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Interloper

Interloper, Interlopers or The Interlopers may refer to:

Entertainment

 * The Interloper: Lee Harvey Oswald Inside the Soviet Union, a 2013 book by Peter Savodnik
 * Interloper (comics), a fictional character in the Marvel Comics universe
 * Interloper Films, a production company
 * Interlopers (novel), a 2001 science fiction novel by Alan Dean Foster
 * The Interlopers (novel), a Matt Helm spy novel by Donald Hamilton
 * "The Interlopers", a short story by Saki
 * Interloper (album), by Carbon Based Lifeforms

Other uses

 * Interloper (business)
 * Interloper (asteroid), a nominal, but not true member of an asteroid family

title: Interloper


text:
Tree-topper

A tree-topper or treetopper is a decorative ornament placed on the top (or "crown") of a Christmas tree. Tree-toppers can take any form, though the most common include a star (representing the Star of Bethlehem), angel ("Christmas angel"), or fairy. Additional forms range from a paper rosette, ribbon bow, Father Christmas or Santa Claus, to a Christian cross, owl, white dove, spike, or sunburst.

Tree-toppers may be made of from a wide range of materials. Modern plastic tree-toppers are often electric and once connected with the tree's lights offer a gentle glow. Following World War II, various symbols of Christmastide, such as Santa Claus, were introduced as electrified tree-toppers.

Origin and use

Use of a Christmas angel as a tree-topper represents to some the angel Gabriel from the Nativity of Jesus:

""And in the sixth month the angel Gabriel was sent from God unto a city of Galilee, named Nazareth, to a virgin espoused to a man whose name was Joseph, of the house of David; and the virgin's name was Mary.""

- Luke 1:26–27 (KJV)

Use of a star represents the Star of Bethlehem:

""Now when Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judaea in the days of Herod the king, behold, there came wise men from the east to Jerusalem, saying, 'Where is he that is born King of the Jews? for we have seen his star in the east, and are come to worship him.'""

- Matthew 2:1–2 (KJV)

During the 1870s, in conjunction with the growing power of the British Empire, the Union Jack became another popular tree-topper.

Alternatives
Some Neo-pagan homes celebrate the winter solstice, which falls close to Christmas, by decorating an evergreen tree as a symbol of continuing life, but make an effort to decorate it with non-Christian symbols and often choose tree-toppers representing the sun.

Popular culture
Hans Christian Andersen's 1844 short story, "The Fir-Tree", describes the decoration of a Danish Christmas tree, including its topper:

""On one branch there hung little nets cut out of colored paper, and each net was filled with sugarplums; and among the other boughs gilded apples and walnuts were suspended, looking as though they had grown there, and little blue and white tapers were placed among the leaves. Dolls that looked for all the world like men—the Tree had never beheld such before—were seen among the foliage, and at the very top a large star of gold tinsel was fixed.""

The use of a tree-topper is also depicted in Christmas songs, with lines such as "Först en stjärna utav gull" and "So hang a shining star upon the highest bough".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tree-topper


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Thalassery

Thalassery, formerly Tellicherry, is a municipality and commercial city on the Malabar Coast in Kannur district in the state of Kerala, India, bordered by the districts of Mahe, Kozhikode, Wayanad, Kasaragod and Kodagu (Karnataka). Thalassery municipality has a population of just under 100,000 as of 2011 census. Thalassery Heritage City has an area of 23.98 km2. Thalassery has an altitude ranging from 2.5 to 30 m above mean sea-level.

Tellicherry municipality was formed on 1 November 1866 according to the Madras Act 10 of 1865 (Amendment of the Improvements in City act 1850) of the British Indian Empire, making it the second oldest municipality in the state. At that time, the municipality was known as Tellicherry Commission and Tellicherry was the capital of North Malabar. G. M. Ballard, the Malabar collector, was the first president of the municipal commission. A European barrister, A. F. Lamaral, would later become the first Chairman of Thalassery municipality. Thalassery grew into a prominent place during European rule, due to its strategic geographic location. Thalassery has played a significant historical, cultural, educational and commercial role in the history of India, especially during the colonial period. On 9 February 2014, Thalassery taluk was split in two and Iritty taluk was formed. The northeastern hilly region of the former Thalassery Taluk such as Peravoor, Aralam, Ayyankunnu, Kottiyoor, Kelakam are within the Iritty Taluk area.

Etymology
The name Thalassery likely originated from a combination of the Dravidian words Thala (Head) and cheri (low lying settlement), meaning 'starting place of a settlement' or 'head of a settlement'. It could also have emerged from Talakkathe cheri, a combination of Talakkathe (upper or north) and Cheri (settlement).

The second volume of the 1885 administration manual of the former Madras Presidency cites, which includes information on the research of regional legends and folklore, indicates that the name Thalassery in ancient Sanskrit literature was Shwetaranyapura.

Modern history

Thalassery was a trade hub where Dutch, British, Portuguese, Chinese, Arab, and Jewish traders had considerable influence in the spice market.

The British established a trading post and built a factory at Tellicherry in 1694, having gained permission from Vadakkalankur, the prince regent of the Raja of Kolathunad. They had already been trading on the Malabar coast for much of that century, buying pepper from merchants, and had established a similar post at Travancore ten years earlier.

In 1761, the British captured Mahe, which lies adjacent to Thalassery, and the settlement was handed over to the ruler of Kadathanadu. The British restored Mahe to the French as a part of the 1763 Treaty of Paris. In 1779, the Anglo-French war broke out, resulting in the French loss of Mahe. In 1783, the British agreed to restore to the French their settlements in India, and Mahe was handed over to the French in 1785.

After the annexation of Malabar, the British called upon Thalassery, the royal families and other major Nair and Namboothiri feudal lords to return, but this was heavily opposed by some local rulers. Along with heavy taxation and laws that curbed free movement, the appeal resulted in multiple uprisings against the British with heavy casualties to British forces. Thousands of soldiers were killed, but the resistance was eventually defeated.

Geography
Thalassery lies on the west coast of the Indian subcontinent, in the northern part of Kerala State. The city has Dharmadam Panchayat in the north, Eranholi and Kodiyeri in the east New Mahe in the south and the Arabian Sea on the west. The palm-fringed terrain has a scenic coastline and features four rivers, canals and hills with orange-hued rock. One of the four rivers is the Mahe River (Mayyazhipuzha). During the British Raj, the Mahe River was nicknamed the English Channel because it separated British-ruled Thalassery from French-ruled Mahe. Other rivers are Kuyyali River, Ummanchira River and Anjarakandi River. Muzhappilangad Beach, the sole beach where driving is possible in Kerala (with a 4 km long drivable area), is located within 6 km from the downtown part of Thalassery.

Unlike southern Kerala, the region of Thalassery does not have lagoons, although many rivers flow through the region. Thalassery however has a large area of mangroves, which is now being protected. The coast has no delta formation. The coastal plain is only a few kilometres in width and is bordered by highlands. The north of Thalassery is Dharmadam, an island area surrounded by two rivers and the sea. On the eastern side, hilly areas start from Kuthuparamba.

Demographics
As of the 2001 India census, Thalassery had a population of 92,558, making it Kerala's eighth largest city in population. Males constitute 47% of the population and females 53%. The city has an average literacy rate of 86%, higher than the national average of 59.5%. Both male and female literacy are 86%. In Thalassery, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age. The Thalassery urban agglomeration consists of the Thalassery municipality and panchayaths of Eranholi, Kadirur, Dharmadam, Muzhappilangad, Pinarayi and New Mahe with a present population of around 300,000.

Hindus make up 61.37% of the population, followed by Muslims (34.30%), and Christians (3.64%).

Culture
Thalassery is nicknamed the city of three Cs -- Cake, Cricket and Circus. The first bakery in Kerala was established in the city and cricket was first played in India here. The British had considerable impact on local culture. As an ancient trade center, the trading and business relations that existed with the Europeans and the Arabs brought people and ideas from many other lands. The European Christian missionaries and the educational reforms they brought played an important role in transforming society. The Government of Kerala has included Thalassery in its heritage city project. The project includes the preservation of historical structures. Thalassery cuisine (a blend of Arabian, Persian, Indian and European styles of cooking) is popular around the world. Thalassery biryani is popular as an ethnic brand, and Tellicherry pepper is also used in Europe.

Painting and sculpture exhibitions are frequently held at the Kerala Lalithakala Akademi art gallery located in Keezhantimukk, Thiruvangad.

Theyyam
Theyyam (or Thirayattam) is a ritual performance art form that depict the cultural heritage of North Malabar, especially of ancient Kolathunad. Theyyam depicts Shiva bhutaganas, Kali and other deities and cultural heroes. The drama is enacted based on ancient stories and the language used is "Tottam pattu", a primitive form of Malayalam. Theyyam shows the Buddhist influence from centuries ago. Theyyam is usually held from October to May every year. The colour of Theyyam is typically red. Velan is described in the Sangam literature 500 CE. It could have been a tribal ritual art which evolved under Buddhism and the Brahminic revival of Hinduism. This art form is called, variously, "Kaliyattom" or "Theyyam" or "Tirayattom", depending on the locality.

Literature and journalism
The first Malayalam short story Vasanavikriti was written by Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar in Thalassery. Indulekha, the first major Malayalam novel was published from Thalassery. Veenapoovu, the poem by Kumaran Asan was also published from Thalassery. Thinker and orator M N Vijayan spent a lifetime in Thalassery. Thalassery is also home to writer N. Prabhakaran. Actor and screenwriter Sreenivasan hails from Thalassery.

William Logan was said to be fluent in Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu. He is remembered for his 1887 guide to the Malabar District, popularly known as the Malabar Manual.

Rajyasamacharam and Paschimodayam (the first two Malayalam newspapers) were published from Illikunnu, Nettoor in Tellicherry in 1847 by Hermann Gundert, who was the editor of the journal and was a religious propagator from the Basel Evangelical Mission Society(BEMP). Rajyasamacharam started publishing from Illikkunnu in Thalassery City.

Circus
Vishnu Pant Chhatre's Great Indian Circus, established in 1880 in Bombay, was the first circus establishment in India. A tour of Thalassery led to the meeting of Chhatre with Keeleri Kunhikannan, a martial arts trainer. Keeleri Kunjikannan established the first dedicated circus school in India in 1901. He is known as "the father of Kerala Circus". A circus academy was inaugurated in Thalassery in 2010.

Cuisine
Thalassery is known for its biryani (in local dialect, biri-yaa-ni) Unlike other biriyani cuisines, Thalassery biryani uses Kaima/Jeerakasala rice instead of the usual basmati rice. Porridges such as (ragi porridge) are also popular. The spice trade from the Malabar coast which began around 1500 BC is still active.

Cricket
In 1800, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington made Thalassery (then Tellicherry) his base. Wellesley and his colleagues played cricket in the town maidan, often watched by bystanders, who would help the English officers whenever they were short of players. They played were from the dhobi community and the fishermen who lived along the beach. In 1830, the Tellicherry Cricket Club (TCC) was formed. By the 1930s Thalassery had become a major cricket centre. Many teams used to visit the town for matches. The earliest record of a cricket match in Thalassery is a report in Malayala Manorama in 1890. It's about a match between Thalassery and the neighbouring town of Kannur.

Thalassery Stadium, located close to the sea, hosts Ranji Trophy cricket matches quite often. Wellesley is believed to have introduced this game in Kerala in the 18th century for British soldiers garrisoned in the Tellichery Fort. India's first cricket club, which was later named the Town Cricket Club, was formed in 1850 at Tellichery by Wellesley. The Tellichery Cricket ground was the hub of cricket activities during this period. An exhibition match was conducted in there to raise funds during the First World War.

Education
The educational renaissance of Malabar started from Thalassery due to the influence of European missionaries. Government Brennen College, Thalassery, founded in 1862, is one of the oldest educational institutions in India.

Kannur University Thalassery Campus is located at Palayad, 6 km north of Thalassery. The Basel Evangelic Mission Parsi High school is an English Medium school (established 1856) in Malabar. Dr. Hermann Gundert was a tutor there. Kaikose Ruderasha, a Parsi, donated funds to build the institute with the assistance of German missionaries.

Other educational institutions include Sports Authority of India Centre, Nettur Technical Training Foundation, St Joseph's Higher Secondary School, Sacred Heart Girls High School, and Basel Evangelical Mission Parsi High School.

Transport
Thalassery Railway Station operates under the Palakkad Railway Division of the Southern Railway. It is a Class 'A' railway station. It is on the Shoranur – Mangalore line. No direct line connects Thalasery to Mysore, although a feasibility study for such a route was funded in 2013.

The nearest airport is Kannur International Airport, located 24 km east from the town. Calicut International Airport 100 km, Mangalore International Airport 170 km and Cochin International Airport 235 km could be alternate choices.

Kanyakumari-Mumbai NH-66 passes through Thalassery. Kozhikode is 66 km from Thalassery. Mangalore is 150 km from Thalassery. Interstate highway, Thalassery-Coorg Road (SH-30) is a major road linking Kerala to Kodagu district of Karnataka State. Interstate buses ply on this route in a frequency of one in an hour. The hill stations Virajpet in Kodagu and Mananthavady in Wayanad are 82 km away from the town. Regular buses to Bengaluru, which is at a distance of 310 km from Thalassery, operate on a daily basis.

Tourism
The Thalassery carnival, the beach fest in Muzhappilangad beach and Dharmadam beach are notable attractions. The area's four rivers (Anjarakkandi, Dharmadam, Koduvally and Mahe) around Thalassery town and other beaches in the area also attract visitors. Muzhappilangad beach is a 5.5 km long beach where it is possible to drive vehicles. This beach was listed as one of the top 10 drive-in beaches in the world by BBC survey.http://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20160617-the-worlds-best-beaches-for-driving

It is an important center of Kalari payattu and health tourism. Other visitors come to experience Theyyam and explore the area's history, such as Tellicherry Fort.

Thalassery Pier (Kadalpaalam), Overbury's Folly, Pazhassi Dam and Reservoir garden and Malayala Kala Gramam, New Mahe,(7 km from Thalassery) are other attractions. A shipwreck is visible near the Thalassery shore.

Political violence
The area is an epicenter of political violence between the RSS and Communists. Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)) and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) have been fighting in this area for supremacy for the last 50 years. Clashes in 2008 left seven people killed and many have been injured. The High Court of Kerala called this manslaughter a "compelling sport" and suggested permanent deployment of Central forces in the affected areas.

Notable residents

 * Veera Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja
 * Hermann Gundert
 * William Logan
 * Janaki Ammal
 * Ayisha Abdul Basith
 * Vainu Bappu
 * Ayyathan Gopalan
 * Ayyathan Janaki Ammal
 * Sanjayan (Prof. Mannikoth Ramunni Nair)
 * Oyyarathu Chandu Menon
 * M. N. Vijayan
 * Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar
 * Moorkoth Ramunni
 * Moorkoth Kumaran
 * Vagbhatananda
 * Keeleri Kunhikannan
 * Anadhatheerthan
 * K. Raghavan
 * Pinarayi Vijayan
 * V. Muraleedharan
 * Kodiyeri Balakrishnan
 * N. Prabhakaran
 * V. P. Sathyan
 * C. K. Vineeth
 * Sreenivasan
 * Eranholi Moosa
 * Shaan Rahman
 * Deepak Dev
 * Vineeth Sreenivasan
 * Dhyan Sreenivasan
 * Sushin Shyam
 * Rayshad Rauf
 * Chundangapoyil Rizwan

Climate
Thalassery experiences a tropical monsoon climate under the Köppen climate classification. The wet season starts in June as the southwest monsoon first hits the coastal Kerala and continues until the end of September. A brief pre-monsoon mango showers interval occurs sometime during April. Precipitation from the northeast monsoon sets in during the second half of October through November.

title: Thalassery


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Betatron

A betatron is a type of cyclic particle accelerator for electrons. It consists of a torus-shaped vacuum chamber with an electron source. Circling the torus is an iron transformer core with a wire winding around it. The device functions similarly to a transformer, with the electrons in the torus-shaped vacuum chamber as its secondary coil. An alternating current in the primary coils accelerates electrons in the vacuum around a circular path. The betatron was the first machine capable of producing electron beams at energies higher than could be achieved with a simple electron gun, and the first circular accelerator in which particles orbited at a constant radius.

The concept of the betatron had been proposed as early as 1922 by Joseph Slepian. Through the 1920s and 30s a number of theoretical problems related to the device were considered by scientists including Rolf Wideroe, Ernest Walton, and Max Steenbeck. The first working betatron was constructed by Donald Kerst at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign in 1940.

History
After the discovery in the 1800s of Faraday's law of induction, which showed that an electromotive force could be generated by a changing magnetic field, several scientists speculated that this effect could be used to accelerate charged particles to high energies. Joseph Slepian proposed a device in 1922 that would use permanent magnets to steer the beam while it was accelerated by a changing magnetic field. However, he did not pursue the idea past the theoretical stage.

In the late 1920s, Gregory Breit and Merle Tuve at the Bureau of Terrestrial Magnetism constructed a working device that used varying magnetic fields to accelerate electrons. Their device placed two solenoidal magnets next to one another and fired electrons from a gun at the outer edge of the magnetic field. As the field was increased, the electrons accelerated in to strike a target at the center of the field, producing X-rays. This device took a step towards the betatron concept by shaping the magnetic field to keep the particles focused in the plane of acceleration.

In 1929, Rolf Wideroe made the next major contribution to the development of the theory by deriving the Wideroe Condition for stable orbits. He determined that in order for the orbit radius to remain constant, the field at the radius must be exactly half of the average field over the area of the magnet. This critical calculation allowed for the development of accelerators in which the particles orbited at a constant radius, rather than spiraling inward, as in the case of Breit and Tuve's machine, or outward, as in the case of the cyclotron. Although Wideroe made valuable contributions to the development of the theory of the Betatron, he was unable to build a device in which the electrons orbited more than one and a half times, as his device had no mechanism to keep the beam focused.

Simultaneously with Wideroe's experiments, Ernest Walton analyzed the orbits of electrons in a magnetic field, and determined that it was possible to construct an orbit that was radially focused in the plane of the orbit. Particles in such an orbit which moved a small distance away from the orbital radius would experience a force pushing them back to the correct radius. These oscillations about a stable orbit in a circular accelerator are now referred to as betatron oscillations.

In 1935 Max Steenbeck applied in Germany for a patent on a device that would combine the radial focusing condition of Walton with the vertical focusing used in Breit and Tuve's machine. He later claimed to have built a working machine, but this claim was disputed.

The first team unequivocally acknowledged to have built a working betatron was led by Donald Kerst at the University of Illinois. The accelerator was completed on July 15, 1940.

Operation principle
In a betatron, the changing magnetic field from the primary coil accelerates electrons injected into the vacuum torus, causing them to circle around the torus in the same manner as current is induced in the secondary coil of a transformer (Faraday's law).

The stable orbit for the electrons satisfies
 * $$\theta_0 = 2 \pi r_0^2 H_0,$$

where
 * $$\theta_0$$ is the flux within the area enclosed by the electron orbit,
 * $$r_0$$ is the radius of the electron orbit, and
 * $$H_0$$ is the magnetic field at $$r_0$$.

In other words, the magnetic field at the orbit must be half the average magnetic field over its circular cross section:

 * $$\Leftrightarrow H_0 = \frac{1}{2} \frac{\theta_0}{\pi r_0^2}.$$

This condition is often called Widerøe's condition.

Etymology
The name "betatron" (a reference to the beta particle, a fast electron) was chosen during a departmental contest. Other proposals were "rheotron", "induction accelerator", "induction electron accelerator", and even "Außerordentlichehochgeschwindigkeitselektronenentwickelndesschwerarbeitsbeigollitron", a suggestion by a German associate, for "Hard working by golly machine for generating extraordinarily high velocity electrons" or perhaps "Extraordinarily high velocity electron generator, high energy by golly-tron."

Applications
Betatrons were historically employed in particle physics experiments to provide high-energy beams of electrons—up to about 300 MeV. If the electron beam is directed at a metal plate, the betatron can be used as a source of energetic x-rays, which may be used in industrial and medical applications (historically in radiation oncology). A small version of a betatron was also used to provide a source of hard X-rays (by deceleration of the electron beam in a target) for prompt initiation of some experimental nuclear weapons by means of photon-induced fission and photofission in the bomb core.

The Radiation Center, the first private medical center to treat cancer patients with a betatron, was opened by Dr. O. Arthur Stiennon in a suburb of Madison, Wisconsin in the late 1950s.

Limitations
The maximum energy that a betatron can impart is limited by the strength of the magnetic field due to the saturation of iron and by practical size of the magnet core. The next generation of accelerators, the synchrotrons, overcame these limitations.

title: Betatron


text:
John Brownlee

John Brownlee may refer to:
 * John Brownlee (baritone) (1900–1969), Australian opera singer
 * John Brownlee (basketball), retired American basketball player
 * John Brownlee (statistician) (1868–1927), British statistician

 * John Brownlee, child abuser at Edinburgh Academy
 * John Edward Brownlee (1883–1961), Canadian politician, former Premier of Alberta
 * John L. Brownlee (born 1965), United States attorney and politician
 * Jonny Brownlee (born 1990), British triathlete
 * Johnathan Brownlee, film producer

title: John Brownlee


text:
Pete Clifton

Pete Clifton is Editor-in-Chief at the Press Association (PA). Prior to the appointment he was Executive Producer for MSN in the UK and former Head of Editorial Development at BBC News.

Career
Clifton was previously the editor of Ceefax, and before joining the BBC was a news and sports reporter at the Chronicle and Echo in Northampton, a sports journalist at the Exchange Telegraph national news agency, chief sports sub at the UK's Press Association (PA) and editor of the PA's Teletext service.

Clifton was involved in the founding of BBC News Online and also helped set up the BBC Sport website in 2000. He went on to become editor of BBC News Online in 2004, succeeding founding editor Mike Smartt, until he was promoted to head of BBC News Interactive in October 2005 with responsibility for BBC News Online, CBBC Newsround, the Ceefax teletext service, the digital text service, On This Day, BBC's Interactive TV, the Action Network and a variety of news services to mobile phones and other mobile devices.

Clifton replaced Richard Deverell as head of BBC News Interactive, who had moved to become chief operating officer of CBBC. Clifton's successor as editor of BBC News Online was Steve Herrmann.

Clifton admitted on the BBC Editor' Blog on 16 August 2007 that he had edited his own Wikipedia entry after viewing an incorrect entry for BBC News Online, but would be leaving the editing of the page to others in future.

In March 2011, the BBC announced Clifton would be made redundant following the closure of the BBC Journalism group within the organisation. The following month it was announced that he would be moving to MSN UK to become executive producer.

In January 2015, he was appointed Editor-in-Chief of the Press Association.

title: Pete Clifton


text:
Formation of rocks

 * This article discusses how rocks are formed. There are also articles on physical rock formations, rock layerings (strata), and the formal naming of geologic formations.

Terrestrial rocks are formed by three main mechanisms:
 * Sedimentary rocks are formed through the gradual accumulation of sediments: for example, sand on a beach or mud on a river bed. As the sediments are buried they get compacted as more and more material is deposited on top. Eventually the sediments will become so dense that they would essentially form a rock. This process is known as lithification.
 * Igneous rocks have crystallised from a melt or magma. The melt is made up of various components of pre-existing rocks which have been subjected to melting either at subduction zones or within the Earth's mantle. The melt is hot and so passes upward through cooler country rock. As it moves, it cools and various rock types will form through a process known as fractional crystallisation. Igneous rocks can be seen at mid-ocean ridges, areas of island arc volcanism or in intra-plate hotspots.
 * Metamorphic rocks once existed as igneous or sedimentary rocks, but have been subjected to varying degrees of pressure and heat within the Earth's crust. The processes involved will change the composition and fabric of the rock and their original nature is often hard to distinguish. Metamorphic rocks are typically found in areas of mountain building.

Rock can also form in the absence of a substantial pressure gradient as material that condensed from a protoplanetary disk, without ever undergoing any transformations in the interior of a large object such as a planet or moon. Astrophysicists classify this as a fourth type of rock: primitive rock. This type is common in asteroids and meteorites.

19th-century efforts to synthesize rocks
The synthetic investigation of rocks proceeds by experimental work that attempts to reproduce different rock types and to elucidate their origins and structures. In many cases no experiment is necessary. Every stage in the origin of clays, sands and gravels can be seen in process around us, but where these have been converted into coherent shales, sandstone and conglomerates, and still more where they have experienced some degree of metamorphism, there are many obscure points about their history upon which experiment may yet throw light. Attempts have been made to reproduce igneous rocks, by fusion of mixtures of crushed minerals or of chemicals in specially contrived furnaces. The earliest researches of this sort are those of Faujas St Fond and of de Saussure, but Sir James Hall really laid the foundations of this branch of petrology. He showed (1798) that the whinstones (diabases) of Edinburgh were fusible and if rapidly cooled yielded black vitreous masses closely resembling natural pitchstones and obsidians. If cooled more slowly they consolidated as crystalline rocks not unlike the whinstones themselves and containing olivine, augite and feldspar (the essential minerals of these rocks).

Many years later Daubrée, Delesse and others carried on similar experiments, but the first notable advance was made in 1878, when Fouqué and Lévy began their researches. They succeeded in producing such rocks as porphyrite, leucite-tephrite, basalt and dolerite, and obtained also various structural modifications well known in igneous rocks, e.g. the porphyritic and the ophitic. Incidentally, they showed that while many basic rocks (basalts, etc.) could be perfectly imitated in the laboratory, the acid rocks could not, and advanced the explanation that for the crystallization of the latter the gases never absent in natural rock magmas were indispensable mineralizing agents. It has subsequently been proved that steam, or such volatile substances as certain borates, molybdates, chlorides, fluorides, assist in the formation of orthoclase, quartz and mica (the minerals of granite). Sir James Hall also made the first contribution to the experimental study of metamorphic rocks by converting chalk into marble by heating it in a closed gun-barrel, which prevented the escape of the carbonic acid at high temperatures. In 1901 Adams and Nicholson carried this a stage further by subjecting marble to great pressures in hydraulic presses and have shown how the foliated structures, frequent in natural marble may be produced artificially.

Extraterrestrial rock
Off-Earth, rock can also form in the absence of a substantial pressure gradient as material that condensed from a protoplanetary disk, without ever undergoing transformations in the interior of a large object such as planets and moons. Astrophysicists classify this as a fourth type of rock: Primitive rock.

Primitive rocks "have never been heated much, although some of their constituents may have been quite hot early in the history of our Solar System. Primitive rocks are common on the surfaces of many asteroids, and the majority of meteorites are primitive rocks."

An example of a primitive rock is the achondritic iron-nickel octahedrite mineral seen in the Widmanstätten pattern that is found in a number of iron-rich meterorites. Consisting of kamacite and taenite and formed under extremely slow cooling conditions—about 100 to 10,000 °C/Myr, with total cooling times of 10 Myr or less—it will precipitate kamacite and grow kamacite plates along certain crystallographic planes in the taenite crystal lattice.

title: Formation of rocks


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Timesheet

A timesheet (or time sheet) is a method for recording the amount of a worker's time spent on each job. Traditionally a sheet of paper with the data arranged in tabular format, a timesheet is now often a digital document or spreadsheet. The time cards stamped by time clocks can serve as a timesheet or provide the data to fill one. These, too, are now often digital. Timesheets came into use in the 19th century as time books. To record time in a more granular fashion, time-tracking software may be used.

Use
Originally developed for an employer to calculate payroll, a timesheet can also be used for management accounting. Timesheets may track the start and end times of tasks or just the duration. It may contain a detailed breakdown of tasks accomplished throughout the project or program. This information may be used for payroll, client billing, and increasingly for project costing, estimation, tracking, and management.

Some companies provide web-based timesheet software or services that provide a means to track time for payroll, billing and project management. One of the major uses of timesheet in a project management environment is comparing planned costs versus actual costs, as well as measuring employee performance and identifying problematic tasks. This knowledge can drive corporate strategy as users stop performing or reassign unprofitable work.

Time cards
Factory workers may often have a "time card" (also known as punch card) and "punch in" by inserting their card into an automatic timestamp machine (called a time clock or bundy clock) when starting and ending their work shift, though other card technologies such as swipe cards have become more prevalent.

Advantages
Time tracking can reduce costs in three ways: by making payroll processing more efficient, by making costs visible so they can be reduced, and by automating billing and invoicing.

Time tracking can increase revenue through automating billing, which tends to make it easier for a company to get correct invoices out for all hours worked by consulting staff. This speeds up payment and eliminates the hassles of 'dropping' bills.

By reducing costs in three ways, and increasing revenue in one way, timesheet management technologies that are web-based can improve the health of companies.

In project management, timesheet can also be used to build a body of knowledge about how much effort tasks take to develop. This data helps resource managers to allocate resource accurately. Machine learning is being used to automatically find patterns in timesheet — then using this information to recommend more accurate project plans in the future. For example, if developing a training plan has historically taken a month, then it can be assumed that creating a new one will take a month. Also, most timesheet software has the ability to track resource costs and project expenses to allow for better future budgeting.

For the HR function, the time spent on activities by individuals can be analysed over a period of time and categorised into broad types. Based on the outcome, roles could be realigned.

title: Timesheet


text:
Talk:Inherit the Wind

Split

 * I strongly agree that this article should be split into multiple sections stemming from a disambiguation page. The article has many details and should be addressed separately according to its context. IndulgentReader (talk) 06:00, 28 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Support: In addition to being divided into different articles (film, theater etc.), the article needs to be cleaned up for original research and material which lacks sources. I will wait a week. If there are no objections, I will do the above. -Classicfilms (talk) 19:42, 25 April 2009 (UTC)
 * ✅ - I have broken up the article into multiple pages. I will work on clean up at another time. -Classicfilms (talk) 14:47, 2 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Basic clean up completed. -Classicfilms (talk) 16:05, 3 May 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Inherit the Wind


text:
TrackMania

TrackMania is a series of racing games for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X and Series S, Nintendo DS, and Wii developed by Ubisoft Nadeo and Firebrand Games. Instead of following the usual trend of choosing a set car and track to play the game, in TrackMania the players can create their own tracks using a "building block" process similar to games that existed before the first TrackMania game, such as the 1984 game Excitebike, the 1985 game Racing Destruction Set, and the 1990 game Stunts.

TrackMania games typically have a time trial format, with medals awarded for beating set times in single-player mode, as well as the ability to submit times to various online rankings. Players may choose to respawn (retire) at any time, for example if they land upside down, leave the track or get off to a poor start. Multiplayer races operate as concurrent time trials; players' cars are visible on the same track at the same time, but cannot physically interact with one another.

TrackMania Nations (Electronic Sports World Cup)
On January 27, 2006, Nadeo released TrackMania Nations, also called TrackMania Nations ESWC partly as a promotion for the Electronic Sports World Cup, and also for TrackMania itself. This free, stand-alone game had one new environment, "Stadium", and many of the Sunrise edition features, including the advertisement panels, which show ads from sponsors streamed from the internet. The game contains 100 single player tracks, the earlier ones relatively simple in both design and gameplay, but it is largely pitched as an online game. One of the main attractions is the leader board, where players compete for the best times and points. The top five players can be seen on the game's homepage. Nations quickly became popular with almost 1 million registered online players within weeks of its launch), largely due to the wide availability of the freeware game.

TrackMania United
On June 30, 2006, TrackMania United was announced, a version that amalgamated all previous TrackMania editions into a single game that includes all the environments from the earlier games, and subsequently future installments of the series. TrackMania United features a peer-to-peer networking system allowing players to share custom content more easily, and a unified ranking system. The updated graphics engine includes a shadow mapping acceleration system, which is used in the most recent Stadium version. The new engine allows for more realistic shadows on high end systems while the Stadium environment has double the number of blocks featured in the free version, including dirt paths, water, and indoor sections.

Focus announced on November 9, 2006, that 10,000 copies of TrackMania United could be bought and pre-loaded online then activated from November 16, 2006 onwards. The game became available in retail outlets in France, Canada, Australia, Belgium, the French-speaking part of Switzerland and Russia later in 2006, then on February 23, 2007 in Germany, then on March 9, 2007 and later in other regions.

The game is available in the UK and was made available in the US via download for $49.99 on March 23, 2007 and $39.99 on April 17, 2007. As of September 7, 2007, the game is available for $29.95. It was made available for pre-order and pre-load on Steam on June 7, 2007 and unlocked on June 14, 2007.

Players who previously purchased TrackMania or TrackMania: Sunrise can earn a daily copper bonus in TrackMania United by registering their product keys through the game.

Trackmania United Forever is an updated version of Trackmania United featuring seven environments and an all-new mediatracker. It was published by Focus Home Interactive and developed by Ubisoft Nadeo and has a similar layout to Trackmania Nations Forever. Four main modes are available: "Race", "Stunt", "Platform", and "Puzzle" as well as all the tracks from Trackmania Nations.

TrackMania United Forever & Nations Forever
On October 7, 2007, Ubisoft Nadeo announced that they were working on updated versions of TrackMania United and TrackMania Nations. Both new versions have Forever added to their name, and are network compatible. TrackMania Nations Forever includes the new stadium blocks and physics system introduced in TrackMania United, which allow TrackMania United Forever and TrackMania Nations Forever players to compete on the same (Stadium) servers.

Nadeo has stated that because they want the game to have a long lifespan, they are working on the engine and user interface rather than adding new content. TrackMania United Forever, for instance, no longer requires the CD to be in the drive due to different copy protection and anti-cheat systems. They also warn players that some features may not be the final versions.

TrackMania United Forever was released on April 15, 2008, with the free-to-play variant TrackMania Nations Forever released the following day.

As of 9 December 2010, following the closure of the company used for providing in-game advertising, Nadeo introduced the "FreeZone" system to the game. This meant that Nations Forever players could only play on specific FreeZone servers or normal servers that they manually added to their in-game favourites list. Additionally, Nations Forever players were forced to spectate every one in five races. These changes were made as an incentive for players to upgrade to the paid TrackMania United Forever as Nadeo could no longer make money from in-game advertising.

There were also plans to add additional environments Toy and Moon, but they were scrapped.

TrackMania: Build to Race
On June 30, 2009, a TrackMania game for the Wii, titled TrackMania Wii was announced by jeuxvideo.com in an interview with one of the developers. The game features all the environments from TrackMania United apart from "Bay", due to the complexity of its scenery. The game was supposed to be released in North America under the title TrackMania: Build to Race on July 20, 2010 but on July 19, 2010, Michael Mota of Dreamcatcher Interactive, TrackMania Wii's publisher, told the Examiner "We made the announcement to the major retailers about the TrackMania delay; I’m not sure why that hasn’t been changed. The game has been delayed until December." The game eventually came out in North America on March 24, 2011. It has a more primitive online play system than the PC line of games and also uniquely features a special "F" class of tracks unlocked after a certain amount of medals are accrued.

An updated Wii release date on the Nintendo website for the UK version published by Focus Home Interactive has been given as September 23, 2010. The game was released in Europe with the Build to Race subtitle removed.

TrackMania2: Canyon
Like previous TrackMania games, players can race on tracks while doing various stunts as well as build their own tracks. The game features a new environment, Canyon, as well as two modes, Race and Platform. Platform mode is featured in the free extension pack, TrackMania2: Platform.

Besides the new environment, the game also includes a split-screen mode, and a scripting language called "ManiaScript" which lets players add their own new features to the game.

TrackMania2: Stadium
TrackMania2: Stadium was announced on November 2, 2012. This environment was opened to the public with an open beta on February 27, 2013. The game features the classic Stadium environment that was introduced in TrackMania Nations. There have been some improvements to the graphics and some new added blocks in the editor. It uses ManiaPlanet's client and interface. The game was released on June 20, 2013.

TrackMania2: Valley
TrackMania2: Valley was announced on November 2, 2012. This environment became available on ManiaPlanet on July 4, 2013.

TrackMania2: Lagoon
TrackMania2: Lagoon was announced on May 9, 2017. This environment became available on ManiaPlanet on May 23, 2017. With this environment ported from TrackMania Turbo (2016), ManiaPlanet was given a large update called "ManiaPlanet 4".

TrackMania Turbo (2016)
Announced at Ubisoft's E3 2015 conference, TrackMania Turbo is a spin-off heavily inspired by 90s arcade racers. The game has been released in North America on March 22, 2016 for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One and on March 24, 2016 for Microsoft Windows.

Trackmania (2020)
A remake of Trackmania Nations was announced for Microsoft Windows on February 29, 2020, and was due to be released on May 5, 2020, but was delayed until July 1, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was released on consoles and cloud platforms on May 15, 2023. The base game is free-to-play, with additional content available with a paid subscription model, including an in-game track editor, online events and car customization.

Environments
The game series' featured environments are "Desert" (also known as "Speed"), "Rally", "Snow" (also known as "Alpine"), "Bay", "Coast", "Island", "Stadium", "Canyon", "Valley", and "Lagoon".

Reception
Due to the success of the TrackMania series, Guinness World Records awarded the games six world records in the Guinness World Records: Gamer's Edition 2008. These include "Biggest Online Race", "Most Popular Online Racing Sim" and "Largest Content Base of Any Racing Game", with hundreds of thousands of user-created tracks and hundreds of unique cars available for download.

Copy protection system
The PC games in the TrackMania series used a copy protection system called StarForce, which silently installed a driver with all versions of TrackMania Original, TrackMania Sunrise and the original TrackMania Nations. Many sources falsely reported that TrackMania Nations updated the StarForce drivers only if they were already installed, although versions released after May 28, 2007, installed the StarForce drivers on all computers even though TrackMania Nations is freeware. The original TrackMania United features StarForce restrictions built into the executable to check the software's key, but it does not install the driver.

Although Valve originally included it in the system, on June 29, 2007, the company announced that the version of TrackMania United distributed via their Steam digital distribution platform would no longer include StarForce.

TrackMania United Forever and TrackMania Nations Forever do not include StarForce. If they are applied as upgrades to version of TrackMania United or TrackMania Nations which include StarForce, they attempt to remove it.

Spin-offs
As the TrackMania games have grown in popularity, Nadeo started plans for two completely new games; namely, they began work on role-playing and first-person shooter games. These were first announced in 2009 through TrackMania United Forever, where the player's loading screen was replaced with images announcing either Shootmania or Questmania. On 19 February 2012, Nadeo officially announced Shootmania. On 10 April 2013, Nadeo released Shootmania on Maniaplanet. Questmania, however has not been released yet.

title: TrackMania


text:
Sporting News Manager of the Year Award

The Sporting News Manager of the Year Award was established in 1936 by The Sporting News and was given annually to one manager in Major League Baseball. In 1986 it was expanded to honor one manager from each league. In 2021 the winners were Kevin Cash in the American League and Gabe Kapler in the National League.

Key
Listed below in chronological order are the MLB managers chosen as recipients of the TSN Manager of the Year Award.

title: Sporting News Manager of the Year Award


text:
Lily pad network

A lily pad network is a series of wireless access points spread over a large area, each connected to a different network and owned by different enterprises and people, providing hotspots where wireless clients can connect to the Internet without regard for the particular networks to which they link.

This is in contrast with wireless community networks, where the access points route traffic between them, as well as a corporate wireless LAN where several access points are connected to the corporate network, and the members of the organization are supposed to stick to their own network.

Unlike a traditional corporate wireless LAN, which allows access to other networks only via access points connected to the main corporate network, a lily pad does not restrict a network user to connecting only to their own network. In this way, a lily pad network enables the network users to roam over a large area while staying connected, without needing the overheads of the access points to route traffic between the individual networks.

Lily pad networks derive their name from their frog-like "hopping" facility, where mobile stations which roam over a large area are akin to frogs, hopping from lily pad to lily pad, and because of the technology, remaining continuously connected. Unlike typical wireless mesh networks, where each network client needs to manage their own network connection continuity, a lily pad network topology enables roaming by linking a number of wireless access points together.

A lily pad network is particularly suitable for mobile wireless network connectivity over a large geographic area, such as a combination of coffee houses, libraries, and other public spaces. In these locations wireless access infrastructure is available for configuring the lily pad network to provide "hot spots", allowing a mobile station to connect to the Internet for both surfing or VoIP.

title: Lily pad network


text:
Talk:Grand Valley State University

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Zinge1rd.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 22:37, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Userbox and category
I made a user box for Wikipedians who are or were students at GVSU:

I also made the Category:Wikipedians by alma mater: Grand Valley State University

It certainly would be helpful to identify Wikipedians who are familiar with GVSU, so if you want to, please include yourself in this category.

 * If you want to put the userbox on your page and also join the category, copy and past this code to your user page:

 * If you want to add yourself to this category, but don't want the userbox, insert the following anywhere on your user page. Copy and paste the code as is; do not change.

 * If you want to put the userbox on a page without adding it to this category, use the following code:

Happy editing, PDCook (talk) 22:54, 14 December 2009 (UTC)

Demographics
Why is there no ethnic demographics section in this article? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:241:8580:4220:50E8:AC9C:EE6A:19D1 (talk) 20:00, 24 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Grand Valley State University


text:
User:Agnul

Hello world ! :-)

title: User:Agnul


text:
Lilac Time

Lilac Time may refer to:

 * Lilac Time (operetta) or Das Dreimäderlhaus, a 1922 operetta
 * Lilac Time (film), a 1928 American silent romantic war film
 * Lilac Time, a 1917 play by Jane Cowl and Jane Murfin; basis for the film
 * The Lilac Time, a British alternative rock band
 * The Lilac Time (album), a 1987 album by the band
 * The Lilac Time, a 2008 album by Pelle Carlberg

title: Lilac Time


text:
Battle of Otford (776)

The Battle of Otford was fought in 776 between the Mercians, led by Offa of Mercia, and the Jutes of Kent. The battle took place at Otford, in the modern English county of Kent.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle recorded that the Mercians and the people of Kent fought at Otford, without giving the outcome, although it is considered significant that Kent was re-established as an independent kingdom after the battle. The kings of Kent continued to issue charters after 776, without any reference to Offa, so historians have deduced that Otford was a Kentish victory. The charters S 35 (dated 778), S 36 (dated 779) and S 37  (765 x 785) are in the name of Egbert, while S 38  (dated 784) is in the name of King Ealhmund. The changeover between Ecgberht and Ealhmund cannot be dated more precisely than 779–784.

Kent was struggling to remain independent against the growing power of Mercia. In the 770s, the kings of Kent were resisting their demotion to subkings. According to the chronicler Henry of Huntingdon, the Mercians were victorious at the battle near Sevenoaks. The historian Frank Stenton argued that Egbert of Kent defeated Offa and that Kentish independence was restored for some years. Offa's victory over Wessex at Bensington, Mercian pressure resumed and Kent was absorbed into Mercia.

title: Battle of Otford (776)


text:
James Anderson

James Anderson may refer to:

Arts

 * James Anderson (American actor) (1921–1969), American actor
 * James Anderson (British author) (1936–2007), British mystery writer
 * James Anderson (English actor) (born 1980), British actor
 * James Anderson (filmmaker) (1902–1960), American film director
 * James Anderson (songwriter) (1825–1899), Tyneside songwriter
 * James Anderson (American writer), American television writer
 * James Arthur Anderson (born 1955), American writer
 * James McConnell Anderson (1907–1998), American painter and potter
 * Big Dad Ritch (James Richard Anderson), lead vocalist for American heavy metal band Texas Hippie Coalition
 * James Robertson Anderson (1811–1895), Scottish actor
 * James William Anderson III (born 1937), American singer

Government

 * James Anderson (British politician) (1800–1864), lord provost of Glasgow and British MP for Stirling
 * James Anderson (Manitoba politician) (1903–1983), Canadian politician
 * James Drummond Anderson (1886–1968), financial commissioner of the Punjab
 * James Drummond Anderson (1852–1920), member of the Indian Civil Service
 * James H. Anderson (politician) (1878–1936), lieutenant governor of Delaware in the 1920s
 * James Hodson Anderson (1909–1996), Nebraska attorney general
 * James Lee Anderson (born 1948), American politician in the Wyoming Senate
 * James Sibree Anderson (1841–1927), Scottish-born Wisconsin politician
 * James Thomas Milton Anderson (1878–1946), Canadian politician; premier of Saskatchewan, 1929–1934

Military

 * James Anderson (defense official), acting under secretary of defense for policy
 * James Anderson Jr. (1947–1967), USMC, Vietnam War Medal of Honor recipient
 * James Anderson (Royal Navy officer) (1765–1835)
 * James Anderson (Medal of Honor) (1849–1918), American Indian Wars soldier
 * James Patton Anderson (1822–1872), Confederate Army general

Science

 * James A. Anderson (cognitive scientist) (born 1940), American professor of cognitive science and brain science at Brown University
 * James A. D. W. Anderson (born 1958), British computer scientist
 * James Anderson (biomedical engineer), American professor of pathology, macromolecular science and biomedical engineering at Case Western Reserve University
 * James Anderson (botanical collector) (1797–1842), Scottish botanical collector who later became the Superintendent of the Sydney Botanic Gardens
 * James Anderson (botanist) (1739–1809), Scottish botanist
 * James Anderson (civil engineer) (1793–1861), Scottish civil engineer
 * James Anderson (mechanical engineer) (1871–1945), Scottish mechanical engineer
 * James B. Anderson (1935–2021), American professor of chemistry and physics at Penn State University
 * James D. Anderson (1930–1976), American herpetologist
 * James G. Anderson (born 1944), American professor of atmospheric chemistry at Harvard University
 * James H. Anderson (computer scientist), American computer scientist
 * James M. Anderson (scientist), American scientist
 * Sir James Anderson, 1st Baronet (1792–1861), Irish inventor

Sports

 * James Allan Anderson (chess player) (1906–1991), American chess player
 * James Anderson (American football) (born 1983), American football linebacker
 * James Anderson (badminton) (born 1974), English badminton player
 * James Anderson (basketball) (born 1989), American basketball player
 * Duncan Anderson (James Duncan Anderson, born 1931), Australian amateur Australian rules footballer and cricketer for Oxford University
 * James Anderson (cricketer) (born 1982), English international cricketer
 * James Anderson (Australian cricketer) (1889–1951), Australian cricketer for the Queensland representative team
 * James Anderson (footballer), Scottish footballer
 * Jamie Anderson (golfer) (James Anderson, 1842–1905), Scottish golfer
 * Jim Anderson (swimmer) (James Allan Anderson, born 1963), British Paralympic swimmer
 * James Anderson (tennis) (1894–1973), Australian tennis player
 * James Oswald Anderson (1872–1932), Argentine sportsman

Other

 * James A. Anderson (academic administrator), chancellor of Fayetteville State University
 * James Anderson (explorer), Hudson's Bay Company executive after whom the Anderson River (Northwest Territories) was named
 * James Anderson (Freemason) (1679/80–1739), Church of Scotland minister, author and Freemason
 * James Anderson (lawyer) (1662–1728), Scottish lawyer
 * James Anderson (missionary) (fl. 1865–1870), Protestant Christian missionary
 * James Anderson of Hermiston (1739–1808), Scottish Enlightenment agriculturalist, lawyer, inventor, economist, writer, publisher
 * James Anderson (sea captain) (1824–1893), captain of SS Great Eastern laying transatlantic telegraph cable
 * James Anderson (trade unionist) (died 1917), British trade union leader
 * James Craig Anderson (1963–2011), American murder victim
 * James M. Anderson (hospital executive), American hospital executive
 * James Norman Dalrymple Anderson (1908–1994), English missionary and academic Arabist
 * James R. Anderson (1864–1913), lawyer in South Australia

title: James Anderson


text:
The Lilac Time

The Lilac Time is a British alternative folk-rock band, originally formed in Herefordshire, England by Stephen Duffy, his brother Nick Duffy and their friend Michael Weston in 1986. The band's name was taken from a line in the Nick Drake song "River Man".

The Lilac Time has gone through various line-up changes, with the Duffy brothers as mainstays. The band's activity has intertwined with Stephen Duffy's solo and songwriting career.

History
The Duffy brothers and Michael Weston recorded music that was first released on Swordfish Records in 1987 and later became the band's self-titled debut. Michael Giri and Fraser Kent joined when the band went on tour. The group signed to Fontana, which reissued the band's first album in remixed form in 1988. The group went on to release the albums Paradise Circus in 1989, and & Love for All in 1990, the latter produced by Andy Partridge and John Leckie.

The Lilac Time was dropped by Fontana then briefly signed to Creation Records, where the band was subsequently managed by label head Alan McGee. The band's sole release on Creation was Astronauts, in 1990. The Duffy's cousin, noted session musician Cara Tivey, contributed organ and piano to the album.

The band later regrouped with Claire Worrall and Melvin Duffy (no relation to the brothers) and recorded Looking For A Day In The Night with producer Stephen Street for spinART Records in 1999. They then released Lilac 6 on Cooking Vinyl in 2001, followed by Keep Going, released in 2003 under the name "Stephen Duffy and the Lilac Time" on Folk Modern.

Runout Groove was released on 22 October 2007 on Bogus Frontage. The band played the 2007 Green Man Festival and the Queen Elizabeth Hall as a six-piece. The band's gig at the Green Man Festival serves as the backdrop to the film "Memory & Desire — 30 Years in the Wilderness With Stephen Duffy & The Lilac Time." The documentary was filmed over six years by Douglas Arrowsmith and included new and vintage Lilac footage. The film is accompanied by a Universal Records album of the same name, which compiles songs from Duffy's thirty years making music. The Queen Elizabeth Hall concert is to be released as a live recording.

No Sad Songs was released on Tapete Records in April 2015.

A new Lilac Time album, Return to Us, was released in October 2019.

The band is now based in Cornwall.

Studio albums

 * The Lilac Time (1987)
 * Paradise Circus (1989)
 * & Love for All (1990)
 * Astronauts (1991)
 * Looking for a Day in the Night (1999)
 * lilac6 (2001)
 * Keep Going (2003, as Stephen Duffy & The Lilac Time)
 * Runout Groove (2007, as Stephen Duffy & The Lilac Time)
 * Sapphire Stylus (2009, as Nick Duffy & The Lilac Time)
 * No Sad Songs (2015)
 * Return to Us (2019)
 * Dance Till All the Stars Come Down (2023)

Compilation albums

 * Compendium: The Fontana Trinity (2001)
 * Memory & Desire: 30 Years in the Wilderness (2009, as Stephen Duffy & The Lilac Time)

Tribute album

 * One Day One of These Fans Will Change Your Life (2006) – various artists covering Lilac Time songs

title: The Lilac Time


text:
Goura

Goura may refer to:

Places

 * Goura, Corinthia, a village in Greece
 * Goura, Centre Region, Cameroon
 * Goura, Far North Region, Cameroon
 * Goura Nature Reserve, now part of Gulaga National Park, New South Wales, Australia
 * Goura, Phthiotis, a former village in Greece

Other uses

 * Goura (genus), a genus of pigeons
 * Goura (musical instrument), a mouth-blown stringed musical instrument

title: Goura


text:
Talk:UTF-8

Table should not only use color to encode information (but formatting like bold and underline)
As in a previous comment https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:UTF-8/Archive_1#Colour_in_example_table? this has been done before, and is *better* so that everyone can clearly see the different part of the code. Relying on color alone is not good, due to color vision deficiencies and varying color rendition on devices.

Microsoft script dead link
and Microsoft has a script for Windows 10, to enable it by default for its program Microsoft Notepad

"Script How to set default encoding to UTF-8 for notepad by PowerShell". gallery.technet.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2018-01-30.

https://gallery.technet.microsoft.com/scriptcenter/How-to-set-default-2d9669ae?ranMID=24542&ranEAID=TnL5HPStwNw&ranSiteID=TnL5HPStwNw-1ayuyj6iLWwQHN_gI6Np_w&tduid=(1f29517b2ebdfe80772bf649d4c144b1)(256380)(2459594)(TnL5HPStwNw-1ayuyj6iLWwQHN_gI6Np_w)

This link is dead. How to fix it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Un1Gfn (talk • contribs) 02:58, 5 April 2021 (UTC)
 * That text, and that link, appears to have been removed, so there's no longer anything to fix. Guy Harris (talk) 23:43, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

utf8 octal conversion
I think this section should be rewritten. It makes no sense to talk about bytes if you have triplets of octal numbers which make 9 bits in total, not 8. The grouping shown in the section is ambiguous (and wrong). --84.167.187.209 (talk) 02:24, 29 May 2021 (UTC)
 * The table is correct, the results are 1 to 4 bytes, each displayed as 3 octal digits, the left-most digit cannot be greater than 3. If the bytes were somehow appended into a single octal number then you would first have an endieness question, and more importantly it would remove the alignment between the output octal digits and the input octal digits.
 * I have made this modification of the octal table. Do you understand it? x,y,z and w are octal digits.--BIL (talk) 22:11, 29 May 2021 (UTC)

 * Yes that is a lot clearer.Spitzak (talk) 23:44, 29 May 2021 (UTC)

I do agree there is a huge amount of bloat in this article, conversion from/to UTF-8 is actually really simple and I would love to see the majority of this text spew deleted.Spitzak (talk) 20:24, 29 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Suggest/recommend throwing out the whole UTF-8 section. I’m sure the intellectual exercise must have been “neat” or “kind of cool” to whoever took the time and effort to type it up and add it to the article, but IMHO it’s cruft like this that explains how this article got to be so long and bloated.  I haven’t seen this appear in _any_ of the Unicode standards documents, and even the single reference cited admits that the API library just compares the binary, even if it might conceivably, theoretically be more convenient for a human with a scientific calculator converting hexadecimal to octal to compare bits manually.  This article would IMHO be much more concise and more “encyclopedic” if the half of it comprising personal commentary/observations such as this section (which might be more appropriate, say, as a post on a personal blog, for example) were trimmed.  —PowerPCG5 (talk) 08:35, 10 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Excellent idea. This section does not add useful information. −Woodstone (talk) 13:52, 10 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Absolutely agree. About 3/4 of this article is bloated with trivial observations and/or redundant rewording of the same information over and over again. I did edit this table last, not because I liked it, but it was even larger and more intrusive before (they put it in as more columns in the other tables), and attempts to just remove it got reverted...Spitzak (talk) 15:10, 10 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Such is the unfortunate nature of a community-built wiki - editors contribute to their own niche and hobbies. Criticism of Wikipedia
 * Criticism of Wikipedia is funny too. Wqwt (talk) 07:21, 4 September 2022 (UTC)

Unfortunately there is an error in it. If first code point is 0200 then last code point can not be 3777, for example. Please consider description in main article of how Encoding process works, then you find that first Unicode code point is always 0. Apparently that is how it is really done. — Preceding unsigned comment added by SiwardDeGroot (talk • contribs) 14:48, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

 * You are talking about "overlong encodings". The code point 0 should be done by the one-byte entry in the first line of the table. Encoding code point 0 using the second line of the table is an error. Spitzak (talk) 15:45, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

US-ASCII
With respect to Special:Diff/1105781113, it's better to use just "ASCII" unless it could be misinterpreted as some other variant of ISO 646 instead of ANSI X3.4-1986. It is not the case here, but I think current usage in the article is okay. IANA preference for "US-ASCII" only matters for use in the charset parameter or similar where "ASCII" is not even a valid label at all. Please don't link it halfway as US-ASCII because that makes absolutely no sense in any context and looks like a formatting mistake. Link the whole US-ASCII, piping it if you don't like the redirect. – MwGamera (talk) 12:49, 22 August 2022 (UTC)

The article contains "{{efn", which looks like a mistake.
I would've fixed it myself but I don't know how to transform the remaining sentence to make sense. 2A01:C23:8D8D:BF00:C070:85C1:B1B8:4094 (talk) 16:17, 2 April 2024 (UTC)

 * I fixed it, I think. I'm not 100% sure it's how the previous editors intended. I invite them to review and confirm. Indefatigable (talk) 19:03, 2 April 2024 (UTC)

Should "The Manifesto" be mentioned somewhere?
More specifically, this one: https://utf8everywhere.org -- Preceding unsigned comment added by Rudxain (talk  o  contribs) 21:52, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Only if it's got significant coverage in reliable sources. Remsense   22:10, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

 * It's kind of ahistorical, since the Microsoft decisions that they deplore were made while developing Windows NT 3.1, and UTF-8 wasn't even a standard until Windows NT 3.1 was close to being released. There was more money to be made from East Asian customized computer systems than Unicode computer systems in 1993, so Unicode was probably not their main focus at that time... AnonMoos (talk) 20:30, 15 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:UTF-8


text:
Henry Pybus Bell-Irving

Henry Pybus "Budge" Bell-Irving, (January 21, 1913 – September 21, 2002) was the 23rd Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia from 1978 to 1983.

Born in Vancouver, he was educated at Shawnigan Lake School on Vancouver Island and Loretto at Musselburgh, Scotland. He returned to attend the University of British Columbia, but withdrew because of the war. During World War II, Bell-Irving served with The Seaforth Highlanders of Canada and commanded a company of the battalion in Sicily and Italy and northwest Europe before becoming the commander of the 10th Canadian Infantry Brigade.

Next he returned to Vancouver and he joined his family real estate company, Bell-Irving Insurance Agencies, which later merged with A.E. LePage in 1972. In 1974 he was elected Chairman of the Vancouver Board of Trade.

In 1978, Governor General Jules Léger, on the advice of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, appointed him Lieutenant-Governor of BC.

Bell-Irving met his wife, Nancy, while attending UBC and was married in April 1937.

Honours

 * 1984 - he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada
 * 1985 - he received the Order of British Columbia.
 * 1986 - he was appointed Freeman of the City of Vancouver

title: Henry Pybus Bell-Irving