text:
User talk:Perspective

Welcome!

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Monroe
Hi Perspective,

Nice username, and interesting quote on your user page. It's a somewhat surprising quote, considering that (as far as I know) there is no explicit constitutional right to privacy. Do you think it's right for the Supreme Court to make such an interpretation of the Constitution? Personally, I think it was wrong of the Supreme Court to do so, and that they should have waited for Congress to pass a Privacy Amendment, thereby eliminating much controversy and uncertainty. Either way, Brandeis was certainly an admirable person. BTW, if you don't mind me asking, are you Jewish? I am.

 * Thanks. Brandeis' opinion was a dissent, see Olmstead v. United States. -- Perspective 15:59, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Anyway, I'm contacting you about Monroe. Are you planning on creating an article for Monroe calculator? If not, I would avoid redlinks on disambig pages, and external links even more. Right now, the amount of information on the disambig page is enough to make a stub; even better would be a full article. Thanks, TheJabberwock 03:47, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I was hoping someone else would create the article... John Vincent Atanasoff has the redlink already, so I just added to the Monroe page. If you'd like to create it, I'll add to it.  I bet your grandparents, or perhaps even your parents, will remember a Monroe calculator.  -- Perspective 15:59, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * OK, I made an article for Monroe Calculator Company, since I didn't really have any info about the product. If you know more about the calculators themselves, you can either add a  section to the existing article, or feel free to make Monroe calculator into a real article. TheJabberwock 01:44, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

 * That is an article?! Oh well, now it's begun. Perspective

 * Sorry, I didn't give you much to work with. Looks great so far. TheJabberwock 03:33, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

Blocking
I was away until just now and blocks should really be done right at the time it happens. Sorry. CambridgeBayWeather (Talk) 00:05, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

Mind Control
Following the reference given in the revert, this seems to be accurate.... Thanks, BCorr | Брайен 13:39, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

ACLU
Hey there -- if you're up to the task, I praise the start you've made on regularizing the references. I've done my best (as have others) to make sure everything is referenced, but we could definitely use the help in improving the article and filling it out to featured status. Sdedeo (tips) 02:31, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

Origins of Brandeis
OK, I've done about as much on this topic now as I intend to do, so if you want to take another look at it I'd appreciate your comments. Dpbsmith (talk) 10:41, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Perspective


text:
User:Shawn pickrell

I am a Wikipedia addict. I enjoy browsing around the various links.

I've played, officiated and coached academic competition since I was 13 years old -- I founded two college teams, expanded two high school teams (one as a player and as a a coach) and currently direct the Virginia High School League's Scholastic Bowl competition. In 1999-2000, I wrote the entire competition, drawing questions from every subject.

I'm 28, and married to a lovely woman named Rebecca. I work as a UNIX sysadmin and augment my income by writing academic competition questions. I live in Arlington, Virginia, which is right across the Potomac River from Washington, DC.

Anything else, email me: shawn_pickrell@yahoo.com

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Shawn pickrell


text:
Philip Bobbitt

Sir Philip Chase Bobbitt (born July 22, 1948) is an American legal scholar and political theorist. He is best known for work on U.S. constitutional law and theory, and on the relationship between law, strategy and history in creating and sustaining the State. He is currently the Herbert Wechsler Professor of Jurisprudence at Columbia Law School and a distinguished senior lecturer at The University of Texas School of Law.

Henry Kissinger called him "the outstanding political philosopher of our time". He is the author of several books, including Constitutional Fate: Theory of the Constitution (1982), The Shield of Achilles: War, Peace and the Course of History (2002), and Terror and Consent: the Wars for the Twenty-first Century (2008).

Early life and education
Philip Bobbitt was born in Temple, Texas, on July 22, 1948. He is the only child of Oscar Price Bobbitt Jr (1918–1995) and Rebekah Luruth Johnson Bobbitt. Oscar Price Bobbitt Jr was the son of Oscar Price Bobbitt Sr (1892–1965) and Maude Wisner, a direct descendant of Henry Wisner of Swiss descent, the only delegate from New York to vote for the Declaration of Independence. Rebekah Bobbitt was the daughter of Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr. and Rebekah Baines. Her father and grandfather were members of the Texas Legislature; her great grandfather was president of Baylor University. Her brother was Lyndon B. Johnson, 36th president of the United States from 1963 to 1969. Between high school and college, Bobbitt spent a summer with Johnson at the White House.

At the age of 15, Bobbitt graduated from Stephen F. Austin High School, where he was elected president of the student council, in 1964. He then attended Princeton University and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy in 1971. His student thesis, "On Wittgenstein and a Philosophical Topology," was one of the earliest attempts to argue for an underlying continuity between the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus and the Philosophical Investigations. It was advised by philosopher Richard Rorty. While at Princeton, Bobbitt was president of the Ivy Club and Chairman of the Nassau Literary Magazine.

Bobbitt left Princeton after three semesters to enter AmeriCorps VISTA. He worked in a poverty program in an all-black area of Los Angeles for two years before returning to college. In 1975 he received his J.D. from Yale Law School, where he was Article Editor of the Yale Law Journal and taught at Yale College. It was at Yale that he met Charles L. Black, Jr. (1915–2001), who became a friend and mentor to Bobbitt. After graduating from Yale Law School, Bobbitt clerked for Judge Henry Friendly of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. He received his Ph.D. in modern history from the University of Oxford in 1983 as a member of Nuffield College.

Career
Bobbitt's first book, Tragic Choices (1978), was written with Yale Law Professor (later Dean and Judge of the Second Circuit) Guido Calabresi. The book was a study of how societies make difficult decisions concerning resources and rights—e.g., who gets expensive medical care, who is to be drafted into the army, who may have children, and other society-defining choices. Tragic Choices has won a number of awards and is studied by multiple disciplines, including law. It has been especially influential in the field of bioethics and was discussed in several countries during the COVID-19 virus pandemic. Writing in The Times of London about the pandemic, Philip Collins said, "The tragic choice is the pivot of the action in classical tragedy, and a perennial dilemma in the history of philosophy. The best book on how tragedy turns up in politics is Guido Calabresi and Philip Bobbitt's Tragic Choices...In each case a moral imperative clashes with the scarcity of resources."

His second book, Constitutional Fate: Theory of the Constitution, first proposed the model of the six fundamental forms of constitutional argument. One critic subsequently called it, "the outstanding recent work treating constitutional law in terms of the legitimating effects of constitutional argument. It ranks among the most original and impressive works of American jurisprudence to appear during the decade." In 1994, Akhil Amar described Constitutional Fate as "one of a handful of truly towering works of constitutional theory in the last half-century." Henry Monaghan, Harlan Fiske Stone Professor of Constitutional Law, Columbia School has said of Constitutional Fate, "I did not realize it at the time Constitutional Fate was published, but I do now. This is the most important and influential book on judicial review written in my lifetime."

Bobbitt was also at Nuffield College, Oxford, where he was Anderson Senior Research Fellow and a member of the Modern History faculty from 1983 to 1990; later he was the Marsh Christian Senior Research Fellow in the Department of War Studies at King's College London 1994–1997. From 1981 to 1982, and again in 2004 he was visiting research fellow at the International Institute for Strategic Studies.

Until 2007, Bobbitt held the A.W. Walker Centennial Chair at the University of Texas, where he taught constitutional law. In 2005 he was the James Barr Ames Visiting Professor of Law at Harvard Law School; in 2007, Bobbitt was the Samuel Rubin Visiting Professor of Law at Columbia Law School, where he accepted a permanent chair later that year; he is now the Herbert Wechsler Professor of Jurisprudence at Columbia and director of the Center for National Security there. He remains distinguished senior lecturer at the University of Texas Law School and senior fellow in the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law at the University of Texas.

Bobbitt has delivered the Mellon Lectures at Oxford University, the Murphy Lecture on Constitutional Law at Princeton, the All Souls College Lectures at Oxford University, among several honorary lectures. In 2016 he was awarded the Jean Mayer Global Citizen Award by Tufts University.

He has been elected a member of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, the Pacific Council on International Affairs, the American Society of International Law, a Life Member of the American Law Institute, a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, and Fellow of the Royal Historical Society. In 1994, he was a Fellow at the Wilson Center for International Scholars in Washington. He serves as a member of the Commission on the Continuity of Government and served on the Task Force on Law and National Security of the Hoover Institution at Stanford. For some years he has been a juror for the Civil Courage Prize. In May 2010, he was appointed to serve as a member of the Secretary of State's Advisory Committee on International Law. In 2011, he was elected to membership in the Common Room at All Souls College, Oxford. In 2012, Bobbitt was appointed to the External Advisory Board for the Central Intelligence Agency, on which he served until January 2017.

Views on constitutional law
Like many contemporary scholars, Bobbitt believes that the Constitution's durability rests, in part, in the flexible manner in which it can be and has been interpreted since its creation. He emphasizes the "modalities of constitutional argument": 1) structural; 2) textual; 3) ethical; 4) prudential; 5) historical; and 6) doctrinal. He has argued in his books for the recognition of the ethical modality, which has to do with the traditional vision we have of the nation and the role government ought to play (some scholars call this form "argument from tradition"). He first introduced these forms of argument—or modalities—as a way of understanding constitutional review generally in Constitutional Fate: Theory of the Constitution (1982), a study of judicial review and then broadened their application to constitutional review generally in Constitutional Interpretation (1993) which deals with non-judicial examples of constitutional argument and decision making. Bobbitt asserts that all branches of government have a duty to assess the constitutionality of their actions. Bobbitt's "modalities" of constitutional law are now generally considered to be the standard model for constitutional arguments.

Government service
Bobbitt has served extensively in government, for both Democratic and Republican administrations. In the 1970s, he was Associate Counsel to President Carter for which he received the Certificate of Meritorious Service, and worked with Lloyd Cutler on the charter of the Central Intelligence Agency. He later was Legal Counsel to the Iran-Contra Committee in the U. S. Senate, the Counselor for International Law and member of the Senior Executive Service at the State Department during the George H. W. Bush administration, and served at the National Security Council, where he was director for Intelligence Programs, senior director for Critical Infrastructure, and senior director for Strategic Planning during Bill Clinton's presidency. He was a principal draftsman of PDD63, the first presidential document to establish a strategy for critical infrastructure and cyber protection. Subsequently he was strategist in residence to the Secretary of the Navy, Richard Danzig, and has lectured at West Point, Annapolis, and the National Defense University where for some years he delivered the annual opening keynote lecture.

Other works
In the early '80s, Bobbitt published Democracy and Deterrence: The History and Future of Nuclear Strategy. This book argued that US nuclear targeting had gone through reciprocal cycles, alternating between total and graduated response regimes. These cycles were driven, he argued, not by changes in the central deterrence relationship between the American homeland and the homelands of its adversaries but by developments in extended deterrence—the protection of non-homeland theatres by US nuclear forces. An accompanying volume, US Nuclear Strategy: A Reader was edited by Bobbitt, Gregory F. Treverton and Sir Lawrence Freedman.

Bobbitt's most recent two books are second editions of classics in US law, The Ages of American Law by Grant Gilmore, first published by the 1970s which Bobbitt brought up to present time; and Impeachment: A Handbook by Charles Black. Impeachment was doubled in size, and was widely discussed during the various Trump proceedings. Both books were published by the Yale Press.

Bobbitt is currently at work on The Constitution Trilogy for Oxford University Press.

Other activities
Since 1990, Bobbitt has endowed the Rebekah Johnson Bobbitt National Prize for Poetry, awarded biennially by the Library of Congress. It is the only prize given by the nation for poetry.

He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a former trustee of Princeton University. In 2004 Prospect Magazine named him One of Britain's Top 100 Public Intellectuals. He occasionally writes essays, typically on foreign policy, published in The New York Times, and The Guardian. He has served on the boards of the Institute for Religious Studies; the Barbara Jordan Freedom Foundation, the Rothko Interfaith Chapel, the Executive Council of the American Society of International Law, and the Editorial Board of Biosecurity and Bioterrorism. He is a member of the Executive Committee of The Pilgrims.

In 2021 Bobbitt was made an honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE). The appointment was made substantive on 11 June 2024.

In 2021, he became the chair of the American Friends of St James's Church, Piccadilly; in 2023 he was selected as president.

Personal life
Bobbitt has been married twice. His second marriage was in 2011, to Maya Ondalikoglu, a former student. They were married by U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice Elena Kagan in her chambers. Lady Bobbitt took her BA, summa cum laude, at the University of Pennsylvania where she gave the Commencement Address at her graduation.

Books

 * Constitutional Fate: Theory of the Constitution. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984. ISBN 0-19-503422-8
 * Democracy and Deterrence: The History and Future of Nuclear Strategy. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987. ISBN 0-312-00523-7
 * United States Nuclear Strategy: A Reader. (Co-editor, with Gregory F. Treverton and Lawrence Freedman.) New York: New York University Press, 1989. ISBN 0-8147-1107-3
 * Tragic Choices. (Co-author: Guido Calabresi.) New York: W.W. Norton, 1990. ISBN 0-393-09085-X
 * Constitutional Interpretation. Blackwell, 1991. ISBN 0-631-16485-5
 * The Shield of Achilles: War, Peace, and the Course of History. Foreword by Michael Howard. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002. ISBN 0-375-41292-1 (Paperback [2003] ISBN 0-385-72138-2), 2003 Grand Prize Winner, Robert W. Hamilton Awards and Bronze Medalist, Arthur Ross Book Award
 * Terror and Consent: the Wars for the Twenty-first Century. Knopf/Penguin, 2008.
 * Garments of Court and Palace: Machiavelli and the World That He Made. New York. Atlantic Monthly Press, 2013 . ISBN 978-0-8021-2074-8
 * The Ages of American Law (Lead Author: Grant Gilmore.) New Haven: Yale University Press, 2d Edition [2014] ISBN 978-0300189919
 * Impeachment: A Handbook. (Lead Author: Charles L. Black, Jr.) New Haven: Yale University Press [2018] ISBN 978-0-300-23826-6

The Shield of Achilles
In 2002, Knopf published The Shield of Achilles: War, Peace and the Course of History (Knopf), an ambitious 900-page work that explicates a theory, actually a philosophy, of historical change in the modern era, and a history of the development of modern constitutional and international law. Bobbitt traces interacting patterns in the (mainly modern European) history of strategic innovations, major wars, peace conferences, international diplomacy, and constitutional standards for states. Bobbitt also suggests possible future scenarios and policies appropriate to them.

Arguing that "law and strategy are not merely made in history. . . they are made of history" (p. 5), Bobbitt presents a dynamic view of historical change that has a dark, tragic dimension, for he holds that the painful and, indeed, atrocious process of resolving issues that create conflict and war tends to cause changes that render obsolete the solution to that conflict (generally a new form of the state possessing a new principle of legitimacy), even as it is established. This tragic dimension is evoked in the title of Bobbitt's book, inspired by the last lines of Book 18 of Homer's Iliad, describing a shield fabricated for Achilles by Hephaestus, across the "vast expanse" of which "with all his craft and cunning/the god creates a world of gorgeous immortal work" (trans. Robert Fagles).

The Shield of Achilles generated much interest in the diplomatic and political community. Public officials who followed Bobbitt's works included Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Tony Blair; the Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams, who built his Dimbleby Lecture around Bobbitt's thesis and the former United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger

The Shield of Achilles was the 2003 Grand Prize Winner of the Hamilton Awards and the Arthur Ross Book Award Bronze Medalist of the Council on Foreign Relations for Best Book in Foreign Policy of that year. British military historian Michael Howard wrote, The Shield of Achilles "will be one of the most important works on international relations published during the last fifty years", and Paul Kennedy, writing in The New York Review of Books argued that it may "become a classic for future generations."

Terror and Consent
In 2008, Knopf published Bobbitt's Terror and Consent: the Wars for the Twenty-first Century, which applied many of the ideas of The Shield of Achilles to the problems of wars on terror. In Terror & Consent, Bobbitt argued that the only justification for warfare in the 21st century was to protect human rights.

Terror and Consent was on both the New York Times and the London Evening Standard’s best-seller lists and was widely reviewed. The front page of the New York Times Sunday Book Review called it, "quite simply the most profound book to have been written on the subject of American foreign policy since the attacks of 9/11 — indeed, since the end of the cold war." Among others, Senator John McCain praised the book as "the best book I've ever read on terrorism," and Henry Kissinger called Bobbitt, "perhaps the most important political philosopher today." Tony Blair wrote of Terror and Consent, "It may be written by an academic but it is actually required reading for political leaders." David Cameron, the leader of the UK Conservative Party put it on a list of summer reading for his parliamentary colleagues in 2008.

In 2017, he had a spirited exchange arguing that litigation is not the exclusive legal method for determining constitutionality in national security affairs and that law applied even when the constitutional issue in question was not justiciable. General Sir Rupert Smith wrote that Terror and Consent, "shows more convincingly than any other book I know, why the defeat of terrorism must be brought about within the context of law." Bobbitt is currently at work on a third book in this series, The Bow of Odysseus: Statecraft and the Future of World Order.

The Garments of Court and Palace
In 2013, Bobbitt published a study of Niccolò Machiavelli entitled The Garments of Court and Palace: Machiavelli and the World That He Made. In this book he argues that only by understanding The Prince as one half of a constitutional treatise on the State (the other being Machiavelli's Discourses on Livy) can we reconcile the many otherwise contradictory elements of his work. Bobbitt also situates this constitutional treatise in the politics of Machiavelli's day.

title: Philip Bobbitt


text:
Leigh Francis

Leigh Izaak Francis (born 30 April 1973), who is often known by the name of a character he plays, Keith Lemon, is an English television presenter, comedian, actor, and writer. He is best known for creating and starring in Channel 4's sketch comedy show Bo' Selecta! (2002–2009) and presenting the ITV shows Celebrity Juice (2008–2022) and Through the Keyhole (2013–2019). His other comedy shows include Lemon La Vida Loca (2012–2013), The Keith Lemon Sketch Show (2015–2016), and The Keith & Paddy Picture Show (2017–2018).

Early life
Francis was born in Beeston, Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire, on 30 April 1973, and was brought up on a council estate in Old Farnley, Leeds. His father died aged 47 of cancer, whilst his mother, Pat, is still alive.

Francis attended Farnley Park High School (now The Farnley Academy). He later studied at Jacob Kramer College and received a qualification in graphic design. Before making his major television breakthrough, he was discovered and encouraged by television presenter Davina McCall, performing in-role stand-up comedy in a southern comedy club.

McCall landed Francis his first television role on Dom and Kirk's Nite O' Plenty, where he portrayed Bobby Stark, a man who gives tips on how to win over the ladies. The series aired on Paramount Television from January to July 1996. Francis' second television role was as Barry Gibson, a music paparazzo, featured on the early series of Channel 4's Popworld. Francis also starred as various characters, including Gibson, Keith Lemon and Avid Merrion in the series Whatever I Want, which aired late night on ITV in 2000.

Career
In his early career, Francis did a series of shorts for Comedy Central (then known as Paramount Comedy) called Stars in Their Houses. Some of the shorts can be found on YouTube.

His major television breakthrough occurred when Channel 4 offered him a £250,000 deal to produce a series based on his television characters, such as his previous roles as Bobby Stark and Barry Gibson, and in 2002, Bo' Selecta! was born. The series featured Francis portraying a series of celebrities by wearing face masks to impersonate them, as well as portraying the main, non-celebrity character, Avid Merrion. The programme lasted for five series, airing between 2002 and 2006, however, the last two series were only loosely based on the original three. Series 4 was subtitled A Bear's Tail, and was based on another of his characters, The Bear. Series 5 returned to Avid Merrion and was called Bo! in the USA.

Following the axing of Bo' Selecta!, Francis took one of the series characters, Keith Lemon, and created a brand new show, Keith Lemon's Very Brilliant World Tour, which aired on ITV2 in April 2008. The show was a success, and subsequently, Francis created another new show featuring Lemon, Celebrity Juice, which aired for 26 series between 2008 and 2022. Lemon also co-hosted Sing If You Can (2011) with Stacey Solomon and Keith Lemon's LemonAid (2012) on ITV. In November 2011, it was revealed that Lemon would make his feature film debut in Keith Lemon: The Film, with production starting later that month.

Francis has since presented and/or appeared in numerous other ITV2 programmes in character as Lemon, including Through the Keyhole (2013–2019), The Keith Lemon Sketch Show (2015–2016), The Keith & Paddy Picture Show (2017–2018), alongside Paddy McGuinness and Shopping with Keith Lemon (2019–present). Francis had a cameo in Rocketman, the 2019 Elton John biopic, playing a shop worker named Pete.

Talking about a scrapped pilot for a Bo Selecta reboot, Francis retired the character of Keith Lemon, saying "Keith Lemon is, well, I'll never kill any characters off... I don't ever kill any characters off. Apart from if it's one that someone is really upset by. Then you don't do it anymore, because you only d**k about to put smiles on people's faces.". Francis continues to producing content for his YouTube, where he posts sketches in the vein of Selecta and other characters. In early 2024, Francis went on tour, starring in My First Time.

Personal life
On 30 October 2002, at Allerton Castle, North Yorkshire, Francis married Jill Carter, a beauty therapist. In February 2009, their daughter, Matilda, was born.

On 4 June 2020, Francis apologised on Instagram, as himself, for his portrayal of various black celebrities on Bo' Selecta!. In the video description he added "Following recent events, I've done a lot of talking and learning and I would like to put this out there. I want to apologise to anyone that was offended by Bo'selecta. I'm on a constant journey of knowledge and just wanted to say I'm deeply sorry. #blacklivesmatter".

Characterisation
In interviews, Francis usually adopts one of his celebrity guises, being interviewed as Avid Merrion during Bo' Selecta!'s run between 2002 and 2006, and as Keith Lemon ever since. In an out-of-character interview with On: Yorkshire Magazine, Francis confirmed Avid Merrion's accent and dialects were inspired by his former tutor at Jacob Kramer College, Laimonis Mieriņš. He also pointed out Merrion is a misspelling of Mieriņš, and has nothing to do with the Merrion Centre in Leeds as some may have assumed. Francis has also been interviewed as himself for The Frank Skinner Show, Loose Women, Big Brother's Little Brother, The Museum of Curiosity, Friday Night with Jonathan Ross, and Sunday Brunch.

title: Leigh Francis


text:
Sandie Rinaldo

Sandra Rinaldo, née Brycks (born 16 January 1950)  is a Canadian television journalist and anchor for CTV News. She is the daughter of survivors of the Holocaust and is of the Jewish faith.

Youth and education
She was born in Toronto, and was first seen on television as a dancer during the mid-1960s on CBC Television youth series such as Where It's At. Rinaldo graduated from York University's Fine Arts program with an Honours Bachelor of Arts in 1973.

Broadcasting career
A week after graduation, Rinaldo joined CTV Television Network's news division, initially working as a junior secretary to Donald Cameron, director of news. She later advanced to production manager then research for W5, as well as reporting for CTV National News and Canada AM. She became anchor for the newscasts on Canada AM in 1980, making her the first woman in Canada to hold a full-time position as a national news anchor. She is most well known for disrespecting Bob Marley, whom she interviewed when he visited Canada on tour. Years later, as Rinaldo looked back on her interview with the musical icon, she said, "I wish I could do it again, because there were a lot of questions I asked that I probably shouldn’t have at the time." In 1985 she became weekend anchor of CTV National News, a post she has held ever since, except for a brief period from 1990 to 1991 during which she was co-anchor with Tom Gibney of the local World Beat News on the network's Toronto affiliate CFTO.

Since longtime weekday anchor Lloyd Robertson's retirement in 2011, Rinaldo served as substitute anchor for Robertson's successor, Lisa LaFlamme, on the main weekday national newscast. Since 2009, she has been anchoring CTV News Channel three weekday afternoons. As of 2010, she is also a co-host of W5 and a contributing reporter.

In 2023, she marked her 50th anniversary of working for CTV, with the network broadcasting a one-hour retrospective special about her career on May 12. In the same year, CTV launched a new early edition of CTV National News, to air at 5:30 p.m. with Rinaldo as anchor.

Personal life
She was married to Michael Rinaldo (c. 1945–2005) until his death, and has three daughters.

Awards
A list of awards won by Rinaldo:

 * Bryden Alumni Award, York University (2005)
 * RTNDA award for Best Newscast for coverage (1999)
 * World Medal from the International Film and TV Festival, New York (1997)
 * Finalist Certificate for Best News Anchor, International Film and TV Festival, New York (1991)
 * Silver Medal for Best Coverage of an Ongoing News Story, International Film and TV Festival, New York (1991)
 * Silver Medal, Best Coverage of an Ongoing News Story, International Film and TV Festival, New York (1991)
 * Bronze Medal, Best News Anchor, International Film & TV Festival, New York (1990)
 * Silver Medal, Best Analysis of a Single Current News Story, Houston International Film Festival (1990)
 * American Film & Video Award for "Childbirth From Inside-Out" (1990)

title: Sandie Rinaldo


text:
Quick kick

In gridiron football, a quick kick is any punt made under conditions in which the opposing team would not expect a punt. Typically this has been a kick from scrimmage from a formation that is, or resembles, one usually used other than for punting, or at least not resembling the one usually used for punting. Typically it will also be on some down before last down (last down being third in Canadian, and, since 1912, fourth in American football), unless done from a formation usually used for place kicking.

Purpose
The purpose of a quick kick is the same as that for all punting, but with the additional plan of:

 * preventing a runback (return) of the ball by the opponent
 * additional distance by the ball's bouncing or rolling instead of being fielded by an opponent
 * (when legal) recovery and retained possession of the ball by the kicking team
 * scoring (and preventing the scoring of) a single point in Canadian football

Disadvantages
The disadvantages (required for the punt to be unexpected) are one or more of these:

 * earlier sacrifice of possession of the ball, or sacrifice of a kick at goal (field goal)
 * greater exposure to the kick being blocked by an opponent, or inadvertently by a teammate
 * sacrificing distance or accuracy by need of being done quickly
 * being done by someone other than the team's best punter

Occurrence
Factors that make a quick kick more likely:

 * the play being in a team's repertoire
 * long distance to go for a new first down
 * the other team not showing anticipation of a quick kick, as by dropping a safety player far back
 * being close to one's own goal line
 * being close enough to the other team's goal line that a field goal attempt is credible, but far enough that its success is not likely
 * current or historic rules allowing for the kicking team to recover and retain possession of the ball; see onside kick
 * the team having a player good at both punting and other backfield roles
 * the team not having a good specialist at punting
 * conditions that make long drives (moving the ball in continuous team possession) unlikely
 * a strong wind blowing either with or against the team; a headwind would encourage a low kick which, if expected, would get quickly to the other team for a runback; a tailwind could allow an unfielded kick much extra distance
 * hard playing surface, allowing extra distance via bounce
 * the punter-to-be's lining up a yard or so deeper in formation than that backs usual position, (sometimes concealed by other backs lining up deeper too) or going in motion by backpedaling
 * fashion in the circuit in which the game is played

If a team uses the quick kick a lot, surprise can be maintained only by their also having a fake quick kick play. One type of such play is the equivalent of the Statue of Liberty play for the forward pass: the ostensible punter holds the ball out as if to drop it, then hands it to a teammate stepping behind or in front of them.

A quick kick is usually done from closer to the line of scrimmage than an ordinary punt. For approximately the decade of the 1910s in American football, the rules discouraged the quick kick by requiring that the ball be kicked from at least five yards behind the line of scrimmage. Because of the closeness of the opposing team, the approach the kicker uses before dropping the ball for a quick kick is often designed to decrease the distance forward that the punter will step, or to reduce the time of the approach. One such technique is the "rocker step", in which the punter first steps backward and then rocks forward. Another is to take a somewhat sideways approach, leaning and kicking somewhat "across the body"; for a right-footed kicker this means approaching toward the right while leaning left.

A quick kick made relatively close to the opposing goal line is often executed by a technique called a "pooch punt", which is a more controlled kick. A typical last down punt or a punt taken as a free kick is done with the emphasis mostly on maximizing distance.

Frequency
Quick kicks are relatively rare in American football, but they have never completely disappeared. Notable quick kicks in college football include one performed by Tate Forcier of the University of Michigan against the University of Notre Dame on September 12, 2009, and a 54-yard punt by Kellen Moore of Boise State University against Louisiana Tech on October 26, 2010.

In the NFL, quarterback Randall Cunningham made 20 quick kicks during his career. Ben Roethlisberger has five quick kicks for a career net average of 24.2 yards per kick, two of which went for touchbacks. New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady performed a quick kick punt on a third and ten against the Denver Broncos in the divisional round of the AFC playoffs, on January 14, 2012.

Quick kicks were a much more frequent occurrence in the original XFL during its lone season in 2001. This was because the XFL permitted kicking teams to recover and advance their own punts provided they travelled a minimum of 25 yards. XFL teams usually attempted quick kicks in third and long situations.

title: Quick kick


text:
Talk:Beech Bottom, West Virginia

Beech Bottom, Wv....Small Town, Big Hearts..

A book about Beech Bottom, WV http://search.barnesandnoble.com/booksearch/isbnInquiry.asp?r=1&ISBN=9781438969701&ourl=Down%2DOn%2DHill%2DStreet%2DBeech%2DBottom%2DWv%2FAndrew%2DLee%2DSmith —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.19.33.134 (talk) 17:10, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 4 one external links on Beech Bottom, West Virginia. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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title: Talk:Beech Bottom, West Virginia


text:
User:Arent

I'm a not-so-frequent user of the dutch wikipedia.

nl:gebruiker:Arent

title: User:Arent


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Leigh Francis

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was - kept

Leigh Francis
Some unknown British comedian from what I can gather from a google search. Evil Monkey → Talk 00:07, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Avid Merrion. iMeowbot~Mw 03:08, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I went ahead and merged the articles, choosing to make Leigh Francis the real article and Avid Merrion a redirect page. In this configuration, I'm in the keep kamp. iMeowbot~Mw 05:21, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge/redirect one to the other in whatever way would be standard, but keep the information. Great catch, IMeowbot. Samaritan 04:19, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Good save. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 07:02, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, in fact could we not remove the VfD now? Good work, IMeowbot. Dan100 09:37, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. No reason to delete now it's merged and redirected. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 09:38, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, but why redirect to Leigh Francis, and not to Avid Merrion? Google has over 10x as many hits for Avid Merrion... If this is Wikipedia policy, could someone throw a link my way please - thanks. --hooverbag 14:14, 2004 Dec 21 (UTC)
 * There wasn't enough information there to make a separate article on Leigh Francis, and a biography of the actor seemed out of place in a discussion of the character. Hopefully a fan can contribute some good information on his other characters, e.g. Michael Jackass and make it more rounded. (For a similar case, Charlie McCarthy is a redirect to Edgar Bergen, even though his puppet's name was arguably better known.) iMeowbot~Mw 21:05, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep This guy is huge in the UK and his show, Bo' Selecta! has enjoyed three major TV Series as well as several Christmas specials. He has written and sung a pop single, written a book and been on several primetime talkshows. This should not even be considered for deletion especially when pages dedicated to such tiny pieces of rubbish as Chris Thorndyke exist. The reason you can't find much about Francis on Google is because he hides behind his character, Avid Merrion, whom you will find loads of information on. Rob 01:07, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Not that big a deal, but notable enough fopr wikipedia. RedHillian 01:37, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:68.99.17.117

title: User talk:68.99.17.117


text:
Pit orchestra

A pit orchestra is a type of orchestra that accompanies performers in musicals, operas, ballets, and other shows involving music. The term was also used for orchestras accompanying silent movies when more than a piano was used. In performances of operas and ballets, the pit orchestra is typically similar in size to a symphony orchestra, though it may contain smaller string and brass sections, depending upon the piece. Such orchestras may vary in size from approximately 30 musicians (early Baroque and Classical opera) to as many as 90–100 musicians (Wagnerian opera). However, because of financial, spatial, and volume concerns, current musical theatre pit orchestras are considerably smaller (at most 20–30 musicians, including not more than ten string players).

Description
Typically, pit orchestras play in a lowered area in front of the stage called an orchestra pit, rather than being on the stage as for a concert. Inside the pit, the conductor stands facing towards the stage with their back towards the audience to coordinate the music with the vocals and actions of the singers, dancers and actors, while the orchestra sits facing the conductor. The conductor may also sit at one or more keyboards and conduct as well as play, which often means the use of more head and facial gestures rather than hand gestures. This is often the case when a show only requires a small orchestra, or on national tours, where the instrumentation is often reduced from the original arrangement and one or two keyboard players substitute for several instruments. In some cases, theatres do not have a lowered pit; in this case, the pit orchestra may play in a room near the stage, watching the conductor's gestures using a video monitor, or from the floor level, between the first row of seats and the (higher) stage.

Music parts for pit orchestra woodwind players in musical theatre are normally divided into "reed books". Orchestration varies with each show based on the type of music that will be performed, such as jazz, classical, or blues. For example, a Reed 1 Book may contain music for piccolo, flute, alto saxophone, clarinet, and/or oboe. A musician handed a reed book would be expected to play each part. Because the musician plays so many different instruments, he or she is referred to as a "doubler" (even though the Reed Books may have up to eight instruments each). In general, individual reed books tend to fall into one of 3 categories: high reed, low reed, and double reed. High reed books may contain soprano, alto, or tenor saxophone; Bb, bass, or E-flat clarinet; and flute, alto flute or piccolo. Low reed books may contain bass or contrabass clarinet, baritone or bass saxophone, and bassoon. Double reed books may contain oboe and English horn, often in addition to flute, clarinet or saxophone. Due to the need for certain instruments to play solo or group parts throughout a musical, higher reed books often contain more doubled instruments throughout, whereas lower reed books contain fewer. For example, in West Side Story, clarinet and bass clarinet parts are present in each of the top four reed books, even though they rarely play simultaneously; rather, in certain sections of the music, a few of these parts must play simultaneously while instruments that are only present on a single part (such as alto saxophone, E-flat clarinet, oboe, English horn, and soprano saxophone) play separately. However, the Reed 5 book contains only bassoon parts, which are not present on any other books.

Musicians who play in pit orchestras are not only required to play multiple instruments at times, but they must also be familiar with (and able to play in) multiple keys, styles, and tempos and make a switch instantaneously. The orchestration for a musical is written in a key best suited to range of the singer. Some keys are more difficult to play in than others because of the increased attention that greater amounts of sharps and flats require. Musicals also tend to have a number of styles which can range from a soulful ballad to a syncopated funk tune to a driving hard rock song. Many musicians have been trained to play in a certain style, such as classical music, but in order to play in pit orchestras, musicians must be able to play a range of different styles. Because musicals are live, many elements can change from show to show; pit orchestra musicians consequently should be able to play different tempos every night and even skip through their music to a new spot if an actor or singer makes an error.

Preparation
As with any orchestra or similar ensemble, a pit orchestra rehearses with the singers and dancers before the public performances commence. The rehearsals are led by the conductor/music director, who sets the tempos, starts the songs and musical interludes and indicates pauses and endings of sections.

Although members of a pit orchestra are not required to demonstrate great stage presence, and they may work out of sight from much of the audience, they can generally be seen from the balcony seats and are thus required to adhere to standard rules of dress and appearance (e.g., formal clothes)

Preparation by musicians in a pit orchestra consists of much more than attending rehearsals. Before the first rehearsal, ensemble musicians individually practice their parts, particularly difficult sections (rapid passages, very high or low-register sections) and exposed passages (e.g., instrumental solos). Performers often listen to a recording of the show to learn the tempos and playing styles, particularly if there are sections where the pit orchestra has complex parts which depend on the onstage actors or singers' parts (e.g., a big orchestra chord might have to coincide with the firing of a prop gun onstage).

Size
Pit orchestras can range from large orchestras to small rock combos (e.g., guitar/keyboards/bass/drums). While a pit orchestra usually plays in the orchestra pit, there are times when they are on stage in the background (this is usually for rock musicals). In some cases, one or more members of the pit orchestra may have to appear in costume on stage with their instrument and play music as part of a scene. Below are pit orchestra examples from four major theatrical license companies: Music Theatre International, Concord Theatricals, The Really Useful Group and Theatrical Rights Worldwide (excluding any conductor scores unless needed). These show the varying sizes of pit orchestras. Note that string parts are often written with the intent of having two musicians play a specific part, especially in older musicals.

In the 2000s, due to budget constraints, some musicals have replaced instruments from musical arrangements with keyboards. For example, instead of hiring a small string section, a musical may hire one or two synthesizer players to perform the string parts or the horn parts. Some musicals have used prerecorded backing track music for shows, which has led to controversy.

The score was orchestrated by Robert Ginzler.
 * Bye Bye Birdie (orchestration according to Concord Theatricals, the company that holds the license)
 * 3 Violin Books (6 players)
 * 2 Cello Books (4 players)
 * Bass
 * Reed 1: Alto sax, clarinet, flute, piccolo
 * Reed 2: Alto sax, clarinet
 * Reed 3: Tenor sax, clarinet
 * Reed 4: Clarinet, bass clarinet, baritone sax
 * Horn
 * Trumpets 1 & 2
 * Trumpet 3
 * Trombone 1
 * Trombone 2
 * Piano
 * 2 Percussion 1 & 2 (trap drum set and mallet instruments; one plays drums and the other plays mallet instruments)
 * Guitar/Banjo
 * Total players: 25 players, if a full string section is to be used.

Note that this orchestration is slightly different from the orchestration of the original Broadway production, which also called for a third trombone, a fifth reed, a harp, and did not have a dedicated piano player.

 * Man of La Mancha (orchestration according to Concord Theatricals, the company that holds the license)
 * Reed I (Flute, Piccolo)
 * Reed II (Flute, Piccolo)
 * Reed III (Oboe)
 * Reed IV (Clarinet)
 * Reed V (Clarinet, Bassoon)
 * 2 Horns
 * 2 Trumpets
 * 1 Tenor Trombone
 * 1 Bass Trombone
 * 1 Timpani (2 pedal or 3 hand-tuned Drums)
 * Percussion I (Drum Set, Snare Drum, Bass Drum, Floor Tom Tom, Suspended Cymbal, Triangle)
 * Percussion II (Tambourine, Castanets, Temple Blocks (or 2 Wood Blocks), Larger Floor Tom Tom, Suspended Cymbal, Finger Cymbals, Xylophone, Bells)
 * 2 Spanish Guitars (This part includes all Stage Guitar music.)
 * 1 String Bass
 * Total Players: 17

The score was orchestrated by Albert Sendrey.
 * Peter Pan (orchestration according to Music Theatre International, the company that holds the license)
 * 9 Strings
 * 2 Violin I
 * 2 Violin II
 * 2 Viola
 * 2 Cello
 * 1 Bass
 * 1 Harp
 * 1 Horn
 * 3 Trumpets
 * 1 Trombone
 * Reed I (Flute, Piccolo)
 * Reed II (Flute, Piccolo)
 * Reed III (English Horn, Oboe)
 * Reed IV (Clarinet)
 * Reed V (Clarinet)
 * Reed VI (Bassoon, Bass Clarinet)
 * 2 Percussion
 * 1 Keyboard (Piano, Celeste)
 * Total: 24 Players

Note that the owner who holds the license to this show was originally Samuel French, Inc. until 2013 when Music Theatre International purchased the rights to it.

The score was orchestrated by Sid Ramin and Irwin Kostal following detailed instructions from composer Leonard Bernstein, who then wrote revisions on their manuscript (the original, heavily annotated by Ramin, Kostal and Bernstein himself is in the Rare Books and Manuscripts Library at Columbia University). Ramin, Kostal, and Bernstein are billed as orchestrators for the show.
 * West Side Story

 * 5 woodwinds
 * Reed I (piccolo, flute, alto saxophone, clarinet, bass clarinet)
 * Reed II (E-flat clarinet, clarinet, bass clarinet)
 * Reed III (piccolo, flute, oboe, English horn, tenor saxophone, baritone saxophone, clarinet, bass clarinet)
 * Reed IV (piccolo, flute, soprano saxophone, bass saxophone, clarinet, bass clarinet)
 * Reed V (bassoon)
 * 7 brass
 * 2 horns in F
 * 3 trumpets in B♭ (2nd doubling trumpet in D)
 * 2 trombones
 * 5 percussion
 * Timpani (1 player)
 * percussion (4 players – traps, vibraphone, 4 pitched drums, guiro, xylophone, 3 bongos, 3 cowbells, conga, timbales, snare drum, police whistle, gourd, 2 suspended cymbals, castanets, maracas, finger cymbals, tambourines, small maracas, glockenspiel, woodblock, claves, triangle, temple blocks, chimes, tam-tam, ratchet, slide whistle)
 * 1 keyboard (piano, celesta)
 * 1 guitar (electric, Spanish, mandolin)
 * 12 strings
 * 7 violins
 * 4 celli
 * 1 contrabass
 * Total: 31 players

 * Phantom Of The Opera (orchestration according to The Really Useful Group, the company that holds the license)
 * Woodwind 1 (Piccolo/Flute)
 * Woodwind 2 (Flute/Clarinet)
 * Woodwind 3 (Oboe/Cor Anglais)
 * Woodwind 4 (E-flat Clarinet/B♭ Clarinet/Bass Clarinet)
 * Woodwind 5 (Bassoon)
 * 3 French Horns
 * 2 Trumpets
 * Trombone
 * Percussionist
 * 2 Keyboards
 * Harp
 * Violins (7 recommended)
 * Violas (2 recommended)
 * Cello (2 recommended)
 * Contrabass
 * Total: 27 Players

 * Jesus Christ Superstar (orchestration according to Concord Theatricals, the company that holds the license)
 * Woodwind (B♭ Clarinet/Flute/Tenor Sax)
 * Horn
 * Trumpet
 * Keyboard 1
 * Keyboard 2
 * Keyboard 3
 * Percussion
 * Guitar 1
 * Guitar 2
 * Bass (Electric)
 * Drums
 * Total: 11 players (though other orchestrations are available, notably the symphonic version and the 5 piece rock combo version)

 * On The Town (orchestration according to Concord Theatricals, the company that holds the license)
 * 1 Flute
 * 1 Oboe
 * 3 Clarinets 1,2&3
 * 2 Horns 1&2
 * 3 Trumpets 1,2&3
 * 3 Trombones 1,2&3
 * 1 Piano
 * 2 Percussion 1&2
 * 3 Violin
 * 1 Viola
 * 1 Cello
 * 1 Bass
 * Total: 22 Players

 * Guys and Dolls (orchestration according to Music Theatre International, the company that holds the license)
 * 6 Strings
 * 2 Violin A-C
 * 2 Violin B-D
 * 1 Cello
 * 1 Bass
 * Reed I (Alto Saxophone, Clarinet, Flute, Piccolo)
 * Reed II (Alto Saxophone, Clarinet, Flute)
 * Reed III (Clarinet, English Horn, Oboe, Tenor Saxophone)
 * Reed IV (Clarinet, Tenor Saxophone)
 * Reed V (Baritone Saxophone, Bass Clarinet)
 * 3 Trumpets
 * 1 Horn
 * 1 Trombone
 * 1 Percussion
 * 1 Piano/Celesta
 * Total: 17 Players

 * Godspell (original orchestration according to Music Theatre International, the company that holds the license)
 * Keyboard/conductor
 * Bass
 * Drums
 * 2 Guitars
 * 1 Guitarist that can also play an additional Keyboard, if necessary
 * Total players: 4 players

 * All Shook Up (orchestration according to Theatrical Rights Worldwide, the company that holds the license)
 * Piano/conductor
 * Reed 1 (Flute, alto sax)
 * Reed 2 (Clarinet, tenor sax)
 * Reed 3 (Baritone sax, bass clarinet)
 * Trumpet 1
 * Trumpet 2
 * Trombone
 * Organ (usually played on a keyboard)
 * Guitar 1
 * Guitar 2
 * Bass
 * Drums
 * Total players: 12 players

The score was orchestrated by Eddie Sauter.
 * 1776 (orchestration according to Music Theatre International, the company that holds the license)
 * 6 Strings
 * 2 Violins
 * 2 Violas
 * 1 Cello
 * 1 Bass
 * Reed I (Clarinet, Flute, Piccolo)
 * Reed II (Clarinet, Flute)
 * Reed III (Clarinet, Oboe, English Horn)
 * Reed IV (Bassoon)
 * 3 Trombones
 * 2 Trumpets
 * 2 Horns
 * 1 Keyboard (Harpsichord, Organ)
 * 1 Harp
 * 2 Percussion
 * Total: 21 Players

 * A New Brain (orchestration according to Concord Theatricals, the company that holds the license)
 * Piano/conductor
 * Synthesizer
 * Drums/percussion
 * Reed (Alto Saxophone, Clarinet, Oboe, English Horn, Piccolo, Soprano Saxophone, Flute)
 * Horn
 * Cello
 * Bass
 * Total: 7 players

title: Pit orchestra


text:
Comet Humason

Comet Humason, formally designated C/1961 R1 (a.k.a. 1962 VIII and 1961e), was a non-periodic comet discovered by Milton L. Humason on September 1, 1961. Its perihelion was well beyond the orbit of Mars, at 2.133 AU. The outbound orbital period is about 2516 years. The diameter of its comet nucleus is estimated at 30−41 km.

It was a "giant" comet, much more active than a normal comet for its distance to the Sun, with an absolute magnitude of 1.5−3.5, it could have been up to a hundred times brighter than an average new comet. It had an unusually disrupted or "turbulent" appearance. It was also unusual in that the spectrum of its tail showed a strong predominance of the ion CO+, a result previously seen unambiguously only in Comet Morehouse (C/1908 R1).

title: Comet Humason


text:
User talk:Leopard~enwiki

JFW | T@lk  00:09, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Table namespace
— Omegatron 01:07, August 30, 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for your help. By the way, I didn’t mean that I would upload the lyrics of that band here in Wikipedia, but to an external source. Kind regards, Luis María Benítez 23:23, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

User Categorisation -- in case you're interested
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Bundesland-level categories
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title: User talk:Leopard~enwiki


text:
User talk:Arent

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
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En met een internationaal tintje: Welkom!

--fvw *  00:09, 2004 Dec 21 (UTC)

Nomination of MusiCAD for deletion
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title: User talk:Arent


text: User talk:167.206.128.32

title: User talk:167.206.128.32


text:
Talk:Queen Victoria Village

Regarding QV opening progressively from early 2004. I think I recall it opening in late 2003. I live close to the complex, and am almost sure that Safeway opened late last year. Cnwb 00:11, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I found a receipt (used as a bookmark) from the QV outlet of fried chicken franchise Oporto, dated November 2003. The complex was therefore opened in late 2003, not early 2004. Cnwb 02:28, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Queen Victoria Village


text:
Spikey bass

The spikey bass (Hypopterus macropterus) is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Latidae, the lates perches. It is endemic to coastal waters off Western Australia, where it inhabits areas with soft substrates. It is the only species in the monotypic genus Hypopterus.

Description
The spikey bass is an olive brown bass-like fish fading pale silvery below, each scale is marked with a dark oval spot and there are eight indistinct vertical bands along the head and body. This species has a deeper body than other species in the Latidae. It grows to a standard length of 13.8 cm.

Distribution and habitat
The spikey bass is endemic to the eastern Indian Ocean off the coast of northwestern Australia. It prefers demersal and temperate waters.

Etymology and taxonomy
The spikey bass’s generic name Hypopterus derives from the Greek hypo (under) and pteron (wing or fin). This species was first formally described as Psammoperca macroptera in 1859 by the German born British zoologist Albert Günther (1830-1914), with the type locality given as "Victora", meaning Port Essington in the Northern Territory but is actually thought to be Shark Bay in Western Australia. Theodore Nicholas Gill described the monospecific genus Hypopterus for this Australian endemic taxon in 1861.

title: Spikey bass


text:
User:Pgeoff

Thank you for your visit

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 * In my first merge I combined Adbusters Media Foundation with Adbusters.
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--pgeoff 00:14, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)

Useful Wiki Links
Simply an easy way for me to find tags and such.
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title: User:Pgeoff


text:
Jean-Marie Claude Alexandre Goujon

Jean Marie Claude Alexandre Goujon (13 April 1766, Bourg-en-Bresse – 17 June 1795, Paris) was a politician of the French Revolution. He was a member of the National Convention from 1793 to 1795, was sentenced to death after the Revolt of 1 Prairial Year III and committed suicide before he could be executed.

Early life
His grandfather, Claude Goujon, was director of a tax farm (les droits réunis) in Dijon, and his father, Claude Alexandre Goujon, was a tax farmer from Bourg-en-Bresse. On 9 February 1762, Claude Alexandre married Joan Margaret Nicole Ricard, daughter of Joseph Ricard, a barrister, and First Secretary of the Stewardship of Burgundy (born 1745). In 1774 the family moved to Provins.

The young Jean-Marie Goujon abandoned his studies after his father encountered financial difficulties, going first to Dieppe and then Saint-Malo to join the Navy. Having enlisted at the age of twelve as a seaman aboard the Diadême, he was on board the Saint-Esprit at the Battle of Ushant (1778) against the English fleet. The next day he wrote his father a letter that was read aloud in the garden of the Palais Royal as a victory bulletin.

After two years working for a merchant in Saint-Malo, he secured a job as sub-inspector of artillery crews in Morlaix, before being employed in the offices of the navy first at Brest, then in Saint-Malo. In 1783, seventeen years old, he moved to Mauritius, where his uncle Ricard, future mayor of Port-Louis, had a trading house. He came back in France the following year. In 1786, he became an attorney's clerk in Paris, where he befriended another young clerk, Pierre-François Tissot. In May 1790 he joined his parents in Rennes, where his father was director of the postal service, and entered the offices of the Intendant of Brittany. In 1790, he settled at Meudon, near Paris, and resumed his education.

During the revolution
Goujon took part in the early days of the revolution, helping to seize weapons after the dismissal of Necker and becoming a member of the council of the Légion du Châtelet. At the end of 1789, he acquired some academic recognition for his discourse offered as an entry for a prize from the Academy of Dijon, "On the Influence of the Morals of Governments on those of the People", which was influenced by Rousseau and Mably. The prize was not awarded, by the Academy declared that only Goujon's entry had been of genuine interest to them.

In 1791, he first came to the attention of the general public following his response to the letter of Raynal, in which the Encyclopedist violently attacked the work of the Constituent Assembly. Later that year, he was living at Meudon and was invited to deliver the funeral address for Mirabeau at Versailles. He also became a member of the Society of the Friends of the Constitution (known as the Jacobins) of Sèvres. In 1792 he was elected first as administrator, then, the day after the storming of the Tuilleries, as Attorney-General of the Department of Seine-et-Oise.

Convention
On 17 September 1792 Goujon became the sixth alternate deputy to the National Convention for Seine-et-Oise, winning 410 out of 657 votes.

Engaged in the fight against high prices in autumn 1792, in November he wrote and presented to the Convention an address demanding the taxation of grain prices. In this he showed that the government's liberal economic policy had important social consequences: "The unlimited freedom of the grain trade is incompatible with the existence of our Republic. And indeed, what constitutes a Republic? A small number of capitalists and a large number of poor... This class of capitalists and landlords, the unlimited freedom that makes mistress of grain prices, is also mistress of the establishment of the working day." He concluded by calling for land reform, with a maximum farm size of 120 acre, and the central management of essential supplies, with its members elected by the people. He also argued in favour of a law establishing the general maximum, thus introducing price controls. At the time the Convention was dominated by the Gironde, so his proposal was rejected. Only when the Jacobins took power was a Commission on Subsistence and Provisions set up, in October 1793. On 5 Brumaire Year II (26 October 1793) Goujon became one of its three commissioners, and played a major role in this post in establishing the fixed prices that were to be enforced under the general maximum. Having completed this work, Goujon resigned from the Commission on 2 Ventôse (20 February 1794).

Soon after, he was assigned to a diplomatic mission to Istanbul, but never actually went on it. From 5–8 April 1794 he served as interim Foreign Minister and Interior Minister, and on 26 Germinal (15 April) after Hérault de Séchelles was guillotined, Goujon took his seat as a member of the Convention.

On 12 Floréal (1 May) he was appointed by the Committee of Public Safety to be Représentant en mission to the Var, Bouches-du-Rhône and Alpes-Maritimes, but appears not to have actually gone there either. Instead, on 17 Prairial (15 June) he was appointed Représentant en mission to the Armies of the Rhine and the Moselle. He did take up this post, accompanied by Tissot as his secretary, and together with Nicolas Hentz and Pierre Bourbotte, took part in the campaign which conquered the Palatinate.

Goujon was in Thionville when news reached him of the fall of Robespierre in the Thermidorian Reaction. He wrote to the Convention on 13 Thermidor to congratulate it on its victory, and his letter was read aloud from the tribune. He was recalled by order of the Committee of Public Safety on 23 Thermidor (10 August). Reaching Paris on 10 Fructidor (27 August), he soon found himself increasingly at odds with those now in power.

On 12 Fructidor (29 August) he defended the seven members of the former committees who had been attacked by Laurent Lecointre. On 20 Pluviôse Year III (8 February 1795) he responded to the arrest of Gracchus Babeuf and the closure of political clubs by proposing a decree against those who attacked the rights of man and the constitution. On 18 Ventôse (8 March) he was the only deputy with sufficient courage to vote against the readmission to the Convention of Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvrai and other survivors of the Girondin party, who he felt would be too much inclined to avenge old wrongs.

On 21 Ventôse (11 March) he complained that people who had previously been described as patriots were now being subjected to the vague designation of "terrorists", and claimed that this "vague designation" had been invented by men who wished to stir dissent by placing suspicion on every head. On 1 Germinal (21 March) he fought against the police bill proposed by Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès, and when Jean-Lambert Tallien attacked the Constitution of Year I, Goujon threatened him with the anger of the people.

Downfall
When the populace invaded the legislature on the 1 Prairial Year III (20 May 1795), he proposed the immediate establishment of a special commission to ensure delivery of the changes demanded by the insurgents and assume the functions of the various committees.

The failure of the Prairial insurrection led to the immediate fall of those deputies who had supported the demands of the populace. Before the close of the sitting, Goujon, with Gilbert Romme, Jean-Michel Duroy, Adrien Duquesnoy, Pierre Bourbotte, Pierre-Aimable de Soubrany, and others were placed under arrest by their colleagues. Taken out of Paris, he and his fellow prisoners had a narrow escape from a mob at Avranches on their way to the château du Taureau (fr) in Brittany. While being held in prison there, he composed revolutionary poetry.

They were brought back to Paris for trial before a military commission on 17 June, although no proof of their complicity in organizing the insurrection could be found. (In fact, with the exception of Goujon and Bourbotte, the accused did not know each other). They were sentenced to death. In accordance with a pre-arranged plan, they attempted suicide on the staircase leading from the courtroom with a knife that Goujon had concealed. Goujon succeeded, as did Romme, Bourbotte and Soubrany but the others merely wounded themselves, before being taken immediately to the guillotine.

Before his suicide, he said: "I swore to defend her (i.e. the Constitution of Year I) and die for her, I die happy not to have betrayed my oath... I would die happier if I were certain that after me, she would not be destroyed and replaced by another constitution (i.e. the Constitution of Year III) where equality is disregarded, rights violated, and that the masses will be completely subservient to the rich, sole masters of the government and of the state."

Family
On 3 April 1793, in Mettray, Goujon married Lise (Marie) Cormery (1771-1843), daughter of an administrator of the département of Indre-et-Loire. Camille Desmoulins praised Goujon's letter proposing marriage to Lise Cornery, with its patriotic sentiments, as an example of upright citizenship. They had one son, Philarète, an architect, born in Paris on 28 Frimaire Year III (18 December 1794), who died without issue at Tours on 28 December 1832.

title: Jean-Marie Claude Alexandre Goujon