text:
Texas v. White

Texas v. White, 74 U.S. (7 Wall.) 700 (1869), was a case argued before the United States Supreme Court in 1869. The case involved a claim by the Reconstruction government of Texas that United States bonds owned by Texas since 1850 had been illegally sold by the Confederate state legislature during the American Civil War. The state filed suit in the United States Supreme Court, which, under the United States Constitution, has original jurisdiction on certain cases in which a state is a party.

In accepting original jurisdiction, the court ruled that, legally speaking, Texas was and remained a state of the United States ever since it first joined the Union in 1845, despite it later purporting to join the Confederate States of America and despite it being under military rule at the time of the decision in the case. In deciding the merits of the bond issue, the court further held that the Constitution did not permit states to unilaterally secede from the United States, and that the ordinances of secession, and all the acts of the legislatures within seceding states intended to give effect to such ordinances, were "absolutely null". The purported bond sale during the civil war was thus void and the reconstructed Texas remained the legal owner.

Secession and bond sales
On February 1, 1861, the Texas secession convention drafted and approved an Ordinance of Secession. This ordinance was subsequently approved by both the state legislature and a statewide referendum. On January 11, 1862, the state legislature approved the creation of a military board to address issues involved in the transition in the shift in loyalty from the United States to the Confederate States.

Texas had received $10 million in United States bonds in settlement of border claims as a part of the Compromise of 1850. While many of the bonds were sold, there were still some unsold in 1861. Needing money, the legislature authorized the sale of the remaining bonds. Existing state law required that the Texas governor sign his endorsement on any bonds that were sold, but the state feared that the sale price would be depressed if the United States Treasury refused to honor bonds sold by a Confederate state. The legislature therefore repealed the requirement for the governor's endorsement in order to hide the origin of the bonds.

Before the bonds were sold, a Texas Unionist notified the Treasury which ran a legal notice in the New York Tribune that it would not honor any bonds from Texas unless they were endorsed by the prewar governor (Sam Houston). Despite the warning, 136 bonds were purchased by a brokerage owned by George W. White and John Chiles. Although this sale probably occurred earlier, the written confirmation of the transaction was not executed until January 12, 1865. The bonds were in the meantime resold to several individuals, one or more of whom were able to successfully redeem the bonds through the United States government.

With the end of the war, President Andrew Johnson appointed a temporary governor, Andrew J. Hamilton, and ordered Texas to create a new state constitution and form a new state government loyal to the Union. James W. Throckmorton was elected governor under this process. Throckmorton was in office for a year before General Philip Sheridan, the military commander of the Military District of the Southwest, dismissed him for being an "impediment to the reconstruction of the State", appointing Elisha M. Pease in his place. Pease was a Republican who had lost to Throckmorton in the election.

As the United States Treasury Department became aware of the situation regarding the bonds, it refused to redeem those bonds sold by White and Chiles. After the state realized that it was no longer in possession of the bonds, it determined that the bonds had been sold illicitly to finance the rebellion against the United States. All three of the governors, in order to regain ownership of the bonds for the state, approved filing a lawsuit under Article III, Section 2 of the United States Constitution which granted original jurisdiction to the Supreme Court in all cases "in which a State shall be a party". The case, filed on February 15, 1867, appeared on the docket as The State of Texas, Compt., v. George W. White, John Chiles, John A. Hardenburg, Samuel Wolf, George W. Stewart, the Branch of the Commercial Bank of Kentucky, Weston F. Birch, Byron Murray, Jr., and Shaw.

John Chiles, who was being sued along with White, argued that he could not be sued because Texas lacked evidence. He claimed the bond documents were destroyed by soldiers and that there was no way to get them back. White believed therefore, that he should not have to reimburse the state of Texas.

Reconstruction politics
By the time the suit was filed, the radical faction of Republicans in Congress opposed President Johnson's policy in Reconstruction. Radicals opposed the creation of provisional state governments, and moderates were frustrated by a number of lawsuits instigated by provisional Southern governors attempting to obstruct congressional reconstruction. Increasingly, Republicans were abandoning Lincoln's position that the states had never left the Union, preferring to treat the South as conquered provinces totally subject to Congressional rule. They hoped that the Supreme Court would reject jurisdiction in the case by claiming that there was no legally recognized government in Texas.

Democrats, on the other hand, wanted the Court to acknowledge the existence of an official state government in Texas. Such a ruling would have the effect of accepting Texas as fully restored to its place in the Union and render the Military Reconstruction Act unconstitutional. Wall Street was also concerned with the case, opposing any actions that threatened bondholders and investors.

Arguments
Twelve attorneys represented Texas and the various defendants in the case. Arguments before the Supreme Court were made over three days on February 5, 8 and 9, 1869.

State of Texas, Plaintiff
The complaint filed by Texas claimed ownership of the bonds and requested that the defendants turn the bonds over to the state. Texas's attorneys disputed the legitimacy of the Confederate state legislature that had allowed the bonds to be sold. In response to an issue raised by the defendants, Texas differentiated between those acts of the legislature necessary "to preserve the social community from anarchy and to maintain order" (such as marriages and routine criminal and civil matters) and those "designed to promote the Confederacy or that were in violation of the U.S. Constitution".

Texas argued that it was a well established legal principle that if the original transfer to White and Chiles was invalid, then the subsequent transfers were also invalid. Chiles and White might be liable to such purchasers and any purchasers who had successfully redeemed the bonds were liable for a personal judgment in favor of the state for the amount they received.

Defendants
The attorneys for Chiles first raised the issue of jurisdiction. They claimed that the section of the Constitution granting the Supreme Court original jurisdiction did not apply. Texas's current situation was not that of a state as contemplated by the Founders, but was that of a territory secured by military conquest. Residents of Texas were subject to military rule and had no representation in Congress and no constitutional rights.

Chiles's attorneys also argued that the sale of the bonds itself, even if conducted by a revolutionary government, was not in violation of the Constitution. Their sale was for the benefit of the people of the state, and the people, simply because they now had a different government, could not decide to invalidate the predecessor government's actions. They rejected the notion that the people of the state and the state itself were legally separate entities. As long as the people had chosen to act through representatives it was irrelevant who those representatives were.

James Mandeville Carlisle, the attorney for Hardenburg, argued that, since his client had purchased his bonds on the open market in New York, he had no way of knowing about any possible questions concerning the validity of his title. Carlisle further stated that the precedents recognizing that the decisions of the "revolutionary" government would be binding on any subsequent governments were "universally admitted in the public law of nations".

White's attorney, P. Phillips, argued that, if the bond sales were invalid, then all actions of the state government during the war were null and void. He stated that "civilized government recognizes the necessity of government at all times". Phillips concluded his presentation by stating that, if, in fact, Texas had acted illegally during the war, then a subsequent government had no right to appeal that illegality to the Supreme Court.

Majority opinion
The court delivered its opinion (with five justices supporting and three dissenting) on April 12, 1869. Chief Justice Salmon Chase, a former U.S. Secretary of the Treasury under President Abraham Lincoln, first addressed a procedural issue raised in the original filings claiming that the state lacked the authority to prosecute the case. Chase ruled that the approval by any one of the three governors of the original bill submitted to the court was sufficient to authorize the action.

Chase wrote that the original Union of the colonies had been made in reaction to very real problems faced by the colonists. The first result of these circumstances was the creation of the Articles of Confederation, which established a perpetual union between these states. The Constitution, when implemented, only strengthened and perfected this relationship. Chase wrote: "The Union of the States never was a purely artificial and arbitrary relation. It began among the Colonies, and grew out of common origin, mutual sympathies, kindred principles, similar interests, and geographical relations. It was confirmed and strengthened by the necessities of war, and received definite form and character and sanction from the Articles of Confederation. By these, the Union was solemnly declared to 'be perpetual'. And when these Articles were found to be inadequate to the exigencies of the country, the Constitution was ordained 'to form a more perfect Union'. It is difficult to convey the idea of indissoluble unity more clearly than by these words. What can be indissoluble if a perpetual Union, made more perfect, is not?"

After establishing the origin of the nation, Chase next addressed Texas's relationship to that Union. He rejected the notion that Texas had merely created a compact with the other states; rather, he said, it had in fact incorporated itself into an existing indissoluble political body. From the decision: "When, therefore, Texas became one of the United States, she entered into an indissoluble relation. All the obligations of perpetual union, and all the guaranties of republican government in the Union, attached at once to the State. The act which consummated her admission into the Union was something more than a compact; it was the incorporation of a new member into the political body. And it was final. The union between Texas and the other States was as complete, as perpetual, and as indissoluble as the union between the original States. There was no place for reconsideration or revocation, except through revolution or through consent of the States."

For these reasons, Texas had never been outside the Union and any state actions taken to declare secession or implement the Ordinance of Secession were null and void. The rights of the state itself, as well as the rights of Texans as citizens of the United States, remained unimpaired. From the decision:

"Considered therefore as transactions under the Constitution, the ordinance of secession, adopted by the convention and ratified by a majority of the citizens of Texas, and all the acts of her legislature intended to give effect to that ordinance, were absolutely null. They were utterly without operation in law. The obligations of the State, as a member of the Union, and of every citizen of the State, as a citizen of the United States, remained perfect and unimpaired. It certainly follows that the State did not cease to be a State, nor her citizens to be citizens of the Union. If this were otherwise, the State must have become foreign, and her citizens foreigners. The war must have ceased to be a war for the suppression of rebellion, and must have become a war for conquest and subjugation."

However, the state's suspension of the prewar government did require the United States to put down the rebellion and reestablish the proper relationship between Texas and the federal government. These obligations were created by the Constitution in its grant of the power to suppress insurrections and the responsibility to insure for every state a republican form of government. From the decision:

"The authority for the performance of the first had been found in the power to suppress insurrection and carry on war; for the performance of the second, authority was derived from the obligation of the United States to guarantee to every State in the Union a republican form of government. The latter, indeed, in the case of a rebellion which involves the government of a State and for the time excludes the National authority from its limits, seems to be a necessary complement to the former."

Having settled the jurisdiction issue, Chase moved on to the question of who owned title to the bonds. In previous circuit court cases, Chase had recognized the validity of legislative decisions intended solely to maintain peace and order within Southern society. He had recognized the validity of "marriage licenses, market transactions, and other day-to-day acts legally sanctioned by the Confederate state governments." However, he clearly treated actions in furtherance of the war effort in a different light. From the decision:

"It is not necessary to attempt any exact definitions within which the acts of such a State government must be treated as valid or invalid. It may be said, perhaps with sufficient accuracy, that acts necessary to peace and good order among citizens, such for example, as acts sanctioning and protecting marriage and the domestic relations, governing the course of descents, regulating the conveyance and transfer of property, real and personal, and providing remedies for injuries to person and estate, and other similar acts, which would be valid if emanating from a lawful government must be regarded in general as valid when proceeding from an actual, though unlawful, government, and that acts in furtherance or support of rebellion against the United States, or intended to defeat the just rights of citizens, and other acts of like nature, must, in general, be regarded as invalid and void."

Chase ruled that the state's relationship with White and Chiles "was therefore treasonable and void". Consequently, he ordered that the current state of Texas retained ownership of the bonds and was entitled either to the return of the bonds or to the payment of a cash equivalent from those who had redeemed the bonds.

Dissenting opinion
Justice Robert Grier wrote a dissent in which he stated that he disagreed "on all points raised and decided" by the majority. Grier relied on the case Hepburn v. Ellzey (1805) in which Chief Justice John Marshall had defined a state as an entity entitled to representatives in both Congress and the Electoral College. Thus, Texas's status had become more analogous to an Indian tribe than to a state. He also believed that the issue of Texas statehood was a matter for congressional rather than judicial determination, and he was "not disposed to join in any essay to prove Texas to be a State of the Union when Congress had decided that she is not". Justice Grier said that Texas's claim that she was not a state during the Civil War was the equivalent of making a "plea of insanity" and asking the court to now overrule all her acts "made during the disease". Justices Noah Swayne and Samuel F. Miller also dissented.

The dissenting justices rejected the majority opinion for different reasons. Grier, a "doughface" from Pennsylvania, was opposed to Radical Reconstruction and was primarily concerned with the bondholders. He felt that the Treasury lost any control over the bonds immediately after they were issued. Miller and Swayne were more sympathetic than Chase to the radical position. In a separate dissent they agreed with the majority that the bonds had been sold illegally by the secessionist government, but agreed with Grier that the current state of Texas was not a state within the meaning of the Constitution.

Reaction
The Court's decision, written by Chase, was criticized by both sides. Radical Republicans saw this as evidence that Chase was abandoning a cause he had once enthusiastically supported. Conservatives condemned Chase for a decision that would allow congressional reconstruction to continue.

In December, Illinois Senator Lyman Trumbull, using the Miller–Swayne dissent as his model, introduced legislation to overcome the White decision. Trumbull's bill stated that "under the Constitution, the judicial power of the United States does not embrace political power, or give to judicial tribunals any authority to question the political departments of the Government on political questions". In a direct attack on Chase's position the bill stipulated that "it rests with Congress to decide what Government is the established one in a State, and that it is hereby, in accordance with former legislation, declared that no civil State Government exists in Virginia, Mississippi, or Texas." The legislation was defeated by the more conservative members of Congress.

Aleksandar Pavković and Peter Radan in Creating New States: Theory and Practice of Secession state "'There was no place for reconsideration or revocation, except through revolution or through consent of the States' was not surprising. Given that the United States was born from revolution, Chase's words echo what had been stated by many legal scholars and politicians of the day, including Abraham Lincoln and Daniel Webster."

title: Texas v. White


text:
Athens Kallithea F.C.

Athens Kallithea Football Club is a Greek professional football club based in Kallithea, a city and a suburb in Athens, Greece, which competes in the Super League, the top tier of the Greek football league system.

The club has finished as high as ninth in the Greek top flight (2004–05) and has reached as far as the quarterfinal stage of the Greek Cup on five occasions (1969–70, 1978–79, 1986–87, 2001–02, 2009–10).

Founding and early history
The club was founded on 18 August 1966 from the merger of five local clubs: Esperos, Iraklis, AE Kallitheas, Kallithaikos, and Pyrsos.

In 1970, Kallithea's Grigoris Lambrakis Stadium, named after the Greek liberal politician and peace activist Grigoris Lambrakis, was opened to the public.

First promotion to the second division (June 1969)
In 1968/69, Kallithea FC hired Kostas Nestoridis and Takis Papoulidis as co-managers late in the season, and the duo would help lead the club to its first-ever promotion to the second division, culminating with a 1-0 extra-time win over AO Koropi in a playoff match on 21 June 1969.

Kallithea’s victory over Koropi also had significant political implications in dictatorial Greece. The result was considered an interruption of the planned reform of the football map being promoted by Costas Aslanidis, the Secretary General of Sports during the rule of the Greek military junta of 1967-1974. The Aslanidis’ plan sought the elimination of clubs unfriendly to the regime, which included Kallithea, while Koropi were allied with the military side.

On the night of the promotion, Kallithea supporters and residents gathered at the club’s offices to celebrate, with BBC reporting: “Today, in the first mass anti-dictatorship event in Greece, the football team of Kallithea defeated the elite of the colonels, spreading enthusiasm among the inhabitants of this great democratic district.”

First promotion to the first division (April 2002)
On 28 April 2002, Kallithea clinched their first-ever promotion to Greece's top division with a 0-1 win over Chalkidona FC at Neapoli Stadium on a goal by Theofanis Gekas.

The club's first win in the competition was a 3–2 upset of PAOK at Toumba Stadium, thanks to two goals from Gekas, on 14 September 2002.

After four seasons in the top flight, Kallithea were relegated in the 2005-06 season.

Recent history (2021 to present): new leadership, rebranding, and return to the first division
In August 2021, New York-born Greek-American Ted Philipakos, a former Chief Executive Officer and Chief Brand Officer at Venezia FC, led the takeover of Kallithea FC with his brother and former professional footballer Peter Philipakos and investor Andrew Barroway.

In the 2021-22 season, Kallithea finished second in Super League 2, seven points back of league winners Levadiakos for promotion to Super League 1, which was the club's most successful season since it last appeared in the top division in 2005–06.

In September 2022, the club rebranded as Athens Kallithea FC. The presentation of the club's rebranding was met with widespread acclaim in Greece      and abroad,      with London-based Versus calling it "one of the cleanest football rebrands ever."

In the 2022-23 season, AKFC missed out on promotion to Super League 1 by one point, finishing second in Super League 2 for the second consecutive season.

After two consecutive second-place finishes, AKFC were crowned 2023-24 Super League 2 South Group champions, clinching promotion with a 1-1 draw against second-place Chania at Grigoris Lamprakis Stadium in the penultimate match of the season. It marked the second top-flight promotion in the club’s history.

Stadium
Athens Kallithea FC play at Grigoris Lamprakis Stadium in the Athenian district of Kallithea, located 2 km south of the Acropolis and 1 km west of Andrea Syngrou Avenue, the main road linking the Athens city center to Poseidonos Avenue and the Athens Riviera.

Built in 1970, and named after the Greek liberal politician and peace activist Grigoris Lambrakis, it is a multi-use public stadium with a seating capacity of 6,300.

The stadium is commonly referred to by its nickname “El Paso,” a reference to Clint Eastwood’s 1965 Spaghetti Western film For a Few Dollars More (which had the Greek title Duel in El Paso), as the stadium was built on the site of a quarry and features a tall rock along the north side of the pitch, which was thought to be reminiscent of scenes from the film.

Historical
The first crest of Kallithea consisted of four circles representing the four groups of the merger of 1966, then becoming five circles with the addition of Pyrsos in 1967, which caused an issue with the Hellenic Olympic Committee. As a result, the club introduced a new crest with five stars in a diagonal line. The club's colors were blue and white, which were the colors of the two main groups of the merger, Esperos Kallitheas and Iraklis Kallitheas.

Current
In September 2022, the club rebranded as Athens Kallithea FC and presented a new visual identity. The club's founding year 1966 and traditional five stars representing the founding merger of the club have been maintained as part of the identity, while the new Athens Kallithea FC crest is a stylized AK monogram with five points that reference the five stars. The club's traditional blue and white have been maintained but with an updated blue, and gold has been introduced as a complementary color. The design work was executed by German studio Bureau Borsche, which also handled the rebranding of Inter Milan and Venezia FC.

Honours

 * Second Division
 * Winners (1): 2024
 * Runners-up (1): 2002 (promoted)
 * Third Division
 * Winners (4): 1969, 1976, 1993, 2010
 * Runners-up (2): 1987 (promoted), 1997 (promoted)
 * Fourth Division
 * Winners (1): 2020

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Athens Kallithea F.C.


text:
Brune Pourcel

Brune Pourcel née Tavernier was a woman who lived in the Comté de Foix in the early fourteenth century, she was made notable by appearing in Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie's Montaillou. A bastard daughter of Prades Tavernier she became a servant in the house of the wealthy Clergue family of Montaillou. She left their employ upon being married but her husband soon died leaving her a poor widow. She could not even afford her own oven, being forced to use that of her aunt Alazaïs Rives.

title: Brune Pourcel


text:
Ownership society

Ownership society is a slogan for a model of society promoted by former United States president George W. Bush. It takes as lead values personal responsibility, economic liberty, and the owning of property. The ownership society discussed by Bush also extends to certain proposals of specific models of health care and social security.

History
The term appears to have been used originally by President Bush (for example in a speech February 20, 2003 in Kennesaw, Georgia) as a phrase to rally support for his tax-cut proposals. From 2004 Bush supporters described the ownership society in much broader and more ambitious terms, including specific policy proposals concerning home ownership, medicine, education and savings.

The idea that the welfare of individuals is directly related to their ability to control their own lives and wealth, rather than relying on government transfer payments, is a longstanding one, particularly in British conservatism.

In a modern form its implementation was developed as a main plank of Thatcherism, and is traced back to David Howell, before 1970, with help from the phrase-maker Peter Drucker.

In political practice under Margaret Thatcher's administration, it was implemented by measures such as the sale at affordable prices of public housing to tenants (right to buy program), and privatization.

Ownership and control
As formulated by the Cato Institute (see original quote and external link below), the goals are that

 * patients have control of [decisions on] their personal health care,
 * parents control [i.e. have power over] their children's education, and
 * workers control [i.e. have some responsibility for the investment of, or explicit property rights in] their retirement savings.

Here the comments in brackets are an interpretation or paraphrase, consistent with a generalised idea of ownership. The conceptual link here is by means of the idea that private property, the most familiar and everyday form of ownership, is being extended. Control is closely associated with ownership in that sense.

This Cato Institute formulation is not, however, in terms of positive policies. It is more accurately a definition of ownership by taking the state out of the loop. So, for example, in health care ownership is not being defined just on the basis of informed consent.

There is no real originality, politically speaking, in the connection made between individual ownership of property and political stake-holding. This was an idea discussed in Europe and America in the eighteenth century. (For example, that the franchise should only be for property holders.)

The novelty of the Cato Institute formulation would lie in the extrapolation. In the case of savings, for example, the extension would be an assertion of property rights in money held in savings or collected tax revenues.

The first desiderata was part of John McCain's campaign platform as the 2008 Republican presidential nominee. McCain's website says, "John McCain believes [that] the key to health care reform is to restore control to the patients themselves."

Political consequences and unexpected consequences
Consistently with the basic tenet, proponents of an ownership society usually support inherited wealth, and oppose inheritance taxes and wealth taxes. They are also likely to favour a pattern of property ownership based on the purchase, rather than rental, of accommodation.

The consequences for health and education are heavily dependent on details of implementation. For example, ownership in one's child's education, for a parent, might be in the form of an education voucher, a vote in the running of a school, influence on the school curriculum, or a generalised 'right' to have a child educated in line with one's own values.

One example from the UK of an unexpected or unintended consequence of government policy favouring direct share ownership, through some oversubscribed privatisation issues, was the holding of small parcels of shares by individuals numbered in millions. This broad-based ownership created an administrative overhead, for example in relation to every shareholder vote.

Quotations
''The really big money in America comes not from working at all but from owning, which requires no expenditure of effort, either physical or mental. In short, working hard is not in and of itself directly related to the amount of income and wealth that individuals have.'' - The Meritocracy Myth by Stephen J. McNamee and Robert K. Miller, Jr. University of North Carolina at Wilmington.

''We Conservatives have always passed our values from generation to generation. I believe that personal prosperity should follow the same course. I want to see wealth cascading down the generations. We do not see each generation starting out anew, with the past cut off and the future ignored.'' - John Major conference speech, 1991.

''...if you own something, you have a vital stake in the future of our country. The more ownership there is in America, the more vitality there is in America, and the more people have a vital stake in the future of this country.'' - President George W. Bush, June 17, 2004.

We're creating... an ownership society in this country, where more Americans than ever will be able to open up their door where they live and say, welcome to my house, welcome to my piece of property. - President George W. Bush, October 2004.

''Individuals are empowered by freeing them from dependence on government handouts and making them owners instead, in control of their own lives and destinies. In the ownership society, patients control their own health care, parents control their own children's education, and workers control their retirement savings.'' - Cato Institute.

Many people don't have the time, inclination, or expertise necessary to take full responsibility for their own well-being in areas that are so complex as assuring they have sufficient income for retirement or choosing a health plan appropriate for their circumstances. - Robert Reischauer, president of the Urban Institute, a Washington think tank.

...the key to health care reform is to restore control to the patients themselves. - John McCain's campaign website, 2008.

George Bush called this the ownership society, but what he really meant was 'you're-on-your-own' society. - Barack Obama, 2008.

title: Ownership society


text:
Beta (time signal)

Beta is a time signal service in the VLF range in Russia, operated by the Russian Navy. It is controlled by All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Physical-Engineering and Radiotechnical Metrology. There are 6 transmitter stations, which take turns transmitting time signals and other communications.

Each transmitter has 1 or 2 scheduled sessions per day lasting 31–41 minutes, depending on transmitter, total 8 sessions in 24 hours. Beginning on the hour is 15–20 minutes of 25.0 kHz, including morse code station identification and time code. This is followed by 3- or 4-minute intervals of 25.1, 25.5, 23.0 and 20.5 kHz of unmodulated carrier precisely phase-locked to UTC(SU) time scale. No time code is sent during the last quarter of an hour.

The Beta network
Beta consists of the following transmitters:

Frequency usage
The time code consists of a series of signals on multiple frequencies. Transmission starts on the hour. Each time a new frequency is selected, there is 1 minute of low power while the transmitter is adjusted, then full-power transmissions begin.

The transmitters are estimated to operate at 1000 kW, achieving 30–50 kW EIRP. (The difference is due to the low efficiency of antennas at this frequency, which must be much smaller than the 12 km wavelength.)

The time code consists of a series of carrier pulses: The hour or date is not coded.
 * Each 100 ms, a 25 ms burst of carrier is transmitted
 * Each second, a 100 ms burst of carrier is transmitted
 * Each 10 s, a 1 s burst of carrier is transmitted
 * Each minute, a 10 s burst of carrier is transmitted

Most of the stations were built in the 1970s. RJH63 and RAB99, built later, has a different transmission:

title: Beta (time signal)


text: User talk:63.85.132.17

title: User talk:63.85.132.17


text:
Talk:Javier Sotomayor

1993 World Record, Question About 2nd Place?
Can anyone find find a competition results/summary for the High Jump at the July 1993 Salamanca Invitational? Who else was in the competition and what height did 2nd and 3rd place competitors achieve? Perhaps a full accounting in the August 1993 issue of Track & Field News? In the excellent videos of Sotomayor's record-breaking jump, the TV sport commentators show, briefly, Sotomayor's jump progression. He passed the two early heights, cleared 2.38 on his first attempt, then "passed" at 2.41, and cleared the record height, 2.45 on his second jump. Can someone explain why the bar was set at 2.41 in the first place? Who finished second in that competition and was he still jumping at 2.41? Or, did the event official simply "automatically" raise the bar to 2.41 (without asking Sotomayor), and then the Cuban asked it to be raised to record-height 2.45? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Swegam (talk • contribs) 15:26, 26 February 2011 (UTC)

World Record July 1993
There are several incorrect references to the date of Sotomayor's 1993 world record. It was set on 27 July, not 23 July. A contemporary New York Times news article can be accessed on-line, which clearly states the record was set on 27 July. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Swegam (talk • contribs) 03:42, 21 February 2011 (UTC)

drugs
Wasn't he charged with use of stereoids? I remember it was in the drug cheats category which cocains isn't!?

what was his record at athens 2004 olyampics?

141.150.133.114 21:58, 6 January 2006 (UTC) Why is he in the "drug cheats" category if his suspension was overturned?

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St. Emmeram's Cathedral, Nitra

St. Emmeram's Cathedral (Bazilika svätého Emeráma) is a Roman Catholic cathedral located in Nitra, Slovakia. The entire cathedral is housed in the Nitra Castle precinct, much like Prague Castle.

It was originally built in the Gothic style and is composed of many parts. The upper church dates from 1333 to 1355. The rotunda dates back to the 11th–12th century and houses a silver reliquary made in 1674. Another reliquary in the cathedral houses some relics of Saint Cyril. The lower church was built between 1621 and 1642. Later, the entire cathedral complex was remodelled in the Baroque style.

Saint Emmeram of Regensburg, to whom the cathedral is dedicated, was an itinerant seventh-century bishop who did missionary work from the court of Theodo I, Duke of Bavaria.

Jozef Tiso, who collaborated with Nazi rule in Slovakia during the Seciond World War, was reburied in the Crypt of St. Emmeram's Cathedral in 2008.

Description
Pulpit

The pulpit is part of the solid Baroque interior decoration that was commissioned by Bishop László Ádám Erdődy in the first decades of the 18th century. It was built by the left pillar of the triumphal arch, with a stone stairway leading up from the chancel. Its red, green and white marbled surface and gilt stucco decoration matches the walls and the altars. The iconography is fairly simple, with three white cherubs on the abat-voix and the Eye of Providence between clouds.

title: St. Emmeram's Cathedral, Nitra


text:
Mugwump (disambiguation)

Mugwumps were a group of Republican activists who supported Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the United States presidential election of 1884.

Mugwump or Mugwumps may also refer to:

 * Mugwump (video game), an early computer game written in BASIC
 * The Mugwumps (band), a 1960s rock band
 * Mugwump (folklore), a lake monster purported to live in Lake Timiskaming, Canada
 * "Mugwump", a 1996 song by Terrorvision from Regular Urban Survivors
 * Mugwumps, creatures from the William S. Burroughs novel Naked Lunch and its film adaptation
 * Supreme Mugwump, the title for the head of the International Confederation of Wizards in J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series

title: Mugwump (disambiguation)


text:
Parasite (comics)

Parasite is the name of several supervillains appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Each iteration of the character has the ability to temporarily absorb the life force, attributes, memories, and superpowers of anyone through physical touch. The most well-known and recurring incarnation is Rudy Jones, who has become one of Superman's most enduring enemies and belongs to the collective of adversaries that make up his rogues gallery. In 2009, Parasite was ranked as IGN's 61st Greatest Comic Book Villain of All Time.

The Rudy Jones incarnation of the Parasite has been substantially adapted from the comics into multiple forms of media, most notably in the DC Animated Universe's Superman: The Animated Series and Justice League as well as the live-action TV series Smallville and Supergirl, portrayed by Brendan Fletcher and William Mapother respectively. Additionally, Raymond Jensen and Alexandra Allston, Ally Allston, appear in Supergirl and Superman & Lois, portrayed by Anthony Konechny and Rya Kihlstedt respectively.

Publication history
The Raymond Maxwell Jenson version of the Parasite first appeared in Action Comics #340 (August 1966) and was created by Jim Shooter. Shooter, who began working for DC at age 13, says that his inspiration for the villain was learning about parasites in his ninth-grade biology class.

The Rudy Jones version of the Parasite first appeared in Firestorm (vol. 2) #58 and was created by John Ostrander and Joe Brozowski.

The Alex and Andrea Allston versions of the Parasite first appeared in The Adventures of Superman #633 and were created by Greg Rucka, Matthew Clark, and Andrew Lanning.

The Joshua Allen version of the New 52 Parasite first appeared in Superman (vol. 3) #23.4 and was created by Aaron Kuder.

Raymond Jensen
In the Pre-Crisis, Raymond Maxwell Jensen was a lowlife who got a job as a plant worker for a research center. Wrongly believing that the company payrolls were hidden in storage containers, Jensen opened one and was bombarded with energies from biohazard materials (which was actually waste collected by Superman when he traveled into outer space), which transformed him into a purple-skinned, parasitic entity, and thus he became the Parasite. Any time he touched someone, he could absorb their physical and mental properties. Touching Superman would instantly absorb a sizable fraction of his superhuman powers (it was established early on that he is not capable of acquiring the whole of Superman's powers). On one occasion, while attempting to absorb a greater portion of his adversary's powers than previously, his body disintegrated for a period of time due to the pressure in his cells. Despite these abilities, the Parasite became depressed because he could no longer embrace his wife and children. The Parasite made a number of reappearances before the Crisis, yet he never successfully found a means to permanently defeat Superman. Despite this, he had knowledge of his foe's alter ego and often used this to attack Clark Kent. Gaining sizable intellect from his multiple encounters with Superman, the Parasite devised the means to reanimate dormant plant remains left behind from the Earth-Two supervillain Solomon Grundy, creating a newer and stronger version of the creature to plague his adversary. On another occasion, the Parasite devised the means to transfer the powers of the hero Air Wave to the young hero's adversary Casey Jones temporarily.

The eventual fate of the Pre-Crisis version of the Parasite is briefly mentioned in the beginning of Superman: Whatever Happened to the Man of Tomorrow?, where Lois Lane talks about the fates of the various Superman villains. The Parasite is dead, having died while fighting his occasional partner-in-crime Terra-Man in what Lane refers to a "clash of egos". Terra-Man is killed in the battle as well.

Rudy Jones
Originally a menial slacker in the Post-Crisis, Rudolph "Rudy" Jones was transformed into the Parasite while working as a janitor at a Pittsburgh S.T.A.R. Labs facility. Unknown to anyone at the scene, the Lord of Apokolips, Darkseid, remembered the Pre-Crisis Parasite and manipulated Jones to become the modern version. He made Rudy think that a waste container might have held something valuable. He opened it and was exposed to strange radiation that changed his body into the hairless, Purple-skinned villain. Jones now had the ability to absorb the life energy of other people, leaving behind smoldering skeletons. This power was necessary for his survival, as his own body is in a constant state of hunger for energy that it cannot sustain on its own. During this time, Martin Stein, one half of the Firestorm Matrix (Ronnie Raymond being the other half) learned he was dying and decided to destroy all the nuclear weapons in the world. This did not sit well with Earth's governments, particularly the United States, who sent the Suicide Squad to Times Square where Firestorm was holding a press conference. Things quickly got out of control as the Squad and the Justice League, both intent on subduing Firestorm, fought one another, and the Parasite (who was brought on the mission against the protests of both Amanda Waller and Colonel Rick Flag Jr.) is released. He goes on a rampage and apparently kills Multiplex, only being brought under control by the cooperation of both teams. Later, he attacked the new Firestorm who easily subdued him and left him near death.

During one of his stints at Belle Reve Prison, doctors attempted to make him human again. Despite their intentions, the doctors only managed to change his skin color to the more familiar purple and also inadvertently increased his absorption power, enabling him to feed on other forms of energy, such as electricity and heat. After a number of years, the Parasite became involved in the plot to save Superman from overloading on solar energy. Rudy and Superman battled on the moon where Superman uncontrollably unleashed an immense blast of heat vision that the Parasite absorbed, causing him to mutate even further into a huge, hulking monster with teeth resembling a leech's. This mutation again increased Rudy's draining abilities, allowing him to absorb fast-moving objects' inertia, as well as making him impervious to telepathic attack to an unknown extent, since he could now drain energy through a mental link as he displayed when Dubbilex telepathically attacked him. His extra size and power did have a downside, however; he needed to absorb more energy more frequently to stay alive.

Unfortunately for a scientist who was tending to Rudy during one of his terms of imprisonment, he was tricked by Lex Luthor and somehow absorbed into the Parasite. This joining was different from Rudy's others as, apparently due to unspecified modifications to Rudy's physiology during this stint at S.T.A.R. Labs (although some sources speculate that the scientist's strength of character contributed to his 'survival'), he actually retained the scientist, Dr. Torval Freeman, as a part of his own mind. This combined intelligence made the Parasite even more menacing, given Freeman's superior intellect; however, just as the Parasite was about to finish off Superman (who he had drained almost to death), Superman was taken by the Tribunal and Dr. Freeman's wife intervened, convincing the Dr. Freeman persona to leave the Parasite (along with Dr. Freeman's body); after this, Rudy Jones' personality was back in control. He is later recruited by Morgan Edge to be part of the second Superman Revenge Squad. After Superman's powers were converted into energy-based ones, the Parasite returned to see what he could absorb from the Man of Steel. At this point in time, Superman was not in full control of what was happening with his powers and nearly killed the Parasite. Later, the Parasite returned once again to make trouble for Superman, but found himself facing off against Supergirl instead, absorbing some of her new angelic powers and nearly killing himself due to the 'divine judgment' of Supergirl's new 'wings'.

At one point, Rudy was contracted to help drain off a being named the Strange Visitor's excess electromagnetic energy, as she could not fully control it. This exposure to the Strange Visitor's power caused the Parasite to mutate again, giving him the ability to fully and permanently retain the intellects of all of his victims and also allowed him to maintain any stolen energy for up to 24 hours. Like Torval Freeman, Rudy also absorbed an unknown shapeshifter into his biology, granting him the permanent power to mimic the exact genetic makeup and appearance of his victims.

After he later escaped from S.T.A.R. Labs in the early 2000s, the Parasite began to form a plan to get back at Superman. He began stalking Lois Lane and Jimmy Olsen in an attempt to get to those closest to Superman. The Parasite had taken the form of one of his previous victims, an old man, and was run down in the pandemonium that evening when Lois came to his aid. Not realizing that she was actually in contact with the Parasite, a simple touch was all Rudy needed to get her knowledge of Superman. Rudy was surprised to learn from Lois Superman's secret identity. A new plan formed when he realized how close Superman actually was to Lois; the Parasite decided to take her place and tear him down emotionally by pretending to be a scorned Lois Lane, apparently even having an affair with Luthor in the process. When Clark attempted to confront Lois about her recent distance from him, in a fit of rage uncharacteristic of Lois Lane, Rudy punched Clark out of their apartment and into the streets of Metropolis. Shortly after this display, Superman got the Parasite to reveal himself in the guise of Lois Lane. Rudy could not handle the fact that anyone other than himself as the Parasite took down the Man of Steel. Just as the Parasite was about to lay the final blow to an exhausted Superman, Rudy drops, completely crippled by kryptonite poisoning he had drained from Superman, unbeknownst to either Rudy or Clark. Superman finally realized the reason he has felt so weak recently was because he was being constantly drained by the Parasite and also the victim of the mysterious kryptonite poisoning. When he asked Rudy how long he had pretended to be Lois, the Parasite related his story to the Man of Steel. In his final moments, he tells Superman that he still needed to have contact with Lois once every 24 hours to maintain his charade, confirming that she is still alive. He also told him that Lois loves him more deeply than he could ever know, and loves him in a way that nobody ever loved the Parasite. The Parasite died before he could tell Superman where Lois was imprisoned (Superman (vol. 2) #157). Although Superman initially tried to investigate himself, his efforts were hampered by a bout of kryptonite poisoning, and Steel was forced to contact Batman to help in the investigation. Accompanied by Superman, Batman tracked a spree of recent disappearances to the Parasite's hiding place, during which Superman gained a new insight into Batman's methods and actions, and Lois was soon found alive by the two heroes. Lex Luthor, with whom it is implied the Parasite had engaged in amorous, "extramarital" activity while in Lois' form, was infuriated when he learned of the Parasite's schemes. As such, Luthor went to great efforts to obtain the Parasite's remains.

In Justice League of America (vol. 2) #2, the Parasite is found to be holed up in St. Roch, Louisiana, where he uses his power-absorbing abilities to temporarily neutralize the powers of villains for a fee so they might evade detection during the course of criminal efforts.

In Action Comics Annual #10, a headshot of the Parasite was seen as part of "Superman's Top 10 Most Wanted" that bore a resemblance to the version seen in Justice. This version of the Parasite later appeared in Action Comics #759 wearing the Superman: The Animated Series-inspired costume the Parasite wore circa 2000, and is later seen as a member of the new Injustice League. It has not yet been revealed if this Parasite is the same that appeared in Justice League of America (vol. 2) #2, but he has been revealed to be a resurrected Rudy Jones by Lex Luthor in Superman: Last Son.

He can be seen as a member of Libra's Secret Society of Super Villains.

In the New Krypton storyline where 100,000 Kryptionian refugees are freed from the bottle city of Kandor, the Kandorians decide to take it upon themselves to eliminate Superman's enemies. A group of Kandorians break the Parasite out of prison, killing several prison guards in the process and imprison the Parasite in the Phantom Zone. Superman freed the Parasite so he could be taken to Belle Reve, but the Parasite escaped.

The 2009-10 miniseries Superman: Secret Origin redefines the Parasite's origin. In this version, Rudy Jones is a janitor at the Daily Planet. One day, Lex Luthor chooses Rudy as part of a daily "LexCorp Lottery" in which he selects one person from the crowd formed outside the LexCorp building to provide them with a new life. Inside LexCorp, Rudy eats a donut which had been accidentally spilled with a purple toxic material (revealed in issue #5 to have been produced by extracting the radiation from kryptonite). This transforms him into the Parasite, subsequently going on a rampage in Metropolis until he is stopped by Superman. He was last seen in issue #5 to be in a holding cell in LexCorp tower, having been seen by both Lex and Lois Lane's father, General Sam Lane.

In 2016, DC Comics implemented another relaunch of its books called "DC Rebirth", which restored its continuity to a form much as it was prior to "The New 52". Parasite was seen sucking electricity from the power station until Superman arrives. Not wanting Superman's help, Parasite loses his power after the power station explodes and gets away. Parasite later tries to drain the energy from the hospital generators. Superman was able to subdue Parasite on the Moon.

Parasite was shown to have befriended Metallo at some point.

During the "Dark Nights: Death Metal" storyline, Parasite was with the other Superman villains when they witnessed the rampage of a version of Superman called Last Sun. He later joins the Suicide Squad.

During the "Dawn of DC" event, Parasite reforms, gets a job at Supercorp, and is given a special wristband that supplies him with energy. He also develops the ability to create progressively smaller duplicates of himself and adopts one of them as a pet.

Alex and Alexandra Allston
After the villain Ruin (who was secretly Professor Hamilton) performed some experiments, two new Parasites debuted, one purple, the other green. The two new Parasites were teenagers named Alex (the green Parasite) and Alexandra (the purple Parasite) who wanted to seek vengeance on the people who made their lives difficult. They were soon subdued by Superman after a battle.

After attempting to escape from a metahuman prison, Alex was killed by an OMAC while his sister Alexandra escaped and joined the Secret Society of Super Villains under Alexander Luthor Jr. (who was posing as Lex Luthor).

She is later one of the villains sent to retrieve the Get Out of Hell Free card from the Secret Six.

Joshua Allen
In 2011, The New 52 rebooted the DC Comics universe. Joshua Michael Allen was a misanthropic delivery boy who was caught in the middle of a battle between Superman and a giant parasite. Allen snapped and attacked the creature, electrocuting it and himself with a live wire. While at Star Labs to check his health from the encounter, their testing transformed him into a creature who constantly feels hunger for energy he obtains from people, leaving their molded skeletons. Tired of this kind of life, he tried to commit suicide and was rescued by Superman, from whom Allen absorbed energy like never before. This eased the pain and hunger he experienced, until his energy was depleted. Allen was imprisoned in Belle Reve.

During the "Forever Evil" storyline, Allen escaped and joined the Crime Syndicate of America's version of the Secret Society of Super Villains. The Parasite is defeated by an overload of energy.

Allen was later forced into the Suicide Squad.

Powers and abilities
All incarnations of the Parasite have the ability to temporarily absorb the life energy, superpowers, and knowledge of their victims through physical contact, and are also able to drain virtually any other form of energy and use it as a power source.

In particular, Rudy Jones is granted enhanced strength, intelligence, agility, durability, and reflexes by absorbing the energy of other beings. When Jones drains other superpowered individuals, he gains their abilities for a limited period of time until he "runs out of life-energy" and must seek a new victim to "feed on". He is shown to have a heightened sense of perception that allows him to detect the life force and power within other beings. While drawing the energy of ordinary humans is almost instantaneous, it takes a notably longer time in the case of immensely powerful beings, which gives the victim more time to react and free themselves from the Parasite's grip. Following an encounter with the Strange Visitor, however, the Parasite's powers were enhanced and enable him to retain the energy he takes for longer as well as granting Jones the ability to shapeshift; he can now physically morph into his victims right down to their DNA, being able to access their memories, gain their natural abilities, and mimic their voices. The Parasite's biggest weakness is that he also absorbs the weaknesses of his victims and cannot counter such susceptibilities even when he has other abilities that should do so; when he absorbed both Superman and Livewire's powers, he retained the latter's vulnerability to water despite possessing the former's near-invulnerability. The Parasite also maintains Superman's weaknesses, like kryptonite, even when the Parasite in addition already absorbed the powers of non-Kryptonians.

Other versions

 * An alternate universe variant of Parasite appears in All-Star Superman. He exploits Superman's rising power levels to absorb his energy and grow into a colossal form before being defeated.
 * An unidentified alternate universe variant of Parasite appears in the JSA: The Liberty Files miniseries JSA: The Unholy Three. This version is a former KGB agent and freelance contract killer.
 * The Raymond Jensen incarnation of Parasite appears in Justice as a member of the Legion of Doom.
 * An alternate universe variant of the Raymond Jensen incarnation of Parasite appears in Kingdom Come. He ruptures Captain Atom's outer shell, causing a massive nuclear explosion that kills them both and irradiates much of Kansas.
 * An original, alternate universe variant of Parasite appears in Just Imagine.... This version is Lucinda Radama, an African-American female serial killer.
 * An alternate universe variant of the Raymond Jensen incarnation of Parasite appears in Superman: Earth One Volume Two. This version has a sister named Theresa Jensen, who believes that he is a consultant with a real estate firm and is unaware of his criminal status.
 * An alternate universe version of Parasite appears in Superman Family Adventures. This version is Otis, who was transformed by a purple alien rock. He attempts to take over Superman's life before his powers eventually wear off.
 * An unidentified alternate universe variant of Parasite appears in Superman: Red Son.
 * An alternate universe variant of the Rudy Jones incarnation of Parasite appears in Superman American Alien.

Live-action

 * The Rudy Jones incarnation of Parasite appears in the Smallville episode "Injustice", portrayed by Brendan Fletcher. This version was a metahuman prisoner at the Black Creek facility before Tess Mercer stages a prison break and recruits Jones, among other prisoners, into a team in a failed attempt at making them heroes.
 * Additionally, an unrelated character called Eric Summers appears in the episodes "Leech" and "Asylum", portrayed by Shawn Ashmore. Throughout his appearances, he temporarily steals Clark Kent's powers via Kryptonite and electricity on two separate occasions, only to be defeated by him and lose them each time.
 * Two incarnations of Parasite appear in Supergirl. Both versions are the result of humans being possessed by an alien parasite called an Angon:
 * Dr. Rudy Jones appears in the episode "Changing", portrayed by William Mapother. This version is an environmental scientist who is infected by an Angon that had laid dormant in an Arctic wolf's corpse and gains the ability to drain life force through physical contact. While fighting Supergirl, Alex Danvers, and the Martian Manhunter, Jones absorbs Supergirl and Manhunter's powers and transforms into a monster before Supergirl overloads and kills him with plutonium.
 * Raymond Jensen appears in the fourth season, portrayed by Anthony Konechny. This version is a Department of Extranormal Operations (DEO) agent who despises aliens for wreaking havoc on National City. Throughout the episodes "American Alien" and "Parasite Lost", he leaves the DEO to join anti-alien activists Otis and Mercy Graves and Agent Liberty. Jensen later volunteers to be exposed to an Angon obtained from the DEO, gaining energy-absorbing abilities in the process, only to eventually end up comatose and taken into DEO custody.
 * A character based on Alexandra Allston named Ally Allston appears in the second season of Superman & Lois, portrayed by Rya Kihlstedt as an adult and by Amber Taylor as a child. This version is a cult leader behind the Inverse Society/Method who took over Bizarro World with help from her Bizarro counterpart (also portrayed by Kihlstedt), who she later merges with, gaining flight and the ability to drain energy. Nonetheless, they are defeated and separated by Superman and incarcerated by the Department of Defense.

Animation

 * An original incarnation of Parasite named I.C. Harris appears in The New Adventures of Superman episode "The Pernicious Parasite". This version is a balding thief who specializes in stealing radioactive materials and lacks purple skin.
 * The Raymond Jensen incarnation of Parasite appears in the Young Justice episode "Performance", voiced by Adam Baldwin.
 * The Rudy Jones incarnation of Parasite appears in the Justice League Action episode "Power Outage", voiced by Max Mittelman. This version sports a more monstrous appearance and the additional ability to sprout tentacles from his torso.
 * An unidentified Parasite makes non-speaking cameo appearances in Harley Quinn and Kite Man: Hell Yeah! as a member of the Legion of Doom.
 * An original incarnation of Parasite appears in My Adventures with Superman. This version is a cybernetic armor called the Parasite 1.0, which was created and worn by Dr. Anthony Ivo (voiced by Jake Green) and is capable of growing larger and more monstrous in appearance as it absorbs energy.

DC Animated Universe
Two incarnations of Parasite appear in series set in the DC Animated Universe (DCAU):
 * The Rudy Jones incarnation of Parasite appears in Superman: The Animated Series, voiced by Brion James. This version is a S.T.A.R. Labs janitor who gained his abilities from exposure to stolen chemicals that were originally intended to boost the rate of energy absorption in humans. He goes on to battle Superman on two occasions and briefly join forces with Livewire before ending up in a coma and being remanded to Stryker's Island.
 * Jones appears in the Justice League two-part episode "Secret Society", voiced by Brian George. Having recovered from his coma, he is recruited into Gorilla Grodd's Secret Society and fights the Justice League, only to be defeated by Wonder Woman.
 * Jones makes minor, non-speaking appearances in Justice League Unlimited as a member of Grodd's expanded Secret Society. Prior to and during the episode "Alive!", Lex Luthor takes command of the Society, but Grodd mounts a mutiny. Jones sides with the latter, only to be frozen by Killer Frost and killed off-screen by Darkseid along with Grodd's other loyalists.
 * A monstrous, unidentified incarnation of Parasite appears in the episode "Epilogue", voiced by Marc Worden. This version is a member of a future version of the Society called the Iniquity Collective.

Film

 * The Rudy Jones incarnation of Parasite makes a cameo appearance in Superman/Batman: Public Enemies.
 * An unidentified Parasite appears in All-Star Superman, voiced by Michael Gough. This version possesses infrared vision and is on death row at Stryker's Island.
 * The Rudy Jones incarnation of Parasite appears in DC Super Hero Girls: Hero of the Year, voiced by Tom Kenny.
 * The Rudy Jones incarnation of Parasite appears in Superman: Man of Tomorrow, voiced by Brett Dalton. This version is a decorated former U.S. Marine, a veteran of the Middle East, and a loving family man who gained his abilities from exposure to an energy-absorbing biological weapon developed by S.T.A.R. Labs. Over the course of the film, Jones transforms into a massive, near-mindless beast as he absorbs energy until Superman appeals to his humanity, leading him to sacrifice himself to protect Metropolis from an exploding energy plant.

Video games

 * The Rudy Jones incarnation of Parasite appears as a boss in Superman: Shadow of Apokolips, voiced again by Brian George.
 * An unidentified Parasite appears as a boss in Superman 64. This version is a member of the Superman Revenge Squad.
 * An unidentified Parasite appears as a boss in the Nintendo DS version of Superman Returns.
 * The Rudy Jones incarnation of Parasite appears in DC Universe Online, voiced by Robert Faires. Additionally, weaker versions of Parasite called "Leeches" appear as well.
 * The Rudy Jones incarnation of Parasite appears as a character summon in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.
 * The Rudy Jones incarnation of Parasite makes a cameo appearance in Injustice: Gods Among Us via the Stryker's Island stage.
 * The Rudy Jones incarnation of Parasite appears as a playable character in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham, voiced by Travis Willingham.
 * The Rudy Jones incarnation of Parasite appears as a playable character in Lego DC Super-Villains, voiced by Eric Bauza.

Miscellaneous

 * An amalgamated incarnation of Parasite appears in Injustice: Gods Among Us: Year Five #3. This version is identified as Joshua Michael Allen while his monstrous form resembles that of Rudy Jones. He battles Cyborg and Yellow Lantern until Superman arrives and throws Parasite into the sun.
 * The Rudy Jones incarnation of Parasite appears in DC Super Hero Girls.

title: Parasite (comics)


text:
Charles Edward Searle

Charles Edward Searle (18 June 1828 in Hackney – 29 July 1902 in Cambridge) was an English clergyman and academic, Master of Pembroke College, Cambridge from 1880 until his death in 1902.

Biography
Charles Edward Searle was the seventh son of Samuel Browne Searle and Charlotte née Smales, of Hackney. His father died when he was young, leaving his mother with 12 children, and thus two of the brothers were educated at Christ's Hospital, supported by the governor of the hospital. Searle specialized in mathematics, and was elected to a scholarship at Pembroke College, Cambridge in 1848, graduating BA (10th wrangler) in 1851. Elected a fellow, he was ordained deacon in 1854, and priest in 1855. He was curate in Broughton in 1855, of Odell, Bedfordshire, 1856–64, and of Earl Stonham 1864–70. In that year he returned to Pembroke as a tutor, served as lecturer and Dean, and eventually (from his election in 1880) Master of Pembroke. "To him, more than to any other single man, the growth of the College, both in numbers and distinction, during the later part of the nineteenth century, was due." He was Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge University in 1888–89. He was the friend and chief mentor of Inagaki Manjiro.

In 1881 he married Miss Fowler, niece of John Power, his predecessor as Master.

Searle died on 29 July 1902.

title: Charles Edward Searle


text:
Talk:Lake Mariout

Untitled
Moved to modern name; the ancient name is virtually never used to refer to the lake in modern Egypt. Mariout is the most common spelling per Google test. —Tkinias 00:48, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lake Mariout


text:
1962 in rail transport

January events

 * January 4 – New York City Subway introduces a driverless train.
 * January 8 – The Harmelen train disaster, the worst railway accident in the history of the Netherlands, occurs when one passenger train driver misses a warning signal and passes a red signal to collide nearly head-on with another passenger train. 93 are killed.
 * January 28 – The last lines of streetcars in Washington, D.C., end operations.

February events

 * February 1 – The Nordland Line in Norway is completed and opened to Bodø.

March events

 * March 15 – Canadian Pacific Railway receives authorization to discontinue passenger train service between Ottawa and Chalk River.
 * March 23 – In Tokyo, Japan, the Marunouchi Line branch is extended from Nakano-fujimicho to Honancho.

May events

 * May 3 – Mikawashima train crash in Japan kills 160.
 * May 22 – SNCF in France completes electrification from Strasbourg through to Paris.
 * May 23 – Drilling for the new Montreal Metro system commences.
 * May 31
 * Toei Subway Line 1 (present-day Asakusa Line) opens between Asakusabashi and Higashi-Nihonbashi in Tokyo, Japan.
 * The Hibiya Line is extended north from Minami-senju to Kita-senju and south from Naka-okachimachi to Ningyocho. Through service to the Tobu Isesaki Line also begins.

June events

 * June 30 – The Norfolk and Western Railway discontinues electrification on the former Virginian Railway.

July events

 * July 17 – Canadian National Railway debuts a new paint scheme on its transcontinental passenger train, the Super Continental.

August events

 * August 29 – In Tokyo, Japan, the Hibiya Line begins service between Kasumigaseki and Higashi-ginza.

September events

 * September 1 – Port Authority Trans-Hudson assumes operation of the Hudson & Manhattan Railroad.
 * September 7 – The Buckfastleigh, Totnes and South Devon Railway, in England, is closed by the Western Region of British Railways.
 * September 30 – Toei Subway Line 1 (present-day Asakusa Line) is extended from Higashi-Nihonbashi to Ningyocho in Tokyo, Japan.

October events

 * October 11 – Colorado and Southern Railway 2-8-0 number 641 pulls the last steam locomotive-operated regular daily service revenue train on a standard gauge railroad in the United States when it pulls a train from Leadville to Climax, Colorado.
 * October 28 – The Lake Street Elevation of the Chicago Transit Authority rail system is placed in operation, relocating 2.6 miles of the former at-grade portion of the route onto the Chicago and North Western Transportation Company's elevated right-of-way, with new stations at Central, Austin, Ridgeland, Oak Park and Harlem. The improvement eliminated a total of 22 grade crossings in Chicago, Oak Park and Forest Park.

Unknown date events

 * Railway extended to Wau, South Sudan.
 * New York Central purchases the first electric multiple unit passenger cars from Pullman-Standard for use on the Metro-North railroad.
 * Union Pacific 3985, a Challenger locomotive, is removed from revenue service on the Union Pacific Railroad.
 * First Indian Railways Class WDM-2, from ALCO, introduced. The class will eventually exceed 2,800 units.
 * ALCO closes the ALCO Thermal Products Division (formerly Brooks Locomotive Works) plant in Dunkirk, New York.
 * Harry A. deButts is succeeded by D. William Brosnan as president of the Southern Railway.
 * The Northern Refrigerator Car Line is combined with Merchants Despatch.

Deaths

 * February 2 – Ralph Budd, president of the Great Northern Railway 1919–1932 and Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad 1932–1949 (b. 1879).

title: 1962 in rail transport


text:
Talk:Echelon formation

Enough with the geese already!
OK, the ratio of goose trivia to actual echelon formation information is skewed almost 3:2 in favour of the geese. At the risk of re-opening old wounds, can we please get rid of some of it? ChrisU 03:23, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Why? The information is factually correct, interesting and relevant. Just because it is not interesting to you is immaterial - we are here to serve the readers of Wikipedia.Graham 04:20, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, the information is factually correct inasmuch as Geese do fly in formation, that they do shed drag in that way, and that they regularly swap positions to allow one another to rest. My problem is that the formation that they fly in is not an echelon formation, and that all the Goose trivia, while interesting, is irrelevant in the context of echelon formations and can only serve to mislead those who visit this page wanting to learn what an echelon formation looks like.

 * I intend to upload an illustration to better show what an the formation looks like; at the same time, I will also add an entry for vee formations. When that happens, I will move the majority of the goose paragraph to the new entry (where it is both correct and accurate, and where I'm sure you will agree that it more peoperly belongs), and include only a brief explanation that, although a misnomer, the term 'echelon' is sometimes applied to the vee formations employed by migratory birds. The two entries will be cross linked so that no information is lost.

 * If this is still not satisfactory, then I think that the best thing that we can do at this point is to involve a moderator. ChrisU 07:35, 3 May 2005 (UTC)

definitions of echelon formation
The term echelon is widely used to refer to both line flanked and V-formations. The article is better, more well-rounded and useful for the extension I made to it, so reverting to the earlier narrower definition is pointless. How does that improve WP? Try googling for "echelon geese flight" - it returns 12,800 hits where the term is used this way. Graham 00:48, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, that depends on your definition of 'widely used'. It might well be popular to describe both wedge and echelon formations of migratory birds under the one name, but in military circles, that kind of ambiguity (particularly in a battlefield) is to be avoided at all costs. I agree that WP is worse off for not including your contribution, but I think that the distinction needs to be made a lot clearer. Ideally, I'd prefer to see your description go into an entry for wedge formations, and a simple cross reference be made between this entry and that. ChrisU.

 * I agree that it is also sometimes called the "wedge formation" (though as often as not birds fly a straight echelon and not a wedge) - I wasn't objecting to that, but to the wholesale revertion without discussing it. To my mind, whatever the military terms are, the need for military precision does not apply to birdwatchers or the wider community in general. If the military choose to employ a common word to mean something very specific, then they themselves are guilty of imprecision - the word could be misconstrued to have its common meaning! They'd be better off making up a word. Fortunately when it comes to wikipedia we need not limit ourselves to military precision; the far more interesting and wider application of the term applies. It could be argued that a separate article would settle this - unfortunately the title as it stands makes no distinction, and so this is the proper place for it. I personally don't see why the military definition should take precedence - the usual convention is that general and widely understood meanings are discussed first, with more specialist or specific meanings later. I think it would be fair to say that in general the bird flying formation would be more likely to be selected by the average reader as the commoner of the two uses of the term. That said, as it stands I don't object to the current ordering of the article. Graham 03:17, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, for the wholesale reversion of the article, I apologise; that wasn't appropriate. :)

 * With regard to what you say about military specificity being incorrect, I think that you are allowing your own personal interests to cloud the issue. Birdwatchers make no distinction between wedge and echelon formations, and fair enough, they have no need to, but the distinction *is* important to those who study history and battlefield tactics - put a hundred men with spears into a wedge against a cavalry charge, and they'll be flanked and routed easily, not so in an echelon.

 * It would be bad for any category of our readers to come away with the wrong idea, therefore it seems more important to me to explicitly state the properties of an echelon formation, and then explain that a more general description can be applied in the area of migratory birds.

 * Finally, I don't think it is for either you or me to decide who our readers are, I have no interest whatsoever in birdwatching and found my way to an unwritten article from reading a historical piece on the Battle of Cannae. You, presumably, found your way here from reading about migratory birds; neither is more right, and neither is entitled to think his particular community has more right to define the 'common' meaning of the word.

 * Having said that though, googling for "echelon geese flight" returns 12,800 hits as you quite rightly point out, but googling for "wedge geese flight" returns even more. :)

 * Fair enough, I'm OK with the article as it is (though as another anon contributor has mentioned, the term 'vee' is probably better anyway - I missed that). I could say that your personal interests are perhaps clouding the issue just as much as mine are, since obviously your interest is with the military side of things. As a result you may be giving it more weight than it may ultimately warrant - but WP is a work in progress so it's up to others to take this article where it needs to go - whatever OUR interests, the article will ultimately achieve balance - it's a form of natural selection. Graham 04:36, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Refactoring
I have moved the ornithological details to a new article Vee formation and added a brief reference to the geological use of the phrase. I think that this covers all the bases. --Theo (Talk) 21:52, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

Link to “Exploitation of Labour”
I don’t think the term “limit of exploitation” should link to an article about Marxian economics. Is this intended? At least, the link should point to a section of the article that somehow relates to military “limits of exploitation”.

-- 94.217.108.123 (talk) 20:52, 22 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Agree, link removed. Vsmith (talk) 21:45, 22 November 2016 (UTC)

Word choice
Please replace the word "refused" (in the second sentence under 'Military History') with a more accessible word. Repelled? Retreated? Forced back? — Preceding unsigned comment added by KurtmanJones (talk • contribs) 03:00, 25 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Echelon formation


text:
Thor: Son of Asgard

Thor: Son of Asgard is a comic book series published by Marvel Comics from March 2004 to January 2005. Written by Akira Yoshida and illustrated by Greg Tocchini, the series follows Thor's early adventures in Asgard with Sif and Balder. It was originally a limited series of six issues but, thanks to popular demand, it was later extended to an ongoing series that lasted for twelve issues in total.

Plot
The series is composed of three storylines: "The Warriors Teen" (issues #1-6), "Enchanted" (issues #7-9), and "Worthy" (issues #10-12).

The Warriors Teen
In Thor: Son of Asgard #1-6, titled "The Warriors Teen," a teenaged Thor and his friends, Sif and Balder, sneak into the great hall of Asgard and Thor tries to lift Mjolnir, without success. He states that someday, he will be worthy enough to lift it. Three giant spiders enchanted by Loki attack them. Working together, the three young warriors defeat them. After this feat, Odin decides to send them on a quest to find four mystical elements that will then be fashioned into an enchanted blade. The four items are: a scale from the dragon Hakurei; a feather from the snow eagle Gnori; a jewel from a mine of Jennia; and a vial of water from the Lake of Lilitha.

Both the Norn Queen Karnilla and Loki learn of the quest and separately try to stop the trio from completing it. However, when Karnilla captures Loki and attempts to convince him to aid her in overthrowing Odin, he refuses and instead informs Thor, Sif, and Balder of her plan. Sif, Balder, and Loki return to Odin to prepare for Karnilla's attack, while Thor completes the quest.

After the attack, Karnilla kills Thor with an arrow, but he is revived by the healing power of water from the lake and Sif's tears of love. Then the Norn Queen menaces the life of Loki. Balder offers his life in exchange for Loki's. He explains his action by the value of life and that there is good in every soul. Karnilla flees.

One month after the battle, the enchanted blade is finished. During a banquet, Odin presents the sword Svaden and gives it to Balder for his mercy and compassion.

Enchanted
In Thor: Son of Asgard #7-9, titled "Enchanted," Sif is the only girl in a class of male warriors until the arrival of Brunnhilda. With this female warrior and Amora, Sif now has now two rivals in the competition for Thor's affections. The two blondes remind her that she lost her golden hair, after Loki jealously cut it and replaced it with enchanted black hair made by dwarves. Taking advantage of her vulnerability, Amora and Loki work together to trick Sif into stealing the Mirror of Mycha.

The Mirror of Mycha is an enchanted mirror that, when the proper spell is cast upon it, will cause the person who is looking into it to fall in love with the person holding it. The legend says that only a woman's touch can give life to the mirror.

Loki casts the spell. Amora steals the mirror from Sif and uses it on Thor. Brunnhilda and Sif decide to fight together against the sorcerers. During the fight, Brunnhilda breaks the mirror and the spell over Thor vanishes. Sif has to apologize and explain why she would have tricked him with the Mirror of Mycha. Thor forgives her and they exchange their first kiss.

Worthy
In Thor: Son of Asgard #10-12, titled "Worthy," Thor, frustrated by his incapacity to wield the hammer Mjolnir, decides to travel to the Norns to learn how to succeed. They tell him that he must first face death. After his return to Asgard, he discovers that the Storm Giants have attacked the city and kidnapped Sif. Odin tells Thor to stay and guard Asgard and he and the gods will go rescue her. Due to his feelings for the young woman, Thor disobeys his father and finds himself worthy to lift Mjolnir.

On his horse Treibold, Thor travels to Jotunheim. He defeats many Storm Giants to face Rugga, their king. Rugga tells him he was offered immortality by the Goddess of Death, Hela, if he turned Sif over to her. Thor goes to confront Hela. During the confrontation, Hela threatens to kill Sif. However, when Thor offers himself in her place, Hela realizes that he would die an honorable death (thereby spoiling her desire to inflict great sorrow on Odin and the Asgardians), and so sets Sif free.

Development
Originally, the dialogue was supposed to be written in "old world" style as in other Marvel comics with Asgardians; however, Marvel chose finally to use a more modern tone. Akira Yoshida explained, "The first issue was lettered and I had already seen the proofs when my wonderful editor MacKenzie Cadenhead called and said that the general feeling at Marvel seemed to be to make the dialogue more colloquial. She explained that we should tone down the THYs and HATHs and NAYs, so younger comic fans could pick up the book and enjoy it as well without getting turned off by the older-sounding language."

Digests

 * Thor: Son of Asgard, Vol. 1: The Warriors Teen, collects issues #1-6, October 2004, ISBN 978-0-7851-1335-5
 * Thor: Son of Asgard, Vol. 2: Worthy, collects issues #7-12, April 2005, ISBN 978-0-7851-1572-4

Trade paperbacks

 * Thor: Son of Asgard, collects issues #1-12, August 2010, ISBN 978-0-7851-4156-3

Public reception

 * Thor: Son of Asgard #9 reached the Top 300 list in terms of direct sales estimates in October 2004.
 * Thor: Son of Asgard #12 reached the Top 300 list in terms of direct sales estimates in January 2005.
 * Thor: Son of Asgard, Vol. 1: The Warriors Teen reached the Top 100 Graphic Novels/TPB's in terms of direct sales estimates in October 2004.

Animated film
An animated film titled Thor: Tales of Asgard was released in May 2011.

title: Thor: Son of Asgard


text: User talk:66.216.134.12

title: User talk:66.216.134.12