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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kewnstock

Kewnstock
Kewnstock was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

We read, Kewnstock is an annual party that has become an international phenomenon on the Internet since 2002, due to its elaborate advertising campaigns. And Wikipedia, no doubt, is one medium of advertising.

Some chap in a suburb of Brisbane called Tingalpa has a party once a year. He has advertised this year's as the final instalment in a trilogy, so if we're to believe this, it's already history. Here are photos of this year's event -- I sense that the number of guests were not in the thousands.

The name-dropping is ingenious, so it approaches a hoax. But it boils down to a rather jolly example of a vanity page. Anyway, not notable.

 * Hello hello, I've just noticed that I forgot to sign the original Vfd suggestion, above. It was posted on 30 Nov by me, Hoary 04:14, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I say Delete (as of 02/12/04, I say Delete to BJAODN). I say so with no malice; the sheer cheek of it made me smile, and on this evidence the author will go far in life. In fact, he deserves some kind of award. Why is Louise wearing a tin-foil hat? - Ashley Pomeroy 10:57, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

After having had a look at some of these films, which easily rival the quality of Feature Film trailers, I find this very concept ingenious.

I imagine this could be the beginning of a new phenomenon - overadvertising of seemingly meaningless events - in a tone that borders on mocking the media format it is emulating. It will be interesting to see is this is copied by others, undoubtedly to differing degrees of success (I suspect inferior, as such idea-copying is usually executed without as much zest - just look at Brian DePalma films).

I also must note that the reference to the 'trilogy' appears to be yet another hint at the detail involved in the execution, as a 4th party is claimed to be planned for 2005, hence reflecting movie trilogys that have a 4th installment planned/made to simply make more money : Alien is referenced as the inspiration, but the 4th Lethal Weapon movie or 4th Batman travesty is something I myself would have had a go of if I were the mastermind of this amusing effort.

Vanity pages are considered those that lack interesting content. But this does not lack content, and the documentation on the site and affiliated pages is detailed to say the least. There's links to multimedia download files. And it is of interest to a fairly large number of people, judging from the photos!
 * I say Keep. Its conceptually original, clever, and for me this makes it both interesting and noteworthy.  - User:Smspiff 12:15, 01 Dec 2004 (EAST)

 * Delete to BJAODN. Clever, yes. Noteworthy, I'm afraid not. Amusing enough that I spent some time trying to figure out if it could be saved. Brings up about 250 hits on Google, most of which are simply blog entries of attendees. Is held at the host's house. Trailers are quite amusing. But no evidence of a party that you would find in an encyclopedia. I'd expect to see some alternative or mainstream press coverage, a larger venue, some evidence of cultural impact and very large attendance. Moreover, the article as currently written includes no references to such evidence. (It is also hopelessly not NPOV, but that could be fixed if it looked like the party was a notable happening.) Like Ashley, no malice here, am very amused, and am not saying that Kewnstock doesn't look like a good time . . . Chris vLS 14:48, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete along with all tomorrow's parties: Single events are not notable unless they have some consequence. The consequence here seems to be that people had a good time or got a hangover.  Fair enough in a flyer, but this is advertising for a non-notable event. Geogre 16:14, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * All Tomorrow's Parties should stay, delete this unless it persists and we get more info about it, other than:  "If you happen to be reasonably good looking, please speak to me about the possibility of reserving a place in my bed. Once again, a win-win situation." -- I have a lot of far better come-ons that also don't deserve advertising space. Pedant 02:21, 2004 Dec 5 (UTC)
 * What costume with the poor delete to BJAODN girl wear... -- Jmabel | Talk 02:17, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: I don't know, but the wall paper will be green, and she'll make love to the sea. Geogre 03:51, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete to BJAODN - somebody's version of Joey Skaggs' "April the 1st Parade"-announcements - Skysmith 09:44, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Kewnstock is real though!
 * The comment "Kewnstock is real though!" was added by 210.49.36.67 at 00.59, 2 Dec 2004. -- Hoary 02:48, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I Vote to keep the Article - Reubot, Dec 1
 * You'll be more persuasive if you give your reasons, Reubot. Incidentally, it's easy to sign your contributions to these things: you do it with " ~ " (four tildes). -- Hoary 04:08, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The reasons for this are that Kewnstock was one of the many things spawned off the cottage industry that Kewn created. These gave Kewn immense notority around Brisbane. Not only did he command a high-hit website, but other spin-offs included parties (Kewnstock), merchandising (Kewndoms - Kewn branded condoms, bumper stickers, t-shirts and more), Road Trips (Kewn Trupp) and various other ventures. This is why I say that if the general consensus decides to delete, a page on the Kewn phenomenon should be made instead. Reubot 01:15, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * My thoughts on this one are somewhat compound. At first glance, my reaction is to say Delete to BJAODN.

However, to argue that this entry should be dismissed as a hoax clearly shows that the poster hasn't bothered to look up the topic in any depth. The quality of some of those "trailers" should leave people in no doubt that this is not your every-day gag. The elaborateness of these multimedia creations is... well, impressive.

The over-riding argument for deletion seems to be that the event is not noteworthy. While I agree that 'Kewnstock' is insignificant to most, it shouldn't be assumed that there is not a largish mass of people in one particular region of the world to whom Kewnstock holds meaning.

I am a student at the Queensland University of Technology in Australia, studying for a Bachelor of Biomedical Science. I write this as someone with no vested interest in the survival of this entry. I have not been to "Kewnstock", nor do I do know anyone who has. Having said this, I have certainly heard of it. My understanding is that it is particularly popular amongst IT and Engineering students, from both this university, the University of Queensland, and Griffith University. The party is widely known in Computer Science circles, and there is quite a sub-culture centering around this party.

I think it would be a shame to ignore or reject this entry on the grounds that it is a "vanity page" - I'd say it clearly is not. The question, then, is whether or not it should remain in Wikipedia. I would suggest that in its current form, it is misleading. The author has cleverly worded the entry, and as such, made it sound like an international-class event. Perhaps if it were re-written is less flamboyant language, it could be considered as a keeper. At any rate, the point I am trying to make here is that this entry should not be written-off as a hoax or a vanity page.

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Perhaps it might be keep-able if it was The Kewnstock Festival, with guest speakers and an extensive entertainment programme (I'm thinking here of the Burning Man festival, which is essentially just a very large party), although even then it would have to be a very large, persistent example of its type. Are conferences Wikipedian? As it stands I don't see a party - even a well-attended, famous one - being something suitable for an encyclopaedia. I'd love to go, mind, although I would probably be resentful of the other party-goers because they all seem a lot more attractive and successful than myself. - Ashley Pomeroy 15:07, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep but watch out for hype and promotion sneaking in. Wyss 12:28, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)


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Bless the Child

Bless the Child is a 2000 supernatural horror film directed by Chuck Russell and starring Kim Basinger, Jimmy Smits, Angela Bettis, Rufus Sewell, Christina Ricci, and Holliston Coleman. It follows a woman who discovers that her niece, whom she has adopted, is being sought by a Satanic cult seeking to use her supernatural abilities. It is based on the 1993 novel of the same name by Cathy Cash Spellman. The film is a co-production between the United States, Canada and Germany.

Filmed in Toronto in late 1999, Bless the Child was released theatrically in North America on August 11, 2000 to overwhelmingly negative critical reviews, and was a box-office bomb.

Plot
Maggie O'Connor, a psychiatric nurse in New York City, adopts her newborn niece, Cody, from her sister Jenna, a homeless heroin addict who abandoned her at Maggie's house just before Christmas. Maggie raises Cody herself, and during her formative years, Cody exhibits signs of autism, though Maggie is suspicious of the diagnosis. Maggie enrolls Cody in a special-needs Catholic school in Brooklyn, where the nuns notice Cody displaying possibly telekinetic abilities.

Meanwhile, a series of child kidnappings and murders are plaguing the city, investigated by FBI Special Agent John Travis, a former seminary student. The bodies bear occult brandings, and the victims all share Cody's birthdate and age. At her hospital, Maggie meets Cheri, a young heroin addict bearing a mysterious Luciferian tattoo, who knows Jenna. In conversation, Cheri implies that Cody is special, and urges Maggie to protect her. When Maggie and Cody stop in a church, Maggie is startled when all of the votive candles light themselves in Cody's presence.

When Maggie returns home, she is surprised to find Jenna, now clean and sober, there with her new husband, Eric Stark, a famous self-help guru, attempting to take Cody. Maggie refuses, but they manage to covertly kidnap Cody. Maggie reports it to police, and Agent Travis takes an interest in the case. Maggie attempts to learn more about Eric's organization, the New Dawn Foundation, by visiting one of their centers. Cheri subsequently contacts Maggie, and explains she was previously a member of New Dawn, which is actually a front for a Luciferian cult, spearheaded by Eric. She says that the cult recently began kidnapping six-year-old children and subjecting them to tests; those who failed were murdered in what Cheri describes as the "slaughter of the innocents". Cheri claims that Cody is destined to become a saint who will lead people to God, which Eric is attempting to thwart.

A group of cult members pursue Cheri after she provides Maggie Eric's address, and decapitate her in the subway. Maggie visits the address, located in a rundown building in Queens, and finds Eric, Jenna, and Cody there. Maggie holds Eric at gunpoint, but is chloroformed by his henchman, Stuart. She regains consciousness in the driver's seat of car, crashing into the side of a bridge. She is helped by a mysterious stranger moments before the car falls into the river. Meanwhile, Eric attempts to force Cody to watch as he convinces a vagrant to commit suicide by self-immolation. However, Cody thwarts this by blowing out the match, assuring the man he has not been forsaken. After, Eric angrily burns the man alive. Jenna, meanwhile, is kept sedated with heroin.

Maggie tracks Cody, who is being cared for by a nanny and member of the cult, Dahnya, and kidnaps Cody while she is visiting an orthodontist. Another mysterious stranger, this time female, helps them catch a subway train by holding the door open. At the urging of a Jesuit priest, Maggie leaves with Cody en route to Sister Rosa's convent in Vermont, but the cultists stalk them and manage to kidnap Cody. Maggie phones Agent Travis, who agrees to help her, tracking the cultists to a palatial estate owned by Eric. Maggie and Travis break into the home, but are assailed by cultists, who beat Travis. Maggie flees into the woods and reaches an abandoned church where the cult is preparing for a Black Mass. Meanwhile, the nuns at Sister Rosa's convent, worried over Maggie's failure to arrive with Cody, pray en masse for their wellbeing. Maggie stabs Eric, who then shoots her as she attempts to save Cody. Three orbs of light suddenly appear in the church as the cultists watch in terror, and Maggie's bullet wounds mysteriously heal. Police raid the church; Travis kills Eric, and watches as the orbs of light disperse.

Some time later, Jenna is in rehab and has asked Maggie to legally adopt Cody. While Maggie, Travis, and Cody walk to mass, another cultist stalks Cody, planning to stab her. Framed by statues of sword-bearing angels, she turns to stare at him. He stops, awestruck, drops the knife and flees.

Production
Filming took place in the summer and fall of 1999 in Toronto, Ontario, which doubled for the film's New York City setting.

Box office
The film was released in North America on August 11, 2000, opening at #7 at box office and earning $9.4 million in its opening weekend. In the United Kingdom, the film premiered on January 5, 2001. It went on to gross only $40.4 million worldwide, below its $65 million budget.

Critical response
Bless the Child received almost universally negative reviews from critics.

Robert Koehler of Variety was critical of the plot and production values, and wrote: "Combines the most rudimentary of Catholic-inspired good vs. evil plots with visual effects that would barely pass muster in episodic TV." Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times said the film "opens strongly" but soon "lapses into an exercise in foolishness." Rita Kempley of The Washington Post wrote: "The scariest thing about this hokey bombast is that it got made in the first place." Elvis Mitchell of The New York Times called it "A supernatural soap opera." Vicky Edwards of the Chicago Tribune gave it a mixed review, calling it "Entertaining, but it doesn't add enough to the genre to make it truly blessed."

The Hartford Courant's review remarked the film's lack of suspense but praised the performances, particularly Basinger's and Ricci's, though they were critical of Smits's performance, comparing it negatively against his role in The Believers (1987), a film with similar themes.

Film critic Bruce Kirkland felt that Bless the Child was mocking Scientology in the guise of the fictional cult "The New Dawn".

Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a 4% rating based on reviews from 113 critics. The site's consensus states: "Bless the Child squanders its talented cast on a plot that's more likely to inspire unintentional laughs than shivers." It is ranked #64 on their list of the 100 worst films of all time. On Metacritic it has a score of 17 indicating "overwhelming dislike". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.

Accolades
The film was nominated for one Razzie Award, Worst Actress for Kim Basinger, along with I Dreamed of Africa, but lost to Madonna for The Next Best Thing.

Home media
Paramount Home Entertainment released Bless the Child on DVD on February 13, 2001. Scream Factory announced a Blu-ray edition of the film scheduled for release on April 11, 2023.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bless the Child


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Kolin

Kolin may refer to:

 * Kolín, a town in the Central Bohemian Region, Czech Republic
 * Kolín District
 * Starý Kolín, a municipality and village near Kolín, Czech Republic
 * Kolin, Louisiana, unincorporated place
 * Kolin, Montana
 * Kolin, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, village in north-western Poland
 * Koleyn, Tehran, also Romanized as Kolīn, a village in Tehran Province, Iran

People

 * David Kolin (born 1958), American TV and radio personality
 * Ivo Kolin (1924–2007), Croatian economist, engineer and inventor
 * Sacha Kolin (1911–1981), (1911–1981), French–American painter
 * Kolin Dhillon, British property developer
 * Kolin (Street Fighter), a fictional character

title: Kolin


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European Union trade mark

A European Union trade mark or EU trade mark (abbreviated EUTM; named Community Trade Mark (CTM) until 23 March 2016) is a trade mark which is pending registration or has been registered in the European Union as a whole (rather than on a national level within the EU).

The EU trade mark system creates a unified trade mark registration system in Europe, whereby one registration provides protection in all member states of the EU. The EU trade mark system is unitary in character. Thus, an objection against an EU trade mark application in any member state can defeat the entire application, an EU trade mark registration is enforceable in all member states.

The EU trade mark system is administered by the European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO), which is located in Alicante, Spain (see also trade mark law of the European Union).

Characteristics
The EU trade mark gives its proprietor a uniform right applicable in all member states of the European Union on the strength of a single procedure which simplifies trade mark policies at European level. It fulfils the three essential functions of a trade mark at European level: it identifies the origin of goods and services, guarantees consistent quality through evidence of the company's commitment to the consumer, and is a form of communication, a basis for publicity and advertising.

The EU trade mark may be used as a manufacturer's mark, a mark for goods of a trading company, or service mark.

Collective marks
The EU trade mark may also take the form of a collective trade mark: properly applied, the regulation governing the use of the collective trade mark guarantees the origin, the nature and the quality of goods and services by making them distinguishable, which is beneficial to members of the association or body owning the trade mark.

Certification marks
The EU trade mark can also be a certification mark, namely a mark which distinguishes goods or services which are certified by the proprietor of the mark in respect of material, mode of manufacture of goods or performance of services, quality, accuracy or other characteristics, with the exception of geographical origin, from goods and services which are not so certified.

Advantages and disadvantages
The EU trade mark is obtained by registration in the Register kept by EUIPO. When registered, transferred or allowed to lapse, the effect of such action is EU-wide. It is valid for a period of 10 years and may be renewed indefinitely. The rules of law applicable to it are similar to those applied to national trade marks by the Member States. Companies will therefore find themselves in a familiar environment, just on a larger scale.

Another advantage are the fees. The initial cost of filing an application to register an EU trade mark is much less than filing separate national applications in all EU member states (which currently number 27). For filing purposes, the economic advantage of using the EUTM system increases according to the number of member states where a trade mark owner uses or proposes to use its mark. If a trade mark owner will only sell products or deliver services in fewer than three or four member states, consideration should be given to seeking registration in these countries rather than applying for an EU trade mark.

However, the economic advantage of using the EU trade mark system will quickly dissipate if an application is rejected on grounds which do not apply in all EU states (for example following opposition based on earlier conflicting national rights). This is because, although the applicant for a failed EU trade mark application may attempt to salvage the situation by converting the application into one or more national applications in EU states in which the grounds for refusal do not apply, the applicant cannot recover the costs of filing the EU trade mark application and must repay to file in each country where the EU trade mark application is converted.

In addition, the increasing size of the EU increases the probability that there will be third parties who consider that an EU trade mark application conflicts with their trade mark rights, and oppose the application accordingly.

History
The EU Trade Mark concept originated in 1964 in a draft of a "Convention on European Trademark Law". However, it was not until 1980 that the first proposal for a regulation dealing with the EU Trade Mark appeared. Regulation came into effect with Council Regulation (EC) No 40/94 of 20 December 1993 on the Community trade mark: "A trade mark for goods or services which is registered in accordance with the conditions contained in this Regulation and in the manner herein provided is hereinafter referred to as a "Community trade mark""

but it was not until 1 April 1996 that the first CTM applications were processed and the register began to operate.

title: European Union trade mark


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National Museum of Dentistry

The Dr. Samuel D. Harris National Museum of Dentistry – located in Baltimore, Maryland, and opened in 1996 – preserves and exhibits the history of dentistry in United States and throughout the world. Situated on the campus of the University of Maryland, Baltimore, home of the nation's first dental school, The Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, it exhibits numerous artifacts concerning dentistry throughout the ages as well as exhibits on oral health and dentistry professionals. Highlights of the collection include George Washington's dentures, Queen Victoria's dental instruments, and the world's only tooth jukebox.

The museum has also been honored by receiving congressional designation as the nation's official dental museum (2003) and is an affiliate of the Smithsonian Institution.

title: National Museum of Dentistry


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John Moore-Brabazon, 1st Baron Brabazon of Tara

Lieutenant Colonel John Theodore Cuthbert Moore-Brabazon, 1st Baron Brabazon of Tara,, HonFRPS (8 February 1884 – 17 May 1964) was an English aviation pioneer and Conservative politician. He was the first Englishman to pilot a heavier-than-air machine under power in England, and he served as Minister of Transport and Minister of Aircraft Production during the Second World War.

Early life
Moore-Brabazon was born in London to Lieutenant Colonel John Arthur Henry Moore-Brabazon (1828–1908) and his wife, Emma Sophia née Richards (died 1937). He was educated at Harrow School before studying engineering at Trinity College, Cambridge, but did not graduate. He spent university holidays working for Charles Rolls as an unpaid mechanic, and became an apprentice at Darracq in Paris after leaving Cambridge. In 1907 he won the Circuit des Ardennes in a Minerva.

Pioneer aviator
Moore-Brabazon first flew solo in November 1908 in France in a Voisin biplane. He became the first resident Englishman to make an officially recognized aeroplane flight in England on 2 May 1909, at Shellbeach on the Isle of Sheppey with flights of 450 ft, 600 ft, and 1500 ft. On 4 May 1909, Moore-Brabazon was photographed outside the Royal Aero Club clubhouse Mussell Manor (now Muswell Manor Holiday Park) alongside the Wright Brothers, the Short Brothers, Charles Rolls, and many other early aviation pioneers. In 1909 he sold the Bird of Passage to Arthur Edward George, who learned to fly in it at the Royal Aero Club's flying-ground at Shellbeach and bought a Short Brothers-built Wright biplane. A documentary, A Dream of Flight, was made in 2009 to celebrate the centenary of his achievement on the Isle of Sheppey.

On 30 October 1909, flying the Short Biplane No. 2, he flew a circular mile and won a 1,000 pound prize offered by the Daily Mail newspaper. On 4 November 1909, as a joke to prove that pigs could fly, he put a small pig in a waste-paper basket tied to a wing-strut of his aeroplane. This may have been the first live cargo flight by aeroplane. With Charles Rolls, he would later make the first ascent in a spherical gas balloon, which had been made in England by the Short brothers.

On 8 March 1910, Moore-Brabazon became the first person to qualify as a pilot in the United Kingdom and was awarded Royal Aero Club Aviator's Certificate number 1; his car also bore the number-plate FLY 1. However, only four months later, his friend Charles Rolls was killed in a flying accident and Moore-Brabazon's wife persuaded him to give up flying.

First World War
With the outbreak of war, Moore-Brabazon returned to flying, joining the Royal Flying Corps (RFC). He received a special-reserve commission as a second lieutenant (on probation) in the RFC on 2 December 1914, in the appointment of flying officer (assistant equipment officer), and was confirmed in his rank on 11 February 1915. He was promoted to lieutenant on 19 February 1915 and was appointed an equipment officer on 31 March, with the temporary rank of captain. On 1 September 1915, he was promoted to the substantive rank of captain, with a special temporary promotion to major on 18 May 1916.

He served on the Western Front, where he played a key role in the development of aerial photography and reconnaissance. On 1 April 1918, when the Royal Flying Corps merged with the Royal Naval Air Service to form the Royal Air Force, Moore-Brabazon was appointed as a staff officer (first class) and made a temporary lieutenant-colonel. He was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant-colonel in the RAF on 1 January 1919 in recognition of his wartime services, relinquishing his commission that year.

Moore-Brabazon finished the war with the rank of lieutenant colonel. He was decorated with the Military Cross on 1 January 1917, and was also twice mentioned in despatches, on 15 October 1915 and on 13 November 1916. He was further decorated as a Knight of the Legion of Honour in February 1916.

Pioneer yachtsman
In 1934 Moore-Brabazon fitted a gyro-rig to a Bembridge Redwing, an Isle of Wight class of yacht that allows and encourages the development of different rigs. The area of the rotating blades complies with the sail area limits of the class and are painted red, also to comply with the class rules. The boat was, and remains, dangerous, but it was probably the first auto-gyro boat. The boat is currently in the collection of the Classic Boat Museum at East Cowes, Isle of Wight, and still 'sails'.

Conservative MP
Moore-Brabazon later became a Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Chatham (1918–1929) and Wallasey (1931–1942) and served as a junior minister in the 1920s. In 1931 and 1932 he served as a member of the London County Council. He was strongly opposed to war with Nazi Germany and in early 1939, when war seemed imminent, he made contact with Oswald Mosley in an attempt to co-ordinate activity against the war.

Despite his earlier anti-war agitation, in Winston Churchill's wartime government, he was appointed Minister of Transport in October 1940 and joined the Privy Council, becoming Minister of Aircraft Production in May 1941. As the Minister of Transport he proposed the use of Airgraphs to reduce the weight and bulk of mails travelling between troops fighting in the Middle East and their families in the UK. He was forced to resign in 1942 for expressing the hope that Germany and the Soviet Union, then engaged in the Battle of Stalingrad, would destroy each other. Since the Soviet Union was fighting the war on the same side as Britain, the hope that it should be destroyed, though common in the Conservative Party, was unacceptable to the war effort.

Later life
Moore-Brabazon was elevated to the House of Lords as Baron Brabazon of Tara, of Sandwich in the County of Kent, in April 1942. In 1943 he chaired the Brabazon Committee which planned to develop the post-war British aircraft industry. He was involved in the production of the Bristol Brabazon, a giant airliner that first flew on 4 September 1949. It was then and still is the largest aeroplane built entirely in Britain although only one example was built and it was a very expensive failure Britain could not afford.

In 1949, when the House of Lords Yacht Club was established, Brabazon was its first Commodore.

A keen golfer, Moore-Brabazon was captain of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews, the governing body of golf, from 1952 to 1953.

In 1955, then 71 years old, he won the Cresta Run Coronation Cup at an average speed of 71 km/h.

Moore-Brabazon was president of the Royal Aero Club, receiving its gold medal in 1958, president of the Royal Institution, chairman of the Air Registration Board, and president of the Middlesex County Automobile Club from 1946 until his death in 1964. He was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire in 1953. In 1960 he presented the Brabazon Cup to the British Women Pilots' Association, to be given for achievements in aviation. The first recipient was Yvonne Pope.

On 27 November 1906, he married Hilda Mary Krabbé, with whom he had two sons. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Derek.

Moore-Brabazon is buried in Stoke Poges Memorial Gardens, Buckinghamshire.


text: File:Bump in the Night TV Series.jpg

title: File:Bump in the Night TV Series.jpg


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Category:Dutch historians

See also Category:Historians from the Habsburg Netherlands for people between 1482 and 1579.

title: Category:Dutch historians


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ChessV

ChessV (short for Chess Variants) is a free computer program designed to play many chess variants. ChessV is an open-source, universal chess variant program with a graphical user-interface, sophisticated AI, support for opening books and other features of traditional chess programs. The developer of this program, Gregory Strong, has been adding more variants with each release of ChessV. Over 100 chess variants are supported, including the developer's few own variants and other exotic variants, and can be programmed to play additional variants. ChessV is designed to be able to play any game that is reasonably similar to chess. ChessV is one of only a few such programs that exist. The source code of this program is freely available for download as well as the executable program.

As of ChessV 0.93, it is possible to customize the variants it supports. Of all chess variants supported, two of the most-played variants are probably Fischer Random Chess and Grand Chess.

ChessV is capable of playing: (including 10 Capablanca Chess variants)
 * 2 variants on 6×6 squares
 * 17 variants on 8×8 squares
 * 15 variants on 10×8 squares
 * 15 variants on 10×10 squares
 * 3 variants on 12×8 squares

Some of the provided variants can be customized in their details. While users can create custom variants with ChessV 0.93, it needs to be recompiled, which is tedious when programming. ChessV 2.0+ fixes this, using a scripting language. While the pieces in a custom variant have to be chosen from a limited list, this allows ChessV to play hundreds or thousands of variants of each game it directly supports.

Engine features

 * Searching: Alpha-Beta Nega-Max Principal variation search, Iterative deepening, Null-move Forward Pruning, Static Exchange Evaluation (SEE).
 * Search Extensions: check extension, recapture extension, null-move threat extension, PV extension, Futility Pruning and Razoring, History Heuristic, Killer-move heuristic.

 * Evaluation: Piece-square tables, Pawn structure evaluation, Mobility evaluation, King safety, King tropism, Lazy evaluation.
 * Hash Tables: Transposition table, Pawn structure table, Evaluation cache, Repetition detection.

Since ChessV 2.2, the engine can be set to adjust to their player's needs:
 * Transposition Table Size can be adjusted.
 * The engine can be allowed for variance of play.
 * Weaken the chess engine to be human-beatable even for beginners.

Current limitations

 * No games with more than two players are supported.
 * No games with randomness or hidden information are supported.
 * No ability to edit the board mid-game is provided.

Supported games
ChessV supports many variants. Other than chess, it supports:
 * Alice Chess, Almost Chess, Archchess, Berolina Chess, Bird's Chess, Capablanca Chess and its variants, Carrera's Chess, Chess480, Chess and a Half, Chess with Different Armies, Courier Chess, Cylindrical Chess, Diagonal Chess, Diamond Chess, Doublemove chess, Embassy Chess, Eurasian Chess, Extinction Chess, Fischer Random Chess (Chess960), Great Chess, Great Shatranj, Grand Chess, Grotesque Chess, Janus Chess, Kinglet, Ladorean Chess, Legan's Game, Los Alamos Chess, Makruk, Omega Chess, Opulent Chess, Roman Chess, Royal Court, Shatranj, Shatranj Kamil, Sosarian Chess, Switching Chess, TenCubed Chess, Three Checks Chess, and more infamous variants.

Since ChessV can be programmed to play additional variants, here are a few examples:

 * Almost Chess, Enep, Butterfly Chess, Nightrider chess and Janus Kamil.

Syntax
ChessV code is saved as the extension ".cvc" (ChessV Code). Its syntax is reasonably similar to C#. The scripting language is mostly stable, but creating new rules for new pieces is not supported yet. Here is an example of "Almost Chess" in .cvc code:

Competitions
ChessV software won third place in a 2004 Gothic Chess Computer World Championship.

title: ChessV


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Bump in the Night (TV series)

Bump in the Night is an American stop-motion animated series by Danger Productions and Greengrass Productions. The show was filmed using stop-motion animation and aired on ABC from 1994 to 1995. It was created and directed by Ken Pontac and David Bleiman.

Synopsis
Mr. Bumpy is a small green, purple-warted monster living under the bed of a ten-year-old boy, where he eats dirty socks and dust bunnies as if they were delicacies. His best friends are Squishington, a blue monster that lived in the bathroom's toilet cistern; and Molly Coddle, a Frankenstein's monster-like rag doll belonging to the boy's sister who acts as the straight man to the others' crazy antics.

Other characters include Destructo, the boy's toy robot who sees himself as a cop and persecutes Mr. Bumpy for his actions. There is also the Closet Monster, who's made up of the boy's pile of clothes and chases after Mr. Bumpy.

Structure
The show was traditionally split into two major parts per half-hour (occasionally dedicating a full half hour per show, or sometimes splitting into three parts), and had a music video at the end of the episode, starring the three main characters and any minor characters involved in the episode. This musical montage would take clips from the episode itself and reiterate the life lessons learned in the episode.

Main

 * Jim Cummings – Mr. Bumpy, the Closet Monster, Destructo
 * Rob Paulsen – Squishington, Sleemoth, Dad
 * Gail Matthius – Miss Molly Coddle, Anti-Molly
 * Mary McDonald Lewis – The Mom, the Cute Dolls
 * Jeff Bennett – Gloog
 * Janice Kawaye – Little Robot/Big Robot, Little Robot's Sister/Big Robot's Sister, Yellow Bunny
 * Scott McAfee – The Boy
 * Anndi McAfee – Little Sister
 * Brad Garrett – Big Mike
 * Jennifer Darling and Valery Pappas – The Cute Dolls

Additional talent

 * Danny Mann – Phil Silverfish
 * Elizabeth Daily – Germ Girl
 * Gilbert Gottfried – Odiferous J. Stench
 * April Winchell – Auntie Matta, The Princess, The Cute Dolls
 * Cheech Marin – Juaquin Gusanito Sin Manos
 * Cathy Moriarty – Destructette

Performing musicians for the music of the show: Wayne Boone (guitar), Kevin Konklin (guitar), Eric Ferry (drums), and Ray Brinker (drums).

Episodes
Source:

Production
The development of the series began as a series of ad bumpers for ABC's Saturday morning lineup in 1993, hence the title Bump in the Night and the character's naming of Mr. Bumpy. In 1996, DIC Entertainment, while still in partnership with the ABC network, purchased the show's rights, even though they were never involved in the show’s production.. Reruns of Bump in the Night were featured on Toon Disney from 1998 to 2001.

Home releases
On VHS, the series was released by Capital Cities/ABC Video Enterprises and later Anchor Bay Entertainment on many VHS volumes: • Molly: Tales from the Toy Chest

• Squishington: Tales from the Tank

• Mr. Bumpy: Tales from Under the Bed

• The Hubbish About Rubbish

• Hocus-Pocus, Pranks and Play

• Monsters on a Mission

• Dreams and Dilemmas

• Night of the Living Bread

• Mr. Bumpy's Karaoke Cafe

• 'Twas The Night Before Bumpy (Christmas special, 63 minutes, originally split into 3 episodes)

In September 2003, Sterling Entertainment released a VHS/DVD called Night of the Living Bread, containing 6 segments. 3 additional segments were included on DVD. In April 2010, Shout! Factory released Bump In The Night: The Complete Series on DVD. In February 2016, Mill Creek Entertainment re-released Bump in the Night – The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1.

title: Bump in the Night (TV series)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/St. Matthews Central School, Mudgee

St. Matthews Central School, Mudgee was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep

St. Matthews Central School, Mudgee
There are lots of schools in the world, nothing on the page suggests this school is notable. Wikipedia is not a database of schools. This page should be deleted. Edward 09:50, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Just another school.  Not notable.  --Randy 12:07, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, sounds like more alumnus vanity.--[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway Talk]] 13:01, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: It has six sides, and people go there. One who went there plays cricket very well.  Among schools, no evidence of notability of this one. Geogre 16:27, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, article fails to establish notability. Lord Bob 22:16, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Article establishes notability. Dr Zen 23:35, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep . Article establishes notability. anthony 警告 23:51, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Just because it was burned down doesn't make it notable.  --Carnildo 00:39, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * No one said it was notable just because it was burned down. anthony 警告 01:27, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Yet another school, notable. —[[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 00:45, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete UNLESS someone is willing to write the article about Lisa Kightly - first woman to score a hundred at Lords Guettarda 01:33, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Just looked at the entry for Lords - it's sadly thin. As a Wikipedian fan of cricket, I am embarrassed.

 * Delete. Why do people think that just because it's a school, it's automatically worthy of inclusion?  This article does NOT establish notability.  It says almost nothing about the place save for one alumnus.  I'd certainly be willing to change my vote if and only if notability can be firmly established.  I'm not saying that school articles should be deleted on a de facto basis...but they shouldn't be included as such. - Lucky 6.9 02:17, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Why do people think that just because it's a school, it's automatically worthy of inclusion? Because Wikipedia is not paper.  There is plenty of room to include an article on every school in the world.  anthony 警告 02:22, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not a junkyard. Delete for non-notability. --Improv 06:02, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree. Room really isn't an issue so much as notability is. For the record, I came back here to apologize if my comment came off somewhat brusque. It wasn't meant to be so, nor was I upset when I wrote it. That being said, here's my take: While school articles shouldn't be deleted just because they're school articles, I feel that a certain notability should be established. I know, it's a murky area at present. Still, why not establish standards?  Does the school have an illustrious history? Can it boast more than a famous alumnus or two? Is it a leader in a certain field? I kind of like to use the Torrance High School article as an unofficial litmus test. There is no question about its notability in certain aspects. Take away the history and you're left with, well, just another high school in a sea of them. - Lucky 6.9 02:42, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * But room and notability go hand in hand. If there's more room to note things, then there's more that is notable. I haven't taken offense to your question. In fact, I think it's something which should be discussed more (but on one page, not 500). Looking at your criteria again, and applying them to this article, I'm going to change my vote to merge and redirect. There's a little bit of information here, but the most useful part of this article is to act as a placeholder for even more information about the school. I'm sure there's a lot that can be said about it, as there's a lot that can be said about any school. Just as the Rambot articles act as placeholders I think school articles can serve the same purpose. But they serve that purpose just as well as a redirect, when the parent article includes a section on the topic. Using the guidelines at Article size, this article is well under 1K, so merge with Mudgee and redirect.  anthony 警告 03:01, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable. --ShaunMacPherson 08:04, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge to Mudgee and delete - Skysmith 09:47, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge any useful into into the Mudgee article. Average Earthman 10:47, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. One of Australia's most famous authors Henry Lawson went to school here, although he left school early. In my view, this is enough to make this school notable. The female cricketer is Lisa Keightley who was born in Mudgee. I will amend the article accordingly.Capitalistroadster 11:38, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The Roadster deserves a Barnstar! We now have a perfectly fine substub.  Keep current version.  Sorry 'bout the flip-flopping. - Lucky 6.9 20:47, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. Indrian 05:41, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notablity not a deletion criteria. Intrigue 23:33, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep all schools, as I have explained at The Steve  01:49, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable.  Wikipedia is not a school database.  Gamaliel 18:34, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge with Mudgee, Henry Lawson, and Lisa Keightley keep only if substantially expanded Pedant 02:37, 2004 Dec 5 (UTC)
 * keep. Good info. JesseW 03:03, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * There are a lot of schools in the world. There is also a lot of room on Wikipedia.  Keep.  --L33tminion | (talk) 08:11, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep In principle, schools are notable. Wyss 12:30, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The Recycling Troll 17:38, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Woolpack Hotel, Mudgee

Woolpack Hotel, Mudgee was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

Woolpack Hotel, Mudgee
There are lots of hotels in the world, nothing on the page suggests this hotel is notable. Wikipedia is not a database of hotels. This page should be deleted. Edward 09:51, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Just a Hotel.  Not notable.  --Randy 12:07, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: More of the "document everything in Mudgee" stuff. A single hotel. Geogre 16:38, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * A "hotel" is usually a pub in Australia. This one has, it notes, a claim to fame. In a small town, a pub is a focus of the community. Wikipedia lists places in the USA that are populated by a single inhabitant. I don't know that some place at the back of woop-woop that no one even bothers to live in is more "notable" than a pub. I'm abstaining until I find out more about the Woolpack. Dr Zen 23:40, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect for now, but we should definitely have an article on what an Australian pub/hotel is all about. anthony 警告 23:48, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Would you mind outlining, though, by what measure Ashlee Simpson's new single is "notable" but a pub is not. I'm not saying either is or isn't, but I'd like to understand your reasoning. Dr Zen 00:17, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Is that question to me? I haven't decided whether or not this pub is notable, because I know basically nothing about Australian pub/hotels. But even if it is, the current article is small enough to merge with Mudgee and redirect (see Article size). The question of keeping or redirecting in the case where one article clearly fits into being a subset of another is mainly one of size, not one of notability. I would guess this article is <1k, and I think that's a good standard for merging and redirecting, though there are exceptions.  One exception would be merging a person with another person or an organization. A person is not a subset of another person, and a person goes outside the scope of an organization. I suppose you could merge a person with a family (or even a duo, like Amos and Andy), though. If the article is >1k of verifiable NPOV goodness at the end of VFD, we should probably keep rather than redirect. If it isn't, we redirect, and the subsection grows to >10K, we should probably split it back out. anthony 警告 01:31, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, it was a question to you. I have to say we disagree in the belief that article length should be a criterion in worthiness for being a separate article. But given that this is your position, could you explain why you don't apply it to schools, even when articles about them are very short?Dr Zen 01:46, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Article size applies to schools as far as I'm concerned, and sometimes I've voted to merge school articles rather than keep them. The thing is, VFD isn't really about whether an article should be kept or merged.  The two votes are really equivalent.  If a few other people have voted to merge I'll often join in or at least say that that compromise solution is acceptable.  But if there are 5 people voting keep and 5 voting delete I see little point in voting merge even though that may be the best solution.  My purpose of voting on VFD is to keep the content in the article from being irretrievably destroyed.  When it comes to merging or keeping separate this is something which is well documented in the page history and can be reversed at any time in the future.  With deleted articles, you've gotta go through the excruciating process of VfU within the first few months after deletion, or the article content is lost forever.  anthony 警告 12:55, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Okay, thanks for explaining. Of course you're right because anyone who wants to merge the articles need only wait until the vote is over and it's kept and then they can be bold and merge them! If the stub is unloved, no one is going to complain. Dr Zen 23:27, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I dunno if you want a hotel in the middle of nowhere in an encyclopedia then get it from Mapquest, it its even there then keep it :)
 * Delete. It's just another hotel, one of thousands across the country. Ambi 04:29, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Don't tell me we'll be struggling over the notability of hotels next! Not notable. --Improv 06:03, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * We're liable to struggle over the "notability" of everything, while that word remains so nebulous. Pubs are interesting artefacts, Improv. Perhaps not enough to be included in an encyclopaedia, but perhaps so. Some are vitally important to their communities, and some are no more important than a service station or a supermarket. Some have a history that bears telling, some don't. Dr Zen 08:06, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge into Mudgee and delete. I hope that whoever that wrote all these would expand the town article instead - Skysmith 09:50, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm not so confident about that. It seems to me someone is doing this to try to prove some kind of point. anthony 警告 12:57, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Possibly deserves one line in the Mudgee article, but not an article of its own. Delete. Average Earthman 10:48, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The one incident listed is not substantiated and apart from that appears to be a hotel of which there are probably quite a few in Mudgee. I will be working on the Mudgee article over the weekend hopefully putting in historical material notably on Henry Lawson. Capitalistroadster 12:13, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. Indrian 05:44, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Almost any motel or hotel will have its share of famous guests, crimes, and other publicized incidents over the years. Not notable. Wyss 12:31, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:Dutch astronomers

title: Category:Dutch astronomers


text:
Stangeria

Stangeria eriopus is a cycad endemic to southern Africa. It is the sole species in the genus Stangeria, most closely related to the Australian genus Bowenia, with which it forms the family Stangeriaceae.

Description
Stangeria eriopus is a very long-lived, perennial, evergreen cycad. The stalked, feathered, fern-like leaves are between 25 centimeters and two meters long, with the petiole comprising one third to one half of the overall length (in both varieties). They are pinnately-veined, which distinguishes the species from all other cycads. The petiole comprises half the length of the leaf. The young leaves are bent in bud position, the tip appears rolled up. Young leaves are dotted with short, gray hairs (trichomes), which usually fall off quickly and only stick to the petiole. These trichomes are unbranched and transparent or colored. The species occurs as two variable forms or varieties. The forest form, growing in regions with higher rainfall, is characterized by large, wide leaves that can reach up to 2 m in length. The grassland form, growing in regions subject to annual fire and drought, has shorter leaves with a thicker cuticle that may only be 30 cm long.

Tubers
Stems are completely subterranean and the root tuber is shaped like a carrot, which reaches a diameter of 10 to 25 centimeters. The tip bifurcates into several shoot tips. These form at the beginning wooly scales, but fall off early. As in other cycads, S. eriopus forms coralloid roots. These are specialized, plagiotropic (sideways-growing) roots housing colonies of cyanobacteria Bacillus radicola and Azotobacter sp. that fix nitrogen, much like the roots of legumes.

The tuber is rich in carbohydrates and contains an exceptionally high concentration of sodium sulfate, which explains the breaking-irritant effect. The most common biflavones in the leaves are amentoflavone and bilobetin.

Cones
S. eriopus reaches maturity at 5–7 years of age, and has stalked cones as reproductive organs. As is typical of cycads, the species is dioecious, meaning that male and female cones are borne on different plants. Both male and female cones are pedunculated and covered with silvery hair when young, which is deciduous at maturity.

Male cone
The male cone is cylindrical and tapers towards the tip. At maturity reaches a diameter between 30 – 40 mm and becomes between 10 – 25 cm long. The cone then turns yellowish brown at maturity. The scales or microsporophyll, are arranged cylindrically around the pin axis. Their shape is triangular to rhomboid. Each microsporophyll forms about 150 pollen sacs, which are attached in groups of 3-6 at the bottom. At maturity, the pin axis extends and the scales are lifted apart and release the pollen.

Female cone
The female cones are ellipsoidal to conical with a rounded tip. The cones are about 18 inches long and reach a diameter of about 8 centimeters. At maturity, the cone turn to dark green. Like the male microsporophylls, the female megasporophylls are cylindrically arranged around the axis. Their tips form but six vertical lines. The ovules are formed at the base of megasporophyll and reach a size of 35 × 25 millimeters. When the cone is ripe, the megasporophylls separate. The micropyle exudes a drop of liquid that pulls the pollen capillary to the embryo sack when it dries. After ripening the seeds, the female cones dissolve and the seeds fall to the ground. They consist of a hard, dark red part, which is surrounded by a fleshy, purple seed coat, which later turns brown. They are about 2 inches long and about 14 millimeters wide.

Pollen
The cones are insect-pollinated, giving off a faint odor to attract beetle pollinators. At maturity they fall apart to reveal the seeds, which are 2–3 cm in length. The pollen carry on the outside a glycocalyx, which consists of densely packed cylindrical units measuring 20 to 150 nanometers. They are perpendicular to the plasma membrane. Below is the sporopollenin. The germinal openings (apertures) are more proximal than distal. At the distal end of each pollen grain, there is an unusual pit (pseudosulcus) that resembles a "failed" distal aperture.

Distribution and habitat
It is native to a narrow coastal strip, some 800 kilometres in extent, in the KwaZulu-Cape and Maputaland coastal forest mosaics of South Africa and southern Mozambique. The western limit of the distribution area is located near Banjul in the district of Sarah Baartman. It is found within 50 km, but not closer than 2 or 3 km from the sea.

This species of cycad is adaptable and is found in many habitats, from grassland to closed forest, whether in full sunshine or shade. The species has a low salt tolerance however. It is sometimes found in meadows near the coastal dunes, where the plants are protected from salt water. Sandy, slightly acidic soil is preferred, but at the northern limit of its range, Stangeria eriopus also grows on clay or very stony soils.

Conservation
IUCN Red List Category & Criteria: Vulnerable, mainly due to habitat loss and over-exploiting for traditional medicine. It is listed under CITES Appendix I / EU Annex A, which prohibits international trade in specimens of this species except when the purpose of the import is not commercial, for instance for scientific research. The species is threatened by the destruction of its habitat and the unsustainable harvesting for traditional medicinal purposes.

Another possible threat to the species is the lobster louse (Diaspididae) Aulacaspis yasumatsui. The insect originally hails from Thailand where it infests their cycads. The pest has now been introduced to Florida, Hawaii, Hong Kong and the Cayman Islands, where it causes significant damage to cycads. If the species is introduced to South Africa, it could drastically reduce or even destroy the Stangeria population in a short amount of time.

Stangeria eriopus is also a carrier of the fungus Guignardia mangiferae, which causes great damage to citrus fruit, but remains on the plant without symptoms. The larvae of the butterfly Callioratis millari feed on the leaves of the species.

The Stangeria eriopus can be asexually reproduced from root parts. It is the first species of cycad that has been propagated using tissue culture, which simplifies the conservation of the species.

Discovery
When Gustav Kunze discovered the first plants, he incorrectly designated them as ferns probably due to the primitive nerves, under the name Lomaria coriacea. In 1839 he described it again as a separate species of fern as Lomaria eriopus. It was not until 1851 that William Stanger discovered that they were cycads when he observed the cones. He sent samples to England, where they were described by Thomas Moore described the Art 1853 as Stangeria paradoxa and thus also established the genus. However, since the epithet "eriopus" of Kunze was validly described, Henri Ernest Baillon with his description in 1892 the correct name as Stangeria eriopus.

Etymology
The genus was named in honor of William Stanger (1811-1854), who sent the first cones to England. He was an English physician and naturalist who worked in South Africa.

The binomial name comes from the Greek prefix erio-, meaning "woolly", and suffix -pus, "footed", referring to the woolly petiole bases. It was named in honour of William Stanger, a former surveyor-general of Natal. Common names includes Natal grass cycad, Hottentot's head and Stangeria.

Cytology
The species has 2n = 16 chromosomes. The cladogram shows twelve metacentric, two submetacentric and two acrocentric chromosomes.

Systematics and Taxonomy
The closest relative to Stangeria eriopus was thought to be the genus Bowenia, both placed in the family Stangeriaceae. Another candidate is the extinct Tertiary genus Eostangeria.

However, molecular phylogenetic studies show that Stangeria is more closely related to the genus Ceratozamia or to Zamia and Microcycas than to Bowenia, implying that the Stangeriaceae are not a monophyletic group.

Uses
In South African traditional medicine, the thickened subterranean tuber stem serves both for the production of various magical tinctures and as an emetic. The dried tuber is also mixed with feed to combat internal parasites in cattle.

For these purposes, the plants are collected and sold, this goes so far that the stock is now endangered. For one gram of tuber, 5 cents were paid on the market in Mthala in 2005.

title: Stangeria


text:
Hyperplasia

Hyperplasia (from ancient Greek ὑπέρ huper 'over' + πλάσις plasis 'formation'), or hypergenesis, is an enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the amount of organic tissue that results from cell proliferation. It may lead to the gross enlargement of an organ, and the term is sometimes confused with benign neoplasia or benign tumor.

Hyperplasia is a common preneoplastic response to stimulus. Microscopically, cells resemble normal cells but are increased in numbers. Sometimes cells may also be increased in size (hypertrophy). Hyperplasia is different from hypertrophy in that the adaptive cell change in hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells, whereas hyperplasia involves an increase in the number of cells.

Causes
Hyperplasia may be due to any number of causes, including proliferation of basal layer of epidermis to compensate skin loss, chronic inflammatory response, hormonal dysfunctions, or compensation for damage or disease elsewhere. Hyperplasia may be harmless and occur on a particular tissue. An example of a normal hyperplastic response would be the growth and multiplication of milk-secreting glandular cells in the breast as a response to pregnancy, thus preparing for future breast feeding.

Perhaps the most interesting and potent effect insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF) has on the human body is its ability to cause hyperplasia, which is an actual splitting of cells. By contrast, hypertrophy is what occurs, for example, to skeletal muscle cells during weight training and is simply an increase in the size of the cells. With IGF use, one is able to cause hyperplasia which actually increases the number of muscle cells present in the tissue. Weight training enables these new cells to mature in size and strength. It is theorized that hyperplasia may also be induced through specific power output training for athletic performance, thus increasing the number of muscle fibers instead of increasing the size of a single fiber.

Mechanism
Hyperplasia is considered to be a physiological (normal) response to a specific stimulus, and the cells of a hyperplastic growth remain subject to normal regulatory control mechanisms. However, hyperplasia can also occur as a pathological response, if an excess of hormone or growth factor is responsible for the stimuli. Similarly to physiological hyperplasia, cells that undergo pathologic hyperplasia are controlled by growth hormones, and cease to proliferate if such stimuli are removed. This differs from neoplasia (the process underlying cancer and benign tumors), in which genetically abnormal cells manage to proliferate in a non-physiological manner which is unresponsive to normal stimuli. That being said, the effects caused by pathologic hyperplasia can provide a suitable foundation from which neoplastic cells may develop.

Role in disease
Hyperplasia of certain tissues may cause disease. Pathologic hyperplasia in these tissues may occur due to infection, physiological stress or trauma, or abnormal levels of particular hormones, such as estrogen, ACTH, or cortisol.

Types
Some of the more commonly known clinical forms of hyperplasia, or conditions leading to hyperplasia, include:
 * Benign prostatic hyperplasia, also known as prostate enlargement.
 * Cushing's disease – Physiopathology of hyperplasia of adrenal cortex due to increased circulating level of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone).
 * Congenital adrenal hyperplasia – Inherited disorder of gland (adrenal).
 * Endometrial hyperplasia – Hyperproliferation of the endometrium, usually in response to unopposed estrogen stimulation in the setting of polycystic ovary syndrome or exogenous administration of hormones. Atypical endometrial hyperplasia may represent an early neoplastic process which can lead to endometrial adenocarcinoma. The development of endometrial adenocarcinoma from endometrial hyperplasia is a typical example of how the effects of pathologic hyperplasia can lead to neoplasia, and females who exhibit hyperplasia of the endometrium are indeed more likely to develop cancer of these cells.
 * Hemihyperplasia – When only half (or one side) of the body is affected, sometimes generating limbs of different lengths.
 * Hyperplasia of the breast – "Hyperplastic" lesions of the breast include usual ductal hyperplasia, a focal expansion of the number of cells in a terminal breast duct, and atypical ductal hyperplasia, in which a more abnormal pattern of growth is seen, and which is associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer.
 * Intimal hyperplasia – The thickening of the tunica intima of a blood vessel as a complication of a reconstruction procedure or endarterectomy. Intimal hyperplasia is the universal response of a vessel to injury and is an important reason of late bypass graft failure, particularly in vein and synthetic vascular grafts.
 * Focal epithelial hyperplasia (also known as Heck's disease) – This is a wart-like growth in the mucous tissues of the mouth or, rarely, throat that is caused by certain sub-types of the human papillomavirus (HPV). Heck's disease has not been known to cause cancer.
 * Myofibre hyperplasia (also known as double-muscling) – seen in cattle, genetic mutations cause large muscles due to increased proliferation of myofibres and decreased adipose tissue.
 * Sebaceous hyperplasia – In this condition, small yellowish growths develop on the skin, usually on the face. This condition is neither contagious nor dangerous.
 * Compensatory liver hyperplasia – The liver undergoes cellular division after acute injury, resulting in new cells that restore liver function back to baseline. Approximately 75% of the liver can be acutely damaged or resected with seemingly full regeneration through hepatocyte division, i.e., hyperplasia. This is what makes living-donor liver transplants possible.
 * Epidermal hyperplasia of the skin

title: Hyperplasia


text:
Hi-Five

Hi-Five is an American R&B quintet from Waco, Texas. Hi-Five had a No. 1 hit on Billboard's Hot 100 in 1991 with "I Like the Way (The Kissing Game)".

The band was formed in 1989 and originally consisted of a trio; with childhood friends Tony Thompson, Russell Neal, and Oklahoma native, Toriano Easley. Jive Records, later suggested that the trio's other childhood friends, Roderick "Pooh" Clark, and Marcus Sanders, be added to the group, with them being signed as an official ensemble, making the five of them together, the founding original members of Hi-Five.

During the release of their debut album, Toriano Easley was charged with a crime, which involved a dispute with his neighborhood friends, which made him unable to continue with the group. The label recruited New York native Treston Irby, as a replacement member. After the release of their second album, Russell Neal left the group after financial conflicts with the record label. Unfortunately congruently, while the group was on tour carrying on as four members, Roderick "Pooh" Clark was injured in a vehicle collision, making him paralyzed from the chest down, which his injuries made him depart from the group. The label added Shannon Gill, and Terrence Murphy as replacement members.

When the group decided to accept Giant records offer, and change labels, while their Jive contract was still pending, Giant records, instead decided to focus their attention on lead singer Tony Thompson, neglecting the projects related to the group. Because of this discrepancy, the group disbanded. Tony Thompson was later signed to Bad Boy Records. In 2005, without consulting the initial members of Hi-Five, Tony Thompson put together several new vocalists to form a new incarnation of the band, under the Hi-Five name. This later resulted in a legal battle, between Thompson and former Hi-Five members, which put the band on even more haphazard terms. In 2007, lead singer Tony Thompson, died in drug related circumstances. In 2012, as a result of Thompson's passing, the remaining members of Hi-Five in Thompson's honor, decided to reunite. In 2022, Roderick "Pooh" Clark died.

Early career
Hi-Five was originally signed to Jive Records in late 1989 and released their eponymous debut album in 1990. The album was produced by Teddy Riley and went platinum. It included singles "I Just Can't Handle It" (R&B No. 10), "I Can't Wait Another Minute" (Pop No. 8, R&B No.1) and "I Like the Way (The Kissing Game)", which went to number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and the U.S. Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart (making it their biggest hit to date).

The group's second LP, Keep It Goin' On, was released in 1992. Though not as successful as their debut effort, several tracks from this album, including "She's Playing Hard to Get" (Pop No. 5, R&B No. 2) and the R. Kelly-penned "Quality Time" (Pop No. 38, R&B No. 3) got major airplay in East Coast (US) urban markets. Shortly after this album was released, the group was involved in a vehicular accident, which left Roderick "Pooh" Clark paralyzed from the chest down.

In 1993, Hi-Five emerged with a third album, Faithful, which featured the songs "Unconditional Love" (Pop No. 92, R&B No. 21) and "Never Should've Let You Go" (Pop No. 30, R&B No. 10). "Unconditional Love" was also featured in the multi-platinum Menace II Society soundtrack, and received extensive airplay on urban contemporary stations throughout the summer of 1993 as the movie increased in popularity. "Never Should've Let You Go" was featured on the Sister Act 2 soundtrack.

Later career
On June 1, 2007, Tony Thompson's body was discovered by security officers at around 10 p.m. near an air-conditioning unit outside of an apartment complex in his native Waco, Texas. An autopsy later determined that he had died from "toxic effects of chlorodifluoromethane", or inhaling a toxic amount of freon. He is buried at Doris Miller Memorial Park in Waco.

In 2011, Treston Irby released his debut solo single "Everything" under the mantle Tru$ on his independent label, Bronx Most Wanted Ent.

In 2012, Irby, Shannon Gill and Marcus Sanders reformed Hi-Five with two new members, Andre Ramseur (aka Dre Wonda) and Faruq Evans. They released a single called "Favorite Girl" also on the BMW label. Ramseur later left the group and was replaced by Billy Covington.

On July 2, 2014, former Hi-Five member Russell Neal was charged with murder, over the fatal stabbing of his wife in Houston.

Hi-Five was featured on the TVOne music documentary series Unsung on August 6, 2014, chronicling the quintet's upbringing in Waco, their rise to superstardom, tragedies among group members, and their comeback.

Former member Roderick “Pooh” Clark died on April 17, 2022, at the age of 49.

title: Hi-Five


text: Category:Dutch mathematicians

title: Category:Dutch mathematicians


text:
Mikunigaoka Station (Osaka)

Mikunigaoka Station (三国ヶ丘駅 (Nankai) / 三国ケ丘駅 (JR West)) is a junction railway station located in Sakai-ku, Sakai, Osaka, Japan. It is jointly operated by the West Japan Railway Company (JR West) and the private railway operator Nankai Electric Railway.

Lines
Mikunigaoka Station is served by the JR Hanwa Line, and is located 10.2 kilometers from the northern terminus of the line at Tennōji. It is also served by the Nankai Koya Line and is 10.2 kilometers from the terminus of that line at Shiomibashi and 11.8 kilometers from Namba.

Station layout
The station consists of two sets of opposed side platform pairs connected in each case by elevated station buildings. The stations are both staffed.

Platforms

 * Nankai Railway

 * JR West

History
Mikunigaoka Station opened on 15 February 1942. With the privatization of the Japan National Railways (JNR) on 1 April 1987, the former JNR portion of the station came under the aegis of the West Japan Railway Company.

Station numbering was introduced on the Hanwa Line in March 2018 with its platforms being assigned station number JR-R29.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2019, the Nankai station was used by an average of 40,650 passengers daily. The JR portion of the station was used by 24,227 passengers (boarding only) during the same period.

Surrounding area

 * Mozu Tombs
 * Sakai City Sakai High School

title: Mikunigaoka Station (Osaka)


text:
Talk:Lamington

Image
A good image. But I'd suggest that a more typical appearance is like these. This link also hints at the popularity of the cake in Malta, presumably because of returning migrants from Australia. Anyone who has been to Malta will know that these are commonly on the menu. Martinevans123 (talk) 10:41, 15 June 2013 (UTC)

Origin - 1st April 2014 edits
The Guardian article which "proves 'beyond doubt'" the lamington is of New Zealand origin is an April Fools joke. 60.242.1.97 (talk) 08:18, 1 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Maybe this should be included and explained for what it is, in the article? Martinevans123 (talk) 11:14, 13 February 2016 (UTC)

Lamington drives
I'm probably doing this wrong, so I'll apologise in advance. Having said that, why would anyone tag a term as old as "Lamington drives" with [citation needed]? A simple Google search for the expression returned more than 700,000 hits, & all the first page results confirmed the ascribed meaning. (As did my entire school career, but of course that's not a citation.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.167.121.59 (talk) 10:16, 29 August 2014 (UTC)
 * We don't all live in Australia or South Africa. Just choose one of those 700,000 (that looks reliable, and even interseting) and add it as a source! Martinevans123 (talk) 10:22, 29 August 2014 (UTC)

Origins of Lamingtons
While we are legitimately interested in when and where the name "lamington cake" originated, it is possible that the recipe itself is older than the name. The reason I say this is because I noticed this recipe for Cocoanut Balls in an 1893 Queensland newspaper which is very similar to a lamington only one assumes they were using a white frosting rather than a chocolate coating given the instruction "until they look like balls of snow". It would be interesting to know if there are recipes for lamingtons that precede the use of the name. Kerry (talk) 22:43, 31 January 2015 (UTC)

Lambington
The comedy series "How To Talk Australians" (viewable on YouTube) has a scene in episode 2 entitled "Grub" in which a fictional Lambington is prepared (a lamb chop dipped in chocolate then rolled in coconut): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NE-al0xSFJo (watch from 4:15)

The annoying april fools day prank
Due to the april fool's day prank, people constantly edit the lamington page to claim lamingtons were invented in new zealand. Do we need to raise the level of protection on this page? I dont think people are deliberately vandalising, I think a lot of people actually dont realise that the article in the guardian was an april fools day prank. I've even seen mainstream publications fooled by that prank (https://theculturetrip.com/pacific/australia/articles/5-foods-australia-and-new-zealand-love-to-bicker-about/). If we raise the level of protection, it may stop edits from people who havent bothered to read the wikipedia page properly. Apples&Manzanas (talk) 07:42, 16 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Update - the vandalism has largely stopped since giving the April Fools Day prank its own subsection. It was very frequent before this. Apples&Manzanas (talk) 01:45, 11 June 2020 (UTC)

I merged the overbearing two-sentence 2014 April Fools' Day prank by The Guardian section into Origins, but User:Arjayay argues that it should be kept because "the vandalism has largely stopped since giving the April Fools Day prank its own subsection". But has it? And is going against MOS:BODY ("Short paragraphs and single sentences generally do not warrant their own subheading") a good solution? I thought invisible MOS:COMMENTs and/or some form of page protection were the norm, but neither of those has been tried in this article. --Lord Belbury (talk) 17:40, 12 November 2021 (UTC)
 * To clarify, that was not a quote from me, but from Apples&Manzanas, immediately above; However, it is an opinion that I fully endorse, having edited this page 20 times before today. Although I have added a lot of it, I have never found hidden text particularly effective in preventing vandalism. and as for MOS:BODY, I think this is a case of Ignore all rules, which, although often scoffed at, is actually policy. - Arjayay (talk) 18:03, 12 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Apologies for the misquote! As a data nerd this made me curious enough to go through the history and count how much vandalism there's been. Looking at the 18 months either side of the heading being added in April 2020 (and grouping together edit wars into a single instance), I count 15 Aus-to-NZ edits before, and 12 edits after. I've graphed this by month at https://i.imgur.com/qTD5tTC.png, and wouldn't say it was precipitous enough to merit such a big splash of IAR bathwater.
 * Some of the post-April-2020 edits are straight amendments to the lead or infobox, which if made in good faith must be happening without the reader scrolling down to read the April Fool section at all (and there's no reason why they would, if they believe that the cake is an NZ one, and haven't heard about this being an April Fool). I think a hidden comment at the top of the article could do some good, and certainly more good than the bad of the MOS:BODY-breaking subheading. --Lord Belbury (talk) 19:14, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

Should we remove the "2014 April Fools' Day prank by The Guardian" heading, if we're road testing the HTML comment? Taking both approaches at the same time isn't going to tell us if the HTML comment by itself is sufficient. --Lord Belbury (talk) 12:25, 28 November 2021 (UTC)
 * The only New Zealand edits since the hidden text came in were both made in bad faith (one deleting both hidden texts and adding "ITS FROM NZ!", another consciously deleting the section about the April Fools story). I think it might be working. Any objections to removing the prank subheading to see if any good faith edits return as a result, User:Arjayay? --Lord Belbury (talk) 10:03, 26 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Hi Lord Belbury - personally, I don't think such a minor transgression of the guidelines is worth worrying about, but as it obviously troubles you, please do as you see fit. Best wishes - Arjayay (talk) 14:54, 26 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Alright, thanks, let's see how it goes. --Lord Belbury (talk) 14:59, 26 January 2022 (UTC)

Raspberry Lamingtons
The article says raspberry lamingtons are available in New Zealand with an implication that they're not in Australia, but almost any time I see chocolate lamingtons, raspberry ones are right beside them. This was the case in northern Queensland and Melbourne at least. Here's a photo I took yesterday from a bakery in Melbourne.

I don't know anything about the editing and sourcing process on Wikipedia so I didn't make changes to the page but that bit seems misleading as-is. Obitussin (talk) 21:45, 17 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lamington


text:
Talk:The Hedge Knight

Untitled
The first version of this page made it explicit that Dunk was indeed knighted by Ser Arlan of Pennytree. However, their story is deliberately unclear on that issue, and some readers believe that it is an essential feature of the story that Dunk was never formally knighted, yet keeps the knightly vows better than the all the anointed Sers. Thus I changed the summary to be equally unclear about the issue.

There are several indications that Dunk was not knighted by Ser Arlan. When Dunk first meets Egg he doesn't know how to introduce himself. He doesn't know if he should call himself Dunk or add "of Penny tree" or "of Kingslanding". If he had been knighted he would know what title it had been done under. Later, when he relates the tale of his knighting, he is glad the lights are dim as he fears his ears are red and burning. When he is in the cell, he thinks of how he and Aegon are the same, both telling a monstrous lie because of how badly they wanted something. And Dunk won't knight the squire, because only a knight can do so, and he is relieved when the Laughing Storm takes the task from him.

Sworn Sword treated on this page
The SoIaF template refers to a separate Sworn Sword page, but that one never appeared. I will update the template. The individual novellas don't seem to warrant separate articles.

Date
The article says several times that The Hedge Knight takes place in 208 AL. The novella has no date in it. However, in the graphic novel (checked and okayed by George RR Martin) it is explicity stated that the tourney takes place in 209, up to several months before the Great Spring Sickness kills King Daeron, Valarr and Matarys. I have altered it accordingly.--Werthead 18:59, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Hedge Knight


text:
Talk:Hornwort

Im not sure...
...if the pic really shows a hornwort. Id rather say it was a thallus of a liverwort. greetings --Oliver s. 10:02, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

(i put back that very pic here because we now have the same problem discussed on wp commons and i want to put a link between the two hornwort discussions. The pic here just makes it easier to understand what is talekd about.--Oliver s. 23:36, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

:I would not call it a hornwort if
I had not seen sporangial structures, but at this moment I cannot (from my photos) find a similar thallus with sporangia. I'll keep looking. I would have thought it more resembles a liverwort myself, so something I saw convinced me otherwise. - Marshman 18:28, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Hi Marshman, thank you
for answering so quickly. Someone has posted your pic in the german wp. Thats why i found this article here. We debaded about your pic in the german wp and found out that you first loaded the pic as liverwot. As a result we thought it was just a mistake that its name was changed to hornwort. So i went out in the "Odenwald" today and took a pic of a european hornwort. You can find it in the german wp if you like:

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornmoose

But i dont doubt that your pic shows a hornwort aswell, if you say you found convincing arguments for that :-)

Greetings --Oliver s. 21:33, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually I do have a Hawai‘i picture of a hornwort that looks much like that one. I'll see if it is clearer. If not (and it is not a super clear picture like the one being debated), I'll not use it and try the German one. At the time I took the picture under debate, I assumed it was a liverwort.  However, something I encountered later on convinced me otherwise. - Marshman 23:31, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Im not sure,
if we should call a hornwort a "horned liverwort". greetings --Oliver s. 16:50, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * That would only add confusion, I believe;although once upon a time the hornworts may have been considered liverworts, so that name may have been used. - Marshman 18:25, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Image change
i have been working on making the life cycle for the moss the liverwort and the hornwort. i am not an expert but i have seen tons of pictures from the tree on this last weeks and i would swear that of the pic in this page is a liverwort. now this seems to be a common mistake. i have seen many pages having one for the other. yet i will try to explain the main diferences and why i base my case. first hornworst leaves are of a more rounded form with "ondulated edges" like in this image hornworts are more thin, with a thiker midle part wich is the one called tallus, like you can see on this and this electron miscoscope images.

second the fact that there are no reproductive structures visible. for wich the hornwort gets its name like in this and this picture

third On this page about the plants on hawaii. if you scroll down you will see two pictures one of a liverworth and one of a hornwort and deside wichone is looks more similar to wich picture.

against this 3 point there is the fact that on this page you will find exactly the same picture. and yet after have seen many people using the moss life cycle saying is a liverwort i can admit it is not waranty.

based on all this i would sugest to change the picture for the one found on the german wikipedia. on here .LadyofHats 14:09, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

It WAS a liverwort pic
The picture that was on the page was indeed a liverwort, class Marchantiales. Fortunately, the German edition of the page linked to an uploaded hornwort picture (Hornmoose), so a simple switch was possible. Without reproductive structures, I'm not sure I could tell the genus of the liverwort, though the hornwort is easy since the thallus is smooth and it's making yellow spores. Those are give-away traits for Phaeoceros.

Is there anyone here writing text for this page, or just working on images? Liverwort and hornwort biology was the area of my doctoral work, so I could probably get in a few good paragraphs with references rather quickly. Good images are the only things I wouldn't be able to provide. Hornworts just aren't very photogenic. --EncycloPetey 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Like all pages at Wikipedia, have at it! But your input is especially needed here I suspect. Was that my picture you were confirming as mislabeled?  - Marshman 02:23, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes. It was the one titled 'hornwort.jpg', and it was some genus of Marchantiales.  I couldn'r tell for sure without reproductive structures which family it belongs to, but it's probably a species of Targionia or else something in the Aytoniaceae.  --EncycloPetey 14 October 2005

Illustration mislabelled?
I am just an ordinary Joe trying to understand this subject. I read the article and thought I understood, then looked at the illustration and got confused again. It shows that the low, flat structure is the gametophyte phase. Good. Then it shows that the two 'horns' that grow out of it are also the gametophyte phase, while the text says these are the sporophyte phase. Am I reading the text correctly? If so, does anyone know how to get the illustration revised? 130.76.96.19 17:40, 5 October 2006 (UTC)Sinewi

 * You are correct. Where the diagram says "Gametophyte" and points to the two slender structures, the diagram should say "Sporophyte instead.  I helped proof this diagram and should have noticed that problem. --EncycloPetey 05:16, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I did the illustration on the bottom, with the life circle. your confusion seems to come from  the word "Phase" there is no phase division on the illustration, what is called gametophyte there means actually only sexual organs. and the diference between the two phases is between the plant exchanging sperm, and the plant denveloping spores ( just after the first) please apologise my lausy english.LadyofHats 20:01, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Thank you very much for the explanation. The illustration is very nice and your English is perfect

Hi - I too got a wee bit confused by the drawing so I'm assuming the long pieces were indeed the sporophyte structure - it would be great if you could get that picture changed to avoid further confusion. Alternation of generations is hard enough to understand! Also technically the illustration is a little confusing becuse it doesn't really show a cycle as such, it's more like a labelled diagram of a Hornwart. However I really appreciate the effort as there is very little information out there on the life cycle of hornworts.

Monoicous and dioicous
I have reverted your edit to Hornwort. The terms monoicous and Monecious do not mean the same thing. Bryophytes may be either monoicous or dioicous, meaning that their gametangia may be located either on the same or separate gametophytes. Bryophytes are never monecious or dioecious (with two kinds of sporangia located on the same or separate sporophyte), because all bryophytes have a single kind of sporangium. --EncycloPetey 13:18, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Um... There is indeed a useful distinction between these terms, but actually many if not most works on bryophytes do use mon(o)ecious/dioecious rather than monoicous/dioicous. I ran a Google search for "dioecious moss" and got 1,940 hits, whereas "dioicous moss" got only 303.  You'll find academic papers up to 2009 using "dioecious". So we must be careful of POV here: in the interests of clear terminology, I like the distinction, but it doesn't reflect actual usage. Byologists continue to use monoecious/dioecious (I suspect precisely because they don't need different terms for both the sporophyte and gametophyte generations). I felt obliged to put in a qualification when I re-wrote Alternation_of_generations. Peter coxhead (talk) 09:51, 25 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Google searches are neither unbiased nor independent. Yes, the terms are not used consistently, and the distinction is important.  It is also surpising to many botanists that there is a difference.  The Flora of North America consistently uses "dioicous"/"monoicous"/etc. in volume 27 (Mosses, part 1).  Other major publications, such as Bryophyte Biology do the same.  The trend is therefore towards using the more precise term.  --EncycloPetey (talk) 03:54, 26 January 2011 (UTC)

 * We don't disagree about the distinction and the desirability of the trend (if it exists). However, even with all the caveats about Google searches, it's relevant that Google scholar shows more papers published since 2000 using the term "dioecious moss" than "dioicous moss" (33 to 20). If you claimed in an article that there was a trend to using the more precise term, I would challenge you to support this. My real point, which I hope you will accept, is that whatever you or I want, at present there is not a firm consensus among academic bryologists to use monoicous/dioicous. I support your reversion, which started this discussion, but in article space we must be careful not to imply that the usage reflects a clear consensus among bryologists; Wikipedia readers are entitled to know that many sources discussing bryophytes do not at present use the terms you and I prefer. Peter coxhead (talk) 10:11, 26 January 2011 (UTC)

 * But explicitly discussing such inconsistent terminology would lengthen almost every article. Most bryologists say that mosses have stems and leaves, but many botanists insist on expressing those terms in quotations when discussing bryophytes, or to use the alternative terms caulidia and phyllidia.  Many field guides discuss the "fruiting times" of mosses, which have no fruit.  And there are many, many, many more situations like this covering terminology in almost every aspect of bryology.  An encyclopedia should not try to present every piece of information in every way that it is possible to do so.  It should be clear.  Implying consensus is never as great a problem as confusing the reader. --EncycloPetey (talk) 03:36, 29 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I'm continuing this discussion because this is genuinely one of the areas which I find personally a problem when editing on Wikipedia. Your background and mine are both as teachers. A good teacher always prioritizes clarifying topics, and almost always has to be very selective because of time constraints. A good encyclopedia article is not a piece of teaching material, and those of us used to writing the latter need, I think, to be especially careful when writing the former. Implying a consensus when it is not present *is* a serious error in an encyclopedia article, as of course is confusing the reader. However, I don't think that there should ever be a trade-off between these two. We need to do both: be clear and also convey an accurate sense of the consensus or lack of it. I know that I sometimes fall into "teaching" when I write on Wikipedia (how could I not after a lifetime of doing it!); one thing editors need to do for each other is to watch for this and help to correct it. If I were teaching botany I would certainly make clear my preference for precise terminology and try to get students to use it (as I used to when teaching linguistics to computer scientists). But this isn't what Wikipedia should do. I'm certainly not arguing for lengthening articles by discussions of inconsistent terminology in every relevant article. The best solution is perhaps to make sure that a 'main article' covers actual usage in as neutral way as possible, and then in articles which use one particular terminology for clarity, ensure there is a "see also" reference to the main article. Peter coxhead (talk) 11:58, 29 January 2011 (UTC)

Description
In the description section, would it be beneficial to mention how hornwort morphology differs from that of mosses and liverworts to avoid confusion? Also, would it be helpful to add an ecology section? Shelby234 (talk) 17:45, 22 January 2017 (UTC)

 * Probably not; there are almost no similarities in morphology. It would be like adding a section to the article on Birds describing how they are different from Whales. An ecology section would be useful, however, the literature on hornwort ecology is scanty and scattered. It would take even an expert a very long time to assemble a meaningful set of references and information. Most articles are extremely narrow and specialized; several genera have little or no published ecological information; and the tropical taxa (there are many) have usually been neglected in favor of taxa that grow in the US or Europe. --EncycloPetey (talk) 18:48, 22 January 2017 (UTC)

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inconsistent/maybe wrong
wiki page on moss says hornwarts are not in the bryophyte category anymore. idk who to trust. reporting bc i like wikipedia but don't have the time to figure this out and fix it at the moment so sorry JoshOzburn (talk) 13:31, 13 April 2021 (UTC)

 * It is slightly confusing. Hornworts are now treated as a division (equivalent to a phylum) of plants called Anthocerotophyta. Informally, the group bryophytes is still used for hornworts, mosses and liverworts, but each of these is now considered to be a separate phylum. Confusingly, the formal name for mosses is Bryophyta. Plant surfer  13:49, 13 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hornwort