text:
User talk:Ugen64/Archive 3

Cabinets
Sorry not to reply before, I've been away for the past couple of weeks. I don't have any sources for cabinet lists, but I'll dig out what I've got and get back to you later. Good work on the Clarendon Ministry. -- Gregg 21:58, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

OK, I'll have some concrete information in a few days. In the meantime, here are some general rules that might help you work out the membership: -- Gregg 23:24, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The "cabinet council", which is later shortened to "cabinet", was the colloquial name for the Privy Council's Committee for Foreign Affairs. So, every member must be a PC - which means you can eliminate anyone who isn't. It is the most powerful of several PC cttees. It contains the King's top advisors, and seems to have acted and been seen as an executive of sorts. It existed before the Civil War, was resisted by Clarendon, then seems to have been in existence from 1667 onwards with just a few brief interruptions.
 * Starts out small (the 5 members of the Cabal), with membership based on personality. By the time of William III it has around 12 or 13 members and membership is linked to the need for certain government departments to be represented in key discussions. The 12/13 figure seems to hold until at least 1730, but the actual positions may not be consistent throughout.
 * Membership definitely includes the Great Officers and the Secretaries of State. It also seems to have included the Lord High Admiral and the Master-General of the Ordnance. By the 1770s it also includes the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancs and the Paymaster General.

OK, there are still plenty of knowledge gaps, but I've put together what I can at User:Gregg/Cabinet Council. -- Gregg 05:13, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Grunt's bureaucratship
Ugen64, I believe it was inappropriate for you to promote Grunt while the RfA dispute was going on. You had expressed an opinion on the issue and did not follow my lead in not acting at this time. I had already asked Angela to look at the issue and she wanted to give it another day. I request that you admit error in this case in promoting with only 75% support and ask Angela to reverse the bureaucratship for now. -- Cecropia | explains it all ® 21:21, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Ugen, I wrote the following to Angela:

 * Angela, this is gamesmanship, and I also think it is inappropriate to use IRC as a sounding board because it violates the principle of transparency in Wikipedia dealings. The practice has been that people have continued to vote and have their votes counted before the nomination is acted upon. I will further point out that Grunt did reply to my concern for three days and only replied after the deadline. You yourself wanted this to go for another day when I queried you. The inappropriate of this grows and grows. I intend to ask Ugen again to withdraw his action and will bring my first-ever RfC on Wikipedia if he doesn't. Ugen has been an inactive bureaucrat and he picked a terrible time to get active.

I again ask you to withdraw your inappropriate action. The current discussion at Adminship talk shows where sentiment lies. If you honestly felt promotion was appropriate, you should have passed the request to another bureaucrat who has been uninvolved and more active than yourself. -- Cecropia | explains it all ® 22:03, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

You are broadly interpreting practice and reasoning in a much more aggressive fashion than virtually all bureaucrats, and you have been inactive in that capacity for six months. This speaks very poorly to your ability to execute those duties with impartiality, no less that appearance of impartiality. You should have thought a little about why I indicated I would not rule on Grunt's nomination without clear consensus. -- Cecropia | explains it all ® 23:23, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Subpages
Sorry, I didn't notice... -- Emsworth 22:57, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Ugen64 de-bureaucrat
I wasn't sure where this belongs, so I'll just put it here (there's "self-de-adminship", but no "self-de-bureaucratship"). I'd officially like to ask for debureaucratship, because I am apparently "broadly interpreting" policy in an "aggressive fashion." ugen64 01:09, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Go to Requests for permissions. Your request should be answered quite quickly. -- Netoholic @ 01:14, 2004 Oct 12 (UTC)

 * Moved this here, as it doesn't belong at WP:RFA. Netoholic gave you accurate information, if you want to pursue this. -- Cecropia | explains it all ® 01:59, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Hi Ugen. I think this was a slightly extreme reaction to the situation, but I have carried out your request. Angela. 03:25, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree with Angela, but honestly I understand. I've been considering giving up my status as well, simply because I don't feel confident enough on the close calls and there's not much use in having me around for the easy ones since Angela and Cecropia (and a few others) take care of them so handily.  I hope you understand that my objection to your specific judgment call in this instance was not intended as a call for you to step down, nor was it an indication of a loss of confidence in you.  I've made bad calls before, and I'm sure I will again.  It's life.  If you're upset about how I handled things, please let me know -- it's important to me that we be on good terms, since I remain convinced that you do good work here and are a real asset to Wikipedia.  Best wishes, Jwrosenzweig 03:35, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Ugen, FWIW, I can't see that you did anything wrong in making Grunt a bureaucrat. You made a decision entirely in keeping with the only published policy I can find. That decision was clearly in good faith, and whilst other bureaucrats may disagree with the decision, there is absolutely no justification for the way some users have characterised it. -- Gregg 13:13, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Wriothesley
Firstly, thank you for your congratulations (that was quite observant of you). As to the Earldom of Southampton, I believe that there was indeed a subsidiary title: the Barony of Wriothesley, created 1544, extinct together with the Earldom 1667. (See ) So, yes, Southampton was known as Lord Wriothesley. Note that even if there were no subsidiary title, he would be called Lord [Surname]. (A notable exception is the eldest son of the Earl of Lincoln, who lacks a subsidiary title—this son is called "The Honourable X Clinton," rather than "Lord Clinton," because there is already a different Baron Clinton.) -- Emsworth 22:46, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

My nomination for adminship
Thank you for your verbose support of my nomination for adminship. :) I will do my best to serve Wikipedia. --Slowking Man 23:59, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)

There should be a lot of 19th century British peer PMs already on the List of state leaders in... pages. Is there any consistent standard already in place? john k 01:41, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Noel Buxton
I believe that Noel Buxton changed his surname to "Noel-Buxton" when being made a peer. So yeah, presumably the same guy. The Buxtons were fairly well known, although I can't quite recall for what. john k 02:48, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Some peers in the past have wanted to include their first name as well as their surname in their title. Garters (understandably) don't like this, and so several have taken advantage of the fact that surnames titles are always allowed (if available) by changing their surname to the title they want. Thus Noel Buxton changed his surname to Noel-Buxton so that he could become Lord Noel-Buxton, and George Brown did the same, becoming Lord George-Brown. It's alleged that Betty Boothroyd wanted to be Lady Betty-Boothroyd, but was dissuaded from this rather silly cause of action by the present Garter (who dislikes such titles even more than his predecessors). Proteus (Talk) 08:36, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

At least we do not have too many silly titles like "Viscount Alanbrooke" (created for Field Marshal Alan Brooke). Just imagine something like "Lady Bettyboothroyd" ... -- Emsworth 01:22, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * We won't have to put up with it much longer. The current Lord Alanbrooke was born in 1932 and has no heirs. Proteus (Talk) 10:06, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

It is rather weird, isn't it? As to why old style aristocrats so often have the double-barrelled names, usually that has to do with inheritances, doesn't it? Mr. Blackwell inherits the Smithfield estates from his grandfather, Mr. Smithfield, but there's some condition in the will that the heir has to preserve the Smithfield name and arms, and so he becomes Mr. Smithfield-Blackwell. The Dukes of Buckingham and Chandos seem to have taken that tendency to ridiculous extremes. I believe they were, paternally, Grenvilles. john k 05:45, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Reminder
Please remember to list pages that you protect on Protected page (see the protection policy). Thanks. Angela. 00:29, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)

Courtesy titles
I am quite confident that Hamilton would become "Viscount Hamilton." -- Emsworth 20:37, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Barons de Ros
I've been categorizing them as "De Ros" because the category listings don't group upper and lower case together. Mackensen 00:45, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Templates for British ministries
Ugen, it seems that you have created Template:17thcentmin. However, I feel that it would be better (and neater) to use a succession table for the ministries, just as succession tables are used for ministers. Would you agree if I were to remove these templates and replace them with succession tables? -- Emsworth 01:33, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I had preferred succession tables because, among other things, they could display the years during which the ministry served. -- Emsworth 16:17, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I think, however, that "Throughout" carries the same implication: that the individual was appointed at the beginning of the ministry and was dismissed at the end. -- Emsworth 18:14, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)

So there is...
and its:

Thanks. I'd forgotten about the proliferation of image license tags.

-- Seth Ilys 01:43, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Thank You Friend
I want to thank you for your support in my adminship nomination. It looks like I'm not going to make it but, that's life. I want you to know that you can count on me as your Wikipedian friend.

Tony the Marine

Ministries
Perhaps you might be interested in the comments at User talk:Lord Emsworth and User talk:John Kenney. -- Emsworth 20:29, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Walpole
Thank you for your kind remarks about the article on Robert Walpole, and for the additions you have made. The spelling "reëlection" is actually a legitimate spelling. The diaeresis is used to indicate that the second vowel in a pair of vowels should be pronounced on its own, instead of being combined with the first vowel. For example: reëlect, coöperate. Hyphens can also be used in these cases (and are probably more commonly used): re-elect, co-operate. -- Emsworth 01:01, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree with your assessment; I have no problem with retaining the spelling "re-elect." Perhaps I am just too fond of accent marks (I also use "élite" and "rôle"). -- Emsworth 01:13, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Post-nominals
Personally, I don't like using post-nominals in any historical articles, for they tend to unnecessarily clutter the lead section. I don't oppose their use in articles on living persons, though. -- Emsworth 21:44, 3 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Wiki Junior Project
We are currently in the process of deciding what the first topics will be. We have already decided that the first humanities topic will be Countries of the World:South America. We need to decide what our first science topic will be. We already have plenty of pictures available for Big Cats, The Solar System and Human Flight. We're having a little vote to decide which one we should work on first. Please come to Wikijunior project first topics. Cheers! Theresa Knott (Not the skater) 07:39, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Navigation boxes
It would definitely be a good idea to use the template in all cases, for it can be used to make everything consistent. A problem, however, arises when multiple offices have a single predecessor or successor. See, for instance, Robert Walpole's boxes for First Lord and Chancellor. If this issue can be resolved, then I would see no problem in using templates for all. -- Emsworth 01:47, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * On reflection, it seems better just to list the same predecessor/successor twice consecutively. Too many complications arise in these other cases. (Note that in Churchill's case, an even stranger table would result: the present table fails to show that Churchill succeeded Chamberlain in three posts—not two—in 1940.) -- Emsworth 02:19, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm in agreement, but perhaps we could temporarily agree to not change any pages with double succession boxes until these boxes are fixed? -- Emsworth 02:57, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Kudos on the succession box template! You and Emsworth have done yeoman service, and I will use your template from now on. Steve Casburn 09:22, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Please block
Please block User:69.197.204.214 for repeated vandalism of my usertalk page. I've warned him repeatedly. Thanks. Whosyourjudas (talk) 02:32, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Images
Thanks very much for cropping and rotating the images found on my talk page. Since I do not seem to have the software that you have used, might I direct you to the new pictures to be found on my talk page? -- Emsworth 21:34, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

The image appears to be of the second Baron Lytton (the first Earl Lytton). -- Emsworth 02:50, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Excuse me
I put the NPOV header on there because people were pushing a POV. There is NO policy that says I can't do this. Also "close enough" is not the same as taking it to 3-revert war. I notice that those reverting didn't follow policy and take this to the talk page! Care to tell me where I broke Wikipedia policy? - Ta bu shi da yu 02:29, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry, but just because I'm an admin doesn't mean I'm not allowed to revert. You guys aren't discussing this on the talk page - apparently people are discussing this on IRC!!! - Ta bu shi da yu 02:38, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * IRC is frowned upon because it's not transparent. I was not aware that this was being discussed on IRC - hardly fair to me, is it? Also, how do I know what has been decided? Unless I was in the IRC channel at the time then I'd have no idea what's going on. Also, on IRC people can be kicked quite rapidly if they are unpopular. At least on something like the mailing list there is a record, and major changes aren't made there: they are made on policy pages. Face it: IRC is not great for this sort of thing. As for admin's being held to a higher standard: yes I know this, but I'd recommend that you tell me where I have crossed over policy lines before you tell me that I'm behaving badly. - Ta bu shi da yu 02:50, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Hang on! You're telling me that as an administrator I'm held to a higher level, yet in the next breath you are saying that discussing things on the 'pedia itself is sluggish and no good. Please make up your mind! However, maybe the placement of the NPOV header was a mistake, and that won't happen again. - Ta bu shi da yu 03:06, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Ugent, the problem I have with IRC is not necessarily the people (I've hung out on the channel - they are cool ppl), but the problem I have is one of transparency. Had I gone to the talk page and discovered that this was being talked about I might have acted differently. Noone gave cogent arguments however - they merely reverted. When edit wars start, then they SHOULD be talked about on the talk page. That way other people who don't realise that discussion is happening on IRC won't make reverts that are against community consensus. Also: I'm not saying don't discuss on IRC at all, just if we're trying to resolve edit wars and disputes the talk page is the place to do it. That way all parties can see what's happening, and we have a history of the dispute for future record. Please also note: I would not have edited your page had it been locked.

I'm willing to admit I might have made an error of judgement with the news page. However, I also want to say that it wasn't helped by having no discussion on Wikipedia itself: none of the people who reverted my edits discussed why they were reverting me on the talk page. I did put comments on the talk page after my 3rd revert, now we are having dialogue and this is being worked out. I think this sufficiently illustrates the case I'm making to you. - Ta bu shi da yu 03:42, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Bureaucratship
Thanks for your supportive vote of my bureaucratship. Unfortunately, the vote was judged to be too close, but I hope you'll support me when I run again. :) Andre ( talk )A| 15:55, Nov 16, 2004 (UTC)

A quick note to say thanks

I just wanted to drop you a quick note to thank you for your support in my request for adminship. It was certainly a wild ride, and I really appreciate you taking some time out to contribute. ClockworkSoul 16:25, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

apology
A couple months ago I was quite rude to you. While at the time I was quite vexed by sysop abuse in the incident, you had nothing to do with that. Regardless, there was no excuse for my outburst. It's been bothering me ever since, because you seem like quite a decent fellow. So, my belated apologies. Wolfman 16:37, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 1000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk) 19:10, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)

Erpetoichthys calabaricus
Hi, Ugen64. The way this should work for a one-species genus (or one-genus family) is that the page should be about the species, under reedfish, with redirects from the generic name Erpetoichthys and the binomial Erpetoichthys calabaricus. See Mud sunfish for an example. And yes, Polypteriformes should redirect to Polypteridae, since there is only the one family. (I'm not sure about Polypteridae -> Bichir... We're not consistent on that yet.)  Thanks for helping out with the pisces... —Tkinias 16:31, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Disbloat
I don't know why, but I particularly like your neologism disbloat (from your user page edit history). Let's hear it for living language! :) —Tkinias 17:57, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Adminship Again
Salve, Ugen64! Back in September I was a candidate for adminship that I withdrew. Since then, I've been working away and have now decided to try again, nominating myself. Since you supported me then, I'd appreciate your vote on the new candidacy at Requests for adminship/PedanticallySpeaking2. Ave atque vale! PedanticallySpeaking 18:55, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

Cabal Troll
ugen64 of the Wikipedians, I hearby promote you to the Tote the Ranks rank of Cabal Troll, with all the privileges and responsibilities it entails. :)

This is your ASCII rank: \

Please use your new powers wisely. ;-)

func (talk) 05:17, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ugen64/Archive 3


text: User talk:68.126.62.207

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:68.126.62.207


text:
Talk:Gauntlet

transformers
Gauntlet's also a Transformers character that got vaporized in the novel 'Transformers: Exodus'. Lots42 (talk) 08:37, 30 December 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gauntlet


text:
Newfoundland outport

An outport is the term given for a small coastal community in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. Originally, the term was used for coastal communities on the island of Newfoundland, but the term has now been adopted for those on the mainland area of Labrador as well.

History
Outports are some of the oldest European settlements in Canada. John Cabot visited Newfoundland in 1497; news spread quickly that Cabot had caught cod by simply lowering and lifting a weighted basket. Gaspar Corte-Real of Portugal visited Newfoundland in 1500, and by 1506 the catch from the Grand Banks of Newfoundland encouraged the King of Portugal to impose a ten percent import tariff to protect local fishermen. The first recorded French fishing boat on the Grand Banks was in 1504, Basque whalers arrived in 1527, and Spanish fishermen followed by 1540.

Many fishing boats, also known as dories, would sail in April or May and return in September. The seasonal fresh catch of "wet" fish were initially returned to Europe to be densely salted and air-dried for preservation until later use, but drying fish in Newfoundland outports allowed each boat to bring back a more valuable cargo of already dried fish from each voyage. The westbound Atlantic crossing carried an expanded crew including a shore party. While the normal crew fished from boats, the shore party felled trees to construct a small wharf or fishing stage and platforms of brush and small boughs upon which the fish would be dried about three feet above the ground. The boats returned to the fishing stage where they threw their catch to be gutted and split by the shore party, who then lightly salted the split fish and arranged them to dry on the platforms. The drying fish were covered with sailcloth every night and during fog or rainy weather, and rearranged periodically for several weeks until they hardened and could be stacked like boards. The dried fish were then stored in sheds until the expanded crew and cargo were loaded for the eastbound Atlantic crossing.

During the fishing and drying season, members of the shore party were able to increase their profits for the voyage by trading with First Nations residents bringing furs to the outport. As Grand Banks fishing increased, the best outport locations might be secured for future use if part of the shore party would volunteer to winter-over in the outport and keep the fishing stage, drying platforms, storage sheds, and small boats in good repair. Surviving a winter in the outport was easier for men who found friendly Mi'kmaq to teach them to find and preserve the local berries to prevent scurvy. Some outport caretakers returned to Europe after wintering over, while others "went native" and remained in Newfoundland Jacques Cartier was offered furs by indigenous residents of Chaleur Bay in 1534, indicating previous experience with European fur traders; and Cartier found members of the Montagnais First Nation engaged in fishing for a French Captain Thiennot. On his return voyage in 1536, Cartier left one of his larger ships' boats at Renewse Harbor, Newfoundland, indicating the outport was already in use as a used boat exchange for fishing vessels needing boats for inshore fishing, but not wanting to transport them across the Atlantic.

Both the First Nations and Europeans considered these outport communities temporary facilities of the fish trade. European populated outports initially depended upon the good will of the local First Nation; and historians often consider the outports as First Nations settlements until well after colonization authorized by European monarchs. The pattern of small isolated settlements was reinforced by actions of the Parliament of England to make permanent settlement of Newfoundland illegal. Seventeenth century English fishermen and fish merchants wished to avoid competition from a local population gaining control of the most productive fishing locations as the New England colonies had done in the Gulf of Maine. The questionable legal status of Newfoundland's clandestine settlements discouraged the type of infrastructure investments found in the Maritime Provinces.

On the island of Newfoundland, residents of the capital city of St. John's are frequently referred to as townies, whereas those not from St. John's are referred to as baymen or bay wops, that is those living beyond Conception Bay. This usage originates from the time before reliable land transportation on the island, when most travel was by boat and settlements were located on the coast.

The railway construction in the 1890s resulted in the creation of inland communities that relied on land-based natural resources. The outports began to see wholesale depopulation following cutbacks to ferry services and construction of roads throughout the island during and after the Second World War. Following Confederation in 1949, the government of premier Joey Smallwood pursued a policy of forced/encouraged resettlement of residents from outports to central inland communities where provision of schools, health care and other government services could be achieved more cheaply.

Farley Mowat was among the critics of the resettlement program who noted that it resulted in what was likened to a "cultural genocide" as rural Newfoundland society became decimated. The cod moratorium of 1992 was another blow to the outport communities, whose entire economies were based on the ocean and its resources. Throughout the 1990s and into the 2000s, outports have voluntarily agreed to depopulate as government required 100% agreement among residents for resettlement, prior to agreeing to close a community. In March 2013, Newfoundland & Labrador Finance Minister Jerome Kennedy announced that households agreeing to resettle from some isolated communities will be given lump-sum payments of up to CAD $270,000.

Only a small proportion of the provincial population remains in outports along the coasts of Newfoundland and Labrador. With no highway access, limited economic growth due to declines in the fishery, and ongoing depopulation as young people move to larger urban centres, the outport is an endangered phenomenon.

A 1969 CBC radio documentary by Canadian pianist Glenn Gould called The Latecomers profiled Newfoundland outports.

title: Newfoundland outport


text:
Little Belt Bridge (1970)

The New Little Belt Bridge (Nye Lillebæltsbro) is a suspension bridge that crosses the Little Belt strait between Jutland (Jylland) and the island of Funen (Fyn) in Denmark. The bridge is 1,700 metres long, the main span is 600 metres, the pylons reaching a height of 120 metres, and the maximum clearance from the sea is 44 metres.

The New Little Belt Bridge was built from 1965 to 1970 and was opened by King Frederik IX on 21 October 1970.

The bridge was constructed to alleviate congestion on the Old Little Belt Bridge due to the increasing car traffic between Jutland and Funen. It is a motorway on the E20 bridge with three-lane carriageways as opposed to the single lanes of the old bridge. The bridge has heating in the road deck, so it can be kept free of ice and snow in winter. Passing over Little Belt Bridge is toll-free.

Cultural references
The new Little Belt Bridge is seen at 0:12:11 in The Olsen Gang in Jutland, marking the Olsen Gang's arrival to Jutland.

title: Little Belt Bridge (1970)


text:
Outport

An outport is any port considered secondary to a main port (including a provincial one as opposed to a capital one), and often (especially) a small port built to support the commercial operations of a large port. The Port of Tilbury from the Port of London is a good example. Avonmouth for Bristol and, on a smaller and now historical scale, Fordwich for Canterbury are others.

title: Outport


text:
Keewatinook

Keewatinook (previously spelt "Kewatinook") is a provincial electoral district in the Canadian province of Manitoba.

The riding existed previously under the name Rupertsland; however, starting with the 2011 general election, the riding was renamed Kewatinook which means 'from the north' in Cree. Effective as of the 2019 election, the spelling was corrected to Keewatinook.

Currently the largest riding in the province, Keewatinook is a sprawling northern constituency occupying a large portion of eastern Manitoba. Its current area stretches from the Ontario border in the southeast to the Nunavut border in the north; it is also bordered by the ridings of Lac Du Bonnet to the south and Flin Flon, The Pas, and Thompson to the west.

, Ian Bushie is the MLA for this riding.

History
The division, originally named Rupertsland, was created in 1915 from territories that were added to the province of Manitoba four years earlier and has existed continuously since that time. The area had been part of the Grand Rapids and Churchill and Nelson electoral districts for the 1914 Manitoba general election.

Before 1966, elections in this riding were usually deferred until a later date than the rest of the province, due to the increased time it took to run elections in the region.

The riding's was originally smaller than its current size until 1989, when it gained a significant amount of territory from the former riding of Churchill.

As part of the 2008 riding redistribution by the Manitoba Boundaries Commission, its name was changed to Kewatinook (Cree for 'from the north') beginning with the 2011 general election. Effective as of the 2019 election, the spelling was corrected to Keewatinook.

Prior to the 2016 election, the New Democratic Party represented the riding from 1969 to 2016, when Judy Klassen of the Liberal Party defeated longtime MLA Eric Robinson. The NDP would regain control of the seat in 2019, with Ian Bushie defeating Liberal Jason Harper.

Demographics
Keewatinook's population in 2006 was 15,560. In 1999, the average family income was $33,787 (the fourth-lowest in Manitoba), and the unemployment rate was 25%. Over 34% of the riding's population have less than a Grade 9 education, the highest such rate in the province. Government services account for 21% of the riding's industry, followed by education services at 17%.

Eighty-seven per cent of Keewatinook's residents are Indigenous, the highest percentage in the province. Over half of the population list Cree as their mother tongue. In 1999, there was only a 1% immigrant population.

title: Keewatinook


text: Talk:Vernors

title: Talk:Vernors


text:
Talk:The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath

Untitled
I've added a summary of the plot; in the spirit of "much more than spoilers" I plan to return in the near future and add more analysis. teucer 03:12, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

First Published?
Curious as to info with regards to the "first published in 1926" bit. Although it was finished in 1926, Joshi's notes in the recent Penguin compilation Dreams in the Witch House and Other Weird Stories state: "HPL did not prepare it for publication in his lifetime, and it first appeared in the second Arkham House omnibus of his work," suggesting that the article is wrong in this claim.

Any info on the source of this published in 1926 claim? (ie: If so, where was it published?) -- g026r 06:42, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

Scratch that, I can't read. The notes state it was finished in 1927 (as does the external link in the article), making a first published in 1926 impossible. -- g026r 06:45, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

Conclusion
I removed the text of the last line of the story (about Nyarlathotep taunting the gods), because it doesn't really have much significance to the main story. --Hotdoglives 09:56, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

Price and Oz
Price's Oz interpretation seems to be flawed. Oz is only a dream in the 1939 MGM film, which Price, born in the 50s would have seen when it became an annually played film on TV in the 70s. Lovecraft, however, died before the film was made. If he was familiar with Oz, it was most likely through the books, in which L. Frank Baum portrays the land as unquestionably real. 67.142.165.35 (talk) 05:18, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath


text: User talk:65.12.192.4

title: User talk:65.12.192.4


text:
Talk:The Dream Quest of Unknown Kadath

This page should probably be merged with The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath, as it is an alternate punctuation of the exact same title.

title: Talk:The Dream Quest of Unknown Kadath


text: User talk:70.241.59.215

title: User talk:70.241.59.215


text:
User talk:Aratin

Why remove the picture of the 1998 TL? --SFoskett 03:17, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)

wrong picture?
Because to the best of my knowledge (though I might be wrong), this was not a picture of TL but a different Acura (not sure which). Where did you get the picture from? I apologize, something happened and I couldn't edit the comment when removing the picture.

 * I checked the trunk lid - it's a 3.2 TL. I added the photo back now.  No harm, no foul - I wouldn't want to get it wrong! --SFoskett 16:34, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)

I apologize then. Sorry.

title: User talk:Aratin


text:
Gordon Marshall (sociologist)

Gordon Marshall (born 20 June 1952)  is a British sociologist and former Director of the Leverhulme Trust in England.

Education
Born in Falkirk, Gordon Marshall was educated at Falkirk High School, the University of Stirling (BA Sociology 1974) and Nuffield College, Oxford (DPhil 1978).

Career
Prior to joining the Leverhulme Trust, Gordon Marshall was vice-chancellor of the University of Reading, 2003–2011. He oversaw major advances in its teaching and research profile and the merger with the former Henley Management College to form Henley Business School. His period of office was also characterised by significant investment in University facilities, including the Minghella Building for the performing arts, the replacement of many of the University's halls of residence, and a new building for the Henley Business School. During his term of office, there was some controversy over the closure, on economic grounds, of the departments of Physics and Health and Social Care.

Between 2007 and 2011 he was also Chairman of the Higher Education Statistics Agency, and from 2013 to 2017 was Chair of the UK Data Service/Digital Information Strategic Advisory Committee.

Previous to this, Marshall was the chief executive of the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), from 2000 to 2002. The increasing impact of the ESRC's work, and the regard in which it was held, became apparent at this time. Described as a team player who led quietly but with focus, it is no surprise that Marshall later insisted that any success under his direction was a collective effort and attributable to all staff at the Council. However, under his leadership the ESRC achieved the highest proportionate increase in its income, and earned the highest increase of all the research councils in two successive spending reviews. This saw the budget rise from under £70 million to over £110 million; a growth of nearly one third of total income.

Like his predecessor Ron Amman, Marshall was a distinguished social science researcher, before being appointed to the ESRC. Prior appointments included a professorship in sociology at the University of Bath, lecturership and senior lecturership at the University of Essex, Morris Ginsberg Fellowship at the London School of Economics and Political Science, and Postdoctoral Research Fellowship at Nuffield College, Oxford. He has also been a visiting professor at several European universities.

Research
Marshall has made important contributions to interdisciplinary and cross-national comparative work in the social sciences. His main fields of research include social exclusion, equality of opportunity, distributive justice and the culture of economic enterprise, and he has written widely on these topics. He played an instrumental role in the Government Review of social classifications, both as a consultant and as a member of the steering group to the study, which was run jointly by the ESRC and the Office for National Statistics and which resulted in major changes to official classifications.

Marshall's early research was focused on Max Weber and the origins of modern economies. His first book, based on his doctoral thesis, concerned Calvinism and the development of capitalism in seventeenth-century Scotland. In later publications he addressed the complexities of social mobility and social class which were central to the concerns of the so-called ‘Nuffield School’ of sociology. In his co-authored volume, ''Against the Odds? Social Class and Social Justice in Industrial Societies '', published in 1997, Marshall and his colleagues took a cautious and nuanced view of the relationship between social class, social mobility and social justice through educational opportunities. Their research was rooted, in Nuffield style, in a range of social survey empirical data.

His single-authored volume Repositioning Class: Social Inequality in Industrial Societies , also published in 1997, brought together a number of his essays from the previous decade, in which he argues that public pronouncements about the death of social class were greatly exaggerated. As Marshall wrote in the preface to this volume, “Social class is as important to the understanding of late twentieth-century industrial societies as it was to their early capitalist counterparts and class analysis is probably now in a healthier state than at any previous time in its long sociological history”.

Marshall’s main contribution to Nuffield sociology was his connection of concepts of social justice with social mobility. He argued persuasively that political intervention is required to prevent class inequalities from impeding the advance of social justice.

During the 1990s Marshall also played an important part in the creation of the department of sociology at Oxford University, in the teeth of some stiff resistance, especially from among the political scientists who wanted to subsume the subject under their discipline.

Awards and honours
He was an Official Fellow of Nuffield College at the University of Oxford from 1993 until 1999. Elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 2000 and of the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters in 2001 and awarded a CBE in 2003 for his services to economic and social science.

Marshall has been awarded honorary degrees by the Universities of Aberdeen, Exeter, Reading and Stirling.

title: Gordon Marshall (sociologist)


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Brute force attack/archive1

Brute force attack
Seems like a great article. Has references, well written, interesting. - 203.35.154.254 03:18, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Don't you think it's a bit short? Everyking 03:24, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * What needs expanding? I thought it was good, but I might be wrong. - 203.35.154.254 03:28, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Compare: — Matt Crypto  07:27, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment, what does the phrase "128 bits of entropy" mean? Paul August ☎ 03:42, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Object. Far too short. Ambi 04:01, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I support if it is comprehensive. It explained the concept evry well to me, but length does worry.--ZayZayEM 10:51, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Epirot Islands

Epirote Islands are those northern Ionian islands that are in proximity to the Epirus mainland.

These include:
 * Kerkyra (Κέρκυρα) usually known as Corfu in English
 * Paxi (Παξοί) (includes Antipaxos) also known as Paxos in English
 * Lefkada (Λευκάδα) also known as Lefkas in English
 * Ithaki (Ιθάκη) usually known as Ithaca (the island of Odysseus) in English

Legend
According to legend, the Epirote Islands were ruled by the descendants of Neoptolemus (or Pyrrhus), who came there, defeating the native Molossoi, after the events of the Trojan War. The island of Ithaki was also the legendary home of Odysseus, though he was exiled by Neoptolemus after the slaughter of Penelope's suitors in the Odyssey.

History
At the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War in 431 BCE most of the islands, notably Kerkyra, took the side of Athens but Lefkada took the side of Sparta.

In the 4th century BCE under another king Neoptolemos of the same dynasty, Molossoi (or Molossians) became more urbanized inhabiting also the area of contemporary Zagoria, where significant archeological findings (kept in the Ioannina archeological museum) were excavated in the villages of Elafotopos and Vitsa by the Vikos gorge. Still herding the western highlands of the Pindos in Zagoria, Molossoi were in constant friction over grazing, with Macedonians on the other side of the range.

When, by the Treaty of Paris of November 5, 1815, the Ionian Islands became a protectorate of the United Kingdom, Corfu became the seat of the British high commissioner. The British commissioners, who were practically autocrats in spite of the retention of the native senate and assembly, introduced a strict method of government which brought about a decided improvement in the material prosperity of the islands, but by its very strictness displeased the natives. In 1864 it was, with the other Ionian Islands, ceded to the kingdom of Greece, in accordance with the wishes of the inhabitants.

The islands today
Today all the islands are part of the Greek region of Ionian Islands. Kerkyra has a population of 97,000, Lefkada 21,000, Ithaki 3,000 and Paxi 2,000.

In recent decades the islands have lost population through emigration and the decline of their traditional industries, fishing and marginal agriculture. Today their major industry is tourism. Kerkyra in particular, with its magnificent harbour, splendid scenery and wealth of picturesque ruins and castles, is a favourite stopping place for cruise liners. British tourists in particular are attracted through having read Gerald Durrell's evocative book My Family and Other Animals (1956), which describes his childhood on Kerkyra in the 1930s.

title: Epirot Islands


text:
Decree 900

Decree 900 (Decreto 900), also known as the Agrarian Reform Law, was a Guatemalan land-reform law passed on June 17, 1952, during the Guatemalan Revolution. The law was introduced by President Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán and passed by the Guatemalan Congress. It redistributed unused land greater than 224 acre in area to local peasants, compensating landowners with government bonds. Land from at most 1,700 estates was redistributed to about 500,000 individuals—one-sixth of the country's population. The goal of the legislation was to move Guatemala's economy from pseudo-feudalism into capitalism. Although in force for only eighteen months, the law had a major effect on the Guatemalan land-reform movement.

Indigenous groups, deprived of land since the Spanish conquest, were major beneficiaries of the decree. In addition to raising agricultural output by increasing the cultivation of land, the reform is credited with helping many Guatemalans find dignity and autonomy. The expropriation of land led major landowners–including the United Fruit Company–to lobby the United States government to intervene by construing the Guatemalan government as communist. Decree 900 was thus a direct impetus for the 1954 coup d'état, which deposed Árbenz and instigated decades of civil war.

Background
When Árbenz was elected in 1951, Guatemala had a high GDP but extremely unequal distribution of land: 2% of the population controlled 72% of the arable land. Only 12% of this land was under cultivation. Much of the population without land was poor, and had associated health problems. Indigenous people had been treated as subordinate for hundreds of years, and had become increasingly impoverished and dependent on wages from plantation work. Indigenous people were also required to serve as migrant laborers through legal coercion, as Guatemala's coffee industry expanded rapidly from the 1870s through the 1930s.

After Juan Jose Arévalo won the 1944 election, Guatemala created a reformist constitution in 1945. This constitution explicitly stated that the government should protect communal land and create policies that would lead to equitable distribution of wealth. Article 88 of the 1945 Guatemalan Constitution, which served as the legal basis for Decree 900, stipulates: "It is a primary function of the State to develop agricultural activities and industry in general, toward the end that the fruits of labor shall preferentially benefit those who produce them and that the wealth shall reach the greatest number of inhabitants of the Republic." Article 90 recognizes the existence of private property, but suggests that rights to property could be waived in the social interest. This constitution marked the beginning of the Ten Years of Spring, also known as the Guatemalan Revolution: a period of democratization and liberal reforms.

Árbenz sought to transform Guatemala from a feudalist to a capitalist economy by distributing capital and creating infrastructure to increase production. The wish to transform Guatemala into a competitive capitalist nation led Árbenz to push for the construction of a national highway, a new port, a hydroelectric power plant—and for increased cultivation of unused lands.

Legislation
Árbenz began promoting agrarian reform soon after becoming president. He was aided politically by a renewed Communist Party of Guatemala (PGT), which believed that some amount of capitalist development necessarily preceded a communist revolution. Árbenz accepted help from the PGT and its leaders were among his personal friends; however, he rejected some of their proposals, including a mandate for the organization of producer cooperatives.

The proposed law gained widespread support among peoples' organizations and in the national press, but was opposed by the Asociación General de Agricultores (AGA), which represented the existing landowners.

Presented with a draft by the President, the Guatemalan Congress met on Saturdays and Sundays for five weeks. Congress introduced some changes to Árbenz's version, most notably restoring the idea of cooperatives (although not to the degree proposed by the PGT). Decree 900—Ley de Reforma Agraria—was passed on 17 June 1952 at 1:45 AM and signed into law by Árbenz on the same day. It called for 603704 ha of farmland to be redistributed to 100,000 families. Specifically, it authorized the redistribution of all uncultivated land on estates larger than 672 acres, and of land on estates sized from 224 –, on which less than two-thirds of the land was cultivated. It also specified total redistribution of the government owned fincas nacionales, which contributed a quarter of the nation's coffee production.

Article 1 of the law reads:

"The Agrarian Reform of the October Revolution intends to eliminate the feudal property structure in the countryside and develop relations of production that originate to develop the land to the form of operational and capitalist methods of production in agriculture and to prepare the way for the industrialization of Guatemala."

Proponents of the law stated that it was intended to “eliminate all feudal type property...especially work-servitude and the remnant of slavery”. Decree 900 specifically abolished slavery, unpaid labor, work as payment of rent, and relocation of indigenous workers.

Mechanisms
The law did not redistribute land automatically. It created a National Agrarian Department (DAN), and required people without land to file requests with Local Agrarian Committees (CALs). CALs would then make decisions about how to reappropriate the land of major owners. Landowners could dispute these decisions, with an appeals process going all the way up to the President. The committees were formed from local groups, and intended to foster the spirit of community control and local political power. As suggested by the PGT, the law also gave new landowners the option of choosing lifetime tenure instead of private ownership, with the goal of preventing large landowners from simply buying back the land. The Fincas Nationales were available only through the lifetime tenure option. According to José Manuel Fortuny, a PGT leader who helped draft the legislation:

"We [the PGT] proposed the creation of peasant committees [CALs] in order to lay the groundwork for the eventual radicalization of the peasantry. We talked to Arbenz about this, and he agreed with us. What we wanted was to foster the control of the reform from below. This would give the peasants a strong sense of their common needs. And if, from the system of lifetime tenure, cooperatives developed, the seeds of a more collective society would have been sown."

Finally, the law established a system for using bonds to compensate people who lost acres to peasants. The property owners were paid in bonds which matured in 25 years; value of the land was based on claims made on the previous year's tax returns.

Land, literacy and credit
Credit for those receiving land was mandated by additional legislation in 1953, which also established a National Agrarian Bank (BNA). The government dispensed $3,371,185 in loans during 1953; $3,049,092 (around 90%) had been paid back by July 1954—a historically unusual success in lending.

Beginning in 1954, land and credit were supplemented by literacy programs—the third major plank of the reform program.

Land and farming
By 1954, 1400000 acres had been reappropriated and 100,000 families (about 500,000 people, one sixth of the population) had received land as well as bank credit and technical aid. The law affected about 1,700 estates of the country's richest and most conservative people and groups

Production of corn, coffee, and bananas increased while the law was in effect in 1953 and 1954. High coffee prices bolstered the national economy and offset the flight of foreign capital. According to a report by the U.S. Embassy in 1954, "A preliminary analysis of the President's report left little doubt, as long as coffee prices are at their present high level, that the Guatemalan economy was basically prosperous."

Decree 900 led to the expropriation of 1700 acres of Árbenz's own land and 1200 acres belonging to foreign minister Guillermo Toriello. Minister of Agriculture Nicolás Brol also had some of his land redistributed.

Conflicts over implementation
Various sources (including Árbenz and the government) reported conflicts over implementing the law. Decree 900 triggered domestic opposition from landowners and some elements within the military. The reforms were also opposed by the Catholic Church and the business class.

Landowners complained of unfair practices, but so did others who felt excluded or that they were getting a bad deal. Some peasants seized land without going through the legal channels, believing that the law provided them with a mandate. Sometimes the expropriators fought each other over who would get a certain piece of land. Other violent incidents among peasants were self-defense or retaliation against landowners who sought to disobey the law or intimidate them. In some places, peasants organized groups for self-defense and requested (usually without success) arms permits from the government. According to Neale Pearson, there were instances where "peasants illegally occupied lands and a few in which they burned pastures or crops in order to have land declared uncultivated and subject to expropriation. But these cases were isolated and limited in number".

Sometimes legal councils had difficulty measuring land, or determining how much land on an estate was really unused.

Union representatives began to travel through the countryside, informing people of the new law. Landowners closed private roads going through their property in order to prevent peasants from becoming informed of the changes. The government announced that all road would become public. Some local police forces (and other government officials) initially sanctioned some landowner retaliation. These groups, too, responded to government pressure to implement the reforms.

Changes in political power
By 1954, more than 3000 CALs had been formed. These organizations, which controlled the distribution of land at a local level, represented a substantial increase in political power for ordinary people and people's organizations such as unions. However, the law also increased the power of the President and of the new national council, the DAN.

In 1953, the Supreme Court ruled that the lack of judicial oversight for the reform was unconstitutional, and it blocked any further implementation. Congress, with Árbenz's urging, voted to impeach four judges. This decision provoked anti-government demonstrations, in the course of which one person was killed.

Historian Douglas Trefzger has reported that the land reform disproportionately benefited Ladinos, relative to Indians. It seems that although the short-lived policies of Decree 900 had a positive effect on indigenous Guatemalans—particularly on their political consciousness—poverty and associated problems persisted.

The CNCG peasant league, founded in 1950 by activists and members of the teachers' union, grew rapidly during this time and by 1945 was the largest peoples' organization in the country. The second largest was the CGTG, a rural labor union.

Efforts were made to win military support for Decree 900. These included the provision of incentives for peasants to join the army, as well as attempts to foster ties between the armed forces and the DAN. Some conflicts did emerge around the country as military leaders and peasant organizers competed for local power. These were ameliorated by new appointments to military positions. But these changes in military structure further upset some officers and contributed to the desertions and defections that allowed the coup to succeed.

Expropriation of United Fruit
In 1953 Árbenz announced that under the Agrarian Reform Law—specifically, because of an order made by the DAN—Guatemala was expropriating approximately 234000 acres of uncultivated land from the United Fruit Company. United Fruit owned 550000 acre in Guatemala, 42% of the nation's (arable) land. The company was compensated with $627,572 in bonds for the expropriation of their holdings, the amount United Fruit had claimed the land was worth for tax purposes. However, United Fruit proceeded to claim that its land was worth more. It had close ties to U.S. officials and lobbied the U.S. for intervention. The US State Department, on behalf of the United Fruit Company, claimed to Guatemala that the land was worth $15,854,849.

United States opposition
A report written by the U.S. State Department's Office of Intelligence Research suggested that the reform itself would only affect 1,710 landowners, but expressed fear that the law would strengthen the position of communists in Guatemala. U.S. opposition to the Árbenz government certainly resulted from his reformist policies, but historians differ on the relative importance of expropriating United Fruit versus the apparent communist threat implied by land reform.

Because of the Agrarian Reform Law, the Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company in August 1952 announced that it would no longer purchase Guatemalan chicle. Since Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company had been the sole buyer of the product, the Árbenz government suddenly had to provide a massive aid program for chicle harvesters.

After aborting a coup attempt called Operation PBFortune, the United States—through its Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)—renewed efforts to unseat Árbenz with Operation PBSuccess (1953–1954). It sought to develop relationships with members of Guatemalan military, and instituted an arms blockade that caused the military to fear a security crisis or even US invasion. The key agent for a possible coup was the exiled colonel Castillo Armas. The CIA also intensified propaganda campaigns to isolate Guatemala among Central American nations, and to convince the Guatemalan people that the Árbenz regime was on the brink of collapse.

Military coup
In June 1954, Árbenz Guzmán was overthrown by a multi-faceted coup operation involving a small army led by Carlos Castillo Armas, scattered right-wing violence in the countryside, a U.S. Navy blockade (called Operation Hardrock Baker), bombardment by CIA planes, and a sophisticated CIA strategy of psychological warfare intended to demoralize Árbenz and provoke military defections. Thus, although Armas's ground invasion was quickly defeated, Árbenz resigned his post and Armas won control from the vacuum of power.

Repeal
Armas became president on 8 July. He quickly repealed Decree 900 and reversed 95% of the redistribution that had occurred. (All of the land formerly owned by United Fruit was restored.) Government documents pertaining to Decree 900 were also destroyed. Armas created a new Agrarian Commission and passed two new laws, which restored control over land policy to government officials. Some land changed hands as a result of these laws, but the scope of reform was substantially reduced. Armas also abolished government support for labor unions and denounced their members as "communists".

A long period of civil war followed, with indigenous and poor Guatemalans fighting against landowners and the military. Peace accords reached in 1996 repudiate Armas's policy, and those that followed called for a return to the idea of land as a social good.

title: Decree 900


text:
Pennsylvania Railroad class S2

The Pennsylvania Railroad's S2 class was a steam turbine locomotive designed and built in a collaborative effort by Baldwin Locomotive Works and Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company, as an attempt to prolong the dominance of the steam locomotive by adapting technology that had been widely accepted in the marine industry. One was built, #6200, delivered in September 1944. The S2 was the sole example of the 6-8-6 wheel arrangement in the Whyte notation, with a six-wheel leading truck keeping the locomotive stable at speed, eight powered and coupled driving wheels, and a six-wheel trailing truck supporting the large firebox. The S2 used a direct-drive steam turbine provided by the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company, geared to the center pair of axles with the outer two axles connected by side rods; the fixed gear ratio was 18.5:1. Such design was to prevent energy loss and S2 achieved a mechanical efficiency of 97% which means only 3% of steam energy was lost within the propulsion equipment. The disadvantage of a direct-drive steam turbine was that the turbine could not operate at optimal speeds over the locomotive's entire speed range. The S2 was the largest, heaviest and fastest direct-drive turbine locomotive design ever built.

Design specification

The locomotive was to be a 4-8-4, but wartime restrictions on light steel alloys increased weight until six-wheel leading and trailing trucks were needed; its construction was also delayed by World War II. Construction of the locomotive took place at the Baldwin plant in Eddystone. Two turbines were fitted, one for forward travel and a smaller one for reversing at speeds up to 22 mph. Superheated steam at a rate of about 2,000 pounds per hour was directed onto the turbine blades through 4 nozzles; thousands of turbine blades transmitted steam energy to the transmission gear. The maximum rotation speed of the forward turbine is 9,000 rpm, developing 6,900 hp; the reverse turbine generates 1,500 hp at 8,300 rpm. A monitoring system ensured that the forward turbine could only be started when the reverse turbine was switched off. Weight of propulsion equipment was 39,000 lbs., or 5.65 lbs/hp. A large boiler with a Belpaire firebox and long combustion chamber was fitted. An automatic lubrication system was installed, connecting the transmission case, where the driving gear wheels were immersed in a lubricant reservoir filled with lubricating oil. Lubricant goes through all lubrication points, including roller bearings on all axles via the filtered pipes with the help of two steam pumps. A Worthington-pattern feedwater heater was fitted for increased efficiency. Twin air pumps for train braking were fitted below the running boards beside the smokebox front, and a large radiator assembly at the nose cooled the compressed air.

The turbine exhaust was piped through a set of four nozzles in the smokebox, providing an even draft for the fire and exiting through a unique quadruple stack. S2 had no smoke deflector when it was delivered from Baldwin to PRR in September 1944, but, soon after it began its service, PRR found out that the locomotive blew heavy smoke at lower speed during operation. So, a pair of small smoke deflectors was acquired and a thin semi-circular metal plate for smoke lifting was filled a few feet behind the smokestack. Apparently, these weren't adequate, so a much-larger pair which look like the "elephant ears" used on New York Central class S1b 4-8-4 Niagara and Union Pacific FEF-3 4-8-4 was added at Altoona Works in December, 1946. Using a smoke deflector was never a tradition of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Prior to S2 #6200, there were only three K4s-installed smoke deflectors between 1939 and 1941, for an experimental purpose: PRR #5038, #3876 and #3878. Their smoke deflectors were all removed after the war, so the steam turbine #6200 was the only Pennsy locomotive with huge "elephant ears" after the war.

The tender of the PRR S2 #6200 was originally made for a class L1s locomotive with the designation 180-F-82. Later, it was assigned as 180-P-75 for class K4s No. 3768; the tender was rebuilt again and received the designation 180-P-85 for S2 6200 use. This large 16-wheel tender was similar to that used on the PRR's other large passenger locomotives, the T1 and S1. In order to reduce the crew's workload, a "Fluid Pressure Control System" designed by Westinghouse engineer Harry C. May was installed on the locomotive. It controlled starting, running, reversing, power output, and speed, and limited speed in both directions of operation, all in one single control lever which was installed in front of the engineer's seat.

The locomotive proved to be powerful and capable, with reserves of power at speed and reasonable fuel economy. The turbine drive was easy on the track and allowed more power at the rail. During a test run officially arranged by PRR on 30 March 1945, S2 #6200 towing a dynamometer car was able to pull a 17-car train over a distance of 48 kilometers (level track) at a speed of 110 mph between Fort Wayne and Chicago. Engineer Mr. Flaya Cartwright and Fireman Mr. M.E. Brown were assigned to this official test run. E.S. Cox, a British locomotive engineer, once traveled on the footplate and reported that "100mph was maintained and exceeded for 12 consecutive minutes". While economical at speed, the locomotive was highly-uneconomical at lower speed. The turbine used less steam than conventional locomotives above 30 mph, but below that the locomotive used too much steam and fuel. The boiler normally operated at 310 psi, but at low speed the pressure could drop as low as 85 psi. The increased fuel usage at low speeds caused the firebox to run hotter, which sometimes caused stay bolts to break.

The locomotive's problems, the rapid decline of PRR's ridership since 1947 and the advantages of the emerging diesel locomotive ensured that #6200 would never be duplicated, but S2 still participated in the 1948 Chicago Railroad Fair with a T1 4-4-4-4 Duplex Steam Locomotive. In August 1949, the locomotive suffered severe turbine damage. Since the maintenance costs rose steadily, the S2 was finally stored in Crestline and Altoona. In 1952, she was finally retired and was scrapped the following year.

Service history
The S2 was assigned to the Fort Wayne Division and based at the Crestline enginehouse. It hauled various prestigious passenger trains serving the New York to Chicago corridor such as The Broadway Limited, The Liberty Limited, The Trail Blazer, The General, The Manhattan Limited and The Golden Arrow on the route between Chicago and Crestline, Ohio (283 miles/ 446 km). S2 also hauled troop trains and was seen towing express freight trains. PRR S2 #6200, as an experimental prototype of a direct-drive steam turbine locomotive, ran 103,000 miles in total before it was completely withdrawn from service in August, 1949 and would soon await the scrapper's torch. The 6200 was eventually scrapped in Conway, Pennsylvania.

In popular culture
The model train company Lionel made several models of the S2. The first ones, 671 and 2020, were released in 1946 and were discontinued in 1949. The 681 turbine's first production run was in 1950 and 1951. It was similar to both of the original turbine models but the 681 has Lionel's Magne-Traction feature which makes the wheels magnetic. In 1952, The Korean War caused a shortage of magnetic material, so the 671 was reissued as the 671rr (671 rerun). The 681 returned the next year. In 1954 and 1955, another turbine, numbered 682, was released. The 682 was basically a 681 but with valve gear on the wheels and a white stripe painted on both sides.

title: Pennsylvania Railroad class S2


text: User talk:144.173.6.77

title: User talk:144.173.6.77


text: Talk:Embraer ERJ family

title: Talk:Embraer ERJ family


text:
CPSC

CPSC may refer to:
 * U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, a government agency
 * Caloric Porous Structure Cell, a ceramic heat cell
 * Colombo Plan Staff College, an inter-governmental organization in Asia Pacific for Technical and Vocational Education and Training
 * Chuuk Political Status Commission

title: CPSC


text:
Mackie

Mackie is an American professional audio products brand. Founded in Seattle in 1988 by Greg Mackie, a manufacturer of affordable and versatile compact pro audio mixers, Mackie is the primary product line of LOUD Technologies.

History
Mackie Designs, Inc. was founded in Woodinville, Washington by Greg Mackie, an ex-Boeing worker who began making pro audio gear and guitar amps in his spare time. After founding the small line mixer manufacturer TAPCO, and later the home audio processor manufacturer AudioControl, Mackie founded Mackie Designs, Inc., designing and manufacturing affordable and versatile compact pro audio mixers under the Mackie brand in his three bedroom condominium in Edmonds, Washington. Mackie's first product was the LM-1602 line mixer, priced at $399.

Following the moderate sales success of the LM-1602, the company moved to a true factory in 1991 to produce and release its follow-up model, the CR-1604. With the flexibility to be used as either a desktop or rackmount mixer (a new concept at the time) combined with solid performance and competitive price, the CR-1604 was purchased for use in a wide variety of markets and applications. The CR-1604 became a tremendous success, selling hundreds of thousands of units by 1996 and accounting for over 48% of Mackie's overall revenues at that time.

During this time, Mackie remained squarely in the mixer category, introducing 8-Bus mixing consoles for multitrack recording and live sound production in 1993. Mackie took advantage of the Seattle area's plentiful electronic and engineering subcontractors and utilized automated assembly machines to achieve high productivity and quality with lower overall production costs. At the time, the company was growing more than 100 percent annually, forcing Mackie to relocate and expand manufacturing every year, and by 1994 Mackie had grown into a 30,000 square-foot factory to accommodate over 250 employees and US$35.5 million in annual revenues.

In 1995 Mackie celebrated the milestone of having sold its 100,000th mixer and moved into a 90,000 square-foot factory. The company completed an initial public stock offering, and introduced the Ultra-mix Universal Automation System for 8-bus consoles at the AES Convention later that year.

By 1996, Mackie was diversifying, adding veteran industry designer Cal Perkins to the team and diversifying into power amps, powered mixers, and active studio monitors. In 1999, benefiting from Mackie Designs' acquisition of Radio Cine Forniture S.p.A., Mackie introduced the SRM450 powered loudspeaker, and by 2001, speakers accounted for 55% of Mackie sales.

Having made a host of pro audio gear, Mackie launched its first ever microphone on January 16, 2020, the Mackie EM91C (E standing for element) which spurned a host of other microphones. The EM91C was unique in that it was Mackie's first attempt at a microphone, and its low price point in comparison to its user reviews and build quality. Subsequently, Mackie went on to make the EM91CU, a USB version, the EM89D (a cardiod dynamic handheld microphone) and the EM99b (a dynamic broadcast microphone).

Name change
In 2003, company management renamed Mackie Designs, Inc. as LOUD Technologies, Inc. (now known as LOUD Audio) to avoid confusion between the parent company and the Mackie brand.

Acquisition
On December 4, 2023, Mackie was purchased by Rode Microphones LLC.

Known VLZ Series Technical Problems
In 2020, a post by user "LincolnG" on Gearspace.com (formerly Gearslutz.com) initiated an online conversation that revealed a design flaw in the Mackie's Onyx chip used in the VLZ Series mixers. Others contributing to the conversation shared their experiences anecdotally and it was subsequently tested, verified, and documented, by "LincolnG" that the VLZ Series mixers do in fact have a design flaw that affects the stereo imagining. In the intervening years several others have verified the findings of "LincolnG".

title: Mackie


text:
Tomoko Tabata

Tomoko Tabata (田畑 智子) is a Japanese actress. She won the best supporting actress award from the Mainichi in 2004 for The Hidden Blade and Blood and Bones, and the best actress award at the Mainichi Film Awards for The Cowards Who Looked to the Sky in 2012.

Career
Tabata has appeared in films such as Happy Flight and Sankaku She has also appeared in television such as Watashi no Aozora and Shinsengumi!.

Films

 * Moving (1993)
 * Sabu (2002)
 * The Hidden Blade (2004)
 * Blood and Bones (2004)
 * Hana (2006)
 * Yellow Tears (2007)
 * After School (2008)
 * School Days with a Pig (2008)
 * Happy Flight (2008) - Natsumi Kimura
 * Sankaku (2010)
 * A Liar and a Broken Girl (2011)
 * Gokudō Meshi (2011) - Aya Kurihara
 * Robo-G (2012)
 * The Cowards Who Looked to the Sky (2012)
 * Before the Vigil (2013)
 * Angel Home (2013)
 * Lady Maiko (2014)
 * Children of Iron (2015)
 * Museum (2016)
 * The Day's Organ (2019)
 * Dad, Chibi is Gone (2019)
 * Wachigaiya Itosato (2019)
 * Ora, Ora Be Goin' Alone (2020)
 * Intolerance (2021) - Shōko Matsumoto
 * Haw (2022)
 * Insomniacs After School (2023)

Television

 * Watashi no Aozora (2000) - Nazuna
 * Shinsengumi! (2004) - Kondo Tsune, Kondo Isami's wife
 * Kitaro ga Mita Gyokusai - Mizuki Shigeru no Senso (2007) - Nunoe
 * Nene: Onna Taikōki (2009) - Asahi no kata
 * Midnight Diner (2009 Season 1 ep. 2) - Miyuki Chidori
 * First Class (2014) - Shirayuki Kimura

Dubbing

 * Lilo & Stitch (2002) - Nani Pelekai

title: Tomoko Tabata


text:
Talk:Mackie

Disambiguation
Of course, I feel that a search for "Mackie" should connect directly to the disambig page, and not a page about a corporation, but I don't know the process and don't have time to research at the moment. Please continue! Quiest 19:39, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

I'd like to suggest a disambiguation page, and let the Mackie brand have it's own thing. Yes? Quiest 19:30, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

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"The pattern of editing you are using indicate that you disapprove of most anything written about audio at WP. Well, don't put tags, instead raise consensus of your opinions and disagreements (if you have any) and take it to those articles talk pages. Otherwise, next time you'll be tagged as a vandal. Jrod2 00:48, 25 October 2007 (UTC)"

I don't have any problems with audio or it's discussion, but I DO have a problem with your "writing". If you want to sound like you know what you're talking about, back it up. Contrary to what you may believe, your word is NOT law! Amazing, I know. I am going to post this on the other contributions I made, so that you "don't DARE" tag me as a vandal. Thanks! Quiest 05:06, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Untitled
American designer and manufacturer of professional audio equipment. Known for affordable yet durable products, Mackie is not considered top-shelf. But for many sound reinforcement companies and smaller studios, Mackie fits the bill.

Mackie manufactures: Analog audio mixers, some with digital capability some completely digital (a burgeoning market), Speakers for live sound reinforcement, Power Amplifiers for live sound reinforcement, Near-field monitors for mixing and mastering work, Specialized control surfaces for computer audio work.

"Mackie's smooth 100mm faders and precise EQ bay give Mackie Mixers the signature feel that distinguishes Mackie from other mixer manufacturers." Does that sound like the marketing brochure or what.

title: Talk:Mackie


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Southern Virginia University

Southern Virginia University (SVU) is a private liberal arts college in Buena Vista, Virginia. The college, though not officially affiliated with a particular faith, embraces the values of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). It was founded in 1867 as a school for girls and is now a private four-year coeducational institution. The Carnegie Classification categorizes it as a very small baccalaureate-only college with an arts & sciences focus.

History
The school was founded as a for-profit institution in 1867 during Virginia's post-Civil War era when Alice Scott Chandler established the Home School for Girls in Bowling Green, Virginia, later renamed the Bowling Green Female Seminary. In 1883, Edgar H. Rowe purchased the school and operated it with Mrs. Chandler as principal. Dr. Rowe moved the school to Buena Vista in 1900, and changed its name to Southern Seminary. It was located in the splendid Buena Vista Hotel, which had been built 10 years earlier to accommodate the large numbers of land speculators investigating the town's iron ore deposits. The iron boom was short-lived, however, and Rowe purchased the hotel. The original hotel still serves as Main Hall, the university's principal building, and holds a place of distinction on the National Register of Historic Places, on which it is listed as the Southern Seminary Main Building.

In 1919, Robert Lee Durham, former dean of Martha Washington College (which merged with Emory & Henry College), bought a half-interest in Southern Seminary and became the resident head of the school. An educator, lawyer, engineer, author and inventor, Durham strengthened the school's academic program. In 1922, Durham's daughter, Margaret, married H. Russell Robey, who purchased Rowe's remaining interest in the school and became its business manager and treasurer. Durham and Robey added college-level courses to the school's curriculum, and the first class of the new junior college program graduated in 1925. The period of greatest physical growth of the school, by then called Southern Seminary and Junior College, occurred during the presidency of Margaret Durham Robey, who succeeded her father upon his retirement in 1942. Facilities for art, early childhood education and home economics were added.

In 1959, the Robeys turned over the ownership of the college to a board of trustees and the institution changed from proprietary to nonprofit status. In 1961, the school ceased offering high school courses, and the name of the institution was changed to Southern Seminary Junior College. The academic program was expanded to allow students to begin careers after their two years at the school or to transfer to four-year colleges. "Sem" became a nationally recognized competitor in intercollegiate riding, winning numerous state, regional and national equestrian competitions. To avoid confusion, the name was again changed to Southern Virginia College for Women, which was shortened to Southern Virginia College in 1994 when male students were admitted.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s enrollment began to slip and the college became financially unstable, which led to a loss of regional accreditation in 1996.

In the spring of that year, Southern Virginia College's board of trustees transferred the school's assets and liabilities to a new board, many of whom were members of the LDS Church. The main figure in this reorganization was Glade Knight. In 2000 the school was accepted into pre-accreditation status by the American Academy for Liberal Education (AALE), which is separate from accreditation bodies, and was renamed Southern Virginia University in April 2001. In 2003 it was granted full accreditation by the AALE. In June 2010 the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools awarded initial candidacy to SVU. Two years later, in June 2012, the university received full regional accreditation.

On August 9, 2017, Southern Virginia University officially changed its school colors from green to crimson. On June 11, 2020, Southern Virginia University removed the name of Durham from its main academic building in the wake of the George Floyd protests, citing Durham's racist views. In the interim before a new name is chosen, that building has been temporarily titled the Academic Center.

Campus
SVU's campus consists of twelve main buildings, including Main Hall (the most visible building on campus, used for administrative offices), the Kimball Student Center, the Knight Sports Arena, the Stoddard Center, the Von Canon Library, Landrum Hall, Robey Hall (men's residence hall), Craton Hall (women's residence hall), The Lofts (men's and women's residence hall), Walnut Avenue Apartments (men's and women's residence), Academic Center (the main academic building), and Chandler Hall (theatre and music). The campus area also includes several homes that are used for additional student housing and office space.

Academics
SVU is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. SVU offers seventeen different majors and eighteen different minors. Other programs include Health Pre-Professionals, Army ROTC and Teaching Licensure.

Religious activity
LDS Church principles and activities are fully integrated into life and education at SVU. An LDS Church Institute of Religion is operated on campus. Once each semester, SVU cancels classes for a service day on which the local LDS stake organizes an optional trip to the Washington D.C. Temple, where students perform service on the temple grounds and participate in temple ordinances. Students are not required to enroll in religious classes.

Code of Honor
SVU has a code of honor, intended to help students live by its core values, which includes the following guidelines:

 * Honesty in academic and personal behavior
 * Living a chaste and virtuous lifestyle
 * Abstinence from alcohol and tobacco
 * Respect for the rights and property of others
 * Obedience to law and university policies
 * Observation of university dress and grooming standards

An ecclesiastical endorsement to live the code of honor is part of the application process. This consists of students signing a compact in conjunction with their respective ecclesiastical leader.

Performing arts
SVU offers several performing arts sections to its students, including its premier choir Chamber Singers, a women's choir (Bella Voce), Men's Chorus, opera workshop, and a contemporary a cappella group Accolade (formerly The Fading Point). There is also a university Dance Company, which performs many different styles of dance at different functions throughout the year, including jazz, ballet, hip-hop, lyrical, modern, Irish and other ethnic styles. Music programs consist of an orchestra and flute choir. The theatre program has performed The Diary of Anne Frank, The Sound of Music, The Importance of Being Earnest, Seeking Higher Ground, and Beauty and the Beast, among many others. Another option for participation in theatre is the Shenanigans Comedy Troupe, an improv comedy group.

Athletics
Southern Virginia athletic teams are the Knights. The university is a member of the Division III level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the USA South Athletic Conference for most of its sports since the 2021–22 academic year; while its men's volleyball team competes in the Continental Volleyball Conference (CVC) and it’s men’s wrestling team competes in the Old Dominion Athletic Conference (ODAC). The Knights previously competed in the Capital Athletic Conference (CAC; now known as the Coast to Coast Athletic Conference (C2C) since the 2020–21 school year) from 2013–14 to 2020–21; as well as a provisional NCAA D-III Independent during the 2012–13 school year. They also competed in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) and United States Collegiate Athletic Association (USCAA) from 1998–99 to 2012–13.

Southern Virginia athletes compete in 30 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, lacrosse, rugby, soccer, swimming, tennis, track & field, volleyball, and wrestling; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, field hockey, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis, track & field, volleyball, and wrestling; and co-ed sports include cheerleading, dance and eSports.

History
SVU began its athletic program in the fall of 1997, one year after it became a four-year liberal arts college. In 1998, the Knights joined both the NAIA and the USCAA. The 2012–13 school year was SVU's first year as a provisional NCAA Division III member; it joined the Capital Athletic Conference, now known as the Coast to Coast Athletic Conference, on July 1, 2013, and became eligible for conference championships in 2014–15. After four successful provisional years, the Knights became a full NCAA Division III member on September 1, 2016. On December 11, 2019, Southern Virginia announced it would join the USA South Athletic Conference, effective beginning in the 2021–22 academic year. Southern Virginia University officially joined USA South on July 1, 2021.

Faculty

 * Jeff Benedict, sports writer
 * Orson Scott Card, science fiction author (Ender's Game)
 * Ed Mulitalo, former American football player who played in Super Bowl XXXV with the Baltimore Ravens
 * Debra H. Sowell, former secretary and board member of the Society of Dance History Scholars

Alumni

 * Beezie Madden, an American show jumping competitor and Olympic medalist
 * Gustavo Ramos, Brazilian-American internationally renowned fine artist.

title: Southern Virginia University


text: User talk:143.229.131.46

title: User talk:143.229.131.46


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Viljo Revell

Viljo Gabriel Revell (25 January 1910 – 8 November 1964) was a Finnish architect of the functionalist school. In Finland he is best known for the design of the Lasipalatsi ("Glass Palace") and Palace Hotel, both in Helsinki. Internationally, Revell is best known for designing the New City Hall of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Life and career
Revell, originally spelt Rewell, was born in Vaasa in 1910, and graduated from Vaasan Lyseo in 1928. He graduated as an architect from the Helsinki University of Technology in 1937. He made his architectural breakthrough already the year he graduated when he, together with fellow students Heimo Riihimäki and Niilo Kokko, won the architectural competition for the design of the Lasipalatsi, which had originally been intended as a temporary building comprising shops, restaurant and cinema, but which became one of the landmarks of Finnish "white functionalist" architecture. His next major work was the so-called Teollisuuskeskus (Industrial Centre), comprising offices, hotel (Palace Hotel), roof-terrace restaurant and ground-floor shops, situated on Helsinki's south harbour seafront. The building was also based on a competition winning proposal, made together with architect Keijo Petäjä, and was completed in 1952 in time for the Helsinki Olympic Games.

Revell's international breakthrough came with winning the 1956–58 architectural competition for the design of the Toronto City Hall, which he designed together with fellow Finnish architects Heikki Castrén, Bengt Lundsten, and Seppo Valjus. Upon announcement of the winner of the architectural competition, Mayor Nathan Phillips called the design "breath-taking". Construction of the City Hall began in 1961, and was completed in 1965, the year following Revell's premature death. Revell had also commissioned that English sculptor Henry Moore to create a sculpture in keeping with the design – Three Way Piece No.2: Archer was installed in the public square in 1966 under controversy due to its cost.

Revell married Maire Myntti in 1941; they had three daughters born in 1942, 1943 and 1945. As he had excellent stereoscopic eyesight, he served as naval artillery fire control officer in World War II, and he was one of the survivors of the sinking of the Finnish Navy flagship, the coastal defence ship Ilmarinen in 1941.

In 1943, at a time when post-war reconstruction was already an important topic of discussion, Revell, along with Alvar Aalto, Aarne Ervi and Kaj Englund, was one of the instigators of the Finnish Building Information File (in Finnish: rakennustietokortisto), the Finnish version of a building standards file, to assist in standardization of building practices and component sizes. The work was financed by the Finnish Association of Architects, under the name of the Standardization Institute. As part of the research the group had contacts with a similar organisation in Germany, run by architect Ernst Neufert. In June 1943, while the war was still going on, Aalto, Ervi and Revell, together with architects Jussi Paatela and Esko Suhonen, travelled to Germany at the invitation of Neufert to witness the German building standardization efforts, including the construction of government buildings designed by Albert Speer for the Nazi government.

Significant buildings

 * 1935 Lasipalatsi ("Crystal Palace") Helsinki with Niilo Kokko, Olavi Laisaari and Heimo Riihimäki
 * 1939 Hallintalo House office building, Vaasa
 * 1948 Palace Hotel Helsinki with Heikki Castrén
 * 1953 Tower block in Tapiola, Espoo
 * 1953/1954–1956, 1960 Kudeneule knitwear factory (current Printal ), Hanko
 * 1957 Villa Didrichsen Didrichsen Art Museum. New wing 1964. Kuusisaari, Helsinki
 * 1960 City-Center office building (“Makkaratalo” or “Sausage Building”), Helsinki with Heikki Castrén
 * 1961 Finnish Ministry of Defence (with Heikki Castrén), Helsinki.
 * 1962 Office block in Vaasa now called the "Rewell Center"
 * 1966 New City Hall of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

title: Viljo Revell


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Thunderegg

A thunderegg (or thunder egg) is a nodule-like rock, similar to a filled geode, that is formed within rhyolitic volcanic ash layers. Thundereggs are rough spheres, most about the size of a baseball—though they can range from a little more than a centimeter (one half inch) to over a meter (three feet) across. They usually contain centres of chalcedony which may have been fractured followed by deposition of agate, jasper or opal, either uniquely or in combination. Also frequently encountered are quartz and gypsum crystals, as well as various other mineral growths and inclusions. Thundereggs usually look like ordinary rocks on the outside, but slicing them in half and polishing them may reveal intricate patterns and colours. A characteristic feature of thundereggs is that (like other agates) the individual beds they come from can vary in appearance, though they can maintain a certain specific identity within them.

Thunderegg is not synonymous with either geode or agate. A geode is a simple term for a rock with a hollow in it, often with crystal formation/growth. A thunderegg on the other hand is a specific geological structure. A thunderegg may be referred to as a geode if it has a hollow in it, but not all geodes are thundereggs because there are many different ways for a hollow to form. Similarly, a thunderegg is just one of the forms that agate can assume.

Occurrence
Thundereggs are found globally where conditions are optimal. In the US, Oregon is one of the most famous thunderegg locations. Germany is also an important center for thunderegg agates (especially sites like St Egidien and Gehlberg). Other places known for thundereggs include Ethiopia, Poland, Romania, Turkey, Mexico, Argentina, Canada, Mount Hay and Tamborine Mountain (Australia), and the Esterel massif (France).

Formation
Thundereggs are found in flows of rhyolite lava. They form in the lava from the action of water percolating through the porous rock carrying silica in solution. The deposits lined and filled the cavity, first with a darker matrix material, then an inner core of agate or chalcedony. The various colors come from differences in the minerals found in the soil and rock that the water has moved through.

State rock designation
On March 30, 1965, the thunderegg was designated as the Oregon state rock by a joint resolution of the Oregon Legislative Assembly. While thundereggs can be collected all over Oregon, the largest deposits are found in Crook, Jefferson, Malheur, Wasco and Wheeler counties. The world's largest thunderegg, a 1.75 ton specimen, is housed by the Rice Northwest Museum of Rocks and Minerals in Hillsboro, Oregon.

Legend
Native American legend reportedly considers the rocks to be the eggs of the thunderbirds which occupied Mount Hood and Mount Jefferson. Thunder Spirits on the mountains hurled the "eggs" at each other.

title: Thunderegg


text: User talk:70.177.170.91

title: User talk:70.177.170.91