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Operation Linebacker

Operation Linebacker was the codename of a U.S. Seventh Air Force and U.S. Navy Task Force 77 air interdiction campaign conducted against North Vietnam from 9 May to 23 October 1972, during the Vietnam War.

Its purpose was to halt or slow the transportation of supplies and materials for the Nguyen Hue Offensive (known in the West as the Easter Offensive), an invasion of the South Vietnam by the North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) that had been launched on 30 March. Linebacker was the first continuous bombing effort conducted against North Vietnam since the end of Operation Rolling Thunder in November 1968.

Nguyen Hue Offensive
At midday on 30 March 1972, 30,000 PAVN troops, supported by regiments of tanks and artillery, rolled southward across the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) that separated the two Vietnams. This three-division force caught the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) and their American allies unprepared. The PAVN force struck the defensive positions of the ARVN 3rd Division and threw it into disarray. ARVN forces then fell back, and a race began between both belligerents to the bridges at Đông Hà and Cam Lộ.

By 4 April, ARVN officers had patched together a defensive line that held the PAVN at bay, but it was only a temporary respite. Although the conventional attack by the PAVN, which included the extensive use of armor and heavy artillery, riveted the attention of the allies on the northern provinces, it was only the first of three such operations that were launched that spring. On 5 April, a PAVN force of 20,000 crossed the border from their sanctuaries in Cambodia in another three-division, combined arms force to attack Bình Long Province, north of Saigon. They quickly seized the town of Lộc Ninh and then surrounded the town of An Lộc, cutting the road to the capital.

On 12 April, the PAVN struck again, this time moving in from eastern Laos and seizing a series of border outposts around Đắk Tô in Kon Tum Province in the Central Highlands. The PAVN then proceeded east toward the provincial capital of Kon Tum. Hanoi had initiated the offensive to coincide with the winter monsoon, when continuous rain and low cloud cover made air support difficult.

The initial U.S. response to the offensive was lackadaisical and confused. The Pentagon was not unduly alarmed and the U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam and Commander, U.S. Military Assistance Command, Vietnam, General Creighton W. Abrams, were both out of the country. President Richard M. Nixon's first response was to consider a three-day attack by Boeing B-52 Stratofortress heavy bombers on Hanoi and the port city of Haiphong. His National Security Advisor, Dr. Henry Kissinger, convinced Nixon to reconsider, since he did not want to jeopardize the formalization of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) with the Soviet Union, that was due to be signed in May. Another stumbling block to the plan was Abrams' desire to utilize the available bombers (with their all-weather capability) to support the ARVN defense.

Nixon and Kissinger considered a plan offered by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to be both unimaginative and lacking in aggression. On 4 April, Nixon authorized the bombing of North Vietnam (which had been limited to reprisal raids just above the DMZ) up to the 18th parallel. To prevent a total ARVN collapse and to protect American prestige during the upcoming summit meeting with Soviet general secretary Leonid Brezhnev, Nixon decided to risk a massive escalation of force.

Due to the continuous withdrawal of American forces as part of the policy of Vietnamization, at the time of the invasion fewer than 10,000 U.S. combat troops remained in South Vietnam, and most of them were scheduled to leave within the next six months. The number of combat aircraft stationed in Southeast Asia was less than half that of its peak strength in 1968–1969. At the beginning of 1972, the U.S. Air Force (USAF) had only three squadrons of McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II fighter-bombers and one squadron of Cessna A-37 Dragonfly light attack aircraft, a total of 76 aircraft, stationed in South Vietnam. Another 114 fighter-bombers were located at bases in Thailand. 83 B-52s were stationed at U-Tapao RTAFB, Thailand and at Andersen Air Force Base, Guam. The U.S. Navy (USN)'s Task Force 77 (stationed in the Gulf of Tonkin), had four aircraft carriers assigned to it, but only two were available at any one time to conduct operations. Their air wings had approximately 140 aircraft.

Build-up and air attacks
American and Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF) aircraft had been supporting the defense (weather permitting) since the beginning of the offensive. These strikes were conducted in support of ARVN forces, and included those of the air wings of the carriers USS Coral Sea (CV-43) and USS Hancock (CV-19). The bad weather limited the ability of the U.S. aircraft to assist in stemming the North Vietnamese onslaught. By 6 April, at naval and air bases around the globe, American forces were put on alert and ships and aircraft squadrons began moving toward Southeast Asia.

The U.S. began a rapid build-up of airpower. The USAF deployed 176 F-4s and 12 F-105 Thunderchiefs from bases in the Republic of Korea and the U.S. to Thailand between 1 April and 11 May in Operation Constant Guard. Strategic Air Command (SAC) dispatched 124 B-52s from the U.S. to Guam bringing the total B-52 strength available for operations to 209. The USN cut short its port period for the carriers USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63) and USS Constellation (CV-64) and ordered USS Midway (CV-41), USS America (CV-66) and USS Saratoga (CV-60) to augment the fleet so that four or more carrier air wings could conduct missions simultaneously. 7th Fleet assets in local waters were thereby increased from 84 to 138 ships.

USAF tactical strikes against North Vietnam north of the 20th parallel were authorized on 5 April under the nickname Freedom Train. The first mass B-52 raid directed against the north was conducted on 10 April when 12 B-52s, supported by 53 attack aircraft, struck petroleum storage facilities around Vinh. By 12 April, Nixon had informed Kissinger that he had decided on a more comprehensive bombing campaign which would include strikes against both Hanoi and Haiphong.

The following day 18 B-52s struck Thanh Hóa's Bai Thuong Air Base. Three more days followed before another strike, this time by another 18 bombers in a pre-dawn attack against an oil tank farm outside Haiphong. They were followed by more than 100 tactical aircraft attacking targets around Hanoi and Haiphong during daylight. Between 6 and 15 April, U.S. aircraft also struck and destroyed the Paul Doumer and Thanh Hóa bridges and the Yên Viên railway marshalling yard. This marked the introduction of laser-guided bombs against strategic targets in North Vietnam. Both bridges had previously been attacked unsuccessfully with conventional bombs and even missiles. The B-52s were then withdrawn from operations in the north and when they returned in June, their missions would be limited to South Vietnam.

By mid-month, nearly all of North Vietnam had been cleared for bombing raids for the first time in over three years. Air Force and Navy commanders and pilots were relieved that Nixon (unlike President Johnson) left the operational planning to local commanders and loosened the targeting restrictions that had hampered Operation Rolling Thunder. Between 1 May and 30 June B-52s, fighter-bombers, and gunships had flown 18,000 sorties against formidable anti-aircraft defenses with the loss of 29 aircraft.

The U.S. also now began what North Vietnamese historians have described as "using devious political and diplomatic schemes...to cut back the amount of aid being supplied to us by socialist nations". On 20 April Kissinger met secretly with Brezhnev in Moscow. Unwilling to jeopardize the normalisation of relations with the West and wary of Washington's growing relationship with Beijing, Brezhnev agreed to apply pressure to Hanoi to end the offensive and negotiate seriously.

Brezhnev then arranged for another secret meeting between Kissinger and Hanoi's lead negotiator Le Duc Tho, to be held on 2 May in Paris. On the day, the two men met for a session that Kissinger later described as "brutal and insulting." The North Vietnamese, sensing victory, were in no mood to make concessions. As a result of this meeting and the fall of Quảng Trị City Nixon was prepared to up the ante, stating that "the bastards have never been bombed like they're going to be bombed this time".

Operation Pocket Money
On 27 April, ARVN defenses in Quảng Trị Province began to collapse. Due to conflicting orders from their high command, ARVN units joined an exodus of refugees heading southwards, abandoning Quảng Trị city. PAVN forces entered the city on the same day as the meeting between Kissinger and Le Duc Tho. The PAVN offensive had become a massive conventional military operation that was being conducted on three fronts simultaneously, involving the equivalent of 15 divisions and 600 tanks. As the North Vietnamese continued to gain ground in three of South Vietnam's four military regions, the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff updated their contingency plans (drawn up before the bombing halt of 1968) for the resumption of bombing in the north and recommended it to the President, who approved it on 8 May.

Shortly after his inauguration, Nixon had ordered the preparation of a contingency plan, one that would hopefully bring the Vietnam War to an end. Operation Duck Hook was to include an invasion of the North and included a proposal to mine its major harbors. The plan had been shelved at the time as too extreme but it had not been forgotten. The USN had also been updating its own contingency plans for just such a mining operation since 1965. On 5 May, Nixon ordered the Joint Chiefs to prepare to execute the aerial mining portion of the Duck Hook plan within three days under the operational title Pocket Money.

At precisely 09:00 (local time) on 9 May, six US Navy A-7 Corsair IIs and three A-6 Intruders from the USS Coral Sea flew into Haiphong harbor and dropped thirty-six 1,000 lb Mark-52 and Mark-55 naval mines into its waters. They were protected from attacks by Vietnam People's Air Force (VPAF) MiG fighter aircraft by the guided-missile cruisers USS Chicago (CA-136) and USS Long Beach (CGN-9), with several destroyers including the guided-missile destroyer USS Berkeley (DDG-15) launching Operation Custom Tailor and by supporting flights of F-4 Phantoms. The reason for the precise timing of the strike became apparent when Nixon simultaneously delivered a televised speech explaining the escalation to the American people: "The only way to stop the killing is to take the weapons of war out of the hands of the international outlaws of North Vietnam.". The mines were activated five days after their delivery to allow any vessels then in port to escape without damage. Over the next three days other US carrier-based aircraft laid 11,000 more mines into North Vietnam's secondary harbors, blockading all maritime commerce for the country.

Before and during Pocket Money, Nixon and Kissinger had worried about the Soviet and Chinese reaction to the escalation. Hours before Nixon's speech announcing the mining, Kissinger had delivered a letter to Soviet ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin which outlined the U.S. plan, but which also made clear Nixon's willingness to proceed with the summit. The next day, Nixon shook the hand of Soviet Foreign Trade Minister Nikolai Patolichev at the White House. Although Moscow and Beijing publicly denounced the American operation, they were not willing to jeopardize their thawing relationship with the U.S. and Hanoi's requests for support and aid from its socialist allies met with only cool responses.

Going north
Operation Linebacker, the code name for the new interdiction campaign, would have four objectives: to isolate North Vietnam from its sources of supply by destroying railroad bridges and rolling stock in and around Hanoi and north-eastwards toward the Chinese frontier; the targeting of primary storage areas and marshalling yards; to destroy storage and transshipment points and to eliminate (or at least damage) the North's air defense system. With nearly 85 percent of North Vietnam's imports (which arrived by sea) blocked by Pocket Money, the administration and the Pentagon believed that this would cut its final lines of communication with its socialist allies. China alone shipped an average of 22,000 tons of supplies a month over two rail lines and eight major roads that linked it with North Vietnam.

On 10 May Operation Linebacker began with mass bombing operations against North Vietnam by tactical fighter aircraft of the Seventh Air Force and Task Force 77. Their targets included the railroad switching yards at Yên Viên and the Paul Doumer Bridge, on the northern outskirts of Hanoi. A total of 414 sorties were flown on the first day of the operation, 120 by the Air Force and 294 by the Navy and they encountered the heaviest single day of air-to-air combat during the Vietnam War, with 11 VPAF MiGs (four MiG-21s and seven MiG-17s) and two Air Force F-4s shot down. Anti-aircraft artillery and over 100 surface-to-air missile firings also brought down two USN aircraft (one of which was flown by aces Duke Cunningham and William P. Driscoll).

By the end of the month, American aircraft had destroyed 13 bridges along the rail lines running from Hanoi to the Chinese border. Another four were destroyed between the capital and Haiphong, including the notorious Thanh Hóa Bridge. Several more bridges were brought down along the rail line leading to the south toward the DMZ. Targets were then switched to petroleum and oil storage and transportation networks and North Vietnamese airfields. There was an immediate impact on the battlefield in South Vietnam. Shelling by PAVN artillery dropped off by one-half between 9 May and 1 June. This slowdown was not due to an immediate shortage of artillery shells, but rather to a desire to conserve ammunition. U.S. intelligence analysts believed that PAVN had enough stockpiled supplies to sustain their campaigns throughout the autumn.

The intensity of the bombing campaign was reflected by the sharp increase in the number of strike and support sorties flown in Southeast Asia as a whole: from 4,237 for all services, including the RVNAF, during the month preceding the invasion, to 27,745 flown in support of ARVN forces from the beginning of April to the end of June (20,506 of them flown by the Air Force). B-52s provided an additional 1,000 sorties during the same period. The North was feeling the pressure, admitting in the official PAVN history that "between May and June only 30 percent of supplies called for in our plan actually reached the front-line units." In total, 41,653 Linebacker missions dropped 155,548 tons of bombs.

In addition to interdicting the road and rail system of North Vietnam, Linebacker also systematically attacked its air defense system. The VPAF, with approximately 200 interceptors, strongly contested these attacks throughout the campaign. Navy pilots, employing a mutually supporting "loose deuce" tactical formation and many with TOPGUN training, enjoyed a kill ratio of 6:1 in their favor in May and June, such that after that the VPAF rarely engaged them thereafter. In contrast, the USAF experienced a 1:1 kill ratio through the first two months of the campaign, as seven of its eventual 24 Linebacker air-to-air losses occurred without any corresponding VPAF loss in a twelve-day period between 24 June and 5 July. USAF pilots were hampered by use of the outdated "fluid four" tactical formations (a four-plane, two element formation in which only the leader did the shooting and in which the outside wingmen were vulnerable) dictated by service doctrine. Also contributing to the parity was a lack of air combat training against dissimilar aircraft, a deficient early warning system, and ECM pod formations that mandated strict adherence to formation flying. During August the introduction of real-time early warning systems, increased aircrew combat experience and degraded VPAF ground control interception capabilities reversed the trend to a more favorable 4:1 kill ratio.

Linebacker saw several other "firsts". On the opening day of the operation, USN Lieutenant Duke Cunningham and his radar intercept officer, Lieutenant (j.g.) William P. Driscoll became the first U.S. air aces of the Vietnam War when they shot down their fifth MiG. On 28 August, the USAF gained its first ace when Captain Richard S. Ritchie downed his fifth enemy aircraft. Twelve days later, Captain Charles B. DeBellevue (who had been Ritchie's backseater during four of his five victories) downed two more MiGs, bringing his total to six. On 13 October another weapons officer, Captain Jeffrey S. Feinstein, was credited with his fifth MiG, making him the final Air Force ace.

Operation Lion's Den
Although Linebacker was largely carried out by air, naval forces were also deployed to provide counter-battery fire against enemy targets along the coast and other important logistical areas and in support of ground troops. One such operation was Operation Lion's Den, or "The Battle of Haiphong Harbor". On 27 August 1972, Vice Admiral James L. Holloway III took with him his ship, the heavy cruiser USS Newport News (CA-148), the guided missile cruiser USS Providence (CLG-6), and the destroyers USS Robison (DDG-12) and USS Rowan (DD-782) conducted a brief night raid against the North Vietnamese forces protecting the port of Haiphong. After the bombardment, the ships were threatened by four Soviet-built torpedo boats. Joined by two aircraft from the USS Coral Sea, three of the four torpedo boats were sunk. It was one of the few ship-to-ship naval battles of the war.

Paris Peace Talks and conclusion
The stalled offensive in the South and the devastation in North Vietnam had helped to convince Hanoi to return to the bargaining table by early August. The meetings produced new concessions from Hanoi which promised to end the deadlock that had plagued negotiations since their inception in 1968. Gone were Hanoi's demands for the ouster of South Vietnamese President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu and his replacement by a coalition government in which the Viet Cong would participate. The U.S. on its part agreed to a cease fire in place which conceded that PAVN soldiers could remain in South Vietnam after a peace agreement. The diplomatic impasse was broken and Nixon ordered a halt to all bombing above the 20th parallel on 23 October and on 26 October Kissinger announced that "peace is at hand." This once again placed Hanoi and Haiphong off-limits, and halted Linebacker operations.

Air Force historian Earl Tilford has written that Linebacker was "a watershed in aerial warfare...it was the first modern aerial campaign in which precision guided munitions changed the way in which air power was used." It succeeded, where Rolling Thunder had failed, he claimed, for three reasons: Nixon was decisive in his actions and gave the military greater latitude in targeting; American airpower was forcefully and appropriately used; and the immense difference in the technology utilized made Linebacker the first bombing campaign in a "new era" of aerial warfare.

During and immediately following the PAVN offensive, U.S. Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps aviators had flown 18,000 sorties in the four northern provinces of South Vietnam and dropped 40,000 tons of ordnance in the Battle of An Lộc. Between March and May, B-52 sortie rates had climbed from 700 to 2,200 per month and they had dropped 57,000 tons of bombs in Quảng Trị Province alone. During Freedom Train and Linebacker proper, B-52s had dropped 150,237 tons of bombs on the North while Air Force and Navy tactical aircraft had flown 1,216 sorties and dropped another 5,000 tons of ordnance.

From the beginning of Freedom Train in April to the end of June 1972 the United States lost 52 aircraft over North Vietnam: 17 to missiles; 11 to anti-aircraft weapons; three to small arms fire; 14 to MiGs; and seven to unknown causes. During the same time period, the RVNAF lost ten aircraft. 63 VPAF aircraft were destroyed during the same time period. North Vietnam claimed that it had shot down 651 aircraft and sunk or set on fire 80 U.S. warships during the operation.

Linebacker had played a crucial role in blunting the northern offensive by drying up its vital sources of supply. PAVN had evolved into a conventional military force, and such a force depended upon a complex logistical system, which made it vulnerable to aerial attack. By September, imports into North Vietnam were estimated at 35 to 50 percent below what they had been in May, bolstering claims that the campaign had been successful in its interdiction effort. USAF General Robert N. Ginsburgh, of the Office of the Secretary of the Air Force, summed up the attitudes of U.S. commanders by remarking that Linebacker had "a greater impact in its first four months of operation than Rolling Thunder had in three and one-half years." Although Kissinger may have announced that peace was at hand, it was not going to come easily. American bombers would once again return to the skies of North Vietnam in 1972 during Operation Linebacker II before the American commitment to the Vietnam War came to an end.

North Vietnamese aircraft losses
(Air-to-air losses only)

U.S. aircraft losses during Linebacker
Between 10 May and 23 October 1972, the United States lost a total of 134 aircraft either over the north or as a direct result of Linebacker missions. 104 were lost in combat and 30 were destroyed in operational accidents. Losses by service were:

USAF: – 70 total
 * 51 combat losses (22 to MiGs, 5 induced losses, 20 to AAA, 4 to SAMs)
 * 43 F-4D/E Phantom II (+17 non-combat losses)
 * 2 RF-4C Photo Recon (+1 non-combat loss)
 * 4 F-105G Wild Weasel (+1 non-combat loss)
 * 2 F-111A "Aardvark"

USN: – 54 total
 * 43 combat losses (4 to MiGs, 2 induced, 13 SAM, 27 AAA)
 * 8 F-4B/J Phantom II (+3 non-combat losses)
 * 22 A-7A/C/E Corsair II (+3 non-combat losses)
 * 3 A-6A Intruder
 * 2 F-8J Crusader (+3 non-combat losses)
 * 5 A-4F Skyhawk (+1 non-combat loss)
 * 1 RA-5C Vigilante
 * 2 RF-8G Photo Crusader (+1 non-combat loss)

USMC: – 10 total
 * 10 combat losses (1 MiG, 1 SAM, 8 AAA)
 * 4 F-4J Phantom II
 * 2 A-4E Skyhawk
 * 4 A-6A Intruder

title: Operation Linebacker


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User:Gene Nygaard

 * It's not the things you don't know
 * what gets you into trouble.

 * It's the things you do know
 * that just ain't so.
 * ― Will Rogers

Unfortunately, there are still far too many of the latter which can be picked up from Wikipedia. All we can do is try to whittle away at them.

 * There are 10 kinds of people in the world—those who know binary and those who don't.

 * The notion of political correctness declares certain topics, certain expressions, even certain gestures, off-limits. What began as a crusade for civility has soured into a cause of conflict and even censorship.  ― George Bush

 * If once a man indulges himself in murder, very soon he comes to think little of robbing; and from robbing he next comes to drinking and Sabbath-breaking, and from that to incivility and procrastination.  ― Thomas De Quincey

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Gene Nygaard


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Richard Shilleto

Richard Shilleto (25 November 1809 – 24 September 1876), English classical scholar, was born at Ulleskelf in Yorkshire.

He was educated at Repton and Shrewsbury, then Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated second classic in 1832. Though Shilleto did not become a fellow of Trinity, marrying Isabella S. H. Snelgar in 1834, he spent the rest of his life in Cambridge as a 'coach'(private tutor) in classics. His son Arthur Richard Shilleto was born in 1848. In 1867 he was elected a fellow of Peterhouse.

Shilleto was one of the greatest Greek scholars that England has produced; in addition, he had an intimate acquaintance with the Latin and English languages and literature. He published little, being obliged to devote the best years of his life to private tuition. He was the most famous classical coach of his day, and almost all the best men passed through his hands.

His edition of the De falsa legatione of Demosthenes will always remain a standard work, but his first two books of Thucydides (an instalment of a long-contemplated edition) hardly came up to expectation. His pamphlet Thucydides or Grote? excited a considerable amount of feeling. While it undoubtedly damaged Grote's reputation as a scholar, it was felt that it showed a want of appreciation of the special greatness of the historian. Shilleto's powers as a translator from English into Greek (especially prose) and Latin were unrivalled; a selection of his versions was published in 1901.

title: Richard Shilleto


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Adobe ImageReady

Adobe ImageReady was a bitmap graphics editor that was shipped with Adobe Photoshop for six years. It was available for Windows, Classic Mac OS and Mac OS X from 1998 to 2007. ImageReady was designed for web development and closely interacted with Photoshop.

Function
ImageReady was designed for web development rather than effects-intensive photo manipulation. To that end, ImageReady has specialized features such as animated GIF creation, image compression optimization, image slicing, adding rollover effects, and HTML generation.

Photoshop versions with which ImageReady was released have an "Edit in ImageReady" button that enables editing of image directly in ImageReady. ImageReady, in turn, has an "Edit in Photoshop" button.

ImageReady has strong resemblances to Photoshop; it can even use the same set of Photoshop filters. One set of tools that does not resemble the Photoshop tools, however, is the Image Map set of tools, indicated by a shape or arrow with a hand that varied depending upon the version. This toolbox has several features not found in Photoshop, including:
 * Toggle Image Map Visibility and Toggle Slice Visibility tools: toggle between showing and hiding image maps and slices, respectively
 * Export Animation Frames as Files option: saves all or specified frames for an alternate use, e.g., to e-mail slides for review
 * Preview Document tool: provides a preview of rollover effects in ImageReady rather than previewing them in a browser
 * Preview in Default Browser tool: previews the image in a browser, including any rollover or animation effects
 * Edit in Photoshop button: opens the current image in Photoshop

History
Adobe ImageReady 1.0 was released in July 1998 as a standalone application. Version 2.0 was packaged with Photoshop 5.5, and the program was included with Photoshop through version 9.0 (CS2). Starting with Photoshop 7.0, Adobe changed the version numbers of ImageReady to match.

With the release of the Creative Suite 3, ImageReady was discontinued. According to Adobe, ImageReady's most popular features were merged into Photoshop. (Even before discontinuation, some of ImageReady's web optimization functionality could be found in Photoshop's Save For Web & Devices tool.) Around the same time, Adobe purchased rival software developer Macromedia, whose application Fireworks had been a competitor to ImageReady.

title: Adobe ImageReady


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Talk:Adobe ImageReady

Article started
Added opening blurb. Continue as needed. User:207.236.117.14

Difference between ImageReady and Photoshop?
I'm a little unclear about the difference between ImageReady and Photoshop. What tasks would one or the other be better for? What capabilities does one have that the other doesn't? User:172.146.169.213

 * I've rewritten and expanded the article a bit to answer this question. —Lowellian (reply) 05:24, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Photoshop has more features then Imageready, but imagreready has the ability to animate —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 213.202.168.66 (talk) 00:10, 28 December 2006 (UTC).

ImageReady appears to have been removed from the Creative Suite 3 (CS3) product offerings and replaced with Fireworks. --Epkes 08:11, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

Can you animate or blend in the new photoshop like you can in imageready? And where do you buy it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.41.187.112 (talk) 17:31, 26 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Image generated by Adobe Photoshop Elements still writes its metadata as "Adobe ImageReady". Very likely it's a fork. 58.152.223.101 (talk) 08:21, 18 January 2014 (UTC)

Discontinued
http://www.adobe.com/cfusion/webforums/forum/messageview.cfm?catid=626&threadid=1226597

ImageReady's most popular features have been integrated into Photoshop CS3. As the two applications became more and more alike, there became less reason for them to be separate applications - in doing so there are many advantages to the user (and to remaining in one app.).

Bryan O'Neil Hughes Adobe Systems —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 80.201.0.2 (talk) 22:12, 5 April 2007 (UTC).

Past tense?
Doh Doh Doh Doh Doh Doh Ad Nils Stinker

Why on earth is this article written in the past tense? This isn't a shopping catalog -- it's an encyclopedia and the software still exists. —ptk✰fgs 01:54, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I found that rather confusing too. --pred 18:50, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

Current Release
This is merely a notification that I have changed the current release as it is now CS3 (I know, I have it). webjockey 15:39, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Adobe ImageReady


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Category talk:Irish artists

Lets get rid of the seperate painter category and put all artists in the same category. Notjim 18:53, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Ok, I have done this, it makes it easier to organize while the irish artists articles are being expanded, we can recategorize later into primary media Notjim 01:18, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I have categorized Gordon Lambert here and intend to do the same with other Irish visual art world figures. Let me know if you think this is wrong.Notjim 17:54, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

So, now since the number of artists has gone up, i have completely subcategorized everything.Notjim 09:01, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Irish artists


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50 Greatest Players in NBA History

The 50 Greatest Players in NBA History, also referred to as NBA's 50th Anniversary All-Time Team, were chosen in 1996 to honor the 50th anniversary of the founding of the National Basketball Association (NBA). It was the third anniversary team in the league. Fifty players were selected through a vote by a panel of media members, former players and coaches, and current and former general managers. In addition, the top ten head coaches and top ten single-season teams in NBA history were selected by media members as part of the celebration. The 50 players had to have played at least a portion of their careers in the NBA and were selected irrespective of position played.

The list was announced by NBA commissioner David Stern on October 29, 1996, at the hotel Grand Hyatt New York, the site of the Commodore Hotel, where the original NBA charter was signed in 1946. The announcement marked the beginning of a season-long celebration of the league's anniversary. Forty-seven of the fifty players were later assembled in Cleveland, during the halftime ceremony of the 1997 All-Star Game. At the time of the announcement, 11 players were active; all have subsequently retired.

List
Eleven players (Charles Barkley, Clyde Drexler, Patrick Ewing, Michael Jordan, Karl Malone, Shaquille O'Neal, Hakeem Olajuwon, Robert Parish, Scottie Pippen, David Robinson, and John Stockton) were active in the, during which the list was announced. All have since retired. O'Neal was the last to be active in the NBA, retiring at the end of the. All of the selected players have been inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. At the time of the list, only Pete Maravich was deceased.

All 11 members from the 35th anniversary team were selected. Eight of the 10 players from the 25th anniversary team were chosen, with Bob Davies and Joe Fulks—who both last played in the 1950s—being omitted.

Selection process
The list was made through unranked voting completed by 50 selected panelists. Sixteen of the panelists were former players voting in their roles as players, 13 were members of the print and broadcast news media, and 21 were team representatives: contemporary and former general managers, head coaches, and executives. Of the last group, 13 were former NBA players. Players were prohibited from voting for themselves. Only three voting former players (Bill Bradley, Johnny Kerr, and Bob Lanier) were not selected to the team.

Top 10 Coaches in NBA History
Alongside the selection of the 50 greatest players was the selection of the Top 10 Coaches in NBA History. The list was compiled based upon unranked selection undertaken exclusively by members of the print and broadcast media who regularly cover the NBA. All 10 coaches named were alive at the time of the list's announcement, and five of them—Bill Fitch, Phil Jackson, Don Nelson, Pat Riley, and Lenny Wilkens—were then active. Six have since died: Red Holzman in 1998, Red Auerbach in 2006, Chuck Daly in 2009, Jack Ramsay in 2014, John Kundla in 2017, and Bill Fitch in 2022. Jackson was the last of the ten to coach in the NBA; he announced his retirement after the 2010–11 season. Nelson was the only member to have never won a championship as a coach, even though he won five as a player. Wilkens was the only member of the coaches list to have been selected as a member of the players list. All ten coaches are also members of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, with Fitch the last member inducted in 2019.

Top 10 Teams in NBA History
Also included in the NBA's 50th-anniversary celebration was the selection of the Top 10 Teams in NBA History. The list was compiled based upon unranked selection undertaken exclusively by members of the print and broadcast media who regularly cover the NBA. Teams were chosen from among all single-season individual teams. Each team won the NBA championship, and they combined to average 66 wins per season. The 1995–96 Chicago Bulls had, at the moment, the best single-season record in NBA history with 72 wins.

Six out of the 30 NBA franchises (29 franchises at the time of announcement) had a team named to the list; the Boston Celtics, the Chicago Bulls, the Los Angeles Lakers and the Philadelphia 76ers had two teams selected.

Six players were on the roster of two teams on the list—Wilt Chamberlain with the 1966–67 Sixers and 1971–72 Lakers; James Edwards, Dennis Rodman, and John Salley with the 1988–89 Pistons and 1995–96 Bulls; and Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen with the Bulls in both 1991–92 and 1995–96. Three other individuals both played for and coached honored teams, all of whom completed this "double" with a single franchise—K. C. Jones with the Celtics as a player in 1964–65 and coach in 1985–86, Billy Cunningham with the Sixers as a player in 1966–67 and coach in 1982–83, and Pat Riley with the Lakers as a player in 1971–72 and coach in 1986–87. Phil Jackson, head coach of the Bulls from 1989 to 1998, was the only man to coach two teams that made the list. Although Jackson was under contract to the Knicks as a player in their 1969–70 championship season, he did not play that season as he was recovering from spinal fusion surgery.

The Hall of Famers listed for each individual team are solely those inducted as players, and do not include those inducted in other roles. Players whose names are italicized were inducted after the announcement of the ten best teams.

title: 50 Greatest Players in NBA History


text:
Cold (novel)

Cold, first published in 1996, was the sixteenth and final novel by John Gardner featuring Ian Fleming's secret agent, James Bond (including Gardner's novelizations of Licence to Kill and GoldenEye). Carrying the Glidrose Publications copyright, it was first published in the United Kingdom by Hodder & Stoughton and in the United States by Putnam.

In the United States, the book was retitled Cold Fall. This was the first time an original Bond novel had been given a different title for American book publication, other than for reasons of spelling, since Fleming's Moonraker was initially published there under the title Too Hot to Handle in the mid-1950s. The British title is properly spelled as an acronym (with no full stops), but it is also common to find it spelt Cold.

Plot summary
The novel is split into two books, one called "Cold Front" and the second entitled "Cold Conspiracy". The time between each book appears to be the time period allotted to Gardner's previous Bond outings, Never Send Flowers and SeaFire. The story opens with the crash of a Boeing 747-400 at Dulles International Airport in Fairfax and Loudoun counties, Virginia, near Washington, D.C., and the apparent death of Bond's friend and lover, the Principessa Sukie Tempesta. Bond is then sent by M to the airport with an investigation team which leads to meetings with FBI agent Eddie Rhabb.

The main action takes place in Italy at the home of the Tempesta brothers, Luigi and Angelo, where Bond gets caught in the act with one of the brothers' wives. As James later explains to M, the lady made the advances. The enemy of the story is provided by a terrorist army called COLD, which stands for Children Of the Last Days.

Major characters

 * James Bond, British Secret Service agent. The FBI sends him to investigate the Tempesta brothers, as part of a complex operation. The real motives behind the FBI involvement are to discover the identity of the leader of COLD, to which the Tempesta family has been recruited.
 * M (Sir Miles Messervy), the head of the British Secret Service. Age has finally caught up with him: after being kidnapped by COLD troops, he retires from the Service. At the end of the book, it is mentioned that the new M is a woman, putting everything in continuity with GoldenEye.
 * Luigi Tempesta - A suave Italian prince, who, behind a façade of legitimate wealth, pulls the strings of a colossal criminal empire.
 * General Brutus "Brute" Clay – A retired U.S. Army general, initially described as a crazy has-been with a passion for wargames and historical reenactment. Despite being borderline psychotic, he's a brilliant tactician and the commander-in-chief of the Children Of the Last Days.

Publication history

 * UK hardback (first edition), Hodder & Stoughton (ISBN 0-340-65765-0), 2 May 1996
 * US hardback, Putnam (ISBN 0-399-14149-9), June 1996
 * UK paperback, Coronet Books (ISBN 0-340-65766-9), 5 September 1996
 * US paperback, Berkley Books (ISBN 0-425-15902-7), July 1997

title: Cold (novel)


text:
Polish Polar Station, Hornsund

Polish Polar Station, Hornsund (Polska Stacja Polarna, Hornsund) is at Isbjørnhamna in Hornsund, on Spitsbergen in the Norwegian Svalbard archipelago, operated since 1957.

Station
The station was erected in July 1957 by the Polish Academy of Sciences Expedition within the framework of the International Geophysical Year. The expedition was led by Stanislaw Siedlecki, geologist, explorer and climber, a veteran of Polish Arctic expeditions in the 1930s (including the first traverse of West Spitsbergen island). A reconnaissance group searching the area for the future station site had been working in Hornsund in the previous summer, and selected the flat marine terrace in Isbjørnhamna. The research station was constructed during three summer months in 1957.

The station was modernized in 1978, in order to resume a year-round activity. Since then, the Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences has been responsible for organising year-round and seasonal research expeditions to the station.

Location
South Spitsbergen, near the entrance to Hornsund fjord, on its northern shore, at Isbjørnhamna on a flat marine terrace, 10 m above sea level.

Research
Current full-year research:

 * Meteorology - gathering data for synoptic purposes and to detect climatic changes;
 * Seismology - monitoring of world earthquakes, measuring the seismicity of the Spitsbergen Archipelago region, and registering tremors linked to the dynamics of the Hans Glacier;
 * Geomagnetism - registering changes in the XYZ components of the Earth's magnetic field;
 * Ionospheric sounding to determine the structure of the ionosphere; using riometer measurements to determine the structure and absorption coefficient of the ionosphere;
 * Glaciology - measurements of glacier dynamics (Hansbreen, Werenskioldbreen), documentation of glacier recession;
 * Atmospheric electricity - determining the magnitude of the Earth's electric field and recording its vertical component;
 * Environmental monitoring - recording of selected climatic features and conducting analyses of chemical buildup of air and water pollution and the isotopic content of the snow cover.

In summers and winters, the station functions as a base for research on geology, geodesics, geomorphology, glaciology, oceanology and biology.

Time capsule
On September 17, 2017, near the station, scientific researchers buried a 60-centimeter stainless steel tube containing samples designed to tell finders as long as half a million years into the future, about the current state of knowledge in such areas as geology, biology, and technology.

title: Polish Polar Station, Hornsund


text:
User:Darkwinter

http://www.vampirefreaks.com/profile.php?user=xdarkwinterx

title: User:Darkwinter


text:
Talk:Synthetic-aperture radar

Maximum Resolution
First of all I found it amazing that holograms were being used to perform analog computations on datasets. How long ago was this being done? Does anyone know?

Seondly the resolution quoted in the article is 0.6 meter. If we were doing it at 0.6m resolution back then what's the maximum resolution attainable now? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.80.86.98 (talk) 18:58, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I saw the JPL laser in 1977 and it was still there in 1982. Can't say about others.  Resolution depends on the balance of wavelength, and other system design factors.  Lots of interest in X-band isn't based on a shorter wavelength than say L-band. 171.66.48.97 (talk) 00:32, 27 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Regarding the first paragraph above -- the optical hologram idea was older than the radar developments described, but was incomplete. E. Leith devised the successful radar data-processing scheme, for turning film-recorded coherent-radar data into visual images, before applying his understanding of that process to turning film-recorded coherent light-wave data into visual images. See particularly the historical article by Leith that is in the list of references.Oldteched (talk) 01:56, 12 May 2012 (UTC)

Doppler Beam Sharpening
Is this really compatible with SAR? The Doppler shift from targets ahead/behind seems like it is actually the same effect as the phase shift that is used to assemble multiple samples. For a sidelooking radar that is not a SAR, it's clear this could help. --Andrew 18:54, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)

Doppler Beam Sharpening
Hmmm... I'm not sure if I understand your question, but let me say (from many years of experience) that most SAR radars use doppler beam sharpening.

Let me first say that it is EXTREMELY DIFFICULT to separate frequency shift from phase shift... at the time the shift is occurring. After the fact it's not a problem, but with a dynamic signal, it's nigh impossible to separate the two...  This "reality" is often used with FM radios - in that the same receive chain detects either PM (phase modulation) or FM with little difference...

Now as to the whole issue of dopper shifts... maybe it helps to separate the different contributing components (simplified). First, there are the two large scale doppler components: motion of the imaging platform and motion of "point" targets in the area being imaged. Normally (when MTI is not the intended capability) you'd like the point target to have no motion. Then there are the two "microdoppler" components: vibrations that cause spreading of the doppler signature - either by the imaging platform or by any point target vibrations. Unless you are taking advantage of microdoppler signature analysis then you'd just as soon these components were zero. Finally there are the periodic rotational/translational components - think of these as periodic movements on the target or imaging platform... actually used with benefit in ISAR imaging of ships (waves and swells cause regular rotational and translational displacements).

Now, if the goal is GROUND/SURFACE imaging... then typically... all the doppler components except the imaging platform - are assummed to be zero (as I said, simplified... we ignored yaw, roll, and pitch changes by the imaging platform - which all make life more difficult)... This has proven to be a resonable assumption in real world SAR systems. Never-the-less, imaging platforms do record/transfer the three space coordinates, three space accellerations, three space pitch/roll/yaw rates, and three space pitch/roll/yaw accelerations. GA maps also play a roll (GA = gravitational anomaly) to ensure the Z accelerations are normalized...

A complicated but interesting subject in itself. Anyway, many SAR systems treat the phase change as a frequency change by using DFT/FFT processing to determine the doppler shift amounts. This means that given a single range gate time period, the number of actual bins relates to the processing power available and the phase/frequency resolution (A/D speed, bits of resolution, linearity)... Obviously there are diminishing returns while working with all this that are fed by real energy beam width... i.e.... if the transmitted signal is way down when 15 degrees off orthonormal... then why bother to process data that would have doppler shifts that correlate to that far off axis... think in terms of basic trig... if the range gate being processed is 100 km away (60+ miles), the system has a ten meter "resolution" - - and the real beamwidth is 20 degrees... (+/- 10 degrees)... then the total number of bins that needs to be processed  (tan "theta" = Opposite/Adjacent... since we know theta = 20 degrees and the adjacent side is 100,000 meters (100 km)... then the Opposite side is approximately 35,000 meters long... (simple triangle)... with 10 meter bins... then we're looking at 3,500 angular bins... just along that one range resolution cell... that must map into 3,500 discrete phase/frequency shifts... or 1750 discrete upshifted bins and 1750 discrete downshifted bins...

Anyway... as I digressed WAY TOO MUCH... Doppler beam sharpening... is exactly how many SAR systems actually do their imaging... (mapping mode - - - spot modes are another story)....

No.
Doppler beam sharpening is also called "unfocussed SAR" and it means that everything with a doppler shift >x is filtered out - so everything that is out of the center of the main beam is discarded. It is a simplified version of SAR.

ISAR
What's an Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar? Ojw 10:56, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Inverse SAR uses the motion of the target to create a image. We plot range and doppler shift. Ships at sea can be imaged very easily, but since the velocity is not known ahead the images are pretty distorted. Dominick 11:40, 6 October 2005 (UTC) This link is broken!!! reference for you (to be added later) Dominick 11:47, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

The real answer
I want to point-out that my answer is more valid not because it has more merit or a greater factual basis but because it mine..... Just kidding, However these are my thoughts.

The processing is similar but the techniques are different. In fact they are opposites of each other; DBS integrates within a beam and SAR integrates out with the beam (or near enough). So what this means is that with DBS is synthesises a smaller beam width by taking pulse intervals within the beam spread and SAR takes pulse sample with a small overlap synthesising a larger antenna. The net result is the same and this is why the processing is similar for strip map and spot light but the techniques are opposite to each other. The difference is notable when you consider Scanned DBMS, or when you calculate the PRF and samples requires against a resolution for a given scenario.

UWB SAR
The section on UWB SAR contains two false statements that I will correct:

First, "Interpretation of the [narrow band radar] results is also eased by the fact that the material response must be known only in a narrow range of frequencies", is false in that the frequency response information is still present in a UWB echo, and can easily be considered in processing.

Strangely, the writer goes on to admit this fact, and presents it as a disadvantage!...

Second, "but much of the information is concentrated in relatively low frequencies (with long wavelengths). Thus such systems require very large receiving apertures to obtain correspondingly high resolution along the track." is also false. The large apertures are "required" only if one desires to detect that low-frequency information--it certainly isn't "necessary" to retrieve that information just because UWB SAR happens to provide the information while narrow-band SAR does not! Fleem (talk) 11:56, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

"Combining the series of observations requires significant computational resources. It is often done at a ground station after the observation is complete, using Fourier transform techniques. The high computing speed now available allows SAR processing to be done in real time onboard SAR aircraft." This is kinda contradictory. If it's the case that it used to be done on the ground, but is now done in the air, please correct. I'm sure there's a good explanation, but I'm not sure what it is, so I'm putting a contradiction tag here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.209.152.30 (talk) 14:34, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

Much nonsense here
Much nonsense here:

"The equivalence of these two methods can be seen by recognizing that multiplication of sinusoids can be done by summing phases which are complex-number exponents of e, the base of natural logarithms." This makes not one whit of sense because a phase is merely a number, and summing phases yields nothing but another number. Multiplication of sinusoids has nothing to do with "summing phases" or (adding up) any other kind of a number. Also, phases are real numbers, and they do not have anything to do with "complex-number exponents of e", which are generally complex numbers themselves. Furthermore, this article is nonsense without any diagrams that show what is going on, and also nonsense without any equations. Trying to explain or describe synthetic aperture radar entirely in words is a fool's errand. The fact that "e" is the base of natural logarithms needs to be taken as a given. The reader should be assumed to know what Euler's identity states. 98.67.110.231 (talk) 03:07, 29 July 2012 (UTC)

Extreme nonsense here
It seems to me that the "authors" of this article have compiled layer and layer of jargon on top of unnecessary complexity, without adding a single thing to the article's readability. I am continually amazed at how dumb some "smart" people can be. And if it's not dumb - then it's worse than that: it's arrogance. The vast majority of technical articles here are not written to explain how something works, but rather to demonstrate how much the author knows and how magnificently that author can obfuscate the obvious. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.194.39.86 (talk) 03:20, 6 April 2013 (UTC)

 * The history sections looks OK, but the technical material is very questionable. The "Algorithm" section is either a very eccentric formulation of SAR, or it's a joke or vandalism by someone.  It needs to be entirely replaced.  DonPMitchell (talk) 19:04, 2 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Yes, the Algorithm section is certainly a strange way of looking at SAR. I'll spend some time this weekend re-writing it with a more standard approach. Mysticdan (talk) 21:44, 2 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Just to reanimate this discussion: I have attempted to fix the "Algorithm" section. I've been aware for some time that it is nonsense and I've finally got around to replacing it with something short, sourced and I believe more accurate. Theoh (talk) 22:06, 14 January 2023 (UTC)

This article needs your help
This article is in need of help, and there is only so much I can do – but YOU can help! Here are some suggestions if you want to improve this article:
 * Include some informative images. Look for images in Wikipedia/Commons, e.g. here.
 * The text is much much too long and much too "winding" – the information should be presented much shorter and much more concise. Wikipedia is an encyclopaedia, after all.
 * Links to other relevant articles should be added.
 * Better structure

A suggestion for a structure would be:
 * Applications: For what is SAR used, with examples
 * Technology: Some details how SAR works, the different types of SAR, differences to other radar technologies, and so on
 * History: How it started, how it was developed over time, and so on.

A final suggestion: Feel free to delete any of those long and winding passages of text currently present, and replace them with new and concise text of your own.

Tony Mach (talk) 13:33, 12 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Google translate does a pretty good job with that figure: Top: Equivalent phased-array antenna Middle: Synthetic aperture length Description: The distance to the target is different between the positions of the platform. If the target is on the central axis of the real aperture, the distance is less than if the real antenna must squint toward the target. This expresses itself in a phase difference Δφ. For a sharp picture, the phase difference between the position C and the other positions must be corrected in the image processing software. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mysticdan (talk • contribs) 17:11, 11 November 2015 (UTC)
 * The English version is available. However, it would be better to create this file in SVG format with international labeling. --c.w. (talk) 18:36, 24 January 2023 (UTC)

Please: a picture for the "image appearance" section
It is absolutely necessary to provide a picture for the section "Image appearance". This is an extremely important section, but without pictures, it is too hard to understand. Statisticastatistico (talk) 20:42, 16 May 2016 (UTC)

Copy paste copyvios
This edit by again re-introduces copy and pasted text to this article. This needs to stop. Just because it's published by NATO does not make it public domain. I am left to assume that large chunks of that text is also a copyvio. ie. "3D SAR Tomography, also known as 3D SAR focusing or 3D SAR imaging, represents a very recent improvement of SAR interferometry that allows obtaining additional information from multi-baseline SAR dataset by overcoming the limitation of available techniques" is a direct copy paste from Tomographic SAR. --Dual Freq (talk) 22:10, 15 November 2016 (UTC)

Hi, I am new to wikipedia and I am sorry for any inconvenience. I cited the reference for 3-D tomography, but wasn't aware about it being referred as duplicate. I will write that part differently, immediately. I have taken information from various papers but tried to edit the content as possible and cited references whereever required. Please guide me with any other issues. Appreciate your help. comment added by J2691 (talk • contribs) November 15, 2016 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by J2691 (talk • contribs)
 * A good place to start would be remove the material you copied from the article. --Dual Freq (talk) 23:28, 15 November 2016 (UTC)

Comment on History Section
There is some information on MDA website that seem to suggest far better imagery was already achieved in 1957.

See the "Did you know?" section on this page? Can this image be verified to be attributable to MDA? Can the date be verified - if so - it will certainly be worth showcasing that result here on the wikipedia page

http://www.mdaus.com/intelligence,-surveillance-and-reconnaissance/synthetic-aperture-radar-(sar) An aerial SAR image (on the left) taken in 1957 of a Volkswagen Beetle compared to an aerial photograph (picture on the right) illustrates the power of SAR applications from the earliest applications — Preceding unsigned comment added by 146.64.81.115 (talk) 13:33, 26 January 2017 (UTC)

spelling
Typically, synthetic aperture radar is spelled as 'synthetic aperture radar' i.e., without the '-'.

Split of history into History of synthetic-aperture radar (done)
I think that the proposed split into History of synthetic-aperture radar would make a lot of sense as the page is currently too long and there is enough information to support a history page.Gusfriend (talk) 04:12, 19 February 2022 (UTC)

 * I agree. It would be suitable to split it off.
 * KinneticSlammer (talk) 11:37, 5 April 2022 (UTC)

 * I've gone ahead and made the split. – Scyrme (talk) 13:32, 13 August 2022 (UTC)

Adding an image
Hi editors, what would you think about adding File:Hoover Dam 50 cm Resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar Image.jpg to the Image appearance section? Right now, the article has outdated SAR imagery and does not have any recent examples of high-resolution SAR imagery. This 50 cm high resolution image of the Hoover Dam shows an example of modern SAR imagery and adds context to current capabilities. Let me know what you think! I work for Umbra, the company that took the image, so I wanted to see if someone would add it on my behalf. We're not looking for any credit or PR—we'd like to help keep the article up-to-date. If you have a suggestion for a different image(s), I'm open to providing it.

@Graeme Bartlett, pinging you since we've talked about images in case you would like to take a look.

Thanks in advance for your help! NT at Umbra (talk) 16:05, 13 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Synthetic-aperture radar


text:
Category:Wikipedians who give the WMF permission to license their text into any copyleft license that shares the spirit of the GNU FDL

This category represents those users who for whatever reason have given the Wikimedia Foundation the non-exclusive permission to license their text contributions into any copyleft license that shares the spirit of the GNU FDL. To grant permission for your contributions, use the template WikimediaTextLicensing. See the Multi-licensing guide for more information and Template messages/User namespace for additional licensing options. Note: ''Users may add special restrictions, such as limiting the namespaces that this permission applies to, to the use described by this category. Check their pages for more information.''


text:
Category:Wikipedians contributing under any copyleft license that shares the spirit of the GNU FDL

This category represents those users who for whatever reason have given the Wikimedia Foundation the non-exclusive permission to license their non-text, media contributions into any copyleft license that shares the spirit of the GNU FDL.

To grant permission for your contributions, use the template  . See the Multi-licensing guide for more information and Template_messages/User_namespace for additional licensing options.

Note: ''Users may add special restrictions, such as limiting the namespaces that this permission applies to, to the use described by this category. Check their pages for more information.''


text:
The Song of the Red Ruby

The Song of the Red Ruby (Sangen om den røde rubin, 1956) is a Norwegian novel written by Agnar Mykle. It's a story of the young Ask Burlefot's personal ride through shame and letdowns that eventually leads to a closer and deeper understanding of himself. It was controversial in Norway and other countries at the time of publication and ended in court – as the so-called Mykle Case. This controversy was due to the explicit sexual descriptions in the adventures of the potent main character. In Norway, the publisher was acquitted, but for instance in Finland the book was confiscated and burnt.

The Song of the Red Ruby can also be viewed in connection with Lasso round the moon (novel, 1954), Tyven, tyven skal du hete (novel, 1951) and Rubicon (novel, 1965) as they all have a young man as the protagonist.

The book was later adapted into the feature film Sangen om den røde rubin (1970), directed by Annelise Meineche and starring Ole Søltoft and Ghita Nørby.

title: The Song of the Red Ruby


text:
Shenandoah Apple Blossom Festival

The Shenandoah Apple Blossom Festival ("The Bloom") is a 14-day festival held annually in spring in Winchester, Virginia. First held in 1924, it is one of the oldest civic celebrations in the Commonwealth of Virginia.

History
The festival was first held Saturday, May 3, 1924, and was originally celebrated as a one-day event (although not held in 1942–1945 due to World War II). Features include a Grand Feature Parade, Firefighters' Parade (first held on Thursday, April 18, 1929), a carnival and midway, luncheons, races, walks, dances and concerts, as well as a field show competition which formerly gave out the Queen's Cup trophy to the winner (although the trophy was retired in 1977, by Princess Anne High School of Virginia Beach, Virginia after winning the competition three straight years). The Queen, Queen Shenandoah, has been crowned every year at John Handley High School (with the exception of 2007, due to ongoing renovations), starting with the original Queen, Elizabeth Steck (Arthur).

A loss of interest during the 1930s, prompted the appointment of Tom Baldridge to the seat of Executive Director of the festival. He was also employed at MGM in the publicity department, which allowed him the opportunity to schedule celebrities, in turn renewing public interest in the festival. The period of the 1960s and 1970s introduced various new aspects to the festival including: the first visit by a U.S. President, Lyndon B. Johnson (1964), the beginning of attendance by sports celebrities Jack Dempsey (1965), and the premier of Sunday in the Park (1975). The Cole Brothers Circus of the Stars, still a favorite of children, first appeared at the festival in 1981.

The festival today
The festival is run by the private Shenandoah Apple Blossom Festival organization and attracts over 250,000 people. Highlights include the Old Town Wine & Fine Arts Festival and the Apple Blossom Carnival.

The festival is known for its many guest celebrities and events. During the spring, in preparation for the festival, the citizens of Winchester hold an annual clean-up, followed by decoration of the city in green, pink and white (festival colors), in order to make Winchester more presentable for its anticipated guests.

On March 17, 2020 it was announced that planning for the 2020 festival was suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic, effectively cancelling the event for that year.

The festival was held in 2021 with the theme “Back in Bloom.” Offering 21 events, this 2021 festival was condensed when compared with earlier instances of the festival, which generally presented more than twice that number of events. Restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic were in place for the 2021 festival, such as the requirement that a maximum of 900 people attend the Apple Blossom Carnival at any one time.

title: Shenandoah Apple Blossom Festival


text:
George Carteret, 1st Baron Carteret

George Carteret, 1st Baron Carteret (July 1667 – 22 September 1695) was son of Sir Philip Carteret (died 1672) and the grandson of Vice Admiral Sir George Carteret, 1st Baronet (died 1680). His mother was Lady Jemima Montagu, a daughter of Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich.

Biography
Carteret was left an orphan at the age of five, and was brought up by his grandmother Elizabeth de Carteret, a daughter of Philippe de Carteret II, 3rd Seigneur de Sark, whom Samuel Pepys called "the most kind lady in the world".

In 1681, when Carteret was fourteen, King Charles II created him Baron Carteret, of Hawnes, in recognition of his late grandfather's outstanding loyalty to the House of Stuart, both during the English Civil Wars and after the Restoration.

Carteret married Lady Grace Granville, a daughter of John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath, and by her was the father of John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville and 2nd Baron Carteret.

Carteret died in 1695, aged only 26; his widow outlived him by half a century and in 1715 was created Countess Granville.

title: George Carteret, 1st Baron Carteret


text:
File:Sca-kant.jpg

Steven Anderson photo

Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/broguggs/16340684022/in/album-72157622515305099/

title: File:Sca-kant.jpg


text:
Bell's vireo

Bell's vireo (Vireo bellii) is a songbird that migrates between a breeding range in Western North America and a winter range in Central America. It is dull olive-gray above and whitish below. It has a faint white eye ring and faint wing bars.

This bird was named by Audubon for John Graham Bell, who accompanied him on his trip up the Missouri River in the 1840s.

The least Bell's vireo (Vireo bellii pusillus) is an endangered subspecies in Southern California. Consideration of Bell's vireo has been a factor in several land development projects, to protect least Bell's vireo habitat. The decline of the least Bell's vireo is mostly due to a loss of riparian habitat.

Description
Measurements:

 * Length: 4.5-4.9 in (11.5-12.5 cm)
 * Weight: 0.3-0.3 oz (7.4-9.8 g)
 * Wingspan: 6.7-7.5 in (17-19 cm)

Behavior and ecology
Bell's vireos often use dense shrubbery including willows (Salix spp.), mulefat (Baccharis glutinosa), California wild rose (Rosa californica), mugwort (Artemisia douglasiana), Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii), and Western poison oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum) shrubs or vines as nesting locations. Bell's vireos make a well-camouflaged nest but when found they will stand its ground against intruders. As with many other North American songbirds, brown-headed cowbirds parasitise Bell's vireo nests, letting the vireos raise their young.

Historically, the least Bell's vireo was a common to locally abundant species in lowland riparian habitat, ranging from coastal southern California through the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys as far north as Red Bluff in Tehama County. Populations also occurred in the foothill streams of the Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges, and in Owens Valley, Death Valley, and scattered locations in the Mojave Desert. Least Bell's vireos winter in Baja California Peninsula. Unlike during the breeding season, they are not limited in winter to willow-dominated riparian areas, but occupy a variety of habitats including mesquite scrub within arroyos, palm groves, and hedgerows bordering agricultural and residential areas. At the time of endangered species listing by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 1986, it had been extirpated from most of its historic range, and numbered just 300 pairs statewide. Populations were confined to eight counties south of Santa Barbara, with the majority of birds occurring in San Diego County. In the decade since listing, least Bell's vireo numbers have increased six-fold, and the species is expanding into its historic range. In 1998, the population size was estimated at 2,000 pairs. Nesting least Bell's vireos have recolonized the Santa Clara River in Ventura County, where 67 pairs nested in 1998, and the Mojave River in San Bernardino County. The northernmost reported sighting in recent years is of a nesting pair of least Bell's vireos near Gilroy in Santa Clara County in 1997. Roughly half of the current least Bell's vireo population occurs on drainages within Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton in San Diego County, particularly in the lower Santa Margarita River.

title: Bell's vireo


text:
Matthew Simpson

Matthew Simpson (June 21, 1811 – June 18, 1884) was an American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, elected in 1852 and based mainly in Philadelphia. During the Reconstruction Era after the Civil War, most evangelical denominations in the North, especially the Methodists, were initially strong supporters of radical policies that favored the Freedmen (former slaves) and distrusted the Southern whites. However, by the late 1860s in border state conferences, the MEC North moved well away from their work with the Freedmen's Bureau and often sided with the grievances of Southern white members. Bishop Simpson played a leading role in mobilizing the Northern Methodists for the cause. His biographer calls him the "High Priest of the Radical Republicans."

Early life and family
Matthew was born in Cadiz, Ohio. His grandfather, Thomas Simpson, was a British soldier who emigrated to Ireland. Matthew's father came to America in 1793. Matthew's grandfather Tingley was a Revolutionary soldier. Matthew's uncle also was Matthew Simpson, who also emigrated from Ireland to America in 1793. This Matthew Simpson represented Harrison County, Ohio, in the Ohio State Senate for ten years, and served as judge of the county court for seven years. In later life, he lived with his nephew, reaching the advanced age of ninety-eight. Matthew, the nephew, married Ellen H. Verner of Pittsburgh.

Matthew was consecrated at birth for the ministry by both of his parents. He was baptized as an infant by Bishop Francis Asbury. He was converted to Christ in 1829. Matthew received an academic education in his hometown. He then attended Madison College in Pennsylvania. Madison subsequently merged into Allegheny College in 1833. Matthew was elected to the office of Tutor in his eighteenth year, then engaging in teaching. Having also studied medicine in 1830–1833, he began medical practice.

Ministry
Shortly thereafter, feeling it his duty to enter the ministry, Matthew was licensed to preach in the M.E. Church, and was received on-trial in the Pittsburgh Annual Conference in 1833. He was ordained by Bishop Robert Richford Roberts. Matthew was appointed pastor of the Liberty Street Methodist Church in Pittsburgh in 1835, and of a church at Monongahela, Pennsylvania, in 1836. He was ordained elder in 1837.

The Rev. Simpson was appointed Professor of Natural Science and elected vice-president of Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania. In 1838 he was elected professor, and in 1839 president of the newly established Indiana Asbury University (now DePauw University) in Greencastle, Indiana, remaining until 1848. The Rev. Simpson was then elected editor of the Western Christian Advocate, which he made a strong temperance and anti-slavery organ, from 1848 to 1852.

The Rev. Dr. Matthew Simpson was elected to the episcopacy of his denomination by the M.E. General Conference, May 1852. In discharging his duties, Bishop Simpson visited and presided over conferences in all of the states encompassing the M.E. Church as well as most of the related U.S. Territories. He was sent by the General Conference as a delegate to the Irish and British Wesleyan (i.e., Methodist) Conferences in 1857, as well as to the Evangelical Alliance in Berlin the same year. He traveled with John McClintock. From Berlin, Bishop Simpson extended his travels through Turkey, the Holy Land, Egypt, and Greece, returning to the United States in 1858.

In 1859, Bishop Simpson changed his residence from Pittsburgh to Evanston, Illinois, where he accepted the position of president of the Garrett Biblical Institute (now, Garrett–Evangelical Theological Seminary). In 1868 he became a Trustee of Drew Theological Seminary (today Drew University), the new Methodist seminary in Madison, NJ, and served as president of its board from 1877 to 1880.

American Civil War
Before the Civil War, debates over slavery were highly contentious among Northern Methodists, but Simpson did not take sides, playing instead a moderate and cautious role. With the outbreak of the Civil War in April 1861, he became a staunch champion of the Union and helped his denomination take a leading role in providing chaplains, volunteers and civilian support for the war effort. Simpson became a trusted friend of President Abraham Lincoln, who considered his advice of great value. He attended the family at Lincoln's death and gave the sermon at his funeral in Springfield. During the War, Bishop Simpson delivered a number of speeches in behalf of the Union. He was urged by the Secretary of War to undertake the organization of the freedmen at the establishment of the Freedman's Bureau. After the war, Bishop Simpson was invited by President Grant to go as a commissioner to San Domingo but he declined both offers.

More foreign travel
In 1870, at the death of Bishop Kingsley, Bishop Simpson again visited Europe to complete the work which had been assigned to him on the continent. He also went as a delegate again to the English Wesleyan Conference. In 1874, Bishop Simpson visited Mexico. He returned to Europe in 1875, presiding over the Annual Conference of Germany and Switzerland. He also met with the M.E. missionaries in different parts of Europe. He then addressed the Garfield Memorial Meeting at Exeter Hall, London, on September 24, 1881. Bishop Simpson was also a gifted orator and throughout the war he gave his much forgotten "Great War Speech" which was so powerful and stirring it could move entire audiences to tears and cheering pride. He delivered this speech over 60 times throughout the war, and it easily motivated and inspired cities wary of the long war.

Death and burial
Bishop Matthew Simpson was taken ill at San Francisco in 1880, but recovered to preach the opening sermon at the First Ecumenical Methodist Conference in London (1881). He was present at the M.E. General Conference in 1884, but took little part. He died June 18, 1884, in Philadelphia and was buried in West Laurel Hill Cemetery, Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.

Selected writings

 * Sermon: Influence on the Human Mind of the Manifestation of God's Glory - The Methodist Pulpit, in Clark, D.W., Sermons for the College, Akers, 1851.
 * Sermon in Sermons for the Home Circle, T.P. Akers, Ed., 1859.
 * A Hundred Years of Methodism, 1876.
 * Lectures on Preaching (1879), delivered before the Theological Department of Yale College.
 * A volume of his Sermons (1885) was edited by George R. Crooks.
 * Cyclopedia of Methodism, 1858 (and subsequent editions).

Biographies

 * Carwardine, Richard. "Methodists, politics, and the coming of the American Civil War". Church history 69.03 (2000): 578–609.
 * Clark, Robert D. The Life of Matthew Simpson (1956)
 * Stowell, Daniel W. "Simpson, Matthew"; American National Biography Online February 2000. Access July 24, 2014

Biographical sources

 * Cyclopaedia of Methodism, Matthew Simpson, D.D., LL.D., Ed., (Revised Edition) Philadelphia, Louis H. Everts, 1880.
 * Leete, Frederick DeLand, Methodist Bishops. Nashville, The Methodist Publishing House, 1948.

title: Matthew Simpson


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Carlos Lee

Carlos Noriel Lee (born June 20, 1976), nicknamed "El Caballo", is a Panamanian former professional baseball left fielder and first baseman. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1999 to 2012 with the Chicago White Sox, Milwaukee Brewers, Texas Rangers, Houston Astros, and Miami Marlins. He had 17 career grand slams, ranking him seventh in MLB history (tied with Jimmie Foxx and Ted Williams); his seven grand slams hit with the Astros is a club record he shares with Jose Altuve and Alex Bregman.

Chicago White Sox
Lee made his major league debut with the Chicago White Sox on May 7, 1999, hitting a home run in his first Major League at-bat. In his rookie year, Lee hit .293 while driving in 84 runs in 127 games. He finished 7th in the AL Rookie of the Year voting. In 2000, Lee drove in 92 RBI while hitting 24 home runs. In 2001, Lee once again hit for power, hitting 24 home runs and driving in 84 runs but his average dipped from .301 the previous year to .269 in 150 games.

In 2002, Lee played in just 140 games but was consistent once again, driving in 80 runs while hitting 26 home runs. In 2003, Lee had his breakout season for the White Sox, playing in 158 games, Lee drove in 113 RBI while homering 31 times and scoring 100 runs. The following year, Lee continued his success, hitting 31 home runs and scoring 103 runs. He also drove in 99 RBI while hitting .305 for the White Sox.

After the season, Lee was traded to the Milwaukee Brewers in exchange for outfielder Scott Podsednik and pitcher Luis Vizcaíno.

Milwaukee Brewers
In 2005, Lee hit 32 home runs with 114 RBIs and an NL-leading 11 sacrifice flies. He was selected for the National League All-Star team in his first two seasons as a Brewer, and participated in the Home Run Derby in 2005. In 2005, he also won his first career Silver Slugger Award.

On July 28, 2006, he was traded to the Texas Rangers with minor league outfielder Nelson Cruz for outfielders Kevin Mench and Laynce Nix, relief pitcher Francisco Cordero, and minor league pitcher Julian Cordero. According to Brewers General Manager Doug Melvin, the Brewers attempted to re-sign Lee, but by July 27, it became apparent he would not sign a contract extension. The Brewers reportedly offered a four-year, $48 million contract extension, close to the four-year, $50 million extension David Ortiz signed earlier in 2006. Lee's agent Adam Katz said the two parties were too far away in negotiations.

Texas Rangers
In 59 games for the Rangers, Lee hit 9 home runs while hitting .322 while serving as their DH and left fielder. Between both the Brewers and the Rangers, Lee hit a career high 37 home runs while compiling 116 RBI in 161 games.

Houston Astros
On November 24, 2006, Lee agreed to a six-year, $100 million contract with the Houston Astros. Lee had a productive first year in Houston, hitting .303 with 32 home runs and driving in 119 runs, which was good for a three-way tie in the National League with Miguel Cabrera and Prince Fielder.

In his second year, 2007, despite playing in just 115 games due to injury, Lee drove in 100 runs and homered 28 times for the Astros.

In 2009, he had the lowest range factor of all starting major league left fielders (1.56). Despite his limited range, Lee was a force once again at the plate, driving in 102 RBIs while hitting exactly .300 in 160 games.

In 2010, after Lance Berkman was dealt to the New York Yankees, Lee filled in for a handful of games at first base. While this was not the first time in his career he had played first, it was the first time he did so on a regular basis. Lee hit a career low .246 despite driving in 89 runs and homering 24 times for the Astros. In 2011, he was an above-average defender according to UZR and other statistical measurements.

Through 66 games in 2012 for Houston, Lee struck out just 17 times in 258 at bats. During his 6-year tenure with the Astros, Lee never struck out over 65 times in a season. He set the club record with seven grand slams.

Miami Marlins
On July 4, 2012, Lee was traded to the Miami Marlins for minor leaguers Matt Dominguez and Rob Rasmussen. He played his first game as a Marlin the next day against the Milwaukee Brewers, and went 2-for-4 with a run in a win. He hit his first home run as a Marlin, a grand slam, on July 17 against the Chicago Cubs. In 81 games for the Marlins, Lee hit .243 while homering 4 times in 338 plate appearances.

International career
Lee represented the Panama national baseball team in international competition. At the 2006 World Baseball Classic, he slashed .182/.250/.182 over 12 plate appearances, with two hits and three strikeouts. At the 2009 World Baseball Classic, he slashed .143/.250/.143 over 8 plate appearances.

Career statistics
In 2,099 games over 14 seasons, Lee compiled a .285 batting average (2,273-for-7,983) with 1,125 runs, 469 doubles, 19 triples, 358 home runs, 1,363 RBI, 125 stolen bases, 655 base on balls, 984 strikeouts, .339 on-base percentage and .483 slugging percentage. Defensively, he recorded a .988 fielding percentage playing left field and first base.

Personal life
In reference to his nickname, Carlos has a fan club called Los Caballitos, which means "Little Horses". He is married and has two daughters, Cassandra and Karla and two sons, named Karlos and Carlos. Lee owns and operates cattle ranches in Aguadulce and Houston.

His younger brother, also named Carlos, Carlos Humberto Lee, played professional baseball in the Chicago White Sox and Milwaukee Brewers' minor league systems from 2001–2007.

title: Carlos Lee


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Licensing
1907

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Talk:9/11 Commission Report

Previous discussions without headers
We do not need a separate article to discuss the specifics of the contents of the report. This article is not particularly long, so there's no reason to have a separate page for the summary. Enochlau 19:07, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

It looks like the criticisms page has dissapeared, so I'll be ADDING some of them back in here. There are so many overt criticisms which mainstream publications have described, I don't think it's fair to just pretend they don't exist by eliminating the page. bov 19:55, 5 June 2006 (UTC)
 * As long as they are cited to reliable sources, and not given undue weight. Tom Harrison Talk 21:35, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * And yet, criticisms of the 9/11 truth movement have no such criteria for inclusion, no such warnings -- anything will do for Tom to accept it, no matter what the content of the criticism is, Tom will advocate for it. When it comes to the 9/11 truth movement, undue weight is no concern, only for the official version.  198.207.168.65 01:02, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

This article claimed the 9/11 Commission Report contains twenty eight blanked out pages ("The Report contains 28 blanked-out pages that the Village Voice speculated on the contents of in a Dec 2005 article.") That's not true. That Village Voice article mostly discusses the 9/11 Commission Report but specifically refers to the Joint Congressional Inquiry at the end: "The Joint Inquiry Into Intelligence Community Activities Before and After the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001," which was released in late 2002, included 28 pages that were blanked out"... User:Jeremy_a

 * I'm with Jeremy on this one. Read the sourced article - it explicitly references the Joint Congressional Inquiry, NOT the 9/11 Commission Report. I went ahead and deleted the reference, this is completely cut-and-dry.akronpow 21:51, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

Coverage
This article should cover in greater detail the findings of the commission. Much of the discussion of criticisms of the report seems disconnected, because it refers to aspects of the report which are not discussed in the "Findings" section. --FOo 06:37, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Rice-Tenet meeting withheld from commission
NYTimes Apparently Tenet told Rice point blank we were getting hit, and she brushed him off. That meeting was not revealed to the commission. That's according to Woodward's new book. I don't know if that best goes in this article or somewhere else rleated, as I'm not an active editor here. I just list it for your reference. Derex 01:29, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

Merging with Report Criticisms Page
I've been doing some work with merging Criticisms of the 9/11 Commission Report with this page. I have also tried to fix the citations to be more consistent. The work that I have done is here. There are a few known problems with the citations. One of the criticisms belongs on the 9/11 Commission page. The reference to that criticism has the word 'discuss' misspelled to 'dicuss', but I kept true to the original title of the reference. Was that the right thing to do? Also there was one more reference that I couldn't reach at the time. I kept getting a 502 error from the server housing the reference. I would like some sort of peer review or discussion about moving the content over to this page. Please feel free to help with editing it, until it is in a good state to replace the current page. Umeboshi 01:44, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

New Merge
I just noticed that a "merge" took place less than twenty minutes after I wrote the section above. And boy was it a sloppy merge. It would be more accurate to call it a deletion, as there is still much information on that page that never made it to this page. Where do I go now to find the information that used to be in the Criticisms of the 9/11 Commission Report article that did not get merged into this one? Umeboshi 03:28, 12 December 2006 (UTC)
 * One more thing, where is the talk page Talk:Criticisms of the 9/11 Commission Report archived at? Did it get merged also?  Where did it go? Umeboshi 03:32, 12 December 2006 (UTC)
 * It seems that the talk page is still there on the link that I created above, but I would still like to know where the "official" link to that talk page would be located. Umeboshi 03:38, 12 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Hi there, I've noticed that oddity too… it wasn't a merge at all. Here is an explanation from administrator who apparently "pulled" the page… Lovelight 03:51, 12 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I hope your descriptions of sources are more careful than your description of my reply to you. Tom Harrison Talk 03:57, 12 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Sorry Tom wouldn’t know what went wrong but you did the last change and merge definitely didn’t take place. I'd certainly hope you would find some time to take a closer look and find a remedy to this unpleasant situation. Lovelight 04:00, 12 December 2006 (UTC)
 * You could take a look here User:Umeboshi/911crmerge where I was already in the process of a more accurate merge. It may help you with your remedy.  For me, however, the hour is getting late and I will not be able to keep a sharp mind and continue much longer.  I viewed the explanation you received and found it lacking.  There was not a consensus on the merge, just a suggestion with a link to discuss.  It seems that there should be a better procedure to verify that a complete merge has taken place before cutting the cord on the inferior article.  There should be some sort of automated safeguards against this, like a "trash can queue" with a one week cycle.  This would, of course, be for all merges and deletions except for the really onerous (possible lawsuit/libel/vagrant defamation of character) ones.  If there is such a safeguard already in place that I am unaware of, I would like for somebody to point it out to me.  Anyway the contents of the missing article are already merged here, and the citations are somewhat better formed also.  Umeboshi 04:24, 12 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I meant to say 'blatant' rather than 'vagrant' above. I must be getting sleepier than I thought. :) Umeboshi 04:27, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

Merged

from here: 12:36, 31 May 2006

to here: 12:19, 1 June 2006

The next edit summary says "removing all original research." Tom Harrison Talk 04:30, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

OK, I suppose tomorrow, I start fixing the citations and putting the 'omissions', 'inaccuracies' and 'forewarnings' subsections into the criticism section. I'll probably also remove the criticism of the commission, and just focus on criticisms of the report. Thanks for clarifying things for me. Umeboshi 05:00, 12 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Sounds good, your efforts are more than appreciated… Lovelight 05:16, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I hope that does not mean that "removing all original research" will need to be done again. Tom Harrison Talk 04:16, 16 December 2006 (UTC)
 * There is one section discussing the FAA protocols that was uncited, thus has the earmarks of original research. I left it there and put a couple of Fact tags on it in the hopes that somebody more knowledgable could fill in the references.  The rest of the pieces all seem to be referenced by reliable sources.  I paused while I was writing this to take a closer look at the article.  After taking a new look at the "Prior Warnings" sections, I found that there wasn't a single reference in that section that mentioned this detail with respect to the commission report.  As such it does appear to be original research with respect to criticising the report.  At best it should be a paragraph under the "omissions" section, with a reference to a reliable source criticising that particular omission from the report.  However the information in the "Prior Warnings" section is well cited and should be merged into an article where it fits better.  Umeboshi 16:43, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

Deleted "based in Afghanistan"
In the "Findings" section, I deleted "based in Afghanistan" because it makes it sound as though the hijackers were from Afghanistan, which is untrue. Hopefully you all agree that the deletion does not change or delete anything significant from the article, just removes ambiguity. Read the sentence and you'll agree.akronpow 21:28, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

We should delete the David Ray Griffin book reference
Griffin's book, for those who haven't read it, is totally conspiratorial and speculative. I really don't think it should be listed as a valid work of criticism against the 9/11 Commission Report. He's one of those guys who believes the Bush administration knew about the attacks beforehand and allowed them to happen so they would have an excuse to invade Iraq. The book doesn't break down the Commission Report, it's just titled that way for advertising purposes.

David Ray Griffin's books completely demolish the 9/11 Commission Report piece by piece, so they should NOT be referenced here or anywhere else on Wikipedia. Thank you for keeping America ignorant.

Your friend, D. Cheney — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.134.221.243 (talk) 23:52, 21 August 2014 (UTC)

No we shouldn't.
This is where it belongs. Unless, of course, you want to create a separate entry for it and link to it from here. It's obviously a valid work of criticism.

Wowest 22:43, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

"official report"
I'm doing research on official government reports for an unrelated article. The first article sentence states that the 9/11 Commission Report is an "official report". I searched the report with the Clusty search tool for "official report" and got no results. So how do we know this is an "official report"? What is an "official report"? Did the Congress pass something or did the President sign something to accept the report, which thus made it official? Milo 07:56, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

Expand main section
I just added an "Expand section" tag to the article. As another editor already noted previously, the main section of the article doesn't go into sufficient depth and detail. Moreover, the article as it currently stands has a serious imbalance between the main section and the Criticism section. This really needs to be redressed. Cgingold 03:26, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

I just added a missing article and re-alphabetized a list of references which had gotten out of order. Wowest 22:44, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

misleading emphasis on Iraq ties
This article seems to be written to leave open the possibility of ties with Saddam Hussein, especially the sentence: "The Report notes in Chapter 2 that "Bin Laden was also willing to explore possibilities for cooperation with Iraq." This sentence adds nothing of substance, except to perpetuate the belief many Americans have that there was a tie, when there is no evidence to that effect.  Its effect is to cancel out the denial of any such actual cooperation having taken place.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Chasbo2 (talk • contribs) 15:18, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

Illustrated Version
Someone should definitely mention the graphic adaptation of the 9/11 report by Jacobson and Colon. It's a fantastic example of how the techniques of graphic novels can be applied to non-fiction. (see http://www.amazon.co.uk/Illustrated-11-Commission-Report-Adaptation/dp/customer-reviews/0670916730) Adambisset (talk) 09:12, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

I think you meant, "It's a fantastic example of how the techniques of graphic novels can be applied to fiction." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.134.221.243 (talk) 23:54, 21 August 2014 (UTC)

It's important to keep in mind, however, that the goal is to be objective. Try to keep words like fantastic out of the mix, even if it may be the case, as it provides a baised view that would otherwise be disagreeable. Instead, try taking the information from the book such as, "Jacobson and Colón(I found the alt code for the o for us, it's [holding] 0243) gave an example of how the techniques of graphic novels can be applied to non-fiction" This would better present what we're going for here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Chewbakadog (talk • contribs) 00:00, 22 August 2014 (UTC)

Saudi involvement
There has been a lot of recent press re-opening the question of the extent of the Saudi's involvement. Specifically a couple of members of the commission have said that redactions in the report hid this information. This subject needs deeper coverage than a single source claiming that Saudi Arabia has been cleared. Here's a good starting point for research: If someone else could take this up, I would appreciate it, as I'm working on other things. --Dr. Fleischman (talk) 00:11, 11 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Worth reading to understand this 28 page secion! The article currently still says: "the commission "found no evidence that the Saudi government as an institution or senior Saudi officials individually funded the organization" to conspire in the attacks,[2] or that it funded the attackers even though the "report identifies Saudi Arabia as the primary source of al-Qaeda funding" but I don't think it's outdated, based on the info in this story; (at first I did based on a shorter story I read, but reading the NYT article changed my mind.)  The 28 page section is not in the report that this article is about.  Section below discusses this;  where's the evidence one way or the other? It's  clear these are different, but have many similarities.  Both come from Congress.  The 9/11 Commission Report was initially released July 22, 2004.  The article Dr. Fleischman links to refers to a report "released in December 2002".   So I think what the article currently says still seems to accurately describe "The 9/11 Commission Report", BUT some info about the 28 pages in the other report is worthy of mention - to clarify the situation.  How 'bout a parenthetical: (A 28 page section of an earlier, different 9/11 report has been in the news lately (2016), one with claims of greater Saudi involvement that, it's claimed, "did not withstand deeper scrutiny" by the Commission. )?  Boldly adding. -- Elvey (t•c) 17:47, 23 May 2016 (UTC)

28 pages classified by the Bush Administration
This refers to the Congressional Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001, and not the 9/11 Commission Report. Wildbear (talk) 05:11, 16 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Thank you - I hadn't noticed this distinction until you pointed it out. (I'm unaffiliated with 68.232.119.197.) --Dr. Fleischman (talk) 06:42, 16 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Parenthetical to clarify this proposed by me, above.-- Elvey (t•c) 17:56, 23 May 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Criticism
The criticism section severely lacks some of the more commonly voiced criticisms about the report.

a) the complete omission of a chapter on foreign involvement, with a possible input from the now partially declassified 28 pages from the Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001. Former Senator Bob Graham and a bipartisan committee are very vocal about this. b) the omission of investigating or even mentioning the collapse of the the third world trade center building, namely WTC7.

The section does not adequately address other issues mentioned in Criticism of the 9/11_Commission: It fails to even mention alleged conflicts of interest, a perceived resistance to investigation, unreliable intelligence due to interrogation under torture, critique by the then FBI director, and "Set up" to fail allegations by two co-chairs of the Commission.

The criticism addressed at shortcomings of the commission is currently present in a soft-gloved and non-specific quote from Harper's Magazine writer Benjamin DeMott. This presents a rather serious weakness of the current article. 92.177.233.247 (talk) 23:41, 5 October 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:9/11 Commission Report


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File:FactsOfDeath.jpg

Summary
James Bond 007 - The Facts of Death

© 1998 Coronet Books (paperback).

Source: Image scanned and uploaded by 23skidoo.

Rationale for "fair use" in the article The Facts of Death :

No free or public domain images have been located for this book.

This image is used on various websites, and has been published in several books, so use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible or visible than it already is. It does not detract from the original and is used for information purposes only.

title: File:FactsOfDeath.jpg