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Chamber of Deputies (Romania)

The Chamber of Deputies (Camera Deputaților) is the lower house in Romania's bicameral parliament. It has 330 total seats to which deputies are elected by direct popular vote using party-list proportional representation to serve four-year terms. Additionally, the organisation of each national ethnic minority is entitled to a seat in the Chamber (under the limitation that a national minority is to be represented by one organisation only).

Standing Bureau
The (Biroul Permanent) is the body elected by the deputies that rules the Chamber. Its president is the President of the Chamber, who is elected for a whole legislature (usually four years). All the other members are elected at the beginning of each parliamentary session.

The Chamber of Deputies in Romania is chosen through a democratic process, where all citizens have an equal opportunity to vote freely and privately. It serves as a forum for the exchange of diverse viewpoints on national matters. Its primary responsibilities, as outlined in the Constitution, revolve around legislating, overseeing the actions of the executive branch, and bolstering parliamentary diplomacy alongside traditional diplomatic endeavors.

There is one president, and four each of vice presidents, quaestors, and secretaries. The current composition is listed below.

Committees of the Chamber
Standing committees and current leadership are listed below.

2020–2024

! style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Party ! style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | Election seating ! style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | Lost ! style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | Won ! style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | Present seating ! style="text-align:center;" | Seats ! style="text-align:center;" | % ! style="text-align:center;" | Seats ! style="text-align:center;" | % ! align=left colspan=2|Total ! 330 ! 100 ! colspan=2 | — ! 330 ! 100
 * style="text-align:left;" | Social Democratic Party
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 110
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 33.33%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 6
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 3
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 107
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 32.42%
 * style="text-align:left;" | National Liberal Party
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 93
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 28.18%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 16
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 4
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 81
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 24.54%
 * ! style="background-color: #00AAE7" |
 * style="text-align:left;" | Save Romania Union
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 55
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 16.66%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 13
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 42
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 12.72%
 * ! style="background-color: " |
 * style="text-align:left;" | Alliance for the Union of Romanians
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 33
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 10.00%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 11
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 23
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 6.96%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 21
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 6.36%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 20
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 6.06%
 * ! style="background-color: #000000" |
 * style="text-align:left;" | Parties of ethnic minorities
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 18
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 5.45%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 18
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 5.45%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Force of the Right
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 17
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 16
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 4.84%
 * ! style="background-color: #c40075" |
 * style="text-align:left;" | Renewing Romania's European Project
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 9
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 9
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 2.72%
 * ! style="background-color: #0066B6" |
 * style="text-align:left;" | Social Liberal Humanist Party
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 4
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 4
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1.21%
 * ! style="background-color: " |
 * style="text-align:left;" | Romanian Nationhood Party
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 4
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 4
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1.21%
 * ! style="background-color: " |
 * style="text-align:left;" | The Right Alternative
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 3
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 3
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0.90%
 * ! style="background-color: " |
 * style="text-align:left;" | Alliance for the Homeland
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0.30%
 * ! style="background-color: " |
 * style="text-align:left;" | Association of Italians of Romania
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0.30%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Independents
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 12
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 15
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 3
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0.90%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0.30%
 * ! style="background-color: " |
 * style="text-align:left;" | Association of Italians of Romania
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0.30%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Independents
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 12
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 15
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 3
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0.90%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 15
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 3
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0.90%
 * }

2016–2020
! style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Party ! style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | Election seating ! style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | Lost ! style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | Won ! style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | End seating ! style="text-align:center;" | Seats ! style="text-align:center;" | % ! style="text-align:center;" | Seats ! style="text-align:center;" | % ! align=left colspan=2|Total ! 329 ! 100 ! colspan=2 | — ! 329 ! 100
 * style="text-align:left;" | Social Democratic Party
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 154
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 46.8%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 65
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 28
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 117
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 35.56%
 * style="text-align:left;" | National Liberal Party
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 69
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 20.97%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 6
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 3
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 66
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 20.06%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Save Romania Union
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 30
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 9.11%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 11
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 6
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 25
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 7.59%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 21
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 6.38%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 1
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 20
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 6.07%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Alliance of Liberals and Democrats
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 20
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 6.07%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 10
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 4
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 14
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 4.26%
 * style="text-align:left;" | People's Movement Party
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 18
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 5.47%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 9
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 6
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 15
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 4.55%
 * ! style="background-color: #000000" |
 * style="text-align:left;" | Parties of ethnic minorities
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 17
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 5.17%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 17
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 5.17%
 * ! style="background-color: |
 * style="text-align:left;" | PRO Romania
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 21
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 21
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 6.38%
 * ! style="background-color: |
 * style="text-align:left;" | Humanist Power Party
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 7
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 7
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 2.12%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Independents
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 11
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 38
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 27
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 10.94%
 * ! style="background-color: |
 * style="text-align:left;" | Humanist Power Party
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 0
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 7
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 7
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 2.12%
 * style="text-align:left;" | Independents
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | —
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 11
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 38
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 27
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 10.94%
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 27
 * style="text-align:right;vertical-align:top;" | 10.94%
 * }

2004–2008
In Romania's 2004 legislative election, held on 28 November, no party won an outright majority. The Social Democratic Party (PSD) won the largest number of seats but is currently in opposition because the Justice and Truth Alliance (DA), the Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR/RMDSZ), the Romanian Humanist Party (which later became the Conservative Party), and the National Minorities formed a governing coalition, giving it 177 seats in the Chamber of Deputies (47.9% of the total). The Conservative Party (PC) withdrew in December 2006, meaning that the government lost the majority in the Chamber of Deputies. In April 2007, then national liberal Prime Minister, Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu, dismissed the Democratic Party ministers from the government and formed a minority government with the Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania, marking the end of the Justice and Truth Alliance.

During the 2004–2008 legislature, the president of the Chamber of Deputies was Bogdan Olteanu from the National Liberal Party (PNL), who was elected on 20 March 2006, after the Chamber's former president, Adrian Năstase, was forced by his own party (the Social Democratic Party, PSD) to step down amidst corruption allegations.

After the 2004 elections, several deputies from the PSD switched to other parties (including the governing Justice and Truth Alliance) or became independents, with the total number of PSD seats being reduced from 113 to 105. The number of Justice and Truth Alliance (DA) deputies also increased from 112 to 118, making it the largest formation in parliament as of October 2006. This changed again in December 2006, leaving the PSD with 107 seats and the Justice and Truth Alliance (DA) with 101. Since April 2007 the Justice and Truth Alliance (DA) has split leaving the two former members with 51 respectively 50 members. Deputies elected to the European Parliament in the 2007 election resigned, thus reducing the number of deputies to 314 as of 4 December 2007.

A new election was held in 2008. The table below gives the state of play before the 2008 election; parties in bold were part of the governing coalition. That coalition was tacitly supported by the PSD.

2000–2004
Elections to the Chamber of Deputies were held on 26 November 2000, in which the Social Democratic Party of Romania (PSD) won plurality. The governing majority was formed from the PSD and the Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR/RMDSZ), which, with 182 members, made up 54.8% of seats. The president of the Chamber of Deputies during this period was Valer Dorneanu, who was elected on 15 December 2000. The distribution of seats was as follows:

title: Chamber of Deputies (Romania)


text: User talk:207.90.144.128

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:207.90.144.128


text:
User talk:Ntchong

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 20:54, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)
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malacca.org
Hi. This webpage does not provide any actual information into Singapore's colonial past. The two flags can be uploaded to Wikipedia since flags falls under fairuse. Regards, El_C 14:39, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ntchong


text:
Constantin Argetoianu

Constantin Argetoianu (15 March 1871 – 6 February 1955) was a Romanian politician, one of the best-known personalities of interwar Greater Romania, who served as the Prime Minister between 28 September and 23 November 1939. His memoirs, ''Memorii. Pentru cei de mâine. Amintiri din vremea celor de ieri'' ("Memoirs. For those of tomorrow. Recollections of yesterday's world")—a cross section of Romanian society, were made known for the sharp critique of several major figures in Romanian politics (using a sarcastic tone which had made his previous political speeches notorious).

Early life
Born in Craiova as the son of Army general Ioan Argetoianu, he trained in Law, Medicine, and Letters at the University of Paris, and later entered the diplomatic service (1897).

He was an exceptionally prosperous man (a noted Stock Exchange player and landowner in Breasta, Dolj County), and his frequent change in political allegiances was attributed by some of his contemporaries to his financial independence. In 1913 he served as a combat medic with the rank of captain in the Second Balkan War, where he faced a cholera epidemic.

World War I
A Freemason, Argetoianu was first elected to the Senate in 1914 as a Conservative Party representative, where he oscillated between the mainstream Conservatives of Petre P. Carp and the dissident group around Take Ionescu (the latter was welcoming Romania's entry into World War I on the side of the Entente Powers, which Argetoianu also proposed).

Throughout 1918, during the final stages of the Romanian Campaign, Argetoianu was Justice Minister, sitting on the first Averescu cabinet (at the time when authorities had retreated to Iași, once the southern half of the country was occupied by Imperial German, Austro-Hungarian and Bulgarian troops). He was also head of the Romanian delegation at the Peace preliminaries of Buftea, in 1918. The talks resulted in the punitive Treaty of Bucharest of May, which consecrated Romania's defeat by the Central Powers. His actions at the time were later the subject of an epigram by Cincinat Pavelescu (Pavelescu expressed his belief that the treaty and Argetoianu's views on fiscal policies were to be the subject of scorn for future generations):

People's Party
Argetoianu followed Averescu into opposition to the Brătianu National Liberal Party (PNL) cabinet, and joined the People's Party (PP) created by the former. He later documented the populist message of the movement, and left testimonies of Averescu's spontaneous adulation by the crowds of peasants.

Argetoianu was Finance Minister and later Interior Minister in the second Averescu government of 1920. In March 1921, it was uncovered that an associate of his named Aron Schuller had attempted to contract a 20 million lire loan with a bank in Italy, using as collateral Romanian war bonds that he had illegally obtained from the Finance Ministry reserve. Argetoianu, who was still in charge at the time, became the target of attacks from the opposition group formed by the Romanian National Party and the Peasants' Party, being pressed by Virgil Madgearu and Grigore Iunian to explain himself (Iunian proposed a motion of no confidence, but the PNL continued to show its support for the PP).

Clash with Communism and split with Averescu
Argetoianu soon became noted for his anti-communist stance: he carried out arrests of those Socialist Party members who, during their party's congress in May 1921, supported a maximalist platform and voted in favor of aligning their Socialist-Communist faction (future Communist Party of Romania) with the Comintern, citing the latter's condemnation of Greater Romania; all those arrested were prosecuted in the Dealul Spirii Trial. Argetoianu later stated that the arrest lacked legal grounds, and indicated that he purposely gave the Socialist Gheorghe Cristescu approval to hold the congress as a means to incriminate the faction. Faced with mixed reactions inside the cabinet (Averescu hesitated, while the Minister of Justice Grigore Trancu-Iași refused to give him support), he ordered the move without his fellow ministers' prior knowledge, and thus faced them with a fait accompli.

The standoff between Averescu and the parliamentary opposition eventually witnessed a decisive incident: during a prolonged debate over Averescu's proposal to nationalize enterprises in Reșița, Argetoianu addressed a mumbled insult to Madgearu; the PNL, seeing an opportunity for a return to power, expressed sympathy, and all opposition groups appealed to King Ferdinand, asking for Averescu's recall (July 14, 1921).

Despite Averescu's eventual defeat in December 1921, Argetoianu was kept in office by the Take Ionescu and Brătianu cabinets. During the spring of 1922, he ordered the killing of several Communist activists who were held in prison custody, including Leonte Filipescu, staging their attempts to flee from under escort as a pretext. Nevertheless, pressures on the revolutionary grouping were relaxed in summer, when King Ferdinand approved an amnesty and Argetoianu officially declared that "communism is over in Romania".

PND and PNL
In 1923, after Brătianu again assumed power, he clashed with Averescu and proclaimed himself leader of the PP, being eventually expelled. Having joined Nicolae Iorga's Democratic Nationalist Party (PND), he soon vehemently protested against the latter's alliance with the Romanian National Party, and moved to the PNL.

Following the sudden death of Ion I. C. Brătianu in 1927, and choosing, in contrast to the policies of Dinu Brătianu, to support the new King Carol II in 1930, Argetoianu left the party and subsequently defined himself as an independent. In effect, he moved into the camp of politicians approving of an authoritarian regime around Carol. As the monarch's relations with the traditional political class were souring, Argetoianu allegedly engaged in a campaign to draw new allegiances from other environments, aiding to establish a Romanian camarilla — it was even reported that, using the official commitment to neutral technocracy as a means to appoint his choice of people to positions of influence, he had recruited his fellow Bucharest Jockey Club members. Among his most vocal supporters at the time was the far right philosopher Nae Ionescu.

Iorga cabinet and Agrarian Party
He was again in charge of Internal Affairs and Finance from 1931 to 1932, during the Iorga government, when he took a harsh stance against the fascist Iron Guard, outlawing it and arresting some of its members (which led to a string of violent confrontations). Argetoianu was hotly contested as Finance Minister: faced with the widespread insolvency of small agricultural holdings in front of the Great Depression, he proposed a form of liquidation that was considered in breach of the 1923 Constitution. Various other issues forced Argetoianu to cease payments of salaries for civil servants at certain intervals, causing far-reaching problems.

The government was voted out of office in the elections of 1932, when Iorga was replaced by Alexandru Vaida-Voevod, a member of the National Peasants' Party (PNŢ) who was himself challenged with solving the agrarian issue; Argetoianu subsequently founded the minor Agrarian Union Party, which, after the National Liberals returned to power with Ion G. Duca, remained a close associate of the king in his competition with traditional forces; when Duca was assassinated by the Iron Guard in the final days of 1933, Argetoianu, together with his former adversary, PNŢ dissident Grigore Iunian, and the National Agrarian Party's Octavian Goga, was probably one of the king's main options in his attempt to create an altogether new political establishment around the camarilla, relying on a compromise with Corneliu Zelea Codreanu (leader of the Iron Guard). Codreanu refused to accept negotiation, but Carol successfully approached the PNL's "young liberals" faction, which came to power with Gheorghe Tătărescu (January 1934).

Royal dictatorship and World War II
The frequent target of attacks in the Iron Guard press, Argetoianu led his grouping until 1938, when, faced with the unstoppable rise of the Iron Guard, Carol banned all parties and established his National Renaissance Front (FRN).

His own short-lived FRN cabinet, established after that date, was, after Gheorghe Argeşanu's the second in quick succession to the violent clash between the Guard and monarch (after the murder of Armand Călinescu by the former). The Argetoianu government was replaced by that of Tătărescu, who had to deal with the Soviet Union's occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and was in turn replaced with Ion Gigurtu (Argetoianu, who remained influential throughout the period, began calling for a rapprochement between Romania and the Soviets).

Carol's regime crumbled after the Second Vienna Award, when Romania had to cede Northern Transylvania to Hungary; it was replaced by the Iron Guard's National Legionary State, which, itself repressed during the previous years, began a campaign of retaliation — like Tătărescu and several others, Argetoianu was kidnapped on November 27, 1940 in the wake of the Jilava Massacre, and faced assassination until being rescued by the intervention of Romanian Army officials.

Retreating from public life during World War II and the Ion Antonescu dictatorship (see Romania in World War II), Argetoianu left the country in the spring of 1944, settling in Switzerland. Romania's withdrawal from the Axis in August and the start of Soviet occupation caused him to return in November, seeing an opportunity in the apparent decrease in the appeal of traditional parties and expanding on his vision of Romanian-Soviet cooperation. He was the subject of derision in the National Peasants' Party press (Dreptatea wrote of him: "leading the intrigue in favor of a private property–based communism, a capitalist-based socialism, a mass-free democracy... The country is trustingly placing itself at your disposal. Here are your strings: pull them! Here are your back rooms: maneuver them! Here is your «people»: take it away!").

UNMR, arrest, and death
Attempting in vain to mediate between the Communists and the PNȚ, Argetoianu was rejected by both sides, and, in January 1947, formed his own grouping — the National Union for Work and Reconstruction (Uniunea Națională Muncă și Refacere, UNMR) —, alongside Nicolae Ottescu, Nicolae D. Cornățeanu, Zamfir Brătescu and others. It was kept under surveillance by the Communist-controlled Petru Groza government, and was infiltrated by the pro-Communist National-Agrarian Action (Acțiunea Național-Agrară, ANA). The UNMR disbanded over worries that Argetoianu was losing credibility with Soviet authorities—the group around Cornățeanu joined Premier Groza's Ploughmen's Front, while others entered the Union of Patriots.

Argetoianu, who was ill at the time and had just undergone surgery on his prostate, withdrew from public life for a second time. Referring to the commonly-held belief at the time that an American-led invasion of Eastern Europe would topple the Soviet-backed communist government (Vin americanii!), he exclaimed in April 1950, "Even if they came with a wheelbarrow, they would have arrived by now." On the morning of May 6, 1950, he was arrested by the Securitate; while being taken away, he was heard saying: "Man, you sure are tough, you communists, if you are afraid of a flatulent old man such as myself". He died in the infamous Sighet prison five years later, never having been put on trial.

Legacy
In 1999, attorney and civil rights activist Monica Macovei, representing Argetoianu's two granddaughters – Yvonne Oroveanu Niculescu and Constantina "Dina" Oroveanu – before court cleared Argetoianu of all charges, with prosecutor Mihai Carp admitting that Argetoianu's detention had been an abuse.

A street in his native city, Craiova, is named after him, and so is a school in Argetoaia, Dolj County.

title: Constantin Argetoianu


text:
Talk:Ana Matronic

[Untitled]
Reads like promo copy, not a biography.
 * I agree. No time right now, but I'll edit it later - I think I can track down some NPOV biographical material to flesh it out. Should probably be merged in anyway, though POV still applies then. NickBarlow 07:57, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This artice contradicts the article about Vancouver, Washington, which says that Ana was born or lived there. Furste

Absolute date?
While in a mostly gay band, Ana is straight and has lived with boyfriend Seth Kirby for the past three years.

- doesn't say when that was written, better put a real year there (131.130.121.106 17:42, 25 October 2006 (UTC))

- Indeed, i think you need to site that. Squad'nLeedah 20:04, 29 November 2006 (UTC) - Cite that is.

- The article/promo states that Ana is bisexual. I have read an interview where she states that she is heterosexual (http://www.concertlivewire.com/interviews/scissorint.htm) I'd suggest that the change is made and cites the above article. User:Thurston_d

 * I've done that now, you could have done it yourself though as you've got a reliable cite there. (Also, the "bisexual" edit was made by a vandal, so it should really have been reverted before. 172.143.71.165 21:58, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

Removal of Link
Id suggest removing that link to the Fansite. Theres nothing on it but a few pictures and a "Page under construction, come back soon" message. Sorry, forgot to sign the last. Squad'nLeedah 20:03, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

Removed the link. The site quite obviously belongs to the original author of this page, and is a REALLY badly made fansite, containing nothing but press release photos, and photos of the page author wearing fan-wear. Squad'nLeedah 02:34, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

Pronunciation of Name?
I've always assumed it was pronounced the same as "Anna" (re Animatronic), but in several interviews she has been introduced by TV presenters as "Aah-na" Matronic, without her correcting them. She might just be too polite to tell them, but now people are starting to refer to her as "Aarna Matronic", which sounds silly. 172.143.71.165 21:43, 25 January 2007 (UTC)
 * It's Ah-Nuh, but with short vowels. Although not very clear, she says this herself on "Message From Ana Matronic" which features on the UK release of the debut album. I also remember reading this in an early interview with her, but can't track it down now. But the audio recording, which I have just this moment listened to, is pretty conclusive. --GetThePapersGetThePapers (talk) 16:31, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

Surname
Apparently she wasn't born Ana Lynch, Lynch was her stepfather's name which she later took. Her father's surname seems to be something of a mystery. Mind you, this info's come from the Daily Mail, not exactly known for their accuracy! http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/you/article-1308325/Ana-Matronic-The-Scissor-Sisters-star-gaining-husband-losing-stone.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mspritch (talk • contribs) 00:57, 26 March 2011 (UTC)

Birthplace
According to this article, she was born in San Francisco: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1287535/Scissor-Sisters-desperate-prove-cut-it.html

This also jibes with a comment she made at the Night Work tour show in Oakland about being "from" San Francisco. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:470:1F05:164:A538:A5F:228B:91D (talk) 05:59, 17 June 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Ana Matronic


text:
Inter caetera

Inter caetera ('Among other [works]') was a papal bull issued by Pope Alexander VI on the 4 May 1493, which granted to the Catholic Monarchs King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile all lands to the "west and south" of a pole-to-pole line 100 leagues west and south of any of the islands of the Azores or the Cape Verde islands.

It remains unclear whether the pope intended a "donation" of sovereignty or an infeudation or investiture. Differing interpretations have been argued since the bull was issued, with some arguing that it was only meant to transform the possession and occupation of land into lawful sovereignty. Others, including the Spanish crown and the conquistadors, interpreted it in the widest possible sense, deducing that it gave Spain full political sovereignty.

Inter caetera and its supplement Dudum siquidem (September 1493) are two of the Bulls of Donation. While these bulls purported to settle disputes between Spain and Portugal, they did not address the exploratory and colonial ambitions of other nations, which became more of an issue after the Protestant Reformation.

Background
Before Christopher Columbus received support for his voyage from Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain, he had first approached King John II of Portugal. The king's scholars and navigators reviewed Columbus's documentation, determined that his calculations grossly underestimated the diameter of the Earth and thus the length of the voyage, and recommended against subsidizing the expedition. Upon Columbus's return from his first voyage to the Americas, his first landing was made in the Portuguese Azores; a subsequent storm drove his ship to Lisbon on 4 March 1493. Hearing of Columbus's discoveries, the Portuguese king informed him that he believed the voyage to be in violation of the 1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas. The treaty had been ratified with the 1481 papal bull Aeterni regis, which confirmed previous bulls of 1452 (Dum diversas), 1455 (Romanus Pontifex), and 1456 (Inter caetera), recognizing Portuguese territorial claims along the West African coast. It was the King's understanding that the terms of the treaty acknowledged Portuguese claims to all territory south of the Canary Islands (which had been ceded to Spain).

Columbus's arrival in supposedly Asiatic lands in the western Atlantic Ocean in 1492 threatened the unstable relations between Portugal and Spain. With word that King John was preparing a fleet to sail to the west, the King and Queen of Spain initiated diplomatic discussions over the rights to possess and govern the newly found lands. Spanish and Portuguese delegates met and debated from April to November 1493, without reaching an agreement.

Columbus was still in Lisbon when he sent a report of his success to the Spanish monarchs. On 11 April, the Spanish ambassador conveyed the news to Pope Alexander VI, a Spaniard and the former Administrator of Valencia, and urged him to issue a new bull favorable to Spain. At the time, Pope Alexander, as ruler of the Papal States, was embroiled in a territorial dispute with Ferdinand's first cousin, Ferdinand I, King of Naples, hence he was amicable to any requests of Isabella and Ferdinand, to the extent that they could write to Columbus saying that if he thought it necessary, one of the bulls would be modified. They were at Barcelona, in close touch with Rome. The camera apostolica became almost an extension of the Spanish Court, which secured a rapid succession of bulls virtually liquidating Portuguese claims. The Pope issued edicts dated 3 and 4 May 1493. The third superseded the first two. A final edict, Dudum siquidem of 26 September 1493, supplemented the Inter caetera.

 * The first bull, Inter caetera, dated 3 May, recognized Spain's claim to any discovered lands not already held by a Christian prince, and protected Portugal's previous rights. Both parties found this too vague.
 * The second bull, Eximiae devotionis, also dated 3 May, granted to the kings of Castile and León and their successors the same privileges in the newly discovered land that had been granted to the kings of Portugal in the regions of Africa, and Guinea.
 * The third bull, also entitled Inter caetera, dated 4 May, exhorts the Spanish monarchs to spread the faith west from a line drawn "one hundred leagues towards the west and south from any of the islands commonly known as the Azores and Cape Verde". Diffie notes that it has been suggested that this change may have been prompted by the Portuguese ambassador.

The Inter caetera and the following Treaty of Tordesillas defined and delineated a zone of Spanish rights exclusive of Portugal. In relation to other states the agreement was legally ineffective (res inter alios acta). Spain's attempts to persuade other European powers on the legal validity of the Inter caetera were never successful.

Provisions
Inter caetera states: "Among other works well pleasing to the Divine Majesty and cherished of our heart, this assuredly ranks highest, that in our times especially the Catholic faith and the Christian religion be exalted and be everywhere increased and spread, that the health of souls be cared for and that barbarous nations be overthrown and brought to the faith itself. ...[W]e ... assign to you and your heirs and successors, kings of Castile and Leon, ... all islands and mainlands found and to be found, discovered and to be discovered towards the west and south, by drawing and establishing a line from ... the north, ...to ...the south, ... the said line to be distant one hundred leagues towards the west and south from any of the islands commonly known as the Azores and Cape Verde."

The bull notes that the Isabella and Ferdinand "had intended to seek out and discover certain islands and mainlands remote and unknown" but had been otherwise engaged in the conquest of Granada.

The line of demarcation divided Atlantic zones only. Spain and Portugal could pass each other toward the west or east, respectively, on the other side of the globe and still possess whatever lands they were first to discover. The bull was silent regarding whether lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal, which had only recently reached the southern tip of Africa (1488) and had not yet reached India (1498). These lands yet "to be discovered" lay beyond those along the west coast of Africa as far as Guinea, and were given to Portugal via the 1481 bull Aeterni regis, which had ratified the Treaty of Alcáçovas. For the time being, the question was in abeyance.

Effects and aftermath

An important but unanticipated effect of this papal bull and the Treaty of Tordesillas was that nearly all the Pacific Ocean and the west coast of North America were given to Spain. King John II naturally declined to enter into a hopeless competition at Rome, and simply ignored the bulls, thus neither admitting their authority nor defying the Church. According to Oskar Spate, if Rome was in Ferdinand's pocket, highly placed personages at the Spanish Court were in King John's, and kept him well informed of its moves. Controlling the sea lanes from Spain to the Antilles and in possession of bases in the Azores and Madeira, Portugal occupied a strategic naval position and he chose to pursue negotiations.

Neither side paid any attention to Pope Alexander's bulls. Instead, they negotiated the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, which moved the line further west to a meridian 370 leagues west of the Portuguese Cape Verde Islands, now explicitly giving Portugal all newly discovered lands east of the line.

In response to Portugal's discovery of the Spice Islands in 1512, the Spanish put forward the idea, in 1518, that Pope Alexander had divided the world into two halves. By this time, however, other European powers had overwhelmingly rejected the notion that the Pope had the right to convey sovereignty of regions as vast as the New World. Even within Spain, influential voices such as Francisco de Vitoria had denounced the validity of the Inter caetera. While Spain never gave up its claims based on papal bulls, neither did the Spanish crown seek papal sanctions over the Atlantic Ocean line of demarcation. Rather, Spain negotiated directly with Portugal.

Piis fidelium
On 25 June 1493, King Ferdinand secured another papal bull, Piis fidelium, appointing him apostolic vicar in the Indies. Father Bernardo Buil of the Order of Minims left Cádiz for America on 25 September 1493, on the second Columbus expedition. Once on the island of Hispaniola, Buil saw the effects of the conquistadors and quarreled with Columbus over the harsh treatment of colonists and Indians. Seeing that the situation for evangelization and catechizing was impossible, Buil left for Spain, defeated, within six months on 3 December 1494. Two other friars whom he had left in the Americas returned to Spain in 1499.

Legacy and reaction
This religious authorization to take non-Christian peoples' lands was cited by U.S. Chief Justice John Marshall almost 300 years later as he was developing the discovery doctrine in international law.

In the 21st century, groups such as the Shawnee, Lenape, Taíno, and Kanaka Maoli organised protests and raised petitions seeking to repeal the papal bull Inter caetera, and to remind Catholic leaders of the record of conquest, disease and slavery in the Americas, sometimes justified in the name of Christianity, which they say has a devastating effect on their cultures today.

title: Inter caetera


text:
PGCE

PGCE can stand for:

 * Postgraduate Certificate in Education, an English, Welsh and Northern Irish teacher-training qualification that includes master's credits
 * Professional Graduate Certificate in Education, an English and Welsh teacher-training qualification that does not include master's credits
 * Professional Graduate Diploma in Education, a Scottish teacher-training qualification formerly known as a PGCE
 * Postgraduate Certificate in Endodontics, a one-year course in India by the Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) and the Dental Council of India (DCI)

title: PGCE


text:
User talk:Omniscientist

Omniscientist's Talk Page

Please feel free to leave any comments or messages you wish for me to recieve.

Homepage: omniscientist.com

Space: omnispace

title: User talk:Omniscientist


text: User talk:149.101.22.4

title: User talk:149.101.22.4


text: Category:Dukes of Berry

title: Category:Dukes of Berry


text: User talk:82.104.103.20

title: User talk:82.104.103.20


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mylnar

Mylnar
Mylnar was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

Content (which looks like a personal essay) seems to be unrelated to topic. Thue | talk 21:04, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: It's not unrelated, though you have to be patient and interested to find out how. It's a signed (therefore probably copyrighted) essay about a childhood friend of Gorbachev's named Mylnar and how Mylnar's ideas were responsible for Gorbachev's ending of the Cold War....  Original research and misnamed article that may be copyvio, too. Geogre 00:57, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Euphoria 08:34, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mylnar


text:
Geiranger

Geiranger is a small tourist village in Sunnmøre region of Møre og Romsdal county in the western part of Norway. It is in the municipality of Stranda at the head of the Geirangerfjorden, which is a branch of the large Storfjorden. The nearest city is Ålesund. Geiranger is home to spectacular scenery, and has been named the best travel destination in Scandinavia by Lonely Planet. Since 2005, the Geirangerfjord area has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Seven Sisters waterfall is located just west of Geiranger, directly across another waterfall called "The Suitor." Norwegian County Road 63 passes through the village. Geiranger Church is the main church for the village and surrounding area.

Geiranger is under constant threat from landslides from the mountain Åkerneset into the fjord. A collapse would cause a tsunami that could destroy downtown Geiranger. For this reason, sirens have been installed to warn residents if a landslide should occur.

Name
The Old Norse form of the name was Geirangr. The suffix -angr ('fjord') is a common element in Norwegian place names (see for instance Hardanger and Varanger). The first element could be the plural genitive of the Norse word geiri ('piece of land; field in a mountain side') which is related to English gore ('spear-shaped piece of land'). This would then refer to the several small farms and fields lying in the steep mountain sides around the fjord. (See Knivsflå and Skageflå.)

Tourism
This third biggest cruise ship port in Norway, Geiranger receives 140 to 180 ships during the four-month tourist season. In 2012 some 300,000 cruise passengers visited Geiranger during the summer season. The Geiranger Port has a cruise terminal, a Seawalk, and 3–4 anchor positions depending on the size of the ships. Constructed in 2013, the Seawalk is a three-segment articulated floating pier. It is 236 m long and 4.5 m wide on 10 pontoons, which moves (like a floatable jetwalk) to accommodate up to 4,000 passengers per hour disembarking from a single ship.

Several hundred thousand people pass through the village every summer, and tourism is the main business for the 250 people who live there permanently. There are four hotels and over ten camping sites. The tourist season stretches from May to early September. Tours of the nearby historic farms of Knivsflå and Skageflå are available from Geiranger.

Each year in June, the Geiranger – From Fjord to Summit event occurs. It comprises a half marathon run and a bicycle race, both starting from the sea level at the fjord and ending at the 1497 m summit of Mount Dalsnibba, near the lake Djupvatnet. Since there is still a lot of snow left in the mountains at that time of year, the race is also called "From Summer to Winter".

In popular culture

 * Released in August 2015, The Wave (Bølgen) is a Norwegian disaster movie based on the premise of a rock slide from the mountain Åkerneset inundating the town of Geiranger. A sequel,The Quake (Skjelvet) was released in 2018.

title: Geiranger


text:
R-27 (air-to-air missile)

The Vympel R-27 (NATO reporting name AA-10 Alamo) is a family of air-to-air missiles developed by the Soviet Union during the late Cold War-era. It remains in service with the Russian Aerospace Forces, air forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States and air forces of many other countries as the standard medium-range air-to-air missile despite the development of the more advanced R-77.

The R-27 is manufactured in infrared-homing (R-27T, R-27ET), semi-active radar homing (R-27R, R-27ER), and active-radar homing (R-27EA) versions. R-27 family missiles are produced by both Russian and Ukrainian manufacturers. The R-27 missile is carried by the Mikoyan MiG-29 and Sukhoi Su-27 family fighters. The R-27 missile is also license-produced in China, though the production license was bought from Ukraine instead of Russia.

Variants

 * R-27R: AA-10 Alamo-A, semi-active radar homing. Missile can be used at 20-25,000 m altitude (launch platform or target). Effective kill range for a target at same altitude: 2-42.5 km head-on, 0.7-7.5 km tail-on. Maximum range: 73 km. Maximum allowed vertical separation between target and launch platform: +/− 10 km.
 * R-27R1: Export model of the R-27R. The missile has a maximum range of 75 km with 39 kg warhead.
 * R-27T: AA-10 Alamo-B, infrared homing, passive homing using the Avtomatika 9B-1032 (PRGS-27) IR seeker head. Missile can be used at 20-25000 m altitude. Effective kill range for a target at same altitude: 2-33 km head-on, 0-5.5 km tail-on. Maximum range: 63 km. Maximum allowed vertical separation: +/− 10 km.
 * R-27T1: Export model of the R-27T. The missile has a maximum range of 80 km with 39 kg warhead.
 * R-27ER: AA-10 Alamo-C, the semi-active-radar homing extended-range version. Missile can be used at 20-27000 m altitude. Effective kill range for a target at same altitude: 2-65.5 km head-on, 0.7-16.5 km tail-on. Missile cannot be fired at altitude less than 3 km against a target with background earth, if launch range is less than 6 km. Maximum range: 117 km. Maximum allowed vertical separation: 12 km.
 * R-27ER1: Export model of the R-27ER. The missile has a maximum range of 100 km with 39 kg warhead.
 * R-27ET: AA-10 Alamo-D, the infrared-homing extended-range version, Weight 348 kg. Missile can be used at 20-27000 m altitude. Effective kill range: 2-52.5 km head-on, 0.7-12.5 km tail-on. Maximum range: 104 km. Maximum allowed vertical separation: 12 km.
 * R-27ET1: Export model of the R-27ET. The missile has a maximum range of 80 km with 39 kg warhead.

R-27R and ER variants can be used in any meteorological conditions. Launch can made at less than 5 g overload and less than 50 deg/s roll rate. It is allowed to redesignate targets during flight, and can share target illumination with other aircraft.

R-27T and ET variants can be used out of cloudiness, at least 15 degrees away from the bearing of sun, and 4 degrees away from the bearing of moon and ground-based heat-contrasting conditions. In cases of maximum head-on range launches where lock-command cannot be utilized, missile can not be fired. Seeker must acquire target before launch. On the combat operations section of the Su-27 manual, this is especially recommended for head-on usage for passive attacks at targets with 0 degrees approach angle (i.e. another fighter moving to intercept), leaving target unalerted to the incoming missile. Launch can be made at 0 to 7 g, but limited to 6 g if roll induced slip is more than 2× diameter of the ball.

Other variants:
 * R-27P AA-10 Alamo-E, passive radiation homing with a range of up to 72 km.
 * R-27EP AA-10 Alamo-F, a longer range passive anti-radiation missile with a range of up to 110 km.
 * R-27EA, active radar homing with 9B-1103K active seeker, range of >130 km.
 * R-27EM, active radar homing with 9B-1103K active seeker, range of >170 km.

Ethiopia and Eritrea
In the 1999 Eritrean-Ethiopian War, Eritrean MiG-29s fought Ethiopian Su-27s both piloted by Russian mercenaries. Only one R-27 fired by an Ethiopian Su-27 at an Eritrean MiG-29 proximity-fuzed near enough the MiG that the damaged aircraft eventually crashed on landing.

Russia and Ukraine
During the war in Donbas, the Ukrainian Air Force claimed that one of its Su-25 was shot down by a Russian Aerospace Forces MiG-29 using a R-27T on 16 July 2014. Russian officials denied any involvement.

The R-27 was used by both sides during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Yemen
During the Yemeni Civil War (2015–present) Houthis have used R-27T missiles modified to serve as surface to air missiles. A video released on January 7, 2018, also shows a modified R-27T hitting a Saudi led coalition fighter on a Forward looking infrared camera. Houthi sources claim to have downed a F-15. Rebels later released footage showing an aircraft wreck, however serial numbers on the wreckage suggested that the downed aircraft was a Panavia Tornado, also operated by Saudi forces. On January 8, the Saudi Press Agency admitted the loss of an aircraft over Yemen, though it did not clarify whether it was a Tornado or an F-15, blaming the crash to 'a technical issue' and reporting that the pilots ejected and were recovered by friendly forces.

On 21 March 2018, Houthi rebels released a video where they hit and possibly shot down a Saudi F-15 in Saada province. In the video a R-27T air to air missile adapted for surface to air use was launched, appearing to have successfully hit a jet. As in the video of the previous similar hit recorded on 8 January, the target, while clearly hit, did not appear to be downed. Saudi forces confirmed the hit, while saying the jet safely landed at a Saudi base. Saudi official sources confirmed the incident reporting that it happened at 3:48 pm local time after a surface-to-air defense missile was launched at the fighter jet from inside Saada airport.

Current operators

 * 🇮🇳 – Ordered 300  missiles in 2019 & 800 in 2020 for Su-30MKI & MiG-29UPG aircraft. R-27R1/ER1 and R-27T1/ET1 variants.   Used in SAMAR Air Defence System
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇮🇳 – Ordered 300  missiles in 2019 & 800 in 2020 for Su-30MKI & MiG-29UPG aircraft. R-27R1/ER1 and R-27T1/ET1 variants.   Used in SAMAR Air Defence System
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇮🇳 – Ordered 300  missiles in 2019 & 800 in 2020 for Su-30MKI & MiG-29UPG aircraft. R-27R1/ER1 and R-27T1/ET1 variants.   Used in SAMAR Air Defence System
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇮🇳 – Ordered 300  missiles in 2019 & 800 in 2020 for Su-30MKI & MiG-29UPG aircraft. R-27R1/ER1 and R-27T1/ET1 variants.   Used in SAMAR Air Defence System
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇮🇳 – Ordered 300  missiles in 2019 & 800 in 2020 for Su-30MKI & MiG-29UPG aircraft. R-27R1/ER1 and R-27T1/ET1 variants.   Used in SAMAR Air Defence System
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇮🇳 – Ordered 300  missiles in 2019 & 800 in 2020 for Su-30MKI & MiG-29UPG aircraft. R-27R1/ER1 and R-27T1/ET1 variants.   Used in SAMAR Air Defence System
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇮🇳 – Ordered 300  missiles in 2019 & 800 in 2020 for Su-30MKI & MiG-29UPG aircraft. R-27R1/ER1 and R-27T1/ET1 variants.   Used in SAMAR Air Defence System
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]
 * 🇻🇪Su-30MK2 number 8533 Jan-2017.jpg Su-30MK2]]

Former operators

 * 🇸🇰 (all given to Ukraine in March/April 2023)
 * (all given to West German Air Force in 1990)
 * 🇩🇪 (all given to the Polish Air Force with MiG-29s in 2004)
 * 🇮🇶 Iraq
 * (passed on to successor states except 🇱🇹 Lithuania, 🇱🇻 Latvia and 🇪🇪 Estonia)
 * //Serbia and Montenegro
 * 🇮🇶 Iraq
 * (passed on to successor states except 🇱🇹 Lithuania, 🇱🇻 Latvia and 🇪🇪 Estonia)
 * //Serbia and Montenegro
 * //Serbia and Montenegro

title: R-27 (air-to-air missile)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Atlango

Atlango
Atlango was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

Atlango is an invented language. Article was apparently submitted by it's creator. There are hits on the web but the few that I looked at seemed to be also associated with the language's creator. --LeeHunter 21:04, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless some evidence that its actually used by someone is presented. Otherwise it's non-notable. Cdc 23:58, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Private languages need to be really, really, really notable to be notable, if you know what I mean. Unless thorough verification of use is presented, delete. Geogre 00:58, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 830 hits on Google isn't enough for notability. A bunch of results were in Atlango (I presume), but that article looks like it was stolen off a website.  Delete.  --Idont Havaname 01:02, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment. Hardly noticeable Google wise but could be a real genuine new something ? But as it stands now it could also be a hoax. Few hits, the "pay pal" link at end of web page for a single author as opposed to an organisation... I just can't verify that. Also, it sounds like a joke when we think of the Esperanto which is alive for more than a century and... pretty much a failure. I'd say delete for now. --Gtabary 09:45, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The creator may have genuinely come up with something that could be used as a language, but we'd need proof that it is being used as a language (even if only to the extent that Esperanto is). Average Earthman 10:07, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Fares (delete). La lango Atlango saka la testikloy di asno. --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 10:56, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Atlango


text:
Cray-2

The Cray-2 is a supercomputer with four vector processors made by Cray Research starting in 1985. At 1.9 GFLOPS peak performance, it was the fastest machine in the world when it was released, replacing the Cray X-MP in that spot. It was, in turn, replaced in that spot by the Cray Y-MP in 1988.

The Cray-2 was the first of Seymour Cray's designs to successfully use multiple CPUs. This had been attempted in the CDC 8600 in the early 1970s, but the emitter-coupled logic (ECL) transistors of the era were too difficult to package into a working machine. The Cray-2 addressed this through the use of ECL integrated circuits, packing them in a novel 3D wiring that greatly increased circuit density.

The dense packaging and resulting heat loads were a major problem for the Cray-2. This was solved in a unique fashion by forcing the electrically inert Fluorinert liquid through the circuitry under pressure and then cooling it outside the processor box. The unique "waterfall" cooler system came to represent high-performance computing in the public eye and was found in many informational films and as a movie prop for some time.

Unlike the original Cray-1, the Cray-2 had difficulties delivering peak performance. Other machines from the company, like the X-MP and Y-MP, outsold the Cray-2 by a wide margin. When Cray began development of the Cray-3, the company chose to develop the Cray C90 series instead. This is the same sequence of events that occurred when the 8600 was being developed, and as in that case, Cray left the company.

Initial design
With the successful launch of his famed Cray-1, Seymour Cray turned to the design of its successor. By 1979 he had become fed up with management interruptions in what was now a large company, and as he had done in the past, decided to resign his management post and move to form a new lab. As with his original move to Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin from Control Data HQ in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Cray management understood his needs and supported his move to a new lab in Boulder, Colorado. Working as an independent consultant at these new Cray Labs, starting in 1980 he put together a team and started on a completely new design. This lab would later close, and a decade later a new facility in Colorado Springs would open.

Cray had previously attacked the problem of increased speed with three simultaneous advances: more functional units to give the system higher parallelism, tighter packaging to decrease signal delays, and faster components to allow for a higher clock speed. The classic example of this design is the CDC 8600, which packed four CDC 7600-like machines based on ECL logic into a 1 × 1 meter cylinder and ran them at an 8 ns cycle speed (125 MHz). Unfortunately, the density needed to achieve this cycle time led to the machine's downfall. The circuit boards inside were densely packed, and since even a single malfunctioning transistor would cause an entire module to fail, packing more of them onto the cards greatly increased the chance of failure. Cooling the closely packed individual components also represented a major challenge.

One solution to this problem, one that most computer vendors had already moved to, was to use integrated circuits (ICs) instead of individual components. Each IC included a selection of components from a module pre-wired into a circuit by the automated construction process. If an IC did not work, another one would be tried. At the time the 8600 was being designed the simple MOSFET-based technology did not offer the speed Cray needed. Relentless improvements changed things by the mid-1970s, however, and the Cray-1 had been able to use newer ICs and still run at a respectable 12.5 ns (80 MHz). In fact, the Cray-1 was actually somewhat faster than the 8600 because it packed considerably more logic into the system due to the ICs' small size.

Although IC design continued to improve, the physical size of the ICs was constrained largely by mechanical limits; the resulting component had to be large enough to solder into a system. Dramatic improvements in density were possible, as the rapid improvement in microprocessor design was showing, but for the type of ICs used by Cray, ones representing a very small part of a complete circuit, the design had plateaued. In order to gain another 10-fold increase in performance over the Cray-1, the goal Cray aimed for, the machine would have to grow more complex. So once again he turned to an 8600-like solution, doubling the clock speed through increased density, adding more of these smaller processors into the basic system, and then attempting to deal with the problem of getting heat out of the machine.

Another design problem was the increasing performance gap between the processor and main memory. In the era of the CDC 6600 memory ran at the same speed as the processor, and the main problem was feeding data into it. Cray solved this by adding ten smaller computers to the system, allowing them to deal with the slower external storage (disks and tapes) and "squirt" data into memory when the main processor was busy. This solution no longer offered any advantages; memory was large enough that entire data sets could be read into it, but the processors ran so much faster than memory that they would often spend long times waiting for data to arrive. Adding four processors simply made this problem worse.

To avoid this problem the new design banked memory and two sets of registers (the B- and T-registers) were replaced with a 16 KWord block of the very fastest memory possible called a Local Memory, not a cache, attaching the four background processors to it with separate high-speed pipes. This Local Memory was fed data by a dedicated foreground processor which was in turn attached to the main memory through a Gbit/s channel per CPU; X-MPs by contrast had three, for two simultaneous loads and a store and Y-MP/C-90s had five channels to avoid the von Neumann bottleneck. It was the foreground processor's task to "run" the computer, handling storage and making efficient use of the multiple channels into main memory. It drove the background processors by passing in the instructions they should run via eight 16-word buffers, instead of tying up the existing cache pipes to the background processors. Modern CPUs use a variation of this design as well, although the foreground processor is now referred to as the load/store unit and is not a complete machine unto its own.

Main memory banks were arranged in quadrants to be accessed at the same time, allowing programmers to scatter their data across memory to gain higher parallelism. The downside to this approach is that the cost of setting up the scatter/gather unit in the foreground processor was fairly high. Stride conflicts corresponding to the number of memory banks suffered a performance penalty (latency) as occasionally happened in power-of-2 FFT-based algorithms. As the Cray 2 had a much larger memory than Cray 1s or X-MPs, this problem was easily rectified by adding an extra unused element to an array to spread the work out.

Packed circuit boards and new design ideas
Early Cray-2 models soon settled on a design using large circuit boards packed with ICs. This made them extremely difficult to solder together, and the density was still not enough to reach their performance goals. Teams worked on the design for about two years before even Cray himself "gave up" and decided it would be best if they simply canceled the project and fired everyone working on it. Les Davis, Cray's former design collaborator who had remained at Cray headquarters, decided it should be continued at low priority. After some minor personnel movements, the team continued on much as before.

Six months later Cray had his "eureka" moment. He called the main engineers together for a meeting and presented a new solution to the problem. Instead of making one larger circuit board, each "card" would instead consist of a 3-D stack of eight, connected together in the middle of the boards using pins sticking up from the surface (known as "pogos" or "z-pins"). The cards were packed right on top of each other, so the resulting stack was only about 30 mm high.

With this sort of density there was no way any conventional air-cooled system would work; there was too little room for air to flow between the ICs. Instead the system would be immersed in a tank of a new inert liquid from 3M, Fluorinert. The cooling liquid was forced sideways through the modules under pressure, and the flow rate was roughly one inch per second. The heated liquid was cooled using chilled water heat exchangers and returned to the main tank. Work on the new design started in earnest in 1982, several years after the original start date.

While this was going on the Cray X-MP was being developed under the direction of Steve Chen at Cray headquarters, and looked like it would give the Cray-2 a serious run for its money. In order to address this internal threat, as well as a series of newer Japanese Cray-1-like machines, the Cray-2 memory system was dramatically improved, both in size as well as the number of "pipes" into the processors. When the machine was eventually delivered in 1985, the delays had been so long that much of its performance benefits were due to the faster memory. Purchasing the machine really made sense only for users with huge data sets to process.

The first Cray-2 delivered possessed more physical memory (256 MWord) than all previously delivered Cray machines combined. Simulation moved from a 2-D realm or coarse 3-D to a finer 3-D realm because computation did not have to rely on slow virtual memory.

Uses and successors
The Cray-2 was predominantly developed for the United States Departments of Defense and Energy. Uses tended to be for nuclear weapons research or oceanographic (sonar) development. However, the first Cray-2 (serial number 1) was used at the National Magnetic Fusion Energy Computer Center at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory for unclassified energy research. It also found its way into civil agencies (such as NASA Ames Research Center), universities, and corporations worldwide. For example, Ford and General Motors both used the Cray-2 for processing complex Finite Element Analysis models of car bodyshells, and for performing virtual crash testing of bodyshell components prior to production.

The Cray-2 would have been superseded by the Cray-3, but due to development problems only a single Cray-3 was built and it was never paid for. The spiritual descendant of the Cray-2 is the Cray X1, offered by Cray.

Comparison to later computers
In 2012, Piotr Luszczek (a former doctoral student of Jack Dongarra), presented results showing that an iPad 2 matched the historical performance of the Cray-2 on an embedded LINPACK benchmark.

Trivia
Due to the use of liquid cooling, the Cray-2 was given the nickname "Bubbles", and common jokes around the computer made reference to this unique system. Gags included "No Fishing" signs, cardboard depictions of the Loch Ness Monster rising out of the heat exchanger tank, plastic fish inside the exchanger, etc. The power consumption of the Cray-2 was 150–200 kW. Research conducted at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the early 1990s indicated that to a limited extent the perfluorinated polyether used to cool Cray-2 circuits would break down to form the extremely toxic gas perfluoroisobutylene. At the time, Cray had created a poster showing the transparent "bubble chamber" that the cooling fluid was run through for visual effect, with a spill of the same material glistening on the floor—the joke was that if this actually occurred, the facility would have to be evacuated. The manufacturer of the liquid developed a scrubber that could be placed in line with the pump that would catalytically degrade this toxic breakdown product.

Each vertical stack of logic modules sat above a stack of power modules which powered 5 volt busbars, each of which delivered about 2200 amps. The Cray-2 was powered by two motor-generators, which took in 480 V three-phase.

title: Cray-2


text:
User talk:TahitiB~enwiki

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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rat Bastard

Rat Bastard
Rat Bastard was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep.

Is this person notable? [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 21:05, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC) Keep he is on allmusic.com also would help could someone develop to attain a photo of him and some external links on news articles.--Jimmyvanthach 12:38, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It depends what you mean by notable. Keep. Dr Zen 23:34, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * He's on allmusic.com, that's good enough for me. Keep. Shane King 00:17, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Send to clean up for unwikilinking half those names. Geogre 01:00, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * keep Yuckfoo 02:31, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * More notable than me, anyway. Keep Though more information would be nice. Chaz 02:32, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and allow for organic growth. Rat Bastard appears to be a noteworthy figure within the music industry and there is no reason to detroy this article. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 17:29, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Mark Richards 01:44, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

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text:
Talk:Chamber of Deputies (Romania)

Wrong figures?
There's something wrong with the figures... if 18 deputies make 21.20 % (others), how can 155 deputies make 36.60% (PSD) ? Bogdan | Talk 21:06, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * You're right - the figures were wrong. I've corrected them. -- ChrisO 21:35, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Something doesn't add up
I'm having a bit of a problem with the math in the article, granted I am not the best mathematician in the world (or at all) but the article states that the Justice and Truth Alliance is the ruling party with 177 seats. The JTA is made up of the Democrat Party, the National Liberal Party, and the Minorities. That's 119 seats. Add to that their coalition partners the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania and that's 141, which isn't 177. That's also 42.8% not 47.9% Is there another party in the coalition not listed? If so, it would be a good idea to update the section with the current party numbers, or to fill in the party list with all the partners represented in the governing coalition. I got confused. Wtlegis 05:44, 4 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree that this article is a little bit confusing, as is the political situation in Romania. In fact the Justice and Truth Aliance no longer exists because the liberals and democrats have splited up. Since then a new liberal party has been formed from the National Liberal Party: the Liberal Democratic Party (Romania) whose members are listed as independents (as the cannot form a group in the parliament). The minorities have never been part of the JTA but generally they support the government without being members of the government coalition. Today the government is a minority one the coalition consisting only of the Liberal Party and the DUHR for a total of 73 MP-s. It is an unstable situation and they try to get the support they need on individual laws. It seems that somehow it works.

 * I will try and update the list according to the chamber of deputies official site: this page which should list the actual composition of the political groups in the chamber. Mihai -talk 10:25, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Chamber of Deputies (Romania)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/RealPoor

RealPoor
RealPoor was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

Doesn't have external link to forum, doesn't seem notable. Advert? [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 21:07, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Just another obscure webforum, one of gajillions. --LeeHunter 21:14, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I added link - I am not sure if this is the one mentioned as it has different forums then listed, but I doubt many forums can be called RealPoor. Anyways, I doubt this would save the article. DeirYassin 21:22, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Awww common dont delete it. and yes that is the link. --Renork
 * Above comment is by User:69.43.65.22, the article's creator. Please remember, that you need to add some information to the article, that shows the general public it's worth keeping. It should be notable. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 21:41, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep it. There are entries here on many web communities, and I think RP is significant enough to justify its own article. However, at its present form, it doesn't have enough information, so I added the stub tag. --Quotison 21:46, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't see any reason this should be in an encyclopedia. Chaz 21:49, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * I just started it like an hour ago. I didn want to do it all, wanted to let the RP community build it up. Oh well.
 * Delete. Not of encyclopaedic significance. AtonX 23:12, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Research indicates that this article should be deleted. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 23:14, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Wikipedia is not a webguide, and webguides are not forum guides. Geogre 01:01, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. A bad article (no content) about a void subject (RealPoor is openly claimed to be about rubbish ) = void. --Gtabary 09:48, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

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text:
User talk:Florian K.

1. FC Köln
Hi Florian. Just noticed that you've replaced the stuff you'd previously added to 1. FC Köln, that I had reverted. In my opinion there are a number of problems with the info you've added. A lot of the text is still in German, the infobox doesn't adhere to the standards used by WikiProject Football Clubs, much of the information is not encylopedic (such as the club's contact details), several of the image links are broken and the squad list will change so often that it will very rapidly become out of date. As well as this you have deleted some of the information that was already there. I'm going to more or less revert the article again, while including the useful info that you've added. --Lancevortex 21:08, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Pope Ratzinger's Page
Why did you remove all the images? That was not very helpful.

Image:Florian_K.JPG listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Florian_K.JPG, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. User:Gay Cdn (talk) (Contr) 23:28, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:Köln logo.jpg)
 Thanks for uploading Image:Köln logo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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title: User talk:Florian K.


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Waheed Murad

Waheed Murad (2 October 1938 – 23 November 1983), also known as Chocolate Hero, was a Pakistani film actor, producer and script writer. Famous for his charming expressions, attractive personality, tender voice and unusual talent for acting, Waheed is considered one of the most famous and influential actors of South Asia and has influenced the film industry in the Indian subcontinent.

Born in Sialkot, Pakistan, he graduated from the S. M. Arts College Karachi, and then earned a master's degree in English literature from University of Karachi. He started his film career in a cameo in 1959 in the film Saathi when he was 21 years old. One of his films, Armaan, which was produced by him, was a great success. Murad is the only actor of film industry to secure the highest number of platinum, diamond, golden and silver jubilees. He mesmerized Pakistani nation during 1960s and 1970s more than anyone before or after and is considered to be evergreen chocolate hero of Pakistan's silver screen history. He acted in 125 feature films and earned 32 film awards.

In November 2010, 27 years after his death, the Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari posthumously awarded him the Sitara-e-Imtiaz, the third highest honour and civilian award by the State of Pakistan, given in the fields of literature, arts, sports, medicine, or science. On 2 October 2019, Google celebrated Murad's 81st birthday with a doodle on its homepage for Pakistan, India and several other countries.

Early life
Murad was an only child and grew up in Karachi. His mother was Shireen Murad (a Christian from Bikaner who had converted to Islam), and his father was Nisar Murad, a film distributor in Bombay, both of whom had migrated to Karachi before the partition of India (1947). He did graduation from S. M. Arts College, Karachi, and then masters in English literature from University of Karachi. His father was a Punjabi whose family belonged to the cultural elite of Sialkot.

Murad's ancestors had migrated from the Bahmani Sultanate in southern India to Kashmir and eventually settled in Sialkot in the 18th-century. Where Murad's grandfather Zahoor Murad, an advovate and a social activist, adopted the surname "Murad" in 1887. The Murads also claimed Turkish ancestry; claiming that one of their ancestors, Murat, was a soldier of Ottoman-origin serving in the Mughal Army who settled in Punjab.

Film career
Waheed Murad started his film career by joining his father's established 'Film Art' in 1961 as producer of the film Insan Badalta Hai. In his second film as producer Jab se dakha hai tumhein he cast Darpan with Zeba as heroine. Afterwards, Darpan most of the time started coming late at studio. Zeba suggested Waheed to cast himself as hero in his next film. Waheed was not ready to sign himself in his own movies. But when the same suggestion came from his old good friend Pervaiz Malik, he accepted it on the condition that if Zeba would be his co-star, Zeba accepted in return (according to Zeba). As a result, he firstly appeared in a supporting role in 1962's Aulad. The film was directed by his friend S.M. Yousuf. Aulad got much more acclaims from critics, and it also got the Nigar award in the best film's category for the year. Heera aur pathar was his first movie as a leading actor. He got the Nigar award in the best actor category for the same film.

In 1966, he produced and acted in Armaan. The film broke all the box office records at that time and completed 75 weeks in theatres. The film were sung by Ahmed Rushdi. Murad received two Nigar awards for the categories best producer and best actor for the film.

In 1967, he appeared as the leading actor in films like Devar Bhabi, Doraha, Insaaniyat and Maan baap. From 1964 to 1968, Murad and Pervaiz Malik made Heera Aur Pathar, Armaan, Ehsaan, Doraha and Jahan tum wahan hum. The combination of Waheed Murad, Pervaiz Malik, Masroor Anwar, Sohail Rana, Ahmed Rushdi and Zeba created a number of films. Waheed Murad brought Malik, Anwar and Rana under the umbrella of 'Film Arts'. Film Arts broke up and Pervaiz Malik started creating his own projects with new actors. A total of seven films, including two films, i.e., Usey dekha usey chaha and Dushman released after a long gap of 6 years in 1974, were produced with the combination of Waheed and Pervaiz (but not under 'Film Art' Production).

In 1969, Waheed produced, wrote and directed the movie Ishaara. It was released in 1969. Other co-stars included Shabnam, Rozina, Aliya, Talish and Mustafa Qureshi. Murad received a Nigar award in the best actor category for the film.

In his 25-year career, Murad paired with many actresses like Zeba, Shamim Ara, Rani, Naghma, Aaliya, Sangeeta, Kaveeta, Aasia, Shabnam, Deeba, Babra Sharif, Rukhsana, Bahar Begum and Neelo. He acted in a total of 124 films (two were released after his death), of which 38 were black and white and 86 were in colour. He also appeared in six films as a guest star including his first and shortest appearance in 1959's Saathi. He acted in 115 Urdu films, 8 Punjabi films and 1 Pushto film, and earned 32 film awards including ones for best producer and for best actor.

Film Art productions
Waheed Murad produced eleven films under his father's company Film Art. He was the youngest film producer in the Pakistani film industry at that time. Most of his produced films were either Golden Jubilee or Silver Jubilee. During the 1960s and early 1970s, he produced films like Insaan Badalta Hai (1961) (his first film as producer), Armaan (1966), Ehsaan (1967), Naseeb Apna Apna (1970) and Mastana Mahi (Punjabi film of 1971). However, after Mastana Mahi, he produced no film except Hero which was produced in the 1980s and was released after his death.

As a director, he had directed as well as produced Ishaara (1969) with co-star Deeba.

Playback singers

In Waheed's career, most of the songs picturised by him were sung by Ahmed Rushdi. He sang more than 200 duet and solo songs for him. Other playback singers who provided voice for him were Mehdi Hassan, Masood Rana, Saleem Raza, Akhlaq Ahmed, Mujeeb Aalam, Asad Amanat Ali Khan, Bashir Ahmad, Ustad Amanat Ali Khan and A Nayyar.

In August 2018, Coke Studio produced a remake of Ahmed Rushdi's first South Asian pop song "Ko Ko Korina", originally lip-sync by Waheed Murad in the 1966 film Armaan, in the voices of Mustehsan and Ahad Raza Mir. Their rendition of this Pakistani classic was widely criticized. Within a few days of the video being released on YouTube, it became the most-disliked video in the music show's 11-year history. Waheed Murad's son Adil Murad also reacted to the outcry by apologizing to the song's fans for the controversial remake. In 2022, "Ko Ko Korina", featured in the opening scene of American series Ms. Marvel and won top ratings.

Later life
By the late 1970s, Waheed was being cast in supporting roles either with Nadeem or with Mohammad Ali. Most of the leading heroines like Zeba, Shabnam and Nisho were not allowed to play lead roles with Waheed by their husbands. Pervaiz Malik wrote in a local newspaper: "Not even once during that time [did] Waheed come to me seeking work in my films. Waheed was becoming depressed. His close friends revealed that he was becoming addicted to alcohol, oral tobacco and sleeping pills. Even his domestic life suffered and his wife Salma left for the United States. A combination of bad habits and stress caused ulceration in Waheed's stomach in 1981. He suffered from bleeding and had to undergo stomach removal to save his life. His many fans came to the hospital to donate blood to save the life of their favourite hero. Although, he recovered, he lost a significant amount of weight. Even then, Iqbal Akhtar and Iqbal Yousuf, who proved to be real friends in difficult times, cast Waheed Murad in their movies. Waheed appeared old and charmless in Dil ney phir yaad keya and Ghairao. Even his loyal admirers felt that it was all over for him."

In 1983, Anwar Maqsood, a TV writer and anchor and a close friend, invited Waheed to his TV comedy show Silver Jubilee.

Babra Sharif, revealed that during the filming of a scene of Hero, Waheed lost his balance while walking toward her and fell down. He took several minutes to catch his breath prior to standing up on his feet again.

In July 1983, Waheed was driving his car too fast and struck a tree. He was left with a scar on his face. A few days after the accident, Waheed asked his friend Pervez Malik for a role. Malik said, "Get better and you will be the lead in my next film." He replied, "You give me the role and I will get better". He was going to Karachi to get the scar fixed to complete the last few scenes of Hero when he met the chief editor, Ilyas Rasheedi, of the film magazine 'Nigar' at the airport. Rasheedi wrote in his magazine: By chance a famous film producer was also present in the waiting area and Waheed put him on the spot by asking if he had a role for him for Javed Sheikh's father in his movie. The producer had a difficult time dodging Waheed.

Last days and death
Waheed's son Aadil was in Karachi staying with his grandmother. A day before his face surgery, Waheed celebrated his son's birthday. He bought several gifts for Aadil and wished him a happy year. He returned late to spend the night at Anita Ayub's mother Mumtaz Ayub's home. When Waheed did not wake up until late, the door had to be forced open and Waheed was found lying on the floor, dead for several hours. A paan leaf with an unidentified substance in it was found in his mouth. It is not clear if the cause of death was a heart attack or suicide. Waheed was buried near his father's grave in Gulberg Graveyard in Lahore.

Personal life
Waheed Murad married Salma, the daughter of a Karachi-based industrialist, on 17 September 1964. They had two daughters, Aaliya and Sadia, and one son, (Adil). Sadia died in infancy.

Awards and honours
On 2 October 2019, Google celebrated Murad's 81st birthday with a doodle on its homepage for Pakistan. At PTV Awards in 2012 on June 11 at 17th PTV Awards tributes were paid to him and he was awarded PTV Pakistani Legend Award which was given to his son Adil Murad. The Government of Pakistan named a street and intersection after him in Lahore on August 16, 2021.

title: Waheed Murad


text:
User talk:Spwoo

3RR applies to sock-puppets of sock-puppets too. One more and I'll personally block you. — David Remahl 21:08, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I don't under stand what youre talking about.

title: User talk:Spwoo