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Winterval

Winterval was a season of public events in Birmingham, England, organised by Birmingham City Council in each of two consecutive winters: first from 20 November to 31 December 1997, and then again from mid-October 1998 to mid-January 1999. The intention was to encourage people into the newly rejuvenated city centre, with secular and religious events marking religious and other occasions, including Christmas, during the relevant period. The name "Winterval" has since become used in the UK as shorthand for what are misrepresented as attempts to "rebrand" Christmas so as not to exclude non-Christians.

1997
The name "Winterval" was a portmanteau of winter and festival, coined by the Council's Head of Events, Mike Chubb. In October 2008 he explained:

"Quite simply, as head of events at that time, we needed a vehicle which could cover the marketing of a whole season of events... Diwali (the Festival of Lights), Christmas Lights switch-on, BBC Children in Need, Aston Hall by Candlelight, Chinese New Year, New Year's Eve, etc. Also, a season that included theatre shows, an open-air ice-rink, the Frankfurt Open-air Christmas Market and the Christmas seasonal retail offer. Christmas—called Christmas!—and its celebration lay at the heart of Winterval.

Political correctness was never the reasoning behind Winterval, but yes, it was intended to be inclusive—which is no bad thing to my mind—and a brand to which other initiatives could be developed as part of the Winterval offer, in order to sell the city at a time when all cities are competing against each other for the seasonal trade."

The programme of events in 1997 included theatre and arts events; marking of Diwali; candlelit tours of Aston Hall; an outdoor ice rink; a German-style Christmas market; Christmas lights in the streets; and a New Year's Eve Party. The front cover of the promotional brochure used the word "Christmas" three times and featured a photograph of the City's official Christmas tree. Each of its six pages featured the word "Christmas" in text or images.

1998
The extended Winterval the following year included: Hallowe'en; Guy Fawkes Night; Diwali; Ramadan and Eid; Hanukkah; Advent, Christmas, and Boxing Day; New Year's Eve; and Chinese New Year.

Posters were displayed, advertising Christmas events, with the word "Christmas" in large type, and the "Winterval 98" logo only as a footnote.

Church of England leaders in Birmingham criticised the 1998 "Winterval" concept. Mark Santer, then Bishop of Birmingham, said in a message to his parishes that he "laughed out loud" when he learned of the concept of Winterval, which he considered to be "a way of not talking about Christmas" and "a well-meaning attempt not to offend". He wondered whether Christianity had been censored. The Archdeacon of Aston called it "a totally unnecessary example of political correctness to avoid sensitivities people simply do not have". The council responded that "Christmas is the very heart of Winterval", saying that Christmas-themed events were prominent among those included in Winterval, and that Christmas-related words and symbols were prominent in its publicity material. While the Winterval season was longer than the Christmas season, Christmas was the focus of the relevant portion of Winterval, and a statement from Birmingham Council explained:

"...there was a banner saying Merry Christmas across the front of the council house, Christmas lights, Christmas trees in the main civil squares, regular carol-singing sessions by school choirs, and the Lord Mayor sent a Christmas card with a traditional Christmas scene wishing everyone a Merry Christmas."

Neighbouring Solihull council invited Birmingham residents desiring a traditional Christmas to go there instead.

Legacy
Birmingham City Council did not use the name "Winterval" after the 1998–9 season, but it persists as shorthand for any secular replacement for Christmas, used both by supporters and opponents of the traditional Christmas; it is also cited as a cautionary tale or urban legend by those who regard allegations of the existence of a "war on Christmas" as overblown.

On 8 November 2011 the Daily Mail issued a correction after using the term 'Winterval' in an opinion piece by Melanie Phillips, which it ran on 26 September 2011, stating:

"A previous version of this article stated that Christmas has been renamed in various places Winterval. Winterval was the collective name for a season of public events, both religious and secular, which took place in Birmingham in 1997 and 1998. We are happy to make clear that Winterval did not rename or replace Christmas."

The lawyer and law correspondent David Allen Green, and the campaigner Inayat Bunglawala both included Winterval as an example in evidence to the Leveson Inquiry into the culture, practices and ethics of the British press. Green wrote:

"Within the "blogosphere" here are a number of highly regarded bloggers who specialise in exposing poor quality or misleading journalism... What happens is that a selected news story or column is subjected to scrutiny ("fact-checked") and the apparent basis for the story or column questioned. One excellent example of this is the destruction by bloggers of the Tabloid staple of "Winterval"..."

The city of Waterford in the Republic of Ireland has named its municipal mid-winter festivities 'Winterval' since 2012 as an annual event that continues up to the present.

title: Winterval


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Vija Celmins

Vija Celmins (pronounced VEE-ya SELL-muns; Vija Celmiņa, pronounced TSEL-meen-ya; born October 25, 1938) is a Latvian American visual artist best known for photo-realistic paintings and drawings of natural environments and phenomena such as the ocean, spider webs, star fields, and rocks. Her earlier work included pop sculptures and monochromatic representational paintings. Based in New York City, she has been the subject of over forty solo exhibitions since 1965, and major retrospectives at the Museum of Modern Art, Whitney Museum of American Art, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Institute of Contemporary Arts, London and the Centre Pompidou, Paris.

Biography
Vija Celmiņa was born on October 25, 1938, in Riga, Latvia. Upon the Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940, during World War II, her parents fled with her and her older sister Inta to Germany, then under the Nazi regime; after the end of the war, the family lived in a United Nations supported Latvian refugee camp in Esslingen am Neckar, Baden-Württemberg. In 1948, the Church World Service relocated the family to the United States, briefly in New York City, then in Indianapolis, Indiana. Sponsored by a local Lutheran church, her father found work as a carpenter, and her mother in a hospital laundry. Vija was ten, and spoke no English, which caused her to focus on drawing, leading her teachers to encourage further creativity and painting.

In 1955, she entered the John Herron School of Art in Indianapolis, where she has said that for the first time in her life, she did not feel like an outsider. In 1961 she won a Fellowship to attend a Summer session at Yale University, where she met Chuck Close and Brice Marden, who would remain close friends. It was during this time she began to study Italian monotone still life painter Giorgio Morandi, and painted abstract works. In 1962 she graduated from Herron with a BFA, and moved to Venice, Los Angeles, to pursue an MFA at the University of California at Los Angeles, graduating in 1965. At UCLA, she enjoyed freedom, being far from her parents, leading to further artistic exploration. In 1978, she was an artist-in-residence, funded by the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA), at the Los Angeles Institute of Contemporary Art. She lived in Venice until 1980, painting and sculpting, and working as an instructor at the California State University, Los Angeles, the University of California, Irvine and California Institute of the Arts, in Valencia.

In 1981, following an invitation to teach at the Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture, she moved permanently to New York City, wanting to be closer to the artists and art that she liked. She also returned to painting, which she had abandoned for twelve years, working during that time mainly in pencil. She later used woodcuts, and eraser and charcoal. Since that time, she has worked out of a cottage in Sag Harbor, New York, and a studio loft on Crosby Street in Soho, Manhattan. During the 1980s, she also taught at the Cooper Union and the Yale University School of Art.

Work

Working in California in the 1960s, Vija Celmins' early work, generally in photorealistic painting and pop-inspired sculpture, was representational. She recreated commonplace objects such as TVs, lamps, pencils, erasers and the painted monochrome reproductions of photographs. A common underlying theme in the paintings was violence or conflict, such as war planes, handguns and riot imagery. A retrospective of the 1964–1966 work was organized by the Menil Collection in cooperation with the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in 2010. She has cited Malcolm Morley and Jasper Johns as influences in this period.

In the late 1960s through the 1970s, she abandoned painting, and focused on working in graphite pencil, creating highly detailed photorealistic drawings, based on photographs of natural elements such as the ocean's or Moon's surface, the insides of shells, and closeups of rocks. Critics frequently compare her laborious approach to contemporaries Chuck Close and Gerhard Richter, and she has cited Giorgio Morandi, a master of the pale grey still life, as a major influence. These works also share with Richter's an apparent randomness and thus apparently dispassionate attitude. It is as if any photograph would do as a source for a painting, and the choice is apparently unimportant. This is of course not the case, but the work contains within it the impression that the image is chosen at random from an endless selection of possible alternative images of similar nature.

At the end of this period, from 1976 to 1983, Celmins also returned to sculpture in a way that incorporated her interest in photorealism. She produced a series of bronze cast, acrylic painted stones, exact replicas of individual stones she found along the Rio Grande in Northern New Mexico, with eleven examples held at MoMA. By 1981, she returned to painting, from this point forward working also with woodcuts and printing, and substantially in charcoal with a wide variety of erasers - often exploring negative space, selectively removing darkness from images, and achieving subtle control of grey tones.

From the early 1980s forward, Celmins focused on the constellations, moon and oceans using these various techniques, a balance between the abstract and photorealism. By 2000, she had begun to produce haunting and distinctive spider webs, again negative images in oil or charcoal, to much critical acclaim, with particular note of her meticulous surface development and luminosity. She has said that all these works are based on photographs, and she imparts substantial effort on the built-up surfaces of the images. In a 1996 review of her 30-year retrospective at London's Institute of Contemporary Art, The Independent cited her as "American art's best-kept secret."

Critics have often noted that Celmins' works since the late 1960s - the moon scapes, ocean surfaces, star fields, shells, and spider webs, often share the characteristic of not having a reference point: no horizon, depth of field, edge or landmarks to put them into context. The location, constellation, or scientific name are all unknown - there is no information imparted.

From 2008, Celmins returned to objects and representative work, with paintings of maps and books, as well as many uses of small graphite tablets - hand held black boards. She also produced series prints of her now well-known waves, spiderwebs, shells and desert floors, many of which were exhibited at the McKee Gallery in June 2010. She recently released a new series of prints that includes both night sky and waves mezzotints. These prints were exhibited at the Matthew Marks Gallery in January, February, and March 2018 and the Senior & Shopmaker Gallery in February and March 2018.

Her woodcuts of water can take a year to cut; she has commented that they "remind us of 'the complexity of the simplest things'".

Solo exhibitions
Celmins's works have been the subject of over forty solo exhibitions around the world since 1966 (Los Angeles), hundreds of group exhibitions. After her longtime dealer, McKee Gallery in New York, announced its closing in 2015, Celmins is currently represented by Matthew Marks Gallery.

In 2020, the major career survey Vija Celmins, was organized by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, in New York and exhibited at the institution's former space MET Brauer. Between 1992 and 1994, the Institute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia, organized the artist's mid-career retrospective. The show traveled to the Henry Art Gallery, University of Washington, Seattle; the Walker Art Center, Minneapolis; the Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; and the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles.

Group exhibitions
In 2022, the Hammer Museum at University of California, Los Angeles, organized the exhibition Joan Didion: What She Means, curated by The New Yorker theater critic Hilton Als. The show traveled to the Pérez Art Museum Miami in 2023, and works by Vija Celmins were included alongside artworks by 50 other contemporary artists such as Félix González-Torres, Ana Mendieta, Betye Saar, Maren Hassinger, Silke Otto-Knapp, John Koch, Ed Ruscha, Pat Steir, among others.

Notable works in public collections

 * Heater (1964) Whitney Museum, New York
 * Torso (1964), Menil Collection, Houston
 * House #1 (1965), Museum of Modern Art, New York
 * Forest Fire (1965-1966), Glenstone, Potomac, Maryland
 * Explosion at Sea (1966), Art Institute of Chicago
 * Flying Fortress (1966), Museum of Modern Art, New York
 * German Plane (1966), Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, Texas
 * Pencil (1966), National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
 * Suspended Plane (1966), San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
 * Tulip Car #1 (1966), National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
 * Untitled (Double Moon Surface) (1969), Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
 * Untitled (Ocean) (1969), Philadelphia Museum of Art
 * Untitled (Cassiopeia) (1973), Baltimore Museum of Art
 * Untitled (Medium Desert) (1974-1975), Menil Collection, Houston
 * Untitled (Comb) (1978), Los Angeles County Museum of Art
 * To Fix the Image in Memory (1977-1982), Museum of Modern Art, New York
 * Alliance (1982), High Museum of Art, Atlanta
 * Strata (1983), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
 * Untitled (Comet) (1988), National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
 * Night Sky #12 (1995-1996), Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh
 * Night Sky #19 (1998), Tate, London
 * Untitled #17 (1998), Centre Pompidou, Paris
 * Night Sky #20 (1999), Kunstmuseum Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
 * Night Sky #17 (2000-2001), Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, Texas
 * Blackboard Tableau #1 (2007-2010), San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
 * Blackboard Tableau #14 (2011-2015), Glenstone, Potomac, Maryland

In 2005, a major collector of her work, real estate developer Edward R. Broida, donated 17 pieces, covering 40 years of her career, to the Museum of Modern Art, as part of an overall contribution valued at $50 million ($50,000,000). Especially noteworthy were the early and late paintings.

Awards

 * 1961: Fellowship to Yale University Summer Session
 * 1968: Cassandra Foundation Award
 * 1971 & 1976: Artist's Fellowship from National Endowment for the Arts
 * 1980: Guggenheim Fellowship
 * 1996: American Academy of Arts and Letters Award in Art
 * 1997: Skowhegan Medal for Painting
 * 1997: John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Fellowship
 * 2000–2001: Coutts Contemporary Art Foundation Award
 * 2004 Elected into the National Academy of Design
 * 2006: RISD Athena Award for Excellence in Painting
 * 2008: Awarded the $10,000 Carnegie Prize
 * 2009: Roswitha Haftmann Prize
 * 2009: Fellow Award in the Visual Arts from United States Artists
 * 2021: Honoree of the Great Immigrants Award, Carnegie Corporation of New York

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Vija Celmins


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Kalavryta

Kalavryta (Καλάβρυτα) is a town and a municipality in the mountainous east-central part of the regional unit of Achaea, Greece. The town is located on the right bank of the river Vouraikos, 24 km south of Aigio, 40 km southeast of Patras and 62 km northwest of Tripoli. Notable mountains in the municipality are Mount Erymanthos in the west and Aroania or Chelmos in the southeast. Kalavryta is the southern terminus of the Diakopto-Kalavryta rack railway, built by Italian engineers between 1885 and 1895.

History
Kalavryta is built near the ancient city of Cynaetha.

During the late Middle Ages, the town was the centre of the Barony of Kalavryta within the Frankish Principality of Achaea, until it was reconquered by the Byzantines in the 1270s. After that it remained under Byzantine control until the fall of the Despotate of the Morea to the Ottoman Turks in 1460. With the exception of a 30-year interlude of Venetian control, the town remained under Turkish rule until the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence in 1821, in whose early stages Kalavryta figures prominently: it was here that on 21 March 1821 the flag of the revolt was raised at the monastery of Agia Lavra by bishop Germanos III of Old Patras.

At the end of 1943, near Kalavryta, 81 German soldiers, led by Hauptmann Johannes Schober, were captured by Greek partisans. Four Germans were killed on the spot. Three were taken to hospital at Kalavryta but were later shot by the furious partisans. The rest were initially treated as prisoners of war until most were shot dead and some plunged over the cliff near Mazi from the force of the shots. Two German prisoners survived the execution and raised the alarm on the following day 8 December 1943.

On 13 December 1943, in retribution for the killing of the captured German soldiers, German troops perpetrated the Kalavryta massacre: they ordered all male residents of Kalavryta aged 14 years or older to gather in a field just outside the village. Some 1,300 women and children were locked in a school which was then set on fire while the men were looking on from a hill outside the village. Then 696 boys and men were machine-gunned; only 13 survived. After that, they burnt down the town before they left and the next day they burnt down the monastery of Agia Lavra, the birthplace of the Greek War of Independence. In total, 752 civilians were killed during "Operation Kalavryta", a deliberate strategy by the Nazis in order to break the resistance by targeting civilians. After the war, the federal government of Germany offered gestures of atonement in the form of free school books for the high school, scholarships for orphans of the massacre and the building of a retirement home. However, German commanders, including Major Ebersberger who carried out the destruction of Kalavryta and Hauptmann Dohnert who led the firing party, were never brought to justice for their crimes.

The Kalavryta region also became the site of fighting during the Greek Civil War. On 11 April 1948, Kalavryta was seized by the Democratic Army of Greece (DSE) after the former overpowered the town's garrison. DSE released 17 leftists held in the local gendarmerie building, while also emptying the national guard and United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration warehouses; taking 400 million drachmas and large quantities of food and military equipment in the process.

Landmarks

In Kastria, in the municipal unit of Kleitoria, there is the famous cave system Spilaio ton Limnon ("Cave of the Lakes") which is filled with beautiful lakes and strange rock formations. Kalavryta has a ski centre which is located east of town, on the slopes of Chelmos. The monastery of Agia Lavra is located on a hill 4 km southwest of Kalavryta. Another famous monastery nearby is Mega Spilaio which is located 8 km northeast.

Administration
The municipality Kalavryta was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 4 former municipalities, that became municipal units:
 * Aroania
 * Kalavryta
 * Kleitoria
 * Paia

The municipality has an area of 1,058.147 km2, the municipal unit 531.797 km2.

Subdivisions
The municipal unit of Kalavryta is divided into the following communities:
 * Ano Vlasia
 * Ano Lousoi
 * Doumena
 * Drosato
 * Flampoura (Flampoura, Neochori, Ortholithi)
 * Goumenissa
 * Kalavryta (Kalavryta, Avlonas, Vrachni, Krastikoi, Moni Agias Lavras, Souvardo)
 * Kallifoni
 * Kandalos
 * Kato Lousoi (Kato Lousoi, Lousiko)
 * Kato Vlasia (Kato Vlasia, Menychtaiika, Metochi)
 * Kato Zachlorou
 * Kerpini
 * Kertezi
 * Korfes
 * Kouteli
 * Kryoneri
 * Lagovouni
 * Lapanagoi
 * Manesi Kalavryton (Manesi, Boumpoukas)
 * Mikros Pontias (Mikros Pontias, Karousi, Lompokas, Megas Pontias)
 * Petsakoi (Petsakoi, Bosi)
 * Plataniotissa (Plataniotissa, Digela, Spartinou)
 * Priolithos
 * Profitis Ilias (Profitis Ilias, Mouriki)
 * Rogoi
 * Sigouni (Sigouni, Lefki)
 * Skepasto
 * Trechlo (Trechlo, Lapatheia)
 * Valta
 * Vilivina

Province
The province of Kalavryta (Επαρχία Καλαβρύτων) was one of the provinces of Achaea. It had the same territory as the present municipality. It was abolished in 2006.

Notable people

 * Asimakis Fotilas (1761–1835), politician and revolutionary leader
 * Nikolaos Petimezas, military leader
 * Anastasios Charalambis (1862–1949), military officer, PM of Greece
 * Andreas Zaimis

title: Kalavryta


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Talk:Opposite (semantics)

Untitled
does any one know the acronym of mysogynist? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.147.1.1 (talk) 14:31, 22 December 2004 (UTC)
 * Do you mean the antonym of mysogynist? Dieter Simon 21:37, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It's spelled 'misogynist' and the opposite of someone who hates women is either a 'misandrist' (one who hates men) or a 'philogynist' (one who loves women) depending on which aspect of the meaning you want to invert. --Distinguisher (talk) 19:49, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

Do you mean antonym? if so, it's philogyny " fondness towards women" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.200.74.15 (talk) 14:51, 6 April 2010 (UTC)

opposite
There's a redirect to this page from opposite, but several concrete meanings of opposite are missing here. — MFH: Talk 14:50, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Unless you can create it as an encyclopaedic article, it is probably more appropriately a Wictionary entry. Dieter Simon 01:11, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I'm not sure I understand you fully -- but I'd rather say: on the contrary, things (links) like the opposite of a number (its negated value) are quite typical links found (at least in mathematics) on WP.
 * Ok, why not put them in yourself? If you have valuable encyclopaedic items you feel ought to be part of a Wikipedia article, please have a go. Sorry, I got carried away a bit with my previous reply to you, and left create out. Oh dear, such stress.(-) Dieter Simon 22:28, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

what is the oppossite of silently —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.68.36.177 (talk) 21:17, 23 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I guess 'audibly'. --Distinguisher (talk) 19:49, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

I don't think the first few sentences of "General discussion" make sense: "Opposition is a semantic relation in which one word has a sense or meaning that negates or is, in the sense of scale, distant from a related word. Other words are capable of being opposed, but the language in question has an accidental gap in its lexicon. For example, the word devout lacks a lexical opposite..." Off the top of my head I came up with "lackadaisical". I could probably come up with more. The term "opposite" is a relative term and can change depending on what you hold neutral. That's how the word "misogynist" can have two totally different antonyms, as discussed aboveFairthomas (talk) 23:23, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

hearsy Akashdeep9920 (talk) 17:25, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

Antonym should never have been moved to "Opposite (semantics)
The article "Antonym" should never have been moved to "Opposite (semantics)" without prior discussion or the merge prompt with an opportunity for Wikipedians to discuss the move. This is a very high-handed action and not in conformity with Wikipedia practice. "Antonym" is very much a definitive linguistic term unlike the imprecise "Opposite" which is not saved by the pretentious "(semantics)" tag. "Opposite" can be anything, "antonym" can be only one thing. See Help:Merging and moving pages.

How are you going to accommodate the article Synonym to this move? "Synonym" the antonym of "antonym" and not of "opposite". This is utterly ridiculous and wrong.

I therefore propose to move this back to its original name "Antonym". Dieter Simon (talk) 01:35, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I disagree with this proposal. Firstly, the article is a very poor discussion of the types of relationships between words that are considered to be the "opposite" in meaning. I didnt think that their needed to be any discussion because there is a common usage among semanticist-linguists to refer to these types of word meaning relationships with the term opposition and opposite. If you consult the literature, you will see this. The most comprehensive treatment of lexical semantics is Cruse (1986) and that is his terminology. He gets his terminology from Lyons (1963, 1968, 1977). Lyons (1977) is one of the most well-known references on semantics. Lyons restricts antonym and antonymy to refer gradable opposites like big : small, high : low. Another lexical opposite is complementary, which is an ungradable opposite like male : female. Since these are probably the best references to consult on this topic, I adjusted wikipedia to follow their usage. It is not utterly ridiculous and wrong, nor is it imprecise since the imprecision of antonym is exactly why Lyons has restricted its definition. It is, in fact, common in linguistic literature. Why dont you have a look at the references to see if you think they are imprecise or if you find that "opposite" can be anything.

 * I only used the (semantics) tag because there is a disambig page at Opposite.

 * The use of the term opposite and its definition and relation to the term antonym has nothing to do with the synonym page. As pointed out by Lyons and others, opposites are quite different from synonyms and are not really "the opposite" of synonyms (despite the common belief to the contrary). – ishwar  (speak)  02:56, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

 * So, what is the opposite of an "opposite (semantics)" then? What indeed is the opposite of a so-called "synonym"? Unlike an antonym which seems to be "defined as referring to only one kind of semantic relationship between a pair of opposites", what is a synonym which can have precisely the same meaning to one of its kind or can have a meaning nearly the same (but not quite)?
 * Surely doesn't antonymy encounter the same problem, in that it may be the exact opposite, or not quite the opposite (or nearly the opposite)? In their being graduated or scaled in meaning or quality on similar lines, would that not amount to the same oppositeness, in fact the oppositeness of "synonym" and "antonym"? Dieter Simon (talk) 22:23, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Earlier in semantic research, antonyms and synonyms were conceived as being opposite types of meaning relations. However, this is not the way there are understood by Lyons and Cruse. I'll give you a quote from Lyons (1977) where he says some things about this (e.g. he classifies synonymy as a type of hyponymy — I dont know if he defines it this way in later work, I need to get a book of his published in 1981 to see...., Cruse does not define synonymy this way).

 * Cruse says that a synonym with exactly the same meaning is an absolute synonym and also that absolute synonymy is probably nonexistent or if it is existent is definitely unstable and likely to disappear as the language changes (i.e. absolute synonymy is not tolerated). Further away from absolute synonymy is a gradient scale that increasing becomes less "synonymous" due to various factors.

 * There are some word pairs which are "better" opposites than other pairs. I would have to read about this to tell you about this (Cruse has about 70 pages of discussion of opposites). But, opposites that are gradable and opposites that are not gradable do not make a pair of words a "worse" pair of opposites. Rather, these are just two different types of opposition, which have different properties. For example, complementaries (which are not gradable) have the properties of entailment: this is not shut entails this is open (and this is open entails this is not shut). Also, this is neither shut or open is a contradiction.

 * It's only a contradiction when applied to something which must exist in one or other of those two states, but not when applied to an object such as a pencil. It doesn't make any sense to talk of a pencil being open nor shut. Even for things like doors there are cases where I would be uncomfortable saying that one is in one or the other state as when a door has been removed from its hinges and placed on a rubbish heap. Is such a door open or shut? --Distinguisher (talk) 19:49, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Antonynms (as defined by Lyon & Cruse as gradable opposites) lack this entailment: this is not cold does not entail that this is hot (but this is hot does entail this is not cold). And, this is neither hot nor cold is not a contradiction. Even though these relationships are different, most people find that the pairs dead:alive and hot:cold as some of the best examples of opposites (i.e. as the answer to what is the opposite of hot? or what is the opposite of dead?).

 * stay tuned for more info.... – ishwar  (speak)  23:43, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

 * google books has Lyons (1977):

 * on origin of antonymy as "opposite" of synonymy (p. 286)
 * synonymy as type of hyponymy (p. 292)
 * defining antonymy vs. opposition (p. 279)
 * beginning of section 9.1 "Opposition and contrast" (p. 270)

 * Let me know if you cant access the links. – ishwar  (speak)  13:00, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

 * See also Palmer's book which is a nice intro to semantics: Lexical semantics, section 5.4 "Antonymy" (p. 94)

Right, Ish, even David Crystal agrees with you in his "The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language", there doesn't seem any doubt about it, then. The point I am making, however, as I did at the very beginning of this discussion, is that the article should not have been moved without discussion first, merger notices, etc. As laid down in Help:Merging and moving pages, Wikipedians should adhere to these guidelines and procedures. After all, they were created by the Wikipedia community for very good reasons. Not doing so is the finest way to bring about a flame war. Perhaps, you might bear that in mind in future.Dieter Simon (talk) 21:20, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Ok. However, since I was not "uncertain of the merger's appropriateness" and also did not "believe it might be controversial", I boldly deeded it unnecessary to propose a merger via discussion. I guess I was too bold. Sorry about that. – ishwar  (speak)  00:55, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Understood, well done nevertheless, over and out. Dieter Simon (talk) 22:47, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

The opposite of purple is orange. Surely there is a more appropriate example of a word without an opposite. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.41.1.62 (talk) 22:20, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Thats an interesting response. I dont really get it. Do you mean like in the sense of a color wheel or something? – ishwar  (speak)  03:42, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

Well, yes, although I am a huge idiot because the opposite of purple is yellow, not orange. That of course is why I do not edit pages myself. I realize colors pose a whole subset of additional issues but I am not certain that one can have yellow without purple, even as a sensation. I do not fully understand color perception (or blindness) but it seems that one cannot physiologically see a color without also perceiving its opposite. (Think of the old image games where you stare intently at a green shape and then look at a blank surface and see a red shadow image.) I realize that this is not really the point of the page, I was only thinking that there are plenty of examples of things without opposites that do not carry the same sticky bits. Like platypus. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.41.1.62 (talk) 15:51, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Right, purple has an opposite on a colour negative in photography for instance. It's a very poor example. I'm going to change this.--Distinguisher (talk) 19:49, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

How can Male and Female be opposites?
I see that M-W refers to the expression "opposite sex" in its definition. However, you wouldn't say that a nut is the opposite of a bolt. Each serve their function in a symbiotic relationship and do not stand opposite in the true sense, i.e. cold and hot. It has always been my understanding that opposite is the other end of a linear scale for descriptors/states/emotions, not for nouns. Isn't the notion of sexes being opposites based on an archaic viewpoint (one where women weren't even considered people) that doesn't hold true in our current understanding of nature? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.200.74.15 (talk) 15:04, 6 April 2010 (UTC)

 * 'Male' and 'female' are complementary opposites as are pairs like 'student' versus 'teacher', 'predator' versus 'prey', 'parent' versus 'child' and so on. 'Hot' and 'cold' on the other hand are polar opposites. Complementary opposites involve terms that describe functional relationships between things while polar opposites involve terms that label opposite ends or directions along a scalar dimension.--Distinguisher (talk) 08:36, 7 April 2010 (UTC)

Apples and oranges
In comparing similarities or differences, "Apples and Oranges" or "like apples to oranges" is an idiom to think about. What is the comparison criteria? Both are roundish, both are fruit, both can be juiced. To contrast- the skin of one is rougher, while the other smooth. Like chalk and cheese, what does that actually mean? At the opposite ends of some scale, but, both have calcium. Somewhere in the disscussion someone mentioned that ther are polar opposites and complementary opposites, which explained the concept more. Signed220.101.66.30 (talk) 06:34, 29 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Any two things in the universe have properties in common, if that’s what’s confusing you. 82.36.68.79 (talk) 19:54, 4 April 2024 (UTC)

In poetry
See John Milton's, Paradise Regained for it's play on reversals, also Paradise Lost. Also Shakespeare's sonnets -" Shall I compare thee to a summer's day..." for exegesis , (sonnet 18) for opposites and double meanings. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.101.66.30 (talk) 08:48, 23 December 2010 (UTC) Signed220.101.66.30 (talk) 08:52, 23 December 2010 (UTC)

English Language
Words most nearly opposite: 1. Respect 2. Affection 3. Motivation 4. Preventive 5. Theoretical Åwürä Ãrhbêñâh (talk) 19:18, 19 April 2021 (UTC)

 * What?? 82.36.68.79 (talk) 19:55, 4 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Opposite (semantics)


text:
Air Transat Flight 236

Air Transat Flight 236 was a transatlantic flight bound for Lisbon, Portugal, from Toronto, Canada, that lost all engine power while flying over the Atlantic Ocean on August 24, 2001. The Airbus A330 ran out of fuel because of a fuel leak caused by improper maintenance. Captain Robert Piché, 48, an experienced glider pilot, and First Officer Dirk DeJager, 28, glided the plane to a successful emergency landing in the Azores, saving all 306 people (293 passengers and 13 crew) on board. Most of the passengers on the flight were Canadians visiting Europe or Portuguese expatriates returning to visit family in Portugal. This was also the longest passenger aircraft glide without engines, gliding for nearly 75 mi. Following this unusual aviation accident, this aircraft was nicknamed the "Azores Glider".

Aircraft
The aircraft involved was an Airbus A330-243, manufacturer serial number 271, registered as C-GITS. The aircraft had its maiden flight in 1999 and was delivered to Air Transat on April 28, 1999. The aircraft was just over two years old and was equipped with two Rolls-Royce Trent 772B-60 engines.

Incident
Flight 236 took off from Toronto at 00:52 (UTC) on Friday, August 24, 2001 (local time: 20:52 (ET) on Thursday, August 23), bound for Lisbon, Portugal, with 293 passengers and 13 crew on board. The flight was flown by Captain Robert Piché, who had 16,800 hours of flight experience (with 796 of them on the Airbus A330), and First Officer Dirk DeJager, who had 4,800 flight hours (including 386 hours on the Airbus A330). The aircraft was a two-year-old Airbus A330-243 registered as that had first flown on March 17, 1999, configured with 362 seats and placed in service by Air Transat on April 28, 1999. It was powered by two Rolls-Royce Trent 772B-60 engines each capable of delivering 71100 lbf thrust. Leaving the gate in Toronto, the aircraft had 46.9 t of fuel on board, 4.5 t more than required by regulations.

At 04:38 UTC (almost four hours into the flight), the aircraft began to leak fuel through a fracture that had developed in a fuel line to the no. 2 (right) engine. At 05:03 UTC, more than four hours into the flight, the pilots noticed low oil temperature and high oil pressure on engine no. 2. Although these readings were an indirect result of the fuel leak, the pilots had no reason  to consider that as a cause. Consequently, Captain Piché suspected they were false warnings and shared that opinion with Air Transat maintenance control centre in Montreal, which advised them to monitor the situation.

Indications of a fuel problem

 * 1) The fuel on board was decreasing at an unusual rate which was displayed in the Fuel-On-Board (FOB) quantity on the Engine Warning Display.
 * 2) The estimated fuel on board at destination would have been showing as decreasing indicating reduced fuel range.
 * 3) The full forward transfer of the fuel in the trim tank was premature given the fuel load on departure from Toronto of 46900 kg. A prolonged, 19-minute TRIM TANK XFR memo between 05:11 and 05:30, and then the TRIM TANK XFRD memo between 05:30 and 05:33 would have displayed this information.

At 05:36 UTC, the pilots received a warning of fuel imbalance.

Rather than referring to the appropriate checklists, the crew actioned procedures from memory, and this resulted in the cross-feeding of fuel into an already leaking engine.

The transferred fuel was lost through the fractured fuel line, which was leaking at about 13 tonnes per hour (more than 3.6 kg/s). This caused a higher-than-normal fuel flow through the fuel-oil heat exchanger, which in turn led to a drop in oil temperature and a rise in oil pressure for the no. 2 engine.

At 05:45 UTC, the pilots decided to divert to Lajes Air Base in the Azores. They declared a fuel emergency with Santa Maria Oceanic air traffic control three minutes later.

At 06:13 UTC, while still 150 nmi from Lajes and at 39000 ft, engine no. 2 flamed out from fuel starvation. Piché then initiated a descent to 33000 ft, which was the proper single-engine altitude for the weight of the plane at that time. Ten minutes later, the crew sent a mayday to Santa Maria Oceanic air traffic control.

Thirteen minutes later, at 06:26 UTC and about 65 nmi from Lajes Air Base, engine no. 1 also flamed out, requiring the plane to glide the remaining distance. Without engine power, the plane lost its primary source of electrical power. The emergency ram air turbine deployed automatically to provide essential power for critical sensors and flight instruments to fly the aircraft as well as enough hydraulic pressure to operate the primary flight controls (without which the aircraft would be uncontrollable). The aircraft lost hydraulic power for the flaps, alternate brakes, and spoilers. The slats would still be powered, while the primary brakes would be able to operate a limited number of times using pressure stored in the brake accumulator. With neither engine running, there was no source of bleed air to maintain cabin pressurization. Five minutes later, at 06:31 UTC, the oxygen masks dropped down in the passenger cabin.

Military air traffic controllers guided the aircraft to the airport with their radar system. The descent rate of the plane was about 2000 ft/min. They calculated they had about 15 to 20 minutes left before they would be forced to ditch in the ocean. The air base was sighted a few minutes later. Piché executed one 360° turn, and then a series of "S" turns, to dissipate excess altitude.

At 06:45 UTC, the plane touched down hard, around 1030 ft past the threshold of runway 33, at a speed around 200 kn, bounced once, and then touched down again, roughly 2800 ft from the threshold. Maximum emergency braking was applied and retained, and the plane came to a stop after a landing run that consumed 7600 ft of the 10000 ft runway. Because the antiskid and brake modulation systems were inoperative, the eight main wheels locked up, the tires abraded and fully deflated within 450 ft, and the wheels themselves were worn down to the axle journals during rollout.

Fourteen passengers and two crew members had minor injuries, while two passengers had serious injuries during the evacuation of the aircraft. The plane suffered structural damage to the main landing gear (from the hard touchdown and the abrasion of the locked wheels against the runway surface during the landing roll) and the lower fuselage (both structural deformation from the hard touchdown and various punctures from impact by pieces of debris shed from the main landing gear).

Investigation
The Portuguese Aviation Accidents Prevention and Investigation Department (GPIAA) investigated the accident along with Canadian and French authorities.

The investigation revealed that the primary causal factors of the accident were crew actions in mishandling a fuel leak in the no. 2 engine.

The fuel leak resulted from fitment of an incorrect part to the hydraulics system by Air Transat maintenance staff as part of routine maintenance. The engine had been replaced with a spare engine, lent by Rolls-Royce, from an older model which did not include a hydraulic pump. Despite the lead mechanic's concerns, Air Transat authorized the use of a part from a similar engine, an adaptation that did not maintain adequate clearance between the hydraulic lines and the fuel line. This lack of clearance, of the order of millimetres from the intended part, allowed chafing between the lines to rupture the fuel line, causing the leak.

Air Transat accepted responsibility for the accident and was fined C$250,000 by the Canadian government, which  was the largest fine in Canadian history.

The conclusions reached in the accident report revealed that:

 * The flight crew did not detect that a fuel problem existed until the Fuel ADV advisory was displayed and the fuel imbalance was noted on the Fuel ECAM page.
 * The crew did not correctly evaluate the situation before taking action.
 * The flight crew did not recognize that a fuel leak situation existed and carried out the fuel imbalance procedure from memory, which resulted in the fuel from the left tanks being fed to the leak in the right engine.
 * Conducting the FUEL IMBALANCE procedure by memory negated the defence of the Caution note in the FUEL IMBALANCE checklist that may have caused the crew to consider timely actioning of the FUEL LEAK procedure.
 * Although there were a number of other indications that a significant fuel loss was occurring, the crew did not conclude that a fuel leak situation existed – not actioning the FUEL LEAK procedure was the key factor that led to the fuel exhaustion.

Nevertheless, the pilots returned to a heroes' welcome from the Canadian press as a result of their successful unpowered landing. In 2002, Captain Piché was awarded the Superior Airmanship Award by the Air Line Pilots' Association.

Aftermath
Following the accident investigation, the French Directorate General for Civil Aviation (DGCA) issued F-2002-548B, requiring a detailed fuel-leak procedure in the flight manual and the need for crews to be aware of this. This was later cancelled and replaced by F-2005-195. The US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) issued AD 2006-02-01, effective February 3, 2006, requiring new airplane flight manual procedures to follow in the event of a fuel leak for Airbus Model A330 and A340 aircraft.

The accident led to the DGCA and FAA issuing an airworthiness directive (AD), requiring all operators of Airbus models A318, A319, A320 and A321 narrow-body aircraft to revise their flight manuals, stressing that crews should ensure that any fuel imbalance is not caused by a fuel leak before opening the cross-feed valve. The AD required all airlines operating these Airbus models to make revisions to the flight manuals before any further flights were allowed. The FAA gave a 15-day grace period before enforcing the AD. Airbus also modified its computer systems; the on-board computer now checks all fuel levels against the flight plan. It now gives a clear warning if fuel is being expended beyond the specified fuel consumption rate of the engines. Rolls-Royce also issued a bulletin advising of the incompatibility of the relevant engine parts.

The aircraft was repaired and returned to service with Air Transat in December 2001, with the nickname "Azores Glider". It was placed into storage in March 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic. On October 18, 2021, the aircraft made its last flight with Air Transat and was subsequently returned to the lessor AerCap. The aircraft was re-registered as N271AD and stored at Pinal Airpark. The future use of the aircraft is unknown.

Related study
Margaret McKinnon, a postdoctoral psychology student at Baycrest Health Sciences in Toronto at the time, was a passenger on her honeymoon on Flight 236. She and her colleagues recruited 15 other passengers in a study of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), published in August 2014 in the academic journal Clinical Psychological Science, which compared details recalled by passengers with PTSD with those recalled by passengers without PTSD and with a control group.

Dramatizations

 * The events of Flight 236 were featured in "Flying on Empty", a season-one (2003) episode of the Canadian TV series Mayday (called Air Emergency and Air Disasters in the U.S. and Air Crash Investigation in the UK and elsewhere around the world). The flight was also included in a Mayday sixth season (2007) Science of Disaster special titled "Who's Flying the Plane?"
 * MSNBC produced a report on the incident with the title "On a Wing and a Prayer", which first aired in the U.S. on August 7, 2005.
 * The story of Robert Piché is depicted in the 2010 French Canadian biographical drama film Piché: The Landing of a Man culminating with the events on Flight 236. Captain Piché is portrayed by both Genie Award-winning actor Michel Côté and his son Maxime LeFlaguais.

title: Air Transat Flight 236


text:
Big Pine

Big Pine or Big Pines may refer to:

 * Big Pine, California, an unincorporated community
 * Big Pines, California, an unincorporated community
 * Big Pine Creek (disambiguation)
 * Big Pine Lake (Isanti County, Minnesota), a lake in Minnesota
 * Big Pine Mountain, a mountain in California
 * Big Pine Reservation

title: Big Pine


text:
Talk:Gujarati script

Be careful in the romanized notation
This message is for the person who wrote the article. There is no long vowel <ā> in Gujəratī. So better is to find something else because it is misleading specially for those who are working as linguists. They could interpret it as a long vowel while there is not. And if there is no solution you can add a side note.

Thank You    — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.175.163.212 (talk) 22:33, 6 March 2013 (UTC)

Picture
Can anyone upload a picture for this script? I can't find /any/ free Gujarati Unicode font. Anárion 14:34, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Please see http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/fonts_windows.html#gujarati - I'm useing the Sarasvati font from Apple for Gujarati, it is free but the download is rather complicated (you have to register, then buy the one for $0 in the shop).
 * Adding a picture is neverrtheless a good idea.
 * Pjacobi 14:55, 2004 Dec 22 (UTC)

How to use on the web
I was hoping to find some information here, or in a linked page, on the use of Gujerati script on the web. Andy Mabbett 30 June 2005 15:26 (UTC)

 * I don't know of any Gujarati specific problems on the WWW. Why should there be any? Are you looking for Unicode and HTML? Also the following page has some general advice: Project:Setting_up_your_browser_for_Indic_scripts. --Pjacobi June 30, 2005 16:27 (UTC)
 * Very helpful, thank you. I'll add the former to the article. I'd also be interested in infomration on the tools people use to author pages in Gujerati and similar scripts. Andy Mabbett 1 July 2005 13:08 (UTC)
 * Uh, that's an open ended set of questions. To start with, the preferences how to author HTML vary widely, from preferring a straight text editor to authoring systems which completely isolate you from the HTML.
 * If you know HTML and are just seeking a text editor which doesn't garble up the Gujarati characters, you can try the free Yudit (Windows binary available but will look somewhat alien on a Windows system). It can handle all of Unicode and has a wide variety of builtin keymaps, easily switchable. For Gujarati it has the INSCRIPT keyboard layout and a custom one.
 * Pjacobi July 2, 2005 20:59 (UTC)
 * Thank you again. Andy Mabbett 4 July 2005 10:11 (UTC)

Obscure Question
I'll just put this out there for the heck of it, because I'm dying to know and information on Gujarati is hard enough to come by, let alone Parsi Gujarati! Is it just me, or do their vowels fall in odd places, like to the left of where they would normally be? Khiradtalk 20:24, 27 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Not sure if I understand your question correctly, but the script "writing" rules of Gujarati script are almost identical with those of Devanagari, and don't think anything falls at an odd place, let alone vowels... --ΜιĿːtalk 10:48, 30 January 2006 (UTC)
 * What Khirad probably means is that the short "i" is written *before* the consonant, but pronounced after it. This is quite illogical and counter-intuitive, but it has historical reasons. Many Brahmi-derived writing systems have such things, including Thai and Khmer. — N-true 21:40, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

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highlight unusual conjuncts
Can someone highlight atypical conjuncts in the chart? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.47.230.45 (talk) 12:51, 15 July 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gujarati script


text:
1924 in rail transport

January

 * January 24 – Vladimir Lenin's funeral train is hauled from Gerasimovskaya (Gorki) to Moscow Paveletskaya railway station by locomotive U-127.

March

 * March 12 – Electrification is completed on what is now Hamburg S-Bahn's Line 1 between Ohlsdorf and Poppenbüttel.
 * March 19 – Baldwin Locomotive Works completes the last locomotive commercially manufactured for Maine narrow gauge railroads.
 * March 31 – American Car and Foundry acquires Pacific Car and Foundry.

April

 * April 12– Kyushu Railroad Line, as predecessor for Nishitetsu Tenjin Omuta Line, Fukuoka Tenjin to Kurume route officially completed in Fukuoka Prefecture, Kyushu Island, Japan.
 * April 27 – The New York Central Railroad introduces the Ohio State Limited passenger train between New York City and Cincinnati, Ohio.

May

 * May 8 – Arthur Honegger’s “Pacifica 231” premieres. The orchestral tone poem reflects Honegger's impressions of steam engines.

June

 * June 7 – London, Midland and Scottish Railway opens the luxury Gleneagles Hotel in Scotland.
 * June 28 – The streetcar system in Adrian, Michigan, is abandoned.

July

 * July 31 – Uetsu Line, Niitsu of Niigata to Akita route officially completed in Japan, as same time, Osaka via Niitsu to Aomori route direct express train service start.

August

 * August 7 – Streetcars operate for the last time in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, to be replaced with buses.
 * August 10 – A first section for Rome–Lido railway, Porta San Paolo of Rome to Ostia Antica route, officially regular service start in Italy.
 * August 14 – The New York Central tests a General Electric diesel-electric locomotive. The locomotive succeeds in starting a train of 93 cars on level track.

September

 * September 28 – The Chicago and Alton Railroad places "the handsomest train in the world" into Chicago – St. Louis service. The red painted, million dollar train competes with Illinois Central Railroad's green and black Daylight Special and Wabash's blue Blue Banner Special.

October

 * October 23 – Two trolley cars of the Hull Electric Railway in Ottawa collide head-on due to a misunderstanding in operations around track maintenance work.

November

 * November 3 – Lytham rail crash on London, Midland and Scottish Railway occurs when a locomotive tyre fractures. 14 people are killed in the subsequent derailment as the train hits a bridge and a signal box.
 * November 7 – Experimental three-truck diesel-electric locomotive Ys. N 002 (designed by Ya. M. Hakkel) makes first trial trip on the Oktyabrskaya Railway in the Soviet Union.
 * November 30 – The Rauma Line from Dombås to Åndalsnes in Norway is opened.

December

 * December 17 – The first diesel-electric locomotive enters regular service, on the docks in the Bronx.
 * December 30 – The first section of the Barcelona Metro opens in Spain.

Unknown date

 * The London and North Eastern Railway in Britain officially names its Flying Scotsman express train, although the 10.00 a.m. service from London King's Cross to Edinburgh Waverley over the East Coast Main Line has previously been known by this title, and has operated since 1862.
 * Electrification of the Paris suburban network begins.
 * ALCO produces its first diesel locomotive using electrical components from General Electric.
 * Hitachi build Japan's first electric locomotive.

February deaths

 * February 16
 * John William Kendrick, chief engineer 1888–1893, general manager 1893-1899 and vice president 1899-1911 of Northern Pacific Railway and vice-chairman of the board for Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, dies (b. 1853).
 * Wilhelm Schmidt, German pioneer of superheated steam for use in locomotives (born 1858).

title: 1924 in rail transport


text:
Arno Funke

Arno Funke (born 14 March 1950), alias Dagobert, is a reformed German extortionist, now an author.

Life
An automotive and sign painter by trade, Funke was later medically examined at trial and said to have minor brain damage likely from the fumes from his workspace. He began his criminal career in 1988 when he found himself needing a small amount of money to kickstart a new career as a sausage-vendor on Germany's streets.

Extortions
Funke planted a small bomb in a KaDeWe department store in West Berlin, and phoned from East Berlin. At the time, East Berlin's infrastructure and police services were often not integrated with their Western equivalents. He successfully extorted 500,000 DM. Having spent the money, Funke returned to extortion in 1992. This time he chose Karstadt, Germany's largest department store. On 13 June, a bomb detonated in a shop in Hamburg. Funke set up a complex money transfer scheme, with a box attached magnetically to a train. In August, he escaped with the box, but it contained only a few hundred marks, otherwise being filled with scraps of paper. He continued to target Karstadt stores through 1993 and 1994, but did not obtain any further money. One of his bombs did $4.5 million in damage in the sporting section of Karstadt in Bremen.

For six years, the extortionist who had started calling himself Dagobert after the German name for Scrooge McDuck, baffled police and entertained the general public. Due to his careful precision and effort to eliminate any chance of anybody being hurt in his attacks, he was seen as a harmless prankster by many, and "I am Dagobert" T-shirt sales were brisk at kiosks throughout the city. When police released a tape of his voice in an attempt to trace him, a music group mixed it into a rap song dedicated to "Dagobert", during his later trial he would explain that he wanted to be like the Disney character and "swim in money".

To collect his blackmail payments, he would devise intricate mechanical devices that would speed along railroad tracks, have false bottoms and he continued to elude detection, though he barely eluded capture at the last minute several times, including once when a pursuing detective slipped on wet leaves and fell.

End of criminal career
He was finally caught on 22 April 1994, and sentenced to 7 years and 9 months imprisonment; the sentence was later increased to 9 years imprisonment on appeal. It was estimated that the police had spent nearly $20 million on his pursuit.

He was released on parole after serving 6 years and 4 months on 15 August 2000. The expected media frenzy caused authorities to actually release him a day early to avoid the crowds.

Life afterwards
He wrote a book in prison about his exploits and has held a job since 1998 as a cartoonist at a publishing house under a work-release program. In 2004 a British television studio created a special entitled The Heist which saw Funke teamed with Peter Scott, Mathew Bevan, Joey Pyle and Terry Smith (All celebrated criminals in different fields of expertise) in an attempt to "steal" a painting from the London Art Fair, steal a TVR Sagaris prototype and hold hostage a prize-winning racehorse whilst attempting to extort a ransom of the horse owner. In 2013 he was in the TV "Jungle Camp", the German version of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!

Books

 * Mein Leben als Dagobert. Die Bekenntnisse des Kaufhauserpressers, Ch. Links, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-86153-164-X

Documentations

 * Sven Ihden, Roland May: Die großen Kriminalfälle: „Dagobert“ – Der Kaufhauserpresser. In: Das Erste, SWR. 8. October 2007.
 * Räuber und Gendarm – der Fall „Dagobert“, In: Spiegel Geschichte. 2012.
 * Tim Evers: Jagd auf Dagobert in ARD-Mediathek, 2022.

title: Arno Funke


text:
Hanford Dixon

Hanford Dixon (born December 25, 1958) is an American former professional football player who spend his entire career (1981–1989) as a cornerback for the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Southern Miss Golden Eagles and was selected by the Browns with the 22nd pick in the first round of the 1981 NFL Draft. Dixon made the Pro Bowl three times, in 1986, 1987 and 1988. He also is credited with naming the Cleveland Browns "Dawg Pound," the section of the stadium known for their antics during Browns home games at the old Municipal Stadium inspired by Dixon's "barking" to teammates, especially fellow cornerback Frank Minnifield.

Dixon and Minnifield were selected by NFL.com as the No 2 "Best Cornerback Tandem of All-Time." Dixon has been honored many times by his alma mater including being inducted into the M-Club Alumni Association Sports Hall of Fame in 1988 and being named to the school's Football Team of the Century. He became the seventh football member of the school's Legends Club joining Reggie Collier, Brett Favre, Ray Guy, Derrick Nix, Sammy Winder and Fred Cook.

On October 29, 2017, Dixon attended the 4th London International Series Game in London, U.K.

Dixon remains a visible presence on the football front in Cleveland, as he is a football analyst for WOIO-TV 19 (CBS) in Cleveland, and the color analyst for the high school football game of the week on FS Ohio. He has a podcast with former Browns QB Bernie Kosar called "The Bernie Kosar Show with Hanford Dixon" on the BIGPLAY Network.

Dixon was the head coach of the Lingerie Football League's Cleveland Crush.

Personal life
Dixon is married and has two sons Kyle and Hanford Jr, and two daughters Merci and Hanna.

title: Hanford Dixon


text:
John Christopher Kunze

John Christopher Kunze (August 4, 1744 – July 24, 1807) was an American Lutheran minister, educator, author and theologian.

Life
Kunze was born in Artern, a town in the Kyffhäuserkreis district of the Electorate of Saxony, to Jahn Godfried Kunze, a farmer and innkeeper. In 1758, when his parents died, Kunze began studying at the orphanage in Halle, Germany. He received his classical training in the gymnasia at Rossleben and Merseburg, and then attended the University of Leipzig where he studied history, philosophy and theology. He worked as a teacher and an orphanage inspector before becoming ordained as a Lutheran minister.

In 1770, Kunze emigrated to Colonial America to serve as second pastor at St. Michael's and Zion Lutheran churches in Philadelphia. In 1771, he married Margaretta Henrietta (1751–1831), daughter of Rev. Henry Muhlenberg. Kunze was an active and passionate educator and was a strong advocate for teaching the English language to his fellow German immigrants and Lutheran pastors. As a part of this mission, Kunze began a pre-theological school in Philadelphia in 1773.

In 1779, he succeeded Muhlenberg as pastor of Zion Lutheran Church, becoming the senior Lutheran minister in Philadelphia and an ex officio member of the board of trustees of the University of Pennsylvania. In 1780, he stepped down from the board to become the professor of German and Hebrew languages.

At the university, he and a fellow German Lutheran pastor, Justus Henry Christian Helmuth, tried unsuccessfully to establish a German language college within the university. While at the university, Kunze set foundations for what later developed into the field of "Semitics", including the study of Hebrew and Arabic. The university conferred the Master of Arts degree on him in 1780, and the Doctor of Divinity degree in 1783.

In 1784, Kunze accepted a position at Trinity and Christ Church, a newly formed congregation in New York City, and also became Professor of Oriental Languages at Columbia College. That same year, he was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society. In 1785, Kunze served as an official translator for the United States Congress. Kunze was fluent in five languages and had also studied medicine, astronomy, and numismatics.

In 1795, he published Hymn and Prayer Book, for the Use of such Lutheran Churches as use the English Language, the first Lutheran hymn book in the English language. He also translated Luther's Small Catechism into English.

With the death of John Christopher Hartwick in 1796, Kunze became the founding director of Hartwick Seminary. As a steward of Hartwick's estate, Kunze worked to establish a Lutheran seminary in America. Kunze had been Hartwick's personal choice as director of the seminary. Prominent political and religious leaders Jeremiah Van Rensselaer and Frederick Muhlenberg convinced Kunze to direct the seminary and teach theology at his home in New York City. In 1816, the New York State Legislature incorporated the new school—the first Lutheran seminary in America—as a classical academy and theological seminary, in the town of Hartwick, New York.

In addition to his work as an educator, Kunze had a talent for bringing people together by creating scholarly and cultural organizations. Kunze helped create the Society for Useful Knowledge and he founded the German Society of New York with Baron Friedrich von Steuben. He also helped form the Ministerium of New York, an organization of local Lutheran ministers, and served as its president until his death on July 24, 1807. He is buried at the Evergreens Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.

Other sources

 * Hess, Stephen America's Political Dynasties (Transaction Publishers. 1997)
 * Lagerquist, L. DeAne The Lutherans (Praeger Paperback; 2nd edition. 1999)

title: John Christopher Kunze


text:
Talk:Margaret Truman

Ghostwriting
Shouldn't this article, in the interest of truth, say that all but one of Margaret Truman's books were actually ghost-written? (posted by 129.34.20.23)

 * Yes, it should. By all means, add it.

 * User:SNIyer1, please stop copying these articles from magazines. If a woman is a best-selling novelist (ghostwritten or not), that is the issue that comes first, and not that she is X's daughter or Y's husband. You're writing in a sexist and arguably offensive manner. Also, don't call women by their first names. She is Daniel, not Margaret. But I daresay you won't bother to read this message. SlimVirgin (talk) 23:36, Apr 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * Is there any evidence she didn't have ghost writers or is it just an established fact she didn't write her books? Anyone please respond. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.165.183.102 (talk) 13:24, 6 April 2013 (UTC)

 * You shouldn't be asking whether "there is any evidence she didn't have ghost writers", rather you should be asking whether there is any evidence. I don't know too much about this particular question, but from a quick review of the sources in the article as it now stands, it looks like this is a juicy rumor with little support. It is clearly not anything like "an established fact she didn't write her books" -- far from it. EEng (talk) 16:26, 6 April 2013 (UTC)

Hello. I know she didn't write the bio of her father. Thomas Fleming did. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.165.27.147 (talk) 03:52, 12 June 2015 (UTC)

 * I heard there had always been many claims that she was undistinguished in any field, and only won contracts because of who she was. Harry threatened to black someone's eyes for talking like that. No reference though. (Sorry) Valetude (talk) 19:59, 29 October 2019 (UTC)

Name
She is known by either Margaret Truman or, less often, Margaret Truman Daniel. Mary Margaret is her birth name and she is not popularly known by that. Please stop changing it like she is. Mike H 14:17, May 17, 2005 (UTC)

 * Now discuss the issue, since I've protected the article. I believe whoever is reverting without discussion is an SNIyer1 IP as he also removes the SNIyer hidden notice. Mike H 15:45, May 25, 2005 (UTC)

Mary Margaret Truman Daniel is her full name. When Mrs. Daniel dies, there will be a headstone for her and her husband bearing the name "Daniel", on her personal tombstone, hers will read "Mary Margaret Truman." We will see who eventually has the final say in the article name. You should just stop changing the article. 05:49, May 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * She is best known as Margaret Truman. Not once has she ever been cited in popular culture, or in the press, as Mary Margaret. Now I don't have much objection to, say, Margaret Truman Daniel, but not Mary Margaret Truman Daniel. Plus, it's best to use the word "born" for biographies instead of "B." Mike H 18:50, May 26, 2005 (UTC)

Whether or not Margaret Truman has ever been referred to as Mary Margaret, it is her given name so no matter what we say or do, Mary is her first given name and that should be acknowledged. The article could state her name is in actuality Mary Margaret Truman Daniel but she is best known as Margaret Truman by people who are closer to her age and Margaret Truman Daniel in more recent years. Many people don't use their given names take for example, Jimmy Carter whose given name is James, in all references, James is listed as his given name. The same is true for Rosalynn Carter whose given name is Eleanor Rosalynn Smith Carter. This is the same instance for Eleanor Roosevelt who was given the name Anna Eleanor Roosevelt at birth but rarely used the name Anna. There is an article on Alice Roosevelt Longworth that states B. before her birthdate. Any person with any knowledge at all will know that B before a date would most likely indicate a persons date of birth. 04:39, May 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * You will find that all the other articles say "born," as it is encouraged in the Manual of Style. Mike H 15:11, May 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * I've also edited the article. Tell me if the naming convention now fits what you want. I am still going to be adamant about keeping "born" instead of "B." Mike H 15:12, May 27, 2005 (UTC)

I am completely satisfied with the revision made to Mrs. Daniel's name in the article. Since you agreed to publish her full name, I am now satisfied with "born" instead of "B." I'm so glad that we were able to meet halfway and reach an agreement on this article. Thank you so much for your cooperation. 03:54, May 27, 2005 (UTC)

I dissagree with SlimVirgin. What happened first in Mrs. Daniel's life, that she was born to X or became a novelist? The argument really does not follow through that it is more important to note her accomplishments than to know where she came from. It is right not to call a married woman by her first name, unless that person is an intimate friend, but she should not be called just Daniel but Mrs. Daniel.172.168.74.37 18:52, 29 October 2005 (UTC)1:51, Oct. 29, 2005

Cleanup
Brought here by news of her death I've done a cleanup. This article needs lots of citation work (it was written mostly before we worried much about thorough inline citations). Gwen Gale (talk) 17:47, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

Remove the period after the S in President Truman's name. The S is strictly symbolic. I have the president's signatures with dates for proof. Lubberass (talk) 15:52, 20 April 2022 (UTC)

Murder at 1600
I can't find any information about the novel being the basis of the film. There's no story credit in IMDb, for example, and Wikipedia seems to be the only place that puts them together. Any citation? --Tysto (talk) 06:20, 30 January 2008 (UTC)
 * There may have been only a story idea credit. Gwen Gale (talk) 15:36, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

More about ghostwriting
An editor added an assertion William Harrington had claimed to have ghostwritten for Truman, I've put this in a footnote and modified the text to indicate there has been more than one claim. Given WP:WEIGHT, this may be enough for now but if more verifiable citations surface about this, perhaps a separate section in the article could deal with the whole topic. Gwen Gale (talk) 23:57, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

MTD's last name
Her last name later in life was Daniel, which some editors have perhaps thought is confusing, since she was popularly known as Margaret Truman all her adult life. Some commentary here about how to handle this would be helpful. I think referring to her as Daniel is the the most helpful way to go, but Truman is reasonable too. Gwen Gale (talk) 19:34, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

I agree, but at present the article is thoroughly confused about her surname. Was it Truman-Daniel (which I doubt), was it Daniel (which I think it was), or was her style simply to use Truman as part of her name (Margaret Truman Daniel)? At least I got rid of the one occurrence of "Daniels" in the article--clearly wrong. Wbkelley (talk) 18:25, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

burial
Needs rewrite and citations: Gwen Gale (talk) 21:50, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

She and her husband Clifton were buried at the Truman Library next to Harry and Bess Truman. Margaret Truman Daniel service was in Independence, Mo at Trinity Episcopal church By The Rev. Samuel A. Mason on February 23, 2008 then was taken to the Truman Lib.for a public service. She and her husband were laid to rest that day

 * This has not happened yet, but will reportedly happen today. After it has happened, I'll write it up if another editor doesn't beat me to it. Gwen Gale (talk) 12:16, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

Are there any reports as to what ended her life at only 83? She was many years younger than both her parents were at their deaths? 02:26, 13 September 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.219.109.123 (talk)
 * Not such a bad innings really. People don't always live to the same age as their parents -  it can actually deviate either way. Maybe she was a smoker. Valetude (talk) 23:34, 29 October 2019 (UTC)

Placement of magazine cover
I moved the magazine cover from right to left. Positioning it on the right created a huge amount of white space.Ferrylodge (talk) 15:21, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

Christening of USS Missouri (BB-63)
During revision of Czech version of USS Missouri page, I noticed missed date of christening. Details of the picture say "29.1.1994" while in this article about Margaret Truman, there is written "June 1944". What is the source of the date here and which date is true? JarekV (talk) 11:33, 29 August 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Margaret Truman


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User talk:Asarualim~enwiki

My name is Trey well nevermind that, my sign be of Asarualim, if you do not belive me look in the Necronomicon itself. I would prove it but you all shall be cursed for talking blastphemy about the sacred book of the dead! Howard P Lovecraft did not invent it! it exsists you fools!

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title: User talk:Asarualim~enwiki


text:
Copacabana, New South Wales

Copacabana is a suburb located on the Central Coast of New South Wales, Australia, as part of the local government area. Copacabana (so named by real estate developers Willmore and Randell, in the mid twentieth century) is situated at the northern end of Macmasters Beach, the two beaches divided by Cochrone Lagoon. The northern headland of Copacabana beach is Tudibaring Point, purported to mean 'place where the waves pound like a beating heart' in the local indigenous language. The bay itself is Allagai, which means "nest of snakes" in the same language.

Geography
Copacabana is located on the Tasman Sea 17.4 km southeast of the Gosford central business district, and about halfway between Newcastle and Sydney. It is bordered to the south by the Tasman Sea, to the southwest by Cochrone Lagoon and Macmasters Beach and to the north by Avoca Beach.

Population
In the 2016 Census, there were 2,735 people in Copacabana. 79.5% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth was England at 5.9%. 89.8% of people spoke only English at home. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 36.5%, Catholic 22.1% and Anglican 18.1%.

title: Copacabana, New South Wales


text:
User:Anderskin

Anderskin is a Hamiltonian-in-exile from Canada. I have a Wiki score of 103, based on manual score on March 16, 2005. I will never retest myself manually or online.

Why I do what I do
After using the site for more than a year and making occasional contributions for half that time, Anderskin became a registered user in December 2004. Although I'm a non-joiner by nature (even when I believe in the cause), I received some encouragement to do so from Wikipedians and a computer geek friend.

My specialities and interests are somewhat diverse. They include:

 * the Hamilton area, a highly underrated part of Ontario and Canada
 * Germany, the good, the bad and the ugly
 * la Francophonie, especially French-speaking minorities
 * military history, labour history and women's history, especially in Canada and the rest of the Commonwealth
 * novelty and comedy music
 * vexillology and other flag-related topics
 * playing cards, board games and other semi-educational pastimes
 * cycling, camping and hiking (sometimes combined in one trip).

If these interest you, please feel free to comments on this page.

Work I plan to do
Formerly classified by topics I chose myself (self-assigned) and topics I chose from the Pages Wanted (Wiki Wanted), now organized by type of article.

Biography

 * Adelaide Hoodless self-assigned contribution
 * Boris Brott self-assigned first draft
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Groups

 * Neutral (people), called Attiwandaronk by the Huron, self-assigned first draft
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 * Ontario Provincial Police self-assigned contribution
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 * British and Canadian Women's Institutes, self-assigned contribution
 * The Men They Couldn't Hang self-assigned first draft

Geographic locations

 * Bon Echo Provincial Park self-assigned
 * Coburg, Ontario first draft
 * Norval, Ontario Wiki Wanted
 * Burlington, Ontario self-assigned contribution
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Electoral districts

 * Parry Sound--Muskoka Wiki Wanted first draft

Miscellaneous

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Work I have already done
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Hello, I created the Little Britain, Ontario page and don't understand why you deleted it to make your page? Both pages can exist at the same time and redirecting from one to another site might not be the most worthwhile. Thanks for your understanding and your contributions.Mikeonatrike (talk) 20:27, 15 September 2009 (UTC)

title: User:Anderskin


text:
Bob Golic

the Notre Dame Fighting Irish

Robert Perry Golic (born October 26, 1957) is an American former professional football player, television actor, radio personality and sports commentator.

Golic played defensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for 14 seasons from 1979 to 1992 with the New England Patriots, Cleveland Browns, and Los Angeles Raiders. He played college football for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish, winning a national championship in 1977 and earning unanimous All-American honors. In wrestling, he was a two-time All-American.

He is the older brother of Mike Golic and uncle of Mike Golic Jr.

Early life
Golic was born in Cleveland, Ohio to Dorothy and Louis Robert "Bob" Golic. The Golics are of Slovenian descent. He has two brothers, Greg and Mike, who also played in the NFL.

Golic's father also went by the nickname Bob; however, they are not named with the generational titles of junior or senior. The elder Golic had a 7-year professional playing career in the Canadian Football League from 1956 to 1962. He played for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, Montreal Alouettes and Saskatchewan Roughriders. He won the Grey Cup with Hamilton in 1957. Louis Robert Golic died on Friday, June 28, 2013, from heart failure.

Golic attended St. Joseph's High School, at the time an all-boys school in Cleveland, where he played high school football.

Golic was also an accomplished high school wrestler. In 1975, he won the Ohio high school heavyweight championship, beating Harold Smith of Canton McKinley, a future Olympian. He also defeated future NFL player Tom Cousineau from cross-town all-boys school rival St. Edward High School in the tournament semifinals. The match between Golic and Cousineau, who would go on to place third, has been called "one of the most memorable" in the tournament's history. Cousineau would go to be two-time All-American at linebacker at Ohio State. Golic and Cousineau would eventually become teammates in the NFL with the Browns.

College career
Golic received a football scholarship to attend the University of Notre Dame, where he also wrestled. He played for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team from 1975 to 1978. He was also a member of the 1977 NCAA National Champion football team. He was selected as a second-team All-American for the 1977 season, and a unanimous first-team All-American in 1978.

Golic was one of the nation's top wrestlers with a three-year record of 54-4-1, finishing third in NCAA meet in 1976 and fourth in 1977. He was named a two-time All-American for Notre Dame as a heavyweight wrestler, capturing fourth place at the 1977 NCAA tournament and third place in 1978. He graduated from Notre Dame in 1979 with a B.A. in Management.

Professional career
The New England Patriots chose Golic, as a linebacker, in the second round (52nd pick overall) of the 1979 NFL Draft, and he played for the Patriots from 1979 to 1981.

Golic was cut by the Patriots going into the 1982 season and claimed on waivers by the Cleveland Browns. The Browns moved him from Linebacker to Nose Tackle.

After seven years with the Browns, Golic relocated to the Los Angeles Raiders through Plan B Free Agency where he played his last four NFL seasons. Golic was a 3-time Pro Bowler (1985, 1986, 1987) while playing with the Cleveland Browns.

Post-playing career
After retiring from football, Golic pursued an acting career. His first appearance was in Coach, playing one of Hayden Fox's former players who went on to an NFL career, but now confiding to Hayden he has cancer due to anabolic steroid use. He then appeared in Saved by the Bell: The College Years, arguably his best known role, playing the role of Mike Rogers, a retired San Francisco 49ers player who became the resident adviser of Cal U, the fictional college attended by the cast. He also appeared in the role for the NBC made-for-TV-movie Saved by the Bell: Wedding in Las Vegas in 1994. From 1996 until 1998, Golic was one of the members of the original Home and Family when it aired on The Family Channel (now known as Freeform).

Golic also hosted sports talk radio programs and did sports reporting for TV stations in Los Angeles; had a stint on Britain's late 80s–90s NFL coverage on Channel 4, opposite presenter Gary Imlach; served as analyst on NBC's NFL coverage from 1994 to 1996; and was a commentator for TNN's coverage of the short-lived XFL in 2001.

In 2004, Golic returned to Northeast Ohio to host the afternoon drive time radio talk show on WNIR 100.1 FM in Akron. He is also a football analyst for WOIO Channel 19 in Cleveland (CBS).

Golic opened a restaurant and bar in downtown Cleveland's Warehouse District (Bob Golic's Sports Bar & Grille). The restaurant closed in June 2014.

Golic was the Vice President of Football Operations for the Lingerie Football League expansion team, the Cleveland Crush until operations were ceased in 2015.

Personal life
Golic is the older brother of Mike Golic, who is also a former NFL football player, and was also a radio host, first as half of ESPN Radio's Mike and Mike, followed by ESPN Radio's Golic and Wingo. His nephews are Mike Golic Jr., himself a former football player turned radio host, and Jake, who entered Notre Dame in 2009.

Mike Golic is a spokesperson for Nutrisystem after losing more than 50 lbs on the diet; however, Bob Golic has outdone his younger brother, dropping more than 140 lbs and returning to his high school weight of 245 lbs.

Golic married Jacqueline Benlein in 1983 and had one child before divorcing in 1992.

Golic currently lives with his family in Solon, Ohio. He is married to Karen Baughman (1996–present), together they have 2 children.

His wife Karen was a ballerina and Raiderette, and he performed The Nutcracker with her at the Akron Civic Theatre in Akron, Ohio in 2006.

title: Bob Golic


text:
Copacabana (song)

"Copacabana", also known as "Copacabana (At the Copa)", is a song recorded by Barry Manilow. Written by Manilow, Jack Feldman, and Bruce Sussman, it was released in 1978 as the third single from Manilow's fifth studio album, Even Now (1978). The same year, "Copacabana" appeared in the soundtrack album of the film Foul Play.

Background
The song was inspired by a conversation between Manilow and Sussman at the Copacabana Hotel in Rio de Janeiro, when they discussed whether there had ever been a song called "Copacabana". After returning to the U.S., Manilow – who, in the 1960s, had been a regular visitor to the Copacabana nightclub in New York City – suggested that Sussman and Feldman write the lyrics to a story song for him. They did so, and Manilow supplied the music.

Lola Falana inspired the song's famous lyric, "Her name is Lola / She was a showgirl..."

The song's lyrics refer to the Copacabana nightclub as "the hottest spot north of Havana". The story starts in approximately 1948, focusing on Lola, a Copacabana showgirl, and her sweetheart Tony, a bartender at the club. One night, an ostentatiously wealthy man named Rico takes a fancy to Lola, but Tony intervenes when Rico becomes aggressive. The ensuing brawl ends in a gun being fired; although it is initially unclear "who shot who[m]", it soon becomes apparent that Tony has died. Thirty years later, the club has been transformed into a discotheque (as the real New York Copacabana had been), but a middle-aged Lola remains in her showgirl attire, now a customer at the bar who "drinks herself half blind" lamenting the loss of her youth, her sanity and Tony.

Release and reception
"Copacabana" debuted on Billboard magazine's Top 40 chart on July 7, 1978, and peaked at number 8. It has also reached the Top 10 in Belgium, Canada, France and the Netherlands. Internationally, the song is Manilow's third-greatest hit. The track was his first gold single for a song he wrote or co-wrote. Additionally, the song earned Manilow his first and only Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance in February 1979.

Cash Box said that "a Latin beat, congas and added percussion, strings and horns make it unusual."

Television film and musical
In 1985, Manilow and his collaborators Bruce Sussman and Jack Feldman expanded the song into a full–length, made-for-television musical, also called Copacabana, writing many additional songs and expanding the plot suggested by the song.

This film version was then further expanded by Manilow, Feldman, and Sussman into a full-length, two-act stage musical, again titled Copacabana, which ran at the Prince of Wales Theatre on London's West End for two years prior to a lengthy tour of the UK. An American production was later mounted that toured the US for over a year. Over 200 productions of the show have since been mounted worldwide.

Cover versions

 * Liza Minnelli performed "Copacabana" on a 1979 episode of the American syndicated television program The Muppet Show.
 * James Last recorded "Copacabana" for his 1979 album Copacabana – Happy Dancing.
 * Shirley Bassey released her cover of "Copacabana" on the side B of her 1979 single "This Is My Life". She also performed it on television in The Shirley Bassey Show with elaborate costumes and choreography in 1979.
 * The Vandals recorded a parody of "Copacabana" called "The Dachau Cabana" in 1985.
 * Amanda Lear recorded a cover of "Copacabana" in 2005 and released it as a single through Dance Street and ZYX Music. It was later included on her 2005 compilation Forever Glam!, albeit in a longer version.
 * Kylie Minogue performed the song on her 2008 KylieX2008 tour.
 * Internet personality Zoe Bread created a cover of the song posted in full on Youtube, and in four parts on TikTok. They have also released a parody cover, Corkacabana, where puppets made from corks sing the song.

title: Copacabana (song)


text:
Category:Geese

Articles relating to Geese, birds of any of several waterfowl species in the family Anatidae. This group comprises the genera Anser (grey geese and white geese) and Branta (black geese). Some members of the Tadorninae subfamily (e.g., Egyptian goose, Orinoco goose) are commonly called geese, but are not considered "true geese" taxonomically.

title: Category:Geese