text:
Antonio Pacchioni

Antonio Pacchioni (13 June 1665– 5 November 1726) was an Italian scientist and anatomist, who focused chiefly on the outermost meningeal layer of the brain, the dura mater.

Pacchioni's granulations (or Pacchionian bodies), where the arachnoid layer protrudes through the dura, are named after him (although they are now generally known as arachnoid granulations).

Biography
Pacchioni was born in Reggio Emilia, where he later attended university. He received his degree in medicine in 1688, and left for Rome in 1689.

Pacchioni studied medicine at the University of his native city, obtaining his degree on April 25, 1688. The next year he moved to Rome to devote himself to anatomy in particular; he spent his most productive years in Rome. He was a friend and student of Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694), who lived in Rome from 1691 to 1694. First attending the Santo Spirito in Sassia Hospital, he was an assistant physician at the Ospedale della Conzolazione from May 26, 1690 to June 3, 1693, and then remained for six years in Tivoli as the town doctor.

In 1699 Pacchioni returned to Rome and established a successful medical practice. He later became head physician at the Hospital of San Giovanni in Laterano and then at the Ospedale della Consolazione. In Rome, he made the acquaintance of the clinician and botanist Giovanni Maria Lancisi (1654-1720), with whom he collaborated in the publication of the anatomical plates of Eustachius in 1714.

Pacchioni's most important works particularly concerned the anatomy and function of the dura mater. His first dissertation on this dates from 1701 on, the most important being Dissertatio epistolaris de glandulis ... (1705) in which he described the arachnoidal granulations that are named after him.

Career and life
Pacchioni was a "short man, with oblong face, vivid eye and a rather melancholic temperament" Following the customs of his time, he initially studied philosophy and only later turned to medicine, demonstrating a natural talent for anatomical dissection. He worked under the guidance of Antonio Vallisneri (1661-1730), Professor of Medicine at the University of Padova and member of the Royal Society of London (Vallisneri is also credited with the first description of the anatomical features of Stein Leventhal syndrome). After moving to Rome, he first attended the Ospedaledi S. Spirito in Sassia and then successfully applied for a position as assistant physician at the Ospedale della Consolazione (May 26, 1690), well known at that time for emergency medicine. As stated by Pacchioni himself, this early experience involved the frequent management of head injuries, which aroused his particular interest in brain coverings. Thanks to Malpighi's support, in July, 1693, Pacchioni became the town doctor in Tivoli, quickly gaining popular esteem and approval. Here he spent 6 years under the patronage of the Duke of Modena at the Villa d'Este. Upon his return to Rome, he published in 1701 his first observations on the structure and function of dura mater: De Dura Meninge Fabrica et Usu Disquisitio Analomica.

Pacchioni had a great passion for research and a constant devotion to constructive scientific debate, mutual confrontation with colleagues, exchange of experiences, and education of younger colleagues (he often presented candidates in the discussion of their doctoral thesis). Moreover, Pacchioni exhibited a remarkable attention to scientific progress beyond Italy's borders as shown by the frequent quotation of foreign authors in his works (Willis and Vieussens among others). Further evidence of his merits is the deferential friendship he shared with great men such as Giambattista Morgagni (1682-1771), Malpighi (1627- 1694), and especially with Lancisi (1654-1720), who requested the collaboration of Pacchioni in the preparation of his famous De Motu Cordis et Aneurismatibus (1728) and in the first edition of the Tabulae Anatomicae (1714) collected by Bartolomeo Eustachio (1500-1574).

In 1700, Pacchioni was on the verge of becoming Lancisi's successor for the Chair of Anatomy at the University La Sapienza, upon the recommendation of Lancisi himself. Sadly, he decided to withdraw—formally in deference to his competitor Giorgio Baglivi (1668-1707), but more likely because the latter was known to be a protegé of Pope Innocenzo XII.

The year 1705 was a special time in Pacchioni's life: he was appointed head physician at the ancient Ospedaledi S. Giovanni in Laterano, and published the original description of arachnoid granulations in his Dissertatio Epistolaris de Glandulis Conglobatis Durae Meningis Humanae. He was fellow of several prestigious academies such as the Accademia delle Scienze of Bologna, Accademia dei Fisiocritici of Siena, and the Accademia Cesareo-Leopoldina de' Curiosi della Natura of Leipzig; he also attended meetings of the Roman Accademia dell' Arcadia under the pseudonym of "Euforo Craneo" ("attentive observer of the skull"). He was sometimes asked for consultation as a police doctor.

Final years
Precarious health forced Pacchioni to accept the less demanding charge of head physician at his favorite Ospedale della Consolazione, where he worked until retirement. He was struck by an undetermined disease of the central nervous system (perhaps a tumor or intracranial hematoma) that caused seizures, a right hemiparesis, and progressive mental deterioration. He was attended to by his most trusted colleagues and his old master Vallisneri. Pacchioni died in Rome at 62 years of age.

Thoughts and works
Despite his extreme versatility, Pacchioni is best known as an anatomist and a skilled dissector. He made significant contributions to the elucidation of the structure and function of dura mater, investigating its fine structure. Following Malpighi's teachings, he made use of the microscope, an advanced technology of his time, and systematically treated the anatomical specimens by original techniques of maceration into "... strong, sour, salted, sweet, and oily fluids .... ". For example, in the Dissertatio Epistotaris..., Pacchioni pointed out how arachnoid villi swell "... to the size of a millet seed... " after dura is "...soaked for a month first into plain water and then into vinegar..." (recommending frequent renewal of the bath in order to avoid smell!)

The interpretation of Pacchioni's morphological findings was adversely influenced by his adherence to the "iatromechanical doctrine," whereby the function of an organ was merely based on its mechanical activity. Therefore, he believed that dura mater was a special kind of membranous muscle ("musculus suigeneris membranaceus"), comparable to cardiac muscle, made up of several layers of fibers and arranged in three bellies and four tendons; its contractions served to squeeze the glands which, in Malpighi's opinion, constituted the cerebral cortex, pushing their secretion along nerve roots? Among Pacchioni's findings, we recall the description of the tentorial notch (the so-called "Pacchioni's oval foramen"), the observation that dural adherence to the inner table is variable in different areas, and especially the discovery of arachnoid granulations. In 1705, Pacchioni dedicated to Professor Luca Schrok (a German colleague from Augsburg) the Dissertatio Epistolaris de Glandulis Conglobatis Durae Meningis Hurnanae, indeque Ortis Lymphaticis and Piam Meningem produclis.

One of his popular papers is written in Latin and illustrated with two figures and remarkable for its scientific rigor, careful report of materials and methods, and frequent quotation of up-to-date international literature. While exploring the internal structure of the superior sagittal sinus, Pacchioni was struck by those minute globular bodies (which he named "glandulae conglo-batae"), each wrapped by its own capsule, clustering on either side of the sinus. Numerous thin filaments, which he thought were lymphatic vessels, seemed to bloom from the "glandulae," running toward the pia on one side and penetrating dural layers on the other. Therefore, he concluded that his "glandulae" (glands) had the function of secreting lymph to lubricate the sliding movements between brain and meninges during contractions. Although these speculations appear grossly incorrect in the light of present knowledge, new observations seem "to do justice" to Antonio Pacchioni. In a recent study, Go, et al., ~ using enzyme ultracnytochemistry, detected Na+/K + adenosine triphosphatase activity on cap cells of arachnoid villi; they proposed that this biochemical mechanism could contribute to CSF absorption. This assumption implies a "'secretory" component in CSF absorption along with the already widely accepted mechanisms. It is remarkable to note that, if this single observation is confirmed, we may have to look at arachnoid villi not simply as hydrostatic pressure-gated valves, but as actual secreting structures: that is, as glands or "glandulae," as Antonio Pacchioni suggested three centuries ago.

Works
(Books are kept at exclusive libraries such as the Harvard Medical Library)

Enrico Benassi: Carteggi inediti fra il Lancisi, il Pacchioni ed il Morgagni. Rivista di storia delle scienze mediche e naturali, 1932, 23: 145-169.

Maria Bertolani del Rio: Antonio Pacchioni 1665-1726. In, Luigi Barchi, editor: Medici e naturalisti Reggiani (Reggio nell' Emilia), 1935: 659-667.

Pietri Capparoni: Lo stato di servizio di Antonio Pacchioni all'Ospedale della conzolazione in Roma ed un suo medaglione onorario. Rivista di storia delle scienze mediche e naturali. 1914, 2: 241-245.

Jacopo Chiappelli:

Notizie intorno alla vita di Antonio Pacchioni da Reggio. Raccolta d'opuscoli scientifici e filologici, Biblioteca Modenese, Modene 1783, III: 415-419.

title: Antonio Pacchioni


text:
Sandbagging

Sandbagging, hiding the strength, skill or difficulty of something or someone early in an engagement, refer to:
 * in golf and other games, deliberately playing below one's actual ability in order to fool opponents into accepting higher stakes bets, or to lower one's competitive rating in order to play in a future event with a higher handicap and consequently have a better chance to win
 * Sandbagging (climbing), undergrading the difficulty of a climbing route
 * Sandbagging (grappling), competing in a skill-bracket or being ranked lower than one is deemed capable of
 * Sandbagging (racing), deliberately qualifying slower than what the car can actually perform
 * Slow play (poker), deceptive play in poker
 * Sandbagging (law), suing for a breach of a contractual representation or warranty despite having known at the time of the contract that it was untrue.
 * Sandbagging (professional wrestling), to not cooperate with a throw and to act as dead weight, which makes the moves the wrestler is attempting much harder, if not impossible to pull off.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sandbagging


text:
1969 Malaysian general election

General elections were held in Malaysia on Saturday, 10 May 1969, although voting was postponed until between 6 June and 4 July 1970 in Sabah and Sarawak. This election marked the first parliamentary election held in Sabah and Sarawak after the formation of Malaysia in 1963.

The elections resulted in the return to power, with a reduced majority, of the ruling Alliance Party, comprising the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), the Malayan Chinese Association, and the Malayan Indian Congress. The Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (Gerakan) and the Democratic Action Party (DAP), which had campaigned against Bumiputra privileges outlined by Article 153 of the Constitution, made major gains in the election. Voter turnout was 73.6%. Opposition won 54 seats in total causing the Alliance to lose its two-thirds majority in the Parliament (two-thirds majority being the majority required to pass most constitutional amendments) for the first time.

The elections also saw Alliance lose its majority in Perak, Selangor and Penang in addition to Kelantan. The result of the election and subsequent reactions would cause widespread race riots also known as the 13 May Incident. As a consequence of this incident, the federal government decided to suspend parliament and government administration was monitored by MAGERAN until 1971. It also marked the end of Tunku Abdul Rahman's administration as Prime Minister before he was succeeded by Tun Abdul Razak several months later. Razak would then seek the main purpose to establish the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur.

State elections also took place in 330 state constituencies in 12 (out of 13, except Sabah) states of Malaysia on the same day.

Dewan Rakyat
Candidates were returned unopposed in 19 constituencies. Voting in one constituency was postponed.

West Malaysia went to the polls on 10 May, while Sabah was scheduled to vote on 25 May and Sarawak on 7 June. The Alliance won eight seats on nomination day being unopposed in some constituencies. Tun Mustapha Datu Harun's United Sabah National Organisation (USNO) won 10 out of 16 seats unopposed on nomination day.

The opposition parties' gain at state level was more shocking to the Alliance Party which not only continued to lose to PAS in Kelantan, but also to political infant Gerakan in Penang. No party commanded an absolute majority in two other states. The Alliance held only 14 out of 24 seats in Selangor and 19 out of 40 in Perak.

The attrition of Malay support was much higher than that of the non-Malays. Malay opposition parties' vote shares in the peninsula increased drastically from about 15% in 1964 to 25% in 1969 while the support for non-Malay opposition parties remained roughly the same at 26% in both elections. Thanks to the electoral system, however, PAS seats increased from nine to 12 seats only while non-Malay opposition party, DAP, from 1 to 13.

Aftermath
Gerakan and DAP held a victory rally in Kuala Lumpur on 12 May. The rally soon turned rowdy, as party members and Malay bystanders started to shout racial epithets at each other. UMNO retaliated with its own rally on 13 May, which soon broke out into full-scale rioting. This event subsequently became known as the 13 May Incident.

title: 1969 Malaysian general election


text:
Château de Pau

The Château de Pau (Pau Castle, Paueko gaztelua) is a castle in the centre of the city of Pau, the capital of Pyrénées-Atlantiques and Béarn. It dominates that quarter of the city.

Henry IV of France and Navarre was born here on December 13, 1553, and it was once used by Napoleon as a holiday home during his period of power.

The château has been classified as a Monument historique since 1840 by the French Ministry of Culture. Nowadays, as the Musée national du Château de Pau, it contains a collection of tapestries.

Origins
Pau Castle was founded in the Middle Ages. First and foremost a military structure, it is a typical fortified castle built on top of the hill overlooking the Gave bounded by the Hédas ravine.

Since its construction, the castle has taken on a symbolic importance: possessing a stockade of piles (pau, in Béarnese), it designates, by metonymy, the city itself. These piles, symbolizing loyalty and righteousness, are each like axis mundi in a Béarnese version. In the twelfth century Gaston IV of Béarn built three towers at the fortress. They are called Mazères, Billère and Montauser.

Gaston Fébus
The fourteenth century was troublesome as the region was torn between the competing claims of the powerful warring enemy kingdoms of France and England. In contrast, the local lords sought to make Béarn united and independent, under a sovereign count. Such a man was the formidable Gaston III, Count of Foix, better known as Gaston Fébus (also spelt Phoebus). He greatly reinforced the fortress's defences and added a new 33-metre-high brick tower, defiantly inscribed in Béarnaise: "Febus me fe" (Fébus made me).

The Kings of Navarre
During the Renaissance, the installation of the court of Navarre in 1512 significantly altered the appearance of the castle. Originally a fortress, it now became a pleasure residence. Henry II of Navarre resided there with his wife Marguerite d'Angoulême, sister of Francis I, best known as Marguerite de Navarre, author of The Heptaméron. They marked the place with their initials, still present on the walls and ceilings, and great care was taken to maintain and reproduce the initials even over the subsequent restorations.

Henry IV
But their grandson gave the castle the fame it has today: not by any architectural endeavor, nor even by his own will. The future Henry IV was born in it on December 13, 1553, and the story did the rest. The fame of the King, baby boy cradled in a turtle shell preserved by Béarn through the vicissitudes of revolutions, gives the castle, which did not see him grow up or die, a particular taste, and the right to claim the honor due those who give birth to supermen. But the real recognition of the King is posthumous, and the castle that he was born in was soon forgotten, except to unite Navarre and Béarn with the Kingdom of France (for which Louis XIII signed the treaty in 1620).

 File:Château de Pau - Fonds Ancely - B315556101 A MALBOS 2 006.jpg|The castle in 1843, by the French romantic painter Eugène de Malbos. File:Pati interior del castell de Pau (cropped).jpg|Courtyard of the château in 1905, by the Catalan photographer Josep Salvany i Blanch.

The restoration
Louis-Philippe, who would combine the ideals of the Revolution and those of the monarchy, had the idea of restoring the castle of the man who reconciled Catholic and Protestant into a royal residence.

The castle was a gilded prison in 1848 for the emir Abd El-Kader, conquered by France in Algeria. In order that this castle should retain its character, Henricians placed there many neo-Renaissance and neo-Gothic objects, and a collection of tapestries (16th - 19th century), to recall the halcyon days of the good king. Louis-Philippe, in exile in England, could never stay at this place which was visited by Napoleon III. It is the Renaissance portal through which one enters and which bears the initials of the royal couple of Navarre, founder of the modern castle.

 File:SchlossPau1900-2.jpg|The château from the east front, 1890–1900 File:SchlossPau1900-1.jpg|The château from the east front, 1890–1900 File:The castle from south front, Pau, Pyrenees, France-LCCN2001698664.jpg|The château from the south front, 1890–1900 File:Pau1900-1.jpg|The château and bridge, 1890–1900

The national museum
Then the castle became a presidential residence in the Republic. It is currently a national museum which houses the works preserved from the days of Henry IV and especially during the restoration made by Louis-Philippe. The collections are increasing every year around the Henrician theme. It currently hosts over 100,000 visitors annually, making it the most visited heritage site of the French department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques.

title: Château de Pau


text:
User talk:Cipherswarm

Disambiguation link fixing one-day contest
I have decided to put on a mini-contest within the November 2013 monthly disambiguation contest, on Saturday, November 23 (UTC). I will personally give a $20 Amazon.com gift card to the disambiguator who fixes the most links on that server-day (see the project page for details on scoring points). Since we are not geared up to do an automated count for that day, at 00:00, 23 November 2013 (UTC) (which is 7:00 PM on November 22, EST), I'll take a screenshot of the project page leaderboard. I will presume that anyone who is not already listed on the leaderboard has precisely nine edits. At 01:00, 24 November 2013 (UTC) (8:00 PM on November 23, EST), I'll take a screenshot of the leaderboard at that time (the extra hour is to give the board time to update), and I will determine from that who our winner is. I will credit links fixed by turning a WP:DABCONCEPT page into an article, but you'll have to let me know me that you did so. Here's to a fun contest. Note that according to the Daily Disambig, we currently have under 256,000 disambiguation links to be fixed. If everyone in the disambiguation link fixers category were to fix 500 links, we would have them all done - so aim high! Cheers! bd2412 T 02:08, 18 November 2013 (UTC)

New deal for page patrollers
Hi ,

In order to better control the quality  of new pages, keep out the spam, and welcome the genuine newbies, the current system we introduced in 2011 is being updated and improved. The documentation and tutorials have also been revised and given a facelift. Most importantly a new user group New Page Reviewer has been created.

Under the new rule, you may find that you are temporarily unable to mark new pages as reviewed. However, this is nothing to worry about - most current experienced patrollers are being accorded the the new right without the need to apply, and if you have significant previous experience of patrolling new pages, we strongly encourage you to apply for the new right as soon as possible - we need all the help we can get, and we are now providing a dynamic, supportive environment for your work.

Find out more about this exiting new user right now at New Page Reviewers and be sure to read the new tutorial before applying. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 04:29, 13 November 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cipherswarm


text:
User:Rrobino

You are in luck! This page does indeed belong to Rick Robino of Portland, Oregon, USA.

title: User:Rrobino


text:
User talk:Matsurika/Tightlacing rewrite

''Tightlacing has its roots in the nineteenth century, when improvements in technology allowed the mass manufacture of corsets that were stronger than before. The Victorian and Edwardian ideal of female beauty emphasised a small waist, and it was widely accepted that corsets be used to reduce the size of the natural waist.''

this image is from 1779, not from nineteenth century.
 * This image is a fiction, it is drawing after a pair of stays, which was draw together, but was created for open lace in use.Håbet 10:09, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

the Edwardian ideal is from the following century.

Before the mass manufacture of corset all women and many men was tailors. But the fabric was expensively.

 * I don't really care to argue with you. Out of respect, I won't delete your entry, but I don't think it adds anything to the article.  Perhaps if you gave more definitive proof on the "dangers" of tightlacing (and used sources other than your website), and presented it in a manner that sounds intelligent and comprehensible, others would be more willing to accept your viewpoint.  Another thing—regardless of how you feel about tightlacing, Wikipedia is not a forum for your grievances.  You can feel a certain way about a topic and others can feel another, but the point of NPOV is that all sides are discussed, not just yours (or another's, for that matter).  --Matsurika 18:36, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)

I think that breaking the article down like this is a very good idea, I'm all for adopting this. As another improvement to the article, I think I could write a section 'Effects of tightlacing', which would deal with things like ribcage compression, thoracic breathing, and the like - this would eventually (I hope!) deal with the potential dangers in a NPOV manner.

- Katherine Shaw 09:14, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * Katherine, I think that's a great idea. (And I'm glad you like my rewrite.)  I would certainly appreciate it, because just I don't know enough to definitively write articles like that. --Matsurika 18:36, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * The logic and experience by a tight belt after big meal, say as tight corset is dangerous and painful. But the body is built for strong change by the pregnancy, how most of the entrails is put up in the chest. A correct corset is concave in the front under the chest or it have a sheet or pad under the chest.

Image:DiaphragmReducersStyle9559.jpg pad Image:USpatent425520_1890.gif sheet Image:XRaySpencerCorset.jpg X-Ray Image:Planche_XII_Corset_Leoty_%281867%29cut.png Note: the straight front, by soft sides.--Håbet 10:09, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Matsurika/Tightlacing rewrite


text:
Seddon, Victoria

Seddon is an inner-city suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 7 km west of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Maribyrnong local government area. Seddon recorded a population of 5,143 at the.

Located south of Footscray and north of Yarraville, Seddon was formerly a semi-industrial, working-class suburb. In recent years Seddon has experienced rapid gentrification due to its close proximity to the Melbourne City Centre.

History
Originally known as Belgravia, Seddon was officially declared a suburb in 1906, named after Richard Seddon, the New Zealand Prime Minister from 1893 to 1906, who resided there before he moved to Bendigo and later to New Zealand.

Seddon was, on occasion, considered part of neighbouring Footscray. The original State Bank of Victoria in Charles Street, Seddon used to stamp its Bank Account passbooks as Footscray South Vic. Not unusual, considering Seddon is south of Footscray. However, while central Footscray is one of the main shopping and transport hubs for Melbourne's western suburbs, Seddon, in contrast, is quiet, leafy and residential.

The Main streets of Victoria, Charles and Gamon used to accommodate a tram line that ran through the middle of the Seddon Village. It has since been replaced with central garden beds and tree plantings in the middle of the streets.

Seddon street names were named for monarchs. Reading from west to east, Charles intersects with Alfred, Edward, Henry, James, William, Victoria (which runs parallel to Windsor) and terminates at Albert. Seddon Post Office opened on 29 September 1908 and closed in 1976. Seddon West Post Office opened in 1924 and has since been renamed to the Seddon Post Office after its relocation further south on Victoria Street. Seddon shares its postcode with neighbouring Footscray – 3011.

Community Organizations
The Seddon Community Group with the assistance of the Maribyrnong Council puts on the Seddon Festival each year, closing all the main streets in the village to vehicles for exclusive pedestrian access. Several large band stages are erected on streets throughout the village and traders extend their seating onto the streets for the day. The Seddon Festival plays host to the Seddon Waiters Race, an event in which all of the local cafes and restaurants enter a waiter to compete carrying drinks and food through a short course on the street. The Snapshots of Seddon photography competition is also usually awarded judges prizes at the festival after entrants have had their photos displayed in the windows of the local business for the preceding month for judging of the peoples choice award.

The Seddon Makers Market (formerly Maribyrnong Makers Market) operates throughout the year on the grounds of the Seddon Uniting Church on Gamon Street. Established in 2008, the market is a not-for-profit, community based designer market run by a local volunteer group. The group provides a forum for artists and crafts people to promote and sell handmade wares.

Sport and Activities
The Seddon Cricket Club has its home ground in the Yarraville Gardens.

Seddon also shares its Australian Rules football team, Yarraville-Seddon, with neighbouring Yarraville. The team competes in the Western Region Football League.

Opposite Seddon Station is the 5th Footscray Scout Group. With programs for children aged 6 to 15, the group is part of Scouts Australia, and meets in a historic hall built in the 1930s.

Residential Architecture
Residential Seddon consists predominantly of single storey Victorian 'workers cottages' and Edwardian terrace houses, with some larger double storey early 20th century buildings in the village.

Public Spaces
Seddon features many small gardens, parks and playgrounds scattered throughout the suburb. Harris Reserve is on the corner of Gamon Street and Thomson Street. Bristow Reserve is a favourite among toddlers and barbecue masters alike and is located on the corner of Pilgrim Street and John Street. Mappin Reserve, the largest green space, can be found between Bell Street and Nicholson Street.

Public Transportation
Seddon's railway station is on the Werribee and Williamstown railway lines of the Melbourne train network. Seddon Village is most closely serviced by the Middle Footscray station on the Sunbury line, as well as the 223 and 472 bus routes.

National Broadband Network
Most of Seddon is connected to the National Broadband Network (NBN) via fibre optic cabling, replacing the ageing copper network and providing relief for the Footscray copper exchange.

title: Seddon, Victoria


text:
Talk:Geography of Tonga

Isn't most of this just lifted from the CIA World Factbook? If so, is that appropriate to Wiki? 211.30.47.220
 * The material is OK; see CIA_World_Factbook. FYI, you can find Wikipedia's copyright policy here. Dave6 08:39, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks - but even though there is no copyright issue, is it suitable to just copy-paste large slabs of information from external sources? This is probably in a Wikipedia policy document somewhere, I'll look it up. 211.30.47.220 04:07, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This Is OK?
I hardly think that just taking everything off CIA is a very good thing to do even if legal...

I edited citing resources from the cia book. I am also adding more information about the climate.

<<Camdo2>> (talk) 15:01, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

On the other hand, if our tax dollars paid for the information gathered, why shouldn't we be able to use it? The CIA Factbook is an excellent source of general knowledge and to disregard it for some stupid "politcially correct" psuedo-ethical BS is inappropriate in my opinion. It's knowledge; how you choose to use it is what makes it "right" or "wrong." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.19.54.179 (talk) 17:36, 6 November 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Geography of Tonga. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100325092752/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/countrytemplate_tn.html to https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/countrytemplate_tn.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:58, 13 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Geography of Tonga


text: User talk:203.198.237.30

title: User talk:203.198.237.30


text:
User talk:Mikedls2002

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. Postdlf 08:26, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mikedls2002


text:
Azrael (DC Comics)

Azrael is an alias used by multiple fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The original version, Jean-Paul Valley, was created by Denny O'Neil, Joe Quesada, and Peter Milligan, and debuted in Batman: Sword of Azrael #1 (October 1992). The second character to assume the alias was Michael Washington Lane, in Azrael: Death's Dark Knight #1 (May 2009). Both iterations are Christian vigilantes and assassins created by the Order of St. Dumas and/or its derivatives (i.e the Order of Purity), secretive religious organizations seeking to restore justice to Gotham City through religious extremism. They are typically portrayed as antiheroes and reluctant allies of the superhero Batman and the Batman Family, battling forms of manipulations employed by their respective orders, violent tendencies shaped by tragedies in their life, and proving themselves trusted allies to Batman.

In media, the Michael Lane incarnation of Azrael has been featured in the Batman: Arkham series of video games, voiced by Khary Payton, while an original iteration of Azrael, Theo Galavan, appeared in the second season of the television series Gotham, portrayed by James Frain.

Jean-Paul Valley
Jean-Paul Valley was introduced as the original Azrael in the 1992 four-issue miniseries Batman: Sword of Azrael.

He later briefly assumed the identity of Batman in the "Knightfall" story arc (1993-1994), after Bruce Wayne was severely injured in a fight with Bane.

Then, he starred in the subsequent Azrael series.

Michael Washington Lane
Michael Lane was originally introduced in Batman #665 (June 2007) as the alter-ego of the supervillain Bat-Devil. In Azrael: Death's Dark Knight #1 (May 2009), the character was re-introduced as the current Azrael, as part of Battle for the Cowl, a storyline told in a three-issue miniseries format written by Fabian Nicieza.

Others
A number of other characters besides Valley and Lane have assumed the identity of Azrael in the DC Universe:
 * Valley's father was the previous Azrael, as seen in Batman: Sword of Azrael (in which he was identified as Jean-Paul Valley Sr.). In Azrael Annual #1, the character's role as Azrael is depicted in more depth, and he is now identified as just Ludovic Valley.
 * A Chinese man, supposedly given the same training as Valley and an identical costume, is briefly under the control of the Order. Also, the position of the Order of St. Dumas' enforcer has been passed on since medieval times.
 * Early in the Azrael series, another man is supposedly selected and trained in the same way as Valley and the Chinese man to be Valley's replacement. He is defeated by Valley and supposedly falls to his death, only to resurface in Gotham City early on in the Underworld Unleashed crossover event wearing one of Valley's 'Batman' armored costumes and engaging in illegal underground fights after having made a deal with Abra Kadabra (acting on behalf of Neron) for his soul in return for his life.
 * An unrelated character also named Azrael was created by Marv Wolfman and José Luis García-López and debuted in Tales of the Teen Titans #52 in 1985. This version, whose origins remained a mystery, appeared as a supporting character in the Titans stories in the late 1980s.

Other versions
In The Multiversity: The Just, which takes place on the alternate Earth-16 (where the grown sidekicks and children of superheroes live on an Earth free of crime), Damian Wayne, the new Batman, has a variation of Jean Paul's Azrael suit in a glass display in the Batcave.

Television
An original incarnation of Azrael, Theo Galavan, appears in the second season of Gotham, portrayed by James Frain. He is a billionaire industrialist, heir apparent of the Order of St. Dumas, brother of Tabitha Galavan, uncle of Silver St. Cloud, benefactor of a criminal group called the "Maniax", and later mayor of Gotham City. After being exposed and killed by Oswald Cobblepot and Jim Gordon, Theo is later revived by Hugo Strange, but is rendered insane and amnesiac. Under the belief that he is Azrael, an ancient immortal warrior who vanquished the Order's enemies, Strange gives Theo armor, a mask, and sword and tasks him with killing Gordon, only for Theo to be killed by Cobblepot and Butch Gilzean via an RPG.

Video games

 * The Jean-Paul Valley incarnation of Azrael appears as an unlockable playable character in the Nintendo DS version of Lego Batman: The Videogame.
 * The Jean-Paul Valley and Michael Lane versions of Azrael appear as character summons in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.
 * The Michael Lane incarnation of Azrael appears as a playable character in the handheld versions of Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes.
 * The Michael Lane incarnation of Azrael appears in the Batman: Arkham franchise, voiced by Khary Payton.

Miscellaneous
The Jean-Paul Ludovic Valley and Jean-Paul Valley Jr. incarnations of Azrael appear in the Batman: Knightfall audio drama.

Collected editions

 * Batman: Sword of Azrael (#1-4) [1993] - ISBN 1-56389-100-X
 * Azrael Vol. 1: Fallen Angel (Batman: Sword of Azrael #1-4, Showcase '94 #10, Azrael #1-7)
 * Batman: Contagion (Azrael #15)
 * Batman: No Man's Land Vol. 1 (Azrael: Agent of the Bat #51-55)
 * Batman: No Man's Land Vol. 2 (Azrael: Agent of the Bat #56)
 * Batman: No Man's Land Vol. 3 (Azrael: Agent of the Bat #58)
 * Batman: No Man's Land Vol. 4 (Azrael: Agent of the Bat #59-61)
 * Azrael: Death's Dark Knight (#1-3, Detective Comics Annual #11, Batman Annual #27)
 * Azrael: Angel in the Dark (Azrael (vol. 2) #1-6) [2010] - ISBN 978-1-4012-2874-3
 * Azrael: Killer of Saints (Azrael (vol. 2) #7-13) (cancelled)
 * Batman: Gotham Shall Be Judged (Azrael (vol. 2) #14-18) [2012] - ISBN 978-1-4012-3378-5

title: Azrael (DC Comics)


text:
Talk:List of Japanese-language television channels

Should this list also include television stations that broadcast some Japanese language programming, but also programming in other languages, such as KSCI in Los Angeles, California? gK [[User talk:GK|¿?]] 08:32, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I added the section "Television stations outside of Japan that broadcast in Japanese", and then added the two Los Angeles stations that broadcast some of their programming in Japanese. I know that there is at least one station in San Francisco, California, and one in Honolulu, Hawaii that also broadcast some Japanese programs. gK ¿? 02:40, 31 Dec 2004 (UTC)

There are actually two Japanese language channels in Honolulu. The other one is a cable channel called Nippon Golden Network. 69.225.2.162 01:47, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

I believe there is also another Japanese channel in New York City as well. It is WMBC-TV and here is its website: http://www.wmbctv.com. Find the schedule and it will display times of Japanese programs. 69.225.2.162 01:47, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

222.148.38.44's edit (00:43, 4 October 2006)
I fail to understand why the list with just 11 Japanese regions (out of 55) is "Much better and more useful!" than the complete table precisely covers all the terrestrial stations in Japan. But then again, maybe zero English speakers have interest in living in those 44 unrepresented regions in Japan. Oh well.Kzaral 15:23, 7 October 2006 (UTC)


text:
List of New Jersey railroads

The following railroads operate in the U.S. state of New Jersey.

Private Freight Carriers

 * Bayshore Terminal
 * FAPS
 * New Jersey and Northern Railway
 * PBF Energy

Passenger Carriers

 * Amtrak (AMTK)
 * New Jersey Transit Rail Operations (NJTR)
 * Port Authority of New York and New Jersey: Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) and AirTrain Newark
 * Delaware River Port Authority: Port Authority Transit Corporation: PATCO Speedline (DRPA)
 * SEPTA: West Trenton Line and Trenton Line (SPAX)

Military Railways

 * United States Navy - serving the Naval Weapons Station Earle; junction with Conrail. The rail network starts in the Mainside area in Colts Neck, New Jersey and continues to the Pier Complex west of Leonardo, New Jersey, which extends over 2 miles (3 km) into Sandy Hook Bay.

Defunct Railroads

 * Private carriers
 * Langdon Mine
 * Lehigh and Oxford Mining Company

title: List of New Jersey railroads


text:
Siniloan

Siniloan, officially the Municipality of Siniloan, is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Laguna, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 39,460 people.

Sinilóan is a center of education, commerce and transportation, serving towns in eastern Laguna and some towns from the provinces of Quezon and Rizal. The municipality has active business and trade activities.

Etymology
From the early period of Spanish colonialisation, some female inhabitants of the place were milling their palay in their fields. While doing this, some Spaniards came and asked them, "Como se llama esta pueblo?" The natives, not knowing Spanish thought that they were asked what they were doing and one of them answered, "camí po ay gumiguiling". The Spaniards repeated, "Guiling-Guiling", to which the natives nodded. Some this place known as "Guiling-Guiling" from 1583 to 1604.

Another story has it that during the later part of the year 1604, three brothers, namely, Juan Puno, Juan Pili, and Juan Puhuwan, migrated into this community. They selected a lot adjacent to the river Río Romelo and divided it equally among themselves. When the parish priest saw the ingenuity of the three brothers in equally dividing the land, he asked the natives how equally was expressed in Tagalog. The natives gave him the expression "Sinloan". Right then and there, the name Guiling-Guiling was changed to Siniloang which meant justice, equality and fairness. The word travelled from mouth to mouth with sound variations. Because of the difficulty of some Spaniards in pronouncing Siniloang, the name Siniloan struck and became the official name of this town.

The name Siniloan is also believed to have been taken from a legendary story about Luis and Ana, a married couple who chased a wild boar from a place called Luisiana. They ran after that big boar from Luisiana to Cavinti (kapit sa Binti). The people along the way who saw Luis and Ana chasing the boar took pity on them and helped them to catch it. The people chased the boar through the towns of Lumbán, Kalayaan, Loñgos, Paéte, Paquil, and Pañguil until they finally caught the boar in this town by means of the lassoed captivity or Siniloan. Siniloan start on 3 eggs.

History
In 1583, Sinilóan came to be as a town. This was the year when Don Juan de Salcedo came to this place and the parish was established jointly by Friar Diégo de Orpesa and Friar Juan de Plasencia. The first stone church was erected in 1733 by a Franciscan Friar. , Fr. Melchor de San Antonio.

Famy which was formerly a small barrio of Sinilóan and known as Barrio Calumpáng was separated from Sinilóan in 1910, while the towns of Santa Maria (formerly Caboan) and Mabitac, also former visitas or barrios of Sinilóan, were separated from the town in 1602 and 1613, respectively.

Geography
Siniloan lies between the plains of the Sierra Madre Mountains and Laguna de Bay, bounded between Mabitac on the west, Pangil on the east, Real, Quezon on the north, and Laguna de Bay on the south. A river named Rio Romelo runs through the center of the town and is used for fishing ground and irrigation purposes. It is 26 km from the provincial capital, Santa Cruz, 113 km from Manila via the South Luzon Expressway passing the capital of the province, and 74 km from Lucena.

Barangays
Sinilóan is politically subdivided into 20 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Currently, there are 13 barangays which are classified as urban and the rest are rural.

Demographics
In the 2020 census, the population of Siniloan was 39,460 people, with a density of undefined PD/km2.

Religion
Religion in Sinilóan are major in Roman Catholicism, about 90% of the population, 7% of Protestantism and other Christian religions and 3% Muslim. The patron saint of this town are Saint Peter and Saint Paul (San Pedro y San Pablo) also the Black Nazarene (Nazareno Negro o Cristo Negro) The town feast is celebrated every 29 June each year.

Tourism
Buruwisan falls is located in Siniloan Laguna which is around eighty kilometers east of Manila. To get there we had to cross the long winding roads of Teresa and Bugarin to Mabitac. By public transport Take UV express vans bound to Tanay market in Starmall-Shaw terminal (P70). Then in Tanay market, ride a jeepney going to Siniloan (P47). In Siniloan, take a tricycle to Brgy Macatad (Mt Romelo's jumpoff) (P20). By private transport From Manila, Take the east-bound lane of Ortigas Avenue going to Antipolo. Then take the Manila-east route going to Famy, Laguna. From here jump off is less than 10 minutes away via Siniloan-Famy-Real-Infanta Road. Major Jump-off: Barangay Macatad, �Elevation: 300 MASL�Days required / hours to summit: 1 day, 2–3 hours�Specs: Minor Climb, Difficulty 2/9, Trail Class 1�Features: Waterfalls, rain forest
 * Saints Peter and Paul Parish Church also Parroquía de San Pablo y San Pedro is the first and only Roman Catholic church in Sinilóan since 1604. Built it as stone church from 1733 to 1739 by Fr. Melchor de San Antonio, but destroyed during the 18 July 1880 earthquake. Rebuilt in 1890 to 1898 and was again damaged during the August 20, 1937 earthquake. Today's church colloquially called Laguna Cathedral (unofficial) was reconstructed, modernized and remodel as twice the size of the previous church for its quadricentennial anniversary on 2004 under the supervision of Monsignor Mario Rafael M. Castillo, P.C. E.V. as the parish priest or 'cura parroco'.
 * Holy Cross Orthodox Church: a fledgling Orthodox Christian community under the spiritual jurisdiction of the Orthodox Metropolitanate of Hong Kong and South East Asia,established by His All-Holiness Bartholomew I, Archbishop of Constantinople and Ecumenical Patriarch, known as the "Green Patriarch." The parish priest Archimandrite Philemon Castro (M.Div.) serves the 4th century Byzantine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom every 2nd &4th Sunday monthly at 9:00-12:00 in the morning, followed by Agape for members and fellowship with guests and visitors. Patronal Feasts Exaltation of the Holy Cross (Sept. 14th), Sts. Peter and Paul (June 29), Sts. Constantine and Helene (May 21). Located at #84 Valderrama St., Barangay Bagong Pag-Asa.
 * Buruwisan Falls *Getting to Mt Romelo and Buruwisan Falls

Education
Schools:
 * Colegio Santa Isabel of Laguna
 * Laguna State Polytechnic University
 * Siniloan Integrated National High School
 * Bridgewater School
 * Siniloan Elementary School
 * Angela Ong Javier Elementary School
 * Halayhayin Elementary School
 * Solid Foundation Christian Academy
 * Kapatalan Elementary School
 * Kapatalan National High School
 * Antonio Adricula Memorial Elementary School
 * Buhay Elementary School
 * (Laguna Northwestern College)LNC-San Lorenzo Ruiz Montessori Center
 * Bernbelle Pre-School Learning Center
 * Camelean Academy

Healthcare
Siniloan Pioneer General Hospital This is the first hospital to be established in the town of Siniloan, Laguna Philippines. Established in 2010, this 22 bed community hospital is accredited as a level one hospital by the Department of health and is Philhealth accredited.

Utility Services
Siniloan Water District (SIWADI)

Notable personalities

 * Celso Adolfo Castillo – film director and screenwriter.
 * Yllana Marie Aduana – Miss Philippines Earth 2023, Miss Earth Air 2023

title: Siniloan


text:
Gambhirananda

Swami Gambhirananda (1899–1988), born as Jatindranath Datta, was a Hindu sanyasi associated with Ramakrishna Mission. He was born at Sadhuhati in today's Bangladesh. He graduated from Scottish Church College, Calcutta (Kolkata).

Jatindranath Datta was influenced by his teacher Swami Jagadananda.

He joined the Ramakrishna Mission in May, 1923. He was initiated to Sannyasa by Swami Shivananda (a direct disciple of Sri Ramakrishna) in 1928. Due to his excellent work, he was made the Secretary of Ramakrishna Mission Vidyapith, Deoghar in the year 1926 and continued till 1935. He was excellent in Sanskrit Language, he studied Sanskrit while he was staying in Varanasi Advaita Ashrama. From 1953-1963, he served as the President of Advaita Ashrama, Mayavati. He became Vice President of the Order in 1979 and he was elected as the President in 1985 and remained as President until his death in 1988 and at that time he initiated many. He died on 27 December 1988, at evening 7:27 PM at Ramakrishna Mission Seva Pratishthan from Severe lung-infection and Cardiac problems. A scholar, he was the 11th President of the Ramakrishna Mission. He translated 10 Major Upanishads with Adi Shankaracharya's Commentary from Sanskrit to English, word by word. He also translated Shankaracharya's Sanskrit Commentary on Bhagavad Gita to English, word by word and Madhusudana Saraswati's Commentary on Gita (known as Gudartha Dipika) from Sanskrit to English, Adi Shankaracharya's Masterpiece Brahma Sutra Bhasya from Sanskrit to English, and numerous other works related to Vedanta and Ramakrishna-Vivekananda literature. Swami Gambhirananda also met several other disciples of Ramakrishna, including Swami Saradananda, Swami Abhedananda, Swami Subodhananda, Swami Akhandananda, Swami Vijnanananda, Mahendranath Gupta (Sri M).

Character
He was very quiet and serious person and was extremely punctual, as reported by those who stayed with him or saw him. His name, "Gambhir" means serious, deep and profound.

Works

 * Advaita Ashram
 * The apostles of Shri Ramakrishna (compiler, editor), Advaita Ashrama, 2nd ed. 1972

title: Gambhirananda


text:
Gary U.S. Bonds

Gary U.S. Bonds (born Gary Levone Anderson, June 6, 1939) is an American rhythm and blues and rock and roll singer, known for his hits "New Orleans" and "Quarter to Three".

Career
Born in Jacksonville, Florida, Bonds lived in Norfolk, Virginia, in the 1950s when he began singing publicly in church and with a group called the Turks. He joined record producer Frank Guida's small Legrand Records label where Guida chose Anderson's stage name, U.S. Bonds, in hopes that it would be confused with a public service announcement advertising the sale of government bonds and thereby garner more DJ attention. His first three singles and first album, Dance 'Til Quarter to Three, were released under the U.S. Bonds name, but people assumed it was the name of a group. To avoid confusion, subsequent releases, including his second album Twist Up Calypso, were made under the name Gary (U.S.) Bonds. The parentheses were discarded in the 1970s.

"Quarter to Three" sold one million records, earning a gold disc. Subsequent hits, under his modified name, included "School Is Out" (#5), "Dear Lady Twist" (#9), "School Is In" (#28) and "Twist, Twist Senora" (#9) in the early 1960s. In a 1963 tour of Europe, he headlined above the Beatles. His hits featured solos by the saxophonist Gene Barge.

"Quarter to Three" appears on The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll list.

In the early 1980s, Bonds had a career resurgence with two albums, both of them recorded with Bruce Springsteen, Steven Van Zandt, and the E Street Band. Dedication was released in 1981, and On the Line followed in 1982. The albums spawned several hits including "This Little Girl" (his comeback hit in 1981, which reached No. 11 on the pop chart in Billboard and No. 5 on the mainstream rock chart), "Jolé Blon" and "Out of Work".

Bonds released an album in 2004 called Back in 20, the title referencing his repeated sporadic pop-ups of popularity (his first hits were in the 1960s, then again in the 1980s, and another significant album in the early 2000s, each 20-odd years apart). The album features guest appearances by Springsteen and Southside Johnny.

In 2009, he released a new album, Let Them Talk, and toured the UK as a special guest of Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings. In 2010, Bonds contributed duet vocals on the song "Umbrella in My Drink" on Southside Johnny's album Pills and Ammo.

While Bonds is mostly known for achievements within rhythm and blues and rock and roll, some of his songs are equally at home in other genres; for example, "She's All I Got", co-written by Jerry Williams, Jr. (better known as Swamp Dogg), was nominated for the Country Music Association's "Song of the Year" in 1972 when it was a big hit for Johnny Paycheck. (Freddie North also charted his only pop hit with a soul cover of the same song.) Bonds is also a 1997 honoree of the Rhythm & Blues Foundation. He is an accomplished golfer and often plays celebrity PGA Tour events.

title: Gary U.S. Bonds


text:
Talk:Snares Islands / Tini Heke

The islands aren't called "Snares Islands". They are officially "The Snares". 08:44, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Port Pegasus / Pikihatiti which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 02:04, 2 November 2021 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Snares Islands / Tini Heke which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 10:47, 3 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Snares Islands / Tini Heke


text:
User talk:2m~enwiki

Biometrics is on its move.. By the fact that the US are introducing biometric passports (using fingerprints) by next November and the EU introducing in 2007 new ID-cards with multiple biometric profiles like fingerprint and iris, biometrics is becoming the hottest technology issues in the near future. Everyone has to relate to this new technology, but what are the personal risks, how well will these new passports and ID-cards protect each one of us from fraud? Can a potential misuse be achieved just by replacing ones biometrics profiles with another person? Of course not, they will be individual crypted by a key that is not stored on the passport/ID card, but again, keys has been known to be cracked or stolen? To improve the security even more one can distort the information in the biometric profiles, but how well will that work? Each one of us should take care and make sure that these biometrics passport, ID cards, drivers licence, ATM cards etc are secure and safe from being misused as the authentication by biometric profiles are better than anything else of today and should be considered as a step forward in securing our personal security and interests.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called 2m. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name 2m~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 21:29, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:06, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:2m~enwiki


text:
Alicya Eyo

Alicya Eyo (born 16 December 1975) is an English actress, best known for her roles as Denny Blood in the ITV prison drama series Bad Girls and Ruby Haswell in the ITV soap opera Emmerdale.

Early life
Eyo was born on 16 December 1975 in Huyton, Merseyside. Her mother, Sue, is a jazz singer. She grew up in the Toxteth area of Liverpool. Her love of drama started when she was nine, and she attended drama and dance classes every Saturday. When she was 14, she moved to London with her family. She trained at the Courtyard Theatre School.

Early career
Eyo's first television appearance was in 1997, in Casualty, which was filmed earlier. She also made an appearance on Hetty Wainthropp Investigates and appeared in Gold the follow-up drama series to Band of Gold as a young prostitute involved with Yardie gangsters who come over to Bradfords red light district from Leeds to clear up the Lane. In 1999, Eyo appeared with Goldie in the David Bowie film Everybody Loves Sunshine known as B.U.S.T.E.D., internationally. She also starred in the movie G:MT – Greenwich Mean Time. However, Eyo's big break came in 1998 when she was offered the part of Denny Blood, in Bad Girls. The series was broadcast in June the following year when the UK viewing public first saw Eyo as Denny Blood in a pink PVC suit dancing to the N-Trance remix of Stayin' Alive by the Bee Gees.

Bad Girls
At the end of the sixth series (in which Eyo did not appear), the character of Denny Blood was voted the sixth favourite inmate on Bad Girls: Most Wanted. Denny's tragic upbringing, lead to the touching and tragic storylines with her mother, Jessie Devlin (played by Denise Black), and the relationship with stand-in mother Yvonne Atkins (Linda Henry). Blood also met the love of her life Shaz Wiley (Lindsey Fawcett), who died at the end of Series 4. Denny was devastated but found comfort in painting and was last seen being transferred to an open prison to serve the rest of her sentence. Just before Bad Girls was axed, the Bad Girls' creators were going to ask Eyo to reprise her role as Denny.

During this time, Eyo also appeared in the film The Low Down, in an episode of Urban Gothic and in Tube Tales. Since leaving Bad Girls, Eyo appeared in Holby City twice, as two separate characters, and the BBC daytime drama Doctors. Eyo plays Gaynor Harvey in Shed Productions drama Bombshell. However, Bombshell still has not been shown in the UK, but has aired in New Zealand.

Theatre
Eyo has studied at the Court Theater Training Company and has been working professionally for 14 years. Eyo has also performed at various theatres including the Royal Court Theatre, Nottingham. She also performed in the critically acclaimed play Any Which Way.

Emmerdale
In October 2011, Eyo began appearing in Emmerdale as Ruby Haswell, the lesbian partner of Ali Spencer (Kelli Hollis). Eyo's role ended on 6 August 2015 when her character died in a helicopter crash.

Personal life
Eyo is a pescatarian. She is a supporter and patron of The Proud Trust, an LGBT charity that provides services and support for young people.

title: Alicya Eyo


text:
GNS Science

GNS Science (Te Pū Ao), officially registered as the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited, is a New Zealand Crown Research Institute. It focuses on geology, geophysics (including seismology and volcanology), and nuclear science (particularly ion-beam technologies, isotope science and carbon dating).

GNS Science was known as the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences (IGNS) from 1992 to 2005. Originally part of the New Zealand Government's Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR), it was established as an independent organisation when the Crown Research Institutes were set up in 1992.

As well as undertaking basic research, and operating the national geological hazards monitoring network (GeoNet) and the National Isotope Centre (NIC), GNS Science contracts its services to various private groups (notably energy companies) both in New Zealand and overseas, as well as to central and local government agencies, to provide scientific advice and information.

GNS Science has its head office in Avalon, Lower Hutt, with other facilities in Gracefield, Dunedin, Wairakei, Auckland and Tokyo.

title: GNS Science


text:
Hazel Hawke

Hazel Susan Hawke, AO (née Masterson, 20 July 1929 – 23 May 2013) was the first wife of Bob Hawke, the 23rd Prime Minister of Australia. She married him in 1956, and supported him throughout his prime ministership (1983–1991); they divorced in 1995. She worked in social policy areas, and was an amateur pianist and a patron of the arts. After she was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, she made public appearances in order to raise awareness of the disease.

Biography
Hazel Masterson was born in Perth, Western Australia in 1929. She met her future husband Bob Hawke at a church fellowship in Perth. They married on 3 March 1956. They lived in Melbourne from 1958 to 1983, including during his term as President of the Australian Council of Trade Unions (1969-1980). Bob spent much of his time in Canberra after his election to Parliament in 1980. After he became Prime Minister on 11 March 1983, the family lived in The Lodge in Canberra, until Hawke was replaced as Prime Minister by Paul Keating in December 1991.

During their marriage, Bob Hawke had an affair with Blanche d'Alpuget in the 1970s. Hawke proposed to his mistress in 1978, but later withdrew the offer saying that a divorce from Hazel could cost Hawke three percent (3%) of the vote to elect the latter to a safe seat. D'Alpuget was initially so upset at Hawke's decision not to leave Hazel that she considered either assassinating him or taking her own life, but they reconciled and remained friends; so much so that she became his official biographer. From 1980 to 1982 d'Alpuget worked closely with Hawke in preparing his 1982 biography. In 1988 Hawke and d'Alpuget resumed their affair but he remained ostensibly committed to his wife during his prime ministership. After he left office in 1991, he and Hazel announced their separation and divorced in 1994. Hawke and d'Alpuget married in 1995. Bob Hawke formally apologised for the toll the divorce and subsequent remarriage took on the family.

Hazel had four children with Bob Hawke: Susan Pieters-Hawke (born 1957), Stephen (born 1959), Rosslyn (born 1960) and Robert Jr, who died in his infancy. Hazel and Bob also had an illegal termination before they were married to allow Bob the best chance of getting his Rhodes scholarship, which was only conferred to unwed candidates.

Views and interests
Hawke acted as a prominent pro-choice advocate in Australia, often drawing on her personal experience of having an illegal abortion in 1952 so that her future husband Bob Hawke could further his education at the University of Oxford.

She wrote books, such as My Own Life: An Autobiography (copyright 1992) and A Little Bit of Magic: Thoughts For Women (copyright 1994).

Hawke was an excellent pianist. In 1990, she was one of the three soloists in Mozart's Concerto in F for Three Pianos and Orchestra, K. 242, the others being Duncan Gifford and Rebecca Chambers. They played at the Sydney Opera House with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra under John Hopkins. The performance was recorded and is currently available to purchase.

She was the inaugural Patron of the Kendall National Violin Competition, and later the Patron Emeritus.

Honours
In June 2001 she was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia. The citation read: "For service to the community, particularly through the promotion of the reconciliation process, support for continued improvement in the quality of children's television, as a contributor to the preservation of heritage items, and involvement with environmental and wildlife preservation groups".

Alzheimer's disease and death
On 3 November 2003, the ABC aired an episode of Australian Story in which Hawke publicly revealed that she was suffering from Alzheimer's disease. Her family had noticed significant short-term memory loss, leading to the diagnosis in 2001. She had been reluctant to go public about the illness she called the 'Big A', but eventually did so to publicise a fund for supporting Alzheimer's sufferers that she had jointly set up with Alzheimer's Australia.

In 2004, Hazel Flynn and Hawke's daughter Susan Pieters-Hawke published a book, Hazel's Journey: A personal experience of Alzheimer's, describing the previous decade of Hawke's life and the onset of Alzheimer's. At the book launch on 1 November 2004, Pieters-Hawke revealed that her mother had reached the mid-stages of the disease and was now suffering from quite severe short-term memory loss. That year the Hazel Hawke Dementia and Care Fund was established. Hawke's granddaughter Sophie Pieters-Hawke launched an education kit for schoolchildren about Alzheimers in 2007.

In August 2009, she was placed in high level care. On 23 May 2013, she died from complications associated with the disease. She was 83 years old. Her family had been by her side in her last days. Public tributes were paid to her by the Prime Minister, Julia Gillard and the Governor-General, Quentin Bryce. A state memorial service was held for her at the Sydney Opera House on 25 June 2013, attended by five prime ministers (Hawke, Keating, Howard, Rudd and Gillard), the Governor-General, and a range of state leaders and other federal politicians.

title: Hazel Hawke


text: Template:Laser Boats

title: Template:Laser Boats


text:
User:IRude

My Wiki Page

http://www.iRude.com (My Blog)

title: User:IRude


text:
Green Line (Montreal Metro)

The Green Line (Ligne verte), also known as Line 1 (Ligne 1), is one of the four lines of the Montreal Metro in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The line runs through the commercial section of downtown Montreal underneath Boulevard de Maisonneuve, formerly. It runs mainly on a northeast to southwest axis with a connection to the Orange and Yellow Lines at Berri-UQAM, and with the Orange Line west of downtown at Lionel-Groulx.

The section between Atwater and Frontenac was part of the initial network; the line was extended to Honoré-Beaugrand in 1976 to provide easy access to 1976 Summer Olympics sites. It was extended to Angrignon in 1978. All but three stations — De L'Église,, and Charlevoix — are side platform stations.

History
On November 3, 1961, Montreal City Council approved an initial Metro network 16 km in length. The main line, or Line 1 (Green Line) was to pass between the two most important arteries, Saint Catherine and Sherbrooke streets, more or less under the De Maisonneuve Boulevard. It would extend between the English-speaking west at Atwater station and French-speaking east at.

Construction of the first two lines began May 23, 1962, under the supervision of the Director of Public Works, Lucien L'Allier. On August 6, 1963, it was agreed that the under construction line would be extended to Square-Victoria and Bonaventure stations, after construction costs for tunnels were lower than expected.

The first stations, found on the section between Atwater and Papineau, opened on October 14, 1966. Several smaller sections were delayed by several months. On December 19, 1966, the line was further extended from Papineau to Frontenac, and two days later came the stopover Beaudry between Berri-UQAM and Papineau. On December 20, 1967, Frédéric Back completed his art piece  L'histoire de la musique à Montréal (The history of music in Montreal) in Place-des-Arts station. This commissioned piece was the first artwork completed in the Metro system.

The construction of the second phase began in 1971, when Montreal was awarded the bid to host the 1976 Summer Olympics. The goal was to have the ability to transport visitors from downtown to the Olympic Park in the east end. The opening of the section between Frontenac and Honoré-Beaugrand took place on June 6, 1976, six weeks before the start of the Summer Olympics. Green Line trains inaugurated an autopilot feature on November 8, 1976.

The third expansion phase, between Atwater and Angrignon, came into operation on September 3, 1978.

In the 2010s and 2020s, renovation work and the installation of elevators took place at many stations on the Green Line. , ten stations on the line are accessible, including both interchange stations at Berri-UQAM and Lionel-Groulx.

In 2024, following years of studies, the STM's parent agency, the ARTM, in conjunction with the Ministère des Transports et de la Mobilité Durable du Québec and the City of Montreal began conducting surveys regarding a possible extension of the Green Line westwards towards Lachine.

Operation hours and frequency
The Green Line operates between 5:30 a.m. and 12:35 a.m on weekdays and Sunday, and between 5:30 a.m. and 1:05 a.m on Saturday. Trains arrive at stations every 3 to 6 minutes during peak periods, every 3 to 8 minutes during off peak periods, and every 6 to 11 minutes at weekends.

Rolling stock
At the line's opening in 1966, MR-63 cars were used on the Green Line. Upon the introduction of the MR-73 cars on the Green Line in 1976, the older MR-63 cars were used on the Orange Line. From the early-1980s to 2018, MR-63 cars were again used on the Green Line.

With the introduction of the newer MPM-10 trains (also known as Azur) from 2016 on the Orange Line, the Green Line is now primarily served by both the MR-73 and MPM-10 cars. The MR-63 trains were fully retired on June 21, 2018. As of December 2021, all 71 Azur train sets had been delivered. Of these, 26 Azur train sets run on the Green Line.

In the 2020s, work to order new rolling stock to replace the MR-73 trains began. The STM also noted that to increase the capacity of the Green Line by 37%, works to upgrade garages and signalling systems would also be required.

title: Green Line (Montreal Metro)


text:
Kalonymus Haberkasten

Kalonymus Haberkasten was a rabbi and Talmudist in sixteenth century Poland. He is well known as the rosh yeshiva of many great rabbis including Rabbi Solomon Luria, who married his daughter Lipka.

Haberkasten was rosh yeshiva in Lviv, and was later the first rabbi of the city of Ostroh, Volhynia. He left Ostroh to assume the position of rosh yeshiva in Brest and Luria succeeded him in Ostroh. Haberkasten then went to Eretz Yisroel/Ottoman Syria, in about 1560.

Haberkasten was also a Kabbalist and was known to have made the acquaintance of the great Kabbalists in the Holy Land, including Rabbi Chaim Vital.

title: Kalonymus Haberkasten


text:
Alabama language

Alabama, also known as Alibamu, (Albaamo innaaɬiilka) is a Native American language, spoken by the Alabama-Coushatta tribe of Texas. It was once spoken by the Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town of Oklahoma, but there are no more Alabama speakers in Oklahoma. It is a Muskogean language, and is believed to have been related to the Muklasa and Tuskegee languages, which are no longer extant. Alabama is closely related to Koasati and Apalachee, and more distantly to other Muskogean languages like Hitchiti, Chickasaw and Choctaw.

History
The Alabama first encountered Europeans when Hernando de Soto arrived in 1540. (See here for other de Soto contactees) In the 18th century, the French arrived on the Gulf Coast and built a fort at what became Mobile, Alabama.

The Alibamu and Koasati tribes were part of the Creek Confederacy. They had less contact with British settlers than other Creek tribes did. They were the first to leave when British settlers swarmed into the area by the middle of the 18th century, after the land was ceded by the French following the British victory in the French and Indian War. Under pressure as well by Native American enemies, the Alabama and Coushatta tribes wanted to avoid the powerful Choctaw in present-day Mississippi. They moved into territories of future states, first into Louisiana and then into Texas.

In 1795, the Coushatta arrived in the Big Thicket area of East Texas. In 1805, nearly 1,000 Alabama came to Tyler County's Peach Tree Village in East Texas. The two tribes developed a strong friendship as they roamed and hunted their new land together. In the early 19th century, the Texas Congress granted each tribe two strips of land along the Trinity River. Their land was soon taken over by European-American settlers, leaving them homeless. Sam Houston, the governor of Texas, recommended that the state purchase 1280 acre for the Alabamas. Although money was appropriated to buy 640 acre for the Coushatta, the land was never bought. Either through marriage or special permission, many Coushatta went to live on the land given to the Alabama. Other Coushatta had stayed in an area in southern Louisiana near the Red River. Many of their descendants are enrolled members of the federally recognized Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana.

Alabama and Coushatta towns were divided into "red" and "white" towns. The "white" towns were responsible for keeping the peace and for providing refuge, while the "red" towns were responsible for conducting military campaigns. Though they had "red" and "white" towns, the Alabama-Coushatta thought of themselves as a peace-loving people.

By 1820, there were three main Alabama towns and three large Coushatta towns in east Texas, in the region known as the Big Thicket. In 1854, the Alabama were given 1,280 acres in Polk County. The following year, 640 acres, also in Polk County, were given to the Coushattas. The Coushatta claim was disputed by white settlers in 1859. When the Coushatta lost the land claim, the Alabama invited them to live on their land claim.

The federal government approved a large grant in 1928 to purchase additional land near the reservation; it was granted to the "Alabama and Coushatta tribes." Since that time, the reservation has officially been known as “Alabama-Coushatta".

Origin myths focus on the interconnectedness of the tribes. One myth states that the two tribes sprouted from either side of a cypress tree. Another legend was recorded in 1857 from Se-ko-pe-chi, one of the oldest Creeks in Indian Territory. He said that the tribes “sprang out of the ground between the Cohawba and Alabama Rivers.” The symbol of the Alabama-Coushatta tribe comes from pre-contact Mississippian culture: two intertwined woodpeckers, now symbolic of the connection between the two tribes.

Consonants
There are fourteen consonant phonemes in Alabama.

is apico-alveolar,. The voiceless stops are typically fortis and unlike in many other Southeastern languages they are not voiced between vowels. All consonants can occur geminated. The post-alveolar affricate is realized as  when it occurs as the first member of a consonant cluster and the geminate is realized as. The only voiced obstruent in Alabama is, which is realized as when it occurs in coda (syllable final) position. The geminate is realized as. The two nasal phonemes become velar before the velar stop. In syllable-final position, is often realized as lengthening of the preceding vowel.

Vowels
There are three vowel qualities,. Vowel length is distinctive. Vowels can be nasalized in certain morphological contexts.

Prosody
In Alabama, the final syllable generally carries the primary stress, except in the case of certain grammatical operations which move the stress. There is also a pitch accent system with two contrastive tones: high-level and high-falling. The two phonemic tones have several different allophonic realizations depending on vowel length and neighboring consonants.

title: Alabama language


text:
Gerbera jamesonii

Gerbera jamesonii is a species of flowering plant in the genus Gerbera belonging to the basal Mutisieae tribe within the large Asteraceae (or Compositae) family. It is indigenous to South Eastern Africa and commonly known as the Barberton daisy, the Transvaal daisy, and as Barbertonse madeliefie or Rooigousblom in Afrikaans. It was the first species of Gerbera to be the subject of a scientific description, studied by J. D. Hooker in Curtis's Botanical Magazine in 1889.

Etymology
The genus was named in honour of German botanist and medical doctor Traugott Gerber (1710 — 1743).

The Gerbera jamesonii was named in honour of Robert Jameson, who collected the plant near Barberton. The species epithet was proposed by the prominent South African botanist Harry Bolus, but first published by Richard Wills Adlam in 1888, so should be ascribed to him.

Description
Gerbera jamesonii is a tufted perennial herb with the naked flowering scapes up to 75 cm high. Petiolate, deeply undulating or lobed leaves are 15–42 (up to 68) cm long and 4–14 cm wide, gathered in rosette. The plant produces spectacular flowers (capitula) of 4–5 cm in diameter with normally orange-red (rarely yellow, orange, white, pink) ray florets. It flowers from September to December, reproduces asexually. The seeds have a pappus of bristles.

Distribution
Gerbera jamesonii is endemic to Mpumalanga, Limpopo and Eswatini. The plant is introduced into several countries of Latin America, Equatorial Africa and Southeast Asia.

Ecology
The species grows from 500 to 1670 m above sea level on rocky slopes in woodland, usually in some shade or under bushes and trees. The flowers are pollinated by bees and other insects. The seeds are light and easily dispersed by wind.

Uses
The species is the ancestor of all cultivated forms of Gerbera, or they originate from the cross Gerbera jamesonii and Gerbera viridifolia, originally made by R. I. Lynch in Cambridge, England about 1890. He named the hybrid as Gerbera × cantebrigiensis, known today as Gerbera × hybrida. Nowadays thousands of cultivars exist and they are the important article of trade belonging to the most important ornamental crops in the world together with rose, chrysanthemum, carnation, lily and tulip. The popular cultivars include "Sazou", "Sangria", "Rosalin", "Pink Elegance", "Tropic Blend", "Piton", "Winter Queen", "Savannah", "Primrose" and many others. They are propagated by tissue culture and by seeds.

In culture
The flag and coat of arms of the Province of Mpumalanga include a depiction of this flower.

Fungi

 * Foot rot caused by Phytophthora tentaculata
 * Root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium irregulare.
 * Grey mildew caused by Botrytis cinerea
 * White powdery mildew caused by Golovinomyces cichoracearum
 * Leaf blight caused by Alternaria alternata, A. citri, A. tennuisssima.
 * Leaf spots caused by Ascochyta gerberae, Gloeosporium spp. and other fungi.

Insects

 * Plant lice Aphids.
 * Leafminer Liriomyza trifolii.
 * Greenhouse whiteflies Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Bemisia tabaci.
 * Thrips Thrips tabaci and Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis.

Mites

 * Spider mite Tetranychus urticae
 * Broad mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus.
 * Cyclamen mite Steneotarsonemus pallidus.

title: Gerbera jamesonii


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Asiaphile/2004-12-14

Asiaphile
Personal essay --Carnildo 09:07, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC) "Asia"Phil ;)
 * Delete. utcursch 09:12, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Hello, I added this entry, since I consider myself an "asiaphile", I can change the entrance tomorrow, if you so want. I do however think this term should be included in wikipedia, since i personally know several asiaphiles, including myself. Sexual "deviations" should not be included from this online encyclopedia, so just delete any references to my own person and keep the entry. Cheers,
 * BTW, just check on google if you think "asiaphilia" does not exist, type in asiaphile. Regards. Phil (added to VfD page by User:217.80.4.70)
 * Delete, only usable parts are dictionary definition material. Gazpacho 10:04, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * (Moving this comment here from accidental posting in a separate deletion debate ) OK, then keep the dictionary type, like: "exclusive Attraction to Asian females by non-Asian male" or something like that  User:217.80.4.70
 * Delete. I can imagine an encyclopedic article about non-Asians who find Asians attractive. But there's nothing in here that could become part of such an article. --Szyslak 11:43, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: There is already a name for this, but this isn't it.  I can't recall it now, but it's not "Asiaphile."  In fact, folks in the west have fetishized Asian women for a very, very long time.  In the 18th c., Japanese women were sought.  Look at Gilbert & Sullivan.  The subservient china doll was a heady image in the west.  This is aside from the physical.  On the sexual/physical side, there is a strong current of caricature in pornographic literature going back as far.  Geogre 15:05, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, not encyclopedic Wyss 22:16, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Asian fetish. -Sean Curtin 00:02, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes redirect to Asian fetish Kappa 02:10, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ick. - Ta bu shi da yu 02:06, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge/redirect anything salvagable into Asian fetish, I think. Alphax (talk) 05:08, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect without merge to Asian fetish. Gazpacho 23:04, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect. P Ingerson 12:11, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I note that Asian fetish is wrongly named (preference for Asians is not a fetish), so perhaps Asiaphile should be deleted and then Asian fetish moved there. Gdr 13:04, 2004 Dec 16 (UTC)
 * It's not a paraphilia either, so the -phile suffix isn't appropriate. The term "Asian fetish" is probably the most common term for this preference.  -Sean Curtin 06:22, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * It's not wrongly named, it's wrongly defined. Any sexual preference can become a fetish when it is necessary for sexual gratification. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 00:04, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)


text: User talk:85.74.39.237

title: User talk:85.74.39.237


text:
User talk:Gunnarvb

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (for eg. on talk pages) use 	 ~  (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * For help, see Where to ask a question.
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Five pillars, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * You can contribute in many ways: write a great article, fight vandalism, upload pictures, perform maintainance tasks, contribute to existing projects...

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop us a note at New user log.

-- utcursch | talk

Serious copyright question
IANAL, but I've replied to your question at Help desk. Best, David Iberri | Talk 17:41, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gunnarvb