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User talk:VICTOR

Hi, just wanna about the revert you made on .ps (the Palestinian Territories TLD). I understand that "Occupied" Palestinian Territories may not be recognised by all states/organisations (as the term means that the territories are occupied by/under the control of Israel, which isn't completely true), and you also said that "moreover- "occupied" is not specified in IANA documents". However, on the IANA whois information page for this domain (http://www.iana.org/root-whois/ps.htm ), it does actually say that the domain is assigned to "Palestinian Territory, Occupied", and the different contact addresses listed on that page are also under this title. Just needed this cleared up, thanks in advance. secfan ([[User_talk:secfan|Talk)]] 11:32, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

Israel
Please see Talk:Israel. – Smyth\talk 17:51, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

World Citizen userbox,
Hi, I noticed the message saying you're a World Citizen, I would like to invite you to add to your user page if you wish to proclaim it in a more effective way, and this template will also add you automatically to the Wikipedians with World Citizenship category. :) --Mistress Selina Kyle 23:54, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

License tagging for File:Iba33 il.svg
Thanks for uploading File:Iba33 il.svg. You don't seem to have indicated the license status of the image. Wikipedia uses a set of image copyright tags to indicate this information; to add a tag to the image, select the appropriate tag from this list, click on this link, then click "Edit this page" and add the tag to the image's description. If there doesn't seem to be a suitable tag, the image is probably not appropriate for use on Wikipedia.

For help in choosing the correct tag, or for any other questions, leave a message on Media copyright questions. Thank you for your cooperation. --ImageTaggingBot (talk) 14:06, 18 April 2009 (UTC)

Ovda Airport
Please notice that all the deleted airlines were operating series of flights (most of them were only two...) for Passover. Those airlines are not operating flights to Ovda on a regular basis.--93.172.87.56 (talk) 13:19, 14 April 2014 (UTC)
 * What i was trying to say is that those airlines are not operates flights to Ovda. I'm following the scheduled flights for years and those flights are operated only for the Passover. The only airlines that operates flights to Paris are Air Mediteranne and El Al. TO UK-There are not flights between Ovda to the UK for years .The Passover continues until the 22nd of April and you can see that those airlines are operate until the 23rd of April when the holiday ends.--93.172.87.56 (talk) 14:41, 14 April 2014 (UTC)
 * I think that's fine but only with the French Airlines.--93.172.87.56 (talk) 16:10, 15 April 2014 (UTC)

title: User talk:VICTOR


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User:Maso79

Maso (Lorenzo Masetti, born in Florence, August 7 1979) is an italian wikiuser.

On the web I have a personal homepage and a blog (in italian). I am the webmaster of an Antiwar Songs database.

it:Utente:Maso global wikimedia user

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Maso79


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James Yorke Scarlett

General Sir James Yorke Scarlett (1 February 1799 – 6 December 1871 ) was a British Army officer and hero of the Crimean War who led the Charge of the Heavy Brigade during the Battle of Balaclava on 25 October 1854.

Early life
The second son of the 1st Baron Abinger, he was born in London and educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1835, he married Charlotte Anne Hargreaves, a coal heiress from Burnley, the town becoming his adopted home.

Career
Scarlett entered the army in 1818, as a cornet in the 18th Hussars; in 1830, he became a major in the 5th Dragoon Guards, whose Colonel was Sir John Slade (1762-1859). Slade served in the Peninsular War, where he was described as an officer of 'limited ability, lacking initiative and nearly useless' and 'that damned stupid fellow.' Combined with Slade's age, this resulted in Scarlett's appointment as Commanding Officer of the regiment in 1840, a post he held for nearly fourteen years. In 1854 he was close to retirement after an uneventful career during which he had not seen any active service. In this he was typical of the senior ranks of the British cavalry at the time, other than those posted to India.

Crimean War
In April 1854 Colonel Scarlett was appointed Brigadier-General of the Heavy Brigade of Cavalry, under Lord Lucan, Commander of the Cavalry Division. The 5th Dragoon Guards formed part of Scarlett's Heavy Brigade which was sent to the Black Sea in 1854. There it suffered heavily from cholera in the camps of Varna.

During the Battle of Balaclava on the morning of 25 October 1854, the Russians had stormed a series of hills known as the Causeway Heights beyond which lay the "Valley of Death" where the Earl of Cardigan would lead the Light Brigade in one of the great military blunders of the nineteenth century.

Lord Raglan ordered that Scarlett should move eight squadrons of his brigade back to Kadikoi, to support the 93rd Highlanders defence of the British base at Balaklava. As Scarlett led his column of the Heavy Brigade across the sprawling tented camp of the Light Brigade, a Russian cavalry force of approximately 2000 was spotted just 800 yards from their left flank, at the top of the heights.

The 55-year-old Scarlett quickly assembled just 300 of his Inniskillings and Scots Greys (of Waterloo fame) at the foot of the heights, organising them into parade-perfect formation, and sounded the charge. As astounded onlookers watched from the rear, Scarlett led his red-clad "Heavies" into the centre of the grey mass of Russians. His attack was soon followed by rest of the column (the remainder of the Inniskillings and the 4th, and 5th Dragoon Guards). Even the two squadrons of 1st Royal Dragoons who had remained behind to hold the Brigade's original position attacked on their own initiative. This action became known as the Charge of the Heavy Brigade and caused the enemy formation to collapse completely. The Russians were routed and retreated across the heights into the valley that shortly after would become so infamous. Although successful, it defied military doctrine of the time, as the Russians were more numerous and, more importantly, the charge was made uphill against an oncoming force. Cardigan had observed the action with his "Lights" from a short distance away, and had he used his initiative and chosen this moment to finish what Scarlett had started, the Charge of the Light Brigade might well have been remembered as a success. Later when Cardigan finally led his men into the valley, the Earl of Lucan, Scarlett and the Heavies waited in reserve. Scarlett had started to advance in the hope of salvaging something from the disaster when Lucan, fearing the complete loss of the Light Brigade, sounded the retreat.

After Balaclava
For his services that day Scarlett was promoted major-general and in 1855 was made KCB. After a brief period of leave in England, he returned to the Crimea with the local rank of lieutenant-general to command the British cavalry. Following the Peace of Paris, Scarlett commanded the cavalry at Aldershot until 1857, was Lieutenant-Governor of Portsmouth and General Officer Commanding South West District from 1857 to 1860 and then Adjutant-General to the Forces from 1860 to 1865. In this capacity he accompanied Queen Victoria and Prince Albert at the Royal Volunteer Review in Holyrood Park in Edinburgh on 10 August 1860 where 22,000 soldiers paraded before a crowd of over 100,000.

He was made commander of the Aldershot Division, a post he held until his retirement in 1870. He had been made a GCB in 1869.

Politics
From 1837 until 1841 he was a Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Guildford. In retirement Scarlett again became involved in politics, standing for election to Parliament in Burnley at the 1868 general election, but was narrowly beaten by the Liberal candidate.

Later life
Scarlett died at his Bank Hall estate in Burnley, Lancashire, in December 1871, aged 72. He is buried at Church of St John the Divine, Holme Chapel, Cliviger, near Burnley. An estimated 60,000 people lined the streets of the Lancashire town for his funeral procession.

Character
While lacking direct military experience at the outbreak of the Crimean War, Brigadier Scarlett selected his aides-de-camp from able officers who had seen active service in India, and followed their advice. This was in marked contrast to other generals such as Cardigan, who for reasons of social snobbery looked down on "Indian officers". Described as being brave, modest and sensible, Scarlett won popularity amongst the Heavy Brigade. An officer of the Light Brigade of Cavalry commented "Good kind old fellow that he is, they are all very fond of him and will follow him anywhere".

Memorials
A memorial to Scarlett was installed in the Royal Garrison Church at Aldershot. It includes a marble bust of Scarlett flanked by two full-size marble cavalry troopers of his former regiments, the 18th Hussars and 5th Dragoon Guards, wearing VCs, four-bar Crimean War medals and Long Service and Good Conduct medals.

The brewery tap at Burnley's Moorhouse's Brewery is named in his honour.

In fiction
Scarlett appears as a character in Flashman at the Charge (1973) by George MacDonald Fraser, which includes a fictionalised version of the Charge of the Heavy Brigade. He is portrayed as an inexperienced military commander, yet none-the-less charismatic and effective.

He appears in the 1968 film, The Charge of the Light Brigade. He was played by Leo Britt.

title: James Yorke Scarlett


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Younger Futhark

The Younger Futhark, also called Scandinavian runes, is a runic alphabet and a reduced form of the Elder Futhark, with only 16 characters, in use from about the 9th century, after a "transitional period" during the 7th and 8th centuries. The reduction, somewhat paradoxically, happened at the same time as phonetic changes that led to a greater number of different phonemes in the spoken language, when Proto-Norse evolved into Old Norse. Also, the writing custom avoided carving the same rune consecutively for the same sound, so the spoken distinction between long and short vowels was lost in writing. Thus, the language included distinct sounds and minimal pairs that were written the same.

The Younger Futhark is divided into long-branch (Danish) and short-twig (Swedish and Norwegian) runes; in the 10th century, it was further expanded by the "Hälsinge Runes" or staveless runes.

The lifetime of the Younger Futhark corresponds roughly to the Viking Age. Their use declined after the Christianization of Scandinavia; most writing in Scandinavia from the 12th century was in the Latin alphabet, but the runic scripts survived in marginal use in the form of the medieval runes (in use AD 1100–1500) and the Latinised Dalecarlian runes (AD 1500–1910).

History
Usage of the Younger Futhark is found in Scandinavia and Viking Age settlements abroad, probably in use from the 9th century onward. During the Migration Period Elder Futhark had been an actual "secret" known to only a literate elite, with only some 350 surviving inscriptions. Literacy in the Younger Futhark became widespread in Scandinavia, as witnessed by the great number of Runestones (some 3,000), sometimes inscribed with almost casual notes.

During a phase from about 650 to 800, some inscriptions mixed the use of Elder and Younger Futhark runes. Examples of inscriptions considered to be from this period include DR 248 from Snoldelev, DR 357 from Stentoften, DR 358 from Gummarp, DR 359 from Istaby, and DR 360 from Björketorp, and objects such as the Setre Comb (N KJ40). Ög 136 in Rök, which uses Elder Futhark runes to encrypt part of the text, and Ög 43 in Ingelstad, which uses a single Elder Futhark rune as an ideogram, are also sometimes included as transitional inscriptions.

By the late 8th century, the reduction from 24 to 16 runes was complete. The main change was that the difference between voiced and unvoiced consonants was no longer expressed in writing. Other changes are the consequence of sound changes that separate Old Norse from Proto-Norse and Common Germanic (mostly changes to the vowel system). In tabular form:
 * The first ætt was reduced to its first six letters, fuþąrk, losing the g and w runes (the old a rune is transliterated as ą for Old Norse as the phoneme it expressed had become more closed).
 * The second ætt lost the æ and p runes. The j rune was rendered superfluous due to Old Norse sound changes, but was kept with the new sound value of a. The old z rune was kept (transliterated in the context of Old Norse as ʀ) but moved to the end of the rune row in the only change of letter ordering in Younger Futhark.
 * The third ætt was reduced by four runes, losing the e, ŋ, o and d runes.

The Younger Futhark became known in Europe as the "alphabet of the Norsemen", and was studied in the interest of trade and diplomatic contacts, referred to as Abecedarium Nordmannicum in Frankish Fulda (possibly by Walahfrid Strabo) and ogam lochlannach "Ogham of the Scandinavians" in the Book of Ballymote.

Rune names
The names of the 16 runes of the Younger futhark are recorded in the Icelandic and Norwegian rune poems. The names are:

 * fé ("wealth")
 * úr ("iron"/"rain")
 * Thurs ("thurs", a type of entity, see jötunn)
 * As/Oss ("(a) god")
 * reið ("ride")
 * kaun ("ulcer")
 * hagall ("hail")
 * nauðr ("need")
 * ísa/íss ("ice")
 * ár ("plenty")
 * sól ("Sun", personified as a deity—see Sól (Germanic mythology))
 * Týr ("Týr, a deity")
 * björk/bjarkan/bjarken ("birch")
 * maðr ("man, human")
 * lögr ("sea")
 * yr ("yew")

From comparison with Anglo-Saxon and Gothic letter names, most of these names directly continue the names of the Elder Futhark runes. The exceptions to this are:
 * ᛦ|yr which continues the name of the unrelated Eihwaz rune;
 * thurs and kaun, in which cases the Old Norse, Anglo-Saxon and Gothic traditions diverge.

Variants
The Younger Futhark is divided into long-branch (Danish) and short-twig (Swedish and Norwegian) runes. The difference between the two versions has been a matter of controversy. A general opinion is that the difference was functional, i.e. the long-branch runes were used for documentation on stone, whereas the short-twig runes were in everyday use for private or official messages on wood.

Long-branch runes
The long-branch runes are the following rune signs:

 * {|border="0" style="font-size:150%;"

!f||u||þ||ą||r||k||h||n||i||a||s||t||b||m||l||ʀ
 * }

Short-twig runes
In the short-twig runes (or Rök runes), nine runes appear as simplified variants of the long-branch runes, while the remaining seven have identical shapes:
 * {|border="0" style="font-size:150%;"

!f||u||þ||ą||r||k||h||n||i||a||s||t||b||m||l||ʀ
 * }

Hälsinge runes (staveless runes)

Hälsinge runes are so named because in modern times they were first noticed in the Hälsingland region of Sweden. Later, other inscriptions with the same runes were found in other parts of Sweden. They were used between the 10th and 12th centuries. The runes seem to be a simplification of the Swedish–Norwegian runes and lack certain strokes, hence the name "staveless". They cover the same set of staves as the other Younger Futhark alphabets. This variant has no assigned Unicode range (as of Unicode 12.1).

Medieval
In the Middle Ages, the Younger Futhark in Scandinavia was expanded, so that it once more contained one sign for each phoneme of the old Norse language. Dotted variants of voiceless signs were introduced to denote the corresponding voiced consonants, or vice versa, voiceless variants of voiced consonants, and several new runes also appeared for vowel sounds. Inscriptions in medieval Scandinavian runes show a large number of variant rune-forms, and some letters, such as s, c and z, were often used interchangeably.

Medieval runes were in use until the 15th century. Of the total number of Norwegian runic inscriptions preserved today, most are medieval runes. Notably, more than 600 inscriptions using these runes have been discovered in Bergen since the 1950s, mostly on wooden sticks (the so-called Bryggen inscriptions). This indicates that runes were in common use side by side with the Latin alphabet for several centuries. Indeed, some of the medieval runic inscriptions are actually in the Latin language.

After the 15th century, interest in rune history and their use in magical processes grew in Iceland, with various studies beginning with Third Grammatical Icelandic Treatise - Málfræðinnar grundvǫllr. Publications written in Latin and Danish in the 1600s included works by Arngrímur Jónsson,	Runólfur Jónsson and Olaus Wormius. Content from these along with Icelandic and Norwegian Rune Poems appeared frequently in subsequent manuscripts written in Iceland.

Early modern
According to Carl-Gustav Werner, "in the isolated province of Dalarna in Sweden a mix of runes and Latin letters developed". The Dalecarlian runes came into use in the early 16th century and remained in some use up to the 20th century. Some discussion remains on whether their use was an unbroken tradition throughout this period or whether people in the 19th and 20th centuries learned runes from books written on the subject. The character inventory is suitable for transcribing modern Swedish and the local Dalecarlian language.

title: Younger Futhark


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Elder Futhark

The Elder Futhark (or Fuþark), also known as the Older Futhark, Old Futhark, or Germanic Futhark, is the oldest form of the runic alphabets. It was a writing system used by Germanic peoples for Northwest Germanic dialects in the Migration Period. Inscriptions are found on artifacts including jewelry, amulets, plateware, tools, and weapons, as well as runestones, from the 2nd to the 8th centuries.

In Scandinavia, beginning in the late 8th century, the script was simplified to the Younger Futhark, while the Anglo-Saxons and Frisians instead extended it, giving rise to the Anglo-Saxon futhorc. Both the Anglo-Saxon futhorc and the Younger Futhark remained in use during the Early and the High Middle Ages respectively, but knowledge of how to read the Elder Futhark was forgotten until 1865, when it was deciphered by Norwegian scholar Sophus Bugge.

Description
The Elder Futhark (named after the initial phoneme of the first six rune names: F, U, Þ, A, R and K) has 24 runes, often arranged in three groups of eight runes; each group is called an ætt (pl. ættir; meaning 'clan, group', although sometimes thought to mean eight). In the following table, each rune is given with its common transliteration:

þ corresponds to (unvoiced) or  (voiced) (like the English digraph -th-).

ï is also transliterated as æ and may have been either a diphthong or a vowel close to or. z was Proto-Germanic, and evolved into Proto-Norse and is also transliterated as ʀ. The remaining transliterations correspond to the IPA symbol of their approximate value.

The earliest known sequential listing of the alphabet dates to 400 AD and is found on the Kylver Stone in Gotland, [ᚠ] and [ᚹ] only partially inscribed but widely authenticated:

Two instances of another early inscription were found on the two Vadstena and Mariedamm bracteates (6th century), showing the division in three ætts, with the positions of ï, p and o, d inverted compared to the Kylver stone:
 * f u þ a r k g w; h n i j ï p z s; t b e m l ŋ o d

The Grumpan bracteate presents a listing from 500 which is identical to the one found on the previous bracteates but incomplete:
 * f u þ a r k g w ... h n i j ï p (z) ... t b e m l (ŋ) (o) d

Derivation from Italic alphabets
The Elder Futhark runes are commonly believed to originate in the Old Italic scripts: either a North Italic variant (Etruscan or Raetic alphabets), or the Latin alphabet itself. Derivation from the Greek alphabet via Gothic contact to Byzantine Greek culture was a popular theory in the 19th century, but has been ruled out since the dating of the Vimose inscriptions to the 2nd century (whereas the Goths were in contact with Greek culture only from the early 3rd century). Conversely, the Greek-derived 4th-century Gothic alphabet does have two letters derived from runes, (from Jer  j) and  (from Uruz  u).

The angular shapes of the runes, presumably an adaptation to the incision in wood or metal, are not a Germanic innovation, but a property that is shared with other early alphabets, including the Old Italic ones (compare, for example, the Duenos inscription). The 4th century BC Negau helmet inscription features a Germanic name, Harigastiz, in a North Etruscan alphabet, and may be a testimony of the earliest contact of Germanic speakers with alphabetic writing. Similarly, the Meldorf inscription of 50 may qualify as "proto-runic" use of the Latin alphabet by Germanic speakers. The Raetic "alphabet of Bolzano" in particular seems to fit the letter shapes well. The spearhead of Kovel, dated to 200 AD, sometimes advanced as evidence of a peculiar Gothic variant of the runic alphabet, bears an inscription tilarids that may in fact be in an Old Italic rather than a runic alphabet, running right to left with a T and a D closer to the Latin or Etruscan than to the Bolzano or runic alphabets. Perhaps an "eclectic" approach can yield the best results for the explanation of the origin of the runes: most shapes of the letters can be accounted for when deriving them from several distinct North Italic writing systems: The p rune has a parallel in the Camunic alphabet, while it has been argued that d derives from the shape of the letter san (= ś) in Lepontic where it seems to represent the sound /d/.

The g, a, f, i, t, m and l runes show no variation, and are generally accepted as identical to the Old Italic or Latin letters X, A, F, I, T, M and L, respectively. There is also wide agreement that the u, r, k, h, s, b and o runes respectively correspond directly to V, R, C, H, S, B and O.

The remaining ten runes of uncertain derivation may either be original innovations, or adaptions of otherwise unneeded Latin letters of the classical Latin alphabet (1st century, ignoring marginalized K). There are conflicting scholarly opinions regarding them:

 * 1) ᛖ may be from E.
 * 2) ᚾ may be from Raetic N.
 * 3) ᚦ may be from Latin D or from Raetic Θ.
 * 4) Ƿ may be from Q, from Latin P, or from Raetic W.
 * 5) ᛇ may be from Latin Z, from Latin Y, or from Raetic E.
 * 6) ᛉ may be from Raetic Z, from Latin Y, or from Etruscan 𐌙.
 * 7) ᛜ may be from Latin Q.
 * 8) ᛃ may be from Latin G.
 * 9) ᛈ may be from Raetic P or may be an original Germanic innovation.
 * 10) ᛞ may be from Raetic D, from Lepontic san (ś), or may be an original Germanic innovation.

Of the 24 runes in the classical futhark row attested from 400AD (Kylver stone), ï, p and ŋ are unattested in the earliest inscriptions of c. 175 to 400, while e in this early period mostly takes a Π-shape, its M-shape gaining prevalence only from the 5th century. Similarly, the s rune may have either three or four  strokes (and more rarely five or more), and only from the 5th century does the variant with three strokes become prevalent.

The "mature" runes of the 6th to 8th centuries tend to have only three directions of strokes, the vertical and two diagonal directions. Early inscriptions also show horizontal strokes: these appear in the case of e (mentioned above), but also in t, l, ŋ and h.

Date and purpose of invention
The general agreement dates the creation of the first runic alphabet to roughly the 1st century. Early estimates include the 1st century, and late estimates push the date into the 2nd century. The question is one of estimating the "findless" period separating the script's creation from the Vimose finds of c. 160. If either ï or z indeed derive from Latin Y or Z, as suggested by Odenstedt, the first century BC is ruled out, because these letters were only introduced into the Latin alphabet during the reign of Augustus.

Other scholars are content to assume a findless period of a few decades, pushing the date into the early 2nd century. Pedersen (and with him Odenstedt) suggests a period of development of about a century to account for their assumed derivation of the shapes of þ and j  from Latin D and G.

The invention of the script has been ascribed to a single person or a group of people who had come into contact with Roman culture, maybe as mercenaries in the Roman army, or as merchants. The script was clearly designed for epigraphic purposes, but opinions differ in stressing either magical, practical or simply playful (graffiti) aspects. concludes that in its earliest stage, the runic script was an "artificial, playful, not really needed imitation of the Roman script", much like the Germanic bracteates were directly influenced by Roman currency, a view that is accepted by in the light of the very primitive nature of the earliest (2nd to 4th century) inscription corpus.

Rune names
Each rune most probably had a name, chosen to represent the sound of the rune itself according to the principle of acrophony.

The Old English names of all 24 runes of the Elder Futhark, along with five names of runes unique to the Anglo-Saxon runes, are preserved in the Old English rune poem, compiled in the 7th century. These names are in good agreement with medieval Scandinavian records of the names of the 16 Younger Futhark runes, and to some extent also with those of the letters of the Gothic alphabet (recorded by Alcuin in the 9th century). Therefore, it is assumed that the names go back to the Elder Futhark period, at least to the 5th century. There is no positive evidence that the full row of 24 runes had been completed before the end of the 4th century, but it is likely that at least some runes had their name before that time.

This concerns primarily the runes used magically, especially the Teiwaz and Ansuz runes which are taken to symbolize or invoke deities in sequences such as that on the Lindholm amulet (3rd or 4th century).

Reconstructed names in Common Germanic can easily be given for most runes. Exceptions are the þ rune (which is given different names in Anglo-Saxon, Gothic and Scandinavian traditions) and the z rune (whose original name is unknown, and preserved only in corrupted form from Old English tradition). The 24 Elder Futhark runes are:

Each rune derived its sound from the first phoneme of the rune's respective name, with the exception of Ingwaz and Algiz: the Proto-Germanic z sound of the Algiz rune never occurred in a word-initial position. The phoneme acquired an r-like quality in Proto-Norse, usually transliterated with ʀ, and finally merged with r in Icelandic, rendering the rune superfluous as a letter. Similarly, the ng-sound of the Ingwaz rune does not occur word-initially. The names come from the vocabulary of daily life and mythology, some trivial, some beneficent and some inauspicious:
 * Mythology: Tiwaz, Thurisaz, Ingwaz, God, Man, Sun.
 * Nature and environment: Sun, day, year, hail, ice, lake, water, birch, yew, pear, elk, aurochs.
 * Daily life and human condition: Man, need/constraint, wealth/cattle, horse, estate/inheritance, slag/protection from evil, ride/journey, year/harvest, gift, joy, need, ulcer/illness.

IPA vowels and consonants
The following charts show the probable sound values of each rune based upon Proto-Germanic phonology.

ᛇ has been excluded from the table because what its sound might have been is highly disputed. It may have been a diphthong, or it may have been a monophthong falling somewhere within the range of [ɪ] to [æ]. The only certain fact is that it represented a front vowel.

Inscription corpus

Old Futhark inscriptions were found on artifacts scattered between the Carpathians and Lappland, with the highest concentration in Denmark. They are usually short inscriptions on jewelry (bracteates, fibulae, belt buckles), utensils (combs, spinning whorls) or weapons (lance tips, seaxes) and were mostly found in graves or bogs.

Scandinavian inscriptions
Words frequently appearing in inscriptions on bracteates with possibly magical significance are alu, laþu and laukaz. While their meaning is unclear, alu has been associated with "ale, intoxicating drink", in a context of ritual drinking, and laukaz with "leek, garlic", in a context of fertility and growth. An example of a longer early inscription is on a 4th-century axe-handle found in Nydam, Jutland: wagagastiz / alu:??hgusikijaz:aiþalataz (wagagastiz "wave-guest" could be a personal name, the rest has been read as alu:wihgu sikijaz:aiþalataz with a putative meaning "wave/flame-guest, from a bog, alu, I, oath-sayer consecrate/fight". The obscurity even of emended readings is typical for runic inscriptions that go beyond simple personal names). A term frequently found in early inscriptions is Erilaz, apparently describing a person with knowledge of runes.

The oldest known runic inscription dates to 160 and is found on the Vimose Comb discovered in the bog of Vimose, Funen. The inscription reads harja, either a personal name or an epithet, viz. Proto-Germanic *harjaz (PIE ) "warrior", or simply the word for "comb" (*hārijaz). Another early inscription is found on the Thorsberg chape (200), probably containing the theonym Ullr.

The typically Scandinavian runestones begin to show the transition to Younger Futhark from the 6th century, with transitional examples like the Björketorp or Stentoften stones. In the early 9th century, both the older and the younger futhark were known and used, which is shown on the Rök runestone where the runemaster used both.

The oldest known runestone, the Svingerud Runestone, dates to the Roman Iron Age, c. 1–250 CE, and was found in Ringerike, Norway, in autumn 2021. The inscription has several sections, notably a name idiberug (possibly idiberun), which could be interpreted as one of several names, including Idibera, Idibergu, or the family name Idiberung. The first three letters of the Elder Futhark, ᚠ (f), ᚢ (u) and ᚦ (th), are also found on the stone.

The longest known inscription in the Elder Futhark, and one of the youngest, consists of some 200 characters, is found on the Eggjum stone, dated to the early 8th century, and may even contain a stanza of Old Norse poetry.

The Caistor-by-Norwich astragalus reading raïhan "deer" is notable as the oldest inscription of the British Isles, dating to 400, the very end of Roman Britain.

Continental inscriptions
The oldest inscriptions (before 500) found on the Continent are divided into two groups, the area of the North Sea coast and Northern Germany (including parts of the Netherlands) associated with the Saxons and Frisians on one hand (part of the "North Germanic Koine"), and loosely scattered finds from along the Oder to south-eastern Poland, as far as the Carpathian Mountains (e.g. the ring of Pietroassa in Romania), associated with East Germanic peoples. The latter group disappeared during the 5th century at the time of contact of the Goths with the Roman Empire and their conversion to Christianity.

In this early period, there is no specifically West Germanic runic tradition. This changes from the early 6th century, and for about one century (520 to 620), an Alamannic "runic province" emerges, with examples on fibulae, weapon parts and belt buckles. As in the East Germanic case, use of runes subsides with Christianization, in the case of the Alamanni in the course of the 7th century.

Distribution
There are some 350 known Elder Futhark inscriptions with 81 known inscriptions from the South (Germany, Austria, Switzerland) and 267 from Scandinavia. The precise numbers are debatable because of some suspected forgeries, and some disputed inscriptions (identification as "runes" vs. accidental scratches, simple ornaments or Latin letters). 133 Scandinavian inscriptions are on bracteates (compared to 2 from the South), and 65 are on runestones (no Southern example is extant). Southern inscriptions are predominantly on fibulae (43, compared to 15 in Scandinavia). The Scandinavian runestones belong to the later period of the Elder Futhark, and initiate the boom of medieval Younger Futhark stones (with some 6,000 surviving examples). As of 2021, one inscription was found in a settlement associated with Slavs.

Elder Futhark inscriptions were rare, with very few active literati, in relation to the total population, at any time, so that knowledge of the runes was probably an actual "secret" throughout the Migration period. Of 366 lances excavated at Illerup, only 2 bore inscriptions. A similar ratio is estimated for Alemannia, with an estimated 170 excavated graves to every inscription found.

Estimates of the total number of inscriptions produced are based on the "minimal runological estimate" of 40,000 (ten individuals making ten inscriptions per year for four centuries). The actual number was probably considerably higher. The 80 known Southern inscriptions are from some 100,000 known graves. With an estimated total of 50,000,000 graves (based on population density estimates), some 80,000 inscriptions would have been produced in total in the Merovingian South alone (and maybe close to 400,000 in total, so that of the order of 0.1% of the corpus has come down to us), and estimates a population of several hundred active literati throughout the period, with as many as 1,600 during the Alamannic "runic boom" of the 6th century.

List of inscriptions
After,.
 * Scandinavia
 * Period I (150–550)
 * Svingerud Runestone (1–250)
 * Vimose inscriptions (6 objects, 160–300)
 * Øvre Stabu spearhead (c. 180), raunijaz
 * Illerup inscriptions (9 objects)
 * Mos spearhead (c. 300), gaois(?)
 * Golden horns of Gallehus (c. 400)
 * Einang stone (400)
 * Kylver Stone (400)
 * Rö Runestone (400–450)
 * Kalleby Runestone (5th century)
 * Möjbro Runestone (400–550)
 * Järsberg Runestone (500–550)
 * Hogganvik runestone (5th century)
 * Bracteates: total 133 (see also Alu)
 * Seeland-II-C (500)
 * Vadstena bracteate
 * Tjurkö bracteate
 * Period II (550–700)
 * Skåäng Runestone (6th century?)
 * Björketorp Runestone
 * Gummarp Runestone
 * Istaby Runestone
 * Stentoften Runestone
 * South-Eastern Europe (200–550): 4 AD.
 * Gothic runic inscriptions (200–350)
 * Continental inscriptions (mainly Germany; 200–700): 50 legible, 15 illegible (39 brooches, 11 weapon parts, 4 fittings and belt buckles, 3 strap ends, 8 other)
 * Thorsberg chape (200)
 * Bülach fibula
 * Charnay fibula
 * Nordendorf fibula
 * Pforzen buckle
 * English and Frisian (300–700): 44; see futhorc

Unicode
The Elder Futhark is encoded in Unicode within the unified Runic range, 16A0–16FF. Among the freely available TrueType fonts that include this range are Junicode and FreeMono. The Kylver Stone row encoded in Unicode reads:

Encoded separately are the double-barred h-rune, and a graphical variant of the ng-rune,. These two have separate codepoints because they become independent characters in the Anglo-Saxon futhorc. The numerous other graphical variants of Elder Futhark runes are considered glyph variants better rendered by the use of different fonts and so not given Unicode codepoints. Similarly, bind runes are considered ligatures and not given Unicode codepoints. The only bindrunes that can arguably be rendered as a single Unicode glyph are those that coincidentally look exactly like another rune, e.g. the double ᛚ bindrune is visually identical to ᛏ.

title: Elder Futhark


text:
Talk:String Quartet No. 20 (Mozart)

Untitled
Still not a good title: among well-known String Quartets in D: Beethoven String Quartet No 3 in D major Op 18/3; Borodin String Quartet No 2 in D major (1885); several by Haydn, String Quartet in D major Op 33/6, in D major Op 64/5 "The Lark" and in D major Op 76/5; Roussel String Quartet in D major Op 45; Tachaikovsky String Quartet No 1 in D major Op 11.... --Wetman 11:45, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Franck’s, Mendelssohn’s (op.44#1), Mozart’s next quartet after this one ;), d’Indy first (well, that’s more in d minor despite title), some of Schubert’s earlier ones (ok, not so well‐known there.) Schissel 11:51, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * There are reasons why the K # and number 20 were both excluded from the title of this page, the varying Köchel catalog and numbering of the Mozart quartets high among them; though String Quartet in D major was I can only agree a much, much worse title (vas, no - see list above, then add a list going out well, well into the distance of quartets — of varying quality, of course — in that key, into the distance. That's one reason why I felt something like Violin sonata in A major (Mozart, 1786) or (1786) (not quite as good) was at least ok for KV 526... that, and I just do not like including op., K, BWV, ... #s in page titles, aesthetically. Best not to change it again, though- too many redirects is a bad thing too. (One reason to go back to pages that referred to String Quartet in D major and change those refs. to this new page, for instance ;) ) Grump grump gripey me, and really (speaking only for myself of course) I thank you for clarifying matters. Schissel : bowl listen 14:44, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:String Quartet No. 20 (Mozart)


text:
Central Philippine languages

The Central Philippine languages are the most geographically widespread demonstrated group of languages in the Philippines, being spoken in southern Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao, and Sulu. They are also the most populous, including Tagalog (and Filipino), Bikol, and the major Visayan languages Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Waray, Kinaray-a, and Tausug, with some forty languages all together.

Overview
The languages are generally subdivided thus (languages in italics refer to a single language):
 * Kasiguranin–Tagalog (at least three dialects found in southern Luzon)
 * Bikol (eight languages in the Bicol Peninsula)
 * Bisayan (eighteen languages spoken in the whole Visayas, as well as southeastern Luzon, northeastern Mindanao and Sulu)
 * Mansakan (eleven languages of the Davao Region)

There are in addition several Aeta hill-tribal languages of uncertain affiliation: Ata, Sorsogon Ayta, Tayabas Ayta, Karolanos (Northern Binukidnon), Magahat (Southern Binukidnon), Sulod, and Umiray Dumaget.

Most of the Central Philippine languages in fact form a dialect continuum and cannot be sharply distinguished as separate languages. Blust (2009) notes that the relatively low diversity found among the Visayan languages is due to recent population expansions.

Zorc (1977)
The expanded tree of the Central Philippine languages below is given in David Zorc's 1977 Ph.D. dissertation. The Visayan subgrouping is Zorc's own work, while the Bikol subgrouping is from McFarland (1974) and the Mansakan subgrouping from Gallman (1974).

Individual languages are marked by italics, and primary branches by bold italics.

 * Central Philippine
 * Tagalog
 * Standard Filipino
 * Marinduque
 * Lubang
 * Bikol
 * Pandan (North Catanduanes)
 * Inland Bikol
 * Iriga (Rinconada Bikol)
 * Albay Bikol
 * Coastal Bikol (including the Naga City dialect)
 * Central Bikol
 * Virac (South Catanduanes)
 * Visayan
 * South (spoken on the eastern coast of Mindanao)
 * Butuan–Tausug
 * Tausug
 * Butuanon
 * Surigao
 * Surigaonon, Jaun-Jaun, Kantilan, Naturalis
 * Cebuan (spoken in Cebu, Bohol, western Leyte, northern Mindanao, and eastern Negros)
 * Cebuan
 * Cebuano, Boholano, Leyte
 * Central (spoken across most of the Visayan region)
 * Warayan
 * Waray–Samar
 * Waray, Samar-Leyte
 * Northern Samar
 * Gubat (South Sorsogon)
 * Peripheral
 * Sorsogon (North), Masbate
 * Camotes
 * Bantayan
 * Hiligaynon (Ilonggo), Capiznon, Kawayan
 * Romblon
 * Romblomanon
 * Banton/Asi (spoken in northwestern Romblon Province)
 * Banton
 * Banton, Odionganon, Simara, Calatrava, Sibale
 * West
 * Aklan (spoken in northern Panay)
 * Aklanon
 * Kinarayan (spoken in Panay)
 * Pandan, Kinaray-a, Gimaras
 * North-Central (spoken on Tablas Island and the southern tip of Mindoro)
 * Bulalakaw, Dispoholnon, Looknon, Alcantaranhon
 * Kuyan (spoken in the archipelagos west of Panay and Romblon, as well as the southern tip of Mindoro)
 * Datagnon, Santa Teresa, Semirara
 * Kuyonon
 * Mansakan
 * North Mansakan
 * Kamayo (North) and Kamayo (South)
 * Davaw
 * Davawenyo (Davaweño)
 * Eastern Mansakan
 * Isamal
 * Caraga (Karaga)
 * Kabasagan, Boso, Mansaka, Mandayan
 * Western Mansakan
 * Kalagan and Tagakaolo
 * Mamanwa
 * Mamanwa

Gallman (1997)
Andrew Gallman (1997) rejects Zorc's classification of the Mansakan languages and Mamanwa as primary branches of the Central Philippine languages coordinate to the Bisayan languages. Instead, he groups Mansakan, Mamanwa and the Southern Bisayan languages together into an "East Mindanao" subgroup, which links up with the remaining Bisayan branches in a "South Central Philippine" subgroup:

 * Central Philippine
 * Tagalog
 * Bikol
 * South Central Philippine
 * West Bisayan
 * Banton
 * Central Bisayan
 * Cebuan
 * East Mindanao
 * North East Mindanao
 * Mamanwa
 * Surigaonon
 * Butuanon-Tausug
 * Central East Mindanao
 * Kamayo
 * Davawenyo (Banganga)
 * Davawenyo (Digos)
 * South East Mindanao
 * Mandaya (Kabasagan)
 * Mandaya (Caraga)
 * Mansaka, Mandaya (Maragusan), Mandaya (Boso)
 * (Branch)
 * Mandaya (Islam)
 * Kalagan (Kaagan), Kalagan (Tagakaulu)

Greater Central Philippine (Blust)
Blust (1991) notes that the central and southern Philippines has low linguistic diversity. Based on exclusively shared lexical innovations, he posits a Greater Central Philippine subgroup that puts together the Central Philippine branch with South Mangyan, Palawan, Danao, Manobo, Subanon and Gorontalo–Mongondow languages, the latter found in northern Sulawesi.

title: Central Philippine languages


text:
Nokia 6670

The Nokia 6670 is a mobile phone from Nokia announced on September 24, 2004. Based on the Series 60 platform on Symbian OS, the phone is a tri-band more conservatively styled business version of the fashion-oriented Nokia 7610, and features a 1.0 megapixel digital camera, 8MB of storage (as well as RS-MMC expansion slot) and a 65,536 colour 176x208 TFT screen. Software includes viewers for Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint and PDF files, a full HTML compatible web browser, and a GPS-like application that generates positioning information from the GSM cell data. The Series 60 platform allows for many programs to be added, and also with the inclusion of Java Apps and Games. Its 123 MHz ARM-9 processor can handle many applications at a time, and it can calculate 16000 fibonacci numbers in 35 seconds, as calculated using FPC Bench.

Today, it is one of the rarest Nokia devices.

Related handsets

 * Nokia 6600
 * Nokia 6620
 * Nokia 6630
 * Nokia 7610
 * Nokia 6680/81/82

title: Nokia 6670


text:
Talk:U1 (Berlin U-Bahn)

Untitled
can someone please take a look at the edit by 217.228.200.142, i reverted it because it seemed sus, but i know nothing of railways in berlin. The bellman 11:48, 2004 Dec 11 (UTC)

um... do you honestly reckon it's necessary to point out that we don't mean Berlin, NH, or some equally unlikely spot in every station article? Just a thought, Max

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 05:00, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:U1 (Berlin U-Bahn)


text:
Quintus Terentius Scaurus

Quintus Terentius Scaurus was a Latin grammarian who flourished during the reigns of Trajan and Hadrian.

He was the author of an ars grammatica and commentaries on Horace, Virgil's Aeneid and perhaps Plautus. Under his name, two fragments are extant—the longer from his work on orthography (De orthographia), the shorter (chiefly on the use of prepositions) from another grammatical work. They have both been published by Heinrich Keil in Scriptores de orthographia, the 7th volume of his Grammatici Latini (Teubner, 1880); the De orthographia has appeared in a new edition prepared by Federico Biddau (Weidmann, 2008).

Editions

 * ; re-issued by Cambridge Library Collection (2010), ISBN 978-1-108-00644-6.
 * Federico Biddau (ed.), Q. Terentii Scauri De orthographia (Hildesheim: Weidmann, 2008), Pp. cxiv, 244 (Bibliotheca Weidmanniana, 6, Pars. 5). Review by Leofranc Holford-Strevens, BMCR.

title: Quintus Terentius Scaurus


text:
USS Macdonough

USS Macdonough may refer to the following ships of the United States Navy:

 * USS Macdonough (DD-9), was an early destroyer, launched in 1900 and served until 1919
 * USS Macdonough (DD-331), was a Clemson-class destroyer, launched in 1920 and served until 1930
 * USS Macdonough (DD-351), was a Farragut-class destroyer, launched in 1934 and served through World War II until 1945
 * USS Macdonough (DDG-39), was a Farragut-class guided missile frigate (destroyer leader), launched in 1959 and served until 1992

title: USS Macdonough


text:
Skevington's gyves

The Scavenger's daughter, also known as the Skevington's gyves, iron shackle, stork, or Spanish A-frame was a type of torture device invented during the reign of King Henry VIII of England.

History
The Scavenger's Daughter (or Skevington's Daughter) was invented as an instrument of torture in the reign of Henry VIII by Sir Leonard Skevington, Lieutenant of the Tower of London, a son of Sir William Skeffington (died 1535), Lord Deputy of Ireland, and of his first wife, Margaret Digby. The device consisted of a metal rack shaped into an A-frame; the victim's head was strapped to the top point of the A, the hands at the midpoint, and the legs at the lower spread ends. The frame could fold, swinging the head down and forcing the knees up into a sitting position, compressing the body so as to force blood from the nose and ears.

The Scavenger's Daughter was conceived as the perfect complement to the Duke of Exeter's Daughter (the rack) because it worked according to the opposite principle - by compressing the body rather than stretching it.

The best-documented use is that on the Irishman Thomas Miagh, charged with being in contact with rebels in Ireland. It may be in connection with the Scavenger's Daughter that Miagh carved on the wall of the Beauchamp Tower in the Tower of London, "By torture straynge my truth was tried, yet of my libertie denied. 1581. Thomas Miagh."

Another victim of the Scavenger's Daughter was Thomas Cottam, an English Catholic priest and martyr from Lancashire, who suffered it twice in the 1580s before being released. Cottam would eventually be executed in 1582 during the reign (1558-1603) of Henry's daughter, Elizabeth I. Likewise, on 10 December 1580, the priest Luke Kirby was subjected to it.

The Scavenger's Daughter is also known as Skevington's gyves, as iron shackle, as the Stork (as in Italian cicogna) or as the Spanish A-frame. Further it is known as Skevington's daughter, from which the more commonly known folk etymology using "Scavenger" is derived. There is a Scavenger's daughter on display in the Tower of London museum.

title: Skevington's gyves


text:
User talk:Netchris

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

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 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Five pillars, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * You can contribute in many ways: write a great article, fight vandalism, upload pictures, perform maintainance tasks, contribute to existing projects...

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop us a note at New user log.

-- utcursch | talk

WIXO
Hey, Netchris. I just wanted to get this whole "X" thing straight. So 105.7 the X now has WIXO instead of 99.9, and 101.1 has WXMP instead of 105.7, and 99.9 has a whole new set of call letters? I really have no idea, I just wanted you to update me on this. And, by the way, would you be able to tell me the diff. between the mix that The Mix 101.1 would play and the mix that 99.9 Pirate Radio would play? It seems diff., just wondeirng if you would know. Thanks, and thank you for your help with the "X" article. :) Temp

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Wjrelogo.jpg)
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Media in Peoria
Thanks for your comment. Per your message at User talk:Closeapple, I posted a message at Talk:Media in Peoria, Illinois, which explains why I had those listed. You might have the right idea though. Editors will have to make sure the smaller cities with their own media (Canton, etc.) also still link to the list articles for nearby "big city" media, though, so they don't suffer from copy-paste syndrome trying to keep synchronized with nearby large markets all the time. --Closeapple (talk) 09:35, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

Media in the Quad Cities
Thank you for your work on this page. The tables look great! C T J F 8 3 chat 06:24, 9 March 2010 (UTC)

WAZU
You mentioned in an edit summary that 90.7 WAZU Peoria is on the air. I created an article, since it appears a license-to-cover is filed and imminent. Did you discover it by picking it up? Any idea of what programming is on it or what its hours are? The way the preliminary website was arranged, it appeared it was going to be a Pacifica Radio outlet. --Closeapple (talk) 04:03, 12 June 2010 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:OldWIXOLogo.jpg
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Netchris


text:
Cantons of the Loiret department

The following is a list of the 21 cantons of the Loiret department, in France, following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:

 * Beaugency
 * Châlette-sur-Loing
 * Châteauneuf-sur-Loire
 * Courtenay
 * La Ferté-Saint-Aubin
 * Fleury-les-Aubrais
 * Gien
 * Lorris
 * Le Malesherbois
 * Meung-sur-Loire
 * Montargis
 * Olivet
 * Orléans-1
 * Orléans-2
 * Orléans-3
 * Orléans-4
 * Pithiviers
 * Saint-Jean-de-Braye
 * Saint-Jean-de-la-Ruelle
 * Saint-Jean-le-Blanc
 * Sully-sur-Loire

title: Cantons of the Loiret department


text:
Cadi

Cadi, CADI, or Cadí may refer to:

CADI:
 * Canadian Advanced Digital Ionosonde
 * Career and Academic Development Institute, high school in Philadelphia
 * Chengdu Aircraft Design Institute, an aircraft design institute located in Chengdu, China
 * Club Aeronautique Delisle Incorporated, Canadian aircraft manufacturer

Cadi/Cadí:
 * Cadi, Cadillac automobile
 * Cadi, Welsh equivalent of Katherine
 * Cadi Scientific, Singapore-based manufacturer of healthcare active RFID tags and systems
 * Toponyms:
 * Romansh name of Disentis Abbey and its territories, see Cadi (Surselva)
 * Cadi (Phrygia), town and bishopric of ancient Phrygia
 * Dharug name of Sydney and surrounds
 * (El) Cadí or Cady (river), in SW Europe

title: Cadi


text:
Talk:U3 (Berlin U-Bahn)

Prologue
I origanly thought that this was a good-faith edit gone bad, so merged it with the old content, however now believe it to have been bad-faith, however i will post it here for those more knowlegable to decide upon. The bellman 11:55, 2004 Dec 11 (UTC)

 * the list of stations is correct as of today, but the "historical" information should be kept as there was previously a U3 and a proposed U3. --Ianb 10:24, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

U3 is a line on the Berlin U-Bahn.

 * Nollendorfplatz (U1) (U2) (U4)
 * Wittenbergplatz (U1) (U2)
 * Augsburger Straße
 * Spichernstraße (U9)
 * Hohenzollernplatz
 * Fehrbelliner Platz (U7)
 * Heidelberger Platz (S4x)
 * Rüdesheimer Platz
 * Breitenbachplatz
 * Podbielskiallee
 * Dahlem-Dorf
 * Thielplatz
 * Oskar-Helene-Heim
 * Onkel Toms Hütte
 * Krumme Lanke

Onkel Toms Hütte
Why is it called Uncle Tom's Cabin? – Kaihsu 13:24, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Extension
Please implate the extension from Nollendorfplatz to Warschauer Straße as well. Thanks --195.37.58.51 (talk) 13:27, 29 May 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:U3 (Berlin U-Bahn)


text:
Toyo Ito

Toyo Ito (伊東 豊雄) is a Japanese architect known for creating conceptual architecture, in which he seeks to simultaneously express the physical and virtual worlds. He is a leading exponent of architecture that addresses the contemporary notion of a "simulated" city, and has been called "one of the world's most innovative and influential architects."

In 2013, Ito was awarded the Pritzker Prize, one of architecture's most prestigious prizes. He was a likely front-runner for the Pritzker Prize for the previous 10 years. A recent trend has seen less experienced and well-known winners, for example Chinese architect Wang Shu in 2012, and the award to Toyo Ito is seen as recognition of a lifetime's achievement in architecture.

Early life and education
Ito was born in Seoul, Korea to Japanese parents on 1 June 1941 when Korea was under Japanese rule. In 1943, he moved to Japan with his mother and two sisters living until middle school age in rural Shimosuwa, Nagano Prefecture. Ito attended Hibiya High School in central Tokyo and graduated from the University of Tokyo's department of architecture in 1965.

Career
After working for Kiyonori Kikutake Architect and Associates from 1965 to 1969 (alongside Itsuko Hasegawa), in 1971 he started his own studio in Tokyo, named Urbot ("Urban Robot"). In 1979, the studio name was changed to Toyo Ito & Associates.

Throughout his early career Ito constructed numerous private house projects that expressed aspects of urban life in Japan. His most remarkable early conceptual contributions were made through projects of this scale, such as White U (1976) and Silver Hut (1984).

With the Pao for the Tokyo Nomad Girl projects in 1985 and 1989, Ito presented a vision of the life of an urban nomad, illustrative of typical lifestyles during the bubble economy period in Japan.

Tower of Winds (1986) and Egg of Winds (1991) are interactive landmarks in public spaces, resulting from a creative interpretation of contemporary technical possibilities. Whilst their function is in fact exhaust air outlets for the underground system below, their significance lies in Ito's treatment of their opacity, one of the hallmarks of his work. Whilst appearing solid during the day, the perforated aluminium structures "dissolve" at night through the use of computer-controlled light systems which form an interactive display representing measured data such as noise levels in their surrounding vicinity.

Toyo Ito's office is known as a training ground for talented younger architects. Architects who previously worked for his office include Kazuyo Sejima and Ryue Nishizawa (SANAA), Astrid Klein and Mark Dytham (KDa), Katsuya Fukushima, Makoto Yokomizo, and Akihisa Hirata.

Critical vision
Ito's work is often said to have affinities with the ideas of philosophers such as Munesuke Mita and Gilles Deleuze. Ito has defined architecture as "clothing" for urban dwellers, particularly in the contemporary Japanese metropolis. This theme revolves around the equilibrium between the private life and the metropolitan, "public" life of an individual.

The current architecture of Toyo Ito expands on his work produced during the postmodern period, aggressively exploring the potentials of new forms. In doing so, he seeks to find new spatial conditions that manifest the philosophy of borderless beings.

Exhibitions
Ito's work has been exhibited widely. In 1991, Ito used 130 video projectors to simulate the urban environment of Tokyo for the Visions of Japan exhibition at The Victoria and Albert Museum in London. Later, in 2000, his Vision and Reality at the Louisiana Museum of Modern Art also became a traveling exhibition. Ito similarly exploited the effect of video projection as a medium with which to exhibit architecture in his Blurring Architecture exhibition, initiated at the Suermondt-Ludwig-Museum in Aachen and traveling to four other cities (Tokyo, Antwerp, Auckland, and Wellington between 1999 and 2001).

Ito designed the Berlin-Tokyo/Tokyo-Berlin Exhibition (2006) at the Neue Nationalgalerie, Berlin. The design featured a smooth, undulating landscape that occupied almost the entirety of the museum's main exhibition space. This exhibition, in collaboration with the Mori Art Museum, was one of the largest undertakings in the museum's history. A major retrospective of Ito's work was shown at the Tokyo Opera City Art Gallery in 2006 as Toyo Ito: The New "Real" in Architecture.

List of works
Source:
 * 1976 – White U House (house for his sister)
 * 1984 – Silver Hut (Ito's own house, adjacent to White U)
 * 1986 – Tower of Winds, West Exit, Yokohama Station, Nishi-ku, Yokohama
 * 1991 – Yatsushiro Municipal Museum
 * 1994 – Old People's Home in Yatsushiro
 * 2001 – Sendai Mediatheque: a multi-function complex accommodating a mixed programme of library, art gallery, audio-visual library, film studio and café. It was a competition winning scheme chosen in 1995 from amongst 235 competing proposals. Widely recognised as one of Ito's seminal works.
 * 2002 – Temporary Serpentine Gallery Pavilion, in Kensington Gardens, London
 * 2002 – Bruges pavilion
 * 2004 – Matsumoto Performing Art Center, Matsumoto
 * 2004 – Tod's Omotesandō Building, Tokyo
 * 2006 – First Prize "Taichung Opera International Competition" in Taiwan
 * 2006 – VivoCity Singapore at HarbourFront
 * 2007 – Library of Tama Art University, Tokyo
 * 2008 – World Games Stadium in Kaohsiung, Taiwan
 * 2008 – Huge Wine Glass in Pescara (broken after 64 days from unveiling)
 * 2009 – Suites Avenue Building, Barcelona, Spain
 * 2009 – Torre Realia BCN and Hotel Porta Fira, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
 * 2009 – Za-Koenji Public Theater, Kōenji, Suginami, Tokyo
 * 2009 – White O, Marbella, Chile
 * 2011 – Toyo Ito Museum of Architecture, Imabari, Ehime, Japan
 * 2011 – Ken Iwata Mother and Child Museum, Imabari, Ehime, Japan
 * 2013 – College of Social Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
 * 2013 – Taipei New Horizon Building, Taipei, Taiwan
 * 2014 – National Taichung Theater, Taiwan
 * 2014 – CapitaGreen, Singapore
 * 2015 – Meiso no Mori Municipal Funeral Hall Kakamigahara-shi, Gifu, Japan
 * 2016 – International Museum of the Baroque, Puebla, Mexico
 * 2019 – The Tokyo Toilet project - Three Mushrooms, Tokyo, Japan

Honors and recognition
Ito's awards and honors include:

 * 1986 – Architectural Institute of Japan Award for Silver Hut
 * 1992 – 33rd Mainichi Art Award for Yatsushiro Municipal Museum
 * 1997 – IAA 'Interach '97' Grand Prix of the Union of Architects in Bulgaria Gold Medal
 * 1998 – Education Minister's Art Encouragement Prize in Japan
 * 2000 – Arnold W. Brunner Memorial Prize in architecture from the American Academy of Arts and Letters
 * 2001 – Gold prize of the Japanese Good Design Award
 * 2006 – RIBA Royal Gold Medal
 * 2008 – Frederick Kiesler Prize for Architecture and the Arts
 * 2009 – Asahi Prize
 * 2010 – Praemium Imperiale
 * 2013 – Pritzker Prize for Architecture
 * 2013 – Asahi Prize
 * 2014 – Mathew Art Award in Berlin
 * 2016, 2017 – Prix Versailles World Judge
 * 2017 – UIA Gold Medal
 * 2018 – Person of Cultural Merit
 * 2020 – Design Educates Award, Jury member
 * 2023 – Honorary Royal Academician (HonRA)

Professorship
Ito holds a professorship at the Japan Women's University. He is also an honorary professor at the University of North London and has served as guest professor at Columbia University. He teaches at Tama Art University Graduate program as a professor.

title: Toyo Ito


text:
List of defunct Canadian railways

Most transportation historians date the history of Canada's railways as beginning on February 25, 1832, with the incorporation of British North America's first steam-powered railway, the Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad (C&SL). This line opened for traffic on July 21, 1836, although there are cases of animal-drawn mining tramways in Nova Scotia from the 18th century onward.

Thousands of railways followed the C&SL and were given a charter by the federal or provincial governments, although in most cases these charters never resulted in an actual line being constructed. Many of these charters were so-called "paper railways" and were absorbed into other railways, that is they existed on paper with the actual trains bearing the name of another railway or system of railways. For example, Canadian National Railways alone consisted of over some 400 railways (see List of Canadian National Railways companies).

The reason for these "paper" railways was the ease of getting a charter. This was often done by a major railway such as Canadian Pacific Railway or Grand Trunk Railway, but the true interests were kept hidden to keep attention away from the efforts of competing major railways to gain access to another's territory. In other instances local interests wanted a railway to connect their community with the main line of a major railway that did not enter their town, or to connect to another major railway for competitive reasons, to get lower freight rates, something that remains to this day. In many cases these local efforts were quickly taken over by a major railway to both expand its own network and to deny its competition access to traffic.

Streetcar and interurban railways were chartered provincially, in the case of Ontario under the Street Railway Act.

Railways that were not common carriers did not require a charter under the Railway Act since they were used primarily for the owners' own purposes, mainly logging and mining.

American railroads always operated in Canada under charters of subsidiary railways even though most had equipment lettered only for the parent company. Most U.S. railroads also operated in Canada through subsidiary railways with one exception: Wabash Railway which had not a mile of track in Canada as it crossed southern Ontario using trackage rights granted by the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada. These rights still exist with present-day Canadian National and Norfolk Southern, which runs into Windsor and Sarnia, Ontario. It formerly ran through Montreal, Quebec, but service was stopped due to such services causing traffic congestion.

This list of defunct railways includes only those railways that actually came into existence. Many were taken over by other railways or had a name change and thus continued to operate trains over the same tracks. A few ceased to exist because they went out of business and were abandoned and dismantled.

For simplicity on this list, Canadian National Railways (CNR) (pre-1960), Canadian National Railway (CN) (post-1960), Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), Grand Trunk Railway (GTR), and Canadian Northern Railway (CNoR) will be abbreviated for notations. Others will be abbreviated as required.

Also consult the list of active Canadian railways.

title: List of defunct Canadian railways


text:
Talk:Toyo Ito

Untitled
I have paraphrased much of the article at Toyo Ito/Temp. It definitely needs cleanup and may still be a copyvio but it is a lot better. Brianjd 12:01, 2004 Dec 11 (UTC)

Ok, seriously, he did not make a rocket to go to the moon in 2007. It isn't even 2007 yet, so how do you know? Oh my gosh, he's not that smart. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.252.244.109 (talk • contribs) 14 June 2006

Any more "significant" BLP issues?
I've added a bunch of refs and removed the tag, many sentences aren't related to a biographical issue. Any more concerns? The Rambling Man (talk) 18:21, 18 March 2013 (UTC)

File:Serpentine Pavillion 2002.jpg profanity
Under the picture & above the summary on this page, it says "Total cunt biscuit. !". I don't know how to remove this, so I thought I would make it apparent to whomever it may concern. Thanks! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Serpentine_Pavillion_2002.jpg 3/19/2013 4:37 CST — Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.152.95.41 (talk • contribs)
 * Thanks for notifying, vandalism has been removed. -- ELEKHHT 21:49, 19 March 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Toyo Ito


text:
Godfried Schalcken

Godfried Schalcken (8 October 1643 – 16 November 1706) was a Dutch artist who specialized in genre paintings and portraits. Schalcken was noted for his night scenes and mastery in reproducing the effect of candlelight. He painted in the highly polished style of the Leiden fijnschilders.

Life and work
Godfried Schalcken was born in Made, North Brabant, the son of Cornelis Schalcken and Aletta Lydius. Before he was four years old, his family moved to Dordrecht, where his father became rector of the Latin school. Schalcke studied under Samuel van Hoogstraten in Dordrecht before he moved to Leiden, into the studio of Gerard Dou (1613–1675), one of Rembrandt's most famous pupils. His earlier genre pictures very closely resemble Dou's work. He worked in Leiden until c. 1675, then returning to Dordrecht until 1691, after which he settled in The Hague, where he continued to paint until his death, near age 63, in 1706. He also visited England (1692–1697), but his uncouth manners and bad temper alienated him from the society there. In 1703 he was employed by Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine in Düsseldorf. He died in The Hague.

Work
Schalcken painted several portraits, of which the half-length of William III of England, now in the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, is a good example.

Like Dou, Schalcken specialized in small scenes lit by candlelight, a format favored by the Leiden fijnschilders. Examples are in Buckingham Palace, the Louvre, Vienna and Dresden.

His painting, Lady, Come into the Garden (Buckingham Palace), was singled out by Schalcken's pupil and Dutch artistic biographer Arnold Houbraken as representative of his oeuvre. Other good examples are Old Woman Scouring a Pan and Soldier Giving Money to a Woman (London, National Gallery), Ceres Seeking Proserpine and Old Man Writing (Louvre), Woman (National Museum of Serbia), Girl Blowing Out Taper (Munich), Girl Reading Letter (Dresden Gallery), The Boy Angling (Berlin); and Toilet by Candle (The Hague). The Buckingham Palace collection also possesses an interior by Schalcken. His history paintings are less-well known. His pupils were Arnold Boonen, Godefridus Callenfels, Simon Germain, Carel de Moor, Richard Morris, Arent Pijl, his cousin Jacob Schalcken, his sister Maria Schalcken, and Anthony Vreem.

In literature
The atmospheric work of Schalcken provided the inspiration for Sheridan Le Fanu's gothic horror story "Strange Event in the Life of Schalken the Painter", which was adapted as Schalcken the Painter, and broadcast by the BBC on 23 December 1979 as part of its Omnibus series.

title: Godfried Schalcken


text:
Archidamus

Archidamus may refer to:
 * one of several kings of Sparta:
 * Archidamus I (c. 600–575 BC)
 * Archidamus II (469–427 BC)
 * Archidamus III (360–338 BC)
 * Archidamus IV (305–275 BC)
 * Archidamus V (228–227 BC)
 * Archidamus (speech), a speech of Isocrates written in the voice of Archidamus III
 * Archidamus (physician), an ancient Greek doctor quoted by Galen who lived in the 4th or 5th century BCE
 * Archedemus (disambiguation), a name commonly interchanged with Archidamus in the ancient world

title: Archidamus


text:
Samuel Dirksz van Hoogstraten

Samuel Dirksz van Hoogstraten (2 August 1627, in Dordrecht – 19 October 1678, in Dordrecht) was a Dutch Golden Age painter, who was also a poet and author on art theory.

Biography
Samuel Dirksz van Hoogstraten trained first with his father Dirk van Hoogstraten and stayed in Dordrecht until about 1640. On the death of his father, he moved to Amsterdam where he entered the workshop of Rembrandt. A short time later, he started out on his own as a master and painter of portraits.

He later made several travels which took him (1651) to Vienna, Rome and London, finally retiring to Dordrecht. There he married in 1656, and held an appointment as provost of the mint.

Paintings and etches
A sufficient number of Van Hoogstraten's works have been preserved to show that he strove to imitate different styles at different times. In a portrait dated 1645, currently in the Lichtenstein collection in Vienna, he imitates Rembrandt. He continued in this vein until as late as 1653 when he produced a figure of a bearded man looking out of a window. This, one of the more characteristic examples of his style, is exhibited in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. He was also skilled at trompe-l'œil still lifes.

A view of the Vienna Hofburg, dated 1652, displays his skill as a painter of architecture. In contrast, a piece at the Hague representing a "Lady Reading a Letter as she crosses a Courtyard" (Mauritshuis) or a "Lady Consulting a Doctor," (in the Rijksmuseum at Amsterdam), imitates de Hooch. One of his last remaining works is a portrait of Mathys van den Brouck, dated 1670.

Hoogstraten also employed his skill with perspective to construct "peepshows", or "perspective boxes". For example, A Peepshow with Views of the Interior of a Dutch House is a box with convincing 3D views of the interior of a Dutch house when viewed through peepholes on either end of the box. One of his perspective boxes is on show at the National Gallery in London. It shows the interior of a typical Dutch house of his time.

He produced many etchings as well, and some of his plates are still preserved. His self-portrait, engraved by himself at the age of fifty, still exists.

His pupils were his younger brother Jan van Hoogstraten, Aert de Gelder, Cornelis van der Meulen, and Godfried Schalcken.

Art theoretician
Van Hoogstraten's fame derives from his versatile career as a painter, poet and zealous social climber. Besides painting and directing a mint, he devoted some of his time to literary labours. His magnum opus is a book on painting, the Introduction to the Academy of Painting, or the Visible World (original title: 'Inleyding tot de hooge schoole der schilderkonst: anders de zichtbaere werelt', Rotterdam, 1678) which is in length and theoretical scope one of the most ambitious treatises on the art of painting published in the Dutch Republic in the seventeenth century. It covers issues such as pictorial persuasion and illusionism, the painter's moral standards and the relation of painting to philosophy, referring to various ancient and modern authors. While reacting to international, mainly Southern European ideas on painting which Van Hoogstraten may have encountered during his travels, the treatise also reflects contemporary talk and thought on art from Dutch studios. He wrote it as a sequel to Karel van Mander's early-17th-century book on painting and painters entitled Het Schilder-Boeck. One of van Hoogstraten's many students, Arnold Houbraken, later wrote the book entitled The Great Theatre of Dutch Painters, which included a biography of his teacher. This biography is the basis of most of the information that we have about van Hoogstraten today.

Sonnets and tragedies
Van Hoogstraten also composed sonnets and tragedies. We are indebted to him for some of the familiar sayings of Rembrandt.

title: Samuel Dirksz van Hoogstraten


text:
American Megatrends

American Megatrends International, LLC, doing business as AMI, is an international hardware and software company, specializing in PC hardware and firmware. The company was founded in 1985 by Pat Sarma and Subramonian Shankar. It is headquartered in Building 800 at 3095 Satellite Boulevard in unincorporated Gwinnett County, Georgia, United States, near the city of Duluth, and in the Atlanta metropolitan area.

The company started as a manufacturer of complete motherboards, positioning itself in the high-end segment. Its first customer was PCs Limited, later known as Dell Computer.

As hardware activity moved progressively to Taiwan-based original design manufacturers, AMI continued to develop BIOS firmware for major motherboard manufacturers. The company produced BIOS software for motherboards (1986), server motherboards (1992), storage controllers (1995) and remote-management cards (1998).

In 1993, AMI produced MegaRAID, a storage controller card. AMI sold its RAID assets to LSI Corporation in 2001, with only one employee from the RAID-division remaining with the AMI core team.

AMI continued to focus on OEM and ODM business and technology. Its product line includes or has previously included AMIBIOS (a BIOS), Aptio (a successor to AMIBIOS8 based on the UEFI standard), diagnostic software, AMI EC (embedded controller firmware), MG-Series SGPIO backplane controllers (for SATA, SAS and NVMe storage devices), driver/firmware development, and MegaRAC (BMC firmware).

Founding

American Megatrends Inc. (AMI) was founded in 1985 by Subramonian Shankar and Pat Sarma with funds from a previous consulting venture, Access Methods Inc. (also AMI). Access Methods was a company run by Pat Sarma and his partner. After Access Methods successfully launched the AMIBIOS, there were legal issues among the owners of the company, resulting in Sarma buying out his partners. Access Methods still owned the rights to the AMIBIOS. Sarma had already started a company called Quintessential Consultants Inc. (QCI), and later set up an equal partnership with Shankar.

By this time the AMIBIOS had become established and there was a need to keep the initials AMI. The partners renamed QCI as American Megatrends Inc., with the same initials as Access Methods Inc.; the renamed company then purchased AMIBIOS from Access Methods. Shankar became the president and Sarma the executive vice-president of this company. This partnership continued until 2001, when LSI Logic purchased the RAID Division of American Megatrends; American Megatrends then purchased all shares of the company owned by Sarma, making Shankar the majority owner.

AMIDiag
AMIDiag is a family of PC diagnostic utilities sold to OEMs only. The AMIDiag Suite was introduced in 1991 and made available for MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows and Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) platforms. It includes both the Windows and DOS PC diagnostics programs. Later versions of AMIDiag support UEFI, which allows diagnostics to be performed directly on the hardware components, without having to use operating system drivers or facilities.

Aptio
AMI's UEFI firmware solutions. Aptio V is AMI's current main UEFI firmware product. Aptio CommunityEdition is an open source UEFI firmware product. Aptio 4 is a now-discontinued previous version that has been succeeded by Aptio V.

MegaRAC
MegaRAC is a product line of baseboard management controller firmware packages and formerly Service Processors providing Out-of-band, or Lights-out remote management of computer systems. These baseboard management controllers running MegaRAC firmware packages or service processors operate independently of the Operating System status or location, to manage and troubleshoot computers.

AMIBIOS

AMIBIOS (also written as AMI BIOS) is the IBM PC-compatible BIOS that was formerly developed and sold by American Megatrends since 1986. In 1994, the company claimed that 75% of PC clones used AMIBIOS. It is used on motherboards made by AMI and by other companies.

American Megatrends had a strict OEM business model for AMIBIOS: it sold source code to motherboard manufacturers or customized AMIBIOS for each OEM individually, whichever business model they require. AMI does not sell to end users, and itself produces no end-user documentation or technical support for its BIOS firmware, leaving that to licensees. However, the company published two books on its BIOS in 1993 and 1994, written by its engineers.

During powerup, the BIOS firmware displays an ID string in the lower-left-hand corner of the screen. This ID string comprises various pieces of information about the firmware, including when it was compiled, what configuration options were selected, the OEM license code, and the targeted chipset and motherboard. There are 3 ID string formats, the first for older AMIBIOS, and the second and third for the newer AMI Hi-Flex ("high flexibility") BIOS. These latter are displayed when the Insert key is pressed during power-on self-test.

The original AMI BIOS did not encrypt the machine startup password, which it stored in non-volatile RAM. Therefore, any utility capable of reading a PC's NVRAM was able to read and to alter the password. The AMI WinBIOS encrypts the stored password, using a simple substitution cipher.

By pressing the Delete key during power-on self-test when a prompt is displayed, the BIOS setup utility program is invoked. Some earlier AMIBIOS versions also included a cut-down version of the AMIDIAG utility that AMI also sold separately, but most later AMI BIOSes do not include this program as the BIOS DMI already incorporates detailed diagnostics.

AMIBIOS was formerly sold through distributors, not directly available from the manufacturer or from eSupport.

AMI supplies both DOS and Windows firmware upgrade utilities for its own motherboards. eSupport only supplies a Windows upgrade utility.

StorTrends/ManageTrends
The StorTrends family of network-based backup and storage management software and hardware includes several NAS and iSCSI-based SAN servers with 4, 12, or 16 drive bays.

AMI couples off-the-shelf hardware with the StorTrends iTX storage management firmware platform. StorTrends offers synchronous, asynchronous and snap-assisted replication, thin provisioning, high-availability grouping and advanced caching.

Reliability and performance is the key for any storage server. StorTrends iTX 2.8 is designed to support Storage Bridge Bay specification that provide Auto-Failover capability to ensure that any interruption is handled without affecting data. It supports High-availability cluster, redundancy, scalability, replication, disaster recovery and multiple site backups.

DuOS-M
DuOS-M was commercial software developed by American Megatrends for Intel x86-based computers using the Microsoft Windows operating system to provide a "dual operating system" environment in which the user can simultaneously deploy the Android operating system in tandem with Microsoft Windows.

Because DuOS-M has the capability to run both Windows and Android simultaneously, the user can switch between the two operating systems without having to dual boot or suspend operation of one operating system in order to utilize the other.

DuOS-M supports key hardware peripherals in Windows including cameras, audio, microphone and sensors such as ambient light sensor, accelerometer, gyrometer, compass and orientation sensors. It also supports various screen sizes, resolutions, and screen orientation (portrait and landscape) along with 3D acceleration and HD video playback.

The first version of DuOS-M was released in June 2014. The software is available for download for a free 30-day trial, and is available for purchase for a complete license.

On March 7, 2018, American Megatrends officially announced that it ceased development of DuOS-M. No further updates were being released at this time, including bug fixes and security patches.

Technical problems
On November 13, 1993, some PCs with AMIBIOS firmware began bootup playing the tune to "Happy Birthday". The PC would remain halted, and the song would continue playing until a key was pressed, after which bootup would resume. The problem was caused by a virus-free Trojan, which was later resolved with firmware updates.

The AMI WinBIOS was a 1994 update to AMIBIOS, with a graphical user interface setup screen that mimicked the appearance of Windows 3.1 and supported mouse navigation, unusual at the time. WinBIOS was viewed favorably by Anand Lal Shimpi at AnandTech, but described by Thomas Pabst at Tom's Hardware as a "big disappointment", in part because of problems with distributing IRQ signals to every PCI and ISA expansion slot.

In July 2008 Linux developers discovered issues with ACPI tables on certain AMIBIOS BIOSes supplied by Foxconn, ASUS, and MSI. The problem was related to the ACPI _OSI method, which is used by ACPI to determine the OS version (in case an ACPI patch only applies to one specific OS). In some cases, the OSI method caused problems on Linux systems, skipping code that was only executed on Windows systems. Foxconn and AMI worked together to develop a solution, which was included in later revisions of AMIBIOS. The issue affected motherboards with Intel Socket 775. Actual system behavior differed based on BIOS version, system hardware and Linux distribution.

In October 2021 an issue was discovered where some Baseboard Management Controllers were shipped with a license/royalty sticker that had the company name misspelled as "American Megatrands".

Worldwide offices

 * United States
 * Headquarters: Gwinnett County, Georgia
 * Field offices: San Jose, California; Austin, Texas
 * Beijing, People's Republic of China
 * Kunshan, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
 * Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
 * Taipei, Taiwan
 * Munich, Germany
 * Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
 * Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan
 * Seoul, South Korea
 * Formerly had an office in DuPont, Washington, United States

title: American Megatrends