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Talk:Sloop-of-war

"Flower class" sloops?

 * The page says, "Especially famous were British mass-produced sloops of Flower-class of the first world war.", but the Flower class we've got is the Flower class corvette of World War II. The external link (/naval_sloops_.htm) and the List of corvette and sloop classes of the Royal Navy both suggest that the WWI sloops with flower names were not all lumped together but were classified as Acacia class, etc.
 * —wwoods 04:43, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

USS Constellation
The USS Constellation is not a Sloop-of-War. It is a Frigate. This picture should be removed from this page. Sir Knight Michael (talk) 20:40, 10 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Are you thinking of the original 1797 Constellation, which was indeed a frigate? The photograph is of the 1854 USS Constellation. Salmanazar (talk) 16:34, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

HMS Ontario
The HMS Ontario is a 22 gun brig sloop http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Ontario_(1780). If the rating system covered anything above 20 guns then how is it still considered a sloop? I see a brig sloop section in this article but it doesn't explain how a ship like the Ontario isn't included in the ratings. Nihilbilly (talk) 20:24, 14 December 2008 (UTC)Nihilbilly

 * A brig has always historically been larger than a sloop, and the rating system given at Rating system of the Royal Navy is, to the best of my knowledge, incorrect. I don't see any references in that article.  They give a gun-brig at 6 to 14 guns, a sloop-of-war at 16 to 18 and then 6th rate 20 to 28.  But in reality the rating system I am familiar with is this:

 * gun-sloop: 12 guns
 * gun-brig: 16 guns
 * 6th rate (frigate): 28
 * 5th rate (frigate): 44

 * then 50 (4th), 74 (3rd), 90 (2nd) and 100 (1st). Thus you see the wiki article on ratings is OFF base.  74-gun (3rd) is a famous rating, and usually talked about in that number specifically.  The British called the U.S. first six frigates as "74's in disguise".

 * Now, as far as the HMS Ontario (1780), I am not familiar with that ship. But looking at the article my guess is that this may have been sloop-rigged.  Now, how in the world someone lined up 11 guns on each side in a sloop is beyond me, especially of 226 tons burden.  No wonder it sank in a storm.  I notice the infobox calls it a 6th rate ship, and so it cannot be both a 6th rate and a sloop of war.  Thus I suspect it was merely sloop-rigged and over-gunned. Grayghost01 (talk) 21:53, 14 December 2008 (UTC)

 * What the Royal Navy considered a frigate grew over the seventeenth, eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.

 * This article is incorrect in stating that ship-sloops were never Post-Captain commands. The largest ship-sloops were commanded by full Post-Captains.  The distinguishing feature between the ship sloops and the smaller Royal Navy frigates is that the frigate will have a quarter-deck at the stern, and a forecastle, whereas the ship-sloops were flush-decked.  Geo Swan (talk) 02:03, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

Actually, the Ontario was never classed by the Royal Navy as a sloop. She was not rigged as a brig, but as a snow (please ask if you don't understand the difference), and all the official records simply describe her as a snow, not as a sloop and certainly not as a brig-sloop!

The article is correct in mentioning that ship-sloops (and other sloops) were not Post-Captains commands. The definition of the naval sloop was that it was NOT commanded by a Post-Captain. I'm afraid you are misinformed, Geo Swan. You are also incorrect in your other assertion that ship-sloops were flush-decked; the majority of ship-sloops were built with a quarter-deck and forecastle, the most numerous designs in the Royal Navy during the 1793-1815 period being the Cormorant class (31 vessels built to this design) and the Merlin class (16 vessels built to this design). Most brig-sloops, on the other hand, were flush-decked. Rif Winfield (talk) 16:23, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

Too British?
This article seems to focus entirely on usage by the British navy. Since I arrived here from an article on US navy sloops-of-war, I am at a complete loss of how to understand the various ships described therein. The first ship there is a 28 gun ship while this article says that sloops have less than 20 guns. I think this article should simplify the first section along the lines of "A sloop of war is a warship that is smaller than a Frigate. In the Royal Navy rating system they were ships with less than 20 guns." Alternatively, information about how the US navy used the term should be added to the article I got here from. Rockphed (talk) 15:24, 30 July 2019 (UTC)
 * To make my confusion even greater, this article seems to be fighting with corvette over the position for "ships just smaller than a frigate.Rockphed (talk) 04:03, 1 August 2019 (UTC)

notice of possible merger of "screw sloop"
There exists stub article screw sloop with a fair number, 198, of inbound links. It should perhaps be merged to Steam frigate or to sloop-of-war (perhaps specifically to Sloop-of-war, which gives a little context perhaps worth consulting before jumping along its link to Steam frigate). Please comment at informal merger proposal discussion, at Talk:Screw sloop. --Doncram (talk) 22:10, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sloop-of-war


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Gregory Smith

Gregory or Greg Smith may refer to:

Baseball

 * Greg Smith (infielder) (born 1967), former infielder with the Chicago Cubs and Los Angeles Dodgers
 * Greg Smith (pitcher) (born 1983), pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies

Basketball

 * Greg Smith (basketball, born 1947), former NBA player
 * Greg Smith (basketball, born 1991), American professional basketball player

Cricket

 * Greg Smith (cricketer, born 1971), Nottinghamshire cricketer
 * Greg Smith (cricketer, born 1983), Essex cricketer
 * Greg Smith (cricketer, born 1988), Nottinghamshire cricketer
 * Gregory Smith (cricketer), Caymanian cricketer

Rugby

 * Greg Smith (rugby union coach) (c. 1949–2002), Australian national rugby coach
 * Greg Smith (rugby league) (born 1973), Newcastle Knights rugby league player
 * Greg Smith (rugby union, born 1968), Fijian former rugby union player
 * Greg Smith (rugby union, born 1974), Fijian rugby union footballer

Other sports

 * Gregory Smith (canoeist) (born 1956), former Canadian sprint canoer
 * Greg Smith (ice hockey) (born 1955), former National Hockey League player, with the Washington Capitals
 * Greg Smith (American football, born 1959), former National Football League defensive lineman (1984)
 * Greg Smith (American football, born 1970), walk-on to the Ohio State football team in 1988
 * Greg Smith (Australian footballer) (born 1957), VFL and SANFL player
 * Gregory Smith (wrestler) (born 1986), American professional wrestler
 * Greg Smith (Paralympian) (born 1967), Australian Paralympian athlete and wheelchair rugby player
 * Greg Smith (curler) (born 1996), Canadian curler

Entertainers

 * Gregory Smith (actor) (born 1983), American-Canadian actor
 * Greg Smith (American musician) (born 1963), bassist and vocalist
 * Greg Smith (Canadian musician), Canadian musician

Australia

 * Greg Smith (New South Wales politician) (born 1947), Australian Liberal politician; Attorney-General of New South Wales
 * Greg Smith (Western Australian politician) (born 1960), former Australian Liberal politician

United Kingdom

 * Greg Smith (British politician) (born 1979), former deputy leader of Hammersmith & Fulham Council and Conservative MP for Buckingham constituency

United States

 * Greg Smith (Kansas politician) (born 1959), Republican member of the Kansas Senate
 * Greg Smith (Nevada politician) (born 1955), Democrat member of the Nevada Assembly
 * Greg Smith (Oregon politician) (born 1968), American politician in the U.S. state of Oregon
 * J. Gregory Smith (1818–1891), railroad tycoon, politician, war-time governor of Vermont

Other people

 * Greg Smith, CFO of The Boeing Company
 * Greg Smith (artist) (born 1976), American artist
 * Greg Smith (British Army officer) (born 1956), British businessman and Territorial Army officer
 * Greg Smith (film producer) (1939–2009), British film producer of the 'Confessions' series
 * Greg Parma Smith (born 1983), New York-based painter
 * Greg "Tarzan" Smith, a contestant on Survivor: One World
 * Gregory Blake Smith (born 1951), American novelist and short story writer
 * Gregory White Smith (1951–2014), American biographer

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gregory Smith


text:
Wikipedia:List of hoaxes on Wikipedia/Milk Studios

Milk Studios is a Swedish speciality products retailer. Their headquarters are in Älmhult, Sweden. Milk Studios has 12 locations in Sweden, two in Norway, and three in the United States.

Milk Studios was founded in 1987 by Alex Hammer, and originally carried a variety of specialty products made by various Swedish product designers at their Älmhult retail locations. In 1993, Milk Studios dropped that product line, and began to carry their own exclusive line of cards, paper, calendars, office supplies, books, drafting tools, and clothing designed by the company in Älmhult.

In 1998, Milk Studios began online sales and expanded their sales outlets to several American and European chain stores, including IKEA, Merona, Museum of Design-Stockholm, and others. In 2004 they acquired the Dairy Farm, a large, American specialty retailer and opened an office location in Tiburon, California.

Category:Companies of Sweden

Sweden-company-stub


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User:Weaponofmassinstruction

= Me =

Well, this is me: a Weapon of Mass Instruction (High School Teacher), living up here in the wilds of gorgeous northern Manitoba, Canada. Any of the Images I have contributed to Wikipedia on such pages as: Weaponofmassinstruction

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisew_Falls_Provincial_Park

And soon to be contributed on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Lake%2C_Manitoba and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flin_Flon%2C_Manitoba and God knows how many more places,...

will either be my sole originals, or those graciously donated by friends and family.

Getting hold of me isn't that easy if you haven't got my e-mail address, and even the address I give out isn't checked often enough. weaponof(daught)massinstruction(et)gmail(daught)com.

= Monumental Task =
 * Well, I have started something big, now.I'm building a list of every School Division/District/Board in Manitoba, and following it up with a sub-list of every school in each division as well as linking the communities they are each in... wow.

 * From here, it will be time to call in the Cavalry, and get the word out though the Manitoba Teachers' Society web page and Newsmagazine, who will, it is hopped, will spread the word to other teacher organizations in the country.

 * Every avalanche is started by just one snow flake...

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Manitoba_School_Divisions_and_Districts

= Wikis I've Started =

Well, It's my Talk page, right? I should be able to list the Wikis I've started here:

 * Pisew_Falls_Provincial_Park
 * List_of_Manitoba_School_Divisions_and_Districts (now re-directs to List_of_Canadian_school_boards)
 * Red Serge
 * Cranberry Portage, Manitoba
 * Flin Flon School Division
 * Heather Hutchison
 * CFB Shilo
 * Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation
 * Frontier School Division
 * Manitoba Band Operated Schools

Wheeeee! Who knew this would be so much fun!?

title: User:Weaponofmassinstruction


text: Category:Russian mathematicians

title: Category:Russian mathematicians


text:
White Spot

White Spot is a Canadian restaurant chain based in Vancouver, British Columbia, best known for its hamburgers, Pirate Pak children's meal, "Triple O" sauce, and milkshakes. Along with its related Triple O's quick service brand, the chain operates over 100 locations in British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario and Asia.

History
In the 1920s, White Spot's founder, Nat Bailey, operated a travelling lunch counter in Vancouver, operating out of a 1918 Model T. He sold hotdogs for a dime and ice cream for a nickel. In 1928, Bailey founded the first White Spot restaurant. Initially, he had planned on naming the eatery the Granville Barbecue, but changed his mind instead taking the advice of a friend who suggested he name it White Spot after a restaurant on Wilshire Boulevard in Los Angeles, California, which was derived from LA’s own nickname at the time, the “White Spot of America,” which referred to LA’s relative prosperity and low unemployment in such things as buy-local campaigns, but was also used in racial terms, such as a “keep the white spot white” drive to keep non-whites from moving into a white neighborhood.

The first restaurant was located in the Marpole neighbourhood, at 67th and Granville Street, at what would become known as Granville House, in Vancouver, British Columbia. The restaurant was called White Spot Barbecue Sandwiches, evolving into a drive-in and dining room. By 1955, the chain was serving 10,000 cars a day and 110,000 customers a week.

By the 1990s, some White Spot drive-ins were phased out owing to an increase in the number of franchise restaurants and a gradual decrease in the popularity of drive-ins. Granville House was a popular dining spot until 1986 when a fire in the kitchen damaged the building. The restaurant closed permanently at that location shortly thereafter, despite some talk of rebuilding.

Franchising and growth
The chain was sold to General Foods in 1968 when Bailey retired. In 1982, White Spot returned to local ownership when the company was purchased by BC businessman Peter Toigo, becoming part of Shato Holdings Limited. After his death in 1993, his sons Peter and Ron Toigo took over ownership.

In 1986, the chain was sued in the court case Gee v. White Spot. The plaintiffs, Mr. Gee and Mr. and Mrs. Pan, claimed damages for botulism poisoning related to a beef dip sandwich. The decision made it easier for diners to sue restaurants for breach of contract and implied warranty instead of the harder-to-prove negligence (Canadian tort law expressly disavows strict product liability).

In 1993, White Spot introduced franchising, and in 1997 it launched its Triple O's quick service brand, which is named after White Spot's trademark hamburger sauce. Since 1999, the company's franchises have been installed on some ships in the BC Ferries fleet. By the 2000s, the chain was opening burger-focused takeouts at its Triple O's locations.

In 2012, 64 White Spot restaurants and 62 Triple O's locations served 17 million customers and generated $200 million in gross revenues.

Chef Chuck Currie has been featured in marketing campaigns alongside guest celebrity chefs hailing from Vancouver, including John Bishop, Rob Feenie, Umberto Menghi, and Melissa Craig.

In 2020, White Spot reached an expanded agreement with gas station operator Parkland Corporation, which already operated select Triple O's locations in B.C., mainly at Chevron-branded stations. Under the new agreement, Triple O's expanded into Alberta and Ontario through new locations at additional Parkland-owned stations.

International locations
The company opened its first international location across the nearby United States border in Bellingham, Washington, in 1993 with plans to continue expanding in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. The Bellingham location closed three years later due to financial issues and low traffic attributed to a weak Canadian dollar.

Abroad, White Spot has expanded its Triple O's chain into Hong Kong in the early 2000s and, more recently, Bangkok, Singapore, Manila, and Mainland China. In Hong Kong, four such stores can be found at the basement of Pacific Place, and in Exchange Square, on the Hong Kong Island; and at Cooked Deli in the Harbour City shopping mall in Kowloon and in Shatin. The three Hong Kong franchises each record more than twice as many sales as the average location in BC.

A location in Seoul, South Korea, opened in September 2008. It is located near Dosan Park, in the Apgujeong neighbourhood.

title: White Spot


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rockatansky disambiguation

Rockatansky disambiguation
There's two elements on this list, Rockatansky and Mad Max. Mad Max doesn't mention anything related to anyone or anything named Rockatansky. -℘yrop (talk) 04:47, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm not too sure about Rockatansky either, but that's a different issue. -℘yrop (talk) 04:55, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * "Rockatansky" was the last name of 'Mad' Max. Delete, not a useful disambiguation title. List Rockatansky on VfD as well, as it needs to go away. Far far away. -- Cyrius|✎ 05:14, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * You do it if you want it; i'm not sure if they're notable or not, but the page seems to have had a relatively unoffending form several edits back. (Besides, if i nominate any more stuff tonight people are going to call me a deletionist. :P ) -℘yrop (talk) 05:26, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * I'll list Rockatansky, if no one else will. Sure seems like band vanity to me. Oh, and delete this too. -R. fiend 18:39, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)


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Pinus kesiya

Pinus kesiya (Khasi pine, Benguet pine or three-needled pine) is one of the most widely distributed pines in Asia. Its range extends south and east from the Khasi Hills in the northeast Indian state of Meghalaya, to northern Thailand, Philippines, Burma, Cambodia, Laos, southernmost China, and Vietnam. It is an important plantation species elsewhere in the world, including in southern Africa and South America.

The common name "Khasi pine" is from the Khasi hills in India, and "Benguet pine" is from the landlocked province of Benguet in Luzon, Philippines, where it is the dominant species of the Luzon tropical pine forests (known as saleng in Ilocano ). The Benguet pine is sometimes treated as a separate species, Pinus insularis; however, the current opinion is to treat these as conspecific with P. kesiya. The city of Baguio is nicknamed "The City of Pines", as it is noted for large stands of this tree.

Description

Pinus kesiya is a tree reaching up to 30–35 m tall with a straight, cylindrical trunk. The bark is thick and dark brown, with deep longitudinal fissures. The branches are robust, red brown from the second year, the branchlets horizontal to drooping. The leaves are needle-like, dark green, usually 3 per fascicle, 15–20 cm long, the fascicle sheath 1–2 cm long and persistent. The cones are ovoid, 5–9 cm long, often curved downwards, sometimes slightly distorted; the scales of second-year cones are dense, the umbo a little convex, sometimes acutely spinous. The scales have transverse and longitudinal ridges across the middle of the scale surface. The seeds are winged, 6–7 mm long with a 1.5–2.5 cm wing. Pollination occurs in mid-spring, with the cones maturing 18–20 months after.

Khasi pine usually grows in pure stands or mixed with broad-leaved trees, but does not form open pine forests.

Uses
The soft and light timber of Pinus kesiya can be used for a wide range of applications, including boxes, paper pulp, and temporary electric poles. It is intensely used for timber, both sourced in natural forests and plantations.

The good-quality resin is not abundant and has not been much used except during the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines for the production of turpentine.

title: Pinus kesiya


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Wild mouse

A wild mouse is a type of roller coaster consisting of single or spinning cars traversing a tight-winding track with an emphasis on sharp, unbanked turns. The upper portion of the track usually features multiple 180-degree turns, known as flat turns, that produce high lateral G-forces even at modest speeds. Cars are often designed to be wider than the track to enhance the illusion of hanging over the edge. Lower portions of the track typically feature small hills and bunny hops. Wild mouse coasters first appeared in the 1950s, and following a period of decline in the 1980s, new innovations and layout designs in the late 1990s led to a resurgence in demand.

History
During the 1950s, wild mouse roller coasters began to appear at amusement parks and traveling fairs throughout the United States. One of the earliest manufacturers, B.A. Schiff & Associates, made over 70 beginning as early as 1950. The company was founded by Ben Schiff in what is believed to be 1947, and it ceased operation in 1960 following an acquisition. Schiff offered two general models – one for stationary parks and a smaller, portable model for traveling fairs. None of the rides produced by the company remain in operation.

The modern Wild Mouse was invented by German designer Franz Mack. In the original wooden Wild Mouse coasters of the 1960s and 1970s, the cars were so small that they could only fit two adults in close contact. While the low capacity of these rides led to long lines, the cars were small by design.

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the Wild Mouse-type roller coaster was nearly extinct. However, beginning in the mid-1990s, Wild Mouse-style rides made a comeback for two reasons: first, they were cheaper than larger, conventional coasters; second, they added to a park's "coaster count" with minimal impact on cost and area.

title: Wild mouse


text:
Omega chain

An omega chain or omega necklace is a pseudo-chain made by assembling metallic plates on a wire or woven mesh. The plates give the appearance of links in a chain. The embedded wire provides the strength, so the plates can be designed to please the eye.

title: Omega chain


text:
Category:Radiometric dating

The use of radioactive isotopes to determine the absolute age of a material.

title: Category:Radiometric dating


text:
Shut Up and Dance: Mixes

Shut Up and Dance: Mixes is a Paula Abdul remix album, released in 1990. It contains dance remixes of the six hit singles from Abdul's debut album Forever Your Girl, one remixed album track and one medley. The album was another huge success for Abdul, peaking at No. 7 on the Billboard 200.

Following Abdul's continued UK singles success throughout 1990, Shut Up and Dance was re-released there late in the same year, featuring an additional four tracks.

There were two singles and accompanying music videos released from the project—the "1990 Medley Mix" and "Straight Up (Ultimix mix)".

title: Shut Up and Dance: Mixes


text:
Mostowski collapse lemma

In mathematical logic, the Mostowski collapse lemma, also known as the Shepherdson–Mostowski collapse, is a theorem of set theory introduced by and.

Statement
Suppose that R is a binary relation on a class X such that The Mostowski collapse lemma states that for every such R there exists a unique transitive class (possibly proper) whose structure under the membership relation is isomorphic to (X, R), and the isomorphism is unique. The isomorphism maps each element x of X to the set of images of elements y of X such that y R x (Jech 2003:69).
 * R is set-like: R−1[x] = {y : y R x} is a set for every x,
 * R is well-founded: every nonempty subset S of X contains an R-minimal element (i.e. an element x ∈ S such that R−1[x] ∩ S is empty),
 * R is extensional: R−1[x] ≠ R−1[y] for every distinct elements x and y of X

Generalizations
Every well-founded set-like relation can be embedded into a well-founded set-like extensional relation. This implies the following variant of the Mostowski collapse lemma: every well-founded set-like relation is isomorphic to set-membership on a (non-unique, and not necessarily transitive) class.

A mapping F such that F(x) = {F(y) : y R x} for all x in X can be defined for any well-founded set-like relation R on X by well-founded recursion. It provides a homomorphism of R onto a (non-unique, in general) transitive class. The homomorphism F is an isomorphism if and only if R is extensional.

The well-foundedness assumption of the Mostowski lemma can be alleviated or dropped in non-well-founded set theories. In Boffa's set theory, every set-like extensional relation is isomorphic to set-membership on a (non-unique) transitive class. In set theory with Aczel's anti-foundation axiom, every set-like relation is bisimilar to set-membership on a unique transitive class, hence every bisimulation-minimal set-like relation is isomorphic to a unique transitive class.

Application
Every set model of ZF is set-like and extensional. If the model is well-founded, then by the Mostowski collapse lemma it is isomorphic to a transitive model of ZF and such a transitive model is unique.

Saying that the membership relation of some model of ZF is well-founded is stronger than saying that the axiom of regularity is true in the model. There exists a model M (assuming the consistency of ZF) whose domain has a subset A with no R-minimal element, but this set A is not a "set in the model" (A is not in the domain of the model, even though all of its members are). More precisely, for no such set A there exists x in M such that A = R−1[x]. So M satisfies the axiom of regularity (it is "internally" well-founded) but it is not well-founded and the collapse lemma does not apply to it.

title: Mostowski collapse lemma


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Anthony B

Keith Blair (born 31 March 1976), better known by the stage name Anthony B, is a Jamaican DJ and member of the Rastafari movement.

Early life
Blair grew up in rural Clark's Town in the northwestern parish of Trelawny in Jamaica. His deeply religious family life (his mother was a Seventh-day Adventist and his grandmother a Revivalist) imbued him with a profound spirituality. During his youth, his favourite singers were reggae legends Bob Marley and Peter Tosh, musicians who strongly influenced his own style. Peter Tosh's influence can definitely be heard in Anthony B's vocal delivery and revolutionary stance.

Anthony B adopted Rastafari movement beliefs as a teenager, a decision which was not well received by his family. The stubborn and determined Anthony B refused to give up his new religion and his dreadlocks and moved to the home of his aunt and uncle in the Kingston suburb, Portmore. He is a member of the Bobo Ashanti branch of the movement. "Bobo Dreads", as they are known, are recognisable by their long robes and turbans. The strong Afrocentric pride and the other Rastafarian beliefs (or "overstandings" as Rastafarians prefer to call them) are reflected in his songs.

Career
While attending high school, Anthony B debuted as a deejay for the local sound system, Shaggy Hi-Power. In 1988, he befriended reggae artists such as Determine, Mega Banton, Ricky General and Terror Fabulous.

At this point in the reggae industry, singing "slack" songs about women was the popular thing to do. Anthony B did not believe in degrading women and chose to pen politically slanted songs instead. He collaborated with Little Devon and made his debut single "The Living is Hard" on the Wizard label in 1993. Anthony B tried many different producers before joining with Richard Bell, creating hits such as "Fire Pon Rome", "Raid Di Barn", "Rumour", and "Repentance Time". In late 1997, Anthony B released Universal Struggle, followed by a large number of albums since including 1999's Seven Seals, 2003's Street Knowledge, 2004's Untouchable which featured collaborations with artists including Wyclef Jean, Snoop Dogg & Bone Crusher, 2005's Black Star plus My Hope, and more recently, Life Over Death (2008).

In January 2013, he was charged with possession of marijuana with intent to distribute after being stopped in Georgia, United States due to illegally tinted windows in the vehicle in which he was travelling; He subsequently had to cancel several shows in South America as he was not allowed to travel outside the US. Charges were later dropped. {https://www.dancehallusa.com/anthony-b-weed-charge-dropped/}

In July 2013 he released Tribute to Legends, an album of cover versions of songs by artists such as Bob Marley, The Maytals, John Lennon, Ray Charles, Elvis Presley, and Ini Kamoze; Speaking of the album, he stated "I chose to make a tribute album to firstly show how much these legends influence my music and my life." In 2016, Anthony B released Tears Of Luv on his label Born Fire Music and collaborated with various producer around the world including Evidence Music on his track Life Good.

In May 2020, Anthony B released his 20th studio album titled, King In My Castle.

Anthony B tours extensively in Europe and North America. He has collaborated with many singer-songwriters and producers

Talking of his faith and music, Anthony B commented, "When we say 'burn fire' we don't mean take a match and light somebody, we are saying get rid of these things that are no good for humanity."

Albums

 * Predator & Prey (1996, Alpha Enterprises)
 * Real Revolutionary – UK / So Many Things – US (1996, Greensleeves)
 * Universal Struggle (1997, VP Records)
 * Seven Seals (1999, VP Records)
 * More Love (2001, AO ! Records)
 * That's Life (2001, VP Records)
 * Street Knowledge (2003, VP Records)
 * Wise Man Chant (2003, Black Scorpio)
 * Smoke Free (2003, Bogalusa Records)
 * Voice of Jamaica vol. 2 (2003, Nocturne)
 * Judgment Time (2004, 2B1 Records)
 * Justice Fight (2004, Nocturne)
 * Untouchable (2004, Togetherness Records)
 * Powers of Creation (2004, Nocturne)
 * Black Star (2005, Greensleeves)
 * Live on the Battlefield (2005, Jahmin' Records)
 * Confused Times (2005, Penitentiary)
 * My Hope (2005, AL.TA.FA.AN. / Minor 7 Flat 5)
 * Gather and Come (2006 Penitentiary)
 * Suffering Man (2006 Tad's Records)
 * Higher Meditation (2007 Greensleeves)
 * True Rastaman (2008 Penitentiary Records)
 * Life Over Death (2008 Born Fire)
 * Rise Up (2008 Greensleeves)
 * Rasta Love (2011 Born Fire)
 * Freedom Fighter (2012 Irievibrations)
 * Choices (2012)
 * My2K Vol. 1 (2013 Born Fire)
 * Tribute to Legends (2013 Born Fire)
 * Tears of Luv (2015 Born Fire)
 * Anthony B (2016)
 * King In My Castle (2020 Born Fire)
 * ''Bread and butter(2023 Ineffable records/Born Fire music )

Compilations

 * Chanting Down Babylon (1997, Power Play); live, with Buju Banton
 * 2 Strong (1998, Star Trail/VP Records); with Sizzla
 * Anthony B & Idren (1998, Jamaican Vibes)
 * Anthony B & Friends (1998, Rhino Records)
 * Nazarene Vow (1999, Records Factory); with Junior Timba
 * 3 Wise Men (1999, J&D); with Sizzla and Luciano
 * One Mission (1999, J&D); with Capleton
 * Saddle to the East (2001, Brick Wall); with Jah Mason and Steve Machete
 * 4 Rebels (2001, VP Records); with Sizzla, Luciano, and Yami Bolo
 * The Five Disciples (2001, Penitentiary / Jet Star); with Sizzla, Luciano, Junior Kelly, and Capleton
 * We Three Kings (2001, AO ! Records); with Sizzla
 * We Three Kings (2002, Navarre); with Capleton and Luciano
 * Four The Hard Way (2002, City Hall); with Capleton, Sizzla, and Luciano
 * Kings of Zion (2002, Jet Star); with Capleton, Sizzla, and Junior Kelly
 * Reggae Max (2002, Jet Star)
 * 5 Blazing Fires (2002, Fire Ball); with Admiral Tibbett, Sizzla, Capleton, Positive Jayz and Michael Fabulous
 * Five Disciples Part II (2003, Jet Star); with Capleton, Luciano, Sizzla, and Jr. Kelly
 * Kings of Zion vol. 3 (2005, Charm); with Capleton, Sizzla, and Turbulence
 * Jah Warriors vol. III (2005, Penitentiary); with Luciano
 * The Pow Pow Trilogy (2008, Pow Pow); with Turbulence and Jah Mason
 * Encore (2010)
 * NYC-2-Africa (2010, Suatomic Sound); with Subatomic Sound System, Nomadic Wax, Jahdan Blakkamoore, and Bajah
 * Truthful Riddim (2020, Blaqk Sheep Music); with Julian Marley, Mr Vegas, Blaqk Sheep
 * Guns Riddim (2021, Iyah Music); with LePrince and Maneaux
 * Reggae Reload Vol.1 (2022, Blaqk Sheep Music); with Busy Signal, Sizzla, Gyptian

title: Anthony B


text:
Brian Coburn (politician)

Brian Coburn (born c. 1945) is a former politician in Ontario, Canada. He sat in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1999 to 2003, representing the riding of Carleton—Gloucester (renamed as Ottawa—Orléans) for the Progressive Conservative Party. Coburn was a cabinet minister in the government of Mike Harris and Ernie Eves.

He is not to be confused with the person of the same name who represents the same area on the Ottawa-Carleton Catholic School Board.

Background
Coburn was educated at Brock University in St. Catharines. A small businessman, he served for ten years as the Mayor of Cumberland. Coburn also served on the Board of Governors for Algonquin College in Ottawa. As mayor, he earned a reputation for fiscal prudence.

Politics
Coburn was elected for Carleton—Gloucester in the provincial election of 1999, defeating Liberal Ren Danis by over 6,000 votes. This was considered a major upset. The riding had been solidly Liberal for many years, and most observers thought Danis would win an easy victory. Coburn's win may be attributed to personal popularity and a local issue: many residents saw construction workers from Quebec as a threat to local employment, and voted Tory to protest the situation.

After sitting as a backbencher for two years, Coburn was appointed to the government of Mike Harris as Minister of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs on February 8, 2001.

In 2002, Coburn endorsed Ernie Eves to succeed Mike Harris as leader of the Progressive Conservative Party. When Eves became Premier on April 15, 2002, he named Coburn Associate Minister of Municipal Affairs and Housing with Responsibility for Rural Affairs. On February 25, 2003, Coburn was moved to the Minister of Tourism and Recreation.

Coburn carried the banner of an increasingly unpopular party into the 2003 provincial election. The presence of Quebec workers was no longer an issue, and many local residents were angered by increased energy rates under the Harris and Eves governments. Despite gaining endorsements from several local newspapers, Coburn lost to Liberal Phil McNeely, another municipal politician, by about 4,500 votes.

In 2004, he endorsed Frank Klees for the leadership of the Ontario PC Party.

Later life
Coburn was appointed as a Citizenship Judge for Ottawa, Ontario in October 2006. Brian Coburn Boulevard, an arterial road in Orleans, is named after him.

title: Brian Coburn (politician)


text:
Mikhail Gromov (aviator)

Mikhail Mikhailovich Gromov (Михаи́л Миха́йлович Гро́мов; 24 February 1899 – 22 January 1985) was a Russian and Soviet military aviator, test pilot, and Hero of the Soviet Union.

Early life
Gromov's father, Mikhail Konstantinovich Gromov, was of noble intelligentsia and served as military medic. His mother, Lyubov Ignatyevna Andreeva, was from peasant family and received training as an obstetrician. Gromov spent his childhood in Kaluga, Rzhev, Myza-Raevo (near Moscow). He graduated from Voskresensky Real School in Moscow, and went on to study at the IMTS from 1916 to 1917. In 1917, Gromov graduated from aviation theoretical courses at IMTS and started his army service.

Institutional positions
Upon graduation, Gromov served as a flight instructor and military pilot. In 1923, he won the Soviet championship in weightlifting. In 1925, he started working as a test pilot for the Air Force Research Institute testing the planes designed by Andrei Tupolev and Nikolai Polikarpov. From 1930 to 1941, Gromov then worked at the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute and became chief-pilot.

From March to August 1941, Gromov was the first director of the Flight Research Institute, a flight research and testing centre in Zhukovsky. The name of M. M. Gromov was awarded to the institute in 1991 to celebrate the Institute's 50th anniversary.

After the war, Gromov was deputy commander of the Long-Range Aviation from 1946 to 1949. Later, till 1955, he was head of Department of flight service of Ministry of Aviation Industry. In 1955 he was discharged.

From 1937 to 1946, Gromov was deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1st convocation).

In late 1940, he initiated the establishment of the Fedotov Test Pilot School.

Testing history
Gromov was involved in extensive testing and promotion of Russian airplanes throughout Europe and Asia. For example, from June to September 1925, Gromov flew the Polikarpov R-1 in the long-haul group flight of nine aeroplanes on the route Moscow-Beijing-Tokyo. A year later, in 1926, Gromov completed a 7150 km European promotional flight in a Tupolev ANT-3 on the route Moscow-Königsberg-Berlin-Paris-Rome-Vienna-Prague-Warsaw-Moscow. Notably, on 25 April 1927, he made the first Soviet parachute jump out of a Polikarpov I-1 in a testing that involved the plane having entered into an unrecoverable spin.

From 10 to 12 September 1934, Gromov, A. I. Filin, and I. T. Spirin made a record closed-circle non-stop flight on the route Moscow-Ryazan-Kharkov in a Tupolev ANT-25, flying 12,411 km in 75 hours. Gromov was subsequently awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for this feat.

In July 1937, Gromov, Andrey Yumashev, and Sergey Danilin Transpolar flight of Gromov, Yumashev and Danilin a new non-stop flight distance record of 10148 km from Moscow to San Jacinto, California, via the North Pole in a Tupolev ANT-25.

Service in World War II
During World War II, Gromov took command of several units:

 * From December 1941 to February 1942, Gromov was commander of 31st Mixed Aviation Division (Kalinin Front).
 * From February to May 1942, he was commander of the Air Force of Kalinin Front.
 * From May 1942 to May 1943, he took command of the 3rd Air Army.
 * From May 1943 to June 1944, he was commander of the 1st Air Army.
 * From 1944 to 1946, Gromov was head of the Main Department of combat training of frontline aviation of the Air Force.

Miscellaneous
From 1959 to 1961, Gromov headed the Weightlifting Federation of USSR.

Gromov used his influence and renown to attain reconsideration of Sergei Korolev's case, which resulted in Korolev's transfer from the prison camp at Kolyma to TsKB-29.

Gromov lived in Moscow. Gromov's wife, Nina Georgievna Gromova (1922–2019), was an equestrian sportswoman.

Gromov died on January 22 1985 in Moscow. He is buried at Novodevichy Cemetery.

In phaleristics
The Gromov Medal was established in March 2011 by the Gromov Flight Research Institute as a highest corporate award in memory of the founder of the institute.

title: Mikhail Gromov (aviator)


text:
Doug Warren

Douglas Patrick Warren (born March 18, 1981, in Palatine, Illinois) is an American former soccer goalkeeper, who last played for the New England Revolution in Major League Soccer, in 2008. He was a member of the U.S. team at the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship.

Youth
Warren attended William Fremd High School where he was a Parade Magazine High School All American. He began his college soccer career at Indiana University, where he played in 1999. After his freshman season, Warren transferred to Clemson, where he emerged as one of the best goalkeepers in the NCAA. Named first team All-ACC all three years at Clemson, Warren was named a first team All-American as a senior in 2002, as he helped the Tigers to the Elite Eight.

In 2001, Warren was on the roster of the U.S. U-20 national team at the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship. Beginning in 2002, he began playing with the U.S. U-23 national team as it prepared for the 2004 Summer Olympic qualification campaign.

Professional
Following his senior season, Warren was drafted 14th overall in the 2003 MLS SuperDraft by D.C. United. A reserve for much of the year, Warren was forced into action late in the season when starter Nick Rimando suffered a season-ending ACL injury. Warren started the season's last five regular season games and both their playoff games, and although he impressed, failed to win a game.

In 2004, Warren again found himself as a backup to Rimando. However, shortly into the season, a string of mediocre performances by Rimando led Peter Nowak to give Warren another opportunity to seize the starting position. Warren started only one game, however, a loss in which he surrendered three goals, before being replaced again by rookie Troy Perkins. Perkins impressed enough to earn the starting job, and Warren was released soon thereafter. He spent the rest of the season with the New England Revolution, as an injury replacement for the injured Adin Brown. The Revolution acquired him for good after the season. He spent 2005 behind Matt Reis, making two appearances. Due to the consistency of Reis, Warren did not appear in MLS play in 2006 or 2007, although he remained the Revolution's second-choice keeper.

New England Revolution

 * Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup (1): 2007

title: Doug Warren


text:
Albert Belle

Albert Jojuan Belle (born August 25, 1966), known until 1990 as Joey Belle, is an American former Major League Baseball outfielder who played from 1989 to 2000, most notably for the Cleveland Indians. Known for his taciturn personality and intimidating stature, Belle was one of the leading sluggers of his time, and in 1995 became the only player to ever hit 50 doubles and 50 home runs in a season, despite the season being only 144 games. He was also the first player to break the $10 million per year compensation contract in Major League Baseball.

Belle was a five-time All-Star and Silver Slugger. He retired with a .295 career batting average, and averaged 37 home runs and 120 RBIs per season between 1991 and 2000. He is one of only 11 players in MLB history to have nine consecutive 100-RBI seasons.

Early life
Albert and his fraternal twin, Terry, were born on August 25, 1966, in Shreveport, Louisiana, the son of Albert Belle Sr., a high school baseball and football coach, and Carrie Belle, a former math teacher. He attained the rank of Eagle Scout in the Boy Scouts of America. Belle attended Huntington High School in Shreveport, where he was a star baseball and football player, a member of the National Honor Society and vice president of the local Future Business Leaders of America. He graduated sixth in his high school class and made the all-state baseball team twice. In 1984, he was selected to play for the US in the Junior Olympics, in which the U.S. won a silver medal. He played outfield and pitched, winning one game. After graduation, Belle accepted a baseball scholarship to Louisiana State University.

College
Belle played college baseball at Louisiana State University from 1985 to 1987, where he made 1st team All-SEC in 1986 and 1987 and played in 184 games, with 585 at bats, 194 hits, 30 doubles, 49 home runs, 172 runs batted in, 157 runs, a .670 slugging percentage, and a .332 batting average. In 1986, he played collegiate summer baseball in the Cape Cod Baseball League for the Chatham A's and was named a league all-star, then returned to the league in 1987 to play for the Hyannis Mets.

In his junior year, he was batting .349 before an incident involving a heckler insulting him with racial epithets at an SEC Tournament game led to a suspension that kept him out of the College World Series.

After college, he was drafted by the Cleveland Indians in the second round of the 1987 MLB draft.

Major League career summary
Belle became the fourth player to have eight straight seasons of 30 home runs and 100 RBIs, joining Babe Ruth, Jimmie Foxx and Lou Gehrig (a feat since matched by Albert Pujols, Rafael Palmeiro, Manny Ramirez and Alex Rodriguez). He was an accomplished baserunner, with a career-high 23 steals in 1993, and 17 steals in 1999 despite hip problems that plagued him late in his career. He led the league three times in RBIs, three times in total bases, three times in extra-base hits and twice in slugging. He was a five-time All-Star between 1993 and 1997. He had a strong throwing arm, and was a gifted pitcher in high school. His range factor by games played was consistently higher than the major league average at that position; nevertheless, he still managed to accrue a -63 Total Zone Runs during 12 major league seasons.

Belle's career highs in home runs, RBIs, batting average, runs scored and walks occurred in five separate seasons. In 2006, the Hardball Times published a statistical comparison of Belle's career statistics with that of 60 of his current and former peers. The article ranked him in career "prime value", behind Hall of Famers Ralph Kiner and Frank Thomas.

In 1992, Belle would have become one of only five players in MLB history to hit a home run over the left-field roof of Detroit's Tiger Stadium (joining Harmon Killebrew, Frank Howard, Cecil Fielder and Mark McGwire). However, the ball struck a light tower on top of the roof and fell back into the stands. In 1994, Belle lost the batting title to New York Yankees outfielder Paul O'Neill, .359 to .357. In 1995, Belle became the first player in major league history to hit 50 home runs and 50 doubles in the same season; the last player before him to reach as many as 40 in both categories had been Willie Stargell in 1973. The achievement was more impressive because Belle played only 143 games in 1995 due to a season shortened by the previous year's player strike.

Belle's surly reputation and disdain of the media cost him votes for the 1995 MVP Award. He finished second in the voting to the Boston Red Sox' Mo Vaughn even though he led the American League that season in runs scored, home runs, RBIs, slugging percentage and total bases, and outpaced Vaughn head-to-head in every important offensive category except RBIs (both men had 126); both players' teams reached the playoffs. This was in the middle of a three-year streak in which Belle finished 3rd, 2nd and 3rd for the American League MVP. Belle had two other top ten MVP finishes, in 1993 (7th) and 1998 (8th).

In the winter of 1996, Belle signed a 5-year, $55 million (equivalent to $0 today) deal with the Chicago White Sox as a free agent. This contract made him the highest-paid player in baseball for a brief period and the first player in baseball history to make $10 million in a season. He enjoyed two great seasons in Chicago, including a career-high 27-game hitting streak in May 1997, and came close to another 50/50 season in 1998 with 49 home runs (a White Sox team record that still stands) and 48 doubles. He also drove in 152 runs to break Zeke Bonura's single-season franchise record of 138 in 1936 (to date, the RBI total also remains a White Sox single-season record). Additionally, when Cal Ripken Jr. ended his record consecutive game streak at 2,632 in September 1998, it was Belle who took over as the major leagues' active leader in the category (his streak of 392, however, ended the next year due to a perceived lack of hustle viewed by his manager).

Belle's contract with the White Sox had an unusual clause allowing him to demand that he would remain one of the three highest-paid players in baseball. In October 1998 he invoked the clause, and when the White Sox declined to give him a raise he immediately became a free agent. He again became the game's highest-paid player, signing a five-year, $65 million ($0 today) deal with the Baltimore Orioles. But his career ended just two seasons later when he was forced into retirement at age 34 by degenerative hip osteoarthritis. He was, however, kept on Baltimore's active 40-man roster for the next three years as a condition of the insurance policy which largely reimbursed the Orioles for the remainder of his contract.

Belle homered in the final at-bat of his major-league career, at Oriole Park at Camden Yards on October 1, 2000.

In 1,539 games over 12 seasons, Belle posted a .295 batting average (1726-for-5853) with 974 runs, 389 doubles, 21 triples, 381 home runs, 1239 RBI, 88 stolen bases, 683 bases on balls, .369 on-base percentage and .564 slugging percentage. Defensively, he recorded a .976 fielding percentage playing at left and right field. In 18 postseason games, he hit .230 (14-for-61) with 10 runs, 2 doubles, 6 home runs, 14 RBI, 1 stolen base and 14 walks.

Personal problems
In 1990, the Indians sent Belle to the Cleveland Clinic for two months for alcoholism rehabilitation. Belle was suspended in 1994 for using a corked bat, resulting in a seven-game suspension. The incident gained further notoriety when teammate Jason Grimsley crawled through the building's ceiling panels to break into the locked umpires' dressing room where he replaced Belle's corked bat with a teammate's bat. The revelation of Belle's use of corked bats was later given more emphasis when Cleveland teammate Omar Vizquel wrote in his 2002 autobiography that it would be naive to suggest otherwise, and that "all of Albert's bats were corked." Belle's attitude problems were known even back when he was in the minors. At one point, when he was playing in AA, Cleveland's Director of Player Development, Dan O'Dowd, warned Belle that he would be released if he didn't improve his attitude. According to O'Dowd, Belle responded by refusing to run out two pop-up outs in a game, then promptly walked to the locker rooms, changed to his regular clothes, and left the ballpark. Despite this, O'Dowd kept Belle because, "At that time, he was the only really good prospect we had."

Belle was fined in 1996 for knocking down Brewers infielder Fernando Viña, who tried to tag Belle on a potential double play between 1st and 2nd base.

Sports journalists bore grudges against Belle for his refusal to grant interviews before games. A profane outburst directed at a group of reporters in his team's dugout, including NBC Sports personality Hannah Storm, was widely reported during the 1995 World Series. He was unrepentant afterward: "The Indians wanted me to issue a statement of regret when the fine was announced, but I told them to take it out. I apologize for nothing."

Eventually, Belle routinely refused to speak with the media whatsoever, explaining that Sandy Koufax, Joe DiMaggio and Steve Carlton also did not interview and that he preferred to concentrate on baseball.

Buster Olney wrote about his outbursts as a member of the Cleveland Indians:
 * It was taken as fact in baseball circles that Albert Belle was nuts.... He slurped coffee constantly and seemed to be in a perpetual caffeinated frenzy. Few escaped his wrath: on some days he would destroy the postgame buffet ... launching plates into the shower, and after one poor at-bat against Boston, he retreated to the visitors' clubhouse and took a bat to teammate Kenny Lofton's boombox. Belle preferred to have the clubhouse cold, below 60 degrees, and when one chilly teammate turned up the heat, Belle walked over, turned down the thermostat and smashed it with his bat. His nickname, thereafter, was "Mr. Freeze." ... The Indians billed him $10,000 a year for the damage he caused in clubhouses on the road and at home, and tolerated his behavior only because he was an awesome slugger....

In 2001, following his retirement, the New York Daily News' columnist Bill Madden wrote:
 * Sorry, there'll be no words of sympathy here for Albert Belle. He was a surly jerk before he got hurt and now he's a hurt surly jerk....He was no credit to the game. Belle's boorish behavior should be remembered by every member of the Baseball Writers' Association when it comes time to consider him for the Hall of Fame.

In his first year of Hall of Fame eligibility (2006), he garnered only 7.7% of the baseball writers' votes, missing election by an extremely wide margin. But his vote total was high enough to keep his name on the ballot for the following year. In 2007, however, he garnered only 19 votes (3.5%).

In retirement, Belle had his first encounter with the Cleveland Indians since leaving the club in 1996, during their 2012 spring training in Goodyear, Arizona and was joined by former teammates Kenny Lofton, Sandy Alomar Jr., and Carlos Baerga. In spite of this, Belle declined both to attend the 20th anniversary celebration of the 1995 World Series team in 2015 and the 2016 ceremony when he was inducted into the Indians team Hall of Fame.

Legal troubles
In October 1995, Belle's house in Euclid, Ohio was egged by teenagers after he turned away trick-or-treaters on Halloween. Belle chased one of the trick-or-treaters in his car. Belle was fined $100 for reckless operation of a vehicle. The guardian of the teenager later sued Belle for $850,000 contending that Belle's car had bumped into the teenager. The lawsuit was settled in 1997.

In 2006, Belle was sentenced to 90 days in jail and five years' probation after he admitted to stalking his former girlfriend.

On March 25, 2018, Belle was arrested in Scottsdale, Arizona and charged with indecent exposure and DUI. All charges were dismissed the following month.

Awards and accomplishments
College (LSU): Major League Baseball (Cleveland Indians, Chicago White Sox, Baltimore Orioles):
 * 1st team All-SEC (1986, 1987)
 * South 1 Regional Tournament MVP (1986)
 * 2nd team All-America (1986)
 * 3rd team All-America (1987)
 * AL home run leader (1995)
 * AL RBI leader (1993, 1995-tied with Mo Vaughn, 1996)
 * AL doubles leader (1995-tied with Edgar Martínez)
 * AL runs leader (1995-tied with Edgar Martínez)
 * AL slugging percentage leader (1995, 1998)
 * AL outfield assist leader (RF) (1999-tie)
 * Named to Silver Slugger team (1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998)
 * All-Star (1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997)
 * First player to ever hit 50 HR and 50 Doubles (1995)
 * The Sporting News Player of the Year (1995)
 * Baseball Digest Player of the Year (1995)
 * Led major leagues in the 1990s with 1,099 RBI
 * Led major leagues in extra-base hits in the 1990s with 711
 * 4th player ever to have 8 straight seasons with 30 HR and 100 RBI
 * Inducted into the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame (June 2005)
 * AL leader in runs created (1998)
 * AL leader in OPS+ (1998)
 * AL leader in total bases (1994, 1995, 1998)

title: Albert Belle


text: Category:Russian aviators

title: Category:Russian aviators


text:
Scott Vallow

Scott Vallow (born June 8, 1977, in Modesto, California) is a retired American soccer goalkeeper, most famously for playing with the Rochester Rhinos, 2005–2010. Scott was the assistant coach of the North Carolina Courage soccer team, having followed head coach Paul Riley from the Portland Thorns FC to Western New York Flash and the Courage. He was relieved from his duties on November 19, 2021.

College
Vallow played college soccer at Bowling Green from 1995 to 1998, where he started all 85 games the team played during his tenure, amassing a .70 goals against average during his career. Vallow, alongside teammate Steve Klein, led Bowling Green to the "Sweet Sixteen" of the NCAA Championships in both 1995 and 1996.

Professional
Upon graduating, Vallow was signed to a Project-40 contract with Major League Soccer, for the express purpose of playing goalkeeper for the league's USL A-League affiliate. Although he was allocated to the Dallas Burn in August 1999, he saw no time for the team, and was released after the 1999 season. Vallow then signed a contract with the Rochester Raging Rhinos, and immediately took hold of the starting position. Vallow's excellent play helped lead the Rhinos to the 2000 championship, and also resulted in his being named the A-League Goalkeeper of the Year. Vallow returned to the Rhinos in 2001, and his performance was integral in the team winning a second consecutive A-League Championship.

Vallow spent the 2002 season shuttling between the USL and MLS, as he was signed and released by both the New England Revolution and the Dallas Burn; Vallow also played for the Rhinos, making eight appearances and sharing duties with Pat Onstad. Following the 2002 season, Vallow finally made a more permanent move up to the first division, being signed by the Colorado Rapids; although he was with the team for two years, Vallow was employed largely as a backup to Scott Garlick and then Joe Cannon. Vallow played in only four games during his two years with the team. He re-signed with the Rhinos after the 2004 MLS season, where he was the number one keeper, team captain, and fan favorite, announced on the pitch with the "Superman" theme playing at every home game. On October 20, 2009, Vallow extended his contract with the Rhinos for another 2 years. However, he would announce his retirement after only one year, in January 2011, choosing to focus on being an assistant coach for the Western New York Flash of Women's Professional Soccer.

Coaching
Vallow remained an assistant coach of the Flash through the tenure of Flash head coach Aaran Lines, his former Rochester Rhinos teammate, until the end of the team's inaugural National Women's Soccer League season in 2013. Vallow began dating Flash midfielder McCall Zerboni, left the Flash, and became an assistant coach of the Rochester Rhinos in 2014.

However, in 2015 the Flash traded Zerboni to Portland Thorns FC. The Thorns were coached by Paul Riley at the time, and Riley also hired Vallow to join the Thorns' staff as an assistant. Vallow then followed RIley back to Western New York when Riley was dismissed by Portland at the end of the 2015 season and subsequently hired by the Flash in 2016. (Portland traded Zerboni to the Boston Breakers before the 2016 season, and Boston traded her back to the Flash mid-season.)

In 2016, Vallow managed the team whenever Riley was suspended by officials, which occurred three times during the 2016 season, including most of the team's 2016 semi-finals match against Portland Thorns FC, the entirety of the 2016 NWSL Championship match, and the 2017 NWSL season opener. Vallow himself was ejected during the Courage's May 27, 2017, match against the Chicago Red Stars.

Following the 2021 NWSL abuse scandal involving Riley, Vallow remained on the Courage's coaching staff as an assistant to interim head coach Sean Nahas. However, Vallow was relieved of his duties as assistant coach on November 19, 2021, following what the club described as "individual evaluations and performance-based reviews" of its technical staff.

Personal life
As of October 2016, Vallow was engaged to Western New York Flash midfielder McCall Zerboni. Vallow and Zerboni had to change plans to marry in October when the Flash reached the 2016 NWSL Championship match, also in October. Vallow and Zerboni own a home together in Portland, Oregon.

Rochester Rhinos (player)

 * USSF Division 2 Pro League Regular Season Champions (1): 2010

Western New York Flash (assistant coach)

 * National Women's Soccer League Championship (1): 2016

North Carolina Courage (assistant coach)

 * National Women's Soccer League Championships (2): 2018, 2019
 * National Women's Soccer League Shield (3): 2017, 2018, 2019
 * Women's International Champions Cup (1): 2018

title: Scott Vallow


text:
Siege of Paris (1870–1871)

The Siege of Paris took place from 19 September 1870 to 28 January 1871 and ended in the capture of the city by forces of the various states of the North German Confederation, led by the Kingdom of Prussia. The siege was the culmination of the Franco-Prussian War, which saw the Second French Empire attempt to reassert its dominance over continental Europe by declaring war on the North German Confederation. The Prussian-dominated North German Confederation had recently emerged victorious in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, which led to the questioning of France's status as the dominant power of continental Europe. With a declaration of war by the French parliament on 16 July 1870, Imperial France soon faced a series of defeats at German hands over the following months, leading to the Battle of Sedan, which, on 2 September 1870, saw a decisive defeat of French forces and the capture of the French emperor, Napoleon III.

With the capture of Napoleon III, the government of the Second French Empire collapsed and the Third French Republic was declared, provisionally led by the Government of National Defense. Despite German forces reaching and besieging Paris by 19 September 1870, the new French government advocated for the continuation of the war, leading to over four more months of fighting, during which Paris was continuously besieged. With the city fully encircled, the Parisian garrison attempted three unsuccessful break-out attempts and German forces began a relatively ineffectual artillery bombardment campaign of the city in January 1871. In response to the poor results of the artillery bombardment, the Prussians brought forth large-caliber Krupp heavy siege artillery to attack the city beginning 25 January 1871. With the renewed artillery attack and an increasingly starving and ill Parisian population and garrison, the Government of National Defense would conclude armistice negotiations with the North German Confederation on 28 January 1871. While the armistice led to food shipments being immediately permitted into the city, the capture of their capital city and the disaster of the war itself would have a long-lasting impact on the French populace, Franco-German relations, and Europe as a whole. French defeat in the war would directly lead to a victorious North German Confederation unifying with still-independent South German states and declaring the German Empire as well as a disgruntled and radicalized Parisian population taking control of Paris and forming the Paris Commune.

Background
As early as August 1870, the Prussian 3rd Army led by Crown Prince Frederick of Prussia (the future Frederick III, German Emperor), had been marching towards Paris. A French force accompanied by Napoleon III was deployed to aid the army encircled by Prussians at the Siege of Metz. This force were crushed at the Battle of Sedan, and the road to Paris was left open. Personally leading the Prussian forces, King William I of Prussia, along with his chief of staff Helmuth von Moltke, took the 3rd Army and the new Prussian Army of the Meuse under Albert, Crown Prince of Saxony, and marched on Paris virtually unopposed. In Paris, the governor and commander-in-chief of the city's defenses, General Louis Jules Trochu, assembled a force of 60,000 regular soldiers who had managed to escape from Sedan under Joseph Vinoy or who were gathered from depot troops. Together with 90,000 Mobiles (Territorials), a brigade of 13,000 naval seamen and 350,000 National Guards, the potential defenders of Paris totaled around 513,000. The compulsorily enrolled National Guards were, however, untrained. They had 2,150 cannon plus 350 in reserve, and 8,000,000 kg of gunpowder.

The French had expected the war to be fought mainly on German soil; it was not until the defeats at Spicheren and Frœschwiller that the authorities began to take serious action in organizing the defenses of Paris. A committee under the leadership of Marshal Vaillant was formed and given a budget of 12 million francs to strengthen the defenses. Barriers were put up around the city, 12,000 workers employed to dig earthworks, a barrage placed across the Seine, and select approaches to the city laid with electrically-triggered mines. Forests and houses were cleared to improve the firing sight lines, roads were torn up, and railroad and road entrances to the city blocked. The Paris Catacombs were sealed off, along with certain quarries and excavations outside the city to deny an entry-point to the Prussians.

The authorities in Paris also attended to provisions and took steps to stockpile cereals, salted meat, and preserves for the population. Much of this was stored in the Opéra Garnier. The Bois de Boulogne and Luxembourg Gardens were packed with livestock – the former received some 250,000 sheep and 40,000 oxen. The government believed it had enough flour and wheat to last for 80 days, more than enough based on the assumption, then prevalent, that the siege would be relatively brief.

Siege
The Prussian armies quickly reached Paris, and on 15 September Moltke issued orders for the investment of the city. Crown Prince Albert's army closed in on Paris from the north unopposed, while Crown Prince Frederick moved in from the south. On 17 September a force under Vinoy attacked Frederick's army near Villeneuve-Saint-Georges in an effort to save a supply depot there, but it was eventually driven back by artillery fire. The railroad to Orléans was cut, and on the 18th Versailles was taken, and then served as the 3rd Army's and eventually Wilhelm's headquarters. By 19 September the encirclement was complete, and the siege officially began. Responsible for the direction of the siege was General (later Field Marshal) Leonhard von Blumenthal.

Prussia's chancellor Otto von Bismarck suggested shelling Paris to ensure the city's quick surrender and render all French efforts to free the city pointless, but the German high command, headed by the king of Prussia, turned down the proposal on the insistence of General von Blumenthal, on the grounds that a bombardment would affect civilians, violate the rules of engagement, and turn the opinion of third parties against the Germans, without speeding up the final victory.

It was also contended that a quick French surrender would leave the new French armies undefeated and allow France to renew the war shortly after. The new French armies would have to be annihilated first, and Paris would have to be starved into surrender.

Trochu had little faith in the ability of the National Guards, which made up half the force defending the city. So instead of making any significant attempt to prevent the investment by the Germans, Trochu hoped that Moltke would attempt to take the city by storm, and the French could then rely on the city's defenses. These consisted of the 33 km Thiers wall and a ring of sixteen detached forts, all of which had been built in the 1840s. Moltke never had any intention of attacking the city and this became clear shortly after the siege began. Trochu changed his plan and allowed Vinoy to make a demonstration against the Prussians west of the Seine. On 30 September Vinoy attacked Chevilly with 20,000 soldiers and was soundly repulsed by the 3rd Army. Then on 13 October the II Royal Bavarian Corps was driven from Châtillon but the French were forced to retire in face of Prussian artillery.

General Carey de Bellemare commanded the strongest fortress north of Paris at Saint Denis.

On 29 October de Bellemare attacked the Prussian Guard at Le Bourget without orders, and took the town. The Guard actually had little interest in recapturing their positions at Le Bourget, but Crown Prince Albert ordered the city retaken anyway. In the Battle of Le Bourget the Prussian Guards succeeded in retaking the city and captured 1,200 French soldiers. Upon hearing of the French surrender at Metz and the defeat at Le Bourget, morale in Paris began to sink. The people of Paris were beginning to suffer from the effects of the German blockade. On 31 October, the day the government confirmed the surrender of Metz and one day after Le Bourget's recapture was announced, an angry mob besieged and invaded the Hôtel de Ville, taking Trochu and his cabinet hostage. The insurgent leaders (Gustave Flourens, Louis Charles Delescluze, Louis Auguste Blanqui among them) attempted to depose Trochu's government and form a new one led by themselves, but they could not come to an agreement. In the meantime, battalions of loyal National Guards led by Jules Ferry and a detachment of Mobiles headed by the Prefect of Police, Edmond Adam, prepared to retake the building. Negotiations between the two sides concluded with a peaceful evacuation of the building by the insurgents early in the morning of November 1, and the release of the hostages. Despite promising no reprisals against the revolutionaries, the Government was swift to arrest and imprison 22 of the leaders, which further embittered the left-wing of Paris.

Hoping to boost morale on 30 November Trochu launched the largest attack from Paris even though he had little hope of achieving a breakthrough. Nevertheless, he sent Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot with 80,000 soldiers against the Prussians at Champigny, Créteil and Villiers. In what became known as the Battle of Villiers the French succeeded in capturing and holding a position at Créteil and Champigny. By 2 December the XIII (Royal Württemberg) Corps had driven Ducrot back into the defenses and the battle was over by 3 December.

On 21 December, French forces attempted another breakout at Le Bourget, in the hopes of meeting up with General Louis Faidherbe's army. Trochu and Ducrot had been encouraged by Faidherbe's capture on 9 December of Ham, around 65 miles from Paris. The weather was extremely cold, and the well-installed, well-concealed Prussian artillery inflicted heavy casualties on the advancing French. Soldiers camped overnight with no fuel for warmth, as the temperature fell to 7°F (−14°C). There were over 900 cases of frostbite, and 2,000 casualties on the French side. On the Prussian side, there were less than 500 dead.

On 19 January a final breakout attempt was aimed at the Château of Buzenval in Rueil-Malmaison near the Prussian Headquarters, west of Paris. The crown prince easily repulsed the attack inflicting over 4,000 casualties while suffering just over 600. Trochu resigned as governor and left General Joseph Vinoy with 146,000 defenders.

During the winter, tensions began to arise in the Prussian high command. Field-Marshal Helmuth von Moltke and General Leonhard, Count von Blumenthal, who commanded the siege, were primarily concerned with a methodical siege that would destroy the detached forts around the city and slowly strangle the defending forces with a minimum of German casualties.

But as time wore on, there was growing concern that a prolonged war was placing too much strain on the German economy and that an extended siege would convince the French Government of National Defense that Prussia could still be beaten. A prolonged campaign would also allow France time to reconstitute a new army and convince neutral powers to enter the war against Prussia. To Bismarck, Paris was the key to breaking the power of the intransigent republican leaders of France, ending the war in a timely manner, and securing peace terms favourable to Prussia. Moltke was also worried that insufficient winter supplies were reaching the German armies investing the city, as diseases such as tuberculosis were breaking out amongst the besieging soldiers. In addition, the siege operations competed with the demands of the ongoing Loire Campaign against the remaining French field armies.

Air medical transport is often stated to have first occurred in 1870 during the siege of Paris when 160 wounded French soldiers were evacuated from the city by hot-air balloon, but this myth has been definitively disproven by full review of the crew and passenger records of each balloon which left Paris during the siege.

During the siege, the only head of diplomatic mission from a major power who remained in Paris was United States Minister to France, Elihu B. Washburne. As a representative of a neutral country, Washburne was able to play a unique role in the conflict, becoming one of the few channels of communication into and out of the city for much of the siege. He also led the way in providing humanitarian relief to foreign nationals, including ethnic Germans.

Food & fuel shortages
As the siege wore on, food supplies dwindled, and prices skyrocketed. The authorities instituted price controls on certain staple foods at the beginning of the siege, but these were rendered ineffective by a lack of enforcement and the rampant black market in the city. Until mid-October there was no rationing of any kind, and afterwards only meat was subject to rationing (bread was rationed at the very end of the siege). There were also no attempts to limit hoarding and speculation. Many of the wealthier residents were well-placed to weather the siege since they had put aside stores of food before it began. Infant mortality soared because of the lack of fresh milk. Poor women and their children suffered the most of anybody. Their husbands had the relative advantage of their 1.50 francs per day National Guard pay, "little enough of which reached their wives", and the fact that they were occupied, because "anyone who was occupied – even the National Guardsman warming himself in the bistro while his wife queued for food – had a better chance of survival."

Parisians turned first to horses in early-October to supplement their dwindling supplies of fresh meat. By mid-November, fresh meat had truly run out in the city, and butchers began offering dog and cat meat. People also turned to rats for meat, although the numbers of rats consumed was relatively low due to fear of disease, and the expense of preparing rat meat in order to make it edible. Once the supply of those animals ran low, the citizens of Paris turned on the zoo animals residing at Jardin des plantes. Even Castor and Pollux, the only pair of elephants in Paris, were slaughtered for their meat.

A Latin Quarter menu contemporary with the siege reads in part:
 * * Consommé de cheval au millet. (horse)
 * * Brochettes de foie de chien à la maître d'hôtel. (dog)
 * * Emincé de rable de chat. Sauce mayonnaise. (cat)
 * * Epaules et filets de chien braisés. Sauce aux tomates. (dog)
 * * Civet de chat aux champignons. (cat)
 * * Côtelettes de chien aux petits pois. (dog)
 * * Salamis de rats. Sauce Robert. (rats)
 * * Gigots de chien flanqués de ratons. Sauce poivrade. (dog, rats)
 * * Begonias au jus. (flowers)
 * * Plum-pudding au rhum et à la Moelle de Cheval. (horse)

The increasing hunger of the Parisians coincided with bitterly cold winter weather and a dire lack of fuel for heat. Coal gas, because of its essential use for the balloons, was strictly rationed and mostly replaced by oil. On November 25, oil itself was requisitioned. This left people reliant on increasingly scarce supplies of wood. By late-December, the inhabitants of working-class Belleville were so desperate for wood they had felled the street trees of their neighborhoods and were moving into the wealthier areas of western Paris, cutting down trees along the Champs Élysées and Avenue Foch. By January, 3,000–4,000 people were dying per week from the effects of cold and hunger. There were sharp rises in cases of smallpox, typhoid, and especially pneumonia. Typhoid came because the siege forced Parisians to turn to the Seine for much of their drinking water.

Bombardment
In January, on Bismarck's advice, the Germans fired some 12,000 shells into the city over 23 nights in an attempt to break Parisian morale. The attack on the city itself was preceded by the bombardment of the southern forts from the Châtillon Heights on 5 January. That day, the guns of forts Issy and Vanves were silenced by a relentless barrage, allowing the Prussian artillery to be moved up to 750 yards closer to Paris. This made a crucial difference, as from their previous position the guns were only capable of reaching the fringes of the city. The first shells fell on the Left Bank that same day.

Prussian artillerymen aimed their guns at the highest angles possible and increased the charges to obtain unprecedented ranges. Even so, although shells reached the Pont Notre-Dame and the Île Saint-Louis, none made it to the Right Bank. Up to 20,000 refugees fled the Left Bank, putting a further strain on the already overburdened food supplies of the Right Bank arrondissements. The domes of the Panthéon and the Invalides were frequent targets of the artillerymen, and the vicinities of those buildings were particularly damaged as a result. Shells also struck the Salpetrière Hospital and the Théâtre de l'Odéon (then being used as a hospital), leading some to believe that the Prussians were deliberately targeting hospitals. Moltke, in response to a complaint on this matter from Trochu, responded that he hoped to soon move the artillery closer so that his gunners could better identify the Red Cross flags.

About 400 perished or were wounded by the bombardment which, "had little effect on the spirit of resistance in Paris." Delescluze declared, "The Frenchmen of 1870 are the sons of those Gauls for whom battles were holidays." In actuality, the level of destruction fell short of what the Prussians had expected. The shells often caused little damage to the buildings they struck, and many fell in open spaces away from people. An English observer, Edwin Child, wrote that he "Became more and more convinced of the impossibility of effectually bombarding Paris, the houses being built of such solid blocks of stone that they could only be destroyed piecemeal. One bomb simply displaces one stone, in spite of their enormous weight..."

Armistice and surrender
On 25 January 1871, Wilhelm I overruled Moltke and ordered the field-marshal to consult with Bismarck for all future operations. Bismarck immediately ordered the city to be bombarded with large-caliber Krupp siege guns. This prompted the city's surrender on 28 January 1871.

Secret armistice discussions began on January 23, 1871 and continued at Versailles between Jules Favre and Bismarck until the 27th. On the French side there was concern that the National Guard would rebel when news of the capitulation became public. Bismarck's advice was to "provoke an uprising, then, while you still have an army with which to suppress it". The final terms agreed on were that the French regular troops (less one division) would be disarmed, Paris would pay an indemnity of two hundred million francs, and the fortifications around the perimeter of the city would be surrendered. In return the armistice was extended until February 19.

Food supplies from the provinces, as well as shiploads from Britain and the United States, began to enter the starving city almost immediately. Britain sent ships from the Royal Navy loaded with Army food provisions, while private organizations like the Lord Mayor's Relief Fund and the London Relief Committee made significant donations. According to the British representative responsible for distributing the foodstuffs, at the beginning of February the London Relief Committee donated "nearly 10,000 tons of flour, 450 tons of rice, 900 tons of biscuits, 360 tons of fish, and nearly 4,000 tons of fuel, with about 7,000 head of livestock". The United States sent around $2 million worth of food, but much of it was held up at the port of Le Havre because of a shortage of workers for unloading the ships. The arrival of the first British convoy of food at Les Halles sparked a riot and pillaging, "while for seven hours the police seemed powerless to intervene". Thirty thousand Prussian, Bavarian and Saxon troops held a brief victory parade in Paris on March 1, 1871 and Bismarck honored the armistice by sending trainloads of food into the city. The German troops departed after two days to take up temporary encampments to the east of the city, to be withdrawn from there when France paid the agreed war indemnity. While Parisians scrubbed the streets "polluted" by the triumphal entry, no serious incidents occurred during the short and symbolic occupation of the city. This was in part because the Germans had avoided areas such as Belleville, where hostility was reportedly high.

Air mail

Balloon mail was the only means by which communications from the besieged city could reach the rest of France. The use of balloons to carry mail was first proposed by the photographer and balloonist Felix Nadar, who had established the grandiosely titled No. 1 Compagnie des Aérostatiers, with a single balloon, the Neptune, at its disposal, to perform tethered ascents for observation purposes. However the Prussian encirclement of the city made this pointless, and on 17 September Nadar wrote to the Council for the Defence of Paris proposing the use of balloons for communication with the outside world: a similar proposal had also been made by the balloonist Eugène Godard.

The first balloon launch was carried out on 23 September, using the Neptune, and carried 125 kg of mail in addition to the pilot. After a three-hour flight it landed at Craconville 83 km from Paris. Following this success a regular mail service was established, with a rate of 20 centimes per letter. Two workshops to manufacture balloons were set up, one under the direction of Nadar in the Elysée-Montmartre dance-hall (later moved to the Gare du Nord), and the other under the direction of Godard in the Gare d'Orleans. Around 66 balloon flights were made, including one that accidentally set a world distance record by ending up in Norway. The vast majority of these succeeded: only five were captured by the Prussians, and three went missing, presumably coming down in the Atlantic or Irish Sea. The number of letters carried has been estimated at around 2.5 million.

Some balloons also carried passengers in addition to the cargo of mail, most notably Léon Gambetta, the minister for War in the new government, who was flown out of Paris on 7 October. The balloons also carried homing pigeons out of Paris to be used for pigeon post. This was the only means by which communications from the rest of France could reach the besieged city. A specially laid telegraph cable on the bed of the Seine had been discovered and cut by the Prussians on 27 September, couriers attempting to make their way through the German lines were almost all intercepted, and although other methods were tried, including attempts to use balloons, dogs, and message canisters floated down the Seine, these were all unsuccessful. The pigeons were taken to their base, first at Tours and later at Poitiers, and when they had been fed and rested were ready for the return journey. Tours lies some 200 km from Paris and Poitiers some 300 km distant. Before release, they were loaded with their dispatches. Initially the pigeon post was only used for official communications but on 4 November the government announced that members of the public could send messages, these being limited to twenty words at a charge of 50 centimes per word.

These were then copied onto sheets of cardboard and photographed by a M. Barreswille, a photographer based in Tours. Each sheet contained 150 messages and was reproduced as a print about 40 by in size: each pigeon could carry nine of these. The photographic process was further refined by René Dagron to allow more to be carried: Dagron, with his equipment, was flown out of Paris on 12 November in the aptly named Niépce,  narrowly escaping capture by the Prussians. The photographic process allowed multiple copies of the messages to be sent, so that although only 57 of the 360 pigeons released reached Paris more than 60,000 of the 95,000 messages sent were delivered. (some sources give a considerably higher figure of around 150,000 official and 1 million private communications, but this figure is arrived at by counting all copies of each message.)

Aftermath

Late in the siege, William I was proclaimed German Emperor on 18 January 1871 at the Palace of Versailles. The kingdoms of Bavaria, Württemberg, and Saxony, the states of Baden and Hesse, and the free cities of Hamburg and Bremen were unified with the North German Confederation to create the German Empire. The preliminary peace treaty was signed at Versailles, and the final peace treaty, the Treaty of Frankfurt, was signed on 10 May 1871. Otto von Bismarck was able to secure Alsace-Lorraine as part of the German Empire.

The continued presence of German troops outside the city angered Parisians. Further resentment arose against the French government, and in March 1871 Parisian workers and members of the National Guard rebelled and established the Paris Commune, a radical socialist government, which lasted through late May of that year.

In popular culture
Empires of Sand by David W. Ball (Bantam Dell, 1999) is a novel in two parts, the first of which is set during the Franco-Prussian war, more particularly the Siege of Paris during the winter of 1870–71. Key elements of the siege, including the hot-air balloons used for reconnaissance and messages, the tunnels beneath the city, the starvation and the cold, combine to render a vivid impression of war-time Paris before its surrender.

The Old Wives' Tale by Arnold Bennett is a novel which follows the fortunes of two sisters, Constance and Sophia Baines. The latter runs away to make a disastrous marriage in France, where after being abandoned by her husband, she lives through the Siege of Paris and the Commune.

The King in Yellow, a short story collection by Robert W. Chambers, published in 1895, includes a story titled "The Street of the First Shell" which takes place over a few days of the siege.

title: Siege of Paris (1870–1871)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ozzfest

Ozzfest
Article currently reads like a giant advertisement for the tour. No content except 2004 lineup, and 2 line history on tour. I say delete unless given a SERIOUS overhaul. Alkivar 05:00, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Ozzfest is as notable as Lollapalooza, Oregon Shakespeare Festival, the Renaissance Fair, Montreux Jazz Festival, Montreal Jazz Festival and Woodstock.-Viriditas | Talk 03:42, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ozzfest


text:
User talk:Cymor

This article should be expanded to include mention of tasty, tasty sandwiches and tacos. I like sandwiches, nearly as much as I like tacos. Mrzaius 05:04, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * $$X=T*A*C*O*/7!+(T*A*C*O)$$.

title: User talk:Cymor


text:
Norris Cotton

Norris Henry Cotton (May 11, 1900 – February 24, 1989) was an American politician from the state of New Hampshire. A member of the Republican Party, he served as a U.S. Representative and subsequently as a U.S. Senator.

Early life
Cotton was born on a farm in Warren, New Hampshire, and was educated at Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire and Wesleyan University in Connecticut. He was the son of Henry Lang and Elizabeth (née Moses) Cotton. While in college, he served as a clerk to the New Hampshire State Senate. He also served as a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives in 1923 as one of the youngest legislators in history. He became a lawyer after attending George Washington University Law School and practiced law in Lebanon, New Hampshire.

Career
Cotton was elected to the New Hampshire House of Representatives again in 1943, and served as majority leader that year and as Speaker from 1945 to 1947.

In 1946, Cotton was elected to the United States House of Representatives from New Hampshire's 2nd congressional district for the first time. He served until 1954, when he ran for a seat in the United States Senate from New Hampshire in a special election to fill the vacancy caused by the death of incumbent Senator Charles W. Tobey. He was elected to a full term in 1956, reelected twice and served in the Senate until 1975.

Cotton voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1960, and 1968, as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the confirmation of Thurgood Marshall to the U.S. Supreme Court, but against the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965. Cotton was the only New England senator do so. Cotton was one of thirteen Republican senators to vote in favor of Medicare. He was a prominent leader of his party in the Senate, chairing the Senate Republican Conference from 1973 to 1975. He did not run for reelection in 1974. Three days before his final term ran out, Cotton resigned to allow the governor to appoint Louis C. Wyman.

Cotton returned to the Senate in August 1975 after the election of his successor was contested. The closest Senate election in history, it went through two recounts at the state level, followed by protracted debate on the Senate floor, until both candidates agreed to a special election. Cotton served as a temporary senator until the September 1975 special election, the result of which was not challenged; Cotton returned to Lebanon, New Hampshire. Cotton was the last senator to return to the senate via appointment for 43 years until Arizona's former Senator Jon Kyl was appointed by Governor Doug Ducey in 2018 following the death of Senator John McCain.

Death and legacy
Cotton died on February 24, 1989, in Lebanon, aged 88. He is interred at School Street Cemetery in Lebanon.

The Norris Cotton Cancer Center at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center in Lebanon is named for him, and a federal building in Manchester also bears his name. There is a New Hampshire historical marker (number 231) in Warren, unveiled in 2012, which says that his rise from humble beginnings "embodied an American way of life."

Family life
He had a daughter, Mary Martha Ballou, on February 15, 1925. He married Ruth Isaacs on May 11, 1927. They had no children. Ruth died in 1978 and he married his housekeeper, Eleanor Coolidge Brown, in 1980.

title: Norris Cotton