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Athenaeum (band)

Athenaeum was an alternative pop rock four-piece band from Greensboro, North Carolina, US, formed in 1990 at an eighth grade dance by Nic Brown and Mark Kano.

Overview
Classmates Mark Kano and Nic Brown formed the band, Athenaeum, in highschool. After several personnel changes, vocalist/guitarist Kano and drummer Brown with bassist Alex McKinney and lead guitarist Grey Brewster the band home-recorded demos in 1994, The Unofficial Demo, and later a self-titled eight-song EP in 1995, widely known as Green Album. Selling approximately 10,000 copies, Green Album was self-released and self-distributed, soon distributed by Redeye Distribution.

In 1996 the band was signed by Atlantic Records, releasing their major label debut, Radiance, in 1998. The first single, "What I Didn't Know", was a minor hit in the United States. The song "Flat Tire" from Radiance was a hit and enjoyed wide radio airplay in the Philippines, particularly the radio station NU 107. Though it didn't appear on the film's soundtrack, the song "Un-noticed" was briefly featured in the MTV Films feature Varsity Blues (1999). During the recording phase for their next album, Brown left the band to attend Columbia University. He was replaced by Jeremy Vogt, who performed with the likes of Tonic and The Connells. Brewster also dissolved his membership with the group and was replaced by Mike Garrigan, the lead singer and songwriter of Collapsis.

This new line-up played their first show March 31, 2001, at Ziggy's in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The new set included Garrigan's Collapsis anthem, "October". Athenaeum's second major label album, Athenaeum, (originally titled Plurabelle until weeks before its official release), was released September 18, 2001; however, it received little promotion in the wake of the September 11, 2001, attacks.

Eventually dropped by Atlantic Records, the band toured independently for an additional three years and released their final record, Hourglass, a collection of rare outtakes & demos, before performing their last show December 28, 2004, at Ziggy's in Winston-Salem, North Carolina.

Kano and Garrigan subsequently formed the band mg4 with McKinney and Vogt, releasing an EP Gravity Affects Me in mid-2004. Garrigan has since stepped back into his solo career and production work.

Brown went on to record and perform with bands/artists such as Ben Lee, Longwave, Skeleton Key, Eszter Balint, and Claire Holley. He has also published three novels, 'In Every Way' (2015), 'Floodmarkers' (2009), and 'Doubles' (2010), and is now an English professor at Clemson University.

Brewster went on to form a local Greensboro, cover band, playing for several years before he finally settled in Charlotte, North Carolina, to begin work as a singer-songwriter and session musician.

In February 2009, Kano released a solo album, Walking on Broadway, produced and engineered by Garrigan. Gavin MacKillop, who also produced Athenaeum's releases on Atlantic Records, did the mixing for the album.

Discography
Studio albums
 * Radiance (April 7, 1998) Billboard Heatseekers peak No. 46
 * Athenaeum (September 18, 2001) (often referred to as "The Blue Album")

Extended plays
 * Athenaeum (EP) (1995) (widely known as The Green Album and The Green CD)

Compilation albums
 * Hourglass (July 30, 2002) (a collection of outtakes and rarities)

Singles
 * "What I Didn't Know" (1998) from Radiance. Billboard Hot 100 peak No. 58
 * "Flat Tire" from Radiance.
 * "Unnoticed" from Radiance.
 * "Comfort" from Athenaeum.

Guest contributions
 * "Comfort" – Live in the X Lounge IV (2001)
 * "Forever and Ever, Amen" (Randy Travis cover) – Songs for Sixty Five Roses (2006)

Personnel

 * Nic Brown – drums 1990–2001
 * Mark Kano – vocals, guitar, songwriting 1990–2010
 * Grey Brewster – lead guitar 1996–2001
 * Mike Garrigan – lead guitar 2001–2004
 * Alex McKinney – bass 1990–2002
 * Jeremy Vogt – drums 2001–2004
 * Mike Mitschele – bass 2001–2004
 * Cullen Strawn – lead guitar 1994–1996

title: Athenaeum (band)


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Ostoja coat of arms

Ostoja is a Polish coat of arms that probably originated from Sarmatian Tamga and refer to Royal Sarmatians using Draco standard. Following the end of the Roman Empire, in the Middle Ages it was used by Ostoja family in Lesser Poland and later also in Kujavia, Mazowsze and Greater Poland. It is a coat of arms of noble families that fought in the same military unit using battle cry Hostoja or Ostoja, and that applied their ancient heritage on the coat of arms, forming a Clan of knights. Later, when the Clan expanded their territory to Pomerania, Prussia, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania they also adopted a few noble families of Ruthenian origin that in 14-15th century settled down in Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine, finally turning into the Clan of Ostoja. As different lines of the clan formed surnames after their properties and adding the adoptions, Ostoja was also recognized as CoA of several families that was not necessary connected to the original Clan, forming Heraldic clan.

History and notable members

Blazon
Original version: the coat of arms of the medieval version differed significantly from the generalized form in later times. The following reconstruction appearance comes from Josef Szymanski: ''Gules, between an increscent and a decrescent a cross in pale point downwards, all Or. On a helmet a dragon Sable, exhaling fire Gules, on two crescents pointing up, Or. Mantling Sable, lined Or''

Modern version from the 17th century replaced a cross between crescents with the sword in pale point downwards. On a crowned helmet, five ostrich feathers.

The last image is of the seal of Dobieslaw de Koszyce from 1381 that is identical to an early sign found on the entry of the church in Wysocice of Nicolaus Ostoja de Sciborzyce (Lesser Poland) from about 1232.

Imaginary Ostoja coat of arms
Those coat of arms as below are of noble families and linked en masse to Ostoja simply because the moon or the sword in the shield. The list of imaginary Ostoja coats of arms might be longer than here presented. There are also Russian families that were ennobled and given the coat of arms that also looked like Ostoja during the partition time and that some call Ostoja. It is also possible that coats of arms were painted with error during the nobility verification process in the time of partition.

Families that are members of the Clan of Ostoja:

Below, CoA from the left: Błyszczanowicz - ancient family noted in 1497, error in 1806 by Russian authorities in Kiev that painted the coat of arms in the wrong way. Miklaszewski – this family was adopted to the Clan of Ostoja in 1569 when the family received nobility. Supposed to sign original Ostoja coat of arms. Third from the left is Ochocki coat of arms that received nobility in 1683 and was adopted to the Clan of Ostoja and sign modern version of Ostoja with sword instead of a cross. Fourth from the left, Gawłowski family of ancient origin and with a coat of arms that is simple error of foreign authorities, supposed to be original version of Ostoja. Strzałkowski (Strzałka) family is of ancient origin, also here the coat of arms is modified during partition of the Commonwealth but here most probably family helped authorities to change their original coat of arms. Purpose or reason of that is not known. Finally the coat of arms of Nagorski family that received nobility in 1590 and was adopted to the Clan of Ostoja. Note that there is another family of Nagorski of Ostoja of ancient origin but it is almost impossible now to separate those families from each other.

von Finkenstein coat of arms
Finally, below is the coat of arms of ancient German family von Finkenstein, also written as Fink von Finkenstein referring to the family of Fink that is noted in German records already in the 13th century. This family moved at that time to the land occupied by Teutonic Knights. In time this family became prominent.

It is not known who decided to call this coat of arms Ostoja Pruska but it is a significant example of breaking every possible heraldic rule in the name of Polish clan tradition where clan members used same coat of arms. It seems that this coat of arms was added to Ostoja almost by force. There are two families that where part of the Clan of Ostoja in the 14th century according to the records of Teutonic Knights, they lived in Pomerania and that have been given this coat of arms by all publications - the families of Lniski and Skrzyszewski vel Skrzeszewski. Here it is notable that the Skrzyszewski vel Skrzeszewski line in the 18th century suddenly changed their name to Lniski. It is not known if there is any blood relation between those families around the 14th century.

It is presumed that both families with roots dating back to the 14th century used the original Ostoja coat of arms and just because this family lived in Pomerania or Prussia, they have been given the coat of arms of the Finck family and called it "Ostoja Pruska".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ostoja coat of arms


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Auerbach (Vogtland)

Auerbach is a town in the Vogtlandkreis, Saxony, Germany. It is the regional centre of the eastern Vogtland. The economy is mainly based on textile manufacturing, food processing and machine industry. After Plauen and Reichenbach, Auerbach is the third most populous town in the Vogtlandkreis.

Auerbach was mentioned for the first time in 1282. The town is situated at the declivities above the river Göltzsch at the foot of a castle tower from the 12th century. Landmarks include the towers of the St. Laurentius church, the Catholic Zum Heiligen Kreuz church and the 43.9 m tower of the castle. The three tall buildings give Auerbach its nickname “the Three Towers Town”.

Demographics
Historical population (from 1960, as on 31 December):

Data source from 1998: Saxon State Statistical Office 1 29 October 2 31 August

title: Auerbach (Vogtland)


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Messenian Wars

Messenian Wars refers to the wars between Messenia and Sparta in the 8th and 7th centuries BC as well as the 4th century BC.

 * First Messenian War
 * Second Messenian War
 * Third Messenian War

title: Messenian Wars


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1911 in rail transport

January

 * January 22 – The Southern Railway introduces the Carolina Special between Cincinnati, Ohio and Charleston, South Carolina.
 * January 23 – The Pontypridd railway accident in South Wales kills 11 people.

April

 * April 22 – A passenger train from Port Alfred to Grahamstown in South Africa derails on the Blaauwkrantz Bridge and plunges into the ravine 200 ft below, killing 31 and seriously injuring 23.

May

 * May 1 – Chūō Main Line, Nagoya to Shiojiri route officially completed, as same time, Nagoya  to Nagano route direct passenger train service start in Japan.
 * May 12 – Electric trains begin work between London Victoria station and Crystal Palace.
 * May 28 – The Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad ("Milwaukee Road") introduces the Olympian and Columbian passenger trains between Chicago and the Pacific Northwest. They are the first all-steel trains to operate in the Pacific Northwest.

June

 * June 30 – First Great Western Railway 4300 Class 2-6-0 locomotive is turned out of its Swindon Works, England. The class, designed by George Jackson Churchward, will comprise 342 members and see overseas service during World War I.

July

 * July 10 – Six construction workers die in an accident while working on the Western Maryland Railway's Salisbury Viaduct.
 * July 11 – The Tinnos Line in Norway takes electric traction into use.
 * July 25 – Canadian Northern Railway (CNOR) purchases the right-of-way and assets of the defunct Carillon and Grenville Railway, the last broad gauge railroad (at ) in North America, to become part of CNOR's Montreal-Ottawa mainline.

August

 * August 17–21 – First national railway strike in the United Kingdom.

September

 * September 1 – In what is called the "Great Merger", the Southern Pacific creates a new Pacific Electric Railway Company from several constituent railroads: the original "old" PE owned by Henry E. Huntington, The Los Angeles Inter-Urban Railway, The Los Angeles Pacific Railway, The Los Angeles and Redondo Railway, The San Bernardino Valley Traction Company, The San Bernardino Interurban, The Redlands Central, The Riverside and Arlington. Following these acquisitions, PE becomes the largest operator of interurban electric railway passenger service in the world, with 2,160 daily trains over 1000 mi of track.
 * September 26 – Construction of the Usambara Railway in German East Africa reaches Moshi at Mount Kilimanjaro.
 * September – First Great Central Railway Class 8K 2-8-0 freight locomotive, No. 966, is turned out of its Gorton locomotive works, England. The class, designed by John G. Robinson, will exceed 650 in total and see overseas service during World War I.

October

 * October – Southern Railway 4501 is built by Baldwin Locomotive Works (serial number 37085).
 * October 1
 * Hudson and Manhattan Railroad trains make their first station stops at the Pennsylvania Railroad's Manhattan Transfer station in New York City.
 * Nigel Gresley (later Sir Nigel) becomes Locomotive Engineer, Great Northern Railway.
 * Meitetsu Seto Line, Owari Seto to Horikawa of Nagoya route starts official regular operational service in Aichi Prefecture, Japan; it extends to Sakaemachi in 1978.
 * October 4 – Regular operations over the entire Usambara Railway between Tanga and Moshi in German East Africa begins.
 * October 5 – Kowloon Canton Railway opens throughout.

November

 * November 20 – Western Maryland Railway breaks ground for the station in Meyersdale, Pennsylvania.
 * November 30 – The Rjukan Line in Norway takes electric traction into use.

December

 * December 12 – Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway inaugurates its first extra-fare named passenger train, the Santa Fe De Luxe between Chicago, Illinois, and Los Angeles, California.
 * December 24 – The Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad opens the Lackawanna Cut-Off, a 28-mile low-grade line from Lake Hopatcong to the Delaware River. Built primarily to transport anthracite coal from Pennsylvania to New York, the line also serves dozens of resort hotels in the Pocono Mountains. Trains on this line routinely approach speeds of 100 miles an hour. It remains in service until 1979, being subsequently owned by the State of New Jersey. The Paulinskill Viaduct on the route is the world's largest reinforced concrete structure when completed in 1910 under the supervision of Lincoln Bush, the road's chief engineer.
 * December 29 – Sudan Government Railways open to El Obeid.
 * December – The Eritrean Railway (950 mm gauge) opens throughout from Massawa to Asmara, using Mallet locomotives.

Unknown date

 * Chesapeake and Ohio Railway introduces the first 4-8-2 steam locomotives in the United States (built by the American Locomotive Company) onto its Mountain section.
 * Rhaetian Railway Ge 2/2 electric locomotives introduced; they will still be in service on the line more than a century later.
 * Penn Station in Baltimore, Maryland opens.
 * William Sproule succeeds Robert S. Lovett as president of the Southern Pacific Company, parent company of the Southern Pacific Railroad.
 * Laurel Race Track station opens in Laurel, Maryland.
 * The Manila Railroad Company opens the Manila a Baguio Especial, later the Baguio Special. Oriented towards luxury travelers heading for Baguio, it is the first express train in the Philippines and is the railroad's flagship service at this time.

March deaths

 * March 18 – David Moffat, Colorado financier and head of nine railroads (b. 1839)
 * March 30 – Thomas Whitelegg, locomotive superintendent for London, Tilbury and Southend Railway 1880–1910 (b. 1863)

September deaths

 * September 12 – John Souther, founder of Globe Locomotive Works in Boston, Massachusetts (b. 1816)

title: 1911 in rail transport


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John Hazen

John Hazen may refer to:

 * John Douglas Hazen, politician in New Brunswick, Canada
 * John Hazen (basketball), American basketball player

title: John Hazen


text:
James Palmer

James Palmer may refer to:

Politicians

 * James Palmer (British politician, born 1969), former mayor of the Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Combined Authority
 * James Palmer (1585–1658), member of parliament for Canterbury, Chancellor of the Order of the Garter
 * Herbert James Palmer (1851–1939), Canadian politician
 * Sir James Frederick Palmer (1803–1871), Australian politician
 * James Dampier Palmer (1851–1899), British politician
 * James George Palmer (1875–1952), American politician
 * James Bardin Palmer (died 1833), Irish-born land agent, lawyer and politician in Prince Edward Island

Sportspeople

 * James Palmer Jr. (born 1996), American professional basketball player for the Cleveland Charge
 * Jim Palmer (born 1945), member of the Baseball Hall of Fame
 * Jim Palmer (basketball) (1933–2013), American professional basketball player
 * Jimmy Palmer (footballer) (1877–1947), Australian rules footballer for Geelong
 * Jamie Palmer (born 1985), British footballer
 * James Palmer (cyclist) (born 1994), Canadian BMX cyclist

Characters

 * Jimmy Palmer, NCIS character
 * James Palmer, character in Goodbye World

Others

 * James A. Palmer (1825–1896), Irish-American photographer
 * James Shedden Palmer (1810–1867), American admiral and U.S. Navy officer during the American Civil War
 * James Palmer (priest) (died 1660), priest and philanthropist
 * James Palmer (bishop) (1869–1954), British Anglican bishop; Bishop in Bombay

title: James Palmer


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Reaction coordinate

In chemistry, a reaction coordinate is an abstract one-dimensional coordinate chosen to represent progress along a reaction pathway. Where possible it is usually a geometric parameter that changes during the conversion of one or more molecular entities, such as bond length or bond angle. For example, in the homolytic dissociation of molecular hydrogen, an apt choice would be the coordinate corresponding to the bond length. Non-geometric parameters such as bond order are also used, but such direct representation of the reaction process can be difficult, especially for more complex reactions.

In computer simulations collective variables are employed for a target-oriented sampling approach. Plain simulations fail to capture so called rare events, because they are not feasible to occur in realistic computation times. This often stems from to high energy barriers separating the reactants from products, or any two states of interest. A collective variable is as the name states only a set, a collection, of individual variables (xi) contracted into one:

$CV = A\{x_{i}\}$,

with A a transformation matrix. The collective variables reduce many variables to a lower-dimensional set of variables, that still describe the crucial characteristics of the system. Many collective variables than span the reaction coordinate with a continuous function $ξ$:

$ξ(t) = ξ\{CV_{i}(t)\} with j ∈ N$.

An example is the complexation of two molecules. The distance between both of them is the collective variable, where the atomic positions are the individual variables xi and the reaction coordinate $ξ$ would be the full path of association and dissociation. By applying a bias to the collective variables the simulation can be 'steered' towards the desired destination. These kind of simulations are called enhanced simulations. Special collective variables that help to distinguish reactants from products are also known as order parameters, terminology that originates in work on phase transitions. Reaction coordinates are special order parameters that describe the entire pathway from reactants through transition states and on to products. Depending on the application, reaction coordinates may be defined by using chemically intuitive variables like bond lengths, or splitting probabilities (also called committors), or using the eigenfunction corresponding to the reactant-to-product transition as a progress coordinate.

A reaction coordinate parameterizes reaction process at the level of the molecular entities involved. It differs from extent of reaction, which measures reaction progress in terms of the composition of the reaction system.

(Free) energy is often plotted against reaction coordinate(s) to demonstrate in schematic form the potential energy profile (an intersection of a potential energy surface) associated with the reaction.

In the formalism of transition-state theory the reaction coordinate for each reaction step is one of a set of curvilinear coordinates obtained from the conventional coordinates for the reactants, and leads smoothly among configurations, from reactants to products via the transition state. It is typically chosen to follow the path defined by potential energy gradient – shallowest ascent/steepest descent – from reactants to products.

title: Reaction coordinate


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1918 in rail transport

January events

 * January 19 - The Little Salkeld rail accident in England kills 7 people.

February events

 * February 3 – Twin Peaks Tunnel in San Francisco, California, the longest (11920 ft) streetcar tunnel in the world, opens.
 * February 11 – The roof of the Portland–Lewiston Interurban carbarn in Gray, Maine, collapses under heavy snow.

March events

 * March 19 – The United States Congress adopts Standard or "Railroad" time, in use since 1884, as the national standard.
 * March 21 – The Railroad Control Act becomes law in the United States, guaranteeing the return to private ownership and administration of America's railroads from the USRA at the end of World War I.
 * March 26 – The Council of the People's Commissars in Russia issues a decree "for the centralization of control, the protection of railroads and increase in their capacity."

June events

 * June 22 – Hammond Circus Train Wreck, Hammond, Indiana, United States: The engineer of a troop train operating on the Michigan Central Railroad falls asleep while the train is in motion; he misses several signals and runs his train into the rear of a stopped circus train. Several of the passenger cars are completely destroyed in the collision and catch fire; 86 people die and 127 others are injured in the accident.

July events

 * July 9 – Great train wreck of 1918, Nashville, Tennessee, United States: two Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway trains collide head-on. 101 killed, 171 injured; deadliest train accident in United States history.
 * July 10 – The Denver and Interurban Railroad, in Colorado ceases all operations; passenger service is replaced with buses.
 * July 15 – Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway opens a new station in San Bernardino, California, to replace the former California Southern Railroad station that was destroyed by fire in 1916.

August events

 * August 10 – Following its second bankruptcy, the Colorado Midland Railway ceases operations, the largest single United States railroad abandonment to this date.
 * August 16 – Grand Trunk Railway's freight sheds in Ottawa are destroyed by fire; the loss is estimated at $85,000.

September events

 * September 6 – The Canadian Northern Railway is nationalized, later to become part of Canadian National Railway.

October events

 * October 1 – The Getå Railroad Disaster in Getå, Östergötland, Sweden, kills 41 passengers and the fireman and injures 41 people. It is to date the worst railroad accident in Swedish history.
 * October 21 – Canadian Northern Railway opens the Mount Royal Tunnel for regular traffic between Montreal and Toronto.

November events

 * November 1 – The Malbone Street Wreck occurs on the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT) in New York City when an inexperienced motorman (pressed into service due to a strike by the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers) drives one of the system's subway trains too quickly into a curve, derailing the train in a tunnel and killing 97 and injuring over 100.
 * November 11 – The Armistice with Germany is signed between 5:12 AM and 5:20 AM in the "Compiègne Wagon", Marshal Foch’s railway carriage, CIWL #2419, in Compiègne Forest bringing an end to World War I.
 * November 15 – Independent Estonian national railway company is established on the basis of Looderaudtee (North-Western Railway), Esimese Juurdeveoteede Selts (First Association of Approach Tracks) and military and other railway lines.
 * November 20 – The Government of Canada takes over control of the Canadian Northern Railway, appoints a new board of directors and places the management of the Canadian Government Railways under the new board's control.

December events

 * December 20 – The name "Canadian National Railways" is authorized for use to refer to the collection of railway companies forming Canada's national rail system.

Unknown date events

 * Narrow gauge Catskill Mountain Railway, Otis Elevating Railway, and Catskill and Tannersville Railway end passenger service to the Catskill Mountain House destination resort.
 * Julius Kruttschnitt succeeds William Sproule as president of the Southern Pacific Company, parent company of the Southern Pacific Railroad.
 * Sir Edward Wentworth Beatty succeeds Thomas George Shaughnessy as president of Canadian Pacific Railway.
 * The provincial government of British Columbia, Canada, agrees to take over control of Pacific Great Eastern Railway.

April deaths

 * April 13 – Thomas Fremantle, director for London, Brighton and South Coast Railway beginning in 1868 and chairman of same 1896-1908, dies (b. 1830).

November deaths

 * November 7 – Albert Alonzo Robinson, vice president and general manager of Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (born 1844).

title: 1918 in rail transport


text:
1920 in rail transport

January events

 * January 28 – Groundbreaking commences to begin construction of the Cincinnati Subway.

March events

 * March 1 – Control of American railroads is returned to private ownership and administration with the disbandment of the USRA.
 * March 18 – Fruit Growers Express (FGE) is incorporated in the United States.

April events

 * April 1 – Deutsche Reichseisenbahnen merges the German state railways.

May events

 * May 15 – The Ministry of Railways of Japan is established.

June events

 * June 13 – Baltimore and Ohio Railroad inaugurates passenger service to Detroit's Fort Street Union Depot as the first passenger train departs for Washington, DC.

July events

 * July 5 – Portland–Lewiston Interurban carries its heaviest passenger load with trains to the Maine Statehood Centennial Exposition.

October events

 * October 1 – Palestine Railways established to manage lines within British Mandatory Palestine, including the Jezreel Valley railway.

November events

 * November – H. P. M. Beames succeeds Charles Bowen-Cooke as Chief Mechanical Engineer of the London and North Western Railway.
 * November 20 – Work begins on the State Railway of Thailand to convert all track to meter gauge.

December events

 * December 23 – The Kirkenes–Bjørnevatn Line in Norway takes electric traction into use.

Unknown date events

 * William Sproule succeeds Julius Kruttschnitt as president of the Southern Pacific Company, parent company of the Southern Pacific Railroad. This is Sproule's second term as president.
 * Government of India accepts recommendation of Sir William Acworth's East India Railway Committee that the government should take over management of the country's railways.
 * Partition of the Ottoman Empire leads to abandonment of the Hejaz railway.

April births

 * April 16 – Alan Pegler, British railway preservationist (died 2012).
 * April 17 – James B. McCahey, Jr., president of Chicago South Shore and South Bend Railroad (died 1998).

July deaths

 * July 22 – William Kissam Vanderbilt, heir to Cornelius Vanderbilt and president of the New York Central system (born 1849).

October deaths

 * October 18 – Charles Bowen-Cooke, Chief Mechanical Engineer of the London and North Western Railway 1909–1920 (born 1859).

November deaths

 * November 17 – T. Jefferson Coolidge, president of Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway 1880–1881 (born 1831).

December deaths

 * December 1 – Edward Ponsonby, 8th Earl of Bessborough, director of London, Brighton and South Coast Railway from 1895 and chairman of same from 1908 (born 1851).

title: 1920 in rail transport


text: Template:Survivor

title: Template:Survivor


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Dandeny Muñoz Mosquera

Dandeny Muñoz Mosquera (born August 27, 1965), also known as "La Quica" (Colombian slang for "the fat girl", a childhood nickname), is a former sicario for the Colombian Medellín Cartel, a prominent drug trafficking enterprise in Colombia in the late 1980s and early 1990s. He was described at one point as the "chief assassin" for the Cartel's leader Pablo Escobar.

He was believed to be responsible for the deaths of an unknown number of people with official estimates ranging in the hundreds. US authorities currently link him to the deaths of more than 220 people, having supposedly murdered members of both his own organization the Medellín Cartel and the rival Cali Cartel, as well as police officers and government officials. Colombian authorities connect him to the deaths of more than 40 police officers.

Arrested in 1991, he is serving multiple life sentences in a US prison. He was the first person ever to be convicted under a 1956 federal law that made bombing a civilian aircraft a crime and the 1986 terrorism statute that allows the trial of foreign citizens in the United States if at least one victim was an American citizen. Among his convicted crimes is the 1989 bombing of Avianca Flight 203, which killed 110 civilians.

Early life
Born in Medellin, Muñoz Mosquera's father was a police officer and his mother an evangelist. He was raised in the church. He is believed to have joined the Medellín Cartel in 1978 at the age of twelve after being drawn into the gang by his brother Brance (also known as Tyson due to his resemblance to boxer Mike Tyson) before becoming a gunman in his teens. He was given the nickname "La Quica" (Colombian slang for "the fat girl" ) from a young age due to his resemblance to his great-aunt. He rose to become one of Pablo Escobar's highest ranking enforcers. However, Muñoz Mosquera has claimed that he joined the Colombian army as a teenager before leaving in 1986 and was jailed on "three or four" occasions on minor theft charges.

In 1991, he was arrested and convicted of being one of the main conspirators in the assassination of New Liberalism founder Luis Carlos Galán, a candidate in the Colombian presidential election set to be held in May 1990. Galán was murdered by an unknown gunman as he took the stage at a political rally to deliver a campaign speech in Soacha. He was jailed in the capital city, Bogotá, but escaped in April 1991 after paying more than $500,000 in bribes, the second time he had escaped from a Colombian prison.

He was wanted in connection with the murder of over 40 police officers in Colombia after Pablo Escobar began offering a $4000 reward for the murder of any officer in Medellín. Colombian authorities also believe that he was directly involved in the bombing at the headquarters of the Administrative Department of Security in December 1989 and a rocket attack on the US Embassy. He was also believed to run a training camp for teenage potential sicarios (hitmen) for the Cartel. He has two children.

US arrest and subsequent legal actions
In September 1991, Muñoz Mosquera travelled to the United States, landing in Miami before travelling to Los Angeles and New York. After federal agents received a tipoff from Colombia, on September 25, 1991, Muñoz Mosquera was arrested along with two other men while using a payphone in the Jackson Heights area of Queens, New York, for traveling with a fake passport. Officials stated that none of the men were armed and offered no resistance when challenged by officers. Muñoz Mosquera initially lied to agents, stating his name as Esteban Restrepo-Echavarria, before his identity was confirmed by fingerprint records provided by Colombian officials. He was presumed to have travelled to the United States on an assassination mission and was held without bail as a result. One of his suspected targets was believed to be Max Mermelstein, a former drug smuggler who had worked for Escobar but had entered witness protection and was expected to implicate Escobar in the murder of Barry Seal.

He was convicted one month later of lying to a federal officer and possessing a fake passport and sentenced to the maximum term of six years in jail. While he was in jail, federal prosecutors claimed that he was a major player in the Medellín Cartel and was responsible for the bombing of Avianca Flight 203 on the orders of Pablo Escobar. On 27 November 1989, the flight took off from El Dorado International Airport in Bogotá bound for Alfonso Bonilla Aragón International Airport in Cali but exploded in mid air minutes after takeoff, killing all 101 passengers and 6 crew members. Although the bombing had occurred in Colombia, he was eligible to be tried by the United States as two passengers on the flight, Carlos Andres Escobí and Astrid del Pilar Gómez, were American citizens.

Muñoz Mosquera was charged with "conspiracy to import and distribute cocaine, substantive importation of cocaine, participating and conspiring to participate in a racketeering enterprise, engaging in a continuing criminal enterprise, various offenses relating to the bombing of a civilian airliner and the extraterritorial murder of two citizens of the United States". His first trial in 1994 lasted two months but was declared a mistrial after the jury were unable to reach a verdict. In his second trial, in the same year, he was convicted on all thirteen counts and sentenced to 10 life sentences plus 45 years in United States Penitentiary, Marion, all to be served consecutively. He became the first person ever to be convicted under a 1956 Federal law that made bombing a civilian aircraft a crime and the 1986 terrorism statute that allows the trial of foreign citizens in the United States if at least one victim was an American citizen. Before sentencing, Judge Sterling Johnson Jr. commented "Not only are you an evil man, but the things you did, you enjoyed doing." Johnson also stated his belief that Muñoz Mosquera was fortunate that the prosecution had not sought the death penalty as "these acts cry out for the death penalty." Following his conviction, he became one of the first inmates housed at ADX Florence, a supermax prison in Colorado. He is currently incarcerated at United States Penitentiary, Lee, in Virginia.

While Muñoz Mosquera was convicted of the Avianca bombing, his involvement in the bombing was questioned by Colombian Attorney General Gustavo de Greiff, who sent a letter to Judge Sterling Johnson before the final trial, stating:

"I felt necessary to inform you ... with the intention to avoid the miscarriage of justice in the case you have in your hands. We have no evidence linking Mr. Muñoz Mosquera to that attack."

De Greiff was accused by United States officials of being involved financially in the cocaine trade.

The Colombian government initially suspected Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha a.k.a. "The Mexican". Carlos Mario Alzate had also been blamed for the bombing and had confessed to the crime before Muñoz Mosquera was put on trial.

Many witnesses testified in court about Muñoz Mosquera's brutal acts as a high-ranking member of the Medellín cartel. Many of those witnesses were convicted felons with links to the Medellín and Cali Cartels. Muñoz Mosquera claims that he did not recognize the prosecution's witnesses, and his defense hinged on the insistence that he was a small-time thief and not even a sicario (contract killer), let alone Escobar's chief assassin. He did not deny that his brother Brance, known as "Tyson", later shot dead by Colombian forces, was involved in the Cartel (some, such as the anonymous informant whose tip led to Tyson's death, have claimed was the Medellín "Chief of Security").

In popular culture

 * In the original Netflix series Narcos, Muñoz Mosquera is portrayed by Mexican actor Diego Cataño.
 * Rapper Nicki Minaj mentions "La Quica" in her 2016 hit "Black Barbies".
 * In the 2012 Colombian television series Escobar, El Patrón del Mal, Manuel Viveros portrays the character of Daniel Muñoz 'Quico'.

title: Dandeny Muñoz Mosquera


text:
Talk:Mary Elizabeth Lease

Temperance and Suffrage Support
The claim in the intro that she supported both temperance and woman's suffrage needs a citation. Richard White in The Republic for Which it Stands: The United States During Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, 1865-1896 states the following on page 748 of the paperback edition:

"Mary Elizabeth Lease of Kansas -- 'Queen Mary of the Alliance' and perhaps its leading orator -- denounced demands for prohibition and women's suffrage as absurd. The key was economic reform."

White cites Charles Postel's The Populist Vision where he writes on page 95:

"Mary Elizabeth Lease, the 'Queen Mary of the Alliance,' left St. Louis ridiculing the demands for prohibition and suffrage as 'absurd' when compared to the economic reforms needed by the farmers. Lease would later earn a reputation for erratic and vindictive positions. But on this point she shared ground with those who believed that suffrage and politics were secondary to the economics of women's liberation."

This doesn't preclude her endorsing the policies but everything I've seen has put her as someone who was not a vocal advocate of either policy. Jleberle (talk) 00:58, 15 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mary Elizabeth Lease


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Electroactive polymers

Electroactive polymers
That page is a direct rip from an external site: http://www.azom.com/details.asp?ArticleID=885

--Cluster 00:36, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Sending to copyright problems. - RedWordSmith 00:48, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)


text: File:Matchbox Twenty - Yourself or Someone Like You.jpg


text:
Talk:St Joseph's College, Hunters Hill

List of Headmasters
What happened during the period 1968-70? No headmaster during that period? If so, then surely a Deputy would have been in charge? In any case, there ought to be an explanation in the article's text. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.168.141.14 (talk) 11:48, 3 April 2014 (UTC)
 * It's empty because as for the period 1894 to 1955 I didn't have the detail. I had hoped by now that a current student would have filled it in. I seem to recall there's an honour roll on display at the College somewhere. - Sticks  66  13:13, 3 October 2014 (UTC)

vfd link
This article was proposed for deletion Feb. 2005. Votes for deletion/St. Joseph's College, Hunters Hill Joyous 20:51, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)

How about John O'Neill?
Did someone forget that John O'Neill, the former Rugby Union CEO responsible for the running operation of The 2003 Rugby Union World Cup held in Australia, is another example of an Old Boy (former student)? John O'Neill is the current Football Federation of Australia's um... Chief Executive!

Just to add that point out. There are many people, but this man was responsible for much of the work, in recent times, for Rugby, and now currently Soccer... —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 213.202.130.35 (talk • contribs) 00:08, 16 October 2005.

Headings
I was just wondering why the major sub-headings are the size of the article heading: i propose that every sub heading should be one size smaller - and will endeavour to edit the article in this fashion right now. Rcm 10:29, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

Photograph
The Image:JoeysHH1930s.jpg doesn't look much like Joey's main building and the landscaping bears no resemblance to the terrain around the school. I assert that this photo is not of Joey's in spite of the contributor getting it from the State Library archive. I will remove if anyone agrees with me -Sticks66 (talk) 11:56, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

If you are sure that it's not of Joey's then I support its removal. Loopla (talk) 01:31, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

The photo is of Kincoppal-Rose Bay, School of the Sacred Heart, Sydney and so I will remove it. Many images in the Sam Hood archive are incorrectly captioned. I won't move it to Kincoppal due to the confusion with the Library caption but hopefully Loopla will know what to do about this. Castlemate (talk) 02:48, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

Pending changes
This article is one of a number selected for the early stage of the trial of the Pending Changes system on the English language Wikipedia. All the articles listed at Pending changes/Queue  are being considered for level 1 pending changes protection.

The following request appears on that page:

Comments on the suitability of theis page for "Pending changes" would be appreciated.

Please update the Queue page as appropriate.

Note that I am not involved in this project any much more than any other editor, just posting these notes since it is quite a big change, potentially

Regards, Rich Farmbrough, 00:08, 17 June 2010 (UTC).

More promotional that informative?
This article, particularly in the co-curricular section, seems very much like a promotion of the college. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 101.164.152.137 (talk) 09:29, 7 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:St Joseph's College, Hunters Hill


text:
Hartmannsdorf

Hartmannsdorf may refer to the following places:

In Austria

 * Markt Hartmannsdorf, in Styria

In Germany

 * Hartmannsdorf, Mittelsachsen, in Saxony
 * Hartmannsdorf, Greiz, in the Greiz district, Thuringia
 * Hartmannsdorf, Saale-Holzland, in the Saale-Holzland district, Thuringia
 * Hartmannsdorf bei Kirchberg, in the Zwickau district, Saxony
 * A part of Hartmannsdorf-Reichenau in the Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge district, Saxony
 * A part of Lübben (Spreewald), Brandenburg

In Poland

 * Miłoszów, (formerly known as Hartmannsdorf) in Silesia

title: Hartmannsdorf


text:
The Moffatts

The Moffatts are a Canadian pop/rock country band composed of brothers Scott, Clint, Bob and Dave Moffatt. Scott was born on March 30, 1983, in Whitehorse, Yukon, and triplets Bob, Clint and Dave were born 11 months later in Vancouver, British Columbia, on March 8, 1984. Bob and Clint are identical twins, while Dave is a fraternal triplet.

The band began as a country music vocal group during their childhood and released three records under Polydor Nashville: It's a Wonderful World (1993), The Moffatts (1995), and A Moffatt Christmas (1996). At the time, it was said that they were the youngest band to ever sign a major label recording contract. They released their first pop album Chapter I: A New Beginning (1998). They released one more album Submodalities in 2000 before disbanding in 2001. The band reunited for a one-off online Christmas show on December 22, 2012, on Stageit. In February 2017, Scott, Bob and Clint Moffatt embarked on an extensive promotional tour in Asia for The Moffatts Farewell Tour before being rejoined by Dave in 2018 for the second leg of the Reunion Tour.

Bob and Clint have formed a duo called Music Travel Love.

Members

 * Scott Andrew Moffatt: lead vocals, guitars
 * Clinton Thomas John "Clint" Moffatt: backing vocals, bass, percussion
 * Robert Franklin Peter "Bob" Moffatt: backing vocals, drums, congas
 * David Michael William "Dave" Moffatt: lead vocals, keyboards

1987–1997: Early years and country albums
The Moffatts consists of Scott Moffatt and his brothers Bob, Clint, and Dave, who are triplets.

Growing up in Faro, Yukon, Tumbler Ridge and later Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, the Moffatts learned to sing early in their lives. Their first recording was at Studio 86 in West Edmonton Mall, where they sang the song "Grandpa" by the Judds in 1987. They began singing country music with their mother, Darlana and father, Frank Moffatt. The boys first appearing on-stage in 1988 at the Timmy's Springtime Telethon. In 1992, after performing at a number of large-scale country music festivals, the group was nominated for five awards by the British Columbia Country Music Association.

In 1992, the Moffatt family moved to Branson, Missouri where they performed with The Osmonds at the Osmonds Family Theatre. In March 1993 they moved to Nashville, Tennessee where they became regulars on TNN's Nashville Now with Ralph Emery. In October, they joined the cast of the Country Tonite Show at the Aladdin Hotel in Las Vegas. In 1994 Country Tonite opened a new theatre in Branson and the Moffatts became a part of that cast. In 1995, they appeared on Good Morning America and performed "Guns of Love". In 1996, their parents divorced and they lived primarily with their father, who also managed the group until their 2001 break up.

1998–2000: Chapter I: A New Beginning and Submodalities
In their teens, the group dropped out of the country music genre and recorded a new album, Chapter I: A New Beginning, and began singing pop/rock music. Prior to their teenage years the band would only sparingly perform their own instruments and had a back-up band, but now chose to do it alone with Scott on lead guitar, Clint on bass guitar, Dave on keyboards and Bob on drums. Lead vocals on the album were shared between Scott and Dave, however live they all took their turns. Chapter One sold more than six million copies worldwide and went double platinum in their native Canada. Many industry insiders say that the band sold that many again on the black market in Asia. Chapter One was also very popular in Europe. It was produced in part by the Berman Brothers (who also worked for Hanson and Real McCoy) in New York City and Toronto. The Ottawa-based radio station Hot 89.9 declared them the best new band of 1998.

One single on the US version of Chapter One, the Glen Ballard-produced "Until You Loved Me", appeared in the Drew Barrymore film, Never Been Kissed. "Misery", on the US version of Chapter I: A New Beginning is on the soundtrack of the movie Teaching Mrs. Tingle starring Katie Holmes. In 1999, the band appeared on the NBC TV show Hang Time, performing the song "Girl of My Dreams" for the school. In the same year, The Moffatts also did an episode of TV show Campbell Scramble, a show that Calgary's CTV sports newscaster Glenn Campbell made. That year, the band performed at the Juno Awards show in Hamilton.

In 2000, they appeared on the Disney Channel show So Weird in the episode "Destiny". The Moffatts also appeared frequently on The Sally Jessy Raphael Show and The Maury Povich Show. During their stay in Köln, Germany, The Moffatts met a young German guitar player, and German teen idol Gil Ofarim and co-wrote with him what was to be his breakout first single, "If You Only Knew". The Moffatts sang O Canada at the 1999 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. In 1999 The Moffatts were awarded Fan Favourite Band of the Year at the iHeartRadio Much Music Video Awards.

The follow-up album Submodalities was released in October 2000, and contained a more classic/harder-edged rock flavor than typical "boy band" fare. The transition between the bubblegum pop of their prior album and the harder edge of the new was captured in the 2001 documentary, The Moffatts: Closing of Chapter One. The Moffatts wrote or co-wrote almost all of the songs on the album. Bob Rock, who has produced albums for such superstars as Metallica and Bon Jovi, produced Submodalities. The album was also certified platinum by the CRIA for selling over 100,000 copies. The first single, "Bang Bang Boom" at that time was the fastest rising single to No. 1 in Canadian music history and topped the retail singles chart in Canada. The Moffatts sang O Canada at the 2000 NBA All-Star Game. The Moffatts hosted the Juno Awards of 2000.

From 1998 to 2000 The Moffatts were one of the biggest selling act in South East Asia. The band stayed at the top of the charts in the Philippines, Thailand, Taiwan, Malaysia, and Indonesia throughout this period of time. They also completed a couple of firsts - The band shared the stage with Aqua for the first ever paid concert by an international artist in Shanghai, China, and the first ever out door stadium show in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. At the time The Moffatts were the biggest selling international band of all time in the Philippines, a title they will likely never relinquish as record sales are now a thing of the past.

2001–2011: Breakup and post-breakup ventures
On August 25, 2001, the group broke up following their concert in London, Ontario. Thirteen years of touring, over 5,000 concerts, different tastes in music, and the fact that they were all now 18 years of age weighed heavy on their decisions to go their own way.

After the break-up, Bob and Clint Moffatt briefly joined a group called Pusch and performed at the 2002 Winter Olympics. The band was later renamed Hidell, and lasted slightly over a year and released one album, which featured the single Going Down In Flames. On September 27, 2003, the band reunited to perform at the "Fire On The Mountain" benefit concert in Kamloops. In 2004, the Canadian Pacific Railway announced in a press release that Bob and Clint were "reunited" and appeared under the name "The Moffatts" for the railway's Holiday Train program, a mobile fundraiser for community food banks. In 2005, Scott also joined the tour.

Bob eventually relocated to Ban Phe, Thailand, where he began working on an English singing contest with an educational organization called TEFL International. Bob convinced Clint to join him in Thailand and start a band called Same Same under the Sony BMG Music Entertainment label in 2006. As of 2011, Bob and Clint Moffatt reside in Nashville, Tennessee. They had been writing songs and performing under the name Two Bullet Parade, but later changed their name to Like Strangers. They performed in venues around the Nashville metropolitan area. In 2016 Clint and Bob released their new EP under the name Endless Summer, with the debut single 'Amen For Women'.

Scott Moffatt resurfaced in an Ontario-based band The Boston Post, named after the newspaper. The original lineup included Shawn Everett on drums, Jon Gant on guitar and Neal Gupta on bass. They released an EP titled It's 99PM in 2003. A video interview with Scott Moffatt from the Holiday Train show in Sparwood, BC on December 13, 2005 indicated that he planned to go solo and was recording in LA. On April 10, 2006, song previews from the upcoming independent release The Allegory of the City were put up on his music page along with the promise of a limited edition version soon being available for pre order. Scott has been credited as the producer that opened the door for Thailand's biggest rock band Slot Machine.

Dave Moffatt eventually relocated to Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, at first with aspirations of attending the University of Winnipeg and then deciding to launch an acting and modeling career. Dave appeared in a 2005 Winnipeg production of Miss Saigon and was a contestant on Canadian Idol, making it into the top 32 before being eliminated.

2012: Reunion
Beginning November 2012, The Moffatts were featured in LG's online campaign, "Life's Good". The campaign features their song "Bang Bang Boom" with altered composition and lyrics.

The Moffatts reunited for the first time in over ten years for an online Christmas show on Stageit on December 22, 2012. The set list included Christmas carols and songs picked by fans from the entire Moffatts' catalog, including solo records and Like Strangers/Same Same.

2016–2017: The Farewell Tour
On October 30, 2016, Bob and Clint Moffatt announced on their Facebook page that they would be reuniting once again for a one-time concert with Scott Moffatt as The Moffatts sans Dave Moffatt, and would be returning to Manila for the first time in 16 years as part of a farewell tour.

In February 2017, Scott, Bob and Clint Moffatt embarked on an extensive promotional tour in the Philippines, Indonesia, and Singapore for The Moffatts Farewell Tour. On February 18, 2017 they performed at the Araneta Coliseum, approximately 19 years after their first concert in the Philippines at the same venue. They sang songs from their past albums, Chapter I: A New Beginning, Tour Souvenir Package, Submodalities and Same Same's The Meaning of Happy, and current projects such as Endless Summer.

Scott Moffatt has recorded a solo EP in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and has produced an album for country music singer Luke Combs. while Bob and Clint Moffatt are staying in Nashville, Tennessee, as the country duo Music Travel Love. Dave Moffatt was a yoga instructor in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and came back from retirement by holding his own farewell tour concert in Manila, Philippines on May 27, 2017.

2018–present: Chapter II
In November 2017, it was announced on the band's Facebook page that a new single has been recorded by The Moffatts called "Secrets". The group has also signed a record deal with Bec-Tero Music, Thailand. The song "Secrets" was released worldwide on January 10, 2018. Two further singles, "Like I Love U" and "So In Love" were released during 2018. The band also played live for the first time in 2 years on 'The Reunion Tour 2018'.

A 6 track EP "Chapter II" was released in November 2018.

Music Travel Love
Currently Bob and Clint have formed a duo called Music Travel Love. They record and perform cover songs at scenic locations around the world. In addition, they have started a children's channel (Music Travel Kids), and a coffee company called Music Java Love. Dave is teaching Yoga while at the same time active on his social media accounts also making covers, and Scott produced Country Music Superstar Luke Combs' first two records. In 2020, Scott won producer of the year at the ACM Awards, the CCMA Awards, and the CMA Awards.

B - Sides (2000)

 * "All The Answers (live recorded)" – 6:48
 * "Destiny (live recorded - Psychedelic Version)" – 9:11
 * "Hallucinating (live recorded)" – 4:18
 * "In My Dreams (live recorded)" – 3:30
 * "Kill The Seagulls a.k.a. Submodalities" – 2:33
 * "Two Beats (live recorded)" – 3:30
 * "Why (live recorded - Reggae Version)" – 5:00

B - Sides 90s

 * "All I Need Is You" – 4:35
 * "Christmas Eve" – 3:16
 * "Destiny (Acoustic Version)" – 4:13
 * "Frustration (live recorded)" – 3:20
 * "Girls Of The World" – 2:53
 * "How Would Jesus Feel" – 2:48
 * "Lara (My Love)" – 4:11
 * "Santa Claus Is Coming To Town" – 2:45
 * "She Said" – 3:45
 * "Why (Acoustic Version)" – 4:11
 * "YaYa (Rock Version)" – 4:11

Demo Songs 90s

 * "Baby Come Back To Me" (live recorded - Demo) – 3:53
 * "Believe In Your Dreams" (live recorded - Demo) – 3:31
 * "Flea" (live recorded - Demo) – 3:25
 * "One More Chance" (live recorded - Demo) – 3:52
 * "See The Light" (live recorded - Demo) – 3:34
 * "Tough Boy" (live recorded - Demo) – 3:39
 * "Turn It Up" (live recorded - Demo) – 3:38

With Other Artists 90s

 * "If You Only Knew (featuring Gil Ofarim)" – 4:08
 * "Let The Music Heal Your Soul (featuring Bravo All Stars)" – 3:55
 * "Together (featuring Artists Together for Kosovo)" – 3:37

Unreleased Songs (live)

 * "All I Need Is You (Rock Version)" – xx:xx
 * "All The Love" – xx:xx
 * "Billy & Tammy (a.k.a. Feels So Good)" – xx:xx
 * "Brightest Star" – xx:xx
 * "Heal The Pain" – xx:xx
 * "How Does It Feel" – 03:25
 * "I Feel Alive" – 03:50
 * "Love You More" – 04:25
 * "There's The Door" – xx:xx
 * "When The Morning Comes" – xx:xx
 * "Where Did She Go" – xx:xx
 * "You Blew Me Over (live in Cologne Germany, 2000)" – 3:12
 * "You Make Me Feel (live in Cologne Germany, 2000)" – 4:18

Cover Songs (live)

 * "Fly Away (Lenny Kravitz Cover)" – xx:xx
 * "She Loves You (Beatles Cover)" – xx:xx
 * "Shine (Collective Soul Cover)" – xx:xx
 * "Song 2 (Blur Cover)" – xx:xx
 * "Won't Back Down (Tom Petty Cover)" – xx:xx

DVDs

 * Notes
 * A^ "Just Another Phase" was still climbing the RPM charts when the magazine ceased publication.

title: The Moffatts


text:
Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport

Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport is an international airport serving Abuja, in the Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria. It is the main airport serving the Nigerian capital city and was named after Nigeria's first President, Nnamdi Azikiwe (1904–1996). The airport is approximately 20 km southwest of the city centre, and has an international and a domestic terminal that share its single runway.

History
A new airport terminal was built in 2000 by Julius Berger, located near the existing terminal that served both domestic and international flights. The new terminal opened in 2002 and serves international flights. The existing terminal now serves domestic flights.

In November 2006, the Abuja Gateway Consortium signed a US$101.1 million contract for the management of the airport over the next 25 years. The contract included the construction of an airport hotel, private car parks, shopping malls, and a bonded warehouse, totalling US$50 million during its first five years, and additionally an upfront payment of US$10 million. According to the business plan, total investments would have amounted to US$371 million during the period of the contract. However, then-President Yar'Adua revoked the contract in April 2008.

In June 2009, Delta Air Lines began a route to New York City via Dakar. The following June, the carrier introduced seasonal nonstop service to New York. It was reported in 2012 that Delta had suspended flights to Abuja due to the high cost of fuel and diminished passenger counts.

Plans were invited for the construction of a second runway. The contract was awarded to Julius Berger Construction Company for US$423 million, but was revoked due to the high cost. The Federal Government approved fresh bids for the construction of the second runway.

On 4 January 2017, Nigeria's Federal Executive Council backed the Ministry of Aviation's decision to close the airport for six weeks to enable repairs on the runway, which was said to be dysfunctional. The Nigerian government also approved N1 billion for the conclusion of the Kaduna Airport terminal, which had been debated as an alternative for Abuja Airport. Several airport users, including the Nigerian Senate, opposed the planned closure. It was believed that the closure of the airport would cause hardship for international and local air travellers alike.

On 8 March 2017, the Federal Airport Authority in Nigeria, stated that the airport will shut to commercial traffic for at least six weeks to bring needed repairs to the runway. On 18 April 2017, the airport was reopened following the completion of the project.

On 20 December 2018, President Muhammadu Buhari commissioned a new terminal building. The Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria says the newly completed terminal building can process up to 15 million passengers annually.

Other facilities
The Nigerian Civil Aviation Authority (NCAA) has its Abuja office on the airport grounds; previously the airport had the authority's head office.

The airport operates a private jet wing that serves businesses, diplomats and politicians in the city. In 2016, the Ministry of Transportation announced plans for a new terminal for private Jet operations. The General Aviation Terminal project will cost N258 million naira and will include a new protocol Lounge and rehabilitation of the fire station at the Airport. It will serve non-scheduled flights.

2017 runway reconstruction
In 2017, the Nigerian Government awarded a contract to Julius Berger for the emergency rehabilitation of the airport's only runway. It had been built to last for 20 years but had been in use for nearly 40 years at that time. The airport's runway was starting to show signs of fatigue and disrepair. The Airport was closed for 6 weeks, and flights were diverted to neighboring Kaduna airport. The Airport reopened with the completion of the Runway on 17 April 2017, 2 days ahead of schedule.

Statistics
These data show number of passengers movements into the airport, according to the Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria's (FAAN) Aviation Sector Summary Reports.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 21 February 2021 a Nigerian Air Force Beechcraft B300 King Air 350i crashed shortly after takeoff while attempting to return to the airport. All seven on board died.

title: Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport


text:
1929 in rail transport

January events

 * First of an eventual 863 Great Western Railway 5700 Class 0-6-0 pannier tank steam locomotives to Charles Collett's design completed at its Swindon Works, England.
 * January 1 – Paul Shoup takes over the presidency of the Southern Pacific Company, parent company of Southern Pacific.
 * January 12 – Great Northern Railway (United States) opens replacement Cascade Tunnel, at 7.8 mi the longest through tunnel in North America.

March events

 * March 1 – Sixty-nine railroads buy the American Railway Express Company and rename it Railway Express Agency.
 * March 20 – Yaga Station in 5-chōme, Yaga, Higashi-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan, opens.
 * March 29 – Osaka Railroad Line, Osaka Abenobashi Station to Kashiharajingu-mae Station route, is officially completed in Japan and the Osaka Abenobashi to Yoshino Station (Nara) route direct commuter train service starts (as predecessor of the Kintetsu Minami Osaka Line).

April events

 * April 1 – Odakyu Enoshima Line, Sagami-Ono to Katase-Enoshima of Fujisawa route is officially completed in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, and the Shinjuku Station (Tokyo) to Katase-Enoshima route direct commuter train service starts.
 * April 10 – The Randsfjord Line and Sørland Line in Norway take electric traction into use between Drammen and Kongsberg.

May events

 * May – Charles E. Denney succeeds John J. Bernet as president of the Erie Railroad.

June events

 * June 29 – The last scheduled train runs on the Maine narrow gauge Kennebec Central Railroad.

July events

 * July 7 – The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway and the Pennsylvania Railroad begin air/rail service between New York and Los Angeles. Trip time is cut from 100 to 80 hours.

August events

 * August 6 – The Ghan begins operation in Australia.
 * August 26 – For the first time, Canadian National uses diesel locomotives to power a passenger train, with unit number 9000 on the second section of the International Limited between Montreal and Toronto.

October events

 * October 1 – Tobu Nikko Line, Sugito via Tochigi to Tobu Nikko route is officially completed in Japan and the Tokyo Asakusa station to Tobu Nikko route direct express train service starts.

November events

 * November 1 – The Southern Railway of England celebrates the 21st "birthday" of the Southern Belle passenger train with ceremonies at each end of the train's route between London and Brighton.

December events

 * The last Willamette locomotive is built for Neils Lumber Company of Klickitat, Washington.
 * December 1 – Underground Electric Railways Company of London officially opens its notable new headquarters building at 55 Broadway, above St James's Park tube station, designed by Charles Holden.
 * December 10 – Ottawa Electric Railway discontinues streetcar service between Carling Avenue and the Experimental Farm.
 * December 11 – Nanbu Railway Line, predecessor of Nanbu Line, Tachikawa to Kawasaki route is officially completed in Japan.

Unknown date events

 * Henry deForest assumes the position of Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Southern Pacific.
 * ALCO purchases McIntosh and Seymour Diesel Engine Company for further manufacturing of diesel engines that will be installed in subsequent ALCO locomotives.
 * Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway in Argentina takes delivery for suburban service of three diesel locomotives built by Armstrong Whitworth in conjunction with Sulzer Brothers, the first passenger diesels built in the UK.
 * The Lake Superior & Ishpeming Railroad ends passenger train operations.
 * London & North Eastern Railway adopts Eric Gill's Gill Sans typeface for its publicity material.

Births

 * March 9 – Roger Tallon, French industrial designer (died 2011).
 * August 23 – Richard Steinheimer, American railroad photographer, is born (d. 2011).
 * September – Ding Guangen, Minister of Railways for China 1985-1988 (died 2012).

title: 1929 in rail transport


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Salty Chocolate Balls

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was - kept

Salty Chocolate Balls

 * Delete: No chance of being encyclopedic, and at best requires a short mention in the South Park page, doesn't deserve it's own article. Coolgamer 00:39, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment A re-nomination, there was a consensus to keep in April 2004 (see talk page). Yes re-nominations are allowed, just so people know Kappa 15:57, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Needs to be expanded to include episode info (the article title is also the name of the episode). Lachatdelarue [[User talk:Lachatdelarue|(talk)]] 01:42, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep large enough to be better with its own page. Kappa 15:53, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete or redirect only: Don't care how much detail someone puts into it, there is no way to discuss salty chocolate balls in general.  There is only a way to discuss a South Park episode.  Therefore, the position of the information is in a South Park article, and not alone.  15:58, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Above vote left unsigned by User:Geogre. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 16:26, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Sorry. I must have hit 3 tildes instead of 4 or 5 instead of 4.  Geogre 22:03, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The article is not merely about a South Park episode. Please check what the topic is before voting. Factitious 16:44, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The song by the same title reached number 1 on the UK Singles Chart.  The term is famously recognized.  Easily notable enough to warrant its own article.  —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 16:26, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, a cultural phenomenon for sure. Everyking 16:44, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment Salty licorice balls exist! http://www.dutchmarket.com/ppsltcndy.html offers item 14-3474, "Black balls: Large Round Candy Balls Filled With Extra Salty Licorice Powder." [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 17:15, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Extremely strong KEEP. VfD relist from April; see the article discussion page. Kinitawowi 18:44, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * If RadMan's comment about the #1 song is correct. Keep, but I wouldn't mind a redirect. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 19:14, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * The song, actually entitled Chocolate Salty Balls (P.S. I Love You), reached number 1 in late December 1998. See List of Number 1 singles (UK). Kinitawowi 11:31, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Spinboy 20:30, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The song was also a hit in Australia. I remember it being played on JJJ all the time at the end of 1998. I am not a regular watcher of South Park and I am aware of this. Capitalistroadster 01:54, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable hit song, one of the most well-known things from South Park. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 07:27, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, meets and exceeds the bar for Wikipedic notability and is deserving of its own article. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 17:32, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It was overwhelmingly kept last time. If the lister read the talk page before listing it again -- and he should have -- then he knows that and this listing is unsupportable.Dr Zen 02:47, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Obvious keep. Gamaliel 02:54, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * strong KEEP MH 12:55, 2004 Dec 14 (UTC) could be expanded to or merged with Chef's own article (to come).
 * Keep and expand. The Recycling Troll 21:19, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Strong keep. GRider said it best.  This is not merely fancruft.  It spawned a hit song and, apparently, a legitimate recipe. - Lucky 6.9 02:23, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep -- Chuq 05:21, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to WikiCookbook. Yuckfoo 07:39, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:131.191.14.214

title: User talk:131.191.14.214


text:
Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences

The Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences (FAS) is the largest of the ten faculties that constitute Harvard University.

Headquartered principally in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and centered in the historic Harvard Yard, FAS is the only faculty responsible for both undergraduate and graduate education. FAS administers the courses offered at Harvard College, the Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS), and the Harvard Division of Continuing Education. It was headed by interim Dean Emma Dench until August 1, 2023 when Hopi Hoekstra became Dean of FAS.

As of Fall 2019, FAS comprised 1221 total faculty, including 719 tenured and tenure-track professors as well as 502 other professors, lecturers, preceptors, and visiting faculty in some 30 academic departments in the arts and humanities, the social sciences, the natural sciences, and the engineering and applied sciences. There are approximately 6,800 undergraduates (Harvard College) and 4,500 graduate students (Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Science). The Harvard Division of Continuing Education has 795 admitted undergraduate students and 3,100 admitted graduate students. Furthermore the Harvard Division of Continuing Education welcomes more than 30,000 students annually in its open enrollment courses. In 2019, FAS had a budget of $1.6 billion and a revenue of $1.6 billion.

As of 2019, the FAS endowment had a market value of $17.5 billion. Harvard's total endowment stands at $40.9 billion.

History
While Harvard College traces its origins to 1636, the body called the Faculty of Arts and Sciences only came into existence in the late nineteenth century. From 1820 until 1872, Harvard University consisted of the college and three professional schools (in law, medicine, and divinity). The governing boards established a Graduate Department in 1872 to administer and recommend candidates for the degrees of Master of Arts, Master of Science, Doctor of Philosophy, and Doctor of Science. In 1890, the governing boards merged separate faculties of the Lawrence Scientific School and the College into a single Faculty of Arts and Sciences. The Graduate Department later became the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.

The Lawrence Scientific School opened in 1847 and marked Harvard's first major effort to offer a formal program in science and engineering. In 1948, the School merged with the Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Physics in FAS to form the Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences. In 2007, the Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences formally became the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. On June 3, 2015, the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences was renamed the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, following a $400 million gift by Harvard Business School alumnus John A. Paulson.

In 2023, following a $300 million unrestricted donation by hedge fund manager Kenneth Griffin, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences was renamed Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Science (GSAS).

Organization
FAS consists of the following divisions:

 * 1) Harvard College (established 1636)
 * 2) Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Science (GSAS) (established 1872)
 * 3) The John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) (established 1847)
 * 4) The Division of Continuing Education (DCE) (established 1871)
 * 5) Arts & Humanities Division (established 2004)
 * 6) Division of Science (established 2007)
 * 7) Division of Social Science (established 2004)
 * 8) Athletics (established 1780)
 * 9) Harvard Library (established 1638)
 * 10) Museums of Science and Culture (established 2012)

In addition, FAS includes 35 research centers, institutes, and interdisciplinary programs, eleven museums, and numerous libraries.

The dean of FAS serves as the chief administrative and academic officer, responsible to the president and provost of Harvard University for all aspects of the division's operations, including budgets, planning, support services, faculty appointments, curricula, student affairs, and fundraising. The dean is appointed by the president with the approval of the university's two governing boards, the Harvard Corporation and the Harvard Board of Overseers, and serves at the pleasure of the president. The dean of FAS is invariably drawn from the ranks of the tenured faculty in the division.

The deans of Harvard College, GSAS, SEAS, and DCE report to the dean of FAS, as do various academic deans, administrative deans (including those responsible for finance, development, faculty personnel policy, undergraduate admissions and financial aid), and the directors of various research centers and institutes.

From 2018 to 2023, the FAS was headed by Claudine Gay. Following Gay's ascension to president of the university, Hopi Hoekstra was announced to become the new dean of FAS beginning August 1st, 2023.

title: Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences


text:
Columns of Gediminas

The Columns of Gediminas or Pillars of Gediminas (Gediminaičių stulpai, lit. 'Pillars of the Gediminids'; Калюмны, 'Columns') are one of the earliest symbols of Lithuania and its historical coats of arms. They were used in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, initially as a rulers' personal insignia, a state symbol, and later as a part of heraldic signs of leading aristocracy.

Appearance
The symbol appears in the following form: Horizontal line at bottom, vertical lines extend up at both ends. The square at the middle of the horizontal line is about half as tall as the vertical lines. Another vertical line rises from the top center of the square, giving an overall appearance that is close to a trident. This form is the one usually seen in modern times, often drawn on walls and fences as protest against the Soviet occupation of Lithuania.

It is notable that the ancient pre-Christian symbols of Lithuania did not follow the same strict rules of heraldry as their Western counterparts. Thus this symbol was used in or and argent, usually on the field gules, and was depicted in various shapes on flags, banners and shields.

Some Belarusian historians claim that the Columns directly go back to the symbol of the Rurikids, which was the trident.

Name
The name "Columns of Gediminas" was given in the 19th century by historian Teodor Narbutt, who supposed that the symbol was Gediminas' insignia. The more exact name of the symbol is the Pillars of Gediminids, since there is no direct evidence of its connection with Grand Duke of Lithuania Gediminas.

In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
According to the historical and archaeological evidence, the Columns were used by Grand Duke of Lithuania and Duke of Trakai Kęstutis. They appear on the Lithuanian coins issued by him. The symbol was also used by Vytautas as his personal insignia since 1397 and appeared on his seal and coins. It was suggested by historian Edmundas Antanas Rimša, who analyzed the ancient coins, that the Columns of the Gediminids symbolizes the Gates of the Trakai Peninsula Castle. According to the accounts of Jan Długosz, it was derived from a symbol or brand used to mark horses and other property. The Columns were adopted by descendants of Kęstutis as their family symbol, equivalent to a coat of arms. Another user of the Columns of Gediminas was Grand Duke of Lithuania Sigismund Kęstutaitis. At first, the Columns signified the family of Kęstutis, in contrast to the Vytis which was used by Algirdas' descendants. Later on, as a symbol of a ruling dynasty, it was adopted by Jagiellons and the two symbols became state symbols of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Columns of Gediminas remained in use over the following centuries.

In the Interwar Republic of Lithuania
During the period between World War I and World War II they were used by the Lithuanian Republic as a major state symbol, e. g. on Litas coins, monuments and military equipment. The Columns of Gediminas are featured on the Lithuanian Presidential Award Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas, which was started in 1928.

In the Soviet Union
After the annexation of Lithuania by the Soviet Union, the symbol was officially banned. During the Singing Revolution of the late 80s, it became the iconic sign of the reform movement Sąjūdis.

Modern usage in Lithuania
The Columns of Gediminas appears in the coat of arms of Seimas and in the emblems of the Lithuanian Armed Forces, Land Force, Air Force, Navy, Military Police, National Defence Volunteer Forces and Grand Duke Gediminas Staff Battalion. The Columns of Gediminas are also featured in the coat of arms of Old Trakai, Trakai District Municipality and Šimkaičiai. The symbol is also used on many monuments throughout the country.

The official logo of the EuroBasket 2011, which took place in Lithuania, is composed of the Columns overlaid on a basketball board.

The Columns of Gediminas with post horn are also the official logo of the Lithuanian postal company — Lietuvos paštas. The company uses the columns on its official stamps.

A combination of the Columns of Gediminas and the Menorah are used by the Litvak community as a symbol meant to identify Lithuanian Jews with content expressing the history of the Jews in Lithuania.

Usage in Belarus
In modern Belarus, the columns of Gediminas, alongside the Pahonia, are occasionally used as a symbol of national pride.

The columns of Gediminas are in the coat of arms of Brahin in southeastern Belarus.

The symbol is featured on the monument to the Grand Duke Gediminas in Lida. which was unveiled in 2019.

Usage in Ukraine
In Ukraine, the coat of arms of Zhytomyr Oblast adopted an archaic form of the Vytis (Pohonia) on the second quarter, with the Columns of Gediminas on knight's shield.

After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine started, the Pahonia Regiment was formed as part of the International Legion of Territorial Defence of Ukraine, which used the Columns of Gediminas on their emblem.

In art
The Columns of Gediminas are displayed at Battle of Grunwald by Jan Matejko. The Columns of Gediminas are also displayed at Baptism of Lithuania by Władysław Ciesielski and Funeral of Gediminas by Kazimierz Alchimowicz.

title: Columns of Gediminas


text:
1941 in rail transport

January events

 * January 4 – Syracuse Transit Corporation ends streetcar service in Syracuse, New York, with the closure of the last four lines.

February events

 * February 10–March 11 – British Army constructs a 60 cm narrow gauge railway from Kassala in Sudan 90 km east to Tessenei in Eritrea to support military advance.
 * February 11 – The first Gold record is presented to Glenn Miller for Chattanooga Choo Choo.

March events

 * March – Alco-GE build the first ALCO RS-1 road switcher. This model will have the longest production run of any diesel locomotive for the North American market.
 * March 31 – The Southern Railway (U.S.) introduces the Southerner passenger train between New York City and New Orleans, Louisiana.

April events

 * April 28 – The Supreme Court of the United States unanimously rules that, based on the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, African American passengers are entitled to equal accommodations on all passenger trains in the U.S.

May events

 * May 4 – Portland, Maine streetcar system ceases operations.
 * May 22 – Canadian Pacific Railway's Angus Shops in Montreal produce its first tank as part of the war effort for World War II.

June events

 * June 13 – The Hauerseter–Gardermoen Line in Norway is opened by the Luftwaffe during the German occupation of Norway.

July events

 * July 4 – In Tokyo, Japan, the Teito Rapid Transit Authority is established.
 * July 7 – Deutsche Reichsbahn accepts delivery of an experimental "V-8" steam locomotive from Henschel & Son's works. Nominally a 2-8-2, the locomotive has four sets of two cylinders in a 90 degree "V" shape on the ends of each drive axle, alternating from side to side. Captured by the Allies, it will be tested in the U.S. before being scrapped in 1952.
 * July 11 – Spain's national railway, RENFE, is formed.
 * July – Union Pacific Railroad's M-10002 streamliner trainset is removed from active service on the City of Portland and placed in storage.

August events

 * August 12 – Meitetsu Nagoya Line, Higashi-Biwajima to Atsuta Jingu-mae route officially completed in Aichi Prefecture, Japan, and Meitetsu Gifu to Toyohashi route direct commuter train service to start from May 1948.
 * August 14 – Union Pacific Railroad's M-10001 streamliner trainset is sold for scrap.

September events

 * September 5 – The first 4-8-8-4 "Big Boy" steam locomotive is delivered from Alco to the Union Pacific Railroad at Omaha.
 * September 7 – The last scheduled train runs on the Maine narrow gauge Bridgton and Saco River Railroad.

October events

 * October 1 – After a bankruptcy, Spokane International Railway is reorganized as Spokane International Railroad.
 * October 26 – The Illinois Central Railroad introduces the Land O'Corn passenger train between Chicago, Illinois and Waterloo, Iowa. The new train uses "Motorailer" diesel multiple units manufactured by American Car and Foundry.
 * October – Robert E. Woodruff becomes president of the Erie Railroad.

November events

 * November 17 – The Prospector multiple unit passenger trainset debuts on the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad in operating between Denver, Colorado, and Salt Lake City, Utah.

December events

 * December – British War Department takes over operation of Trans-Iranian Railway from Bandar Shahpur to Teheran to assist in sending wartime supplies to the USSR.
 * December 7 – The New York Central Railroad, with much fanfare, launches a new Empire State Express. The bombing of Pearl Harbor puts an immediate damper on the planned festivities.
 * December 9 – Chesapeake and Ohio Railway officials accept the first 2-6-6-6 Allegheny steam locomotive from the Lima Locomotive Works. Despite many claims made by Alco, Union Pacific Railroad and others for the 4-8-8-4 Big Boy, the Alleghenies are the largest steam locomotives ever built for service in the United States.
 * December 19 – The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad extends the Columbian passenger train from Jersey City-Washington to Jersey City-Chicago.

Unknown date events

 * The first of over 8,000 Kriegslokomotive 2-10-0 steam locomotives is introduced into service on the Deutsche Reichsbahn.
 * The Heisler Locomotive Works produces the last Heisler locomotive.
 * The Hollywood, a lounge car built for use on the City of Los Angeles becomes the first passenger car whose interior is built entirely out of synthetic materials. The car's interior features the newly invented materials of Formica and naugahyde.
 * General Motors Electro-Motive Division introduces the EMD TR1.
 * Armand Mercier succeeds Angus Daniel McDonald as president of the Southern Pacific Company, parent company of the Southern Pacific Railroad.
 * Sacramento Northern Railway ceases interurban services.

February deaths

 * February 1 – William Gibbs McAdoo, American lawyer, statesman and Director General of Railroads during World War I (born 1863).

April deaths

 * April 5 – Nigel Gresley, Chief mechanical engineer of the London and North Eastern Railway 1923–1941 (born 1876).
 * April 16 – Josiah Stamp, Chairman of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway 1926-1941 (born 1880) (in an air raid).

Unknown date deaths

 * Angus Daniel McDonald, president of the Southern Pacific Company, parent company of the Southern Pacific Railroad, 1932–1941 (born 1878).
 * Alonzo C. Mather, founder of Mather Stock Car Company, designed the first widely recognized humane stock car (born 1848).
 * Frederick Methvan Whyte, mechanical engineer for the New York Central railroad, creator of Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives (born 1865).

title: 1941 in rail transport


text:
Science book

A science book is a work of nonfiction, usually written by a scientist, researcher, or professor like Stephen Hawking (A Brief History of Time), or sometimes by a non-scientist such as Bill Bryson (A Short History of Nearly Everything). Usually these books are written for a wide audience presumed to have a general education rather than a specifically scientific training, as opposed to the very narrow audience that a scientific paper would have, and are therefore referred to as popular science. As such, they require considerable talent on the part of the author to sufficiently explain difficult topics to people who are totally new to the subject, and a good blend of storytelling and technical writing. In the UK, the Royal Society Prizes for Science Books are considered to be the most prestigious awards for science writing. In the US, the National Book Awards briefly had a category for science writing in the 1960s, but now they just have the broad categories of fiction and nonfiction.

There are many disciplines that are well explained to lay people through science books. A few examples include Carl Sagan on astronomy, Jared Diamond on geography, Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Dawkins on evolutionary biology, David Eagleman on neuroscience, Donald Norman on usability and cognitive psychology, Steven Pinker, Noam Chomsky, and Robert Ornstein on linguistics and cognitive science, Donald Johanson and Robert Ardrey on paleoanthropology, and Desmond Morris on zoology and anthropology, and Fulvio Melia on black holes.

The roots of popular science writing can be traced back to the didactic poetry of Greek and Roman antiquity. During the Age of Enlightenment, many books were written that spread the new science to both experts and the educated public, but Mary Somerville's On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences (first edition 1834) was arguably the first book in the modern genre of popular science.

Notable examples

 * The Best American Science and Nature Writing – book series
 * The Best American Science Writing – book series
 * The Best Science Writing Online 2012 – Scientific American showcasing more than fifty online essays
 * Popular Science (UK) – website on books and authors

title: Science book


text:
User talk:Wolfm

I am job. I am job.

title: User talk:Wolfm


text:
The Clerk's Tale

"The Clerk's Tale" is the first tale of Group E (Fragment IV) in Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales. It is preceded by The Summoner's Tale and followed by The Merchant's Tale. The Clerk of Oxenford (modern Oxford) is a student of what would nowadays be considered philosophy or theology. He tells the tale of Griselda, a young woman whose husband tests her loyalty in a series of cruel torments that recall the biblical Book of Job.

Plot
The Clerk's tale is about a marquis of Saluzzo in Piedmont in Italy named Walter, a bachelor who is asked by his subjects to marry to provide an heir. He assents and decides he will marry a peasant, named Griselda. Griselda is a poor girl, used to a life of pain and labour, who promises to honour Walter's wishes in all things.

After Griselda has borne him a daughter, Walter decides to test her loyalty. He sends an officer to take the baby, pretending it will be killed, but actually conveying it in secret to Bologna. Griselda, because of her promise, makes no protest at this but only asks that the child be buried properly. When she bears a son several years later, Walter again has him taken from her under identical circumstances.

Finally, Walter determines one last test. He has a papal bull of annulment forged which enables him to leave Griselda, and informs her that he intends to remarry. As part of his deception, he employs Griselda to prepare the wedding for his new bride. Meanwhile, he has brought the children from Bologna, and he presents his daughter as his intended wife. Eventually, he informs Griselda of the deceit, who is overcome by joy at seeing her children alive, and they live happily ever after.

Narrator
The tale is told by the Clerk of Oxford, who is a scholar of logic and philosophy. In the General Prologue, he is described as thin and impoverished, hard-working and wholly dedicated to his studies:

Yet hadde he but litel gold in cofre;
 * But al that he myghte of his freendes hente,
 * On bookes and on lernynge he it spente.

The Clerk claims that he heard the tale from Petrarch in Padua.

title: The Clerk's Tale


text:
Starykoń coat of arms

Starykoń (Polish for "Old Horse") is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta (noble) families under the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Notable bearers of this coat of arms include Jan Wielopolski.

title: Starykoń coat of arms


text: Category:Fictional sports clubs and teams


text: User talk:68.60.123.63

title: User talk:68.60.123.63


text:
1998 German federal election

Federal elections were held in Germany on 27 September 1998 to elect the members of the 14th Bundestag. The Social Democratic Party (SPD) emerged as the largest faction in parliament for the first time since 1972, with its leader Gerhard Schröder becoming chancellor. The Christian Democrats had their worst election result since 1949.

Issues and campaign
Since German reunification on 3 October 1990, the unemployment rate in Germany had risen from 4.2% to 9.4% in 1998, with the Federal Labor Office registering more than 4 million unemployed. The unified Germany had to fight economic and domestic difficulties even as it actively participated in the project of European integration. Most people blamed the centre-right coalition government of the Christian Democratic Union/Christian Social Union (CDU/CSU) and the Free Democratic Party (FDP) for the economic difficulties. Longtime Chancellor Helmut Kohl's government was regarded by many as not having fully implemented the unification after eight years, in view of the mass protests in many eastern German towns due to job losses and social welfare cuts.

The 1998 campaign began with both the CDU and SPD working out who would lead their parties. There had been rumours that Kohl would resign and allow Wolfgang Schäuble to take the reins of the CDU, but these rumours were rendered obsolete when Kohl announced in April 1997 that he would seek the chancellorship for a sixth term. The two contenders for the SPD nomination were Oskar Lafontaine, the party's chairman, and Gerhard Schröder, Minister-President of Lower Saxony.

On 1 March 1998, Schröder led the SPD to a huge victory in the Lower Saxony state election, gaining an unusual absolute majority for the second time and effectively receiving the SPD nomination for federal chancellor. Schröder had announced he would withdraw his bid for the nomination if he received below 42 percent of the popular vote. In the 1998 general elections, Schröder received 47.9 percent. Following this election, Lafontaine withdrew his bid and Schröder was inaugurated in the May 1998 convention. For the SPD, Schröder offered a new face for the party. He gave the party a new vigor, one that was lacking in the CDU after Kohl proclaimed his nomination. Many in the CDU questioned if Kohl had made the right choice for the party.

The CDU campaign was based on the experience and reputation of Kohl. One of the CDU's main slogans was 'Safety, not Risks.' "Kohl exploited his familiarity and experience, as well as his status as Europe's longest serving head of government." The SPD on the other hand ran the campaign using strategies developed in the United States and the United Kingdom. The SPD set up election headquarters and introduced 'rapid rebuttal units' not unlike those used by Bill Clinton of the United States in his successful presidential bid in 1992. The SPD avoided direct attacks at Kohl, but rather focused on their message of a "new center".

The FDP had usually ridden on the coattails of the CDU, and was mostly disapproved in the polls. With the SPD well ahead in the polls, many of the voters from the CDU had fewer incentives to vote for the FDP. The FDP was also having trouble projecting a coherent platform to voters. The Greens too were having issues concerning their platform.

The two factions in the Greens, the fundamentalists and the pragmatists, had problems settling on their platform since the founding of the Green party.

The major issue of the 1998 campaign was unemployment. In 1996, the unemployment rate in Germany surpassed the government's "limit" of 4 million unemployed people. Both parties blamed high labor costs, high taxes and the high welfare costs as the causes of the problem. During the campaign, Schröder used this issue against Kohl, calling him 'the unemployment chancellor.' Unemployment was worst in the former East Germany. While the national rate stood at 9.4 percent, former East Germany was suffering with unemployment at 20 percent. Many in the former East Germany blamed Kohl for the slow economic recovery.

Another issue at hand were Germany's tax and welfare reforms. While the CDU/CSU had offered proposals to reduce benefits in healthcare and pensions, the SPD controlled Bundesrat secured the passage of the bill. The proposed bill also offered tax cuts that were to benefit the rich, something the SPD opposed. While Kohl continually pushed the issue of European integration, the issue fell short from voters' minds. Schröder, on the other hand, almost ignored the issue. Many voters in Germany had other concerns besides the European Union.

Results by state
Second vote (Zweitstimme, or votes for party list)

Results
Toward the end of the campaign, polls placed the CDU/CSU and FDP coalition in a tie with the SPD and Green coalition. Despite these polls, the final numbers told a different story. The SPD-Green coalition won an unexpectedly large victory, taking 345 seats and earning a strong majority in the Bundestag—the first centre-left absolute majority in post-World War II Germany. The SPD won 40.9 percent of the vote, due to an increase of 4.5 percent from 1994.

The CDU/CSU-FDP coalition had gone into the election with a solid majority and 341 seats, but was cut down to 288 seats. The CDU/CSU lost 6.2% of its 1994 vote, and lost 109 electoral districts to the SPD. Germany's mixed-member proportional system, in which a slate of statewide delegates are elected alongside the electorate delegates, softened the blow somewhat, so the CDU/CSU only suffered a net loss of 49 seats. It was still the CDU/CSU's worst defeat ever. By contrast, their junior coalition partner, the FDP, netted a loss of just 4 seats.

The SPD swept all single-member constituency seats in the states of Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Saarland, Bremen, Hamburg and (for the first and last time) Schleswig-Holstein. Kohl lost his own constituency of Ludwigshafen, though he was still re-elected to the Bundestag through the Rhineland-Palatinate CDU party list, and he had not won the seat in the 1983 and 1987 elections. Future Chancellor Angela Merkel only narrowly won her constituency of Stralsund – Rügen – Grimmen with only 37.3 percent of the vote; the only time she got less than 40 percent of the vote.

A new government was formed by a coalition between the SPD and the Greens, with the SPD's Gerhard Schröder as chancellor and Greens leader Joschka Fischer as vice-chancellor and foreign minister. It was the first red-green coalition government at the federal level in Germany, as well as the first purely centre-left government in post-World War II Germany.

Kohl stepped down as chairman of the CDU, as did CSU chairman Theodor Waigel.

Legacy
The 1998 German election was historic in many ways. It resulted in a centre-right government being succeeded by a left-wing one—the first in postwar Germany (the SPD's previous term in government had been at the helm of a centre-left coalition).

In addition, it brought to an end the sixteen-year rule of Kohl – the second-longest of any German chancellor, and the longest tenure for a democratically elected head of government in German history. It has been compared to the defeat of Winston Churchill in 1945 – both were seen as conservative wartime leaders, and in both cases both were turned out of office by the electorate once the war was over. Churchill was ousted before World War II was even over, while Kohl managed to hang onto power for two more terms after the reunification of Germany (which is often considered to be the end of the Cold War).

title: 1998 German federal election