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Weihe Viaduct

The Weihe Viaduct (German: Weihetalbrücke) is a bridge of the A 4 motorway near Richelsdorf, Germany. It is located in the stretch of the A 4 between Bad Hersfeld (Hesse) and Eisenach (Thuringia), between the exits Wildeck-Obersuhl and Gerstungen. It crosses the valley of the small river Weihe.

The bridge was intended to have been built at the beginning of the 1940s, but it wasn't finished then: only a few columns were built. Instead for the motorway a provisional route through the valley was constructed. In the 50 years to follow its construction was cancelled due to its location near the former border between the German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany. After the 1990 German reunification, traffic increased considerably, and in 1992 construction of a new bridge was started. One of the old columns was kept as a monument. The new bridge (45 million DM construction costs) was inaugurated in 1994. It is a prestressed concrete bridge of 584 m, which rest on 8 columns.

title: Weihe Viaduct


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Christmas in the Philippines

Christmas (Pasko; ) is one of the biggest holidays in the Philippines. As one of the two predominantly Catholic countries in Asia, the Philippines celebrates the world's longest Christmas season (Kapaskuhan); Christmas music is played as early as August. The holiday season gradually begins by September, reaching its peak in December during Christmastide, and concludes within the week after New Year's Day, more specifically on the Sunday of Epiphany; however, festivities could last until the third Sunday of January, the feast day of the Santo Niño de Cebú. Liturgically, the Christmas season is observed by the Catholic Church in the Philippines from Christmas Day (December 25) to the Feast of the Baptism of the Lord (the Sunday after Epiphany).

Etymology and nomenclature
In Filipino and most Philippine languages, the word paskó commonly refers to Christmas. It comes from the Spanish phrase pascua de navidad (lit. 'Easter of the Nativity'); the latter part, de navidad, fell out of use, leaving the word pascua to be assimilated into the local languages over the years. Meanwhile, the Spanish word pascua is descended from Latin pascha, which was borrowed from Ancient Greek πάσχα (páskha), meaning "Passover". In other languages spoken in the country, including Chavacano (a Spanish-based creole), Hiligaynon, and Ilocano, the Spanish-derived word pascua is still in use, although its spelling may vary. In Kapampangan, Pasku (also spelled Pascu), a word related to Tagalog Paskó, is used. Krismas, a Filipinized rendering of the English word Christmas, is also used occasionally in non-formal contexts.

The word Paskó serves as the root word of some Christmas-related terms, such as Kapaskuhán, the name for the Christmas season; namamaskó, a caroller; pamamaskó, the act of caroling; pamaskó, a Christmas gift or present; and pampaskó, or pang-Paskó, which literally means "for Christmas" and may refer to clothing worn on the day of the holiday. Add to this, pamamasko is the act of Christian children going from house to house greeting Christmas cheers their relatives or friends and asking Christmas gifts whether in cash or in kind. It is the time after they went to church on every Christmas morning.

History
The celebrations of Christmas in the Philippines have deep influences of Catholicism, tracing their roots back to Spanish colonial rule from 1521 to 1898. Currently, the Philippines holds the longest running festivity of the Christmas season in the world, which begins on September 1.

Activities
The various ethnic groups in the Philippines each observe different Christmas traditions, and the following are generally common.

Simbang Gabi and Misa de Gallo

Simbang Gabi ("Night Mass"; Spanish: Misa de Gallo, "Rooster's Mass", or Misa de Aguinaldo, "Gift Mass") is a novena of dawn Masses from December 16 to 24 (Christmas Eve). The Simbang Gabi is practiced mainly by Catholics and Aglipayans, with some Evangelical Christian and independent Protestant churches having adopted the practise of pre-Christmas dawn services. Attending the Masses is meant to show devotion to God and heightened anticipation for Christ's birth, and folk belief holds that God grants the special wish of a devotee that hears all nine Masses.

Morning observance of Simbang Gabi this holiday begins as early as 04:00 (or rarely, 02:30) or as late as 06:00 (or rarely, 06:30) PST, while in some parishes, some churches and others, anticipated Masses begin the previous evening at 20:00 PST, or as early as 16:00 or as late as 21:00 PST or even 22:00 PST. After hearing Mass, Catholic families buy traditional Filipino holiday fare for breakfast outside the church and eat it either within the church precincts or at home. Vendors offer many native delicacies, including bibingka (rice flour and egg-based cake, cooked using coal burners above and under); putò bumbóng (a purple, sticky rice delicacy steamed in bamboo tubes, buttered then sprinkled with brown sugar and shredded dried coconut meat). Drinks include coffee, salabát (ginger tea) and tsokolate (thick, Spanish-style hot chocolate). Some Aglipayan churches invite the congregation to partake of the "paínit" (literally, "heater"), a post-Mass snack of mostly rice pastries served with coffee or cocoa at the house of the Mass sponsor. The bibingka and putò bumbóng are also served to those attending the anticipated evening Masses together with dinner.

Christmas Eve
For Catholic Filipinos, Christmas Eve ("Bisperas ng Pasko"; Víspera de Navidad) on December 24 is celebrated with the Midnight Mass, and the traditional Noche Buena (Filipino Spanish "Good Night") feast. Family members dine together at around midnight. Some families would also open presents at this time.

Noche Buena
The Christmas dinner eaten around midnight on Christmas Eve is known as Noche Buena (not to be confused with the New Year's Eve dinner known as Medianoche). Common traditional dishes served for the meal include: lechón, various types of pancit (noodles), Filipino spaghetti, hamonado, jamón, queso de bola, morcón, embutido, chicken galantina, almondigas (meatballs), paelya (arroz valenciana, bringhe, etc.), lumpia, menudo, mechado, caldereta, callos, chicken pastel, relyenong bangús (stuffed milkfish), lengua estofado, adobo, and various types of barbecue (inihaw). Almost all of these dishes are eaten with white rice. Desserts and side dishes include úbe halayá, turon, leche flan, macaroni salad, membrilyo, fruit salad, buko salad, crema de fruta, ensaymada, champorado, mango float, fruitcake, castañas (roasted chestnuts), and various other kakanin (rice cakes) like puto bumbong, bibingka, suman, biko,  and sapin-sapin. Popular beverages are tsokolate as well as coffee, soda, wine, beer, alcoholic drinks, and fruit juices.

Panunulúyan
In different provinces and schools, the journey of Joseph and the pregnant Virgin Mary in search of lodging is re-enacted. The pageant, traditionally called the "Panunulúyan", "Pananawágan", or "Pananapátan", is modeled after the Spanish Las Posadas.

The Panunulúyan is performed after dark, with the actors portraying Joseph and the Virgin Mary going to pre-designated houses. They perform a chant meant to rouse the "owners of the house" (also actors) to request for lodging. The owners then cruelly turn them away, sometimes also in song, saying that their house is already filled with other guests. Finally, Joseph and Mary make their way to the parish church where a replica of the stable has been set up. The birth of Jesus is celebrated at midnight with the Misa de Gallo.

Christmas Day
Christmas Day in the Philippines is primarily a family affair. The Misa de Gallo is celebrated on December 25 and is usually one of several Masses that all family members (including non-churchgoers) are present. The Misa de Gallo is often celebrated between 10 pm and midnight, a schedule preferred by many Filipinos who stay up late on Christmas Eve for the night-long celebration of the Noche Buena. Fireworks and most merrymaking devices are sometimes used at the start of Christmas.

Preferably in the morning, Filipinos typically visit their extended family, especially to pay their respects to senior relatives. This custom of giving respect is enacted through the "Págmamáno". A supplicant takes the back of an elder's hand and presses it against the forehead while giving the greeting, Máno, pô (lit. "[Thy] hand, please"). The elder often responds by reciting a blessing or simply acknowledging the gesture, and in return gives "Aguinaldo" or money in the form of crisp banknotes, often placed in a sealed envelope such as an ang pao. Godparents in particular are socially obligated to give presents or aguinaldo to their godchildren, to whom they often give larger amounts compared to other younger relatives.

A festive lunch may follow the "Págmamáno". The menu is heavily dependent upon the finances of the family with richer families preparing grand feasts, while poorer families choose to cook simple yet special dishes. Some families choose to open presents on this day after the lunch.

When nighttime falls, members of the family usually return home or linger to drink, play parlor games, and chat. Some may opt to have another feast for dinner, while a minority spend the entire day at home to rest after the previous days' festivities.

Niños Inocentes
Holy Innocents' Day or Childermas is commemorated on December 28 as Niños Inocentes. Filipinos once celebrated the day by playing practical jokes on one another, similar to April Fool's Day. One of the widely practiced pranks on this day is to borrow money without the intention of paying back. Creditors are usually helpless in getting remuneration from borrower, and are instead forewarned not to lend money on this day. Victims of such pranks were once called out, "Na-Niños Inocentes ka!"

New Year's Eve

On December 31 (Bisperas ng Bagong Taón), Filipino families gather for the Media Noche a lavish midnight feast that supposedly symbolizes their hopes for prosperity in the coming year, and lasts until the following morning as with the Noche Buena taken on Christmas Eve.

Filipinos make noise both to greet the New Year and in the belief that the din exorcises their surroundings of malevolent spirits. In spite of the yearly ban (due to the national government restrictions), people in most towns and cities customarily light firecrackers, or employ safer methods of merrymaking such as banging on pots and pans and blowing car horns.

Other traditions and beliefs include encouraging children to jump at the stroke of midnight to increase their height; displaying circular fruit such as oranges; wearing clothes with dots and other circular designs to symbolize coins and money; eating twelve grapes at midnight for good luck in the twelve months of the year (a Spanish custom); and opening all windows and doors to let in the blessings on the first day of the year.

Three Kings' Day
Christmas officially ends on the Feast of the Epiphany, more commonly known as Three Kings' Day (Día de los Tres Reyes; Araw ng Tatlóng Harì), which falls on the first Sunday of January.

A dying tradition is the Hispanic custom of children leaving their shoes out by the window or the door, so that the Three Kings can leave small gifts like candy or money inside upon their descent on Twelfth Night.

Feast of the Black Nazarene

The Black Nazarene, whose devotees are primarily centered in Manila and Cagayan de Oro, is borne in procession on January 9 after a novena in its honor. The date commemorates the image's 1787 Traslación (solemn transfer) from its original location in what is now Rizal Park to its present shrine in the Quiapo District of the city.

Feast of the Santo Niño
The latest date for the end of popular Christmas celebrations is the Feast of the Santo Niño (Christ Child) on the third Sunday of January. The image depiction most associated with this day is the purportedly miraculous Santo Niño de Cebú, the first Christian icon brought to the islands. In 1521, Ferdinand Magellan came to Cebú and gave the image as a present to Humamay, chief consort of the local monarch, Raja Humabon, when she, together with her husband and a number of his subjects, were baptized into the Catholic faith. Tradition holds that Humamay—who received the Christian name Juana after Joan of Castile—danced for joy upon receiving the Santo Niño, providing a legendary origin for the fervent religious dancing during the Sinulog held in honor of the Christ Child. Celebrations are mostly focused in Cebu, where the Sinulog Festival is held, while there are other celebrations held nationwide in its honor, including the Ati-Atihan Festival in Aklan Province, the Dinagyang in Iloilo, the Kahimunan in Butuan, and the feasts of the Holy Child in the districts of Tondo and Pandacan in Manila. The National Cathedral or the Central Church of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente or Aglipayans is dedicated to the Santo Niño and other several parishes and missions around the country.

The Feast of Our Lady of the Candles
In older traditions (which are still kept in the liturgical calendar of the Extraordinary Form of the Mass) Christmas lasted until Candlemas, or the Feast of the Purification of Mary and the Presentation of the Baby Jesus at the Temple. This marked the end of a long 40-day "Christmastide" corresponding to the 40 days of Lent. This date falls on February 2, after Mary had participated in a rite of purification in according to the ancient Candlemas festival rooted in Halakha (Jewish law). This is also when Simeon makes his well-known prophecy to Mary and Joseph about the Holy Child, of Jesus being a light for the Gentiles. Many parishes, if possible will still keep their nativity scenes displayed up until the celebration of the Presentation of the Lord on February 2.

This final salvo is marked by the Feast of Our Lady of the Candles in Jaro, Iloilo City, where the image is enshrined in the Jaro Cathedral, the National Shrine of Our Lady of the Candles, where Tridentine Masses are celebrated in commemoration. Similar celebrations are held nationwide in towns where Our Lady of the Candles is its patroness, including Candelaria, Quezon, whose town fiesta is celebrated on this date.

Decorations

Due to secularization, decorations such as Santa Claus, Christmas trees, tinsel, faux evergreens, reindeer, and snow have become popular. Christmas lights are strung about in festoons, as the tail of the Star of Bethlehem in Belens, star shapes, Christmas trees, angels, and in a large variety of other ways, going as far as draping the whole outside of the house in lights. Despite these, the Philippines still retains its traditional decorations.

Paról

Every Christmas season, Filipino homes and buildings are adorned with star-shaped lanterns, called paról from the Spanish farol, meaning "lantern" or "lamp". These lanterns represent the Star of Bethlehem that guided the magi, also known as the Three Kings (Tagalog: Tatlóng Harì). Paról are as beloved and iconic to Filipinos as Christmas trees are to Westerners.

The most common form of the lantern is a 5-pointed star with two "tails" at the lower two tips. Other popular variations are four, eight, and ten-pointed stars, while rarer ones sport six, seven, nine, and more than twelve points. The earliest paróls were made from simple materials like bamboo, Japanese rice paper (known as "papél de Hapón") or crêpe paper, and were lit by a candle or coconut oil lamp. Simple paróls can be easily constructed with just ten bamboo sticks, paper, and glue. Present-day paról has endless possible shapes and forms and is made of a variety of materials, such as cellophane, plastic, rope, capiz shell, glass, and even recycled refuse. Paról-making is a folk craft, and many Filipino children often craft them as a school project or for leisure.

The Giant Lantern Festival is an annual festival held the Saturday before Christmas Eve in San Fernando, Pampanga. The festival features a competition of giant lanterns, and the popularity of the festival, has earned the city the moniker, "Christmas Capital of the Philippines".

Belén

Another traditional Filipino Christmas symbol is the belén—a creche or tableau depicting the Birth of Christ. Derived from the Spanish name for Bethlehem, Belén, it depicts the infant Jesus in the manger, surrounded by the Virgin Mary, St. Joseph, the shepherds, their flock, the Magi and some stable animals, and is surmounted by an angel, the Star or both.

Belén were introduced by the Spanish since the 16th century. They are an ubiquitous and iconic Christmas symbol in the Philippines, on par with the parol (Christmas lanterns depicting the Star of Bethlehem) which are often incorporated into the scene as the source of illumination. Both the Belén and the parol were the traditional Christmas decorations in Filipino homes before Americans introduced the Christmas tree. Most churches in the Philippines also transform their altars into a Belén at Christmas. They are also found in schools (which also hold nativity plays), government buildings, commercial establishments, and in public spaces.

Belén can be seen in homes, churches, schools and even office buildings; the ones on office buildings can be extravagant, using different materials for the figures and using Christmas lights, parols for the Star, and painted background scenery. A notable outdoor belén in Metro Manila is the one that used to be at the Manila COD department store building in Avenida Rizal in Manila from 1952 until the store and display itself was relocated to Cubao, Quezon City in 1966. In 2003, the belén was transferred to the Greenhills Shopping Center in San Juan when the COD building closed down in 2002. The last known display in Greenhills was held from November 2016 to January 2017, before returning to Cubao in 2018 at the Times Square Park. This belén is a lights and sounds presentation, the story being narrated over speakers set up and most probably using automatons to make the figures move up and down, or turn, etc. Each year, the company owning it changes the theme from the Nativity Story, with variations such as a fairground story, and Santa Claus' journey.

Tarlac City, Tarlac is known as the "Belén Capital of the Philippines" holds the annual "Belenísmo sa Tarlac". It is a belén-making contest which is participated by establishments and residents in Tarlac. Giant versions of the belén with different themes are displayed in front of the establishments and roads of Tarlac for the entire season.

Caroling
In the Philippines, children in small groups go from house to house singing Christmas carols, which they called pangangaroling. Makeshift instruments include tambourines made with tansans (aluminum bottle caps) strung on a piece of wire. With the traditional chant of "Namamasko po!", these carolers wait expectantly for the homeowners to reward them with coins. Afterward, the carolers thank the generous homeowners by singing "Thank you, thank you, ang babait ninyo (you are so kind), thank you!"

An example of a traditional Filipino carol is a part of a series known as "Maligayang Pasko", which is commonly called "Sa maybahay ang aming bati". The tradition of carols stems from the long years of Spanish rule, in which traditions practiced in Spanish Latin America during this time of the year were adopted to suit Philippine conditions.

Aguinaldo
This is a word heard repeatedly during the Christmas Season in the Philippines. Presently, the term is interpreted as gift or money received from benefactors. Aguinaldo is a Spanish term for bonus. Its prevalent use may have originated from Filipino workers of the Spanish era, receiving extra pay from the generosity of the rich employers during the celebration of the Christmas season.

Rice cakes
Several rice cakes often sold outside churches during Simbang Gabi, providing a warm, sweet treat in the early morning hours.

 * Puto bumbong has a distinctive purple color which comes naturally from a sticky rice called “pirurutong”
 * Bibingka is made from rice flour, coconut milk, and water, which are poured into a clay pot lined with banana leaves
 * Puto is made from mixing fermented rice with yeast overnight to create a dough which is then wrapped in banana leaves and steamed to create small, puffy, rounded cakes.
 * Kutsinta, looking like a rounded piece of toffee, is made by steaming a mix of rice flour, tapioca, brown sugar, and lye, which is then colored with yellow food coloring or annatto tree extract

Songs
The song "Christmas in Our Hearts", released by Jose Mari Chan in 1990, has become the most famous song for Christmas in the Philippines. It is synonymous with the start of the Christmas season, often played in homes, shopping malls, and on radio stations as early as September.

Countdowns
In the Philippines, the countdown to Christmas gradually begins by September, extending until December, otherwise known as the "Ber Months", is one of the most important traditions that make the world's earliest and longest timespan of a Christmas season.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Christmas in the Philippines


text:
User talk:Sriramph

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Trendelenburg

Trendelenburg could refer to:

 * Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg (1802–1872), German philosopher and philologist
 * His son, Friedrich Trendelenburg (1844–1924), German surgeon
 * Trendelenburg gait
 * Trendelenburg position
 * Trendelenburg test
 * Trendelenburg's sign
 * Trendelenburg's operation - great saphenous vein ligation as a treatment of varicose veins.

title: Trendelenburg


text:
User talk:Jimgeorge

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Wommen Viaduct

The Wommen Viaduct is an arch bridge built between 1938 and 1940 near Wommen, Germany, as part of the Reichsautobahn system. It is a 26.5 metres (87 ft) tall and 303.8 metres (997 ft) long motorway bridge on the Bundesautobahn 4. Because of World War II, it was left half-finished, and because of the German division the one completed side was closed until 1990. After German reunification, it was completed in 1993 with a new bridge for the second lane.

title: Wommen Viaduct


text:
Michael Strogoff

Michael Strogoff: The Courier of the Czar (Michel Strogoff) is a novel written by Jules Verne in 1876. Critic Leonard S. Davidow, considers it one of Verne's best books. Davidow wrote, "Jules Verne has written no better book than this, in fact it is deservedly ranked as one of the most thrilling tales ever written." Unlike some of Verne's other novels, it is not science fiction, but its plot device is a scientific phenomenon (Leidenfrost effect). The book was later adapted to a play, by Verne himself and Adolphe d'Ennery. Incidental music to the play was written by Alexandre Artus in 1880 and by Franz von Suppé in 1893. The book has been adapted several times for films, television and cartoon series.

Plot summary
Michael Strogoff, a 30-year-old native of Omsk, is a courier for Tsar Alexander II of Russia. The Tartar khan (prince), Feofar Khan, incites a rebellion and separates the Russian Far East from the mainland, severing telegraph lines. Rebels encircle Irkutsk, where the local governor, a brother of the Tsar, is making a last stand. Strogoff is sent to Irkutsk to warn the governor about the traitor Ivan Ogareff, a former colonel, who was once demoted and exiled by this brother of the Tsar. He now seeks revenge: he intends to gain the governor's trust and then betray him and Irkutsk to the Tartar hordes. On his way to Irkutsk, Strogoff meets Nadia Fedor, daughter of an exiled political prisoner, Basil Fedor, who has been granted permission to join her father at his exile in Irkutsk; the English war correspondent Harry Blount of the Daily Telegraph; and Alcide Jolivet, a Frenchman reporting for his "cousin Madeleine" (presumably, for some unnamed French paper). Blount and Jolivet tend to follow the same route as Michael, separating and meeting again all the way through Siberia. He is supposed to travel under a false identity, posing as the pacific merchant Nicolas Korpanoff, but he is discovered by the Tartars when he meets his mother in their home city of Omsk.

Michael, his mother and Nadia are eventually captured by the Tartar forces, along with thousands of other Russians, during the storming of a city in the Ob River basin. The Tartars do not know Strogoff by sight, but Ogareff is aware of the courier's mission and when he is told that Strogoff's mother spotted her son in the crowd and called his name, but received no reply, he understands that Strogoff is among the captured and devises a scheme to force the mother to indicate him. Strogoff is indeed caught and handed over to the Tartars, and Ogareff alleges that Michael is a spy, hoping to have him put to death in some cruel way. After opening the Koran at random, Feofar decides that Michael will be blinded as punishment in the Tartar fashion, with a glowing hot blade. For several chapters the reader is led to believe that Michael was indeed blinded, but it transpires in fact that he was saved from this fate (his tears at his mother evaporated and saved his corneas) and was only pretending.

Eventually, Michael and Nadia escape, and travel to Irkutsk with a friendly peasant, Nicolas Pigassof. They are recaptured by the Tartars; Nicolas witnesses Nadia cruelly insulted by a Tartar soldier and murders Nadia's assaulter. The Tartars then abandon Nadia and Michael and carry Nicolas away, reserving him for a greater punishment. Nadia and Michael later discover him buried up to his neck in the ground; after he dies they bury him hastily and continue onwards with great difficulty. However, they eventually reach Irkutsk, and warn the Tsar's brother in time of Ivan Ogareff. Nadia's father has been appointed commander of a suicide battalion of exiles, who are all pardoned; he joins Nadia and Michael; some days later they are married.

Sources of information
Exact sources of Verne's quite accurate knowledge of contemporary Eastern Siberia remain disputed. One popular version connects it to the novelist's meetings with anarchist Peter Kropotkin; however, Kropotkin arrived in France after Strogoff was published. Another, more likely source, could have been Siberian businessman Mikhail Sidorov. Sidorov presented his collection of natural resources, including samples of oil and oil shales from Ukhta area, together with photographs of Ukhta oil wells, at the 1873 World Exhibition in Vienna, where he could have met Verne. Real-world oil deposits in Lake Baikal region do exist, first discovered in 1902 in Barguzin Bay and Selenge River delta, but they are nowhere near the commercial size depicted by Verne.

Verne's publisher Pierre-Jules Hetzel sent the manuscript of the novel to the Russian writer Ivan Turgenev in August 1875 asking him for his comments on the accuracy of the conditions described in the book.

While the physical description of Siberia is accurate, the Tartar rebellion described was not a rebellion and the strength as well as the geographical reach of the Tartars is highly exaggerated, although there had been one sizeable insurrection under Isatay Taymanuly in 1836–38 and a major uprising against Russia led by Kenesary Kasymuly between 1837 and 1847. After the Khanates had been gradually pushed back further South earlier in the 19th century, between 1865 and 1868 Russia had conquered the weakened Central Asian Uzbek Khanates of Kokand and Bukhara, both located much further South than the cities through which Strogoff travelled in the novel. While there thus had been war between Russia and "Tartars" a few years before Jules Verne wrote Michael Strogoff, no Tartar khan at the time was in a position to act as Feofar is described as doing; depicting late 19th-century Tartars as able to face Russians on anything resembling equal terms is an anachronism.

Musical adaptations

 * La guerra santa, three-act zarzuela by Emilio Arrieta, text by Luis Mariano de Larra and, (Madrid, 1879) is an adaptation of Verne's novel
 * Michel Strogoff, musical by Jack Ledru, text by Henri Varna (Paris, 1963)

Screen adaptations
The town of Marfa, Texas was named after the character Marfa Strogoff in this novel.

Boardgame
In 2017 a board game was published by Devir Games, designed by Alberto Corral and developed and illustrated by Pedro Soto. Similar to the book, in the game players are couriers racing across Russia to thwart the assassination plot by Count Ivan Ogareff. Players will race one another but will also race the Count, who moves across Russia on a separate track. Along the way, players must face and overcome troubles such as bears and bad weather, avoid the spy Sangarra who tries to delay their progress, and avoid capture by the Tartar forces who conspire with Count Ogareff. Players must balance the racing element of the game, resting enough to preserve health, and dealing with the troubles they face along the way before crisis ensues. The game usually ends when a player confronts Ogareff in Irkusk and a showdown ensues. The game is highly thematic and true to the novel, with artwork that draws on traditional Russian carving techniques from the era.

title: Michael Strogoff


text:
Friedrich Trendelenburg

Friedrich Trendelenburg (24 May 1844 – 15 December 1924) was a German surgeon. He was son of the philosopher Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg, father of the pharmacologist Paul Trendelenburg and grandfather of the pharmacologist Ullrich Georg Trendelenburg.

Trendelenburg was born in Berlin and studied medicine at the University of Glasgow and the University of Edinburgh. He completed his studies at the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin under Bernhard von Langenbeck, receiving his doctorate in 1866. He practiced medicine at the University of Rostock and the University of Bonn. In 1895 he became surgeon-in-chief at the University of Leipzig.

Trendelenburg was interested in the history of surgery. He founded the German Surgical Society in 1872. Trendelenburg was also interested in the surgical removal of pulmonary emboli. His student Martin Kirschner performed the first successful pulmonary embolectomy in 1924, shortly before Trendelenburg's death. He died in 1924 of cancer of the mandible, aged 80.

Named after Friedrich Trendelenburg
A number of medical treatments and terminologies have been named after Friedrich Trendelenburg, including:
 * Brodie–Trendelenburg percussion test (also accredited to Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie) is a test for incompetent valves in superficial veins.
 * Trendelenburg's cannula: a cannula used during surgery of the larynx to prevent the patient from swallowing blood during surgery involving the head and neck.
 * Trendelenburg gait: an abnormal gait caused by weakness of the abductor muscles of the lower limb, including the gluteus medius muscle and gluteus minimus muscle.
 * Trendelenburg operation: ligation of the great saphenous vein, for the treatment of varicose veins. This term may also apply to pulmonary thrombectomy.
 * Trendelenburg position, in which the patient is placed on a bed which is put into incline such that the patient's head is lower than his feet.
 * Trendelenburg's sign: a sign of congenital dislocation of the hip.
 * Trendelenburg's test: a test for varicose veins as well as a test to assess hip mobility.

title: Friedrich Trendelenburg


text:
Kocher Viaduct

On the Kocher Viaduct (Kochertalbrücke) near Schwäbisch Hall in Germany the Autobahn 6 crosses the Kocher valley between Heilbronn and Nuremberg. With its maximum height of 185m above the valley bottom, it is the highest viaduct in Germany, and was also the bridge with the tallest pillars in the world before the Millau Viaduct, France was completed in 2004.

The nine spans of this prestressed concrete girder bridge cover a length of 1128m, the individual span lengths being 81m for the outer two and 138m for the remaining seven. Pillar height varies from 40m to 178m. The bridge table is 31m wide. Construction was from 1976 to 1979.

A museum in the village of Geislingen am Kocher below the bridge (visits by prior appointment) not only tells the bridge's story but also displays dinosaur fossils found during the construction of the motorway.

title: Kocher Viaduct


text:
User talk:MFlana4048

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (for eg. on talk pages) use 	 ~  (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * For help, see Where to ask a question.
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Five pillars, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * You can contribute in many ways: write a great article, fight vandalism, upload pictures, perform maintainance tasks, contribute to existing projects...

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop us a note at New user log.

-- utcursch | talk

Spam
Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. The links you added to the page Nude celebrities on the Internet have been removed. Please do not add commercial links—or links to your own private websites—to Wikipedia. Wikipedia is not a vehicle for advertising or a mere collection of external links. You are, however, encouraged to add content instead of links. See the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. --Yamla 05:33, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:MFlana4048


text:
Robert Webb

Robert Patrick Webb (born 29 September 1972) is an English comedian, actor and writer. He rose to prominence alongside David Mitchell as the comedy duo Mitchell and Webb.

Mitchell and Webb starred in the Channel 4 sitcom Peep Show, in which Webb plays Jeremy "Jez" Usbourne. The two also starred in the sketch show That Mitchell and Webb Look, for which they then performed a stage adaptation, The Two Faces of Mitchell and Webb. The duo starred in the 2007 film Magicians, and in the short-lived series Ambassadors in 2013. Webb headed the critically-acclaimed sitcom The Smoking Room and was a performer in the sketch show Bruiser. Since 2017, he has starred alongside Mitchell in the Channel 4 comedy-drama Back.

Webb is also a regular comedy panellist, appearing on shows such as The Bubble, Have I Got News for You, Never Mind the Buzzcocks, QI, Mastermind, Argumental, and Was It Something I Said? He has also hosted and narrated several programmes. His other sitcom appearances include Blessed, The Bleak Old Shop of Stuff, and Fresh Meat.

Early life
Robert Patrick Webb was born on 29 September 1972 in Boston, Lincolnshire, and grew up in Woodhall Spa. His parents divorced when he was five years old, with his mother remarrying a year or so later. He has two older brothers and a younger half-sister. He grew up on a council estate, and was educated at Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School in Horncastle. Having grown up watching the sitcoms The Young Ones, Blackadder, and Only Fools and Horses, he became interested in drama and poetry while in school, and began writing parodies. At the age of 13, partly because of resentment towards his father, he made a conscious effort to lose his native Lincolnshire accent and now speaks with a more neutral English accent. When he was 17 and in the lower sixth form preparing for his A-levels, his mother died of breast cancer, and he moved in with his father and re-sat his A-levels. In 1992, Webb attended Robinson College, Cambridge, where he studied English and became vice-president of the Footlights, where he met David Mitchell. The two met at an audition for a Footlights production of Cinderella in 1993.

Mitchell and Webb
The two put together their first project, a show about World War I titled Innocent Millions Dead or Dying – A Wry Look at the Post-Apocalyptic Age (With Songs), in January 1995. Webb later described it as being "fucking terrible". From this the duo were given the chance to write for Alexander Armstrong and Ben Miller, and for series two of Big Train. After minor work on The Jack Docherty Show and Comedy Nation, their first break into television acting was in 2000, on the short-lived BBC sketch show Bruiser, which they primarily wrote, and starred in.

In 2001, the duo were commissioned for a sketch show of their own, entitled The Mitchell and Webb Situation, which ran for six episodes on the now defunct channel Play UK. Mitchell and Webb's next project came in 2003, with starring roles in the Channel 4 sitcom Peep Show, as flatmates Mark Corrigan and Jeremy "Jez" Usbourne respectively. The pair shared the 2007 Royal Television Society Award for "Comedy Performance", and were jointly nominated for Best Television Comedy Actor at the 2006 British Comedy Awards. Webb was nominated for the Best Television Comedy Actor award again, this time without Mitchell, in 2009. Peep Show ran for nine series, making it the longest-running sitcom in Channel 4 history.

After the success of Peep Show, Mitchell and Webb returned to sketch comedy with their BBC Radio 4 sketch show That Mitchell and Webb Sound, which ran for five series. The show was adapted for television and became That Mitchell and Webb Look; producer Gareth Edwards described it as "the shortest pitch (he had) ever written". Towards the end of 2006 the pair made their first tour, with a show called The Two Faces of Mitchell and Webb. The tour was criticised as just "a succession of largely unrelated scenes" by The Guardian's Brian Logan, who gave it a rating of two stars.

That Mitchell and Webb Look won them the BAFTA for "Best Comedy Programme or Series" at the 2007 awards, and they earned a further nomination for it in 2009. It was nominated for two British Comedy awards in 2006: "Britain's Best New TV Comedy" and the "Highland Spring People's Choice". Their stage tour The Two Faces of Mitchell and Webb was nominated for the British Comedy Award for "Best Stage Comedy", and That Mitchell and Webb Sound won a Sony Silver Award. Their first film, Magicians, was released on 18 May 2007. It was directed by Andrew O'Connor and written by Jesse Armstrong and Sam Bain. Webb played the role of modern magician Karl.

They filmed Playing Shop, a comedy television pilot for BBC2 about two men who operate a business out of their shed, which they also wrote. Although the BBC were happy with it, Mitchell and Webb scrapped it themselves, as they felt it was too similar to Peep Show. A new pilot had been commissioned, but the plan was later shelved.

The duo fronted the campaign of the UK version of Apple Inc.'s Get a Mac adverts, with Mitchell playing a PC. The adverts proved controversial. Writing in The Guardian, Charlie Brooker claimed that the use of Mitchell and Webb in the adverts was a curious choice. He compared the characters of PC and Mac in the adverts to those of Mark and Jeremy in Peep Show, stating that "when you see the ads, you think, 'PCs are a bit rubbish yet ultimately lovable, whereas Macs are just smug, preening tossers.'" The British Sitcom Guide criticised the pair for "selling their souls". One journalist called the adverts "worse than not funny", and accused Mitchell and Webb of "an act of grave betrayal" for taking corporate work. In an interview with The Telegraph, Webb responded to the critics of the Apple adverts, stating that "when someone asks, 'Do you want to do some funny ads for not many days in the year and be paid more than you would be for an entire series of Peep Show?' the answer, obviously, is, 'Yeah, that's fine'". In the same interview, Mitchell also said "I don't see what is morally inconsistent with a comedian doing an advert. It's alright to sell computers, isn't it? Unless you think that capitalism is evil – which I don't. It's not like we're helping to flog a baby-killing machine".

Solo work
Webb has appeared in two series of the BBC Three sitcom The Smoking Room (2004) and the Radio 4 sketch show Concrete Cow. In 2005 he appeared in the Ben Elton-scripted BBC One sitcom Blessed as Ardal O'Hanlon's 'perfect' counterpart.

He and Olivia Colman also featured as a naturist couple in Confetti, a 2006 film about a competition for the most original wedding. Webb has since said that he believed that his genitals would be pixellated out but only discovered at the screening of the film that they were not. Also in 2008, Webb made his West End stage debut in the UK premiere of Neil LaBute's Fat Pig.

Webb won the 2009 series Let's Dance for the charity Comic Relief, parodying the audition sequence from the film Flashdance. He narrated the series Young, Dumb and Living Off Mum. He hosted a 2010 Channel 4 series looking at the week's online news, Robert's Web.

He has appeared on several panel shows, including Have I Got News for You, Never Mind the Buzzcocks and QI. In January 2011, Webb appeared on a celebrity version of BBC quiz Mastermind, answering nine questions correctly on his specialist subject (the novels of Ian McEwan) and 11 correctly on the general knowledge round. In 2011 Webb played Dan, a geology lecturer, in the Channel 4 series Fresh Meat. Later that year, he was cast in the costume comedy The Bleak Old Shop of Stuff, a parody of Charles Dickens' works. Since 2011, Webb has replaced Rufus Hound as team captain on the BBC comedy panel show Argumental.

Webb was the narrator of Channel 5's anti-nostalgia series 10 Things I Hate About, which began on 16 April 2012. In each episode, Webb presented his opinion on the awful aspects of a particular year (1995, 1990, 1987, and 1999).

In 2011 Webb presented "Groundbreaking Gags" on BBC Three, in which he looked at the significant gags for which that the animated show Family Guy has been recognised.

From December 2012 Webb featured in adverts for comparethemarket.com, as its founder Maurice Wigglethorpe-Throom.

From September 2021 Webb was a contestant in the nineteenth series of Strictly Come Dancing, partnered with professional dancer Dianne Buswell. The couple completed three dances and were in 13th place, when Webb withdrew on 13 October, due to his heart condition. He said he had an urgent consultation with his heart specialist, after experiencing symptoms, and that she had recommended he pull out of the competition. Webb said he was "extremely sorry" to have to leave, adding: "It became clear that I had bitten off way more than I could chew for this stage in my recovery."

Webb was the invited guest on the Radio 4 long running series Desert Island Discs, hosted by Lauren Laverne in March 2023.

Writing
Together with Mitchell, Webb published his first comedy book This Mitchell and Webb Book, which was released in the UK and the US in 2009 by HarperCollins imprint Fourth Estate. An abridged edition of highlights from This Mitchell and Webb Book, entitled How to Cope with Mitchell and Webb, was released only in the UK on 1 October 2009. The pair signed a two-book deal with Fourth Estate but, as of November 2013, a second book remained unpublished.

Webb wrote articles for the comments pages of the Telegraph newspaper between 2009 and 2011. He criticised those who commented on the online versions of his articles in a New Statesman piece. In a 2013 interview, Webb explained his experience with the publication: "I wasn't particularly busy at the time, so what I should have been doing in three hours, I was taking a day and a half to do, while getting drunk. I'd sit in the garden, drinking and talking to myself, then go back upstairs, write another sentence, go, 'Oh, this isn't right.' I'd make such a meal of it. If I'd been more professional, I'd have just done it and got on with my life."

Webb thinks it is harmful for men to 'keep a stiff upper lip' and hide their feelings.

In 2015, Webb began writing his first solo memoir, How Not to Be a Boy, on growing up in working class Lincolnshire. The memoir was released in August 2017. A spoken-word adaptation, read by Webb, was featured as BBC Radio 4's Book of the Week to coincide with the launch.

In 2020, Canongate published Webb's first novel, Come Again.

Politics
In August 2014, Webb was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September's referendum on that issue.

Webb was a staunch supporter of the Labour Party, and joined the party in 2013 in response to Russell Brand's interview on Newsnight in which Brand suggested people should not vote as a form of protest. By November 2015, Webb announced on Twitter that he was leaving the Labour Party, citing his lack of confidence in party leader Jeremy Corbyn. He also expressed his disapproval at the appointment of Guardian journalist Seumas Milne as Labour's press secretary, and was quoted as saying that paying his party subscription with Milne in the post made him "feel sick". However, he endorsed the Labour Party in the 2017 general election.

In December 2018, Webb tweeted his support of an article by Janice Turner in which she criticised Mermaids (a charity which supports transgender children and their families) that had sought and was eventually awarded a £500,000 UK National Lottery grant. He also identified himself as a "gender-critical feminist" but emphasised that he opposes transphobia. He stood by his comments in a 2020 interview with The Sunday Times. In a 2021 interview with Jesse Thorn on the NPR show Bullseye, he said that his criticism of Mermaids should not be confused with an opposition to supporting transgender children, and that the debate around gender-nonconforming children had become overheated. When asked for details on his opposition to Mermaids, he declined to elaborate further and stated he could no longer remember the specifics. He has been criticised by some LGBT news outlets, charities, and activists for this stance.

Personal life
Webb married fellow comedian Abigail Burdess in 2006, with whom he had worked on the BBC Two comedy show The Bleak Old Shop of Stuff. His comedy partner David Mitchell was the best man. They live in London's West Hampstead area and have two daughters.

In a 2008 Independent article, Webb explained that he was a "swaggering atheist" prior to the death of his mother, but that the loss led to him starting to pray. Upon reflection, however, he stated that his temporary departure from atheism was a coping mechanism for the loss and he returned to atheism after he learned to "co-exist" with his mother's death: "I've returned to total non-belief. I don't know how long it'll last, but God, it's good to be back!" That same year, Mitchell & Webb faced criticism and accusations of "selling out" for appearing in an advertisement for Apple Inc. Webb responded, "I'm not a sell-out. The problem is that that presupposes a set of principles we don't actually hold. We never said comedians shouldn't do ads, or that we somehow operate outside the mixed market economy... really, we're just doing a job.

In his 2017 memoir How Not to Be a Boy, Webb revealed that he is bisexual.

In 2020, Webb underwent emergency surgery on his heart for a mitral valve prolapse after being diagnosed with the condition at a routine medical check. He had attributed the symptoms to binge drinking, saying, "I just assumed, that's the booze... I thought this is what you feel like when you're 47 and you treat your body like a skip." He then gave up drinking alcohol entirely and said, "The drinking crawled up so gradually that I was slow-killing myself... it was certainly an addiction at the end, a dependency. I was thinking of [drinking] at any given time of the day."

Non-fiction

 * How Not to Be a Boy (Canongate Books, 2017)

Fiction

 * Come Again (Canongate Books, 2020)

Other work
Webb has appeared on a number of podcasts, including The QuaranTea Break Podcast with Simon Ward, The Two Shot Podcast, Podcast Secrets of the Pharaohs and RHLSTP.

title: Robert Webb


text:
Körsch Viaduct

The Körsch Viaduct is a bridge that crosses the Körsch Valley (river Körsch) in Germany, supporting a road around Nellingen. It was built from 1991 to 1993 by incremental launch. It was handed over to the public on 6 September 1995. The bridge also crosses a 110 kilovolt power line of the EnBW AG and a sewage treatment plant.

title: Körsch Viaduct


text:
User:DjR

I joined Wikipedia as a user in November 2004 and since then have been contributing only in small ways.

I am a professional biblical scholar, specializing in the Hebrew Bible and its Greek translation.

title: User:DjR


text:
2001 in British music

This is a summary of 2001 in music in the United Kingdom.

Events

 * 13 February – Peter Frampton receives the Orville H. Gibson Lifetime Achievement Award.
 * 17 February – Manic Street Preachers become the first western rock band to play in Cuba. (Fidel Castro is in attendance.) They did not tour, meaning that an unsigned British rock band, Sandstone Veterans, remain the only band from the western world to tour Cuba.
 * 8 March – Melanie C announces she does not intend to do any more work with the Spice Girls. Although the group denies it is splitting, it would not be active again until 2007.
 * 26 March – Damon Albarn's project Gorillaz releases their eponymous debut studio album, which would sell over seven million copies worldwide by 2007, earning them an entry in the Guinness Book of World Records as the Most Successful Virtual Band.
 * 28 March – Sergei Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 2 replaces Max Bruch's violin concerto at #1 in the Classic FM Hall of Fame.
 * 4 April – Original Zombies lead singer Colin Blunstone and keyboardist Rod Argent reunite for a two-part performance at London's Jazz Cafe, the first time the two had performed together in over 30 years.
 * 21 May – The first UK performance of Richard Rodney Bennett's Marimba Concerto takes place at the Fairfield Halls, Croydon. Th US premiere was in 1988.
 * 16 June – Romanian tenor Marius Brenciu becomes the first performer to win both the main prize and the song prize in the BBC Cardiff Singer of the World competition.
 * 2 July – Liverpool Airport is rechristened Liverpool John Lennon Airport in an official ceremony.
 * 3 September - Gorillaz withdraw from the nominations list for the Mercury Prize, stating that being nominated is "like carrying a dead albatross around your neck for eternity".
 * 21 September – Welsh band Catatonia split up amicably, and after Cerys Matthews' treatment in rehab for alcohol and smoking problems.
 * 1 November – The governing body of the UK Singles Chart, Chart Information Network Ltd. (CIN), changes its name to The Official UK Charts Company.
 * 4 December – Promoters for So Solid Crew cancel their then planned tour – after a shooting at a gig at the London Astoria on 4 November, which saw two men hospitalised.
 * 26 December – After denying rumours prior to their greatest hits album, pop group Steps shock their fans by announcing their split, a move that was heavily criticised by the fans. The group would reunite 10 years later.

Summary
Russell Watson came to the fore in 2001, with the release of his best-selling album The Voice. Another hit album was the score from Captain Corelli's Mandolin by Stephen Warbeck. Karl Jenkins "mass for peace", entitled The Armed Man, went quickly into the Classic FM top 300 annual chart, making him the highest-placed living composer.

Works

 * Robat Arwyn – Atgof o'r Sêr
 * Peter Maxwell Davies – Symphony No. 8 (Antarctic Symphony)
 * Howard Goodall – In Memoriam Anne Frank
 * Christopher Gunning – Piano Concerto
 * John McCabe – Woman by the Sea (piano, string quartet)
 * Stuart Mitchell – Seven Wonders Suite for Choir & Orchestra
 * Hilary Tann – The Grey Tide and the Green

Opera

 * Julian Wagstaff – John Paul Jones

Albums

 * Karl Jenkins – Adiemus IV: The Eternal Knot
 * Julian Lloyd Webber – Celebration
 * Russell Watson – The Voice

Musical films

 * Strictly Sinatra, directed by Peter Capaldi, starring Ian Hart

Film scores and incidental music

 * John Barry – Enigma
 * Patrick Doyle
 * Bridget Jones's Diary
 * Gosford Park
 * John Powell
 * Evolution
 * Rat Race
 * I Am Sam
 * Stephen Warbeck
 * Captain Corelli's Mandolin
 * Charlotte Gray

BRIT Awards
The 2001 BRIT Awards winners were:

 * Best soundtrack: "American Beauty"
 * British album: Coldplay – "Parachutes"
 * British breakthrough act: a1
 * British dance act: Fatboy Slim
 * British female solo artist: Sonique
 * British group: Coldplay
 * British male solo artist: Robbie Williams
 * British single: Robbie Williams – "Rock DJ"
 * British video: Robbie Williams – "Rock DJ"
 * International breakthrough act: Kelis
 * International female: Madonna
 * International group: U2
 * International male: Eminem
 * Outstanding contribution: U2
 * Pop act: Westlife

Mercury Music Prize
The 2001 Mercury Music Prize was awarded to PJ Harvey – Stories from the City, Stories from the Sea.

Record of the Year
The Record of the Year was awarded to "Don't Stop Movin'" by S Club 7.

Deaths

 * 4 January – Lawrence Leonard, cellist, conductor and composer, 77
 * 21 February – Ronnie Hilton, singer, 75
 * 9 April – Ken Rattenbury, jazz trumpeter, pianist and composer, 80
 * 11 April – Sir Harry Secombe, entertainer, 79
 * 29 April – Rita Hunter, operatic soprano, 67
 * 6 May – Mike Hazlewood, singer, composer and songwriter, 59 (heart attack)
 * 21 May – Tony Ashton, keyboardist, singer and composer, 55 (cancer)
 * 25 May – Delme Bryn-Jones, operatic baritone, 67
 * 12 June - Thomas Wilson, composer, 83
 * 19 June – Lindsay L. Cooper, musician, 61
 * 3 July – Delia Derbyshire, electronic musician and composer, 64
 * 12 July – James Bernard, film composer, 75
 * 22 July – Emmanuel Fisher, conductor and composer, 79
 * 24 October – Kim Gardner, musician, 53
 * 16 November – Rosemary Brown, composer, pianist and spiritualist, 85
 * 31 October – Bill Le Sage, jazz pianist, 74
 * 28 November – Norman Lumsden, opera singer and actor, 95
 * 29 November – George Harrison, singer, musician, music and film producer, 58
 * 16 December – Stuart Adamson, guitarist with Big Country, 43 (suicide)
 * 18 December – Clifford T. Ward, singer-songwriter, 57

title: 2001 in British music


text:
Talk:Stick-fighting

Untitled
Amusing how despite there being a picture of sticking fighting in Indian martial arts up on this article there's...no mention of it in the list...

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathi — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.156.226.220 (talk) 17:03, 16 September 2013 (UTC)

I was the one that requested this page (as a summary and hub for the various martial arts stick fighting schools which already have entries). The kendo clone ('White Sticks'?) was not what I had in mind.

NOTE... I do not believe kendo involves sticks, but rather bamboo straightswords called (Japanese) shinai or (Chinese) zhen he. ... Kendo transliterated in Chinese is jiandao, or way of swords, not way of sticks. Jiandao is the inherator of Chinese Jianshu, or ... art of the sword. Kendo is complementary of (japanese) Iaido (Chinese) Juhedao, which are two sword forms. Jianshu on the otherhand ... is complementary to Gunshu, a quarterstaff art of China. oddly, I do not find it listed... ... Oh, and from now on, everyone identify who you are. ... --Taichiwarrior 22:19, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

Kendo is Stick Fighting?
I'm wary of labeling Kendo as 'stick fighting'. It's true that they use wooden weapons, and indeed that, in competition, those weapons are straight rather than curved like a proper katana, but I'm pretty sure Kendo should be classified as a sword school. After all, martial arts that indisputably should be called sword methods (e.g. the many varieties of kenjutsu) use wooden weapons, but they are plainly wooden -swords-.

One meaningful difference is that a 'stick' (a short staff) is wielded very much differently from a sword. While "sticks" can be swung in a sword-like manner, "stick" techniques also employ, for instance, sliding thrusts and grip changes that would be absurd if wielding a sword.

--GenkiNeko 00:23, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Suggestion
Should it be mentioned that young people use a form of "Stick fighting" as entertainment? I, for one, played stick-fighting games with my neighbors, siblings, cousins...

Signed: No-signature-man...

Banana?
In the introduction, we find the following line: "but thicker and/or heavier bananas such as clubs or the mace"

Is "banana" a technical term? If so, can it be explained or linked? Or is this a case of amusing vandalism? Mat Teja (talk) 11:13, 14 June 2012 (UTC)

This sentence a little further down gives weight to the vandalism theory: "intended for use if attacked whilst lightly shouting" Mat Teja (talk) 11:21, 14 June 2012 (UTC)

Definition of stick?
Really? "...simple long slender, blunt, hand-held, generally wooden 'sticks'". Kortoso (talk) 22:44, 2 June 2016 (UTC)

Uncited Sakhalin claim removed
"Nivkh people from Sakhalin used long sticks called z'ar t'ar for sacralized ritual fighting."

TapTheForwardAssist (talk) 04:08, 7 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stick-fighting


text:
Neckar Viaduct, Weitingen

The Neckar Viaduct at Weitingen is a bridge that crosses the valley of the River Neckar, near the town Horb am Neckar. The bridge is an important part of motorway A81's section Stuttgart - Singen.

Measurements
The bridge has an overall length of 900 meters, spans of 234-134-134-134-264 meters and a height of 125 meters above ground. The width of the bridge deck amounts to 31.5 meters.

Construction
The structure is a steel box girder, which is 10 meters wide and 6.10 meters tall. A characteristic are the approach spans, which are cable trussed beams, to avoid pylons in the valley slopes. The south span is 264 meters long.

History
The bridge was handed over to the public in 1978. Directly east of the bridge is a 110 kV power line, hung on high anchor masts 70 meters high, crosses the Neckar Valley from Eutingen to St. Georgen.

title: Neckar Viaduct, Weitingen


text:
Băicoi

Băicoi is a town in Prahova County, Romania, near the 45th parallel. Five localities are administered by the town: Dâmbu, Liliești, Schela, Tufeni, and Țintea. Over time, these have become neighborhoods of the town.

Bӑicoi is located in the historical region of Muntenia. It is situated in the center of the county, and stretches for 17 km at its widest. The town is crossed on its southwestern side by the national road DN1, which connects it to the county seat, Ploiești, 18.7 km to the southeast and Brașov, 95.3 km to the north. Bӑicoi lies near Florești, a train stop between Ploiești and Câmpina.

History
The name of the town is derived from "Baicu". At the end of the 19th century, Băicoi was a rural commune, formed by the villages of Băicoi, Cotoiu, Tufeni, and Găgeni, totaling 3,257 inhabitants. The other localities of the current town made up the Țintea commune, which consisted of Țintea, Dâmbu, and Liliești villages, totaling 1,240 inhabitants. Both communes were part of Plasa Filipești, in Prahova County. By 1925, Băicoi commune had 5,946 inhabitants, in Băicoi, Cotoiu, and Tufeni villages (Găgeni village having been assigned to Păulești commune); Țintea commune, in the same composition, had 2,639 inhabitants.

Băicoi commune was declared a town in 1948, at the beginning of the Romanian People's Republic. After the administrative reorganization of 1950, the town became part of the Câmpina raion of Prahova Region, which was enlarged in 1952 and was renamed Ploiești Region. When the regions were abolished in 1968, Țintea commune with all its villages was assigned to the town of Băicoi, which became part of Prahova County.

Natives

 * Adina-Ioana Vălean (born 1968), politician

Climate
Băicoi has a humid continental climate (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification).

title: Băicoi


text:
James Bond music

Since its inception in 1962, the James Bond film series from Eon Productions has featured many musical compositions, many of which are now considered classic pieces of British film music. The best known piece is the "James Bond Theme" composed by Monty Norman. Other instrumentals, such as "On Her Majesty's Secret Service", and various songs performed by British or American artists such as Shirley Bassey's "Goldfinger", Nancy Sinatra's "You Only Live Twice", Paul McCartney's "Live and Let Die", Carly Simon's "Nobody Does It Better", Sheena Easton's "For Your Eyes Only", Duran Duran's "A View to a Kill", Tina Turner's "GoldenEye" also become identified with the series.

Madonna's "Die Another Day" became a dance hit around the world, while "A View to a Kill" is the only Bond song to have reached number one on the US Billboard Hot 100. Three Bond songs have won the Academy Award for Best Original Song: "Skyfall" by Adele, "Writing's on the Wall" by Sam Smith and "No Time to Die" by Billie Eilish, while Writing's on the Wall also became the first Bond theme to reach number one on the UK Singles Chart.

"James Bond Theme"
The "James Bond Theme" is the main signature theme of the James Bond films and has featured in every Eon Productions Bond film since Dr. No, released in 1962. The piece has been used as an accompanying fanfare to the gun barrel sequence in every Eon Bond film before Casino Royale.

"James Bond Is Back"
The briefest of "James Bond themes", this composition started off the "Opening Titles" music of From Russia with Love. It was heard in the On Her Majesty's Secret Service film trailer, as well as in the pre-title sequence of Tomorrow Never Dies. WLS (AM) used the theme in the mid-1960s for their secret agent radio serial "The Wild Adventures of Peter Fugitive" that appeared on "The Art Roberts Show".

"007 Theme"
"007 Theme", also known as "007 Takes the Lektor", is an adventure theme composed by John Barry in 1963 for the Bond film From Russia with Love. "The John Barry Seven" had pop chart hit with a cover version of Elmer Bernstein's theme to The Magnificent Seven that included seven beats repeated throughout the theme. Barry used seven beats throughout the "007 Theme".

It became a secondary theme for the Bond films, being used throughout the series, primarily during action scenes. Its most notable appearances are:
 * From Russia with Love – played during the gypsy camp gunfight and also during Bond's theft of the Lektor decoder from the Russian embassy in Istanbul.
 * Thunderball – played briefly in a climactic underwater fight; a similar but different theme of seven beats is played when Bond runs from SPECTRE during a parade and during the climax.
 * You Only Live Twice – played during the flight of "Little Nellie" before Bond battles four helicopters that attack him.
 * Diamonds Are Forever – played during Bond's destruction of Blofeld's Headquarters.
 * Moonraker – played during the Amazon River chase.

The theme has not been used in its entirety in a Bond film since its use in Moonraker.

This piece of music was also used by Al Primo, the news director at KYW-TV in Philadelphia for its long-time theme to Eyewitness News, and was adopted by other Group W stations in Baltimore, Pittsburgh, Boston and San Francisco as well as other non-Group W stations, including WLS-TV in Chicago. The theme was also sampled by Big Audio Dynamite for the 1986 song "Sightsee M.C!"

"Suspense" motif
Like John Barry, David Arnold has left his own mark in the music of James Bond. In this case, he has established what can be called the "suspense motif", which is a descending, often repetitive four-note motif that can be heard in all of the Bond films he has scored. This motif can be heard in:
 * Tomorrow Never Dies – "Station Break", "*-3-Send", "Underwater Discovery"
 * The World Is Not Enough – "Pipeline", "Remember Pleasure", "Torture Queen", "Submarine"
 * Die Another Day – "Death of Moon", "Iced Inc", "Antonov"
 * Casino Royale – "Miami International", "Dirty Martini", and very briefly in "African Rundown"
 * Quantum of Solace – briefly in "Time to Get Out", and twice in "Perla de las dunas"

Composers (Eon Productions)
The largest contributions to the Bond films, save for the "James Bond Theme", are works from John Barry. Barry composed eleven Bond soundtracks and is credited with the creation of "007" (dominated by brass and percussion) and the popular orchestral theme from On Her Majesty's Secret Service.

Next to Barry, David Arnold is the series' most regular composer. He composed the scores for five Bond films: Tomorrow Never Dies through Quantum of Solace. His orchestrations combined with electronic rhythm elements gave the Pierce Brosnan era its musical identity. Arnold was essentially Barry's anointed successor, Barry having recommended Arnold to Barbara Broccoli when she took over the Bond films from her father Albert R. Broccoli.

Other major composers and record-producers include George Martin, Bill Conti, Michael Kamen, Marvin Hamlisch, Éric Serra, Thomas Newman and Hans Zimmer. Each of these composed for only one Bond film, with the exception of Newman. The departures from John Barry had various causes; sometimes Barry declined in order to avoid paying double income tax—US and UK. Barry died in 2011. Sometimes the director of a Bond film had worked with the composer of his choice on other films – the latter happened to Thomas Newman with Skyfall and Spectre.

Title themes
The "James Bond Theme" is the main theme for Dr. No, and has featured in all the Eon Productions Bond films in different versions. The theme has also featured on the gun barrel sequences at the beginning of the films. The original theme was written by Monty Norman, and was performed by John Barry and his orchestra in 1962. In the opening credits of Dr. No, two other pieces were played: an untitled bongo interlude and a Calypso-flavored rendition of "Three Blind Mice", titled "Kingston Calypso". Due to this, Dr. No is the only film to have more than one opening theme. The "James Bond Theme" reached No. 13 in the UK Singles Chart, and remained in the charts for 13 weeks.

The opening credits of From Russia with Love were accompanied by an instrumental version of the main theme, arranged by John Barry and written by Lionel Bart. A single by The John Barry Orchestra reached No. 39 in the U.K. At the film's end, a vocal version by English singer Matt Monro is heard. This song spent 13 weeks in the U.K. charts, peaking at No. 20.

Goldfinger was the third soundtrack composed by John Barry, and this time the theme song had lyrics written by Anthony Newley and Leslie Bricusse. The soundtrack reached No. 1 on the Billboard 200 and spent 70 weeks on the charts. It also peaked at No. 14 on the UK Albums Chart, and received the Bond series first Grammy Award nomination, Best Original Score from a Motion Picture or Television Show.

Welsh singer Shirley Bassey is the only singer to perform more than one Bond theme – she recorded the themes to Goldfinger, Diamonds Are Forever, and Moonraker. Bassey also recorded her own versions of "Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang" for Thunderball and it was rumoured that "No Good About Goodbye" was intended for Quantum of Solace, however David Arnold said 'No Good About Goodbye' was never intended as a Bond song.

Paul McCartney's performance of "Live and Let Die" was the first Bond theme song to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song; it reached No. 2 as a U.S. single, and No. 9 on the U.K. charts. George Martin's work in the song won the Grammy for Best Arrangement Accompanying Vocalists.

Marvin Hamlisch's (music) and Carole Bayer Sager's (lyrics) "Nobody Does It Better" (performed by Carly Simon) received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Song, as did Bill Conti's "For Your Eyes Only", which was performed by Sheena Easton.

It was not until the 2013 Oscars that a Bond theme song finally won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, the theme song from Skyfall by Adele. Thomas Newman's score also got the first nomination for Academy Award for Best Original Score in the series since Hamlisch's own for The Spy Who Loved Me, while winning the Grammy for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media. Adele's song also won the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media. Sam Smith's "Writing's on the Wall" from Spectre and Billie Eilish's "No Time to Die" from the film of the same name would also win Oscars for Best Original Song.

Duran Duran and John Barry's "A View To A Kill" topped the singles charts in the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, the only Bond theme to hit No. 1 in the United States. No James Bond theme had topped the charts in the UK until Sam Smith's "Writing's on the Wall" entered the charts at number one on 2 October 2015.

Several of the later films have alternative theme songs, often during the closing credits. The Living Daylights featured The Pretenders performing "If There Was a Man," composed by John Barry with Chrissie Hynde. Licence to Kill has "If You Asked Me To" sung by Patti LaBelle. GoldenEye featured Éric Serra's "The Experience of Love". Tomorrow Never Dies included k.d. lang's "Surrender" during the closing credits, a song which was originally proposed by composer David Arnold to be the title sequence theme instead of the Sheryl Crow title song. The "Surrender" theme is heard throughout the score while the melody of Sheryl Crow's song is not used again during the film. This harks back to the Thunderball soundtrack, where "Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang" was originally proposed as the opening credits music, only to be replaced by the eponymous title track as sung by Tom Jones.

On Her Majesty's Secret Service featured an instrumental theme tune, something which remains unique amongst the post–From Russia with Love films, and included a vocal theme in the form of Louis Armstrong's performance of "We Have All the Time in the World", written by John Barry and Hal David.

 * A song titled "Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang" sung by Shirley Bassey was originally slated to be the theme song of Thunderball. It was re-recorded by Dionne Warwick, but Albert Broccoli insisted the theme song must include the film's title and also decided that the lyrics should not start before the film's title Thunderball appears on-screen. A new song was composed and recorded at the eleventh hour titled "Thunderball", performed by Tom Jones. The melody of "Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang" remains a major component of the film score.
 * The songs "Three Blind Mice" (Dr No), "All Time High" (Octopussy), "You Know My Name" (Casino Royale), "Another Way to Die" (Quantum of Solace) and "Writing's on the Wall" (Spectre) do not feature the title of its film either in the song title or lyrics (although "Another Way to Die" features the word "solace" in the second stanza). While not named after the film, "Nobody Does It Better" does feature the line "the spy who loved me" in its lyrics.
 * "You Know My Name", "Skyfall", and "Writing's on the Wall" do not appear on their respective films' soundtrack albums, having been released as standalone singles instead.
 * "No Time to Die" was released in February 2020 when the movie was scheduled to be released in April 2020. The movie release was delayed during the COVID-19 pandemic to Fall of 2021.

Secondary songs
A number of Bond films include one (or more) additional songs in the soundtrack. Some of these pieces of music, such as "We Have All the Time in the World" by Louis Armstrong, have gone on to become as well known as the main themes, while other songs remain exclusively linked to the film in which they appear.

 * Dionne Warwick's performance of "Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang" is never actually heard in Thunderball; it was originally intended to have been the opening credits theme, but this was changed when Albert Broccoli decreed the theme had to include the film's title. The melody of "Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang" is heard throughout the film; Warwick's version was finally released in the 1990s.
 * The original end title theme to The World Is Not Enough was "Only Myself to Blame", composed by David Arnold and Don Black, and sung by Scott Walker, but was left out of the final film and replaced by an Arnold arrangement of the "James Bond Theme". "Blame" was, however, left on The World Is Not Enough soundtrack album, and its melody, representing the Elektra King character, appears throughout The World Is Not Enough score, most prominently in the tracks "Casino" and "Elektra's Theme".
 * Matt Monro's vocal rendition of "From Russia with Love" is often considered the official theme song for that film, even though the opening credits use an instrumental version that also incorporates the "James Bond Theme". Monro's version isn't heard until about 15 minutes into the film over a radio as source music, and again over the closing titles.

Foreign songs
Some songs have been dubbed for the foreign versions of the films.

 * "Goldfinger" was sung in Spanish by Karina (María Isabel Llaudes Santiago), a French version was sung by both John William and Catherine Elia and an Italian version was recorded by Vanna Scotti.
 * "Feuerball" sung by Alan Corb was, in 1965, the German Cover version of "Thunderball" (sung by Tom Jones). The B-side of the single contained a German version, also sung by Alan Corb, of "Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang" with that title, creating the bizarre situation that a vocal 'cover' version of the song was published before the original vocal version(s) (sung by both by Shirley Bassey and Dionne Warwick), which were both published in the early 1990s with The Best of James Bond 30th Anniversary and 30th Anniversary Limited Edition albums.
 * "Man Lebt Nur Zweimal" sung by Gissy André was, in 1967, the German Cover version of "You Only Live Twice" (sung by Nancy Sinatra).
 * "Tu vivras deux fois" sung by Lucky Blondo was, in 1967, the French Cover version of "You Only Live Twice" (sung by Nancy Sinatra).
 * "In Deinen Augen", sung by Sollie Nero, was, in 1981, the German Cover version of "For Your Eyes Only" (sung by Sheena Easton).

Main title themes

 * The closing credits of Casino Royale use a vocal version of "Casino Royale" sung by Mike Redway, who remained uncredited until the release of the 2012 '45th anniversary' edition of the soundtrack.

Secondary songs

 * The soundtrack to the 1967 spoof Casino Royale also included two short comedic songs sung in a 1920s style. One led into an instrumental version of "The Look of Love" and began with the line "James Bond playing at Casino Royale..."; later, this tune was reprised as "Seven James Bonds at Casino Royale", which leads into a lyrical version of the theme sung by Mike Redway that played over the closing credits.
 * "The Look of Love" was the first song from any Bond film to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song, six years before the first nomination from an Eon Bond film. It remains the only song from a non-Eon Bond film so nominated.

Unused songs
A number of songs have been recorded for Bond films but not used.

 * "Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang" by Dionne Warwick and Shirley Bassey was written for Thunderball. Its title refers to a nickname given to Bond by an Italian journalist in 1962. Warwick and Bassey both recorded versions, but halfway through the scoring process, producer Albert Broccoli decided that the film's title must appear in the lyrics, so "Thunderball" was commissioned. The song's melody still plays a prominent role in the score and both singers' versions have appeared on compilations in the 1990s.
 * "Thunderball" by Johnny Cash
 * "Run James Run" by Brian Wilson, intended as a Bond theme, but ultimately released as the eponymous track on the Beach Boys' album Pet Sounds.
 * "You Only Live Twice" by Julie Rogers is included on the 30th-anniversary release of The Best of James Bond.
 * "You Only Live Twice" by Lorraine Chandler appears on R(are) C(ollectable) A(nd Soulful) Volume 2.
 * "The Man with the Golden Gun" by Alice Cooper appears on their 1973 album Muscle of Love
 * "For Your Eyes Only" by Blondie appears on their 1982 album The Hunter.
 * "Never Say Never Again" by Phyllis Hyman was intended for Never Say Never Again.
 * "The Living Daylights" by Pet Shop Boys was adapted from a demo theme for The Living Daylights, later reworked as "This Must Be the Place I Waited Years to Leave". It appears on their 1990 album Behaviour.
 * "The Juvenile" by Ace of Base was originally written in 1995 as "The Goldeneye", then rewritten as "The Juvenile" and released in 2002 on Da Capo.
 * "Tomorrow Never Lies" by Pulp, originally titled "Tomorrow Never Dies", was released as a B-side on their 1997 single "Help the Aged", and on the vinyl version of their 1998 album This Is Hardcore.
 * "Tomorrow Never Dies" by Saint Etienne appears on their Built on Sand album. The liner notes state that Pierce Brosnan kept the master tape of the song. Other artists who submitted Tomorrow Never Dies themes include Marc Almond, Swan Lee, the Cardigans and Space.
 * "Man of War" was written by the English band Radiohead in the 1990s. It was submitted for Spectre, but was rejected as it had not been written for the film, making it ineligible for an Academy Award for Best Original Song. Radiohead wrote another song for the film, "Spectre", but it was rejected as too melancholy.

Cover versions and spin-offs
Bond music has inspired a number of cover albums in a variety of genres, including the 2007 album Mister Bond – A Jazzy Cocktail of Ice Cold Themes (lounge) and Shaken and Stirred: The David Arnold James Bond Project, the latter of which features David Arnold collaborating with several contemporary artists. The City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra recorded several albums with Bond music and performs in premieres and special events of Bond films. Britain's Royal Philharmonic Orchestra released an album of several Bond songs performances called Best Of James Bond, some of which were used on the menus of "Ultimate Edition" DVD releases. Billy Strange released "Secret Agent File" in 1965. In 2004, The Cavaliers played a show titled 007 using Bond music such as "GoldenEye", "For Your Eyes Only", "Live and Let Die", "Hovercraft Chase", "Welcome to Cuba" and "Paris and Bond". Some of them are Italo disco-like rhythms and soundtrack albums promote hits that matches the film's theme. In 2000 'An Electronika Tribute to James Bond' album was released adding yet another genre to the Bond fandom.

Video games
With the increase in audio quality for video game consoles and personal computers, in addition to the continued popularity of computer and video games, publisher Electronic Arts as well as Activision (since 2008) has included opening themes and film-style credit sequences to some of its more recent Bond video games & spin offs.

Novels
The 2008 continuation novel Devil May Care by Sebastian Faulks was the first James Bond novel to receive its own theme song. Also called "Devil May Care", the song was written and recorded by Cardiff band SAL and was available on the UK audiobook release of the novel.

title: James Bond music


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/KeremKadayifcioglu

KeremKadayifcioglu and H. Kerem Kadayifcioglu
I cannot establish any contexct at all for these entries, the only Google hits I get for any of the terms (names?) are apparently in Turkish. Might well be patent nonsense, but maybe someone on here who speaks Turkish can educate us what this iis about and if there is anything noteworthy here -- Ferkelparade π 11:00, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Just some mechanical engineering student at Koç University. directory iMeowbot 11:21, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, utter lack of context and notability borders on, but is not, vandalism. Wyss 11:38, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Doesn't belong in English Wiki. P Ingerson 13:35, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Duplicate vanity page - why on earth not a speedy?  Deb 14:42, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Susvolans (pigs can fly) 16:05, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete both. I see the category that was created by the same IP and contains only these two articles is also proposed for deletion, their only other contribution has been reverted as test/vandalism. Andrewa 18:47, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete --fvw *  19:55, 2004 Dec 16 (UTC)
 * Delete but keep the cat. Guettarda 21:09, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)


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Jack DeSena

John Patrick De Sena (born December 6, 1987), better known by his stage name Jack DeSena, is an American actor. He is best known for his work on the sketch comedy series All That, and voicing Sokka on the Nickelodeon series Avatar: The Last Airbender and Prince Callum on the Netflix series The Dragon Prince.

Biography
De Sena was born in Boston, Massachusetts. His family moved to Irvine, California in 1999, where he attended Irvine High School. After, he attended UCLA. He was a very active member of the international ComedySportz troupe (a comic improvisation team that participates in games as seen on Whose Line Is It Anyway?). Having joined All That's cast at the start of its 7th season in 2002, he subsequently tied with Logan Lerman for the 2005 Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) - Leading Young Actor. He rapidly gained recognition for his skilled and clever ad-libbing from his work as Sokka on Avatar: The Last Airbender and also guest starred as Jimmy Olsen in The Batman.

De Sena worked on the online mockumentary web series Dorm Life, a 2008 Webby Honoree for Best Writing and Comedy: Individual Short or Episode. De Sena appeared on an episode of King of the Hill, "Luanne Gets Lucky." De Sena has also appeared in an episode of Generator Rex, "Crash and Burn." In 2012, De Sena appeared on the Hulu original series Battleground. In 2013, he appeared as the judge of the texting competition and later as an airport investigator on the Nickelodeon sitcom Sam & Cat. In 2014, he voiced Robin in the animated film JLA Adventures: Trapped in Time.

He is also known as "Mr. Roberts" in the TV series 100 Things to Do Before High School, a role he played from 2014 to 2016.

Since January 19, 2016, he and his longtime friend Chris W. Smith have been creating and starring in comedy sketches on their YouTube channel "Chris and Jack". New sketches are uploaded to the channel on the first and third Friday of every month.

Since September 14, 2018 he is the voice of Callum on the Netflix animated series The Dragon Prince.

title: Jack DeSena


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Raumati

Raumati is a New Zealand place name and may refer to:

 * Raumati Beach, Kapiti Coast, New Zealand
 * Raumati South, Kapiti Coast, New Zealand
 * Raumati Hearts, a former name of Kapiti Coast United, a New Zealand association football club
 * Raumati railway station, a proposed station on the Kapiti Line
 * Raumati, Tasman, a locality

title: Raumati


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Pokémon Dash

Pokémon Dash (ポケモンダッシュ) is a racing video game developed by Ambrella and published by The Pokémon Company and Nintendo for the Nintendo DS. It was a launch title both in Japan and Europe. Dash was released in Japan on December 2, 2004; Europe on March 11, 2005; North America on March 14, 2005; and Australia on April 7, 2005. It was the first Pokémon game to be released for the Nintendo DS.

The player uses a stylus to control a Pikachu and race through checkpoints. After players have passed each of the number of checkpoints in order, the course is completed. Dash has multiplayer support, and can connect with 6 different devices.

Gameplay
Dash is a top-down perspective racing video game in which the player uses a stylus to control a Pikachu and race through checkpoints. After players have passed all the checkpoints in order, the course is completed. The stylus is used by moving the stylus in the direction the player wants Pikachu to run. Along with racing on the ground, there are races in the sky using balloons. There are many different terrains such as mazestone paths, forests, beaches, water, swamp, and lava pools. Throughout the courses are power ups which allow the player to run on different terrains without slowing down. Dash also features a training cup, which is given to players starting the game for the first time. After completing the training cup, the player has the chance to play in the Grand Prix Mode. There are five main cups to compete in GP mode. Dash also offers harder GP modes that can be unlocked, which put the player against a faster level of Pokémon. Each cup has five courses within its area.

Connectivity to other devices
Dash has multiplayer support. Up to six Nintendo DS units can be connected together. Dash features compatibility with the Game Boy Advance games Pokémon Ruby, Sapphire, FireRed, LeafGreen, or Emerald. If the player inserts any of those cartridges in Slot 2, and has completed GP mode, they can play courses shaped like the Pokémon in their team. The time to complete the courses depends on factors like type and level.

Development
Dash was developed for the Nintendo DS by Ambrella, who also developed Hey You, Pikachu! and Pokémon Channel. It was first revealed October 7, 2004, as a launch title for Japan. Dash was released in Japan on December 2, 2004; Europe on March 11, 2005; North America on March 14, 2005; and Australia on April 7, 2005. Before the North American release, The Pokémon Center had pre-order deals which included keychains and DS carrying pouches.

Reception
The game received generally negative reviews, having an aggregate score of 46/100 on Metacritic, and a score of 49 on GameRankings. IGN Craig Harris rated the game 5/10 because the player could only play as Pikachu in single player, and could also be finished within hours. GameSpot Alex Navarro rated the game 5.2/10, stating Dash "is simply one of the laziest uses of the DS's touch screen technology to date". GamePro Slo Mo rated the game 3.5/5 stating "Dash might not make much of a splash, but it should be a good kid-pleaser." GameSpy's Phil Theobald rated the game 2/5 stating "Gimmicky titles like this may be cute diversions, but they're no substitute for the real deal." Electronic Gaming Monthly gave the game 58/100, calling it a "cute and fun little racing game that has a great multiplayer component, but there's simply not enough to it." Nintendo Power rated the game 56/100, stating "Controlling Pikachu with stylus strokes is actually quite fun, but as a racing game, Dash isn't fully realized." Game Informer rated the game 55/100, calling it more of an exercise in anger management than a game. While discussing the mixed quality of Pokémon spin-offs, Retronauts cited Pokémon Dash as an example.

By December 23, Dash had sold 109,000 copies.

title: Pokémon Dash


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Raumati South

Raumati South is a coastal community on the Kāpiti Coast of New Zealand's North Island. It is 50 km north-west of Wellington, and immediately south of Raumati Beach and south-west of Paraparaumu. The Maungakotukutuku area is located inland.

"Raumati" is the Māori language word for "summer".

In 1912, Herbert and William Eatwell had named the place Kawatiri, but the name was changed to the current one in 1934 because of another place with the same name in the Tasman Region.

To the south of the town, between it and the town of Paekākāriki, is the Queen Elizabeth Park, a 638 hectare regional park used during the filming of The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, where it represented Pelennor Fields. Raumati South is known for the large number of its residents pursuing alternative lifestyles and artistic endeavors. The main primary education provider is Raumati South Primary School. There is also a Steiner school called 'Te Rā' located on Poplar Avenue.

Demographics
Raumati South statistical area covers 5.42 km2. It had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Before the 2023 census, Raumati South had a larger boundary, covering 5.65 km2. Using that boundary, Raumati South had a population of 3,753 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 159 people (4.4%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 207 people (5.8%) since the 2006 census. There were 1,416 households, comprising 1,827 males and 1,923 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.95 males per female. The median age was 42.8 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 828 people (22.1%) aged under 15 years, 504 (13.4%) aged 15 to 29, 1,914 (51.0%) aged 30 to 64, and 504 (13.4%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 91.4% European/Pākehā, 11.7% Māori, 3.7% Pasifika, 3.4% Asian, and 2.3% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 24.3, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 61.5% had no religion, 26.2% were Christian, 0.2% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.6% were Hindu, 0.2% were Muslim, 0.7% were Buddhist and 2.6% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 903 (30.9%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 297 (10.2%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $36,900, compared with $31,800 nationally. 723 people (24.7%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,482 (50.7%) people were employed full-time, 474 (16.2%) were part-time, and 108 (3.7%) were unemployed.

Sports and parks
Tennis courts were built by Bert Eatwell in Raumati South (then Kawatiri) in about 1930. The first tennis club in Raumati South was established in the mid-1940s. A bowling club was established in Raumati South in 1945 but is no longer operating. A surf club was established in Raumati South in 1955.

Education
Raumati South School is a co-educational state primary school for Year 1 to 8 students, with a roll of  as of.

Te Rā School is a co-educational state-integrated primary school for Year 1 to 8 students, with a roll of.

title: Raumati South


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Kish Air

Kish Airlines (, Havāpeymāyi-e Kish) is an airline operating from Kish Island, Iran. It operates international, domestic and charter services as a scheduled carrier. Its main bases are Kish International Airport and Mehrabad International Airport, Tehran.

History
The airline was established on December 16, 1989, and started operations in 1990. It is owned by Kish Free Zone Organisation (79%), Kish Investment and Development (11%) and Kish Development and Servicing (10%).

To start its passenger operations, after receiving temporary operations permission, the airline leased two aircraft (three Tupolev Tu-154 and four McDonnell Douglas MD-82/MD-83) from Bulgaria Airlines on a wet lease. Kish Air received its air operator certificate (AOC) in 1991, thus becoming the first private company to receive its AOC from Civil Aviation of Iran. At this time the company began wet-leasing three Tupolev Tu-154Ms from Russian leasing companies, returning the previously leased Bulgarian aircraft. The company also wet-leased two Yakovlev Yak-42D aircraft from Russia.

Towards the end of 1992, the company was at the verge of bankruptcy, and most of the key managers were replaced. In 1999, Kish Air having enough financial strength, decided to replace its wet-leased fleet with dry leased and purchased aircraft, and was able to operate two dry leased and two purchased Tupolev Tu-154 aircraft and hire and train the required aircrew and maintenance personnel. At present Kish Air also operates a fleet of medium-range MD-80 series aircraft and short-range Fokker 100 on its domestic and international routes.

Destinations
As of September 2023, Kish Air operates services to the following destinations:

Fleet

As of April 2023, Kish Air operates the following aircraft:

Fleet development
In April 2017, it was announced that the airline planned to order six aircraft from ATR, with variant and delivery dates announced if, and when, the deal is signed by the airline. The aircraft were planned to be used to increase the number of flights on domestic flights in Iran.

Former fleet
The airline previously operated the following aircraft (at November 2017):
 * 2 Airbus A320 leased from Jordan Aviation
 * 1 Boeing 737-500 leased from Bukovyna Airlines
 * 7 Fokker 50

Accidents and incidents

 * On 19 September 1995, Kish Air Flight 707 was hijacked by flight attendant Reza Jabbari and landed in Israel, where the hijacker was arrested. Jabbari requested asylum and declared his intention of converting to Judaism. Sentenced to eight years in prison, he served four years but was granted asylum and remained in Israel. He eventually became an Israeli citizen and converted to Judaism.
 * On 10 February 2004, Kish Air Flight 7170, operated by a Fokker 50 Mk.050, crashed at Sharjah International Airport killing 43 people. There were three survivors with serious injuries. The cause was that the propellers were put into reverse pitch while the aircraft was in flight.

title: Kish Air