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Peter Gethin

Peter Kenneth Gethin (21 February 1940 – 5 December 2011 ) was a British racing driver from England. He participated in 31 World Championship Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on 21 June 1970. He won the 1971 Italian Grand Prix, this race stood as the fastest-ever Formula One race for 32 years, until the 2003 Italian Grand Prix at Monza, this was Gethin's only podium finish. Gethin also participated in numerous non-Championship Formula One races, winning the 1971 World Championship Victory Race and the 1973 Race of Champions.

Gethin also raced for Team McLaren in the 1970 Canadian-American Challenge Cup series, driving the McLaren M8D that had been driven by Dan Gurney in the first three races of the season. Gethin won one race and finished third in the 1970 championship. In 1974 Gethin won the Tasman Series, a Formula 5000 series held in Australia and New Zealand. Gethin drove a Chevron B24 Chevrolet. Gethin later ran a Formula 3000 team.

1970
Gethin made his debut in F1 for McLaren at the 1970 Dutch Grand Prix, replacing the team's founder, Bruce McLaren, who had been killed at the Goodwood Circuit earlier in the month. He joined a three car team which also included Andrea de Adamich and Dan Gurney. He qualified strongly at Zandvoort, taking 11th, 2.110s behind Jochen Rindt's pole time for Lotus. He was nine-tenths of a second ahead of his more illustrious but ageing teammate Gurney. He engaged in a good fight early in the race with Henri Pescarolo's Matra, but soon got the better of the Frenchman and was still running in 10th when he had an accident on lap 19.

Gethin missed the French and British Grands Prix, as former McLaren legend and 1967 world champion Denny Hulme drove the car, but he returned for the German Grand Prix. He qualified less impressively, being only 17th, and a tenth of a second behind Hulme, who had remained with the team on Gethin's return at the expense of Gurney. It was a disappointing race, as Gethin dropped to the back early on and retired after just 3 laps with a throttle failure.

The Austrian Grand Prix at the Österreichring was next, and it was another disappointing qualifying session for Gethin, who was down in 21st and comprehensively trounced by his teammates Hulme and de Adamich. As other drivers fell by the wayside in the race, however, Gethin climbed consistently up the order, and was running as high as 8th before he was passed by Ignazio Giunti's Ferrari and Jo Siffert's March late on, but it was his first grand prix finish as he came home 10th.

Gethin was again the rearmost of the McLaren cars at Monza for the Italian Grand Prix, but it was an improved performance, as he was 17th and as close as he had been to the pole time, 2.050 seconds behind Jacky Ickx's Ferrari. He started well in the race and was quickly up to 13th after good passes on teammate de Adamich and Ronnie Peterson's March. However, both Gethin and de Adamich soon suffered technical problems, and dropped to the back of the field, where they would stay until the end of the race, apart from brief periods ahead of Giunti and Tim Schenken's De Tomaso when they were experiencing their own problems. Due to the sheer attrition of the race, de Adamich was 8th at the end and Gethin 9th, although the Englishman was 8 laps down and therefore not classified.

The Canadian Grand Prix at Mont-Tremblant saw the season leave Europe and head towards its finale in the Americas, and it saw a resurgence in Gethin's form, as he out-qualified both de Adamich and Hulme, coming 11th just 1.7 seconds behind Jackie Stewart's pole time. He played the race strategy well, and did not have to make any moves on the track, save one against Pescarolo. He was behind Hulme for a while, but the Kiwi retired with wheel problems. This left Gethin free to take 6th and his first points in F1.

Hoping to continue this form, they arrived in Watkins Glen for the United States Grand Prix. It appeared that Gethin's Canada pace had not been carried over, as he was back behind Hulme and in 21st on the grid, 3.05 seconds behind Ickx on pole, although he was ahead of de Adamich. He raced strongly in the first half of the race, crucially getting ahead of the Brabhams of Jack Brabham and Rolf Stommelen, but both were able to pass him before too long. Tim Schenken and Clay Regazzoni, who was recovering from technical problems, also exposed his deficiencies in racecraft, leaving him 14th and last, and this was where he finished, 8 laps down on winner Emerson Fittipaldi in the Lotus.

The season concluded with the Mexican Grand Prix at the Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez in Mexico City, and Gethin was back on form, qualifying a season best 10th, over half a second ahead of Hulme. He raced strongly again, keeping the faster car of 1964 world champion John Surtees, in the car bearing his name, behind for a number of laps. However, the McLaren's reliability issues reared their ugly head again, and he slowed and finally stopped with engine failure on lap 28.

The season ended with Gethin in 23rd in the world championship, with just 1 solitary point earned in Canada.

1971
Gethin remained with McLaren for 1971, in a team now reduced to two cars, with Gethin partnering Hulme for another year. The first qualifying session at Kyalami went badly for the Englishman, who finished the session 11th, half a second behind his more illustrious teammate and 1.8 seconds behind pole man Jackie Stewart, driving for Tyrrell. In a race where Hulme was only denied victory by suspension problems four laps from the end, Gethin dropped back very quickly and retired just 7 laps in with a fuel leak.

The Montjuïc Circuit was the venue for the Spanish Grand Prix, which was next on the calendar. Gethin took a career best 7th, only 0.9 seconds behind Jacky Ickx's Ferrari on pole and over three-tenths ahead of Hulme. He fast dropped behind Hulme and the second Ferrari of Mario Andretti, and when things straightened out he was down in 10th, behind François Cevert's Tyrrell and the Lotus of Emerson Fittipaldi as well. However, the retirements of Andretti and Fittipaldi left him 8th, which is where he finished the race – depressingly he had been comfortably outperformed by Hulme, who had taken 5th.

Gethin's first appearance at Monaco which was the next challenge, and Gethin did not impress in qualifying, being down in 14th, 1.6 seconds behind Hulme and almost four seconds behind Stewart's pole time. He dropped a further place on the first lap, to Rolf Stommelen's Surtees. He gradually gained places, however, due to others' retirements and a good overtake on John Surtees. He ran as high as 11th before he hit the barriers on lap 23.

He won the 1971 Italian Grand Prix with the fastest average speed in Formula One history (until the record was broken by Michael Schumacher in the same race in ), but this was his only podium finish. There was only 0.01 seconds between him and second placed Ronnie Peterson, also a record. Indeed, he never led an entire lap of Formula One racing, as he passed from fourth to first in the last lap.

Death
Gethin died at the age of 71 in December 2011 after a long illness.

Complete European Formula Two Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.)

Complete British Saloon Car Championship results
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Complete European F5000 Championship results
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Complete Formula One World Championship results
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Non-championship results
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title: Peter Gethin


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Philippe Streiff

Philippe Pierre Streiff (26 June 1955 – 23 December 2022) was a French racing driver. He participated in 55 Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on 21 October 1984. He achieved one podium, and scored a total of 11 championship points.

A pre-season testing crash at the Jacarepaguá circuit in Rio de Janeiro in with AGS left him a quadriplegic and thus using a wheelchair, with the quality of the care he received in the aftermath having been called into question, even if the accident itself was so serious the roll-bar broke on impact.

Streiff organised the Masters Karting Paris Bercy.

In early 1994, Streiff made a bid to purchase Ligier in partnership with Hughes de Chaunac. The bid had the support of the similarly Renault-powered Williams F1 team, who intended to turn Ligier into a 'junior' team. The bid was unsuccessful.

Belgian Luc Costermans, who had broken the World blind road speed record in late 2008, dedicated his record to Streiff.

Streiff died on 23 December 2022, at the age of 67.

Complete European Formula Three results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete European Formula Two Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete International Formula 3000 Championship results
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Complete Formula One results
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Philippe Streiff


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Haig Fund

The Haig Fund (more properly the Earl Haig Fund) is a charity set up in 1921 by Field Marshal Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig.

History
In response to the poem In Flanders Field by John McCrae, Moina Michael started selling silk poppies in 1918 to raise funds for ex-servicemen. The "Disabled Society" was started in 1920 for disabled ex-servicemen and to raise funds for it Anna Guérin organised the production and sale of silk poppies. In 1921 Guérin persuaded Haig to adopt the poppy as the symbol of the Royal British Legion, however demand exceeded supply. In 1922 George Howson pledged that the disabled society could provide the poppies, which under the name of "The Poppy Factory" they continue to do.

On 1 January 1994 the words on the central black button were changes from "Haig Fund" to "Poppy Appeal".

The Haig Fund continues to support veterans from all conflicts and other military actions involving British Armed Forces up to the present day. Its members sell remembrance poppies in the weeks before Remembrance Day/Armistice Day.

title: Haig Fund


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Pakuranga

Pakuranga is an eastern suburb of Auckland, in northern New Zealand. Pakuranga covers a series of low ridges and previously swampy flats, now drained, that lie between the Pakuranga Creek and Tamaki River, two estuarial arms of the Hauraki Gulf. It is located to the north of Manukau and 15 kilometres southeast of the Auckland CBD.

Geography

Pakuranga is located on the eastern shores of the Tāmaki River, on a peninsula formed between the river and the Pakuranga Creek to the south. In the 19th Century, inland Pakuranga was a peat wetland, dominated by Cordyline australis (tī kōuka / cabbage trees).

Etymology
The name Pakuranga is a contraction of Te Pakuranga-rāhīhī ("The Battle of the Sun's Rays"), a traditional Tāmaki Māori story involving a battle between the supernatural Tūrehu people of the Waitākere and Hunua ranges, where magic was used to turn warriors into stone using the sun's rays. The gods Mataaho and Rūaumoko, after hearing of this battle, create the Auckland volcanic field in their rage. The name Pakuranga is a name that was also used for Ōhuiarangi / Pigeon Mountain, a volcano in Half Moon Bay.

The name Pakuranga was used by early European settlers from the 1840s to refer to the area between the Tāmaki River and Tūranga Creek. After the establishment of Howick, the name Pakuranga referred to the rural area to the west of the settlement as far as the Tāmaki River. The Pakuranga Highway District, defined in 1863, included areas to the north such as Bucklands Beach. The modern Pakuranga area was first formally defined in 1956, with the establishment of the Pakuranga County Town.

Māori history

The Pakuranga area is part of the rohe of Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki, who descend from the crew of the Tainui migratory waka, who visited the area around the year 1300. The mouth of the Tāmaki River was traditionally known as Te Wai ō Tāiki ("The Waters of Tāiki"), named after the Ngāi Tai ancestor Tāiki. Tāiki settled with his followers along the eastern shores of the Tāmaki River, alongside the descendants of Huiārangi of the early iwi Te Tini ō Maruiwi. The upper reaches of the river near modern Pakuranga is traditionally known as Te Wai Mokoia, referring to Mokoikahikuwaru, a protector taniwha of the Tainui waka who is described in legends as taking up residence at the Panmure Basin.

Ngāi Tai created extensive cultivations along the eastern shores of the Tāmaki River. Ōhuiarangi / Pigeon Mountain was an important pā site for Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki, named after ancestress Huiārangi, daughter of Tāmaki of Te Tini ō Maruiwi. The slopes of the mountain and surrounding areas were home to stonefield gardens, and the mountain was an important location for snaring kererū. In approximately the first half of the 18th century, Ngāriki, a rangatira of Ngāi Tai, built a fortified pā at Te Naupata (Musick Point), the headland at the end of the peninsula, called Te Waiārohia (a shortening of Te Waiārohia ō Ngāriki). The followers of Ngāriki also settled at the Ōhuiarangi pā.

By the mid-18th century, Ngāti Pāoa, a Hauraki Gulf tribe with close relationships to Ngāi Tai, established themselves on the western shores of the river at Panmure, at Mokoia pā and a kāinga called Mauināina. By the time missionaries Samuel Marsden and John Gare Butler visited the isthmus in 1820, there were thousands of inhabitants living along the shores of the Tāmaki River at Mokoia.

During the Musket Wars in the 1820s, Mokoia pā and Mauināina were attacked by a Ngāpuhi taua (war party), devastating the settlement. The wider area was evacuated by Ngāti Pāoa and Ngāi Tai, with most members of Ngāi Tai fleeing to the Waikato for temporary refuge during this time. When English missionary William Thomas Fairburn visited the area in 1833, it was mostly unoccupied. The land at Mokoia and Mauināina pā became tapu for Ngāti Pāoa due to the large number of deaths, and was not resettled.

In 1836, William Thomas Fairburn brokered a land sale between Tāmaki Māori chiefs covering the majority of modern-day South Auckland, East Auckland and the Pōhutukawa Coast. The sale was envisioned as a way to end hostilities in the area, but it is unclear what the chiefs understood or consented to. Māori continued to live in the area, unchanged by this sale. In 1854 when Fairburn's purchase was investigated by the New Zealand Land Commission, a Ngāi Tai reserve was created around the Wairoa River and Umupuia areas, and as a part of the agreement, members of Ngāi Tai agreed to leave their traditional settlements to the west.

European settlement

The Pakuranga area was sold by Government auction in 1843. Much of the area was farmed by Hemi Pepene, a Ngāpuhi orphan who grew up at the Paihia Mission Station and was taken care of by the Fairburns, and by Joseph Hargreaves, who bought 82 acres in 1843 and constructed the first European house in Pakuranga. In 1847, Howick was established as a defensive outpost for Auckland, by fencibles (retired British Army soldiers) and their families. The first ferry services across the river to Panmure began in 1850. Many of the first European farmers in the area were fencibles from Howick, such as brothers Robert and Thomas Every Maclean in 1851 who developed extensive livestock farms, and Patrick and Ann Fitzpatrick who bought land in 1852. By the mid-1860s, wheat became the most significant crop in the area.

In September 1863 during the Invasion of the Waikato, the Ngāi Tai village of Ōtau near Clevedon was attacked by the British army, and the village was evacuated, with people moving to communities at the river's mouth. While Māori of South Auckland such as Te Ākitai Waiohua were forced to leave, Ngāi Tai were designated as a "friendly" people by the Crown and remained neutral in the fighting. After the Native Lands Act of 1865, the Native Land Court confiscated many Ngāi Tai lands. The remaining land was individuated, slowly sold on to European farmers.

Pakuranga became more accessible after the opening of the Panmure Bridge, connecting Pakuranga to Panmure across the Tāmaki River in 1865. In the same year, the capital of New Zealand was moved from Auckland to Wellington, causing major financial problems for the area as land prices plummeted and demand for butter dropped. In 1869, Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (the Duke of Edinburgh) visited New Zealand, spending a month living at Pakuranga.

In 1874, the Pakuranga Hunt was established and by 1900 had become one of the largest social clubs in Auckland. The Hunt was based in East Tāmaki, organising hare hunts and county balls for the wider area. The name Pakuranga became synonymous with the hunt, and by 1960 the hunt had relocated south to Karaka.

By the later 19th Century, Pakuranga developed into an area similar to the English countryside, dominated by poplar, oak and willow trees. Over time, the wheat fields were gradually replaced with dairy farms, which dominated the area until the 1940s. The Pakuranga Hall was opened in 1921,

Suburbanisation

In the 1930s, the road to Howick was concreted, improving transport times for milk to Auckland, and for passengers into the area. In 1948, Pakuranga was considered as a potential site for the new international airport, which eventually opened in Māngere. Land in Pakuranga was subdivided into housing from the 1950s, and the Manukau County Council planned to leave a green belt separating Pakuranga from Howick, however lost a court case with a farmer who planned to subdivide his land. By 1956, the area had grown in size enough that the Pakuranga County Town was established within Manukau County. A new Panmure Bridge facilitated further growth after its construction in 1959.

In 1965, the Pakuranga Town Centre (now known as Pakuranga Plaza) was officially opened. It was the second modern American-style mall constructed in Auckland, and incorporated a number of major stores, such as Farmers and a George Court department store. By the mid-1970s, Pakuranga developed an image as a stereotypical location for busy housewives. The area acquired the nicknames "Nappy Valley" and "Vim Valley", the latter referring to a popular advertisement for the cleaning product Vim, that featured Pakuranga housewives.

The Pakuranga Community Hall was opened in 1975, and in 1981 Lloyd Elsmore Park, a multi-purpose urban park, sporting facility and home to the Howick Historical Village, was officially opened.

The Eastern Busway, a project to link Botany to Panmure by rapid transport, began construction in 2019. The busway opened to Pakuranga in 2021, with the entire project scheduled to open by the mid-2020s.

Demographics
Pakuranga covers 3.42 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Before the 2023 census, Pakuranga had a smaller boundary, covering 2.52 km2. Using that boundary, Pakuranga had a population of 7,689 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 444 people (6.1%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 1,113 people (16.9%) since the 2006 census. There were 2,418 households, comprising 3,798 males and 3,888 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.98 males per female, with 1,521 people (19.8%) aged under 15 years, 1,719 (22.4%) aged 15 to 29, 3,411 (44.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 1,035 (13.5%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 44.4% European/Pākehā, 11.7% Māori, 13.2% Pacific peoples, 41.4% Asian, and 3.6% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 48.0, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 40.9% had no religion, 37.2% were Christian, 0.7% had Māori religious beliefs, 6.3% were Hindu, 3.4% were Muslim, 3.3% were Buddhist and 2.7% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 1,494 (24.2%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 993 (16.1%) people had no formal qualifications. 864 people (14.0%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 3,225 (52.3%) people were employed full-time, 774 (12.5%) were part-time, and 213 (3.5%) were unemployed.

Pakuranga Plaza
Pakuranga Plaza was established in 1965. It covers 28,000 m² with 1400 carparks. The plaza has 70 retailers, including Countdown, Panda Mart and The Warehouse.

Museums
Howick Historical Village is a recreation of a 19th century European settler village. It opened to the public in 1997.

Te Tuhi (previously known as Te Tuhi Centre for the Arts), an art gallery, opened in 1975.

Schools
There was no school in the area before the 1960s so children had to walk or ride horses to the old Howick school which was located across from the Highland Park shops. The old school was moved to the old village display in Bells Rd, Pakuranga.

Edgewater College is a secondary school (years 9–13) with a roll of students.

Pakuranga Intermediate is an intermediate school (years 7–8) with a roll of students.

Anchorage Park School and Riverina School are contributing primary schools (years 1–6) with rolls of and  students, respectively.

Saint Kentigern College (not to be confused with the boys' and girls' schools located in Remuera), is a private Presbyterian secondary school (years 7–13) with a roll of students.

All these schools are coeducational. Rolls are as of

Local government
The first local government in the area was the Borough of Auckland, which was established in 1851 and administered some areas of Pakuranga. In 1865, the Pakuranga Highway District was established, later becoming the Pakuranga Road Board. This was merged into the Manukau County in 1921. By 1956, the area had grown in size enough that the Pakuranga County Town was established within the Manukau County. This was merged into Manukau City in 1965. In November 2010, all cities and districts of the Auckland Region were amalgamated into a single body, governed by the Auckland Council.

Pakuranga is part of the Howick local board area, who elects members of the Howick Local Board. Residents of Howick also elect two Howick ward councillors, who sits on the Auckland Council.

title: Pakuranga


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Hoshi

Hoshi or Hosi/Hoshni (星) is the Japanese word for "Star", and the Japanese word for a Buddhist "Priest" &/or "Monk" (僧, 法師 and 比丘).

Hoshi may also refer to:

People with the surname

 * Chisato Hoshi (星 千智), Japanese badminton athlete
 * Hamuko Hoshi (星 ハム子), Japanese professional wrestler
 * Mizue Hoshi (星 瑞枝), Japanese alpine skier
 * Nobuyoshi Hoshi (保志 信芳) or Hokutoumi Nobuyoshi, Japanese sumo wrestler
 * Shinichi Hoshi (星 新一), Japanese novelist and science fiction writer
 * Shizuko Hoshi, Japanese-American actress, theatre director, dancer, and choreographer
 * Sōichirō Hoshi (保志 総一朗), Japanese voice actor and singer
 * Tomoya Hoshi (星 知弥), Japanese baseball player
 * Tōru Hoshi (星 亨), Japanese politician and cabinet minister
 * Yoko Hoshi (星 ようこ), Japanese actress
 * Yoshiaki Hoshi (星 吉昭), Japanese musician
 * Yuriko Hoshi (星 由里子), Japanese actress

Anime and manga

 * Hoshi Mamoru Inu or Stargazing Dog, a Japanese manga series by Takashi Murakami
 * Hoshi no Furumachi, a Japanese manga series by Hidenori Hara
 * Hoshi no Ko Chobin, a Japanese anime series created by Shotaro Ishinomori
 * Hoshi no Ko Poron, a Japanese anime series produced by Jiho Eigasha
 * Hoshi no Koe or Voices of a Distant Star, a Japanese OVA directed by Makoto Shinkai
 * Hoshi o Katta Hi, a Japanese anime short film directed by Hayao Miyazaki
 * Hoshi wa Utau or Twinkle Stars, a Japanese manga series by Natsuki Takaya
 * La Seine no Hoshi, a Japanese anime series based on the movie La Tulipe Noire
 * Hoshi no Kirby, a Japanese anime series based on the Kirby series, named Kirby: Right Back at Ya! in English

Fictional characters

 * Doctor Light (Kimiyo Hoshi), a superhero in American comic books published by DC Comics
 * Hoshi, a character in the Japanese manga series Arakawa Under the Bridge
 * Hoshi Sato, a character in the American television series Star Trek: Enterprise
 * Lieutenant Hoshi, a character in the American sci-fi media franchise Battlestar Galactica
 * Ryoma Hoshi, a character in the Japanese visual novel game Danganronpa V3: Killing Harmony
 * Ryu Hoshi, a character in the 1994 Japanese-American action film Street Fighter

Film and television

 * Hoshi no Furumachi (film), a 2011 Japanese film based on the manga of the same name
 * Hoshi no Kinka, a 1995 Japanese television drama series
 * Hoshi Mamoru Inu, a 2011 Japanese film based on the manga of the same name

Games

 * Hoshi no Kirby, a Japanese video game series published by Nintendo, named only Kirby in English
 * Hoshi Wo Miru Hito, a 1987 Japanese video game for the Famicom home console

Music

 * Hoshi kara Kita Futari, a 1978 album by Japanese pop duo Pink Lady
 * "Hoshi no Hate", a 2011 song by Japanese pop singer Alisa Mizuki

Singers

 * Hoshi (French singer), French singer, born 1996
 * Hoshi (South Korean singer), South Korean singer, born 1996

Other uses

 * Hoshi (Go) (星), an intersection marked with a small dot in the board game Go
 * Hōshi Ryokan, a traditional Japanese inn founded in 718 AD
 * Hoshi University, a private Japanese university specializing in pharmaceutical sciences

title: Hoshi


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Talk:2004 United States presidential election controversy, exit polls

For a December 2004 deletion debate over this page see Votes for deletion/2004 U.S. presidential election controversy, exit polls

Statistics for exit poll/actual result discrepencies
The article tries to point out that the discrepancies between exit polls and actual results were greater at e-voting places, but the cited reference does not give a mathematical calculation of this (1 in 50,000 refers to the chance that Bush did better than exit-polls preedicted over-all). Does anyone have a reference for the e-voting discrepancies? If not, it could be fairly easy to calculate given the raw data (by performing a chi-squared test or similar - I assume that someone, somewhere, has done this). The article says that the discrepancies at e-voting booths are significantly greater, but this is a precise statistical term and should be backed up with numbers. — Asbestos | Talk 11:36, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

New Discrepancies Map
This page has requires using the history to read it, I've never encountered that before. Anyways, I have a new map, of discrepancies as of nov.3 12:22am, from this source (and the updated excel file is uploaded too, if anyone wants it)

Kevin Baas | talk 22:40, 2004 Nov 12 (UTC)

 * What is the maximum gain (among the blue states according to this map) of exit poll discrepancy in kerry's favor? Are there pre election day polls that agree or disagree with blue state (according to this map) discrepancies?  What are the odds of all the irregularities in kerry's favor?  Is this based off of final exit poll data or non "weighted"? Zen Master 23:06, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Kizzle, this isn't how talk pages are normally used and this kind of break from the norm should be discussed first. I feel people should be free to create threads here as they wish, and you shouldn't archive discussions that were started literally minutes ago. I moved all of today's discussions back to this main talk page, where they belong. Rhobite 22:55, Nov 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * Kevin, please stop using sources which anyone can post an article to? Wanna take a look at my article . -- Netoholic @ 22:56, 2004 Nov 12 (UTC)

 * If you don't think like wikis or forums, don't write in them. Kevin Baas | talk 23:01, 2004 Nov 12 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is not a discussion forum, nor does it use source which can not be independantly verified by our readers. It seems I am not the one who is writing in the wrong place. -- Netoholic @ 23:34, 2004 Nov 12 (UTC)

 * I agree with you on all but the last point. Kevin Baas | talk 23:44, 2004 Nov 12 (UTC)

 * Actually Netoholic, that is the essence of your misunderstanding, wikipedia IS a discussion formum for resolving article dispute, please learn. Zen Master 00:29, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

new map:Hybrid us map
Kevin Baas | talk 21:47, 2004 Nov 15 (UTC)

Opps, I compensated the wrong way. Sorry. Here's the real map. According to the a variance of the discrepancy between the compensated polls and the vote counts for the non-BBV states, there is a 22.5% chance the poll is off by enough for Bush to have won Ohio (and a 50% chance that it was off in that direction), and a 47.5% chance that it was off enough for Kerry to have won Florida (and a 50% chance that it was off in that direction), giving Kerry a 91.4% chance of victory. Kevin Baas | talk 06:55, 2004 Nov 16 (UTC)

By the same logic, if we use instead the average of the vote count and the exit polls for the BBV states (meet halfway), Kerry is given a 55.5% chance of victory.

And if we give the vote-count a 50% chance of being perfectly accurate, and a 50% chance of being meaningless, that gives Kerry a 91.4%/2=45.7% chance of victory. Kevin Baas | talk 07:18, 2004 Nov 16 (UTC)

Opps, those figures are with New Hampshire in the BBW states. (I am not doing well with clerical perception lately!) Those figures are interesting as well, and with New Hampshire included in the bias compensation, the figures are pretty close. If people think any of this should be in the article, or if the data is really important to someone, I can recalculate.

Commentary about exit poll accuracy
A good part of the suspicions of fraud in the election seems to hinge on the accuracy of the exit poll data. Doing a google search I came across this commentary by Howard Fienberg and Iain Murray. Quote: Historically, exit polls have been more reliable than regular polls and the news media treat them as gospel. But if the poll result is close, anyone who tells you that they know who has won is lying - November 7, 2000

(veryfied with wayback machine: this page was up august 2002) Besides being definitely unbiased concerning the current election, it mentions several cases of exit polls that were quite of. Those might be worth investigating to get an idea of the circumstances under which exit polls can yield inaccurate results. --Icekiss 14:04, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * When I said "evidence", thats exactly what I meant. Nice one!
 * Wariness of exit poll reliability is also why I asked for a similar comparison of exit poll / popular vote for other recent or parallel elections too, to indicate how well they track in other elections for comparison. FT2 18:30, Nov 12, 2004 (UTC)

Please see dnamining.com/exit for another analysis. I disagree with your characterization of the Caltech/MIT paper, although I agree it is not a good paper. -wjb(newbie)

Here is a relatively thorough explanation of how exit polls work and an evaluation of their reliability: http://www.mysterypollster.com/main/2004/11/exit_polls_what.html Quote: Despite the occasional controversies, exit polls remain among the most sophisticated and reliable political surveys available. They will offer an unparalleled look at today's voters in a way that would be impossible without quality survey data. Having said that, they are still just random sample surveys, possessing the usual limitations plus some that are unique to exit polling (anon, 18:00 Nov 15, 2004 PST)

The issue with the exit polls is not with their general methodology, which is certainly very reliable. There is always selection error, and it's important to list that as a source of error and discuss it. This article has been written so thoroughly from the POV of democrats/liberals that it's not even possible to insert gracefully the real issue with exit polls: that democrats are more likely to live in cities, therefore, they are more likely to vote multiple times, therefore they are more likely to 'vote' in exit polls multiple times. This is why Democrats say, 'voter disenfranchisement' but Republicans say 'voter fraud'. And in our day and age, I'm afraid that the staunchly pro-Democrat African-Americans are more likely to be disenfranchised by a criminal record. I'm not racist, I've looked at the demographics, and unfortunately, young african american males are more likely to go to jail than to college. It's terrible. But it's also the case that a lot of votes should be thrown out that aren't, and that it benefits the Republicans to be more picky than the Democrats. I think it's a mistake to spend so much time on sour grapes, but if you're going to have this article, you should offer more than one perspective.

Like this quote from a link above: d about voting for Wilder.

"* In the Republican primaries in New Hampshire in 1992 and in Arizona in 1996, exit polls overestimated the vote for Pat Buchanan. The most likely reason for the mistakes, which resulted in misleading news coverage? Zealous Buchanan voters were more willing to participate in exit polls. In 1992, exit polls predicted a George Bush win by only a small margin over Buchanan -- Bush actually won by 16 points. In 1996, exit polls put Bob Dole a distant third after Steve Forbes and Buchanan - Dole actually came in a close second to Forbes. " And I think everyone will agree that the Democrats were more zealous in this election. I'm not asking for a 'Fox News' style article, but I'd like some thought put into these things by people who care about balance rather than proving a point. It's not an encyclopedia for the world if alternative POVs are deleted- as my previous attempts were (though I didn't have an account and I don't know if that hurt me).

I think you do offer a variety of sources, but you haven't structured this as an article, but as an argument. A balanced argument would include the actual evidence rather than citations- instead of quoting biased professors verbatim, and name-dropping, simply include the statistics and reasoning itself. I don't care about anyone's paper, I care about the evidence. - solomonrex (noob)

 * the real issue with exit polls: that democrats are more likely to live in cities, therefore, they are more likely to vote multiple times, therefore they are more likely to 'vote' in exit polls multiple times.

 * How does geographical clustering of party affect one's probability of multiple voting? Do you have any articles or prominent discussions you can reference to in hypothesizing that democrats were more likely to vote multiple times?  And yes, while its not official wikipedia policy, if you register with an account, your edits are more likely to be interpreted as contributions and not vandalism. --kizzle 16:27, May 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * Kizzle's right, this is an unsubstantiated allegation, and, as such, violates the Civility policy. And on a side note: let me correct your logic: that would not effect the accuracy of exit polls: the sample remains in proportion to the vote. Kevin Baastalk: new 17:48, 2005 May 6 (UTC)

Thom Hartmann states that in Germany,
 * "... people fill in hand-marked ballots, which are hand-counted by civil servants, watched over by volunteer representatives of the political parties. ... It's totally clean, and easily audited. And even though it takes a week or more to count the vote ... the German people know the election results the night the polls close because the news media’s exit polls, for two generations, have never been more than a tenth of a percent off."

Unfortunately he's wrong. Generally all votes are counted (twice) by midnight. Then the preliminary final results are announced and the candidates who won are contacted so they can state whether they accept their seats or not. They have a week to reply and then the final results are announced; it's got nothing to do with counting votes for a week (btw. the final result of the election as a whole can take even more time because somtimes some precincts vote later than the other. This year a candidate died in Dresden after the ballots had been finalised and therefore the precinct voted two weeks(?) later) I therefore removed that part from the article. If Thom Hartmann's got something useful to say about voting in the US and Germany perhaps someone could find a correct quote to replace the one above.

CNN screenshot redux
Look, I know this was discussed on the main page already, but that stuff about someone's screenshot showing dodgy info: that's really NOT reliable. C'mon guys! I've been very supportive of these articles, and voted to keep on nearly all of them. I've also gotten into a massive fight with Netoholic about the whole deal because I was trying to save the page, but I totally agree with him about this issue. Can we please consider removing this information? It's honestly eating into the credibility of the article. - Ta bu shi da yu 16:57, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Is your concern/thought process centering around the information in the screenshots, the possibility that the screenshots were forged, or the fact that an allegation of irregularity surrounds the 'fixed' exit polls? Cause I can see a lot of ways editorially to approach the issue in 3. without the screenshots themselves. -- RyanFreisling @ 23:24, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Changing of the exit poll results to reflect the actual precinct counts is Mitofsky standard procedure. What would "eat into the credibility of the article" is if the article showed the results not changing to reflect the actual vote counts. Kevin Baas | talk 00:09, 2004 Dec 18 (UTC)

 * The screen shots have actually been entered in as evidence in the lawsuit in ohio that challenges election results. But more importantly no one officially connected with the exit polling companies, as far as I know, including Mitofsky, has disputed the accuracy of those screen shots as reflecting the actual "unweighted" exit poll data, that should tell you something (it tells me a few things).  So, because the screen shot data has effectively gone unchallenged by anyone officially connected with exit polling companies themselves, and because it has been submitted as evidence in an Ohio court of law, it's certainly acceptable to include in a wikipedia article I believe.  If you have citations of someone officially challenging the data please provide them. zen master 00:22, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

exit poll data link
Where'd you get that data from? Is it corrected to match the vote count? --kizzle 06:09, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * NEP. Yes, the weighting was applied 1:34am, Nov 3. 2004.

 * From the Wordfile:

 * "Respondent weights are included with each data file. They can be found in columns 18 through 23 of each file. These weights should be applied in all analyses. Unweighted tabulations will be seriously misleading and should not be used.  In the SPSS data file, these values can be found under the variable label WGT.  In the combined data file, this value can be found under the variable label XSWGT and is located in columns 55 through 60 of the ascii file."

 * "For additional information on weighting, see the methodology statement on page 12."

 * I believe weight and "correction" is different... as in the 12:23am info was weighted in several aspects (as in towards gender breakdown) but it wasn't adjusted against the official vote count... I could be wrong though. MysteryPollster has an article on it: --kizzle 01:00, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * I have not had time to do more than skim the some of the documentation, but on first glance, the files appear to be consistent with the previous releases of respondent level exit poll data. The files include only one "weight" variable -- the one that includes a "correction" to match results with the actual count.  I also see no precinct level data nor any other means of replicating the "within precinct error (WPE)" analysis from the Edison-Mitofsky report.  If I that turns out to be true, those who have been demanding the release of "raw data" are going to disappointed, to put it mildly.  - http://www.mysterypollster.com/ (January 31, 2005)

 * Indeed. -- RyanFreisling @ 01:04, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Freeman and Mystery Pollster
Hi there. THe article now states that Freeman "listened to several posts on Mystery Pollster" (a blog). Is there corroboration of Mystery Pollster's role in Freeman's revisions, - and if so, can we correct it to 'considered' or 'read', as appropriate? -- RyanFreisling @ 00:41, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, if you visit the site you'll find the post by Freeman himself:

 * Hello, Mark:

 * I’d like to thank you for taking the time for offering this detailed critique of my paper, and more generally for your knowledgeable commentary on polling processes. Since writing the draft you read, I’ve learned a great deal about polling – in large part from reading through your site. I’ll have a revision of my paper out in a few days, which will be much stronger for having read your commentary.

 * Regarding your post, I’m going to respond to several points and then give a general response to what I see as the big question:

 * 1. Data. I’m happy to make my CNN data available. I have 49 states & DC (only Virginia missing if anyone has that), although for a few I don’t have sample size. Just tell me where you’d like me to send it to or post. (My own personal and University websites have been going down from too much traffic.)

 * 2. High degree of certainty (Your point 1). I agree that I overstated the case, should never have cited Hartmann, and did not understand the logistical challenges you explain. NEVERTHELESS, logic and evidence still indicate that exit polls should be a good basis for prediction, and although I can understand why the logistical challenges would increase the margin of error, it’s not at all clear why they should skew the results.

 * 3. 250-million-to-1 (Your point 2). I see that I did put too much faith in stratification counterbalancing the effects of clustering, and will redo the calculations with the 30% increase. That’s a very good citation. NEVERTHELESS, as you point out, it doesn’t change the finding that **random error can be ruled out as an explanation.** This is really the main point of the first draft, because once chance is ruled out, some other explanation needs to be found.

 * 4. Official “explanations. (Your point 3). My key point about explanations is that all we have -- at best -- are hypotheses. Perhaps Bush-voter refusal is a better hypothesis than I gave credit for, but it still is only a hypothesis. (Too many women would be irrelevant to the CNN data. Male and female preferences are reported separately and thus automatically weighted appropriately.) On the other hand, there are also creditable hypotheses, some with substantial evidence, which could have effected the tally.

 * I object most to belittling dismissals of these second set of hypotheses and allegations (e.g, Manuel Roig-Franzia and Dan Keating, “Latest Conspiracy Theory -- Kerry Won -- Hits the Ether” Washington Post, November 11, 2004; Tom Zeller, Jr. "Vote Fraud Theories, Spread by Blogs, Are Quickly Buried" New York Times November 12, 2004-Page 1), along with unquestioning acceptance as “explanations” the hypotheses and allegations about poll error.

 * In summary, I think that perhaps I biased my paper somewhat unfairly towards suggesting count errors as explanations, but that was probably in response to what I still see as an extreme bias at the press in dismissing them.

 * When you say that suggesting the possibility of count errors is delusional, perhaps you have done the same? (It seems as though you spend a lot of time on the tin foil hat circuit.)

 * Thinking coolly and scientifically: Is it delusional to question the Bush-voter-refusal hypothesis as conclusive without independent evidence? On the other hand, considering the scores of allegations, the history (especially in Florida), the lack of safeguards with electronic voting, the conflict-of-interest in election oversight, etc…, etc… (and now the Berkeley study) is it delusional to consider that, just possibly, even part of the discrepancy might be due to the possibility of miscount?

 * Yours truly, Steve Freeman

 * Posted by: Steve Freeman | November 18, 2004 10:32 PM''

--kizzle 04:18, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * Visited the site, didn't see it at first. Thanks. -- RyanFreisling @ 04:26, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Venezuela comparison
The article about the recall referendum referenced a poll by a "firm that was hired by businessmen who were almost surely opponents of Chavez".

But in the Venezuelan_recall_referendum%2C_2004 paragraph says other polls, some conducted by the opposition, were close to the results.--P8 07:48, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Stale information
I am about to delete our statement that "Unofficial results currently indicate a victory by George W. Bush over John Kerry." Merecat already did this, but it was reverted by RyanFreisling (along with other edits), with a request for discussion here. I am considering replacing the deleted statement with "Leaked exit poll results indicated that John Kerry led George W. Bush in the popular vote, but official counts recorded more votes for Bush." Any comments? -- Avenue 00:56, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The deletion looks fine to me. -- User:RyanFreisling @ 01:01, 18 April 2006 (UTC)


text:
Piers Courage

Piers Raymond Courage (27 May 1942 – 21 June 1970) was a British racing driver. He participated in 29 World Championship Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on 2 January 1967. He achieved two podium finishes, and scored 20 championship points.

Biography
Piers Courage was the eldest son of Richard Courage (1915-1994), Lord of the  Manor of Edgcote whose aunt, Dorothy Courage (1877-1972, later De Zeote) is referenced in Burke's Landed Gentry having married another  well-known sportsman, cricketer Herman de Zoete in July 1903. Piers was the heir to the Courage brewing dynasty of which his father was chairman. Educated at Eton College, Piers began his racing career in his own Lotus 7.

Following a brief stint touring the European F3 racing circuit in 1964 with a Lotus 22, along with Jonathan Williams, good results persuaded him to pursue a full season in 1965. It was in this season, driving a 1.0L F3 Brabham for Charles Lucas, that he first formed an alliance with Frank Williams, at that time Lucas's other driver and sometime mechanic. A string of good results, including four high-profile wins, encouraged Colin Chapman to offer Courage a seat in a Lotus 41 for the 1966 F3 season. This car was inferior to the dominant Brabhams but Courage still managed to outperform them on occasion, earning him a step up to the F2 category for the 1966 German Grand Prix, where he crashed out.

Signed by the BRM works Formula 1 team for 1967, alongside Chris Irwin, his wild driving style caused him to repeatedly crash out of races and his tendency to spin at crucial moments led to the team dropping him after the 1967 Monaco Grand Prix. He completed the remainder of the season concentrating on his alternative drive, as was common in the 1960s, in John Coombs's F2 McLaren M4A, finishing fourth in the unclassified drivers' championship. At the end of the season he purchased the car from Coombs. A good run in the McLaren during the winter Tasman Series, including a win at the last race, resulted in Tim Parnell offering a drive in his works-supported Reg Parnell Racing BRM team for 1968. In addition to a good run in F1 in 1968 – including points-scoring finishes in France and Italy – Courage also drove for old friend Frank Williams's F2 team. When Frank Williams Racing Cars decided to make the step up to F1 in 1969, Courage was their first choice as driver.

In Courage's hands, Williams's dark-blue liveried Brabham BT26 was more than a match for many of the works teams. He finished second in both the Monaco Grand Prix and the US Grand Prix, at Watkins Glen. Perhaps his finest drive of the season, though, was during the 1969 Italian Grand Prix at the high-speed Monza circuit. Despite an older car, and a power deficit, he managed to stay with the leading pack for the majority of the race. Only fuel starvation caused his pace to slow near the end, and he finally finished in fifth. A second fifth place, in the British Grand Prix, saw Courage finish the season on sixteen points in eighth place in the drivers' championship.

Accident and death
Following a business arrangement with Alejandro de Tomaso, Williams switched to a newly designed De Tomaso chassis for the 1970 Formula One season. Unfortunately for Courage, the De Tomaso proved to be overweight and unreliable, and only a third place in the non-championship International Trophy alleviated a poor string of results in the early season. The Dutch Grand Prix seemed to be going slightly better, with Courage qualifying in ninth place around the Zandvoort Circuit. Running in the middle of the field, the De Tomaso's front suspension or steering broke on the bump at Tunnel Oost, causing the car to suddenly go straight on instead of finishing the high-speed bend. It then rode up an embankment (one of the Zandvoort dunes) and disintegrated, with the engine breaking loose from the monocoque, upon which it burst into flames. To lighten the De Tomaso, magnesium was used in its chassis and suspension. The magnesium burned so intensely that many nearby trees and bushes were set alight.

During the impact, one of the front wheels broke off the car and hit Courage's head, tearing away his helmet (both the wheel and the helmet came rolling out of the cloud of dust at the same time). It is assumed that this impact broke Courage's neck or caused fatal head injuries and that he died instantly as a result. Courage was survived by his wife, Lady Sarah Marguerite Curzon (b. 1945), and his two sons, Jason Piers Courage (b. 10 February 1967) and Amos Edward Sebastian Courage (b. 26 February 1969).

Courage was buried in St Mary the Virgin churchyard, Shenfield, Essex.

Just three years later, Roger Williamson crashed fatally when his car came to rest upside down and burst into flames at the same spot, the Tunnel Oost bump, where Courage's accident had started.

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title: Piers Courage


text:
Pastirma

Pastirma or Pasterma, also called pastarma, pastırma, pastourma, basdirma, basterma, basturma, or aboukh is a highly seasoned, air-dried cured beef that is found in the cuisines of Albania, Armenia, Romania, Bulgaria, Egypt, Greece, Cyprus, Iraq, the Levant, North Macedonia, Azerbaijan, and Turkey.

Etymology and history
Basturma existed in ancient Armenian cuisine, where it was known as aboukh' (աբուխ). The word abookhd (Classical Armenian apukht) was already used in the Armenian translation of the Bible, in the fifth century AD, meaning “salted and dried meat”.

Pastırma is mentioned in Mahmud of Kashgar's Diwan Lughat al-Turk and Evliya Çelebi's Seyahatname. According to Turkish scholar Biron Kiliç, the term is derived from the Turkic noun bastırma, which means "pressing". The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink writes that pastırma is the word the Ottomans used for a type of Byzantine cured beef that was called paston (παστόν). According to Johannes Koder, an expert in Byzantine studies, paston could mean either salted meat or salted fish, while akropaston (ἀκρόπαστον) means salted meat. Andrew Dalby gives the definition of paston as "salted fish" and akropaston apakin as "well-salted fillet steak". Gregory Nagy gives the definition of akropaston as "smoked", describing apakin as "a kind of salami sausage, probably similar to pastourma". The Oxford Companion for Food says that a Byzantine dried meat delicacy was "a forerunner of the pastirma of modern Turkey".

The English word pastrami may be a Yiddish construction that combined salami with pastırma or one of the similar linguistic variations of the word (pastramă in Romanian, pastromá in Russian and basturma in Armenian).

Preparation and usage

Pastirma is usually made from water buffalo or beef, but other meats can also be used. In Egypt, known as Basterma is made not only with beef, but with water buffaloes as well. Some pastirmas are made with horsemeat. Different cuts of meat may be used; a single cow can produce 26 different "types" of pastirma. Fillet, shank, leg and shoulder cuts are used for the best quality pastirmas. It is usually made during the months of October and November.

To make pastirma, the meat is rinsed and salted before being dried and pressed. After the first drying period, the meat is cold pressed for up to 16 hours. This aids the process of removing moisture from the meat. After the first pressing, the meat is dried for several days, during which the fats melt and form a white layer. The second press is a "hot press". Finally, the dried and pressed meat is covered with a spice paste called cemen. Cemen is made from a paste consisting of caraway, paprika, blue fenugreek, fenugreek, black pepper, allspice, cumin, cayenne, salt and mashed garlic. The dried product is covered with the wet paste and left to dry again. The entire process takes approximately one full month. Pastirma is classified as an "intermediate moisture food". Lowering the moisture level is a form of food preservation that hinders the growth of microorganisms, and the cemen paste "is used to control surface mold growth during storage". Other functions of the cemen include improved flavor, characteristic red coloring, prevention of further drying, and antimicrobial effects.

Cuisines
Today, pastirma is present in the cuisines of Armenia, Egypt, Turkey, Bulgaria and the Levant.

Armenia
The cured meat, which resembles Italian bresaola, is called basturma (բաստուրմա) or aboukht (ապուխտ) by Armenians. Some Armenian pizzerias in cities like Yerevan, Boston and Los Angeles serve basturma topped pizza. Armenian restaurants also serve basturma topped burgers, basturma can be added to salads, and basturma with omelette is also a common breakfast item in Armenia. Basturma, or a basturma omelette can also be wrapped inside a lavash, alongside other ingredients like coriander, chechil cheese, and garlic matzoon.

According to Nigol Bezjian, Armenians who survived the 1915 genocide brought basturma with them to the Middle East. Bezjian recalls that his grandmother used to prepare "basturma omelets fried in olive oil with pieces of lavash bread". He notes that Armenians from Kayseri were particularly renowned basturma producers.

Arabs mocked Armenians with phrases like "It smells like there is basturma here", referring to the strong smell of basturma that is produced by the garlic and fenugreek mixture that the meat is coated in during preservation. Shoushou, a well-known Lebanese comedian of the 1960s–1970s, portrayed a caricature of an Armenian basturma seller; he retired the character after local Lebanese Armenians complained.

In Palestine, Armenian families gather on New Year's Eve and eat traditional foods including basturma, çiğ köfte and a traditional Anatolian confection called kaghtsr sujukh (քաղցր սուջուխ).

Bulgaria
Pastarma (as it is called in Bulgaria) arrived in Bulgaria in the 7th century. Specific products include Пастърма говежда / Pastarma Govezhda, which was registered as a Traditional Speciality Guaranteed in the EU in 2017.

Turkey
In Turkish cuisine pastırma can be eaten as a breakfast dish, and it is a common ingredient in omelettes, menemen (Turkish-style shakshouka) or a variation of eggs benedict.

Pastırma can be used as a topping for hummus, pide bread, hamburgers, and toasted sandwichs with either cheddar cheese or kasar cheese. It can be as a filling for a börek that is made with kadayıf instead of the traditional filo dough. It may be combined with potato to make a filling for traditional böreks as well.

It is also a common addition to many of the traditional vegetable dishes, especially the tomato and white bean stew called kuru fasulye, but also cabbage (pastırmalı lahana), chickpeas (pastırmalı nohut), asparagus (pastırmalı kuşkonmaz) and spinach (pastırmalı ıspanak). It can also be used to make cheesy pull-apart bread.

Production
Turkey produces around 2041 tons of pastirma each year. The pastirma from Kayseri is particularly well known, Armenians (before the Armenian genocide) from Kayseri were particularly renowned basturma producers. In their 1893 report the British Foreign Office note that Kayseri, which they call Cesarea, "is specially renowned for the preparation of basturma (pemmican)".

title: Pastirma


text:
Miniaturist

Miniaturist may refer to:

 * a painter of portrait miniatures
 * a painter of miniatures in illuminated manuscripts
 * one who makes miniature art

title: Miniaturist


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Isaac of Dalmatia

Saint Isaac the Confessor, also Isaacius or Isaakios (Ἰσαάκιος or Ἰσάκιος; died May 30, 383 AD), founder of the Dalmatian Monastery in Constantinople, was a Christian monk who is honored as a saint and confessor. He is sometimes referred to as Isaac the Dalmatian, not because he came from Dalmatia, but because of the monastery which he founded.

Life

According to some accounts, Isaac was a Syrian, but this is uncertain. Certain details about his early life are unknown but history records that Isaac had been a hermit living in a small hut in the wilderness outside of Constantinople. In the year 378, when he heard that the Roman emperor Valens had fallen into the heresy of Arianism and was persecuting the Nicene Christians, deposing bishops, closing some churches, and turning others over to the Arians, Isaac went into the imperial city to confront the emperor. At the time, Valens was preparing a military campaign against the Goths. After several attempts to dissuade the emperor from his persecutions, Isaac prophesied that Valens would "die in flames" because of his actions. The emperor ordered that Isaac be thrown into prison, vowing that he would punish Isaac and put him to death upon his return from battle. Soon after, on August 9, 378, Valens was defeated at the Battle of Adrianople and died in a fire after taking refuge in a barn.

Valens' successor, the Emperor Theodosius I, released Isaac, outlawed Arianism and reopened the churches closed by Valens. Isaac wanted to return to monastic life in the wilderness, but a wealthy aristocrat named Saturninus built a monastery for Isaac in Constantinople, over which he became the first hegumen (abbot). Isaac is also known as a zealous defender of Christian orthodoxy at the Second Ecumenical Council, convened in Constantinople in 381.

At the end of his life, Isaac entrusted the leadership of the monastery to his closest disciple, Dalmatus, who was later himself glorified (canonized as a saint), and after whom the monastery came to be known as the Dalmatian Monastery. Isaac died in his monastery on May 30, 383, although others place his death around 396. The life of John Chrysostom includes mention of St. Isaac living into the fifth century.

Both the Eastern Orthodox and the Catholic churches have glorified Isaac as a saint. Among the former, his feast day falls on May 30, and he is also commemorated together with other saints from his monastery on August 3.

Peter the Great of Russia (reigned 1682–1725), whose birthday fell on Saint Isaac's feast day, May 30, adopted Isaac as the patron saint of the Romanov dynasty. Saint Isaac's Cathedral in the city of St Petersburg is consecrated to his honour.

title: Isaac of Dalmatia


title: User:Octalc0de


text:
Category:Information technology management

See Information technology management for an overview of this topic.


text:
Raul Boesel

Raul de Mesquita Boesel (, born 4 December 1957) is a Brazilian former racing driver who raced for the March and Ligier Formula One teams and later raced in Champ Car and the Indy Racing League.

He won the 1987 World Sportscar Championship and the 1988 24 Hours of Daytona.

Personal and early life
Raul Boesel was born on 4 December 1957 in Curitiba, Brazil as the son of Jorny and Elizadea de Mesquita Boesel. Boesel had a brief career in equestrian show jumping winning state championships and other competitions.

Since 1988, he resides in Key Biscayne, Florida with his wife Vera and children Raul Boesel Jr and Gabriela. He owns a Cigarette 38 Top Gun boat.

Career
He studied engineering, gave up his degree and went on to motor racing. He entered into first ever season of the Brazilian Stock Car championship in 1979.

He moved to Britain in 1980 to race in Formula Ford 1600 and in 1981 entered Formula 3 and finished third in the championship. In November 1981 he tested for McLaren and entered the March team, only to switch in 1983 to Ligier. At the end of the year he went to the United States to race in CART.

In 1987 he switched to World Sportscar Championship with Jaguar and won the title with five victories. In 1988 he won the 24 Hours of Daytona in a Jaguar XJR-9, along with Martin Brundle and John Nielsen. That year he also returned to CART and finished third at Indianapolis in 1989. In 1991 he finished second in Le Mans 24 Hours with Jaguar and returned to CART, finishing fifth in the 1993 series, although never winning a race. He raced in CART until 1998, when he went to Indy Racing League. Because of this, he has multiple starts in the Indy 500. His last race in CART was at the 1999 Marlboro 500 at Fontana.

Autódromo Internacional de Curitiba, a racing circuit in Curitiba, is officially nicknamed "Circuito Raul Boesel" (Raul Boesel circuit) in honour of his success in Europe.

Boesel ended his professional racing career in 2005 after returning to Stock Car Brasil, although he still competes in some races after his retirement.

Afterwards, he often comments about various racing categories. In 2007, he started a career as a disc jockey.

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title: Raul Boesel


text:
Ricardo Rosset

Ricardo Rosset (born 27 July 1968 ) is a Brazilian racing driver. Runner-up in the 1995 International Formula 3000 Championship, he later participated in 33 Formula One Grands Prix, making his debut at the 1996 Australian Grand Prix. He scored no championship points. He eventually quit Formula One to focus on developing a sportswear business in Brazil.

Formula Three
After graduating from the Formula Opel Euroseries, Rosset competed in the British Formula 3 Championship in 1993 for Alan Docking Racing. He finished joint sixth in the standings, tied with Pedro de la Rosa, with his best finish being one second place at Silverstone. Rosset moved to the AJS team in 1994, and improved to fifth in the standings in a season dominated by Jan Magnussen. He won his first F3 race that year at Snetterton, albeit on an occasion where Magnussen retired.

Formula 3000
Rosset made his début in International Formula 3000 with the Super Nova Racing team in 1995. His teammate was the more experienced Vincenzo Sospiri, who won the drivers' championship that year. In 1995 Rosset came second to his teammate – winning two races, including his first ever F3000 race – and finished second in the championship.

Footwork (1996)
Although he had an opportunity to join Minardi, Rosset was hired by Footwork in as teammate to Jos Verstappen. He never matched the Dutch driver's pace (Verstappen was quicker in qualifying for all the races), although the team largely stopped development on the car when Tom Walkinshaw bought it. Rosset later stated that the cash-strapped team were unable to provide two identical cars, with a lack of spares, and they concentrated on the faster driver, Verstappen.

Lola (1997)
In Rosset's only option in Formula One was to join MasterCard Lola, where he was partnered with his former F3000 teammate Vincenzo Sospiri. However, the team pulled out of Formula One after one failure to qualify at the 1997 Australian Grand Prix due to an uncompetitive and underdeveloped car, the Lola T97/30, and a breakdown in sponsorship from MasterCard. Rosset was left without a drive for the rest of the season.

Tyrrell (1998)
In 1998, Rosset was chosen by Craig Pollock to be Tyrrell's second driver alongside Toranosuke Takagi, to the fury of Ken Tyrrell, whose first choice was Verstappen, although Rosset later stated Tyrrell's choice was Norberto Fontana. Pollock had bought into the team with a view to establishing BAR, and saw Rosset's superior sponsorship finance as essential in balancing the team's budget. The decision led to Tyrrell leaving the team midway through the season.

The 1998 season was another unsuccessful one for Rosset, and led to increasing criticism of his abilities. Failing to qualify at Monaco, he spun towards the end of the qualifying session, and embarrassingly beached his car on the kerb when he tried to spin the car round to the face in the right direction. When Murray Walker suggested that people were debating whether Rosset was F1 quality, co-commentator and ex-F1 driver Martin Brundle replied, "it's a fairly short debate, Murray". Rosset has countered the criticism against him, claiming that, for journalists, making a driver look stupid is more lucrative than discovering the truth. He blamed a worn clutch for the incident: "That's why it looks so bad... the clutch wasn't working." Even Rosset's own mechanics were critical of him: after he damaged his car in a collision with Jacques Villeneuve at Monaco and received a warning from the stewards, his mechanics switched the first and last letters of his surname on his paddock scooter to form the word "tosser". Rosset later said, "I never saw that. Maybe behind the scenes, the mechanics, they were saying that. I remember something like that... I don't doubt it."

Despite an eighth-place finish at the next race in Canada, which was ultimately the team's best result of the season, Rosset was in danger of losing his seat to Danish driver Tom Kristensen. At a test at Magny-Cours, Rosset and Takagi posted almost equal times, with Kristensen around half a second slower, albeit with an older engine. Rosset said in 2019 that Kristensen drove the same car as he did, with only a change of seat and minor adjustments. Rosset went on to outqualify Takagi at the following race at the same circuit, the French Grand Prix.

Rosset's problems included missing out on qualification for the Spanish Grand Prix by 0.06s, and an injury during practice for the German Grand Prix which prevented him from taking part in qualifying, while in Belgium he crashed into the carnage of the 14-car pile-up on the first lap after being unsighted by the heavy spray, and was unable to take the restart. A further failure to qualify at Tyrrell's final race in Japan, where he was hindered by a neck injury caused by a crash in practice, marked the end of his Formula One career.

Rosset later stated his belief that Tyrrell concentrated heavily on his Honda-backed teammate Takagi, and gave the Japanese driver an advantage in order to win favour from Honda. "They wanted him to look good... so I was somebody not very welcome," he said. "For sure, they weren't behind me."

After Formula One
After leaving the team at the end of the season, Rosset quit racing entirely to concentrate on his sportswear business in Brazil. However, he made a return to racing in the 2008 Brazilian GT3 Championship, partnering Brazilian filmmaker Walter Salles. At the end of the season, the pair had won four times in their Ford GT and finished second in the overall standings.

Encouraged by this performance, Rosset bought the Footwork FA17 chassis that he raced in 1996, and planned to enter it in a historic F1 series in 2009, but ultimately did not. He later bought his 1998 Tyrrell 026 on eBay, and keeps both cars at his home. He has said of his Formula One career, "I was very grateful I had the chance... I did my best, the best I could do. I pushed as hard as I could... What people say, it doesn't bother me."

Rosset went on to win the Porsche GT3 Cup Brasil in 2010, 2013, and 2015.

Complete International Formula 3000 results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results
(key)

Complete Stock Car Brasil results
† Ineligible for championship points.

title: Ricardo Rosset


text:
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Richie Ginther

Paul Richard "Richie" Ginther (August 5, 1930 – September 20, 1989) was a racecar driver from the United States. During a varied career, the 1965 Mexican Grand Prix saw Ginther take Honda's first Grand Prix victory, a victory which would also prove to be Ginther's only win in Formula One. Ginther competed in 54 World Championship Formula One Grand Prix races and numerous other non-Championship F1 events.

Early career
Richie Ginther was born in Hollywood but his family moved to Ohio for his father's work before moving back to California and to Santa Monica, the same Californian town as future Formula One World Champion Phil Hill, and it was through Hill, a friend of Ginther's older brother, George, that he first began to race. After finishing school in 1948, Ginther followed in his father's footsteps and went to work for Douglas Aircraft, initially in the tool and die shop. In his spare time he helped Hill to repair, maintain and race his collection of old cars and hot rods, as Hill's racing career began to gather pace. Ginther made his race debut at Pebble Beach in 1951, driving a Ford-engined MG T-type sports car.

However, Ginther's career was put on hold shortly after, when he was drafted for two years of national service during the Korean War. During this time he received training and experience working in aircraft and engine mechanics, skills which he would later put to good use during his driving career. On emergence from the military, Hill requested that Ginther join him, principally as a riding mechanic, in driving a privately entered 4.1-liter Ferrari in the 1953 Carrera Panamericana. The pair ran high in the rankings until Hill lost control, crashed, and wrote off the car. Both Ginther and Hill were unharmed and returned in 1954 to take second place, beaten only by the works Ferrari of Umberto Maglioli.

Nineteen fifty-four was also the year that Ginther returned to race driving himself, mostly in a self-prepared Austin-Healey. His results were impressive enough that the following year VW and Porsche dealer John von Neumann hired him to drive a Porsche in domestic competitions. When von Neumann started dealing in Ferrari cars in 1956, Ginther also got the chance to drive these. In between working in von Neumann's Ferrari dealership — including trips to the Ferrari factory in Italy to sort customer problems — Ginther began to build an impressive racing reputation on the West Coast. This, and his choice of Ferrari mounts, brought him to the attention of the East Coast Ferrari franchise-holder, three-time 24 Hours of Le Mans-winner, Luigi Chinetti. Aside from importing Ferrari road cars, Chinetti also operated a successful race team, soon to metamorphose into Ferrari's official motorsport presence in North America: NART. Ginther first raced for Chinetti in 1957 and with him made his first appearances in international-level events, first in the 12 Hours of Sebring and then driving a two-liter Ferrari 500 TR in the Le Mans race.

Also in 1957, Ginther was signed to drive the Aston Martin of Joe Lubin and over the next three years would continue to compete in many sports car racing events in both Aston and Ferrari machinery, with great success. That June, he won a 15-lap GT race at the new Lime Rock Park, and won the opening race of the national championship in his Ferrari. In early-1958, he piloted a two-liter Ferrari to victory at the County Fairgrounds in Pomona, California, averaging 83.8 mph, and won in a three-liter GT in a five-lap qualifying preliminary for the SCCA Pacific Coast Championship. By the end of the year Ginther had captured the Pacific Coast Sports Car Championship outright. He triumphed by a wide margin at Pomona at the opening sports car race of 1959, in a von Neumann 4.1-liter Ferrari, and in June 1959, won in a three-liter Ferrari TR in the first Hourglass road races in San Diego, California. Throughout this period he continued to mix his race driving with a steady job at von Neumann's dealership, and by late 1959 the strain was beginning to show.

Ferrari
Ginther made his F1 debut at the 1960 Monaco Grand Prix driving for Ferrari, which he stayed with through. In the September 1960 Italian Grand Prix in Monza, he placed second to Hill. Ginther led from the start until the 25th lap when Hill passed him and led until the finish.

Following the season the Ferrari team gave up 1000 cc in engine size. The 2500 cc engine, permitted the previous year, was replaced by a 1.5-liter rear-engine model, with 110 less horsepower. However, the newer engine was superior in both "profiling" and handling. The conservative Enzo Ferrari was the last major Formula 1 race car manufacturer to make the transition to cars with engines in the rear. In 1961, Ginther was the No. 3 Ferrari driver, behind No. 1 Wolfgang Von Trips and No. 2 Hill. Giancarlo Baghetti occasionally piloted a fourth car. The team manager was Romulo Tavoni.

On May 14, 1961, Ginther finished second to Stirling Moss at the 1961 Monaco Grand Prix, 3.6 seconds behind, a few hundred feet. He was driving a new rear-engine Ferrari with a 120-degree V-6 which had a lower center of gravity. Ginther had qualified second, just ahead of Hill, with an average speed of 70.7 mi/h, and a qualifying time of 1:39.3. He eclipsed the previous course record of 1:39.6, before Moss took pole position the day after.

In August 1961, Ginther and Baghetti were teammates at the Pescara Grand Prix, a world auto manufacturers' championship event. Their Ferrari was leading on the 10th lap when it stopped on a straight stretch with a flat tire. Ginther averaged more than 133 mi/h on the 6.2 mi Autodromo Nazionale Monza in September 1961, to lead the first day of qualifying for the 1961 Italian Grand Prix. Von Trips qualified first with Ginther taking the third starting position after Ricardo Rodriguez. Ginther retired in the race. Von Trips died in a spectacular crash on the second lap, which also killed eleven spectators, when his Ferrari climbed a 5 ft earth embankment. It brushed a wire fence employed to restrain a portion of the crowd and struck the spectators. Some who were injured eventually succumbed and brought the total to 15 deaths. The Ferrari team ceased competition until January 1, 1962, as a mark of respect to Von Trips.

BRM and Honda
In, Ginther switched to the British-based BRM team to race alongside Graham Hill. The highlight of his time at BRM was finishing equal-second (with Hill) in the 1963 World Championship. Ginther scored more points than his British teammate over the whole season, but only a driver's six best scores were counted towards the championship.

His reputation as a solid "team player" and excellent test and development driver earned him an invitation to join the works Honda F1 team for 1965, for whom he scored his one and only GP win, at the 1965 Mexican Grand Prix. The win was also Honda's first in Formula 1. Ginther averaged 151.7 km/h over the curving 5 km track in the 65 lap Mexico City event. His speed eclipsed the previous course record of 150.185 km/h established by Dan Gurney in 1964. It was the first time Honda had entered the Mexican Grand Prix. Honda reentered international competition in the 1966 Italian Grand Prix. The team was three years old and had encountered difficulty in the preparation of a larger engine. Ginther led in Italy before his car crashed into a retaining wall and he broke his collarbone. He signed with the Eagle F1 team in 1967 and raced in the Race of Champions. His last race entered was the Monaco Grand Prix, but he failed to qualify.

Ginther won one race, achieved 14 podiums, and scored a total of 107 championship points.

He appeared in an uncredited role in the 1966 film Grand Prix as John Hogarth, a driver in the Japanese funded "Yamura" team. He also acted as one of the technical racing advisors for the movie.

While making an attempt to qualify for the 1967 Indianapolis 500, Ginther broke a fuel line in his American Eagle Indy Car. A mix of ethanol and gasoline, was sprayed down his back. This experience, along with the recent fiery death of close friend Lorenzo Bandini, along with other factors, led to his sudden retirement.

He participated in a rally with sixty-five other competitors, including actor James Garner, in June 1969. The California Sports Car Club event was three hours cross country from Los Angeles to Huntington Beach. It benefited students from the Braille Institute. Ginther managed a Porsche 911S with two American drivers during the 39th 24 hours of Le Mans, in June 1971.

Death
Ginther died of a heart attack while on vacation with his family in France, in Touzac, near Bordeaux, on September 20, 1989.

Awards
He was inducted into the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 2008.

Biography
In 2020, to mark what would have been Ginther's 90th birthday, a biography was released about Richie's life and career by Richard Jenkins, published by Performance Publishing. "Richie Ginther: Motor Racing's Free Thinker" won the RAC Motoring Book of the Year Award for its depth of research and previously unpublished information

Formula One World Championship results
(key) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Non-Championship Formula One results
(key)

Complete British Saloon Car Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.) † Events with 2 races staged for the different classes.

title: Richie Ginther


text:
Robert Manzon

Robert Jean Joseph Manzon (12 April 1917 – 19 January 2015) was a French racing driver. He participated in 29 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 21 May 1950. He achieved two podiums, and scored a total of 16 championship points. At the time of his death, Manzon was the last surviving driver to have taken part in the first Formula One World Championship in 1950.

Career
Manzon began his career as a mechanic and after World War II he started racing, initially with a Cisitalia D46. Earning a contract with the Gordini team for 1948, Manzon won some minor races although his machinery was not always reliable.

He continued with Gordini into the new Formula One era, scoring points at the 1950 French Grand Prix, and finishing sixth in the World Drivers' Championship in 1952, taking third place in the 1952 Belgian Grand Prix. He left Gordini in 1953 and joined Louis Rosier's team, which was campaigning Ferraris. He subsequently achieved his second podium at the 1954 French Grand Prix at the wheel of a Ferrari 625.

Manzon then returned to the Gordini team, but found little success in World Championship events. Outside the Championship, he won the 1956 Naples Grand Prix and a sports car race at Pescara.

After racing, he later operated his own diesel equipment distribution business.

Manzon died at his home in the south of France on 19 January 2015 aged 97. He was the last surviving entrant of the 1950 Formula One season.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

title: Robert Manzon


text:
Harald Berg

Harald Johan «Dutte» Berg (born 9 November 1941) is a Norwegian former footballer who played as a midfielder. Nickname "Dutte", he is the brother of Knut Berg, the father of Ørjan Berg, Runar Berg and Arild Berg, and grandfather of Patrick Berg (son of Ørjan) – all of whom have played in the Norwegian top division and been selected for the Norway national football team.

Club career
Born in Bodø, Berg was a significant player for Bodø/Glimt in the late 1950s, early 1960s and 1970s, and Lyn in the 1960s. Helping Lyn winning the league in 1968 and Bodø/Glimt winning the cup final in 1975. In 1969, Lyn and Berg reached the quarter-finals of the European Cup Winners' Cup, where they lost 4-5 (2-3 and 2-2) on aggregate to the Spanish giants F.C. Barcelona. Lyn had to play both matches in Spain due to the harsh weather conditions in Norway during winter.

In the early 1970s Berg played at FC Den Haag in the Netherlands for three seasons.

Harald Berg returned to his mother club in 1974. Back in his home town Bodø, Berg had a Diego Armando Maradona role on the pitch. Bergs decisive contribution as a playmaker made Bodø/Glimt a top Norwegian club in the mid-1970s. He played his last Norwegian top flight match in 1980 the year Bodø/Glimt was relegated. Berg played another season for Bodø/Glimt, then retired after the 1981 season, at the age of 40. In 1983, he briefly managed the team.

International career
He made his debut for Norway in 1964 and went on to collect 43 caps, scoring 12 international goals. His last international match was in 1974.

Honours
Lyn
 * Norwegian top division: 1968
 * Norwegian Cup: 1967, 1968

Bodø/Glimt
 * Norwegian Cup: 1975

Individual
 * Norwegian top division top scorer:''' 1965

title: Harald Berg