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Wikipedia:Avoid academic boosterism

Wikipedia articles on colleges, universities, and other academic institutions are often written by editors who currently or previously attended the institution or who work for the institution. Editors are often motivated by conflict of interest, loyalty, and pride to portray their alma mater in a favorable light even though this often conflicts Wikipedia's core policy against the abuse of Wikipedia for promotion as well as the content policies on neutrality and verifiability. Using imprecise weasel words, non-neutral peacock words, and other 'words to avoid' to portray an academic institution in a positive light is termed boosterism. A reader might be forgiven for concluding that Wikipedia only covers colleges and universities in the fictional town of Lake Wobegon, where all colleges and universities are above average.

Just as there is no single, indisputably preeminent college or university, there is no single metric which definitively establishes the quality of a college or university. Every institution is different and its Wikipedia article should emphasize these differences by summarizing what an academic institution has and does rather than serving as a shrine to its various accolades and superlatives. Notable distinctions and recognition have their place in the article, but they should not be the primary focus of the article. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia to summarize and contextualize information about these complex institutions, not an admissions brochure to convince readers of the quality of the school. Allow the facts to speak for themselves and let the reader decide.

In general
Review the college and university article content guidelines representing current consensus about articles of higher education institutions. Motivated editors should direct their energies towards describing all the various aspects of an institution to a broader audience rather than emphasizing its quality using imprecise, context-free, or otherwise ambiguous superlatives. There are many useful and reliable web resources published by an institution and other sources that can be incorporated into college and university:
 * Visit the website for the archives to expand the information on its history, campus, and traditions
 * Use the fact book or common data set to include more information on the student body and faculty
 * Incorporate information from university reports, faculty handbooks, or course catalogs to describe the administrative organization, academic programs, and research centers
 * Review the Alumni Association's website to include additional notable alumni
 * Search news archives like Google News or LexisNexis for historical coverage of the university

In the United States, organizations like the National Science Foundation, Carnegie Foundation, Chronicle of Higher Education, and National Center for Education Statistics collect and publish authoritative information about colleges and universities.

Avoid vague terms of praise
Avoid vague terms of praise and ambiguous superlatives. "Prestige", "reputation", "excellence", "exclusivity", and "selectivity" are often used imprecisely in order to create a positive impression of an institution's quality that cannot be verified or falsified. Let the facts speak for themselves and let the reader decide: a college or university is not necessarily "good" because it excludes a large number of applicants, nor well-reputed simply because it is old, nor prestigious simply because of its alumni. For example, admission to a military academy or music conservatory might be more competitive than an Ivy League university, even if the latter has higher average admissions scores.
 * "…is a highly competitive university…"
 * "…is a prestigious private liberal arts college…"
 * "...is one of the most selective graduate schools..."

Boosterism is particularly unpalatable to some Wikipedians when describing institutions whose "elite" status is already widely acknowledged elsewhere. For instance, in an opening summary paragraph, simply noting that a university is "in the Ivy League" or is the "main" or "flagship" campus for a larger university system succinctly establishes that the university is prestigious.

Assert facts, not opinions
Assert facts, including facts about opinions, but do not assert the opinions themselves. Editors should not be trying to "sell", "spin", or otherwise convince readers of the quality of the school. "One of the" and "widely recognized" are canonical weasel words: how many are among the best, what specific recognition, best on what criteria, how recent in the recognition, etc. If the statement can't stand without weasel words it lacks a neutral point of view. If a college or university was ranked 4th internationally in the most recent Academic Ranking of World Universities, state exactly that rather than contorting it into non-neutral and non-verifiable statements like those above.
 * "…is one of the best universities in the world…"
 * "…is widely recognized as a leader in…"
 * "...is one of the premier institutions on the West coast..."

Substantiate claims
Attribute claims to known authorities or substantiate the facts behind an argument by using facts and statistics. If a college is consistently rated among the best, who is doing the rating, how long or often is consistent, and what threshold constitutes the best? If a university is selective, whose criteria are being used for this classification, how many students apply, and what percentage of students are admitted?
 * "…is consistently rated among the best…"
 * "…has an impressive record in X…"
 * "…is a highly selective college…"

Omit original research
These are both examples of potential original research that lack reliable sources to verify them. Recontextualizing or narrowing the criteria may increase an institution's standing in a ranking, but unless the source explicitly offers recomputed rankings of universities on their public or national basis (for example), it is inappropriate to perform these calculations yourself as this original research cannot be verified. Similarly, making historical statements or analyses about rankings without providing reliable sources stating the same is also original research, even if they are true.
 * "…was ranked third among public universities in X…"
 * "…11 of the 15 programs offered have been ranked in the top 10 over the past 9 years…"

Do not synthesize claims
Do not combine material from multiple sources to reach a conclusion not explicitly stated by any of the sources. As above, simply and neutrally state the facts. The statements above could likely be changed to "…is ranked A by X, B by Y, and C by Z" and "…was ranked A by X in 2007, 2008, and 2009" which is a neutral and substantiated presentation of verifiable facts without any POV, weasel words, or peacockery.
 * "…is widely acknowledged as the preeminent university by most university rankings"
 * "…is historically recognized as the top university in A by X, Y, and Z."

Avoid undue weight
Do not give undue weight to rankings in the lead paragraphs or elsewhere in the article. Make sure to state the obvious in the first sentences of the lead paragraphs: it doesn't help the reader to know a university was ranked highly if he or she doesn't even know what or where it is in the first place! Moreover, the lead is not a section to astonish readers by establishing the quality of the college or university, only to serve as a summary of the rest of the article. Nor does the lead of the article have to include a preponderance of rankings and superlatives to establish the notability of a college or university since all accredited colleges and universities are inherently notable.
 * "State University is the #3 ranked public university by Magazine X. It is a public research university located in X,Y,Z."

Do not parse rankings
Rankings should be neutrally worded without modifiers or disclaimers. Similarly, do not exclude notable rankings simply because they are inconveniently low or you disagree with their methodology. An article about a university is not the appropriate venue to debate the merits of various rankings' respective methodologies. If a reader wants to know about the methodology, they can follow the citation that should already accompany any ranking or the wikilink to the Wikipedia article describing that ranking in more detail.
 * "State University ranked 34th in publication X which only considered Y and Z. However, it ranked 3rd in publication A which considers B and C."

It's not a score board or horse race
It is tempting to replace claims of prestige or academic excellence with a cascade of related or unrelated facts intended to generate the same impression. While this is a large improvement over the vague claim, remember that a university article's lead paragraph should be a summary of the most important facts about that institution in accordance with its WP:DUE weight. Move detailed listings of facts deeper into the body of the article.
 * "…has 65 Laureates, 102 Award Winners, 165 acres of land, 72 academic programs, 15% admissions rate, 13 national championships, …..."
 * "…has the second-largest student body, third-largest campus, fifteenth-largest faculty, seventh-largest research expenditures, sixth-most applicants, second-most award recipients …"
 * "Compared to X, Y has a larger student body, campus, faculty, research budget and lower admissions rate and failure rate."

Likewise, an encyclopedia article is not the appropriate venue to play out intercollegiate rivalries over who has more and better: describe information and statistics in absolute terms rather than relative to your rival institution(s) or in abstract ordinal terms (first, second, third).

Be concise, precise, and honest
Claims that an institution "places highly" in rankings are just as vague as claims that it is "prestigious", "highly selective" and "excellent", and are more dishonest in that they seem to cite an authoritative source. Limit rankings to a single section rather than spreading them throughout the article and be sure to include a comprehensive cross-section of rankings by national and international publications reported as numeric values with publication years and verifiable sources. Do not attempt to include every ranking by every publication for every school or program since some rankings are more notable than others. However, do not exclude notable rankings on the basis of not being in the Top X. Finally, do not use rankings in the lead as these are specific facts that should appear later in the article and give undue weight to one publication's rankings or methodologies.

Some popular rankings such as "Best Colleges" by U.S. News and World Report and "America's Best Colleges" by Forbes rely on undergraduate-only data and are only intended to rank or classify the undergraduate program, not the university as a whole. In this case, it is inaccurate to say that "University X is the 27th best university" when UX's undergraduate program is actually ranked 27th.

Other examples of boosterism

 * Among the University's highly-ranked schools…
 * …is one of the best colleges in …
 * No public or private university in the (region) can match the breadth and quality of the university's research endeavors
 * ''[The university] is the one of the most highly-regarded institutions in the region..."
 * [The college] is considered one of the premier institutions of higher learning in the [country]
 * ...is the most selective in...

title: Wikipedia:Avoid academic boosterism


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Alice Orlowski

Alice Orlowski (30 September 1903 – 21 May 1976) was a German concentration camp guard at several of the Nazi concentration camps in German-occupied Poland (1939-1945) during World War II. After the war, a Polish court convicted of her crimes against humanity, and she served 10 years in prison in Poland. In 1973, Orlowski, now 70 and living as a pensioner in West Germany, muttered that only "half the work" had been finished, referring to the Holocaust. She was promptly arrested, convicted of making antisemitic remarks, and sentenced to 10 months in prison.

Wartime
Born as Alice Minna Elisabeth Elling in Berlin in 1903, she began to train as a guard at the Ravensbrück concentration camp in Germany in 1941. In October 1942, she was selected as one of the Schutzstaffel (SS) Aufseherin to be posted at the Majdanek camp near Lublin, in German-occupied Poland, where, along with Hermine Braunsteiner, she came to be regarded as two of the most brutal overseers. They regularly loaded trucks of women destined for the gas chambers. When a child was left over, the two would throw him or her on the top of the adults like luggage, and bolt the door shut. Orlowski often awaited the arrivals of new transports of women. She would then whip the prisoners, especially across the eyes. In Majdanek, Orlowski was promoted to the rank of Kommandoführerin (Work Detail Overseer) in the sorting sheds.

As the SS Aufseherin, Orlowski supervised over 100 women, who sorted through items taken from prisoners who had been gassed: watches, furs, coats, gold, jewellery, money, toys, glasses, and so on. When the camp was evacuated, the Germans sent Orlowski to the notorious Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp near Kraków, in German-occupied Poland. In Plaszow-Kraków, Orlowski was in charge of a work detail on the Camp Street (Lager Strasse) and was known for her viciousness.

In early January 1945, Orlowski was among the SS women posted on the death march to Auschwitz-Birkenau and it was during this time that her behaviour, previously observed as being brutal and sadistic, became more humane. On the death march in mid-January 1945 from Auschwitz to Loslau, Orlowski gave comfort to the inmates, and even slept alongside them on the ground outside. She also brought water to those who were thirsty. It is unknown why her attitude changed, but some speculate that she sensed the war was almost over and she would soon be tried as a war criminal. Orlowski ended up back at Ravensbrück as a guard.

Post-war
After the war ended in May 1945, Orlowski was captured by Soviet forces and extradited to Poland to stand trial for war crimes. The "picture book SS woman" stood accused at the Auschwitz Trial in 1947. She was sentenced to 15 years in prison, but was released in 1957 after serving 10 years. After her release, Orlowski moved to West Germany.

In 1973, Orlowski was at a counter in Cologne when she complained that only "half the work" had been finished, referring to the extermination of the Jews. In response, she was arrested for hate speech. A West German court found her guilty of making antisemitic remarks and sentenced her to 10 months in prison, of which she served 8 months.

In 1975, the West German authorities arrested Orlowski a second time, for crimes committed in Majdanek. She was put on trial in the Third Majdanek Trial. Orlowski died from natural causes during her trial on 21 May 1976.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Alice Orlowski


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Mickey Thompson

Michael Lee "Mickey" Thompson (December 7, 1928 – March 16, 1988) was an American auto racing builder and promoter.

A hot rodder since his youth, Thompson increasingly pursued land speed records in his late 20s and early 30s. He achieved international fame in 1960, when he became the first American to break the 400-mph barrier, driving his Challenger 1 to a one-way top speed of 406.60 mph at the Bonneville Salt Flats and surpassing John Cobb's one-way world record mark of 402 mph.

Thompson then turned to racing, winning many track and dragster championships. In the 1960s, he also entered cars at the Indianapolis 500. Later, he formed off-road racing sanctioning bodies SCORE International and Mickey Thompson Entertainment Group (MTEG).

In 1988, Thompson and his wife Trudy were gunned down at their home in Bradbury, California. The crime remained unsolved until 2007, when a former business partner was convicted of the murders.

Early life

On December 7, 1928, Thompson was born in Alhambra, California. Thompson's father was Captain Marion L. Thompson, a former police officer with Alhambra Police Department. Thompson's sister is Collene Thompson Campbell.

Career
In his early 20s, Thompson worked as a pressman for the Los Angeles Times while pursuing hot rodding. He later became involved in the new sport of drag racing.

Over the course of his career, Thompson set more speed and endurance records than any other man in automotive history. He is credited with designing and building the first slingshot dragster, in 1954, moving the seat behind the rear axle to improve traction when existing racing tires proved unable to handle the output of increasingly powerful custom engines. This car, the Panorama City Special, debuted at the first NHRA U.S. Nationals at the Great Bend Municipal Airport in Great Bend, Kansas, in 1955. The car ultimately ran a best speed of 151.26 mph. A change so momentous would not happen again until Don Garlits introduced the rear-engined digger in 1971. Thompson also was noted for being the first manager of Lions Drag Strip in Wilmington, California, in 1955.

Thompson collaborated with Fritz Voight on a 1958 twin-engined dragster. This car achieved a best speed of 294.117 mph. It provided lessons later applied to Challenger I. Determined to set a new land speed record, Thompson achieved fame when he drove his four-engined Challenger 1 at better than 400 mph in 1960 at the Bonneville Salt Flats, becoming the first American to break that barrier.

1962
In 1962, Thompson entered three John Crosthwaite-designed cars in the Indianapolis 500. They used a stock V8 Buick engine, and it was in the rear unlike the front-engined, race-tuned, Offenhauser-powered cars used by most competitors. It was the first stock engine to be raced at Indy since 1946. Thompson's crew, led by Fritz Voigt, was young, smart, and hard working. Working 12- to 14-hour days, the car was designed and built in 120 days. For the race, the engine (enlarged to 4.2-L capacity, the maximum allowed by the regulations for "stock block" engines) had to be detuned because they were concerned it would not last the distance. Despite being more than 70 bhp down on the other cars, Dan Gurney qualified eighth and was in ninth place until a leaking oil seal seized the gearbox and ended his race on lap 94. He was placed 20th out of 33. The team won the Mechanical Achievement Award for original design, construction, and accomplishment.

1963
Thompson's promotional skills pleased the sponsors with the publicity generated that year. For the 1963 Indianapolis 500, Crosthwaite designed the innovative Harvey Aluminium Special "roller skate car" with the then-pioneering 12 in diameter wheels with smaller-profile racing tires, 7 in wide at the front and 9 in rear. Thompson took five cars to Indianapolis - two of the previous year's design with Chevrolet V8 engines and three roller skate cars. One of the new cars, the Harvey Titanium Special, featured a lightweight titanium chassis. Al Miller raced one of the modified 1962 cars to ninth place despite only qualifying in 31st position. Duane Carter qualified one of the roller skate cars 15th, but was only placed 23rd after an engine failure on the 100th lap. The small tire sizes and low car weights caused complaints among the old hands and owners, so for future races, cars were restricted to minimum tire sizes and minimum car weights.

Formula One World Champion Graham Hill tested one of the roller skate cars at Indianapolis in 1963, but refused to race it, citing its poor handling. The recent ruling required 15-in wheels, but the chassis was designed around smaller wheels. Thompson commented: "The car wouldn't handle", adding, "There was too much body roll due to the high center of gravity."

In 1963, Thompson traveled to England, where, along with Dante Duce, he demonstrated his Ford-powered Harvey Aluminum Special dragster at the Brighton Speed Trials. It was then displayed at the Racing Car Show in London in January 1964.

1964
Thompson brought three modified 12-inch-tired cars to the 1964 Indianapolis 500, but new rules required him to use 15-in tires. The Allstate sponsored team used Allstate tires and Ford engines. The chassis had to be altered to accommodate the larger Ford engines. Two of them qualified for the race. The car No. 84 began the month with Masten Gregory as the driver, but Eddie Johnson in car No. 84 qualified 24th and finished 26th. Dave MacDonald in car No. 83 qualified 14th and died in a fiery crash on the second lap.

1965–1968
Thompson went back to Indy in 1965, but failed to qualify for the 1965 Indianapolis 500 in an attempt with a front-engined roadster. He skipped the 1966 Indianapolis 500, but tried again in 1967 and 1968, but failed to qualify either year. The 1967 attempt used a unique all-wheel drive rear-engined design that steered both front and rear wheels, but Gary Congdon was unable to qualify any of the three cars.

Post Indy

In 1965, Thompson published Challenger: Mickey Thompson's own story of his life of Speed. In 1968 Danny Ongais and he took three Ford Mustang Mach 1 to the Bonneville salt flats for a feature in Hot Rod magazine, in the process setting 295 speed and endurance records over a series of 500-mile and 24-hour courses. Together with John Buttera and Pat Foster, developed a Ford Mustang Mach 1 Funny Car with a dragster-like chassis. Driven by Ongais, the car won the 1969 NHRA Spring Nationals at Dallas and the NHRA U.S. Nationals.

In his career, Thompson raced vehicles from stock cars to off-road, and engineered numerous competition engines. He went into the performance aftermarket business in the early 1960s and then, in 1963, he created "Mickey Thompson Performance Tires" that developed special tires for racing including for Indianapolis 500 competitors.

Thompson founded SCORE International in 1973, a sanctioning body to oversee off-road racing across North America. With his wife Trudy he formed the Mickey Thompson Entertainment Group (MTEG), which ran an indoor motocross and off-road vehicle racing show and competition that brought the sport from the back-country to major metropolitan stadiums and arenas.

Murders

On March 16, 1988, Thompson and his wife Trudy were murdered by two hooded gunmen outside their home in Bradbury, California.

On the morning of the murder, a pair of unknown assailants waited outside the Thompson home for the couple to leave for the day. Thompson opened the garage door for his wife to pull out in her vehicle, and as he headed for his own car, the gunmen attacked. He was shot and wounded, then dragged out into the driveway while one of the attackers went after Trudy as she backed out. Killing her, the gunman then came back up the driveway, where the other gunman was watching over Thompson and shot him fatally in the head. The attackers then made their escape on the bicycles they had ridden to the residence. Expensive jewelry and a large amount of cash were found on the Thompsons' bodies, eliminating robbery as a likely motive.

A police investigation initially failed to identify the gunmen or a motive for the crime. Police were interested in Thompson's former business partner, Michael Frank Goodwin, who repeatedly refused to pay a more than $768,000 settlement he owed Thompson. Goodwin and his wife bought $275,000 worth of gold coins two months before the Thompsons were murdered and wired $400,000 to banks in Grand Turk Island. Goodwin and his wife then left the US five months after the murder on their yacht and did not return for more than two years.

The case remained unsolved until 2001, when Goodwin was charged in Orange County, California, with the murders. Before the trial could be completed, it was ended on jurisdictional grounds by the California District Court of Appeal. On June 8, 2004, Goodwin was charged with the murders in Pasadena, in Los Angeles County. In October 2006, a Pasadena Superior Court judge ordered Goodwin to stand trial.

During the trial, a series of witnesses reported hearing Goodwin threaten to kill the Thompsons. "I’m going to kill that son of a bitch. I’m going to kill that motherfucker. I’m going to take out Mickey. I’m too smart to get caught. I’ll have him wasted. He’ll never see a nickel. I’ll kill him first. Mickey doesn’t know who he is fucking with. He is fucking dead."

On January 4, 2007, the jury found Goodwin guilty of two counts of murder in the death of Thompson and his wife. Goodwin was sentenced to two consecutive life-without-parole terms. A subsequent motion for a new trial was denied. In the 2015 California 2nd District Court of Appeal ruling, although no direct evidence connected Goodwin to the case, the array of circumstantial evidence was found to be "overwhelming". The two men who murdered the Thompsons have not been located.

TV coverage, and its fictionalization through the television program CSI, were cited by the defense team during the murder trial as having created a "folklore" around the case, preventing a fair trial.

In popular culture

 * CBS's To Tell The Truth. Appeared as a contestant in March 1962
 * NBC's Unsolved Mysteries
 * Investigation Discovery's Murder Book.
 * CBS television program 48 Hours Mystery April 28, 2007
 * CSI episode "Early Rollout" (2004) was based on this murder case.
 * Netflix's Homicide: Los Angeles details murder case in Episode 2.

Awards

 * Thompson was inducted posthumously to the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America
 * 1990 Inducted to International Motorsports Hall of Fame.
 * Thompson was ranked No. 11 on the National Hot Rod Association Top 50 Drivers, 1951–2000
 * Thompson was inducted posthumously to the Off-Road Motorsports Hall of Fame in 2007, and the Automotive Hall of Fame in 2009.

Additional sources

 * Taylor, Thom. "Beauty Beyond the Twilight Zone" in Hot Rod, April 2017, pp. 30–43.

title: Mickey Thompson


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User:Antifinnugor~enwiki

Greeting
Hi, I greet the other editors of the wikipedia. Have a nice time here.

I am primarily interested in - linguistic - History - Countries

Motto
As the name indicates, I am researching the motivation behind setting up the linguistically unlogical and unnatural artificial mini groups, the uralic and finno-ugric group. These are the pages I am talking about: User:Antifinnugor/Critique_of_Finno-Ugric_and_Uralic_language_groups, Finno-Ugric_languages and Uralic languages

Problems with the fu&uralic pages
The "scientific" methods of the promoters are today not different from those before 150 years:
 * Use wrong typology, that does not mention, that the similarities are the ones of the Turanian group, to that also belong Basque, Turkish, Armenian, Persian, Sumerian, Etruscian and other languages.
 * Fail to mention the numerous and fundamental grammatical differences in the uralic group
 * Set up erroneous cognate lists, even in the less then one dozen words there are numerous unsimilar elements. Stating, that there are 200 cognates, in reality less than ten.
 * In the cognate list putting words, that have completely other meaning into the same row suggesting they all have the meaning of the English word. Writing English words into the Hungarian column.
 * Fail to present a basic word list. If criticizers present one, they immediately delete it without arguments (as usual), with no comment or zynical/brazen comments.
 * Fail to mention, how unsimilar are the languages both in dictionary and in grammar
 * Fail to mention the important differences in the phoneme set and morphology.
 * mentioning completely unrelevant linguistic features like palatalization without explanation of any kind, why they do that.
 * Their typology list is completely unstructured, unlogical, almost unreadable.
 * In their "critic" section they criticize and defame the criticizers rather than the wrong theory
 * On their promoting pages they give no explanation of any kind of the so called "features", also there is no grouping there, and they use unappropriate wording like modern or innovative for languages.
 * They show very few links to alternative sides, even though there are quite a number of them. For example, the FU page fails to link to Dr.Marácz article about the unteniability of the Finno-Ugric theory.

Methods of the promoters
But the most interesting are their methods against the criticizers of their theory:
 * Call the criticizers charlatan, troll, what they write fecal or a piece of junk How fine, isn't it?
 * According to their own words, they want to butcher the critique article. This came from one promoter, (Dbachmann) who himself suggested previously to write a critique page. What a correct behaviour.
 * The same finnougrist calls others to vandalize the critic page: Thanks again for collecting this material. (you may want to help turn Critique of Finno-Ugric and Uralic language groups back into a redirect) — please open the RfC, I will sign it immediately. dab
 * Nominate critique pages for deletion
 * Do not respect the democratic votes and unscrupulously redirect and/or delete the page contents
 * Unscrupulously delete everything the criticizers write onto the promoting pages of the theory without discussion of any kind with no comment or zynical/brazen comments. They do not let a single character from criticizers remain on the original page.
 * Add all kind of "dubious" "needs discussion" and similar signs to the critique page without a word of discussion, without mentioning any kind of reason.
 * They change the text of the critic page: criticizers say to one criticizer says. How intelligent and convincing.
 * When their promotion pages get signed as "needs discussion" and they get a long list of problems, they answer briefly in fact saying nothing, ignore the answer that states, the problems are still there, and remove the sign "page needs discussion" instantly.
 * To questions regarding their page, that does not explain much, they either do not answer, or give arrogant answers like: 'You're apparently not a linguist, and I don't see why you waste so much time persisting in dictating the content in this article. --sign of author
 * They redirect referring to some completely unknown consent, and for example the author of the above arrogant sentence refuses to answer any question on his talk page.
 * Defame linguist criticizers as non linguists.
 * Write about nationalism and the like instead of arguing.
 * They absolutely do not seem to want any consensus or compromise, do not offer any, instead they keep deleting and refusing to discuss or even to explain simple but not explained entries.
 * Shout for rfa against the criticizers while they break the rules quite obviously.

critics section
I cite from the present finno-ugric page the so called "critics section": "Entirely outside the sphere of linguistics is the claim of "untenability" of the Finno-Ugric family by László Marácz, referenced by de Smit for its "morbid fascination"." This style- not to reference Dr. Marácz excellent and convincing article about the unteniability of the finno-ugric theory, but to refer to a certain "de Smit", who probably (according to the name) knows no word neither Finnish, nor Hungarian, reminds to the methods of the KGB, that never cited any critic, but criticized the criticizers calling them lunatics and the like. This is a very low level of discussion and no scientific, but a dogmatic level. The wikipedia is not a collection of dogmas and a place to protect dogmas by any mean. At least this is one of its written principles.

Also a remark from a supporter: 'Antifinnugor', I appreciate your cooperation, but please do not write on subjects which you are not familiar with. The supporter, Hippo, wrote this, after I corrected some obviously erroneous entries on the support page in Hungarian, that he obviously does not know.

Clique
Some wiki editors, a clear minority of all editors, create a clique. In the clique they
 * feel free to force dogmatic views to the other editors.
 * unscrupulously delete other editors entries with or without cynic comments over a longer period of time, cynically calling this "janitor work"
 * encourage each other to ignore the wikipedia rules, for example to vandalize certain pages, they don't like
 * provocate other editors with: "why do you speak about things you do not know" or they answer questions with: "stop influencing articles with your stupid objections", call other editors "charlatane", and their writings "feca" or "piece of junk" and the like, open admit, they want to "butcher" other editor articles or vandalize it by redirection, and the like
 * they even do illegal things like collecting texts of a certain wiki editor, (like user:nyenyec did) like the kgb and other terror-organizations did, and they clearly hurt the laws with that that protects intellectual property. Other members of the clique support this illegal behaviour.
 * they refuse to present different opinions as their dogmas defaming the authors of the different opinions as "semi scientist" and the like.
 * the answers to their provocations they call "uncivilized behaviour"
 * raise rfa-s against other editors and witness for each other, unscrupulously defaming the other side.
 * call the supporters of other editors sockpuppets and write private messages like "I suggest in friendship to delete the entry of editor x, since this editor is a sockpuppet".
 * refuse to put any reference to any critical wiki article to their dogmatic articles using the above mentioned deleting technique.
 * try to delete critical articles. If the other editors do not agree, they redirect the critical article by vandalizing it.

They want to promote their dogmatic views and to suppress all other opinions using the above procedures, hoping, they can fool the majority with their defamatory and offending inbehaviour.

Links

 * [Email]
 * [bugzilla]
 * User:Antifinnugor/Critique_of_Finno-Ugric_and_Uralic_language_groups User page
 * Finno-Ugric_languages fu
 * Uralic languages ural
 * Critique_of_Finno-Ugric_and_Uralic_language_Groups critic
 * Critic_of_Finno_Ugric_and_Uralic_language_Groups critic2
 * Critique of Finno-Ugric and Uralic language groups critic3
 * [] vote
 * Pages_needing_attention
 * Administrators%27_noticeboard
 * Requests_for_page_protection
 * Requests_for_comment
 * Requests_for_comment/Antifinnugor
 * Neutral_point_of_view
 * Votes_for_deletion
 * User:Antifinnugor/Dbachmann
 * Requests_for_arbitration/Dbachmann
 * Requests_for_arbitration/Antifinnugor

Users
[] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
 * mark
 * Wyss
 * User:Dbenbenn/Antifinnugor
 * dab
 * Mustafaa
 * Hippopha%EB
 * Pjacobi
 * Pasquale
 * User_talk:Jniemenmaa
 * User_talk:BM
 * User_talk:Cdc
 * User_talk:Nyenyec
 * User_talk:Wiglaf
 * User_talk:Livajo
 * User_talk:Bishonen
 * finne
 * User_talk:Kimmo
 * reverters:
 * User_talk:Pjacobi
 * User_talk:Jayjg
 * Dbenbenn

Koo-koo for Cocoa Puffs
Good luck with that.

 * Yes, he's been long gone for a while apparently, but his wheels fell of he axel when he grouped Sumerian and Etruscan with other languages. HammerFilmFan (talk) 01:59, 16 October 2011 (UTC)

title: User:Antifinnugor~enwiki


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Chicago (poem)

"Chicago" is a poem by Carl Sandburg about the city of Chicago that became his adopted home. It first appeared in Poetry, March 1914, the first of nine poems collectively titled "Chicago Poems". It was republished in 1916 in Sandburg's first mainstream collection of poems, also titled Chicago Poems.

Sandburg moved to Chicago in 1912 after living in Milwaukee, where he had served as secretary to Emil Seidel, Milwaukee's Socialist mayor. Harriet Monroe, a fellow resident of Chicago, had founded the magazine Poetry in 1912. Monroe liked and encouraged Sandburg's plain-speaking free verse style, strongly reminiscent of Walt Whitman. Chicago Poems established Sandburg as a major figure in contemporary literature.

Sandburg has described the poem as "a chant of defiance by Chicago... its defiance of New York, Boston, Philadelphia, London, Paris, Berlin and Rome. The poem sort of says "Maybe we ain't got culture, but we're eatin' regular.""

The Chicago Poems and its follow-up volumes of verse, Cornhuskers (1918) and Smoke and Steel (1920), represent Sandburg's attempts to create an American version of social realism, writing expansive verse in praise of American agriculture and industry. All of these tendencies are manifest in "Chicago" itself. Then as now, the city of Chicago was a hub of commodities trading and a key financial center for agricultural markets. The city was also a center of the meat-packing industry and an important railroad hub; these industries are also mentioned in the poem.

One of Chicago's many nicknames, "City of the Big Shoulders," is taken from the poem's fifth line.

title: Chicago (poem)


text: Category:Veterans' organizations

title: Category:Veterans' organizations


text: Category:People from North Carolina

title: Category:People from North Carolina


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Emilio Villoresi

Emilio Villoresi (December 7, 1914 – June 20, 1939), also known with his nickname "Mimì" Villoresi, a was an Italian Grand Prix motor racing driver.

Emilio Villoresi was born in Milan, Lombardy. He was the younger brother of the Maserati driver Luigi Villoresi who co-drove with him in several races at the beginning of their career. Emilio Villoresi and his brother first competed together in the 1935 and 1936 Mille Miglia driving a Fiat 508CS Balilla Sport but after a disappointing finish they purchased a Maserati which they initially drove individually in different races. After a string of good results Emilio was signed to drive an Alfa Romeo for Scuderia Ferrari in the 1937 Grand Prix season.

Emilio Villoresi finished third behind teammates Giuseppe Farina and Clemente Biondetti at the 1937 Coppa Principessa di Piemonte and at the inaugural race at the "Circuito della Superba" in Genoa. In 1938, when the German Silver Arrows were dominating Grand Prix events, Villoresi managed to win the class competition at both the Coppa Ciano and the Italian Grand Prix. In May 1939, he finished a strong third to the still dominant Mercedes-Benz cars of Hermann Lang and Rudolf Caracciola at the Nürburgring.

Villoresi's career was cut short the following month when he suffered a fatal crash while testing an Alfa Romeo 158 Alfetta at the Autodromo Nazionale Monza.

title: Emilio Villoresi


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Despot of Epirus

The despot of Epirus was the ruler of the Despotate of Epirus, one of the successor states of the Byzantine Empire in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade. The name "Despotate of Epirus" and the title "despot of Epirus" are modern historiographical names, and were not in use by the despots themselves. In the Byzantine Empire, the title of despot (δεσπότης) was a prestigious court title and did not designate rule over some specific territory. Though several of the early Greek rulers of the Epirote realm did use the title of despot, it was never in reference to the lands they governed, but instead in reference to their position in the imperial hierarchy.

It was only with Epirus falling into the hands of foreign dynasties that the title of despot became applied not to the imperial hierarchy, but to the territory, sometimes to the dismay of the local population. "Despot of Epirus" is not recorded in contemporary documents for the rulers of foreign origin, but several other versions are, such as "despot of Arta" and "despot of Ioannina", the two capitals of the despotate at different points in time. Some rulers used the version "despot of Romania" (Romania essentially referring to the territories of the Roman Empire, i.e. Byzantium) or "despot of the Romans" (claiming rulership over the Romans, i.e. the Byzantines/Greeks).

The final despot of Epirus was Leonardo III Tocco, who ruled from 1448 to 1479, when the remnants of the despotate were conquered by the Ottoman Empire. Leonardo escaped into exile and his descendants continued to claim the title until 1642, when the titular despot Antonio Tocco abandoned it and instead claimed the title of prince of Achaea.

Title
In the Late Byzantine Empire, the title of despot (δεσπότης) was a prestigious and elevated court title. It was not used as a ruling title in regards to any specific landed possession. As such, referring to the rulers of the Despotate of Epirus (a non-contemporary term for the state) as "Despots of Epirus" is technically incorrect. The title only became associated with certain territories as the practice of emperors granting the title to princes and granting them semi-authonomous appanages to govern became regularized. Furthermore, not all rulers of Epirus bore the title. The founder of the Epirote realm, Michael I Komnenos Doukas, never used the title and neither did his successor Theodore Komnenos Doukas, who actually crowned himself emperor (basileus) at Thessalonica c. 1225. The first ruler of Epirus to receive the title of despot was Michael II, from his uncle Manuel of Thessalonica in the 1230s, and then again, as a sign of submission and vassalage, from the Nicaean emperor John III Vatatzes.

Use of a version of the title despot actually associated with territory began under the rule of the Orsini family, following the extinction of the original Komnenos Doukas dynasty. Of Italian descent, the Orsini rulers rendered their title as Despotus Romaniae ("Despot of Romania"). Epirus was a part of Romania (not meaning the modern country, but essentially "the territories of the Roman Empire", i.e. Byzantium). Thomas II Preljubović, who was granted Epirus by its previous ruler, claimant Serbian emperor Simeon Uroš, was granted the dignity of despot by Simeon and titled himself as the "Despot of Ioannina" to designate his rule over his capital Ioannina and all of Epirus.

Upon becoming the ruler of Ioannina in 1411, Carlo I Tocco assumed the title of despot, either as a reference to the Komnenos Doukas and Orsini despots, or to the title assumed by Thomas II Preljubović. The locals insisted that Carlo seek recognition of that title from the Byzantine emperor, and after having sent his brother Leonardo to Constantinople, Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos formally recognized him as despot. To Carlo, the title of despot meant that he could claim rulership over all of Epirus, not just Ioannina; he notably captured Arta, capital under the Komnenos Doukas and Orsini, in 1416. To the Byzantines in Constantinople, the granting of the title served more to buffer the lack of actual imperial control in the region, only being a nominal reference to the power previously exercised in Epirus by Greek despots. From 1418 onwards, Carlo rendered his title in Latin as Despotus Romaniae, as the Orsini despots had done before him. This title had also been used by Centurione II Zaccaria, Prince of Achaea, and Carlo might have assumed it in 1418 not as a reference to previous rulers of Epirus, but essentially as a usurpation of Centurione's (his former feudal overlord) title after the Prince of Achaea had suffered devastating losses of territory to the Byzantines in that same year. Epirote sources write that the title Despotus Romaniae was confirmed by Manuel II, but contemporary Byzantine sources are silent on the matter. Documents from Ioannia and Arta give Carlo the full title Dominus Carolus Dei Gratia despotus Romaniae ("Lord Carlo, by the grace of God, Despot of Romania").

Carlo also sometimes used the version Despotus Romeorum ("Despot of the Romans", i.e. the Byzantines/Greeks) from 1418 onwards. This version of the title had even more dangerous implications for Constantinople, as it implied rulership over the Byzantine people themselves rather than territory they considered part of their empire. To the Byzantines, such power could only legally be exercised by the emperor. Carlo I's successor, Carlo II Tocco, used the title "Despot of Arta", which connected him to the old capital of the Epirote realm rather than to the territory of the Byzantine Empire at large. Even then, "Despot of Arta" was no more acceptable to the Byzantines than "Despot of Romania" as it was still in relation to a specific territory, rather than on the position of a despot relative to the emperor in court hierarchy. This title was also used by Carlo II's successor, Leonardo III Tocco. Later members of the Tocco family, pretenders to the title, used both "Despot of Romania" and "Despot of Arta"; a 1697 Italian text titles the despots of the Tocco family as Despoti de Romanìa, & del'Arta ("Despots of Romania and of Arta").

Titular despots of Epirus, 1479–1642
With Antonio Tocco's abandonment of the title in the 17th century, the Tocco family ceased to use the title Despot of Epirus. Antonio's male-line descendants instead continued the use of the title Prince of Achaea. The change in titulature might be attributable to the Tocchi being the most senior descendants of Thomas Palaiologos, Despot of the Morea, following the extinction of his last certain male-line descendants in the 16th century. Thomas Palaiologos had married the heiress of Centurione II Zaccaria, the last Prince of Achaea, and had inherited the territories of the principality upon Centurione's death in 1432.

title: Despot of Epirus


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Pretzel link

In the mathematical theory of knots, a pretzel link is a special kind of link. It consists of a finite number of tangles made of two intertwined circular helices. The tangles are connected cyclicly, and the first component of the first tangle is connected to the second component of the second tangle, the first component of the second tangle is connected to the second component of the third tangle, and so on. Finally, the first component of the last tangle is connected to the second component of the first. A pretzel link which is also a knot (that is, a link with one component) is a pretzel knot.

Each tangle is characterized by its number of twists: positive if they are counter-clockwise or left-handed, negative if clockwise or right-handed. In the standard projection of the $$(p_1,\,p_2,\dots,\,p_n)$$ pretzel link, there are $$p_1$$left-handed crossings in the first tangle, $$p_2$$in the second, and, in general, $$p_n$$in the n th.

A pretzel link can also be described as a Montesinos link with integer tangles.

Some basic results
The $$(p_1,p_2,\dots,p_n)$$ pretzel link is a knot iff both $$n$$ and all the $$p_i$$ are odd or exactly one of the $$p_i$$ is even.

The $$(p_1,\,p_2,\dots,\,p_n)$$ pretzel link is split if at least two of the $$p_i$$ are zero; but the converse is false.

The $$(-p_1,-p_2,\dots,-p_n)$$ pretzel link is the mirror image of the $$(p_1,\,p_2,\dots,\,p_n)$$ pretzel link.

The $$(p_1,\,p_2,\dots,\,p_n)$$ pretzel link is isotopic to the $$(p_2,\,p_3,\dots,\,p_n,\,p_1)$$ pretzel link. Thus, too, the $$(p_1,\,p_2,\dots,\,p_n)$$ pretzel link is isotopic to the $$(p_k,\,p_{k+1},\dots,\,p_n,\,p_1,\,p_2,\dots,\,p_{k-1})$$ pretzel link.

The $$(p_1,\,p_2,\,\dots,\,p_n)$$ pretzel link is isotopic to the $$(p_n,\,p_{n-1},\dots,\,p_2,\,p_1)$$ pretzel link. However, if one orients the links in a canonical way, then these two links have opposite orientations.

Some examples
The (1, 1, 1) pretzel knot is the (right-handed) trefoil; the (−1, −1, −1) pretzel knot is its mirror image.

The (5, −1, −1) pretzel knot is the stevedore knot (61).

If p, q , r are distinct odd integers greater than 1, then the (p, q, r) pretzel knot is a non-invertible knot.

The (2p, 2q, 2r) pretzel link is a link formed by three linked unknots.

The (−3, 0, −3) pretzel knot (square knot (mathematics)) is the connected sum of two trefoil knots.

The (0, q, 0) pretzel link is the split union of an unknot and another knot.

Montesinos
A Montesinos link is a special kind of link that generalizes pretzel links (a pretzel link can also be described as a Montesinos link with integer tangles). A Montesinos link which is also a knot (i.e., a link with one component) is a Montesinos knot.

A Montesinos link is composed of several rational tangles. One notation for a Montesinos link is $$K(e;\alpha_1 /\beta_1,\alpha_2 /\beta_2,\ldots,\alpha_n  /\beta_n)$$.

In this notation, $$e$$ and all the $$\alpha_i$$ and $$\beta_i$$ are integers. The Montesinos link given by this notation consists of the sum of the rational tangles given by the integer $$e$$ and the rational tangles $$\alpha_1 /\beta_1,\alpha_2  /\beta_2,\ldots,\alpha_n  /\beta_n$$

These knots and links are named after the Spanish topologist José María Montesinos Amilibia, who first introduced them in 1973.

Utility
(−2, 3, 2 n + 1) pretzel links are especially useful in the study of 3-manifolds. Many results have been stated about the manifolds that result from Dehn surgery on the (−2,3,7) pretzel knot in particular.

The hyperbolic volume of the complement of the $(−2,3,8)$ pretzel link is $4$ times Catalan's constant, approximately 3.66. This pretzel link complement is one of two two-cusped hyperbolic manifolds with the minimum possible volume, the other being the complement of the Whitehead link.

title: Pretzel link


text:
Pretzel knot

A Pretzel knot may refer to:

 * Pretzel link: a concept in mathematics
 * Soft pretzel with garlic
 * Stafford knot: a rope knot used in sailing and heraldry

title: Pretzel knot


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Ostlandkreuz

Ostlandkreuz (German for "Eastern Lands Cross") or Kreuz des deutschen Ostens ("Cross of the German East") is the name of memorial crosses in Germany remembering the large-scale Ethnic cleansing of Central and Eastern Europe of its German-speaking population. After border shifts and population transfers agreed at the Potsdam Conference, German-speakers were expelled from the former Sudetenland areas of Czechoslovakia, from the Former eastern territories of Germany annexed by Poland and the Soviet part of the former Province of East Prussia. While most of these crosses stand in cemeteries, some are erected as landmarks on mountains.

Locations
In Germany there are several hundred Ostlandkreuze, most of which are located in cemeteries. The following list is restricted to the most prominent Ostlandkreuze erected on exposed locations.

Bad Harzburg
On 24 June 1950 a 20.5 m, wooden cross, the Kreuz des Deutschen Ostens, was dedicated on the Uhlenklippen crags near Bad Harzburg in the presence of Ernst Reuter. This cross stood for over 47 years before being blown down on 4 March 1998 during a hurricane. On 30 September 2000 a new 17.7 m and 6.3 m, partly wooden-clad, steel cross was dedicated on the same spot. The construction cost came to 180,000 DM. Around the cross in a wide arc is a footpath on the outside of which are small rough-hewn stone monuments facing the cross; each one with a shield representing one of the former German provinces in Central Europe, east to its modern border. The cross is checkpoint no. 122 on the Harzer Wandernadel hiking network.

Geislingen
The Geislingen Ostlandkreuz is a memorial cross built in 1950 south of Geislingen, on the Schildwacht mountain. It remembers specifically the expulsions from the South Moravian Region in and around the towns of Znojmo, Mikulov, Nová Bystřice and Slavonice.

It is a steel framework construction covered with copper plates. Its height is 22.7m/74.5ft and it weighs 8.5 tons. The span of its arms is 7.5m/24.5ft. A landmark of Geislingen, the cross was renovated in 1992, further refurbished in 2003 and received a light installation for illumination at night.

Coordinates: 48.61583°N, 9.83083°W

Nordstemmen
The wooden "Cross of the German East" (Kreuz des deutschen Ostens) was erected in 1961 on the Bocksberg near the village of Heyersum. After being destroyed it was newly consecrated in 1990 and 2006.

Winterbach
The cross and an altar, both made of concrete, are located on the Hungerberg, a slope on the northern edge of the Rems valley between Winterbach and Schorndorf.

Once a year around 5:30 am on Easter morning there is a service at this Ostlandkreuz.

Coordinates: 48.80953°N, 9.497°W

Dülken
In the town of Dülken (Viersen district) a cross in memory of the war and German refugees was erected at the cemetery in 1951. It was restored in 2005.

title: Ostlandkreuz


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Leopold Widhalm

Martin Leopold Widhalm (October 2, 1722 – June 10, 1776) was an Austrian luthier.

Born in Horn, Austria, he worked on many old Bologna lutes that inspired his later work in his manufacture of lutes, violins and violoncellos in Nuremberg, Germany between 1746 and 1776. Widhalm moved permanently to Nuremberg in 1745 to work at the instrument making shop of the late Sebastian Schelle (1676–1744) being run by his eldest daughter Barbara. The couple's working relationship became personal and resulted in marriage the following year. However, a prolonged legal battle ensued with Leonhard Maussiell (1685–1760), who objected to Widhalm taking over the business.

When legal matters finally ended, Leopold and Barbara Widhalm created the largest and most successful lute and violin manufacturing operation in Nuremberg, noted for their outstanding quality. Following his death in 1776 and her death in 1781, their sons Martin Leopold Widhalm (1747–1806) and Gallus Ignatius Widhalm (1752–1822) took over from him and a grandson, Johann Martin Leopold Widhalm (1799–1855) too became involved in the business.

title: Leopold Widhalm


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James Boag's Premium

James Boag's Premium is a brand of Tasmanian beer from Boag's Brewery and was first released in 1994.

It is a European style lager brewed using pilsner malts and fermented at a lower temperature than most Australian lagers, employing an extended maturation period. It currently has an ABV of 4.6%. It was originally 5.0%.

Awards

 * 1997-2008: Gold medal – International Monde Selection
 * 2007: Crystal Prestige Award – International Monde Selection
 * 2001-2005: Premium Beer of the Year – Australian Liquor Industry Awards
 * 2005: Gold medal – New Zealand International Beer Awards
 * 2000: Gold medal – Australian International Beer Awards
 * 2021-22: Gold medal - Australia’s most premium beer
 * 2021-22: Frostiest Beer of the Year - Botanic Park Premium Council
 * 2022-22: Frostiest Beer of the Year - Botanic Park Premium Council (unanimous decision)

title: James Boag's Premium


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Stavros Dimas

Stavros Dimas (Σταύρος Δήμας, ; born 30 April 1941) is a Greek politician who was European Commissioner for the Environment from 2004 to 2009. From November 2011 to May 2012, he served in the government of Greece as Minister for Foreign Affairs. The New Democracy–PASOK coalition government nominated him for the post of President of Greece in December 2014, but he failed to achieve the necessary votes, forcing the dissolution of parliament.

Early life and education
Stavros Dimas was born in 1941 in the village of Klenia, Corinthia. Dimas studied law at the University of Athens and went on to earn a Master of Laws from New York University.

Career
In 1968 he began working as a lawyer for a firm on Wall Street, moving to the World Bank the following year, where he worked on investments in Africa and the Middle East. In 1975 he returned to Greece to take up the post of deputy governor of the Hellenic Industrial Development Bank (ETVA), while also being a member of the committee preparing Greek accession to the EEC.

Entry into politics
From 1977 he was active in Greek politics as a member of the conservative New Democracy party, being elected as an MP on the nationwide list. He was elected to the Greek parliament ten consecutive times that year.

He went on to hold a variety of ministerial and other political positions:

 * Deputy Minister of Economic Coordination (28 November 1977 – 10 May 1980)
 * Minister of Trade (10 May – 11 October 1980)
 * Minister without Portfolio (11 October 1980 – 21 October 1981)
 * Parliamentary spokesperson for the New Democracy party (October 1985 – June 1989)
 * Minister of Agriculture (2 July – 12 October 1989)
 * Minister of Agriculture (23 November 1989 – 13 February 1990)
 * Minister of Industry, Energy and Technology (11 April 1990 – 29 July 1991)
 * Secretary-General of New Democracy (1995–2000)
 * Senior Member of the Political Analysis Steering Committee of New Democracy (2000–2003)
 * Head of the New Democracy delegation to the Council of Europe (2000–2004)

European Commission
Dimas served briefly in the Prodi Commission. He was appointed European Commissioner for Employment and Social Affairs in March 2004, taking over the role from the previous Greek Commissioner Anna Diamantopoulou. A major focus of his work during this time involved making it more difficult for states to opt out of the Working Time Directive. The Greek government nominated Dimas for the incoming Barroso Commission which took office on 22 November 2004.

In a speech to a committee of the European Parliament Dimas announced four main priorities for his term in office: climate change, biodiversity, public health, and sustainability. He emphasised the importance of the Kyoto Protocol, the Natura 2000 project, the REACH directive, and the need to better enforce existing EU environmental legislation.

Selection hearing

Concerns were raised in advance by MEPs and many NGOs that by appointing a former Wall Street lawyer and industry minister to the environment post the EU had signalled a decreased commitment to environmental issues in favour of promoting economic competitiveness. However, after some months time, the environment unions quickly endorsed his programme and publicly congratulated him for being able to support the positions of the environmental organizations with great success within the commission. Dimas' role was vital especially since the President, Mr Barroso, was ready to disregard the effects on the environment due to the need to improve economic development.

Questioned by the European Parliament, Dimas took the view that preserving the environment and promoting competitiveness went hand in hand, and that environmental policy could provide a stimulus for technological innovation. Among other statements, he said that GM residues in seeds should be the lowest technically feasible.

Following his hearing Dimas received a sceptical response from most MEPs. Many believed him to have insufficient experience to fulfill the role. Karl-Heinz Florenz, chair of the Environment Committee and a member of the conservative EPP-ED, said that European environment policy needed, "more than just declarations of intention.... If Commission President-designate Barroso puts the Lisbon Strategy on top of the agenda, this must not mean that the primacy of economic over environment policy gets cemented." However, he stressed the need to give Dimas time to 'grow into' his role. The Socialists gave him a qualified approval but criticised his plans as too vague. The Greens and the left-wing GUE/NGL opposed his appointment outright, with the Greens naming him as one of the three "incompetent" Commissioners-designate who prompted them to vote against the commission as a whole. Representatives of industry and the business community welcomed his appointment to the environment post.

In a dramatic change of stance, the Greens endorsed the programme plan by Commissioner Dimas and have argued that their cooperation in environmental issues is harmonic.

Stance on climate change

Dimas led the EU in its tough line on climate change during the first weeks of the new Commission. At UN talks on climate change in Buenos Aires in December 2004 he attempted to negotiate a new system of mandatory emissions reductions to follow the expiration of the initial Kyoto targets in 2012. This approach met with fierce opposition from the U.S., representatives of which refused to even discuss the matter. The Italian environment minister Altero Matteoli broke EU ranks on the issue, proposing voluntary targets after 2012, and saying that it was, "unthinkable to go ahead without the US, China and India."

In response to the refusal of countries to sign Kyoto, such as the United States and Australia (the latter of which exchanged viewpoints with the EU on the matter), the EU has been looking to tax products imported from those countries not taking low-carbon policies on board (Border Tax Adjustments).

When defending the commission's new proposals to climate change in 2007, he claimed "It is clear that the fight against climate change is much more than a battle. It is a world war that will last for many years."

Dimas oversaw the introduction of the EU's emissions trading scheme, that took effect on 1 January 2005, despite emissions reduction plans from Poland, Italy, the Czech Republic and Greece not having been approved on time. He also sought to include companies operating aircraft under the emissions trading regime.

In February 2007 the Commissioner put forward his plans to increase fuel efficiency standards of cars so that emissions are no more than 130g of CO2 per km, down from 162g/km in 2005. This caused anger from the European car industry which was stoked by the Commissioner requesting a Japanese car, a Toyota Prius, instead of a European make due to the Toyota's better environmental standards.

Return to Greece
In July 2010 the president of New Democracy Antonis Samaras appointed Stavros Dimas as vice-president of the party with responsibility for economic and social affairs. From 11 November 2011 to 17 May 2012 he served as Minister for Foreign Affairs in the Lucas Papademos interim cabinet.

On 9 December 2014, Prime Minister Samaras announced the candidacy of Dimas, jointly supported by New Democracy and PASOK, for the Presidency of Greece, which took place in three ballots on 17, 23 and 29 December. He failed to achieve the necessary votes, forcing the dissolution of parliament.

title: Stavros Dimas


text:
AGM-53 Condor

In 1962, the U.S. Navy issued a requirement for a long-range high-precision air-to-surface missile. The missile, named the AGM-53A Condor, was to use a television guidance system with a data link to the launching aircraft similar to the system of the then projected AGM-62 Walleye.

Development history
Because of numerous problems in the development phase, the first flight of an XAGM-53A missile did not occur before March 1970.

On 4 February 1971, in its first live warhead test, a Condor made a direct hit on the ex-US navy destroyer escort USS Vammen (DE-644), while tests later that year demonstrated the ability to hit targets at a range of 56 km. The AGM-53 program was cancelled in March 1976. Its long range and potentially high precision made the Condor a very powerful weapon, but it was much more expensive than contemporary tactical air-to-ground weapons. The secure data link contributed a significant portion to total missile cost, and it certainly didn't help that this link was still somewhat unreliable.

Description
The Condor was to be a long-range missile to be used for high-precision stand-off attacks. The missile was launched by the strike aircraft from a distance of up to 60 NM to the general target area. When the AGM-53 approached the expected target position, the image of the TV camera in the missile's nose was transmitted back to the operator in the launching aircraft. The operator could switch between wide and narrow field-of-view images to find a suitable target.

As soon as a target for the missile had been selected, the operator could either fly the missile manually until impact, or lock the Condor on the target and rely on the missile's capability to home on the final aiming point. The Condor's linear shaped charge warhead detonated on impact.

A variant of the Condor was anticipated to carry the W73 nuclear warhead, a derivative of the B61 nuclear bomb. Details on the W73 are poorly documented, and it never entered production or service.

Operators

 * 🇺🇸: The AGM-53 was cancelled before entering service.

title: AGM-53 Condor


text:
Talk:Akershus University Hospital

You have the permission to use the English text about Akershus universitetssykehus (Akershus University Hospital) in Wikipedia. the undersigned; Christian Mjelde is the Copyright holder of the site www.ahus.no

Christian Mjelde

Is there any particular reason that this article is at Akershus universitetssykehus and not Akershus University Hospital? DaveTheRed 04:26, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Akershus University Hospital


text:
Geislingen

Geislingen may refer to two towns in Baden-Württemberg, Germany:
 * Geislingen an der Steige, district of Göppingen
 * Geislingen, Zollernalbkreis, Zollernalbkreis district

title: Geislingen


text:
Cascade Brewery

Cascade Brewery is a brewery established in 1824 in South Hobart, Tasmania, and is the oldest continually operating brewery in Australia.

As well as beer, the site also produces a range of non-alcoholic products. It is home to a function centre, as well as operating tourism related ventures including guided tours and a retail outlet.

History
The Cascade estate was originally a saw milling operation, run by a partnership called Macintosh and Degraves Sawmills. The mills began operation in 1825 and the brewery was founded beside the Hobart Rivulet in 1832 by Hugh Macintosh (1776–1834) with his nephews Henry and Charles Degraves while Peter Degraves was in Hobart prison serving a five-year sentence.

Until 2011 the conventional history of Cascade Brewery held that the brewery, and the other enterprises at Cascade, had been founded by Peter Degraves. However research by historian Greg Jefferys for his Masters thesis showed that the major partner in the Cascade Mills and Brewery had actually been Major Hugh Macintosh and that Degraves had falsified the history of the brewery after Macintosh's death in 1834.

Macintosh was a retired East India Company Officer who emigrated from England on his ship Hope in 1824 with his brother-in-law Peter Degraves (1778–1852). Degraves was an undischarged bankrupt and a convicted thief. In 1826, charges were laid against Degraves for debts incurred in England, and he was taken into custody until 1832. As a result of Degraves' arrest, Macintosh dissolved the partnership, paid all of the partnership's outstanding debts, and took over the running of the sawmills with his two nephews as well as expanding his farming interests near New Norfolk. After his release in 1832, Peter Degraves took over running and expanding the brewery on the property owned by himself and Macintosh. Macintosh moved to his farm on the banks for the Derwent River where he pursued his interests in viticulture and Merino sheep.

During this period, Macintosh supported Henry Savery, who wrote Australia's first novel. After Macintosh's death in December 1834, his half-share of the Cascade estate passed to his son William Macintosh who lived in Madras, India. Degraves offered to buy William's share but never paid his nephew, and William died a pauper in 1840, still owed a small fortune by his wealthy uncle Peter Degraves. After Macintosh's death, Degraves continued to expand both the milling and brewing operations at the Cascade, exporting both timber and beer to mainland Australia, particularly to Victoria where the gold rush created huge demands for both timber and beer.

After Degraves' death, Cascade passed into the control of his eldest son, Henry Degraves. However, Henry Degraves died two years after his father and the management of the brewery passed to James Wilson, husband of Degraves' youngest daughter, Deborah Hope Degraves. It is now owned by Anheuser-Busch InBev, through its Australian subsidiary Carlton & United Breweries. Cascade produces a range of beers, apple cider ('Mercury Cider' brand) and non-alcoholic beverages including apple juice, blackcurrant syrup and carbonated beverages.

In 1967 the building housing the brewery was almost completely destroyed by the bushfires that devastated south-east Tasmania. With a rebuild to commence in no time at all, the brewery was back up and running a mere three months later.

The image adopted for its label in 1987, H. C. Richter's nineteenth-century illustration of the now extinct Tasmanian tiger (Thylacinus cynocephalus), is from Gould's The Mammals of Australia.

Cascade is unique among Australian breweries and rare among breweries worldwide in that it operates its own maltings, producing malt for its mainstream beers (including Premium Lager and Pale Ale) from locally grown barley. Specialty malts for dark beers and the seasonal range are imported from mainland Australia and from overseas. The Cascade name is also given to the sporting event 'The Cascade Cup'.

The Cascade Brewery is designated on the Tasmanian Heritage Register.

Premium range

 * Cascade Premium Lager is an Australian-style lager, hopped with Australian "Summer" hops to give the beer a distinct spicy flavour. Alcohol Content: 4.5% Originally, 5.2%.
 * Cascade Premium Light is a low-alcohol lager, which is currently the biggest selling light beer in Australia. Alcohol Content: 2.6%

Degrave's Collection:

 * Cascade Pale Ale, also known as "green" or simply "Pale", is in fact an Australian-style lager, not an ale. The Pale Ale name has been used since the brewery was established and was originally an ale style beer. The Pale Ale has an excellent balance of the famous "Pride of Ringwood" Hop and Pale Malt giving the beer a fruity mid palette and spicy end palette. Alcohol Content: 5.0% (originally 5.2%)
 * Cascade Stout is a stout beer, commonly drunk by an older audience. The Cascade Stout is brewed with a blend of different malts and grains including roasted barley, which gives the brew chocolate and coffee overtones. Alcohol Content: 5.8%
 * Cascade Blonde is a premium lager beer brewed with a blend of barley and wheat malts, then hopped using the "Cascade" Hop to give a light bitterness. The wheat malt in this brew gives the beer a citrus like mid palette. Alcohol Content: 4.8%
 * Cascade Pure was launched as "Cascade Green" Carbon Neutral Beer in March 2008. It is a low carbohydrate, preservative free beer. Cascade use accredited schemes to offset production emissions, and use vegetable inks on the label and a lightweight bottle. In 2008, it won the Tasmanian Premier's Award for Climate Action. The name change to Cascade Pure took place in November 2010 and was an odd choice after only two years—rival Boags already offer a "Pure" beer. Cascade's media release said the change was "to reflect not only the environmental credentials of the 100 per cent carbon neutral beer and its great taste, neither of which will change, but also the quality of the local Tasmanian ingredients used in the brew with nothing artificial added". Alcohol content: 4.5%

This range was launched in September 2005, it consists of existing products with more focused marketing and labeling. There was a further major overhaul of the brand in 2010.

Tasmanian range

 * Cascade Draught is a traditional full strength lager. It is Tasmania's best selling beer. In Tasmania it is the most commonly found Cascade product on tap (draught). Alcohol Content: 4.7%
 * Cascade Lager, also known as "blue", is a traditional full strength lager. Although it is not as widely available as the other varieties, it has a cult following, particularly among uni students. Alcohol Content: 4.8%
 * Cascade Bitter, also known as "red", is a bitter lager. Alcohol Content: 4.8%
 * Cascade Export Stout, is similar to the stout featured in the Degrave's Collection however is brewed with a shorter maturation time and has a slightly stronger flavour. The beer is only brewed in a very small volume. Alcohol Content: 5.8%

These beers are only available in Tasmania.

Seasonal & limited edition beers:

Cascade has also produced an annual premium beer since 2002, "First Harvest", which has an extremely limited production. "First Harvest" refers to the first yield of Tasmanian hops, in which the actual unkilned hops flowers are used for the brew. First Harvest, which is brewed to a different recipe every year, is brewed as an ale.

From 2003 until the launch of Degrave's collection Cascade produced a range of seasonal beers:

 * Cascade Summer Blonde now Cascade Blonde.
 * Cascade Autumn Amber now Cascade Amber.
 * Cascade Winter Warmer a dark wheat beer. Winter Warmer was available as a seasonal beer in Tasmania for at least 10 years, but only on tap at selected pubs.
 * Cascade Spring Fest a Bavarian helles style lager.

Homebrew range

 * Spicy Ghost Draught
 * Golden Harvest Lager
 * Imperial Voyage Pale Ale
 * Chocolate Mahogany Porter

Non-alcoholic beverages
The non-alcoholic range of products (Cascade Beverages) was acquired by Coca-Cola Amatil in the third quarter of 2013.

 * Fruit Syrups - range includes Raspberry and Ultra-C Blackcurrant Syrup, made from Tasmanian grown blackcurrants.
 * Apple Isle Sparkling Apple Juice
 * Quality Mixers - range includes Lime & Soda, Tonic Water, Soda Water, Cranberry, Dry Ginger Ale
 * Classic Adult Sparkling Flavours - range includes Sarsaparilla, Lemon, Ginger, Lemon Lime & Bitters
 * Cordials - Lemon, Raspberry, Lime
 * "Traditional" Flavours, including Raspberry, Saraparilla and Ice Cream

title: Cascade Brewery


text:
Category talk:Brazil stubs

Scope of the category
I have started to link here all stubs relating to Brazil and Brazilians, regardless of them being cultural, biographical, geographical, etc. All articles were also linked to their pertaining category (People stubs, Geography stubs, etc.), but I figured the tag to figure on the article should be this one. That's because in most cases it will most likely take a Brazilian person to expand the articles listed, and Brazilians are prone to edit articles on Brazil or Brazilians based not on their more specific category (geography, people, etc.), but rather on the mere fact that they are about Brazil in some level. Thus, leading a Brazilian here, where he/she can access a comprising list of Brazil-related articles, should increase the odds of having those articles expanded. Regards, Redux 19:54, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I fully agree with you. Classifying articles as Brazil-stub will allow them to expand sooner. utcursch 07:49, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Brazil stubs


text: Category:Australian astronomers

title: Category:Australian astronomers


text:
ADT Inc.

ADT Inc., formerly The ADT Corporation, is an American security company that provides residential and small business electronic security, fire protection, and other related alarm monitoring services throughout the United States. The corporate head office is located in Boca Raton, Florida. In February 2016, the company was acquired by Apollo Global Management for $6.9 billion in a leveraged buyout. In January 2018, the company went public on the New York Stock Exchange.

History
In 1863, Edward A. Calahan invented a stock ticker  and formed the Gold and Stock Telegraph Company in 1867 to exploit the technology. Gold and Stock also developed a messenger system that sent instructions to and from the stock exchange floor. Three years later, the president of Gold and Stock Telegraph Company woke up to a burglar in his home, which inspired him to create a telegraph-based alert system. This system eventually connected 50 of his neighbors to a central station, where all the alert boxes were monitored. There were many small telegraph delivery companies in the United States in the 19th century.

In 1874, 57 district telegraph delivery companies affiliated and became American District Telegraph (ADT). With the increase in telephone usage in the late 19th century, ADT's messenger business slowly declined in popularity. ADT tried branching out and developing their signaling business while still maintaining their telegraph business as their primary income source.

ADT incorporated into Western Union in 1901 and separated its messenger business from its main signaling business at that time. In 1909, Western Union and ADT came under the control of American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T). ADT began to expand into new areas, such as fire alarms and security alarms, between 1910 and 1930, but was kept separate from AT&T's Holmes alarm business. ADT became a publicly traded company in the 1960s.

In 1964, ADT was found to be a monopoly in restraint of trade. It was shown to provide almost 80% of the central station alarm service in the United States. In some cities, such as New York City and Memphis, Tennessee, they were the sole provider. They were also found to have forced competitors out of business by lowering prices below cost. They would charge national accounts very low prices in cities with competitors and much higher prices where no competition was available. ADT was forced to adopt a national price list, which could not be varied, to help establish central station competitors in cities without competition and to pay fines and triple damages to the federal government, customers, and local competitors.

In early 1987, the firm Hawley Goodall, owned by Michael Ashcroft, bought the Indianapolis-based Crime Control Inc., the fourth-largest company in the U.S. security market, for $50 million. Later in the year, it bought ADT and moved to Bermuda. This purchase transformed Hawley into the leading security services business in the United States and resulted in the majority of its revenues coming from the North American market. As a result of the acquisition, Hawley changed its name to ADT Limited and decided to refocus its business around security services. At the end of 1987, the company sold its North American-based facility services business to Denmark's ISS A/S.

In 1997, ADT was purchased by Tyco International in a reverse takeover.

Broadview acquisition
In January 2010, Tyco acquired Broadview Security (formerly Brink's Home Security), then ADT's largest competitor, for $2 billion. When the acquisition closed later that year, the Broadview name was discontinued, and Broadview's operations were integrated into ADT.

Separation from Tyco and Apollo ownership

In September 2011, Tyco announced that it would split into three companies, ADT being one of the three. On October 1, 2012, ADT debuted as an independent public company and began trading on the New York Stock Exchange. In 2014, it acquired the Canadian company Reliance Protectron Security Services from Reliance Home Comfort for a total of CAD $555 million.

In February 2016, Apollo Global Management acquired ADT for nearly $7 billion and merged it with another home security firm, Protection 1. The purchase price represented a premium of approximately 56 percent over ADT's closing share price on February 12, 2016, and when combined with Protection 1, represented an aggregate transaction value of approximately $15 billion. The company went public again in January 2018 and again on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol ADT. As of 2023, Apollo still retains a majority share in ADT.

In April 2018, ADT acquired Aronson Security Group Inc. and Acme Security Systems as part of its commercial expansion plans.

In October 2019, Telus Corporation purchased all of ADT's Canadian assets for $700 million. By September 2020, Telus had renamed ADT's Canadian operations to Telus SmartHome Security.

In August 2020, Google announced that it would invest $450 million in ADT in exchange for a 6.6% equity stake. The partnership will leverage ADT's network of installers to sell and install Nest devices, and aim to integrate Google's AI and Nest smart home devices into ADT's services.

In November 2021, ADT announced an agreement to acquire Sunpro Solar, a residential rooftop solar power contractor, for $160 million in cash plus approximately 77.8 million shares of ADT common stock, implying a total enterprise value of approximately $825 million. The company was rebranded as "ADT Solar" and operates as a wholly owned subsidiary of ADT. In January 24, 2024 ADT announced that due to financial difficulties they will be closing their solar division.

In September 2022, State Farm announced that it would invest $1.2 billion in ADT in exchange for a 15% equity stake, and that it would commit up to $300 million to an "opportunity fund" to support ADT's marketing, technology, and innovation. At the same time, Google separately announced it would commit a further $150 million into a "success fund" for ADT.

ADT completed divesting its commercial security, fire and life safety business unit to private equity firm GTCR for $1.6 billion in October 2023.

Operations
As of March 2019, ADT had nine monitoring centers and a network of more than 17,000 professionals, serving 6 million customers in over 200 locations throughout the United States.

Controversies
On July 10, 2023, ADT disclosed that errors were identified in regards to their non-cash goodwill impairment losses associated with their Solar reporting unit and related tax impacts. These errors were identified during the third quarter of 2022 and the first quarter of 2023. As a result, the company announced that their financial results for the third and fourth quarter of 2022 and the first quarter of 2023 would be restated. Consequently, investors were negatively impacted as ADT's stock price decreased during trading, the following day.

title: ADT Inc.


text:
Ruckenkreuz

The Ruckenkreuz (Rucken Cross) is an 8.4 metre tall, 2.80 metre wide memorial cross of reinforced concrete. It stands on a rocky mountain at Blaubeuren, Baden-Württemberg, Germany, in memory of the inhabitants of Blaubeuren killed in World War I. The Ruckenkreuz was completed on November 21, 1926.

Geographical coordinates: 48.41056°N, 9.79167°W

Blaubeuren

title: Ruckenkreuz


text:
Eduardo Chibás

Eduardo René Chibás Ribas (August 15, 1907 – August 16, 1951) was a Cuban politician who used radio to broadcast his political views to the public. He primarily denounced corruption and gangsterism rampant during the governments of Ramón Grau and Carlos Prío which preceded the Batista era. He believed corruption was the most important problem Cuba faced.

Born in Santiago de Cuba to Eduardo Justo Chibás Guerra and Gloria de Ribas Agramonte, Chibás' strong nationalism is considered to be an inspiration for the Cuban Revolution.

In 1947 he formed the Orthodox Party, a strongly anti-imperialist group, which had the goal of exposing government corruption and bringing about revolutionary change through constitutional means. Chibás lost the 1948 election for president, finishing in third place. He was an extremely strong critic of that election's winner, Carlos Prío Socarrás. He was considered a favorite in the 1952 presidential election, but committed suicide a year before Fulgencio Batista seized control of the Cuban government.

Early political career
Chíbas' political forays started at the University of Havana. After a trip to Europe in 1925, during which he met several other prominent activists, including Ramón Grau, Chíbas became involved in anti-Machado radical protest groups. In 1927, he helped found the Student Directorate, and was briefly jailed in 1931. Though Chibás was never formally involved in the radical ABC group, he ensured that the Directorate maintained close contact with the group, in hopes of "enhancing the organization's prestige." He moved to Washington D.C. shortly after, where he learned the impact radio could have on individuals. However, he later denounced violence in favor of prudent politics. Chibás refused to join a political party for most of the 1930s. In 1938, though, he joined the Auténticos, supporting Grau.

Party involvement and radio activism
After the student directorate splintered following the election of Grau, and subsequent autonomy granted to the University of Havana, Chibás moved into mainstream politics. Chibás attacked the corruption he saw manifesting during the late 1940s. He criticized President Carlos Prío Socarrás for his economic policy, accusing him of compromising national sovereignty. Broadcasting to a nationwide audience every week, Chibas gave fiery speeches denouncing shady politics. By 1948, he had made himself the leader of the Auténticos, and denounced his former friend Grau in a presidential run. Chibás took a pro-Cuba, strongly nationalistic stance throughout his campaign — dubbed a call for "revolution" by some of his contemporaries. However, he finished in third place. A few years later, though, his platform picked up steam. By 1951, Chibás ranked first among Cubans' voting preferences for the 1952 election. Chibás died by suicide before any ballots were cast.

Death
Later in his life, Chibás' claims of corruption against the Cuban government became increasingly reckless. In January 1951, he asserted that a public loan of 25 million pesos was an unnecessary levy that would be pocketed by the rich owners of sugar plantations. Later that year, Chibás tried to take on education minister Aureliano Sánchez Arango. He raised numerous allegations of embezzlement. He faced mounting pressure from the Cuban public when he was unable to offer definitive evidence that Sánchez Arango was corrupt. On August 5, 1951, Chibás walked into the Radiocentro CMQ Building in Havana, for his weekly radio broadcast. That day he had promised to furnish the evidence supporting his claim that Sánchez Arango was embezzling money. Instead, he talked about other topics, warned that Fulgencio Batista might attempt a military coup, and made a farewell statement. He shot himself in the stomach shortly after his broadcast ended.

Chibás was initially expected to survive, but after eleven days of intensive care, he died in the hospital of his wounds, exactly one day after his 44th birthday. The whole country grieved his death. He is buried in Colón Cemetery, Havana. His funeral was attended by hundreds of thousands, and it has been speculated that he might have been a contender for the 1952 presidential elections. Batista took the government by force on March 10, 1952, less than 8 months after the death of Chibás.

Comparisons to Fidel Castro
While locked in a prison cell in 1931, Chibás reportedly proclaimed: "If I am going to die, I want my last words to be for the Cuban revolution. I am a revolutionary; I love my patria and have contempt for the current regime." Five years later, he declared "If I die, it will be for the revolution" to a taxi driver rushing him to the hospital. These sorts of radical nationalist sentiments have drawn comparisons between Castro and Chibás. Castro was undoubtedly familiar with Chibás' Orthodox Party, which pushed strong revolutionary ideals. There are numerous cases of rousing rhetoric from Castro that verify those assumptions. Before his attack on the Moncada Barracks in 1953, Castro referenced Chibás, in front of a group of revolutionaries largely inspired by the outspoken leader. It was later revealed that Castro had carried a tape of Chibás' final broadcast into battle, and planned on broadcasting it over the airwaves upon victory. Castro also used some of Chibás' rhetorical technique in his well-chronicled "History will absolve me" defense in court. And finally, Castro gave a speech at Chibás' grave following his successful seizure of power:

"Today is like a culmination of the whole story, the story of the revolution and the events of 26 July, which are so closely linked with the tale of this tomb, with the memory of the man who lies here, with his ideology, feelings and preaching, because I should say here that without the preaching of Chibás, without what he did, without the civic conscience and rebellion he awakened in the Cuban young people, the events of 26 July would not have been possible."

Scholars have contrasting opinions as to how friendly the two were in life. In 1948, Castro traveled with Chibás for campaign rallies and political events, and introduced him regularly. Yet some have argued that the two disliked and mistrusted each other. However they interacted in life, Castro leveraged Chibás as a symbol in death — and an example to his revolution.

Some scholars have also pointed out that both leaders were united in their use of technological media to connect to people. Chibás utilized the power of radio to reach his supporters, speaking weekly from the Radiocentro CMQ Building in Havana. Castro would later do the same, but using the television.

The leaders clashed in terms of politics. Castro's embracement of communism directly conflicted with Chibás' outspoken disdain for such a system. Over time, Castro referenced Chibás less, and eventually cancelled the annual parade on the anniversary of his death.

Legacy
Chibás' legend grew after his death. Approximately 300,000 people attended his funeral procession, and one co-founding member of the Ortodoxo party "appeared early each morning to wash the marble sepulcher, prune flowers left by devotees, and sweep the surrounding area." Fidel Castro had a statue erected of the leader in Santiago de Cuba. A nine-point document, the “Moncada Manifesto”, was circulated following his death, issuing a series of steps for overthrowing the Batista government — based on Chibás' principles, and referencing him by name.

Chibás' memory continued to expand during the decade following the Cuban Revolution. Though he was a staunch anti-communist, he came to symbolize revolutionary ideals rather than democratic politics. Batista expressed fear of the lasting symbol of Chibás, writing that "the reformer and demagogue now appeared to the people as a martyr and this gave a prestige to his party." Castro leveraged that martyrdom in his 26 July Movement, often using his revolutionary rhetoric as a means of inspiring the Ortodoxos left behind with Chibás' death.

Over time, the importance of Chibás as a symbol began to wane. Some scholars have connected the downfall with Castro's embrace of communism, citing the likelihood that it would have clashed with Chibás' politics. Furthermore, some point out that the revolution found a more appropriate martyr in Che Guevara.

title: Eduardo Chibás


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nican Mopohua

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was transwiki then delete. The Uninvited Co., Inc. 19:27, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Nican_Mopohua
Alleged sample of early Nahuatl: not in english thus. This should probably rather move to Wikisources. ( Incidentally, I find the 9-steps VfD procedure rather long and tedious and not that easy to understand. ) --FvdP 19:58, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Mikkalai 21:44, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete unless improved and notability shown. - Andre Engels 02:42, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete --fvw *  03:35, 2004 Dec 17 (UTC)
 * Transwiki, needs verification. Wyss 03:52, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Concur. I believe User:Nanahuatzin reads at least some Nahuatl, I'll drop him a note. -- Jmabel | Talk 06:41, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Definitely not delete, but transwiki seems reasonable. It looks like Nahuatl to me, for what it's worth. - Mustafaa 15:07, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Transwiki Nanahuatzin 22:54, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)Probaly this would be better in the nahuatl wikipedia. This text is atributed to Antonio Valeriano, from the xvi century. (the text probalby was wrote 1n 1556) and is an accout of the aparition of the Virgin of Guadalupe. This would require and articule by itself but just to have a copy of the nahuatl text does not have sene.
 * Actually, it would need to be on the Nahuatl Wikisource, if there is such a thing. Noel (talk) 13:45, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:156.56.145.78

title: User talk:156.56.145.78


text:
User talk:Squidwina

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkSoul 19:58, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Jukkailu
While doing some cleanup about translations, I noticed that you asked for the page Jukkailu to be deleted because "it is a joke page" but you didn't make any remark at pages needing translation into English where it was being discussed. The page was, indeed, deleted, but I'm a little uncomfortable about how it happened: It wasn't translated, and you gave no indication of what it said before having it deleted.

Please, in the future, if asking for the deletion of a page with the "notenglish" tag, it would be useful if you either weigh in at pages needing translation into English or give a little more context for what's wrong with the page. The chance that the admin who deleted it could check the accuracy of your statement is small. -- Jmabel | Talk 22:53, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * I speak Finnish and the page in question was a vulgar and certainly unencyclopedic inside joke (involving the conduct of someone called Jukka while playing computer games with his friends), and as the language it was written in had already been established, I didn't think a further explanation was needed, though I can see why I probably should have been more specific. I am still learning the various policies involved in contributing to Wikipedia, and I will try my best to be clearer on these matters in the future. Squidwina 14:52, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Remember that once the page is gone, no one but admins can examine it, so it's really helpful to have a bit clearer characterization of what was removed. -- Jmabel | Talk 17:55, Mar 3, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Squidwina