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Harry Warner

Harry Morris Warner (born Hirsz Mojżesz Wonsal; December 12, 1881 – July 25, 1958) was an American studio executive, one of the founders of Warner Bros., and a major contributor to the development of the film industry. Along with his three younger brothers (Albert, Sam and Jack), Warner played a crucial role in the film business and establishing Warner Bros., serving as the company president until 1956.

Early life
Warner was born Hirsz Mojżesz "Wonsal" or "Wonskolaser"  to a family of Ashkenazi Jews     from the village of Krasnosielc, Poland (then part of Congress Poland within the Russian Empire). He was the son of Benjamin Wonsal, a shoemaker born in Krasnosielc, and Pearl Leah Eichelbaum. His given name was Mojżesz (Moses), however, he was called Hirsz (Anglicized to Hirsch) in the United States. In October 1889, he came to Baltimore, Maryland with his mother and siblings on the steamship Hermann from Bremen, Germany. Their father had preceded them, immigrating to Baltimore in 1888 in order to pursue his trade in shoes and shoe repair. It was at that time that he changed the family name to Warner which was used thereafter. As in many Jewish immigrant families, some of the children gradually acquired anglicized versions of their Yiddish-sounding names. Hirsz became Harry, and his middle name Morris was likely a version of Mojżesz.

In Baltimore, the money Benjamin Warner earned in the shoe repair business was not enough to provide for his growing household. He and Pearl had another daughter, Fannie, not long after they arrived. Benjamin moved the family to Canada, inspired by a friend's advice that he could make an excellent living bartering tin wares with trappers in exchange for furs. Sons Jacob and David Warner were born in London, Ontario. After two arduous years in Canada, the Warners returned to Baltimore. Two more children, Sadie and Milton, were added to the household there. In 1896, the family relocated to Youngstown, Ohio, following the lead of Harry, who had established a shoe repair shop in the heart of the emerging industrial town. Benjamin worked with Harry in the shoe repair shop until he secured a loan to open a meat counter and grocery store in the city's downtown area.

In 1899, Harry opened a bicycle shop in Youngstown, Ohio with his brother, Abraham.

Eventually, Harry and Abe also opened a bowling alley together. The bowling alley failed and closed shortly after it opened. Harry eventually accepted an offer to become a salesman for a local meat franchise, and sold meat in the states of Ohio and Pennsylvania. However, by his nineteenth birthday, Harry was reduced to living in his parents' crowded household.

Business career in films
In 1903, Harry's brothers, Abe and Sam, began to exhibit The Great Train Robbery at carnivals across Ohio and Pennsylvania. In 1905, Harry sold his bicycle shop and joined his brothers in their fledgling film business. With the money Harry made from selling the bicycle shop, the three brothers were able to purchase a building in New Castle, Pennsylvania. They would use this building to establish their first theater, the Cascade. The Cascade was so successful that the brothers were able to purchase a second theater in New Castle. This makeshift theatre, called the Bijou, was furnished with chairs borrowed from a local undertaker.

In 1907, the Warners expanded the business further and purchased fifteen theaters in Pennsylvania. Harry, Sam, and Albert then formed a new film exchange company, The Duquesne Amusement Supply Company, and rented an office in the Bakewell building in downtown Pittsburgh. Harry sent Sam to New York to purchase, and ship, films for their Pittsburgh exchange company, while he and Albert remained in Pittsburgh to run the business. In 1909, the brothers sold the Cascade Theater and established a second film exchange company in Norfolk, Virginia. Harry agreed to let younger brother Jack be a part of the company, sending him to Norfolk to serve as Sam's assistant. A serious problem threatened the Warners' film company with the advent of Thomas Edison's Motion Picture Patents Company (also known as the Edison Trust), which charged distributors exorbitant fees. In 1910, the Warners sold the family business to the General Film Company for "$10,000 in cash, $12,000 in preferred stock, and payments over a four-year period for a total of $52,000".

After they sold their business, Harry and his three brothers joined forces with independent filmmaker Carl Laemmle's Independent Motion Picture Company, and began distributing films from his Pittsburgh film exchange division. In 1912, the brothers earned a $1,500 profit with the film Dante's Inferno. In the wake of this success, Harry and the brothers broke with Laemmle and established their own film production company. They named their new company Warner Features. Once Warner Features was established, Harry acquired an office in New York with his brother Albert, sending Sam and Jack to run the new corporation's film exchange divisions in San Francisco and Los Angeles. In 1917, Harry won more capital for the studio when he was able to negotiate a deal with Ambassador James W. Gerard to make Gerard's book My Four Years In Germany into a film.

In 1918, after the success of My Four Years in Germany, the brothers were able to establish a studio near Hollywood, California. In the new Hollywood studio, Sam became co-head of production along with his younger brother, Jack. They were convinced that they would have to make movies themselves if they were to ever generate a profit. Between the years 1919 and 1920, the studio did not turn a profit. During this time, banker Motley Flint, who was, unlike most bankers at the time, not anti-semitic, helped the brothers pay off their debts. The four brothers then decided to relocate their studio from Culver City, California, to the Sunset Boulevard section of Hollywood.

During this time, Warner decided to focus on making only dramas for the studio. The studio rebounded in 1921 with the success of the studio's film Why Girls Leave Home; The film's director, Harry Rapf, became the studio's new head producer. On April 4, 1923, following the success of the studio's film The Gold Diggers, Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc. was officially established, with help from a loan given to Harry by Montly Flint. Harry became company president, with Albert as treasurer and Jack and Sam as co-heads of production. Harry and his family moved to Hollywood.

Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc.
The studio discovered a trained German Shepherd named Rin Tin Tin in 1923. The canine made his starring debut in Where the North Begins, a film about an abandoned pup who is raised by wolves and befriends a fur trapper. According to one biographer, Jack Warner's initial doubts about the project were quelled when he met Rin Tin Tin, "who seemed to display more intelligence than some of the Warner comics." The trained dog proved to be the studio's most important commercial asset until the introduction of sound. Prolific screenwriter Darryl F. Zanuck produced several scripts for Rin Tin Tin vehicles and, during one year, wrote more than half of the studio's features. Between 1928 and 1933, Zanuck served as the studio's executive producer, a position whose responsibilities included the day-to-day production of films; while Warner's younger brother Jack and Zanuck were able to develop a close friendship, Warner never really accepted Zanuck as a friend.

After establishing Warner Bros., the studio had unfortunately overdrawn $1 million (the amount which Warner had borrowed from Flint) and Warner decided to pay off the debt by expanding the studio's operations further. In the process, Warner acquired forty theaters in the state of Pennsylvania. In 1924, Warner Bros. would produce two more successful films, The Marriage Circle and Beau Brummell. In 1924, after Rapf departed the studio to accept an offer at MGM, Ernst Lubitsch, the successful director of The Marriage Circle, was also given the title of head producer; Lubitsch would add additional success for the studio's profits. The film Beau Brummel also made John Barrymore a top star at the studio as well. Despite the success the studio now, the brothers were still unable to compete with The Big Three (Paramount, Universal, and First National).

In 1925, Harry and a large group of independent film-makers assembled in Milwaukee to challenge the monopoly the Big Three had over the film industry. Harry and the other independent film-makers at the Milwaukee convention agreed to spend $500,000 in newspaper advertisements; this action would help benefit Warner Bros. profits. With help from a loan supplied by Goldman, Sachs head banker Waddill Catchings, Warner would find a way to successfully respond to the growing concern the Big Three Studios further induced to Warner Bros., and expanded the company's operations further by purchasing the Brooklyn theater company Vitagraph. Because of this, Warner Pictures now owned theaters in the New York area. Around this time, Warner purchased a home in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Hancock Park, where he remained until 1929.

In the later part of 1925, Harry's younger brother Sam had also acquired a radio station, KFWB. After acquiring his radio station, Sam decided to make an attempt to use synchronized sound in future Warner Bros. Pictures. Harry had initial reservations about the idea; when Sam first made this suggestion, Harry wanted to focus on background music before delving into people talking on screen. Harry responded, "We could ultimately develop sound to the point where people ask for talking pictures" The company also began acquiring theaters. Eventually, Warner Bros. came to own and operate some 250 theaters. By February 1926, however, the brothers' radio business had failed, and the studio was facing a net loss of $333,413.00.

After a long period of refusing to accept the usage of sound in the company's films, Warner now agreed to use synchronized sound in Warner Bros. shorts, as long as it was used only for background music, Harry then made a visit to Western Electric's Bell Laboratories in New York, (which younger brother Sam had earlier visited) and was impressed. One problem that occurred for the Warners, though, was the fact that the high-ups at Western Electric were perceived as anti-Semitic. Sam, though, was able to convince the high-ups to sign with the studio after his wife Lina wore a gold cross at a dinner he attended with Western Electric brass. After this, Harry signed a partnership agreement with Western Electric to use Bell Laboratories to test the sound-on-film process.

Godfather of Talkies
The success of Warner Bros.' early talkie films (The Jazz Singer, The Lights of New York, The Singing Fool and The Terror) catapulted the studio into the ranks of the major studios. Flush with cash, the Warners abandoned their old location in the Poverty Row section of Hollywood and acquired a big studio in Burbank, California. As a result of this success, Warner was able to acquire the Stanley Company of America (founded by Jules E. Mastbaum), which controlled most of the first-run theaters on the East Coast. This purchase gave them a share in rival First National Pictures, of which Stanley owned one-third. After this purchase, Warner was soon able to acquire William Fox’s one third remaining share in First National and was now officially the majority stockholder of the company. After success of the studio's 1929 First National film Noah's Ark, Harry Warner also agreed to make Michael Curtiz a major director at the Burbank studio as well.

Warner, after purchasing a string of music publishers, diversified the company by establishing a music subsidiary-Warner Bros. Music- and buying out additional radio companies, acquiring foreign sound patents, and adding a lithograph company as well; he even was able to produce a Broadway musical Fifty Million Frenchmen. By the time the 1st Academy Awards took place, Warner was recognized as the second most powerful figure in the movie industry, just behind MGM head Nicholas Schenck. In the wake of the success of Gold Diggers of Broadway, journalists had dubbed Warner "the godfather of the talking screen." The studio's net profit was now over $14,000,000.00. During this time, Warner soon also grew tired of the Hollywood atmosphere and acquired a twenty-two acre ranch in Mount Vernon, New York. Once Warner returned to New York, he and Albert were able to work together once again.

The Great Depression
Following Albert's advice, Jack and Harry Warner acquired three Paramount stars (William Powell, Kay Francis and Ruth Chatterton) for salaries doubled from their previous ones. This move proved to be a success, and stockholders maintained confidence in the Warners. The first year of the Great Depression, 1930, did not damage the studio badly, and Warner was even able to acquire more theaters for the studio in Atlantic City. During this time, Warner was also engaged in a lawsuit with a Boston stockholder who accused him of trying use money from the studio's profitable businesses to try to purchase his vast 300 shares of stock and  The company would, however, suffer a minor financial blow during the year after Motley Flint, the longtime banker for the studio, and by now also a close friend of the Warners, was murdered by an angry investor.

In the latter part of 1929, much to Harry's dismay, younger brother Jack would hire sixty-one-year-old actor George Arliss to star in the studio's film Disraeli. To Warner's surprise, the film Disraeli would go on to be a success at the box office, Arliss won the Academy Award for Best Actor, and Warner was convinced to make him a top star for the studio as well. During the Depression era, the studio also produced a series of gangster films; Warner Bros. soon became known as "gangster studio." The studio's first gangster film Little Caesar was a great success at the box office. Following Little Caesar, the studio agreed to cast Edward Robinson in a wave of gangster pictures. The studio's second gangster film, The Public Enemy, would also make James Cagney arguably the studio's new top star, and the Warners were now further convinced to make more gangster films as well. Another gangster film the studio released during the Depression era was the critically acclaimed I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang. The film made Paul Muni a top studio star, and also got audiences in the United States to question the country’s legal system.

However, they would begin to feel the effects of the Depression in 1931. As ticket prices became unaffordable, the studio would lose money. By the end of 1931, the studio suffered a net loss of reportedly $8,000,000.00, During this time, Warner rented the Teddington Studio in London, England. To help fight off the financial problems the Depression gave the studio, Warner Bros was now focused on making films for the London market and Irving Asher was appointed as the Teddington Studio's head producer. Unfortunately, the Teddington studio could not bring in additional profit to the Warners, and the Burbank studio would lose an additional $14,000,000 in 1932 as well. In 1934, Warner officially bought out the struggling Teddington Studio.

However, relief would come for the studio after Franklin Roosevelt became US president in 1933 and the New Deal revived the US Economy. Moviegoers returned, and during the year the studio was able to make a very profitable picture, 42nd Street, which revived the studio's musical films. However, in 1933, a blow would also occur as the studio's longtime head producer Darryl F. Zanuck would quit over disagreements with Harry Warner, which included Warner being strongly against allowing Zanuck’s film Baby Face to step outside the Hays Code boundaries; and refusing to restore Zanuck’s salary, which had been reduced as a result of the financial woes the studio temporarily faced from President Roosevelt's bank holiday - let alone raise it in the wake of the New Deal's economic rebound. Following Zanuck's resignation, studio director Hal B. Wallis took his place as the studio's executive producer, and Harry—who, along with his brother Jack, was a notable "penny-pincher"— finally agreed to bring salaries back up to industry expectations once again.

In 1933, the studio was also able to bring newspaper tycoon William Randolph Hearst's Cosmopolitan films into the Warner Bros. fold. Hearst had previously been signed with MGM, but he ended his ties with the company after a dispute with the company's head producer Irving Thalberg over the treatment of Marion Davies; Davies was a longtime mistress of Hearst, and was now struggling to draw box office success. Through the studio's partnership with Hearst, Harry's younger brother Jack was also able to sign Davies to a studio contract as well. However, Hearst's company and Davies' films could not increase the studio's net profits.

In 1934, the studio had a net loss of over $2,500,000. $500,000 of this loss was the result of physical damage to the Warner Bros. Burbank studio that occurred after a massive fire that broke out in the studio around the end of 1934, and destroyed twenty years' worth of early Warner Bros. films. The following year, Hearst's film adaption of William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream would fail at the box office and the studio's net loss increased. During this time, Warner was also indicted, along with six other Hollywood studio figures who owned movie theaters, of conspiracy to violate the Sherman Antitrust Act, through an attempt to gain a monopoly over theaters in the St. Louis area. In 1935, Warner, along with executives at RKO and Paramount, were put on trial for this charge. After a mistrial occurred, Warner sold the company's movie theaters, at least for a short time, and the case was never reopened. One problem that remained for Warner, however, was the studio's projectionist labor union, which had fallen under Mafia control.

In 1935, the studio's revived musicals would also suffer a major blow after director Busby Berkeley was arrested after killing three people while driving drunk one night. During the studio's union crisis, Warner received a threatening phone call from a union member, stating that he would seize Warner's daughter Betty and adopted daughter Lita within forty-eight hours. Warner then agreed to accept the union's demands, and the kidnapping threat ended. However, 1935 also saw some relief for Harry as the studio rebounded with a year-end net profit of $674,158.00. Around this time, a depressed Warner—seeing that the newly recovered business no longer needed loans to pay off debts—decided to move to California, and acquired 3000 acre of ranch land just northwest of Hollywood in Calabasas, California. He later moved into a 1,100-acre ranch in the San Fernando Valley.

During 1936, the studio's film The Story of Louis Pasteur was a success at the box office. In addition to the film's box office success, Paul Muni won the Oscar for Best Actor in March 1937 for his performance as the title role. The studio's film The Life of Emile Zola (1937), also starring Muni, gave the studio its first Oscar for Best Picture.

World War II
Warner occupied a central place in the Hollywood-Washington wartime propaganda effort during the Second World War, and by the end of 1942, served as a frequent, anti-Axis spokesman for the movie industry. Despite his conservative viewpoint and longtime affiliation with the Republican Party, Warner was also a close friend of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and supported him during the early 1930s. During Roosevelt's fight for the Democratic nomination in early 1932, the Warners made an effort to make his name known throughout the state of California. After Roosevelt was nominated, the three brothers asked their friends to contribute to his campaign. Jack Warner even staged a "Motion Picture and Electrical Parade Sports Pageant" at L.A. Stadium in Roosevelt's honor in 1932. During Roosevelt's 1932 campaign, Warner and the studio also contributed $10,000.00 to the Democratic National Committee. In the wake of Nazi Germany's rise to power, Warner became a key proponent of US intervention in Europe.

Prior to the beginning of the war in Europe, Warner had produced a series of film shorts which glorified America's fight against Germany during World War I; Warner later received an honorary award for producing these shorts. By the fall of 1938, Warner had gradually helped block the distribution of Warner Bros. films in Nazi Germany and its ally Italy. Prior to the war's beginning in Europe, Warner supervised the production of two anti-German feature films, The Life of Emile Zola (1937) and Confessions of a Nazi Spy (1939). He spent large sums of money to get many of his relatives and employees out of Germany when the war officially began in the latter part of 1939. Before the U.S. officially entered World War II, Warner supervised the production of three more anti-German films: The Sea Hawk (1940), which portrayed Spain's King Phillip II as an equivalent to Adolf Hitler, Sergeant York (1941) and You're in the Army Now (1941).

After America's entry into the war, Warner decided to focus on making just war films. During the duration of the war these included Casablanca, Yankee Doodle Dandy, This Is the Army and the controversial film Mission to Moscow. At the premieres of Yankee Doodle Dandy (in Los Angeles, New York and London), audiences for the film would purchase a total of $15,600,000.00 in war bonds for the governments of England and the United States. By the middle of 1943, however, it became clear that audiences were tired of war films. Despite the growing pressure to abandon the topic, Warner continued to produce them, losing money in the process. Eventually, in honor of studio contributions to the war cause, the United States Government would name a Liberty Ship after the brothers' father, Benjamin Warner, and Warner would be given the honor of christening the ship. By the time the war ended, $20,000,000.00 worth of war bonds would be purchased through the studio, the Red Cross collected 5,200 pints of plasma from studio employees, and 763 studio employees, including Warner's son-in-law Milton Sperling and nephew Jack Warner Jr., served in the U.S. armed forces.

Following a dispute over ownership of Casablanca's Oscar for Best Picture, head producer Hal B. Wallis broke with Warner and resigned from the studio. Following Casablanca, Humphrey Bogart became arguably the studio's top star. In 1943, Olivia de Havilland (whom Warner was now loaning to different companies) sued Jack Warner for breach of contract. De Havilland cited that the government laws only required employee contracts to reach a maximum of seven years; When de Havilland won her case many of the studio's longtime actors were freed of their contracts. To help retain them, Harry decided to eliminate the studio's suspension policy.

Postwar era
In 1947, Warner, who was by now exhausted from all his years of arguing with his brother Jack, decided to spend more time at his San Fernando Valley ranch and to expand his interest in horse racing. Along with brother Jack, in 1938, Harry Warner became one of the founders of Hollywood Park Racetrack. In partnership with Mervyn Le Roy, he created the W-L Ranch Co. Thoroughbred racing stable. In 1947, the Warner-LeRoy stable was able to acquire a valuable racehorse named "Stepfather." Warner had a bitter rivalry with his brother Jack over the years, particularly due to Jack's longtime infidelities (as Jack had been engaged in affairs with a wide range of various women since Warner Bros. Inc. was established in 1923) and waste of the Burbank studio's money. In the 1930s Harry, like most of his relatives, also refused to accept Jack's second wife, actress Ann Paige - with whom Jack had an affair while still married to his first wife Irma Solomon - as a member of the Warner clan. When Jack and Ann officially got married in January 1936, Harry and the rest of the Warner family refused to attend the ceremony. In a letter Harry sent to Jack on his wedding day to Ann, Harry stated "the only thing that could come from this day was that our parents didn't live to see this."

Throughout the early years of the studio's existence, various people, including Warner's younger brother Sam, had served as buffers between Harry and Jack. The last person to serve as a buffer between the two, father Benjamin Warner, died on November 5, 1935. Following Benjamin's death, Jack and Harry were now barely on speaking terms, and were merely just business partners to one another. Jack's marriage to Ann was also arguably a huge turning point in the two brothers' fragile relationship as well; Harry's arguments with Jack were now practically on a daily basis.

By the early 1950s, the brothers' long-simmering feud had risen to new heights, as Jack began spending a lot of his time in France, occasionally ignored managing the studio in favor of vacationing, gambling, and socializing with royalty, and spent studio money lavishly on 3-D films. On one occasion during this period, studio employees claimed they saw Harry Warner who was very furious at his brother Jack chase him through the studio with a lead pipe, shouting "I'll get you for this, you son of a bitch".

The studio prospered post-war time, and by 1946, company payroll had reached $600,000 a week for studio employees, and the studio's net profit would reach $19,424,650.00 by the end of the year as well. During this time, Warner hired his son-in-law, Milton Sperling, to head an independent film production company for the studio. In 1947, Harry also tried to move Warner Bros. headquarters from the longtime New York building to the Burbank area, but was unsuccessful. By the end of 1947, the studio had a record net profit of $22,000,000.00, although the following year, the studio profits would decrease by 50%.

During this time, the studio was a party to the United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. antitrust case. This action, brought by the Justice Department and the Federal Trade Commission, claimed that the five integrated studio-theater chain combinations restrained competition. The Supreme Court heard the case in 1948, and ruled for the government. As a result, Warner and four other major studios were forced to separate production from exhibition. In early 1953, the brothers finally fulfilled their end of the bargain and sold their theater chain to Fabian Enterprises. In 1948, Bette Davis, now fed up with Jack Warner, would serve as a big problem for Harry after she, and a number of her colleagues, departed from the studio after completing the film Beyond the Forest. By 1949, the studio's net profit had fallen to $10,000,000.00, and the studio would soon suffer more losses with the rise of television.

In 1949, Warner, seeing the threat of television grow, decided to shift his focus towards television production. However, the Federal Communications Commission would not allow Warner to do so. After an unsuccessful attempt to convince other movie studio bosses to switch their focus to television, he abandoned his television efforts. As the threat of television grew in the early 1950s, Warner's younger brother, Jack, decided to try a new approach to help regain profits for the studio.

In the wake of United Artists' successful 3-D film Bwana Devil, Jack decided to expand into 3-D films with the studio's film House of Wax (1953). While the film proved successful for the studio, 3-D films soon lost their appeal among moviegoers. After the downfall of 3-D films, Warner decided to use CinemaScope in future Warner Bros. films. One of the studio's first CinemaScope films, The High and Mighty, brought the studio some profit.

In 1954, Warner and his brother Jack were finally able engage in the new television medium, providing ABC with a weekly show, Warner Bros. Presents. Warner Bros. Presents was not a success. In 1955, the studio was able to debut a very successful western television drama, Cheyenne The studio then followed up with a series of Western dramas such as Maverick, Bronco and Colt .45. The studio's television westerns would, indeed, help compensate for the net losses that the studio was now given at the box office Within a few years, Warner, who was accustomed to dealing with actors in a high-handed manner, provoked hostility among emerging television stars like James Garner, who filed a lawsuit against Warner Bros. over a contract dispute. Jack Warner was angered by the perceived ingratitude of television actors who seemed to show more independence than film actors, and this deepened his contempt for the new medium. Through this success, Warner began to be known as the "Strategic Generalissimo" by his employees.

By 1956, the studio's profits had dropped to new lows. Warner and Jack's tumultuous relationship worsened when Warner learned of Jack's decision to sell the Warner Bros.' pre-1949 films to Associated Artists Productions for the modest sum of $21 million. "This is our heritage, what we worked all our lives to create, and now it is gone," Warner exclaimed, upon hearing of the deal. Shortly after doing this, Jack took a long vacation in southern France. The brothers' fragile relationship had reached a new low.

Retirement
In May 1956, the brothers announced they were putting Warner Bros. on the market. Jack, however, had secretly organized a syndicate, headed by Boston banker Serge Semenenko, which purchased 90% (800,000 shares) of the company's stock; Harry had at first rejected Semenenko's earlier offer to purchase his stock in February 1956, but later accepted the offer after Semenenko increased his bid and agreed to make Simon Fabian—the head of Fabian Enterprises who had also become a friend of the Warners—the new Warner Bros. President. After the three brothers sold their stock, Jack (through his under-the-table deal with Sememenko) joined Semenenko's syndicate and bought back all his stock, which consisted of 200,000 shares. The deal was completed in July 1956. Jack, who was now the company's largest stockholder, named himself president.

Warner found out about Jack's dealing while reading an article in Variety magazine on May 31, 1956 and collapsed after reading the news. The next day, he checked into Cedars of Lebanon Hospital and doctors told him he had a suffered a minor heart attack the previous day. While at the hospital, Warner also suffered a stroke that impaired his walking ability and forced him to use a cane for the rest of his life. Six days after his stroke, he left the hospital and decided to sell 42 of his thoroughbred racehorses. This subterfuge proved too much for Warner and he and his family never spoke to Jack again; when Jack made a surprise appearance at Harry's San Fernando ranch, to attend Harry's 1957 wedding anniversary to Rea Levinson, nobody in the Warner family attending the event spoke to Jack. All Warner was now dedicated to doing was raising horses.

Shortly after this, when Jack was away one day, Warner made one last visit to the studio to take US$6,000,000 1958 out of his old studio account. He gave $3 million to his wife Rea, and $1.5 million each to his two daughters Doris and Betty. In the meantime, he sold a large portion of the remaining studio stock he had to Semenenko and made sure he would never come near the Burbank studio ever again.

Personal life
On August 23, 1907, Warner married his girlfriend, Rea Levinson. It has been reported by family members that Harry dedicated a huge chunk of his life to make Rea happy. Together, the couple also had three children: Lewis Ethan (b. October 10, 1908), Doris (b. September 13, 1913), and Betty Leah (b. May 4, 1920). Harry and his family were also very faithful to Jewish customs and traditions.

On April 5, 1931, Warner's son Lewis, whom he appointed as head of Warner Bros. Music, died following the extraction of an infected, impacted wisdom tooth, which led to sepsis and then double pneumonia. Following Lewis' death, Warner, who was now left without a recognized heir to his empire, descended into an extreme state of depression. The following year, the Warners donated a theater in Lewis' honor to Worcester Academy, Lewis' alma mater.

Warner also felt his brother Sam's widow, actress Lina Basquette, was a tramp and not worthy of raising a child with the last name Warner. While Jack didn't mind that Lina was Catholic, Harry and the rest of the Warner family did. They refused to have any part in Lina's life, and did not acknowledge her as a member of the Warner clan.

In 1930, Basquette went broke and Warner decided to file for guardianship over Sam and Lina's daughter, Lita. On March 19, 1930, Warner and his wife Rea became the legal guardians of Lita through a $300,000 settlement in Lita's trust fund. Basquette was never financially able to take care of or regain custody of Lita and in 1931, she tried to commit suicide by poison. Following her suicide attempt, Basquette would only see her daughter on two occasions in the next twenty years. In 1947, Basquette filed for a large share of Sam's estate, which was by now worth $15,000,000 in stocks alone. Basquette claimed that the Warner brothers reorganized Sam's will under New York statutes, while Sam died while living in the state of California, where, at the time of Sam's death in 1927, laws gave widows a larger share in their husband's wills. The lawsuit eventually ended when Basquette settled for a $100,000 trust fund from Harry's fortune.

Warner's daughter, Doris, was married to director Mervyn LeRoy on January 3, 1934. Because of their wedding, Warner, with no male heir to his studio after Lewis died, made LeRoy his new heir to the Warner Bros. studio. Together, the couple gave Harry two grandchildren, Warner Lewis LeRoy (1935-2001) and Linda LeRoy Janklow (b. 1939) (married to Morton L. Janklow). On one occasion, in the late 1930s, Doris read a copy of Margaret Mitchell's Gone With the Wind and became interested making a film adaption of the book for the studio as well; Doris then offered Mitchell $50,000 for the book's screen rights. However, Uncle Jack refused to allow the deal to take place, after seeing how expensive the film's budget would have been for the studio. The couple would later divorce on August 12, 1945, and Warner was left without an heir again. Two months after her divorce from LeRoy, Doris would marry director Charles Vidor. Together the couple had three sons, Michael, Brian and Quentin. The two remained married until Vidor's death in 1959.

In 1936, Betty Warner began an affair with one of Darryl F. Zanuck's assistants Milton Sperling. The two would marry on July 13, 1939. Through this marriage, the couple would also give Warner four more grandchildren, Susan (b. December 4, 1941), Karen (b. April 8, 1945), and Cass (b. March 8, 1948), and Matthew. The two remained married for twenty-four years. In 1964, Betty married Stanley Sheinbaum. His granddaughter, Cass Warner Sperling, and her husband, actor Wings Hauser, are the parents of actor Cole Hauser.

Death
Warner died on July 25, 1958, from a cerebral occlusion. Some people close to Harry, however, believed he died of a broken heart; Harry's wife Rea even stated, after Harry's funeral took place, that "he didn't die, Jack killed him." He left an estate valued at $6,000,000 with 50% bequeathed to his wife and 25% to each of his daughters, Doris and Betty (married to producer Milton Sperling). For his contributions to the motion picture industry, Harry Warner has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6441 Hollywood Boulevard.

Legacy
In 2004, Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania dedicated a film institute to him. The university also hosts an annual Harry Warner film festival.

In popular culture

 * In an episode of Millionaire Hot Seat in Australia, contestant Barry Soraghan had a question for $1 million, which was about the Warner Brothers and which one of them had died on the eve of The Jazz Singer. Harry Warner was incorrectly identified as the Warner brother who died on the eve of The Jazz Singer (Sam was the correct answer).

title: Harry Warner


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Swap body

A swap body, exchangeable container or interchangeable unit, is one of the types of standard freight containers for road and rail transport.

Based on and very similar to the more widespread shipping containers (ISO containers), swap bodies normally have the same external dimensions for the bottom corner fittings as ISO shipping containers so that they can be placed on the same kinds of trucks, trailers and railroad cars designed for shipping containers. However, ISO containers inner dimensions (2.33 m wide) are just a few centimetres too short to accommodate European-pool pallets (0.8 x) without leaving much empty space. To optimise the carriage of pallets, wide bodies are often scaled to the maximum width allowed for standard road trucks and railroad cars and to a different length without leaving empty space.

On the other hand, swap bodies do not have upper corner fittings, are not stackable and must be lifted by the bottom frame. Thus, they require special handling when transported by rail and are unsuitable for ship-based overseas transportation.

Swap bodies take advantage of the large number of trailers used to carry standard ISO containers. The design of swap bodies and roller containers is optimized to minimize empty weight, saving on trucking fuel cost (less dead weight to be transported) and the cost of building reloading terminals.

Due to security concerns, an increasing number of swap bodies have a hard surface instead of curtains and tarpaulins.

Swap bodies are typically more expensive than equivalent payload ISO containers. This is because the ISO containers used in Europe are typically manufactured in China, whereas swap bodies are made in Europe (central Europe and the UK). This extra cost is offset by the lighter weight of the body and increased cargo capacity, resulting in fuel savings during transport.

Many swap bodies are fitted with four up-folding legs under their frame. These legs make it possible to change, or swap, their body from one carriage to another, or to leave the swap body at a destination, without using extra equipment such as a crane or hoist.

Special swap bodies may have more doors or sliding panels than ordinary hard boxes for trucks, railroad cars, or sea containers. This feature makes unloading and loading faster and easier.

Many swap bodies are fitted with keyhole tracks. These secure a range of extras such as shoring bars and cargo nets to extend its uses in various applications. Recently a second flooring using folding shelves has been used to aid postal companies.

Special steel frames or racks are available in certain container ships and container marshalling yards to hoist swap bodies from topside.

All swap bodies are subject to extensive non-destructive (in most cases) testing, some in-house others not, regulated by certifying authorities.

Basic standardization is set with Euronorms EN 283, EN 284 and EN 452 for construction and design, as well as EN 13044 for marking and identification. The panel responsible for developing standards is CEN/TC 119. The outcome of this panel has not yet provided any contribution to automation, as handling the swap bodies is a traditional haulage business with truck drivers involved.

Swap bodies in Europe are all manufactured to a DIN standard of DIN EN 283. In the United States there are no standard sizes. Demountable Concepts, Inc., however maintains compliance will all applicable cargo securement standards for its swap bodies.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Swap body


text:
Algernon Sidney Buford

Algernon Sidney Buford (January 2, 1826 – May 6, 1911) was a Virginian businessman, politician, and lawyer best known for his 22-year presidency of the Richmond and Danville Railroad, during which he was responsible for growing the line from 140 miles in length to 3,000 miles in length. Born in North Carolina to parents of Virginia stock, Buford grew up in Pittsylvania County, Virginia and attended the University of Virginia from 1846 to 1848, graduating with a Bachelor of Law. For the next decade, he practiced law in Pittsylvania and Danville and became the owner and editor of the Danville Register. These occupations were interrupted by a year's service in the Virginia House of Delegates in 1853.

When the Civil War broke out in Spring 1861, Buford enlisted in the Confederate States Army and was assigned to the Army of Northern Virginia, in which he served until Fall 1861. At that point, the residents of Pittsylvania County again elected him to the House of Delegates. During the war, Virginia Governor John Letcher brevetted Buford a lieutenant colonel in the Virginia militia. In this position, Buford watched over sick and injured Confederate troops at "Buford's Home" and forwarded important military supplies to soldiers on the front lines. After Appomattox in April 1865, Buford resigned from the legislature and returned to Danville. He was elected President of the Richmond and Danville Railroad on September 13, 1865, and consequently moved back to Richmond in early 1866.

Over the next two decades, Buford guided the railroad through its best years. In 1866, the R&D had 154 miles of track and $284,790 in profit. By 1886, it had grown to 2,670 miles of track and $1,767,662 in profit. Adjusting for deflation in the late 19th century, Buford delivered a 1,050% growth in profit over 20 years. In the course of those years, however, the controlling interests in the company became contrary to Buford's established policies of management and he tendered his resignation in late 1886.

For the next few years of his life, Buford devoted himself to the Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical Society and served as its president for four years. In 1893, he ran for governor of Virginia but was defeated by Charles T. O'Ferrall. He was also involved with the direction of the Merchants National Bank of Richmond. In 1911, Algernon S. Buford died at his home in Richmond and was buried at Hollywood Cemetery.

Early life (1826–1865)
Buford was a graduate of the University of Virginia, and came to Chatham, Virginia, to enter the practice of law. His choice was understandable, since several illustrious attorneys had established practices in the town, including Whitmell Pugh Tunstall, who had been the creator and first president of the Richmond and Danville Railroad.

Buford was related to Tunstall. He was Tunstall's nephew-in-law and in manner of speaking, his brother-in-law as well. He married Emily Winifred Townes, daughter of George Townes and Eliza Barker Tunstall. Eliza was the older sister of Whitmell P. Tunstall, and had reared him after the death of their mother.

Buford represented Pittsylvania County in the Virginia House of Delegates during 1853 and 1854.

During the American Civil War, in 1863, Buford was in charge of the Virginia Depot, on 13th street, south of Cary Street, (Shockoe Slip), in Richmond. After the war, he became known as Col. Buford.

President of the Richmond and Danville Railroad (1865–1887)
Over the next two decades, Buford guided the railroad through its best years. In 1866, the R&D had 154 miles of track, $672,714 in earnings, $284,790 in profit, 25 locomotives, and 285 total cars. By 1886, it had grown to 2,670 miles of track, $3,981,355 in earnings, $1,767,662 in profit, 126 locomotives, and 2,551 total cars. Adjusting for deflation in the late 19th century (i.e., converting 1866 USD to 1886 USD), the 1866 earnings decrease to $397,705 and profit decreases to $168,366. When the 1886 numbers are taken as percentages of the 1866 numbers, the growth rates in earnings and profit are given: 1,001% growth in earnings and 1,050% growth in profit.

With the support of Virginia Governor Francis H. Pierpont, on September 13, 1865, Colonel Buford became president of the 140 mi Richmond and Danville Railroad (R&D). Damage from the war, including the bridge across the James River between Manchester and Richmond was repaired.

Over the next 20 years, as R&D President, Col. Buford extended the trackage to three thousand miles. The R&D's early acquisitions included the Piedmont Railroad in 1866, and the North Carolina Railroad in 1871.

In 1872, the R&D extended aid to the Atlanta and Richmond Air Line Railway to help it complete its road between Charlotte and Atlanta. The line was to become a key link in the "Piedmont Air Line,” a system of railroads across the southeast.

In 1878, the R&D acquired the Charlotte, Columbia and Augusta Railroad.

In 1880, the Richmond and West Point Terminal Railway and Warehouse Company was chartered to acquire railroads which the R&D could not acquire directly due to a limitation in its charter. One of these was the former Richmond and York River Railroad. The Terminal Company quickly purchased over 700 mi of existing railroads and acquired the franchises for a number of projected lines including the Georgia Pacific Railway and the Rabun Gap Short Line Railway.

In 1881, the R&D leased the Piedmont Air Line system, by then renamed Atlanta and Charlotte Air Line Railway, forming the Richmond and Danville Railroad System.

In 1885, the R&D bought the Lawrenceville-to-Suwanee line in Georgia from the Lawrenceville Branch Railroad. This line was sold to the Atlanta and Charlotte Air Line Railway in 1908, and was abandoned in 1920.

The R&D leased the 61 mi North Eastern Railroad (Georgia) in 1886. In 1887, the Terminal Company gained control of the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railway.

In 1888, the Terminal Company purchased the entire capital stock of the Georgia Company, which held a controlling interest in the Central Railroad and Banking Company. In 1889, the 566 mi Georgia Pacific Railway was completed and began operation from Atlanta to Greenville, Mississippi. It had been leased to the R&D in January of that year.

In 1890, the Terminal Company acquired a controlling interest in the Alabama Great Southern Railroad.

By 1890, the R&D System covered 3300 mi of track in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Texas. However, the R&D System had become financially unstable during all the growth. In 1892, the R&D and subsidiaries entered receivership.

Reorganized by J.P. Morgan and his New York banking firm of Drexel, Morgan and Company, they emerged in 1894 as the Southern Railway Company, which controlled over 4000 mi of line at its inception. In 1980, Southern Railway Company later became part of Norfolk Southern Railway.

After the R&D (1887–1911)
After his retirement from the presidency of the Richmond and Danville, Buford remained active in Richmond society. On the night of May 6, 1911, Colonel Buford died at his residence at 20 West Franklin Street in Richmond. His funeral was held on May 8 at Broad Street Methodist Church, which he had attended for many years.

Family
Buford married three times. His first marriage was to Emily Whitmell Townes (1830–1859) of Pittsylvania in December 1854, with whom he had three daughters: Elizabeth T. "Lizzie" (1856–1859), Susan A. (1857–1859), and Emily Townes (1859–1938), married Col. Clement E. Manly (1853–1928) of North Carolina. Emily died in November 1859 and Buford remarried to Kate Aubrey Wortham (1843–1875) of Richmond in December 1869. They had two daughters: Catherine "Kate" Thomas (1871–1963), married Walter T. L. Livingston (1871–1930); and Elizabeth "Lizzie" Gilmer (1873–1880). After Kate's death in 1875, Buford remarried for the third and final time to Mary Cameron Strother (née Ross, 1848–1916), the widow of Robert Q. Strother (1844–1873), in May 1879. They had three children: Algernon Sidney, Jr. (1880–1951), married Elisabeth Lanier Dunn (1884–1980); Mary Ross (1883–1962), married Frederick E. Nolting (1872–1955); and William Erskine (1887–1954), married Sarah Sergeant Oppenheimer (1894–1972).

Legacy
Bon Air, Virginia, was developed as a resort community of Richmond located 9 mi west on the Richmond and Danville Railroad.

Col. Buford personally (as well as through the Richmond and Danville Railroad) was much involved in the development of the community, originally known as Brown's Summit, later renamed Grand Summit, and eventually renamed again Bon Air), derived from the French expression for good air. In 1877, he was among the first investors and officers in the Bon Air Land and Improvement Company. Other R&D officials involved in the development of Bon Air were General Thomas M. Logan, Col. Andrew Talcott, and Talcott's son, Thomas Mann Randolph Talcott. Among Bon Air's residents of the period was druggist Polk Miller, who founded Sergeant's Pet Care Products and became a notable musician.

Buford is memorialized by the naming of the thoroughfare Buford Road in Bon Air, Virginia.

Buford, Georgia, a town (and later a city) on a portion for the Richmond and Danville Railroad system was named for him.

title: Algernon Sidney Buford


text:
Georges Izambard

Georges Alphonse Fleury Izambard (11 December 1848 in Paris – February 1931) was a French school teacher, best known as the teacher and benefactor of poet Arthur Rimbaud. He taught at the Collège de Charleville in Charleville, where his nickname was "Zanzibar".

On 4 May 1870, Rimbaud's mother wrote to Izambard to complain about him giving Rimbaud Victor Hugo's Les Misérables to read. In May 1871, Rimbaud sent an important letter to Izambard. In this letter, (which includes the poem "Le Cœur supplicié"), he affirms that he wants to be a poet, and that he is working to become a "voyant":

 * Je veux être poète, et je travaille à me rendre voyant : vous ne comprendrez pas du tout, et je ne saurais presque vous expliquer. Il s'agit d'arriver à l'inconnu par le dérèglement de tous les sens. Les souffrances sont énormes, mais il faut être fort, être né poète, et je me suis reconnu poète. Ce n'est pas du tout ma faute. C'est faux de dire : Je pense : on devrait dire : On me pense. − Pardon du jeu de mots. − Je est un autre. Tant pis pour le bois qui se trouve violon, et nargue aux inconscients, qui ergotent sur ce qu'ils ignorent tout à fait !

Translated:
 * I wish to be a poet, and I am working to make myself into a seer: you will not understand at all, and I would not nearly know how to explain it to you. It's a question of coming to the unknown through the disordering of all the senses. The suffering is enormous, but one must be strong, be born a poet, and I have come to terms with my destiny as a poet. It's not at all my fault. It's wrong to say "I think"; one ought to say "I am being thought" - Forgive the play on words - I is another. Too bad for the wood which finds itself a violin, and brush off the oblivious, who quibble over things they know nothing about!

title: Georges Izambard


text:
Tangents (collection)

Tangents (ISBN 0-446-51401-2) is a collection of short stories by the science fiction writer Greg Bear. The stories originally appeared in a number of different publications.

This collection, originally published in 1989, includes:

 * Blood Music (later expanded into the novel Blood Music)
 * Sleepside Story
 * Webster
 * A Martian Ricorso
 * Dead Run
 * Schrödinger's Plague
 * Through Road no Whither
 * Tangents
 * Sisters
 * The Machineries of Joy

title: Tangents (collection)


text:
User:SZ~enwiki

Hello. Small things I've done: Georges Izambard - Nothing. Really.

title: User:SZ~enwiki


text:
Talk:Poley McClintock

Untitled
This person never voiced Popeye. Only four peopel have voiced Popeye ever in animation, discounting the 2004 CGI special:

 * William Costello from 1933 to 1935
 * Jack Mercer, from 1935 to 1983
 * Mae Questel, who often in sat in for Mercer between 1944 and 1946 because Mercer was in active U.S. Navy service
 * Maurice LaMarche, in the 1987 series Popeye and Son.

I have therefore removed all associated references from the article.

--b. Touch 11:15, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Poley McClintock


text:
User talk:Nightstallion

WikiIndaba and Wikipedian in Residence Notice
Dear

As a Wikipedian interested in African subjects and specifically Malawi, I would like you to be aware of the following two opportunities:

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Your contributed article, Free Russia

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Archive Sent by MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 07:59, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

The Bugle: Issue 219, July 2024
The Bugle is published by the Military history WikiProject. To receive it on your talk page, please join the project or sign up here. If you are a project member who does not want delivery, please remove your name from this page. Your editors, Ian Rose (talk) and Nick-D (talk) 12:08, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nightstallion


text:
User talk:Dbachmann/archive3

168.209.97.34
Hi, I submitted an arbitration on this guy here. Let's see what happens.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration#Current_requests_for_Arbitration

OneGuy 09:41, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * ok... I was unaware of the issue (I never tried to disambiguate anonymous vandals on islamic pages). dab 09:43, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

No problem
Hi, once again,

No problem about the reference to being colour blind. As a matter of fact, one reason that I have been a little bothered by that image is that after I have racked the gamma up to where I can see the lightest parts of the image I can tell that others have inadvertently left some interesting details out. I have spent all day getting an equal-area projection, and then copying smallish segment by smallish segment onto that project from the original document. (I wonder why they used such washed out colors, anyway.) I had something nice and then, I guess because I had just imported a GIF image for some reason, when I saved my good map it was saved as a GIF and all my colors got the measles. Hours later I have restored everything, but now I am not too well satisfied with the colors. I would like them to give the idea of skin colors. I just have to hope that the original selections of colors were optically about equally apart for the average user. Unfortunately my colors look a little too red. It will be no problem to change the colors now that I have everything in a good PNG document.

I have also experimented with putting some faces around the map. I wonder whether somebody will complain that I left too much room, didn't leave enough room, or that in the suggestions for other photos that could be added I did not mention their favorite skin shade. Anyway, at this time it is just a suggestion so nobody should pop an aneurism.

Best,

Pat P0M 07:37, 26 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Goths
''I don't mean to be emphatic about the classification of Gothic. It's certainly ok to classify it with N Germanic. I just wanted to point out that the question is unresolved, and Holtzmann's law also widely considered parallel, or areal, rather than genetic.''

 * No worries :) I doubt that anything concerning the origins of the Goths will ever be considered resolved or reach any kind of consensus. I also appreciate that you know about the subject.--Wiglaf 20:30, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Plate armour
Es gab sowohl spezielle Turnierrüstungen für das Tjosten (Jousting) als auch für das Turnier zu Fuß, also wäre der Oberbegriff tournament angebracht. --217.227.32.84 13:14, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Bist Du DaB. aus :de ? Ich bin Dylac. Ein Hinweis auf spezielle Rüstungen für das Turnier zu Fuß und vor allem auf Paraderüstungen sollte noch in den Artikel eingebaut werden. --217.227.32.84 13:23, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Sweden
Both you and Dan argue against each other by quoting pieces of text that I have written. To clarify. Sweden did exist prior to the 11th century, but it was much less centralized. There was the Swedish king at Uppsala (perhaps since the 1st century AD, when Tacitus mention the Swedes). However, his dominions were ruled by subkings who were more or less faithful.--Wiglaf 08:35, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Dab, I hope you don't feel that I left you in the lurch with the Viking articles. The reason why I quit is I also think you did a good job when you argued with him.--Wiglaf 15:17, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) Dan stands for a way of approaching meaning that is very different from mine, and such a talkpage is not suited for trying to point out the fallacies of objectivism in favour of experiential realism.
 * 2) I know Dan, from the Swedish Wikipedia, and if you want to argue with him you need to be very well prepared and spend a lot of time defining words. Since it apparently did not work this time I gave up.

The smell of fanaticism makes me search for fun in other directions. ;-) --Johan Magnus 16:12, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

words
A list of unrelated words does nothing to disprove a language relationship. I could cite any number of unrelated words between English and German. The task is to find as many related words as possible, and then judge those. dab 15:59, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I do not want to disprove relationship, I know, because it is evident thru agglutination, that Hungarian and Finnish are related. I just want to show, that these groups (fu/uralic) are nonsense.

These are not arbitraryly selected words, but ground words, I took from a linguistic book. The parts of the body, the family, the living environment. If you have an other selection, please list the words, and we can use also them, if they are ground words. Thanks, Antifinnugor 16:37, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * There are no 200 similar words. That is a main point in the critic. There are maximum 10, that are slightly similar. That is the achilles angle of the theory. I do not doubt the similarity of Hu-Fi languages grammatically, but I doubt the existence of this artificial group, since it is nonsense, no matter, how many "experts" think, it is right. It is wrong.

 * I once created a critic page, but it was (full hate, like pasquale) voted to be deleted. Now mustafa and pasquale delete all critic. How to achieve normal way of working? Antifinnugor 09:05, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Silver Bible
my wrong! --Johan Magnus 15:57, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Viking
Seriously, Dab, we could accuse him of not only pornographic vandalism but also of racism. If you take his definition "Viking was a male member" and replace Viking with Jew, Arab or African, the phrase appears as the racist statement it is ;o) .--Wiglaf 16:21, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Achaea - Use of IPA
Thanks for the suggestion on use of International Phonetic Alphabet. It looks to be ideal for unambiguous pronunciation. However, I was striving for a method of clarifying the sound to everyday English speakers. The symbols of IPA would be confusing to non-specialists, don't you think?

Also, I haven't used the Wiki system much, still learning! Blainster 20:45, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Odinic Rite
On User_talk:Fjorn you mentioned that Odinic Rite might have been put up for deletion in bad faith. I can't speak for the person who originally put it up as a speedy, but I put it up on VfD to make sure there was a concensus to keep it, instead of leaving it tagged as a dubious speedy. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 14:43, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Not offended at all, I just wanted to be sure I knew who the comment was aimed at. And unless there's clear evidence to prove otherewise I always assume good faith in regard to the people who submit something for deletion. :-) [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 16:10, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)

Dan
Hi Dab! An anonymous user who sounds very much like Dan Koehl has appeared at Talk:Scandza. If you have the ability of checking IP-addresses, would you, please, like to verify if it is him?--Wiglaf 17:59, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Then I am quite certain that it is Dan. If you think it might work with an RFC, I am with you all the way!--Wiglaf 20:20, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I am not so certain. An option, I´d suggest, is to ask me if its me. Dan Koehl 10:06, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * disturbing... there must be a lot of people like that in Sweden, then... (maybe the Vikings were pricks after all? ;o)
 * LOL :-) --Wiglaf 18:38, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Triskelion
A spectacular image! I'm curious whether this is in fact a south Italian amphora (with the white glaze), thus connected in locale with Sicily? Can you add to the info on the image source? --Wetman 10:59, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Haman (Islam)
I've recently expanded the historicity section of Haman (Islam), covering certain polemics often cited online, and in the process adding the hieroglyphic equivalents of two names which have been proposed as equivalents of Haman. However, the source I got them from is in German, and I'm not too confident about the exact translation of Ranke's comments; would you be willing to have a look? They're quite short. - Mustafaa 19:03, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Ing
Hi Dab, I have seen your interesting work on the runes. I have a suggestion. The Ing rune would fit better under the Yngvi article or the Freyr article than under the Ingaevones article, since Ing was a name for the god Freyr aka Yngvi. The tribal name Ingaevones/Ingvaeones is derived from this old name for Freyr.--Wiglaf 12:32, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I'll do that. You're doing a great job with the runes, and I'll help you out tonight, when I have more time on my hands. I think you have made the right decision in putting the info on the individual runes under the concepts they related to, such as the Tyr rune under Tyr.--Wiglaf 12:42, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 1000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. – Ram-Man (comment) (talk)  15:32, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

RFC pages on VfD
Should RFC pages be placed on VfD to be deleted? I'm considering removing Requests for comment/Slrubenstein, Requests for comment/Jwrosenzweig and Requests for comment/John Kenney from WP:VFD. Each of them was listed by CheeseDreams. Your comments on whether I should do this would be appreciated. - Ta bu shi da yu 03:33, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Os
Hi Dab, I saw that you reverted one of my edits at Rune poem. AFAIK, Os was the Anglo-Saxon name for for Ás, i.e. one of the Aesir.--Wiglaf 19:03, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Hippos unscrupulous vandalism
First: You are extremely unfriendly, and only give hateful comments, without any argumentation. Antifinnugor 13:21, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

your remarks are clearly ad hominem, and thus in violation of WP policy, and showing you for the edit warrior you are. I am glad for Hippo's janitorial

Hipo reverts vandalistic and unscrupulously. Antifinnugor 12:10, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

reverts, as is everybody else here. You should recognize that your reasoning has convinced nobody here,

Why are you so sure? I am not at all. Which reasoning do you mean, if any at all? Antifinnugor 12:10, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

but that you are still suffered to insert your views, as long as they are marked as minority views. If you continue to refuse accepting this deal, and if you continue to violate policy, this may not remain to be the case forever. dab (ᛏ) 13:00, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I wrote the critical page for this page, and hippo permanently deletes the link to that. I hope, too, that this this may not remain to be the case forever. Antifinnugor 12:10, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC) Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Finno-Ugric_languages"

I have one suggestion: You care for, that the internal links (See also) remains on the uralic and finno-ugric pages, and then I do not care any more much about their contents. If there is something erroneous (like now hipos error on missing have, which is simply wrong) i shall write them onto the discussion pages. However, the wrong words (ín-ér, or apa-ös should be corrected, since they cause the vikipedia to loose on quality). You could correct them, or cause the writer to collect them. Is that fair? Antifinnugor 13:21, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Delete vs. move
Hi dab,

I noticed you wrote on User talk:Antifinnugor

 * "Because of that, it will have to be deleted and recreated."

Perhaps you've never noticed the "Move this page" link on every page. By moving the page instead of deleting, the edit history is retained. --Dbenbenn 15:21, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the information, Dbennbenn. I did not know that, and therefore followed dab's not so optimal procedure. Antifinnugor 16:34, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * There were already two others, who helped me to create the critique page. You (Dbennbenn, dab, hipo, mustafa, ...) are also welcomed to help in the creation and formulating of that page with correct informations. I plan to add a better word comparison using the excellent Swadesh list. It might also direct in grammatical things, I must check. Antifinnugor 16:34, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

As for the edit history, well, it's not really worth keeping imho. AFU's article will have to be butchered an rebuilt from scratch anyway. dab (ᛏ) 16:45, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, dab, you are really militant. What else? Butcher? Rebuilt from scratch?  And you criticize me, if I don't like hipos deletions? Do you want to write the article? You suggested to me, I wrote it, and your reaction is: Kill! Butcher! Recreate from scratch! This is the most incorrect behaviour I saw in my whole life. Please add to that article, what you think, is right. You also can write into the two criticized one, what you believe is right. I don't want to butcher or recreate you therefore. That is one of the differences between us. Antifinnugor 16:59, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Tables
Both the finnougric and the uralic page contain wrong word tables. English  Finnish    Hungarian vein      suoni     ér tendon    jennä     ín father    isä       apa ancestor  esi-isä   õs

This is how it looks correctly. If the words in the table do not match the English ones, people are badly informed, and this is therefore a bad table. Also the English words after the Hungarian ones suggest, these are Hungarian words, which is absolutely confusing. If a vikipedia editor believes, that suoni and ín are somehow relatid, should try to prove that. Father and õs's relation is somewhat more believable by looking at the words, this can be also mentioned. Thank for fixing that. Antifinnugor 20:08, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Maybe the 'English' column should go, and each FU word should be given with its meaning, so that even AFU (gasp) gets the point of the table. Or, if anybody is capable of this, it would be even cooler to give the reconstructed PFU word, with its recoustructed meaning, for each row. dab (ᛏ) 09:03, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I notice that the table is patiently explained,

 * Bachman, you can so long explain a wrong table, as you like, it remains wrong and incorrect. Once again very slowly: The Hungarian word ín has absolutely nothing to do with the English word vein, and these two words are in the same row. Do you understand, what is the problem? Also the Hungarian word ős is in the same row as the English word father, even though ős does not mean father in Hungarian. Do you understand now the problem? Summarized: The problem is the English word in front of the row, that means something completely different, than the Hungarian word. The table is incorrect, as it is. Is that clear, bachman?

 * specifically for AFU, right at its beginning. If this is not enough, I don't think anything can be done to make him get the point.

 * to get an erronous table good? bachman, it is incorrect. As incorrect, as you are. Antifinnugor 08:23, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I think there are many more people like him where he came from, and we'll just have to live with reverting the article from time to time. dab (ᛏ) 10:38, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Your hate and defamation is somewhat boring, bachman. As your incorrect tables and reverting are. Antifinnugor 08:23, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Request to visit Venpa
I find that you are interested in language-related articles. Can you have a look at Venpa and my request at Talk:Venpa whenever you find some time? -- Sundar 13:41, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * sure. very interesting. it is nice to see your "academic honesty" in not adding your own paper, but I should say if it is on citeseer, it should be fair game anyway. cheers, dab (ᛏ) 14:05, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for your word of appreciation, Dab. I noticed your edit to Venpa. -- Sundar 06:02, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)

Wikisource Old Hittite
Could you shed any light on the copyright status of the Old Hittite article on Wikisource? Ben 20:12, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

You might also be interested in some scripts I'm writing for prettying up the transliterations: Ben 22:59, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Epic of Gilgamesh
A thought: If the names of the versions are examples of an incipit, it might be good to say so, with the briefest disambiguation. --Wetman 11:30, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Human sacrifice
Nice job with the detail of Midwinterblot! I like it.--Wiglaf 22:43, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dbachmann/archive3


text:
Mohamed Mounir

Mohamed Mounir (محمد منير; born October 10, 1954) is an Egyptian singer and actor, with a musical career spanning more than four decades. He incorporates various genres into his music, including classical Egyptian music, Nubian music, Blues, Jazz and Reggae. His lyrics are noted both for their philosophical content and for their passionate social and political commentary. He is affectionately known by his fans as "El King" in reference to his album and play "El Malek Howwa El Malek" (The King is The King). Mounir's family is from Nubia, Southern Aswan, Egypt.

In April 2021, he appeared in the opening musical sequence as a singer for the Pharaohs' Golden Parade on an Egyptian funerary boat on the lake in front of the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization.

Early life
Born into a Nubian family in Aswan, Mounir spent most of his early childhood in the village of Manshyat Al Nubia, where he shared his father's interests in both music and politics. As a teenager, he and his family were forced to relocate to Cairo when his village was lost in the floods that followed the construction of the Aswan Dam. It was here that he studied photography at the Faculty of Applied Arts at Helwan University. During this period, he would often sing for friends and family at social gatherings. His singing voice was noticed by the lyricist Abdel-Rehim Mansour, who would go on to introduce Mounir to the renowned folk singer Ahmed Mounib.

Musical career
Following his college graduation, he was called up for military service in 1974, during which he continued his professional musical career by performing in various concerts. He performed his first such concert in 1975. Although the public were initially critical of Mounir for performing in casual attire at a time where many Egyptian singers were expected to wear suits, they eventually warmed to his laidback image.

After completing his military service, Mounir released his 1977 debut solo album Alemony Eneeki on the Sonar record label. Mounir went on to release five more consecutive official albums and featured on one soundtrack album under the Sonar label. To date, Mounir has released a total 22 official albums and featured on six soundtrack albums under a number of different record labels.

Mounir's single "Maddad" from this album caused controversy, as its lyrics could be interpreted as a call for intercession from Muhammad. Among Muslims there are differing views as to whether Muhammad can provide intercession between God's and his believers. This resulted in the music video being banned from Egyptian television for a time. Mounir responded by saying "It is this fight against rigid thought that makes something out of you".

On his 2003 follow-up album "Ahmar Shafayef" (Red Lipstick), he returned to his more familiar style of mainly secular lyrics. In the summer of 2003, following the release of this album, Mounir toured Austria, Germany and Switzerland alongside the Austrian pop musician Hubert von Goisern, and later that year the two musicians performed at a concert in Asyut.

In May 2004, he held a large concert at the pyramids of Giza, during which he was physically attacked by a drunken fan. Despite sustaining minor injuries, he continued his performance until the end of the concert.

He continued recording albums infused with social commentary with the release of his 2005 album Embareh Kan Omry Eshren (Yesterday I Was Twenty) and his album Ta'm El Beyout (Taste of Homes), released in 2008. Ta'm El Beyout was noted for its creativity, but initially did not perform as well as expected in terms of album sales. In 2012, Mounir released his album Ya Ahl El Arab we Tarab.

In 2008, Mounir postponed his New Year's Eve concert at Cairo Opera House in solidarity with the Palestinians suffering the effects of the Gaza War. He issued the statement: "Delaying the concert is a message sent to the whole world, so that it would move forward and help the people in Gaza."

He headlined the Liverpool Arabic Arts Festival 2010 on July 9, at the Liverpool Philharmonic Hall. He is the predecessor to recent musical groups like Black Theama

In February 2021, Mounir announced that he would be playing at concerts in Jerusalem, Haifa, Ramallah and Gaza City, to be the first Egyptian musician to perform in Israel, as he mentioned: "I will be a peace delegate, like Sadat". However, he later declared that he would only tour the Palestinian cities of Ramallah and Gaza.

Acting career
As well as his career as a popular singer, Mounir also has an active acting career. He has appeared in 12 movies, 4 television series and 3 plays. His movie career began in 1982, when he acted in Youssef Chahine's film 'Hadouta Masreia (An Egyptian Story), also being featured on the soundtrack album. In 1997 he played the role of the bard in another movie by Youssef Chahine, the French-Egyptian historical drama Al Maseer (Destiny), which was screened out of competition at the 1997 Cannes Film Festival.

Mounir played the part of the blind poetry professor "Bashir" in the controversial 2005 film Dunia, which centers around the title character Dunia, a belly dancer and poet played by Egyptian actress Hanan Tork. When the film was shown at the 2005 Cairo International Film Festival, it left the audience split between those supporting the film's calls for women's rights and its message against female genital mutilation, and those disapproving of either the title character's desire to express herself through dance, or of the scenes shot in Cairo's slums, judged as tarnishing Egypt's international image.

Official albums
YKB: Featuring Yahia Khalil's band
 * Alemony Eneeki (Your Eyes Taught Me) – 1977
 * Bnetweled (We Are Being Born) – 1978
 * Shababeek (Windows) YKB – 1981
 * Etkalemy (Speak) YKB – 1983
 * Bareea(innocent) YKB – 1986
 * West El Dayra (In The Middle of The Circle) YKB – 1987
 * Shokolata (Chocolate) – 1989
 * Ya Eskenderia (O Alexandria) – 1990
 * Meshwar (Trip) – 1991
 * El Tool We El Loon We El Horya (The Length, Colour, and Freedom) – 1992
 * Eftah Albak (Open Your Heart) – 1994
 * Momken (Maybe) – 1995
 * Men Awel Lamsa (From The First Touch) – 1996
 * El Farha (The Joy) – 1999
 * Fi Eshg El Banat (The Love of Girls) – 2000
 * Ana Alby Masaken Shabya (My Heart is Public housing) – 2001
 * El Ard... El Salam (The Earth... Peace) – 2002
 * Ahmar Shafayef (Lipsticks) – 2003
 * Hawadeet (Stories) - 2004
 * Embareh Kan Omry Eshren (Yesterday I Was Twenty) – 2005
 * Ta'm El Beyout (Taste of Homes) – 2008
 * Ahl El Arab Wel Tarab (People Of Arabs and Music) – 2012
 * El-Rooh Lel-Rooh Dayman Bet'hen (Souls Always Long for Each other) – 2017
 * Watan (Homeland) – 2018
 *  Bab El Jamal (Door of Beauty) - 2021 AA

Television

 * Bakkar
 * Ali Elewa
 * Gomhoreyat Zefta (Republic of Zefta)
 * Al Moghani (The Singer)

Theatre

 * El Malek;  El Malek''
 * Al Shahateen
 * Masa' Al Kheer Ya Masr

Awards

 * He received the Peace Award from CNN for his album Earth Peace
 * Received the Diamond Award from "Bama Awards"
 * He won the Best Singer award in the July 2008 MEMA competition.
 * He was honored by the management of the Alexandria Film Festival at the opening of its 30th session
 * He won the Platinum Award for the best Egyptian and Arab singer for the song "Yasmina", in which the international singer Adel Al-Taweel participated with the "Ich und Ich" team, the most famous international band at present, and he deserved the Universal International Award, after he distributed the disc that includes the song "Taht Al-Yasmina” 700,000 copies, achieving the highest distribution rate in Germany. Mounir also won, in the same year and for the same song, in Arabic and English, third place in the public referendum organized by the “Proseven” channel for the competition for the best song in Germany.
 * The song "El-leila Samra" won a BBC poll of the 50 best African songs of the twentieth century.
 * He also won the Honorable Award in 2005 for the movie "Dunya".

title: Mohamed Mounir


text:
Talk:George Wyman

Spiritualism story
There are several major factual differences between the spiritualism story as described in the USC article and the one on the 4forry page. Although the USC article would appear to be more authorative, I chose to go with the details described on the 4forry site, since a) it seems to be the personal site of the grandson, Forrest J Ackerman, and b) it also includes an image of what is presumably the actual page from the planchette session that clearly contradicts the phrase quoted on the USC site. -- Solipsist 11:19, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:George Wyman


text:
Tales from the White Hart

Tales from the White Hart is a collection of short stories by science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke, in the "club tales" style.

Thirteen of the fifteen stories originally appeared across a number of different publications. "Moving Spirit" and "The Defenestration of Ermintrude Inch" were first published in this book and hence presumably were written specifically for it. "The Defenestration of Ermintrude Inch" rounds off the cycle of stories and explicitly mentions their book publication.

The White Hart is a pub (modelled on the White Horse, New Fetter Lane, just north of Fleet Street, once the weekly rendezvous of science fiction fans in London till the mid 50s, when they moved to the Globe pub in Hatton Garden) where a character named Harry Purvis tells a series of tall tales. Incidental characters inhabiting the White Hart include science fiction writers Samuel Youd (also known as John Christopher), John Wyndham (John Beynon), and Clarke himself in addition to the narrative voice as his pseudonym Charles Willis.

The style and nature of the stories was inspired by the Jorkens stories of the writer Lord Dunsany, whom Clarke admired and with whom he corresponded, a fact humorously acknowledged by Clarke in his introduction to the first Jorkens omnibus volume.

According to Clarke's preface to the book, the book was his third collection of short stories, which were written between 1953 and 1956 in such diverse spots as New York, Miami, Colombo, London and Sydney.

One additional story from the White Hart 'universe', "Let There Be Light", is reprinted in Tales of Ten Worlds.

Clarke and Stephen Baxter collaborated on one final White Hart story, "Time, Gentlemen, Please" for a 2007 limited edition from PS Publishing, issued for the book's 50th anniversary. ("Let There Be Light" does not appear in that edition.)

Contents
The collection, originally published in paperback in 1957 by Ballantine Books, includes:

 * Preface
 * "Silence Please"
 * "Big Game Hunt"
 * "Patent Pending"
 * "Armaments Race"
 * "Critical Mass"
 * "The Ultimate Melody"
 * "The Pacifist"
 * "The Next Tenants"
 * "Moving Spirit"
 * "The Man Who Ploughed the Sea"
 * "The Reluctant Orchid"
 * "Cold War"
 * "What Goes Up"
 * "Sleeping Beauty"
 * "The Defenestration of Ermintrude Inch"

Reception
Galaxy reviewer Floyd C. Gale praised the collection as "as light and frothy a conglomeration of sidesplitters as it has been my good fortune to read."

title: Tales from the White Hart