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Shiny Entertainment

Shiny Entertainment, Inc. was an American video game developer based in Laguna Beach, California. Founded in October 1993 by David Perry, Shiny was the creator of video games such as Earthworm Jim, MDK and Enter the Matrix. Perry sold the company to Interplay Productions in 1995, which sold the studio to Infogrames, Inc. in 2002. After Foundation 9 Entertainment acquired Shiny in 2006, the company was merged with The Collective in October 2007, creating Double Helix Games.

Background and formation (1980s–1993)
David Perry, a video game programmer from Northern Ireland, created his first video game in 1982, when he was 15, for the Sinclair ZX81 that he had at home. This led him to move to London, England, shortly following his 17th birthday, where would work with several early video game developers on games for the ZX Spectrum. One of these companies was Probe Software, where Perry worked on The Terminator, published by Virgin Games. By 1991, Perry had moved to Irvine, California, to work for the internal development studio of Virgin Games' American branch. At Virgin Games, Perry worked on three successful promotional games: Global Gladiators for McDonald's, Cool Spot for 7 Up, and Disney's Aladdin. All three games were profitable enough that Perry, after two years at Virgin Games, opted to leave the company.

At the time, he had received employment offers from the Sega Technical Institute and Playmates Toys; the latter was a toy company that had produced toys based on the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles license and was looking to move into video games from that same license. Perry turned down both offers, instead working out an agreement with Playmates that would see the company fund an independent studio with several million dollars, in exchange for the publishing rights to the first three games developed by that studio. Playmates agreed, and Perry, once he had gained lawful permanent resident status in the U.S., set up Shiny Entertainment using Playmates' funds in October 1993. Offices for the company were set up in Laguna Beach, California, and Perry was appointed as the company's president. Several developers formerly of Virgin Games followed Perry and joined Shiny, bringing its employee count to "around nine". The name "Shiny" was taken from the song "Shiny Happy People" by R.E.M., which was popular around the time of the company's inception, while the "Entertainment" suffix was chosen because Perry believed that, should the studio attempt to co-operate with Hollywood film production companies, such companies would rather work with an "entertainment" company than with a "games" company. Despite this precaution, Shiny was often mistaken for a pornography production company.

Earthworm Jim and acquisition by Interplay (1994–1995)
According to Perry, the young Shiny was not sure what to do, having neither a game project, nor a business plan. However, since Playmates was new to the video game industry, Playmates Interactive, the publishing arm set up by the toy company, had no high expectations. Playmates aided Shiny in finding licenses for potential game projects, and Shiny came close to developing a game based on the Knight Rider TV series, but eventually settled on creating an original game. When the company was about to hire Doug TenNapel, an animator formerly of DreamWorks, TenNapel demonstrated his skills by creating a sketch for a game character that would later become Earthworm Jim. The character's abilities were worked out by Perry and TenNapel, and the surrounding game, also called Earthworm Jim, became Shiny's first development project. To help with the game's promotion, Playmates set out to create Earthworm Jim toys, but required that a TV series should be produced to market the toys. Perry subsequently met with executives of Universal Studios, who agreed to produce the series if there were toys to accompany it. The deadlock was resolved when Perry invited the heads of Universal and Playmates for dinner, agreeing each party would fulfill their part of the deal. The game was released on console in 1994 to much success, spawning several sequels, spin-offs and ports to other platforms.

Following a sequel to Earthworm Jim, Earthworm Jim 2, Shiny ought to produce a game with 3D computer graphics, however, Perry was concerned that his team, which had only worked on 2D games, would find it difficult to produce a 3D game. Seeking help from other companies, Perry was offered deals by Nintendo and Sony to exclusively develop for these companies' console, but he instead agreed to sell Shiny to another video game publisher, Interplay Productions. The deal was announced by Interplay at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 1995, with Shiny retaining their identity and management under the new ownership. Following this buy-out, half of Shiny's employees, including TenNapel, left Shiny to form The Neverhood, Inc., another game developer. Meanwhile, Perry instituted a strict no-sequels policy at Shiny to ensure that new games developed by the studio would be surprising and associated with the developer, rather than with a franchise.

Further games (1996–2001)
The next game produced by Shiny was MDK, produced fully in 3D. The studio's team successfully switched from 2D to 3D development, and MDK, released in 1997, became a very successful game. Aside from being used as a benchmark test for new graphics cards by various magazines, Shiny scored between 40 and 60 deals to include support for peripherals, including joysticks and 3D glasses, as well as deal with Apple Inc. that saw MDK pre-installed on every first-generation iMac. Perry believed that selling Shiny because he was unconfident of his team's ability to produce a 3D game was the worst mistake he had ever made. After MDK shipped, Shiny employees Nick Bruty and Bob Stevenson left the company to form Planet Moon Studios with the same development principles as Shiny. Further Shiny games—Wild 9, R/C Stunt Copter, Messiah, and Sacrifice—were developed in parallel at the company, leading to what Perry said was simultaneously diluting focus and talent, and none of the games sold as well as MDK.

Sale to Infogrames and Foundation 9, and merger (2002–2007)
In April 2002, during financial instability at Interplay, Shiny was sold off to Infogrames, Inc. (later renamed Atari, Inc.) for US$47 million. Enter the Matrix, which was in development at Shiny at time, also changed hands to the buyer. Under Atari, Perry conceptualized a game named Plague, which Atari forced him to significantly size down to meet budget requirements. This led Perry to leave the company on February 16, 2006. He was succeeded by Michael Persson, who became the studio's studio head. Perry went on to found GameConsultants.com, a consultancy firm for video game investors, in May 2006, and by September had joined Acclaim Games and was working on a massively multiplayer online game called 2Moons.

Shortly following Perry's resignation, Atari announced that it was reducing its staff count by 20% and sell all of its internal studios, both actions also affecting Shiny. Perry's role as not an employee of Atari meant that he could aid Shiny find the best possible buyer. Thus, on October 2, 2006, Atari agreed to sell Shiny to Foundation 9 Entertainment under the terms that Shiny would at some point co-locate with The Collective, another Foundation 9 studio. On October 9, 2007, Foundation 9 announced that Shiny and The Collective were being merged; both studios had relocated their teams to new 60000 sqft offices in Irvine, California, from where the merged company would operate under the lead of Persson. In March 2008, the new studio was named Double Helix Games.

title: Shiny Entertainment


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Peak signal-to-noise ratio

Peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is an engineering term for the ratio between the maximum possible power of a signal and the power of corrupting noise that affects the fidelity of its representation. Because many signals have a very wide dynamic range, PSNR is usually expressed as a logarithmic quantity using the decibel scale.

PSNR is commonly used to quantify reconstruction quality for images and video subject to lossy compression.

Definition
PSNR is most easily defined via the mean squared error (MSE). Given a noise-free m×n monochrome image I and its noisy approximation K, MSE is defined as
 * $$\mathit{MSE} = \frac{1}{m\,n}\sum_{i=0}^{m-1}\sum_{j=0}^{n-1} [I(i,j) - K(i,j)]^2.$$

The PSNR (in dB) is defined as
 * $$\begin{align}

\mathit{PSNR} &= 10 \cdot \log_{10} \left( \frac{\mathit{MAX}_I^2}{\mathit{MSE}} \right) \\ &= 20 \cdot \log_{10} \left( \frac{\mathit{MAX}_I}{\sqrt{\mathit{MSE}}} \right) \\ &= 20 \cdot \log_{10}(\mathit{MAX}_I) - 10 \cdot \log_{10} (\mathit{MSE}). \end{align}$$

Here, MAXI is the maximum pixel value of the original image.

Application in color images
For color images with three RGB values per pixel, the definition of PSNR is the same except that the MSE is the sum over all squared value differences (now for each color, i.e. three times as many differences as in a monochrome image) divided by image size and by three. Alternately, for color images the image is converted to a different color space and PSNR is reported against each channel of that color space, e.g., YCbCr or HSL.

Quality estimation with PSNR
PSNR is most commonly used to measure the quality of reconstruction of lossy compression codecs (e.g., for image compression). The signal in this case is the original data, and the noise is the error introduced by compression. When comparing compression codecs, PSNR is an approximation to human perception of reconstruction quality.

Typical values for the PSNR in lossy image and video compression are between 30 and 50 dB, provided the bit depth is 8 bits, where higher is better. The processing quality of 12-bit images is considered high when the PSNR value is 60 dB or higher. For 16-bit data typical values for the PSNR are between 60 and 80 dB. Acceptable values for wireless transmission quality loss are considered to be about 20 dB to 25 dB.

In the absence of noise, the two images I and K are identical, and thus the MSE is zero. In this case the PSNR is infinite (or undefined, see Division by zero).

Performance comparison
Although a higher PSNR generally correlates with a higher quality reconstruction, in many cases it may not. One has to be extremely careful with the range of validity of this metric; it is only conclusively valid when it is used to compare results from the same codec (or codec type) and same content.

Generally, when it comes to estimating the quality of images and videos as perceived by humans, PSNR has been shown to perform very poorly compared to other quality metrics.

Variants
PSNR-HVS is an extension of PSNR that incorporates properties of the human visual system such as contrast perception.

PSNR-HVS-M improves on PSNR-HVS by additionally taking into account visual masking. In a 2007 study, it delivered better approximations of human visual quality judgements than PSNR and SSIM by large margin. It was also shown to have a distinct advantage over DCTune and PSNR-HVS.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Peak signal-to-noise ratio


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Town class

Town class may refer to:

 * Town Class (sailboat), a class of American dory
 * Town-class cruiser (1910), a group of 21 British and Australian light cruisers
 * Town-class cruiser (1936), a group of 10 British light cruisers
 * Town-class destroyer, a group of American destroyers transferred to other navies

title: Town class


text: User talk:62.255.249.204

title: User talk:62.255.249.204


text:
Umberto

Umberto is a masculine Italian given name. It is the Italian form of Humbert. People with the name include:

 * King Umberto I of Italy (1844–1900)
 * King Umberto II of Italy (1904–1983)
 * Prince Umberto, Count of Salemi (1889–1918)
 * Umberto I, Count of Savoy (980 – 1047 or 1048)
 * Umberto II, Count of Savoy (1065–1103)
 * Umberto III, Count of Savoy (1135–1189)
 * Umberto Bassignani (1878–1944), Italian sculptor
 * Umberto Boccioni (1882–1916), Italian artist and sculptor
 * Umberto Calzolari (1938–2018), Italian baseball player
 * Umberto Colombo (1927–2006), Italian scientist
 * Umberto De Morpurgo (1896–1961), Italian tennis player
 * Umberto Eco (1932–2016), Italian writer
 * Umberto Giordano (1867–1948), Italian composer
 * Umberto Meoli (1920–2002), Italian economic historian
 * Umberto Merlin (1885–1964), Italian lawyer and politician
 * Umberto Nobile (1885–1978), Italian pilot and explorer
 * Umberto Panerai (born 1953), Italian water polo player
 * Umberto Ricci (1879–1946), Italian academic and economist
 * Umberto Tozzi (born 1952), Italian singer and musician

title: Umberto


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Ambler

Ambler may refer to:

Places in the United States

 * Ambler, Alaska, a city
 * Ambler, Pennsylvania, an unincorporated community in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, which includes the Borough of Ambler
 * Ambler River, Alaska, a tributary of the Kobuk River

Transportation-related

 * Ambler Airport, Alaska, a state-owned, public-use airport
 * Ambler station, a railroad station in Ambler, Pennsylvania
 * Ambler's Texaco Gas Station, Dwight, Illinois, US

People

 * Ambler (surname)

Other uses

 * HMCS Ambler (Q11), a Royal Canadian Navy armed yacht during the Second World War
 * Village of Euclid, Ohio v. Ambler Realty Co., US Supreme Court case
 * A horse that can perform ambling gaits (also known as gaited horses, particularly in the U.S.)

title: Ambler


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Hildegard Neumann

Hildegard Neumann (born 4 May 1919) was a chief overseer at several Nazi concentration, transition and detention camps during the last year of World War II. She was born in Deutsch Gabel, Czechoslovakia.

Camp work
Neumann came to the Ravensbrück concentration camp in October 1944, where she became an Oberaufseherin (Chief Wardress) soon after. Because of her good conduct, the Nazis sent her to the Theresienstadt concentration camp and ghetto in Czechoslovakia in November 1944 as Head Female Overseer. Neumann was known as a cruel female guard.

She oversaw between ten and thirty female police and over 20,000 female Jewish prisoners. Neumann also aided in the deportation of more than 40,000 women and children from the camp to the Auschwitz and Bergen Belsen camps, where most were killed. The tasks of the female overseers in Theresienstadt was to guard women prisoners at work on "labour kommandos," during transports to other camps, and in the ghetto itself. Most were cruel and abusive, especially Caecilia Rojko, who was nicknamed the "Prisoners' Fright", and Hildegard Mende, nicknamed "The Beast".

Escape from prosecution
Neumann fled the camp in May 1945 and was not seen again. She was never prosecuted for war crimes, even though more than 100,000 Jews were deported from Theresienstadt and were murdered or died there, and 55,000 died in the camp itself.

It is claimed that she may have died on 5 November 2010.

Literature

 * 1943:Death and Resistance, pp. 419The Holocaust Chronicle, retrieved on December 22, 2006.
 * La catena di comando degli aguzzini (Italian),Il lager di Theresienstadt - [pp. 5–7], Olokaustos.org, retrieved on December 22, 2006.

title: Hildegard Neumann


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Talk:Politics of Italy

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 24 January 2019 and 1 May 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): MaddieGenova.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 06:52, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Votes of Confidence
med. Xyzzyva 00:21, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

 * That's just what happened in Italy some days ago. In this case the prime minister has two options: either he resigns, or he tries to expand the coalition by making agreements with other political parties. If he resigns, another two options: either new elections are indicted, or he (or another politician from the same coalition) forms another government with new political parties.--Gspinoza 20:46, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

Important notice
The government section of the "Outline of Italy" needs to be checked, corrected, and completed -- especially the subsections for the government branches.

When the country outlines were created, temporary data (that matched most of the countries but not all) was used to speed up the process. Those countries for which the temporary data does not match must be replaced with the correct information.

Please check that this country's outline is not in error.

If you have any questions or comments, please contact The Transhumanist.

Thank you.

Number of governments
The article states: "There have been frequent government turnovers since 1945, indeed there have been 61 governments in this time."

However, the article doesn't clearly explain what constitutes a government turnover, which isn't obvious to non-Italians given that the Christian Democracy held the prime ministership for 35 straight years during that period. List of Prime Ministers of Italy sheds some light on this; it appears that a government is considered to turnover when (a) there is a legislative election, (b) a party goes into or comes out of the government coalition, or (c) the prime minister changes. But that still doesn't explain all the government changes; I see that on 23 August 1982, there was a change between Giovanni Spadolini's 1st and 2nd governments, yet both governments had a DC-PSI-PSDI-PRI-PLI coalition. So how is an Italian government turnover defined? --Metropolitan90 (talk) 04:30, 29 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Italy is a Parliament-based system. A government changes when the parliament expires or when the parliament doesn't agree anymore to sustain the government team and actions.
 * When this happens a "crisis procedure" starts, the prime minister resign, the President of Republic interview the parliament groups leaders and decide for a new president and mandate.
 * Sometime it happens the new president is the same as the old one, but the "team" and "program" are rearranged to reflect the parliament opinions. The new team ask for a formal parliament approval, and -if it happens- the crisis closes.
 * When it is not possible to find a new agreement, the President of Republic dismiss the parliament and ask new elections.
 * Now, since during the "crisis" no government formally exist, even if the prime minister and the supporting coalition remain the same, we cannot say it is the same government. And we cannot even speak about "cabinet reshuffle" since there is no "cabinet": Citizens vote for the parliament composition, not for the president. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.116.246.120 (talk) 13:32, 21 July 2011 (UTC)

Political parties and elections
The colors in the figures of the "Political parties and elections" section are out of sync with the table -- dramatically so. Westringia f. (talk) 13:43, 1 August 2010 (UTC)

Corruption
There doesn't seem to be much mention of corruption? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.149.1.46 (talk) 22:11, 5 May 2011 (UTC)

A technical update?
As far as I can see, the current governo tecnico under Monti is mentioned only in the lede. In the main article, the Second Republic subsection stops at Berlusconi IV. MistyMorn (talk) 13:28, 15 February 2012 (UTC)

"Government"
The introductory section of "Government", before the "Head of State" subsection, seems completely redundant and even a little condescending in tone - an explanation of what democracy is in children's terms does not, IMO, belong here. Chuborno (talk) 17:52, 27 August 2013 (UTC)

Section of Political Parties
The section of political parties lacked any citations, which begs the question of if the article is missing information or if the edits are biased, so what resources are used to construct this article? The history of the Italian political parties are more extensive than the section given in the article. Evaluating more sources and making additional citations could expand on the archive of political parties. Jmhines (talk) 20:16, 11 February 2019 (UTC)Jmhines
 * Now cited to Geoffrey Pridham, Political Parties and Coalitional Behaviour in Italy (2013); and Günther Pallaver et al. eds. Populism, Populists, and the Crisis of Political Parties: A Comparison of Italy, Austria, and Germany 1990-2015 (2018) excerpt. Rjensen (talk) 22:42, 11 February 2019 (UTC)

Section on the First Republic
The last paragraph within the section on the First Republic lacks citations. This section may reflect some biased because of the lack of citations and resources. If this information given in this section from a recourse, does that resource have a neutral opinion? Jmhines (talk) 21:35, 11 February 2019 (UTC)Jmhines

 * now cited to Frederic Spotts and Theodor Wieser, eds. Italy: A Difficult Democracy: A Survey of Italian Politics . (1986) etc. Rjensen (talk) 22:46, 11 February 2019 (UTC)

Image: Regions of Italy by President's party
Unclear which year this is in reference to Bergmanucsd (talk) 03:18, 21 March 2019 (UTC)bergmanucsd

Hi :) Why do the articles Lega Nord Alto Adige – Südtirol and Lega Nord Valle d'Aosta have this name? They should be renamed as Lega Nord Sud Tirolo and Lega Nord Vallée d'Aoste as the logo shows + ANSA. Thanks for sharing your opinion. --Simoncik84 (talk) 15:51, 19 February 2020 (UTC)

Name of parties
Hi :) Why do the articles Lega Nord Alto Adige – Südtirol and Lega Nord Valle d'Aosta have this name? They should be renamed as Lega Nord Sud Tirolo and Lega Nord Vallée d'Aoste (as main title) as the logo shows + ANSA. Thanks for sharing your opinion. --Simoncik84 (talk) 15:51, 19 February 2020 (UTC)

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Why is the alleged rigging of a refetendum relevant?
I am not sure why thats in the opening... Ho ho ha hay (talk) 11:41, 17 August 2022 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Politics of Italy


text:
Sainte-Barbe

Sainte Barbe is French for Saint Barbara.

Sainte-Barbe or variations may refer to:

France

 * Sainte-Barbe, Moselle, in the Moselle département
 * Sainte-Barbe, Vosges, in the Vosges département
 * Sainte-Barbe-sur-Gaillon, in the Eure département

Canada

 * Sainte-Barbe, Quebec
 * St. Barbe, Newfoundland and Labrador

People

 * Sir John St Barbe, 1st Baronet (1655-1723)
 * John St Barbe (1742-1816) was a prominent English shipbroker and shipowner
 * Richard St. Barbe Baker (1889-1992) British forester
 * Ursula St Barbe (died 1602), lady at the court of Queen Elizabeth I of England.
 * William de Ste Barbe (died 1152) Bishop of Durham, from Saint-Barbe-en-Auge

Other uses

 * Collège Sainte-Barbe, a former school in Paris, France
 * Sainte-Barbe Library, Paris, France
 * St Barbe Museum & Art Gallery, Lymington, UK
 * Saint-Barbe-en-Auge, a priory in Normandy, France

title: Sainte-Barbe


text:
Manea Mănescu

Manea Mănescu (9August 1916 – 27February 2009) was a Romanian communist politician who served as Prime Minister for five years (27February 1974 – 29March 1979) during Nicolae Ceaușescu's Communist regime.

His father was a Communist Party veteran from Ploiești, who in the early 1920s supported the transformation of the Socialist Party into the Romanian Communist Party (PCR). Mănescu joined the PCR in 1938, while he was a student at the Academy of Economic Studies in Bucharest. In 1944, after the 23 August coup d'état, he worked together with Nicolae Ceaușescu, his future brother-in-law, in the Union of Communist Youth. In 1951, Mănescu was appointed as head of the Department of Economics at the University of Bucharest and Director General of the Central Directorate of Statistics. He served as Finance Minister from 1955 until 1957.

In December 1967 he was appointed Chairman of the Economic Council. He was promoted to full membership of the Executive Committee of the PCR in December 1968 and, after holding various positions in the party and government, he became Prime Minister in March 1974, a position he held until 1979, when he retired, reportedly due to ill health. Also in 1974 he became titular member of the Romanian Academy.

Mănescu stayed close to Ceaușescu and his wife, Elena Ceaușescu up until the Romanian Revolution of 1989. He left the Central Committee's building by helicopter together with them on 22 December, though he had to disembark at Snagov due to too much weight in the craft. He was arrested shortly afterward and taken to the airbase at Deveselu, where he was kept in detention until 31 December. Tried in early 1990 together with Emil Bobu, Ion Dincă, and Tudor Postelnicu, Mănescu was sentenced to life in prison for participation in genocide; on appeal, his sentence was reduced to 10 years. He served two years in prison, and was set free on 12 November 1992 due to poor health. Because of his conviction, he was stripped of his membership in the Romanian Academy.

He died in 2009, aged 92, and was buried at Bellu Cemetery in Bucharest.

Family
Mănescu's wife, Maria Munteanu Mănescu, was a well known pediatrician. In December 1973, she was named Vice Chairman of the Romanian Red Cross Society. She was also named a member of the (Romanian) National Council of Women in April 1978. It is not clear if the Mănescus had any children.

title: Manea Mănescu


text:
Thomas Hyde

Thomas Hyde (29 June 1636 – 18 February 1703) was an English linguist, historian, librarian, classicist, and orientalist. His chief work was the 1700 De Vetere Religione Persarum [On the Ancient Religion of the Persians], the first attempt to use Arab and Persian sources to correct the errors of Greek and Roman historians in their descriptions of Zoroastrianism and the other beliefs of the ancient Persians, in addition to producing translations of some Zoroastrian texts.

Life
He was born at Billingsley, near Bridgnorth in Shropshire, on 29 June 1636. He inherited his taste for linguistic studies, and received his first lessons in some of the Eastern tongues, from his father, who was rector of the parish.

Hyde was educated at Eton College, and in his sixteenth year entered King's College, Cambridge. There, under Abraham Wheelock, professor of Arabic, he made rapid progress in Oriental languages, so that, after only one year of residence, he was invited to London to assist Brian Walton in his edition of the Polyglott Bible. Besides correcting the Arabic, Persic and Syriac texts for that work, Hyde transcribed into Persic characters the Persian translation of the Pentateuch, which had been printed in Hebrew letters at Constantinople in 1546. To this work, which Archbishop Ussher had thought well-nigh impossible even for a native of Persia, Hyde appended the Latin version which accompanies it in the Polyglott.

In 1658 he was chosen Hebrew reader at Queen's College, Oxford, and in 1659, in consideration of his erudition in Oriental tongues, he was admitted to the degree of M.A. In the same year he was appointed under-keeper of the Bodleian Library, and in 1665 librarian-in-chief. Next year he was collated to a prebend at Salisbury, and in 1673 to the archdeaconry of Gloucester, receiving the degree of D.D. shortly afterwards. As librarian, Hyde was responsible for the publication of the Catalogus impressorum Librorum Bibliothecae Bodleianae (1674) [Catalog of the Printed Books in the Bodleian Library], the third published catalogue of the Bodleian collections.

In 1691 the death of Edward Pococke opened up to Hyde the Laudian professorship of Arabic; and in 1697, on the deprivation of Roger Altham, he succeeded to the Regius chair of Hebrew and a canonry of Christ Church.

Under Charles II, James II and William III, Hyde discharged the duties of Eastern interpreter to the court. He resigned his librarianship in 1701, giving as a reason, "my feet being left weak by the gout, I am weary of the toil and drudgery of daily attendance all times and weathers." He died at Oxford on 18 February 1703, aged 66.

Works
Hyde was an assiduous classical scholar and linguist who helped popularize Orientalism and the study of Asian history in Britain. He learned Chinese from the Chinese Jesuit Michael Shen and wrote in and translated Turkish, Arabic, Syriac, Persian, Hebrew, and Malay. His chief work was the 1700 De Vetere Religione Persarum [On the Ancient Religion of the Persians], the first attempt to use Arab and Persian sources to correct the errors of Greek and Roman historians in their descriptions of Zoroastrianism and the other beliefs of the ancient Persians. He identified Zoroaster as a religious reformer. Like Engelbert Kaempfer, he is sometimes mistakenly credited with coining the word "cuneiform". He is similarly sometimes credited with coining "dualism".

His writings and translations include:
 * , a translation of the c. 1438 Zij-i Sultani
 * , a combination of the separate translations of the Dutchmen A.C. Ruyl, J. Van Heurn, and J. Van Hasel with an English foreword by Hyde introducing the Malay language, its orthography, and its grammar.
 * , a translation of Abraham Farissol's 1524 Iggeret Orḥot 'Olam.
 * , a translation of Abraham Farissol's 1524 Iggeret Orḥot 'Olam.

In parts of the De Ludis Orientalibus, he relates his understanding of various Chinese games as explained to him by Michael Shen. These include coan ki and a confused account of weiqi (i.e., go) which includes the first Latin mention of the game's concept of "eyes". The Historia Religionis Veterum Persarum was republished by Hunt and Costard in 1760. The other works—including some previously unpublished manuscripts—were collected, edited, and published by Gregory Sharpe in 1767 under the title Syntagma Dissertationem quas Olim Thomas Hyde Separatim Edidit. Sharpe also provided a biography of Hyde in his work.

title: Thomas Hyde


text:
Greg Alexander

Gregory Peter Stephen Alexander (born 4 March 1965), also known by the nickname "Brandy", is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s and 1990s, who has since become a radio, television commentator and rugby league journalist.

During his playing career, Alexander played primarily as a goal-kicking for the Penrith Panthers and the Auckland Warriors. He also played as a, particularly in representative matches for New South Wales and. Alexander was the captain of Penrith's 1991 NSWRL Grand Final winning team.

In June 1992, Alexander's younger brother Ben, his teammate at Penrith, died in a car crash that was alcohol-related. As a result, Alexander moved to Auckland in 1995 for two seasons before returning to Penrith.

As of 2024, Alexander is a commentator and analyst on Fox League, and a co-host (with Andrew Voss) of the radio show "Breakfast with Vossy & Brandy" on Sports Entertainment Network.

Junior career
Alexander began his career at a schoolboy level where he quickly established himself as a star player for his side. He attended St Dominic's College, Penrith until year 11 (1981) then went on to complete year 11 (again) and year 12 at Patrician Brothers' College, Fairfield he played for the Australian Schoolboys rugby league team in 1983. He was later signed on as a junior to his local club side the Penrith Panthers.

Penrith Panthers
Alexander made his first-grade debut for the Panthers in the 1984 season as a half-back. His talent quickly became clear and by the end of the season he took out the Rookie of the Year award. The following year Greg continued his good form throughout the season tallying up 194 points (a club record at the time) and earning himself the 1985 Dally M. player of the year award. Greg continued playing with the Panthers for the next several years and become known for his unique ability to score and set up tries, his excellent attacking kicking and his solid defence.

At the end of the 1986 NSWRL season, he went on the 1986 Kangaroo tour, gaining selection after Parramatta winger Eric Grothe was controversially ruled out with a knee injury. Alexander would go on to play in 10 matches on tour with the Kangaroos, scoring 10 tries and kicking 5 goals. Alexander and test hooker Royce Simmons became the first Panthers selected for a Kangaroo Tour. 1989 saw him rise to selection for New South Wales in the 1989 State of Origin series, being one of the few Blues players regarded as playing well in a series won 3-0 by Queensland, before being selected as the first choice halfback for Australia's mid-season tour of New Zealand. After making his test debut in the 26-6 first test win against New Zealand at the Queen Elizabeth II Park in Christchurch, and playing in the 8-0 second test win at Rotorua, Alexander lost his place in the side with coach Bob Fulton preferring his 1987 premiership winning halfback from Manly-Warringah, Des Hasler, in the position for the third and final test.

During the 1989 NSWRL season, his pace and skill had made Penrith the second most dangerous attacking team in the competition behind the eventual premiers, the Canberra Raiders and Alexander was the Panthers leading try and point scorer and for much of the year led the league in try-scoring – scoring ten tries in eight games at one point, eventually finishing with 15 tries from 18 games for the season. Alexander would eventually finish second on the try-scoring list finishing behind Canberra fullback Gary Belcher who scored 17 tries. Alexander finished ahead of other noted try scorers including Andrew Ettingshausen (Cronulla), Ricky Walford (St George) and Phil Blake (South Sydney). Penrith's form saw them reach the finals for the first time since his rookie year in 1984, reaching the knockout Minor Semi-Final before ending their season with a 27–18 loss to Canberra.

With Alexander in great form at both halfback and fullback for the Panthers, the club made it to their first ever Grand Final in 1990 against the defending premiers Canberra. The Panthers went down 18–14 to the Raiders and despite a solid performance, Alexander's goalkicking let him down on the day, only kicking one of his four attempts compared to Canberra captain Mal Meninga who landed all three of his attempts. Despite his good form, Alexander was only selected to the bench for game 3 of the 1990 State of Origin series and missed selection in Australia's mid-season tests against France and New Zealand.

At the end of the season he was selected for his second Kangaroo Tour as the back up fullback to Canberra and Queensland custodian Gary Belcher and went on to be selected for every game on tour, although unlike Terry Lamb who played in every game on the 1986 tour, Alexander, along with the Kangaroos' other replacements that day (David Gillespie, Des Hasler and Mark Sargent), did not get off the bench in the 14–10 second test win against Great Britain at Old Trafford that kept The Ashes series alive. He also failed to get off the bench in the third game of the tour against Wigan. Alexander was the leading point scorer for the Kangaroos on tour, playing 17 games (4 tests but selected for all 5 tests), scoring 14 tries and kicking 50 goals for a total of 156 points. The closest a teammate got in points was team captain Mal Meninga who scored 64 points (8 tries, 16 goals) from his 11 games. He scored a record 46 points in the tour match against France B (5 tries, 13 goals) in Lyon and continued that form into the first test against France 3 days later in Avignon when after coming on to replace an ill Ricky Stuart at halfback early in the game he went on to score 3 tries and kick 7/8 goals in the Kangaroos 60–4 win giving him a personal haul of 28 points.

In the 34–10 second test win a week later at the Stade Gilbert Brutus in Perpignan, a hamstring injury ruled out Laurie Daley. This saw Dale Shearer move from the wing to the centres and Brandy was selected on the wing where he kicked 3 goals to go along with his memorable try which resulted in his gymnastics style backflip celebration. He had performed the backflip several times at training while in England (claiming it was something he had learned in gymnastics while still in school) and had wanted to do it after scoring a try in a game, but with Australia, in a battle to retain The Ashes, he felt the circumstances were never right. However, as the second test against the French was also the final game of the Kangaroo tour, he allowed himself the luxury of the backflip in front of the TV cameras.

Alexander captained the Panthers to their maiden premiership in 1991, the Panthers reversing the result of the 1990 Grand Final with a 19–12 win over Canberra. From halfback, Alexander took control of the game in the 2nd half with his kicking game which included a 38-metre field goal to give Penrith a 13–12 lead following a Brad Izzard try under the posts which were converted by Alexander. Later a majestic sideline conversion of Royce Simmons' 2nd try of the game sealed the win for the Panthers. The Phil Gould coached Panthers never fell below 4th on the ladder for the season (Round 2) and never lost the competition lead after regaining it following Round 14 of the 22 round season. From Round 14 the Panthers only loss of the season was a 14–12 away loss to Cronulla-Sutherland in Round 20.

During the season he was selected at fullback for NSW in Games I and III of the 1991 State of Origin series, only missing Game II at the Sydney Football Stadium through injury. Despite his good form for Penrith and NSW and the absence of Gary Belcher through injury, Alexander was overlooked for the first test of mid-season Trans-Tasman Test series against New Zealand in favour of boom Brisbane and Qld fullback Paul Hauff, while he also missed selection in the final two games when selectors chose Andrew Ettingshausen. With Origin halfbacks Ricky Stuart and Allan Langer also in good form (Langer played) and Des Hasler in the team as a utility reserve, Alexander was only considered a chance of playing fullback in the tests. Following the Panthers Grand Final win over Canberra, Alexander was selected for Australia's 5 game tour to Papua New Guinea but withdrew through injury. He recovered from injury in time to lead the Panthers to England in October for the 1991 World Club Challenge, which was lost to Wigan 21–4 at the Anfield Stadium.

1992 was a year of huge expectation for Alexander and the reigning premiers Penrith. Whilst the Panthers form was up and down at the beginning of the season, Alexander was named as captain and fullback of the City Origin side, ahead of incumbent NSW captain Benny Elias. This led to Alexander being the favourite to take over the Blues captaincy for that year's State of Origin series against Queensland. However, a knee injury lead to Alexander being withdrawn from the match, and Country Origin captain Laurie Daley would go on to successfully captain the NSW side to a 2–1 series win, with Alexander missing all three games due to his knee injury. Selectors stuck with Stuart at half and Ettingshausen at the back.

Ben Alexander's death
On 21 June 1992, his younger brother and fellow Panthers teammate Ben Alexander was killed in a car accident. The tragic loss of the younger Alexander had an adverse effect on the close-knit Panthers club and the team's form dropped off in the second half of the year which saw them miss the finals. Greg Alexander, who had been sidelined with a knee injury since April of that year, missed the majority of fixtures that year, playing only 9 games for the season (including two from the bench) and following his brother's death would not return to the side until their Round 20 match against Manly-Warringah at Brookvale Oval in August. After his return, he continually fell below his usual playing weight of 84 kg and ended the season ten kilograms lighter than usual.

Auckland Warriors
At the end of the 1994 season after playing in just 13 games for the Panthers (mostly at fullback as the club had signed New Zealand test halfback Gary Freeman from Easts), Alexander joined the Auckland Warriors ahead of their inaugural season in the league as a way of dealing with his grief over Ben's death. He spent most of the first half of his first season for the Warriors at halfback and began to recapture some of his previous form. In the latter half of the season he moved between fullback, halfback and five-eighth due to the depth the Warriors had in the halves – with Gene Ngamu, Stacey Jones, Phil Blake and Frano Botica all spending some time at halfback or five-eighth. In his second season with the club, he was awarded the captaincy after Dean Bell retired, and again began the season at halfback. However, after he was injured in Round 10, New Zealand halfback Stacey Jones regained the halfback role, and upon returning to the side Alexander was moved to the fullback position – where he would remain for most of the remaining season.

Return to the Panthers
Alexander eventually returned to Penrith in 1997 after his stint in New Zealand and stayed on until his retirement in 1999. His early-season form for the Panthers in the new Super League competition saw him selected at halfback for his first game for NSW since 1991 in the Super League Tri-series. After starring in NSW's 38–10 win over Queensland in the first game of the series.

In total, Alexander played 228 games for the Panthers, scored 100 tries, kicked 343 goals and 14 field goals, tallying 1,100 career points for the club. To date, he is one of only seven players ever score over 100 tries and over 1,000 points for a single club in top grade Australian rugby league. The others being Terry Lamb (Canterbury-Bankstown), Ryan Girdler (Penrith Panthers), Hazem El Masri (Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs), Darren Lockyer (Brisbane Broncos), Luke Burt (Parramatta Eels) and Jarrod Croker (Canberra Raiders).

Life after football
After his retirement from football in 1999, Alexander embarked on a media career in both radio and television. He currently works as a host for Foxtel's Fox Sports station. He also hosts the nightly Sports Today program with John Gibbs on Sydney radio station 2UE.

On 24 October 2000, he was awarded the Australian Sports Medal for his rugby league achievements.

On 25 June 2016, he was inducted into the Penrith Panthers hall of fame alongside Grahame Moran, Royce Simmons, and Craig Gower. On 28 August 2023, Alexander was informed by the NSWRL board that his contract would not be renewed as advisor to the New South Wales coaching staff. Alexander had been in the role since 2018.

Personal life
Alexander is the brother-in-law of fellow former Penrith, NSW and Australian teammate Mark Geyer, and of former Penrith, Western Reds and Newcastle second rower, Peter Shiels, both of whom married his sisters. He is also the brother-in-law of former St. George Illawarra Dragons hooker Cameron King, who is the younger brother of his wife Tanya. He is uncle to Penrith Panthers second rower Mavrik Geyer.

Alexander has appeared in several road safety awareness campaigns with his former Penrith teammate Brad Fittler.

As of 2024, Alexander's son Braith plays for the Sydney Roosters in the New South Wales Cup.

title: Greg Alexander


text:
Newburgh, Aberdeenshire

Newburgh is a coastal village in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. The village dates to 1261 AD, when William St. Clair, 6th Baron of Roslin wanted to establish a chapel in the area. Originally built as a school, somewhat later the chapel of Holy Rood was established.

Geography
Newburgh is on the Ythan Estuary and near the Sands of Forvie. Near the estuary mouth, the presence of tern colonies is notable, since there are several distinct species that utilise the north banks of the Ythan Estuary, and comprise a meaningful percentage of the breeding pairs of terns in the United Kingdom. In the summer terns can be observed feeding in their characteristic diving patterns approximately 600 to 900 m inland from the estuary. The Forvie Nature Reserve is very near and to the north, where there is said to be the largest eider duck colony in the world. Beside the beach is an eighteen-hole golf course with its bird shaped clubhouse and the Udny Arms restaurant.

History
During the nineteenth century, Newburgh was a main sea port for the nearby town of Ellon. A number of clipper ships sailed to destinations all over the globe to deliver tea and other cargoes and coal barges sailed up the east coast to offload at the quayside. Several of the wealthier clipper sea captains built houses in the village and named them after their most frequent ports of call. Hence several imposing properties exist in the village such as Shanghai house, Santa Cruz and Sydney house.

Newburgh was a victim of bombing in World War 2. Just past the eastern end of the Ythan Bridge, is a bomb crater left by an attacking German aircraft, the bomb, aimed at the wharf, skipped over the bridge and exploded on the embankment beside the Cruden Bay Road. Other bombs fell beside a mill at the south of the village (12 January 1942) and several dropped in the estuary whilst trying to attack buildings on the quayside.

A pillbox was located at the Ythan bridge; although this bridge has been demolished, the pillbox remains.

The beach was classed as a high invasion threat from German units based on Norway. A number of pillboxes along with barbed wire, anti-tank blocks and scaffolding poles (that ran almost to Aberdeen along the coast) were installed.

Landmines were also planted in areas between Newburgh estuary and Aberdeen, in December 2012 a landmine was found in the dunes. It's unclear how it got there, as the listed minefield were at Forvie and Menie. Mines have been known to be dragged along the coast by currents.

2005 saw a sudden expansion in housing in the village, with houses being built just west of the local school, and near the Ythan Hotel, at the southernmost point of the village. Whilst the houses at the west end of Newburgh were a marketing success, residents were fairly critical of the properties going up next to the Ythan, dubbing the area too swampy for the foundations.

Local information
Public Transport providing services to Aberdeen, Peterhead, Ellon and Dyce Airport are presently run by Stagecoach North Scotland. Also, not a quarter of a mile out of Newburgh is the aptly named Newburgh Motors garage. Education is served by Newburgh Mathers School, named after John Mathers who, just before his death, left the residents of Newburgh enough money to set up a school in the local area for, as he put it, the education and clothing of twenty poor fishermen's sons of Newburgh. In terms of secondary education, Newburgh is within the catchment area for Ellon Academy.The tallest point of Newburgh is the knoll Gallows Hill. The police station in Newburgh no longer exists: in its place stands a house. However, the presence of a cell, in the past, is given away by the bars in one of the windows. Also, in the front of the house are the words police station engraved in the stone.

Tourist attractions
The ruined Knockhall Castle is near Newburgh and was inhabited for a century by Clan Udny. Coastal and country walks/cycling, bird watching, Sands of Forvie reserve (ducks, waders, seals and more), sea trout angling available. Newburgh on Ythan Golf Club – links course. Several other golf courses in easy reach. Wind/kite surfing in the area. Sand dunes and sandy beaches.

title: Newburgh, Aberdeenshire


text:
List of cities in the Turks and Caicos Islands

This is a list of cities in the Turks and Caicos Islands:

 * Back Salina
 * Blue Hills
 * Blue Mountain
 * Bottle Creek
 * Breezy Brae
 * Chalk Sound
 * Cheshire Hall
 * Cockburn Harbour (South Caicos Town)
 * Cockburn Town
 * Discovery Bay
 * Downtown
 * Five Cays
 * Grace Bay
 * Great Salina
 * Honda Road
 * Juba
 * Kew
 * Kew Town
 * Leeward
 * Long Bay Hill
 * Middle Caicos
 * North Creek
 * Out North
 * Overback
 * Parrot Cay
 * Salt Cay
 * Sandy Point
 * The Bight
 * The Ridge
 * West Road
 * Wheeland
 * Whitby


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Majlis Bachao Tehreek

Majlis Bachao Tehreek (English: Save Majlis Movement) is a political party in the Indian state of Telangana.

History
Majlis Bachao Tehreek (MBT) was founded by Mohammed Amanullah Khan as a result of differences with AIMIM President Sultan Salahuddin Owaisi. He formed the MBT (Save Majlis Movement) in 1993 after he was suspended for protesting against the stance taken by AIMIM during the demolition of the Babri Masjid. Later, he launched a campaign against the demolition. He raised crucial issues including lack of internal democracy in the AIMIM primarily nepotism, political patronage and corruption.

Amanullah Khan initially joined the Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen in 1960. He emerged as a leader in the MIM, serving as a MIM floor leader.

Mumtaz Ahmed Khan was also a member of MBT until 1999.

Before MBT, the AIMIM had 4 legislators in the Andhra Pradesh Assembly. After the split, MBT took Chandrayangutta and Yakutpura constituencies. The AIMIM won only 1 seat, Charminar. The 4th seat, Asifnagar was lost to both parties due to the division of votes among AIMIM Candidate Virasat Rasool Khan and MBT Candidate Mohammed Vizarat Rasool Khan, both brothers. Congressman D Nagender won Asif Nagar three times in 1994, 1999, 2004.

2000s
Mohammed Amanullah Khan died on 10 November 2002. The party continued its struggle, while keeping alive his spirit of social service. Adam Malik, a close aide of Aman Ullah Khan, was President of the MBT and served till his death. Dr. Khayam Khan, eldest son of the late Aman Ullah Khan, was elected as President of the MBT and served until his death.

In the Lok Sabha election 2004 MBT launched Majeed Ullah Khan who had earlier lost as a candidate from Yakutpura constituency in 1999, in the Hyderabad constituency. Khan received 47,560 votes (4.78% of the votes in that constituency). Most of the votes came from the Chandrayangutta area, where Khan got 28,746 votes (20.6% of the votes).

In the Andhra Pradesh state legislative assembly elections 2004. MBT had launched seven candidates, out of whom five contested against AIMIM candidates. No MBT candidate was elected.

MBT had two out of a hundred seats in the last sitting Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. Amjed Ullah Khan (youngest son of Amanullah Khan) was one of the corporators from Chanchalguda division with the wife of Saleh Ba Hamed winning from Barkas area. In the newly formed Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation, Amjad Ullah Khan (Khaled) won as corporator from the newly redistricted Azampura division.

In the 2009 assembly and Lok Sabha elections, the MBT fielded Dr. Khayam Khan from Chandrayangutta and Hamza Bin Omer (alias Zafar Pehlwan) from Yakutpura, while providing support to Zahid Ali Khan (Editor of Siasat News Daily) in his attempt at the Hyderabad Lok Sabha seat on the Telugu Desam (TDP) ticket.

Majeedullah Khan, alias Farhat Khan, was elected 5 June 2016 President of MBT Party. He is the son of late Amanullah Khan, founder of Majlis Bachao Tehreek (MBT)

title: Majlis Bachao Tehreek


text:
User:Scorpion2211

see: de:Benutzer:Scorpion2211

title: User:Scorpion2211


text:
David Klein (economist)

David Klein (דוד קליין; July 15, 1935 – 26 May 2021 ) was an Israeli economist who served as governor of the Bank of Israel from January 2000 to January 2005.

Biography
David Klein earned a BA in general history and economics from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1959. In 1972 he was awarded a PhD in economics from George Washington University. His thesis was Velocity of Money, Production Costs, and Short-run Price Level Determination.

Finance career
In 1959–1966, Klein worked in the budget department of the Israel Ministry of Finance. In addition to oversight and planning duties, he was involved in the establishment of the town of Arad and the reconstruction of the town of Qazvin in Iran after an earthquake.

In 1966–1972 Klein worked for the International Monetary Fund in the Fiscal Affairs Department. He was responsible for fiscal policy in developing countries.

In 1972–1976, he worked in econometrics as the Tevel Institute of Policy Studies in Jerusalem. From 1976 to 1987 he worked for Bank Leumi Le-Israel as a senior economist and head of the strategic planning division.

In 1987–2005, Klein served in various senior roles at the Bank of Israel and was a member of the management team.

In 2000–2005, he was Governor of the Bank of Israel.

title: David Klein (economist)


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Constantin Dăscălescu

Constantin Dăscălescu (2 July 1923 – 15 May 2003) was a Romanian communist politician who served as Prime Minister of Romania (21 May 1982 – 22 December 1989) during the communist rule of Nicolae Ceaușescu until the Romanian Revolution.

He was born in Breaza de Sus, Prahova County, the son of Nicolae and Stanca Dăscălescu. From 1937 to 1941 he trained as a metal lathe operator at a vocational school in his hometown, after which he started working at the Astra Română company in Câmpina. In October 1945 he joined the Romanian Communist Party (PCR), and stayed on his job until November 1947. From 1949 to 1962 he studied at various schools for communist cadres: in Ploiești, at the Ștefan Gheorghiu Academy in Bucharest, and at the International Lenin School in Moscow. At the same time, he advanced in the PCR hierarchy, and served as First Secretary of the Communist Party in Galați from 1965 to 1974.

He resigned from his position as Prime Minister under pressure from the revolutionaries gathered at the headquarters of the Central Committee of the PCR, right after Ceaușescu escaped from the building. In 1991, after the revolution, Dăscălescu was sentenced to life in prison. After five years he was released on medical grounds.

title: Constantin Dăscălescu


text:
Jinmeiyō kanji

The jinmeiyō kanji (人名用漢字) are a set of 863 Chinese characters known as "name kanji" in English. They are a supplementary list of characters that can legally be used in registered personal names in Japan, despite not being in the official list of "commonly used characters" (jōyō kanji). "Jinmeiyō kanji" is sometimes used to refer to the characters in both the jinmeiyō and jōyō lists because some Japanese names do not require the specified jinmeiyō kanji and are written entirely in jōyō kanji. Hence, jōyō kanji can also be viewed as a subset of jinmeiyō kanji.

A ministerial decree of 1946 limited the number of officially sanctioned kanji for public use to the 1,850 tōyō kanji. Only kanji on this list were acceptable as registered names, despite the fact that the list excluded many kanji frequently used in names up to that point. However, on May 25, 1951, the cabinet extended the set of characters usable in names by specifying the first 90 jinmeiyō kanji.

Over the years, the Minister of Justice has increased the number of name kanji, and has a plan for further addition in response to requests from parents. As of April 30, 2009, there were 985 jinmeiyō kanji, but this number was reduced to 861 in late 2010 when 129 jinmeiyō characters were transferred to the jōyō kanji list, and 5 characters were transferred from the jōyō kanji list to jinmeiyō characters. In 2015 and 2017, 2 kanji in total were added to the jinmeiyō list, making the total number 863.

In Japan, name kanji are taught at the junior-high level.

History
Below is a list of changes made to the jinmeiyō kanji list since its creation in 1951.

May 25, 1951
The first 92 characters of jinmeiyō kanji were published:

 * 丑　丞　乃　之　也　亘　亥　亦　亨　亮　伊　匡　卯　只　吾　哉　嘉　圭　宏　寅　巌　巳　庄　弘　彦　悌　敦　昌　晃　晋　智　暢　朋　桂　桐　楠　橘　欣　欽　毅　浩　淳　爾　猪　玲　琢　瑞　磯　祐　禄　禎　稔　穣　綾　惣　聡　肇　胤　蔦　蘭　蝶　輔　辰　郁　酉　靖　馨　鯉　鯛　麿

This would include seven kanji which would become part of the original jōyō kanji in 1981:
 * 仙　尚　杉　甚　磨　斉　龍

With the last one 龍 (dragon, traditional version) also being simplified to 竜 (dragon, simplified version).

This would also include fifteen kanji which would be transferred to the jōyō kanji in 2010:
 * 呂　奈　弥　熊　睦　艶　藤　虎　錦　鎌　須　駒　鶴　鹿　亀

July 30, 1976
28 kanji were added, for a total of 120 characters.

 * 佑　允　冴　喬　怜　旭　杏　梓　梢　梨　沙　渚　瑠　瞳　紗　紘　絢　翠　耶　芙　茜　藍　那　阿　隼　鮎　葵

One would become part of the original jōyō kanji in 1981: 悠.

October 1, 1981
The jōyō kanji list was introduced, which included seven of the original 92 jinmeiyō kanji from 1951 (mentioned above), plus one of the 28 new jinmeiyō kanji from 1976 (also mentioned above); those eight were thus removed from the jinmeiyō kanji list. 54 other characters were added for a total of 166 name characters.

 * 伍　伶　侑　尭　孟　峻　嵩　嶺　巴　彬　惇　惟　慧　斐　旦　昂　李　栗　楓　槙　汐　洵　洸　渥　瑛　瑶　璃　甫　皓　眸　矩　碧　笹　緋　翔　脩　苑　茉　莉　萌　萩　蓉　蕗　虹　諒　赳　迪　遥　遼　霞　頌　駿　鳩　鷹

March 1, 1990
118 kanji were added for a total of 284 characters.

 * 伎　伽　侃　倖　倭　偲　冶　凌　凜　凪　捺　於　旺　昴　晏　晟　晨　暉　曙　朔　凱　勁　叡　叶　唄　啄　奎　媛　嬉　宥　崚　嵐　嵯　巽　彗　彪　恕　憧　拳　捷　杜　柊　柚　柾　栞　梧　椋　椎　椰　椿　楊　榛　槻　樺　檀　毬　汀　汰　洲　湧　滉　漱　澪　熙　燎　燦　燿　爽　玖　琳　瑚　瑳　皐　眉　瞭　碩　秦　稀　稜　竣　笙　紬　絃　綜　綸　綺　耀　胡　舜　芹　茄　茅　莞　菖　菫　蒔　蒼　蓮　蕉　衿　袈　裟　詢　誼　諄　邑　醇　采　雛　鞠　颯　魁　鳳　鴻　鵬　麟　黎　黛

December 3, 1997
1 kanji was added, for a total of 285 characters.

 * 琉

February 23, 2004
1 kanji was added, for a total of 286 characters.

 * 曽

June 7, 2004
1 kanji was added, for a total of 287 characters.

 * 獅

June 11, 2004
No addition to the jinmeiyō kanji was made on this date. However, a plan for 578 additions was put forward to the council on jinmeiyō kanji of the legislative council of the Ministry of Justice. The list included certain characters in strong demand by parents for use in their children's names, such as:
 * 苺 (ichigo, "strawberry")
 * 遙 (haruka, "distant", traditional variant)
 * 煌 (akira, "scintillating")
 * 牙 (kiba, "fang")

Many others were included not for their potential uses in names (as is noted), but rather because of their frequent use and being easy to read and write. Examples include:

 * 糞 (kuso, "excrement")
 * 呪 (noroi, "curse")
 * 屍 (shikabane, "corpse")
 * 癌 (gan, "cancer")

At this same council, the decision was made to call for suggestions on characters to be included or excluded via the Ministry of Justice website, until July 9, 2004.

July 12, 2004
3 kanji were added, for a total of 290 characters.

 * 毘　瀧　駕

July 23, 2004
No additions were made. After sharp protests, the council decided to withdraw nine characters from the 489 whose inclusion had been discussed. These nine characters were:
 * 糞 (kuso, "excrement")
 * 呪 (noroi, "curse")
 * 屍 (shikabane, "corpse")
 * 癌 (gan, "cancer")
 * 姦 (kan, "rape, seduction")
 * 淫 (midara, "obscene")
 * 怨 (urami, "resentment")
 * 痔 (ji, "hemorrhoids")
 * 妾 (mekake, "concubine")

The 480 other characters still remained under consideration for inclusion, with one additional character added to them, namely 掬 (kiku, "to draw up water with one's hands").

September 27, 2004
484 characters and variant forms of 209 jōyō kanji were added, bringing the total number of the jinmeiyō kanji to 983.

April 30, 2009
2 more characters were added for a total number of 985 characters.

 * 祷　穹

November 30, 2010
In late 2010, the Japanese government added 196 characters to the jōyō kanji list. The list now includes 129 characters previously classified as jinmeiyō kanji, 11 of which are currently used in Japanese prefectures or nearby countries:

 * 茨 (ibara in 茨城県, Ibaraki Prefecture)
 * 媛 (hime in 愛媛県, Ehime Prefecture)
 * 岡 (oka in 静岡県, Shizuoka Prefecture)
 * 韓 (kan in 韓国, South Korea)
 * 熊 (kuma in 熊本県, Kumamoto Prefecture)
 * 埼 (sai or saki) in 埼玉県, Saitama Prefecture)
 * 栃 (tochi in 栃木県, Tochigi Prefecture)
 * 奈 (na in 奈良県, Nara Prefecture)
 * 梨 (nashi in 山梨県, Yamanashi Prefecture)
 * 阪 (saka in 大阪, Osaka)
 * 阜 (fu in 岐阜県, Gifu Prefecture)

At the same time, 5 characters deleted from the jōyō kanji list were added to the jinmeiyō kanji list, making the total number of jinmeiyō kanji 861:
 * 勺 (shaku (しゃく), an old unit of measure approx. 18ml in volume, or 0.033m2 in area)
 * 錘 (sui (すい) or tsumu (つむ), a spindle or weight)
 * 銑 (sen (せん), pig iron)
 * 脹 (chō (ちょう) or fuku[reru] (ふく[れる]), to swell or bulge; mostly used in the compound 膨脹, normally rewritten with 張 instead)
 * 匁 (monme (もんめ), a unit of weight approx 3.75g)

January 7, 2015
1 kanji was added, for a total of 862 characters.

 * 巫

September 25, 2017
1 kanji was added, for a total of 863 characters.

 * 渾

List of jinmeiyō kanji
The list is split into two parts:
 * 633 characters which do not appear in the list of jōyō kanji (regular-use kanji). 18 of these have a variant, bringing the number of character forms to 651.
 * 212 characters which are traditional forms (kyūjitai) of characters present in the list of jōyō kanji.

Jinmeiyō kanji not part of the jōyō kanji
Variants are given in parentheses.
 * 丑　丞　乃　之　乎　也　云　亘（亙）些　亦　亥　亨　亮　仔　伊　伍　伽　佃　佑　伶　侃　侑　俄　俠　俣　俐　倭　俱　倦　倖　偲　傭　儲　允　兎　兜　其　冴　凌　凜（凛）凧　凪　凰　凱　函　劉　劫　勁　勺　勿　匁　匡　廿　卜　卯　卿　厨　厩　叉　叡　叢　叶　只　吾　吞　吻　哉　哨　啄　哩　喬　喧　喰　喋　嘩　嘉　嘗　噌　噂　圃　圭　坐　尭（堯）坦　埴　堰　堺　堵　塙　壕　壬　夷　奄　奎　套　娃　姪　姥　娩　嬉　孟　宏　宋　宕　宥　寅　寓　寵　尖　尤　屑　峨　峻　崚　嵯　嵩　嶺　巌（巖）巫　已　巳　巴　巷　巽　帖　幌　幡　庄　庇　庚　庵　廟　廻　弘　弛　彗　彦　彪　彬　徠　忽　怜　恢　恰　恕　悌　惟　惚　悉　惇　惹　惺　惣　慧　憐　戊　或　戟　托　按　挺　挽　掬　捲　捷　捺　捧　掠　揃　摑　摺　撒　撰　撞　播　撫　擢　孜　敦　斐　斡　斧　斯　於　旭　昂　昊　昏　昌　昴　晏　晃（晄）晒　晋　晟　晦　晨　智　暉　暢　曙　曝　曳　朋　朔　杏　杖　杜　李　杭　杵　杷　枇　柑　柴　柘　柊　柏　柾　柚　桧（檜）栞　桔　桂　栖　桐　栗　梧　梓　梢　梛　梯　桶　梶　椛　梁　棲　椋　椀　楯　楚　楕　椿　楠　楓　椰　楢　楊　榎　樺　榊　榛　槙（槇）槍　槌　樫　槻　樟　樋　橘　樽　橙　檎　檀　櫂　櫛　櫓　欣　欽　歎　此　殆　毅　毘　毬　汀　汝　汐　汲　沌　沓　沫　洸　洲　洵　洛　浩　浬　淵　淳　渚（渚）淀　淋　渥　渾　湘　湊　湛　溢　滉　溜　漱　漕　漣　澪　濡　瀕　灘　灸　灼　烏　焰　焚　煌　煤　煉　熙　燕　燎　燦　燭　燿　爾　牒　牟　牡　牽　犀　狼　猪（猪）獅　玖　珂　珈　珊　珀　玲　琢（琢）琉　瑛　琥　琶　琵　琳　瑚　瑞　瑶　瑳　瓜　瓢　甥　甫　畠　畢　疋　疏　皐　皓　眸　瞥　矩　砦　砥　砧　硯　碓　碗　碩　碧　磐　磯　祇　祢（禰）祐（祐）祷（禱）禄（祿）禎（禎）禽　禾　秦　秤　稀　稔　稟　稜　穣（穰）穹　穿　窄　窪　窺　竣　竪　竺　竿　笈　笹　笙　笠　筈　筑　箕　箔　篇　篠　簞　簾　籾　粥　粟　糊　紘　紗　紐　絃　紬　絆　絢　綺　綜　綴　緋　綾　綸　縞　徽　繫　繡　纂　纏　羚　翔　翠　耀　而　耶　耽　聡　肇　肋　肴　胤　胡　脩　腔　脹　膏　臥　舜　舵　芥　芹　芭　芙　芦　苑　茄　苔　苺　茅　茉　茸　茜　莞　荻　莫　莉　菅　菫　菖　萄　菩　萌（萠）萊　菱　葦　葵　萱　葺　萩　董　葡　蓑　蒔　蒐　蒼　蒲　蒙　蓉　蓮　蔭　蔣　蔦　蓬　蔓　蕎　蕨　蕉　蕃　蕪　薙　蕾　蕗　藁　薩　蘇　蘭　蝦　蝶　螺　蟬　蟹　蠟　衿　袈　袴　裡　裟　裳　襖　訊　訣　註　詢　詫　誼　諏　諄　諒　謂　諺　讃　豹　貰　賑　赳　跨　蹄　蹟　輔　輯　輿　轟　辰　辻　迂　迄　辿　迪　迦　這　逞　逗　逢　遥（遙）遁　遼　邑　祁　郁　鄭　酉　醇　醐　醍　醬　釉　釘　釧　銑　鋒　鋸　錘　錐　錆　錫　鍬　鎧　閃　閏　閤　阿　陀　隈　隼　雀　雁　雛　雫　霞　靖　鞄　鞍　鞘　鞠　鞭　頁　頌　頗　顚　颯　饗　馨　馴　馳　駕　駿　驍　魁　魯　鮎　鯉　鯛　鰯　鱒　鱗　鳩　鳶　鳳　鴨　鴻　鵜　鵬　鷗　鷲　鷺　鷹　麒　麟　麿　黎　黛　鼎

Below are the 18 characters that are variant forms of characters in the list above. For each variant form, the corresponding standard form ("non-variant" form) is in parentheses.

 * 亙（亘） 凛（凜） 堯（尭） 巖（巌） 晄（晃） 檜（桧） 槇（槙） 渚（渚） 猪（猪） 琢（琢） 禰（祢） 祐（祐） 禱（祷） 祿（禄） 禎（禎） 穰（穣） 萠（萌） 遙（遥）

Traditional variants of jōyō kanji
The modern form (shinjitai), which appears in the jōyō kanji list, is given in brackets.
 * 亞（亜） 惡（悪） 爲（為） 逸（逸） 榮（栄） 衞（衛） 謁（謁） 圓（円） 緣（縁） 薗（園） 應（応） 櫻（桜） 奧（奥） 橫（横） 溫（温） 價（価） 禍（禍） 悔（悔） 海（海） 壞（壊） 懷（懐） 樂（楽） 渴（渇） 卷（巻） 陷（陥） 寬（寛） 漢（漢） 氣（気） 祈（祈） 器（器） 僞（偽） 戲（戯） 虛（虚） 峽（峡） 狹（狭） 響（響） 曉（暁） 勤（勤） 謹（謹） 駈（駆） 勳（勲） 薰（薫） 惠（恵） 揭（掲） 鷄（鶏） 藝（芸） 擊（撃） 縣（県） 儉（倹） 劍（剣） 險（険） 圈（圏） 檢（検） 顯（顕） 驗（験） 嚴（厳） 廣（広） 恆（恒） 黃（黄） 國（国） 黑（黒） 穀（穀） 碎（砕） 雜（雑） 祉（祉） 視（視） 兒（児） 濕（湿） 實（実） 社（社） 者（者） 煮（煮） 壽（寿） 收（収） 臭（臭） 從（従） 澁（渋） 獸（獣） 縱（縦） 祝（祝） 暑（暑） 署（署） 緖（緒） 諸（諸） 敍（叙） 將（将） 祥（祥） 涉（渉） 燒（焼） 奬（奨） 條（条） 狀（状） 乘（乗） 淨（浄） 剩（剰） 疊（畳） 孃（嬢） 讓（譲） 釀（醸） 神（神） 眞（真） 寢（寝） 愼（慎） 盡（尽） 粹（粋） 醉（酔） 穗（穂） 瀨（瀬） 齊（斉） 靜（静） 攝（摂） 節（節） 專（専） 戰（戦） 纖（繊） 禪（禅） 祖（祖） 壯（壮） 爭（争） 莊（荘） 搜（捜） 巢（巣） 曾（曽） 裝（装） 僧（僧） 層（層） 瘦（痩） 騷（騒） 增（増） 憎（憎） 藏（蔵） 贈（贈） 臟（臓） 卽（即） 帶（帯） 滯（滞） 瀧（滝） 單（単） 嘆（嘆） 團（団） 彈（弾） 晝（昼） 鑄（鋳） 著（著） 廳（庁） 徵（徴） 聽（聴） 懲（懲） 鎭（鎮） 轉（転） 傳（伝） 都（都） 嶋（島） 燈（灯） 盜（盗） 稻（稲） 德（徳） 突（突） 難（難） 拜（拝） 盃（杯） 賣（売） 梅（梅） 髮（髪） 拔（抜） 繁（繁） 晚（晩） 卑（卑） 祕（秘） 碑（碑） 賓（賓） 敏（敏） 冨（富） 侮（侮） 福（福） 拂（払） 佛（仏） 勉（勉） 步（歩） 峯（峰） 墨（墨） 飜（翻） 每（毎） 萬（万） 默（黙） 埜（野） 彌（弥） 藥（薬） 與（与） 搖（揺） 樣（様） 謠（謡） 來（来） 賴（頼） 覽（覧） 欄（欄） 龍（竜） 虜（虜） 凉（涼） 綠（緑） 淚（涙） 壘（塁） 類（類） 禮（礼） 曆（暦） 歷（歴） 練（練） 鍊（錬） 郞（郎） 朗（朗） 廊（廊） 錄（録）

Actual usage in names
Usage of the jinmeiyō kanji in Japanese names varies widely. For example, 之, is used in over 6,000 names, and the 53 kanji used most commonly in names are all in over 500 names each.

title: Jinmeiyō kanji


text: Category:Florida elections

title: Category:Florida elections


text:
Bernt Balchen

Bernt Balchen (23 October 1899 – 17 October 1973) was a Norwegian pioneer polar aviator, navigator, aircraft mechanical engineer and military leader. A Norwegian native, he later became an American citizen and was a recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross.

His service in the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II made use of his Arctic exploration expertise to help the Allies over Scandinavia and Northern Europe. After the war, Balchen continued to be an influential leader with the U.S. Air Force, as well as a highly regarded private consultant in projects involving the Arctic and aviation.

Early years
The son of a country doctor, Balchen was born at the farm Myren in Tveit, just outside Kristiansand, Norway. After having finished Norwegian middle school in 1916, he attended a Forestry School from 1917 to 1918. Next he enrolled in the French Foreign Legion, and his unit was assigned to the Verdun front in World War I. In 1918, before seeing action, Balchen was recalled to Norway. He transferred to the Norwegian Army, and was sent to an artillery school, where he graduated shortly after.

Under an assumed name, Balchen fought as a cavalryman with the White Guards in the Finnish Civil War that followed the end of major hostilities. During a cavalry charge, his horse was shot from under him and he was left for dead on the battlefield. Having received serious wounds that required a lengthy convalescence, Balchen turned to an early interest in athletics and trained strenuously as a boxer to represent Norway in the 1920 Olympics. Besides being a championship boxer, he was also an expert marksman and an accomplished skier. Balchen was very knowledgeable about wilderness and northern survival, skills that he would later exploit.

While waiting for his acceptance as an Olympian, Balchen received word that he also qualified for flight training, resulting in his decision to become a pilot in the Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service in 1921.

Amundsen-Ellsworth Relief Expedition
Gaining recognition as an accomplished pilot, the Norwegian Defense Department selected Balchen in 1925 to become part of the Amundsen-Ellsworth Relief Expedition, a rescue mission for the missing explorer Roald Amundsen under the command of Flight Lieutenant Lützow-Holm. The expedition consisting of two seaplanes, was sent to Spitsbergen on the Svalbard archipelago. This assignment would make Amundsen, already a family friend, a lifelong friend and confidant.

During the next year, Balchen became part of a ground party led by Lieutenant J. Höver, providing technical services for the Roald Amundsen, Lincoln Ellsworth and Umberto Nobile Arctic Expedition, ultimately a successful attempt to fly the lighter-than-air airship, Norge, over the North Pole from Svalbard to Teller, Alaska. Although he was a highly regarded mechanic, Balchen's main role was to provide survival training to the Italian crew members as well as to teach them to ski. In a last-minute decision by Amundsen, he was not chosen to be on the record-breaking dirigible flight as Nobile was in charge of picking the crew, which already had a complement of 23.

Support of Byrd's North Pole flight
After observing the crash of the Fokker trimotor, Josephine Ford, belonging to one of his competitors, Lieutenant Commander Richard E. Byrd of the U.S. Navy, Amundsen asked Balchen to help in preparing the airplane for a flight to the North Pole. Under Balchen's supervision, the damaged aircraft skis were repaired with improvised wooden supports from a lifeboat's oars and some survival gear was loaned to Byrd for the flight. This enabled Byrd and his pilot, Floyd Bennett to continue with their attempt to fly to the North Pole and back on 9 May 1926.

In 1926, under the sponsorship of Joseph Wanamaker, Balchen officially joined the Byrd party, as the co-pilot and navigator, with the pilot Floyd Bennett, flying the Josephine Ford on a tour to more than 50 American cities, thereby promoting commercial aviation as a safe, reliable and practical means of transportation. Following this tour Balchen was hired by Anthony Fokker as a test pilot for the Fokker Aircraft Company at the Teterboro Airport, New Jersey.

Trans-Atlantic Flight
On 29 June 1927, Balchen, as the co-pilot with the chief pilot Bert Acosta; the flight engineer, George Otto Noville and the navigator and air flight organizer, Commander Byrd, flew a U.S. Post Office airmail aircraft, Fokker trimotor America, across the Atlantic Ocean from Roosevelt Field on Long Island.

Due to Acosta's reported lack of ability to successfully fly via aircraft instruments, and the foul weather for most of this flight, Balchen did most of the flying. Bad weather and low visibility over France made landing at the Paris airport impractical, despite their repeated attempts. When their aircraft was running low on aviation gasoline, Balchen decided to fly back to the western coast of France, and there he landed the Fokker Trimotor —-which was not designed for a water landing —- on the ocean with no injury to the occupants.

Bremen rescue
In late April 1928 the three-man crew of the aircraft Bremen was stranded on Greenly Island, Canada following the first east to west non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean from Europe. Balchen and Floyd Bennett flew a Ford Trimotor to provide relief to the downed pilots. Bennett had developed pneumonia following a previous crash. Bennett succumbed to his fever while in flight on 25 April. Balchen flew the remaining eight hours, and he was paid $10,000 for the effort. Balchen donated the money to Bennett's widow.

South Pole flight
On 28–29 November 1929, as the pilot of a modified Ford 4-AT Trimotor named Floyd Bennett, Balchen became one of the first four men to fly over the South Pole. Balchen was the chief pilot, and he was accompanied by Harold June, his co-pilot and radio operator; Ashley McKinley, the flight's photographer; and Commander Richard E. Byrd, the plane's navigator and leader of his First Antarctic Expedition. The flight was considered one of the greatest aviation achievements in history.

Amelia Earhart
Due to his reputation as a polar, transatlantic and aviation expert, Balchen was hired in 1931 by Amelia Earhart as a technical adviser for a planned solo transatlantic flight. In an attempt to throw off the press, Earhart turned over her repaired Lockheed Vega to Balchen who was assumed to be planning an Antarctic flight. Balchen flew the Vega to the Fokker Aircraft Company plant at Hasbrouck Heights, New Jersey. There, he and the mechanics Frank Nagle and Eddie Gorski reconditioned the Vega for the upcoming record flight. Its fuselage was strengthened to carry extra fuel tanks that were added to provide a 420-gallon capacity, and some additional flight instruments were also installed. After modifications had been made, Earhart flew this Lockheed Vega across the Atlantic Ocean on 20 May 1932, landing in Ireland.

Norway
In the mid-1930s, Balchen returned to Norway to work with the Norwegian Airlines. Later, he was part of a team to create a Nordic Postal Union, and as war seemed inevitable in Europe, Balchen helped negotiate an aviation treaty with the United States. Balchen also worked with the airplane, The Valkyrien.

World War II
In 1939, Balchen was in Helsinki, working on a contract to provide U.S. fighter aircraft to Finland, when the Soviet attack on Finland took place. Enlisting with the Norwegian Air Force, he made his way to the United States on a crucial mission to negotiate "matters pertaining to aircraft ordnance and ammunition with the question of the Norwegian Government's possible purchase of such materials in the United States of America."

With his status of holding dual Norwegian and American citizenship and his extensive contacts in the aviation industry, his instruction from the Norwegian Government-in-exile in London changed to a new directive: to set up a training camp and school for expatriate Norwegian airmen and soldiers in Canada. Balchen negotiated directly with Canadian government officials to obtain an agreement to use available airport facilities at the Toronto Island airport on Lake Ontario known as "Little Norway". During the war, over 2,500 Norwegian aviators of all categories: pilots, navigators and mechanics, were trained in the various bases of "Little Norway".

During 1940, with the "Little Norway" facilities under construction and his administrative duties taken over by others, Balchen requested permission from the Norwegian Air Force to fly ferrying missions for the British, teaming with Clyde Pangborn, a contemporary record-breaking pilot of the era. In early 1941, while engaged in a ferrying mission, and on a layover in the Philippines, a representative of General Henry "Hap" Arnold sought out Balchen. Arnold asked Balchen to join the US Army Air Forces as a colonel to oversee the establishment of the USAAF polar airfields at Qaanaaq, and Sondre Stromfjord Greenland. These highly secretive bases would serve to ferry fighter aircraft across the Atlantic by air, rather than having to disassemble them and send them overseas by cargo ship. The airfields also served as bases from which long-range Consolidated B-24 Liberator patrol aircraft could fly far out over the North Atlantic Ocean in search of the German Kriegsmarine U-boats that were menacing American, British, and Canadian ships taking war supplies and troops across the ocean in preparation for the then undecided location of the cross-channel invasion of Europe. This latter air base had the code name "Bluie West Eight" during its operational life.

Between September 1941 and November 1943, Balchen trained his personnel in cold weather survival skills and rescue techniques which enabled them to carry out many rescues of downed airmen on the Greenland icecap. On 25 May 1943, flying in a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, Balchen led a bombing raid that destroyed the only German outpost remaining on Greenland, a forward station at Sabine Island on the eastern coast of that island. This destruction hindered the ability of the German armed forces to maintain a presence on Greenland that not only had been used to send deceptive radio messages to Allied aircraft as well as establishing a weather station required to provide accurate weather reports for the German forces operating in the North Atlantic.

Balchen then was posted to the European Theatre to run "Operation Where and When", based at Luleå-Kallax Air Base in northern Sweden. Balchen commanded a clandestine air transport operation, using 10 Douglas C-47s and helped to set up an escape route between the United Kingdom and Sweden that enabled numerous important diplomats and others to flee the Nazis. From March to December 1944, Balchen's "Operation Balder" using six B-24s manned with OSS crews, safely evacuated at least 2,000 Norwegians, 900 American internees and 150 internees of other nationalities from Sweden. Norwegian police troops were also airlifted from Sweden to Finnmark.

The air operation also shipped strategic freight; from July to October 1944, 64 tons of operational supplies such as ammunition were transported from Scotland to the underground in occupied Norway. Life necessities like bales of hay and fodder for livestock were brought to areas in the north of Sweden and Norway, once even paradropping a hospital complete with a doctor and nurse. Between November 1944 and April 1945, Balchen also transported 200 tons of Arctic equipment and operational supplies from England to Sweden that were used to make secret overland transport from Sweden to Norway possible. During winter 1945, Balchen shipped communications equipment into northern Norway that was of inestimable value to the Allied Expeditionary Force's intelligence operations. The leading Norwegian wartime ace Sven Heglund was acting military attaché and served with Balchen, later writing about his time at Kallax. Another Norwegian at Kallax during the same period, who became a good friend, was marine biologist and explorer-to-be Thor Heyerdahl, later of Ra I and II and Kon-Tiki fame.

Postwar activities
From November 1948 to January 1951, Balchen commanded the 10th Rescue Squadron of the U.S. Air Force, which was located in southern Alaska but which operated across all of Alaska and northern Canada rescuing crashed airmen. Balchen led this squadron in the development of the techniques that became widely used in cold weather search and rescues. He was also directly responsible for persuading the U.S. Air Force to purchase the de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver bush aircraft, one that became an important search and rescue aircraft for the Arctic. On 23 May 1949, while commanding the 10th Rescue Squadron, Balchen flew a Douglas C-54 Skymaster from Fairbanks, Alaska, via the North Pole to Thule Air Base, Greenland.

Balchen was primarily responsible for the pioneering and development of the strategic air base at Thule, Greenland, built secretly on his recommendation, in 1951 under severe weather conditions which, by extending the range of the Strategic Air Command, increased the capabilities that made the SAC a significant deterrent to Soviet aggression during the Cold War.

Post-retirement
After retiring from the U.S. Air Force in 1956, Colonel Balchen continued to serve the Air Force on special assignments and aviation and energy industries as a consultant. He joined General Precision Laboratories as a consultant in 1959, as well as working with a host of other companies including Hughes Aircraft, General Dynamics, Canadair and the Electric Boat Company. Working for Canadair in 1966, then the parent company, General Dynamics, from 1966 to 1971, Balchen had authority over projects as diverse as ice-breakers, tankers, new epoxy materials for submarine construction, seagoing electronic weather systems and over-snow vehicles. In 1962, he also worked with the USAF presenting a proposal on the Apogee Intercept Defense System (AIDS) in 1962 and later, was the leading advocate for "Project Iceman", a proposed system of intermediate range ballistic missiles (IRBMs) stationed in Greenland.

Colonel Balchen was among 27 passengers on board the first circumnavigation of the Earth over both poles. The aircraft was a brand-new, chartered Flying Tiger Line Boeing 707-349C jet with U.S. registration N322F, which had been modified with additional fuel tanks installed in the front passenger cabin. The route taken, between 14 and 17 November 1965, was from Honolulu, over the North Pole, to London; Lisbon; Buenos Aires; before flying over the South Pole and continuing on to the last refueling stop at Christchurch before returning to Honolulu. Balchen was the only passenger allowed into the cockpit when the four pilots, who were all qualified Boeing 707 captains, performed four 360-degree loops over the South Geographic Pole. As well as being the first such flight, this would remain the fastest until succeeded by Pan Am Flight 50, a Boeing 747SP with U.S. registration N533PA, on October 28–30, 1977. (October 28, 1977 was the 50th anniversary of Pan Am's first (airmail) flight, from Key West, Florida to Havana, Cuba: about 90 miles.)

As one of the world's foremost Arctic experts, Balchen was sought out by numerous companies and government agencies including Canada and Norway. Balchen was hired as a consultant by Hercules Oil, then Phillips Petroleum and Moran Towing on plans to extract oil from Alaska using pipelines. According to a 1972 article in The Christian Science Monitor, Balchen asserted that "a general warming trend over the North Pole is melting the polar ice cap and may produce an ice-free Arctic Ocean by the year 2000."

In his native Norway, Balchen was a driving force in the establishment of Det Norske Luftfartselskap (D.N.L.) ("The Norwegian Airline Company"), with which he pioneered commercial Europe–US airline flights across the North Pole. D.N.L. later merged with Danish and Swedish airlines into the major carrier Scandinavian Airlines.

Death and burial
Balchen continued to work in consultancy until his death. In his final year, he was diagnosed with bone cancer, and he died at Mount Kisco, New York in 1973. Balchen was buried at the Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia. He is buried in Section 2, Grave 4969, next to Admiral Richard E. Byrd.

Honors and tributes
Balchen was a winner of the Harmon Trophy in aviation. The annual "International Aviation Snow Symposium", sponsored by the Northeast (U.S.) Chapter of the American Association of Airport Executives, created the Bernt Balchen Award in his memory in 1976 to recognize airports excelling in snow and ice control. In 1973, Balchen was inducted in the National Aviation Hall of Fame In 1974, Mount Balchen in Alaska was named after him, and there is a Mount Balchen in Antarctica also named in his honor. In 1976, Balchen was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame. Balchen was also a recipient of the following military decorations:

United States decorations and medals

 * Distinguished Service Medal ribbon.svg Distinguished Service Medal
 * Legion of Merit ribbon.svg Legion of Merit
 * Distinguished Flying Cross ribbon.svg Distinguished Flying Cross
 * Soldier's Medal ribbon.svg Soldier's Medal with oak leaf cluster
 * Air Medal ribbon.svg Air Medal with five oak leaf clusters
 * Army Commendation Medal ribbon.svg Army Commendation Medal with two oak leaf clusters
 * Byrd Antarctic Expedition Medal (1928-1930).png Byrd Antarctic Expedition Medal
 * American Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg American Defense Service Medal with star
 * American Campaign Medal ribbon.svg American Campaign Medal
 * European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign ribbon.svg European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with three campaign stars
 * World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg World War II Victory Medal
 * National Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg National Defense Service Medal

International orders and medals

 * St. Olavs Orden stripe.svg  Commander 1st Class The Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav (Norway's highest civilian decoration)
 * DNK Kong Christian den Tiendes frihedsmedaille ribbon bar.png  King Christian X's Liberty Medal (Denmark)
 * World War I Victory Medal ribbon.svg Victory Medal (France)
 * Verdun Medal (France)
 * Ribbon - 1939-45 Star.png 1939–1945 Star (United Kingdom)
 * Ribbon - War Medal.png War Medal 1939–1945 (United Kingdom)

Civil awards

 * New York City Medal of Valor - 2 awards
 * City of Paris Gold Medal

title: Bernt Balchen


text:
List of cities in the Cayman Islands

List of cities in the Cayman Islands
 * George Town (capital) - pop. 31,785
 * West Bay - pop. 11,436
 * Bodden Town - pop. 6,918
 * East End - pop. 1,552
 * North Side - pop. 1,902
 * West End - pop. 1,000
 * Old Man Village - pop. 200

title: List of cities in the Cayman Islands


text:
Talk:Endothelial microparticle

This article consists for 50% of references, mostly of work by the same research group. I'm concerned that it's trying to describe a phenomenon that is not yet well-defined and is still in a state of flux. I would much rather quote one or two well-organised review articles than a whole whack of studies that are only meaningful to those already deep into vascular research. JFW | T@lk  15:39, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Endothelial microparticle


text:
Broad Street

Broad Street or Broadstreet may refer to:

Places and streets

 * Broad Street Historic District (disambiguation)

Nigeria

 * Broad Street, Lagos

United Kingdom

 * Broad Street, Reading, Berkshire
 * Broad Street, Bristol
 * Broad Street, East Sussex, a location
 * Broad Street, Kent, in Hollingbourne, Maidstone
 * Broad Street, Lyminge, a location in Folkestone and Hythe, Kent
 * Broad Street, Monks Horton, a location in Folkestone and Hythe, Kent
 * Broad Street, Medway, a location in Kent
 * Broad Street, Spalding, in Spalding, Lincolnshire
 * Broad Street (ward), in London
 * Broad Street railway station (England), in London
 * Broad Street, Oxford, Oxfordshire
 * Broad Street, Suffolk, hamlet near Groton
 * Broad Street, Birmingham, West Midlands
 * Broad Street, Wiltshire
 * Broad Street, Aberdeen, Scotland
 * Broadwick Street, Soho, London, formerly Broad Street
 * High Holborn, London, formerly Broad Street
 * Broadstreet Green. Bromley, London, England, UK; a green

United States

 * Broad Street (Athens, Georgia) on the boundary of Downtown Athens (Georgia)
 * Broad Street (Augusta, Georgia), mostly signed as U.S. Route 25 Business
 * Broad Street, Monroe, Georgia, also signed as State Route 11
 * Broad Street, Boston, Massachusetts, site of the Broad Street Riot of 1837
 * Broad Street (Red Bank, New Jersey)
 * Broad Street (Manhattan), New York City
 * Broadstreet Hollow, West Kill Mountain, Greene County, New York State, USA; a stream
 * Broad Street (Columbus, Ohio), major street that goes through the center of the city
 * Broad Street (Johnstown), Pennsylvania
 * Broad Street (Philadelphia), Pennsylvania, main north–south route through Philadelphia
 * Broad Street (Charleston, South Carolina)
 * Broad Street (Richmond, Virginia), 15 mi road through Richmond
 * East Broad Street, Savannah, Georgia
 * Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard (Savannah), formerly known as West Broad Street

People

 * Jeff Broadstreet (born 1960), U.S. filmmaker
 * Frank Broadstreet Carvell (1862–1924), Canadian politician, lawyer, businessman

Groups, companies, organizatons

 * Broadstreet RFC, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK; a rugby club
 * Broadstreet's, a New York City clothing retailer

Other uses

 * "Broad Street", a 1991 song by Mulgrew Miller from Time and Again

title: Broad Street


text:
Ourthe

The Ourthe (Walloon: Aiwe d' Oûte) is a 165 km long river in the Ardennes in Wallonia (Belgium). It is a right tributary to the river Meuse. The Ourthe is formed at the confluence of the Ourthe Occidentale (Western Ourthe) and the Ourthe Orientale (Eastern Ourthe), west of Houffalize.

The source of the Ourthe Occidentale is near Libramont-Chevigny, in the Belgian province Luxembourg. The source of the Ourthe Orientale is near Gouvy, also in the Belgian province Luxembourg, close to the border with Luxembourg.

After the confluence of the two Ourthes at Lake Nisramont, the Ourthe flows roughly in north-west and later in northern direction. Near Noiseux it flows for a short distance through the province of Namur. After the municipality of Durbuy it flows into Liège Province. Eventually it flows into the river Meuse in the city of Liège. The most important tributaries of the river Ourthe are the Amblève and the Vesdre. Towns along the Ourthe are Houffalize (Ourthe Orientale), La Roche-en-Ardenne, Hotton, Durbuy, Hamoir and Esneux.

Near Hotton, the caves of Hotton are located. In these caves runs a subterranean river which flows in the Ourthe.

Near Esneux lies the Roche aux Faucons. This is a vantage point located on a high cliff, above a meander of the Ourthe. In the south, near Marcourt, there is another high cliff where the Hermitage and chapel of Saint-Thibaut is located.

Around 1820, William I of the Netherlands demanded the creation of the Ourthe channel. Via the Ourthe, this channel would have connected the Meuse basin with the Moselle basin. Belgium's independence in 1830 put an end to these plans. The main remnant of these works is the unfinished channel tunnel in Bernistap (province of Luxembourg).

title: Ourthe


text: Category:World War I cruisers

title: Category:World War I cruisers


text:
Buckhorn

Buckhorn may refer to:

Canada

 * Buckhorn, Ontario

Germany

 * Buckhorn (Hamburg U-Bahn station), in Hamburg-Volksdorf

United Kingdom

 * Buckhorn, Devon, a United Kingdom location
 * Buckhorn Weston, Dorset

United States

 * Buckhorn, Amador County, California
 * Buckhorn, Ventura County, California
 * Buckhorn, Illinois
 * Buckhorn, Kentucky
 * Buckhorn, Michigan
 * Buckhorn, Madison County, Missouri
 * Buckhorn, Pulaski County, Missouri
 * Buckhorn, North Carolina
 * Buckhorn, Pennsylvania
 * Buckhorn Township (disambiguation)

Other uses

 * A type of iron sight on a firearm
 * A common name of the perennial herb Plantago lanceolata

title: Buckhorn


text:
Category:Mozilla developers

People who have made contributions to Mozilla projects, such as Mozilla Firefox and Mozilla Thunderbird.

title: Category:Mozilla developers


text:
La Cenicienta

La Cenicienta (Cinderella) is an opera in three acts composed by Chilean artist Jorge Peña Hen (1928–1973), to a libretto by the Chilean author, Oscar Jara Azocar (1910–1988).

This opera is one of the few operas in the world composed with the aim to be sung, acted and played exclusively by children. It was written in 1966 and played by Jorge Peña Hen's first Symphonic Orchestra of Children at the Theater of the Girls Public School in La Serena, a city in the northern region of Coquimbo.

In 1967, a production of La Cenicienta went on a tour through several cities in Chile: Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Concepción and Santiago, the capital. Its debut was considered a great success.

In 1986, a new version of this children's opera was played in Colombia.

In 1998, 25 years after Jorge Peña Hen's assassination by Chile's military coup officials, another version was re-made in La Serena.

In 2004, a new staging by Fondazione Teatro La Fenice, and in 2005 by University of Chile's Theatre in Santiago, Chile.

The plot of the opera is based on Charles Perrault's classic fairy tale Cinderella.

title: La Cenicienta


text:
List of settlements in the Falkland Islands

This is a list of towns and settlements on the Falkland Islands.

List
List of settlements by name, population, and island it is located on

Unsorted
• Ajax Bay (East Falkland)

• Beaver Settlement (on Beaver Island)

• Bluff Cove Settlement (East Falkland)

• Bombilia House

• Burnside House

• Camp Verde (Campo Verde)

• Carcass Island Settlement (see Port Patterson)

• Ceritos (Cerritos) (East Falkland)

• Chartres Settlement (West Falkland)

• Cranmer

• Darwin Settlement (East Falkland)

• Dos Lomas

• Douglas Settlement (Douglas Station) (East Falkland)

• Dunnose Head Settlement (West Falkland)

• Estancia House

• Fitzroy North (East Falkland)

• Fitzroy Settlement (Fitzroy South) (East Falkland)

• Foam Creek Settlement (Foam Creek House)

• Fox Bay East Settlement (East Settlement, Bahia Fox) (West Falkland)

• Fox Bay West Settlement (West Settlement) (West Falkland)

• Goose Green Settlement (East Falkland)

• Green Patch Settlement (East Falkland)

• Hill Cove (West Falkland)

• Hope Cottage

• Hope Place (Lafonia/East Falkland, abandoned)

• Horseshoe Bay

• Johnson's Harbour (East Falkland)

• Keppel Settlement (on Keppel Island)

• Lively Settlement (on Lively Island)

• Mare Harbour Rancho

• Mariqueta (Mariquita)

• Mid Rancho

• New House of Glamis (East Falkland)

• New Island Settlement (on New Island)

• North Arm Settlement (Lafonia/East Falkland)

• Orqueta (Horqueta) (East Falkland)

• Pebble Island Settlement (Pebble Island Farm) (on Pebble Island)

• Piedra Sola

• Port Albemarle (West Falkland)

• Port Egmont (on Saunders Island) (abandoned)

• Port Harriet (East Falkland)

• Port Howard (West Falkland)

• Port Louis Settlement (Puerto Luis, Anson's Harbour), Port St. Louis, Puerto Soledad) (East Falkland)

• Port Louis South (East Falkland?)

• Port Patterson (Carcass island)

• Port San Carlos Settlement (East Falkland)

• Port Stephens Settlement (West Falkland)

• Port William (East Falkland)

• RAF Mount Pleasant (Air Force Base) (East Falkland)

• Rincon Grande Settlement (East Falkland)

• Roy Cove Settlement (West Falkland)

• Salvador (Salvador Settlement Corrall) (East Falkland)

• San Carlos (San Carlos Estate) (East Falkland)

• Sand Fountain (Cantera de Arena)

• Saunders Island Settlement (on Saunders Island)

• Sealion Island Settlement (on Sealion Island)

• Speedwell Island Settlement (on Speedwell Island)

• Spring Point Settlement (West Falkland)

• Stanley (Port Stanley) (capital) (East Falkland)

• Teal Inlet Settlement (Evelyn Station) (East Falkland)

• Tranquilidad

• Volunteer Point (East Falkland)

• Walker Creek (Lafonia/East Falkland)

• Weddell Settlement (on Weddell Island)

• Westpoint Island Settlement (on Westpoint Island)


text:
Roger Sanchez

Roger Sanchez (born June 1, 1967) is an American house DJ, remixer and producer. He won a Grammy Award for his remix of "Hella Good" by No Doubt in 2003, and is best known for his song "Another Chance", which was an international hit in 2001. He is a four time DJ Awards winner for "Best House DJ" in 1999, 2002, 2004 and 2007 and has received twelve nominations in total. He won the first International Dance Music Award for Best Podcast in 2007 and has received 8 IDMA nominations for Best American DJ (2003–2010).

Musical career
Sanchez began to play nightclubs in New York City, and later around the world. Along with fellow New York house DJs Erick Morillo, David Morales and Danny Tenaglia, Sanchez has become well known in the European club circuit, especially on the Spanish island of Ibiza. He has maintained residency on there every summer since 2000.

Sanchez has scored numerous hits in the European and World Charts with both his own music and the remixes he has created for an array of superstars including Diana Ross, Kylie Minogue, Daft Punk, Madonna, The Police, No Doubt and Maroon 5. In 2003, he won his first Grammy Award for Best Remixed Recording for his remix of No Doubt's "Hella Good". He hosts a weekly terrestrial and online radio show called Release Yourself, with 15 million listeners worldwide. Along with the radio show, Sanchez hosts a bi-weekly podcast, distributed internationally. In 2007 the podcast was awarded the first-ever Best Podcast Award at the International Dance Music Awards (IDMA). On December 21, 2020, the podcast aired its 1000th episode.

On October 28, 2009, DJ Magazine announced the results of their annual Top 100 DJ Poll, with Ultra Records Sanchez placed at number 60.

He is also the founder of his own label in 2002, Stealth Records. Yearly, Sanchez curates a series of compilation albums called Release Yourself, which are known for their blend of deep house, Latin, tribal and tech sounds.

In 2018, Sanchez created an educational masterclass to teach aspiring DJs.

Other releases

 * Secret Weapons Volume 1 (1994)
 * Secret Weapons Volume 2 (1995)
 * Best of The Times (2007) w/ Todd Terry
 * Release Yourself – 10th Anniversary Edition (2010)

Selected remixes

 * Michael Jackson – "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough" (1992)
 * Michael Jackson – "Jam"
 * Tom Tom Club – "Sunshine & Ecstasy" (1992)
 * Kenny "Dope" González Presents Axxis – "All I'm Askin'" (1992)
 * Lisa Stansfield – "So Natural" (1993)
 * M People – "Renaissance" (1994)
 * Janet Jackson and Luther Vandross – "The Best Things in Life Are Free" (1995)
 * Definition of Sound – "Pass the Vibes" (1995)
 * Janet Jackson – "Love Will Never Do (Without You)" (1996)
 * Jamiroquai – "High Times" (1997)
 * Michael Jackson – "Dangerous" (1997)
 * Jamiroquai – "Deeper Underground" (1998)
 * Daft Punk – "Revolution 909" (1998)
 * Lenny Kravitz – "Black Velveteen" (1999)
 * Wamdue Project – "King of My Castle" (1999)
 * Garbage – "Cherry Lips" (2001)
 * Alicia Keys – "Butterflyz" (2002)
 * Anastacia – "Paid My Dues" (2002)
 * Kylie Minogue – "In Your Eyes" (2002)
 * No Doubt – "Hella Good" (2002)
 * Texas – "I'll See It Through" (2003)
 * Cirque Du Soleil — "Kumbalawé" (2005)
 * Madonna – "Get Together" (2006)
 * Robyn – "Be Mine!" (2007)
 * Depeche Mode – "Perfect" (2009)
 * Sérgio Mendes – "Pais Tropical" (2010)
 * OneRepublic – "Secrets" (2010)
 * Maroon 5 – "Give a Little More" (2010)
 * Brandon Flowers – "Only The Young" (2010)
 * Miguel Bosé – "Cardio" (2010)
 * Robbie Williams – "Last Days of Disco" (2010)
 * Seether – "Dragon in Me (Desire for Need)" (2014)
 * Nicky Romero and Nile Rodgers – "Future Funk" (as S-Man) (2016)
 * Fiorious - "Follow Me" (2020)

Credentials

 * Featured in Hang the DJ by Marco & Mauro La Villa
 * Cannes Film Festival, France

DJ rankings
The DJ List ranking

The DJ List has approximately 1 million members who rate DJs in different EDM genres, these are the statistics for The DJ List as of November 6, 2015.

Top Deejays ranking

Topdeejays is a global DJ database founded and operated by FM Agencija it uses an algorithm that measures general social media influence of a DJ by combining their Facebook, Twitter, Google Plus, SoundCloud, MySpace, Last.fm and YouTube fans, subscribers and followers TDJ calculates and applies TDJ points to in order rank artists global, national and by genre influence. These are the statistics for topdeejays as of November 6, 2015.

DJ Rankings The Official Global DJ Rankings is calculated according to an advanced algorithm, compiled to give an accurate, independent and fair ranking of all DJs it considers the following criteria DJ earnings.Media presence, Chart data from music releases and remixes, Airplay data from radio stations. Public data about royalties collected from copyright associations, Followers on major social networks, such as Facebook, Twitter etc. and Polling and rating data from various polling agencies and rating sites, such as dj-rating.com and djmag.com.

title: Roger Sanchez


text:
HMS Egret

Two ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name Egret, after the bird, the Egret:

 * HMT Egret (1918) was a trawler hired between 1918 and 1919.
 * HMS Egret (L75) was an Egret-class sloop sloop launched in 1938 and sunk in 1943.

title: HMS Egret