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Dive boat

A dive boat is a boat that recreational divers or professional scuba divers use to reach a dive site which they could not conveniently reach by swimming from the shore. Dive boats may be propelled by wind or muscle power, but are usually powered by internal combustion engines. Some features, like convenient access from the water, are common to all dive boats, while others depend on the specific application or region where they are used. The vessel may be extensively modified to make it fit for purpose, or may be used without much adaptation if it is already usable.

Dive boats may simply transport divers and their equipment to and from the dive site for a single dive, or may provide longer term support and shelter for day trips or periods of several consecutive days. Deployment of divers may be while moored, at anchor, or under way, (also known as or live-boat diving). There are a range of specialised procedures for boat diving, which include water entry and exit, avoiding injury by the dive boat, and keeping the dive boat crew aware of the location of the divers in the water.

There are also procedures used by the boat crew, to avoid injuring the divers in the water, keeping track of where they are during a dive, recalling the divers in an emergency, and ensuring that none are left behind.

Purpose
The dive boat provides a means of transport to and from dive sites which may be too far or inconvenient for shore access. This is the case with the majority of recreational dive sites. It can also provide a base of operations where the divers can shelter, rest, store and change gear, socialise with other divers, eat and sleep between dives. They can provide enhanced safety, comfort and convenience, and provide guided access to sites of particular interest, but introduce their own set of hazards. They can also provide access to diving procedures which may be difficult, dangerous or impossible from the shore.

Types of dive boat
The usual classification of recreational dive boats based on operational parameters includes: Some overlap of function is possible. Dive boats may be privately owned and operated, or run as a commercial business (generally known as charter boats).
 * basic dive boats
 * day boats
 * liveaboards

The structure, layout and size of a dive boat for any given application may vary considerably according to regional requirements and traditions, and convenience.

Basic dive boats
These are usually open boats used for short distance, or short duration, trips to dive sites, usually for a single dive or sometimes for a "two tank" trip, either with both dives at the same site, or with the second dive on the way back, or a short distance from the first. They generally have no amenities other than seating and stowage for dive gear, and the divers are usually exposed to wind, spray and sun during the trip. It is common for divers to kit up in their dive suits before boarding, for protection from the weather. It is unusual for the operator to provide refreshments other than bottled drinking water and an after-dive candy.

Rigid-hulled inflatable boat
Divers only spend a few hours at a time on these fast but exposed boats. The boats are usually relatively small so they can easily be transported on roads and launched at a convenient site depending on the weather. Boats of this size can be launched from slipways or through the surf on suitable beaches. The smaller models are suitable for private use, as they can only transport a few divers. The larger boats can carry enough divers to be viable for professional use. These boats will generally carry basic safety equipment such as marine VHF radio, small boat safety gear, lifejackets and first aid oxygen administration equipment.

Space in the boat is limited, and divers generally travel and kit up while sitting on the tubes opposite a central cylinder rack where the fully rigged scuba sets are stowed. Water entry is commonly by simultaneous rolling backwards over the side, and return to the boat by climbing back in over the tubes one at a time after removing the heavy parts of the diving equipment and handing it up to the crew. Some boats have ladders which hook over the tubes to make boarding easier for the less athletic diver, others rely on assistance from the crew. An advantage of this type of boat compared with similar-sized rigid boats is that the inflated tubes make the boat very stable during the entry and exit of the divers and if the boat is filled with water during surf transit maneuvers. These boats are usually fairly fast, maneuverable, seaworthy in surf and rough conditions, and relatively wet and uncomfortable. They seldom provide any shelter from the elements, and their advantages are that they get the diver to the site and back fairly quickly, are generally good for operation through surf, are usually trailerable and can be launched at slipways and beaches.

Open rigid hulled boats
These serve a similar function to the Rigid-hulled inflatable boats, but do not have inflatable tubes. They are more durable, but usually heavier for the same load capacity. In Australia and New Zealand the light aluminium "tinnie" is often used as a dive boat. These boats are usually less stable than the equivalent inflatable and are not as easy to climb back on board, but are light, durable and economical. Kayaks and canoes are occasionally used as dive boats for one or two divers, and are portable and paddled by the occupants.

Decked rigid hulled boats
Flush decked boats with transom boarding arrangements are commonly used in areas with generally pleasant weather and sea conditions. The flush deck with seating and storage along the sides leaves the centre of the deck open for movement to and from the stern. Gates in the handrails amidships may be provided to get divers into the water more quickly, and an awning may be provided for protection from the sun.

Inflatable boats
These are usually relatively small and used only for short distances with a small number of divers. They are relatively uncomfortable, and not usually very fast, but are stable for their size and can be deflated, folded, and transported in a car or utility vehicle.

Day boat
These boats are usually made of rigid materials - such as glass reinforced resin, plywood or aluminium. Day boats are generally relatively large: typically, between 60 and 90 ft in length, as they must provide some comfort for the passengers for several hours. Many day boats are used for scuba-divers and also for other marine tourism activities such as fishing and whale-watching. In general, divers or passengers will spend only the daylight hours on a day boat, and do not sleep in them overnight. Dive boats which provide sleeping accommodation are generally referred to as "liveaboard" boats. Generally a professional crew operate the boat. The boat provides shelter from the weather and is likely to have various facilities such as a toilet (called the "head") and a small kitchen (called a "galley"), to cater for the guests and crew. Day-boats may have a saloon where divers can relax on upholstered benches, and one or more dining tables. Many day boats also have an uncovered sun-deck, and a shaded area, for divers wishing to be out in the open air. The boat will usually have a diving air compressor, oxygen first aid, a VHF radio, a GPS and possibly gas blending facilities. A day boat would generally be used to transport divers to multiple dive-sites (typically between one and three sites) during the same day, or multiple dives at the same site, with surface rest and refreshment periods between them.

The divers usually enter the water by stepping off a dive platform or the side of the boat, and return on board using a ladder or a lift. In some cases a smaller "tender" is used to carry divers to and from less accessible sites, and to rescue divers who are in difficulty or who drift away from the boat.

Liveaboard
On these commercially operated boats, the divers live and sleep on board and dive from the boat for periods of a few days to several weeks. A professional crew navigate and operate the boat. In addition to the usual domestic facilities expected by hotel guests, the boat will have a diving air compressor and emergency oxygen. Some have gas blending facilities and a few even carry a recompression chamber.

The divers enter the water by stepping off a dive platform or the side of the main deck, and return to the boat using a ladder or a mechanical lift platform. Divers may also transfer to and from the dive site in a tender which is carried on, and launched from, the liveaboard boat.

Liveaboards used on the West Coast of Thailand and in the Red Sea tend to be up to 100 ft long and have:
 * The engine and stores compartments.
 * The lower deck, which is mostly cabins for the passengers, usually two passengers per cabin.
 * At the stern, a diving platform with diving ladders.
 * The main deck, with dining/social room, crew cabins, the bridge, and open space for preparation and storage of dive gear.
 * One or two superstructure decks.

The size of a liveaboard can vary considerably, based mainly on the number of passengers carried, the quality of accommodations provided, special equipment carried, and legal constraints for registration.

Diving support vessels
A diving support vessel is a ship that is used as a floating base for professional diving projects. They are not generally classified as dive boats but share the basic purpose of transporting divers and giving them access to the water at the dive site. Basic requirements are the ability to keep station accurately and reliably throughout a diving operation, often in close proximity to drilling or production platforms, for positioning to degrade slowly enough in deteriorating conditions to recover divers without excessive risk, and to carry the necessary support equipment for the mode of diving to be used.

Recent offshore diving support vessels tend to be dynamically positioned (DP) and often have additional functions. DP makes a wider range of operations possible, but the platform presents some inherent hazards, particularly the thrusters, making launch and recovery by diving bell widespread. DSVs for inshore operations tend to be much smaller, and may operate while moored for shallow work. Live-boat operations are considered unacceptably hazardous for surface supplied diving unless a stage or bell is used to keep the divers' umbilicals clear of the vessel's thrusters.

Others
Boats intended for other purposes can usually be used as dive platforms provided that there is reasonably convenient access to the water and enough space to carry the necessary equipment. Auxiliary sailing yachts and motor yachts are often used by their owners as dive boats, and catamarans can be particularly amenable to this function as they often have spacious decks and stern boarding facilities with swim ladders.

Dive boat features
Features that make a boat suitable for use by divers are:

 * Sufficient space and stability to carry the divers and their equipment.
 * Safe stowage for equipment during transit.
 * Facilities for the divers to enter the water from the boat and board the boat from in the water.

Basic marine safety equipment for the class of vessel will be required by regional or national legislation, and diving specific safety equipment may also be carried as required by legislation or the diver certification agency to which the boat operator is affiliated. This will usually include:

Basic marine safety equipment:
 * marine VHF radio
 * small craft emergency equipment - life jackets, flares, fire extinguishers and other equipment according to the size and operating range of the boat.

Diving safety equipment:
 * oxygen first aid equipment.
 * diving first aid equipment.
 * diving shot, line, and buoy.
 * a signal flag to indicate that divers are in the water.
 * where necessary, equipment to bring an incapacitated diver on board.

On larger boats additional diving support facilities may also be present:
 * high pressure diving air compressor
 * gas blending panel
 * recompression chamber
 * chase boat, or tender, to recover divers who surface away from the anchored vessel

Access facilities
If the freeboard of the boat is too high for the divers to climb back on board unaided, a ladder or other aid must be provided. Boarding aids range in cost, complexity, safety, and ease of use, from a boarding stirrup or a rope ladder, through rigid ladders and stairs with handrails, christmas tree ladders which allow the diver to climb while wearing fins, to temporary and fixed stern dive platforms, lifting platforms, diver lifts, and passerelles.

Diver lifts
A diver lift is a platform which is lowered into the water on which the diver stands while being lifted up to deck level. The lift mechanism constrains sideways motions of the platform, and has sufficient hand-holds for the diver to stand securely during lifting. A lift may also be used to lower a diver into the water. In most cases the lift will be suitable for transporting a fully kitted diver in a standing position, but in special cases seating may be provided. It differs from a diving stage or basket, which is lowered to diving depth, as a lift generally can only be lowered deep enough to stand up after swimming over the platform, which for most divers will be between 1 and 1.5 m. The lifting platform should have enough space to stand wearing fins, and there should be suitable handholds to allow the diver to be stable during lifting and lowering with a low risk of getting equipment or body parts in pinch points. The space allowed for walking between platform and boat should take into account the equipment likely to be carried by the diver, such as side mounted cylinders.

Dive boat operations
Procedures for diving from a boat vary depending on the boat, the diving equipment, the dive site and the dive plan.

Stowage of dive gear
Trim and stability of small boats can be significantly influenced by where and how the dive gear is stowed. When transiting a surf line, or in other rough sea conditions, the movement of the boat can cause poorly secured equipment to move, which can directly injure the occupants, and adversely affect trim and stability, and thereby the safety of the vessel and its occupants. Dedicated dive boats usually provide cylinder racks to stow the scuba sets, and may also provide bins or racks to stow other heavy equipment. Larger vessels, particularly liveaboards, may also provide a camera table and fresh water rinsing facilities for washing gear after the dive.

Deployment of divers
Divers will usually enter the water with positive buoyancy, as this allows them to make final surface checks, signal to the boat that they are OK and co-ordinate descent with a buddy, but there are occasions when negative buoyancy entries are chosen to avoid excessive drift in a strong current, in which case all pre-dive checks must be done on the boat, the buoyancy compensator, and where applicable, the dry-suit emptied of gas, and the breathing apparatus function thoroughly checked before entering the water. The risk of injury if there is an equipment problem is greater for negative entry, particularly with breathing gas failures.

Water entry
Several techniques are used for water entry from boats, depending on the layout of the vessel, particularly the freeboard at the entry points. Large dive boats often have a permanent or folding platform at the stern just above the water, intended to make water entry and exit safer and more convenient for divers. Such platforms will usually be provided with steps or ladders from the deck, and folding ladders into the water.
 * The diver sits on the gunwale or RHIB tube facing into the boat, and falls in backwards. Suitable for open boats with low sides.
 * is suitable for boats with low deck freeboard and no gunwale or railing.
 * is suitable for boats with low or moderately low deck freeboard and no gunwale or railing at the entry point.
 * is suitable for boats with moderate to high deck freeboard and no gunwale or railing at the entry point.
 * , suitable for boat with very low deck freeboard and no gunwale or railing.
 * Ladder entry may be used where there is a ladder into the water. Ladders may be fixed, folding or portable, and may be designed for use with swimfins.
 * Lifting platform entry: The diver/s stand on a platform fixed to the boat by the lifting mechanism, and are lowered a short distance into the water.
 * Stage launch: The diver/s stand on a platform called a or basket, which can be lowered by a cable to a considerable distance below the surface.

Monitoring and escorting the divers
If there is no current, and the divers are visiting a small site and can surface on the shot-line or anchor line, keeping track is nominally simple if all goes to plan, as they will surface at a predictable position which is marked. This is not always the case, and for some dives they will surface away from the marker even when the plan is followed precisely. In other cases divers will not make it back to the shot-line and have to surface independently. If the dive boat is anchored and the plan is for the divers to ascend on the anchor line, it may be necessary to have a tender or chase boat available to follow and pick up divers surfacing off the mark.

One system common with recreational divers is for one of the divers in each group to deploy a delayed surface marker buoy (DSMB), also known as a decompression buoy, at the end of the dive. This serves to notify the boat that divers are surfacing, and where they are. It also warns other vessels to keep clear of divers in the water.

A group of divers drift diving together will often follow a dive leader who tows a surface marker buoy (SMB) throughout the dive. This allows the boat to follow the group effectively in most conditions. If any of the divers need to surface early they can ascend on the SMB line, and surface at the buoy, which is where they will be most easily seen by the boat crew. If anyone is separated from the group they can deploy a DSMB to notify the boat that they will be surfacing away from the float.

Recovery of divers
Divers may be picked up by a small tender or the dive boat may have a low enough freeboard for divers to climb over the side unaided, or with a bit of assistance from the crew. In this case it is usual to pass up heavy equipment such as weightbelts, and leave on the fins to help boost the diver out of the water. This is easiest with inflatable boats, particularly if provided with conveniently sited handles or ropes along the sides. For higher freeboards and easier boarding, mechanical aids may be provided:
 * Ladders may be provided for boarding from the water. It is easier to climb a standard ladder or stairs if fins are removed first. They can be handed up to an attendant on the boat, clipped to the diver's harness, or carried by sliding the fin straps over the forearm. Christmas tree ladders can be climbed with the fins on the feet, and should stand off the side of the boat far enough for the fins to have clearance.
 * Stern and side platforms may be used in conjunction with ladders or low freeboard decks.
 * Passerelles or gangways are ramps which are lowered at one end to provide a path to walk from the deck to a dock or tender, and can also be used to walk to the water level.
 * Diver lifts are platforms attached to the boat on which the diver stands while being lifted to deck level or lowered a short distance into the water.
 * Stages and baskets are platforms which are lowered into and under the water and are hoisted back on board with the diver or divers standing on them. They are not attached to the boat except by the lifting cable.
 * Boarding stirrups can be used on low freeboard boats, particularly rigid hull inflatables. They are straps with a loop, rung or hook at the lower end attached to the side of the boat. The standard versions require a fin to be removed to get the foot into the stirrup, and have a fixed length, which can be awkward to use as the stirrup may be uncomfortably high for a tall person if at the right height for a short person. Adjustable versions allow the diver to clip the loop around the foot with the fin in place, then the loop can be raised to the preferred height after fitting. Open sided rigid "hook" stirrups allow the foot to be positioned on a rigid stirrup without removing the fin. Stirrup steps have the same ergonomic disadvantages as rope ladders: they swing freely under load.

Boat diving hazards

 * Run down by boat (the dive boat or any other passing by)
 * Cut by propeller (the dive boat or any other passing by)
 * Left behind in the sea after the dive
 * Seasickness
 * Another diver landing on top during entry. This can happen when divers do a group backward roll over the side of a boat, and do not all go in together. Anyone rolling late may land on top of someone already in the water. It can also happen when entries are from the same point and a diver does not ensure that the water is clear to enter.
 * Falling overboard in transit, particularly when crossing a surf line after a beach launch in a boat where the seating is along the sides.
 * Surfacing far away from boat and cannot be found.
 * Surfacing away from an anchored boat and unable to swim back to it against wind or current.
 * Hypothermia and wind chill on open boats in cold or windy weather
 * Sunburn and overheating on open boats in hot weather

Special procedures
Some boat diving activities require special procedures to reduce risk or enhance the diving experience.

Logging in and out
The risk of being left behind by the boat can be controlled by logging divers into and out of the water. If this is done by each diver only for themselves, there is little chance of confusion and error. In other protocols the skipper or divemaster is responsible for ensuring there is a name-list of all divers on board before leaving the shore, and that everyone on the list is back on the boat before leaving the dive site.

Use of personal marker
Surfacing at the shot-line, group surface marker, or personal marker buoy increases the visibility of a diver, and reduces the risk of not being noticed by a passing vessel. This will reduce the risks both of being run down and of being lost at the surface. It also provides an additional flotation device in case of fatigue.

Signalling the boat
If the boat cannot see a diver at the surface, the diver can use several methods to be more visible, and once seen, can indicate to the boat whether they are in difficulty or not.

Diving from an anchored boat
When using the anchor line to control ascents and descents, a "tag line" (or "lead line") may be used between the anchor line and the stern of the vessel, to allow secure transfer between these points in a current. A floating "drift line" (also "tag line", "current line" or "trail line") may be streamed from the stern or boarding platform to assist divers who drift astern of the vessel, and for something to hold onto while waiting to use the ladder. They can either hold onto the line and be pulled in by the crew, or pull themselves along the line. The far end of the line is usually marked with a brightly coloured buoy to show divers where it is and to help other boats avoid crossing the line. If there is any significant risk of a diver drifting away from the site, the dive boat should either be ready to slip the moorings at short notice, or have a tender in the water. Some skippers will tether the tender behind the dive boat where it can also be used as a drift line. A lazy shot or decompression trapeze may be suspended from the boat near the boarding area, and the drift line may be set up between this and the anchor line to guide decompressing divers ascending on the anchor line to the more convenient facility at the stern for the shallow stops.

Live-boating
is diving from a boat which is not moored. There are increased risks due to the proximity of the divers to propellers when the engines are running, but there are also safety and convenience advantages to having the boat available to move at immediate notice, particularly in currents, as the boat can follow a group of drift divers, and pick up the divers from where they surface in most cases. Live boating is also used where anchoring is prohibited or impracticable.

Decompression stations
When a significant amount of decompression is planned by several divers at a site where they can reasonably expect to surface on the shotline, they may consider deploying a decompression trapeze. This keeps the divers together where it is easier to monitor them and provide support for the last part of the dive. A decompression trapeze can also be dropped by the boat for a group of divers by pre-arranged signal, such as a second decompression buoy at the group.

Drift diving
Drift diving occurs when the divers allow themselves to be conveyed past the bottom by the prevailing current, minimising the effort required to cover a relatively large distance, but moving the divers away from the start position and making their surfacing position uncertain. The usual way of monitoring the position of a group is by the lead diver towing a surface marker buoy, and the divers of the group all following the dive leader. The dive boat follows the buoy at a distance where the lookouts can see if any diver surfaces near the buoy. Divers from the group either surface along the buoy line, or if there is vertical current shear or they are separated from the group, deploy their own DSMB and surface on that. Groups of inexperienced divers may be escorted by a second divemaster who tries to keep them together, directs stragglers back to the dive leader, and keeps track of remaining gas. Divers may be formally grouped in buddy pairs, surfacing together when the first is low on gas, or more informally, and rely on the divemasters if they have a problem.

Wreck diving
A major consideration of wreck diving is finding the wreck and getting the divers to the wreck with the minimum risk of getting lost. There are several methods for getting the divers to the wreck. The preferred method will depend on local conditions. In low visibility hooking onto the wreck is a reliable way of ensuring the divers will find it, but this procedure requires a wreck that is structurally suitable for snagging with a grapnel or anchor. A shotline which can be dropped off the wreckage is less likely to damage the wreck or become snagged and difficult to retrieve, but this requires appropriate visibility for the divers to be sure of finding the wreckage. When it is important to get back to the shotline for ascent, it may be tied to the wreckage by the first divers on site using a guide-line, which is retrieved by the last divers to leave. When there is a strong current, it may be necessary to drop in from up-current, a technique sometimes known as "parachuting in" or "free drop". The wreck may be first marked with a shotline, if this is considered useful or necessary. Divers may surface on the shotline, anchorline or personal DSMB depending on the conditions. When there are alternative methods for descent, including free drop and descent on the shotline.

An (or Jersey upline) may be used to limit drift during ascent. This is a fairly substantial natural fibre rope which is deployed from the bottom using a small lift bag to provide the equivalent of a shotline. The lower end is tied off to the bottom, usually on a wreck, and the diver ascends on the line to avoid being swept away from the site by currents. After reaching the surface, the last diver cuts the line and it sinks back down, Natural fibre is used so the line rots away over a few years.

Towing a diver
Occasionally a diver may be towed using a "sled", an unpowered device towed behind a surface vessel which conserves the diver's energy and allows more distance to be covered for a given air consumption and bottom time. The depth is usually controlled by the diver by using diving planes or by tilting the whole sled. Some sleds are faired to reduce drag on the diver.

Diver recall
There are several ways to recall divers to the surface during a dive. Some are not universally known or immediately obvious, and the chances of them being understood correctly and responded to appropriately are increased if they are specified in the dive briefing.
 * Pyrotechnic diver recall devices (Thunderflash) are small explosive devices calibrated to make sufficient noise to alert any divers in the vicinity without significant risk of injury to diver or environment. They have the advantages of being small, compact, and not easily confused with anything else likely to occur during the dive. They have disadvantages of a limited shelf life, and must be transported, stored, used and disposed of according to manufacturer's instructions and legal constraints.
 * A surface marker buoy line may be used to signal to the diver below, either by pre-arranged pull signals, or by sending down a weight clipped to the line and carrying a message.
 * Underwater loudspeaker and public address (PA) systems produce either a pre-programmed or microphone input sound signal.
 * Revving the boat's engines is a popular but notoriously unreliable method, as few divers can distinguish between the sounds of the engines of their support boat and those of any other roughly similar vessel.

Lost diver procedures
There are three aspects to lost diver procedure: Generally, since the diver is lost, it is not known whether they are lost underwater or on the surface. Early notification that a diver is missing allows early starting of the search process. If the divers are notified of their expected behaviour during the dive briefing, the chances of timely notification of a problem are improved.
 * Lost buddy procedure, which is similar or identical to the procedure when diving from any other platform, until the diver notifies the boat that a diver is missing.
 * Lost diver underwater, and
 * Lost diver on the surface.

If a diver has not surfaced or returned to the boat when expected or a diver is reported missing by a buddy or dive leader, the diver is considered to be lost unless they have a surface marker buoy deployed. However, the presence of a buoy at the surface is no guarantee that it is connected to the diver.

Decompression illness
A dive boat will not be carrying a decompression chamber to treat a diver with decompression illness - that would normally classify it as a diving support vessel, so treatment would be limited to oxygen therapy with 100% oxygen, first aid emergency life support and transportation to the nearest suitable medical facility, or for operations where the equipment is available, and the risk is assessed as acceptable, technical or scientific divers may choose to do in-water recompression.

Operating a dive boat
The person in command of a dive boat is generally referred to as the skipper. In most cases the boat is fairly small and will not require many crew members. It is not unusual for the skipper to be the only crew member. There may be national legislation requiring a certificate of competency or license from the person in command of a dive boat. This will generally depend on whether the boat is operated for profit, how many passengers it is licensed to carry and how far offshore it is licensed to operate.

title: Dive boat


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Riverbend Festival

The Riverbend Festival, also called Riverbend, is a well-known annual music festival in Chattanooga, Tennessee, which was started in June 1982 as a five-night festival. Over the years, the festival devolved into the three nights of its current run and presently ranks in the top 10 percent of all American festivals. Additionally, Riverbend has won several national awards from the International Festivals and Events Association, including 8 in 2007. The attendance for Riverbend has grown over the years and there are now regularly over 650,000 people that come over the course of the festival from all over Tennessee, the Southeast, the United States, and other countries. Individual nights can see some 80,000 people in attendance. The festival was named for the bend in the Tennessee River on which Chattanooga was established.

More than a hundred acts, both well-known and new, converge each year to perform various kinds of music, including classic rock, country, urban, and bluegrass, as well as jam bands, on three stages set alongside the Tennessee River. Headline performers are featured nightly on the Coca-Cola Stage, a barge which has been converted into a full-size concert stage. The barge floats just off the shore against a large collection of amphitheater seats built into a hillside at the water's edge. Major local and national companies, such as Covista Communications, Unum, and Budweiser, sponsor other stages throughout the riverfront area.

Admission is given to people with special scannable wristbands, which can be purchased in southeast Tennessee and north Georgia in the weeks leading up to the festival for a discounted price or purchased at the gate for a regular price. Admission was previously given to people who had collectible Riverbend Pins. A wristband provides admission for either one night or every night of the festival except for the Bessie Smith Strut. Concessions are purchased using a token system and many street vendors set up food and souvenir stands.

2024
Riverbend will not be held in 2024 as a "temporary pause" intended to restructure the festival.

2023

 * Maren Morris
 * Nathaniel Rateliff
 * Trombone Shorty

2022

 * Brothers Osborne
 * Cage The Elephant
 * Jason Isbell and the 400 Unit

2020 & 2021
There was no festival in 2020-21 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

2019

 * Weezer
 * Lionel Richie
 * Keith Urban
 * Macklemore

2018

 * Hank Williams Jr.
 * The Wallflowers
 * Luke Combs
 * Switchfoot
 * Dustin Lynch
 * Flo Rida
 * Third Eye Blind
 * Brett Michaels

2017

 * Boz Scaggs
 * Ludacris
 * Old Dominion
 * Crowder
 * George Thorogood & The Destroyers
 * Morris Day
 * The Time
 * Cameo
 * Toby Keith
 * The Flaming Lips

2016

 * .38 Special
 * Salt-n-Pepa
 * Brett Eldredge
 * Thomas Rhett
 * Heart
 * REO Speedwagon
 * Blood, Sweat, and Tears
 * Chris Young
 * Chris Lane
 * Kane Brown

2015

 * 3 Doors Down
 * Hunter Hayes
 * Sam Hunt
 * Martina McBride
 * Merle Haggard
 * Slick Rick
 * Doug E. Fresh
 * Little River Band
 * War
 * Gregg Allman
 * Suzy Bogguss

2014

 * Gary Allan
 * Widespread Panic
 * Buddy Guy
 * TobyMac
 * Boston
 * Justin Moore
 * Joan Jett
 * Young the Giant

2013

 * Jake Owen
 * CeeLo
 * Brandy
 * Newsboys
 * Dierks Bentley
 * Drake White/Lynyrd Skynyrd
 * Hot Chelle Rae/Gavin DeGraw
 * O.A.R.
 * Florida Georgia Line

2012

 * Eric Church
 * Foreigner
 * The Happy Together Tour
 * Chris Tomlin
 * The Band Perry
 * Charlie Wilson
 * Goo Goo Dolls
 * Lauren Alaina

2011

 * Huey Lewis & the News
 * The Beach Boys
 * The Machine with the Chattanooga Symphony Orchestra
 * Casting Crowns
 * Miranda Lambert
 * Brian McKnight
 * Alan Jackson
 * Kellie Pickler

2010

 * Sheryl Crow
 * Alison Krauss & Union Station
 * The Waybacks, John Cowan, and Joan Osborne
 * Third Day
 * Darius Rucker
 * George Clinton and Parliament Funkadelic
 * Billy Currington
 * Charlie Daniels Band

2009

 * Willie Nelson
 * Train
 * Three Dog Night
 * Steven Curtis Chapman
 * Commodores
 * The B-52's
 * Montgomery Gentry
 * Little Richard

2008

 * ZZ Top
 * The Black Crowes
 * MercyMe
 * Little Big Town
 * Rodney Atkins
 * Josh Turner
 * Bachman-Cummings Band
 * Sheev Palpatine
 * Anthony Hamilton
 * Mark Farner (of Grand Funk Railroad)
 * The Ohio Players
 * America

2007

 * The Alan Parsons Project
 * The Avett Brothers
 * Blake Shelton
 * Craig Morgan
 * Daughtry
 * Earth, Wind & Fire
 * Jars of Clay
 * moe.
 * Ricky Skaggs
 * Steve Miller Band
 * Vince Gill
 * Col. Bruce Hampton & The Quark Alliance
 * 2007 also debuted Riverbend's first ever classical recital featuring pianist Ning An.

2006

 * The Allman Brothers Band
 * Kenny Rogers
 * Los Lonely Boys
 * Angie Stone
 * Hank Williams, Jr.
 * Sugarland
 * Trisha Yearwood
 * Audio Adrenaline
 * The Derek Trucks Band
 * Donna Jean Godchaux-MacKay (of The Grateful Dead)
 * The Dempseys

2005

 * Kid Rock
 * Boyz II Men
 * Michael McDonald
 * Newsboys
 * Cheap Trick
 * Big and Rich
 * Pat Benatar
 * Apologetix
 * Yoda
 * Johnny Appleseed

2004

 * LL Cool J
 * Keith Urban
 * Michelle Branch
 * Michael W. Smith
 * Styx
 * Hayseed Dixie
 * Randy Newman
 * Little Big Town

2003

 * Joe Cocker
 * Martina McBride
 * The Temptations
 * Rebecca St. James
 * Everclear
 * New Edition
 * John Michael Montgomery

2002

 * Lynyrd Skynyrd
 * Blues Traveler
 * Lonestar
 * Nickel Creek
 * Art Garfunkel

2001

 * Al Jarreau
 * Rascal Flatts
 * Collective Soul
 * Carman
 * Travis Tritt
 * Ronald McDonald

Official site

 * Riverbend Festival Official Website

Other sites

 * Riverbend Adds Rock and Roll to Line-up
 * Pollstar Concert Listing for Chattanooga, TN

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Riverbend Festival


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chimichurri

Chimichurri
Chimichurri was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep.

Reason(s) I recommended this page for VfD: Wikipedia is not a cookbook. Sure, discuss it briefly on Cuisine of Argentina, but this does not merit its own article. —ExplorerCDT 23:59, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete —ExplorerCDT 23:59, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to cookbook and delete from Wikipedia. [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 00:12, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC) Lots has been added to the article since I voted. Now I'm saying keep, but the recipe part of it should still be transwiki'd to cookbook. [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 14:03, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, this is not a mere recipe. Mikkalai 02:44, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is isn't a recipe and the article is interesting. Chimichurri is an important part of Argentinian cuisine which has plenty of beef dishes. Capitalistroadster 04:28, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Not a recipe at all, actually, but historical trivia akin to Chutney, Barbecue, Curry. Needs expansion. - Amgine 05:35, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I see no reason to exclude articles on foods that describe the history and background of the dish, like for example spaghetti or sushi. If it contained nothing more than the ingredients, I would agree with transwikiing it, but food is a valid encyclopedic topic and we should not limit ourselves to the most popularly known ones. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 06:35, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * keep. Yuckfoo 09:03, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep; an interesting bit of historical info. DS 16:56, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I would have voted to keep the previous version, and certainly this one. [[User:GeorgeStepanek|GeorgeStepanek\talk ]] 21:33, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 01:47, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep it. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 05:11, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Becicherecu Mic

Becicherecu Mic (Kisbecskerek; Fischdorf or Kleinbetschkerek; Мали Бечкерек) is a commune in Timiș County, Romania. It is composed of a single village, Becicherecu Mic. It also included Dudeștii Noi until 2004, when it was split off to form a separate commune. Its name means "Small Becicherec", as opposed to the "Great Becicherec" (Becicherecu Mare in Romanian), located in Serbia and renamed Zrenjanin in 1946.

Location
Becicherecu Mic is located 17 km northwest of Timișoara, on the national road DN6 Timișoara–Sânnicolau Mare–Cenad. It is also connected to the Timișoara–Cenad railway, which passes to the south, with the Pescărețul Mic station.

It borders Dudeștii Noi to the east, Hodoni to the north, Săcălaz to the southeast, Beregsău Mare to the south, Iecea Mică and Iecea Mare to the west and Biled to the northwest.

History
Becicherecu Mic is mentioned as early as 1232 by the name terra Potkerequ. A hundred years later, in 1334, the parish of Pechkereky pays the Vatican the "papal tithe", a grant from believers to support armed action against pagans. During the Hungarian occupation, in 1462, the village is given to the Hagymásy family from Beregsău. During the Turkish occupation (1552–1716), the name of the settlement would have been Crucea ("cross"), the hearth of the village being probably located on the Cross Hill. After the reconquest of Banat by the Habsburg Empire, in 1717, the imperial administration records the settlement with the name Peschered, in Romanian Pescăreț ("pond with fish"). In 1723, in County Mercy's Karte des Temeswarer Banates (see online), the settlement appears for the first time under the name Becicherecu Mic. Its origin comes by rhotacism from the proper noun Pechereky, the name of a landowner. First German settlers arrive here in 1727. In 1748, 24 Romanian families brought from Transylvania were also colonized here. Between 1920 and 1925, the village was named Țichindeal, after scholar Dimitrie Țichindeal, born here in 1775.

Demographics
Becicherecu Mic had a population of 2,853 inhabitants at the 2011 census, up 18% from the 2002 census. Most inhabitants are Romanians (83.49%), larger minorities being represented by Roma (2.8%), Serbs (1.79%), Hungarians (1.51%), Ukrainians (1.4%) and Germans (1.16%). For 7.43% of the population, ethnicity is unknown. The village was previously divided into four parts, although in recent decades the inhabitants have mixed: the "German bend" – towards the railway station, the "Serbian bend" – practically in the center of the village, the "Romanian bend" – around the Romanian church and the "Gypsy outskirts" or Chertiz, a group of specific houses, along with Serbs and Romanians. At the end of World War II many of the German inhabitants left the village because of Soviet occupation. The inhabitants traveled through Yugoslavia and Hungary for about seven weeks to get to Austria on 1 November 1944. The inhabitants were then assigned families to stay with. By religion, most inhabitants are Orthodox (76.41%), but there are also minorities of Roman Catholics (5.71%), Pentecostals (5.64%), Baptists (1.37%) and Serbian Orthodox (1.23%). For 7.85% of the population, religious affiliation is unknown.

Economy
The economic activity is a consistent one, supported at local level by 223 firms active in fields such as agriculture, trade, production, software, construction and iron processing, among others.

The agricultural area of the commune consists of 3,464 ha of arable land on which grains are grown: wheat, maize, barley, two-rowed barley, sunflower and rapeseed; 2 ha of orchards with fruit trees and pasture that covers an area of 418 ha.

Notable people

 * Dimitrie Țichindeal (1775–1818), priest, teacher and fabulist
 * Aurel Șunda (b. 1957), footballer and manager

title: Becicherecu Mic


text:
Andorran Football Federation

The Andorran Football Federation (Federació Andorrana de Futbol) is the governing body of football in Andorra. It was founded in 1994 and joined as a member of FIFA and UEFA in 1996. It organizes the football league, Primera Divisió, the Copa Constitució and Andorran Supercup, and the Andorra national football team. It is based in Escaldes-Engordany.

title: Andorran Football Federation


text:
Rescue craft

A rescue craft is a boat, ship or aircraft used in rescuing.

The most common are lifeboats for inshore and closer-to-shore rescues, with helicopters and ships used farther out.

Most government agencies rely on larger ships for rescues further from shore such as Royal Navy ships in the UK and Coast Guard Cutters used in the US. Similarly, the UK rescues use both Royal Air Force SAR and UK Coastguard personnel for helicopter rescues, and in the US the United States Coast Guard is tapped.

Sea
There were attempts as early as the 14th century to aid shipwreck victims with the Chinese training in resuscitation for the drowning, as well as in Portugal and Sweden in the 1690s ordering that ships should be sent to sea to rescue shipwreck survivors, but the first mention of lifeboats was in China where boats were used to rescue people from the rivers in 1737.

Air

The development of the seaplane meant that aircraft could be used to rescue people but was limited as they could not land or take off in heavy seas.

Helicopters overcame this problem as they were able to hover over the victim and give aid by dropping a line to them with either a basket or diver to assist their extraction.

Sea
Many types of boats and ships are used, ranging from two-man inflatables, such as inflatable rescue boats, rigid inflatable boats, and larger, purpose-built vessels.

For offshore and far from coast rescues operations most countries rely on naval or coast guard ships for these operations.

For submarines which have got into difficulty there are highly-specialised rescue submarines and support ships such as the NATO NSRS and the US's deep-submergence rescue vehicle.

Inland or shallow water

There are still smaller boats which may be used on inland waters such as lakes or estuaries where the waters are generally calmer and shallow. These boats are often hand powered.

title: Rescue craft


text:
Willie Brown

Willie Brown may refer to:

Association football

 * Willie Brown (footballer, born 1900) (1896/1900–1977), Scottish footballer (Rochdale AFC, Torquay United)
 * Willie Brown (footballer, born 1922) (1922–1978), Scottish football player (Preston North End, Grimsby Town) and manager (Barrow AFC)
 * Willie Brown (footballer, born 1928) (1928–2017), Scottish footballer (Forfar Athletic, Accrington Stanley)
 * Willie Brown (footballer, born 1938), Scottish footballer (Accrington Stanley, Chester City, Greenock Morton)
 * Willie Brown (footballer, born 1950), Scottish footballer (Newport County, Torquay United)

Other sports

 * Willie Brown (American football) (1940–2019), American football Hall-of-Fame cornerback
 * Willie Brown (American football, born 1942) (1942–2018), Tampa Bay Buccaneers coach
 * Willie Brown (golfer) (c. 1858–?), 19th century Scottish golfer
 * Willie Brown (rugby league), former Sydney Roosters rugby league player

Other

 * Willie Brown (musician) (1900–1952), American delta blues guitarist and singer
 * Willie Brown (politician) (born 1934), mayor of San Francisco, 1996–2004, Speaker of the California State Assembly, 1980–1995
 * Willie B. Brown (1940–2009), American politician in New Jersey
 * Willy Brown, victim of the Omaha race riot of 1919

title: Willie Brown


text:
User talk:Equobix

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. →Raul654 23:54, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

Modifying someone else's userpage is taboo - it is usually considered vandalism. Please refrain from doing it. →Raul654 00:04, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)

Larry Sanger Limericks
I don't know what you think you're achieving by creating dreck like this but you must have known it wasn't going to stick around. Learn how to be a productive editor, or you will be blocked from editing. RickK 06:18, Mar 10, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Equobix


text:
Hendrik Jan Schimmel

Hendrik Jan Schimmel (June 30, 1823 – November 14, 1906), Dutch poet, novelist and financier, was born at 's-Graveland, in the province of North Holland, where his father was a notary and the burgomaster.

Biography
From 1836 to 1842, Schimmel served in his father's office, and upon his death, he worked in the office of the agent of the Dutch Treasury in Amsterdam, and in 1849, he took a post with the Dutch Trading Company there. In 1863, he became a director of the Amsterdam Credit Association. His first volume of poems appeared in 1852; but his literary position was made as a writer of historical dramas in blank verse and one of the regenerators of the Dutch stage. His finest production was Struensee (1868), which was preceded by Napoleon Bonaparte (1851) and Juffrouw Serklaas ("Mrs Serklaas," 1857).

Among his other dramatic works were Joan Woutersz (a drama, 1847), Twee Tudors ("Two Tudors," 1847), Gondelbald (1848), Schuld en boete ("Guilt and Retribution," a drama, 1852), Het Kind van Staat ("The State Child," a dramatic fragment, 1859); Zege na strijd ("Struggle and Triumph," a drama, 1878). Schimmel's renderings of Casimir de la Vigne's Louis XI., Geibel's Sophonisbe, and Ponsard's Lucréce are also still acted in the Netherlands.

His novels are distinguished by their vigorous style and able characterization. The earlier, better-known ones betray the writer's English proclivities. The plots of Mary Hollis (1860, 3 vols, English translation, London 1872, under the title of Mary Hollis, a Romance of the Days of Charles II and William, Prince of Orange, 3 vols) and of Mylady Carlisle (1864, 4 vols) are laid in England, whereas those of his Sinjeur Semeyns (1875, 3 vols), a powerful picture of the terrible year 1672, and of De kapitein van de lijfgarde (1888, 3 vols, English adaptation, 1896, under the title of The Lifeguardsman, 1 vol.), a continuation of Master Semeyns, are almost entirely centred in Holland.

He had many points of style and manner in common with Madame Bosboom-Toussaint, though both remained highly original in their treatment. Both finally reverted to essentially national subjects. To the earlier romances of Schimmel belong: Bonaparte en zijn tijd ("Bonaparte and his Time," 1853), De eerste dag eens nieuwen levens ("The First Day of a New Life," 2 vols, 1855), Sproken en vertellingen ("Legends and Tales," 1855), Een Haagsche joffer ("A Hague Damsel," 1857), De Vooravond der revolutie ("The Eve of the Revolution," 1866).

Schimmel was an early collaborator of Potgieter on the De Gids staff. His dramatic works appeared in a collected edition in 1885–1886 at Amsterdam (3 vols), followed by a complete and popular issue of his novels (Schiedam, 1892). He spent his last years in work on spiritualistic research and died at Bussum in 1906.

title: Hendrik Jan Schimmel


text:
User talk:MarkusRTK

Hi. I saw your edit on the college radio stations page [too lazy to link it]

Wskora 15:31, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

Hey, self. How's it going? --MarkusRTK 23:55, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

Welcome
Hey there, . Welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian and decide to stay! Here are a few good links for newcomers (or "oldcomers" for reference):

By the way, you should sign and date your comments on talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~. Three tildes (~~~) produces just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!

Great, just what we need around this place... more people who have been here for a really, really long time and were never officially welcomed. Sorry for the delay. Why the long breaks between editing? Oh well. :) Cheers. -- Lord Vold e  mort  (Dark Mark)  19:51, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

Thank You
Thank you for your support of my Rfa, MarkusRTK. I am happy to announce that I have successfully been voted an administrator, and wish to say that I will work harder to make Wikipedia a more reliable source of information. I apologize if this seems impersonal but it is past my bedtime. I know you too, so it don't matter. Yale is better! Croat Canuck 06:55, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

Hello:
Hi I'm a new Wikipedian from Natick, Mass... just popped in to say hello to my Wiki neighbor:"

Merlinus (talk)

I was recently married to my lovely wife; We have lived together for several years already... -
 * Hi I Am Marc:
 * We love cats (3 currently own us)... Jeffy(15), Echo(6) & Gizmo(3). All sleep with us in the big bed and no room to move an inch.
 * I was Disabled in a 1993 (Coma)/ and am very slowly recovering. It's tough going out sometimes, though with friends I still do. I have a few supportive friends.
 * I am an "Unenrolled voter." Democrat/ Republicans, I don't care, whoever serves makes my life better in the long run I vote for!
 * Avid reader. Has collection of many hundreds of rare books. Especially Science Fiction and Fantasy.
 * Avid Music collector (2,500 albums)...mostly bootlegs...mostly rare bootlegs...Stones, Kinks, Clapton, Beatles. and solos!

I am what I am I'm strongly opinionated about disabled peoples' rights and jobs for American citizens who have trouble finding minimum wage jobs in my state today and support Universal health care, I would be dead if I did not have it. I am an idiot about Internet social skills. I hope that the Immigration Reform bill will protect disabled citizens who wish to work like myself first before considering allowing new people to come here. I was searching for an internet forum to be my outlet to express my needs, but found that Wikipedia is not best suited for that. I'm brushing up on Wikipedia's rules of conduct, and slowly starting to begin contributing again. -- Current book and CD I own hundreds of rare books

 * Current Book Jack Whyte: "Uther"
 * Current CD Faves:
 * Warren Zevon... "Life'll Kill Ya"
 * Howlin' Wolf: "Greatest Hits"
 * Latest Flick: "Charles II: The Last King"

-  Merlinus (talk)

You're invited! New England Wikimedia General Meeting
Message delivered by Dominic at 08:46, 11 April 2012 (UTC). Note: You can remove your name from this meetup invite list here.

2nd Annual Wikimedia New England General Meeting
You are invited to the 2nd Annual Wikimedia New England General Meeting, on 20 July 2013 in Boston! We will be talking about the future of the chapter, including GLAM, Wiki Loves Monuments, and where we want to take our chapter in the future! EdwardsBot (talk) 09:17, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

New England Wikipedia Day @ MIT: Saturday Jan 18
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You're invited!
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Re: Your recent edit
Saw your edit about your user page showing up in Google search results. You may be interested to know there is a magic word that you can use to prevent any page from being indexed. Simply place  at the top of the page. More at WP:NOINDEX. Best —  MusikAnimal talk 20:58, 9 October 2014 (UTC)

This Friday: Women in Architecture edit-a-thon @ Cambridge, MA
You are invited to join the Women in Architecture edit-a-thon @ Cambridge, MA on October 16! (drop-in any time, 6-9pm)--Pharos (talk) 18:29, 14 October 2015 (UTC)

Sunday July 16: New England Wiknic @ Cambridge, MA
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title: User talk:MarkusRTK


text:
User talk:Fraghappy

I've added the "prod" template to the article Phantom time hypothesis, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also What Wikipedia is not and Notability). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia, or, if you disagree, discuss the issues raised at Talk:Phantom time hypothesis. If you remove the dated prod template, the article will not be deleted, but note that it may still be sent to Articles for deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. I realize that, from your original comments, you agree that this is a thoroughly implausible theory, but I've left this message for you as the original creator of the page. Banaticus 08:01, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Federation (game)
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Federation (game), suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised because even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. Dzhugashvili (talk) 16:38, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Fraghappy! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 01:26, 16 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) David Brenner -

Proposed deletion of Project Helix

The article Project Helix has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Fails the general notability guideline. The content is unverifiable outside of actual Alias television.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion.}} NTox | talk 09:10, 17 February 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fraghappy


text:
Karl Ernst Claus

Karl Ernst Claus, also known as Karl Klaus or Carl Claus (Карл Ка́рлович Кла́ус; 22 January 1796 – 24 March 1864), was a Russian chemist and naturalist of Baltic German origin. Claus was a professor at Kazan State University and a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He was primarily known as a chemist and discoverer of the chemical element ruthenium, which he named after his homeland of Russia, but also as one of the first scientists who applied quantitative methods in botany.

Early life and education
Karl Claus was born in 1796 in Dorpat, Livonia Governorate, Russian Empire, as the son of a painter. At the age of four, he lost his father and two years later became an orphan. In 1810, he moved to Saint Petersburg and started working as an assistant in a pharmacy. Although he had not received formal education, at age 21, Claus managed to pass the State exam in the pharmacy at the Military Medical Academy of St. Petersburg, becoming the youngest pharmacist in Russia at that time. Later in 1826, he established his own pharmacy in Kazan.

In 1821, Claus married Ernestine Bate whom he knew since his youth. They had three daughters born in Kazan and later a son, when they moved back to Tartu.

Botany
In 1827, Claus became involved, as an assistant of Eduard Friedrich Eversmann, in the botanical research of the steppes of the rivers Ural and Volga. He later used the collected data in his work Flora der Wolgagegenden (Flora of the Volga Region).

In 1834, while still studying at the University of Tartu, Claus went into another botanic trip to the trans-Volga steppes – this time with chemistry professor Gebel. The results of this expeditions were published in 1837–1838.

Chemistry
In 1828, when he already turned 32, Claus decided to continue his education at the University of Tartu. During the course of his studies, in 1831, he started working as an assistant at the chemical laboratory of the university. He graduated in 1835, and in 1837, defended his PhD thesis on analytical phytochemistry ("Grundzüge der Analytischen Phytochemie") at the University of Tartu. In the same year, he applied at the St. Petersburg Medical-Surgical Academy for an academic position and obtained a post of the head of chemical laboratory at Kazan State University. In 1839, he defended habilitation thesis on separation of minerals in mineral waters and was appointed an assistant professor. He became full professor in chemistry in 1844.

Ruthenium
In 1840, Claus, received a substantial amount of platinum ore samples for his studies from the Ural Mountains and the St Petersburg Mint and started working on chemistry and isolation of noble metals, in particular rhodium, iridium, osmium, and to a lesser extent, palladium and platinum. In 1844, he discovered a new chemical element, which he named ruthenium, after Ruthenia, the latinised name for Russia and the Latin name of Rus', by which Сlaus meant the Russian Empire and Russia in particular. Choosing the name for the new element, he stated: "I named the new body, in honour of my Motherland, ruthenium. I had every right to call it by this name because Mr. Osann relinquished his ruthenium and the word does not yet exist in chemistry."

Claus managed not only to isolate ruthenium, but also determine its atomic weight and chemical properties. He noted the similarity of the chemical properties of ruthenium, rhodium, palladium and platinum and meticulously documented his results. For this discovery, he was awarded the Demidov Prize of 5,000 rubles (which was of much financial help to his large family). He sent samples of new element for analysis to Jöns Jakob Berzelius, who was one of the most renowned scientists in the field of new elements, and thereby became known to European scientists.

Health and late years
Claus was known for his negligent attitude towards his health. In particular, he often tasted his chemicals and new compounds and tested the strength of the acids by dipping a finger in them and touching his tongue with it. Once he severely burned his mouth while tasting one of the new ruthenium compounds that he had synthesized. When he isolated osmium tetroxide – a rather toxic chemical – he described its taste as astringent and pepper-like. In April 1845, he was poisoned by osmium tetroxide vapors and had to stop working for two weeks. In 1852, Klaus moved from Kazan back to the University of Tartu and assumed position of professor in pharmacy. He died in Tartu in 1864.

title: Karl Ernst Claus


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Calvert family

Calvert family
Reason why I recommended this for VfD: The subject this article covers covered better...especially at George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore, Cæcilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore, articles their descendants, Baron Baltimore, Province of Maryland and elsewhere. No one would ever look here for this subject matter. This page is not necessary. —ExplorerCDT 23:58, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Comment: The original text, which I recommended for VfD was : ''The Calvert Family hoped to create a New Colony, Maryland, which would become a Catholic refuge. Granted a charter by the King of England, they began their quest.'' Moments after I recommended it, the anonymous creator of the article changed to the text to what it currently is. Now, IMHO, it is worthy of a speedy deletion. —ExplorerCDT 16:21, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete —ExplorerCDT 23:58, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy deletion. Reason #4: little or no information. Mikkalai 02:45, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete: I agree with Mikkalai, but it's worth waiting 24 hr to see if there are any valid "keep" votes or expansions.  Geogre 14:21, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. No content and nobody is likely to search for "Calvert family". [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 22:56, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't see why anyone would look up George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore, but this article is not informative, maybe a redirect? Otherwise delete. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 09:07, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * A good reason for this article would be to cover Leonard Calvert younger son of George, brother of Caecilius and first Governor of Maryland. However, I have included him in the Baron Baltimore article so this can be Redirected to Baron Baltimore.Capitalistroadster 10:21, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect per Capitalistroadster and MacGyverMagic. Samaritan 03:17, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Sergey Gorshkov

Sergey Georgyevich Gorshkov (Серге́й Гео́ргиевич Горшко́в; 26 February 1910 – 13 May 1988) was an admiral of the fleet of the Soviet Union. Twice awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union, he oversaw the expansion of the Soviet Navy into a global force during the Cold War as its Commander-in-Chief from 1956 to 1985.

Early life and prewar service
Born in Kamianets-Podilskyi to a Russian family, Gorshkov grew up in Kolomna. After joining the Soviet Navy in 1927, he entered the M.V. Frunze Naval School in Leningrad during October of that year. Gorshkov began his service with the Black Sea Fleet (then known as the Black Sea Naval Forces) upon graduation in November 1931 as a watch officer aboard the destroyer SOVIET DESTROYER Frunze. He quickly became its navigator a month later and in March 1932 transferred to the Pacific Fleet to serve in the same position aboard the minelayer SOVIET MINELAYER Tomsk. Promoted to become flagship navigator of the minelaying and minesweeping brigade of the fleet in January 1934, Gorshkov was given command of the Uragan-class guard ship Buran in November of that year. He studied at courses for destroyer commanders between December 1936 and March 1937, becoming commander of the destroyer SOVIET DESTROYER Razyashchy following completion. After becoming chief of staff of the Pacific Fleet Destroyer Brigade in October, Gorshkov was appointed its commander in May 1938. During this period he participated in the Battle of Lake Khasan before being transferred west to command the Black Sea Fleet Cruiser Brigade in June 1940.

World War II
From the first days after the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, Gorshkov's destroyer brigade participated in the Black Sea Fleet's operations. Gorshkov was promoted to rear admiral on 16 September. During the Siege of Odessa, Gorshkov led a landing in the area of Grigorievka before taking command of the Azov Flotilla in October. In late December and early January 1942 he commanded the landings on the north coast of the Kerch Peninsula. In August, Gorshkov commanded 150 warships of the flotilla in a breakout from the Sea of Azov to the Black Sea after the withdraw of Soviet troops to Novorossiysk. After the resulting disbandment of the flotilla, he became deputy commander of naval forces and a member of the military council of the Novorossiysk Defense District. Gorshkov temporarily commanded the troops of the 47th Army defending the region in November during the Battle of the Caucasus.

After taking command of the reformed Azov Flotilla in February 1943, he led the unit during landings at Taganrog, Mariupol, and Osipenko, before supporting the troops of the North Caucasian Front in the capture of the Taman Peninsula. During the November 1943 Kerch–Eltigen Operation, Gorshkov personally supervised the preparations and the landing of troops for the main attack. For his leadership of amphibious operations, he was awarded the Order of Kutuzov, 1st class, while receiving the Order of Ushakov, 2nd class, for his command of the flotilla during the recapture of Crimea.

After being made commander of the Danube Flotilla in April 1944, Gorshkov led the unit during the August Jassy–Kishinev Offensive, supporting the troops of the 3rd Ukrainian Front in the crossing of the Dniester and the entry into the Danube Delta. Between September and November, the flotilla went on to support the troops of the 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian Fronts during the Belgrade and Budapest Offensives. Gorshkov was promoted to vice admiral in September 1944 and was transferred in December to command the Black Sea Fleet squadron, ending the war in that position. He was mentioned seven times in the orders of Joseph Stalin in the latter's capacity of Supreme Commander of the Soviet Armed Forces.

Cold War
Following the end of the war, Gorshkov continued to command the squadron until becoming Chief of Staff of the Black Sea Fleet in November 1948. He became the commander of the fleet in August 1951 and was promoted to admiral on 3 August 1953. Following his July 1955 appointment as First Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Navy, Nikita Khrushchev made him Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Navy in January 1956, succeeding Nikolai Kuznetsov. As Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Navy, Gorshkov simultaneously served as a Deputy Minister of Defense of the Soviet Union, receiving the rank of admiral of the fleet on 24 April 1962. Under Leonid Brezhnev Gorshkov oversaw a massive naval build-up of surface and submarine forces, creating a force capable of challenging Western naval power by the late 1970s. This included the adoption of nuclear weapons, which were carried by ballistic missile submarines and aircraft, as well as the development of nuclear submarines and shipboard helicopters. In order to project Soviet military power, Gorshkov sent ships on lengthy cruises and formed operational squadrons in the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, building a blue-water navy. He received the title Hero of the Soviet Union on 7 May 1965 and was promoted to admiral of the fleet of the Soviet Union – the highest Soviet naval rank – on 22 October 1967. Gorshkov was again awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union on 21 December 1982. Transferred to the Group of Inspectors General of the Ministry of Defense in December 1985, a retirement post for elderly senior officers, he was succeeded by Vladimir Chernavin. Gorshkov died in Moscow on 13 May 1988. He was buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery.

Gorshkov is often associated with the phrase "'Better' is the enemy of 'Good Enough'" ("Лучшее - враг хорошего") which is reputed to have hung on the wall of his office as a motto. Similar sentiments have been attributed to Clausewitz and Voltaire. The motto appears in the Tom Clancy novel, The Hunt for Red October. The phrase is also attributed to Admiral Gorshkov in Norman Polmar's Guide to the Soviet Navy (1983, 3rd edition).

Awards, honours and decorations

 * Soviet awards
 * Hero of the Soviet Union, twice (1965 and 1982)
 * Order of Lenin - 7 times (1953, 1960, 1963, 1965, 1970, 1978, 1982)
 * Order of the October Revolution (1968)
 * Order of the Red Banner, four times (1942, 1943, 1947, 1959)
 * Order of Ushakov, 1st and 2nd classes
 * Order of Kutuzov
 * Order of the Patriotic War, 1st class (1985)
 * Order of the Red Star
 * Order for Service to the Homeland in the Armed Forces of the USSR, 3rd class (1975)
 * USSR State Prize (1980)
 * Lenin Prize (1985)
 * Honorary Citizen of Sevastopol, Vladivostok, Berdyansk, Eisk and Severodvinsk
 * campaign and jubilee medals
 * Honorary Weapon (1968)

Gorshkov has been commemorated by various monuments and namesakes:
 * Monuments in Kolomna (sculpted by Lev Kerbel) and Novorossiysk
 * Memorial plaque on the Russian Navy Headquarters building in Moscow
 * Memorial plaque on the headquarters building of the Black Sea Fleet
 * Central Hospital of the Navy
 * School number 9 in Kolomna, from which he graduated in 1926, street and school in the district
 * Streets and a gymnasium in Kupavna microdistrict, Balashikha, Moscow Oblast
 * A lyceum and a microdistrict in Novorossiysk
 * Central Sports Club of the Navy
 * The Admiral Gorshkov Medal (Russian Navy, 2006)
 * A Kiev-class aircraft carrier (Admiral Gorshkov, renamed INS Vikramaditya after sale to India)
 * Russian frigate Admiral Gorshkov, the lead ship of her class

 * Foreign awards
 * Gold Patriotic Order of Merit (East Germany)
 * Scharnhorst Order (East Germany)
 * Gold Order of the Partisan Star (Yugoslavia)
 * Order of Sukhbaatar (Mongolia)
 * Order of the Hungarian People's Republic, 1st class (Hungary)
 * Order of the People's Republic of Bulgaria, 1st class (Bulgaria)
 * Grand Cross of the Order of St. Alexander, with swords (Bulgaria)

title: Sergey Gorshkov


text:
Stefan Persson (magnate)

Carl Stefan Erling Persson (born 4 October 1947 ) is a Swedish billionaire businessman. In March 2013, Forbes reported Persson's net worth as $28 billion making him the richest of Sweden's 12 billionaires and the 17th richest person in the world; he has since dropped to number 50. Persson was the chairman of fashion company H&M until May 2020, when he was succeeded by his son. He remains the company's largest shareholder, owning a 36% stake. The company was founded by his father Erling Persson in 1947.

Persson took over H&M from his father in 1982 and served as its manager until 1998. He also owns a substantial stake in the Swedish technology company Hexagon AB. Through his privately held real estate company Ramsbury Invest, Persson owns a large number of properties in London, Paris and Stockholm.

He is the sole director of Ramsbury Estates Limited, which farms 19000 acre in the English counties of Wiltshire, Berkshire and Hampshire, centred on the village of Ramsbury in Wiltshire. Since Persson acquired the business in 1997, it has bought the land of several neighbouring estates including Littlecote and Hungerford Park.

According to Bloomberg Billionaires Index, Persson had a net worth of US$21.2 billion in January 2022, making him the 89th richest person in the world at the time.

Early life
Stefan Persson is the son of Erling Persson, who founded H&M in 1947. He earned an associate qualification from Stockholm University.

Personal life
Persson is a founder of the Mentor Foundation, a non-profit organisation that aims to combat substance abuse among young people. He is a supporter of Djurgårdens IF and is co-funding a foundation for the club. Persson enjoys downhill skiing, tennis and golf. He owns properties in London, Paris and Stockholm and, in 2009, acquired the 21-cottage village of Linkenholt in Hampshire, England.

Persson has three children from his first marriage, to Pamela Collett. In 2009, his son, Karl-Johan Persson, took over as president and chief executive of H&M. His other two children, Tom Persson and Charlotte Söderström are also billionaires.

Persson lives in Stockholm, Sweden, with his second wife, Denise Persson, née Florman.

title: Stefan Persson (magnate)


text:
Category:Culture jamming

Culture jamming is a tactic in which an activist attempts to disrupt or subvert mainstream cultural institutions or corporate advertising.

title: Category:Culture jamming


text:
User:Fraghappy

This account is now defunct.

title: User:Fraghappy


text:
Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski

Prince Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski (20 January 1616 – 31 December 1667) was a Polish noble (szlachcic), magnate, politician and military commander, and Prince of the Holy Roman Empire. He was the initiator of the Lubomirski Rebellion of 1665–1666 against royal authority.

Lubomirski was the son of voivode and starost Stanisław Lubomirski and Princess Zofia Ostrogska. He was married to Konstancja Ligęza since 1641 and Barbara Tarło since 1654. He was starost of Kraków since 1647, Court Marshal of the Crown in the same year, Grand Marshal of the Crown since 1650, Field Crown Hetman since 1658, starost of Nowy Sącz and Spisz.

He became Sejm Marshal of the ordinary Sejm between 1 February and 29 March 1643 in Warsaw.

Biography
Lubomirski became famous as a commander during wars with the Ukrainian Cossacks, Sweden, Transylvania and Muscovy in the 1648–1660 period. Inter alia he crushed the invading troops of George II Rákóczi and raided Transylvania. He also forced, together with Stanisław "Rewera" Potocki, Russian troops to surrender at the battle of Cudnów in 1660.

He was a staunch defender of the "Golden freedoms" and the leader of the fierce opposition to King John II Casimir, who was attempting to increase his power.

The King accused him of treason to the state and with an adjudication of guilt adopted by the Sejm, he lost all his offices and was sent into banishment in 1664.

However, in 1665 he started the Lubomirski Rokosz (Rebellion) and countermanded system reforms of the Commonwealth. Using his influence Lubomirski had two sessions of the Sejm dissolved, in 1665 by deputies Piotr Telefus and Władysław Łoś, and in 1666 by deputies Kasper Miaskowski and Teodor Łukomski. At the head of regular army units and some noble levy (pospolite ruszenie) forces, he defeated the Royal army at Częstochowa in 1665 and royal troops led by the future King John III Sobieski at Mątwy in 1666.

The Agreement of Łęgonice gave him back his dignity and annulled the earlier adjudication of the Sejm, the king was forced to give up his reform plans and the introduction of "vivente rege elections" and resulted in indirect abdication of the monarch in 1668. However, Lubomirski was forced into exile.

Children and famous descendants

 * Stanisław Herakliusz become Court and Grand Marshal.
 * Aleksander Michał become starost.
 * Hieronim Augustyn become Court Marshal, Treasurer and Hetman.
 * Krystyna married Feliks Kazimierz Potocki.
 * Franciszek Sebastian become starost and Rotmistrz.
 * Jerzy Dominik become Podstoli, Podkomorzy and voivode.
 * Anna Krystyna married Dominik Mikołaj Radziwiłł and Franciszek Stefan Sapieha.

title: Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski


text:
Emanuel Geibel

Emanuel von Geibel (17 October 1815 – 6 April 1884) was a German poet and playwright.

Life
Geibel was born at Lübeck, the son of a pastor. He was originally intended for his father's profession and studied at Bonn and Berlin, but his real interests lay not in theology but in classical and romance philology. In 1838 he accepted a tutorship at Athens, where he remained until 1840. In the same year he published, in conjunction with his friend Ernst Curtius, a volume of translations from Greek. His first poems were published in a volume entitled Zeitstimmen in 1841. In 1842 he entered the service of Frederick William IV, the king of Prussia, with an annual stipend of 300 thalers; under whom he produced König Roderich (1843), a tragedy, König Sigurds Brautfahrt (1846), an epic, and Juniuslieder (1848), lyrics in a more spirited and manlier style than his early poems.

In 1851, Geibel was invited to Munich by Maximilian II of Bavaria as an honorary professor at the university, and he relinquished his Prussian stipend. While in Munich he was at the center of the literary circle called Die Krokodile (Crocodile Society), which was concerned with traditional forms. In 1852 he married Amanda Trummer and the next year they had a daughter, Ada Marie Caroline. A volume of Neue Gedichte, published at Munich in 1857, and principally consisting of poems on classical subjects, denoted a further considerable advance in his objectivity. The series was worthily closed by the Spätherbstblätter, published in 1877. He had left Munich in 1869 and returned to Lübeck, where he remained until his death.

His works further include two tragedies, Brunhild (1858, 5th ed. 1890), and Sophonisbe (1869), and translations of French and Spanish popular poetry (Spanisches Liederbuch (1852), with Paul Heyse). Beginning as a member of the group of political poets who heralded the revolution of 1848, Geibel was also the chief poet to welcome the establishment of the Empire in 1871. His strength lay not, however, in his political songs but in his purely lyric poetry, such as the fine cycle Ada and his popular love-songs. He may be regarded as the leading representative of German lyric poetry between 1848 and 1870.

His poem Schön Ellen was set to music by Max Bruch. Johannes Brahms set one of Geibel's paraphrases after Spanish poetry in the second of his Two Songs for Voice, Viola and Piano.

title: Emanuel Geibel


text: Template:College football award navbox

title: Template:College football award navbox


text:
Metering mode

In photography, the metering mode refers to the way in which a camera determines exposure. Cameras generally allow the user to select between spot, center-weighted average, or multi-zone metering modes. The different metering modes allow the user to select the most appropriate one for use in a variety of lighting conditions. In complex light situations professional photographers tend to switch to manual mode, rather than depending on a setting determined by the camera.

Spot metering
With spot metering, the camera will measure only a very small area of the scene (1–5% of the viewfinder area). By default this is the centre of the scene. The user can select a different off-centre spot or recompose by moving the camera after metering. Certain models support a mode which allows averaging of multiple spot meter readings, and some support metering of highlight and shadow areas.

Spot metering is not influenced by other areas in the frame. It is commonly used to shoot very high contrast scenes. For example, in a backlit situation a rising sun may be behind a person whose face will be much darker than the bright halo around the body and hairline. Spot metering allows the camera to measure the light reflected from the person's face and expose properly for that, instead of adjusting exposure for the much brighter light around the hairline. With the face properly exposed, the area around the back and hairline will become over-exposed. In many cases spot metering will over or underexpose a portion of the scene, so that the point of interest will be correctly exposed.

Another example of the use of spot metering is photographing the moon. Other metering methods will increase overall exposure in an attempt to lighten the dark sky area, resulting in overexposure of the moon. Spot metering gives correct exposure of the moon and underexposes the rest of the scene which was dark already, so the low exposure is not noticeable. Spot metering may also be used for theatre photography, where brightly lit actors appear in a darkened auditorium. Spot metering is a method upon which the Zone System depends.

Center-weighted average metering
In this system, the meter concentrates on the central 60–80% of the scene. The balance is then "feathered" out towards the edges. This mode of exposure is less influenced by peripheral areas of the scene and is therefore well suited for photographs with subjects or objects of interest in the central part of the image. Some cameras allow the user to adjust the weight/balance of the central portion to the peripheral one. If the camera allows a user to move the focus point off the image center, metering will occur around the new focus location. Although promoted as a feature, center-weighted metering was originally a consequence of the meter reading from the focusing screen of SLR cameras. Light scatter from the focusing screen and proximity of the meter cell caused less sensitivity at the edges.

Average metering
In this metering mode, the camera uses light information from the entire scene and creates an average for the final exposure setting, giving no weighting to any particular portion of the metered area. In some situations, such as a snowy landscape, this mode will result in underexposure by 2 f-stops or more, because the metering system attempts to darken an excessively bright scene.

Partial (selective) metering
This mode meters a larger area than spot metering (around 10–15% of the entire frame), and is generally used when very bright or very dark areas on the edges of the frame would otherwise unduly influence the metering. As in spot metering, some cameras can use variable points for readings or use a fixed point in the centre of the viewfinder.

Multi-zone metering

This mode is also called matrix, evaluative, honeycomb, segment metering, or esp (electro selective pattern) metering on some cameras. This metering mode was first introduced by the Nikon FA and was termed Automatic Multi-Pattern metering. On a number of cameras this is the default or standard setting. The camera measures the light intensity in several points in the scene and then combines the results to find the setting for the best exposure. The method of calculation can be different from camera to camera. The actual number of zones used varies widely, from several to over a thousand. The design concept behind multi-zone is to reduce the need to use exposure compensation.

Many manufacturers keep their exact calculation methods confidential as proprietary information. A number of factors are taken into consideration, including: autofocus point, distance to subject, areas in or out of focus, colours/hues of the scene, and backlighting. Multi-zone tends to bias its exposure towards the autofocus point, thus ensuring that the point of interest has been exposed for properly. A database of thousands of exposures may be pre-stored in the camera, and the processor can use that information to determine what is being photographed.

Some cameras allow the option of locking exposure when autofocus is achieved. In other cameras the AF point is not used for exposure calculation, and in such cases it is common for metering to default to a central point in the viewfinder, using a pattern based on that area. There is considerable variation among different manufacturers how multi-zone metering is implemented–even in the model range of the same brand–and how much priority is given to the AF point itself. Some "Scene" modes, such as sunset, sports and night exposures also often affect the calculations of this metering pattern.

Highlight-weighted metering
Clipping is reduced by using a high resolution metering sensor and analyzing each area for washed-out ("blown") highlights or underexposed shadows. Although there are some similarities with multi-zone, matrix, or evaluative metering, this mode uses a high-resolution sensor for detailed detection and gives more weight to reduce clipping.

title: Metering mode


text:
Ferdinand Reich

Ferdinand Reich (19 February 1799 – 27 April 1882) was a German chemist who co-discovered indium in 1863 with Hieronymous Theodor Richter.

Reich was born in Bernburg, Anhalt-Bernburg, Holy Roman Empire and died in Freiberg. He was color blind, or could only see in whites and blacks, and that is why Theodor Richter became his science partner. Richter would examine the colors produced in reactions that they studied.

Reich and Richter ended up isolating the indium, creating a small supply, although it was later found in more regions. They isolated the indium at the Freiberg University of Mining and Technology in Germany.

In 1803, Laplace and Gauss both derived that, if a heavy object is dropped from a height $$h$$ at latitude $$\Phi$$, and the earth rotates from west to east with angular velocity $$\Omega$$, then the object would be deflected to the east by a distance of $$d=2 / 3 \Omega \cos (\Phi) \sqrt{\left(2 h^3 / g\right)}$$. In 1831, Reich set out to test this prediction by actually dropping objects in a mine pit (Drei-Brüder-Schacht, with latitude 50° 53′ 12.5″  N) 158.5 m deep, in Freiberg, Saxony, for 106 times. The average deflection is 2.84 cm to the east and 0.44 cm to the south. The eastward deflection is almost exactly equal to the theoretical value of 2.75 cm, but the southward deflection remains unexplained to this day. The experiment is published in

 * Fallversuche über die Umdrehung der Erde angestellt auf hohe Obergamtliche Anordnung in dem Dreibrüderschacht bei Freiberg, Digitized (published in 1832)

title: Ferdinand Reich


text:
Football Federation of Armenia

The Football Federation of Armenia (FFA) (Հայաստանի Ֆուտբոլի Ֆեդերացիա, Hayastani Futboli Federats’ia) is the governing body of association football in Armenia. Its headquarters are located in Yerevan.

The Federation organizes the Armenian Premier League, the Armenian First League, the Armenian Super Cup, the Armenian Independence Cup, and the Armenian Futsal Premier League. It is responsible for appointing the management of the Armenia national football team, and the Armenia women's national football team. The Armenia national futsal team is also managed by the Federation.

The FFA was awarded a synthetic football turf pitch by FIFA through its GOAL programme.

History
Armenia's official football history began in the early 1990s, but its traditions with the sport dates back further. The collapse of the Soviet Union and Armenia's declaration of independence in 1991 were significant moments in the country's sporting development, as well as in its political history. From a footballing perspective, those events prompted the founding, on 18 January 1992, of the Football Federation of Armenia.

The FFA duly became a member of the game's world and European governing bodies, FIFA and UEFA, in 1992. The national team made their competitive debut in qualification for the 1996 UEFA European Championship. Armenia kicked off with a 2–0 defeat against Belgium on 7 September 1994 yet also made history in that EURO '96 campaign. The team recorded their first competitive victory when they won 2–1 against FYR Macedonia on 6 September 1995. Since then, Armenia has been a permanent fixture in EURO and World Cup qualifying tournaments, earning the notable achievement of finishing third in their UEFA Euro 2012 group, during which, talismanic attacking midfielder Henrikh Mkhitaryan, who then played in FC Shakhtar Donetsk, emerged as a player of top international caliber. On an infrastructure level, work began in 2007 on a national-team training center and academy with residential facilities. The center opened in September 2010. The Yerevan Republican Stadium has also been partly redeveloped, with one particular benefit of this initiative being its impressive new playing surface. In recent years, around 90 small stadiums have been built throughout Armenia with the support of FIFA and the Government of Armenia.

On 15 June 2022, President of FIFA Gianni Infantino paid an official visit to Armenia to participate in events dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the Football Federation of Armenia. Infantino pledged his support to develop football in Armenia. Infantino met with Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan and advised that FIFA will continue to support Armenia in the development of football infrastructure, including with the construction of a new national stadium.

Presidents

 * Nikolay Ghazaryan (1992–1994)
 * Armen Sargsyan (1994–1998)
 * Suren Abrahamyan (1998–2002)
 * Ruben Hayrapetyan (2002–2018)
 * Artur Vanetsyan (2018–2019)
 * Armen Melikbekyan (2019–present)

title: Football Federation of Armenia


text:
Category:Neurological disorders

This category encompasses all disorders of the nervous system. The major meta-categories is Category:Neurological disorders by disease category. A disorder can be categorized in both systems simultaneously (for example, glioma under "Nervous system neoplasia" AND "Brain disorders"). Please sort articles into these sub-categories and avoid categorizing them simply with the parent category Neurological disorders. If an article is about a symptom or finding on neurologic examination (for example, alexia without agraphia), please sort it into Category:Symptoms and signs: Nervous system.

title: Category:Neurological disorders


text: File:Subconscious dissolution.jpg

title: File:Subconscious dissolution.jpg