text:
Talk:Ammar al-Baluchi

Untitled
Where is the reference to the capture of Ali Abdul Aziz Ali? I can find no mention of it, either in the report of the commission, or with Google. I'll look into this some more, but I there are no objections, I may change it sometime soon.

According to my friends in low places, this guy is the second and current husband of Aafia Siddiqui. 209.121.88.198 (talk) 21:08, 3 February 2010 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
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title: Talk:Ammar al-Baluchi


text:
Thomas Holland

Thomas Holland may refer to:
 * Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent (c. 1314–1360), English nobleman and military commander
 * Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent (1350–1397), English nobleman and councillor to Richard II
 * Thomas Holland, 1st Duke of Surrey (1374–1400), also 3rd Earl of Kent
 * Thomas Holland (translator) (1549–1612), English Calvinist scholar and theologian
 * Thomas Holland (Jesuit) (1600–1642), Catholic priest, Jesuit and martyr
 * Thomas Holland (bishop) (1908–1999), Catholic bishop of Salford
 * Thomas Holland (1633–1690), namesake of Holland Brook, New Jersey
 * Thomas Holland (MP) (died 1618), English merchant and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1593 and 1614
 * Thomas Holland (MP for Anglesey) (1577–1643), of Berw, MP for Anglesey, 1601
 * Thomas Erskine Holland, British jurist
 * Thomas Henry Holland, British geologist
 * Thomas Stanley Holland (born 1996), British actor

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Thomas Holland


text:
Specific risk

In finance, a specific risk is a risk that affects a very small number of assets. This is sometimes referred to as "unsystematic risk". In a balanced portfolio of assets there would be a spread between general market risk and risks specific to individual components of that portfolio. Determination of the extent of exposure to individual risks is made using models such as Treynor-Black in which the optimal share of a security is inversely proportional to the square of its specific risk.

An example would be news that is specific to either one stock or a group of companies, such as the loss of a patent or a major natural disaster affecting the company's operation.

Unlike systematic risk or market risk, specific risk can be diversified away. In fact, most unsystematic risk is removed by holding a portfolio of about twenty-five to thirty securities.

title: Specific risk


text:
Chu (river)

The Chu is a river in Northern Kyrgyzstan and Southern Kazakhstan. Of its total length of 1067 km, the first 115 kilometres are in Kyrgyzstan, then for 221 kilometres the river serves as the border between Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan and the last 731 kilometres are in Kazakhstan. It is one of the longest rivers in Kyrgyzstan and in Kazakhstan. It has a drainage basin of 62500 km2.

The Chüy Region, the northernmost and most populous administrative region of Kyrgyzstan, is named after the river; so are Chüy Avenue, the main street of the Kyrgyz capital of Bishkek and the city of Shu in Kazakhstan's Jambyl Region.

Course
The Chu is formed by the confluence of the rivers Joon Aryk and Kochkor, in the Kochkor District of the Naryn Region. After approaching within a few kilometres of Lake Issyk-Kul (near Balykchy), without either flowing into the lake or draining it, it turns towards the northwest. In the 1950s an old riverbed called Ketmaldy (also Buugan) linked the Chu River and Issyk Kul. During floods part of Chu water would reach the lake, but such outflow has not been seen since the construction of the Orto-Tokoy Reservoir. After passing through the narrow Boom Gorge (Боомское ущелье, Boomskoye ushchelye), the river enters the comparatively flat Chüy Valley, within which lie the Kyrgyz capital Bishkek and the Kazakh city of Shu. Much of the Chu's water is diverted into a network of canals, such as the Great Chüy Canal, to irrigate the fertile black soils of the Chüy Valley for farming, on both the Kyrgyz and Kazakh sides of the river.

As the Chu flows through the Chüy Valley, it forms the border between Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan for more than a hundred kilometres, but then it leaves Kyrgyzstan and flows into Kazakhstan, where it flows at the northern edge of the Moiynkum Desert, with lake Kokuydynkol close to its channel. In wet years it may reach the endorheic salt lake Akzhaykyn, located among the vast solonchaks of the Ashchykol Depression.

History
The area of this river was originally home to the Iranian Sughds who spoke Soghdian, an East Iranian language.

During the Middle Ages, the area was strategically important. It was the setting of Suyab, the capital of the Western Turkic Khaganate and Balasagun, the capital of the Qara Khitai (Western Liao dynasty).

The Chu River posed a risk of flooding for settlements located in the Chu Valley. In the winter of 1878, an ice gorge formed on the Chu River upstream from Tokmok, the administrative centre of Semirechye Province. This was followed by severe flooding that damaged the town and the province's capital was moved to Pishpek (Bishkek).

Dams
The river flow is regulated by the dam at Orto-Tokoy Reservoir in Kyrgyzstan built in 1957 and the dam at Tasotkel Reservoir in Kazakhstan built in 1974.

Environmental monitoring
The Kyrgyz State Agency for Hydrometeorology and the Kazakhstan Hydrometeorological Service (Kazhydromet) operate a number of water quality monitoring stations on the Chu River and its tributaries.

Water quality
According to the Kyrgyz State Agency for Hydrometeorology, in 2004–08 the water pollution index of the Chu River in the Chu Valley ranged from 0.25 to 0.7 units, which is interpreted as Class II ("Clean water"). The only exception was a monitoring point downstream of Vasilyevka village where the water pollution index ranged from 0.4 to 1.2 units and water quality was assessed as Class II(Clean)/Class III ("Moderately polluted").

According to the Kazakhstan Hydrometeorological Service (Kazhydromet), the water pollution index of the Shu (Chu) River in the Jambyl Region of Kazakhstan amounted to 2.01 (Class III, "Moderately polluted") in 2008, and 1.83 (Class III, "Moderately polluted") in 2009. Such water quality parameters as biochemical oxygen demand, nitrites, copper, and phenols exceeded the maximum allowable concentrations.

Major tributaries
In Kyrgyzstan, 4892 rivers and canals flow into Chu River. The main tributaries are, from source to mouth:
 * Kochkor (left)
 * Joon Aryk (right)
 * Chong-Kemin (right)
 * Kichi-Kemin (right)
 * Kara-Konguz (right)
 * Shamshy (left)
 * Ysyk-Ata (left)
 * Alamüdün (left)
 * Ala-Archa (left)
 * Jylamysh (left)
 * Kakpatas (right)
 * Ak-Suu (left)
 * Kuragaty (left)

title: Chu (river)


text:
Talk:Fischer–Tropsch process

i hate wiki
i dont understand any word from this who writing this

Unreadable
The article speaks of conversion of carbon monoxide to alkanes, from coal to synthetic petrol. But how do you get the carbon monoxide from coal? This simple basic information is missing and jeopardizes the whole understanding.

From start to end, this article is a horrible mess, readable only to a chemist with a knowledge of the process. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.70.110.171 (talk) 21:4021 December 2011 (UTC)

You get it the easy way, BURN hot with short oxygen supply. The hotter it is it creates mostly CO and heat. Seniorsag (talk) 13:34, 18 December 2012 (UTC)

 * "carbon monoxide from coal? " What do you mean? CO is not extracted from Coal. CO is precursor of the FTS. 85.145.234.113 (talk) 05:45, 23 February 2023 (UTC)

I wouldn't call it unreadable, but I understand the point that a person with no chemistry background might not know offhand how carbon monoxide is generated. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.147.85.2 (talk) 13:35, 14 February 2023 (UTC)

Images
This page really needs an image that actually represents anything. The current image merely shows a succession of black boxes, all of which are oddly named -- Ec5618 11:53, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)

I like the three pipes and a no smoking sign labelled as a pilot process plant. "LOOK AT OUR PILOT PROCESS PLANT! YOU CAN LEARN A LOT FROM OUR THREE PIPES AND A NO SMOKING SIGN!"; I'm half tempted to remove the picture because of its utter ridiculous uselessness. Without the caption, it could just as easily be a picture of a paper mill, an oil refinery, or a particularly ambitious office building.SJ Zero (talk) 12:57, 17 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Suggestions: (i) take your medications, (ii) find improved images and replace those that you find deficient, (iii) go kick a wall.--Smokefoot (talk) 13:23, 17 September 2009 (UTC)
 * So sorry. In the future I'll be sure to only write using Smokefoot-approved sentences.SJ Zero (talk) 02:09, 23 September 2009 (UTC)

Process overview image
I removed the image of the process overview because while it looks like the copy that was uploaded to Wikipedia was from a U. S. government site, the original is acutally from the web page of Syntroleum which would make it copyrighted. You can verify the origin of the image by the fact that this image shows the syngas from the ATR being diluted with N2 which is something that is characteristic of this company's process.

If I am wrong about the copyright status, please correct me on this. Mr D. Logan 03:20, 13 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Can you cite anything else than the N2 doping to determine the origin? - C HAIRBOY (☎) 03:23, 13 September 2005 (UTC)
 * If you follow the link that I posted, you can see that they have a higher quality version of the picture (and animated!) on Syntroleum's website. I am also pretty sure that no other company's process is able to handle a diluted syngas stream making it rather unlikely that they would put that in a process diagram.

 * If it is from a US Government site, would that make it public domain? Sunshine Warrior04 (talk)

Suggestion to page author
I cannot see where the step from coal to Syngas is discussed, nor where the excess CO2 comes from in the overall process from coal to diesel. The Fischer-Trope process itself doesn't show any CO on the output side of the equation. Since this CO production is one of the major disadvantages of the process, I think it would be useful to outline that preliminary step. Hsfrey 05:40, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

 * This article isn't about the Global Warming scam.98.165.6.225 (talk) 11:58, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

CO2 comes when carbon is combusted. this may come from any process where oxygen is added. for example in the gasifier, oxygen (air) is added to provide the heat for the process. this is not needed chemically but is a cheap way to provide heating. SeveriG (talk) 12:23, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

FT in Nazi Germany
Fischer-Tropsch was widely used in Nazi Germany but it was not the only way to produce synthetic fuels from coal. The other one was direct coal liquefaction, which accounted for an even larger fraction of the production of fuels. In 1944 in the Reich there were 18 direct liquefaction plants vs. only 9 FT plants.

Source:

Hispalois 16:03, 20 August 2006 (UTC)
 * That link doesn't seem to work. And may I ask what your reason for posting this is? -- Ec5618 16:08, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Oooops, you are right, here is the updated link. My point is that the current version of the article says that in 1944 Germany "synthetic fuel production reached more than 124,000 barrels per day from 25 plants", which is true but the way it is written it leads to thinking that all 25 plants were Fischer-Tropsch. In actual fact, only 9 of them were FT whereas the majority (18, according to my source) were direct liquefaction. I propose that the article be rewritten to avoid this misunderstanding. Since it is a peer-reviewed article, I preferred to submit the information and get feed-back before editing the article myself. Hispalois 21:09, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Think you might find that this process was obsolete by the start of the 2nd world war and it was the 'Coalite' process that had taken over. From memory, I think they sold the pattern in 1936. --Aspro 21:03, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

FT in South Africa
While FT liquid fuels were produced during the Apartheid era - Apartheid and the sanctions that ultimately resulted from that policy were not the cause of SA using FT - it was simply its lack of oil resources. - "The world’s only commercial integrated coal-to-liquid fuels and chemicals are currently produced in South Africa by the Sasol company, and there currently exist two commercial GTL plants -- Shell in Malaysia and PetroSA in South Africa -- a third one is now being commissioned by Sasol in Qatar. The history of Sasol’s success stretches back many years and in retrospect it is a development based on astute planning, foresight, willpower, and fortuitous timing. This history is covered briefly, and it provides some lessons for alternate liquid fuel technology commercialization.

A white paper was submitted to the South African Parliament in 1927, indicating the fact that since no oil has been discovered in South Africa, the new German FT invention held promise for South Africa. Dr. Fischer visited South Africa and plans were developed to establish a production facility, and at that time there was no issue of political pressures or limited access to internationally traded oil.

With the advent of the Second World War, these negotiations were interrupted and in 1950 the “South African Coal, Oil and Gas Corporation” was established as a private sector company under government funded sponsorship of the Industrial Development Corporation. A commercial CTL plant was erected on a green field site about 50 miles south of Johannesburg at a place named Sasolburg, and it began producing synfuels in 1955......

...The next major phase in Sasol’s history came about due to the energy crisis of 1973. When oil prices rose sharply, Sasol proposed to the South African Government to build a much larger facility, Sasol Two, since there was a clear economic justification for this project at prevailing and projected prices. In 1974, approval was given and negotiations with the government through the Industrial Development Corporation included assurances regarding a floor price and loan guarantees. A major thrust was the desire to save foreign exchange associated with oil imports. At that time, the mandatory international sanctions against South Africa were not in place,1 and it is a common misperception that Sasol Two was built in response to the sanctions. This second facility was located at a green field site at a site called Secunda."

Refer: SSEB (Southern States Energy Board) 2006, American Energy Security: Building A Bridge To Energy Independence And To A Sustainable Energy Future, [Online], Available:  [22 August 2006], (pp. 69-70)

UndineCarmichaels 21:48, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

Please note that Syntroleum is no longer producing aviation fuel for the air force:

The U.S.-based Syntroleum Corporation, which supplied fuel for the B-52 flight, has closed down because its primary customer was the Air Force and, given the Pentagon's limited-volume needs for testing, the company couldn't sustain profitability.

http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/air_space/4283188.html  SeveriG (talk) 10:33, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

Efficiency
Can anyone find references to, and summarise, the efficiency of this process, ie starting from coal and water, how much calorific value of oil do you get out for a given CV of coal (and other energy) in? A discussion of greenhouse emissions would also be valued Greglocock 01:00, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

You might want to contact one of the South African research groups at University of the Witwatersrand who have recently done quite a bit of work in this area - their website is www.comps.wits.ac.za, sure you will find a contact there to ask —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.181.66.33 (talk) 01:40, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

Efficiency and GHG are 2 different things. Often confused. You could havce a highly inefficient process using biomass as the source of energy with very low greenhouse gas emissions or alternatively a very efficient process with only a small energy demand but when this energy is derived from fossil fuels or if the process has emissions of methane or nitrous oxide, it could have high GHG emissions. Which one would be favoured??? SeveriG (talk) 12:20, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

Process clarification
Anyone noticed that this page does not talk at all about the process itself - conditions, catalysts, equilibrium, anyching chemichal??? Anyone can put any scientific facts into this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Denger (talk • contribs) 00:23, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

Please permit me to echo this request! Had this request not already existed, I would have created it! I came to this article percisely because I wanted to get a layman's outline of the process. I leave with a load of crap about the chemistry, etc., etc. as already stated above. But not the faintest clue as to the actual process itself. I know (from driving past Mosgas in Mossel Bay, South Africa, many times) that it irreversibly pollutes a hell of a lot of water, but I know nothing else. Help! mikro2nd (talk) 15:50, 7 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Please expand a little more on what you want to see. The article starts off with "The Fischer–Tropsch process (or Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis) is a set of chemical reactions that convert a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen into liquid hydrocarbons." That seems pretty straightforward.  We got the message about your not having the faintest clue, that much is clear but "the actual process itself." is kinda laid out as shown in the outline of the first half of the article:

 * 1.1 Other reactions relevant to the F-T process
 * 1.2 Chemical mechanisms
 * 1.3 Process conditions
 * 1.4 Product distribution
 * 1.5 Fischer-Tropsch catalysts
 * 1.6 LTFT and HTFT
 * Many Wikipedia articles are written by nerds who have difficulty communicating, so we rely on guidance from those without the "faintest clue". Your rant about Mosgas probably reflects the fact that Sasol in RSA precedes FT with gasification, which is a filthy process, especially (I think) when the feed is low quality, such as brown coal. If the topic interests you, you could take a nice photo of the plant (or its pollution) and upload this at Wiki Commons, and your insights stand some chance of getting publicized.--Smokefoot (talk) 16:16, 7 August 2010 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 07:55, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Environmental Concerns about a different process altogether have been deleted from this article
This article is about the FT process which is CO+H→hydrocarbons.

This article is NOT about biomass→CO+H which is a whole other process, concerns about which have now been moved to the synthetic fuels page where they are relevent. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.132.9.192 (talk) 22:27, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

FT is in fact the chemical synthesis of paraffinic hydrocarbons from CO and H2. The feedstocks can be any carbon containing material, coal, natural gas, biomass or refinery coke. The GHG balance will depend on the feedsock used. SeveriG (talk) 12:17, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

Anderson-Schultz-Flory distribution?
Has anyone ever heard of the Anderson-Schultz-Flory distribution? I just did a Google search for Anderson Schultz Flory, yet found no useful leads, so I have tagged this phrase with a citation needed. DFH (talk) 12:28, 5 June 2008 (UTC)
 * No "t" in "Schulz". You'll get loads of hits. LeadSongDog (talk) 04:25, 6 June 2008 (UTC)
 * OK, I added a reference describing the "Anderson-Shulz-Flory model" as applied to the Fischer-Tropsch process. If someone would like to produce a graph similar to that in the reference, that would be a very nice addition to this article.  Stokerm (talk) 00:07, 13 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Ooops, looks like I'm not the only one with problems figuring out how to spell Schulz. According to Google, Anderson-Schulz-Flory appears to be the preferred spelling, although quite a few hits pop up for Shulz, Schultz, and Shultz as well. Stokerm (talk) 00:32, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

You could also search for Fischer Tropsch ASF which gives a lot of good references SeveriG (talk) 12:15, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

South Africa/SASOL
Edited the bit about South Africa as it was misleading. Work on the FT process began in SA in the 1920s long before any apartheid concerns, motivated purely by the fact that the country did not have oil resources. The wording, in the past rather than present tense, suggested it was not used anymore.

We must try to avoid bringing apartheid into every SA-related topic. The fashion seems to be to introduce an anti-apartheid flavour or angle to every topic where it can be smuggled in, even when not directly related or even inaccurate. Booshank (talk) 17:00, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

http://www.files.chem.vt.edu/chem-dept/acs/polydisp/polydisp2_1_3.html This explains the Anderson Schulz-Flory distribution in mathematical terms. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 150.182.225.43 (talk) 19:37, 23 February 2010 (UTC)

Edits of March, 2010
I contracted the article by about 30% today. It was already a very good article. The article had a lot of redundancies about process and catalysis. I cut a lot of material on the US airforce, which might be of interest to air plane enthusiasts but is pretty tangential to Fischer-Tropsch process. Missing are details of product distribution under real conditions and how high MW products are recycled etc, perhaps from the Sasol operations. --Smokefoot (talk) 03:33, 8 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Further comments. It is a common misconception that the German war economy relied on FT technology, but FT was mainly used to prepare high cetane additives for their diesel.  I cite the relevant article and the article that I replaced had been misinterpreted. The bulk of German fuels came from coal gasification.  So I removed that part.  Furthermore the article is about a engineering process, not about bombing of WWII installations or about aircraft.  I realize that military history is of great interest to some editors and hobbyists, but that material is tangential to this article. For example, it does not elaborate about FT in the South African economy very much. FT is now topical because of its implications for the fuel supply in the 21st century.--Smokefoot (talk) 13:08, 9 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Please understand that what you or I know is irrelevant, it is what we cite that matters on WP. If you want to say that there is a common misconception to that effect, then you need to cite a source to back that up, not simply delete the statement you disapprove of, which was sourced. There are certainly ample sources available on the Nazi use of coal hydrogenation process. I'd like to see something distinguishing the scale of that effort from the scale of F-T usage. Given that the domestic coal supplies were mostly low-grade I would expect that the F-T usage would have mostly been in the subjegated countries that had better coal. This history says F-T was used to a "much lesser extent" than Bergius, but doesn't put numbers to the fraction. It does say "When Allied bombing of the German synfuels plants began taking its toll in late 1944 and early 1945, the entire Nazi war machine began grinding to a halt. More than 92 percent of Germany's aviation gasoline and half its total petroleum during World War II had come from synthetic fuel plants. At its peak in early 1944, the German synfuels effort produced more than 124,000 barrels per day from 25 plants. In February 1945, one month after Allied forces turned back the Hitler's troops at the Battle of the Bulge, German production of synthetic aviation gasoline amounted to just a thousand tons – one half of one percent of the level of the first four months of 1944. None was to be produced afterwards. Lack of petrol meant the end of the war and the end of the Third Reich.". This is not just incidental information, it is key to understanding the history of the process, its relevance in wider general history, the reason Fischer and Tropsch were able to do the development despite the very poor economic proposition (it only made sense in the context of a country determined to be able to fuel itself without imports). The discussion may need improvement, but it has a proper place in the article.User:LeadSongDog come howl  17:39, 9 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Very good discussion, and thanks for the pointers on Wikipedia. "This is not just incidental information"  (I guess this refers to the bombing part).  The bombing and various battles are fascinating history, but tangential or a footnote to the FT process.   The source that I deleted described the synthetic fuels effort of the Germany during the war.  This source failed to distinguish FT-based fuels from other synfuels.  The source that I cite does address this issue specifically.

 * "However, the FT process was at that time of secondary importance for the German fuel economy, producing 9.1% of the total German oil supply. [Ref: U.S. DOD. U.S. Naval Technical Mission in Europe Technical Report No. 248-45."
 * I hope that this information clarifies the reasoning behind my recent edits. Cheers, --Smokefoot (talk) 18:23, 9 March 2010 (UTC)

This discussion raises a broader issue: Wikipedia isn't just a place when any information that is sourced can stay, immune from deletion. I like to move sourced-but-irrelevant information to the talk page, so it can be seen and discussed by those working on an article, and can be re-used later when a more suitable article is found for the content.

We can't have a situation where we have to write a list of all the things we chose not to put in the article!

Ben (talk) 19:05, 9 March 2010 (UTC)
 * This is a little different. It was in the article. The choice by a single editor to remove it despite the implicit concensus of prior editors to leave it there over a protracted period needs some justification. If it was an entire article it would be the subject of the WP:AFD process, but individual paragraphs don't draw that degree of scrutiny. Instead we discuss them on the article talkpage and decide how to proceed. User:LeadSongDog come howl  19:31, 9 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Hey Leadsongdog: Great to have this discussion. The main points are:
 * (1) that the claim that FT was super big deal to the Nazis is contradicted by my source and unsupported by the previous one (which referred to syn-fuels in general). At least that is my read, and I certainly welcome alterantive information to improve the article.
 * (2) I am unsure if the Nazi aspect merits much more than a few sentences, because we do not really discuss politics for the other aspects of the FT development (i.e. we do not discuss Qatar, S. Africa, Weimar Germany, Louisiana, etc - all of which have colourful "techno-politics"). I realize that there is a lurid interest in all things Nazi, which is cool, but the Nazi theme is tangential to this technology, which was well underway before WWII and continues today.
 * On a separate subject: editors are encouraged to chop verbage as well as to add - so long as relevant content is not compromised and the article is improved. For example, the FT article is only 80% of its length from 4 days ago (actually probably I cut about 50% of the original content). All knowledgeable editors should cut cited facts and even references when that material is inappropriate or can be improved.  Simply being a fact or simply being a reference is not the criterion for inclusion, although it often seems that way.  But that policy issue is aside from the point here, which focuses on some WWII history.
 * By the way, thanks for this civil exchange, some people get really heated about these things. --Smokefoot (talk) 02:31, 10 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Ah, I finally found the source you cited, at http://www.fischer-tropsch.org of course. (Terrible website to navigate, isn't it?) In re your "lurid" comment, for better or worse, common English usage has applied the name "Nazi" as shorthand for the entire German war effort, including the production of fuels. This was of course not a political endeavour in any significant respect but rather a strategic one. Nonetheless, even 9% of fuel production must be seen as having been a hugely significant amount in the conduct of mass mechanized warfare. Also on that site, looking at Table 1 in the Report of the Petroleum and Synthetic Oil Industry of Germany makes it clear that FT production was about 25% of their motor fuel, though not of aviation fuel nor fuel oil. It also makes clear that the FT produced fuel was comparable in cost to that produced using the hydrogenation process, and more than twice the cost of imported petroleum fuel. User:LeadSongDog come howl  07:44, 10 March 2010 (UTC)

Reverted
I just undid this edit for an apparent COI (though it also lacked sources and carried evident WP:POV). If there's something useful in there, perhaps another editor can find it.User:LeadSongDog come howl  13:11, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

alkali promoters
"Cobalt seems to be the most active catalyst, although iron may be more suitable for low-hydrogen-content synthesis gases such as those derived from coal due to its promotion of the water-gas-shift reaction. In addition to the active metal the catalysts typically contain a number of "promoters," including potassium and copper."

What is written above is only partly true and very confusing. A distinction should be made between cobalt and iron catalysts in terms of promoters they benefit from. Although alkali metals can be beneficial for an iron catalyst it will effectively kill a cobalt catalyst. Even extremely small amounts of any group 1 alkali metals (Li, Na, K etc.) cause the turn over frequency to drop by a lot. Why the activity drop is a topic of controversy.

The way the quoted text is written could lead people to believe that both cobalt and iron use the same type of promoters which is clearly not true.

http://www.springerlink.com/content/j576361540506w81/  <--- ref for alkali metals on cobalt.. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Vandahls (talk • contribs) 13:02, 16 July 2010 (UTC)

Reuse of CO2
The last paragraph on the page says "When it was combined with the dissolved carbon dioxide using a cobalt-based catalyst...." But never indicates what "it" is. This whole section needs to be rewritten. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.18.213.65 (talk) 21:00, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

Can we call Fischer–Tropsch a pseudo science?
This is at best a very controversial topic. I am not sure if it can be described as a psuedo science though. Any suggestions? Sunshine Warrior04 (talk) 03:54, 7 August 2017 (UTC)

How is this a pseudo science. Shell is using to make "Pennzoil Platinum" motor oil from natural gas. You can buy it at Walmart for about 25-30 dollars a jug. It's a reasonably common industrial process. It's not controversial at all. It's just chemistry. It's also used to make high quality sulfer free diesel which is used to blend with diesel from crude oil sources to meet ultra low sulfer requirements. The question of whether a particular application of it might be a good idea is something one might argue if you were so inclined. But I'd hardly call it "controversial". It's just a question of whether or not it can be done cost effectively. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.147.85.2 (talk) 13:34, 14 February 2023 (UTC)

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U.S. Air Force certification seems like promotion
The section on U.S. Air Force certification reads like an ad for the company it mentions, Syntroleum. In any case this seems like a lot of text for an issue that is only tangentially related to the subject of the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Drewsteen (talk • contribs) 15:10, 23 May 2018 (UTC)

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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 11:22, 20 September 2022 (UTC)
 * ORYX GTL Plant - Qatar.jpg

catalyst
Clearly a catalyst is necessary. The article talks about adsorption of CO and metal carbonyl complexes but no mention is made of what exactly the catalyst is. In fact the reaction itself makes no mention of it. This is an important thing to be left out. 142.147.85.2 (talk) 13:25, 14 February 2023 (UTC)
 * The section has been addressed. There is not a lot of info on the actual catalysts, and none of our current editors are expert on this topic.--Smokefoot (talk) 23:45, 14 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fischer–Tropsch process


text:
Mobile BASIC

Mobile BASIC is a proprietary dialect of the BASIC programming language that can be used to program Java-enabled mobile phones. This is possible because the interpreter is a MIDlet.

title: Mobile BASIC


text:
Tehama

Tehama may refer to:

 * Tehama bonifatella, a species of the moth in the monotypic genus Tehama
 * Tehama, California, United States, a city
 * Tehama County, California, in which the city is situated
 * Mount Tehama, a now-eroded volcano in the Cascade Range in northern California
 * Tihamah, a region of the western Arabian Peninsula
 * Tehama Inc., a Desktop-as-a-Service vendor

title: Tehama


text:
Endo

Endo may refer to:

 * Endo (band), a nu-metal band
 * Endō, a Japanese surname
 * Endo contractualization, a term for short-term employment in the Philippines
 * Endo International, a company specializing in drugs for pain management
 * Endo people, an ethnic group in Kenya
 * Endo language, the native language of the Endo people
 * Endō Shōta, a Japanese professional Sumo wrestler
 * Ex parte Endo, a 1944 US Supreme Court decision

As a prefix
Endo, a prefix from Greek ἔνδον endon meaning "within, inner, absorbing, or containing"

 * Endocannibalism, a practice of eating the flesh of a dead human being from the same community.
 * For other possible words, see
 * Endodontics, field of dentistry
 * Endogamy, the practice of marrying within a specific ethnic group, class, or social group
 * Endogeneity (disambiguation), the property of being influenced within a system
 * Endogenous, meaning "proceeding from within"; in biology, used to describe substances that originate from within an organism, tissue, or cell
 * Endometriosis, a disease that relates to a person's internal organs
 * Endomorphism, in mathematics, a homomorphism from a mathematical object to itself
 * Endoscope, an implement used in minimally invasive surgery
 * Endoskeleton
 * Endo-exo isomerism, in chemistry, a specific stereochemical relationship in molecular geometry

As an acronym, abbreviation or nickname

 * ENDO, name of the annual meeting and conference of The Endocrine Society
 * Endo, short for 'endodontic root treatment' in dentistry, otherwise known as a root canal
 * Endo, a cycling trick also known as a stoppie, after the possible outcome of flipping "end-over-end" if performed incorrectly
 * Endo, a slang abbreviation in cycling for an "end over end" accident
 * Endo, a nickname for marijuana

title: Endo


text:
James Brown (Louisiana politician)

James Brown (September 11, 1766 – April 7, 1835) was a Virginia-born American lawyer, planter and politician who served as a Secretary of State for the new state of Kentucky, and later as U.S. Senator from Louisiana, and Minister to France (1823–1829) before his retirement and death in Philadelphia.

Early and family life
Born near Staunton, Virginia, to John Brown and his wife, young James Brown had brothers John and Samuel Brown and sisters Mary and Elizabeth who either survived him or had children who survived him, unlike his brother Preston. His brother John Brown became the U.S. Senator from Kentucky and active in its gaining statehood. Well-connected among the southern elite, they were also cousins of John Breckinridge, James Breckinridge and Francis Preston.

James Brown attended Washington College (later Washington and Lee University) in Lexington, Virginia, and the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg. James Brown read law, was admitted to the Virginia bar, and commenced practice in Frankfort, Kentucky, then still part of Virginia.

He married Ann "Nancy" Hart, one of seven children of Revolutionary War veteran and successful businessman Col. Thomas Hart, who moved from North Carolina to Maryland and finally Lexington, Kentucky. Her sister Lucretia married Henry Clay, who became U.S. Senator from Kentucky. Her brother Nathaniel G. S. Hart died in the War of 1812. They did not have any children who survived them. James Brown was the uncle of James Brown Clay, Henry Clay, Jr., John Morrison Clay, the great uncle of B. Gratz Brown, and the cousin-in-law of Thomas Hart Benton.

Career
James Brown commanded a company of Virginia sharpshooters in an expedition against the Indians in 1789. He served as secretary to Isaac Shelby, the first governor of Kentucky, in 1792. On June 5, 1792, Shelby nominated Brown as Secretary of State; he was confirmed by the state senate and served until October 13, 1796.

Soon after the United States made the Louisiana Purchase, Brown moved to New Orleans, where he was appointed in 1804 as secretary of the Territory of Orleans. He served from October 1 to December 11 of that year, when he was appointed as U.S. Attorney-General for the Territory.

Brown became one of the wealthiest planters and slave owners on the German Coast. His extensive plantation produced sugar through the use of slave labor.

In January 1811, some slaves from James Brown's plantations (some of them jointly owned by his nephew James Humphreys) joined in the 1811 German Coast uprising. One was the African-born warrior Kook, who became one of the insurrection's leaders. It was the largest slave rebellion in U.S. history, but was soon suppressed. The insurgents killed only two white men, but between the one battle, subsequent summary executions by militia members, and executions after tribunals of slaveowners, ninety-five black men died. Some of the men were from Saint-Domingue, brought to Spanish Louisiana several years earlier by white French refugees, as well as by refugee gens de couleur (free people of colour), who fled the violence and expropriations of the Haitian Revolution. Others were slaves imported directly from Africa.

Brown was elected as a Democratic Republican to the United States Senate on December 1, 1812, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Jean Noël Destréhan, whose slaves were also involved in the quashed uprising. Brown served in the U.S. Senate from February 5, 1813, until March 3, 1817. The Louisiana legislature refused to reelect him, but in 1819 he was elected again to the U.S. Senate as a Democratic-Republican aligned with Southern Jeffersonians. During the Missouri Crisis, he favored the unrestricted expansion of slavery west of the Mississippi River. He served from March 4, 1819, until December 10, 1823, when he resigned. During his tenure, Brown was the chairman, Committee on Foreign Relations (Sixteenth Congress).

With the consent of the Senate, the President appointed Brown U.S. Minister to France, and he served 1823–1829. Returning to the U.S., he settled in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He agreed to support a Quaker appeal for funds to aid an American free black settlement in Ontario, Canada, known as the Wilberforce Colony. It had been started by free blacks from Cincinnati, Ohio, who emigrated to Canada in reaction to discriminatory laws and especially a highly destructive riot against them in 1829.

Brown was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1814 and the American Philosophical Society in 1827.

Death and legacy
Brown survived his wife Nancy, as well as a Philadelphia cholera outbreak in 1831, but died in Philadelphia in 1835. After a service at its St. Stephen's Church, he was buried in the vault of nearby Christ Church, Philadelphia.

Brown is remembered as one of the drafters of the first Louisiana Civil Code of 1808, a work undertaken together with Louis Moreau-Lislet and Edward Livingston.

title: James Brown (Louisiana politician)


text: User talk:69.111.9.122

title: User talk:69.111.9.122


text:
Webster Hubbell

Webster Lee "Webb" Hubbell (born January 18, 1948) is a former United States Associate Attorney General from 1993 to 1994 who as part of the Whitewater controversy pled guilty to one count of wire fraud and one count of failing to disclose a conflict of interest, and was sentenced to 21 months in prison.

Early life and education
Born and raised in Little Rock, Arkansas, Webster Hubbell was a three-sport letterman at Hall High School. He attended the University of Arkansas on a football scholarship where he played offensive tackle for the Arkansas Razorbacks. In his senior year (1968/69), the Razorbacks were SWC co-champions and beat undefeated Georgia in the Sugar Bowl. Hubbell was selected in the eighth round (197th overall) in the 1969 NFL draft by the Chicago Bears, but an injury ended his football career. He graduated from the University of Arkansas with a degree in Electrical Engineering in 1970, then graduated with a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Arkansas School of Law with honors.

Career
Hubbell began the practice of law with the Rose Law Firm in 1973, where in February 1977 Hillary Clinton joined him as a law partner. In September 1978 he was appointed to Little Rock's City Board of Directors, and in 1979 he was elected Mayor of Little Rock. He served in that position until 1981. Hubbell was re-elected to the City Board of Directors in 1980 where he served until he resigned in 1984 to become the chief justice of the Arkansas Supreme Court.

After his service on the Court, he returned to the Rose Law Firm where he remained until he left for Washington, D.C. in January 1993. Hubbell was active in community affairs including, serving as president of the Visiting Nurses Association, on the Board and Treasurer of the Arkansas Arts Center, on the board of the UAMS Foundation, and as chairman of the board of the Arkansas State Board of Bar Examiners.

Federal government career
After the 1992 election, Hubbell was one of the Clinton Administration transition's senior officials, Counsel to the Transition Board and responsible for vetting appointments to the Cabinet and other top positions, among others George Stephanopoulos, Henry Cisneros, and Jim Woolsey, former head of the Central Intelligence Agency and Bernard W. Nussbaum, White House Counsel.

After Clinton's inauguration, Hubbell became White House liaison to the United States Department of Justice, arriving at Justice on January 20, 1993. During the period before an Attorney General was approved, Hubbell worked as the assistant to the Attorney General, but reported to Republican appointee, Acting Attorney General Stuart M. Gerson. Clinton considered Hubbell for the Attorney General position on January 30, 1993, after Zoë Baird's name was withdrawn, but Clinton nominated Janet Reno instead.

Hubbell was formally nominated as Associate Attorney General on April 2, 1993, and was immediately attacked for his ties to the Clintons. Hubbell's nomination was nonetheless quickly confirmed by the U.S. Senate and he served as Associate Attorney General until April 1994. He oversaw all the civil divisions of the U.S. Department of Justice, the Immigration and Naturalization Service, and was appointed by Janet Reno as the Chief Operating Officer of Department and its 100,000 employees and $10 billion budget.

Resignation and conviction
During the Whitewater controversy, Hubbell was indicted for allegedly overbilling clients while in private practice. Hubbell had previously resigned as associate attorney general on April 14, 1994, to avoid controversy regarding his work at Justice and in hopes of reaching a resolution with the Rose Law Firm. In December 1994 Hubbell pleaded guilty to one count of wire fraud and one count of tax fraud and on June 28, 1995, Judge George Howard sentenced Hubbell to 21 months' imprisonment. As a convicted felon, Hubbell entered Federal Correctional Institution, Cumberland in August 1995, and was released from a halfway house in February 1997.

In 1997, William Morrow & Co published Friends in High Places, Hubbell's autobiographical account of his rise in Arkansas politics and his time in the Clinton administration.

Additional criminal charges
During the months after Hubbell's resignation, he entered into legal consulting contracts with several clients including the Indonesian Riady family and Revlon. This activity became the focus of another Starr investigation while Hubbell served out his sentence. Despite years of investigation, and although Independent Counsel Starr alleged that Hubbell "did little or no work for the money paid by his consulting clients", Starr ultimately concluded there was insufficient evidence to prove that any legal consulting contract or payments were intended to influence Hubbell's cooperation with investigators in the Whitewater investigation.

Starr and his prosecutors were convinced that Hubbell knew all the Clintons' secrets that were under investigation and that, if pressured enough, Hubbell would tell all. On April 30, 1998, Hubbell and his wife were indicted for conspiracy, tax evasion and mail fraud. Hubbell had, in the course of Starr's investigation, provided documents as part of an immunity agreement with the Independent Counsel about his consulting agreements. Despite this agreement, Starr used this information to obtain an indictment of Hubbell, his wife, his accountant and his tax lawyer.

District Judge James Robertson dismissed the charges against Hubbell and his wife on July 1, 1998, ruling that Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr had overstepped his authority in bringing the Hubbell indictment. Judge Robertson ruled that Starr had violated Hubbell's Fifth Amendment rights against self-incrimination by building a case that relied on materials collected under an immunity agreement with Hubbell. Starr appealed to the Court of Appeals and Judge Robertson was affirmed. Starr then appealed to the United States Supreme Court. In an 8–1 decision (with Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist the lone dissenter), the Supreme Court also ruled in favor of Hubbell.

On November 14, 1998, Starr obtained a third indictment, this time alleging that Hubbell had committed fraud and given false testimony to the House Banking Committee and federal banking regulators. On June 30, 1999, the day Starr was required to step down as Independent Counsel, Hubbell entered into a plea agreement resolving the indictments. Hubbell pleaded guilty to one charge of failing to disclose a potential conflict of interest from ten years earlier. He was sentenced to one year of probation; in exchange, the prosecutor dropped charges against Hubbell's wife, lawyer, and accountant, and Starr agreed not to bring further charges against him.

Life after prison
During the six years of Starr's investigation, Hubbell worked for criminal justice think tank NCIA. Afterwards, Hubbell worked as an independent legal consultant, general counsel for an Internet start-up, and general counsel and senior vice-president for a large commercial insurance company until July 2010. After a liver transplant instigated by a rare form of hepatitis, he moved to Charlotte, North Carolina, where he now writes novels. His first novel, When Men Betray, was released in May 2014 by Beaufort Books. He has since written Ginger Snaps and A Game Of Inches, also published by Beaufort.

Personal life
Hubbell and his wife, Suzy, have four children and seven grandchildren. They moved in 2010 from Washington, D.C. to Charlotte, where Suzy is a realtor/broker.

title: Webster Hubbell


text:
Talk:Breeder

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Sadiemeade, KMMerkle. Peer reviewers: KristaFrost.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 16:14, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

This: Breeder is also a term used by homosexuals to describe heterosexuals; this term may be used in a joking or derogatory manner.

is a dictionary definition; there's no way it could be expanded to its own article--place in the Wiki dictionary if you've a mind to.

Quill 23:12, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I disagree -- many slang terms are listed in wikipedia with perfectly respectable articles attached to them (see bitch, faggot (slang), pussy, and most others you might care to think of). I'm moving it back for now, although if you can point me to relevant standard Wikipolicy suggesting otherwise I'm happy to comply. Bantman 07:51, Jan 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * All righty, then:
 * Wikipedia disambiguation:
 * "There is some flexibility in creating the disambiguation page itself, or even whether it is necessary to create one at all. As mentioned earlier, if the title clearly has one central most important meaning, and one or two lesser-known meanings in narrow contexts, it is probably better to have the full article about the primary meaning under the simple title, after brief links to the special uses."
 * end of quote
 * Slang is slang and should be treated as such. Wikipedia policy says that slang should be explained.  Moving accordingly.
 * Quill 10:37, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I think it's OK as it now is--in a separate article titled breeder (slang)--although I wonder whether there really is enough info to make that into an article rather than a defn. However, I do think we could have a breeder (disambiguation) that could alternatively include that definition; I'm thinking also in terms of a nuclear breeder reactor or animals themselves that are breeders... so there are multiple definitions. Elf | Talk 19:02, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * OK, since i went and did the stupid thing of looking at What Links Here and all that, I had to go and created the dab page. :-) Elf | Talk 19:50, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * This all seems resolved, certainly to my satisfaction. Thanks for your help Quill and Elf. Bantman 20:53, Jan 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * Works for me too. My only quarrel with you both is that I had to come up with another article breeder (animal).  Oh, will it never end??? Quill 21:22, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh--did we neglect to mention that we all go offline and conspire against you? In your best interests, of course--we want to give you something to do to entertain  yourself. Elf | Talk 22:52, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * LOL. Touche, Elf.  Quill 00:18, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Rewrite
I believe the article is in need of a resigned title and opening paragraph in order to differentiate it from the much more commonly used slang word. The opening paragraph is the worst offender, and anyone reading it without realizing this page is not about the slang will think this page is vandalized. 172.109.136.105 (talk) 20:22, 1 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Breeder


text: User:Zaphodzuk~enwiki

title: User:Zaphodzuk~enwiki


text: User talk:67.21.238.203

title: User talk:67.21.238.203


text: User talk:202.14.68.240

title: User talk:202.14.68.240


text: File:FischerTropsch.png

title: File:FischerTropsch.png


text:
Talk:Bitstream Cyberbit

Availability
IMHO is still available for free download from Netscape FTP at least. While Bitstream doesn't like it that mich, the original contract with Netscape seem to enforce this. See ftp://ftp.netscape.com/pub/communicator/extras/fonts/windows/ --Pjacobi 23:18, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The link is already in the article. Cyberbit was freely given to all members of the Unicode consortium originally, and as such it must remain free within the terms of its official license agreement (non-commercial use or testing purposes only). 08:39, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * But why does the article states, that A free alternative for Bitstream Cyberbit available for all non-commercial use is Titus Cyberbit Basic? It seems to me the Bitstream Cyberbit license is less restrictive than the Titus Cyberbit license. --Pjacobi 09:35, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I have taken another look at the files: the Netscape Cyberbit is a font that has not been updated in years, and Bitstream is not happy with it. Titus Cyberbit was created in coöperation with Bitstream, and licencing of that one is clear. Anárion 17:50, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Regarding the "someone wants this page deleted" notice: I found this article interesting and useful. Sorry if I can't find time to motivate myself here, but I would prefer it if this page could be kept.

 * re: notability, see: http://books.google.com/books?q=cyberbit&btnG=Search+Books for references in print

Nàng
Is the 齉 really that ugly in Cyberbit, or are the misalignments rendering boo-boos? How to fix the image is dependent on the answer. -BRPXQZME (talk) 22:14, 14 March 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bitstream Cyberbit


text:
Batken

Batken (also called Batkent) is a town in southwestern Kyrgyzstan, on the southern fringe of the Fergana Valley. It is the administrative seat of Batken Region. Since 2000, it is a city of regional significance, i.e. not part of a district. However, it is still the administrative seat of Batken District. Its area is 205 km2, and its resident population was 27,730 in 2021 (both including the villages Bulak-Bashy, Kyzyl-Jol and Bazar-Bashy). The population of the town proper was 15,805.

History
The name Batkent is from the Iranian language of Sogdian and means "The city of wind". Batken became the administrative headquarters of the youngest of Kyrgyzstan's seven regions, created from the three westernmost districts of Osh Region in 1999, after concerns over radical Islamist activities in neighboring Tajikistan and Uzbekistan led to demands for a more direct and visible governmental presence in this remote and mountainous region. Batken Airport links the town with Bishkek. Since 2000, there is a small university in Batken.

The 2022 Kyrgyzstan-Tajikistan clashes has heavily damaged the town, which has been subject to shelling. Some residents returned to the city throughout the day from the villages to which they had repaired to avoid the danger of fresh shelling. In the evening, they left again. Most of the shelling and incursions by Tajik troops occurred in places right on the border. On September 16, though, the odd projectile landed on Batken too, despite it lying several kilometers from Tajikistan.

Climate
Batken has a cold steppe climate (Köppen climate classification: BSk), bordering on a Mediterranean climate (Csa) and a continental Mediterranean climate (Dsa). The average annual temperature in Batken is 11.6 °C. About 367 mm of precipitation falls annually.

title: Batken


text:
Bob Houghton

Robert Douglas Houghton (born 30 October 1947) is an English football manager and former player. His career has spanned over 30 years and 10 countries. He is most famous for taking Swedish club Malmö FF to the 1979 European Cup final, where they lost to Nottingham Forest.

Early career
During his brief playing career, Houghton was a midfielder for Fulham (1966–69) and Brighton & Hove Albion (1969–70). Houghton was one of the youngest coaches ever to manage in English senior football, being appointed player-manager of Hastings United in the Southern League at only 23. During that period, he was a star pupil of coaching guru Allen Wade, who was the technical director of the Football Association between 1963 and 83. In the early 1970s Houghton also managed Maidstone United and worked as an assistant to Bobby Robson at Ipswich Town.

Malmö FF
He became the manager of Swedish top flight side Malmö FF in 1974. Houghton guided them to success domestically and internationally, reaching the 1979 European Cup final, losing 1–0 against Nottingham Forest. The team was all based on local players who came from within 60 km from Malmö. It was the first and so far only time a Swedish team has reached the European Cup final.

He also won the Swedish championship and Svenska Cupen several times and was runner-up in the Intercontinental Cup in 1979 as Nottingham Forest declined to participate, losing against Olimpia from Paraguay.

Revolution in Sweden
Houghton's early coaching career was closely linked to that of his friend Roy Hodgson. They worked together at Maidstone, Stranraer and Bristol City. They also managed different teams in Swedish football at the same time.

Houghton moved to Sweden with Malmö in 1974 and two years later installed Hodgson at Halmstad. The pair are credited with transforming football in Sweden and bringing in zonal marking for the first time to Swedish football. Swedish teams at the time used a sweeper with 3 or 5 in defence favouring man-marking. The two were known in Sweden as English Roy and English Bob.

Besides zonal marking, the defence pressed hard and maintained a high offside line. Their teams counter-attacked with long passes played in behind the opposition defence. Instead of playing with a team that was very spread out from one end of the field to the other, with a libero who stayed in his penalty area and a centre-forward who never tracked back, they set up a system of zonal defence, a back four, people pushing up and getting the ball forward into the final area much more quickly.

1980s and '90s
After a short spell in Greece with Ethnikos Piraeus, Houghton returned to his homeland in 1980 to manage Bristol City. His spell at Ashton Gate Stadium was unsuccessful as the financially stricken club were relegated and Houghton resigned after a defeat to Wimbledon. Houghton's next job was with North American Soccer League side Toronto Blizzard between 1982 and 1984. He then managed in Saudi Arabia with Al-Ittihad before returning to Sweden at Örgryte IS and Malmö FF again. After another spell with Al-Ittihad in 1993, he joined Swiss side FC Zürich in April 1994 and remained in charge for just over a year before leaving in March 1995. In 1996, he became the first ever coach of Major League Soccer side Colorado Rapids before being sacked after just one season.

China
Houghton then assumed control of the Chinese national team in late 1997, who had just failed to qualify for the 1998 World Cup. Within weeks, Houghton was able to memorise the names of all his players, a rare feat in foreign coaches, and helped build the team's confidence and self-belief. China were placed second in the Dynasty Cup very shortly after Houghton took over, and he developed a reputation for being able to implement an effective technical football program for struggling teams. They also attained a bronze medal at the 1998 Asian Games. After failing to qualify for the 2000 Olympic football tournament, Houghton left as manager of the Chinese national team in 1999. He later had several spells as a club manager in China and was also a coaching instructor.

Uzbekistan
He had a spell in charge of Uzbekistan in 2005 when he was charged with qualifying for the 2006 World Cup though his attempt failed after losing a controversial play-off tie against Bahrain. Uzbekistan won the first match 1–0 but FIFA declared the result void after a refereeing mistake, and Uzbekistan were eliminated on the away goals rule.

India
After coaching Chinese side Changsha Ginde for a few months, Houghton was then appointed head coach of India in June 2006 by the All India Football Federation. His appointment saw a general progress in India's performances crowned by victory in the Nehru Cup in August 2007. The following year India suffered a huge loss when Maldives defeated them at the final of SAFF Championship 2008, despite a 100% record in the group stage, including a victory over the Maldives. However, Houghton led India to the AFC Challenge Cup title as they beat Tajikistan 4–1 in August 2008, which gave India a berth at the Asian cup 2011 in Doha. He also oversaw the Indian team to its second consecutive Nehru Cup trophy win in 2009. He resigned in 2010 after not being able to reach a new contract deal. He later confirmed that his contract had been renewed until 2013, but hinted that he might review his decision after the 2011 Asian Cup. At the Asian Cup, India, the lowest-ranked team in the tournament, lost all of their three group matches as predicted. Despite this, India's football authorities expressed disappointment over the national team's performance and the All India Football Federation (AIFF) technical committee urged the executive committee to sack Houghton. On 23 April 2011, Bob Houghton tendered his immediate resignation as the India national team coach, which the AIFF accepted. Houghton's last assignment as Indian coach was the AFC Challenge Cup 2012 qualifiers in Malaysia, where India topped Group B which included Pakistan, Chinese Taipei and Turkmenistan.

Style of management
In a 2012 article for The Guardian, Jonathan Wilson noted that Houghton, like his compatriot Roy Hodgson, employed a zonal defence while coaching in the Allsvenskan, and that his teams pressed hard and maintained a high back-line, making use of the offside trap. They also utilised counter-attacks that were initiated with long passes played in behind the opposing defensive line. Swedish academic Tomas Peterson believed that the managers "threaded together a number of principles, which could be used in a series of combinations and compositions, and moulded them into an organic totality — an indivisible project about how to play football. Every moment of the match was theorised, and placed as an object-lesson for training-teaching, and was looked at in a totality."

In an article with The Blizzard, Hodgson noted that he and Houghton were attempting to introduce a different style of defending in Swedish football, rather than elements of English football, such as the long-ball game, stating: "Instead of playing with a team that was very spread out from one end of the field to the other, with a libero who stays in his penalty area and a centre-forward who never tracks back, we set up a system of zonal defence, a back four, people pushing up and, of course, getting the ball forward into the final area much more quickly." He also believed that Sven-Göran Eriksson's tactical innovations in the Swedish game were inspired by their own work.

Manager
Malmö FF
 * Allsvenskan: 1974, 1975, 1977
 * Svenska Cupen: 1973–74, 1974–75, 1977–78, 1979–80
 * European Cup: runner-up: 1978–79

India
 * AFC Challenge Cup: 2008
 * SAFF Championship runner-up: 2008
 * Nehru Cup: 2007, 2009

Al-Ittihad
 * Saudi Federation Cup: 1987

title: Bob Houghton


text:
Jim Raynor

James Eugene Raynor is a fictional character and a major protagonist in Blizzard Entertainment's science fiction StarCraft series. Raynor is a predominant character in the science fiction real-time strategy video games StarCraft and Brood War and is a player character in StarCraft II: Wings of Liberty. He also appears as a playable character in the crossover multiplayer online battle arena game Heroes of the Storm. Outside video games, Raynor appears in the novels Liberty's Crusade and Queen of Blades, while his backstory is explored in the novels Heaven's Devils and Devil's Due. Robert Clotworthy voices the character in all video game appearances.

Created by Chris Metzen and James Phinney, Raynor is loosely based on a character of the same name in the 1991 film Rush. Metzen conceived Raynor to represent the ordinary man in a series populated with politically motivated characters. Raynor's physical appearance was designed by Metzen himself. A Terran in his thirties, Raynor is a former soldier and outlaw who eventually becomes a marshal in a backwater colony world. Raynor joins Arcturus Mengsk's revolution against the oppressive Terran Confederacy but becomes disillusioned with Mengsk's genocidal tactics, forming his own paramilitary group to challenge Mengsk's tyranny.

The character has received a positive critical response; Raynor's depiction in StarCraft and Brood War was praised for its character depth and the quality of Clotworthy's voice acting. One survey by GameSpot put Raynor as one of the top ten heroes in video gaming.

Character design

The character of Raynor was originally devised by Chris Metzen and James Phinney, with his depiction as a rough-living and dangerous man developed through various pieces of concept art by Metzen. In an interview, Raynor's voice actor Robert Clotworthy cited one piece of this concept art in how he decided to voice the character. The art, showing Raynor on a hoverbike and outfitted with futuristic weaponry, gave Clotworthy the impression that as Raynor was someone people "wouldn't mess with", he would not have to raise his voice as "other characters [would] shut up and listen" or face the consequences. Clotworthy also stated that if a StarCraft film was produced, he believed Clive Owen would be the perfect choice to play Raynor due to his "being dangerous".

Raynor's character is based on a character of the same name in the film Rush, whom Chris Metzen describes as a "gritty, undercover cop". Metzen also states that Raynor is a personal favorite character of his, as although he is only an ordinary man, he has personally met and worked with the most influential characters in the series. In StarCraft II, Raynor was again voiced by Robert Clotworthy.

The tactical shooter StarCraft: Ghost was to feature Raynor as Clotworthy stated he was brought in to voice the character; however, the game has since been canceled and Raynor's role was never revealed. Bill Roper, Blizzard North's former vice president, stated that the game would not center on Kerrigan or Raynor.

Personality
Despite an often laid back and sarcastic demeanor, Raynor is described in the novel Liberty's Crusade as a decent and honorable man who is well liked by those under his command. Robert Clotworthy noted that as such, Raynor is always willing to do the right thing, no matter how difficult it may be. His assertion to kill Sarah Kerrigan—the series' main antagonist—despite his former love for her early in the story arc is one of the sacrifices that in Clotworthy's eyes makes Raynor a "true hero in the purest sense of the word". He is also described as being fiercely loyal to his friends and his cause, willing to put it all at risk for the protection of those who cannot defend themselves. It is this loyalty that causes deep resentment in Raynor when he is betrayed by those he had once trusted. Although often displaying an overzealous attitude, Raynor is well respected by his men as a dynamic and reliable leader who always tries to ensure his troops survive the day, even when Raynor is responsible for getting them into a bad situation. Raynor himself acknowledges that he is not the most intelligent man there is, but is shown as being extremely resourceful and persistent in the face of unfavorable odds.

Depiction
Raynor is only ever depicted by his unit portrait through the course of StarCraft and Brood War. He is later shown in StarCraft II as a physically strong yet casually dressed character, wearing his combat gear over his normal clothes, which are further described in the novels as well-worn and rough in appearance. Raynor has a neatly trimmed moustache and beard, which by the time of StarCraft II are beginning to grey. His StarCraft II model also reveals the presence of tattoos on both his arms. In addition, a number of pieces of concept art depict Raynor smoking. Unlike other characters, Raynor is not seen wearing a uniform at any point during the series, with the rare exceptions of when he is encased in marine combat armour. Raynor is often depicted riding a modified vulture hovercycle, which he uses for transport and in open land combat.

StarCraft
Raynor's first appearance is in the 1998 title StarCraft. Raynor is a marshall on the Confederate fringe colony of Mar Sara, where he is attempting to defend the population from an expanding Zerg infestation. As the Confederacy abandons Mar Sara to its fate, Arcturus Mengsk and his rebel Sons of Korhal arrive to evacuate the colony. Thoroughly disillusioned with the Confederacy, Raynor and his colonial militia join the Sons of Korhal. During his time with the rebels, Raynor falls in love with Mengsk's second-in-command, psychic assassin Sarah Kerrigan. However, when Mengsk uses Zerg-attracting Confederate technology to destroy the Confederate capital Tarsonis and abandons Kerrigan on Tarsonis to the Zerg, Raynor and his militia desert, hijacking Mengsk's flagship Hyperion in the process. Raynor's men, labelling themselves "Raynor's Raiders", take it upon themselves to strike at Mengsk, who has crowned himself emperor of the new Terran Dominion. Soon after, Raynor is lured to the planet Char by psychic dreams. He discovers the source is Kerrigan, who has been captured and infested by the Zerg. Raynor tries to save her, but to no avail; he and his men end up stranded on Char for months. Raynor discovers a Protoss force led by high templar Tassadar and the dark templar Zeratul is also on Char, likewise attracted by Kerrigan's psychic emanations and subsequently stranded. The two groups ally and hold out against Kerrigan and the Zerg until rescue arrives with forces from the Protoss homeworld of Aiur. Raynor and his remaining Raiders accompany Tassadar back to Aiur, which has fallen prey to Zerg invasion, and help the Protoss destroy the gargantuan Zerg Overmind.

StarCraft: Brood War

Raynor returns in Brood War, having earned the trust of the Protoss and befriended the templar warrior Fenix. The Raiders and Fenix's forces remain on Aiur as a rearguard while the surviving Protoss evacuate their homeworld, now devastated and overrun by the Zerg, for the dark templar world of Shakuras. Raynor is later contacted by Kerrigan, who convinces them to join with her against the United Earth Directorate (UED), which has arrived to pacify the sector by any means necessary. Raynor and Fenix reluctantly prevent Mengsk's capture by the UED, and with Kerrigan's Zerg rout the UED from the Dominion throne world of Korhal. However, Kerrigan turns on her allies, launching a surprise attack against both the Dominion and the Raiders. Although the Hyperion escapes the planet, Fenix is killed in the attack; an outraged Raynor vows that Kerrigan will die by his hands.

StarCraft II: Wings of Liberty
The 2010 sequel Wings of Liberty takes place four years later, where the Raiders are still resisting the renewed Dominion, but are low on morale and resources, while their efforts are marginalised by Dominion media. Raynor, blaming himself for Kerrigan's transformation and Fenix's death, has started drinking. He returns to Mar Sara, where he is approached by a former associate, Tychus Findlay, with a business proposition to acquire Xel'Naga artifacts for a research group, the Moebius Foundation. The artifacts, guarded by an extremist faction of Protoss, are also sought by Kerrigan, who launches a vast invasion of the Dominion to find them. Between missions Zeratul appears and tells Raynor that Kerrigan must survive the coming battles "or all is lost", as she will be pivotal to every species surviving a coming enemy worse than even the Zerg. To prove his point he leaves a Protoss memory device, through which Raynor sees Zeratul's journey following an ancient prophecy and the vision of an alternate timeline's future. In this vision Kerrigan had died and the swarm (under control of an unknown entity) is wiping out the last remaining Protoss - with the Humans having already fallen and the Zerg being wiped out after their victory.

Eventually accumulating all the artifacts, the Raiders discover that the Moebius Foundation is a front for the heir apparent of the Dominion, Valerian Mengsk; though the Hyperion crew is concerned about having been working for their enemy, Valerian coaxes Raynor to accompany him in invading Char as the combined artifact may reverse Kerrigan's infestation. Although the Dominion takes heavy losses to the Zerg, the Raiders defend the artifact from Kerrigan until it can be activated; upon detonating, it destroys all nearby Zerg and leaves Kerrigan human again. However, Findlay, acting on orders from Arcturus Mengsk, attempts to kill the weakened Kerrigan, forcing Raynor to kill Findlay before tending to Kerrigan.

StarCraft II: Heart of the Swarm
Following the battle of Char, in Heart of the Swarm, Raynor and Kerrigan are taken to a secret lab by Valerian to evaluate the extension of Kerrigan's current power to control the Zergs, until it is attacked by Dominion forces. Raynor is captured by Nova and Mengsk declares that he was executed, much to Kerrigan's grief. However, Mengsk later contacts Kerrigan and reveals that Raynor is still alive and under his custody, using him as a leverage to have her keep the Zerg swarm, now reunited under her command, away from Dominion Territory. Kerrigan then manages to rescue Raynor with the Raiders' help and despite his rejection of Kerrigan at first for choosing to abandon her humanity in order to save him, he and his forces join the swarm for a final battle on Korhal to overthrow Mengsk, saving Kerrigan once more when the Emperor tries to destroy her with the artifact, ultimately leading to Mengsk's death at her hands. Reconciled with Kerrigan, Raynor bids farewell to her as she leaves with the Zerg swarm to confront Amon, the fallen Xel'Naga which intends to return and exterminate both the Zerg and Protoss races.

StarCraft II: Legacy of the Void
During the events of Legacy of the Void, Raynor participates in the defense of Korhal from Amon's forces alongside Artanis. He is later given a psionic call by Kerrigan to aid her and Artanis in a joint Terran Dominion/Zerg Swarm/Protoss invasion of the Void, a realm accessed from the Xel'Naga homeworld of Ulnar, to permanently kill Amon. In the aftermath of the war, Raynor disappears from public view with Kerrigan.

Heroes of the Storm
Raynor appears as a playable character in the crossover video game Heroes of the Storm, which features various characters from Blizzard's franchises as playable heroes. He is one of many StarCraft heroes that are available in the game, and features a unique skillset including a heroic ability to summon the Hyperion to fire upon the battleground he is on. Raynor is a ranged assassin that can keep enemies away with his basic abilities. He relies on his hard-hitting physical attacks and long range to fight his enemies from a safe distance. Since he lacks any form of innate escape mechanism, like teleports or dashes, knowing when to take a fight and when to retreat is crucial to achieve good results when playing this hero. Jim Raynor is also the leading character in the game's tutorial, and one of the six Blizzard characters who appear in the Heroes of the Storm cinematic trailer.

In novels
Several StarCraft novels also feature Raynor; he is a prominent character in Liberty's Crusade, which reveals that Raynor had a wife and son. His son exhibited psychic potential and consequently is conscripted for the Confederate ghost program, where the intense training ultimately kills him. Afterward, Raynor's wife Liddy dies after a period of depression and illness. As a result, Raynor immerses himself in his work and develops a penchant for operating alone. He is also the primary protagonist in Queen of Blades, a novelization of the events of StarCraft ' s Episode II in which Raynor attempts to rescue Sarah Kerrigan from the Zerg on Char and eventually allies with the high templar Tassadar and renegade dark templar Zeratul, facilitating the reconciliation between the two estranged Protoss. More recently, his early military and criminal history, including his association with Tychus Findlay, were explored in the novels Heaven's Devils and Devil's Due. Also in Devil's Due, Raynor's father died by machine error. Raynor's mother died at day when Raynor visited her.

Reception
The character of Raynor was generally well received by critics and fans alike. Gaming's Edge described Raynor as an "almost prototypical action movie figure" with a "healthy dose of arrogance" who despite always attempting to do the morally right thing invariably ends up with "the worst end of the deal" due to circumstances beyond his control. The article also puts forward the case that "it would be difficult not to admire Raynor, if for no other reason than his persistence" in the face of abandonment, isolation and betrayal. In the review of StarCraft for the magazine GamePro, the reviewer stated that he felt that the portrayal of characters was so good that he felt they "were actually talking to me" and expressed that he began to feel an emotional attachment to the plights of Raynor, commenting "When was the last time you could say that about a character in a strategy game?" A reader's poll for GameSpot voted Raynor one of video gaming's top ten heroes, complimenting Raynor's character on his humanity, his resilience in the face of consistent loss, as well as his progression from backwater marshal to galactic hero. GameSpot also gave additional praise to the quality of Robert Clotworthy's voice acting. In 2012, GamesRadar ranked him as the 80th "most memorable, influential, and badass" protagonist in games, commenting: "He embodies the concept of the greater good and is willing to put it all on the line to protect others. If you’re ever stuck in a sticky situation, whether it’s against a swarm of Zerg or a Protoss fleet, he’s the man you want to be fighting side by side with." In 2013, Complex ranked Raynor as the 24th greatest soldier in video games.

Raynor earned a nomination for Most Compelling Character at the second Annual Inside Gaming Awards in 2010, but lost to John Marston from the Red Dead video game series.

title: Jim Raynor