text:
User talk:Zosodada

 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

For those Wikipedians interested in punctuation, check out Karen Elizabeth Gordon's grammaries and guides.

Please cite your sources, folks! Yes, I know it's a pain (especially if you don't have a source, are making an ass-umption, inseting an opinion, &c.), but how else are other Wikipedians supposed to check the accuracy of your inclusions? Wikipedia is not a tool for propagandists.

Who is Zosodada ?
Filmtechniker --80.219.135.90 18:36, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

The Mail
Tossing Turabian? "MPF Please see brackets" - seen it. It is normal to give references in parentheses. These are not the same as the formatting square brackets used in external links... I couldn't give a toss about Turabian. It is American, and this is not an American article. - MPF 01:04, 2 Jan 2005

 * Thanks for looking, here's a useful link that has it " Note that the Chicago Manual and Turabian are essentially the same. You'll find close adherence to this form even in European texts (e.g., Brill in Leiden and perhaps Oxford who may have their own recommended stylesheets that I have not read. I would, however, be interested in differences in the Oxford style if you are familiar with them). Note no parenthesis on above citation. And thanks again for your diligence in looking this up.-- z.

I should note that Oxford style does prescribe serial commas between items, e.g. "two umbrellas, three sewing machines, and a pair of gloves" rather than the "two umbrellas, three sewing machines and a pair of gloves" that I would prefer, but I do make an effort in this regard. However this is tangental to the issue of brackets in parentheses. I suspect this might be a habit picked up from including the date of movies after the title (in parentheses).

Tossing Tilly,  Hi, The [Tilly Smith tale] has been widely reported in more reputable media, and there are even sources for bobbing boats (but I edited the bobbing boats out for brevity). It's fairly certain that the story is genuine... See Talk:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, or search http://news.google.com/ with "Tilly Smith" or "Andrew Kearney". You're making too much of the fact that it was the Sun that originally reported the story. Other credible sources have widely reported it and they presumably did some fact checking. I'm sure television news in the UK, always looking for a human interest story, have already interviewed the girl and the teacher and some of the other people who were on the beach. There's no reason to believe this is a hoax. -- Curps 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * As explained earlier and elsewhere the "other credible scources" were recycling the same Sun UK story. This issue is not "hoax" -- it's simply a poor choice from a questionable *and copyrighted* source to be included in an encyclopedia. -- Zosodada 19:25, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * How is copyright relevant? The wording was not copied verbatim in any way whatsoever [Yes, it was in its early incarnation, right down to "bobbing boats" -- Z.] ; it was summarized in a sentence or two.  If the truth of the story is not in question [I would question the truth -- well, "accuracy" --  of any Sun UK story. --Z.], then your personal distate for the Sun newspaper is not an issue. -- Curps 05:45, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I actually like the Sun UK, especially the Page Three Girl and the reviews of UK reality shows. Then again, I also like the Weekly World News. I would not, however, quote either in an academic paper. An encyclopedia should conform to academic standards. Copyright here suggests that the recyclers of this story paid a fee to the Sun and/or the original reporter to use their/his material. The original story also quoted the hotel manager and mentioned "Marriott" suggesting the reporter was thereby given a night at the Marriott. That's the way yellow journalism often works. Zosodada 05:59, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)

'''One Tsunami... Two Tsunami?''' Please see rules for use for foreign words in English Revmachine21
 * I disagree, see Talk:Tsunami -- Curps 05:40, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Revmachine, your link says:"Because these words follow the rules of other languages, it is best to check a dictionary when making them plural." I just checked the dictionary. In English, it's "Tsunamis", plural. In Japanese, it's "Tsunami" plural. This is the English version of Wikipedia. Zosodada 05:56, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Burma Of course not, but in the case of Burma it is clear that the problem is not "political instability" - the country has been run by the army for more than 40 years. Burma's problem is that its government is corrupt, oppresive and incompetent. It could use some instability. Adam 12:28, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC) [Replied on Adam's talk page--z.]

 Oooops! Hi, please use Categories for deletion instead of Votes for deletion if you want to get a category deleted. I have moved your deletion request about Category:Zoroastrian gods there. Cheers, jni 16:38, 23 Jan 2005 (UTC) [''Thanked Jni on hir talk page. I really messed that one up, a Wiki tangle exacerbated by a behind the scenes frostbite incident here--z.'']

 A note from "spettro6(at)lycos.com" a.k.a "221.217.167.93" "this is spettro9, were you talking to me or that other guy about opinions? [The Wikipedia user group in general.-- z.] on the Indo-European talk page, telling someone to cite something is fine, but don't assume that someone could not back something up with reasons and/or facts [okay, I'm not sure what you're referring to, but "could not" implies "did not"... and, perhaps, "should have"... -- z.] and anyway, if someone says something that is so obviously an opinion, then people will see it as such [-- and take approprite steps to edit it out, I would hope. -- z.] reasons are reasons, it is when people get the reasons mixed up, or forget to look for them, that we have the word opinion for [''Wikipedia is not the place for opinions or original research. PS: I would advise you to list your email address as "spettro6-AT-lycos.com" or otherwise affect some similar spam-foiling devise. And thanks for your opinion. --z.'']
 * NOTE: I have made no comments on the "Indo-European talk page"... Investigation suggests "spettro9" was referring to Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Countering Systemic Bias Open Tasks.--Zosodada 22:26, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Degenerate Art
Hi! It is a pleasure to meet someone who is as much a stickler for sources as I am. This article has only been reconstructed for one week (after being abandoned for months), and the secondary citations were not only listed in the article itself; the primary German literaturecites were in the talk page, and I was in the process of moving them from the talk page into the article - based on another person's advice. Everything can't be done at the speed of light - that is why there is a Talk Page. Nevertheless, you nailed the weakest links in the article right on the head, and I can't argue with that. Yes: there are phrases that ARE POV and need to be revised; however, There IS NO ORIGINAL RESEARCH in this article. I am trying so hard to bring this up to featured status and keep it protected from vandalism. You want sources? I've got them in German and English. This is my field of expertise. That does not mean that Wikipedia is my field of expertise. Believe me, I understand the difference. So please- critique; question; point out those POVs, but in doing so, collaborate before a revert? Many thanks. --allie 02:49, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi, allie, I don't plan to spend much time on that particular article and haven't reverted anything on it. My "cite your sources" header (above) is general advice. The edits I made were in consideration of ambiguities that suggested bias (although I don't think the suggestion of bias was intentional). I think the "Trillions of deutche Marks for a loaf of bread" was hyperbole (or bad data? possibly vandalism?). However, citing a source for the cost of bread during the Nazi regime is a task I will gladly leave to others. Good luck with your work on that article, it's a very interesing subject. Zosodada 03:14, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Hey, Zosodada, you made some great points. Yes, a loaf of bread actually did rise to a trillion marks at the height of Weimar inflation. It's established, not hyperbole. Hardly a task, and already cited in the literature. [ I find citations that say "one mark" was inflated to "one trillionth" of its value, e.g. from a Holocaust memorial foundation. Okay, assuming that is an unbiased source, now we need to know the cost of bread. This implies that one loaf of bread cost one mark -- I would say that a loaf of bread would have been a fraction of one mark at that time, in the US bread was five cents and I believe the mark was worth several dollars. Theoretically if one mark was, say, $2.00 US and bread was 5 cents -- well, what's one fortieth of a trillion? 2.5 million -- a considerable difference. Unfortunately, I don't have the determination to investigate the matter. Then again, it's not an article I consider a project of mine. Sorry. -- z.] I was under the impression that excessive footnoting was not appropriate on Wikipedia, ["Excessive" is a subjective word --z. ) and assume (a dangerous thing to do) that it's in the Weimar article, but will check. [Here's a footnote to assist you on the "bread = one mark"implication. ---z.] Ditto on the most popular MODERN ART exhibit of the twentieth century - not as difficult as you might think, at all.  the name of the book is indeed, Degeneration [ Ah! Okay, I understand the italics in the quote now, thanks! I was clearly confused by that one.--z.] and the proper spelling is indeed, entarte Kunste (lower cap "e") [ At the beginning of a sentence it looks wrong.  I don't read German so I'll leave that to you. ]. Not sure what your point is re: Nordau's Degeneration theory v. Rosenberg's book...obviously I didn't state that clearly, so will reword. [ I don't recall a point on that, sorry.] The Nazi's referred to Heroic Art as a genre. Guess I'll have to add to that as well? Pseudosceintific- awesome catch. [That's what caught my eye in the first place -- well, that, the bread and two clipped-off sentences.--z.] Many thanks! [Ditto!--z.] I don't know what happened to that incomplete sentence will clean it up re: "product of an artist...." Correct again. Gosh, YOU ARE DANG GOOD! Why do people get upset when someone like you comes in to point out the inherent weaknesses in writing an encyclopedic entry? I don't understand that. I am very grateful, and thanks so much for your help. Frankly, after reading your edits, I think there are a lot of POVs that I should take out, especially in the intro (which clearly needs fleshing out) and et. cetera. Many thanks for your time, --allie 10:53, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC) [Thanks for reviewing the concerns and taking action! :) -- and good luck with that project. -- z.]

 * Deleting Nordau's obit. Prophet/statement:moot. Irrelevant to the exhibit. Implied POV that leads reader to make assumptions ergo, inappropriate. Yes? Thanx for link. Best regards --allie 23:08, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Yes, calling Rosenberg, an architecht of Lebestraum, a "influential art critic" does itself to inappropriate conclusions as well. I suspect that the article had at one point been tainted with holocaust revisionism. --z.3

Bad Edit of the Day Award

 * "Vlasic, a brand name for a company that sells
 * pickles in North America uses
 * this child-bearing stork as a mascot
 * (it is unknown if this is an intentional
 * phallic reference). This may
 * be related to the myth of Mopsus (see below)."

Changed to:

 * "For the origins of this stock image, see below." [sic]

(From one of the top 100 most frequent editors)

Cite, Cite, Cite
I've been working on a "web mining" page, partly because I enjoy frequenting the Wikipedia Reference Desk. But it's turning into a useful tool to hunt down information for those pesky citations on the web. It's slow going, but I think you might like it. Take a look if you have the inclination. Hmmm. can't link it. Have go to it from my user page...not sure why Best --allie 21:54, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the tip, I saw it in Recent Articles. I think I'm going to stay focused on the history of cinema for a while unless a bias or misinformation issue jumps out at me. I'm looking forward to the movies of the 60's and 70's, but I'm still in the 20's and 30's due to claims in the original version that aren't holding up to scrutiny. --z.
 * Hmm...I have a link to Oscar awards; box office rankings; and foreign films. If I find any other useful links, I'll let you know. --allie 19:39, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Stork
I've run through this article again, less controversially I hope. I've done some general tidying, and slightly rephrased your feeding/nesting additions, since they may not apply to all stork species.

There is a understandable tendency throughout this article for contributors, familar with the White Stork, to make comments that really only apply to that species, rather than all the family. A similar situation occurs with the Peafowl and Turkey (bird) articles, where one species is far better known than the others. jimfbleak 06:42, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Great -- good work!Zosodada 06:55, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Harry Everett Smith
You should use the "move" function (at the top of the page) to move pages (like moving Harry Smith (musicologist) → Harry Everett Smith) instead of just doing a cut-and-paste and recreating the article at the new title. Using the "move" function preserves the article history. -- Curps 21:07, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah! Sorry and thanks for the tip, now I know. Zosodada 21:28, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)

You were right, my edit did inadvertently edit an older version (16:45 UTC) of the page. That was a side-effect of merging the page histories. It should be fixed now. -- Curps 21:33, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks! Will use "move" next time.

Aryan
Hi I'm here to ask why you categorised the "Aryan" page as having systemic bias. Could you please explain what you believe the systemic bias to be? Thanks. Paul B 17:51, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Sorry for the delay. I had to take a break from Wikipedia because I was tired of the excessive requests for expounding on the obvious. The POV in the article has been considerably improved upon in the last few months. Zosodada

 * Golly gosh. And what, pray, was the POV? I'm glad you are back and responsive at long last. So, who is Yu-gi-od. Is he a friend of Ta du ray me fah, or whoever he is? Do you really believe that I was trying to sell SS memorabilia??? It was joke reply to a silly and misplaced question. If you do, perhaps that explains your mysterious opinion that "POV" is to be found in the Aryan article. Paul B 21:19 22 June 2005 (UTC)

 * btw, systemic bias and POV are two wholly different things. I suggest you check out what the phrase systemic bias is intended to mean before categorising articles with the label. Paul B 11:19 24 June 2005 (UTC)

<>

Yes, I do, the page history stands as documentary evidence.13:50, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Indeed it does. As anyone with common sense can see, it was a joke. Hence the references to Oasis etc. Paul B 13:55, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Wow... what a frighteningly speedy response. Have you been re-loading my talk page for the past 20 days? For jokes try the Unencyclopedia. Zosodada 14:01, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Moreover, if you acknowledge that it's "just a joke" why are you surprised and argumentive about it being edited out? Zosodada

 * I came here to ask a question, which you have, for reasons best known to yourself, signally failed to answer. I think my exasperation is understandable. I don't care tuppence about the comments being edited out. I care about your misrepresentations of my intent, as evidenced by your statements on my user page. Btw, I wouldn't recognise an SS song even if one was sung to me by the entire cast of Springtime for Hitler. Paul B 15:10, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Re. your question: Fortunately, other editors have recognised the bias without explicit discussion regarding the now-three-month-old edits and are continually hard at work keeping it in check despite continuing efforts to devolve the article into a bastion of "fringe theory." Capiche? As far as your intent goes, only you know. The rest of us are left to guess at what they may be by your edits. Zosodada.

 * Well perhaps you should look at the edits and comments in discussions I've actually made, including those on the Aryan article, before jumping to conclusions. As it happens one of my main scholarly interests is in nineteenth century theories of ethnicity and ancient history in relation to shifting models of religious and ethnic/racial identities. That extends, in part, to the ideological background of Nazi Aryanism, but centres on British imperial ideologies. In my experience most of the editors who wish to turn Aryan-related articles into "bastions of fringe theory" are Indian Nationalists (Hindutva). Pro-Nazi edits are few.

 * You still seem to misunderstand the purpose of systemic bias tag, since you persist in confusing it with POV. Capiche? And you remain as obscure as ever on the subject of just what fringe theories or POV you are complaining of. Paul B 15:35, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * "Scholarly interests"? In what school do you engage in these interests? - z.

 * Look me up, genius. I'm not difficult to find.  Paul B 22:39, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I see nothing related to the subject in your course list.

 * And your point is what? I have given several refereed conference papers on the subject. But you are playing this silly game. Your claim to expertise is... what? I don't care, as it happens, if you have no qualifications, but you are the one playing this silly game of demanding proof of expertise while refusing to provide any yourself — doesn't seem very honest, that. Paul B 21:52, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * My point is that you were providing links to commercial sites and encouraging sales of SS merchandise on Wikipedia. Thanks for the opportunity to de-obsfucate our discussion. 16:16, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * thanks for your recognition, Zosodada. Yes, the Aryan related articles are troubled waters... :) dab (ᛏ) 08:48, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Films Noirs (sic)
You are wrong about the spelling of the plural of film noir. See the talk page.

 * My response to the above anonymous poster was on the referenced page, but seems to have been edited out. I suppose it's still in the history. "   "Films noirs" is correct in French; this is the English version of Wikipedia, thus 'Film noirs' -- as widely used in the English and American literature on the subject -- should be preferred. Try a more authoritative source than the Microsoft dictionary, perhaps a well-respected source of film literature, i.e. Oxford History of World Cinema; Film Comment; Film Noir Reader &c.* It's obvious that someone feels very strongly about using the rules of the French language for an English trans-neologism within English text so I won't contribute to that page any longer (I don't feel it's quite that an important of a point to continue in an edit war with an anonymous brick wall). Feel free to refer to higher authorities on the matter than myself -- and higher authorities than the editors at the MSN dictionary (for a good dictionary I recommend the American Heritage and/or the OED). I understand the confusion on the matter and liken it to the discussion of "Tsunami/tsunamis" above.   Transliterations don't take the rules of the  originating language with them when they travel, they are modified to fit the adoptive language.  Zosodada

 * The following academic articles from the Film Noir Reader should be of interest: "Creativity and Evaluation: Two Film Noirs of the Fifties" by Robin Wood and "Mann in the Dark: the Films Noir of Anthony Mann" by Robert E. Smith.

Spiel
An article you started, Spiel, has been proposed for deletion. Please see the article for details. NickelShoe 19:12, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

-- Thanks for the heads up -- it looks to be fairly well-tended to. --Z.

Wikiproject: countering systemic bias
Hi Zosodada, I wonder if you might be able to help - I'm writing an article for openDemocracy about the Wikiproject:countering systemic bias. I'd like to get some quotes from Wikipedians about why they're involved, what they're working on and some other general issues. I wonder if you'd be willing to talk to me over email? Mine is d-vidd-riusbij-n@yahoo.co.uk

Thanks,

David

86.133.23.227 18:31, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

Response via email. Address crypted. -- Z.

AfD for Right- and Left- wing terrorism articles - have your say
Please take a look at Articles for deletion/Right-wing terrorism and also Articles for deletion/Left-wing terrorism and have your say, if possible. Thanks.Xemoi 01:25, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for the heads-up -- I've been away from WP, but this looks like it's tended-to -- I would advocate folding "Political Terrorism" into "Terrorism"... ---Z.

Patrick Volkerding
Hey Z, when you have a chance, please check my response on the talk page for that article. --Ori Livneh (talk) 22:08, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

Obscure meaning
Hi! In the article about Whitey on The Moon, what does the phrase "illustrative of prison-style recreational poetry" mean? -- Daĉjo почта 09:41, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

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Research survey invitation
Greetings Zosodada-

My name is Randall Livingstone, and I am a doctoral student at the University of Oregon, studying digital media and online community. I am posting to invite you to participate in my research study exploring the work of Wikipedia editors who are members of WikiProject: Countering Systemic Bias. The online survey should take 20 to 25 minutes to complete and can be found here:

https://oregon.qualtrics.com/SE/?SID=SV_cSHzuwaQovaZ6ss

Your responses will help online communication researchers like me to better understand the collaborations, challenges, and purposeful work of Wikipedia editors like you. In addition, at the end of the survey you will have the opportunity to express your interest in a follow-up online interview with the researcher.

This research project has been reviewed and approved by the Wikimedia Research Committee as well as the Office for Protection of Human Subjects at the University of Oregon. For a detailed description of the project, please visit its Meta page. This survey is voluntary, and your confidentiality will be protected. You will have the choice of using your Wikipedia User Name during the research or creating a unique pseudonym. You may skip any question you choose, and you may withdraw at any time. By completing the survey, you are providing consent to participate in the research.

If you have any questions about the study, please contact me via my Talk Page (UOJComm) or via email. My faculty advisor is Dr. Ryan Light. If you have any questions regarding your rights as a research participant, please contact the Office for Protection of Human Subjects at the University of Oregon.

Thank you very much.

Sincerely,

Randall Livingstone School of Journalism & Communication University of Oregon UOJComm (talk) 18:51, 22 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the invitation, however it seems that I am a bit late to the party.
 * My period of absence was inspired by some of the unethical and chaotic interactions, as was my return today in an attempted to resurrect the page of a notable artist (Steven Cerio) which has, apparently, been omitted despite what I recall as legitimate sources. Zosodada (talk) 15:04, 14 July 2023 (UTC)

Your early contributions to 'History of film'.
Hello Zosadada, I have been reading wikipedia article History of Film and found one quote that was particularly useful to me:

"The onset of US involvement in World War II also brought a proliferation of films as both patriotism and propaganda...(and so forth)"

From the revision history I notice you are the original editor of this paragraph, but cannot find where you sourced it from?

A quick google search reveals a nearly exact paragraph is in 'General Digest 2010' Linked here which was released some 5 years after your original revision. It looks like they're using wikipedia to write books now.

Just wondering if you could provide me a source for this part of the article. Did it come from somewhere else or did it start with you? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.207.203.31 (talk) 15:24, 5 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Hopefully this reply finds you well after over a decade of my absence.
 * In that time I seem to be foggy on the specifics, but can attest that the text was certainly influenced by Amos Vogel's "Subversive Cinema" (lectures & book) which may have also offered the contextual statement in some form. Zosodada (talk) 14:58, 14 July 2023 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:55, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

"Laughing Buddah" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Laughing Buddah. Since you had some involvement with the Laughing Buddah redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Farang Rak Tham  (Talk) 17:07, 7 September 2019 (UTC)

Concern regarding Draft:Steven Cerio (artist)
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Speedy deletion of Draft:Steven Cerio (artist)

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title: User talk:Zosodada


text:
Mazda 767

The Mazda 767/767B are prototype racing cars that were built by Mazdaspeed for the 24 Hours of Le Mans running under the IMSA-spec GTP class. The 767 replaced the 757 in 1988, upgrading to a newer and larger 4-rotor 13J Wankel engine which produced nearly 600 hp.

Two 767s were entered at 1988 24 Hours of Le Mans, finishing 17th and 19th overall, however they finished behind a sole 757 which was able to finish 15th. In the All Japan Sports Prototype Championship, Mazda managed 4th in the constructors' championship. For 1989, Mazda upgraded the 767 into the 767B, and initially tested it in the IMSA 24 Hours of Daytona, where it was successful in finishing 5th overall. Later in the year, Mazda returned to Le Mans with two 767Bs as well as an older 767. The 767Bs were able to finish 7th and 9th overall, while the lone 767 was able to finish 12th. However, in JSPC, the results were not as promising, as Mazda finished a mere 5th in the championship. For 1990, a single 767B was entered alongside two newer 787s, and was the only car of the three to finish, although in 20th overall.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mazda 767


text: Talk:Hieronim Augustyn Lubomirski

title: Talk:Hieronim Augustyn Lubomirski


text:
Vicky Pope

Vicky Pope is a scientist and the former head of the climate predictions programme at the Hadley Centre.

Biography
Pope attended North London Collegiate School. She joined the Met Office in the 1980s and went on to complete a PhD in Meteorology at the University of Reading.

She spent 6 years as manager of atmospheric climate model development and evaluation. She became a senior manager of the climate research programme for a number of UK Government departments in 2002. Since October 2004 she was Head of the Climate Prediction Programme which provides independent scientific advice on climate change. Her research interests include developing and validating climate models.

She is a professor at Gresham College, and an honorary professor at University College London. In an article for The Guardian newspaper, she wrote: "Having to rein in extraordinary claims that the latest extreme event is all due to climate change is at best hugely frustrating and at worse enormously distracting. Overplaying natural variations in the weather as climate change is just as much a distortion of science as underplaying them to claim that climate change has stopped or is not happening."

She added: "Both undermine the basic facts that the implications of climate change are profound and will be severe if greenhouse gas emissions are not cut drastically."

Publications

 * Led the Met Office Hadley Centre contribution of climate science to the Stern review: the Economics of Climate Change.
 * http://www.oxonia.org/WE%201-8/WE_1-8_article11.html
 * Led the Met Office Hadley Centre contribution of climate science to the Stern review: the Economics of Climate Change.
 * http://www.oxonia.org/WE%201-8/WE_1-8_article11.html
 * http://www.oxonia.org/WE%201-8/WE_1-8_article11.html

 * Sun and superstorms: Our changing climate. (2016) Chapter for The Earth and I: a book of essays edited by James Lovelock

Selected newspaper and web articles 2007-2013

 * Models 'key to climate forecasts'. BBC
 * Climate change, the real facts, The Sun newspaper
 * Scientists must rein in misleading claims, Guardian
 * Research is robust but communication is weak, The Times
 * How science will shape climate adaptation plans, The Guardian
 * Are climate data and evidence important? World Bank blog
 * Brochures on climate science for visitors to the UNFCCC climate conferences and interested stakeholders, 2005-2010

title: Vicky Pope


text:
User talk:Dagbear

Follow Follow [[Image: http://www.rangers.premiumtv.co.uk/javaImages/47/9d/0,,5~367943,00.jpg]]

title: User talk:Dagbear


text:
BBC Global 30

The BBC Global 30 was a worldwide stock market index, run as a global economic barometer. Started by the BBC on 29 September 2004 and last updated on 31 December 2019, it mixed the economic information of 30 of the world's largest companies based in three continents. It proved to be very volatile, as many of the companies had major gains and losses during the index's lifetime.

Constituents
The companies in the index (since 2013) are:

title: BBC Global 30


text:
Talk:Goal line (gridiron football)

Wrong
All versions of this article thru this writing (12/11/04) are fundamentally wrong. They're really about the goal LINE, which they take to mean the same thing but is different. The goal is a structure (or the plane it delimits) in various sports, including American football to which these versions were apparently written, but is not the same as the goal line. Conceptually the easiest fix here would be to change the title of the entry to "goal line", but I don't know how to do that and to track down all links pointing to it. I may be reached at robgood@bestweb.net.
 * "Goal line" is a more common term. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 04:32, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Reception (American football) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 07:59, 9 July 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Goal line (gridiron football)


text:
User:Dsmdgold/Articles needing illustration

Illuminated manuscript articles needing illustration.

 * Codex Fuldensis
 * Ashmole Bestiary
 * Books of Remembrance
 * Codex Burgundus
 * Codex Regius
 * Codex Vyssegradensis
 * Edo Meisho Zukai
 * English Apocalypse Manuscripts
 * Eton Choirbook
 * Germanicus, Aratea (Leiden, Universiteitsbibliotheek, Voss. lat. Q 79)
 * Gospel Book (British Library, MS Royal 1. B. VII)
 * Gospel Book (Ethnike Bibliotheke tes Hellados, Codex 2603)
 * Greek Gospel Book (British Library, MS Add. 4949)
 * Gregory, Moralia in Job (British Library, MS Additional 31031)
 * Hereford Gospels
 * Joshua Roll
 * Lebor na hUidre
 * List of illuminated Anglo-Saxon manuscripts
 * List of illuminated manuscripts
 * List of medieval bestiaries
 * Morgan Beatus
 * Pericope
 * Psalterium Davidicum cum calendario
 * Radoslav Gospel
 * Rosarium philosophorum
 * Salzburg Pericopes
 * Sarajevo Haggadah
 * School of Paris
 * St. Gall Gospel Book
 * St. Riquier Gospels
 * Stowe Missal
 * Theological miscellany (British Library, MS Additional 43460)
 * Toros Roslin
 * Turnsole
 * Tyniec Sacramentarium
 * Velislai biblia picta
 * Verona Orational


text:
Chinachem

Chinachem Group is a corporate group established in Hong Kong by Teddy Wang's father Wang Din Sin (王廷歆).

The early years of the group were dedicated to exploration of and investment in agricultural projects and chemicals. In the 1960s, the Group shifted its focus to the property development, and has been one of the largest property developers in Hong Kong since mid-1970s.

After Teddy Wang's kidnapping and disappearance in 1990, his wife Nina Wang took over the company as the "Chairlady" and built it into a major property developer, making her the richest woman in Asia.

After the death of Nina Wang, her brother Kung Yan-sum has been serving as the Acting Chairman of the Group.

Property and hotels
The Chinachem Group has built over 300 tower blocks in Hong Kong, the most famous of which is Nina Tower, in Tsuen Wan, where the head office is.

The following are some of Chinachem Group's completed developments:
 * Residential: Villa Cove, Sol City, Serenity Point, Parc City, Parc Inverness, The Papillons, Serenity Peak, Jade Grove, Eden Gate, The Golden Gate, The Lily, Residence 228, Billionnaire Avant, Billionnaire Royale, South Crest
 * Shopping Malls: Fanling Town Centre, Hilton Plaza, Ho Shun Fook Shopping Centre
 * Office: Chinachem Tower, Chinachem Hollywood Tower
 * Hotel: L'hotel Nina, L'hotel Island South, L'hotel Causeway Bay Harbour View, L'hotel elan, Lodgewood by L'hotel, etc

Listing
The Chinachem Group is privately owned. The Group has been seeking a listing since 1988 but is currently not listed in any stock markets.專欄作家 | 每日新聞 | 頭條日報 It was also rumoured that Group might inject assets into its listed affiliates like Enm Holdings Limited and Dan Form Holdings Company Limited in recent years.Chinachem expected to inject capital on DAN FORM HOLD (00271), ENM HOLDINGS (00128) - AASTOCKS.com - News

title: Chinachem


text:
Mazda 757

The Mazda 757 is a prototype racing car built by Mazdaspeed for the 24 Hours of Le Mans running under the IMSA-spec GTP class. It replaced the previous lineage of Group C2 class cars which ended with the 737C and was the first chassis built entirely by Mazdaspeed and designed by Nigel Stroud. The 747 designation was skipped to avoid confusion with the second generation Mazda RX-7, which was developed under the codename P747. The 757 used a new 3-rotor 13G Wankel engine.

Two 757s entered the 1986 24 Hours of Le Mans, but both failed to finish the race due to gearbox problems, marking the first time Mazdaspeed had failed to finish at Le Mans. In the All Japan Sports Prototype Championship season, Mazda was able to come home 3rd in the manufacturer's championship. For 1987, two 757s were again entered, with one finishing 7th overall while the other suffered engine failure. Along with a good result at the joint World Sportscar Championship and All Japan Sports Prototype Championship event at Fuji, Mazdaspeed was able to achieve 10th in the teams championship for WSC and 3rd in the manufacturer's championship for JSPC. A lone 757 was brought out again for 1988 alongside two newer 767s and was able to beat both 767s to place 15th overall.

title: Mazda 757


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Animal coat

Coat is the nature and quality of a mammal's fur. In the animal fancy, coat is an attribute that reflects the quality of a specimen's breeding as well as the level of the animal's care, conditioning, and management. Coat is an integral aspect of the judging at competitions such as a conformation dog show, a cat show, a horse show (especially showmanship classes), or a rabbit show.

The pelage of a show animal may be divided into different types of hair, fur or wool with a texture ranging from downy to spiky. In addition, the animal may be single-coated or may have a number of coats, such as an undercoat and a topcoat (also called an outer coat or, sometimes, overcoat), which is made up of guard hair. The state of the coat is considered an indication of the animal's breeding and health.

Animals might have different coat quality for different seasons. Normally, animals with fur or hair body coats may develop a thicker and/or longer winter coat in colder times of the year, which will shed out to a shorter, sleeker, summer coat as the days lengthen into spring and summer. This process may not occur in a noticeable fashion in climates that are warm year-round, though animals may nonetheless shed their coats periodically. The process may also be minimized by artificially keeping the animal blanketed, or, in the case of small animals, housed indoors.

Pinnipeds and polar bears have longer guard hairs forming the most visible fur; polar bears' guard hairs are hollow.

Some considerations in judging the quality of an animal's coat:

 * Colour (coat colour other than those allowed in the breed standard results in disqualification)
 * Markings (distribution of colour, spots, and patches; for example the spotted coat of a Dalmatian and the merle coat of an Australian Shepherd are distinctive; the markings of a terrier vary.)
 * Pattern (specific, predictable markings; tabby, for example is a common pattern in cats)
 * Texture of hair (smooth, rough, curly, straight, broken)
 * Length of hair
 * Health of hair coat (shiny or dull, brittle or flexible, etc.)

title: Animal coat


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Hypervisor

A hypervisor, also known as a virtual machine monitor (VMM) or virtualizer, is a type of computer software, firmware or hardware that creates and runs virtual machines. A computer on which a hypervisor runs one or more virtual machines is called a host machine, and each virtual machine is called a guest machine. The hypervisor presents the guest operating systems with a virtual operating platform and manages the execution of the guest operating systems. Unlike an emulator, the guest executes most instructions on the native hardware. Multiple instances of a variety of operating systems may share the virtualized hardware resources: for example, Linux, Windows, and macOS instances can all run on a single physical x86 machine. This contrasts with operating-system–level virtualization, where all instances (usually called containers) must share a single kernel, though the guest operating systems can differ in user space, such as different Linux distributions with the same kernel.

The term hypervisor is a variant of supervisor, a traditional term for the kernel of an operating system: the hypervisor is the supervisor of the supervisors, with hyper- used as a stronger variant of super-. The term dates to circa 1970; IBM coined it for the 360/65 and later used it for the DIAG handler of CP-67. In the earlier CP/CMS (1967) system, the term Control Program was used instead.

Classification

In his 1973 thesis, "Architectural Principles for Virtual Computer Systems," Robert P. Goldberg classified two types of hypervisor:

 * Type-1, native or bare-metal hypervisors
 * These hypervisors run directly on the host's hardware to control the hardware and to manage guest operating systems. For this reason, they are sometimes called bare-metal hypervisors. The first hypervisors, which IBM developed in the 1960s, were native hypervisors. These included the test software SIMMON and the CP/CMS operating system, the predecessor of IBM's VM family of virtual machine operating systems. Examples of Type-1 hypervisor include Hyper-V.

 * Type-2 or hosted hypervisors
 * These hypervisors run on a conventional operating system (OS) just as other computer programs do. A virtual machine monitor runs as a process on the host, such as VirtualBox. Type-2 hypervisors abstract guest operating systems from the host operating system, effectively creating an isolated system that can be interacted with by the host. Examples of Type-2 hypervisor include VirtualBox and VMware Workstation.

The distinction between these two types is not always clear. For instance, KVM and bhyve are kernel modules that effectively convert the host operating system to a type-1 hypervisor.

Mainframe origins
The first hypervisors providing full virtualization were the test tool SIMMON and the one-off IBM CP-40 research system, which began production use in January 1967 and became the first version of the IBM CP/CMS operating system. CP-40 ran on a S/360-40 modified at the Cambridge Scientific Center to support dynamic address translation, a feature that enabled virtualization. Prior to this time, computer hardware had only been virtualized to the extent to allow multiple user applications to run concurrently, such as in CTSS and IBM M44/44X. With CP-40, the hardware's supervisor state was virtualized as well, allowing multiple operating systems to run concurrently in separate virtual machine contexts.

Programmers soon implemented CP-40 (as CP-67) for the IBM System/360-67, the first production computer system capable of full virtualization. IBM shipped this machine in 1966; it included page-translation-table hardware for virtual memory and other techniques that allowed a full virtualization of all kernel tasks, including I/O and interrupt handling. (Note that the "official" operating system, the ill-fated TSS/360, did not employ full virtualization.) Both CP-40 and CP-67 began production use in 1967. CP/CMS was available to IBM customers from 1968 to early 1970s, in source code form without support.

CP/CMS formed part of IBM's attempt to build robust time-sharing systems for its mainframe computers. By running multiple operating systems concurrently, the hypervisor increased system robustness and stability: Even if one operating system crashed, the others would continue working without interruption. Indeed, this even allowed beta or experimental versions of operating systems—or even of new hardware —to be deployed and debugged, without jeopardizing the stable main production system, and without requiring costly additional development systems.

IBM announced its System/370 series in 1970 without the virtual memory feature needed for virtualization, but added it in the August 1972 Advanced Function announcement. Virtualization has been featured in all successor systems, such that all modern-day IBM mainframes, including the zSeries line, retain backward compatibility with the 1960s-era IBM S/360 line. The 1972 announcement also included VM/370, a reimplementation of CP/CMS for the S/370. Unlike CP/CMS, IBM provided support for this version (though it was still distributed in source code form for several releases). VM stands for Virtual Machine, emphasizing that all, not just some, of the hardware interfaces are virtualized. Both VM and CP/CMS enjoyed early acceptance and rapid development by universities, corporate users, and time-sharing vendors, as well as within IBM. Users played an active role in ongoing development, anticipating trends seen in modern open source projects. However, in a series of disputed and bitter battles, time-sharing lost out to batch processing through IBM political infighting, and VM remained IBM's "other" mainframe operating system for decades, losing to MVS. It enjoyed a resurgence of popularity and support from 2000 as the z/VM product, for example as the platform for Linux on IBM Z.

As mentioned above, the VM control program includes a hypervisor-call handler that intercepts DIAG ("Diagnose", opcode x'83') instructions used within a virtual machine. This provides fast-path non-virtualized execution of file-system access and other operations (DIAG is a model-dependent privileged instruction, not used in normal programming, and thus is not virtualized. It is therefore available for use as a signal to the "host" operating system). When first implemented in CP/CMS release 3.1, this use of DIAG provided an operating system interface that was analogous to the System/360 Supervisor Call instruction (SVC), but that did not require altering or extending the system's virtualization of SVC.

In 1985 IBM introduced the PR/SM hypervisor to manage logical partitions (LPAR).

Operating system support
Several factors led to a resurgence around 2005 in the use of virtualization technology among Unix, Linux, and other Unix-like operating systems:
 * Expanding hardware capabilities, allowing each single machine to do more simultaneous work
 * Efforts to control costs and to simplify management through consolidation of servers
 * The need to control large multiprocessor and cluster installations, for example in server farms and render farms
 * The improved security, reliability, and device independence possible from hypervisor architectures
 * The ability to run complex, OS-dependent applications in different hardware or OS environments
 * The ability to overprovision resources, fitting more applications onto a host

Major Unix vendors, including HP, IBM, SGI, and Sun Microsystems, have been selling virtualized hardware since before 2000. These have generally been large, expensive systems (in the multimillion-dollar range at the high end), although virtualization has also been available on some low- and mid-range systems, such as IBM pSeries servers, HP Superdome series machines, and Sun/Oracle T-series CoolThreads servers.

Although Solaris has always been the only guest domain OS officially supported by Sun/Oracle on their Logical Domains hypervisor,, Linux (Ubuntu and Gentoo), and FreeBSD have been ported to run on top of the hypervisor (and can all run simultaneously on the same processor, as fully virtualized independent guest OSes). Wind River "Carrier Grade Linux" also runs on Sun's Hypervisor. Full virtualization on SPARC processors proved straightforward: since its inception in the mid-1980s Sun deliberately kept the SPARC architecture clean of artifacts that would have impeded virtualization. (Compare with virtualization on x86 processors below.)

HPE provides HP Integrity Virtual Machines (Integrity VM) to host multiple operating systems on their Itanium powered Integrity systems. Itanium can run HP-UX, Linux, Windows and OpenVMS, and these environments are also supported as virtual servers on HP's Integrity VM platform. The HP-UX operating system hosts the Integrity VM hypervisor layer that allows for many important features of HP-UX to be taken advantage of and provides major differentiation between this platform and other commodity platforms - such as processor hotswap, memory hotswap, and dynamic kernel updates without system reboot. While it heavily leverages HP-UX, the Integrity VM hypervisor is really a hybrid that runs on bare-metal while guests are executing. Running normal HP-UX applications on an Integrity VM host is heavily discouraged, because Integrity VM implements its own memory management, scheduling and I/O policies that are tuned for virtual machines and are not as effective for normal applications. HPE also provides more rigid partitioning of their Integrity and HP9000 systems by way of VPAR and nPar technology, the former offering shared resource partitioning and the latter offering complete I/O and processing isolation. The flexibility of virtual server environment (VSE) has given way to its use more frequently in newer deployments.

IBM provides virtualization partition technology known as logical partitioning (LPAR) on System/390, zSeries, pSeries and IBM AS/400 systems. For IBM's Power Systems, the POWER Hypervisor (PHYP) is a native (bare-metal) hypervisor in firmware and provides isolation between LPARs. Processor capacity is provided to LPARs in either a dedicated fashion or on an entitlement basis where unused capacity is harvested and can be re-allocated to busy workloads. Groups of LPARs can have their processor capacity managed as if they were in a "pool" - IBM refers to this capability as Multiple Shared-Processor Pools (MSPPs) and implements it in servers with the POWER6 processor. LPAR and MSPP capacity allocations can be dynamically changed. Memory is allocated to each LPAR (at LPAR initiation or dynamically) and is address-controlled by the POWER Hypervisor. For real-mode addressing by operating systems (AIX, Linux, IBM i), the Power processors (POWER4 onwards) have designed virtualization capabilities where a hardware address-offset is evaluated with the OS address-offset to arrive at the physical memory address. Input/Output (I/O) adapters can be exclusively "owned" by LPARs or shared by LPARs through an appliance partition known as the Virtual I/O Server (VIOS). The Power Hypervisor provides for high levels of reliability, availability and serviceability (RAS) by facilitating hot add/replace of many parts (model dependent: processors, memory, I/O adapters, blowers, power units, disks, system controllers, etc.)

Similar trends have occurred with x86/x86-64 server platforms, where open-source projects such as Xen have led virtualization efforts. These include hypervisors built on Linux and Solaris kernels as well as custom kernels. Since these technologies span from large systems down to desktops, they are described in the next section.

x86 systems
X86 virtualization was introduced in the 1990s, with its emulation being included in Bochs. Intel and AMD released their first x86 processors with hardware virtualisation in 2005 with Intel VT-x (code-named Vanderpool) and AMD-V (code-named Pacifica).

An alternative approach requires modifying the guest operating system to make a system call to the underlying hypervisor, rather than executing machine I/O instructions that the hypervisor simulates. This is called paravirtualization in Xen, a "hypercall" in Parallels Workstation, and a "DIAGNOSE code" in IBM VM. Some microkernels, such as Mach and L4, are flexible enough to allow paravirtualization of guest operating systems.

Embedded systems
Embedded hypervisors, targeting embedded systems and certain real-time operating system (RTOS) environments, are designed with different requirements when compared to desktop and enterprise systems, including robustness, security and real-time capabilities. The resource-constrained nature of many embedded systems, especially battery-powered mobile systems, imposes a further requirement for small memory-size and low overhead. Finally, in contrast to the ubiquity of the x86 architecture in the PC world, the embedded world uses a wider variety of architectures and less standardized environments. Support for virtualization requires memory protection (in the form of a memory management unit or at least a memory protection unit) and a distinction between user mode and privileged mode, which rules out most microcontrollers. This still leaves x86, MIPS, ARM and PowerPC as widely deployed architectures on medium- to high-end embedded systems.

As manufacturers of embedded systems usually have the source code to their operating systems, they have less need for full virtualization in this space. Instead, the performance advantages of paravirtualization make this usually the virtualization technology of choice. Nevertheless, ARM and MIPS have recently added full virtualization support as an IP option and has included it in their latest high-end processors and architecture versions, such as ARM Cortex-A15 MPCore and ARMv8 EL2.

Other differences between virtualization in server/desktop and embedded environments include requirements for efficient sharing of resources across virtual machines, high-bandwidth, low-latency inter-VM communication, a global view of scheduling and power management, and fine-grained control of information flows.

Security implications
The use of hypervisor technology by malware and rootkits installing themselves as a hypervisor below the operating system, known as hyperjacking, can make them more difficult to detect because the malware could intercept any operations of the operating system (such as someone entering a password) without the anti-malware software necessarily detecting it (since the malware runs below the entire operating system). Implementation of the concept has allegedly occurred in the SubVirt laboratory rootkit (developed jointly by Microsoft and University of Michigan researchers ) as well as in the Blue Pill malware package. However, such assertions have been disputed by others who claim that it would be possible to detect the presence of a hypervisor-based rootkit.

In 2009, researchers from Microsoft and North Carolina State University demonstrated a hypervisor-layer anti-rootkit called Hooksafe that can provide generic protection against kernel-mode rootkits.

title: Hypervisor


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Habib Yunich

Habib Yunich (also russified as Yunichev; 1906–1945) was a Chinese Tatar educator, journalist, and politician. He served as the Second East Turkestan Republic's first education minister, from the state's establishment in 1944 until his sudden death from typhus in 1945. He was succeeded by his deputy Saifuddin Azizi.

A highly educated polyglot, Yunich was concerned primarily with improving the cultural and educational institutions of his hometown Ghulja (Yining). He founded the city's first public library and Uyghur-language newspaper.

Early life and education
Habib Yunich was born in 1906, in the Uyghur-majority city of Ghulja. His father was Faziljan, an ethnic Tatar from Russia who became a respected aqsaqal (local elder) of Ghulja. A tsarist, Faziljan chose not to return to Russia following the February Revolution of 1917 and successfully applied for Chinese citizenship.

Yunich studied in Turkey and the Soviet Union as a young adult, learning a plethora of Turkic languages in addition to his native Tatar. By the time he returned to Ghulja from Turkey in 1934, he had become fluent in Turkish, Uyghur, Kazakh, and Uzbek. He was also fluent in Chinese, English, and Russian.

Shortly after returning to Ghulja, Yunich organized the first Uyghur-language newspaper in the city, and more broadly in Ili District. He was the newspaper's editor from 1934 to 1944. He also established Ghulja's first public library and taught at a Tatar school in the city during the 1940s.

Political career
The Second East Turkestan Republic (ETR) was proclaimed in Ghulja on 12 November 1944 by Soviet-backed Turkic revolutionaries, among them Yunich. On 18 November 1944, the ETR government appointed Yunich as Minister of Education, citing his rich cultural and linguistic education. Saifuddin Azizi, a Soviet-educated Uyghur, was appointed his deputy.

Yunich was the editor of the ETR government's official newspaper, Free East Turkestan (later Revolutionary East Turkestan). It was published in four languages – Uyghur, Russian, Kazakh, and Chinese – and began circulation on 17 November 1944.

Death
Yunich contracted typhus from one of his students amid an outbreak of the disease in Ghulja in the winter of 1944–45. He died in January 1945; Azizi succeeded him as the ETR's education minister on 13 March 1945.

title: Habib Yunich


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Sympatry

In biology, two related species or populations are considered sympatric when they exist in the same geographic area and thus frequently encounter one another. An initially interbreeding population that splits into two or more distinct species sharing a common range exemplifies sympatric speciation. Such speciation may be a product of reproductive isolation – which prevents hybrid offspring from being viable or able to reproduce, thereby reducing gene flow – that results in genetic divergence. Sympatric speciation may, but need not, arise through secondary contact, which refers to speciation or divergence in allopatry followed by range expansions leading to an area of sympatry. Sympatric species or taxa in secondary contact may or may not interbreed.

Types of populations
Four main types of population pairs exist in nature. Sympatric populations (or species) contrast with parapatric populations, which contact one another in adjacent but not shared ranges and do not interbreed; peripatric species, which are separated only by areas in which neither organism occurs; and allopatric species, which occur in entirely distinct ranges that are neither adjacent nor overlapping. Allopatric populations isolated from one another by geographical factors (e.g., mountain ranges or bodies of water) may experience genetic—and, ultimately, phenotypic—changes in response to their varying environments. These may drive allopatric speciation, which is arguably the dominant mode of speciation.

Evolving definitions and controversy
The lack of geographic isolation as a definitive barrier between sympatric species has yielded controversy among ecologists, biologists, botanists, and zoologists regarding the validity of the term. As such, researchers have long debated the conditions under which sympatry truly applies, especially with respect to parasitism. Because parasitic organisms often inhabit multiple hosts during a life cycle, evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr stated that internal parasites existing within different hosts demonstrate allopatry, not sympatry. Today, however, many biologists consider parasites and their hosts to be sympatric (see examples below). Conversely, zoologist Michael J. D. White considered two populations sympatric if genetic interbreeding was viable within the habitat overlap. This may be further specified as sympatry occurring within one deme; that is, reproductive individuals must be able to locate one another in the same population in order to be sympatric.

Others question the ability of sympatry to result in complete speciation: until recently, many researchers considered it nonexistent, doubting that selection alone could create disparate, but not geographically separated, species. In 2003, biologist Karen McCoy suggested that sympatry can act as a mode of speciation only when "the probability of mating between two individuals depend[s] [solely] on their genotypes, [and the genes are] dispersed throughout the range of the population during the period of reproduction". In essence, sympatric speciation does require very strong forces of natural selection to be acting on heritable traits, as there is no geographic isolation to aid in the splitting process. Yet, recent research has begun to indicate that sympatric speciation is not as uncommon as was once assumed.

Syntopy
Syntopy is a special case of sympatry. It means the joint occurrence of two species in the same habitat at the same time. Just as the broader term sympatry, "syntopy" is used especially for close species that might hybridise or even be sister species. Sympatric species occur together in the same region, but do not necessarily share the same localities as syntopic species do. Areas of syntopy are of interest because they allow to study how similar species may coexist without outcompeting each other.

As an example, the two bat species Myotis auriculus and M. evotis were found to be syntopic in North America. In contrast, the marbled newt and the northern crested newt have a large sympatric range in western France, but differ in their habitat preferences and only rarely occur syntopically in the same breeding ponds.

Sympatric speciation

The lack of geographic constraint in isolating sympatric populations implies that the emerging species avoid interbreeding via other mechanisms. Before speciation is complete, two diverging populations may still produce viable offspring. As speciation progresses, isolating mechanisms – such as gametic incompatibility that renders fertilization of the egg impossible – are selected for in order to increase the reproductive divide between the two populations.

Species discrimination
Sympatric groups frequently show a greater ability to discriminate between their own species and other closely related species than do allopatric groups. This is shown in the study of hybrid zones. It is also apparent in the differences in levels of prezygotic isolation (by factors that prevent formation of a viable zygote) in both sympatric and allopatric populations. There are two main theories regarding this process: 1) differential fusion, which suggests that only populations with a keen ability to discriminate between species will persist in sympatry; and 2) character displacement, which implies that distinguishing characteristics will be heightened in areas where the species co-occur in order to facilitate discrimination.

Reinforcement
Reinforcement is the process by which natural selection reinforces reproductive isolation. In sympatry, reinforcement increases species discrimination and sexual adaptation in order to avoid maladaptive hybridization and encourage speciation. If hybrid offspring are either sterile or less-fit than non-hybrid offspring, mating between members of two different species will be selected against. Natural selection decreases the probability of such hybridization by selecting for the ability to identify mates of one's own species from those of another species.

Reproductive character displacement
Reproductive character displacement strengthens the reproductive barriers between sympatric species by encouraging the divergence of traits that are crucial to reproduction. Divergence is frequently distinguished by assortative mating between individuals of the two species. For example, divergence in the mating signals of two species will limit hybridization by reducing one's ability to identify an individual of the second species as a potential mate. Support for the reproductive character displacement hypothesis comes from observations of sympatric species in overlapping habitats in nature. Increased prezygotic isolation, which is associated with reproductive character displacement, has been observed in cicadas of genus Magicicada, stickleback fish, and the flowering plants of the genus Phlox.

Differential fusion
An alternative explanation for species discrimination in sympatry is differential fusion. This hypothesis states that of the many species have historically come into contact with one another, the only ones that persist in sympatry (and thus are seen today) are species with strong mating discrimination. On the other hand, species lacking strong mating discrimination are assumed to have fused while in contact, forming one distinct species.

Differential fusion is less widely recognized than character displacement, and several of its implications are refuted by experimental evidence. For example, differential fusion implies greater postzygotic isolation among sympatric species, as this functions to prevent fusion between the species. However, Coyne and Orr found equal levels of postzygotic isolation among sympatric and allopatric species pairs in closely related Drosophila. Nevertheless, differential fusion remains a possible, though not complete, contributor to species discrimination.

Examples
Sympatry has been increasingly evidenced in current research. Because of this, sympatric speciation – which was once highly debated among researchers – is progressively gaining credibility as a viable form of speciation.

Orca: partial sympatry
Several distinct types of killer whale (Orcinus orca), which are characterized by an array of morphological and behavioral differences, live in sympatry throughout the North Atlantic, North Pacific and Antarctic oceans. In the North Pacific, three whale populations – called "transient", "resident", and "offshore" – demonstrate partial sympatry, crossing paths with relative frequency. The results of recent genetic analyses using mtDNA indicate that this is due to secondary contact, in which the three types encountered one another following the bidirectional migration of "offshore" and "resident" whales between the North Atlantic and North Pacific. Partial sympatry in these whales is, therefore, not the result of speciation. Furthermore, killer whale populations that consist of all three types have been documented in the Atlantic, evidencing that interbreeding occurs among them. Thus, secondary contact does not always result in total reproductive isolation, as has often been predicted.

Great spotted cuckoo and magpie: brood parasitism
The parasitic great spotted cuckoo (Clamator glandarius) and its magpie host, both native to Southern Europe, are completely sympatric species. However, the duration of their sympatry varies with location. For example, great spotted cuckoos and their magpie hosts in Hoya de Gaudix, southern Spain, have lived in sympatry since the early 1960s, while species in other locations have more recently become sympatric. Great spotted cuckoos, when in South Africa, are sympatric with at least 8 species of starling and 2 crows, pied crow and Cape crow.

The great spotted cuckoo exhibits brood parasitism by laying a mimicked version of the magpie egg in the magpie's nest. Since cuckoo eggs hatch before magpie eggs, magpie hatchlings must compete with cuckoo hatchlings for resources provided by the magpie mother. This relationship between the cuckoo and the magpie in various locations can be characterized as either recently sympatric or anciently sympatric. The results of an experiment by Soler and Moller (1990) showed that in areas of ancient sympatry (species in cohabitation for many generations), magpies were more likely to reject most of the cuckoo eggs, as these magpies had developed counter-adaptations that aid in identification of egg type. In areas of recent sympatry, magpies rejected comparatively fewer cuckoo eggs. Thus, sympatry can cause coevolution, by which both species undergo genetic changes due to the selective pressures that one species exerts on the other.

Acromyrmex ant: isolation of fungal gardens
Leafcutter ants protect and nourish various species of fungus as a source of food in a system known as ant-fungus mutualism. Leafcutter ants belonging to the genus Acromyrmex are known for their mutualistic relationship with Basidiomycete fungi. Ant colonies are closely associated with their fungus colonies, and may have co-evolved with a consistent vertical lineage of fungi in individual colonies. Ant populations defend against the horizontal transmission of foreign fungi to their fungal colony, as this transmission may lead to competitive stress on the local fungal garden. Invaders are identified and removed by the ant colony, inhibiting competition and fungal interbreeding. This active isolation of individual populations helps maintain the genetic purity of the fungal colony, and this mechanism may lead to sympatric speciation within a shared habitat.

title: Sympatry


text:
Weißkirchen radio transmitter

The transmitter Weißkirchen was a medium wave broadcasting facility located near Weißkirchen, Oberursel, Germany. It was the most powerful European AM transmitter of the American Forces Network and transmitted on 873 kHz with a power of 150 kilowatts. It started operation in May 1951 on 872 kHz and moved its frequency to 873 kHz in 1978 according to the regulations of Waveplan of Geneva. The transmitter ceased broadcasting on 31 May 2013, and was decommissioned in September 2014. Its aerial consisted of three guyed lattice steel masts built in 1954–55. These masts, each eighty-six metres tall and insulated against ground, were arranged in a row with a distance of 140 metres between each mast. On 23 April 2015 the aerial was dismantled.

As the numbers of American forces stationed in Europe has waxed and waned over the years, in response to developments in politics such as the end of the Cold War, this transmitter remained operational, though its observed signal strength appeared far less able to compete with other Medium-Wave broadcasters compared to reception reports made in the early to mid-1970s. For many European listeners in the 1970s and '80s, its relays of United States domestic networks provided the only American radio receivable in Germany, apart from stations specifically intended for overseas reception, such as the Voice of America.

title: Weißkirchen radio transmitter


text:
Mazda 737C

The Mazda 737C is a prototype racing car that was built for Mazdaspeed for the 24 Hours of Le Mans under the Group C2 formula. It was the final evolution of the initial Mooncraft built design dating back to the 717C. It again used a 2-rotor 13B Wankel engine.

Two 737Cs were entered in the 1985 24 Hours of Le Mans, finishing 3rd and 6th in the C2 class. The 737Cs were also raced in part of the 1985 World Sportscar Championship season, managing 8th place for Mazdaspeed in the C2 teams championship. In the All Japan Sports Prototype Championship, Mazda was able to come home 5th in the constructor's championship.

737Cs later ended up in the hands of privateers for the JSPC after Mazda replaced it with the newer 757.

title: Mazda 737C


text:
Claude François Geoffroy

Claude François Geoffroy (1729 – 18 June 1753) was a French chemist. In 1753 he proved the chemical element bismuth to be distinct from lead, becoming the official discoverer of the element. Before this time, bismuth-containing minerals were frequently misidentified as either lead, tin, or antimony ores. His observations on the matter were published in the Mémoires de l’académie française in 1753.

He became a master apothecary in 1748, and in 1752 he was admitted to the Académie des sciences as a supernumerary adjoint chemist. He died on 18 June 1753, (age 23 or 24).

He is known as Claude Geoffroy the Younger to distinguish him from his father Claude Joseph Geoffroy (1685–1752), also a French chemist and apothecary, member of the Académie des sciences.

title: Claude François Geoffroy


text:
Mandaic alphabet

The Mandaic alphabet is a writing system primarily used to write the Mandaic language. It is thought to have evolved between the second and seventh century CE from either a cursive form of Aramaic (as did Syriac) or from Inscriptional Parthian. The exact roots of the script are difficult to determine. It was developed by members of the Mandaean faith of Lower Mesopotamia to write the Mandaic language for liturgical purposes. Classical Mandaic and its descendant Neo-Mandaic are still in limited use. The script has changed very little over centuries of use.

The Mandaic name for the script is Abagada or Abaga, after the first letters of the alphabet. Rather than the traditional Semitic letter names (aleph, beth, gimel), they are known as a, ba, ga and so on.

It is written from right to left in horizontal lines. It is a cursive script, but not all letters connect within a word. Spaces separate individual words.

During the past few decades, Majid Fandi al-Mubaraki, a Mandaean living in Australia, has digitized many Mandaean texts using typeset Mandaic script.

Letters

The Mandaic alphabet contains 22 letters (in the same order as the Aramaic alphabet) and the digraph adu. The alphabet is formally closed by repeating the first letter, a, so that it has a symbolic count of 24 letters:

Vowels
Unlike most other Semitic alphabets, vowels are usually written out in full. The first letter, a (corresponding to alaph), is used to represent a range of open vowels. The sixth letter, wa, is used for close back vowels (u and o), and the tenth letter, ya is used for close front vowels (i and e). These last two can also serve as the consonants w/v and y. The eighth letter corresponds to the Semitic heth, and is called eh; it is pronounced as a long i-vowel but is used only as a suffix for the third person singular. The sixteenth letter, e (Aramaic ayn), usually represents e at the beginning of a word or, when followed by wa or ya, represents initial u or i respectively.

A mark similar to an underscore can be used to distinguish vowel quality for three Mandaic vowels. It is used in teaching materials but may be omitted from ordinary text. It is only used with vowels a, wa, and ya. Using the letter ba as an example:

 * /bā/ becomes /ba/
 * /bu/ becomes /bo/
 * /bi/ becomes /be/

Gemination mark
A dot under a consonant can be used to note gemination, indicating what native writers call a "hard" pronunciation. Sample words include (ekka) 'there is',  (šenna) 'tooth',  (lebba) 'heart', and  (rabba) 'great'.

Ligatures
The 23rd letter of the alphabet is the digraph adu (da + ya), the relative particle (cf. Arabic tāʾ marbūṭah, Coptic letter "ti", and English ampersand).

In addition to normal joining behavior, some Mandaic letters can combine to form various ligatures:
 * /kd/, /kḏ/,  /ki/,  /kl/,  /kr/,  /kt/, and  /ku/
 * /nd/, /ni/,  /nm/,  /nq/,  /nt/, and  /nu/
 * /pl/, /pr/, and  /pu/
 * /sˤl/, /sˤr/, and  /sˤu/
 * /ut/

Both adu and the old ligature kḏ  are treated as single characters in Unicode.

Similar characters
Due to their similar shapes, certain Mandaic characters are sometimes confused with each other by both historical Mandaean scribes and modern scholars, particularly in handwritten manuscripts. These include the following.
 * /d/, /r/,  /e/,  /q/
 * /u/, /i/
 * /m/, /t/
 * /k/, /n/,  /p/
 * /pa/, /ana/,  /ʃ/
 * /sˤ/, /hn/

Affrication mark
Postclassical and modern Mandaic use many Persian words. Various Mandaic letters can be re-purposed by placing two horizontally-aligned dots underneath. This idea is comparable to the four novel letters in the Persian alphabet, allowing the alphabet to be used to represent foreign sounds (whether affrication, lenition, or another sound):
 * /g/ becomes /ɣ/
 * /d/ becomes /ð/
 * /h/ becomes /ħ/
 * /tˤ/ becomes /ðˤ/
 * /k/ becomes /x/
 * /p/ becomes /f/
 * /ṣ/ becomes /ʒ/
 * /ʃ/ becomes /tʃ/, /dʒ/
 * /t/ becomes /θ/

Ayin
Mandaic ayin is borrowed from Arabic ayin. Unlike in Arabic, Mandaic ayin does not join with other letters.

Punctuation and other marks
Punctuation is sparsely used in Mandaic text. A break in text can be indicated by two concentric circles.

A horizontal low line can be used to justify text.

Religious use
Each letter of the Mandaic alphabet is said to represent a power of life and light. Mandaeans view their alphabet as magical and sacred.

Acrostic hymns can be found in Mandaic literature, for example in Book 12 of the Right Ginza.

The Semitic alphabet contains 22 letters. In order to bring this number to 24, the number of hours in a day, adu was added and a was repeated as the last letter of the Mandaic alphabet. Without this repetition, the alphabet would be considered incomplete for magical purposes.

Unicode
The Mandaic alphabet was added to the Unicode Standard in October, 2010 with the release of version 6.0.

The Unicode block for Mandaic is U+0840–U+085F:

title: Mandaic alphabet


text:
Talk:Anthem of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic

Untitled
I corrected a misspelling at "înfăptueşte"/"ынфэптуеште". I hope it was just a "bug" and not a "feature" of official Moldovan. :-) Bogdan | Talk 22:00, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Most likely, a typing error from someone whose knowledge of Romanian is not great, and of official Moldovan is none :-)

Ştefan Neaga Commision (Investigation Group)
This research group was formed on January 20, 2015 by Youtubers experts in National Anthems, Patriotic Music, Languages and History, who struggle every day to find the truth about the national anthem, forgotten in time. Its members are: Kingworld30, Wolf, YuusukeOnodera, Slevisham & DeroVolk. The mission is to find the complete original lyrics, as well as recordings and Sheet Music of Ştefan Neaga. For now, all we know is about the music's history. We don't have original sheets music, recordings or texts. We can only listen to a 20 seconds of an old recording, with a superposed voice (See External Links). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.231.113.133 (talk) 16:10, 21 January 2016 (UTC)

The Group finally found the full lyrics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AOP-8o_T8Ow

The Ştefan Neaga Commision had finally found the full lyrics. And Kingsworld30 sung the lyrics.

Now all we need to do is to find someone who is fluent in Romanian to help translate them.

Sereniama (talk) 01:30, 4 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Orphaned references in Anthem of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Anthem of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "info": From Anthem of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic: Kazakhstan (1945-1992), NationalAnthems.info, 2013. Kendall, David. From Anthem of the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic: http://www.nationalanthems.info/kar.htm Karelia. nationalanthems.info. Kendall, David.

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 02:17, 25 July 2020 (UTC)

IPA
Who transcribed the text into IPA? [mol.do.ʝa so.ʝə.ti.kɨ] etc. Almost every line is wrong. It should be rewritten altogether. I’ll try to do this by myself but it is better that an expert checks it up. —2dk (talk) 09:07, 11 July 2022 (UTC)
 * @User:Villi na kolesakh, why did you dou it? —2dk (talk) 10:52, 5 October 2022 (UTC)


text:
David Michaels (author)

"David Michaels" is a pseudonym for the authors of novels in the Splinter Cell, EndWar, H.A.W.X, and Ghost Recon series, all of which were created by Ubisoft and developed under Ubisoft's Tom Clancy license. The novel series began as video games for various console systems as well as the PC. As of February 2011, "Michaels" has released six Splinter Cell novels, two EndWar novels, two Ghost Recon novels, and one H.A.W.X novel.

The first two Splinter Cell novels were written by Raymond Benson. However, in 2006, Benson announced he was finished with Splinter Cell and that the next novel would be written by a different author under the same pseudonym. The last known author is Grant Blackwood. The current author is unknown, but he uses the David Michaels pseudonym. With the publication of Splinter Cell: Blacklist Aftermath in 2013, Peter Telep assumed the role of writer for the series. Unlike the previous "David Michaels" novels, Telep is credited on Blacklist Aftermath by name.

Books
Splinter Cell Series
 * Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell (2004) Written by Raymond Benson.
 * Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Operation Barracuda (2005) Written by Raymond Benson.
 * Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Checkmate (2006) Written by Grant Blackwood.
 * Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Fallout (2007) Written by Grant Blackwood.
 * Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Conviction (2009) Written by Peter Telep.
 * Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Endgame (2009)

EndWar
 * Tom Clancy's EndWar (2008)
 * Tom Clancy's EndWar: The Hunted (2011)

Ghost Recon
 * Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon (2008)
 * Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon: Combat Ops (2011)

H.A.W.X
 * Tom Clancy's H.A.W.X. (2009)

title: David Michaels (author)


text:
Thymallus yaluensis

Thymallus yaluensis, also known as Yalu grayling, is a putative species of freshwater fish, a grayling in the salmon family Salmonidae. It is endemic to the upper Yalu River in Korea, on the Chinese border.

Thymallus yaluensis is a small fish, the maximum recorded length is 20 cm (8 in). "It has the most beautiful form and fins of a freshwater fish" in Korea.

Some confusion exists about the identity of T. yaluensis. It is very similar in form to the Arctic grayling T. arcticus, and has mostly been treated as a subspecies, T. a. yaluensis, although FishBase treats it as an independent species. According to mitochondrial DNA, it is, however, inseparable from the Amur grayling T. grubii, and was suggested to be a junior synonym of that.

Confusingly, it has also been reported from widely separate regions including Siberia, the Alps in Europe, and the northern Mississippi River drainage in North America.

title: Thymallus yaluensis


text:
Mazda 727C

The Mazda 727C is a prototype racing car that was built for Mazdaspeed for the 24 Hours of Le Mans in the Group C2 class. It replaced the 717C in 1984 as an evolution of the Mooncraft-built design, and used the same 2-rotor 13B Wankel engine as the previous model.

Two 727Cs were entered in the 1984 24 Hours of Le Mans, finishing 4th and 6th in the C2 class. However, a pair of Lola T616s run by B.F. Goodrich Company used the same Mazda engine and were successful in beating both 727Cs, claiming 1st and 3rd.

The 727C was used a few more times in the 1984 World Sportscar Championship season, managing a mere 10th place in the C2 manufacturer's championship, behind two separate teams of privateers. The 727C was then replaced by the 737C in 1985.

title: Mazda 727C


text:
Edmond Henri Adolphe Schérer

Edmond Henri Adolphe Schérer (April 8, 1815 – March 16, 1889) was a French theologian, critic and politician.

Biography
He was born in Paris. After a course of legal studies, he spent several years in theological study at Strasbourg, where he graduated in theology in 1843, and was ordained. In 1843, he was appointed professor of exegesis in the École Évangélique at Geneva (popularly known as L'Oratoire). The development of his opinions in favour of the Liberal movement in Protestant theology led to his resigning the post six years later. He founded the Anti-Jesuite, afterwards the Réformation au XIXe siècle, in which he advocated the separation of the Church from the State; but he gradually abandoned Protestant doctrine.

In thought he became a pronounced Hegelian. Eventually he settled in Paris, where he at once attracted attention by brilliant literary criticisms, at first chiefly on great foreign writers, contributed to the Revue des deux mondes. He was elected municipal councillor at Versailles in 1870, deputy to the National Assembly for the department Seine-et-Oise in 1871 and senator for life in 1875. He supported the Republican party.

Towards the end of his life, he devoted self mainly to literary and general criticism, and was for many years one of the ablest contributors to Le Temps. He was a frequent visitor to England, and took a lively interest in English politics and literature. He died at Versailles.

Works
He also wrote a biography of Melchior Grimm (1887).
 * Dogmatique de l'Église réformée (1843)
 * De l'état actuel de l'Église réformée en France (1844)
 * Esquisse d'une analyse de l'église chrétienne  (1845)
 * La Critique et la foi (1850)
 * Alexandre Vinet, sa vie et ses écrits (1853)
 * Lettres à mon curé (1853)
 * M. Proudhon, ou la banqueroute du Socialisme (1858)
 * Études critiques sur la littérature contemporaine (1863-1889)
 * Études critiques de littérature (1876)
 * Diderot (1880)
 * La Démocratie et la France (1883)
 * Études sur la littérature au XVIIIe siècle (1891).

Articles

 * "The French Republic and the Catholic Church," The Contemporary Review, Vol. XXXVII, June 1880.

title: Edmond Henri Adolphe Schérer


text:
Marco Parra

Marco Antonio Parra Téllez (born January 22, 1985, in León, Guanajuato) is a Mexican footballer who plays for CF La Piedad (Third/Last tier of professional football competition).

Career
Parra emerged from the youth ranks of Chivas, and made his debut with the first team as an 18-year-old on October 22, 2003. He was acclaimed as a very promising prospect but failed to gain a place in Primera División de Mexico. Parra played only 14 games and scored thirteen goals in his three seasons with the club's first team.

title: Marco Parra


text:
Talk:Succession to the Crown Bill 2004

Untitled
Is it possible to say something about the likelihood of this Bill going through? Pcb21| Pete 22:03, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I dunno. Is it? Will it get a free vote, or will it be whipped?
 * James F. (talk) 04:05, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Philip Benwell MBE, National Chairman of the Australian Monarchist League has written to the Clerk to Parliaments of the United Kingdom,  as well as to the Speakers of all the Commonwealth Realms,  to advise that: "the Bill entitled the 'Succession to the Crown Bill (HL)',  the Second Reading of which is scheduled for the 14th January 2005,  is unconstitutional under the terms of the Statute of Westminster which specifically states:  "And whereas it is meet and proper to set out by way of  preamble to this Act that, inasmuch as the Crown is the symbol of the free association of the members of the British Commonwealth of Nations, and as they are united by a common allegiance to the Crown, it would be in accord with the established constitutional position of all the members of the Commonwealth in relation to one another that any alteration in the law touching the Succession to the Throne or the Royal Style and Titles shall hereafter require the assent as well of the Parliaments of all the Dominions as of the Parliament of the United Kingdom."

The Bill has been dropped.
The Succession to the Crown Bill (HL) has been dropped because of difficulties in getting agreement from all 16 Realms on the measures.

There is still the Common's version of the bill, but this is likely to be dropped soon too.

I think this proves that constitutional reform in the UK is practically impossible!!

cognatic
Sadly, Ashley Y has decided to take the less than clear term "cognatic primogeniture" around here, not respecting the need of the encyclopedia to use terms which have better consensus about its meaning. cognatic seems to be controversial term re precise definition, therefore a term having more consensus of its meaning should be used. Particularly here because the primogeniture system now used in UK has also been called "cognatic". 213.243.176.92 17:54, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

Succession to the Crown Bill 2012
Now see Succession to the Crown Bill 2012. Qexigator (talk) 15:59, 15 December 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Succession to the Crown Bill 2004


text:
Youth (musician)

Martin Glover (born 27 December 1960), better known by his stage name Youth, is a British record producer and musician, best known as a founding member and bassist of the rock band Killing Joke. He is also a member of the Fireman, along with Paul McCartney.

Early career
Martin Glover was born on 27 December 1960 in Slough, at that point part of Buckinghamshire, England. He attended private boarding school Kingham Hill School in Oxfordshire, where he met Alex Paterson, who would become a roadie for Glover's band Killing Joke, and later founder of The Orb. Naming himself Youth after the roots reggae chanter Big Youth, in 1977 he joined punk rock band the Rage, who toured with the Adverts. Later he joined "4 Be 2", a band formed by John Lydon's brother Jimmy Lydon, and recorded the "One of the Lads" single with them.

Youth was the original bass player in Killing Joke but left the band in 1982 and soon after founded his own commercially-orientated dub reggae-funk fusion band Brilliant with future The KLF member Jimmy Cauty. The act recorded one album with producers Stock Aitken Waterman (SAW) in 1985 before disbanding.

Explaining how SAW's creative process influenced both him and Cauty, Youth said, "We'd be co-writing with them, starting a new song and Pete Waterman would come in with a handful of New York import 12"s with him and he'd go to the record player and say, 'Right, that's the fuckin' bassline!' and then he'd play another record and go, 'That's the beat!'. Then he'd play another record, it's Cyndi Lauper, and he'd go, 'That's the melody!"

"It was that Picasso thing: don't borrow, steal it. I loved that. And that got me and Jimmy thinking, let's go further and sample it, and make the music from other people's records."

Youth also played bass on the Bollock Brothers' discomix 12", "The Slow Removal of Vincent van Gogh's Left Ear". Jimmy Lydon, brother of Sex Pistols John Lydon, was a member of the band.

In 1989, Youth and Alex Paterson started the WAU! Mr. Modo label. Their early releases were industrial techno dubs and heavy roots reggae sound system dubs from artists such as roots reggae singer Napthali, Manasseh, Bim Sherman and Jah Warrior.

Youth's connections with dub continued in the mid-1990s when he was asked by Adrian Sherwood to remix some of Bim Sherman's tracks for a reworking of the Miracle album. He also appeared on a Ted Parsons/NIC dub album, contributing a remix which opens with a sample from Glen Brown's "Version '78", a track originally released on the South East label.

In the early nineties, Youth formed techno and house music duo Blue Pearl together with American singer Durga McBroom. They scored a handful of hit singles including their blue vinyl debut "Naked in the Rain", which reached No. 4 in the UK Singles Chart and was also a No. 5 dance hit in the U.S. in 1990. It was followed by "Little Brother" and "(Can You) Feel the Passion". An album, Naked, was also released.

In 1994, Youth rejoined Killing Joke and their album Pandemonium was released on his Butterfly Recordings label, as was the 1996 follow-up, Democracy.

He is credited with founding the first psychedelic trance record label, Dragonfly Records, as well as the Liquid Sound Design and Kamaflage Records labels. He is well known in the psychedelic trance scene, collaborating with Simon Posford and Saul Davies as Celtic Cross, with Greg Hunter and Simon Posford as Dub Trees, and on the project Zodiac Youth. He has performed both full-on trance as well as chill-out DJ sets at several Return to the Source parties, and released the Ambient Meditations 3 mix album on their label in 2000. His Butterfly Studios were also home of the Return to the Source offices circa 1999–2002.

Later career
Youth's Butterfly Records label has produced artists such as Take That, Wet Wet Wet, Tom Jones, the Orb, System 7, Maria McKee and Heather Nova. Youth was the co-producer of the Verve's Urban Hymns and Dolores O'Riordan's Are You Listening?. He has also worked, produced and remixed for artists including Kate Bush, Guns N' Roses, Primal Scream, Embrace, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Gaudi, Art of Noise, Crowded House, Zoe, P.M. Dawn, Pop Will Eat Itself, Yazoo, Erasure, U2, Bananarama, INXS, James and Suns of Arqa.

Youth had also made plans to work with Duran Duran in the later stages of their lost album Reportage, before it was shelved later in 2006.

In 2008, Youth produced the Delays album Everything's the Rush, the Futureheads' This Is Not The World and worked on the debut album of American band The Daylights. In 2013, Glover produced the debut album Collective by the DIY indie rock band Echotape, followed by Meteorites by Echo and the Bunnymen and Lion by Peter Murphy. The following year, Glover produced Culture Club's Tribes album.

Youth is a member of the band Transmission, together with Simon Tong of the Verve, Paul Ferguson of Killing Joke and Tim Bran of Dreadzone. He also played guitar on several tracks on the 2007 Client album Heartland.

In mid-2010, he teamed up with Alex Paterson (of the Orb) to compile a retrospective compilation album of tracks from the WAU! Mr Modo label. The album titled Impossible Oddities was released on CD and double vinyl on 25 October 2010 via Year Zero Records.

In 2011, he recorded Generation Indigo, a fusion of punk, dub, ambient and techno with Poly Styrene of early punk rock band X-Ray Spex.

On 27 October 2012, during the International Festival of Music Producers and Sound Designers SOUNDEDIT, Youth was awarded The Man with the Golden Ear Award.

In 2016, he received the PPL Music Producers Guild Lifetime Achievement award and released the album Create Christ, Sailor Boy with David Tibet as Hypnopazūzu.

In 2017, he teamed with Gaudi for two collaborative releases as 'YOUTH & GAUDI': the vinyl 10in '2063: A Dub Odyssey' (printed on a limited edition green vinyl) and their debut album 'Astronaut Alchemists', both on Liquid Sound Design. Subsequently, the duo released the double album 'Astronaut Alchemists – Remixes' featuring Banco de Gaia, The Orb, Kaya Project, Bombay Dub Orchestra, Kuba, Gabriel Le Mar, Pitch Black, BUS/Gus Till, Vlastur, Deep Fried Dub, The Egg, Jef Stott/Aslan Dub, Onium, Living Light, Sadhu Sensi, DM-Theory and Uncle Fester On Acid.

In 2018, he recorded a collaborative album with Nik Turner. Pharaohs from Outer Space was released by Painted Word on 17 August 2018.

In 2019 he teamed with Italian musician Emilio Sorridente and created The Dream Symposium. They recorded the space rock album Green Electric Muse, produced by Youth and released in 2020 by Youthsounds Records. In the same year, he worked with Public Image Ltd's Keith Levene and Richard Dudanski on a single about the Brexit revolt with Mark Stewart of The Pop Group on vocals.

In 2021, he received the Grammy Award in the category Best Reggae Album as a producer of Got to Be Tough by Toots and the Maytals.

Production discography
Taken from Martin Glover's Youth site.

title: Youth (musician)


text:
Mazda 717C

The Mazda 717C is a prototype racing car built for Mazdaspeed for the 24 Hours of Le Mans under the Group C Junior formula. It was the first racecar built by Mazda since the ending of their running in GT with the RX-7 in 1982. It used a 2-rotor 13B Wankel engine, similar to the production engine in the Mazda RX-7. The bodywork and chassis were actually built by Mooncraft racing with assistance from Mazda.

Two 717Cs were entered at 1983 24 Hours of Le Mans, being the only finishers in the C Junior class, and finishing 12th and 18th overall.

The following year the car would be replaced by the 727C. The Yamaha OX99-11 is said to have a similar design from the 717C.

title: Mazda 717C