text:
Mike Sherman

Michael Francis Sherman (born December 19, 1954) is an American gridiron football coach and former player who most recently was the head coach of the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He was the head coach of the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL) from 2000 to 2005. Sherman led the Packers to five consecutive winning seasons from 2000 to 2004 and three divisional titles in 2002, 2003, and 2004, but never advanced past the divisional round of the playoffs. He was also the head football coach at Texas A&M University from 2008 to 2011. He has also been a coach in the NFL for the Seattle Seahawks, Houston Texans and Miami Dolphins. Before he started coaching in the NFL, he served as an assistant coach at five different colleges, including Texas A&M, where he coached the offensive line for seven seasons. He is one of only a few coaches that has been a head coach at the high school, college, CFL and NFL level.

Early life and family
Sherman was born in 1954 in Norwood, Massachusetts. Throughout the 1950s and 60s, Sherman spent his life in Hyde Park, Massachusetts, the southernmost neighborhood in Boston. He lived there with his parents, Claire and Frank Sherman, his two sisters, and his two brothers. His extended family members, who lived nearby, were devout Green Bay Packers fans and have dutifully followed Sherman's career. Sherman was also raised in Northborough, Massachusetts, where he attended Algonquin Regional High School, playing for the football team.

Sherman earned a scholarship to play at Central Connecticut State University, where he played defensive end and offensive tackle. He majored in English. Though he was considered to be an average player with limited abilities in college, he was noted for his strong commitment. Right after college, Sherman became an English teacher and an assistant football coach, serving at Stamford High School in Connecticut in 1978 and at Worcester Academy in Massachusetts from 1979 to 1980.

Sherman's father worked for a pipe company in New England and retired in 1991. Both his parents lived on Cape Cod. Sherman has been married to his wife Karen since 1982, and the couple have five children together (Sarah, Emily, Matthew, Benjamin and Selena). Sherman is the father-in-law of Cincinnati Bengals head coach Zac Taylor, who is married to his oldest daughter.

Sherman and his family reside on Cape Cod. A former reading and special education teacher, Karen is a very active member of the West Dennis Library Board of Trustees.

Early career
Sherman started his college coaching career as a graduate assistant at the University of Pittsburgh, where he was part of Jackie Sherrill's staff from 1981 to 1982. While at Pittsburgh, Sherman wasn't able to afford an apartment; instead, he slept on a cot in Pitt Stadium. After his stay at Pittsburgh, Sherman then coached the offensive line at Tulane from 1983 to 1984, and later moved to Holy Cross, where he coached the offensive line from 1985 to 1987 before becoming the offensive coordinator for the 1988 season.

From 1989 to 1993, Sherman coached the Texas A&M offensive line. During the 1992–93 season, he met retired head coach Gary Kubiak, who had coached the A&M running backs. In 1994, Sherman left Texas A&M to coach the UCLA offensive line, which included former Baltimore Ravens pro bowler Jonathan Ogden. Sherman later returned to Texas A&M to coach the offensive line again for the 1995–96 seasons. Under Sherman, the Aggie offense averaged over 400 yards of total offense four times in his seven seasons at A&M. The 1990 Aggie team set a school record of 471.1 yards per game. Sherman also helped the Aggies to win three Southwest Conference championships consecutively from 1991 to 1993. Additionally, he recruited Leeland McElroy, who would become one of the Aggies' top 10 all-time leading running backs.

On December 20, 1996, A&M head coach R. C. Slocum promoted Sherman to offensive coordinator to replace dismissed Steve Ensminger. Months later, Sherman resigned to start his professional coaching career as the assistant offensive line and tight ends coach for the Green Bay Packers. When asked by a reporter why he chose to accept the Green Bay job, Sherman responded: "There is absolutely no other college job I would have left Texas A&M for and only one professional job that I've ever had any interest in and that being the Green Bay Packers. I've enjoyed the small-town atmosphere of College Station for my family, and Green Bay offers that same atmosphere. If the truth be told, there is not a whole lot of difference between an `Aggie' and a `Cheesehead." He served the position for the 1997–98 seasons. After Packers head coach Mike Holmgren resigned to accept the Seattle Seahawks head coach position, Holmgren hired Sherman to become the offensive coordinator for the 1999 season.

Green Bay Packers
In 2000, Sherman became the head coach of the Green Bay Packers. He led the Packers to five consecutive winning seasons from 2000 to 2004. From 2002 to 2004, he led the Packers to three consecutive NFC North Division titles. From 2000 to 2004, he compiled a 53–27 record, and a .663 winning percentage, which was the second highest in Packers history, trailing that of Vince Lombardi's, who is one of the most successful coaches in the history of football. Additionally, Green Bay and the Philadelphia Eagles were the only two teams to make the playoffs for four consecutive seasons from 2001 to 2004.

An offensive-minded coach, Sherman led the Packers to break franchise records for rushing in 2003 and passing in 2004. In 2003, Packers quarterback Brett Favre led the NFL in touchdown passes, in addition to setting a franchise record for rushing yardage. The 2003 team also gained a total of 442 points, which is the fourth most in franchise history (560 in 2011, 461 in 2009, 456 in 1996, when the team won the Super Bowl).

Despite receiving a contract extension earlier in the 2005 season, Sherman was fired by the Packers on January 2, 2006, after compiling a 4–12 record — Green Bay's first losing record since the 1991 season (it was also Sherman's only losing season during his Packers tenure). The Packers had lost pro bowlers Javon Walker, Bubba Franks and Ahman Green to injured reserve early in the season.

In his six-year head coaching career with the Packers from 2000 to 2005, Sherman compiled a 57–39 regular season record and a 2–4 postseason record. Sherman used the West Coast offense at Green Bay.

General manager
Sherman succeeded Ron Wolf as general manager (GM) of the Packers in 2001, taking on the dual role of head coach and general manager. Although the promotion of Sherman to GM was made prior to the 2001 NFL Draft, Wolf handled the draft duty in 2001. Sherman brought in three of the core players that were on the Packers 2010 roster. He drafted Nick Barnett, Scott Wells, and acquired Cullen Jenkins as a rookie free agent after the 2003 draft.

Sherman's first solo draft pick as GM and in charge of the draft was Javon Walker in 2002, who made the Pro Bowl in 2004, and was traded to the Denver Broncos in 2006.

In 2005 the Packers hired Ted Thompson from the Seattle Seahawks to take over Sherman's general manager duties, although Sherman remained the Packers' head coach for one more season.

Houston Texans
The Houston Texans hired Sherman as the assistant head coach/offense coach on February 15, 2006. On January 17, 2007, he was promoted to offensive coordinator following the departure of Troy Calhoun, who left the Texans to take the head coaching job at Air Force, and Sherman retained his role as assistant head coach. In the 2006 season, the Texans' regular season offense ranked 28th out of 32 NFL teams. In the 2007 season, Sherman's first year as the offensive coordinator, the Texans' regular season offense improved to a ranking of 14.

The Texans finished the 2006 season with a 6–10 record. In 2007, they finished with an 8–8 record.

Texas A&M Aggies
Sherman became the head coach of the Texas A&M football team in November 2007. He signed a seven-year contract that at the time paid him $1.8 million annually. Sherman abandoned the zone read option offense run by former A&M coach Dennis Franchione, and installed a pro-style offense similar to those used in the NFL. He uses a balanced offense run primarily out of pro-style formations.

After two straight losing seasons, the Aggies started the 2010 season 3–3 but won their final six games to finish 9–3 and earn a share of the Big 12 South Division title. After the 2010 season, he signed a contract extension through the 2015 season. His salary was raised to $2.2 million.

In 2011, the Aggies began as a top 10 ranked team, but fell out of the polls after losing four games, three of which had double-digit half-time leads. Three of those four losses were to teams later ranked among the top ten in the nation. On November 19, 2011, the Aggies defeated Kansas by a score of 61–7 and became bowl-eligible for a third straight season. Five days later, on November 24, 2011, they would lose at home to the University of Texas 27–25 on a last-second field goal, in what would likely be the last game of the rivalry. It was the Aggies' sixth loss of the season, and the fifth in which they held a second-half lead of two or more scores.

Miami Dolphins
The Dolphins hired Sherman as offensive coordinator on January 27, 2012.

On April 27, 2012, the Dolphins drafted Ryan Tannehill with the 8th overall pick. Sherman coached Tannehill at Texas A&M and was instrumental in the decision-making leading to the Dolphins selecting Tannehill.

Nauset Regional High School
In May 2015, Nauset Regional High School announced Sherman would take over as head football coach following the resignation of coach Keith Kenyon, who became the new assistant principal. After compiling a 4–18 record over two seasons, Sherman resigned in May 2017.

Your Call Football
In November 2017, it was announced that Sherman had joined Your Call Football, a new platform in which fans call plays in real-time in real, live games. Prior to the season, Sherman was hired by the CFL's Montreal Alouettes. He would still serve as the head coach during Your Call Football's inaugural season.

Montreal Alouettes
On December 20, 2017, Sherman was hired by the Montreal Alouettes as head coach. During the 2018 CFL season, Sherman, along with June Jones and Marc Trestman had the distinction of having both CFL and NFL head coaching experience to coach in the same season. He finished with a 5–13 record in his first full season with the Alouettes.

On June 8, 2019, shortly before the start of the regular season and a week after the Alouettes ownership surrendered the franchise back to the CFL, the Alouettes released an ambiguously worded statement claiming that they and Sherman had "agreed to part ways."

title: Mike Sherman


text:
Talk:CJ CheilJedang

Typo - the late Byul Chul Lee is incorrect. should be corrected as 'Byung Chul Lee'

About cj onstyle app
I would like to know about cj onstyle app is that related to cJ group 46.50.4.46 (talk) 09:26, 7 December 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:CJ CheilJedang


text:
Talk:Voorschoten

I consider deleting the part about local troubles. It is complete nonsense and it makes me feel ashamed of being born there. The troubles described are very common in large city/smaller village situations, so there is no need to describe them here - in this childish manner. Oh, if I should have stated this at votes for deletion, please let me know! Eef (A) 22:49, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It also looks nonsensical to me. I've removed the offending paragraph. Sietse 18:26, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Voorschoten


text:
Talk:Julius Schreck

Untitled
this guy looks like a manly version of hitler..

Lol. Maybe he had more then 1 ball. And he does look a lot like Hitler. Strange that... 08:46, 15 June 2006 (UTC)
 * The schnauzbart in the style of Adolf Hitler was at that time a usual "mode feature". Who identified itself with the ideas of Hitler, carried the "Adolf beard". The same feature gave it during the German Kaiser era, when the German men carried the "emperor William beard" predominantly. Altogether: An interesting time feature! Postmann Michael 20:53, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

77.176.78.29 (talk) 19:48, 29 September 2008 (UTC)MRempe 29.09.2008 21:2877.176.78.29 (talk) 19:48, 29 September 2008 (UTC) I actually think that Schreck not only never held the title of Reichsführer-SS but that he never was awarded that title. He was between 1925 and 1926 office holder of the title SS-Oberleiter. The office Reichsführer-SS was only created after Schreck resigned. So, Schreck was the highest official in the SS in the mentioned years, but not as Reichsführer-SS. It is a marginal mistake really.

allegiance
according to the page for the bavarian soviet republic, Julius was also loyal to the Bavarian Red Army during its existence, which does seem dubious if he joined the freikorps — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.155.230.178 (talk) 18:50, 2 March 2019 (UTC)
 * That claim is not correct, per the WP:RS sources. Kierzek (talk) 17:50, 2 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Watch "So, Hitler was a Communist in early 1919" by TIK, it talks about the communism age of the folks like Hilter or Schreck 46.45.118.180 (talk) 05:41, 14 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Julius Schreck


text: Category:831 births

title: Category:831 births


text:
Gil Courtemanche

Gil Courtemanche (August 18, 1943 – August 19, 2011) was a Canadian progressive journalist and novelist in third-world and international politics. He wrote for the Montreal newspaper Le Devoir.

Life and career
Courtemanche was born in Montreal, Quebec. He began his career as a journalist in 1962, with several collaborations with Radio-Canada including Le 60, Métro Magazine and Présent National. He later created L'Évènement, a television program with Radio-Canada which he also hosted between 1978 and 1980. During the same period, he was also an editorialist with CBOT, an Ottawa radio station. In 1978, he hosted Contact, the first public affairs magazine for Télé-Québec. Between 1980 and 1986, he worked as a host, analyst and correspondent for the programs Télémag, Première Page and Le Point with Radio-Canada.

Courtemanche helped found the sovereigntist and social democrat newspaper Le Jour, and also worked as a journalist with La Presse. From 1986, he worked on various publications such as Alternatives and Le Libraire. He published columns on international politics in Le Soleil, Le Droit, and Le Devoir.

He participated in making documentaries, including the series Soleil dans la nuit for TV5 Europe-Afrique-Canada, on the first anniversary of the Rwandan genocide. He also filmed a documentary on AIDS entitled The Gospel of AIDS. Furthermore, he helped produced various documentaries and advertisements on the third-world for Le Cardinal Léger et ses œuvres and OXFAM-Québec: leprosy in Haiti, the politics of water, agricultural development in the Philippines, education for disabled children in Thailand, etc.

His first novel, Un dimanche à la piscine à Kigali, which documents the Rwandan genocide of 1994, was published in 2000. It was chosen for inclusion in the French version of Canada Reads, broadcast on Radio-Canada in 2004, where it was defended by writer, environmentalist and activist Laure Waridel. Un dimanche à la piscine à Kigali eventually won the contest. It was filmed as A Sunday in Kigali (Un dimanche à Kigali).

Death
Courtemanche died August 19, 2011, from cancer, one day after his 68th birthday.

Awards and recognition

 * Winner: Prix des Libraires, 2000
 * Winner: National Magazine Award for Political Reporting, 1998
 * Nominee 2003 – Governor General's Award (French to English translation)
 * Nominee 2004 – Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize

title: Gil Courtemanche


text: Category:860 deaths

title: Category:860 deaths


text:
A Sunday at the Pool in Kigali

A Sunday at the Pool in Kigali (original French title: Un dimanche à la piscine à Kigali) is the first novel by Montreal author Gil Courtemanche, originally published in 2000.

Set in Kigali, Rwanda, the novel deals with a love affair between an elder Canadian expatriate and a young Rwandan, AIDS and the 1994 Rwandan genocide.

Plot
Bernard Valcourt, a documentary filmmaker from Quebec, has been sent to the Rwandan capital Kigali to set up a television station. He falls in love with a Rwandan girl, Gentille, who in reality is an ethnic Hutu, but she is often mistaken for a Tutsi. With the Hutu government encouraging violence against Tutsis, Gentille's life becomes endangered. Encouraged by his love for Gentille, and a desire to complete a documentary to bring the tragedy of AIDS to the attention of the outside world, Valcourt refuses to leave Rwanda. When the two are married, they become separated, leaving Valcourt believing that Gentille has been killed. He then determines to document her life story, and sets out to discover the story of her final days.

Recognition
The novel was translated into English as A Sunday at the Pool in Kigali by Patricia Claxton in 2003 (ISBN 0-676-97482-1). It was nominated for the Governor General's Literary Award for French to English translation.

Un dimanche à la piscine à Kigali was chosen for inclusion in the French version of Canada Reads, Le combat des livres, broadcast on Radio-Canada in 2004, where it was defended by writer, environmentalist and activist Laure Waridel. Un dimanche à la piscine à Kigali eventually won the contest.

A nomination for the Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize 2004 was awarded to the book by Rogers Communications and the Writers' Trust of Canada.

Movie
In 2006, a movie inspired by the book, A Sunday in Kigali (French Un dimanche à Kigali), was released.

title: A Sunday at the Pool in Kigali


text: User talk:66.30.225.29

title: User talk:66.30.225.29


text: User talk:65.247.218.4

title: User talk:65.247.218.4


text:
Julius Grey

Julius H. Grey (born August 4, 1948) is a Canadian lawyer and university professor. He is particularly known for his expertise in constitutional and human rights law. He is a senior partner at the law firm Grey Casgrain, s.e.n.c.

Born in Wrocław, Poland, he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1971, a Bachelor of Civil Law degree in 1971, and a Master of Arts degree in 1973 from McGill University. Grey has been a member of the Quebec Bar and the Canadian Bar Association since 1974. Since 1976 he has been involved in numerous associations such as the Canadian Foundation for Individual Rights, serving as its president from 1985 to 1988. He was a professor of law at McGill University from 1977 until 2002.

In 1982, Grey defended two Montreal writers, Henry Srebrnik and Shloime Perel, who had published an article, "Signs of the Times," in the January 22 issue of the Jerusalem Post, which summarized the anxiety then being experienced by the Montreal Jewish community following the election in November 1976 of the Parti Québécois. On February 17, the newspaper Le Devoir attacked the Post article, under the sensationalist headline "La diaspora de Montréal est menacée par l’anti-sémitisme." A day later an editorial, "Le Québec discrédité en Israël," appeared in the paper. Grey filed a suit in Quebec Superior Court, charging that the authors had been the victims of a hate campaign. Le Devoir finally settled out of court and printed an apology on its op-ed page on December 17, 1985.

Grey assisted in annulling a stipulation in the Charte de la langue française (Bill 101) that forbade the application of different languages on business signboards. Presently, French must merely be the predominant language, but others are allowed.

Grey supported La servante écarlate by Margaret Atwood, the French version of The Handmaid's Tale, in the French version of Canada Reads, broadcast on Radio-Canada in 2004.

Grey defended the periodical La Presse Chinoise against a defamation lawsuit filed by Falun Gong. In 2005, the Superior Court of Quebec ruled that the articles published by the newspaper did not qualify as defamation. However, a subsequent ruling by the Quebec Court of Appeal in June 2008 reversed the lower court's ruling.

Grey has publicly supported the New Democratic Party and Québec Solidaire, despite being a federalist. He was rumoured to be a future star candidate for the party in Montreal, following that party's successful capture of Outremont in a by-election by Thomas Mulcair on September 17, 2007; however, he did not run in the 2008 or 2011 general elections. Although he considered running in the next Canadian federal election, he did not.

Grey is married to Lynne Casgrain, ombudsman of the McGill University Health Centre and daughter of former Québec cabinet minister Claire Kirkland-Casgrain.

title: Julius Grey


text:
Talk:Wilcox, Arizona

Is this different from Willcox, Arizona? --Korath会話 22:54, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wilcox, Arizona


text: User talk:64.201.69.242

title: User talk:64.201.69.242


text:
Category talk:Separation barriers

What to put in this category
does Hadrian's Wall need to come within this category?
 * It looks like it would yeah, feel free to add it.  --fvw* 22:56, 2004 Dec 20 (UTC)
 * Note that per the article Separation barrier, this is a new term that was originated by Israel to wall off the Palestinians and the overwhelming number of uses by reliable sources refer to that. The existing articles in this category include a few where WP:Reliable sources actually have applied the term and a bunch more where I'm still researching if they have. The list probably will be pared down quite a bit more when I'm done.
 * So do NOT put a wall/fence/barrier in this list unless it actually has a mainstream WP:RS saying it is one in the article itself. Thanks. CarolMooreDC 🗽 04:05, 10 April 2013 (UTC)
 * FYI, finished researching and per Separation barrier there are just a few minor source and/or trivial mentions of other fences/borders/etc. being "separation barrier". It is not a general catch all term, though some have tried to use Wikipedia to promote it as such an unfortunately there are a bunch of mirror sites and a few Wikipedia originated books that do just that. FYI. CarolMooreDC 🗽 19:44, 14 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Shouldn't this be merged with Category:Border barriers? It seems like separation barrier is a fairly political term and its subjective what border barriers are considered separation barriers.--Monochrome _ Monitor  17:56, 14 April 2015 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Separation barriers


text: Category:844 births

title: Category:844 births


text: Category:870 deaths

title: Category:870 deaths


text:
Talk:Time-division multiple access

Untitled
I got here looking for information on ATDMA, but I find no mention of it on Wikipedia. Perhaps someone smarter than me could start an entry? Mcj2a (talk) 04:00, 12 March 2010 (UTC)

I am not expert, but I believe the term TDMA is NOT derived from a type of greek sandwich. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.164.91.214 (talk) 19:10, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

Regarding the line in this article " because as they move further from the base station, their signal will take longer to arrive" I am wondering if this could be clarified. Just like every other electromagnetic wave, radio waves move at the speed of light, so it is highly unlikely that distance plays a factor here. Rather, I think it must have something to do with signal strength and CSD packet loss and retransmissions that may occur at distance. Light (in a vacuum) travels at 299,792,458 metres per second So in a millisecond - which is one-thousandth of a second - it will travel 299,792.458 metres - 186.2824 miles, or 186 miles, 495 yards, 5 inches. the range of most cell towers is probably just a fraction of that. We're talking latency on the order of 3-4 hundredths of a millisecond being introduced by the distance of the receiver from the tower. Is this actually significant? Scoraellis (talk) 17:04, 19 January 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Time-division multiple access


text:
Measha Brueggergosman

Measha Brueggergosman–Lee (née Gosman; June 28, 1977) is a Canadian soprano who performs both as an opera singer and concert artist. She has performed internationally and won numerous awards. Her recordings of both classical and popular music have also received awards.

Background
She was born Measha Gosman in Fredericton, New Brunswick, to Anne Eatmon and Sterling Gosman. As a child, Gosman began singing in the choir of her local Baptist church, where her father served as a deacon. She studied voice and piano from the age of seven. As a teen, she took voice lessons in her home town, and spent summers on scholarships at the Boston Conservatory and at a choral camp in Rothesay, New Brunswick. She studied for one year with New Brunswick soprano Wendy Nielsen, before moving on to studies at the University of Toronto, where she obtained a B.Mus. She went to Germany for five years, where she pursued a Master's degree at the Robert Schumann Hochschule in Düsseldorf, Germany.

In 2007, Brueggergosman discovered her family's deep history in Canada and the United States. Her paternal 4x great-grandparents were John Gosman and his wife Rose, African Americans who each escaped from slavery in New England colonies during the American Revolution by going to British lines. John was from Connecticut and Rose from Rhode Island. They probably met in New York City, then occupied by the British. The British gave freedom to American slaves who left rebel slaveholders and sought refuge with them. Tens of thousands of slaves, mostly in the South, took advantage of the war's chaos to escape.

After the war, the British arranged transport to Nova Scotia for nearly 3500 Black Loyalists from the former Thirteen Colonies. John and Rose Gosman and their five-month-old daughter Fanny, born free in British lines, were recorded in the British embarkation record known as the Book of Negroes. They had a passage in 1783 on one of the last ships to leave New York for Nova Scotia. Measha's great-grandparents first lived in Shelburne, but later settled in Fredericton. Brueggergosman learned of her African-American roots on Who Do You Think You Are, a British-based program bought by the CBC. According to Y-DNA genetic testing of her brother, it is likely their direct-line paternal African ancestors came from the Bassa people of Cameroon.

Career
At age 20, Brueggergosman played the lead in the premiere of the opera Beatrice Chancy by James Rolfe and George Elliott Clarke. Produced in Toronto in 1998, and in Nova Scotia the following year, the opera tells the story of a slave girl in 19th–century rural Nova Scotia who murders her abusive father, the man who is also her master. The opera and Brueggergosman were well received by critics and audiences. In 2000 it was filmed for the CBC.

Brueggergosman has appeared throughout Canada, where she has performed with the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, Montreal Symphony Orchestra, the Thunder Bay Symphony Orchestra and Music Director Geoffrey Moull, National Arts Centre Orchestra under the direction of Pinchas Zukerman, and at Roy Thomson Hall.

She has performed internationally, as well, in the United States, Germany and other nations. She was in Elektra, Dead Man Walking, and Turandot with the Cincinnati Opera. She has also performed the Verdi Requiem with Sir Andrew Davis and the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, as well as with Helmuth Rilling at the International Beethoven Festival in Bonn.

In 2005, Brueggergosman was a soloist in recording William Bolcom's Songs of Innocence and Experience, which won three Grammy awards, including Best Classical Album.

In July 2007 she was a new performer at the Royal Nova Scotia International Tattoo, singing in the 'Phantom of the Opera' medley and closing the show with "Ave Maria".

She has also performed in the United States, for instance in the fall of 2009 with the Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra, in their performance of Michael Tippett's oratorio A Child of Our Time.

She performed role of Jenny in Weill/Brecht Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny in 2010 in Madrid's Teatro Real.

She performed the Olympic Hymn at the Opening Ceremonies of the 2010 Winter Games. During NBC's broadcast of the opening ceremony, Bob Costas remarked to Matt Lauer, co-host of Today, as the two hosted it about Brueggergosman's performance of the Olympic Hymn: "That's a hymn for you, right there," and laughed. She performed an arrangement of the English sung version of the hymn in English and French to reflect Canada's official languages.

In 2012 Brueggergosman was a judge on the Canadian reality show Canada's Got Talent. The show was subsequently cancelled after one season but was revived in 2022.

She has also had acting roles in the Murdoch Mysteries episode "Murdoch at the Opera", and in the films Brown Girl Begins and The Young Arsonists.

In 2021 she created the symphonic short film Forgotten Coast, an exploration of Black Canadian history in Nova Scotia, for the National Arts Centre/CBC Gem series Undisrupted.

Charitable activities
Brueggergosman is a member of the Canadian charity Artists Against Racism.

In 2007, Brueggergosman became the Goodwill Ambassador for the African Medical & Research Foundation (AMREF), a charity working for Better Health in Africa. In June of that year she travelled to the war-affected village of Patongo in East Africa to share her voice as a form of musical therapy for children. Brueggergosman described herself after the trip as "never the same" and continues her work with AMREF today.

Personal life
She married Markus Brügger, born in Germany. They first met in high school, when he was an exchange student in New Brunswick. When they married, they combined their last names to Brüggergosman (also spelled Brueggergosman). They have two sons. They divorced in 2018. In 2021 she married jazz guitarist Steve Lee.

Suffering a heart condition in June 2009, Brueggergosman took some time off to recover from open heart surgery. She returned to the stage in September 2009 for a performance at the Toronto International Film Festival.

On June 20, 2019, Brueggergosman underwent another successful open heart surgery (double bypass) in Calgary.

Awards and recognition
She was awarded the Grand Prize at the 2009 Jeunesses Musicales Montreal International Musical Competition and won First Prize at the International Vocal Competition 's-Hertogenbosch in 2002. Brueggergosman has been a prizewinner at other competitions, including the Wigmore Hall International Song Competition in London, the George London Foundation in New Deli, the Queen Sonja International Music Competition in Oslo, and the ARD International Music Competition in Munich.

The recipient of the prestigious Canada Council and Chalmers Performing Arts grants, Brueggergosman has been twice nominated for Juno Awards. She won the 2008 Juno Award for Classical Album of the Year: Vocal or Choral Performance for Surprise, recorded with Deutsche Grammophon, with whom she has an exclusive contract.

In 2015, she appeared in the documentary television series Songs of Freedom, which profiled her exploring and learning about her African heritage leading up to a live concert performance of African-American spiritual music.

Brueggergosman has also appeared as a "judge" on MuchMusic's Video on Trial and on Slice TV's Project Runway Canada.

In 2017, she was awarded an honorary doctorate from Concordia University.

title: Measha Brueggergosman


text:
Post–World War I recession

The post–World War I recession was an economic recession that hit much of the world in the aftermath of World War I. In many nations, especially in North America, economic growth continued and even accelerated during World War I as nations mobilized their economies to fight the war in Europe. After the war ended, the global economy began to decline. In the United States, 1918–1919 saw a modest economic retreat, but the second part of 1919 saw a mild recovery. A more severe recession hit the United States in 1920 and 1921, when the global economy fell very sharply.

North America
In North America, the recession immediately following World War I was extremely brief, lasting for only seven months from August 1918 (even before the war had actually ended) to March 1919. A second, much more severe recession, sometimes labeled a depression, began in January 1920. Several indices of economic activity suggest the recession was moderately severe. The Axe-Houghton Index of Trade and Industrial Activity declined by 14.1% in this recession (compared to a 31% decline in the Panic of 1907). The Babson index of physical volume of business activity declined by 28.6% in the immediate postwar recession (compared to a 32.3% decline in the 1921 recession and a 22.7% decline in the Panic of 1907).

Germany
In Germany, the economic recession and inflation was harder due to the imposition of the Treaty of Versailles. A period of hyperinflation severely devalued the Mark and nearly crippled the German economy.

United Kingdom
Britain initially enjoyed an economic boom between 1919–1920, as private capital pent-up over 5 years of war was invested into the economy. The shipbuilding industry was flooded with orders to replace lost shipping (7.9 million tons worth of merchant shipping stock was destroyed during the war). However, by 1921, the British transition from a wartime to a peacetime economy faltered, and a serious recession struck the economy between 1921–1922. With other major economies also mired in recession, the export-dependent economy of Britain was particularly hard-hit. Unemployment reached 17%, with overall exports at only half of their pre-war levels.

Global pandemic of 1918
The 1918 Spanish flu pandemic had an adverse economic impact. Many businesses were shuttered during the worst of the outbreak and the sheer numbers killed reduced the workforce population significantly. Work by economists Robert Barro and Jose Ursua suggests that the flu was responsible for declines in gross domestic product of 6 to 8 percent worldwide between 1919 and 1921.

title: Post–World War I recession


text:
User talk:CINCABF

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- John Fader 22:58, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

December 2009
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Yilloslime T C  23:16, 17 December 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:CINCABF


text:
Gradačac

Gradačac (Градачац, ) is a city located in the Tuzla Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is situated in the northeastern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, roughly 40 km south of the Sava river. As of 2013, it has a population of 39,340 inhabitants. The city is well known for its castle.

Settlements
• Avramovina • Biberovo Polje • Blaževac • Donja Međiđa • Donja Tramošnica • Donje Krečane • Donje Ledenice • Donji Lukavac • Donji Skugrić • Gajevi • Gornja Međiđa • Gornja Tramošnica • Gornje Krečane • Gornje Ledenice • Gornji Lukavac • Gradačac • Hrgovi Donji • Jasenica • Jelovče Selo • Kerep • Krčevljani • Mionica • Novalići • Porebrice • Rajska • Samarevac • Sibovac • Srnice Donje • Srnice Gornje • Tolisa • Turić • Vida • Vučkovci • Zelinja Donja • Zelinja Gornja i Zelinja Srednja.

History
The župa of Gradačac was first mentioned in 1302, while the town's first written mention dates from 1465 (also as Gračac). The town became part of the Ottoman Empire in 1512, its nahija (municipality) was first recorded in the defter of 1533, while its kadiluk (county) was recorded in 1634.

In 1701, the settlement was given the status of a palanka (city), and it became the headquarters of a military captaincy in 1710. The captains of the Gradaščević family led the development of the city, and the most famous of them, Husein-kapetan Gradaščević or Zmaj od Bosne ("Dragon of Bosnia"), led an uprising that raised to arms most of the Bosnian captains in 1831.

The town has a fort with 18-meter high walls built between 1765 and 1821, and a 22-meter high watchtower built in 1824 by Husein-kapetan Gradaščević on foundations made originally by the Romans. Husejnija Mosque was built in 1826.

From 1929 to 1939, Gradačac was part of the Vrbas Banovina and from 1939 to 1941 of the Banovina of Croatia within the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

It was severely bombed during the Bosnian War 1992–1995. It is located at the narrow northern corridor that connects two major portions of the Bosnian Serb entity Republika Srpska, near Brčko. Gradačac became part of the Tuzla Canton in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina after the war.

Thermal springs
The first spa facility, Ilidža Spa Treatment Centre was built on the thermal springs in Gradačac in 1882. The water temperature is 29.30˚C found at depth of 286 meters. In the area nearby are also two lakes Hazna and Vidara. Both lakes were built as part of project for protecting city from floods who took final stroke in 1964 and 1967, when the city's industrial part was underwater due to extensive floods.

Economy
The most important industries in Gradačac are textile, chemical, mechanical and food processing. Gradačac is the place where the traditional international fair for plums "Sajam šljive" (also known as "Šljivarevo") is held. In August 2015, the traditional international plum fair "Sajam šljive" was held. It was attended by 250 presenters from Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia, Germany, Turkey and Hungary. One of the more notable local firms is "Kula", who was founded in 1960 as a small local factory producing clothing. Today, Kula is modern and respective company in Eastern Europe with 700 employees and annual production of 300.000 pieces. Kula visits fashion fairs in country and Europe. Kula's models were seen in fashion fairs in Brussel, Leipzig, Düsseldorf and Brno.

Education
In the municipality there are two high schools, seven elementary and 14 regional schools.

Sport

 * NK Zvijezda Gradačac
 * KK Gradacac
 * KIK Zmaj Gradačac

Notable people

 * Ivona Brandić, computer scientist
 * Dario Damjanović, footballer
 * Husein Gradaščević, nobleman
 * Ahmed Muradbegović, writer
 * Julijana Matanović, writer
 * Mustafa Imamović, historian
 * Hasan Kikić, poet
 * Stjepan Šiber, general
 * Ana Šimić, high jumper
 * Meliha Smajlović, volleyball player

Twin towns – sister cities
Gradačac is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Düren, Germany

 * 🇹🇷 Sivas, Turkey
 * 🇺🇦 Stryi, Ukraine

title: Gradačac


text: Category:933 deaths

title: Category:933 deaths


text:
Talk:The Accursed Kings

Untitled
Um, and what are those 7 novels? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.192.34.8 (talk) 23:00, December 20, 2004

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 07:10, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Miniseries section and tone
What little is there reads like a review of the miniseries, not an article section. It should be cleaned up. ip.address.conflict —Preceding unsigned comment added by 164.159.255.67 (talk) 20:24, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

 * This article implies that the seventh volume in the series [VII. Quand un Roi perd la France (When a King Loses France)]is part of the Scribner English language translations. It does not appear that an English translation was ever published.

128.135.53.213 17:52, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I think this section cannot be split into a new article becuase #1: it does not have any references, and it is to short. Removing tag. --MWOAP (talk) 00:11, 10 December 2009 (UTC)

Untitled
Perhaps it should be added that The Iron King was also published in the US as The Ardent Infidels by Ace Books (after the general structure of the article is cleaned up). 69.127.171.32 (talk) 18:11, 16 June 2012 (UTC)

Requested move 26 June 2015

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: No consensus to move after over two weeks and a relisting period. Cúchullain t/ c 14:37, 13 July 2015 (UTC)

The Accursed Kings → Les Rois maudits – This is a French novel series most famous in its native language, and adapted twice in that country under its French name. It was relatively unknown in the US and out of print for decades until American author George R. R. Martin's more recent praise of it. Martin's own popularity prompted his UK publisher to reissue the series in English, including the never-before-translated final novel. The series has not been adapted in English for TV or film. Unfortunately I created a redirect at what I believe should be the correct article title before (in working on the article) I realized it should be under the French name. Full disclosure, I have changed many links to the article from The Accursed Kings to Les Rois maudits because the articles themselves were French-centric (French historical figures from the novels, French actors playing the roles, the French author, etc.) and the related citations (where available) reflected the French title. The only articles with sources citing "The Accursed Kings" are the Martin-centric ones. --Relisted. George Ho (talk) 21:28, 3 July 2015 (UTC) — TAnthonyTalk 04:37, 26 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Specifically, all of the Druon obituaries, the Helene Duc obituary, and two out of the three Game of Thrones-related citations use the French title first or exclusively, the exception being Martin's own piece written for The Guardian. Today I have also put a Game of Thrones related 2015 Wall Street Journal article and a 2012 book review in External links (for later use in the article) which use Accursed Kings first.— TAnthonyTalk 03:49, 5 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Support known by French title In ictu oculi (talk) 13:49, 27 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose If in doubt use English, see WP:ENGLISH. Also, it may be relatively unknown in the US, but in the UK a French TV serial based on it was broadcast on BBC, back in the days when we only had 3 TV channels, under its English title, which I think does make it significantly known. PatGallacher (talk) 00:27, 5 July 2015 (UTC)
 * I didn't mean to suggest that the works were completely unknown everywhere but in France, but I don't think the impact of a subtitled rebroadcast branded with the title in English outweighs that of the original French novels/adaptations. Les Liaisons dangereuses seems to me a comparable example; it is hugely famous to modern readers from the 1988 English language film Dangerous Liaisons but obviously has a longer history of praise and adaptations that collectively overshadow that film. But as I mentioned, so far the bulk of English sources I have come across which discuss this series refer to the French title Les Rois maudits first or exclusively, which per WP:ENGLISH supports the move to the French title.— TAnthonyTalk 01:32, 5 July 2015 (UTC)
 * I should add that I'm not sure how to properly configure a web search that would help us here.— TAnthonyTalk 02:06, 5 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Oppose per WP:UE. Calidum T|C 03:54, 11 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Reply I can't judge the situation in the US, but in Britain, to the extent this is known at all, I think it is mainly known from the 1970s TV serial. One argument for a presumption in favour of using English (see WP:NCB) is the "principle of least astonishment", which means that even for many English-speaking people who know it mainly under the French title, the English title will not come as a great surprise, while for some people who know it under the English title the French title will be unfamiliar.  Each case must be judged on its own merits, but one issue with "Les Liaisons dangereuses" is that even if your French is minimal you can probably guess the meaning, but while many people will know "rois", "maudits" is pretty obscure even to many people who know some French.  See Salome (play) for another example. PatGallacher (talk) 18:05, 11 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Support. The article is predominantly about the French-language novels, which are of course known by their French titles, even in English. The current title is just plain wrong; It describes a significantly different topic. Andrewa (talk) 21:34, 11 July 2015 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Post RM
I confess I'm a little bit surprised by the above result. Two possible ways forward.

One is to challenge the closure at WP:MR. The grounds might be that the "votes" opposing were both primarily based on WP:UE, one of them simply citing it and adding nothing. Discount that second oppose and there's a rough but policy-based consensus to move.

But perhaps a better way forward would be to WP:split the article. The problem seems to me to be that while the original French language and French titled series clearly meets the GNG

https://www.google.com.au/search?q=%22Les+Rois+maudits%22+-Wikipedia&oq=%22Les+Rois+maudits%22+-Wikipedia&aqs=chrome..69i57.15361j0j7&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=93&ie=UTF-8

there's also considerable interest in the English language derivatives

https://www.google.com.au/search?q=%22The+Accursed+Kings%22&oq=%22The+Accursed+Kings%22&aqs=chrome..69i57.6974j0j7&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=93&ie=UTF-8#q=%22The+Accursed+Kings%22+-Wikipdia

enough probably to warrant an article in their own right.

Ideallly (for reasons given in my "vote") we'd move first and then split, but that's not a show-stopper IMO.

Other thoughts? Andrewa (talk) 15:28, 13 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Well, to be honest, there were some good arguments on either side, and the arguments from support voters weren't overwhelmingly compelling. No one gave any real evidence as to which version was more common in English language sources, for instance though it's clear that at this point many exist. You can take it to MR if you really want, but it seems very unlikely that will result in a different outcome. A better option would be to have a look at the sources and see which name really is the common one.--Cúchullain t/ c 15:57, 13 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Agree. IMO despite some good arguments neither side addressed the issues particularly well, which seems to me to be a good case for another relisting rather than a close, which is why MR first occurred to me.

 * But I'm more interested in the possibility of a split. There does seem to be a very good case for an article on the French novels, but there also seems to be a case for an article on the English derivatives, possibly even a better case. So, why not have both?

 * But if we were to do that, it seems to me that the existing page history would be better with the article on the French novels. Is that a show-stopper? I don't think so, but it would be neater, which brings us back to MR.

 * And a case could even be made for disruption if I were seen to have overturned the move close by stealth, for example if, following he split, there were to be a merge or merge proposal back to the French-language title. Which again brings us back to MR.

 * But my strongly preferred option now is for a split, and to leave the history where it is. It's a perfectly acceptable place for it in terms of our copyleft attribution requirements. That means accepting that maybe the move was a lost opportunity to do things more neatly but not now worth revisiting, and moving on.

 * So I'm seeking to build consensus for this way forward (or at least to see whether there are any strong objections) before formally proposing it. Andrewa (talk) 18:29, 15 July 2015 (UTC)

 * I saw no reason to think a relisting would help achieve a clearer consensus due to how long it was open, otherwise I'd have done that. I have little opinion on the cleanup. I don't know how a split would help here, aren't the "English derivatives" just translations of the original books? That's usually dealt with at the same article.--Cúchullain t/ c 19:01, 15 July 2015 (UTC)

Hi, I'm the initiator of the RM and I've been out of town. As I did explain in the discussion, in working to improve the article I found that nearly all of the acceptable English language sources say something like "...Maurice Druon's Le Rois maudits (The Accursed Kings) ..." which, to me, equates to using the French title but translating it into English for readers. The exceptions are Martin's piece for The Guardian, which only uses Accursed Kings, and a 2015 Wall Street Journal article and a 2012 book review (both in External links for later use in the article) which use Accursed Kings first (as in "Druon’sThe Accursed Kings (Les Rois Maudits) is in effect a single novel in seven volumes"). So basic Google searches are useless/misleading because both French and English appear in most cases.

I don't think I understand what your suggested split would entail? The only English derivative topics that exist are English reprints. The two TV adaptations were French language and as far as I know were rebroadcast in the UK with subtitles; I haven't seen a clip or source that even suggests the title card was substituted in English, but even if this occurred I don't think such rebranding counts as its own notable topic.— TAnthonyTalk 21:54, 16 July 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Accursed Kings


text:
Nick Holmes

Nicholas John Arthur Holmes (born 7 January 1971) is an English singer, best known as the lead vocalist of the gothic metal/doom metal band Paradise Lost and Swedish death metal band Bloodbath.

Biography
Holmes formed Paradise Lost in late 1988 when he and the other band members were barely out of secondary school.

Like other contemporaries of the British death-doom scene (Anathema and My Dying Bride), the band began purely as death metal, with Holmes using a low, guttural death grunt on their early demos and Lost Paradise (1990), Gothic (1991), and Shades of God (1992) full-lengths (though the latter two albums were not exclusively death metal in execution, and Holmes even utilized some clean vocals as well). Beginning with 1993's Icon, the death grunts were discarded entirely in favour of a raw but decipherable James Hetfield-like bellow. When the band yet again transitioned stylistically with 1997's One Second, Holmes' vocals took on a more gothic rock croon, which remained his prevalent style for the next several albums that followed. However, with 2015's The Plague Within, the band reincorporated low growls in some songs, a style which continued with 2017's Medusa and 2020's Obsidian.

In September 2014, it was officially announced that Holmes had replaced Mikael Åkerfeldt as the vocalist in the Swedish death metal band Bloodbath, taking the moniker Old Nick. He has thus far released three albums with the band, Grand Morbid Funeral (2014), The Arrow of Satan Is Drawn (2018) and Survival of the Sickest (2022).

with Bloodbath

 * Grand Morbid Funeral (2014, Peaceville Records)
 * The Arrow of Satan is Drawn (2018, Peaceville Records)
 * Survival of the Sickest (2022, Napalm Records)

with Host

 * IX (2023, Nuclear Blast)

Guest appearances

 * 3 AM - "Deus Ex Machina" - Liv Kristine (1998, Swanlake)
 * For a Voice Like Thunder - "Rituals" - Rotting Christ (2016, Season of Mist)
 * Gallows Bird - "Hour of the Nightingale" - Trees of Eternity - (2016, Svart Records)
 * Wake Up the Coma - "Wake Up the Coma" - Front Line Assembly (2019, Metropolis Records)
 * ... and a Cross Now Marks His Place - Where Fear and Weapons Meet - 1914 (2021, Napalm Records)

Filmography

 * 666 - At Calling Death (1993, documentary, directed: Matt Vain)
 * Over the Madness (2007, documentary, directed: Diran Noubar)

title: Nick Holmes


text: User talk:63.198.78.10

title: User talk:63.198.78.10


text:
Tama-plaza Station

{{Infobox station Tama-plaza }}
 * name       = {{TQSN|DT|15|size=50}}
 * native_name = たまプラーザ
 * native_name_lang = ja
 * type       =
 * image      = Tama-Plaza Station 01.jpg
 * alt        =
 * caption    = Tama-plaza station
 * other_name =
 * address    = 1-3 Utsukushigaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa-ken 225-0002}
 * country    = Japan
 * coordinates = 35.57742°N, 139.5584°W
 * operator   =
 * line       =
 * distance = 17.1 km from Shibuya
 * platforms  = 2 side platforms
 * tracks = 2
 * connections = Bus terminal
 * structure  = Underground
 * code       = DT15
 * website =
 * opened     =  April 1, 1966
 * closed     =
 * former     =
 * passengers = 59,624
 * pass_year  = FY2019
 * map_type   = Japan Tokyo Bay and Boso Peninsula#Japan Kanagawa Prefecture#Japan
 * map_dot_label = Tama-plaza Station
 * services   =

Tama-plaza Station (たまプラーザ駅) is a passenger railway station located in Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, operated by the private railway company Tokyu Corporation.

Lines
Tama-plaza Station is served by the Tōkyū Den-en-toshi Line from Shibuya in Tokyo to Chūō-rinkan in Kanagawa Prefecture. It is 17.1 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Shibuya.

Station layout
The station consists of two opposed side platforms serving two tracks.

History
Tama-plaza Station was opened on April 1, 1966. The station building was extensively remodeled in 2006 by the American firm Laguarda.Low Architects.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 59,624 passengers daily.

The passenger figures for previous years are as shown below.

Surrounding area

 * Tokyu Department Store Tama Plaza
 * Kokugakuin University Tamaplaza Campus
 * Kanagawa Prefectural Motoishikawa High School

title: Tama-plaza Station


text: User talk:81.131.184.32

title: User talk:81.131.184.32


text:
Sapporo Breweries

Sapporo Breweries Ltd. (サッポロビール株式会社) is a Japanese beer brewing company founded in 1876. Sapporo is the oldest brand of beer in Japan. It was first brewed in Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan, in 1876 by brewer Seibei Nakagawa. The world headquarters of Sapporo Breweries is in Ebisu, Shibuya, Tokyo. The company purchased the Canadian company Sleeman Breweries in 2006.

The company has five breweries in Japan, the Sleeman brewery in Guelph, Ontario, Canada and Sapporo Brewing Company in La Crosse, Wisconsin, U.S. The main brands are Sapporo Draft; Yebisu; and Sleeman Cream Ale. Sapporo Premium has been the No. 1 selling Asian beer in the United States since Sapporo U.S.A., Inc. was first founded in 1984.

Sapporo Breweries is a member of the Mitsui keiretsu.

History
The origins of this company are in Sapporo, Hokkaido during the Meiji period, where the Hokkaido Development Commission (Kaitakushi) established many businesses. Seibei Nakagawa, a Germany-trained brewer, became the first brewmaster of the Kaitakushi Brewery in June 1876, and the first Sapporo Lager was produced at that time following the completion of the plant in September of that year. Privatized in 1886, the Sapporo brewery became the centerpiece for the Sapporo Beer Company.

In 1887, another company, the Nippon Beer Brewery Company, was established in Mita, Meguro, Tokyo, and began producing Yebisu Beer. The competition between Sapporo and Nippon Beer, as well as competition with the Osaka (now Asahi) and Kirin breweries led to a 1906 merger of Sapporo, Nippon, and Osaka breweries into the Dai-Nippon Beer Company, Ltd. (大日本麦酒株式会社), which formed a near monopoly on the Japanese market until after World War II.

After 1949, Dai-Nippon was split into Nippon and Asahi breweries, with the Nippon Breweries resuming production of Sapporo beer in 1956 and renaming itself to the present name, Sapporo Breweries, in 1964. Yebisu Beer was relaunched as a separate brand in 1971, marketed as a German-style barley beer. Sapporo Black Label beer was launched in 1977.

In 2006, Sapporo announced that it would be acquiring Canadian brewer Sleeman in a $400-million all-cash deal.

On February 15, 2007, Steel Partners Japan Strategic Fund, a Cayman Islands-registered fund management subsidiary of Warren Lichtenstein's Steel Partners and the biggest shareholder (18.6% as of Feb. 2007) of Sapporo Holdings, submitted a proposal to the company seeking approval to raise its stake to 66.6%.

On 3 August 2017, it was announced that Sapporo Brewing Company would be acquiring Anchor Brewing.

In 2020, Sapporo Breweries won the Lausanne Index Prize - Best of Packaging.

Despite its name, Sapporo beer is not exclusively brewed in Sapporo. Sapporo is also brewed in Sendai, Chiba, Shizuoka, and Kyushu. Most Sapporo beer sold in North America had been brewed at the Sleeman brewery in Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Sapporo completed a $165 million dollar buyout of Stone Brewing Co. in September 2022, acquiring Stone's brewing facilities in Escondido, California and Richmond, Virginia. The Richmond, VA facility is currently undergoing $33 million in capital upgrades, after which it will make about 50% of their total United States output.

Japan
Sapporo has five breweries in Japan. The first, Sendai Brewery, was opened in 1971 in Natori, Miyagi, and was among the first to use a computerised brewing system. Shizuoka Brewery in Yaizu was opened in 1980, Chiba Brewery in Chiba was opened in 1988, Hokkaido Brewery in Eniwa, Hokkaido was built in 1989, and the Kyushu Hita Brewery was opened in Hita, Ōita in 2000.

Canada
Sleeman Breweries was purchased by Sapporo Brewery in 2006 for $400 million. Sleeman was restarted in 1988 in Guelph, Ontario, Canada by the great grandson of John H. Sleeman, the owner of the original Sleeman brewery founded in 1834. The first Sleeman brewery ceased operations by 1933, when their liquor license was revoked for bootlegging, specifically, smuggling beer into Detroit, Michigan. The company's current products are based on the family's original recipes, and recipes from Unibroue (which brewery Sleeman had previously purchased). Sleeman Breweries / Sapporo Canada currently consists of four Canadian breweries: Sleeman in Guelph, Ontario, Okanagan Spring in Vernon, British Columbia, Unibroue in Chambly, Quebec, and Wild Rose Brewery in Calgary, Alberta. As of 2017, Sleeman Breweries also owned 4.2% of The Beer Store.

United States
Sapporo beers are brewed, canned, and bottled for Sapporo Brewing Company by City Brewing Company in La Crosse, Wisconsin, for Sapporo U.S.A.

On 3 August 2017, it was announced that Sapporo Breweries would acquire the Anchor Brewing Company. In June 2022, Stone and Sapporo announced that they had reached an agreement for Sapporo to purchase Stone Brewing for $168 million, with the purchase expected to close in August 2022. The acquisition has since closed. In July 2023, it was announced that Anchor would shut down and liquidate assets.

Vietnam
The Sapporo Vietnam brewery is situated in Đức Hòa, Long An. Its products include 650 mL cans of premium beer for the Australian and Mexican market. Sapporo Beer sold in 650ml cans in California are brewed in Vietnam. Insert photo of label.

Brands
The company produces a range of pale and dark lagers, including Sapporo Draft (Premium in North America) and Yebisu. In the Sleeman brewery in Canada they brew Sleeman branded beers such as Sleeman Cream Ale, as well as Sapporo Premium.

The company also produces a malt based soft drink, Super Clear, which was launched in 2002 as a low-alcohol beer, then changed in September 2009 to an alcohol free malt drink.

Yebisu
Yebisu (ヱビス) is one of Japan's oldest brands, first brewed in Tokyo in 1890 by the Japan Beer Brewery Company. Through a complicated set of mergers and divisions, the brand was acquired and eventually retained by the modern-day Sapporo Brewery. The brand lay dormant during the post-World War II era, until it was resurrected in 1971. It has been brewed continuously ever since.

Yebisu comes in two main varieties: Yebisu (Premium), a Dortmunder/export lager, and Yebisu Black, a dark lager. There are also occasional special varieties that are limited in distribution area and time. In April 2007, for example, there was a green-label "The Hop" variety.

The modern-day Yebisu is positioned as Sapporo's "luxury" beer label. Sapporo describes it as a beer brand with "a touch of class". It is a 100% malt beer. Yebisu is notable in that its Japanese name includes the now-obsolete kana character we (ヱ or ゑ) for the even-older ye reading, an anachronism in keeping with historical kana orthography. This can lead to confusion when romanized, as the "Y" is not pronounced. The Tokyo neighborhood of Ebisu was named for the beer, which was originally produced there, though its name is spelled with a conventional e kana instead of we. The pronunciations of "Yebisu" and "Ebisu" are the same.

Space Barley
Using barley grown from seeds which spent five months on board the International Space Station in 2006, Sapporo created a limited Space Barley brew. The project was a joint one between the Russian Academy of Sciences, Okayama University, and Sapporo. Tasters described the flavour as no different from similar beers, which researchers point to as important in showing that producing food in space for long duration flights is possible. Six packs of the space beer were sold in a lottery system for 10,000 yen.

title: Sapporo Breweries


text: User talk:66.169.60.87

title: User talk:66.169.60.87


text:
Talk:Bill Baxter (Victorian politician)

Bishop is the current... : Is "Bishop" supposed to be "Baxter"? Cnwb 23:07, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Good catch, though I wish it had been fixed at the time; I didn't have this page on my Watchlist, so I managed to miss this message for eleven months. Ambi 11:09, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Bill Baxter (politician). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070821175449/http://www.vic.nationals.org.au/ to http://www.vic.nationals.org.au/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:12, 26 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bill Baxter (Victorian politician)


text:
Raijin Comics

Raijin Comics is a discontinued manga anthology published from 2002 until 2004 in North America by the now-defunct Gutsoon! Entertainment and largely backed by the Sega Corporation at its inception. The collected volumes of Raijin Comics titles were published under the Raijin Graphic Novels imprint. The magazine was aimed at mature readers.

Premiering with a cover date of December 18, 2002, Raijin was initially published on a weekly basis similar to various popular manga magazines in Japan, including Coamix's own Weekly Comic Bunch. However, distribution problems made the weekly schedule difficult to maintain and the weekly format ceased with issue #36 (September 10, 2003), becoming a monthly publication from issue #37 (October 2003). The magazine eventually ceased publication with issue #46 (July 2004). Its failure to break into the U.S. market has been attributed to competition with the North American version of Shonen Jump, which debuted shortly afterward, despite the fact that they were aimed at different age range. Also, unlike Jump, many of the titles in Raijin lacked general brand awareness amongst casual American manga fans.

On May 5, 2005, Raijin lost control of the raijincomics.com domain name to domain squatters. The corporate website, gutsoon.com remained in operation for many years but wasn't updated after June 2004, and as of mid-2010, has been taken over by domain squatters. Since the folding of Raijin Comics, some of its titles (Slam Dunk, Guardian Angel Getten and Fist of the North Star) have since been licensed to other companies.

Series published by Raijin
The following series were serialized in Raijin Comics, with the issues they appeared in parentheses:
 * Baki the Grappler (2-46)
 * Bomber Girl (1-11)
 * Bow Wow Wata (14-21, 23–33, 35–41, 43–46)
 * City Hunter (1-46)
 * The First President of Japan (2-18, 20–23, 25–29)
 * Fist of the Blue Sky (1-31, 34–35, 37–46)
 * Guardian Angel Getten (4-7, 9-20, 22–32, 34–46)
 * Nemuri Kyoshiro (33-46)
 * Hana no Keiji (19-34, 36–45)
 * Mountain Climbers Saga (5, 13, 46)
 * Revenge of Mouflon (4-18, 30–36, 38–46)
 * Slam Dunk (1-14, 16–46)

title: Raijin Comics


text:
Talk:The Thumb

Usage
I'm from Michigan, and I've NEVER heard it called this. "The Thumb" yes. Never thumb country. I went around and asked my fellow Michiganders, and they'd never heard of such a thing either. Neither has google. Refactoring to follow. Mackensen (talk) 23:08, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I'm from Michigan too, and I have often heard this terminology. Segelflugzeugwettbewerber 13:50, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

The two maps show conflicting information. The color map shows The Thumb as being a much larger area than the lower map does. Flint is in Genessee County, not the Huron/Sanilac/Tuscola tri-county area as described in the text. 141.211.48.195 21:27, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

 * The colored map looks nice, but it needs to be replaced. It makes multiple errors. Lansing is not in Southern Michigan, and the region south of the Thumb is Southeast Michigan.  Much of it (not all) is coextensive with Metro Detroit, but they are two separate concepts. Funnyhat 17:50, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

I have recentaly did a major update on the thumb page by adding more categories (compare to Northern Michigan). Please, help me out by adding more information to this page! If you are someone else who lives in this area, please make as many corrections as needed under the media heading.Cgord 04:38, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

I am suggesting to anyone who will be editing the the thumb to cut down on the bulletts. Sure, they look good, but the bulletts take away from the article, and the whole article should not be all bulletts.Cgord (talk) 02:49, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Which counties are in the thumb?
I'm from Huron county and I most often hear the thumb referred to as Huron, Tuscola, and Sanilac counties. However, Thumb Area Michigan Works includes Lapeer county as well. However, I have never seen or heard of Saint Clair county being included in the thumb. We need to find an authoritative source on this or reach a consensus on what to do about these two disputable counties. Bradkoch2007 21:47, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

 * In responce from the above, when I came across this page I thought the counties reffered to as the "thumb" were not streatching it one bit. In the physical aspect, St. Clair and Lapeer Counties pass the test for being thumb counties. Also, Bradkoch2007, St. Clair Community Collage has campuses in Sanliac and Huron Counties. There are many businesses in St. Clair County with "Thumb" in their title, and there are many businesses in St. Clair and Lapeer Counties that serve the thumb area.Also Many tourists come to St. Clair and Lapeer counties for the same reason they come to Huron, Tuscola, and Sanilac counties. If that's not enough, crops grown in St. Clair and Lapeer Counties are exactaly the same as the thumb. Sugarbeets, Corn, Navy Beans, Soy Beans and more. To me, Everything adds up to just one thing: Lapeer & St Clair Counties are in the Thumb! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cgord (talk • contribs) 23:15, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

I have revised the definition of the thumb counties to what I think is a more accurate definition after discussing this with citizens of counties from accross the thumb (including St. Clair & Lapeer). I believe the definition I have posted is as unbiased as possible and anyone who sees any way in which it can be made more so is welcome to change it. However, please explain any significant modifications here so that we can fully discuss anything that might come up.Bradkoch2007 00:57, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

The new definition for the thumb is great. I think well written to descripe the area, and I'm glad that we have came up with a compormise. Now, what about that map?... —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cgord (talk • contribs) 01:01, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

I grew up in Sanilac county and if you ask most people who were born and raised in Huron, Tuscola and Sanilac counties what is the thumb area consist of and they will say that it is these 3 counties exclusive of others. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.19.25.89 (talk) 00:09, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

I grew up in St. Clair County, and we very definitely considered St. Clair and Lapeer counties part of the Thumb. Many businesses in those counties have Thumb in their name. When I lived in Huron County for a few years, people there told me that they did not consider me to be from the Thumb, but I responded that my high school was part of the Southern Thumb Athletic Conference. ProfessionalCommunicatorEducator 02:24, 30 March 2017 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Professionaleducator (talk • contribs)

Although I'm originally from Macomb County, I had relatives in St. Clair. I don't know how most people think of it, but to me the Thumb signifies rural agricultural counties - not places like Port Huron or exurban Lapeer. I did web browsing and see at least two official-looking pages that narrow it to the three main rural agricultural counties: http://www.michigan-thumb.com/ and http://www.thumbtourism.org/. I agree with the people from Huron County - the Thumb is distinctive in NOT being part of the many urbanized areas of the Southern Lower Peninsula. Look at a map of population density, by county, for Michigan and you will see this - the three thumb counties are comparable to the northern lower peninsula counties (Clare and upward), and are lower than any of the other southern lower peninsula counties in their population density. I propose these patterns, and the two web sites, as stronger evidence than a mere "people say" statement. 136.181.195.29 (talk) 20:56, 6 July 2017 (UTC)

As for the person who claims that crops are the same between the thumb and adjacent counties, take a look at this site which shows that the named crops are standard products across Michigan's lower peninsula, not specific to the thumb. https://nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Michigan/Publications/County_Estimates/index.php 136.181.195.29 (talk) 21:07, 6 July 2017 (UTC)

Roads
FWIW, I fixed up the road section, so they are complete with signs and proper links.

What it needs is a discussion of what each of the roads do. See, for example, the way I did it in Northern Michigan. The end of road links and a description would be helpful. The links and the basic descriptions are all now tied in to the road links.

I'm not trying to give out assignments, but if somebody is motivated it would be a great project to complete.

My spouse wants me to get back to earning a living.

Best to you all. 7&6=thirteen (talk) 02:16, 4 January 2008 (UTC)Stan

 * There seems to be confusion over M-25 and where it ends in Port Huron, Michigan. Refering to the St. Clair County, MI map, it shows M-25 starting at exit #266 on US I-94 near Marysville, Michigan. Other resources state that M-25 starts in downtown Port Huron. I'm form the Port Huron area, and the signage for M-25 starts up where M-29 merges into M-25 at the north end of Marysville. I would like a second opinion, so that corrections can be made.Cgord (talk) 16:41, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

 * FWIW, In the road section of the article (on M-25), I put in a link to the end point photographs. Of course, if you go to the M-25 page itself, they have the narrative.  I don't personally have an opinion on this.  Thanks for helping.7&6=thirteen (talk) 16:48, 6 January 2008 (UTC)Stan

The Thumb Area chart of large municipalities seems to be in the wrong spot
I think it looks funny at the end of the article, but I don't know how to move it. Anybody have any thoughts, methods etc.? 7&6=thirteen (talk) 02:58, 4 January 2008 (UTC)Stan

I created the large municipalities chart, intentionally to be put under economy, but when I saved the page it went to the bottom and I just left it there. I am also wondering if I could make the chart smaller, so it doesn't fill up the whole page.Cgord (talk) 16:33, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

Local and Regional events
This article would benefit from having a listing 9with appropriate references and links to local and regional events. Help would be appreciated. See Northern Michigan for an example. 7&6=thirteen (talk) 18:37, 4 January 2008 (UTC)Stan

Alberger salt
I am actually not sure about the spelling on that. It is a unique product made by Cargill at St. Clair, Michigan plant. It is done from brine, and is run on machinery that is over 100 years old. It produces cupped crytals, not normally shaped sale crystals. I know from personal knowledge. In any event, anyone who wants to correct the spelling (could have a "u" in it) should feel free. 7&6=thirteen (talk) 00:10, 3 February 2008 (UTC) Stan

Deford, MI
I am noticing that the conflict with Deford, MI is making it's way into this article as well. As I am backing up my information with sources about Deford, MI having 1,611 residents for it's entire ZIP Code and nobody else seems to be able to back up their claim, they should not be allowed to make these claims that Deford, MI is somehow a "large city." If anybody else from the Thumb knows Deford, MI, please come to my aid with anything else that can refute what certain users on Wikipedia are trying to accomplish. Mrhercli89 (talk) 05:32, 26 June 2009 (UTC)

If I may, If deford was added to this page, it is completly wrong unless they are trying to gain recognition for the town as it seems to be the biggest community in the thumb (not bigger than any city or village but bigger than almost all unincorporated communities) DanRother (talk) 23:39, 27 June 2009 (UTC)

Yes, I believe that is what was trying to be done here. I believe that certain users on Wikipedia believe Deford to be much larger than it is (like over 4,000 residents), which simply is not true. 1,611 happens to be the population of the ZIP Code of which Deford is a part of, which means that the actual hamlet of Deford would be smaller than that. Mrhercli89 (talk) 04:13, 28 June 2009 (UTC)

Unreferenced section
This might be the beginning for some sources.

Hand map
When some-one from Michigan is asked where in Michigan s/he is from, unless it is the UP, Detroit and perhaps a few other well-known places, the usual response will be to hold up the right hand and point to some-place on the hand analogous to its location on the "mitt" of Michigan. I don't know if this is worth mentioning in an article and if so if this is the right article, nor how this would be documented unless it has been written about in some folklore journal. I'm just throwing it out for consideration. Kdammers (talk) 02:28, 30 November 2012 (UTC)!

I agree with the comment above. And some people hold their left hand, strategically placed, above their right hand to indicate the Upper Peninsula. The UP is a lot bigger than most people realize. ProfessionalCommunicatorEducator 02:33, 30 March 2017 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Professionaleducator (talk • contribs)

Photos
The photo showing rolling farmland is not representative of farmland in the Thumb. The three northernmost counties are flat. St. Clair and Lapeer counties range between gently rolling and nearly level (soil science terms). I'm from a farm in the Thumb and have degrees in agriculture. ProfessionalCommunicatorEducator 02:42, 30 March 2017 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Professionaleducator (talk • contribs)
 * I agree and I removed it. It's not clear from the information we have about the image file that the photo was even taken in the Thumb. Elsewhere in the article it is correctly stated that "the Thumb region is very flat." --TimK MSI (talk) 13:01, 1 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on The Thumb. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090107023227/http://www.graylingfishhatchery.com/hanson.htm to http://www.graylingfishhatchery.com/hanson.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080114211932/http://harborbeachchamber.com/attraction.html to http://harborbeachchamber.com/attraction.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070927184757/http://www.lighthousesrus.org/Maps/GL/HuronW.htm to http://www.lighthousesrus.org/Maps/GL/HuronW.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:52, 24 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Thumb


text:
Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee

Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee (lit. "Cases of Judge Dee"), also known as Di Gong An or Dee Goong An, is an 18th-century Chinese gong'an detective novel by an anonymous author, "Buti zhuanren" (Chinese: 不题撰人). It is loosely based on the stories of Di Renjie (Wade-Giles Ti Jen-chieh), a county magistrate and statesman of the Tang court, who lived roughly 630–700. Though set in Tang dynasty China, the novel also contains cultural elements from later dynasties. A translated version was released by Robert van Gulik in 1949; van Gulik would go on to write his own series of Judge Dee novels, starting with The Chinese Maze Murders.

Translation
The Dutch sinologist and diplomat Robert van Gulik came across a copy in a second-hand book store in Tokyo and translated the novel into English. He then used it as the basis to create his own original Judge Dee stories over the next 20 years. Van Gulik wrote:

 * This translation is chiefly a product of the Pacific War years, 1941-1945, when constant travel on various war duties made other more complicated Sinological research impossible.

 * This novel Dee Goong An is offered here in a complete translation. Possibly it would have had a wider appeal if it had been entirely re-written in a form more familiar to our readers.

The translation was first privately printed on behalf of Van Gulik by the Toppan Printing Company of Tokyo, in a limited run of 1200 numbered signed copies.

The translation features nine drawings, three copies from old Chinese art, and six illustrations by the author.

"Four Great Strange Cases of Empress Wu's Reign"
As carefully noted in his scholarly postscript, the present book is in fact a translation of only about half (31 out of 65 chapters) of a Chinese book in Van Gulik's possession, entitled "Four Great Strange Cases of Empress Wu's Reign". Van Gulik obtained three editions of that book – a 19th-century manuscript and two printed editions, published respectively in 1903 and in 1947 at Shanghai. There were many differences between variant texts, Van Gulik considering the 19th century version the best and basing his translation mainly on it.

The part which Van Gulik translated describes Judge Dee simultaneously solving three difficult criminal cases, culminating with his being rewarded by promotion to the Imperial court (which, Van Gulik notes, was the traditional culmination of a Chinese story about an official). The later 34 chapters described events at the Court (where the historical Judge Dee is known to have been a valued adviser to Empress Wu, though his career suffered various ups and downs).

Based on textual analysis, Van Gulik became convinced that the second part was a later addition written by "a person of feeble talents". As stated in the postscript, "Part I is written in a fairly compact style and cleverly composed. The style of part II, on the contrary, is prolix and repetitious, the plot is clumsy and the characters badly drawn. Further, while Part I is written with considerable restraint, in part II there occur passages which are plain pornography, e.g. where the relations of the Empress Wu with the priest Huai-i are described". Moreover, Part II did not describe a detective investigation at all, but rather dealt mainly with court intrigues and power struggles - and thus did not serve Van Gulik's aim of presenting Chinese crime fiction to Western readers.

For all these reasons Van Gulik decided to translate the first part only. The title given, "Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee", is what Van Gulik assumed the original work was called, before the second part was added. However, he never actually obtained a copy of that original work or a conclusive evidence that it had existed under that name. The second part, of which Van Gulik so strongly disapproved, was apparently never translated - leaving western readers with no way of independently evaluating Van Gulik's scathing criticism.

Plot introduction
There are three cases in this book. The first might be called "The Double Murder at Dawn"; the case describes the hazardous life of the traveling silk merchant and a murder which is committed to gain wealth.

The second, "The Strange Corpse", takes place in a small village and addresses a crime of passion which proves hard to solve. The criminal is a very determined woman.

The third case, "The Poisoned Bride", addresses the poisoning of a local scholar's daughter, who marries the son of the former administrator of the district and dies mysteriously on her wedding night. This case contains a surprising twist in its solution.

All three cases are solved by Judge Dee, the district magistrate, detective, prosecutor, judge, and jury all wrapped up into one person. His powers are vast, and some of the things he can do would be manifestly illegal in a Western judicial system - such as grossly intimidating a witness or suspect, up to and including the extraction of a confession by torture. In contrast, making a false judgement could be far more perilous to a magistrate like Dee than to a modern western judge. Exhuming a dead body without proving the dead person was murdered would be an act of sacrilege which would cost the Judge his job (which very nearly happens to Dee in the course of the book). If a magistrate sentenced a person to death and the executed was afterwards proved to have been innocent, the magistrate would be himself executed - having made an honest mistake would not be sufficient to save him. Should an innocent person die under torture, both the judge ordering the torture and all members of staff administering the torture would suffer capital punishment - and members of Dee's staff urging him to cease torture when the suspect proves obdurate shows they are aware of that dire risk to themselves.

The three cases offer a glimpse into the lives of different classes in traditional Chinese society: adventurous traders who travel vast distances along the trade routes up and down the land of China, and who are sometimes targeted by robbers and sometimes form dubious partnerships or turn outright robbers themselves; the small-scale shopkeepers and townspeople, who live within a narrow circumscribed life of routine which some find stifling; the gentry of literati, who by long tradition were considered as the land's rulers and so considered themselves.

Any official departure of Judge Dee from the court compound (which also includes his private living quarters) is done with fanfare, accompanied by a large retinue of constables and officials. This approach is sometimes useful - especially when suspects are to be overawed and intimidated, or recalcitrant local officials intimidated into fully cooperating with an investigation. Sometimes, however, Judge Dee finds it expedient to go out incognito and carry out an investigation in disguise. He carries off very well the disguise of an itinerant physician; as Van Gulik points out, knowledge of medicine was expected of Chinese literati. Conversely, Judge Dee is less successful in passing himself off as a merchant, a member of a completely different social class; an observant merchant quickly unmasks him as what he is, a member of the Literati elite. Fortunately, it turns out that this observant merchant is not the wanted criminal; on the contrary, he is an honest merchant, with his own accounts to settle with the criminal, and becomes a very valuable ally.

Judge Dee acts according to very strict ethics, regarding himself as duty bound to enforce justice, seek out, and severely punish all wrong-doers, high or low. Some remarks made by various characters and references made to other magistrates make clear that Dee's conduct is far from universal among District Judges. Others of Dee's colleagues might have been more lenient with a suspected murderer when he was a member of a rich family and an outstanding student of literature; or would not have exerted themselves to catch the murderer of a "small" shop-keeper in a minor provincial town; or would have thought more of lining their own pockets than of seeing justice done. Judge Dee's honesty and probity were proverbial - which is why tales were told of him even more than a thousand years after his death.

Literary significance and criticism
"Dee Goong An is the genuine article, dating from the 18th century and barely modified by the translator to make it intelligible today. Like his modern fictions, it adroitly intertwines three plots and shows the judge and his aides in their now familiar guise. The introduction and notes (including Chinese ideograms for the skeptical) are as entertaining as the tale, once the reader has become a Dee-votee".

title: Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee


text:
User:Tlumaczeniowa~enwiki

We are a university group in the fifth year of a translation program.

We are mainly translating entries between English / Portuguese and Polish. Not too involved in creating new entries (not yet).

List
We have so far done the following Polish entries (translated from the English version):
 * Poród (childbirth) - started under IP 155.158.117.82
 * Sheehan's syndrome - short but important

and from English into Portuguese (under nom de plume Belapupa):
 * Steven Pinker
 * parto - just a few sections

and from Polish into Portuguese (also as Belapupa):
 * Rysy

expanded from stubs:
 * Septoplasty

started:
 * Projection principle

Contact
http://ultra.cto.us.edu.pl/~kport/

title: User:Tlumaczeniowa~enwiki


text: User talk:66.185.84.79

title: User talk:66.185.84.79


text:
Simon Tett

Simon Tett is a climatologist at the University of Edinburgh who was formerly with the Hadley Centre.

His most-cited paper is Of it he says:

 * All attempts at detecting and attributing climate change signals need a reliable observed data set and simulations with mechanisms that drive climate change included. In a nutshell, this paper is important because it was the first study to investigate the effect of sulphate aerosols in a general circulation model of the climate system. The experiments simulate the climate back to 1860 (which is when the global records of surface temperature became reliable)... After 1970 our model with greenhouse gases alone begins to depart significantly from the observations. However, when we included sulphate aerosols, which have a cooling effect, the model agreed with the data from the 1930s and onwards. The rapid warming that has taken place since 1970 is, according to the model, attributable to a heating effect from greenhouse gases and a cooling effect from sulphate aerosols.

title: Simon Tett