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Talk:Citizen journalism

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Untitled
I moved this article here from "participatory journalism" because the term "citizen journalism" seems to be somewhat more common. Just now I did Google searches for the terms "public journalism" (34,700 hits), "participatory journalism" (31,600 hits) and "citizen journalism" (45,000 hits). I see that there is a separate article for "public journalism" on Wikipedia. Since that article's content is very similar to the content of this article, I'll fold it into this one and leave a redirect. --Sheldon Rampton 19:34, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Two different things
I don't know what either of these articles were before. But this article now conflates two things that aren't the same.
 * "Citizen journalism" or "participatory journalism" is roughly what is done by ordinary people, or people who aren't professional journalists.
 * There are varying views of what constitutes "public journalism" or "civic journalism", but all of them refer to professional journalists. Maurreen 03:45, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The conflation to which you refer already existed in the "public journalism" article before I started editing, as you can see for yourself if you check its history. I agree that there is a conceptual difference between "journalism BY the people" and "journalism FOR the people," and I agree furthermore that the term "public journalism" originated in reference to the latter. However, in recent usage the term has come to encompass both meanings. (See, for example, Leonard Witt's essay, "Is Public Journalism Morphing into the Public's Journalism?" I have no objection to creating a separate article for "public" vs. "participatory" if you choose to do so and if the distinction you're making can be maintained between the two articles. On balance, however, I think it would be better to have a single article, with some rewriting of the history section to incorporate the point you're making. --Sheldon Rampton 07:41, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * If you want to keep it as one article, how about we call it "Public journalism"? I think that's a broader expression. Maurreen 08:03, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Umm, never mind. On further thought, the article doesn't have enough about regular journalists to make changing the title a good idea.
 * But I will tweak the history section along the lines you suggest. Maurreen 08:18, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I've just done some tweaking myself along those lines. As for whether it should be called "public" journalism vs. "citizen" journalism, I don't care much as long as there are redirects so that Wikipedia users can find the article by entering any of the terms that refer to it. I chose "citizen" journalism because it seems to be the most commonly used, judging from my Google search. --Sheldon Rampton 08:56, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I like what you did with the history section. I've tweaked the intro to give more distinction between the two. See what you think. Maurreen 17:58, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Reopen the debate?
I'd like to second the original suggestion that perhaps this needs to be two articles. "Public" or "civic" journalism -- meaning that civic-values infused brand of political journalism -- is a very different thing than "citizen journalism," even if the two are maybe (only maybe!) converging. This comes up for me because I just recently created a stub on Buzz Merritt, who's considered one of the fathers of public/civic journalism, and the term "public journalism" is linked -- but it redirects here, to an article that starts off talking about journalism by non-journalists, with which Buzz Merritt has nothing to do. Would there be any objection to dividing these articles? Or maybe just duplicating the relevant portions of this article under the heading "public journalism"? Could also do it under "civic journalism" and turn "public journalism" into a disambiguation page. Lobosolo 02:43, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm actually writing an article on the similaraties and differences between "public" and particpatory" journalism with reference to their understanding of key sociological concepts of "civil society" and the "public sphere." When finished I'll be happy to link it. For now, I think this is a fascinating discussion ... 69.22.250.48 16:28, 13 November 2005 (UTC) Chris Anderson

Unreferenced material
I removed the following statement:

"A more critical definition of civic journalism describes it as a deliberate effort by social-activist journalists to structure their reporting so as to elicit the desired reader reaction, by emphasizing those parts of the story which fit their ideological template and ignoring facts and quotations which don't. Thus, a story on local schools might include the Superintendent's pre-bond-vote statement that "we're terribly overcrowded" but would exclude readily available data from a State Education Department showing capacity exceeding enrollments."

This statement needs a reference or source. Dr. Cash 00:50, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

Many of the other forms of journalism which citizen journalism is supposedly not have not been referenced. This is problematic given that they are being defined. Hewtay (talk) 04:57, 14 April 2020 (UTC)

important link
This is a great page. I think we'll be hearing a lot more about citizen journalism in the not so distant future, especially as students, academics, and people in general begin to debunk the "objectivity myth" in mainstream journalism. This is what has been going on within different subcultures for years, perhaps not initiated by, but certainly fueled by, Jello Biafra's call to "Become the Media". The importance of doing so extends well beyond the punk rock scene. In the last few years we have seen that we can get a copy of IMC's newspapers in almost every major city we visit and we can see what other citizen journalists are doing and witnessing around the world. In fact, in many instances, I have found myself cross referencing articles from independent media sources with mainstream publications to get a feel of what the "real story" is.

One of the groups we should look out for is Common Language Project (www.commonlanguageproject.net). This would be a useful link to the CJ page of Wikipedia. They are citizen journalists who have taken to globetrotting in order to find stories that the mainstream doesn't print, from places that are either underreported or only reported in a neagative sense. Much of what they report is about small, extra-institutional and participaory grassroots work going on in places most of America sees as "backwards" or "dangerous". Their website is slowly becoming a source for people who want to know what is going on in underreported areas as well as a place for "citizen journalists" to write about things they've seen and experienced that don't seem to be getting any media attention. It's up and coming, they are very committed to their mission. Check them out, maybe post an external link. I'm sure lots of Wikipedi-ites would have something to contribute. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.45.67.209 (talk • contribs) 15:34, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

External links (linkfarm)
The external links section of this article is quite long, and is beginning to look like a linkfarm. It appears that everyone that runs a site that even vaguely can be classified as a 'citizen journalism' site is adding a link here.

We really need to trim this section in accordance with the policies and guidelines specific in WP:EL. I've tried to find an equivalent category on the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org), but have not had much luck. Does anyone have any better ideas? Dr. Cash 16:58, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

I have now found a better link to the dmoz.org site for news blogs and such. I removed the directory listing of citizen journalism sites, leaving only general educational sites dealing with the overall topic of citizen journalism, and left the following note (invisible unless editing) to editors in the 'external links' section:

 * This list is for the listing of umbrella organization type sites or sites dealing with the overall topic and area of citizen journalism. It is NOT for a directory listing of citizen journalism sites or blogs. If you add such a site to this list, it will be removed without notification.
 * Please read WP:EL for wikipedia's official guidelines and policies regarding external links, and post suggested links to this article's TALK PAGE before adding them to the list.
 * Examples and directory listings of citizen journalism sites may be added to the open directory project site (dmoz.org), listed as the first entry in this list.

Dr. Cash 17:21, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately, the link to the dmoz.org site is a rather loose list of blogs, which doesn't include many of the local citizen journalism websites that were formerly listed with this article. I've taken that list and created a page for it on my wiki, SourceWatch, which has a less restrictive policy about including external links than Wikipedia, and I've added a link to the SourceWatch list to this article. Hopefully that solution will work for everyone. --Sheldon Rampton 09:37, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

I'd like to add Journalism Hope blog - where I concentrate on my personal experiences with Citizen Journalism in the Midwest. Thought I'd check here before adding the link, though. Thanks. -kpaul 70.236.25.149 19:28, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Please read WP:EL, which covers the types of links which are acceptable to include or not. Links to sites that you own or maintain, as well as blogs and other social networking sites, are generally unacceptable. Particularly if your purpose of adding a link to the site is to drive traffic to it, that would be unacceptable. Dr. Cash 22:03, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

Thanks. I think it's relevant (as some of the other blogs on the list), but I guess I have to wait until someone 'nominates' it to the list of links? The reason for adding it is that I run a citizen journalism venture in the Midwest and Journalism Hope (http://www.journalismhope.com) records my experiences and thoughts on Citizen Journalism. I guess I'll just wait to see if someone else adds it. ;) Thanks again. Kpaul.mallasch 23:28, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

I'm having trouble understanding how a comprehensive account of a real-world example of citizen journalism in action is not worthy of a link. Is it because it is a blog post? I understand it's Wikipedia policy to avoid linking to blogs, but that seems rather heavy handed. Is it because my blog is a "sites that primarily exist to sell products or services"? Even if my blog were such a site, the blog post in question (http://www.e-strategyblog.com/2007/08/minneapolis-bri.html) is directly related to the topic of this page. Is is simply because I do Internet marketing and you think I'm trying to drive traffic? I don't need it and I don't particularly care if I get a link to my post or not. I'm just baffled why my post is not relevant and more than a little amused that a citizen journalist trying to contribute a relevant and valuable piece of citizen journalism about citizen journalism to a Wikipedia page on the topic of citizen journalism doesn't qualify. :-) Estrategycom 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Tools for citizen journalism
I'm building a page on SourceWatch (a non-Wikipedia wiki) for listing some of the top tools for citizen journalism. I would have added it to Wikipedia, but since it will contain a lot of external links, it might not be considered appropriate here. If anyone here would care to contribute content, I'd welcome your participation. Right now there isn't a good single resource on the internet where people can find help in getting set up as a citizen journalist, and I'm hoping this page can fill that need. --Sheldon Rampton 04:37, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Removed. The listings of links to citizen journalism sites were removed since everyone on the planet was adding links to their own sites and calling them, 'citizen journalism' sites just to get a link added, which violates WP:EL. Simply putting the list on another semi-wiki site doesn't solve the problem, and in fact, only makes it worse. Plus, by creating a separate page on another wiki site with 'tools for citizen journalism', you've really found a really weaselish way of getting around wikipedia's no original research policy, not to mention directly violating WP:EL by adding links to sites/pages that you created. Dr. Cash 17:19, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Since I'm involved with SourceWatch, I'll defer to the judgment of others on the question of whether this Wikipedia article should link to it. You've pointed out that it was a violation of WP:EL for me to add a link to a site that I created, and I realize upon consideration that you were right. Sorry, my bad. However, I'd like to respond to a few of your statements:
 * SourceWatch is not a "semi-wiki." It runs on the same MediaWiki software as Wikipedia itself. We have a somewhat different mission and editorial policy, but if we're a "semi-wiki," so is Wikipedia.
 * I can see how you might think putting the list of citizen journalism sites on a different wiki "doesn't solve the problem" of linkspamming, but I don't see how it makes the problem worse. I think in some ways it does help solve the problem, or at least reduce it. SourceWatch is a smaller wiki than Wikipedia, which therefore reduces the incentive for "everyone on the planet" to want to add a link there.
 * Although I accept your judgment that it was a violation of WP:EL for me to add a link to my own site, I don't see how it could be construed as original research. Simply creating a list of things is not "original research," which the Wikipedia policy defines as "arguments, concepts, data, ideas, statements, or theories, or any new analysis or synthesis of published material that appears to advance a position — or, in the words of Wikipedia's co-founder Jimbo Wales, that would amount to a 'novel narrative or historical interpretation.'" If simply creating a list meets this definition, there are quite a few articles on Wikipedia that need to be altered or deleted. (For example, the article on method acting includes a list of method actors.)
 * Wikipedia's policies exist to help make the encyclopedia better, and I think that many people would find it useful if they could use the citizen journalism article to find examples of citizen journalism websites and tools for actually doing citizen journalism. Last week, I attended the "journalism unconference" that Dan Gillmor organized at the end of Wikimania 2006. One of the speakers there was Lisa Williams, who runs H2OTown, a citizen journalism site based in Watertown, MA. She has also been trying to compile a comprehensive list of local citizen journalism sites and has already found more than 300. Her list is not yet available online, but when it does become available, I think this article should link to it. It would certainly be an improvement over this article's current link to Open Directory's list of weblogs, which is a much worse example of "linkspam" than the relatively short and on-topic list that accumulated in this article and that I moved to SourceWatch after it was deleted here. It seems paradoxical that the policy you're enforcing allows linking to a list of irrelevancies such as MoronWatch, ReaganEraChild and StickyBuffalo, while excluding a better-quality list to on-topic information that readers of this article can find useful.
 * To sum up: I don't particularly care whether this article links to SourceWatch or not, but somehow it ought to help people find those types of resources. --Sheldon Rampton 04:13, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

(a) as far as the original research is going, I was referring not to the initial list, but actually to this page, which, while it is generally a list, goes a little further than just providing a list of sites/links.

(b) it is simply not wikipedia's job to either provide links to websites of citizen journalism or to tell people how to create a site such as this. It's an encyclopedia, it should provide information about the topic.

The biggest problem I have with the whole 'citizen journalism' thing is that it's not really 'journalism' at all. Basically ANYONE on the planet can put up a website, and more and more people have been putting up blogs to preach their own point of view while really having no experience or knowledge on the subject they're talking about. Granted, they have the right to post what they want (just as I have the right to read or not to read what they put up), but using the word 'journalism' to describe it is really an insult to journalists. Dr. Cash 05:23, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * With regard to your point (a), "going a little further than just providing a list" still does not come anywhere close to meeting Wikipedia's definition of original research. You're stretching here. Moreover, you haven't addressed the fact that your edits to this article have effectively prevented inclusion of a reasonably good list of examples of citizen journalism, while inserting instead a really crappy list of examples of websites that aren't citizen journalism at all but just randomly-selected blogs. There is a difference between "blogging" and "citizen journalism," but your Open Directory link ignores this distinction.

 * With regard to your point (b), lots of Wikipedia articles have links to lists of examples of the topic in question. That's not linkspam, it's part of providing information about the topic. Likewise, lots of Wikipedia articles "tell people how" to do the activity described in the article. For example, much of the chess article consists of information about how to play chess, and it includes an article in the external links section titled How to Play Chess.

 * Your final paragraph about the "problem I have with the whole 'citizen journalism' thing" reveals a lot about your point of view. Apparently you don't want this article to provide information about how to do citizen journalism because you are hostile to the idea that it should be done at all. You're entitled to your point of view, and it even deserves inclusion in this article, but you need to recognize that your point of view is not universally shared, and you therefore need to avoid pushing it to the exclusion of other points of view. I, for one, disagree with you. While it is true that some examples of citizen journalism are of poor quality, there are also some high-quality examples, and many respected professional journalists - some of whom are mentioned in this article - would strongly disagree with your notion that citizen journalism somehow insults professional journalists. Even if we accept your premise that citizen journalism is of lower quality than professional journalism, your argument is absurd. Are amateur tennis players somehow "insulting" to Amelie Mauresmo and Roger Federer?

 * As a final observation: If you truly believe what you have written above, you should not be participating in Wikipedia, since everything you have said by way of criticizing citizen journalism can also be said about Wikipedia: "Basically ANYONE ;) on the planet can edit an article, and more and more people have been putting up articles while really having no experience or knowledge on the subject they're talking about. Granted, they have the right to post what they want (just as I have the right to read or not to read what they put up), but using the word 'encyclopedia' to describe it is really an insult to encylopedias." --Sheldon Rampton 06:46, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Um, no. That's not correct. 'Citizen journalism' = 'blog', nothing more. The whole article probably ought to be merged with the blog article and redirected to begin with. Comparing this to wikipedia is a farse, too. Wikipedia has a far more extensive online community as well as guidelines and rules with an extensive set of administrators to enforce its rules. Of course, the biggest 'weakness' of wikipedia is that there are a lot of users that probably shouldn't be here that want to use the site as their own personal soapbox, or blog, and enforcing this is becoming a problem (no, I'm not accusing you). The vast majority of 'citizen journalism' sites and blogs that I've seen do not have this -- they're run by one or two people that have decided to pony up the money for a domain name to provide a forum for their [rather esoteric] point of view (which is fine as far as the first amendment is concerned, but they really shouldn't be calling themselves a 'news' site -- they're really just putting up editorials). Dr. Cash 17:38, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * This is ridiculous. There is a clear difference between citizen journalism and blogs. Some blogs fit the category of citizen journallism, and some do not. For example, here is the blog of a teenage girl in Iraq that consists of little more than postings of photographs of cute kittens. It's a cute blog, but no one would pretend that it is journalism. On the other hand, websites such as H2OTown or OhMyNews or Back to Iraq clearly are doing journalism. Moreover, some examples of citizen journalism are clearly not blogs at all. OhMyNews is not a blog. Neither are Scoopt and SpyMedia, two websites that let people upload their photos for possible sale to traditional journalistic outlets. MSNBC's Citizen journalism report, which accepts submissions from citizen journalists, is not a blog either. Nor is Wikinews. The reality is that the internet is creating new forms of journalism, some of which are hybrids between old and new systems, and many of which are not blogs at all. --Sheldon Rampton 20:43, 22 August 2006 (UTC)
 * You still seem to be missing my point. Yes, not all blogs are citizen journalism sites. Blogs are the greater category. Citizen journalism sites fit within the larger category of blogs. Not all blogs are news/editorial-related. Dr. Cash 21:03, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * No, you're missing my point. Citizen journalism is not a subset of blogging, as I made very clear above. There are a number of forms of citizen journalism that are not blogs at all. I listed some of them above: OhMyNews, Scoopt, Wikinews, MSNBC. Here is the link to an essay for the Poynter Institute by Steve Outing, in which he describes 11 different forms of citizen journalism, the majority of which do not involve blogging. There is some overlap between blogging and citizen journalism, but they are two different concepts and categories, and neither is a subset of the other. --Sheldon Rampton 21:14, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Ok, after review, I stand corrected. Perhaps the Poynter article should be listed in the references section, since it goes a long way into defining what this concept is. I see that citizen journalism is a bit more than a simple blog. I've reinstated the link to the citizen journalism websites on SourceWatch. Readers that want their sites on some kind of list, should probably go and add their sites to that list instead (we still have to keep this article as an ARTICLE, not a collection of links, so that's why I didn't reinstated the previous list, which got way too long). The link to the tools for citizen journalism sites is also notable, though we can't really add that to this article because it would be original research, and giving people tools for creating sites is not the purpose of an encyclopedia. However, it does not violate the WP:OR policy to link to sites that are original research, and we can link to sites that do have tools for creating these sites. That's fine. Dr. Cash 04:14, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

Building on what Dr. Cash has mentioned. I think that a section should be aded to the article listing tools for citizen journalism. Web 2.0 applications like Ushahidi or Crowdmap should be listed somewhere in this article and a new section would probably be a good place to put it. I'm open to thoughts on the subject. (Information-meister (talk) 18:43, 25 October 2011 (UTC))

Cited in Wired.com article
The following article:

...links it's reference to "citizen journalism" to this page. Should this be noted on the top of the Talk page? 63.21.87.57 15:51, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

 * There is a template for adding information about when a media source cites a wiki article to the talk page (onlinesource2004, but this is specific for 2004, not the current year. Not sure why it's just for that year? Dr. Cash 18:47, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

Deleted Spam
Yesterday, a link was added to GroundReport. This new article appears to be spam advertising a run-of-the-mill commercial blog site funded by advertisements, with a future launch date!', and is in violation of Wikipedia policy against advertising. Please see Articles_for_deletion/GroundReport. --Bhuston 12:14, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

Added Grubisich Follow-up
Added Grubisich follow-up article. Should have talked about it first here? If so, I apologize. I'm still learning the ropes, so to speak. Thanks. --Kpaul.mallasch 21:56, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

Added Section on What is Citizen Journalism
I added more information expanding on what is meant by citizen journalism. The information can, and probably should, be integrated into the rest of the article with some minor restructuring. As this is the first change I've made, I didn't want to muck around with an article that is already very good. Please feel free to chop up what I added and move it in the correct places. --Finious 04:14, 4 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Your information is excellent. Instead of referring to youtube.com you should refer to the youtube article in Wikipedia.  Your many web references are excellent and if you put them (or someone else) in cite web template format all the better.  You can see examples in the article.  Anyways, thanks.  This article is important. -BiancaOfHell 07:23, 4 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the helpful advice. This is my first contribution, so I am still learning.  I'll go through and correct the citations (unless someone else beats me to it). --Finious 21:57, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

Added section entitled legal implications
As a natural follow-up to the preceding discussion, it appeared to me that a brief discussion of the legal implications of citizen journalism would be appropriate.

Bob Casale 15:36, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Alright, good addition. It's unsourced but this article is accumulating facts at the moment.  Eventually someone will probably fix her up.-BiancaOfHell 15:44, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Proposed merger
Someone proposed in January 2007 that Social news be merged into this article. There seems to have been no subsequent discussion and nobody has carried out the merger. I've now removed the mergefrom-template since I don't agree with the idea and the proposal seems to be stillborn. — Ksero 07:32, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

Opinion
I have not read the entire article, but the following paragraph jumped out at me:
 * "The time is fast approaching when these legal lines will have to be drawn. In recent times, bloggers have broken too many stories of national interest that mainstream media either overlooked, or decided against reporting, not to be considered legitimate news gatherers and reporters."

This is clearly opinion and not fact (however much I may agree). It needs a good rewrite (or removal) - dcljr (talk) 05:19, 8 August 2007 (UTC) ... Oh, or a source. But even then, I think it would still need to be rewritten. - dcljr (talk) 05:23, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

Citizen vs Public
I see that the term "citizen journalism" has become common, is now much more popular than "public journalism." Some (many I know) writers and bloggers are expatriates, ergo not "citizens" of the country where they live. Does anyone know if and how this point has been addressed? cheers RomaC (talk) 08:53, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

Citizen journalism vs. democratic journalism.
I've been discussing this comparison with some others, and where I see a clear distinction (apples and oranges, you could say) they see two of the same fruit. Where citizen journalism takes place whenever a individual reports or expresses a journalistic opinion (blogs, youtube, CNN's iReport), democratic journalism involves the public taking in verifiable sources and ranking them by importance or interest (ala Fark, Digg, etc.). Does citizen journalism (as defined on this page) cover both interpretations, or is democratic journalism a different fruit? Justin401 (talk) 19:39, 31 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Looks Like the same fruit to me. There may not be a big difference. If all democratic journalists do is rank pages, then they also engage in what citizen journalists do as part of their activities. I think the Democratic journalism page needs a better definition if you ask me, and it needs better examples. The Concept is fuzzy. Morgonio (talk) 06:13, 11 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Different fruit. A citizen journalist engages in journalism, at whatever level of effectiveness, bias, or proficiency. A democratic journalist primarily engages in voting, and almost exclusively in approval voting at that. Furthermore, democratic journalism is highly susceptible to bias attacks, so as a class is highly suspect. - Amgine (talk) 16:35, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

Along with the differences between citizen journalism and democratic journalism, I am thinking of adding in the two theories of citizenship under a new heading. The two theories consist of citizenship for journalism and citizenship as journalism with reference to Melissa Wall's article "Citizenship Journalism" from Digital Journalism. Frmjenn (talk) 16:02, 17 April 2017 (UTC)

Are you sure?
Check the History paragraph: Sunday Oliseh? The football player? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.97.35.71 (talk) 01:50, 4 November 2008 (UTC) by: Jamailah Joy Panganiban Lopez —Preceding unsigned comment added by 112.201.237.141 (talk) 08:24, 12 September 2010 (UTC)

It's ironic, and somewhat poetic....
.... that the wikipedia entry on 'Citizen Journalism' is one of the most poorly written articles on Wikipedia. --209.195.82.34 (talk) 13:12, 3 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Yeah, no kidding.... what a mess. But there's only one way it's going to get fixed, and it's not by hanging out on the talk page and complaining.

 * To that end: I'm going to delete the entire "Supporting citizen journalism" section; it reads like an opinion piece in the Sunday paper, not a Wikipedia article.  Accedie  talk to me  22:18, 8 January 2012 (UTC)

Removed CE tag...
after performing copy edits. Khballin (talk) 02:21, 26 July 2012 (UTC)

Article structure
What are people's thoughts on shortening/tightening up the article's intro section? It's too long and overwhelms the reader before they have a chance to explore the rest of the article. Perhaps some of the content could be moved to other sections? Jodayagi (talk) 17:13, 11 May 2013 (UTC)
 * I think a "long" intro is justified in this case, as this is a sensitive concept. It's important to present definition and pros-cons postures right from the beginning, as it is. Actually, I think the article quality is quite high in general (47 references!), somebody could remove the "multiple issues" template.--Floit (talk) 08:06, 27 August 2013 (UTC)

References to articles that discuss citizen journalism
Vincent Campbell (2015) Theorizing Citizenship in Citizen Journalism, Digital Journalism, 3:5, 704-719, DOI: 10.1080/21670811.2014.937150

Melissa Wall (2015) Citizen Journalism, Digital Journalism, 3:6, 797-813, DOI:10.1080/21670811.2014.1002513

Frmjenn (talk) 16:05, 17 April 2017 (UTC)

Adding a section on the affects citizen journalism has had on traditional journalism
Hi everyone, I wanted to add to the criticisms of citizen journalism. Specifically, I wanted to include some information I have on this subject regarding the amount of work that traditional journalist are having to conduct in order to compete with citizen journalism. I think this topic would be beneficial to add to this article as is makes a connection with traditional journalism and citizen journalism. — Preceding unsigned comment added by NicholeC (talk • contribs) 19:12, 20 April 2017 (UTC)

Adding a section of Technological Impacts on Citizen Journalism
The concept of citizen journalism has changed over time and with the technological improvements, the world is always making, this concept is always going to be dynamic. Tying into the history of citizen journalism, this section could discuss how the concept has changed over time with the introduction of technologies such as smartphones, the internet and social media platforms that exist on these. To remain objective to the topic, this section could refer to Natalie Fentons article, Allan, Stuart, and Natalie Fenton. The Routledge Companion To News And Journalism. 1st ed. London: Routledge, 2012. Print. This article identifies the positives, "Reinvigorated Democracy" and negatives, "Depression of Democracy, of citizen journalism. Another area this section could touch on is where the future is headed with citizen journalism and what foreseeable changes could happen due to current technological trends, (example: Virtual Reality). ItsJodach96 (talk) 23:20, 20 April 2017 (UTC)

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The term is the problem
Here's some thoughts as to how the entire article ought to be recast.

Journalism is a profession, a vocation founded upon specialized educational training. Becoming a "citizen journalist" is a matter of mimicking some aspects of what a journalist does. There is no training, let alone formal education.

The term citizen journalist has as much validity as (for example) citizen surgeon or citizen police officer. That is to say, someone who simply dons the mantle and begins practicing may indeed have necessary fundamental skills AND demonstrate the ability to learn from practice (essentially self-teaching) without causing generalized mayhem… but someone who wants their hernia repaired (or their stolen car recovered) is likely best advised to instead consult a trained (and licensed) professional.

Furthermore, a profession will supply disinterested objective counsel and service to others, for a direct and definite compensation, wholly apart from expectation of other business gain. It's apparently quite common that a "citizen journalist" carefully cherry-picks facts to confirm a preexisting bias, and not unusually adds a significant portion of empty conjecture with little effort at seeking objective proof.

As well, exceedingly few CJs earn an income from their writings (much less hope to make a living), so aren't putting themselves at any sort of risk. Overall, CJs have no ethical standard to which they must hew, no editorial oversight to restrain them, and no paycheck or career to offer up as proof of good faith in a legal and a moral sense.

Anyone can be (or at least attempt to be) a writer (largely an avocation), and anyone who can write can certainly hope to become established as an essayist or critic or reviewer. However, none of those courses is inherently journalism. Weeb Dingle (talk) 11:47, 17 March 2018 (UTC)

Agreed. The insertion of the term elsewhere on Wikipedia seems to be a problematic avenue for NPOV violations through sneakily connoting legitimacy to their reports. There's a MAJOR problem here in that the only definition of what a citizen journalist is *not* seems to be that they are not a professional journalist. So... then exactly what claim by a citizen is not "citizen journalism"? If I say I am 250,000 miles tall and can run faster than the speed of light, am I a citizen journalist reporting on my height and abilities? By what criteria am I not a "citizen journalist"? If you deny someone the label simply because what they are reporting doesn't fit into your current belief structure, that's bias -- you are giving the label to those whose narratives you agree with to lend legitimacy to their narratives and by extension your beliefs, and denying it to those you disagree with because they are challenging your beliefs. There is no criteria whatsoever for objectivity in the definition, yet the article has only the weakest admission of this: "some skepticizm." "outlined several weaknesses." I've done more than "outline" a weakness right here. There's no real exclusivity to the definition and so you can apply it to whomever you wish (as long as they're not professional.) You could literally sit here and put words in someone's mouth and use the term:  "The victim's silence was citizen journalism on the horrors they'd been through." This issue of the lack of objectivity is what brought me here: In COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China we have the claim that China was censoring "citizen journalists." But note how the tone changes if you call them, "Alarmist propagandists." "Citizen journalist" connotes some level of truth-telling but there is nothing in the definition that requires anyone to hold to any set of journalistic ethics. So by what criteria do we call one group "citizen journalists" for inclusion in an article while rejecting the POV of others as nothing more than yapping idiots other than some form of bias against the "yapping idiots" and for the "citizen journalists"? The term "Yellow journalism," distinguishes ethical journalism from propaganda. There is nothing in "citizen journalism" that does the same, which leaves the application of the term which assigns them some of the legitimacy of ethical professional journalism as an exercise of propaganda itself.2601:18B:8200:3AE:E5A1:9EF6:31A8:B431 (talk) 22:41, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

AKA
Citizen and public journalism are not the same thing. Public journalism is more conceptual and citizen journalism is more practical and it is misleading that "Citizen journalism (AKA public journalism..." — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hewtay (talk • contribs) 05:46, 16 April 2020 (UTC)

"Independent journalism" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Independent journalism and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 June 7 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. QueenofBithynia (talk) 10:27, 7 June 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Introduction to Communication Studies - 2
— Assignment last updated by CommDocBDS (talk) 18:19, 13 April 2023 (UTC)

'Journalists' or agenda setters?
Since Govts have always kept control on public debate and the free flow of dis-information, it is interesting that they are now allowing the term 'Citizen Journalism' to become main-stream. Are they willing to let everyone have their say - or are there other issues at play? For while anyone in the US and UK attempting to highlight important national issues are often locked out, in nations that the Washington and London are hostile towards, citizen reporters need little hard evidence to push an anti-Govt agendas. Is not this an issue that could form a section on Citizen 'Journalism' and the control of information? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.29.103.104 (talk) 12:43, 18 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Citizen journalism


text:
Giorgio Abetti

Prof Giorgio Abetti HFRSE (5 October 1882 – 24 August 1982) was an Italian solar astronomer.

Life
He was born in Padua, the son of noted astronomer Antonio Abetti. He was educated at the Universities of Padua and of Rome. He began his career at the Collegio Romano observatory in Rome as an assistant astronomer.

In the First World War he served in the Corps of Engineers with the Italian Army.

In 1921 he succeeded his father as the director of the Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, and continued until 1957. From 1925 he was also a professor at the University of Florence, and continued in this capacity until 1957.

Giorgio Abetti is noted for having led expeditions to observe solar eclipses to Siberia (1936) and Sudan (1952). He was also a visiting professor at the University of Cairo in 1948–49. He was the vice president of the International Astronomical Union in 1938, and received the Medaglia d'argento from the Italian Geographic Society (1915), the Premio reale from the Accademia dei Lincei (1925), and the Janssen medal (1937).

In 1937, Abetti received the Prix Jules Janssen, the highest award of the Société astronomique de France, the French astronomical society.

The crater Abetti on the Moon and asteroid 2646 Abetti are named to honor both him and his father.

He died in Florence on 24 August 1982.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Giorgio Abetti


text:
Meikle

Meikle may refer to:

People:
 * Adrian Meikle, Welsh curler
 * Andrea Meikle (née Crowther) (born 1963), former association football player who represented New Zealand at international level
 * Andrew Meikle (1719–1811), Scottish mechanical engineer credited with inventing the threshing machine
 * Andrew Meikle Bryan (1893–1988), Scottish mining engineer
 * Carola Ivena Meikle (née Dickinson), British algologist, or anaesthetist with speciality training in pain management
 * George Meikle Kemp (1795–1844), Scottish carpenter/joiner, draughtsman, and self-taught architect
 * Hugh Meikle (1940–2016), Welsh curler and coach
 * Izzy Meikle-Small (born 1996), British actress who has appeared in feature films and TV shows
 * Jamie Meikle, Welsh curler
 * Jeffrey L. Meikle, American cultural historian
 * John James Meikle (1845–1937), New Zealand farmer and litigant
 * John Meikle VC MM (1898–1918), Scottish World War I recipient of the Victoria Cross
 * John Meikle (Saskatchewan politician) (1870–1964), Scottish-born farmer and political figure in Saskatchewan
 * Lindon Meikle (born 1988), English professional footballer
 * Orde Meikle (born 1964), member of DJ duo Slam, with Stuart MacMillan (born 1966); co-founders of Soma Quality Recordings
 * Richard Meikle (1929–1991), Australian actor who worked in film, theatre, film and radio
 * Robert Desmond Meikle (1923–2021), Irish botanist from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
 * Robert Greenshields Meikle (1830–1887), merchant and political figure in Quebec
 * Ryan Meikle (born 1996), English professional darts player
 * Sam Meikle (born 1971), Australian writer and director best known for his work in television
 * Thomas Meikle (1861–1939), Scottish-born businessman and pioneer in Rhodesia

Places:
 * Meikle Auchengree, hamlet near Kilbirnie and Longbar in North Ayrshire, Scotland
 * Meikle Bin, peak in the Kilsyth Hills in Scotland
 * Meikle Carewe Hill, landform in Aberdeenshire, Scotland in the Mounth Range of the Grampian Mountains
 * Meikle Earnock, medium-sized suburb in the south of Hamilton, Scotland
 * Meikle Loch, in Aberdeenshire, North East Scotland
 * Meikle Millyea, a mountain in South West Scotland
 * Meikle Pap, a mountain in North East Scotland
 * Meikle Says Law in the Lammermuir Hills (An Lomair Mòr in Gaelic) in southern Scotland
 * Meikle Wartle, small rural village in north-east of Scotland

title: Meikle


text: Category:Religion in Texas

title: Category:Religion in Texas


text:
Mark Wilkinson

Mark Wilkinson (born 3 October 1952) is an English illustrator. He is best known for the detailed surrealistic cover art he created for a number of British bands.

Wilkinson's breakthrough came through his association with the neo-prog band Marillion in the 1980s. He went on to design art for the subsequent solo career of their lead singer, Fish, as well as bands such as Judas Priest and Iron Maiden. Though versed in a number of techniques, he is considered to be a master of the airbrush.

In 2012, his sleeve for the 1984 Marillion album Fugazi was chosen by Gigwise as the 29th greatest album artwork of all time. In 2015, Wilkinson designed the artwork for the Tya Brewery in Øvre Årdal, Norway.

Biography
Wilkinson was inspired by 1960s artists such as Hapshash and the Coloured Coat (a collaboration between Michael English and Nigel Waymouth) and Rick Griffin.

Wilkinson's break came with his designs for Marillion in the 1980s, who were then second only to Iron Maiden in terms of their sales of T-shirts and merchandise. Wilkinson's first artistic creation for Marillion was the cover of their debut 12" EP Market Square Heroes (1982). Subsequently, Wilkinson's art work would be used on all of Marillion's albums and 12" releases through The Thieving Magpie (1988). When Fish left the band Wilkinson went with him, providing the artwork for many of his albums and singles; aside from compilations, Songs from the Mirror is the only studio album by Fish not to feature cover art by Wilkinson. In 1997, he collaborated with Bill Smith Studios (which had replaced him as Marillion's official art group) on the Best of Both Worlds compilation CD. The compilation included songs from the eras of the band with and without Fish, and the record label, EMI, decided it should also include artwork reflective of both eras. In 2000, Fish and Wilkinson collaborated on a book, Masque, which, in "back and forth" format, described the process by which the Fish and Marillion album covers were created. Wilkinson will likely always be most closely identified with Fish and Marillion (in a similar fashion to Roger Dean's association with Yes or Paul Whitehead's association with Genesis).

Wilkinson's work for Marillion gained attention and led to him designing Monsters of Rock posters. This in turn brought him to the attention of heavy metal band Judas Priest. He has named "The Four Horsemen" from Judas Priest's 2008 album Nostradamus as the work he is most pleased with. He has designed miscellaneous pieces for Bon Jovi, Jimmy Page, the Who and Kylie Minogue. Outside of the music community, he has also done numerous book covers, advertisements, comic art (including a 1993 Judge Anderson episode in the Judge Dredd Megazine) and commissioned pieces.

Marillion

 * Script for a Jester's Tear
 * Fugazi
 * Real to Reel
 * Misplaced Childhood
 * Clutching at Straws
 * The Thieving Magpie

Fish

 * Vigil in a Wilderness of Mirrors
 * Internal Exile
 * Suits
 * Sunsets on Empire
 * Raingods with Zippos
 * Fellini Days
 * Field of Crows
 * 13th Star
 * A Feast of Consequences
 * Weltschmerz

Judas Priest

 * Ram It Down
 * Painkiller
 * Jugulator
 * Angel of Retribution
 * Nostradamus
 * Redeemer of Souls
 * Invincible Shield

Iron Maiden

 * Live at Donington (1998 remastered version)
 * Best of the 'B' Sides (2002 compilation)
 * The Book of Souls
 * Senjutsu

Comics

 * Judge Anderson: "Voyage of the Seeker" (with Alan Grant, in Judge Dredd Megazine, 2.37, 1993)

Comics covers

 * Judge Dredd Megazine #2.10, 2.15, 2.20, 2.27, 2.30, 2.32, 2.37, 2.48, 2.50, 2.63, 3.04 (1992–1995)

title: Mark Wilkinson


text:
Intelligent Peripheral Interface

Intelligent Peripheral Interface (IPI) was a server-centric storage interface used in the 1980s and early 1990s with an ISO-9318 standard.

The idea behind IPI is that the disk drives themselves are as simple as possible, containing only the lowest level control circuitry, while the IPI interface card encapsulates most of the disk control complexity. The IPI interface card, as a central point of control, is thus theoretically able to best coordinate accesses to the connected disks, as it "knows" more about the states of the connected disks than would, say, a SCSI interface.

An IPI-2 bus could provide a data transfer rate in the vicinity of 6 MB/s.

In practice, the theoretical advantages of IPI over SCSI were often not realized, as they only materialized when several disks were connected to the interface, which could then easily become a bandwidth bottleneck.

IPI systems were often shipped by Sun Microsystems on original sun4 architecture servers, but the above limitation and reliability problems made them unpopular with customers, and the technology basically disappeared by the second half of the 1990s.

title: Intelligent Peripheral Interface


text:
User:Pcb21/myskin.css

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title: User:Pcb21/myskin.css


text:
User:Erisian

Known to some as Aaron, Erisian is a 21 year old Discordian who mainly subsists on pizza and music. He is incredibly smart and sexy.

My interests run the gamut from music to fractals to comics to other comics to weird movies. Send me an email (strictly.eristic@gmail.com) if you're bored; I like to talk about anything.

title: User:Erisian


text:
Category:EC 1.16

Oxidoreductases oxidizing metal ions

title: Category:EC 1.16


text:
Talk:Poetic diction/to do

This article has experienced fast growth, but is severely ethnocentric. Please add sections on poetic diction in the theory and practice of other cultures than those of Europe/US.--[[User:Bishonen|Bishonen (talk)]] 19:40, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Kigo and Japanese poetic diction: made a start
 * Chinese poetic diction
 * Poetic diction in oral poetry (formulae, etc)
 * Early Irish poetic diction

title: Talk:Poetic diction/to do


text:
User:M.cartello

Considerable Edits

 * Portuguese people

Minor Edits

 * Papiamento
 * List of Portuguese people

title: User:M.cartello


text:
IPI

IPI or ipi may refer to:

Science and technology

 * International Prognostic Index, a medical tool used in oncology to predict the outcome of lymphoma patients
 * International Protein Index, a database covering information about the proteomes of humans, mice and other animals
 * Integrated Pulmonary Index, a single value that describes the patient's respiratory status
 * Inter-processor interrupt, a mechanism used between processors to maintain a sort of synchronization
 * Intelligent Peripheral Interface, a technology for connecting storage devices to computers

Organizations

 * Illinois Policy Institute, a libertarian think tank based in Illinois
 * Image Permanence Institute, an organization dedicated to scientific research in the preservation of recorded information
 * Imperial Pacific International, a former food manufacturer and gambling holding company
 * Indian Political Intelligence, the latter name of the former intelligence organisation Indian Political Intelligence Office
 * Institute for Private Investors, a private membership organization that provides peer-to-peer networking and investor education
 * Institute of Photogrammetry and GeoInformation, a research institute, part of the consortium of institutes operating under the aegis of Leibniz University situated in Hannover, Germany
 * International Peace Institute, a research and policy development institution
 * International Press Institute, a journalism organization
 * Inter-parliamentary institution, a type of parliamentary assembly
 * Intellectual Property Institute (United Kingdom), a UK non-profit organization
 * Irish Planning Institute, a professional body
 * Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property, a Swiss federal agency

People

 * Ipi (vizier), Ancient Egyptian vizier
 * Ipi Morea (born 1975), Papua New Guinean cricketer
 * Faqir of Ipi (born 1897), Pashtun tribal leader from Waziristan

Other uses

 * Industrial Production Index, an economic indicator
 * Interested Parties Information, a unique identifying number assigned to each Interested Party in collective rights management
 * International Payment Instruction a uniform European payment receipt
 * Inwald Personality Inventory, a personality test
 * Income protection insurance, an insurance policy paying benefits to policyholders who are unable to work due to illness or accident
 * Ipili language (ISO 639 code: ipi)
 * San Luis Airport (Colombia) (IATA code IPI)

title: IPI


text:
Daskalogiannis

Ioannis Vlachos (Ιωάννης Βλάχος), better known as Daskalogiannis (Δασκαλογιάννης; 1722/30 – 17 June 1771) was a wealthy shipbuilder and shipowner who led a Cretan revolt against Ottoman rule in the 18th century.

Life and activity
Ioannis Vlachos was born in Anopolis village in Sfakia, a then semi-autonomous region of Crete, in 1722 or 1730. His father, who was also a wealthy shipowner, sent him to be educated abroad. Due to his education, his compatriots called him "Daskalos" (teacher), hence his nickname Daskalogiannis, literally "John the Teacher." He is referred to as a town clerk in 1750, as chairman of the region of Sfakia in 1765, and as the owner of four, three-mast merchant ships. These would have sailed from Omprosgialos and the gulf of Loutro.

Daskalogiannis knew Panagiotis Benakis at Mani and it is likely that Benakis introduced him to Count Orlov who Catherine the Great had sent to the Peloponnese in 1769 to instigate a revolt there. Many men from Sfakia also participated in the revolt which Orlov instigated in the Peloponnese.

Leader of revolt
In early 1770, he was contacted by Russian emissaries, who hoped to instigate a revolt amongst the Greek subjects of the Ottoman Empire. Daskalogiannis agreed to fund and organize a rebellion in Sfakia against the Turkish authorities when the Russian emissaries promised to support him. In the spring of 1770, Daskalogiannis made preparations for the revolt; he brought together men, rifles, and supplies and had defenses built at strategic locations. However, the Russian fleet in the Aegean, under Count Orlov, did not sail for Crete, and the revolt was left to rely on its own resources. The uprising began on 25 March 1770, the rebels attacked the areas of Kydonia, Apokoronas and Agios Vasilios, north east of Lefka Ori. The rebels at first, put the Turks to flight and parts of Crete had the attributes of an independent nation, including its own coins minted in a cave near Hora Sfakion. However, in a matter of only a short time the Turks had gathered together their troops again, and as early as May they had an army of 40,000 men ready at the village of Vrysses. When the Turks attacked Daskalogiannis and his men on the Krapi plateau, the rebels suffered a crushing defeat and had to take refuge in the high mountains. The Turks held the rebels in check, while they destroyed many of the villages in the area, scattered the inhabitants' flocks of sheep, looted the province, captured many inhabitants and sold them in the slave market in Chándakas (Iraklion). Daskalogiannis' uncle, the rural dean, was also taken prisoner.

The Russian intervention, promised to Daskalogiannis, failed to materialize and the uprising did not spread to the lowlands. On 18 March 1771 the Turks gave the rebels an ultimatum. If they surrendered they would be granted safe passage, but the ultimatum was simultaneously accompanied by a document with peace terms. The document contained 12 items: 1. They were to pay the taxes they had refused to pay the year before. 2. They were to surrender their arms and provisions. 3. They were to surrender their leaders, who would be taken to Iraklion for legal proceedings. 4. They were no longer to have neither contact with nor provision the Christian ships approaching their harbours. 5. They were to assist in arresting the crews on the Christian ships and take them to Iraklion. 6. The judiciary in Sfakia was to be managed by a justice of the peace appointed by the Turkish government in Iraklion. 7. The churches were not to be either repaired or restored. As were no new churches to be built. 8. They were to pay tithe according to the sultans' firman (statutory instrument). 9. No tall houses (castle towers) were to be built, and no Christian symbols were allowed on the existing buildings. 10. It was prohibited to hold religious celebrations, as was ringing forbidden. 11. The captured Muslims were to be released. 12. The Sfakiots were to wear the specific clothes for subjugated Greeks.

When Daskalogiannis realized that the battle was lost, he surrendered to the Turks in the hope that it would ease the situation for his compatriots. It is also said that his brother, Nikolós Sgouromállis, who had already been taken prisoner, was forced to write him a letter in which he pointed out the Turks' good will. Daskalogiannis was taken to Iraklion together with his most trusted men, but rather than keeping the promise of the ultimatum the pasha of the town had in place a cruel punishment. On 17 June 1771 Daskalogiannis was, in the full daylight of publicity, tortured, skinned alive and then beaten to death, an ordeal that he endured in complete silence. His brother was forced to watch the torture which drove him insane.

Family
Daskalogiannis was married to Sgouromallini, their daughters Anthousa and Maria fought alongside their father during the course of the revolt. Sgouromallini and Anthousa were killed in its aftermath. Maria was enslaved and given to the Ottoman vizier, who in turn gifted to the teftedar of Heraklion. The latter married Maria, without forcing her to convert to Islam (according to the custom of the time) and the two moved to Constantinople. After her husband's death in 1816, Maria inherited a considerable amount of money donating to the Greek revolutionaries following the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence.

Legacy
Daskalogiannis was immortalized in several folk tales and songs, the most prominent of which is the celebrated epic ballad by Barba-Pantzelios, a poor cheese-maker from Mouri – To tragoudi tou Daskalogianni of 1786:

 * …Φτάνουν στο Φραγκοκάστελο και στον πασά ποσώνου,
 * κι εκείνος δούδει τ' όρντινο κι ευτύς τσοι ξαρματώνου.
 * Ούλους τσοι ξαρματώσασι και τσοι μπισταγκωνίζου
 * και τότες δα το νιώσασι πως δεν ξαναγυρίζου.

 * ...They arrive at Frangokastello and surrender to the pasha,
 * and he gives the order to disarm them at once.
 * All of them were disarmed and ill at ease,
 * for now they sensed that they would never go home.

Tradition states that before Daskalogiannis and his few men made their last stand against the Ottomans, they danced the war dance Pentozalis.

The international airport of Chania (CHQ/LGSA) bears Daskalogiannis' name. A memorial statue can be seen in his hometown Anopolis. One of the regular ferries in the Crete southeast routes is named the Daskalogiannis.

title: Daskalogiannis


text:
Bodenseesender

Bodenseesender (Lake Constance transmitter) was a radio transmission facility of VoA, US SWR (until 1998 SWF) near Meßkirch-Rohrdorf in Southern Germany for medium wave established in 1964. It shut down on January 8, 2012, and one month later, on February 7, 2012, the last mast was demolished.

Background
Bodenseesender had been used since July 1, 2002 for the propagation of SWR Cont.Ra on the medium wave frequency 666 kHz, u v.a.. Until 1978 the aerial of the medium wave transmitter consisted of 4 guyed steel framework masts, which are insulated against ground. In the mid 1970s two of these masts were dismantled. One of them was rebuilt on a new site not far away from it earlier site in order to form with one of the two masts, which were not dismantled a directional aerial, while the other was rebuilt at Nierstein in Rhineland-Palatina. On the site of the latter mast a 240 m guyed steel framework mast was erected, which is also insulated against ground. At the construction of this mast, the length of the upper guys were chosen in such way, that there is no disturbation of its radiation pattern when grounded directly at the anchor blocks. So the upper guys do not have any intermediate insulators. They are only insulated toward the mast. However the guys of the lowest level are divided by one intermediate insulator electrically in two parts. ]

In spring 2005 the two 137 m guyed masts which were situated at 48°1′19″N, 9°7′12″E and at 48°1′24″N, 9°7′18″E were demolished.

240 metres

 * 48.02167°N, 9.1175°W
 * 48.02194°N, 9.12°W (dismantled)
 * 48.02333°N, 9.12167°W (dismantled)

244 metres

 * 48.02417°N, 9.11722°W

title: Bodenseesender


text:
Template:Book year

Books written or published in the year .

title: Template:Book year


text:
David C. Geary

David Cyril Geary (born June 7, 1957, in Providence, Rhode Island) is an American cognitive developmental and evolutionary psychologist with interests in mathematical learning and sex differences. He is currently a Curators’ Professor and Thomas Jefferson Fellow in the Department of Psychological Sciences and Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program at the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri.

Education
Geary received a BS degree in psychology from Santa Clara University (California) in 1979, and an MS from the clinical child/school psychology program at California State University at Hayward (now East Bay) in 1981. After completing the MS degree, he worked for the emergency treatment center of the Mental Research Institute in Palo Alto, California, and began the Ph.D. program at the University of California, Riverside, in 1982. His initial interests were in hemispheric laterality and associated sex differences, but focused his dissertation work on mathematical cognition under the direction of Keith Widaman (now at UC, Davis).

Career
After completing his Ph.D. in developmental psychology in 1986, Geary took a one-year position at the University of Texas at El Paso and then moved to the University of Missouri, first at the Rolla campus (1987–1989) and then in Columbia. During this time, he served as chair of the Department of Psychological Sciences (2002–2005) and contributed heavily to the creation of the Ph.D. program in developmental psychology.

Research
Geary's wide-ranging interests are reflected in invited addresses in a variety of departments (anthropology, biology, behavior genetics, computer science, education, government, mathematics, neuroscience, physics, and psychology) and Universities throughout the United States, as well as in Canada, Europe, and East Asia.

Geary's research on mathematics learning, evolutionary psychology, and sex differences has been featured in many popular press outlets, including Discover, Education Week, Forbes, CBS News, and MSNBC among many others.

Geary's research on children's mathematical development resulted in a MERIT award from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). In 2005, the University of Missouri awarded Geary a Curators’ Professorship, and the Thomas Jefferson Professorship in 2009. Among other distinctions, he is 2009 co-recipient of the George A. Miller Award for an Outstanding Recent Article on General Psychology for the 2007 Psychological Science in the Public Interest monograph on sex differences in mathematics and science, co-authored with Halpern, Benbow, Gur, Hyde, and Gernsbacher. He is a fellow of the Association for Psychological Science (2005) and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2011).

Geary's research interests are centered on his four books, Children's mathematical development (1994), Male, female (1998, 2010, second edition), Origin of mind (2005), and Evolution of vulnerability (2015); the latter was discussed in an interview with the Guardian. He is also co-author of the 2008 Sex differences: Summarizing more than a century of scientific research, and co-editor with Drs. Berch and Mann Koepke of a five-volume series on mathematical cognition and learning.

His research on mathematical development ranged from mathematical modeling of adults’ processing of arithmetic problems; the effects of aging on these processes; and cross national and cross generational differences in mathematical abilities. In this area, he is best known for his research on learning difficulties in mathematics and in 1993 published a theoretical and review article that outlined subtypes of disabilities and helped to organize subsequent research in this area. He currently directs the Missouri Longitudinal Study of Mathematical Learning and Disability.

Geary's research in evolutionary psychology also ranges across a variety of issues, from evolution of the hominid brain to men's hormonal responses while competing against members of their in-group or against an out-group. He has also written extensively on human paternal investment (fatherhood) and the evolution of the human family, and is one of the pioneers in evolutionary developmental psychology and evolutionary educational psychology.

His collaborators include former students, Drew H. Bailey and Benjamin Winegard with research focused in social signaling, among other topics.

Public service
Geary contributed to the 1998 Mathematics Framework for California Public Schools and in 2006 was appointed to the President's National Mathematics Advisory Panel. While serving on the panel, he chaired the learning processes task group. In 2007, he was appointed by President George W. Bush to the National Board of Directors, Institute of Education Sciences (IES), and served through 2010. He is also co-author of Developing effective fractions instruction for kindergarten through 8th grade: A practice guide and an on-line overview of learning disabilities in mathematics for parents and teachers.

Personal life
Geary is married to Yin Xia, an applied economist. He also has a son named Mick Licken.

Selected works
Geary has authored or co-authored and published over 200 articles in academic journals. His h-index according to Google Scholar is 54.

Others

 * Geary, D. C. (2005). Folk knowledge and academic learning. In B. J. Ellis & D. F. Bjorklund (Eds.), Origins of the social mind. (pp. 493–519). New York: Guilford Publications. Full text
 * Geary, D. C. (2004). Evolution and cognitive development. In R. Burgess & K. MacDonald (Eds.), Evolutionary perspectives on human development (pp. 99–133). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Full text
 * Geary, D. C. (2004). Evolution and cognitive development. In R. Burgess & K. MacDonald (Eds.), Evolutionary perspectives on human development (pp. 99–133). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Full text

title: David C. Geary


text:
Talk:The Four Loves

Platonism
Surely the article should mention the correspondence of Lewis's "need-love" and "gift-love" to the Platonic Penia (Poverty or Need) and Poros (Plenty)?

I'm an idiot, please help me, internet!
I had to The Four Loves by C.S. Lewis for sociology and now i am having to relate the book to sociology. I can relate it to a specific matter or just the course study in general. If anyone has any information on this matter please feel free to help me out.

 * Wait, you want us to do your sociology homework? Fat chance!!

 * (much later), And so the sociology experiment, testing whether strangers freely give "gift-love", proves conclusive... Flipping Mackerel (talk) 00:55, 28 April 2010 (UTC)

 * "Love is something more stern and splendid than mere kindness." - C. S. Lewis, The Problem of Pain 174.109.204.78 (talk) 13:37, 27 September 2010 (UTC)

Audio Recording of the book?
I was under the impression that The Four Loves was originally a series of radio presentations, which were then transcribed into book form, not the other way around, as is currently indicated by the article. -- 128.104.117.179 20:42, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

No, that's Mere Christianity. The audio recording of this book (done by Lewis himself) came later, and is just an abridged version.

The first person was right. It was originally a radio series based on ten pamphlets, then a audio cassette came out, then the book. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.247.101.91 (talk) 14:04, 9 April 2011 (UTC)

error
In the listing of C. S. Lewis works, the book "Letters to Malcolm, Chiefly on Prayer," appears twice: once under fiction, which is incorrect, and later under non-fiction, which is correct.

Rev. Donald Grey Barnhouse donaldgreybarnhouse@verizon.net —Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.201.144.118 (talk) 04:46, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

Well, to be fair, it's not really non-fiction, since Lewis uses the literary device of fictitious letters. In other words, there was no real Malcom with whom Lewis had corresponded about prayer (or anything else). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.163.106.71 (talk) 17:13, 4 November 2008 (UTC)

Caritas?
The use of "caritas" as a header made no sense, so I changed it to "charity". Lewis uses "charity" throughout The Four Loves and never uses the Latin term "caritas" (that I can find). Ztolstoy (talk) 04:55, 24 July 2009 (UTC)

English Eros
What would the modern equivilent for this term be? The others were in the description so I put them in like they were already for friendship. If it's not sexuality... would 'Romance' be an approximation? Nym (talk) 17:17, 11 July 2010 (UTC)

Lewis equates it to "being in love" 86.168.31.68 (talk) 13:26, 10 August 2010 (UTC)

In the gospel of john
In the gospel of John on Christmas eve, love(agape) and friendship (fileo) are referred to. Guess it means to think of loved ones and friends on December 24th. Scottbitsuie (talk) 19:00, 24 December 2017 (UTC)

set of radio talks

 * book was based on a set of radio talks from 1958 which had been criticised in the U.S. at the time for their frankness about sex

Are there recordings of these radio talks? Or transcripts? LichCake (talk) 06:20, 20 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Four Loves


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for comment/CheeseDreams/Evidence

Evidence of disputed behavior

 * 1) User:CheeseDreams began a revert war, and repeatedly violated the 3RR rule (7 times on Nov. 28), on the Jesus page:
 * 2) User:CheeseDreams would not co-operate with a poll concerning the revert war, which was created in order to resolve the situation Talk:Jesus
 * 3) User:CheeseDreams frequently uses personal attacks:
 * 4) "point out the patheticness of the counter argument"
 * 5) "the stupidity of early christian attempts to explain it away speaks for itself"
 * 6) "The psalms also say that heaven is held up from the earth by 4 pillars in the sea, amongst other stupidities"
 * 7) Examples of Cheesedreams adding ,  , and  tags to 50+ pages that he had never worked on:
 * 8) Redirected links to Sol Invictus to reflect sen POV despite opposition on talk pages:
 * 9) Interfered with attempts to restore the original version of Elagabalus Sol Invictus and move it back to Sol Invictus:
 * 10) Redirected links to Christology and subsequently listed it on VfD, a move for which there is no support
 * 11) User talk page vandalism, where he changes "tastes" to "testes":
 * 12) Words fail: (from VfD)
 * 13) * For the love of God, keep. --[[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 20:55, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * If Jesus is God, then isn't that Homoeroticism ? CheeseDreams 21:43, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) New Testament view on Jesus' life Repeated reversions accompanied by accusations of vandalism and little discussion or engagement on the issues on the accompanying Talk page. See, , , and . In discussion, chief argument in favor of disputed section seems to be a threat to delete the entire article if it goes. In edit comments, CheeseDreams also suggests the section initially came about as the result of an edit war, which appears to be the same tactic being used again. Wesley 04:48, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) CheeseDreams persists in trying to insert koan into Jesus despite all discussions, which cannot be seen as editing in good faith.
 * 3) Has additionally revived Category:Bible stories from deletion, despite "delete" or "rename" receiving 80% of the votes at Categories for deletion/Bible stories, and restored the category to every article it had been removed from.  , etc.
 * 4) Allegations of Nazism:

Users complain about CheeseDream's tags placed without Talk
Here are the complaints of other users to User:CheeseDreams' "editing" (actually just placing tags in them without comment) of articles all within the disputed Category:Bible stories as CheeseDreams disregards the basic rules of Wikiquette. IZAK 05:12, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC):

 * 1) Bel and the Dragon: "Check the User contributions of User:CheeseDreams. This is just one of a long series of articles that has been labelled. Wetman" and "there is no dispute unless you quantify it on the talk page so it can be debated. you refuse to do so, so there's no dispute to even respond to. Explain or stop putting the tags there User:DreamGuy"
 * 2) Belshazzar: "These three labels are being cast about like grass seed by newly-arrived User:CheeseDreams. They are disfiguring, but their value in this entry, where the User has made no edits, can be assessed by a look at this user's contributions. Wetman"
 * 3) Book of Daniel: "Please explain POV or style problems when adding NPOV and cleanup tags User:Rhobite"
 * 4) Book of Job: "Please explain NPOV, cleanup, and expansion tags User:Rhobite"
 * 5) Cain and Abel: "Please explain cleanup tag User:Rhobite"
 * 6) Creation according to Genesis: "All you have to do is change the page as you see fit. The NPOV tag is not appropriate for this page. User:Rednblu"
 * 7) Daniel: "No disputes in Talk: page; this article is not a stub User:Jayjg"
 * 8) Deborah: "no debates in Talk: page; doesn't need two stub notices, one is enough User:Jayjg"
 * 9) Delilah: No debates in Talk: page; doesn't need two stub notices, on is enough User:Jayjg"
 * 10) Elijah: "this article is not a stub, and Cheesedreams did not his his NPOV objections. Hence removing those labels. User:Robert Merkel"
 * 11) Elisha: "There are no disputes on the Talk: page, and you don't need two stub notices user:Jayjg"
 * 12) Esther: See User:CheeseDreams most Un-Wikipedian rantings as he placed these comments in bold (sic) on the actual article page: (NPOV) BECAUSE THERE IS MORE THAN ONE VIEW OF THE BIBLE STORIES MEANING.IT FAILS TO POINT OUT THAT HERODITUS LIVED VERY VERY MANY YEARS LATER THAN THE STORY IS SET. IT FAILS TO POINT OUT THE ACTUAL CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE STORY AND THAT OF ISTAR MORE THAN SUPERFICIALLY. ((expansion)) BECAUSE THERE IS HARDLY ANY CONTENT HERE AND MANY MANY MANY PEOPLE HAVE WRITTEN MANY MANY TRACTS, DISSERTATIONS, PAPERS, SERMONS, MEDITAIONS, ETC. ON EVERY BIT OF THE BIBLE, NO MATTER HOW SMALL."
 * 13) House of Joseph: "it already has a stub notice, it doesn't need two" User:Jayjg"
 * 14) Jacob: "This article is not a stub, and I see no dispute on the Talk: page. Also, please don't revert blindly, you lost valuable text. User:Jayjg"
 * 15) Job (person): "No disputes on Talk: page. Also, one stub entry is plenty, doesn't need two User:Jayjg"
 * 16) John the Baptist: "Reverted edits by CheeseDreams to last version by Amgine User:Theresa knott"
 * 17) Jonah: "One stub notice is plently, don't need two User:Jayjg"
 * 18) Mordechai: "this is not relevant to the WP:CFD debate" User:Jfdwolff
 * 19) Noah: "- unneeded dispute headers User:Sam Spade"
 * 20) Talk:Saint Peter: "Whether the category is kept or not, Peter is not a Bible story. I'm confused about why it would be appropriate to list this article in that category" User:Aranel"
 * 21) Sodom and Gomorrah: "- dispute headers, not helpful here User:Sam Spade"
 * 22) Solomon: "not convinced of any need to have a cleanup (if you disagree - please copyedit the article yourself) User:Jongarrettuk"
 * 23) Solomon's Temple: "this article is not a stub, and there is no dispute on the Talk: page" User:Jayjg"
 * 24) Susanna: "No dispute on Talk: page. Also, one stub notice is enough, doesn't need two User:Jayjg"
 * 25) Ten Commandments: "rv, see talk User:Yoshiah ap"
 * 26) The Last Supper: "No disputes on Talk: page. Also two stub notices are not required, one is enough User:Jayjg"
 * 27) Talk:Three Wise Men: "NPOV and Cleanup labels: These have been applied recently to this article (and to others) by User:CheeseDreams. That user's actual contributions to this entry may be assessed at the Page History. Wetman" "What an amazingly trivial matter to raise a formal dispute over. Assuming, of course, that is what he/she is disputing. User:CheeseDreams, would you please clarify here on the talk page exactly what you are disputing, or I will feel free simply to remove those labels. -- User:Jmabel"
 * 28) Zacchaeus: "No disputes on Talk: page; also, one stub notice is enough, doesn't need two User:Jayjg" c
 * 29) Piglet 17:27, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 30) Christology: Tags were added without comment by CheeseDreams, removed by another user with explanation, added again by CheeseDreams. Submitted to Votes for Deletion after some discussion on Wikiproject:Jesus which did not reach consensus about what to do with the article, despite claims to the contrary. Wesley 14:17, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 31) Lady Tara 09:04, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 32) Ta bu shi da yu 21:50, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC) CheeseDreams added and  tags to my user page. Also made many disparaging comments in comment tags. See.


text:
Talk:Hay–Pauncefote Treaty

Coastwise trade
I think the habit of using American interchangably with United States (of America) creates an ambiguity in this article with regard to coastwise trade. Undoubtedly the proposed toll exemption of 1912 was for U.S. ships going between ports of the United States, but did it also cover U.S. ships going between U.S. and/or Canadian and/or Mexican and/or Central and South American ports? Bob Burkhardt (talk) 15:41, 8 February 2011 (UTC)

 * "American" no longer used. I did edit out the rather antique word "coastwise", used at the time but not recognized now I don't think. Bmclaughlin9 (talk) 18:47, 8 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the follow up edits. The article reads a lot more clearly now. Bob Burkhardt (talk) 19:01, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

Timing of Grey protest
RE: "Sir Edward Grey, the British Foreign Secretary, lodged a protest and claimed that the act discriminated against British and other foreign vessels in contravention of the Treaty, and requested that the Senate forgo action on the bill in order that a detailed statement might be sent, but President Taft signed the Act on 24 August."

Did Grey lodge a protest before the Act passed the Senate?

According to the New York Times of June 19, 1912: Grey told the House of Commons he was "watching the progress" of the bill that passed the House of Representatives on May 23 "but was unable to estimate to what extent British interests and treaty rights were affected by it until the bill passed the Senate and assumed its final form. Until then he thought that there was no ground for making representations on the subject to the United States Government." In a July 17 story, Grey tells the Commons that some features of the bill before the Senate "would not be consistent" with the Hay–Pauncefote Treaty and therefore his Majesty's Government "has thought it right to point out these objections to the Government of the United States in order that they might be taken into account while the bill is under consideration." According to the Times he makes this statement in response to a friendly question in order to forestall "premature and perhaps provocative discussion." On 4 September Grey writes to the Newcastle Chamber of Commerce that he is "making representations" to the U.S. Govt. On 10 October, Grey specifically reports that Great Britain "had expressed its view of the H-P Treaty while the Panama Canal bill was in progress, but it was impossible to make a final communication in regard to the bill, which was then being shaped."

He definitely lodged a protest in December (in the next paragraph), but while the Senate is considering the bill, he did something different. Raised concerns? Registered concerns? Made representation? Gave the U.S. a heads up? Also, the entry presents Grey as a solitary actor with no sense of an aroused Parliament or British public opinion.

Bmclaughlin9 (talk) 19:14, 8 February 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hay–Pauncefote Treaty


text:
Meikle Loch

Meikle Loch is an inland loch some miles north of Collieston, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It is designated as part of the Ythan Estuary complex, along with the Sands of Forvie, as a Special Protection Area for wildlife conservation purposes. Meikle is a Scots word for large/big, which the loch is when compared to the adjacent Little Loch.

It is a eutrophic loch with limited aquatic vegetation but is important as the home to overwintering pink-footed geese. Additionally, it is an essential breeding location for three species of tern during the summer months and houses a tremendous variety of reedswamp plants.

title: Meikle Loch