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Interstate 280 (New Jersey)

Interstate 280 (I-280) is a 17.85 mi Interstate Highway in the US state of New Jersey. It provides a spur from I-80 in Parsippany–Troy Hills, Morris County, east to Newark and I-95 (New Jersey Turnpike) in Kearny, Hudson County. In Kearny, access is provided toward the Holland Tunnel and Lincoln Tunnel to New York City. The western part of the route runs through suburban areas of Morris and Essex counties, crossing the Watchung Mountains. Upon reaching The Oranges, the setting becomes more urbanized and I-280 runs along a depressed alignment before ascending again in Newark. I-280 includes a vertical-lift bridge, the William A. Stickel Memorial Bridge, over the Passaic River between Newark and East Newark/Harrison. The highway is sometimes called the Essex Freeway. I-280 interchanges with several roads, including the Garden State Parkway in East Orange and Route 21 in Newark.

A part of present-day I-280 in Newark west of the Stickel Bridge was legislated as Route 25A in 1939, a spur of Route 25 (US Route 1/9 [US 1/9]) that was to run from Jersey City west to Newark. This portion of road would become Route 58 in 1953 (the Route 58 designation was removed in the 1990s). When the Interstate Highway System was being planned, the Route 3 freeway was planned to become an Interstate. The New Jersey State Highway Department favored the Essex Freeway instead between I-80 in Parsippany–Troy Hills to I-95 in Kearny. The latter would become the Interstate and be designated I-280. This road was built in the 1960s and completed west from Newark in 1973. The portion east of Newark to the New Jersey Turnpike opened in 1980. I-280 was once planned to continue east to I-78 near the Holland Tunnel but never was extended east of the New Jersey Turnpike. In the 2000s, the Stickel Bridge was reconstructed after the original structure was determined to be structurally deficient.

Route description
I-280 begins at I-80 and US 46 in Parsippany–Troy Hills, Morris County, and heads southeast into wooded surroundings as a four-lane freeway. The road comes to its first interchange with New Road before crossing the Whippany River into East Hanover Township. The freeway runs near some fields before heading back into woods and entering Roseland, Essex County, at the crossing of the Passaic River. Shortly after the Passaic River, I-280 has a cloverleaf interchange with Eisenhower Parkway (CR 609). At this point, the roadway widens to six lanes and runs near wooded suburban areas, passing over the Morristown and Erie Railway's Whippany Line before reaching CR 527 at another cloverleaf interchange. Past CR 527, I-280 makes a turn to the east before heading southeast into Livingston and intersecting CR 634. Following this exit, the road enters West Orange and passes through Second Watchung Mountain in a cut. Past the mountain, the road heads back into suburban areas and comes to the exit for CR 636, where the highway widens to eight lanes here and heads east to an interchange with CR 577. After CR 577, I-280 makes a sharp turn to the south and goes through First Watchung Mountain in another cut, resuming into suburbs again and heading south-southeast as it comes interchanges at CR 660 and CR 508 Spur.

The terrain becomes urban soon after exit 10, when it enters Orange. Here, I-280 narrows back to six lanes and heads onto a depressed alignment with frequent overpasses, running a short distance to the south of NJ Transit's Morristown Line. Along this portion, the roadway has ramps to Essex Avenue, Day Street, and Center Street. Continuing into East Orange, the freeway passes under more streets as it runs next to the Morristown Line, passing south of Brick Church station and interchanging with Harrison and Clinton streets. Near East Orange station, I-280 comes to a full interchange with the Garden State Parkway, which also has access to CR 509 and Oraton Parkway. Following this junction, the highway widens to eight lanes before becoming 10 lanes at the border with Newark.

After crossing under more city streets, the roadway comes to exit 13, a left-side exit and entrance to and from the west accessing 1st Street and a ramp from the east to Orange Street. At this point, the total number of lanes on the road decreases from 10 to four and I-280 eastbound heads up and over the exit 13 ramps, rejoining the westbound lanes on a bridge over 1st Street, Orange Street, and NJ Transit's Newark Light Rail line. As the road returns to surface level and begins to parallel NJ Transit's Morris & Essex Lines and Montclair-Boonton Line to the north, an unused bridge carries the western end of the 1954 section of freeway over the railroad to Orange Street east of Duryea Street. After this, I-280 passes under Clifton Avenue, which it has access to, and Nesbitt Street. It rises again to pass over Martin Luther King Boulevard, which is also has access to, Broad Street, and Route 21. Just after a large interchange with Route 21, I-280 crosses the Passaic River again on the six-lane William A. Stickel Memorial Bridge, a 125 ft vertical-lift bridge, into Harrison, Hudson County.

I-280 continues to run just north of the railroad as a six-lane freeway through Harrison, reaching an interchange with CR 508. The road continues southeast through urban surroundings before turning east and passing to the north of a railroad yard, splitting from the railroad line as it runs into Kearny and enters the New Jersey Meadowlands. At the final interchange with CR 508, I-280 has access to the Holland Tunnel via Route 7, US 1/9 Truck, and Route 139. Past CR 508, the freeway narrows to four lanes and comes to the toll plaza for the New Jersey Turnpike (Interstate 95) at exit 15W, at which point I-280 ends. Full access is provided with the Western Spur of the New Jersey Turnpike, which carries through I-95 traffic; ramps to and from the north on the Eastern Spur of the New Jersey Turnpike allow for access to the Lincoln Tunnel via Route 495.

Replacement of partial access in central Harrison with service roads, a new interchange, and an overpass (to improve access to Harrison Avenue, the PATH station, and Red Bull Arena, and to give north–south passage to local street traffic) is in the planning stages.

History
What is now the easternmost part of I-280 was legislated as Route 25A in 1939. This route was a branch of Route 25 (US 1/9) that ran from Jersey City west through Kearny and Harrison across the Passaic River and into Newark, connecting with Route 21 and Clifton Avenue. The William A. Stickel Memorial Bridge opened in 1949, with approaches stretching east to Harrison Avenue (now CR 508) in Harrison (crossing Cleveland Avenue and Hamilton Street at-grade) and west beyond Route 21 to Broad Street. Route 25A was redesignated as Route 58 in the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering, and, the next year, an extension opened west beyond Clifton Avenue to Orange Street east of Duryea Street.

Around the time the Stickel Bridge opened, the Essex Freeway was planned to connect US 46 in Morris County east to the New Jersey Turnpike in Hudson County, with the intention of alleviating traffic along Route 10. During planning for the Interstate Highway System in the 1950s, the Bureau of Public Roads proposed an Interstate Highway along Route 3, to the north of Newark. The New Jersey State Highway Department countered with the proposed Essex Freeway, which would run from I-80 to the New Jersey Turnpike (I-95) via the existing Route 58, saying that the Route 3 corridor "does not meet Interstate standards, and cannot be economically converted to such standards." The Essex Freeway was selected as the Interstate corridor, which was called FAI Corridor 105 before being designated I-280 in 1958.

Construction progressed slowly, starting in 1960 near Orange. There were many obstacles that had to be overcome when constructing I-280. The first was whether to build the highway on an elevated or depressed alignment through urbanized areas of East Orange and Newark. Following opposition to the elevated option, it was decided to build I-280 on a depressed alignment through the area. In addition, there was an issue of building the road across First Watchung Mountain in West Orange. A tunnel had initially been considered, although the expense of such a project caused this alternative to be rejected. Instead, a rock cut along a longer route was built through the mountain. Much of the material that was excavated from this section of I-280 and east was removed via a temporary rail line that was built in the center of the right-of-way west to I-80.

The construction of I-280 destroyed a large part of the historic urban cores of Orange, East Orange, and Newark, while providing a path for shoppers to head to shopping malls in surrounding suburban communities rather than shop in aging downtowns that had been disrupted by the highway construction. Many commercial buildings and historic Victorian homes in Orange and East Orange were demolished in the process.

I-280 fully opened west from Newark to I-80 in Parsippany–Troy Hills in 1973. The portion of I-280 east of Newark was planned on an alignment that would disrupt the fewest homes and would utilize existing railroad and utility right-of-way. The section east from Newark to the New Jersey Turnpike was built in 1979–1980. In the 1966 plans, I-280 was to continue east to I-78 in Jersey City near the Holland Tunnel, following the CR 508 and Route 7 corridors; this was planned again in the 1970s but never built.

In the 1990s, the Route 58 designation was officially removed from I-280 through Newark. In 2001, the state determined the Stickel Bridge over the Passaic River and its approaches were structurally deficient and was going to need to be replaced after sections of it were falling apart. Instead of replacing the bridge, in 2007, the New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) decided to rehabilitate it at a lower cost. Reconstruction of the bridge was completed in April 2009 at a cost of $33 million (equivalent to $ in ).

I-280, like many other highways in New Jersey, once had solar powered emergency callboxes every 1 mi, however, with the advent of cell phones, the usage of these call boxes became extremely limited. To save on maintenance costs, NJDOT removed these call boxes in 2005.

title: Interstate 280 (New Jersey)


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Category:Prehistoric fish

This category includes prehistoric fish known only from fossil records. First and extinct fish that lived through the Cambrian to the Tertiary. Some Endangered and recently extinct fish don't count as prehistoric fish. They go under Category:Extinct fish.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Prehistoric fish


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Interstate 280 (Ohio)

Interstate 280 (I-280) is a 12.41 mi auxiliary Interstate Highway in Ohio that connects I-75 in northeast Toledo with I-80/I-90 (part of the Ohio Turnpike) southeast of the city in northeastern Wood County. Built between 1955 and 1959, the route was originally part of the Detroit–Toledo Expressway. Although first designated in 1959, the highway originally contained several at-grade intersections and other features which left it substandard to the Interstate Highway System until 1990. Further construction in 2007 built a new crossing of the Maumee River, replacing an outdated drawbridge. The highway serves as an easterly bypass of the Toledo metropolitan area, passing through the communities of Northwood and Oregon. It is one of two auxiliary Interstate Highways serving Toledo, the other being I-475.

Route description
The southern end of I-280 is an interchange in Wood County with exit 71 along the Ohio Turnpike, which carries I-80 and I-90 at this point. South of this interchange, the I-280 freeway transitions to State Route 420 (SR 420), a divided highway without access control, that also provides access to a truck stop and other businesses. Continuing north, I-280 runs through farmland and through an interchange with Bahnsen Road, which also provides access to other motorist- and trucking-related businesses and access to Latcha and Hanley roads. North of the SR 795 interchange, the freeway turns to the northwest. At the Walbridge Road interchange in Walbridge, I-280 turns back due north. On either side of the Interstate, the surroundings transition from farms to residential subdivisions. I-280 crosses a major Norfolk Southern Railway railroad line also used by the Capitol Limited and Lake Shore Limited passenger train routes operated by Amtrak. North of this crossing, the freeway passes into Lucas County. I-280 turns northwesterly again in the city of Oregon. This area is suburban residential neighborhoods as the freeway approaches the Maumee River. The Interstate crosses the river on the Veterans' Glass City Skyway, an 8800 ft, cable-stayed bridge. On the opposite bank of the river, I-280 turns northward and passes through an interchange with SR 25. There is one final interchange with I-75 where I-280 terminates.

History
The highway that would eventually carry I-280, the Detroit–Toledo Expressway, opened as a relocated SR 120 between US Route 20 (US 20) and SR 51 by 1955. The highway was extended to Summit Street in Toledo by 1957 and, by 1959, was extended into Michigan. By this time, the I-280 designation had been added, but the portion carrying I-280 was not fully converted to Interstate standards until 1990.

Initially, the freeway had several at-grade intersections with crossroads: Hanley and Latcha roads near Millbury; Ayers, Lemoyne, and Walbridge roads near Walbridge; and Curtice Road in Northwood. The Walbridge intersection was later upgraded to a traffic signal, one of the few on the Interstate Highway System at the time, while the intersection underwent study for conversion to an interchange. Hanley and Latcha roads were truncated to dead-end just before the freeway, but access to both roads was retained by construction of a new interchange and service drives in the early 1970s; the Ayers and Lemoyne crossings were also upgraded to overpasses at this point. The removal of direct access to Hanley and Latcha was originally disputed by business owners who owned motels and gas stations along those roads. The crossing at Curtice Road was upgraded to an interchange concurrently with the upgrade of the nearby interchange with Woodville Road.

Originally, I-280 was carried across the Maumee River by the Robert Craig Memorial Bridge, a drawbridge that frequently caused backups along the route. In addition, a ramp leading from northbound Summit Street to southbound I-280 merged directly onto the bridge with no acceleration room, so it was removed in the mid-1990s. On June 24, 2007, the Veterans' Glass City Skyway opened, replacing the drawbridge. After the Glass City Skyway opened, the Craig Bridge was reconstructed, and it now carries SR 65. Its construction also led to the reconstruction of the Front Street exit and removal of the Summit Street interchange entirely; access from I-280 to Summit Street is now provided by the Front Street exit and the Craig Bridge.

title: Interstate 280 (Ohio)


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Thayer David

Thayer David (born David Thayer Hersey; March 4, 1927 – July 17, 1978) was an American film, stage, and television actor. He was best known for his work on the ABC serial Dark Shadows (1966–1971), as Dragon, the Albino ex-Nazi Director of C-2 in The Eiger Sanction (1975) and as the fight promoter Miles Jergens in Rocky (1976). He also appeared as Count Saknussemm in the film Journey to the Center of the Earth (1959), as the Reverend Silas Pendrake in Little Big Man (1970), as Charlie Robbins in Save the Tiger (1973) and as Deacon in Fun with Dick and Jane (1977). His raspy, distinctive voice lent itself to voice-over work in commercials and instructional films.

Early life
Thayer David was born March 4, 1927, in Medford, Massachusetts. His father, Thayer Frye Hersey, was an executive in the paper pulp industry. David attended Harvard University in the 1940s but did not graduate, concentrating instead upon a career on the stage. With financial support from his father, he co-founded the Brattle Theater Company (1948–1952) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and established himself in the professional theatre.

Stage career
He went on to act in The Relapse 1950 (Sir Tunbelly Clumsey); The Taming of the Shrew 1951 (Grumio); The Way of the World 1954 (Petulant);  The Carefree Tree  1955 (The Sixth Son); King Lear 1956 (Duke of Cornwall); Mister Johnson 1956 (Gollup); Saint Joan 1956 (The Inquisitor); Protective Custody 1956 (Dr. Steidl); Oscar Wilde 1957 (Oscar Wilde); The Golden Six 1958 (Tiberius); A Man for All Seasons 1961 (Cardinal Wolsey); La Belle 1962; Andorra 1963 (pub keeper); The Seagull 1964 (Sorin); The Crucible 1964 (Danforth); Baker Street 1965 (Moriarty); The Royal Hunt of the Sun 1965 (Miguel Estete); Ring Round the Moon 1966 (Messerchann); Those That Play the Clowns 1966 (Henning); Breakfast at Tiffany's 1966 (Rusty Trawler); The Sorrows of Frederick 1967; The Bench 1968 (Phillipi); Uncle Vanya 1971 (Serebryakov); The Jockey Club Stakes 1973 (Sir Dymock Blackburn); and The Dogs of Pavlov 1974.

Film and television
David played the dark and menacing role of Count Saknussem in the film Journey to the Center of the Earth (1959). From 1966 to 1971, David portrayed various characters on ABC's daytime phenomenon Dark Shadows. His many roles on Dark Shadows included Matthew Morgan, Ben Stokes, Professor T. Elliot Stokes, Sandor Rakosi, Count Andreas Petofi, Timothy Stokes (Parallel Time), Mordecai Grimes, and Ben Stokes (Parallel Time). David played different roles in each of the spinoff movies - House of Dark Shadows (1970, playing Professor T. Elliot Stokes); and Night of Dark Shadows (1971, playing Reverend Strack).

On the big screen, he played Reverend Silas Pendrake in Little Big Man (1970). He also played the professional arsonist Charlie Robbins in Save the Tiger (1973) with Jack Lemmon, the afflicted spymaster Dragon in The Eiger Sanction (1975) with Clint Eastwood, and fight promoter Miles Jergens in Rocky (1976) (reunited with Save the Tiger director John G. Avildsen).

He played numerous characters on different TV series, including The Wild Wild West, The Rockford Files, Columbo, Ellery Queen, Kojak, Petrocelli, Charlie's Angels, and Hawaii Five-O.

David appeared in TV movies such as Nikita Khrushchev in Francis Gary Powers: The True Story of the U-2 Spy Incident (1976) and The Amazing Howard Hughes (1977), as well as miniseries such as Roots, The Rhinemann Exchange, and Washington: Behind Closed Doors.

In 1977, David played the title role in Nero Wolfe, Paramount Television's made-for-TV movie based on the Rex Stout novel The Doorbell Rang. David portrayed the corpulent detective Nero Wolfe, who took on clients grudgingly and solved mysteries dazzlingly. Intended to be the pilot for a series, the film was shelved by ABC. It eventually aired December 18, 1979, 17 months after David's death. He also played an important role as the lead antagonist, Mr. Edward Byron, in the made-for-TV film Spider-Man (1977), which served as the pilot for the 1978 TV series The Amazing Spider-Man.

Personal life
A resident of Manhattan, David collected walking sticks, 18th century European landscape paintings, and Victorian furniture. "He was the most widely educated and best-read actor I've ever encountered," said Frank D. Gilroy, who wrote and directed the 1977 TV movie Nero Wolfe.

He was married to and divorced from film and television actress Valerie French.

David died July 17, 1978, of a heart attack in New York City at the age of 51. He and French had been planning to remarry. He was cremated.

title: Thayer David


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Joseph Ward

Sir Joseph George Ward, 1st Baronet, (26 April 1856 – 8 July 1930) was a New Zealand politician who served as the 17th prime minister of New Zealand from 1906 to 1912 and from 1928 to 1930. He was a dominant figure in the Liberal and United ministries of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Ward was born into an Irish Catholic family in Melbourne, Victoria. In 1863, financial hardship forced his family to move to New Zealand, where he completed his education. Ward established a successful grain trade in Invercargill in 1877 and soon became prominent in local politics. He became a Member of Parliament in 1887. Following the election of the Liberal Government in 1891, Ward was appointed as Postmaster-General under John Ballance; he was promoted to Minister of Finance in the succeeding ministry of Richard Seddon.

Ward became Prime Minister on 6 August 1906, following Seddon's death two months earlier. In his first period of government, Ward advocated greater unity within the British Empire, led New Zealand to Dominion status, and increased New Zealand's contribution to the Royal Navy. His government faced strong opposition from the Reform Party and the newly formed socialist parties. He led the Liberal Party to two election victories, in 1908 and 1911, albeit with a one-seat majority in the latter. He resigned as head of government on 28 March 1912.

During the First World War, Ward led his party in a coalition with the Reform Party. As co-leader of the government, Ward had a strained working relationship with Prime Minister William Massey. The coalition was dissolved in 1919 and Ward resigned as Liberal leader.

After a six-year absence from national politics, Ward returned to parliament in 1925. He became Prime Minister on 10 December 1928, as leader of the United Party, which had formed from the remnants of the former Liberal Party. Ward attempted to rejuvenate liberal support in New Zealand but his party lost ground to the New Zealand Labour Party. Failing health forced his retirement from leadership on 28 May 1930.

Early life

Ward was born in Melbourne on 26 April 1856 to a Roman Catholic family of Irish descent. His father, William, died in 1860, aged 31 – Ward was raised by his mother, successful businesswoman Hannah Ward Barron. In 1863, the family moved to Bluff (then officially known as Campbelltown), in New Zealand's Southland region, seeking better financial security – Hannah Ward Barron established a shop and a boarding house.

Ward received his formal education at primary schools in Melbourne and Bluff. He did not go to secondary school. He did, however, read extensively, and also picked up a good understanding of business from his mother. In 1869, Ward found a job at the Post Office, and later as a clerk. Later, with the help of a loan from his mother, Ward began to work as a freelance trader, selling supplies to the newly established Southland farming community.

Early political career
Ward became involved in local politics very quickly. He was elected to the Campbelltown (Bluff) Borough Council in 1878, despite being only 21 years old – at age 25 he became Mayor, the youngest in New Zealand. He also served on the Bluff Harbour Board, eventually becoming its chairman. In 1887, Ward stood for Parliament, winning the seat of Awarua. Politically, Ward was a supporter of politicians such as Julius Vogel and Robert Stout, leaders of the liberal wing of Parliament – Ward's support was unusual in the far south.

Ward became known as a strong debater on economic matters. In 1891, when the newly founded Liberal Party came to power, the new Prime Minister, John Ballance, appointed Ward as Postmaster General. Later, when Richard Seddon became Prime Minister after Ballance's death, Ward became Treasurer (Minister of Finance). Ward's basic political outlook was that the state existed to support and promote private enterprise, and his conduct as Treasurer reflects this.

Ward's increasing occupation with government affairs led to neglect of his own business interests, however, and his personal finances began to deteriorate. In 1896, a judge declared Ward "hopelessly insolvent". This placed Ward, as Treasurer, in a politically difficult situation, and he was forced to resign his portfolios on 16 June. In 1897, he was forced to file for bankruptcy, which legally obligated him to resign his seat in Parliament. A loophole meant that there was nothing to stop him contesting it again, however. In the resulting by-election he was elected with an increased majority. Ward gained considerable popularity as a result of his financial troubles – he was widely seen as a great benefactor of the Southland region, and public perceptions were that he was being persecuted by his enemies over an honest mistake.

Gradually, Ward rebuilt his businesses, and paid off his creditors. Seddon, still Prime Minister, quickly reappointed him to Cabinet where he served as Minister of Railways and Postmaster-General. On 19 June 1901, on the occasion of the visit of TRH the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York (later King George V and Queen Mary) to New Zealand, he was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) for overseeing the introduction of the Penny Post throughout New Zealand.

Ward gradually emerged as the most prominent of Seddon's supporters, and was seen as a possible successor. As Seddon's long tenure as Prime Minister continued, some suggested that Ward should challenge Seddon for the leadership, but Ward was unwilling. In 1906, Seddon unexpectedly died. Ward was in London at the time. It was generally agreed in the party that Ward would succeed him, although the return journey would take two months – William Hall-Jones became Prime Minister until Ward arrived. Ward was sworn in on 6 August 1906.

First premiership

Ward was not seen by most as being of the same calibre as Seddon. The diverse interests of the Liberal Party, many believed, had been held together only by Seddon's strength of personality and his powers of persuasion – Ward was not seen as having the same qualities. Frequent internal disputes led to indecision and frequent policy changes, with the result being paralysis of government.

The Liberal Party's two main support bases, left-leaning urban workers and conservative small farmers, were increasingly at odds, and Ward lacked any coherent strategy to solve the problem – any attempt to please one group simply alienated the other. Ward increasingly focused on foreign affairs, which was seen by his opponents as a sign that he could not cope with the country's problems.

In 1901, Ward established the world's first Ministry of Health and Tourism, and became the British Empire's first Minister of Public Health. On 26 September 1907, Ward proclaimed New Zealand's new status as a Dominion.

In the 1908 election the Liberals won a majority, but in the 1911 election Parliament appeared to be deadlocked. The Liberals survived for a time on the casting vote of the Speaker, but Ward, discouraged by the result, resigned from the premiership in March the following year. The party replaced him with Thomas Mackenzie, his Minister of Agriculture, whose government survived only a few more months.

Ward, who most believed had finished his political career, returned to the back benches and refused several requests to resume the leadership of the disorganised Liberals. He occupied himself with relatively minor matters, and took his family on a visit to England, where he was created a baronet by King George V on 20 June 1911.

Leader of the Opposition

On 11 September 1913, however, Ward finally accepted the leadership of the Liberal Party once again. Ward extracted a number of important concessions from the party, insisting on a very high level of personal control – he felt that the party's previous lack of direction was the primary cause for its failure. He also worked to build alliances with the growing labour movement, which was now standing candidates in many seats. Ward lead the Liberals into the 1914 election and gained two seats. Despite the gains the Reform government was reduced to a bare minimum majority and when a by-election in Dunedin Central was triggered early the next year there was much at stake. The Liberal Party chose not contest the election themselves but Ward actively toured the electorate holding meetings to encourage the electors to vote for the Labour candidate Jim Munro. In the event of a Labour victory it was conceivable for Ward to form a minority government with Labour support. Ward had made preparation for a return to power, but the Reform Party managed to hold the seat.

On 12 August 1915, Ward and accepted a proposal by William Massey and the governing Reform Party to form a joint administration for World War I. Ward became deputy leader of the administration, also holding the Finance portfolio. Relations between Ward and Massey were not good – besides their political differences, Ward was an Irish Catholic, and Massey was an Irish Protestant. The administration ended on 21 August 1919 following a decision made by caucus to do so two months earlier.

In the 1919 election Ward lost the seat of Awarua, and left Parliament. In 1923, he contested a by-election in Tauranga, but was defeated by a Reform Party candidate, Charles Macmillan. Ward was largely considered a spent force. In the 1925 election, however, he narrowly returned to Parliament as MP for Invercargill. Ward contested the seat under the "Liberal" label, despite the fact that the remnants of the Liberal Party were now calling themselves by different names – his opponents characterised him as living in the past, and of attempting to fight the same battles over again. Ward's health was also failing.

In 1928 the remnants of the Liberal Party reasserted themselves as the new United Party, focused around George Forbes (leader of one faction of the Liberals), Bill Veitch (leader of another faction), and Albert Davy (a former organiser for the Reform Party). Forbes and Veitch both sought the leadership, and neither gained a clear advantage. Davy invited Ward to step in as a compromise candidate, perhaps hoping that Ward's status as a former Prime Minister would create a sense of unity.

Second premiership

Ward accepted an offer from Albert Davy and became leader of the new United Party, fighting off three other contenders. His health, however, was still poor, and he found the task difficult. In the 1928 election campaign, Ward startled both his supporters and his audience by promising to borrow £70 million in the course of a year to revive the economy – this is believed to have been a mistake caused by Ward's failing eyesight. Despite the strong objections his party had to this "promise", it was sufficient to prompt a massive surge in support for United – in the election United gained the same number of seats as Reform.

With the backing of the Labour Party, Ward became Prime Minister again, 22 years after his original appointment. He also briefly served as Minister of External Affairs in 1929. Ward was also attempting to rejuvenate liberal support in New Zealand. His cabinet was rather youthful, with only two members (Thomas Wilford and Āpirana Ngata), other than himself, having held ministerial portfolios before. Ward, as Finance Minister, passed a mini-budget at the end of 1928 appropriating £1,175,000 for public works construction. In 1929 the government reneged on the £70 million borrowing promise and introduced a watered down land tax. In October, under increasing pressure from Labour, Ward made moves to reduce the growing unemployment numbers.

Health and death
Ward's health continued to decline. From late-September 1929 Ward seldom attended debates in the House and from March 1930 Ward was too ill to even hold meetings of the Cabinet. He suffered a number of heart attacks, and soon it was Forbes who was effectively running the government. Ward was determined not to resign, and remained Prime Minister until well after he had lost the ability to perform the role effectively. On 28 May 1930, Ward succumbed to strong pressure from his colleagues and his family, and passed the premiership to Forbes. Ward had been promoted to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George in the 1930 New Year Honours.

Ward remained a member of the cabinet as a Minister without Portfolio, but died shortly afterwards, on 8 July. He was given a state funeral with a Requiem Mass celebrated on 9 July at the Basilica of the Sacred Heart, Hill St, Wellington. Ward had been an active worshipper there (and at its destroyed predecessor, St Mary's Cathedral) for all of his thirty-seven years as an MP.

The Mass was celebrated by Bishop O'Shea (the Coadjutor Archbishop of Wellington), and Archbishop Redwood, 1st Archbishop of Wellington, delivered the panegyric.

Ward was buried with considerable ceremony in Bluff. His son Vincent was elected to replace him as MP for Invercargill.

title: Joseph Ward


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Talk:The Godfather (novel)

Initial text
Since its release on March 15, 1972, The Godfather has been accused of glorifying the image of the Mafia, although this word is never spoken in the film, or written in the book (although the word is spoken in the first sequel film)

This is silly, and factually wrong. See: http://people.freenet.de/kvlampe/PUZOGODF.htm#mafia. The word "mafia" is used through out the book, and probably the movie, which only makes sense. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.57.233.74 (talk) 01:42, 17 December 2004 (UTC)

Sales
Over on the Mario Puzo Wikipedia page, it says this was on the NYT best-seller list for several weeks. That ought to be worth mentioning, but I don't feel like I should be citing another Wikipedia page as a source - I didn't find the source over there, anyone know one?Alexgriz (talk) 12:23, 14 March 2012 (UTC)

Titling
I was under the impression that the term "Godfather" in this context was invented by Mario Puzo. Is it really the case that the term "Godfather" was derived from the testimony of Joe Valachi? This definitely needs a citation.

Mafia
The word Mafia does not appear anywhere in the first film, neither does the term 'Cosa Nostra' or 'Our Thing' due to pressure from an Italian American Civil Rights group that had been formed by mobster Joe Colombo. The aim of the group was to improve Italian reputations by removing any hints of Italian links to crime in TV or Film, along with Italian terminology in Radio adverts. However the real purpose of the group was to get the police off their backs by making the police look discriminatory whenever an Italian was arressted or interogated for mafia related crimes.

My response to the previous unsigned, undated blather is "So what?" This Wiki page is for the novel after all, not the movie.John Simpson54 (talk) 02:57, 2 June 2021 (UTC)

Don
In the following two paragraphs I think that "Don" on it's own isn't used properly. I don't know Italian, but in Spanish it's not a title but just a particle you put in front of someone's name to indicate respect, hence "Don" alone would be like "Mister" in English. Can someone confirm this?

 The role of Don Vito Corleone was memorably acted by Marlon Brando, and Brando won an Academy Award for his portrayal of the aging Don. Many of the actors playing the supporting roles were largely unknown or minor actors; however, they rocketed into the limelight with the success of The Godfather. In particular, Pacino and Robert Duvall enjoyed long, successful, highly acclaimed careers.

Since its release on March 15, 1972, The Godfather has been accused of glorifying the image of the Mafia. Don Vito Corleone was portrayed by Brando as a Mafia Don whom people could actually respect (although the actions of Don Michael Corleone in The Godfather Part II worked to tear down this image).

 * I also don't know any Italian, but I read the novel a couple weeks ago, and the usage in the paragraphs you've mentioned is accurate insofar and the usage in the book. 74.110.71.97 01:57, 5 January 2007 (UTC)bhjjh

Clean Up
I think before any clean up is made we should decide whether the article should give a taster of the plot not exposing the finale, giving a general gist of the plot throughout or an in depth analysis of the entire plot. As the current article is leaning more towards the latter it would be alot harder to revert towards either of the former while keeping alot of hard work and relevant information. Gfad1 21:35, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This article had a complete plot synopsis when I saw it. If it was aiming for a thorough analysis, then it was too brief and didn't cover a lot of the symbolism that made the film so potent.  Something like this might have been the goal.
 * On the other hand, if it was just supposed to be an overview, then I agree—it's far too long.
 * As for a decision, I vote for the brief overview to at least bring the article back up to par again, but to continue work on the thorough analysis in talk.
 * —Ghakko 23:15, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, since no one objected, here it is. ;-)
 * Looking over the synopsis briefly, I think we ought to have detailed commentary on at least:
 * The opening wedding scenes (done).
 * Showdown at the hospital.
 * Murder at the restaurant.
 * The baptism/massacre.
 * The closing scene in Michael's office.
 * That's a lot of editing, so I'll plug away bit by bit. Feel free to jump in. ;-)
 * —Ghakko 00:02, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Plot synopsis
The film opens with "I believe in America"—a speech by Bonasera the undertaker (played by Salvatore Corsitto), who comes to Corleone during his daughter's wedding for help in settling his family affairs. The following dialogue between Corleone and Bonasera is one of the most memorable introductions to the Mafia in film, emphasizing the importance of family and personal relationships in Mafia business and the niche they hold within the American dream. Corleone agrees to help and we see Bonasera inducted into the Mafia way of doing business: he is now indebted to the Godfather, as would be a client of a Roman patron.

The opening scene is set in a dark, quiet, wood-panelled office in the Corleone family home in New York and contrasts with the noisy, joyous and hectic wedding party in the bright sunshine outside, symbolizing the subtle and veiled manner in which the Mafia typically operates.

At the wedding party, we are introduced to the sons of the Corleone family: hotheaded, violent Sonny (played by James Caan), awkward, goofy Fredo (John Cazale), Michael (Al Pacino)'s aloofness and disapproval of the family business and Tom Hagen, the level-headed family consigliere.

Johnny Fontane, the Don's godson and a famous singer, makes an appearance and requests a favor from the Godfather. (Many commentators drew parallels between Fontane and Frank Sinatra or Dean Martin.) There is a movie being produced in Hollywood that he feels would do good for his career. Unfortunately, the director of the movie refuses to give him the part and he feels that the Don must intercede on his behalf. Corleone reassures Fontane, "I'll make him an offer he can't refuse."

Hagen flies to Hollywood to negotiate with Jack Woltz at Woltz International Pictures. Hagen is welcomed to Woltz's own house once the producer realizes that he represents the Corleone family and is not merely a "two-bit hustler" hired by Johnny to intimidate him. Woltz, however, still refuses to give Johnny the part, explaining that he bears a grudge against Fontane for running off with a young lady he had been grooming as the next biggest hit in Hollywood and that he had taken it upon himself to run Johnny out of Hollywood. The next morning, Woltz wakes up to find himself covered in blood and the head of his prized racehorse in his bed. The scene closes with his screams echoing across the compound. The subplot of Fontane, Woltz, and Hagen, does not have a major impact on future events of the film but illustrates the great power and reach of the Corleone family.

(The scene with the horse's head was one of the most controversial in the film, with animal-rights groups protesting the use of an actual horse's head. Coppola, however, stated that the head came from a dog food company and that no horse had been killed specifically for the film.)

After Tom's return to New York, Victor Sollozzo from the rival Tattaglia family approaches the Corleones, offering them a share of the lucrative narcotics business in exchange for access to political protection. Sonny thinks it a good idea to join with Sollozzo and Tom agrees, but the Don feels the enterprise would be too risky. He turns down Sollozzo, respectfully and in person, and wishes him good fortune on his own. However, Sollozzo feels that he must have the support of the Corleone family and is not satisfied with a mere "good luck". He then sets his plan into motion.

The Don&with his regular bodyguard Paulie home sick—is gunned down at the greengrocer's while buying oranges (in all three Godfather movies, the presence of oranges signifies impending death). He miraculously survives but remains in critical condition and is rushed to hospital. Paulie, who is revealed as a traitor, is then killed by Clemenza (one of the Don's henchmen) and an accomplice by in a famous roadside scene. "Leave the gun. Take the cannoli."

Sadly, Don Vito is not even safe in the hospital when, under the pay of Sollozzo, Police Captain McCluskey arrests the Mafia guards placed to guard the Don and leaves the path open for Sollozzo hitmen to finish the job. Michael, visiting his father, notices the lack of any guards and, with the help of an innocent baker who came to pay his respects to the injured Don, gives the hitmen the impression that there are guards in place and an assault would only end in an open gunbattle. With his failure to kill the Don, and the realization that Sonny, Don now that Vito is incapacitated, would hunt him down no matter how much of a boon the drug industry could be, Sollozzo decides it better to broker a truce rather than continue a fight he had no hope of winning. He tries to arrange a meeting with Michael, who has previously had no involvement with the criminal side of the Corleone business, but that does not go as planned.

Sollozzo's plan to avoid being killed rested on three points: 1) He has a Police Captain, McCluskey, as a personal bodyguard and on his personal payroll. Nobody in Mafia history had killed a Police Captain before, the retaliation from the Police and other Families would be fatal.  2) The location for his negotiations with Michael would be a secret from everybody except himself, McCluskey, and the driver of their car. Even Michael wouldn't know until they arrived. Thus, no hitmen would be waiting for them to do what they thought Michael couldn't. 3) Michael had shown nothing but disdain for the Corleone Family business, seeking to distance himself from all aspects of the criminal life.  He had kept himself clean throughout his entire life and even served with distinction in the United States Marine Corps during World War II.  Sollozzo felt that Michael would not act rashly like Sonny was known to do.  Unfortunately, Sollozzo had overlooked three facts that cancelled out his three points: 1) McCluskey was a dirty cop; the people on the Corleone payroll in the newspaper industry would easily profit from the story of him being killed in a Mafia shooting and his murder could thus be attributed to "business". The other Mafia families would thus have nothing to retaliate over. 2) Police Captains had to be on call 24/7, McCluskey had signed where he was going to be and the Corleone plant in the Police relayed the information to Sonny, this allowed them to plant a gun in advance for Michael to use. 3) Michael might not have been intimately involved in the running of the criminal empire set up by his father, but he did love his father and did not take kindly to an attempted murder. He sought vengeance. In a meeting with Sonny, Clemenza, Hagen, and Tessio after the incident at the hospital, Michael makes the case that Sollozo is too dangerous to be left alive, and outlines his plan that shows he has the intelligence and master planning abilities that the rest of Vito's sons lack.

The ensuing tension exploded when Michael killed both Sollozzo and McCluskey at the meeting, vengeance for his father. The other four of the five families of New York went to war with the Corleones over his actions, violence and vengeance were now dominant over business and Sonny thrived in his element. Michael goes to hide in Sicily for several years - even the Corleone connections could not protect him from a government who sought him over the murder of a Police Captain - where he fell in love with a woman named Appollonia. The two get married, but Appollonia is murdered by one of Michael's bodyguards, Fabrizzio, after bad news reaches them from the States. Santino Corleone is murdered at a toll booth by a large group of men with Thompson 1928 guns. He had been rushing to his sister's house where she was being beaten by her husband when he was ambushed on the road. Upon learning of his oldest son's death, Don Vito, home from the hospital and regaining his health, calls a meeting of the heads of the Five Families and other Mafia bosses from all over the United States. At the meeting he states his wish to end the War among the Families, a war which is tearing apart their entire way of life and ruining everyone. He forgoes all rights of vengeance over his son, Sonny, and hopes the others will also halt their attacks and retaliations. However, he states that he does not forgive anything that might happen to Michael, soon to return from Sicily, and that even if he is struck by lightning the Don will take revenge. The other Dons agree, provided that Don Vito concede to allow drug trafficking in a controlled manner, and peace is restored. While driving home from the meeting Don Vito reveals to Tom Hagen that he believes that although it was Tattaglia's men that killed Sonny, it was Barzini's (another New York boss) masterplan all along.

After the death of Appollonia, Michael remains in Sicily for a while before returning home. This is the time during which Mario Puzo's The Sicilian takes place. Upon returning home, the power in the family is gradually transferred to Michael, who seems to have lost his loathing for the family business and marries his old college sweetheart Kay Adams. Michael is advised by Don Vito not to take any revenge for what happened to Sonny and to make plans to move the family to Las Vegas. This causes splits within the family with Tessio and Clemenza requesting that they be allowed to form a separate family, yet Michael tells them that once they have made the move to Nevada they are free to form their own families. Michael travels to Las Vegas and meets Moe Green, a casino owner and a powerful man in the city. Michael requests that the Corleone family be allowed to buy his half of a casino, but he turns down the offer, saying he will not be muscled out of the city he owns.

Back in New York, Don Vito advises Michael that Barzini will make a move on him, arrange a meeting at which he will be assassinated. The Don unwilling to pass the torch to Michael, stating that he wanted different things for his youngest son, but ultimately accepts Michael's fate as the leader of the family. He also says that whoever approaches Michael with this meeting is the traitor, repeating his advice over and over. In the next scene the Don has a heart attack while playing with his grandson in the garden. This scene is most famous for being completely ad-libbed by Brando. And at his grand funeral Tessio asks Michael if he will meet Barzini on his own territory where he will be 'safe'.

In one of the last scenes in the movie, after Michael reveals his plans to buy out his main competition in Las Vegas, Michael acts as godfather in the baptism of his sister's newborn baby, Michael Rizzi (played by Sofia Coppola). At the same time, his henchmen, acting under his orders, kill all the heads of the other four families, Cuneo, Tattaglia, Strachi and Barzini, and Moe Green, his business opponent in Vegas. This massacre removes any anger still borne against the Corleone's from the killing of Sollozzo and McCluskey many years ago, solidifies Michael Corleone's position as the most powerful mob boss in America, and paves the way for his domination of the gambling scene in Las Vegas. This is Michael Corleone's own baptism into "the family" as the new Godfather. Michael's next move is to have Tessio, his father's most loyal captain, killed for betraying him, and finally Michael has Carlo Rizzi killed, revealing that it was Carlo who was responsible for Santino's death by betraying him to Barzini. The ambush on the road which had Sonny killed was obviously planned in advance, and required the participation of either Sonny's sister or brother-in-law to draw Santino away from his fortress in a rage without his bodyguards. Note: Notice that the movie starts out with the wedding of Carlo Rizzi and Connie and ends with the end of their marriage with the murder of Carlo by Michael. Michael becomes everything he promised he would not.

Michael is questioned by Kay about his involvement in the death of Carlo. Michael lies to his wife, saying "No." when she asks him. She is momentarily relieved, but watches from outside the Don's office as Michael is called "Don Corleone" for the first time by Clemenza. As his bodyguard Neri closes the door on Kay, she realizes what her husband has become as the film fades to black.

Re-furnished this entry
I'm going to furnish, clean up and add much more information to this entry, and have already started, adding an infobox, links and furnishing the introduction, as well as including this entry into WikiProject Novels. A detailed plot summary, character information and critical acclaim sections will follow soon. - Ganryuu 08:08, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

Labia Rejuvenation?
I think it should be noted on the main page how the book details labia rejuvenation whereas the movie completely ignores that sideplot.

Video Games?
Discussing the EA video game adaptation of the Godfather movie is probably not necessary here since it is, after all, an adaptation of the movie, and not the book. (If retained, some mention should also be made of the earlier 1991 Godfather video game -- but more likely the section here should be axed and mention of the board game shipped on over to the movie page.) Pseudo Intellectual 10:21, 7 January 2007 (UTC) Also -- yow, that previous section is quite an item.

Cleaning up The Godfather articles
I consider myself the world’s foremost authority  on The Godfather, the novel. I sometimes thought that I knew the book better than Mario Puzo had himself. Before he passed away, I often wished that I could have met him so that I could have scolded him on what a sloppy effort it was, notwithstanding it being a true masterpiece rivaling the works of the immortal bard. When I say what a sloppy book it is, I am not referring to Mr. Puzo’s lamentable (or perhaps laudable) lack of knowledge regarding the true nature of organized crime. Nobody takes the book seriously on that count. Even FFC called it a "fairy tale."

What I am referring to is that I once noted several different consistency mistakes within it. It is almost as if that since the editorship knew it was going to be a runaway bestseller upon the first read, no one bothered to proofread it. Why bother? Just rush to print!

(Why bother? Because one should take pride in one’s work!)

Probably the most egregious example is where in one chapter Don Corleone (in bed) hears cars coming to the house at midnight and knows instantly something is amiss. He then rises from his sick bed to confront Hagen downstairs who gives him the news about Sonny. According to the narrative, it was then (after the impromptu meeting with the capos) that Hagen called Bonoasera per the don's directive. Yet, in another chapter, the undertaker receives the very same call and it is dinner time.

Another example would be that Clemenza is chosen to kill Carlo Rizzi to avenge Sonny’s murder because he was Sonny’s godfather. Yet, in Book III, it is stated that Clemenza doesn’t even meet Vito Corleone until after Fredo, the second son and child, is born. (Besides, why would Corleone have chosen Clemenza for such a high honor (especially for Italian people) in regard to his firstborn son and not Genco Abbandando, his best friend and future consigliere?)

What makes the book a masterpiece is Mr. Puzo’s profound grasp of human nature and his ability to translate such into the written word. The characterizations are superb and rival Shakespeare’s. Mr. Puzo had an almost feminine perception and intuition. Few writers had his or her hand on the pulse of human nature as solidly as had Mr. Puzo.

Nevertheless, just as the book is so sloppy, I’ve noticed a tendency towards the same carelessness when it comes to many of The Godfather related Wikipedia articles. To that effect, I intend to clean up these articles and expunge all inaccuracies that I find. I have already begun with the Clemenza article where the article had Clemenza personally killing Paulie Gatto (it had been, of course, Lampone in both the novel and the movie) and beating up the two punks who had attacked Bonoasera’s daughter. (It had been Gatto along with two ex-boxers who are now Corleone Family loan shark associates.)

As my time is limited right now, this will be a slow and gradual process as an ongoing effort to purify all entries concerning our beloved novel. Please think twice about undoing any edits I make as I know the book as Fundamentalists know the Bible. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 146.145.75.114 (talk) 19:18, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

Addendum: I found the main article on The Godfather, the novel, to be both well-written and accurate. I just added some parenthetical information (under "The families") for the sake of clarity, which I hope the article’s author will let stand as I believe it provides clarity and points to the inherent weaknesses within the book. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 146.145.75.114 (talk) 23:05, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

Was this book written with an adaptation in mind?
I seem to remember hearing some time ago that this was a novel written for the specific purpose of providing a source for a later film adaptation. If I remember correctly Paramount was involved with the novel right from the start and may even have funded it. Is there any substance at all or am I completely on the wrong track? Oliver9184 (talk) 16:54, 29 November 2009 (UTC)

--No, not at all. Mr. Puzo received critical acclaim for The Fortunate Pilgrim but not all that much in the way of royalties. There was a minor character in that novel who was on the periphery of organized crime as a numbers runner. His publisher noted that many seemed interested in that subject. As Mr. Puzo was a federal civil servant struggling to raise a family, he related that his response was: “All right! If they want Mafia, I’ll give them Mafia!”

He later recounted that his first problem was that he wouldn’t have known a Mafioso if he had tripped over one. “Just because I’m Italian, people think I must be some kind of expert on the subject.” So he did research and, as the book attests to, not all that thoroughly. The book’s subject matter is woefully misrepresented as he paints Mafia chiefs as sort of pseudo-aristocrats, almost like Renaissance Italian city-state potentates along the lines of the Medici. It’s not surprising that he would later become interested in the Borgias and write a novel regarding them.

In regard to agreeing to write a book about the Mafia, he made a quote which saliently summarizes his thought processes and frustration at the time. Although the quote is from memory, and not verbatim, it comes close: “If some fool wants to create a work of art, then let him discover the joys of self-publishing!”   (Mr. Puzo was not expressing his own sentiments, rather those within the publishing environment as he perceived them (presumably with disdain)).

Ironically, I do consider The Godfather to be a classic work of art, notwithstanding its many flaws, as I noted in my previous comments (“Cleaning up The Godfather articles”). Apparently, whoever wrote the screenplay for the romantic comedy You’ve Got Mail must feel likewise as indicated by the references to the novel within the movie.

If you are interested, you can read the transcript of Mr. Puzo’s interview on Larry King Live available at the official Mario Puzo Library online. Of course, the novel was eminently suited to have been adapted into a screenplay, but that was not Mr. Puzo’s motivation. His motivation, at least originally, was to make some decent money from book writing, a goal achieved beyond his wildest dreams! —Preceding unsigned comment added by HistoryBuff14 (talk • contribs) 17:28, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

Article needs to say more about the book's worth
The article says very little about The Godfather's literary value, the ideas discussed within the book, the major themes, etc. An addition of those is definitely needed. LaughingSkull (talk) 18:56, 5 March 2010 (UTC)

No plot summary
Why is there no plot summary? I would do it but I have never read the book. Disc Wheel ( Malk  +  Montributions )  02:34, 23 July 2013 (UTC) How about this? –  –  Gareth Griffith-Jones | The Welsh Buzzard| — 10:09, 23 July 2013 (UTC) –  –  Gareth Griffith-Jones | The Welsh Buzzard| — 21:00, 30 July 2013 (UTC) First make your criticism clear on the film's Talk, together with how you would write these couple of sentences, please. Cheers! –  –  Gareth Griffith-Jones | The Welsh Buzzard| — 21:11, 30 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Hi Disc Wheel  ( Malk  +  Montributions )
 * ? Disc Wheel  ( Talk  +  Tontributions )  20:50, 30 July 2013 (UTC)
 * @ Disc Wheel (talk) Try the link again!
 * Well like I said, I haven't read the novel but from just by looking at it, it seems that it was taken from the movie page since it has the actors names in parenthesis? Also is there a reason why I can't make some changes to the plot summary on the movie page? Because there are a couple poorly constructed sentences that stick out... Disc Wheel  ( Talk  +  Tontributions )  21:05, 30 July 2013 (UTC)
 * @ Disc Wheel (talk)

The Godfather Effect material
The material about the book "The Godfather Effect" is an unusual insertion - it's also been injected into the article about the movie, and in separate articles about the book "The Godfather Effect" and its author. I think it should be removed, as its main intent seems to be to promote the "The Godfather Effect."Arnold Rothstein1921 (talk) 17:02, 26 December 2013 (UTC) Oh, and I also wonder about the accuracy of some of the material, i.e., the Michael Corleone quote that is repeated in all four articles.Arnold Rothstein1921 (talk) 17:02, 26 December 2013 (UTC)
 * I have always thought it does not belong in the film article. — | Gareth Griffith-Jones | The Welsh Buzzard| — 21:07, 26 December 2013 (UTC)

It would be helpful to have a reference in the book or film article about myths created by these portrayals, compared to what were the realities of the mob at that time. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.181.192.29 (talk) 02:22, 25 September 2022 (UTC)

E.G.

https://www.biography.com/news/godfather-true-stories-books-movies

https://www.slantmagazine.com/dvd/the-myth-of-the-american-dream-francis-ford-coppolas-the-godfather-trilogy/

Myths become belief and people forget that fiction is not factual. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.181.192.29 (talk) 02:30, 25 September 2022 (UTC)

Connie Corleone Page Missing
There is no page for Connie Corleone. She doesn't even get red links. What in the world is that about? This is 2014, people. I'm making it now. Daniel J. Hakimi (talk) 22:37, 22 January 2014 (UTC)
 * In the novel she is not much featured. whereas her role in the first and third films is prominent — | Gareth Griffith-Jones | The Welsh Buzzard| — 00:00, 23 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Alright, I guess I'll go complain @ the film trilogy talk page. Daniel J. Hakimi (talk) 01:55, 23 January 2014 (UTC)

Link to no mention of godfather or puzo
The link to crime novel makes no mention in that article of the book or puzo. Should it? As does the Italian American writers.SharpQuillPen (talk) 08:53, 28 January 2014 (UTC)

 * @ If you are referring to the opening line, then "No". That is a link to clarify what is meant by the expression "crime novel" and leads you to this — | Gareth Griffith-Jones | The Welsh Buzzard| — 10:29, 28 January 2014 (UTC)

Offer He Cannot Refuse
Could someone rework the following then place in the appropriate place regarding the origins/inspirations for the saying? Thanks.

Literary reference
Honoré de Balzac's novels have been the inspiration for noteable lines that have gain wide popularity in cinema history. The novel opens with an epigraph from Balzac:  "Behind every great fortune there is a crime." Belzac's line from Le Pere Goriot (1834), when Vautrin tells Eugene: "In that case I will make you an offer that no one would decline." seems to be the inspiration for Mario Puzo's, "I'm gonna make him an offer he can't refuse," the second ranking cinematic quote included in AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes (2005) by the American Film Institute originally in his novel The Godfather (1969) and used in the film adaptation (1972).

Excision
Just removed the section about "Title" controversy. There was no citation or reference. I'm familiar with the subject, and can recall no such controversy. An investigation revealed this info was added in 2007 by an IP address editor with a history of disruptive editing and bans, inactive since 2009. Ergo removal. The section added only speculation to the article. Tapered (talk) 08:02, 21 November 2014 (UTC)

Paragraph about the cover in the lead
The WP:lead is supposed to be an introduction to the article and a summary of its most important contents. It had a paragraph with a detailed written explanation of the cover but does not explain why we had so much detail in this explanation. There is no mention of the cover in the article body. I deleted the paragraph but for the record it was:
 * S. Neil Fujita created a book cover with a marionette puppet theme. The title is in a single column of bold white Gothic letters against a black background. The word "Godfather" has the extended upper horizontal arm of the "G" and the vertical arm of the "d" separated by a black "string" line that descends from the upper right corner where are held the controls in a hand of the "manipulator". White strings descend to the f, t, h, e and r.

The cited source does not go into this detail which left me puzzled as to why it was in this article. --Marc Kupper|talk 05:01, 30 January 2016 (UTC) Is it perhaps worth adding it at the lower part of the page with the template that requests a full citation? If it is not forthcoming in, say, three months, we delete it again. Cheers! — | Gareth Griffith-Jones | The Welsh Buzzard| — 08:58, 30 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Thank for your revision and your thoughtful explanation here. The removed copy does not belong in the Lead.
 * , I agree that we could put something in the body. Google for 'Godfather cover strings' finds that the image used on the cover seems to be well known. Unfortunately, I could not find a WP:RS that says it's well known, iconic, etc. I also can't find anything in Google News, Books, nor Scholar about the letters "f, t, h, e and r".  I don't think we need that detail in the Wikipedia article.  The things that we could have in the article are:
 * The hand/puppet cover art was designed by S. Neil Fujita. This image was later used in the movie. (we need a WP:RS for this)
 * I did some hunting around for the second source but did not see anything I liked. There's this but it does not seem like a high quality site. Mental Floss is referenced from nearly 400 WP pages though. --Marc Kupper|talk 22:14, 30 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Many thanks for your research. Maybe someone else could throw some more light on this..? — | Gareth Griffith-Jones | The Welsh Buzzard| — 11:40, 31 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Removal of Salvatore as Tessio's given name
Adding comment in talk page because part of my edit note was lost. According to the wiki article on this character, his given name "Salvatore" is only provided in the film and not in the novel. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:85C1:A60:F13B:73A5:EBA6:6594 (talk) 13:06, 2 January 2018 (UTC)

Five Families
The article states that "The Corleone family fights a mob war with the other four Mafia families in New York...," but all of the clear evidence is that the Corleones are fighting five opponents. The sole ambiguity is that Stracchi, Cuneo, Tattaglia, and Barzini, and their families, are described together in the peace conference chapter, but even there it overtly says says the five men arrived last (Vito had arrived first) and that five (not capitalized) Families were fighting the Corleones.Arnold Rothstein1921 (talk) 18:31, 18 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Godfather (novel)


text: User talk:138.88.166.168

title: User talk:138.88.166.168


text: User talk:216.163.56.151

title: User talk:216.163.56.151


text:
Talk:Luna Lounge

from VfD:

A bar in New York. Doesn't establish notability, except to say that there's a foosball table and that it might get demolished soon. Wikipedia is not the yellow pages or a bar guide. [[User:Premeditated Chaos| P M  C ]] 01:44, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 02:08, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, although it is apparently a fairly well-known bar in the area . Even so, not notable enough. --Spangineer ∞ 02:38, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - either non-notable, or reason for notability not mentioned in article. - Andre Engels 03:00, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, because. Wyss 03:22, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete --fvw *  03:36, 2004 Dec 17 (UTC)
 * Mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm, abstaining for now. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 03:47, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Even "Luna Lounge" -nyack -foosball gets 465 Usenet hits, many naming the lounge in the subject and/or familiarly. Comedians and comedy writers are advised to go thence to get discovered. Keep as culturally notable. Samaritan 03:53, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Inbound links in articles are Stellastarr* and Ludlow Street, Manhattan. Creator User:T-bomb seems to be an aficionado of Manhattan street life and created it along with Katz's Deli and Meow Mix. The street life I grew up in survived VfD; this should too. Samaritan 04:23, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. [[User:Rhymeless|Rhymeless | (Methyl Remiss)]] 07:18, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nothing notable. If it stays, I'll list all my local pubs!  P Ingerson 07:46, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - one of thousands, potential advertising - Skysmith 08:11, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Man, I'm really good at foosball! But delete. Jacob1207 16:49, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Very marginal keep here. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 16:59, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Public establishments are "notable".--Centauri 22:36, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete: It's a bar that has performers in NYC, but it's not Danceteria or Knitting Factory. If you're in NYC, you might have heard of it.  If you're not in NYC, you will not have heard of it.  Therefore, it is of only local interest. Geogre 23:17, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. More or less notable. Dr Zen 07:44, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Less notable to my eyes. Indrian 06:26, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Somebody in the WWW 06:29, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * abstain. This is a notable place, there probably should be an article about Luna Lounge, but it needs to have more content than is in its current iteration. It can always be recreated later if someone wants to write more. Gsd97jks 02:11, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

Update and Postscript, 2008: The test of time shows it was right to keep the article. I'm a San Francisco professor who turned here looking for background information on a certain rock group. It helped. And Sarah Silverman has become extremely noteworthy, in the years since this was written. The article helps us picture her early career. One winces at the foosball table remark, but it's better to err on the side of caution and not cut articles, it seems. Profhum (talk) 04:52, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

Citing Sources
While I understand Anonymous57's urge to make the Wiki citable, there is a great deal in this world that is verifiable but not citable. City guides, innumerable articles of no individual special merit, and the day to day experience of 8 million New Yorkers and a few thousand bands are sufficient, in my opinion, to support the reality and details of the Luna Lounge, as is the sourced weblink. The simple act of jotting down what thousands have already experienced does not constitute original research. In general, the history of the recent is often unwritten, and yet easy to check on, and appropriate for the Wiki. Unless there are reasonable objections to the contrary, I'm going to remove the unsourced tag, which I think is misapplied and irrelevant here and in similar contexts. - Corporal Tunnel 18:35, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Luna Lounge. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081121174338/http://www.gothamist.com/archives/2004/08/10/rob_sacher_coowner_luna_lounge.php to http://www.gothamist.com/archives/2004/08/10/rob_sacher_coowner_luna_lounge.php
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080929192053/http://gothamist.com/2008/06/17/luna_lounge_morphs_into_knitting_fa.php to http://gothamist.com/2008/06/17/luna_lounge_morphs_into_knitting_fa.php
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060831023014/http://www.lunalounge.com/main.html to http://www.lunalounge.com/main.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:54, 3 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Luna Lounge


text:
Judith Richardson Haimes

Judith Richardson Haimes is an American woman from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, who worked as a psychic in Newark, Delaware, until an allergic reaction to the iodine tracer injected for a CAT scan allegedly disabled her psychic abilities. She sued Temple University Hospital and was awarded over $600,000 for pain and suffering and loss of income. This award was later overturned on appeal, 39 Pa. D. & C.3d 381 (Pa.Com.Pl. 1986). Haimes currently lives with her husband Allen Haimes in Florida and writes a syndicated newspaper column on grieving.

Haimes' case was the subject of the book Judith by her husband.

The case is often cited in discussions of frivolous lawsuits and tort reform in the United States, but the facts are also often misrepresented. Contrary to popular belief, Haimes never claimed that a CAT scan had caused her to lose her psychic powers. In fact, the often alluded-to CAT scan never took place. Haimes only claimed that the headaches resulting from her allergic reaction prevented her from earning a living as a psychic.

Haimes previously earned a lucrative living by offering sessions in which she ostensibly read individuals' auras, offering them medical as well as personal advice. She gained a reputation following an article in Philadelphia magazine that described seances she conducted at a wealthy Chestnut Hill patron's house.

title: Judith Richardson Haimes


text: User talk:82.32.83.19

title: User talk:82.32.83.19


text:
Helen of Galloway

Helen of Galloway (fl. thirteenth century) was a daughter and co-heiress of Alan, Lord of Galloway (died 1234) and his first wife, a daughter of Roger de Lacy, Constable of Chester. Helen was the first wife of Roger de Quincy, Earl of Winchester (died 1264). Although Helen was the first of Roger's three wives, his only descendants were his three daughters by Helen. The eldest daughter, Margaret, married William de Ferrers, Earl of Derby (died 1254); the second daughter, Elizabeth (or Isabella), married Alexander Comyn, Earl of Buchan (died 1289); the third daughter, Helen, married Alan de la Zouche (died 1270).

title: Helen of Galloway


text: User talk:68.239.37.212

title: User talk:68.239.37.212


text:
Alpha Lambda Delta

Alpha Lambda Delta (ΑΛΔ) is an honor society for students who have achieved a 3.5 GPA or higher during their first year or term of higher education.

History
Alpha Lambda Delta was founded in 1924 by the Dean of Women, Maria Leonard, at the University of Illinois to recognize academic excellence among freshmen women. One year before, Dean Thomas Arkle Clark had founded Phi Eta Sigma, an honor society to recognize academic excellence among freshmen males. Both groups operated as single sex organizations until the mid-70s when they both became coeducational in response to Title IX.

At the first meeting of the chapter, Florence Finn, president of the society, presented a passage from Plato's Republic in which Socrates asks the question, “Will they hold torches and pass them to one another...?”. This idea, together with the symbol of a candle and the concept of sharing the love of learning with others, caught the imagination of the charter members.

The honor society soon became a national organization through the chartering of chapters at Purdue University in 1926, at DePauw University in 1927, at the University of Michigan in 1927, and at the University of Oklahoma in 1929.

The first national convention was held in 1930 on the campus of the University of Illinois. Conventions were suspended during the Depression years because of travel expenses. The third convention was held in 1938 at the University of Michigan. A decision was made at that convention to suspend holding a national convention and to invest those funds into establishing a graduate fellowship fund. The first fellowship was awarded to Louise Houssiere for graduate study at MIT in 1940.

The Association of College Honor Societies was organized in 1925 to consider matters of mutual concern to member organizations; Alpha Lambda Delta has been active in the Association since its admission to membership in 1939. In 1976 in response to Title IX, the National Council voted for the Society to become coeducational. In 1981, the first two male members of the National Council were installed.

Alpha Lambda Delta has continued to be innovative and responsive in recognizing academic excellence by providing Senior Certificates and the Maria Leonard Senior Book Award since 1939, offering workshops since 1978, recognizing outstanding chapters with the Order of the Torch Award since 1989, recognizing an Outstanding Adviser of the Year since 1990, and taking advantage of technology by posting a national web site in January 1997.

The Society has over 1.3 million lifetime members. ALD initiates between 25,000 and 30,000 new members each year.

Symbols
The society's colors are maroon and gold. Members are entitled to wear Alpha Lambda Delta honor cords at their graduation exercises.

Its symbol is the candle. Its annual publication is The Flame. The Alpha Lambda Delta pillars are Academics, Scholarships, Service, Career Development, and Belonging.

Activities
Each year, National Alpha Lambda Delta awards over $211,000 in scholarships and fellowships to members. Undergraduate members may also be awarded the Jo Anne Trow Scholarship; 50 scholarships are given annually. The James G. Stemler Scholarship was designed for members who wish to study abroad, and 20 scholarships are awarded each year. Twenty eight graduate fellowships are awarded annually to members pursuing graduate education.

Students in each chapter who have succeeded in maintaining the highest GPA from among their school's membership may be awarded the Maria Leonard Senior Book Award, the presentation of a book with an inscribed bookplate.

Chapters
Alpha Lambda Delta has chapters at 410 campuses in the United States.

Membership
Members are invited to join by the local chapters, after the chapter has determined that the student has achieved a 3.5 or higher GPA in their first year or term of enrollment in an institution of higher education. The members of the local chapters are also considered to be members of the National organization.

Governence
The National organization is governed by a Board of Directors. The policies adopted by the Board of Directors, and annually by the chapters, are administered by ALD Headquarters. Headquarters is located in Fairport, New York. All administrative details of operating the Society are carried out through ALD Headquarters.

Notable members

 * Marilyn Barrueta, University of Illinois, teacher
 * Lela E. Buis, Florida State University, writer
 * Rashi Bunny, University of Alabama, actress
 * Lily Collins, University of Southern California, actress
 * Allison Kreiger, University of Florida, motivational speaker
 * Cheslie Kryst, University of South Carolina, Miss USA 2019
 * Roberta Naas, Rider University, journalist

title: Alpha Lambda Delta


text:
Jeffrey Hudson

Jeffrey Hudson (1619 – c. 1682) was a court dwarf of the English queen Henrietta Maria of France. He was famous as the "Queen's dwarf" and "Lord Minimus" and was considered one of the "wonders of the age" because of his extreme but well-proportioned smallness. He fought with the Royalists in the English Civil War and fled with the Queen to France but was expelled from her court when he killed a man in a duel. He was captured by Barbary pirates and spent 25 years enslaved in North Africa before being ransomed back to England.

Early life and rise to prominence
Hudson was baptised in Oakham in Rutland on 14 June 1619. His parents, three brothers, and a half-sister were all of typical size. Hudson's father, John, was keeper of the baiting bulls for George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham. Hudson's marvellous smallness and normal proportions became apparent in early childhood. Various theories existed for his size, including that his mother choked on a gherkin while pregnant, but he probably had a growth hormone deficiency caused by a pituitary gland disorder.

In 1626, Jeffrey Hudson was presented to the Duchess of Buckingham as a "rarity of nature", and she invited him to join the household. A few months later, the Duke and Duchess entertained King Charles I and his young French wife, Queen Henrietta Maria, in London. The climax of the lavish banquet was the presentation of Jeffrey to the Queen, served in a large pie. When the pie was placed in front of the Queen, Hudson arose from the crust, 18 in tall and dressed in a miniature suit of armour. The Queen was delighted, and the Duke and Duchess of Buckingham offered Hudson to her as an amusing gift.

Hudson at the Queen's court
Hudson moved into Denmark House in London in late 1626, where the Queen maintained her royal household, with its many French attendants and Catholic priests. He was one of several natural curiosities and pets, among whom were a giant Welsh porter named William Evans, two disproportionate dwarves, and a monkey called Pug. He later developed a routine with Evans in which the porter pulled Hudson out of his pocket along with a loaf of bread and proceeded to make a sandwich. As he matured, Hudson learned to amuse and entertain with his wit, courtly behaviour, and appearance. Dwarves were not rare in the courts of Europe, but Hudson's fine proportions and tiny size made him uniquely famous. His size was repeatedly described as 18 or 19 inches, and he is reported to have grown little between 7 and 30 years of age. He was often cast in picturesque roles in the elaborate costumed masques which were staged by Inigo Jones for the amusement of the court.

Hudson rode a horse with the queen and her household. Sidesaddles were provided for ten ladies and three laundry maids, while the "dwarffe" was provided with an elaborate livery saddle of velvet with laces and silver and silk fringes. The court tailor, Gilbert Morrett, made clothes for Hudson. He had "an ash colour barracan suit with sleeves", "a black mourning suit of Flanders say", and scarlet hose to wear under his armour. The Queen's tailor, George Gillin, made clothes for the female dwarf Sarah, or "little Sara", including an Italian gown of scarlet baize. Hudson and Sarah were dressed in the same fabrics as Henrietta Maria's children. Daniel Mytens was commissioned to paint his portrait, "a picture at large of Jeffry the dwarf in a wood or wilderness", for £40 in 1627.

In 1630, Hudson was included in a mission to France at about ten years of age. Although the principal purpose of the mission was to return with a midwife for the Queen's first pregnancy, Hudson was likely sent for the appreciation of the French court. On the return journey across the English Channel, their ship was captured by Dunkirk pirates, who plundered the ship but eventually released them to return to England. Hudson's second trip across the channel occurred in 1637, at age 18, when a group of courtiers travelled to the Netherlands to observe the siege of Breda, as the Dutch were attempting to expel the Spanish army.

Hudson was educated in the Queen's household and learned the manners of the court. He was brought up in the Roman Catholic Church of her household. He learned to ride a horse and shoot a pistol. He was celebrated in a variety of poems and narratives of the day. However, despite his wit and intelligence, the novelty of his shortness was most prized, and all understood that if he had been of average height, he would have had no place at court. This is explicitly acknowledged in one of several adulatory poems.

The coming of the Civil War and the dissolution of the court
By 1640, the relationship between King Charles and the Parliament had deteriorated to plots and attempted arrests. Armed conflict broke out between the Royalists and the Parliamentarians in 1642. As Charles led the Royalist army, the Queen took a small number of her retinue, including Hudson, to the Netherlands to raise money and support for him. By selling articles from her palace, she raised enough to buy some supplies for the Royalist army but was unsuccessful in obtaining official support from the Protestant Dutch government. She returned to England with her courtiers, and they found themselves in the middle of a civil war.

They were able to join Royalist forces at Oxford. The Queen appointed Hudson a "Captain of Horse." It is not known whether he commanded troops or saw combat in one of Prince Rupert's cavalry raids. Still, he considered the appointment an honour rather than a joke and continued to style himself as "Captain Jeffery Hudson" later in life.

As it became apparent that the war was broadening rather than concluding, the Queen fled to France in 1643 with a small group of courtiers and household staff, again including Hudson. Although they were warmly received in France and provided with space in the Louvre Palace, the Queen was ailing after a difficult delivery, and she soon moved her court in exile to the spa at Nevers.

Duel and disaster
Royalist courtiers collected around the Queen, but Hudson had no interest in resuming his role of pet or clown and let it be known he would suffer no more jokes or insults. There is no record of the precise offence offered, but in October 1644, Hudson challenged the brother of William Crofts to a duel. Crofts arrived at the duel brandishing a large water squirt, but his flippancy would lead to his death, as Hudson fatally shot him in the forehead. Crofts's death was a disaster for Hudson. Duelling had been outlawed in France, and this could be considered a transgression against hospitality, in addition to the fact that William Crofts was a powerful figure as the Queen's Master of Horse and head of her lifeguard. Hudson was initially sentenced to death, but Henrietta Maria interceded for his life, and he was sent back to England.

Slavery and redemption, poverty and death
Hudson's movements after leaving the Queen's court in late 1644, aged 25 years, are unknown. Within months, he was on a ship captured by Barbary pirates. Hudson was enslaved in North Africa, where he spent perhaps his next 25 years labouring. The date and circumstances of his rescue or redemption are not known. In the 1660s, several missions were sent from England to Algeria and Tunis to ransom English captives, and his first documented presence back in England was in 1669. No details of his captivity were recorded except one fact: he claimed to have grown to 45 in during this time, doubling his height after 30 years of age, which he attributed to the hardships he had suffered.

The few contemporary records of Hudson's years between 1669 and his death in 1682 consist of a few receipts for grants of money from the Duke of Buckingham and the new King. He did not return to the Queen's court, even after the royal Restoration in 1660 and her return at the invitation of her son, Charles II. She resided in London for only five years, fleeing to France during the London plague of 1665. She died in France in 1669, when Hudson first reappeared in English records.

Hudson lived in Oakham for several years, where he was interviewed and a short record of his life made, by James Wright the antiquarian. In 1676, Hudson returned to London, perhaps to seek a pension from the royal court. He had the misfortune of arriving at a time of turbulent anti-Catholic activity, which included the "Popish Plot" of Titus Oates (also from Oakham) and was imprisoned "for a considerable time" at the Gatehouse Prison. Being a "Roman Catholick" was his only recorded offence, but he was not released until 1680. He died about two years later on an unknown date, in unknown circumstances, buried in an unmarked Catholic paupers' grave. A payment from Charles II in 1681 is the last record of Hudson.

title: Jeffrey Hudson


text:
President Airlines

President Airlines was an airline based in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. It was privately owned and operated scheduled passenger flights from Phnom Penh to domestic destinations, as well as flights to Thailand, China and Hong Kong out of Phnom Penh International Airport.

History
President Airlines was established in 1997 and began operations in October 1998. Initially, it operated one Fokker F28 aircraft carrying passengers and cargo from Phnom Penh to Siem Reap. President Airlines subsequently consolidated its domestic routes and opened international services. In 2002, the airline joined IATA, thus allowing IATA Travel Agents to issue tickets through their respective reservations systems.

President Airlines was shut down in 2007.

Destinations
At closure, President Airlines operated the following services:

 🇹🇭
 * Phnom Penh (Phnom Penh International Airport) Hub
 * Ratanakiri (Ratanakiri Airport)
 * Siem Reap (Siem Reap International Airport) Focus City
 * Bangkok (Don Mueang International Airport)

Fleet
The President Airlines fleet included the following aircraft:

title: President Airlines


text:
Yankee (disambiguation)

Yankee is a term for various groups of Americans.

Yankee may also refer to:

Teams

 * New York Yankees, an American Major League Baseball team
 * Auburn Yankees, two minor league baseball teams based in Auburn, New York, one in 1889, and another affiliated with the New York Yankees from 1958 to 1961
 * Battle Creek Yankees, an affiliate in 2004 and 2005
 * Boise Yankees, an affiliate in 1952 and 1953
 * Dominican Summer League Yankees 1
 * Dominican Summer League Yankees 2
 * Fort Lauderdale Yankees, a Class A Florida State League affiliate (1962–1992)
 * Gulf Coast Yankees, a Rookie League affiliate
 * Kearney Yankees, an affiliate from 1956 to 1959
 * Manchester Yankees, two affiliates: in the Class B New England League (1948–1949) and in the Double-A Eastern League (1969–1971)
 * Paintsville Yankees, a former minor league affiliate
 * Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees, a Triple-A Minor League affiliate
 * Staten Island Yankees, a Low-A Minor League affiliate
 * Tampa Yankees, a High-A Minor League affiliate
 * Trenton Thunder, a Double-A Minor League affiliate
 * Ventura Yankees, an affiliate from 1947 to 1949
 * West Haven Yankees, a Double-A Eastern League baseball team affiliated with the New York Yankees (1972–1979) and the Oakland A's (1980–1982)
 * New York Yankees (disambiguation), various defunct American teams
 * United States Men's National Soccer Team, sometimes referred to as the "Yankees"
 * Augusta Yankees, a South Atlantic League minor league baseball team based in Augusta, Georgia, from 1962 to 1963
 * Bronx Yankees, an American Basketball League team in the 1938-39 season

Conferences

 * Yankee Conference (1946–1997), a former collegiate sports conference in the eastern United States
 * Yankee Small College Conference, a northern New England Division II athletic conference

Other

 * Yankee Handicap, an American Thoroughbred horse race from 1935 to 1987

In the military

 * Yankee-class submarine, NATO reporting name for several types of Soviet nuclear submarines
 * USS Yankee (1861), a sidewheel steamer
 * USS Yankee (1892), a steam ship used in the Spanish–American War
 * The 'Y' version of the Aeritalia G.91 fighter aircraft

Transportation

 * American Aviation AA-1 Yankee, a light aircraft
 * Yankee (ferry), an historic ferry homeported in New York
 * Brigantine Yankee, a steel-hulled schooner which went aground in 1964
 * Yankee (motorcycle), an American-made motorcycle
 * Yankee (yacht), J-class yacht involved in the America's Cup

Businesses

 * Yankee Candle, an American manufacturer of scented candles
 * Yankee Group, an American information technology and market research advisory firm
 * Yankee Stores, a defunct American retail chain

Arts and entertainment

 * Yankee (film), a 1966 Italian film
 * Yankee (album) (2014), by Japanese musician Kenshi Yonezu
 * Yankee (TV series), a 2019 Mexican TV series
 * Yankees (album) (1983), improvised music by Derek Bailey, John Zorn and George Lewis
 * Yankee (magazine), a New Hampshire periodical
 * The Yankee, an American literary magazine published 1828–1829

Other uses

 * The letter Y in the NATO phonetic alphabet
 * Daddy Yankee (born 1977), Puerto Rican singer
 * Yankee Sullivan (1811–1856), bare-knuckle fighter and boxer
 * A type of bet offered by UK bookmakers
 * Yankee Harbour, Greenwich Island, Antarctica
 * Yankee Lake (New York), a lake in Sullivan County, New York
 * Yankī (ヤンキー), a Japanese term for a juvenile delinquent

title: Yankee (disambiguation)


text:
User:BalowStar

Contact info
BalowStar@BoomerBible.com

title: User:BalowStar


text:
User:Olsenn

Nicholas Hanns Olsen is a true, certified genius. His expertise in computer related studies and mathematical equations make him a superb, and soon to be rich, human being. To top it all off, Nick is unsurpassed in sexual appeal. His outstanding attributes yields him the highest, most prestige award available; the "Damn I'm So Sexy Award" (DISS). This sixteen year old elitist attends Sackville High School regularly, and enjoys technology, photography, movies and music.

title: User:Olsenn


text:
Tosontsengel, Khövsgöl

Tosontsengel (Тосонцэнгэл) is a sum of Khövsgöl aimag. The area is 2,050 km2, of which 1,800 km2 are pasture and 11 km2 are farmland. In 2000, Tosontsengel had a population of 4,161 people, including some Khotgoid. The sum center, officially named Tsengel (Цэнгэл), is located 64 km east-southeast of Mörön and 607 km from Ulaanbaatar.

History
The Tosontsengel sum was founded, together with the whole Khövsgöl aimag, in 1931. In 1933, it had 3,100 inhabitants in 842 households, and about 99,000 heads of livestock. In 1956, the local Ardyn Zorig (people's courage) negdel was founded.

Economy
In 2004, there were about 137,000 heads of livestock, among them 64,000 goats, 57,000 sheep, 8,800 cattle and yaks, 7,200 horses and 33 camels.

Literature
M. Nyamaa, Khövsgöl aimgiin lavlakh toli, Ulaanbaatar 2001, p. 133

title: Tosontsengel, Khövsgöl


text: User talk:69.110.235.162

title: User talk:69.110.235.162


text:
American Memory

American Memory is an internet-based archive for public domain image resources, as well as audio, video, and archived Web content. Published by the Library of Congress, the archive launched on October 13, 1994, after $13 million was raised in private donations.

History
The pilot for the American Memory project was a digitization program which started in 1990. Selected Library of Congress holdings including examples of film, video, audio recordings, books and photographs were digitized and distributed on Laserdisc and CD-ROM. When the World Wide Web accelerated in 1993, the pilot program was refocused to deliver digitized materials by way of the internet.

Funding
The National Digital Library was created through bipartisan support in the United States Congress. Initially publicly funded with $15 million over five years, a public-private partnership of entrepreneurs and philanthropists led to more than $45 million in private sponsorship from 1994 through 2000. At first, only $13 million was donated from private sectors but the project gained momentum as the years went on. Beginning in 1996, the Library of Congress sponsored a three-year competition with a $2 million gift from the Ameritech Corporation to enable public research, and academic libraries, museums, historical societies, and archival institutions (with the exception of federal institutions) to digitize American history collections and make them available on the library's American Memory site. The competition produced 23 digital collections that complement American Memory, which now features more than 100 thematic collections.

Beginnings
The American Memory project started as a two-part effort of the National Digital Library Project (NDLP). Starting in 1994, the goal of the NDLP to digitize millions of items by the year 2000 would not only be met but would even go beyond that when the year finally came. The first part or phase of the effort was piloted by the American Memory project which would have an extensive amount of the Library of Congress' source-materials digitized. Another segment of the first phase possessed the goal of establishing a way or model to somehow share or distribute such source-materials between libraries. Phase two of the project saw the continuation of the digitization of the materials from the Library of Congress but also other libraries as well. The content included in the digital library through American Memory and the NDLP is vast and includes a wide array of historical items. Some items featured include, but is not limited to, the photographic collection on transportation, Henry Ford and the automobile, the sewing machine, and Robert J. Oppenheimer. As a result of the three-year competition and all the new individual projects making American Memory more readily available, American Memory started to become recognized on a larger scale. In 1996, Time magazine named American Memory one of the top ten best websites in the United States. The website was also among the six finalists in the Education segment of the National Information Infrastructure Awards Program in 1996. The project continued to receive citations and awards since it was established in 1990 and it has also helped serve on the research front from time to time.

Significance
The National Digital Library exceeded its goal of making five million items available online by 2000. American Memory will continue to expand online historical content as an integral component of the Library of Congress's commitment to harnessing new technology as it fulfills its mission "to sustain and preserve a universal collection of knowledge and creativity for future generations."

title: American Memory


text: User talk:69.226.75.155

title: User talk:69.226.75.155


text:
File:Meklogo.JPG

Fair-use rationale

 * 1) the company is now defunct and the logo only serves a historical purpose
 * 2) the logo is only being used for informational purposes;
 * 3) its inclusion in the article adds significantly to the article because it represents the subject of this article.

title: File:Meklogo.JPG


text:
Mekong Airlines

Mekong Airlines was an airline based in Cambodia.

History
Founded in 1998 as Yana Airlines (ក្រុមហ៊ុនអាកាសចរណ៍យ៉ាណា), the company was renamed to Mekong Airlines in 2002. Mekong Airlines operated scheduled flights to several destinations in southeast Asia using a leased Boeing 737-500, which was put in service 15 January 2003 and returned on 16 October of that year, marking the end of the airline's business. The airline was made up of mostly Australian management thanks to an agreement between Australian and Cambodian investors.

Destinations
Mekong Airlines served the following destinations prior to its collapse:

Fleet
Mekong Airlines operated a single Boeing 737-500 aircraft throughout operations:

title: Mekong Airlines