text:
Talk:FL Studio

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 19 August 2019 and 13 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): LucasHill.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 21:05, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Don"t READ: Criteria for Including Notable FL Users
'''While I'm sure many edits in this regard are well-meaning, the artists section over the years has a history of being glutted with users of dubious or unestablished notability. As such, to keep the list under control and immediately relevant, here are the criteria for including an artist/producer (both criteria must be met to avoid deletion):
 * 1) The user must have a Wikipedia entry; if you want to add an artist onto this page who doesn't have an entry, consider it impetus to do some research and create the artist page yourself.
 * 2) The artist's use of FL Studio must be mentioned in an independent source verifying the use of the product by the artist. A reference on the artist's Wikipedia entry is not enough. Sources could include the artist's official website, a music magazine, or a third-party interview. An entry on the FL Studio Power Users page does not count. If the Wikipedia entry doesn't reference their use of FL Studio but you do have a source, take the time to add the source to the artist's personal Wikipedia article as well as to the FL Studio page.

Thanks for following these guidelines, and if your addition is deleted for not meeting the criteria, please don't take it personally. Instead, take it as encouragement to prove the artist's notability in their own entry. This criteria also applies to the intro; please keep that list short.

FL Studio User Editing Tips
If you know the User uses FL, then you hopefully read it somewhere online. If possible, find the source and fill the following code in with the information. Then simply paste the code after the relevant info, both on the FL Studio entry and the artist's entry.

Musicians who use FL Studio
We shouldn't have everyone and their grandmother placing links to their myspace pages, especially when the editors are the artists themselves. Violates the editorial neutrality policy.

From now on, try to only link artists who have DOCUMENTED experience with FL Studio through their .com, 3rd party interview, or from the official FL studio power users site. --Djdimitrious (talk) 16:36, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

 * This standard no longer seems effective. Is there some way to filter this list further? Not using their wikipedia page as an acceptable source might be a start - after all, if that fact is cited on their page (as it should be) we could just cite the same source here. WiggyWamWam (talk) 03:50, 1 December 2023 (UTC)

I've capitalized the Aphex Twin addition to this list even though I - a huge Aphex Twin fan - have never heard of him using his programme. Does anyone have any sources to back this up or should it even just be deleted? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.13.125.37 (talk) 19:01, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

All notable musicians have been marked as "Citation Needed". Only one artist has been confirmed using FL Studio which is noted within the Wikipedia article. Anyone attempting to change this without proving an artist is using FL Studio will see their changes reverted back. Ishmael Rufus (talk) 19:10, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

Update
After the major update today, the list contains FL Users where their use is referenced in a third party interview, on the FL Studio Power Users Site, or on their English Wikipedia entry. Any additions after this date where one of these three criteria aren't met, will be deleted. Thanks, MusicLover650 (talk) 06:12, 17 June 2011 (UTC)

 * As of my last edit, this is again the case. This article is on my watchlist, and any additions that do not meet the consensus for criteria of inclusion WILL be reverted.

 * Several artists are listed because their use of FL Studio is mentioned on their English Wikipedia article, however not all of those mentions are properly cited. Additionally, it may be useful to make a distinction between whether the criteria for inclusion on the list is simply that a notable artist uses or has used FL Studio, or if it is required that there be a notable use of FL Studio by a notable artist. For example, Mario is a notable artist. But his use of FL Studio is only (AFAIK) noted in a single song of his. Does this make his use of FL Studio notable enough to include on the notable users list? He is a notable artist, but his use of FL Studio is apparently not notable enough to be included on his main article page. Should he be included for a single use in one notable song? —danhash (talk) 15:11, 27 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks danhash. As far as I'm concerned, the criterion for inclusion is an independent source verifying the use of the product by a notable musician (that is, with a wiki article). Music magazines report these sorts of things, and those count--the company website does not count. That's endorsement, and we all know that endorsement does not necessarily entail actual (notable) use. An example that I'm keeping an eye on is Echoplex. Thanks again, also for your notes on my talk page. Drmies (talk) 14:30, 30 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Very much agree —danhash (talk) 14:54, 30 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Hey, I think both your take on it sounds great - I have no problem shortening the list and letting it grow back over time with solid references. And I think when possible, I agree with danhash that we should try and prioritize heavy users. Though as long as the list is small and we're focusing on references, I bet we can put off enforcing that for now. MusicLover650 (talk) 17:12, 30 September 2011 (UTC)

I would have thought deadmau5 is the obvious one, because he made demo songs for FL Studio and now he's famous and has hit records! --217.39.39.112 (talk) 08:02, 25 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Obvious or not, we need a source. Feel free to add one! —danhash (talk) 13:34, 25 October 2011 (UTC)

Switch from "FruityLoops" to "FL Studio" and reasoning
It needs to be made clear that from launch to version 3.56, the program was called FruityLoops, and from Version 4.01 to present the program is called FL Studio. The name change was because of references to "Fruit Loops" (cereal) and "Fruity" (gay), and the product was becoming more complex and serious and needed a less silly name. This needs to be mentioned in the article. Thanks — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.83.82.3 (talk) 14:03, 9 September 2011 (UTC)
 * I'd love to see this added to the article, however does anyone have a source? --danhash (talk) 21:33, 21 September 2011 (UTC)

The first sentence is based on information in the "What's new" document that comes with the program. Can be downloaded from http://forum.image-line.com/viewtopic.php?p=360965#360965 if you are registered to the forums. As for the second sentence, I can only find a link regarding the name clash with Fruit Loops - http://www.fruityloops.com/ --217.39.39.112 (talk) 07:58, 25 October 2011 (UTC)

Hmm, that's been updated now, but proof can probably be had at the Wayback Machine! --194.83.82.3 (talk) 12:14, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

Mac OS X version
Hi, the native version of FL Studio for Mac is currently in alpha testing. Specifically, version alpha 0.4 (i.e. the 4th alpha version) has been available for registered forum users since September 24th, 2015. http://forum.image-line.com/viewtopic.php?f=1965&t=145057&view=unread#unread The native mac version of a number of FL plugins are at a more advanced alpha testing stage (alpha 11, released on Oct 13th, 2015). http://forum.image-line.com/viewtopic.php?f=100&t=125055 Further information can be found on image-line software's knowledgebase.https://support.image-line.com/knowledgebase/base.php?ans=114 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.246.93.78 (talk) 22:35, 19 October 2015 (UTC)

We need a source for information about a Mac OS X version. Does anybody have one? I just removed this unsourced sentence added yesterday: "A close-to-native Mac version of FL Studio is currently in beta testing, in response to continued customer requests and increased usage of the platform."

I also removed the following unsourced paragraph from the editions section:
 * The FL Studio team announced in early September 2011 that they are seeking experienced FL Studio users with a registered copy of FL Studio to test a beta version that runs natively on Mac OS X. According to the thread on the Image-Line forum in which they announced this information, the Mac version will run in a customized CrossOver wrapper, which doesn't require the user to install CrossOver or Boot Camp. Beta testing will start in late September or early October of 2011.

It's good information, but it's unsourced. The main FL Studio webpage still lists a Mac OS X version as unavailable, with a link to further details here. Does anyone have a citable source with information about a Mac version? —danhash (talk) 19:26, 28 September 2011 (UTC)

Edit notice
Beeblebrox was kind enough to create an edit notice for this article which can be seen here or by editing the article. Since edit notices can only be changed by an administrator, for any proposed changes to the wording, place editprotected on the talk page of the template followed by a description of your proposed change. —danhash (talk) 20:49, 24 October 2011 (UTC)

System requirements - 2 GHz Pentium III?
The system requirements state a 2 GHz AMD or Intel Pentium III processor. A 2 GHz AMD exists (the Athlon XP 2400+) but the Pentium III ranges from 450 MHz to 1.3 GHz. Not really equal! --217.39.39.112 (talk) 08:09, 25 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Check out megahertz myth. —danhash (talk) 13:35, 25 October 2011 (UTC)

Its AMD processors that are more efficient, making it an even more inaccurate comparison! --194.83.82.3 (talk) 12:09, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

Edit request on 10 April 2012
==Charitable events and promotions== In 2011 Imageline sponsored the first prize for an international music competition held jointly by two not for profit organisations: 1. The Bognor Regis, West Sussex, UK Rox Music & Arts Charity 2. Jjays Global Music Community The prize provided by Image Line was a boxed set of Fruity Loops 10 with bundled plugins. ==External links== Video related to the 2011 charity competition where Fruity Loops 10 was top prize

Yodasunknownapprentice (talk) 20:58, 10 April 2012 (UTC)

Please feel welcome to tidy the link up
 * because of two reasons:
 * this is not encyclopedic (imagine we would add to Coca Cola every pricing; read also WP:NOT)
 * this is not a reliable source
 * Regards, mabdul 08:14, 11 April 2012 (UTC)

Program features
> Audio can be imported or exported as WAV, MP3, OGG, MIDI, ZIP, or the native project format with an .FLP filename extension. ZIP is just packed native .FLP file with attachments, not general audio format such as WAV, MP3 etc. Ors1212 (talk) 01:42, 3 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Callanecc (talk • contribs • logs) 11:53, 15 October 2012 (UTC)

Edit request on 29 January 2013
Do not exchange anything; rather, add under "Notable Users" the producer "Jahlil Beats". He works for Roc Nation and has produced some of the most recent records that have received much attention. An article can be found at "http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/exclusive-interview-jahlil-beats-talks-on-working-with-no-i-d-and-more-news.1633.html" which supports the finding that he is a constant user of FL Studio. Also, a Wikipedia page on Jahlil Beats can be found at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jahlil_beats_%28Producer%29. Please add Jahlil Beats under "Notable Users". Thank you.

Editingonepageprobably (talk) 01:59, 29 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: as the person in question does not have a Wikipedia article. The "article" cited by the OP is only a user page. — KuyaBriBri Talk 21:59, 29 January 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Changes to Deckadance
As of recently, Deckadance is unavailable to FL Studio's installation file, as Deckadance is now owned by Stanton Magnetics. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 100.37.240.133 (talk) 21:25, 2 May 2016 (UTC)

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Error with sentence in "Software overview" section
The first sentence in "Software overview" is a fragment, "and is chiefly suited for 64-step loop creation." and should be fixed. Vinhan23 (talk) 07:58, 19 September 2018 (UTC)

List of versions
On the Ableton Live wiki page, the List of versions was actually removed and discussed here: Talk:Ableton_Live. Someone decided to remove it as it violates WP:RELEASENOTES policy. To get around this the page should look less like a change log and more like a smaller version history. Whatever is decided, it should be consistent especially among DAW wiki pages DreamlessGlare (talk) 09:53, 21 May 2021 (UTC)

 * Not sure if it was clear from what I meant here: I am referring to the versions history on this wikipage and comparing it to the previous Ableton Live one which looked exactly the same DreamlessGlare (talk) 09:54, 21 May 2021 (UTC)

fruitloopery
They selected this name because they know they built an easy to use but inferior program. Render many times the same file; the samples are slightly offset each time. 2.84.217.149 (talk) 11:04, 3 March 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protection edit request on August 24, 2023
JaredLucas (talk) 01:41, 24 August 2023 (UTC)

Page will be protected
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 * Full-protection-shackle-no-text.svg Not done: requests for increases to the page protection level should be made at Requests for page protection. Cannolis (talk) 02:04, 24 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:FL Studio


text:
User talk:Reginabonavita

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * If you haven't already, please add your name to the new user log to let others know a little about yourself.
 * Read the tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk or ask me on my talk page.
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Good luck! Jrdioko

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Reginabonavita


text:
Ezra Stiles College

Ezra Stiles College is one of the fourteen residential colleges at Yale University, built in 1961 and designed by Eero Saarinen. The college is named after Ezra Stiles, the seventh President of Yale. Architecturally, it is known for its lack of right angles between walls in the living areas. It sits next to Morse College.

Origin
In his report on the 1955–56 academic year, Yale President A. Whitney Griswold announced his intention to add at least one residential college to Yale's two-decade-old system. "We have the colleges so full that community life, discipline, education, even sanitation are suffering," he said. After several years of speculation about the possibility of four or five new colleges, the university confirmed the construction of two new colleges in spring 1959, choosing Eero Saarinen '34 as the project architect and the Old York Square behind the Graduate School as the site. The Old Dominion Foundation, established by Paul Mellon '29, provided funding for the construction of Stiles and Morse, calling for the building of two "radically different" Yale colleges in order to reduce over-crowding.

Design
The college is built of rubble masonry in the style of pre-Gothic Tuscan towers, similar to those in the medieval Italian hill town of San Gimignano. Many architecture critics regard the college as a "masterpiece of American architecture," though it is considered one of the "ugly ducklings" of Yale. The college consists of many single rooms and suites, and in a modern attempt to capture the spirit of Gothic architecture, Saarinen eliminated all right angles from the living areas.

Stiles' adjacent "twin" residential college Morse is architecturally similar, was built at the same time, and has an adjoining dining room with a common kitchen. Architecturally, Morse and Stiles differ from older colleges by having more private space per student and the lowest ratio of natural light aperture to wall surface.

Saarinen wrote in a description of the architectural plans: "Somehow, the architecture had to declare them as colleges, not dormitories." Saarinen continued: "We have made the buildings polygonal—their shapes derived in order to provide the diversity of student rooms, to answer the needs of the site, and to give variety and sequence of spatial experiences in the courts. We conceived of these colleges as citadels of earthy, monolithic masonry - buildings where masonry walls would be dominant and whose interiors of stone, oak, and plaster would carry out the spirit of strength and simplicity. Since handicraft methods are anachronistic, we found a new technological method for making these walls: these are 'modern' masonry walls made without masons."

Because none of the interior walls make right angles, many of Stiles' dorm rooms are furnished with built-in desks and bookshelves. The college was once heated by a system that warmed the stone floors, but maintenance troubles led Yale to abandon it and install radiators.

The back of the Yale University bookstore acts as a wall in the courtyard.

In fall 2010, the refurbishment of adjoining Morse College gave Stiles students access to a new gym, dance studio, and the Underground Crescent Theater. Work on Stiles itself began in summer 2010, and was complete by August 2011. Among other things, it added suites to the college and refurbished several massive lighting fixtures designed by UCLA sculptor Oliver Andrews, meant to be abstract and contemporary versions of "the sort of thing you'd find in an ancient castle".

Student life
The mascot is the A. Bartlett Giamatti Memorial Moose. Ezra Stiles students presented the college with the taxidermy moose head in 1972 when they found out that the then College Master A. Bartlett Giamatti would be leaving the role with instructions not to hang his picture in the college, as had been the custom. Giamatti in 1977 became Yale's youngest president, and in 1989 was named Commissioner of Baseball. Giamatti's son, actor Paul Giamatti, lived in the Head of college's House on the Ezra Stiles College grounds from birth through age five. The moose appears on much of the Ezra Stiles apparel and is part of the Ezra Stiles cheer.

Stiles has had success in Yale's intramural sports program, winning the Tyng Cup — presented to the residential college with the best intramural sports performance — in 1964, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1995, 2003, 2004, and 2005. This 10-cup total places Stiles just one behind leaders Pierson College and Timothy Dwight College. More recently, the college has taken second place behind Silliman College, which won the Cup in 2006, 2007, and 2008. Stiles also won the intramural water polo championship in 2020, making it the first major Stiles intramural win in a several-year-long drought.

Ezra Stiles and Morse used to co-host an annual Casino Night since the early 1990s, until it was shut down due to legal concerns. A formal affair, the event featured casino-style games and live music. Stilesians also host an annual "Medieval (K)night." For one night in April, the dining hall is transformed into a medieval banquet hall, and students enjoy medieval fare and dramatic re-enactments of "Beowulf" and dragon battles after besieging and pillaging rival colleges. In addition to raiding other colleges, Stiles has historically also pranked their fellow residential colleges. In 2019, the "Morse" banner in the Morse dining hall was edited overnight to read "Moose". While the culprits were never caught, Stilesians were the prime suspects.

The college is well known for a robust arts community, maintaining a student-run art gallery, and holding "Stiles Arts Week" for over 40 years. During Arts Week, the college hosts study breaks and activities which have included painting pots for succulents, workshops in stop-motion animation, and open mic nights. For Arts Week 2020, the week kicked off with a 12-hour knitting marathon called "The Great Knit." Recently Arts Week has included the Stiles Student Film Festival, a formal affair featuring films from all Yale students regardless of major or residential college affiliation. Arts Week culminates in a "classical brunch," in which Stiles musicians perform classical music during brunch.

Heads and deans
In 2016, the title of "Master" was changed to "Head of College".

Notable alumni

 * Akhil Amar, constitutional law professor (ES '80)
 * Anne Barnard, journalist, The New York Times (ES '92)
 * Ellen Barry, Chief International Correspondent, The New York Times (ES '92)
 * Frances Beinecke, environmentalist (ES '71)
 * Paul Bremer, director and proconsul of post-war Iraq Coalition Provisional Authority (ES '63)
 * Jack Dalrymple, former Governor of North Dakota (ES '70)
 * Dan Froomkin, political columnist and blogger, The Washington Post (ES '85)
 * David Gergen, presidential advisor and political commentator (ES '63)
 * Sara Gilbert, actress (ES '97)
 * Paul Goldberger, architecture critic (ES '72)
 * Mitch Kapor, founder, Lotus Development Corp. (ES '71)
 * Robert G. Kaiser, associate editor, The Washington Post (ES '64)
 * Lloyd Kaufman, director, producer, and owner of Troma Entertainment. (ES '69)
 * Brett Kavanaugh, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. (ES '87)
 * Zoe Kazan, actress and writer (ES '05)
 * Phil LaMarr, actor and comedian (ES '89)
 * Mark Linn-Baker, actor (ES '79)
 * Rebecca Miller, filmmaker and writer (ES '84)
 * Edward Norton, actor (ES '91)
 * Barrington Daniels Parker Jr., federal appellate judge (ES '65)
 * Nathaniel Persily, law professor (ES '92)
 * Alexandra Robbins, journalist and author (ES '98)
 * Lamar Smith, U.S. congressman from Texas (ES '69)
 * Tom Steyer, hedge fund manager, philanthropist, and environmentalist (ES '79)
 * Alex Timbers, writer/director and founder of Les Freres Corbusier (ES '01)
 * Sheldon Whitehouse, U.S. Senator from Rhode Island (ES '78)
 * Bob Woodward, asst. managing editor and political reporter, The Washington Post (ES '65)
 * John Yarmuth, U.S. Congressman from Kentucky (ES '69)

title: Ezra Stiles College


text:
Morse College

Morse College is one of the fourteen residential colleges at Yale University, built in 1961 and designed by Eero Saarinen. It is adjacent to Ezra Stiles College and the two colleges share many facilities. The current Head of College is Catherine Panter-Brick. The Associate Head of College is Mark Eggerman. Blake Trimble is the Dean of Morse College.

Origin

In his report on the year 1955-56, Yale President A. Whitney Griswold announced his intention to add at least one more residential college to the system Yale had launched only two decades earlier. "We have the colleges so full that community life, discipline, education, even sanitation are suffering," he stated. This news bred wild rumors about four or five new colleges being added to Yale's system. Nothing substantial was announced until the spring of 1959 when Eero Saarinen '34 was chosen as the architect, and the Old York Square behind the Graduate School became the designated site. New Haven high schools, Boardman Manual Training School and Hillhouse High School were demolished to make way for the colleges.

The Old Dominion Foundation, established by Paul Mellon '29, provided money to build two "radically different" colleges, which would alleviate the growing strain on the older colleges. Mellon's gift of $15 million led to the development of Morse and its adjacent college, Ezra Stiles College. Morse College is named after Samuel Morse.

Design
Morse College is an eclectic structure built on an odd, angular site with many design features that are reminiscent of Tuscan villages, most notably San Gimignano. The college's original construction consisted almost entirely of single rooms, and in a modern attempt to capture the spirit of Gothic architecture, Saarinen eliminated all right angles from the living areas. (Scully called the design an "anti-Masonic satire in brick and mortar." There are, of course, right angles in every window, between the floors and the walls, and the walls and the ceilings.) This resulted, notoriously, in two rooms which had eleven walls, none of which was long enough to put the bed against and still be able to open the door.

In a 1959 article in the Yale Daily News, Eero Saarinen discussed his design for Morse, noting "[o]ur primary effort was to create an architecture which would recognize the individual as individual instead of an anonymous integer in a group." However, right angles have been reintroduced into the architecture of Morse College after renovation in 2010.

The college provides several amenities to its resident "Morsels." The fourteen-story main tower provides an inspiring view of all of New Haven. The college's common areas include air hockey, pool, ping-pong, foosball, and a big-screen TV. A quieter atmosphere is found in Ericka's Room, a space filled with comfy couches, a TV, and board games. Ericka's Room memorializes Ericka Bishop, '97, who was killed by a drunk driver just prior to the start of her junior year in Morse.

Morse has an adjacent "twin" residential college named "Ezra Stiles" which is architecturally similar and was built at the same time. The two distinct colleges share a combined dining hall, over which runs a public walkway to the Payne Whitney Gymnasium. Architecturally, Morse and Stiles differ from their predecessors by having more private space per student, and the lowest ratio of natural light aperture to wall surface of any other colleges. Morse and Stiles have unique architecture that sets them apart from the other colleges and sometimes against each other. The Morse-Stiles rivalry is decades old.

Morse College was entirely renovated during 2009-2010. The top-to-bottom refurbishment updated the facilities of the college to meet growing student needs while preserving the design and style Morse is known for.

The centerpiece of the renovation project is its new underground recreational spaces, including a theater, music practice rooms, a weaving studio, a recording studio, a digital media room, exercise facilities, and spaces for dance and aerobics. The space joins Morse with neighboring Ezra Stiles College via an underground courtyard spanned by a pedestrian bridge. The former 11,699 square feet of shared social space in Morse and Stiles swelled to 15,300 after the renovations. Pierson and Davenport, by comparison, together have 14,638.

Other completed work at Morse includes an upgrade of all mechanical and electrical facilities, a new roof, new windows, updates to meet fire-safety and handicapped-accessibility codes, and air conditioning for public spaces and the Head of College's suite. Student rooms, common rooms, the gallery, game room, and the buttery have also been upgraded to accommodate the goal of Yale's residential college system as a center for social interaction. There has also been a major reconfiguration of the kitchen and servery that expands the capacity of the dining halls in both Morse and Stiles.

Morse College freshmen are housed exclusively in the historic Durfee Hall, which, built in 1871, is among the oldest buildings on Yale's Old Campus. It is known for its unique housing quarters, 80% of which are singles—the highest percentage of any freshman housing. Durfee Hall has twelve-foot vaulted ceilings, hardwood floors, at least two fireplaces per suite, and a unique walk-through suite system that allows residents access to all floors and stairwells of the building. In the 1980s, Morse freshmen lived in Vanderbilt Hall.

Heads or "Masters" of College

 * Catherine Panter-Brick (2015 – current): anthropologist
 * Amy Hungerford (2012 – 2015): historian and writer
 * Frank Keil (2001 – 2012): linguist and psychologist
 * Stanton Wheeler (1995 – 2001): law professor and social scientist
 * Donald Quinlan (1987 – 1995): psychologist
 * William Halo (1982 – 1987): professor of Assyriology and Babylonian Literature
 * Richard Granger (1975 – 1982): physician
 * Vincent Scully (1969 – 1975): art historian
 * John W. Hall (1967 – 1969): historian
 * Andrew Patterson (1962 – 1967): chemist

Notable alumni

 * Joe Lieberman, 1964, US Senator from Connecticut
 * Douglas Warner, 1968, Chairman of J.P. Morgan
 * Frank Shorter,1969, Olympic runner
 * Robert C. Lieberman, 1986, political scientist and provost of Johns Hopkins
 * Clay Shirky, 1986, cyberculture expert
 * Wilhelmina Wright, 1986, federal judge
 * Jennifer Beals, 1987, actress
 * Robert Dow, 1987, federal judge
 * Ben Silbermann, 2003, CEO and co-founder of Pinterest
 * Sada Jacobson, 2006, Olympic fencer
 * Kevin Olusola, 2011, cellist and Pentatonix member
 * Michaela Jill Murphy, 2017, voice actor of Toph from Avatar: The Last Airbender

Trivia

 * The Morse courtyard was home to two well known sculptures - Lipstick (Ascending) on Caterpillar Tracks by Claes Oldenburg and a piece by J. Seward Johnson. The Johnson sculpture was removed during the renovations.
 * Morse's mascot is the walrus, because in French le morse translates to walrus.
 * A student in Morse is known as a "Morsel," also the name of the small cafe ("Buttery") in Morse's common room.
 * Durfee Hall was featured in Gilmore Girls.
 * Morse College won the Yale College Freshman Olympics in 2012 and 2013.

title: Morse College


text: User talk:130.115.27.154

title: User talk:130.115.27.154


text:
Kalaallit

Kalaallit are a Greenlandic Inuit ethnic group, being the largest group in Greenland, concentrated in the west. It is also a contemporary term in the Greenlandic language for the Indigenous of Greenland (Greenlandic Kalaallit Nunaat). The Kalaallit (singular: Kalaaleq ) are a part of the Arctic Inuit. The language spoken by Inuit in Greenland is known as Kalaallisut, known in English as Greenlandic.

Name
Probably adapted from the name Skræling, Kalaallit historically referred specifically to Western Greenlanders. On the other hand, Northern and Eastern Greenlanders call themselves Inughuit and Tunumiit, respectively. About 80% to 88% of Greenland's population, or approximately 44,000 to 50,000 people identify as being Inuit.

History
Kalaallit are descended from the Thule people but probably not from their predecessors in Greenland, the Dorset culture.

Regions
As 84% of Greenland's landmass is covered by the Greenland ice sheet, Kalaallit live in three regions: Polar, Eastern, and Western. In the 1850s some Canadian Inuit migrated to Greenland and joined the Polar Inuit communities.

The Eastern Inuit, or Tunumiit, live in the area with the mildest climate, a territory called Ammassalik. Hunters can hunt marine mammals from kayaks throughout the year.

The Northeast Greenland Inuit are now extinct. Douglas Clavering (1794–1827) met a group of twelve Inuit, including men, women and children, in Clavering Island in August 1823. There are many remains of former Inuit settlements in different locations of the now desolate area, but the population died out before mid-19th century.

Art
The Kalaallit have a strong artistic tradition based on sewing animal skins and making masks. They are also known for an art form of figures called tupilaq, or "evil spirit object." Traditional art-making practices thrive in the Ammassalik. Sperm whale ivory remains a valued medium for carving.

title: Kalaallit


text:
Pierson College

Pierson College is a residential college at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. Opened in 1933, it is named for Abraham Pierson, a founder and the first rector of the Collegiate School, the college later known as Yale. With just under 500 undergraduate members, Pierson is the largest of Yale's residential colleges by number of students.

History
Yale built the Pierson College buildings in the Georgian or "Georgian Revival" architectural style. These include a prominent tower, inspired by that of Philadelphia's Independence Hall. It is one of the eight original residential colleges bequeathed by Edward Harkness and designed by James Gamble Rogers.

Pierson College's first master was Alan Valentine, then in 1935 international relations scholar Arnold Wolfers took over the role, one he held until 1949. Wolfers and his wife Doris made the Master's House at Pierson a center for entertaining on the campus second only to the house of the president of the university. Among those they hosted where diplomats who visited the campus.

During World War II, Wolfers played a significant role in recruiting students into the intelligence services such as the OSS, and overall a disproportionate number of intelligence workers came from Pierson College. In addition to Wolfers, other Pierson fellows who did recruiting included Wallace Notestein and C. Bradford Welles. Pierson College residents who later became intelligence figures included future CIA counterintelligence chief James Jesus Angleton, who often spent time in Wolfers' living room listening to poets such as Robert Frost that Wolfers brought in to read. Other attendees to these sessions included a future U.S. Poet Laureate, Reed Whittemore.

In 2004, Yale completed a year long renovation of Pierson as part of a campaign to rehabilitate all twelve colleges. Major changes included the reconfiguration of existing suites and rooms, the move of the "Dean's" office, the addition of a new residential building, Upper Court. Most significantly, the renovation joined the basements of Pierson its adjacent and rival residential college, Davenport, giving the colleges common facilities.

The courtyard was home to George Rickey's kinetic sculpture, "Two Planes Vertical—Horizontal II" for many years, but the sculpture has now been moved to the courtyard of the Yale University Art Gallery.

Namesake
Abraham Pierson was born in Southampton, Long Island in 1646 and was an early student at Harvard College. After many years as a Congregational minister in Newark, New Jersey, he assumed the pulpit in Killingworth, Connecticut in 1694. While presiding there, he and five other ministers established the third college in the American colonies, the Collegiate School, in 1701. Pierson was elected its first rector, but unable to leave his position in Killingworth, he taught courses from his parsonage in present-day Clinton. Pierson died in his sixth year as Yale's rector, in 1707.

A statue of Pierson stands on Yale's Old Campus. Since there are no known portraits of Pierson, the statue is an "imaginative recreation."

Student life
Pierson freshmen are currently housed in Lanman-Wright Hall on Old Campus, along with freshmen from Berkeley College. Wright Hall represents the first half of the old Yale freshman saying: "Wright bites, Durfee sucks!" Wright Hall was renamed Lanman-Wright Hall after William K. Lanman '28 donated renovation funds in 1993 and is now referred to by Piersonites as "L-Dub."

Pierson has been traditionally renowned for its thriving social life and once had the reputation of consistently trailing other Yale residential colleges in academic rankings. In fact, Pierson's rallying cry at one time was, "Tyng, Tang, and GPA," reflecting Pierson's reputation for winning Yale intramural sports (Tyng), an annual drinking competition among the residential colleges (Tang), and having the lowest average GPA of all the residential colleges. In 2004, 2018, and 2021, however, Pierson has been awarded the Gimbel Cup for highest average GPA at Yale. In light of new Connecticut alcohol laws, Dean Amerigo Fabbri has cracked down on events such as Tuesday Night Club (TNC), founded in 1981, restricting the event to Pierson seniors. However, in 2006, Pierson students were able to organize a successful Inferno, the traditional Pierson Halloween party. TNC was traditionally held in the "Lower Courtyard" of Pierson. Lower Courtyard housing is generally occupied by seniors.

Another Pierson tradition is Pierson Day, which typically falls on the last day of classes of the academic year. On Pierson Day, the Head of Pierson College wrestles another College Head, student, or other willing opponent in a ring filled with yellow jello.

Pierson achieved world renown in 1977 as a result of the still-famous television broadcast of its Bladderball 'victory'. Pierson's most storied tradition is the theft of Davenport College's gnome mascot. Pierson's famous "fight song," heard annually at "the Game" between the Yale and Harvard football teams, starts off with: "'P' is for the 'P' in Pierson College; 'I' is for the 'I' in Pierson College," and continues in predictable fashion.

Among the activities for which Pierson is known is the Pierson Press, one of the most active of Yale's many traditional letterpress print shops. It was founded over half a century ago and nurtured by a succession of Pierson Heads including John Hersey, Quincy Porter, Gaddis Smith, and Harvey Goldblatt. For many years the Press was located in a converted squash court in Pierson Tower, designed by Charles Willard Moore of the Yale School of Architecture. During the renovation of the college in 2004, it was relocated to enhanced facilities in the basement, where it now shares space with the Davenport Press in a greatly expanded Book Arts Center that includes half a dozen presses, over 1000 cases of hand type, a book bindery, paper mill and more. Over 75 Pierson and Davenport students attended the college's rigorous Apprentice Course during the Fall of 2005.

The basement of Pierson is also home to the Pierson Buttery. The Buttery is run by students and offers a variety of late night food options that can be ordered online. In the Spring of 2007, Pierson won the annual Freshmen Olympics, held on Old Campus. The Class of 2010 beat the eleven other residential colleges in Pierson's first ever Freshman Olympics victory. Since then, Pierson has won the Freshman Olympics several times, most recently in 2014.

Pierson's Fellowship, consisting of both faculty members and distinguished outside Associate Fellows, is one of the most active at Yale. The Fellows meet twice monthly during the academic year, generously support undergraduate activities in the college, including social events such as the annual Pierson Inferno at Halloween. Throughout its history, the group has consisted of a diverse and dignified range of members, from poet Robert Frost to actor George Takei (Sulu of Star Trek fame) to G. D. Mostow the mathematician of Mostow rigidity theorem fame and Calvin Hill, NFL Rookie of the Year and multiple Pro Bowl selectee.

Pierson was home to one of the longest serving Yale residential college deans, Dean Christa Dove '76MPhil. Within the Residential College system at Yale, deanships normally last only a few years. Dove, however, was Dean of Pierson College for 22 years, from 1983 to 2005.

The renovation of 2003-04 was extensive, and included the reconfiguration of student suites, student activities areas, and dining facilities; new bathrooms, new interior finishes and lighting; additional student rooms in a new Upper Court building; complete replacement of all mechanical and electrical systems; new security, fire protection, and information technology systems; new elevators, ramps, and other enhancements to accessibility; and repairs to windows, masonry, roofs, and gutters. The renovation also included enlarging the library and adding a mezzanine level computer cluster. The completion of the additional building, called "Upper Court", increased Pierson College's dorm space capacity from 264 to 310. During the renovation, students who would otherwise live in Pierson College, lived in what is called "Swing Space," dormitories located near Payne Whitney Gymnasium that resemble a cheap hotel and do not include a dining hall.

A number of the songs from Dirty Projectors' Don Henley and Hernán Cortés infused glitch-opera, The Getty Address, were recorded in Pierson College, as Dave Longstreth was a student at Yale.

Pierson's sister college is Lowell House at Harvard University.

The inaugural Pierson College all-alumni reunion was recently held in New Haven from February 15–17, 2013, coinciding with the 80th year of the college's existence. Notable Pierson alumni in attendance included Howard Dean, PC '71, and George Pataki, PC '67. Also honored during the celebration were Head of College Harvey Goldblatt, who completed his 19th and final year as Head of Pierson College in May 2013, and Yale's then President-elect (now President) Peter Salovey.

Notable alumni

 * Whitelaw Reid '34, American journalist who later served as editor, president and chairman of New York Herald Tribune
 * Ogden Reid '49, Publisher of the New York Herald Tribune, U.S. Ambassador to Israel and a six-term United States Representative
 * John J. Maresca '59, Italian-American diplomat, business leader, and educator
 * Jeffrey Loria '62, former managing partner of the Montreal Expos and current owner of the Florida Marlins
 * George Pataki '67, former governor of New York
 * Gene Siskel '67, film critic
 * Richard Brodhead '68, former Dean of Yale College and former president of Duke University
 * Tony Knowles '68, former governor of Alaska
 * Calvin Hill '69, Yale running back and Dallas Cowboys running back
 * Howard Dean '71, former governor of Vermont, former presidential candidate and former chairman of the Democratic National Committee
 * Dick Jauron '73, Yale running back and former head coach of the Chicago Bears and Buffalo Bills, most recently defensive coordinator for the Cleveland Browns, although he is not currently coaching
 * Jeffrey Bewkes '74, president and CEO of Time Warner
 * David Leffell '77, internationally recognized dermatologist and Deputy Dean for Clinical Affairs at Yale School of Medicine
 * Doug Wright, '85, playwright, author of the Pulitzer Prize–winning I am my Own Wife, as well as plays Quills and Gray Gardens
 * Anne Applebaum '86, author and pundit, Pulitzer Prize–winning author of "Gulag: A History"
 * Chris Dudley '87, NBA basketball player
 * Tamar Gendler '87, Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Yale University
 * Paul Giamatti '89, Oscar-nominated actor, son of A. Bartlett Giamatti
 * Joel Spolsky '91, software engineer, co-founder of Stack Overflow
 * Jim Sciutto '92, senior foreign correspondent for ABC News
 * Katherine Tai '96, 19th U.S Trade Representative
 * Jaime Harrison '98, associate chair of the Democratic National Committee and 2020 candidate for U.S. Senate from South Carolina
 * Sarah Stillman '06, award-winning investigative journalist and staff writer for The New Yorker
 * Ned Fulmer '09, ex-member of The Try Guys

title: Pierson College


text: User talk:83.73.3.118

title: User talk:83.73.3.118


text:
Joshi

Joshi is a surname used by the Brahmin (caste) in India and Nepal. Joshi is also sometimes spelled as Jyoshi. The name is derived from the Sanskrit word Jyotishi meaning "astrologer" or a person who practices jyotisha. Jyotisha refers to Hindu astrology and astronomy and is derived from jyotish ("light bringer or reflect light like sun").

Joshi is a common family name in Delhi, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Goa and Uttar Pradesh in India.

Politicians, civil servants and military

 * Alok Joshi, Indian police officer and intelligence agency chief
 * A. C. Joshi (1908–1971), Indian botanist and Civil Service officer
 * Banwari Lal Joshi (1936–2017), Indian civil servant and state governor
 * Bhanu Bhakta Joshi, Nepalese politician
 * Bhojraj Joshi, Nepalese politician
 * General B.C. Joshi (1935–1994), Chief of the Indian Army
 * C. P. Joshi, Indian politician (Indian National Congress), former Union Minister for Road Transport and Highways, Govt. of India
 * Devendra Kumar Joshi, Chief of Naval Staff of the Indian Navy
 * Govinda Raj Joshi, Nepalese politician (Nepali Congress) and former Minister
 * Hari Dev Joshi, 11th, 16th and 18th Chief Minister Of Rajasthan
 * Hora Prasad Joshi, Nepalese politician
 * Manohar Joshi, 12th Chief Minister of Maharashtra
 * Murli Manohar Joshi, Indian politician (Bharatiya Janta Party), chairman, Public Accounts Committee of the parliament
 * Nabindra Raj Joshi, Nepali politician
 * Pralhad Joshi, Indian politician (BJP)
 * Puran Chand Joshi, Indian communist leader
 * Rita Bahuguna Joshi, Indian politician (BJP)
 * Sharad Anantrao Joshi, Indian agricultural activist and politician (Shetkari Sanghatana)
 * Lieutenant General Yogesh Kumar Joshi, Indian army, Chief of staff of Northern army command

Writers, educators and scholars

 * Anandi Gopal Joshi (1865–1887), first Indian woman to be awarded a western medicine degree
 * Angur Baba Joshi (1932–2020), Nepalese scholar, first female School Principal of Nepal
 * Anupam Joshi, American cybersecurity expert and Professor and Chair of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering at the University of Maryland
 * Aravind Joshi, Professor of Computer and Cognitive Science at the University of Pennsylvania
 * Arun Joshi, Indian novelist
 * Chintaman Vinayak Joshi, Marathi humorist, author of "Chimanrao" series of books
 * Girija Prasad Joshi, Nepalese Newari language writer
 * Indra Joshi, British physician
 * Lakshman Shastri Joshi, Indian scholar of Sanskrit, Hindu Dharma, and a Marathi literary critic
 * Mahadevshastri Joshi, Marathi writer
 * Mangal Raj Joshi, Nepalese royal astrologer
 * Manohar Shyam Joshi, post-modern Hindi writer and Father of Indian soap operas
 * Prasoon Joshi, Hindi lyricist
 * Prem Lal Joshi, Indian research scholar of Accounting and writer
 * Ramlal Joshi, Nepalese author and writer
 * Ruchir Joshi, author and filmmaker
 * S. T. Joshi, Indian-American editor, critic, and scholar
 * Satya Mohan Joshi (1920–2022), Nepalese author and writer, first recipient of Madan Puraskar
 * Sharad Joshi, Hindi writer and satirist, Padma Shri awardee
 * Shekhar Joshi, Hindi author
 * Shukraraj Shastri (born Shukra Raj Joshi), Nepalese author, social reformer and political martyr
 * Suresh Joshi, Gujarati poet, writer and literary critic
 * Sushma Joshi, Nepalese writer and filmmaker
 * Umashankar Joshi, Gujarati poet

Artists and performers

 * Aashirman DS Joshi, Nepalese actor
 * Anshuman Joshi, Marathi actor
 * Ayushman Joshi, Nepalese actor
 * Bhimsen Joshi, Bharat Ratna, vocalist of Hindustani classical music
 * Chetan Joshi, flautist
 * Damayanti Joshi, Kathak dancer and guru
 * Dev Joshi, Indian television actor.
 * Dilip Joshi (born 1969), Hindi and Gujarati actor
 * Gajananrao Joshi, violinist and vocalist Hindustani classical music
 * Gayatri Joshi, Indian Actress
 * Gulki Joshi (born 1980), Indian television actress
 * Indira Joshi, British Indian actor
 * Indira Joshi, Nepali singer and model
 * Malina Joshi, Nepali beauty pageant and model
 * Manoj Joshi (born 1945), Gujarati, Marathi and Hindi Actor
 * Manasi Joshi Roy (born 1968), Indian television actress
 * Nivedita Joshi, Marathi actress
 * Pallavi Joshi (born 1969), Indian Actress, winner of National award for the film Woh Chokri
 * Poonam Joshi (born 23 October 1970), Indian television actress
 * Prasoon Joshi (born September 1971), Indian lyricist
 * Purbi Joshi (born 1974), Indian actress
 * Rohan Joshi Indian Stand-up comedian, performer
 * Santosh Joshi, vocalist of Hindustani classical music
 * Sharman Joshi (born 1979), Bollywood actor
 * Shikha Joshi (1976-2015), Indian actress who committed suicide
 * Shivangi Joshi (born 1995), Indian television actress
 * Spruha Joshi, Marathi actress
 * Swwapnil Joshi (born 1977), Marathi actor
 * Tulip Joshi, Indian Actress, model
 * V Joshi, (AKA Joshiy) Indian director known for his Malayalam films
 * Vinayak Joshi, Kannada actor

Sports

 * Aniruddha Joshi, Indian cricketer
 * Harshvardhan Joshi, Indian mountaineer
 * Naresh Joshi, Nepalese football
 * Sunil Joshi, cricketer who played for India national cricket team as a left arm spinner in one day internationals and test match cricket
 * Sunil Lal Joshi, Nepali Olympic weightlifter
 * Uday Joshi, Indian cricketer who played for Sussex County Cricket Club

Social service

 * Narayan Malhar Joshi, Indian trade union leader and founder of the Social service league
 * Sister Nirmala Joshi, Nepalese Catholic sister, former head at Missionaries of Charity

title: Joshi


text:
Port Tobacco River

The Port Tobacco River is a tidal tributary of the Potomac River in Charles County, Maryland, in the United States. The river is about 4.2 mi long. Port Tobacco, the county seat of Charles County from 1658 to 1895, was an active port until that portion of the river became silted and unnavigable. When the railroad bypassed the town, business declined, and the county seat was moved to La Plata, Maryland.

title: Port Tobacco River


text:
Pralatrexate

Pralatrexate, sold under the brand name Folotyn, is a medication used for the treatment of relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL).

Pralatrexate was approved for medical use in the United States in September 2009, as the first treatment for Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma (PTCL), an often aggressive type of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.

Medical uses
Pralatrexate is indicated for the treatment of people with relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL).

Mechanism
Pralatrexate is a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor.

Discovery
Research on this class of drugs began in the 1950s at SRI International, where scientists were focused on developing new chemotherapies and antifolates that would be effective against tumor cells.

In the late 1970s, researchers at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center discovered that cancerous cells take in natural folate through a protein identified as plasma membrane transporter (now referred to as "reduced folate carrier type 1" or "RFC-1"). Further research showed that when normal cells evolve into cancerous cells they often overproduce RFC-1 to ensure they get enough folate.

A subsequent scientific collaboration was ultimately formed among SRI International, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, and the Southern Research Institute with the intention of developing an antifolate with greater therapeutic selectivity – an agent that could be more effectively internalized into tumors (transported into the cells through RFC-1) and would be more toxic to cancer cells than normal cells.

This collaboration, supported by the National Cancer Institute, led to the identification of pralatrexate in the mid-1990s. Pralatrexate was later licensed to Allos Therapeutics in 2002 for further development. Allos Therapeutics, Inc. was acquired by Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc. on September 5, 2012. Allos is a wholly owned subsidiary of Spectrum.

Legal status
Pralatrexate was approved for medical use in the United States in September 2009.

Economics
Some oncologists, patient groups, and insurance companies criticized the cost of $30,000 a month or more, which could reach a total of $126,000 during a course of treatment.

title: Pralatrexate


text:
Silliman College

Silliman College is a residential college at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, named for scientist and Yale professor Benjamin Silliman. It opened in September 1940 as the last of the original ten residential colleges, and contains buildings constructed as early as 1901.

Silliman is Yale's largest residential college by its footprint, occupying most of a city block. Due to its size, the college is able to house its freshmen in the college instead of on Yale's Old Campus. The college's architecture is eclectic: though architect Otto Eggers completed most of the college with Georgian buildings, the college also incorporates two early-20th century buildings in the French Renaissance and Gothic Revival styles.

The College has links to Harvard's Pforzheimer House and Dudley House, as well as Trinity College, Cambridge and Brasenose College, Oxford. Its rival college at Yale is Timothy Dwight College, located directly across Temple Street.

History
The oldest known settlement at the present-day site of the college was the farm of Robert Newman, whose barn hosted the meeting that incorporated the Colony of New Haven in 1639. The tract later became one of the blocks of New Haven's original nine-square city plan. Yale's first buildings on the site were for the Sheffield Scientific School. Byers Hall, a three-story building of Indiana limestone, was built in 1903 and designed by Hiss and Weekes architects in the modified French Renaissance Style. The Vanderbilt-Sheffield dormitory, a five-story building of the same material, was built between 1903 and 1906 by architect Charles C. Haight in the Gothic Revival style.

In 1936, the university demolished the block of university buildings and houses that stood at the site, retaining only Van-Sheff, Byers Hall, and the adjacent St. Anthony Hall society building. The New Haven home of Noah Webster, occupied by its namesake from 1822 to 1843, was one of the structures scheduled for demolition. During ensuing controversy over the home's preservation, Henry Ford purchased the building and had it disassembled and re-erected at Greenfield Village in Dearborn, Michigan. A plaque now marks the site of the Webster House on the college's northeast corner.

The "Quadrangle Plan," primarily funded by Edward Harkness, opened nine residential colleges for Yale between 1933 and 1934. Eight colleges were intended for Yale College, and two further for the Scientific School, one of which would be funded by Frederick W. Vanderbilt. This tenth college was planned by 1931, when Charles Hyde Warren was appointed as a college master, and named for Benjamin Silliman in 1933. Warren, also Sterling Professor of Geology and Dean of the Sheffield Scientific School, wrote a biography of Silliman but only retained his appointment until 1938, two years before the college's opening. Otto Eggers of Eggers & Higgins, previously a draftsman for John Russell Pope's buildings at Yale, was selected as the college's architect. Eggers' design preserved Van Sheff, reconstructed the interior of Byers Hall, and created a quadrangle of Georgian buildings to complete the college and harmonize it with the adjacent Timothy Dwight College, established six years earlier.

When the college opened in 1940, philosopher F. S. C. Northrop was appointed its master.

Under the Yale College policy that let incoming students express a residential college preference, Silliman developed a reputation for attracting engineers until the policy ended with the class of 1958.

Shield and mascot
Silliman College's shield has a white background, three curving red lines emerging from near the bottom of the shield (representing salamander tails), and a green crossing bar containing three acorns. In heraldic terms, the shield is described as "Arms: Argent, three piles wavy gules, on a fess vert three acorns or." The colors represent the four ancient elements: red for fire, white for air and water, and green for earth. The acorns are an element taken from the family arms of Frederick Vanderbilt, 1876, who funded the college's construction.

The college's mascot is the salamander. Students in the college refer to themselves as Sillimanders.

Facilities
The college courtyard, which covers almost an entire city block, is the largest enclosed courtyard at Yale and is one of the glories of the old college. Students can be seen playing various sports or lounging in the sun. Because of the size of the courtyard, sports such as spikeball, wiffle ball, football, and frisbee are often enjoyed.

Special facilities within Silliman include Yale's only undergraduate art gallery, called Maya's Room (named for Maya Tanaka Hanway, '83), a big-screen movie theater (Silliflicks), a dance studio, a half-court basketball facility called the Sillidome, computing facilities, a student kitchen, multiple music practice rooms, and a state-of-the-art sound recording studio. The college's library, located in the third floor of Byers Hall, is commonly referred to as the Sillibrary. The Buttery, a student-run eatery in the basement that serves greasy goodness on weekday nights, is designed in the style of the 1950s and its surrounding area includes games such as ping pong, air hockey, and pool.

Renovations
In August 2007, after three years of on-and-off renovations, students moved back into Silliman College. Students now enjoy a reconfigured dining hall and servery, a stadium-seating movie theater, and a large student activities space that includes a new art gallery, dance studio, gym, basketball court, weight room, buttery, game room, and television entertainment space. The Silliman College courtyard was also restored to its former glory, with new patio spaces, benches, and grass. The renovation cost some $100 million, by far the most spent on any residential college renovation at Yale.

Because of the size of Silliman College, the renovation work on the college was completed in several phases instead of the 15-month renovation completed on other colleges:
 * In the summer of 2004, the roof and windows were replaced on the brick section of the college. Extra dormers were also added to the roofs so that student rooms could later be installed in the former attic spaces.
 * In the summer of 2005, the Silliman Tower underwent a complete interior renovation.
 * The entire college was shut down during the 2006-2007 school year for the rest of the renovation. All students from the college moved into either Swing Space (a new dormitory built especially to house students during college renovations), the Elm Street Annex or into independent off-campus housing until the renovations were completed.
 * In 2017, a coffee shop, The Acorn, was added into the fourth floor of Byers Hall.

Intramural sports
Silliman College has won the Tyng Cup (awarded for the best intramural record of Yale's 14 residential colleges) eight times, in 1941, 1943, 1968, 1969, 1972, 2006, 2007, and 2008.

Silliman fame
Silliman gained fame when the popular movie Mona Lisa Smile featuring Julia Roberts, Julia Stiles and Kirsten Dunst, was partly filmed in the Silliman College courtyard and common room. The Grove Street facade of Silliman was used to represent Harvard University, and the Wall Street Gate and the common room were used to represent Wellesley College.

Notable alumni

 * George Roy Hill (‘43) – movie director
 * Renée Richards (‘54) – transgender tennis player
 * Jim Jeffords (‘56) – Independent U.S. senator from Vermont
 * Wendell Mottley (‘64) – Olympic silver medalist, minister of finance of Trinidad and Tobago
 * Strobe Talbott (‘68) – Brookings Institution president, former Time correspondent
 * Daniel Yergin (‘68) – Pulitzer Prize-winning author and energy consultant
 * Nathan Hecht (‘71) – Chief Justice of the Texas Supreme Court
 * John Guernsey (‘75) – Bishop in the Anglican Church in North America
 * Stone Phillips (‘77) – newscaster
 * Evan Wolfson (‘78) – activist
 * Anthony A. Williams (‘79) – the mayor of the District of Columbia from 1999 to 2007
 * David Hyde Pierce (‘81) – actor, best known for playing the role of Niles Crane on "Fraiser"
 * Neal Wolin (‘83) – Deputy Secretary of the U.S. Treasury
 * Julie Otsuka (‘84) – author of "When the Emperor was Divine" and "The Buddha in the Attic"
 * Elizabeth Wein (‘86) – author of Code Name Verity and Rose Under Fire
 * Elizabeth Kostova (‘88) – author
 * Nerissa Nields (‘89) – member of the band The Nields
 * Ben Greenman (‘90) – author and journalist
 * Joshua Foer (‘04) – author of "Moonwalking with Einstein"

title: Silliman College


text:
12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate

12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), also commonly known as tetradecanoylphorbol acetate, tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) is a diester of phorbol. It is a potent tumor promoter often employed in biomedical research to activate the signal transduction enzyme protein kinase C (PKC). The effects of TPA on PKC result from its similarity to one of the natural activators of classic PKC isoforms, diacylglycerol. TPA is a small molecule drug.

In ROS biology, superoxide was identified as the major reactive oxygen species induced by TPA/PMA but not by ionomycin in mouse macrophages. Thus, TPA/PMA has been routinely used as an inducer for endogenous superoxide production.

TPA is also being studied as a drug in the treatment of hematologic cancer

TPA has a specific use in cancer diagnostics as a B-cell specific mitogen in cytogenetic testing. Cells must be divided in a cytogenic test to view the chromosomes. TPA is used to stimulate division of B-cells during cytogenetic diagnosis of B-cell cancers such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

TPA is also commonly used together with ionomycin to stimulate T-cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine production, and is used in protocols for intracellular staining of these cytokines.

TPA induces KSHV reactivation in PEL cell cultures via stimulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. The pathway involves the activation of the early-immediate viral protein RTA that contributes to the activation of the lytic cycle.

TPA was first found in the Croton plant, a shrub found in Southeast Asia, exposure to which provokes a poison ivy-like rash. It underwent a phase 1 clinical trial.

title: 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate


text:
Timothy Dwight College

Timothy Dwight College, commonly abbreviated and referred to as "TD", is a residential college at Yale University named after two presidents of Yale, Timothy Dwight IV and his grandson, Timothy Dwight V. The college was designed in 1935 by James Gamble Rogers in the Federal-style architecture popular during the elder Timothy Dwight's presidency and was most recently renovated in 2002. In 2021, TD won its Yale-leading 14th Tyng Cup, the championship prize for Yale's year-long intramural athletic competition among the fourteen residential colleges. The current Head of College is Mary Ting Yi Lui and the current Dean is Sarah Mahurin. Both are the first women to hold their respective positions.

History
Timothy Dwight College, Yale's ninth residential college, opened on September 23, 1935 at an over-budget cost of $2,000,000. At the time, the Yale Alumni Weekly called it "one of the most architecturally pleasing colleges." It was the farthest college from Old Campus until the opening in 2017 of Franklin and Murray colleges several blocks to the north. The design of the college was meant to reference an early 19th-century New England town hall, and the college's brick work with white trim, green shutters, and hand-hewn dining hall beams are all of Federal inspiration. In the college's inaugural year, a number of plaster ceilings collapsed in the college, leading the TD Social Activities Committee to sponsor a Plaster Dinner and Mr. Plaster dances, a tradition that continued until the 1970s.

Under the Yale College policy that let incoming students express a residential college preference, Timothy Dwight developed a reputation for attracting engineers until the policy ended with the class of 1958.

The students of Timothy Dwight were originally nicknamed "Prexies," a slang term for the college's presidential namesakes, but TD's current mascot is the Lion. The college's official motto, appearing on the college crest, is a quotation from the Aeneid (I, 203), when Aeneas seeks to comfort his men as they embark upon an arduous journey to Italy: Forsan et haec olim meminisse juvabit. This is traditionally translated approximately to, "Someday, perhaps, it will be pleasant to remember even this."

The college's popular but unofficial motto is "Àshe," which means "We make it happen" in Yoruba. Àshe was brought into usage by the former Master, Robert Thompson, known to students as "Master T."

The Timothy Dwight fight song, often sung en masse at The Game, is : "Ring the bell, ring the bell! God damn, fuck, hell! Horseshit, assbite! Nobody's better than Timothy Dwight!"

Timothy Dwight has a sister college at Harvard called Leverett House. At the annual Harvard-Yale football game, students from Timothy Dwight and Leverett will host each other depending on the site of that year's Game. Jeff Brenzel was appointed as the new master of Timothy Dwight College on April 25, 2010. Outgoing Master Robert F. Thompson welcomed Brenzel and his wife with a special rap: “The man who picks who gets into Yale / Now joyfully follow, their TD trail".

Student life
Timothy Dwight is one of the four residential colleges at Yale whose freshmen live within the college rather than on Old Campus. The living arrangements plus the small size of the college foster a strong community within the college, and Timothy Dwight was recognized as "The Most Spirited College" in a Yale Daily News poll from 2010. Freshmen in the college are treated every September to a retreat at a residential fellow's estate, complete with athletic fields and a pool. TD students also celebrate their residential college with an annual TD Weekend, comprising TD Day (affectionately referred to by TD students as TDDDTDD), where students enjoy a barbecue, music, and inflatable games on Friday, and the Timothy Dwight Crawfish Boil on Saturday. The college's strong sense of spirit carries over into an annual high-budget tailgate, easily the most decadent and well-attended of all the university's unofficial pregames, on the morning of the Yale-Harvard football game in November.

Sunday to Thursday nights, from 10pm to 1am, the buttery of Timothy Dwight college is open to all Yale undergraduate students and guests. Cleverly named the TD Butt, this student-run diner sells snacks and desserts, including quesadillas, cookie dough, popcorn chicken, and chocolate candy bars. The Timothy Dwight buttery is so acclaimed by the Yale College community that it has its own Yelp page.

Students in Timothy Dwight have excelled at intramural sports since the college's founding in 1935. In 1937, TD captured its first of its 13 Tyng Cups, Yale's intramural sports competition between the twelve residential colleges. TD has won the Tyng Cup more than any other college.

In the basement of the college, there are activity rooms to which students may gain swipe access; namely, the Selin Lounge, the art room, the music room, and the photography darkroom. The weight-lifting room and cardio rooms, as well as the student kitchen and games room, are open to all the students of the residential college.

Some Timothy Dwight students also choose to live in Rosenfeld Hall, located at 109 Grove Street. Often referred to as "RH" by TD students, the building is used as residential annex housing for TD upperclassmen and previously belonged to St. Elmo Society. The building also contains a classroom space which is open to most students at Yale.

Coat of arms
In heraldic language, the coat of arms may be described as Argent, a lion passant above a cross crosslet fitchy gules; in a chief gules a crescent silver. The arms were likely invented by Jacob Hurd, a Boston silversmith, who engraved them on a tankard which he made in 1725 for the grandparents of the elder Timothy Dwight.

Notable alumni

 * Kingman Brewster, Jr., 1941: educator, President of Yale University and American diplomat.
 * Guido Calabresi, 1953: currently a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, and Sterling Professor at Yale Law School. Also a former Dean of the Yale Law School.
 * Lowell Weicker, 1953: the 85th Governor of Connecticut.
 * Porter Goss, 1960: director of the CIA in 2004–2006.
 * Ron Rivest, 1969: founder of RSA Security and technology guru.
 * Benjamin Sommer, 1964: biblical scholar and Jewish theologian
 * Gilbert F. Casellas, 1974: Chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission under President Bill Clinton.
 * Oren Patashnik, 1976: well-known computer scientist who created BibTeX.
 * Nathaniel Kahn, 1985: Academy Award-nominated for his documentary "My Architect," about his father, Louis Kahn.
 * Jay Carney, 1987: The 29th White House Press Secretary, 2011–2014.
 * Chris Dudley, 1987: professional NBA basketball player.
 * Shawn Levy, 1989: film director.
 * Sarah Hughes, 2008: Olympic gold medal-winning figure skater.

title: Timothy Dwight College


text:
Gan Chinese

Gan, Gann or Kan is a group of Sinitic languages spoken natively by many people in the Jiangxi province of China, as well as significant populations in surrounding regions such as Hunan, Hubei, Anhui, and Fujian. Gan is a member of the Sinitic languages of the Sino-Tibetan language family, and Hakka is the closest Chinese variety to Gan in terms of phonetics.

There are different dialects of Gan; the Nanchang dialect is the prestige dialect.

Classification
Like all other varieties of Chinese, there is a large amount of mutual unintelligibility between Gan Chinese and other varieties. Within the variation of Chinese dialects, Gan has more similarities with Mandarin than with Yue or Min. However, Gan clusters more with Xiang than Mandarin.

Gan and other Southern Chinese languages can be distinguished from Northern Chinese by their placement of direct objects before indirect objects. Gan's ditransitive verbs introduce the theme right after the verb, while Mandarin's introduce the recipient. So the difference in tritransitive verbs may occur because they evolved from different types of ditransitive verbs.

Name

 * Gan: the most common name. Also spelled Gann to reflect the falling tone of the name in Mandarin. Scholars in mainland China use Gan or Gan dialect.
 * Jiāngxīhuà ("Jiangxi language") is commonly used in Chinese, but since the borders of the language do not follow the borders of the province, this name is not geographically exact.
 * Xi ("right-river language"): an ancient name, now seldom used, arising from the fact that most Gan speakers live south of the Yangtze River, beyond the right-hand bank when traveling downstream.

Region

Most Gan speakers live in the middle and lower reaches of the Gan River, the drainage area of the Fu River, and the region of Poyang Lake. There are also many Gan speakers living in eastern Hunan, eastern Hubei, southern Anhui, northwest Fujian, etc.

According to the Diagram of Divisions in the People's Republic of China, Gan is spoken by approximately 48,000,000 people: 29,000,000 in Jiangxi, 4,500,000 in Anhui, 5,300,000 in Hubei, 9,000,000 in Hunan, and 270,000 in Fujian.

Antiquity
During the Qin dynasty (221 BC), a large number of troops were sent to southern China in order to conquer the Baiyue territories in Fujian and Guangdong, as a result, numerous Han Chinese emigrated to Jiangxi in the years following. In the early years of the Han dynasty (202 BC), Nanchang was established as the capital of the Yuzhang Commandery (豫章郡) (this name stems from the original name of Gan River), along with the 18 counties (縣) of Jiangxi Province. The population of the Yuzhang Commandery increased from 350,000 (in AD 2) to 1,670,000 (by AD 140); it ranked fourth in population among the more than 100 contemporary commanderies of China. As the largest commandery of Yangzhou, Yuzhang accounted for two fifths of the population and Gan gradually took shape during this period.

Middle Ages
As a result of continuous warfare in the region of central and Northern China, the first large-scale emigration in the history of China took place. Large numbers of people in central China relocated to southern China in order to escape the bloodshed caused by the upheaval of the Five Barbarians and at this time, Jiangxi played a role as a transfer station. Also, during this period, ancient Gan began to be exposed to the northern dialects. After centuries of rule by the Southern Dynasties, Gan still retained many original characteristics despite having absorbed some elements of northern speech. Up until the Tang dynasty, there was little difference between old Gan and the contemporary Gan of that era. Beginning in the Five Dynasties period, however, inhabitants in the central and northern parts of Jiangxi Province began to migrate to eastern Hunan, eastern Hubei, southern Anhui and northwest Fujian. During this period, following hundreds of years of migration, Gan spread to its current areas of distribution.

Late traditional period
Mandarin Chinese evolved into a standard language based on Beijing Mandarin, owing largely to political factors. At the same time, the differences between Gan and Mandarin continued to become more pronounced. However, because Jiangxi borders on Jianghuai, a Mandarin, Xiang, and Hakka speaking region, Gan proper has also been influenced by these surrounding varieties, especially in its border regions.

Modern times
After 1949, as a "dialect" in Mainland China, Gan faced a critical period. The impact of Mandarin is quite evident today as a result of official governmental language campaigns. Currently, many youths are unable to master Gan expressions, and some are no longer able to speak Gan at all.

Recently, however, as a result of increased interest in protecting the local language, Gan now has begun to appear in various regional media, and there are also newscasts and television programs broadcast in Gan Chinese.

Languages and dialects
There are significant differences within the Gan-speaking region, and Gan constitutes more languages than listed here. For example, in Anfu county, which was categorized as Ji-Cha, there are two main varieties, called Nanxiang Hua (Southern region) and Beixiang Hua (Northern region). People from one region cannot even understand people from the other region if they were not well educated or exposed to the other.

The Language Atlas of China (1987) divides Gan into nine groups:

Cities marked with * are partly Gan-speaking.

Grammar
In Gan, there are nine principal grammatical aspects or "tenses" – initial (起始), progressive (進行), experimental (嘗試), durative (持續), processive (經歷), continuative (繼續), repeating (重行), perfect (已然), and complete (完成).

The grammar of Gan is similar to southern Chinese varieties. The sequence subject–verb–object is most typical, but subject–object–verb or the passive voice (with the sequence object–subject–verb) is possible with particles. Take a simple sentence for example: "I hold you". The words involved are: ngo ("I" or "me"), tsot dok ("to hold"), ň ("you").
 * Subject–verb–object (typical sequence): The sentence in the typical sequence would be: ngo tsot dok ň. ("I hold you.")
 * Subject–lat–object–verb: Another sentence of roughly equivalent meaning is ngo lat ň tsot dok, with the slight connotation of "I take you and hold" or "I get to you and hold."
 * Object–den–subject–verb (the passive voice): Then, ň den ngo tsot dok means the same thing but in the passive voice, with the connotation of "You allow yourself to be held by me" or "You make yourself available for my holding."

Vocabulary
In Gan, there are a number of archaic words and expressions originally found in ancient Chinese, and which are now seldom or no longer used in Mandarin. For example, the noun "clothes" in Gan is "衣裳" while "衣服" in Mandarin, the verb "sleep" in Gan is "睏覺" while "睡覺" in Mandarin. Also, to describe something dirty, Gan speakers use "下里巴人", which is a reference to a song from the Chu region dating to China's Spring and Autumn period.

Additionally, there are numerous interjections in Gan (e.g. 哈, 噻, and 啵), which can largely strengthen sentences, and better express different feelings.

Writing system
Gan is written with Chinese characters, though it does not have a strong written tradition. There are also some romanization schemes, but none are widely used. When writing, Gan speakers usually use written vernacular Chinese, which is used by all Chinese speakers.

title: Gan Chinese


text:
User talk:47tracypang

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title: User talk:47tracypang


text:
Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester

Ranulf II (also known as Ranulf de Gernon), 4th Earl of Chester (1099–1153), was an Anglo-Norman baron who inherited the honour of the palatine county of Chester upon the death of his father Ranulf Meschin, 3rd Earl of Chester. He was descended from the Counts of Bessin in Normandy.

In 1136 David I of Scotland invaded England as far as Durham, which led Stephen of England to negotiate treaties that involved granting Ranulf's lands to Scotland. Thereafter, Ranulf allied himself to Matilda to further his cause. He took Lincoln Castle in 1141, which was retaken by Stephen in a siege in which Ranulf was forced to flee for his life. Ranulf enlisted the help of Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester to retake the castle and succeeded when King Stephen surrendered to him at Lincoln. While Matilda ruled England, Stephen's queen Matilda of Boulogne managed to defeat Ranulf and his allies at Winchester, which eventually resulted in Stephen being able to resume the throne.

Early life
Ranulf was born in Normandy at the Château Guernon, in 1099. He was the son of Ranulf Meschin, 3rd Earl of Chester and Lucy of Bolingbroke, who were both significant landowners with considerable autonomy within the county palatine. His father had begun a new lineage of the earldom of Chester. Ranulf married Maud, daughter of Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester and inherited the earldom of Chester in 1128. Three years later he founded an abbey in North Wales, colonised by monks from the Norman Congregation of Savigny.

Loss of northern lands to Scotland
In late January 1136, during the first months of the reign of Stephen of England, his northern neighbour David I of Scotland crossed the border into England. He took Carlisle, Wark, Alnwick, Norham and Newcastle upon Tyne and struck towards Durham. On 5 February 1136, Stephen reached Durham with a large force of mercenaries from Flanders and forced David to negotiate a treaty by which the Scots were granted the towns of Carlisle and Doncaster, for the return of Wark, Alnwick, Norham and Newcastle.

Lost from England to Scotland along with Carlisle was much of Cumberland and the honour of Lancaster, lands that belonged to Earl Ranulf's father and had been surrendered by agreement to Henry I of England in return for the Earldom of Chester. Ranulf claimed that his father had at that time been disinherited. When he heard of the concessions made to the Scottish King, Ranulf left Stephen's court in a rage.

In the second Treaty of Durham (1139), Stephen was even more generous to David, granting the Earldom of Northumbria (Carlisle, Cumberland, Westmorland and Lancashire north of the Ribble) to his son, Prince Henry. Ranulf was prepared to revolt in order to win back his lordship of the north.

Capture of Lincoln
By this time Matilda, named as the future Queen by her father Henry I, had gathered enough strength to contest Stephen's usurpation, supported by her husband Geoffrey of Anjou and her half-brother Robert of Gloucester. Prince Henry was to attend the English court that Michaelmas and Ranulf planned to overwhelm him on his return to Scotland. Stephen's queen Matilda of Boulogne heard about the plot and persuaded Stephen to escort Henry back to Scotland. Ranulf then used subterfuge to seize Lincoln Castle. He and his half-brother William de Roumare sent their wives to visit the constable's wife there and then arrived (dressed in ordinary clothes and escorted by three knights), apparently to fetch the ladies. They then seized the weapons in the castle, admitted their own men and ejected the royal garrison.

Stephen eventually made a pact with Ranulf and his half-brother and left Lincolnshire, returning to London before Christmas 1140, after making William de Roumare Earl of Lincoln and awarding Ranulf with administrative and military powers over Lincolnshire and the town and castle of Derby. The citizens of Lincoln sent Stephen a message complaining about the treatment they were receiving from Ranulf and asking the King to capture the brothers. The King immediately marched on Lincoln. One of his key pretexts was that according to the settlement, Lincoln Castle was to revert to royal ownership and that the half-brothers had reneged on this. He arrived on 6 January 1141 and found the place scantily garrisoned: the citizens of Lincoln admitted him into the city and he immediately laid siege to the castle, captured seventeen knights and began to batter down the garrison with his siege engines.

Ranulf managed to escape to his earldom, collect his Cheshire and Welsh retainers and appeal to his father-in-law Robert of Gloucester, whose daughter Maud was still besieged in Lincoln, possibly as a deliberate ploy to encourage her father's assistance. In return for Robert's aid, Ranulf agreed to promise fidelity to the Empress Matilda.

To Robert and the other supporters of the Empress, this was good news, as Ranulf was a major magnate. Robert swiftly raised an army and set out for Lincoln, joining forces with Ranulf on the way. Stephen held a council of war at which his advisors counselled that he leave a force and depart to safety, but Stephen disregarded the odds and decided to fight, but was obliged to surrender to Robert. Ranulf took advantage of disarray amongst the king's followers and in the weeks after the fighting managed to take the Earl of Richmond's northern castles and capture him when he tried to ambush Ranulf. Richmond was put in chains and tortured until he submitted to Ranulf and did him homage.

Stephen had been effectively deposed and Matilda ruled in his place. In September 1141, Robert of Gloucester and Matilda besieged Winchester. The queen responded quickly and rushed to Winchester with her own army, commanded by the professional soldier William of Ypres. The queen's forces surrounded the army of the empress, commanded by Robert, who was captured as a result of deciding to fight his way out of the situation. The magnates following the empress were forced to flee or be taken captive. Earl Ranulf managed to escape and fled back to Chester. Later that year Robert was exchanged for Stephen, who resumed the throne.

Defection to Stephen
In 1144 Stephen attacked Ranulf again by laying siege to Lincoln Castle. He made preparations for a long siege but abandoned the attempt when eighty of his men were killed whilst working on a siege tower that fell and knocked them into a trench, suffocating them all.

In 1145 (or early 1146) Ranulf switched allegiance from the Empress Matilda to Stephen. Since 1141 King David had been allied to Matilda, so Ranulf could now take up his quarrel with David of Scotland regarding his northern lands. It is probable that Ranulf's brother-in-law Phillip, (the son of Earl Robert), acted as an intermediary as Phillip had defected to the king. Ranulf came to Stephen at Stamford, repented his previous crimes and was restored to favour. He was allowed to retain Lincoln Castle until he could recover his Norman lands. Ranulf demonstrated his goodwill by helping Stephen to capture Bedford from Miles de Beauchamp and bringing 300 knights to the siege of Wallingford.

Stephen welcomed Ranulf's support but some of the king's supporters, (especially William de Clerfeith, Gilbert de Gant, Alan, 1st Earl of Richmond, William Peverel the Younger, William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel and John, Count of Eu), did not. Many of the magnates were alarmed when it was discovered that Ranulf wanted the king to take part in a campaign against the Welsh. Ranulf's opponents counselled the king that the earl might be planning treachery since he had offered no hostages or security and could easily be ambushed in Wales. Stephen contrived a quarrel with Ranulf at Northampton, provoked by an advisor who told the earl that the king would not assist him unless he restored all the property he had taken and rendered hostages. The earl refused these terms. He was accused of treason and was arrested and imprisoned in chains until his friends succeeded in coming to terms with the King on 28 August 1146. It was then agreed that the earl should be released, provided he surrendered all the royal lands and castles he had seized (Lincoln included), gave hostages and took a solemn oath not to resist the king in future.

Ranulf, arrested in contravention of the oath which the king had sworn to him at Stamford, revolted as soon as he regained his liberty and "burst into a blind fury of rebellion, scarcely discriminating between friend or foe”. He came with his army to Lincoln to recover the city but failed to break into its north gate and his chief lieutenant was slain in the fighting. Ranulf also tried to recover the castle at Coventry, by building a counter castle. The King came with a relief force to Coventry and although wounded in the fighting, drove Ranulf off and seized his hostages, including his nephew Gilbert fitz Richard de Clare, Earl of Hertford, whom Stephen refused to release unless Gilbert surrendered his own castles. Gilbert, while agreeing to the condition, revolted as soon as he was at liberty. This action pushed the Clares into a conflict from which they had previously remained aloof.

Agreement with King David
In May 1149 the young Henry FitzEmpress met the king of Scotland and Ranulf at Carlisle, where Ranulf resolved his territorial disputes with Scotland and an agreement was reached to attack York. Stephen hurried north with a large force and his opponents dispersed before they could reach the city. The southern portion of the honour of Lancaster (the land between the Ribble and the Mersey) was conceded to Ranulf, who in return resigned his claim on Carlisle. Hence the Angevin cause secured the loyalty of Ranulf.

Henry, whilst trying to escape south after the aborted attack on York, was forced to avoid the ambushes of Eustace, King Stephen's son. Ranulf assisted Henry, creating a diversion by attacking Lincoln, thus drawing Stephen to Lincoln and allowing Henry to escape.

Treaty with Robert, Earl of Leicester
The Earl's territory in Leicestershire and Warwickshire brought him face to face with Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester, whose family (including his cousin Roger de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Warwick and his brother Waleran de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Worcester) controlled a large part of the south Midlands. The two earls concluded an elaborate treaty between 1149 and 1153. The Bishops of Chester and Leicester were both entrusted with pledges that were to be surrendered if either party infringed the agreement.

Death
In 1153 Henry, by then Stephen's accepted heir, granted Staffordshire to Ranulf. That year, whilst Ranulf was a guest at the house of William Peverel the Younger, his host attempted to kill him with poisoned wine. Three of his men who had drunk the wine died, while Ranulf suffered agonizing pain. A few months later Henry became king and exiled Peverel from England as punishment. Ranulf succumbed to the poison on 16 December 1153: his son Hugh inherited his lands as held in 1135 (when Stephen took the throne), while other honours bestowed upon Ranulf were revoked.

title: Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester