is still a license, however.

Regardless of where the information gets merged to, this article should be deleted.  ~leif ☺ HELO 00:23, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * Tentative delete -- I'm willing to withdraw or change this vote if it's demonstrated that this article could describe something in a non-misleading fashion. --FOo 02:12, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete, flawed premise, rantish. Wyss 02:34, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

These "multiple problems" aren't actually problems at all.
 * The request for deletion does not meet the requirements of Wikipedia deletion policy. The request is based primarily upon the assertion that since the facts are disputed, the article should be deleted.  But policy clearly puts , which is what was added here, into the Problems that don't require deletion categorreallyy.  The requestor should read Wikipedia policy.  (You "correct" URLs without reading RFC 2396 to find out the correct form, Leif.  Now you propose reallydeleting articles without reading what Wikipedia deletion policy actually is.)
 * the title should actually be ... — A poor choice of title is not justification for deletion. Wikipedia has a perfectly good renaming mechanism for addressing such things.  If you think that the title could be better, fix the title.  Deleting the article outright is not the answer.
 * this is not a widely used term — It's the term used by its advocates. It's not widely used because there aren't that many advocates.  But given that it as equally as descriptive as the titles of other articles about similar philosophies, such as "open source" and "free software", are, it appears to be a reasonably good choice of article title.  This is not justification for deletion.  And the fact that Google has problems with searches for hyphenated phrases, because of its use of hyphen as a metacharacter, is not actally a relevant criterion at all.
 * some general information that is relevant to all of djb's software should be on a different page than the qmail article — Leif even provides the very reason for incorporating this text into a single article. As things stood, copyright of Bernstein softwares was addressed, in various ways, on several pages.  On the qmail page, indeed, discussion of the copyright issue (which is not particularly special to qmail, of course) was threatening to outweigh discussion of qmail itself.
 * Maybe a section on the Daniel J. Bernstein article? — No.  Just as this topic is not specific to qmail, it is not specific to Bernstein either.  Other authors have followed Bernstein's example.  And, of course, the discussion applies to licence-free software that any other authors, who may have never even heard of Bernstein, have published.  There is no justification for deletion here.  And there are arguments against merging.
 * The text I put on is much more accurate — No, it wasn't. It was much less accurate, if anything.  It got things wrong that even the FSF gets right.  The FSF lists the Bernstein non-licence as "non-free" because "it mostly prohibits the distribution of modified versions".  Your text did not reflect the FSF's "mostly", but instead said without qualification "3rd party modifications are not allowed to be redistributed".  This is wrong.  Ironically, your text was a replacement for text that, whilst stilted, did get this right, and did describe the situation correctly.
 * It is still a licence. —  This is widely and strongly disputed, and a subject of perennial debate.  The article, furthermore, notes the irony of this assertion.
 * The term "licence-free" suggests ... The term "licence-free" suggests "free of a licence", just as "fat-free" suggests "free of fat".  Don't resurrect the "What does the 'free' in 'free software' mean?" debate by the back door.  The advocates of the philosophy have chosen their banner.  Don't presume to choose it for them.
 * The article made a thoroughly erroneous accusation. Then correct it!  This is not a reason to vote for deletion.  Deleting an article because one doesn't want to edit it in order to make corrections (especially when one was happy to have little edit wars in all of the several articles whose discussions of the same topic were merged into this one) is an extraordinary idea for Wikipedia.  Also, note that you failed to understand the point that was actually being made by that text.
 * The idea that FS/OSS and DJB have a disagreement here is bogus. This is not a reason to vote for deletion.  And it should be clear, from the FSF's own criticism and from articles written by Russell Nelson, OSI board member that the FSF and the OSI themselves both seem to think that there's a definite disagreement between them and Bernstein on the subject of software licences, even if you do not.
 * Summary: This request for deletion does not meet policy. Most objections seem to be ill-founded, and reasons to do things other than delete the article. There's scant justification even for  ; and, of course, this article is a merge itself. KEEP -- 81.138.100.115 18:16, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Policy can go and stuff it, votes matter. Does anybody other than DJB use the licence-free system?  No?  That would make it semi-nn in some books.  Since it is mentioned in the article that the term is not true in any form, and that the GPL is a more 'free' license than most programs that claim to be 'licence-free', I'm going to say, going on gut, that this should be deleted.  hfool 02:30, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Policy can go and stuff it — Policy shows us the criteria for deciding between deleting, cleanup, merger, and other courses of action. It is pretty clear on where in that spectrum  lies.  It's not deletion.
 * Does anybody other than DJB use the licence-free system? No? — How can you assert that votes matter when you indicate in the very next sentence that you haven't actually read the article that you are voting on?  The answer to the question is in fact "Yes.".  Another author is explicitly named in the article, right at the top.  You don't have to read far.  (Bernstein is concentrated upon because (a) he is one of the few such software authors who has actually explicitly discussed this issue, and so whose writings can be referenced as sources; and (b) this article began as a merge of the several parallel discussions that were in several Bernstein-related articles, and so naturally began with a Bernstein focus, even though the topic is not in fact specific to Bernstein at all.)  And of course all of the authors who publish their copyrighted software without any explicit copyright licences are publishing "licence-free" software.  I suspect that this is a surprisingly large corpus both of code and of authors.  (All scripts and programs that people publish on Usenet with neither a specific public domain waiver nor a copyright licence fall into this category, for example.  Indeed, the nature of such software is touched upon by more than one Usenet copyright FAQ document.)
 * it is mentioned in the article that the term is not true in any form — No, it isn't.  User: Fubar Obfusco added text stating that Bernstein, specifically, has granted a licence.  But this is only the opinion of the ever-present some people.  The article also (now) mentions that other people dispute this claim.  There's even a reference to Rick Moen's specific dispute of this claim, and his argument that the so-called "licence" available only in electronic form and not legally retainable by others to present as evidence is not worth the paper that it is printed on, in the External links section.  Again: Have you actually read the article that you are voting upon?  And, of course, it is undisputably true for all of the programs falling into this same category that have been published by authors other than Bernstein.
 * It's worth noting that the List of software licenses has an Unlicensed software section. If it were untrue that there is no such thing as "licence-free" software, that section would not exist.  Perhaps you should be voting to delete that, too, if you truly believe that the term is "not true in any form".  (Personally, I think that that section does not belong in that article, given the article's title, and should be merged into this one.)
 * the GPL is a more "free" license than most programs that claim to be "licence-free" — As I said before: Don't resurrect the "What does the 'free' in 'free software' mean?" debate by the back door. The advocates of the philosophy have chosen their banner.  It's not for you or for Wikipedia to choose it for them, any more than it is for you or for Wikipedia to decide that a philosophy that goes under its equally proponent-chosen heading of "free software" shouldn't be called "free software" because "it costs money and isn't free".  It's for Wikipedia to document that the philosophy and its proponents, and detractors, exist.
 * the GPL is a more "free" license than most programs that claim to be "licence-free" — By the way: This is an apples and oranges comparison. You are comparing a licence with a program, which makes no sense.  Also note that the GPL quite deliberately curtails freedoms.
 * going on gut — Are you objecting to this article not on the copyrightability of its content, nor its relevance as topic for Wikpedia, but merely because its topic is a philosophy that is at odds with the FSF and OSI philosophies (which are also at odds with each other, mark) and because it mentions someone that you don't like?  You'll be deleting a lot of articles, that way.
 * My vote remains at KEEP 81.138.100.115 17:53, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately, you're an anon editor, so you don't get a vote here, good as your arguments are. I strongly suggest you get a username and repost.
 * I vote Keep, using all 81.138.100.115's arguments. Send to severe NPOV and cleanup - this is not a valid deletion candidate - David Gerard 22:44, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I personally found this article to be of interest and provided some background information about the licensing behind qmail and djcdns (and others, but those two are the probably the most popular). The article isn't 100% neutral, but then few pages on Wikipedia are, and at least it states so on the page. I have yet to see a *good* reason for this to be deleted, and until I do I think it should stay. Pwaring 13:46, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Japan Center for Michigan Universities

The Japan Center for Michigan Universities (ミシガン州立大学連合日本センター) (JCMU) is a study center operated by a consortium of the 15 public universities in the State of Michigan and the government of Shiga Prefecture in Japan. It is located on the shores of Lake Biwa, in the city of Hikone. Founded in 1988, JCMU offers May, summer, semester, and academic-year programs for the study of Japanese language and culture for American college and university students, a substantial number of them from Michigan, and provides English language instruction to serve the needs of the local Japanese population. The US administrative offices of JCMU are located at Michigan State University.

History
As a part of the continuing sister state relationship between Michigan and Shiga Prefecture, in 1988, an agreement was signed by the governors of Michigan and Shiga Prefecture to form the Japan Center for Michigan Universities. In September 1989, JCMU officially opened in a temporary building, the Cultural and Industrial Exchange Hall of Shiga, in Maibara, Shiga. The following September, construction on the JCMU campus in Hikone, Shiga was completed, and courses resumed there. In October 1998, an agreement was made with nearby Shiga University to provide courses on their campus. Five years later, in 2003, a similar agreement was made with the University of Shiga Prefecture, also in the same city.

Facility
The campus is located on the shore of Lake Biwa, the largest lake in Japan, in Hikone, Shiga. It includes an academic building and a dormitory. Attached to the academic building is a Coco's restaurant. In the academic building, there are classrooms, a library, conference rooms, a traditional Japanese tatami room, a large hall for functions, and administrative offices. The classrooms feature windows overlooking the lake, the surrounding mountains, nearby Hikone Castle, and a Japanese style garden. The dormitory features apartments for both students and faculty, a fitness room, a laundry room, a computer lab, an entertainment room, and a large lobby. Each apartment contains two private bedrooms, a kitchen, and a bathroom. There is one wheelchair-accessible dorm room available.

Academics
In the beginning the program was exclusively an academic year program for Japanese language and cultural studies; however, as it became apparent that this resulted in smaller class sizes, the administration expanded the program to allow students to choose to stay for only a semester.

Today JCMU typically has 6 academic programs throughout the year: the single semester program, the academic year program, the environmental sciences program, the May short program, the summer program, and the English language program for locals.

The main focus of the curriculum is intensive language study. It is loosely based on the curriculum at Michigan State University, although the professors take considerable freedom in adapting it to the needs of the facility. Students learn what they would normally learn in two semesters at Michigan State University in just one semester. During the summer, intensive language study is the only course that is offered during the eight-week term. During the two-week-long May short program, language courses are not offered but instead courses on specialized topics are offered, unique to each year.

While additional courses vary by the semester depending on the visiting professors, they have been known to include classes on culture, film, art, economics, religion and environmental science.

Other opportunities for students include staying with host families in the area, field trips, and the ability to do internships concurrently with the regular course load.

Aichi World Expo
In the summer of 2005, Expo 2005 (the World's Fair) was held in the Aichi Prefecture of Japan. The United States, absent from the Expo 2000 in Hanover, Germany, was looking to participate in Expo 2005, and needed a facility to train guides. JCMU took on thirty young people in January 2005, primarily students, and trained them in polite language and the vocabulary that would be needed for the United States Pavilion. They were taught by the normal JCMU staff, divided into three classes due to the varying levels of ability among the guides; however, they were housed in a nearby resort hotel owned by Toyota due to the lack of space in the dormitory. In May, JCMU trained ten more guides who replaced those guides returning home early. Due to the success of the guide training program, JCMU has received more attention and praise.

Michigan-Shiga Sister State Agreement 50th Anniversary
Michigan, Shiga, and JCMU began celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Michigan-Shiga sister state agreement in fall of 2017. The academic year opening ceremony in September 2017 featured the unveiling of a commemorative art piece and the planting of a symbolic tree. Michigan's Governor Snyder and Shiga's Governor Mikazuki were present, along with representatives of both governments. In September 2018, the governors met again to plant a tree in Michigan.

JCMU began celebrating its 30th anniversary at the same time, with a fundraisers, events, and a series of alumni reflections posted to their blog.

Notable alumni

 * Glynn Washington, host of NPR's Snap Judgement
 * Taizo Mikazuki, current governor of Shiga

title: Japan Center for Michigan Universities


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Musaylima

Musaylima (مُسَيْلِمَةُ), otherwise known as Musaylima ibn Ḥabīb (مسيلمه ابن حبيب) d.632, was a claimant of prophethood   from the Banu Hanifa tribe. Based from Diriyah in present day Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, he claimed to be a prophet and was an enemy of Islam in 7th-century Arabia. He was a leader of the enemies of Islam during the Ridda wars. He is considered by Muslims to be a false prophet (نبي كاذب). He is commonly called Musaylima al-Kadhāb (Musaylima the Arch-Liar) by Muslims.

Etymology
Musaylima's real name was Maslama, but Muslims altered his name to Musaylima, which is the diminutive of Maslama (i.e., 'Little Maslama').

Early life
Musaylima was the son of Habib, of the tribe Banu Hanifa, one of the largest tribes of Arabia that inhabited the region of Najd. The Banu Hanifa were a monotheist branch of Banu Bakr and led an independent existence prior to Islam.

Among the first accounts of him describe events in the late 9th Hijri, the Year of Delegations, when he accompanied a delegation of his tribe to Medina. The delegation included two other prominent Muslims. They would later help Musaylima rise to power and save their tribe from destruction. These men were Nahar Ar-Rajjal bin Unfuwa and Muja'a bin Marara. In Medina, the deputation stayed with the daughter of al-Harith, a woman of the Ansar from the Banu Najjar. When the delegation arrived at Medina the camels were tied in a traveller's camp, and Musaylima remained there to look after them while the other delegates went in.

They had talks with Muhammad. The delegation before their departure embraced Islam and renounced Christianity without compunction. As was his custom, Muhammad presented gifts to the delegates, and when they had received their gifts one said, "We left one of our comrades in the camp to look after our mounts."

Muhammad gave them gifts for him also, and added, "He is not the least among you that he should stay behind to guard the property of his comrades." On their return they converted the tribe of Banu Hanifa to Islam.

Self-proclaimed prophethood and teachings
The Dabestan-e Mazaheb, a 17th century work on the religious beliefs in India during the time claims a religion called the Sadakiyya who followed Musaylima existed then. The work chronicles the alleged teachings of Musaylima according to an informant belonging to the group. At the Mughal ruler Akbar's council of religions, a discussion on Sadakiyya also took place with the help of its priests.

According to the account of Musaylima in the Dabestan-e Mazaheb, he taught 3 daily prayers to God, facing any direction. He criticized Muslims for selecting the Ka'aba as the direction of prayers, arguing that God is not limited to one direction. Musaylima declared that the Ka'aba was not the house of God, because an all-powerful God has no need for a house. Musaylima said fasting should be at night instead of daytime during Ramadan, he prohibited circumcision, he believed in equal rights for men and women, he allowed premarital sex, he prohibited polygamy and cousin marriage, he declared that any slave who converted to his religion would become free, he stated that Iblis did not exist, because a fair and merciful God would not allow a being like Iblis to throw people into error, and he also said it was wrong to include his name or any prophet’s name in worship to God.

Musaylima, who is alleged as having been a skilled magician by Muslim historians, dazzled crowds with miracles.

Musaylima shared verses purporting them to have been revelations from God. Thereafter, some of the people accepted him as a prophet alongside Muhammad. Gradually the influence and authority of Musaylima increased with the people of his tribe. He gathered an army of 40,000 followers.

Al-Tabari in his History of the Prophets and Kings chronicles that Musaylima also proposed to share power over Arabia with Muhammad. On 10 Hijri, he wrote to Muhammad:

"From Musaylimah, Messenger of God, to Muhammad, Messenger of God. Salutations to you. I have been given a share with you in this matter. Half the earth belongs to us and half to the Quraish. But the Quraish are people who transgress."

Muhammad, is said to have replied:

"From Muhammad, the Messenger of God, to Musaylimah, the arch-liar. Peace be upon him who follows (God's) guidance. Now then, surely the earth belongs to God, who bequeaths it to whom He will amongst his servants. The ultimate issue is to the God-fearing."

Personal life
During the Ridda wars which emerged following the death of Muhammad, Sajah bint al-Harith declared that she was a prophetess after learning that Musaylima and Tulayha had declared prophethood. 4,000 people gathered around her to march on Medina. Others joined her against Medina. However, her planned attack on Medina was called off after she learned that the army of Khalid ibn al-Walid had defeated Tulayha al-Asadi (another self-proclaimed prophet). Thereafter, she sought cooperation with Musaylima to oppose the threat of Khalid. A mutual understanding was initially reached with Musaylima. Later, the two married and she accepted his prophethood. Khalid then defeated the remaining rebellious elements around Sajah, and then moved on to defeat Musaylima.

Death
Musaylima fought in the Battle of Yamama, and was killed by Wahshi ibn Harb.

title: Musaylima


text:
User:LinkBot/suggestions/Timeline of Islamic history

An automated Wikipedia link suggester has suggested 107 possible wiki links for the Timeline of Islamic history article:

— LinkBot 00:30, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Outward links

 * Can link political history: ....'' There is much more to Muslim history than military and political history ; this particular chronology is almost entirely of military ...
 * Can link heads of states: ...]]. Battle of Khyber. Muhammad sends letters to various heads of states . ... (link to section)
 * Can link Naval battle: ...against the Byzantines.   * 651: Naval battle of the Masts against the Byzantines.  ... (link to section)
 * Can link vassal state: ...4]]: The Muslims cross the Oxus. Bukhara becomes a vassal state .  ... (link to section)
 * Can link Mahmud I: ...I of Great Seljuk]].   * 1094:  Death of Seljuk Sultan Mahmud I ; accession of Barkiyaruq. Death of the Abbasid Cali... (link to section)
 * Can link Abu Muhammad: ...his independence and assumes the title of Al Adil. In Spain Abu Muhammad overthrows Al Adil. Al Adil escapes to Morocco and overthro... (link to section)
 * Can link Abu Said: ...n.   * 1240:  Death of Ar-Rashid; accession of his son Abu Said .  ... (link to section)
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 * Can link sub-continent: ...troduction of the Suhrawardi Sufi order in the IndoPakistan sub-continent . ... (link to section)
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 * Can link Ninth crusade: ...uddin Tusi. The Marinids wrest Sijilmasa from the Zayenids. Ninth crusade under Edward I of England. The crusade ends in fiasco and E... (link to section)
 * Can link Edward I of England: ...nids wrest Sijilmasa from the Zayenids. Ninth crusade under Edward I of England . The crusade ends in fiasco and Edward returns to England. ... (link to section)
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 * Can link West Bengal: ...h the capital at Sonargaon, Shahabuddin became the ruler of West Bengal with the capital at Lakhnauti. ... (link to section)
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 * Can link Ottoman Turks: ... become's the ruler of United Bengal.   * 1326: In the Ottoman Turks empire, Death of Othman, succession of Orkhan. Orkhan conqu... (link to section)
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 * Can link fourteenth century: ... II, accession of Tahir III. His rule lasted throughout the fourteenth century . In Bengal, llyas captures East Bengal and under him Bengal... (link to section)
 * Can link Firuz Shah Tughluq: ...the Tughluqs empire, Death of Muhammad Tughluq accession of Firuz Shah Tughluq . ... (link to section)
 * Can link Muhammad Shah: ...ahmanids empire, Death of Hasan Gangu, accession of his son Muhammad Shah . In the Muzaffarids empire, Death of Mubarazuddin Muhammad;... (link to section)
 * Can link Muhammad V: ... Abu Bakr Said overthrown by Abu Salim Ibrahim. In Granada, Muhammad V loses the throne in palace revolution, succeeded by Ismail.... (link to section)
 * Can link Black Sheep: ...captured by his uncle Daud.   * 1379: Turkomans of the Black Sheep empire, Bairam Khawaja found the independent principality o... (link to section)
 * Can link Burji Mamluks: ...eath of Sikandar Shah, accession of his son Ghiasud. In the Burji Mamluks empire, The rule of the Burji Mamluks rounded by Saifuddin ... (link to section)
 * Can link battle of Ankara: ...2]]: In the Ottoman Turks empire, Defeat of Bayazid at the battle of Ankara, taken captive Amir Timur.  ... (link to section)
 * Can link Murad II: ...man Turks empire, Death of Muhammad I; accession of his son Murad II . In the Burji Mamluks empire, Death of Al Muayyad, successi... (link to section)
 * Can link Chief Minister: ...amaluddin Yusuf; Yusuf overthrown and power captured by the Chief Minister Saifuddin Gakmuk. Turkomans of the White Sheep empire, Ali ... (link to section)
 * Can link Shah Rukh: ...rom Sarai.   * 1446:  In the Timurids empire, Death of Shah Rukh, succession of Ulugh Beg. In the Ottoman Turks empire, Seco... (link to section)
 * Can link Ulugh Beg: ... In the Timurids empire, Death of Shah Rukh, succession of Ulugh Beg . In the Ottoman Turks empire, Second battle of Kossova resu... (link to section)
 * Can link Bayazid II: ...he Ottoman Turks empire, Death of Muhammad II, accession of Bayazid II . ... (link to section)
 * Can link Safavid dynasty: ... Ashraf Gan Balat.   * 1501:  Isamil I establishes the Safavid dynasty in Persia, and the Twelve-Imam Shi'ism becomes the state re... (link to section)
 * Can link Ottoman Sultan: ...rque conquers Malacca from the Muslims.   * 1517:  The Ottoman Sultan Selim Yavuz ("the Grim") defeats the Mamluks and conquers E... (link to section)
 * Can link Louis of Hungary: ...e reign of Sulayman the Magnificent begins.   * 1526: Louis of Hungary dies at the Battle of Mohacs.  The Battle of Panipat in Ind... (link to section)
 * Can link Battle of Mohacs: ...ficent begins.   * 1526:  Louis of Hungary dies at the Battle of Mohacs .  The Battle of Panipat in India, and the Moghul conquest; ... (link to section)
 * Can link siege of Vienna: ... take Buda in Hungary.   * 1529:  Unsuccessful Ottoman siege of Vienna .  ... (link to section)
 * Can link Catholicism: ...rra uprising of the Moriscos (Muslims forcibly converted to Catholicism ) in Spain. ... (link to section)
 * Can link the Three Kings: ...ranean is brought to a close.   * 1578:  The Battle of the Three Kings at Qasr al-Kabir in Morocco. King Sebastian of Portugal is ... (link to section)
 * Can link Sebastian of Portugal: ...Battle of the Three Kings at Qasr al-Kabir in Morocco. King Sebastian of Portugal is killed. ... (link to section)
 * Can link Shah Abbas I: ...Portugal is killed.   * 1588:  Reign of Safavid Sultan Shah Abbas I begins.  ... (link to section)
 * Can link Mughal emperor: ...cession of Ali Rayat Shah III.   * 1605:  Death of the Mughal emperor Akbar; accession of Jahangir.  ... (link to section)
 * Can link Othman II: ..., accession of Mustafa; Deposition of Mustafa: accession of Othman II . ... (link to section)
 * Can link Murad IV: ... * 1625: In Turkey deposition of Mustafa, accession of Murad IV .  ... (link to section)
 * Can link Mumtaz Mahal: ...Abbas; accession of grandson Safi.   * 1631:  Death of Mumtaz Mahal, wife of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and the lady of Taj Maha... (link to section)
 * Can link Shah Jahan: ... * 1631: Death of Mumtaz Mahal, wife of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and the lady of Taj Mahal, Agra.  ... (link to section)
 * Can link Taj Mahal: ...az Mahal, wife of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and the lady of Taj Mahal, Agra. ... (link to section)
 * Can link Abbas II: ...n of his son Ahmad Kuiprilli.   * 1667:  Death of Shah Abbas II ; accession of Shah Sulaiman.  ... (link to section)
 * Can link Sikh Guru: ...ccession of Shah Sulaiman.   * 1675:  Execution of the Sikh Guru Tegh Bahadur. In Indonesia death of the queen Tajul Alam, a... (link to section)
 * Can link Tegh Bahadur: ...f Shah Sulaiman.   * 1675:  Execution of the Sikh Guru Tegh Bahadur . In Indonesia death of the queen Tajul Alam, accession of t... (link to section)
 * Can link Kara Mustafa: ...of the Grand Wazir of Turkey Ahmad Kuiprilli, succession by Kara Mustafa . ... (link to section)
 * Can link Mustafa II: ... 1692: Death of the Turk Sultan Ahmad II, accession of Mustafa II .  ... (link to section)
 * Can link Jahandar Shah: ...]]: Death of the Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah, accession of Jahandar Shah .  ... (link to section)
 * Can link The Persians: ...h. Battle of Gulnabad between the Afghans and the Persians. The Persians were defeated and the Afghans under Shah Mahmud became the ... (link to section)
 * Can link Ahmad Shah Durrani: ...from Portugese rule and occupied by Oreart.   * 1747: Ahmad Shah Durrani established Afghan rule in Afghanistan.  ... (link to section)
 * Can link Muhammad Khan: ...3]]: End of Kalhora rule in Sind.    * 1797:  Death of Muhammad Khan Qachar, king of Persia.... (link to section)
 * Can link Ranjit Singh: ...   * 1797:  Russia occupied Daghestan.    * 1799: Ranjit Singh declared himself Maharajah of Punjab defeating Afghans. [17... (link to section)
 * Can link Abdul Aziz ibn Saud: ...   ==20th Century (1900-1999)==  * 1803:  Shah Abdul Aziz ibn Saud assassinated by a Shia fanatic. Shah Shuja proclaimed as Ki... (link to section)
 * Can link King of Afghanistan: ...ud assassinated by a Shia fanatic. Shah Shuja proclaimed as King of Afghanistan . ... (link to section)
 * Can link Othman Dan Fodio: ...ptured Madinah defeating the Turk garrison.   * 1804: Othman Dan Fodio established Islamic State of Sokoto in Central Sudan.  ... (link to section)
 * Can link Muhammad Ali: ...Sudan.   * 1805:  Faraizi movement launched in Bengal. Muhammad Ali appointed Pasha of Egypt by the Turks.  ... (link to section)
 * Can link treaty of alliance: ...d Saudis expelled from Hijaz.   * 1814:  Iran executed treaty of alliance with the British known as Definitive Treaty. Death of Ibn S... (link to section)
 * Can link declared war: ...to Anglo- Netherland treaty in 1824.   * 1828:  Russia declared war against Turkey.  ... (link to section)
 * Can link French forces: ...rkey.   * 1829:  Treaty of Adrianople.    * 1830: French forces landed near Algiers and occupied Algeria ending 313 years r... (link to section)
 * Can link Abdul Qadir: ...g of Oman, shifted his capital to Zanzibar.   * 1834: Abdul Qadir recognised as ruler of the area under his control by the Fr... (link to section)
 * Can link Quadruple Alliance: ... by the Egyptians in the battle of Nisibin.   * 1840: Quadruple Alliance by the European powers to force Egypt to relinquish Syria. ... (link to section)
 * Can link Muhammad Ali pasha: ...d sent him as a captive to France.   * 1849:  Death of Muhammad Ali pasha .  ... (link to section)
 * Can link Babism: ...atul Ain Tabira, a renowned poetess and staunch advocate of Babism also shot dead. ... (link to section)
 * Can link Bahadur Shah Zafar: ...d Mughal rule in India after 332 years. Last Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was exiled to Rangoon in Burma. This was also the end of 10... (link to section)
 * Can link Imam Shamil: ...nd of 1000 years of Muslim rule over India.   * 1859: Imam Shamil laid down arms before Russian forces and the Islamic State ... (link to section)
 * Can link Suez canal: ...1876: Britain purchased shares of Khediv Ismail in the Suez canal and got involved in Egyptian affairs.  ... (link to section)
 * Can link Muhammad Ahmad: ...ged supremacy of France as a result of the treaty of Bardo. Muhammad Ahmad declared himself Mahdi in northern Sudan. ... (link to section)
 * Can link British military: ...f Mahdi in northern Sudan.   * 1882:  Egypt came under British military occupation.  ... (link to section)
 * Can link Wakhan corridor: ...0]]: End of Banbara State.    * 1895:  Afghanistan got Wakhan corridor by an understanding with Russia and British India making Af... (link to section)
 * Can link British India: ...tan got Wakhan corridor by an understanding with Russia and British India making Afghan border touch China.  Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Q... (link to section)
 * Can link Mirza Ghulam Ahmad: ...ussia and British India making Afghan border touch China. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian claimed prophethood. ... (link to section)
 * Can link Abd al-Aziz: ...=20th Century (1900-2000)== * 1901:  Ibn Saud ( Abd al-Aziz ) captures Riyad. French forces occupy Morocco.  ... (link to section)
 * Can link sphere of influence: ...eginning of the Salafiyyah movement in Paris with it's main sphere of influence in Egypt. ... (link to section)
 * Can link Young Turks: ...of influence in Egypt.   * 1907:  The beginning of the Young Turks movement in Turkey.  ... (link to section)
 * Can link reform movement: ... Turkey.   * 1912:  The beginning of the Muhammadiyyah reform movement in Indonesia.  ... (link to section)
 * Can link Arab nationalist: ...nt in Indonesia.   * 1914:  Under Ottoman rule, secret Arab nationalist societies are formed.  World War I.  ... (link to section)
 * Can link Arab revolt: ...onalist societies are formed. World War I.    * 1916: Arab revolt against Ottoman (Turkish) rule. Lawrence of Arabia leads at... (link to section)
 * Can link Lawrence of Arabia: ...  * 1916:  Arab revolt against Ottoman (Turkish) rule. Lawrence of Arabia leads attacks on the Hijaz Railway.  ... (link to section)
 * Can link Hijaz Railway: ...man (Turkish) rule. Lawrence of Arabia leads attacks on the Hijaz Railway . ... (link to section)
 * Can link World War I: ...* 1918: Armistice signed with Ottomans on October 30. World War I ends on November 11.  Syria and Damascus become a French pr... (link to section)
 * Can link Sharif of Mecca: ... bin Husayn in made King of Transjordan. His father was the Sharif of Mecca . Faysal bin Husayn is made King of Iraq. His father was th... (link to section)
 * Can link King of Iraq: ... father was the Sharif of Mecca. Faysal bin Husayn is made King of Iraq . His father was the Sharif of Mecca.  Abd al-Karim leads a ... (link to section)
 * Can link Abd al-Karim: ... is made King of Iraq. His father was the Sharif of Mecca. Abd al-Karim leads a revolt against colonial rule in Moroccan Rif, and d... (link to section)
 * Can link Mustafa Kemal: ...if, and declares the "Republic of the Rif".   * 1922: Mustafa Kemal abolishes the Turkish Sultanate.  ... (link to section)
 * Can link Reza Khan: ...fication of the Kingdoms of Najd and Hijaz.   * 1925: Reza Khan seizes the government in Persia and establishes the Pahlavi... (link to section)
 * Can link Pahlavi dynasty: ...za Khan seizes the government in Persia and establishes the Pahlavi dynasty . ... (link to section)
 * Can link Hasan al-Banna: ...eader.   * 1928:  Turkey is declared a secular state. Hasan al-Banna founds the Muslim Brotherhood.  ... (link to section)
 * Can link Imam Yahya: ...f Nations.   * 1934:  War between King Abd al-Aziz and Imam Yahya of the Yemen.    Peace treaty of Ta'if.  Asir becomes part ... (link to section)
 * Can link Peace treaty: ...ar between King Abd al-Aziz and Imam Yahya of the Yemen. Peace treaty of Ta'if. Asir becomes part of Saudi Arabia.  ... (link to section)
 * Can link Mohammad Reza Shah: ...ran and Reza Shah is forced to abdicate in favor of his son Mohammad Reza Shah in Iran. ... (link to section)
 * Can link state of Israel: ... Muslim Majority area in India.   * 1948:  Creation of state of Israel . Arab armies suffer defeat in war with Israel.  ... (link to section)
 * Can link Muslim Brotherhood: ... with Israel.   * 1949:  Hasan al-Banna, leader of the Muslim Brotherhood, is assassinated.  ... (link to section)
 * Can link Faruq of Egypt: ... 1951: Libya becomes independent.    * 1952:  King Faruq of Egypt forced to abdicate.  ... (link to section)
 * Can link General Zahedi: ...]: King Faruq of Egypt forced to abdicate.    * 1953: General Zahedi leads coup against Musaddeq, Shah returns to power. Death o... (link to section)
 * Can link Saudi Arabia: ...h returns to power. Death of King Abd al-Aziz (Ibn Saud) of Saudi Arabia . The foundation stone is laid to enlarge the Prophet's mos... (link to section)
 * Can link Crown Prince: ...becomes independent. Death of Zaydi Imam of Yemen (Ahmad). Crown Prince Bahr succeds him and takes the title Imam Mansur Bi-Llah Mu... (link to section)
 * Can link Malcom X: ...kes the title Imam Mansur Bi-Llah Muhammad.   * 1965: Malcom X is assassinated.  ... (link to section)
 * Can link Zahir Shah: ...ed by a coup led by Colonel Qadhdhafi.   * 1973:  King Zahir Shah of Afghanistan is overthrown.  ... (link to section)
 * Can link Nation of Islam: ...thrown.   * 1975:  Death of Elijah Mohammad, leader of Nation of Islam among African Americans in North America. Wallace Warith De... (link to section)
 * Can link African Americans: ... Death of Elijah Mohammad, leader of Nation of Islam among African Americans in North America. Wallace Warith Deen Mohammad assumes lead... (link to section)
 * Can link Warith Deen Mohammad: ... of Islam among African Americans in North America. Wallace Warith Deen Mohammad assumes leadership of Nation of Islam and shifts movement t... (link to section)
 * Can link Saddam Hussain: ...litary annexation of Kuwait by Iraq, under Ba'athist leader Saddam Hussain, is reversed in 1991 by a coalition of United States-led fo... (link to section)


text:
Seal of Vermont

The Great Seal of the State of Vermont is the official seal of the U.S. state of Vermont, used to emboss and authenticate official documents. It was designed by Ira Allen, brother of Ethan Allen and one of the state's founders.

Great Seal
The seal, depicts a 14-branched pine tree rising from the forest, with a grain sheaf above. The 14 branches symbolize the Thirteen Colonies and Vermont as the 14th state admitted to the union. A cow on the right, representing Vermont's history of dairy farming, also appears. On the top of the seal are wavy lines, possibly suggesting clouds; on the bottom wavy lines suggest water. It is believed that the two sets of wavy lines might also suggest the Connecticut River and Lake Champlain, Vermont's east and west borders. The passage "Freedom & Unity"—Vermont's state motto—is centered below the state name. The motto is central to the Vermont ideal of balancing personal freedom with the individual's responsibility to their community. The seal was first used by the government of the independent Vermont Republic as it existed prior to admission to the Union.

Intended for use to emboss official documents, the seal is not intended for decorative use, the single exception being a large version carved in hardwood and affixed to the Vermont Pavilion at the Expo 67 World's Fair. That seal was later used as a backdrop behind the podium in the Vermont State House Press Briefing Room, which is now the minority party's caucus room. The large wooden Great Seal of Vermont has been moved to the working offices of the governor of Vermont at The Pavilion.

A more naturalistic and colorful armorial representation of the elements of the seal can be seen in the coat of arms of Vermont, which is found on the Vermont flag. It is also used on letterheads and on signs marking state buildings, bridges, state's borders, and at Vermont welcome centers. By Vermont statute, the Great Seal of Vermont is the shared domain of the Vermont Secretary of State, the offices of the state governorship, and the legislative and judiciary branches of government. The original metal dies for the first seal of Vermont are stored at the Secretary of State's office at Redstone, a large red brick and sandstone Queen Anne style house at Montpelier.

Seals of the government of Vermont
There are various seals of the state government. Most use the coat of arms of Vermont.

title: Seal of Vermont


text:
Music of New Hampshire

New Hampshire is a state of the United States, located in the New England region. It is home to several professional performing institutions, including the more than 90-year-old fully professional Symphony New Hampshire (known from 1923-2012 as the Nashua Symphony) based out of Nashua, and the community-based New Hampshire Philharmonic.

The state of New Hampshire is unusual for having nine state songs.

State song
New Hampshire has nine state songs, although eight are "honorary" but not "official".

The first state song was "Old New Hampshire". This song was originally voted on by the legislature in 1941, but the song lost. In 1943, Rep. Samuel P. Philbrook sponsored legislation to create a contest to pick a state song, but this initiative failed as well. It was not until 1949 that "Old New Hampshire" became an official song.

The second was "New Hampshire, My New Hampshire" in 1963, then "New Hampshire Hills" in 1973. In early 1977, "Autumn in New Hampshire" became the fourth official song, and an interim board appointed by legislators recommended using only one official song and designating the others "honorary" state songs.

The board began considering which song to make official, as well as adding four new songs to consideration: "Oh, New Hampshire (You're My Home)", "The Old Man of the Mountain", "New Hampshire's Granite State" and "The New Hampshire State March". "Old New Hampshire" was voted the official song in late 1977, and the others became "honorary".

In 1983, a new honorary state song was added: "New Hampshire Naturally".

Rock music
The rock band Aerosmith has its roots in New Hampshire, as lead singer Steven Tyler and guitarist Joe Perry spent their childhood summers in Sunapee. Other notable bands include The Bruisers, Dreadnaught USA, Our Last Night, Scissorfight, The Shaggs, And Then There Were None, Rick Rude, The Trichomes, The Brave Little Abacus, and The Queers. Punk rocker GG Allin was native to New Hampshire. Singer-songwriter Ray LaMontagne was born in Nashua, Ronnie James Dio, lead singer of Dio, was born in Portsmouth, and The Dropkick Murphys lead singer Al Barr was born in Hanover.

Pop music
Mandy Moore, a singer-songwriter and actress born in Nashua, has sold more than 10 million albums worldwide and won various awards for her acting performances. Singer JoJo was raised in Keene and is the youngest solo artist to top the Billboard Pop Songs chart. She has sold over 7 million albums worldwide.

Hip-hop music
New Hampshire has been home to producer and DJ Statik Selektah, a respected name in hip hop nationwide, since the 1990s. Statik Selektah, of Exeter, is closely associated with hip-hop artist Termanology of Lawrence, Massachusetts. The two have formed 1982 (group). Producer Decap of Nashua began producing in the early 2000s and has since produced records for artists like Talib Kweli, Joyner Lucas, and Hit-Boy. Bass player/producer Brady Watt, also a Nashua native, has worked closely alongside Ski Beatz, providing bass guitar on albums and songs by New Orleans rapper Curren$y, Joey Badass, and others. Rapper Adeem hails from Keene. Grammy Award-winning producer Brian Soko from Manchester has produced records for Beyoncé ("Drunk in Love"), and Lil Wayne.

Classical
Composer Amy Beach was born in Henniker.

Composer Edward MacDowell and his wife Marian summered at Hillcrest Farm in Peterborough at the turn of the 20th century. In 1907, toward the end of Edward's life, Marian deeded the farm to the Edward MacDowell Association, founding the MacDowell Colony, an artists' colony which has hosted numerous composers, artists, and writers up to the present day.

Vocal music
New Hampshire communities support a widespread and active tradition of choirs and local singing groups from master chorale to neighborhood singing clubs. Providing opportunities for performances in regular concerts and seasonal festivals for amateurs and professionals alike, vocal musical offerings are attended in an assortment of venues around the state. School choirs and their professional educators create an early love for singing that supports participation. Barbershop music is a popular pursuit in every corner of the state. Abenaki singers are often featured at seasonal Native American powwows.

title: Music of New Hampshire


text: Talk:Music of New Hampshire

title: Talk:Music of New Hampshire


text:
1949 West German federal election

Federal elections were held in West Germany on 14 August 1949 to elect the members of the first Bundestag, with a further eight seats elected in West Berlin between 1949 and January 1952 and another eleven between February 1952 and 1953. They were the first free federal elections in West Germany since 1933 and the first after the division of the country.

Campaign
After World War II, the German Instrument of Surrender and the country's division into four Allied occupation zones, the elections were held in the Federal Republic of Germany, established under occupation statute in the three Western zones with the proclamation of its Basic Law by the Parlamentarischer Rat assembly of the West German states on 23 May 1949. Most West German parties at the time of the 1949 Bundestag election were committed to democracy, but they disagreed on what kind of democracy West Germany should become.

The Christian Democratic (CDU) leader, 73-year-old Konrad Adenauer, former mayor of Cologne and party chairman in the British Zone since March 1946, believed in moderate, non-denominational and Christian democracy, social market economy and integration with the West. In 1948 he had become president of the Parlamentarischer Rat, an office that added to his popularity as protagonist of a "state-to-be". He attacked social democracy and the British, especially, dismantling of industry.

The Social Democratic (SPD) leader, Kurt Schumacher, wanted a united, democratic and socialist Germany. Schumacher had heavily agitated against the forced merger of the Communist Party (KPD) and SPD (both in the Soviet occupation zone) into the Socialist Unity Party of Germany and he had also turned the party's course away from the working class advocacy group of the Weimar Republic towards a left-wing big tent party with distinct patriotic features. He constantly accused Adenauer of betraying national interests, culminating in his heckling at the Bundestag session of 25 September 1949: "The Chancellor of the Allies!". Schumacher criticized the Catholic Church, calling it the fifth occupying power and criticized denominational education.

Results
In the end and to the great disappointment of the Social Democrats, the CDU/CSU outnumbered them by 31.0% to 29.2% of the votes cast. Enough participating West Germans favoured Adenauer's and his coalition partners' – the liberal Free Democrats' (FDP) and the conservative German Party's (DP) – policies and promises over Schumacher's and the other left-wingers' policies to give the centre-right parties a slight majority of deputies.

To enter the Bundestag, a party had to surmount a threshold of 5% at least in one of the states or to win at least one electoral district; ten parties succeeded. A number of non-voting members (elected in 1949:2 CDU, 5 SPD, 1 FDP; joined in February 1952 by: 3 CDU, 4 SPD, 4 FDP) indirectly elected by the West Berlin legislature (Stadtverordnetenversammlung) are included below in parentheses. The French Saar Protectorate did not participate in this election.

Aftermath
Schumacher had explicitly refused a grand coalition and led his party into opposition, where it would remain until December 1966, assuming the chair of the SPD parliamentary group as minority leader. On 12 September 1949, he lost the German presidential election, defeated by FDP chairman Theodor Heuss in the second ballot. Schumacher died on 20 August 1952 of the long-term consequences of his concentration camp imprisonment during the Nazi years.

Adenauer had favoured the formation of a smaller centre-right coalition from the beginning. Nominated by the CDU/CSU faction, he was elected the first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany on 15 September 1949 by an absolute majority of 202 of 402 votes. Adenauer had ensured that the votes of the predominantly Social Democrat West Berlin deputies did not count and later stated that he "naturally" had voted for himself. On 20 September, he formed the Cabinet Adenauer I of CDU/CSU, FDP, and DP ministers. Chosen as an interim Chancellor, he held the office until 1963, being re-elected three times (in 1953, in 1957 and in 1961).

title: 1949 West German federal election


text:
Saint-Laurent station

Saint-Laurent station is a Montreal Metro station in the borough of Ville-Marie in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is operated by the Société de transport de Montréal (STM) and serves the Green Line. The station opened on October 14, 1966, as part of the original network of the Metro.

Overview
Designed by Brassard et Warren, it is a normal side platform station, built in an open cut under boul. de Maisonneuve. The station's volume contains its mezzanine and ticket hall, connected to a single entrance. This is one of the few downtown stations not to have an entrance integrated into another building, and plans for the vacant lot around the station continually surface; the current plan is for a cultural centre, including a school of contemporary dance.

Architecture and art
The station contains non-figurative tiled murals by noted ceramicist Claude Vermette.

Origin of the name
The station takes its name from Saint Laurent Boulevard (in French, boulevard Saint-Laurent), a main thoroughfare of Montreal, opened and named by 1720 as the road joining Montreal to the village of Côte-Saint-Laurent, now a borough of Montreal. The latter was named for Saint Lawrence, probably by allusion to the Saint Lawrence River. Saint Laurent Boulevard is considered the dividing line between eastern and western Montreal, and divides addresses between east and west.

Nearby points of interest

 * UQAM
 * Saint Laurent Boulevard
 * Pavillon Ste-Catherine
 * Ex-Centris
 * Just for Laughs Museum
 * Canadian Centre for International Studies and Cooperation (CECI)

title: Saint-Laurent station


text: Talk:Seal of Vermont

title: Talk:Seal of Vermont


text:
Talk:Seal of Vermont/to do

Integrate information:

title: Talk:Seal of Vermont/to do


text:
User:LinkBot/suggestions/Ataxia

An automated Wikipedia link suggester has suggested 2 possible wiki links for the Ataxia article:

— LinkBot 00:35, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Outward links

 * Can link viral infection: ...congenital disease (for example Friedreich's ataxia), a viral infection (chicken pox), encephalitis, diseases and lesions o...
 * Can link central nervous system: ...icken pox]]), encephalitis, diseases and lesions of the central nervous system or spinal cord (including abscess, [[Physical trauma|tr...

title: User:LinkBot/suggestions/Ataxia


text:
Talk:Ataxia

older entries
Expanded description is essentially verbatim from website of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). Since this information is produced by the government, I do not believe any copyright is being violated.--Sjsilverman 01:29, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

An automated Wikipedia link suggester has some possible wiki link suggestions for the Ataxia article, and they have been placed on this page for your convenience. Tip: Some people find it helpful if these suggestions are shown on this talk page, rather than on another page. To do this, just add to this page. — LinkBot 00:35, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Fine motor coordination?
The assertion that ataxia results from impaired fine motor coordination seems wrong. Fine motor coordination refers to such actions as manipulating objects with the fingers. It would be gross, not fine, motor coordination deficit that would produce ataxia. Myron 11:58, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

[3/8/06 06:22] [some 17-year-old kid] [phoenix, az] i beg to differ. as a recent victim of a vehicle-pedestrian auto accident, i personally know that gross motor actions are wat i can accomplish, while fine motor coordination is a trouble spot. if u think abt it, a degeneration of nueral connections would affect fine-motor actions, leaving u to only be able to accomplish gross.

 * Both are possible to a large degree. I am suffering from acute ataxia from a Black Widow bite and I can assure you that walking and other gross motor activities are not very pretty, but doable.  Typing and tooth brushing are possible as well, but exact and precise movements are difficult.

Removing text about specific causes of ataxia
I removed the text at the end of the page because it does not deal with ataxia (a symptom) in general, but provides specific info about some of the diseases that have it among their manifestations. That's duplicate info from their respective pages, and is incomplete - missing some common causes of ataxia and going into details in some of the uncommon ones. --Nehwyn 20:28, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

Consensus for splitting?
There seems to be a firm intention by an editor to split this article in two (cerebellar ataxia and sensory ataxia), either by pasting content from the main article (a proper split), or by writing duplicate info ex novo (a "branching out", if you want). I have repeatedly asked the editor in question to gain consensus for his proposed division on this talk page, but he seems unavailable to do so. Therefore I'll do it in his/her stead: is there a consensus to either paste or duplicate the info on this page on two pages? Nehwyn 15:54, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Oppose - And here is my opinion: I prefer to keep the present article as it is unless the new pages have more (not less!) info than the main one. Nehwyn 15:54, 6 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Please review the edit history. Sensory ataxia always has been a distinct article, so it's not up to me to demonstrate a consensus to split; it's up to you to demonstrate a consensus to merge. Most of the support for a single ataxia article has been from three single-purpose IP accounts (87.3.185.18, 87.17.214.56, and 79.9.191.133.) I have no problem with supporting your merge proposal if that's what a consensus of established editors want. But since you're the one that wants the change, you're the one that needs to generate support for it. I don't have a problem with leaving ataxia alone, to be structured as you desire. But if you're insisting that sensory ataxia now redirect to ataxia, you're going to have to follow process. Since we disagree, I'd encourage you to list the issue at Proposed mergers to get feedback from a broader audience. --Arcadian 17:37, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Arcadian, the articles were merged at that time without opposition. Had opposition been manifested at that time, consensus would have been requested for it, but since there was no opposition, the change proceeded undisputed. Months later, in order to split the article again, the same process applies, only this time opposition has been manifested, so a consensus debate has been requested. Should consensus emerge for the three-article solution, that is what we will go for. Should the one-article solution be preferred, the duplicate articles will be turned into redirects again. You are free to duplicate info from the main article to other two in the meanwhile. --Nehwyn 17:59, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Oppose - see my remarks at Talk:Cerebellar ataxia. The editor advocating (and making) the split responded "Within a year this page will be far better than the content currently in ataxia."    Let's keep the existing information in place until then.  --CliffC 17:25, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Can someone clarify: from the current entries, it appears that cerebellar ataxia is a recognized diagnosis (hence warrants its own article), ataxia is a recognized diagnosis (with a separate diagnosis code from cerebellar ataxia), while sensory ataxia appears as a symptom.  Is this correct?  If sensory ataxia has always been a separate article, what is the reasoning for the merge?  I don't find any above. Sandy Georgia  (Talk) 18:00, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Nope; all three terms refer to neurological syndromes (an ensemble of signs and symptoms) and do not represent a "standalone" diagnosis or disease. Note that "cerebellar ataxia" does not have a separate code from ataxia in ICD-10; the one it was assigned in ICD-9 was removed from the current ICD precisely for this reason (that "cerebellar ataxia" is not a diagnosis, just a generic presentation of a variety of cerebellar diseases and intoxications). To make it clearer to non-medics out there: when a patient goes to the doctor complaining of incoordination, first the doctor examines the patient to establish whether that incoordination indeed represents cerebellar dysfunction ("ataxia"), and in that case whether the cerebellum is unable to function properly because it is itself diseased (which would warrant the "cerebellar" adjective) or because it is not getting the input it needs (which would warrant either the "vestibular" or "sensory" adjective, depending on which imput is impaired). According to this reasoning and to the current ICD, the content from the articles about sensory and cerebellar ataxia had been merged into the current one, and the pages turned into redirects to that. Now they have just been split again, and I requested the involved editor to gain consensus for that, but he ignored the request, so I opened the debate in his/her stead.  --Nehwyn 18:22, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Please bear with the laypersons here :-) Are you saying that cerebellar and sensory are subsets of ataxia, with different etiologies (dysfunction in the cerebellum or otherwise)?  And if that's correct, and if they have different etiologies (questions from a layperson), why then would they not be separate articles?  As an analogy I understand, I wouldn't want Tourettism merged to Tourette syndrome.  They have the same symptomatic result, but different etiologies. There is no formal "tourettism" diagnosis, as far as I know, but it still warrants its own article. Sandy Georgia  (Talk) 18:52, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

 * They are different localisations of ataxia. (Laypersons' note: The term "localisation" has a specific meaning in neurology. When approaching a patient with a neurological complaint, such as "incoordination" or "imbalance", first you establish what neurological sign/symptom corresponds to the patient's complaint, then you "localise it", i.e. you try and determine which part of the nervous system is causing it - since most neurological signs/symptoms may be generated by disease processes in different parts of the nervous system). Responding to your question, sensory and cerebellar ataxia can present either separately or together, and their aetiologies overlap: in other words, some diseases/intoxications produce only one or the other, whereas others produce both at the same time, and the vast majority of hereditary disorders fall in the latter category. They are not mutually exclusive entities as Tourette syndrome and tourettism are.   --Nehwyn 19:29, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

 * OK, I'm with you so far. So what are the advantages and disadvantages of separate articles? Arcadian states that they've always been split; why should we merge them?  Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  PS, to continue the analogy that I understand, tourettism and Tourette syndrome can't be *proven* to be mutually exclusive until there is a definitive genetic test.  Sandy Georgia  (Talk) 19:54, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

 * On the contrary, a quick check to the history of the articles in question will show you that actually they have not always been split. In the beginning, there were three articles with some duplicate info; these were unopposedly merged (based on the reasoning exposed above), and merged they stayed until Arcadian's intention to split them off again a few days ago. He was then requested to obtain consensus before doing so, but he ignored that request and proceeded anyway. As soon as I got back online, I called this debate in his stead in order to verify whether any consensus exists in favour of his "three-article" solution over the "one-article" solution. --Nehwyn 19:58, 6 August 2007 (UTC)
 * PS - About Tourette's: not quite. I'll be happy to clarify your doubts, but do ask on the talk page of either of those articles, otherwise we'll just create confusion over here.  --Nehwyn 20:16, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

 * In both cases, the article histories reveal they were separate articles (for several years) until you recently redirected them. Sandy Georgia  (Talk) 20:51, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Regardless of history, I still don't see the pros and cons of separate or merged articles. Sandy Georgia  (Talk) 20:02, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, my reasoning for the "one-article" solution is in my response above, adheres to the current ICD classification, and reflects the way ataxia is actually approached in practice (in addition to the way it is treated in most most current medical textbooks). I also second CliffC's reason for opposing the re-split above. --Nehwyn 20:23, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Support continued separate articles, as has always been the case. No convincing reason for merging these articles, which have been separate for several years and represent different issues, has been given.  Sandy Georgia  (Talk) 20:51, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

It just makes sense for a merge given the neurophysiological overlap in mechanisms for the diseases. I cannot believe that it got to such a major debate. SteveD 3rd may 2008. 13:47. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.168.20.223 (talk) 03:48, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

Bromide toxicity
Maybe this needs a mention as a possible cause. 78.86.18.55 (talk) 19:00, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

Dystaxia and Titubation
The intro paragraph defines Dystaxia and Titubation, but doesn't say why it's defining them, and they're not mentioned elsewhere in the article. So are these forms of Ataxia, or are they being contrasted with Ataxia? Please clarify in the article. Thanks! —mjb (talk) 11:10, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

ataxia and autism
Are ataxia and autism at all related?i am just wondering because on the pervasive devolopmental disorder portal,ataxiawas listed along with many other disorders,as a related disoder that many autistics have in realation to there autism.could somebody please clarify this for me,so I can make an informed descision on weather or not to remove ataxia from the prevasive developmental disorders portal? Immunize (talk) 16:57, 16 January 2010 (UTC)

Unsourced changes
has been making changes without including verifiable references from reliable sources, and without discussing on its user talk page. — Jeff G. ツ 00:51, 22 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Did you really read the changes? To me, they seem pretty good copy-edits.  Lova Falk     talk   16:22, 23 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Actually, most of these edits are excellent copy-edits. I am restoring a great part of them, because they make the article so much more easy to read and understand.  Lova Falk     talk   16:48, 23 June 2010 (UTC)

Cannabis causing ataxia
It needs to be clarified that cannabis does not cause a person to get ataxia. It causes the person to experience ataxia while under the influence of marijuana. The article cited supports what I am saying and it was sort of mis quoted in this article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.220.159.20 (talk) 23:11, 4 October 2010 (UTC)

Ataxic cerebral palsy
No reference currently to ataxic cerebral palsy. Essentially cerebellar ataxia, of course, but reading the article as written, most people wouldn't make the connection. Does someone want to have a go at incorporating? (I'm too busy editing Paralympic sport) Sportygeek (talk) 01:41, 26 January 2013 (UTC)
 * I added it to the See also section. I don't know enough about it to be able to incorporate it into the article, but I hope someone else will.  Lova Falk     talk   10:38, 27 January 2013 (UTC)

Frenkel Exercises
There should be an article on these exercises. Cerebellar ataxia is usually thought of as hopeless, which is not so. See the article on Frenkel at http://www.nature.com/sc/journal/v42/n1/full/3101515a.html Fletcherbrian (talk) 14:47, 1 June 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Ataxia


text:
User:LinkBot/suggestions/Abdul Alhazred

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 * Can link half-brother: ...ewsbury, as an old agent of Hastur and devoted enemy of his half-brother Cthulhu, crossed its gates in search of Alhazred's buri...
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User:LinkBot/suggestions/Ada Lovelace

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User:LinkBot/suggestions/August Derleth

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 * Can link s Club: ...]], served as a parole officer, organised a local Men&rsquo; s Club and a parent-teacher association. He also lectured ...
 * Can link Lovecraft's fiction: ...he invented mythology that seemed to lay behind much of Lovecraft's fiction . Derleth codified the Mythos to bring it more in line with ...
 * Can link new gods: ...d and evil and, as other authors had done before him, added new gods and creatures to the stories....
 * Can link fictional town: ... themselves. The name of the company comes from Lovecraft's fictional town of Arkham, Massachusetts, which featured in many of...
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title: User:LinkBot/suggestions/August Derleth


text:
Talk:August Derleth

Untitled
An automated Wikipedia link suggester has some possible wiki link suggestions for the August_Derleth article, and they have been placed on this page for your convenience. Tip: Some people find it helpful if these suggestions are shown on this talk page, rather than on another page. To do this, just add to this page. — LinkBot 00:35, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I added the ones that made sense. About half didn't. DreamGuy 00:47, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)

Merge from List of works
I'm not sure if there's an official policy about having the list of works by an author in the same page with his bio/related info. IMHO having all the info in just a page would help, but then maybe this article would be too large to handle? I've looked at Lovecraft's article and I am a bit confused now, since there's a list of works in the article and another list of works in an independent article. CharlesDexterWard 11:43, 13 January 2006 (UTC)
 * They should be merged. Separate "work lists" are used for people with very long articles and very long works lists, like Pink Floyd. I will merge them in a couple of days unless anyone objects. Jdcooper 12:46, 13 January 2006 (UTC)
 * That seems like a good idea to me. Nareek 18:05, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Merge it in. Even if the list was extensive, it belongs with the authour. Dury 20:29, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Sauk City
He lived in Sauk City. Sauk County is to broad. Also, is it in poor taste to upload a picture of his grave? --Al 01:00, 22 January 2006 (UTC)
 * For me - absolutely not. Grave of H.P. Lovecraft with "I am Providence" sentence is often shown in article about him. But please upload the file to Commons. --User:Derbeth talk 11:17, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Clean-up

 * Just for future reference, the clean-up tag is there basically because the page looks ugly, what with the massive bibliography. I don't know how it could be cleaned-up necessarily, which is why I haven't done it myself, but the tag is to get the attention of other editors, who might have brighter ideas. Jdcooper 03:16, 13 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Note: i removed discussion of the previous clean-up tag, which was removed then replaced, because it was pretty confusing. Jdcooper 03:16, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

Images
I have a few images on my Flickr that can be used for this page:
 * http://flickr.com/photos/wonderal/126640147 Entrance to his house
 * http://flickr.com/photos/wonderal/126639846 Grave
 * http://flickr.com/photos/wonderal/126641326 Sign entering Sauk City

Feel free to use them in this article (I would put them myself but I'm not sure where to stick them). -- Al™ 03:19, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

Cites needed tag
I added the tag because, while there are references, there are no citations to the references in the body of the article. Several of the statements probably should be sourced. I would do it myself, but I know next to nothing about Derleth, and the references included in the article are to books that are not available online. Xymmax 23:56, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

Dead link?
http://www.derleth.org/ seems to be a dead URL. Is the site of the August Derleth Society just down this morning, or is the site defunct? --Pleasantville (talk) 14:11, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

For what it is worth to readers, I connected this morning and the site came up. Some sites are just not on-line full time. --Naaman Brown (talk) 13:11, 28 April 2014 (UTC)

Sine qua non
His bisexuality has been detailed in the biography by Dorothy Litersky. Without such an obligatory, required allegation the article would not comply with Wikipedia biographical standards. Young readers must be educated to the fact all important people are aberrant and that inversion is normal, preferred. Lestrade (talk) 15:31, 7 October 2009 (UTC)Lestrade

What do you think you are talking about here? Your phobias are showing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.60.122.141 (talk) 23:13, 2 February 2020 (UTC)

It's very, very clearly established in his letters to Ramsey Campbell. Rolnikov (talk) 09:32, 27 May 2019 (UTC)

Posthumous Collaborations
When I read Derleth's "posthumous collaborations" in the 1960s and 1970s, it was with the understanding that those were unused story ideas left in Lovecraft's Commonplace Book that Derleth developed into full stories as homages to his late friend. As a reader I do not understand some of the latter day criticism of Derleth for listing them as "by H.P. Lovecraft and August Derleth" like "The Shuttered Room". Perhaps readers not knowing the backstory would feel deceived, but I don't feel there was deception involved. Lovecraft encouraged Derleth's writings in supernatural horror when he was alive, and this was Derleth's way of showing his respect and love for his mentor after his death. --Naaman Brown (talk) 13:29, 28 April 2014 (UTC)

Category:American people of German descent?
Both his parents have German surnames (Derleth/Volk), though that doesn't seem to have influenced his work. tickle me 06:57, 14 February 2015 (UTC)

This seems to be very typical in Wisconsin as well as the Midwest as-a-whole. 2601:182:C80:3E10:8979:BEF4:5ED8:6B9D (talk) 03:33, 17 September 2022 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 08:35, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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Complete lack of chronology
Unlike most wikipedia articles, this one appears rather aimless. It would be great to chronologize the sparse information provided about him, especially with regard to H.P. Lovecraft, as that is the source of his most widespread acclaim. As it is, it appears to be a footnote in his career with little mention of Lovecraft's influence on Derleth prior to the formation of Arkham House. 2601:182:C80:3E10:8979:BEF4:5ED8:6B9D (talk) 03:35, 17 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:August Derleth


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User:LinkBot/suggestions/Albert Camus

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Category:Characiformes

The Characiformes are fishes of order Characiformes and are found in South America and Africa.

The best known fish of this order are in the family characidae known as the Characins which include the South American Tetras, however there are many other families within this order:

 * Acestrorhynchidae
 * Alestiidae - African Tetras
 * Anostomidae - Headstanders
 * Characidae - Characins
 * Chilodontidae
 * Citharinidae
 * Ctenoluciidae - Pike Characids
 * Curimatidae
 * Cynodontidae
 * Erythrinidae - Trahiras
 * Gasteropelecidae - Freshwater hatchetfishes
 * Hemiodontidae
 * Hepsetidae
 * Iguanodectidae
 * Lebiasinidae - Pencilfish
 * Parodontidae
 * Prochilodontidae

title: Category:Characiformes


text:
Talk:Kamran Shirdel

Untitled
Notes: —Preceding unsigned comment added by Stlemur (talk • contribs)
 * filmgraphic.com is not Filmgraphic Co.
 * IMDb doesn't know about most of these films (Google does)
 * Can't find "Rome University" or "University of Rome"

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