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Heritage Bowl

The Heritage Bowl was a NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) bowl game held by the National Collegiate Athletic Association. The bowl pitted a team from the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference (MEAC) against a team from the Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC). It was hoped that it would become a true national championship game for historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs). It was a successor to the Pelican Bowl, which matched MEAC and SWAC teams during the 1970s, and a predecessor to the Celebration Bowl of the 2010s.

History
The bowl's legitimacy as an HBCU championship game was called into question immediately, starting with its very first contest, when its committee awarded its automatic bid to the MEAC's second-seeded co-champion, North Carolina A&T, over its top seed, Delaware State (Delaware State had defeated the Aggies head-to-head, on the road even, but their conference victory over Bethune–Cookman was viewed differently as it had been determined by a forfeit ). That first game brought other challenges as well, as it also drew only 7,728 spectators and lost future support from its title sponsor, Alamo, in the process. "That left the organizers $1 million in debt and blaming each other for the bowl's problems. President James McKinley, ousted in January, sued Alamo and his board of directors to win back his now largely meaningless post." The bowl also still owed its participating schools money months after the game.

Heritage Bowl II did not fair all that much better, as it was played without a title sponsor and featured neither the MEAC champion nor the SWAC champion. Even after moving to a January date and having Florida A&M serve as a de facto home team, the game still could only attract 11,273 fans—albeit an improvement over the previous game. In subsequent years half of the conferences' top seeds declined the automatic bowl bid in order to participate in the NCAA Division I–AA playoffs instead. This became an especially common issue for the MEAC, often leaving its runner-up—or even its third seed, for the final three Heritage Bowls—to represent the conference.

The bowl peaked in the mid-1990s as it found a new stable home (Atlanta's Georgia Dome) and a new title sponsor (Jim Walter Homes), all while attendance sharply increased —and the December 30, 1994, game finally got to pair the top-seeded champions from both leagues. This renaissance was short-lived, however, with attendance leveling off as the game evolved into an annual contest between Southern and the MEAC's third seed. Because of the MEAC's unwillingness to guarantee that its champion would participate, the television contract was ended and eventually the game was too, even though its later attendance figures surpassed some higher-division bowl games. Perhaps not coincidentally, the SWAC—which usually did send its champion, because several of its schools played Thanksgiving weekend regular season games that conflicted with the first round of the playoffs—won most of the Heritage Bowls that were held.

The bowl was played in Miami Gardens, Florida, in 1991, Tallahassee, Florida, in 1993, and Atlanta from 1994 to 1999.

Legacy
The game after the 1994 season was the only one to feature both conferences' top seeds; the games after the 1992 and 1996 seasons did not include either league's top seed.

Unlike the Pelican Bowl, which continued to insist that it was an HBCU championship game even after one of the conferences' top seeds had declined their automatic bid, the Heritage Bowl's committee essentially had to concede that its second game could not be promoted as an HBCU championship—since not only one but both conferences' champions had backed out. This largely set the tone for the remainder of the bowl's existence, save for the 1994 game. Indeed, playing in the bowl may have actually been viewed as more of a hindrance to earning an HBCU title than by avoiding the game; five teams that declined their Heritage Bowl bids were eventually able to secure black national titles from various selectors any way, without having to determine it head-to-head in the bowl game.

Several Heritage Bowls were in position to have had a major impact on the black national championship selection process. Had Howard not declined its automatic bid to play Southern after the 1993 campaign, for example, it would have likely prevented the HBCU national title from being split between the two schools by selectors. Likewise, in 1996 SWAC top seed Jackson State opted to forgo the bowl for the playoffs, missing an opportunity to avoid a split black national title with Howard by settling it on the field. In both 1997 and 1998 the MEAC's top seed, Hampton, refused its invitations to play Southern, likely leading to split titles both years. After Hampton declined the 1998 bid, the MEAC's second seed (Florida A&M) did as well; both FAMU and Southern subsequently ended up being declared HBCU champions by various selectors.

In 2010 a replacement for the Heritage Bowl, the "Legacy Bowl"—not to be confused with a later exhibition game of the same name—was proposed for the 2011 season, but MEAC officials voted it down. In 2015 the two conferences finally reached an agreement to compete in the new Celebration Bowl.

Game results
Note: an asterisk denotes when the conference's outright champion or top-seeded co-champion accepted its automatic bid to the bowl (in 1991 the bowl's committee issued the MEAC's bid to its second-seeded co-champion )

title: Heritage Bowl


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Blue Stinger

Blue Stinger (ブルー スティンガー) is a 1999 action-adventure game developed by Climax Graphics for the Dreamcast. It was published by Sega in Japan, and by Activision in Western territories as a console launch title. The story follows emergency rescuer Eliot Ballade after he is stranded on the monster-infested Dinosaur Island and allies with fellow survivors and the alien being Nephilim to find the source of the monsters. Gameplay has Eliot navigating Dinosaur Island, fighting monsters using various weapons found or purchased during the game, and finding items to progress to other areas.

Producer and co-writer Shinya Nishigaki was inspired to make Blue Stinger as a tribute to Western action movies. Preproduction began in 1996 with a team of eighteen. Notable American staff included Robert Short as monster designer and Pete von Sholly as storyboard artist and camera consultant. The music was composed by Toshihiko Sahashi. The game received mixed reviews from journalists; it was praised for its gameplay and presentation, but several outlets criticized its camera and voice acting. While it sold poorly in Japan, it was successful in North America, going on to sell 500,000 copies worldwide.

Gameplay
Blue Stinger is an action-adventure game in which players take control of Eliot Ballade or Dogs Bower on Dinosaur Island after it is overrun by monsters. Players explore the game's 3D environments to progress the story by unlocking new parts of the island complex. The Japanese version uses fixed third-person camera perspectives similar to the early Resident Evil series, while the Western version uses a third-person camera fixed behind the player character and includes an optional first-person mode. In addition to the main mission, there are optional side missions which grant new weapons or items. If the current character loses all health, the player reaches a game over and is sent back to the title screen to reload an earlier save.

Gameplay revolves around Eliot or Dogs−whom the player can switch between once they are together−exploring different areas of the Dinosaur Island complex and finding key items to progress, such as key cards for unlocking doors. The game is made up of eight large environments, which range from outdoor areas such as harbors, to indoor locations such as laboratories and a shopping mall. Some environments include passive hostile elements such as extreme temperatures, with their effects shown using a status bar. Enemies are encountered while exploring and can be fought using weapons, which are either found in the environment or bought from vending machines using money dropped from enemies. Larger enemies and bosses have dedicated health bars. Each character has different strengths and weaknesses; Eliot moves faster, can use multiple weapons, and can swim underwater for a limited time, while Dogs moves slower and can only use one weapon, but can defend himself and uses his fists to fight enemies.

Synopsis
Sixty-five million years ago, a meteorite crashes into Earth, wiping out the dinosaurs and paving the way for humans. In 2000, an earthquake sinks the Yucatán Peninsula aside from one island over the meteorite impact area. This island is dubbed "Dinosaur Island", and international biotech corporation Kimra establishes a research community on it. In 2018, Emergency Sea Evacuation and Rescue member Eliot Ballade is on vacation with his friend Tim off Dinosaur Island when a small meteorite crashes near it, generating a barrier that traps Tim in stasis. A light source emerges from the meteorite and takes the shape and name of Tim's good luck boat charm Nephilim, connecting with Eliot before monsters appear and attack the boat, seemingly killing Tim. Eliot escapes with Nephilim to Dinosaur Island, which has become overwhelmed by monsters born from mutated animals and humans. While exploring the island, Eliot is guided by Nephilim, receives information via radio from security team survivor Janine King; and teams up with Dogs Bower, the original discoverer of the island and Janine's estranged father.

During their exploration, Eliot learns Kimra had discovered the meteorite was the egg of a hostile alien codenamed "Dinosite", whose DNA can mutate other lifeforms. During one attack, Eliot swallows some of a mutant's vomit and starts to mutate, with Dogs being prepared to mercy kill him if the change is irreversible. Eliot is narrowly cured when the group finds a serum designed to reverse the mutation. Nephilim, who communicates telepathically with Eliot and Janine, is revealed to be the spirit of the second meteorite and an alien which opposes the Dinosite. The three humans allow Nephilim to reunite with her original body, allowing her to kill the original Dinosite while Eliot and Dogs destroy a cloned version which Kimra created during their experiments. Nephilim bids farewell to Eliot, while Tim is revealed to be alive. A post-credits scene shows Nephilim transforming into a Dinosite meteor and launching from a shell which is pursued by more Nephilim meteors.

Development
The concept for Blue Stinger was created by Shinya Nishigaki, a developer who had worked at Enix and later Climax Entertainment. When creating the concept, Nishigaki was inspired by the movies of Steven Spielberg, Akira Kurosawa, John Carpenter and Joe Dante. A specific inspiration was Carpenter's movie The Thing. He considered Blue Stinger a tribute to Western action movies. To develop the game, Nishigaki and several staff from Climax Entertainment's CGI division who had worked on Dark Savior (1996) formed Climax Graphics as an independent "brother company". Pre-production of Blue Stinger began in September 1996 following completion of Dark Savior. Originally in development for the Sega Saturn, Blue Stinger was rebooted as a Dreamcast title at Sega's request. The reworked game's design and atmosphere drew additional inspiration from Resident Evil, Enemy Zero, and Alone in the Dark. Full production started following the prototype's approval by Sega in December 1997. Debugging lasted from late January to early March 1999.

The staff was split between eighteen people at Climax Graphics in Japan, and ten working from North America on the early design and localization. Nishigaki produced the game and co-wrote the script. Other staff included Ayumu Kojima as director, Kazuaki Yokozawa as lead programmer, Ryosuke Murakami as art director, and Masaki Segawa as character designer and co-writer. The game designer was Atsushi Yamamoto. Through American connections from his university years, Nishigaki brought on Robert Short to create the creature designs and 3D models, and noted storyboard artist Pete von Sholly to be camera supervisor. Sholly also handled the game's storyboards. The Japanese team worked almost 24 hours a day to complete the game, only taking a few days off during its two years in development.

The game was classified as a cinematic action-adventure game, though Nishigaki wanted to be classed outside traditional game genres. He described one of the game's themes as "wit" or "humor", wanting to set the game apart from the horror-focused titles dominating the Japanese 3D adventure market. The environments were designed to have as few repeated elements as possible, additionally designing the environment to appear lived-in and realistic. The original camera design was directly inspired by his love of movies. Character movements were animated using motion capture. The game engine could not handle two player characters on-screen, though early plans had Dogs tagging along as an AI-driven companion and providing comic relief through environmental interactions. The team also did not have time to make Janine playable.

Nishigaki described the plot as Segawa's work, with Nishigaki mostly writing the character banter. Eliot was not written as a conventional lead, being fun-loving and flirtatious in contrast to Dogs' more traditional stoic attitude. Janine was described as central to the character drama. Commenting on the character and world design, Segawa described Nephilim as a fantastical being compared to the grounded tone of the other characters. The game featured both fully 3D graphics for its environments and character models, and a large number of CGI cutscenes. Nishigaki speculated that Sega's support of the project was due to this 3D focus. The lighting was split between three sources; Nephilim, weapon bursts, and pre-set lightmaps. While the Dreamcast was reported to refresh at 60 frames per second, Blue Stinger was kept to 30 due to the number of creatures shown on screen. They also did not use some of the graphical elements the console was capable of such as bump mapping. During development the team did not know the full specifications of the Dreamcast, with Nishigaki saying they used half the console's graphical capacity.

The music was composed by Toshihiko Sahashi, whom Nishigaki wanted to create a Hollywood-style score for the game. The opening and ending themes were recorded using a 60-piece orchestra conducted by Kouji Haishima. Nishigaki wanted the score to emulate the music of John Williams. Blue Stinger was Sahashi's first video game job, treating it like a background movie score. In contrast to his earlier movie and television work, Sahashi had as much time as he wanted to create the score. The opening and ending themes were composed to match the finished movie scenes. Only the opening and ending themes used CD-quality music, with the rest of the game music using the Dreamcast's sound chip. Voice acting for all regions was in English, with the Japanese release using subtitles to emulate Hollywood movies. The two leads were voiced by Ryan Drummond and Deem Bristow. The voice recording was directed by Lani Minella, who also voiced Janine. All three at the time were voicing characters from the Sonic the Hedgehog series. Nishigaki felt Drummond had done a good job voicing Eliot.

Release
Blue Stinger was announced at the Tokyo Game Show in September 1998 as part of Sega's launch lineup for the Dreamcast in November of that year. It was ultimately delayed into the following year to further polish the title. Nishigaki described Sega as disappointed but understanding that the game missed the Japanese console launch. The game was published in Japan on March 25, 1999 by Sega. Two CDs were released on March 20 of that year through Columbia's music label; a soundtrack album, and a single featuring a promotional image song "Sting Me". A strategy guide, containing both in-game guides and a developer interview, was published by SoftBank Creative on April 27.

The game was shown off at E3 1999, confirming that Activision would serve as the game's publisher outside Japan. The partnership came about when Sega approached Activision about Dreamcast support, and Activision expressed interest in Blue Stinger. For its Western release, the camera was changed at Activision's insistence. Nishigaki disliked the new camera, derisively calling it the "gero system". A harder difficulty was included for players who cleared the game on hard difficulty, resulting in character costumes changing. Some elements that might either not be understood outside Japan or might have proven offensive were also adjusted for the Western release.

The game was released in North America on September 9, 1999, and in Europe on October 14. It was a console launch title in both regions. An English strategy guide was published by BradyGames on September 14, 1999. A sequel was proposed by Sega, but Nishigaki had moved onto working on the survival horror game Illbleed. Plans to port expanded versions of Blue Stinger and Illbleed to the Xbox by Coolnet Entertainment were shelved following Nishigaki's death in 2004; a given reason was the Xbox's poor commercial performance in Japan.

Reception
Blue Stinger sold over 61,000 copies during its opening week in Japan with a sell-through rate of just under 56%. It went on to sell over 111,000 copies in total and become the console's 34th best-selling title in the region. While the game sold relatively poorly in Japan, it was commercially successful in North America. During the Dreamcast's debut week in the UK, Blue Stinger was the eighth best-selling title out of the twelve launch titles. The game went on to sell 500,000 copies worldwide, which Sega counted as a success.

The game received above-average reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings, earning a score of 70% based on 22 reviews. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of 28 out of 40. When mentioned, the plot and characters were cited as either enjoyable,  or underwhelming. While the gameplay was generally enjoyed,  several outlets faulted the puzzle design as obtuse. The camera system in both the Japanese and Western releases met with criticism, though the Western version was seen as less problematic. The real-time and CGI graphics together with monster designs met with overall praise,  though the animation was seen as poor. The music met with general praise,  but many faulted the voice acting for its poor quality. Several reviewers called the game a showcase for the Dreamcast's graphics that lacked compelling gameplay.

Jason D'Aprile of Gamecenter found Blue Stinger entertaining but not groundbreaking in its genre, describing it as "fun, interesting, and solid on the whole" despite camera issues holding it back. The reviewers for Electronic Gaming Monthly found the game generally inferior to game titles that influenced it, with one recommending that players wait for Resident Evil – Code: Veronica if they wanted a similar but higher quality experience. Edge similarly compared the game negatively to the upcoming Code Veronica, finding its combination of animation issues and inconsistent audio as "unacceptable" in games of the time. The Game Informer reviewers were fairly negative about several aspects of its design, with one highlighting its emphasis on graphics over gameplay and characters, feeling it was a lacking launch title. GameFan was again negative about the title and called it a weak title in the console's launch line-up.

GamePro was disappointed with its presentation issues, saying they turned Blue Stinger into "a flawed adventure game instead of the sure-fire launch hit that the Dreamcast needs." GameSpot's Peter Bartholow felt Blue Stinger was decent as a game, but lacked polish and depth, saying it would satisfy casual Dreamcast owners more than genre fans. GameSpy faulted the short length alongside other problems with its audio and graphic display, but did not think it was a bad game and kept the reviewer's interest throughout. Anoop Gantayat, writing for IGN, found the game as a whole enjoyable but dedicated much criticism to the camera and voice acting for detracting from the atmosphere. Jeff Lundrigan of Next Generation highlighted its strong points as the action-based gameplay and graphics rather than its story and tone.

In a feature for 1UP.com on Resident Evil "rip-offs", Bob Mackey felt the title was lacking elements to make it a true survival horror, and having too great a focus on combat and graphics. Gaming magazine and website Retro Gamer felt the title had become mislabelled as survival horror since its release, having enjoyable action gameplay and a strong narrative to engage players. Both highlighted the localization as adding to the game's appeal due to its inconsistent quality. In a 2015 retrospective on Nishigaki for Gamasutra, John Andersen noted the game's advanced graphics for the time, but that the camera changes and poor lip syncing had dated it.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Blue Stinger


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Thom Mayne

Thom Mayne (born January 19, 1944) is an American architect. He is based in Los Angeles. In 1972, Mayne helped found the Southern California Institute of Architecture (SCI-Arc), where he is a trustee and the coordinator of the Design of Cities postgraduate program. Since then he has held teaching positions at SCI-Arc, the California State Polytechnic University, Pomona (Cal Poly Pomona) and the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). He is principal of Morphosis Architects, an architectural firm based in Culver City, California and New York City, New York. Mayne received the Pritzker Architecture Prize in March 2005.

Early life and education

Mayne was born in Waterbury, Connecticut. He studied architecture at the University of Southern California (1968) and also studied at Harvard University's Graduate School of Design in 1978, with a social agenda and urban planning focus, receiving his bachelor's degree, he began working as an urban planner under Korean-born architect Ki Suh Park. During that time, he recalls that "policy and planning were not going to work for me" and that he "needed a more tangible resolution." Mayne found himself living on a commune with the grass-roots group Campaign for Economic Democracy, many of whom became his earliest clients.

In 1972, Mayne abruptly left Cal Poly Pomona and collaborated with five other students and educators whom he met at while at USC, to create the Southern California Institute of Architecture, or SCI-Arc. The rift was due to differences between the dean at Cal Poly at the time and Ray Kappe, who headed the school's architecture department. The goal of the new institute was to reinvigorate formal architectural education with a keener sense of social conscience. SCI-Arc was "to bring to Los Angeles the critical attitude toward the profession that was being practiced at Cooper Union in New York and the Architectural Association in London."

Morphosis
Mayne and some others founded Morphosis Architects in 1972; Michael Rotondi joined in 1975. The firm's design philosophy arises from an interest in producing work with a meaning that can be understood by absorbing the culture for which it was made, and their goal was to develop an architecture that would eschew the normal bounds of traditional forms. Beginning as an informal collaboration of designers that survived on non-architectural projects, its first official commission was a school in Pasadena, attended by Mayne's son. Publicity from this project led to a number of residential commissions, including the Lawrence Residence. Mayne describes the early days of the group as more of a "garage band" than a practice. They spent their free time experimenting with new inventions for their clients, whom consisted of friends and parents of students.

When work was at a standstill, Mayne took a year off to earn his Master of Architecture degree from Harvard University. He graduated in 1978 and returned to work for Morphosis where he became the principal architect, lead designer and principal in charge for all of Morphosis' projects. The firm has grown into prominent design practice, with completed projects worldwide. Under the Design Excellence program of the United States government's General Service Administration, Thom Mayne has become a primary architect for federal projects. Recent commissions include: graduate housing at the University of Toronto; the San Francisco Federal Building; the University of Cincinnati Student Recreation Center; the Science Center School in Los Angeles, Diamond Ranch High School in Pomona, California; and the Wayne L. Morse United States Courthouse in Eugene, Oregon.

The work of Morphosis has a layered quality. Visually, the firm's architecture includes sculptural forms. In recent years, such visual effect has been made possible increasingly through computer design techniques, which simplify the construction of complex forms.

Controversy
Early in his career, Mayne became notorious for having an abusive temper, and screaming at clients. "None of my clients would recommend me," he later admitted.

In late summer 2002, Mayne was asked by New York magazine to contribute a proposal for the World Trade Center site, where recovery and cleanup had just ended. In discussing his plan, Mayne told an interviewer his thoughts about the September 11 attacks. "I have no empathy; it doesn't make me weep. I could make a better case for justifying the terror than the other way around."

Academics
Mayne taught at the University of Pennsylvania and has held teaching positions at many institutions including Columbia University, Harvard University, Yale University, the Berlage Institute in the Netherlands and the Bartlett School of Architecture in London. He was a tenured faculty member at the UCLA School of Arts and Architecture. In 2013, he contributed a foreword to the book "Never Built Los Angeles" by Sam Lubell and Greg Goldin. Now he is a faculty member at SCI-Arc and UPenn.

Completed

 * Kate Mantilini / Beverly Hills, CA, 1986
 * 6th Street Residence, Santa Monica, CA, 1988
 * Cedar Sinai Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, 1988
 * Crawford Residence, Montecito, CA, 1990
 * Salick Healthcare Office Building, Los Angeles, CA, 1991
 * Blades Residence, Santa Barbara, California, 1995
 * Sun Tower in Seoul, Korea 1997
 * Diamond Ranch High School, Pomona, California, 1999
 * University of Toronto Graduate House, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2000
 * Hypo Alpe-Adria Center, Klagenfurt, Austria, 2002
 * Caltrans District 7 Headquarters, Los Angeles, California, 2004
 * Science Center School, Los Angeles, California, 2004
 * University of Cincinnati Student Recreation Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 2006
 * Public housing in Madrid, Spain, 2006
 * Wayne L. Morse United States Courthouse, Eugene, Oregon, 2006
 * San Francisco Federal Building, San Francisco, California, 2006
 * Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 2009
 * National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Satellite Operation Facility, Suitland, Maryland, 2007
 * New Academic Building at 41 Cooper Square, The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, New York City, New York, 2009
 * Perot Museum of Nature & Science, Dallas, Texas, 2012
 * Bill and Melinda Gates Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 2013
 * Emerson College Los Angeles Center, Los Angeles, California, 2014
 * Vialia Vigo, Vigo, Galicia, Spain, 2018
 * Orange County Museum of Art, Costa Mesa, California, 2022

In progress

 * Cornell NYC Tech, Roosevelt Island, New York, 2017
 * A. Alfred Taubman Engineering, Architecture and Life Sciences Complex, Lawrence Technological University, Southfield, Michigan (2016)

Awards and honors
Mayne has been the recipient of many distinguished awards over the course of his career. Among them are the Rome Prize which he was awarded in 1987 and the Pritzker Prize in 2005. Mayne was a member of the Holcim Awards global jury in 2006 and a member of the Holcim Awards jury for region North America in 2005. In 2009, he was appointed as a member of the President's Committee on the Arts and the Humanities. He was elected to the board of trustees of SCI-Arc in 2011. In 2015, Mayne was a member of the Prix Versailles judges panel.

 * List of awards and honors
 * Rome Prize, American Academy in Rome, Italy / 1987
 * Eliel Saarinen Chair, Yale School of Architecture, Yale University / 1991
 * Brunner Prize or Award in Architecture, American Academy of Arts and Letters / 1992
 * Los Angeles Gold Medal, American Institute of Architects / 2000
 * Chrysler Design Award of Excellence / 2001
 * Pritzker Prize / 2005
 * Top Ten Green Project Award, American Institute of Architects Committee on the Environment / 2007
 * The Edward MacDowell Medal / 2008
 * Neutra Medal for Professional Excellence / 2011
 * American Institute of Architects Gold Medal / 2013

Ray Bradbury house
In June 2014, Mayne bought the Cheviot Hills, Los Angeles house that noted writer Ray Bradbury had lived in for 50 years. In January 2015, the building was scheduled for demolition which caused a media controversy. According to Mayne, who had not known about the fact that it belonged to Bradbury, the Bradbury family – which has not commented on the situation – had no interest in preserving the house. Mayne further explained that he had bought the house from a foundation that was not associated with the Bradbury estate. A city demolition permit was issued on December 30, 2014 with demolition to take place in January 2015. Materials from Bradbury's home office were donated to the Indiana-based Center for Ray Bradbury studies, which intended to raise money to recreate it as it was in the mid-1960s. When queried, the Morphosis office reported that the house was not being razed, but "deconstructed" so that some of the materials could be recycled – including into 451 sets of bookends – a longer and more complicated process. It was reported at the time that a contractor said that the house Mayne intended to build would have three underground levels, including a swimming pool and two stories above ground – although Mayne himself said that plans for the house were not finished. "Our house will not be ordinary – our house is going to be a garden", and expected it to be a "prototype that is landscape-neutral and water friendly". The new house was supposed to embody the new ecological and sustainable standard for architecture in Los Angeles, according to Mayne. He further stated that a memorial wall to Bradbury and his works was planned to be part of the project. Construction on the new house was scheduled to finish in 2017.

title: Thom Mayne


text:
Deborah Roberts

Deborah Ann Roberts (born September 20, 1960) is an American television journalist for the ABC News division of the ABC broadcast television network.

Early life and education
Roberts was born in Perry, Georgia to Benjamin Roberts, a business owner, and Ruth Roberts, a housewife. She graduated from the Henry W. Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of Georgia with a Bachelor of Journalism in 1982. In 1992, Roberts was awarded the University of Georgia Distinguished Alumnus Award for her rapid success as a journalist.

Career

In 1982, Roberts began her career at WTVM, a local television station in Columbus, Georgia, and then she moved on to work at WBIR, a local television station in Knoxville, Tennessee.

From 1987 to 1990, she served as bureau chief/NASA field reporter/weekend news co-anchor at WFTV, a local television station in Orlando, Florida. In 1990, she joined NBC News as a general-assignment reporter and later served as a correspondent for Dateline NBC, an NBC News newsmagazine program.

Roberts moved to ABC News in 1995 as a correspondent for 20/20, a newsmagazine program, as well as an anchor for World News Tonight Weekend, the weekend evening news program, and for Good Morning America, the morning news program. In July and September 2006, she was a guest host on The View, a talk show produced by ABC Daytime, a division of ABC.

Roberts has won an Emmy Award and a Clarion Award for her reporting.

Roberts has contributed to other of the network's platforms, including Good Morning America, Primetime, Nightline, and The Katie Couric Show.

Roberts hosts Lifetime Live on Lifetime Television, a cable and satellite television channel.

In 2016, the non-fiction book, Been There, Done That: Family Wisdom for Modern Times, written by Roberts and husband Al Roker, was published.

In 2021, Roberts received a Peabody Award for the 20/20 special report, “Say Her Name: Breonna Taylor.”

Personal life
Roberts resides in Manhattan with her husband Al Roker, whom she married in September 1995; they have a daughter and a son. Roberts has a stepdaughter from her husband's prior marriage.

title: Deborah Roberts


text:
Talk:Thom Mayne

Morphosis
No buildings? Is this a vanity entry? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wetman (talk • contribs) 4 December 2004
 * See: Morphosis —203.109.254.50 10:14, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

A redirect from Morphosis to Thom Mayne is not correct. Morphosis is an office with more than one partners (Michael Rotondi). --88.72.231.171 13:07, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Michael Rotondi may be a notable architect in his own right, but is Morphosis notable separately from them? What could we say about Morphosis that we wouldn't also include in this article? -Will Beback · † · 19:21, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Michael Rotondi started his own office in 1991. My understanding was that Thom Mayne was the sole design principal at Morphosis. Also, what do people think about the "Success of a rare idea" section? I am not quite sure what it is getting at. - Generaltso 23:26, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

As a biography of a living person and unsourced, should this not be up for deletion? Lynnae 18:04, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

 * There are several external inks leading to profiles - are we sure this is unsourced? Since the subject has received the top prize in architecture, and is therefore very notable, we shouldn't delete the article. ·:· Will Beback  ·:· 19:25, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

 * ah, I see where you're pointing to. I wasn't questioning the notability, merely reading it over at not seeing any citations. I'll go in and see if I can add citation links to the reference material. Lynnae 20:07, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

NPOV dispute in "Criticism" section
Recent edits have completely cut down the "criticism" section, despite supporting citations being present. This seems like a major NPOV issue. The original content was present for several months and was removed without discussion or any mention on Talk. I assume first-party edits on this one (editing IP is from general location of the business headquarters). If criticism of the subject is going to be censored, then this article is clearly vanity and should be removed completely. I highly suggest reverting the edit until some consensus is reached. (Just added NPOV-section tag for now.)

173.77.25.210 (talk) 05:15, 16 October 2009 (UTC)

The editing history of the page indicates ""Criticism" section edited to remove inflammatory language and sections without direct support or citation." The content in question, which was edit, out is as follows:

Students and faculty at Mayne's New Academic Building at The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art in New York, NY criticize the building's excessive emphasis on visual appeal over utility. Street-level classrooms are exposed to the busy city streets outside, as well as the main lobby of the building, providing an additional source of distraction for both students and faculty. Fitted with a central staircase that does not allow direct access to each floor, two emergency staircases that cannot be accessed through the first floor, two additional emergency staircases that only allow access between the second lower level and the second floor, as well as a skip-stop elevator sharing a common call button with a "local" elevator, navigating Mayne's New Academic Building at The Cooper Union is confusing, time-consuming and counter-intuitive for persons with pressing schedules-- a counter-productive feature of the building for a top-ranked engineering school. Additionally, the "green" external mesh layer disallows adequate natural lighting to penetrate into the building, leaving a cloudy, gloomy feel throughout the building all day.

And was replaced with:

There has also been some recent criticism of Mayne's New Academic Building for The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art in New York, NY, as the skip-stop elevators and elimination of traditional egress stairs has been questioned as unnecessary and confusing.

The new content does in fact address the navigation issues of the building (the skip-stop elevators and the unique egress staircases), but lacks entirely in the description of the issues they pose, which may (or may not) be of some use to article visitors. Furthermore, the issues created by the central staircase as cited in the original content as well as the referenced article is completely absent in the current content. I highly recommend maintaining the original content, but editing it to remove terms of exaggeration, the most notable of which is "EXCESSIVE emphasis on visual appeal..."

Additionally, descriptions of the building's characteristics, though unreferenced, (notably the exposed classrooms) should remain, as they are descriptions of a physical standing structure-- that is, it may be taken as fact since anyone may simply go to the structure and make these observations.

It should be noted, however, that two of the three citations that exist in the article are in the Criticism section, where the remaining citation supports only the fact that Mayne graduated at the University of Southern California. Descriptions of the Firm, Design Philosophy, and even Awards are unreferenced and is presented as fact ("Citation Needed" markers were added following this post). This again supports the possibility that this article was created for vanity, and removal may be necessary. [Self Correction: It appears that External Links are used as citations, as indicated in the above section. I removed the "citation needed" markers, but left neutrality markers.]

71.183.68.254(talk) 16:35, 18 October 2009 (UTC)

LA based architech
I removed where the subject is based from the lede sentence. I guess a case can be made for where he is based contributes to his notability? Maybe include this further into the lede but not in the first sentence? --Malerooster (talk) 04:50, 1 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes, where he is based is indeed notable. I did not remove your addition of "American". BMK (talk) 06:46, 1 January 2016 (UTC)
 * How so? --Malerooster (talk) 16:52, 1 January 2016 (UTC)

EL section
I removed some dead links and non subject specific links. --Malerooster (talk) 22:51, 1 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thom Mayne


text:
File:GirlfromUncle1.jpg

Image Description

 * Front cover of The Girl from U.N.C.L.E..

Non-free/fair use media rationale in The Girl from U.N.C.L.E.
Although this image is subject to copyright, it is covered by US fair use laws because:
 * 1) The image is only being used in the article about the book (The Girl from U.N.C.L.E.) for informational and educational purposes.
 * 2) Use of the book cover visually identifies the book and its author in a manner that mere prose cannot, and meets all criteria in WP:NFCC.
 * 3) This image enhances the article in which it's displayed, as it provides an immediate relevance to the reader more capably than the textual description alone.
 * 4) The image is not replaceable with an uncopyrighted or freely copyrighted image of comparable educational value.
 * 5) The image is the primary means of visual identification of the article topic.
 * 6) The image is a low resolution image of the book cover, in an inferior graphics format (JPEG).
 * 7) The image is only a small portion of the commercial product.
 * 8) The use of this image will not affect the value of the original work.
 * 9) The use of this image will not limit the copyright holder's rights or ability to distribute or make a profit from the original. In particular, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the book.

title: File:GirlfromUncle1.jpg


text:
Talk:Deborah Roberts

Untitled
If this just is about Al Roker's wife, it should be a redirect. --Wetman 08:08, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Are Deborah Roberts and Robin Roberts (Good Morning America co-anchor) related at all? Dwp49423 03:01, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

Removed the earlier ref to her possibly replacing Star Jones on the View.--ukexpat 17:31, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Deborah Roberts. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110606060729/http://www.uga.edu/gm/artman/publish/0612roberts.html to http://www.uga.edu/gm/artman/publish/0612roberts.html

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Dodgy link...
Hello, I just followed a hyperlink on the page of composer Thomas Tallis.

The US journalist is not the Deborah Roberts (classical singer) who recorded music with the Tallis Scholars; if anyone can deactivate this, thanks! (not my skill set). The singing Roberts does not appear to have a Wiki page to be linked. 87.252.35.177 (talk) 18:24, 20 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Deborah Roberts


text:
James Ivory

James Francis Ivory (born Richard Jerome Hazen June 7, 1928) is an American film director, producer, and screenwriter. Ivory, along with Indian film producer Ismail Merchant, his domestic as well as professional partner, and screenwriter Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, were the principals in Merchant Ivory Productions. Together they made film adaptations from the novels of E.M. Forster, Henry James and others. Their body of work is celebrated for its elegance, sophistication, literary fidelity, strong performances, as well as its complex themes and rich characters.

Merchant–Ivory was established in 1961 in India where they made modestly budgeted films including The Householder (1963), Shakespeare Wallah (1965), and Bombay Talkie (1970). Ivory began adapting films from classic novels such as The Europeans (1979), Quartet (1981), Heat and Dust (1983), The Bostonians (1984), Maurice (1987), and Mr. & Mrs. Bridge (1990). During this period he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director for A Room with a View (1985), Howards End (1992), and The Remains of the Day (1993). At the age of 89, Ivory won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for his work on Luca Guadagnino's Call Me by Your Name (2017).

Over his career, Ivory has earned numerous accolades including an Academy Award, three BAFTA Awards, and a Writers Guild of America Award as well as nominations for three Golden Globe Awards. He received the Directors Guild of America Lifetime Achievement Award in 1995. Ivory released his autobiography Solid Ivory: Memoirs (2021) and directed the documentary ''A Cooler Climate (2022).

Early life and education
Ivory was born Richard Jerome Hazen in Berkeley, California, and adopted shortly after birth by Hallie Millicent (née de Loney) and Edward Patrick Ivory, a sawmill operator; they renamed him James Francis Ivory. He grew up in Klamath Falls, Oregon. He attended the University of Oregon, where he received a degree in fine arts in 1951. Ivory is a recipient of the Lawrence Medal, UO's College of Design's highest honor for its graduates. His papers are held by UO Libraries' Special Collections and University Archives. He was UO's 2019-2020 honorary degree recipient.

Ivory then attended the University of Southern California School of Cinematic Arts, where he directed the short film Four in the Morning (1953). He wrote, photographed, and produced Venice: Theme and Variations, a half-hour documentary submitted as his thesis film for his master's degree in cinema. The film was named by The New York Times in 1957 as one of the ten best non-theatrical films of the year. He graduated from USC in 1957.

1959–1978: Beginnings and early films
Ivory met producer Ismail Merchant at a screening of Ivory's documentary The Sword and the Flute in New York City in 1959. In May 1961, Merchant and Ivory formed the film production company Merchant Ivory Productions. Merchant and Ivory were long-term life partners. Their professional and romantic partnership lasted 44 years, from 1961 until Merchant's death in 2005. Ivory owned several homes, including the Jacob Rutsen Van Rensselaer House and Mill Complex in Claverack, New York.

Their partnership has a place in the Guinness Book of World Records for the longest partnership in independent cinema history. Until Merchant's death in 2005, they produced 40 films, including a number of films that received Academy, BAFTA and Golden Globe awards among many others. Ivory directed 17 theatrical films for Merchant Ivory, and novelist Ruth Prawer Jhabvala was the screenwriter for 22 of their productions in addition to another film produced by Merchant Ivory after Merchant's death.

Of this collaboration, Ismail Merchant once commented: "It is a strange marriage we have at Merchant Ivory ... I am an Indian Muslim, Ruth is a German Jew, and Jim is a Protestant American. Someone once described us as a three-headed god. Maybe they should have called us a three-headed monster!"

1979–1993: Breakthrough and acclaim
In 1985, Ivory directed a film adaptation of the classic E. M. Forster novel A Room with a View. The film starred Helena Bonham Carter who was 19 years old at the time, in her first major film role. The film also co-starred Julian Sands, Maggie Smith, Judi Dench, Denholm Elliott, Simon Callow, and Daniel Day-Lewis. The film received universal praise with The Chicago Sun-Times film critic Roger Ebert gave the film four out of four stars, writing: "It is an intellectual film, but intellectual about emotions: It encourages us to think about how we feel, instead of simply acting on our feelings." The film received eight Academy Award nominations including Best Director for Ivory. He also received Best Director nominations from the British Academy Film Awards, the Golden Globes Awards, and the Directors Guild of America.

The following year Ivory directed another Forster adaptation, the romantic drama Maurice (1987). The film is a gay love story in the restrictive and repressed culture of Edwardian England. The story follows its main character, Maurice Hall, through university, a tumultuous relationship, struggling to fit into society, and ultimately being united with his life partner. The film stars James Wilby and Hugh Grant in their first major film appearances, and also features Rupert Graves, Simon Callow, Denholm Elliott, Mark Tandy, Billie Whitelaw, Judy Parfitt, Phoebe Nicholls, and Ben Kingsley. In a 2017 retrospective in The New Yorker, Sarah Larson wrote, "...For many gay men coming of age in the eighties and nineties, Maurice was revelatory: a first glimpse, onscreen or anywhere, of what love between men could look like". Director James Ivory has added to the legacy on the film saying, "So many people have come up to me since Maurice and pulled me aside and said, 'I just want you to know you changed my life.'" Ivory won the Venice Film Festival's Silver Lion for Best Director.

This was followed in 1990 by Mr. & Mrs. Bridge, which was adapted by Jhabvala from the novels by Evan S. Connell. According to Ivory, "the world of Mr. and Mrs. Bridge is the world I grew up in...It's the only film I've ever made that was about my own childhood and adolescence." The film received an Oscar nomination for Best Actress (Joanne Woodward), as well as two New York Film Critics Circle awards. Ivory would later call Mr. & Mrs. Bridge a personal favorite, adding that it was the one film he would most like to see reappraised.

In 1992, Merchant-Ivory tackled their third Forster adaptation, Howards End, based on the acclaimed novel and starring Emma Thompson, Helena Bonham Carter, Anthony Hopkins, and Vanessa Redgrave. The film premiered at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival where it competed for the Palme d'Or and went on to critical acclaim. Ivory received his second Academy Award for Best Director nomination. The film also received three Academy Awards for Best Actress (Emma Thompson), Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Production Design. The film also received eleven British Academy Film Award nominations, and four Golden Globe Award nominations. In 2016, the film was selected for screening as part of the Cannes Classics section at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival, and was released theatrically after restoration on August 26, 2016.

The following year, Merchant-Ivory directed the period drama The Remains of the Day (1993), adapted from the acclaimed novel of the same name by Kazuo Ishiguro. American filmmaker Mike Nichols served as one of the film's producers, and the film reunited Anthony Hopkins and Emma Thompson. Supporting performances included James Fox, Christopher Reeve, Hugh Grant, and Lena Headey. The film revolved around a dedicated butler who serves an English landlord in the years leading up to the second World War. The film was a commercial and critical success with Vincent Canby of The New York Times said, in another favorable review, "Here's a film for adults. It's also about time to recognize that Mr. Ivory is one of our finest directors, something that critics tend to overlook because most of his films have been literary adaptations." The film received eight Academy Award nominations with Ivory receiving his third nomination for Best Director. He also received nominations from the British Academy Film Awards, Golden Globe Awards, and Directors Guild of America.

In 1999, the British Film Institute ranked The Remains of the Day the 64th-greatest British film of the 20th century.

1995–2009: Established work
In 1995 he directed the film Jefferson in Paris starring Nick Nolte as Thomas Jefferson, Thandiwe Newton as Sally Hemings, and Gwyneth Paltrow as Patsy Jefferson. The following year he directed the film Surviving Picasso starring Anthony Hopkins as the painter Pablo Picasso. In 1998 he directed and co-wrote the film A Soldier's Daughter Never Cries, a film divided into three segments each named after a different protagonist. In 2000 he directed the romantic period drama The Golden Bowl which was adapted from the Henry James novel of the same name. He directed the romantic comedy Le Divorce starring Kate Hudson and Naomi Watts.

In 2005 he directed the film The White Countess written by Kazuo Ishiguro starring Ralph Fiennes, Natasha Richardson, and Vanessa Redgrave. In 2009, Ivory reunited with Anthony Hopkins for the romantic drama The City of Your Final Destination co-starring Laura Linney. The film is the first Merchant Ivory film production without the participation of producer Ismail Merchant due to his death in 2005.

2017–present: Career resurgence
In 2017, Ivory wrote and co-produced the film adaptation of Call Me by Your Name, a 2007 coming-of-age novel by André Aciman. The film, a romantic drama, was directed by Luca Guadagnino and is the final installment in his thematic "Desire" trilogy, following I Am Love (2009), and A Bigger Splash (2015). Set in 1983 in northern Italy, the story chronicles the romantic relationship between a 17-year-old, Elio Perlman (Timothée Chalamet), and Oliver (Armie Hammer), a 24-year-old graduate-student assistant to Elio's father (Michael Stuhlbarg), an archaeology professor.

Ivory originally was to co-direct the film based on Guadagnino's suggestion; however, there was no contract to that effect. Ivory accepted the offer to co-direct on the condition that he would also write the film; he spent "about nine months" on the screenplay. Ivory stepped down from a directorial role in 2016, leaving Guadagnino to direct the film alone. According to Ivory, financiers from Memento Films International did not want two directors involved with the project because they "thought it would be awkward ... It might take longer, it would look terrible if we got in fights on the set, and so on." Guadagnino said Ivory's version would have likely been "a much more costly [and] different film" that would have been too expensive to make. Ivory retained the sole credit as screenwriter The film was the only narrative feature he has written but not directed. Despite stepping aside as director, he continued to remain involved with other aspects of the production.

The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival and garnered huge critical success. Ivory's screenplay brought him numerous awards and nominations. Ivory won awards for Best Adapted Screenplay from the Academy Awards, British Academy Film Awards, Writers Guild of America, the Critics' Choice Awards, and the Scripter Awards, among others. Upon winning the Oscar and BAFTA at the age of 89, Ivory became the oldest-ever winner in any category for both awards.

In 2018, Ivory took part in the film ''Dance Again with Me Heywood! ''directed by Michele Diomà. At 94 he directed the documentary film, A Cooler Climate (2022), about boxes of film footage he shot during a life-changing trip to Afghanistan in 1960, which had its world premiere at the New York Film Festival in 2022. Raymond Ang of GQ wrote that the project "might be the most personal" film of his career. In May 2023, an upcoming biographical documentary portrait titled, James Ivory: In Search of Love and Beauty, directed by Christopher Manning was announced. The film chronicles the life and work of Ivory and features Helena Bonham Carter, Emma Thompson, Hugh Grant, Wes Anderson and others.

Personal life
Ivory is gay, as he detailed in his memoir, Solid Ivory, which gives details of his relationships with his business partner Ismail Merchant, their composer Richard Robbins, and others such as Bruce Chatwin.

Awards and honours
In 1985 A Room with a View was nominated for eight Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director, and won three, for Jhabvala's adaptation of Forster's novel as well as for Best Costume and Best Production Design. A Room With a View was also voted Best Film of the year by the Critic's Circle Film Section of Great Britain, the British Academy of Film and Television Arts, the National Board of Review in the United States and in Italy, where the film won the Donatello Prize for Best Foreign Language Picture and Best Director. In 1987, Maurice received a Silver Lion Award for Best Director at the Venice Film Festival as well as Best Film Score for Richard Robbins and Best Actor Awards for co-stars James Wilby and Hugh Grant. 1990's Mr. and Mrs. Bridge would receive an Oscar nomination for Best Actress (Joanne Woodward), as well as Best Actress and Best Screenplay from the New York Film Critics Circle.

In 1992 Ivory directed another film adapted from Forster, Howards End. The film was nominated for nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director, and won three: Best Actress (Emma Thompson), Best Screenplay – Adaptation (Ruth Prawer Jhabvala), and Best Art Direction/Set Decoration (Luciana Arrighi/Ian Whittaker). The film also won Best Picture at the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) Awards, as well as awards for Best Picture, Best Actress for Emma Thompson and Best Director for Ivory from the National Board of Review. The Directors Guild of America awarded the D.W. Griffith award, its highest honor, to Ivory for his work. At the 1992 Cannes Film Festival the film won the 45th Anniversary Prize. Howards End was immediately followed by The Remains of the Day, which was nominated for eight Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director.

For his work in Call Me by Your Name (2017), Ivory received an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, a Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, and USC Scripter Award for Best Screenplay. He was also nominated for the AACTA International Award for Best Screenplay, and the Gotham Independent Film Award for Best Screenplay. At 89, Ivory is the oldest person to ever win an Academy Award in competition.

title: James Ivory


text:
Tunisian

Tunisian may refer to:

 * Someone or something connected to Tunisia
 * Tunisian Arabic
 * Tunisian people
 * Tunisian cuisine
 * Tunisian culture

title: Tunisian


text:
Bluebonnet Bowl

The Bluebonnet Bowl was an annual college football bowl game played in Houston, Texas. A civic group was appointed by the Houston Chamber of Commerce Athletics Committee in 1959 to organize the bowl game. It was held at Rice Stadium from 1959 through 1967, and again in 1985 and 1986. The game was played in the Astrodome from 1968 through 1984, as well in 1987. When held in the Astrodome, it was called the Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl. The proceeds from the bowl games were distributed to various Harris County charitable organizations. The game was discontinued following the 1987 season due to poor ticket sales and lack of a title sponsor.

The Bluebonnet Bowl generally featured a team from Texas against an out-of-state opponent; 19 out of the 29 games involved a team from Texas. From 1980 to 1987, with the exception of 1981, a runner-up from the Southwest Conference played against an at-large opponent. The hometown Houston Cougars played in four games, all before joining the SWC. Runners-up from the Big 8 or Southeastern Conferences were also perennial participants.

The bluebonnet is the state flower of Texas.

Bowl games returned to Houston in 2000 with the Houston Bowl, and then the Texas Bowl since 2006.

Media
The Bluebonnet Bowl was broadcast by:
 * CBS (1960–1963)
 * ABC (1964–1967)
 * Syndication (1968–1972)
 * ABC (1973–1975)
 * TVS Television Network (1976)
 * Mizlou Television Network (1977–1981)
 * ESPN (1982)
 * Mizlou (1983)
 * ESPN (1984)
 * USA Network/Lorimar Sports Network (1985)
 * Raycom Sports (1986)
 * Mizlou (1987)

title: Bluebonnet Bowl


text:
Percy Pennybacker

Percy V. Pennybacker Jr. (1895–1963) was a Texas civil engineer who pioneered the technology of welded structures, particularly for bridges.

Professional success
Pennybacker worked for the Texas Highway Department in the early 1900s designing bridges. He earned his civil engineering degree from the University of Texas at Austin. He served as a captain in the Army Air Service during World War I. After the war, he worked in Kansas and Texas. During World War II, he became interested in welded construction as an alternative to rivets. By promoting the use of welding for heavy stress bridge design, he is credited with saving the state of Texas millions of dollars.

When he retired from the Texas Highway Department, he worked another three years for the city of Austin as a civil engineer.

He was honored as "Outstanding Engineer" by the Texas Society of Professional Engineers, was a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, and brought the American Welding Society to Austin.

Childhood
His father, also Percy V. Pennybacker, and mother Anna (née Hardwicke) Pennybacker married in Tyler, Texas in 1884. Percy junior was born in Palestine, Texas and was one of four children. His father, a school superintendent, suffered from diabetes and died of the disease in 1899 while Percy was young. Like his father, Percy too suffered from diabetes. After spending a year in the hospital as a young civil engineer, he became one of the first patients treated with insulin. His mother Anna, an educator and activist wrote and published A New History of Texas for Schools, which was adopted by the Texas Legislature for use in public schools from 1898 through 1913. The family moved from Palestine to Austin in 1900.

Non-professional life
He married Mary Alice. An Episcopalian, he helped found St. George's Episcopal Church in Austin.

Recognition
The iconic Pennybacker Bridge (a.k.a. the "360 bridge") in Austin, Texas is named in his honor.

title: Percy Pennybacker


text:
Bluegrass Bowl

The Bluegrass Bowl was a college football bowl game that was played only once, on December 13, 1958, at Cardinal Stadium (later known as "Old Cardinal Stadium") in Louisville, Kentucky. The Oklahoma State Cowboys defeated the Florida State Seminoles, 15–6.

Background of the Bluegrass Bowl
Game organizers expected the Bluegrass Bowl to be an annual event in Louisville, starting with the 1958 contest. The first choices for the game were the Kentucky Wildcats and the Alabama Crimson Tide, which went 5–4–1 in its first season under Bear Bryant, who had previously coached at Kentucky for eight seasons. The Wildcats, who had received poor treatment from the Louisville crowd during a 51–0 win over at Cardinal Stadium in their season opener, turned down the bid, with the team's lettermen voting 18–12 against. Kentucky's players voting to turn down bowl bids was nothing new: they said no to the Gator Bowl in 1953, despite a 7–2–1 record in Bryant's final season in Lexington, and again in 1954 after going 7–3. Alabama also declined; Oklahoma State and Florida State accepted invitations.

Bowl organizers successfully negotiated a national television contract with American Broadcasting Company (ABC), with a 100 mile blackout. At the time, ABC held only a secondary affiliation in Louisville with primary CBS affiliate WHAS-TV. A crowd of 15,000, less than half capacity, was expected for the inaugural game. Tickets were priced at $6.50 each, though due to unenthusiastic demand they were being sold for $1.50 on the day of the game. Parking cost 25 cents.

1958 Bluegrass Bowl
Oklahoma State entered the game ranked #19 in the AP Poll, while Florida State was unranked. Florida State was an independent with a 7–3 regular season record; Oklahoma State was also 7–3 as an independent, having left the Missouri Valley Conference after the 1956 season and not joining the Big Eight Conference until 1960. Florida State, in their final season under head coach Tom Nugent, made in their third bowl game. Oklahoma State, coached by Cliff Speegle, was appearing in its fourth bowl game.

The game was played at Cardinal Stadium on the grounds of the Kentucky Exposition Center, just behind Freedom Hall, where the 1958 NCAA University Division basketball tournament had been held in March. Kickoff was at 2:00 p.m., with a game time temperature of 20 F, and falling. The playing field was icy and slippery, causing the players to forego cleats and wear tennis shoes instead. The cold weather on top of the general indifference to the contest kept the attendance low; crowd estimates were in the 5,000–10,000 range, and many accounts state that just over 7,000 attended.

In the first quarter, Florida State took two drives into Oklahoma State territory but missed 16 and 23-yard field goal attempts.

Early in the second quarter, Oklahoma State halfback Duane Wood ran 17 yards for a score, putting the Cowboys up 7–0. Late in the second quarter, Oklahoma State again drove deep into Florida State territory, but on fourth-and-five, Florida State defender Ron Hinson stripped the ball from Oklahoma State's Forrest Campbell just a foot from the goal line.

Florida State fumbled twice in the third quarter. Oklahoma State took the second fumble for a 10-play, 39-yard touchdown drive capped by another Duane Wood touchdown run. Wood then caught a pass for a two-point conversion to give Oklahoma State a 15–0 lead.

Florida State scored a fourth-quarter touchdown without a successful conversion, giving Oklahoma State a 15–6 win.

Media coverage
ABC's coverage of the otherwise forgettable Bluegrass Bowl was notable for two reasons: it was the last broadcast of Harry Wismer and the first national telecast to feature Howard Cosell. It was also the first-ever national broadcast of a Florida State football game. Due to the cold weather, the press covering the game deserted the windowless press box and all crowded into a single enclosed, heated room with windows for the game.

Aftermath
In January 1959, officials stated that paid attendance for the game was 3,152 with $18,132.50 of actual income. The Bluegrass Bowl organizers proclaimed the game a success despite the low attendance and stated that the game would be played again, but it was not. The 1959 edition had been scheduled for December 19, but was canceled on November 29 after Alabama and Kentucky both declined invitations, as they had done for the inaugural edition of the bowl. Alabama played in the 1959 Liberty Bowl, while Kentucky, having finished the season with a losing record, did not play in a bowl game.

Statistics

 * Scoring Summary
 * OSU - D. Wood 17 yd. run (J. Wood kick), 14:31
 * OSU - D. Wood 1 yd. run (D. Wood pass from Soergel), :07
 * FSU - Meyer 39 yd. pass from Majors (Prinzi run failed), 13:52

 * Statistics

Florida State
 * Individual Statistics
 * Rushing
 * Pickard galloped 14 times for 44 yards. Vic Prinzi rushed 7 times for 30 yards. Renn ran 2 times for 13 yards. Majors went for 12 yards on 3 carries. Whitehead had just one yard on 1 carry. McCormack gained 0 yards on one try.

Oklahoma State
 * Campbell rushed 26 times for 130 yards. D. Wood went for 81 yards on 17 carries for two touchdowns. Wiggins galloped 12 times for 59 yards. Banfield ran 7 times for 34 yards. Rundele had 3 carries for 7 yards. Sewell ran for 3 yards on 4 carries. Wagner had just 1 yard on his one carry. Cross and Soergel both lost yards on their only carries, the former losing 5 and the latter losing 12.

Florida State
 * Passing
 * Majors went 5 for 9 passing with a touchdown and interception each and 116 yards. Prinzi went 3 for 8 with 3 interceptions and 44 yards. McCormack went 1 for 4 passing with 25 yards. Lastly, Renn went 0 for 1 passing.

Oklahoma State
 * Soergel went 6 for 12 passing with 1 interception and 77 yards.

Florida State
 * Receiving
 * Romeo had 3 catches for 62 yards. Espenship caught 2 passes for 22 yards. Renn received 2 catches for 48 yards. Meyer snatched 1 pass for 39 yards, which proved to be the only Seminole touchdown. Lastly, Pasqual had 1 catch for 14 yards.

Oklahoma State
 * Wiggins had 2 catches for 38 yards. D. Wood caught 2 passes for 23 yards. Harkey received 1 catch for 7 yards. Lastly, J. Wood had 1 catch for 9 yards.

title: Bluegrass Bowl


text:
Talk:Nadir (disambiguation)

VfD
For a May 2005 deletion debate over this page see Votes for deletion/Nadir

Literature
What about Nadir and zenith in literature as the high point and the low point of a tragic heroes path??? why no reference????? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.248.97.244 (talk) 21:37, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

Pronunciation
how does one pronounce nadir?
 * Like the former presidential candidate's name. :-p  Tom e rtalk  22:10, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

Nadir on the sphere
The zenith point is in the "Hemisphere" above, say where you are standing now. For example how high Venus may rise above the horizon, on a certain day of the year, until it starts retreating from that "maximun ascension". Every point in the (hemi)sphere above (zenith) has a contrasting point in the hemisphere below, its Nadir point.

(In a spherical system: If the moon would be going through its maximum totality in a Lunar eclipse, (above you), its nadir point, in the center of the Umbra (above you), is then,... the nadir point of the sun on the day side of earth at the Sun's Zenith point, (unseen by you on the opposite side of the earth). In other words its actually a Spherical Coordinate system.

The point is: the zenith point is not straight 90 degrees above you. It is any point in the horizon above, and it has a contrasting opposite point in the hemisphere, (unseen) below, but on the imaginary "Spherical Coordinate", sphere. (A point (above) in the Northeast would have a point (below you) to the Southwest (unseen by you, and below the horizon to the Southwest) .)

It is 90 degrees in the sense of the line connecting the zenith and nadir, the line going through the center of the sphere. At the center of any sphere all nadir and opposite zenith points are 90 degrees ( times 2), and 180 degrees from each other (on that line).

Dubious entry
I've removed the following pending citation: Cheers, Tom e rtalk 22:10, 23 April 2006 (UTC)
 * The Nad'ir were a tribe of Israel.

Nadir (topography)
There is now an article for Nadir (topography). --Buaidh (talk) 14:31, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

Nadir asteroid
Isn't this also the name for an asteroid or meteorite impacting earth some 66 million years ago? I just read it. But coming to wikipedia this does not seem to be listed? 2A02:8388:1600:A200:CCD4:74A1:3FC0:A532 (talk) 15:54, 20 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nadir (disambiguation)


text:
Suitable for Framing

Suitable for Framing is the second studio album by American rock band Three Dog Night. The album was released on the Dunhill record label on June 11, 1969 and was the first of two albums released by the band that year.

The album contains the top 20 hit singles "Easy to Be Hard", "Eli's Coming", and "Celebrate"; the latter of which (along with the album's opening track "Feelin' Alright") featured the Chicago horn section. It is also notable for being the first album by Three Dog Night to include songs written by band members, and for its inclusion of the Elton John / Bernie Taupin song "Lady Samantha," as the duo of John/Taupin would not become widely known in the United States for another year.

The album reached the top 10 on charts in both The United States and Canada and became certified gold by the RIAA at the end of the year.

Recording, production, artwork, packaging
As with the band's self-titled debut album, Suitable for Framing was recorded at American Recording Company, was produced by Gabriel Mekler (who produced other Dunhill artists including Steppenwolf), and was engineered by Richard Podolor (who would later become the group's producer) and Bill Cooper. The band members during the album's recording were Danny Hutton (vocals), Chuck Negron (vocals), Cory Wells (vocals), Jimmy Greenspoon (keyboards), Michael Allsup (guitars), Joe Schermie (bass), and Floyd Sneed (drums, percussion). Engineer Richard Podolor also performed as an uncredited guitarist on the album.

The original version of Suitable for Framing (Dunhill DS 50058) was released as a vinyl LP record with a gatefold sleeve. The art direction for the original LP sleeve was done by Wayne Kimbell with photography by Ed Caraeff. The album's gatefold photo features Three Dog Night wearing greasepaint make-up, and posing with members of the Los Angeles groupie troupe The GTOs.

Critical reception
Writing for The New York Times in 1969, Robert Christgau believed Suitable for Framing suffered for the same reasons Three Dog Night succeeded:

""The material is imaginative, but the familiar songs are less interesting--the embarrassing imitation of Otis Redding's 'Try a Little Tenderness' on the first album is matched by an embarrassing imitation of Sam Cooke's 'A Change Is Gonna Come' on this one, and songs like 'Feelin' Alright?' and 'Eli's Coming' are much inferior to the originals--and the others have been justly neglected (exception: 'Circle for a Landing'). Danny Hutton has contributed a weak song of his own, drummer Floyd Sneed is featured on an instrumental waste cut, and the record is one song shorter than the first (time: 28:01). Its largest failing, however, is the obvious one: it is devoid of identity.""

Side one

 * 1) "Feelin' Alright" (Dave Mason) – 3:39
 * 2) * Lead vocals shared by Hutton, Negron and Wells; includes the Chicago horn section.
 * 3) "Lady Samantha" (Elton John, Bernie Taupin) – 2:53
 * 4) * Lead vocal: Negron.
 * 5) "Dreaming Isn't Good for You" (Danny Hutton) – 2:16
 * 6) * Lead vocal: Hutton.
 * 7) "A Change Is Gonna Come" (Sam Cooke) – 3:10
 * 8) * Lead vocal: Wells.
 * 9) "Eli's Coming" (Laura Nyro) – 2:41
 * 10) * Lead vocal: Wells. Does not include the piano outro used in the 45 RPM mono mix of the song.

Side two

 * 1) "Easy to Be Hard" (Galt MacDermot, James Rado, Gerome Ragni) – 3:11
 * 2) * Lead vocal: Negron. Features an uncredited string section.
 * 3) "Ain't That a Lotta Love" (Willia Dean "Deanie" Parker, Homer Banks) – 2:16
 * 4) * Lead vocal: Wells.
 * 5) "King Solomon's Mines" (Floyd Sneed) – 2:29
 * 6) * Instrumental, dominated by percussion tracks performed by Sneed.
 * 7) "Circle for a Landing" (Don Preston) – 2:20
 * 8) * Lead vocal: Hutton.
 * 9) "Celebrate" (Gary Bonner, Alan Gordon) – 3:13
 * 10) * Lead vocals shared by Hutton, Negron and Wells; includes the Chicago horn section.

Personnel
The following people contributed to Suitable for Framing:
 * Cory Wells – lead vocals (tracks A1, A4-A5, B2, B5), background vocals
 * Chuck Negron – lead vocals (tracks A1-A2, B1, B5), background vocals
 * Danny Hutton – lead vocals (tracks A1, A3, B4-B5), background vocals
 * Mike Allsup – guitar
 * Joe Schermie – bass
 * Floyd Sneed – drums, percussion
 * Jimmy Greenspoon – keyboards
 * Walter Parazaider – saxophone on "Celebrate" and "Feelin' Alright"
 * Lee Loughnane – trumpet on "Celebrate" and "Feelin' Alright"
 * James Pankow – trombone on "Celebrate" and "Feelin' Alright"
 * Gabriel Mekler – producer
 * Richard Podolor – guitar (uncredited), engineer
 * Bill Cooper – engineer

title: Suitable for Framing


text: Talk:Suitable for Framing

title: Talk:Suitable for Framing


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Delta Bowl

The Delta Bowl was a college football game played at Crump Stadium in Memphis, Tennessee. It was the precursor to the now long-standing Liberty Bowl, the current bowl game held in Memphis since 1965 (although starting at Philadelphia in 1959). The Delta Bowl had games played on New Years Day in both 1948 and 1949.

The Delta Bowl became known as the bowl that shocked the football world, landing successful, prestigious teams in its inaugural season, out-performing much more prestigious bowls for the 1948 New Year's Day game.

Their luck followed them into the second season. Bowl officials signed the University of Tulsa to appear in the 1949 game prior to the start of the season with the expectation that the team would perform well; however, Tulsa "tanked," starting the year 0–8 and had to be replaced. Bowl officials managed to sign on another team that ended ranked, William & Mary, which ended the season 20th in the AP poll, another fortuitous stroke for bowl officials.

The first president and organizer of the Delta Bowl was Richard Hyde Dewey, living in Memphis, before moving to Decatur, Alabama, several years later.

At the close of the 1947 football season, Ole Miss was ranked 12th while TCU also had a successful season, both teams surprised by their successes. In fact, the college administrations for both schools had thought their teams would not make it to a bowl game that year before the season started, as there were only 13 bowls. Thus, they happily accepted an invitation to the newly formed Delta Bowl prior to the kick-off of their first games. Surprisingly, both teams surged as the season went on, and the fan bases and coaches reportedly became nervous, knowing they were contractually tied to the upstart new bowl in Memphis, while qualifying for much more prestigious, long-standing bowls. By the end of the season, they were so successful that they made a trip to Memphis to get out of their contracts.

Administrators from both universities together went to Dewey and pled their case. His response was, «We've already pre-sold most of our bowl tickets months in advance, mostly to small businesses who went out on a limb to support us. And if I were to let you out of your contracts now, the mob in Memphis would string me up».

Both teams played in the Delta Bowl that season, 12th ranked Ole Miss defeating TCU 13-9 on New Year's Day, 1948, to a packed stadium.

title: Delta Bowl


text:
Tuscan

Tuscan may refer to:

Places

 * A person from, or something of, from, or related to Tuscany, a region of Italy
 * Tuscan Archipelago, islands off Tuscany, Italy.
 * Tuscan, South Australia was a railway siding and locality in the Murray Mallee region of South Australia

Currency

 * Tuscan pound
 * Tuscan florin

Linguistics

 * Etruscan language, an extinct language which gives its name to Tuscany
 * Tuscan dialect, a central Italian dialectal group from which Italian first emerged
 * Tuscan gorgia, a phonetic sound

Cars

 * TVR Tuscan (disambiguation), sports cars manufactured by TVR
 * TVR Tuscan Challenge, a motorsport event for TVR Tuscan cars

Other uses

 * Tuscan cuisine
 * Tuscan order, an architectural order
 * Tuscan Dairy Farms, an American company
 * Tuscan red, a color
 * HMS Tuscan, several ships of the Royal Navy
 * Tuscan (ship), several merchant ships
 * Tuscan Sun Festival, a music and culture festival in Florence, Italy
 * Tuscan, "Tipoff US/Canada", a database of possible terrorists linked with US Terrorist Identities Datamart Environment
 * Tuscan, a slab serif typeface
 * The Tuscan Grand Prix, a Formula 1 race

title: Tuscan