text:
Talwar

The talwar, also spelled talwaar and tulwar, is a type of curved sword or sabre from the Indian subcontinent.

Etymology and classification
The word talwar originated from the Sanskrit word taravāri (तरवारि) which means "one-edged sword". It is the word for sword in several related languages, such as Hindustani (Hindi and Urdu), Nepali, Marathi, Gujarati, Punjabi, etc. and as toloar (talōẏāra) in Bengali.

Like many swords from around the world with an etymology derived from a term meaning simply 'sword', the talwar has in scholarship, and in museum and collector usage, acquired a more specific meaning. However, South Asian swords, while showing a rich diversity of forms, suffer from relatively poor dating (so developmental history is obscure) and a lack of precise nomenclature and classification. The typical talwar is a type of sabre, characterised by a curved blade (without the radical curve of some Persian swords), possessing an all-metal hilt with integral quillons and a disc-shaped pommel. This type of hilt is sometimes called the 'Indo-Muslim hilt', or 'standard Indian hilt'. Talwars possessing only slightly curved blades can be called sirohi. However, many other variations exist. Swords with straight blades and the disc-pommel hilt are usually referred to as 'straight-bladed talwars' (though the word dhup is also used), those with the same hilt, but yatagan-type forward-curved blades are termed 'sosun patta'. Swords with sabre-blades and all metal Indo-Muslim hilts, but having the pommel in the shape of the head of an animal or bird, instead of the disc, are termed talwar, without being differentiated by name.

History
The talwar belongs to the same family of curved swords as the Persian shamshir, the Turkish kilij, Arabian saif and the Afghan pulwar, all such swords being originally derived from earlier curved swords developed in Turkic Central Asia. The talwar typically does not have as radical a curve as the shamshir and only a very small minority have the expanded, stepped, yelman typical of the kilij.

The talwar has a distinctive, all-metal, Indo-Muslim hilt, developed in Medieval western India. The increasing influence in India of Turco-Afghan, and later Turco-Mongol, dynasties (employing Persian and Central Asian arms) in the Late Medieval and subsequent eras led to ever greater use of sabre-like, curved swords. By Mughal times, the talwar had become the most popular form of sword in the Subcontinent. The talwar was the product of the marriage of the curved blade derived from Turco-Mongol and Persian swords and the native all-metal Indo-Muslim hilt.

Characteristics

The talwar was produced in many varieties, with different types of blades. Some blades are very unusual, from those with double-pointed tips (zulfikar) to those with massive blades (sometimes called tegha - often deemed to be executioner's swords but on little evidence). However, all such blades are curved, and the vast majority of talwars have blades more typical of a generalised sabre. As noted above, swords with blades other than curved sabre-blades, or possessing hilts radically different from the Indo-Muslim type are usually differentiated by name, though usage is not entirely consistent.

Many examples of the talwar exhibit an increased curvature in the distal half of the blade, compared to the curvature nearer the hilt. Also relatively common is a widening of the blade near the tip (often without the distinct step [latchet] to the back of the blade, characteristic of the yelman of the kilij). The blade profile of the British Pattern 1796 light cavalry sabre is similar to some examples of the talwar, and it has been suggested that the talwar may have contributed to the design of the British sabre.

A typical talwar has a wider blade than the shamshir. Late examples often had European-made blades, set into distinctive Indian-made hilts. The hilt of the typical talwar, is of the Indo-Muslim type, and is often termed a "disc hilt" from the prominent disc-shaped flange surrounding the pommel. The pommel often has a short spike projecting from its centre, sometimes pierced for a cord to secure the sword to the wrist. The hilt incorporates a simple cross-guard which frequently has a slender knucklebow attached. The hilt is usually entirely of iron, though brass and silver hilts are found, and is connected to the tang of the blade by a very powerful adhesive resin. This resin, or lac, is derived from the peepal tree, it is softened by heating and, when cooled, it sets solidly. More ornate examples of the talwar often show silver or gold plated decoration in a form called koftgari. Talwars of princely status can have hilts of gold, profusely set with precious stones, one such, preserved at the Baroda Palace Armoury, is decorated with 275 diamonds and an emerald.

Use
The talwar was used by both Cavalry and Infantry. The grip of the talwar is cramped and the prominent disc of the pommel presses into the wrist if attempts are made to use it to cut like a conventional sabre. These features of the talwar hilt result in the hand having a very secure and rather inflexible hold on the weapon, enforcing the use of variations on the very effective "draw cut". The fact that the talwar does not have the kind of radical curve of the shamshir indicates that it could be used for thrusting as well as cutting purposes. The blades of some examples of the talwar widen towards the tip. This increases the momentum of the distal portion of the blade when used to cut; when a blow was struck by a skilled warrior, limbs could be amputated and persons decapitated. The spike attached to the pommel could be used for striking the opponent in extreme close quarter circumstances when it was not always possible to use the blade. Due to the presence of a blunted ricasso the talwar can be held with the fore-finger wrapped around the lower quillon of the cross guard.

title: Talwar


text:
New Ash Green

New Ash Green is a village in the Sevenoaks District of Kent, England. It is located 8 miles south west of Gravesend.

History
Building of the village began in 1967, with Span as the developer and Eric Lyons as the designer. The architectural design of New Ash Green was innovative for its time, and its original concept was intended as a prototype for a new way of living in the latter twentieth century. The first buildings were created to be airy, pleasant and modern. There was generous landscaping and cars were separated from pedestrians in the streets and in the shopping precinct. The village is arranged in twenty four neighbourhoods. Punch Croft and Over Minnis are some of the original Span-designed sections.

The development soon ran into difficulties. Originally, the Greater London Council was going to buy 450 of the properties for renting. This idea was dropped when the leadership of the GLC went into Conservative hands. This reduced the financial viability of the development and of the planned social mix of residents. Another problem in the early years was that some lenders were sceptical about the unconventional design of the properties and would not give mortgages.

Span, the original developer, sold the project to Bovis in 1971 for £2.65 million. Bovis increased the size of the development, increasing density and giving less attention to design or provision of public space.

Facilities
New Ash Green is a quiet residential area. It has a rugby club, épée fencing and air pistol shooting indoor, tennis club, football club, Ash Green Sports Centre including a gym, shops, children's parks, a primary school, a fire station, a special needs school and many more public buildings.

The shopping centre became run-down due to lack of maintenance from overseas absentee landlords. Plans were put forward in 2008 to redesign the village's shops.

Rail
The nearest National Rail station to New Ash Green is Longfield, located 2.3 miles away.

Buses
New Ash Green is served by Arriva Kent Thameside route 489. It connects it with Gravesend & Longfield.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: New Ash Green


text:
Category:Motor vehicle awards

See also: Car of the Year

title: Category:Motor vehicle awards


text:
Talk:St Laurence's Church, Upton

There is also the discoverer of an element who is buried at St Laurence. Anyone identify this person? Ian Cairns 21:10, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:St Laurence's Church, Upton


text:
Hedley Bull

Hedley Norman Bull (10 June 1932 – 18 May 1985) was Professor of International Relations at the Australian National University, the London School of Economics and the University of Oxford until his death from cancer in 1985. He was Montague Burton Professor of International Relations at Oxford from 1977 to 1985, and died there.

Biography
Bull was born in Sydney, Australia, where he attended Fort Street High School. He went on to study history and philosophy at the University of Sydney, where he was strongly influenced by the philosopher John Anderson. In 1953, Bull left Australia to study politics at Oxford, and after two years he was appointed to an assistant lectureship in international relations at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE).

In 1965, Bull was appointed director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Unit of the British Foreign Office, forfeiting his Australian identity for British citizenship. Two years later, in 1967, he was appointed to a professorship of international relations at the Australian National University (ANU) in Canberra.

In 1977, Bull published his main work, The Anarchical Society. It is widely regarded as a key textbook in the field of international relations and is also seen as the central text in the so-called "English School" of international relations. In this book, he argues that despite the anarchical character of the international arena, it is characterised by the formation of not only a system of states, but a society of states. His requirements for an entity to be called a state are that it must claim sovereignty over (i) a group of people (ii) a defined territory, and that it must have a government. States form a system when they have a sufficient degree of interaction and effect on one another's decisions, so as they "behave—at least in some measure—as parts of a whole." A system of states can exist without it also being a society of states. A society of states comes into existence "when a group of states, conscious of certain common interests and common values, form a society in the sense that they conceive themselves to be bound by a common set of rules in their relations with one another, and share in the working of common institutions."

The society of states is a way for Bull to analyse and assess possibilities of order in world politics. He continues his argument by giving the concept of order in social life, and the mechanisms of: the balance of power, international law, diplomacy, war and the great powers central roles. He finally concludes that, despite the existence of possible alternative forms of organization, the states system is our best chance of achieving order in world politics.

Selected works

 * The control of the arms race: Disarmament and arms control in the missile age (1965)
 * Strategic studies and its critics (1967)
 * The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (1977)
 * The Expansion of International Society, co-edited with Adam Watson (1984).
 * Intervention in World Politics (1984)
 * Justice in international relations (1984) (1983-84 Hagey lectures)
 *  The Challenge of the Third Reich (1986) (The Adam von Trott Memorial Lectures)
 * ISBN 0-19-825569-1 (hardback); ISBN 0-19-827771-7 (paperback). US edition. Oxford Scholarship Online. Google Books.

There is a comprehensive bibliography of Hedley Bull's works (prepared by Donald Markwell) in:

 * J. D. B. Miller and R J Vincent (eds.), Order and Violence, Oxford University Press, 1990,

and

 * Robert O'Neill and David N. Schwartz (eds.), Hedley Bull on Arms Control, Macmillan, 1987.

General references

 * Coral Bell and Meredith Thatcher (eds.), Remembering Hedley, ANU Press, anu.edu.au (2008).
 * Alderson, Kai and Andrew Hurrell Hedley Bull On International Society (2003)
 * Donald Markwell, "Instincts to lead": on leadership, peace, and education (2013)
 * Miller, J.D.B. and Vincent, R. J. (eds), Order and Violence: Hedley Bull and International Relations (1990)
 * Vigezzi, Brunello The British Committee on the Theory of International Politics (2005)
 * Michele Chiaruzzi, 'Hedley Bull: In Search of International Order', in F. Andreatta (ed), Great Works in International Relations (2017).

title: Hedley Bull


text: Category:Dukes of Milan

title: Category:Dukes of Milan


text:
American Capital of Culture

The non-governmental organization American Capital of Culture selects one city or state in the Americas annually to serve as the American Capital of Culture for a period of one year. The organization's leaders claim the initiative is based closely on the European Capital of Culture program; it enjoys the backing of the Organization of American States, but the OAS is not involved in the selection process.

The organization was founded in 1998 with the objectives to raise awareness of culture in the Americas and to promote the city selected as the Capital of Culture for the year. The chosen city is publicized on the television networks Antena 3 and the Discovery network.

While the NGO claims that the designation "is aimed at all the countries of the Americas", the 26 locations (includes two in 2003) designated as the American Capital of Culture have only been chosen from Latin America and the Caribbean. Furthermore, the designation has increasingly become Mexico-centric; Mexico has dominated the program since 2014, being given the designation six times in the 11 years from 2014 to 2024.

title: American Capital of Culture


text:
User talk:Ludraman/Archive2

Created on 1-12-04. Content from 24-3-04 to 31-08-04.

ga:
I am looking for adminship on the Irish Wikipedia. There are things that need some tweaking that I would be willing to do. Ludraman 22:26, 24 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Ludraman, as Gabriel Beecham is a bureaucrat on ga, he should be the one to make you a sysop. Please ask on the Irish Wikipedia. Angela 13:57, 2 Apr 2004 (UTC)

I moved this from Requests for permissions in case you hadn't seen it. Angela. 07:06, Apr 7, 2004 (UTC)

 * Righto - thanks. L UDRAMAN | T 19:09, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Tutorial
Thanks for reformatting this tutorial page. Now it's actually an example of good talk formatting instead of just claiming to be. :-) Isomorphic 22:59, 9 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks - don't ya just love the conversation!!! L UDRAMAN | T 02:20, 10 Apr 2004 (UTC)

pelletization of sodium hydroxide
I would like you to give information on pelletization of sodium methoxide and pottasium hydroxide.
 * Can't help ya there. L UDRAMAN | T 13:31, 10 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Fac's
They shouldn't be on the articles. We discussed putting the actual featured notice there, and most people were against it. Putting a candidate notice is even worse IMO. It doesn't look good and there is no need for it. Dori | Talk 17:05, Apr 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Do you put them on the talk page instead? L UDRAMAN | T 17:16, 10 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, I've been moving them there. Dori | Talk 17:28, Apr 10, 2004 (UTC)

Tutorial (response)
Thanks for the note. Just a couple days before I stumbled upon the project I had mentioned to my brother that I was thinking of trying to work on documentation for contributors, since I was starting to feel comfortable, but since I'd only been here since late Feb, I could still remember some of the struggles of being a newbie. So helping with the Tutorial was a perfect match. I have some more ideas about a couple things to add and move, but I'll put them on the Talk page when they're firmer in my head. In most areas I chose to 'be bold' (I was starting stubs my first two days here, had at least 100 edits within 4-5 days, and recently topped 2000). However, with the tutorial, I think it's better to be collaborative initially on the talk page, at least in terms of structural issues--as for the actual content I usually just go ahead an add things I think will be helpful. Niteowlneils 03:12, 12 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Newcomers' Village Pump
Thanks very much for making Newcomers' village pump (particularly liked questions at the top). Often, these things get talked about and agreed to be a Good Thing, and then nobody makes them. So thanks for making it :) --Camembert
 * I'm glad to contribute. Some people are saying it should be renamed, because it implies newcomers cant ask quesions at the village pump, and should be called Newcomers Help desk. What do you think? L UDRAMAN | T 17:50, 13 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, looks like that one's been sorted out now. --Camembert

Thank you
Ludraman: Thank you for your support and the kind words on my adminship. Cecropia 03:23, 14 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Irish breakfast
I don't want to open old wounds but please read Talk:Irish breakfast Jooler

thanks
Ludraman,

Thanks for your vote in re my admin nomination. Since I don't recall seeing your name in and aroudn the crypto corner, you are one of those I was surprised were aware of the goings on there. But thanks again, regardless.

I note that you have wide interests, but not apparently in crypto. As such, I would like to see if I can entice you into a small project. There is some need for a non specialist eye to look over some of the general crypto articles (not the mathematical ones, nor the algorithm descriptions and such) but the general ones. The technical ones are easier to do. The problem is that an author is often too close to a subject to see where the account is still obscure to the general reader. Comments on narrative arc (or a missing one), obscure patches, over use of too specialized jargon, basic opacity, and such. In return, I'd offer to lend a similar eye for such articles as you think need such a review.

Perhaps a WP exchange across the pond will be possible?

ww 19:39, 15 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Sure I would be willing to review them. Which pages do you want me to look at?
 * About the support for nomination, I took a brief look at some of your contributions and you seemed to deserve adminship. Perehaps if you could take a loook at the Irish Breakfast article and its talk page. There are some disputes going on and a new approach from a new editor would be helpful. Thanks. L UDRAMAN | T 21:35, 15 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * L, Sorry it took me so long to notice your reply. I expected to hear from you on my Talk page, which is on my watchlist. Oh well...
 * Thanks for being willing to lend an eye. There's a sort of analytic list of articles at Topics in Cryptography which gives a reasonable choice. The technical ones are easier to do as the audience is, in a sense, oneself (at least for crypto types); it's the general ones where clunk and fog (for the general reader) can't be seen. I'm hoping to clear away some of that, so comments on obscurity, or what???, or I think I understood but now I'm not so sure, and such would be most helpful. Typos are less important as they shouldn't interfere with understanding, though they're perhaps as difficult to notice if one is 'over familiar' with an article.
 * You might try secure channel or diplomatic bag or Ultra or Magic or Purple or key. That should give you a choice.
 * I'll take a look at Irish Breakfast and see what I can do. Since I didn't know there was one such, I guess I'm an ideal non specialized eye, eh?
 * ww 17:02, 16 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * L, I've left comments in re Irish breakfast on the Talk page. Let me know whether this is what you have in mind. You will note that I took no stand on any controversial question, eg pudding or not. So perhaps I'll be safe from partisan action. ww 20:39, 16 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Hey Ww (is that short for anything?). Thanks for your comments on the Irish brekkie page. Sorry about the delay in looking at the crypto articles. Iam am just getting around to it now. BTW could you take a look at Prisoners and hats puzzle. I made it earlier todya about a puzzle I know but I think it's very unclear. I haven't even had time to add the solution yet, I am leaving people hanging in the balance! Cheers! L UDRAMAN | T 02:09, 17 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * Let's see. After brushing up on what exactly is all this cryptography stuff, I looked at Autokey cipher. Very interesting and explained nicely. I edited what I thought to be a slightly unclear bit and will drop a note on the talk page. I will definitely look at more crypto articles. For now, however, I think some sleep would be in order... ;-) L UDRAMAN | T 03:08, 17 Apr 2004 (UTC)

L, I give up on counting the damned :. Sorry about that and about dustbinning the indentation...

I've checked into the puzzle and left some comments.

The ww is merely initals, not an attempt to claim 2/3 of www.

Please don't feel any need to actually edit any of the crypto stuff. The idea is to find a guin err vict err hmm volunteer who is not a crypto fan who can point up unclarity and obscurity so it can be fixed; most especially in the 'general' articles. The technical ones should probably be expected to be unclear to the unitiated, I suppose. A note on the relevant Talk page will be fine (see Talk:Enigma for an example above and beyond the call from jwr).

On the other hand, should you be overwhelmed by the urge to correct a typo or launch into a revision of some technical bit, well who am I to say you nay? Clearly nobody.

I too am suffering delays in replying to you as I've not watchlisted your talk page. ww 16:31, 19 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * YOU DITCHED THE INDENTATION! Nah only messing. Its okay. As I said, the autokey cipher article is clear. Haven't got a chance to look at anything else yet - my internet has crashed! L UDRAMAN | T 16:44, 19 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * L, Haven't heard from you in some time, and so thought I'd drop you a note. The crypto corner is now the proud possessor of its own Project (WikiProject Cryptography) and there is a list there of several general articles which might someday qualify as featured. They might be candidates for review, per our earlier.

 * In addition, you might find some amusement/bemusement/outrage, as one from Erie, in the discussion re cypher v cipher. Since you folks have produced some of the most glittering writers in the language, you surely get a place at the spellyng table. Chime in or not as you wish.

 * Hope things are going well. ww 18:12, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

Confusing statement on requests for admin
On Requests for adminship it says:

 * 1) Oppose for all the above reasons. LUDRAMAN | T 17:09, 15 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) * Note: This account is obviously a sockpuppet. What new user's first edit would be on a MediaWiki page?

and I read it and thought "who the heck thinks Ludraman is a sock puppet?" and I had to go through the history to realize ohhhhhhh... that's Ludraman adding to his comment and he thinks Ryan is a sockpuppet... I get it now. But I thought you might want to fix it, since it looks similar to times in the past when people have added comments to votes to say that the voter is most likely a sockpuppet. Man... I'm being pretty confusing myself. Hope you can figure out what I'm trying to say. moink 23:22, 15 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Okay - I'll change it! Thanks for the note! L UDRAMAN | T 01:33, 16 Apr 2004 (UTC)

AMA co-ordinator election is now on
You may now vote for user:Ed_Poor or user:Alex756 in the first ever AMA co-ordinator election. Follow the instructions on AMA Coordinator Election Procedure for more details.

AMA members who wish to abstain from voting must also e-mail wikipedia_ama_voting@yahoo.co.uk with notice of that intent.

To clarify anything before voting, ask user_talk:Zanimum or user_talk:Jwrosenzweig on their talk pages.

AMA members have until April 30, at 11:00:00 EST to vote. -- user:zanimum

 * Thanks. L UDRAMAN | T 15:44, 16 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * Your vote has been counted. Jwrosenzweig 15:53, 20 Apr 2004 (UTC)

ga adminship
Hi Ludraman - I've noticed that you haven't done much stuff on ga.wikipedia recently (like everyone, it seems), but are you still interested in being a sysop? -- Kwekubo 00:59, 18 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Good point. I haven't been focusing much attention on the ga wiki, i've been spending most of my (limited) time here. I'll probably remove the request, and consider it if I go back editing majorly there. L UDRAMAN | T 15:55, 19 Apr 2004 (UTC)

blockquote tag

 * from the pump

Is there any wiki-markup equivelent of the html tag? It's useful for song lyrics and quotations, but i know it's better to use wiki markup. L UDRAMAN | T 01:43, 14 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * If you start a line with a colon, it indents the content of that line, similarly to <blockquote>,. This paragraph is on a line started with a colon Nohat 02:02, 2004 Apr 14 (UTC)

columning

 * from the pump

Is there any way of making a page split into two columns? L UDRAMAN |  |T 03:19, 21 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * If you want two columns of text, then you could just use a one-row two-cell table. If you need elements to match horizontally, then you'd need a many-row table of course.  fabiform | talk 06:12, 21 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Request for AMA assistance
We have received an anonymous request for AMA assistance from an IP address, I have directed that individual to contact me if they wish not to create a Wikipedia account. If you are interested in helping please let me know and if I hear from this individual I will try and put you in contact. See AMA Requests for Assistance. Thank you. — ©   Alex756   03:06, 18 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Happy birthday
You don't have Internet access right now, but I want to wish you a happy birthday all the same. :) Neutrality 17:05, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Simple questions
Hello Ludraman,

I have just discovered the Wikipedia for myself. It is amazing resource. I am considering to use some information on my website. I would like to take a look into the set of live examples of how people use Wikipedia information and it's articles at their web sites. Can you point me to those? Would like to get access to Wikipedia forums. Seems that it is not on the surface - to click the button and get into the forum. Thank you very much for your feedback.

Boris Lifschutz mail@fcigeneral.com

Sarnath picture
Hi, I was working on the captions for the Buddhism article and wondered if you had some more information about Image:Sarnath.jpg. It would be good to include on the image description page. I couldn't find the picture when I looked at hindubooks.org, but perhaps you know just where to look. Thanks! -- ke4roh 00:27, Aug 24, 2004 (UTC)

 * To be honest, I wasn't doing a lot of work on the article itself, just scanning sites for pictures needed by a range of articles. I can't really help you. Sorry. L UDRAMAN | T 08:29, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Welcome back!
Hope your Internet connection problems are sorted out! Is Eircom your telephone service provider and/or ISP? (see Talk:Eircom). zoney █ █ █  talk 13:20, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * No, we have satellite broadband (we're not near enough to a cable broadband exchange) but that wasn't the problem. I was away for a good while and when I came back my computer and wireless card had been broken. Now I'm back on a different pc (no, mac) but on dial up. In a week or two I'll have broadband back. Long story short, I will soon be more or less back to my old Wikipedian self. L UDRAMAN | T 15:29, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Press release
Since you showed interest in press releases on the help desk, I just wanted to make sure I kept you up-to-date on this. I'm hoping to get the 1,000,000-article press release written by 7 September, then allow a week for translation, as we should reach the milestone mid-September. Right now we're working at Wikimedia press releases/One million Wikipedia articles if you're interested in helping to write it. --Michael Snow 23:44, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ludraman/Archive2


text:
Talk:The Worst Week of My Life

Intro
You need to give this an introduction, such as "The Worst Week of My Life is a British TV series that first aired on BBC 1 in March-April 2004." pomegranate 21:15, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:The Worst Week of My Life Series 1 DVD Cover.JPG
Image:The Worst Week of My Life Series 1 DVD Cover.JPG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 06:29, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

International Versions
The short lived US ABC show Big Day appears to be a version of "Worst Week"? --Bill Martin 00:02, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
 * As no clear linkages between Worst Week and Big Day are available, a simple statement of "similar story arc" has been added to both series' pages. Bill Martin (talk) 09:53, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

Status
Is there any citation for the 'cancellation'? Bill Martin 20:40, 26 July 2007 (UTC)
 * As no citation has been provided for cancellation this assertion has been removed Bill Martin (talk) 09:40, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:The Worst Week of My Life


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Adriana Qubaia

Adriana Qubaia
Adrian Qubaia was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

I can't find any references to her on google. Is she real, and is she notable? Thue | talk 21:15, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Is this prison penpals? Weird.  No evidence of notability offered by the article, but you can write to her in prison. Geogre 01:04, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, agreeing with Geogre above. Joyous 01:07, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Probably not notable. Delete.  --Idont Havaname 01:14, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Looks not notable --Gtabary 09:51, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Paul Kennedy

Paul Michael Kennedy (born 17 June 1945) is a British historian specialising in the history of international relations, economic power and grand strategy. He is on the editorial board of numerous scholarly journals and writes for The New York Times, The Atlantic, and many foreign-language newspapers and magazines. His monthly column on current global issues is distributed worldwide by the Tribune Content Agency.

He has published on the history of British foreign policy and great power struggles, emphasizing the changing economic power base that undergirds military and naval strength, noting how declining economic power leads to reduced military and diplomatic weight.

Life
Kennedy was born in Wallsend, Northumberland, and attended St. Cuthbert's Grammar School in Newcastle upon Tyne. Subsequently, he graduated with first-class honours in history from Newcastle University and obtained his doctorate from St Antony's College, Oxford, under the supervision of A. J. P. Taylor and John Andrew Gallagher. He was a member of the History Department at the University of East Anglia between 1970 and 1983. He is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, a former visiting fellow of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, and of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in Germany. In 2007–2008, Kennedy was the Phillipe Roman Professor of History and International Affairs at the London School of Economics.

In 1983 he was named the J. Richardson Dilworth professor of British History at Yale. He is now also the Director of International Security Studies and along with John Lewis Gaddis and Charles Hill, teaches the Studies in Grand Strategy course there. In 2012, Professor Kennedy began teaching a course at Yale entitled "Military History of the West Since 1500", elaborating on his presentation of military history as inextricably intertwined with economic power and technological progress. His most well known book, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, assesses the interaction between economics and strategy over the past five centuries. The book was very well received by fellow historians, with A. J. P. Taylor labelling it "an encyclopaedia in itself" and Sir Michael Howard crediting it as "a deeply humane book in the very best sense of the word". It has been translated into 23 languages.

In his 2006 book The Parliament of Man, Kennedy contemplates the past and future of the United Nations.

In 2010 he delivered the first Lucy Houston Lecture in Cambridge on the subject of "Innovation and Industrial Regeneration".

Honours
Kennedy was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1989 and the American Philosophical Society in 1991. He was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 2001 and elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 2003. The National Maritime Museum awarded him its Caird Medal in 2005 for his contributions to naval history. Kennedy was named the US Naval War College's Hattendorf Prize Laureate for 2014.

The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers
In The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (1987), Kennedy argues that economic strength and military power have been highly correlated in the rise and fall of major nations since 1500. He shows that expanding strategic commitments lead to increases in military expenditures that eventually overburden a country's economic base, and cause its long-term decline. His book reached a wide audience of policy makers when it suggested that the United States and the Soviet Union were presently experiencing the same historical dynamics that previously affected Spain, the Netherlands, France, Great Britain, and Germany, and that the United States must come to grips with its own "imperial overstretch".

However, the Cold War ended two years after Kennedy's book appeared, validating his thesis regarding the Soviet Union, but leaving the United States as the sole superpower and, apparently, at the peak of its economy.

In the text, Kennedy predicted the rise of China, noting that it was undergoing economic development which could transform the country in decades and that it was "only a matter of time" before China became a great power.

Nau (2001) contends that Kennedy's realist model of international politics underestimates the power of national, domestic identities or the possibility of the ending of the Cold War and the growing convergence of democracy and markets resulting from the democratic peace that followed.

World War I
In explaining why neutral Britain went to war with Germany, Kennedy (1980) recognised it was critical for war that Germany become economically more powerful than Britain, but he downplays the disputes over economic trade imperialism, the Baghdad Railway, confrontations in Eastern Europe, high-charged political rhetoric and domestic pressure-groups. Germany's reliance time and again on sheer power, while Britain increasingly appealed to moral sensibilities, played a role, especially in seeing the invasion of Belgium as a necessary military tactic or a profound moral crime. The German invasion of neutral Belgium was not important because the British decision had already been made and the British were more concerned with the fate of France (pp. 457–62). Kennedy argues that by far the main reason was London's fear that a repeat of 1870, when Prussia and the German states smashed France, would mean that Germany, with a powerful army and navy, would control the English Channel and northwest France. British policy-makers insisted that that would be a catastrophe for British security.

Notable students

 * Geoffrey Wawro (PhD 1992)
 * Richard Drayton (PhD 1999)
 * Fareed Zakaria (BA 1986)
 * Frederick Kagan (PhD 1995)

title: Paul Kennedy


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Professional Help Desk Software

Professional Help Desk Software
Professional Help Desk Software was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

Ad. Thue | talk 21:17, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Fredrik | talk 21:48, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Just an ad. Nothing more. --LeeHunter 21:49, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Grrr...  Cdc 23:22, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Spam spam spam!  --Idont Havaname 01:11, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Spam. --Gtabary 09:49, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete ad, no information. Estel 11:44, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Harry Brown

Harry Brown may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Harry Joe Brown (1890–1972), American movie producer and theatre and film director
 * Harry Brown (writer) (1917–1986), American screenwriter and novelist
 * Harry Brown (journalist) (1930–2002), Canadian radio and television host

Politics and law

 * Harry Brown (Australian politician) (1863–1925), member of the WA Legislative Assembly
 * Harry Brown (public servant) (1878–1967), Australian public servant
 * Harry Knowlton Brown (1897–1974), politician from Alberta, Canada
 * Harry Brown (American politician) (born 1955), member of the North Carolina Senate

Association football (soccer)

 * Harry Brown (footballer, born 1883) (1883–1934), English inside forward for Bradford Park Avenue, Fulham, Northampton Town, Southampton, Newcastle United and West Bromwich Albion
 * Harry Brown (footballer, born 1897) (1897–1958), English centre-forward who played for Queens Park Rangers and Sunderland
 * Harry Brown (footballer, born 1907) (1907–1963), Scottish inside forward who played for Chesterfield, Darlington, Hibernian, Plymouth Argyle and Reading
 * Harry Brown (footballer, born 1918) (1918–1963), English half-back who played for Hull City and Wolverhampton Wanderers
 * Harry Brown (footballer, born 1924) (1924–1982), English goalkeeper who played for Derby County, Exeter City, Notts County, Plymouth Argyle and Queens Park Rangers

Other sports

 * Harry Brown (baseball) (fl. 1910s), American baseball player
 * Harry Brown (Australian footballer) (1903–?), Australian rules footballer for St Kilda
 * Harry Brown (basketball) (1948–2021), American-born Canadian basketball player and educator

Others

 * Harry A. Brown (1879–1949), American college administrator
 * Harry Gunnison Brown (1880–1975), American economist
 * Harry Bingham Brown (1883–1954), American pioneer aviator
 * Harry W. Brown (VC) (1898–1917), Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross
 * Harry W. Brown (pilot) (1921–1991), American pilot at Pearl Harbor

Other uses

 * Harry Brown (film), 2009 film

title: Harry Brown


text:
User talk:Ludraman/Archive3

Created 1-12-04. Content from 5-09-04 to 17-10-04.

CMUCL
I'm afraid that by the time I saw your message, this article had fallen out of the restorable zone. I deleted lots of pages yesterday, so I can't fully remember this one, but from my comment I suspect that it was so short on context that it was not possible for me to make sense of the content.

Stub articles, especially in the fields of computing and computer games may well make perfect sense to their authors, but seem near-gibberish to a reader unless the context and relevant links are clear. I always try to save a non-junk article if I can make sense of it, but in this case I may have made a wrong call - sorry. jimfbleak 06:18, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Adminship
You're very welcome! -- Merovingian ✍  Talk  23:16, Sep 8, 2004 (UTC)

What I have to say
Hey Ludraman, I noticed you supported my adminship and then switched to neutral, asking what I had to say. I'm not sure what you're looking for, but I can briefly explain what the present conflict is about (one of the RfC's posted about me was from months ago). The more current one is over the Bush article. To put it briefly, there was a dispute over a section of the article, which I felt was unneeded and if present should be short and to the point, long enough as the article already is. Kevin baas refused to discuss the issues and instead favored a poll. In the poll between a short and a detailed version (and some others), most people preferred the detailed one. So I accepted longer coverage, but nevertheless felt it needed more work, adding of counterbalancing info and tweaks for neutrality, which I made. However, a couple of users declared that the poll result meant that the text was fixed and reverted every edit I tried to make to it. I protested that in no way should the poll be construed as fixing it in stone, and polls are non-binding anyway, and I was working off the voted-for version. I contacted Gzornenplatz, who would discuss, and asked what he disliked, and we worked out an agreeable version. But then that was reverted too, and then Gzornenplatz joined in, believing the poll bound the text. Every edit I made would be reverted with a dismissive comment about how "consensus" had been reached and I was acting "unilaterally". This disagreement may be going to mediation.

Unfortunately, this recently began developing into a ForestFire, with the users in question then going after my edits on other articles, following my contributions. In one case an editorial disagreement with Ruhrjung, who has called me delusional because of my resistance to what I perceive as negatively biased edits about America (see User:Ruhrjung), was then joined by these others and exacerbated. I won't detail further that mess.

I hope that answers your concerns somewhat. Since I am withdrawing my nomination anyway, I will not be putting you in the awkward position of deciding how to vote now. Thanks for your interest. Cheers, V V 06:30, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)

The Den
Thanks for fixing up The Den page POV. Was reliving my youth a bit too much there, I think...

As a 16-channel lander (cable) I was comparing The Den of my childhood (not very long ago, really) to BBC/ITV/etc stuff. Forgot Ireland was broke then, so The Den was actually professional :-) Kiand 22:20, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * True, but you have to admit a fluffy pencil case (last prize on one of the quizzes a number of years ago) is a bit poor :-)

 * I'm going to divide it out so I can cover the seperate puppets, expiditions, competitions etc a bit better. The Den was a part of my childhood, a big part at that, so I think it deserves a big page

Adminship
You're welcome, good luck. Andre 21:11, 11 Sep 2004 (UTC)

You told me to burn things
"I heard Ludraman came to Wikipedia in the wheel-well of an Aer Lingus jet. Ludraman told me to burn things": tehse are both jokes from the US TV show The Simpsons.

% At the bar, Moe suggests Homer use a leprechaun to get rid of the curse.

Homer: Leprechaun? Don't they live in Ireland? Moe:  Yeah, but they come over here in the wheel wells of Aer Lingus jets. Carl: You know, I was hexed by a troll, and a leprechaun cured that right up. Lenny: Hey, you know what's even better is Jesus. He's like six leprechauns. Carl: Yeah, but a lot harder to catch. Go with a leprechaun. -- "Treehouse of Horror XII"

% Meanwhile, Ralph [Wiggum] is giving Bart a tour of his back garden.

Ralph: This is my swing set. This is my sandbox. I'm not allowed to      go in the deep end. [points to large rock] That's where I saw the leprechaun! Bart: [sarcastically] Right, a leprechaun. Ralph: He told me to burn things. Bart: [unsure] Uh huh... --"This Little Wiggy"

-- orthogonal 01:49, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh yeah - now I remember... J OHN C OLLISON | (Ludraman) 09:29, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Re:Gmail Invite
Sure, I just got 6 (again...) I just need your email address. — Ilγαηερ   (Tαlκ)  20:29, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Okay, it's on its way. I have no clue how ppl get invites, neither do many other people.  —  Ilγαηερ   (Tαlκ)  20:35, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * No problem, have fun.  —  Ilγαηερ   (Tαlκ)  22:43, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Tu tienes 14 anos? Muy Bueno!
I'm turning 13 in two weeks myself. BTW, I think it's supposed to be -- "Hola. Me llamo John Collison. Tengo 14 anos" (with the accents of course)  —  Ilγαηερ   (Tαlκ)  20:34, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I know but I'm using a mac and I dunno how to get accents! PS isnt "soy John Collison" correct? That's what we were taught in Spanish! J OHN C OLLISON | (Ludraman) 20:39, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Should be Apple-letter or something like that. BeOS for PowerPC does that anyway.
 * I was kind of surprised to see you're 14. You're a year or two off the "angry teenage" phase that makes you do things like my revert war over the letter u in the word flavour :-) Kiand 22:13, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * That's kind of weird...I'm not sure if "soy John Collison" is correct -- I suppose that would mean I am John Collison.  —  Ilγαηερ   (Tαlκ)  22:33, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Slot Cars
That wasn't a judgement as to its notability (if it was, it would have had to go through VFD), just its content. I generally only delete things if they only have one or two sentences and contain less than three facts, and that only had two. Ambi 00:40, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Non POV
I think you're taking the NPOV thing a little far - are we to strip the words 'talented' from nearly every article in wikipedia? Average Earthman 08:25, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Ryanair
I prefer the new graph on passengers. However, you mention in the notes that the graph is easier for editing. Is this easier for editing the graph or the surrounding text? The approach of using Excel to produce graphs and then taking an image of that graph does produce a better graph, but I don't know how somebody else can easily change the graph without the original spreadsheet. I used a timeline because it meant that anybody could alter the script and so amend the graph without the need for starting from scratch. Any comments/tips MarkS 13:49, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the update on my page. I must admit that I do prefer your graph and I do agree that getting rid of the timeline script will make it easier for newbies to follow the main text. Thanks for the graph. MarkS 17:48, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

COTW See also
Why did you remove the links to other COTW projects from the Television Show COTW page? I think all COTW projects should work together to reach their intended audience. Please reply on my talk page. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 07:40, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC)

 * I noticed the template too late and until now I was unaware you put it there. Sorry. Thanks for the template. It makes adding new pages far easier. But then again, that's what they're supposed to do. :) [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 18:48, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC)

 * That's ok. Ya, that's why I made it: I think there's going to be an influx of specialist COTWs and is easier to add them. J OHN C OLLISON | (Ludraman) 18:55, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

URGENT: Opposition to "Sam Spade": See User:Spleeman/Sam Spade
See a critic's tracking of SamSpade's activities on Wikipedia at User:Spleeman/Sam Spade Vote "NO", or reverse your vote, even at this late hour. This is criticle (and critical) information! IZAK 10:13, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

See: User:Spleeman/Sam Spade:

 * From Sam's own user page: User:Sam_Spade/Theoretical_Biases
 * Removes references to groups such as the KKK as "right-wing"
 * Attempts to sugarcoat racist views
 * The claim the Geli Raubal was Hitler's mistress is just that, a claim.
 * Wants Hitler labeled as a socialist on the communism page (see Talk:Communism)
 * Insists on including his personal theories regarding a relationship between nazism and Chinese communism in nazism article:
 * User_talk:Andries
 * Talk:Nazism
 * From Talk:Socialism:
 * "I intend to do what I always have, which is insist that the Nazi's were socialist because... they were." (Sam Spade 00:32, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC))
 * Called another editor a "fascist" (Talk:Socialism). This is similar to his attempts to try to provoke me by implying that I was a nationalist, or not an anarchist:
 * "Enforcing american spelling is a sign of nationalism, and would therefore seem to suggest your not an anarchist? Or perhaps your a "anarcho-nationalist"? ;p" (Sam Spade 08:06, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC), User_talk:Spleeman)
 * "Censorship isn't very anarchist" (Sam Spade 23:25, 27 Jun 2004 (UTC), Talk:Anarchism/Archive10)
 * More on belief in non-racial eugenics: Why Sam is Right Wing (a list by User:Stopthebus18)
 * Stopthebus18: "People (including our country) have done horrible things in the name of eugenics." (StoptheBus18 16:02, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC))
 * Sam Spade: "Seems to work in Singapore. Bad things have been done in the name of all sorts of medicine, but we don't stop going to the doctor, do we?" (Sam Spade 17:21, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC))
 * Guess what everybody!!! "The attempt to paint them [the Nazis] as "reactionaries" is a propagandistic fraud." (Sam Spade 16:11, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC), Talk:Nazism) Wow! You learn something new everyday.... Not.
 * Hmm. For some reason, Sam doesn't want anybody to know that white-supremacist Wolfgang Droege was involved in drug trafficking.

Irish town stubs
The item that requires most attention, in my opinion, is the recently created stubs, which are mainly Dublin towns and suburbs. See the "related changes" on List of towns in the Republic of Ireland, go back more than 7 days. The CGorman newpages are substub, as are some of the ones I've recently standardised (switching category, adding Irish, formatting). All these changes can be seen by clicking "Related Changes" on that page.

The articles do or should follow the following format: Townname (Ainmbaile in Irish) is a town in Countyname, Republic of Ireland, located in/near/northof/southof placearea in Ireland.
 * Main part of article – add any history, then sights/architecture, then road and rail connections.

(if a stub)

There will eventually be 32 categories for towns in Ireland, following the format of Category:Towns in Cork. Dublin has a slightly different wording - Category:Towns and suburbs in Dublin. These are all subcategories of Category:Towns of Ireland.

I will also continue to work through the county pages, making sure they have a list of the main towns, and transcribing that to the master list.

zoney ♣ talk 19:37, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Irish of course, just an error on my part! zoney ♣ talk 22:46, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Dis-ambiguation problem
Why did you copy-paste Kerry (disambiguation) into Kerry?? Most registered Wikipedians don't accept copy-paste page moves. 66.245.64.202 21:04, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Because

J OHN C OLLISON | (Ludraman) 22:07, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Kerry already existed so I couldn't use the move this page feature
 * The page history of the disambig wasn't really important
 * It's not a straight copy-paste, I made a few changes

Graph
Hi there,

Apologies, but I removed your graph from Ireland after I realised it is Republic of Ireland only. Perhaps you could add it to that page instead?

zoney ♣ talk 20:45, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Vote on Sept. 11
Hi, thanks for your vote about the title for September 11, 2001 attacks. But the vote is in two parts. You voted in the part that is now closed. The run-off is still open. Maurreen 22:25, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

IRC
I'm proxied out from IRC here..

However, remind anyone that I'm in Dublin, able to help, and contactable by email.

Kiand 20:17, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ludraman/Archive3


text:
Talk:Hit by pitch

Untitled
The article claims "Headhunting is slightly more common in the American League than in the National League, because pitchers are required to bat in the National League." Why does this make a difference? --Dmleach 21:20, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * In a word, retaliation — if NL pitchers were to throw at somebody's head, then the other team could throw at them. I'll see if I can come up with a better way to phrase it for the main article. - jredmond 21:25, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Biggio's Record
This article says the Biggio is the #1 leader in HBP, but actually he is #2 behind Hughie Jennings. See the article on Craig Biggio:

"Over his career, Biggio has gained a reputation for being hit by pitches. Some have even gone so far as to proclaim him the "king of hit batsmen."[1] On June 29, 2005, Biggio broke the modern era career hit-by-pitch record, previously held by Don Baylor with 267. He is currently the active leader in this category only trailing Hughie Jennings on the all-time list with 287. As of the end of the 2006 season, Biggio has 282 HBP, and needs 6 more to break the 103 year old record. Despite being hit by a record number of pitches, Biggio has never charged the mound.[2] Nor has he ever had a serious injury as a result from an HBP."
 * I considered editing the page to reflect this, but in a month or two Biggio will take over the record. "The previous record holder was Don Baylor, who was hit 267 times. The single-season record holder is Ron Hunt of the 1971 Montreal Expos, who was hit 50 times." should be removed though since it is false. Hughie Jennings was hit 51 times in 1896, and Don Baylor never held the HBP #1 spot. Eh, basically what I'm saying is, when Biggio breaks the record, please restructure that section to show the actual records.216.37.86.10 15:55, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Good catch. I'll take care of this now.  Biggio's only had one so far this season, so it could be a few months until he actually breaks the record.  -- dakern74 (talk) 21:54, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

Phrasing
Oftentimes, if a player is acting rude or unsportsmanlike, or having an extraordinarily good day, the pitcher may intentionally hit the batter

Shouldn't this be "having a bad day"? It doesn't follow as it is now. K e rowyn 00:37, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

 * No, it makes perfect sense: If a player is hitting well, by hitting him, you take the bat out of his hands and limit him to one base -- precisely the same as with an intentional walk. 142.104.250.115 22:00, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

Hit by Pitch while attempting to hit a pitch

 * This discussion started on the Talk:Baseball page but was more relevant here. Dakern74 17:11, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

Hello! I have never submitted a question before so I hope I am doing this right. I have searched for an official answer to this question without success. While batting, if a batter swings at an inside pitch and subsequently the ball hits the knuckles of the batter and the ball is hit in fair play is the play dead and the batter awarded first base as a result of a hit by pitch or is the ball live as it was "hit" in fair play during an attempted swing? Thank you for your reply!

 * Part of rule 6.08 states that in order to be awarded first base, the batter can't be trying to hit the ball.  If he swings, the pitch counts whether it later hits the batter or not.  If he swings and misses for strike three, even if it hits him after the fact, he's out.  I saw that challenged in a minor-league game I think last season.  If he makes contact, then the ball's in play.  Of course, if it hits the bat first and then his knuckles, it's probably going to be called a foul tip (assuming he's still in the batter's box).  Hope this helps. Dakern74 19:26, 27 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Not quite right. This would never be a foul tip.  Also, any time a pitched ball hits a batter, the ball is dead--it can never be hit in play or a foul, etc.  If the pitch first hits a player's hands (or any part of the body) while he is taking a full swing, it is a dead ball and a strike, even if the ball is hit.  No runners may advance.  If a pitch first hits the hands while the swing is a half-swing but "he didn't go", and the umpire judges that the batter didn't try to avoid it, then it is a dead ball and a ball (a pitch not in the strike zone).  If he did try to avoid it, then it is a hit by pitch.  I think these are clear in the articles I've linked.  If not, edit them or let me know.  If you're confused, just remember this one thing:  The hands are NOT part of the bat--ever.  --Locarno 14:31, 28 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Batters foul balls off parts of themselves all the time. Usually it's their legs, but still.  As long as it hits the bat first, it's foul.  However, after looking up the definition of a "strike" in rule 2, I'll agree that it can't ever be put in play.  The rule I referenced (6.08) is silent about that.  Thanks for the clarification. Dakern74 14:58, 28 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Very true--that's when it hits the bat first. Once the ball hits the bat, it is no longer a pitched ball.  Sorry if I wasn't clear.  If there's anywhere the articles are unclear, let me know and we can fix it.  --Locarno 16:32, 28 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm going to copy this discussion over to Talk:Hit by pitch since it's more specific to that topic. Then maybe it can be removed from the overall "baseball" page to shorten it up a little.  You'll find I also added some of these conclusions to the original hit by pitch article.  Thanks for the help.  Dakern74 17:11, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

2007
who holds the record for being hit by a pitch in 2007? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.33.32.184 (talk) 23:44, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

HBP
Ok, HBP can also stand for half blood prince, the harry potter book, why cant this be a disambiguation? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.118.144.236 (talk) 19:00, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Noteworthy? At least ironic?
I find irony in the fact that baseball's sister sport, cricket, actually punishes the batsman in some situations for being hit by a pitch. But I don't know if this irony is worth putting into the article. 49giantsharks (talk) 01:36, 21 October 2010 (UTC)
 * It depends on what is published in reliable sources. What you or I find ironic is not relevant to the article. --Jameboy (talk) 14:57, 26 April 2014 (UTC)

Option?
if you are hit by a pitch, not in the strike zone and you try to avoid it, can you refuse being awarded first and continue the at bat? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.92.62.234 (talk) 19:32, 20 June 2011 (UTC)
 * No, just like you can't refuse being awarded first after a fourth ball. --Sneftel (talk) 15:28, 10 May 2012 (UTC)

retaliation?
I find:

"in the NL the pitchers must bat for themselves and open themselves up to direct retaliation (although hitting a fellow pitcher is a serious breach of baseball etiquette)"

How about the May 30, 1966 Phillies at Mets (2nd game of doubleheader)?

Dick Selma (NY Mets) hit Dick Allen (at that time, called "Richie Allen" by the news media).

Bob Buhl hit Selma, who had to be taken out for a pinch runner.

The new Mets pitcher, Jack Fisher, hit Buhl.

We have just had the case where the Phillies' Cole Hamels got a 5-game suspension and a fine (undisclosed amount) after he publicly admitted he deliberately hit the Nationals' Bryce Harper. In that game, a Washington pitcher then hit Hamels, and both benches were warned. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.63.16.82 (talk) 18:52, 8 May 2012 (UTC)

Getting in trouble because you publicly admitted hitting a batter? I am reminded of a lyric in Peter, Paul & Mary song "I Dig Rock & Roll Music":

But if I really say it

The radio won't play it

Unless I lay it between the lines. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.63.16.82 (talk) 17:34, 16 May 2012 (UTC)

Modern day
The Records section mentions the "modern day record" 3 times but does not define what the modern day era is. When did old-time baseball end and modern day baseball begin exactly?? --Jameboy (talk) 15:00, 26 April 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Hit by pitch


text:
Tropical sprue

Tropical sprue is a malabsorption disease commonly found in tropical regions, marked with abnormal flattening of the villi and inflammation of the lining of the small intestine. It differs significantly from coeliac sprue. It appears to be a more severe form of environmental enteropathy.

Signs and symptoms
The illness usually starts with an attack of acute diarrhoea, fever and malaise following which, after a variable period, the patient settles into the chronic phase of diarrhoea, steatorrhoea, weight loss, anorexia, malaise, and nutritional deficiencies. The symptoms of tropical sprue are:
 * Diarrhoea
 * Steatorrhoea or fatty stool (often foul-smelling and whitish in colour)
 * Indigestion
 * Cramps
 * Weight loss and malnutrition
 * Fatigue

Left untreated, nutrient and vitamin deficiencies may develop in patients with tropical sprue. These deficiencies may have these symptoms:
 * Vitamin A deficiency: hyperkeratosis or skin scales
 * Vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiencies: anaemia, numbness, and tingling sensation
 * Vitamin D and calcium deficiencies: spasm, bone pain, muscle weakness
 * Vitamin K deficiency: bruises

Cause
The cause of tropical sprue is not known. It may be caused by persistent bacterial, viral, amoebal, or parasitic infections. Folic acid deficiency, effects of malabsorbed fat on intestinal motility, and persistent small intestinal bacterial overgrowth may combine to cause the disorder. A link between small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and tropical sprue has been proposed to be involved in the aetiology of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Intestinal immunologic dysfunction, including deficiencies in secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA), may predispose people to malabsorption and bacterial colonization, so tropical sprue may be triggered in susceptible individuals following an acute enteric infection.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis of tropical sprue can be complicated because many diseases have similar symptoms. The following investigation results are suggestive:
 * Abnormal flattening of villi and inflammation of the lining of the small intestine, observed during an endoscopic procedure.
 * Presence of inflammatory cells (most often lymphocytes) in the biopsy of small intestine tissue.
 * Low levels of vitamins A, B12, E, D, and K, as well as serum albumin, calcium, and folate, revealed by a blood test.
 * Excess fat in the feces (steatorrhoea).
 * Thickened small bowel folds seen on imaging.

Tropical sprue is largely limited to within about 30 degrees north and south of the equator. Recent travel to this region is a key factor in diagnosing this disease in residents of countries outside of that geographical region.

Other conditions which can resemble tropical sprue need to be differentiated. Coeliac disease (also known as coeliac sprue or gluten sensitive enteropathy), has similar symptoms to tropical sprue, with the flattening of the villi and small intestine inflammation and is caused by an autoimmune disorder in genetically susceptible individuals triggered by ingested gluten. Malabsorption can also be caused by protozoan infections, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, immunodeficiency, chronic pancreatitis and inflammatory bowel disease. Environmental enteropathy is a less severe, subclinical condition similar to tropical sprue.

Prevention
Preventive measures for visitors to tropical areas where the condition exists include steps to reduce the likelihood of gastroenteritis. These may comprise using only bottled water for drinking, brushing teeth, and washing food, and avoiding fruits washed with tap water (or consuming only peeled fruits, such as bananas and oranges). Basic sanitation is necessary to reduce fecal-oral contamination and the impact of environmental enteropathy in the developing world.

Treatment
Once diagnosed, tropical sprue can be treated by a course of the antibiotic tetracycline or sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (co-trimoxazole) for 3 to 6 months. Supplementation of vitamins B12 and folic acid improves appetite and leads to a gain in weight.

Prognosis
The prognosis for tropical sprue may be excellent after treatment. It usually does not recur in people who get it during travel to affected regions. The recurrence rate for natives is about 20%, but another study showed changes can persist for several years.

Epidemiology
Tropical sprue is common in the Caribbean, Central and South America, and India and southeast Asia. In the Caribbean, it appeared to be more common in Puerto Rico and Haiti. Epidemics in southern India have occurred.

History
The disease was first described by William Hillary in 1759 in Barbados. Tropical sprue was responsible for one-sixth of all casualties sustained by the Allied forces in India and Southeast Asia during World War II. The use of folic acid and vitamin B12 in the treatment of tropical sprue was promoted in the late 1940s by Dr. Tom Spies of the University of Alabama, while conducting his research in Cuba and Puerto Rico.

title: Tropical sprue


text:
William Winkenwerder Jr.

William Winkenwerder Jr. is an American business and health care industry executive. He served as Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs from 2001 to 2007. He also has served in other executive positions within the health industry.

He previously served as CEO of Highmark. He is currently the Chairman and CEO of Winkenwerder Strategies and the Chairman of CitiusTech.

Education
Winkenwerder graduated from Davidson College with a BS in Pre-Med in 1976 and The University of North Carolina Medical School in 1981. In 1986, he received his Master of Business Administration from The Wharton School of The University of Pennsylvania. Winkenwerder is board certified in internal medicine, and a fellow of The American College of Physicians.

Early career
Winkenwerder worked as a senior executive in the private healthcare industry. He was an early advocate of evidence-based medicine, prevention, and clinical practice guidelines. He was Vice President at Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts. AHIP asked him to join their board of directors.

Department of Defense
From October 2001 through April 2007, Winkenwerder served as Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs in the United States Department of Defense. His senate confirmation was sponsored and presented to the US Senate Armed Services Committee by Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts.

Winkenwerder was one of the officials who pursued a military anthrax vaccine immunization program and its potential expansion to include civilians. While in office, Winkenwerder also documented the U.S. military smallpox vaccination program through a study. Winkenwerder also organized a task force that worked on a plan to provide benefits for reserve and National Guard forces, which opened Tricare to non-mobilized reserve servicemen without employment or health insurance.

In 2005, Winkenwerder testified before Congress on the subject of military mental health.

Also in 2005, during his tenure at the Department of Defense, Winkenwerder issued an internal policy statement reiterating the importance of 'humane treatment of detainees' during interrogations at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp. The guidance specified that military medics charged with the medical care of detainees must be guided by medical ethics, make medically appropriate decisions and report inhumane treatment. It was later reported that military intelligence, which did not report to Winkenwerder, allowed some 'non treating' medical and science personnel to assist in the interrogations. Winkenwerder said that had resulted in a very small number of reports of patient abuse by military medics.

In 2007, he was also testified about conditions and renovations at the Walter Reed Medical Center and the National Naval Medical Center. During his tenure, the Walter Reed Medical Center, the Bethesda Naval Hospital, and several smaller military hospitals were consolidated into the National Naval Medical Center.

Winkenwerder launched AHLTA (Armed-forces Health Longitudinal Technology Application), which was the world’s largest electronic health record system at the time of its implementation, in order to transition the armed forces to using electronic health records.

He stepped down from his post in April 2007, following criticism of the Department of Defense's medical records system he had overseen.

Winkenwerder is an honorary chairman of the International Committee of Military Medicine.

Later career
In 2004, Winkenwerder received the Alumni Achievement Award from his alma mater, the Wharton School of Business, for his work with the Department of Defense. In 2005, he went on to receive the Dr. Nathan Davis Award from the American Medical Association.

In 2007, Winkenwerder was hired as a senior adviser by Deloitte. From 2007 to 2012, Winkenwerder has served as chairman of The Winkenwerder Company. In 2009, Johns Hopkins Medicine retained The Winkenwerder Company to help develop advanced health care services for government agencies.

From 2012 to 2014, he served as CEO of Highmark. During his tenure, Highmark established the Allegheny Health Network after acquiring several hospitals in Western Pennsylvania, including Saint Vincent Hospital. In May 2014, Winkenwerder was removed from the position.

In late 2014, Winkenwerder established the private equity firm Winkenwerder Strategies.

He also sits on the board of directors of The Bob Woodruff Foundation. He is also a board member at Confluent Health, Accreon, and Cureatr, where he served as vice chairman of the board. Since 2015, Winkenwerder has served as the board director of CitiusTech Inc, becoming its Chairman in 2017. He acted as an advisor to candidates in the US national elections of 2008 and 2012.

Publications
Winkenwerder has published articles, interviews, and editorials in Health Affairs, New England Journal of Medicine, Journal of the American Medical Association, New York Times, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, and USA Today. He has contributed to national news and media outlets including CNN, ABC, and Fox News.

Recognition
Winkenwerder has been recognized for his professional achievements by:

 * The American Medical Association (recipient of Nathan Business Award)
 * The Wharton School of Business (recipient of Alumni Awards in 2004)
 * Davidson College (recipient of Distinguished Alumni Award 2011)
 * The United States Department of Defense (recipient of Department of Defense Medal for military medicine enhancements in 2006)

title: William Winkenwerder Jr.


text: User talk:63.192.226.2

title: User talk:63.192.226.2


text:
User:Lolol~enwiki

Oh MR Woo

title: User:Lolol~enwiki


text:
Talk:Copyright law of the United States

Wikipedia Ambassador Program assignment
This article is the subject of an educational assignment at University of Toronto supported by WikiProject Wikipedia and the Wikipedia Ambassador Program during the 2011 Fall term. Further details are available on the course page.

Above message substituted from on 15:22, 7 January 2023 (UTC)

1962-1972 Copyright acts
As there appears to be no mention of the copyright acts enacted between 1962 and1974 (as plotted on Bell's graph Expansion of U.S. Copyright Term), I added a brief sentence and citation about these acts. MXYXYM (talk) 01:04, 23 October 2011 (UTC)

Ambiguity in ownership section
"Copyright owners are required to actively enforce rights." I just had a discussion with someone who took it to mean owners lose their copyright if they don't enforce it (which is a rumor I've heard before, but seems complete nonsense). Checking through the history, it seems to be a rewording of "A person whose copyright has been violated (infringed upon) may pursue relief. These remedies, however, require the copyright holder to actively enforce his or her rights. There is no "copyright police" that enforces copyright without the right holder complaining." This is not clear at all from the new sentence. Perhaps it could be re-reworded or further explained to prevent such misunderstandings? VDZ (talk) 23:55, 7 February 2012 (UTC)

 * File history 222.127.237.233 (talk) 01:34, 14 June 2024 (UTC)

I wish clarification help in article and more emphasis on what is legal
"The Congress shall have Power ... To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts,"

Is this means all humanists (that is not science) teaching books, videos and DVDs:

psychology, psychiatry, history, religion, politics, sexology, law and all social preaching, language learning materials are not copyrighted also because they are neither art nor science?

[teaching is not art, science is only: math, physic, engineering, chemistry, technology and maybe medical teaching is science but it is at least science of all sciences,]

[art is beautiful music, beautiful objects, beautiful stories even when they are ugly they need to be beauty or in pursuit of beauty, ugly sounds are not art, obscene things are not art. They cannot also be boring or ordinary.]

Object and learning materials that are ergonomic, are neither art nor science this is just putting things in order.

Are gossip material copyright free, even when they are decent because it is neither science, nor art?

Is my understanding of science/art versus humanistic material in line with constitutional law or not?

How constitution/law declares science?

I recall definition of science as discovering NEW laws of nature and NEW ways of utilization of them.

In light of such definition even technology is not science, because it is about utilization of YET KNOWN(to the science) laws of nature and perfecting and developing (by means of engineering) YET KNOWN(to the science) ways of their utilization.

{And CopyRight is given To promote the Progress constituted by Change and involving NEW things.}

Can history, teaching philosophy of evaluating testimonies and evidences in lawsuit and criminology {spiritual thing based on free will} be accounted by extension as science?

Does authority have constitutional right to grant copyright outside of constitution provision?

What if they do it outside constitution provision?

I would like to appeal to Wikipedia authors for such clarification. Especially the detailed use of definitions of science and art.

And what about Videos of sport meeting ?

And by The way: "by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right" Does it allow copyright after death? [no rights for inheritances of such right for progeny of Authors and Inventors] and what if producers are concerns and corporations who never die but only bankrupt or undergo fusion? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.108.116.149 (talk) 02:43, 24 May 2012 (UTC)

Copyright and translations
Apparently translations do get copyrighted at least in some circumstances. What are those? Palosirkka (talk) 11:05, 16 July 2012 (UTC)

 * A translation is one kind of a derivative work, see definition of "derivative work," § 101. To the extent a derivative work amounts to an original work of authorship, it's subject to copyright, § 103. TJRC (talk) 23:25, 16 July 2012 (UTC)

Copyright.gov
"While copyright in the United States automatically attaches upon the creation of an original work of authorship"

Here is a source for that statement.

"Your work is under copyright protection the moment it is created and fixed in a tangible form that it is perceptible either directly or with the aid of a machine or device.

When is my work protected? Your work is under copyright protection the moment it is created and fixed in a tangible form that it is perceptible either directly or with the aid of a machine or device.

Do I have to register with your office to be protected? No. In general, registration is voluntary. Copyright exists from the moment the work is created."

http://www.copyright.gov/help/faq/faq-general.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 162.201.255.48 (talk) 21:15, 6 September 2013 (UTC)

Copyright Law, Second Ed. (Robert Gorman)
Prof. Robert Gorman's Copyright Treatise for the Federal Judicial Center is an excellent free reference. Teachingaway (talk) 15:18, 3 October 2014 (UTC)

Dubious
Tag reason: The reference directly contracts this, providing examples of such sound recordings in the PD.--Elvey (talk) 22:34, 9 April 2014 (UTC)

I think that sentence is saying that we can't count on recordings being PD. I have no info on this subject, though. -- AimlessWonderer (talk) 06:15, 19 October 2014 (UTC)

Question
Does Copyright Law of the USA had powerful for any explains of a science ideas in the Wikipedia and in all electronicall nets which had powerful of the Law USA?--Alex Sazonov (talk) 06:46, 18 April 2014 (UTC)

See WP:COPYRIGHT. The issue has been thoroughly explored, that section describes what's meaningful for Wikipedia editors. Tarl.Neustaedter (talk) 22:41, 20 April 2014 (UTC)

Willful damanges $300,000?
According to this source damages range from $750 to $30,000 not $300,000. 17 U.S. Code § 504 - Remedies for infringement: Damages and profits 162.17.205.153 (talk) 16:08, 23 May 2014 (UTC)
 * a) consult a lawyer
 * b) That paragraph does not refer to willful violation. See subparagraph (d) lower down where it talks about increasing damages. I don't know if there are additional multipliers available elsewhere or in case law. As I mentioned, consult a lawyer.
 * Tarl.Neustaedter (talk) 18:42, 23 May 2014 (UTC)

Nevertheless, there is a clear contradiction of information (perhaps due to misstatement).

"Statutory damages can be awarded by the court within the range of $750 to $30,000" "Statutory damages range from $750 per work to $150,000 per work" and then for Willful damages: "... the range is $750 to $300,000 per work"

Why are these sources being used when the source number [46] clearly points toward the actual 504 statute?

"(2) In a case where the copyright owner sustains the burden of proving, and the court finds, that infringement was committed willfully, the court in its discretion may increase the award of statutory damages to a sum of not more than $150,000." http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap5.html#504

So then Willful damages are 750 - 150k, and the next section of clause (2) of 504 states that it can be reduced as low as 200 for unknowingly infringing copyrights. I'll adjust the page accordingly. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.225.101.248 (talk) 16:58, 3 August 2015 (UTC)

US treatment of foreign copyrights (or vice versa)
I'm looking for information on how copyrights from one country are treated by other countries, or more specifically, how copyrights from other countries are treated in the US.

I've looked at the article List of countries' copyright lengths: but that didn't help me answer my question.

More specifically, the question I'm trying to address is like this: suppose there is a magazine published (monthly) in the UK from 1900 to the present, with each issue copyrighted in the UK at the time of publication. (I don't know if it matters, but, iiuc, there were / are subscribers in the US who received copies mailed from the publisher.)

Which issues (by date) are in the public domain in the US?

Is there an article on Wikipedia which addresses this issue? If not, should it at least be covered somewhat in this article (even if it is to say that the issue is not covered and you probably need a lawyer (which doesn't seem like the right approach for Wikipedia))?

(Maybe a section titled "Treatment of Foreign Copyrights"?) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rhkramer (talk • contribs) 13:52, 22 March 2015 (UTC)

intro
the current intro paragraph is crap.

i REALLY don't feel like "fighting it out" over a reword right now, but somebody (else) really should de-cruft it, & make it more on-topic for the actual subject; as per mos.

Lx 121 (talk) 17:56, 11 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111009143055/http://www.copyright.gov/title17/circ92.pdf to http://www.copyright.gov/title17/circ92.pdf
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What does publication mean?
In this context exactly? Seems like a critical piece of information. Palosirkka (talk) 22:50, 6 January 2018 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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update re music modification act of 2018?
Is anyone working on updating this page (or the history of copyright page) with regard to the Copyright Music Modernisation Act of 2018? I might be able to help unless someone else is doing it already...been a while since I've been active but this might interest me.

Saltwolf (talk) 21:46, 16 December 2018 (UTC)

Table for "Duration of copyright" section
To make it easier for people to understand upcoming copyright changes, I was wondering if we should add a table to the "Duration of copyright" section. Here is my first stab at it. By no means is this the only way to do it. We can use this as a starting point to discuss and maybe others can post their alternate table ideas. • Sbmeirow  •  Talk  • 11:11, 23 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Note - Audio and Music includes lyrics and compositions.

 * Sorry but I don't see any advantage of your proposed table over the current chart. The current chart is sufficient and fully in line with the article context - i.e. The chart explains not only term years but also the history of copyright act revisions. Would you please explain why you need a new table? --ProfessorPine (talk) 03:54, 31 January 2019 (UTC)

 * 1) I never said "replace", notice the word add. 2) The first sentence says "To make it easier for people to understand upcoming copyright changes". • Sbmeirow  •  Talk  • 05:21, 31 January 2019 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your reply. However, I still disagree with your idea. Graphical images (charts, tables or pictures) should be used to support text messages. The current chart is fully in line with the context. And I do not see any additional value if we insert your table into the context. The context explains the history of copyright act revisions. And the horizontal and vertical axes of the chart are set properly (i.e. how long, and which act revisions affect to which year of works). If you think it is hard to understand, you probably had better first change the writing instead of the chart. --ProfessorPine (talk) 11:03, 31 January 2019 (UTC)

 * oh my, you are still missing the point. My last reply. •  Sbmeirow  •  Talk  • 18:35, 31 January 2019 (UTC)

Copyright duration/public domain
Now that 2019 has arrived, I suggest that the following amendments should be made: - 1. Duration of copyright "Copyright protection generally lasts for 70 years after the death of the author. If the work was a "work for hire", then copyright persists for 120 years after creation or 95 years after publication, whichever is shorter. For works created before 1978, the copyright duration rules are complicated. However, works created before 1924 (other than sound recordings) have made their way into the public domain. 2. Works created before 1978 - 3rd paragraph "All copyrightable works published in the United States before 1924 (other than sound recordings) are in the public domain"

Thoughts? Alekksandr (talk) 14:40, 6 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Now done, so far as not already done.Alekksandr (talk) 20:37, 9 January 2019 (UTC)

0580229508
ZaNhh — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:CE0:2001:2150:516E:9072:89F4:D23B (talk) 09:18, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Question (lack of information in the article)
Are there also individual legal bases for copyright that apply only in the individual states of the USA, but not in the entire state of the USA? 109.90.26.254 (talk) 09:28, 17 July 2023 (UTC)

 * No. Copyright is federal only. lethargilistic (talk) 02:49, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Copyright law of the United States