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Alexander Griboyedov

Alexander Sergeyevich Griboyedov (Александр Сергеевич Грибоедов, Aleksandr Sergeevich Griboedov or Griboyedov; 15 January 1795 – 11 February 1829), formerly romanized as Alexander Sergueevich Griboyedoff, was a Russian diplomat, playwright, poet, and composer. His one notable work was the 1823 verse comedy Woe from Wit. He was Russia's ambassador to Qajar Persia, where he and all the embassy staff were massacred by an angry mob as a result of the rampant anti-Russian sentiment that existed through Russia's imposition of the Treaty of Gulistan (1813) and Treaty of Turkmenchay (1828), which had forcefully ratified the Qajar Empire's cession of its northern territories comprising Transcaucasia and parts of the North Caucasus. Griboyedov played a pivotal role in the ratification of the latter treaty.

Early life
Griboyedov was born in Moscow, the exact year unknown, with biographers debating whether it was in 1790 or 1795. He received a master's degree in philology from Moscow University, and subsequently enrolled in the doctorate program. In 1812, he quit the program and enrolled in the military. He obtained a commission in a hussar regiment, which he resigned in 1816. The next year, he entered the civil service. In 1818 he was appointed secretary of the Russian legation in Persia, and transferred to Georgia.

He possessed musical talent, played the piano and composed several waltzes. Only two of his waltzes survive to the present day, although it is recorded that he composed several, including vaudevilles in association with stage plays. He is best known for his literary compositions and poetic verses.

His verse comedy The Young Spouses (Молодые супруги, Molodye Suprugi), loosely based on a French play by Auguste Creuzé de Lesser, which Griboyedov staged in St. Petersburg in 1816, was followed by other similar works, mostly either translated or co-authored with more experienced writers of the day. Neither these nor his essays and poetry would have been long remembered but for the success of his verse comedy Woe from Wit (Горе от ума, Gore ot Uma), a satire on Russian aristocratic society.

As a high official in the play puts it, this work is "a pasquinade on Moscow". The play depicts certain social and official stereotypes in the characters of Famusov, who hates reform; his secretary, Molchalin, who fawns over officials; and the aristocratic young liberal and Anglomaniac, Repetilov. By contrast the hero of the piece, Chatsky, an ironic satirist just returned from western Europe, exposes and ridicules the weaknesses of the rest. His words echo the outcry of the young generation in the lead-up to the armed insurrection of 1825.

In Russia for the summer of 1823, Griboyedov completed the play and took it to St. Petersburg. It was rejected by the censors. Many copies were made and privately circulated, but Griboyedov never saw it published. After his death the manuscript was jointly owned by his wife Nina Alexandrovna Griboyedova and his sister Maria Sergeyevna Durnovo (Griboyedova). The first edition was not published until 1833, four years after his death. Only once did he see it on the stage, when it was performed by the officers of the garrison at Yerevan. Soured by disappointment, he returned to Georgia. During the Russo-Persian War of 1826–1828, he put his linguistic expertise at the service of general Ivan Paskevich, a relative; after which he was sent to St. Petersburg where he worked on the Treaty of Turkmenchay negotiations. There, thinking to devote himself to literature, he started work on a romantic drama, A Georgian Night (Грузинская ночь, Gruzinskaya noch), based on Georgian legends.

Musical life
Alexander Griboyedov's education was not only extensive, continuing into Doctoral work before shifting to military training, but had included musical study as well. Although producing only a small output of work during his lifetime, he was well experienced in an array of instruments including piano, organ, and flute. During his musical study, it is recorded that he studied with the Irish pianist, composer, and ostensible "creator" of the nocturne form John Field, along with Johann Heinrich Müller (also known as Johann Heinrich Miller) in the field of Music Theory.

Although his compositional life was minor in regards to others during his time, he was regarded as a "very good musician" by the likes of Mikhail Glinka, and had routine salons at his residence which were attended by many musical luminaries of his time, although relatively minor in the contemporary decade, including Vladimir Odoevsky, Alexander Alyabyev, Mikhail Vielgorsky, and Alexey Verstovsky.

Out of work as a composer, only two compositions survive to the present, those being his two waltzes in Ab major and E minor. He is known to have composed the musical score to the opera-vaudeville [or operetta] called "Who is a Brother, Who is a Sister, or Deception for Deception" (1824), written by the composer himself in collaboration with Pyotr Vyazemsky.

Death

Several months after his wedding to Nino, 16-year-old daughter of his friend Prince Chavchavadze, Griboyedov was suddenly sent to Persia as Minister Plenipotentiary. In the aftermath of the Russo–Persian War of 1826–1828 and the humiliating Treaty of Turkmenchay, there was strong anti-Russian sentiment in Persia. Upon arrival in Tehran, the Order of the Lion and the Sun was conferred on him. Soon after Griboyedov's arrival, a mob stormed the Russian embassy.

The incident began when an Armenian eunuch escaped from the harem of the Persian shah, and at the same time two enslaved Armenian women escaped from the harem of the Shah's son-in-law. All three sought refuge at the Russian legation. As agreed in the Treaty of Turkmenchay, Georgians and Armenians living in Persia at that time were permitted to return to Georgia and Eastern Armenia. However, the Shah demanded that Griboyedov return the three escapees. Griboyedov refused. His decision caused an uproar throughout the city and several thousand Persians encircled the Russian compound demanding their release.

Soon after, urged on by the mullahs, the mob stormed the building. A high-ranking Muslim scholar with the title of Mojtahed, Mirza Masih Astarabadi known as Mirza Masih Mojtahed, issued a fatwa saying that freeing Muslim women from the claws of unbelievers is allowed.

Griboyedov and other members of his mission had prepared for a siege and sealed all the windows and doors. Armed and in full uniform, they were resolved to defend to the last drop of blood. Although small in number, the Cossack detachment assigned to protect the legation held off the mob for over an hour until finally being driven back to Griboyedov's office. There, Griboyedov and the Cossacks resisted until the mob broke through the roof of the building, and then through the ceiling, to slaughter them. The escaped eunuch and Griboyedov, who fought with his sword, were among the first to be shot to death; the fate of the two Armenian women remains unknown. Second secretary of the mission Karl Adelung and, in particular, a young doctor whose name is not known, fought hard, but soon the scene was one of butchered, decapitated corpses.

Griboyedov's body, thrown from a window, was decapitated by a kebab vendor who displayed the head on his stall. The mob dragged the uniformed corpse through the city's streets and bazaars, to cries of celebration. It was eventually abandoned on a garbage heap after three days of ill-treatment by the mob, such that in the end it could be identified only by a duelling injury to a finger. The following June, Griboyedov's friend Alexander Pushkin, travelling through the southern Caucasus, encountered some men from Tehran leading an oxcart. The men told Pushkin they were conveying the ambassador's remains to Tiflis (now Tbilisi). Griboyedov was buried there, in the monastery of St. David (Mtatsminda Pantheon).

When Nino, Griboyedov's widow, received news of his death she gave premature birth to a child who died a few hours later. Nino lived another thirty years, rejecting all suitors and winning universal admiration for her fidelity to her husband's memory.

In a move to compensate Russia for the attack and the death of its ambassador, the Shah sent his grandson Khosrow Mirza to St. Petersburg to avoid another war with Tsar Nicholas I. and also gifted to him the Shah Diamond.

Russian sources claim that British agents, who feared Russian influence in Tehran, and Persian reactionaries, who were not satisfied with the Turkmenchay treaty, were responsible for inciting the mob. The death of Griboyedov, who was a liberal and who advocated regional autonomy for the Christians in Transcaucasia, was probably not a great loss for Tsar Nicholas or General Paskevich, both of whom wished to Russianize the minorities in the Caucasus. The Russo–Turkish War of 1828–29 might have been another reason for the Russian inaction. His wife had written on his tombstone in Tiflis: “Your mind and works are immortal in Russian memory, but why has my love outlived you?”.

Legacy
Author Angela Brintlinger has said that "not only did Griboyedov's contemporaries conceive of his life as the life of a literary hero—ultimately writing a number of narratives featuring him as an essential character—but indeed Griboyedov saw himself as a hero and his life as a narrative. Although there is not a literary artifact to prove this, by examining Griboyedov's letters and dispatches, one is able to build a historical narrative that fits the literary and behavioural paradigms of his time and that reads like a real adventure novel set in the wild, wild East."

One of the main settings for Mikhail Bulgakov's satirical novel The Master and Margarita is named after Griboyedov, as is the Griboyedov Canal in Central Saint Petersburg. One of the central streets of Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia, is named after Griboyedov. This street is crossed by Alexander Chavchavadze street, named after Griboyedov's father-in-law, famous Georgian poet, Alexander Chavchavadze.

On 17 April 1944 Pravda ran a lengthy feature on the commemoration of Griboyedov's 150th birthday when high-ranking officials, military leaders, diplomats, writers, and artists had attended a celebration in the Bolshoi Theatre. Novelist and Stalin deputy Leonid Leonov eulogized Griboyedov, mentioning especially his love of his fatherland.

The reception to the Shah's grandson Khosrow Mirza in the Winter Palace, and Tsar Nicholas receiving from him the Shah Diamond, are featured in the 2002 Russian film Russian Ark.

Monuments

 * In Saint Petersburg, the monument of A.S. Griboyedov (sculptor V.V. Lishev, 1959) is located on Zagorodny Prospekt on Pionerskaya Square (in front of the Bryantsev Youth Theatre)
 * In the center of Yerevan there is a monument of A.S. Griboyedov (sculptor Hovhannes Bejanyan, 1974).
 * In Alushta, a monument of A.S. Griboyedov was erected in 2002, on the 100th anniversary of the city.
 * In Moscow, the monument of A.S. Griboyedov is located on Chistoprudny Boulevard.
 * In Veliky Novgorod, A.S. Griboyedov was immortalized in the monument “Millennium of Russia”, in the group of sculptures “Writers and Artists”.
 * In Volgograd, at the expense of the Armenian community of the city, a bust of A.S. Griboyedov was installed on Sovetskaya Street, in front of Polyclinic No.3.
 * In Tbilisi, a monument of A.S. Griboyedov is located on the Kura embankment (sculptor M. Merabishvili, architect G. Melkadze, 1961).
 * In Tehran, the Russian embassy has a monument of A.S. Griboyedov (sculptor V. A. Beklemishev, 1912).
 * A bust of A. S. Griboyedov is installed on the facade of the Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater.

Streets
There are streets n.a. Griboyedov in many cities of Russia and neighboring countries.

Theaters

 * Smolensk Drama Theater. A.S. Griboyedov.
 * Tbilisi has a theater named after A.S. Griboyedov, a monument (author - M.K. Merabishvili).

Museum

 * The State Historical, Cultural and Natural Museum-Reserve of A.S. Griboyedov “Khmelita” in Vyazemsky District, Smolensk Oblast, Russia.
 * In Crimea, in the Red Cave (Kizil-Koba), a gallery is named in honor of A.S. Griboyedov's stay.

Libraries

 * Library of National Literature named after A.S. Griboyedov in Saint-Peterburg.
 * The Central Library named after A.S. Griboyedov of the Centralized Library System # 2 of the Central Administrative District of Moscow. On the 100th anniversary of the founding of the library, a memorial museum was opened in it, giving A.S. Griboyedov award there. RR5110-0006R 200-летие со дня рождения А.С. Грибоедова.gif

Other

 * To the last years of the life of A. S. Griboyedov, Yury Tynyanov devoted the novel The Death of Vazir-Mukhtar (1928).
 * On April 22, 2014, in St. Petersburg, the Grand Lodge of Russia created the Lodge of A.S. Griboyedov (No. 45 in the register of VLR).
 * Secondary School named after A. S. Griboyedov (Stepanakert).
 * Secondary school No. 203 named after A. S. Griboyedov in St. Petersburg.
 * Annual the Moscow City Humanitarian Conference called "Griboyedov readings" for research and design work of students.
 * Moscow gymnasium No. 1529 named after A. S. Griboyedov.
 * In Moscow there is a higher educational institution - Institute of International Law and Economics named after A.S. Griboyedov.
 * Scholarship named after A. S. Griboyedov, established by the Academic Council of Lomonosov Moscow State University.
 * The Airbus 330-243 (VQ-BBF) aircraft of Aeroflot Airlines is named after A.S. Griboyedov.
 * In 1995, the Central Bank of Russia issued a coin (2 rubles, silver 500) from the series “Outstanding Personalities of Russia” with the image on the reverse of the portrait of A.S. Griboedov - on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of his birth.
 * Medal "A.S. Griboedov, 1795-1829" that was established by the Moscow City Organization of the Union of Writers of the Russian Federation and is awarded to writers, prominent philanthropists and famous publishers for their ascetic activities for the benefit of Russian culture and literature.
 * The Soviet Union released two stamps depicting Griboyedov: 125th Death Anniversary of Alexander Griboyedov stamp (issued in 1954 ) and a stamp from the Russian Writers series (issued in 1959

Waltzes

 * Waltz in E minor
 * Waltz in Ab major

Opera

 * 1824: Who is a Brother, Who is a Sister, or Deception for Deception (Wrote the accompanying score to the stage play by the composer and P. A. Vyazemsky)

title: Alexander Griboyedov


text: Template:R from UN/LOCODE

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:R from UN/LOCODE


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Talk:Wireless device radiation and health

"Misinformation" or "information"?
In response a few recent edit/revert cycles — involving me and user Plmoknqwerty (talk) — regarding the use of "misinformation" or "information" in the 5G subsection, I bring the matter to Talk. Should we keep "misinformation" or change the word to "information"? --papageno (talk) 03:53, 28 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Keep. The Bloomberg article referenced uses terms such as "disinformation", "inauthentic", "misleading" and "conspiracy" to describe the quality of the claim about 5G and the coronavirus. It is in keeping with WP:NPOV to use the term "misinformation". --papageno (talk) 03:53, 28 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Absolutely keep - every reliable source I've found calls it not only false but a conspiracy theory: "conspiracy theory", "false idea", "misinformation"  New York Times;  "complete rubbish", "fake news", "conspiracy theory", "false claim"  BBC;  "conspiracy theory", "false"   Factcheck;  "baseless conspiracy theory", "unfounded", "hoax"   CNN  "false claim", "conspiracy theory", "disinformation"   Washington Post;  "fake news", "conspiracy theory"    Paper in Jour. of Medical Internet Research.   One of Wikipedia's most important roles is to call misinformation what it is.  --ChetvornoTALK 19:24, 28 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Change. 5G has not been fully tested or researched enough for any news source to say that it is factually not involved. Surely, wikipedia is supposed to be using scientific proof i.e. peer reviewed research and articles and the like rather than rehashed "news" that is not necessarily based on any hard 'proof'?! it should therefore not be labelled 'misinformation' which is a rather subjective term (that also should not be used on a platform such as wikipedia).... Plmoknqwerty (talk) 05:15, 31 August 2020 (UTC)
 * The consensus of all the sources cited here is there is sufficient knowledge about radio waves, communications technology and viruses that the hypothesis that 5G affects the coronavirus is misinformation. That we do not have perfect knowledge of 5G — frankly we never have perfect knowledge about anything — does not stop us at WP from noting what the present consensus scientific view about a topic is. To make your point, you would need to find multiple reputable sources that say that 5G affects the coronvirus. Such sources do not exist, and hence your claim fails. If such sources became available, it would be reasonable to bring the matter back here to talk and make another case. --papageno (talk) 20:20, 3 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Keep Obvious nonsense that must be labelled as such per WP:PSCI policy. Alexbrn (talk) 05:32, 31 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Keep Agree with above "keep" votes. There's an abundance of reliable secondary sources calling it misinformation at the linked section. Calling it anything else would be unsourced original research. POLITANVM talk 17:35, 2 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Keep, per the aforementioned reliable sources and WP:PSCI. Myxomatosis57 (talk) 21:18, 3 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Keep we dont do batshit insane nonsense. -Roxy the inedible dog . wooF 21:24, 3 September 2020 (UTC)

Court links no good
Footnotes 48 and 49 do not lead to valid links 48 - "Wright v. Motorola, Inc. et al., No95-L-04929". 49 Christopher Newman, et al. v Motorola, Inc., et al. (United States District Court for the District of Maryland) ("Because no sufficiently reliable and relevant scientific evidence in support of either general or specific causation has been proffered by the plaintiffs, as explained below, the defendants’ motion will be granted and the plaintiffs’ motion will be denied."). Text

The Newman case appears to be referring to 218 F.Supp.2d 769 (2002). The Wright case is not findable and the link is bad. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Andyberks (talk • contribs) 00:30, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

Contradictory statements in the Cancer section
Alexbrn, as I said in the edit summary, there are statements in that paragraph which are directly contradicted by later statements. It's not fine to have them there. Faulty (talk) 09:53, 5 January 2021 (UTC)

Glucose metabolism
I would like to know why scientific studies were reverted from the Glucose metabolism chapter. Petenka (talk) 19:46, 2 October 2022 (UTC)

Belpoggi study on fertility is unscientific
The section about the effects on fertility cites a study by Dr. Belpoggi. This study is deemed unscientific by the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection (https://www.bfs.de/DE/themen/emf/kompetenzzentrum/berichte/berichte-mobilfunk/stoa.html). The review highlights weaknesses regarding methodology. It's also worth noting that Dr. Belpoggi's study does not reflect an official position of the EU and that the study has not been published by an EU scientific outlet.

Dr. Belpoggi seems to align with anti-cellular conspiracy believers (example: https://kompetenzinitiative.com/fiorella-belpoggi-vertrauen-der-buergerinnen-und-buerger-zurueckgewinnen-win-back-citizen-trust/) Jonatz2 (talk) 16:29, 16 June 2024 (UTC)


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James Bond Theme

The "James Bond Theme" is the main signature theme music of the James Bond films and has been used in every Bond film since Dr. No in 1962. Composed in E minor by Monty Norman (with arrangements for film provided by John Barry and others), the piece has been used as an accompanying fanfare to the gun barrel sequence in every Eon Productions Bond film besides Casino Royale (played fully, instead, at the end of that film).

The "James Bond Theme" has accompanied the opening titles twice, as part of the medley that opens Dr. No and then again in the opening credits of From Russia with Love. It has been used as music over the end credits for Dr. No, Thunderball, On Her Majesty's Secret Service, The World Is Not Enough, Casino Royale, Quantum of Solace, Skyfall, and Spectre. In 2008, the original recording of "The James Bond Theme" by The John Barry Seven And Orchestra on the United Artists label was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.

Authorship and origin
Monty Norman wrote and composed the "James Bond Theme" and received royalties from 1962 until his death in 2022. Norman collected around £600,000 in royalties between 1976 and 1999. For Dr. No, Norman scored the film and the theme was arranged by John Barry, who would later go on to compose the soundtracks for eleven James Bond films. Courts have ruled that the theme was written by Norman, despite claims and testimony by Barry that he had actually written the theme. Norman consequently won two libel actions against publishers for claiming that Barry wrote the theme, most recently against The Sunday Times in 2001.

Norman describes the distinctive rhythm of the guitar in the first few bars of the "James Bond Theme" as "Dum di-di dum dum". He said that it was inspired by "Bad Sign, Good Sign", a song he composed for a musical adaptation of V. S. Naipaul's novel A House for Mr Biswas, set in the Indian community in Trinidad. Norman showed his manuscript music from A House for Mr Biswas in a filmed interview and sang its lyrics. In 2005, Norman released an album called Completing the Circle that features "Bad Sign, Good Sign", the "James Bond Theme", and a similar-sounding song titled "Dum Di-Di Dum Dum". For these songs Norman added lyrics that explain the origin and history of the "James Bond Theme".

Though the "James Bond Theme" is identified with John Barry's jazz arrangement, parts of it are heard throughout Monty Norman's score for Dr. No in non-jazzy guises. Barry's arrangement is repeated ("tracked") in various scenes of the first Bond film. This is consistent with the account given by Barry and some of the film-makers, contained in supplementary material on the DVD release of Dr. No: Barry was called in to make an arrangement of Norman's motif after Norman had completed the score. There is no information about the distinctive ostinati, countermelodies, and bridges introduced by Barry that are juxtaposed with Norman's motif in order to flesh out the arrangement. These added musical figures have become as recognizable to listeners as Norman's motif, which is probably responsible for the controversy over the authorship of the "James Bond Theme" as listeners have come to know it. Also of note, the "James Bond Theme" introduction is very similar to a portion of Celia Cruz' Plegaria a La Roye as recorded in Cuba with La Sonora Matancera in 1954.

The "James Bond Theme" was recorded on 21 June 1962, using five saxophones, nine brass instruments, a solo guitar and a rhythm section. The guitar motif heard in the original recording of the theme was played by Vic Flick on a 1939 English Clifford Essex Paragon Deluxe guitar plugged into a Fender Vibrolux amplifier. Flick was paid a one-off fee of £6 for recording the famous James Bond Theme motif. John Scott played the saxophone. Barry, who was paid £250 for his work, was surprised that his theme appeared so often in Dr. No. He was told by Noel Rogers, the head of United Artists Music, that though the producers would not give him any more money or a writing credit they would get in touch with him if there was another Bond film made.

Use in the James Bond films
Within the Bond films themselves, many different arrangements of the theme have been used, often reflecting the musical tastes of the specific times. The electric guitar version of the theme is most associated with the Sean Connery era although it was also used in some Roger Moore films, in Timothy Dalton's final film Licence to Kill and in the Bond films starring Pierce Brosnan and Daniel Craig with the arrangement by David Arnold.

For every Bond movie which John Barry scored, he orchestrated a slightly different version of the Bond theme, as can be heard during the gun barrel sequence. These specialised Bond themes often reflected the style and locations featured in the movie, and the actor playing Bond.

The "James Bond Theme" and its variations found in the movies are played during many different types of scenes. Early in the series, the theme provided background music to Connery's entrances. It was not until Goldfinger that John Barry began to use the theme as an action cue. Since then, the primary use of the "James Bond Theme" has been with action scenes.

Sean Connery (1962–1967)
The first appearance of the "James Bond Theme" was in Dr. No. There it was used as part of the actual gun barrel and main title sequence. It was also used when Bond first introduces himself.

In From Russia with Love, the "James Bond Theme" appears not only in the gun barrel pre-title sequence, but as part of the main title theme and in the track "James Bond with Bongos". It is a slower, jazzier, somewhat punchier rendition than the original orchestration. The original Barry arrangement from Dr. No is heard during a check of Bond's room for listening devices.

In Goldfinger, the "James Bond Theme" can be heard on the soundtrack in "Bond Back in Action Again" (gun barrel and pre-title sequence). The "James Bond Theme" for this movie is heavily influenced by the brassy, jazzy theme song sung by Shirley Bassey.

Thunderball used a full orchestral version of the theme in the track "Chateau Flight". Another full orchestral version was intended for the end titles of the film.

You Only Live Twice had a funereal orchestration with Bond's "burial" at sea sequence in Hong Kong harbour. A full orchestral version of the theme was used in the Little Nellie autogyro fight scene.

George Lazenby (1969)
The George Lazenby film On Her Majesty's Secret Service used a unique high-pitched arrangement with the melody played on a Moog synthesizer. The cue is called "This Never Happened to the Other Feller" and a similar recording was used over the film's end credits. The film has a downbeat ending and the explosive burst of the "James Bond Theme" at the film's very end suggests Bond will return in spite of the situation he finds himself in at the climax of this movie.

Sean Connery (1971)
With the return of Sean Connery in Diamonds Are Forever, the guitar made a comeback along with a full orchestral version during a hovercraft sequence. On the soundtrack, this track is named "Mr. Wint and Mr. Kidd/Bond to Holland."

Roger Moore (1973–1985)
When Roger Moore came to the role, the "James Bond Theme" became a string orchestra driven piece. In Live and Let Die, the James Bond theme was featured in a Funk-inspired version of the tune reflecting the music of Blaxploitation films popular at the time.

The brief quote of the theme in the pre-credits music of The Spy Who Loved Me, titled "Bond 77", featured a disco sound, reflecting a style of music which was very popular at the time. The Spy Who Loved Me returned briefly to using the surf-rock guitar associated with the theme from the early days.

One unusual instance occurred in Octopussy, when Bond's contact, who is disguised as a snake charmer, plays a few notes of the tune for Roger Moore's James Bond, presumably as a pre-arranged identification signal. This is an example of the tune being used as diegetic music.

In Moore's last Bond film, A View to a Kill, the melody of the theme was played on strings.

Timothy Dalton (1987–1989)
The first Bond film with Timothy Dalton, The Living Daylights, which was the last Bond film scored by Barry, used a symphonic version with the melody played on strings. This version of the Bond theme is notable for its introduction of sequenced electronic rhythm tracks overdubbed with the orchestra – at the time, a relatively new innovation.

In Licence to Kill, the Bond theme was arranged by Michael Kamen using rock drums to symbolise a harder and more violent Bond. This gun barrel is the first one since Dr. No not starting with the Bond theme, but orchestral hits though the surf guitar makes returns soon after.

Pierce Brosnan (1995–2002)
The gun barrel of the Pierce Brosnan film GoldenEye opened with a synthesised arrangement by Éric Serra which plays the guitar riff on (almost indistinct) kettle drums. A more traditional rendition by John Altman is heard in the film during the tank chase in St. Petersburg. This version of the "James Bond Theme" is not included in the GoldenEye soundtrack. Additionally, Starr Parodi composed a version of the James Bond Theme for the 1995 trailer.

David Arnold's gun barrel arrangements in Tomorrow Never Dies and The World Is Not Enough dropped the guitar melody line, jumping straight from the tune's opening to its concluding bars. An electronic rhythm was added to the gun barrel of The World Is Not Enough. The typical Bond guitar line can be heard during some action scenes.

The Die Another Day gun barrel recalls the version of From Russia with Love but with a more techno-influenced rhythm. It also contains the guitar riff of the "James Bond Theme".

Daniel Craig (2006–2021)
Daniel Craig's first James Bond film, Casino Royale, does not feature the "James Bond Theme" in its entirety until the very end of the movie during a climactic scene. In Casino Royale, the main notes of the song "You Know My Name" are played throughout the film as a substitute for the "James Bond Theme". A new recording of the classic theme, titled "The Name's Bond…James Bond", only plays during the end credits to signal the beginning of the character's new arc as the 21st century version of James Bond. Although that is the first time the theme is played in its entirety, the first bars of the song (the chord progression) appeared as a slow background music in seven moments throughout the movie: after Bond's conversation with M (during his flight), after winning the Aston Martin, when he makes his first appearance in a tuxedo (accompanied by a few bars of the bridge), after he has survived the poisoned martini, when he wins the final match at Casino Royale, when Bond is following Vesper Lynd, and when Bond speaks with M on the phone.

At the end of Quantum of Solace, the theme appears with Craig's new official gun barrel sequence, unusually shown at the end of the film. The theme here is very similar to the classic style in Casino Royale. It appears sparingly throughout the score itself, never in an immediately recognisable variation. David Arnold said in an interview on the DVD extras for Tomorrow Never Dies that the "James Bond Theme" is what he expects to hear as an audience member in action scenes, yet his scores for Casino Royale and Quantum of Solace only use it during the end credits.

The next film, Skyfall, includes the theme as part of the harmony to Adele's vocals and is used as the chord progression, including a faint surf guitar riff. Also, in a similar way to Quantum of Solace, the gun barrel sequence is shown at the end of the film. The theme that plays along with the sequence and into the end credits is David Arnold's Casino Royale track "The Name's Bond…James Bond". Despite this, the film's score was composed by Thomas Newman, who also incorporated the "James Bond Theme" throughout the entire film.

In Spectre, the theme appears at the beginning of the film as part of the opening gun barrel sequence, indicating a return to the franchise's classic era of 1962 to 2002.

The theme is used again in No Time to Die, in the tracks named "Gun Barrel" and "Back to MI6". A reworked, salsa-like version was used in "Cuba Chase". This is the only film in the Craig era that doesn't use the Bond theme in the credits, instead using "We Have All the Time in the World" from On Her Majesty's Secret Service. This is because of Bond's death at the end of the film. Additionally, the film's title track performed by Billie Eilish features a single trumpet solo interpolating the theme.

Chart performance
The John Barry Orchestra recording peaked at number eleven on the UK Singles Chart on the week of 6–12 December 1962.

Cover versions
Apart from the James Bond soundtracks themselves, John Barry re-recorded the James Bond Theme in 1966 for his CBS album The Great Movie Sounds of John Barry, which features driving percussion ostinati (with a prominent role for bongos), as well as a piano and brass improvisation superimposed over the last few bars. For his 1972 Polydor album The Concert John Barry, he re-scored the theme again as part of a James Bond suite for full symphony orchestra, in this case the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. This more lush arrangement was to feature in his later Bond film scores, notably Octopussy.

Over 70 cover versions of the "James Bond Theme" have been recorded by artists such as:

 * Barry Adamson
 * The Art of Noise
 * John Barry
 * Ray Barretto
 * Count Basie
 * Bond
 * Biddu
 * Stanley Black
 * Al Caiola
 * Glen Campbell
 * Cannibal Corpse
 * Frank Chacksfield
 * Crazy Frog (titled "The Crazybond")
 * Danny Davis
 * Taylor Davis
 * Fanfare Ciocărlia
 * Ferrante and Teicher
 * Lannie Flowers
 * Richard Fortus
 * The Four Esquires (vocal version)
 * Leroy Holmes
 * Johnny and the Hurricanes
 * George Martin Orchestra
 * Ray Martin
 * Hank Marvin
 * Meco
 * Moby
 * Hugo Montenegro
 * Paradise (sampled in "Blue Feeling")
 * Franck Pourcel
 * Pendulum
 * Perez Prado
 * Poets of the Fall
 * The Selecter
 * Brian Setzer
 * Roland Shaw
 * The Skatalites
 * Ed Starink
 * Billy Strange
 * The Ventures
 * Si Zentner
 * John Zorn

Moby's remix
American electronica musician Moby produced a remixed version of the theme entitled "James Bond Theme (Moby's Re-Version)" for the Bond film Tomorrow Never Dies. It first appeared as the second track on I Like to Score, a compilation of Moby's songs used in films, and later featured as the fifteenth and final track on the Tomorrow Never Dies soundtrack album. Moby has said "It did feel a little strange remixing something that was perfect in its original state", further admitting that he "still thinks the original is miles better than the version I did".

Released as a single, "James Bond Theme (Moby's Re-Version)" charted at number eight on the UK Singles Chart, besting "Go"'s number 10 peak six years earlier to become, at the time, Moby's highest-peaking single on the chart. It also reached number one in Iceland and peaked within the top 20 in Finland, Ireland, and Switzerland.

The song features two samples of dialogue from the Bond films: Pierce Brosnan saying "Bond, James Bond" as heard in GoldenEye, and the conversation between Bond and Auric Goldfinger in Goldfinger: "Do you expect me to talk?" / "No, Mr. Bond. I expect you to die."

Track listings

 * CD single (CDMUTE210)
 * 1) "James Bond Theme (Moby's Re-Version)" – 3:13
 * 2) "James Bond Theme (Moby's Re-Version)" (Grooverider's Jeep Remix) – 7:42
 * 3) "James Bond Theme (Moby's Re-Version)" (Da Bomb Remix) – 7:51
 * 4) "James Bond Theme (Moby's Re-Version)" (CJ Bolland Remix) – 5:14
 * 5) "James Bond Theme (Moby's Re-Version)" (Dub Pistols Remix) – 5:51
 * 6) "James Bond Theme (Moby's Re-Version)" (CJ Bolland – Dubble-Oh Heaven Remix) – 6:07

 * Australian CD single (Elektra 7559638712)
 * 1) "James Bond Theme (Moby's Re-Version)" (Moby's Main Mix) – 3:23
 * 2) "James Bond Theme (Moby's Re-Version)" (CJ Bollands's Dubbel Oh Heaven Remix) – 6:07
 * 3) "James Bond Theme (Moby's Re-Version)" (Moby's Extended Mix) – 5:50
 * 4) "James Bond Theme (Moby's Re-Version)" (Piet Blanc's Da Bomb Mix) – 7:50
 * 5) "James Bond Theme (Moby's Re-Version)" (Danny Tenaglia's Acetate Dub) – 7:41 (NB: only 7:07 on the actual disc)
 * 6) "James Bond Theme (Moby's Re-Version)" (Grooverider's Jeep Mix) – 7:44

 * 12-inch single (12MUTE210)
 * 1) "James Bond Theme (Moby's Re-Version)" (...O Lieb's L.S.G. Remix) – 8:05
 * 2) "James Bond Theme (Moby's Re-Version)" (Moby's Extended Dance Mix) – 5:50
 * 3) "James Bond Theme (Moby's Re-Version)" (Tenaglia Twilo Mix) – 11:57

Charts
Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Video games

 * An 8-bit recording of the song was used in James Bond's inaugural video game, James Bond 007 for the Atari 2600 and other contemporary systems.
 * Sega recorded an 8-bit version for Game Gear/Master System and the first 16-bit version for Sega Genesis of the tune for James Bond 007: The Duel (known as 007 Shitou −007死闘- in Japan.)
 * The opening gun barrel sequence for the Nintendo 64 game GoldenEye 007 uses a rock-influenced version of the theme. The game's soundtrack also makes recurring use of its motifs throughout, with corresponding variations in rhythm, scale and instrumentation.
 * An original cover recording for the "James Bond Theme" was also created by Richard Fortus as downloadable content for the video game Guitar Hero World Tour (a case of corporate synergy, as Guitar Hero publisher Activision also held the license to produce games based on the James Bond franchise at the time). Fortus later played the tune live with Guns N' Roses during their 2012 tour.
 * An electrified version of the theme is played in the credits of the GoldenEye 007 game for the Wii.

title: James Bond Theme


text:
User talk:Kendrick Hang

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 18:30, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kendrick Hang


text: User talk:66.81.168.30

title: User talk:66.81.168.30


text:
User talk:Dugana

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 18:33, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dugana


text:
Talk:New York Central Hudson

This article is one I copied from Everything2 a long while ago. It probably needs some updating; lots of the non-NYC stuff should be (or is) in 4-6-4, for one thing. —Morven 18:34, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)

Which was first?
Since I wrote this, I now believe that the European 4-6-4 tanks were first (thus Baltic), but I don't have a cite either way. Matthew Brown (Morven) (T:C) 07:13, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

The first Baltics were two compounds designed by Du Bousquet and built for the Nord Railway in France in 1911. They were allegedly for the Paris - St Petersburg express service, hence the name Baltic. They were tender engines, not tank enegines. One in fact survives in the Cité du Train at Mulhouse - see http://www.railfaneurope.net/pix/fr/steam/misc_Nord/pix.html.

Commodore Vanderbilt train redirect is in error
There is no documentation in this article indicating that the engine --the subject of the article-- carried the Commodore Vanderbilt train. Therefore, the redirect from Commodore Vanderbilt (train) to this article needs to be struck.Dogru144 (talk) 01:19, 20 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Not struck, but changed target for "Commodore Vanderbilt (train)" to the specific section, and refined the reasons, as per the correct statement by Dogru144 that it was an engine rather than a named train set/service. Jmg38 (talk) 06:37, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 20 August 2022
The Railfanning2022 (talk) 11:51, 20 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:New York Central Hudson


text:
User talk:Perconte~enwiki

Kontakt: Deutsche Wikipedia

Contact: German Wikipedia

Image:BagrationMap2.jpg
For your information, the deletion of images because they have been added to WikiCommons is still being proposed. See Wikipedia talk:Images and media for deletion if you wish to participate in the discussion. Thanks. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 01:40, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Perconte. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Perconte~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:07, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:33, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Perconte~enwiki


text:
Raquette Lake

Raquette Lake is the source of the Raquette River in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State. It is near the community of Raquette Lake, New York. The lake has 99 mi of shoreline with pines and mountains bordering the lake. It is located in the towns of Long Lake and Arietta, both in Hamilton County.

Raquette Lake is popular, especially in summer, due to the scenery, wildlife, boating and hiking. There are several children's summer camps, including Raquette Lake Boys Camp and Raquette Lake Girls Camp. In winter, substantial snowfall makes the area popular for snowmobiling, cross-country skiing, and snowshoeing. The lake is also part of the 740-mile Northern Forest Canoe Trail, which begins in Old Forge, NY and ends in Fort Kent, ME.

History
The origin of the name is uncertain. One account is that it was named for snowshoes (raquette in French) left by a party of Tories led by Sir John Johnson in 1776. Traveling by snowshoe, they were overtaken by a spring thaw when they reached the lake. They left the snowshoes en masse on the shore.

Raquette Lake developed into one of the most prestigious summer getaways for the elite in the 19th century. In 1877, William West Durant started work on what would become the first of the "Great Camps", Pine Knot. Other summer homes in the "great camp style" on Raquette Lake include North Point (the 1870 buildings replaced by Lucy Carnegie in 1903), Echo Camp (1883) and Bluff Point (1876).

Raquette Lake served as a midpoint to other Gilded Age retreats such as the Great Camps Sagamore (1897; now a National Historic Landmark), Camp Uncas (1890; became a National Historic Landmark in fall 2008), and Kamp Kill Kare (1896) on nearby lakes Sagamore, Mohegan, and Kora, respectively. Sagamore is open to the public for guided tours during non-winter months and also as an educational facility.

Bluff Point and William West Durant
Bluff Point is still a private camp and run much as it was over 100 years ago. It was built by Francis Stott of Stottville, New York, at the suggestion of Dr. Thomas C. Durant. Durant and Mrs. Stott's family had briefly been in business together as Durant, Lathrop & Co. in Albany, New York, during the 1840s. When Bluff Point was sold to magazine publisher Robert Collier in 1905, most of the original structures were modified and expanded into the present score of buildings — the huge walk-in fireplace, the bowling alley, the bridge to the gazebo, etc.

Pine Knot and William West Durant
Pine Knot, Uncas and Sagamore were designed using natural materials native to the Adirondacks by William West Durant, the son of Thomas C. Durant. The senior Durant was most famous for the building the eastern half of the Transcontinental Railroad. The first of these "Great Camps" was Camp Pine Knot, started by Thomas and taken over by William in 1879. The construction continued through 1890. This artistic camp was used by W.W. Durant as a showcase, as he wined and dined railroad tycoons, selling them on the idea of his building a camp for each of them.

In 1895, W.W. Durant sold the camp to Collis P. Huntington (builder of the western half of the Transcontinental Railroad) in partial repayment of a debt. In 1949, Archer Huntington gave the camp to SUNY Cortland, to be used for education and never to be turned over to the state. In 1938, the family provided the land for the Raquette Lake Chapel in the village for $1.

William West Durant also provided the funding for two summer chapels on Raquette Lake, accessible only by water. The Church of the Good Shepherd (1880) and St. William's Catholic Church on Long Point (1890) were each designed by J. Cleaveland Cady of Cady, Berg & See, New York City.

title: Raquette Lake


text:
Talk:X.10

There's a much more extensive article over at X10 (although it could use a bit more clean-up and expansion). Would anyone mind if we merged any unique content here into that article and made this one just a Redirect?

Atlant 18:36, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:X.10


text:
Mon oncle Antoine

Mon oncle Antoine (My Uncle Antoine) is a 1971 French-language Canadian drama film directed by Claude Jutra for the National Film Board of Canada.

The film depicts life in the Maurice Duplessis-era Asbestos Region of rural Québec before the Asbestos Strike of 1949. Set at Christmas time, the story is told from the point of view of 15-year-old boy Benoît (Jacques Gagnon) who is coming of age in a mining town. The Asbestos Strike is regarded by Québec historians as a seminal event in the years before the Quiet Revolution (c. 1959–1970).

The film is an examination of the social conditions in Québec's old, agrarian, conservative and cleric-dominated society on the eve of the social and political changes that transformed the province a decade later.

Plot
Benoît is a young teenage boy living in rural Quebec. He works at the town general store belonging to his aunt Cécile and his uncle Antoine, who is also the town undertaker. On 24 December, he begins work, setting up the store display much to the delight of the town and flirting with Carmen, the young girl whom his uncle and aunt employ, and treat as an adopted child.

Madame Jos Poulin's eldest son, Marcel, dies that day, and she places a call to the store asking if Antoine can come to take care of the body. For the first time, Benoît is allowed to go with him. After they load the body into a coffin, they prepare to take it home. However, on the way home, Benoît encourages the horse to run as quickly as possible causing the coffin to fall off the sleigh. He tries to get Antoine to help put the coffin back on the sleigh; however, Antoine who has been steadily drinking throughout the day is unable to lift the coffin. He confesses to Benoît that he hates dealing with the dead bodies and that he is miserable in his life, wishing that he had achieved his dream of owning a hotel in the United States as he had wanted. He confesses that, although he treats Benoît and Carmen like his own, he regrets that his wife was unable to give him children.

Angry with Antoine, Benoît manages to get him back in the sleigh and returns home. He runs up the stairs to get help from his aunt and discovers her embracing Fernand, the help, in her nightgown. Realizing what has happened, Fernand takes Benoît out in the sleigh to look for the body. Traumatized by seeing his aunt and Fernand together, Benoît is no help in remembering where the coffin fell off the sleigh. Eventually they make it back to the Poulin household where they find the entire Poulin family, including Jos, the father, who had been away working, around the coffin mourning the loss of Marcel. Jos looks at Benoît and the film ends.

Cast

 * Jacques Gagnon as Benoît
 * Lyne Champagne as Carmen
 * Jean Duceppe as Uncle Antoine
 * Olivette Thibault as Aunt Cécile
 * Claude Jutra as Fernand, Clerk
 * Lionel Villeneuve as Jos Poulin
 * Hélène Loiselle as Madame Poulin
 * Mario Dubuc as Poulin's son
 * Lise Brunelle as Poulin's daughter
 * Alain Legendre as Poulin's son
 * Robin Marcoux as Poulin's son
 * Serge Evers as Poulin's son
 * Monique Mercure as Alexandrine
 * Georges Alexander as The Big Boss
 * Rene Salvatore Catta as The Vicar

Production
Sydney Newman viewed the unfinished film in 1970, and told Jutra that he should delay its release so he could do additional filming. The new shooting was done in February 1971, and added $40,000 onto the film's budget, $237,214 of which  was paid for by the NFB, which remains the producer of record.

Release
The film debuted in July 1971 at the 7th Moscow International Film Festival, where Claude Jutra was nominated for the Golden Prize.

It has been designated and preserved as a masterwork by the Audio-Visual Preservation Trust of Canada, a charitable non-profit organisation dedicated to promoting the preservation of Canada's audio-visual heritage.

It was featured in the TV series Canadian Cinema, which aired on CBC Television in 1974.

Box office
It was then released in theatres, grossing $700,000 by 1974. The viewership of the film rose to 2.5 million due to broadcasts by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in October 1973 and August 1974, the second-highest in the CBC's history.

Critical response
Mon oncle Antoine has twice been voted the greatest Canadian film in the Sight & Sound poll, conducted once each decade. The Toronto International Film Festival placed it first in the Top 10 Canadian Films of All Time three times.

On 23 December 2008, Roger Ebert included Mon oncle Antoine on his "Great Movies" list.

Awards and nominations
The film was selected as the Canadian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 44th Academy Awards, but was not chosen as a nominee. It was entered into the 7th Moscow International Film Festival.

 * Chicago International Film Festival: November 5 to 20, 1971
 * Gold Hugo for Best Feature Film
 * Silver Hugo for Best Screenplay, to Clément Perron

 * 23rd Canadian Film Awards, Toronto: October 1, 1971
 * Best Picture, to Marc Beaudet and Claude Jutra
 * Best Performance by a Lead Actor, to Jean Duceppe
 * Best Supporting Actress, to Olivette Thibault
 * Best Achievement in Cinematography, to Michel Brault
 * Best Achievement in Direction, to Claude Jutra
 * Best Music Score, to Jean Cousineau
 * Best Original Screenplay, to Clément Perron
 * Best Overall Sound, to Roger Lamoureux

 * National Society of Film Critics Awards, New York 1972
 * Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Foundation Award

 * Valladolid International Film Festival, 1971
 * San Gregorio Prize, to Claude Jutra

 * HEMISFILM, San Antonio TX:, February 9 to 11, 1976
 * Best Direction, to Claude Jutra
 * Best Actress, to Lyne Champagne
 * Best Performance by a Teen-Ager, to Jacques Gagnon

 * Toronto International Film Festival: September 6 to 15, 1984
 * Best Canadian Film

title: Mon oncle Antoine


text:
User talk:Eldar101

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 18:36, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eldar101


text:
User talk:Encyclo

Image copyrights
I have logged in after a long while. I had scanned the picture from a personal copy I own. Thanks. Hope this takes care of this.

Thanks for uploading Image:Sri Sarada Devi.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much,   — Edwin Stearns | Talk 18:37, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Encyclo


text: User talk:156.63.116.99

title: User talk:156.63.116.99


text:
Sinn Féin (newspaper)

Sinn Féin was a weekly Irish nationalist newspaper edited by the Dublin typesetter, journalist and political thinker Arthur Griffith. It was published by the Sinn Féin Printing & Publishing Company Ltd. (SFPP) between 1906 and 1914, and replaced an earlier newspaper called the United Irishman which was liquidated after a libel suit. The SFPP brought out the Sinn Féin Daily in 1909 but had to abandon it when it plunged the company into enormous debt. The Sinn Féin weekly and the SFPP both came to an end when they were suppressed by the British Government in 1914.

Form

When the SFPP began to publish Sinn Féin in 1906 it was a large format (slightly larger than a modern broadsheet), 4-page newspaper with 7 columns per page.

Graphic content
Trained as he was in the graphic side of newspaper production, Arthur Griffith had both a professional interest in and a profound understanding of visual culture. An anonymous article on advertising in Leabhar na hÉireann (The Irish Yearbook), probably written by Grifith himself, explains the benefits of American-style advertising techniques for promoting Irish-made products. The use of typography and images is particularly praised: "'The most useful and by far the most profitable method of attracting the attention is through the medium of an illustration. A good picture invariably captures the eye, and if it is of sufficient interest, may be relied upon to induce the reader to pursue the matter further.'" He was also very much aware of how visual discourses could be used to defend the Irish nation against cultural Anglicisation. In his newspaper propaganda he continually promoted the use of such discourses to develop a strong brand awareness for the Irish nation.

Déanta i nÉirinn
The most important graphic element of the Sinn Féin newspaper was the Déanta i nÉirinn symbol. This distinctive logo was created by the Irish Industrial Development Association (IIDA). The text in Irish means "Made in Ireland". From the autumn of 1909, Griffith's newspapers displayed it proudly and very prominently on their front page between the words 'sinn' and 'féin' in the title-piece. It could also frequently be seen in advertisements and cartoons throughout. Both a trade description and a statement of Sinn Féin's industrial politics, this mark played a fundamental role in the newspaper propaganda published by the SFPP. Griffith felt it important to explain to his readers what the symbol meant in the context of Sinn Féinism and in relation to his newspaper: "'That is our registered Irish Trade Mark number. Sinn Féin is the only journal in Ireland entitled to use the Irish Trade Mark.The reason why is that Sinn Féin is the only daily journal in Ireland printed on Irish paper. Sinn Féin is printed with Irish ink. All the materials procurable in Ireland that go to make up a newspaper are used in Sinn Féin. All other daily journals in Ireland import their paper from England, America, France, or Holland. If they procured their paper and ink at home, at least £100,000 a year would be retained in this country and permanent employment provided for about 2,000 people. Sinn Féin is the only daily paper in Ireland that supports the paper-making and ink-making industries of the country. That is why Sinn Féin alone is entitled to bear the Irish Trade Mark. The Irish Trade Mark distinguishes what is Irish from what is spurious. We bear the Irish Trade Mark.'" Here Griffith blends Sinn Féin's industrial politics (buy Irish, provide employment, stop emigration) with a sales pitch for the new Sinn Féin Daily. While promoting his own newspaper at the expense of his competitors, Griffith highlights the existence of a native ink-making and paper-making industry. Other newspapers which purport to promote the national cause fall into the category of spurious. Their alleged nationalism is therefore extremely questionable.In his 1917 book Francis P. Jones, an American friend of Griffith's and historian of the early Sinn Féin movement explains the background to the creation of the trademark and the symbolism of its design. After outlining a major difficulty faced by Irish manufacturers, he describes the measures taken to protect them: "'Irish names were attached to goods that never saw Ireland until they were brought into the country ready for sale. The Sinn Feiners discovered the fraud, and countered by the establishment of the Irish trademark. A sign peculiar to Ireland was agreed upon, namely a scroll device representing the legendary Collar of Malachi, surrounded by the words, Deantha i nEirinn [sic.] (Made in Ireland). The use of this sign was permitted to manufacturers who could show that their goods were made in the country, and every infringement was prosecuted under the British Trades Mark Law, the Irish people being for once able to use British law to their own advantage.'"

Austin Molloy
For the first few years of its existence the circulation of Sinn Féin was limited. From January 1909 onwards, however, Griffith attempted to attract new readers by publishing a daily newspaper with sensational articles from overseas, a fashion column aimed at women readers, and a new graphic approach. Thanks to the purchase of two brand new Linotype machines, the newspaper became more attractive from a typographical point of view and easier to read. The addition of images gave Sinn Féin a far less austere look and at the same time significantly improved its commercial appeal, with sales reaching a peak of 64,000 in September 1909. Foremost among these images were the large political cartoons which regularly appeared on the front page. This user-friendly graphic discourse translated the National question into a series of emotionally charged life and death struggles set against familiar mythical and literary backdrops. At the same time, it illustrated Griffith's instructions to the individual Sinn Féiner, indicating the path to follow and the dangers to avoid. The man responsible for these cartoons was the Dublin born designer, illustrator, and stained glass artisan Austin V. Molloy. At the age of twenty two Molloy was hired by the Sinn Féin Printing & Publishing Company to provide cartoons at a rate of 1 shilling and 6 pence per week. His work appeared in the newspaper between August 1909 and April 1911. As was the case for many of the contributors to Sinn Féin, Molloy used the Irish version of his name, Maolmhuidhe, to sign his contributions. It is only by consulting the minutes of meetings of the board of directors of the newspaper company that we can identify him as the Austin Molloy who trained at the Dublin Metropolitan School of Art between 1909 and 1916, at the same time as his more famous friend Harry Clarke. The art historian Theo Snoddy describes him as 'the main follower' of Clarke at the school but, although his illustrations from the 1920s onwards are unmistakably influenced by the work of his friend,  his earlier work, which includes his cartoons for Sinn Féin, reveals his debt to the principal book illustrators at the turn of the century, chief among them being Jack B. Yeats. His cartoons provide us with a snapshot of the issues preoccupying Sinn Féin's propagandists between 1909 and 1911, namely the status of the Irish language, the development of Irish industry and the prevention of emigration. Although his training was only beginning, Molloy was already sensitive to the religious and folk themes he would illustrate in books and windows and the character he chose to represent the ideal citizen of an independent Ireland was inspired by the iconography of Saint Patrick, the Virgin Mary, and The Pilgrim's Progress, and reflects the explicitly religious language of the Sinn Féin propagandist Robert Lynd.

Textual content
Through The United Irishman and Sinn Féin Griffith demonstrated the need to arrogate legislature from the hands of the British by transferring Irish Parliament back to Dublin. However, Irish Parliamentary parties quite clearly could not agree to Griffith's urgings, as such a move would undermine the foundation of their existence in Westminster. Sinn Féin thus served as conduit for Griffith's opposition to The Act of Union 1800.

title: Sinn Féin (newspaper)


text:
User talk:Stkhoo

hey
Who are you? Thanks for improving the "Chung Ling High School" article. User:randytsx Thanks for the note, I've replied at my talk page. Franamax (talk) 22:46, 17 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Yeah, thanks for your contribution! Btw, you wouldn't happen to know the vanity article that was on VfD a few days ago? (The one where you voted to abstain... =P) --Andylkl 13:58, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I see... I'm actually in Heng Ee High School, next year Form 5... =) (btw, you can sign your signature with typing " ~ ") --Andylkl 17:29, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:54, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Wikipedia and copyright
Hello Stkhoo, and welcome to Wikipedia. All or some of your addition(s) to Chung Ling High School has had to be removed, as it appears to have added copyrighted material without permission from the copyright holder. While we appreciate your contributing to Wikipedia, there are certain things you must keep in mind about using information from your sources to avoid copyright or plagiarism issues here.

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It's very important that contributors understand and follow these practices, as policy requires that people who persistently do not must be blocked from editing. If you have any questions about this, you are welcome to leave me a message on my talk page. See this diff. Thank you. NgYShung huh? 17:34, 20 September 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Stkhoo


text:
User:MagnifiedX

MagnifiedX.com

title: User:MagnifiedX


text:
Tokyopop (magazine)

Tokyopop, originally named MixxZine, was a manga anthology published in North America by Tokyopop.

History
MixxZine at the start published five manga series, two of which were shōjo (geared towards young or teenaged girls) and two of which were seinen (geared towards adolescent boys/men):
 * Harlem Beat
 * Ice Blade
 * Magic Knight Rayearth
 * Parasyte
 * Sailor Moon

Sailor Moon was taken out of the anthology and moved to Smile, as the seinen and shōjo content were hard to reconcile due to the vast difference in audiences, and as Mixx wanted to refocus the magazine towards high school and university/college-aged readers which focused more on shōjo titles.

When MixxZine was renamed Tokyopop in July 1999, the focus changed towards more information on Asian culture, along with manga and articles on J-pop, video games, and anime. The magazine was offered for free, and only a few manga titles were published in the magazine, rotating through the following titles: Tokyopop was eventually discontinued in August 2000.
 * Magic Knight Rayearth
 * Mobile Suit Gundam: Blue Destiny
 * Parasyte
 * Sorcerer Hunters

title: Tokyopop (magazine)


text:
Raquette Lake, New York

Raquette Lake is a hamlet in the town of Long Lake in Hamilton County, New York, United States.

The community is on New York State Route 28 on the western side of Raquette Lake. Great Camp Sagamore is in the hamlet.

title: Raquette Lake, New York


text:
Claire Skinner

Claire Skinner (born 1965) is an English actress, known in the United Kingdom for her television career, particularly playing Sue Brockman from the BBC television series Outnumbered. She is also known for her collaboration with director Mike Leigh on two of his films, Life is Sweet (1990) and Naked (1993).

Early life
Claire Skinner was born and brought up in Hemel Hempstead, the youngest daughter of a shopkeeper and an Irish-born secretary, and was shy as a child. Her dream was to be an actress and she immersed herself in her ambition. She acted, neglecting school work at Cavendish School, and "barely scraped through [her] A-levels". She went on to study at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art and then joined the Royal Shakespeare Company.

Career
Her first role was in Hanky Park, by Walter Greenwood at the Oldham Repertory Theatre, which she describes as a "really traditional start". She is best known as Clare on the British television comedy Life Begins and as Lucinda, the sous chef in the first series of Chef! alongside Lenny Henry. From 2007 to 2016, she portrayed Sue Brockman in the sitcom Outnumbered. Skinner will reprise her role in a one off special set to air at Christmas 2024. For many years, she has preferred theatre to screen roles because she has been disappointed with her TV projects ("apart from Mike Leigh's stuff"), "not just when you see the final thing, but also because it hasn't taken off."

Skinner has worked with directors including Mike Leigh – in Life Is Sweet, and Naked – Trevor Nunn, Tim Burton and Sam Mendes, but according to her, Alan Ayckbourn "was a great influence for me as he pushed me so hard, but every director you work with has a big influence in some way, they really push you."

She has made appearances in TV shows such as Lark Rise to Candleford where for two episodes she played Mrs Macey. She appeared in the 2011 Doctor Who Christmas special "The Doctor, the Widow and the Wardrobe".

In 2019, she played Sheila in A Day in the Death of Joe Egg, which ran in Trafalgar Studios in the West End from September to November.

Personal life
Skinner was previously married to director Charles Palmer, by whom she has two sons. Her marriage to Palmer ended in 2016. She is now in a relationship with Outnumbered co-star Hugh Dennis.

Theatre

 * The Playboy of the Western World by J. M. Synge
 * The Revengers' Comedies by Alan Ayckbourn, Stephen Joseph Theatre, (1989)
 * Taking Steps-Revival by Alan Ayckbourn, Stephen Joseph Theatre, (1990)
 * Invisible Friends by Alan Ayckbourn, Cottlesloe Theatre, National Theatre, (1991)
 * Measure for Measure by William Shakespeare, Young Vic Theatre, Royal Shakespeare Company, (1992)
 * The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde, (1993)
 * Moonlight, by Harold Pinter, London's West End, (1993)
 * Look Back in Anger, by John Osborne, Royal Exchange, Manchester, (1995)
 * Charley's Aunt, by Brandon Thomas, Royal Exchange, Manchester, (1995)
 * The Glass Menagerie, by Tennessee Williams, Donmar Warehouse and Comedy Theatre, (1995)
 * Othello by William Shakespeare, Lyttelton Theatre, Royal National Theatre, (1997)
 * The Winter's Tale by William Shakespeare, Olivier Theatre, Royal National Theatre, (2001)
 * Mrs. Affleck, National Theatre, (2009)
 * Deathtrap by Ira Levin, Noël Coward Theatre (2010)
 * Blurred Lines, National Theatre, (2014)
 * The Father by Florian Zeller, Theatre Royal Bath Productions, Tricycle Theatre (2015)
 * Rabbit Hole by David Lindsay-Abaire, Hampstead Theatre (2016)
 * Prism by Terry Johnson, Hampstead Theatre (2017)
 * Nightfall by Barney Norris, Bridge Theatre Productions, Bridge Theatre (2018)
 * A Day in The Death of Joe Egg by Peter Nichols, Trafalgar Studios (2019)

Radio

 * Five Beats to the Bar by Neil d'Souza, BBC Radio 4, (2002)
 * Old Harry's Game—Christmas Special by Andy Hamilton on BBC Radio 4, (2002)
 * Trevor's World of Sport by Andy Hamilton on BBC Radio 4, (2005, 2006, 2007)
 * Oblomov (2005)
 * The Light of Knowledge by Mya Hnuang Nyo, BBC Radio 4, (2005)
 * Measure for Measure by William Shakespeare, BBC Radio 4, (2005)
 * Bed and Breakfast by Helen Simpson, BBC Radio 4, (2005)
 * Not a Games Person, narrating Julie Myerson's play, BBC Radio 4, (2006)
 * Sculptor's Daughter-Christmas, Snow, Pets and Females, and The Bays by Tove Jansson, BBC Radio 4, (2006)
 * Standing Sideways, by Matt Charman, BBC Radio 4, (2006)
 * Elizabeth and Her German Garden, by Elizabeth von Arnim, BBC Radio 4, (2006)
 * School Runs, by Alexis Zegerman, BBC Radio 4, (2006)
 * Jigsaw, by Sybille Bedford, BBC Radio 4, (2006, 2007)
 * Poetry Please, reading poems by Percy Bysshe, Mary Shelley, John Donne, Gerard Manley Hopkins, Thomas Hardy, Philip Larkin, BBC Radio 4, (2007)
 * Mrs. Warren's Profession, by George Bernard Shaw, BBC Radio 3, (2007)
 * Bird Song BBC Radio 3, (2008)
 * Don't Turn Around (radio short) by Marian Garvey, BBC Radio 4, (2008)
 * Five Easy Ways with Chilli by Scarlett Thomas, BBC Radio 4, (2008)
 * Lunch: A Platonic Romantic Comedy by Marcy Kahan, BBC Radio 4, (2013, 2014, 2015)
 * The Father by Florian Zeller, BBC Radio 3, (2017)

Awards

 * 1992 – Won – Geneva Stars de Demain Best Actress for Life Is Sweet
 * 1995 – Won – Critics' Circle Theatre Award Best Actress for The Glass Menagerie
 * 1995 – Won – Time Out Award for Best Performance Off West End for The Glass Menagerie
 * 1996 – Nominated – Laurence Olivier Award Best Supporting Performance for The Glass Menagerie
 * 2009 – Nominated – BAFTA Best Comedy Performance for Outnumbered

title: Claire Skinner


text: Talk:Service Corporation International

title: Talk:Service Corporation International


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Matt Dawdy

Matt Dawdy was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Vanity about a high school student whose primary notability is honour roll membership. From User:207.177.95.29, creator of Treynor reis which User:Ashdurbat just vfded. Samaritan 18:46, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Anyways, Matthew is an aspiring and motivated individual and will be successful at whatever he pursues. I'm sure he will, but until then... Delete. Memo to self, CC to Matt Dawdy: Remember that people who make the honor roll might not know the definition of words like notable or vanity. —ExplorerCDT 19:21, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree. Delete. P Ingerson 21:48, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Vanity in the third person, yet. Sheesh.  Delete.  BTW:  Good one, Explorer! - Lucky 6.9 20:26, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Could be a tribute from an adoring family member. Delete. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 21:08, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, oh my. Wyss 23:02, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, --fvw *  23:36, 2004 Dec 17 (UTC)
 * He enjoys working at Hy Vee with Chuck. What, there's no article about Chuck? Delete. Jonathunder 15:32, 2004 Dec 18 (UTC)
 * Without Chuck, notability is entirely lost. Wyss 02:27, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Page is one of two things: (a) his mother being too lazy to include him in Who's Who In American High Schools, or (b) a really, really bad advertisement for a date.  What it isn't is an encyclopedia article. --PacknCanes 06:03, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
United Irishman

The United Irishman was an Irish nationalist newspaper co-founded by Arthur Griffith and William Rooney. It was first published on 4 March 1899 and ran from 1899 to 1906. Contributors included Oliver St. John Gogarty, Pádraig Pearse, Maud Gonne and Roger Casement. The writer James Joyce is quoted as saying that the United Irishman was "the only newspaper of pretensions in Ireland". In 1906 the United Irishman collapsed under a libel suit and was refounded as Sinn Féin, which ran until 1914 when it was suppressed by the British government.

title: United Irishman


text:
Talk:Pauly Shore

Minding The Store / Shore
The name of his new reality show is "Minding the Store," not the Shore...a reference to his mother's comedy club, "The Comedy Store." Pacian 14:26, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 29 March 2020
I feel like his work with https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconix_Entertainment Iconix's https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pororo_the_Little_Penguin Pororo series deserves more emphasis. Pororo is loved by children all over the world and this represents a new audience for Pauly Shore as well as a potential new direction for his later career. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:B000:2EB0:FD1A:67DE:983B:88F9 (talk) 15:43, 29 March 2021 (UTC)

Mother
Early Life states his mother founded The Comedy Store, but the article for his mother states that his father founded it, and his mother acquired it in the divorce. 71.182.160.129 (talk) 05:31, 3 December 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 6 August 2022
Filmography Section: Entourage: 2005-2007. Starring as himself. 67.87.248.243 (talk) 01:41, 6 August 2022 (UTC)
 * It would be very apreciatable if you could give us a reliable source for this. Handmeanotherbagofthemchips (talk) 13:25, 6 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pauly Shore


text: Category:German academics

title: Category:German academics


text:
Durango, Mexico

Durango, Mexico, may refer to:

 * The state of Durango, one of the 32 component federal entities of the United Mexican States
 * Durango, Durango, capital city of the State of Durango (also known as "Victoria de Durango")

title: Durango, Mexico


text:
Rushlight

A rushlight is a type of candle or miniature torch formed by soaking the dried pith of the rush plant in fat or grease. For several centuries, rushlights were a common source of artificial light for poor people throughout the British Isles. They were extremely inexpensive to make. English essayist William Cobbett wrote, "This rushlight cost almost nothing to produce and was believed to give a better light than some poorly dipped candles."

One of the earliest printed descriptions of rushlights was written by English antiquary John Aubrey in 1673. Rev. Gilbert White gave a detailed description of rushlight making in The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne, Letter XXVI (1789). Rushlights were still used in rural England to the end of the 19th century, and they had a temporary revival during World War II. In parts of Wales the use of rushlights continued into the middle of the 20th century. It is not clear whether rushlights were ever popular in the United States and Canada. Antique rushlight holders are occasionally found in North America, but most were probably imported from England; "none are known to bear the mark of an American smith." In New England, "rushlights were used little if at all in colonial days."

Rushlights should not be confused with rush-candles. A rush-candle is an ordinary candle (a block or cylinder of tallow or wax) that uses a piece of rush as a wick. Rushlights, by contrast, are strips of plant fibre impregnated with tallow or grease. The wick is not separate from the fuel in a rushlight.

Preparation
Mature rush stalks are gathered in summer or autumn. The green epidermis or rind of each stalk is carefully peeled off to reveal the inner pith, but a single lengthwise strip of rind is left in place to provide support for the fragile pith. After drying, the rush is then steeped in any available household fat or grease. Bacon grease was commonly used, but mutton fat was considered best by some, partly because it dried to a harder, less messy texture than other fats. A small amount of beeswax added to the grease would cause the rush to burn longer. On more remote Atlantic islands such as St Kilda the stomach oil produced by fulmars was used.

Duration and quality of light
Sources give varying accounts of the length and burn-time of the average rushlight. The book of trades, or Library of the useful arts indicates that the average rushlight was 12 inches (30 cm) long and burned for 10 to 15 minutes. Gilbert White reported that a rushlight 28.5 inches (72 cm) in length burned for 57 minutes; he wrote, "these rushes give a good clear light." There was much variation in the quality of rushlights; a 19th-century writer observed that "one might very well flicker and splutter for an hour, whilst a second was just as likely to flame away in ten minutes."

A differently made rushlight in which two strips of the rind were left on the rush before it was coated with tallow produced a dimmer light but burned much longer. White referred to these as "watchlights".

Fixtures
The burning rushlight was normally held by metal clips at an angle of about 45 degrees. If the rush is held vertically, it tends to have a dimmer flame. If held horizontally, it may burn too quickly. However, there were some devices designed to keep the burning rush in a vertical position, including nightlights made from cylinders of tin or sheet-iron perforated with holes that would allow the light to shine out.

The rushlight holder was usually mounted on an iron tripod or a wooden block. Antique rushlight holders are now collectors' items. They were never mass-produced but were individually made by local craftsmen and blacksmiths.

In literature and culture
One of Aesop's Fables, known in English as "the farthing rushlight" or "the vain rushlight," describes a personified rushlight bragging that it is more brilliant than the sun, moon, and stars. The rushlight is then blown out by a slight breeze. The person who re-lights the rushlight advises it to be more humble.

Several magazines are named after rushlights. Rushlight is a literary and visual arts journal founded in 1855 by Lucy Larcom and published by Wheaton College (Massachusetts). The Rushlight is a quarterly newsletter of the International Association of Collectors and Students of Historic Lighting. Rushlight (The Belfast Magazine) is a journal of Belfast history and folklore founded by Joe Graham.

The name Rushlite was used during and for a while after World War II as a trademark of J. V. Rushton of Wolverhampton. "During the war Mr Rushton started to sell his own Rushlite Batteries through Halfords shop."

title: Rushlight


text: User talk:66.245.86.251

title: User talk:66.245.86.251


text:
San Luis Potosí, Mexico

San Luis Potosí, Mexico, may refer to:

 * The state of San Luis Potosí, one of the 32 component federal entities of the United Mexican States
 * San Luis Potosí City, capital city of that state

title: San Luis Potosí, Mexico


text:
Asia Motors

Asia Motors Industries, traded as Asia Motors (아시아자동차, ), was a South Korean car manufacturer established in 1965 and closed in 1999. From 1976 onwards, it was a subsidiary of Kia Motors.

History
In 1962, as one of the measures to comply its First Five-Year Economic Development Plan, the Korean government passed a law exempting from taxes imported parts to assemble KD cars locally. In 1965, as a result of these incentives, Asia Motor Industries was established in Gwangju through the financial support of entrepreneur Lee Mun-hwan. The company was initially manufacturing military vehicles, trucks and buses but soon it began negotiations with Fiat and in 1970 it started to assemble Fiat 124 models. It diversified into the SUV and heavy vehicles market, including large and medium duty trucks, special military vehicles, lightweight cars, civilian jeeps (a small jeep look-alike called the Rocsta and later the Retona), motor vehicle components, to include engines, and buses and mini-buses. In 1969, Asia Motors was acquired by Dongkuk Steel. In 1973, the South Korean government launched a plan to promote the production of low-cost cars for export. Asia Motors was unable to satisfy the plan's conditions, losing its car assembly permits, and was purchased by Kia in 1976, as the government promised Kia, in exchange of doing so, a monopoly of the military vehicle production for South Korea. In 1978, Asia Motors signed an agreement with Hino Motors of Japan with the aim of achieving economies of scale for its low-volume products. Hyundai in turn purchased Kia and the Asia brand was discontinued in 1999. The Rocsta's replacement, the Retona, was sold under the Kia brand.

Failed Brazilian production
In 1994, Asia Motors do Brasil, an independent importer of Asia vehicles, was established in Brazil. Asia Motors do Brasil achieved some sales success and, in 1996, it signed an agreement with the Brazilian government for building an assembly plant at Camaçari in exchange of tax exemptions for imported vehicles. The plant was never completed, and the unpaid taxes prevented Kia's parent company Hyundai from building a factory in the country until 2012, when the Brazilian justice determined Hyundai was not bound to pay them, as it was not related to the importer. The first Hyundai owned factory in Brazil was opened in 2012 in Piracicaba, having produced only the HB20 (including the HB20S notchback and the off-road themed HB20X derivatives) and the Creta, while Kia vehicles for sale in Brazil are all imported from South Korea and Uruguay.

Passenger vehicles

 * Fiat 124
 * Rocsta
 * Retona

Vans

 * Asia Topic (Mazda Bongo/Kia Bongo I)
 * Asia Towner (Daihatsu Hijet/Kia Towner)

Small / medium-sized buses

 * Asia Combi (AM805/815/825) - based on the Mazda Parkway
 * Asia AM808 (Hino Liesse)
 * Asia Cosmos (AM818) (Hino Rainbow)

Large bus

 * Asia AM927 / AM937 / AM928 (city buses), AM929, AM939, AM949 (Gran Bird)

Truck

 * Asia Granto (AM) truck (Hino Ranger)
 * Asia AM420 (Hino Profia)

Other

 * KM900 APC - license version of the Fiat 6614 Armoured Personnel Carrier for Republic of Korea Army.
 * Massey Ferguson 362A - Asia Motors also assembled/distributed Massey Ferguson tractors.
 * Massey Ferguson 390A - Asia Motors also assembled/distributed Massey Ferguson tractors.

title: Asia Motors


text:
Colima, Mexico

Colima, Mexico, may refer to:

 * The state of Colima, one of the 32 component federal entities of the United Mexican States
 * Colima, Colima, capital city of that state

title: Colima, Mexico


text:
James Armistead Lafayette

James Armistead Lafayette (born 1748 or 1760 – died 1830 or 1832) was an enslaved African American who served the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War under the Marquis de Lafayette, and later received a legislative emancipation. As a double agent, he reported the activities of Benedict Arnold after he had defected to the British, and of Lord Charles Cornwallis during the run-up to the siege of Yorktown. He fed the British false information while disclosing very accurate and detailed accounts to the Americans.

Early life
James was born to an enslaved mother either in North Carolina or Virginia. He became the property of Colonel John Armistead of New Kent County, Virginia. Well before the Colonel's death in 1779 he became the first slave owned by and personal manservant of Armistead's son William. Most sources believe that he was born in 1748, though others put his birth around 1760. James' owner taught him to read and write.

American Revolution

His enslaver William Armistead was an ardent Patriot, and served as commissary for Virginia's troops in the Revolutionary War. After his father died in 1779, he inherited stores and land, as well as James (who never used "Armistead" as his surname during his lifetime). When the conflict began in 1775, Virginia's royal governor, Lord Dunmore, promised freedom to slaves who joined his forces. Instead, James volunteered for the Continental Army under General Lafayette. He worked for Lafayette as a courier, laborer, and spy. Posing as a runaway slave, James joined former Continental Army officer Benedict Arnold's camp in Portsmouth, Virginia ostensibly as a spy for the British. This role allowed Armistead to gain Arnold's confidence, in part by guiding British troops through local roads. "The ex-slave, who later renamed himself James Armistead Lafayette in the general's honor, served as a double agent against the British under the avowedly anti-slavery Lafayette."

After Arnold departed north in the spring of 1781, James remained in Virginia and continued his work at the camps of Lord Charles Cornwallis. Now employed by the British as a courier, James traveled between their camps and often overheard officers speak openly about their strategies. He prepared written reports, and delivered them to other American spies. In this way, he relayed much information about the British plans for troop deployment and their arms. His espionage was instrumental in helping American and French forces defeat the British during the siege of Yorktown.

Legislative emancipation

Although Virginia enacted a manumission act in 1782 allowing for the freedom of any slave who had fought in the Revolutionary War, James Armistead remained the property of William Armistead. This was because the next year (1783) another law specifically freed only slaves who had been issued firearms (i.e. whose owners had used them as substitutes for army service). James had served as a spy, not a soldier, and did not carry a gun. Thus his first petition for emancipation was not passed even by a legislative committee before the session ended. However, James persisted and succeeded with the support of William Armistead – again in 1786 a member of the House of Delegates – and Lafayette's personal 1784 testimonial as to James's service. On January 9, 1787, Virginia's governor signed James's petition, which both houses of the assembly had passed. Virginia later compensated Armistead for James' manumission. Upon receiving his freedom, James added "Lafayette" (or "Fayette") as his surname to honor the French general.

Later life

James Lafayette acquired two parcels totaling about forty acres in New Kent County in 1816 and became a relatively wealthy farmer in the area with his (second) wife and several children (including a son). He also became a slaveowner. In 1818, Lafayette applied to Virginia's legislature for a pension based on his Revolutionary War service. He eventually received $60 for present relief and a $40 annual pension.

In 1824, the Marquis de Lafayette returned to the United States at the invitation of President James Monroe. He made a tour of all 24 states, during which huge crowds gathered to see him and he was feted as a hero. Lafayette visited Yorktown, as well as George Washington's grave at Mount Vernon and also gave a speech to the Virginia General Assembly in Richmond. While in Richmond, he abruptly ordered his carriage stopped when he saw James in the crowd, and rushed to embrace him.

Death and legacy
Sources differ as to whether James A. Lafayette died in Baltimore or New Kent County in 1830 (the year he picked up his last pension payment), or in Virginia in 1832.

During his lifetime, James's heroism was mentioned in a two-volume book of historical fiction by James E. Heath,Edge Hill: or the Family of the Fitz Royals.(1828) The French artist Jean-Baptiste Le Paon included a black servant in French livery in a portrait he painted of the Marquis de LaFayette in 1785, which some think was intended to represent this man. John Blennerhassett Martin painted his portrait about the time of Heath's book, and distributed copies with the Marquis de LaFayette's testimony concerning his service. Some believe a figure of James Lafayette may be on the Lafayette memorial dedicated in Prospect Park, in Brooklyn, New York in 1917. In 1997, Virginia erected a highway marker on the grounds of the historic New Kent County courthouse to recognize his service.

title: James Armistead Lafayette