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Talk:Crawler-transporter

Wt/Len/Wd
This is all intersting but how come no weight, length, o width is metioned

Amiga computer game
I remember hearing about an old Amiga computer game that was about finishing a good shuttle mission. One part of this "realistic" simulation was a real-time sequence with the Crawler-Transporter, taking some monotonous eight hours to play, with only few things to do ("drive forward"). Does anyone know which game I mean? --Abdull 08:29, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

 * If you like that kind of game, you should try 50K Racewalker. --18.252.5.9 08:02, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

Bagger 288 vs Crawler-Transporter?
As we can see in the Krup's Bagger 288 page [Bagger288:] More specifically, it is a mobile strip mining machine. When its construction was completed in 1978, Bagger 288 superseded NASA's Crawler-Transporter, used to carry the Space Shuttle and Apollo missions, as the largest tracked vehicle in the world at 13,500 tons. It is the heaviest land vehicle. However, Bagger is powered from an external source and is more correctly described as a mining machine which can be moved, while the crawler-transporter was built as a self-powered, load-carrying vehicle.

So, the question is: what machine is the biggest one?

TV and other informative appearances
The crawler was recently on an episode of Dirty Jobs. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.190.222.115 (talk) 04:27, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Contrdiction
The tacked-on statement in the references section contradicts the main article. What are the nick names for the transporters, and will they be retired or upgraded? Adam850 08:20, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Crawler-transporter
Shouldn't it be Crawler-Transporter, with a capitalized "T"? --DavidDCM (talk) 12:31, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

What did they do before Apollo?
The article says these were built for Apollo. How did they move the Mercury and Gemini rockets to the launch pads? Or did they just assemble them right on the pad? It would be interesting to add this bit of history to the article. -- RoySmith (talk) 23:14, 30 October 2009 (UTC)

Post Shuttle
The article says the crawler-transporter will be used for Ares I & V. How would cancellation of constellation change this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.177.217.121 (talk) 19:13, 28 February 2010 (UTC)

Why do you gringos always fall for your own propaganda?
"When they were built, they were the largest tracked vehicles in the world, a title later taken by the German Bagger 288 excavator." - Incorrect, the crawlers were never the biggest somethings. See http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagger_255 I mean, you´re welcome to believe your own b/s, but please save the rest of the world from your whining, when you end up in a Mercedes-Benz commercial. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3yZK5xLhxxY  best regards, --212.23.103.40 (talk) 05:17, 24 December 2011 (UTC)

OpenStreetMap
OpenStreetMap  if somebody can find a suitable way of linking it into the article, or wants to make a reasonable map of the system from it. —Sladen (talk) 17:22, 7 September 2012 (UTC)

"Hans and Franz" nicknames
A previous version purported that the two crawler-transporters were dubbed "Hans and Franz" in 1965, owing to the famous Saturday Night Live skit. However, SNL would not debut until 1965 and that skit aired in the 1990s. Apparently, they may have been named after one of the German scientist's dogs. Does anyone have any authoritative source on this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.19.115.116 (talk) 13:17, 24 September 2012 (UTC)

 * I continue to search through my sources. As an avid Apollo fan (I watched it all live) I have read many books regarding the program.
 * The crawler names were actually named after a 1960's comic strip "Katzenjammer Kids" then popular in newspapers. Hanz and Fritz were two cantankerous problem causing kids. The newly built crawlers were initially problematic, and earned the nicknames for the similarities.
 * At no time was SNL involved in naming crawlers built five decades earlier.
 * The nicknaming was indeed published in one of the many books on the Apollo program and I have yet to locate the passage for precise reference, but it is out there.
 * The Hanz and Franz reference should be deleted as its "proof" points to a simple web page where someone wrote it as an arbitrary comment lacking facts to support it.
 * I've exhausted my book collection for it, so I think it is time to hit the Library and get rid of SNL reference altogether.
 * VR4ever (talk) 04:01, 23 July 2023 (UTC)

What is the rationale?
Russia uses a diesel locomotive and a multiple railway track wide waggon to bring its assembled space rocketry to the launch pad. USA uses road vehicles for the same purpose. I think railway sounds more logical and less burdensome with regards to logistics (less peope and maintenance needed). Why did USA choose the crawler-transporters? Maybe it has something to do with the preferences of W. von Braun? (His prior employers, the nazis had a comparable sized mega-tank project called the Ratte a.k.a. the P-1500.) 79.120.166.231 (talk) 20:50, 19 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Ah, there it is - the n-word. Keep up the good work, shoa-business needs you. 46.115.36.25 (talk) 06:36, 11 December 2013 (UTC)
 * It is an interesting question. my guess (a) the 5% grade (b) sparks  (c) cool. Greglocock (talk) 03:47, 13 March 2014 (UTC)

False precision of mass
The source given for the mass of a crawler-transporter lists its mass as "2,721 metric tons (6 million pounds)." The article has rewritten this as "2,721,000 kilograms (5,999,000 lb)." This looks like false precision to me. 6,000,000 pounds even is slightly greater than 2,721,000 kilograms, but to round down by a thousand pounds only serves to introduce error. Is it just done like this so the article doesn't directly quote the source? 66.44.41.91 (talk) 20:57, 7 January 2016 (UTC)

 * , thanks for pointing this out. No reason for it other than the Convert template automatically assigned the precision in pounds based on the four significant digits in kilograms. I've fixed this in the article. — Huntster (t @ c) 21:40, 7 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Oh cool, I didn't even know we had a template like that. Thanks! 66.44.41.91 (talk) 03:32, 8 January 2016 (UTC)

 * I've retrieved the original, and in a few edits added an archiveurl plus explicit quote of what the source actually states. This will, I hope, discourage future introduction of false precision beyond what the source states.  By looking at the original source we can deduce is is quite likely the metric tonneage is itself a reverse conversion from the suspiciously round 6e10 lb figure, hence we shouldn't be pretending that there is more precision or accuracy than what is stated.  The conversion is only there to aid readability, for readability having a row of 999s doesn't help. —Sladen (talk) 19:45, 8 January 2016 (UTC)  Perhaps to put things into perspective, the weight is 30,000–40,000 humans and the ≈500 kilogram-precision that is being sought is the weight of just half-a-dozen people, who might step on and off.  Fuel weight also fluctuates, and ≈500 kilograms is about ~3% of the capacity of the fuel tanks, enough to move it one mile based on the quoted numbers in the article.

"Crawler"?
The article uses the term "crawler(s)" in several places to refer to the crawler-transporter(s). Is this a normal usage in published sources, or just enthusiasts' jargon? If the latter, these terms should probably be changed to "crawler-transporter(s)"; if the former, then "crawler" should be added to the lead paragraph per MOS:LEADALT. —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 03:25, 11 August 2018 (UTC)

Toilet on board!
Is there any evidence if the crawler has a toilet on board? As the travelling time from the VAB to the start platforms is around 8 hours, there is definitively a demand for it. - Another Question: Which crawler is Hans and which wone is Franz? Bullenwächter (talk) 19:18, 22 December 2020 (UTC)

The C-T was also used to move the Mobile Service Structure
Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39 says the C-T was also used to move the Mobile Service Structure between pads 39A and 39B and its parking location near 39A. - Rod57 (talk) 10:40, 12 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Crawler-transporter


text: User talk:69.201.158.74

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:69.201.158.74


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Interlinguistics

Interlinguistics, also known as cosmoglottics, is the science of planned languages as it has existed for more than a century. Formalised by Otto Jespersen in 1931 as the science of interlanguages, in more recent times, the field has been more focused with language planning, the collection of strategies to deliberately influence the structure and function of a living language. In this framework, interlanguages become a subset of planned languages, i.e. extreme cases of language planning.

Interlinguistics first appeared as a branch of studies devoted to the establishment of norms for auxiliary languages, but over its century-long history it has been understood by different authors more and more broadly as an interdisciplinary branch of science which includes various aspects of communication, language planning and standardization, multilingualism and globalisation, language policy, translation, sociolinguistics, intercultural communication, the history of language creation and literature written in constructed languages (international auxiliary languages (auxlangs) as well as constructed languages : conlangs), fictional artistic languages (artlangs), lingua francas, pidgins, creoles and constructed languages in the internet and other topics were added.

Etymology and history
The hybrid term was first coined in French (as Interlinguistique) by the Belgian Esperantist Jules Meysmans.

The main historical periods of interlinguistics are:
 * first, the pioneer era (1879–1911), when its basis was put forth;
 * secondly, the foundational era (1911–1951), when the interlinguistics wars took place to decide the most appropriate form of an auxiliary language;
 * thirdly, the school era (1951–1990), when independent Interlinguistics schools formed in different countries, mainly Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, and Poland, each with particular attention to Esperanto;
 * lastly, the current era of language policy (1990–today), during which interlinguistics is more tightly integrated with other disciplines, mainly linguistics and various social and political sciences, particularly via the topics of globalism, linguistic justice, management of multilingualism, and new forms of mobility.

At the Institute of Linguistics of AMU there is the extramural Interlinguistic studies program. Over the course of three years these studies provide the students with a basic knowledge of general linguistics, interlinguistics, international and intercultural communication with a focus on the linguistics, culture and movement of the internationally dispersed and naturally functioning planned language Esperanto. Every third year the Interlinguistic Studies program also organizes an international interlinguistic symposium.

At the University of Amsterdam there is also a chair of interlinguistics and Esperanto.

Field of studies
The field of interlinguistics is concerned with international planned languages [also called 'constructed languages', 'auxiliary languages', or 'artificial languages'] as Esperanto, and with the relationship between planned languages and language planning. Increasingly, undergraduate courses in planned languages are expanding to embrace not only the history of languages planned for international use, but also the field of imaginary and fictional languages. Interlinguistics is also concerned with investigating how ethnic and international planned languages work as lingua franca and with the possibilities of optimizing interlinguistic communication.

The term Interlinguistics can be interpreted in at least two ways:

Among these interpretations, the first one is by far the most well established, while Mario Wandruszka had only the second one in mind.
 * 1) Study of  interlinguae, i.e., of interlanguages that serve for interlinguistic communication - not to be confused with the interim languages of language learners, which also came to be called "interlanguages" by some authors.
 * 2) Study of phenomena that can be observed inter linguae 'between languages'.

The term appears first to have been used in French (interlinguistique) by Jules Meysmans in 1911 in a text concerning international auxiliary languages. It became more widely accepted subsequent to an address by the Danish linguist Otto Jespersen to the 2nd International Congress of Linguists in 1931. According to Jespersen, interlinguistics is "that branch of the science of language which deals with the structure and basic ideas of all languages with the view to the establishing of a norm for interlanguages, i.e. auxiliary languages destined for oral and written use between people who cannot make themselves understood by means of their mother tongues". According to this definition, investigations that are useful for optimizing interlinguistic communication are central to the discipline, and the purpose may be to develop a new language intended for international use or for use within a multilingual country or union. Research of this kind has been undertaken by the International Delegation, which developed Ido (1907), and by the International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA), which developed Interlingua (1951).

Valter Tauli considered interlinguistics as a subdiscipline of language planning. The principles recommended by him for language planning applied to the guided development of national languages are also, and more liberally so, applicable to constructed interlanguages. It is noteworthy that these principles have close counterparts among Grice's conversational maxims. These maxims describe how effective communication in conversation is achieved, and in order to function well, a language must be such that it allows respecting these maxims, which languages not always do.

Most publications in the field of interlinguistics are, however, not so constructive, but rather descriptive, comparative, historic, sociolinguistic, or concerned with translation by humans or machines. As for Esperanto, which is the most widely used constructed interlanguage, there is a relatively abundant literature about the language itself and its philology (see Esperantology).

Only a few of the many constructed languages have been applied practically to any noteworthy extent. The most prosperous were Volapük (1879, Johann Martin Schleyer), Esperanto (1887 Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof), Latino sine flexione (1903, Giuseppe Peano), Ido (1907, Louis Couturat), Occidental-Interlingue (1922, Edgar de Wahl) and Interlingua (1951, IALA and Alexander Gode), with Esperanto being the one gathering the most significant community of active speakers at present. Here, the Bliss symbols (1949, Charles K. Bliss) deserve also to be mentioned. These were intended for international communication, but have found their field of application elsewhere, namely as an aid for persons who lack an adequate ability of using ordinary language, because of motorical or cognitive handicaps.

Kinds of interlanguages
The following table lists only one representative for each type explicitly. Among constructed languages, it is usual to distinguish between a priori languages and a posteriori languages. The latter are based on one or, more often, several source languages, while this is not evident for a priori languages, e.g., the philosophical languages of the 17th century, Solresol and the logical languages of the 20th century, such as Loglan and Lojban. Spontaneously arisen Interlanguages are necessarily a posteriori or iconic (using imaging or imitating signs).

title: Interlinguistics


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Trolley Square

Trolley Square is a partially enclosed shopping center located in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. It is considered to be a trendy high-end center. The center is near downtown Salt Lake City and the UTA TRAX light-rail system.

Description
Trolley Square is composed of barns that were built in 1908 to house Salt Lake City's streetcars. The streetcar system was dismantled in 1945, and the barns were converted into a two-story shopping center in 1972. The center is noted for its unusual architecture consisting of winding hallways, brick and wooden floors, fountains, old-trees, and wrought-iron balconies. Prominent tenants include Weller Book Works, Pottery Barn, Cabin Fever (a popular card store), Williams Sonoma, Old Spaghetti Factory, The Desert Edge Brewery at the Pub, The Spectacle, and local boutiques. The mall historically was home to a four-screen cinema and an amusement arcade.

The Trolley Square water tower is a 97-foot water tower that is a prominent feature of the Salt Lake City skyline, and is able to be spotted from miles away at night. The tower originally held 50,000 gallons of water, and was used to supply the sprinkler system for the trolley barns. In 1972, it was converted into a landmark, and covered in red and blue neon lights. For many years, the tower was a weather beacon, giving the local weather forecast based on the colors of lights, with solid blue being fair weather, flashing blue being overcast, solid red being rain, and flashing red being snow. The Trolley Square water tower was renovated in fall 2014, after years of disuse. During the renovation, the neon lights were removed - and were subsequently replaced with LED light strips which allowed for a wider spectrum of color availability. While the tower coloration is seemingly no longer used to display the weather forecast, different colors are now used decoratively during different seasons, holidays, or events.

Another prominent feature of Trolley Square is the sky bridge that connects the main building to a small parking lot located across the street. The bridge was made from a salvaged ore conveyor bridge formerly in use at the International Smelting and Refining Company facility in Tooele, Utah. The bridge goes over 600 South, and it features neon lights shaped in the form of a trolley.

2007 shooting
The Trolley Square shooting was a mass shooting that occurred on the evening of February 12, 2007 at the mall. A lone gunman, identified as Sulejman Talović, killed five bystanders and wounded four others before being shot dead by several members of the Salt Lake City Police Department. Authorities were not able to determine a motive.

Location Influence
Trolley Square is a prominent and well-known landmark in the Salt Lake City area. As such, many surrounding businesses and locales borrow or incorporate the name "trolley." For example, Trolley Corners is a small office building located on the block directly to the east of Trolley Square, as is a small collection of houses that have been converted into businesses - known as trolley cottages. The nearest UTA Trax station is named "Trolley station".

Major businesses

 * Alice Lane Home Collection
 * Ballet West Academy
 * Cabin Fever
 * Coffee Connection
 * CorePower Yoga
 * Cosset Bath and Body
 * Desert Edge Pub and Brewery
 * Alliance Theater
 * Flight Boutique
 * Google Fiber Space
 * Himalayan Artswear
 * Jensen Technical Services
 * Lanny Barnard Gallery
 * Millennium Dance Company
 * Orangetheory Fitness
 * Payne Anthony Creative Jewelers
 * Pottery Barn
 * Pottery Barn Kids
 * Precious Eyebrow Designers
 * Rodizio Grill
 * Styld' Blow Dry Bar
 * SPARK
 * Tabula Rasa
 * The Machine Age
 * The Old Spaghetti Factory
 * The Spectacle
 * Trolley Square Barbers
 * We Olive - The Olive Oil Experience & Wine Bar
 * Weller Book Works
 * Wells Fargo
 * Whole Foods Market
 * Williams Sonoma

Sale and development
Trolley Square is owned by SK Hart Management, who purchased it in May 2013.

title: Trolley Square


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GreenJolly

GreenJolly (Ґринджоли, Gryndzholy) was a Ukrainian hip hop duo. They represented Ukraine at the 2005 Eurovision Song Contest with the song "Razom nas bahato", which became an unofficial anthem of the Ukrainian Orange Revolution.

History
GreenJolly consisted of Roman Kalyn and Roman Kostyuk, who originate from the Ivano-Frankivsk region of Western Ukraine.

After receiving a wild card to the final of the Ukrainian Eurovision pre-selection, Evrobachennya 2005 – Natsionalyni vidbir, the duo was chosen to represent their country at the 2005 Eurovision Song Contest in Kyiv, with the song "Razom nas bahoto". In conjunction with various Ukrainian radio stations, the band wrote the song to support protests against electoral fraud that took place during the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election. However, the track had to be reworked in order to comply with contest regulations, and the European Broadcasting Union. In the final, the duo finished 19th with 30 points, tied with Sweden.

Following their Eurovision appearance, the group disbanded.

title: GreenJolly


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User talk:Ovechkin Rules

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Russian translation issue?
In the second paragraph of Alexander Ovechkin, I believe you added the bit about Ovechkin's parents testifying as to his "throwing all his toys" in favor of watching hockey on TV. Is this a translation from Russian of "бросил все свои игрушки"? If it is, бросить is fairly idiomatic to Russian and a better translation of the word would be "dropped". -- IvanP/(болтай) 22:31, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

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User talk:Cariboo

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * If you haven't already, please add your name to the new user log to let others know a little about yourself.
 * Read the tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk or ask me on my talk page.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck! Jrdioko

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

title: User talk:Cariboo


text:
Talk:List of Game Boy Advance games

Missing Game
Is there some reason "The Suite Life of Zack & Cody: Tipton Caper" is being excluded from the list, or is this just an oversight. I can add it, but wanted to check first.

Benjam47 (talk) 05:30, 22 July 2016 (UTC)

Another missing game
Tsūkin Hitofude, the Japanese version of Polarium Advance.

Mattsephton (talk) 00:33, 4 September 2016 (UTC)

Number of games
Japanese page shows 132+209+155+185+79+31=791 games released in that region. So I think the total of just over 1000 in this list is quite inaccurate. https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ゲームボーイアドバンスのゲームタイトル一覧

This list, split into regions and years, seems more accurate than wikipedia: http://nintendo.wikia.com/wiki/List_of_Game_Boy_Advance_games Japanese total is 31 as in the Japanese wiki page.

A total of 1411 are listed on this page: http://www.planetgameboy.de/spiele.html

Mattsephton (talk) 00:42, 4 September 2016 (UTC)

Combine Year(s) released with Region(s) released
Those two columns are better off merged, if you can find which year which region was released. The regions released column is pretty redundant. Deltasim (talk) 08:04, 10 April 2018 (UTC)

Inconsistency with game packages
In my oppinion, it makes no sense to list these 2-in-1, 3-in-1 and so on game packages here, if the single games are already in the list. There are many more game packages, that are not mentioned in this list. Therefore you have to decide. Either add the missing game packages or simply remove the already existing game packages. I would just remove them. One addition. The game Artifact has no informations on this side and i couldn't find informations to it on other sites like GameFAQs. Is it a real game for the GBA?Turaltay (talk) 11:02, 18 November 2018 (UTC)

Inconsistency of release dates with other List of ___ Games pages
I noticed this page is the only one of the modern (since 2000) console game lists that uses Release Year instead of full Release Date. Additionally, including all of the releases in a single column is bizarre when others of the same kind split the various regions into their own columns under a merged "Release Date" header.

It would be a pretty massive undertaking with over 1500 games to edit, but I think it would be worth it to modernize the layout and bring it in line with the other pages. Any thoughts?

Hb-robo (talk) 14:01, 18 May 2022 (UTC)

 * I entirely agree, and as a video game enthusiast I am willing to sort at least a hundred titles every month, if that does satisfy you. Besides, I am scratching my head after seeing that using the sortable column for "Year" doesn't sort the titles properly, be it month or year. Any idea? The last games are like 2002 - 2004, and the fourth title in the list is a 2007 game, which I cannot explain. Checking the texts they seem correctly inserted with the "Start Date" template, yet the chronological order doesn't match. Sapientia Obscura (talk) 13:15, 20 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Support; though I probably won't have the time or motivation to do this myself in the foreseeable future, there's no reason this list needs to be formatted differently than - for example - the List of Nintendo Entertainment System games or List of PlayStation Portable games. RayanWP (talk) 22:34, 31 October 2023 (UTC)

PAL version of The Bee Game
Is there a proof that another version of The Bee Game exists besides the original German one and the American one under the exact same English title? I thought that the original German one was the PAL version because Germany is in Europe for buzzing sake and why is it necessary to add "PAL" under the English title when I'm not really sure that this version exists? If it was released in other parts of Europe then it would have "Maya the Bee" at the beginning of the title in English because Maya is famous in most European countries just like how her previous games were released under her brand name, but only in Europe. Nectaria the bee 13:59, 17 September 2022 (UTC)

The Bee Game was released as Maya The Bee: The Great Adventure in PAL regions. Nintentoad125 (talk)

Nope, The Great Adventure is a different Maya the Bee game that was released prior to The Bee Game, but I guess you're just confusing those two games because both of them shares the same sprites and have similar gameplays and that you can't play as Willy in The Great Adventure 'cause in the plot he went missing and that you need to search for him while playing as Maya, but in Sweet Gold, he is available as a playable character along with Maya just like in The Bee Game, so not, they are all different games that were made by the same publisher, but thank you for your answer though. Nectaria the bee 12:38, 22 November 2022 (UTC)

Nakayoshi Pet Advance Series 3: Kawaii Koneko e Catz
Are Nakayoshi Pet Advance Series 3: Kawaii Koneko qnd Catz different games? They have a very similar gameplay and visual. Fillipe Sá (talk) 12:50, 22 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Good catch. Yes, they are the same game. I have grouped them together for the moment (this edit), but it does sort of leave an odd gap between Nakayoshi Pet Advance Series 2 and Nakayoshi Pet Advance Series 4. Probably fine, though.
 * I'm probably going to check the full list for other duplicates soon. Retro  ( talk  |  contribs ) 01:10, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I noticed this when I compared this list with this video on YouTube https://Youtube. be/LvWo-Xh6vFI Fillipe Sá (talk) 18:19, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I investigate more about it.
 * Actually, Catz was a American version of Minna no soft séries: Kawaii Koneko that was a re-release of Nakayoshi Series. But, it's really the same game Fillipe Sá (talk) 00:16, 24 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I was going to look into it more; this further research is useful. Some databases list them as the same game, but I was beginning to become suspicious that it might be mistaken when I examined both games. I'll try and sort this out soon. Retro  ( talk  |  contribs ) 18:22, 26 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I think it's the same case of Medabot AX and Medarot G. They are not the same. But they are Fillipe Sá (talk) 22:06, 26 August 2023 (UTC)

I just had a look again regarding my suspicion, and I was thinking about a completely unrelated pair of games. I think when comparing Catz vs. Nakayoshi Pet Advance Series 3, it's fundamentally the same game merely being rebranded in a different series and translated to English. So they should stay merged.

For Medabot AX and Medarot G, the Japanese and English version being merged makes sense; Metabee version and Rokusho version being separate also makes sense to me (same logic for me as Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen being separate entries on the list, even though the Wikipedia page for the games is merged). Retro ( talk  |  contribs ) 18:32, 27 August 2023 (UTC)

 * I don't know If you've already played Medarot G, but they are a Lot more different between American versions than american versions are besides themselves
 * Although, I agree that they must be grouped. I used It to confirm Nakayoshi 3 and Catz as one Fillipe Sá (talk) 19:46, 28 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Another catch here. Minna no soft Séries: Shanghai and Shanghai Advance seems to be the same game too. Minna no soft seems to have only reprints, but I still did not catch the others Fillipe Sá (talk) 20:31, 28 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Admittedly, I haven't played the Medabots/Medarot games, but the current list layout for it makes sense to me based on my limited research.
 * I disagree that Minna no Soft Series: Shanghai and Shanghai Advance are the same game. I think they're both based on a Shanghai trademark shared between Activision and SunSoft and they're both Mahjong games, but they were developed independently by completely separate companies. They're somewhat similar, but clearly distinct games in my eyes just based on the completely different menus and progression.
 * I don't really know that much about the Minna no Soft Series overall; do you have sources on that? Retro  ( talk  |  contribs ) 20:18, 29 August 2023 (UTC)

Homebrew games
What about include more Homebrew games on that list.

Here are the most popular ones : https://itch.io/c/1234307/gba-games Fillipe Sá (talk) 18:55, 30 August 2023 (UTC)
 * This runs into the selection criteria guideline for lists. For the licensed GBA games, there's a limited and clear set of games. But when you start diving into homebrew and unlicensed games, the English Wikipedia can't include them all, because it would be an indiscriminate collection of games. It seems to me other games should have to overcome a basic amount of notability and coverage in third party sources. Retro  ( talk  |  contribs ) 21:20, 30 August 2023 (UTC)
 * To further elaborate, I think the itch.io list is interesting, but probably not sufficient for including those games, because it's a platform for self-publishing games, so it's not independent from the creators of the games. Certainly some of the games there may have sufficient coverage in other sources to add here, though. Retro  ( talk  |  contribs ) 21:24, 30 August 2023 (UTC)
 * There are many importante platforms to use as Gamebrew.org, retroachievements.org, emulationking.com and others that save retro games lists.
 * There are important homebrew games like Anguna, Goodboy Galaxy, Powder, Waimanu and many others that may have sufficient coverage Fillipe Sá (talk) 00:32, 31 August 2023 (UTC)

3 Missing Games, and one duplicate game
It's missing 3 games:

1) "Hikaru no Go 3 - Senyou Joy Carry Cartridge" - only available in Japan through Rewritable Cartridges

2) "Famicom Mini - Dai-2-ji Super Robot Taisen" - it was bundled together with the Gamecube game Super Robot Taisen GC. Source: 2nd Super Robot Wars

3) "Famicom Mini - Kidou Senshi Z Gundam - Hot Scramble" - it was given away as a raffle prize to those that purchased the Gamecube game Kidou Senshi Gundam: Senshitachi no Kiseki. Source: Mobile Suit Z Gundam: Hot Scramble

Another issue - the page lists "Hamster Club 3" as a separate game from "Petz: Hamsterz Life 2", but those are the same game. This duplicate entry should be removed.

So in total, GBA has 1539 games. 31.60.2.159 (talk) 23:01, 26 November 2023 (UTC)

 * The Hikari no Go 3 is not listed as an official GBA game. It was an extra gift in a GameCube game bundle. i think It should not be added
 * The next two Famicom mini games should be added as soon as possible
 * The Hamster Club 3 is, in fact , the same game. And It 's listed with the translated name twice Fillipe Sá (talk) 19:27, 27 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure if Hikaru no Go 3 should be in the list or not. I read this reddit thread https://www.reddit.com/r/Gameboy/comments/tscibu/what_game_is_that/ which goes into detail about this game. You would put the rewritable cartridge in the GBA, connect it to Gamecube that's playing Hikaru no Go 3, and send a GBA version of the game to the cartridge. You could then play the GBA game without connection to Gamecube.
 * On a completely different topic - should Pocket Music be in the list? I've played it and it's not really a game, but a software to compose music. My logic is that it's not a game, because there's no objective to accomplish. 31.60.2.159 (talk) 21:39, 27 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm not totally convinced about Hikaru being an official game, although we can play it on the GBA, all media places it as a Gamecube exclusive. Just like we can play Pokémon on the Nintendo 64 and it's a Gameboy game.
 * About Pocket Music, I have it and played it to see your argument and I don't agree, despite not having an objective, it has no other function than to entertain the player (which is fundamental for a game, in addition to the achivements) Fillipe Sá (talk) 13:58, 28 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I made the changes that have no doubts. Hikaru's insertion and Pocket Music deletion, I would prefer more discussion on this topic with other editors Fillipe Sá (talk) 17:26, 29 November 2023 (UTC)

Hikaru no Go 3 is an extremely odd case to me. It's bundled with a GameCube game, and it requires transferring to the cartridge from the GameCube, but as I understand from brief reading online it is extra content that's not accessible in the main game? Not really sure whether to include... could go either way for me, but leaning towards not including.

To me, Pocket Music should definitely be retained. Wikipedia already calls it a game: Pocket Music. Some reviewers did call it a game, although others don't explicitly call it a game. It's more of a music composition toy than a traditional game with progression, but "game" can encompass a fair bit of interactive experiences. In my opinion, licensed cartridges developed for the GBA are in scope for this list and sort of inherit that game designation because the Game Boy Advance is a game console, not a general-purpose computer. The major exception being Game Boy Advance Video cartridges.

Bundled and promotional games can sometimes skirt the line for me where they probably wouldn't have been released as a full-game by themselves because they had less development effort put it. But it's probably fine to include them and to have those two on the list. Demo-only games, prototypes, and unreleased games should probably not be included, though. Retro ( talk  |  contribs ) 22:14, 24 December 2023 (UTC)

Medabots AX vs Medarot G
Medabots AX Rokusho and Metabee versions are are traditionally considered the western version of Medarot G versions. But this definition bothers me because they are very different games.

Medabot AX has characters based on Game Boy's Medabot 2, while Medarot G has characters based on Game Boy Color's Medarot 5 ( this happens because the western versions are inspired on anime). The corresponding Japanese and American versions (considered the same game) are more different from each other than the two American versions (which are characterized as different games). Here's a video showing the differences: https:// shrturl. app/AA4Dic

What do you think about it? User:FSa89 03:44, 11 January 2024 (UTC)

 * https:// shrturl. app/oQs9VI
 * A better comparison between different versions User: FSa89 03:52, 11 January 2024 (UTC)
 * They are fundamentally the same game, but with small regional differences (character sprites, text). So there's no need to separate them from each other. 83.4.197.151 (talk) 15:11, 24 January 2024 (UTC)

Should Shantae Advance be added?
This year (2024) WayForward released Shantae Advance: Risky's Revolution, a previously lost game due to publisher issues that was supposed to release back in 2003-2004, and now thank's to Limited Run Games was possible to release and of course, they actually went and release it for Game Boy Advance as well. This, basically, makes Shantae Advance the last game to be ever released for the Game Boy Advance console. Should it be added to the list? 181.43.142.74 (talk) 18:56, 15 February 2024 (UTC)

 * It is there at the bottom of the list in "Unlicensed and Homebrew games". GBA has a lot more homebrew games that had a physical or digital release. Maybe I'll try to add some soon. 31.60.33.168 (talk) 20:07, 17 February 2024 (UTC)
 * We have a Topic about homebrew games. I think we could discuss and include some of important games in this area FSa89 (talk) 10:58, 18 February 2024 (UTC)

Funny Cards (PAL)
Does this game really exist?

Although, there are some images of a supposed cover on the internet, there are no cartridges for sale or an image of the cartridge. and all gameplay found is from the Japanese version Simple 2960 Tomodachi Series Vol. 4: The Trump FSa89 18:57, 1 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Gamefaqs lists it as "cancelled" so I guess it didn't release. 31.60.52.221 (talk) 08:25, 26 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Game Boy Advance games


text:
File:Susan Werner - Live at Tin Angel.jpg

Cover for album Live at Tin Angel by Susan Werner.

Fair use rationale for

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright


text:
Hugh II

Hugh II may refer to:

 * Hugh II of Lusignan (c. 910/5–967)
 * Hugh II, Count of Maine (920–before 992)
 * Hugh Magnus, co-king of France (1007-1025)
 * Hugh II, Viscount of Châteaudun (died 1026)
 * Hugh II, Count of Ponthieu (died 1052)
 * Hugh II, Count of Empúries (c. 1035–1116)
 * Hugh II Bardoul, Lord of Broyes (died before 1121)
 * Hugh II, Count of Saint-Pol (died 1130)
 * Hugh II, Duke of Burgundy (1084–1143)
 * Hugh II of Jaffa (c. 1106–1134)
 * Hugh II (bishop of Grenoble) (died 1155), also archbishop of Vienne
 * Hugh II of Rodez (c. 1135–1208)
 * Hugh II of Saint Omer (ca. 1150–1204)
 * Hugh II, Count of Rethel (died 1227)
 * Hugh II, Count of Angoulême (1221–1250), a.k.a. Hugh XI of Lusignan
 * Hugh II of Cyprus (1252/3–1267), ruler, also of Jerusalem
 * Hugh II, Count of Blois (died 1307)
 * Hugh II of Arborea (died 1336)
 * Hugh II of Chalon-Arlay (1334–1388)

title: Hugh II


text:
Thomas Derrick

Thomas Derrick was an English executioner c. 1608.

In English history, executioner was not a commonly chosen career path because of the risk of friends and families of the deceased knowing who the executioner was and where to find him. Executioners were sometimes coerced into the role. Derrick in particular had been convicted of rape but was pardoned by the Earl of Essex (clearing him of the death penalty) on the condition that he became an executioner at Tyburn.

Derrick executed more than 3,000 people in his career, including his pardoner, the Earl of Essex, in 1601. Derrick devised a beam with a topping lift and pulleys for his hangings, instead of the old-fashioned rope over the beam method.

The word derrick became an eponym for the frame from which the hangman's noose was supported and through that usage (by analogy) to modern day cranes.

title: Thomas Derrick


text:
Hugh III

Hugh III may refer to:

 * Hugh III of Lusignan (fl. late 10th century)
 * Hugh III of Maine (c. 960–c. 1015)
 * Hugh III, Viscount of Châteaudun (died 1044)
 * Hugh III de Montfort (died 1123 or after)
 * Hugh III of Le Puiset (died 1132)
 * Hugh III, Count of Saint-Pol (died 1141)
 * Hugh III of Rodez (died 1136)
 * Hugh III of Broyes (c. 1120–c. 1199)
 * Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy (1142–1192)
 * Hugh III of Angoulême (c. 1235/40–1270), a.k.a. Hugh XII of Lusignan
 * Hugh III of Cyprus (c. 1235–1284)
 * Hugh III of Arborea (died 1383)

title: Hugh III


text:
Hugh IV

Hugh IV may refer to:

 * Hugh IV of Lusignan (died c. 1026)
 * Hugh IV, Count of Maine (died 1051)
 * Hugh IV, Viscount of Châteaudun (died 1110)
 * Hugh IV, Count of Saint-Pol (died 1205)
 * Hugh IV of Rodez (c. 1212–1274)
 * Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy (1213–1272)
 * Hugh IV, Count of Rethel (1244–1285)
 * Hugh IV, Count of Angoulême (1259–1303), a.k.a. Hugh XIII of Lusignan
 * Hugh IV of Cyprus (1293 to 1296–1359)

title: Hugh IV


text:
Congregational Christian Churches

The Congregational Christian Churches was a Protestant Christian denomination that operated in the U.S. from 1931 through 1957. On the latter date, most of its churches joined the Evangelical and Reformed Church in a merger to become the United Church of Christ. Others created the National Association of Congregational Christian Churches or joined the Conservative Congregational Christian Conference that formed earlier in 1945. During the forementioned period, its churches were organized nationally into a General Council, with parallel state conferences, sectional associations, and missionary instrumentalities. Congregations, however, retained their local autonomy and these groups were legally separate from the congregations.

The body came into being in Seattle, Washington in 1931 by the merger of two American bodies that practiced congregational church governance, the National Council of the Congregational Churches of the United States and the General Convention of the Christian Church. Initially using the word "and" between the words "Congregational" and "Christian," the new denomination decided to combine the predecessor churches' identities into one nationally, while its constituent churches remained free to either retain their original names or adopt the new usage.

Congregationalism
Established by settlers in present-day New England fleeing religious persecution in their native England, the Congregational churches were identified with the Puritan theological and political perspective within Anglo-Saxon Protestantism during the 17th century. Many American historians have viewed their semi-democratic practices as laying the foundation for the representative nature of the U.S. political tradition. Although they were originally strongly Calvinist in the 18th century, eventually, by the 19th century, Congregationalists had accepted their peculiar vocation in U.S. religious life, maintaining a broadly orthodox faith while cultivating a passion for freedom, equality, and justice.

These ethical convictions would propel the Congregational churches into the forefront of social reform movements during the next 150 years or so. Most notable of these was strong support for the abolition of slavery among African-Americans in the Southern U.S. In the aftermath of the American Civil War, numerous pastors and female schoolteacher missionaries, working under the auspices of the American Missionary Association, established academies, colleges, and churches for the freedpeople; six of the colleges are still in existence. Later generations became involved in causes such as temperance, women's suffrage, and the Social Gospel.

In the midst of this political involvement, Congregationalists held firmly to the notion that each local church was ruled directly by Jesus Christ, as testified to in the Bible and preached to those convicted by the Holy Spirit. Each thus constituted a spiritual republic unto itself, needing no authorization from outside ecclesiastical forces.

On the homefront, Congregationalism became primarily a grouping found among townspeople and affluent urban residents of New England, New York state, the Great Lakes region, portions of the Great Plains, and the Pacific Coast; roughly speaking, the Northern United States, a region strongly influenced by migrants from New England and New York. By the turn of the 20th century, the churches had begun to attract worshippers from outside their original base constituency of English-speaking Anglo-Americans. Immigrant groups that formed Congregational churches included Volga Germans, Swedes, Puerto Ricans, Chinese, Japanese, and Hawaiians. The Congregational churches also acquired two smaller church bodies: several Congregational Methodist churches in Alabama and Georgia, during the 1890s, and the Evangelical Protestant Churches in 1925, a German-immigrant group located primarily in and around Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Cincinnati, Ohio.

Theologically, during the 19th century the Congregationalists shifted gradually from adherence to orthodox Reformed concepts and teachings (e.g., total depravity, limited atonement) toward a decidedly more liberal orientation, facilitated by a group of Yale University-educated pastors in and around the time of the Civil War. Led by the likes of Horace Bushnell and Nathaniel Taylor, the New Divinity men broke, some would say irrevocably, with the older pessimistic views of human nature espoused by classical Congregationalist divines such as Cotton Mather and Jonathan Edwards, declaring instead a more sanguine view of possibilities for the individual and society. Even as this grand shift may have attracted individuals weary of overbearing, harsh harangues from generations of revivalist preachers, numerous others deplored what they felt was an abandonment of the true faith. Such conservatives, especially outside New England, increasingly sought refuge in churches that held to more rigid doctrine, such as the Baptists and the Presbyterians.

Congregationalist losses to Presbyterianism increased greatly in the decades in which the Plan of Union, was in effect. Although it was designed by Connecticut Congregationalists and the Presbyterian General Assembly to avoid duplication of effort in evangelizing the frontier regions, this plan resulted in numerous Congregational-founded parishes being annexed to presbyteries, usually through the pastor's affiliation and often without the local church's assent. The need to dissolve that failed attempt at inter-denominationalism, which had already taken place among the Presbyterians, prompted a national gathering of Congregationalists in 1865 at Boston, Massachusetts. This was the first national meeting in more than 200 years, since the 1648 synod that produced the Cambridge Platform, a confession of faith similar to the Presbyterians' Westminster Confession. It was not until 1870, though, that a sufficient number of Congregationalists responded to a related call to organize nationally.

This was not the first time American Congregationalism had been shaken to its foundations by theological change; the Great Awakenings of the decades surrounding the turn of the 19th century had also left indelible marks upon the churches. Some churches openly embraced revivalism at the time, while others, particularly in the Boston area, reacted negatively to the developments by adopting Arminian viewpoints in opposition to the intensified Calvinism espoused by such preachers as Edwards and George Whitefield. Following the Great Awakening, many of the liberalized congregations would eventually depart the Congregational fellowship in 1825 to form the American Unitarian Association; this body is now known as the Unitarian Universalist Association.

Meanwhile, despite the cherished commitments to independence and freedom, Congregationalists increasingly began to espouse the main aims of the ecumenical movement within American (and world) Protestantism. This movement had gathered much energy from the rise of totalitarian regimes in Europe during the first third of the 20th century, and a perceived decline in that period of religious life among Americans. Congregational leaders pursued close relations with numerous Protestant groups, but one group emerged as a prime candidate for actual organizational union: the Christian Churches.

The Christian Churches ("Connection")
While Puritans were consolidating their domination of religious, political and intellectual life in New England, elsewhere in America, during the period immediately before the American Revolution, many newly arrived settlers became dissatisfied with theology, preaching, liturgy, and ecclesiology inherited from Europe. Many of these people had turned to revivalist faiths such as the Methodists and the Baptists, and most found spiritual homes within those groups, or others deriving from the ferment started by the Great Awakenings.

However, in different parts of the country, several preachers led dissenting movements against the leadership of some of those churches. In the 1790s, James O'Kelly, a Methodist pastor serving churches in central North Carolina and southeastern Virginia, took exception to the development of an episcopacy within his church. He believed that the rise of bishops, strongly advocated by the likes of Francis Asbury, would approximate the powers of the recently disestablished Anglican church and thus unduly control the ministry, particularly through the practice of itinerancy. When leaders ignored O'Kelly's protests, he and some sympathizers withdrew from the Methodist Church to form a body originally known as the "Republican Methodist Church." Upon extensive discussion and prayer, O'Kelly began to hold that the name implied a sectarianism that was quite at odds with what he felt were prescriptions from the New Testament prohibiting churches from identifying with mere human opinions. Thus, he and others arrived at the notion that their churches should bear simply the name of "Christian."

Several hundred miles to the north in Vermont, a Baptist preacher by the name of Abner Jones began to refute the then-prevalent Calvinist dogmas within his fellowship. He led some of his followers out of his congregation into a new fellowship founded upon a platform similar to O'Kelly's, with a strong emphasis upon open communion and freedom of conscience. Later in the first decade of the 19th century, he and a New Hampshire pastor began publishing a newspaper for the movement, Herald of Gospel Liberty, reputed by some historians to have been the first general-interest religious periodical in the U.S. The movement progressed throughout New England, especially within those two states, as well as Maine and Massachusetts. Adherents of the Congregational "Standing Order" treated the new churches in a generally hostile fashion.

Both movements were restorationist in outlook, and influenced the later Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement. That later movement produced several larger groups that continue to operate today: the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), the Christian churches and churches of Christ, and the Churches of Christ.

The geographically disparate Northern and Southern wings of the Christian movement did eventually discover each other, and they formed a convention in 1820. At that time, they agreed on a general list of five (some scholars have claimed six) principles unifying the otherwise diverse congregations. The unity did not survive engrossing controversies over slavery and the ensuing Civil War. The "Christian Connection," as was also the case with American Protestant groups such as the Methodists, Presbyterians, and Baptists, split once again into Northern and Southern factions. The Northern group catalyzed the split, as many of its leaders, much like those of the Congregationalists, strongly denounced slavery. The Northerners used the schism as an occasion to legally take denominational form, in 1850. Despite the bitterness of the split, Christians in both sections reunited much sooner than did the other separated groups, forming the General Convention of the Christian Church in 1890.

Many Southern/O'Kelly Christians owned slaves, some of whom formed churches of their own in that tradition after the Emancipation Proclamation. Centered in central and eastern North Carolina and southeastern Virginia, African-American Christian congregations formed a convention of their own in the 1890s. This convention existed until 1950, well after the Congregational Christian merger; that year it joined the Convention of the South, heretofore composed of Congregational churches founded by the American Missionary Association.

Theologically, the Christian Churches did not encourage a highly elaborate system of doctrine or Biblical interpretation. Relatively few of their ministers were educated past the elementary grades, a characteristic that persisted well into the early 20th century. Their leanings were toward revivalist Wesleyanism, emphasizing traditional evangelical themes such as regeneration, acceptance of personal salvation, and the performance of good works of charity. Few if any of their members were inherently predisposed toward polemical attacks upon other traditions, although some pastors and churches would eventually identify with the emerging fundamentalist movement in later decades.

By the time that the Congregationalists had approached Christian leaders about possible union, some disaffected adherents of the wing of Restoration Movement led by Barton Stone and Alexander Campbell had joined the Christian Connection. This group gave the movement a geographical complexion that entailed pockets of strength in New England, upstate New York, southeastern Virginia, central and eastern North Carolina, western Georgia, eastern Alabama, southwestern Ohio, and eastern Indiana, with dispersed congregations in parts of the Great Plains. Most of the membership was rural, outside major cities, usually engaged in farming or similar occupations.

The Christians founded schools such as Ohio's Defiance College and Antioch College and North Carolina's Elon University; during the early 20th century, an academy and seminary for African-Americans operated in Franklinton, North Carolina. Defiance continues to relate to the United Church of Christ today.

Early post-merger years
After the 1931 merger, relatively few practices and customs changed drastically within either of the uniting traditions, largely because its members, like most Americans, were overwhelmed by, first, the Great Depression, and, later, World War II. It would not be until after the latter concluded that the CC churches would embark on anything like a major church extension program; this was the case, of course, with most U.S. denominations during this period, as their churches often struggled to merely stay open, with little or nothing left over for mission work.

Congregationalists constituted about 85-90% of the membership of the new denomination; this caused few if any resentments or conflicts because, by and large, the two groups did not overlap each other geographically, except in parts of New England, upstate New York, Ohio, and among African-American churches in North Carolina. Regional judicatories and national domestic and foreign mission agencies merged quite smoothly, often continuing to use varying terminologies (e.g., "convention," "conference," "association"), depending on custom. On the domestic front, most of the new church planting efforts were concentrated in newly developing areas such as southern California, Arizona, Florida, and suburbs of major Midwestern cities (e.g., Chicago, Detroit, Minneapolis). Abroad, many CC missionary efforts shifted their emphases toward medical and social services, particularly after many of the churches Congregationalists had founded in earlier decades had formed autonomous bodies of their own.

One distinguishing trait of the new fellowship, aside from its unusually tolerant attitude regarding subscription to ancient doctrines, was its bold enthusiasm for ecumenical adventures, especially those growing out of the "Faith and Order" and "Life and Work" inter-church initiatives in Great Britain in the 1920s and 1930s. These developments and others led to the founding of the World Council of Churches in 1948, of which the Congregational Christian Churches was a charter member. In the U.S., the Congregational Christians made several overtures to other Protestant groups toward federative unions and/or organic mergers in the years before World War II. But the main legacy of those discussions was what became the United Church of Christ in 1957.

UCC merger talks
The Rev. Dr. Truman Douglass, pastor of St. Louis' Pilgrim Congregational Church, met with the Rev. Dr. Samuel Press, president of Eden Theological Seminary in that city, a seminary of the Evangelical and Reformed Church, a denomination predominantly of German origin and itself a merger of two previously separated traditions, as part of an informal interchurch discussion group in 1937. Douglass' and Press' talks led to the involvement of both bodies in proposals to consider organic union, work that eventually culminated in the Basis of Union in 1943, which both national bodies approved after a five-year period of revising. The Rev. Dr. Douglas Horton, a former Harvard Divinity School dean, had become the CC general minister and president by this point, and became the prime figure in the CC union efforts.

"Continuing Congregationalism"
However, a small but vocal minority of ministers and laymen protested the developments, charging that any merger with a confessional, presbyterial body such as the E&R Church would destroy the heritage and structure of American Congregationalism. These opponents formed groups that published pamphlets and attempted to persuade churches to reject the proposed merger. An anti-merger congregation in Brooklyn filed suit against the CC moderator, Helen Kenyon, in 1949 to legally stop the merger proceedings; the major legal contention made by the church and the anti-union advocates was that the CC General Council possessed no authority to enter into a merger as a national entity. After some initial victories in lower courts, a New York state Court of Appeals declined jurisdiction and judged in favor of Ms. Kenyon and the CC Churches in 1953. With this defeat, the anti-merger forces turned instead toward forming a new denomination, which became the National Association of Congregational Christian Churches, founded in 1955; a preponderance of these churches were located in non-metropolitan New England, southeastern Michigan, parts of Wisconsin and Illinois, and southern California. Some years before that, motivated by different concerns, chiefly doctrine, a group of evangelical-leaning congregations formed the Conservative Congregational Christian Conference, in 1948.

Union approved
The final vote on participation by the General Council of Congregational Christian Churches in the UCC merger took place at the 1956 General Council, meeting in Omaha, Nebraska. Eighty-eight (88) percent of the delegates approved the motion to unite with the Evangelical and Reformed Church, and the latter body's General Synod approved by an even wider margin. This set the stage for the Uniting General Synod, which took place in Cleveland, Ohio, on June 25, 1957; the General Council of Congregationalism Christian Churches were represented by the Rev. Fred Hoskins, who had succeeded Horton some years earlier as general minister and president. Hoskins would become, along with E&R President James Wagner, one of the co-presidents of the UCC. The actual consummation of the UCC, however, did not occur until 1961, when a sufficient number of CC congregations voted to approve the denomination's new constitution.

The CC Churches brought into the new UCC approximately 1.4 million members, about 60 percent of the total number of members in the new denomination. In order to attend to necessary legal business continuing from years past, the General Council remained incorporated until 1984, when it finally dissolved.

title: Congregational Christian Churches


text:
User:Somebody in the WWW/To-do list

'''This page is out-of-date and does not currently reflect what I have to do. Somebody in the WWW 03:05, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)'''

 * Finish adding new line tables to stations in Melbourne (see List of Melbourne railway stations, especially on tourist railways and some lines I have forgot.

 * Add more information to the various pages for stations in Melbourne that are nothing other than a line table, including pictures (mainly from http://metfink.fotopic.net who has given permission for his photos to be used).

 * Correct some pages that refer to Victoria to refer to Victoria.

 * Add pages for the regional railway stations in Victoria. See List of regional railway stations in Victoria.

title: User:Somebody in the WWW/To-do list


text: User talk:69.197.40.44

title: User talk:69.197.40.44


text:
Open pollination

"Open pollination" and "open pollinated" refer to a variety of concepts in the context of the sexual reproduction of plants. Generally speaking, the term refers to plants pollinated naturally by birds, insects, wind, or human hands.

True-breeding definition
"Open pollinated" generally refers to seeds that will "breed true". When the plants of an open-pollinated variety self-pollinate, or are pollinated by another representative of the same variety, the resulting seeds will produce plants roughly identical to their parents. This is in contrast to the seeds produced by plants that are the result of a recent cross (such as, but not confined to, an F1 hybrid), which are likely to show a wide variety of differing characteristics. Open-pollinated varieties are also often referred to as standard varieties or, when the seeds have been saved across generations or across several decades, heirloom varieties. While heirlooms are usually open-pollinated, open-pollinated seeds are not necessarily heirlooms; open-pollinated varieties are still being developed.

One of the challenges in maintaining an open-pollinated variety is avoiding introduction of pollen from other strains. Based on how broadly the pollen for the plant tends to disperse, it can be controlled to varying degrees by greenhouses, tall wall enclosures, field isolation, or other techniques.

Because they breed true, the seeds of open-pollinated plants are often saved by home gardeners and farmers. Popular examples of open-pollinated plants include heirloom tomatoes, beans, peas, and many other garden vegetables.

Uncontrolled pollination definition
A second use of the term "open pollination" refers to pollination by insects, birds, wind, or other natural mechanisms. This can be contrasted with cleistogamy, closed pollination, which is one of the many types of self pollination. When used in this sense, open pollination may contrast with controlled pollination, a procedure used to ensure that all seeds of a crop are descended from parents with known traits, and are therefore more likely to have the desired traits.

The seeds of open-pollinated plants will produce new generations of those plants; however, because breeding is uncontrolled and the pollen (male parent) source is unknown, open pollination may result in plants that vary widely in genetic traits. Open pollination may increase biodiversity.

Some plants (such as many crops) are primarily self pollenizing and also breed true, so that even under open pollination conditions the next generation will be (almost) the same. Even among true breeding organisms, some variation due to genetic recombination or to mutation can produce a few "off types".

Relationship to hybridization
Hybrid pollination, a type of controlled pollination in which the pollen comes from a different strain (or species), can be used to increase crop suitability, especially through heterosis. The resulting hybrid strain can sometimes be inbred and selected for desired traits until a strain that breeds true by open pollination is achieved. The result is referred to as a inbred hybrid strain. To add some confusion, the term hybrid inbred applies to hybrids that are made from selected inbred lines that have certain desired characteristics (see inbreeding). The latter type of hybrid is sometimes designated F1 hybrid, i.e. the first hybrid (filial) generation whose parents were (different) inbred lines.

title: Open pollination


text:
Tiberius Claudius Nero (father of Tiberius Caesar)

Tiberius Claudius Nero (c. 82 – 33 BC) was a Roman politician, senator, and praetor who lived in the last century of the Roman Republic.

He was notable for being the first husband of Livia, before she divorced him to marry the future emperor Augustus, and the biological father of the second Roman emperor Tiberius.

Ancestry
Nero was a member of the republican Claudia gens of Rome. He was a descendant of the censor Appius Claudius Caecus. Nero was the son of Tiberius Claudius Nero and his mother was a descendant of the Claudian gens. Nero had a sister called Claudia, who married the prefect Quintus Volusius.

Life
Nero had served as a quaestor to Julius Caesar in 48 BC, commanding his fleet in the Alexandrian War. Having achieved victory over the Egyptian navy, he was rewarded with a priesthood. Julius Caesar had sent Nero to create Roman colonies in Gaul and in other provinces.

Despite his service with Julius Caesar, Nero was an Optimate at heart. After the murder of Julius Caesar in 44 BC, when it seemed that the assassins were triumphant, he suggested that they be rewarded for their services to the state. However, due to his previous alliance with the Roman dictator, Nero was allowed to be elected praetor in 42 BC.

Around the time Nero was elected praetor in 42 BC, he married his relative Livia Drusilla, whose father Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus was from the same gens. His son of the same name was born November 16, 42 BC, at Fondi Italy. Elaine Fantham believes it is likely that Nero had been married before he wed Livia, as he was already looking for a wife in 50 BC when he approached Cicero to marry his daughter Tullia.

Second Triumvirate
Shortly afterwards, the Second Triumvirate began to break down, causing a dangerous situation in Rome as the triumvirs went to battle with each other. Nero was forced to choose sides and in his distrust of Octavian, he cast his lot with Mark Antony. In 41 BC, he fled Rome with Livia and Tiberius in tow, joining Antony's brother Lucius in Perusia. Perusia was besieged by Octavian's men by the time Nero arrived, and when the town fell in 40 BC, he was forced to flee first to Praeneste, and then Naples. In 40 BC, Octavian and Mark Antony finally reconciled.

In Naples, Nero tried in vain to raise a slave battalion against Octavian and then took refuge with Sextus Pompey, who was then acting as a pirate leader in Sicily. Nero with his family joined Mark Antony soon after in Achaea. After three years of fleeing from Octavian, Nero returned to Rome with Livia and the younger Tiberius, aged 3. Octavian immediately after catching sight of Livia, fell in love with her, despite the fact that she was still married. Octavian was married to Scribonia, with whom he had a daughter called Julia, now known as Julia the Elder. Octavian and Scribonia divorced. Around this time Livia was also pregnant and despite this, Nero was persuaded or forced by Octavian to divorce Livia. Nero and Livia's second son was born in early 38 BC and he was named Decimus Claudius Drusus, which was later changed to Nero Claudius Drusus. Using a cognomen such as Nero as a first name was unusual, as was the prominence given to his maternal lineage in adopting Drusus as his cognomen. Octavian and Livia married on January 17, waiving the traditional waiting period. Nero was present at their wedding, giving Livia away "just as a father would". As agreed, Nero took his sons to his home, where they were raised and educated.

Death
Nero died in 33 BC. After his death, his sons went to live with their mother and stepfather. The younger Tiberius, aged 9, delivered his funeral eulogy on the Rostra in Rome. When the future Roman emperor Tiberius celebrated his coming of age, he staged two gladiatorial contests; one was held at the Forum in memory of his father and the other at the amphitheatre in memory of his grandfather Drusus.


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Talk:Aotus (plant)

All the members of the tribe Mirbelieae are called golden peas, please put this page back at Aotus (genus) --nixie 01:58, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Aotus (plant)


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Foreign Service Journal

The Foreign Service Journal is a monthly publication of the American Foreign Service Association. It covers foreign affairs from the perspective of American Foreign Service personnel, members of Washington's foreign policy establishment, as well as features on living overseas as a foreign affairs professional. The publication currently has a circulation of 17,500 with approximately 35,000 readers.

History
The American Foreign Service Association was preceded by The American Consular Service Association which was founded in the spring of 1918. In March 1919 the American Consular Service Association published the first issue of the American Consular Bulletin. The diplomatic and consular branches of the State Department were combined into a single Foreign Service by the Rogers Act of 1924 and, as a result, the American Consular Service Association gave way to the American Foreign Service Association. It was decided to continue the monthly American Consular Bulletin as the official publication of the expanded association. In 1924, with the publication of the October issue, the title of the bulletin was changed to American Foreign Service Journal. The publication's name was shortened to its present form, the Foreign Service Journal, with the publication of the August, 1951, issue.

title: Foreign Service Journal


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Carl's Afternoon in the Park

Carl's Afternoon in the Park (ISBN 0-374-31104-8) is a children's picture book by Alexandra Day. The book was copyrighted in 1991. The book is largely pictorial with text only on the very first and very last pages.

Synopsis
The book starts when a woman walking in the park with her baby daughter and her rottweiler Carl run into a friend of hers. The lady's friend has with her a rottweiler puppy. The two friends decide to go off to have some tea and leave the baby alone with the rottweiler and the rottie pup. The book is a look at the adventures of a dog and a baby in the park. At the end of the book, the women return to express that they hope the dog and baby weren't bored after having been left alone too long.

Reception
Publishers Weekly states 'Move over, Mary Poppins, and make room for Carl, the ravishing rottweiler babysitter who makes his fourth and perhaps finest appearance yet in this gorgeously colored picture book.', while Kirkus finds that 'The dogs are as charmingly true to life as ever, while the fantasy will beguile fans and worry a few literal-minded caregivers.'

title: Carl's Afternoon in the Park


text: User talk:64.169.95.10

title: User talk:64.169.95.10


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Jobs

Jobs may refer to:

 * Job, an activity that people do for regular income gain

People

 * Eve Jobs (born 1998), American fashion model, daughter of Steve Jobs
 * Steve Jobs (1955–2011), co-founder and former CEO of Apple Inc
 * Laurene Powell Jobs (born 1963), American billionaire businesswoman and executive, widow of Steve Jobs
 * Lisa Brennan-Jobs (born 1978), American writer, daughter of Steve Jobs
 * Reed Jobs (born 1991), American venture capitalist, son of Steve Jobs

Arts and entertainment

 * Jobs (film), a 2013 biographical film based on the life of Steve Jobs
 * Jobs, a major character from K. A. Applegate's Remnants series
 * Jobs, a character in the anime and manga series Eureka Seven
 * Final Fantasy character jobs, character classes in the Final Fantasy video game series

Places in the United States

 * Jobs, Ohio, an unincorporated community
 * Jobs Peak, a mountain in California

Other uses

 * Job Brothers & Co., Limited, commonly referred to as Jobs, a mercantile empire in Newfoundland
 * .jobs, a top-level internet domain
 * Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act, a law intended to encourage funding of United States small businesses

title: Jobs


text: User talk:68.44.178.117

title: User talk:68.44.178.117


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Lamb's

Lamb's Navy Rum is a sugar-cane based Caribbean rum popular in the UK and Canada.

In 1849, 22-year-old Londoner Alfred Lamb, son of wine and spirits merchant William Lamb, blended 18 different rums from Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica and Trinidad to produce Lamb's Navy Rum. His company took the name Alfred Lamb & Son.

The use of the term "navy rum" dates back to the Royal Navy issuing a daily ration of rum to its sailors. It had previously given its sailors French brandy, but the 1655 conquest of Jamaica gave it access to rum, which it quickly exploited. Lamb's was never an official supplier to the Royal Navy. The 1970 decision of the British Royal Navy to end issuing daily rum rations to its sailors inspired the brand that year to adopt the advertising campaign, "Join the Lamb’s Navy."

Alfred Lamb & Son was bombed out of its London premises on Great Tower Street in World War II. Its competitor, White Keeling Rum Merchants, was bombed out of its premises, too. Portal, Dingwall & Norris took them both into its premises at 40 Eastcheap, London, inspiring the three companies to merge in 1946 to form United Rum Merchants.

In 1952, Canadian company Corby Distilleries signed an agreement with United Rum Merchants to bottle the brand under licence in Canada.

Lamb's became part of the Allied Lyons portfolio in 1984, which itself was acquired (as Allied Domecq) in 2005 by French drinks giant Pernod Ricard. As part of the deal, Pernod Ricard had to sell off some brands, and Lamb's was acquired by Corby, which became an affiliate of Pernod Ricard by virtue of the Allied Domecq purchase.

Corby Distilleries bottles Lamb's in Canada for the North American markets. Outside North America, it is also bottled by Halewood International in England, which distributes it in Europe, Africa and Asia.

In 2009, Halewood International launched a spiced version aimed at international markets. This failed to meet sales expectations, so it was reformulated in 2014.

title: Lamb's


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fun With Headlines

Fun With Headlines
Subtle ad for the website Fun with Headlines; also, the humorous examples aren't actually funny. —tregoweth 02:06, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * In the UK Private Eye has been printing odd newspaper clippings ever since the early 1960s, and the polymath Fritz Spiegl was also fascinated by newspaper-speak. I've no doubt that ever since there have been newspapers there have been misprints handed round for the private amusement of guests at parties. This particular website is non-notable. Also the examples are quite pathetic. I say delete. Dbiv 02:18, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. People making bad puns. About as notable as the ficus tree on my desk. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 04:59, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. ComCat.
 * Delete. Non-encyclopaediac. utcursch 08:57, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Kbh3rd 14:50, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Marge wins a t-shirt on the blooper patrol.  It's possible to put information along these lines in typo or headline, but this is hardly a standard term for the phenomenon.  Instead, it's advertising. Geogre 14:53, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The New Yorker has been doing this sort of thing for dog's years, and the Columbia Review of Journalism has long had a page every issue reproducing garbled/odd hedes (even collecting them into a couple of books, Red Tape Holds Up Bridge and "Squad Helps Dog Bite Victim). This website is nothing special. --Calton 01:16, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh, what the hell, this is an excuse to include a gratuitous reference, because I know the person involved: Woman fights bear with umbrella.
 * Delete, spam wrapped in a marginal topic. Wyss 13:07, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * obviously Delete bad jokes...don't need an encyclopedia for that Carole a 18:08, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)


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List of Australian Government entities

This list of Australian Government entities includes ministerial departments, principal entities, secondary entities, and other entities, which are grouped into a number of areas of portfolio responsibility. Each portfolio is led by one or more government ministers who are members of the federal parliament, appointed by the governor-general on the advice of the prime minister.

As of December 2023, there are 1,334 government entities reportable to the Australian Government Organisations Register. This includes:

 * 191 "principal" entities, including non-corporate Commonwealth entities (such as the 20 cabinet departments), corporate Commonwealth entities, and Commonwealth companies
 * 693 "secondary" entities, such as advisory bodies, ministerial forums, and statutory offices
 * 450 "other" entities, such as subsidiaries of government companies, joint ventures, national law bodies, and bodies linked through statutory contracts, agreements or delegations

Principal entities
Principal entities are Australian Government entities that are defined in the Public Governance, Performance and Accountability Act 2011 as either a:

 * Principal non-corporate Commonwealth entity - such as a cabinet department
 * Principal corporate Commonwealth entity - such as the CSIRO or Reserve Bank of Australia
 * Commonwealth company - such as NBN Co or Aboriginal Hostels Limited

Cabinet departments
The Australian Government comprises 20 portfolio departments, each representing a seat in the federal cabinet and leading its respective portfolio area:

 * Attorney-General's Department
 * Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry
 * Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water
 * Department of Defence
 * Department of Education
 * Department of Employment and Workplace Relations
 * Department of Finance
 * Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
 * Department of Health and Aged Care
 * Department of Home Affairs
 * Department of Industry, Science and Resources
 * Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts
 * Department of Parliamentary Services
 * Department of Social Services
 * Department of the House of Representatives
 * Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet
 * Department of the Senate
 * Department of the Treasury
 * Department of Veterans' Affairs
 * Parliamentary Budget Office

Other principal entities
There are 171 principal entities other than the cabinet departments. These government agencies are classified by the Australian Government Organisations Register as either a non-corporate Commonwealth entity, a corporate Commonwealth entity, or a Commonwealth company.

September 2013
On 18 September 2013 an Administrative Arrangements Order was issued by the Governor-General on the recommendation of the Prime Minister Tony Abbott which replaced the previous Order of 14 September 2010 issued by the Governor-General on the recommendation of the Gillard government. The Order formed or re-confirmed government departments, as follows:

 * The Department of Agriculture replacing the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry
 * The Attorney-General's Department, assuming the arts functions previously managed by the Department of Regional Australia, Local Government, Arts and Sport
 * The Department of Communications replacing the Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy
 * The Department of Defence
 * The Department of Education replacing some of the functions of the Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations
 * The Department of Employment replacing some of the function of the Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations
 * The Department of the Environment replacing the Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency and the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities
 * The Department of Finance replacing the Department of Finance and Deregulation
 * The Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, assuming the tourism functions previously managed by the Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism
 * The Department of Health replacing the Department of Health and Ageing and assuming the sport functions previously managed by the Department of Regional Australia, Local Government, Arts and Sport
 * The Department of Human Services
 * The Department of Immigration and Border Protection replacing most of the functions of the Department of Immigration and Citizenship
 * The Department of Industry replacing most of the functions of the Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and Research and the Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism
 * The Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development replacing the Department of Infrastructure and Transport and most of the functions of the Department of Regional Australia, Local Government, Arts and Sport
 * The Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, assuming the indigenous affairs functions previously managed by the Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs
 * The Department of Social Services replacing the majority of the functions of the Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs
 * The Department of the Treasury
 * The Department of Veterans' Affairs

September 2015
Following the appointment of Malcolm Turnbull as Prime Minister, three departments were renamed, with effect from 21 September 2015:

 * The Department of Agriculture became the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources
 * The Department of Industry and Science became the Department of Industry, Innovation and Science
 * The Department of Communications became the Department of Communications and the Arts

July 2016
Following the election of the Turnbull government, the Department of the Environment was renamed, with effect from 19 July 2016:
 * The Department of the Environment became the Department of the Environment and Energy

December 2017
Some departments were renamed, with effect from 20 December 2017:
 * The Department of Employment became the Department of Jobs and Small Business
 * The Department of Immigration and Border Protection became the Department of Home Affairs
 * The Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development became the Department of Infrastructure, Regional Development and Cities

May 2019
Following the election of the Morrison government, five departments were renamed, with effect from 29 May 2019:
 * The Department of Agriculture and Water Resources became the Department of Agriculture
 * The Department of Education and Training became the Department of Education
 * The Department of Human Services became Services Australia.
 * The Department of Jobs and Small Business became the Department of Employment, Skills, Small and Family Business
 * The Department of Infrastructure, Regional Development and Cities became the Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Cities and Regional Development

February 2020
The number of departments were cut from 18 to 14, with effect from 1 February 2020:
 * The Department of Education and Department of Employment, Skills, Small and Family Business (except small business functions) merged to form the Department of Education, Skills and Employment
 * The Department of Agriculture and environment functions of the Department of the Environment and Energy merged to form the Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment
 * The Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, energy functions from the Department of the Environment and Energy and small business functions from the Department of Employment, Skills, Small and Family Business merged to form the Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources
 * The Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Cities and Regional Development and Department of Communications and the Arts merged to form the Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Communications
 * Services Australia (the former Department of Human Services) was established as an executive agency within the Department of Social Services

July 2022
The new Albanese Government made the following modifications and increased the number of departments to 16, with effect from 1 July 2022:
 * The Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment was split into the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry and the Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, with latter taking over energy functions from the Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources
 * The Department of Education, Skills and Employment was split into the Department of Education and the Department of Employment and Workplace Relations
 * The Department of Health was renamed the Department of Health and Aged Care
 * The policing, criminal justice and protective services functions were transferred from the Department of Home Affairs to the Attorney-General's Department.
 * The natural disaster management functions including the National Recovery and Resilience Agency were transferred from the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet to the Department of Home Affairs
 * The Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources was renamed the Department of Industry, Science and Resources, with energy functions transferred to the Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water
 * The Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Communications was renamed the Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts

title: List of Australian Government entities


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American Foreign Service Association

American Foreign Service Association (AFSA), established in 1924, is the professional association of the United States Foreign Service. With over 15,000 due-paying members, AFSA represents 28,000 active and retired Foreign Service employees of the Department of State and Agency for International Development (AID), as well as smaller groups in the Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS), Foreign Commercial Service (FCS), and International Broadcasting Bureau (IBB).

History
American Foreign Service Association's principal missions are to enhance the effectiveness of the Foreign Service, to protect the professional interests of its members, to ensure the maintenance of high professional standards for both career diplomats and political appointees, and to promote understanding of the critical role of the Foreign Service in promoting America's national security and economic prosperity.

American Foreign Service Association is the exclusive bargaining agent for the Foreign Service employees of all five agencies. In this labor/management relations capacity, American Foreign Service Association negotiates with the agency management on personnel policies and practices affecting members' working conditions. American Foreign Service Association also represents members in formal grievance proceedings, office of security and inspector general investigations, and EEO cases, while providing them informal assistance in dealing with administrative problems.

Foreign Service retiree concerns are an integral part of the American Foreign Service Association agenda. American Foreign Service Association works closely with retired Foreign Service personnel on legislative issues related to retiree pensions and benefits. Retirees, individually and through independent retiree groups around the country, actively promote the Foreign Service and international engagement in their communities.

In its efforts to explain the Foreign Service's role and to build domestic constituencies to support its activities, American Foreign Service Association operates a speakers' bureau, which makes experienced diplomats available to speak to a wide range of groups all across the country. Through Road Scholar programs, American Foreign Service Association members conduct continuing education classes on the Foreign Service.

Governance
AFSA's Governing Board is elected by the membership every two years. The board's constitution is governed by the American Foreign Service Association's bylaws. The board has 21 members for the 2019-2021 term.

AFSA's president is Ambassador Eric S. Rubin, a career Foreign Service Officer and member of the Senior Foreign Service who served as U.S. Ambassador to Bulgaria from 2016-2019.

Offices
AFSA maintains its headquarters building at 2101 E Street NW in Washington, DC. There are also smaller offices within the Department of State, USAID, and the Department of Commerce.

Awards
Since 1968, American Foreign Service Association has honored achievement, performance, courage and sacrifice within the Foreign Service community through their awards program. All of American Foreign Service Association's awards programs, as well the American Foreign Service Association's memorial plaques, are administered by American Foreign Service Association's Coordinator for Special Awards and Outreach.

Constructive Dissent Awards
American Foreign Service Association's Constructive Dissent Awards recognize Foreign Service members who work constructively within the system to change policy and performance for the better. Such dissents may be made in any non-public channel including meetings, emails to superiors, memoranda, telegrams, or via the State Department's formal Dissent Channel. Thus, American Foreign Service Association's Constructive Dissent Awards may be given to, but are not restricted to, employees who send in Dissent Channel messages. These awards are unique within the federal government, and remain the center of American Foreign Service Association's awards program. There are four awards:
 * F. Allen 'Tex' Harris Award for Foreign Service Specialists
 * W. Averell Harriman Award for entry-level officers
 * William R. Rivkin Award for mid-level officers
 * Christian A. Herter Award for members of the Senior Foreign Service

Exemplary Performance Awards
Six Exemplary Performance Awards are given each year to highlight the professionalism and spirit of service and volunteerism found within the Foreign Service community. These awards honor community liaison officers, office management specialists, family members, and American Foreign Service Association post representatives for their important contributions at work, at home and in the community at large. In addition, these awards honor contributions to American Foreign Service Association and those who have excelled in the advancement of democracy.
 * Nelson B. Delavan Award
 * Avis Bohlen Award
 * M. Juanita Guess Award
 * AFSA Achievement and Contributions to the Association Award
 * Post Representative of the Year Award
 * Mark Palmer Award for the Advancement of Democracy

Lifetime Contributions to American Diplomacy
The American Foreign Service Association established its award for Lifetime Contributions to American Diplomacy in 1995. By giving this high-profile award, American Foreign Service Association also seeks to bring greater recognition to its other awards, including its unique annual awards for constructive dissent Candidates are proposed by American Foreign Service Association's Awards and Plaque Committee. The American Foreign Service Association governing board makes the final decision.

Originally, there were no criteria beyond those implied by the award's name. In 2009, the American Foreign Service Association's Governing Board specified that "lifetime" means at least a decade of service to diplomacy, ideally including continuing involvement after retirement. The contributions should include involvement in foreign policy development and/or implementation as well as efforts that advance the diplomatic profession. Recipients will normally be career diplomats, but may include other individuals in exceptional cases. Recipients must attend American Foreign Service Association's annual awards ceremony.

The presentation takes place during American Foreign Service Association's annual Awards Ceremony in June in the Benjamin Franklin Diplomatic Room of the State Department. The Secretary of State is invited to present this award. If the Secretary is unable to attend, a distinguished individual who has worked with the recipient is asked to present the award. Colin Powell presented the award to Thomas Pickering and to George Shultz; Elliot Richardson presented the award to Frank Carlucci; Mr. Carlucci presented it to Lee Hamilton; Robert Zoellick presented it to Richard Lugar; Senator Lugar presented to award to Senator Nunn; and Lawrence Eagleburger presented the award to Joan Clark. Honorees are presented with a globe and certificate.

The Lifetime Contributions to American Diplomacy is American Foreign Service Association's highest award. It is offered to an inspiring and respected diplomat or public servant for their contributions to the conduct and success of American diplomacy. The criteria call for a sustained commitment to the cause for a good portion of their professional lives.

Previous Recipients of the Lifetime Contributions to American Diplomacy Award:

Sinclaire Language Awards
These awards celebrate those Foreign Service employees who have demonstrated the greatest facility and success in the learning and utilization of languages in their career. This learning may have taken place at FSI or individually. The awards are made possible through a generous bequest from former Foreign Service Officer Mathilda W. Sinclaire.

George F. Kennan Strategic Writing Award
Each year, American Foreign Service Association honors the State Department employee whose essay has been chosen as the best from among their cohort during the National War College graduation ceremonies. The award is named after George Kennan.

AFSA Memorial Plaques
Two large memorial plaques in the C Street lobby of the Department of State honor colleagues who have given their lives in service to their country. Each year, names are added and those on the plaques are honored during a solemn ceremony on Foreign Affairs Day.

AFSA National High School Essay Contest
The National High School Essay Contest is available to all High School students in each of the 50 states, the District of Columbia, U.S. territories, and to U.S. citizens pursuing high school education abroad. The competition awards a $2,500 cash prize, a paid trip to Washington, D.C., to meet the Secretary of State and a tuition-free Semester at Sea upon enrollment at an accredited post-secondary institution.

title: American Foreign Service Association