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Friedrich Julius Stahl

Friedrich Julius Stahl (16 January 1802 – 10 August 1861), German constitutional lawyer, political philosopher and politician.

Biography
Born at Würzburg in the Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg, of Jewish parentage, as Julius Jolson, he was brought up strictly in the Jewish religion and was allowed to attend the Gymnasium. As a result of its influence, he at the age of 17 converted to Christianity and was baptized in the Lutheran Church at Erlangen on November 6, 1819. To his new faith, he clung with earnest devotion and persistence until his death. Having studied law at Würzburg, Heidelberg and Erlangen, Stahl, he on taking the degree of doctor juris established himself as Privatdozent in Munich, was appointed in 1832 ordinary professor of law at Würzburg and received in 1840.the chair of ecclesiastical law and polity at Berlin.

There, he immediately made his mark as an ecclesiastical lawyer, and hé was appointed a member of the first chamber of the general synod. Elected in 1850 a member of the short-lived Erfurt Parliament, he bitterly opposed the idea of German federation. Stahl early fell under the influence of Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling and, at the latter's insistence, began in 1827 his great work Die Philosophie des Rechts nach geschichtlicher Ansicht, a historical view of the philosophy of law. The second definitive edition of that work, published in 1845, was entitled Rechts- und Staatslehre auf der Grundlage christlicher Weltanschauung ("The Philosophy of Law and State on the Basis of the Christian Worldview"). It is sometimes claimed that in that work he bases all law and political science upon Christian revelation, but that is a serious misunderstanding of his position. As he put it in Book 1 of that work, "Christian revelation is indifferent to [the civil order]. This revelation provides regulations governing man’s behavior in relation to the existing order, but it does not give instructions about the formation of this order. No divine image of the civil order is given, because the way it is, is not of God". He advocated a confessional Christian state and the establishment of the Christian Church.

That position was further elucidated in his Der christliche Staat und sein Verhältniss zum Deismus und Judenthum (The Christian State and Its Relation to Deism and Judaism; 1847). As Oberkirchenrath (synodal councillor), Stahl used all his influence to weaken the Prussian Union of Churches, the compromise between the Calvinist and the Lutheran doctrines that is the essence of the Evangelical Church in Prussia) and to strengthen the influence of the Lutheran Church (Die Lutherische Kirche und die Union, 1859). Stahl advocated the formation of an episcopal constitution of the Lutherans similar to that of the Roman Catholics or the Anglicans.

The Prussian minister von Bunsen attacked Stahl, but King Frederick William IV supported Stahl in his ecclesiastical policy, and the Prussian Union would probably have been dissolved if the regency of Prince William (afterwards William I, German Emperor) had not come in 1858. Stahl's influence fell under the new régime, and he remained remaining a member of the Prussian House of Lords ("Herrenhaus"), but he resigned his seat on the general synod.

While taking a cure, he unexpectedly died at Bad Brückenau.

Academic work
In 1827 Stahl habilitated in Munich on the older Roman right of action and received a private lecturer position there. In the winter semester of 1827/28 he began lectures on Roman law and the philosophy of law. For unknown reasons, his father Valentin Stahl had lost most of his fortune; after the death of his parents (1829/1830), Julius Stahl had to look after his seven younger siblings. He applied in vain for a paid lecturer position.

In order to counteract the liberal Bayerisches Volksblatt published in Würzburg by Gottfried Eisenmann, the Bavarian government founded the official magazine Der Thron- und Volksfreund in 1830 and appointed Stahl as its editor. Even at this time, his thinking and his journalistic and political activities were anti-rationalistic and anti-revolutionary and fully corresponded to King Ludwig I's monarchical principle. But the "Volksfreund" was no match for the "Volksblatt" and was discontinued after just a few months and only eight issues.

After several applications were rejected by Ludwig I, despite the support of Minister Eduard von Schenk, Stahl was finally appointed associate professor in Erlangen by decree of June 27, 1832. But before the beginning of the winter semester 1832/33 he was transferred to Würzburg and appointed full professor for legal philosophy, pandects and Bavarian state law, which he was not at all happy about: his subjects did not quite correspond to his wishes and he could not feel comfortable in the Catholic-dominated environment. Nonetheless, he twice turned down a call by the Hessian Minister Ludwig Hassenpflug to the University of Marburg because he felt committed to Bavaria. In 1834 Stahl returned to the University of Erlangen, where he taught canon law, constitutional law and philosophy of law, and in 1835 married Julie Kindler, daughter of a glove manufacturer from Erlangen; the marriage remained childless. Under the influence of Christian Krafft and Erlangen theology, Stahl finally developed into a typical representative of Lutheran orthodoxy, and in 1837 the University of Erlangen elected him as its deputy to the second chamber of the Bavarian state parliament, where he advocated better equipment for the universities, organized a faction-like group to represent Protestant interests and, in the budget debate, was willing to compromise with the government on the matter, but defended the constitutional rights of the state parliament in principle until the chamber majority and eventually joined Minister Wallerstein. As a result, King Ludwig I dismissed the minister and reprimanded Stahl by withdrawing his professorship for constitutional law and transferring him to civil procedural law, which was alien to him. Stahl therefore rejected re-election to the state parliament, used the calm thus gained to work out his work on the church constitution and was now - although his Erlangen colleagues appointed him pro-rector in 1839.

In 1840 Stahl was appointed professor of legal philosophy, constitutional law and canon law in Berlin. At the request of Friedrich Wilhelm IV, he was to fight "rationalist" Hegelianism at the university. During his inaugural lecture on November 26, Stahl announced this intention and caused a scandal. Treitschke calls the reception "vulgar". In his diaries, Varnhagen van Ense describes the "shuffling and hissing of the students" as the "first opposition to the new government." Stahl called out to the protesting students: "Gentlemen, I am here to teach, you to listen, you may judge at home, but do not disturb the order and tranquility here!" As early as 1841, Stahl was in the adjudication board of the law faculty, in which he prepared expert opinions on constitutional and canonical cases. As a professor, he gathered conservative students around him and, when he was dean and rector, influenced the appointments to chairs in conservative interests. In a report by the law faculty, he spoke out against the admission of Jews as lecturers. Stahl also formulated the rejection of the invitation to a meeting of university teachers in September of the revolutionary year 1848 because he was against recognition by the Frankfurt central government. From the winter semester of 1850/51 he held public lectures on the current parties in state and church, to which high officials and officers, and even ministers, also came.

Political activity
Although Stahl's activity within the university was already politically significant, this was by no means enough for his political ambitions. After 1848 a petition by the associate professors and private lecturers at the University of Berlin demanded the dismissal of e.g. Stahls had also demanded, he left Berlin in a hurry, but soon returned to promote the founding of a conservative newspaper and the organization of the later Conservative Party together with Ernst Ludwig von Gerlach. Stahl was one of the shareholders and employees of the "Neue Preußische Zeitung" founded in mid-1848. His article "The Banner of the Conservatives" printed in it on July 20, 1848 was an abridged version of his writing Das monarchisches Princip from 1845, but updated and specified: From Friedrich Wilhelm IV's proclamation of March 18, he led a further development of the Prussian constitutional reality by the king. Other articles by Stahl followed at short intervals, until in September he began to concentrate on building a party organization. His Draft for a Conservative Party, written in February and March 1849, in which he outlined the guidelines for future Conservative policy, became the basis for the Conservative program that was eventually printed.

However, Stahl could not commit the entire Conservative Party to this program; so he became - again at the side of Ludwig von Gerlach - spokesman only for the extreme parliamentary right (sometimes referred to as the "Gerlach-Stahl Group"). Elected to the first chamber for the district of Oberbarnim in 1849, he nevertheless succeeded in winning over the "high conservatives" of the "Kreuzzeitung Party" to accept the program in principle, although they were striving to have it revised. Eventually, in 1854, Stahl became one of the members of the mansion appointed for life by the king, and thus the chief spokesman for the chivalric faction, to which he remained loyal to the end.

In the state house of the Erfurt union parliament in 1850 he acted against the plan for a Kleindeutsch solution to the national question under Prussian leadership because he did not want to have done anything against the Habsburgs, in whom he still saw a legitimate candidate for the imperial crown. The failure of Union policy as a result of the Olomouc punctuation was just fine with him; thus the understanding in the Holy Alliance with Austria and Russia was restored. Out of this spirit he also campaigned for Prussian neutrality in the Crimean War in 1854, as Bunsen and other partisans of England urged Frederick William IV to intervene. The king had promised in 1840: "I will keep peace in my time" and kept this now. Prussia had deliberately remained neutral, and Stahl justified this in a speech before the first chamber as "the conclusion of a policy based on a higher principle". In 1854 Stahl also became Prussian Crown Counsel and a member of the State Council.

In the ecclesiastical field, too, Stahl used his position as a member of the old Prussian Evangelical Higher Church Council (1852–1858) to loosen the union, to strengthen Lutheran confessionalism (New Lutheranism) and to renew the rule of the clergy over the lay world. He was a member of the Prussian General Synod in 1846 and (alongside August von Bethmann-Hollweg ) Vice-President of the German Evangelical Church Congress from 1848 to 1861 and a member of the Central Committee for the Inner Mission in Prussia. It may be due to the influence of Catholicism during his time in Würzburg, when he was fascinated by the authoritarian elements of the hierarchical church constitution, that Stahl demanded that the validity of the Lutheran confession as the supreme norm of all church life be ensured with the help of a largely independent Episcopalian church organization. The office of bishop was finally introduced in the EKD after 1945.

The political upheaval as a result of the king's illness and the rebellion of Prince Regent Wilhelm and the fall of the Manteuffel ministry also ended Stahl's work in the Oberkirchenrat and led to his resignation from the authority in 1858. However, he continued the political struggle against the Ministry of the Liberal Era in the Herrenhaus, but did not live to see its political turnaround.

State doctrine
At the end of the 1820s, Stahl was in a difficult, crisis-ridden situation in Munich: not only materially - he had to earn a living for himself and his siblings - he was also in distress mentally, as he explained in December 1829 in the preface to the writes the first edition of the Philosophy of Law, which is so important to him that he adopts it in its entirety in later editions. Dissatisfied with Hegel's teaching, he felt the misery of philosophy in being unable to provide an ethical basis for the law he had to teach. Eventually he found that the history of the philosophy of law showed him the way in its development, and that Schelling's thinking was confirmed and strengthened. However, Stahl did not see himself as a disciple of Schelling.

A second figure he could draw on was Savigny, the father of the historical school of law. He recognized the right thing intuitively, but others needed a legal philosophy as a theoretical basis. This had been neglected, and Stahl wanted to set himself the task of justifying the views of the historical school of law theoretically, namely in terms of ethics, without following the natural law doctrine of the Enlightenment. Rather, he wanted to base himself on the traditional Christian views - and above all with his work to give "rationalism an eternal monument (i.e. gravestone)."

Stahl begins the introduction to his main work with the succinct definition: "Legal philosophy is the science of the just." Since previous attempts cannot go unnoticed, the first volume of the genesis of legal philosophy is dedicated. "The historical course, the real nature of people is the judgment on the motives of all philosophy, and thus on philosophy itself. Science, like the saint in the legend (Christophorus), must seek the strongest lord...With every system, the question is not so much which institutions it declares to be just, what is just for it and where it gets its knowledge from." Beginning with the Greeks, through the Middle Ages and the theory of natural law, Stahl finally reaches the pragmatic (Machiavelli and Montesquieu) and speculative (Hegel and Schelling) to the "writers of the counter-revolution" and to historical legal philosophy.

The second volume of the "Philosophy of Law" was published in 1833, i.e. after the July Revolution of 1830. The experience of the revolution was formative for Stahl. He absolutely rejected the revolution and was convinced that everything could be done to prevent it, to prevent it. The revolution for Stahl already begins with rationalism, with the fact that man is no longer satisfied with knowing God about himself, but wants to set standards himself, using his reason. And if you let rationalism run its course, Stahl believed, it would inevitably lead to permanent revolution, because since God is supposed to have been overthrown, you are not satisfied with a constitution, nor with the overthrow of the monarch and the establishment of a republic. Rather, property will finally be abolished and all the foundations of order in society will be eliminated, including the freedom of the individual and human dignity - there will be "hell on earth".

Like the revolution in a negative sense, religion shaped Stahl in a positive sense. He grew up religiously in the house of the head of a Jewish community. But this religiosity was soon no longer enough for him. Thiersch's influence was decisive for him at high school. The Lutheran Protestant from the environment of the President of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, convinced him, and Stahl converted to Lutheranism. Later, as a professor in Würzburg, which was completely dominated by Catholicism, Stahl suffered from it and became insecure. It was only Krafft's theology in Erlangen that strengthened him again and formed him into an orthodox Lutheran. Was he a pietist? Stahl denied this, as he understood Pietism as apolitical, whereas he was political.

In principle, Stahl professed to be a follower of the historical school of law, in that he did not accuse her and Savigny of errors, but only the lack of an ethical foundation through a legal philosophy that he himself tried to create. Namely by the fact that he saw what had grown historically as the result of God's rule and based it on God's will as the standard for the good. Law should have the divine commandments as a basis. On this basis, he explained that law should continue to be developed organically and historically in the spirit of God. State and church are institutions created by men, but they should serve a greater purpose. In the state, a moral kingdom was to be established, not identical with the eternal "kingdom of God", but in time, in history, the preliminary stage to it. In 1837 Stahl wrote: "Thus the state is the conductor of divine influences upon the outward condition of men. He should order it in God's stead, promote it, punish violations of the order, but in doing so also prove the morally reasonable will of the human community, i.e. their obedience to establishing and administering God's order." Based on his belief in the personal God as the supreme principle, Stahl also postulated a personality at the head of the state: the monarch. However, the monarch should not stand above the state, but serve it, complying with the constitution and laws and leading the state to fulfill the tasks set by God.

Stahl based his worldview not on logical necessity (like Hegel), but on the free personality of the revealed God. State and monarch are committed to something higher and have to work in that spirit. The foundation of Stahl's philosophy, which was strongly influenced by Schelling but also by Hegel, is the belief in a personal God, in the ruler of history. Guided by him, the "personality" unfolds in the religious-moral area as an individual, as a believer in the church community and as a citizen in the civil order of the "moral world", overarched by the state, the moral kingdom. The latter for Stahl was normatively determined by Christianity. For Stahl, the state was not a contractual structure, but rather the authority appointed by God; like the individual, the state as a personality strives towards morality. It is clear that this "Christian state" cannot know the Hegelian separation of state and society. Rather, the state is an association of a people under a rule (authority). This kingdom lives from monarchical authority, but is not a theocratic dictatorship. The monarch is "bound" as it has been throughout Lutheran political doctrine since its inception. Stahl's ethicized legal concept brings authority and freedom, monarchical principle and ideal "people" into balance, at least verbally.

It follows from sovereignty that the prince is wholly and indivisibly entitled to exercise state power. Since responsibility is part of power, the prince also has the sole legislative initiative, the right to use the revenue and the right to convene the parliament of the people. In the event of constitutional conflicts between the chamber and the government, he has the absolute veto of final decision. But it is his duty to subordinate his interests to the state and to respect the rights of his subjects. The duty of the subjects is obedience and love for the legitimate authorities, devotion and sacrifice for the state. Their right is, first, the right to freedom of religion, teaching, and property; for the state as a highly imperfect institution, as the realm of the Fall of Man, can only stand negatively, only protectively, over everything that arises from within the individual. These living conditions could only be fulfilled in a higher unity, in that of God's commandments, which worked directly in the souls of his creatures. However, the rights of the subjects were not exhausted with this negative status. Since they are free creatures, they must not only obey, but also agree. The ruler's will must become their own free will. Stahl therefore demanded a people's representative body that could approve laws and taxes or reject them, that would monitor proper financial management, the constitutional implementation of laws, and just administration of justice, and thus become the guardian and guarantor of human freedom. It must be a popular representation, so Stahl rejected feudal estates. But it should reflect the actual balance of power; hence Stahl was for universal but against equal suffrage and for a House of Lords. The representatives of the people have not just an advisory, but a decision-making voice and must be heard. Since it stands on a legal basis, it can resist, but only passively.

Contemporary
There was already criticism from Stahl's contemporaries: The historian and politician Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann criticized that Stahl only wanted to grant freedom in "homeopathic droplet particles." The liberal politician and political scientist Robert von Mohl counted Stahl among the opponents of the rule of law and advocates of a theocracy. Eduard Wippermann dedicated an appendix to Stahl in his work Die Altorientalischen Religionenstaaten, published in 1851 , because he saw him as the representative of the doctrine of the "Christian state" who was the only one who "scientifically processed these doctrines in a comprehensive system", and stated that it was easiest to govern in the religious state. The constitutional lawyer Rudolf Gneist also said ironically that Stahl's personality and way of life was in "sharp contrast" to that of his "party comrades".

Imperial Era
The conservative historian Heinrich von Treitschke certified Stahl that he had become "completely Christian and German", called him a pioneer of national unity and the "only great political mind among all thinkers of Jewish blood". In the Wilhelmine Empire, legal positivism had prevailed and Stahl was largely forgotten, at best found historical interest, for example with Erich Kaufmann, while Laband paid no attention to Stahl in his Constitutional law of the German Reich in 1876.

Nazi Era
In National Socialist Germany, following Reich Minister of the Interior Hans Frank, e.g. Johannes Heckel ("The intrusion of the Jewish spirit into German constitutional and canon law by Friedrich Julius Stahl") and Edgar Tatarin-Tarnheyden (because of the "atomization of state power") Stahl was considered the "alien." To Carl Schmitt, Stahl was "the boldest in" a "Jewish front", who paralyzed Prussia and was responsible for the downfall of the Hohenzollerns. On the other hand, writers in exile spoke positively or differently about Stahl's teachings; the young Peter F. Drucker published a praising essay on Stahl in Tübingen in April 1933, shortly before he had to leave Germany.

Since 1945
After 1945, Stahl's doctrines, along with criticism, continued to appeal to Christian conservative politicians, historians such as Hans-Joachim Schoeps and Lutheran church representatives such as Otto Dibelius into the 1960s. In 1949 Fritz Fischer particularly emphasized the danger of the pseudo-liberal concessions in Stahl's state theory; with the help of his constitutional compromise, the necessary parliamentary reform of the German system of government was prevented by the end of the First World War. His authoritarian views had decisively determined the thinking of the leading conservative Protestant leadership elites in Prussia-Germany in the state, in the church, in society and at the universities up to the First World War and beyond, thereby contributing to the downfall of the Weimar Republic with its consequences. "The story of the 'counter-revolution of science' was not with FJ Stahl, it was not finished in 1918." In 1963, Dieter Grosser recognized Stahl's theory of the state as a significant contribution to overcoming the state-theoretical and constitutional-political problems of his time and also recognized its legal-philosophical foundations as having lasting academic value. In particular, he worked out the religious-ethical, legal and political structure of the "moral realm of personal character", the central concept of Stahl's legal and political philosophy, and attributed the tensions in Stahl's system to the rooting of his thinking in the various "reactive" political ones, "Currents of the Restoration," Schelling's philosophy and Luther's theology. In contrast, in 1967 Robert Adolf Kann firmly stated that Stahl merely systematized the conservative ideas of his time and adapted them to their needs. His ideas, which had already been outdated during his lifetime, essentially did not go beyond the medieval doctrine of the two swords. Martin Greiffenhagen characterized Stahl in 1977 as a representative of an authoritarian, authoritarian-institutional understanding of the state and church. His views - like the doctrines of his predecessors, party comrades and successors - are "refuted by their own history". In summary, H.-J. Wiegand stated in 1980: "Stahl is not dead; he left a legacy that haunts his heirs to this day."

Christian Wiegand examined Stahl's work very thoroughly and critically in 1980 and accused him of not having understood Immanuel Kant's critical epistemology and his transcendental philosophy, but rather having fallen behind from a pre-critical point of view and therefore not having been able to understand the German understand idealism.

Wiegand describes Stahl's work as one of the "most influential philosophical defense campaigns against the events of 1789" alongside Burke and Taine. He runs a general reckoning against the "system of the revolution". According to Stahl's own understanding, he means "revolution is the specific political doctrine which, since 1789, has fulfilled the way of thinking of the peoples as a world-moving power and determined the institutions of public life". And the "deduction from the will of man" is "always revolutionary".

The goal of fighting "the revolution" determines everything Stahl does: his writing, his academic and his political activities. That is why he agitates, debates and polemicizes mercilessly and uncompromisingly. Wiegand repeatedly states that "the only written word that is important for him [Stahl] is Rom. 13", with which he justifies the monarchical principle: "In particular, the government has respect and authority from God. It is by the grace of God."

As recently as 2010, Federal Minister of Justice Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger stated critically that, according to Stahl, all government and the power of kings (is) from God and all obedience to the law and to the supreme state power on this divine basis and authority should be based, "that the sham constitutionalism and sham parliamentarism above all of the empire was almost the prerequisite for the formation and consolidation of a historically blind, rigid, authoritarian state system of government in Germany with unlimited powers" and this organic, conservative and romantic understanding of the state describes "a state with its own full powers, whose scope for action is at best moral, but by no means are subject to a specified legal limitation. In plain language: This state is allowed to do everything if it wants to." She also states "that the essential elements of Carl Schmitt's state theory are entirely consistent with the state theory of the 19th century related to the monarchy or - to put it another way - entirely in line with the organic."

Selected works

 * Die Philosophie des Rechts nach geschichtlicher Ansicht (3 volumes). Heidelberg, 1830, 1833, 1837
 * Die Kirchenverfassung nach Lehre und Recht der Protestanten. Erlangen, 1840
 * Ueber die Kirchenzucht. 1845 (2nd ed. 1858)
 * Das monarchische Prinzip. Heidelberg, 1845
 * Der christliche Staat. Berlin, 1847 (2nd ed. 1858)
 * Die Revolution und die konstitutionelle Monarchie. Berlin, 1848 (2nd ed. 1849)
 * Was ist Revolution? Berlin, 1849, 1852
 * Der Protestantismus als politisches Prinzip. Berlin, 1853 (3rd ed. 1854)
 * Die katholischen Widerlegungen. Berlin, 1854
 * Wider Bunsen. Berlin, 1856
 * Die lutherische Kirche und die Union. Berlin, 1859 (2nd ed. 1860)
 * Siebenzehn parlamentarische Reden und drei Vorträge (posthumous). Berlin, 1862
 * Die gegenwärtigen Parteien in Staat und Kirche: neunundzwanzig akademische Vorlesungen (posthumous). Berlin, 1868

title: Friedrich Julius Stahl


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Huchen

The huchen (Hucho hucho) (, from German), also known as Danube salmon or redfish (Rotfisch), is a large species of freshwater fish in the family Salmonidae native to the Danube basin in Central and Eastern Europe. It is the type species of genus Hucho (a.k.a. the taimens), being closely related (in the same subfamily) to salmon, trout, char and lenoks.

Distribution and ecology
The huchen is endemic to the Danube basin in Europe where the remaining population is threatened primarily by river damming, resulting in habitat fragmentation and loss through river impoundment and disruption of the longitudinal continuity of rivers, cutting away fish from its spawning grounds, with overfishing and fisheries mismanagement as an additional issue in many areas. Damming and all these other problems are especially visible in the Balkans.

The upper reaches of the Danube basin, rivers and tributaries contain almost all of the recent population. This includes: In the Balkans huchen still appears in following river systems:
 * In Austria: the Inn river, the upper Drava, with the lower Gail in Carinthia, the Pielach, in Styria the upper Mur.
 * In Germany: middle and lower Inn, Isar (especially in Munich)
 * In Slovenia: in the headwaters of Sava and its tributaries.
 * In Croatia: in the upper and middle course of Kupa.
 * In Bosnia and Herzegovina: in the upper and middle Una, with the upper and middle Sana; the upper and middle Vrbas, with the lower and middle Vrbanja; the main channel of the Bosna lost its population due to degradation of its waters, its banks and riverbed, but its four main tributaries, the Krivaja, the Fojnička, the Lašva and the Željeznica, are still important habitats; one of the most important huchen habitats in the Balkans and Europe is the Drina, with its numerous tributaries, especially the Lim, the Tara and the Ćehotina, and smaller ones, the Bistrica, the Prača, and the Drinjača;
 * In Serbia: the Lim.
 * In Montenegro: the Lim, with the Lake Plav, the Ćehotina, and the Tara.

Some of these habitats, especially in the Balkans, are endangered with planned, or already implemented plans for construction of new dams and hydroelectric power plants, such as on the Lim in Serbia, or like in case of the river Piva in Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina, whose respective populations were completely wiped out since mid 20th century.

In some cases rehabilitation of parts of the habitat is attempted, through restoration of the river course. Such positive example is the part of the course of the river Inn, with some 30 km-long stretch around the Bavarian town of Mühldorf was rebuilt and renaturalized and the huchen has returned in recent years.

It has been introduced to other major river basins elsewhere on the continent and even North Africa, to rivers in Morocco, but these populations are not self-sustaining. Some evidence suggest that in historic times the huchen has also been found in the neighboring Dniester basin. Huchen sometimes successfully establish in accessible natural lakes, like glacial Lake Plav which is the source of the Lim river in Montenegro, one of the major huchen habitats in the Balkans. However, the species sometimes survives even when cut off from the rest of the population in big dam reservoirs on mountain rivers, such as reservoirs on the Drina in Bosnia, or Lake Czorsztyn in Poland, as long as competitive and/or allochthonous predator species are not introduced into the newly created lakes.

Appearance and behaviour
The huchen reaches about 1.5 m in length and more than 50 kg in weight. The average length is between 60 and 120 cm. The huchen has a slender body that is nearly round in cross-section. On the reddish brown back are several dark patches in an X or crescent shape, but most distinctive feature is its head, which is larger than in other salmonides (longer and wider), with large elongated mouth. Smaller fish feed on the larvae of water insects or on insects dropped into the water; the larger individuals are predators of other species of fish and other small vertebrates.

Historical occurrence
There is no international convention nor single agreed body concerned with verification of records and mandated with the task, however there are many modern and historical records for the largest huchen caught. Among these recorded is a fish weighing 34.8 kg, caught in February 1985 in Spittal an der Drau in Austria,; also one weighing 39.4 kg, which is stuffed and was probably grown on fish-farm in Austria for breeding. Other storied examples of recorded specimens with existing photographs and media reports include 58 kg, caught in January 1938 by Bosnian railway worker and angler Halil Sofradžija at the Dragojevića Rapids on the Drina river, near the town of Ustikolina in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This case was recorded on photograph and reportage was later published in prime Serbian daily Politika on 23 February 1938. Dževat Šarkinović, angler from Plav, caught Danube salmon weighing 41.3 kg, 145 cm long, in late spring of 1985 in lake Plav, and gave it to Hotel "Plavsko jezero" who presented it at International Fair of Hunting and Fishing in Novi Sad where it was noted as a "world record". Today, this specimen stands as stuffed exhibit at the wall of hotel's foyer in Plav. Another recorded trophy from the Drina include huchen caught by angler Remzija Krkalić from Foča in 1940, weighing 36 kg.

Reproduction
This permanent freshwater salmonid spawns in April, once water reaches a temperature of 6 to 9 C. For spawning, the huchen migrates up the river and enters small and shallow affluents, where females excavate depressions in the gravel into which they deposit their eggs, then a male releases a cloud of sperm and the female then covers the eggs with sand. Larvae hatch 30 to 35 days after fertilization.

Commercial breeding
There is a considerable effort to produce huchen fry commercially and to reintroduce the species into the wild with moderate to good success. This requires catching the adults just before spawning and keeping them in special tanks. Fry are released in appropriate places once they have reached 4 to 10 cm.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Huchen


text:
Paxos (disambiguation)

Paxos or Paxi is a Greek island in the Ionian sea.

Paxos may also refer to:
 * Paxos (computer science), a family of algorithms
 * Paxos Trust Company, an American financial institution and technology company

title: Paxos (disambiguation)


text: Category:Myrmicinae

title: Category:Myrmicinae


text:
User:Zarvok

I'm originally from Manchester, New Hampshire, but I currently live in Philadelphia where I am a graduate student at U Penn. My interests are mostly in math, computer science, and politics (specifically libertarianism).

title: User:Zarvok


text:
Addington (federal electoral district)

Addington was a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1904. The electoral district was created in the British North America Act of 1867.

The County of Addington consisted of the Townships of Camden, Portland, Sheffield, Hinchinbrooke, Kaladar, Kennebec, Olden, Oso, Angelsea, Barrie, Clarendon, Palmerston, Effingham, Abinger, Miller, Canonto, Denbigh, Loughborough, and Bedford.

In 1882, the township of Ashby was added to the riding.

The electoral district was abolished in 1904 when it was merged into Lennox and Addington riding.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Election results

 * Result by municipality

On Mr. Shibley being unseated, on petition, 21 September 1874:

On Mr. Bell's death, 5 July 1901:

title: Addington (federal electoral district)


text:
Posto Santo

Posto Santo is a parish in the municipality of Angra do Heroísmo on the island of Terceira in the Azores. The population in 2011 was 1,048, in an area of 20.37 km2. Posto Santo was elevated to parish status on 15 September 1980. It was previously part of the parish of Santa Luzia. The parish is relatively far from the ocean, and it lies at an elevation of forty-five metres. Its predominant economic activity is agriculture. It contains the localities Espigão, Grota do Medo, Lapinha, Piquinho and Posto Santo.

History
The name, "Posto Santo", is literally translated as "holy post", its origin developed from an outbreak of bubonic plague in 1599 that killed thousands on the island of Terceira. The parish of Posto Santo was spared and served as a refuge for many of the residents of Angra do Heroísmo. Since then, it has been known as Posto Santo.

Posto Santo should not be confused with Porto Santo which is an island close to Madeira Island.

title: Posto Santo


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Philip Emeagwali on Brain Drain

Philip_Emeagwali_on_Brain_Drain

 * DELETE Another entry from a fan, totally non-encyclopedic. rturus 00:58, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It's not a fan. I strongly suspect it's being done by Emeagwali himself. --Robert Merkel 01:19, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * So what's your vot, then? Mikkalai 02:47, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Mikkalai 02:47, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * In fact, this is cut'n'paste from web, i.e., copyvio. and marked as such. Mikkalai 02:51, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * In fact, this is linkspamming. Read the Philip Emeagwali article and have a look at the self-promotion sites linked to from it. --Robert Merkel 03:10, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete copyvio. I have a problem with the baseline linkspam, self-promotion... If the prez came down to make a page about hisself would it be VfD? not. Vote on the deletion policy. - Amgine 05:42, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete as unencyclopedic and unsalvagable spam. Vanity as well. I'd think speedy deletes for disruption might be in order since the person is question is known for abusing online sources for self-promotional spamming.
 * Vote by User:DreamGuy
 * Delete: Even if it comes back from copyvio, it's not appropriate content for an isolated discussion. Geogre 14:29, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It will be no surprise that I think this should be deleted. In fact, I speedied it on the basis of vandalism... --Robert Merkel 22:33, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The above comment was removed by 199.246.2.159. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 15:29, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Having looked at the original article, I'm almost speechless. Please, please, please kill it. [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 23:12, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Even if the copyvio is resolved, this is not an encyclopedia article. It might be appropriate for Wikisource.  Rossami (talk) 01:08, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Faculty of Dar Al-Uloom, Cairo University

Dar al-Uloom (دار العلوم) is an educational institution designed to produce students with both an Islamic and modern secondary education. It was founded in 1871 and since 1946 it has been incorporated as a faculty of Cairo University, being now commonly called Faculty of Dar al-Uloom (كلية دار العلوم).

The Faculty has 6 majors (B.A., M.A. and Ph.D.) in Islamic studies, Arabic language, and philosophy. Most of graduates work as teachers after getting required diploma from Faculty of Education.

Notable alumni

 * Hassan al-Banna (1906-1949): Egyptian Islamic theorist and politician.
 * Farouk Shousha (1936-2016): Egyptian poet and writer.
 * Abdul Azim al-Deeb (1929-2010): Egyptian Islamic scholar.
 * Sayyid Qutb (1906-1966): Egyptian author, educator, Islamic theorist, poet, and a leading member of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood in the 1950s and 1960s.
 * Muhammad Al-Labani (born 1970): Egyptian author, poet, and researcher.


text: User talk:68.72.115.134

title: User talk:68.72.115.134


text: File:Mathnet.jpg

title: File:Mathnet.jpg


text:
Bill Walsh (producer)

William Crozier Walsh (September 30, 1913 – January 27, 1975) was a film producer, screenwriter and  comics writer who primarily worked on live-action films for Walt Disney Productions. He was born in New York City. For his work on Mary Poppins, he shared Academy Award nominations for Best Picture with Walt Disney, and for Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium with Don DaGradi. He also wrote the Mickey Mouse comic strip for more than two decades.

In 1970 an article in Variety listed him as the second most successful film producer of all time in terms of money-earning movies even though he was "a guy no one's ever heard of".

Early life
Walsh was born in 1913 to immigrant parents in New York. He was raised in Cincinnati by his aunt and uncle, Agnes and William Newman. He played football at Purcell and wrote sports for the Cincinnati Commercial Tribune. In 1934 he accepted a University of Cincinnati athletic scholarship.

Early career
While at UC, Walsh produced a freshman show that happened to be seen by Barbara Stanwyck and Frank Fay who were passing through town in a show, Tattle Tales. They hired Walsh at $12 a week to rewrite the show, which went to Broadway where it ran for five weeks. Walsh then followed Stanwyck and Fay to Hollywood. He worked as a press agent for 15 years at the Ettinger Company and started writing jokes as a sideline on the suggestion of client Edgar Buchanan.

Disney comic strips
He joined the Disney company in 1943 as a press agent and began writing the Mickey Mouse comic strip as a sideline. "Mickey Mouse was very dull and kind of stupid," Walsh later said. "Donald Duck was the one I liked. He had complete licence. He had pizzaz." Due to Walsh's lack of interest in Mickey as a character, and to his own taste for science fiction, mystery and horror, the stories he wrote for the strip quickly became very different from those of the previous decade. Walsh's storylines could be darker and more violent than in the earlier strips, and introduced various bizarre characters. Notably, Walsh created Eega Beeva, an evolved man from the future who became one the strip's protagonists from 1947 to 1950, effectively replacing Goofy as Mickey's sidekick. Another recurring character created by Walsh is the bird Ellsworth who appeared as Mickey's sidekick in the strip's sunday pages where he became a major focus, sometimes stealing the show from Mickey. Walsh continued to write the daily strip for more than twenty years, partnering with artist Floyd Gottfredson on dozens of stories until 1955, when the strip changed formats to become a gag-a-day strip. Walsh continued writing the gag strip until 1964, when he passed it on to Roy Williams.

While at Disney, Walsh also wrote gags for the "Panchito" stories in the Silly Symphony comic strip (1944–45), and created the Uncle Remus and His Tales of Br'er Rabbit Sunday strip (1945–46).

Television
In the late 1940s Disney put Walsh in charge of their television operations. He wrote and produced television specials, starting with One Hour in Wonderland (1950).

Walsh produced a number of huge successes, including Davy Crockett (1954–55) and The Mickey Mouse Club (1955-59). He also wrote the feature The Littlest Outlaw (1955) and produced a number of serials that aired as part of The Mickey Mouse Club, including Spin and Marty, Corky and White Shadow, The Hardy Boys: The Mystery of the Applegate Treasure, Adventure in Dairyland, The Adventures of Clint and Mac, and Walt Disney Presents: Annette.

He moved up to features in 1959.

Features
Walsh wrote and produced The Shaggy Dog (1959) with Fred MacMurray, Tommy Kirk and Kevin Corcoran. A fantasy comedy made for relatively little money it was a huge hit and became the most profitable Disney film of all time. The same team then made Toby Tyler (1959), a circus film that was well received critically though not as popular.

Walsh wrote and produced a series of comedies starring MacMurray and Kirk, all very popular: The Absent-Minded Professor (1961), a fantasy; Bon Voyage! (1962), an Americans-abroad family comedy, also with Corcoran; and Son of Flubber (1963), a sequel to Absent Minded Professor. He provided the story for The Misadventures of Merlin Jones (1964), a fantasy comedy with Kirk.

Walsh co-wrote the musical Mary Poppins (1964) which became the most popular movie Disney ever released. He wrote it with Don DaGradi who would be Walsh's most regular collaborator - Walsh normally worked with a co-writer, or supervised other writers.

Walsh wrote and produced That Darn Cat! (1965), Lt. Robin Crusoe, U.S.N. (1966) and Blackbeard's Ghost (1968).

Post-Walt Disney
After Walt Disney's death in 1966 Walsh was part of the seven man committee who ran the company.

He wrote and produced The Love Bug which was a huge success.

In 1970 Walsh said "I make movies for people between the ages of nine and fourteen. It's a very intelligent and very honest audience... Also I don't make personal statements; I make movies hoping they'll make money so I'll be able to make more movies. I'm a schlock hack and I glory in it. My folks had a tent show and if you tried to make personal statements for audiences in Kentucky and Tennessee they'd burn the tent down." He said he never wanted to direct because "I have flat feet... you have to get up too early" and "you have to talk to actors."

He wrote and produced Scandalous John (1971) which he said was his favourite film even though it was the only one to have lost money. Far more popular was Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971).

In 1971 Walsh said his main contributions to the films were "fantasy... I have nutty ideas which any other studio would throw me the hell on the street for but which are very compatible here".

His later films included The World's Greatest Athlete (1973), Herbie Rides Again (1974) and One of Our Dinosaurs Is Missing (1975).

Walsh died of a heart attack in Los Angeles in 1975, and was interred in Glendale's Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery.

Filmography

 * One Hour in Wonderland (1950) (TV special) - writer, producer
 * The Walt Disney Christmas Show (1951) (TV special) - producer
 * The Disneyland Story (1954) (TV special) - writer, producer
 * Davy Crockett (1954–55) (mini series) - producer
 * The Littlest Outlaw (1955) - writer
 * The Adventures of Spin and Marty (1955) (TV series) - producer
 * Davy Crockett: King of the Wild Frontier (1955) - producer
 * The Mickey Mouse Club (1955–56) (TV series) - producer
 * Corky and White Shadow (1956) (TV series) - producer
 * The Hardy Boys: The Mystery of the Applegate Treasure (1956) (TV series) - producer
 * Adventure in Dairyland (1956) (TV series) - producer
 * Further Adventures of Spin and Marty (1956) (TV series) - producer
 * Davy Crockett and the River Pirates (1956) - producer
 * Westward Ho, the Wagons! (1956) - associate producer
 * The Fourth Anniversary Show (1957) (TV special) - producer
 * The Hardy Boys: The Mystery of the Ghost Farm (1957) (TV series) - producer
 * The Adventures of Clint and Mac (1957) (TV series) - producer
 * Annette (1958) (TV series) - producer
 * Disneyland '59 (1959) (TV special) - producer
 * The Shaggy Dog (1959) - writer, associate producer
 * Toby Tyler or Ten Weeks with a Circus (1960) - writer, producer
 * The Absent Minded Professor (1961) - writer, associate producer
 * Bon Voyage! (1962) - writer, associate producer
 * Son of Flubber (1963) - writer, co producer
 * The Misadventures of Merlin Jones (1964) - story
 * Mary Poppins (1964) - writer, co-producer
 * That Darn Cat! (1965) - writer, co-producer
 * Lt. Robin Crusoe, U.S.N. (1966) - writer, co-producer
 * Blackbeard's Ghost (1968) - writer, co producer
 * The Love Bug (1969) - writer, producer
 * Scandalous John (1971) - writer, producer
 * Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971) - writer, producer
 * The Grand Opening of Walt Disney World (1971) (TV special) - writer, executive producer
 * The World's Greatest Athlete (1973) - producer
 * Herbie Rides Again (1974) - writer, producer
 * One of Our Dinosaurs Is Missing (1975) - writer, producer

title: Bill Walsh (producer)


text:
Talk:Tibor Sekelj

Untitled
Tibor Szekely would be a Magyar name so it would be useful to know if e.g. his father was a Hungarian and the rest of his family Croatian, or something like that. --Joy [shallot]   01:00, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Good faith edits made by User:Joschi during the past few days have made a real mess of this page, hence the cleanup tag. I hope someone can help him tidy it up again. Deb (talk) 22:29, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

Table for the works
Do you guys think a table would be a good idea?--Joschi (talk) 23:25, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

I'm having difficulty understanding the section on his works. Why do we have to include all translations? We don't normally do that with author articles. Deb (talk) 12:55, 21 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm not on Wikipedia often enough to know what's common. I have only translated what was on the french article. I have done this in the sence of the Translation of the week on Metawiki. I guess the french article wasn't quite perfect already, which doesn't make it easier. On the other hand people on Wikipedia always ask for the proofs. This list is the proof that his works have been translated into many national languages.--Joschi (talk) 13:37, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

Stub-class, require cleanup, really?
The article belongs to stub-class since 2007. But it has now grown a lot. Should it stay a stub however ? It needs cleanup, one can read (since 2009). Several users made a lot of clean-up. Is it now not clean enough ? -- Arno Lagrange ✉ 19:12, 19 May 2012 (UTC)
 * I have removed the Cleanup tag, as the article is clearly better now than when the tag was added in January 2009. It still needs work, but it is better! -- Yekrats (talk) 11:10, 7 June 2012 (UTC)

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Tibor szekely
Tibor szekely 109.93.195.25 (talk) 21:45, 25 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tibor Sekelj


text:
Bill Walsh

Bill Walsh is the name of:

 * Bill Walsh (American football, born 1927) (1927–2012), player at University of Notre Dame, player and coach in the National Football League
 * Bill Walsh (American football coach) (1931–2007), head coach of San Francisco 49ers and at Stanford University
 * Bill Walsh (author) (1961–2017), American author and newspaper editor
 * Bill Walsh (firefighter) (born 1957), American firefighter and television actor
 * Bill Walsh (footballer) (1923–2014), former English footballer
 * Bill Walsh (hurler) (1922–2013), Irish hurler
 * Bill Walsh (producer) (1913–1975), American film producer
 * Bill Walsh (rugby league) (1891-1981), New Zealand rugby league player
 * Bill Walsh, former drummer for punk band Cosmic Psychos

title: Bill Walsh


text: Category:Vespoidea

title: Category:Vespoidea


text:
König

König is the German word for "king". In German and other languages applying the umlaut, the transliterations Koenig and Kœnig, when referring to a surname, also occur. As a surname in English, the use of Koenig is usual, and sometimes also Konig. Notable people with the name include:

A to F

 * Adam Koenig (born 1971), American politician
 * Adrianus König (1867–1944), Dutch politician
 * Aislinn Konig
 * Alexander Koenig (1858–1940), German naturalist
 * Alexander König (born 1966), German skater
 * Alfons König (1898–1944), Wehrmacht officer during World War II
 * Alfred König (1913-1987), Austrian-Turkish Olympic sprinter
 * Andrew Koenig (1968–2010), American actor
 * Andrew Koenig (politician) (born 1982), American politician in Missouri
 * Andrew Koenig (programmer), American computer scientist and author
 * Anna Leonore König (1771–1854), Swedish singer
 * Arthur König (1856–1901), German physician and researcher into optics
 * Bronson Koenig (born 1994), American basketball player
 * Charles Konig (1774–1851), German-born British naturalist
 * Claës König (1885–1961), Swedish horse rider
 * Dave Konig (born 1962), American comedian
 * Dénes Kőnig (1884–1944), Hungarian mathematician, son of Gyula
 * Dieter König (1931–1991), hydroplane racer, manufacturer of Konig two stroke engines
 * Doris König (born 1957), judge, jurisprudent and public law scholar who serves as the Vice President of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany
 * Elazar Mordechai Koenig (1945–2018), Israeli Hasidic rabbi
 * Ernst König (1908–1986), Wehrmacht officer during World War II
 * Erwin König
 * Eugen König (1896–1985), Wehrmacht officer during World War II
 * Ezra Koenig (born 1984), American musician, singer/guitarist in Vampire Weekend
 * Franz König (1905–2004), Cardinal, Archbishop of Vienna
 * Franz König (surgeon) (1832–1910), German surgeon
 * Franz Niklaus König (1765–1832), Swiss painter
 * Franz Koenigs (1881–1941), German-Dutch banker and art collector
 * Fred Koenig (1931–1993), American baseball player and coach
 * Friedrich Koenig (1774–1833), German inventor
 * Friedrich König (painter) (1857–1941), Austrian artist
 * Friedrich Eduard König (1846–1936), German Protestant theologian and Semitic scholar
 * Fritz Koenig (1924–2017), German artist and sculptor

G to M

 * Gabriela König (born 1952), German politician
 * Gedaliah Aharon Koenig, Israeli Hasidic rabbi
 * George Konig (1856–1913), American politician
 * Gottfried Michael Koenig (1926–2021), German-Dutch composer
 * Gyula Kőnig (1849–1913), also known as Julius König, Hungarian mathematician
 * Harold G. Koenig, American psychiatrist
 * Herbert D. Koenig (1933-2018), Doctor of Osteopathy
 * Imre König (1899–1992), Hungarian chess master
 * Jan Latham-Koenig (born 1953), English conductor
 * Jared Koenig (born 1994), American baseball player
 * Jörn König (born 1967), German politician
 * Johann König (painter) (1586–1642), German painter
 * Johann Friedrich König (1619–1664), German Lutheran theologian
 * Johann Balthasar König (1691–1758), German composer
 * Johann Samuel König (1712–1757), German mathematician
 * Johann Gerhard König (1728–1785), German botanist active in India
 * Johann König (gymnast) (1932–2020), Austrian gymnast
 * Johann König (art dealer) (born 1981), German art dealer
 * John Koenig (diplomat), American diplomat
 * John Koenig, the creator of The Dictionary of Obscure Sorrows
 * Joseph König (theologian) (1819–1900), German theologian
 * Joseph König (chemist) (1843–1930), German chemist
 * Juan Ramón Koenig (1623–1709) Peruvian scientist
 * Julian Koenig (1921–2014), American advertising executive
 * Karl König (1902–1966), Austrian paediatrician
 * Kip Koenig, American film and television producer and screenwriter
 * Laird Koenig (1927–2023), American author
 * Lea Koenig (born 1929), Israeli actor
 * Leo von König (1871–1944), German painter
 * Leopold König (born 1987), Czech road cyclist
 * Lothar Koenigs (born 1965), German conductor
 * Mark Koenig (1904–1993), American baseball player
 * Marie-Pierre Kœnig (1898–1970), French army officer and politician
 * Miroslav König (born 1972), Slovak football player
 * Morris Koenig (1883–1939), Hungarian-American lawyer and judge

N to Z

 * Oliver Koenig (born 1981), German athlete
 * Ove König (1950–2020), Swedish speed skater
 * Paul König (1867–1933), German merchant navy officer
 * Paul König (Scouting)
 * Peter Konig
 * Pia König (born 1993), Austrian tennis player
 * Pierre Koenig (1925–2004), American architect
 * Ralf König (born 1960), German comic artist
 * Regina König, German luger
 * René König (1906–1992), German sociologist
 * Robbie Koenig (born 1971), South African tennis player and broadcaster
 * Robert Koenig (sculptor) (born 1961), British sculptor
 * Robert Koenig (filmmaker) (born 1975), American film director, producer, writer and editor
 * Robert König (1885–1979), Austrian mathematician
 * Ronny König (born 1983), German football player
 * Rudolph Koenig (1832–1901), German acoustical physicist
 * Rudolf König (1865–1927), Austrian merchant, astronomer and selenographer
 * Samuel S. Koenig (1872–1955), Hungarian-American lawyer and politician
 * Sarah Koenig (born 1969), American journalist
 * Stephanie Koenig, American actress and writer
 * Sven Koenig (computer scientist), German-American computer scientist
 * Sven Koenig (cricketer) (born 1973), South African cricketer
 * Swen König (born 1985), Swiss football player
 * Todd Koenig (born 1985), American football player
 * Trevor Koenig (born 1974), Canadian ice hockey player
 * Vroni König-Salmi (born 1969), Swiss orienteerer
 * Walter Koenig (born 1936), American actor
 * William Edward Koenig (born 1956), American Catholic bishop
 * Willy Koenig of Koenig Specials
 * Wolf Koenig (1927–2014), German-Canadian film director, producer, animator and cinematographer
 * Xavier Koenig (born 1984), Mauritian squash player

Fictional people

 * Tolle Koenig, a fictional character in the anime Gundam SEED
 * Eric Koenig, character in the Marvel Comics Universe
 * Erwin König (died 1942), apocryphal World War II German sniper
 * John Koenig (Space: 1999), a fictional character in the TV series Space: 1999
 * Karin Koenig, from the video game Shadow Hearts: Covenant
 * Mr. Koenig the high school Drama teacher, from the cut-for-time SNL sketch, played by Will Ferrell

title: König


text:
Walter Camp Award

The Walter Camp Player of the Year Award is given annually to the collegiate American football player of the year, as decided by a group of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I FBS head coaches and sports information directors under the auspices of the Walter Camp Football Foundation. The award is named for Walter Camp, an important and influential figure in the development of the sport. Three players have won the award twice: Colt McCoy of the University of Texas in 2008 and 2009, Archie Griffin of Ohio State in 1974 and 1975, and O. J. Simpson of USC in 1967 and 1968.

Awards won by school
This is a list of the schools that have had a player win the Walter Camp Award. USC has the most award winners, with seven. In total, players from 22 different schools have won the Walter Camp Award.

* Designates double award winner

title: Walter Camp Award


text:
Fibromatosis

The term fibromatosis refers to a group of soft tissue tumors which have certain characteristics in common, including absence of cytologic and clinical malignant features, a histology consistent with proliferation of well-differentiated fibroblasts, an infiltrative growth pattern, and aggressive clinical behavior with frequent local recurrence. It is classed by the World Health Organization as an intermediate soft tissue tumor related to the sarcoma family. Arthur Purdy Stout coined the term fibromatosis (in the name congenital generalized fibromatosis, describing myofibromatosis), in 1954.

Juvenile subtypes
Subtypes of juvenile fibromatosis include:

 * Infantile myofibromatosis: solitary tumors commonly occurring in the head and neck regions; multiple tumors occurring in the skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscles, and/or less commonly bones; or, rarely, tumors occurring in an internal organ(s).
 * Aponeurotic fibroma
 * Infantile digital fibromatosis
 * Aggressive infantile fibromatosis
 * Fibromatosis colli: benign sternocleidomastoid muscle tumor developing in infants within 8 weeks (average: 24 days) of delivery. It generally does not require resection and responds well to physiotherapy.
 * Dermatofibrosis lenticularis (Buschke–Ollendorff syndrome)
 * Fibromatosis hyalinica multiplex (juvenile hyaline fibromatosis)
 * Lipofibromatosis

Superficial

 * Palmar fibromatosis (Dupuytren's contracture)
 * Plantar fibromatosis (Ledderhose disease)
 * Penile fibromatosis (Peyronie's disease)
 * Pachydermodactyly
 * Knuckle pads
 * Dermatofibroma
 * Nodular fasciitis
 * Elastofibroma
 * Fibrous papule of the face

Deep

 * Aggressive fibromatosis (desmoid tumors)
 * Abdominal, intra-abdominal, extra-abdominal

Treatment
Treatment is mainly surgical; radiotherapy or chemotherapy is usually an indication of relapse. Head and neck desmoid fibromatosis is a serious condition due to local aggression, specific anatomical patterns and the high rate of relapse. For children surgery is particularly difficult, given the potential for growth disorders.

Treatment includes prompt radical excision with a wide margin and/or radiation. For aggressive fibromatosis, the consensus on treatment is observation for new tumors rather than immediate surgery. Despite their local infiltrative and aggressive behavior, mortality is minimal to nonexistent for peripheral tumors. In intra-abdominal fibromatosis associated with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), surgery is avoided if possible due to high rates of recurrence within the abdomen carrying significant morbidity and mortality. Conversely, for intra-abdominal fibromatosis without evidence of FAP extensive surgery may still be required for local symptoms, but the risk of recurrence is low.

Terminology
Other names include musculoaponeurotic fibromatosis, referring to the tendency of these tumors to be adjacent to and infiltrating deep skeletal muscle, aggressive fibromatosis and desmoid tumor. A clear difference should be made between intra-abdominal and extra-abdominal localizations. Fibromatosis is a different entity from neurofibromatosis.

title: Fibromatosis


text:
Category:Hymenoptera

 in the Hymenoptera order. Suborder Apocrita contains wasps, ants and bees, while suborder Symphyta contains sawflies.

title: Category:Hymenoptera


text:
Albert (federal electoral district)

Albert was a federal electoral district in New Brunswick, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1904.

The district was proclaimed in the British North America Act of 1867, and was abolished in 1903 when it was merged into King's and Albert riding. It consisted of the County of Albert.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:

title: Albert (federal electoral district)


text:
Reichenbach (Oberlausitz)

Reichenbach/O.L. (full German name: Reichenbach/Oberlausitz, Sorbian and Polish: Rychbach) is a town in the Görlitz district, in eastern Saxony, in eastern Germany. It is located 13 km west of Görlitz.

History
The settlement was first mentioned in 1238, when it was part of the Kingdom of Bohemia. In 1319 it passed to the Duchy of Jawor, the southwesternmost duchy of fragmented Piast-ruled Poland, and later on it was also ruled by Bohemian, Hungarian, Saxon and Polish monarchs. In 1815, it was annexed by Prussia. From 1816 to 1919, Reichenbach was part of the Province of Silesia, from 1919 to 1938 of the Province of Lower Silesia, again from 1938 to 1941 of the Province of Silesia and again from 1941 to 1945 of the Province of Lower Silesia. From 1945 to 1952 it was part of Saxony and from 1952 to 1990 of the Bezirk Dresden of East Germany. Schloss Krobnitz, an estate which belonged to Prussian Minister of War Albrecht von Roon, lies in Reichenbach.

Broadcasting station
There was a radio broadcasting station at the northern edge of Reichenbach since 1937. Originally built as a free-standing wooden tower, it was replaced after World War II with a steel construction, which was renewed in 1999. The Reichenbach transmitter broadcast the regional station MDR Info at 1188 kHz with an output of 3 kilowatts. The transmitter was taken out of operation in May 2013, and subsequently demolished.

title: Reichenbach (Oberlausitz)


text:
Fightin' Texas Aggie Band

The Fightin' Texas Aggie Band (also known as the Noble Men of Kyle or just the Aggie Band) is the official marching band of Texas A&M University. Composed of over 400 men and women from the school's Corps of Cadets, it is the largest military marching band in the United States. The band's complex straight-line marching maneuvers are performed exclusively to traditional marches.

Since its inception in 1894, its members eat together, sleep in the same dormitories, and practice up to forty hours per week on top of a full academic schedule. The Aggie Band performs at all home football games, some away games, and university and Corps functions throughout the year. The band has also participated in inauguration parades for many United States presidents and Texas governors, major annual parades across the country, and the dedication ceremony for the George H. W. Bush Presidential Library.

Early years
The Aggie Band owes its existence to Joseph Holick (born in 1868 in Moravia). In 1885, Holick and his brother Louis boarded an empty boxcar bound for Orange, Texas, so that they could gain employment in a lumber mill. En route, the two stopped in Bryan, Texas, near the campus of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas. The 22-year-old Holick began to doubt his choice, stating, "I was a small boy and couldn't do lumbering work", and chose to remain in Bryan working under Raymond Blatherwick, owner of a prominent boot shop. Lawrence Sullivan Ross, the president of the nearby college and a former Governor of Texas, stopped into Blatherwick's boot shop and noted how inconvenient it was for cadets to go to Bryan for their boots. Ross requested Holick be stationed at the new military college to perform cobbler duties.

Holick accepted the proposal and moved to work at Texas A&M. Shortly after his arrival, the Commandant's staff discovered his musical talents. They requested him to play the bugle for Corps functions and for US$65 a month, he was assigned to play Reveille and Taps. Because the new job paid much more than his previous one, Holick wanted to give the school "more than just two tunes for its money and he asked the commandant for permission to start a cadet band". The commandant agreed and named Holick its first bandmaster. Under his tutelage and the leadership of subsequent bandmasters, the band grew from 13 members at its inception in 1894 to 75 bandsmen in 1924.

Early drum majors are credited with inspiring the band's name. The first student drum major, H.A. "California" Morse, was asked to leave the college due to fighting. In addition, the early drum majors were chosen in physical combat; insomuch that the candidates were placed in a locked room, with the best fighter / the one emerging victorious, being named to the coveted position. This tradition of aggressiveness and physical combat was noted by band members, who then took to calling themselves the Fightin' Texas Aggie Band.

Dunn years

In 1924, Lieutenant Colonel Richard J. Dunn was appointed as bandmaster. As a former member of John Philip Sousa's Marine Band and with 26 years of military band leadership experience, Dunn quickly instituted changes within the band. The first was to the position of bugler, whose duties had fallen to the bandmaster since 1894. When informed that he was expected to fill the role, Dunn told college officials, "I have blown enough bugles. I am the Bandmaster. Someone else can blow the bugle calls." From then on, the Corps Bugler was chosen from the ranks of the Aggie Band.

Dunn also instituted uniform changes which added white canvas to the band uniform, resulting in a "flash effect" every other step. Dunn tried, to no avail, to rid the band of the Senior Boots, but this tradition was too well-established. Other additions included crossed white belts, later discarded in favor of a white Sam Browne belt, silver buckles, and the addition of a bugle rank to lead the band in its maneuvers. Changes in the drills included the "Block T", the band's signature, and such intricate designs which led to talk amongst fans about the band "always winning halftime".

Under Dunn's experience, the band instituted some traditions that the university uses to the present. In 1925, Marvin H. Mimms wrote the lyrics for an alma mater for the school. Dunn, who found the Aggie War Hymn "inappropriate" for social functions and solemn occasions, wrote its accompanying music and presented it to the student body titled Spirit of Aggieland. In 1926, the tradition of Elephant Walk began when two seniors in the band led a procession of seniors throughout the school grounds visiting all the important places on campus. All the seniors in one single file was "quite a sight to behold", and one junior commented that they looked like a bunch of old elephants wandering around trying to find some place to die. The name stuck and the tradition continues to the present.

Beginning in 1939, the U.S. Army required all cadets to be in either infantry or field artillery units. Therefore, the band was split into two separate units at opposite ends of the campus dormitories and named Infantry and Artillery Bands. When the two units performed together, they formed the Combined Band. 1942 saw the band expand to 250 members, but the need for manpower for the war effort caused membership to plummet. By the end of the 1942–1943 school year, it dropped it to only 90 bandsmen. As "a crusty old army man", Dunn understood the nation's urgent need for troops, and he accepted the fact that the Aggie Band could only return after the war was over.

Along with conducting the Aggie Band, Dunn started his own orchestra with the newly built A&M Consolidated High School on the Texas A&M Campus, called the "Little Symphony Orchestra". Dunn was also the founder of the famous A&M Consolidated High School Tiger Band in 1947.

Adams era
Dunn once told then-cadet Edward Vergne Adams, "One day I want you to direct this band." Adams thought the Colonel was joking, but "went to music school after graduation just in case he wasn't". After music school, he joined the army and put his musical skills to rest for the duration of the war, with one exception: while on regimental staff during the retreat ceremony at the end of the day, the assigned bugler had no experience and couldn't play a single note, so Adams stepped out of formation, took the bugle from the bugler's hands, blew the appropriate calls, handed the bugle back, and marched back into his spot in the formation.

This intolerance for incompetence served him well when he accepted the invitation of Dunn to be his replacement as director of the Aggie Band. Adams began his tenure with an undisciplined band devoid of experience and ravaged by years of war, but in his first year of leadership, the ranks of the band quickly swelled to 225 members. Infantry and field artillery associations were no longer required by the Army and Adams changed the units' names to the Maroon and White Bands.

Adams began to make the drills far more intricate and precise than they had been in the past by adding a countermarch, maneuvers from the Army Drill Manual, and established a 30-inch (76 cm) step, or six steps for every five yards (4.57m), as the band standard. Adams also added the criss-cross maneuver. First performed November 27, 1947 at the annual Thanksgiving Day game with the University of Texas, the criss-cross maneuver and its later variations (specifically the four-way cross) became the band's most anticipated maneuver. Other band directors said it was impossible to do because it required two people to be in the same place at the same time (indeed, to this day computer programs that chart band formations say that this maneuver cannot be performed). To accomplish this, band members step between each other's feet. In later years, people who did not know that the maneuver was first done in 1947 claimed that the drill was designed by a computer. Adams explained, "It's all a matter of mathematics. One man can take up only a certain amount of space at one time and moves in one direction at a predictable rate of speed."

The band's reputation spread and other bands had begun to have some apprehension about performing in the same halftime as the Aggie Band. One Southwest Conference band director stated, "I dread going against the Aggie Band.... What is so humiliating is to see the Aggie Band do things band directors talk about as being impossible, and do them perfectly. It takes two weeks to recover from the trauma." In 1960, "one band gave up without a fight": the Trinity Tiger Band opted to sit instead of perform and gave the Aggie Band the entire halftime to perform.

During Adams' tenure, the college acquired a new mascot, the first since the original Reveille died in 1944. Reveille II, like the original Reveille, was cared for and attended to by band members. During halftime performances, the young dog was allowed to be on the field with the band without her leash. During these breaks where she could get out and run, she had a tendency to "do her business" on Kyle Field's playing surface. This didn't bother the band members much, as Reveille stayed away from the band, but Adams discovered a gambling scheme whereby cadets were taking bets on what yard line the dog would defecate. He quickly ended the practice and turned the responsibility of caring for Reveille over to Company E-2, which has since been called the Mascot Company.

On October 7, 1967, the first meeting of the Aggie Band Association took place to support the band. The organization, composed of former members and supporters, continue to assist the band through fundraising, scholarships, instrument repair, and general welfare of the cadets in the band. In 1970, Adams acquired funds and built a new band hall which was named in his honor.

Modernization and expansion
Colonel Joe T. Haney took over the band in 1973. He felt his obligation was, "not to build up the band ... [but] to keep it at its already exceptional level". During Haney's years, the band expanded to include a concert band, a symphonic band, the Aggieland Orchestra, and a Drum and Bugle Corps, and the names of the two subunits reverted to their earlier designations of Infantry and Artillery Bands.

This simple philosophy was tested as Texas A&M transitioned from an all-male military college to a coeducational research university. The addition of women to the Corps presented some challenges, including one high-profile lawsuit and fierce resistance from former Corps and Band members. When women were finally admitted to the band under court order (Fall Semester, 1985); the first three women had to be housed in a separate dorm until accommodations could be made within the band dorms. Reporters were relentless and Haney finally called an open press conference with the three young ladies. The female cadets refused pictures unless their fish buddies (members of their freshman class in their unit) were included in the photos. With a band dropout rate of 33% the odds were against all of the female cadets succeeding, only Andrea Abat remained in the band through her senior year. Haney realized the separate living conditions were not conducive to good order and discipline and integrated the dorms, grouping females at one end of the dorm and designating one bathroom for exclusive female use.

Amidst these drastic changes, large proportions of the freshmen classes (some as high as 30%) contained all-state high school band members. As the band's experience and musical talents grew, the quality of the music improved dramatically. Haney even rewrote the drills to include a portion where the band stopped moving and played to the audience. This innovation was well received and became a staple of the band's repertoire. In 1975, at a televised game versus the University of Arkansas, the Aggie Band was repeatedly asked to play music during lulls in the game. By the fourth quarter, the Aggie Band had played on TV during every break and Colonel Haney, trying his best to be fair, told the cameraman that they really should let the Razorback Band play a little too. The cameraman called up to the broadcast booth to get guidance and then replied, "The director doesn't want to hear the Arkansas band, he wants to hear the Aggie Band."

The drills became even more complicated as Haney added formations and maneuvers never before seen. The excellence shown on the field belied its heavy dependence on precision. On October 24, 1981, the band suffered a serious misstep during the halftime show at Rice University when four members of a lead element turned early and, before anyone could make a correction, colliding band members ground the drill to a halt. With so many members doing exactly what the person in front of them does with mere inches of clearance, the cascade effect was unrecoverable and the band simply stopped and left the field. Although it was first rumored that the collision was intended to mock the Rice Marching Owl Band, and later that Rice students were using whistles to throw off the band's response to drum major whistle commands, all of the rumors proved to be unsubstantiated. Thereafter the band performed all drills in Houston without whistle commands.

The following weekend the band attempted their most complicated drill and performed flawlessly. Each subsequent week, the drills became more complicated. The Bryan-College Station Eagle's editor opined, "A&M is probably the only school anywhere that throws in a free football game with its performance. One of these days, I fully expect the band to be invited to a bowl game—and to be told it can bring along its football team if it wants to."

Into a new millennium

Lieutenant Colonel Ray E. Toler, a Texas Christian University graduate, replaced Haney when he stepped down in 1989. As a veteran of many Air Force Bands and with a Grammy Award nomination under his belt, Toler was quick to realize the potential and traditions of the Aggie Band and quickly set about publicizing it. Under his direction, the Aggie Band began a weekly television show (the "Texas Aggie Band Show") that showcased the band, the Corps of Cadets, and the daily life of a band member. As of 2007, the Aggie Band is the only university or college band with its own weekly television show. The Aggie Band was recognized nationally as the 2001 recipient of the Louis Sudler Trophy for collegiate marching bands, administered by the John Philip Sousa Foundation. During Toler's leadership of the Aggie Band, its presence was personally requested by President-elect George W. Bush for his inauguration parade.

During Toler's tenure, many of the drills were written by Colonel Jay Brewer who also served as the announcer for over 30 years until his retirement in 2020. In addition, many of the Aggie drills and music were written by Dr. Timothy Rhea, who succeeded Toler as Director of Bands in 2002. Rhea actively arranges and composes music, which has been published by TRN Music Publisher, RBC Music Publisher, and Arranger's Publishing Company. In the 2012–2013 school year, members of the band were first allowed to join the Fish Drill Team. After the 2018–2019 school year, the Aggie Band ceased using the Adams Band Hall and Haney Drill Field, in preparation for its move to the new Music Activities Center (MAC). This facility considerably increases rehearsal space for the band and includes a turf drill field, which is not susceptible to the ruts and holes often created on Haney due to constant marching. The move to the MAC requires the Aggie Band to vacate its traditional dormitories – Dorms 9 and 11, the latter of which was custom-built for the band in 1939 – in favor of dormitories closer to the new facility. The Haney Drill Field was used by the Aggie Band for approximately 75 years. The Fish Drill Team still uses Haney Drill Field for most practices.

On December 6, 2018, a select contingent of the Aggie Band performed at the burial of U.S. President George H. W. Bush on the Texas A&M campus. The band played the presidential salute "Hail to the Chief" and the "Texas Aggie War Hymn" as Bush's casket was removed from the funeral train. Although a United States Air Force band performed "The Star-Spangled Banner" as Bush's casket arrived at the burial site, they did not play "Hail to the Chief," making the Aggie Band's performance the last time the late president was saluted with this piece.

Directors and band staff
The band is under the oversight of the director of bands at Texas A&M University, currently Dr. Timothy Rhea, who coordinates the band.

List of directors of bands

 * Joseph Holick (1894)
 * Arthur Jenkins (1895)
 * George W. Gross (1895–1897)
 * F. H. Miller (1897–1902)
 * George W. Terrell (1902–1904)
 * Bradford Pier Day (1904–1917)
 * Alois Slovacek (1918–1919)
 * Howell Nolte (1920)
 * George Farleigh (1920–1924)
 * Richard J. Dunn (1924–1946)
 * E. V. Adams (1946–1973)
 * Joe T. Haney (1973–1989)
 * Lieutenant Colonel Ray E. Toler (1989–2002)
 * Colonel Timothy Rhea (2002–present)

Associate Directors

 * Joe T. Haney (1972–1973)
 * Major Joe K. McMullen
 * Bill J. Dean (1982–1988)
 * Lieutenant Colonel Ray E. Toler (1988–1989)
 * Colonel Jay O. Brewer (1989–2020)
 * Major Travis Almany (2004–present)
 * Captain Russell Tipton (2016–present)
 * Dr. Lance Sample (2021–present)

Assistant Directors

 * Captain Jay O. Brewer (1986–1989)
 * Jim McDaniel (1990–1993)
 * Lieutenant Timothy Rhea (1992–2001)

Cadet life

The Aggie Band is unique among college bands; no other band eats and lives together as a military unit, even at the Service Academies and military colleges. Bandsmen wear their cadet uniforms to class, drill, meetings, and other functions on campus. As a requested component of football away games, they perform at more football games than any other band. As of 1993, the band performed at 125 of the last 131 football games, including a streak of 42 straight from 1981 to 1984. Demand is extremely high for the band and one person, upon finding out the Aggie Band would not be performing at the local football game versus A&M, returned and requested a refund for 40 tickets.

The Aggie Band performs a new show each week during the football season and does not generally repeat drills from week to week. During the fall semester, the Aggie Band practices for 90 minutes every weekday morning and on Saturdays every week with a football game. In addition, some components of the band also practice on Sunday afternoons and planning of the drills takes place throughout the fall semester. All told, drills can take eight to nine hours per week on top of a full academic schedule and Corps/ROTC activities.

All seniors in the Corps of Cadets wear distinctive cavalry riding boots with their uniforms. These boots usually cost more than $1,800 and are generally made at Holick's, formerly owned by the family of Joseph Holick, the first band director.

Organization
The members of the band are called BQs and, since the band's inception, are part of the Corps of Cadets. The Aggie Band is a major unit in the Corps, comparable in size to a brigade or wing. Unique among Corps units, however, the band is divided into two battalions of three "outfits" each, the Infantry Band and the Artillery Band. All BQs are assigned to one of the six outfits. Each battalion is commanded by a Cadet Lieutenant Colonel and has its own command staff; each outfit is commanded by a Cadet Major. Outfits are further divided into platoons, squads, and fire teams, led by a Cadet Captain, Cadet Staff Sergeant, and Cadet Corporal, respectively. Due to its status as a Senior Military College, all cadets are required to take ROTC classes at least their first two years, though follow-on military service is not required.

From 1948, the Maroon and White Bands functioned as single outfits, with the band as a whole functioning as an independent battalion. When the Infantry and Artillery Bands were reestablished in 1976, they were divided into two outfits each: A-Company and B-Company in the Infantry Band, and A-Battery and B-Battery in the Artillery Band. C-Company and C-Battery existed briefly from 1983 to 1984, then were permanently reactivated in 2013.

Leadership
Unlike many bands, the drum majors are not in charge of the band as a whole. Since the band is part of the Corps, it has its own unit commander, a Cadet Colonel. Due to necessity for military functions, the Band Commander is accorded the privilege of the first file in bugle rank (the lead rank of the band). During formal military ceremonies, the commander carries a sabre instead of a bugle, as do all other commanders. The Infantry and Artillery Bands perform together for halftime shows, but are often split for minor performances such as local parades and functions where the entire band is not needed. Furthermore, the band is composed of three different ROTC programs and appoints commanders to manage and train the cadets within their respective ROTC affiliations.

On the field, the band is led by three drum majors and the twelve members of bugle rank. Each drum major carries a mace and directs the band based on its movements and whistle commands during a drill. The head drum major is a Cadet Lieutenant Colonel, while the two side drum majors, the Infantry Band Drum Major and the Artillery Band Drum Major, are Cadet Majors.

Bugle rank consists of the Band Commander and eleven other senior cadets who are well respected in the band and have impeccable marching abilities. Each bugle rank member carries a bugle with a banner, which are never played during a performance. Together, the drum majors and bugle rank lead the band through the maneuvers on the field. In addition to their primary functions within the band, the bugles and maces also serve a military ceremonial function and are used to salute commissioned officers, much as a rifleman would salute with a rifle or a commander would salute with a sabre.

Composition
The band has over 400 members, though as of 2019, a typical performance fields slightly over 300 bandsmen. Instrumentation consists of more than 60 trumpets, 40 trombones, 30 mellophones, 30 baritones, 25 bass horns, 40 drummers, and 90 assorted woodwinds, though the actual composition varies annually. There are no flutes in the Aggie Band, as their position while being played would hinder the intricate marching maneuvers. Piccolos are used instead. All members of the band must have high school marching experience, an audition during the spring semester leading into the first fall semester of attendance to include major scales and sight reading, and an individual interview with the band director. Prospective members are also encouraged to participate in the Spend the Night with the Corps program to better understand the rigors of life in the Corps of Cadets.

Complex maneuvers

The repertoire of the Aggie Band's maneuvers is designed by the directors and drum majors and can include obliques, flanks, countermarches, and other Army marching maneuvers. The Band is generally led by the bugle rank with each person following the person in front of them, also known as follow-the-leader. Space between band members during countermarches is less than six inches (15 cm) and during other maneuvers even less. This space is insufficient for the bass horns and some members must turn their horns to complete the maneuver. According to an article in The Battalion, "some of the Aggie band's maneuvers are so complex that some drill-charting software says that the drills are impossible because they require multiple people to be in the same place at the same time." This is also discussed in a video by The Association of Former Students of Texas A&M University.

The Fightin' Texas Aggie Band has performed at inauguration parades for many Presidents of the United States in Washington, D.C., including at the personal request of President-elect George H. W. Bush. Other events in which the band has participated include inauguration parades for Governors of Texas, major annual parades across the country, and the dedication ceremony for the George H. W. Bush Presidential Library.

Typical halftime drill

The halftime drill always begins with the band running into place at the command of the drum major's whistle. The announcer, an associate band director, then states, usually the crowd in unison with him says, "Ladies and gentlemen, now forming at the north end of Kyle Field, the nationally famous Fightin' Texas Aggie Band." A whoop and cheers come from the audience. The drum majors then march out in front of the band and the head drum major calls the band to attention and vocally gives directions to the band, referencing the composition of the Aggie War Hymn, by shouting, "Recall! Step off on Hullabaloo!" (Recall is a traditional Army bugle call – the first 34 notes, and intro of the Aggie War Hymn. "Hullabaloo" is the first word sung in the Aggie War Hymn.) These directions are not amplified in any way, but can be heard across the entire stadium. After another whoop, the drum majors signal for the horns to be lifted into playing position with two quick whistle blasts and the bugle rank does a flourish.

The drill then begins with the band playing the opening notes of the War Hymn and stepping off into the initial formation. At some point in the drill, the band converts from Spread formation to Block formation. With no cessation of the music until the band leaves the field, the drill continues and often stops with the band playing the last stanza in place in the center of the field before moving into the signature "Block T" or "Block A T M ". When done playing, the band runs off the field. Specific maneuvers in the drill can include:

 * The Criss Cross: the band files split into two halves and march through each other at 90° angles
 * The Four-way Cross: The band splits into four groups of three files and march through each other from each of the corners of the field (this maneuver is one of the more popular among fans, due to its difficulty)
 * Minstrel Turns: band members pass through each other by stepping between each other's feet.
 * Spread-to-Block: the band moves from being 30 files wide (i.e., across the width of the football field) by 12 ranks deep (i.e., along the length of the football field) to 12 files wide by 30 ranks deep
 * Block-to-Spread: the opposite of Spread-to-Block
 * Continuous Countermarch: the bugle rank leads two successive countermarches following the back of the band through the maneuver
 * Wheel Turns (also known as a Gate Turn): A turn of a block of the band where the people on the inside of the turn reduce their step size. This is only done during parades when going around corners.

Music
As a military marching band, the Aggie Band exclusively plays traditional marches. Among many other marches, its primary repertoire includes:

 * Fightin' Texas Aggie War Hymn
 * Spirit of Aggieland: The school's alma mater
 * The Noble Men of Kyle: The group's signature march; also a nickname for the band
 * Ballad of the Green Berets
 * The main theme from the 1970 film Patton
 * When Johnny Comes Marching Home
 * Strategic Air Command March

The Aggie Band frequently performs a number of standard military and circus marches:

Many non-military works are also commonly played by the band, arranged as marches by Dr. Rhea. These include movie themes (Theme from 1941, Parade of the Charioteers, The Good, the Bad and the Ugly), concert marches (The Sinfonians, Bird’s Battlin’ Brigade, Pomp and Circumstance Marches), and even symphonic and orchestral music ("Cathedral Chorus" from Russian Christmas Music, Great Gate of Kiev, "March of the Toy Soldiers" from The Nutcracker).
 * The Trombone King (King)
 * Stars and Stripes Forever (Sousa)
 * Bravura (Duble)
 * National Emblem (Bagley)
 * Them Basses (Huffine)
 * Washington Post (Sousa)
 * Armed Forces Medley (Traditional)
 * St. Julien (Hughes)
 * Semper Fidelis (Sousa)
 * Americans We (Fillmore)
 * Pentland Hills (Howe)
 * Klaxon (Fillmore)

Notable members

 * Henry Cisneros, 10th United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development and former Mayor of San Antonio. Commander of the combined band (1967-198)
 * General Eric Smith, 36th assistant commandant of the Marine Corps and commander of the combined band (1986-1987)
 * General Joe Ramirez, Commandant of the Texas A&M Corps of Cadets (2011-2021).

title: Fightin' Texas Aggie Band


text:
Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan

The Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan (AFFA; Azərbaycan Futbol Federasiyaları Assosiasiyası, AFFA) is the governing body of football in Azerbaijan. Formed in 1992, it is responsible for overseeing all aspects of the amateur and professional game in its territory.

AFFA sanctions all competitive football matches within its remit at national level, and indirectly at local level through the AFFA Amateur League. It runs numerous competitions, the most famous of which is the Azerbaijan Cup. It is also responsible for appointing the management of the men's, women's and youth national football teams and leagues.

AFFA is a member of both UEFA and FIFA.

History
The AFFA was formed on 26 March 1992, after Azerbaijan gained its independence from the USSR. On 23 February 2009, the AFFA, along with UEFA vice president Şenes Erzik, unveiled the Azerbaijan Football Academy.

In 2010, the association adopted a new logo. In 2012, the federation held an election with Rovnag Abdullayev being the only candidate, the assembly was marred with controversies.

Relationship with FIFA
The country's football association received a major blow in April 2002, when UEFA imposed a two-year ban in response to a long-standing conflict between the AFFA and majority of the Azerbaijan Premier League clubs. The domestic championship was abandoned as a result of the conflict and the top clubs prevented their players from playing for the national team, with tax officials also probing allegations of fraud at the Azerbaijan federation.

Competitions
It organizes the following competitions:
 * Men's football:
 * Azerbaijan Premier League (or Topaz Premyer Liqası); First league
 * Azerbaijan First Division (or Birinci Divizion); Second league
 * Azerbaijan Cup
 * Azerbaijan Supercup
 * Azerbaijan Futsal Premier League
 * AFFA Amateur League

 * Women's football:
 * Azerbaijan Women's Football League

National teams
The AFFA also organises national football teams representing Azerbaijan at all age levels:

Sponsorship
Companies that AFFA currently has sponsorship deals with include:

 * Topaz - Official sponsor
 * Bakcell - Official sponsor
 * Atena - Official sponsor
 * Unicef - Official sponsor
 * Coca-Cola - Official sponsor
 * AccessBank Azerbaijan - Official sponsor
 * Clear - Official sponsor