text:
User talk:Corpet~enwiki

JFW | T@lk  21:28, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Medecine Nouvelle
Hmmm. Strange page. I doubt this has anything to do with cancer, and more with quacks :-) I would recommend removing the link, but I must admit my French is pretty rusty. JFW | T@lk  17:35, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your kind response.
 * When do you find time to sleep - my wife often asks me the same question :-) I find working on Wikipedia mentally stimulating. I started during a period of unemployment, just after I'd sat a major medical exam MRCP part 1. I found it great to channel all that otherwise forgotten information into Wikipedia. JFW | T@lk  19:50, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Aspirin
In the section of Aspirin under cancer research, could you please add a more specific link at the end of your paragraph? The original colon paragraph I wrote listed the epidemiological studies (and the links are specific if someone wanted to read for instance who did the study and how, how many people, results, etc) and your new information is talking about empirical studies. For instance, could there be a footnote link for at least one of the 4 human studies and at least one (most significant) rat or mouse study? The chemo-site has a lot of info, but where would a reader go if they only wanted to read about specifically the four human volunteer studies (or wanted to know if there was more than 10 volunteers, for example)? At the end of the paragraph there could be a sentence saying something like, more info on similar studies can be found here (chemo-site link). Gaviidae 19:13, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Hi Gaviidae, I've seen your post, and will work on the Aspirin page when I have some time: this week-end likely Corpet 10:07, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Hi again Gaviidae, I've attempted to edit the Aspirin & CRC prevention, following your advices. I am not very happy of the style: would you be so kind to re-edit it, please? The double link to "Chemoprevention database" is heavy, but it does not refer to the same page, and, as you told me, people may have difficulties to specifically find the "aspirin" data in the database. Corpet 14:34, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

 * If you look, you'll see what I did with the Baron study (28 Feb). I did a pub-med style reference.  Ideally, we'd have a pub-med of one or maybe two of the best rat/mouse studies.  I think somewhere I saw that you've published.  You can see the format I used if you go to edit.  However, my edit did take away some of your earlier information-- I think a pub-med ref can re-add it without looking too clunky-- as you can see, if we use a published study of yours, then the only external link will be one to your main database -- the studies will be cute little ref-numbers (clicking on one takes you to the bottom of the page where all the studies are listed.  Clicking on the pub med link takes the reader to the actual study).
 * Also, when rat/mouse studies are listed, I think (after reading only one of them) that the main article text must say WHEN the aspirin worked. It seems in the case of the rats it was more preventative, and seemed to have the most effect "from before birth up to weaning" (a long-term preventative, working less on adults).
 * And, there is no problem with double linking if they actually go to different pages. Another wikipedian to ask for further info is Dr Ruben. He's the one who showed me how to make cool . Cheers, Gaviidae 14:59, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Corpet. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Corpet~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:09, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 11:45, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Corpet~enwiki


text:
Paul von Rennenkampf

Paul Georg Edler von Rennenkampf (Па́вел Ка́рлович Ренненка́мпф; 29 April 1854 – 1 April 1918) was a Baltic German nobleman, statesman and general of the Imperial Russian Army who commanded the 1st Army in the invasion of East Prussia during the initial stage of the Eastern front of World War I. He also served as the last commander of the Vilna Military District.

Rennenkampf gained a reputation as an effective cavalry commander during the Boxer Rebellion and the Russo-Japanese War. Following service in the latter, he led the detachment that suppressed the Chita Republic during the 1905 Russian Revolution. This earned him further promotion, and by the outbreak of World War I Rennenkampf was commander of the Vilna Military District, whose forces were used to form the 1st Army under his command.

He led the 1st Army in the invasion of East Prussia and won an early victory at Gumbinnen in late August 1914, but was relieved of command after defeats at Tannenberg, the Masurian Lakes and Łódź, although he was later proved innocent for the mistakes made in the Battle at Łódź by an official inquiry into his actions. Rennenkampf was shot by the Bolsheviks in Taganrog during the Red Terror in 1918.

Origin
Paul Georg Edler von Rennenkampff was born on 29 April 1854 in the manor of Konofer (now Konuvere, Märjamaa parish, Estonia) in the then Governorate of Estonia; one of eight children of Captain Karl Gustav Edler von Rennenkampff and Anna Gabriele Ingeborg Freiin von Stackelberg, he came from the Konofer-Tuttomäggi-Sastama branch of the Baltic German Rennenkampff family and was of Lutheran faith. His paternal ancestors were of Westphalian origin, originating in Osnabrück. On his mother's side was the Stackelberg family, whose common ancestor was Carl Adam von Stackelberg, a Swedish cavalry officer and participant in The Great Northern War; he thus remained a fifth cousin of the Russo-Japanese War general Georg von Stackelberg.

Early career
As a youth, Rennenkampf was educated in the Tallinn Knight and Cathedral School (Die Estländische Ritter- und Domschule zu Reval; Tallinna Toomkool), a German-speaking school established especially for local Baltic German aristocrats. Upon graduation, he joined the military as a non-commissioned officer in the 89th Infantry Regiment. He graduated the Helsingfors Junker Infantry School in Helsinki and began his military career with the Lithuanian 5th Lancers Regiment. He graduated at the top of his class from the Nicholas General Staff Academy in St. Petersburg (or at the first category) in 1881.

From late August to late November 1884, he was an over-officer of the 14th Army Corps, specialising in instruction. In late September 1886, he was the chief of staff of the Warsaw Military District, serving under General and later Field Marshal Count Gurko.

In early 1888, he was appointed to the Kazan Military District. Rennenkampf subsequently became the senior adjutant to the headquarters of the Don Cossacks. In late October 1889, he was appointed headquarters officer for special assignment at the 2nd Army Corps headquarters. In late March 1890, he was appointed the chief of staff of the Osowiec Fortress in Russian Poland. The same year he was promoted to colonel, after which he served in several different regiments until late November 1899, when he was appointed chief of staff of the Transbaikal region, and was promoted to major general.

Boxer Rebellion
From 1900 to 1901, Rennenkampf participated in the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion in China. He distinguished himself with extreme success during the campaign, receiving both the 4th and 3rd classes of the Order of St. George for military distinction.

"He acquired a name and wide popularity in military circles during the Chinese campaign (1900), for which he received two St. George crosses. The military, in general, were skeptical of the 'heroes' of the Chinese war, and was considered 'not real.' But the cavalry raid of Rennenkampf, in its daring and courage, deserved universal recognition.

It began in late July 1900, after the occupation of Aigun (near Blagoveshchensk). Rennenkampff, with a small detachment of three arms, defeated the Chinese in a strong position along the ridge of the Small Hingan and, having overtaken his infantry, with fourteen hundred Cossacks and a battery, having made 400 kilometers in three weeks with continuous skirmishes, captured a large Manchurian city of Qiqihar with a sudden raid. From here the high command assumed a systematic offensive against Jirin, gathering large forces in the 3 regiments of infantry, 6 regiments of cavalry and 64 guns, under the command of the famous general von Kaulbars ... But, without waiting for the detachment to be collected, General von Rennenkampff, taking with him 10 hundred Cossacks and a battery, on August 24 moved forward along the Sungari valley; On the 29th he captured Boduna, where 1,500 boxers surrendered unawares to him without a fight; September 8, seized Kaun-Zheng-tzu, leaving here five hundred and a battery to ensure its rear, with the remaining 5-hundred, having done 130 km per day, flew to Jilin. This match, unparalleled in its speed and suddenness, caused the Chinese, exaggerating to the extreme the strength of Rennenkampff, the impression that Kirin, the second most populated city and the most important city of Manchuria, surrendered, and the big garrison folded it. A handful of Rennenkampff Cossacks, lost among the mass of the Chinese, for several days, until reinforcements arrived, was in a preoriginal position ... – Anton Denikin"

In mid-September, Rennenkampf left for Dagushan, leaving hundreds of troops to protect the mint and arsenal. After several days of resetting, he attacked and occupied Tieling and Mukden with his detachment attacked, maintaining control until October. Within this time, the general survived numerous assassination attempts; during one encounter, when he and his troops entered a manor, three Chinese men with spears charged toward the general, with a Cossack, Fyodor Antipyev, saving the general and being stabbed himself. For military distinction, he was awarded the Order of St. George of the 3rd degree.

The raid of the cavalry detachment of Rennenkampf was one of the most successful and decisive military operations in the Boxer Rebellion. In just three months of actions, Russian troops had taken over 2,500m2 of land, the best trained Chinese troops stationed at Heilongjiang were defeated and pushed out of Manchuria, and rebel detachments were dispersed, leading to the cessation of the Chinese resistance movement against their Russian occupiers.

Russo-Japanese War
In February 1904, after the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War, Rennenkampf was appointed commander of the Trans-Baikal Cossack Division. In June, he was promoted to lieutenant-general in recognition of his military distinction.

In late June 1904, while scouting the Japanese positions at Liaoyang, he was shot in the leg, shattering the shin. After less than two months he returned to active service, without fully recovering from his wounds. In the Battle of Mukden, Rennenkampf again distinguished himself commanding the Tsinghechensky detachment, which was stationed at the left flank of the 1st Manchurian Army led by General Nikolai Linevich. During the battle, he showed great persistence, which, combined with other reinforcements, was able to repulse Field Marshal Kawamura's offensive.

According to some historians and writers, after the Battle of Mukden, a personal conflict occurred between Rennenkampf and General Samsonov and it came to an exchange of blows, which made the two of them lifelong foes; some other historians argue that there could be no clashes between the generals. The main source of this rumor is the memoirs of the German general Max Hoffmann, who was an observer with the Imperial Japanese Army during the war; capable of personally observing relations among Russian generals, he would subsequently become one of Rennenkampf's enemies in the First World War. In his memoirs, which refer again to rumors, Hoffmann mentioned that both generals quarrelled in Liaoyang after the battle; however, this claimed argument remains physically impossible, as Rennenkampf was seriously injured at this time.

After the war, Rennenkampf commanded numerous army corps, including the 7th Siberian Army Corps, the 3rd Siberian Army Corps and the 3rd Army Corps.

1905 Russian Revolution
After the war, Rennenkampf commanded an infantry battalion with several machine guns which followed a train in Harbin, restoring communications between the Manchurian Army and Western Siberia. Within this time, the Revolution broke out; this task remained interrupted via a revolutionary movement in Eastern Siberia, the Chita Republic. Rennenkampf and his forces were sent to suppress the movement, successfully restoring order in Chita.

After this campaign, he remained a target for assassination by numerous rebel groups and several plots to assassinate him were planned. In late October 1906, he faced an assassination attempt while walking along the street with two of his adjutants; a member of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, who was sitting on a bench, threw a bomb onto the general's feet. However, rather than destroying Rennenkampf and his adjutants, the explosion merely stunned them. The attempted assassin was later arrested and tried.

The decisive actions of Rennenkampf in the course of a war and in the suppression of rebellion led to further advancements in his career. In late December 1910, he was promoted to General of the Cavalry, then promoted to General-Adjutant in 1912. A further promotion to commander-in-chief of all troops within the Vilna Military District followed in mid-January 1913.

World War I
In the beginning of the First World War, Rennenkampf was appointed commander of the 1st Army of the Northwestern Front, under commander-in-chief General Yakov Zhilinsky; his rival Samsonov was the commander of the 2nd Army invading East Prussia from the south. On 7 August 1914, Rennenkampf and his troops entered East Prussia from the east. While retreating upon orders from the defending 8th Army commander, General Maximilian von Prittwitz, a gap formed between the Russian armies; exploiting this, the Imperial German 1st Division, commanded by General Hermann von François, counterattacked at the Battle of Stallupönen, initiating the Eastern Front of the war. Although it was a victory for the Germans, Russian artillery bombardment halted the German offensive, causing François to withdraw to the town of Gumbinnen.

Rennenkampf continued his advance, defeating the 8th Army under the Prittwitz's command at the Battle of Gumbinnen. But due to a later incorrect assessment made by Zhilinsky, the victory at Gumbinnen did not develop. After the battle, Rennenkampf was ordered by Zhilinsky to launch an offensive against the heart of East Prussia, Königsberg, but his army did not link up with Samsonov's 2nd Army due to a mistake made by Zhilinsky. As a result, the German 8th Army under the new commander, General (later field marshal) Paul von Hindenburg, charged through the gap, then encircled and nearly wiped out the 2nd Army near Allenstein (the Battle of Tannenberg). When the desperate Samsonov sent his appeals for help, instead of immediately replying and heading south to aid Samsonov, Rennenkampf almost completely ignored the appeal. When he finally began to head south, he and his men started too late and proceeded more slowly than they should have, contributing to the defeat of the 2nd Army. After the battle, Samsonov, fearing being held responsible for the defeat, committed suicide.

After the 2nd Army's annihilation at the Battle of Tannenberg, Rennenkampf's army took over all the defenses along the Deyma, Lava and the Masurian Lakeland. On 7 September, the First Battle of the Masurian Lakes began, as the Germans attacked the left flank of the 1st Army with a powerful detachment. Zhilinsky broke his promise to provide Rennenkampf with reinforcements from other formations; as a result, the 1st Army had to retreat hurriedly. The 2nd Army Corps, led by General Vladimir Slyusarenko, resisted desperately, as did Rennenkampf himself, who transferred all the cavalrymen, reserves, and troops from the right to left flank of the 20th Army Corps in order to avoid encirclement by Hindenburg. By 15 September, he skillfully withdrew his men from encirclement and withdrew behind the Neman, saving all the remaining troops he had. After this failure, despite his best efforts to blame Rennenkampf for the defeat, Zhilinsky was dismissed and was replaced by the General Nikolai Ruzsky.

In mid-November at Łódź, due to the indecisiveness and mistakes made by Ruzsky, the 1st Army was unable to prevent the XXV Reserve Corps of General Reinhard von Scheffer-Boyadel from escaping out of the encircling movement, causing the front to retreat. A sharp conflict then broke out between the two men. After the incident, Rennenkampf was relieved from his position. His acts during the battle became the subject of a special commission under General Peter von Baranoff; he was even considered being tried for treason, due to his ethnic background. He was then dismissed in early October 1915 "for domestic reasons with a uniform and pension".

After that, he stayed in Petrograd, living in retirement with his wife Vera until the Bolshevik coup. However, his retirement was extremely unsettling, as he was falsely accused of being a traitor, and all across Russia, on streets and in public places, people insulted him for his actions. Even Baltic Germans accused him, as Vera recalled, as being a "terrible Russophile". All these events plunged Rennenkampf into deep moral suffering.

Army chief of staff General Nikolai Yanushkevich wrote the following about the issue of German Generals in the Russian Army to the Minister of War, General Sukhomlinov:

"The mass of complaints, libel, and so on, that the Germans (Rennenkampf, Sivers, Müller, etc.) are traitors and that the Germans are being given a move, as well as the mood of military censorship letters convinced that the appointment of Pavel Plehve, with some of his regime and perseverance to carry out operations even with victims, prompted (Grand Duke Nikolai) to abandon the original idea of Plehve and to dwell on a man with a Russian surname."

In a further investigation, it was revealed that it was Ruzsky's strategic mistakes that had let Scheffer-Boyadel and his troops escape from the encirclement. This, however, did not bring Rennenkampf back to service.

February Revolution
Rennenkampf was arrested shortly after the February Revolution, as many of the revolutionaries remembered his role in the suppression of the Chita Republic back in 1905. He was then questioned by the Extraordinary Investigative Commission of the Russian Republic, although he was not charged with any crimes.

October Revolution and death
Rennenkampf was arrested again after the October Revolution and, like many other tsarist officials, was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. He was released shortly afterwards due to deteriorating health. After that, he, along with several other tsarist generals, went south to Taganrog, his wife's birthplace, and lived under the protection of a merchant named Smokovnikov.

After the Red Army took over the city, Rennenkampf disappeared, disguised as a Greek subject named Mandusakis, but was tracked down by the Red Army and identified, after which he was brought to the headquarters of the Bolsheviks under the order of Red Army commander-in-chief Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko. After arriving, the former general was offered a command in the Red Army, with refusal implying death. Rennenkampf refused to defect to the Bolsheviks, saying:

"I'm old. I have not much left to live, for the salvation of my life, I will not become a traitor and will not go against my own. Give me a well-armed army, and I will go against the Germans, but you have no army; to lead this army would mean leading people to slaughter, I will not take this responsibility on myself."

At the time, the Germans were advancing toward Taganrog; the Czechs and Anton Denikin's White Army were as well. As a result, Rennenkampf was taken hostage by the Bolsheviks and brought near the railway tracks running from the Martsevo station to the Baltic. Upon arrival, Rennenkampf was forced to dig his own grave, then stabbed before being executed with a bullet to the temple.

Aftermath
According to Rennenkampf's wife Vera's memoirs, after his death, the Whites were told that Rennenkampf was on the way to Moscow. In May 1918, after the Whites had taken over Taganrog, a stick was found stuck in the ground near the railway tracks running from the Martsevo station to the Baltic Plant. After they dug up the grave, they found several bodies, including one nearly naked with a bullet wound to the head. When they took the corpses to a local cemetery (now the Taganrog Old Cemetery) in the city, Rennenkampf's wife Vera arrived at the cemetery and identified the nearly naked corpse as her husband Paul.

The White troops and Rennenkampf's wife held a funeral that fulfilled Rennenkampf's wish of being buried in an unmarked mass grave with other victims of the Red Terror. But other than her memoirs, there is no evidence of Rennenkampf's burial in the Old Cemetery in Taganrog.

In recent years, researchers at the Hoover Institution archives of the Stanford University found several photos taken during the civil war. In the photos, a marked grave was clearly seen on the left with "P. K. Rennenkampf" written on it. This allowed historians and researchers to determine and establish the final resting place of Rennenkampf at the burial ground in the Old Cemetery in Taganrog.

Family
Born into a large and wealthy family, Rennenkampf had five brothers and two sisters. His brothers included Woldemar Konstantin von Rennenkampff (1852–1912), a cavalryman and the director of the Russian gun industry, and Georg Olaf von Rennenkampff (1859–1915), a chief of powder manufacturing in Zawiercie.

Rennenkampf married four times. In 1882, he married Adelaide Franziska Thalberg, with whom he had three children: Adelaide Ingeborg (1883–1896), Woldemar Konstantin (1884) and Iraida Hermaine (1885–1950). Thalberg died in 1888 after only six years of marriage.

In 1890, in Vilno, Rennenkampff married Lydia Kopylova, with whom he had one more child, Lydia (1891–1937). He then married Evgenia Dmitryevna Grechova, with whom he had no children.

Finally, in 1907 in Irkutsk he married Vera Nikolayevna Krassan (Leonutova), with whom he had a daughter, Tatyana (1907–1994), and adopted Vera's daughter Olga (1901–1918) from her first marriage. Unlike his other marriages, Rennenkampf's marriage with Vera was long and happy. Vera, as the wife of the commander of the Vilna Military District, was a trustee and member of a branch of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. When the war broke out, she participated in organizations that cared for the wounded. In Vera's memoirs, she wrote of her founding of the Committee for Assistance to the families of reserve lower ranks, tailoring workshops for the front, and her participation in the formation of the flying car detachment of the Evangelical Red Cross that took the wounded from the battlefield.

After the war and Rennenkampf's death, the fate of his family was unknown, but Vera and Tatyana escaped to Paris, France. Olga was murdered on her doorstep the same month as her stepfather's murder. The rest of the family either fled to Estonia or back to Germany during the civil war.

Legacy
Before his execution, Rennenkampf had asked his wife Vera to make every effort to "whitewash his name from slander". Vera was not alone in considering her husband to be innocent of the strategic mistakes that led to the Russian defeats in the East Prussian campaign; a significant part of the White émigrés, including generals Baron Wrangel, Anton Denikin, and Nikolai Golovin, shared that view.

To rehabilitate the general's image and to "give the light to the real face of General Paul Georg Edler von Rennenkampff", on the initiative of his wife in November 1936 the historical society of the "Friends of Rennenkampf" ("Les Amis de Rennenkampf") was founded in Paris. The honorary chairman was Vera herself, and the president of the bureau was the husband of Rennenkampf's daughter Tatyana. The honorary committee included the widow of Baron Wrangel – Baroness Olga Mikhailovich, General Nikolai Epanchin, Prince Belosselsky-Belozersky and others.

Personal collection
A collection of Chinese art pieces looted by Rennenkampf during the 1900 Chinese Campaign is on display in the Alferaki Palace in Taganrog.

In popular culture

 * In the 2005 Russian film The Fall of the Empire, Rennenkampf was portrayed by Russian actor Sergei Nikonenko.
 * Rennenkampf was among 15 Russian generals and admirals to be featured in the postcards produced by the French confectionery company Chocolat Guérin-Boutron, with the description "86. Rennenkampf, général russe".

Russian Empire

 * RUS_Order_św._Stanisława_(baretka).svg Order of St. Stanislaus, 3rd class (1884)
 * RUS_Order_św._Stanisława_(baretka).svg Order of St. Stanislaus, 2nd class (1894)
 * RUS_Order_św._Stanisława_(baretka).svg Order of St. Stanislaus, 1st class with swords (31.3.1905)
 * Order_of_Saint_Anna_ribbon_bar.svg Order of St. Anne, 3rd class (1888)
 * Order_of_Saint_Anna_ribbon_bar.svg Order of St. Anne, 2nd class (1895)
 * Order_of_Saint_Anna_ribbon_bar.svg Order of St. Anne, 1st class (1907)
 * Order_of_Saint_Vladimir,_ribbon_bar.svg Order of St Vladimir, 4th class (1899)
 * RUS_Order_św._Stanisława_(baretka).svg Order of St Vladimir, 3rd class (1903)
 * Order_of_Saint_Vladimir,_ribbon_bar.svg Order of St Vladimir, 2nd class with swords (1914)
 * RUS Order of Saint George 4th class ribbon 2000.svg Order of St. George, 4th class (12.8.1900)
 * RUS Order of Saint George 3rd class ribbon 2000.svg Order of St. George, 3rd class (22.12.1900)
 * RUS Order of Saint George 4th class ribbon 2000.svg Golden Weapon with diamonds and the inscription "For Bravery" (1906)

Foreign

 * Kingdom of Sweden:
 * Order_of_the_Sword_-_Ribbon_bar.svg Order of the Sword (before 1914)
 * Austrian Empire:
 * Ordine imperiale della corona di ferro, austria.png Order of the Iron Crown (before 1914)

Publications

 * Auf dem Fluß Amur und in der Mandschurei, war reports of Generals Rennenkampf of 1904, Part I, Voyenny Sbornik (military collection), Nr. 3, S. 89–108.
 * Auf dem Fluß Amur und in der Mandschurei, war reports of Generals Rennenkampf of 1904, Part II, Voyenny Sbornik, Nr. 4, S. 57–86.
 * Auf dem Fluß Amur und in der Mandschurei, war reports of Generals Rennenkampf of 1904, Part III, Voyenny Sbornik, Nr. 5, S. 55–86.
 * Der zwanzigtägige Kampf meines Detachements in der Schlacht von Mukden, Berlin: Mittler & Sohn (1909)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Paul von Rennenkampf


text:
Scientific celebrity

A scientific celebrity, also known as a celebrity scientist or public scientist, is a scientist who has gained significant public attention, usually through the media. For the general public, scientific celebrities serve to represent science or a field of science. In some instances this can be self-serving in nature or can be at the behest of governmental or corporate interests or to promote the science involved.

With new scientific discoveries scientists come to be publicly known for their contributions. Although this type of recognition has become more common in recent times (coincidental with the rise of celebrity culture), the phenomenon is centuries old. Media attention to science became more pervasive beginning in the late 1960s and early 1970s as the variety of media outlets increased and they gave greater attention to scientific progress. Scientific celebrities have had a significant role in the popularization of science.

Historical examples
In the late 17th century and early 18th century, Isaac Newton became widely known in the United Kingdom and much of the western world after he published his theories of motion. Others, including Voltaire, promoted Newton's reputation; although Newton did not actively promote himself.

Charles Darwin pursued popularity among the general public following his 1859 publication of his book On the Origin of Species which explained his theory of evolution. This included distribution of mass-produced photographs of himself and his projects. He carefully selected interviews and public appearances. He responded to his mail with pre-printed responses. Darwin made available low cost editions of his book for reading by the general public. Statuettes of a chimpanzee contemplating a human skull became widely available following the rise of Darwin's fame.

Modern examples
By 1919, shortly after Albert Einstein published his seminal work on the General Theory of Relativity, he became well-known among the general public around the world. By then, experimental data appeared to support Einstein's theories, and this revolutionary new way of thinking of the physical world commanded significant public attention. Science historian Abraham Pais wrote, “Einstein, creator of some of the best science of all time, is himself a creation of the media in so far as he is and remains a public figure.” Einstein's rise to celebrity status is traceable to November 1919 as major news outlets such as The Times (of London) and The New York Times reported on the scientific breakthroughs. Einstein was at times uncomfortable with his celebrity status, as it compromised his privacy. However, he used his fame to advance social causes for which he had strong conviction, such as Zionism, nuclear disarmament, civil rights, and pacifism.

Astronomer Fred Hoyle rose to prominence by 1950, especially in the United Kingdom. He hosted a series of radio broadcasts by the BBC entitled, "The Nature of the Universe". Hoyle was for a time among the most popular broadcasters in the United Kingdom, and the book version of his radio broadcast was a bestseller.

In the latter part of the 20th century and early 21st century, cosmologist Stephen Hawking achieved celebrity status. This was initially through his research publications on black holes and other aspects of cosmology. In 1988, he published A Brief History of Time, which was a book that provided insight into cosmology for the general public. Hawking's celebrity status grew rapidly, and his involvement in popular culture was perpetuated through television and radio appearances, biographical books, and being the subject of a movie, The Theory of Everything. At times, Hawking suffered from public scrutiny of his private life.

Lists of notable English language popularizers of science and of science communicators are available.

The Sagan Effect
Carl Sagan was an accomplished researcher in the field of planetary science by the time he published his 1977 book The Dragons of Eden, on the evolution of human intelligence, targeted for general, non-scientific audiences. With this book, Sagan earned the Pulitzer Prize and became famous. In 1980, Sagan hosted the television series Cosmos: A Personal Voyage, which cemented his status as a scientific celebrity. Time Magazine called Sagan "America's most effective salesman of science."

Sagan was a university professor at the time that he first achieved celebrity status. Influential academic peers perceived Sagan as a popularizer of science and not a serious scholar. He was denied academic tenure at Harvard University, despite his significant achievements as an independent researcher. (He later became a full professor at Cornell University.) Science historian Michael Shermer termed this the "Sagan Effect." This form of academic snobbery has applied to some other scientific celebrities, including Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould. A 2016 discussion of the Sagan Effect indicated that the effect was continuing to persist at that time, even though it may be in decline as academic institutions have become more engaged in public outreach.

Role of the media
The means of media reporting on science and the amount of science reporting have evolved significantly since science reporting first began, just as it has with journalism on most subjects. Early on, scientists gained the publicity necessary for celebrity status through traditional print media, including newspapers, magazines, pamphlets and mailings. The lecture circuit was another means, especially for self-promotion. By the middle of the 20th century, broadcast media such as television and radio and eventually cable television became important outlets. The rise of digital media enabled scientist to directly address the general public. Many other people have become known to the public as a result of media promotion. Heads of state, heads of governmental units and religious leaders have long received this type of media attention in representing interests other than their own. Scientific celebrity is similar, and C. Everett Koop is an example of a scientific celebrity who gain celebrity status through his work for a governmental agency, as Surgeon General of the United States.

A further form of scientific outreach in the digital age is TED Talks. Science is one of the basic themes of Ted Talks, and examples of scientific celebrities who have presented TED Talks include E.O. Wilson, Barry Schwartz, Richard Dawkins, Steven Pinker, Brian Greene, and Laura Boykin, among others.

A survey indicates that public acceptance of scientific concepts, particularly evolution, depends on the celebrity scientists who advocate it and on the other concepts that the celebrity advocates. Amy Unsworth and David Voas found that acceptance of evolution could decrease among some religious groups if it is advocated by a celebrity scientist who is perceived as having negative views of the religion, such as Richard Dawkins.

Science by press release
At times, some scientists have inappropriately or prematurely publicized their research findings in the media, by press release or press conference. This has typically occurred when the findings have questionable scientific merit, and the scientists appeal directly to the general public. At times the host institution is complicit. This type of science by press release is seen as an example of pathological science. Cold fusion is an example of this behavior.

Media celebrities
Some television presenters such as Richard Attenborough, Patrick Moore and David Attenborough have scientific qualifications, and some like Bill Nye have engineering qualifications, but these presenters are primarily known for their own presentations of scientific topics rather than their contributions to the advance of scientific knowledge. Some media outlets have science editors or science reporters who are specifically tasked with reporting on scientific developments. These people often do not have scientific training but rather are professional journalists, a notable example being Jules Bergman of ABC-TV in the United States.

Actor Alan Alda has taken up the cause of aiding scientists in communicating with the general public. His efforts are not limited to scientific celebrities and include scientists that are not well-known. Alda's method emphasizes improvisational techniques.

Some celebrities are known for their roles in the media but not for their work in science, such as Mayim Bialik, one of the stars of the television show The Big Bang Theory, who has a PhD in neuroscience. Another example is actress Danica McKellar who has published original research in the field of mathematics. Another is comedian and science writer Kasha Patel.

title: Scientific celebrity


text:
Roseland

Roseland may refer to:

 * Roseland (film), a 1977 Merchant Ivory film
 * Roseland (band), a musical collaboration (duo) between Tyler Bates and Azam Ali
 * Roseland NYC Live, a live album and DVD by Portishead

Buildings and organisations

 * Roseland (Ferriday, Louisiana), listed on the NRHP in Louisiana
 * Roseland (Kingsport, Tennessee), listed on the NRHP in Tennessee
 * Roseland Ballroom in New York City
 * Roseland Christian School in Chicago, Illinois, United States
 * Roseland Cottage in Woodstock, Connecticut, United States
 * Roseland Observatory, an astronomical observatory in Cornwall, England
 * Roseland Park, a defunct amusement park in New York State
 * Roseland Plantation (Faunsdale, Alabama), listed on the NRHP in Alabama
 * Roseland Theater, a concert venue in Portland, Oregon, United States
 * Roseland Waterpark in Canandaigua, New York

Canada

 * Roseland, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
 * Roseland, Manitoba, Canada

United Kingdom

 * Roseland Peninsula, Cornwall, United Kingdom

United States

 * Roseland, California
 * Roseland, Florida
 * Roseland, Chicago, Illinois
 * Roseland, Indiana
 * Roseland, Kansas
 * Roseland, Louisiana
 * Roseland, Minnesota
 * Roseland, Missouri
 * Roseland, Nebraska
 * Roseland, New Jersey
 * Roseland, Ohio
 * Roseland Township, Kandiyohi County, Minnesota
 * Roseland Township, Adams County, Nebraska

title: Roseland


text:
Talk:Industrial society

hjBBChcucihichcljvvhi ohvlhvjkin NM hmm Kn

Untitled
the advantages and disadvantages of industrial society

Ucsp
￼what is industrial society 2A03:2880:13FF:77:0:0:FACE:B00C (talk) 12:05, 27 September 2023 (UTC)

"Industrial labor" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Industrial_labor&redirect=no Industrial labor] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Steel1943 (talk) 22:49, 22 February 2024 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Information Literacy and Scholarly Discourse
— Assignment last updated by Leslie.dicharry (talk) 22:20, 23 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Industrial society


text: User talk:134.22.70.98

title: User talk:134.22.70.98


text:
Bishop of Clogher

The Bishop of Clogher is an episcopal title which takes its name after the village of Clogher in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. Following the Reformation, there are now parallel apostolic successions: one of the Church of Ireland and the other of the Roman Catholic Church.

History
Clogher is one of the twenty-four dioceses established at the Synod of Ráth Breasail in 1111 and consists of much of south west Ulster, taking in most of counties Fermanagh and Monaghan and parts of Tyrone, Cavan, Leitrim and Donegal. Frequently in the Irish annals the Bishop of Clogher was styled the Bishop of Oirialla. Between c. 1140 to c. 1190, County Louth was transferred from the see of Armagh to the see of Clogher. During this period the Bishop of Clogher used the style Bishop of Louth. The title Bishop of Clogher was resumed after 1193, when County Louth was restored to the see of Armagh.

Present Ordinaries
The present Church of Ireland bishop is the Right Reverend Dr. Ian W. Ellis, elected in September 2020 and consecrated in April 2021 The Church of Ireland bishop is unique in having two diocesan cathedrals within a single diocese, with one Dean and chapter between them: the Cathedral Church of Saint Macartin, Enniskillen and the Cathedral Church of Saint Macartan, Clogher.
 * In the Church of Ireland

The current Roman Catholic bishop is the Most Reverend Lawrence Duffy who was appointed by the Holy See on 8 December 2018 and ordained bishop on 10 February 2019. The Roman Catholic bishop's seat (cathedra) is located at the Cathedral Church of Saint Macartan, Monaghan.
 * In the Roman Catholic Church

title: Bishop of Clogher


text:
Practical Demonkeeping

Practical Demonkeeping is a novel by American writer Christopher Moore, published in 1992. His first novel, it deals with a demon from Hell and his master. The novel has been translated and published in German, Italian, Japanese, Spanish, Portuguese and Russian.

Plot summary
Travis was born in 1900, yet he has not aged since 1919, because he accidentally called up a demon from hell named Catch as his servant, presumably forever. Ever since then, Travis has been trying to get rid of Catch, but he is unable to do so because he has lost the repository of the necessary incantations. He traces their whereabouts to a fictional town called Pine Cove, along Big Sur coast, where he thinks the woman he gave them to may be residing. Interactions with the townspeople and with a djinn, who is pursuing Catch, create considerable complications.

Several characters from this novel continue their lives in later novels by Moore. Catch appears in a later book (Lamb), but a much earlier period of history; in addition, the setting of Pine Cove itself is revisited for The Lust Lizard of Melancholy Cove and The Stupidest Angel. The fictional town of Pine Cove is described as being within easy driving distance of San Luis Obispo, California.

title: Practical Demonkeeping


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Asbestosis - Compensation and Liability Disputes

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was - kept

Asbestosis - Compensation and Liability Disputes
This suddenly sprang into existence after I reverted a very long similar edit on asbestosis. Basically, it outlines the liability issues after asbestos exposure. But it is very long, heavily biased towards compensation and probably more suitable for a trial lawyer's resource. Also, it is mainly about asbestos-related malignancies, which is radically different from the disease asbestosis (which occurs only in miners and others with very high asbestos exposure). JFW | T@lk  21:33, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * In the present form, (previous, 19/12/04) it is largely a collection of referenced but uninterpreted quotes from various (mainly UK) sources. JFW | T@lk  23:47, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete, please JFW | T@lk  21:33, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Request for non-deletion - This is undoubtedly an important and very relevant topic and the above administrator is most certainly correct in insisting on an unbiassed presentation of the facts. If the article, in its present form, is (was - already modified) considered to be biassed, shouldn't it be corrected, not deleted?! The factual references, including several to the British Govt.'s Health and Safety Executive site, and  reports published in internationally-respected neswpapers are clearly indicated, - surely this should be recognised as a sincere attempt to offer a balanced overview. The article does not seem unduly long. I hope the Wikipedia community will help to edit in such a way as to achieve appropriate balance. It does not seem in key with Wiki philosophy to simply delete. (I'm sure the anonymity of this submission may cause negative commments, but not all contributors maintain a civilised level of conversation in their exchanges of views, - I stress this is NOT the case regarding this particular question). Changes have already been made in an attempt to address the issues raised. Unsigned by User:200.165.195.25.
 * Please be advised that anonymous votes do not count. Wiki philosophy is not to simply delete, and often merge&redirect is advised, based on community opinion. JFW | T@lk
 * I've can't find any policy statement that says that anon votes don't count. Could someone please point me to the relevant page? Thanks.  Paul August  ☎ 04:30, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't think there's an exact policy which says "they don't count", but there's always Deletion guidelines for administrators, which says: ... administrators can disregard votes and comments if they feel that there is strong evidence that they were not made in good faith. Such "bad faith" votes include those being made by sock puppets, being made anonymously, or being made using a new userid whose only edits are to the article in question and the voting on that article. - Vague | Rant 00:35, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * I read the above to say that, unless there is "strong evidence of bad faith" anonymous votes do count. Some other policy it might be good to remember, in this context, would be: Assume good faith, Don't bite the newcomers and Wikilove Paul August ☎ 06:28, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Unfortunately, since that page was written there was so much abuse, vandalism and sockpuppetry in VfD discussions that the de facto standard had to become much stricter. Despite everyone's best attempts to assume good faith, anonymous and new voters are likely to be steeply discounted by the admin making the final decision. That's why we encourage everyone to get a free account and require everyone to sign their comments.  Rossami (talk)
 * If our policy needs changing we should change it, otherwise we should follow it. Paul August ☎ 14:26, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Then we are in full agreement on the correct way to deal with this issue, modifications according to community opinion. I have no "axe to grind" here, just maintaining the ideals of Wikipedia (with the right to remain annonymous, and fully accepting that I will therefore not vote). I am a little surprised at the apparent intensity of the reaction, the  article on health issues associated with the effects of tobacco smoking, for example, is far more detailed !
 * Absestos exposure is rare compared to smoking. JFW | T@lk  23:40, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. In no way meets criteria for deletion, just needs more contributions. Dan100 23:37, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * What, then, is its merit? JFW | T@lk  23:40, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Replies edited out at this point - please consult "history - 23:57, 19 Dec 2004 Jfdwolff (rm more rant - this question was directed at Dan100)" for more details if required. (diff).
 * Please do not remove comments by other users! To reply to JFW's question, the article's merit is irrelevant, what would be relevant is an explanation of how this article requires deletion under the Deletion policy. Dan100 00:15, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * The comment was a repeat of material from the page, and added nothing to the discussion. The note that "asbestos still kills" does not pertain to this discussion. As for your vote, it would have been nice if you had addressed the specific concerns I outlined at the top. JFW | T@lk  00:39, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't need to. You, as the person asking for deletion, need to explain how it meets grounds for deletion as per policy. Dan100 00:49, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * "if the reply had not been edited out, the community would see more easily that the somewhat strident comment "asbestos still kills" was NOT THAT OF THE CONTRIBUTOR and that, in fact, a British Government agency (the Health and Safety Executive, used this "colourful language" on their website, - so somebody considers the content important. It's a pity that the full information and accompanying links were edited out. The community can still read them in the "history" and make their own decisions.
 * I did. The page is a bunch of quotes. Thanks. JFW | T@lk  00:51, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Which, if you read Deletion policy, isn't grounds for deletion. Dan100 00:58, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes it's "just a bunch of quotes", but more important - is the content of the quotes relevent - if not - DELETE) - if "yes" - are the sources reliable (no - DELETE) - if yes - edit to a more appropriate form, please !
 * Reluctant keep, and then work out what to do with it. It's useful material, probably needs refactoring, eventually perhaps delete this title, but one or another way we need to work out what to do with this, not throw it away. -- Jmabel | Talk 01:16, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - violates the spirit of What Wikipedia is not if not the letter. -- Cyrius|✎ 01:18, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Could a shorter version be merged with the Asbestosis or Mesothelioma ~ mlk ✉ 01:21, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC) ~
 * Delete. Vacuum c 02:02, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - needs cleaning up though. Paul August ☎ 04:12, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, merge the useful bits with Asbestosis.  --fvw *  08:12, 2004 Dec 20 (UTC), and still at 00:56, 2004 Dec 21 (UTC)
 * I would then recommend merge with mesothelioma, which is what the page is actually about now. JFW | T@lk  08:24, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Good point, agreed.  --fvw *  01:59, 2004 Dec 21 (UTC)
 * KEEP - text needs "Wikifying". Wikityke
 * Merge appropriate information to mesothelioma and delete - Skysmith 11:35, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge with mesothelioma and delete. --Viriditas | Talk 12:02, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Perhaps we should consider where a member of the general public, consulting Wikipedia, would be most likely to look for information on asbestos-related diseases and related matters? - Via a link from an article on asbestosis, or merged within an article entitled "mesothelioma"?--Wikityke
 * Well, if it is about all the diseases simultaneously, it may actually be better off being merged with asbestos! JFW | T@lk  00:11, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Valid point. But would this not result in an unduly long item?
 * Has your original request for deletion, now been modified to "merge" or "standalone" (or not)?
 * Comment: Merge and delete is not a generally accepted option in VfD discussions because it destroys the contribution history (which must be preserved to comply with GFDL).  You can work around that if you cut-and-paste the history page into the new article's Talk page but, by the time you do that, you might as well just merge and redirect.  Rossami (talk)
 * SIGNIFICANT REVISIONS HAVE BEEN UNDERTAKEN (20/12/04) AND COULD USEFULLY BE EVALUATED (RE_EVALUATED) BY CONTRIBUTORS TO THE CURRENT DEBATE, if the participants consider appropriate**.
 * Keep. Zachlipton 00:43, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep as a standalone article because this issue is notable enough to deserve one and would fit awkwardly into other pages. Summarize/paraphrase the quotes. Kappa 01:26, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Still keep, as per my vote above, but post-cleanup I can now no longer see any case at all for deletion. Dan100 09:14, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The legal issues are sufficient to justify a stand-alone article.  It's still a long way from complete or NPOV but those are issues for Clean-Up, not deletion.  Rossami (talk) 04:20, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Intrigue 07:47, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and improve. There is a large amount of stuff that could be said about asbestos liability issues, etc. that doesn't really fit in any other article without swamping it.  Probably a good amount of cleanup still required, and maybe a name change, but that's still a keep. —Morven 16:54, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and make better. All I wanted to say has been said.  --Billfred 13:48, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Contributors here may consider this related talk item on asbestosis to be relevant to the discussion Talk:Asbestosis Unsigned by User:200.216.31.201
 * This was written in response to the material on absestosis, before you had explained your motives. It does not pertain to this discussion. JFW | T@lk  13:38, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and send to cleanup - David Gerard 23:04, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Don't delete. anthony 警告 22:23, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Category:Bridges in Portugal

title: Category:Bridges in Portugal


text:
Tillamook

Tillamook may refer to:

Places:
 * Tillamook County, Oregon, United States
 * Tillamook, Oregon, a city, the seat of Tillamook County
 * Tillamook River, United States
 * Tillamook Bay, a bay in the northwestern part of Oregon
 * Tillamook Head, a natural feature of the Oregon Coast
 * Tillamook State Forest, a forest in Oregon
 * Tillamook Rock Light, a lighthouse on the Oregon Coast
 * Tillamook Air Museum, an aviation museum in Oregon

Other:
 * Tillamook people, a Native American tribe of western Oregon, United States
 * Tillamook, a fictional version of the aforementioned Native American tribe.
 * Tillamook language, an extinct language
 * Tillamook Burn, a series of forest fires in Oregon
 * Tillamook Cheddar (dog), an American Jack Russell terrier known for her paintings
 * Tillamook County Creamery Association, makers of dairy products sold under the "Tillamook" brand name
 * P55C, Tillamook, a family of Pentium MMX mobile computer processors from Intel
 * USS Tillamook, the name of more than one United States Navy ship

title: Tillamook


text: User talk:203.197.169.19

title: User talk:203.197.169.19


text:
Reginar II, Count of Hainaut

Reginar (or Rainier) II (890–932) was Lotharingian magnate who was active from approximately 915 to 932. He was brother of Duke Gilbert of Lotharingia, who died at the Battle of Andernach in 939, and because his son and grandson claimed it, he probably already personally held the fort of Mons in Hainaut as the seat of a county.

History
He was the son of Reginar I Longneck, and this means his paternal grandmother was possibly a daughter of Charles the Bald and Ermentrude.

Flodoard's Annals, reports under the year 924 that Reginar the brother of Duke Gilbert of Lotharingia already had a son who was given as a hostage during conflicts between several of the Lotharingian magnates of the time.

By 943 he was dead, because a charter made in favor of his widowed daughter was done partly in the name of atoning for his sins.

Family
Reginar II had at least three children with Adelaide, daughter of Richard, Duke of Burgundy: Upon his death, Reginar was succeeded as Count of Hainaut by his son and namesake.
 * Reginar III, Count of Hainaut
 * Rudolf, possibly a Count in the Hesbaye
 * Possibly Liethard or Liechard, a son mentioned in one 966 charter as a son of a Count Reginar.
 * A daughter who married to Nibelung, Count of Betuwe.

title: Reginar II, Count of Hainaut


text:
Irish Museum of Modern Art

The Irish Museum of Modern Art (Áras Nua-Ealaíne na hÉireann), also known as IMMA, is Ireland's leading national institution for the collection and presentation of modern and contemporary art. It is located in Kilmainham, Dublin.

History
Irish art collector Gordon Lambert met with Taoiseach Charles Haughey and "told him if the State would establish a gallery he would donate his collection." The Irish Museum of Modern Art was established by the Government of Ireland in 1990. It was officially opened on 25 May 1991 by Haughey.

Its first Director was Declan McGonagle, who served for 10 years. He was followed by Enrique Juncosa, and then Sarah Glennie. Annie Fletcher has been Director since 2018.

Building and grounds
The Irish Museum of Modern Art is housed in the 17th-century Royal Hospital Kilmainham. The Royal Hospital was founded in 1684 by James Butler, the Duke of Ormonde and Viceroy to Charles II, as a home for retired soldiers and continued in that use for almost 250 years.

The Royal Hospital is a striking location for displaying modern art. Designed by Sir William Robinson and modelled on Les Invalides in Paris, it is arranged around a courtyard and the interior has long corridors running along series of modest interlocking rooms. The original stables have been restored, extended and converted into artists' studios, and the museum runs an artist-in-residence programme.

Originally there was another option to build a new purpose-built museum in Dublin's docklands, but the Hospital proved to be the more pragmatic choice at the time, however "over the years... the lack of a large exhibition space has on occasion been a drawback." Additionally, the Royal Hospital lacked adequate storage and by 2003 up to 20 national and international works were discovered to be badly damaged by "humidity and temperature fluctuations". The Office of Public Works assisted in finding and relocating the bulk of the collection in off-site warehouses, and even a storage container in the museum's car park.

Collection
IMMA holds the Irish National Collection of modern and contemporary art, consisting of over 3500 works by Irish and international artists. The collection's emphasis is on works produced post-1940 and features works by many significant artists including Lucian Freud, Marina Abramović, Louise Bourgeois, Joseph Cornell, Robert Rauschenberg, Sol LeWitt, Louis le Brocquy, Matt Mullican, Roy Lichtenstein and Lawrence Weiner. The collection is fully catalogued and searchable via a dedicated website.

The Hennessy Art Fund for IMMA Collection was launched in 2016 in part as a response to funding cuts preventing the museum from having a viable acquisitions budget to collect the work of emerging and mid-career artists since 2011. The fund is a new multi-year corporate partnership and acquisition fund to purchase works by Irish and Irish based artists that are not yet part of the IMMA National Collection of Contemporary and Modern Art. Prior to this the museum relied heavily on private philanthropy. The Hennessy Art Fund has thus far allowed the collection to acquire the work of Kevin Atherton, David Beattie, Rhona Byrne and Dennis McNulty in 2016; and Ciarán Murphy, Maireád McClean, Mark Garry and Yuri Pattison in 2017.

Legal status and funding
The museum is a company limited by guarantee and not having a share capital. The company is funded by grant-in-aid through the Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media and by sponsorship, franchise and own resource income.

title: Irish Museum of Modern Art


text:
Category:Gores in Vermont

This category is for the gores in Vermont.

See also: Category:Cities in Vermont, Category:Towns in Vermont, Category:Villages in Vermont, Category:Census-designated places in Vermont. For a breakdown by county of all municipalities in Vermont, see Category:Vermont counties.

title: Category:Gores in Vermont


text:
Shed (disambiguation)

A shed is a simple, single-story, non-residential structure.

Shed, The Shed, or Shedding may also refer to:

As a verb

 * Woodshedding, rehearsing repeatedly to perfect a difficult musical passage (may be shortened to 'shed or 'shedding)
 * Load shedding, used by utilities and building automation systems to prevent overloading available supply systems
 * Moulting, how an animal routinely casts off an outer part of its body

Music

 * Shed (musician) (Rene Pawlowitz), Berlin-based DJ and producer
 * Shed (album), an album by Title Fight
 * "The Shed", a song by John Williamson from All the Best

Television

 * Discovery Shed, a UK TV channel
 * Shed Productions, a British television company
 * The Shed, a subsidiary structure of the fictional criminal operation Prophet Five in the television series Alias

Places

 * The Shed (arts center), a cultural center in New York City
 * Shed End, the south stand of the Stamford Bridge football stadium in London
 * Koussevitzky Music Shed, also known as "the Shed", a music venue at Tanglewood
 * ‘The Shed’, a standing Terrace (stadium) at Kingsholm Stadium, the home ground of Gloucester Rugby

Transport

 * British Rail Class 66
 * Locomotive shed, a storage shed for locomotives

Other uses

 * Shed (deity), an Ancient Egyptian Saviour god
 * Shed (physics), a unit of cross-section
 * Shed (weaving), the area through which weft yarns are woven
 * The Shed at Dulwich, a hoax restaurant that was ranked number one in London on Tripadvisor

title: Shed (disambiguation)


text: Category:Classical pianists

title: Category:Classical pianists


text:
Minority Report

Minority Report may refer to:

 * Minority report (Poor Law), published by the UK Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress 1905–09
 * "Minority Report", a 1949 science fiction short story by Theodore Sturgeon
 * "The Minority Report", a 1956 science fiction short story by Philip K. Dick
 * The Minority Report (1991 collection), a 1991 collection of stories by Philip K. Dick
 * Minority Report (2002 collection), a 2002 collection of stories by Philip K. Dick
 * Minority Report (film), a 2002 film loosely adapted from Dick's short story
 * Minority Report (TV series), a 2015 American television series on FOX that serves as a sequel adaptation of the novel and 2002 film
 * Minority Report: Everybody Runs, a video game based on the film
 * Minority Report, a 1956 book by H. L. Mencken
 * "Minority Report", a 2006 single by Jay-Z from the album Kingdom Come
 * The Minority Report with Larry Wilmore, the working title of the Comedy Central late night talk show The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore

title: Minority Report


text:
21st Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Skanderbeg

The 21st Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Skanderbeg (1st Albanian) was a German mountain infantry division of the Waffen-SS, the armed wing of the German Nazi Party that served alongside, but was never formally part of, the Wehrmacht during World War II. At the post-war Nuremberg trials, the Waffen-SS was declared to be a criminal organisation due to its major involvement in war crimes and crimes against humanity.

The division was developed around the nucleus of an ethnic Albanian battalion which had briefly seen combat against the Yugoslav Partisans in eastern Bosnia as part of the 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian). The rank-and-file were mostly Muslim Albanians with a few hundred Catholic Albanians and mostly German and Yugoslav Volksdeutsche (ethnic German) officers and non-commissioned officers, it was given the title Skanderbeg after medieval Albanian lord George Kastrioti Skanderbeg, who defended the region of Albania against the Ottoman Empire for more than two decades in the 15th century.

Skanderbeg never reached divisional strength, being at most a brigade-sized formation of between 6,000 and 6,500 troops. In May 1944, members of the division arrested 281 Jews in Pristina and handed them over to the Germans, who transported them to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, where many were killed. The division itself was better known for this action and for murdering, raping, and looting in predominantly Serb areas than for participating in combat operations on behalf of the German war effort. Its only significant military actions took place during a German anti-Partisan offensive in the German occupied territory of Montenegro in June and July 1944. Following those operations, the unit was deployed as a guard force at the chromium mines in Kosovo, where it was quickly overrun by the Partisans, leading to widespread desertion. Reinforced by German Kriegsmarine personnel and with fewer than 500 Albanians remaining in its ranks, it was disbanded on 1 November 1944. The remaining members were incorporated into the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen. After the war, divisional commander SS-Brigadeführer und Generalmajor der Waffen-SS August Schmidhuber was found guilty of war crimes by a court in Belgrade and executed in 1947.

Background

On 7 April 1939, five months prior to the outbreak of World War II, the Kingdom of Italy invaded Albania. The country was overrun in five days, and Italian King Victor Emmanuel III accepted the crown offered by the Parliament of Albania. The Royal Albanian Army was incorporated into the Royal Italian Army and a viceroy was appointed to administer the country as a protectorate. Following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia on 6 April 1941, Italian Albania was expanded to include adjacent parts of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia incorporated mainly from the Yugoslav banovinas (regional subdivisions) of Vardar and Morava. Most of Kosovo was annexed to Albania, and in the beginning, Albanians living there enthusiastically welcomed the Italian occupation. Some Kosovo Albanians even suggested that Albanians were "Aryans of Illyrian heritage". Although officially under Italian rule, the Albanians in Kosovo were given control of the region and encouraged to open Albanian-language schools, which had been banned by the Yugoslav government. The Italians also gave the inhabitants Albanian citizenship and allowed them to fly the flag of Albania. The Royal Italian Army expelled most of the Serbs and Montenegrins that had settled Kosovo during the interwar period. The Kosovo Albanians despised the Serbs for the oppression they had experienced at their hands during the Balkan Wars, World War I, and under Yugoslav rule. They took advantage of their changed circumstances, attacked their Serb neighbours, and burned the homes of as many as 30,000 Serb and Montenegrin settlers.

Albania remained occupied by Italy until its surrender to the Allies in September 1943. In August of that year, faced with the imminent collapse of the Italian war effort, Germany deployed the 2nd Panzer Army to the Balkans to take over areas previously occupied by Italy. One of the Italian areas seized by the Germans was Albania, where the XXI Mountain Corps of Generaloberst Lothar Rendulic's 2nd Panzer Army had been deployed. A Wehrmacht plenipotentiary general, and a special representative of Heinrich Himmler, SS-Brigadeführer und Generalmajor der Waffen-SS und Polizei Josef Fitzthum, were both based in the Albanian capital of Tirana. The Germans took control of all Albanian forces that had been collaborating with the Italians prior to their capitulation, including the Balli Kombëtar, an anti-communist and nationalist militia. The Germans strengthened the Albanian army and gendarmerie, but quickly decided those troops were unreliable. That year, a number of Albanians from Kosovo and the Sandžak region were recruited into the 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), a Waffen-SS division composed largely of Bosnian Muslims and Croats with mostly German officers, that operated in the puppet Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH). A key recruiter amongst Albanians for the Waffen-SS was SS-Standartenführer Karl von Krempler. For about six months the division included about 1,000 ethnic Albanians from Kosovo and the Sandžak who made up the 1st Battalion of the 2nd Regiment (I/2), which later became the 1st Battalion of the 28th Regiment (I/28). The division later recruited a further 500 men from the Sandžak. The Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al-Husseini assisted in organising and recruiting Muslims into the Waffen-SS and other units. The Mufti also visited in order to bless and inspect the 13th SS Division, during which he used the Nazi salute.

The formation of an Albanian Waffen-SS division was Fitzthum's idea, initially opposed by the German Foreign Ministry representative for the Balkans Hermann Neubacher, and also by the head of the Reich Security Main Office SS-Obergruppenführer und General der Polizei Ernst Kaltenbrunner, who influenced Himmler to shelve it. But the Albanian government supported the idea; in the face of increasing difficulties Himmler soon changed his mind, and in February 1944 the idea received Adolf Hitler's approval.

Formation
In February 1944, Hitler approved the creation of an Albanian Waffen-SS division that was to serve only inside Kosovo, and was intended to protect ethnic Albanians but remain under German control. It was meant to be one of three Muslim Waffen-SS divisions serving in the Balkans, the other two being the 13th SS Division and the 23rd Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Kama (2nd Croatian). Himmler's goal was to expand Waffen-SS recruiting in the Balkans and form two corps of two divisions each, with one corps to operate in the region of Bosnia in the Independent State of Croatia and the other in Albania. These corps would then be combined with the Volksdeutsche 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen and together would form a Balkan Waffen-SS mountain army of five divisions. In March 1944, Bedri Pejani, the chairman of the Second League of Prizren, an organisation created after the Italian surrender to advance the interests of Kosovo Albanians, proposed to Hitler that a force of 120,000–150,000 Kosovo Albanian volunteers be raised to fight the Yugoslav and Albanian partisans. Pejani asked the German leadership to give the Albanians equipment and supplies to fight the communist insurgency, and requested the expansion of the borders of the German puppet state of Albania at the expense of the German occupied territory of Serbia and the German occupied territory of Montenegro. These requests were not fulfilled. Nevertheless, in April 1944, Himmler ordered the establishment of the new Albanian volunteer division that Hitler had authorised. It was subsequently named after the medieval Albanian warrior Skanderbeg. By this point, the Germans and some members of the Albanian puppet government believed that about 50,000 ethnic Albanians could be recruited to join the Waffen-SS. The Germans had initially envisioned a force of 10,000–12,000 men for the Albanian SS division. Himmler saw the Muslim Albanians as a potential source of manpower in Germany's war against the Yugoslav Partisans, who faced significant difficulties in recruiting Kosovo Albanians to join their ranks.

On 17 April 1944, the Albanian battalion of the 13th SS Division was transferred via rail directly from combat in Bosnia to Kosovo to form part of the new Albanian division. The head of Waffen-SS recruitment, SS-Obergruppenführer Gottlob Berger, reported to Himmler that the Albanians "... were quite sad about leaving." Himmler himself expected "great usefulness" from the unit since the Albanians that fought in the 13th SS Division had proven to be "highly motivated and disciplined" in the fight against the Partisans in the NDH. After the war, Bosnian Muslim former members of the 13th SS Division stated that while with the division the Albanians had shot unarmed civilians and were "very brutal".

On 23 May, Fitzthum noted the failure of the Albanian units that had been used in operations against the Partisans. He reported that he had dissolved four Albanian battalions organised by the Wehrmacht, describing most Albanian army and gendarmerie officers as "totally corrupt, unusable, undisciplined and untrainable." The Germans found that Kosovo Albanians were more cooperative than Albanians from Albania-proper. This was mainly because they feared a return to Yugoslav rule. Thus, many of the division's recruits were Kosovo Albanians, although some were refugees from Albania-proper. The quality of most of these recruits was poor, and only between 6,000 and 6,500 were considered suitable to receive training. Those that were accepted were a combination of about 1,500 former Royal Yugoslav Army prisoners of war, elements of the failed Albanian army and gendarmerie, volunteers from both pre-war and expanded Albania, and conscripts from families that had more than two sons. Unlike the Albanians in the Handschar division, who received extensive training in France and then Neuhammer training grounds in Germany, the new recruits underwent a very short training period of only six weeks. The Albanians may have joined for a range of reasons, including access to modern weapons and military training, to help revise the borders of Albania, revenge, and even the opportunity for looting.

The enlistment of Albanian civilians was organised in close cooperation with the Albanian puppet government. In June 1944, Neubacher successfully displaced Pejani, whom he considered "insane". The Albanian Minister of the Interior and new chairman of the Second League of Prizren, Xhafer Deva, was a key factor in recruiting Albanians for the new division. Fitzthum, who had developed a close friendship with Deva, noted that the right-wing and anti-Serb politician was vital for German recruitment efforts. In contrast to the 13th SS Division, the use of Islam as an incentive to join the Waffen-SS disappeared completely from the German agenda, while the utilisation of ethnic tensions became much more important. No field imam is documented in the new division and ideological training was avoided entirely, because the Germans feared that such instruction would upset their new recruits. According to Nazi propaganda, the division was to source its manpower exclusively from Muslim Albanians, but the reality was different. While the vast majority of the division's Albanians were Bektashi or Sunni Muslims, "several hundred" Albanian Catholics also served in the division.

May–August 1944
The division was founded as the ''21. Waffen-SS Gebirgsdivision der SS Skanderbeg (albanische Nr.1)'' on 1 May 1944, as part of the XXI Mountain Corps. Most or all of the division's officers, non-commissioned officers (NCOs), and specialists were German, and were mainly provided by the 7th and 13th SS Divisions, which noticeably weakened those formations. The divisional artillery regiment was formed from the 1st Albanian Artillery Regiment. The division was placed under the command of SS-Standartenführer August Schmidhuber, who was promoted to SS-Oberführer in June. Members took a religious oath using the Quran, pledging "jihad against unbelievers." The division was originally equipped with captured Italian Carro Armato M15/42 tanks, which proved to be unreliable. Its garrison was located in the town of Prizren. The division was to be responsible for security in Kosovo, including transport routes, the defence of economically important objects such as the chrome ore mines in Kukës and Đakovica, as well as offensive action against Yugoslav Partisans operating in the region. Men who had already served in the 13th SS Division were also deployed as guards at a concentration camp in Pristina. Early on, it became clear that most of the division's Muslim Albanian members seemed to be interested only in settling scores with their Christian Serb adversaries, who became the target of numerous atrocities. In order to put a stop to the crimes, the Germans had to disarm battalions of the division in the towns of Peć and Prizren and arrest the Albanian officers, with one commanding officer even being sent to prison in Germany. On 14 May 1944, members of the division raided Jewish homes in Pristina, arrested 281 Jews and handed them over to the Germans, who sent them to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, where many were killed. The historian Noel Malcolm describes this event as "the most shameful episode in Kosovo's wartime history." The division was later involved in a massacre of Albanian partisans. It was also responsible for the expulsion of up to 10,000 Slavic families from Kosovo as new Albanian settlers arrived from the poor areas of northern Albania. The arrival of these Albanians was encouraged by Italian authorities, and it is estimated that as many as 72,000 Albanians were settled or re-settled in Kosovo during the war. Between 28 May and 5 July 1944, the division apprehended a total of 510 Jews, communists and other anti-fascists and turned them over to the Germans. It also carried out retaliatory hangings of suspected saboteurs.

In June 1944, Skanderbeg engaged in large-scale field manoeuvres in eastern Montenegro. In Andrijevica, the division summarily executed more than 400 Orthodox Christian civilians. It participated in Operations Endlich (Finally) and Falkenauge (Hawkeye) in June and July, as well as Operation Draufgänger (Daredevil), the first phase of Operation Rübezahl, which ran from 5 to 22 August. During Operation Draufgänger Skanderbeg was the main force used by the Germans. These operations were focused on the destruction of strong Partisan forces in the Đakovica, Peć and Mokra Gora areas. During the operation on 28 July 1944, the division together with the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen, massacred around 550 Serb villagers in the settlement of Velika, in Plav, Montenegro. By the end of Operation Draufgänger, more than 400 men of the division had deserted or otherwise gone missing. According to Neubacher, the division was carelessly committed to fighting in the early stages of its training and performed poorly. Between 18 and 27 August, the division fought the Partisans in and around Debar but failed to capture the city. During the summer of 1944, Deva was sidelined within the League. Fitzthum was so concerned about the impact that this would have on the development of the division that he wrote to Himmler. By the end of August 1944, the Germans had decided that the division was only of use for basic guarding duties. Some members were charged with guarding chromium mines near Kosovo before the area was overrun by the Partisans. In the ensuing clashes, one of the division's regiments lost more than 1,000 men and many Albanians deserted. Some of the desertions occurred after a Partisan offensive northeast of Gusinje. Army Group E reported that the division's performance showed that it had "absolutely no military value."

September–November 1944
On 1 September 1944, members of the division stationed in Tetovo and Gostivar mutinied, killing their German officers and NCOs. By this time, the division numbered fewer than 7,000 men, less than one third of its intended strength. Within two months of its initial deployment, 3,500 had deserted. Himmler brought in 3,000–4,000 Kriegsmarine (German navy) personnel from Greece to make up the numbers, but this had little effect on the division's fighting ability. The desertions were mainly caused by Germany's defeats, serious shortfalls in food and equipment, as well as from observing constant overflights by the United States Army Air Force, Allied propaganda, and the approaching end of Germany's military hegemony in the Balkans. Further reasons for the escalating number of desertions included the news that both Bulgaria and Romania had joined the Allies, Josip Broz Tito's amnesty which ended on 15 September, and a demand by Albania's Party of Labour that fighting-age men join the National Liberation Front.

By the beginning of October 1944, the division's strength had fallen to about 4,900 men, fewer than 1,500 of whom were fit for combat. Between April and October, 3,425 had deserted, constituting over half the division's strength. Schmidhuber reported that even the 697 members of the battalion that had served in the 13th SS Division had deserted. The unit was blighted by shortages of equipment and armaments, and a lack of German staff to train new recruits, as demonstrated by the fact that over the summer and autumn only a single battalion had been readied for combat. Schmidhuber held his men in contempt, and he, his superiors, and Fitzthum attempted to justify their failure to create an effective security force by denigrating the Albanians' culture and military reputation. Schmidhuber also linked the failure of the division to the lack of time for proper military training, ideological training and the absence of suitable instructors. Later, less-involved members of the Wehrmacht stated that the principal issue regarding the unit's reliability may have been that the Germans did not work closely with the Albanians at the local level. In mid-October, the division was engaged in heavy fighting around Đakovica. It also aided the Wehrmacht in its orderly withdrawal from Kosovo, covering the Wehrmacht's flanks and engaging the Partisans. By this time, desertions had significantly affected the division's strength, and its 86 officers and 467 NCOs were left with a force of only 899 men, about half of whom were Albanian. On 24 October, Generaloberst Alexander Löhr, the commander of Army Group E, ordered that all Albanian members of the division be disarmed and released. Between 19 September and 23 October, 131 anti-fascist guerrillas had been shot or hanged by members of the division acting on Schmidhuber's orders.

On 1 November 1944, the division was disbanded. Kosovo Albanians took up arms against the Partisans upon learning that the region would not be unified with Albania after the war, despite earlier Partisan promises. Atrocities occurred when 30,000 Partisans were sent to Kosovo to quell Albanian resistance in the region. Between 3,000 and 25,000 Kosovo Albanians were killed in the ensuing violence.

Aftermath and legacy
The remaining German troops and former naval personnel were reorganised as the regimental Kampfgruppe Skanderbeg under the command of SS-Obersturmbannführer Alfred Graf. The unit withdrew from the Kosovo region in mid-November along with the rest of the German troops in the area. Many Serbs and Montenegrins then took revenge against the region's ethnic Albanians, especially collaborators and those who had been members of the division. In his strongly apologetic history of the 7th SS Division, which he commanded at the time, Otto Kumm wrote that Kampfgruppe Skanderbeg reached Ljubovija on the Drina river, it was placed under the command of the 7th SS Division, which was securing the river crossings in that area. According to Kumm, the Kampfgruppe held the towns of Zvornik and Drinjača during the first half of December 1944 as part of the Ljubovija bridgehead. It withdrew across the Drina and fought its way north, towards Brčko on the Sava river, where it relieved the Wehrmacht forces holding the town. In late December, the Kampfgruppe's assault gun battery was committed to the Syrmian Front at Vinkovci. The remainder of the Kampfgruppe was deployed to Bijeljina.

In January 1945, the handful of naval personnel that survived were transferred to the 32nd SS Volunteer Grenadier Division 30 Januar, and the remnants of the former division were reorganised as II Battalion of the 14th SS Volunteer Mountain Infantry Regiment of the 7th SS Division. On 21 January 1945, Schmidhuber was promoted to SS-Brigadeführer und Generalmajor der Waffen-SS and placed in command of the 7th SS Division. After the war, he was found guilty of war crimes and hanged. In February 1945, the battalion was disbanded altogether and its remaining manpower was assigned to the German police regiment near Zagreb.

The division itself was considered to have been a military failure. Not one of its members was awarded an Iron Cross while serving in it. Schmidhuber and the staff of XXI Mountain Corps blamed the division's failure solely on the Albanian personnel. Schmidhuber claimed that Albanians had stagnated culturally since Skanderbeg's time in the fifteenth century, and both he and the corps staff claimed that the Albanians had not developed national or state traditions. Schmidhuber argued that the legend of Albanian military achievements was just a saga. Further, he claimed that "[w]ith a light mortar you can basically chase him [the Albanian] around the world. During the attack he goes only as far as he finds something to steal or sack. For him, the war is over when he captures a goat, a ploughshare or the wheel of a sewing machine." Fitzthum was one of the harshest critics of their soldiers. Fitzthum complained to Hitler personally: 'For the currently existing Albanian formations an alteration in the future cannot be expected to be brought about even by thorough training. They will never become a serious and employable troop'. Fitzthum went as far as saying that "the Albanian soldier is undisciplined and cowardly". Fitzthum additionally angrily wrote to Himmler, that one battalion dissolved after being attacked by a few planes and the rest just disappeared. Professor Paul Mojzes writes that the division was better known for committing atrocities against Serbs than it was for contributing to the German war effort. Its role in deporting Jews from Kosovo has been challenged by the Albanian historian Shaban Sinani, who claims that the division did not participate in any deportations on the Germans' behalf. It was reported that some soldiers from the division deserted the division to join the partisan unit led by Gani Kryeziu after refusing to fight it.

The post-war Nuremberg trials made the declaratory judgement that the Waffen-SS was a criminal organisation due to its major involvement in war crimes and crimes against humanity, including the killing of prisoners-of-war and atrocities committed in occupied countries. Excluded from this judgement were those who were conscripted into the Waffen-SS and had not personally committed war crimes and crimes against humanity.

During the Kosovo War of 1998–1999, the American journalist Chris Hedges alleged that some Kosovo Liberation Army leaders were directly descended from members of the division and were ideologically influenced by it. Malcolm has challenged this claim.

Insignia
The division's identification symbol, used on its vehicles, was a black Albanian double-headed eagle. Despite its short existence, a collar patch depicting the goat-crested helmet of Skanderbeg was designed and manufactured for the division, but it was withdrawn from service after a trial as it was unrecognisable from a distance. As a result, officers of the division wore the collar patch with the SS runes, and enlisted ranks wore a plain black collar patch. Photographs exist of a machine-woven cuff band with the title Skanderbeg, but this was awarded to the 14th SS Volunteer Gebirgsjäger Regiment of the 7th SS Division in the latter part of 1944, and not to this division. Albanian members of the division wore an arm shield on their upper left arm depicting a black Albanian double-headed eagle on a red shield with black backing. Many of the division's Muslim members wore traditional grey-coloured skull caps with the SS eagle and death's head on the front instead of the standard SS field cap. Others wore the traditional Albanian highlander hat, the qeleshe.

Order of battle
The principal units of the division and order of battle were:
 * 50th Waffen Gebirgsjäger (Mountain Infantry) Regiment of the SS (1st Albanian) (I, II, III battalions)
 * 51st Waffen Gebirgsjäger Regiment of the SS (2nd Albanian) (I, II, III battalions)
 * 21st SS Reconnaissance Battalion (four companies)
 * 21st SS Freiwilligen (Volunteer) Panzerjäger (Anti-tank) Battalion (three companies)
 * 21st SS Gebirgs (Mountain) Artillery Regiment (four battalions)
 * 21st SS Freiwilligen Pioneer Battalion (three companies)
 * 21st SS Feldersatz (Replacement) Battalion
 * 21st SS Freiwilligen Signals Battalion (three companies)
 * 21st SS Mountain Supply Troop


text:
Afragola

Afragola is a city and comune in the Metropolitan City of Naples, in Italy. It is one of the 100 largest Italian cities (the ones that have a population of more than 63,000 inhabitants).

The communal territory, measuring 18 km2, borders the municipalities of Acerra, Casalnuovo di Napoli, Caivano, Cardito and Casoria, forming a single metropolitan area of around 100,000 inhabitants. The comune of Afragola is one of the most densely populated of the country.

History
The area of modern Afragola was already settled in ancient times by the Samnites. Older remains, belonging to an early Bronze Age settlement buried by a Vesuvius eruption in the 19th century BC, were found in 2005.

According to a tradition now recognized as false, the town was founded in the Middle Ages, in 1140, by Roger II of Sicily, who assigned the land to its veterans. It is more likely that the city stemmed from the merger of several villages and churches already existing here. The territory was originally held by the archbishops of Naples, but from 1576 it was directly subjected, as an autonomous community, to the Kings of Naples.

Main sights

 * Baroque sanctuary-basilica of St. Anthony's sanctuary-basilica. It was begun in 1633 and has a nave with two aisles, internally decorated with marbles. The bell tower was constructed from 1590.
 * The castle, documented from 1495, was likely built from around 1420. According to the tradition, it was a residence of queen Joanna II of Naples. It currently houses a childhood school.
 * Santa Maria d'Ajello Church, founded in 1190. It houses works by Giovan Angelo Criscuolo, Alessandro Viola (1695) and Angelo Mozzillo.
 * San Marco in Sylvis Church, built around 1179. On its external wall is a slab on which, according to the legend, once sat both St. Mark and San Gennaro.
 * San Marco all'Olmo Church, built in 1615
 * Palazzo Migliore (17th century)
 * San Giorgio Martire: Parish church built in 1695-1702

Transport
Napoli Afragola railway station was designed by the architect Zaha Hadid and opened in 2017. This station is only used by high-speed trains on the Rome–Naples high-speed railway line, which link Afragola to many Italian cities including Bologna, Milan, Florence and Turin.

Afragola's bus network is managed by CTP (the Consorzio Trasporto Pubblico or Public Transport Consortium).

The proposed Line 10 of the Naples Metro will also serve Afragola.

Criminality and social issues
Afragola is the seat of one of the largest camorra clans of the area, led by Anna Mazza. In 1999 and 2005, the communal council was disbanded by rule of the President of Italian Republic due to mafia allegiance of some of its members.

Along with most of the nearby communes, Afragola also suffers from high pollution rates, as well as a high unemployment rate; unreported employment is also widespread.

title: Afragola