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Tommy Docherty

Thomas Henderson Docherty (24 April 1928 – 31 December 2020), commonly known as The Doc, was a Scottish football player and manager. Docherty played for several clubs, most notably Preston North End, and represented Scotland 25 times between 1951 and 1959. He then managed a total of 13 clubs between 1961 and 1988, as well as the Scotland national team. Docherty was manager of Manchester United between 1972 and 1977, during which time they were relegated to the Second Division, but promoted back to the First Division as champions at the first attempt.

Club
Born in Shettleston Road in Glasgow's east end, Docherty began his playing career when he joined junior football club Shettleston. The turning point in his playing career came in 1946 when he was called up for national service in the Highland Light Infantry. While completing his national service, Docherty represented the British Army at football. On demobilisation, he was offered a contract with Celtic in 1947. Docherty would later say that Jimmy Hogan, the club's coach, was his greatest influence.

In November 1949, after spending over two years with Celtic, he moved to England and joined Preston North End. With them he won the 1951 Second Division title and got to the 1954 FA Cup Final. Altogether Docherty made close to 300 appearances for the club. He left Deepdale in August 1958 to join Arsenal for £28,000 (£ today). With them he made 83 appearances, scoring once. He then went to play for Chelsea where he brought an end to his playing career in 1962.

International
At Preston, Docherty received the first of his 25 full Scotland international caps. His solitary goal came in a 7–2 defeat by England in 1955. He was part of the Scotland squads that played at the 1954 and 1958 FIFA World Cup finals which were held in Switzerland and Sweden, respectively.

Chelsea
In February 1961, Docherty was offered the post of player-coach of Chelsea. Less than twelve months later, upon Ted Drake's departure and with the club facing relegation from the top flight, Docherty took over as manager. He was unable to keep the club in the First Division and the team was relegated at the end of the 1961–62 season.

During his first year in charge he sold many of the club's older players and brought in new ones such as Terry Venables, Bobby Tambling, Peter Bonetti and Barry Bridges. He also changed the club's home colours, switching from white shorts to blue shorts, the combination that remains as of 2022. The team, nicknamed "Docherty's Diamonds", achieved promotion back to Division One in their first attempt and finished fifth the following year. In 1964–65, Chelsea won the League Cup in April with an aggregate win over Leicester City, but in the FA Cup were beaten 2–0 in the semi-final by eventual winners Liverpool. In that season the club finished third in the league which is the best performance since 1954–55, the season Chelsea won their first league title.

Docherty led Chelsea to the FA and the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup semi-finals a year later, before reaching the FA Cup Final in 1967, which they lost to Tottenham Hotspur. He resigned in October 1967. The core of the team Docherty had put together, including Peter Osgood, Charlie Cooke, Ron Harris, Bonetti and John Hollins, went on to win the FA Cup and Cup Winners' Cup under Docherty's successor, Dave Sexton. A decade later Sexton succeeded Docherty as manager of Manchester United.

Rotherham, QPR, Aston Villa, Porto and Scotland
The month following his departure from Chelsea, Docherty became manager of Rotherham United. He said of his year there: "I promised I would take Rotherham out of the Second Division – and I took them into the Third. The old chairman said 'Doc, you're a man of your word!'" He was then appointed manager at Queens Park Rangers, only to leave 29 days later after arguing with the club chairman over transfer policy. He then became Doug Ellis' first manager at Aston Villa in December 1968, for 13 months. On 19 January 1970, with Aston Villa bottom of the Second Division, Docherty was sacked.

From there he went to FC Porto, where he stayed for 16 months before resigning in May 1971, having failed to usurp Benfica and Sporting. On 2 July 1971, he was appointed by Hull City as assistant manager to Terry Neill, but on 12 September he left to become the caretaker manager of Scotland, with that position becoming permanent in November 1971. Scotland were on course to qualify for the 1974 World Cup under Docherty, having won both of their matches against Denmark in qualification Group 8. Docherty managed 12 Scotland games, the last of which was a 2–0 home win against the Danes in November 1972. He left the job a month later and was succeeded by Willie Ormond, who secured qualification for the World Cup by winning a home match against Czechoslovakia in September 1973.

Manchester United
In December 1972, Docherty attended a match that Manchester United lost 5-0 to Crystal Palace; in the Selhurst Park boardroom afterwards he was offered the Manchester United job by Matt Busby. His first game in charge of United was against Leeds United at Old Trafford. The game finished 1–1, with Ted MacDougall scoring one of his few goals for United. Although United were in serious trouble when he took them over, because of an ageing squad, he managed to keep them in the First Division in 1972–73. The 1973–74 season saw United continue to struggle and they were eventually relegated to the Second Division.

In the following season, United returned to the top flight as Second Division champions. In 1975–76 they finished in third place in the First Division and also reached the 1976 FA Cup Final, but lost 1–0 to Southampton who were then in the Second Division. Docherty led United to the FA Cup final again in 1977, this time as underdogs, and beat league champions Liverpool 2–1.

Shortly afterwards, news that Docherty was having an extramarital affair with the wife of a United physiotherapist, Mary Brown, became public. He was sacked in a blaze of publicity in July 1977, and was replaced at Old Trafford by Dave Sexton, the same man who had replaced him at Chelsea. The affair also resulted in the end of his marriage to Agnes, who had been his wife since December 1949. In 1988 Docherty married Mary, and the couple remained together until his death in 2020. After his sacking, Docherty had a frosty relationship with the club.

Later career
Docherty became manager at Derby County in September 1977, where he stayed for two seasons before resigning in May 1979. His next appointment was at Queens Park Rangers in May 1979. When he took over at Loftus Road, Rangers had been relegated to the Second Division (three years after almost winning the league title) and he had to lift the team's spirits to start the new season. QPR finished the season four points short of promotion to the First Division. In May 1980, Docherty was sacked by chairman Jim Gregory, then reinstated after just nine days away. In October 1980, he was sacked for the second time in five months.

This was followed by a short spell in Australia coaching Sydney Olympic in 1981. He returned to England in July that year to manage Preston North End, where he had spent nine years as a player. He left after a few months, returning to Australia to manage South Melbourne until the following year. He also managed Sydney Olympic again in 1983.

Wolverhampton Wanderers
Docherty returned to England once more with Wolverhampton Wanderers just after their relegation from the First Division in 1984. He was sacked just over a year later, however, when Wolves had suffered a second successive relegation, eventually going on to suffer a third relegation in a row the season after Docherty's departure.

Docherty's time at Wolves was to be a tough task. The club had once been three times champions of England in the 1950's and had also hosted Honved under the floodlights at the Molineux Stadium in 1954, pioneering the way for European club football. They had since gone on to be finalists in the 1972 UEFA Cup and winners of the 1980 League Cup where Andy Gray scored the winning goal after setting a British transfer record when signing for the club.

The club Docherty was taking over as Manager was far away from the historic club Wolves had once been with the chairman in 1978 bankrupting the club with the rebuilding of the Molineux Street stand. A rescue package had to be brought in place during 1982, with the club just hours away from going out of business it was purchased by the Bhatti Brothers, two Saudi Arabian businessmen with help from club legend Derek Dougan.

The brothers were property developers and wanted to develop the land around the stadium but when the council did not grant them permissions they sought to build a supermarket adjacent to the Molineux standium. Relationship with the club soured and the club was receiving no investment and involvement from the brothers.

Following relegation from the top flight the previous season, several key players left the club, including goalscorers Mel Eaves and Wayne Clarke, as well as Tony Towner and 2nd highest club appearances holder Kenny Hibbitt.

"Tommy Docherty came in as manager and he knew I didn't want to be around to see the club in such dire straits" cited Hibbitt when interviewed on his thoughts on leaving Wolves.

Docherty would also have problems leading into the season with first choice goalkeeper John Burridge, who was making demands of the club but instead of meeting these, Docherty promoted 17 year academy player Tim Flowers into goal where he remained for the season with Burridge also leaving the club.

The 1984-85 season began at home to Sheffield United in front 14,908 fans. After a good start to the season, later progress started to slowly disintegrated and the club found themselves bouncing around position 13th - 15th position in the table by November.

Wolves were misfiring but despite this, Docherty allowed defender Geoff Palmer, having played 394 times for the club, to move to Burnley. Palmer was a very experienced defender and with him leaving, this left a far less experienced team to that which had finished the previous season. Palmer left the club believing he had fallen out if favour with Docherty and cited that "the club just wasn't a nice place to be at the time, it wasn't being run properly, and was on its knees."

Shortly afterwards, Wolves endured a 21-match winless run in all competitions (19 of those in the Second Division). Pressure was mounting in January 1985 and former fan favourite and now Chairman Derek Dougan eventually resigned from his position on the board.

The season performances would also see the club be beaten 5-1 on three occasions. Two of them televised live on ITV and the other, away at Brighton & Hove Albion the day the club were officially relegated. Docherty's final game at home was against Huddersfield Town where Wolves secured just their 8th victory of the season, in front of just 4,422 fans. Wolves finished the season bottom of the table and Docherty's torrid season had finally come to an end. He left the club in July 1985.

When asked about his time at Wolves Docherty said, "I could hardly say 'no' when a club as famous as that came in for me..... But it was a hopeless task really. There was no money. I wasn't sure I'd be able to work with Derek Dougan but I accepted the challenge anyway. As for the Bhattis, I only met them twice – once when they hired me and once when they fired me."

Docherty took up his final managerial position at Altrincham. He retired from management at the end of the 1987–88 season.

Personal life
Docherty married his first wife, Agnes, in December 1949, after he left his native Scotland to sign for Preston North End. They were married for 27 years until Docherty announced his affair with Mary Brown in 1977. Docherty and Agnes had four children together: Mick (himself a former professional footballer and manager), Thomas Jr., Catherine and Peter. After marrying Mary Brown, he had two more children – daughters Grace and Lucy – who were born during the 1980s. Agnes died in September 2002 at the age of 73. In 2008, Tommy Docherty Jr. released a book, Married to a Man of Two Halves, which was based on memoirs and newspaper cuttings which he had discovered when clearing out his mother's house after her death.

Docherty died on 31 December 2020, aged 92, following a long illness.

Player
Preston North End
 * Second Division: 1950–51

Manager
Chelsea
 * Football League Cup: 1964–65
 * FA Cup runner-up: 1966–67

Manchester United
 * Second Division: 1974–75
 * FA Cup: 1976–77 runner-up: 1975–76

Scotland
 * British Home Championship: 1971–72 (shared)

Individual

 * Scottish Football Hall of Fame: 2013

title: Tommy Docherty


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Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme

The Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme (PACS) is a scheme developed in 1970 by the American Institute of Physics (AIP) for classifying scientific literature using a hierarchical set of codes. PACS has been used by over 160 international journals, including the Physical Review series since 1975. Since 2016, American Physical Society introduced the PhySH (Physics Subject Headings) system instead of PACS.

Discontinuation
AIP has announced that PACS 2010 will be the final version, but it will continue to be available through their website. The decision was made to discontinue PACS, owing to the administrative complexity of the revision process and its future viability in light of changing technological and research trends. However, PACS is still in use by scientific journals.

In association with Access Innovations, Inc., the AIP has developed a new "AIP Thesaurus", which it states will enable faster, more accurate and more efficient searches.

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File talk:Air Force One over Mt. Rushmore.jpg

Untitled
Why is the American flag backwards?? --Rebroad 21:33, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The same reason it is on the right-hand shoulder of a US military uniform; if it were attached to an imaginary standard and the plane moving forward, it would fly that way. On the obverse, it's placed the way you're more familiar with. The same would be true of any real flag seen from half the view when the wind is blowing. This is why most countries have symmetrical or near-symmetrical flags. ;)

This looks like a photoshop... --PrinceValium 18:44, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * How so, now that you presumably understand the flag issue?

 * First of all, please sign comments.

Second, This does look like a photoshop, im having a hard time beliving that any Piolot would have the guts to fly THAT close to a national landmark, and it also looks out of proportion Keeperoftheseal 01:32, 28 March 2006 (UTC) The plane is far away from Mt. Rushmore, but so is the plane taking the picture the distortion is caused by the use of some sort of telephoto lens I think i really have no idea. Samnesral 22:02, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

I'm a photographer and it doesn't look like a photoshop to me, just some nice work with a long lens with a small aperture setting. check out the reflections on the underbelly of the plane, can see the outline of the mountaintop. Also, as an FYI, it looks like it was taken with flim. 82.46.179.159 01:08, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Rhetorical question
I wonder just how much taxpayer money was spent on getting this shot. Razum2010 (talk) 03:53, 11 June 2013 (UTC)

Correct altitude of Mt Rushmore sculpture
The description of this picture says "It is 1,745 feet (532 m) above sea level.", but the Mt Rushmore page states "The entire memorial covers 1,278.45 acres (5.17 km2) and is 5,725 feet (1,745 m) above sea level." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 118.93.6.135 (talk) 23:39, 4 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Removed redundant description from local page. Such a description should be on the Commons page, and not there on the English Wikipedia. Armbrust The Homunculus 15:32, 5 November 2013 (UTC)


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Coins of the Philippine peso

Philippine peso coins are issued by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas for circulation in the Philippines and are currently available in seven denominations. The Philippine peso has been in use since Spanish rule.

History
The Philippine peso is derived from the Spanish dollar or pieces of eight brought over in large quantities by the Manila galleons of the 16th to 19th centuries. From the same Spanish peso or dollar is derived the various pesos of Latin America, the dollars of the US and Hong Kong, as well as the Chinese yuan and the Japanese yen.

Pre-Hispanic era
Gold was an important medium of exchange in the various territories of pre-Hispanic Philippines, in the form of stamped gold beads called piloncitos and gold barter rings. The original silver currency unit was the rupee or rupiah (known locally as salapi), brought over by trade with India and Indonesia. The salapi continued under Spanish rule as a teston worth four reales or half a Spanish peso.

Spanish administration
The Spanish silver peso worth eight reales was first introduced by the Magellan expedition of 1521 and brought in large quantities by the Manila galleons after the 1565 conquest of the Philippines; see Spanish dollar. The local salapi continued under Spanish rule as a half-peso coin. Additionally, Spanish gold onzas or eight-escudo coins were also introduced with identical weight to the Spanish dollar but valued at 16 silver pesos.

Until the Manila mint was established in 1857 the Philippines had no money of its own. Gold and silver coins brought to it by Spain, China and neighboring countries were in circulation. Denominations consisted of
 * In gold escudos: $1/2$, 1, 2, 4, 8 escudos; each escudo worth approximately 2 silver pesos or 16 reales.
 * In silver reales: $1/2$, 1, 2, 4, 8 reales; one peso equals 8 reales.
 * In copper: $1/2$, 1, 2 cuartos; 20 cuartos in a real and 160 cuartos in a peso.

The Casa de Moneda de Manila (or Manila mint) was founded in 1857 in order to supply smaller Philippine currency after the California gold rush of 1848 made silver more expensive and drained the colony of silver and small gold coins. It produced the following denominations according to Spanish standards, with 100 centimos equal to a peso:
 * In gold: 1, 2, 4 pesos; the 4 pesos weighing 6.766 grams of 0.875 fine gold
 * In silver: 10, 20, 50 centimos; the 50 centimos weighing 12.98 grams of 0.9 fine silver (fineness reduced to 0.835 in 1881)

The dearth of pre-1857 copper coins were addressed by counterfeit two-cuarto coins (worth 1/80th of a peso) made by Igorot copper miners in the Cordilleras. In 1897 Spain brought over 1-peso silver coins as well as 5 and 10 centimos de peseta to be accepted by Filipinos as 1 and 2 centimos de peso.

United States administration
The United States also struck coins for use in the Philippines from 1903 to 1945. Denominations included the $1/undefined$ centavo, one centavo, five centavo, 10 centavo, 20 centavo, 50 centavo, and one peso. The $1/undefined$ and 1 centavo coins were struck in bronze, the 5 centavo struck in copper (75%) - nickel (25%), the 10, 20, 50 centavo and peso coins were struck in a silver composition. From 1903 to 1906, the silver coins had a silver content of 90%, while those struck after 1906 had a reduced silver content of 75% for 10 through 50 centavos and 80% for the peso. In both cases the silver was alloyed with copper.

The obverse of these coins remained largely unchanged during the years 1903 to 1945. The $1/undefined$ centavo, one centavo, and five centavo coins depict a Filipino man kneeling against an anvil, with a hammer resting at his side. He is on the left side (foreground), while on the right side (background) there is a simmering volcano, Mt. Mayon, topped with smoke rings. This figure is an allegory for the hard work being done by the native peoples of the Philippines in building their own future.

The obverse of the 10, 20, 50 centavo, and peso coins are similar, but they show the figure of Liberty, a standing female figure (considered by many to be the daughter of the designer 'Blanca') in the act of striking the anvil with a hammer. This was done to show the work being done by Americans in building a better Philippines. Liberty appears on the silver coins, instead of the base metal coins.

The reverse of the coins comes in two varieties. The earliest coins were minted when the islands were a US Territory, and they bear the arms of the US Territories. This is a broad winged eagle, sitting atop a shield divided into two registers. The upper register has 13 stars, and the lower register has 13 vertical stripes. The date appears at the bottom, and "United States of America" appears at the top.

When the islands became a US Commonwealth, the arms of the Commonwealth were adopted. This seal is composed of a much smaller eagle with its wings pointed up, perched over a shield with peaked corners, above a scroll reading "Commonwealth of the Philippines". It is a much busier pattern, and widely considered less attractive.

Coins were minted at the Philadelphia, San Francisco, Denver, and (after it was opened in 1920) Manila mints. Most of the coins struck at the Manila mint occurred after 1925.

Proof sets were struck for collectors from 1903 to 1908. It is likely that a large majority of these sets remained unsold at the time they were issued. The recorded mintage for sets in 1905, 1906, and 1908 is a modest 500.

Defenders of Corregidor threw a large number of silver coins into the ocean, rather than allow the Japanese to accumulate this wealth. A great deal of the booty was later recovered, but many of those were badly corroded.

Among the rarest coins in the U.S. Philippines series from the collectors' standpoint are the 1906-S One Peso, the 1916-S Five Centavos, the 1918-S Five Centavo Mule, the 1903-S Twenty Centavos (especially in Mint State) and the 1915-S One Centavo.

Three Commemorative coins were minted to celebrate the Commonwealth in 1936. They show President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon and U.S. High Commissioner Frank Murphy, who also has served as the last Governor General of the Islands. The 50 Centavo commemorative has a reported mintage of 20,000 pieces, was struck in 75% silver, and weighs 10 grams (the same specifications as other 50 centavos). The two varieties of One Peso commemorative had reported mintages of 10,000 pieces. They weigh 20 grams, and are 90% silver.

Culion leper colony coinage
The Culion leper colony was established in May 1906 by the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands in Culion Island, Palawan. It was modeled after the Kalaupapa Leprosy Settlement in Molokai, Hawaii. It was issued its own Special Culion Currency due to the erroneous belief that leprosy could be transmitted via handling of money. Only inmates of the colony were allowed to use what was commonly known as "leper money." It was prohibited for inmates to use regular Philippine currency, and it was prohibited for non-lepers to use the Culion currency. The first and second issues (1913 and 1920) were struck in aluminum by the Frank & Co. die establishment. All subsequent issues were minted by the newly reopened Manila Mint. The third issue (1922) was also aluminum, but the fourth, fifth, and sixth issues (1925, 1927, and 1930) were in copper-nickel alloy. The sixth issue was the final issue. In total, around 169,000 coins were struck for the Culion leper colony, between 1913 and 1930.

By the 1920s, the segregation laws were relaxed. Non-leper settlers (locally known as sano) started coming into the island, mostly family members of the thousands of inmates who were forcibly relocated to the island during via the segregation program. However, exchange of money between the leper inmates and the non-leper settlers was still prohibited. In 1942, during the Japanese invasion of the Philippines in World War II, Culion was cut off from Manila, leading to a shortage of currency. The local Culion authorities issued an emergency currency printed on paper, with centavo denominations in pink paper and peso denominations in blue paper. The Japanese later attacked the island and destroyed its port, radio tower, and electricity generators, cutting off all supplies and contact to the island. This resulted in widespread starvation that resulted in 2,000 deaths. People who fled the island were also killed. It wasn't until 1945 that the US Army Air Corps was able to drop supplies on the island by parachute.

After independence, the segregation law was revised to allow private home isolation and treatment, removing the need for a leper colony. By the 1980s, multi-drug therapies had reduced the status of leprosy to a treatable disease. In 2006, it was declared a leprosy-free area by the World Health Organization. The currency is discontinued but remains popular among coin collectors.

After Philippine independence, 1946-1994
After the granting of independence to the Philippines in 1946, no coins were minted for the Philippine Republic until 1958, other than a small silver commemorative issue in 1947 to honor General Douglas MacArthur. A total of 200,000 50 centavos and 100,000 one peso coins were minted with the general's image on the obverse and the national coat-of-arms on the reverse. Struck at the San Francisco Mint, they carry the "S" mintmark below the date.

In 1958, the 20 centavos was replaced with a 25 centavos and all coins were resized to be the same diameter as their US equivalents, albeit in more base metals, other than the centavo. The same seated man with anvil and volcano or standing liberty with anvil and volcano designs were retained for the obverses while the seal of the Central Bank of the Philippines dominated the reverse. These coins were minted by the Philadelphia Mint from 1958 through 1963, and then by the Royal Mint in England and the Vereinigte Deutsche Metallweke in West Germany in 1965 (dated 1964) and 1966. In view of all subsequent issues using the Tagalog language, this coinage is often referred to as the English Series since it uses the English language.

The next series was introduced in 1967, introducing images of various Philippine national heroes, and the use of the Tagalog (or "Pilipino") language, hence being called the Pilipino Series. The sizes of the coins were reduced. These coins were struck by the various US mints, except for some 50 centavos pieces dated 1972 which were minted in Singapore, and a couple commemorative issues struck by the Sherritt Mint in Canada. In 1972 the one peso denomination was reintroduced.

In commemoration of Fedinand Marcos' declaration of Martial Law (which he titled "Ang Bagong Lipunan," the new society), a new series of coinage was issued in 1975, referred to as the Ang Bagong Lipunan Series. The 50 sentimo was done away with as a denomination and a new 5 peso issue took its place. A variety of mints provided these coins, including the Royal Mint in England and the Vereinigte Deutsche Metallweke in West Germany, Philadelphia and San Francisco mints in the US, the Franklin Mint (a private mint also in the US), the Sherritt Mint in Canada, and finally the Philippine's own mint, once it was opened and able to produce coinage. From this point on, the Philippine Mint (Bangko Sentral Pilipinas, "BSP") produced nearly all Philippine coinage.

After eight years, the Ang Bagong Lipunan series gave way to a new series titled the Flora and Fauna Series, in which the coins, in addition to featuring various Philippine national heroes as before, also began featuring various plant and animal life forms native to the Philippines. The 50 sentimo and 2 piso denominations were reintroduced, which latter had not been struck as a coin since the Spanish had struck it in gold. The 5 piso denomination was stopped, but resumed (in a new smaller size) concurrent to the final four years of the Improved Flora and Fauna Series which featured reduced sizes for all denominations. The Flora and Fauna Series was struck from 1983 through 1994.

Philippine issues since 1995
In 1995, the new BSP Series was introduced, which is still circulating today. Only this current series of coins are legal tender after January 2, 1998, when the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas issued BSP Circular No. 81 which called for the demonetization of all previous existing Central Bank coins minted before 1995. Coins under this series originally included 1, 5, 10 and 25-sentimo, 1-piso and 5-piso. A bimetallic 10-piso coin was added in 2000 to replace the 10-piso note.

Recently, fake 10 and 5-piso coins dating 2001 and 2002 have entered circulation. Because of this, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas issued a warning and several security measures on importing and falsifying Philippine coins. And it is because the BSP has announced that there is an artificial shortage of coins last June 2006. The BSP has asked the public to use all small coins or to have them exchanged for banknotes in local banks or other financial institution.

Denominations worth 25 sentimo (~US$0.005) and below are still issued but have been increasingly regarded as a nuisance. Proposals to retire and demonetize all coins less than one peso in value have been rejected by the government and the BSP.

On November 29, 2017, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas announced the release of the first coin in the New Generation Currency Series for circulation starting December 2017. As a tribute to the 154th birth anniversary of Andres Bonifacio, the first coin to be released was the new silver-colored 5-peso coin featuring Bonifacio on the obverse, replacing Emilio Aguinaldo. The reverse features the Tayabak plant and the new BSP logo. The rest of the NGC coin series were presented on March 26, 2018.

The rest of the series was released March 2018 consisting of 1, 5 and 25-sentimo and 1, 5 and 10-piso. A 20-peso coin was added to the series on December 17, 2019, in order to replace the overused 20-piso banknote with a coin that could last 10–15 years longer in circulation.

Commonwealth Issues
In 1935, when the Commonwealth was established by the Congress of the United States, they issued a three-piece commemorative set (that sold very poorly) to commemorate the occasion. In 1937, the Commonwealth Arms were adapted to all circulating coinage. (Mint marks are M for Manila, D for Denver, S for San Francisco, and no mint mark for Philadelphia)

English series
In 1958, a new, entirely base metal coinage was introduced, consisting of bronze 1 centavo, brass 5 centavos and nickel-brass 10, 25 and 50 centavos. This series was demonetized after August 31, 1979, except for the 10-centavo that was demonetized only after January 2, 1998.

Pilipino series
In 1967, the coinage was altered to reflect the use of Filipino names for the currency units. 1-piso coins were reintroduced in 1972. The series was demonetized after January 2, 1998.

Ang Bagong Lipunan series
In 1975, the Ang Bagong Lipunan (The New Society) series, was introduced with ₱5 coins included for this series. Cupro-nickel replaced nickel-brass that year. The series was demonetized after January 2, 1998.

Flora and Fauna series
The Flora and Fauna series was introduced in 1983 which included ₱2 coins. This series used the Optima typeface. ₱5 coins were reintroduced in 1991, and reduced-size 25-sentimo, 50-sentimo, ₱1 and ₱2 coins were distributed starting Dec 1992. Production of 50-sentimo and ₱2 coins ceased in 1995. The series was demonetized after January 2, 1998.

The Flora and Fauna series had an error for some coins, in 1983. The text for 10 centavos for scientific name of the Philippine goby was "Pandaka pygmea" instead of "Pandaka pygmaea" and the 50 centavo coin for the Philippine eagle was "Pithecobhaga jefferyi" instead of "Pithecophaga jefferyi".

BSP Coin series
In December 1995, a new set of coins and notes was issued which carried the new logo of the BSP: 5- and 1-piso and 25-, 10-, 5- and 1-sentimo, with the aim of carrying out the demonetization of all previous series on January 3, 1998. On July 10, 2001, BSP issued the 10-piso coin for general circulation to commemorate its 8th anniversary. It has the profiles of Andres Bonifacio and Apolinario Mabini in a con-joint or in tandem manner on the obverse side. The reverse side bears the seal of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas which is consistent with the common reverse design of the other six denominations. This has been an additional denomination to the current coin circulation and a replacement for the 10-piso NDS banknote. The series used the Optima typeface.

The 1995, 1997 and 1998 5 peso coins had no mint marks, but coins issued from 1999 onward had mint marks. The 1995, 1997, and 1998 coins (with no mint mark) were minted by the Royal Canadian Mint. However, not all 1997 and 1998 coins were minted by the Royal Canadian Mint, quite a few were minted by the BSP (with mint mark).

New Generation Currency Coin series
On March 26, 2018, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas introduced the New Generation Currency Coin Series which was circulated through banks the next day. The new series features native Philippine flora. Sentimo denominated coins depict a stylized representation of the Philippine flag on the obverse. Peso denominated coins depict the portraits of renowned national heroes of the Philippines on the obverse. However, the 10-sentimo coin is not included in this series, because it was removed as a general circulation coin. This series uses the Twentieth Century and the Arial typeface (20 peso coin only).

In July 2019, the BSP announced plans to replace the ₱20 bill with a ₱20 coin by the 1st quarter of 2020.

In September 2019, Benjamin Diokno (the current BSP Governor) finally came up on having a solution for the ₱5 coin that is always confused with the current ₱1 coins, the new ₱5 coin that will be minted will have a nonagonal shape. Also, the ₱20 coin was finally designed in the same month and both coins were released on December 17, 2019.

Current legal tender commemorative coins
On December 9, 2011, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas issued a commemorative one-peso coin in celebration of the 150th Birth Anniversary of José Rizal. The coins are in the same dimensions as the circulating one peso coins with Rizal's face from the front instead of in profile. The new coin also has the new logo of the central bank and is legal tender with the current series.

On December 18, 2013, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas issued a commemorative ten-peso coin in celebration of the 150th Birth Anniversary of Andres Bonifacio. The coins are in the same dimensions but the design changed. These also featured the new logo of the central bank and is also legal tender.

On December 22, 2014, the BSP issued three commemorative coins, a five-peso coin to commemorate the 70th Anniversary of the Leyte Gulf Landings, a five-peso coin honoring Overseas Filipinos with the theme "Bagong Bayani" and a ten-peso coin celebrating the 150th Anniversary of the birth of Apolinario Mabini.

On January 14, 2015, the BSP issued two limited edition commemorative coins for the papal visit of Pope Francis, a 50-peso coin made of nickel-brass steel and a 500-peso coin made of Nordic gold with gold plating. A special logo with the theme "Mercy and Compassion" was minted on the reverse side of both coins, following the Pope's papal bull of indiction proclaimed later that year to mark the Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy. The coins are minted under a licensing agreement with the Vatican. Both coins are legal tender. Production and issuance of two additional silver and gold coins in 1000-peso and 10,000-peso denominations were called off due to limitations in the procurement process.

On December 21, 2015, the BSP issued a commemorative 10-peso coin in honor of General Miguel Malvar, in time for the 150th year birth anniversary.

On January 27, 2017, the BSP issued a commemorative one-peso coin in honor of the Philippines' Chairmanship of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).

In August and November 2017, the BSP issued commemorative one-peso coins and 10-peso coin both honoring the 100th anniversary of the birth of educator and historian Horacio de la Costa and the 150th anniversary of the birth of three officers of the Philippine Revolutionary Army, Generals Artemio Ricarte, Isidoro Torres and Antonio Luna.

On March 11, 2022, the BSP issued a commemorative 125-peso coin to honor the 125th martyrdom anniversary of Dr. Jose Rizal.

title: Coins of the Philippine peso


text: User talk:66.239.162.34

title: User talk:66.239.162.34


text:
Talk:Boston Public Library

Wifi
izzysanime wrote the following in the body of the main article. Perhaps (s)he wanted to do it here. Cema 21:34, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * One of the features that the Boston Public Library offered first is FreeWi-Fi wireless internet. It is offered throughout the entire library giving access to anyone who has wireless enabled laptop to access the biggest library in the world, the internet.  Many large libraries now offer Wi-Fi, but not as fast and reliable.  --izzysanime 01:59, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Criticism
Library lovers can be uncritical in their affection for the institution. There's another way to be an aficionado of our Boston Public Library. Developing a critique of what needs improving. BPLers who staff the lib and BPLusers attempting to navigate the buildings' floors lament the lack of a good directory at the entrance that lists the lib's departments, locations and names and/or titles of department heads. dsaklad@zurich.csail.mit.edu 9 December 2005

 * Wikipedia is not a forum for publishing personal opinions, but if there are published or well-known criticisms, those would be welcome additions. - Beland 03:07, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Comments directed at the library
How do you get http://overdrive.bpl.org fixed so that it's accessible to Boston Public Libraries' Mac users!?... — Preceding unsigned comment added by Donwarnersaklad (talk • contribs) 05:09, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

Boston Public Library board chairman Jeff Rudman http://bpl.org/general/trustees/trustees.htm should advocate for improving the navigability of the BPL buildings floors, department, collections. Entering the buildings there need to be building directories indicating The library graphics at http://bpl.org/guides/plan.htm need a redo by a graphics experts like Edward Tufte see also
 * a) floor by floor,
 * b) room by room,
 * the locations of c) departments,
 * the names of the people who are the d) curatorial heads of the departments and
 * e) the locations of collections.
 * http://www.edwardtufte.com/tufte/books_ei
 * http://www.edwardtufte.com/tufte/books_visex

Locations inside the Boston Public Library buildings need to be renamed and graphics around the floors of the BPL buildings need to be designed so people can move about more easily. A lot of the battle at BPL is how to figure out where are the parts of the collections that interest you and where are the BPL people who are the curatorial heads of departments and where are the experienced subject specialists of the BPL who have their own expertise with their favorite parts of the collections. Often BPL people are temporarily reassigned to other departments during staffing shortages or holidays.

Two listings are needed on the Boston Public Library website... Listings of BPL's experienced subject specialists and their expertise with their favorite parts of the collections.

Listings floor by floor, room by room where the departments, the collections and the names curatorial heads of departments. Boston Public Library curatorial department heads should be given more credit for their good works and more recognition individually as curators. For example at the Museum of Fine Arts the MFA curators get recognition individually there and in the media.

What can be done about the Boston Public Library bureaucracy?...

For more details next time you contact the lib ask for The Real Sheet newsletter of the BPLPSA Boston Public Library Staff Association see also These organizations have interesting critical analyses of the kinds of institutional bureaucratic practices. We have theater critics, we have restaurant critics, we have motion picture critics, we have art critics. We need more critical reviews of our libraries and more critical reviews of the curatorial departments of our libraries. dsaklad@zurich.csail.mit.edu 12:35, 13 July 2007 (UTC)
 * http://bplpsa.org/
 * http://www.local1930.org

 * Please don't feed the troll. 121a0012 01:10, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

largest
Although I try to avoid grand claims, the BPL does happen to be the largest, by far, library in the US. This changed from "one of the largest" to "the largest". This is measured by volumes in its collection, which is typically how libraries are measured. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.5.24.11 (talk) 19:48, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Largest? Are you sure about that? I question the assertion that BPL is the largest library in the US. It isn't even the largest public library in the US. Hmiklitz 20:57, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I've just added a reference link to the ALA page ranking the largest libraries (by size of collection) in the US--the BPL appears at #3 on that list, after the LOC and Harvard. That would seemingly make it the largest municipal library in the country. I find it surprising, but the ALA seems like a fairly reliable source. 65.213.77.129 (talk) 16:20, 13 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Link is broken but I have seen the list before. On the ALA list, BPL has 15,686,902. The list doesn't have NYPL Research Libraries which have 15,985,192 books (based on NYPL 2007 Annul Report). I don't know why ALA only list NYPL, Branch collection. But if you are counting entire number of books in one institution, NYPL has BPL beat. (74.72.123.10 (talk) 04:25, 26 March 2009 (UTC))

 * BPL is not the largest library in the U.S. It has one of the largest research collections at a public library, second to NYPL. But it's circulating library is very small compared to other systems. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.54.225.207 (talk) 20:52, 9 August 2012 (UTC)

Publications of interest about Boston Public Library
the zak 02:43, 18 January 2008 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Donwarnersaklad (talk • contribs)
 * Annual Report
 * Spring Gala booklets
 * Celebrating Treasures of the Boston Public Library
 * Treasures of the Boston Public Library
 * Treasures of the Boston Public Library building map
 * Boston Public Library Foundation The Campaign for the Library
 * BPL Press Catalog of Publications
 * The Boston Public Library Telephone Directory
 * Boston Public Library Floor Plan Directory and Guide to the Central Library
 * Boston Public Library Dudley Branch Library 65 Warren Street Roxbury, Massachusetts opening day brochure
 * Opening day brochures for branch libraries of Boston Public Library

The heads of our Boston Public Library
Now that our new library administrator is setting a course and the transition to a revamped administration a look at our cities' public libraries' policies with respect to DRM digital restrictions management could be featured on another page...

“VOTED: unanimously that the Trustees of the Public Library of the City of Boston extend an offer to Ms. Amy E. Ryan as President of the Boston Public Library.”
 * http://bpl.org/general/trustees/trusteeagenda081408.htm

Candidate Report on Amy E. Ryan President Boston Public Library
 * http://groups.google.com/group/soc.libraries.talk

--the zak (talk) October 2008 —Preceding undated comment was added at 09:49, 21 October 2008 (UTC).

Library of Congress System
On interesting difference between BPL and most other public libraries is that it uses the Library of Congress catalog system rather than Dewey Decimal. Most public and grade school libraries use the Dewey Decimal system, whereas most universities use the Library of Congress system. BPL is unusual for being more like a university research library. This should get mentioned in the article somewhere. grr (talk) 18:40, 16 December 2009 (UTC)

Design elements
The building is very important in terms of the urban design of Copley Square and the Back Bay; the spatial relationship with Trinity Church deserves mention.

I think the John Singer Sargent mural on the ceiling of the 5th floor, which allegorically depicts a narrative of the history of religion, and which has, I believe, been recently restored should be discussed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Georgearnold23 (talk • contribs) 18:20, 7 March 2010 (UTC)

Bulletins, collections, lists, catalogues
http://books.google.com/books?id=Y6RUAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=cPBWAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=6J4QAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=VUkiAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=to0WAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Boston+Public+Library%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GIrwUOuIC5LE0AHqpoCQAw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=xkpFAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Boston+Public+Library%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GIrwUOuIC5LE0AHqpoCQAw&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=xI0sAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Boston+Public+Library%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GIrwUOuIC5LE0AHqpoCQAw&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=S0chAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Boston+Public+Library%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GIrwUOuIC5LE0AHqpoCQAw&ved=0CEQQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=2wBFAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Boston+Public+Library%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GIrwUOuIC5LE0AHqpoCQAw&ved=0CEwQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=43CtAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Boston+Public+Library%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GIrwUOuIC5LE0AHqpoCQAw&ved=0CFMQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=XvEtAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Boston+Public+Library%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GIrwUOuIC5LE0AHqpoCQAw&ved=0CFoQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=NOZEAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Boston+Public+Library%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GIrwUOuIC5LE0AHqpoCQAw&ved=0CGAQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=_P0QAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Boston+Public+Library%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GIrwUOuIC5LE0AHqpoCQAw&ved=0CGwQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=wWYZAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Boston+Public+Library%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gorwUN_bNsSo0AHGl4H4AQ&ved=0CC8Q6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=rCIoAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Boston+Public+Library%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gorwUN_bNsSo0AHGl4H4AQ&ved=0CDUQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=nfMsAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Boston+Public+Library%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gorwUN_bNsSo0AHGl4H4AQ&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=W1XhAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Boston+Public+Library%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gorwUN_bNsSo0AHGl4H4AQ&ved=0CEMQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=KzYy2AB7swAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Boston+Public+Library%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gorwUN_bNsSo0AHGl4H4AQ&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=YwIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Boston+Public+Library%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gorwUN_bNsSo0AHGl4H4AQ&ved=0CE0Q6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=SAbhAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Boston+Public+Library%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gorwUN_bNsSo0AHGl4H4AQ&ved=0CFMQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=ul9DAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Boston+Public+Library%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gorwUN_bNsSo0AHGl4H4AQ&ved=0CFgQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=BcBXAPXdNeAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Boston+Public+Library%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6IrwUJDCO-LH0QGVhYGADA&ved=0CF0Q6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=r5oQAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Boston+Public+Library%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6IrwUJDCO-LH0QGVhYGADA&ved=0CGQQ6AEwCTgK#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=ZLAKAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Boston+Public+Library%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DIvwUMvfAoPG0QGUpYGoBw&ved=0CC8Q6AEwADgU#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=SuQ-AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Boston+Public+Library%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DIvwUMvfAoPG0QGUpYGoBw&ved=0CDYQ6AEwATgU

http://books.google.com/books?id=krfNYnMDYHYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Boston+Public+Library%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DIvwUMvfAoPG0QGUpYGoBw&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAjgU#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=4HgXAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Boston+Public+Library%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DIvwUMvfAoPG0QGUpYGoBw&ved=0CEQQ6AEwAzgU#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=gCYNAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Boston+Public+Library%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DIvwUMvfAoPG0QGUpYGoBw&ved=0CEwQ6AEwBDgU#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=qUIWAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Boston+Public+Library%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DIvwUMvfAoPG0QGUpYGoBw&ved=0CFMQ6AEwBTgU#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=KfkYAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Boston+Public+Library%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DIvwUMvfAoPG0QGUpYGoBw&ved=0CFkQ6AEwBjgU#v=onepage&q&f=false

Rajmaan (talk) 22:00, 11 January 2013 (UTC)

BPL Not the First Library
Questions or comments may be added here. Please reference all information.Djsteve321 (talk) 15:36, 4 March 2014 (UTC)

A little project
I've come up with something I was wondering if anybody else would be interested in finding some consensus on. I placed it on the talk page below:

 * 'https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category_talk:Norman_B._Leventhal_Map_Center

It involves coming up with some way to better sort the maps of BPL that are scattered across both:

 * https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Unidentified_maps  -and-
 * https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maps_with_year_missing

CaribDigita (talk) 00:31, 16 May 2014 (UTC

 * Such a project should be directed at the library itself, not this Wikipedia article. Maybe the library has a focus group taking suggestions or working on this issue.Parkwells (talk) 16:13, 8 September 2019 (UTC)

External links modified
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Branch Libraries--Plagiarism of cited sources
I've noticed a handful of directly quoted sections on the branch libraries, mainly from the BPL site. I don't want to remove this information until replacement text synthesizing the original information is put in, but I'm noting the current "offenders" below for attention:

 * West End Branch
 * Brighton Branch
 * Faneuil Branch
 * Honan-Allston Branch
 * Charlestown Branch
 * ALL Dorchester Branches Codman, Grove Hall left
 * East Boston Branch
 * Hyde Park Branch
 * Connolly Branch
 * Jamaica Plain Branch
 * Mattapan Branch
 * Dudley Branch
 * Egleston Branch
 * Parker Hill Branch
 * West Roxbury Branch

Only the North End Branch seems exempt, but I suspect it might be the same text as the BPL website, just without the quotation marks. I'll try to come back and fix these at some point if I can. Potato-ssiumChloride (talk) 22:22, 12 November 2021 (UTC)Potato-ssiumChloride

=== Went back and added strikethroughs on the list to the branches I've fixed so far. Potato-ssiumChloride (talk) 04:37, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

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Directors?
For the n dozenth time, I come to Wikipedia for a specific datum, and as usual it fails.

Unless I'm missing something, where's a list of all BPL directors? That is, a list of all persons who have held the top position of director since BPL's founding.

Jimlue (talk) 05:51, 30 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Boston Public Library


text: User talk:82.214.205.23

title: User talk:82.214.205.23


text:
Talk:Sutter's Mill

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peer review requested - California Gold Rush
Peer review has been requested for the California Gold Rush article. All comments and suggestions are being accepted with an eye towards possible nomination of that article as a Featured Article. NorCalHistory 07:10, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

Gold find and Henry Bigler and Azariah Smith disries
That which is attributed to Bigler is merely accounts written years after the fact in the 1880s and no mention of a diary or other documentation of the time. So it us all based on recollection. No historian is going to accept that as evidence of who is it that found the sluice gold.

And, as for Smith, "The fourth division, "Gold at Sutter's Mill, July 28, 1847–June 22, 1848," .... His emotional pain heightens as he suffers from a fever. His reaction to the discovery of gold, which he calls "the root of all evil" (110), is one of contempt. Nevertheless, Smith did temporarily join in the quest for nuggets when James Marshall promised him "half we find" (112)." If this is the extent of his diary then he basically makes statements about arrangement with Marshall rather than who found the gold.

Is this really first quality documentation as to the lingering attribution of who discovered the Sutter's Mill gold? No! So to say the definitively that it has been settled by these two characterized "diaries" is false.66.74.176.59 (talk) 14:11, 28 October 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Sutter's Mill vs. Gutter's Mill?
Why does the second half of this article repeatedly refer to "Gutter's Mill," with a G? This seems incorrect, since the mill was named after John Sutter, with an S. If for some reason "Gutter" can correctly be used as a synonym for "Sutter," this should be explained in the article to avoid confusion. 50.204.132.195 (talk) 23:06, 8 February 2018 (UTC)amberckerr

"El Dora" County is incorrect; should be El Dorado
The bottom of the article links to several non-existent Wikipedia pages related to "El Dora County, California." The reason these pages don't exist is that El Dora County doesn't exist. It's actually El Dorado County. I hope whoever wrote this article can fix this mistake. 50.204.132.195 (talk) 23:09, 8 February 2018 (UTC)amberckerr

Sutter Mill impact
The Sutter mill created a large mass of migration to California and the United States. After the finding of gold at the Sutter mill California change dramatically. California went for a small population of 14,000 of none natives to an estimated 85,000 newcomers to California in just a year. Many forms the eastern stated dropped everything they were doing to headed west in hopes of becoming rich. There was a significant mass of immigrants from multiple different countries with all the same goal. Roughly 60,000 Chinese immigrants, 7,000 Mexicans, and tens of thousands from many other different countries. This migration of people all to California created a vast diversity. Small villages and town had turned into bustling cities with all kinds of people. Cites and towns where popping up overnight all over California starting in 1849 into the early 50's. This created a handful of problems as the infrastructure for the number of people that had come was not there. These towns lacked sewage, police, fire departments and this created high death tolls. Fires were a regular occurrence and whipped out whole towns. People got sick, and diseases broke out from the lack sewage and sanitation. This caused a lot of deaths throughout California. People started to turn around and head home as they were no making money or the life was too hard for them out here. Many whites were not happy with the idea of all the foreigners taking their jobs. There where higher taxes for the foreigners and many hate crimes and riots towards the foreigners. These foreigners also helped shape California it to more of what it is today. It created a diverse state with many different ethnic groups. The Chinese immigrants contributed to the fishing industry while the Italians contributed to the development of the Napa valley wineries. Every culture has left an impact what California is today. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Connor Sousa (talk • contribs) 01:37, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

Closure
Google Maps reports that Sutter's Mill has been closed permanently, but I can't find anything about it online. Spartan198 (talk) 02:18, 19 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sutter's Mill


text:
Talk:Duke of Brunswick

I'm far too lazy to take care of this myself, but this page should be a list, not a redirect. -- Itai 21:35, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Duke of Brunswick


text: User talk:69.43.65.22

title: User talk:69.43.65.22


text:
Ignatius of Moscow

Ignatius (Игнатий, Ιγνάτιος) (1540–1620) was a Russian Orthodox bishop of Greek descent who was the second Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia in 1605–1606, even though his status is now disputed and he is frequently omitted from the list of Patriarchs of Moscow by the Russian Orthodox Church.

Ignatius was reported to be of Cretan descent. He came to Russia in 1595 as a member of an ecclesiastic mission, sent by the Patriarch of Constantinople. He took part in the coronation of Boris Godunov. In the early 17th century, Ignatius was appointed Archbishop of Ryazan. After the death of Godunov, he expressed support to False Dmitriy I and, even before the pretender reached Moscow, was swearing in his supporters in Tula. On 30 June 1605, Ignatius was elected patriarch by the council of bishops to replace Patriarch Job, who was sent into exile for refusing to acknowledge the pretender's rights for Russian throne. Ignatius performed the coronation of False Dmitriy I on 21 July 1605 and later also celebrated the coronation of his wife Marina Mnishek and their marriage. At that time, Ignatius was also an ardent opponent of the Unia.

After the assassination of False Dmitriy I, Ignatius was removed from his see and confined in the Chudov Monastery by the order of Tsar Vasili IV. In 1610, patriarch Ignatius supported False Dmitriy II. In April this year the patriarch Hermogen, consistently calling on the Russians to participate to arms and the expulsion of the Poles from the country was thrown into prison in the Chudov Monastery. His duties were taken over, this time without the confirmation of this fact by the council, by Ignatius. But the latter did not want to remain in the civil war-stricken Russia and December 27, 1611, made an attempt to escape from Moscow. In the vicinity of Smolensk, Ignatius was assaulted, robbed, and then stopped in the Polish camp outside the city. Polish King Sigismund III Vasa hoped that in the future will be able to renew war with Russia, and intended to use the former patriarch person Ignatius was taken to Vilnius and settled in the Holy Trinity Church of the Basilian Monastery. At that time he also converted from Russian Orthodoxy ("the Disunia") to Byzantine Rite Catholicism ("the Unia"), thus entering into full communion with the Pope.

The date of the death of Ignatius traditionally were positioned around 1640, but in more recent studies mentioned much earlier years 1618 or 1619. The clergyman was buried in the church of the Holy Trinity in the Basilian monastery in Vilnius. His remains were probably removed from the tomb and exported out of the city by the Russian army after the capture of Vilnius in 1655.

Due to his active role in the installation of False Dmitriy I to the Moscow throne and later conversion to the Unia, Ignatius has suffered from damnatio memoriae in subsequent ages and often is not counted among the legitimate patriarchs by the Russian Orthodox Church. Even though his predecessor Patriarch Job was removed from his post by force, the legitimacy of Ignatius' election and his status as patriarch was not questioned by his contemporaries.

title: Ignatius of Moscow


text:
User talk:Jdege

I've removed years worth of accumulated stuff, from here, so that new material is easier to find. jdege (talk) 20:35, 3 July 2019 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Contact analysis

The article Contact analysis has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Does not meet WP:GNG"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Tooncool64 (talk) 01:20, 11 January 2024 (UTC)

Constitutional Carry
Louisiana is now a Constitutional Carry state(signed into law March 5, 2024, effective date July 4, 2024), also May Issue for ALL former May Issue states was struck down with Bruen on June 23, 2022. Can you update the animated gif map showing both changes? 47.197.102.13 (talk) 06:40, 6 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Will do jdege (talk) 15:16, 6 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Wow South Carolina has Constitutional Carry now too! 47.197.102.13 (talk) 05:03, 8 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Yep. Probably last for a while. jdege (talk) 13:54, 8 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Theoretically, Bruen has made all May-issue states Shall-issue, but most of the states are still fighting multiple legal challenges. And I don't have good sources for which have given up and accepted the inevitable. jdege (talk) 13:58, 8 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Well wouldn't the Supreme Court's Bruen ruling have basically removed all May Issue states? The same as how McDonald removed all No Issue states? Also will you add the US territories: American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands, as well as Washington, D.C. to your map? 47.197.102.13 (talk) 01:04, 10 March 2024 (UTC)
 * NY and HI responded to Bruen by making carry permits available, and then forbidding people to carry with a permit essentially everywhere. Lawsuits are ongoing. jdege (talk) 01:21, 10 March 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jdege


text:
File:ThrillingCities.jpg

Summary
Rationale for "fair use" in the article Thrilling Cities :

No free or public domain images have been located for this book.

This image is used on various websites, and has been published in several books, so use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible or visible than it already is. It does not detract from the original and is used for information purposes only.

title: File:ThrillingCities.jpg


text:
User talk:Minkwe

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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title: User talk:Minkwe


text:
China poblana

China poblana (lit. Chinese woman from Puebla) is considered the traditional style of dress of women in Mexico, although in reality it only belonged to some urban zones in the middle and southeast of the country, before its disappearance in the second half of the 19th century. Poblanas are women of Puebla.

Fashion design of the china dress

"¡Plaza!, que allá va la nata y la espuma de la gente de bronce, la perla de los barrios, el alma de los fandangos, la gloria y ambición de la gente de "sarape y montecristo", la que me subleva y me alarma, y me descoyunta y me... (The plaza!—filled with the cream and the dregs of the bronzed people, the pearl of the neighborhoods, the soul of the fandangos, the glory and ambition of the people of "sarape and montecristo", that which stirs and alarms me, and disjoints me, and...)"

The fashion design of the china poblana dress is attributed to Catarina de San Juan, although it certainly incorporates elements from the diverse cultures that were mixed in New Spain during three centuries of Spanish rule.

According to descriptions written in the 19th century, the era in which the dress was very popular in various cities in the middle and southeast of Mexico, china outfit is made up of the following garments:

 * A white blouse, with fringing and embroidery of silk and beads, in geometric and floral designs in bright colors. The blouse was sufficiently low-cut to allow part of the neck and the bosom to be seen, which scandalized to no end the "proper" women of nineteenth century Mexican society.
 * A skirt called castor (or, "beaver"), named after the material it was made from. According to some historians, castor was used by well-heeled ladies of the household to make the underskirts of their indigenous maids. The castor skirt was decorated with sequins and camarones (literally, shrimp) that formed geometric and floral shapes. Folkloric dance groups have revived a version that has the coat of arms of Mexico embroidered with sequins, beads, and bugles (a type of bead).
 * A white slip with enchilada stitching, that is to say with the lower hem criss-crossed with zig-zagged lacework. The slip of a china poblana would peek out under the castor skirt, and served to keep the form of a woman attired in the china dress from showing in silhouette.
 * A loop that held up the castor and the slip to the waist of the woman who wore it. The loop may or may not have been adorned with embroidery, or woven in brocade-style.
 * A shawl, sometimes made fine with silk, or in most cases with bobbles. The shawl is a very common garment in Mexico, even today. Women use it to cover themselves from the cold, but it was also used to carry babies or any other thing that was difficult to carry barehanded due to size and weight. The bobble shawl, which was most commonly used in china dresses, was woven with threads of blue and white color, and originated in the Otomí town of Santa María del Río (San Luis Potosí).
 * In some instances, the china was accompanied with a scarf or kerchief of silk to hide any cleavage that might peek out of the blouse. Of these scarves, José María Rivera wrote that "these regularly come home on Sunday only to return to the pawn shop on Monday or Tuesday".
 * As footwear, 19th century author Manuel Payno pointed out that despite her financial lackings, a china-dress woman would use satin shoes embroidered with silk thread. This type of footwear appears in some nineteenth century Mexican texts as an indicator that the wearer was a "merry woman". Furthermore, the china wearer completed the outfit with beads and jewels that adorned her ears, her cleavage, and her hands.

Cultural representations of la china
Eso sí que no; yo soy la tierra que todos pisan, pero no sé hacer capirotadas.

(It is so that it is not so; I am the ground that everyone walks on, but I don't know how to make bread pudding.)

— La china. José María Rivera.

Nineteenth-century descriptions of women wearing the china paint them as simultaneously attractive and too risque for the times. Men saw these women as beautiful for their brown complexion, their "plump" but not "fat" body and face, and, most significantly, their differences from women of higher social strata in their lack of artifices to enhance their beauty. Author José María Rivera notes that if a china woman would have seen a corset, she would have thought it a torture device such as used on Saint Ursula and the Eleven Thousand Virgins; and that her face was not some sort of "cake frosting", an allusion to the "proper" women whose faces would have to be washed to see if the colors run:

[...] no conoce el corsé; si lo viera, desde luego pensaría que semejante aparato fue uno de los intrumentos que sirvieron para el martirio de Santa Úrsula y sus once mil compañeras [...] y está tan a oscuras en eso de cascarillas, colorete y vinagres radicales, que si se hallara tales chucherías entre sus limpios peines y adornadas escobetas, creería sin duda que aquello era para pintar las ollas del tinajero, pues, como dijo el otro, el novio de la china no tiene necesidad de lavar antes a la novia, como a las indianas, para ver si se destiñe, prueba a que deberían estar sujetas algunas hermosuras del buen tono.

...she knows not the corset; if she saw it, right off she would think that it such a device was one of the instruments that served to martyr Saint Ursula and her eleven thousand handmaidens...And she is so much in the dark in matters of facial masks (literally, husks), rouge, and radical vinegars, that if she encountered such trinkets among her clean combs and adorned hairbrushes, without a doubt she would believe they were for painting pots from the potterymaker, since, as someone else has said, the boyfriend of the china woman has no need to wash his girlfriend beforehand, like Indian women, to see if her colors run, a test that some "proper" beautiful women should have to go through.

— José María Rivera Ibid., p. 32.

In that sense, the wardrobe of the china woman was considered too provocative. Contemporary Mexican journalists and foreigners who knew these women in the first half of the nineteenth century call attention to the way in which the fashion of peasant women showed off their feminine forms, or were an appropriate feature of all the graces that were attributed to these women. A verbal portrait was made of them as excellent dancers of jarabe music popular in that era—like El Atole, El Agualulco, El Palomo and others that form part of the folkloric jarabes of the twentieth century—also as models of cleanliness and order; of fidelity to "their man" although also seen as very liberal sexually.

Origin of the fashion design of la china

As mentioned in the introduction of this article, the Pueblan origin of the china poblana outfit has been put in doubt on occasion. The correlation between the china—as a popular figure—and the outfit worn by the historic China Poblana—the alluded-to Catarina de San Juan—is a product of the evolution of Mexican culture during the first decades of the 20th century. In fact, las chinas became a well defined meme in the 19th century, a little more than a century after the death of Catarina de San Juan. Writer Gauvin Alexander Bailey points out:

"The china poblana of popular imagination—of shiny embroidered blouse and shawl—is a product of the nineteenth century. Symbol of Mexican femininity, she is linked to Spanish prototypes such as the maja, immortalized in paintings by Murillo y Goya" <!--

During the 20th century—a century in which the china became a popular meme alongside the chinaco and the leper— varios cronistas y escritores, mexicanos y extranjeros, se plantearon la interrogante sobre el origen del traje de china. Guillermo Prieto señalaba que cuando estuvo en la ciudad de Puebla por unos ocho días, uno de sus empeños era encontrar en cada mujer poblana una china salerosa, con camisa descotada, breve cintura y zagalejo reluciente, tan sólo para concluir que la especie del poblano origen de la china era producto de la fecunda imaginación de los viajeros. Vázquez Mantecón atribuye la propagación de esta hipótesis a Carl Nebel, viajero alemán en cuyo libro Viaje pintoresco y arqueológico sobre la parte más interesante de la República Mexicana (1835) aparecen una poblanas vestidas como chinas. En el mismo siglo XIX, el retrato que de La china hiciera José María Rivera para el libro de costumbres Los mexicanos pintados por sí mismos (1854) apuntaba que a este personaje se lo podía ver en las trajineras de Santa Anita Zacatlamanco —actualmente en Iztacalco (Distrito Federal)— compitiendo en belleza con las sementeras floridas de la campiña del Valle de México.

Una década antes, Manuel Payno había apuntado que para encontrar a la auténtica china, era necesario hacer la búsqueda en ciudades como Puebla o Guadalajara, aun cuando estaba empeñada en presentar su indumentaria como un traje nacional. Para las primeras décadas del siglo XX, tiempo en que las chinas habían desaparecido como un personaje identificable del pueblo, Nicolás León señalaba que él no encontraba ninguna relación entre la vestimenta de las chinas y la visionaria poblana Catarina de San Juan, desmintiendo la versión arraigada en el imaginario popular desde los últimos años del siglo XIX. Para este autor, la indumentaria en cuestión le parecía influida por aquella que empleaban las manolas españolas, contemporáneas a las chinas mexicanas. Asimismo, demostró que chinas las había no solo en Puebla, sino también en Guadalajara, la Ciudad de México y Oaxaca de Juárez.

María del Carmen Vázquez Mantecón señala que muchos de los elementos que constituyeron la indumentaria de una china fueron comunes en diversas latitudes del mundo y en épocas por demás variadas. En especial, las labores de chaquira y lentejuela en la camisa y el castor de la china —señalados como una de las características más genuinas de la indumentaria de las mujeres de las clases populares urbanas del México decimonónico— eran conocidos en África, Asia, la América precolombina y, desde luego, en Europa. Apunta que es posible que Catarina de San Juan también usara algún tipo de adornos en su vestido oriental, del que no quedó ninguna descripción, pero que en todo caso, parece más probable que la ornamentación del castor y la camisa de la china fueran producto de la influencia de las cortesanas gachupinas o criollas de principios del siglo XIX. Tampoco debe descartarse la posible relación del vestido de china con las indígenas de la época colonial, en especial en lo que refiere al uso de camisas de algodón con escotes bordados de flores y otros primores, los porabajos de puntas enchiladas y las fajas de brocado. Estas prendas persisten aún en la actualidad entre las mujeres de varios pueblos indígenas de México, como las mazahuas.

Origen del mote de china

Otro problema que se han planteado los estudiosos sobre el origen de las chinas en México es el problema de su nombre. En aquellas versiones donde la creación del traje es asociada con Catarina de San Juan, existen dos propuestas. Por un lado, se señala que en tanto que la princesa mogola era oriental, esto fue un motivo para que fuera llamada china por los poblanos de su tiempo. En México a los asiáticos se les continúa llamando chinos, en tanto que se considera que el oriental por antonomasia es nativo de China. Esto puede explicarse porque casi todo aquello que llegaba en el Galeón de Manila era calificado de chino por los novohispanos. La segunda hipótesis quiere asociar el apodo con el hecho de que Catarina de San Juan contrajo matrimonio con un esclavo de nombre Domingo Juárez, que pertenecía a la casta de los chinos. Tras el matrimonio, la China Poblana histórica debió de ser llamada por los habitantes de Puebla conforme correspondía a la casta de su marido. Sin embargo, durante la primera mitad del siglo XIX, ninguna mención sobre Catarina de San Juan hacia referencia al supuesto mote de china, menos aún acompañado del gentilicio poblana.

Sin embargo, es probable que la segunda propuesta presentada en el párrafo anterior arroje alguna luz sobre el origen del apodo de la china mexicana. En efecto, en la Nueva España la sociedad estaba organizada por estamentos definidos por una combinación de sangres, donde las posiciones más altas eran ocupados por aquellas personas que supuestamente poseían una mayor proporción de sangre española europea, mientras que un mayor componente de sangre africana colocaba a una persona en los estamentos inferiores. Los chinos eran aquellos descendientes de lobo y negra, lobo e india, mulato e india, o bien, español y morisca, de entre muchas otras combinaciones. Todas estas combinaciones daban como resultado que un chino poseía tres cuartas partes de sangre negra y un cuarto de sangre indígena. Según el trabajo de María Concepción García Saiz sobre la iconografía de las castas en el arte novohispano, el vocablo china parecer tener un origen quechua. La autora da al término la connotación de india o mestiza que se dedica al servicio doméstico, mujer de bajo pueblo, y añade que es posible que en esa categoría cayeran las más personas de pelo rizado —que en México se sigue llamando cabello chino.

Como quiera que haya sido, hay que señalar que chinas las hubo y las hay en otras partes de México e incluso de América Latina. En México, por ejemplo, las chinas oaxaqueñas son las bailarinas del Jarabe del Valle que representa a los Valles Centrales de Oaxaca en la Guelaguetza. La indumentaria de las chinas oaxaqueñas sólo se distingue de aquélla de la china poblana en que la falda no está bordada con lentejuelas y chaquiras. En el mismo estado de Puebla, las chinas atlixquenses son otros personajes del folclor local que participan en el festival cultural Huey Atlixcáyotl de la ciudad de Atlixco. Con el nombre de chinos se llama en general a las clases populares del Perú, y chinas fueron también las mujeres de los gauchos argentinos y los huasos chilenos.

Conversión de la china en estereotipo de lo mexicano
Los cronistas de la llamada época de esplendor de las chinas advertían que se trataba de una de las múltiples identidades que las mexicanas de la primera mitad del siglo XIX podían adquirir. En general, la china era un personaje de las ciudades mexicanas, a quienes los cronistas de la época y los investigadores posteriores han atribuido una cierta liberalidad en el ejercicio de su sexualidad, en un tiempo en que, en el imaginario social del México decimonónico, lo sexual estaba confinado al matrimonio —valorado positivamente— y a la prostitución —con valencia negativa—. Sin embargo, a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, comenzaron a desaparecer, como ya lo había advertido José María Rivera en 1854. Este autor escribió que la china iba desapareciendo como desaparecían en las damas pretenciosas la buena fe y otras cosillas, para continuar lamentándose de la manera siguiente:

En ese mismo 1854, el francés Ernest de Vigneaux describió el mismo fenómeno de desaparición del vestuario de las chinas mexicanas, que fue atribuido en 1873 al cierre de los talleres que producían el castor y otros aditamentos necesarios para la indumentaria de las chinas. Finalmente, Joaquín García Icazbalceta señalaba en 1899 que para ese año, tanto el traje y los modales que las distinguían habían desaparecido. Pero a pesar del nada promisorio futuro que les prometía Rivera y de la fe de defunción emitida por García Icazbalceta, la china pasó al siglo XX convertida en arquetipo de la feminidad mexicana. El tránsito hacia el siglo XX se dio acompañado del enlazamiento entre la china del pueblo y la leyenda de Catarina de San Juan, a quien en definitiva se atribuyó la maternidad del susodicho traje nacional.

Fue especialmente entre las décadas de 1920 a 1940 cuando la china —ya convertida en china poblana— adquirió carta de reconocimiento como un estereotipo de lo mexicano, justo en un período en que los gobiernos nacionalistas emanados de la Revolución Mexicana se empeñaban en legitimarse en el poder mediante el manejo político de los símbolos de la cultura popular. Uno de los primeros momentos en que la china poblana pasó a formar parte de la imagen de la mexicanidad fue en 1919, cuando la bailarina clásica Anna Pavlova ejecutó el Jarabe Tapatío con la indumentaria de china. Poco a poco, en el teatro, en la música, el cine y otras manifestaciones culturales fuertemente inclinadas a las posiciones oficialistas, la china poblana se tornó la inseparable compañera del charro —el estereotipo de la masculinidad mexicana —, aun cuando en el tiempo estuviesen separados por casi medio siglo de diferencia.

Pero fue a partir de la década de 1930 cuando la intervención estatal en las políticas educativas y culturales en México favoreció la reproducción y apropiación de los estereotipos de una mexicanidad simplificada. Tanto en las activas campañas de alfabetización como en la oferta cultural incipiente de aquellos años, la china poblana y el charro —y no el chinaco, que era el verdadero compañero contemporáneo de la primera, con la que compartía, además, su condición de hombre del pueblo bajo; paradójicamente, el charro representa a la clase hacendada contra la que se hizo la Revolución— fueron apareciendo cada vez más como expresión de la mexicanidad.

Cantantes de aquellos años como Lucha Reyes o actrices como María Félix aparecieron ataviadas de chinas poblanas en los teatros o el cine, alimentando la históricamente errónea relación entre el charro y la china, y entre ésta y Catarina de San Juan. En 1943 María Félix encarnaba a Madame Calderón de la Barca en una cinta llamada La China Poblana, de la cual lo único que se conoce de ella es una parte del argumento. En la cinta, la Marquesa Calderón de la Barca decide asistir a una cena oficial ataviada de poblana, aun cuando las mujeres así vestidas tenían mala reputación en la sociedad mexicana de aquellos años. Según el argumento de la película, lo que convenció a la marquesa de usar el traje de poblana fue la leyenda de Catarina de San Juan, que así vestía, vivió un tórrido romance y luego murió en olor de santidad.

El éxito y la permanencia de la china poblana como uno de los símbolos de la identidad popular mexicana ha sido asociado, pues, con la manipulación que de su imagen ha hecho el Estado mexicano. Hay quienes son de la opinión que esto ha sido positivo, en tanto que aun siendo un estereotipo, sigue poseyendo una fuerte carga simbólica en la cultura popular. Sin embargo, hay otros que se muestran más críticos, como Pérez Monfort, quien dice que al estereotipar la mexicanidad, el Estado cerró los ojos a la gran diversidad cultural del país. Igualmente, Crespo apunta que el manejo político de los estereotipos de la mexicanidad ha contribuido a la reproducción del sistema social y sus desigualdades. -->

title: China poblana