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Long-range surveillance

Long-range surveillance (LRS) teams (pronounced "lurse") were elite, specially-trained surveillance units of the United States Army employed for clandestine operation by Military Intelligence for gathering direct human intelligence information deep within enemy territory. Classic LRS employment is to infiltrate deep into enemy territory, construct hide and surveillance sites, and provide continuous surveillance/special reconnaissance of an intelligence target of key interest.

LRS teams allow 24-hour surveillance and analysis coverage unlike unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), manned aircraft, and most satellites. Assuming there is no mission compromise, these teams typically remain in position for up to six days, as determined by the availability of food and water.

As a result of an evaluation conducted using computer-modelling the U.S. Army's senior leadership made the decision to deactivate all active-duty and National Guard LRS units. By the end of January 2017 the three active-duty LRS companies had ceased to exist, with its personnel being reassigned to other units. The seven National Guard LRS units followed suit in 2018.

Mission
Long Range Surveillance Units (LRSU) have four primary missions and five secondary missions as per Field Manual 3-55.93 Long Range Surveillance Unit Operations. The four primary missions are surveillance, zone and area reconnaissance, target acquisition, and target interdiction. Combat assessment/battle damage assessment is mentioned as not a standalone LRSU mission but inherent to all LRSUs. The five secondary missions are able to be completed if given the proper training and time to coordinate. The secondary missions include route reconnaissance, emplacement and recovery of sensors, pathfinder operations, personnel recovery and combat search and rescue, and chemical detection and radiological surveillance and monitoring operations.

LRS operations are characterized by the following:

 * 1) Clandestine LRS operations require operational security (OPSEC) and personnel security (PERSEC) measures and procedures before, during, and after mission employment.  This is to protect the individual team members as well as maintain operational integrity of the LRS cell.
 * 2) Team members depend on stealth, cover, concealment, infantry, and Ranger skills.
 * 3) Team members avoid contact with enemy forces and local population.
 * 4) Teams are employed to obtain timely information.
 * 5) Teams have restricted mobility in the area of operations.
 * 6) Team members depend on communications, knowing the enemy's order of battle, and equipment identification skills.
 * 7) The surveillance or reconnaissance area is small, has a specified route, or is a specific location or installation.
 * 8) Team equipment and supplies are limited to what can be man packed or cached.
 * 9) Teams require detailed intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB) and debriefing from the Intelligence Officer (G2) for employment.

Organization
LRS units (LRSU) were infantry company-size elements that are assets within a battlefield surveillance brigade's Reconnaissance & Surveillance Squadron (R&S Squadron) designated as US Army Cavalry but were functionally Airborne infantry units. The LRSU was structured as an LRS Company comprising three LRS detachments, a communications Platoon, and a Troop Headquarters. Within the LRS company, the LRS detachments typically have designated specialties. Typically, there were three teams, also known as "DETs." 1st DET typically specializes in mountainous terrain/warfare. 2nd DET specialized in airborne operations. 3rd DET was the dive detachment, specializing in water-borne operations such as scuba diving and infiltrating harbors and ports as well as employing the Zodiac. LRS detachments were organized as five unsupported LRS teams.

LRS team composition
As with LRRP units of the past each US Army LRS team was composed of six soldiers:

 * Team leader (TL) staff sergeant (E-6) preferably Ranger qualified
 * Assistant team leader (ATL) sergeant (E-5) preferably Ranger qualified
 * Senior scout observer (SSO) specialist/corporal (E-4)
 * Scout observer (SO) specialist/corporal (E-4)
 * Radio telephone operator (RTO) specialist (E-4)
 * Assistant radio telephone operator (ARTO) specialist (E-4)

All positions can be held by (E-1 up) to fill positions (upon meeting unit requirements)

Reconnaissance and surveillance squadrons (R&S squadrons)
From 2006 to 2015, United States Army long-range surveillance units were reorganized into newly formed battlefield surveillance brigades (BfSBs). These brigades contained a brigade headquarters and headquarters company (HHC), two Military Intelligence (MI) battalions, and a reconnaissance and surveillance (R&S) squadron.

The BfSB’s R&S squadron was composed of one LRS unit (i.e., Company C), which contains 15 LRS teams. Additionally, the R&S squadron also had two Cavalry troops (each containing two platoons) that conducted basic mounted and dismounted operations, and a headquarters and headquarters troop (HHT).

For a standard six-soldier LRS team, the primary method of insertion/infiltration behind enemy lines was at night by helicopter (night-time heliborne), while secondary methods included airborne and waterborne operations. In recent low-intensity conflicts, additional covert methods were added to enable enhanced operational capabilities.

Contrast with reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition (RSTA) units
Although both are types of units in the United States Army, LRS units were not the same as RSTA units.

During the Army-wide transfer to brigade combat teams (BCTs), all combat divisions and separate brigades have transitioned to RSTA units. RSTA units have added light vehicle support in the form of Humvees (HMMWVs) and M3 Bradley Cavalry Fighting Vehicles (CFVs), due to being commissioned as Cavalry. RSTA squadrons also feature a company-sized dismounted reconnaissance troop, typically composed of infantry scouts, which conducts dismounted reconnaissance and surveillance operations.

LRS units, in contrast, did not utilize a larger vehicle support element. Most RSTA units are not Airborne-capable, whereas most LRS units were. Exceptions typically include the RSTA squadrons of airborne infantry BCTs, such as the 2nd BCT (Airborne), 11th Airborne Division; the 173rd Airborne BCT; and the four RSTA units in the 82nd Airborne Division).

Equipment
LRS Soldiers typically carried weapons that include the following: M4 carbine, M9 pistol, M249 Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW/LMG), M203 grenade launcher, as well as mission-specific gear, including (but not limited to), optics, A/V recording devices, secure communications gear, etc.

Training
LRS leaders typically graduated from the United States Army Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course (see link and course list below).

LRS soldiers were often graduates of other specialized military courses and training, including:

 * U.S. Army Air Assault Course
 * U.S. Army Jumpmaster Course
 * U.S. Army Military Free Fall Parachutist Course
 * U.S. Army Pathfinder Course
 * U.S. Army Ranger Course
 * U.S. Army Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course (RSLC)1,2
 * U.S. Army Special Forces Combat Diver Qualification Course (SFCDQC)
 * U.S. Army Special Forces Sniper Course (SFSC)3
 * U.S. Army Special Forces Waterborne Infiltration Course (SFWIC)
 * U.S. Army Special Operations Combat Medic (SOCM)
 * U.S. Army Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape (SERE)
 * U.S. Army Sniper Course

United States Army LRSUs have conducted training exercises and exchange programs with various U.S. allies. These exercises included deployments to England, Germany, France, Hungary, and Italy. Combined/Joint training exercises have involved units from Britain’s TA SAS, France's 13e RDP, Belgium's ESR, Italy's 9th Parachute Assault Regiment, and Germany's FSLK200.

The International Special Training Center (ISTC) trains NATO Special Operations Forces (SOFs) and similar units in advanced individual patrolling, battlefield medicine, close quarter battle (CQB), sniper, survival, planning, and recognition skills. Established in 1979, ISTC was originally named the International Long-Range Reconnaissance Patrol School (ILRRPS), and was formerly located in Weingarten, Germany before later moving to Pfullendorf, Germany.

 * 1) Formerly: United States Army Long-Range Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course (LRRSLC)
 * 2) Formerly: United States Army Long-Range Surveillance Leaders Course (LRSLC)
 * 3) Formerly: United States Army Special Operations Target Interdiction Course (SOTIC)

title: Long-range surveillance


text:
User talk:Catullus~enwiki

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Catullus. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Catullus~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Catullus~enwiki


text:
Talk:Little Englander

Change in meaning
It is a pity that "Little Englander" has been distorted from its original meaning. It seeems there is a need for a phrase that suggests someone who advocates Britain pursuing a pacific and internationalist foreign policy (in the style of e.g. Richard Cobden) and an attitude of good-will and fellowship on the part of England and the English towards the Celtic nations of the British-Irish Islands.

 * Wikipedia is not, however, in the business of coining phrases or trying to influence usage. Charles Matthews 16:04, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Wording
This passage needs work...I've tried my first go at it...
 * "Little Englanders" regard themselves as patriotic. Similar views are alleged to be found in many other countries, cf. United States isolationism.

--198.59.190.201 02:18, 24 July 2006 (UTC)
 * the term "little Englanders" must be created earlier. Chamberlain refers to it in his speech at the Royal Colonial Institute on March 31, 1897. Here he says: "It was while these views were still entertained, while the little Englanders were in their full career, that this institute was founded to protest against doctrines so injurious to our interests and so derogatory to our honor; and I rejoice that what was then, as it were, "a voice crying in the wilderness" is now the expressed and determined will of the overwhelming majority of the British people." This institute was founded in 1868

 * Internal evidence (US spelling) shows that that quotation has been edited, so it may be inauthentic in other respects as well. PMLawrence (talk) 14:43, 28 April 2010 (UTC)

Neutrality
Nothing wrong with this article as far as I'm concerned. Why doesn't the person who flagged this article explain his reason for doing so? Maikel 02:47, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

Move?

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was no consensus to move the page, per the discussion below. Dekimasu よ! 07:59, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Little Englander → Britisher — —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mr Taz (talk • contribs) 23:39, 5 March 2009 (UTC)
 * This move makes no sense at all; see the last sentence of the article, among other things...Cop 663 (talk) 00:01, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Oppose. No reason for the move has been stated by the proposer or the admin who validated the proposal, and since the article is about the term "Little Englisher", it wouldn't seem to make much sense to move it to a different name. --DAJF (talk) 12:09, 6 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The article is specifically about the term "Little Englander," not about a term "Britisher." •••Life of Riley (T–C) 20:57, 7 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Strong Oppose No evidence is presented that the two terms are synonymous at all. Dictionaries  seem to think they have quite different meanings. --Rogerb67 (talk) 12:54, 9 March 2009 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Earlier than the Boer war..
The term little Englander was used way before the 1890s, it was used to denote the policy of the period 1820-1870, when Disraeli called the colonies millstones around the neck of England and many argued that the colonies should be emancipated and not supported through the English treasury. The colonies were not taxed, and they were bound by no trade agreements to Britain, and many questioned the benefit of this arrangement... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.230.161.161 (talk) 08:38, 25 July 2010 (UTC)

are often accused of being "ignorant" and "boorish".?
Even though the Wikipedia is not various businesses, these type of sentences do give a hint at a larger intention. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 117.214.20.191 (talk) 11:41, 26 June 2014 (UTC)

Is there a Brexit connection?
Hmmm, good question. 79.66.198.244 (talk) 16:20, 8 August 2019 (UTC)

Did the term really exist in the 18th century?
The claim that it did, which has now made its way to the first sentence of this article, was added by @Foofbun in https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Englander&diff=prev&oldid=727796008#mw-diffpage-visualdiff-cite_note-1, citing a book called the Historical Dictionary of the British Empire, Volume 2. Alas, I cannot find a copy of that book to check what it has to say on the matter. I view this claim with doubt because:
 * the canonical examples of Little Englanders I seem to come across again and again when I try to research this topic, like William Gladstone and Richard Cobden, were not born until the 19th century
 * many sources even specifically say that the term referred to members of the Liberal party who supported independence for the colonies, but the Liberal Party wasn't founded until 1859
 * I have not stumbled across any quotes from the 18th century using the term when I Google for them, nor any historical figures alive in the 18th century who are described, even retroactively, as Little Englanders
 * I can't find any other source saying the term was used in the 18th century if I google for `"little englander" "18th century"`

I am reluctant to remove the mention of the 18th century from the article without consensus, since I am in no way a historian nor any kind of expert on this topic, I haven't found any sources definitively stating that usage of the term only began in the 19th century, and I haven't yet had a chance to see what @Foofbun's source has to say about the matter. (I think I'd have to pay a visit to the British Library if I wanted to get a look at that book.) Nonetheless, I find myself suspicious that we're saying something that simply isn't true.

What are others' thoughts? Does anyone feel able to definitively say, one way or the other, what the truth of the matter is? ExplodingCabbage (talk) 13:19, 14 November 2023 (UTC)
 * The OED gives "OED's earliest evidence for Little Englandism is from 1887, in the writing of E. W. Watkin." Not the same term, but close. All the best: Rich Farmbrough 14:38, 5 June 2024 (UTC).

title: Talk:Little Englander


text: Category:Indian painters

title: Category:Indian painters


text:
Allen Whipple

Allen Oldfather Whipple (September 2, 1881 – April 6, 1963) was an American surgeon who is known for the pancreatic cancer operation which bears his name (the Whipple procedure) as well as Whipple's triad.

Whipple was born to missionary parents William Levi Whipple and Mary Louise Whipple (née Allen), in Urmia, West Azerbaijan, Iran. He attended Princeton University and received his M.D. from the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons (P&S) in 1908, and was licensed to practice medicine in the state of New York on February 4, 1910 (NY License #10151). He became a professor of surgery at P&S and Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center where he served from 1921 to 1946. He began work on the procedure for resection of the pancreas (pancreaticoduodenectomy) in 1935 and his original technique has since been modified greatly. In 1940, he shortened the procedure into a one-stage process. During his lifetime, Whipple performed 37 pancreaticoduodenectomies.

He also is known for developing the diagnostic triad for insulinoma known as Whipple's triad.

He supervised the surgical residency of Virginia Apgar, later advising her to pursue her medical career in the field of anaesthesiology because he knew that surgery depended on advancements in this field to progress, and he saw in Apgar the 'energy and ability' to make a significant contribution. Apgar later devised the Apgar Score also at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, by which the health of newborns is evaluated to this day.

Whipple was instrumental in founding the American Board of Surgery. He also was trustee of Princeton University and was a recipient of the 1958 Woodrow Wilson Award.

Though he is not related to George Hoyt Whipple — who named Whipple's disease and discovered Tropheryma whipplei — the two were lifelong friends.

The Science Building at Wooster School in Danbury, Connecticut, is named after Whipple, who served as President of Wooster's Board of Trustees when the school's founder, Rev. Aaron Coburn, died. In the later years of his life he lived in Show Low, Arizona.

title: Allen Whipple


text:
Raised pavement marker

A raised pavement marker is a safety device used on roads. These devices are usually made with plastic, ceramic, thermoplastic paint, glass or occasionally metal, and come in a variety of shapes and colors. Raised reflective markers, such as plastic, ceramic, or metal ones, include a lens or sheeting that enhances their visibility by retroreflecting automotive headlights, while glass road studs gather automotive headlights with a dome shape and reflect the lights with a reflective layer within. Some other names for specific types of raised pavement markers include convex vibration lines, Botts' dots, delineators, cat's eyes, road studs, or road turtles. Sometimes they are simply referred to as "reflectors".

Convex vibration marking line
The surface of this type of vibrating coating line is distributed and scattered with raised bumps. Some bumps are coated with high-refractive-index glass beads. When a speeding vehicle runs over the raised road lines, it produces a strong warning vibration to remind the car driver of deviation from the lane. Perpendicular to driving directions, these marking lines are used for settled mainline toll plaza, ramp entrances, mountainous areas, continuous sharp turns, downhill sections and the end of the highway (intersection of highway exit and the plane of the common roadway), gates and entrances of enterprises, institutions, and school. In the same direction of traffic driving direction, they are mainly settled in the median strip, edge lines, and dangerous sections of the road.

Reflective raised pavement markers
In the United States, Canada, Mexico, some countries of South America, Thailand and Australia, these plastic devices commonly have two angled edges facing drivers and containing one or more corner reflector strips. The marker is generally held in place using butyl pads, epoxy glue, or bitumen. In areas with little snowfall, reflective raised pavement markers are applied directly on top of the road surface. The device's retroreflective surface enables the device to be clearly visible at long distances at night and in rainy weather. The devices come in multiple colors which vary in usage depending on local traffic marking standards.

In 1965 San Diego Police Motorcycle Officer Kenneth Grant Maine, improved upon, applied for a patent pending, and then submitted the white epoxy-resin reflective raised pavement markers to the California Bureau of Highways, the predecessor to the California Department of Transportation, now known as Caltrans.

In areas where snowplowing is frequent, conventional markers are placed in a shallow groove cut in the pavement, or specially designed markers are used which include a protective metal casting that is embedded in recesses in the pavement, allowing the marker to protrude slightly above the pavement surface for increased visibility, much like a cat's eye.

Lit LED in-pavement Raised Pavement Markings (RPMs), help improve road safety, as they are more generally visible than reflective RPM markings as they are internally lit and don't require headlights to show up. And, whilst the RPMs are usually raised, being so visible, in snowplow areas, these types of RPMs can be installed flush-mounted within the pavement so that they completely avoid the snowplows.

There are a number of types, ranging from a single LED point source RPMs, with limited daytime visibilities, (road studs), to multi-LED linear type RPMs, visible in all full sunlight and nighttime applications.

Some lit RPMs can be visible and useful in both bright sunlight as well as nighttime applications, whilst others are only visible at nighttime or in low light applications.

One of the key differences between these types is that lit linear RPMs, being linear, each lit unit provides both positional and directional guidance to viewers.

For single-point source viewer directional guidance, a number of these units must all be viewed at the same time. In severe weather, such as fog or snow whiteouts, this may not be possible. Therefore, as each linear visual aid provides both positional and directional guidance, this type is more helpful as in a wider variety of weather conditions and light conditions.

Some lit linear visual aids / RPMs, melt snow, without needing any additional heating elements, as such, these types or self-cleaning RPMs are more energy-efficient compared to those that need additional heating elements to melt snow so are NOT self-cleaning.

Linear visual aids are also more useful since they can be used for creating in-pavement signs and messages such as lit merge arrows. Whilst point source RPMs could be used for such signage, in practice, because they are installed so close together and much deeper within the pavement compared to linear RPMs, such usage would tend to damage the road, especially within the asphalt roads.

In Europe
In almost all European countries, such markers will include reflective lenses of some kind. Most appear white or gray during daylight; the colors discussed here are the color of light they reflect. Because of their inconspicuousness during the day, they are always used in conjunction with painted retro-reflective lines; they are never seen on their own.

 * White markers — for lane markings. When used on dual carriageways, motorways or one-way roads, they may illuminate red on the reverse, to indicate drivers are traveling the wrong way.
 * Yellow or amber markers — These are found next to the central reservation (US: median) on motorways and dual carriageways and, in the Republic of Ireland, are also used on hard shoulders.
 * Red markers — These are found by the hard shoulder on motorways and at the edge of the running surface on other roads. They are also occasionally used to indicate a no-entry road and when travelling down the wrong way of the motorway/dual carriageway.
 * Green markers — These are used where slip-roads (US: off-ramp) leave and join the main carriageway on dual carriageways. In some countries, they are also used across the entrances of minor roads or accesses onto major single carriageway roads or lay-bys.
 * Blue markers — Are used to indicate the entrance to police reserved slip-roads (these do not lead anywhere, they are to allow police to park and monitor motorway traffic).

The exception to the above rules are:
 * Fluorescent yellow markers — These are used to indicate temporary lanes during roadworks on major roads and are glued to the road surface; they are never embedded in it. Any painted markings will be removed from the road surface if they contradict the markers. They are fluorescent yellow in color, so they stand out in the day, but reflect white light at night. Where used, they are much more numerous and dense than standards markers, as they are not used in conjunction with painted lines. They also appear yellow on the edges but reflect red on the left side or amber on the right

In North America

 * White markers — for lane markings or to mark the right pavement edge.
 * Yellow or orange markers — These separate traffic moving in opposite directions, or mark the left pavement edge on one-way roadways.
 * Blue markers — Usually placed near the center of the roadway, offset to one side to mark the location of fire hydrants on the shoulder or at the curb.
 * Green markers — Usually used to indicate that emergency vehicles can open gates to enter a gated community.
 * Red markers — Usually indicate areas that are closed to traffic.

Colors can also be combined, with a different color facing each direction:
 * White and red or yellow and red — white or yellow for normal use in one direction, and red to indicate "do not enter" or "wrong way" in the other direction. Red-Clear Markers are primarily used to warn motorists they are going the wrong way; most people have never seen these because they show clear when approached in the correct direction, and only appear red to wrong-way drivers.
 * White and black — white for marking lane restrictions (such as an HOV diamond) in one direction on a roadway that has "reversible" traffic flow, and black in the other direction when the markings do not apply.

The current trend for lane markings is to intersperse retroreflective paint lines with reflectors as seen on the majority of American highways.

This scheme only applies to the US and Canada. Mexico, on the other hand, generally follows European usage.

In Japan
If marked on the road, the color should match the purpose according to European counterparts. Also, fluorescent yellow markers are used to indicate temporary lanes during roadworks on major roads in Japan.

Two other markers are adopted for use in Japan, taken from North American usage:

 * White and red or yellow and red — white or yellow for normal use in one direction, and red to indicate "do not enter" or "wrong way" in the other direction.
 * White and black — white for marking lane restrictions in one direction on a roadway that has "reversible" traffic flow, and black in the other direction when the markings do not apply.

The design of the markers is diagonal.

In Thailand
In Thailand, raised marker colors generally follow European usage but road markings follow the MUTCD. However, Thailand also adopted three uses of marker colors, one different from European usage:

 * Blue — Used to mark the location of fire hydrants
 * White and red or yellow and red — white or yellow for normal use in one direction, and red to indicate "do not enter" or "wrong way" in the other direction.
 * White and black — white for marking lane restrictions in one direction on a roadway that has "reversible" traffic flow, and black in the other direction when the markings do not apply.

Thailand's raised markers use the American design.

In the Commonwealth
Countries formerly part of the British Empire are likely to retain a modified version of the British laws including the basic principles regarding road safety.

In Hong Kong
Hong Kong's raised marker colors are identical to those used in the United Kingdom.

 * White — For lane markings and central reservation (US: median) on motorways and dual carriageways
 * Red, yellow or amber — Lines that should not be crossed. Red is used for the left side of a dual carriageway, while yellow or amber is used for the right side of a dual carriageway.
 * Green — A line that may be crossed, such as a slip road or lay-by

In Australia

While Australian designs generally follow those in the US, the colors generally follow European usage. Differences from European usage include:
 * Blue — Usually used to mark the location of fire hydrants, as in North America
 * Yellow — In addition to marking the median of freeways, in Victoria single yellow reflectors are used with broken yellow lines to denote tram tracks on which motorized traffic can drive, and double yellow reflectors are used with solid yellow lines to denote tram tracks on which motorized traffic may not drive other than to cross.

In Latin America
For countries in Latin America, the colors of raised markers vary by country to country. For most countries, they tend to generally follow the European counterparts rather than North American counterparts, but in several countries of Latin America, such as Mexico, the usage of blue follows the North American counterpart.

History
Cat's eyes made out of metal were the earliest form of retroreflective pavement markers, and are in use in the United Kingdom and other parts of the world. They were invented in the United Kingdom in 1933 by Percy Shaw and patented in 1934 (UK patents 436,290 and 457,536), and the United States in 1939 (US patent 2,146,359). On March 15, 1935, Shaw founded Reflecting Roadstuds Ltd, which became the first manufacturer of raised pavement markers.

The plastic markers now used widely throughout the United States and elsewhere appeared three decades later. They were originally invented by American engineer Sidney A. Heenan in the course of his employment with the Stimsonite Corporation in Niles, Illinois. Heenan filed an application for a patent on October 23, 1964. Patent No. 3,332,327 was subsequently granted on July 25, 1967.

Stimsonite went on to become the leading manufacturer of retroreflective raised pavement markers in the United States and was acquired in 1999 by Avery Dennison Corporation. For six years, Avery sold Stimsonite's line under its Sun Country brand. In 2006, Avery sold its raised pavement marker division to Ennis Paint, one of the largest manufacturers worldwide of paint for pavement markings (particularly lane markings). The company (based in Ennis, Texas) changed its name to Ennis Traffic Safety Solutions and now markets the Stimsonite product line and descendants under the Stimsonite brand. Other manufacturers of retroreflective raised pavement markers sold in the United States under various designs include 3M, Apex Universal, Vialume, and Ray-O-Lite.

Glass road studs
Glass road studs have a very special shape: the upper half is a dome shape, and the lower half is a base covered with a reflective layer. They come in a variety of colors and sizes to meet the requirements of different applications. Currently they are widely adopted in Taiwan and around the world.

Cat's eyes
Cat's eyes, in their original form, consist of two pairs of retroreflective glass spheres set into a white rubber dome, mounted in a cast-iron housing. They generally come in a variety of colors. They have enjoyed widespread usage in the British Isles and elsewhere around the world.

Botts' dots

Nonreflective raised pavement markers (also known as Botts' dots) are usually round, are white or yellow, and are frequently used on highways and interstates in lieu of painted lines. They are glued to the road surface with epoxy and as such are not suitable in areas where snow plowing is conducted. They are usually made out of plastic or ceramic materials.

Pedestrian crossing studs
In the UK, the area in which pedestrians should cross at pelican crossings is marked out by a series of markers. Usually, these are painted as squares on the road but occasionally a metal stud is used. These are usually square and made from unpainted steel or aluminum.

Delineator
Delineators are tall pylons (similar to traffic cones or bollards) mounted on the road surface, or along the edge of a road, and are used to channelize traffic. These are a form of raised pavement marker but unlike most such markers, delineators are not supposed to be hit except by out-of-control or drifting vehicles. Unlike their smaller cousins, delineators are tall enough to impact not only a vehicle's tires but the vehicle body itself. They usually contain one or more retroreflective strips. They can be round and open in the center or curved (45-degree sections) of plastic with a reflective strip. They are also used in low reflective markers in a "T" shape. They can also be used to indicate lane closures as in cases where the number of lanes is reduced.

Delineators are often used in snow-prone areas in lieu of raised pavement markings as the latter can be easily dislodged from the road surface by snowplows. In addition to marking the road edge, delineators are used to mark ramp gores, medians, and objects near the roadway such as fire hydrants. In such areas, the height of the delineators is established based on the typical amount of snowfall the area receives, ranging from 4 feet to more than 8 feet in height in areas with extreme snow depths.

The name "delineator" is also used for reflective devices attached to other objects which are technically not pavement markers.

title: Raised pavement marker


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for adminship/Guanaco 2

Vote received after end of voting period

 * 1) Support.  Gee!  I just looked at Guanaco's record.  Maybe there is a little of Dirty Harry in that record. :))  Given the "dives" that Guanaco has made his beat, I would agree with the Arbitration Committee that "Guanaco's actions as an administrator have been consistently controversial."  But, hey!  Dirty Harry has done nothing wrong in this case other than some mistakes that he has made right.  That is, if he had made those "mistakes" against me, I would count them just mistakes, not wrongs.  That is my finding in this case.  Hence, I support Guanaco without reservation.  Furthermore, I applaud the Arbitration Committee in putting Guanaco's adminship up to community vote again--so that we all look at the underlying troubling problem and come to our own conclusions within an open discussion.  ---Rednblu | Talk 08:32, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

amendment of page
I noted that two errors in user signatures had caused large parts of the page to be (a) green, and (b) small. I have thus closed those tags to make the page legible. No other changes were made. --[[User:VampWillow|Vamp:Willow]] 18:09, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I'd just like to note that this page was and remains a travesty. Snowspinner 17:38, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Pluralism (political philosophy)

General
I have cleaned this article up partially, but it still needs expansion. Removed the NPOV and replaced it with cleanup. It seems that what this article needs is expansion, not necessarily any heavy alterations. --Thorsen 18:11, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

Remarks that seem to be no longer relevant to the article as it is now have been moved to Talk:Pluralism/Archive--Robin 22:21, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

First paragraph issues
I modified the first paragraph and rephrased some of the more obscure passages throughout the article. --Thorsen 18:11, 28 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Especially, I replaced the nonsensical use of "social science" and replaced it with the more general term "politics" --Thorsen 18:15, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

Pluralism, the affirmation of diversity, is arguably one of the most important features of modern societies and social groups, and may be a key factor of progress in science, society and economic development. - It appears to me that pluralism is a necessary consequence of the shrinking world, which itself is brought on by rapidly falling transport and communications costs due to technological development; we are increasingly having to face cultures beyond the traditional sphere of our control - and pluralism is the only game that facilitates any advantages in such a situation. So much for POV.

The current paragraph appears to be pretty much waffle. How about: Pluralism is the affirmation of diversity, which permits the peaceful coexistence of different interests, convictions and lifestyles. - and leave it be: short and snappy. (20040302 23:01, 2 November 2005 (UTC))

 * I just took that bit over from the old article, and I feel that everything that followes after "and may be a key factor..." can indeed be cancelled, or inserted further down, at the discussion of the merits and disadvantages of ralism.
 * However, I would leave the "is arguably... groups" bit, because it shows that this term applies to society. After this, we should add that it has other fields of application: philosophy / religion as well as science.
 * I would leave the second paragraph as it is, even if it is a bit wordy, but I prefer definitions to be rather on the clear than on the short and snappy side (if there is a contradiction between these).
 * What I have done so far is just to translate the most important bits of the German article, Pluralismus, which I consider quite sound, arrange it which what has already been there, and add the bit about the common good. So it may be that some rewriting has still to be done. --Robin.rueth 09:27, 3 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure I'm altogether satisfied with the state of the opening sentence as it now stands. For one thing, it doesn't make syntactic sense to me in the way that it uses the adjective "incommensurate" as relates to moral values. At minimum, it should be amended to read that these values are "incommensurate with each other," but, while that may be gramatically closer to to correct, it's still obscure to me; I'm not sure it actually means anything at all. My preference would be a return to something closer to 20040302's suggested opening definition. Besides pith, I think it has the virtue of being clear, sufficiently inclusive, and substantially correct. Grifter84 (talk) 17:54, 6 April 2014 (UTC)

Each opinion stated on the talk page and on the article itself takes a stance that pluralism is necessary for the "shrinking world" to function. Pluralism only functions in a ultimately positive way to pluralists, and such positive impact is possible under any societical system. The entire opinion of what pluralism accomplishes in this article is humanistically oriented. Therefore, I have placed NPOV on this article. Cormallen 20:21, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry, Cormallen, but what we've got here is just a standard definition of Pluralism that you can find most everywhere (that's also the way I heard things in my social studies class). As to POV, we are supposed to be sympathetic with what we talk about, so we first have to say how proponents of pluralism explain this concept; criticism can follow once the concept has been explained. As to the "shrinking world", it is no longer even on the page! I cannot see what should be humanistic (is that non-religious / non-Christian) about this definition.--Robin 22:00, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

Need for expansion/disambiguation page
Quite obviously, the two sections that need expansion are (nearly) empty so far

 * I would suggest instead that a disambiguation page is needed, as several of these topics are covered already on separate pages. --Error28 12:23, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm in favour of turning this into a disambiguation page and either linking to existing articles of creating new ones on each seperate topic from the existing information. Madmedea 10:57, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

Historical basis for pluralism/secularism in North America
In some work on the pueblo articles, I saw two events which are related to the growth of pluralism in North America. My source is Ben Horgan, Rio Grande, and the articles on the Mexican Revolution. Graham Greene's novel The Power and the Glory also covers this theme:
 * North America is so huge that political power can be evaded by simple migration of its peoples. This has been true for millennia.
 * New Mexico was colonized for King and Christianity by order (La Toma) of the King of Spain in the 1500s, with subsequent revolts and reconquests. Relative stability was attained by 1700.
 * After the colonization of New Mexico, the Spanish kingdom could no longer afford to fund the priests or their orders. For this reason, by the beginning of the nineteenth century, the priests were encouraged to secularize their holdings - they were to consider themselves more self-sufficient, economically.
 * The priests responded with Hidalgo's grito which sounded the call for independence from Spain.
 * By the Mexican Revolution, the Mexican government federalized all church property and forbade church activities outside the walls of the churches. This eventually settled down and the church was allowed to resume its activities but had no more economic power (by federal law). This had the effect of chasing the Mexican Jesuits to New Mexico and Texas during the revolution, for example.
 * The successor factions/economic forces in Mexico are currently based in oligopoly (the economic equivalent of pluralism).
 * Some people of Mexico are voting with their feet and leaving Mexico for the US. Whole areas of rural Mexico are depopulating, with movement to cities.
 * I forbear mention of corresponding oligopoly arising elsewhere on the globe.

My point is there is an economic basis for pluralism, even if religion is cited solely in the actions of a state (the bearer of political power). Furthermore, if there had been one society (an aggregate of people) only, then its dissidents would have been hunted down by the agents of the current state. However, in each case, the dissidents responded by leaving one state for another in search of peace. It is too simple to call these power struggles. In the case of New Mexico, there was one state with multiple societies, for example, with one society (the Christians) even fleeing to a safer area (now called El Paso) in the Pueblo revolt of 1680. There is an interplay of social, cultural, religious and economic factors, each attempting to reach equilibrium. But hegemony of one state does not guarantee victory. Vigilance by the state is required, or else some other factor will arise which will then threaten the stability of that state. That change will then require a social, cultural, religious, and economic response, or else that state will not survive. But if the state cannot survive economically it eventually will not survive politically, and a society ensconced in that state may have to move or change, in order to retain its culture, or else it will disappear. It may be usefull to correlate this with the concepts in Jared Diamond's Collapse (book): some of the reasons for a collapse are --Ancheta Wis 23:26, 18 December 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) failure to anticipate
 * 2) failure to perceive

hmmmm
Does anyone else see any irony in the state of this article? Because it had me laughing.--Elizabeth of North Carolina 03:00, 5 January 2006 (UTC)
 * What do you mean; I consider this a pretty serious article.--Robin.rueth 08:21, 5 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I mean pluralism is supposed to be the whole driving force for wikipedia, and the article on pluralism itself suffers from a lack of it--Elizabeth of North Carolina 11:43, 5 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I disagree. Pluralism, as the article states, implies negotiating disagreements, which is to say arriving at accommodations. Wikipedia, however, aims for truth, not for accommodation. That is why wikipedians converse rather than negotiate, which I take to be Charles Blattberg's point in his book criticising pluralism--Theo1
 * I'm new here, but I thought that while finding the truth was important, "Editors are encouraged to uphold a policy of "neutral point of view" under which notable perspectives are summarized without an attempt to determine an objective truth" (wikipedia on wikipedia). So the balance of viewpoints, including the time spent and wording, would require negotiations, as people would disagree about what sounded NPOV. --Elizabeth of North Carolina 15:30, 7 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, I agree with you about the irony, Elizabeth; it's quite funny. I propose that some reference to Wikipedia's NPOV be made in the article itself as an example of the application of pluralism.  -- Robert Turner  21:06, 1 March 2006 (UTC)
 * What seems just as ironic, to me, is that the entry on pluralism, which is the driving force for most *wikipedians* and the premise we accept for being here and accepting each other's work, is so inadequate and barely constructed, compared to Star Trek or what not. Huangdi 14:46, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Topic merge
pluralistic perspective Simply repeats what's being said here in different words. Abaharaki 00:51, 23 August 2006 (UTC) I think so also.

Dahl
It seems a bit inappropriate for an article about pluralism not to talk about Who Governs, especially if it is going to reference Schattschneider's refutation of Dahl's pluralism. I fixed the Schattschneider quote btw, it was a misquote. Still needs to be cited but I don't know how to do footnotes so if someone could fix it please. It's from Semisovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America 1975, pg. 34-5

Is Pluralism a political theory of the state?
Hello. Section 1.1 'Neo-Pluralism & Corporatism' states, "While Pluralism as a political theory of the state..."and etc. I am not knowledgable about this subject, but I am reading Alan Cawson's 'Corporatism and Political Theory' and find here the following assertion:

"Pluralists manage to do without a theory of the state as such because their political theory of party government and group pressure has no room for one. If 'the state' means anything at all to pluralists, it is as a synonym for 'government' or 'civil service', or it represents the public side of the distinction between public and private... it is the manifest inabililty of pluralist theory to account for the the growth and role of public authority which justifies the development of state theory."

This seems a pretty devestating rebuttal to the notion that Pluralism is a theory of the state. But as I said I am incompetent to judge. I don't have any idea what Cawson thinks 'the state' is or anything about his qualifications to make such an assertion.

Jamie --206.105.184.123 05:47, 4 February 2007 (UTC)--206.105.184.123 05:47, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

 * As well as an idea to promote - i.e. people who are in favour of pluralism - pluralism is also a theory of power and the state and stands in opposition to elite theory and the like. See . This page desparately needs a section on the "theory of pluralism" - on my to do list. Madmedea 10:38, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

Bias
The following paragraph is very problematic and displays a clear bias against cultural relativism, anarchocapitalism, postmodernism, and multiculturalism:

"Examples of misapplied pluralism include cultural relativism, anarcho-capitalism, and post-modernism. Pluralism's tolerance for difference, its fostering of diversity, its promotion of different individuals' pursuit of variable modes of life and their expression of different cultural values does not conflate all cultures as more or less equal (multiculturalism), nor is it indifferent to some cultural differences that are unacceptable to social standards of decency, e.g., genital mutilation (cultural relativism), nor is it without cognizance of the need for social institutions to provide "space" for diversity to meet minimum standards of decency and order (anarcho-capitalism), nor is it silent or uncritical of inferior standards and values (post-modernism), but engages different social and personal values in a critical, but respectful, dialectic of reciprocal evaluation. Coercive action is used only when another mode of life or cultural expression causes harm, otherwise it engages in a dialogue of critical evaluation of different modes and expressions through persuasion. Unlike many of the misapplications, pluralism's tolerance is intolerant of intolerance (which is self-defeating and anti-pluralistic)."

Cultural relativism is not equal to moral relavism or amorality but is, as the wikipedia article on it suggests, "that the appropriateness of any positive or negative custom must be evaluated with regard to how this habit fits with other group habits" (Clyde Kluckholm qtd in Cultural relativism). Cultural relativism is a heuristic & methodological device for evaluating "habits" in their own cultural contexts. So, the claim that cultural relativism automatically condones genital mutilation is POV'ed at best and simply wrong at worst.

Furthermore, the discussion of postmodernism - curiously hyphenated - presupposes a single, firm definition of postmodernism & then makes evaluative claims about it (that it is "silent or uncritical of inferior standards and values") without citing anyone.

Anarcho-capitalists would undoubtedly disagree with the paragraph's evaluation of their political \ economic beliefs and the bit on multiculturalism doesn't make much sense to me (How do you "conflate" cultures? Are there avowed multiculturalists out there who conceptually "fuse into one entity" all cultures?  There's a difference between "conflating" and "equating.").

I suggest we delete this paragraph.

24.210.251.38 (talk) 01:43, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Absolute truth
As Diane L. Eck at Harvard maintains,

..., pluralism is not relativism, but the encounter of commitments. The new paradigm of pluralism does not require us to leave our identities and our commitments behind, for pluralism is the encounter of commitments. It means holding our deepest differences, even our religious differences, not in isolation, but in relationship to one another. http://pluralism.org/pages/pluralism/what_is_pluralism

I think her point is well made and sheds light on the mistaken view expressed here:

Therefore any group with a philosophy that purports to hold both absolute truth and identify the common good necessarily rejects pluralism- their belief system does not consider as valid the opinions of others who do not hold to their given beliefs.

Whoever wrote that is implicitly defining pluralism as relativism and not inclusive of views of absolute truth (monism would be a more professional term)and this statement also inconsistently employs a categorical term. "any" group is a catagorical statement and tends to be rather absolutist, unyielding, way of looking at people who disagree with you.

The most avantly pluralist and the fathers of pluralists were arguably all monists--believers in revealed monotheism such as Luther with his Liberty of Conscience.

Even Votaire was a Deist: I do not agree with what you have to say, but I'll defend to the death your right to say it.

But the worst mistake made above may be seen in the misappropriation of the word, "valid." Only arguments can be described as valid--not opinions. And while the author of that statement is talking about "their beliefs" the objection still stands because to talk about "them" this way is to make a strawman out of their views. And whose beliefs are we talking about anyway? Objectivity is seriously lacking here. Lack of support. Not a neutral point of view. etc.

I suggest we delete this paragraph. Dabill (talk) 17:49, 24 December 2009 (UTC)

Absolutism vrs Extremism
I have edited the claim that the opposite of Pluralism is Extremism to say that Absolutism (not Extremism) is its opposite.

Absolutism (which also can be called Universalism) is the idea that there is one right way - which, for example, applies to the principle that 1+1=2 (which I doubt that anyone could seriously call extremist).

It appears that the article was subtly modified in order to spin the opposition to pluralism using a current buzzword ("Extremist") and that this goes against NPOV. LeapUK (talk) 10:48, 26 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pluralism (political philosophy)


text:
Andreas Cellarius

Andreas Cellarius (c. 1596 –1665 ) was a Dutch–German cartographer and cosmographer best known for his 1660 Harmonia Macrocosmica, a major star atlas.

Life
He was born in Neuhausen, and was educated in Heidelberg. The Protestant Cellarius may have left Heidelberg at the onset of the Thirty Years' War in 1618 or in 1622, when the city came into Catholic hands. His activities are unclear at this time, but based on his later works, it is conjectured that he spent time in Poland where he may have worked as a military engineer.

In 1625, he married Catharina Eltemans in Amsterdam, where he worked as a schoolmaster at a Latin school. After a brief stay in The Hague, the family moved to Hoorn. From 1637 until his death, he was rector of the Latin School in Hoorn, where Pieter Anthoniszoon Overtwater was conrector.

The minor planet 12618 Cellarius is named in his honour.

title: Andreas Cellarius


text:
Cellarius

Cellarius may refer to:

Surname
Cellarius is the Latin form of cellarer, an office within a medieval Benedictine abbey.

As a surname it is usually a Latinized form of the German name Keller. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Andreas Cellarius, 1596–1665, German-Dutch mathematician and cartographer
 * Christoph Cellarius, 1638–1707, Christoph Keller, Weimar, classical scholar
 * Ludwig Cellarius, died 1526, Ludwig Keller of Basel, first husband of Wibrandis Rosenblatt
 * Martin Cellarius, 1499–1564, Martin Borrhaus, anti-Trinitarian reformer

Other

 * 12618 Cellarius, a minor planet named after Andreas Cellarius
 * Cellarius, a pseudonym used by Samuel Butler in his 1863 letter Darwin among the Machines

title: Cellarius


text: User talk:62.58.149.2

title: User talk:62.58.149.2


text:
User talk:Mpolo/archive 1

Sources of Jesus
Hi Mpolo, good job on neutralising the issue and presenting all POVs on the sources of Jesus edit: I concur with that. I'm glad some Christians are honest enough to present both sides of the story. The Rev of Bru

Dactylic Hexameter
Hi Mpolo, Thanks for adding material about the Latin translation of How the Grinch Stole Christmas.  I'm baffled on one point:  what is the meter used in the translation? It clearly has too many syllables to be dactylic hexameter. Do you know?

Thanks very much, Opus33 15:28, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually, after I wrote that, I became convinced that it is not really in verse at all. (Just hadn't come around to correcting the entry.) The Latin text is "really Latin", but in a somewhat rhythmic prose. (I last read it two Christmases ago...) Mpolo 15:37, Sep 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Mpolo. Opus33 18:17, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Translate title?
Hi Mpolo, back again--

It occurred to me that

 * Quomodo invidiosulus nomine Grinchus Christi natelem abrogaverit

is unlikely to be a literal translation of How the Grinch stole Christmas. Might you provide the Grinch article with a literal English translation of the Latin title?

Thanks very much, Opus33 15:59, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Translation
Thanks for translating Cayley-Purser algorithm (I put in the original request); cheers! — Matt 09:16, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

AND MD2 and Rabin cryptosystem. Good stuff. — Matt 09:19, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Sesame Street
Thanks for you support! I'm fixing the captions right now. -- user:zanimum

Popes
I realize the redirect problem, though there already seems to be huge problems with that within the pope articles. I'm not making these changes with any consensus, rather I'm following the manual of style, which says (in emphasis even) not to use titles in the article name. Pope and Saint are titles, and I don't see any reason they'd be exempt from the rule. The last line does make it somewhat an objective decision however, and I'll stop moving anything else for now. Sarge Baldy 19:33, Oct 10, 2004 (UTC)

Translation help (Spanish->English)
Can you help me out with the following sentence from es:Escuela de Salamanca: "Incluso es preferible un acuerdo regular, aunque se sea la parte poderosa, antes que comenzar una guerra." I'm translating the article at School of Salamanca; feel free either to edit there, or to message me back. -- Jmabel|Talk 06:04, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)

Image of Edessa
Good clarifying edits at that entry. Wetman 20:20, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Admin nomination
Thanks mate. I appreciate the kind words and vote of support! Good to see another Christian on the 'pedia also. - Ta bu shi da yu 06:33, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

e
Since you put your name down as a spanish to english traslator i thought you might be interested in the new Spanish translation of the week collaboration project. This weeks collaboration is Género chico.(Disclosure: this is a bit of a "mass mailing", I'm working my way down the list of Spanish-to-English translators.)

paz y amor, The bellman 06:28, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Your comment on Talk:Jew
Moses commanded "eye for eye, tooth for tooth, life for life", but today, Israel's policy seems to be "you kill two Israelis, we bulldoze a block of houses and kill 10 Palestinians". (Personally, I find "eye for eye, tooth for tooth, life for life" to lead into a cycle of revenge and hatred as well, but then, that's my Christian convictions, and I can't force them on you...) Mpolo 08:05, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)

 * I found it highly objectionable and uncalled for. Taking the liberty of moving it here to avoid a religious war. Perhaps a couple of examples to make my point clear: the sordid events in Vietnam or in Iraq are not attributed to Americans as a nation, French atrocities in Algiers are long forgotten, etc. but those vile Jews, I'm telling ya! Considering the location you chose for that unfortunate comment, this is how I (as a Jew) read it: bloodthirstiness is typical Jewish trait since the Mosaic times, whereas we Christians are always soft & cuddly and turn another cheek. Consider "Bigotry-finder rule 101": Take a situation, change the race, religion, sexual orientation, or other aspect of the players' identities, and see if the same results apply. Kenneth Stern Please see also blood libel, deicide, Christian anti-semitism, Israel Defense Forces, etc. In the future, I'd appreciate you NPOV in these and other sensitive matters. Regards.  ←Humus sapiens←Talk 21:35, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * French atrocities in Algiers are most certainly not long forgotten - not in Algeria, anyway, and they shouldn't be in the West either. - Mustafaa 00:50, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I respect your opinions and understand/admire your peaceful intentions, hope you can understand mine, too. It is wrong to expect the Israelis to always turn another cheek. "Whoever is merciful to the cruel, will ultimately be cruel to the merciful.", . Personally I think it is right thing to do to go after known "ticking" terrorists and their leaders, in order to avoid further civilian casualties. BTW, Ariel Sharon is democratically elected head of democratic state, with reliable systems of govt oversight in place. Please read some reputable sources on the subject before jumping to conclusions. I recommend ISBN 0385509057 to anyone, friend or foe. Peace.  ←Humus sapiens←Talk 10:48, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Hitler was a democratically elected head of a democratic state. CheeseDreams 13:03, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Marginated Tortoise
Thanks for the translation on Marginated Tortoise. I've got the images in, although I've moved them around a bit to make better sense. However, I must have made some mistakes on my educated guesses/BabelFish bastardisations of the image captions and image page descriptions.

I'm pretty sure I got the image filename wrong on one of the nest building/incubation images. -- Solipsist 21:49, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Hello, I'm the one who nominated Marginated Tortoise for FA. There's been a question about the article that I can't answer, I was wondering if you could take a look at it. Thanks, Eudyptes  22:40,  28 Oct 2004  (utc)

Vaticinium ex eventu
Marvelous translation, unbelievably fast. -- Itai 12:50, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I'll do my best
I'll do my best, but I'm quite involved with some POV warriors trying to ruthelessly inject extreme bias into various articles right now, including Yasser Arafat, so I'm a bit tied up. Jayjg 09:07, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I've been watching, and so far CheeseDream's edits seem relatively reasonable. I note he dealt with the Mithras controversy on Historicity of Jesus pretty fairly; what do you think? Jayjg 23:52, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)

John Vanbrugh
Hi, Mpolo, thanks for supporting John Vanbrugh for FA and for fixing the image problem. I uploaded those images of the actors, and I think ALoan sacrificed a goat over the float thing. Uh, if you have the time, is it possible to explain what the problem was, in extremely simple terms? They looked good in my Mozilla. Then again maybe Mozilla for mac, that I use, is a different matter than some other Mozillas? That question itself probably shows my ignorance, so please feel free to go with "Mozilla for mac is quite different and the rest is too hard for you" if you like. :-)--Bishonen 01:10, 3 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Cultural and Historical Background of Jesus
Please take a look at the section of the talk page on "edits as of Nov. 1." I am in an editing dispute with CheeseDream and someone has protected the article until the matter is resolved. I would appreciate it if you would look at the last version of eh article by me, before it was protected, and compare that to the last version by Cheese Dream, and then go over my discussion with him on the talk page, and comment. Thanks, Slrubenstein

 * I notice Slrubenstein is trying to bring people who he sees as supporters of his POV into the discussion (see his contributions list). I do not think this is a very NPOV thing to do. CheeseDreams 00:09, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Sources of Jesus
This article has just been, IMO, vandalised. It was NPOV before; presenting both sides of the arguement- and user:Sam Spade has basically deleted everything he disagrees with, and inserted a great deal of bias. I would support a revert to your most recent version. The Rev of Bru

 * I am dealing with this article by merging it into Historicity of Jesus at some later point I will re-seperate it into a daughter article to replace the existing Sources of Jesus page. CheeseDreams 13:06, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Hallo
Ich bin der Autor des Wikipedia- Artikels über die MARGINATED TORTOISE und das Buch EUROPÄISCHE LANDSCHILDKRÖTEN.Ich freue mich sehr,dass Sie sich die Mühe gemacht haben, den Artikel zu übersetzen und schicke ihnen viele herzliche Grüsse. Richard Mayer          Seite:  http://www.mayer-richard.de

Sam Spade
Can you help fend sam off from the Historicity of Jesus page until I have at least managed to finish the edit? (I live in the UTC timezone, so am about to go to sleep).CheeseDreams 00:20, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Authorship of John
Hey, I just wanted to thank you for all you did on the John page. It was severely lacking in actual information which caused it to be immediately skewed and you fixed it. Great job. --The[[User Talk:TheGrza| Grza ]] 01:32, Nov 10, 2004 (UTC)

Hi, Ive had a look at the article as you asked, and it seems sort of NPOV. However, I don't think its NPOV to have the article split up into two sections marked (something like) And then have the counter argument to the criticism in the criticism section. The traditional view section is one sided, but the criticism section has both sides. This is not neutral - if you think of it as follows The criticism and counter criticism in the criticism section cancel each other out. However, the net result of that is to leave the traditional view uncontested. This is POV.
 * Traditional view
 * Criticism of traditional view

I also think that some of the bits tagged out ought to go back in, ill try and do that. And I have an unfinished sentence tagged out too. CheeseDreams 19:29, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

WikiProject Jesus
Hi, I'm trying to drum up some discussion regarding the scope and goals of the project by dropping a note on all the partcipants Talk:

"Could you please comment on the scope and goals of the project? It is likely this project will become the meta-mediation point for many of the currently uncoordinated discussions, which is why Mpolo suggested it in the first place. - Amgine"

Amgine 18:33, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Help please
Biblical inconsistencies is currently a messy list. Could you help tidy it up (it is huge)?

It will probably need to be cut into sections (e.g. by part of bible) and each section moved to a new page. 00:20, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Great work on this article. I am not sure I have ever seen an article improve that much that fast. Rmhermen 14:26, Nov 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, it seems much better now. I think there should be some development on the Gospels though, as there is quite a lot of stuff there, that I think is usually used to point out that John is written by someone with an opposing POV to the Synoptics - maybe this should go in the Authorship page?
 * I also think that the Paul vs. not Paul inconsistencies are important in identifying whether Paul is connected to the Apostles at all - maybe I will put this somewhere in the Jesus historicity page, though it will probably need to be an article on its own.
 * And then there are some bits about the collation of the Old Testament (this should maybe go in the History of the Old Testament article/section of article).
 * But as a start, it looks good. CheeseDreams 19:35, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

de:Elgamal-Kryptosystem
Ich habe gesehen, dass Du das Rabin-Verfahren ins Englische übersetzt hast, Respekt! Vielleicht hast Du ja auch Lust, das sehr ähnliche Elgamal-Verfahren zu übertragen. Mein Englisch wäre eher eine Zumutung :-) Stern 00:25, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Biblical inconsistencies
Great rewrite. RickK 21:28, Nov 12, 2004 (UTC)

Jesus and textual evidence
I have completed the re-write of the textual sources part of the Historicity article, and merged it with the old Sources of Jesus page. I have also moved it to a clearer and more NPOV title (preserving a redirect). Would you have a look and see if it needs some work? CheeseDreams 13:41, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks, looks good now. CheeseDreams 17:15, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Request for mediation
It is a requirement of Wikipedia policy that you are informed of the following link's existence: Requests for mediation

It is also a requirement to inform of the following link (although Slrubenstein failed to comply with the requirement): Requests for mediation

List of Biblical Stories
this is how lists are rendered not as seperate list articles. CheeseDreams 23:20, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I think I suggested that myself... I agree that it's a much better solution. Thanks for taking the trouble to do it. Mpolo 08:17, Nov 18, 2004 (UTC)

cultural and historical context of Jesus
The page is now unprotected. I added a good deal of information; CheeseDreams just reverted it. Please compare my version to the previous one (FT2) and comment. Thanks Slrubenstein

Elgamal
Thanks for translating the de: version of the ElGamal article! Perhaps you might like to drop a note on the de: page noting User:Chris Peikert's concerns about accuracy? — Matt 21:40, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Cain and Abel
Thanks for the more precise image tag! --Dante Alighieri | Talk 21:25, Nov 22, 2004 (UTC)

Alleged tomb of Jesus
An anonymous user created this article (at the location Tomb of Jesus - I moved it). You may wish to NPOV it. CheeseDreams 19:26, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Bible project
Could you define the word "Bible" as it is meant in [Wikiproject:Bible] please? I'm interested in the intended scope of the project. Thanks!Pedant 00:04, 2004 Nov 30 (UTC)

Maybe "Christian Bible" would be a more appropriate title then? (since Bible is so generic that the project page might need disambiguation from "Vegan Bible", "Vitamin Bible", "Shooter's Bible" etc, as well as other scriptures whose adherents might object to the use of 'bible' as meaning only the Christian texts ... Pedant 14:44, 2004 Dec 4 (UTC)

Historicity
I'm 2/3 of the way through now (its a bit slow because there is now a cabal of fundamentalists tracking me - see Wikipedia talk:Requests for comment/CheeseDreams, and Talk:Cultural and historical background of Jesus)

I have finished the 2nd 1/3 of it and made it a daughter at Jesus and syncretism

I think its currently as NPOV as I can make it, as I don't know many of the counter-arguments (I have included the ones that were mentioned by you in the original article, and some others that I found via google) - would you mind taking a look?

CheeseDreams 01:04, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

The Humungous Image Tagging Project
Hi. You've helped with the WikiProject Wiki Syntax, so I thought it worth alerting you to the latest and greatest of Wikipedia fixing project, User:Yann/Untagged Images, which is seeking to put copyright tags on all of the untagged images. There are probably, oh, thirty thousand or so to do (he said, reaching into the air for a large figure). But hey: they're images ... you'll get to see lots of random pretty pictures. That must be better than looking for at at and the the, non? You know you'll love it. best wishes --Tagishsimon (talk)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 1000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

CheeseDreams arbitration
As you are not a participant in this arbitration you cannot add to the arbitration page itself. You can, if you have evidence, put it on the evidence page. Fred Bauder 17:06, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

Or I can write a section which basically says Mpolo said -  Cheesedreams 22:33, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Missing Pia image
Hi Mpolo. Have you noticed that your contribution of the Pia Shroud image (the negative face close-up) has somehow gone missing? I tried to track down what happened but was stymied. It's almost like a sysop blew it off the server altogether but left no trace of his/her action. Filename was Shroud-of-Turin-face-1898.jpg. JDG 21:12, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I have just worked something interesting out
For more information, see Requests for comment/Rienzo CheeseDreams 00:10, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mpolo/archive 1


text:
User talk:NeverMore

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (for eg. on talk pages) use 	 ~  (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * For help, see Where to ask a question.
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Five pillars, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * You can contribute in many ways: write a great article, fight vandalism, upload pictures, perform maintainance tasks, contribute to existing projects...

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop us a note at New user log.

-- utcursch | talk

title: User talk:NeverMore


text:
Bisaya nossidiiformis

Bisaya nossidiiformis is a beetle that is native to Iran, and the sole member of the genus Bisaya. Its diet consists of mainly dead wood and leaf litter.

title: Bisaya nossidiiformis


text: User talk:212.165.128.131

title: User talk:212.165.128.131


text:
User talk:Xeper

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkSoul 09:30, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Comment on IPA for Alizée article
Hi. Saw your comment on the talk page of the Alizée article. If you feel that would be the phonetic transcription, be bold and change it. I am not an expert in phonetics so I cant say if u r right or not, but if you make the change others will definitely point out if you are wrong. Regards. -- soum সৌমো yasch  17:52, 12 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I have an mp3-snippet from French TV with the correct pronounciation... if you're interested, I've put it here (this file will vanish sooner or later - so be quick :) ). And now, I will be bold :) --Xeper 21:06, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Good. Now we need an audio pronunciation guide. -- soum সৌমো yasch  17:40, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

File:Chris Lush.jpg listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Chris Lush.jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Bulwersator (talk) 12:32, 1 August 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Xeper


text:
User talk:CK71

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkSoul 09:30, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:CK71


text:
Christoph Cellarius

Christoph (Keller) Cellarius (22 November 1638 – 4 June 1707) was a German classical scholar from Schmalkalden who held positions in Weimar and Halle. Although the Ancient-Medieval-Modern division of history was used earlier by Italian Renaissance scholars Leonardo Bruni and Flavio Biondo, Cellarius' Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period helped popularize it. After him, this tripartite division became standard.

The library of the University of Applied Sciences in Schmalkalden bears his name, called the "Cellarius Bibliothek" in his honor.

title: Christoph Cellarius