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Talk:Carlton North

I just finished writing the initial article, but I'm not sure about my last sentence...

 * "Today, Cartlon North, like other inner-northern suburbs of Melbourne, contains a curious mixture of whitecollar professionals, students, artists, and unemployed, although the area has perhaps become more gentrified than North Fitzroy, Brunswick, or Collingwood."

Feel free to radically alter, or even delete it al together. Cnwb 23:09, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Where did your information come from for this article? I'm interested in the stockade at Curtain Square, where can I get more information about this? M a t n k a t 00:36, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

Princes Hill
This locality is classified as LOCB (Locality Bounded) according to the gazetteer, meaning it is a distinctly separate suburb. Princes Hill is notable for its Edwardian residential architecture. The redirect should be removed and an article created for it. --Biatch 04:18, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

Princes Hill is a separate suburb with its own page. I have changed redirect and removed references to Princes Hill and its features. Also removed reference to Nicholsons Hotel and St Johns College as these have long gone. Mustard Pot (talk) 02:18, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:South Yarra, Victoria which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 07:16, 20 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Carlton North


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Piedade (Lajes do Pico)

Piedade is a civil parish in the municipality of Lajes do Pico on the island of Pico, the Portuguese Azores. The population in 2011 was 844, in an area of 12.81 km2.

History
The parish was founded after 1506, from the historical registers of the time.

The 1755 Lisbon earthquake affected the community, resulting in the destruction of many homes and the parochial church of the time. Before their destruction by phylloxera plague, the vineyards in this location were great producers of the popular Verdelho wines, becoming one of the more important agricultural centres on the island.

The Direcção de Serviços de Conservação da Natureza do Pico (Service Directorate of the Natural Conservancy of Pico) and  Serviço de Ambiente do Pico (Environmental Services of Pico) were installed in the Parque Florestal Matos Souto (Forest Park Matos Souto), a park dedicated to commander Manuel Matos Souto, an emigrante who departed for Brazil in the 19th century, where he made his fortune (resending his monies home in order to buy land on the island).

Geography
Piedade is located on the extreme east coast of Pico, bordering the parishes of Calheta de Nesquim and Ribeirinha, and connected by the Regional E.R.1-1ª roadway to other centers on the island. The parish is divided into three distinct zones (Piedade, Calhau and Manhenha), and includes two fishing ports (Port of Manhenha and Porto of Calhau), in addition to swimming areas in the areas of Baía da Engrade, Baía do Céu de Abraão, Baía da Caravela and Baía da Fonte. The parishes includes several localities, that includes smaller non-political communities within the civil parish, including: Altamora, Areal, Biscoito Queimado, Cabecinho, Castelete, Eiras, Galego, Calhau, Cruz do Redondo, Curral da Pedra, Engrade, Faias, Fetais, Manhenha and Ponta da Ilha.

Architecture
The patrimony of the parish is diverse, although the primary buildings are the parochial church and hermitage, the curious fishing boat shelters, windmills and lighthouse. The following were classified by IGESPAR as buildings of public interest:

Civic

 * Lighthouse of Ponta da Ilha (Farol de Ponta da Ilha), originally proposed in 1883, the lighthouse was only built in the mid-20th century, in lands ceded by Maria Adelaide Gomes, Paulina Gomes Ávila and their husbands for 200$00, rural lands in Calvino.

Religious

 * Church of Nossa Senhora da Piedade (Igreja da Nossa Senhora da Piedade), the original church was built in 1506, but destroyed following the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, resulting in the construction of the present building after 1756.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Piedade (Lajes do Pico)


text:
Simon Ramo

Simon "Si" Ramo (May 7, 1913 – June 27, 2016) was an American engineer, businessman, and author. He led development of microwave and missile technology and is sometimes known as the father of the intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). He also developed General Electric's electron microscope. He played prominent roles in the formation of two Fortune 500 companies, Ramo-Wooldridge (TRW after 1958, now part of Northrop Grumman) and Bunker Ramo Corporation (now part of Honeywell).

Early years
Ramo was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, the son of Clara (Trestman) and Benjamin Ramo. His father was a Polish Jewish immigrant and his mother was a Russian Jewish immigrant. He entered the University of Utah at the age of 16, where he joined Theta Tau Professional Engineering Fraternity and earned a B.S. in electrical engineering at the age of 20. By 1936, at the age of 23, he had earned dual PhD degrees from Caltech in physics and electrical engineering.

General Electric
From 1936 until 1946, he led electronics research at General Electric, where he accumulated 25 patents before the age of 30 and was cited as one of America's most outstanding young electrical engineers. He became globally recognized as a leader in microwave research and headed the development of GE's electron microscope.

Hughes Aircraft
In 1946 he returned to California to become director of research for the electronics department of Hughes Aircraft, and his career became coupled with that of Dean Wooldridge. Together they formed a successful team for many years, with Wooldridge concentrating on investment and general business aspects while Ramo led research, development and engineering.

By 1948, Hughes had created its Aerospace Group to work with the newly created U.S. Air Force. Dr. Ramo became a Vice-President and the Group's Director of Operations. Ramo employed his skills in Systems Engineering to allow Hughes to deliver integrated RADAR and aircraft fire-control systems. He developed the air-to-air missile, creating the Falcon missile.

In 1953 Ramo and Dean Wooldridge left Hughes Aircraft and formed the Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation, later TRW Inc.

Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation (TRW Inc.)
By 1953 Ramo and the Air Force had become increasingly frustrated with management problems at Hughes. Ramo and Wooldridge were particularly concerned when Howard Hughes avoided their attempts to discuss the problem. In September they jointly resigned, and within a week they formed the Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation on September 16, 1953. In October 1953 an Assistant Secretary of Defense, Trevor Gardner, created a committee to consider the future of guided missiles. This Strategic Missile Evaluation Committee (SMEC) was headed by John von Neumann and included both Ramo and Wooldridge. In four months, the committee produced their report and recommended that a crash program was needed to develop intercontinental ballistic missiles, and that such a program might enable the United States to overtake Russian developments by 1959 or 1960.

The Ramo-Wooldridge Corp. became the lead contractor for the resulting Air Force program. With Dr. Ramo as the driving scientific and engineering officer, they succeeded. In 1958, an Atlas rocket delivered a payload 5,000 miles downrange. The Atlas would go on to serve as the launch vehicle for NASA's Project Mercury orbital flights, starting with John Glenn in Friendship 7. USAF General Bernard Schriever, head of the ICBM program, described Ramo as "the architect of the Thor, Atlas, and Titan" rockets.

According to a July 30, 2002, article, Ramo's comments are legendary for capsulizing complex ideas into off-the-cuff witticisms.

During a series of key experiments of ballistic missiles in the 1950s at Cape Canaveral, Florida, at which Ramo and Air Force General Bernard Schriever were observers, test rockets kept blowing up on their launch pads. When one missile rose about 6 inches before toppling over and exploding, Ramo reportedly beamed and said: "Well, Benny, now that we know the thing can fly, all we have to do is improve its range a bit."

Ramo-Wooldridge merged with Thompson Products to become TRW Inc., and Simon Ramo became Vice-Chairman. In 1964, TRW and Martin Marietta formed the jointly owned Bunker Ramo Corporation with Ramo as President, which expanded into the computer and communications technology fields.

In January 2008, he joined the faculty of the University of Southern California's Viterbi School of Engineering as a presidential chair and professor of electrical engineering. Ramo is also a founding member of the National Academy of Engineering.

Awards, appointments and fellowships
During his long and successful career, Ramo has received numerous awards and fellowships. He has been honored by the American Philosophical Society, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the American Physical Society, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Ramo has served as an advisor to the United States government on science and technology. He has been a member of the National Science Board, the White House Council on Energy R&D, the Advisory Council to the Secretary of Commerce, the Advisory Council to the Secretary of State for Science and Foreign Affairs, and of many special advisory committees to the Defense Department and NASA. President Gerald Ford appointed Ramo as co-chairman of a committee of distinguished scientists and engineers, requesting Ramo to list the science and technology issues most deserving of attention by the White House and to recommend actions. Following this, Ramo was appointed by President Ford to be chairman of The President's Advisory Committee on Science and Technology, a position created by Congress to advise on how to ensure that science and technology matters receive proper attention at the White House.

In 1980, then-President-elect Ronald Reagan asked Ramo to assemble a transition task force to advise on executive branch appointments where science and technology background was desirable. President Reagan subsequently invited Ramo to be a Science Adviser to the President of the Republic of China. In that assignment, Ramo aided greatly Taiwan's development of a strong high-technology industry.

On February 23, 1983, Ramo was presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Reagan.

In 1982, the IEEE Board of Directors initiated the IEEE Simon Ramo Medal for exceptional achievement in systems engineering and systems science.

In 1988, Theta Tau Professional Engineering Fraternity inducted Simon Ramo, Lambda (Utah)'33, into its Alumni Hall of Fame.

In 2007, the Space Foundation awarded Ramo its highest honor, the General James E. Hill Lifetime Space Achievement Award.

In 2009, the Theta Tau Educational Foundation named an annual scholarship in his honor.

Additional awards:

 * Founders Medal, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
 * John Fritz Medal, American Association of Engineering Societies
 * Medal of Honor, Electronic Industries Association
 * Kagan Medal, Columbia University
 * Henry Heald Award, Illinois Institute of Technology
 * Annual Award, Harvard Business School
 * Golden Plate Award, American Academy of Achievement
 * Distinguished Service Medal, Armed Forces Communication and Electronics Association
 * Delmer S. Fahrney Medal
 * Aesculapian Award, UCLA School of Medicine
 * Durand Medal, Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
 * Space and Missile Pioneer Award, U.S. Air Force
 * Pioneer Award, International Council on Systems Engineering
 * Howard Hughes Memorial Award
 * Distinguished Alumnus Award, University of Utah
 * National Trophy for Lifetime Achievement, Smithsonian Institution
 * NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal
 * University of Southern California Presidential Medallion
 * Space Foundation General James E. Hill Lifetime Space Achievement Award
 * Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame inductee

Ramo has received numerous patents including one at age 100 concerning the use of technology in education making him the oldest American to be awarded a U.S. patent.

Publications
Ramo has authored dozens of books on topics ranging from science textbooks, corporate and technology management, society's relation to technology, economy, and how to play tennis. A selection:

 * Fields and Waves in Modern Radio by Simon Ramo and John R. Whinnery (1944)
 * Introduction to Microwaves (1945)
 * Peacetime Uses of Space (1959, 1977)
 * Fields and Waves in Communication Electronics (1965)
 * Extraordinary Tennis For The Ordinary Player (1970)
 * The Islands of E, Cono & My (1973)
 * America's Technology Slip (1980)
 * The Management of Innovative Technological Corporations (1980)
 * What's Wrong with Our Technological Society—and How to Fix it (1983)
 * Tennis By Machiavelli (1984)
 * The Business of Science: Winning and Losing in the High-Tech Age (1988)
 * Meetings, Meetings, and More Meetings: Getting Things Done When People Are Involved (2005)
 * Strategic Business Forecasting: A Structured Approach to Shaping the Future of Your Business by Dr. Simon Ramo and Dr. Ronald Sugar (2009)
 * Tales from the Top: How CEOs Act and React (2011)
 * To Wit: A Sense of Humor - A Mandatory Tool of Management (2011)
 * Let Robots do the Dying (2011)
 * Guided Missile Engineering: University of California Engineering Extension Series by Allen E. Puckett and Simon Ramo (2013)

 * About Simon Ramo
 * Stephen B. Johnson; The Secret of Apollo: Systems Management in American and European Space Programs 2002, The Johns Hopkins University Press (ISBN 0-8018-6898-X).
 * Davis Dyer; TRW: Pioneering Technology and Innovation since 1900 1998, Harvard Business School Press (ISBN 0-87584-606-8).
 * G. Harry Stine; ICBM 1991, Orion Books (ISBN 0-517-56768-7).
 * Ernest Schwiebert; History of the U.S. Air Force Ballistic Missiles 1965, Praeger Publishers.

Personal life
Ramo was married to Virginia (née Smith) from 1937 until her death in 2009. They have two sons, James Brian and Alan Martin, four grandchildren and four great-grandchildren. Ramo died on June 27, 2016, at the age of 103.

title: Simon Ramo


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Biograph (album)

Biograph is a 53-track box set compilation spanning the career of American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan, released on November 7, 1985, by Columbia Records. Consisting of 53 released and unreleased tracks from 1962 to 1981, the box set was released as a five-LP set, a three-cassette tape set, and a three-compact disc set. Biograph reached  on the Billboard 200 in the U.S. and has been certified platinum by the RIAA.

Content
The recordings on Biograph are a mix of rarities, hit singles, and album tracks. They are not presented in chronological order; 18 of its 53 tracks had not been previously issued, and three more had only been previously available on singles. Every studio album released by Dylan prior to the appearance of this box set is represented by at least one track, with the exceptions of Self Portrait, Dylan, Desire, Infidels, and Empire Burlesque, although two songs from Desire appear in live versions and "Abandoned Love" is from the Desire sessions. The set comes accompanied with a 36-page booklet, containing rare photos and liner notes by Cameron Crowe, who interviews Dylan about each of the tracks.

While too comprehensive to be strictly a greatest hits album, it does include nine of the dozen Top 40 hits by Dylan during the time period covered. Missing are "Rainy Day Women ", "George Jackson", and "Hurricane". Nine of the ten tracks from Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits appear on this compilation.

Initially released in all formats in a box conforming to the dimensions of a vinyl long-playing album, on August 19, 1997 it was reissued by Legacy Records in a smaller compact disc brick package, the tracks remastered using Sony's Super-Bit Mapping process. On August 6, 2002, it was reissued again in a booklet format with three discs; yet another new issue of this edition appeared in the marketplace on April 5, 2011. The 2011 edition was mastered at Sterling Sound Studios in New York City.

Track listing
All tracks written by Bob Dylan except "Baby Let Me Follow You Down" by Gary Davis, Dave Van Ronk, and Eric von Schmidt, and both "Isis" and "Romance in Durango" by Dylan and Jacques Levy. The compact disc running order is the same, except disc two ends with "Jet Pilot" inserted after "Isis". Disc one ends with "I Don't Believe You (She Acts Like We Never Have Met)", and disc two begins with "Visions of Johanna". Disc three begins with "Caribbean Wind".

title: Biograph (album)


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Talk:Al Green

Untitled
I question reference #6. The link is fake and should be removed. It's inappropriate as well. Unfortunately, I don't have the privileges to remove it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.57.77.99 (talk) 01:40, 15 May 2009 (UTC)

"Chart" rankings
I question the listing of "chart rankings" in this entry. No source is given for the information; we don't know which "charts" they were, whether R&B, gospel, pop, and whether radio or album sales. It is well known Al Green had major hits without listing his "chart rankings"; even today his well known songs are heard on classic oldies radio. Aside from that, "sales" figures are not the only reason to include an artist here; they can have historical significance in a genre or artistic influence on other artists from their work, among other reasons. It's nice someone tried to find that information out and include it though. -Bebop
 * I agree, it seems out of place on this article. When someone makes an article on an album individually I think it's relevant information, but it's not necessary to point out on a discography. Sarge Baldy 03:48, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

I respectively disagree, although i agree that its relevant info if its on an album page but the article encompasses not only Al Green's personal but his musical personality so its natural to put the discography and singles. If you're the occasional browser its nice just to see some of his hit singles and his discography. Somebody put a lot of work into listing the discography and singles and it only helps the reader better understand Al Green, if you were to take it out you would know less about him and the article is technically designed so you can learn as much as you want to know on Al Green, if you dont' want to know the discography, just don't read it. I'm glad we can all talk peacefully about this on this discussion page and hopefully we'll cross paths again sometime under complete agreement. Sincerely Patman2648 | talk Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

Whistle register
Now, I love Al Green, and I know he has a rangy voice, but nothing that I have ever from him suggests notes high above the staff. Antares33712 20:41, 1 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I assume, then, that you're familiar with the song that I'm talking about ("I Can't Get Next To You"). It seems to be an exceptionally high pitch that he hits at the end, but like I said, I'm not knowledgable about the subject of whistle register, so there's a good chance I'm totally wrong. Thebogusman 22:04, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

 * That note sounds like D7 but its really D6. He has a really sharp falsetto. Most falsetto's have the ability to go higher. Mine can reach F6 or G6 at the highest. The whistle register starts at E6. Philip Bailey from Earth Wind and Fire usually sings his highest live which if you listen to Devotion live, he hits E6. He is famous for recording alot of C6's. It is one thing to hit a note but usually highest notes are harder to hold. Al Green held that D6 pretty good. I'm sure he can easily hit E6 and above. It's fairly easy to hit E6 in falsetto since most males can sing C6 in it. And aren't that far apart(C6,C#6,D6,Eb6,E6...)Myke 06:47, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

He actually hits a D7 in that song. It really is a D7.

Falsetto singing
Since this technique is so central to Green's art, I'm kind of surprised there is no mention of Claude Jeter of the Swan Silvertones, whose falsetto Green said was one of his biggest singing influences. Jeter was one of later and most famous in a line of gospel falsetto specialist that an article in The Believer Magazine traced back to a tenor named Homer Quincy Smith, and which included Billy Williams as well. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.86.248.2 (talk) 13:00, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

Move
I think basically anyone coming to Al Green is looking for the musician rather than the politician. If anyone seriously disagrees, feel free to here. But I think the disambiguation page was completely unnecessary. Sarge Baldy 20:36, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Just got here so I didn't realize any prior controversy. I've changed the dab link to Al Green (politician) to its actual name for clarity. --hydnjo talk 18:57, 17 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Sounds good. Sarge Baldy 19:34, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

Miles Davis' legendary quote
Still searching for a source for a fan's quote I'd heard, back in the 1970s, and attributed to the late jazz trumpet player, Miles Davis. Davis was such a big fan of Green's music he'd supposedly wisecracked "If Al Green had tits, I'd marry him." Walter Dufresne 16:28, 19 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I'd second that. Just in case you're reading this Al, I'm in the book. Maikel (talk) 09:41, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

Severity of burning
The "Return to Faith" section says a Mary Woodson's attack on Green with a pot of hot grits caused third-degree burning to Green's back. The article about third-degree burns (as well as my recollection from the Boy Scout first-aid manual) says third-degree burns include charring of the skin. I don't see how hot grits, even actively boiling ones, which the ones in question could hardly have been, could char skin. My point in raising this issue is to suggest that maybe an Unreferenced|date=January 2008 tag should be added to this section of the article; I don't pretend to be able to diagnose the severity of a burn I never examined, but if there's a source that substantiates that it was third degree, it would be well to include it in the article.

Mark Sheehan (talk) 20:09, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

I'm also not a burn expert, but I don't see anything at Burn that requires charring for a burn to be classified as third-degree - it seems to mostly be about depth of the burn. Indeed, the famous Liebeck_v._McDonald%27s_Restaurants case involved third-degree burns from coffee, so it seems reasonable that hot grits could do the same. Kenahoo (talk) 03:10, 15 February 2021 (UTC)

Tonight Show, March 5, 2012
Michelle Obama said that her husband likes to sing Al Green songs, according to this show, which is still going on. 198.151.130.52 (talk) 05:04, 6 March 2012 (UTC)
 * ahem, still being broadcasted. 198.151.130.52 (talk) 05:05, 6 March 2012 (UTC)
 * This is trivial and should not be included. Regards.-- GoP T C N 09:08, 6 March 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Al Green


text:
USS Ceres

USS Ceres was a small 150 LT steamboat acquired by the Union Navy during the beginning of the American Civil War. She was outfitted as a gunboat and used in the Union blockade of the waterways of the Confederate States of America.

Service history

Ceres, an armed side-wheel merchant steamer, was built at Keyport, New Jersey in 1856. Ceres was purchased by the United States Navy on 11 September 1861, fitted out at the Washington Navy Yard, and commissioned the same month, Acting Master J. L. Elliott in command. Originally assigned to the Potomac Flotilla, Ceres was ordered on 18 September 1861 to report to the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron, and for the remainder of the war, aside from repair periods at Baltimore, Maryland operated in the rivers and sounds of Virginia and North Carolina. Here she maintained the close watch for Confederate States merchantmen through which the blockading forces provided so important a part of the U.S. Navy's contribution in the American Civil War. She was successful in capturing four blockade runners during her service, as well as aiding in the seizure of others.

Another crucial assignment carried out by Ceres' squadron was support for Union Army forces holding or attempting to take coastal positions, as well as providing boats and cover for amphibious operations, raids, and reconnaissance. She took part in the capture of Roanoke Island on 7–8 February 1862, during which she was hit while firing on Confederate shore positions. When nearby Confederate naval ships retired up Albemarle Sound as Roanoke Island fell, Ceres joined in following them, and next took part in the naval engagement off Elizabeth City, North Carolina. During this action, in which one of her men was wounded, she captured CSS Ellis.

Continuing her operations in North Carolinian waters, Ceres took the steamer Wilson on 9 July 1862 while covering the landing of an Army raiding party near Hamilton, North Carolina. Through most of 1863, she protected the forces holding such posts as Fort Anderson at New Bern, North Carolina and the positions near Washington, North Carolina, coming under fire from Confederate batteries on several occasions.

In the lengthy series of attacks around Plymouth, North Carolina, Ceres lost two men killed and six wounded when she was taken under heavy fire from Fort Grey, upriver from Plymouth, on 17 April 1864. Two days later, it was Ceres who gave warning of the approach of the formidable Confederate ram CSS Albemarle, and took part in the first engagement with the ram which followed. On 5 May, her group again was engaged with Albemarle and two other steamers at the Battle of Albemarle Sound. Following the dramatic sinking of Albemarle by Lieutenant William B. Cushing, and later salvage, Ceres towed Albemarle north to Norfolk, Virginia at the close of the war. After a final patrol period off North Carolina, Ceres was decommissioned at New York City on 14 July 1865, and sold on 25 October 1865.

title: USS Ceres


text:
BR Standard Class 4 2-6-4T

The British Railways Standard Class 4 tank is a class of steam locomotive, one of the BR standard classes built during the 1950s. They were used primarily on commuter and outer suburban services. They were capable of reaching speeds of 75 mph.

Background
On the nationalisation of British Railways (BR) in 1948, the London Midland Region had a number of ex-London, Midland and Scottish Railway 2-6-4T and the Western Region a number of GWR Large Prairie 2-6-2T types. These tank engines were particularly suited to commuter and secondary services. However, particularly in Scotland and the Southern Region, the situation was not so good, with large numbers of pre-grouping types struggling on.

Design and construction
On the decision to build the BR standard series of locomotives, a series of class four tank engines was ordered, based on the ex-LMS Fairburn 2-6-4T with some modifications. The lineage of the class could therefore be tracked through the LMS/BR Class 4 2-6-4T locomotives back to the Fowler design of 1927.

Design work was done at Brighton, the overall programme being overseen by Robert Riddles. The principal modifications to the Fairburn design involved the reduction of their envelope to enable them to fit into the L1 loading gauge. To do this, the tanks and cab were made more curved than the Fairburn design, the Fairburn having a straight-sided tank. The biggest mechanical change was a reduction in cylinder size, also to reduce cross-section, and a corresponding increase in boiler pressure to compensate. Other visible changes included the re-introduction of plating ahead of the cylinders.

130 of the class of 155 were built at Brighton, 15 (80000–80009, 80054–80058) at Derby Works and 10 (80106–80115) at Doncaster Works between 1951 and 1956. The first to emerge was 80010 from Brighton in 1951. Fifteen that were due to be constructed in 1957 were cancelled, due to impending dieselisation, and the last five would have been, too, had they not been at an advanced stage of construction when the order came to cancel them.

No significant modifications were made to the design. The tank vent was found to restrict the driver's vision and was moved further forward from 80059 onwards. Initially built with fluted coupling rods, these caused problems on other classes and, from 80079, plain section coupling rods were substituted.

The BR Standard Class 4 4-6-0 was essentially a tender engine derivative of the Standard Class 4 tank.

Service
The Standard 4 tanks were originally allocated to all regions of British Railways, bar the Western. They became particularly associated with the London, Tilbury and Southend line (LT&S) working commuter services out of London, until that route was electrified in 1962. They were also widely used in East Sussex and Kent, working from Brighton, Tunbridge Wells and Three Bridges on those lines of the former London Brighton and South Coast Railway that were not electrified. Another group worked from Polmadie depot in the Scottish region on the Glasgow commuter services. Note that, from July 1962, a batch displaced by electrification of the LT&S was transferred to the Western Region's Swansea (East Dock) and Shrewsbury districts, as well as other regions.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 24 April 1956, locomotive No. 80119 was derailed at Scalby, Yorkshire when the track spread under it whilst shunting. An instruction banning heavy locomotives from shunting at Scalby had been forgotten.
 * On 30 January 1958, locomotive No. 80079 was hauling a passenger train that overran signals and was in a rear-end collision with another passenger train at Dagenham, Essex. Ten people were killed and 89 were injured.
 * On 18 April 1961, locomotive No. 80075 was hauling a passenger train that was derailed at Pitsea, Essex due to a pointsman's error during single line working.
 * On 9 December 1962, locomotive No. 80102 was derailed at Gosport, Hampshire due to vandalism.

Withdrawal
There was a mass withdrawal of steam locomotive classes in the 1960s. Older types were withdrawn in preference to the Standard 4s, whose class remained intact until 1964 (except for 80103 as noted below). The final nine were withdrawn from the Southern Region on 9 July 1967. One Scottish Region example, 80002, remained in Glasgow past the end of steam haulage until 1969 as a static carriage heating boiler; eventually being preserved on the Keighley & Worth Valley Railway.

No. 80103 was withdrawn in 1962 after being reported for rough riding. It was towed between two other locomotives to Stratford Works, where it was discovered that the mainframe was broken in half. Considered beyond economic repair, 80103 was withdrawn and scrapped. It was the first of the 'Standard' locomotives to be withdrawn, and the only one scrapped at Stratford.

Operation in preservation
Of the fifteen engines to survive into preservation, only one was purchased directly from BR and this was No. 80002, all the others being purchased from Barry Scrapyard. Of the fifteen engines to be preserved only two members of the class are yet to run in preservation, these being: 80100 and 80150. 80097 has recently been steamed in preservation and entered service in March 2019 following its restoration from scrapyard condition at the East Lancashire Railway. Five of them have also seen mainline operation: Nos. 80002, 80079, 80080, 80098 and 80135. 80002 operated over the former BR system in the 1970s when it appeared at an open weekend in Leeds arriving and returning home from the event under its own power. Three of the class were regular mainline performers around the '90s, with 80080 being originally used on LU 'Steam on the Met' trips. In 1991, steam was to return to the Folkestone Harbour branch with 80080 taking the train down from the mainline to the station at Folkestone Harbour and then for the journey back up to the mainline 80080 was used to bank West Country Pacific No. 34027 Taw Valley. 80080 became the first steam locomotive to work a normal stopping passenger service on the mainline in March 1993. It also returned to the Cambrian network in 1992. In 1994, 80079 joined up with 80080 to work a number of steam specials including a run over the Cambrian Coast Line.

In 1998, 80079 became the first steam locomotive to work a steam special down the Conwy Valley Line to Blaenau Ffestiniog since 1967.

80079 returned to Blaenau in 1999 with 80098.

80135 has been used on the Grosmont to Whitby workings for the North Yorkshire Moors Railway on the Esk Valley Line

The Bluebell Railway had hoped to preserve No. 80154, the last steam locomotive to be built at Brighton Works, but this ultimately did not occur as the railway did not have the funds available.

Locomotives
Fifteen Class 4 tank engines have been preserved - the most of any BR Standard class. All were built at Brighton Works except 80002, which was constructed at Derby Works.

In fiction
Belle, a character from Thomas & Friends, is loosely based on this engine. The difference is that she has water cannons on top of her tanks (for a role as a fictional fire engine) and a large brass bell.

Models
The Hornby Dublo range of 00 gauge model railways produced by Meccano Ltd released a model of the Standard 4 tank in 1954. This was Hornby's first entirely new postwar introduction. The model passed to Wrenn, and remained in their range until the 1990s.

title: BR Standard Class 4 2-6-4T


text:
Illinois Route 47

Illinois Route 47 (IL 47) is a 169.76 mi largely rural north–south state highway that runs from the Wisconsin state border at Highway 120 near Hebron, to IL 10, just south of Interstate 72 (I-72) near Seymour. IL 47 is in primarily rural areas but in several suburbs of Chicago, such as Woodstock and Huntley, traffic can be heavily congested.

IL 47 crosses most interstate highways in northern and central Illinois, but the largest towns that it serves are Woodstock (at US 14), Huntley (at I-90), Lily Lake at (IL 64), Elburn (at IL 38), Sugar Grove (at US 30), Yorkville (at US 34), Morris (at I-80), Dwight (at I-55), Forrest (at US 24), Gibson City (at IL 54), and Mahomet (at I-74).

Route description
Illinois 47 overlaps Illinois Route 72 and U.S. Route 20 at Pingree Grove, a village approximately 60 mi from Chicago; this concurrency is part of a so-called wrong-way concurrency, where one can be driving both “south” on Illinois 72 and “north” on U.S. 20 at the same time. Route 47 also shares concurrencies with Illinois Route 9 and Illinois 54 in Gibson City, U.S. Route 30 in Sugar Grove, U.S. Route 6 in Morris, Historic U.S. Route 66 in Dwight, and U.S. Route 150 in Mahomet.

History
The original route ended near where it ends today, however, in 1937, it was extended to Decatur via portions of modern day IL 10 and IL 105. Only eight years later (in 1945) was it shortened back to Monticello (the old route became IL 105). One final change came in 1980 when IL 47 was moved back to its current southern terminus at IL 10 after I-72 was built in the area.

Widenings started occurring further north as early as 2009. A project to reconstruct the road to 4 lanes from Kreutzer Road to Reed Road through Huntley was completed in October 2011, including completing all ramps at the I-90 interchange. IL 47 was widened from I-80 in Morris to Caton Farm Road south of Yorkville as part of the Prairie Parkway study–work was completed in 2015. In 2015, the project to expand the section between IL 71 and Kennedy Road in Yorkville to 4-lanes was completed. The partial interchange with I-88 between Sugar Grove and Elburn was made full with the completion of the missing ramps (using electronic toll collection) in 2019.

Future
The Illinois Department of Transportation is proposing to add lanes to several portions of Illinois Route 47, which eventually would make it a 4-lane road from I-80 in Morris to I-88 in Sugar Grove, and from I-90 in Huntley to north of Woodstock.

title: Illinois Route 47


text:
Biograph Studios

Biograph Studios was an early film studio and laboratory complex, built in 1912 by the Biograph Company at 807 East 175th Street, in The Bronx, New York City, New York, which was preceded by two locations in Manhattan.

841 Broadway
The first studio of the Biograph Company, formerly American Mutoscope and Biograph Company, was located just south of Union Square on the roof of 841 Broadway at 13th Street in Manhattan, known then as the Hackett Carhart Building and today as the Roosevelt Building. The set-up was similar to Thomas Edison's "Black Maria" in West Orange, New Jersey, being mounted on circular tracks to be able to get the best possible sunlight. As of 1988, the foundations of this machinery were still extant.

11 East 14th Street
The company moved in 1906 to a brownstone a few blocks away at 11 East 14th Street, where it remained until 1913. The brownstone was torn down in the 1960s. It was at this location that D. W. Griffith began as a director, and quickly became the studio's focus. Griffith found and developed for the company stars such as Florence Lawrence, Blanche Sweet, Mary Pickford, the Gish sisters - Lillian and Dorothy, Lionel Barrymore, Henry B. Walthall, Mae Marsh, Mabel Normand, Harry Carey, Owen Moore, Robert Harron and director Mack Sennett. Due to their overwhelming popularity and the fact that their names were not credited, stars like Florence Lawrence and Mary Pickford became known as the 'Biograph Girls,' before screen credits began to become the norm.

The company used Fort Lee extensively for location shooting.

807 East 175th Street
Griffith left Biograph in October 1913, a few months after the company had begun moving its Manhattan operations to new, state-of-the-art facilities at 807 East 175th Street in The Bronx, another borough of New York City. Without Griffith, the studio did not prosper, and the company was dissolved in 1915, and the studio property was leased out to other production companies after Biograph's production stopped. The studio facilities and laboratory were acquired by one of Biograph Company's creditors, the Empire Trust Company, although some of the Biograph old management continued to manage it. Herbert Yates acquired the Biograph Studio properties and Film laboratory facilities in 1928. Biograph Studio facilities in The Bronx were made a subsidiary of his Consolidated Film Industries.

Some advertising films and a few feature films were made at the studio in the 1930s, including Midnight (1934), Woman in the Dark (1934), The Crime of Dr. Crespi (1935), Manhattan Merry-Go-Round (1937), the Yiddish-language folk drama Tevya (1939), and the Oscar Micheaux production The Notorious Elinor Lee (1940).

However, the studio facilities principal activity in that decade was the production of shorts for Universal, Columbia, and RKO, mostly involving New York-based actors and entertainers. The studio suspended operations in 1939, due partly to curtailment of the activities of independent producers because of World War II and partly to a decline in the commercial film market, according to its general manager. At this time, the remaining Biograph films collection was donated to the film department of the Museum of Modern Art. The Soundies Distributing Corporation filmed at the Biograph Studios in 1944.

"'Sprucing up of the Biograph Studio in the Bronx and the entrance of Fritz Mandl, former Austrian munitions tycoon, into the local film production scene last week, gave rise to reports that the long-stalled drive toward Eastern film making was again getting under way.'"

Empire Trust later assigned management of the property to one of its own subsidiaries, The Actinograph Corp., which held it until 1948.

Gold Medal Studios
Martin Poll (on July 21, 1959, sworn in as the Commissioner of Motion Picture Arts, by then Borough President of the Bronx, James J. Lyons ) restored the Biograph Studio facilities and reopened it in 1956 as the Gold Medal Studios. Gold Medal Studios became the largest film studio in the United States outside of Los Angeles at the time of its 1956 reopening, expanding in 1958.

Gold Medal Studios building at 807 East 175th St & Marion Ave., in The Bronx, New York City, New York was photographed by Bronx Chamber of Commerce in 1957.

Movies such as Alan Freed's Mister Rock and Roll (1957), Harold Robbins' Never Love a Stranger, The Goddess (1958 film), Act One (film), That Kind of Woman A Face in the Crowd, Middle of the Night The Fugitive Kind, Odds Against Tomorrow, BUtterfield 8'', Girl of the Night, Let's Rock, and Pretty Boy Floyd (film), were filmed there.

The Dick Van Dyke Show 1960 pilot, Head of the Family was filmed at Gold Medal Studios.

Biograph Studios, Inc.
Martin Poll sold the Gold Medal Studios property in 1961, when it was incorporated into a newer company unrelated to the original Biograph Company, using the name Biograph Studios, Inc. It opened in 1961.

The television series Naked City, Car 54, Where Are You?, and East Side/West Side, and movies such as The Incident, and John and Mary were filmed there. The Biograph Studio facilities went dormant again in the 1970s. The studio facilities and laboratory burned down in 1980.

The site is now occupied by a New York City Department of Sanitation garage.

title: Biograph Studios


text:
Talk:Dirk Kempthorne

Untitled
He's a lobyist now as the head of American Council of Life Insurers

Untitled
"who was notable for conducting his campaign while still being active in Washington as a senator"

It's extremely common for politicians to run for one office while holding another. Is there some special reason it's notable in this case? RadicalSubversiv E 23:12, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Bias in Secretary of the Interior
That section in particular seems to only attack Secretary Kempthorne's actions in office and is clearly biased in that respect in that the passage takes a point of view as his actions being harmful instead of just stating what his actions were. -134.50.3.202 (talk) 21:24, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

I agree with the above assessment. As an Idahoan, I find the outlook of this article to be relatively provincial, if nothing else, because it evaluates Mr. Kempthorne's career from an environmentalist perspective. It may have been written by an Idaho Democrat, but the least the author of the article could do is try to understand why Mr. Kempthorne was so popular in Idaho. There is, for example, no reference to the economic growth which we have enjoyed during the past few years. Finally, I object to the author of the article playing the race card in the "Secretary of Interior" section. They make it seem like a cleanly cut case of governmental supremacy when the New York Times, not exactly a forum of racist sentiment, supported the secretary's decision to ban the casino. -- Notes from the Underground —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.161.10.182 (talk) 18:04, 6 September 2008 (UTC)

It would be hard to not be biased on him...as also an Idahoan, I found him to be worthless! Glad someone else wrote this article. He was given an 'honorary membership to Ducks Unlimited for all the work he did for Idaho wetlands, what work did he actually do? I would love to see in the article how he took away term limits even though Idahoans voted for them...but again, it will be labeled just an attack by a Dem from Idaho...go figure. His dirty laundry list goes on and on. It's not incorrect as long as it is truth-full and can be cited as per wikipedia standards. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kawasak.kid (talk • contribs) 21:07, 7 April 2011 (UTC)

I feel that elements of Kempthorne's biography under the “Secretary of the Interior” section do not conform to Wikipedia’s Biographies of Living Persons guidelines. Specifically, much of the section is biased and does not conform to the requirement of a neutral point of view, a sentiment that was first expressed on the entry’s discussion page in 2008. Additionally, some of the material is unverifiable and unsupported by the entry’s citations. My concerns with the passage are as follows: •        The content of paragraphs 2 through 6 and paragraph 8 do not present a neutral point of view. Additionally, these paragraphs concern issues with the Department of the Interior, and do not directly relate to Governor Kempthorne. As such, the biography of Governor Kempthorne is not an appropriate place for this information. •        Paragraph 7 also is not presented from a neutral point of view. More importantly, though, the content of the paragraph is not supported by reliable citations. Most of the paragraph is uncited, and the sole citation links to a negative opinion piece on the site Counterpunch. As such, I believe the paragraph does not meet the Wikipedia guideline of verifiability. In light of this failure to meet the guidelines for a Biography of a Living Person, I feel that paragraphs 2 through 8 should be removed from the entry. Thank you. 205.178.77.194 (talk) 23:03, 9 November 2015 (UTC)

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User talk:Rmccarthy

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User talk:Lindroth

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ALWEG
The content of the ALWEG article is mostly taken from The ALWEG Archives. Jpatokal 08:55, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Yes I know that now, but didn't then, and I posted a question on how to best rectify this on the Axel Lennart Wenner-Gren page. If you can comment on that I would appreciate it.Lindroth 14:14, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Image source
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User talk:Mmolander

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User talk:Bleeder

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Talk:Naked City (band)

Untitled
The jump-cut style description was good, but ignored the majority of Naked City's output, so I summed up the rest of their albums in another paragraph. I also reconfigured the introduction to have Zorn's name closer to the beginning (he is not just the leader), and to show his intentions in creating the band (I'm sure those are at least very close paraphrases, if you can cite them please do!) '--69.48.112.86 23:15, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)',,

Could we call the style jazzcore?

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User talk:Kdlb

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VIP
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Multiply Records

Multiply Records was a subsidiary of Telstar Records, that launched in 1993 and went into liquidation in 2004. Its major signings included Sash!, Phats & Small and the Cheeky Girls.

It was the brainchild of Mike Hall, who already worked for the parent company Telstar. Early successes included signing Bassment Jaxx's "Flylife", TJR feat Xavier's "Just Gets Better", one of the garage scene's foremost hits, as well as Lil Mo Yin Yang's "Reach", and Junior Vasquez's "If Madonna Calls". As a label they balanced credible releases with commercial hits, and enjoyed considerable success, as well as providing content for Telstar's huge compilation business.

The label had three sub labels - Multiply White (active 1995–1996), Sum Records (active 1996–1998) and MP2 (active in 2001).

In 2014, a number of Multiply releases were released to iTunes and Spotify by Phoenix Music International. Additionally some releases by other Telstar dance subsidiaries such as Decode and Pukka were digitally released under the Multiply brand.

title: Multiply Records


text:
List of political parties in the United States Virgin Islands

This article lists political parties in the United States Virgin Islands. The United States Virgin Islands has a three-party system, and many additional candidates run as independents.


text:
Al Imran

Al Imran (آل عِمْرَانَ, ; meaning: The Family of Imran ) is the third chapter (sūrah) of the Quran with two hundred verses (āyāt).

This chapter is named after the family of Imran (Joachim), which includes Imran, Saint Anne (wife of Imran), Mary, and Jesus.

Regarding the timing and contextual background of the asbāb al-nuzūl or circumstances of revelation, the chapter is believed to have been either the second or third of the Medinan surahs, as it references both the events of the battles of Badr and Uhud. Almost all of it also belongs to the third Hijri year, though a minority of its verses might have been revealed during the visit of the deputation of the Christian community of Najran at the event of the mubahala, which occurred around the 10th year of the Hijrah.

Summary

 * 1-2 God is one and self-existent
 * 3-4 The Quran to be believed
 * 5-6 God omniscient
 * 7 Plain and obscure verses of the Quran
 * 8-9 The prayer of those versed in Quranic mystery
 * 10-12 The punishment of Pharaoh a warning to infidels
 * 13 The victory at the Battle of Badr alluded to
 * 14-18 The faithful, their character and reward
 * 19-20 Islam the true religion
 * 21-25 The punishment of unbelievers eternal
 * 26-27 God omnipotent and sovereign
 * 28-34 Obedience to the Rabbinical lineage of Abraham enjoined.
 * 35-38 The Virgin Mary - her conception - nurtured by Zacharias
 * 39-41 John the Baptist, his birth
 * 42-57 Christ announced to the Virgin - his miracles, apostles etc.
 * 58-65 Muhammad's dispute with the Christians of Najran
 * 66-77 The hypocritical Jews reproached
 * 78-83 Prophets not to be worshipped
 * 84-91 God's curse on infidels
 * 92 Almsgiving enjoined
 * 93-95 The Jews unlawfully forbid certain meats
 * 96-97 The Kaaba founded
 * 98-105 Muslims are warned against the friendship of Jews etc.
 * 106-109 The lot of infidels and believers contrasted
 * 110-112 Muslims will defeat and humiliate the Jews and Christians
 * 113-115 Certain Jews who accepted Islam are commended for their faith
 * 116-120 Muslims not to make friends of Jews and Christians
 * 121-122 The battle of Uhud alluded to
 * 123 The narration about divine intervention from God in battle of Badr, as the number of personnel and war equipments brought by Muslims are few. Muhammad al-Bukhari giving commentary about the conclusion of this verse by correlate the subsequent event about the conversation between Muhammad and Gabriel, that the help which Allah sent down to bring victory to the Muslims were in the form of the army of best angels among their kinds. This were viewed as the instruction from the verse for Muslims to always fear and be thankful for Allah.
 * 124 Consensus of Islamic scholars and clerics has enclosed various hadiths as interpretation material for this verse that Gabriel, Michael, Raphael and thousands of the best angels from the third level of sky, all came to the battle of Badr. According to a Hadith narrated by Suyuti, the third sky angels were said to rode horses. Meanwhile, Mahdi Rizqullah has compiled the commentary from classical Islamic scholars, that the verse narration about the angels attendance in the battle were also supported by hadiths from hadith collection from Muslim ibn Hajjaj, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, and the also from Quranic historiography work by Ibn Kathir. Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani gave commentary of another supportive narration from al-Baihaqi and Ibn Ishaq, through various hadith narration chains about the testimony from several different sahabah. This included the narration of Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib who at that time fought on the side of Qurayshite polytheist, who testified that he has been taken captive on the aftermath of the battle by a horse rider whom he did not recognize at all from Muslims rank. According to the hadith authority from Ahmad ibn Hanbal, The captor of Abbas were confirmed by Muhammad as one of the angel who helped the Muslims during this battle.
 * 125 The angels that came to aid the Muslims in Badr has been strengthened by another five thousands of their kinds who wearing distinctive marks on their bodies, and on their horses which they rode which will be recognized by the Muslims in the battlefield. The distinctive marks which are reported by some reports are said to be a white scarves, while another opinions says they are red or yellow. more clearer source has stated that the angels has taken form of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, companion of Muhammad. Zubayr were said usually wore yellow turban most of the time, as prophet Muhammad spoke in hadith the army of angels dressing in yellow headgear and the clothing similar to Zubayr's attire.
 * 126 According to various Qur'anic Tafsir scholars, particularly those who endorsed by Religious ministry of Saudi Arabia and Indonesia, this verse affirms that the victory of Muslims in Badr were solely due to the help from God who sent His angels as sign good news and fulfilment of the promise to give them victory in battle.
 * 128-129 Disheartened Muslims encouraged
 * 130-136 Usury forbidden
 * 137-138 The doom of defamers of the apostles
 * 139-144 Islam not dependent on Muhammad for success
 * 145-148 The former prophets are examples of perseverance
 * 149-151 Unbelievers to be avoided
 * 152-153 Certain Muslims disobedient at Uhud
 * 154 This verse narrates the feel drowsiness and comfort which covers the Muslims before the battle. this event were agreed by both Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di and group of contemporary scholars from Saudi Arabia, both from Islamic University of Madinah and committee of Masjid al-Haram this verse were revealed just before the battle of Uhud, based from Hadith narrated by Zubayr ibn al-Awwam.
 * 155-157 The hypocrites rebuked
 * 158-159 Muslims slain at Uhud to enter paradise
 * 160-161 Mild treatment of vacillating Muslims
 * 162-165 The spoils of war to be honestly divided
 * 166-169 The faithful sifted by defeat at Uhud
 * 172 Regarding Battle of Hamra al-Asad participation of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and Abu Bakar, as exegesis scholars believed that "those who responded to the call of Allah and His Messenger after their injury" depicted in Ali Imran,  were intended to be az-Zubayr and Abu Bakar, two of Sahaba who lead the vanguard of this battle, after they receiving injuries from the battle of Uhud.
 * 173-176 Certain Muslims commended for faithfulness
 * 177-180 The fate of unbelievers
 * 181 The miser's doom
 * 182-190 Scoffing Jews denounced—they charge Muhammad with imposture
 * 191-195 Meditations and prayers of the pious
 * 196-198 God's answer to the prayers of the pious
 * 199 Certain believing Jews and Christians commended
 * 200 Exhortation to patience and perseverance

3:33 The family of Imran
The chapter takes its name from the family of Imran mentioned in verse.

According to Christian tradition, Joachim is the husband of Saint Anne and the father of Mary, mother of Jesus. As there is sparse evidence for Joachim being the name for the father of Mary, the Quranic account possibly alludes to the pun of Miriam, the daughter of Amram and sister of Aaron, for whom Muslim tradition believes Mary is named after. It also serves as a common focal point for Jewish and Christian audiences.

According to Iraqi Jewish translator, N.J. Dawood, the Quran confuses Mary mother of Jesus with Mary the sister of Moses, by referring to Mary, the mother of Jesus' father as Imran, which is the Arabic version of Amram, who in Exodus 6:20, is shown to be the father of Moses. Dawood, in a note to Surah 19:28, where Mary the Mother of Jesus is referred to as the "Sister of Aaron", and Aaron was the brother of Mary sister of Moses, states: "It Appears that Miriam, Aaron's sister, and Maryam (Mary), mother of Jesus, were according to the Quran, the same person." Although Islamic studies of the beginning of the 20th century tended to note genealogical discrepancies, in more recent Islamic Studies of the 21st century the general consensus is, according to Angelika Neuwirth, Nicolai Sinai and Michael Marx, that the Quran does not make a genealogical error but instead makes use of typology. This is, following Wensinck's conclusion, supported by the figurative speech of the Quran and the Islamic tradition:

"Maryam is called a sister of Hārūn, and the use of these three names ‘Imrān, Hārūn, and Maryam has led to the supposition that the Qur'ān does not clearly distinguish between the two Maryams, of the Old and the New Testaments. ... It is not necessary to assume that these kinship links are to be interpreted in modern terms. The words 'sister' and 'daughter', like their male counterparts, in Arabic usage, can indicate extended kinship, descendance or spiritual affinity. ... Muslim tradition is clear that there are eighteen centuries between the Biblical ‘Amram and the father of Maryam."

Similarly, Stowasser concludes that "to confuse Mary the mother of Jesus with Mary the sister of Moses and Aaron in Torah is completely wrong and in contradiction to the sound Hadith and the Qur'anic text as we have established". Rather it serves as a pun for the name Miriam, daughter of Amram and the sister of Aaron, venerated for helping to save her brother Moses as an infant. According to Muslim tradition, she serves as the forebearer of that name for Mary, mother of Jesus.

This matter has been explained in the following Hadith:

"Mughira ibn Shu’ba reported: When I came to Najran, they (the Christians of Najran) asked me: You read' O sister of Harun' (i. e. Hadrat Maryam) in the Qur'an, whereas Moses was born much before Jesus. When I came back to Allah's Messenger, peace and blessings be upon him, I asked him about that, whereupon he said: The (people of the old age) used to give names (to their persons) after the names of Apostles and pious persons who had gone before them."

Ibn Kathir (d.1373) also commented on this in his Quranic exegesis (tafsir), recalling the Arab tradition of addressing a person as the brother or sister of their notable ancestor:

"“This is similar to the saying, `O brother of Tamim,' to one who is from the Tamimi tribe, and `O brother of Mudar,' to one who is from the Mudari tribe.”"

title: Al Imran


text:
Wikipedia:Use of pics of genitals in articles

I would like to raise this issue here as I believe it is a matter that needs to be discussed beyond the narrow confines of the articles themselves. I responded to Theresa Knott on Talk:Male_circumcision as follows:

 * Theresa you seem to be using this talk page to cover issues relating to pictures in a number of articles. My main issue is with the use of a pic in the clitoris article which does not show the clitoris itself but rather a close up of the external female genitals. It seems rather pointless to me and supports my position that the view that any pic will do prevails whether it is of the subject or not. I can see why some people are offended. Now take the following for example and tell me which (your pic or this drawing) gives the reader a better understandinhg of the anatomy of the clitoris. As to the "desperate need" to depict an erect penis in the Penis article: I can't see any particular value in inserting a picture of an erect penis into the main body of the article when there are already images of flacid penises. What is achieved by this "in your face" style? Why not have a link to off site images of one or two erections? My comment on quality of the pics in the circumcision article relates to the black and white images. Perhaps there are colour images available? I am sorry to say that once again it appears that you have shown poor judgement Theresa. It is just not good enough to place a pic on the clitoris page of a full frontal view of the external female genitals with a line indicating that somewhere under the prepuce/skin (somewhere there)lies the clitoris. It is very unprofessional. I would like your opinion as to how we should deal with the Anus with regard to pics? Robert the Bruce

I am happy that the position seems to be that the use of pics on Wikipedia is acceptable, but all I ask is that these pics be selected on the basis of suitability and educational value and not as is clearly the case with the clitoris pic "any pic will do". Clearly the people who are involved with the selection and insertion of these pics should be supervised until some policy is formed. - Robert the Bruce 03:42, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * It was not a matter of "any pic will do". There were two less-than-ideal images available and the one that was GFDL was chosen over the one without source. It is _still_ less-than-ideal, and should possibly be replaced / complemented by an image actually showing the clitoris, not only pointing out its location.
 * Exactly what is your question regarding the anus article? — David Remahl 09:17, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * You seem to have missed my point. David, the fact that a less-than-ideal pic has been deliberately retained unfortunately does indicate that the policy of “any pic will do” prevails. Can we please display a degree of maturity here where we cease to display an almost childlike desperation to include explicit pics of human genitals? If the policy indeed is that pics may/should be used then let us at least use suitable and tasteful examples. In the absence of suitable educational images is it not better to have none than insert porn as a place marker? The picture in question (on the clitoris page) is in reality more than just "less-than-ideal" in that it does not depict the clitoris at all and just "says" its in there somewhere. Its quite disgraceful really. Now further anyone who met a few of them in his time will realise that the point of interest is size variations one comes across and the mere location can be depicted by a simple drawing. The link I posted (above) actually provides all the information one needs to know in this regard and am concerned about the mentality which demands the insertion of a full frontal view of the external female genitals which does not show the subject of the article in question. As I stated. The people involved in that fiasco need to be supervised. - Robert the Bruce 04:49, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Robert as I think I already said on the penis page. The value of the pic is in showing where the clitoris in relation to the other female organs. I didn't put the picture there Robert,someone else did. there was a month long vote on whther we should have a picture in the article and the consensus was very clear. I respect, and even at times enforce community consensus. I'm sorry that you don't like it but tough, consensus is how we do things around here. Naturally if someone can come up with a better picture, I'm sure the community will support that. As for the erect penis - I replaced one picture with another.You didn't complain about the erect penis that was there before - so I can only assume that your dislike of me is your motivation. However if the community (that means everyone, not just you) prefers the old picture, that's fine by me.

David i tink his question about the anus is would i show a picture of one. My answer is yes I would, however i don't get to make the decision, the community does. Theresa Knott (Tart, knees hot) 11:03, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * there was a month long vote on whther we should have a picture in the article I remember there being a vote on "Who would vote for replacing the second image on this page with this link?  anatomical drawing" but that was hardly about "whether or not we should have a picture in the article".  In fact, I voted No even though I think we shouldn't have a picture in the article (but rather link to a picture outside the article).  I don't think we need a picture in clitoris any more than we need a picture in goatse.cx.  I think the encyclopedia is best served by keeping the image as a link.  anthony 警告 00:17, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes that process was hardly a case study in how to build consensus. With a carefully worded question (like so often happens with referendum questions) the real issue is often not the subject of the vote. So we stand at the point where wikipedians (supposedly) accept the use of pics in anatomy articles even when they are less than suitable and are of a "pornographic" nature. That is why I suggested that the people involved in this "month long vote" be supervised in future as quite obviously they are lacking the responsibility and judgement to manage such consensus building and policy formulation. - Robert the Bruce 04:20, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * You want everyone who voted to be supervised? Or is it just the people who "carefully worded the question"? Who would do the supervision (Silly me - you of course) Theresa Knott (Tart, knees hot) 06:52, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Wrong again Theresa. Lets work through this one more time then shall we? People who display poor judgement should be supervised ... and that specifically means those involved in the whole fiasco around the clitoris picture (for they are doing Wikipedia harm). I am asking that someone step forward and take on the challenge of supervising the "kids". If I wanted to do so personally I would have jumped to it already ... but I have no such inclination. - Robert the Bruce 04:02, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * My point seems to have been lost in Robert's reply. AFAICT, there was not a vote on whether we should have a picture in the article. anthony 警告 14:13, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I just want to point that that the real problem here is that the people who want the picture think the people who don't want it are being unnecessarily prudish to point of decreasing the value of Wikipedia because it would exclude potentially valuable information, and the people who don't want the picture think the people who want it are being unnecessarily sexually perverted to the point of decreasing the value of Wikipedia because they are including smutty pictures that have marginal or no informative value. I hope that if we acknowledge this we can move forward to finding a mutually agreeable solution, provided the participating parties are willing to cooperate. Nohat 07:19, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree. In my opinion, such images are valuable and should remain in their articles or be replaced by higher quality images if available.  Illustrations are fine, but photos show details often not depicted in drawings.  --[[User:Eequor| η  [[Image:Venus symbol (blue).gif|♀]] [ υωρ ]]] 09:15, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * With respect you have not added to this debate as it is not a question about whether pics should be used in conjunction with or on their own but rather whether any crappy low quality porn pic will do (as seems to be the case). My plea is for maturity where we get beyond the need to insert any "in your face" pic of the human genitals for the hell of it. We should use only high quality, tasteful pics. Clearly the people who have been involved in the selection and posting of the current pics should be supervised from now on as they clearly are lacking the required judgement in this regard. - Robert the Bruce 21:33, 26 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Supervised by who? People already view each other's edits. Consensus is, we should have a picture. If you don't believe me, try removing it and see what happens. People want a "in your face" (as you put it) picture. The picture that is there now is better than the old one becasue it's copyright status is clear. The old picture stayed on the page for over a yeat - despite several people trying to remove it. Why? Becasue the community wants what you call a "crappy porn pic" read the all clitoris talk page. You think the image is not very good -find a better one. You think the image should go altogether (because it's not up to your standards) Start a new poll if you must. But stop all this talk of supervising other people and follow good wiki manners. Theresa Knott  (The snott rake) 22:08, 26 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Consensus. I am interested in your definition of consensus with regard to Wikipedia. I am specically interested in your take on how consensus was built around the this issue of the pic. Your question was:
 * QUESTION: Who would vote for replacing the second image on this page with this link? anatomical drawing
 * Who decided that that specific anatomical drawing was the only alternative? Who decided that the pic which incidentally does not show the clitoris was the only alternative? Theresa, suffice it to say that that charade of consensus building through a badly worded (or should one say cunningly worded) question does a disservice to Wikipedia. Now what did the question in fact ask? Wikipedians were asked if they wanted that specific pic or that specific drawing. Now please do not misinterpret the result as being a ringing endorsement of that pic to remain in the article. The pic does not show the clitoris. The pic is inappropriate in the context of the article. The people who were involved in that shambles have signalled load and clear that they do not have the judgement and thus should not be allowed to get involved in such travesties of consensus building again. - Robert the Bruce 04:28, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * It wasn't my question Robert. I merely voted, I didn't formulate the question. Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 20:16, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Theresa, you are enforcing that disgraceful example of how not build consensus. You have threatened me on at least two occasions "to see what will happen" if I dare to delete that pic. You have adopted a threatening defence of that disgraceful process. You are therefore up to your neck in this issue Theresa. I protested at the time over the wording of the question and you slapped me down. This situation is of your making Theresa. You have shown poor judgement. You must now fix the mess you have made. - Robert the Bruce 05:17, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Robert read the page - all of it -every single bit of the archive. You appear to think that I or some other admin worded the poll. You are wrong. It was worded by someone who wanted to delete the picture. He worded that way because he thought itwas a good idea to link offsite - the community didn't agree. He said we could substitute another picture if we didn't like that one (you'd know this if you read the archive innstead of assuming you know best) what's more it's not the only poll we've had. We've had various others on this issue with all pretty much the same result. And we've had numerous discussions about it too. Some of those discussion can be found on the clitoris archive - some on the penis, some were here on the VP. You don't like the picture? remove it and see what happens - ypu'll come face to face with consensus then. Yoy think the picture isn't good enough - find a better one. Theresa knott 08:37, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Theresa it is not my responsibility to "find a better pic" to replace one inserted as a result of extraordinary poor judgement. I can, however, understand why you need to try and save face on this. the so-called consensus that was achieved was that the pic was prefered to the specific anatomical drawing offered. Do you understand this simple fact? I'll try again ... the specific pic was prefered to the specific anantomical drawing offered. The vote was not about the pic itself. Now why don't you hold another cute little vote and ask whether a pic which does not display the subject of the article should stay or be deleted thereby leaving the article wiothout a pic until a suitable one has been found. - Robert the Bruce 15:31, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Do it yourself Robert.You're the one who wants the picture removed Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 16:49, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Are suggesting I should act in an arbitrary fashion Theresa? I believe you should clean up your own mess Theresa. Doing that will perhaps help you to avoid the same errors of judgement which led to this fiasco in the first place. - Robert the Bruce 17:30, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * My mess? You didn't read the talk page did you? Again - you want something done - do it, or shut up please Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 20:14, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Yes, your mess Theresa. Fix your mess don't expect others to do so so that you can appear to save face. - Robert the Bruce 05:17, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Why is it my mess Robert. I didn't insert either picture, i didn't start the vote. I might as well call it your mess. There's nothing to save face for. If you don't like it - lump it. As far as I am concered the current picture is fine. I have no intention of removing it. If you try to remove it, i will add it back in. If I'm not around, someone else will, because i have community consensus on my side.However if you replace it or suppliment it with a better one, then great. But if you are not willing to do that kindly shup up already Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 19:31, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Theresa I appreciate just how embarrassing this is for you. You were party to a decision (a travesty of consensus) that led to a picture of the vulva being place on the clitoris page. The consensus you refer to was a vote to select the pic of the vulva or an anatomical drawing. It was an "either, or" vote. It was a badly worded question which ultimately led to a bad result. The current pic on the Vulva page is superior as it is not an oblique shot. I say again Theresa that your judgement has once again been found wanting. Two points. The "consensus" you arrived at through the vote was that the current vulva pic on the clitoris page was favoured over the anatomical drawing. Nothing else. To claim anything else would be disingenuous. Read the question again:

QUESTION: Who would vote for replacing the second image on this page with this link? anatomical drawing
 * What consensus do you think was arrived at through the vote? Perhaps you should ask someone you trust to explain all this to you. Secondly, this issue has raised a number of problem areas here on Wikipedia. It is evident that there is no mechanism to control those admin/sysop types who have a "gunslinger" mentality. Ever heard of "Sed quis custodiet ipsos custodes?" (who guards the guards?). With apparently 300 odd admins out there this becomes more urgent by the day. Is it not important that Wikipedia does not provide a playground for "little tin gods"? The issue over the pic on the clitoris article is merely a symptom of a greater problem.
 * What I suggest in the meantime (while a suitable pic of a clitoris is being located) is that the current picture is removed and replaced with a link to this anatomical drawing. As a sop to those whose feeelings may be hurt by this course of action the pic of the vulva from the Vulva article may be inserted as a place holder. - Robert the Bruce 04:19, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I was not a "party to the decision" I merely voted on it -same as you did. I'm not intersted in your suggestion. If you remove the picture I will put it back in.Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 06:28, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Why is this discussion continuing on the Village Pump? I see no sign of general interest in this: it has turned into an argument between two contributors over a particular picture in a particular article. -- Jmabel | Talk 07:15, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * You're right.I'm sorry - I wont respond anymore. Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 10:05, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

If you remove the picture I will put it back in. Theresa, you don't seem to be trying to reach consensus on this matter. If you put the picture back in I will remove it. How about that? anthony 警告 14:18, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * How would you like to reach consensus on this matter? Theresa merely stated that she would re-add it as that is her given WikiRight, as much as it is mine to add it back in. Robert's comments in this discussion lean strongly towards trolling and are far from constructive. I too welcome a better image, but this one is better than none, and that seems to be the community consensus. -- [[User:Solitude|Solitude\talk]] 21:25, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * I would like to reach consensus through compromise. We should link to the image without displaying it inline. anthony 警告 22:47, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Practically every picture in Wikipedia can be considered offensive to some readers. Are you prepared to replace every image with a link to it? In that case, we might as well do that in the software (or let users turn off image viewing in their clients). That would be a lot more efficient than manually replacing every image that someone finds offensive with a link. — David Remahl 22:51, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Linking only to the vaginal pictures is hopelessly POV and I, for one, will not support it. Timbo 22:56, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Forget compromise - this is a red herring. It's fairly obvious that the vast majority of people want a picture in the article - this much has been implied (if not all-and-all demonstrated) in numerous previous polls across multiple talk pages. So to the prudes here who are advocating removing the picture - see how many users will revert you. Oh, and Anthony, under the standing order, editing warring and/or disruptive editing on your part is grounds for a 24 hour ban, so consider yourself warned. →Raul654 06:00, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Forget compromise? Wow! Now onto the semantics. "Fairly obvious" is not good enough. The vote if you remember was an "either or" choice over a specific pic or a link to a drawing. Once again the:
 * QUESTION: Who would vote for replacing the second image on this page with this link?
 * anatomical drawing
 * A badly worded question will always produce a bad result. The situation is made worse by those trying to defend the retention of an unsuitable pic to the death. Sadly for Wikipedia, this defence includes grossly misrepresenting the result of the vote. This is not good. It plays right into the hands of those who want no photos of human genitalia at all in that the current picture does not even depict the clitoris and because of the oblique view of the shot does not even give an adequate location indicator. This is a battle not worth fighting. This drawing is the best illustration of the clitoris that I have found. It should be used as a link to get past copyvio issues. The current picture should be deleted and until a suitable picture is found there should be no pic in the article. I would add that there should be no issue around whether a suitable pic should be included and any discussion should be limited to the educational suitability of the recommended picture. This issue has come about through the extraordinarily poor judgement and maturity of those who were involved in the process from the early stages. This needs to be fixed. - Robert the Bruce 01:47, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * You're like a stuck record that no one is listening to. Saying the current image should be deleted over and over again will not make someone delete it. This is the true meaning of consensus Robert.You cannot make people do you you want them too and repeating yourself over and over again will not achieve anything. Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 09:36, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The true meaning of consensus can be found here. I believe the process was flawed and that the results of the votes are being misrepresented to the extent that the community needs to take steps to: one, ensure this travesty does not happen again, and two, that those responsibile for the fiasco should be supervised in future. Thats it in a nutshell. Do you have a problem with this? - Robert the Bruce 03:11, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text: Category:Economics books

title: Category:Economics books


text:
Kerensky–Krasnov uprising

The Kerensky–Krasnov uprising was an attempt by Alexander Kerensky to crush the October Revolution and regain power after the Bolsheviks overthrew his government in Petrograd. It took place between.

Following the October Revolution, Kerensky fled Petrograd, which fell to the Bolshevik-controlled Petrograd Soviet and went to Pskov, the headquarters of the Northern Front command. He did not get the support of its commander, General Vladimir Cheremisov, who prevented his attempts to gather units to march on Petrograd, but he did get the support of General Pyotr Krasnov, who advanced on the capital with about 700 Cossacks. In Petrograd, opponents of the October Revolution were preparing a revolt that would coincide with the attack on the city by Kerensky's forces.

The Soviets had to improvise the defense of the hills south of the city and wait for the attack of Kerensky's troops, who, despite the efforts of the high command, received no reinforcements. The clash in the Pulkovo Heights ended with the withdrawal of the Cossacks after the Junker mutiny, which failed prematurely, and they did not receive the necessary support from other units to force the defences. Talks between the sides ended with Kerensky's flight, fearful of being handed over to the Soviets by his own soldiers, effectively ending attempts to restore the overthrown Russian Provisional Government.

Background
Alexander Kerensky, who had left Petrograd during the October Revolution, looked for troops that might come to the capital, but did not find them until he arrived to Pskov, where he arrived around 9 pm on. In the first town with troops near the capital, Gatchina, the soldiers were pro-Bolshevik, and Kerensky narrowly escaped arrest.

In Pskov was the headquarters of the Northern Front under the command of General Cheremisov; there Kerensky came into contact with General Pyotr Krasnov, commander of the 3rd Cavalry Corps, which participated in the Kornilov putsch. Together they gathered a Corps to march over the capital, despite the doubts of his commissar, who was suspicious of the reliability of some troops who were hostile to Kerensky. Krasnov, a monarchist officer, was not a great a supporter of Kerensky, but believed his claim that the majority of the army would support him against the Bolsheviks.

In turn, Cheremisov, whose troops were effectively under Bolshevik control and who had bad relations with Kerensky, had rescinded the orders to help the Provisional Government by sending him to Petrograd. Upon his arrival, I had informed him that he could not guarantee his safety if he remained in the city and that he had to leave immediately. Cheremisov refused to help the former prime minister. The local Military Revolutionary Committee controlled communications and transport and monitored the actions of the commanders. Cheremisov had also obstructed Kerensky's communications with the others. commanders of the front and communicated to the high command his appointment as commander-in-chief and the order to stop the march of troops on the capital, both false reports.

Military operations
On the night of, Kerensky was again on the outskirts of the capital with little over six hundred Cossacks — twelve and a half squads of sixty men — some cannons, an armored convoy and an armored car. The dispersion of the III Corps and the lack of support for Kerensky among the troops prevented the assembly of larger forces, and only those that were stationed in Ostrov marched towards the capital. Krasnov, however, was confident that his cossack troops would receive reinforcements. The few Cossacks crossed Pskov by train at full speed to avoid clashes with the troops occupying the station and continued towards Gatchina.

The next morning, troops took Gatchina without encountering resistance and prepared to assault the Bolshevik positions while awaiting reinforcements. Various circumstances, however, prevented the arrival of new forces to Kerensky: the neutrality of many officers in the conflict, such as the commander of the Northern Front, General Cheremisov, the refusal of the majority of the army to fight, the growing influence of the Bolsheviks in the troops and the reluctance of railway workers to collaborate in the operation. Cheremisov, with bad relations with Kerensky due to a previous personal offense, had ordered that none troops were sent to the capital the day before, declaring that the army should not mix in politics. Kerensky received only reinforcements from an armored convoy and a regiment from Luga. In Gatchina, only a few officers from the aviation school joined Krasnov's Cossacks; contributed a couple of planes and an armored car and dropped leaflets over the capital. After midnight on, small forces, whose size was exaggerated by the government of Lenin who believed they were much larger, took the Tsarskoye Selo. Here the first fight took place; Krasnov, however, drove out the Red Guards with his light artillery. His advance, however, was slow due to lack of reinforcements, especially infantry. At Tsarskoye Selo, the great garrison — sixteen thousand men — who outnumbered Krasnov's forces twenty to one, declared his neutrality in the confrontation. In turn, the Bolshevik Revolutionary Military Committee prepared to defend the capital and sent forward the best troops it had in Petrograd. Red Guards, civilians and sailors joined the garrison units that departed south of the city to mount defenses. The command has been placed in the hands of Colonel Muraviov, to whom Chudnovsky was attached as a commissioner; Trotsky and Pavel Dybenko accompanied them to supervise the operation.

Meanwhile, in Petrograd, ex-ministers Mensheviks encouraged officials to oppose the new Bolshevik government, the Sovnarkom, through strikes, and supporters of the old government, coordinated by the Committee for the Salvation of the Homeland and Revolution, controlled by the Socialist Revolutionary Party (PSR), planned a revolt simultaneously with Kerensky's impending attack. The presidency of the dissolved Preparliament called for a revolt against the Lenin government. The chief military commissar of the deposed Provisional Government, Stankevich, left to meet with Kerensky in Gatchina to coordinate the revolt in the city and the advance of Kerensky's troops.

After the failure of the junker mutiny in Petrograd, which had to be precipitated when it was discovered, some members of the PSR Central Committee joined Kerensky after fleeing the capital. Krasnov's troops made no attempt to help the rebels in the capital. Avram Gots supported the search for infantry to reinforce the Cossacks on their march on the capital, both at the front and in the garrisons around the city, which had thousands of soldiers. At the front, the Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries predominated in the unit committees, but not among the soldiers, who were increasingly close to the Bolsheviks. The army closest to the capital, the 12th, belonging to the Northern Front and with two pro-Bolshevik Latvian divisions selected, elected its council, which turned out to consist of supporters and opponents of the October Revolution; the few units sent to the capital refused to advance beyond Valka. The other two armies on the Northern Front, the 1st and 5th. º, were even more pro-Bolshevik and opposed to Kerensky's support. For their part, the Gatchina and Tsarskoye Selo garrisons had declared themselves neutral and did not support the attack by Kerensky to the capital. In the end, various efforts to obtain more troops, either from the front or from the nearby garrisons, proved fruitless.

On, 1917, faced with reports of excesses in the capital after the crushing the revolt of the cadets, tried to advance from the Tsarskoye Selo against the entrenched Bolshevik forces, which were twenty times as numerous. Despite advancing easily against the Red Guards, the Cossacks found themselves in danger of being attacked on their flanks by the marines commanded by Dybenko. The Cossacks were repulsed in the Pulkovo Heights and had to evacuate Tsarskoye Selo and return to Gatchina to avoid being surrounded. The confrontation had been messy and bloody. The forces of Kerensky began to disperse in retreat and some of them fraternized with the Bolsheviks in hopes of returning home. Lack of support had sapped the morale of Kerensky's few Cossack troops.

By, the situation had deteriorated to the point that Kerensky was in danger of being arrested by his own men and handed over to the Bolsheviks; the leaders of the Socialist Revolutionary Party forced him to flee dressed as a sailor. Kerensky's escape ended hopes of restoring the Provisional Government; after that the opponents of the October Revolution did not try to revive it, but to create a new alternative government to the Bolsheviks. The defeat of Kerensky, together with the Bolshevik victory in the heavy fighting in Moscow, temporarily secured the power of Lenin and his supporters; the capital was temporarily safe from military attack.

In turn, Krasnov was captured, but soon released after promising not to fight the Soviet authorities, a promise he quickly broke by becoming the leader of an anti-Bolshevik movement — the Don Republic.

title: Kerensky–Krasnov uprising


text:
List of political parties in Wallis and Futuna

This article lists political parties in Wallis and Futuna. Wallis and Futuna has a multi-party system with numerous political parties, in which no one party often has a chance of gaining power alone, and parties must work with each other to form coalition governments.

The parties
Some of the French political parties are active in Wallis and Futuna.

 * Voice of the Wallis and Futuna Peoples (La Voix des Peuples Wallisens et Futuniens)
 * People's Union for Wallis and Futuna (Union Populaire pour Wallis et Futuna )
 * Sigave National Association (Sigave L'Association Nationale)


text:
List of political parties in Transnistria

The following is a list of political parties in Transnistria. Transnistria has a multi-party system.

Active parties
Parties which are either represented in parliament, or are actively fielding candidates in parliamentary elections.
 * Renewal (Obnovlenie) – registered in 2000 – governing party since 2005
 * Transnistrian Communist Party (PKP) – registered in 2003

Defunct or inactive parties
Parties and political organizations which have been disbanded or are no longer fielding candidates in parliamentary elections.
 * Communist Party of Transnistria (KPP)
 * Fair Republic (Republică Justă) – founded on 3 July 2007
 * For Accord and Stability
 * Liberal Democratic Party of Transnistria (LDPP) – registered in 2006
 * Movement for the Development of the Dniester (Miscarea pentru dezvoltarea Nistrului)
 * Patriotic Party of Transnistria (Partidul Patriotic) – registered in 2006
 * People's Will (Voință Populară) – registered in 2006
 * Position (Poziție)
 * Power to the People (Vlast Narodu)
 * Republic (Republica) – registered in 2007
 * Return (Povernennia)
 * Breakthrough (Proriv) – registered in 2006
 * Social Democratic Party of Transnistria (Partidul Social Democrat) – registered in 2007
 * Union of Patriotic Forces (Uniunea Patriotic Forțelor)
 * United Work Collective Council (Sovietul de Colectivele de Muncă Unite)
 * Unity (Unitate)