text:
Sonic R

Sonic R (ソニック) is a 1997 racing game developed by Traveller's Tales and Sonic Team and published by Sega for the Sega Saturn. It is the third racing game in the Sonic the Hedgehog series, and the first to feature 3D computer graphics. The player races one of ten Sonic characters in various Sonic-themed race tracks as they attempt to stop Doctor Robotnik from stealing the Chaos Emeralds and enslaving the world. Sonic R features single-player and multiplayer game modes, and while similar to kart racing games such as Mario Kart, it places an emphasis on jumping and exploration. By collecting items and completing objectives, players can unlock secret characters.

Development began after the completion of Sonic 3D Blast in 1996 and took nine months. It was the second collaboration between Traveller's Tales and Sonic Team and was designed to take advantage of the Saturn hardware. Sonic Team designed the race tracks, while Traveller's Tales handled implementation and programming using a custom game engine. The soundtrack was composed by Richard Jacques; Sonic R tracks, most notably "Super Sonic Racing", have been reused in subsequent Sonic games. Sega released the game for the Saturn in late 1997, for Windows the following year, and for the GameCube and PlayStation 2 as part of Sonic Gems Collection in 2005.

Sonic R was the only original Sonic game released for the Saturn; Sonic 3D Blast is a port of the Mega Drive game, and Sonic Jam is a compilation of the first four mainline Sonic games. Initial reviews for the game were mixed, with retrospective reception being more negative. It was praised for its visuals and level design, but criticised for its poor controls, high difficulty and short length. Meanwhile, Jacques's soundtrack polarized audiences, who either found it catchy and well-produced or out of place in a racing game. Fan interest in Sonic R inspired Sega to revisit the racing genre with games such as Sonic Riders (2006).

Gameplay
Sonic R is a racing video game with single-player and multiplayer modes. The player selects a character and participates in a footrace on one of five race tracks, competing for the fastest time ahead of the other racers. Four characters are initially available, while the other six are secret characters that become available when the player completes certain in-game objectives. Although the gameplay is considered similar to kart racing games such as the Mario Kart series,  Sonic R places an emphasis on jumping and exploration, as each track has multiple paths and hidden areas. The tracks, although original creations, are thematically based on the art style and environments of classic Sonic games such as Sonic the Hedgehog's "Green Hill Zone" and Sonic the Hedgehog 2's "Chemical Plant Zone". Players can also race through each track in reverse.

During each race, the player is able to collect items scattered across the track, bestowing advantages. Rings, a staple Sonic series item, are abundant; the player can exchange rings to gain a temporary speed boost or open doors leading to short cuts or special items. "Item Panels" give a random temporary advantage, such as a speed increase or shields that grant abilities such as being able to run across water or attract nearby rings. Collection of other special items, such as "Sonic Tokens" and the Chaos Emeralds, may lead to the unlocking of secret characters. Sonic R allows the player to select the type of weather seen during races. There is also a "Time Attack" mode, where the player races solo to get the fastest time, and a two player competitive mode, increased to four-players in the Windows port. In addition to the standard time trial mode, there are two others: "Get 5 Balloons", where five balloons are scattered across the track and must be located, and "Tag 4 Characters", where the player chases and must catch four others.

Characters
Sonic R features ten playable racers, each with unique attributes and abilities falling in line with their usual abilities. Sonic the Hedgehog is the fastest and can "double jump" (being able to perform a second jump in mid-air). Tails is able to fly through the air for a short time, and Knuckles the Echidna can glide through the air upon jumping. Amy Rose, the last initially available character, drives a car, allowing her to hover over bodies of water and receive extra speed from driving over boost spaces. Secret characters include Sonic's archenemy Dr. Robotnik, who flies in his Eggmobile hovercraft and resists differences in terrain; robotic clones of Sonic (Metal Sonic), Tails (Tails Doll), and Knuckles (Metal Knuckles); Robotnik's robotic assistant EggRobo; and Super Sonic, a faster version of Sonic powered by the Chaos Emeralds.

Amy's car, Dr. Robotnik's Eggmobile and Eggrobo are the only characters that cannot jump unless they hit a spring pointing up. Instead of the jumping ability, Amy's car is equipped with a turbo that reloads after a certain amount of time, and both the Eggmobile and Eggrobo can fire homing missiles capable of stunning opponents.

Plot
Sonic and Tails are about to take a holiday when Tails notices an advertisement for a "World Grand Prix". While not initially interested, Sonic notices that Dr. Robotnik is also participating in the race, which persuades him to change his mind and enter the race. It is revealed that Robotnik has recently learned of the whereabouts of the rare and powerful Chaos Emeralds, with which he aspires to enslave the world, and that he intends to gather them during the World Grand Prix while using a group of robotic henchmen he has built to best Sonic. Knuckles and Amy overhear of Robotnik's plan and decide to compete. Together, the four must balance both winning races and obtaining the Chaos Emeralds to keep them out of Robotnik's reach.

Development
After the completion of Sonic 3D Blast in 1996, Sega approached Traveller's Tales about working on a Sonic racing game. Traveller's Tales, who coincidentally had been working on a 3D graphics engine without a purpose at the time, found this to be a logical progression. Traveller's Tales chose to rebuild a Formula One game they were developing into a Sonic game. Development started in February 1997 as a joint project between Sega's Sonic Team and Traveller's Tales. The game was originally known as Sonic TT (the TT standing for Tourist Trophy). It was first publicly announced as "Phase Two of Project Sonic" (with "Phase One" being Sonic Jam). The schedule was tight, and Traveller's Tales requested more freedom than they had with Sonic 3D Blast.

Sonic Team designed the race tracks and the game's general flow, and Traveller's Tales were responsible for the implementation and programming. Each track was inspired by levels from previous Sonic games such as Green Hill and Casino Night, and it was due to the tight schedule that there were only five. Secret areas and exploration phases were added to follow the series' traditions (Sonic Team also wanted a cross between a racing game and a platforming game), and for this reason a map was developed. Sega of Europe producer Kats Sato handled communication with Sonic Team, as he was the only person who could speak both English and Japanese. Discussions led to the reward mechanisms, which Sato believed broadened the game. The courses' look and feel were inspired by other Sonic games, including Sonic 3D Blast. The 3D models were based on 2D sketches from Sonic Team. All models and animations were developed using Softimage 3D, while Traveller's Tales created their own tools for the remaining game development. Implementing the two-player split-screen mode proved difficult; programmer Jon Burton stated that this was mainly because it was difficult to ensure cheating was not too easy, so shortcuts were made challenging, with a penalty incurred if players got them wrong. A major development goal was to maintain a consistent 30 frames per second frame rate during gameplay. A custom game engine was developed to take full advantage of the Sega Saturn hardware, and a graphical technique, described as "12 layer transparency", was used to transparentise distant textures to conceal the Sega Saturn's limited draw distance. Burton claimed that Sonic R could not have been replicated on other consoles during the timeframe, such as the PlayStation console, due to the technique developed specifically for the Sega Saturn hardware. Environment mapping was achieved by writing what Burton described as a software version of the PlayStation's hardware rendering, as the Saturn's hardware was incapable of it.

An early build was unveiled at the Electronic Entertainment Expo in Atlanta, Georgia in June 1997, with Sega releasing screenshots of a "40% complete build" to various magazines shortly afterwards. The builds would be largely the same as the final game, with the exception of minor tweaks, such as the ability to play the "Resort Island" level being in sunset, rather than bright sunshine, a change that was made because of the level's music track titled "Can You Feel the Sunshine?". Traveller's Tales had used programming techniques inspired by those (such as a type of fog known as "Pixie Dust") used on the Nintendo 64.

Hirokazu Yasuhara of Sonic Team went to England and fine-tuned the game due to lack of time for communication. Technical and scheduling issues caused Sato to change the game design, leading to a dispute with producer Yuji Naka, and Sato removed his name from the credits. The game's final release would be first in North America on 18 November 1997, with releases in other regions occurring in late 1997 for the Sega Saturn, and into 1998 for the PC version. The PC versions allowed the user to alter graphics details such as allowing to change between software rendering and 3D acceleration or adjusting the game's draw distance, affecting how soon objects in the distance are visible. Like many other previous Sonic games during this time period, a largely unrelated Sonic R game was released as a Tiger Electronics LCD handheld game around the same time in 1998.

Music
The soundtrack for Sonic R was composed by British composer Richard Jacques of Sega Europe, who had also previously worked on the soundtrack of the Sega Saturn and PC versions of Sonic 3D Blast. Work on the soundtrack began in March 1997 when Jacques travelled to Japan to meet with Sonic creator Yuji Naka to discuss the musical approach to take for the game. The first song written was "Super Sonic Racing", which would be used for the game's reveal in June at E3. British singer TJ Davis provided the vocals for the song, which Naka liked so much that he requested that she be featured in all the game's songs. Jacques wrote all the lyrics for the songs with the intention that they would complement the on-screen action but still be appealing to someone who had never played the game. Tracks were recorded and programmed at Sega Digital Studios, and then worked on for two weeks at Metropolis Studios in London, where a week was spent on vocals, and a week was spent on producing, mixing, and finalising the tracks. Jacques stated that this task was amongst the most difficult in his career because the lyrics needed to "really mean something". Sonic R features two separate mixes of each song in its in-game soundtrack; ones with vocals and instrumental versions, giving the player the option to disable vocals. An official soundtrack CD was released on 21 January 1998.

Reception
The Saturn version of Sonic R received mixed reviews from critics at the time of its release, although retrospective commentary has been more negative. It received an aggregate score of 69 per cent from GameRankings, based on six reviews, and the PC version received 70 per cent based on two.

The game's visuals were considered its strongest feature. AllGame called the textures vibrant and noted they had "no pop-up or glitching", and Electronic Gaming Monthly (EGM) felt the environmental details were lush. EGM and Sega Saturn Magazine highlighted the consistent frame rate (which rarely dropped below 30 frames per second) as a noteworthy achievement, with the latter favourably comparing Sonic R to the Saturn version of Sega Rally Championship. Next Generation hailed the game as "the most visually outstanding Saturn title" for its use of transparency effects and reflective surfaces, a sentiment echoed by EGM. Sega Saturn Magazine cited the "Radiant Emerald" level, which is made from transparent polygons, as far superior when compared to Mario Kart 64's "Rainbow Road". GameSpot stated that the cartoonish style of previous Sonic games worked well in 3D. GameSpot, EGM, and GamePro criticised the background's graphical "pop-up", with GamePro opining that it ruined the multiplayer mode. However, Sega Saturn Magazine praised the two-player mode for maintaining the same speed and graphical detail as its single-player counterpart. Game Informer asserted that "the way they hid the background pop through translucent melting is innovative", but they panned the poor quality of the character animation. Finally, Sega Saturn Magazine complimented the replay mode's more dramatic camera angles.

Critical reaction to the game's level design was also positive. Game Informer found the tracks imaginative and filled with secrets, while EGM found them to be "some of the most well-designed tracks ever". AllGame, EGM, and Game Informer thought similarly. Sega Saturn Magazine compared the level design to that of the 16-bit Sonic games and Sonic Team's Nights into Dreams..., noting that "far more fun is to be gleamed [sic] from the exploration element" than "the temptation ... to leg it through each of the levels in a time trial-like way". In a similar vein, Next Generation described Sonic R and Nintendo 64 contemporary Diddy Kong Racing as "less of a racing title and more of a driving adventure game". Sega Saturn Magazine commented on the replay value provided by alternate modes, such as "Get 5 Balloons!", but conceded that "five tracks don't really suffice, even with the reverse mode". GameSpot, EGM, and Game Informer also expressed disappointment with the limited selection of levels.

The controls and overall gameplay were criticised, with some questioning their accuracy and depth. GameSpot finished every level in first place within one hour using only one of the four initial characters. While the game also features a hard mode, GameSpot concluded that "Sonic R has more in the personality department than in the depth department". GameSpot and Game Informer cited finding the Chaos Emeralds and hidden coins as difficult, but GameSpot argued that such optional tasks offered little in return, because the hidden characters "are mostly robot versions of the already playable ones". Moreover, AllGame believed the controls took time to get used to, but added: "Start sliding around corners and letting off the gas at the right times and you'll be finding all of the secrets that Sonic R conceals in no time". Likewise, Sega Saturn Magazine called the controls "initially tricky ... but incredibly playable," Next Generation stated "the proper techniques, with time, can be learned," and Game Informer concluded "once you get used to it, you'll find a real solid game". Game Informer thought the game played better with the digital pad as opposed to Sega's analogue controller. GamePro agreed that the controls were responsive, but to a fault: "At high speeds, it's nearly impossible to run in a straight line."

Sonic R ' s soundtrack was particularly divisive. Sega Saturn Magazine described the "storm of controversy [that] surrounds the accompanying music", which "has come in for a bit of a slagging on the Internet recently for the addition of vocals." Although he was not a fan of dance music, Nutter stated that the tracks were "better than most chart stuff", while the included instrumental versions were sufficient "to appease everyone". AllGame offered high praise for the soundtrack, which they called "One of the most inspired ... I've ever heard", while GameSpot believed the songs gave the game "so much more personality". Conversely, GamePro deplored the music as "unbelievably annoying". Computer and Video Games complimented the music, saying it "fits the Sonic style perfectly", and is reminiscent of Sonic CD's soundtrack.

The ported version of the game available in Sonic Gems Collection was more negatively reviewed. Eurogamer called the game "too awkward to play for any length of time", and 1UP.com wrote the visuals were grainy—"mak[ing] it hard to tell where you're going"—and the controls were frustrating and imprecise. GameSpot described "its laughably bad soundtrack" as "[its] only redeeming quality", and GameSpy called Sonic R "a concept that works better in theory than in practice"—despite its "fantastic (if not bizarre) soundtrack". Conversely, Jeuxvideo.com, in a negative review of Sonic Gems Collection, praised the game, arguing that it was the only decent game in the compilation alongside Sonic CD. In a 2003 retrospective, Game Informer described the game as "decent, but unmemorable", while GamesRadar included Sonic R in a 2014 list of the top 50 Sega Saturn games, calling it "a technical tour de force". In 2013, GameTrailers ranked it as the second worst Sonic game, behind 2006's Sonic the Hedgehog. Game designer Hirokazu Yasuhara, who helped Traveller's Tales rework the game in response to concerns over the quality of a preview version, has maintained that "the final version of Sonic R is actually quite good ... However, I do admit that the base concept of Sonic R, in which a player 'drives' running characters, is not great".

Legacy
Despite Sega releasing two Sonic racing games prior to Sonic R, Sonic Drift and Sonic Drift 2, for the Game Gear, developer Takashi Yuda cited fans requesting more racing games in the vein of Sonic R would be Sega's actual inspiration for revisiting the genre in future years. This led to the development and release of the hoverboarding game Sonic Riders, although there are no connections between the two games other than both being racing games. Later Sonic racing games include Sonic Riders sequels Sonic Riders: Zero Gravity and Sonic Free Riders, and kart games Sonic & Sega All-Stars Racing, Sonic & All-Stars Racing Transformed and Team Sonic Racing.

Songs from Sonic R's soundtrack were included in later games featuring Sonic in their original forms or as remixes, including Super Smash Bros. Brawl, Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, Sonic Generations, Sonic & Sega All-Stars Racing and Sonic & All-Stars Racing Transformed.

The 2019 release Team Sonic Racing features several references to Sonic R, including remixes of songs from the soundtrack (including "Super Sonic Racing" and "Can You Feel the Sunshine?") and the use of the distinctive red "R" in the game's logo and on the in-game currency.

title: Sonic R


text: User talk:65.27.151.16

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:65.27.151.16


text: User talk:68.61.118.243

title: User talk:68.61.118.243


text:
Siboney

Siboney may refer to:

Arts

 * Siboney (film), a Mexican-Cuban drama film
 * "Siboney" (song), a 1929 song by Ernesto Lecuona
 * Siboney, a 1985 album by Slim Gaillard

Places

 * Siboney, Cuba, a town in eastern Cuba
 * Siboney, Oklahoma, a town absorbed by the town of Manitou, Oklahoma
 * Siboney, a neighborhood in Playa, Havana in Cuba

Other uses

 * The Ciboney or Siboney, an indigenous people of Cuba
 * Siboney de Cuba, a cattle breed
 * USS Siboney, two U.S. Navy ships of the name

title: Siboney


text:
Inowrocław Voivodeship

Inowrocław Voivodeship (województwo inowrocławskie) was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland from the 14th century to the First Partition of Poland in 1772. Together with the neighbouring Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship it was part of the Kuyavia region and the Greater Poland Province.

With size of some 2,900 km2 (together with Dobrzyn Land, its area was 5,877 km2.), it was one of the smallest voivodeships of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In early years after its creation (14th century), it was called Gniewkowo Voivodeship (Województwo gniewkowskie), from the town of Gniewkowo, the seat of local Piast princes. Last mention of Gniewkowo Voivodeship was in 1420. Even though the capital of the voivodeship was in Inowrocław, its biggest urban center was Bydgoszcz. Local sejmiks, together with Brzesc Kujawski Voivodeship, took place in Radziejów. The Inowroclaw Voivodeship with Dobrzyn Land had six senators (Voivode and Castellan of Inowrocław, Castellan of Bydgoszcz, and Castellans of Dobrzyń, Rypin and Słońsk Dolny).

Apart from the original two Kuyavian counties of the Voivodeship, it also included the Dobrzyn Land, located on eastern bank of the Vistula which became part of the Kingdom of Poland in 1466. The Dobrzyn Land was divided into three counties (Dobrzyń, Rypin, Lipno), and had its own sejmiks at Lipno.

Administration
Governor seat:
 * Inowrocław

Voivodes: Hieronim Radomicki (1630–1651)

Regional council (sejmik) seats:
 * Radziejow
 * Lipno

Administrative division:
 * County of Inowrocław
 * County of Bydgoszcz
 * Land of Dobrzyń (ziemia dobrzyńska), divided into the counties of Dobrzyń, Rypin, and Lipno.

Neighbouring Voivodeships:
 * Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Chełmno Voivodeship
 * Płock Voivodeship
 * Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship
 * Kalisz Voivodeship
 * Gniezno Voivodeship (since 1768)

Cities and towns
Source:

Bydgoszcz County

 * Bydgoszcz
 * Fordon
 * Koronowo
 * Solec

Dobrzyń County

 * Dobrzyń nad Wisłą

Inowrocław County

 * Gniewkowo
 * Inowrocław
 * Pakość
 * Podgórz
 * Raciążek
 * Służewo

Lipno County

 * Bobrowniki
 * Kikół
 * Lipno
 * Skępe

Rypin County

 * Dobrzyń nad Drwęcą
 * Górzno
 * Rypin

title: Inowrocław Voivodeship


text:
David Harrison

David Harrison may refer to:

 * David Harrison (artist) (born 1954), English artist
 * David Harrison (basketball) (born 1982), American
 * Sir David Harrison (chemist) (1930–2023), chemist and Master of Selwyn College Cambridge (1994–2000)
 * David Harrison (cricketer) (born 1981), Welsh cricketer
 * David Harrison (footballer), English football manager active in France
 * David Harrison (historian), British historian of freemasonry
 * David Harrison (jockey) (born 1972), Welsh jockey
 * David Harrison (RAF officer)
 * David Harrison (zoologist) (1926–2015), English zoologist
 * David E. Harrison (1933–2019), former American politician, lobbyist and judge
 * David Howard Harrison (1843–1905), Premier of Manitoba, Canada
 * David Kent Harrison (1931–1999), American mathematician
 * David L. Harrison (born 1937), American children's author and poet
 * K. David Harrison (born 1966), Canadian-American linguist

title: David Harrison


text:
Peter Moore

Peter or Pete Moore may refer to:

Politicians

 * Peter Moore (British politician) (1753–1828), English civil servant of the East India Company and politician
 * Peter Moore (Queensland politician) (born 1938), member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly

Sports

 * Peter "Bullfrog" Moore (1932–2000), Australian rugby league administrator
 * Peter Moore (Australian rules footballer) (born 1957), winner of the Brownlow Medal in 1979 and 1984
 * Peter Moore (Gaelic footballer) (1940–2010), Irish Gaelic footballer
 * Peter Moore (shoe designer) (1944–2022), American shoe and logos designer for Nike Inc. and Adidas
 * Peter Moore (speedway rider), Australian motorcycle speedway rider

Music

 * Pete Moore (composer) (1924–2013), British composer and popular music arranger
 * Pete Moore (The Miracles), bass singer for the Motown group the Miracles
 * Peter J. Moore (born 1956), Canadian music producer
 * Peter Moore (trombonist) (born 1996), winner of BBC Young Musician of the Year in 2008

Writers

 * Pete Moore (science writer) (born 1962), British science writer
 * Peter Moore (travel author) (born 1962), Australian travel writer

Others

 * Peter G. Moore (1928–2010), British statistician
 * Peter Moore (businessman) (born 1955), former president of Sega of America, executive at Reebok, Microsoft and Electronic Arts, and CEO of Liverpool FC
 * Peter Moore (chemist) (born 1939), professor at Yale University
 * Peter Moore (priest) (1924–2000), Dean of St Albans, 1973–1993
 * Peter Moore (serial killer) (born 1946), British serial killer
 * Peter Moore (The Messengers), fictional character in TV series, The Messengers
 * Peter Moore (town crier) (1939–2009), town crier of London
 * Peter Moore, computer consultant from Britain kidnapped in Iraq; see Foreign hostages in Iraq
 * Peter Moore, executive producer of various television documentaries, including 638 Ways to Kill Castro
 * Peter Weddick Moore (1859–1934), North Carolina educator and president of Elizabeth City State University

title: Peter Moore


text:
User:WLKP

WLKP means Wielkopolska = Greater Poland

title: User:WLKP


text: User talk:67.162.20.246

title: User talk:67.162.20.246


text:
Haider

Haider is a predominantly Arabic name, with alternative spellings such as Haidar, Haydar and Heydar. Notable people with the name include:

Given name

 * Haider Shah 15th-century sultan of Kashmir
 * Haider Al-Abadi, Iraqi politician
 * Haider Ackermann (born 1971), French fashion designer
 * Haider Ali (athlete) (born 1984), all-round Pakistani Paralympic athlete
 * Haider Ali (boxer) (born 1979), Pakistani Olympic boxer
 * Haider Ali (cricketer) (born 2000), Pakistani batsman
 * Haider Ali Kohari (born 17th century), military general and secretary of the Maratha king Shivaji
 * Haider Aziz Safwi, Indian politician
 * Haider Hussain (singer-songwriter), Bangladeshi singer-songwriter
 * Haider Jabreen (born 1981), Iraqi discus thrower, also known as Haidar Nasir (born 1981)
 * Haider Mahmoud (born 1942), Jordanian-Palestinian poet
 * Haider Nawzad (born 1983), Iraqi rower, also known as Haydar Nozad, Haidar Hama Rashid
 * Haider Qureshi (born 1953), Pakistani Urdu poet, writer and journalist
 * Haider Rahman, Pakistani musician
 * Haider Zaman Khan, Pakistan politician and administrator

Middle name

 * Abdulelah Haider Shaye (born c. 1977), Yemeni journalist, also known as Abd al-Ilah Haydar Al-Sha'i
 * Ali Haider Khan (1896–1963), Nawab of Longla, Bengali politician
 * Ali Haider Multani (1690–1785), Sufi Punjabi poet
 * Ghulam Haider Hamidi (1945–2011), mayor of Kandahar, Afghanistan
 * Ghulam Haider Wyne, Pakistani politician
 * Khaqan Haider Ghazi (born 1965), Punjabi poet
 * Mufazzal Haider Chaudhury (1926–1971), Bengali essayist, scholar and educator
 * Nawab Haider Naqvi, Pakistani economist and scholar
 * Rafique Haider Khan Leghari (born 1951), Pakistani politician, minister

Surname

 * Adil Haider, Pakistani–American trauma surgeon
 * Afzaal Haider (born 1971), Pakistani-born Hong Kong cricketer
 * Ali Haider (cricketer) (born 1988), Pakistani cricketer
 * Ali Haider, Pakistani singer and actor
 * Andreas Haider-Maurer (born 1987), Austrian tennis player
 * Ernst Haider (1890–1988), German painter and graphic artist
 * Farooq Haider Khan, 12th Prime Minister of Azad Jammu and Kashmir
 * Ghazi-ud-Din Haider (born c. 1769 – 1827), last nawab wazir of Oudh (1814–1818) and first King of Oudh (1818–1827)
 * Ghulam Haider, music composer well known in both India and Pakistan
 * Ilse Haider (born 1965), Austrian artist
 * Iqbal Haider (1945–2012), advocate of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, co-chair of the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan
 * Izhar Haider (1944–2009), Urdu poet, social worker, broadcaster
 * Jalila Haider, a Human rights attorney and political activist
 * Jörg Haider (1950–2008), Austrian politician
 * Karl Michael Haider (1846–1912), German painter
 * Maximilian Haider (born 1950), Austrian physicist
 * Michael Lawrence Haider (1904–1986), American petroleum engineer and executive
 * Moinuddin Haider (born 1942), Pakistani general
 * Mohsin Abbas Haider, Pakistani singer, actor, writer and TV presenter
 * Nasiruddin Haider (born c. 1803 – 1837), second King of Oudh (1827–1837)
 * Rashid Haider, Bangladeshi author and novelist
 * Sajjad Haider (born 1966), Indian journalist media personality
 * Sarah Haider, Pakistani-American writer
 * Sayed Haider (1925–2020), Bangladeshi physician and Language Movement activist
 * Sepp Haider (born 1953), Austrian rally driver
 * Shuja Haider, Pakistani singer, songwriter, composer, music director and record producer
 * Syed Afzal Haider, Pakistani politician
 * Wasim Haider (born 1967), Pakistani cricketer
 * Zameer Haider (born 1962), Pakistani international cricket umpire
 * Zulqarnain Haider (cricketer) (born 1986), Pakistani cricketer

title: Haider


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dragonmaw Clan

Dragonmaw Clan
A vanity page for a group of videogame players, I think, although the article doesn't bother to note that. Non-encyclopedic, unnotable outside an extremely limited group of gamers. Cdc 23:26, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Seems eligible for a speedy as nonsense. In any event, delete. —tregoweth 23:33, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete It's from Warcraft (probably fancruft). Google is non-notable (1400 results), and most of them simply discussion panels. Ambush Commander 23:46, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The same text is available at 4 different sites that Google could find, so potential copyvio too. [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 23:57, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, but it's less fancruft than some other articles here. Probably a copyvio too. Jeltz 00:28, 2004 Dec 15 (UTC)
 * Delete Cruftalicious. --LeeHunter 01:26, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Whatever the heck it's meant to be is unclear. This does qualify as expanded nonsense.  For my part, I usually won't speedy something like this, but it's a clear delete. Geogre 02:19, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete and don't forget to send Dragonmaw along with it on their trip to the Magical Bit Bucket. -- [[User:Bobdoe|Bobdoe (Talk)]] 05:42, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy as borderline prank, vanity, fancruft. Wyss 19:36, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete as hopelessly nonnotable fancruft already. Some anonymous user keeps removing the VfD header tag. DreamGuy 22:12, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Cheapy

How to sign your username
Just put in three tildes --. Four tildes -- ~ -- will insert a timestamp as well. -- Antaeus Feldspar 23:26, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cheapy


text: User talk:68.188.86.77

title: User talk:68.188.86.77


text:
Gniezno Voivodeship

Gniezno Voivodeship (Województwo Gnieźnieńskie, Palatinatus Gnesnensis) was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland for a short time from 1768, when it was cut from the Kalisz Voivodeship, to the Second Partition of Poland in 1793. It was part of Greater Polish prowincja.

Greater Poland general governor (Starosta Generalny) seat:
 * Poznań

Voivodeship governor (wojewoda) seat:
 * Gniezno

General council (Sejmik Generalny) for the Greater Poland seat:
 * Koło

Administrative division:
 * Gniezno County (Powiat Gnieźnieński), Gniezno
 * Kcynia County (Powiat Kcyński), Kcynia
 * Naklo County (Powiat Nakielski), Nakło

Neighbouring Voivodeships:
 * Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Inowrocław Voivodeship
 * Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship
 * Kalisz Voivodeship
 * Poznań Voivodeship

title: Gniezno Voivodeship


text:
User talk:Darren Dirt

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 23:28, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Darren Dirt


text: User talk:68.51.71.1

title: User talk:68.51.71.1


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Grunt Rebellion

Grunt Rebellion
Fancruftorama. If anybody knows what fiction this belongs to they have my full blessing to merge and redirect. --fvw *  23:31, 2004 Dec 14 (UTC)
 * Looks like it's based on the game Halo, which I know little about. Merge this and everything in the Halo category into one article. —tregoweth 23:54, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: I don't usually use the term "fancruft," but since we've been told not to use it, I'd have to say that this is fancruft.  It's "rumored to be" something from Halo.  Rumored?  I don't see a merge as a huge need here.  Geogre 02:20, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * There's a lot of garbage floating its way into the Halo articles. I've had to ban an anon a couple of times for adding and readding nonsense and speculative nonsense. -- Cyrius|✎ 03:22, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Why is this back from speedy delete hell? Geogre 04:48, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * History sez, recreated by anon. -- Cyrius|✎ 06:54, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is the sort of poorly-written non-article that gives fancruft a bad name. BTW someone's removed the VfD banner from the page.  P Ingerson 16:16, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It got speedy deleted at some point, probably incorrectly; it then got recreated. I then slapped a deleteagain on it (I'd seen it be speedy deleted, I'd just forgotten I had a VfD running against it). I've added another VfD header on it now. --fvw *  17:15, 2004 Dec 16 (UTC)
 * Speedy or no, let's just make sure it gets deleted DreamGuy 22:14, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Dave Pelzer

Factual error in the Criticism section
This sections states: "...according to a reviewer in the The Guardian, who wonders if those who read the book "might, in fact, be paedophiles"." That quote from the Guardian article is referring to a completely different book so the last part of the sentence should be removed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.98.199.33 (talk) 08:10, 13 May 2013 (UTC)

Untitled
Apparently his mother and father have died. Don't know about his brothers. His mother never got into serious trouble because child abuse laws were too 'weak' in the 70s. --130.161.135.31 14:04, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

p.s. she died in 1992 and her name is Catherine Roevera

Removed Controversy section
I removed the controversy section because it's controversy surrounding his book; it belongs not under his bio but under A Child Called It —Preceding unsigned comment added by Taylert123 (talk • contribs) 05:46, 14 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Pelzer's notability is entirely based on his book. Therefore the controversy belongs here as much as on the book article itself. -- Escape Orbit  (Talk) 13:30, 14 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Controversy section is gone, sir. I really wish to see this reinstated---I've searched all the articles and talk pages of him and his books and found nothing regarding controversy save for vague statements on this article's introduction.  I only even got to this page because it was seemingly randomly suggested in the article for Anthony Godby Johnson.

 * After reading several articles about him, his stories sound highly suspect. There's quotes from his brothers claiming his books are false, and that he was highly energetic and a "spoiled brat".  Normally, I'd give no credence to mere testimony from one person, but considering that Dave Pelzer has responded to these allegations with blatant Ad hominem, calling his brother "semi-retarded" opens the door to skepticism.

AndarielHalo (talk) 17:32, 20 January 2010 (UTC)

It would be great if someone would re-write the controversy section so that it makes sense. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.172.239.66 (talk) 08:19, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Added. At the very least, we need to be careful in stating that his claims of abuse are just that, claims, that have never been verified by any legal process as far as I can tell. Jpatokal (talk) 00:28, 16 March 2011 (UTC)

3rd worst case in California?
Whoever expressed this opinion clearly overlooked Genie, resecued in California in 1970 and still living Genie (feral child) Althought Genie never wrote about her case of abuse, she should still be remebered for the tragedy that came amongst her!

Documentation
We all know this article is quite light on verifiable documentation of this case. To assist pig that, here is the list of people David thanks at the front of his book "Lost Boy". These names can be googled for information that could assist in verifying the details of this story. It should be noted, that the vast majority of David's story is told only by him and should be treated as a single source. If however any of these people have given interviews in verifiable, independent sources, that would be helpful. "To the teachers and staff who rescued me: Steven Ziegler, Athena Konstan, Joyce Woodworth, Janice Woods, Betty Howell, Peter Hansen, the school nurse of Thomas Edison Elementary School, and the Daly City police officer. To the angel of social services Ms Pamela Gold. To my foster parents: Aunt Mary, Rudy and Lilian Catanze, Michael and Joanne Nulls, Jody and Vera Jones, John and Linda Walsh. To those with a firm but gentle guiding hand: Gordon Hutchenson, Carl Miguel, Estelle O’Ryan, Dennis Tapley. To friends and mentors: David Howard, Paul Brazell, William D. Brazell, Sandy Marsh, Michael A. Marsh." Wjhonson 22:31, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually his mother died back in 1992 and his father is believed to have died between 1979 and 1982. The books do not state an exact date on his father's death. Also David stated his brothers were all treated perfect and never even hit. His brother Richard stated different. He insisted that all the boys were abused at one time or another but just not nearly as severe. he also stated he saw all his brothers being mistreated at times. David just got the worst of it while he got the second worst of itif you actully read the book then you'll see what dave REALLY went trough and sometimes you just cant make that up.

[to the above] If you read his other books it goes on to tell how he found out his brothers were beaten and neglected too, saying in the book "He was the lucky one." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.71.221.28 (talk) 05:23, 14 April 2009 (UTC)

Re-write May 1, 2007
I re-did the whole article based on the one semi-legit source I could find. I removed everything that was unsourced based on the rules for bios of living persons. I will keep watching this page to keep junk out. Anyone who would like to add something that is fully cited should feel free to do so. --Chuck Sirloin 16:44, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

If he was kept away from the other family members, that would explain why he never once saw one of the other boys get hit. He was then taken into care. But in "A Man Named Dave", he states that in a meeting with his brother Russell when they were adults, he learned for the first time that the other brothers were subjected to abuse.

dave grew up to write seven bestsellers:a child called it;the lost boy;a man named dave,help yourself,help yourself for teens,the priveledge of youth,and moving forward. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.162.204.56 (talk) 18:59, 5 November 2009 (UTC)

Biased
This article is a bit biased. Phrases like "her sick games" take a leaning position on the subject.

I noticed that too, and I've corrected it and added information about Richard Pelzer's book. Graymornings (talk) 08:32, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

removed "advocate for children's rights"
I removed the attribute "advocate for children's rights" from the lead, since there is no documentation of that inline nor any discussion/mention of it within the article. Pelzer speaks and sells his books simultaneously -- this does not qualify as advocating children's rights; it's advocating his books. Softlavender (talk) —Preceding comment was added at 21:00, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

more info
more info is needed about the books, what they cover and his life. I have added some info but feel that the article does not have a neutral point-of-view. Mainly what's there is commenting on his books instead of actual descriptions of the content and the impact his book had in literature and society (making child abuse public on a wider scale). --South19 (talk) 21:45, 5 January 2014 (UTC)

Teacher said... (removed)
"One of his teachers said that Dave's experience was one of the worst child abuse cases in California at that time."

The source says: "My own hunch is that, substantially, he's telling the truth: there seems no reason to dispute the assertion by his former teacher that at the time Pelzer was removed from his mother, his was the third worst case of child abuse on record in the state of California. (No charges were ever brought, however, and it is left unclear on what terms he was removed; his mother appears to have had the right to see him if she wanted.)"

Our sentence is irredeemably vague, but the source is not much better. We don't know who this former teacher is and why they would have knowledge of every case of child abuse on record in California. I would have thought that there were many cases of child abuse that resulted in death in a state as populous as California. Possibly this is in the book, and can then be cited to the book, but to attribute it to a random teacher, and cite this Guardian text as a reference seems unsupportable.

All the best: Rich Farmbrough, 15:30, 18 September 2014 (UTC).

Semi-protected edit request on 28 July 2018
Remove the 2nd sentence of the 2nd paragraph of the "Abuse" section which is a says: "A Brother's Journey." It is an incomplete sentence. 71.183.176.48 (talk) 03:26, 28 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done DRAGON BOOSTER   ★  04:45, 28 July 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 15 April 2019
Spelling mistake in the third paragraph of the 'Abuse' section. 'She dank at least 30 liters of vodka a week.' Dank should be drank.
 * Done. Thanks. -- Escape Orbit  (Talk) 16:40, 15 April 2019 (UTC)

Another request: the last bit about the funeral has horrible punctuation such as no period between the end of one sentence and another and "no one at the funeral" written as "Noone at the funeral."--32.214.195.155 (talk) 02:32, 17 April 2019 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Honors English 250H VL1
— Assignment last updated by RAT1981 (talk) 21:25, 30 September 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 14 March 2023
Current wording: One of Pelzer's brothers, Richard B. Pelzer, published his own autobiography, A Brother's Journey, that detailed his experiences. Paraphrased, Pelzer said in the afterword of his book that his objectives for his story was to show how a parent can become abusive and how the human spirit can triumph and survive

Because both men are Pelzer, it is unclear which Pelzer is the subject of the second sentence. I suggest to add the correct first name in the second sentence (or otherwise rewrite for clarity) Jacketck (talk) 11:32, 14 March 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ Thanks! Actualcpscm (talk) 10:56, 15 March 2023 (UTC)

Article quality is too low to justify locking, needs massive overhaul
Example:

"Throughout the rest of his life, he somewhat healed from the abuse but will never forget what he had been through." The tone, grammar, and substance of the claim are highly inappropriate and should have been addressed before the article was mysteriously locked.

Also, counterpoints to Pelzer's claims of abuse are poorly integrated. The article clearly takes the stance that his narrative is the authoritative one, but no explanation is given as to why, other than that his brother is "semi-retarded," an inclusion that seems more like offensive gossip from a dysfunctional family than anything illuminating for readers. NPOV isn't about including criticism as a token gesture of good faith, it's about not arbitrarily taking sides when the available evidence doesn't warrant it. This is definitely not NPOV.

If there is no evidence that Pelzer's story is factual, the article needs to be revised so as to discuss allegations, not supposed facts regarding those who are long dead. If there is such evidence, it should be front and center.

Next time, before protecting an article from vandalism, make sure you are up to the task of not damaging it yourself. ;) 2603:7081:1603:A300:65F7:6E1F:C966:FE1E (talk) 18:26, 14 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate.Wes sideman (talk) 13:38, 15 November 2023 (UTC)
 * The article should not be locked, it needs significant editing which is being prevented by the lock. 80.2.85.177 (talk) 08:57, 22 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dave Pelzer


text:
Peter Moore (travel author)

Peter Moore (born 18 July 1962) is an Australian travel writer.

Biography
Moore, who was born in Sydney, claims to have visited 105 countries. He currently lives with his wife and daughter in London. He has published many books that re-tell tales of his travels.

He is a Vespa enthusiast and his 2005 book Vroom with a View and 2007 book Vroom by the Sea feature trips through Italy taken on vintage Italian motorscooters.

title: Peter Moore (travel author)


text: User talk:66.82.9.11

title: User talk:66.82.9.11


text:
Limp

A limp is a type of asymmetric abnormality of the gait. Limping may be caused by pain, weakness, neuromuscular imbalance, or a skeletal deformity. The most common underlying cause of a painful limp is physical trauma; however, in the absence of trauma, other serious causes, such as septic arthritis or slipped capital femoral epiphysis, may be present. The diagnostic approach involves ruling out potentially serious causes via the use of X-rays, blood tests, and sometimes joint aspiration. Initial treatment involves pain management. A limp is the presenting problem in about 4% of children who visit hospital emergency departments.

Definition
A limp is a type of asymmetric abnormality of the gait. When due to pain it is referred to as an antalgic gait, in which the foot is in contact with the ground for a shorter duration than usual; in severe cases there may be a refusal to walk. Hip deformities with associated muscular weakness, on the other hand, may be present with a Trendelenburg gait, with the body shifted over the affected hip.

Differential diagnosis
The causes of limping are many and can be either serious or non-serious. It usually results from pain, weakness, neuromuscular imbalance, or a skeletal deformity. In 30% of cases, the underlying cause remains unknown after appropriate investigations. The most common underlying cause of limping in children is minor physical trauma. In those with no history of trauma, 40% are due to transient synovitis and 2% are from Legg–Calvé–Perthes syndrome. Other important causes are infectious arthritis, osteomyelitis, and slipped capital femoral epiphysis in children.

Septic arthritis
Septic arthritis can be difficult to separate from less serious conditions such as transient synovitis. Factors that can help indicate septic arthritis rather than synovitis include a WBC count greater than 12×109/l, fever greater than 38.5 °C, ESR greater than 40 mm/h, CRP greater than 2.0 mg/dL, and refusal to walk. People with septic arthritis usually look clinically toxic or sick. Even in the absence of any of these factors, however, septic arthritis may be present. Joint aspiration is required to confirm the diagnosis.

Other
Other infections that classically lead to a limp include Lyme disease (a bacterial infection spread by deer ticks) and osteomyelitis (an infection of the bone).

Trauma
Accidental or deliberate physical trauma may result in either a fracture, muscle bruising, or a contusion. It is the leading cause of a limp. Deliberate abuse is important to consider.

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is a condition in which the growth plate of the head of the femur slips over the underlying bone. It most commonly presents with hip pain in males during puberty and is associated with obesity. The majority of people affected have a painful limp and in half of cases both hips are affected. Nearly a quarter of people present with only knee pain. Treatment involves non-weight-bearing movement and surgery. If not identified early, osteonecrosis or death of the head of the femur may occur.

Other
A non-painful limp may be due to a number of mechanical conditions including hip dysplasia and leg length differences.

Transient synovitis
Transient synovitis is a reactive arthritis of the hip of unknown cause. People are usually able to walk and may have a low grade fever. They usually look clinically nontoxic or otherwise healthy. It may only be diagnosed once all other potential serious causes are excluded. With symptomatic care it usually resolves over one week.

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis presents gradually with early morning stiffness, fatigue, and weight loss.

Legg–Calvé–Perthes syndrome
Legg–Calvé–Perthes syndrome is a degenerative disease of the head of the femur which results in bone loss and deformity. It usually presents as a chronic condition.

Neoplastic
Cancers including acute lymphocytic leukemia, osteosarcoma, and Ewing’s sarcoma may result in a gradual onset of limping in children. It is often associated with night sweating, easy bruising, weight loss, and pain most prominent at night.

Diagnostic approach
The diagnosis of the cause of a limp is often made based on history, physical exam findings, laboratory tests, and radiological examination. If a limp is associated with pain it should be urgently investigated, while non-painful limps can be approached and investigated more gradually. Young children have difficulty determining the location of leg pain, thus in this population, knee pain equals hip pain. SCFE can usually be excluded by an x-ray of the hips. An ultrasound or x-ray guided aspiration of the hip joint maybe required to rule out an infectious process within the hip.

Epidemiology
A limp at one hospital emergency department was the presenting complaint in 4% of children. It occurs twice as commonly in boys as in girls.

title: Limp


text:
Talk:JamRadio

Votes for Deletion
This article was deleted, successfully went under a Votes for undeletion, and then a customary second deletion debate

VFD 1
from VfD: This discussion is now closed. The consensus was to delete. 10 deletes; (Duncharris, fvw, Geogre, BM, Wile E. Heresiarch, Wyss, Shane King, Spangineer, Rje, David Johnson) 3 keeps Pjbeef (who voted thrice but is only alowed to vote once) SPUI, TheVenerableBede,

A stub for an unnotable student radio station. Dunc|☺ 23:34, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete --fvw *  02:01, 2004 Dec 15 (UTC)
 * Delete: A college station that only operates during term, and the article is on the edge of spam. Geogre 02:24, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, if this information belongs on wikipedia at all, it should go in the article for Hull. However, there's not enough info here at the moment to even bother merging. Shane King 07:12, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable. --Spangineer 15:59, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and Delete: could possibly be mentioned on Hull University page, this article should be deleted either way. Rje 16:02, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete and mention on Hull University. [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 17:07, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy, smells like spam, tastes like spam. Wyss 19:28, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, I was the original author of this page and will write more in the article. The information certainly does belong on Wikipedia as there are plenty of other UK student radio stations with articles. See University Radio Nottingham and CUR1350. Are u going to create double standards and just delete one student radio station's page or be overzealous and delete them all? And how about this - a big commercial station in the northern UK only has this very small article - MFM 103.4, as do many other big stations. Criticisms taken on board though, the article is a stub at the moment and I am in the process of expanding it. PJBeef 13:37, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, I've expanded the article to include more information relative to Wikipedia, which has incidentally made it much bigger than the vast majority of articles about other radio stations. This is not at all written to be spam, it is simply an article about a radio station in the same way that there are many other articles about commercial, BBC and student radio stations. I suggest that articles for other radio stations are examined before one of the better ones is deleted. PJBeef 17:37 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and Delete with Hull University--BM 19:33, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep or merge with Hull University. --SPUI 03:54, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep or merge with Hull University. --TheVenerableBede 10:20, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, no merge, no redirect: no evidence of notability. Wile E. Heresiarch 06:14, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep This article is just as notable as all of the other articles on UK student radio stations as well as being bigger than most of the articles on UK commercial statiuons. I suggest people do their research before unjustifiably picking out sites for deletion. PJBeef 01.11 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

VfD regrets
== Keep == For those who want to merge this section with Hull University - a small piece of information. Jam 1575 is HUU's (Hull University Union's) student radio station, which is a completely seperate entity and unlike Hull University is an unregistered charity. I'm going to add some more info now for those of you who believe this is an unreputable station. Check out who actually began their career in radio through Jam... apologies for the lateness, but we've been very busy.

Potential vanity and spam
I've given the article a bit of a tidy. One of the reasons people are wary of such articles is that they can be potentially used as vanity pages (i.e. undergrads adding themselves and their friends). I like how the article only references people who have gone on to work in the industry, though I removed a couple of superfluous references. The JPS 12:37, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Brand new jam logo.png
Image:Brand new jam logo.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 17:56, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Urn yellow studio.jpg
Image:Urn yellow studio.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 02:45, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on JamRadio. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120623000616/http://www.ilovejamradio.co.uk/ to http://www.ilovejamradio.co.uk/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120623000616/http://www.ilovejamradio.co.uk/ to http://www.ilovejamradio.co.uk/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 09:30, 20 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:JamRadio


text:
John Keyse Sherwin

John Keyse Sherwin (1751 – 24 September 1790) was an English engraver and history-painter.

Biography
Sherwin was born at East Dean in Sussex. His father was a wood-cutter employed in shaping bolts for shipbuilders, and the son followed the same occupation till his seventeenth year, when, having shown an aptitude for art by copying some miniatures, he was adopted by his father's landlord, William Mitford. Sherwin was sent to study in London, first under John Astley, and then for three years under Francesco Bartolozzi – for whom he is believed to have executed a large portion of the plate of Clytie, after Annibale Carracci, published as the work of his master.

Sherwin entered as a student of the Royal Academy, and gained a silver medal, and in 1772 a gold medal for his painting of "Coriolanus taking Leave of his Family". From 1774 till 1780 he was an exhibitor of chalk drawings and of engravings in the Royal Academy. Establishing himself in St James's Street as a painter, designer and engraver, he attained popularity and began to mix in fashionable society. His drawing of the "Finding of Moses", a work of but slight artistic merit, which introduced portraits of the princess royal of England and other leading ladies of the aristocracy, hit the public taste, and, as reproduced by his burin, sold largely.

In 1785 he succeeded William Woollett as engraver to the king, and he also held the appointment of engraver to the Prince of Wales. His professional income rose to about £12,000 a year; but he was constantly in pecuniary difficulties, for he was shiftless, indolent, and without method, open-handed and even prodigal in his benefactions – and prodigal, too, in less reputable directions, for he became a reckless gambler, and habits of intemperance grew upon him. He did however have a notable student, John Thomas Smith who trained with him for three years. Sherwin died in extreme penury on 24 September 1790 – according to George Steevens, the editor of Shakespeare, at The Hog in the Pound, an obscure alehouse in Swallow Street, or, as stated by his pupil J.T. Smith, in the house of Robert Wilkinson, a printseller in Cornhill.

It is as an engraver that Sherwin is most esteemed; and it may be noted that he was ambidextrous, working indifferently with either hand upon his plates. His drawing is correct, his line excellent and his textures are varied and intelligent in expression. Such of his plates as the "Holy Family" after Nicolas Poussin, "Christ Bearing the Cross" after Murillo, the portrait of the marquis of Buckingham after Thomas Gainsborough and that of Pitt occupy a high place among the productions of the English school of line-engravers. He also worked after Pine, Dance and Kauffman.

title: John Keyse Sherwin


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sonicultra

Sonicultra
Not notable. --fvw *  23:34, 2004 Dec 14 (UTC)
 * Delete - agreed. Cdc 23:37, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Why has this and the next entry been deleted out of process? I ask the admin(s) responsible to at least post the content of the page when they do this. Dr Zen 00:46, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Criterion 4. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 01:09, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * How can anyone know if you don't post the content? Your call on Zancho-san was dubious. Dr Zen 01:16, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Deletion log --Dante Alighieri | Talk 01:19, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Correction, Deletion log only lists content of Zancho-san, realized that Zen is asking about sonicultra. Here's the text: Sonicultra was a web site that was created by Neosonix, Zancho-San, and Shadowmech. It has comicsabout the sega character, sonic. It was deleted a little while ago because Neosonix refused to pay for it. Zancho-San was very sad. They got in a fight and Zancho-San left to go think about things. He never returned! Shadowmech blamed Neosonix and diecided to destroy his fame by telling everyone he like cheese. In fact neosonix hated cheese and had said so at many public events. Neosonix was ruined and went away to go think about things. He never returned. The site was also invaded for a while by a troll named Nuts2U. He caused general chaos and pretty much destroyed the site. He was banned within a week, but his effects lasted a life time. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 01:23, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Should be speedied, but VfD in the absence of speedy. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 02:30, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Same for the related articles listed below. --MarkSweep 06:18, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. I can't see how this would ever fit into speedy criterion #4. However it does read like nonsense, so I think it will fit into criterion #1. [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 17:01, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy, nonsense, spam. Wyss 19:35, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zancho-San

Zancho-San
Not notable --fvw *  23:34, 2004 Dec 14 (UTC)
 * Delete incredibly, even less notable than the above. Cdc 23:38, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * None of these pages met the criteria for speedy deletion. They were correctly listed. It is an abuse of admin power to delete articles that do not meet the speedy criteria without the consensus of the community. Dr Zen 00:49, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Criterion 4. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 01:09, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Nope. It clearly had a context. The context might not have been "notable" but it had one.Dr Zen 01:15, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * That would be a matter of interpretation. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 01:29, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes. Differences in interpretation are the reason we have VfD.Dr Zen 01:49, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * And VfU. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 01:53, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * It's rather unusual, but I find myself agreeing with Dr Zen here: You really should be more careful with what you VfD, some of your recent speedies have clearly violated WP:CSD. --fvw *  02:01, 2004 Dec 15 (UTC)
 * I don't believe that *any* of my recent deletions have. But that's just my interpretation. Out of respect for other interpretations of those criteria, I've reverted myself on some of them. I still feel that my SD of them was appropriate however. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 02:20, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. I think it should be speedied, but in the case that it's not, VfD is the only other option. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 02:30, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is (unfortunately) not a speedy candidate. [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 17:03, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, not quite a speedy, not notable. Wyss 19:34, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Ronde Barber

Jamael Orondé "Ronde" Barber (born April 7, 1975) is an American former football cornerback who spent his entire 16-year career with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League (NFL). Barber grew up in Roanoke, Virginia, and played college football for the Virginia Cavaliers, earning third-team All-American honors twice.

In the 1997 NFL draft, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers selected Barber in the third round as the 66th overall pick. Over the course of his career, Barber was selected to five Pro Bowls, accumulated three first-team All-Pro and two second-team selections. He was selected to the NFL 2000s All-Decade Team. Additionally, he led the NFL in interceptions in 2001, and he is the Buccaneers all-time interceptions leader. Barber is one of the two members of the 40/20 club (40+ interceptions, 20+ quarterback sacks) alongside Charles Woodson, and the only member of the 45/25 club (45+ interceptions, 25+ quarterback sacks). After the 2002 season, Barber won the Super Bowl XXXVII. He also holds the record for most consecutive starts by a defensive back. Barber was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame in 2014, and was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2023.

Early life
Barber is the son of Geraldine Barber and James Barber. The Barber twin boys were born five weeks premature. Barber was born seven minutes before his identical twin brother Tiki Barber. He was named Jamael Oronde which means "first born son". Tiki was a running back who played for the New York Giants.

James Barber was a star cornerback at Virginia Tech and later played in the World Football League. His roommate in college was Bruce Arians. Ronde's parents separated when Barber was very young. James Barber rarely saw his sons when they were growing up, and failed to provide suitable financial support to them. His mother Geraldine worked two, sometimes three jobs to support her three sons. He and Tiki have an older brother, Tarik Barber.

Barber graduated from Cave Spring High School of Roanoke, Virginia in 1993, and was a standout in football, wrestling, and track. In football, Barber was a three-time All-District selection. In track, Barber won the national title in the 55-meter hurdles as a senior in 1993, with a career-best time of 7.18 seconds. He was timed at 14.05 seconds in the 110-meter hurdles. He also won four Group AAA hurdles titles in indoor and outdoor track.

College career
Barber received an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Virginia, where he played for the Virginia Cavaliers football team. He redshirted the 1993 season and played for the Cavaliers from the 1994 to 1996 seasons as a defensive back. He was also a kick returner in 1994 and 1996; in 1994, Barber returned 10 kickoffs for 171 yards, and in 1996, he returned 3 for 36 yards. As a defensive back, Barber made 15 interceptions returned for 112 yards in his career with Virginia: 8 for 56 yards in 1994, 4 for 18 yards in 1995, and 3 for 38 yards in 1996. The Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) recognized Barber as Freshman of the Year after the 1994 season, and Barber earned first-team All-ACC honors in all his three seasons with Virginia. Barber was part of the Virginia teams that won the 1994 Independence Bowl and December 1995 Peach Bowl. After his junior season in 1996, Barber declared for the 1997 NFL draft. Barber graduated from Virginia in 1997 with a bachelor's degree in commerce with an emphasis in marketing. During Barber's time at UVa, he was a member of the IMP Society, one of the university's secret societies.

Professional career
On January 3, 1997, Barber announced his decision to forgo his final season of eligibility and enter the 1997 NFL draft. He became only the third player from the University of Virginia to enter the NFL draft with eligibility remaining.

1997
The Tampa Bay Buccaneers drafted Barber in the third round (66th overall) of the 1997 NFL draft. Barber was the third underclassmen selected in 1997 and was the tenth cornerback. His brother, Tiki Barber, was drafted in the second round (36th overall) by the New York Giants. Ronde and Tiki Barber became only the fourth set of twins to be selected in the same draft in NFL history, following Rich and Ron Saul (1970), Reggie and Raleigh McKenzie (1985), and Keith and Kerry Cash (1991). They also became only the seventh set of twins to play in the league.

As a rookie, Barber played only one game, in Week 5 (September 28) against the Arizona Cardinals. Barber had three tackles. Tampa advanced to the divisional round of the playoffs but lost to the Green Bay Packers.

1998
In his second season, Barber started nine games (three as left cornerback and six as right cornerback) and played in all 16 games, recording 68 tackles, 17 passes deflected, 3 sacks, 2 interceptions (returned for 67 yards), 2 forced fumbles, and 12 special teams tackles.

1999
In the 1999 season, Barber again played in all 16 games and started 15 as right cornerback. Improving from his previous seasons, Barber posted 74 tackles, two interceptions (60 yards), one sack, and 16 passes deflected. Making his postseason debut this season, Barber also started both playoff games; the Buccaneers lost the NFC Championship game to eventual Super Bowl XXXIV champion St. Louis Rams.

2000
For the first time in his career, Barber started all 16 games in a season in 2000. Barber reached new career bests with 97 tackles, 20 passes deflected, and 5.5 sacks. With his 5.5 sacks, Barber led all NFC defensive backs in sacks. He had two interceptions (46 yards), one forced fumble, one fumble recovery, and six special teams tackles. For the Week 2 (September 10) game, Barber was NFC Defensive Player of the Week for 3 tackles, 2.5 sacks, a forced fumble, and a 24-yard fumble recovery for a touchdown against the Chicago Bears. Picking and returning for 37 yards a pass from former Tampa quarterback Vinny Testaverde, Barber scored his first career touchdown from an interception return in the Week 4 (September 24) 21–17 loss to the New York Jets. In the Wild Card game on December 31, a 21–3 loss to the Philadelphia Eagles, Barber made 5 tackles.

2001
On April 9, 2001, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers signed Barber to a six-year, $18.50 million contract.

In 2001, Barber started 16 of 16 regular season games and made 71 tackles, 1 sack, 14 passes deflected, and 10 interceptions (86 yards). Barber returned an intercepted pass from Aaron Brooks 36 yards for a touchdown in the Week 15 (December 23) win over the New Orleans Saints. Barber made his first Pro Bowl and All-Pro teams this season.

2002
Starting all 16 games again this season, Barber made 79 tackles, 3 sacks, 17 passes deflected, and returned 2 interceptions for 9 yards. Barber was part of a Tampa secondary that ranked first in total defense and passes defended. Barber also started all three playoff games, including Tampa's Super Bowl XXXVII victory.

In the NFC Championship game on January 19, 2003, Barber picked off a pass from Philadelphia Eagles quarterback Donovan McNabb and returned the interception 92 yards for a touchdown late in the fourth quarter to seal Tampa's 27-10 road victory and brought Veterans Stadium to near-silence. Bob Ford of The Philadelphia Inquirer labeled this game as "the most ignominious defeat of Andy Reid's head coaching career" because of Barber's interception return. In 2011, Tampa Bay Times sportswriter Rick Stroud ranked Barber's interception return for touchdown in the NFC Championship game as the greatest scoring play in team history. Barber also deflected 4 passes in that game. In Tampa's 48–21 victory over the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XXXVII on January 26, 2003, Barber made five tackles.

2003
For the fourth consecutive season, Barber started all 16 regular season games. Barber again continued to make more tackles annually with 97 this season. Additionally, Barber deflected 3 passes, returned 2 interceptions for 53 yards, and forced 3 fumbles. In Week 5 (October 6), a 38–35 overtime loss to the Indianapolis Colts, Barber returned an intercepted pass from Peyton Manning 29 yards for a touchdown.

2004
Starting all 16 regular-season games, Barber made 98 tackles, 3 sacks, 10 passes defended, 3 interceptions returned for 23 yards, and 2 forced fumbles. Chosen as a starter for the 2005 Pro Bowl, Barber made his second career Pro Bowl appearance. This season, Barber also earned first-team All-Pro honors from the Associated Press. For the second time since the 2002 Super Bowl championship season, Tampa's pass defense was number one in the league, and Tampa's total defense was in the top ten for the eighth straight season.

2005
Barber had 99 tackles, 2 sacks, 15 passes defended, and 5 interceptions returned for 105 yards in 16 games (all starts) in 2005. Barber intercepted three passes (returned for 70 yards) from Saints quarterback Aaron Brooks on December 4 (Week 13) in Tampa's 10–3 win over New Orleans, including one in the end zone in the Saints' final drive. On December 11, in the Week 14 game against the Carolina Panthers, he became the first cornerback in the history of the NFL to record at least 20 interceptions and 20 sacks in his career. Tampa lost the Wild Card game 17–10 to the Washington Redskins, and Barber made 8 tackles that game. Barber made his third career Pro Bowl appearance in the 2006 Pro Bowl.

2006
In 2006, starting 16 of 16 regular-season games, Barber had 98 tackles and 13 passes deflected. He also returned 3 interceptions for 103 yards; two of those interceptions Barber returned for touchdowns. On October 22 (Week 7) against Philadelphia, Barber became the first player in Buccaneers history to return two interceptions for touchdowns in one regular-season game. After Barber scored in the second quarter on a 37-yard return of an interception from Donovan McNabb, Tampa took a 17–0 lead late in the third quarter with Barber's 66-yard interception return of a McNabb pass. Despite a late comeback by the Eagles, Tampa won 23–21 on a last-second field goal by Matt Bryant. Barber made his fourth career and third consecutive Pro Bowl in the 2007 Pro Bowl.

2007
Prior to the season, the team voted Barber as defensive captain. In 16 games, Barber made 58 tackles, one sack, 14 passes deflected, 2 interceptions returned for 32 yards (including a 29-yard touchdown run), and one forced fumble. On November 25, 2007, he took the record from Donnie Abraham for the most interceptions in Buccaneers team history by catching his 32nd against the Washington Redskins. In a 37–3 victory over the Atlanta Falcons on Week 15 (December 16), Barber returned an interception of Chris Redman 29 yards for a touchdown.

2008
In 2008, starting 16 of 16 regular season games for the ninth straight season, Barber made 75 tackles, 2 sacks, 12 passes defended, and 4 interceptions returned for 69 yards (including a 65-yard return for touchdown). Again a team defensive captain, Barber made his fifth career and most recent Pro Bowl appearance in the 2009 Pro Bowl. In the Week 12 (November 23), a 38–20 win over the hosting Detroit Lions, Barber intercepted Lions quarterback Daunte Culpepper twice and returned one interception 65 yards for a touchdown.

2009
In the 2009 regular season, Barber made 77 tackles, 2 sacks, 6 passes defended, and 2 forced fumbles in 16 games (all starts). However, for the first time since his 1997 rookie season, Barber did not intercept a pass the entire season. Barber had some crucial plays on special teams: in Week 4 (October 4) against the Washington Redskins, Barber blocked an extra point kick by Shaun Suisham. In the Week 9 win over the Green Bay Packers, Barber returned a punt blocked by Geno Hayes 31 yards for a tying touchdown. Along with Tony Dungy, Derrick Brooks, and Warren Sapp, Barber was voted to the NFL 2000s All-Decade Team prior to the 2010 Pro Bowl.

2010
Barber made 82 tackles, defended 13 passes, and returned 3 interceptions for 98 yards in 16 games. With his 172nd consecutive start in Week 6 (October 17), Barber surpassed Dick LeBeau for most consecutive starts by an NFL cornerback and played in his 200th career game two weeks later. On November 21, 2010, Barber became the only player in NFL history with at least 25 sacks (26 total) and 40 interceptions with a 21–0 win over the San Francisco 49ers.

2011
Starting all 16 games as a right cornerback, Barber had 79 tackles, 9 passes defended, 1 safety, and 3 interceptions returned for 12 yards. On October 23 (Week 7), in an NFL International Series game against the Chicago Bears held in London, England, Barber recorded his first career safety when he tackled Matt Forte in the end zone.

2012
On May 15, 2012, Barber officially switched positions to become a free safety. Barber started all 16 games for the 13th straight season and had 91 tackles, 13 passes defended, 4 interceptions returned for 160 yards, and a forced fumble. On Week 6 (October 14) against the Kansas City Chiefs, Barber intercepted a pass from Brady Quinn and returned the interception 78 yards for a touchdown during the third quarter and also blocked a punt. In this season's roster, Barber was the only member of the Super Bowl XXXVII championship team still active with the team. Responding to media speculation about retirement, Barber commented in December: "I'm not ready to make a decision on it. I'm pretty sure it will play itself out when the time comes."

Retirement
On May 8, 2013, Barber announced his retirement. At the time of his retirement, he was the active leader in defensive touchdowns scored, with 14.

Regular season

 * Barber returned a blocked punt for a touchdown, which is officially recognized as a punt return touchdown as the ball traveled past the line of scrimmage.
 * Barber did not start the Week 10 game vs the Kansas City Chiefs, as such his record streak of consecutive starts did not begin until the Week 11 game vs the Atlanta Falcons.

NFL records

 * Most consecutive starts by a defensive back: 215 (224 including playoffs), 1999–2012
 * Most consecutive starts by a cornerback: 200 (209 including playoffs), 1999–2012
 * Only player in NFL history with 45+ interceptions and 25+ sacks

Buccaneers franchise records

 * Most interceptions in a single season: 10 (2001)
 * Most interceptions in a career: 47
 * Most pass deflections in a career: 197
 * 2nd most fumble recoveries in a career: 12
 * Most non-offensive touchdowns in a career: 14
 * Most starts in a career (any position): 232 (1997–2012)
 * Most games played in a career (any position): 241 (1997–2012)
 * Most sacks by a defensive back in a career: 28
 * Most interceptions in a game: 3 (tied with Aqib Talib and Andrew Adams)
 * Most fumble return touchdowns in a season: 2 (tied with Ndamukong Suh and Devin White)

Other work
In 2010, Barber appeared on the satirical sports show The Onion Sportsdome.

After his retirement, Barber joined Fox Sports as an NFL color analyst. From 2013 to 2019 he called NFL on Fox telecasts with Chris Myers and Kenny Albert, and contributed to studio programming on Fox Sports 1.

Since 2004, Ronde Barber has co-written eight children's books with his brother Tiki:
 * By My Brother's Side (2004)
 * Game Day (2005)
 * Teammates (2006)
 * Kickoff! (2007)
 * Go Long! (2008)
 * Wild Card (2009)
 * Red Zone (2010)
 * Goal Line (2011)

Personal life
He is the identical twin brother of former NFL running back Tiki Barber.

Ronde Barber lives in Keystone, Florida. In Spring 2001 he married Filipino American Claudia Patron. She was a marketing and event planner. She is now with Diabetic Charitable Services. They have two daughters Yammile Rose and Justyce Rosina.

title: Ronde Barber


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Carburizing

Carburizing, or carburising, is a heat treatment process in which iron or steel absorbs carbon while the metal is heated in the presence of a carbon-bearing material, such as charcoal or carbon monoxide. The intent is to make the metal harder and more wear resistant. Depending on the amount of time and temperature, the affected area can vary in carbon content. Longer carburizing times and higher temperatures typically increase the depth of carbon diffusion. When the iron or steel is cooled rapidly by quenching, the higher carbon content on the outer surface becomes hard due to the transformation from austenite to martensite, while the core remains soft and tough as a ferritic and/or pearlite microstructure.

This manufacturing process can be characterized by the following key points: It is applied to low-carbon workpieces; workpieces are in contact with a high-carbon gas, liquid or solid; it produces a hard workpiece surface; workpiece cores largely retain their toughness and ductility; and it produces case hardness depths of up to 0.25 in. In some cases it serves as a remedy for undesired decarburization that happened earlier in a manufacturing process.

Method
Carburization of steel involves a heat treatment of the metallic surface using a source of carbon. Carburization can be used to increase the surface hardness of low carbon steel.

Early carburization used a direct application of charcoal packed around the sample to be treated (initially referred to as case hardening), but modern techniques use carbon-bearing gases or plasmas (such as carbon dioxide or methane). The process depends primarily upon ambient gas composition and furnace temperature, which must be carefully controlled, as the heat may also impact the microstructure of the remainder of the material. For applications where great control over gas composition is desired, carburization may take place under very low pressures in a vacuum chamber.

Plasma carburization is increasingly used to improve the surface characteristics (such as wear, corrosion resistance, hardness, load-bearing capacity, in addition to quality-based variables) of various metals, notably stainless steels. The process is environmentally friendly (in comparison to gaseous or solid carburizing). It also provides an even treatment of components with complex geometry (the plasma can penetrate into holes and tight gaps), making it very flexible in terms of component treatment.

The process of carburization works via the diffusion of carbon atoms into the surface layers of a metal. As metals are made up of atoms bound tightly into a metallic crystalline lattice, the carbon atoms diffuse into the crystal structure of the metal and either remain in solution (dissolved within the metal crystalline matrix — this normally occurs at lower temperatures) or react with elements in the host metal to form carbides (normally at higher temperatures, due to the higher mobility of the host metal's atoms). If the carbon remains in solid solution, the steel is then heat treated to harden it. Both of these mechanisms strengthen the surface of the metal, the former by forming pearlite or martensite, and the latter via the formation of carbides. Both of these materials are hard and resist abrasion.

Gas carburizing is normally carried out at a temperature within the range of 900 to 950 °C.

In oxy-acetylene welding, a carburizing flame is one with little oxygen, which produces a sooty, lower-temperature flame. It is often used to anneal metal, making it more malleable and flexible during the welding process.

A main goal when producing carburized workpieces is to ensure maximum contact between the workpiece surface and the carbon-rich elements. In gas and liquid carburizing, the workpieces are often supported in mesh baskets or suspended by wire. In pack carburizing, the workpiece and carbon are enclosed in a container to ensure that contact is maintained over as much surface area as possible. Pack carburizing containers are usually made of carbon steel coated with aluminum or heat-resisting nickel-chromium alloy and sealed at all openings with fire clay.

Hardening agents
There are different types of elements or materials that can be used to perform this process, but these mainly consist of high carbon content material. A few typical hardening agents include carbon monoxide gas (CO), sodium cyanide and barium carbonate, or hardwood charcoal. In gas carburizing, carbon is given off by propane or natural gas. In liquid carburizing, the carbon is derived from a molten salt composed mainly of sodium cyanide (NaCN) and barium chloride (BaCl2). In pack carburizing, carbon monoxide is given off by coke or hardwood charcoal.

Geometrical possibilities
There are all sorts of workpieces that can be carburized, which means almost limitless possibilities for the shape of materials that can be carburized. However careful consideration should be given to materials that contain nonuniform or non-symmetric sections. Different cross sections may have different cooling rates which can cause excessive stresses in the material and result in breakage.

Dimensional changes
It is virtually impossible to have a workpiece undergo carburization without having some dimensional changes. The amount of these changes varies based on the type of material that is used, the carburizing process that the material undergoes and the original size and shape of the work piece. However changes are small compared to heat-treating operations.

Workpiece material
Typically the materials that are carbonized are low-carbon and alloy steels with initial carbon content ranging from 0.2 to 0.3%. The workpiece surface must be free from contaminants, such as oil, oxides, or alkaline solutions, which prevent or impede the diffusion of carbon into the workpiece surface.

Comparing different methods
In general, pack carburizing equipment can accommodate larger workpieces than liquid or gas carburizing equipment, but liquid or gas carburizing methods are faster and lend themselves to mechanized material handling. Also the advantages of carburizing over carbonitriding are greater case depth (case depths of greater than 0.3 inch are possible), less distortion, and better impact strength. This makes it perfect for high strength and wear applications (e.g. scissors or swords). The disadvantages include added expense, higher working temperatures, and increased time.

Choice of equipment
In general, gas carburizing is used for parts that are large. Liquid carburizing is used for small and medium parts and pack carburizing can be used for large parts and individual processing of small parts in bulk. Vacuum carburizing (low pressure carburizing or LPC) can be applied across a large spectrum of parts when used in conjunction with either oil or high pressure gas quenching (HPGQ), depending on the alloying elements within the base material.

title: Carburizing


text:
Henry Cort

Henry Cort (c. 1740 – 23 May 1800) was an English ironware producer who was formerly a Navy pay agent. During the Industrial Revolution in England, Cort began refining iron from pig iron to wrought iron (or bar iron) using innovative production systems. In 1784, he obtained a patent for an improved version of Peter Onions's puddling process, for refining cast iron, although its commercial viability was only realised in the 1790s, through further innovations introduced by Richard Crawshay and Homfray of the Cyfarthfa Ironworks, in Merthyr Tydfil.

Biography
Little is known of Cort's early life other than that he was possibly born into a family coming originally from Lancaster but living in Jamaica at the time of his (possible) father; another Henry Cort although his parents are not definitely nown. Although his date of birth is traditionally given as 1740, this can not be confirmed and his early life remains an enigma. By 1765, Cort had become a Royal Navy pay agent, acting on commission collecting half pay and widows' pensions from an office in Crutched Friars near Aldgate in London. At that time, despite Abraham Darby's improvements in the smelting of iron using coke instead of charcoal as blast furnace fuel, the resultant product was still only convertible to bar iron by a laborious process of decarburization in finery forges. As a result, bar iron imported from the Baltic undercut that produced in Britain.

In 1768, Cort's second marriage was to Elizabeth Heysham, the daughter of a Romsey solicitor and steward of the Duke of Portland whose estates included Titchfield. Her uncle William Attwick, although a successful London attorney, had inherited the family ironmongery business in Gosport which supplied the navy with mooring chains, anchors and hundreds of different items of ironmongery.

Partnership with Samuel Jellicoe
In 1780, the Royal Navy's Victualling Commissioners reached an agreement with Cort, who had taken over Attwick's business, to convert scrap iron hoops for their barrels. He had recently taken over a rolling mill at an existing iron mill in Titchfield which was later used for the production of bar iron. Short of funds, he turned to Adam Jellicoe, at that time chief clerk in the Pay Office of the Royal Navy, who agreed to loan Cort funds to develop a new method of converting cast iron to bar iron, over the next ten years this amounted to the amount of nearly £58 000 on seemingly little security beyond the value of the business. It was the accepted practice for clerks in the Pay Office to temporarily use surplus funds for their own benefit. As part of the arrangement, Jellicoe's son Samuel became a partner in the Fontley Works. The deal was later to have unfortunate repercussions for Cort.

Rolling mill and puddling furnace
Cort developed his ideas at the Fontley Works (as he had renamed Titchfield Hammer) resulting in a 1783 patent for a simple reverberatory furnace to refine pig iron followed by a 1784 patent for his puddling furnace, with grooved rollers which mechanised the formerly laborious process. His work built on the existing ideas of the Cranege brothers and their reverberatory furnace (where heat is applied from above, rather than through the use of forced air from below) and (particularly) Peter Onions' puddling process where iron is stirred to separate out impurities and extract the higher quality wrought iron.

The puddling furnace lowered the carbon content of the cast iron charge through oxidation while the "puddler" extracted a mass of iron from the furnace using an iron "rabbling bar". The extracted ball of metal was then processed into a "shingle" by a shingling hammer, after which it was rolled in the rolling mill. The original process of Cort was ineffectual until significant alterations were made by Richard Crawshay and other Merthyr Tydfil ironmasters as Cort used iron from charcoal furnaces rather than the coke smelted pig iron in general production by then.

Death of Adam Jellicoe
When Adam Jellicoe died suddenly on 30 August 1789, it became apparent that the £58 000 lent to Cort could not be repaid. As a result, the Crown seized all the Property of Adam Jellicoe as well as that of the partnership of Cort and Samuel Jellicoe. Cort was held responsible for Jellicoe's debt and declared bankrupt. The Crown later gave back to Samuel Jellicoe possession of the works at Titchfield and Gosport

Patents and royalties
The importance of Cort's improvements to the process of bar purported iron making were recognised as early as 1786 by Lord Sheffield who regarded them along with James Watt's work on the steam engine as more important than the loss of America. In 1787, Cort came to an agreement with South Wales ironmaster Richard Crawshay whereby all iron manufactured according to the former's patents would result in a royalty of 10 shillings per ton. However, there were a series of production problems and the death of Adam Jellicoe in 1789 precipitated legal actions by the Crown to recover the money lent by Adam Jellicoe to Cort. As a result of which, Cort was declared bankrupt and although he soon rectified his financial status he never again engaged in industrial activities.

Personal life
Cort's marriage to Elizabeth Heysham produced 13 children. His business ventures did not bring him wealth, even though vast numbers of the puddling furnaces that he developed were eventually used (reportedly 8,200 by 1820), they used a modified version of his process and thus avoided payment of royalties. He was later awarded a government pension, but died a ruined man, and was buried in the churchyard of St John-at-Hampstead, London.

title: Henry Cort


text:
James Stuart

James Stuart may refer to:

Government and politics

 * James VI and I (1566–1625), James VI of Scotland and James I of England
 * James II of England (1633–1701), James VII of Scotland
 * James Fitz-James Stuart, 2nd Duke of Berwick (1696–1738), Jacobite and Spanish nobleman
 * James Fitz-James Stuart, 3rd Duke of Berwick (1718–1787), Jacobite
 * James Francis Edward Stuart (1688–1766), "the Old Pretender", claimant to the thrones of England and Scotland
 * James Stuart, Duke of Cambridge (1663–1667), second son of the Duke of York and his first wife, Anne Hyde
 * James Stuart (1681–1743) (died 1743), British Army officer, courtier and politician, Member of Parliament (MP) for Ayr Burghs 1734–41
 * James Stuart (1774–1833), British businessman and politician, director of The East India Company, MP for Huntingdon 1824–31
 * James Stuart (1775–1849), Scottish politician
 * James Stuart-Wortley (Conservative politician) (1805–1881), British Conservative Party politician
 * James Stuart-Wortley (New Zealand politician) (1833–1870)
 * James Stuart-Wortley-Mackenzie (1747–1818), soldier and Member of Parliament (MP) 1768–96
 * James Stuart-Wortley, 1st Baron Wharncliffe (1776–1845)
 * James Stuart, 1st Viscount Stuart of Findhorn (1897–1971), Conservative Party politician and Secretary of State for Scotland
 * Sir James Stuart, 1st Baronet (1780–1853), Lower Canada lawyer, politician, judge
 * Sir James Stuart of Binend (1716–1777), Scottish merchant and lord provost of Edinburgh

Several Earls of Moray, including:

 * James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray (1501 creation) (died 1544), illegitimate son of James IV of Scotland and Janet Kennedy
 * James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray (c. 1531–1570), member of the House of Stewart as the illegitimate son of King James V
 * James Stuart, 3rd Earl of Moray (died 1638), son of James Stewart, 2nd Earl of Moray and Elizabeth Stuart, 2nd Countess of Moray
 * James Stuart, 4th Earl of Moray (1611–1653), son of James Stuart, 3rd Earl of Moray and Lady Anne Gordon
 * James Stuart, 8th Earl of Moray (1708–1767), son of Francis Stuart, 7th Earl of Moray

and several Earls of Bute and their predecessors, including:

 * James Stuart, 1st Earl of Bute (died 1710), Scottish soldier, judge, and politician
 * James Stuart, 2nd Earl of Bute (died 1723), son of James Stuart, 1st Earl of Bute and Agnes Mackenzie

Military

 * James Stuart (British Army officer, born 1741) (1741–1815), British general in North America and India
 * James Stuart (British Army officer, died 1793), British general of the East India Company
 * James Ewell Brown Stuart (1833–1864), Confederate States military officer in the American Civil War
 * Hermanus Loots (1936–2016), South African commissar known in uMkhonto we Sizwe as James Stuart

Others

 * James Stuart (cleric) (1701–1789), translator into Scottish Gaelic of the New Testament
 * James Stuart (linguist) (1868–1942), civil servant in the Colony of Natal and Zulu linguist
 * James Stuart (opera director) (1928–2005), American tenor and opera director
 * James Stuart (rugby league) (born 1988), Australian rugby league player
 * James Stuart (scientist) (1843–1913), professor of mechanism and applied mechanics at Cambridge University and Liberal Party politician
 * James "Athenian" Stuart (1713–1788), archaeologist and architect
 * James Stuart (artist) (1802–1842), quarantine officer, naturalist, and artist
 * Jim Stuart (1919–1985), American football player
 * James Gibb Stuart (1920–2013), financial author
 * James Patrick Stuart (born 1968), American film and television actor

title: James Stuart


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Steve Davis (Comedian)

Steve Davis (Comedian)
Steve Davis (Comedian) was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

Hard to tell with such a common name, but I don't think it's notable. Also probable vanity. --fvw *  23:39, 2004 Dec 14 (UTC)

 * author blanked page; speedied. Dunc|☺ 23:49, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Not a CSD, thanks for restoring. --fvw *  23:56, 2004 Dec 14 (UTC)
 * . Hard to tell initially due to the common name, but I took a look at the web site and he does not seem notable to me (no strong media references or TV appearances that I could find). Weak delete unless there's more evidence of notability. --JuntungWu 01:06, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete unless his notability can be verified. [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 17:10, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Wyss 19:27, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Peter Moore

Untitled
The following pages link to here:

 * Forty-Ninth Parallel
 * 1979 in sports
 * 1984 in sports
 * The Complex (Blue Man Group)
 * Canterbury Bulldogs
 * Australian wikipedians' notice board/Complete to-do/Footballers

Judging from this list, there are some more Peter Moores out there.  23:39, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peter Moore