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Damián Álvarez (footballer, born 1979)

Damián Ariel Álvarez (born 21 May 1979), also known as "La Chilindrina", is a former professional footballer who played as a winger. Born in Argentina, he played for the Mexico national team.

Club career
Álvarez made his professional debut in Argentina for River Plate in 1998. In 2002, he moved to Serie B to play for Reggina. However, he returned to the Americas a year later, joining Morelia of the Liga MX. Álvarez played a significant role for the team that season, playing in 16 games, 13 starts, and scoring three goals and helped them reach the league final but lost to Monterrey. He remained a consistent starter for the team and started a total of 60 games for the team, scoring nine goals.

He moved to Pachuca, earning six championships with the team: one Copa Sudamericana, three CONCACAF Champions' Cup, one SuperLiga, and the Mexican Clausura 2007. Álvarez has been a significant member in every championship.

Tigres UANL
In the 2010 draft of the Liga MX, Álvarez was bought by Tigres UANL in a high-profile transfer. A starter under Ricardo Ferretti, he became a key in the team's offensive for the Apertura 2011 Championship. He scored the goal of the 1–0 victory in the first leg of the finals against Santos Laguna. Tigres won the Liga MX Championship for the third time after 29 years. Álvarez, along with Danilinho, Héctor Mancilla and Lucas Lobos in the attack, became the so-called "Cuatro Fantásticos" ("Fantastic Four") of the Liga MX.

On December 14, 2014, he received a red card along with teammates Hernán Burbano and Nahuel Guzmán in the Apertura 2014 final against Club América. Álvarez and his team lost 3–0 in the final at the Estadio Azteca. Álvarez was a regular starter in the 2015 Copa Libertadores. In the group stage, Tigres played against his former team River Plate and scored the second goal of the 2–2 draw in the home game. Tigres would eventually reached to the finals and lose to River Plate.

Álvarez played an important role in the playoffs of the Apertura 2015 Championship. Damián, who in the regular season played a substitute role, scored one goal in quarterfinals against Chiapas and one more in semifinals against Toluca. Tigres became champions defeating Pumas UNAM.

He came in as substitute of Javier Aquino in the second half of the Apertura 2016 finals against Club América. Álvarez started the play that dramatically tied the game in overtime, by crossing to Jürgen Damm, who then re-crossed to Jesús Dueñas, that finally scored a header at the 119'. Tigres beat América in penalty shoot-out.

With very few minutes in the Apertura 2017 season, a 38-year old Álvarez officially retired from his playing career after Tigres beat archrival CF Monterrey in the first and only League final between the two. After his retirement, Álvarez became an instant idol among fans, and is considered, along with names such as Tomás Boy, Gerónimo Barbadillo, Claudio Núñez, Walter Gaitán and Lucas Lobos, as one of the most emblematic players of Tigres.

International career
In 2012, Álvarez became a naturalized Mexican citizen, having settled in Mexico in 2003. He was called up to Mexico national team on 23 February for a friendly against Colombia; Mexico lost 2–0.

Honours
River Plate
 * Argentine Primera División: 1999 Apertura, 2000 Clausura

Pachuca
 * Liga MX: Clausura 2007
 * CONCACAF Champions League: 2007, 2008, 2009–10
 * SuperLiga: 2007
 * Copa Sudamericana: 2006

Tigres UANL
 * Liga MX: Apertura 2011, Apertura 2015, Apertura 2016, Apertura 2017
 * Copa MX: Clausura 2014
 * Campeón de Campeones: 2016, 2017

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Damián Álvarez (footballer, born 1979)


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Acetylide

In organometallic chemistry, acetylide refers to chemical compounds with the chemical formulas MC\tCH and MC\tCM, where M is a metal. The term is used loosely and can refer to substituted acetylides having the general structure RC\tCM (where R is an organic side chain). Acetylides are reagents in organic synthesis. The calcium acetylide commonly called calcium carbide is a major compound of commerce.

Structure and bonding
Alkali metal and alkaline earth metal acetylides of the general formula MC≡CM are salt-like Zintl phase compounds, containing ions. Evidence for this ionic character can be seen in the ready hydrolysis of these compounds to form acetylene and metal oxides, there is also some evidence for the solubility of ions in liquid ammonia. The ion has a closed shell ground state of 1Σ$+ g$, making it isoelectronic to a neutral molecule N2, which may afford it some gas-phase stability.

Analogous acetylides prepared from other metals, particularly transition metals, show covalent character and are invariably associated with their metal centers. This can be seen in their general stability to water (such as silver acetylide, copper acetylide) and radically different chemical applications.

Acetylides of the general formula RC≡CM (where R = H or alkyl) generally show similar properties to their doubly substituted analogues. In the absence of additional ligands, metal acetylides adopt polymeric structures wherein the acetylide groups are bridging ligands.

Preparation
Terminal alkynes are weak acids:
 * RC≡CH + R″M R″H + RC≡CM

To generate acetylides from acetylene and alkynes relies on the use of organometallic or inorganic superbases in solvents which are less acidic than the terminal alkyne. In early studies liquid ammonia was employed, but ethereal solvents are more common.

Lithium amide, LiHMDS, or organolithium reagents, such as butyllithium, are frequently used to form lithium acetylides:

Monopotassium and monosodium acetylide can be prepared from various inorganic reagents (such as sodium amide) or from their elemental metals, often at room temperature and atmospheric pressure.

Copper(I) acetylide can be prepared by passing acetylene through an aqueous solution of copper(I) chloride because of a low solubility equilibrium. Similarly, silver acetylides can be obtained from silver nitrate.

Calcium carbide is prepared by heating carbon with lime (calcium oxide) at approximately 2,000 °C. A similar process is used to produce lithium carbide.

Reactions
Acetylides of the type RC2M are widely used in alkynylations in organic chemistry. They are nucleophiles that add to a variety of electrophilic and unsaturated substrates. A classic application is the Favorskii reaction.

Illustrative is the sequence shown below, ethyl propiolate is deprotonated by n-butyllithium to give the corresponding lithium acetylide. This acetylide adds to the carbonyl center of cyclopentanone. Hydrolytic workup liberate the alkynyl alcohol.

The dimerization of acetylene to vinylacetylene proceeds by insertion of acetylene into a copper(I) acetylide complex.

Coupling reactions
Acetylides are sometimes intermediates in coupling reactions. Examples include Sonogashira coupling, Cadiot-Chodkiewicz coupling, Glaser coupling and Eglinton coupling.

Hazards
Some acetylides are notoriously explosive. Formation of acetylides poses a risk in handling of gaseous acetylene in presence of metals such as mercury, silver or copper, or alloys with their high content (brass, bronze, silver solder).

title: Acetylide


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Motherfuckers in the House

Motherfuckers in the House was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

Motherfuckers in the House
Hoax? I did a search and couldn't find anything on these people. And what does that Icelandic set of "song lyrics" mean? Mike H 20:12, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The note about the impossibility of translation sounds hoaxy.  Tempshill 20:28, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, I did a search for an icelandic translator online. The only translation I could find was pretty garbled, somehow involving a river. I'd say its a hoax.EagleFalconn 20:50, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Hoax. If not a hoax, an entirely unremarkable band.  Geogre 22:25, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, no evidence of notability (also, European bands with affected anglo-saxon names seem to have a notability inversely proportional to the name's shock value). Wyss 22:31, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete; not a bad name for a band (though perhaps ripped off from GYWO) if it really existed. -- Hoary 06:13, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Everyone knows you don't name a band "Motherfuckers in the House". You name them "Motherfuckers in da House". Or, perhaps, "Muthafukkaz in da House". These guys have got to get with the program here. Sheesh. Delete. -R. fiend 06:51, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Maybe small garage bands on Iceland doesn't know this. Delete. Jeltz 14:15, 2004 Dec 11 (UTC)
 * del. Mikkalai 09:03, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The song seems to be real Icelandic, but including phonetically spelt English words. The word á means "on", not "river" here. Tsj- is not a natural Icelandic start tio a word and likeliest is a spelling of the English sound "ch"; we likely have the English word "chill" here. Anthony Appleyard 09:42, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. utcursch 12:53, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Talk:Geographically Dispersed Team

Wouldn't it be "GDT?" --Waiting4beckett 20:14, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Geographically Dispersed Team


text:
Talk:Cerium(IV) sulfate

Untitled
I plan to move this to cerium(IV) sulfate. I am trying to get all of the less common compound names to adhere to IUPAC naming. Any objections? See http://www2.potsdam.edu/walkerma/inorg_naming.pdf for details- section 2.252.

Solubility wrong
Here http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility_table#C is stated that this solubility is of Cerium(III)sulfate (III not IV)! So either this information is wrong (it should be IV sulfate) or this solubility is wrong (because it is the information from the III compound).

Please correct! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.246.213.74 (talk) 15:48, 1 December 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cerium(IV) sulfate


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Battle of Yashima

Battle of Yashima (屋島の戦い) was one of the battles of the Genpei War on March 22, 1185, in the Heian period. It occurred in Sanuki Province (Shikoku), which is now Takamatsu, Kagawa.

Background
Following a long string of defeats, the Taira clan retreated to Yashima, today's Takamatsu, just off the coast of Shikoku. Here they had a fortress, and an improvised palace for Emperor Antoku and the imperial regalia, which they had taken earlier in the war.

Battle
On the 18th, a Minamoto force tried to cross the sea but many of the boats were damaged in a storm. Kajiwara Kagetoki then suggested adding "reverse oars" to the boats, which prompted an argument from Minamoto no Yoshitsune. Finally after the boats were repaired and despite the high winds, Yoshitsune departed with only five of the 200 boats carrying about 150 of his men. After arriving in Tsubaki Bay, in Awa Province. Yoshitsune then advanced into Sanuki Province through the night reaching the bay with the Imperial Palace at Yashima, and the houses in Mure and Takamatsu.

The Taira were expecting a naval attack, and so Yoshitsune lit bonfires on Shikoku, essentially in their rear, fooling the Taira into believing that a large force was approaching on land. They abandoned their palace, and took to their ships, along with Emperor Antoku and the imperial regalia.

In a memorable account in the Heike monogatari, a "very beautiful lady" in a Heike boat, placed a fan atop a pole, and dared the Minamoto to knock it off. In one of the most famous archery feats in all of Japanese history, Nasu no Yoichi rode out into the sea on horseback, and did just that in one shot. The Minamoto were victorious, but the majority of the Taira fleet escaped to Dan-no-ura, where they were defeated one month later in the Battle of Dan-no-ura.

title: Battle of Yashima


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The Red Squirrel

The Red Squirrel (La ardilla roja) is a 1993 Spanish drama film directed by Julio Médem, starring Emma Suárez, Nancho Novo and María Barranco.

Plot
Jota, a failed musician whose girlfriend has recently left him, is about to commit suicide by jumping off a bridge when a girl on a motorcycle, Sofía, crashes off it. Rushing to help her, he discovers she has lost her memory, even forgetting her name. After telling the paramedics and staff at the hospital that she is his girlfriend, he later tells her the same. He invents an entire identity for her, giving her the name Lisa, and a history of their relationship according to his own fantasies. With the hospital psychiatrist starting to become suspicious, he spirits her out of the hospital and away on a trip to the Ardilla Roja campsite, which he claims they have been planning for some while. As their relationship becomes intimate, their behaviour sparks the suspicions of campers Antón and Carmena. It becomes clear that Lisa/Sofía's memory is not entirely missing and she is hiding her own past secrets; notably, the existence of a psychotic ex-boyfriend, Félix, who is rampaging across the country in search of her.

title: The Red Squirrel


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Gamebryo

Gamebryo (formerly NetImmerse until 2003) is a game engine developed by Gamebase Co., Ltd. and Gamebase USA, that incorporates a set of tools and plugins including run-time libraries, supporting video game developers for numerous cross-platform game titles in a variety of genres, and served as a basis for the Creation Engine.

History
Numerical Design Limited (NDL) was founded in 1983, mostly doing contract work for government and CAD clients in the computer graphics sector, though also some game developers such as Interactive Magic. This work led to the production of the NetImmerse game engine in 1997, evolving into Gamebryo by 2003.

NDL was merged into Emergent Game Technologies (EGT, founded 2000, Butterfly.net until May 2005 ) in August 2005. NetImmerse then evolved to Gamebryo LightSpeed. During 2009 the development staff of Gamebryo was downsized, and by July 2010 the engineering office in Chapel Hill, North Carolina was closed. On November 11, 2010, assets of EGT were offered for acquisition, including its intellectual Property (IP), in whole or in part.

In December 2010, Korea-based Gamebase Co., Ltd., a longtime partner of EGT, finalized the acquisition of EGT assets and technology, and established a newly capitalized U.S. company, Gamebase USA. Gamebase USA is based in the Research Triangle Park region of North Carolina and is focused on continual development of the Gamebryo game engine. The newest version, Gamebryo 4.0, was introduced in March 2012.

Features
The Gamebryo system is a suite of modular C++ libraries. Game developers can combine and extend the libraries to modify the engine for a particular game. Gamebryo's design emphasises a rapid prototyping approach aimed at an iterative development process.

The Gamebryo engine supports several deployment platforms including Microsoft Windows (DirectX 6–11), Mac, iOS, Android, Linux (OpenGL), GameCube, Wii, PlayStation, PS2, PSP, PS3, PS4, Xbox, Xbox 360, and Xbox One.

Gamebryo 4.0 is the latest version of the engine, designed to merge the original Gamebryo system with its LightSpeed spin-off.

Games
Gamebryo is used by numerous companies within the gaming industry. Below is a sample of titles that have used the engine:

title: Gamebryo


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/WikiGremlin

WikiGremlin
As with Housekeeping Zombie (also on vfd), cute, but a term originally defined at the Portland Pattern Repository and used by nobody. 149 Google hits, mostly mirrors of this Wikipedia article or the PPR article. Dictdef, also. Tempshill 20:16, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Wiktionary. Katefan0 03:44, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * del. no wiktionary. Mikkalai 09:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not in widespread use. [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 13:50, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Just Delete. Wiktionary doesn't need highly localized neologisms. Niteowlneils 17:27, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Wiki gremlin, just as WikiGnome has been redirected to Wiki gnome. -- Felix Wan 23:56, 2004 Dec 16 (UTC)
 * Keep - Rename it "WikiTroll". -Wins oddf 00:41, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)


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Florida Seals

The Florida Seals were a minor league ice hockey franchise, a member of the Southern Professional Hockey League (SPHL). Originally based in Orlando, Florida, as the Orlando Seals, they later moved to Kissimmee, Florida, a suburb thirty miles south of Orlando in Osceola County. The Seals were one of eight minor league hockey teams purchased or founded by David Waronker starting in 2003.

History
The team was formed as the Orlando Seals and played its first season beginning in October 2002 with the Atlantic Coast Hockey League (ACHL). That first year's team included former NHL players Zac Boyer, David Goverde, Chris LiPuma, and Terry Ryan. It was coached by former Tampa Bay Lightning player Stan Drulia. The Seals were running away with the league during the regular season and made a pivotal move at the trade deadline getting high scoring center Mike Sanderson and defenseman Dave Mills. These moves at the trade deadline gave the Seals the final pieces to win the ACHL regular season. The Seals' original staff was made up of owner Jeff Brubaker until he ran out of money one month into the season and David Waronker took over the franchise. Other staff members brought in were GM Sammy Wallace, Joe Fellini, John Dyer, Erika Hodges, and Tom Bradley. With the backing of several Solar Bears' season ticket holders, the Seals got off to a solid start attendance-wise and later on the ice thanks to a solid core of hockey fans in Orlando and a roster full of veteran players. With Waronker's investment, the staff was able to make the team a success. The Seals were the winners of that league's first and only President's Cup in 2003 as well as the Commissioner's Cup as regular season champions after a 43–14 record. League Commissioner Jim Riggs awarded the trophy to the Waronker and Orlando mayor Buddy Dyer during an on-ice ceremony at one of the regular season games. The Seals swept both Macon Trax and Knoxville in the playoffs to win the championship on the road in Knoxville.

The team's celebration event, held at Wall Street Plaza in downtown Orlando, drew hundreds of fans to celebrate the city's second hockey championship. When the ACHL folded, they and two other teams, the Jacksonville Barracudas and the Macon Trax, merged into the new World Hockey Association 2 (WHA2), founded by Waronker and longtime Canadian hockey man and former WHA staffer Peter Young. The second season brought a coaching change as Stan Drulia left Orlando to take over the coaching duties of the Augusta Lynx of the ECHL. Former Pittsburgh Penguin Jim Paek was brought in to lead the Seals in year two.

After the 2003–04 season, the team went through several coaching and staff change including Paek being replaced by former Macon Trax head coach Tommy Stewart when the Trax ceased operations. The Seals were also announced to join the Southern Professional Hockey League (SPHL) for the 2004–05 season.

On August 22, 2004, the City of Orlando revoked its lease at the TD Waterhouse Centre due to a clause about attendance and the Seals would miss the season. On October 19, 2004, the ownership group announced a new three-year lease with the Silver Spurs Arena in Kissimmee, changing its name to the Florida Seals. The team resumed play in the 2005–06 season, hosting their first home game against the Jacksonville Barracudas on October 29, 2005. The Seals finished the 2005–06 season with a 32–17 record with seven overtime losses, placing third in the league, but lost the President's Cup to the Knoxville Ice Bears in five games.

Before the 2006–07 season, Waronker agreed in principle to sell the team to real estate developer Bill Lucia. However, while the deal closed in May 2006, Lucia did not file the required league paperwork until October and never made a formal presentation to the league. Later in the month, the team's general manager resigned. On January 4, 2007, Osceola Heritage Park, operators of the Silver Spurs Arena, abruptly locked out the Seals after they failed to meet their contractual obligations. OHP facility director Robb Larson said that OHP had run out of patience with the Seals after giving them numerous chances to get back in compliance. Stewart told WFTV that the team was short on cash and had missed several payments on its lease with the arena. At the same time, the players had been kicked out of their apartments because the team was not paying the rent.

The next day, the SPHL Board of Directors held an emergency meeting and voted to expel the Seals from the league. The players were parceled out to the other SPHL teams in a dispersal draft.

Lucia later revealed that, for all intents and purposes, the rest of the board had essentially abandoned the team; he had been the only one paying the bills.

Several members of the Seals' organization continued their careers in professional sports with Sammy Wallace working for the Germain Arena in Estero, Florida, and Peter Young was with a baseball team in Arizona. Joe Fellini became the director of sales at the Tsongas Center at University of Massachusetts Lowell in Massachusetts, while Brian Fling moved to Colorado to work in the private sector. Ryan Morris was working in the music field with Rymo Records. Erika Hodges went on to work for the Florida Panthers, and Tom Bradley earned a Stanley Cup ring with the Tampa Bay Lightning. The Seals first two coaches were still active with Drulia working with the Milwaukee Admirals and Paek with the Grand Rapids Griffins.

Championships
The mascot of the Florida Seals was Sealvester. He wore a jersey emblazoned with the number "05".

title: Florida Seals


text:
K-line

K-line may refer to:

Chemistry

 * K-line (spectrometry), one of two features in spectroscopy:
 * Calcium K line, a Fraunhofer spectral line from ionised calcium
 * K-line (x-ray), an x-ray peak in astronomical spectrometry
 * K line, a term used in Internal conversion electron spectroscopy

Computing

 * K-line (artificial intelligence) (Knowledge-line), a mental agent in artificial intelligence
 * K-line (IRC), a server ban in IRC

Finance

 * Candlestick chart, or K-line, a style of financial chart used to describe price movements of a security, derivative, or currency

Sports

 * K line, the line marking the calculation point in ski jumping

Transportation

 * K (Broadway Brooklyn Local), earlier KK, discontinued in 1976
 * K (Eighth Avenue Local), a defunct train service on the New York City Subway, which was known as the AA until 1985
 * K Ingleside, a service of the San Francisco Municipal Railway sometimes called the K Line
 * K Line (Los Angeles Metro), a light rail line in Los Angeles County, California
 * K (Los Angeles Railway), defunct streetcar line in Los Angeles, California
 * K Line, a Japanese shipping company
 * K-Line, a model railway locomotive company
 * K-Line bus operator in Yorkshire, England since rebranded as Tiger Blue
 * Line K (Tren Interoceánico), a planned railway service in Mexico
 * K-Line, part of the ISO 9141 on-board diagnostics vehicle network interface standard

title: K-line


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Flanker

Flanker may refer to:

 * Flanker (perfume), a newly created perfume sharing attributes of an existing one
 * Flanker (rugby union), a position in rugby union (not found in rugby league)
 * Su-27 Flanker (video game), a 1996 computer game modeling the Sukhoi Su-27
 * Sukhoi Su-27 and its derivatives, by NATO reporting name
 * Wide receiver, a position in American football
 * Eriksen flanker task, involving a flanker that can diagnose certain neurological disorders

title: Flanker


text:
List of villages in Hong Kong

The following is a list of villages in Hong Kong.

Villages in the New Territories
Non-indigenous villages are italicised. Composite villages are bolded.

Each village has one resident representative and at least one indigenous inhabitant representative. Villages with more than one indigenous inhabitant representatives are marked.

Fanling District Rural Committee
粉嶺區鄉事委員會

 * Fan Leng Lau (粉嶺樓) (2)
 * Fanling Wai (粉嶺圍)
 * Fanling Ching Wai (粉嶺正圍)
 * Fanling Pak Wai (粉嶺北圍)
 * Fanling Nam Wai (粉嶺南圍)
 * Hok Tau Wai (鶴藪圍)
 * Ling Shan Tsuen (靈山村)
 * Lo Wai (老圍)
 * Ma Wat Wai (馬笏圍)
 * Ma Wat Tsuen (馬笏村)
 * Pak Fuk Tsuen (百福村)
 * Shung Him Tong Tsuen (崇謙堂村)
 * Tin Sam Tsuen (田心村)
 * Tong Hang (塘坑)
 * Tong Hang Village (塘坑村)
 * Tsz Tong Tsuen (祠堂村)
 * Tung Kok Wai (東閣圍)
 * Wing Ning Wai (永寧圍)
 * Wing Ning Village (永寧村)
 * Wo Hop Shek San Tsuen (和合石新村)
 * Wo Hing Tsuen (和興村)

Sha Tau Kok District Rural Committee
沙頭角區鄉事委員會

 * A Ma Wat (亞媽笏)
 * Ap Chau (鴨洲)
 * Au Ha (凹下)
 * Fung Hang (鳳坑)
 * Ha Wo Hang (下禾坑)
 * Kai Kuk Shue Ha and Ham Hang Mei (雞谷樹下及鹹坑尾)
 * Kap Tong (蛤塘)
 * Kat O (吉澳)
 * Kau Tam Tso (九担租)
 * Kong Ha (崗下)
 * Kuk Po (谷埔) (2)
 * Lai Chi Wo (荔枝窩)
 * Lai Tau Shek (犂頭石)
 * Lin Ma Hang (蓮麻坑)
 * Loi Tung (萊洞)
 * Luk Keng Chan Uk (鹿頸陳屋)

 * Luk Keng Wong Uk (鹿頸黃屋)
 * Ma Tseuk Leng Ha (麻雀嶺下)
 * Ma Tseuk Leng Sheung (麻雀嶺上)
 * Man Uk Pin (萬屋邊)
 * Miu Tin (苗田)
 * Mui Tsz Lam (梅子林)
 * Muk Min Tau and Tsiu Hang (木棉頭及蕉坑)
 * Nam Chung (南涌)
 * Ngau Shi Wu (牛屎湖)
 * Sai Lau Kong (西流江)
 * Sam A (三椏)
 * San Tsuen (新村)
 * Sha Tau Kok Market (East) (沙頭角墟(東))
 * Sha Tau Kok Market (West Lower) (沙頭角墟(西下))
 * Sha Tau Kok Market (West Upper) (沙頭角墟(西上))

 * Shan Tsui (山嘴)
 * Shek Chung Au (石涌凹)
 * Shek Kiu Tau (石橋頭)
 * Sheung Wo Hang (上禾坑)
 * So Lo Pun (鎖羅盆)
 * Tai Long (大朗)
 * Tai Tong Wu (大塘湖)
 * Tam Shui Hang (担水坑)
 * Tong To (塘肚)
 * Tsat Muk Kiu (七木橋)
 * Wang Shan Keuk (橫山脚)
 * Wu Kau Tang (鳥蛟騰)
 * Wu Shek Kok (鳥石角)
 * Yim Tso Ha and Pok Tau Ha (鹽杜下及膊頭下)
 * Yung Shue Au (榕樹凹)

Sheung Shui District Rural Committee
上水區鄉事委員會

 * Cheung Lek (長瀝)
 * Hang Tau (坑頭) (2)
 * Ho Sheung Heung (河上鄉)
 * Kai Leung (雞嶺)
 * Kam Tsin (金錢) (2)
 * Kwu Tung (North) (古洞(北))
 * Kwu Tung (South) (古洞(南))

 * Lin Tong Mei (蓮塘尾)
 * Liu Pok (料壆)
 * Ma Tso Lung (North) (馬草壠(北))
 * Ma Tso Lung (South) (馬草壠(南))
 * Ng Uk Tsuen (吳屋村)
 * Ping Kong (丙崗)
 * Sheung Shui Heung (上水鄉) (3)

 * Tai Tau Leng (大頭嶺) (2)
 * Tong Kung Leng (唐公嶺)
 * Tsiu Keng (蕉徑)
 * Tsung Pak Long (松柏朗)
 * Wa Shan Tsuen (華山村)
 * Yin Kong (燕崗)
 * Ying Pun (營盤)

Ta Kwu Ling District Rural Committee
打鼓嶺區鄉事委員會

 * Chow Tin Tsuen (週田村) (2)
 * Chuk Yuen (竹園)
 * Fung Wong Wu (鳳凰湖)
 * Ha Shan Kai Wat (下山雞乙)
 * Heung Yuen Wai (香園圍)
 * Kan Tau Wai (簡頭圍)
 * Lei Uk (李屋)

 * Lo Wu (羅湖)
 * Muk Wu (木湖)
 * Nga Yiu (瓦窰)
 * Nga Yiu Ha (瓦窰下)
 * Ping Che (坪輋)
 * Ping Yeung (坪洋) (4)
 * San Uk Ling (新屋嶺)

 * Sheung Shan Kai Wut (上山雞乙)
 * Tai Po Tin (大埔田)
 * Tak Yuet Lau (得月樓)
 * Tong Fong (塘坊)
 * Tsung Yuen Ha (松園下)
 * Wo Keng Shan (禾徑山)

Villages within the Frontier Closed Area
The following villages are located in Frontier Closed Area and can only be visited with a Frontier Closed Area Permit:

 * Lo Wu (羅湖)(including Yuen Leng Chai (圓嶺仔))
 * Sha Tau Kok Market (East) (沙頭角墟(東))
 * Sha Tau Kok Market (West Lower) (沙頭角墟(西下))
 * Sha Tau Kok Market (West Upper) (沙頭角墟(西上)
 * San Kwai Tin / King To (新桂田/逕肚)
 * Lin Ma Hang (蓮麻坑)(if visiting via Lin Ma Hang Road)
 * Parts of Shan Tsui (山嘴)
 * Kong Ha (崗下)
 * Yuen Tun Shan (圓墩山)
 * Choi Yuen Kok (菜園角)

Visiting the following villages through Starling Inlet requires a Frontier Closed Area Permit:
 * Fung Hang (鳳坑)
 * Kuk Po (谷埔)

Visiting the following villages through Sha Tau Kok Pier requires a Frontier Closed Area Permit:
 * Ap Chau (鴨洲)
 * Kap Tong (蛤塘)
 * Kat O (吉澳)
 * Lai Chi Wo (茘枝窩)
 * Lei Pik Shek (犁頭石)
 * Mui Tsz Lam (梅子林)
 * Ngau Shi Wu (牛屎湖)
 * Sam A (三椏)
 * Sai Lau Kong (西流江)
 * So Lo Pun (鎖羅盤)
 * Yung Shue Au (榕樹凹)

Sai Kung North Rural Committee
西貢北約鄉事委員會

 * Che Ha (輋下)
 * Chek Keng
 * Cheung Muk Tau (樟木頭)
 * Cheung Sheung
 * Ha Yeung
 * Hoi Ha
 * Kei Ling Ha Lo Wai (企嶺下老圍)
 * Kei Ling Ha San Wai (企嶺下新圍)
 * Ko Lau Wan
 * Ko Tong
 * Kwun Hang (官坑)
 * Lai Chi Chong
 * Ma Kwu Lam (馬牯纜)

 * Nai Chung (泥涌)
 * Nam Shan Tung
 * Nga Iu Tau Tsun (瓦窰頭)
 * Ngong Ping
 * Pak Sha O
 * Pak Tam Au
 * Ping Chau Chau Mei
 * Ping Chau Chau Tau
 * Ping Chau Nai Tau
 * Ping Chau Sha Tau
 * Ping Chau Tai Tong
 * Sai Keng (西徑)
 * Sai O (西澳)

 * Sham Chung
 * Tai Tan
 * Tai Tung (大洞)
 * Tan Ka Wan
 * Tap Mun
 * Tap Mun Fishermen Village
 * Tin Liu (田寮)
 * To Kwa Peng
 * Tseng Tau (井頭)
 * Tung Sam Kei
 * Uk Tau
 * Wong Chuk Yeung
 * Yung Shu O

Tai Po Rural Committee
[大埔鄉事委員會]

 * A Shan (鴉山)
 * Chai Kek (寨乪)
 * Cheung Shue Tan (樟樹灘)
 * Cheung Uk Tei (張屋地)
 * Chung Mei San Tsuen (涌尾新村)
 * Chung Pui San Tsuen (涌背新村)
 * Chung Uk Tsuen (鍾屋村)
 * Fong Ma Po (放馬莆)
 * Fung Yuen (鳳園)
 * Ha Hang (下坑)
 * Ha Tei Ha (蝦地下)
 * Ha Wong Yi Au (下黃宜坳)
 * Ha Wun Yiu (下碗窰)
 * Hang Ha Po (坑下莆)
 * Kam Chuk Pai San Tsuen (金竹排新村)
 * Kam Shan Village (錦山村)
 * Kau Liu Ha (較寮下)
 * Kau Lung Hang (九龍坑)
 * Lai Chi Shan (荔枝山)
 * Lin Au, Cheng Uk
 * Lin Au, Lei Uk
 * Lo Tsz Tin
 * Luen Yick Fishermen Village
 * Lung A Pei
 * Lung Mei (龍尾)
 * Ma Po Mei
 * Ma Wo Tsuen
 * Mui Shue Hang
 * Nam Hang
 * Nam Wa Po (南華莆)

 * Ng Tung Chai
 * Pak Ngau Shek Ha Tsuen
 * Pak Ngau Shek Sheung Tsuen
 * Pan Chung
 * Pan Chung San Tsuen
 * Ping Long
 * Ping Shan Chai
 * Po Sam Pai
 * Pun Shan Chau
 * Sam Mun Tsai
 * San Tau Kok
 * San Tong
 * San Tsuen (Lam Tsuen)
 * San Uk Ka
 * San Uk Tsai
 * San Wai Tsai
 * Sha Lo Tung Cheung Uk
 * Sha Lo Tung Lei Uk
 * Shan Liu
 * She Shan
 * Shek Kwu Lung
 * Sheung Wong Yi Au
 * Sheung Wun Yiu
 * Shuen Wan Chan Uk
 * Shuen Wan Chim Uk
 * Shuen Wan Lei Uk
 * Shuen Wan Sha Lan
 * Shuen Wan Wai Ha
 * Shui Wo
 * Siu Kau San Tsuen

 * Siu Om Shan
 * Ta Tit Yan
 * Tai Hang
 * Tai Kau San Tsuen
 * Tai Mei Tuk (大尾督／大美督)
 * Tai Mon Che
 * Tai Om
 * Tai Om Shan
 * Tai Po Kau
 * Tai Po Kau Hui
 * Tai Po Mei (大埔尾)
 * Tai Po Tau (大埔頭)
 * Tai Po Tau Shui Wai (大埔頭水圍)
 * Tai Wo (大窩)
 * Tin Liu Ha
 * Ting Kok (汀角)
 * To Yuen Tung
 * Tong Sheung Tsuen
 * Tseng Tau
 * Tung Tsz
 * Wai Tau Tsuen
 * Wan Tau Kok
 * Wang Ling Tau San Tsuen
 * Wong Yue Tan
 * Yin Ngam
 * Ying Pun Ha Chuk Hang
 * Yue Kok (魚角)
 * Yuen Leng Lei Uk
 * Yuen Leng Yip Uk
 * Yuen Tun Ha

Sha Tin Rural Committee
沙田鄉事委員會. About 29,000 people live in 48 indigenous villages.

 * Ah Kung Kok Fishermen Village (亞公角漁民村)
 * Au Pui Wan (坳背灣)
 * Chap Wai Kon (插桅杆)
 * Chek Nai Ping (赤坭坪)
 * Cheung Lek Mei (長瀝尾)
 * Fo Tan (火炭)
 * Fu Yung Pei (芙蓉泌)
 * Fui Yiu Ha (灰窰下) and Tse Uk (謝屋)
 * Ha Keng Hau (下徑口)
 * Ha Wo Che (下禾輋)
 * Hin Tin (顯田)
 * Ho Lek Pui (河瀝背)
 * Kak Tin (隔田)
 * Kau To (九肚)
 * Kwun Yam Shan (觀音山) and Kong Pui (崗背)
 * Lok Lo Ha (落路下)

 * Ma Liu (馬料)
 * Ma On Shan (馬鞍山)
 * Mau Tat (茅笪)
 * Mau Tso Ngam (茂草岩)
 * Mui Tsz Lam (梅子林)
 * Ngau Pei Sha (牛皮沙)
 * Pai Tau Village (排頭村)
 * Pat Tsz Wo (拔子窩)
 * San Tin Village (新田村)
 * Sha Tin Tau (沙田頭) and Lee Uk (李屋)
 * Sha Tin Wai (沙田圍)
 * Shan Ha Wai (山下圍) aka. Tsang Tai Uk (曾大屋)
 * Shan Mei (山尾)
 * Shap Yi Wat (十二笏)
 * Shek Kwu Lung (石古壟) and Nam Shan (南山)
 * Shek Lung Tsai (石壟仔)

 * Sheung Keng Hau (上徑口)
 * Sheung Wo Che (上禾輋)
 * Siu Lek Yuen (小瀝源)
 * Tai Lam Liu (大南寮)
 * Tai Shui Hang Village (大水坑村)
 * Tai Wai Village (大圍村)
 * Tin Sum (田心)
 * To Shek (多石)
 * To Tau Wan (渡頭灣)
 * Tsok Pok Hang (作壆坑)
 * Tung Lo Wan (銅鑼灣)
 * Wo Liu Hang (禾寮坑)
 * Wong Chuk Yeung (黃竹洋)
 * Wong Nai Tau Village (黃泥頭村), Tai Che (大輋) and Fa Sham Hang (花心坑)
 * Wong Uk (王屋)
 * Wu Kai Sha Village (烏溪沙村) and Cheung Kang (長徑)

Hang Hau Rural Committee
坑口鄉事委員會

 * Fu Tau Chau (斧頭洲)
 * Po Toi O (布袋澳)
 * Shui Bin Tsuen (水邊村)

Sai Kung Rural Committee
西貢鄉事委員會

 * Che Keng Tuk (輋徑篤)
 * Hing Keng Shek
 * Ho Chung
 * Hoi Pong Street
 * Kai Ham
 * Kau Sai San Tsuen
 * Long Keng
 * Lung Mei
 * Ma Nam Wat
 * Main Street (East)
 * Main Street (West)
 * Man Wo
 * Man Yee Wan New Village
 * Mau Ping New Village
 * Mok Tse Che
 * Nam A
 * Nam Shan
 * Nam Wai
 * Ngong Wo
 * O Long
 * O Tau
 * Pak A
 * Pak Kong
 * Pak Kong Au
 * Pak Lap
 * Pak Sha Wan
 * Pak Tam
 * Pak Tam Chung
 * Pak Wai
 * Pik Uk
 * Ping Tun
 * Po Tung Road (East)
 * Po Tung Road (West)
 * Sai Kung Road (North)
 * Sai Kung Road (South)
 * Sai Wan
 * See Cheung Street
 * Sha Ha
 * Sha Kok Mei
 * Sha Tsui New Village
 * Shan Liu
 * She Tau
 * Shek Hang
 * Ta Ho Tun
 * Tai Lam Wu
 * Tai Long
 * Tai Mong Tsai
 * Tai No
 * Tai Po Tsai
 * Tai She Wan
 * Tai Street (East)
 * Tai Street (West)
 * Tai Wan
 * Tak Lung Back Street
 * Tak Lung Front Street
 * Tam Wat
 * Tit Kim Hang
 * Tsak Yue Wu
 * Tsam Chuk Wan
 * Tsiu Hang
 * Tso Wo Hang
 * Tui Min Hoi
 * Tung A
 * Uk Cheung
 * Wo Liu
 * Wo Mei
 * Wong Chuk Shan New Village
 * Wong Chuk Wan
 * Wong Keng Tei
 * Wong Keng Tsai
 * Wong Mo Ying
 * Wong Yi Chau
 * Yim Tin Tsai

Lau Fau Shan Rural Committee
流浮山鄉事委員會

 * Fung Ka Wai
 * Hang Hau Tsuen
 * Mong Tseng Tsuen
 * Mong Tseng Wai

 * Nam Sha Po
 * Ngau Hom
 * Pak Nai
 * San Hing Tsuen

 * Sha Kong Tsuen
 * Sha Kong Wai
 * Tai Shui Hang
 * Tin Shui Wai

Ha Tsuen Rural Committee
廈村鄉事委員會

 * Fung Kong Tsuen
 * Ha Tsuen San Wai
 * Ha Tsuen Shi (廈村市)
 * Hong Mei Tsuen
 * Lei Uk Tsuen
 * Lo Uk Tsuen

 * San Lei Uk Tsuen
 * San Sang Tsuen
 * San Uk Tsuen
 * Sik Kong Tsuen
 * Sik Kong Wai
 * Tin Sam Tsuen

 * Tseung Kong Wai
 * Tung Tau Tsuen
 * Sha Chau Lei Tsuen
 * Ha Pak Nai Tsuen (下白泥村)

Kam Tin Rural Committee
錦田鄉事委員會

 * Fung Kat Heung (逢吉鄉)
 * Kam Tin San Tsuen
 * Kam Tin Shi
 * Kam Hing Wai (錦慶圍)

 * Kat Hing Wai
 * Ko Po Tsuen
 * Sha Po Tsuen
 * Shui Mei Tsuen

 * Shui Tau Tsuen
 * Tai Hong Wai (泰康圍)
 * Tsz Tong Tsuen
 * Wing Lung Wai

Pat Heung Rural Committee
八鄉鄉事委員會

 * Cheung Kong Tsuen
 * Ng Ka Tsuen
 * Pang Ka Tsuen
 * Tai Kong Po Tsuen
 * Tsat Sing Kong Tsuen
 * A Kung Tin
 * Cheung Po Tsuen
 * Chuk Hang Tsuen
 * Ha Che Tsuen
 * Ho Pui Tsuen
 * Kam Tsin Wai Tsuen
 * Kap Lung Tsuen
 * Lai Ka Tsz
 * Leung Uk Tsuen

 * Lin Fa Tei
 * Wang Toi Shan Lo Uk Tsuen
 * Ma On Kong Tsuen
 * Ngau Keng Tsuen
 * San Lung Wai
 * Shek Kong Tsuen
 * Shek Tau Wai
 * Shek Wu Tong Tsuen
 * Sheung Che Tsuen
 * Sheung Tsuen
 * Shui Lau Tin Tsuen
 * Shui Tsan Tin Tsuen
 * Ta Shek Wu Tsuen
 * Tai Kek

 * Tai Wo Tsuen
 * Tin Sam Tsuen
 * Wang Toi Shan
 * Wang Toi Shan San Tsuen
 * Wang Toi Shan Wing Ning Lei Tsuen
 * Yau Uk Tsuen
 * Yuen Kong Tsuen
 * Yuen Kong San Tsuen
 * Lui Kung Tin Tsuen
 * Wang Toi Shan Ha San Uk Tsuen
 * Wang Toi Shan Ho Lik Pui Tsuen
 * Wang Toi Shan San Tsuen

Ping Shan Rural Committee
屏山鄉事委員會

 * Shek Po Tsuen
 * Tan Kwai Tsuen
 * Chung Sam Wai (中心圍 or 忠心圍)
 * Fuk Hing Tsuen
 * Fui Sha Wai
 * Fung Chi Tsuen
 * Ha Mei San Tsuen
 * Hang Mei Tsuen
 * Hang Tau Tsuen
 * Hung Uk Tsuen
 * Hung Yun Tsuen
 * Kiu Tau Wai

 * Lam Hau Tsuen
 * Lam Uk Tsuen
 * Ng Uk Tsuen
 * Ping Shan Tsai
 * Pak Sha Tsai
 * Sai Tau Wai
 * Ping Shan San Tsuen
 * Shan Ha Tsuen
 * Sheung Cheung Wai
 * Shing Uk Tsuen
 * Shui Pin Tsuen
 * Shui Pin Wai

 * Tai Tsang Wai
 * Tong Fong Tsuen
 * Tung Tau Tsuen
 * Wing Ning Tsuen
 * Yeung Uk Tsuen
 * Tong Yan San Tsuen
 * Tai Tao Tsuen
 * Tung Tau Wai
 * Tung Tau Wai San Tsuen
 * Ting Fook Villas
 * Yuk Yat Garden
 * Chung Hing San Tsuen

San Tin Rural Committee
新田鄉事委員會

 * Chau Tau Tsuen (洲頭) (2)
 * Fan Tin Tsuen
 * Ha Chuk Yuen
 * Ha San Wai
 * Lok Ma Chau
 * Ma Tso Lung San Tsuen
 * Mai Po San Tsuen
 * Mai Po Lo Wai
 * Ming Tak Tong

 * Ngau Tam Mei
 * On Lung Tsuen
 * Pak Shek Au
 * Pok Wai
 * Pun Uk Tsuen
 * San Lung Tsuen
 * San Tin San Wai
 * Shek Wu Wai
 * Sheung Chuk Yuen

 * Sheung San Wai
 * Tai Shang Wai
 * Tsing Lung Tsuen
 * Tung Chan Wai
 * Wai Tsai Tsuen
 * Wing Ping Tsuen
 * Yan Shau Wai

Shap Pat Heung Rural Committee
十八鄉鄉事委員會

 * Au Tau
 * Choi Uk Tsuen (蔡屋村)
 * Ha Yau Tin Tsuen
 * Hung Tin Tsuen
 * Hung Tso Tin Tsuen
 * Kik Yeung Tsuen
 * Kong Tau San Tsuen
 * Kong Tau Tsuen
 * Lung Tin Tsuen
 * Ma Tin Tsuen
 * Muk Kiu Tau Tsuen
 * Nam Hang Tsuen
 * Nam Pin Wai
 * Nga Yiu Tau
 * Pak Sha Tsuen

 * Pak Sha Wo Liu
 * Sai Pin Wai
 * Shan Pui Tsuen
 * Sham Chung Tsuen
 * Sheung Yau Tin Tsuen
 * Shui Tin Tsuen
 * Shui Tsiu Lo Wai
 * Shui Tsiu San Tsuen
 * Shung Ching San Tsuen
 * Sze Tsz Uk
 * Tai Kei Leng
 * Tai Kiu
 * Tai Tong Tsuen
 * Tai Wai Tsuen

 * Tin Liu Tsuen
 * Tong Tau Po Tsuen
 * Tung Shing Lei
 * Tung Tau Tsuen
 * Wong Nai Tun Tsuen
 * Wong Uk Tsuen
 * Yeung Uk Tsuen
 * Ying Lung Wai
 * Yuen Long Kau Hui
 * Chuk Hang
 * Kwan Lok San Tsuen
 * Small Traders New Village

Tuen Mun Rural Committee
屯門鄉事委員會

 * Chung Uk Tsuen (鍾屋村) (2)

Ma Wan Rural Committee
馬灣鄉事委員會

 * Chok Ko Wan and Pa Tau Kwu (竹篙灣及扒頭鼓)
 * Luk Keng (鹿頸)

Tsing Yi Rural Committee
青衣鄉事委員會

Note: The brackets are, (No. of Indigenous Inhabitant Representatives [原居民代表], No. of Resident Representatives [居民代表]) in the Tsing Yi Rural Committee. The villages with no bracketed numbers have no representatives in the committee.

Note: Chung Mei Tsuen and Lo Uk Tsuen are combined into one village called Chung Mei Lo Uk Tsuen (涌尾老屋村). Tsing Yi residents prefer to call this village Chung Mei Tsuen. Note: The above four villages were relocated together and are usually referred as Sai Tsuen (四村), lit. four villages. Note: In Fung Shue Wo, there are two villages namely Tsing Yu New Village (青裕新村), and Tsing Yi Hui (青衣墟), lit. Tsing Yi Market.
 * Chung Mei Tsuen (涌美村) (3,1)
 * Lo Uk Tsuen (老屋村) (1,1)
 * Tai Wong Ha New Village (大王下新村) or Tai Wong Ha Tsuen (大王下村) (5,1)
 * Sun Uk New Village (新屋新村) or San Uk Tsuen (新屋村) (1,1)
 * Yim Tin Kok New Village (鹽田角新村) or Yim Tin Kok Tsuen (鹽田角村) (1,1)
 * Lam Tin New Village (藍田新村) or Lam Tin Tsuen (藍田村) (2,1)
 * Fung Shue Wo New Village (楓樹窩新村) or Fung Shu Wo Tsuen (楓樹窩村) (1,0)
 * Fishermen's Village and St. Paul's Village (漁民村及聖保祿村) (0,1)
 * Tsing Yi Lutheran (信義新村)
 * Liu To (寮肚村)
 * Ko Tan (高灘村)
 * Sai Shan Village (細山村)

Tsuen Wan Rural Committee
荃灣鄉事委員會

 * Chuen Lung (川龍) (3)
 * Chung Kwai Chung (中葵涌) (3)
 * Kwan Mun Hau Tsuen (關門口村)

Cheung Chau Rural Committee
長洲鄉事委員會

Lamma Island (North) Rural Committee
南丫島北段鄉事委員會

 * Ko Long (高塱)
 * Lo Tik Wan (蘆荻灣)
 * Pak Kok Kau Tsuen (北角舊村)
 * Pak Kok San Tsuen (北角新村)
 * Sha Po (沙埔)
 * Tai Peng Tsuen (大坪村)
 * Tai Wan Kau Tsuen (大灣舊村)
 * Tai Yuen (大園)
 * Wang Long (橫塱)
 * Yung Shue Long (榕樹塱)
 * Yung Shue Wan (榕樹灣)

Lamma Island (South) Rural Committee
南丫島南段鄉事委員會

 * Lo So Shing (蘆鬚城)
 * Luk Chau (鹿洲)
 * Mo Tat (模達)
 * Mo Tat Wan (模達灣)
 * Po Toi (蒲台)
 * Sok Kwu Wan (索罟灣)
 * Tung O (東澳)
 * Yung Shue Ha (榕樹下)

Mui Wo Rural Committee
梅窩鄉事委員會

Ha Tsuen Long
 * Chung Hau (North) (涌口(北))
 * Chung Hau (South) (涌口(南))
 * Luk Tei Tong (鹿地塘)
 * Man Kok Tsui (萬角咀)
 * Ngau Kwu Long (牛牯塱)
 * Pak Mong (白芒)
 * Pak Ngan Heung (白銀鄉)
 * Tai Ho (大蠔)
 * Tai Tei Tong (大地塘)
 * Wo Tin (窩田)

Peng Chau Rural Committee
坪洲鄉事委員會

 * Nim Shu Wan (稔樹灣)
 * Tai Pak (大白) (not an existing village)

South Lantao Rural Committee
大嶼山南區鄉事委員會

 * Cheung Sha Lower Village (長沙下村)
 * Cheung Sha Upper Village (長沙上村)
 * Tong Fuk Village (塘福)

Tai O Rural Committee
大澳鄉事委員會

 * Fan Lau (汾流)

Tung Chung Rural Committee
東涌鄉事委員會

 * Chek Lap Kok (赤鱲角)

Others
Former villages are italicised.

New Kowloon

 * Cha Kwo Ling Village (茶果嶺村)
 * Fung Wong San Chuen (鳳王新村)
 * Grand View Village (大觀村)
 * Hau Wong Temple New Village (候王廟新村)
 * Ling Nam San Tsuen (嶺南新村)
 * Ma Chai Hang Tsuen (馬仔坑村)
 * Man Kuk New Tsuen (文谷新村)
 * Nga Tsin Wai Tsuen (衙前圍村)
 * Ngau Chi Wan Tsuen (牛池灣村)
 * Ping Ting Tsuen (平頂村)
 * Po Kong Tsuen (蒲崗村)
 * Pok Oi Tsuen (博愛村)
 * Pui Man Tsuen (培民村)
 * Sam Ka Tsuen (三家村)
 * Shanghai Tsuen (上海村)
 * Sze Hai Tsuen (四喜村)
 * Tai Hom Village (大磡村)
 * Ha Yuen Leng and Sheung Yuen Leng (formerly Kowloon Yuen Leng) (下元嶺, 上元嶺, 九龍元嶺)
 * Tai Hom Woi Tsuen (大磡窩村)
 * Tai Koon Yuen (大觀園)
 * Tong Ning New San Tsuen (唐寧新村)
 * Tung Shan Tsuen (東山村)
 * Tung Wo Tsuen (東和村)
 * Yan Oi San Tsuen (仁愛新村)
 * Yan Yee San Tsuen (仁義新村)

Villages and former villages on Hong Kong Island and in Kowloon
Former villages are italicised.

Hong Kong Island

 * A Kung Ngam Village (阿公岩村)
 * Aldrich Village (愛秩序村)
 * Big Wave Bay Village (大浪灣村)
 * Ching Man Village (正民村)
 * Fu Tau Wat Village (富斗窟村)
 * Healthy Village (健康村)
 * Hing Wah Village (興華村)
 * Hok Tsui Village
 * Holy Cross Path Village (聖十字徑村)
 * Kau Man Village (教民村)
 * Ma Shan Village (馬山村)
 * Nan On Fong Village (南安坊村)
 * O Pui Lung Shan Teng Village (澳貝龍山頂村)
 * O Pui Lung Village (澳貝龍村)
 * Pok Fu Lam Tsuen (薄扶林村)
 * Shek O Village (石澳村)
 * Shek O New Village (石澳新村)
 * Tai Ping Village (太平村)
 * Tsin Shui Ma Tau Village (淺水碼頭村)
 * Wang Hang Tsai Village (橫坑仔村)
 * Wang Hang Tung Village (橫坑東村)
 * Wesley Village (衛斯理村)

Kowloon

 * Tsim Sha Tsui Village (尖沙嘴村)
 * Ma Tau Wai (馬頭圍, formerly 古瑾圍)

title: List of villages in Hong Kong


text:
Talk:Jaws (James Bond)

Family name
"Krycsiwiki" is not a correct Polish family name - might be "Krysiwicki" instead for example (rough English pronunciation: Cree-she-vee-tskee). I don't know, if this apparent error is in a novel, or in an article only. Pibwl 20:19, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * If you're correct then it's most likely an error by the author (if it's an error at all). Google shows that only the spelling Krycsiwiki has mentions of Jaws while Krysiwicki does not. (Although Google attempts to correct the spelling with what you listed). I don't have the novelization so I can't look it up :( K1Bond007 21:08, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * Theoretically, a Pole can have a name: "Krycsiwiki" or whatever other he likes (or he inherited) - but it doesn't sound a Polish word. I'd say 99% chance it should be Krysiwicki (which is not common - I've never heard one, but it sounds Polish). It looks to me just a typo in a strange foreign name with many letters ;-) Pibwl 22:28, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

GoldenEye game
This article features a lot of background storyline bits about the Aztec level of the N64 GoldenEye 007 game - but none of it is featured in the game. It all sounds like made-up speculation to me. --128.243.220.21 15:05, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah... theres is an Aztec level and Jaws is in it. It's one of the final missions of the game. K1Bond007 17:21, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * It badly needs a rewrite. I'll do it if and when I feel like it.--DooM Drat 12:32, May 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Information about a video game hardly needs to be in an article on Jaws. In addition, it was horribly written and gave me a headache just trying to comprehend it. I deleted most of it in the interests of comprehensibility. --Oesor
 * I just up and rewrote the whole section. I don't know where all this back story came from for GoldenEye. There isn't one from what I recall. K1Bond007 03:53, Jun 21, 2005 (UTC)

Redundancy
The line "In The Spy Who Loved Me, Jaws was supposed to lose to the shark at the end of the film. However, after test audiences revealed how much they enjoyed the character, the ending was rewritten to allow for Jaws to survive and swim away." basically restates something mentioned earlier in the article, and as such I have deleted it. Crisco 1492 21:33, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

Jaws Can Talk
If you have seen Moonraker you may remember that bit near the end where Jaws opens a bottle of champagne and says to is girlfriend: well, here's to us

 * That's already mentioned in the article.--Drat (Talk) 22:31, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

Grammar
"Jaws also has an uncanny ability to survive any misfortune seemingly completely unscathed and come back and challenge Bond again" While this is true, saying he was "seemingly completely unscathed" sounds contradictory. I would advise changing it to either "completely unscathed" or "seemingly unscathed."

Untitled
Jaws escaped from Drax's lair in an escape pod. And by that point he had turned good. I'm changing it.

how to fix the box at bottom?
How do I fix the large box at the bottom? It's got "Official James Bond film charcters Note: Some charcters may be villians and girls" at the beginning, making for 3 typos in that short amount of space. 65.190.52.238 21:09, 12 June 2006 (UTC)
 * If you look at the wikicode, you'll see . Simply take the words and prepend Template: to them, the get to the template itself. Like so Template:James Bond characters. Someone already removed the redundant note bit, but I'll leave the typo(s) for you to fix, for the experience.--Drat (Talk) 05:42, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

Teeth composition
This could seem nit-picky but I could have sworn I remembered Jaws' teeth to be made (at least partially) of cobalt. I'd like confirmation before I (or someone else) goes and changes that. I'm fairly sure they weren't made of pure stainless.

--Downfall 00:41, 26 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't believe it is mentioned in the film. Maybe it is. The novelisation says it's made out of "platinised steel components." (pg. 94) K1Bond007 01:27, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

Spielberg
I think mention should be made of what year the actual MOVIE Jaws came out. Obviously the name/idea for this villain is at least partly a spoof of that.

Turns out it was about 2 years prior, so still very much in the air, I suspect.

Oh, and shouldn't there be some sort of disambig hattip up top? 209.172.23.227 (talk) 20:18, 25 September 2014 (UTC)

Merger proposal
The information in the article Jaws' Teeth may be notable, but it is currently not enough to create more than a stub article. This article about the character has been lacking in sources for almost a year. Merging the two together solves both issues, and creates a more comprehensive article. Fortdj33 (talk) 14:14, 22 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose: Merging would only serve to source just one part, not the majority of the article therefore it would not fix the sourcing issue. The teeth article had sufficient sources to fulfill WP:GNG and thus should remain. I would suggest that this merge proposal appears to be a bit of WP:ASZ.  The C of E God Save the Queen!  ( talk ) 14:27, 22 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Support merger of Jaws (James Bond) and Jaws' Teeth. There is absolutely no reason to have separate articles. – PeeJay 15:12, 22 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Support merger of Jaws' Teeth into Jaws (James Bond). Same lines of argument here as there were regarding the Oddjob's hat article: not independently notable from the character, and separation of the "teeth" from the character takes them out of all context from either films or character. - SchroCat (talk) 15:55, 22 May 2013 (UTC)
 * this point appears to fall foul of WP:ITSCRUFT.  The C of E God Save the Queen!  ( talk ) 18:39, 22 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Not really: saying it's not notable when out of context is hardly the same thing. - SchroCat (talk) 18:49, 22 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Support merger of that into this. Not particularly significant by itself, and definitely not a case in which we need to have separate articles for size reasons.  Nyttend (talk) 21:20, 22 May 2013 (UTC)
 * That argument falls foul of WP:ASZ.  The C of E God Save the Queen!  ( talk ) 11:27, 23 May 2013 (UTC)
 * No it doesn't. The argument is that Jaws (James Bond) is not too big to need splitting, not that Jaws' Teeth is too small to exist separately. – PeeJay 13:01, 23 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Support merger per above. - Fantr (talk) 23:39, 22 May 2013 (UTC)

"Antagonist" in opening sentence
So what's wrong with letting people know who's side he's on up-front? Lois Lane vs Mary Jane (talk) 07:36, 1 May 2017 (UTC)

 * See my comments at Talk:Fagin. —DangerousJXD (talk) 21:36, 1 May 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Jaws (James Bond)


text:
Juraj Dobrila

Juraj (Giorgio) Dobrila (16 April 1812 – 13 January 1882) was a Catholic bishop and benefactor from Istria who advocated for greater national rights for Croats and also Slovenes in Istria under Austrian rule.

Biography
Dobrila was born in the village of Veli Ježenj (now part of Pazin), Tinjan (Antignana) region of middle Istria, which was then and for a brief period part of Napoleon's Illyrian provinces and shortly thereafter the Habsburg monarchy (today part of Croatia). His above-average intelligence let him engage a German elementary school in Tinjan and Pazin, then a gymnasium in Gorizia, and Karlovac where he also attended a seminary. He became a priest in 1837 and took duty 1837 - 1838 in Munama and Hrusici. From 1839 he studied theology at Augustineum in Vienna and finished in 1842. After his studies, he became a chaplain in Trieste, a German enlighter and a principal of a girl-school. From 1857 to 1875 he was the bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Parenzo e Pola - Poreč i Pula region and from 1875 until his death he was the bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Trieste e Capodistria - Trst in Koper region.

Dobrila studied with and was a friend of Josip Juraj Strossmayer, another Croatian bishop and benefactor of the 19th century. He was a vocal supporter of the Croat and Slovene population in Istria, which was the majority there, but culturally and politically dominated by Italians from the coastal towns.

During the Revolutions of 1848, Dobrila became a member of the Slavjansko društvo ("Slavic society") in Trieste. He supported the introduction of the Slavic languages into schools and public life, funded children who wanted to attend schools in the Croatian part of the monarchy (in Rijeka and Kastav) and encouraged the peasants in Istria, mostly composed of Slavic people, to read books in their native language and avoid being abused by their mostly Italian lords.

Dobrila printed the prayer book Oče, budi volja tvoja in Croatian in 1854, and supported the publishing of the first Croatian newspaper in Istria Naša sloga in 1870. He also published a collection of folk tales and proverbs Različno cvijeće. His second prayer book Mladi Bogoljub was published in 1889.

He was a member of the Diet of Istria in Poreč since its founding in 1861 and the representative of the council in the Parliament in Vienna until 1867. He was also a participant of the First Vatican Council (1870) where he supported Bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer's opposition to the doctrine of papal infallibility.

Dobrila donated his whole estate to charity. Dobrila's portrait was depicted on the obverse of the Croatian 10 kuna banknote issued in 1993, 1995, 2001 and 2004. Two high schools are named after Dobrila, one in Pazin and one in Pula. The University of Pula is named in his honour Juraj Dobrila University of Pula.

title: Juraj Dobrila


text:
Parafilm

Parafilm is a semi-transparent, flexible film composed of a blend of waxes and polyolefins. It is a ductile, malleable, non-toxic, odorless, and self-sealing thermoplastic. It has been manufactured by the company Amcor since its acquisition of Bemis Company, Inc in 2018. It comes in two colors, natural (colorless) and purple.

Laboratories
Parafilm M is commonly used in health care, pharmaceutical and research laboratories for covering or sealing vessels such as flasks, cuvettes, test tubes, beakers, petri dishes and more. The "M" stands for mounting or maps, as Parafilm was originally used to mount charts and other objects using heat. Parafilm M was marketed in 1950s for lab use and for various home applications.

Because it melts quickly when heated, Parafilm M is not safe for use in an autoclave. It is also soluble in many organic solvents.

Produce
Some growers use Parafilm M instead of fungicides or other coatings to prevent rot, wrapping it around the freshly cut crowns of bananas, pineapples and other produce.

Stem wrap
Florists use Parafilm Stem Wrap to extend the flower's life by protecting moisture in the stem as a floral tape.

Grafting
Horticulturalists use Parafilm Grafting Tape in grafting. Several grafting styles call for wrapping a graft to hold it together, and sealing it to prevent drying and Parafilm Grafting Tape does both. In this context Parafilm is also known as grafting tape.

Modeling
Parafilm M is used by some modelers as a masking material during airbrushing, due to its lack of adhesion, which can destroy a finish.

Entomology
Entomologists have used Parafilm M as a membrane to feed hematophagous insects such as mosquitoes and bedbugs reared in the lab.

Microfluidics
An application of Parafilm M is to make paper-based microfluidic devices. Paper-based microfluidic devices are considered a suitable way to fabricate low-cost point-of-care diagnostics for developing countries and areas where expensive medical instrumentation is not accessible. Digital microfluidic devices can also use it as the electrode insulator and hydrophobic layer

Similar products
A similar but now discontinued product is Fuji's Sealon film.

Another similar product is Seal-R-Film.

title: Parafilm


text:
History of European Jews in the Middle Ages

History of European Jews in the Middle Ages covers Jewish history in the period from the 5th to the 15th century. During the course of this period, the Jewish population experienced a gradual diaspora shifting from their motherland of the Levant to Europe. These Jewish individuals settled primarily in the regions of Central Europe dominated by the Holy Roman Empire and Southern Europe dominated by various Iberian kingdoms. As with Christianity, the Middle Ages were a period in which Judaism became mostly overshadowed by Islam in the Middle East, and an increasingly influential part of the socio-cultural and intellectual landscape of Europe.

Jewish tradition traces the origins of the Jews to the 12 Israelite tribes, however most Jewish traditions state that modern Jews descend from Judah, Benjamin and Levi. As early as the Babylonian exile Jews, through exile under military constraint or otherwise, came to live in many other Middle Eastern countries, and later formed communities throughout the eastern Mediterranean lands, constituting collectively a Jewish diaspora. Their presence is attested in Greece from the fourth century BCE onwards in places as varied as Chios, Aegina, Attica and Rhodes and in Italy as early as the 2nd century BCE.

The Jewish people that first called the city of Rome "home" came directly from the Holy Land.After the Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE), hundreds of thousands of Jews were taken as slaves to Rome, where they later immigrated to other European lands. The Jews who immigrated to Iberia, and their descendants comprise the Sephardic Jews, while those who immigrated to the German Rhineland and France comprise the Ashkenazi Jews. A significant depletion in their numbers in Western Europe began to take place with the rise of the Crusades, which brought about many pogroms and successive expulsion orders, in England (1290), France (14th century) and Spain (1492). With the end of the medieval age, a similar phenomenon was to repeat itself in the Italian peninsula and throughout most German towns and principalities in German-speaking lands in the sixteenth century. As a result, many Jews migrated to Eastern Europe, with large Yiddish speaking populations expanding over the next several centuries. By the 17th century a trickle back process began, with reverse migration back to central and western Europe, following pogroms in Ukraine (1648–1649).

Fall of Rome
The majority of archaeological and epigraphical evidence of the Jews in Late Ancient Rome lies in funerary sites, making it difficult to uncover a historical picture of their daily lives or their interactions with outsiders. After the decline of the Roman Empire, the Visigoths controlled large portions of former Roman territory, including southwestern Gaul until 507, and much of the Iberian peninsula until 711. At the start, Jewish communities generally flourished under Visigothic rule in both Gaul and Spain.

Visigoth Spain
In 506, Alaric II decreed that Jews were to be considered Roman citizens and were to live under Roman law. They were given freedom to practice their religion, although efforts to convert pagans and Christians to Judaism were to be curtailed. Alaric also decreed that the judicial autonomy of the Jewish communities was to be respected. After Sisebut took the Visigothic throne in 612, these privileges were revoked, and suppression of the Jewish religion became policy, resulting in attempted forced conversion. There was a brief respite in 640, when Chindasuinth usurped the throne and pursued a pro-Jewish policy. His son Recceswinth, to the contrary, denounced Jews as "polluting the soil of Spain" in 653, and enacted a new code meant to make it impossible for Jews to remain in Spain. These laws proved to be unpopular, and were resisted by both Jews and Christians alike. Despite these persecutions, Jews were able to help Muslim invaders capture Spain, ending Visigothic rule.

Activities
The first historical testimonies on the activities of the Jews show that most were engaged in agriculture, and a minority were engaged in trade, as well as in handicrafts. In the South, "particularly in south Italy and Greece - the Jewish communities had almost a monopoly of dyeing and silk-weaving". Some were involved in qualified services such as interpreters, translators, and medical practitioners.

In the High Middle Ages, many European Jews were specialized as merchants, money-lenders or artisans, as they were largely excluded from crafts guilds and barred from owning land. In contrast, Julie L. Mell insists on the fact that much of the Jewish population was left at the lower end of the urban economic scale.

European Jews were involved in the intellectual and cultural spheres of Medieval society : "Jews contributed to medicine, astrology, mathematics as well as to the arts, literature and music."

Many Jewish women, in comparison to Gentile women, worked alongside their male counterparts. These Jewish women relied on Christian women as wet nurses and caretakers of their young, which brought about some concern from their male partners regarding if their offspring would be truly "Jewish" and not impacted by these intimate relationships with Christians. It was common for many regions of Medieval Europe to have communal ovens that Jewish and Christian women would use in tandem. There is evidence of written correspondence between Jewish males and rabbinical authorities discussing whether or not certain intimate interactions were in accordance with Jewish law; it seems that many of the conclusions were that it should be left to the discretion of the women.

Germany
Jewish migration from Roman Italy is considered the most likely source of the first Jews within German territory, but there are multiple theories present in the scholarship currently available. While the date of the first settlement of Jews in the regions which the Romans called Germania Superior, Germania Inferior, and Magna Germania is not known, the first authentic documents relating to a large and well-organized Jewish community in these regions date from 321   and refers to Cologne on the Rhine. These documents stated that Jews could be called to the Curia and owed taxes to Rome, and that Jewish religious leaders were exempt from curial service, signalling that a uniquely Jewish community, prosperous enough to be taxed, had existed in Cologne for some time. During the Carolingian period, Jews had a vital function as importers of goods from the East, and their laws and customs were generally tolerated, although they were not allowed to proselytize to Christians. It was during this peaceful time, that Jews from other communities emigrated to Francia in hopes of better treatment, notably members of the Persian House of Exilarchs, such as Isaac the Jew and Makhir of Narbonne came to Francia and with them, brought a large community of Persian Jews, who later assimilated to European customs. However, these peaceful relations would end with the beginning of the First Crusade and thousands of Jews in communities all along the Rhine were attacked and killed under the presumption that if they were going to attack enemies of the Christ in Jerusalem, they should attack "Christ's enemies" around them in Germany, ushering in a lasting antisemitism that included pogroms, blood libel, and being blamed as the cause of catastrophes like the Black Death and the Mongol invasion of Europe. Despite those difficulties, German Jews continued to practice, refine, and evolve their religious and social customs, including the development of the Yiddish language and an identity as Ashkenazi Jews. They eventually established a uniquely Jewish occupation, working as Court Jews within the Holy Roman Empire.

Church laws in the Early Middle Ages
Conversions of Jews to Christianity, whether forced or voluntary, during the medieval period were an integral part of the life of Jewish communities in the medieval period. The pressures to convert, other than compulsory baptism to save one's life, could be theological, economic and intellectual. Voluntary conversion by such renegades (meshummadim) was motivated by a number of facts: a change of belief could account for the conversion, as could the desire to marry a Christian or to escape from the restrictions on life as a Jew, or to regain a livelihood or home. Such conversions proved particularly devastating for the English and Spanish Jewish communities.

By the 10th century, most of Europe was under the rule of Christian monarchs who made Christianity the official religion of their realms. In the Roman or Byzantine Empire, Christianity had been the state church since the Edict of Thessalonica in 380 AD. A privileged niche for Jews in the new order nonetheless remained. The Church forbade Christians from charging interest to fellow Christians; based upon the scripture Deuteronomy 23:20-21. With Christians viewing the Jewish population as foreigners (and vice versa) the ability to loan money with interest became an essential part of the Economy and synonymous with the various Jewish populations throughout Medieval Europe. While this status did not always lead to peaceful conditions for the Jewish people, they were the most compatible non-Christians for the position due to their shared devotion to the same Abrahamic God that the Christians worshiped. While many Jews rose to prominence in these times, Judaism was mostly practiced in private to avoid persecution. The descendants of the survivors of this period, the Ashkenazi Jews, still commemorate some of the more memorable tragedies of this period in their liturgy.

Their fate in each particular country depended on the changing political conditions. In Italy (see History of the Jews in Italy) they experienced difficult days during the wars waged by the Heruli, Rugii, Ostrogoths, and Lombards. The severe laws of the Roman emperors were, in general, more mildly administered than elsewhere; the Arian confession, of which the Germanic conquerors of Italy were adherents, was characterized by its tolerance.

In other parts of western Europe, Jews who wished to remain true to the faith of their fathers were protected by the Church itself from compulsory conversion. There was no change in this policy even later, when the Pope called for the support of the Carolingians in protecting his ideal kingdom with their temporal power. Charlemagne, moreover, was glad to use the Church for the purpose of welding together the loosely connected elements of his kingdom when he transformed part of the old Roman empire into a new Christian one, and united under the imperial crown all the German races at that time. Years after his death, in 843, his empire fell apart, and the rulers of Italy, France, and Germany were more attentive to the Church's desires in the making of laws dealing with the Jews.

In the wake of a narrow military defeat over Muslim forces, Leo III of Constantinople decided his nation's weakness lay in its heterogeneous population and began the forcible conversion of the Jews, as well as the New Christians. However, some were able to secretly continue their Jewish practices. In 1040, Rashi was born, and in the wake of the Norman conquest of England, Jews left Normandy to settle in London and other cities such as York, Norwich, Oxford, Bristol and Lincoln, where Pope Gregory VII prohibited Jews from holding offices in Christendom. Iban Iashufin, the King of the Almoravides, captured Granada and destroyed the Jewish community, as the survivors fled to Toledo. In 1095, Henry IV of Germany granted the Jews favorable conditions and issued a charter to the Jews and a decree against forced baptism. In 1171, after the birth of Rambam, Jews were accused of committing ritual murder and blood libel in the town of Blois. The adult Jews of the city were arrested and most were executed after refusing to convert. In 1210, a group of 300 French and English rabbis made aliyah and settled in Israel. During the Black Death, the clerics accused Jews of poisoning the wells of Europe to kill all the Christians.

Sicut Judaeis
Sicut Judaeis (the "Constitution for the Jews") was the official position of the papacy regarding Jews throughout the Middle Ages and later. The first bull was issued in about 1120 by Calixtus II, intended to protect Jews who were suffering during the First Crusade, and was reaffirmed by many popes, even until the 15th century. The bull forbade, besides other things, Christians from forcing Jews to convert, or to harm them, or to take their property, or to disturb the celebration of their festivals, or to interfere with their cemeteries, on pain of excommunication. Although the Jews and Christians of Rome were organized into distinct communities, the boundaries of which were not only reinforced on a daily basis but were regularly performed on ceremonial occasions such as the papal adventus, Jews and Christians experienced unusually robust cultural and social interactions, especially as the Jews increasingly aligned themselves with the protective power of the papacy.

However, despite the Church official position expressed in the Sicut Judaeis, the Church felt free to impose other restrictions and disabilities on Jews not inconsistent with the bull. For example, the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215 decreed that Jews be differentiated from others by their type of clothing or marking to avoid intercourse between Jews and Christians. Jews were sometimes required to wear a yellow badge or a pointed hat. Christian theologians began calling for the slavery of all Jews.

In 1229, King Henry III of England forced Jews to pay half the value of their property in taxes, following burning of the Talmud in Paris and the Tartars' capture of Jerusalem. During the Fatimid period, many Jewish officials served in the regime. King Henry III of England ordered Jewish worship in synagogue to be held quietly so that Christians passing by would not have to hear it, giving an order that Jews may not employ Christian nurses or maids, nor may any Jew prevent another from converting to Christianity. A few years later, French King Louis IX expelled the Jews from France, ending the Tosaphists period. Most Jews went to Germany and further east.

Later immigration to Germany
In 1267, the Vienna city council forced Jews to wear the Jewish hat, in addition to the yellow badge. Later in the century, a blood libel in Munich resulted in the deaths of 68 Jews, and an additional 180 Jews were burned alive at the synagogue, following another mob in Oberwesel, Germany. In 1290, owing to political pressure, English King Edward I expelled all Jews from England. They were only allowed to take what they could carry and most went to France, paying for their passage only to be robbed and cast overboard by the ship captains. Philip IV of France ordered all Jews expelled from France, with their property to be sold at public auction, and some 125,000 Jews were forced to leave. Similar to accusations made during the Black Plague, Jews were accused of encouraging lepers to poison Christian wells in France. An estimated five thousand Jews were killed before the king, Philip the Tall, admitted the Jews were innocent. Then, Charles IV expelled all French Jews without the one-year period he had promised them, as much of Europe blamed the Black Plague on the Jews and tortured them so they would confess that they poisoned the wells. Despite the pleas of innocence of Pope Clement VI, the accusations resulted in the destruction of over 60 large and 150 small Jewish communities.

In 1348, hundreds of Jews were burned and many were baptized in Basel. The city's Christian residents converted the synagogue into a church and destroyed the Jewish cemetery there. Pope Clement VI issued an edict repudiating the libel against Jews, saying that they too were suffering from the Plague. In 1385, German Emperor Wenceslaus arrested Jews living in the Swabian League, a group of free cities in Germany, and confiscated their books. Later, he expelled the Jews of Strassburg after a community debate. In 1391, Ferrand Martinez, archdeacon of Ecija, began a campaign against Spanish Jewry, killing over 10,000 and destroying the Jewish quarter in Barcelona. The campaign quickly spread throughout Spain, except for Granada, and destroyed Jewish communities in Valencia and Palma De Majorca. King Pedro I ordered Spain not to harm the remaining Jews and that synagogues not be converted into churches. He then announced his compliance with the Bull of Pope Boniface IX, protecting Jews from baptism. He extended this edict to Spanish Jewish refugees. Benedict XIII banned the study of the Talmud in any form, as institutions forced Christian sermons and tried to restrict Jewish life completely, and a few years later Pope Martin V favorably reinstated old privileges of the Jews. After more Jews were expelled from France, some remained in Provence until 1500. In 1422, Pope Martin V issued a bull reminding Christians that Christianity was derived from Judaism and warned the Friars not to incite against the Jews, but the Bull was withdrawn the following year. By the end of the 15th century, the Inquisition was established in Spain. Around 1500 Jews found relative security and a renewal of prosperity in present-day Poland.

The Crusades
The trials the Jews periodically endured in the various Christian West kingdoms echoed the catastrophes that occurred during Crusades. In the First Crusade (1096) flourishing communities on the Rhine and the Danube were utterly destroyed. Furthermore, there were also attacks on the Jews that lived in cities along the Rhine. Prior to these attacks, many Jews were seen as integral members of society despite religious differences. Many Jews worked in the money lending trade. Their services allowed for societies to function financially. In one case Jewish moneylenders were responsible for financially maintaining a monastery. Without these loans the monastery would have been unable to survive. However, this fiscal responsibility that the Jews carried might have caused tensions amongst the middle and upper class. These sects of society would not have approved of the power that the Jewish communities held. At this point there were no strictly Jewish communities. Jews were not concentrated in one area, rather their presence was spread over a larger geographical region. Oftentimes a few families lived immersed in a predominantly Christian settlement. The Jewish families were comfortable in this setting and functioned successfully. In some circumstances, Christians both accepted and welcomed the Jews. When violence against the Jewish people began to occur some Christians attempted to protect their fellow neighbors. In the town of Cologne, Jews fled to the homes of their Christian neighbors where they were given shelter. Christians discussed the topic of conversion with the Jews. There existed a theory that if the Jews were to convert to Christianity then they would no longer be the target of such violence. There were discussions regarding conversion to Christianity. Religious leaders including Bishops and Archbishops alike tried to spare the Jews from violence. One Archbishop from Mainz went so far as to offer monetary bribes to protect Jewish families. These Jews did not want relief from the exile that occurred hundreds of years prior, moreover they saw the towns in which they had immigrated to as their homes. They were well received members of the community. In the Second Crusade (1147) the Jews in France suffered especially under Louis VII. Philip Augustus treated them with exceptional severity. In his days the Third Crusade took place (1188); and the preparations for it proved to be momentous for the English Jews. After being the victims of increasing oppression Jews were banished from England in 1290; and 365 years passed before they were allowed to settle again in the British Isles. The Jews were also subjected to attacks by the Shepherds' Crusades of 1251 and 1320.

Protection attempts by Christians during the First Crusade
During the First Crusade of 1096, there are documented accounts of Christian attempts to protect Jews from their violent attackers. The first of such attempts was carried out by the archbishop of Mainz, located in the Rhineland of Germany, in response to local Jews who had organized a bribe in return for the archbishop's protection. Although the archbishop at first accepted the bribe, community leaders persuaded him to protect the Jews' money instead of taking it, while still offering them refuge in his quarters. Ultimately, the archbishop's rescue attempt was unsuccessful. Crusaders, aided by some townspeople, eventually stormed the archbishop's chamber and slaughtered the Jews hiding there.

In another instance, the bishop of Trier offered to keep Jews safe from Crusaders in his palace; however, local intimidation eventually forced him to abandon those whom he had previously aided. Because the bishop had no ancestry or allies in Trier, he felt that he could not muster the political power needed to carry out a successful resistance without the support of the townspeople. Instead, he offered the Jews an ultimatum: convert to Christianity or leave the palace. When doing so, he remarked, “You cannot be saved—Your God does not wish to save you now as he did in earlier days.”

In Cologne, Jews were protected by local gentiles after violence had broken out at the beginning of Shavuot, a Jewish holiday. During the two days of Shavuot, one Jewish woman was killed by Crusaders while venturing to the safety of a Christian neighbor's home, where her husband was waiting for her. However, the vast majority of Jews in Cologne survived Shavuot because local Christians had reached out and offered their homes as a means of asylum from the Crusaders.

Jewish-Christian relations
The relations of Jews and Christians were fraught with tensions about the death of Jesus and the Christian perception of Jewish obstinacy in refusing to accept the only faith the Christians knew in the world. The pressure on Jews to accept Christianity was intense. Recent years have seen a debate among historians on the nature of Jewish-Christian relations in medieval Europe. Traditionally, historians focused on the trials Jews had to endure in this period. Christian violence towards Jews was rife, as were ritual murder accusations, expulsions, and extortion. However, recently historians have begun to show evidence of other relationships between Jews and Christians, suggesting Jews were more embedded into Christian society than was previously thought.

Since the time of the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church upheld the Constitutio pro Judæis (Formal Statement on the Jews), which stated: "We decree that no Christian shall use violence to force them to be baptized, so long as they are unwilling and refuse.…Without the judgment of the political authority of the land, no Christian shall presume to wound them or kill them or rob them of their money or change the good customs that they have thus far enjoyed in the place where they live.'"

According to Anna Sapir Abulafia, most scholars agree that Jews and Christians in Latin Christendom lived in relative peace with one another until the thirteenth century. "Officially, the medieval Catholic church never advocated the expulsion of all the Jews from Christendom, or repudiated Augustine's doctrine of Jewish witness... Still, late medieval Christendom frequently ignored its mandates..."

Jonathan Elukin is one historian who thinks in this vein, as elucidated in his book Living Together, Living Apart. He shows that during the Crusades, some Jews were hidden and protected from being attacked by Christians. Some Jews worked in Christian villages. There were also several cases of conversion to Judaism as well as interfaith marriages.

One such case was Jacob ben Sullam, a Christian looking to become a part of Jewish society. He chose to "slaughter [himself]" of his Christian identity in the hope of being accepted as a Jew in the Jewish community.

As Christians sought conversion to Judaism, a number of Jews similarly wanted to convert to Christianity. For example, Herman, a Jew who adopted Christianity to the degree that his family worried that he would reject his Jewish heritage completely. Herman's conversion startled the rabbis and made them fear losing other Jews to Christianity.

The close bonds between Jewish and Christian neighbors led to Jewish communities thriving in some Christian cities. Jews experienced economic security and prosperity in their communities, even while enduring constant threats of violence. Though strict constraints were placed on Jews in the thirteenth century by the French monarchy, Jews continued to experience a stable living situation. Although the French monarchy prohibited the creation of Jewish religious centers, friendly relations with Christians enabled them to build a synagogue in Béziers in 1278. After being expelled from certain areas in Europe, Jews regularly returned to their old places of residence, if they had previously experienced a prosperous life there.

Another such historian is Ivan Marcus. The section of his book Cultures of the Jews, "Jewish-Christian Symbiosis" deals with the relationship between Christians and Ashkenazi Jews. Marcus claims that the time is written off as a time of intolerance against Jews living in Europe. For Marcus times of persecution were rarities and few and far between. The two communities lived amongst each other and interacted socially on an everyday basis. They interacted at such a personal level both Christian and Jewish leaders thought that the other group would heavily influence their respective faiths. When persecution did occur however it was only the more drastic measures that stopped the close interactions between the two groups. Had the intense violence described in other sources been the standard for living condition of the Askkenazi Jews then they would not have survived the era let alone their culture which is the roots for many Jews today. During times of persecution against the Jews, chronicles show that Christian friends provided some of them aid and shelter. A chronicler tells a story of a Jewish woman who is given food and shelter for two days from a gentile acquaintance during a time of violence against the Jews during Shavuot. This gentile acquaintance is believed to be Christian. Also, the chronicles show that some Christians converted to Judaism during these times. Some converts even sacrificed themselves in order to show their loyalty to the Jewish community.

In England, many Jews worked and lived in small, mostly Christian towns. Historians interpret this as Jews feeling comfortable living and working in places surrounded by Christians. Another example some historians use to show Jewish attachment to their place in Western Christendom is the Jewish expulsion in France. After they were expelled in 1182, they returned in 1198.

Through some of the Christian world, Jews enjoyed privileges at the hands of nobles and even kings that were almost equal to the local Christians. For example, in the Crown of Aragon, in 1241, King James of Aragon issued a decree that the Jewish community of Barcelona would be given the right to elect members of the Jewish community to police itself and investigate Jewish criminals and crimes within the Jewish community. Once the elected police force caught a criminal, they were given the right to impose fines (paid to the crown, not the Jewish community), banish them from the Jewish quarter, or even banish them entirely from the city of Barcelona. Further, these elected members were given the authority to judge cases between Jews in a court of law. In 1271, King James issued a similar decree with a sense of increased urgency which suggests that things had become volatile among the Jewish community, or that the perception of the Jewish community was overwhelmingly one of a state of chaos. This second decree also increased the rights of the council to whatever punishments they deem to be "convenient to the community," including any punishments that they deemed fit.

Even after multiple expulsions and persecutions, some Jews still returned to their hometowns. Once they returned, many prospered. In spite of royal restrictions attempting to limit their success. They built new synagogues.

These examples are used by some historians to shine a light on a more positive relationship between the two religious groups. These historians believe that these stories of aid, neighborliness, and prosperity are more notable and significant than previously recognized.

Scattered violence toward Jews occasionally took place during riots led by mobs, local leaders, and lower level clergy without the support of church leaders who generally followed Augustine's teachings.

However, some historians do not agree with this view of history. Historian Daniel J. Lasker does not see the relationship of Christians and Jews in the same light. He contends that the expulsions Jews in Spain faced in 1492 were the product of the revolts seen a century earlier in 1391. Even though the relationship might have been positive, it ended on a negative note. The expulsions of the Jews in various regions is that ending, with a wide range of reasons behind them not just religion. The reason for the Jews returning to regions they were expelled from was not acceptance as to what happened, but a sense of comfort and familiarity. While Lasker acknowledges that Jews and Christians as having some positive relationships he does not want to write off the tension of the area.

Accusations of ritual murder, blood libel and host desecration
Although the first known mention of blood libel is found in the writings of Apion (30–20 BCE to 45 or 48 CE), who claimed that the Jews sacrificed Greeks in the Temple of Jerusalem, no other mention is recorded until the 12th century, when blood libels began to proliferate.

Jews were frequently accused of ritual murder and of using human blood (especially, the blood of Christian children) to make matzah. In many cases, these "blood libels" led to the Catholic Church regarding the victims as martyrs. The Catholic Church canonized children in over 20 such cases. England seems to have counted for the first and most important examples of these. The most influential and widely-known of these is Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln (d. 1255 and written about in Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales") and Simon of Trent (d. 1475). It gained particular currency because of the intervention of Henry III of England, who ordered the death of the Coping, the first to 'confess', and a further 91 Jews to be arrested, leading to 18 being executed. Nevertheless, the rest were released despite their conviction, after monks and his brother Richard interceded.

One example of Christian hostility towards Jews is the Accusation of Ritual Murder at Blois. The story follows a Jewish man and a Christian servant watering their horses at the same bend in a river. The Jewish man accidentally scared the Christian's horse with the white corner of his undershirt and the servant rode away, upset about the frightened beast, and told his master he saw the Jew throw a child in the river. The Christian master, who hated Jews, took this opportunity and had the Jew unlawfully accused of murder. The Christians took the man, along with the Jews who had tried to free him, beating and torturing them in the effort that they would abandon their religion. To no avail, the Jews were burned alive.

In some cases, the authorities spoke against the accusations, for example Pope Innocent III wrote in 1199: No Christian shall do the Jews any personal injury, except in executing the judgments of a judge, or deprive them of their possessions, or change the rights and privileges which they have been accustomed to have. During the celebration of their festivals, no one shall disturb them by beating them with clubs or by throwing stones at them. No one shall compel them to render any services except those which they have been accustomed to render. And to prevent the baseness and avarice of wicked men we forbid anyone to deface or damage their cemeteries or to extort money from them by threatening to exhume the bodies of their dead.

The charge was circulated that they wished to dishonor the Host, which Roman Catholics believe is the body of Jesus Christ.

Black Death
When the Black Death raged through Europe (1346–53), the charge was given that the Jews had poisoned the wells. The only court of appeal that regarded itself as their appointed protector, according to historical conceptions, was the "Holy Roman Emperor." The emperor, as legal successor to Titus, who had acquired the Jews for his special property through the destruction of the Temple in the year 70, claimed the rights of possession and protection over all the Jews in the former Roman empire.

Expulsions
In 1275, Edward I of England issued a decree forbidding Jews from lending money with interests, while allowing Jews to engage in craft, commerce and farming. The Jews, who were driven out of England in 1290, out of France in 1394, out of numerous districts of Germany, Italy, and the Balkan peninsula between 1200 and 1600, were scattered in all directions, and fled preferably to the new Slavic kingdoms, where for the time being other confessions were still tolerated. Most fled to Poland, as it had a reputation for religious tolerance unparalleled during this era. This religious tolerance may have also been a byproduct of the fact that Lithuania was the last country in Europe to become Christianized. Here they found a sure refuge under benevolent rulers and acquired a certain prosperity, in the enjoyment of which the study of the Talmud was followed with renewed vigor. Together with their faith, they took with them the German language and customs, which they then cultivated in a Slavic environment with unexampled faithfulness for centuries.

Spain
As in Slavic countries, so also under Muslim rule, the persecuted Jews often found a humane reception, especially from the 8th century onward on the Iberian peninsula. But even as early as the 13th century the Arabs could no longer offer a real resistance to the advancing force of Christian kings; and with the fall of political power Arabic culture declined, after having been transmitted to the Occident at about the same period, chiefly through the Jews in the north of Spain and in the south of France. At that time there was no field of learning the Spanish Jews did not cultivate. They studied the secular sciences with the same zeal as the Bible and Talmud.

But the growing influence of the Church gradually crowded them out of this advantageous position. At first, the attempt was made to win them to Christianity through writings and religious disputations; and when these attempts failed they were ever more and more restricted in the exercise of their civil rights. Soon they were obliged to live in separate quarters of the cities and to wear humiliating badges on their clothing. Thereby they were made a prey to the scorn and hatred of their fellow citizens. In 1391, when a fanatical mob killed four thousand Jews in Seville alone, many in their fright sought refuge in baptism. And although they often continued to observe in secret the laws of their fathers the Inquisition soon rooted out these pretended Christians or Marranos. Thousands were thrown into prison, tortured, and burned, until a project was formed to sweep all Spain clean of unbelievers. The plan matured when in 1492 the last Moorish fortress fell into the hands of the Christians. Queen Isabella of Spain issued an edict banishing all Jews from Spain for acts of, ‘a serious a detestable crime,’ a reference to the purported ritual murder of the infant Christopher of La Guardia, which was tried in court in 1491, and who was later made into a Saint. Many of the Jews fled to the Balkan peninsula, where a few decades before Ottoman Turks had won a victory over the Cross. Sultan Bayazid II of the Ottoman Empire, learning about the expulsion of Jews from Spain, dispatched the Ottoman Navy to bring the Jews safely to Ottoman lands, mainly to the cities of Salonica (currently in Greece) and Smyrna (currently in Turkey). Judeo-Spanish also known as Ladino (a form of medieval Spanish influenced by Hebrew) was widely spoken amongst some of the Jewish communities in Europe since the 15th century.

Italy
Italian dukes in the Renaissance era accorded protections to resident Jewish communities for a range of political or economic reasons. However, the local authorities rigorously attempted to impose Jewish badges. Franciscan friars exerted pressure on the dukes to enforce the wearing of yellow badges by Jews which the dukes resisted. Taxation records reveal a great quantity of Jewish contribution to the duchy's finances. The Jewish tax contribution in the state budget was 0.2% in 1460. By 1480 this had increased to 1%. In 1482, 6% of the extraordinary tax came from Jewish communities. This evidence indicates the wealth of the Jewish population and also indicates a possible population boom. However, Jews lost support from Ludovico Sforza on the eve of the Italian wars.

Spain
There was no progress towards inter faith harmony in 15th century Spain. Mark Meyerson notes the silence of 15th century records on the Jewish-Christian relations in Morvedre. In that town Jews constituted a quarter of the urban population and had a significant contribution to the area's economy. The Jewish situation varied across Spain. The Jewish quarter of Cervera was sacked by Catalan troops and they warned Jews in Tarrega of the same fate. These events set off the emigration of affluent converso households from Barcelona. The situation was less severe for Jews and conversos in Aragon. In the kingdom of Aragon the strong Jewish ties to the monarchy, in the form of political support, revenue supplies and assistance, ensured their relatively safer position. The introduction of credit mechanisms by the Jews in Morvedre facilitated the Jewish revival in the region and granted the Jews dominance in the kingdom's credit markets. The Jewish community as a whole generally functioned with economic success. The Jewish economic activity was diversified not only in the kingdom of Valencia but also in the kingdom of Aragon. Jews continued lending sums to non-Jews and Jewish usury was no longer contested in public, and religious relations remained stable and unmarred by violent activity.

France
Jews enjoyed a time of prosperity until the end of the 15th century in Provence. There were no significant legal distinctions between the citizenship rights of Jews and Christians under the statutes of Marseilles. Jews were officially given the same citizenship rights in Saint-Remy-de-Provence in 1345 and by 1467 in Tarascon. Comtat Venaissin and Avignon, both being papal principalities, witnessed an era of peace for Jewish communities who were established there without expulsions being a part of their lives. The Jews of Provence received official protection but this was because of Jewish usefulness for the royalty. This did not, however, preclude anti-Jewish incidences which precipitated voluntary Jewish departures. Once Provence was annexed by the Kingdom of France in 1481, the flourishing Jewish residents found themselves expelled by 1498.

Enlightenment
According to most scholars, the Middle Ages ended around 1500–1550, giving way to the Early Modern Era, c. 1550–1789. The Enlightenment appeared at the end of the Early Modern Era, and was characterized by a set of values and ideas that completely opposed the previous Medieval age. The Enlightened Monarch was an important product of the era; he or she strove to create a cultured, modern state populated by effective subjects, and often began the journey to this state by improving the living conditions of the poor and minorities, which included Jews in most countries. The monarchs tried to include their Jewish subjects in mainstream society, reducing restrictions and passing more general laws that applied to all, regardless of religion.

A Jewish Enlightenment occurred alongside the broader European one, originally appearing at the end of the eighteenth century. Known as Haskalah, it would re-emerge in the 1820s and lasted for the better part of the century. A form of "critical rationalism" inspired by the European Enlightenment, Haskalah focused on reform in two specific areas: stimulating an internal rebirth of culture, and better preparing and training Jews to exist in a christocentric world. It did not force its adherents to sacrifice one identity for the other, allowing them to simultaneously be Jewish and emulate their Gentile contemporaries. One of the most important effects of the Enlightenment was emancipation for Jews. Beginning in Napoleonic France after the Revolution-which was directly inspired by the Enlightenment-Jews received full rights and became equal citizens. This trend spread eastward across the continent, lasting until 1917, when Russian Jews were finally emancipated during the first Russian Revolution.


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User talk:Stanislas~enwiki

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Christmas
Hiya, Stan, thanks for your nice message. I'm glad somebody noticed I removed a little American bias from Christmas. I don't really know anything about Christmas in Poland. Would you like to write a contribution about some particular Polish Christmas custom on my Talk page, or here on your own? I'd be glad to copyedit it for good English and then put it into Christmas, if you like. Best wishes,--[[User:Bishonen|Bishonen (talk)]] 20:46, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

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Héctor Altamirano

Héctor Altamirano Escudero (born 17 March 1977) is a Mexican former professional footballer and manager. Nicknamed "El Pity", he usually played the position of right-back.

Club career
Altamirano made his debut in the Primera División in the 1997 Winter season with Cruz Azul after coming up through their youth ranks. However, after a less than satisfactory year with only six appearances, he transferred to Santos Laguna. Since joining Santos, Altamirano has become a constant danger on the team's right flank, and in his six years with the club, he has started 212 games and scored 36 goals. After his successful spell with Santos Laguna, the Mexican footballer was sold to newly ascended San Luis during the summer 2005 transfer window, or the "Draft", as it is commonly known in Mexico. After a successful year at San Luis in which Altamirano helped the club reach a league final, Altamirano joined CA Monarcas Morelia during the summer of 2006. With no big success he was then transferred to Tecos.

Altamirano joined Correcaminos for the Apertura 2008–09 season.

More recently, he is venturing into new business enterprises outside of professional football. He announced on April 6, 2016, in an interview with Reforma that he is opening a mid-size fish aquarium in San Luis, a city he represented as a player. His aquarium hosts mostly sea fish and mammals, including white sharks and orcas.

International goals

 * Scores and results list Mexico's goal tally first.

title: Héctor Altamirano