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List of language names

This article is a resource of the native names of most of the major languages in the world. These are endonymic glossonyms.

A
Aari – Aari Aasáx † – Aasá Abaza – Aбаза бызшва Abellen – Ayta Abellen Abenaki † – Alnôba, Wôbanakiôdwawôgan Abkhaz – Aҧсуа бызшәа, Aҧсшәа Abui – Abui Abure – ɔbule ɔyʋɛ Acehnese – Aceh or Bahsa Acèh Achang – Mönghsa, ŋa˨˩ʈʂhaŋ˨˩ Achi – achi' Achumawi † – Achomawi or Ajúmmááwí Adai † – Tenánat Hadéyas Adangme – Adangbɛ Adangbe – Adangbe Adele – Gidire Adioukrou – mɔjukru Adnyamathanha – Yura Ngawarla Adyghe – Адыгабзэ Afade – afaë Afar – Qafár af Afrihili – El-Afrihili Afrikaans – Afrikaans Aguacateco – awakateko Aghem – aghím Aghul – агъул чӀал Ahtna – Atnakenaege Ainu – アイヌ イタク, Aynu Itak Ajië – A’jie, Ajië, Houailou, Wai, Wailu Akan – Akan, Fante, Twi Akkadian † – akkadû or 𒀝𒅗𒁺𒌑 Akkala Sámi – äh'k'el'säm'la Aklanon – Akeanon, Binisaya nga Akeanon or Inakeanon Akum – aakuem Alabama – Albaamaha Albanian – Shqip, Shqiptar Algerian Saharan Arabic – dŷazāri' or جزائري Aleut – Unangam Tunuu, Унáҥам Тунý Algonquin – ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᒧᐎᓐ or anicinâbemowin Altai – Алтай тили Alyutor – nəməlʔu Amdang – Sìmí Amdangtí Amharic – ኣማርኛ Amo – Timap Ancient Egyptian Language † – 𓂋𓏺𓈖 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖 Ancient Greek † – Ἑλληνική Andalusian Arabic † – عربية أندلسية Anfillo – Mao Angika – अंगिका Angloromani – Romanichal Apache – Ndéé Apsaalooke – Apsaalooke Arabela – Tapweyokwaka Arabic – العربية Aragonese – l'Aragonés Aramaic – ܐܪܡܝܐ Arapaho – Hinono'eitiit
 * Spoken in: 🇪🇹 Ethiopia
 * Spoken in: 🇹🇿 Tanzania
 * Official language in: Karachay-Cherkessia, 🇷🇺 Russia
 * Spoken in: Tarlac, Philippines
 * Formerly spoken by: the American/Canadian Flag of Western Abenaki.svg Abenaki Tribe
 * Official language in: Abkhazia and the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia,  Georgia
 * Spoken in: 🇮🇩 Indonesia
 * Spoken in: Côte d’Ivoire
 * Spoken in: 🇮🇩 Indonesia
 * Spoken in: 🇨🇳 China and 🇲🇲 Myanmar
 * Recognised Minority Language in: 🇬🇹 Guatemala
 * Formerly spoken in: California
 * Formerly spoken in: Louisiana, 🇺🇸 United States
 * Official language in: 🇬🇭 Ghana
 * Spoken in: 🇹🇬 Togo
 * Spoken in: 🇬🇭 Ghana and 🇹🇬 Togo
 * Spoken in: Côte d’Ivoire
 * Spoken in: 🇦🇺 Australia
 * Western Circassian language. Official language in: Adygea, 🇷🇺 Russia
 * Spoken also in: Turkey, Israel, Syria, Iraq, Germany, United States, Netherlands etc.
 * Spoken in: 🇨🇲 Cameroon and 🇳🇬 Nigeria
 * National Language in: 🇪🇷 Eritrea
 * Proposed lingua franca of Africa
 * Official language in: 🇿🇦 South Africa
 * Recognised Minority Language in: 🇧🇼 Botswana and 🇳🇦 Namibia
 * Spoken in: 🇬🇹 Guatemala
 * Spoken in: 🇨🇲 Cameroon
 * Official language of: Dagestan, 🇷🇺 Russia
 * Official language of: Alaska, 🇺🇸 United States
 * Recognised Minority Language in: 🇯🇵 Japan
 * Official language in: Houaïlou, 🇳🇨 New Caledonia
 * Official language in: Gye nyame adinkra.png Ghanaian/Ivoirian ethnic region of Akanland
 * Formerly an Official language in: Akkad or central Mesopotamia which is modern-day 🇮🇶 Iraq
 * Later it became a lingua franca in the Middle East and 🇪🇬 Egypt
 * Formerly spoken in: 🇷🇺 Russia
 * Official Regional Language in: 🇵🇭 Philippines
 * Spoken in: 🇨🇲 Cameroon and 🇳🇬 Nigeria
 * Spoken in: Texas, 🇺🇸 United States
 * Now extinct in: Oklahoma, 🇺🇸 United States
 * Official language in: 🇦🇱 Albania and Kosovo
 * Recognised Minority Language in: 🇮🇹 Italy, 🇲🇪 Montenegro, North Macedonia, 🇷🇴 Romania, and 🇷🇸 Serbia
 * Spoken in: 🇩🇿 Algeria, 🇱🇾 Libya, 🇲🇱 Mali, 🇲🇷 Mauritania, 🇲🇦 Morocco, 🇳🇪 Niger, and 🇪🇭 Western Sahara
 * Official language in: Alaska, 🇺🇸 United States
 * Spoken in: Kamchatka Krai, 🇷🇺 Russia
 * Spoken in: Quebec, 🇨🇦 Canada
 * Spoken in: Altai Republic, 🇷🇺 Russia
 * Spoken in: Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and  Kamchatka Krai, 🇷🇺 Russia
 * Spoken in: the Wadi Fira Region, 🇹🇩 Chad
 * Official language in: 🇪🇹 Ethiopia
 * Spoken in: 🇳🇬 Nigeria
 * Formerly spoken in: Ancient Egypt
 * Formerly spoken in: much of the Mediterranean Sea (until 1453)
 * Formerly spoken in: Al-Andalus (modern-day 🇪🇸 Spain and 🇵🇹 Portugal)
 * Spoken in: 🇪🇹 Ethiopia
 * Official language in: Jharkhand, 🇮🇳 India
 * Spoken in: 🇳🇵 Nepal
 * Spoken in: the 🇬🇧 United Kingdom
 * Spoken in: Southwestern 🇺🇸 United States
 * Spoken in: Great Plains, 🇺🇸 United States
 * Spoken in: 🇵🇪 Peru
 * Official language in: 27 countries and 4 international organizations
 * Official language in: Aragon, 🇪🇸 Spain
 * Spoken in: 🇮🇷 Iran, 🇮🇶 Iraq, 🇮🇱 Israel, 🇯🇴 Jordan, 🇱🇧 Lebanon, Palestine,  Syria, and 🇹🇷 Turkey

Arbëreshë Albanian – Arbërisht Archi – аршаттен Arikara – Sáhniš Arin † – bbˈirk Armenian – Հայերեն Aromanian – Aromanian Arpitan – arpetan or francoprovençâl Arrernte – Arrernte Angkentye Arvanitika – arbërisht or αρbε̰ρίσ̈τ Assamese – অসমীয়া Assiniboine – Nakhóda Asturian – Asturianu Auslan – Sign Language Atikamekw – Nēhinawēwin Avar – МагIарул МацI Avestan – 𐬆𐬬𐬈𐬯𐬙𐬆𐬥 Awadhi – अवधी Aweer – Boni Awijilah – Tawjilit, طاوجيليت or ⵟⴰⵡⵊⵉⵍⵉⵜ Ayapaneco – Ayapaneco Aymara – Aymar Aru Äynu – ئەينۇ Azerbaijani – Azərbaycanca Azoyu Me'phaa – me̱'pha̱a̱ tsíndíí
 * Spoken by: the Flag of Arapaho Nation.svg Arapaho people, 🇺🇸 United States
 * Spoken in: 🇮🇹 Italy
 * Spoken in: Dagestan, 🇷🇺 Russia
 * Spoken in: North Dakota, 🇺🇸 United States
 * Formerly spoken in: 🇷🇺 Russia
 * Official language in: 🇦🇲 Armenia and Artsakh
 * Recognised Minority Language in: 🇨🇾 Cyprus, 🇵🇱 Poland, 🇷🇴 Romania, Samtskhe-Javakheti ( Georgia), 🇭🇺 Hungary, 🇮🇶 Iraq, 🇱🇧 Lebanon, 🇹🇷 Turkey, 🇺🇦 Ukraine, and California (🇺🇸 United States)
 * Recognised Minority Language in: North Macedonia, 🇦🇱 Albania, 🇬🇷 Greece and 🇷🇸 Serbia
 * Spoken in: 🇫🇷 France and 🇨🇭 Switzerland
 * Recognised Minority Language in: 🇮🇹 Italy
 * Spoken in: Northern Territory, 🇦🇺 Australia
 * Spoken in: 🇬🇷 Greece
 * Spoken in: 🇧🇹 Bhutan, 🇧🇩 Bangladesh, and 🇮🇳 India
 * Spoken in: 🇨🇦 Canada and the 🇺🇸 United States
 * Spoken in: Asturias, 🇪🇸 Spain
 * Official language in: 🇦🇺 Australia
 * Spoken in: Quebec, 🇨🇦 Canada
 * Spoken in: 🇦🇿 Azerbaijan, Georgia, 🇰🇿 Kazakhstan, 🇹🇷 Turkey, and  Dagestan (🇷🇺 Russia)
 * Spoken on: the eastern 🇮🇷 Iranian Plateau
 * Spoken in: 🇮🇳 India
 * Spoken in: 🇰🇪 Kenya
 * Spoken in: 🇱🇾 Libya
 * Spoken in: Tabasco, 🇲🇽 Mexico
 * Spoken by: Banner of the Qulla Suyu.svg Aymara people in 🇧🇴 Bolivia, 🇨🇱 Chile, and 🇵🇪 Peru
 * Spoken in: the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, 🇨🇳 China
 * Official language in: 🇦🇿 Azerbaijan and Dagestan, 🇷🇺 Russia
 * Spoken in: 🇮🇷 Iran, 🇹🇷 Turkey and Georgia
 * Spoken in: Guerrero, 🇲🇽 Mexicobhvh

B
Babine – Witsuwit’en, ᗔᙣᗔᗥᐣ Baga † – Barka Bai – 白语 Baki – Baki Balinese – ᬩᬲᬩᬮᬶ Balti – སྦལ་ཏིའི་སྐད་, بلتی Bambara – Bamanankan Bantu † – Narrow Bantu Basa-Gumna † – Basa-Kaduna, Basa Kuta Bashkir – башҡорт Теле, Başqort Tele Basque – Euskara Bassa – ɓasaá Batak – Belarusian – Беларуская Bemba – iciBemba Bengali – বাংলা Berber – Tamaziɣt, Tamazight, or ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ Berta – Gebeto or Wetawit Betawi – Basè Betawi, Basa Betawi Bezhta – бежкьалас миц Bhojpuri – 𑂦𑂷𑂔𑂣𑂳𑂩𑂲, भोजपुरी, بھوجپوري Big Nambas – V'ənen Taut Bijago – Kangaki-Kagbaaga-Kajoko Bidyogo Bikol – Bikol Bislama – Bislama Blackfoot – ᑯᖾᖹ, ᓱᖽᐧᖿ Bodo – बड़ो Bosnian – Босански, Bosanski Breton – Brezhoneg Buginese – ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ Buhid – ᝊᝓᝑᝒᝇ Bulgarian – български език Burmese – မြန်မာစာ or မြန်မာစကား Buryat – буряад хэлэн Bussa – Mossittaata, Mossiya, ሞስሲትቷታ or ሞስሲያ
 * Spoken in: British Columbia in Canada 🇨🇦
 * Formerly spoken in: the Republic of Guinea 🇬🇳
 * Spoken in: the Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China 🇨🇳
 * Spoken in: Vanuatu 🇻🇺
 * Spoken in: Bali, Republic of Indonesia 🇮🇩
 * Spoken in: Baltistan, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Islamic Republic of Pakistan Flag of Azad Kashmir.svg and Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, Republic of India
 * Spoken in: the Republic of Mali 🇲🇱
 * Formerly spoken in: Subsaharan Africa
 * Formerly spoken in: Chanchaga, Niger State, Federal Republic of Nigeria 🇳🇬
 * Official language in: the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan 🇰🇿
 * Official language in: Basque Country and Navarre, Kingdom of Spain 🇪🇸
 * Spoken in the French Basque Country, Atlantic Pyrenees Drapeau proposé pour les Pyrenees-atlantiques.svg Republic of France 🇫🇷, but with no legal status.
 * Spoken by: Liberian/Sierra Leonean Bassa People
 * Spoken by: the Batak people of the North Sumatra, Republic of Indonesia Flag of North Sumatra.svg
 * Official language in: the Republic of Belarus 🇧🇾
 * Recognised Minority Language in: Ukraine 🇺🇦
 * Official language in: the Republic of Zambia 🇿🇲
 * Official language in: the People's Republic of Bangladesh 🇧🇩 and the Republic of India 🇮🇳
 * Spoken in: Northern Africa
 * Spoken in: the Benishangul-Gumuz Region, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
 * Spoken in: Jakarta, Tangerang City, Tangerang Regency, South Tangerang City in Banten , Bekasi City, Bekasi Regency, Bogor Regency, Depok City in West Java , Indonesia 🇮🇩
 * Spoken in: Dagestan, Russia 🇷🇺
 * Spoken in: Bihar, Republic of India 🇮🇳; Jharkhand, Republic of India 🇮🇳; Uttar Pradesh, Republic of India 🇮🇳; Co-operative Republic of Guyana 🇬🇾; Republic of Suriname 🇸🇷; and Republic of Trinidad and Tobago 🇹🇹
 * Spoken in: Malakula, Vanuatu 🇻🇺
 * Spoken in: Guinea Bissau 🇬🇼
 * Spoken in Bicol Region, Philippines 🇵🇭
 * Official language in: Republic of Vanuatu 🇻🇺
 * Spoken by: the American/Canadian Blackfoot Tribe
 * Spoken in: Republic of India 🇮🇳 and Democratic Republic of Nepal 🇳🇵
 * Official language in: Bosnia and Herzegovina 🇧🇦 and Montenegro 🇲🇪
 * Recognised Minority Language in: Republic of Albania 🇦🇱, Kosovo, North Macedonia , and Republic of Serbia 🇷🇸
 * Spoken in: Brittany, French Republic
 * Spoken in: South Sulawesi, Republic of Indonesia South Sulawesi flag.png
 * Spoken in: Mindoro, Philippines 🇵🇭
 * Official language in: Republic of Bulgaria 🇧🇬, and Hellenic Republic 🇬🇷
 * Recognised Minority Language in: Romania 🇷🇴, Republic of Serbia 🇷🇸, and Ukraine 🇺🇦
 * Official language in: Republic of the Union of Myanmar 🇲🇲
 * Official language in: Buryatia, Russia 🇷🇺
 * Spoken in: Ethiopia 🇪🇹

C
Caddo – Hasí:nay Cahto – Katoiana Cahuarano † – Cahuiawano Cahuilla – Ivia Canichana † – ? Cantonese – 廣東話 Carrier – ᑐᑊᘁᗕᑋᗸ Catalan – Català Catawba – Katapa Cayuga – Gayogo̱hó:nǫ’ Cebuano – Bisaya, Sinugboanon Chakma - 𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟𑄳𑄦 𑄞𑄌𑄴 Chalcatongo Mixtec – Chalcatongo Cham – ꨌꩌ Chamorro – Chamoru, Fino'Chamorro Chechen – Нохчийн Mотт Cherokee – ᏣᎳᎩ, ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ Chewa – Nyanja Cheyenne – Tsėhesenėstsestotse, Tsisinstsistots Chhattisgarhi – छत्तीसगढ़ी Chickasaw – Chikasha Chinese – 汉语, 漢語, 华语, 華語, or 中文 Chinese (Classical) – 古文 or 文言 Chipewyan – ᑌᓀᓲᒢᕄᓀ, Dene Suline, Dëne Sųłiné Chittagonian – চাটগাঁইয়া বুলি Chocangaca – ཁྱོ་ཅ་ང་ཅ་ཁ་ Choctaw – Chahta', Chahta Anumpa Chukchi – чаучу Chulym – Ось тили, тадар тили Chuvash – Чӑвашла, Çăvaşla Cimbrian – Zimbrisch Cocos Islands Malay – Basa Pulu Cocos Comanche – Nʉmʉ Tekwapʉ Cook Islands Māori – ‘Airani Coptic – ⲘⲉⲧⲢⲉⲙ̀ⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ Cornish – Kernewek, Kernowek Corsican – Corsu Cree – ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Crimean Tatar Croatian – Hrvatski Cupeño † – Kupangaxwicham Pe'm e melki Cypriot Arabic – Sanna Czech – Český Jazyk, Čeština
 * Spoken in: Oklahoma in the United States 🇺🇸
 * Spoken in: California in the United States 🇺🇸
 * Spoken in: Peru 🇵🇪
 * Spoken in: the southern area of the State of California, United States
 * Spoken in: Bolivia 🇧🇴
 * Official language in: Hong Kong Special Administration Region, People's Republic of China 🇭🇰, Macau Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China 🇨🇳
 * Spoken in: British Columbia, Canada
 * Official language in: Principality of Andorra 🇦🇩; the Balearic Islands, Kingdom of Spain ; Catalonia, Kingdom of Spain ; and the Valencian Community, Kingdom of Spain
 * Recognised Minority Language in: Pyrénées-Orientales, French Republic Arms of the Pyrénées-Orientales.svg; Sardinia, Italian Republic ; and Aragón, Kingdom of Spain
 * Spoken in: North Carolina in the United States 🇺🇸
 * Spoken by: the Iroquois Cayuga people living in the Canadian First Nation reservation of the Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation Flag of the Iroquois Confederacy.svg
 * Spoken in: Central Visayas and Mindanao, Philippines 🇵🇭
 * Spoken in: Chittagong Hill Tracts, CADC, Mizoram, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh, Bangladesh 🇧🇩 and India 🇮🇳
 * Spoken in: Oaxaca in Mexico 🇲🇽
 * Spoken in: Cambodia 🇰🇭
 * Official language in: Guam 🇬🇺 and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands 🇲🇵
 * Official language in: the Chechen Republic, Russian Federation and the Republic of Dagestan, Russian Federation
 * Official language in: the Native American tribe of the Cherokee Flag of the Cherokee Nation.svg, in Oklahoma
 * Official language in: Republic of Malawi 🇲🇼 and Republic of Zambia 🇿🇲
 * Spoken in: Montana, United States and Oklahoma, United States
 * Spoken in: Republic of India 🇮🇳
 * Spoken in: Oklahoma, United States
 * Official language in: the People's Republic of China 🇨🇳; Republic of Singapore 🇸🇬; Republic of China 🇹🇼; and the Wa State, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
 * Recognised Minority Language in: Malaysia 🇲🇾, the Philippines 🇵🇭, Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace, and the United States 🇺🇸
 * Spoken in: the People's Republic of China 🇨🇳, Japan 🇯🇵, the Korean Peninsula, the Republic of China 🇹🇼, and Socialist Republic of Vietnam
 * Spoken in: Canada 🇨🇦
 * Spoken in: Bangladesh 🇧🇩
 * Spoken in: Bhutan 🇧🇹
 * Spoken in: The United States of America 🇺🇸
 * Spoken in: Russia in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
 * Spoken in: Krasnoyarsk Krai and Tomsk Oblast, Russia
 * Official language in: the Chuvash Republic, Russian Federation
 * Spoken in: the Italian Republic 🇮🇹
 * Spoken in Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Australia 🇦🇺 and Malaysia 🇲🇾
 * Spoken in: Oklahoma, United States
 * Official language in: Cook Islands 🇨🇰
 * The Coptic language is a Coptic liturgical language CopticCrossBlack4.png
 * Recognised Minority Language in: Cornwall Flag of Cornwall.svg, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 🇬🇧
 * Recognised Minority Language in: the French Republic 🇫🇷
 * Official language in: the Northwest Territories, Canada
 * Official language in: Crimea, Ukraine
 * Official language in: Bosnia and Herzegovina 🇧🇦; Republic of Croatia 🇭🇷; and Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, Republic of Serbia
 * Recognised Minority Language in: Burgenland, Republic of Austria ; Baranya County, Southern Transdanubia, Hungary 🇭🇺; Molise, Italian Republic ; Montenegro 🇲🇪; Carașova, Caraș-Severin County Romania 🇷🇴; and Lupac, Caraș-Severin County, Romania 🇷🇴
 * Formerly spoken in: the southern area of the State of California, United States
 * Recognised Minority Language in: Cyprus 🇨🇾
 * Official language in: the Czech Republic 🇨🇿

D
Dair – Thaminyi or طهامينيي Dakhini – دکنی Dakota – Dakȟótiyapi Dalecarlian – Dalmål Danish – Dansk Dargwa – Дарган Mез Dari – فارسی, دری, دريلو, or Yazdi Dhivehi – ދިވެހި Dolgan – Дулҕан, Dulğan, Һака, Haka Domari – Dômarî Drehu – Dehu, Lifou, Lifu, Qene Drehu Dungan – 回族语言, Xуэйзў йүян Durkha – тyъһа тыл Dutch – Nederlands Dutton World Speedwords – rapmotz Dzongkha – རྫོང་ཁ་
 * Spoken in: Sudan 🇸🇩
 * Official language in: the Republic of India 🇮🇳 and the United Arab Emirates 🇦🇪
 * Spoken in: Canada 🇨🇦 and the United States 🇺🇸
 * Spoken in: Kingdom of Sweden 🇸🇪
 * Official language in: Kingdom of Denmark 🇩🇰 and the Faroe Islands 🇫🇴
 * Recognised Minority Language in: Federal Republic of Germany 🇩🇪, Greenland 🇬🇱, and Republic of Iceland 🇮🇸
 * Official language in: the Republic of Dagestan, Russian Federation
 * The Dari language is a Zoroastrian liturgical language Faravahar-Gold.svg
 * Official language in: the Republic of the Maldives 🇲🇻
 * Spoken in: Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia 🇷🇺
 * Spoken in: Middle East, North Africa and the Caucasus
 * Official language in: Lifou, New Caledonia 🇳🇨
 * Spoken by: the Central Asian Dungan people
 * Spoken in: Mongolia 🇲🇳 (Khövsgöl Province)
 * Official language in: Aruba 🇦🇼, Kingdom of Belgium 🇧🇪, Country of Curaçao, 🇨🇼, the Netherlands, 🇳🇱, Sint Maarten,, and Republic of Suriname, 🇸🇷
 * International Auxiliary Language 🇺🇳
 * Official language in: Kingdom of Bhutan 🇧🇹

E
E – 誒 Egyptian Arabic † – اللغة المصرية العامية English – English Erzya – Эрзянь Kель Esperanto – Esperanto Estonian – Eesti Even – эвэн то̄рэ̄нни or эвэды Evenki – Эвэды̄ турэ̄н Ewe – Èʋe, Èʋegbe Extremaduran – Estremeñu Eyak † – dAXhunhyuuga'
 * Spoken in: Guangxi in China
 * Formerly spoken in: Lower Egypt
 * Official language in: 54 countries and 27 non-sovereign entities
 * Official language in: the Republic of Mordovia, Russian Federation
 * International Auxiliary Language 🇺🇳
 * Official language in: Republic of Estonia 🇪🇪
 * Spoken in: Siberia
 * Spoken in: the Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia 🇨🇳, the Mongolian aimag of the Selenge Province Mn flag selenge aimag 1999.svg, and the Russian krai of Krasnoyarsk Krai KrasnoyarskKray-Flag.svg
 * Spoken by: the Beninois/Togolese Ewe people Flag of the Ewe people.svg
 * Spoken in: Salamanca  in Spain 🇪🇸
 * Formerly an Official language in: the American state of Alaska

F
Fala – Fala Faroese – Føroyskt Fijian – Na vosa vaka-Viti, Vakaviti Fiji Hindi – फिजी बात or Fiji Baat Filipino – Wikang Filipino Filipino Sign Language – Sign Language Finnish – Suomi Fon – Fon gbè, Fɔngbè French – Français Frisian (North) – Noordfreesk Frisian (Saterland) – Seeltersk Frisian (West) – Frysk Friulian – Furlan Fula – Fulfulde, Pulaar, Pular Fur – For
 * Spoken in: Val de Xálima Bandeira Val de Xálima.png, Extremadura (Spain) 🇪🇸
 * Official language in: the Faroe Islands 🇫🇴
 * Recognised Minority Language in: Denmark 🇩🇰
 * Official language in Fiji 🇫🇯
 * Spoken in: Fiji 🇫🇯
 * Official language in: the Philippines 🇵🇭
 * Official language in: the Philippines 🇵🇭
 * Official language in: Finland 🇫🇮 and the Russian autonomous republic of Karelia ; recognised as a minority language in Sweden
 * Spoken by: the Beninois/Nigerian Fon people
 * Official language in: 38 countries, 14 dependant entities, and 119 international organisations
 * Official language in: the German archipelago of Heligoland Flag of Helgoland.svg and the German district of Nordfriesland Nordfriesischeflagge.svg
 * Spoken in: the German municipality of Saterland DEU Saterland COA.svg
 * Official language in: the Dutch province of Friesland
 * Spoken in: Italy 🇮🇹
 * Spoken in: Central Africa
 * Spoken in: the Republic of Chad 🇹🇩 and Darfur, Republic of the Sudan

G
Ga – Gã Gagauz – Gagauz Galician – Galego Gallo – Galo Gan – 赣语, 贛語 Garre – ? Ge'ez – ግዕዝ Georgian – ქართული German – Deutsch Gikuyu – Gĩkũyũ Gilbertese – Taetae ni Kiribati Godoberi – ГъибдилӀи Mицци, Ɣibdiƛi Micci Gothic † – 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Greek – Ελληνικά Greenlandic – Kalaallisut Grenadian French Creole – Patwa Guaraní – Avañe'ẽ or Javy ju Gujarati – ગુજરાતી Gumuz – Bega Gurung – तमु क्यी Gwich'in – Gwich'in
 * Official language in: Ghana 🇬🇭
 * Official language in: in: Gagauzia in Moldova 🇲🇩
 * Recognised Minority Language in: Ukraine 🇺🇦
 * Official language in: the Spanish autonomous community of Galicia
 * Recognised Minority Language in: France mainly: Brittany, Normandy
 * Spoken in: the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Fujian, Hubei, Hunan, and Jiangxi 🇨🇳
 * Spoken in: Somalia 🇸🇴, Ethiopia 🇪🇹 and Kenya 🇰🇪
 * Spoken in: Eritrea 🇪🇷, Ethiopia 🇪🇹, and Israel 🇮🇱
 * Official language in: Georgia
 * Official language in: Austria 🇦🇹, the Belgian German-Speaking Community Flag of the German Community in Belgium.svg, Germany 🇩🇪, Liechtenstein 🇱🇮, Luxembourg 🇱🇺, the Italian autonomous province of South Tyrol, and Switzerland 🇨🇭
 * Recognised Minority Language in: the Brazilian city of Pomerode Bandeira-pomerode.PNG, the Czech Republic 🇨🇿, Denmark 🇩🇰, Hungary 🇭🇺, the Italian autonomous province of Trentino 🇮🇹, Kazakhstan 🇰🇿, Namibia 🇳🇦, Poland 🇵🇱, Romania 🇷🇴, Russia 🇷🇺, the Slovak municipality of Krahule 🇸🇰, and the Vatican City 🇻🇦 (Administrative and commanding language of the Swiss Guard)
 * Spoken in: the Kenyan Central Province 🇰🇪
 * Official language in: Kiribati 🇰🇮
 * Spoken in: the southwest area of the Russian autonomous republic of Dagestan
 * Formerly spoken in: pre-18th. Century Europe
 * Official language in: Cyprus 🇨🇾 and Greece 🇬🇷
 * Recognised Minority Language in: Albania 🇦🇱, Armenia 🇦🇲, Hungary 🇭🇺 Italy 🇮🇹, Romania 🇷🇴, Turkey 🇹🇷, and Ukraine 🇺🇦
 * Official language in: Greenland 🇬🇱
 * Spoken in: Grenada 🇬🇩
 * Official language in: the Argentinian province of Corrientes, Bolivia 🇧🇴, and Paraguay 🇵🇾
 * Official language in: the Indian union territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, and the Indian state of Gujarat
 * Spoken in: the Benishangul-Gumuz Region, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 🇪🇹
 * Official language in: the Indian state of Sikkim
 * Official language in: the Canadian federal territory of the Northwest Territories

H
Haida – Xaat Kíl Hainanese – 海南話 Haitian Creole – Kreyòl Ayisyen Hakka – 客家話, 客家话 Harari – ሃራሪ Haryanvi – हरयाणवी Hausa – حَوْسَ Hawaiian – ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi Hebrew – Herero – Otjiherero Hiligaynon – Ilonggo Hill Mari – Мары йӹлмӹ Himba – Omuhimba, Simba Hindi – हिन्दी Hindko – ہندکو Hindustani – ہندوستانی, हिन्दुस्तानी Hinuq – гьинузас мец Hiri Motu – Hiri Motu Hmong – lol Hmongb, lus Hmoob, lug Moob, 𖬌𖬣𖬵 Hopi – Hopilàvayi or Hopílavayi Hungarian – Magyar
 * Official language in: the Council of the Haida Nation Flag of Haida.svg and the US 🇺🇸 state of Alaska
 * Spoken in: the Chinese province of Hainan 🇨🇳
 * Official language in: Haiti 🇭🇹
 * Spoken by: the Hakka people
 * Spoken in: the Ethiopian kilil of the Harari Region Harari Flag.svg
 * Spoken in: Haryana in India
 * Spoken by: the Hausa people
 * Official language in: the American state of Hawaii
 * Official language in: Israel 🇮🇱
 * The Hebrew language is a Jewish liturgical language Star of David.svg
 * Spoken in: Botswana 🇧🇼 and Namibia 🇳🇦
 * Spoken in the provinces of Iloilo and in Negros Occidental in the Philippines 🇵🇭
 * Official language in: Mari El, Russia 🇷🇺
 * Spoken in: Gabon 🇬🇦
 * Official language in: India 🇮🇳
 * Spoken in: Pakistan
 * Spoken in: India 🇮🇳 and Pakistan 🇵🇰
 * Spoken in: Dagestan, Russia 🇷🇺
 * Official language in: Papua New Guinea 🇵🇬
 * Spoken in: China 🇨🇳, French Guiana 🇬🇫, Laos, Thailand 🇹🇭, America 🇺🇸, Vietnam , and Australia 🇦🇺
 * Spoken in: the northeastern area of the State of Arizona, United States
 * Official language in: Hungary 🇭🇺
 * Recognised Minority Language in: Austria 🇦🇹, Croatia 🇭🇷, Romania 🇷🇴, Serbia 🇷🇸, Slovakia 🇸🇰, Slovenia 🇸🇮, and Ukraine 🇺🇦

I
Icelandic – Íslenska Ido – Ido Igala – Igala Igbo – Asụsụ Igbo Ik – Icetot Ili Turki – İlı turkeşi, И̇лı туркес̧и, ي̇لي تۋركەسي Ilocano – Iloko, Pagsasao nga Iloko Indonesian – Bahasa Indonesia Ingush – ГӀалгӀай мотт Interlingua – Interlingua Interlingue (Occidental) – Interlingue Interslavic – Medžuslovjansky, Меджусловјанскы Inuinnaqtun – ? Inuit Sign Language – Atgangmuurngniq, ᐊᑦᒐᖕᒨᕐᖕᓂᖅ or ᐆᒃᑐᕋᐅᓯᖏᑦ Inuktitut – ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ Inupiaq – Iñupiatun Irish – Gaeilge Isthmus Nahuatl – Mela'tájtol Istro Romanian – Istroromånă Italian – Italiano
 * Official language in: Iceland 🇮🇸
 * International auxiliary language Flag of Ido.svg
 * Spoken in: Nigeria 🇳🇬
 * Official language in: Nigeria 🇳🇬
 * Recognised Minority Language in: Equatorial Guinea 🇬🇶
 * Spoken in: the Republic of Uganda 🇺🇬
 * Spoken in: China 🇨🇳
 * Official language in: the Philippine province of La Union Vlag Fil LaUnion.gif
 * Official language in: Indonesia 🇮🇩
 * Official language in: the Russian autonomous republic of Ingushetia
 * International auxiliary language 🇺🇳
 * International Auxiliary language 🇺🇳
 * Zonal auxiliary language for Slavs Flag of Interslavic.svg
 * Official language in: Nunavut in Canada 🇨🇦
 * Spoken in: Nunavut  in Canada 🇨🇦
 * Official language in: the Canadian provinces of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut ; the Nunavik area of the Canadian province of Quebec ; and the Canada-administrated/Inuit-claimed autonomous area of Nunatsiavut
 * Official language in: the American state of Alaska
 * Official language in: Ireland 🇮🇪
 * Recognised Minority Language in: Northern Ireland, United Kingdom 🇬🇧
 * Spoken in: the Mexican states of Tabasco and Veracruz
 * Recognised Minority Language in: Istria County, Italy 🇮🇹, Sweden 🇸🇪, Germany 🇩🇪 and North America and South America
 * Official language in: the Croatian Istria County, Italy 🇮🇹, San Marino 🇸🇲, the Slovenian region of Slovenian Istria 🇸🇮, Switzerland 🇨🇭, and the Vatican City 🇻🇦

Iu Mien - Iu Mienh Ivatan – Chirin nu Ibatan
 * Spoken in: China 🇨🇳, Vietnam, Laos , Thailand 🇹🇭, Communities in United States , and France 🇫🇷
 * Spoken in: Batanes, Philippines 🇵🇭

J
Japanese – 日本語, Jarawa – Aongəŋ Javanese – ꦧꦱꦗꦮ Judaeo-Spanish –, Ladino Jutish – Jydsk Jèrriais – Jèrriais
 * National language in: Japan 🇯🇵
 * Official language in: Andaman and Nicobar Islands
 * Spoken in: the Indonesian islands of Borneo and Java, New Caledonia 🇳🇨, and Suriname 🇸🇷
 * Spoken by: the Sephardim Jewish Diaspora Star of David.svg
 * Spoken in: Denmark 🇩🇰
 * Spoken in: the British crown dependency of Jersey 🇯🇪 and the British royal fief of Sark

K
Kabardian – Адыгэбзэ Kabyle – شئعم Kachin - ဈိာင်ဖေါစ် Kaingang – Kanhgág Kaixana – Too few people for it to be written/typed (1 Person as of 2020) Kapampangan – Kapampangan Kannada – ಕನ್ನಡ Kanuri – Kanuri Karakalpak – Қарақалпақ тили, Qaraqalpaq tili Karamojong – ŋaKaramojoŋ or ŋaKarimojoŋ Karelian – Karjalan Kieli Karen - ကညီကျိာ် Karenni - ꤊꤢꤛꤢ꤭ ꤜꤟꤤ꤬ Kashmiri – كٲشُر,	कॉशुर, Kạ̄šur, Koshur Kashubian – Kaszëbsczi Jãzëk Kazakh – Қазақ Tілі Kelantanese Malay – بهاس ملايو كلنتن or Baso Kelate Kendeje – Kendeje Ket – Остыганна ӄа' Khakas – Хакас Tілі Khanty – ханты Khmer – ភាសាខ្មែរ Khoekhoe – Khoekhoegowab Khowar – کھوار Khmu - Kmhmu Kimki – ? Kinyarwanda – Ikinyarwanda or Runyarwanda Komi – Коми Konkani – कोंकणी, Konknni, കൊങ്കണി, ಕೊಂಕಣಿ Korean – 조선말, 한국어 Koryak – нымылан Kosraean – Kosrae Kuanua – Tinata Tuna Kunama – ? Kuliak – Rub Kumyk – Къумукъ Tил Kurdish – Kurdí, کوردی, or K’öрди Kurdish (Southern) – کوردی خوارین, Kurdîy Xwarîn Kurmanji – Kurmancî, کورمانجی Kutchi – کچھی or કચ્છી Kwadi † – !Kwa/tse Kyrgyz – Кыргыз тили
 * Eastern Circassian language. Official language in: the Russian autonomous republics of Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia
 * Spoken also in Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Germany, United States, Netherlands etc.
 * Spoken in: Algeria 🇩🇿
 * Spoken in: Official in Kachin State and Yingjiang County; Myanmar 🇲🇲, China 🇨🇳, India 🇮🇳
 * Spoken in: Brazil 🇧🇷
 * Spoken in: Brazil 🇧🇷
 * Spoken in: Pampanga, Philippines 🇵🇭
 * Official language in: the Indian state of Karnataka
 * Spoken in: Cameroon 🇨🇲, Chad 🇹🇩, Niger 🇳🇪, and Nigeria 🇳🇬
 * Official language in: the Uzbek autonomous republic of Karakalpakstan
 * Spoken in: the Moroto District, Karamoja Sub-Region, Northern Region, Republic of Uganda 🇺🇬
 * Recognised Minority Language in: Finland 🇫🇮 and the Russian autonomous republic of Karelia
 * Spoken in: Karen State, Myanmar 🇲🇲, Thailand 🇹🇭, America
 * Spoken in: Karenni State, Myanmar 🇲🇲, Thailand 🇹🇭, United States
 * Official language in: India 🇮🇳
 * Official language in: Some communes in the Polish voivodeship of Pomerania POL województwo pomorskie flag.svg
 * Official language in: Kazakhstan 🇰🇿 and the Russian autonomous republic of the Altai Republic
 * Spoken in: the Malaysian state of Kelantan Flag of Kelantan.svg
 * Spoken in: Ouaddaï Region, Republic of Chad 🇹🇩
 * Spoken in: the middle Yenisei basin in Krasnoyarsk Krai in Russia 🇷🇺
 * Spoken in: the Russian autonomous republic of Khakassia
 * Spoken in: Khanty-Mansi, Yamalo-Nenets and Tomsk Oblast  in Russia 🇷🇺
 * Official language in: Cambodia 🇰🇭
 * National Language in: Namibia 🇳🇦
 * Official language in: Pakistan 🇵🇰
 * Spoken in: Laos, Vietnam , Thailand 🇹🇭, China 🇨🇳
 * Spoken in: Indonesia 🇮🇩
 * Official language in: Rwanda 🇷🇼
 * Official language in: Komi Republic, Russia 🇷🇺
 * Official language in: the Indian state of Goa 🇮🇳
 * Official language in: North Korea 🇰🇵, South Korea 🇰🇷, and the Chinese autonomous prefecture of Yanbian 🇨🇳
 * Spoken in: Chukotka, Russia 🇷🇺
 * Official language in: Kosrae in Micronesia 🇫🇲
 * Spoken in: East New Britain Province in Papua New Guinea 🇵🇬
 * Spoken in: Eritrea 🇪🇷 and Ethiopia 🇪🇹
 * Spoken in: the Republic of Uganda
 * Official language in: the Russian autonomous republic of Dagestan
 * Official language in: Iraq 🇮🇶 Turkey 🇹🇷 Iran 🇮🇷 Syria Armenia 🇦🇲
 * Recognised Minority Language in: Germany 🇩🇪
 * Spoken in: Iran and Iraq
 * Spoken in: Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria
 * Spoken in: South Asia
 * Formerly spoken in: Angola 🇦🇴
 * (Kwadi is a "click language").
 * Official language in: Kyrgyzstan 🇰🇬 and the Russian autonomous republic of the Altai Republic

L
Laal – yəw láà:l Ladakhi – ལ་དྭགས་སྐད། Ladin – Ladin Lakha – ལ་ཁ་ Lakota – Lakȟótiyapi Lao – ພາສາລາວ Latin – Lingua Latīna Latvian – latviešu Laz – ლაზური ნენა Leonese – Llïonés Lepcha – ᰛᰩᰵ་ᰛᰧᰶᰵ Limbu – ᤕᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ Limburgish – Lèmburgs Lingala – Lingála Lisu – ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ or ꓡꓲꓢꓴ Lithuanian – Lietuvių Livonian – Līvõ Kēļ or Rāndakēļ Low German – Plattdüütsch Low Prussian Dialect – Niederpreußisch Luba-Kasai – Tshiluba Luganda – Luganda, LùGáànda, Oluganda Luiseño – Cham'teela Luo – Kavirondo or Dholuo Luri – لری or Lori Luxembourgish – Lëtzebuergesch
 * Spoken in: Chad 🇹🇩
 * Spoken in: China 🇨🇳, India 🇮🇳, and Pakistan 🇵🇰
 * Spoken in: Italy 🇮🇹
 * Spoken in: Wangdue Phodrang 🇧🇹 and Trongsa 🇧🇹
 * Spoken by: the Lakota people Pine Ridge Flag.svg
 * Official language in: Laos
 * Official language in the Vatican City 🇻🇦
 * Formerly spoken in the Roman Republic, Roman Empire, and in legal court
 * Official language in: Latvia 🇱🇻
 * Spoken in: Georgia and Turkey 🇹🇷
 * Official language in: the Spanish autonomous community of Castile and León
 * Official language in: the Indian state of Sikkim
 * Official language in: the Indian state of Sikkim
 * Official language in: the Netherlands 🇳🇱
 * Official language in: the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo
 * Official language in: the Chinese autonomous prefecture of Nujiang Lisu 🇨🇳 and the Chinese autonomous county of Weixi Lisu 🇨🇳
 * Official language in: Lithuania 🇱🇹
 * Recognised Minority Language in: Poland 🇵🇱
 * Spoken in: Latvia 🇱🇻
 * Spoken in: Denmark 🇩🇰, Germany 🇩🇪, and the Netherlands 🇳🇱
 * Formerly spoken in: Prussia Flag of Prussia 1892-1918.svg, now some scattered speakers in the Americas
 * Spoken in: the Democratic Republic of the Congo
 * Spoken in: Uganda 🇺🇬
 * Spoken in: the southern area of the State of California, United States
 * Spoken in: Kenya 🇰🇪 and Tanzania 🇹🇿
 * Spoken in: Iran 🇮🇷, Iraq 🇮🇶, Kuwait 🇰🇼, Oman 🇴🇲, and the United Arab Emirates
 * Official language in: Luxembourg 🇱🇺
 * Recognised Minority Language in: the Belgian community of the French Community of Belgium Flag of Wallonia.svg

M
Maasai – ɔl Maa Macedonian – Mакедонски Madurese – Basa Mathura Magahi – मगही Maguindanao – Maguindanao Magar – मगर भाषा Maithili – मैथिली, মৈথিলী Makassarese – Basa Mangkasara', ᨅᨔ ᨆᨀᨔᨑ Malagasy – Malagasy Malay – بهاس ملايو or Bahasa Melayu Malayalam – മലയാളം Maltese – Malti Manchu – Mandarin – 國語 Manx – Gaelg Marathi – मराठी Marshallese – Ebon, Kajin M̧ajeļ, Kajin Majõl Marwari – मारवाड़ी, مارواڑی Masalit – kana masara Meadow Mari – олык марий Meitei – মনিপুরি, মৈতৈলোল্, মৈতৈলোন্, মৈথৈ Miami-Illinois – Myaamia Michoacán Nahuatl – Pómaro Nahuatl Min – 閩語 or 闽语 Min Bei – 闽北语 Min Dong – 閩東語 Min Nan – 閩南語 or 闽南语 Min Zhong – 闽中话 Mon – ဘာသာ မန် Mongolian – Монгол Хэл, Montenegrin – crnogorski, црногорски Mor – ?
 * Spoken by: the Kenyan/Tanzanian Maasai people Bandera masai.svg
 * Official language in: North Macedonia
 * Recognised Minority Language in: Albania 🇦🇱, Romania 🇷🇴, and Serbia 🇷🇸
 * Official language in: East Java in Indonesia 🇮🇩
 * Spoken in: India 🇮🇳 and Nepal 🇳🇵
 * Spoken in: Maguindanao, Philippines 🇵🇭
 * Official language in: the Indian state of Sikkim
 * Official language in: the Indian state of Bihar 🇮🇳 and Nepal 🇳🇵
 * Spoken in: the southern tip of the Indonesian province of South Sulawesi South Sulawesi flag.png
 * Official language in: Madagascar 🇲🇬
 * Official language in: Brunei, Indonesia 🇮🇩, Malaysia 🇲🇾, and Singapore 🇸🇬
 * Official language in: the Indian state of Kerala and the Indian territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry 🇮🇳
 * Official language in: Malta 🇲🇹
 * Spoken by: the Manchu people 🇨🇳
 * Spoken in: Most of China 🇨🇳
 * Official language in: the Isle of Man 🇮🇲
 * Official language in: the Indian state of Maharashtra and the Indian territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli 🇮🇳
 * Official language in: the Marshall Islands 🇲🇭
 * Spoken in: Rajasthan in India
 * Spoken in: Dar Masalit, Darfur, Republic of the Sudan 🇸🇩
 * Official language in: Mari El, Russia 🇷🇺
 * Official language in: the Indian state of Manipur 🇮🇳
 * Spoken in: the Illinois Confederation 🇺🇸
 * Spoken in: Mexico 🇲🇽
 * Spoken in: the southeastern area of China 🇨🇳
 * Spoken in: the Chinese prefecture-level city of Nanping 🇨🇳
 * Spoken in: the Chinese prefecture-level cities of Fuzhou and Ningde 🇨🇳
 * Spoken in: the southeastern area of China 🇨🇳
 * Spoken in: the southeastern area of China 🇨🇳
 * Spoken in: the Myanma delta of the Irrawaddy River 🇲🇲
 * Official language in: the Chinese autonomous region of Inner Mongolia 🇨🇳 and Mongolia 🇲🇳
 * Official language in: Montenegro 🇲🇪
 * Recognised Minority Language in: Albania 🇦🇱, Bosnia and Herzegovina 🇧🇦, and the Serbian municipality of Mali Iđoš in the autonomous region of Vojvodina 🇷🇸

 * Spoken in: West Papua, Indonesia

Muscogee Creek – Mvskoke, Mvskokē Musgu – Mulwi Muskum † – Muzuk Mussau-Emira – Mussau-Emira Māori – te Reo Māori
 * Spoken in: the American states of Alabama, Florida , Georgia Flag of Georgia (U.S. state).svg, and Oklahoma
 * Spoken in: Cameroon 🇨🇲 and Chad 🇹🇩
 * Formerly spoken in: Chad 🇹🇩
 * Spoken in: Mussau Island of St Matthias Islands and Emira Island  part of Papua New Guinea 🇵🇬
 * Official language in: New Zealand 🇳🇿

N
Nagumi † – Gong or Ngong Nahuatl – Māsēwallahtōlli, Mexicano, or Nāhuatlahtōlli Naukan Yupik – ? Navajo – Diné bizaad Ndyuka – Nepal Bhasa – नेपाल भाषा Nepali – नेपाली New Zealand Sign Language – Sign Language Ngbee † – Lingbee Nihali – ? Northern Thai – ᨣᩴᩤᨾᩮᩥᩬᨦ Norwegian – Norsk Nottoway – Cheroenhaka Nuosu/Yi – ꆈꌠ꒿ Nyangia – Nyang'i
 * Formerly spoken in: Cameroon 🇨🇲
 * Official language in: Mexico 🇲🇽
 * Spoken in: Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia 🇷🇺
 * Spoken on the Navajo Nation Navajo flag.svg
 * Spoken in: French Guiana 🇬🇫 and Suriname 🇸🇷
 * Official language in: the Indian state of Sikkim  and Nepal 🇳🇵
 * Official language in: the Indian district of the Darjeeling district 🇮🇳, the Indian state of Sikkim, and Nepal 🇳🇵
 * Official language in: New Zealand 🇳🇿
 * Formerly spoken in: the Democratic Republic of the Congo
 * Spoken in: Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra  in India
 * Spoken in: the northern area of Thailand 🇹🇭, and some other parts of Southeast Asia
 * Official language in: Norway 🇳🇴
 * Spoken in: Virginia in the United States 🇺🇸
 * Spoken in: China 🇨🇳
 * Spoken in: the Republic of Uganda 🇺🇬

O
Occitan – Occitan Odia – ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oirat – ᡆᡕᡅᠷᠠᡑ ᡘᡄᠯᡄᠨ Oirata – ? Ojibwe – ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᒧᐎᓐ Okinawan Japanese – ウチナーヤマトゥグチ Old Church Slavonic † – Словѣ́ньскъ Ѩзꙑ́къ, ⰔⰎⰀⰂⰑⰐⰊⰍ Old English † – Anglisc, Ænglisc, Englisc, or ᚫᛝᛚᛁᛋᚻ Omotik † – Laamoot Onge – Öñge Ontong Java – Luangiua Oroch – Орочи кэсэни Orok – ульта Oromo – Afaan Oromoo Ossetian – иронау, ирон ӕвзаг Note: Georgia but there is a dispute with Russia and Georgia with North Ossetia and South Ossetia is wanting independence.
 * Official language in: the Spanish comarca of Val d'Aran Flag-Val d' Aran.svg
 * Official language in: the Indian states of Jharkhand and Odisha 🇮🇳
 * Spoken in: Russia 🇷🇺 Mongolia 🇲🇳 and China 🇨🇳
 * Spoken in: Indonesia 🇮🇩
 * Spoken by: the Ojibwe people Anishinabe.svg
 * Recognised Regional Language in: Japan 🇯🇵
 * Formerly spoken in: Eastern Europe
 * Formerly spoken in: Scotland 🏴 and Wales 🏴
 * Formerly spoken in: Great Rift Valley, Kenya 🇰🇪
 * Spoken in: Andaman and Nicobar Islands
 * Spoken in: Ontong Java Atoll, Solomon Islands 🇸🇧
 * Spoken in: Khabarovsk Krai, Russia 🇷🇺
 * Spoken in: Sakhalin Oblast, Russia 🇷🇺
 * Official language in: Oromia in Ethiopia 🇪🇹
 * Recognised Minority Language in: Kenya 🇰🇪
 * Spoken in North Ossetia and South Ossetia

P
Pahari – पहाड़ी Palula – پالولہ Pandan Bikol – Pandanon Pangasinan – Pangasinan Paratio † – ? Parya – Парья Pashto – پښتو Pattani Malay – بهاس جاوي, Bahasa Jawi, or ภาษายาวี Persian – فارسی форсӣ or دری дарӣ Phoenician † – 𐤃𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤌 𐤊𐤍𐤏𐤍𐤉𐤌 Pidgin – ? Piman – Tepiman Pipil – Náhuat or Nawat Pirahã – xapaitíiso Pitjantjatjara – Pitjantjatjara Plautdietsch – Plautdietsch Polish – Język polski, polski, or polszczyzna Portuguese – Português Punjabi – पंजाबी, ਪੰਜਾਬੀ, or پنجابی Pu-Xian Min – 興化話 or 莆仙話
 * Spoken in: the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Sikkim , Uttarakhand, and West Bengal; Nepal 🇳🇵, the Pakistani state of Azad Kashmir Flag of Azad Kashmir.svg, and Greater Tibet
 * Spoken in: the Pakistani district of the Chitral District 🇵🇰
 * Spoken in: Catanduanes, Philippines 🇵🇭
 * Spoken in: Pangasinan, Philippines 🇵🇭
 * Spoken in: Brazil 🇧🇷
 * Spoken in: Afghanistan 🇦🇫, Tajikistan 🇹🇯 and Uzbekistan 🇺🇿
 * Official language in: Afghanistan 🇦🇫
 * Recognised Minority Language in: Pakistan 🇵🇰
 * Spoken in: the Thai provinces of Narathiwat, Pattani, Songkhla, and Yala 🇹🇭
 * Official language in: Afghanistan 🇦🇫, Iran 🇮🇷, and Tajikistan 🇹🇯
 * Formerly spoken in: the Near East
 * Spoken in: Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea
 * Spoken in: the State of Arizona, United States and the Free and Sovereign State of Durango, United Mexican States
 * Spoken in: the Salvadoran cities of San Salvador San Salvador Flag.png and Sonsonate; and the Salvadoran department of La Libertad Flag of La Libertad Department.svg
 * Spoken in: the Brazilian state of Amazonas.
 * Spoken in: the northwestern area of the Australian state of South Australia Flag of South Australia.svg
 * Spoken in: Eastern Europe, with some scattered speakers in the Americas
 * Official language in: Poland 🇵🇱
 * Recognised Minority Language in: the Czech Republic 🇨🇿, Romania 🇷🇴, Slovakia 🇸🇰, and Ukraine 🇺🇦
 * Official language in: Angola 🇦🇴, Brazil 🇧🇷, Cape Verde 🇨🇻, East Timor, Equatorial Guinea 🇬🇶, Guinea-Bissau 🇬🇼, Macau , Mozambique 🇲🇿, Portugal 🇵🇹, and São Tomé and Príncipe
 * Official language in: the Indian federal district of Delhi 🇮🇳; and the Indian states of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, and West Bengal 🇮🇳
 * Recognised Minority Language in: the Pakistani province of Punjab Flag of Punjab.svg
 * Spoken in: the Chinese county of Xianyou 🇨🇳 and the Chinese prefecture-level cities of Fuzhou, Putian, and Quanzhou 🇨🇳

Q
Quechuan – Runasimi Quinqui
 * Spoken by: the Quechuan people in Argentina 🇦🇷, Bolivia 🇧🇴, Colombia 🇨🇴, Ecuador 🇪🇨, and Peru 🇵🇪
 * Spoken in: Spain 🇪🇸

R
Raga – Hano Rajasthani – राजस्थानी Rinconada – Rinconada Rohingya – 𐴌𐴗𐴥𐴝𐴙𐴚𐴒𐴙𐴝 Romani – Romani Ćhib Romanian – Română Ramanos † – ? Romansh – Rumantsch Russian – Русский Rusyn – Русиньский Язык, Русиньска Бесїда Ruthenian † – Руский Языкъ Rotokas – Rotokas
 * Spoken in: the Pentecost Island, Republic of Vanuatu 🇻🇺
 * Spoken in: the Indian state of Rajasthan 🇮🇳
 * Spoken in: Camarines Sur, Philippines 🇵🇭
 * Official language in: the Rakhine State, and southeastern Chittagong Division (Bangladesh)
 * Spoken by: the Romani people Roma flag.svg; recognised as a minority language in Sweden
 * Official language in: Moldova 🇲🇩, Romania 🇷🇴, Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, and the Serbian autonomous province of Vojvodina
 * Recognised Minority Language in: Hungary 🇭🇺, Italy 🇮🇹, Serbia 🇷🇸, Spain 🇪🇸, and Ukraine 🇺🇦
 * Formerly spoken in: Bolivia 🇧🇴
 * Official language in: Switzerland 🇨🇭
 * Official language in: 10 Countries and 4 Organizations
 * Recognised Minority Language in: 7 Countries
 * Official language in: The Serbian autonomous province of Vojvodina
 * Recognised Minority Language in: Croatia 🇭🇷, Poland 🇵🇱, Romania 🇷🇴, Serbia 🇷🇸, and Slovakia 🇸🇰
 * Formerly spoken in: the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Chorągiew królewska króla Zygmunta III Wazy.svg and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Alex K Grundwald flags 1410-03.svg
 * Spoken in: Bougainville part of Papua New Guinea 🇵🇬

S
Sadri – सादरी (नागपुरी), ସାଦ୍ରୀ, সাদরি Sámi (Inari) – anarâškielâ Sámi (Kildin) – Кӣллт са̄мь кӣлл Sámi (Lule) – julevsámegiella Sámi (Northern) – davvisámegiella Sámi (Pite) – bidumsámegiella Sámi (Skolt) – sääʹmǩiõll, nuõrttsääʹmǩiõll Sámi (Southern) – åarjelsaemien gïele Sámi (Ter) – Са̄мькӣлл, saa´mekiil Sámi (Ume) – ubmejensámien giella Samoan – Gagana Sāmoa Sanskrit – संस्कृतम्, संस्कृता वाक् Sardinian – Sardu Sasak – ᬪᬵᬲᬵᬲᬓ᭄ᬱᬓ᭄ Saurashtra – ꢱꣃꢬꢵꢰ꣄ꢜ꣄ꢬꢵ Scots – Scots, Scottis, Scots leid, Lallans Scottish Gaelic – Gàidhlig Serbian – Српски, Srpski Serbo-Croatian – srpskohrvatski/српскохрватски, also hrvatskosrpski/хрватскосрпски Serer – Seereer, Seereer-Siin Shan – လိၵ်ႈတႆး Shanghainese – 上海闲话 Sherpa language – शेर्पा, ཤེར་པཱ། Shona – Shona Sicilian – Sicilianu Sikkimese – འབྲས་ལྗོངས་ Silesian – Ślōnski, Ślůnski Sindhi – سنڌي Sinhala – සිංහල Slovak – Slovenčina Slovene – Slovenščina Somali – اللغة الصومالية, Af-Soomaali Sorani – سۆرانی, Soranî Sotho – Sesotho Southern Quechua Spanish – Español Stellingwarfs – Stellingwerfs Sundanese – ᮘᮞ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ Sumerian † – 𒅴𒂠 (EME.G̃IR15) Surajpuri  – सुरजापुरी, সুরজাপুরী Susuami – ?
 * Official language in: India 🇮🇳
 * Recognised as a minority language in Finland 🇫🇮
 * Recognised as a minority language in Russia 🇷🇺
 * Recognised as a minority language in Norway, Sweden 🇳🇴 🇸🇪
 * Recognised as a minority language in Finland, Norway, Sweden 🇫🇮 🇳🇴 🇸🇪
 * Recognised as a minority language in Norway, Sweden 🇳🇴 🇸🇪
 * Recognised as a minority language in Russia, and formerly spoken in Norway 🇷🇺 🇳🇴
 * Recognised as a minority language in Norway 🇳🇴
 * A moribund language spoken in Russia 🇷🇺
 * Recognised as a minority language in Sweden, and formerly in Norway 🇳🇴
 * Official language in: American Samoa 🇦🇸 and Samoa 🇼🇸
 * Official language in: India 🇮🇳
 * Official language in: the Italian autonomous region of Sardinia
 * Recognised Minority Language in: Italy 🇮🇹
 * Spoken in: West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia 🇮🇩
 * Spoken in: the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu 🇮🇳
 * Recognised Minority Language in: Northern Ireland and Scotland 🏴
 * Recognised Minority Language in: Scotland 🏴
 * Official language in: Bosnia and Herzegovina 🇧🇦 and Serbia 🇷🇸
 * Recognised Minority Language in: Croatia 🇭🇷, the Czech Republic 🇨🇿, Hungary 🇭🇺, Montenegro 🇲🇪, North Macedonia, Romania 🇷🇴 and Slovakia 🇸🇰
 * Official language in: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia 🇭🇷, Montenegro 🇲🇪 Serbia 🇷🇸
 * Recognised Minority Language in: Austria 🇦🇹, Czech Republic, Hungary 🇭🇺, Italy 🇮🇹, North Macedonia , Romania 🇷🇴 and Slovakia 🇸🇰
 * Spoken in: the Republic of the Gambia 🇬🇲 and the Republic of Senegal 🇸🇳
 * Spoken in: the Myanmar states of the Kachin State Flag of Kachin State.svg and the Shan State Flag of the Shan State.svg and by the Shan people
 * Spoken in: the Chinese municipality of Shanghai
 * Official language in: the Indian state of Sikkim
 * Official language in: Zimbabwe 🇿🇼
 * Spoken in: the Italian region of Apulia, Calabria , Campania ; the Italian comune of Leece 🇮🇹; Malta 🇲🇹; and the Italian autonomous region of Sicily
 * Official language in: the Indian state of Sikkim
 * Spoken in: 🇵🇱 Poland and 🇨🇿 Czech Republic
 * Official language in: India 🇮🇳 and the Pakistani province of Sindh
 * Official language in: Sri Lanka 🇱🇰
 * Official language in: Slovakia 🇸🇰, and the Serbian autonomous province of Vojvodina
 * Recognised Minority Language in: the Czech Republic 🇨🇿, Hungary 🇭🇺 and Ukraine 🇺🇦
 * Official language in: Slovenia 🇸🇮
 * Recognised Minority Language in: Austria 🇦🇹, Hungary 🇭🇺, and Italy 🇮🇹
 * Official language in: Somalia
 * Recognised Minority Language in: Djibouti 🇩🇯 and Ethiopia 🇪🇹
 * Spoken in: Iran and Iraq
 * Official language in: Lesotho 🇱🇸 and South Africa 🇿🇦
 * Spoken in: Bolivia 🇧🇴, Peru 🇵🇪, Chile 🇨🇱 and Argentina 🇦🇷
 * Official language in: 21 countries, 6 dependant entities, and 23 international organisations
 * Spoken in: the Netherlands 🇳🇱
 * Official language in: the Indonesian province of West Java Flag of West Java (vectorised).svg
 * Was spoken in: Southern Iraq 🇮🇶 and Southeastern Iran 🇮🇷
 * Official language in: the India
 * Official language in: India 🇮🇳
 * Spoken in: Morobe Province 🇵🇬, Papua New Guinea 🇵🇬

Swahili – Kiswahili Swedish – Svenska Swiss German – Schwyzerdütsch Sylheti – ছিলটী, সিলেটী
 * Official language in: Kenya 🇰🇪, Tanzania 🇹🇿, and Uganda 🇺🇬
 * Official language in: Finland 🇫🇮 and Sweden 🇸🇪
 * Spoken in: the Austrian state of Vorarlberg Flag of Vorarlberg.svg, the Italian regions of the Aosta Valley Flag of Valle d'Aosta.svg and Piedmont Flag_of_Piedmont.svg, Liechtenstein 🇱🇮, and Switzerland 🇨🇭
 * Spoken in: the Bangladeshi division of Greater Sylhet 🇧🇩; the Indian state of Assam's Barak Valley 🇮🇳; and the Indian state of Tripura 🇮🇳

T
Taa – ǃXóõ Tagalog – ᜏᜒᜃᜅ᜔ ᜆᜄᜎᜓᜄ᜔, Wikang Tagalog Tahitian – Reo Mā'ohi, Reo Tahiti Tai Dam – ꪺꪕꪒꪾ Tai Khün – ไทเขิน Tai Lü – ᦑᦺᦟᦹᧉ Tai Nüa – ᥖᥭᥰᥖᥬᥳᥑᥨᥒᥰ Tajik – Тоҷикӣ Tamang – तामाङ Tamil – தமிழ் Tangut † – Tatar – تاتارچا, Tatarça, Tатарча Tausug – Bahasa Sūg Telugu – తెలుగు Tepes – Soo Teribe – Naso, Norteño, Quequexque, Teribe, Tiribi, or Térraba Tetum – Lia-Tetun Terengganu – Ccakak Tranung Thai – ภาษาไทย Tibetan – དབུས་སྐད་ Tigrinya – ትግርኛ Tobagonian Creole – ? Tofa – Тоъфа дыл Tok Pisin – Tok Pisin Tongan – Lea faka-Tonga Tongva † – Gabrielino Trinidadian Creole – ? Tsez – Цез Мец, Цезяс Мец Tswana – Setswana Tuareg – Tamahaq, Tamajaq, Tamasheq, or ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵌⴰⵆ Tunica – Luhchi Yoroni Tunisian Arabic – تونسي Turkish – Türkçe Turkmen – Türkmençe or Türkmen dili Tulu – ತುಳು ಬಾಸೆ, തുളു ബാസെ, or Tumpoon – ? Tübatulabal – Pakaːnil Tuvan – тыва дыл Tzeltal– Bats'il k'op Tzotzil– Batsʼi kʼop
 * Spoken in: Ghanzi 🇧🇼, Kgalagadi 🇧🇼, Kweneng 🇧🇼, Southern Districts 🇧🇼 and Hardap 🇳🇦
 * Official language in: the Philippines 🇵🇭
 * Spoken in: the French Polynesian area of the Society Islands Flag of the Society Islands.svg
 * Spoken in: the Chinese county of the Jinping Miao, Yao, and Dai Autonomous County 🇨🇳
 * Spoken in: Shan State, Republic of the Union of Myanmar Flag of the Shan State.svg and the Kingdom of Thailand 🇹🇭
 * Spoken in: Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China 🇨🇳
 * Official language in: the Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, People's Republic of China 🇨🇳
 * Official language in: the Tajikistan 🇹🇯
 * Official language in: Sikkim, Republic of India and the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal 🇳🇵
 * Official language in: the Indian states of Tamil Nadu, union territories of Pondicherry and Andaman and Nicobar Islands🇮🇳, Sri Lanka 🇱🇰, Republic of Singapore 🇸🇬
 * Recognised Minority Language in: Malaysia 🇲🇾
 * Formerly the Official language in: the Tangut Empire (Western Xia)
 * Official language in: the Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
 * Spoken in: Sulu, Philippines 🇵🇭
 * Official language in: the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and town of Yanam 🇮🇳
 * Spoken in: the Republic of Uganda 🇺🇬
 * Spoken in: the Costa Rican provinces of Limón Limon flag.gif and Puntarenas Bandera de la Provincia de Puntarenas.svg, and the Panamanian provinces of Bocas del Toro Bandera de la Provincia de Bocas del Toro.svg and Chiriquí Bandera de la Provincia de Chiriquí.svg
 * Official language in: the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste
 * Recognised Minority Language in: East Nusa Tenggara, Republic of Indonesia Flag of East Nusa Tenggara.svg
 * Spoken in: Terengganu
 * Official language in: the Kingdom of Thailand
 * Official language in: the Tibet Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China 🇨🇳 and Upper Mustang, Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal Mustang flag.svg
 * Official language in: the State of Eritrea 🇪🇷 and the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 🇪🇹
 * Spoken in: Tobago part of Trinidad and Tobago
 * Spoken in: Irkutsk Oblast, Russia 🇷🇺
 * Official language in: the Independent State of Papua New Guinea 🇵🇬
 * Official language in: the Kingdom of Tonga 🇹🇴
 * Formerly spoken in: the City of Los Angeles, United States 🇺🇸
 * Spoken in: Trinidad in Trinidad and Tobago
 * Spoken in: the Republic of Dagestan, Russian Federation
 * Official language in: the Republic of Botswana 🇧🇼, the Republic of South Africa 🇿🇦, and the Republic of Zimbabwe 🇿🇼
 * Recognised Minority Language in: the Republic of Mali 🇲🇱 and the Republic of Niger 🇳🇪
 * Spoken in: the Louisiana, United States of America
 * Spoken in: Tunisia 🇹🇳
 * Official language in: Turkey 🇹🇷, Northern Cyprus And Cyprus 🇨🇾
 * Spoken in: the Bosnia And Herzegovina 🇧🇦. Greece 🇬🇷. Iraq 🇮🇶. Kosovo . North Macedonia . Romania 🇷🇴. Bulgaria 🇧🇬. Syria . Netherlands 🇳🇱. Belgium 🇧🇪. Germany 🇩🇪
 * Official language in: Turkmenistan 🇹🇲
 * Recognised Minority Language in: Afghanistan 🇦🇫
 * Spoken in: the Indian states of Karnataka, Kerala, and Maharashtra 🇮🇳
 * Spoken in: Cambodia 🇰🇭
 * Spoken in: California
 * Spoken in: Tuva
 * Spoken in: Chiapas, Mexico
 * Spoken in: Chiapas, Mexico

U
Ubykh † – twaxəbza Uduk – Tw'ampa or T'wampa Ukrainian – Українська Upper Sorbian – Hornjoserbsce Urdu – اُردُو Uspanteco – uspantek Uyghur – ئۇيغۇر تىلى Uzbek – اوزبیک, Ўзбек, Oʻzbek
 * Formerly spoken in: Turkey 🇹🇷
 * Spoken in: the Federal Democratic Republic of South Sudan 🇸🇸 and the Republic of the Sudan 🇸🇩
 * Official language in: the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic and Ukraine 🇺🇦
 * Recognised Minority Language in: Bosnia and Herzegovina 🇧🇦, the Republic of Croatia 🇭🇷, the Czech Republic 🇨🇿, Hungary 🇭🇺, the Republic of Moldova 🇲🇩, the Republic of Poland 🇵🇱, Romania 🇷🇴, the Republic of Serbia 🇷🇸, and the Slovak Republic 🇸🇰
 * Spoken in: the State of Saxony in Germany  🇩🇪
 * Official language in: the Islamic Republic of Pakistan 🇵🇰 and the Indian states of Bihar, Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Telangana 🇮🇳
 * Spoken in: Guatemala 🇬🇹
 * Official language in: the Chinese autonomous region of Xinjiang 🇨🇳 and Recognised Minority Language of Kazakhstan 🇰🇿
 * Official language in: the Republic of Uzbekistan 🇺🇿

V
Vaagri Booli – ஃஅக்கிபிக்கி Vai – ꕙꔤ Valencian – Valencià Vedda – ? Venda – Tshivenḓa Venetian – Vèneto Vietnamese – Tiếng Việt Nam Vincentian Creole – Naygar (meaning people not Vincentian Creole) Vlax Romani – řomani čhib Volapük – Volapük Votic – Vaddja Võro – Võro Kiil
 * Spoken in: Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh , Puducherry , Karnataka, , Maharashtra , and all in India
 * Spoken in: Liberia 🇱🇷 and Sierra Leone 🇸🇱
 * Official language in: the Spanish autonomous community of Valencia
 * Spoken in: Uva Province of Sri Lanka 🇱🇰
 * Official language in: the Republic of South Africa 🇿🇦 and the Republic of Zimbabwe 🇿🇼
 * Official language in: the Italian region of Veneto
 * Official language in: the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
 * Recognised Minority Language in: the Czech Republic 🇨🇿
 * Spoken in: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 🇻🇨
 * Generally spoken in: Southeastern Europe
 * International language invented by Johann Martin Schleyer 🇩🇪
 * Spoken in: Ingria in Russia 🇷🇺
 * Spoken in: Southern Estonia Võro lipp.png

W
Wa - Va Walloon – Walon Warlpiri – Warlpiri Welsh – Cymraeg Western Itelmen – итэнмэн West Frisian – Frysk Wintu – wintʰuːh Wolof – Wolof Wu – 吴方言
 * Sopken in: China 🇨🇳, Laos, Myanmar 🇲🇲, Thailand 🇹🇭
 * Spoken in: the Belgian region of Wallonia
 * Spoken in: the Australian Northern Territory
 * Official language in: the British country of Wales 🏴
 * Recognised Minority Language in: the Argentine Republic 🇦🇷 and the United Kingdom 🇬🇧
 * Spoken in: Kamchatka Krai  in Russia 🇷🇺
 * Official language in: the Dutch province of Friesland
 * Spoken in: California
 * Spoken in: the Republic of the Gambia 🇬🇲, the Islamic Republic of Mauritania 🇲🇷, and the Republic of Senegal 🇸🇳
 * Spoken in: the southern region of the Chinese province of Jiangsu, the entire province of Zhejiang, and the municipality of Shanghai 🇨🇳

X
Xaracuu – Kanala, Xârâcùù Xhosa – isiXhosa Xiang – 湘语 Xibe – Xucuru † – ? Xiriâna † – Bahwana
 * Spoken in: the French special collectivity of New Caledonia 🇳🇨
 * Official language in: the Republic of South Africa 🇿🇦 and the Republic of Zimbabwe 🇿🇼
 * Spoken in: the northern region of the Chinese province of Guangxi and the central and southwestern regions of the province of Hunan 🇨🇳
 * Spoken in: the Chinese autonomous region of Xinjiang 🇨🇳
 * Formerly spoken in: Brazil 🇧🇷
 * Formerly spoken in: Brazil 🇧🇷

Y
Yapese – Yapese Yakut – Саха тыла Yanesha' – Yanešač̣ Yiddish – ייִדיש Yoruba – Èdè Yorùbá Yuchi – Tsoyaha Yue – 粵語, 粤语, 廣東話, or 广东话
 * Spoken in: the Micronesian island of Yap
 * Official language in: Yakutia or Sakha  in Russia 🇷🇺
 * Spoken in: the Peruvian department of Pasco
 * Official language in: the Russian Jewish Autonomous Oblast
 * Recognised as a minority language in Bosnia and Herzegovina 🇧🇦, the State of Israel 🇮🇱, the Netherlands 🇳🇱, the Republic of Poland 🇵🇱, Romania 🇷🇴, the Kingdom of Sweden 🇸🇪, and Ukraine 🇺🇦
 * Official language in: the Federal Republic of Nigeria 🇳🇬
 * Spoken in: Oklahoma
 * Spoken in: the Chinese province of Guangdong and the autonomous region of Guangxi 🇨🇳

Z
Zaghawa – Beria Zaza – Zazaki Zulu – isiZulu Zuni – Shiwi’ma Zuojiang Zhuang – 話僮 Zyphe Chin – ?
 * Spoken in: Sudan 🇸🇩 and Chad 🇹🇩
 * Spoken in: Tunceli 🇹🇷, Bingöl 🇹🇷 and parts of Elazığ 🇹🇷, Erzincan 🇹🇷 and Diyarbakır 🇹🇷
 * Official language in: the Republic of South Africa 🇿🇦
 * Spoken in: New Mexico and Arizona in the United States 🇺🇸
 * Spoken in: the Chinese autonomous region of Guangxi 🇨🇳
 * Spoken in: Chin State and India 🇮🇳

Alphabets and scripts
† = Extinct dialect

'
'Phags-pa † –
 * Formerly Used in: the People's Republic of China 🇨🇳, the Republic of India 🇮🇳, Mongolia 🇲🇳, and Greater Tibet

A–M
Abkhaz – Aҧсшәа Anglo-Saxon † – ᚠᚢᚦᚩᚱᚳ Armenian Alphabet – Հայկական Այբուբեն Avestan – 𐬆𐬬𐬈𐬯𐬙𐬆𐬥 Basahan † – Guhit Baybayin † – ᜊᜌ᜔ᜊᜌᜒᜈ᜔ Bopomofo – ㄓㄨˋ ㄧㄣ ㄈㄨˊ ㄏㄠˋ Borama – 𐒄𐒋𐒦𐒩𐒗𐒓 Braille – ⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠑ Carian – 𐊴𐊠𐊥𐊹𐊠𐊵 Deseret – 𐐔𐐯𐑅𐐨𐑉𐐯𐐻 Glagolitic † – Кѷрїлловица, ⰍⱛⰓⰊⰎⰎⰑⰂⱄⰜⰀ Hanunó'o – ᜱᜨᜳᜨᜳᜢ Kayah Li – ꤊꤢꤛꤢꤟ ꤜꤤ Kulitan – Mandombe – Mandombe
 * Used in: the Republic of Abkhazia and the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia, Georgia
 * Formerly Used in: Anglo-Saxon England 🏴
 * Used in: Armenia 🇦🇲, the Republic of Cyprus 🇨🇾, the Islamic Republic of Iran 🇮🇷, Artsakh, the Republic of Poland 🇵🇱, Romania 🇷🇴, and the United States 🇺🇸
 * Spoken on: the Eastern Iranian Plateau 🇮🇷
 * Used in: Bicol Region, Philippines 🇵🇭
 * Used in: the Philippines 🇵🇭
 * Used in: the People's Republic of China 🇨🇳
 * Used in: the Federal Republic of Somalia 🇸🇴
 * Braille is a tactile writing system, versions of which are used for many different languages and also used for the blind.
 * Formerly used in: Western Anatolia
 * The Deseret alphabet is a Mormon liturgical script
 * Formerly used by: the Middle Age Slavic people
 * Used in: Mindoro, Philippines 🇵🇭
 * Used in: the Kayah, Republic of the Union of Myanmar Flag of Kayah State.svg
 * Used in: Pampanga, Philippines 🇵🇭
 * Used in: Western Africa

N–T
N'Ko – ߒߞߏ Osmanya – 𐒋𐒘𐒈𐒑𐒛𐒒𐒕𐒀 Runic † – ᚱᚢᚾᛟ Shavian – 𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯 Siddhaṃ – 𑖭𑖰𑖟𑖿𑖠𑖽 Tagbanwa – ᝦᝪᝨᝯ Tai Tham – ᨲ᩠ᩅᩫᨾᩮᩬᩥᨦ † = Extinct alphabet or Script
 * Used in: Guinea and Ivory Coast
 * Used in: the Federal Republic of Somalia 🇸🇴
 * Formerly Used by: 2nd Century Germanics
 * Invented by Ronald Kingsley Read 🇮🇪 as an alternative phonetic alphabet to the English language.
 * Used in: Central Asia, Japan
 * Used in: Palawan, Philippines Vlag Fil Palawan.gif
 * Used in: Southeast Asia

ǂ
ǂAkhoe – ǂAkhoe Haiǁom
 * Spoken in: Angola 🇦🇴, Botswana 🇧🇼, Namibia 🇳🇦, and South Africa 🇿🇦

A–K
Albanian (Gheg) – gegnisht Albanian (Tosk) – toskërisht Amoy – 廈門話 or 厦门话 Armenian (Eastern) – Արևելահայերեն Armenian (Western) – Արեւմտահայերէն Fuzhou – 平話 or 福州話 Hazāragī – هزارگی Hokkien – 福佬話 Kwanyama – Oshikwanyama
 * Spoken in: Albania 🇦🇱
 * Spoken in: Albania 🇦🇱
 * Spoken in: the southern area of the Chinese province of Fujian 🇨🇳
 * Spoken in: Armenia 🇦🇲
 * Spoken by: the Armenian Diaspora 🇦🇲
 * Spoken in: East Asia
 * Spoken in: Afghanistan 🇦🇫, Iran 🇮🇷, and Pakistan 🇵🇰
 * Spoken in: the southern area of the Chinese province of Fujian 🇨🇳, Taiwan 🇹🇼, and in Southeast Asia
 * Spoken in: Angola 🇦🇴 and Namibia 🇳🇦

M–T
Meänkieli – Meänkieli Monégasque – Munegascu Māori English – Māori English Ningbo – 寧波閒話 Pothohari – پوٹھوهاری or پوٹھواری Quanzhou – 泉州話 Sapudi – Bhâsa Sapudi Saraiki – سرائیکی, ਸਰਾਇਕੀ, सराइकी Seroa † – ǃGãǃne, ǁKuǁe Teochew – 潮州話
 * Recognised Minority Language in: Kingdom of Sweden 🇸🇪
 * Spoken in: Monaco 🇲🇨
 * Spoken in: New Zealand
 * Spoken in: the Chinese sub-provincial division of Ningbo 🇨🇳
 * Spoken in: the Pakistani state of Azad Kashmir Flag of Azad Kashmir.svg
 * Spoken in: the southern area of the Chinese province of Fujian 🇨🇳
 * Spoken in: Sapudi Island, Indonesia 🇮🇩
 * Spoken in: the Pakistani province of Bahawalpur South Punjab 🇵🇰
 * Formerly spoken in: Lesotho 🇱🇸 and South Africa 🇿🇦
 * (Seroa is a "click language".)
 * Spoken by: the Chinese Teochew people

Required fonts
Many languages require special fonts in order to display correctly. Most use fonts from the font family Noto, created by Google. They can be downloaded here.

title: List of language names


text: User talk:24.5.34.104

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:24.5.34.104


text:
User talk:Mikeb4789

Hello,

I've noticed your work on United States Air Force-related articles. Many of the pages need a bit of cleaning up, and your work on them is very helpful. Thanks for your contributions.

Sincerely,

Acegikmo1 02:58, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

AT-9
Hi Mikeb - you might want to take a look at WikiProject Aircraft, the effort to co-ordinate aircraft articles in the encyclopedia and achieve some kind of consistency to how they're presented. There's a lot of information there, particularly in the page content section, so please don't get intimidated by it! The naming convention used here for US military aircraft is: if the aircraft has an official name, then our articles are named "designation" "name", so F-14 Tomcat. When the aircraft has no official name, our articles are named "manufacturer" "designation", so Boeing C-22, Curtiss AT-9. Cheers and welcome aboard! -- Rlandmann 04:53, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The image you contributed also is problematic - the USAF museum site is not a public domain resource (despite being hosted on a .mil server - see http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/warn.htm ). Unfortunately, this means we're going to have to remove it :( Hopefully, given the age of the aircraft, there should be public domain images out there that are easy enough to find to replace it! Sorry to be the bearer of bad tidings so early in your stay here :( --Rlandmann 04:59, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

"Jeep" is such a common (though unofficial) name, that AT-9 Jeep would probably have been OK as well, and we should definitely have a redirect from there. If that's a redlink when I hit save here, I'll go make it one! --Rlandmann 05:08, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes - should be fine. Almost everything on hosted on .mil and .gov is fair game - the USAF Museum being a very rare exception, and one that unfortunately causes a lot of confusion here (don't worry! You're far from the first to make that mistake!). If you give the image the same name as the file you originally uploaded, the new image will just over-write the old one (after prompting you first).

 * If you're feeling energetic, you might also like to format the article's specifications to line up with the current standard. If not, don't worry about it and I'll clean it up later. --Rlandmann 05:24, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Actually, that data table belongs to an obsolete standard - I've updated the article to use the new layout. I know there's plenty of examples of the old blue table still around the 'pedia, but these are slowly but surely being updated. I'm just sorry for the work you put in - I should have been more explicit when I suggested you standardise :(

I sincerely hope all this "dotting the i's and crossing the t's" hasn't put you off at all - Wikiproject Aircraft needs all the contributors it can get, especially to cover less popular types (ie, anything that's not a front-line combat aircraft) --Rlandmann 22:06, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Ellsworth Air Force Base
I was looking at Ellsworth Air Force Base and noticed that the demographic information for the base was removed from the article and I was wondering why you removed it. The information is valid and it represents those people living on the base at the time of the census. I assume that you've done this to other bases as well, but I have not checked them. Could you please add this information back in? Thanks! RM 20:20, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)

Duplicate Image:89th Airlift Wing.jpg
Hello, this is a message from an automated bot. A tag has been placed on Image:89th Airlift Wing.jpg, by another Wikipedia user, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. The tag claims that it should be speedily deleted because Image:89th Airlift Wing.jpg is a duplicate of an already existing article, category or image. To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait before possibly deleting Image:89th Airlift Wing.jpg, please affix the template to the page, and put a note on its talk page. If the article has already been deleted, see the advice and instructions at WP:WMD. Please note, this bot is only informing you of the nomination for speedy deletion, it did not nominate Image:89th Airlift Wing.jpg itself. Feel free to leave a message on the bot operator's talk page if you have any questions about this or any problems with this bot. --Android Mouse Bot 2 06:29, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

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Thanks for your contrib about 23rd NORAD ADS!
Hope I'm doing this right... Adding a new talk section just to contact you.

I noticed that you contributed pretty heavily to the Tyndall AFB page in the 23 NORAD ADS section. You write very much like someone who was stationed there. Were you?

If so, let me say Hi to a fellow 23ADS Alum. My name is Kirby L. Wallace and I was transfered to 23rd ADS from IWS there at Tyndall. In fact, the station was so new that it was understaffed at first, and I was the first person, ever, to be qualified first in weapons, and then one of the others. After that I went through the surveillance training and had another distinction of being the first person, ever, to be "dual qualified". Weapons and Surveillance. I think they made that kind of the norm later on, though. But usually you go surviellance first then weapons or ID. And after a few years, you move up to SD. I got out of the AF before getting there though.

Do please feel free to contact me at Kirby at wallaceinfo (followed by a dot and then) "c0m"

Thanks for all your work on the article. It was a really pleasant memory! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.64.61.66 (talk) 21:09, 20 August 2010 (UTC)

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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:54, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mikeb4789


text:
Chinese adjectives

Chinese adjectives differ from adjectives in English in that they can be used as verbs (for example ; lit. "sky black undefined") and thus linguists sometimes prefer to use the terms static or stative verb to describe them.

Attributive (before nouns)
When a noun is modified using an adjective, the associative particle 的 de is inserted between the adjective and the noun. For example, 高兴的孩子 gāo xìng de hái zi "happy child". 的 is sometimes omitted to reduce repetitiveness (e.g., two or more instances of 的 within a sentence); it is also omitted in some established adjective-noun pairs to improve sentence flow (e.g., the TV show 快乐中国 in China). It is also more typical to omit 的 when a single-syllable adjective is used than for a multi-syllable adjective (e.g., compare 坏人 (壞人) with 奇怪的人). In general, there are no strict rules regarding when 的 can be omitted; however, some adjectives and adjective-noun pairs are more often seen without the associative particle than others.

Some examples:
 * （壞人）— "bad person"
 * — "strange person"
 * （可愛的熊貓）— "cute panda"

First pattern
Unlike English, subjects and predicate adjectives in a Chinese sentence are not linked by copula but by degree adverbs, such as hěn "very,"  hǎo "highly",  zhēn "really," and  fēicháng "extraordinarily, extremely." For example, the following sentences express increasing degrees of "beauty":

A complementary adverb (e.g. 极了 jí le) can also specify the degree of an adjective:

NB: 很 often functions as a dummy linking adverb and does not carry the meaning of "very". For example, 她很漂亮 is often understood and translated as "She is beautiful".

Besides, in colloquial Chinese the pattern "AA死了" (sǐ le, literally "to death") or "AA死BB了" is sometimes used in exaggeration to highlight the extent of influence, where AA is an adjective and BB is the thing being affected. Examples include
 * "热死了" (热 rè = hot) - meaning "It's so hot [to the extent that I cannot bear any more]"
 * "饿死了" (饿 è = hungry) - meaning "[I feel] so hungry [to the extent that I cannot bear any more]"
 * "热死我了" - meaning "I feel so hot [to the extent that I cannot bear any more]"

Second pattern
The linking verb 是 shì (to be) is used with adjectives in the pattern—Noun + 是 + Adj + 的—to state or emphasize a fact or a perceived fact. For example:

Since 的 is a possessive particle, and the following noun is understood here, more precise translations would be "He is a male one", "That car is a new one", and "That cat is a black one".

Parts of speech

 * Chinese pronouns
 * Chinese verbs
 * Chinese particles
 * Chinese grammar

title: Chinese adjectives


text:
User talk:JonMoore/Archive 1

'''DO NOT EDIT OR POST REPLIES TO THIS PAGE. THIS PAGE IS AN ARCHIVE.'''

This archive page covers approximately the dates between 31 July 2005 and 4 December 2004.

Post replies to the main talk page, copying or summarizing the section you are replying to if necessary.

Welcome (my title)
Hello there, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions or how to format them visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. Cheers! --maveric149

The start of a weird friendship (my title)
I was just showing my dad the list of neighborhoods and he asked why there's no page for Sugar House. That was a good question seeing as it's specifically refered to more than any Salt Lake neighborhood, I think. I'll have to tell him that somebody made a page hours later. CHL 02:35, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Thank you
Yeah, I like Salt Lake City (and interestingly, although irrelevently, FoxTrot). So much that could be covered about Salt Lake that it's intimidating. The city itself doesn't have a good (detailed) article, but the other incorporated areas and the County are almost nonexistant except for bot output. I'm glad you put Nancy Workman on here though. I think it won't be too much longer before that article has a neat conclusion. CHL 08:12, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Absolutely. In fact, I have a rough draft for the City and County Building if I rumage around for it. I should be able to expand the article. As I recall, I focused mainly on the structure of the building and didn't want to put it up because I didn't have much coverage of the history, which you have. Cool Hand Luke 19:28, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Salt Lake City
Heh. I was actually thinking earlier about how it's appropriate to have a Mormon/non-Mormon editor for this 50/50 city. It's even more appropriate because I'm a very liberal Mormon, like many residents here. I actually think the interactions between these groups make Salt Lake City one of the most interesting places to live in anywhere. How many holy cities are so diverse, yet without suicide bombers?

Actually, I just wanted to say I share your goal of making Salt Lake City one of the best city articles. As for history, I don't think that will be a problem. I think our history is unusually bizarre and interesting. Right now, the page probably needs work on sports which is unfortunate because I'm not really a fan. Cool Hand Luke (Communicate!)  06:49, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Obvious tests
Can you please not blank pages that are obvious tests/need removing? They are easier for admins to find and delete speedily if you add the tag to the article. As it is I'm having to go through your user contributions one by one to find all the ones you've blanked. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 18:28, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Don't apologise, what you did was good, and it woiuld be good for you to carry on doing it. Just add the  tag rather than blanking in future. -- Graham  ☺ | Talk 18:54, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Mormonism and Salt Lake City
Actually, we have a Jew! Josiah thought the project sounded interesting. He mostly just weighs in on policy matters. It's good to have someone not from an LDS background to keep everyone NPOV.

I would be in favor of a Salt Lake City project, but I'd want there to be to be enough people to keep it moving. A lot of dead wikiprojcts litter the place. I thought that Mormonism would work (and it is so far) because there's about 10 regular contributers. Salt Lake City, to my knowledge, has mostly just me, you, and Davejenk1ns. Oh! And Bob rulz (can't believe he's 14). Hmm... maybe it would work.

I would love to do more work on Salt Lake City, but it's at least good enough one can't easily expand it without doing a little bit of research. It's really much better now. I plan on doing a lot more work to it (especially history), but probably not until the semester ends. School is heavy right now, and I'm trying to apply to law school. I think the only major work I'll do before December is expanding Salt Lake Tabernacle, and a biography on D. Michael Quinn (the excommunicated gay Mormon historian of September Six fame.) I have added some Salt Lake-related stuff recently though. I think you'd find Liberal Party (Utah) very interesting. I put a bit of work into that and am actually using some of the research for a school paper.

And I'm rambling... In conclusion, I'd join such a project. I think they're useful to coordinate work. However, we might have to broaden it to a Utah wikiproject to get enough participants. The impression I get is that we have several Utahns on the LDS wikiproject, but I'm not aware of any other Salt Lakers. Cool Hand Luke  05:02, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * There's a Utah Architecture magazine? Wow. Honestly, before Wikipedia I was never interested in architecture, but I like building articles because they're little nuggets of history, and in most cases they're small enough subjects that you can write reasonably complete articles without spending eternity. BTW, I didn't notice the "commrade in WikiZion" comment. Heh. Thanks.

 * I've been spending way too much time on Wikipedia since becoming an admin. Mostly procedural things, as if I'm trying to prove that I make a good administrator. I should really knock it off because I have homework to do!

 * Although I don't actually know your opinions on this, I'd like to say that all Mormons don't support homophobic legislation. The fact that the amendment "only" got 66% is encouraging, I think. Many states approved them by even higher margins, but it still disgusts me that so many voted "yes". Cool Hand Luke  05:41, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)

SLC & 2002 Olympics
I'm surprised wikipedia doesn't have anything on the Olypic bid scandal. Your draft article is about the olympic impact and legacy on Salt Lake, so maybe call it "Salt Lake City and the 2002 Winter Olympics". We could also do with an article just on the scandal, but that's not the topic of what you've written here. Cool Hand Luke  06:12, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * "It seems like I always go ahead gung-ho, start something and then CHL is always there to go clean it up...SUGAR HOUSE is two (2) words!!!!"
 * Heh. I almost always type that wrong. Really cleaning up that entry would take too much work for me right now, but I wanted to make it at least have an encyclopedic intro. Maybe User:Bob rulz will work on it. He said he goes to Highland, and I know nothing about that school. (I went to West and Granite, incidentally.) Cool Hand Luke  06:27, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Congratulations on the TYK feature. I think you'll also be pleased to know that Salt Lake City is being used as an example of what to do on city articles (see Peer review). Cool Hand Luke  21:15, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh the bid scandal is much more notable. I think they used mine just because it had a picture. As for a meet-up: I thought you'd never ask (heh). Bob rulz is local fer sure, but User:Davejenk1ns is in Asia now, I think (although it seems he's from here). Incidentally, I'm trying to get a clearer picture to replace Maveric149's foggy image at the bottom of the page. That's the only thing we have that shows relation between all the buildings. Cool Hand Luke  21:32, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Nomination for adminship
OK, I've nominated you like we discussed. Do please accept and answer the questions as soon as possible. Many editors will reject candidates who have not answered on principle.

As for the question about conflicts with other users, the only example I can think of is the dispute of whether to link to neighborhoods (this discussion is in the Salt Lake City talk archive). I think that was admirably handled because you didn't just disagree—wou then actually went on to create and improve neighborhood articles. But then, this is just a suggestion.

You can find yours and other candidates' requests at WP:RfA. They're on subpage templates, much like VfD. Don't vote for yourself, but feel free to voted for other candidates if you are familiar with them/think they're qualified. Cool Hand Luke  22:55, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:JonMoore/Archive 1


text:
The Ultimate Monty Python Rip Off

The Ultimate Monty Python Rip Off is a compilation album released by Monty Python in 1994 on the occasion of their 25th anniversary. The album contains no previously unreleased material and was released as a sampler for the simultaneous release of The Instant Monty Python CD Collection box set.

Track listing

 * 1) Introduction
 * 2) Finland
 * 3) Travel Agent
 * 4) I Like Chinese
 * 5) French Taunter
 * 6) Australian Table Wines
 * 7) Spanish Inquisition (also contains Famous Person Quiz - not written on album track list)
 * 8) The Galaxy Song
 * 9) Every Sperm is Sacred
 * 10) Grim Reaper
 * 11) Sit on My Face
 * 12) Argument (also contains Cheese Shop - not written on album track list)
 * 13) Mary Queen of Scots
 * 14) Four Yorkshiremen
 * 15) Lumberjack Song
 * 16) Albatross
 * 17) Nudge Nudge
 * 18) Parrot
 * 19) Bruces/Philosophers' Song
 * 20) Fish Licence
 * 21) Eric the Half-a-Bee
 * 22) The Spam Song
 * 23) Big Nose
 * 24) Stoning
 * 25) Link 1
 * 26) Welease Wodger
 * 27) Link 2
 * 28) Always Look on the Bright Side of Life
 * 29) Spanish Inquisition (Ending)

Distribution information

 * CD: (1994) Virgin Records, Ltd./Kay Gee Bee Music Ltd. CDV 2748 (UK)

title: The Ultimate Monty Python Rip Off


text:
Nuel Belnap

Nuel Dinsmore Belnap Jr. (May 1, 1930 – June 12, 2024) was an American logician and philosopher who has made contributions to the philosophy of logic, temporal logic, and structural proof theory. He taught at the University of Pittsburgh from 1963 until his retirement in 2011.

Early life and education
Belnap was born on May 1, 1930. He attended New Trier High School in Winnetka, Illinois, and earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Illinois. He recalled Max Fisch assigned Whitehead readings.

Belnap worked as a programmer on the IBM 701 for the National Security Agency through the United States Air Force for two years before attending graduate school at Yale University. He enjoyed metaphysics, and his professors included Paul Weiss, Arthur Pap, Henry Margenau, Frederic Fitch, and Rulon Wells.

On a Fulbright Fellowship in 1958 he went to Louvain to study with Canon Robert Feys. Belnap domiciled in Brussels with wife and 2-year-old. Feys directed Belnap to read Wilhelm Ackermann's article on rigorous implication in the Journal of Symbolic Logic.

Alan Ross Anderson and Belnap began to discuss relevant implication. In 1960 Anderson told Belnap to write up the work he had done on relevance logic, and this was Belnap's PhD dissertation at Yale (entitled The Formalization of Entailment). The dissertation was published through Omar Kayam Moore at Office of Naval Research, Group Psychology Branch.

Career
Belnap became an assistant professor at Yale. He recalled hiring Jon Barwise and John Wallace as research assistants.

Pittsburgh University wanted Wilfrid Sellars, and according to Belnap, "Jerry Sneewind and I hung on his coattails." Adolf Grunbaum and Nicholas Rescher were at Pittsburgh. Vice chancellor Charlie Peake brought Alan Anderson to Pittsburgh in 1965, where he worked until his death in 1973. Anderson and Belnap were co-authors of Entailment: The Logic of Relevance and Necessity. "The way we worked when we worked together was cheek by jaw. We just sat down and wrote sentences together."

Belnap became full professor in 1966. Kurt Baier was department chairman. Belnap began to teach philosophy of social sciences, with students including Bas van Fraassen and Jon Michael Dunn. In 1967 he became professor of sociology and in 1971 professor philosophy of science. Eventually he occupied the endowed chair named for Alan Ross Anderson. He recalled Rich Tomason, student of intelligent systems, passing through Pitt.

Wary of consequences of contradictory stored data, Belnap proposed a four-valued logic to avoid run-away inferences such as (A & ~A) → B for an arbitrary statement B. Known as the principle of explosion in classical logic, the four-valued logic provides a basis for paraconsistent logic to avoid this pathology of two-valued logic.

In 1976 Belnap and T. B. Steel Jr. published The Logic of Questions and Answers as a timely contribution to erotetics. Beyond propositional logic, they noted that the evolving databases make possible "dossier files on individuals" (page 146) leading to the "problem of privacy in record keeping." The book included a 45-page annotated bibliography of erotetics, sectioned by philosophy, linguistics, automatic question-answering, and pedagogy, compiled by Hubert Schleichert and Urs Egli.

On sabbatical, Belnap was visiting professor at the University of California, Irvine and at Indiana University Bloomington, in the falls of 1977, 1978, 1979 with Jon Michael Dunn. In 1982 at Stanford's Center for Advanced Studies in the Behavioral Sciences, and in 1996 at Leipzig, Centrum für Höhere Studien with Heirich Wansing. He was a founding member of the Society for Exact Philosophy, which collaborated with Canadians such as Mario Bunge. Belnap has served as referee for many academic papers.

He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2008.

Personal life and death
Belnap had three sons and a daughter with his first wife, Joan Gohde Belnap. He died in Whitefield, New Hampshire on June 12, 2024, at the age of 94.

Selected works

 * 1975: (with Dorothy L. Grover & Joseph L. Camp) "The Prosentential Theory of Truth", Philosophical Studies 27(1): 73–125
 * 1993: (with Anil Gupta) The Revision Theory of Truth, MIT Press
 * 2001: (with Ming Xu and Michel Perloff) Facing the Future: agents and choices in our indeterministic world, Oxford University Press (ISBN 0195138783).

title: Nuel Belnap


text:
Talk:Harper's Ferry, West Virginia

Untitled
The following picture is of me, Jacob1207, standing on Jefferson's Rock (which is mentioned in the article) at Harper's Ferry. It may be a good addition to the article, but I will leave it up to someone else to decide if such may be appropriate, being interested in the matter as I am.

The image is available for any purpose, should it be decided that inclusion in any article would be edifying to said article. Jacob1207 03:01, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Harper's Ferry, West Virginia


text:
Plasma window

The plasma window (not to be confused with a plasma shield ) is a technology that fills a volume of space with plasma confined by a magnetic field. With current technology, this volume is quite small and the plasma is generated as a flat plane inside a cylindrical space.

Plasma is any gas whose atoms or molecules have been ionized, and is a separate phase of matter. This is most commonly achieved by heating the gas to extremely high temperatures, although other methods exist. Plasma becomes increasingly viscous at higher temperatures, to the point where other matter has trouble passing through.

A plasma window's viscosity allows it to separate gas at standard atmospheric pressure from a total vacuum, and can reportedly withstand a pressure difference of up to nine atmospheres. At the same time, the plasma window will allow radiation such as laser beams and electron beams to pass. This property is the key to the plasma window's usefulness – the technology of the plasma window permits for radiation that can only be generated in a vacuum to be applied to objects in an atmosphere. Electron-beam welding is a major application of plasma windows, making EBW practical outside a hard vacuum.

History
The plasma window was invented at Brookhaven National Laboratory by Ady Hershcovitch and patented in 1995.

Further inventions using this principle include the plasma valve in 1996.

In 2014, a group of students from the University of Leicester released a study describing functioning of spaceship plasma deflector shields.

In 2015, Boeing was granted a patent on a force field system designed to protect against shock waves generated by explosions. It is not intended to protect against projectiles, radiation, or energy weapons such as lasers. The field purportedly works by using a combination of lasers, electricity and microwaves to rapidly heat up the air creating a field of (ionised) superheated air-plasma which disrupts, or at least attenuates, the shock wave. As of March 2016, no working models are known to have been demonstrated.

Michio Kaku proposes force fields consisting of three layers. The first is the high-powered plasma window which can vaporize incoming objects, block radiation, and particles. The second layer will consist of thousands of laser beams arranged in a tight lattice configuration to vaporize any objects that managed to go through the plasma screen, by the laser beams. The third layer is an invisible but stable sheet of material like carbon nanotubes, or graphene that is only one atom thick, and thus transparent, but stronger than steel to block possible debris from destroyed objects.

Plasma valve
A related technology is the plasma valve, invented shortly after the plasma window. A plasma valve is a layer of gas in the shell of a particle accelerator. The ring of a particle accelerator contains a vacuum, and ordinarily a breach of this vacuum is disastrous. If, however, an accelerator equipped with plasma valve technology breaches, the gas layer is ionized within a nanosecond, creating a seal that prevents the accelerator's recompression. This gives technicians time to shut off the particle beam in the accelerator and slowly recompress the accelerator ring to avoid damage.

Properties
The physical properties of the plasma window vary depending on application. The initial patent cited temperatures around 15,000 K.

The only limit to the size of the plasma window are current energy limitations as generating the window consumes around 20 kilowatts per inch (8 kW/cm) in the diameter of a round window.

The plasma window emits a bright glow, with the color being dependent on the gas used.

Similarity to "force fields"
In science fiction, such as the television series Star Trek, a fictional technology known as the "force field" is often used as a device. In some cases it is used as an external "door" to hangars on spacecraft, to prevent the ship's internal atmosphere from venting into outer space. Plasma windows could theoretically serve such a purpose if enough energy were available to produce them. The StarTram proposal plans on use of a power-demanding MHD window over a multi-meter diameter launch tube periodically, but briefly at a time, to prevent excessive loss of vacuum during the moments when a mechanical shutter temporarily opens in advance of a hypervelocity spacecraft.

Other sources

 * BNL Wins R&D 100 Award for 'Plasma Window'
 * Ady Hershcovitch. Plasma Window Technology for Propagating Particle Beams and Radiation from Vacuum to Atmosphere

title: Plasma window


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Harry Anderson

Harry Laverne Anderson (October 14, 1952 – April 16, 2018) was an American actor, comedian and magician. He is best known for his role as Judge Harry Stone on the NBC sitcom Night Court (1984–1992). He later played Dave Barry on the CBS sitcom Dave's World (1993–1997).

In addition to eight appearances on Saturday Night Live between 1981 and 1985, Anderson had a recurring guest role as con man Harry "The Hat" Gittes on Cheers (1982–1993). He toured extensively as a magician, and did several magic/comedy shows for broadcast, including Harry Anderson's Sideshow (1987). He played Richie Tozier in the 1990 miniseries It, based on the Stephen King novel of the same name.

Early life
Anderson was born October 14, 1952, in Newport, Rhode Island. He spent much of his youth performing magic on the streets of Chicago, New York, St. Louis and New Orleans before landing in California at the age of 16. After moving to Los Angeles, he joined the Dante Magic Club and worked as a street magician in San Francisco when he was 17. He attended Buena Park High School before graduating from North Hollywood High School in 1970 as class valedictorian. After high school, he attended Fullerton College. From 1971 to 1976, he lived in Ashland, Oregon, performing magic and working with the Oregon Shakespeare Festival.

Career
Anderson's many appearances on Saturday Night Live during the show's seventh, eighth, and ninth seasons, as well as hosting an episode on the show's tenth season, led to his role as Harry "The Hat" Gittes on several seasons of the television sitcom Cheers, and eventually as Judge Harry Stone on the sitcom Night Court. He went on to appear in other television specials and shows, including 12 appearances on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson.

As a magician, Anderson toured extensively and performed in comedy/magic shows for clubs and broadcast, including Harry Anderson's Sideshow in 1987. In 1990, he starred in the television adaptation of Stephen King's It as the adult Richie Tozier. From 1993 to 1997, he starred in the television sitcom Dave's World, based loosely on the life and columns of humorist Dave Barry.

Together with longtime friend Turk Pipkin, Anderson wrote a book called Games You Can't Lose: A Guide for Suckers, a collection of gags, cons, tricks and scams. First published in 1989 (ISBN 978-1-58080-086-0, 2001 reprint), it also contains a survey of "Games You Can't Win" told from an insider's perspective. He appeared with Criss Angel in a TV special called The Science of Magic, later released on DVD.

In 2000, Anderson hosted the pilot for a potential revival of the panel game show What's My Line? for CBS primetime.

He moved from Pasadena, California, to New Orleans in 2002. In 2002, he and his second wife, Elizabeth, whom he met in New Orleans while she was bartending, opened a small shop in the French Quarter named "Spade & Archer Curiosities by Appointment" (later named "Sideshow"), selling various "magic, curiosities, and apocrypha".

In 2005, Anderson opened a nightclub in the French Quarter, Oswald's Speakeasy, at 1331 Decatur Street at the corner of Esplanade Avenue. He performed a one-man show there called Wise Guy.

Anderson appeared in Hexing a Hurricane, a documentary about the first six months in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina. He and his wife sold Oswald's Speakeasy in October 2006. He continued to present his evening show Wise Guy, originally developed for his theater in New Orleans.

In November 2008, Anderson played himself on an episode of 30 Rock, along with fellow former Night Court cast members Markie Post and Charles Robinson.

In his final years, Anderson appeared in television comedy series such as Comedy Bang! Bang! (2013) and Gotham Comedy Live (2014). His final film portrayal was as Professor Kaman in the 2014 Christian drama film A Matter of Faith.

Personal life
Anderson was a longtime fan of singer Mel Tormé, and his character Judge Stone on Night Court was also a Tormé fan; the singer appeared on the sitcom six times. Night Court creator Reinhold Weege said that Anderson and his character both being Tormé fans was completely coincidental. Anderson was among those who delivered eulogies at the singer's funeral in 1999.

Anderson was married twice. In 1977 he married Leslie Pollack (b. 1953); they had two children, a daughter, Eva Fay Anderson, and a son, Dashiell Anderson, before divorcing in 1999. In 2000 he married Elizabeth Morgan (b. 1973). In 2006, Anderson and his wife moved from New Orleans to Asheville, North Carolina.

Death
In late January 2018, Anderson had a bout of influenza and subsequently suffered several strokes. On April 16, 2018, at age 65, he died in his sleep of a stroke due to influenza and heart disease at his home in Asheville, North Carolina.

title: Harry Anderson


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