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Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave is an 1845 memoir and treatise on abolition written by African-American orator and former slave Frederick Douglass during his time in Lynn, Massachusetts. It is the first of Douglass's three autobiographies, the others being My Bondage and My Freedom (1855) and Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (1881, revised 1892).

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass is generally held to be the most famous of a number of narratives written by former slaves during the same period. In factual detail, the text describes the events of his life and is considered to be one of the most influential pieces of literature to fuel the abolitionist movement of the early 19th century in the United States.

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass comprises eleven chapters that recount Douglass's life as a slave and his ambition to become a free man. It contains two introductions by well-known white abolitionists: a preface by William Lloyd Garrison and a letter by Wendell Phillips, both arguing for the veracity of the account and the literacy of its author.

Synopsis
Douglass begins by explaining that he does not know the date of his birth (in his third autobiography, he wrote, "I suppose myself to have been born in February 1817" ), and that his mother died when he was 7 years old. He has very few memories of her (children were commonly separated from their mothers), only of the rare nighttime visit. He thinks his father is a white man, possibly his owner. At a very early age, he sees his Aunt Hester being whipped. Douglass details the cruel interaction that occurs between slaves and slaveholders, as well as how slaves are supposed to behave in the presence of their masters. Douglass says that fear is what kept many slaves in servitude, for when they told the truth they were punished by their owners. Douglass is moved to Baltimore, Maryland. Douglass believes that if he had not been moved, he would have remained a slave his entire life. He even starts to hope for a better future. He also discusses the wife of his new owner, Mrs. Sophia Auld, who begins as a kind woman but eventually turns cruel to him. Douglass learns the alphabet and how to spell small words from this woman, but her husband, Mr. Auld, disapproves and states that if slaves could read, they would not be fit to be slaves, being unmanageable and sad. (Anti-literacy laws also prohibited teaching antebellum slaves to read and write.) Upon hearing why Mr. Auld disapproves of slaves being taught how to read, Douglass realizes the importance of reading and the possibilities that this skill could help him. He takes it upon himself to learn how to read and does so by playing games with white neighboring children. Douglass then gains an understanding of the word abolition and develops the idea to run away to the North. He also learns how to write and how to read well.

When Douglass is ten or eleven, his master dies and his property is left to be divided between the master's son and daughter. The slaves are valued along with the livestock, causing Douglass to deepen his hatred of slavery. He feels lucky when he is sent back to Baltimore to live with the family of Master Hugh.

He is then moved through a few situations before being sent to St. Michael's. His regret at not having attempted to run away is evident, but on his voyage he makes a mental note that he traveled in a north-easterly direction and considers this information to be of extreme importance. For some time, he lives with Master Thomas Auld who is particularly cruel, even after attending a Methodist camp. Douglass is pleased when he eventually is lent to Mr. Covey for a year, simply because he would be fed. Mr. Covey is known as a "negro-breaker", who breaks the will of slaves.

While under the control of Mr. Covey, Douglass is a field hand and has an especially hard time at the tasks required of him. He is harshly whipped almost on a weekly basis, apparently due to his awkwardness. He is worked and beaten to exhaustion, which finally causes him to collapse one day while working in the fields. Because of this, he is brutally beaten once more by Covey. Douglass eventually complains to Thomas Auld, who subsequently sends him back to Covey. A few days later, Covey attempts to tie up Douglass, but he fights back. After a two-hour long physical battle, Douglass ultimately conquers Covey. After this fight, he is never beaten again. Douglass is not punished by the law, which is believed to be due to the fact that Covey cherishes his reputation as a "negro-breaker", which would be jeopardized if others knew what happened. When his one-year contract ends under Covey, Douglass is sent to live on William Freeland's plantation. Douglass comments on the abuse suffered under Covey, a religious man, and the relative peace under the more secular Freeland. On Freeland's plantation, Douglass befriends other slaves and teaches them how to read. Douglass and a small group of slaves plan to escape, but they are caught and Douglass is jailed. Following his release about a week later, he is sent to Baltimore once more, this time to learn a trade. He becomes an apprentice in a shipyard under Mr. Gardner where he is disliked by several white apprentices due to his slave status and race; at one point he gets into a fight with them and they nearly gouge out his left eye. Woefully beaten, Douglass goes to Master Hugh, who is kind regarding this situation and refuses to let Douglass return to the shipyard. Master Hugh tries to find a lawyer but all refuse, saying they can only do something for a white person. Sophia Auld, who had turned cruel under the influence of slavery, feels pity for Douglass and tends to the wound at his left eye until he is healed. At this point, Douglass is employed as a caulker and receives wages, but is forced to give every cent to Master Auld in due time. Douglass eventually finds his own job and plans the day on which he will escape to the North. He succeeds in reaching New Bedford, but he does not give details in order to protect those who help others flee enslavement. Douglass unites with his fiancée and begins working as his own master. He attends an anti-slavery convention and eventually becomes a well-known orator and abolitionist.

After the main narrative, Douglass's appendix clarifies that he is not against religion as a whole; instead he referred to "the slaveholding religion of this land, and with no possible reference to Christianity proper". He condemns the hypocrisy in southern Christianity between what is taught and the actions of the slaveowners who practice it. He compares their Christianity to the practices of "the ancient scribes and Pharisees" and quotes passages from Matthew 23 calling them hypocrites. At the end, he includes a satire of a hymn "said to have been drawn, several years before the present anti-slavery agitation began, by a northern Methodist preacher, who, while residing at the south, had an opportunity to see slaveholding morals, manners, and piety, with his own eyes", titled simply "A Parody". It criticizes religious slaveowners, each stanza ending with the phrase "heavenly union", mimicking the original's form.

Publication history
The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass was published on May 1, 1845, and within four months of this publication, five thousand copies were sold. By 1860, almost 30,000 copies were sold. After publication, he left Lynn, Massachusetts and sailed to England and Ireland for two years in fear of being recaptured by his owner in the United States. While in Britain and Ireland, he gained supporters who paid $710.96 to purchase his emancipation from his legal owner. One of the more significant reasons Douglass published his Narrative was to offset the demeaning manner in which white people viewed him. When he spoke in public, his white abolitionist associates established limits to what he could say on the platform. More specifically, they did not want him to analyze the current slavery issues or to shape the future for black people. However, once Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass was published, he was given the liberty to speak more honestly. Because of the work in his Narrative, Douglass gained significant credibility from those who previously did not believe the story of his past. While Douglass was in Ireland, the Dublin edition of the book was published by the abolitionist printer Richard D. Webb to great acclaim and Douglass would write extensively in later editions very positively about his experience in Ireland. His newfound liberty on the platform eventually led him to start a black newspaper against the advice of his "fellow" abolitionists. The publication of Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass opened several doors, not only for Douglass's ambitious work, but also for the anti-slavery movement of that time.

Reactions to the text
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass received many positive reviews, but some people opposed it. One of its biggest critics, A. C. C. Thompson, was a neighbor of Thomas Auld, who was Douglass's master for some time. In Thompson's "Letter from a Slave Holder", he claimed that the slave he knew was "an unlearned, and rather an ordinary negro". Thompson was confident that Douglass "was not capable of writing the Narrative". He also disputed Douglass's description in the Narrative of various cruel white slave holders that he either knew or knew of. Prior to the publication of the Narrative, the public could not fathom how a former slave could appear to be so educated. Upon listening to his oratory, many were skeptical of the stories he told. After publication of the Narrative, however, the public was swayed. Margaret Fuller, a prominent Transcendentalist, author, and editor, admired Douglass's book: "we have never read [a narrative] more simple, true, coherent, and warm with genuine feeling". She also suggested that "every one may read his book and see what a mind might have been stifled in bondage, — what a man may be subjected to the insults of spendthrift dandies, or the blows of mercenary brutes, in whom there is no whiteness except of the skin, no humanity in the outward form".... Douglass's Narrative was influential in the anti-slavery movement.

Influence on contemporary black studies
Angela Y. Davis analyzed Douglass's Narrative in two lectures delivered at UCLA in 1969, titled "Recurring Philosophical Themes in Black Literature." Those lectures were subsequently published during Davis's imprisonment in 1970–1971 as the 24-page pamphlet Lectures on Liberation. The lectures, along with a 2009 introduction by Davis, were republished in Davis's 2010 new critical edition of the Narrative.

The first chapter of this text has also been mobilized in several major texts that have become foundational texts in contemporary Black studies: Hortense Spillers in her article "Mama's Baby, Papa's Maybe: An American Grammar Book” (1987); Saidiya Hartman in her book Scenes of Subjection: Terror, Slavery, and Self-Making in Nineteenth-Century America (1997), and Fred Moten in his book In the Break: The Aesthetics of the Black Radical Tradition (2003). Each author uniquely contends with and navigates through Douglass’s writing. Specifically, each author has a divergent approach to revisiting or reproducing narratives of the suffering enslaved body. These divergences on Douglass are further reflected in their differing explorations of the conditions where subject and object positions of the enslaved body are produced and/or troubled. Spillers mobilizes Douglass’s description of his and his siblings’ early separation from their mother and subsequent estrangement from each other to articulate how the syntax of subjectivity, in particular “kinship”, has a historically specific relationship to the objectifying formations of chattel slavery which denied genetic links and familial bonds between the enslaved. This denial was part of the processes that worked to reinforce the enslaved position as property and object. Spillers frames Douglass’s narrative as writing that, although frequently returned to, still has the ability to “astonish” contemporary readers with each return to this scene of enslaved grief and loss (Spillers, “Mama’s Baby”, 76). By tracing the historical conditions of captivity through which slave humanity is defined as “absence from a subject position” narratives like Douglass’s, chronicles of the Middle Passage, and Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, are framed as impression points that have not lost their affective potential or become problematically familiar through repetitions or revisions (Spillers, “Mama’s Baby”, 66). Spillers own (re)visitation of Douglass’s narrative suggests that these efforts are a critical component to her assertion that “[i]n order for me to speak a truer word concerning myself, I must strip down through layers of attenuated meanings, made an excess in time, over time, assigned by a particular historical order, and there await whatever marvels of my own inventiveness” (Spillers, "Mama's Baby", 65).

In contrast to Spiller’s articulation that repetition does not rob Douglass’s narrative of its power, Saidiya Hartman explores how an over familiarity with narratives of the suffering enslaved body is problematic. In Hartman's work, repeated “exposure of the violated body” is positioned as a process that can lead to a benumbing “indifference to suffering” (Hartman, Scenes of Objection, 4). This turn away from Douglass’ description of the violence carried out against his Aunt Hester is contextualized by Hartman's critical examination of 19th century abolitionist writings in the Antebellum South. These abolitionist narratives included extreme representations of violence carried out against the enslaved body which were included to establish the slave's humanity and evoke empathy while exposing the terrors of the institution. However, Hartman posits that these abolitionist efforts, which may have intended to convey enslaved subjectivities, actually aligned more closely to replications of objectivity since they “reinforce[d] the ‘thingly’ quality of the captive by reducing the body to evidence” (Hartman, Scenes of Subjection, 19). Instead of concentrating on these narratives that dramatized violence and the suffering black body, Hartman is more focused on revealing the quotidian ways that enslaved personhood and objectivity were selectively constructed or brought into tension in scenes like the coffle, coerced performances of slave leisure on the plantation, and the popular theater of the Antebellum South.

Fred Moten's engagement with Narrative of The Life of Frederick Douglass echoes Spillers assertion that “every writing as a revision makes the ‘discovery’ all over again” (Spillers, 69). In his book chapter “Resistance of the Object: Aunt Hester’s Scream” he speaks to Hartman's move away from Aunt Hester's experience of violence. Moten questions whether Hartman's opposition to reproducing this narrative is not actually a direct move through a relationship between violence and the captive body positioned as object, that she had intended to avoid. Moten suggests that as Hartman outlines the reasons for her opposition, her written reference to the narrative and the violence of its content may indeed be an inevitable reproduction. This is reflected in his question “of whether performance in general is ever outside the economy of reproduction” (Moten, In the Break, 4). A key parameter in Moten's analytical method and the way he engages with Hartman's work is an exploration of blackness as a positional framework through which objectivity and humanity are performed. This suggests that an attempt to move beyond the violence and object position of Aunt Hester would always be first a move through these things. Through this framework of the performativity of blackness Moten's revisitation of Douglass’s narrative explores how the sounds of black performance might trouble conventional understandings of subjectivity and subjective speech.


text:
File:Macgyver.jpg

Summary
Richard Dean Anderson as MacGyver. Source: http://rdanderson.com/macgyver/images/mac2.jpg

Rationale of fair use for MacGyver

 * 1) The image is a publicity photo released by the network which owns the copyright, intended for wide distribution to promote the show.
 * 2) The image is of a character that is the subject of MacGyver.
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 * 4) The image does not limit the copyright owners' rights to distribute the show or DVDs in any way.
 * 5) The image is being used for informational purposes only.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:Macgyver.jpg


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Template talk:CC BY 1.0

Comments
Note: It is proposed that this template be changed to what is listed on Wikipedia talk:Image copyright tags. We welcome comments on this proposal. – Quadell (talk) (help)  17:47, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)

Interwiki link to vi:
Please add an interwiki link to the Vietnamese version of this template:

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Thanks.

– Minh Nguyễn (talk, contribs) 02:07, 5 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Guess nobody saw this, but it's added now. - SCEhard T 21:28, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

Self-reference
This template includes a link to the image - "This image" - which I feel is unnecessary. The user is already looking at the image page and can enlarge the image from there if they wish. Unless I am mistaken, the other image copyright tags do not have a link to the image they're for. I would like the link to be removed from this template. —Remember the dot (t) 05:21, 17 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Done. If anybody objects, feel free to revert or ask me to. Luna Santin 22:11, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

Interwiki request
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editprotected
 * Plz, add ruwiki  Alex Spade 13:14, 19 May 2007 (UTC)
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Standardization
Could this and the other CC copyright tags be updated to the standardized versions that I made? The changes that I made to them are outlined here and here. -- Crazy Legs  KC  05:18, 11 October 2007 (UTC)
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ka
Please add Georgian version interwiki link :

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Requested move 05:48, 4 July 2013 (UTC)

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User:Aka

Hello everybody,

I've contributed more than 1400 pictures to the Wikipedia. You can find an overview of these images at my user page in the commons.

Beside the pictures and interwiki links I'm mainly active in the German Wikipedia and in the Commons. I'm an administrator in both projects.

de:User:Aka

title: User:Aka


text:
User talk:Aka

Easter Bunny
Please do not think I am criticising your Easter Bunny photo from a photographic perspective. I agree with you that it is not featured image material, but I would like you to know that I have looked at your userpage images, and I think you have a terrific eye. You have more than a few pictures that you could rightfully submit for consideration. Go for it! Denni ☯ 02:49, 2005 Apr 9 (UTC)
 * OK, thanks ;) -- Aka 08:32, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Pic of the Day
Hi Aka,

Just to let you know that your animation Image:Tower of Hanoi 4.gif is up for Pic of the Day on the 8th May. You can check and correct the associated caption at Picture of the day/May 8, 2005. -- Solipsist 08:33, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

Calabash.jpg
Hello

Your Calabash.jpg image, Image:Calabash.jpg seems to have disappeared. Do you know what happened to it?
 * This image now is available as "Image:Calebasse.jpg" (please don't ask why .. ;) ). Do you still know where you have seen this error message? -- thanks for your note, Aka 16:31, 7 May 2005 (UTC)

Hmm... the Image:Calabash.jpg page is still there. I've set a redirect on it to Image:Calebasse.jpg.

Image:Chaffinch (aka).jpg has been listed for deletion
The reason I have nominated this is because it duplicates an image on Wikipedia Commons, so it is redundant on Wikipedia. Steve block talk 11:13, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

Thanks!
That dragonfly on the main page is absolutely stunning, and I see that it's not alone among your pics, so I wanted to thank you for your contributions. Thanks!

FPC Promotion: Anthomyiidae
Another great image taken by you. Congrats and thanks for your hard work! --PS2pcGAMER (talk) 20:08, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

Barnstar

 * Oh, thanks a lot :) -- Aka 08:49, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

FPC
You shoudl also explain your actions and close the nomination correctly. -Ravedave 17:32, 26 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I explained it already by now. Please feel free to close the nomination correctly. I did not start them and I'm not familar with the way you handle archiving here. -- Aka 17:35, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

Another FPC
Well done Aka, I'm continually astounded by your work. --Fir0002 08:37, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

 * This is to let you know the Featured Picture you uploaded and/or nominated Image:Empis livida (aka).jpg is scheduled to be Picture of the day on October 1, 2006, when it will be featured on the Main Page. Congratulations!  howch e  ng   {chat} 17:18, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

Congratulations
I noticed today's Featured Picture and followed the photo credit link to find more of your work. Very impressive! Rl 09:52, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

Featured picture nomination
Hi, I've nominated your image Image:Osmia rufa couple (aka).jpg for Featured Picture status. Please see for the discussion. Thanks.  howch e  ng   {chat} 00:13, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

Featured Picture Habanero photo

 * Congratulations on your Featured Picture Habanero photo (right). Interestingly, your Featured Picture  Habanero photo looks very much like a famous wood carving of a man huddled into an almost cube shape.  Looking at your Habanero photo, the man's head is the dark orange portion near the stem.  You can see his ear reflecting the light.  His back makes up the left side of the Habanero.  His right arm is folded between his back and his right leg.  His face is hidden in his hands by his right leg.  His feet are crossed and he is resting on his bottom.  The green stem may say something about the portability (controllability?) of a man huddling into himself against grief or sadness.  I wanted to add your Habanero photo in a Wikipedia article next to an artwork showing a huddled man, but could not find the huddled man photo.  This is not the wood carving I am thinking of, but its close and does look like your Habanero photo: link.  -- Jreferee 18:25, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi, just thought I would let you know that your picture of the Habanero is being discussed at Featured picture candidates/Habanero delist. The topic of the discussion is if it should remain a feature picture. HighInBC (Need help? Ask me) 19:42, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your notes. I agree with the delist request. Its one of my oldes images I ever uploaded and does not meet the FPC criteria anymore. I'll create a better image sometime. -- Regards, Aka 11:28, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Your tool
Just wanted to say I've just discovered your tool and I LOVE it! Great work! -- Majorly ( Talk ) 17:20, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

Featured picture promotion!
Herr Karwath,

Just to let you know that the Featured Picture Image:Lemon-edit1.jpg is due to make an appearance as Picture of the Day on. If you get a chance, you can check and improve the caption at Template:POTD/2007-02-26.  howcheng  {chat} 18:19, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

Barnstar
..

"PopUp" info for Global Search
Hi - I just came across your Global Search; it was mentioned on Tools/Navigation popups. I thought it would be nice if PopUps showed an excerpt for external links, as it does for articles. Perhaps this can be done? A quick fix would be to create GlobalSearch and put in "This site allows for searching all major Wikipedia sites for articles with the given name, which is useful for building links between these Wikipedias." along with a link. --BenTremblay 22:40, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

Featured Picture!
Thanks for another great photo, Aka! --YFB ¿  14:16, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

Hi André,

Just to let you know that the Featured Picture Image:Plegadis falcinellus (aka) background blurred.jpg is due to make an appearance as Picture of the Day on. If you get a chance, you can check and improve the caption at Template:POTD/2007-09-02.  howcheng  {chat} 02:01, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

Page History Statistics
Regarding, could you please make your script support GET requests in addition to POST (see HTTP). I was going to replace the old wikimedia history statistics website in Voice of All's monobook with yours. However, with your website, I cannot retrieve individual article histories by typing it into the URL. Could you make it so that I can type an article title in the URL? This will allow me to make the necessary changes to User:Voice_of_All/History/monobook.js. I'm not too familiar with all this stuff, so I asked a friend to explain the whole thing to me, and I hope I've explained my problem to you. Thanks and if you have any questions, please contact me. Nishkid64 (talk) 19:12, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

 * It already supports GET requests. Just use something like http://vs.aka-online.de/cgi-bin/wppagehiststat.pl?lang=en&page=Test. -- Aka 20:11, 2 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Oh okay. Thanks for the quick reply. I will make the appropriate fixes in the monobook now. Nishkid64 (talk) 20:30, 2 June 2007 (UTC)
 * :)  Voice -of- All  06:33, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Image:Kiwi aka.jpg
Hi André,

Just to let you know that the Featured Picture Image:Kiwi aka.jpg is due to make an appearance as Picture of the Day on. If you get a chance, you can check and improve the caption at Template:POTD/2007-10-22.  howcheng  {chat} 22:07, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

Aka's Page History Stats Tool
Is it possible to modify Aka's Page History Stats Tool so that the "unique editors" indication provides a percentage of IP addresses editing the article. Instead of reading "405 (158 IP addresses)", it would read "405 (158 (39%) IP addresses). Also, for the User Statistics, is it possible to list the total number of edits that user has on Wikipedia? I use Aka's Page History Stats Tool (along with wikirage.com) alot in my page protection work (to contact those with the most edits to a page and suggest that they review the page I just protected). I also use it alot in notifying those with the most interest in the article about a pending XfD. I've used it to give out awards to those contributing to help pages and policy pages and I've used Aka's Page History Stats Tool to post the template:maintained talk page template to those articles that have the most edits. Thanks for such a great tool. --  Jreferee  (Talk) 17:26, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I'll include the percentage of IP addresses editing the article with the next update. The other change is currently nearly impossible to implement, but I plan to move this tool to the toolserver somewhere in the future. Then it can access the toolserver database and find out these things too. -- Aka 14:24, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Image:Tricyrtis hirta - blossom side (aka).jpg
Hi Aka,

Just to let you know that the Featured Picture Image:Tricyrtis hirta - blossom top (aka).jpg is due to make an appearance as Picture of the Day on April 20, 2008. If you get a chance, you can check and improve the caption at Template:POTD/2008-04-20.  howcheng  {chat} 22:23, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

Page stats problem
I have been attempting to get a stat history of I Am Legend (film), but I only get this response:

"Cannot handle date (0, 31, 03, 1, 2, 2047) at /usr/lib/cgi-bin/wppagehiststat.pl line 404"

Any ideas? SilkTork  *What's YOUR point? 10:36, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Similar error for me (searching on Mr. Bean):
 * "Cannot handle date (0, 26, 13, 26, 3, 6488) at /usr/lib/cgi-bin/wppagehiststat.pl line 404"
 * EyeSerene talk 11:51, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your note. I corrected the problem already. -- Aka (talk) 13:53, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

Wikipedia Page History Statistics
How about adding a link to each user's Talk page in the list of editors for articles? Gary King (talk) 18:59, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

 * That's a good idea! ;) -- Aka (talk) 07:33, 1 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Also, if an article has  in the title, then your script will only search the article's title before the   (i.e. I tried typing in The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past & Four Swords but it searched the history for The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past.) Gary King (talk) 21:59, 6 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Could you also let us set a default Wikimedia project to use so that it doesn't always default to aa.wikipedia.org? Thanks! Gary King (talk) 06:54, 15 April 2008 (UTC)
 * It should store the previously used project in a HTTP cookie, at least if your browser accepts cookies. -- Aka (talk) 14:54, 16 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I have cookies enabled, but when I close and re-open my browser, it appears the the site loses my last chosen option. Gary King (talk) 23:10, 16 April 2008 (UTC)
 * You can also bookmark http://vs.aka-online.de/cgi-bin/wppagehiststat.pl?lang=en.wikipedia directly. -- Aka (talk) 11:17, 17 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Neato - that will do it! Thanks! Gary King (talk) 07:34, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

Inspiration
Hi Aka, just thought I would introduce myself and say thanks muchly for the inspiration you've given me to contribute to wikipedia. Your photo of the has prompted me to include a similar photo of. I'm a long way off yet - but my aim would be to join you in the Masters Guild... one day. Thanks again ~Xytram~ (talk) 21:48, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

POTD notification
Hi André,

Just to let you know that the Featured Picture Image:Macropodus opercularis - side (aka) edit.jpg is due to make an appearance as Picture of the Day on November 19, 2008. If you get a chance, you can check and improve the caption at Template:POTD/2008-11-19.  howcheng  {chat} 06:15, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

A request
Hi Aka, I love your page history checker, and have used it a lot. Just one request: would you consider keeping the English WP at the top of the list, so that we don't have to scroll down? Most of your requests are about that, I assume, so it would make sense. Or bolding it would help too. I hope you don't mind the suggestion. :-) SlimVirgin  talk| contribs 22:43, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

 * You can start it with http://vs.aka-online.de/cgi-bin/wppagehiststat.pl?lang=en.wikipedia to preselect a project. -- Aka (talk) 16:54, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

Featured picture candidates/Dried mushrooms
Hi, I've nominated an image you created for featured status. Thought you may be interested in commenting. Thanks, J Milburn (talk) 17:36, 3 March 2009 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/delist/File:Galanthus nivalis close-up aka.jpg
Is up for delisting. Noodle snacks (talk) 00:39, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

POTD notification
Hi Aka,

Just to let you know that the Featured Picture File:Werdau - townhall (aka).jpg is due to make an appearance as Picture of the Day on September 30, 2009. If you get a chance, you can check and improve the caption at Template:POTD/2009-09-30.  howcheng  {chat} 03:46, 27 September 2009 (UTC)

Is Wikipedia Page History Statistics open source?
Hi Aka, I've been using Wikipedia Page History Statistics frenquently in my PHD research about portuguese Wikipedia. I'll need to colect some extra data e I think the best choise would creating a new version of the tool. Is the code available? Or could you tell us something about how the tool works? Thank you very much! Carlos d'Andréa (Brazil). PS - I've no editions in this username (carlosdand) because I only edit in portuguese Wikipedia. Carlosdand (talk) 14:00, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
Hello there. This is an automated message to tell you about the gradual phasing out of the preference entitled "Mark all edits minor by default", which you currently have (or very recently had) enabled.

On 13 March 2011, this preference was hidden from the user preferences screen as part of efforts to prevent its accidental misuse (consensus discussion). This had the effect of locking users in to their existing preference, which, in your case, was. To complete the process, your preference will automatically be changed to  in the next few days. This does not require any intervention on your part and you will still be able to manually mark your edits as being 'minor'. The only thing that's changed is that you will no longer have them marked as minor by default.

For established users such as yourself there is a workaround available involving custom JavaScript. If you are familiar with the contents of WP:MINOR, and believe that it is still beneficial to the encyclopedia to have all your edits marked as such by default, then this discussion will give you the details you need to continue with this functionality indefinitely. If you have any problems, feel free to drop me a note.

Thank you for your understanding and happy editing :) Editing on behalf of User:Jarry1250, LivingBot (talk) 18:55, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

YAMP
Hast Du YAMP mal jenseits der Version 3.3 weiter entwickelt? Die CDDB-Funktion aktualisiert? -- Manorainjan  13:07, 5 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Nein, die letzte Version 3.3 ist sicherlich auch schon 25 Jahre alt und ich habe keine Ahnung, ob die auf aktuellen Windows-Versionen überhaupt noch läuft. Das Programm war mal relativ populär, aber das ist eben schon ewig her. Ich habe nicht vor, da noch irgendetwas dran zu machen. -- Gruß, Aka (talk) 13:22, 5 May 2021 (UTC)

 * Schade. Auf meinem Win7Pro läuft es einwandfrei. Lediglich bei Versuch CDDB abzufragen friert es ein. Du könntest doch im einfachsten Falle eine Version 3.4 machen, in der die CDDB-Funktion einfach nicht aktivierbar ist. Freedb -- Manorainjan  14:59, 5 May 2021 (UTC)

 * Wenn das mit vertretbarem Aufwand gehen würde, würde ich dir gerne helfen. Aber: das Programm ist mit einer Uraltversion von Delphi programmiert (Version 2, wenn ich mich richtig erinnere), die es schon lange nicht mehr gibt. Um das mit einer aktuellen, 25 Jahre neueren Version übersetzen zu können, sind vermutlich mehr als nur ein paar Anpassungen notwendig. -- Gruß, Aka (talk) 15:05, 5 May 2021 (UTC)

 * Ach so. Das wäre eine potenziell NeverEndingStory ;-) lohnt wirklich nicht. -- Manorainjan  15:10, 5 May 2021 (UTC)

File:Lemon-edit1.jpg nominated for delisting from Featured pictures
Please see Featured picture candidates/delist/Lemon. MER-C 16:34, 22 May 2021 (UTC)

Graslandfeuerindex
Bitte erstelle oder rege die Erstellung an von Graslandfeuerindex. Ich kann das nich, bin gesperrt. ;-)

https://www.dwd.de/DWD/warnungen/agrar/glfi/glfi_tab_alle_NI.html

Danach richtet sich z.B., ob auf städtischen Grünanlagen gegrillt werden darf.

https://www.braunschweig.de/leben/wohnen_energie_abfall/usbs/parks_und_gruenanlagen.php  Manorainjan  07:04, 22 June 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aka


text:
José Kléberson

José Kléberson Pereira (born 19 June 1979), commonly known as José Kléberson or simply Kléberson, is a Brazilian football coach and former player who is currently the assistant coach of New York City FC.

A former midfielder, he previously played for Brazil 32 times between 2002 and 2010, scoring two goals, and was part of the squad that won the 2002 FIFA World Cup.

Atlético Paranaense
Kléberson was born and raised in the provincial town of Uraí in the southern Brazilian state of Paraná. He began his football career with Atlético Paranaense. There, Kléberson won the Paraná State League in 2000 and 2001, and the Brazilian Série A title in 2001. His performances for Atlético Paranaense led to Luiz Felipe Scolari calling him up to the Brazil national team for the 2002 FIFA World Cup in South Korea and Japan.

Manchester United
His World Cup performances led to Scolari declaring Kléberson the driving force behind Brazil's cup-winning side, and drew interest from several European teams; Barcelona, Newcastle United, Leeds United and Celtic all expressed an interest. Leeds, failed to secure the signing after Kléberson decided against leaving Brazil without his girlfriend, who he was unable to marry until her 16th birthday, and eventually it was Manchester United who signed Kléberson, paying a fee of £6.5 million on 12 August 2003 alongside 4 other signings, including notable winger Cristiano Ronaldo. Seen as a replacement for Juan Sebastián Verón, Kléberson was injured in his second appearance for the club and made only 20 appearances in two seasons. He scored two league goals in his time at Manchester United, both coming in home wins against Blackburn Rovers and Everton.

Beşiktaş
On 6 August 2005, Kléberson signed for Turkish club Beşiktaş for €2.95 million. He signed a three-year deal, with the option of a further 12 months.

Kléberson unilaterally terminated the contract after claiming the club failed to pay his wages on time.

Flamengo
Kléberson signed with Flamengo on 27 September 2007 as a free agent, but he was unable to play for the club until February 2008, due to problems related to his resignation from Beşiktaş. On 10 August 2007 (announced on 27 August), the FIFA Dispute Resolution Chamber passed a decision that Kléberson had to pay Beşiktaş €3.18 million as for the compensation of breach of contract. and Besiktas had to pay US$461,112 as outstanding wage. Furthermore, Kléberson was suspended for four months (retroactively from 27 September 2007) Kléberson and the club later agreed to reduce the compensation from €3.18 million to €1 million.

Kléberson's first matches for his new club were on the reserves team in several matches of the Rio State League. His climb to the first team started slowly as he began to play consistently in the Copa Libertadores. Kléberson earned an important spot in the midfield after the transfers of Renato Augusto and Marcinho.

After returning to the first team, Kléberson's good spell in 2009 was interrupted on 12 August, in a friendly match against Estonia, where he suffered a foul and fell, causing him a dislocated shoulder. Kléberson had surgery and was expected to miss the rest of the year. He managed to recover quickly being able to return on 22 November in a 0–0 draw against Goiás and also playing in the 2–1 win over Grêmio and winning the 2009 Brazilian Série A, the second in his career.

In the 2010 pre-season, Palmeiras speculated the possibility of involving Kléberson in a trade for Vágner Love, but Flamengo refused to accept the idea.

Bahia
After a poor year playing on loan for Atlético Paranaense, when the club was relegated to Série B, Kléberson signed for Bahia on a two-year contract in July 2012. He scored his first goal for Bahia on his debut, against his former club Flamengo.

Later career in the U.S.
Kléberson was acquired on loan by the Philadelphia Union of Major League Soccer (MLS) on 25 March 2013. He scored the game-winning goal in the 95th minute from a free kick against Toronto FC on 10 October 2013.

On 25 March 2014, Kléberson reportedly signed a two-year deal with Indy Eleven of the North American Soccer League (NASL). Kléberson was released by Indy Eleven in December 2015 after two seasons at the club.

Kléberson signed with NASL side Fort Lauderdale Strikers on 4 January 2016.

International
Kléberson made his first international appearance for Brazil in a friendly match against Bolivia on 31 January 2002. He also marked his debut by scoring Brazil's fourth goal in a 6–0 win. He also scored against Iceland in March 2002. He was subsequently selected by Luiz Felipe Scolari for Brazil's squad for the 2002 FIFA World Cup. He was initially relegated to the bench for the first four matches in the tournament. He was brought into the starting line-up for Brazil's game against England, with Scolari feeling his tenacity would help counter the high work-rate of the English side. His tackle on his future teammate Paul Scholes led to Brazil's equaliser before Brazil ended up winning 2–1. He then was included in the starting lineup for the rest of the tournament. Brazil defeated Germany in the final, with Kléberson setting up one of the two Brazilian goals, as Brazil won the World Cup for a record fifth time.

After the World Cup, Kléberson retained his starting position in Brazil's team under the new coach Carlos Alberto Parreira and was also included in Brazil's squad for 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup, where Brazil were eliminated in the group stage. That summer, Kléberson moved to Europe to join Manchester United. He failed to achieve regular playing time with his club, and as a result he lost his position in the national team. He managed to be included in Brazil's squad for the 2004 Copa América. He made five appearances in the tournament, starting in every match he played as Brazil went on to win the tournament.

After more than four years in the international wilderness, Kléberson was recalled to the national team by Dunga on 28 May 2009. He was recalled to replace Anderson in two matches for 2010 World Cup qualification and the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup in South Africa. After recovering from his shoulder surgery, once again Kléberson was called up for the national team on 9 February 2010 for a friendly match against the Republic of Ireland on 2 March in London.

Kléberson was then called up to Brazil's 2010 World Cup squad by Dunga on 11 May. The 23-man squad was almost exactly the same as the squad against Ireland but included one additional player, Heurelho Gomes. His only appearance in the 2010 World Cup was in the round of 16 game against Chile.

Style of play
Kléberson was a midfielder who was known for his passing ability with either foot, which allowed him to create chances for his teammates. His playing style was based on speed, getting forward on the counterattack, and distributing the ball to other players. He was also a powerful shooter from outside the box.

Management career
In 2017, Kléberson rejoined the Philadelphia Union as a coach in the youth academy. In 2022, he was promoted to assistant coach of Philadelphia Union II for their inaugural season in MLS Next Pro.

Personal life
After Kleberson's starring role at the 2002 World Cup, Europe's top sides competed to sign him, but he chose to stay in Brazil for another year so he could marry his 15-year-old fiancée when she reached the age of consent, having met her when she was 14.

International

 * Scores and results list Brazil's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Kléberson goal.

Honours

 * Atlético Paranaense
 * Brazilian Série A: 2001
 * Paraná State League: 2000, 2001

 * Manchester United
 * FA Cup: 2003–04

 * Beşiktaş
 * Turkish Cup: 2005–06
 * Turkish Super Cup: 2006

 * Flamengo
 * Brazilian Série A: 2009

 * Brazil
 * FIFA World Cup: 2002
 * FIFA Confederations Cup: 2009
 * Copa América: 2004

 * Individual
 * Bola de Prata: 2001

title: José Kléberson


text:
Template talk:CC BY-SA 2.0

Note: It is proposed that this template be changed to what is listed on Wikipedia talk:Image copyright tags. We welcome comments on this proposal. – Quadell (talk) (help)  17:48, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)

Please use 90px thanx. --Paddyez 01:23, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

Interwiki
Please add an interwiki link to the Vietnamese version of this template:

vi:Tiêu bản:Cc-by-sa-2.0

Thanks.

– Minh Nguyễn (talk, contribs) 02:23, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

editprotected
 * Plz, add ruwiki  Alex Spade 13:47, 19 May 2007 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Yes check.svg|20px]] Done. Cheers. --MZMcBride 18:04, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

Attribution details
Can attribution details (to allow one to specify to whom a photo is to be credited) please be added to this template, as is specified in the license itself (and as we have for 2.5)? Thanks, Badagnani 19:22, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

Protected edit
The wikilink on "this image" is pretty pointless and creates a needless extra entry in "what links here." '''east. 718 '  at 16:12, August 12, 2007 ''
 * [[Image:Yes check.svg|20px]] Done. Cheers. --MZMcBride 19:52, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

Update design to match 3.0
editprotected

2 things: if the 3.0 template isn't protected anymore, does this one really still need to be?

Second thing (if the first can't be done), can this be updated to basically match the 3.0 template, since the design of that template's a lot more attractive?

Usage note
To provide attribution use  . The "attribution details" should indicate how you wish your image to be attributed when it is reproduced.

 * Other Creative Commons templates are available at Image copyright tags. Please be sure to use the right one.

—Preceding unsigned comment added by Lincalinca (talk • contribs)

 * Done. - auburn pilot   talk  17:45, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

Commons
On Commons this is Template:Cc-by-sa-2.0. --GeorgHH (talk) 08:32, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

KA
please add Georgian interwiki

ka:თარგი:Cc-by-sa-2.0

 * ✅, though for future reference, the interwikis are in the doc page which isn't protected. —  Tivedshambo   (t/c) 21:36, 14 December 2010 (UTC)

Edit request from Mhiji, 13 December 2010
Could someone please move the "This template should only be used on file pages." sentence from the template to the /doc? Thanks

Mhiji (talk) 13:18, 13 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Why? JamesBWatson (talk) 21:00, 14 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm inclined to reverse the question, and ask is there any reason it isn't in the doc? It looks rather untidy in it's current position. It's also incorrect, as presumably it's acceptable to use this template for other media files (videos, sound etc.) —  Tivedshambo   (t/c) 21:33, 14 December 2010 (UTC)

Images of non-free works
I've implemented a tweak in the sandbox version, namely instead of coding free media directly. Specfiying dw=yes will supress the categorisation in Category:All free media, for derivative works where the subject shown is non-free, and thus can't be moved to Commons.

It would be appreciated if this straightforward change was implemented in the main template. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 10:58, 25 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done. Please remember to update the docs as well. — Mr. Stradivarius  ♪ talk ♪ 10:59, 25 March 2013 (UTC)

title: Template talk:CC BY-SA 2.0


text:
Template talk:CC BY-SA 1.0

Comments
Note: It is proposed that this template be changed to what is listed on Wikipedia talk:Image copyright tags. We welcome comments on this proposal. – Quadell (talk) (help)  17:48, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)

Comments
Shouldn't the CC image be Image:somerights.png instead of somerights20.png? This is the version 1.0 version of the license, after all. Phoenix-forgotten 21:44, 2005 July 20 (UTC)

Version
The "cc-by-sa" template says that its pages are licensed under cc-by-sa version 1.0. What template can we use for other versions of the license?

The reason I ask, is that British Geograph project images are all listed as cc-by-sa 2.0, which makes them rather inconvenient to upload to Wikipedia. Ojw 16:30, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Should probably mention the template I was starting to create. Ojw 16:32, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

Interwiki link to vi:
Please add an interwiki link to the Vietnamese version of this template:

vi:Tiêu bản:Cc-by-sa

Thanks.

– Minh Nguyễn (talk, contribs) 02:21, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

Interwiki request
Please add interwiki link for Serbian language Wikipedia. The link is sr:Шаблон:Cc-by-sa Thank you. --Branislav Jovanovic 15:48, 8 October 2006 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Yes check.svg|20px]] Done --  Netsnipe  ►  19:10, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

Thank you again. --Branislav Jovanovic 06:19, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

editprotected
 * Plz, add ruwiki  Alex Spade 13:47, 19 May 2007 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Yes check.svg|20px]] Done. Cheers. --MZMcBride 18:02, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Please add Arabic inter wiki ar:قالب:تشارك إبداعي-إسناد-نفس الرخصة --Heshamdiab116 (talk) 08:31, 3 April 2010 (UTC)

Edit request
editprotected Please replace Image:CC SomeRightsReserved.png with Image:CC some rights reserved.svg and  with. Thank you, Iamunknown 03:01, 12 June 2007 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Yes check.svg|20px]] Done. Cheers. --MZMcBride 03:35, 12 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Iamunknown 03:36, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

Commons
On Commons this is Template:Cc-by-sa-1.0. --GeorgHH (talk) 08:37, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

Edit request from Mhiji, 13 December 2010
Could someone please move the "This template should only be used on file pages." sentence from the template to the /doc? Thanks

Mhiji (talk) 13:18, 13 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Why? JamesBWatson (talk) 21:03, 14 December 2010 (UTC)

Requested move 05:48, 4 July 2013 (UTC)

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was moved. --BDD (talk) 16:39, 11 July 2013 (UTC)

Template:Cc-by-sa → Template:cc-by-sa-1.0 – to match the other cc-by-sa templates that have version numbers attached, clearly indicating which one it is -- 76.65.128.222 (talk) 05:48, 4 July 2013 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's policy on article titles.

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Template talk:CC BY-SA 1.0


text:
Template talk:Cc-nd

Note: It is proposed that this template be changed to what is listed on Wikipedia talk:Image copyright tags. We welcome comments on this proposal. – Quadell (talk) (help)  17:50, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)

Edit request
Could someone unprotect this template? I'm not sure why it is protected, and I would like to change it to look like Cc-by-nd-2.5 and Cc-by-nd-2.0. There may have been a need for it to be protected when it first came to be considered unfree, but I don't see any now. I am also making the same request at cc-by-nd-1.0. Thank you for your consideration. BigDT 00:49, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Done. —Ruud 00:43, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I have reapplied full protection. It has been listed on List of indefinitely protected pages for quite some time. I believe it is because of legal reasons concerning the meesage "For the purposes of Wikipedia, this is a non-free license and must have an accompanying "fair use" tag and criteria." Zzyzx11 (Talk) 16:17, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

edit request 2
please change Cc-nd white.png to Cc-nd white.svg --80.63.213.182 18:01, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

Double redirect
This page is a double redirect to. Someone with enough edit privileges should fix it. Admiral Norton (talk) 13:57, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Cc-nd


text:
Template talk:Cc-by-nd-2.0

Untitled
Note: It is proposed that this template be changed to what is listed on Wikipedia talk:Image copyright tags. We welcome comments on this proposal. – Quadell (talk) (help)  17:50, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Cc-by-nd-2.0


text:
Template talk:Cc-by-nc

Note: It is proposed that this template be changed to what is listed on Wikipedia talk:Image copyright tags. We welcome comments on this proposal. – Quadell (talk) (help)  17:50, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Cc-by-nc


text:
Template talk:Cc-nc

Note: It is proposed that this template be changed to what is listed on Wikipedia talk:Image copyright tags. We welcome comments on this proposal. – Quadell (talk) (help)  17:50, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Cc-nc


text:
Template talk:Cc-by-nc-2.0

Note: It is proposed that this template be changed to what is listed on Wikipedia talk:Image copyright tags. We welcome comments on this proposal. – Quadell (talk) (help)  17:50, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Cc-by-nc-2.0


text:
Template talk:CC BY 2.0

Note: It is proposed that this template be changed to what is listed on Wikipedia talk:Image copyright tags. We welcome comments on this proposal. – Quadell (talk) (help)  17:51, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)

Not sure what you were trying to do with the username, but it didn't seem to work --CGP 10:35, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I thought the "By:" icon was supposed to be for adding a username below it, like in Template:PD-user. --Xiao Li 2005-04-13 13:06Z

Can we please have the words "right one" wikilink to Wikipedia:Image_copyright_tags/Free_licenses#Creative_Commons ? Ta. Timeshift (talk) 00:14, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

'Free images' of non-free subject
Would it be possible to add a parameter to suppress the categorization as 'free-media'?

I've noted some examples where although the photo is under a 'free' license, the subject isn't, mostly images of 'recent' sculpture in the US. Having a param like   on this and other 'free' license templates would help quickly eleminate these for bots and reports trying to find images that might have a genuinely incorrect license as opposed to one that is because of the derivation of the image. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 20:28, 18 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: It would certainly be possible, and maybe even a good idea. But this should probably be brought up for wider discussion at WP:VPR, as perhaps this should be handled a different way. For example, maybe a plain-text statement that the photographer releases their contribution under the CC-BY-2.0, but the photo remains non-free due to whatever other issues are involved. Anomie⚔ 04:01, 19 December 2011 (UTC)

Images of non-free works
I've implemented a tweak in the sandbox version, namely instead of coding free media directly. Specfiying dw=yes will supress the categorisation in Category:All free media, for derivative works where the subject shown is non-free, and thus can't be moved to Commons.

It would be appreciated if this straightforward change was implemented in the main template. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 10:44, 25 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done. Please remember to update the documentation as well. Thanks — Mr. Stradivarius  ♪ talk ♪ 10:52, 25 March 2013 (UTC)

title: Template talk:CC BY 2.0


text:
Anybody Killa

James Clemmie Lowery (born June 26, 1974), also known as Anybody Killa, or ABK, is an American rapper from Detroit, Michigan, United States, whose stage persona is that of a Native American warrior. He was signed to Psychopathic Records, but is now under his own label Native World Inc. Prior to performing as ABK he performed as Native Funk.

Early years (1980s)
Lowery was raised on the east side of Detroit. His parents were from Pembroke, North Carolina. Lowery's father was a preacher. His aunt and mother taught him about Native American heritage, telling him Cherokee and Lumbee legends and teaching him about dreamcatchers. Lowery started making music at a young age, using anything he could find as instruments, and began writing his own songs at the age of 13. By the age of 15, local kids were paying to watch him perform in his garage.

Krazy Klan (1995)
In 1995, he formed the group Krazy Klan with childhood friend Lavel, performing as Jaymo and J-ho, respectively. During this period, Lowery worked at a side plant that produced parts for Chrysler. His middle finger was partially cut off in an accident. After releasing two albums independently and performing at local clubs and parties, Krazy Klan broke up.

Slangtown Records and Native Funk (2000)
Seeking a solo career under the stage name "Native Funk," Lowery released his first solo album, Rain from the Sun. After being introduced to rapper Chris Rouleau, known professionally as "Blaze Ya Dead Homie," Lowery adopted the stage name "Anybody Killa," and the two toured as the opening act for Insane Clown Posse and Twiztid. They also created the group Drive-By, and released their first single, "Foodang".

Hatchet Warrior era (2003)
Lowery signed to Psychopathic Records, and recorded his second album, Hatchet Warrior, released on April 8, 2003. It peaked at #4 on the Billboard Top Independent Albums chart, #42 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, and #98 on the Billboard 200. Allmusic reviewer Johnny Loftus wrote that "Mostly, Hatchet Warrior is a rehash of [Psychopathic Records] mystique. References to Faygo abound and shout-outs to Detroit and the Juggalos are frequent, while much of ABK et al.'s raps are workmanlike run-throughs of familiar themes".

Dirty History era (2004)
On July 27, 2004, Lowery released his third album, Dirty History. It peaked at #7 on the Top Heatseekers chart, #10 on the Top Independent Albums, #53 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, and #152 on the Billboard 200. Lowery also joined the groups Dark Lotus and Psychopathic Rydas, performing in the latter as "Sawed Off." Lowery and Rouleau also formed the group Drive-By.

Road Fools EP era (2005)
The EP Road Fools, released on March 22, 2005, peaked at #23 on the Top Independent Albums chart.

Native World Inc. (2006–present)
In 2006, Lowery left Psychopathic, continuing to release albums and merchandise from his Native World label. In 2007, Lowery performed Main Stage at the Gathering of the Juggalos, and returned to Psychopathic Records the following year. He rereleased "Rain from the Sun" with the Rattlesnake EP, as well as the Black Halloween EP, Orange Halloween EP, Detroit Warriors: Strike 1 Mixx, Detroit Warriors: Strike 2 Mixx, and Holiday Jingles EP in 2006.

The Devilish EP, and Frosty The Dopeman EP were released in 2007. The Perception vs Reality EP was released in 2012. ABK released the Don't Let Go EP in 2013.

Mudface era (2008–2009)
ABK returned to the label in 2008, and released Mudface. The album featured Insane Clown Posse, Blaze Ya Dead Homie, Strict 9, and Boondox. The pamphlet in the album advertised his upcoming album, to be called Possessed. He later revealed that the idea had been scrapped.

Medicine Bag era (2010–2011)
In 2010 he released his next album, titled Medicine Bag. The album featured the songs scrapped from Possessed, two on each version of the album.

Shapeshifter era (2012–present)
The December 21, 2012 edition of the Juggalo publication the Hatchet Herald indicated that Lowery would release a new album in 2013, which he confirmed would be titled Shapeshifter. On March 28, 2014 Anybody Killa posted on his official Twitter account that his new album was almost finished.

In the April 11, 2014 Hatchet Herald, it was announced that ABK would release a greatest hits album titled The Perfection Collection on June 10, 2014. In a June 2014 interview with YadaMedia, ABK discussed his two new albums coming out on Psychopathic Records: Shapeshifter and Road Fools 2. During his 2014 GOTJ seminar, it was announced that he and Big Hoodoo had created a new group called Tha Hav Knots, which he said might incorporate more people other than just himself and Big Hoodoo.

On May 14, 2015, on the debut edition of Hoodoo's Hood, it was announced that ABK's Shapeshifter would be released after Young Wicked’s debut solo album Slaughter, and before Big Hoodoo's album in 2015. It was also announced that a third member would be added to Tha Hav Knots, speculated to be Bonez Dubb of Axe Murder Boyz.

On May 28, 2015 it was announced on The Warpath radio program that ABK would release "Shapeshifter (Prelude)" at the GOTJ 2015 to give the fans a taste of what the album would be like. Anybody Killa was slated to go on the "Shapeshifter Tour" with Big Hoodoo, Tha Hav Knots (ABK, Big Hoodoo, and Bonez Dubb of AMB) and Native World Showcase.

In an April 8, 2016 Faygoluvers interview with Violent J, it was said that Anybody Killa was waiting on Psychopathic Records, and J said that Psychopathic Records was waiting on Anybody Killa for the Shapeshifter album. On June 3, 2016, ABK announced via Twitter that he would have a new album titled The Lost War Chief Sessions, which would be available for pre-order soon on his online store, thewarriorspot.com, as it had originally been announced on March 7, 2016.

On January 1, 2017, ABK was invited to take part in the Juggalo March On Washington, he accepted on January 2 but ended up not participating due to the fact his royalty check from Psychopathic Records bounced. ABK also was featured on the Psypher Hurricane of Diamonds. On July 4, 2017 ABK released Killa Features on his own label. At the 2017 Gathering of the Juggalos, during ABK's seminar he was asked about the status of Shapeshifter and why it has not been released, he stated "beats". He elaborated in saying "I had DJ Chop producing it, and then he was off the label. Then Young Wicked came in, and then he was off the label. I've gone through about 3 producers. Now I can either release it as it is through Native World Inc. or spend another year working on it creating new beats. What would y'all want me to do"? With that question, the answer was unanimously voted for, releasing it as is, since it has taken 3 years to release it.

During ABK's 2018 Gathering of the Juggalos seminar he announced that the new Hav Knots album is about 80% complete. He also announced that he received word from producer Brian Kuma, that Shapeshifter was 100% complete and would be released soon. He also said that he has a new release set to come out on Psychopathic Records soon, and he will be going out on tour with DJ Clay during the fall of 2018. He also mentioned that he and Blaze Ya Dead Homie plan to do a new Drive-By album and tour, but haven't began production yet due to both of them having conflicting schedules.

On January 27, 2019 during Drive-By’s “Juggalo Unity Tour”, Anybody Killa confirmed on a Facebook livestream that Shapeshifter was finished and will be released in 2019. He also announced two more albums called Tampon Juice & Always Bringing Knowledge.

On June 10, 2019, ABK announced that Tampon Juice would be released on July 26 of that same year.

Lyrical and performance style
Lowery's lyrical content draws heavily from Native American imagery. He refers to his style as being "like a spiritual rap". He states that "I get a vibe from dreams, more or less. That's where a lot of my writing comes from. That and a lot of my fans' personal experiences. [...] It's their music, my fans' music. I'm just putting it to words behind lyrics for them."

In his review of Hatchet Warrior, Johnny Loftus describes the album as crossing Native American culture with gangsta rap and horror themes and humor derived from Juggalo and cannabis culture.

Lowery has a lisp, which gives him a distinctive delivery. According to Lowery, "A lot of fans will say, 'Oh, he's just doing that to make it up.' Why would I want to make up a lisp while I'm rappin? I wish it was gone sometimes but a lot of people love it."

Discography

 * Rain from the Sun (2000)
 * Hatchet Warrior (2003)
 * Dirty History (2004)
 * Mudface (2008)
 * Medicine Bag (2010)
 * Tampon Juice (2019)
 * Shapeshifter (TBD)

Supergroup membership

 * Dark Lotus (2001–2006)
 * Psychopathic Rydas (2001–2006; 2007–2017)
 * Drive-By (2001–2006; 2007–present)
 * Tha Hav Knots (2014–present)

Filmography

 * A Family Underground (2008)
 * Big Money Rustlas (2010)
 * Wrap It Up (2015)

title: Anybody Killa


text:
Adjud

Adjud (Egyedhalma) is a city in Vrancea County, Western Moldavia, Romania. It has a population of 15,178 inhabitants (as of 2021). It lies at a railway junction which has a classification yard and a passenger station. Adjud, situated north of the point where the river Trotuș enters the Siret, used to be a marketplace.

The city administers three villages: Adjudu Vechi, Burcioaia, and Șișcani.

Geography
Adjud is situated on a plain and is surrounded by hills up to a height of 400 m at the foot of the Vrancea Mountains, a mountain range in the Curvature Carpathians. The average altitude of the town is 100 m above sea level. The surrounding land is favorable for agriculture.

Geological research findings show the city's subsoil having layers of gravel and sand Levantine and Quaternary, forming significant hydrological aquifers deposits fed by the Trotuș and Siret rivers and direct rainfalls.

The climate is temperate with annual average temperature of 8–10 °C and an average rainfall of 500 mm / m a year. It is characterized by prevailing northwinds with winds from the south and south-east in the hot season. Due to its location at the junction of the provinces Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania, it has been an important road and railway junction since ancient times. The town's area was of 5911 ha in 1997, out of which 105 ha was covered by buildings and yards.

History
In the northern part of the town a settlement from the Bronze Age was discovered, which dates roughly from the second millennium BC and belongs to Monteoru culture. Geto-Dacian vestiges of 5th century BC were also found here.

The first mention of the town is made by its Hungarian name Egyedhalma ("in oppido nostro Egydhalm” meaning "in our city Gilles' Hill") in a Latin language document from 1433, where Iliaș of Moldavia granted commercial privileges to Transylvanian Saxon merchants. The Romanian name of Adjud derives from the Hungarian one. The original name supports the idea that the town was established by Hungarian Csángós settled in Moldavia as part of a systematic Hungarian imperial policy to settle Hungarian and partly German population in places of strategic economic, commercial and military importance with the task to control and defend the eastern frontier of Hungary.

The Battle of Adjud occurred here on 14 October 1788, during the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792), pitting the armies of the Russian Empire and the Habsburg monarchy (under the command of field marshal Baron Spleny von Mihald) against those of the Ottoman Empire.

Adjud was declared a city in 1948. In 1950 it became the residence of Adjud district from Putna Region, then (after 1952) from Bârlad Region and (after 1956) from the Bacău Region. In 1968, it became a city of Vrancea County, while in 2000 Adjud was declared a municipality.

Population
At the 2021 census, Adjud had a population of 15,178. According to the 2011 census, the city had a population of 14,670, of which 13,734 (93.62%) were Romanians, and 915 (6.23%) Roma. As to religious makeup, most respondents were of the Orthodox religion (94.92%). The second largest community was the Roman Catholic one, 2.32% of the population. Pentecostals totaled 1.33%, while other denominations were represented by less than 1%.

Road
Adjud municipality is crossed by National Road E 85 for a length of 11 km, from km 226 at the Trotuș River bridge up to km 237, running through downtown for a section of 3 km. It is also crossed by the national road 11A, from the agro-food market towards Onești–Bacău, for a length of 4 km from km 37 + 450 to km 33 + 450. National Road E 85 branches out to Adjudu Vechi, while 11A goes to Bârlad, from km 42 to 46, for a length of 4 km, running in the downtown area for a section of 1.5 km.

Notable persons

 * Gheorghe Balș (1868–1934), engineer and art historian
 * Dan Botta (1907–1958), poet, essayist
 * Emil Botta (1911–1977), poet, writer and actor, brother of Dan Botta
 * Minodora Cliveti (1955), politician
 * Elena Dan (1967–1996), opera singer
 * Ion Dichiseanu (1933–2021), actor
 * Angela Gheorghiu (1965), soprano
 * Nelly Miricioiu (1952), soprano

title: Adjud


text:
Babes in Toyland (operetta)

Babes in Toyland is an operetta composed by Victor Herbert with a libretto by Glen MacDonough, which wove together various characters from Mother Goose nursery rhymes into a musical extravaganza. Following the extraordinary success of their stage musical The Wizard of Oz, which was produced in New York beginning in January 1903, producer Fred R. Hamlin and director Julian Mitchell hoped to create more family musicals. MacDonough had helped Mitchell with revisions to the Oz libretto by L. Frank Baum. Mitchell and MacDonough persuaded Victor Herbert to join the production. Babes in Toyland features some of Herbert's most famous songs – among them "Toyland", "March of the Toys", "Go to Sleep, Slumber Deep", and "I Can't Do the Sum". The theme song "Toyland", and the most famous instrumental piece from the operetta, "March of the Toys", occasionally show up on Christmas compilations.

The original production opened at the Grand Opera House in Chicago in June 1903, produced by Hamlin and directed by Mitchell, and toured to several East Coast cities before opening in New York in October 1903 and ran for 192 performances. This was followed by many successful tours and revivals. The piece was so popular that it spawned other "fairy-tale" shows over the next decade.

Productions
After a three-month tryout beginning on June 17, 1903, at the Grand Opera House in Chicago, followed by a tour to several East Coast cities, the original New York production opened on October 13, 1903, at the Majestic Theatre at Columbus Circle in Manhattan (where The Wizard of Oz had played) and closed after 192 performances on March 19, 1904. It was produced by Fred R. Hamlin and directed by Julian Mitchell. Large audiences were drawn to the musical by the spectacular settings and opulent sets (e.g., the Floral Palace of the Moth Queen, the Garden of Contrary Mary) of Toyland. The sets were designed by John H. Young and Homer Emens, with costumes designed by Caroline Siedle. In September 1904, two tours went on the road. The first-class one played a three-week return engagement beginning on January 2, 1905, at the Majestic, and then continued its tour, keeping the scenic effects and much of the original cast, and making stops in major cities for extended periods of time. The second-class tour with a reduced cast, more modest scenery, and a smaller 20-piece orchestra was streamlined for short stays on the road.

The operetta has been staged nine times at The Muny, beginning in 1920.

A Broadway revival opened on December 23, 1929, at Jolson's 59th Street Theatre, closing on January 11, 1930, after 32 performances. It was directed by Milton Aborn. From New York the company moved on to Keith's Theater in Philadelphia, while a second company played at the Majestic Theatre in Boston. Additional performances followed at Poli's Theatre in Washington, D.C., and finally back at the Majestic in Chicago, for a three-week run beginning on March 26, 1930. Another Broadway revival opened on December 20, 1930, at the Imperial Theatre, closing in January 1931 after 33 performances. It was directed by Aborn and choreographed by Virginie Mauret.

A new book and lyrics for the show were written for the off-Broadway Light Opera of Manhattan (LOOM) in 1975 by Alice Hammerstein Mathias (the daughter of Oscar Hammerstein II) and the company's director-producer William Mount-Burke. LOOM played this operetta as a Christmas show for six to eight weeks each year thereafter for 13 seasons with considerable success, and this version of the book and lyrics has since been used by various companies, including Troupe America and others. The ensemble becomes a mechanical militia of toys for the "March of the Toys", and children from the audience are brought up to help "wind-up" the toy dancers.

In 2003, in celebration of the 100th anniversary of the operetta, Hampton, Virginia–based Rainbow Puppet Productions created a touring puppet version of the show entitled "Toyland!" The new script was adapted by David Messick Jr. Prerecorded puppet voices were created, featuring Mickey Rooney as the Master Toymaker and his wife Jan Rooney as Mother Goose. The program has toured annually since that time. In this version, Little Bo Peep has lost her sheep, and her evil Uncle Barnaby is to blame. She travels through the Spider Forest to seek help from the kind Master Toymaker.

Characters
Dandies, Flower Girls, French Dolls, Punches, Dutch Dolls, Toy Soldiers, Trumpeters, Drummers, Widows
 * Alan, nephew of Barnaby
 * Jane, his sister
 * Uncle Barnaby, a rich miser in love with Contrary Mary
 * The Widow Piper, a widow with 14 children
 * Tom Tom, her eldest son
 * Contrary Mary, her eldest daughter
 * Little Bo-Peep, who is a careless shepherdess
 * Peter, who has a passion for pumpkin pie
 * Tommy Tucker, who sings for his supper and everything else
 * Sallie Waters, who wants to get married
 * Jack and Jill, Little Miss Muffet, Curly Locks, Red Riding Hood, Bobby Shaftoe, Simple Simon and Boy Blue
 * Hilda, the Widow Piper's maid
 * The Master Toymaker, who designs toys of the world
 * Grumio, apprentice to the Master Toymaker
 * Gonzorgo and Roderigo, Barnaby's hired ruffians
 * Inspector Marmaduke, of the Toyland Police
 * The Spirit of the Pine and the Spirit of the Oak
 * Gertrude, a peasant
 * The Moth Queen, the Giant Spider and the Brown Bear

Musical numbers

 * Act 1
 * Prologue - Alan, Jane, Uncle Barnaby, Gonzorgo and Roderigo
 * Don't Cry, Bo-Peep (Never Mind, Bo-Peep, We Will Find Your Sheep) – Bo-Peep, Tom-Tom and Widow Piper's Children
 * Floretta – Alan and Chorus
 * Mary Mary – Chorus
 * Barney O'Flynn – Contrary Mary and Chorus
 * I Can't Do the Sum – Jane and Widow Piper's Children
 * Go to Sleep, Slumber Deep – Alan, Jane and Wood Spirits
 * Birth Of The Butterfly - Orchestra

 * Act 2
 * Christmas Fair Waltz: Hail to Christmas – Chorus
 * The Legend of the Castle – Gertrude and Chorus
 * Song of the Poet (introducing "Rock-a-bye Baby") – Alan and Chorus
 * March of the Toys – Ensemble
 * Military Ball – Ensemble
 * In The Toymakers Workshop – Male Chorus
 * Toyland – Tom-Tom and Male Chorus
 * My Rag Doll Girl (Eccentric Dance) – Grumio and Jill
 * Finale Act II - Master Toymaker, Alan, Uncle Barnaby and Ensemble

 * Act 3
 * Hang March - Orchestra
 * An Old-Fashioned Rose – Tom-Tom
 * Before and After – Alan and Contrary Mary
 * Jane – Jane, Grumio, Gonzorgo and Chorus
 * Maybe the Moon Will Help You Out – Bo-Peep

 * Cut Numbers (Chicago, 1903)
 * With Downcast Eye – Tom-Tom and Chorus
 * The Men – Contrary Mary
 * The Healthfood Man – Gonzorgo and Roderigo
 * If I Were a Man Like That – Gonzorgo, Roderigo, Widow Piper
 * Mignonette – Tom-Tom

 * Additional numbers composed 1904–1905
 * Beatrice Barefacts – Contrary Mary and Inspector Marmaduke
 * He Won't Be Happy Till He Gets It – Jane, Grumio, Gonzorgo and Chorus
 * Our Castle in Spain – Tom-Tom
 * Don't Be a Villain – Gonzorgo and Roderigo

1903 version
Orphans Alan and Jane are the wards of their wicked Uncle Barnaby, who wants to steal their inheritance. He arranges with two sailors, Gonzorgo and Roderigo, for them to be shipwrecked and lost at sea, but they are rescued by gypsies and returned to Contrary Mary's garden. Contrary Mary, the eldest daughter of the Widow Piper, believing her beloved Alan is dead, has run away with her brother, Tom-Tom, rather than agree to marry Barnaby. After a second attempt on their lives, Alan and Jane are abandoned in the Forest of No Return. In the Spider's Den, they are protected by the Moth Queen. Old Mother Hubbard's shoe is threatened with foreclosure by Barnaby.

Alan and Jane arrive in Toyland, where they find Contrary Mary and Tom-Tom and seek protection from the Master Toymaker, an evil genius who plots with Barnaby to create toys that kill and maim. The demonically possessed dolls turn on the Toymaker, killing him, and Barnaby uses the information to have Alan sentenced to death. Contrary Mary agrees to marry Barnaby in exchange for Alan's pardon, but after he marries her, Barnaby denounces Alan again. Barnaby dies after drinking a wine glass filled with poison meant for Alan. Tom-Tom reveals that an old law of Toyland permitting marriage between a widow and a condemned man on condition that he supports her may save Alan from the gallows. Alan is now free to marry Contrary Mary.

1970s version
A new version, first produced in 1975 by the Light Opera of Manhattan with the support of the Victor Herbert Foundation, is more sentimental than the original. Two unhappy children, Jane and Alan, run away from home. Their parents, who are always putting work and discipline before fun, are too busy for them, so the young siblings set out for a place where they will be understood. The children believe that Toyland, a magical land of spirited toys, will deliver them from their hardships. When they arrive, the kindly Toymaker welcomes them with open arms. He warns them not to become too caught up in the fantasy, but soon the toys of Toyland draw them in with their singing and dancing.

The busy parents must find a way to bring the young runaways back home. They send a private eye to search for their children, but this detective sees an opportunity for personal gain in his trip to Toyland; he forces Jane and Alan to help him steal the Toymaker's plans for a new marching toy soldier. When the parents arrive in Toyland via hot air balloon, they too fall under the spell of the mystical land. Arguments break out, toys are wounded, and Jane and Alan get lost and frightened in the dark woods outside of Toyland. As the parents and toys search for the children, the characters and audience alike discover the true meaning of Christmas.

Recordings
Herbert's Victor Herbert Orchestra recorded selections from Babes in Toyland in 1911–1912 for the Victor Talking Machine Company as single releases, including "March of the Toys", "The Toymaker's Shop" and "The Military Ball". Decca Records recorded ten selections from the score (on five 10-inch 78-RPM records) in 1944. The recording featured Kenny Baker and Karen Kemple with a chorus and orchestra conducted by Alexander Smallens. This album was reissued on a 10-inch LP in 1949, and by reducing the selections from ten to six, Decca re-released it on one side of a 12-inch LP (The Red Mill was on the reverse) in 1957. Decca Broadway reissued the complete album on CD (again paired with The Red Mill) in 2002.

The Walt Disney film version, released in 1961, was given two recordings released in the same year. The first was a cover version featuring only Ed Wynn and Ann Jillian from the film, supported by a cast of singers unidentified on the album. This version was released by Disneyland Records. The second used the original vocal tracks from the soundtrack of the film; however, the musical accompaniments and choral arrangements were not those heard in the film, but those heard on the cover version. This album was released on Buena Vista Records and features Wynn, Jillian, Ray Bolger, Henry Calvin, Kevin Corcoran, Annette Funicello and Tommy Sands. Neither one of these albums has been issued on CD.

A stereo recording was made by Reader's Digest for their 1962 album Treasury of Great Operettas. Each of the 24 operettas in the set is condensed to fill one LP side. The recording was conducted by Lehman Engel. A 1963 recording of several of the songs was released together with numbers from The Wizard of Oz (1963 MGM Studio Cast). A shortened version of the operetta was released in 1977. A compilation album was released on CD in 1997. The Reader's Digest recording was released on CD in 2012.

A recording of the complete score, with the original orchestrations restored and conducted by John McGlinn with the London Sinfonietta and the London Voices, was made in 2001. It featured Hugh Panaro as Alan, Korliss Uecker as Jane, Ian Richardson as Barnaby, Valerian Ruminski as Gonzorgo, Elizabeth Futral as Contrary Mary, Rebecca Caine as Tom-Tom and Ian McKellen as the Master Toymaker. It has never been released. A cast recording of the 2003 production of "Toyland!" was released in 2007, featuring the voice of Mickey Rooney as the Master Toymaker. His wife, Jan Rooney, plays Mother Goose.

Children's book
A 1904 children's book of the same name by Glen MacDonough and Anna Alice Chapin, with illustrations by Ethel Franklin Betts, is based on the operetta.

Films
In April 1930, RKO Pictures purchased the screen rights to Babes in Toyland, planning a lavish production to be supervised by William LeBaron and filmed partly in two-strip Technicolor. The cast was reported to include Bert Wheeler and Robert Woolsey, Irene Dunne, Dorothy Lee, Joseph Cawthorn, Edna May Oliver and Ned Sparks. But the widening Great Depression, together with the box office failure of the expensive RKO musical Dixiana and the saturation of the market with film musicals in general, led the studio to suspend production in August 1930, and the film was never made. Hal Roach purchased the screen rights from RKO in November 1933, and on November 29, 1934, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer released the Roach studio version of Babes in Toyland (later reissued as March of the Wooden Soldiers), with a new plot and retaining only five of Herbert's songs. The film starred Laurel and Hardy, Felix Knight as Tom-Tom, Charlotte Henry as Little Bo-Peep, and Henry Brandon as Silas Barnaby.

Walt Disney's Technicolor 1961 film production starred Bolger, Sands, Funicello, Jillian, Calvin, Gene Sheldon and Ed Wynn. This had a heavily revised plot and new lyrics, but much of the Herbert music was included, although often in altered tempi, and many of the original characters still appeared in the story. A stage version of Babes in Toyland, with a plotline similar to the Disney film has a book by Rebecca Ryland and music and lyrics by Bill Francoeur.

An animated film version, with a new plot and only one of the original songs, was released in 1997 by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer featuring the voices of Christopher Plummer, James Belushi, Bronson Pinchot and Lacey Chabert.

Television
Between 1950 and 1960, there were at least three television versions of Babes in Toyland, all broadcast by NBC during the Christmas season. A 1950 version starred Edith Fellows, Robert Weede, and Gil Lamb; Dennis King played a new villain called Dr. Electron. A 1954 adaptation, restaged in 1955, was directed by Max Liebman and starred Jo Sullivan (1954) and Barbara Cook (1955) as Jane and Dennis Day as Tommy, as well as Wally Cox as Grumio, Dave Garroway as Santa, Karin Wolfe as Ann (Jane's little sister) and Jack E. Leonard as Barnaby. Bambi Linn and Rod Alexander were featured dancers, and the production incorporated the Bil Baird marionettes.

A 1960 adaptation for television, produced by William Asher, featured Shirley Temple as the old gypsy Floretta, Angela Cartwright as Jane, Jonathan Winters as Barnaby, and Jerry Colonna, Joe Besser, and Carl Ballantine as his henchmen Gonzales, Roderigo, and Gonzorgo. It was shown as an episode of the anthology series The Shirley Temple Show. The script was written by Jack Brooks and Sheldon Keller, who also contributed a new song. Unlike most of the earlier film and television adaptations, this version retained many elements the original operetta's plot, focusing on the orphans' escape from their cruel uncle.

A 1986 made for television version featured Drew Barrymore, Pat Morita and Keanu Reeves, only two songs from the Victor Herbert score, a new plot, and many new songs by Leslie Bricusse.

title: Babes in Toyland (operetta)


text:
Grit

Grit, Grits, or Gritty may refer to:

Food

 * Grit (grain), bran, chaff, mill-dust or coarse oatmeal
 * Grits, a corn-based food common in the Southern United States

Minerals

 * Grit, winter pavement-treatment minerals deployed in grit bins
 * Grit, or gastrolith, swallowed abrasive substances with roles in digestion
 * Gritstone, category of sedimentary rock
 * Grit (supplement), calcium source and digestion aid in birds

Abrasive technologies

 * Grit, one of the byproducts of grinding, an abrasive machining process
 * Grit removal, the removal of grit, the coarse abrasive material in untreated sewage
 * Grit size table, fineness/coarseness classification of sandpaper grit, and compares the CAMI and "P" designations with the average grit size in micrometres (μm)

Art and entertainment

 * Grit (film), a 1924 American silent film starring Clara Bow
 * Grit (play), a 2023 Nigerian play by Obari Gomba
 * Grit (newspaper), a magazine, formerly a weekly newspaper
 * Grit (Transformers), a Micromasters Decepticon - Constructor Squad character
 * Grit (TV network), an American digital multicast television network
 * Grit (Martyn Bennett album), a 2003 album by Martyn Bennett
 * Grit (Madrugada album), a 2002 album by Norwegian band Madrugada
 * GRITS, a hip hop duo from the United States

People with the name

 * Grit Boettcher (born 1938), German actress
 * Grit Breuer (born 1972), former German athlete
 * Diederik Grit (1949–2012), Dutch translator and translation scholar
 * Grit Haid (1900–1938), Austrian stage and film actress
 * Grit Hammer (born 1966), retired German shot putter
 * Grit Hegesa (1891–1972), German dancer and silent film actress
 * Grit Jurack (born 1977), former German handball player
 * Grit Lehmann (born 1976), professional female volleyball player
 * Grit Müller (born 1972), retired German swimmer
 * Grit Naumann (born 1966), retired German female volleyball player
 * Grit Šadeiko (born 1989), Estonian heptathlete
 * Grit Slaby (born 1965), German swimmer

Places

 * Grit, Texas, USA
 * Grit, Virginia, USA

Other uses

 * Grit (personality trait), a positive non-cognitive trait
 * GRIT, the RICS (gene), a protein in humans
 * Grits, a former pet of US president Jimmy Carter
 * Gritty (mascot), NHL mascot of the Philadelphia Flyers since 2018
 * Clear Grits, 19th-century political movement
 * Liberal Party of Canada, colloquially referred to as the Grits
 * GRITS, the new universal tolling system soon to be adopted in the Greek motorway system

title: Grit


text:
Template talk:Cc-nc-sa

Note: It is proposed that this template be changed to what is listed on Wikipedia talk:Image copyright tags. We welcome comments on this proposal. – Quadell (talk) (help)  17:52, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Cc-nc-sa


text:
Template talk:Cc-by-nc-sa

Note: It is proposed that this template be changed to what is listed on Wikipedia talk:Image copyright tags. We welcome comments on this proposal. – Quadell (talk) (help)  17:52, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)

I object to this template
It is possible to make images available under multiple licenses. Just because an image is available under cc-by-nc-sa for some uses does not mean it cannot also be available under GFDL for Wikipedia use. The person who made the current cc-by-nc-sa template seems to have assumed that an image available under cc-by-nc-sa is not available under GFDL. This assumption is not a safe assumption. This template and the way it is being used is wrong. --Memenen 04:04, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This template should be used for images only released under the cc-by-nc-sa, and should not be used for images that are also available under a free license. In my opinion, if an image is dual licensed under this and a non-free license, the image description page should mention that fact without using this template. – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) July 1, 2005 14:14 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Cc-by-nc-sa