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Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela

Gilberto José Rodríguez Orejuela (31 January 1939 – 31 May 2022) was a Colombian drug lord and one of the leaders of the Cali Cartel. Orejuela formed the cartel with his brother, Miguel Rodríguez Orejuela, José Santacruz Londoño, and Hélmer Herrera. The cartel emerged to prominence in the early 1990s, and was estimated to control about 80% of the American and 90% of the European cocaine markets in the mid-1990s. Rodríguez Orejuela was captured after a 1995 police campaign by Colombian authorities and sentenced to 15 years in prison. He obtained early release in 2002, and was re-arrested in 2003, after which he was extradited to the United States. There, he was sentenced to 30 years in prison, where he died in 2022.

Early life
Gilberto José Rodríguez Orejuela was born on Jan. 31, 1939, in Mariquita, Colombia, about 110 miles northwest of Bogotá. His family moved to Cali when he was a child. His father, Carlos Rodríguez, was a painter; his mother, Ana Rita Orejuela, was a homemaker. After leaving high school at 15, he began working as a drugstore clerk. He rose to become a manager, and opened his own store at age 25.

Criminal career
While working his way up in the pharmacy business, Rodríguez Orejuela began his criminal career, engaging in kidnapping and then, the drug trade.

Cali Cartel
During the 1970s, Rodríguez Orejuela and his brother Miguel helped to organize, along with José Santacruz Londoño and Hélmer Herrera, a loose consortium of drug trafficking gangs that came to be known as the Cali Cartel. Members cooperated in processing, shipping and distribution. The Rodríguez Orejuela brothers, as heads of the most successful of the cartel members, became the cartel leadership. Gilberto was the strategic planner and visionary, nickname "The Chess Player" for his calculated approach; Miguel oversaw day-to-day operations. The cartel maintained a low profile, avoiding flashy parties, conspicuous displays of wealth, and unnecessary violence.

In the early 1990s, after the fall of the Medellin Cartel, the Cali Cartel emerged as the leading cocaine trafficking organization in the world. They were initially primarily involved in marijuana, and branched out into cocaine during the 1980s. During the 1990s, it was estimated that the Cali Cartel supplied about 80% of the cocaine in the US, and 90% of the European cocaine market.

On November 15, 1984, Gilberto was captured in Spain. At the time of his arrest, he was accompanied by Jorge Luis Ochoa Vásquez. Gilberto had been in Spain to hold meetings with the aim of expanding cartel business on the European continent. The cartel began to work with traffickers in Galicia, and established strategic alliances with the powerful Camorra, which would be in charge of the distribution of Cali cocaine throughout Europe. The Colombian government intervened to stop Spain from extraditing Rodríguez Orejuela to the US. He was instead returned to Colombia, where he stood trial on the same charges and was acquitted.

The Cali Cartel was less violent than its rival, the Medellín Cartel. While the Medellín Cartel was involved in a brutal campaign of violence against the Colombian government, the Cali Cartel grew. After the demise of Pablo Escobar, the Colombian authorities turned their attention to the Cali Cartel. The police campaign against the cartel began in the summer of 1995. President Ernesto Samper dispatched a "joint task force" code named "Search Bloc", formed by top police and elite commandos headed by Police General Rosso José Serrano, declaring an all-out war against the drug cartels.

Capture
On 9 June 1995, Rodríguez Orejuela was arrested by the Colombian National Police (PNC) during a house raid in Cali. He was found in a hidden compartment located behind a TV. He was sentenced to 15 years in prison but was freed in October 2002, by a controversial judicial order that cited good behavior and participation in work-study programs, issued by deputy judge Pedro José Suárez. The Colombian government halted the order, and launched an obstruction of justice investigation into Suárez. Within days, a second judge upheld the order and Rodríguez Orejuela was released.

In March 2003, Rodríguez Orejuela was rearrested by Colombian authorities in Cali, on new charges stemming from running the cartel from prison.

Extradition to the United States
Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela was extradited to the United States on 3 December 2004. His brother Miguel was later also arrested and deported. On 26 September 2006, both Gilberto and Miguel were sentenced to 30 years in prison, after pleading guilty to charges of conspiring to import cocaine to the US. In the plea deal, the US agreed not to bring charges against their relatives, in exchange for asset forfeiture. The brothers' forfeited $2.1 billion in illegal profits, and the US did not charge six of their relatives with money laundering and obstructing justice. On condition that they forfeit tainted assets, including bank accounts, businesses and luxury homes, 28 family members, including sons, daughters and cousins, were removed from a US Department of Treasury sanctions list that designated them members of the Cali cartel. On 16 November 2006, the brothers pleaded guilty to one count of conspiring to engage in money laundering. Both were sentenced to an additional 87 months in prison. The two prison terms were set to run concurrently.

On 5 March 2018, a Colombian court sentenced eight relatives of the Rodríguez brothers to nine years in prison for laundering money that had been obtained during the Rodriguez brothers' time as heads of the Cali Cartel. Specifically, the court found that the family had used their legitimate businesses (including the pharmacy chain Drogas La Rebaja) to launder billions of pesos. These individuals had also shifted the money through various bank accounts in order to make it appear legitimate.

At the time of his death, Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela was serving a 30-year sentence at the Federal Correctional Institution, Butner, a medium-security facility in North Carolina. He was inmate number 14023-059, with a release date of 15 July 2029, at age 90. While in prison, he suffered from two heart attacks, colon and prostate cancer, and COVID.

On 6 February 2020, Rodríguez Orejuela submitted an application to a Miami federal judge seeking compassionate early release pursuant to the First Step Act. The application was made despite having served only half of his 30 year term. On 28 April 2020, Federal District Judge Federico Moreno rejected the application, finding that there were no "extraordinary and compelling" grounds to support the application. The judge stated that "the court is totally unwilling to undermine and undo such public respect for the law, as well as the gravity of the offenses committed" and that while Rodríguez Orejuela has endured a litany of chronic illnesses including cancer, his criminal record was so repugnant that there is no way he could effectively cut his sentence in half.

Personal life
Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela was married to Myriam Ramirez. His children include Jaime Fernando, a graduate in international commerce at the University of Grenoble, two sons who studied at Stanford University and the University of Tulsa, and a son who studied systems engineering. Rodríguez Orejuela stated that one of his daughters has an MBA and that a second is an engineer.

Death
Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela died at a prison medical center in Butner, North Carolina on 31 May 2022 at the age of 83. The cause of death was a lymphoma, according to a statement released by the family.

In popular culture

 * In 2010 Caracol TV Series El Cartel Rodríguez Orejuela is portrayed by the actor Hermes Camelo in the guise of the character of Leonardo Villegas. A younger version of the character are portrayed by Gustavo Angarita Jr. and Juan Pablo Urrego in prequel series The Snitch Cartel: Origins.
 * In the 2012 Caracol TV series Escobar, el patrón del mal, Rodríguez Orejuela is portrayed by the actor Harold Devasten as the character of Gildardo Gonzalez
 * In the 2013 RCN TV series Tres Caínes, Rodríguez Orejuela is portrayed by Luis Enrique Roldán as the character of Alberto Ramírez Rajuela.
 * In the 2014 RCN TV series En la boca del lobo is portrayed by Sain Castro as the character of Edilberto Ramírez Orjuela.
 * In the 2015 Netflix Original Series Narcos, Rodríguez Orejuela is portrayed by Damián Alcázar.
 * In the novel El ajedrecista, of writer Esteban Navarro se describe a Gilberto como alguien muy influyente, que le gustaba relacionarse con estrellas del espectáculo mexicano como Roberto Gómez Bolaños Chespirito, o El Chavo del 8.

title: Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela


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Lohrville

Lohrville may refer to a place in the United States:

 * Lohrville, Iowa
 * Lohrville, Wisconsin

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lohrville


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Talk:The Mystery Series

Suggestion: have this page, the language of which isn't especially sophisticated in my opinion, redirect to The Five Find-Outers, which is still talking about Enid Blyton's Mystery Series. Some sort of unification of the two topics is necessary, I think.

I've expanded the Five Find-Outers article to include some of the detail from this page, and made this page a redirect as suggested. --81.155.13.221 21:16, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Mystery Series


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Casemate

A casemate is a fortified gun emplacement or armored structure from which guns are fired, in a fortification, warship, or armoured fighting vehicle.

When referring to antiquity, the term "casemate wall" means a double city wall with the space between the walls separated into chambers, which could be filled up to better withstand battering rams in case of siege (see ).

In its original early modern meaning, the term referred to a vaulted chamber in a fort, which may have been used for storage, accommodation, or artillery which could fire through an opening or embrasure. Although the outward faces of brick or masonry casemates proved vulnerable to advances in artillery performance, the invention of reinforced concrete allowed newer designs to be produced well into the 20th century. With the introduction of ironclad warships, the definition was widened to include a protected space for guns in a ship, either within the hull or in the lower part of the superstructure. Although the main armament of ships quickly began to be mounted in revolving gun turrets, secondary batteries continued to be mounted in casemates; however, several disadvantages eventually also led to their replacement by turrets. In tanks that do not have a turret for the main gun, the structure that accommodates the gun is also called a casemate.

Etymology
First recorded in French in the mid-16th century, from the Italian casamatta or Spanish casamata, perhaps meaning a slaughterhouse, although it could derive from casa (in the sense of "hut"), and matta (Latin ), "done with reeds and wickers", thus a low-roof hut without windows or other openings set in marshy place. It could also come from casa matta with in the sense of "false". However, it may have been ultimately derived from the Greek chásmata, a gap or aperture.

Antiquity: casemate wall

The term casemate wall is used in the archaeology of Israel and the wider Near East, having the meaning of a double wall protecting a city or fortress, with transverse walls separating the space between the walls into chambers. These could be used as such, for storage or residential purposes, or could be filled with soil and rocks during siege in order to raise the resistance of the outer wall against battering rams. Originally thought to have been introduced to the region by the Hittites, this has been disproved by the discovery of examples predating their arrival, the earliest being at Ti'inik (Taanach) where such a wall has been dated to the 16th century BC. Casemate walls became a common type of fortification in the Southern Levant between the Middle Bronze Age (MB) and Iron Age II, being more numerous during the Iron Age and peaking in Iron Age II (10th–6th century BC). However, the construction of casemate walls had begun to be replaced by sturdier solid walls by the 9th century BC, probably due the development of more effective battering rams by the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Casemate walls could surround an entire settlement, but most only protected part of it. The three different types included freestanding casemate walls, then integrated ones where the inner wall was part of the outer buildings of the settlement, and finally filled casemate walls, where the rooms between the walls were filled with soil right away, allowing for a quick, but nevertheless stable construction of particularly high walls.

Early modern period

In fortifications designed to resist artillery, a casemate was originally a vaulted chamber usually constructed underneath the rampart. It was intended to be impenetrable and could be used for sheltering troops or stores. With the addition of an embrasure through the scarp face of the rampart, it could be used as a protected gun position. In bastion forts, artillery casemates were sometimes built into the flanks of bastions, but in action they quickly filled with smoke making them inoperable and for that reason, had fallen out of favor during the 17th century.

18th and 19th centuries

In the late 18th century, Marc René, marquis de Montalembert (1714–1800) experimented with improved casemates for artillery, with ventilation systems that overcame the problem of smoke dispersal found in earlier works. For coastal fortifications, he advocated multi-tiered batteries of guns in masonry casemates, that could bring concentrated fire to bear on passing warships. In 1778, he was commissioned to build a fort on the Île-d'Aix, defending the port of Rochefort, Charente-Maritime. The outbreak of the Anglo-French War forced him to hastily to build his casemated fort from wood but he was able to prove that his well-designed casemates were capable of operating without choking the gunners with smoke. The defenses of the new naval base at Cherbourg were later constructed according to his system. After seeing Montalembert's coastal forts, American engineer Jonathan Williams acquired a translation of his book and took it to the United States, where it inspired the Second and Third Systems of coastal fortification; the first fully developed example being Castle Williams in New York Harbor which was started in 1807.

In the early 19th century, French military engineer Baron Haxo designed a free-standing casemate that could be built on the top of the rampart, to protect guns and gunners from the high-angle fire of mortars and howitzers.

The advantages of casemated artillery were proved in the Crimean War of 1853–1856, when attempts by the Royal Navy to subdue the casemated Russian forts at Kronstadt were unsuccessful, while a casemated gun tower at Sevastopol, the Malakoff Tower, could only be captured by a surprise French infantry attack while the garrison was being changed. In the early 1860s, the British, apprehensive about a possible French invasion, fortified the naval dockyards of southern England with curved batteries of large guns in casemates, fitted with laminated iron shields tested to withstand the latest projectiles.

However, in the American Civil War (1861–1865), the exposed masonry of casemate batteries was found to be vulnerable to modern rifled artillery; Fort Pulaski was breached in a few hours by only ten such guns. In contrast, hastily constructed earthworks proved much more resilient. This led to casemates for artillery again falling out of favor. In continental Europe, they were often replaced by rotating gun turrets, but elsewhere large coastal guns were mounted in less expensive concrete gun pits or barbettes, sometimes using disappearing carriages to conceal the gun except at the moment of firing. Casemates for secure barrack accommodation and storage continued to be built; the 1880s French forts of the Séré de Rivières system for example, had a central structure consisting of two stories of casemates, buried under layers of earth, concrete and sand to a depth of 18 metres, intended to defeat the new high explosive shells.

Towards the end of the century, Imperial Germany had developed a new form of fortification called a feste (German article: Festung#Feste), in which the various elements of each fort were more widely dispersed in the landscape. These works, the first of which was Fort de Mutzig near Strasbourg, had separate artillery blocks, infantry positions and underground barracks, all built of reinforced concrete and connected by tunnels or entrenchments. Although the main armament of these forts was still mounted in armored turrets, local defense was provided by separate protected positions for field guns; these concrete structures were copied by the French who called them casemates de Bourges (French article: Casemate de Bourges) after the proving ground where they had been tested.

20th century

Following experience gained in the World War I, French engineers began to design a new scheme of fortifications to protect their eastern border, which became known as the Maginot Line. The main element of this line were large underground forts based on the feste principle, whose main armament was in turrets, however the countryside between them was defended by smaller self-sufficient works based on the earlier casemates de bourges, housing either light field guns or anti-tank guns. As the World War II approached, similar casemate designs were adopted by other European nations as they offered protection from attacking aircraft. The German Organisation Todt undertook the development of casemates for the large coastal guns of the Atlantic Wall. Built of concrete up to 10 metres thick, they were thought to be able to withstand any form of attack. Work by the Western Allies to develop countermeasures that could defeat casemates and other types of bunker resulted in weapons such as tank-mounted spigot mortars, rocket-assisted projectiles, recoilless rifles, various types of demolition charge and earthquake bombs.

Naval

In warship design the term "casemate" has been used in a number of ways, but it generally refers to a protected space for guns within a ship's hull or superstructure.

The first ironclad warship, the FRENCH IRONCLAD Gloire (1858), was a wooden steamship whose hull was covered with armored plating, tested to withstand the largest smoothbore guns available at the time. The response by the British Royal Navy to this perceived threat was to build an iron-hulled frigate, HMS Warrior (1860). However, it was realised that to armor all of the hull to fully withstand the latest rifled artillery would make it unfeasibly heavy, so it was decided to create an armored box or casemate around the main gun deck, leaving the bow and stern unarmored.

The American Civil War saw the use of casemate ironclads: armored steamboats with a very low freeboard and their guns on the main deck ('Casemate deck') protected by a sloped armoured casemate, which sat atop the hull. Although both sides of the Civil War used casemate ironclads, the ship is mostly associated with the southern Confederacy, as the north also employed turreted monitors, which the south was unable to produce. The most famous naval battle of the war was the duel at Hampton Roads between the Union turreted ironclad USS Monitor and the Confederate casemate ironclad CSS Virginia (built from the scuttled remains of USS Merrimack (1855)).

"Casemate ship" was an alternative term for "central battery ship" (UK) or "center battery ship" (US). The casemate (or central battery) was an armored box that extended the full width of the ship protecting many guns. The armored sides of the box were the sides or hull of the ship. There was an armored bulkhead at the front and rear of the casemate, and a thick deck protecting the top. The lower edge of the casemate sat on top of ship's belt armour. Some ships, such as HMS Alexandra (1875) (laid down 1873), had a two-story casemate.

A "casemate" was an armored room in the side of a warship, from which a gun would fire. A typical casemate held a 6-inch gun, and had a 4 to 6 in front plate (forming part of the side of the ship), with thinner armor plates on the sides and rear, with a protected top and floor, and weighed about 20 tons (not including the gun and mounting). Casemates were similar in size to turrets; ships carrying them had them in pairs, one on each side of the ship.

The first battleships to carry them were the British Royal Sovereign-class battleship laid down in 1889. They were adopted as a result of live-firing trials against HMS Resistance (1861) in 1888. Casemates were adopted because it was thought that the fixed armor plate at the front would provide better protection than a turret, and because a turret mounting would require external power and could therefore be put out of action if power were lost – unlike a casemate gun, which could be worked by hand. The use of casemates enabled the 6-inch guns to be dispersed, so that a single hit would not knock out all of them. Casemates were also used in protected and armored cruisers, starting with the 1889 Edgar-class cruiser. and retrofitted to the 1888 Blake-class cruiser during construction.

In the pre-dreadnought generation of warships, casemates were placed initially on the main deck, and later on the upper deck as well. Casemates on the main deck were very close to the waterline. In the Edgar-class cruisers, the guns in the casemates were only 10 ft above the waterline. Casemates that were too close to the waterline or too close to the bow (such as in the 1912 Iron Duke-class dreadnoughts) were prone to flooding, making the guns ineffective.

Shipboard casemate guns were partially rendered obsolete by the arrival of "all-big gun" battleship, pioneered by HMS Dreadnought (1906) in 1906, but were reintroduced as the increasing torpedo threat from destroyers forced an increase in secondary armament calibre. Many battleships had their casemates plated over during modernization in the 1930s (or after the Attack on Pearl Harbor, in the case of US vessels) but some, like HMS Warspite (03) carried them to the end of World War II. The last ships built with casemates as new construction were the American Omaha-class cruisers of the early 1920s and the 1933 Swedish aircraft cruiser HSWMS Gotland (1933). In both cases the casemates were built into the forward angles of the forward superstructure (and the aft superstructure as well, in the Omahas).

Armoured vehicles

In regards to armored fighting vehicles, casemate design refers to vehicles that have their main gun mounted directly within the hull and lack the rotating turret commonly associated with tanks. Such a design generally makes the vehicle mechanically simpler in design, less costly in construction, lighter in weight and lower in profile. The saved weight can be used to mount a heavier, more powerful gun or alternatively increase the vehicle's armor protection in comparison to regular, turreted tanks. However, in combat the crew has to rotate the entire vehicle if an enemy target presents itself outside of the vehicle's limited gun traverse arc. This can prove very disadvantageous in combat situations.

During World War II, casemate-type armored fighting vehicles were heavily used by both the combined German Wehrmacht forces, and the Soviet Red Army. They were mainly employed as tank destroyers and assault guns. Tank destroyers, intended to operate mostly from defensive ambush operations, did not need a rotating turret as much as offensively used tanks, while assault guns were mainly used against fortified infantry positions and could afford a longer reaction time if a target presented itself outside the vehicle's gun traverse arc. Thus, the weight and complexity of a turret was thought to be unnecessary, and could be saved in favor of more capable guns and armor. In many cases, casemate vehicles would be used as both tank destroyers or assault guns, depending on the tactical situation. The Wehrmacht employed several casemate tank destroyers, initially with the still-Panzerjäger designation Elefant with an added, fully enclosed five-sided (including its armored roof) casemate atop the hull, with later casemate-style tank destroyers bearing the Jagdpanzer (literally 'hunting tank') designation, with much more integration of the casemate's armour with the tank hull itself. Examples are the Jagdpanzer IV, the Jagdtiger and the Jagdpanther. Assault guns were designated as 'Sturmgeschütz', like the Sturmgeschütz III and Sturmgeschütz IV. In the Red Army, casemate tank destroyers and self-propelled guns bore an "SU-" or "ISU-" prefix, with the "SU-" prefix an abbreviation for Samokhodnaya Ustanovka, or "self-propelled gun". Examples are the SU-100 or the ISU-152. Both Germany and the Soviet Union mainly built casemate AFVs by using the chassis of already existing turreted tanks, instead of designing them from scratch.

While casemate AFVs played a very important role in World War II (the Sturmgeschütz III for example was the most numerous armored fighting vehicle of the German Army during the entire war), they became much less common in the post-war period. Heavy casemate tank destroyer designs such as the US T28 and the British Tortoise never went beyond prototype status, while casemate vehicles of a more regular weight, such as the Soviet SU-122-54, saw only very limited service. The general decline of casemate vehicles can be seen in the technological progress which resulted in the rise of universal main battle tanks, which unified in them the capability to take up the roles and tasks which in the past had to be diverted between several different classes of vehicles. However, vehicles such as the German Kanonenjagdpanzer of the 1960s still let the casemate concept live on, while the Swedish Army went as far as employing a casemate tank design, the Stridsvagn 103, or "S-Tank", as their main armored fighting vehicle from the 1960s until the 1990s, favoring it over contemporary turreted designs. Other casemate design ideas, such as the projected German Versuchsträger 1–2 with two main guns, were developed even later.

title: Casemate


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Namagashi

Namagashi (生菓子) are a type of wagashi, which is a general term for traditional Japanese sweets and candies. Namagashi may contain fruit jellies, other gelatines such as Kanten, or sweetened bean paste. Namagashi is detailed, designed with using seasonal and natural motifs such as leaves and flowers to reflect the various objects of nature in Japan's four seasons. Namagashi are usually freshly made and are much more moist than other wagashi, like higashi. It generally contains 30% more water than other types. Like other wagashi, namagashi are made of natural ingredients; additives are rarely used. Namagashi is generally served with tea, and it's traditionally eaten on New Year's for good luck.

title: Namagashi


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Yōkan

Yōkan is a wagashi (Japanese confection) made of red bean paste, agar, and sugar. It is usually sold in a block form, and eaten in slices. There are two main types: neri yōkan and mizu yōkan. "Mizu" means "water", and indicates that it is made with more water than usual. Mizu yōkan is usually chilled and eaten in the summer, however in Fukui prefecture it is customarily eaten in winter.

Types
Although yōkan found in Japan and abroad is typically made with red bean paste, yōkan made from white kidney bean paste (しろあん, 白餡) is also relatively common. This type of yōkan is milky and translucent with a much milder flavour than that made of red bean paste. As such, it can be effectively flavoured and coloured by using green tea powder.

Yōkan may also contain chopped chestnuts, persimmons, whole sweetened azuki beans, figs, and sweet potato (imo yōkan), among other additions. Sugar can also be replaced with honey, dark brown sugar, or molasses to alter the taste of the yōkan produced. There is also shio yōkan, which uses small amounts of salt.

History
During the Kamakura period (1185-1333), Japanese Buddhist monks who studied in the Song Dynasty brought the tea culture to Japan, and the custom of eating confections with tea began in Japan. The monks also introduced dim sum (点心), a light meal, and the history book Teikin ōrai (庭訓往来) mentions udon (饂飩), manjū (饅頭), and yōkan (羊羹) as tenshin (点心). However, the manjū and yōkan brought to Japan by the monks were not sweets as we know them today, but were prepared in a completely different way. Yōkan was a soup containing sheep meat, but since there was no custom of eating animal meat in Japan, the Japanese replaced the meat with a paste made of kneaded barley or azuki bean flour. Later, the soup was removed and replaced with a pasty confection made of barley or azuki bean flour. Finally, around 1800, during the Edo period (1603-1868), 500 years later, yōkan became what it is today. The invention of agar (寒天) in the 1600s was essential to the birth of modern yokan. Later, the kanten invented in Japan was introduced to Manchuria, Korea and Taiwan.

title: Yōkan


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Lone Tree

Lone Tree or Lonetree can refer to:

Cities or towns

 * Lone Tree, Colorado
 * Lone Tree, Indiana
 * Lone Tree, Iowa
 * Lone Tree, Missouri
 * Lone Tree, Oklahoma
 * Lone Tree Corners, Illinois
 * Lonetree, Montana
 * Lonetree, Wyoming

Townships or municipalities

 * Rural Municipality of Lone Tree No. 18, Saskatchewan
 * Lone Tree Township, Clay County, Iowa
 * Lone Tree Township, Minnesota
 * Lone Tree Township, Clay County, Nebraska
 * Lone Tree Township, Merrick County, Nebraska

Monuments and cemeteries

 * Lone Tree Cemetery, Fairview, California, Fairview, California
 * Lone Tree Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery, Heuvelland, Belgium
 * Lone Tree Monument

Creeks

 * Lone Tree Creek (Colorado), a tributary that joins the South Platte River in Weld County, Colorado east of Greeley
 * Lone Tree Creek, San Joaquin County, a stream tributary to the San Joaquin River, in San Joaquin County and Stanislaus County, California

People

 * Clayton J. Lonetree, a person

Other

 * Lone Tree Brewery, an Israeli brewery in Gush Etzion
 * Lone Tree Ferry, a historical ferry in Omaha, Nebraska
 * Lone Tree Community School District, a public school district based in Lone Tree, Johnson County, Iowa, USA

title: Lone Tree


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Monaka

Monaka (最中) is a Japanese sweet made of azuki bean paste sandwiched between two thin crisp wafers made from mochi. The wafers can have the shape of a square, a triangle, or may be shaped like cherry blossoms, chrysanthemums, local landmarks, daruma, or other good luck symbols.

Monaka is a type of dessert - wagashi - which is served with tea. There are still many very famous monaka specialty stores in Japan. The azuki bean paste filling in monaka can contain sesame seeds, chestnuts, or rice cake (mochi).

Modern Variations
Modern monaka can have an ice cream filling instead of azuki bean paste. Choco Monaka Jumbo is an ice cream dessert made with an ice cream and chocolate filling inside crispy mochi wafers. It was created in 1972 and is produced by Morinaga.

title: Monaka


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Lone Rock

Lone Rock may refer to the following places:

Canada

 * Lone Rock, Saskatchewan

United States

 * Lone Rock, Iowa
 * Lone Rock (Glen Canyon National Recreation Area)
 * Lone Rock, Washington
 * Lone Rock, Wisconsin, a village
 * Lone Rock, Juneau County, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community

title: Lone Rock


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Lone Oak

Lone Oak may refer to:

 * Lone Oak, California, former name of Lonoak, California
 * Lone Oak, Georgia
 * Lone Oak, Kansas
 * Lone Oak, Kentucky
 * Lone Oak, Tennessee
 * Lone Oak, Texas, a city in Hunt County

title: Lone Oak


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File:Kansas - Audio-Visions.jpg

Cover for album Audio-Visions by Kansas.

Fair use rationale for

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright

title: File:Kansas - Audio-Visions.jpg


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Lone Elm

Lone Elm may refer to:

 * Lone Elm, Kansas
 * Lone Elm, Cooper County, Missouri
 * Lone Elm, Jasper County, Missouri

title: Lone Elm


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Audio-Visions

Audio-Visions is the seventh studio album by American progressive rock band Kansas, released in 1980. The album was reissued in remastered format on CD in 1996 on Legacy/Epic and again in 2011, as a Japanese import vinyl-replica CD, as well as part of the Sony/Legacy domestic boxed set, Kansas Complete Album Collection 1974-1983, which packages all of the band's original releases on Kirshner and affiliated labels CBS/Columbia.

Kerry Livgren's recent conversion to Christianity is first heard on this album, primarily in the lyrics to "Hold On", which was written as an evangelistic plea to his wife. That song was the original lineup's last Top 40, peaking at No. 40 as the album's first single. The second single from the album, "Got to Rock On," charted outside the Top 40, and was released as a promo only 12" single as well, featuring a live version of the song on Side B of the promotional single, taken from an ABC Radio "the Source" live concert broadcast from Chicago. In addition, another stop on the Audio-Visions tour was broadcast on the radio show "A Night on the Road", from the Palladium in New York City. In addition to playing almost every song on the album on the tour, the band also played one selection each from Livgren and Walsh's recent solo albums. While every song from the album Monolith was played during the early part of the Monolith tour in 1979, not a single song from Monolith was played on the Audio-Visions tour.

The eighth song on this album, "No One Together", was originally intended for release on the previous album, Monolith, but it was dropped from that album due to an argument between Walsh and Livgren over whose song should be included there (with Walsh winning out the argument by having his song, "How My Soul Cries Out for You", included) and wound up on this album instead.

The album was to be the last album with the band's original lineup until 2000's Somewhere to Elsewhere, and coincidentally the band's latest studio album to be certified gold by the RIAA (which it did in December 1980).

In 2018, Friday Music released a 180-gram "blue-splatter" translucent vinyl remaster of the album, featuring a gatefold cover with the original sleeve artwork, and an insert in the first sleeve of a foldout poster of the album cover.

Reception
Rolling Stone gave a resoundingly negative review of the album, calling it "the musically overwrought and lyrically fatuous product of a collective hubris gone haywire," and mockingly referring to Kerry Livgren as "Kerry Liver." They contended that Kansas had lost all direction, with "Hold On" being the only track not lost in misdirected ambitions. AllMusic's William Ruhlmann retrospectively remarked how "nothing here matched the music from the group's late-'70s heyday", probably due to the two main songwriters being distracted by their solo careers with Kansas "becoming a part-time occupation".

Record World said the single "Got to Rock On" has "a thunderous, driving beat and dynamic tempo shifts."

Credits
Kansas
 * Steve Walsh - keyboards, vibraphone, percussion, lead and backing vocals
 * Kerry Livgren - guitars, keyboards, percussion, backing vocals
 * Robby Steinhardt - violin, viola, lead and backing vocals
 * Rich Williams - guitar, percussion, backing vocals
 * Dave Hope - bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Phil Ehart - drums, percussion, backing vocals

Additional personnel
 * Donna Williams – additional voice and sounds
 * Joey Jelf – additional voice and sounds
 * Lisa White – additional voice and sounds
 * Victoria Livgren – additional voice and sounds
 * Terry Ehart – additional voice and sounds
 * The Four Bassmen – additional voice and sounds

Production
 * Kansas - producers, cover concept
 * Brad Aaron, Davey Moiré - co-producers, engineers
 * Greg Webster - assistant engineer
 * George Marino - mastering at Sterling Sound, New York
 * Tom Drennon - art direction, design, illustrations
 * Peter Lloyd - cover painting
 * Bob Irwin - reissue producer
 * Vic Anesini - digital remastering
 * Frank Tozour - sony digital editing

title: Audio-Visions


text:
Talk:Audio-Visions

No One Together
The eighth song, "No One Together," was originally intended to be released on Monolith but went unreleased at that time as Steve Walsh wanted to include "Away from You."

WikiPro1981X (talk) 06:26, 10 December 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Audio-Visions


text:
USS Paul Jones (DD-10)

The second USS Paul Jones was a Bainbridge-class destroyer in the United States Navy. She was named for John Paul Jones.

Construction
Paul Jones was laid down on 20 April 1899, by the Union Iron Works of San Francisco; launched on 14 June 1902; sponsored by Mrs. Elizabeth Goldsborough Adams; and commissioned on 19 July 1902.

Originally built as a torpedo boat destroyer, Paul Jones served in the Pacific Fleet, homeported at San Francisco. A unit of the Pacific Torpedo Fleet, she was at San Francisco at the beginning of World War I.

World War I
Paul Jones sailed on 23 April 1917, for Norfolk, Virginia, via San Diego, Acapulco, the Panama Canal Zone, and Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, arriving on 3 August. On 4 August, she took station off the York River on patrol assignment until joining USS Duncan (DD-46), USS Henley (DD-39), USS Truxtun (DD-14), USS Stewart (DD-13), USS Preble (DD-12), USS Hull (DD-7), USS Macdonough (DD-9), and USS Hopkins (DD-6) as escorts for Battleship Force, Atlantic Fleet, on 13 August, for passage to Bermuda and New York.

Paul Jones departed the Brooklyn Navy Yard on 24 August and reported to Newport, Rhode Island where she began a series of convoy patrols up and down the coast and returning to Newport on 24 September. She then commenced training operations, in conjunction with other duties, off Norfolk, Lynnhaven Roads, and Chesapeake Bay, prior to reporting to Philadelphia on 20 December.

On 15 January 1918, in company with Stewart, Hopkins and USS Worden (DD-16), Paul Jones sailed for the Azores by way of Bermuda. After departing Bermuda, she had to request permission to turn back due to a serious leak in her port after bunker. From 23–26 January, Paul Jones' crew struggled against great odds and succeeded in saving the ship from sinking. Wallowing in stormy seas with her after fire room flooded, barely able to maintain headway, having lost all drinking and feed water and steaming under two boilers with salt feed, manning bucket brigades for lack of operable pumps, and receiving no answers to her distress signals, she finally sighted a light off St. David's Head, Bermuda, signalled the fort for assistance and dropped her anchor.

Paul Jones remained at Bermuda until 22 February for repairs and then sailed for Philadelphia escorted by USS Mars (AC-6) arriving on 25 February. Following permanent repairs at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, Paul Jones reported to Fortress Monroe, Virginia on 18 April, and performed various duties in and around the Chesapeake Bay until 6 August.

The highlight of Paul Jones' career came on 2 July when USS Henderson (AP-1) was on fire in the Atlantic north of Bermuda and east of Virginia. Paul Jones made four trips from the burning ship to Von Steuben saving 1,250 Marines and officers together with over 50 tons of luggage. The next day she accompanied Henderson to Delaware Breakwater.

Paul Jones was involved in a friendly fire incident in the Atlantic Ocean in August 1918. She was escorting a convoy of 28 cargo ships on 7 August when at 15:00 the last ship in the convoy, the American armed cargo ship SS Jason, which was slightly behind the rest of the convoy's ships, sighted the U.S. Navy submarine USS O-6 (SS-67) on the surface behind the convoy and mistook her for a German submarine with a mast and sail set. U.S. Navy gunners aboard Jason opened fire on O-6 with Jason′s 5 in gun at a range of 3,000 yd. Jason fired eight rounds, scoring five hits. After the first hit, O-6 attempted to dive, but the second hit struck her conning tower and started leaks that made it impossible for her to submerge. O-6 blew her ballast tanks and returned to the surface. She flashed recognition signals by blinker light and members of her crew waved a United States flag on her deck. Jason reported that O-6 fired six shots from her deck gun at Jason, apparently misinterpreting O-6′s recognition signals as gun flashes. Another of the convoy's cargo ships also opened fire, and shell splashes from that ship's gunfire fell short of O-6 and may have appeared to Jason′s crew and gunners to have come from O-6. O-6 stopped, and Jason ceased fire as she steamed out of range of O-6. Paul Jones meanwhile had reversed course and approached Jason, which signaled that she had a submarine in sight. Paul Jones then closed with O-6 and opened 3 in gunfire, but all of her shots fell short, and she ceased fire when she closed to a range of 3,000 yd and saw that O-6 was flying a U.S. flag from her conning tower. Paul Jones came alongside O-6 to render assistance. O-6 suffered no casualties, but she had sustained serious damage, including to her compasses — which had been knocked out — and her steering gear. Paul Jones escorted her to port at the Delaware Breakwater, where they arrived on 8 August 1918.

Paul Jones reported at Hampton Roads, Virginia, on 9 August 1918 and remained in and around the Chesapeake Bay conducting mine patrols, convoy duties, and other services until slated for inactivation on 31 January 1919. She decommissioned on 29 July; was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 15 September; and was sold on 3 January 1920 to Henry A. Hitner's Sons Company, Philadelphia, who subsequently scrapped her.

Noteworthy commanding officers

 * Lieutenant Edgar Brown Larimer (15 January 1907-11 July 1907) (later a rear admiral and Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance (1931-1934))
 * Lieutenant William A. Glassford (September 1911-May 1912, 1 February 1916-October 1916) (later a vice admiral)
 * Lieutenant Leo Hewlett Thebaud (1918-29 July 1919) (later a vice admiral)

title: USS Paul Jones (DD-10)


text:
Altreich

Altreich or Altes Reich ("Old Empire") is a German term that may refer to:
 * The medieval Kingdom of Germany, i.e. the territory of the German stem duchies excluding Saxony and Bavaria
 * Altreich (pre-1938 Nazi Germany), those territories that were part of Nazi Germany before 1938
 * The Holy Roman Empire, in contrast to the German Reich of 1871
 * The Austrian Empire, as well as Austria-Hungary, by Austrian historians

Alt-Reich is a variation of the term alt-right and may refer to:

 * Alt-Reich Nation, a racist Facebook group linked to the murder of Richard Collins III

title: Altreich


text:
What's the Frequency, Kenneth?

"What's the Frequency, Kenneth?" is a song by American alternative rock band R.E.M. from their ninth studio album, Monster (1994). The song's title refers to an incident in New York City in 1986 in which two then-unknown assailants attacked journalist Dan Rather while repeating "Kenneth, what is the frequency?"

The song was the first single taken from the album and was released by Warner Bros. on September 5, 1994. It peaked at number 21 on the US Billboard Hot 100, number two in Canada, number four in New Zealand, and number nine on the UK Singles Chart. In Iceland, it peaked at number one for four weeks. It was the first song to debut at number one on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart. Its music video was directed by Peter Care.

"What's the Frequency, Kenneth?" was placed on R.E.M.'s compilation albums In Time: The Best of R.E.M. 1988–2003 in 2003 and Part Lies, Part Heart, Part Truth, Part Garbage 1982–2011 in 2011, the only track from Monster to feature on either. The song was one of the band's most-played songs at live gigs, and was played at every show on their 2008 Accelerate tour. A live version was released on R.E.M. Live in 2007.

Background and recording
R.E.M. began work on Monster in August 1993 and "What's the Frequency, Kenneth?" was recorded about two months later in October. This song was written and recorded at Kingsway Studio, New Orleans, where the band also wrote and recorded "Tongue" and "Crush with Eyeliner". Lead singer Michael Stipe has said in interviews that the lyrics are about the Generation X phenomenon in contemporary mass media, sung in character as an older critic whose information consists exclusively of media products.

I wrote that protagonist as a guy who's desperately trying to understand what motivates the younger generation, who has gone to great lengths to try and figure them out, and at the end of the song it's completely fucking bogus. He got nowhere.

Guitarist Peter Buck explained why the song slows towards its conclusion in an interview with Guitar World magazine:

The truth is, Mike [Mills, bassist] slowed down the pace and we all followed, and then I noticed he looked strange. It turned out he had appendicitis and we had to rush him to the hospital. So we never wound up redoing it.

Post-release
"What's the Frequency, Kenneth?" made its first live television debut on November 12, 1994, for Saturday Night Live, recorded at NBC Studios in New York City. The set on the show opened with "What's the Frequency, Kenneth?" and was followed by two other songs from the new album, Monster, "Bang and Blame" and "I Don't Sleep, I Dream". The following year, on June 22, 1995, at Madison Square Garden in New York City, Dan Rather accompanied the band during a soundcheck performance of the song. The clip was shown prior to R.E.M.'s performance of "Crush with Eyeliner" on the Late Show with David Letterman the following night.

Critical reception
Steve Baltin from Cash Box named "What's the Frequency, Kenneth?" Pick of the Week, saying it's "a strong song, but it’s not as much a single as the introduction to the most eagerly anticipated record of the fall. On that level, it’s a smashing success. The song literally explodes onto the airwaves with an updated version of classic guitar rock before the booming of the drums takes the song into Michael Stipe’s unique vocals. From there, the track weaves its way through various rock tempos without ever losing the momentum from its initial burst of energy." Chuck Campbell from Knoxville News Sentinel remarked that Buck's "powerful-but-not-grungy guitar" is the centerpiece on the "satisfying" first single. Dave Jennings from Melody Maker named it Single of the Week, adding, "It's a breezy, upbeat slice of whimsy that'll undoubtedly be filling rock club dancefloors for months to come; similar in mood and tempo to "Stand", and featuring a truly glorious psychedelic backwards guitar solo. It's R.E.M.'s back-to-basics record, reviving a few tricks from their early days — notably a great, grimy, garage-band guitar sound and half-buried vocals."

Pan-European magazine Music & Media wrote, "Are they losing their religion? Radically breaking with the tradition of their last semi-acoustic CDs, R.E.M. give a first taste of the "heavy Monstersound" of the new one." Alan Jones of Music Week found that it is "the most straightforward rock song the group has done in years, a full-throttle aural assault and very intense. With bonus live tracks, this one will sell." Keith Cameron from NME declared it as "a deceptively catchy fellow, loping atop a mellifluous Buckoid drone last spotted somewhere between "Document" and "Green", and grasping onto a Michael Stipe vocal that punctuates yearnsome heights with the hiccuping groans of an old man apparently unable to come to terms with '90s youth culture." Paul Evans from Rolling Stone called it "R.E.M.'s toughest single". Howard Hampton from Spin noted that it "lifts its catch phrase from the dadaist mugger who attacked Dan Rather a few years back. The song, wryly straddling the pop-irony curtain dividing Reservoir Dogs from stupid-pet MC David Letterman, revels in a nagging resonance that signifies nothing, but wants to say everything."

Music video
Shot in Hollywood, California, in August 1994, the accompanying music video for "What's the Frequency, Kenneth?" was directed by Peter Care, who had previously worked with the band on music videos for "Drive" and "Man on the Moon" in 1992. It features the band playing along to the song under bright blue, red, yellow and green flashing lights. Michael Stipe appears timid behind the microphone until the first chorus, breaking into an energetic dance. Prominent in the guitar solo, Peter Buck uses Kurt Cobain's Jag-Stang that he received as a gift from Courtney Love after Cobain died; he plays it upside-down as Cobain was left-handed. Singer Stipe's newly shaven head and bassist Mike Mills's new look (long-hair and the use of Nudie suits), prominent on the 1995 Monster world tour, were given wide exposure in this video. The suit seen in the music video was owned by musician Gram Parsons.

The DVD companion to In Time, entitled In View: The Best of R.E.M. 1988–2003 (featuring the promotional videos to most of the songs from In Time), included the music video to "What's the Frequency, Kenneth?"

Track listings
All songs were written by Bill Berry, Peter Buck, Mike Mills, and Michael Stipe. The live recordings of "Monty Got a Raw Deal", "Everybody Hurts" and "Man on the Moon" were recorded at the 40 Watt Club, Athens, Georgia on November 19, 1992. The performance—a benefit for Greenpeace—was recorded in a solar-powered mobile studio.
 * US 7-inch, CD, and cassette single
 * 1) "What's the Frequency, Kenneth?"  – 3:59
 * 2) "What's the Frequency, Kenneth?" (instrumental version)  – 3:59

 * US 12-inch and maxi-CD single
 * UK, European, Australian, and Japanese CD single

 * 1) "What's the Frequency, Kenneth?"  – 3:59
 * 2) "Monty's Got a Raw Deal" (live)  – 4:22
 * 3) "Everybody Hurts" (live)  – 5:41
 * 4) "Man on the Moon" (live)  – 5:24

 * UK 7-inch and cassette single
 * 1) "What's the Frequency, Kenneth?" (radio version)  – 3:59
 * 2) "What's the Frequency, Kenneth?" (K version)  – 3:59

title: What's the Frequency, Kenneth?


text:
Long Prairie

Long Prairie may refer to a location in the United States:

 * Long Prairie, Minnesota
 * Long Prairie River
 * Long Prairie Township, Todd County, Minnesota
 * Long Prairie Township, Mississippi County, Missouri

title: Long Prairie


text:
West Virginia University Institute of Technology

West Virginia University Institute of Technology (WVU Tech, WVIT, WVU Beckley, or West Virginia Tech) is a public college in Beckley, West Virginia. It is a divisional campus of West Virginia University.

History
The college was founded in 1895 in Montgomery, West Virginia as the sub-collegiate Montgomery Preparatory School for West Virginia University. In 1917, it was separated from WVU and renamed the West Virginia Trade School. Next, in 1921, it reached the junior college level as the New River State School. It became a four-year college as New River State College in 1931 and was renamed the West Virginia Institute of Technology in 1941. It began to grant engineering degrees in 1952.

West Virginia Tech added a community college in 1966. It began granting the master's degree in engineering in 1978, but no longer offers graduate degrees. WVU Tech's community college component was separated from WVU Tech in 2004 and WVU Tech is now part of West Virginia University.

The school became a regional campus of West Virginia University in 1996, leading to its present name. It later became an integrated division of WVU in July 2007. While several support departments on campus report directly to WVU, local oversight of academic programs remains on the WVU Tech campus.

2011 revitalization efforts
The school had been beset with declining enrollments for many years. In 2011, the state government passed the WVU Tech Revitalization Project law, in response to its declining enrollments and financial distress. As a condition of the law, an assessment was conducted over the summer of 2011 and a “revitalization report” was completed by October 2011. The report identified a number of specific actions that needed to be taken, culminating in a revitalization of the university's administrative staff, and ultimately a move of the entire campus to the larger city of Beckley, West Virginia (see next section).

2015 move to Beckley
In January 2015, WVU completed purchase of the buildings in Beckley formerly used by Mountain State University, which is about 30 miles from the Montgomery campus. WVU President E. Gordon Gee stated that Tech's future was "very secure" but refused to answer a question from the Charleston Daily Mail about the possibility of the school relocating.

On August 31, 2015, it was announced that Gee had recommended that WVU Tech move from Montgomery to the former MSU campus in Beckley, a larger and more accessible city. The university's Board of Governors unanimously approved this recommendation at its September 1 meeting. For the 2016–2017 academic years, freshman courses were taught at the Beckley campus, and all other courses remained in Montgomery. Summer classes in 2017 were mostly held online with all academic programs, administrative offices and athletic teams moving to Beckley in the Fall 2017.

Since the move, enrollment has increased from 1,106 students in 2017 to 1,622 in Spring of 2019, and the university has been ranked the best return-on-investment in the state of West Virginia.

Former Montgomery campus
The "Old Main" building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

The Neal D. Baisi Athletic Center was completed in 1968 and was home to the Golden Bears' basketball teams.

On April 21, 2017, it was announced that the buildings on the Fayette County side of the Montgomery campus would be lease-purchased by KVC Health Systems, a foster care and adoption services provider, for conversion into a proposed "transitional college for persons aging out of foster care", while the buildings on the Kanawha County side would be transferred to BridgeValley Community & Technical College. The only exceptions are the "Tech Marina" (a boat dock) and the David S. Long Alumni Center, which were transferred to the city of Montgomery, and the HiRise Residence Hall, which was demolished on June 4, 2017. However, the KVC effort was abandoned in 2019 and the buildings are currently listed as surplus property and unused.

Academics
WVU Tech offers baccalaureate degree programs in 32 majors spread between two academic divisions (the Leonard C. Nelson College of Engineering and Sciences & the College of Business, Humanities and Social Studies).

Athletics
The West Virginia Tech (WVU Tech) athletic teams are called the Golden Bears. The university is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the River States Conference (RSC; formerly known as the Kentucky Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (KIAC) until after the 2015–16 school year) since the 2015–16 academic year. The Golden Bears previously competed as an NAIA Independent within the Association of Independent Institutions (AII) from 2012–13 to 2014–15; and in the Mid-South Conference (MSC) from 2006–07 to 2011–12.

WVU Tech historically competed in the West Virginia Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (WVIAC), which is currently affiliated with the NCAA Division II ranks, with the other small colleges in the state from its inception in 1924–25 until the end of the 2005–06 school year, when it could no longer maintain that level of competition. They also competed as a member of the United States Collegiate Athletic Association (USCAA) from 2012–13 to 2015–16.

WVU Tech competes in 17 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, swimming, track & field and wrestling; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, soccer, softball, swimming, track & field and volleyball; and co-ed sports include cheerleading and eSports. Former sports were football, which it was dropped as a result of the Revitalization Study after 2011.

Accomplishments
The sports at WVU Tech have been very successful over the years. The men's basketball team has won the WVIAC and has been successful in the Mid-South Conference. They were runners-up in the AII Tournament in 2013. They have also been to the NAIA Nationals over the years. The women's basketball team won the AII Championship in 2013 and went to the NAIA National Championships that year.

The men's soccer team won the USCAA National Championship in 2013 and 2014. They also were runners-up in the USCAA National Championship in 2012.

Notable alumni

 * Chuck Banks – football player
 * Charles E. Bayless - business man and educational administrator
 * Squire Parsons – Christian music soloist and baritone
 * Sedale Threatt – basketball player
 * Steven Smith – NAIA national champion
 * Calvin Wallace – football player
 * Mike Barrett – basketball player
 * Paulo Dias Ignacio Jr. (swimming) - NAIA National Champion (Men's 100y Breaststroke 2020)


text:
Red Ring

Red Ring may refer to:

 * A ring with a red gemstone

Biology

 * Red ring disease, caused by the nematode Bursaphelenchus cocophilus
 * Bicyclus anisops, red ring bush brown, a butterfly
 * Hestina assimilis, red ring skirt, a butterfly
 * Phellinus pini, red ring rot, a fungus

Literature and comics

 * Narya, the Red Ring, one of the Rings in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth universe
 * Red power ring of the Red Lantern Corps in the DC universe

Video games

 * A special type of collectible ring in a number of Sonic the Hedgehog games
 * A red ring that appears in some Mario games
 * Red Ring of Death, a common Xbox 360 problem

title: Red Ring


text:
Longton

Longton may refer to several places:

 * Longton, Kansas, United States
 * Longton, Lancashire, United Kingdom
 * Longton, Staffordshire, United Kingdom

title: Longton


text:
Longtown

Longtown may refer to several places:

in the United Kingdom:
 * Longtown, Cumbria, an English town near the Scottish border
 * Longtown, Herefordshire, an English linear village and parish
 * Longtown, County Antrim, a townland in County Antrim, Northern Ireland

in the United States:
 * Longtown, Missouri, a village in Perry County, Missouri
 * Longtown, Mississippi, an unincorporated community in Panola County, Mississippi
 * Longtown, Ohio, an unincorporated community in Darke County, Ohio
 * Longtown, Oklahoma, a census-designated community in Pittsburg County, Oklahoma
 * Longtown, South Carolina, an unincorporated community in Fairfield County, South Carolina

title: Longtown


text:
Talk:John Wilkinson (industrialist)

Untitled
Did he make any rails?

Syd1435 02:37, 2004 Dec 4 (UTC)

 * Almost certainly so. There was a railway down Tarbatch Dingle in Swinney Wharf on the bank of the river Severn.  Peterkingiron 22:27, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

text removed from body
“As others see us”: Contemporary opinion of John Wilkinson and his achievements By N.J. CLARKE   originally published in the Wilkinson Journal No.12 1984

The following account is adapted from a talk given by to the Friends of the Ironbridge Gorge Museum in May 1984. References are to the selected extracts at the end.

Looking back over his life, the septuagenarian John Wilkinson felt that he had made a considerable contribution to human progress, but recognised that he had made many enemies along the way. He wanted to say as much in the epitaph which he prepared for himself (extract i), but which his executors watered down after his death. One imagines from the comment he made in a letter to James Watt (extract ii), and from other sources, that anyone who crossed him lived to regret it.

What did his contemporaries really think of the man and his achievements?

Relatives

John Wilkinson’s relations with members of his own family were bitter at times. He became estranged from his father, who died insolvent in Bristol in 1784; and for the last twenty years of his life his relations with his brother William got steadily worse. This was probably the result of William’s fear of the effect John’s purchase and development of the neighbouring Brymbo estate would have on Bersham Ironworks, which they jointly owned. The outcome of this dispute was the sale of Bersham, which John bought outright, raising the money from the sale of his interests in the mines and ironworks at Snedshill and Hollinswood. William appears to have done everything he could to get back at his brother: he let the cat out of the bag over John making ‘pirate’ steam engines at Bersham, which led to Boulton & Watt setting up their own foundry to make cylinders and to a long legal dispute with John; William also appears to have enticed many of Bersham’ s skilled workers to the Soho Foundry; and he ran down his brother whenever he could - as in a letter to James Watt in January 1800 (extract iii).

However, not all John’s relatives were at loggerheads with him. His brother-in-law Dr. Joseph Priestley, a Unitarian minister and experimental chemist of some note, acknowledged Wilkinson’s generosity on a number of occasions (extract iv) and felt that he had dealt fairly in the dispute with his brother William. Priestley and John Wilkinson appear to have corresponded regularly, and both sympathised with the French Revolution. Priestley no doubt would have concurred with Wilkinson’s maxim that “manufacture and commerce will always flourish most where Church and King interfere least”.

Fellow industrialists

Wilkinson’s reputation for being less-than-honest in his business dealings went back to the Willey Partnership days. Many felt that some of his innovations were copied from others, e.g. the boring mill, copied from continental examples built on the plans of Jan Verbruggen; and that he made claims to have discovered processes rightfully invented by others. This seems to be the substance of Lord Dundonald’s letter to William Reynolds in February 1800 (extract v) in which he goes on to slate Wilkinson in no uncertain terms - “I do believe him to be one of the most hard hearted, malevolent old scoundrels now existing in Britain”!

However, that Wilkinson earned the respect of other industrialists and engineers at the time is shown by the fact that Thomas Telford was able to refer to him in 1793 as the “king of the ironmasters” (extract vi).

Employees

John Wilkinson’s relationship with his employees was in general good. On several occasions he took action to overcome local shortages of small coinage by using his own notes and tokens; he was reported to have granted pensions to aged workmen who had served him well; and he was the only Shropshire ironmaster to be commemorated in folk song. Extract vii is the last verse of a popular song of about 1800.

But he did have differences with some of his more senior employees, such as Gilbert Gilpin, chief clerk at Bersham from 1786 to 1796, who was one of the victims of the struggle between the Wilkinson brothers. In the years following his departure from Bersham, Gilpin seems to have corresponded regularly with William Wilkinson and, in addition to providing news of the iron trade, also supplied tit-bits of gossip concerning John - as in the letter of May 1804 (extract viii), written from Old Park and referring to a visit by John and his house-keeper from Brymbo, Ann Lewis, to Benjamin Rowley’s house at Snedshill. It was by this woman that Wilkinson, while his wife was still living at Castlehead, had three children, the youngest of them fathered when he was 77!

Obituaries

Whatever his private shortcomings, Wilkinson certainly made an impact on the iron industry in the late 18th century. This was acknowledged in the obituary, which appeared in Aris’s Birmingham Gazette on 18th July 1808 (extract ix). But the hope expressed in the last line proved unfounded. In the instructions left for the guidance of the trustees of his estate, Wilkinson wrote: "I leave my different works as children in trust for 63 years - that a great example may be given of the importance to the world and benefit to the industrious workman arising from infant works being protected until their arrival at a proper maturity”. He obviously foresaw a continued development of his works and yet, at the time of writing (1806), the seeds of the dissolution of his empire were already sown. Three factors other than the instructions to the trustees were to determine the fate of the works:

Wilkinson and his trustees’ neglect of new processes developing in the iron industry, such as puddling which produced better iron at a cheaper rate;

Litigation, largely the work of his nephew and heir Thomas Jones, over Wilkinson’s attempt to leave his property in trust for his illegitimate children by Ann Lewis;

The depression in the iron trade, which followed the Napoleonic Wars.

In fact, the turbulence that attended Wilkinson’s life continued in death. He had prepared an iron coffin for his own burial. Gilpin, in one of his letters, tells us that: “He has two coffins ready in his hot house at Bradley, the first being a blank, with spanners, etc., to screw him up. He sent the order from London, and was very pressing for its speedy execution, which made his people conceive the devil had at length sent him his route and passport”. In the instructions for his executors, Wilkinson wrote: “It is my particular request and direction that wherever I die my body may be interred as privately as possible without parade or pomp, either in my garden at Castlehead, within a place I have there prepared for that purpose, or within a building called the chapel at Brymbo, or in my garden at Bradley, in such manner as is directed in this book. . . and to the nearest of the said places I shall happen to die”.

In the event, following his death at Bradley, he was buried after several attempts in a huge cast-iron coffin in the grounds of his mansion at Castlehead. His grave was surmounted by a cast-iron obelisk inscribed with his executors’ version of his epitaph (extract x).

However - in the words of his enemies -there was “no peace for the wicked”. In 1828 Wilkinson’s coffin and obelisk were removed to the nearby village of Lindale in order to expedite the sale of his former home; and a further move of the obelisk was made to its present site in 1863. After years of neglect it has recently been repaired; but “the King of the Ironmasters” has an unmarked grave in Lindale churchyard.

CONTEMPORARY OPINION    SELECTED EXTRACTS

(i)               Delivered from persecution of malice and envy, here rests John Wilkinson, ironmaster, in certain hope of a better estate and Heavenly Mansion, as promulgated by Jesus Christ, in whose gospel he was a firm believer. His life was spent in action for the benefit of man and he trusts in some degree to the glory of God, as his different works that remain in various parts of the kingdom are testimonials of unceasing labour.

(Wilkinson’s own epitaph)

(ii)          Peace is a most desirable thing and the more so to one of my constitution who cannot be angry by halves. Resentment with me becomes a matter of business and stimulates to action beyond any profits.

(Wilkinson to James Watt, 1784)

(iii). . . (he was) much taken up in scheming and is now decided to have eight furnaces in blast in the course of this year being decided to have more furnaces than any one man in Britain of his own. . . I think before he makes new ones he ought to make the old ones turn out better.

(William Wilkinson to James Watt, January 1800)

(iv)         It was in consequence of Mr. Wilkinson’s proposal, who wished to have us nearer to him, that, being undetermined where to settle, I fixed on Birmingham where he soon found a house for me.

(Dr. Joseph Priestley, his brother-in-law)

(v)          I dined with William Crawshay in London, Wilkinson was one of the party. I showed them drawings of the improvements in coking coals which I shall not patent and which gentlemen in ironworks are welcome to use. . . Wilkinson said my improvements were not new, but he had used them for some years. On questioning it appeared his method was that which you employ at Ketley. This is not the only instance in which the Invidiousness, the Malevolence and the Badness of John Wilkinson’s Heart has been apparent to me. He tried to set you and me at variance about 12 years ago and since that time John Wilkinson has never forgiven me and has it in his Heart to do me all the injury in his power.

(Lord Dundonald to William Reynolds, February 1800)

(vi)         I had the decided support of the great John Wilkinson, king of the ironmasters, himself a host. I travelled in his carriage to the meeting and found him much disposed to be friendly.

(Thomas Telford, on the cutting of the Ellesmere Canal, 1793)

(vii)        Then let each jolly fellow take hold of his glass And drink to the health of his friend and his lass. May we always have plenty of stingo and pence, And Wilkinson’s fame blaze a thousand years hence.

(Popular song, c. 1800)

(viii). . . He has lately been over at B. Rowley’s for a few days, together with his girl. She, poor creature, while there had nearly died of indigestion from having gorged herself with eating salmon. Old Shylock and her withdrew from the table; and having laid on the bed together for a few hours, she returned perfectly recovered. . . Like Franklin and other great men, J.W. has written his epitaph, and I have been promised a copy of it. I have not heard its substance and am at a loss to devise what he can say in favour of himself. He reads it to all who visit him. In short, the epitaph is now the order of the day! Perhaps by making his own epitaph he conceives he shall avoid a part of the calumny which he would be subject to were he to leave it to the world to make for him.

(Gilbert Gilpin to William Wilkinson, May 1804)

(ix)         Thursday, at his works at Bradley, in the County of Staffordshire, at the advanced age of 80 years, John Wilkinson, Esq. Few men are more entitled to the praise and gratitude of his country, for unwearied and successful exertions in raising that important branch of our national production, the iron trade, to a height unknown, until that period which constituted the zenith of his useful powers. Frugal, though not parsimonious, he acquired an immense fortune, presenting to society the satisfactory testimony that, in this free and happy country, industry and prosperity go hand in hand. The loss of such a man, considered in his multifarious connections with the manufacturing class of society, must be great indeed; but the calamity will be in some measure palliated, as a very efficient trust has been appointed to carry on his vast and extensive concerns.

(Aria ‘a Birmingham Gazette, 18 July 1808)

(x)          John Wilkinson, Ironmaster, who died 14th July 1808, aged 80 years. His different works, in various parts of the kingdom, are lasting testimony of his unceasing labours. His life was spent in action for the benefit of man, and, as be presumed humbly to hope, to the glory of God.

(Epitaph on monument)

— Preceding unsigned comment added by Maury Markowitz (talk • contribs) 17:05, 5 June 2005 (UTC)

Major amendment
I have substantially altered this article as several details were wrong: Peterkingiron 23:26, 24 May 2006 (UTC)
 * The furnace near Wolverhampton was not built in 1748, when John Wilkinson was still under the age of majority.
 * I know of no evidence that Isaac Wilkinson cast cannon at Bersham, though John certainly did.
 * The order of events regarding cannon boring, and the use of steam engines in ironworks was wrong.
 * The statement that he rifled cannon in 1790 - small arms rifles already existed. The rifling of artiullery was a mid 19th century later development.

Potfounder
Some one removed 'potfounder' on the grands that there is no such word. However that was how Isaac Wilkinson's occupation is described in documents that I have seen and in an article. A potfounder was a person who cast pots. In contrast in the 18th century, a founder was the workman in charge of a blast furnace; that was not his trade while at Little Clifton and backbarrow Furnaces, before he became an ironmaster in his won right. Isaac Wilkinson was a significant industrialist, who probably ougfht to have an article in his own right. Peterkingiron 22:12, 4 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Link to Wiktionary would probably assist the reader.Cutler 09:11, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

Isaac Wilkinson
Some content is needed on Isaac Wilkinson. He crops up in Dowlais Ironworks and who knows where else. As there seems to be very little known, I think the best thing is to include a paragraph in this article and redirect here.Cutler 09:10, 19 September 2007 (UTC)
 * No, changed my mind. There's an ODNB article so there sould be one in Wikipedia.Cutler 09:16, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

Bradley
The Bradley Works was built in 1757, long before any plan to build a canal in the area. Bradley is in south Staffordshire, and nowhere near any Shropshire canal (whether the Shropshire Union or any other). Though I have seen the date 1757 in print, I have not verified the author's source for that. My best source for this is a manuscript one, which constitutes WP:OR. I hve thus not included this information in hte article. As the article is at present drafted, there is the implication that cannon were made at Bradley. That is certainly true of Bersham and Willey, but I have seen no evidence that it is true of Bradley. Peterkingiron (talk) 00:10, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

1/8 of cast iron/National debt
I have tagged both these matters as needing citation. I am not clear whether 1/8th of cast iron goods is supposed to refer to the production of finished cast iron goods or 1/8th of blast furnace production: if the former it is conceivable, but I know of no adequate statistics to prove it. If the latter it is certainly wrong. I suspect the recent addition as to the National Debt is similarly wrong, but am leaving them for the moment, in case they can be justified. The last person tp make a credible offer as to the National Debt was probably the South Sea Company, but that only hoped to issue its own securities in exchange for those managed by the Bank of England. Peterkingiron (talk) 21:34, 16 August 2008 (UTC)

 * hmm - yes (didn't notice the first 'fact'). The second part is probably untrue (I was only able to find it mentioned within some low-quality sources) Tedickey (talk) 22:14, 17 August 2008 (UTC)

potfounder term
Google potfounder mostly finds unrelated items, except for copies of this page. Perhaps it's a typo, or else an archaic term for which a modern equivalent should be used. Tedickey (talk) 21:21, 21 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I can confirm that the term was in contemporary use for a person who cast iron pots. The usage may be rare but certainly occurs.  Peterkingiron (talk) 23:07, 21 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't think there is a modern equivalent. Saga City (talk) 00:01, 22 February 2010 (UTC)

Iron church
In the 1966 book Spaceship Earth by Barbara Ward it states that he made a church in iron. If true, this should be added to the article. Does anybody have more information on this? HairyWombat 18:37, 2 April 2013 (UTC)
 * This source mentions several: Iron Church, Minera, Wrexham and Iron Church, Button Oak, Wyre Forest, as well as one at Lindale Moss. But it's unclear if any of these are relevant. Martinevans123 (talk) 11:19, 31 May 2015 (UTC)

Other portait
Wolverhampton Arts and Museums Service hold another portrait of Wilkinson (item OP300), also unknown artist and date: , presmably also without copyright restriction, but which is not yet at Commons. Martinevans123 (talk) 11:04, 31 May 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Wilkinson (industrialist)


text:
The Pioneers (novel)

The Pioneers, or The Sources of the Susquehanna; a Descriptive Tale is a historical novel by American writer James Fenimore Cooper. It was the first of five novels published which became known as the Leatherstocking Tales. Published in 1823, The Pioneers is the fourth novel in terms of the chronology of the novels' plots.

Plot summary
The story takes place on the rapidly advancing frontier of New York State and features an elderly Leatherstocking (Natty Bumppo), Judge Marmaduke Temple of Templeton (whose life parallels that of the author's father Judge William Cooper), and Elizabeth Temple (based on the author's sister, Hannah Cooper), daughter of the fictional Templeton. The story begins with an argument between the judge and Leatherstocking over who killed a buck.

Through their discussion, Cooper reviews many of the changes to New York's Lake Otsego and its area: questions of environmental stewardship, conservation, and use prevail. Leatherstocking and his closest friend, the Mohican Indian Chingachgook, begin to compete with the Temples for the loyalties of a mysterious young visitor, a "young hunter" known as Oliver Edwards. The latter eventually marries Elizabeth Temple. Chingachgook dies, representing European-American fears for the race of "dying Indians", who appear to be displaced by settlers. Natty vanishes into the sunset.

Analysis
The Pioneers was the first novel of James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking Tales series, featuring the character Natty Bumppo, a resourceful white American living in the woods. The story focuses on the development of a "wilderness" area (as classified by European Americans) as a settled European-American community with refinements. The story takes place in the fictional town of Тempleton, which is said to be modeled after Cooperstown, New York, founded by Cooper's father after the Revolutionary War.

Naturalist ideas: Although not classified as a naturalist novel, Cooper depicts many naturalist based ideas in The Pioneers. His use of language, dialogue and description help to convey this movement within this novel.

 * Landscape: In The Pioneers, Cooper thematically debates the complexity of landscape within a new American frontier. The battle between nature and civilization is a constant and competing force within the minds of the characters and in the general surroundings. Cooper evaluates his landscape as one that will be established by a civilization unable to escape its own traits of wastefulness and arrogance.
 * Characters: Cooper expands the conflict between nature and civilization in his characters. Specifically, Cooper writes much more detailed dialogue for “Natty Bumpo” than he does for any of the other characters. Natty stresses the importance of respecting the land and criticizes the greed and selfishness of mankind. The “civil societal” characters are background to Natty's heroic natural character. He emerges as the antithesis to wastefulness as demonstrated and embodied in the settlers. Cooper's main theme is wilderness versus established society. While the settlers see wilderness as being tamed by their presence, Natty has a vision of civilized life coexisting with nature. Ideally, he wants to sustain the unique role that this vast unexplored wilderness contributes to the complexity of America.
 * “It is much better to kill only such you want, without wasting your powder and lead, then to be firing into God’s creatures in such a wicked manner.” (Natty to Judge Marmeduke) – Chapter XXII, The Slaughter of Pigeons

 * Description: Alternating between dialogues, Cooper writes extensive descriptive paragraphs to portray the natural wilderness. To him, the natural landscape exemplifies a peaceful wilderness. When the dialogue begins, it shows the disruption that civilization wreaks on the natural abundance of the wilderness. Cooper contrasts the giving, natural and serene wilderness versus the arrogant and greedy society.

Tone: Cooper's tone in The Pioneers is critical and mocking of traditional society, “established society”. The dialogue of the settlers displays the carelessness of their society towards the wilderness. The scene in Chapter II (The Judge's History of Settlement) is an exaggerated depiction of the reactions of the settlers to a falling tree and storm. The naivety of the settlers is portrayed in their responses to their journey into the wilderness. Cooper's mocking and critical tone is seen throughout the novel.

Characters

 * Nathaniel "Natty" Bumppo, aka the Leather-stocking, aka Hawk-eye. The hero, an old hunter and patriot, the protagonist of the novel. He is a friend to the Indians and distrustful of civilization. (chapter 1, page 22). He was "a melodious synopsis of man and nature in the West". He emerges as the antithesis to wastefulness demonstrated and embodied in the settlers. Natty represents the frontier in conflict with civilization and the law. In Chapter III, The Slaughter of Pigeons, his character is introduced as one who lived off the land. In contrast to settlers who hunt for sport and kill too many pigeons, he shoots the one needed for his meal.
 * Judge Marmaduke Temple - A widower and the founder of Templeton (chapter 1, page 18). He is the trail-blazing leader of the group of pioneers who settle the wilderness of Otsego. He is a strong natural leader with a practical and wise approach. He is appreciative of nature and respectful of its ability to both sustain life and destroy it. He has to lead his people when threatened in the early days with starvation. He is nearly crushed by a falling dead tree in chapter 2. He is a cautious, effective leader, but he also holds a genuine love for the untamed back country. His description of its splendor at the top of a mountain he named “Mount Vision” is a testament to his respect for the beauties of nature. Marmaduke's opinions are synonymous with those of Leather-stocking, yet his seemingly incorruptible attitude is blemished at the end of the pigeon hunt, when he joins in the annihilation of hundreds of the birds. When the hunt is over, the ‘Duke feels a pang of guilt, for “after the excitement of the moment has passed, that he has purchased pleasure at the price of misery to others.” Marmaduke's character represents settlers who were conscious and aware of their intrusive and sometime destructive ways. Throughout the story he is respectful toward Leather-stocking as well as the lands he controls.
 * Agamemnon "Aggy" - A slave of the Judge (New York did not fully abolish slavery until the 1820s)
 * Elizabeth "Bess" Temple - Daughter of the Judge and romantic interest of Oliver (chapter 5, page 66)
 * Richard "Dick" Jones - The cousin of the Judge (chapter 4, page 47), and “The Sheriff." He is the right-hand man of Marmaduke. He holds a systematic, “ends-justify-the-means” approach to solving problems. He claims that to avoid falling trees, one needs to avoid every tree in the forest with rotten base wood. When posed with the issue of bringing down the pigeons to feed the village, he uses an artillery cannon. Richard likes to “fish with dynamite,” figuratively speaking. He is the foil of Leather-stocking, who is frugal and weighted by morals. Richard's character represents settlers who were ignorant of the land and people they disturbed while trying to make new lives. He is generally concerned with his own survival and prosperity with little regard to people such as Leather-stocking and the land.
 * Squire Hiram Doolittle - An architect, justice of the peace, and buddy of Dick Jones
 * Monsieur Le Quoi - A French nobleman exiled by their violent revolution; he becomes a shopkeeper in Templeton (chapter 4, page 47)
 * Major Frederick "Fritz" Hartmann - A German settler in the area and regular visitor to the Judge's house (chapter 4, page 48)
 * The Reverend Mr. Grant - An Episcopal minister (chapter 4, page 48) (The Episcopal Church was established in the United States after the Revolution, replacing the Anglican Church, which had been the established church in the South
 * Ben Pump, aka Mr. Pump, aka Benjamin Penguillan - A servant to the Judge, and a former seaman who doesn't know how to swim (chapter 5, page 60)
 * Remarkable Pettibone - Housekeeper to the Judge (chapter 5, page 62)
 * Old Brave - The Temples' faithful dog.
 * Dr. Elnathan Todd - The town doctor (chapter 6, page 71)
 * Indian John, aka John Mohegan, aka Chingachgook - considered the last of the Mohicans and Natty's faithful companion (chapter 7, page 85)
 * Oliver Edwards, aka Young Eagle - The young hunter and friend to Natty and Indian John (chapter 3, page 38)
 * Captain and Mrs. Hollister - Owners of the inn, The Bold Dragoon
 * Squire Chester Lippet - a lawyer who talks too much
 * Louisa Grant - The daughter of Mr. Grant, companion to Elizabeth, and a possible love interest for Oliver Effingham
 * Billy Kirby - A lumberjack and crack-shot with a rifle (chapter 17, page 190)
 * Squire Van der School - The "honest" lawyer of Judge Marmaduke (chapter 25, page 277)
 * Jotham Riddle - A lazy fellow appointed as a magistrate by Sheriff Jones
 * Sir Oliver Effingham - British aristocrat

title: The Pioneers (novel)


text:
Catherine Hicks

Catherine Mary Hicks (born August 6, 1951 ) is an American retired actress. She played the character Annie Camden on the long-running television series 7th Heaven. Other roles included Dr. Faith Coleridge on the soap opera Ryan's Hope (1976–1978), her Emmy Award-nominated performance as Marilyn Monroe in Marilyn: The Untold Story (1980), Dr. Gillian Taylor in Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home (1986), Carol Heath in  Peggy Sue Got Married (1986), and Karen Barclay in Child's Play (1988).

Early life
Hicks was born in New York City, the daughter of Jackie, a homemaker, and Walter Hicks, an electronics salesman. She is of Irish and English ancestry. Her family moved to Scottsdale, Arizona, during her childhood. After attending Saint Mary's College (Indiana), where she studied English literature and theology, Hicks won a prestigious acting fellowship to Cornell University. While at Cornell, she was a member of the Ithaca Repertory Theater Company.

Career
After graduating from Cornell with a master of fine arts degree, Hicks headed to New York in August 1976, where she immediately got work in television commercials. Two weeks after arriving in New York, she landed her first major TV role as the newly recovered pediatrician Dr. Faith Coleridge on the ABC soap opera Ryan's Hope. A year and half later, she left her role on Ryan's Hope when she was cast to star alongside Jack Lemmon (as Scottie) in Bernard Slade's 1978 Broadway play Tribute, in which she played the young model Sally Haines, whom Scottie sets up with his estranged son (Robert Picardo). That same year, she starred as Valerie in a CBS TV movie/series pilot, Sparrow.

After Tribute ended its run, she moved to California and co-starred on the 1979–80 CBS sitcom, The Bad News Bears as junior high school principal and psychologist Dr. Emily Rappant. She had roles in a few TV movies, playing an escort, Annie, in ABC's Love For Rent (1979), and as Beth, a camp counselor in CBS's 1980 film To Race the Wind, based on the Harold Krents' autobiography.

In 1980, Hicks beat out hundreds of actresses for the lead role of Marilyn Monroe in ABC's $3.5 million production, Marilyn: The Untold Story, based on the Norman Mailer best seller. She earned an Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie for her portrayal of the legendary star.

In 1981, Hicks starred in CBS's remake of Jacqueline Susann's Valley of the Dolls, as Anne Wells, an entertainment lawyer, and James Coburn's protege. She turned down a co-starring role in Body Heat due to the overtly sexual nature of the film. She made her feature-film debut in the thriller Death Valley (1982) as Peter Billingsley's mother, Sally. That same year, she starred as Sable in Better Late Than Never.

Hicks took the lead role as Amanda Tucker in the 12-episode detective series Tucker's Witch opposite Tim Matheson as Rick Tucker. The program aired on CBS from October 6, 1982, sporadically into August, 1983. In 1983, she played Lisa Sage and co-starred with John Schneider in CBS's romantic comedy movie Happy Endings.

Hicks appeared with Anne Bancroft and Ron Silver in Sidney Lumet's film Garbo Talks (1984). Hicks also played Bill Murray's socialite fiancée, Isabel, in the remake The Razor's Edge (1984). For her work in Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home (1986), Hicks received a Saturn Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress. That same year, she played Carol Heath in Francis Ford Coppola's Peggy Sue Got Married.

In Like Father Like Son (1987), Hicks played Dr. Amy Larkin. In March 1987, Hicks hosted the 59th Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' Scientific and Technical Awards ceremony.

In 1988, she played businesswoman Ella Frazier in the Yugoslavian comedy Tajna manastirske rakije (also released under the titles Cognac and Secret Ingredient). She co-starred with Christopher Plummer, as his estranged daughter, Tina Boyer, in Showtime's Souvenir (1989). She played Karen Barclay in the horror film Child's Play (1988). Her performance won her a 1988 Best Actress Saturn Award.

In 1989, she starred opposite Tony Danza in She's Out of Control as his girlfriend, Janet Pearson. In 1991, she co-starred in the Fox TV comedy-fantasy movie Hi Honey - I'm Dead as Carol Stadler. She played Allison Ploutzer in the Jeff Franklin ABC comedy pilot Up to No Good (1992). She starred with John Bedford Lloyd in the ABC comedy pilot The Circle Game (1993) as the mother, and schoolteacher, Nancy. She played Jeannie Barker in the Aaron Spelling primetime soap opera Winnetka Road, which had a six-episode tryout on NBC in 1994. That same year, she played the wife in the pilot for The Martin Short Show. Going into production, after the concept of the character was changed, she was replaced by Jan Hooks. She played Julia Riordan, opposite John Lithgow and Lea Salonga, in the ABC Hallmark Hall of Fame movie Redwood Curtain (1995). In 1996, she was cast as Annie Camden on The WB's family drama 7th Heaven, and she portrayed the role until the series ended, after 11 seasons, in 2007. In 1997, Hicks played flight attendant Maggie in Turbulence. The same year, Hicks played next door neighbor, Ms. Lewis, in Michael Davis' coming-of-age film, Eight Days a Week.

In 2001, she was one of the actors featured in renowned Hollywood photographer Nancy Ellison's book, Starlet: First Stage at the Hollywood Dream Factory. The book was a collection of archival material of shooting starlets and contained pictures of Hicks that Ellison had taken in the 1980s.

In 2008, she starred in Lifetime Movie Network's Poison Ivy: The Secret Society as Dean Elisabeth Graves. In another Lifetime film Stranger with My Face (2009), she played the widowed mother Shelley Stratton. She played Mom in the independent short film You're a Wolf (2009), co-starring Michael Gross and Jesse Bradford. In 2009, she again played a therapist, Dr. Rosen, in the WB's online series, Pushed.

Hicks was featured in My Name Is Jerry, an independent film shot mostly in Muncie, Indiana. Hicks won the award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role from the 2009 International Filmmakers Festival for her portrayal as Dana.

In 2010, Hicks received positive reviews for her role as Hildegarde, in playwright Christopher Durang's Why Torture Is Wrong and the People Who Love Them at the Stella Adler Theater in Hollywood. She was Texas family court Judge Harriet Krammer in the Hallmark Channel movie A Valentine's Date (2011), (which was also released under the video title Your Love Never Fails). She played Jean in the Lifetime movie Borderline Murder (2011). Hicks played bartender, Rose, who attracted the attention of Elliott Gould in the film Dorfman in Love (2011). Hicks co-starred as Anna Walker in the 2011 Walmart and Procter & Gamble Family Movie Night drama on NBC called Game Time: Tackling the Past. She joined actors Noah Wyle, Virginia Madsen, Mike Farrell, and others in a September 2011 reading of Windows on the World, by Colette Keen, at Hollywood's Stella Adler Theatre, commemorating the 10th anniversary of the 9/11 attacks.

In November 2011, she starred as Irene Livingston in the Jewish Repertory Theatre of Nevada's Las Vegas production of the Moss Hart play Light Up the Sky. Hicks played Ellen in the 2011 Hallmark Channel movie A Christmas Wedding Tail.

In May 2012, Hicks played Annette Bramble in the Lifetime Network movie Shadow of Fear. Also in May 2012, and into June, she performed in the play Princess, in the Blank Theatre Company's 20th Annual Young Playwrights Festival at the Stella Adler Theatre.

In December 2012, she played Marla Sokoloff's character's mother in the Ion Television original movie, A Christmas Wedding Date. She played Linda, a mother whose young adult son has terminal cancer, in the 2013 film, Reach. Hicks was one of the eight actresses in the Showtime documentary, That Gal... Who Was in That Thing (2015), as she shared her experiences and challenges of being a female actor.

In January 2023, Hicks revealed she was done as an actress.

Personal life
Hicks was engaged to journalist Jeff Silverman in the mid-1980s, but the engagement ended.

She met her future husband, special effects make-up artist Kevin Yagher, on the set of the film Child's Play. Hicks and Yagher were married on May 19, 1990. The two have a daughter, Caitlin, who was born in 1992.

Hicks is a practicing Roman Catholic.

Since the 1987–1988 academic school year, the University of Notre Dame has given the "Catherine Hicks Award" to a graduating senior for outstanding work in theatre arts.

Hicks is an alumna of the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute and a trustee on the Hollywood Arts Council.

In 2005, Hicks appeared in a national public service announcement for Catholic Relief Services. She received the 2006 Padre Pio Award from the Capuchin Franciscan Friars for her efforts as Catholic Relief Services spokesperson and Darfur relief.

In 2010, she made appearances in several public service announcements for the Children's Advertising Review Unit (CARU).

She continued her commitment as a parent advocate by teaming with the National Community Pharmacists Association and Purdue Pharma for the 2010 Safeguard My Meds campaign to help prevent the abuse and misuse of prescription medication. Hicks appeared in a public service announcement for Catholic Relief Services in 2015.

In 2017, Hicks began working as a volunteer in California Congressman Adam Schiff's campaign office and for The League of Women Voters. She is also a member of the Los Angeles Homeless Action Committee.

title: Catherine Hicks


text:
User talk:FamilyFord car4less

Please refrain from undoing other people's edits repeatedly. If you continue, you may be blocked from editing Wikipedia under the three-revert rule, which states that nobody may revert an article to a previous version more than three times in 24 hours. (Note: this also means editing the page to reinsert an old edit. If the effect of your actions is to revert back, it qualifies as a revert.) Thank you. --Viriditas 02:41, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, Viriditas is correct. You reverted more than 3 times, so you get blocked from editing for 24 hours. Also, you made personal attacks. Don't do this ever again. I'll be watching this account pretty carefully from now on. - Ta bu shi da yu 02:54, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * templates substituted by a bot as per Template substitution Pegasusbot 04:33, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:FamilyFord car4less