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Maneuverable reentry vehicle

The maneuverable reentry vehicle (abbreviated MARV or MaRV) is a type of warhead for ballistic missiles that is capable of maneuvering and changing its trajectory.

There are two general reasons to use MARV. One is to make it more difficult to track the reentry vehicle (RV) and thereby make it more difficult to attack as it approaches its target. This was particularly useful against early anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems which took seconds to calculate an interception course. Making random trajectory changes could render these systems useless. This class of MARV is sometimes known as evading MaRVs.

The other is to improve accuracy or track moving targets using terminal guidance systems that can act only during the last stages of the flight. This class is sometimes known as accuracy MaRVs. In this case, it is the short range of the active guidance system that demands the RV be able to maneuver, as is the base in the Pershing II active radar homing system. The same systems may also be used to track moving targets like aircraft carriers, which move far enough between launch and approach that there is no way to predict their location and active terminal guidance must be used.

Early work
The development of the Soviet A-35 anti-ballistic missile system (ABM) system led to work in the United States to consider ways to defeat it. The tri-service Advanced Strategic Missile Systems office was formed to study the problem, and several possibilities were immediately evident.

One was the use skip-glide reentry to extend the range of the reentry vehicle (RV) while flying at lower altitude, which would make it much more difficult to track at the long distances needed for a successful interception. A similar approach was to use air-launched ballistic missiles, which flew much shorter distances and much lower altitudes. Another was to add various decoys and radar countermeasures to make the ABM systems fail to track the RV among the decoys, or in a similar way, to use MIRV systems to increase the number of targets beyond what the ABM system might handle.

Maneuvering RVs are another solution to the problem. The radars, and especially computers, of the era took many seconds to calculate the trajectory of the descending RV, the trajectory of the ascending ABM, the chosen collision point, and to send that information to the ABM to adjust its flight path. If the RV maneuvered continually during the time it was within range of the ABM, the guidance system would never calculate a successful interception course. The only solution would be to launch multiple ABMs in a pattern that covered all of the possible approaches to the target, which could require dozens of ABMs per attacking RV.

Work on MARV was carried out continually through the 1960s, but ultimately not put into use on the US ICBM fleet as the signing of the ABM Treaty mooted the need for anything more advanced than MIRV and decoys.

Mk. 500
Interest in evading MARV grew in the late 1970s as part of the wider debate on nuclear warfighting policy. This led the US Navy to develop a simple MARV for their Trident I SLBM, the Mk. 500, or "Evader". This was a simple modification to the existing RV, which "bent" the nose of the RV slightly to the side. This created aerodynamic lift in a single direction, but the RV's overall direction could be controlled by rolling the RV around its long axis. During the terminal approach, the Mk. 500 would continually roll in different directions to create a random path.

Mk. 500 was designed to be simple, and had a number of known problems. One was that it could not fly a straight path and that meant it had to calculate an approach where all of its maneuvers brought it to its target. Another was that the maneuvers were constant gee, so as it approached the target the area in which it might move continually shrunk. Finally, as it was constantly generating lift, it was slowing more rapidly than a non-maneuvering RV. This not only reduced the amount of lift it generated as it slowed, it also greatly reduced its terminal speed, both of which opened it to attack by very fast interceptors attacking at very short range.

Sandia Winged Energetic Reentry Vehicle Experiment (SWERVE)
SWERVE started in the 1970s and culminated with a successful flight test in 1985, which demonstrated a sophisticated maneuvering reentry vehicle technology and paved the way for the Advanced Hypersonic Weapon program's Alternate Re-Entry System in the early 2010s, which was later developed into the Common-Hypersonic Glide Body hypersonic glide vehicle.

Advanced Maneuverable Reentry Vehicle

The Advanced Maneuverable Reentry Vehicle (AMaRV) was a prototype MARV built by McDonnell Douglas. Four AMaRVs were made and represented a significant leap in reentry vehicle sophistication. Three of the AMaRVs were launched by Minuteman-1 ICBMs on 20 December 1979, 8 October 1980 and 4 October 1981. AMaRV had an entry mass of approximately 470 kg, a nose radius of 2.34 cm, a forward frustum half-angle of 10.4°, an inter-frustum radius of 14.6 cm, aft frustum half angle of 6°, and an axial length of 2.079 meters.

The design was essentially a conical RV with a slice cut off one side to form a flat surface. A small triangular prism was placed at the aft end of this flat area. The prism was split into two halves, left and right, to form two flaps, sometimes referred to as a "split-windward flap". To pitch the vehicle, the flaps were both raised into the airstream and caused the nose to move in the opposite direction and thereby produce lift opposite to the direction of flap movement. The RV was rotated by raising one flap while lowering the other.

AMaRV had numerous advantages over Mk. 500. It did not have to maneuver at all times, and had fine control over the maneuvers it performed. As it could avoid maneuvers during the initial reentry, it would retain energy and thus be able to maintain powerful maneuvers at lower altitudes, while also travelling faster overall. It was "difficult to conceive of an endoatmospheric ABM which could defend against AMaRV-type vehicles at reasonable cost."

The disadvantage of AMaRV was that it was very heavy, too heavy to be carried on Trident I. While it could be carried on Minuteman and MX, doing so would limit the number of RVs carried, which might result in fewer RVs reaching their targets even if they did evade ABMs that non-maneuvering RVs did not.

MARV-capable missiles

 * 🇨🇳 China:
 * DF-15B (active)
 * DF-21D (active)

 * 🇮🇳 India:
 * Agni-II (active)
 * Agni-P (tested)

 * 🇮🇷 Iran
 * Emad (active)
 * Kheibar Shekan (active)
 * Fattah (tested)

 * 🇰🇵 North Korea:
 * KN-18 (tested, status unknown)

 * 🇵🇰 Pakistan:
 * Shaheen-II (active)
 * Ghaznavi (active)

 * 🇰🇷 South Korea:
 * Hyunmoo-2C (active)

 * Soviet Union:
 * R-27K (retired)

 * 🇺🇸 United States:
 * Pershing II (retired)

title: Maneuverable reentry vehicle


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Talk:List of Marvel Comics people

Scope
What is the intended scope of this list? Obviously we're not going to list everyone who's ever worked on a Marvel Comic. Obviously all the Editors-in-Chief are important, as are Stan and Jack. The inclusion of Frank Miller and Todd McFarlane seems to indicate that we're also including at least those writers & artists who contributed significantly to the history of Marvel. What about somebody like Howard Mackie or Sergio Aragonés? Chuck Austen? James Owsley/Christopher Priest (incidentally, how do we name him? Born James Owsley [and worked in comics under that name], now goes by Christopher Priest, although there's also a science fiction writer named Christopher Priest. I suppose we'll have to disambiguate him, as well as Ralph Macchio (The Karate Kid)/Ralph Macchio (comics)]. -leigh (φθόγγος) 00:34, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)

This is a problemmatic and duplicative list. Much the same material appears at List of comic creators (which includes both those who have created characters or comics, and well-known writers/artists who are "comic book creators" in a more general sense. Should not this list be merged with the other? --Tenebrae, Sept. 8, 2005, 6:31PM

 * I don't know whether or not this list is useful or necessary. But while it's here, I propose that it be limited to former Marvel employees (freelance or staff) with sufficient notoriety to already have a Wikipedia page. So Howard Mackie is in, as are Archie Goodwin, Steve Buccellato, and David Wohl.  I just added all of those, as they're the missing names that came to mind as I viewed the list.  I'm sure there are many more to add.  But I think we should remove Annette Kawecki, Pauline Loth, Lisa Patrick, and Christie Scheele, since none of them have Wikipedia pages. -- Miketsu (talk) 22:54, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:List of Marvel Comics people


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Smith & Smith

Smith & Smith is a Canadian sketch comedy series, which aired from 1979 to 1986 on Hamilton, Ontario's CHCH-TV, and through syndication on other Canadian television stations. The show starred the husband and wife comedy duo of Steve Smith and Morag Smith.

Recurring sketches included a judge, played by Morag, while Steve's characters included William Shakespeare and a preacher. Sketches also included "The Kids' Show", a Polka Dot Door parody in which the hosts constantly bickered and insulted each other, and a sketch set in a bakery, in which Morag played the male front counter attendant and Steve played the female baker. Each show also included a humorous musical number, performed in costume, focusing on a famous couple in history, as well as a mailbag segment.

The show took a one-year hiatus in 1985, during which the Smiths and their children Max and David starred in the family sitcom Me & Max. After that show ended its run, Steve and Morag revived Smith & Smith under the new title The Comedy Mill, adding several supporting cast members to the new show. In 1991, Morag retired from performing and Steve launched his most famous series, The Red Green Show. Red Green was originally created as a recurring character on Smith & Smith.

Smith & Smith has aired in reruns on TV Land Canada.

Band members during the Smith & Smith series included Paul Benton (piano), Bob Doidge (bass), Bob McLaren (drums), Bernie LaBarge (guitar), Leo Sullivan (sax), and Steve McDade (trumpet). The music tracks were recorded at Grant Ave. Studio in Hamilton, Ontario.

title: Smith & Smith


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REFSMMAT

REFSMMAT is a term used by guidance, navigation, and control system flight controllers during the Apollo program, which carried over into the Space Shuttle program. REFSMMAT stands for "Reference to Stable Member Matrix". It is a numerical definition of a fixed orientation in space and is usually (but not always) defined with respect to the stars. It was used by the Apollo Primary Guidance, Navigation and Control System (PGNCS) as a reference to which the gimbal-mounted platform at its core should be oriented. Every operation within the spacecraft that required knowledge of direction was carried out with respect to the orientation of the guidance platform, itself aligned according to a particular REFSMMAT.

During an Apollo flight, the REFSMMAT being used, and therefore the orientation of the guidance platform, would change as operational needs required it, but never during a guidance process—that is, one REFSMMAT might be in use from launch through Trans-Lunar Injection, another from TLI to Midpoint, but would not change during the middle of a burn or set of maneuvers.

One consideration in choosing each respective REFSMMAT was to avoid taking the spacecraft near the gimbal lock zone of its Inertial Measurement Unit during any expected spacecraft maneuvers, since the exact orientation of the "forbidden" range of spacecraft attitudes would depend on the current REFSMMAT.

Additionally, it was considered good practice to have the spacecraft displays show some meaningful attitude value that would be easy to monitor during an important engine burn. Flight controllers at mission control in Houston would calculate what attitude the spacecraft had to be at for that burn and would devise a REFSMMAT that matched it in some way. Then, when it came time for the burn, if the spacecraft was in its correct attitude, the crew would see their 8-ball display a simple attitude that would be easy to interpret, allowing errors to be easily tracked and corrected.

In the hallowed halls of mission control, Captain Refsmmat was a Kilroy-type character, conceived as a joke spoken to a 'Flight Dynamics Branch' rookie by Flight Controller RETRO John Llewellyn, and first drawn by flight controller FIDO Ed Pavelka as the "ideal mission controller". 'Capt. Refsmmat' served during the Apollo and Skylab years as an aid to the esprit de corps within the mission control team.

title: REFSMMAT


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Age of candidacy

Age of candidacy is the minimum age at which a person can legally hold certain elected government offices. In many cases, it also determines the age at which a person may be eligible to stand for an election or be granted ballot access.

The first known example of a law enforcing age of candidacy was the Lex Villia Annalis, a Roman law enacted in 180 BCE which set the minimum ages for senatorial magistrates.

Controversies
Many youth rights groups view current age of candidacy requirements as unjustified age discrimination. Occasionally people who are younger than the minimum age will run for an office in protest of the requirement or because they do not know that the requirement exists. On extremely rare occasions, young people have been elected to offices they do not qualify for and have been deemed ineligible to assume the office.

In 1934, Rush Holt of West Virginia was elected to the Senate of the United States at the age of 29. Since the U.S. Constitution requires senators to be at least 30, Holt was forced to wait until his 30th birthday, six months after the start of the session, before being sworn in.

In 1954, Richard Fulton won election to the Tennessee Senate. Shortly after being sworn in, Fulton was ousted from office because he was 27 years old at the time. The Tennessee State Constitution required that senators be at least 30. Rather than hold a new election, the previous incumbent, Clifford Allen, was allowed to resume his office for another term. Fulton went on to win the next State Senate election in 1956 and was later elected to the U.S. House of Representatives where he served for 10 years.

In 1964, Congressman Jed Johnson Jr. of Oklahoma was elected to the 89th Congress in the 1964 election while still aged 24 years. However, he became eligible for the House after turning 25 on his birthday, 27 December 1964, seven days before his swearing in, making him the youngest legally elected and seated member of the United States Congress ever. In South Carolina, two Senators aged 24 were elected, but were too young according to the State Constitution: Mike Laughlin in 1969 and Bryan Dorn (later a U.S. congressman) in 1941. They were seated anyway.

On several occasions, the Socialist Workers Party (USA) has nominated candidates too young to qualify for the offices they were running for. In 1972, Linda Jenness ran as the SWP presidential candidate, although she was 31 at the time. Since the U.S. Constitution requires that the President and Vice President be at least 35 years old, Jenness was not able to receive ballot access in several states in which she otherwise qualified. Despite this handicap, Jenness still received 83,380 votes. In 2004, the SWP nominated Arrin Hawkins as the party's vice-presidential candidate, although she was 28 at the time. Hawkins was also unable to receive ballot access in several states due to her age.

Reform efforts
In the United States, many groups have attempted to lower age of candidacy requirements in various states. In 1994, South Dakota voters rejected a ballot measure that would have lowered the age requirements to serve as a State Senator or State Representative from 25 to 18. In 1998, however, they approved a similar ballot measure that reduced the age requirements for those offices from 25 to 21. In 2002, Oregon voters rejected a ballot measure that would have reduced the age requirement to serve as a State Representative from 21 to 18.

During the early 2000s, the British Youth Council and other groups successfully campaigned to lower age of candidacy requirements in the United Kingdom. The age of candidacy was reduced from 21 to 18 in England, Wales and Scotland on 1 January 2007, when section 17 of the Electoral Administration Act 2006 entered into force.

International standards
International electoral standards which are defined in the International Public Human Rights Law, allow restricting candidacy on the basis of age. The interpretation of the International Covenant for Civil and Political Rights offered by the United Nations Human Rights Committee in the General Comment 25 states "Any conditions which apply to the exercise of the rights protected by article 25 (of the ICCPR) should be based on objective and reasonable criteria. For example, it may be reasonable to require a higher age for election or appointment to particular offices than for exercising the right to vote, which should be available to every adult citizen."

Australia
In Australia a person must be aged 18 or over to stand for election to public office at federal, state or local government level.

The youngest ever member of the House of Representatives was 20-year-old Wyatt Roy elected in the 2010 federal election after the Electoral Act 1918 was amended (in 1973) to reduce the age of candidacy for that office from 21 to 18.

Austria
In Austria, a person must be 18 years of age or older to stand in elections to the European Parliament or National Council. The Diets of regional Länder are able to set a minimum age lower than 18 for to be in the polls in elections to the Diet itself as well as to municipal councils in the Land. In presidential elections the candidacy age is 35.

Belgium
Any Belgian who has reached the age of 18 years can stand for election for the Chamber of Representatives, can become a member of the Senate, or can be elected in one of the regional parliaments. This is regulated in the Constitution (Art. 64) and in the Special Law on the Reform of the Institutions.

Belize
According to the Constitution of Belize, a person must be at least 18 years old to be elected as a member of the House of Representatives and must be at least 30 to be Speaker of the House. A person must be at least 18 years old to be appointed to the Senate and must be at least 30 to be president or Vice-President of the Senate. As only members of the House of Representatives are eligible to be appointed Prime Minister, the Prime Minister must be at least 18 years old. A person must also be at least 18 years old to be elected to a village council.

Brazil
The Brazilian Constitution (Article 14, Section 3 (VI)) defines 35 years as the minimum age for someone to be elected president, Vice-President or Senator; 30 years for state Governor or Vice-Governor; 21 for Federal or State Deputy, Mayor or Vice-Mayor; and 18 for city Councilman.

Canada
In Canada, to be eligible to run for elected office (municipal, provincial, federal) one must be a minimum of 18 years or older on the day of the election. Prior to 1970, the age requirement was 21 along with the voting age.

However, to be appointed to the Senate (Upper House), one must be at least 30 years of age, must possess land worth at least $4,000 in the province for which they are appointed, and must own real and personal property worth at least $4,000, above their debts and liabilities.

In the province of Ontario, Sam Oosterhoff, a member of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario, was first elected at the age of 19 in a November 2016 by-election, the youngest Ontario MPP to ever be elected.

Pierre-Luc Dusseault (born May 31, 1991) is a Canadian politician who was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 2011 federal election at the age of 19, becoming the youngest Member of Parliament in the country's history. He was sworn into office two days after his 20th birthday. He was re-elected in 2015 but lost his seat in the 2019 Canadian federal election.

Central African Republic
Article 36 of the 2016 Constitution of the Central African Republic requires that candidates for President must "be aged thirty-five (35) years at least [on] the day of the deposit of the dossier of the candidature".

Chile
In Chile the minimum age required to be elected President of the Republic is 35 years on the day of the election. Before the 2005 reforms the requirement was 40 years, and from 1925 to 1981 it was 30 years. For senators it is 35 years (between 1981 and 2005 it was 40 years) and for deputies it is 21 years (between 1925 and 1970 it was 35 years).

China
In China the minimum age to be elected as president or vice-president is 45. All citizens who have reached the age of 18 have the right to vote and stand for election.

Cyprus
In Cyprus the minimum age to be elected president is 35 years. The minimum age to run for the House of Representatives was 25 years until the Constitution was amended in 2019 to lower the limit to 21.

Czech Republic
In the Czech Republic, a person must be at least 18-years-old to be elected in local elections. A person must be at least 21 years old to be elected to the lower house of the Czech Parliament or to the European Parliament and 40 years old to be a member of the upper house (Senate) of the Parliament or the President of the Czech Republic.

Denmark
In Denmark, any adult 18 years of age or older can become a candidate and be elected in any public election.

Estonia
In Estonia, any citizen 18 years of age or older can be elected in local elections, and 21 years or older in parliamentary elections. The minimum age for the President of Estonia is 40.

France
In France, any citizen 18 years of age or older can be elected to the lower house of Parliament, and 24 years or older for the Senate. The minimum age for the President of France is 18.

Germany
In Germany a citizen must be 18 or over to be elected at the national level, like the Chancellor, and this age to be elected at the regional or local level. A person must be 40 or over to be President.

Greece
In Greece, those aged 25 years old and over who hold Greek citizenship are eligible to stand and be elected to the Hellenic Parliament. All over 40 years old are eligible to stand for presidency.

Hong Kong
In Hong Kong a person must be at least 21 to be candidate in a district council or Legislative Council election. A person must be at least 40 to be candidate in the Chief Executive election, and also at least 40 to be candidate in the election for the President of the Legislative Council from among the members of the Legislative Council.

Iceland
For the office of President, any Icelandic citizen who has reached the age of 35 and fulfills the requirement necessary to vote in elections to the Althing is eligible to be elected president.

India
In India a person must be at least:
 * 35 to be the President or Vice President, Governor, and Lieutenant Governor of the states and union territories as specified in the Constitution of India
 * 30 to be a member of Rajya Sabha (the upper house of Parliament of India) and a State Legislative Council (the upper house of a State Legislature, in those states where the legislature is bicameral).
 * 25 to be the Prime Minister, Lok Sabha Speaker, Union Minister, Chief Minister, Assembly Speaker, and State Minister in the state governments. Additionally, to be a member of the Lok Sabha (the lower house of Parliament of India) and a State Legislative Assembly (the lower house or only house of a State Legislature in the states of India.)
 * 21 to be the Mayor, Chairperson, Head and a Member (Members are variously called Corporators/Councillors/Ward Members according to the type of their respective local bodies) of a Municipal Corporation, Municipal Council, Nagar Panchayat, District Council, Block Panchayat, and Gram Panchayat respectively.

Criticism has been on the rise to decrease the age of candidacy in India. Young India Foundation has been working on a campaign to decrease the age of candidacy in India for MPs and MLAs to better reflect the large young demographic of India.

Indonesia
In Indonesia a person must be at least:
 * 40 to be President or Vice President or has or is currently holding a position elected through general elections, including regional head elections as specified in the Constitution of Indonesia
 * 30 to be Governor or Lieutenant Governor, as specified in the 2004 Regional Government Act
 * 25 to be Regent, Vice Regent, Mayor, or Deputy Mayor, as specified in the 2004 Regional Government Act
 * 21 to be Senator or Representative in both national and local parliament, as specified in the 2008 Election Act

Israel
In Israel one must be at least 21 to become a member of the Knesset (Basic Law: The Knesset section 6(a)) or a municipality. When the Prime Minister was directly elected, one must have been a member of the Knesset who is at least 30 to be a candidate for Prime Minister. Every Israeli Citizen (including minors) can be appointed as a Government Minister, or elected as President of Israel, but the latter role is mostly ceremonial and elected by the Parliament.

Italy
In Italy, a person must be at least 50 to be President of the Republic, 40 to be a Senator, and 25 to be a Deputy, as specified in the 1947 Constitution of Italy. 18 years of age is sufficient, however, to be elected member of the Council of Regions, Provinces, and Municipalities (Communes).

Iran
In Iran a person must be at least 21 years old to run for president.

Iraq
The Iraqi constitution states that a person must be at least 40 years old to run for president and 35 years old to be Prime Minister. Until 2019, the electoral law set the age limit at 30 years old for candidates to run for the Council of Representatives. However, the new Iraqi Council of Representatives Election Law (passed in 2019, yet to be enacted) lowered the age limit to 28.

Ireland
The 1937 Constitution of Ireland requires the President to be at least 35 and members of the Oireachtas (legislature) to be 21. Members of the European Parliament for Ireland must also be 21. Members of local authorities must be 18, reduced from 21 in 1973. The 1922–1937 Constitution of the Irish Free State required TDs (members of the Dáil, lower house) to be 21, whereas Senators had to be 35 (reduced to 30 in 1928). The Thirty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 2015 proposed to lower the presidential age limit to 21. However, this proposal was rejected by 73% of the voters.

Japan
In Japan a person must be at least:
 * 25 to be the Member of parliament of the House of Representatives with Japanese nationality, to be the Member of metropolitan, prefecture, city, town, or village with valid vote rights, or to be the Mayor
 * 30 to be the Governor, or to be the Member of parliament of the House of Councillors with Japanese nationality. See also House of Peers (Japan).

Lithuania
In Lithuania a person must be at least:
 * 21 to be the Member of parliament of the Seimas with Lithuanian nationality.
 * 40 to be the President of Lithuania with Lithuanian nationality.

Luxembourg
In Luxembourg a person must be at least 18-years-old to stand as a candidate to be a member of the Chamber of Deputies, the country's unicameral national legislature.

Malaysia
In Malaysia a citizen shall be over 18 years of age to become a candidate and be elected to the Dewan Rakyat and Dewan Undangan Negeri, and a person shall be over 30 to be the Senator by constitution.

Mexico
In Mexico, a person must be at least 35 to be president, 25 to be a senator, or 21 to be a Congressional Deputy, as specified in the 1917 Constitution of Mexico.

Netherlands
In the Netherlands, any adult 18 years of age or older can become elected in any public election. To be a candidate the person has to reach this age during the time for which the elections are held.

New Zealand
In New Zealand the minimum age to be Prime Minister of New Zealand is 18 years old. Citizens and permanent residents who are enrolled as an elector are eligible to be a candidate for election as a Member of Parliament.

Nigeria
In Nigeria, a person must be at least 35 years of age to be elected President or Vice President, 35 to be a senator, 30 to be a State Governor, and 25 to be a Representative in parliament or Member of the States' House of Assembly.

North Korea
In North Korea, any person eligible to vote in elections to the Supreme People's Assembly is also eligible to stand for candidacy. The age for both voting and candidacy is 17.

Norway
In Norway, any adult, aged 18 or over within the calendar year, can become a candidate and be elected in any public election.

Palestine
Palestinian parliamentary candidates must be at least 28 years old, while the presidential candidates must be at least 40 years old.

Pakistan
In Pakistan, a person must be at least 45 years old to be President. A person must be at least 25 years old to be a member of the provincial assembly or national assembly.

Russia
In Russia a person must be at least 35 to run for president.

Singapore
In Singapore a person must be at least 45 years old to run for president. 21 year-olds can stand in parliamentary elections.

South Africa
Section 47, Clause 1 of the 1996 Constitution of South Africa states that "Every citizen who is qualified to vote for the National Assembly is eligible to be a member of the Assembly", defaulting to Section 46 which "provides for a minimum voting age of 18 years" in National Assembly elections; Sections 106 and 105 provide the same for provincial legislatures.

Spain
Spain has two legislative chambers of Parliament, a lower house and an upper house. These are the Congress of Deputies (lower house) and the Senate of Spain (upper house) respectively. The minimum age requirement to stand and to be elected to either house is 18 years of age.

Sweden
In Sweden, any citizen at least 18 years old, who resides, or who has resided in the realm can be elected to parliament. Citizens of Sweden, the European Union, Norway or Iceland aged 18 and over may be elected to county or municipal council. Citizens of other countries may also be elected to council, provided they have resided in the realm for at least three years.

Switzerland
In Switzerland, any citizen aged 18 or over can become a candidate and be elected in any federal election.

Taiwan
In the Republic of China (commonly known as Taiwan), the minimum age of candidacy is 23, unless otherwise specified in the Constitution or any relevant laws. The Civil Servants Election and Recall Act specifies that candidates for township, city, and indigenous district chiefs must be at least 26, and candidates for municipality, county, and city governors must be at least 30. The minimum age to be elected as president or vice-president is 40.

Tibet
The 14th Dalai Lama was enthroned at the age of 4, and none of his predecessors have been enthroned before age 4. The coming of age for the Dalai Lama is 18, when responsibilities are assumed.

Turkey
The 1876 constitution set the age for parliamentary elections as 30. This remained unchanged until 13 October 2006, when it was lowered to 25 through a constitutional amendment. In 2017, it was further lowered to 18, the same as the voting age. In presidential elections the candidacy age is 40.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, a person must be aged 18 or over to stand in elections to all parliaments, assemblies, and councils within the UK, devolved, or local level. This age requirement also applies in elections to any individual elective public office; the main example is that of an elected mayor, whether of London or a local authority. There are no higher age requirements for particular positions in public office. Candidates are required to be aged 18 on both the day of nomination and the day of the poll. This was reduced from 21 by the Electoral Administration Act 2006.

United States
In the United States, a person must be aged 35 or over to serve as president. To be a senator, a person must be aged 30 or over. To be a Representative, a person must be aged 25 or older. This is specified in the U.S. Constitution. Most states in the U.S. also have age requirements for the offices of Governor, State Senator, and State Representative. Some states have a minimum age requirement to hold any elected office (usually 21 or 18).

Venezuela
In Venezuela, a person must be at least 30 to be President or Vice President, 21 to be a deputy for the National Assembly and 25 to be the Governor of a state.

Comparison chart

Dashes indicate that the position or house does not exist in that particular country, such as countries that are unicameral.

title: Age of candidacy


text:
Harvest Moon: A Wonderful Life

Harvest Moon: A Wonderful Life (牧場物語～ワンダフルライフ) is a video game that was released in Japan in September 2003 and March 2004 in North America for the GameCube. It was developed and published by Marvelous Interactive, and is part of the long-running Story of Seasons series of video games. The GameCube version offers connectivity with the Game Boy Advance game, Harvest Moon: Friends of Mineral Town. A special edition version titled "A Wonderful Life Special Edition" was released on the PlayStation 2 in Japan in 2004 and North America in 2005. It was later re-released on the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 with improvements upon lag issues stemming from the PlayStation 2 port. Harvest Moon: Another Wonderful Life, the girl version of Harvest Moon: A Wonderful Life, was released for the GameCube outside Japan in July 2005.

A remake, titled Story of Seasons: A Wonderful Life, was released for the Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 5, Windows, and Xbox Series X/S, on June 27, 2023.

Gameplay
The player starts the game with one cow, and can later acquire additional, higher-quality cattle as well as sheep, chickens, and a horse. The cow will stop producing milk after 40 days, and will have to be impregnated for her to continue making milk. In addition to these traditional Harvest Moon animals, this is the first game in the series to feature ducks and a goat.

The player starts the game with a dog, and has the choice of floppy or pointed ears. Later in the game, the player may receive a cat from Romana. Seen in the wilderness are a tanuki, a lizard, and a turtle, as well as a chihuahua that appears to be a pet at the dig site.

Also notable is the Mukumuku, who resembles an abominable snowman. The Mukumuku can only be seen during Winter near the tree in which the Harvest Sprites live, and the surrounding area commonly referred to as "the forest."

The player's farm has three fields, with varying levels of fertility. Plants must be watered more than once per day and nourished with fertilizer to obtain high-quality fruits and vegetables. Each crop has its ideal growing season, and will do poorly if planted at the wrong time of year. To obtain the highest quality crops and seeds, the player must water and fertilize the crops every day.

The game offers a variety of crops and trees, and offers the ability to create hybrid crops. The player can do this by feeding any two different seeds or crops to a talking plant, Tartan, who appears after befriending Takakura and visiting him in the morning, from Chapter 2 onwards.

This is the first Harvest Moon game in which the player not only has a child after marriage, but the child ages to adulthood as well. The player's son will look similar to their wife, and have a unique set of interests and talents. The child's developing personality may be influenced by taking him places, introducing him to people, and giving him gifts related to various fields. At the end of the game, the (now adult) son will choose one of seven possible careers: farmer, rancher, musician, artist, scholar, athlete, or scientist. If he becomes a farmer or a rancher, he will take over the family farm, although he can not marry.

The game can also end early if certain actions are taken, such not marrying by the end of Chapter 1 or causing the player's wife to divorce.

Connectivity
If the player connects a Game Boy Advance with Harvest Moon: Friends of Mineral Town or Harvest Moon: More Friends of Mineral Town to the GameCube while playing A Wonderful Life, the two games can exchange information. Initiating the connection requires going to the mountain path next to the vegetable farm where Celia lives in A Wonderful Life, and throwing an offering into the Harvest Goddess' pond in Friends of Mineral Town. Non-player characters (NPCs) in Forget-Me-Not Valley will begin to make comments about events in Mineral Town, and vice versa. In addition, some NPCs will make periodic trips to Mineral Town, returning with new items to sell or hints for the player.

Opening Scene
When the player begins the game, they see a coastline in Forget-Me-Not valley. Takakura, an old man who used to be the protagonist's father's best friend, is speaking (or thinking) to his father, stating: "He wasn't unhappy. But he didn't seem to have a direction in life. One day, I went to see him. I told him about the farm you left to him. Your son didn't seem to know much about farming, but he was willing to give it a try. So I brought him to Forget-Me-Not-Valley.". The protagonist (who is by default named Mark in Harvest Moon: A Wonderful Life Special Edition) is then seen walking down the village with Takakura, and he explains how he and the protagonist's father owned the farm. He then shows the protagonist the barn, the tool shed, the chicken coop, the food storage, the protagonist's house, and his house. Soon, two dogs will appear and the protagonist chooses one to keep while Takakura attempts to find an owner for the other one. Takakura agrees to show the protagonist around the valley and introduce him to the villagers: Tim, the owner of the Inner Inn, his wife Ruby, and their son Rock; Nami, a girl staying at the Inner Inn, Wally, an athlete, his wife Chris, and their son Hugh; Galen and his wife Nina; Griffin, the owner of the Blue Bar and his daughter Muffy; Romana, her granddaughter Lumina, and their butler Sebastian; Vesta, a farmer, her brother Marlin, and their helper Celia; Kassey and Patrick, pyrotechnic twins who create fireworks; Cody, an artist; Daryl, a scientist; Gustafa, a musician; and Carter, a scholar, and his assistant Flora. Celia, Nami, and Muffy are the eligible bachelorettes (in Harvest Moon: A Wonderful Life Special Edition, Lumina is also a bachelorette). Additional characters include a doctor named Dr. Hardy, a salesman named Van, and a homeless guy named Murray. Afterwards, the protagonist meets the Harvest Sprites: Nic, Nak, and Flak.

Story
In this chapter, lasting a year, the protagonist begins in his house at 5 AM. The player is now in control of the game, and starts with a cow, a milker, two records, a hoe, a sickle, a watering can, two tomato seeds, and 3000G. The Lodger in the food storage can be used to purchase more tools, animals, and buildings, or to sell animals. Sometime in this chapter, the protagonist will receive a horse from Takakura for free if he is befriended and a rare blue feather from the Harvest Sprites, which can be used to propose to one of the bachelorettes at the very end of the year. Heart Events can be triggered by wooing the bachelorettes. The Seed Maker may be obtained either by befriending Daryl or purchasing it using the Lodger. New tools can be obtained from people if they are befriended such as a wool clipper from Wally, a watering can from Romana, two hoes from Tim and Vesta, and a sickle from Gustafa. A fishing pole and brush can be bought from Van. The protagonist may have a chance to meet Mukumuku, a creature that only appears in the winter. Throughout the story, Daryl attempts to capture Mukumuku, but is constantly thwarted by Murray and potentially Van. There are also side quests to do such as unearthing things at the dig site (if you find any tablets, then Carter gets to keep them) and giving Murray the money he needs to go home. If Murray is given enough money, he will reward you. Additional events can be triggered such as engaging in a conversation with Lumina while she's practicing piano or observing Daryl conduct an experiment that will suddenly backfire. The protagonist must marry one of the bachelorettes in this chapter, or he must leave the town and lead to the game's end. Celia is the easiest bachelorette to woo while Nami is the hardest. Celia will propose to the protagonist should he not successfully woo any of the bachelorettes. Refusing this proposal will also cause the game to end.
 * The Beginning

In this chapter, lasting two years, the protagonist has a son whose personality depends on his mother. The protagonist's house will now have a kitchen and dining room, and will also gain a refrigerator and two bathrooms. The main room now has an additional bed and a toy box containing a sketch pad. The dig site also gets bigger. Some characters' appearances has changed and new people (consisting of Kate, Grant, Samantha, and Dr. Hardy) move in. An additional house is now in the village. If the protagonist does not marry Nami, she will leave town. Van now sells toys that can be put in the toy box and a goat (which also comes with a milker), which may only be purchased in spring. Galen has moved, and now lives in a shack on hill beside Vesta's farm. Nina has died of natural causes and her grave is beside Galen's shack. Dr. Hardy now lives in Galen's old house, in which the protagonist can have a chance to meet him. Starting from this chapter, the protagonist may receive a cat from Romana if she is befriended, the toddler can be picked up and played with, a sentient plant named Tartan may be acquired if Takakura is befriended, an alarm clock may be obtained from Grant if he is befriended, ducks may show up at the protagonist's farm if a pond is owned, a sickle can be obtained from Dr. Hardy and a fishing pole from Galen if they are befriended, Grant may inform the protagonist that he now has a job in a city located outside of town, the protagonist may have the option to take a bath with the son and learn about the Harvest Goddess (who doesn't appear in the game) from the Harvest Sprites, Chris and Samantha can be seen having a conversation, and Daryl can be caught doing suspicious activities such as spying on the son, attempting to experiment on the protagonist's cows, and spying on Carter and Flora (whom he has a crush on). If Tartan is befriended, the protagonist can use him to create hybrid crops. Failing your married life will result in a divorce, which will cause the game to end.
 * Happy Birthday

This chapter was renamed to "A Birth" in Harvest Moon: A Wonderful Life Special Edition and the protagonist's child may be a daughter instead of a son. There will also be additional events that did not happen in the original version which the player can trigger.

In this chapter, lasting three years, the protagonist's son has grown into a seven or eight-year-old and can no longer be picked up and played with. Hugh and Lumina's appearance have changed again and the protagonist's house and dig site have expanded. The son's future career may be swayed by befriending villagers with similar careers or giving him items obtained from other characters (if befriended) such as a drum from Gustafa, a music sheet from Lumina, the Ruby Spice from Ruby, and a necklace from Flora. Nami returns in this chapter (if the protagonist does not marry her). The protagonist can also buy a sentient teddy bear named Daa-chan from Van, who may be seen trying to steal food from the refrigerator or spending time with the son. At one point, Dr. Hardy can be seen talking to Mukumuku.
 * Happy Harvesting

In this chapter, lasting two years, the protagonist's son is a teenager and wants to be independent. The protagonist has aged, as have most people in the valley. His house is now even bigger. The son's career cannot be changed now without confusing him. The ruins have grown even larger, so you can dig a lot and make a good profit. The protagonist can also buy a flower pot from Van. If the protagonist befriends Cody, he may receive a sculpture from him starting from this chapter. New events can also be triggered, such as seeing Flora talking to Kate, learning about Muffy's past from Griffin (if the protagonist didn't marry her), and witnessing Sebastian confronting Mukumuku.
 * Happy Farm Life

In this chapter, lasting one year, the protagonist's son is now a young adult, and his wife has aged. The son's actions mirror the protagonist's from chapter one, such as harvesting and looking for a spouse. He may question this to the protagonist at one point. The ruins are even bigger. There is no possible way for the son's career choice to be changed now.
 * To The Journey

In this chapter, lasting one year, the protagonist and other villagers have aged again. The protagonist's son is now certain of his career and can no longer be swayed. The game ends with the protagonist's death, his family and some of the villagers (depending on whom he has befriended) mourning him, the son undergoing his career, and Takakura thinking to the protagonist's father about how Forget-Me-Not Valley fares after the protagonist's death.
 * The Twilight

The heaven chapter can only be played in Harvest Moon: A Wonderful Life Special Edition. In this chapter, the player may play at any pace or chapter they wish. The protagonist gets his wife and son back, along with his money, animals, and crops.
 * Heaven Chapter

Related games
An updated version called ''Oh! A Wonderful Life'' was released in Japan for the PlayStation 2 in November 2004. The English language version was called A Wonderful Life Special Edition and was released in late 2005. While very similar to the original version of A Wonderful Life, some extra items and events were added in addition to an updated soundtrack. The most notable changes were the ability to have a daughter, the ability to marry Lumina, and the ability to continue playing after death. On May 16, 2017, it was announced that a remake of the Special Edition was scheduled for the PS4 with a tentative 2017 release planned. The PlayStation 4 version of the game is said to have fixed most of the lag from the PlayStation 2, making the game more playable, added trophy support, better resolution and quality. However, some lag issues and little glitches still remain.

The girl version of Harvest Moon: A Wonderful Life, Harvest Moon: Another Wonderful Life, was released for the GameCube in the English-speaking world in July 2005. In this game, the player goes through the storyline of A Wonderful Life as a female character (who is by default named Pony), and can court and marry one of three male NPCs, Marlin, Rock, and Gustafa. The game offers connectivity with the Game Boy Advance game Harvest Moon: More Friends of Mineral Town.

Harvest Moon DS, the first game in the Story of Seasons series to be released on the Nintendo DS, has the same setting and features most of the characters from A Wonderful Life.

Marvelous Interactive released a remade version of A Wonderful Life under the Story of Seasons name on June 27, 2023. In this game, the main characters' default names are Shion and Maya and some of the characters have different names and appearances. The characters that the player can marry (regardless of gender) are Cecilia, Nami, Lumina, Molly, Gustafa, Rock, Gordy, and Matthew.

Reception
Harvest Moon: A Wonderful Life received largely positive reviews upon its initial GameCube release. IGN gave the title an "Impressive" 8 out of 10 rating, praising gameplay and lasting appeal while also noting its "monotonous" audio and upsetting lack of festivals. A Wonderful Life garnered an 8.7 rating from Ryan Davis of GameSpot. Echoing other reviews, Davis considered it "a fun and potentially addictive game that, if you let it, will gladly consume any free time you choose to give it." The publication went on to name it the best GameCube game of March 2004.

The Special Edition released for PlayStation 2 did not receive such strong praise. IGN Juan Castro gave it a score of 6/10 and remarked "The differences, including an increase in brides, choosing the gender of your child and the ability to play forever, make little difference. What does make a difference, though, is the drastic drop in framerate, increase in load times and muddy graphics." Official UK PlayStation 2 Magazine gave it a 7/10 rating.

Remake
A remake, Story of Seasons: A Wonderful Life, was announced at the Nintendo Direct on September 13, 2022, and later released for the Nintendo Switch in Japan on January 26, 2023, and in North America and Europe on June 27, 2023 for Nintendo Switch, Microsoft Windows, Xbox Series X|S and PlayStation 5.

Marvelous added same-sex relationships to the game as well as the option to make the player character non-binary.

The reception for the remake was mixed, with Destructoid's CJ Anderson calling the game a "remarkable experience". However, GameSpot's Jess Howard considered it "empty and stuck in the past."

title: Harvest Moon: A Wonderful Life


text:
Harvest Moon: Friends of Mineral Town

Harvest Moon: Friends of Mineral Town (牧場物語 ミネラルタウンのなかまたち) is a video game for the Game Boy Advance, developed and published by Marvelous Interactive. It is the first Game Boy Advance game of the Story of Seasons series, and is a remake of Harvest Moon: Back to Nature. It was first released in Japan in April 2003, in North America in November 2003, and in Europe in March 2004. Many critics praised it as the best entry of the series, combining elements from the best-selling console entries and introducing many notable series staples. It was later released on the Virtual Console for the Wii U in June 2015.

The player is a farmer whose goal is to make a profit from the farm he runs by producing crops and raising livestock.

A 3D remake of the game was released for the Nintendo Switch, titled Story of Seasons: Friends of Mineral Town.

Story and gameplay
The player character in the game has no default name. In the opening sequences, the player is shown as a young boy living in the city, whose parents take him to see the country. During their trip, the player becomes lost, and finds himself on the farm of an old man in Mineral Town. The old man helps the player contact his parents, and offers to let him and his family stay for a few days, as he has no family of his own. The player's parents agree, and the player stays on the farm for a while. On the farm, the player plays with a girl who then becomes friends with him. After the player leaves Mineral Town, he continues to write letters to the old man. One day, when he has grown up, the letters from the old man suddenly stop. The player travels to Mineral Town, finding the farm neglected, and discovers the old man had died around half a year ago. The mayor of Mineral Town informs the player that in the farmer's will, he left the player the farm. The player decides to restore the farm, beginning the game.

The player starts with several tools, and must earn money by clearing the large field on the farm and planting crops, mining, or foraging. This money may be used to buy other things, such as livestock, and to expand the farm. The social aspect of Harvest Moon: Friends of Mineral Town is a large part of the game. There are many villagers to befriend, and six bachelorettes available to marry. Befriending villagers allows the player to learn recipes and discover villager's histories, and marriage allows the player to have a son. The game offers connectivity with the Nintendo GameCube game Harvest Moon: A Wonderful Life using a link cable between the Game Boy Advance and Nintendo GameCube.

The player begins with a dog that may be named. The dog starts as a puppy, but will be fully grown after two months. Shortly after meeting Barley for the first time, he will stop by the player's farm with a young horse and ask if they can take care of it. If the player accepts, Barley will return after a year, and may take the horse back if the player did not show enough affection. There are three kinds of livestock: cows, chickens, and sheep. Cows produce milk (requires a milker to be gathered), chickens produce eggs, and sheep produce wool (requires shears to be gathered), which can be shipped off to be sold. As in every installment of the Story of Seasons series, shipping is added as a collection of crops, flowers, animal items and others.

Harvest Moon: More Friends of Mineral Town
Harvest Moon: More Friends of Mineral Town (牧場物語 ミネラルタウンのなかまたち for ガール) is the female version of Harvest Moon: Friends of Mineral Town, released in Japan in December 2003, and in North America in July 2005. In this game, the main character is a girl, and can marry one of eight bachelors. The player starts in the city, reading their newspaper. She sees an advertisement for a beautiful farm, and, excited by the prospect of rural life, decides to buy it. She visits the farm and finds out she was tricked, as the farm is run down and in need of maintenance. As she had already quit her job and sold her apartment, the player resolves to make the farm prosper the best she can, beginning the game. The base game is mostly identical, with the exception of several gameplay changes, improvements, and fixes.

Reception
IGN rated Harvest Moon: Friends of Mineral Town at 8.9, or "great", saying that it was "deceptively engrossing", and that the graphical presentation of the day to night cycles was very well done. GameRankings has an aggregate score of 82% from 31 reviews. IGN rated Harvest Moon: More Friends of Mineral Town at 8.5. It was noted that it is essentially a repeat of Harvest Moon: Friends of Mineral Town, but that "it's still a great and highly recommended experience". GameRankings has an aggregate score of 79% from 14 reviews.

Remake
A 3D remake, Story of Seasons: Friends of Mineral Town, was released for the Nintendo Switch in Japan and Taiwan on October 17, 2019, in Europe on July 10, 2020, and in North America on July 14, 2020. A Microsoft Windows version was also released on July 14. The remake was later ported to Xbox One and PlayStation 4. Both versions were released on October 15 in Europe, and October 26, 2021, in North America. In Japan, the game was first released for Xbox One on October 27, 2021, followed by PlayStation 4 on November 25, 2021.

title: Harvest Moon: Friends of Mineral Town


text:
The Comedy Mill

The Comedy Mill was a Canadian sketch comedy television series, which aired from 1987 to 1991 on Hamilton, Ontario's CHCH-TV, and through syndication on other Canadian television stations. The show starred the husband and wife comedy duo of Steve Smith and Morag Smith, with a supporting cast that included Peter Keleghan, Linda Kash and Mag Ruffman.

The show was a revival of their earlier Smith & Smith series, which ended in 1985. For the 85-86 television season, the Smiths and their children Max and David starred in the family sitcom Me & Max.

One of the show's regular features involved parody music videos, presented by Kash as a caricature of a television VJ. Some of the parody videos even made it into rotation on MuchMusic and The Nashville Network.

After The Comedy Mill ended its run, Morag retired from performing and Steve launched his most famous series, The Red Green Show. Red Green had appeared as a recurring character on all of the duo's earlier shows, including The Comedy Mill.

title: The Comedy Mill


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/WiredBlog

WiredBlog

 * Delete: Please delete WiredBlog - this site has gone offline.
 * Delete: Would have voted to delete anyway. I wouldn't even want articles on my favorite blogs, like Wonkette, that have broken into nightly news coverage in the US.  Wikipedia is not a web guide.  A defunct blog is even more of a delete. Geogre 05:23, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * If the site going offline is a reason for deleting the article, then the article should never have existed to begin with. If the site actually was notable, you would want to keep the article on WP for historical reference.  Nevertheless, Delete. -- Chuq 05:25, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Whitchurch-on-Thames

Whitchurch-on-Thames is a village and civil parish on the Oxfordshire bank of the River Thames, about 5.5 mi northwest of Reading, Berkshire, in close proximity to Whitchurch Hill. Opposite Whitchurch on the Berkshire bank is the village of Pangbourne.

History
The Church of England parish church of Saint Mary was originally Norman, and was altered in the 15th century. In 1858 the Gothic Revival architect Henry Woodyer completely rebuilt the church, retaining only the Norman south door, Perpendicular Gothic south porch and a few other items. The parish is now a member of the Langtree Team Ministry: a Church of England benefice that also includes the parishes of Checkendon, Ipsden, North Stoke, Stoke Row and Woodcote.

Since the 16th century Whitchurch has had a weir and flash lock on the Thames to manage water levels for navigation. In 1787 the flash lock was replaced with a pound lock, Whitchurch Lock. The original Whitchurch Toll Bridge between Whitchurch and Pangbourne was built in 1792. The current structure, still privately owned, is the fourth on the site, the bridge having been reconstructed in 1853, 1902 and 2014. The current toll for a car to cross is 60 pence.

Amenities
Whitchurch has a primary school. Whitchurch has two public houses, the Ferryboat and the Greyhound Inn.

title: Whitchurch-on-Thames


text:
Talk:Medieval Latin

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 27 August 2018 and 12 December 2018. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Liberatiam97. Peer reviewers: Joliee19.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 00:49, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Tylersaz.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 03:47, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Misapprehensions about the relationship of Medieval Latin and the Romance languages
I have recently reworded three paragraphs that seem to have been written by somebody who thinks that Medieval Latin "anticipated" the Romance Languages and developed into them. It didn't. The Romance Languages were already fully developed during the period covered by this article. Just mentioning it here to alert other editors. Acasson (talk) 10:06, 1 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
I noticed in the timeline at the bottom of the entry, the notation BC is used. Shouldn't this be updated to BCE? Does anyone else have feelings about this?

 * We tend to use BC on Wikipedia. You could change it, but the general opinion is, why bother? (You can check the talk page of the Common Era article if you really want to get involved in the debate...) Adam Bishop 00:42, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * It seems to me that in discussing Medieval Latin, it's quite appropriate to use Anno domini rather than CE, and it follows from that that BC would be used rather than BCE. -- Nunh-huh 00:44, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Peculiarities alien to Classical Latin
"It was heavily influenced by the language of the Vulgate, which contained many peculiarities alien to Classical Latin that resulted from a more or less direct translation from Greek and Hebrew; these peculiarities mirrored the original not only in its vocabulary, but also in its grammar and syntax."

It isn't clear what is meant by "original" in this sentence. Is it Classical Latin or Greek that the peculiarities mirror? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.118.31.68 (talk) 12:25, 12 September 2012 (UTC)

Vulgate
Shouldn't the Vulgate be put in Late Latin, as per the timeline at the bottom? Rigadoun 22:34, 1 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I removed it. Rigadoun 15:26, 19 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, it was not written in the middle ages, but it had a great effect on Medieval Latin, sort of like the effect of the King James Version on modern English. Adam Bishop 15:32, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

Changes to the meanings of words
Shouldn't there be some discussion of how the meaning of some Classical Latin words changes in medieval Latin? For example, "miles", originally just meaning "soldier", took on the meaning "knight" in the Middle Ages. I'm not really well-read enough at the moment to add something on that, but I guess it would be helpful if someone could. --Helmold 13:16, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

Debate between English and Greek language
I AM looking for information about the debate over the universal language.I was told that Greek language has lost over Englisg language by one vote during the 1800 and something related to George Washington..Can anyone tell me where can I find this in writing.(mickey)209.247.5.219 03:56, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

ML=Ecclesastical Latin?
The first paragraph reads: "Medieval Latin refers to the Latin used in the Middle Ages, primarily as a medium of scholarly exchange and as the liturgical language of the medieval Roman Catholic Church. It is therefore largely synonymous with Ecclesiastical Latin."

I am unhappy with the last sentence. The Medieval Latin corpus has lots of sources that couldn't be defined as "Ecclesiastical Latin", for instance epic, itineraries, historiography, artes-literature, scientific texts... Went ahead and changed it. Iblardi 00:00, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

 * "Medieval Latin shares many similarities, but is not entirely synonymous, with Ecclesiastical Latin."

 * This is besides the point. Medieval Latin is the Latin that was spoken and/or written in the Middle Ages, whereas ecclesiastical Latin is a form of Latin used in a certain context. It isn't "not entirely synonymous", it's not synonymous with it at all. This is mixing up two entirely different categories. There is no single, homogeneous form of medieval Latin: it extends over a period of a thousand years and there are many differences based on period, region, or cultural background of the author. It would probably be impossible to draw up a comprehensive grammar of medieval Latin, much more than for ecclesiastical Latin.
 * Compare for instance the Waltharius. This is an example of Medieval Latin literature, yet it is very unlike ecclesiastical Latin. It is a bit like saying that classical Latin has similarities to the language of Cicero. This is wrongly put: Cicero's language is an expression of classical Latin, as is for instance Vergil's Aeneid. Iblardi 08:29, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Yeah...I'm not sure how to express what I mean. I guess I was thinking that a lot of medieval Latin was written by churchmen. Adam Bishop 13:52, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

The cookie is crumbling in another direction
I've fixed Classical Latin and now I'm working on Late Latin, which was an indispensible piece of the puzzle. There was a wrong redirect from it to Vulgar Latin. When I finish with Late Latin, here is a hurricane notice, I am going to breeze in on this article. It will be next on my list. This article is basically unreferenced. The first thing I find is that it promulgates marginal or minority views as mainstream. Late Latin - forget it, there is none (here). Ditto with Renaissance Latin. This article does not know where to draw the lines between ages. Fine, I grant you some historians have said the middle ages start in the 3rd century AD. However, comparative literature is not general history. Never the twain shall meet. Each discipline has its own practices and constraints. The Latin set of articles on Wikipedia has gone over to the scheme promulgated in the box at the bottom and I have no problem substantiating that in Classical Latin and Late Latin. (One date in the box will have to change, but later) What we need here is a change of direction. That is what I will be effecting when I get here. Meanwhile don't be concerned if I start moving the Late Latin material to the Late Latin article. Wikipedia is trial and error. We tried and we erred (the story of my life) and now it is nearly time to fix it. There is a time to be born, etc. and a time to fix bad articles misinforming or disinforming millions of people. I may have to start some of this article in parallel with Late Latin.Dave (talk) 18:33, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

 * The problem is that "Medieval Latin" is sometimes not really anything. It's just Latin that happens to have been written in the Middle Ages, whether it has any peculiar attributes or not. If the author knew what they were doing, then it's basically classical Latin; if not, then it's just bad Latin, but of course we must avoid saying all medieval Latin is bad. We could talk about the way it sounded, but no one really has any idea. Talking about genres of Latin medieval literature would just duplicate that article. On the other hand, there is definitely a lot of secondary literature about medieval Latin, so it shouldn't be difficult to reference the article, if someone has the time and patience. Adam Bishop (talk) 18:42, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

 * On second thought I'm going to say of course Medieval Latin is something; there is obviously a lot more to it than just literature which attempts to be classical. What exactly are your complaints with the article? You were rather vague. Adam Bishop (talk) 05:05, 12 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Hello Mr. Bishop. I don't know. Ho, ho, ho! Seriously I went over it and found a lot of things but now I've been doing something else and there appears to be a big bru-ha-ha brewing over the New Latin article. I could go over it aginn and tell you in detail but I am not ready yet. I want to finish up Late Latin and see New Latin through to a satisfactory condition of truth. Just ignore me for the moment. I remember what I had in mind is that the direction taken is not that of the box below. After thorough verification I swear by that box. Whoever done it done good, but all the articles should match it or give reasons why not. That is what I meant. I will be getting bogged down in detail soon enough. Meanwhile I notice this article has the same fault as New Latin: almost zero references. I'm not putting templates on it right now; I reserve those for after you get unreasonable, if you do. If you think the article is fine, please go through and put your references on; that will save me some time and trouble. Otherwise we will have to slug it out. I plan to start with the definition of medieval; obvously there are different points of view. At least one has to include the point of view of the box below. Nothing as yet is referenced. You can get and idea of what I got in mind by looking at Latin and Classical Latin and oh that reminds me I have to go over Old Latin although that is in better shape. Later, Mr. Bishop. Best wishes.Dave (talk) 19:42, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Heh, well I don't mean to get unreasonable; obviously we share the same ultimate goal of having a well-referenced and accurate article. Adam Bishop (talk) 20:02, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

 * No, I didn't mean you were. Just in case you should be, as often happens. I am glad we share the same interest. Seeing that we do, I would like to get your advice. The bottom box says Late Latin ends at 900 AD. I could change that and go for an earlier date, but the 900 is a legitimate point of view (see Late Latin) and it was here first and there is no good reason to supercede it, seeing that a previous editor got the jump on making the decision. Now, this article goes for a different scheme. That is partly the problem I saw with it. That means, when it comes to listing authors, we are going to have lists that way overlap! We can explain the classification problem but what about the lists? I was thinking of going for a bottom-box bottom line, which means we transfer many centuries of those authors to Late Latin. How would you solve the problem? What do you think we should do? I'm still working on Late Latin so there is a little time for mutual consultation in advance here. I think we should be consistent and rewrite Medieval Latin a bit. I'd be interested in your view and any suggestions you might have. Thanks.Dave (talk) 22:53, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

 * PS. By the way we still need refs for all those generalizations in this article. It can't stand as is; I'm surprised no one has tagged it. Ciao.Dave (talk) 22:53, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Well, to me, being a medievalist and not a classicist, 900 is certainly medieval. I suppose that has been included as "Late Latin" because it's around that time that the Romance languages begin to be distinguished from Latin. But there is Latin from that period and earlier that is definitely meant to be Latin, in the classical (or "Late Latin") sense, as opposed to people writing what they are speaking because they think it's still Latin when it really isn't, if that makes sense. I'm not sure we can avoid some overlap, since these terms are used by different groups of people for different purposes; I think Medieval Latin tends to be ignored or conflated with Ecclesiastical Latin. (So, basically, I have no answers...if I did, I would have been working on this article already!) Adam Bishop (talk) 02:29, 15 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Late Latin is exactly the period when people weren't sure whether their Latin was classical or not and if not wondering how to get it so. Late Latin was ignored as there was no article here. On Wikipedia there sure was a conflation which I am trying to correct. Sometimes you know some very aggressive people defend wrong views, which tends to perpetuate bad articles. Unless receiving a good reason to the contrary I'm not going to meddle with the 900. Putting Constantine in the middle ages sticks in my craw and so does running the middle ages up to 1500. I take it you are suggesting to keep some overlap. Let me think about it. Thanks.Dave (talk) 17:05, 15 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Given the direction medieval studies is going--can we even state that the period ends in 1500? Interacting with colleagues in Belgium, recent work from Utrecht (Netherlands) is focusing in on the University period from ~1200-~1800 blurring the lines even further. I guess we must have some measuring stick to separate our history out--that strikes me as the beauty of wikipedia as it allows for the depiction of the multiple streams of history, each with their merits (now all we need are textbooks for our classes that make use of the crosslinking system in wikipedia... without the vandalism).--eleuthero (talk) 02:33, 12 January 2010 (UTC)

Vocabulary
Overall Latin vocabulary didn't change much between Classical and Medieval Latin. CF Diederich, Paul Bernard. 1939. “The Frequency of Latin Words and Their Endings”. Chicago, Ill.: The University of Chicago press. I think this section should be edited to remove the suggestion that there is a big difference. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Eponymous-Archon (talk • contribs) 01:10, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

 * There's been a huge amount of scholarly work both on classical and medieval Latin vocabulary/lexicography since he was writing. The efforts to work up lexicons, glossaries, studies of the changes to vocabulary and grammar across the Latin world of late antiquity and the middle ages were somewhat patchy in the early 20th century; there has been much more work going on after WW2 all across Europe. Just the assertion of one single scholar writing in 1939 won't do to settle the matter. 83.251.170.27 (talk) 15:39, 29 May 2016 (UTC)

Citation Refresh
There seems to be a great deal of material here that clearly comes from a source, but is not cited in the text itself. Particularly in the vocabulary related sections, there is no citing of material that I would assume comes from the dictionaries in the reference section. I'm currently working on a school project involving evaluation and editing of wiki articles, what would be the best way to repair and add citations for these vocabulary sections?

Tylersaz (talk) 03:50, 8 November 2017 (UTC)Tylersaz

Editing the Page
In editing this article I ended up making many minor changes. I have fixed grammar throughout the article and added information to the Syntax section as well as the beginning paragraph with a citation to answer the 'by whom' question presented by wiki in relation to an assumption. I also expanded the further reading list and found sources to support information that was already present. In addition, I added a section on Medieval Latin and Everyday Life.Liberatiam97 (talk) 01:51, 27 November 2018 (UTC)

Uppercase or lowercase initial?
On this page there are both "medieval Latin" (lowercase initial) and "Medieval Latin" (uppercase initial); which is the correct variant? JacktheBrown (talk) 14:22, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Medieval Latin


text:
Kildonan (electoral district)

Kildonan was a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba. The boundaries for the riding maintained their location through the 2008 redistribution.

Kildonan (1870–1899)
The original Kildonan riding was created at the time of the province's establishment in 1870. It was dominated by Manitoba's "old settler" population (i.e., English-speaking families who had lived in the Red River Settlement for many years before the province's creation). There was a large "mixed blood" aboriginal population in the riding, and many of its residents were also of Scottish or partly Scottish ancestry. From 1886 to 1888, the riding was incorporated into "Kildonan and St. Paul" riding.

Kildonan was a hotly contested riding between the Conservatives and Liberals following the establishment of party government in 1888. In 1899, it was dissolved into the riding of "Kildonan and St. Andrews".

Kildonan and St. Andrews (1920–1927)
From 1920 to 1927, the Kildonan and St. Andrews riding was represented by Labour Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) Charles Tanner. Otherwise, it continued to return Liberals and Conservatives until being merged into "Kildonan-Transcona" in 1949. After that time, it was generally considered a safe riding for the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation.

Kildonan (1958–2019)
A riding with the name Kildonan was reestablished in 1957, and formally came into being in the provincial election of 1958. It was located in the northeastern part of the current City of Winnipeg, The Kildonan riding that existed from the 1958 election up to the election of 1981 was located in the East Kildonan area on the east side of the Red River. The riding of Kildonan that existed since 1981 in northwest Winnipeg had completely different boundaries from the old Kildonan riding as this new Kildonan riding was carved out of the old Seven Oaks riding on the west side of the Red River. This new riding was bordered on the east by River East and Rossmere, to the south by St. Johns and Burrows, to the north by Gimli, and to the west by The Maples.

The riding's population in 1996 was 19,522. In 1999, the average family income was $54381, and the unemployment rate was 6.80%. Almost 18% of the population was above 65 years of age by 2016. Kildonan had a large immigrant population (23% of the total population in 1999), and was ethnically diverse. Ukrainians made up 14% of the riding's population; a further 11% were Jewish, 7% Polish, and 3% Italian. Kildonan's residents were primarily middle and upper-income. Manufacturing accounted for 16% of industry in the riding, with a further 15% in the service sector.

The seat was generally regarded as safe for the New Democratic Party. The Progressive Conservatives won the former Kildonan on the (east side of the Red River) in 1962 (by 4 votes in the 1962 election) and the Liberals won the Kildonan riding on the (west side of the Red River) in 1988. In both cases, the NDP recaptured the seat after a single term.

Beginning with the 2019 Manitoba general election, the Kildonan riding was dissolved and much of its constituency was redistributed to the new riding of Kildonan-River East, which also took in parts of St. Johns and the now-defunct River East riding. Kildonan's last MLA was Nic Curry, a young former officer in the Canadian Armed Forces Reserve.

Kildonan (1870–1899)
(+) From 1886 to 1888, the riding was incorporated into Kildonan and St. Paul.

title: Kildonan (electoral district)


text:
I'm All Right Jack

I'm All Right Jack is a 1959 British comedy film directed and produced by John and Roy Boulting from a script by Frank Harvey, John Boulting and Alan Hackney based on the 1958 novel Private Life by Alan Hackney.

The film is a sequel to the Boultings' 1956 film Private's Progress and Ian Carmichael, Dennis Price, Richard Attenborough, Terry-Thomas and Miles Malleson reprise their characters. Peter Sellers played one of his best remembered roles as the trades union shop steward Fred Kite, and won a BAFTA Best Actor Award. The rest of the cast included many well-known British comedy actors of the time.

The film is a satire on British industrial life in the 1950s. The title is a well-known English expression indicating smug and complacent selfishness. The trade unions, workers and bosses are all seen to be incompetent or corrupt. The film is one of the satires made by the Boulting Brothers between 1956 and 1963.

Plot
Stanley Windrush chats with his father at the Sunnyglades Nudist Camp, and is persuaded to seek a job as a business executive: he interviews at the "Detto" company making washing detergent and, making a very unfavourable impression, fails to get the job. He then interviews at "Num-Yum," a factory making processed cakes. Although it tastes good the process for making the cakes is very disturbing. An excess of samples causes him to be sick into a large mixing bowl of the product. Again he fails to get the job. The recruitment agent tells Windrush by letter that after getting 11 interviews in 10 days and making a singularly unimpressive impression that industry isn't for him.

His uncle, Bertram Tracepurcel and his old army comrade, Sidney DeVere Cox, persuade Windrush to take an unskilled blue-collar job at Tracepurcel's missile factory, Missiles Ltd. At first suspicious of Windrush as an over-eager newcomer, communist shop steward Fred Kite asks that Stanley be sacked for not having a union card. However, after a period of work-to-rule, he takes Stanley under his wing and even offers to take him in as a lodger. When Kite's daughter Cynthia drops by, Stanley readily accepts.

Meanwhile, personnel manager Major Hitchcock is assigned a time and motion study expert, Waters, to measure how efficient the employees are. The workers refuse to cooperate but Waters tricks Windrush into showing him how much more quickly he can do his job with his forklift truck than other more experienced employees. When Kite is informed of the results, he calls a strike to protect the rates his union workers are being paid. This is what Cox and Tracepurcel want: Cox owns a company that can take over a large new contract with a Middle Eastern country at an inflated cost. He, Tracepurcel and a Mr Mohammed, the country's representative, would each pocket a third of the £100,000 difference (£ million today). The excuse to the foreign government is that a faster contract costs more.

The union meet and decide to punish Windrush by "sending him to Coventry" and he is informed of this in writing. Stanley's rich aunt visits the Kite household where she is met by Mrs Kite with some sympathy.

Things don't work out for either side. Cox arrives at his factory, Union Jack Foundries, to find that his workers are walking out in a sympathy strike. The press reports that Kite is punishing Windrush for working hard. When Windrush decides to cross the picket line and go back to work (and reveals his connection with the company's owner), Kite asks him to leave his house. This provokes the adoring Cynthia and her mother to go on strike. More strikes spring up, bringing the country to a standstill.

Faced with these new developments, Tracepurcel has no choice but to send Hitchcock to negotiate with Kite. They reach an agreement but Windrush has made both sides look bad and has to go.

Cox tries to bribe Windrush with a bagful of money to resign but Windrush turns him down. On a televised discussion programme ("Argument") hosted by Malcolm Muggeridge, Windrush reveals to the nation the underhanded motivations of all concerned. When he throws Cox's bribe money into the air, the studio audience riots.

In the end, Windrush is accused of causing a disturbance and bound over to keep the peace for 12 months. He is last seen with his father relaxing at a nudist colony, only to have to flee from the female residents' attentions. Unlike in the opening scene, this time he is naked.

Cast

 * Ian Carmichael as Stanley Windrush
 * Peter Sellers as Fred Kite/Sir John Kennaway
 * Terry-Thomas as Major Hitchcock
 * Richard Attenborough as Sydney DeVere Cox
 * Dennis Price as Bertram Tracepurcel
 * Margaret Rutherford as Aunt Dolly
 * Irene Handl as Mrs Kite
 * Liz Fraser as Cynthia Kite, Fred's daughter
 * Miles Malleson as Stanley Windrush's father
 * Marne Maitland as Mr Mohammed
 * John Le Mesurier as Waters
 * Raymond Huntley as magistrate
 * Victor Maddern as Knowles
 * Kenneth Griffith as Dai
 * Fred Griffiths as Charlie
 * John Comer as shop steward
 * Sam Kydd as shop steward
 * Cardew Robinson as shop steward
 * Ronnie Stevens as Hooper
 * Martin Boddey as Num Yum's executive
 * Brian Oulton as Appointments Board examiner
 * John Glyn-Jones as Detto executive
 * Terry Scott as Crawley
 * Alun Owen as flm producer
 * Eynon Evans as Truscott
 * John Van Eyssen as reporter
 * David Lodge as card player
 * Keith Smith as card player
 * Bob Grant as card player
 * Clifford Keedy as card player
 * Tony Comer as shop steward
 * Wally Patch as worker
 * Esma Cannon as Spencer
 * E. V. H. Emmett as narrator
 * Stringer Davis as journalist
 * Malcolm Muggeridge as himself
 * Frank Phillips as himself
 * Muriel Young as herself

Release and reception
I’m All Right Jack opened at the Leicester Square Theatre in London on 13 August 1959.

The film was a big hit, being the most popular film in Britain for the year ended 31 October 1959. It was reportedly the second most profitable British movie that year after Carry On Nurse and helped British Lion enter profitability for the year after two years of losses.

Bosley Crowther in The New York Times called it "the brightest, liveliest comedy seen this year."

Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic described I'm all right Jack as a 'consistently diverting lampoon on the new Britain'.

On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 88% based on reviews from 8 critics.

Accolades
As well as Sellers' BAFTA, it also won the BAFTA Award for Best British Screenplay.

title: I'm All Right Jack


text:
Suzanne Sinclair

Suzanne Mary Sinclair (born 4 May 1946) is a former New Zealand politician of the Labour Party. She was an MP from 1993 to 1996, representing the Titirangi electorate.

Early life and career
Sinclair was born in 1946 at Auckland. She was educated at Epsom Girls' Grammar School before attending Auckland Teachers College where she attained a diploma in teaching. Subsequently, she had a career in education as a teacher, literacy tutor, and a tutor for the Hillary Commission. She had one son.

Aside from education, Sinclair worked as an employment officer at the Department of Labour, a co-ordinator of the Friends of the Zoo programme at Auckland Zoo and managed a hire plant nursery business.

Political career
Sinclair joined the Labour Party in 1975 and held party positions in the electorate and Labour's Auckland Regional Council. She was also a member of Labour's New Zealand Council.

In 1980 Sinclair stood unsuccessfully for the Auckland City Council on a Labour Party ticket. She was later elected to the council after at large was abolished and replaced with a ward system. She was elected in 1986 as a councillor for the Avondale Ward. She was re-elected in 1989 and 1992 before deciding not to stand again in 1995. She was also a member of the Avondale Community Board, the Portage Licensing Trust and the Auckland Institute of Technology Council.

Sinclair was first elected to Parliament in the 1993 election as MP for Titirangi when she beat the incumbent, National's Marie Hasler. The Titirangi electorate was abolished when mixed-member proportional (MMP) voting was introduced for the 1996 election. In the 1996 election, Sinclair unsuccessfully contested the Waitakere electorate, when she was in turn beaten by Hasler. Sinclair was also a list candidate ranked at 27, but Labour did not win sufficient votes for her to remain in Parliament.

Career after politics
For some years before the Britomart Transport Centre opened in 2003, Sinclair was the head of the Britomart information centre, which was funded by Auckland City Council. She was appointed by the Minister of Transport, Mark Gosche, to the chairmanship of the Road Safety Trust in March 2001, and she stepped down from this role in December 2007. Sinclair is currently relationship manager at the Ministry of Social Development (MSD). She chairs the WALSHtrust, an organisation in West Auckland supporting people with mental health, illness, and disability issues.

Awards and recognition
In the 2020 New Year Honours, she was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to the community and governance. She is also a Justice of the Peace.

title: Suzanne Sinclair


text:
Talk:Who Are You

CSI
They is no mention of the CSI version in this article. Should it be made? (user:Alec1990 11/12/2007) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.216.152.159 (talk) 22:31, 11 December 2007 (UTC) Maybe in th article for the song, not the album, but anyways it's not really a different version, it's just edited. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.153.46.146 (talk) 02:22, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

Date of "Who Are You" single
I accidentally hit "revert" rather than "undo" on the last edit. Nonetheless, the last edit was clearly wrong, showing "1975" as the date of the "Who Are You?" single. -- RobLa (talk) 22:59, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

SOMETHING WEIRD...
If you look at the drummer Keith Moon on the album cover, the one sitting on the chair, the chair says : Not to be taken away. this album was released August, 1978. Keith Moon died from accidental overdose, September 7, 1978.

the above was added in the article please fit this into the article i disagree with this being put in like this how ever it seems like a interesting detail —Preceding unsigned comment added by Weaponbb7 (talk • contribs) 00:47, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

Fuck?
Was this the first pop song to have the word "fuck" in it?

I think there was a quote in this song that went "ahhh... who the fuck are you?".

Is it a mondegreen, or was the first song to say fuck before or after this? --Boxstaa (talk) 21:15, 19 December 2008 (UTC)

It's not even the first song by the Who to contain the word. Young Man Blues from Live at Leeds released eight years prior contains the lyric "sweet fuck all". There were plenty of songs with the word. Working Class Hero by John Lennon in 1970, at least one Sex Pistols song, "Bodies" (which contains the word five times in one line), the MC5 back in 1968 sang "Kick Out the Jams, motherfuckers"...for that matter there was a group in the 60s CALLED the Motherfuckers...these are all off the top of my head without an ounce of research. So just a little bit of research would probably uncover a TON of songs. Oh yeah, and "Show Biz Kids" by Steely Dan, circa '73 I believe. 1978 wasn't such an innocent time, the word was pretty commonplace in most media by then, maybe not TV or radio, but everything else.

 * Jefferson Airplane "We Can Be Together", so I will do it. It came before most of the above. Recorded in 1969, on the Volunteers album, and played live uncensored on the Dick Cavett show August 19, 1969. YOu can find the lyrics easily so I don't need to mention them here, but both fuck and motherfuckers were repeated.  This was around a time when Ringo Starr was criticized for saying 'crap' in an interview.

"the two major camps of rock"
Progressive rock and punk rock? This is a silly oversimplification. I can see how punk might have been considered a "camp," but prog rock had for the most part ceased to be a commercial force by 1978. There's was a lot going on in the 1970s that had little to do with prog. Unless this can be sourced and put in context, it really should be rewritten.  · rodii ·  03:47, 22 January 2012 (UTC)

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Move request
Please change the title of the article to Who Are You (album) to avoid confusion with the song of the same name that is on the album. Globbett (Spl4t Sh3rm4n) 11:47, 25 June 2020 (UTC)

[https://www https://www.] 103.139.56.27 (talk) 11:50, 31 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Who Are You