text:
Talk:Ruthenian Voivodeship

too far in history
Why this article writes about "prehistoric times", and the "Western Roman Empire"? This is too inappropriate and not relevant information. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Roman Frankiv (talk • contribs) 00:46, 21 October 2016 (UTC)

Gloger, Geografia historyczna
Zygmunt Gloger, Geografia historyczna ziem dawnej Polski. W tekście 63 autentycznych rycin, Kraków 1903

Województwo Ruskie.

Ruś Czerwona – Russia rubra).

Już Okolski, pragnąc wytłomaczyć przyczynę nazwy Rusi Czerwonej, wysilał się na niedorzeczne domysły, że np. kraina ta dlatego została tak nazwaną, iż lud jej jest kompleksyi krwistej, że rośnie tam wiele krzaków rubeta i że te ziemie, w czasie licznych wojen, wiele krwi ludzkiej oblało! Później nazwę powyższą wywodzono od znajdującego się na łąkach tej krainy owadu „czerwiec”, który dostarczał farby czerwonej i służył niegdyś za przedmiot handlu zagranicznego. Rzeczywiście ów czerwiec jeszcze w XVIII wieku odchodził do Wołoszczyzny i Turcyi, a do połowy XVI był sprzedawany w Gdańsku po cenie wysokiej do krajów zachodnich, dopóki nie wyparła go koszenila, przywożona z Ameryki. Nestor mówi o „grodach czerwieńskich”, które roku 981 zdobył Włodzimierz na Lachach; Baliński rozpowszechnił mniemanie mylne, że leżały one nad rzeką Huczwą, gdzie dzisiejsza wieś Czermno, w okolicy Hrubieszowa i Tyszowiec. Wyczerpująco roztrząsnął wszystkie zdania uczony Kętrzyński i doszedł do przekonania, że grody Czerwieńskie ciągnęły się od Czerwonogrodu począwszy, wzdłuż Dniestru do Sanu, nad którym leży Przemyśl, i od Sanu w stronę źródeł Bugu. Wymieniona przez Nestora nazwa Czerwień jest przymiotnikiem i oznacza „czerwony”; domyślać się przy nim trzeba wyrazu „gród”, jak i Lwów oznacza „Lwów gród”, a Lemberg pierwotnie brzmiał Loewenburg. Czerwień zatem po polsku tłumaczy się Czerwonogród. Takie też miasto istnieje na Czerwonej Rusi, niedaleko Dniestru, na północ od Zaleszczyk. Było niegdyś grodem książęcym, a później starostwem i stolicą powiatu. Dopóki inne grody zależały od tego Czerwienia, musiały zwać się czerwieńskimi, i od nich to poszła niezawodnie nazwa Rusi Czerwonej, która nie była pojęciem etnograficznem i stałem, lecz geograficznem i zmiennem.

W wieku X i XI górowały w tej krainie grody Przemyśl i Czerwień (Czerwonogród), po nim występuje Halicz, a dopiero około roku 1250 powstała stolica księstwa, Lwów. Od roku 1340 posiadł Ruś Czerwoną Kazimierz Wielki, prawem spadkobierstwa po wygaśnięciu książąt czerwonoruskich, i uwolnił ten piękny kraj z pod jarzma Tatarów. Siostrzeniec Kazimierza i jego następca, król Lois, czyli Ludwik, (nazwany w Węgrzech Wielkim), wcielił potem Ruś Czerwoną do Węgier. Odebrana Węgrom i przywrócona Polsce przez królową Jadwigę, rządzona była przez namiestników królewskich, zwanych „starostami”, poczynając od pierwszego z nich w roku 1387 Jaśka Tarnowskiego. Nazwa województwa Ruskiego nadana być mogła Rusi Czerwonej pod koniec panowania Władysława Jagiełły, bo w owym czasie wojewodowie przemyscy poczęli się nazywać ruskimi. Pierwszy taki podpis dochował się Jana Mężyka z Dąbrowy, wojewody ruskiego, a około roku 1470 pojawia się tytuł generalnego wojewody Ruskiego, którym był Stanisław z Chotcza.

Województwo Ruskie składało się z pięciu ziem: 1) Lwowskiej z powiatem Żydaczowskim, 2) Przemyskiej, 3) Sanockiej, 4) Halickiej i 5) Chełmskiej. Dwie ziemie ostatnie, to jest Halicka i Chełmska, rządziły się osobno, nadto ziemia Chełmska oddzielona była całkowicie od województwa Ruskiego przez województwo Bełskie. Mówiąc zatem o granicach, należy oddzielnie uważać pierwsze cztery ziemie jako województwo Ruskie, które w roku 1772 weszło w skład Galicyi i Lodomeryi, a oddzielnie opisać granice ziemi Chełmskiej, która innym ulegała losom po rozbiorze. Województwo Ruskie graniczyło na północ z województwem Lubelskiem, Bełskiem i Wołyńskiem, na wschód z województwem Podolskiem i Wołoszczyzną, gdzie znaczną część granicy między Karpatami i Dniestrem stanowiła rzeka Czeremosz. Granicę południowo-wschodnią z Węgrami stanowił łańcuch Karpat, zwany tu Beskidem wysokim lub Bieszczadami, ścianę zaś wschodnią stanowiły dwa województwa: Sandomierskie, od Sanu do rzeki Jasiolki, Krakowskie, oddzielone od województwa Ruskiego rzeką Jasiołką na podgórzu karpackiem.

Trzy ziemie: Lwowska, Przemyska i Sanocka, każda w stołecznem swojem mieście, to jest Lwowie, Przemyślu i Sanoku, odprawiały sejmiki deputackie i gospodarskie. Sejmiki zaś poselskie i relacyjne, czyli generały województwa Ruskiego, odbywały się w Sądowej Wiszni, gdzie wybierano na sejm walny siedmiu posłów, z każdej ziemi po dwóch, i jednego z powiatu Żydaczewskiego. Ziemia Lwowska z powiatem Żydaczewskim wybierała dwu deputatów, Przemyska i Sanocka po jednym. Starostwa grodowe były: Lwowskie, Żydaczewskie, Przemyskie i Sanockie. Herbem województwa jest w polu błękitnem lew złoty w złotej koronie, wspinający się przedniemi łapami na skałę. Senatorów większych miały te trzy ziemie czterech, którymi byli: arcybiskup lwowski, biskup przemyski, wojewoda ruski i kasztelan lwowski, mniejszych dwóch, kasztelanowie: przemyski i sanocki.

Ziemia Lwowska używała tegoż herbu, co i województwo; zbrojne okazowanie szlachty odbywała pod miastem Glinianami. Lwów posiadał dwa zamki: wysoki, zbudowany pierwotnie z drzewa na górze, zwanej Łysą, przez Lwa Daniłowicza, ks. Halickiego, który tu około roku 1268–1270 przeniósł stolicę księstwa z Halicza i od którego imienia otrzymał nazwę Lwihorod. Drugi zamek stanął na dole, gdzie zabudowało się miasto. W miejsce drewnianego, wysokiego zaniku, Kazimierz Wielki wzniósł gród murowany. Trybunał prowincyi małopolskiej, pod tymże marszałkiem i prezydentem, co i w Lublinie, sądził we Lwowie województwa: Ruskie z ziemią Halicką, Kijowskie, Wołyńskie, Podolskie, Bełskie, Bracławskie i Czerniechowskie, corocznie od przewodniej niedzieli do św. Tomasza. Na trybunał ten bywał wybierany z kapituły lwowskiej prezydent i wiceprezydent. Kontrakty lwowskie otwierały się na Trzy-króle. Powiat Żydaczewski, lubo z ziemią Lwowską społem chodził, uważany był jednak niekiedy za oddzielną ziemię, a konstytucya sejmu koronacyjnego króla Jana III roku 1676 herb jej nadała: trzech lewków na chorągwi niebieskiej. Z obliczenia siół do podatku podymnego w owym roku okazuje się, że w ziemi Lwowskiej opłacało ten podatek wsi 618, a miast i miasteczek 42, w powiecie zaś Żydaczewskim wsi 170 i miasteczek 9.

Ziemia Przemyska dzieliła się na dwa powiaty: Przemyski i Przeworski; używała za herb orła dwugłowego pod jedną koroną w polu błękitnem. Zbrojny popis szlachty odbywał się na błoniach Medyki. Wsi, opłacających podatek podymny w roku 1676, posiadał powiat Przemyski 657 i miast z miasteczkami 18, powiat zaś Przeworski wiosek 221 i miast także 18. Przemyśl, po łacinie Praemislia, po rusku Peremysl, miasto stołeczne ziemi Przemyskiej, nad Sanem, miało stary zamek i dwie katedry biskupie: grecko-katolicką i łacińską. Był to gród jeden z najstarszych, bo już Nestor powiada o nim, że należał do Lachów przed rokiem 981. Ze zaś nazwa ściągała się wówczas do grodu jako zamku warownego, bo miasta w znaczeniu dzisiejszem mogło jeszcze nie być, a zamkom przez siebie założonym nadawali książęta często nazwy od swoich imion (Kraków od Kraka, Lwów od Lwa, Włodzimierz od księcia Włodzimierza), więc przypuszczać także należy, że Przemyśl, będąc grodem Lachów (zanim zdobył go Włodzimierz Wielki), założony został przez jakiegoś lechickiego księcia Przemysława. Do nader licznych pamiątkowych miejscowości w tej ziemi należy Medyka, gdzie to właśnie sędziwy król Władysław Jagiełło udając się do Lwowa w roku 1434, słuchał ze zwykłem upodobaniem śpiewu słowika w nocy i przeziębiwszy się umarł po przybyciu do Gródka (w ziemi Lwowskiej).

Ziemia Sanocka, na podgórzu Karpackiem, pomiędzy ziemią Przemyską, a grzbietem Beskidów, to jest granicą węgierską, nad górnym Sanem położona, nie dzieliła się na powiaty, a używała takiej samej chorągwi, jak ziemia Przemyska, z orłem dwugłowym pod jedną koroną w polu błękitnem. Liczyła w roku 1676 wsi do podatku podymnego 371 i miast z miasteczkami 12. Sanok, po łacinie Sanocum, miasto stołeczne ziemi nad Sanem, trapiony napadami Węgrów, począł dopiero używać swobody, wzrastać w ludność i zamożność, po przyłączeniu Rusi Czerwonej przez Kazimierza Wielkiego, który zamek tutejszy przebudował i podczas pobytu swego w Sanoku roku 1366 obdarzył go prawem magdeburskiem i licznemi dobrodziejstwami.

Ziemia Halicka, rządząc się osobno od reszty województwa Ruskiego, uważana była za oddzielną ziemię. Dzieliła się na trzy powiaty: Halicki, Trębowelski i Kołomyjski. Ten ostatni, na podgórzu karpackiem, ponieważ był położony w ostrym kącie, pomiędzy granicą Węgier i częścią Wołoszczyzny, zwaną Bukowiną, otrzymał w mowie potocznej miano Pokucia (w ruskiem narzeczu kąt – kut). O tym samorządzie ziemi Halickiej istnieje stanowcza uchwała sejmu koronnego z roku 1564 w słowach: „Za pilnym żądaniem posłów ziemi Halickiej i zezwoleniem społem rad, przez zagęszczenie i nasiadłość rycerstwa i przez dalekość drogi niebezpiecznościom onych krajów folgując, ustawujemy sejmik w Haliczu: aby tam kasztelan ze szlachtą posły obierał, iżby się o potrzebach pospolitych tam namawiać mogli”. Sejmik ten miał się odbywać zawsze na tydzień przed Generałem wiśnieńskim, t. j, sejmem wszystkich ziem województwa Ruskiego w Sądowej Wiśni. Na sejmiku halickim wybierała ziemia sześciu posłów na sejm walny (po 2 z każdego powiatu), oraz deputata na trybunał koronny i komisarza na trybunał skarbowy do Radomia. Kasztelan halicki odbywał pod Haliczem zbrojne „okazowanie” rycerstwa, czyli popis wojskowy wszystkiej szlachty. Ziemia posiadała jednego senatora mniejszego i dwa starostwa grodowe: Halickie i Trembowelskie, a niegrodowe: Kołomyjskie, Buczniewskie, Tłumackie, Rohatyńskie, Kałuskie, Jabłonowskie, Śniatyńskie, Sołotwińskie, Krasnopolskie, Mogilnickie i inne. Herb ziemi wyobrażał w polu białem czarną kawkę z rozciągnionemi skrzydłami, w koronie złotej. Podług taryfy podymnego z roku 1677 znajdowało się wówczas w całej ziemi Halickiej wsi 565 i miast 38.

Halicz, po łacinie Halicia, miasto stołeczne ziemi, przy ujściu Łukwi do Dniestru, jeden z grodów Czerwieńskich, bardzo dawny, o którym Długosz powiada, iż wziął nazwisko od góry tego imienia (t. j. łysej), lecz kto go i kiedy zbudował, niemasz w dziejach żadnego śladu. W wieku XII i XIII bywał stolicą udzielnych książąt. Pierwsza żona Bolesława Krzywoustego, Zbysława (poślubiona roku 1103), była córką Świętopełka, ks. kijowskiego i halickiego. Mścisław, wygnany z Halicza przez braci, szukał pomocy u wuja swego, Kazimierza Sprawiedliwego, który roku 1182 przywrócił mu rządy pod warunkiem przymierza z Polakami. Po jego zgonie oddał Kazimierz księstwo Halickie Romanowi Mścisławowiczowi, zastrzegając hołd i posłuszeństwo. Romana tego przywrócił powtórnie na księstwo Halickie Leszek Biały. O tym Romanie pisze Długosz, że roku 1204, dowiedziawszy się, iż Leszek księstwo Krakowskie z rąk wypuścił, zaraz Polaków, trudniących się kupiectwem na Rusi, z majątków wyzuł i zakazał im prowadzenia wszelkiego z poddanymi swymi handlu, co jednak dowodzi starych stosunków sąsiedzkich między bratnimi ludami, o których już i Al-Becri w X wieku wspomina. Arcybiskupstwo łacińskie, założone w Haliczu dla Rusi Czerwonej od roku 1375 przez Ludwika, króla węgierskiego i polskiego, przeniesionem zostało do Lwowa za Jagiełły w roku 1416.

Ziemia Chełmska stanowiła anklawę, czyli oddzielną przynależność województwa Ruskiego, będąc zupełnie od niego przegrodzoną przez województwo Bełskie. Graniczyła ona na północ z województwem Brzesko-litewskiem, a część tej granicy na lewym brzegu Bugu stanowiła rzeczka Włodawka. Na wschód, przechodząc daleko za prawy brzeg Bugu, graniczyła z Wołyniem. W części tej zabużnej leżał Opalin, Lubomla, Maciejów i najdalej, bo na samym krańcu północo-wschodnim ziemi, położone Ratno i Datyn. Południową jej granicę stanowiło województwo Bełskie, a zachodnią Lubelskie, Bug przecinał ziemię Chełmską na dwie nierówne części, a Wieprz brał początek na południowym jej krańcu przy granicy województwa Bełskiego. W mniejszej części, zabużnej, miała swoje źródła rzeka Prypeć i znajdowało się kilka sporych jezior, a mianowicie: Tur, Pulmo, Świtiaskie czyli Świtiach, Łuna, Biała.

Dzieje ziemi Chełmskiej przedstawiają od X wieku ścieranie się dwóch wpływów: zachodniego Piastów i wschodniego Rurykowiczów, a, gdy najazdy tatarskie zdruzgotały potęgę książąt Rusi, przybył jeszcze trzeci współzawodnik do władzy – oręż potężnego Gedymina. Gdy Kazimierz Wielki przyłączył w roku 1340 Ruś Czerwoną do Polski, zaczęły się wówczas spory i walki między Kazimierzem i książętami Litewskimi o ziemię Chełmska i Wołyń. Mocą ugody z Olgierdem, Kazimierz Wielki, odzyskawszy ziemię Chełmską, oddał ją w dzierżawę Jerzemu Narymuntowiczowi, księciu Bełskiemu, zostawiając załogę polską w grodzie chełmskim. Gdy jednak książę ten wchodził w ciągłe zmowy przeciw Polsce i dopomagał najazdom Litwinów, król Ludwik, następca Kazimierza, zarządziwszy roku 1377 wielką wyprawę, zajął Chełm i ostatecznie ziemię Chełmską wcielił do Korony.

Ziemia Chełmska rządziła się oddzielnie od województwa, sejmikowała w Chełmie, wybierając dwóch posłów i jednego deputata. Dzieliła się na dwa powiaty: Chełmski i Krasnostawski, z których każdy miał starostwo grodowe, w Chełmie i Krasnymstawie, i osobnych urzędników ziemskich. Niegrodowe starostwa były: Lubomlskie, Ratnieńskie, Hrubieszowskie i inne. Senatorów było dwóch: większym, czyli krzesłowym, był biskup chełmski, a mniejszym chełmski kasztelan. Powiat Chełmski w roku 1676 posiadał wsi 260 i miast z miasteczkami 16, powiat zaś Krasnostawski wsi 167 i miast 7.

Stołeczne miasto ziemi, Chełm, nazwane tak od wyrazu słowiańskiego chołm, oznaczającego pagórek, leży nad rzeczką Uher, do Bugu wpadającą, i jest odwieczną siedziba słowiańską, znaną od początków dziejów Polski i Rusi. Jako zabytek z epoki panowania tu książąt litewskich i ruskich, dotrwały do naszych czasów dwie wieże murowane, które lud słupami nazywa. Jedna przy mieście na wzgórku, łąkami otoczonym, a druga we wsi Stołpie, której nazwisko stąd poszło. Nad rzeką Huczną, w jednej z najżyźniejszych okolic Polski, leży Hrubieszów, po łacinie Rubesovia. Była to wieś królewska Rubieszów, którą Władysław Jagiełło w roku 1400 zamienił na miasto. Mikołaj Rej z Topoli, w dobrach swoich przy wsi Kobyle w ziemi Chełmskiej, założył około roku 1547 miasto, które od swego imienia nazwał Rejowcem.

Jan Zamojski, kanclerz i hetman wielki koronny, chcąc odpowiednią swej zamożności wznieść rezydencyę, a zarazem przyczynić się skutecznie do obrony kraju, założył w powiecie Krasnostawskim miasto i twierdzę Zamość (po łacinie Zamoscia), któremu nadał i herb, wyobrażający świętego Tomasza z dzidą, a mieszczan, kupców i rękodzielników, zaopatrzył szczodrze we wszelakie dobrodziejstwa i przywileje. Dla podniesienia oświaty krajowej wielki ten obywatel założył w końcu XVI wieku akademię w Zamościu, dając świetny przykład magnatom polskim, w jaki sposób kochać i służyć swej ojczyźnie byli powinni. Znajdowała się w Zamościu bogata zbrojownia, szacowna biblioteka i rzadkie rękopisma. W kościele farnym św. Tomasza po prawej stronie prezbiteryum znajduje się kaplica z grobami Zamojskich, a niżej ten prosty, ale wszystko mówiący napis: Hic situs est Joannes Zamojski. Jest to jedyny pomnik dla tego wielkiego męża, dotąd na ziemi polskiej wzniesiony, a pod nim w małym sklepie zwłoki jego spoczywają. Blisko tej kaplicy, w filarze z prawej strony, wyryty jest na małej marmurowej tablicy nagrobek sławnego poety Szymona Szymonowicza, przyjaciela i domownika Jana Zamojskiego, który lubił otaczać się uczonymi i szczycił się ich przyjaźnią. Akademia zamojska, chyląc się później ku upadkowi, przetrwała jednak w Zamościu do roku 1784. Południową część ziemi Chełmskiej (powiatu Krasnostawskiego) zajmowała ordynacya Zamojska, której znaczna część przeciągała się na zachód, do powiatu Urzędowskiego w województwie Lubelskiem.

Counties
Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth lists Halicz, Przemyśl and Sanok counties as part of Volhynian Voivodship. Can we assume it is an error and this article is more correct?--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 03:17, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

why do you call it "rutheanian"?
according to the article no one at the time didn't call it "ruthenian" voivodeship, it was called "russian" by everyone back then. So wikipedia rewrites history now? Change it to it's origin name.212.90.182.118 (talk) 18:00, 3 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Called it 'Russian'? Who did? Please stop engaging in WP:OR. Note, also, that you've already been asked to stop WP:SOAPboxing, so I'll remind you - yet again - to stop your disruptive behaviour on article talk pages. --Iryna Harpy (talk) 22:33, 3 December 2016 (UTC)

 * Harpy is ukrainian troll/bot on payment, but I'll explain even that. But first, it was indeed called "Russian Voevodstvo" after Lituanian-Russian Republic fell into hands of, and was dissolved by Poland. Just walk to different articles here and sources, Polish, Russian, German. Poles called it "Województwo ruskie" with "ruskie" literally pronounced as "русский" aka Russian today. So its a piece of land, where Russians lived after running from Kiew towards the West (as opposed to those running towards East into mainland Russia (Ladoga, Novgorod, Vladimir, Moscow etc) into Lithania). Now about "Ruthenian" thing - its Latin word for "Russian", as standard language of Vatican or earlier - Holy Roman Empire of German Nation. So when Poland was split by its greedy oligarchs, part of it went into Holy Roman Empire aka Austria aka AustroHungary. Austria started to transform these people and renamed them into latein version of "Russians" -> "Ruthenians". They also served in Austrian military, were brainwashed by it and around WW1 all Russians, which refused to take Austrian side against motherland (Russian) - were executed around 1907-15. Hell UPA uniform shares same colors with Austrian army and they all went through Austrian military school, it was even called same "Schütze" vs "Стрільці". By the way they renamed themselves again into "Ukrainians" around 1914 (see Canadian Svoboda newspaper scans around 1914), while strictly, "ukraina" means just "borderland" in Polish language or "okraina" means same in Russian. The "ukrainian" movement was sparkled by Russian students, who started to call themselves "ukrainians" in AustroHungary exactly to distance themself from Russia; were supported by AH and formed political party. So its a long running cultural mutation of Russian volk in the West, core of which is a causeless, purely emotional hate towards anything "Russian". You can call them product of psychological warfare of Poland+AH and later - Britain.78.34.210.231 (talk) 16:42, 10 November 2023 (UTC)

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Chris Higgins (ice hockey)

Christopher Robert Higgins (born June 2, 1983) is an American former professional ice hockey winger and current Skills and Development coach for the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League (NHL). While playing college hockey, he was selected 14th overall by the Montreal Canadiens in the first round of the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. He finished a two-year career with the Yale Bulldogs, earning ECAC Hockey Player of the Year honors as a sophomore, before turning professional for the 2003–04 season. After two seasons with the Canadiens' minor league affiliate, the Hamilton Bulldogs of the American Hockey League (AHL), he joined the NHL in 2005–06. He recorded three consecutive 20-goal seasons to begin his NHL career before being traded to the New York Rangers in June 2009. After brief stints with the Rangers, Calgary Flames and Florida Panthers, he joined the Vancouver Canucks in February 2011. Internationally, Higgins has competed for the United States in two World Junior Championships (2002 and 2003) and one World Championship (2009).

Amateur career (1998–2003)
Higgins played four years of high school hockey for Avon Old Farms, a preparatory school in Avon, Connecticut, graduating in 2001. He then opted to play in the National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA) with the Yale Bulldogs. Higgins also considered offers from Boston College and Harvard University. In 2001–02, Higgins began a two-year stint with the Yale Bulldogs of the ECAC Hockey Conference. After recording a team-leading 31 points (14 goals and 17 assists) over 27 games as a freshman, he was named the ECAC Rookie of the Year. He additionally received ECAC All-Rookie and Second All-Star Team honors.

In the off-season, Higgins was selected 14th overall by the Montreal Canadiens in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. He became the first ECAC Hockey player to be selected in the first round of the NHL Entry Draft since Normand Lacombe in 1983 (the Buffalo Sabres selected him 10th overall). Returning to Yale for one more season, he improved to 41 points over 28 games, leading his team in scoring for the second consecutive year. Higgins earned ECAC Player of the Year (co-recipient with Cornell Big Red goaltender David LeNeveu) and First All-Star Team honors; he was also recognized regionally on the NCAA East All-American Team.

Montreal Canadiens (2003–2009)
Following his sophomore year, he signed a three-year, entry-level contract with the Canadiens on May 22, 2003. Higgins made his NHL debut on October 11, 2003, registering three minutes of ice time in a 4–0 win against the Toronto Maple Leafs. Struggling to play his way onto the Canadiens' lineup, he was often made a healthy scratch (non-dressing player) in October before being assigned to the team's minor league affiliate, the Hamilton Bulldogs of the American Hockey League (AHL), by the end of the month. He recorded 48 points over 67 AHL games in 2003–04, ranking fifth in team scoring. Due to the 2004–05 NHL lockout, Higgins automatically remained in Hamilton and improved to 51 points, ranking third among Bulldogs scorers.

The following season, as NHL play resumed, Higgins made the Canadiens' roster out of training camp. He scored his first career NHL goal on October 6, 2005, against New York Rangers goalie Kevin Weekes during an away game at Madison Square Garden. The Canadiens won the contest 4–3 in overtime. He finished the season with 23 goals, ranking seventh among league rookies, and 15 assists for a total of 38 points.

A month into the 2006–07 season, Higgins suffered a sprained left ankle during a game against the New Jersey Devils. At the time of the injury, on November 4, 2006, he was leading the Canadiens with eight goals. Sidelined for 6 weeks, Higgins was limited to 61 games, though still managed to match his previous season's points total with 22 goals and 16 assists. Set to become a restricted free agent in the off-season, Montreal re-signed Higgins to a two-year, US$3.4 million deal on June 25, 2007. Prior to the start of the 2007–08 season, Higgins was named an alternate captain for the Canadiens. He went on to have a career season with personal bests of 27 goals, 25 assists and 52 points. On November 11, 2008, Higgins recorded his first NHL hat-trick in a 4–0 win over the Ottawa Senators. However, his points total decreased in his fourth NHL campaign with 23 points over 57 games.

Rangers, Flames and Panthers (2009–2011)
Coming off what was the lowest statistical season of his career, he was traded by the Canadiens, along with Ryan McDonagh, Pavel Valentenko and Doug Janik, to the New York Rangers in exchange for Scott Gomez, Tom Pyatt and Michael Busto on June 30, 2009. A restricted free agent at the time of the trade, he agreed to a one-year, US$2.25 contract with the Rangers six days later. He scored his first goal with the Rangers on November 3, 2009, against the Vancouver Canucks, his team's lone marker in a 4–1 loss. His offensive struggles continued in New York (he recorded 15 points in 55 games) and he was subsequently traded to the Calgary Flames on February 2, 2010. Higgins was dealt, along with Aleš Kotalík, in exchange for Olli Jokinen and Brandon Prust. He scored his first goal with the Flames on March 9, an empty netter, in a 4–1 win against the Detroit Red Wings. Two days later, he suffered a foot injury that sidelined him for the remaining 14 games of the regular season. Splitting the season between New York and Calgary, he had eight goals and 17 points over 67 games.

Becoming an unrestricted free agent in the off-season, Higgins signed a one-year, US$1.6 million deal with the Florida Panthers on July 2, 2010. He had considered re-signing with Calgary, but cited new Florida Panthers General Manager Dale Tallon's experience as a strong factor for joining Florida (Tallon was largely responsible for assembling the Chicago Blackhawks team that won the Stanley Cup the previous season). In December 2010, he was sidelined four games with a Staphylococcal infection in his foot, an injury that was misdiagnosed first as "skate bite," then a spider bite. Higgins later missed an additional seven games the following month with a hamstring injury.

Vancouver Canucks (2011–2016)
With the Panthers out of playoff contention late in the season, the team began trading away numerous veterans and core players. At the NHL trade deadline, on February 28, 2011, Higgins was dealt to the Vancouver Canucks in exchange for defensive prospect Evan Oberg and a third-round draft pick in 2013. The Canucks had reportedly been interested in a different Panthers player, but with a minute left until the trade deadline, Panthers Assistant General Manager Mike Santos called the Canucks back and offered Higgins. In 48 games with the Panthers, he had recorded 11 goals and 23 points. Injured with a hand injury at the time of the trade, he did not debut with the Canucks until March 10. He scored his first two goals as a Canuck on March 27 in a 4–1 win against the Columbus Blue Jackets. He completed the season with 13 goals and 28 points in 62 games between Florida and Vancouver. While Higgins played the majority of the regular season with the Canucks as a bottom-six forward, by the playoffs, he was playing on the second line centered by Ryan Kesler. Entering the post-season as the Presidents' Trophy champions, the Canucks held the first seed in the West. After eliminating the Chicago Blackhawks, Nashville Predators and San Jose Sharks in the first three rounds, the Canucks advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals. Facing the Boston Bruins, the series went to a seventh game, which the Canucks lost 4–0. Following the Canucks' defeat, it was revealed that several Canucks players had been playing with injuries, including Higgins. His injury occurred in the second round against the Predators, when he blocked a shot with his skate, breaking his foot. Over 25 playoff games, Higgins recorded four goals and eight points. Three of his goals were game-winners, tying him with Geoff Courtnall (1994) for the most in a single playoff season by a Canucks player.

During the off-season, Higgins re-signed with Vancouver to a two-year, $3.8 million contract on July 1, 2011. The deal was agreed upon prior to his scheduled unrestricted free agency. During the season, Higgins struggled with two bouts of Staph infection, one in December 2011 and the other in February 2012. He missed a combined 11 games as a result of swelling and suffering from severe side effects to the associated medication. Though he missed time, Higgins also played through the adverse reactions for several games following both bouts with the infection. Through the first half of the season, he often played on the second line with Kesler and David Booth; the trio were dubbed the "American Express Line," as they were all born in the United States. Towards the end of the season, he was consistently placed on the team's third line, a defensive shutdown unit with fellow two-way forwards Jannik Hansen and deadline-acquisition Samuel Påhlsson. Used in both roles over the campaign, Higgins was often recognized as the team's most consistent and hardest-working forward. On the last day of the regular season, he was accordingly awarded the Fred J. Hume Award, voted by fans as the team's "unsung hero." Appearing in 71 games, Higgins recorded 43 points (18 goals and 25 assists), his highest total in four years and fifth among team forwards. On April 2, 2013, Higgins signed a four-year, $10 million extension with the Canucks.

During the 2015–16 season, on January 12, 2016, Higgins was put on waivers after unsuccessful attempts to trade the winger. He cleared waivers the next day and was sent down to the Utica Comets, the AHL affiliate of the Canucks. On March 19, 2016, Higgins was recalled by the Vancouver Canucks after multiple injuries occurred on both the Canucks and Comets rosters. He would finish the season with the Canucks.

In the off-season, on June 27, 2016, Higgins's tenure in Vancouver ended when he was placed on waivers by the Canucks for the intention of buying out the remaining year of his contract. On August 30, 2016, unable to secure an NHL contract, Higgins signed a PTO to attend training camp with former club, the Calgary Flames. On October 10, Higgins was released from his tryout.

International play
Higgins played in back-to-back World Junior Championships during his college career. First appearing in 2002, he recorded four goals and two assists over seven games. He helped the United States qualify for the quarterfinal, where they were eliminated by Russia 6–1. The following year, Higgins matched his points total with three goals and three assists. After losing their semifinal to Canada 3–2, the United States lost by the same score to Finland in the bronze medal game.

Higgins made his first international appearance for the American men's team at the 2009 IIHF World Championship. He scored his only goal of the tournament in a 4–3 overtime loss to Switzerland in the qualifying round. After losing their semifinal game to Russia, the United States lost the bronze medal to Sweden by a 4–2 score.

Coaching career
On September 11, 2019, it was announced that Higgins had returned to the Vancouver Canucks organization to serve as an assistant director of player development. On December 23, 2020, the Canucks announced they had reassigned Higgins to serve as the team's Skills and Development Coach.

Playing style
Listed at 6 ft tall and 203 lb, Higgins plays mostly in the style of a power forward. He is known as a two-way player with good skating, capable of contributing offensively while remaining defensively responsible. He has alternated between playing the wing and center positions. Early in his career, he was compared to Dallas Stars forward Brenden Morrow.

Personal life
Higgins grew up in Smithtown, New York, the second eldest among five siblings. His father, Robert, is a New York City firefighter and his younger brother is a New York City police officer.

As a youth, Higgins played in the 1996 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Connecticut Yankees minor ice hockey team, and then in the 1997 tournament with the New York Islanders minor team. As a minor, he played on teams with his future Canadiens teammate Mike Komisarek and his future Flames teammate Eric Nystrom, both of whom he remains close friends with. He was a student of Lithuanian hockey coach Aleksey Nikiforov at hockey camps in his teenage years. Though he grew up on Long Island, Higgins was a Montreal Canadiens fan as a child, following after his father; his favorite players on the team were goaltender Patrick Roy and captain Kirk Muller.

Higgins left home to join the high school hockey program of Avon Old Farms in Connecticut. Following his high school graduation, Higgins was enrolled in Yale University for two years, majoring in political science while playing on the school's hockey team.

Higgins has one daughter.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Chris Higgins (ice hockey)


text:
Talk:Podlaskie Voivodeship

Correct Vovoideship Name
Checking the following official Polish government english websites:
 * Federal Government - Poland Investment and Foreign Investment Agency - Podlaskie
 * Federal Government - Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Podlaskie

We should respect the Polish Government and use their translation to English - Podlaskie.

Plus, as mentioned above, the EU uses Podlaskie - European Commission - Rural Development

Ajh1492 (talk) 02:50, 30 June 2008 (UTC) ajh1492

 * paiz.gov.pl uses ONLY Polish names (even at EN page), so it is not a relevant source. Regiony-Poland is no longer working. EU uses Podlaskie but also other Polish names. There is no clear reason on why to use "Masovian" (instead of Mazowieckie), but "Podlaskie". Podlachian is the proper translation, similar to "Masovian". Upior polnocy (talk) 20:06, 25 April 2022 (UTC)

Page move

 * Problem is that Podlachian is a term invented on WP and not used outside. Ajh1492 (talk) 17:41, 2 July 2008 (UTC)
 * It would appear from some of the above discussions that this is not quite true - WP did not "invent" Podlachian, but revived it - it was certainly used in English in the past. There may still be justification for using it at least for the historical regions. Meanwhile, we must at least mention in the article that Podlachian is an alternative name, since WP's influence means it has now come into quite widespread use, and indeed hundreds of WP articles still use it (I don't know if you have any plans to tidy them all up, but for the moment readers are going to keep seeing the term frequently).--Kotniski (talk) 19:59, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

 * They are seeing it less and less frequently - By the time I am done that inaccurate name, "Podlachian" will no longer exist on the present day articles - historical articles are for another discussion. The good news is that when I fix an article I try to add accurate new information with referenced sources.

 * I have found one historical map, printed in London in the late 19th century, that uses "Podlachia", but I have found many other historical maps that refer to it as "Podlaskie" or in fewer cases "Podlasie". "Podlachia" appears to be a corruption of "Podlasia" by interpreting the "s" in "Podlasie" as the "ch" sound in English.

 * It's like the Peking vs. Bejing argument.

 * Ajh1492 (talk) 02:13, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Not really, Podlachia simply reflects the etymology, like Lithuanian Palenkė. The Russian and Belorussian я shows clearly that the vowel of Podlachia is not the same as in Polesia, which has е in Russian and Belorussian, and instead descends from a Common Slavic *ę, showing that the les etymology is impossible and a simple old soundalike etymology. And the page on the region is titled Podlachia. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 10:18, 5 February 2014 (UTC)

Were the splits really necessary?
I wonder if the splits, moving much of this article content to History of Podlasie, Subdivisions of Podlaskie Voivodeship, Metropolitan Białystok, Demographics of Podlaskie Voivodeship and Transport in Podlaskie Voivodeship were really necessary. While the subjects are notable, the main article has no content other than "Main article" links at History and Transportations sections, and Subdivisions and Demographics are quite short. Splits should be carried out only if the parent article is too large, or the sections have grown to an extent it is undue in the parent article, and is split into a new one and summarized in the parent. This article doesn't look like it would be too large with the content that was split out, and the split articles were in two cases not properly summarized. I'd recommend merging the articles back here. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 03:13, 2 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Because the article is still being worked, just like Bialystok is being worked. Ajh1492 (talk) 03:37, 2 March 2011 (UTC)

 * That's fine, but the split should occur after content has been created to fill the article, not before. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 04:33, 2 March 2011 (UTC)

B-Class Review
Needs more work, is not B-Class. Ajh1492 (talk) 17:23, 18 April 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Podlaskie Voivodeship


text:
Stellar

Stellar means anything related to one or more stars (stella). The term may also refer to:

Arts, entertainment, and media

 * Stellar (magazine), an Irish lifestyle and fashion magazine
 * Stellar Loussier, a character from Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Destiny
 * Dr. Stellar, a Big Bang Comics superhero
 * Stellar 7, a game for the Apple II computer system
 * Stellar (film), a Canadian film

Music

 * Stellar (group), a South Korean girl group
 * Stellar (New Zealand band), a New Zealand-based rock band
 * Stellar (musical artist), an American singer, songwriter, and producer
 * "Stellar" (song), a 2000 song by Incubus
 * Stellar Awards, awards for the gospel music industry

Brands and enterprises

 * Stellar (payment network), a system for sending money through the internet
 * Stellar Group (construction company), a construction company in Florida, United States
 * Hasselblad Stellar, a compact digital camera
 * Hyundai Stellar, an automobile model
 * O2 XDA Stellar, an HTC mobile phone

Other uses

 * Stellar Airpark, an airport near Chandler, Arizona, United States
 * Stellar Charter School, a school in Redding, California, United States
 * Eliot Stellar (1919–1993), American psychologist

title: Stellar


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User:Jyotirmaya

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Please visit my personal webpage at www.jyotirmaya.com for more information.

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Talk:Lublin Voivodeship

Gloger, Geografia historyczna
Zygmunt Gloger, Geografia historyczna ziem dawnej Polski. W tekście 63 autentycznych rycin, Kraków 1903

Województwo Lubelskie z ziemią Łukowską.

Że przestrzeń kraju, pomiędzy Wisłą a Bugiem położona, za Bolesława Wielkiego do Polski należała, poświadczają to polscy kronikarze z doby Piastów, którzy o Bugu jako granicy Polski z Rusią, z powodu wypraw Chrobrego, wspominają. Długosz twierdzi, że ziemia Lubelska, gęsto pierwej nasiadła rolnikami i innymi osadnikami, potem, skutkiem napadów pogan, a zwłaszcza wielkiego najazdu Litwinów, Prusów i Jadźwingów w roku 1244, zamienioną została prawie w pustynię. Gdy Bolesław Krzywousty, umierając w roku 1138, podzielił Polskę między synów, ziemia Lubelska dostała się Henrykowi wraz z księstwem Sandomierskiem, część którego stanowiła. Mając zamek obronny w Lublinie, miała i swoich kasztelanów, którzy już od roku 1230 są znani. Dopiero atoli Kazimierz Jagiellończyk, dla zbyt wielkiej rozległości województwa Sandomierskiego, odłączywszy znaczną część jego poza Wisłą i Sanem, utworzył z takowej województwo Lubelskie, co sejm piotrkowski roku 1474 potwierdził. Pierwszym wojewodą Lubelskim był Dobiesław Kmita z Wiśnicza, Śrzeniawczyk, który roku 1478 na wojewodę sandomierskiego postąpił.

Województwo Lubelskie, jako jedna całość z ziemią Łukowską, graniczyło: na północ i północo-wschód z województwem Podlaskiem, na wschód z ziemią Chełmską i małemi przestrzeniami województwa Brzesko-litewskiego i Bełzkiego, na południe z województem Ruskiem, na zachód z województwem Mazowieckiem i Sandomierskiem. Część tej granicy biegła Wisłą od ujścia Sanu do ujścia Wieprza i na małej przestrzeni dolnym Sanem, przy którego połączeniu się z Wisłą, oba brzegi do województwa Lubelskiego należały. Całe województwo dzieliło się na trzy powiaty: Lubelski, Urzędowski i Łukowski, nazywany zawsze „ziemią Łukowską”, oddzielony był bowiem od reszty województwa rzekami Wieprzem i Tyśmienicą, stanowiąc część jego północną.

Przestrzeń całego województwa wynosiła mil kwadratowych 200 1/3, z których przypadało na powiat Lubelski mil kwadr. 1051/2, na Urzędowski około 60 i na ziemię Łukowską 35. Na całej powyższej przestrzeni w wieku XVI znajdowało się miast 34, wsi 663, parafij 82. Uprawnych łanów, czyli gospodarstw kmiecych, znajdowało się ogółem 2999, a obok nich znaczna liczba, bo 966 łanów szlachty zagrodowej, to jest bezkmiecej. Najwięcej takiej szlachty znajdowało się w ziemi Łukowskiej; obok bowiem 700 – 800 łanów kmiecych, należących do szlachty folwarcznej, z górą drugie tyle, bo 770, było Janów uprawianych ręką szlachty bezkmieciowej.

Województwo Lubelskie posiadało w senacie senatorów większych dwóch, a mianowicie wojewodę i kasztelana lubelskich. Sejmiki odbywały się w Lublinie, na których wybierano sześciu posłów na sejm „obojga narodów” i dwóch deputatów na trybunał małopolski. Popis rycerstwa odbywał się pod Lublinem. Starostwa grodowe były dwa: Lubelskie i Łukowskie, niegrodowe zaś: Urzędowskie, Kazimirskie, Parczowskie, Wąwolnickie, Kąkolownickie, Zbuczyńskie i inne. Przed rokiem 1631 księgi grodzkie po różnych miejscach bywały, jako to w Urzędowie i Wąwolnicy, ale sejm z roku powyższego naznaczył dla grodów miejsce tylko w Lublinie i Łukowie. Herb województwa przedstawiał w polu czerwonem białego rogatego jelenia z koroną królewską na szyi, i nogami, do biegu podniesionemi.

Województwo Lubelskie odznaczało się w Małopolsce pierwotnej dobrą glebą i korzystnem położeniem, bo oblane było trzema spławnemi rzekami: Wisłą, Sanem i Wieprzem. Obfitowało przytem w dobrze zabudowane miasta i liczne pamiątki historyczne. Stołeczne miasto województwa, Lublin, nad rzeką Bystrzycą położone, należało do znaczniejszych w Polsce i starszych. Mieczysław I miał tu wystawie około roku 986 kościół św. Mikołaja na górze nad rzeczką Czechówką, a za Bolesława Chrobrego miał tu znajdować się zamek drewniany. Po Henryku, synu Bolesława Krzywoustego, dostał się Lublin najmłodszemu z braci, Kazimierzowi Sprawiedliwemu, a po nim synowi jego, Leszkowi Białemu, i synowi Leszka, Bolesławowi Wstydliwemu. Gdy Mongołowie, czyli Tatarzy, zburzyli w roku 1241 Lublin i grody obronne ziemi Lubelskiej, otworzyło to drogę do nowych najazdów na zamożne i rolnicze te strony leśnym pogańskim ludom Litwinów, Prusów i Jadźwingów. Upamiętniły się napady pogan w roku 1244, równających wszystko z ziemią i uprowadzających lud w niewolę nad Niemen; także spalenie powtórne Lublina przez Mendoga w roku 1255. Jadźwingów powstrzymał dopiero oręż Bolesława Wstydliwego roku 1264 i Leszka Czarnego roku 1282. Na pamiątkę tego drugiego zwycięstwa (które ostatecznie zmusiło Jadźwingów do cofnięcia się z Podlasia wgłąb Litwy) Leszek Czarny, po powrocie z nad górnej Narwi do Lublina, założył tu kościół famy pod wezwaniem św. Michała, który, jak podanie niesie, zbudowany został przy pomocy rąk pojmanych w niewolę Jadźwingów. Uporządkowanie i prawa miejskie zawdzięcza Lublin Łokietkowi, a mury swoje i obwarowanie synowi jego, Kazimierzowi Wielkiemu. W sto lat po pierwszym najeździe Tatarów na Polskę, Kazimierz Wielki w roku 1341 zajęty oswobodzeniem Czerwonej Rusi od ich jarzma, pobił także tych najezdników i pod Lublinem, gdzie kilka tysięcy trupem ich padło. Po tym to wypadku Lublin wysokim murem i przekopem opasany, a zamek lubelski z zachowaniem wieży księcia Daniela z ruin dźwigniony i na nowo obwarowany został. W roku 1386 odbył się tu pierwszy zjazd polityczny panów polskich z litewskimi w obecności Jagiełły, jadącego na chrzest swój i objęcie tronu Piastów do Polski.

W roku 1569 nastąpił w Lublinie sejm unii Litwy z Polską. Dnia 5. marca zgodziła się Litwa na wcielenie do Korony województwa Podlaskiego, 26. maja przyznano Koronie ziemię Wołyńską, a 5. czerwca wcielono księstwo Kijowskie. Za staraniem Zygmunta Augusta, dziedzicznego dotąd pana Litwy, nastąpiła przy schyłku dnia 1. lipca zgoda na unię polityczną dwóch krajów. Wielki ten wypadek dziejowy, który łączył ostatecznie dwa narody na podstawie porównania praw ich obywateli, ogłoszono uroczyście w kościele Dominikańskim. Dnia 3. sierpnia przyłączono Inflanty do Rzeczypospolitej, jako wspólną Korony i Litwy własność, a księstwa Kurlandyi i Semigalii, jako tejże Rzeczypospolitej hołdownicze. Król 11. sierpnia zatwierdził akt Unii i tegoż dnia kazał ogłosić zapadłych na tym sejmie 88 ustaw, urządzających wspólne przywileje obojga narodów, wspólny wybór króla z koronacyą w Krakowie, porządek sejmowania z naznaczeniem odtąd na ten cel Warszawy, miejsca w Senacie dla województw całej Rzeczypospolitej i t. d. Dnia 19. lipca, siedzącemu na tronie pośród rynku lubelskiego Zygmuntowi Augustowi, złożył hołd i przysięgę lenną Albrecht Fryderyk, książę Pruski. Przy tej ceremonii dozwolono posłom pokrewnych rodów Elektora brandeburskiego dotykać się chorągwi, przez lennika trzymanej, przez co po raz pierwszy przyznano tym książętom prawo następstwa w Prusiech w razie wygaśnięcia linii ks. Alberta. W Lublinie więc dany był, wspaniałomyślnością potężnego Jagiellona, pierwszy zadatek polityczny przyszłego bytu dla domu Brandeburskiego. W następnym roku król kazał na pamiątkę Unii wystawić na placu „Litewskim” od przyjazdu z Krakowa kolumnę z ciosowego kamienia, na której stały dwa posągi: Władysława Jagiełły, (pradziada Zygmuntowego) i królowej Jadwigi. W temże miejscu roku 1825 wzniesiony został nowy pomnik żelazny w miejsce pamiątkowego pierwotnego, który został zniszczony z idjotycznego rozporządzenia prezesa Komisyi województwa Lubelskiego, niejakiego Domańskiego. Za Stefana Batorego ustanowionym został w Lublinie (1578 roku) trybunał dla Małopolski, który tu sądził corocznie od pierwszego poniedziałku po św. Franciszku do niedzieli Kwietniej, a w klasztorze Dominikanów posiadał swoje archiwum. Herbem Lublina był kozioł wspięty, objadający winne grono, później tylko sam kozioł w zwykłej postaci.

Drugiem miastem po Lublinie był w tem województwie Kazimierz Dolny, nad Wisłą, w dokumentach łacińskich inferior nazywany dla odróżnienia od Kazimierza, przedmieścia w Krakowie, Kazimierza w województwie Łęczyckiem nad rzeką Nerem i Kazimierza biskupiego w województwie Kaliskiem. Dawniej w tem miejscu istniała wieś Skowierzynek, zanim Kazimierz Wielki, ściągając tu handel zbożowy z głębi kraju na spław Wisłą, nie założył miasta składowego, jakiego jeszcze Małopolska nie miała, i nie nazwał go od swojego imienia Kazimierzem. Król ten, dając dowody prawie bezprzykładnej w dziejach zabiegliwości i pracy ekonomicznej dla swego kraju, celem obrony handlowego miasta wzniósł panujący nad niem zamek i jeszcze wyżej na szczycie góry wieżę obserwacyjną, z której miała przyświecać przystani wiślanej i żeglującym po Wiśle statkom latarnia. Wzbogaceni mieszczanie kazimierscy powznosili później tak piękne kamienice, że te mogłyby służyć do ozdoby każdego miasta w Europie i dotąd jeszcze w liczbie trzech są przedmiotem podziwu.

Do głośniejszych w województwie Lubelskiem miejscowości należała wieś Babin, o 21/2 mili od Lublina pod Bełżycami położona, od której w wieku XVI wzięła nazwę „Babińska Rzeczpospolita”, utworzona żartobliwie przez towarzystwo wesołej szlachty. Dziedzicem Babina był wówczas Stanisław Pszonka, sędzia lubelski, który wspólnie z Piotrem Kaszowskim, także sędzią lubelskim, dla zabawy, połączonej z celem karcenia śmieszności i zdrożności ludzkich za pomocą żywej satyry, byli za czasów Zygmunta Augusta pierwszymi założycielami tego stowarzyszenia, które do drugiej połowy wieku XVII dotrwało.

Puławy, wieś na wyżynie prawego brzegu Wisły, o dwie mile poniżej Kazimierza, własność niegdyś Tenczyńskich, potem Lubomirskich i Sieniawskich: od tych ostatnich posagiem Zofii, córki Adama Sieniawskiego, hetmana Wielkiego Koronnego została wniesiona w dom ks. Czartoryskich, zasłynęła zaś w połowie XVIII wieku ogrodem i sadami. Kiedy później książę Adam, generał ziem podolskich, objął Puławy po ojcu swoim, Auguście, wojewodzie ruskim, żona jego, Elżbieta z Flemingów Czartoryska, obdarzona wytwornym smakiem, do takiej piękności doprowadziła ogrody puławskie, że miejsce to stało się jedną z najrozkoszniejszych wiejskich rezydencyj w Polsce. Zamiłowanie Czartoryskich w naukach i literaturze ojczystej i rozumne, a dość rzadko spotykane w sferze magnackiej tak podniosłe poczucie obowiązków obywatelskich względem rodzinnego kraju, uczyniło Puławy w pierwszych trzydziestu latach XIX wieku ogniskiem życia umysłowego w narodzie i zapisało imię Czartoryskich wiekopomnemi głoskami w dziejach umysłowości polskiej. Biblioteka, zgromadzona tu przez Czartoryskich w połączeniu z biblioteką porycką po Tadeuszu Czackim, stała się największą i najbogatszą książnicą polską po stracie publicznej biblioteki Załuskich, którą przewieziono w roku 1795 i 1796 z Warszawy do Petersburga. Biblioteka Puławska została w roku 1831 z pewnymi uszczerbkami przewieziona do Sieniawy, a następnie do Krakowa.

Wieś Sobieska Wola (o 4 mile od Lublina) była gniazdem domu Sobieskich, którzy od niej przyjęli swe nazwisko. O milę od Woli Sobieskiej i Źółkiewki znajduje się w pięknem górzystem położeniu wieś Pilaszkowice, także dziedzictwo Sobieskich, pamiętna częstym pobytem Jana III. Wieś Piotrowin, nad Wisłą, między Kazimierzem dolnym a Józefowem, naprzeciwko Solca położona, była niegdyś dziedzictwem św. Stanisława ze Szczepanowa, biskupa Krakowskiego. Parczów, miasto królewskie na starym trakcie z Korony do Litwy, z Lublina do Brześcia-litewskiego wiodącym, ponieważ leżało przy granicy Korony z Litwą, było w czasach Jagiellońskich miejscem częstych zjazdów króla i panów „wielkorady” obu narodów. W ziemi Łukowskiej były miasta: Łuków, stołeczne ziemi, z sądami ziemskimi i grodzkimi, Radzyń, Siedlce, Kock, Serokomla i Zbuczyn.

The above should be translated into English; currently, the History section only contains the history of Jewish inhabitants - and frankly, it seems the author is trying to make a false impression on people who don't know Poland's history by "forgetting" to mention that it was the German invaders who build the concentration camps and murdered most of the Jewish inhabitants. The Jewish history is very important to this region, but do tricks and manipulation meant to rewrite history belong to Wikipedia? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.218.41.190 (talk) 20:04, 18 November 2008 (UTC)

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Daily Herald (United Kingdom)

The Daily Herald was a British daily newspaper, published daily in London from 1912 to 1964 (although it was weekly during the First World War). It was published in the interest of the labour movement and supported the Labour Party. It underwent several changes of management before ceasing publication in 1964, when it was relaunched as The Sun, in its pre-Murdoch form.

Origins
In December 1910 the printers' union, the London Society of Compositors (LSC), became engaged in an industrial struggle to establish a 48-hour workweek and started a daily strike bulletin called The World. Will Dyson, an Australian artist in London, contributed a cartoon. From 25 January 1911 it was renamed the Daily Herald and was published until the end of the strike in April 1911. At its peak it had daily sales of 25,000.

Ben Tillett, the dockers' leader, and other radical trade unionists were inspired to raise funds for a permanent labour movement daily, to compete with the newspapers that championed the two main political parties, the Liberals and Conservatives, but independent of the official Labour Party and the Trades Union Congress, which were planning a daily of their own (launched as the Daily Citizen in October 1912).

The initial organising group included Tillett, T. E. Naylor of the LSC, George Lansbury, socialist politician, Robert Williams of the Transport Workers, W. N. Ewer and Francis Meynell. Retaining the strike sheet name they formed a Daily Herald company. Readers and supporters formed local branches of the Daily Herald League, through which they had their say in the running of the paper.

Syndicalist period, 1912–1913
The first issue appeared on 15 April 1912, edited by William H. Seed. A key feature was Dyson's cartoons, which made a contribution to the paper's political tone. Its politics were broadly syndicalist: it gave unconditional support to strikers and argued for a socialist revolution based on workers' self-organisation in trade unions. It also gave strong support to suffragettes and to anti-colonial struggles, especially in Ireland. Early issues dealt with the loss of the RMS Titanic, emphasising the disproportionate loss of life among crew members and poor third-class passengers, and demonstrating the distinct perspective of the new paper.

Staff writers included W. P. Ryan, Langdon Everard and George Slocombe. The editor of the Women's Page was Margaret Travers-Symons, and Katharine Susannah Prichard wrote for it. Vance Palmer's poems were used on the front page. G. K. Chesterton was a frequent contributor. His brother Cecil and Hilaire Belloc were occasional contributors. After Seed was removed as editor, Rowland Kenney, the brother of Annie Kenney; C. Sheridan Jones; and finally Charles Lapworth held the position.

In June 1913, the Daily Herald company was forced into liquidation. Lansbury and Lapworth formed a new company, the Limit Printing and Publishing Company. (When the Liberal leader Lloyd George was asked a question about the Herald he declared "That paper is the limit.")

The shortfall in production costs was guaranteed by wealthy friends of Lansbury, and Francis Meynell joined the board as their representative. From December 1912 until August 1914 one of the main financial supporters was H. D. Harben, also a founder of the New Statesman. From this point the members of the Daily Herald League had no formal influence on the paper. In late 1913, Lapworth was asked by the other two board members to resign as editor. Lansbury and the paper's financial backers were disturbed by Lapworth and other writers' attacks on individuals, both in the establishment and the labour movement. "Hatred of conditions by all means, but not of persons" was how Lapworth quoted Lansbury. The aftermath was aired in the letter pages of The New Age between December 1913 and April 1914.

The Herald under Lansbury, 1914–1922

The new paper struggled financially but somehow survived, with Lansbury playing an ever-increasing role in keeping it afloat.

Under Lansbury, the Herald took an eclectic but relentlessly militant political position and achieved sales of 50,000–150,000 a day. But war in August 1914 – or rather the subsequent split on the left whether to support or oppose the war – radically reduced its constituency. Lansbury and his colleagues, core of the anti-war left, decided to go weekly. The paper played a key role in the campaign against the war for the next four years. It was in the forefront of the movement against conscription and supported conscientious objectors; and it welcomed the Russian Revolutions of February and October 1917. There were notable journalistic scoops, most famously its story in November 1917 on "How they starve at the Ritz", an exposé of conspicuous consumption by the rich at a time of national hardship. The story was extensively reprinted in leaflets and some historians believe that it pushed the government into introducing compulsory rationing.

The Herald resumed daily publication in 1919, and again played a role propagandising for strikes and against armed intervention in Russia amid the social turmoil of 1919–21. When the radical wave subsided, the Herald found itself broke and unable to continue as an independent left daily. Lansbury handed over the paper to the Trades Union Congress and the Labour Party in 1922. The newspaper had begun to publish the Bobby Bear cartoon strip in 1919.

In August 1920 Lev Kamenev, a leading member of the Bolshevik regime visiting London as part of the negotiations which led to the March 1921 Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement, sent a telegram addressed to Lenin in Moscow which was intercepted and deciphered by British intelligence. The telegram stated that Kamenev had paid £40,000.00 to the Daily Herald, and a further payment of £10,000.00 would be made shortly.

Historical copies of the Daily Herald are available to search and view in digitised form at the British Newspaper Archive.

The third Daily Herald, 1922–1929
The Herald was official organ of the Trade Union Congress from 1922, during which point the fledgling Labour Party brought in Hamilton Fyfe who recruited prestigious journalists such as Douglas Cole (better known as G.D.H. Cole) and Evelyn Sharp who were supportive of socialism. He left in 1926 over disputes regarding what to publish, at which point Frederick Salusbury was appointed acting editor-in-chief. Previous to Fyfe's resignation, Salusbury had served as a columnist at the Daily Express where he helped create the Express' famous Beachcomber gossip column with Dominic Wyndham Lewis. During his brief time as acting editor, Salusbury began to attract middle and upper class readership, although the publication was primarily marketed to tradesmen.

Between 1923 and 1964 the newspaper awarded the Order of Industrial Heroism, popularly known as the "Workers' VC", to honour examples of heroism carried out by ordinary workers.

The fourth Daily Herald, 1930–1964
The TUC sold a 51 per cent share of the Herald to Odhams Press, publisher of The People, a Sunday paper, in 1930. Odhams, (then run by Lord Southwood ) was interested in using its presses during the week; the TUC wanted Odhams' expertise in promoting newspapers. A promotion campaign ensued, and in 1933, the Herald became the world's best-selling daily newspaper, with certified net sales of 2 million. This accomplishment set off a war with more conservative London papers, such as the Daily Express.

The Daily Herald strongly condemned the Nazi-Soviet Pact and the Soviet invasion of Finland. In an editorial about the latter, the paper stated "Now finally Stalin's Russia sacrifices all claims to the respect of the working class movement...The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is dead. Stalin's new imperialist Russia takes its place".

The Herald's sales were static or in decline during the post-war period, but a survey in 1958 suggested that it had the highest level of appreciation of any newspaper among its almost exclusively working class readership. Amongst the oldest and poorest people living in Britain, 59% of them were male, the highest proportion of any newspaper being published at the time. According to Roy Greenslade, the editorial staff were firmly entrenched between those advocating populism or politics with no "synthesis" between the positions possible.

The International Publishing Corporation acquired Odhams shares around 1961 when they took over that company and the minority stake owned by the TUC in 1964. In 1955 the title's share of total newspaper circulation and advertising sales were both 10.8%, but this had declined to 8.1% and 3.5% respectively by 1964.

Following a study commissioned from market researcher Mark Abrams, whose conclusions suggested reasons why the Herald was in decline, it was reborn as The Sun in 1964 under editor Sydney Jacobson. Roy Greenslade, though, has suggested that the Daily Herald was, in fact, losing readers to its own stable mate, the Daily Mirror, rather than because of social changes. By 1969 the original Sun had fewer readers than the Herald at the end of its existence. The newspaper was sold to Rupert Murdoch's News Limited (the holding group for all of his interests at the time), and its format and (eventually) its politics were significantly altered.

The photographic archive of the Daily Herald, including the work of photographers such as James Jarché, is at the National Science and Media Museum in Bradford. In 2022, nearly 50,000 images from the Daily Herald Archive were digitised and published online in partnership with Google Arts & Culture.

Editors

 * 1912: William H. Seed
 * 1912: Rowland Kenney
 * 1913: Charles Lapworth
 * 1913: George Lansbury
 * 1922: W. P. Ryan
 * 1922: Hamilton Fyfe
 * 1926: William Mellor
 * 1931: W. H. Stevenson
 * 1936: Francis Williams
 * 1940: Percy Cudlipp
 * 1953: Sydney Elliott
 * 1957: Douglas Machray
 * 1960: John Beaven
 * 1962: Sydney Jacobson

Source: D. Butler and A. Sloman, British Political Facts, 1900–1975, London: Macmillan, 1975, p. 378

title: Daily Herald (United Kingdom)


text:
Talk:Lesser Poland

Lesser Poland and Lesser Poland voivodship
Why somebody has merged the article about Lesser Poland and Lesser Poland voivodship. The first one is a historical region much wider than the voivodship. I don't know why there can't be 2 articles? Slawojarek 19:05, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed, it is a mess. There should be two articles. Or at least two maps. --Valentinian 21:20, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

It should be 2 articles: Lesser Poland and Galicja (historical region) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.205.185.148 (talk) 19:51, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

Moved
Page moved from Little Poland to Lesser Poland by request from WP:RM Ryan Norton T 00:57, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

THE PAGE SHOULD BE ENTITLED MAŁOPOLSKA! It is useless to translate this geographic name as "Little Poland" (literally "Mała Polska") or "Lesser Poland" (literally "Mniejsza Polska"). S.Ufnalska, Poznań, 19:50, 21 Mar 2007 (Sylwianka)
 * As in the case of Wielkopolska, I agree entirely! These Greats, Greaters, Littles and Lessers are uncommunicative and confusing.  Is, for example, "Greater Poland" something like "Greater German Reich"?  logologist|Talk 22:30, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

Merge this with Greenpoint,Brooklyn?
This is a small article about a "part of a neighborhood." It is not analogous to any real neighborhood. It doesn't have its own representative in the New York State council, does it? Does it have a city council board to call its own? Is it separated by defined borders? NO, this is just a part of a neighborhood--Greenpoint. If a part of a neighborhood merits an article, so should Chinatown or Little Italy. They don't, so why should this be considered a neighborhood of New York City instead of a subsection of Greenpoint?-- S c r e w b a ll 2 3 talk 20:58, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

Land of Radom
As far as I remember, Radom is historically part of Malopolska, so why somebody stated that Lesser Poland borders Land of Radom? This does not make any sense, just like someone would write that Mazovia borders Land of Plock. Tymek 05:13, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Working on the article
I have been working on this article for some time, and I plan to continue, step by step, as it is very time consuming with all the sources and data. My dream is to elevate it to Good, or better, Featured Article level. Help is very much appreciated. Tymek (talk) 20:41, 27 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Hi there Tymek. I've noticed that the History section is extremely long. What do you say to splitting most of that detail off into History of Lesser Poland? -- Mûĸĸâĸûĸâĸû (blah?) 06:08, 18 April 2011 (UTC)

Copyright problems
This article has been reverted to facilitate cleanup of a copyright problem. Content added by User:Silar duplicates multiple external sources. For instance, see: These are only several of manypassages he placed in this article which precisely duplicated external publications.
 *
 *
 *

In accordance with copyright policy and Terms of Use, we may not duplicate previously published content, aside from brief and clearly marked quotations, unless they are demonstrably public domain or compatibly licensed. Please see Copy-paste. --Moonriddengirl (talk) 11:57, 23 February 2012 (UTC)

Local Government Reorganization Act (1998)
There seems to be an awful part about which areas have not been included in the voivodship, but nothing at all about the other two voivodships formed in the region, not even their names. Skinsmoke (talk) 14:48, 27 September 2013 (UTC)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120301112152/http://www.lubelskie.info.pl/index.php?i=110&d=105 to http://www.lubelskie.info.pl/index.php?i=110&d=105

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External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080505094648/http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/45_655_PLK_HTML.htm to http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/45_655_PLK_HTML.htm

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070715084251/http://biotka.mol.uj.edu.pl/ho-conference/html/krakow.html to http://biotka.mol.uj.edu.pl/ho-conference/html/krakow.html

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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 34 external links on Lesser Poland. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110604233223/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/geography/regions/malopolska/link.shtml to http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/geography/regions/malopolska/link.shtml
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When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:22, 21 December 2017 (UTC)

Inaccurate caption
I have amended the first image's caption – which read: Historical Lesser Poland is light rose (Lesser Poland Voivodeship is darker rose) – because what the image actually shows is historical Lesser Poland (in dark pink) within the whole of present-day Poland (light pink). It would be interesting, though, to have a map which really did contrast the present-day voivodeship of Lesser Poland with the area historically known as Lesser Poland. Does anyone knpw of one which could be used here? -- Picapica (talk) 19:59, 22 October 2018 (UTC)

History of Lesser Poland
I suggest starting this article by copying the content we have here, which then could be shortened here. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 06:43, 29 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Support per reasonable nom Marcelus (talk) 08:38, 18 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Support Marcin 303 (talk) 18:13, 8 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lesser Poland


text:
Mario Tremblay

Joseph Daniel Mario Tremblay (born September 2, 1956) is a former professional ice hockey player and coach in the National Hockey League (NHL). As a player, he was a five-time Stanley Cup winner with the Montreal Canadiens.

He was honoured by his hometown of Alma, which named its local arena "Le Centre Mario-Tremblay". Since 1981, Tremblay has owned the sports bar in his hometown called "Bar-Restaurant chez Mario Tremblay".

Playing career
Tremblay, nicknamed "Le bleuet bionique" (The Bionic Blueberry), played his junior hockey with the Montreal Bleu Blanc Rouge and played with the Montreal Canadiens for his entire NHL playing career (1974–1986), winning five Stanley Cup championships with the team as a player in 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, and 1986. In 852 regular season games in the NHL, he scored 258 goals and added 326 assists for 584 points, with 1043 penalty minutes. He scored the winning goal in game six of the 1978 Stanley Cup finals, giving the cup to the Canadiens. He was the winner of the Molson Cup for the 1982-83 season. Tremblay is 10th on the Montreal Canadiens all-time list for plus-minus at 184. Tremblay remains the youngest goal scorer in franchise history, having achieved his inaugural tally at age 18 years, 75 days on November 16, 1974, against the New York Rangers at the Forum.

In his first few seasons with the Canadiens, he was part of a very dynamic forward line alongside center Doug Risebrough (who was also a rookie in 1974-75) and LW Yvon Lambert. Their job was to contain their opponents' main scoring line and to create room for the team's highly skilled players by agitating and pestering their opponents' best players. When the three began playing together a few weeks into the 1974-75 season, they lit a fire under a team that had started the year slowly, winning just 3 of its first 10 games. All three were regular visitors to the penalty box during those years. The line was together for all four Stanley Cup wins from 1976 to 1979. In later years, Tremblay was given more goal-scoring responsibilities and was a regular on the power play. He scored 30 or more goals in four different seasons, the first time in 1978-79, his fifth season in the league.

He announced his retirement in September 1986, after suffering a serious shoulder injury the previous season.

Montreal Canadiens
Tremblay was hired four games into the 1995–96 season as head coach of the Canadiens although he had no previous coaching experience. Tremblay had a long-running dispute with star goaltender Patrick Roy, which started from their days as teammates, and not long after Tremblay became coach this eventually led to Roy's departure from Montreal. The two had almost come to blows in a Long Island coffee shop before Tremblay was announced as coach, and Roy snickered when Tremblay arrived in the dressing room for the first time. They almost fought a second time after Tremblay fired a shot at Roy's throat during practice.

Tremblay kept Roy in net during a December 2, 1995, game versus the Detroit Red Wings, in which the Wings scored nine goals on Roy, who was jeered by the Montreal fans. Roy stormed off the ice and told team president Ronald Corey that he would never play for the Canadiens again. Four days later, Roy was traded to Colorado with captain Mike Keane for Jocelyn Thibault, Martin Ručinský, and Andrei Kovalenko. Roy went on to lead the Avalanche to two Stanley Cups before retiring. The rivalry would continue into the coaching ranks, as Roy would later (on October 15, 2013) tie Tremblay's record for longest winning streak (six games) to begin an NHL coaching career.

Nearly a year after Roy left the Canadiens, Tremblay also had a heated verbal exchange with Habs enforcer Donald Brashear during a team practice before a game against the Avalanche in Denver. Brashear was later traded to the Vancouver Canucks.

As a head coach for Montreal, Tremblay coached 159 games, with 71 wins, 63 losses, and 25 ties across two years with the team.

Minnesota Wild and New Jersey Devils
In 2001, Tremblay became an assistant coach for the Minnesota Wild under head coach Jacques Lemaire. He remained there for seven seasons, through 2008–09. In 2009, he followed Lemaire to the New Jersey Devils where he remained an assistant coach under Lemaire. Lemaire retired in 2010 after one season in New Jersey and Tremblay was not retained as assistant coach. He then joined the Quebec sport network RDS as a hockey analyst for the Montreal Canadiens games.

Personal life
Tremblay married Collette Germain in 1977 and the couple had two daughters. Germain died of cancer in 2015.

Tremblay is the uncle of the professional hockey player, Pascal Trépanier.

title: Mario Tremblay


text:
Cockroach (disambiguation)

A cockroach is an insect of the order Blattodea.

Cockroach may also refer to:

Books

 * Cockroach (novel), a 2008 novel by Rawi Hage
 * The Cockroach (novella), a 2019 novella by Ian McEwan
 * Cockroaches (novel), the second novel in the Harry Hole series by Jo Nesbø

Films

 * , a 2010 film by Luke Eve
 * "Cockroaches" (CSI episode), an episode of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
 * Walter Bradley, aka Cockroach, a character in The Cosby Show

Music

 * Cockroach (album), a 2001 album by Danger Danger
 * Cockroaches (EP), a 1987 EP by Voivod
 * The Cockroaches, an Australian band in the 1980s

Other

 * Cockroach Labs, software company that sells CockroachDB
 * Cockroach, nickname for a pro-democracy protester during the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests

title: Cockroach (disambiguation)


text:
Rawa Voivodeship

Rawa Voivodeship (Województwo Rawskie) was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Kingdom of Poland since 15th century until the partitions of Poland in 1795. It was part of the Greater Poland Province. Together with the Plock and Masovian Voivodeships it formed the former Duchy of Masovia.

The voivodeship had its capital in the town of Rawa Mazowiecka, and its origins date back to the second half of the 15th century. In 1462, after the deaths of local Piast dynasty dukes, Mazovian lands of Rawa and Gostynin were incorporated into the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1476, the Land of Sochaczew returned to Poland as well. Borders of Rawa Voivodeship remained unchanged for more than 300 years, until the second partition of Poland in 1793, when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia. Rawa Voivodeship had four senators in the Senate of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. These were the Voivode of Rawa, the Castellan of Rawa, and the castellans of Sochaczew and Gostynin. Local starostas resided in Rawa, Sochaczew and Gostynin.

Zygmunt Gloger in his monumental book Historical Geography of the Lands of Old Poland provides this description of Rawa Voivodeship:

“In the 15th century, the Duchy of Mazovia, ruled by local branch of the Piast dynasty, was divided into three parts, one of which was the Duchy of Rawa (...) On January 1, 1462, Siemowit VI died at the age of eighteen. A few weeks later, his teenage brother Wladyslaw II also died. Siemowit VI was the Duke of Plock and Rawa, and after his death, King Kazimierz Jagiellonczyk decided to incorporate the Duchy of Rawa, making it the first part of Mazovia that returned to Poland (...)

Rawa Voivodeship had the area of 92 sq. miles. It was divided into three lands: those of Rawa, Sochaczew and Gostynin. Each land was divided into two counties. The lands were of roughly the same size, and in the mid-16th century, whole voivodeship had 100 Roman Catholic parishes and 15 towns (...) Sejmiks took place at Rawa, Sochaczew and Gąbin, during which two deputies to the Sejm, and two deputies to the Greater Poland Tribunal were elected (...) Rawa Voivodeship shared its coat of arms with Plock Voivodeship”.

Municipal government
Voivodeship Governor (Wojewoda) seat:
 * Rawa Mazowiecka

Administrative division

 * Rawa Land (ziemia rawska, Rawa),
 * Rawa County
 * Biała Rawska County,
 * Gostynin Land (ziemia gostynińska, Gostynin),
 * Gostynin County
 * Gąbin County,
 * Sochaczew Land (ziema sochaczewska, Sochaczew),
 * Sochaczew County
 * Mszczonów County.

==Cities and towns ==

Biała County

 * Biała
 * Mogielnica
 * Nowe Miasto

Gąbin County

 * Gąbin
 * Iłów
 * Kiernozia
 * Osmolin
 * Pacyna

Gostynin County

 * Gostynin
 * Kutno
 * Trębki

Mszczonów County

 * Grodzisk
 * Mszczonów

Rawa County

 * Budziszewice
 * Głowno
 * Jeżów
 * Rawa
 * Skierniewice

Sochaczew County

 * Bolimów
 * Kampinos
 * Łowicz
 * Sochaczew
 * Wiskitki

Voivodes

 * Mikołaj z Kutna 1465-1467
 * Jan Grot z Nowego Miasta 1468-1489
 * Andrzej Szczubioł 1489-1493
 * Jakub Buczacki 1493-1496
 * Andrzej Kucieński 1496-1504
 * Piotr Prędota z Trzciany 1504-1518
 * Jakub Gostomski 1518-1519
 * Andrzej Kucieński 1519-1529
 * Stanisław Kucieński 1529-1542
 * Andrzej Sierpski 1542-?
 * Anzelm Gostomski 1572-1588
 * Stanisław Gostomski 1588-?
 * Wojciech Wilkanowski ?
 * Piotr Myszkowski 1597-1601
 * Zygmunt Grudziński 1601-1618
 * Stanisław Radziejowski 1618-1627
 * Filip Wołucki 1627-1642
 * Krzysztof Marcin Sułowski 1642-1644
 * Andrzej Grudziński 1644-1650
 * Łukasz Opaliński 1653-1654
 * Aleksander Koryciński 1659-?
 * Jan Wojciech Lipski 1676
 * Hieronim Olszowski 1676
 * Aleksander Załuski 1676-1692
 * Aleksander Józef Załuski 1693-1720
 * Andrzej Głębocki 1720-1735
 * Stanisław Wincenty Jabłonowski 1735-1754
 * Stanisław Świdziński 1754-1757
 * Kazimierz Granowski 1757-1774
 * Bazyli Walicki 1774-1789

title: Rawa Voivodeship


text:
User:Libert

welcome to talk user:Libert

title: User:Libert


text:
St. Norbert (electoral district)

St. Norbert is a former provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba.

Historical riding
The original riding of St. Norbert was established at the time of the province's creation in 1870. For the 1870 provincial election, it was divided into two separate ridings: St. Norbert North and St. Norbert South. Subsequently, it was reduced to a single riding.

St. Norbert was a francophone-majority riding. It was eliminated in 1879, at a time when francophone representation in the province was being reduced.

Most recent riding
It was recreated by redistribution in 1979, and was contested at the 1981 Manitoba general election. It was abolished at the redistribution of 2018 and ceased to exist under its old name effective at the 2019 Manitoba general election. The riding was located in the southernmost tip of the City of Winnipeg.

St. Norbert was bordered to the east by Seine River, to the south and west by the rural ridings of Dawson Trail and Morris (respectively), and to the north by Riel, Fort Garry (later Fort Richmond) and Fort Whyte. The riding's character is suburban.

St. Norbert's population in 1996 was 19,184. In 1999, the average family income was $59,444, and the unemployment rate was 8.20%. The riding is ethnically diverse: 5% of the riding's residents are German, 4% are Chinese, 3% are East Indian and 2% are Italian. Six per cent of the riding's residents are francophone. Almost 28% of the riding's residents have a university degree.

The service sector accounts for 16% of St. Norbert's industry, with a further 15% in the educational services.

title: St. Norbert (electoral district)


text:
Jocelyn Thibault

Joseph Régis Jocelyn Thibault (born January 12, 1975) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender who played 14 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Quebec Nordiques, Colorado Avalanche, Montreal Canadiens, Chicago Blackhawks, Pittsburgh Penguins, and Buffalo Sabres. Thibault was born in Montreal, Quebec and grew up in nearby Laval.

He led a group out of Sherbrooke, Quebec to create an expansion team in the QMJHL. The new team, Sherbrooke Phoenix, started playing in the 2012–13 season. In 2021, Thibault left the Phoenix to become the new executive director of Hockey Quebec.

Playing career
As a youth, Thibault played in the 1988 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Laval, Quebec. He played in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League as part of the Trois-Rivières Draveurs and Sherbrooke Faucons.

Thibault was drafted by the Quebec Nordiques 10th overall in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft. He went on to play for the Nordiques, staying for a short time after they moved to Denver and became the Colorado Avalanche. In 1995, midway through the Avalanche's first season in Denver, he was sent to the Montreal Canadiens in a trade that moved Patrick Roy to the Avalanche. Thibault played three seasons with the Canadiens before being traded to the Chicago Blackhawks in November 1998.

Thibault played longer with the Blackhawks than with any other team—five seasons. His best season was the 2002–03 season when he recorded eight shutouts and made an appearance in the 2003 NHL All-Star Game. He recorded his career best GAA of 2.37 and a save percentage of .915. The following season had him suffer a torn labrum in November, requiring surgery and having Michael Leighton replace him.

After the lockout, Thibault was acquired by the Pittsburgh Penguins in August 2005, for a fourth round pick in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft on a two-year contract worth $3 million. However, a hip injury contributed to a bad beginning, with the veteran losing 12 of 13 starts. He was replaced as the starter by Marc-André Fleury in late November and put on waivers. In January 2006, he underwent surgery to repair torn cartilage in his left hip.

Thibault was signed as an unrestricted free agent on July 5, 2007, by the Buffalo Sabres. He played one season with Buffalo as the backup to Ryan Miller and was not re-signed.

Thibault has the distinction of being the winning goaltender of the last game at the Montreal Forum, Maple Leaf Gardens, and the Capital Centre. He also played in the last game at Colisee de Quebec.

Personal
Thibault and his wife Melanie have three daughters. The family resides in Sherbrooke, Quebec.

Thibault is the godfather of current Pittsburgh Penguins prospect Samuel Poulin.

Transactions

 * June 26, 1993 – Drafted by the Quebec Nordiques in the first round (10th overall) in 1993 draft.
 * June 21, 1995 – Rights transferred to the Colorado Avalanche after the Nordiques franchise relocated.
 * December 6, 1995 – Montreal Canadiens traded Patrick Roy and Mike Keane to the Avalanche for Andrei Kovalenko, Martin Ručinský, and Thibault.
 * November 16, 1998 – Chicago Blackhawks traded Jeff Hackett, Eric Weinrich, Alain Nasreddine, and fourth-round selection (previously acquired from the Tampa Bay Lightning – Chris Dyment) in 1999 draft to the Canadiens for Thibault, Dave Manson, and Brad Brown.
 * August 10, 2005 – Traded to the Pittsburgh Penguins for a fourth-round selection in 2006 draft.
 * July 5, 2007 – Signed as an unrestricted free agent by the Buffalo Sabres.

title: Jocelyn Thibault


text:
EMD E9

The E9 is a 2400 hp, A1A-A1A passenger train-hauling diesel locomotive built by General Motors' Electro-Motive Division of La Grange, Illinois, between April 1954 and January 1964. 100 cab-equipped A units were produced and 44 cabless booster B units, all for service in the United States. The E9 was the tenth and last model of EMD E-unit and differed from the earlier E8 as built only by the newer engines and a different, flusher-fitting mounting for the headlight glass, the latter being the only visible difference. Since some E8s were fitted with this, it is not a reliable way to distinguish the two. The E9 has two 1200 hp, V12 model 567C engines, each engine driving one generator to power two traction motors.

Engine and powertrain
The E9 uses twin 12 cylinder 567C engines developing a total of 2,400 hp at 800 rpm. Designed specifically for railroad locomotives, this Roots-blown, mechanically aspirated 2-stroke 45-degree V-type, with an 8+1/2 by, bore by stroke, giving 567 cuin displacement per cylinder, remained in production until 1966. Two D.C. generators, one per engine, provide power to four motors, two on each truck, in an A1A-A1A arrangement. This truck design was used on all E units and on MP 7100 and CB&Q 9908 power cars. EMD has built all of its major components since 1939.

Operation
The E9 powered American passenger and mail trains from the 1950s into the late 1970s. Many of America's finest trains — such as Union Pacific Railroad's "City" fleet, Burlington's "Zephyr" fleet and Southern Pacific Railroad's Coast Daylight and Sunset Limited — had E9s pulling them. E9s and their E7 and E8 kin ran throughout the country on lesser-known passenger trains, Chicago's network of commuter trains and many mail and express trains. As America's passenger train network shrank due to unprofitability, Union Pacific, Rock Island and Illinois Central began using E9s on freight trains while Burlington Northern and Chicago and North Western began upgrading their fleets of E9s with Head-end power and EMD 645 power assemblies for commuter operations in the Chicago metropolitan area into the early 1990s.

Amtrak, founded in 1971, bought 36 E9As and 23 E9Bs from the Union Pacific, Milwaukee Road, B&O and SCL. Amtrak used the E9s until 1979 and converted some E9B units to steam generator and head end power cars.

Surviving examples
As of 1997, 42 E9 locomotives survived. Many of these have been donated to several museums and tourist railroads. A number of railroads keep a small number in service for hauling inspection specials, charter passenger trains, investor tours and other special trains.
 * Five E9s are owned by the Illinois Railway Museum, in Union, Illinois. The operating units are often used pulling trains within museum grounds.
 * The Union Pacific Railroad rosters three E9s: two A units, 951 and 949, and a B unit, 963B (built as UP E9B 970B), in their heritage fleet. They were rebuilt in 1993 with a single 2000 hp EMD 16-645E engine and upgraded electrical and control equipment for compatibility with more modern locomotives.
 * Southern Pacific 6051, the last surviving SP E9, is preserved at the California State Railroad Museum and operates excursions hosted by the museum.
 * CN previously owned ex-Chicago, Burlington & Quincy E9A 9986A, painted in CN's heritage livery and numbered 103. It was Delivered to the National Railway Museum in Green Bay Wisconsin on February 29, 2024.
 * Milwaukee Road 32A is owned and operated by the Friends of the 261, who acquired it in 2019. This unit was previously used on the Wisconsin and Southern Railroad as their 101.

title: EMD E9