text:
Florida State Road 4 (1923–1945)

State Road 4 was a state highway in Florida from 1923 through 1945, when the majority of numbered highways in the state were renumbered. Today, the route is related to the following routes (which would later be related to U.S. Route 1):

 * State Road 5 from Miami to Jacksonville
 * State Road 15 from Jacksonville to Georgia

<!--

Legal description
SR 4 was defined by number in 1923 state law, chapter 9311, approved June 8, 1923:
 * Extending from the Georgia State line south of Folkston to Miami, via Hilliard, Callahan, Jacksonville, St. Augustine, Bunnell, Daytona, Titusville, Fort Pierce, West Palm Beach, and Fort Lauderdale.

SR 4 was redefined by number in St. Augustine by 1945 state law, chapter 23014, to have several routes through downtown. --NEED TO TRANSCRIBE THIS--

History
Other than that one change, SR 4's definition has not changed. However, its route has been changed many times within the constraints of the 1923 law.

SR 4 began as the John Anderson Highway from Miami to Jacksonville, which became part of the east mainline of the Dixie Highway. It was the South Georgia Connector of the Dixie Highway north of Jacksonville.

In 1926, when the U.S. Highway System was being planned, U.S. Route 1 was assigned to the whole route.

In the 1945 renumbering, SR 4 became the following roads:
 * SR 5 from Miami to Jacksonville
 * SR 15 from Jacksonville to Georgia

Sections bypassed
As mentioned above, large portions of the route have been modified since the original laying out of the State Road, and the even earlier laying out of the Dixie Highway and John Anderson Highway. Here is a list of bypassed sections from south to north:

All the bypassed sections south of the Martin/Palm Beach county line (just north of Jupiter) became SR 176 in 1931. Other numbers given to bypassed sections are covered in their individual entries below.

Miami to Dania
The old mainline used the following roads: By 1925, a new road named East Dixie Highway had been built, avoiding two railroad crossings on the main route. The route south of NE 82nd Street in northern Miami is unknown, but it probably used Federal Highway, splitting from the main route at NE 36th Street, which joins the current route near NE 54th Street. From there it would have used the current route to or south of NE 82nd Street, running east a block to NE 7th Avenue and north to the road still known as East Dixie Highway. The East Dixie Highway then used NE 10th Avenue, NE 92nd Street, and another diagonal road still called East Dixie Highway. The road now dead-ends at the Biscayne Canal, but it used to continue and merge with the current route near NE 110th Street. It left the current route near NE 203rd Street, onto what's now known as Old Federal Highway. After entering Broward County, the old bypass route is unknown. It may have angled back to the current route on Old Federal Highway, rejoining the original route in Dania, it could have stayed right next to the east side of the Florida East Coast Railway all the way to Dania, or it could have crossed the railroad to end at the old route somewhere south of Dania.
 * NE 2nd Avenue
 * West Dixie Highway (now partly SR 909)
 * Dixie Highway, crossing the Florida East Coast Railway in southern Dania and returning to the current alignment

By 1925, the current route had been built north of NE 54th Street, where it used Federal Highway south to the old route at NE 36th St. The current route south of there was built later.

Fort Lauderdale to Delray Beach
In northern Dania, the route was realigned at some time, when Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport was expanded. North of the airport, the original road may have continued straight on Miami Road, hitting the current route at SE 12th Street, or forked left onto Andrews Avenue. The route through downtown Fort Lauderdale is unknown, but a road named Old Dixie Highway, beginning on NE 7th Avenue north of NE 14th Street, is likely the old road. (This part of the road was redesignated as "Dixie Highway" around 2005. The word "Old" no longer appears on the signposts.) This road can be followed all the way to SE 10th Street in Delray Beach (the southbound alignment in Pompano Beach is probably the old road). At SE 10th St traffic probably turned right and then left at Se 5th Ave.

Delray Beach to Boynton Beach
Another section of old road begins at NE 8th Street and NE 5th Avenue (now the southbound route) in Delray Beach. This returns to the current route in Boynton Beach.

Lake Worth to West Palm Beach
In this area, SR 805, which carries U.S. Route 1, uses the old Dixie Highway, with SR 5 on its own on a newer route. At the one-way pair in West Palm Beach, the southbound route is the original road.

Riviera Beach to Fort Pierce
The original road left the current route somewhere in Riviera Beach and went west to the west side of the Florida East Coast Railway, where it headed north. A bit north of Richard Road, it crossed to the east side of the tracks. It crossed back to the west side north of Frederick Small Road, and back to the east side just south of the Loxahatchee River. From there it stayed with the railroad through Jonathan Dickinson State Park (part of this road is closed). It crossed back to the west side of the tracks near where the current route crosses the tracks, and used what's now CR A1A into Stuart. From there it used SR 707 and CR 707 in Martin and St. Lucie Counties, probably all the way to Fort Pierce (though one map shows it crossing the railroad south of Fort Pierce, no road exists there now). Assuming it stayed on the east side of the tracks to Fort Pierce, it entered on Indian River Drive, and somewhere crossed the railroad to the current alignment.

An intermediate alignment exists between North Palm Beach and Jupiter; this was bypassed in 1956 and is now CR A1A.

The bridge over the St. Lucie River at Stuart was only bypassed around 2000.

The section from Stuart to Fort Pierce was bypassed by 1930.

In addition to SR 176 (which ended at the line with Martin County, north of Stuart, the old road was also assigned SR 197 south of the second railroad crossing, SR 196 from the second to the third, and SR 200 from the third crossing to the crossing of the new road north of Jonathan Dickinson State Park. The old road from the county line to the crossing of the new road was also given the number SR 223. All these numbers were assigned in 1931.

When SR 140 was designated in 1927, it included the old road from Hobe Sound to Stuart and south of Jensen Beach to Fort Pierce.

Fort Pierce to Vero Beach
The old alignment is now CR 605 in St. Lucie and Indian River Counties, along the west side of the Florida East Coast Railway. It runs from the current route in Fort Pierce to current SR 60 in Vero Beach, from where it probably used westbound SR 60 and a block of Commerce Avenue to the current alignment.

The old road was probably assigned SR 140 in 1927. The new road was built in 1928.

Vero Beach to Wabasso
Here the old road is named Old Dixie Highway, and lies between the current road and the Florida East Coast Railway.

Through Sebastian
South of Sebastian, the old road splits from the current road, lying between the current road and the Indian River. Another alignment lies between the two from Sebastian to the road to Roseland; it is not known which was used when. The original crossing of the Sebastian River was probably due west from where the old and new alignments meet on the south shore, and then along the north shore back to the current alignment.

One direction of the current Sebastian River bridge was built in 1924.

Micco to Malabar
At Shell Pit Point, a road runs west across the Florida East Coast Railway, connecting to a road running north along the west side. This is probably the original road. It runs north through Valkaria and ends on the west side of the tracks; it used to cross in that area, connecting to the old alignment near Pams Cove on the Indian River.

Short realignments were built later at Shell Pit Point and north of Valkaria, moving the road inland from the Indian River.

Palm Bay
The old road crossed Turkey Creek east of the current bridge, went west of the current road downtown, and then east of the current road north of downtown. The old road downtown and north of downtown still exists. This was realigned by 1925.

Melbourne
The old road split from the current one south of Melbourne, at Riverview Drive. It ran west on University Boulevard and north on Irwin Street, including a now-gone section of Irwin Street from Jerrigan Avenue to the current alignment, and then continued on Irwin Street east of the current road at least to Prospect Avenue, after which the old road is unknown.

The route through downtown is also unknown. A one-block road extending Morningside Drive south from Hibiscus Boulevard to Silver Palm Avenue was part of the old road, but the rest of the northern approach is unknown.

The current road through Melbourne was built in 1923 or 1924.

Eau Gallie
The old road turned west off the current road south of downtown, at Laurie Street. It turned north on Magnolia Avenue to rejoin the current alignment.

In downtown, the old road probably went east on the westbound half of SR 518 and north on Pineapple Avenue, rejoining the current road several miles north.

At the Pineda Causeway
West of the current road, on both sides of the Pineda Causeway (SR 404), are roads named Old Dixie Highway. It went north at least to Otter Creek Lane, with the connection back to the current alignment unclear; most of the alignment south of SR 404 has been removed for subdivisions, but it once made it at least a mile before returning to the current road.

Through Cocoa
A long old road (Rockledge Drive, also state-designated as "The Scenic Drive") exists along the Indian River; it was at one time SR 515. The route through downtown Cocoa is unknown.

This old road was assigned SR 140 by 1939.

Titusville to Mims
The northbound side in Titusville is the original road. In downtown, it turned west on Main Street and north on Dixie Avenue, which becomes Old Dixie Highway and runs to Mims. The original road crossed the tracks at Parker Street and ran north along the east side (on Broadway Avenue), probably to Main Street (current SR 46), which it went east on to the current alignment.

The current alignment in downtown Mims was built by 1924. The current alignment in Titusville (including the railroad overpass) was built in 1936; previously it may have used almost the current alignment, instead entering from the north via Norwood Avenue and then heading east on Garden Street.

Mims to Turnbull
The old road is named Old Dixie Highway, lying east of the current road.

North from Scottsmoor
The old road went east from the current road on Huntingdon Avenue, and turned north on Dixie Way. Dixie Way returns to the current road, but I think the original road used a now-closed alignment about a mile south of the current road, connecting to Kennedy Parkway and then running north to the current road.

New Smyrna Beach
The route in use in 1956 entered from the south on Magnolia Street, turned west on Canal Street (current SR 44), and left on Orange Street.

An older route may have existed.

Daytona Beach to Bunnell
By 1919, the current route was in use south of downtown Daytona Beach. The old road used either South Avenue or Volusia Avenue to get to Beach Street, along the Halifax River. At Fairview Avenue it jogged west a block to stay on Beach Street. That road continues north through Ormond Beach, and eventually becomes Old Dixie Highway, rejoining the current road at Korona. Even earlier, at the sharp curve to the west, the road instead went east, and then north on a road still named John Anderson Highway, from which it went west on current SR 100 to Bunnell. Even earlier than that, the road crossed one of the bridges at Daytona Beach and headed north along the east side of the Halifax River on what is now John Anderson Drive, crossing west to John Anderson Highway at the Knox Memorial Bridge.

The current road was built in 1931 and 1932.

Bunnell to St. Augustine
The old road is now CR 13 out of Bunnell, though the railroad crossing didn't exist at the time, and so the road just went straight. The old road continued to Hastings and then to the outskirts of St. Augustine on current SR 207. A small realignment has been made at the railroad crossing at Spuds. At St. Augustine, instead of going all the way to the current alignment, the old road turned north on Old Dixie Highway and east on King Street, which becomes Bus US 1 (SR 5A) at the current road, and continues back to the current road north of the city (the northbound side was used at the short one-way pair).

When the cutoff was built, the north end was connected to the intersection of current SR 207 and Old Dixie Highway; a bypass of that to the east and then of downtown to the west was built later.

The old road via Hastings was assigned SR 189 in 1931; the north part became part of SR 14 in 1935. The part south of Hastings may have been signed as SR 28 before the new alignment from Palatka to Bunnell was built.

The cutoff north from Bunnell was built in 1927 and 1928; the bypass of downtown St. Augustine was built in 1960 (though a modified version using Malaga Street may have been in use previously).

St. Augustine to Bayard
Several probable old alignments exist here. One is east of the current road, just north of the St. Augustine Airport. Further north, a road lies east of the current road; it may not have ever been paved but may have been part of the even older Kings Road.

Bayard to Jacksonville
The old road went west from Bayard on Old St. Augustine Road, and then north on SR 13, using San Jose Boulevard at Miramar Terrace, and maybe San Marco Boulevard at the north end. An even older road lies between this and the current alignment, on St. Augustine Road; the south end of this is unknown.

The part of this on current SR 13 became SR 47 in 1931.

Downtown Jacksonville to Callahan
The original route through South Jacksonville is unknown.

Before the Acosta Bridge was built in 1921, a ferry was provided from Flagler Street in South Jacksonville to Main Street downtown. Main Street connected to State Street and Kings Road out from downtown. After the bridge, the through route probably went north on Broad Street from the bridge to State Street.

Kings Road and Old Kings Road continue west of the current road to south of Callahan.

Callahan to Hilliard
Old Kings Road may have been used here at one time.

title: Florida State Road 4 (1923–1945)


text:
2004 FIFA World Player of the Year

The 2004 FIFA World Player of the Year award was won by Brazilian Ronaldinho for the first time, Thierry Henry finished second for the second year in succession.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 2004 FIFA World Player of the Year


text:
Ivan Smirnov (politician)

Ivan Nikitich Smirnov (Ива́н Ники́тич Смирно́в; 1881 – 25 August 1936) was a Russian Bolshevik revolutionary, Soviet politician and Communist Party functionary. A prominent member of the Left Opposition, he led a secret Trotskyist opposition group in the Soviet Union during the Stalin period. He was arrested in 1933 and shot during the Great Purge.

Political life
He was born in Gorodishche, Penza Governorate in a peasant family of Russian ethnicity.

In 1899, Smirnov joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party and became a Bolshevik. He led Party activity in Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Vyshniy Volochok, Rostov, Kharkov, and Tomsk. Smirnov was subject to repeated arrests. In 1916, he was called up for army service in a reserve regiment in Tomsk. In 1917, he became a member of the executive committee of the Tomsk Soviet. In August of the same year, Smirnov was one of the organizers and managers of the Bolshevist publishing house "Volna" (Wave) in Moscow. He was a deputy of the Constituent Assembly. During the Russian Civil War, Smirnov was a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Eastern Front (August 1918–April 1919), and the 5th Army (April 1919–May 1920). Smirnov played a pivotal role in defeating the army of Alexander Kolchak during the war, and in the subsequent execution of Kolchak on 7 February 1920.

In 1920–1923, Smirnov was a member of the Executive Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). At the same time, he chaired the Siberian Revolutionary Committee and was a member of the Siberian bureau of the Party. Smirnov is known to have had close ties with the Cheka and administered massacres of the rebellious peasants in Tyumen and the Altai Mountains. He was the one to organize the capture of General Roman Ungern. In 1921–1922, Smirnov was a secretary of the Petrograd Committee and Northwestern Bureau of the Executive Committee of the Party. He was the closest associate of Grigory Zinoviev. Smirnov took part in mass executions and deportations from Petrograd of people of the "exploiter class".

From April 1922 through July 1923, Smirnov was a member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the National Economy (ВСНХ) of the RSFSR; from September 1922 through May 1923, its deputy chairman. In July 1923, Smirnov was appointed People's Commissar for Soviet Postal Services and Telegraph.

In 1923, Smirnov became an active member of the Trotskyist opposition. In October 1923, Smirnov signed "The Declaration of 46", which attacked by implication the influence of Joseph Stalin as General Secretary of the Party. After Lenin's death in 1924, Smirnov publicly demanded removal of Stalin as General Secretary, but Stalin kept his position. In 1927, Smirnov signed the "Declaration of the Eighty-three", another anti-Stalin manifesto. Stalin now moved against him. On 11 November 1927, Smirnov was removed from his Post and Telegraph position. A month later, he was expelled from the Party by the 15th Party Congress. On 31 December 1927, Smirnov was sentenced to three years of internal exile by the OGPU Board.

In October 1929, Smirnov "broke with Trotskyism" and was reinstated in the Party in May 1930. In 1929–1932, he was director of Saratovkombainstroy, the Combine harvester assembly plant in Saratov. In 1932, Smirnov was appointed head of the Department of Erection of New Buildings at the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry.

Then on 14 January 1933, Smirnov was arrested, and a month later again expelled from the Party, accused of forming an "anti-party group" in order to remove Stalin. Historian Pierre Broué showed that by the end of 1932 Smirnov had joined a clandestine bloc which Trotsky characterized as an alliance to fight Stalinist repression.

On 14 April 1933, he was sentenced to five years in labor camps. While still incarcerated, Smirnov was brought as a defendant in the "United Anti-Soviet Trotskyite-Zinovievite Centre" case. He was sentenced to death on 24 August 1936, and executed the next day. Smirnov was rehabilitated in 1988."It is clear.. that Trotsky did have a clandestine organization inside the USSR in this period and that he maintained communication with it. It is equally clear that a united oppositional bloc was formed in 1932.[...]From the available evidence, it seems that Trotsky envisioned no “terrorist” role for the bloc, although his call for a “new political revolution” to remove “the cadres, the bureaucracy” might well have been so interpreted in Moscow. There is also reason to believe that after the decapitation of the bloc through the removal of Zinoviev, Kamenev, Smirnov, and others the organization comprised mainly lower-level less prominent oppositionists: followers of Zinoviev, with whom Trotsky attempted to maintain direct contact. It is equally probable that the NKVD knew about the bloc. Trotsky’s and Sedov’s staffs were thoroughly infiltrated, and Sedov’s closest collaborator in 1936, Mark Zborowski, is said to have been an NKVD agent. In 1936, the 1932 bloc would be interpreted by the NKVD as a terrorist plot and would form the original pretext for Ezhov’s campaign to destroy the former opposition. Smirnov, Gol’tsman, Zinoviev, Kamenev, and Trotsky (in absentia) would be the defendants at the 1936 show trial, and the 1932 events would form the evidential basis for their prosecution."

title: Ivan Smirnov (politician)


text:
Talk:F. R. Scott

Disambiguation request
The article for Francis Scott is redirected to Frank Scott, but it would be more appropriate to apply disambiguation to Francis Scott, wheras I followed the link from the page on the Duke of Monmouth, where Francis Scott is one of his legitimate children. I'm not entirely sure how it is best to go about fixing this - shall we disambiguate it, and move the current redirect from Francis Scott to Francis Scott (poet)... or what? I don't think it would be wise to create Francis Scott (son of the 1st Duke of Monmouth) - it's just way too far fetched.
 * --Smári McCarthy 16:08, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Biography assessment rating comment
The article may be improved by following the WikiProject Biography 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article. -- Abebenjoe 02:08, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:F. R. Scott


text:
Metropole

A metropole is the homeland, central territory or the  state exercising  power over a colonial empire. From the 19th century, the English term metropole was mainly used in the scope of the British, Spanish, French, Dutch, Portuguese, Japanese, and Ottoman empires to designate those empires' home territories, as opposed to their colonial or overseas territories.

Roman Empire
The metropole of the Roman Empire was Italy. As the original homeland of the Romans, it maintained a special status which made it "not a province, but the Domina (ruler) of the provinces". Italy was federated by the Romans in the third century BC. Unlike the overseas and ultramontane territories conquered by the Romans, Italy, due to the presence of Rome in the peninsula, was not reduced to province status. Originally, Rome divided the Italics into three groups: Roman citizens, Latini (semi-citizens and semi-confederates), and socii (confederates). After 88 BC, all Italics were made Roman citizens. Italy continued to have this privileged status until 212 AD, when citizenship was extended to all the inhabitants of the Empire. From Caesar Augustus (27 BC) to Septimius Severus (192 AD), all Roman Emperors were Italics (Claudius, Trajan, and Hadrian, although born outside of Italy, were of Italian descent). The term Ius Italicum identified the Roman Italian privileges, especially when it came to taxation, which could be extended to certain communities outside of Italy under certain conditions.

British Empire
The metropole of the British Empire was the island of Great Britain; i.e. the United Kingdom itself. The term is sometimes used even more specifically to refer to London as the metropole of the Empire, insofar as the politicians and businessmen of London exerted the greatest influence throughout the Empire in both diplomatic, economic and military forms. By contrast, the term periphery referred to the rest of the Empire.

The historiography of British metropole–periphery relations has traditionally been defined in terms of their distinct separation, with a pronouncedly one-way, metropole-directed chain of command, communication, and control proceeding outward from the centre; the metropole informed the periphery, but the periphery did not directly inform the metropole. Hence, the British Empire was constituted by the formal control of territories, by direct rule of foreign lands, which were ruled by the metropole.

More recent work, starting with that of John "Jack" Gallagher and Ronald Robinson in the 1950s, has questioned the traditional definition, positing instead that the two were mutually constitutive and maintaining that, despite the apparent temporal inconsistencies inherent in their separate existences, each formed simultaneously in relation to the other. Gallagher and Robinson were socialists, observing the rise of the economic power of the United States in the developing world at a time when the African colonies of the British Empire were being granted independence; both scholars held that British and American expansion of overseas influence were ultimately developed along similar lines.

According to the theories of Gallagher and Robinson, the usage of soft power by the British, primarily through employment of British capital and other forms of economic influence allowed for the establishment of favorable economic relationships and free trade for goods which were manufactured in Britain. In doing this, Britain was able to gain the benefits of Empire without spending money on costly military affairs. In this interpretation, the "informal empire" of the British was a defining part of the metropole just as much as the "formal empire".

Portuguese Empire
In the scope of the Portuguese Empire, the metropole was the European part of Portugal, which included Continental Portugal (the mainland) and the adjacent islands (Azores and Madeira). It corresponded to the present territory of Portugal.

Until the mid 19th century, the Portuguese European territory was referred to as "Portugal" or as the "Kingdom". However, these terms became inappropriate when the Portuguese overseas territories gained the status of overseas provinces in 1832, and came to be considered an integral part of the Kingdom of Portugal alongside its European provinces. The use of the term "Metrópole" emerged then as the official designation of the European part of Portugal. From then on, and until the independence of most of the remaining Portuguese overseas territories in 1975, Portugal included the Metrópole and the Overseas.

Metropolitan France
Metropolitan France (France métropolitaine or la Métropole), also known as European France (Territoire européen de la France) is the area of France which is geographically in Europe.

Metropolitan France comprises mainland France and Corsica, as well as nearby islands in the Atlantic Ocean, the English Channel (la Manche) and the Mediterranean Sea.

In contrast, overseas France is the collective name for all the French territories outside Europe.

title: Metropole


text:
Clintonite

Clintonite is a calcium magnesium aluminium phyllosilicate mineral. It is a member of the margarite group of micas and the subgroup often referred to as the "brittle" micas. Clintonite has the chemical formula. Like other micas and chlorites, clintonite is monoclinic in crystal form and has a perfect basal cleavage parallel to the flat surface of the plates or scales. The Mohs hardness of clintonite is 6.5, and the specific gravity is 3.0 to 3.1. It occurs as variably colored, colorless, green, yellow, red, to reddish-brown masses and radial clusters.

The brittle micas differ chemically from the micas in containing less silica and no alkalis, and from the chlorites in containing much less water; in many respects, they are intermediate between the micas and chlorites. Clintonite and its iron-rich variety xanthophyllite are sometimes considered the calcium analogues of the phlogopites.

Typical formation environment is in serpentinized dolomitic limestone and contact metamorphosed skarns. It occurs with talc, spinel, grossular, vesuvianite, clinopyroxene, monticellite, chondrodite, phlogopite, chlorite, quartz, calcite and dolomite.

Clintonite was first described in 1843 for an occurrence in Orange County, New York. It was named for De Witt Clinton (1769–1828).

title: Clintonite


text:
Talk:Frank Dux

Regarding unwarranted deletion of addition of authentic content - added in good faith from a neutral source
This is regarding a quite legitimate addition to the content of this page; firstly, the message sent regarding its deletion, and the response to it - made in good faith, and with nothing to gain other than in the interests of fairness. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.150.111.165 (talk • contribs) 11:48, 16 January 2014 (UTC)

Response
Hi - while I understand and respect the strict governance of living person's pages and the potential of desecration, rest assured the source is not "unreliable" - the original article's lighthearted tone regarding procurement of the leaked Dux fight footage was changed to more accurately reflect the situation. There is no doubt whatsoever of the authenticity of the information - which I have verified across a wide range of people in the Asian and American martial arts communities.

I trust that the content can be reinserted to reflect the new developments; it would be a gross injustice to have a section doubting this individual's legitimacy, YET disallow the inclusion of a journalist's work that has, to many, vindicated him.

Thus, the content I added was legitimate, and I trust there should be no issue with its inclusion - even if in edited form. Thank you kindly.86.150.111.165 (talk) 11:48, 16 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Even if one did suppose that was an RS (and I don't), the article explicitly states that it's not taking a position on the validity of Dux's inflated claims. Given (which we don't have) an ironbound assurance that the video is what it says it is and that the person in it is Dux, that would change very little. Pinkbeast (talk) 12:03, 16 January 2014 (UTC)
 * First, please stop spamming this copy and paste message everywhere. Second, this source is not reliable. If you disagree, take it to RSN and see what they say. Third, as Pinkbeast pointed out, even the source says it's not verified. Fourth, the source also suggests that Dux himself is the source, making tis even more unusable. Niteshift36 (talk) 13:21, 16 January 2014 (UTC)
 * @86.150.111.165: It's incredibly dubious what the footage even is. Much more importantly even if that's Frank Dux in there (not verified), it still doesn't mean a thing per the author's description and under no circumstances does it come within a thousand miles of validating any of Dux's incredibly outlandish claims. This article is already overwhelmingly generous towards him given the mountain of evidence that points towards him being a pure charlatan. Beansy (talk) 04:57, 23 January 2014 (UTC)
 * More importantly, the footage has been shown to actually be someone else. When shown said evidence, Frank is now claiming he never claimed it was him at all, despite proof that he supplied the video to the "The Voice vs Frank Dux" people. Emails sent to the producers, along with Frank's claims from his own Facebook page, screenshots, etc, can all be seen in this Facebook thread.  PhilB61 (talk) 18:21, 25 May 2016 (UTC)

New User Here
Hello all, I am very new to wikipedia and am still learning the ropes. I apologise if this is posted in the wrong place but I am still trying to get to grips with things. I posted information with no citations which was removed, which I understand. I then re-posted with sources and correct and accurate mathematics and my post was again removed. Please can someone help me in relation to this. If I knew how to email the users who have removed my additions I would but I cant figure it out at all. I thank you very much in advance.Powsie82 (talk) 22:19, 22 November 2014 (UTC)
 * No need for e-mail, Hulk hears you.

 * The problem lies in synthesis. Yes, Bloodsport says it's based on truth, and yes, Dux seems full of shit about a lot of things. And sure, if all those 56 knockouts were the results of matches in a single elimination tournament, it would take a while. But for all we know, there were eight rounds, and Dux knocked out 50 dudes for practice before his final.

 * You'll need a published reliable source pointing out the math and making the argument, or it's original research. You can imagine how crazy it would get if we just let everyone on the Internet say "Here's what so-and-so said" (with source) "and here's why it's wrong" (no source).

 * Wikipedia is more about verifiability than absolute truth (which probably doesn't even exist in the outside world). Your math can be stellar, but if you can't point to someone else saying what you're saying, it belongs somewhere else on the web. Bleacher Report, maybe. InedibleHulk (talk) 22:35, 22 November 2014 (UTC)

Hi hulk, sorry for re-posting a few times in the main article, I didnt know what was going on until I dug a bit deeper on the laptop, I am very new here! Dux has always stated it was done in tournament format (my argument with your albeit sound theory of practice) but again there is no proof of this, especially if Dux has said it. My maths comes from other sites, I read it on Sherdog, bullshido and bodybuilding.com forums typed by joe public that obviously 56 KO's in a single tournament requires a minimum of 56 rounds, 2 in the final, 4 in the semis, 8 in the quarters etc. as the amount of rounds stack up, the fighter count doubles every time until eventually you get to 72,057,594,037,927,936 competitors. even if he fought 36 more fighters than anyone else it would still take take 1,048,576 combatants to form 20 rounds. If only I could prove this! I mean we all know that he is an incredible fantasist and im sure 99.9% of the population do not believe a word he says, types, prints etc I just thought the world should see it here! I will be more careful in future about editing and I thankyou for your help.151.227.157.5 (talk) 23:02, 22 November 2014 (UTC)

 * Don't worry about proving it, I think everyone who reverted you believed the numbers. We can't use Joe Public on Sherdog (or any forum) anymore than we can use him directly through Wikipedia. Like you say, most people don't believe Dux, and Google finds plenty to reaffirm that doubt, so as long as Wikipedia isn't saying he did do this, there's no harm in not saying he didn't. People still know.

 * I know it can seem Wikipedia's the authority figure of the Internet, and it can be tempting to want to state something here, rather than on the many places that turn up slightly lower on the first page of search results. But for every person with basically good intentions and sound logic, there'll be these fine folks. And for everyone wanting to prove something, another will want to disprove it. Nobody wants to read a flame war in an encyclopedia article, even if some of it's true. InedibleHulk (talk) 23:45, 22 November 2014 (UTC)
 * I called the math dubious because it makes many assumptions. Even if (and that's a big if) reliable source published the math theory, I'd still oppose including it because it's truthfully not relevant to the biography. There are many dubious claims by Dux, so highlighting this one seems out of the norm. Niteshift36 (talk) 01:42, 23 November 2014 (UTC)
 * For the record, I believe I may be the author of said math. It hardly requires a reliable source to understand how exponents work, this is quite basic arithmetic.  That being said, I do agree that highlighting this particular dubious claim makes no sense.  For the record, here is one the places said math was written by me, along with the process I took (the "wiki page" referred to in that post is the Bullshido wiki, not this one) in this Bullshido post.  PhilB61 (talk) 18:21, 25 May 2016 (UTC)

Request for easier understanding
The meaning of the last sentence of the chapter "Martial arts career": "In 2012 Sheldon Lettich, co-writer of the film Bloodsport based on Dux's "Kumite" claims, dismissed those claims and others Dux had made as being completely false." is not clear to me. I mean (maybe) only native english speakers do understand the correct meaning of this sentence (not regarding the reference) but i do not (german).

I ask google translater for help -> sounds funny. My interpretation of this sentence is: "In 2012 said Sheldon Lettich, co-writer of the film Bloodsport based on Dux's "Kumite", that the allegations of Dux were completely wrong."

Please keep in mind the difference between encyclopedia and literature!

PS: I ask google translater on my comment as well -> sounds funny as well (hoho;) 92.228.252.205 (talk) 02:40, 30 March 2016 (UTC)justux92.228.252.205 (talk) 02:40, 30 March 2016 (UTC)
 * You have to read it in context. The preceding paragraph talks about the claims and then the sentence you're reading talks about the writer of the movie that is allegedly based on Dux's life saying they're false. Niteshift36 (talk) 03:48, 30 March 2016 (UTC)

 * There is a film called "Bloodsport".
 * This film was co-wrote by Sheldon Lettich.
 * This film was based on claims made by Dux.
 * In 2012 Lettich said those claims were completely false. Pinkbeast (talk) 04:06, 30 March 2016 (UTC)

 * It reads correctly. Google Translator doesn't always get context correct. Niteshift36 (talk) 19:34, 25 May 2016 (UTC)

Date of birth
I think recent edits have been quite confused, not helped by my reverting myself. In older revisions of this page (eg this one) we had him born on the 13th of July, whereas recent edits have had him born on another date. The year has always been 1956, but... have we ever had any remotely reliable source for any of this? I reverted myself because if we know the year surely he can be trusted about the day, but perhaps we don't know the year? Pinkbeast (talk) 19:54, 16 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I think earlier versions relied on his bio. With his history of being less than credible, I'm uncomfortable with using him as the source for much at all. Niteshift36 (talk) 20:16, 16 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I agree and I think it's unfortunate that this is simply being reverted with no attempt to engage here. Pinkbeast (talk) 11:30, 22 January 2018 (UTC)
 * As regards the other infobox changes, AFAIK there's no serious dispute that Dux knows ninjustu (just how he learned it); and that Tanaka is probably fictional is, I think, better covered in the article body. With two editors in favour and one against, absent any discussion, I intend to edit to reflect this. Pinkbeast (talk) 15:43, 24 January 2018 (UTC)

We've had another round of edits here with no-one using the talk page apart from and me. Pinkbeast (talk) 21:42, 26 January 2018 (UTC)

I found his date of birth in a magazine and added it the article, sourced of course. Granted I've found different day and months in non RS sources as well, but it's the most reliable source I can find and the sources all agree on 1956 at least. Damien Linnane (talk) 04:48, 28 January 2019 (UTC)
 * The date matches the one on his DD214. Niteshift36 (talk) 14:00, 28 January 2019 (UTC)

Medal of honor NOPE.
You should remove all reference of the medal of honor to this man. The medal of honor society has a list of every Medal of honor ever issued to a service man. Frank Dux is not on this list. It's not disputed it's a fact. What he did is bought a Medal of honor Some place and did not know that the Marines are issued a different medal from the Army. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.104.74.63 (talk) 06:19, 8 February 2022 (UTC)
 * The article does not state that he was awarded the medal, only that he claims he was awarded the medal. There's a difference, and the article makes it quite clear.  There is no reason to remove any of this detail from the article.  Chaheel Riens (talk) 09:44, 8 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Completely agree with . The article makes the details surrounding this very clear. Damien Linnane (talk) 12:57, 8 February 2022 (UTC)

If it can be proved his statement is a lie as no record exists of Frank Dux in the Medal of Honor society records. Why allow a lie. Is weki truth or allows lies. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.104.74.63 (talk) 04:02, 10 February 2022 (UTC)

 * It is relevant to the article that he has claimed to have been awarded the medal—and that the claims are widely discredited. —C.Fred (talk) 04:10, 10 February 2022 (UTC)
 * 50.104.74.63, currently the article tells the truth - in the sense that it gives hard evidence that Frank Dux makes false claims. We are not going to make the article inaccurate by removing the fact he has falsely claimed to receive the medal of honor. It's important for the reader to know that Frank Dux is the kind of man who would lie about something like this. What part of that do you not understand? Damien Linnane (talk) 05:43, 10 February 2022 (UTC)

I understand you dishonor every real Medal of Honor winner by having Frank Dux name associated with them. When you know his claim is an obvious and provable lie. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.104.74.63 (talk) 12:12, 10 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Perhaps you should take that up with Frank Dux. The association was done by him. -- Escape Orbit (Talk) 12:33, 10 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Additionally, I'm not sure that Medal of Honor recipients would call themselves "winners"... Chaheel Riens (talk) 17:44, 10 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Considering this IP address has a strong history of disruptive editing, I'm starting to wonder if this person actually wants to protects Frank Dux's reputation by removing the evidence that he lied about receiving the Medal of Honor. Either this is trolling or it's just a case of WP:ICANTHEARYOU. In either case I don't think anyone should have to spend more time replying to this nonsense. Damien Linnane (talk) 23:31, 10 February 2022 (UTC)

Your claim of disruptive editing is a lie. When the truth is provided to weki the children who claim the be the know-it-all editors remove the truth and then claim the truth is disruptive. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.104.74.63 (talk) 13:52, 11 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Do you have a specific change you want to make to the article, based on a specific reliable source? —C.Fred (talk) 17:14, 11 February 2022 (UTC)
 * As per Damien Linnane who is quite correct. Chaheel Riens (talk) 19:53, 11 February 2022 (UTC)

 * }

title: Talk:Frank Dux


text:
BR Standard Class 4 4-6-0

The British Railways Standard Class 4 4-6-0 is a class of steam locomotives, 80 of which were built during the 1950s. Six have been preserved.

Background
The class was introduced in 1951. They were designed for mixed traffic use on secondary routes where the otherwise ubiquitous BR Standard Class 5 and their predecessors, the Black Fives, would be too heavy. They were essentially a tender version of the standard 4 2-6-4T, with similar characteristics to the GWR Manor Class, though unlike the Manors they were built to the universal loading gauge. They used the same running gear as the tank engine (with the leading bogie from the Standard Class 5), and substantially the same firebox, smokebox and boiler, although the boiler barrel was increased in length by 9 in.

Design work was done at Brighton by R. A. Riddles, with help from Swindon, Derby and Doncaster. Construction was at the BR Swindon Works.

The engine weighed 67.90 LT, was 60 ft long, with 5 ft diameter driving wheels. It had two cylinders of 18 in diameter and 28 in stroke operated at maximum boiler pressure of 225 lbf/in2, to produce 25515 lbf tractive effort. Its British Railways power classification was 4MT.

It normally used the standard BR2 or BR2A tender, which weighed 42.15 LT and carried 3500 impgal of water and 6.00 LT of coal. In this configuration its route availability was 4, almost universal over the British Railways network.

In service
The class was initially allocated to the London Midland Region (45) and the Western Region (20). The last 15 were allocated to the Southern Region. The Southern batch were built with BR1B tenders, which weighed 49.15 LT, and carried 4725 impgal of water and 7.00 LT of coal. This reduced their route availability to 7, the same as the Standard Class 5.

Preservation
Six members of the class survive with both single chimney and double chimney examples. Two were purchased directly from BR (75027 & 75029); the remaining four were rescued from Woodham Brothers' scrapyard at Barry Island.

No member of the class is presently main line approved but three (75014, 75029 and 75069) have worked on the main line at various points in preservation. 75029 was passed to work on the main line between Grosmont and Whitby with occasional visits to Battersby during galas. All except for 75079 have operated in preservation.

Model railways
Bachmann and Hornby have both recently released models of these engines in 00 gauge. Mainline Railways also released a OO gauge model of the Standard Class 4MT 4-6-0 in the 1970s, although this is no longer in production. In 1983, Mainline's model was reintroduced to their catalogue as locomotive 75033 in BR lined black.

title: BR Standard Class 4 4-6-0


text:
Rainbow (TV series)

Rainbow is a British children's television series, created by Pamela Lonsdale, which ran from 16 October 1972 until 6 March 1992, made by Thames Television. The series was revived by Tetra Films from 10 January 1994 until 24 March 1997, in two different formats from the original Thames series, with differing cast members. The series was originally conceived as a British equivalent of Sesame Street.

The British series was developed in house by Thames Television, and had no input from the Children's Television Workshop. It was intended to develop language and social skills for pre-school children and went on to win the Society of Film and Television Arts Award for Best Children's Programme in 1975. It aired five times weekly, twice weekly on Mondays and Wednesdays then Tuesdays and Fridays, and finally once weekly at 12:10 on Fridays on the ITV network.

The show had three producers over its lifetime – Pamela Lonsdale, Charles Warren and Joe Boyer.

The original Thames series has gained cult status and continues to get frequent mentions on radio and television. A few DVDs have been produced, including one celebrating 30 Years of Rainbow.

Premise
Each episode of Rainbow revolved around a particular activity or situation that arose in the Rainbow House, where the main characters lived. Some episodes, particularly in the early years, were purely educational in format and consisted of a series of scenes involving the characters learning about that particular episode's subject, interspersed with real-world footage, songs, stories and animations related to that same subject. The puppet characters of Zippy, George and Bungle would take the role of inquisitive children asking about the episode's subject, with the presenter (initially David Cook, and from 1974 onwards Geoffrey Hayes) serving the role of teacher figure, educating them about the subject. From the 1980s onwards, most episodes were more story-driven and frequently involved some kind of squabble or dispute between the puppet characters of Zippy, George and Bungle, and David/Geoffrey's attempts to calm them down and keep the peace.

The main story was interspersed with songs (most notably from Rod, Jane and Freddy, although the singers on the show changed several times during its run), animations, and stories read from the Rainbow storybook, usually by Geoffrey (or David, depending on the episode's air date). Some episodes focused on a particular topic, such as sounds or opposites, and consisted mainly of short sketches or exchanges between the main characters, rather than a consistent storyline. Brief sequences of animated line drawings, made by Cosgrove Hall Productions, were included in many episodes.

History
In 1972, Pamela Lonsdale was asked to create a preschool series for Thames Television. She cast John Kane as presenter and Tim Wylton as a bear named Rainbow. Peter Hawkins was cast as the voice of Zippy, as well as Sunshine, Bramble and Pillar, however policy changes after the pilot meant those latter characters were recast. No script was made for the pilot, which led to Peter attempting to rewrite gags, difficult for the preschool audience, and would lead to him departing the show after its first year, recommending Roy Skelton to take over.

For the first two filmed series, the show was presented by David Cook, who lived in the Rainbow House with Rainbow, renamed Bungle, played by John Leeson. Each episode would focus on a particular educational subject, for instance, shapes, houses, or animals of some kind, and would involve Bungle inquisitively asking David about that subject, and David educating him about it. Real-world footage of the episode's subject would usually be shown, over which David and Bungle would comment. Zippy, operated by Violet Philpott, would occasionally appear outside the window and provide most of the comedy, by adding his own input.

Each episode also featured a song from the group Telltale about that episode's subject; Telltale also performed the show's theme tune which would be used for the entirety of its run. The scenes in the Rainbow House would also be interspersed with animations by Brian Cosgrove and Mark Hall, who designed the opening, as well as short sketches featuring the puppet characters of Sunshine and Moony (both operated and voiced by Violet Philpott), stories from the Rainbow book, usually read by a guest star, and occasionally scenes involving different puppet characters. Most episodes ended with David showing the viewer how to make a particular item at home using paper or cardboard, again relating to that episode's theme.

Violet would leave the series after its first year due to suffering a back injury from Zippy appearing through the window. She was replaced by John Thirtle for the second series, and Ronnie Le Drew from 1974 onto the present day. David left afterwards due to focusing on his writing career, and was replaced by Geoffrey Hayes. John Leeson would also leave at this point, replaced by Stanley Bates, and Telltale were replaced by the trio of Charlie Dore, Julian Littman and Karl Johnson, who the following year were replaced by the trio that would eventually become Rod, Jane and Freddy.

The second series would also introduce George, a shy friend of Zippy's who would crouch behind the window sill, only rarely coming into full view, and was so shy that he rarely spoke, preferring to make funny noises rather than speak. Zippy was now voiced by Roy Skelton, who also voiced George (albeit in a different, deeper-toned style from the later characteristic George voice), with George operated by Valerie Heberden. Bungle's appearance was also changed significantly with a completely different head design, more like a teddy bear than the previous grizzly bear look. The show's title sequence was changed though the theme tune remained the same; the new title sequence was used for the rest of the show's run. Finally, at the end of Season Two, Sunshine and Moony were completely dropped from the series, in order to give George and Bungle more focus alongside Zippy.

While the structure of the episodes remained generally the same as the early years, during this time the show's characters and format were developed significantly. Zippy became increasingly loud and boastful, his mischief a regular source of humour, while George became slightly more extroverted and was no longer afraid to speak, though his shyness remained a predominant character trait. Bungle also became increasingly 'goody-two-shoes' and showed a sneaky side, which put him frequently at odds with Zippy. Rather than just remaining outside the window, Zippy and George were shown within the Rainbow House itself more often, behind a table, while the singers would more frequently join the characters in the Rainbow House scenes rather than being confined to the song segment.

Valerie Herberden was replaced by Malcolm Lord as George’s puppeteer, who Ronnie Le Drew recommended. The format of the show was significantly built upon during this era, with the scripts began to move beyond the educational format of the show and focus more on actual storylines, driven by character comedy rather than educational themes. More of the episodes were written by the cast members themselves, with Roy Skelton, Stanley Bates, Geoffrey Hayes and Freddy Marks all contributing a significant number of episodes to the show.

In 1989, Rod, Jane & Freddy left the show to concentrate on their own TV series and their touring. Rather than replace them, most episodes ditched the song feature altogether and the episodes became increasingly storyline-driven. Stanley Bates also left the show at this time although he continued to contribute as a scriptwriter, with George's puppeteer Malcolm Lord replacing him in the role of Bungle. George was now operated by Tony Holtham.

Although the show remained extremely popular with both children and adults, it finally came to an end in 1992 when Thames Television lost the London weekday ITV franchise to Carlton Television. Despite this, the cast continued to make frequent TV appearances throughout 1993, guesting on numerous talk shows as well as promoting the release of the "Raynboe" dance single by Eurobop (a mix of the theme tune set to a techno dance beat) and launching a newspaper campaign for the show to be brought back on air.

Following the nationwide newspaper campaign to bring Rainbow back on air, a reboot of the show was announced by Tetra Films in late 1993 and debuted on Children's ITV in on 10 January 1994. The reboot of the show reworked the format enormously as well as replacing nearly all of the cast members. Geoffrey's presenter role was scrapped altogether and the show instead focused on the characters of Zippy, George and Bungle, now independent of Geoffrey, running a toy shop for an unseen boss called Mr Top. Tetra could not afford Roy Skelton to voice Zippy as well as hiring Ronnie Le Drew to operate him, so Ronnie became Zippy’s voice, while George was operated and voiced by Craig Crane. Bungle's appearance was changed radically and he was now played by Richard Robinson. An additional puppet character was also introduced in the form of Cleo, a blue female rabbit voiced and operated by Gillian Robic. Cleo's role was unclear, with some episodes portraying her as a mere customer to the shop, others as a nosy neighbour and others as a playmate for Zippy and George.

After the poor reception to the first reboot, Tetra Films attempted a second reboot in 1996 in association with HTV, reworking the format again into a form closer to that of the original series. Now titled Rainbow Days, the new show ditched the toy shop setting and brought the characters back into a house environment, and reintroduced the role of the presenter, with Dale Superville now presenting the show. The character of Cleo was scrapped entirely, and Bungle's role was now played by Paul Cullinan. Rainbow Days re-embraced the 'variety show' format of the original series, generally focusing on an educational subject and consisting of scenes with Dale educating the puppet characters about the episode's subject, interspersed with comedic exchanges between Zippy and George in a similar style to the 'Sunshine and Moony' sketches from the earliest seasons, and songs performed by the whole cast, led by Dale.

Although Roy Skelton and Geoffrey Hayes died in 2011 and 2018 respectively, the characters of Zippy, George and Bungle still make the occasional TV appearances to the present day.

Theme song
The theme song for the show was actually a small part of the full version, also called "Rainbow" and written by Hugh Portnow, Lady Hornsbrie, Hugh Fraser and Tim Thomas of the band Telltale, who regularly appeared in the first two seasons of the show. It was released as a single on an offshoot of the Music for Pleasure label called Surprise, Surprise in 1973 with the B-side "Windy Day". Although Telltale left the show in 1974, their recording of the theme tune continued to be used until the end of the original show's run in 1992.

Characters
Rainbow featured the following characters, each with their own character style:

 * The presenter – at first David Cook, who was replaced in 1974 by the best-known presenter Geoffrey Hayes. He brought the other members of the Rainbow household to order or gave them something to do. He acted as the symbol of adult wisdom, and rarely demonstrated overt affection to any of the three puppet characters, acting more as a carer/teacher than a father. While bright and cheery by default, Geoffrey occasionally became exasperated and flustered by the misbehaviour of the puppet characters, and a lot of the comedy in the later episodes revolved around him showing a grumpier side and occasionally losing his temper. There were infrequent mentions of his life outside of the Rainbow household, such as girlfriends, while several episodes stated that Geoffrey had a day job, apparently working in an office during weekdays.
 * Zippy – loud and domineering, but usually very funny (albeit not to the other characters in the show). The puppet was originally voiced by Peter Hawkins and operated by Violet Philpott and later voiced by Roy Skelton and Ronnie Le Drew – Hawkins and Skelton were voice artists also well known for voicing Daleks and Cybermen in Doctor Who. Ronnie has also operated Zippy and has done since 1972. Zippy's mouth is a zip, and when he became too bossy or irritating, this was zipped shut to prevent him from continuing: on at least one occasion he unzipped himself, though he appears unable to do so on other occasions or simply submits to this punishment. He broadly represented childhood self-centeredness, "naughtiness" and extroversion. Zippy was extremely boastful and would frequently brag about his superior intelligence and singing skill (both of which proved to be completely unfounded when put to the test) and was also greedy, often overeating and displaying a particular love for chocolate and sweets.
 * George – a shy, pink and slightly camp hippo. He broadly represented sensitivity and introversion. (puppet; voiced by Roy Skelton and operated by Malcolm Lord, Tony Holtham and later Craig Crane). George first appeared in 1973, introduced as a shy friend of Zippy's who was afraid of being seen or heard, usually crouching very low behind the window pane and rarely speaking, preferring to make funny noises. In subsequent seasons George gradually became more extroverted and spoke more, though he remained predominantly shy and timid. The most generally well-behaved and well-meaning of the puppet characters, George often found himself caught between Zippy and Bungle's squabbling, and his good nature taken advantage of by the other characters. Although mostly introverted, several episodes reveal that he aspires to be a singer.
 * Bungle – a brown furry bear with a squashed face, who is inquisitive but also clumsy and usually complains a lot about the other characters, especially Zippy's antics. He broadly represented conformity. Although on the surface he appears well-behaved and sensible, Bungle has a very sneaky side and a tendency to suck up to authority, making him frequently just as troublesome as Zippy, if not more so. The polar opposites of Zippy and Bungle's personalities are the source of much humour. Unlike Zippy and George, Bungle is a costume rather than a puppet; played by John Leeson, Stanley Bates and Malcolm Lord in the Thames TV series and by Richard Robinson and Paul Cullinan in the reboot. The stunt double in the late 90s was Stuart Nichol. Although unclothed most of the time, he wraps a towel around his waist after a shower and also wears tartan pyjamas at bedtime. His friends would on occasion put his bed in the shower if he was not vigilant. The original 1972 costume resembled a wild brown bear, but in 1973 this was replaced with a new design resembling a teddy bear. The costume design underwent another overhaul upon Bates assuming the role in 1974 with an all brown pelt (instead of the previous brown/white) slimmer torso and further modified face.
 * Rod, Jane and Freddy – a group of musicians who regularly featured on the show. When they debuted in 1974 they were 'Rod, Jane and Matt', Matt being Matthew Corbett (of The Sooty Show fame). Matt was replaced from 1977 by Roger Walker, before Freddy Marks, in turn, took over in 1981. Although initially confined to the song segment of the show, gradually Rod, Jane & Freddy began to feature more heavily in the episode's storylines during the show's run, often playing significant roles in the plot. Some of the early 80s episodes stated they lived in the Rainbow House and they were shown to have a bedroom of their own, although later episodes implied they lived next door. Rod, Jane & Freddy were very well-respected and looked up to by Zippy, George and Bungle, who admired their singing and rarely ever got into any conflict with them.
 * Sunshine and Moony – optimistic sunshine (yellow with a red hat) and his more gloomy friend Moony (brown with a tuft of yellow hair) were the original 'stars' of the programme, but soon became little more than foils to the more popular Zippy. They would occupy short sketches in the early episodes, the humour coming from the boastful, extroverted Sunshine winding up the more modest, cynical Moony, in a loose parallel of the later relationship between Zippy and George. They were phased out by 1974, in favour of greater roles for Bungle and (especially) George. They were voiced by Violet Yeomans.
 * Telltale – a six-piece group who provided the music in the early days of the show. They were a folk-rock band and their repertoire would consist of both original compositions and cover versions.
 * Charlie Dore, Julian Littman and Karl Johnson – the singing trio who replaced Telltale in 1974. They stayed with the show before being replaced by Rod, Matt & Jane in 1975. Charlie Dore and Julian Littman went on to have hugely successful music careers, while Karl Johnson became a well-known actor.
 * Duffy – a white sheepdog. Zippy's short-lived original sidekick for a handful of episodes circa 1972. Replaced by George in the 1973 series.
 * Zippo – Zippy's cousin, identical in appearance to Zippy but slightly brighter in colour, who would make the occasional guest appearance throughout the 80s and 90s seasons. Originally portrayed as an eloquent Frenchman, but a later episode depicted him as an American-accented rapper with loud, flashy clothing. Operated by Valerie Heberden, and voiced by Roy Skelton.
 * Georgette – a pink female hippo, identical in appearance to George except for her longer eyelashes and floppy hat. She appears in the 1986 episode "Falling Out and Making Up" in which she moves into the house next door to the Rainbow House and immediately gets along well with George. Despite her close resemblance to George in appearance and name, this appears to be nothing more than sheer coincidence.
 * Dawn – the next-door neighbour, played by Dawn Bowden, who was introduced in the show's later years, first appearing in 1990. Dawn would often visit the Rainbow House to help out with everyday chores and socialize with the characters, as well as performing songs with the rest of the cast on her Casio keyboard.
 * Aunty – played by Patsy Rowlands, is apparently Geoffrey's aunt, who he used to stay with as a little boy. Aunty comes round to visit in several episodes, while in others the cast visit her. Aunty is a very old-fashioned woman, which occasionally exasperates the puppet characters, although they enjoy her company nonetheless.
 * Christopher – played by Christopher Lillicrap, a semi-regular guest star who would guest on the show from time to time since the 70s, at first to read stories and later to perform songs, which the main cast would join in with.
 * Vince – played by Vince Hill, a singer who would occasionally visit the Rainbow House and join in a song with Rod, Jane & Freddy. One episode portrayed him as a kind of 'Geoffrey' figure for Zippo when he showed up with Zippo to a garden party.

Generally speaking, George and Zippy represented two 'types' of a child, George being the quiet and shy type, while Zippy represented the hyperactive and destructive type. Zippy often demonstrated a cynicism and wit that went beyond the "4th wall" and appealed to older viewers. George was usually vindicated, and Zippy got his comeuppance. While they were apparently young 'children' (aged around 6), Bungle was an older 'child' (aged around 8), and differed from them in being a costume rather than a hand puppet. Geoffrey's relationship to them was unclear, other than being a kind of mentor/teacher/carer.

The "adult" version
In 1979, the cast and crew of Rainbow made a special exclusive sketch for the Thames TV staff Christmas tape, sometimes referred to as the "Twangers" episode. This sketch featured plenty of deliberate sexual innuendo (beginning with Zippy peeling a banana, saying 'One skin, two skin, three skin...' before being interrupted by George), and was never shown at the time (as it was never intended to be screened to the general public.) The cast later sang "The Plucking Song".

The clip became famous after being aired on Victor Lewis-Smith's Channel 4 programme TV Offal (1997) and was referred to as 'the pilot episode' in order to fit into the regular programme segment "The Pilots That Crashed"; however, the clip clearly was not a pilot, as Geoffrey Hayes was not a regular presenter until the series itself was a year old. The clip became widespread with the increasing popularity of the Internet, first as an e-mail attachment and later via online video websites such as YouTube. This has led to many erroneous claims that the episode was publicly broadcast as a regular episode.

TV Offal also broadcast some very risqué material featuring Hayes, Zippy and George as guests on a variety programme hosted by comedian Jim Davidson in the 1980s; the sketch in question featured former children's TV presenter Tommy Boyd asking a question about Adam and Eve. Boyd and Davidson used some profanities in the sketch, along with some innuendo from George (presumably again not intended for broadcast like the above), and Zippy exclaimed to Geoffrey an expletive phrase quite out of character from his children's television persona. (Incidentally, the said footage appeared uncut on Thames Television's 1984 Christmas tape.)

Home video releases

 * Video Collection International (1986–1996)
 * FremantleMedia (2002–2018)

Reruns
Episodes of the original Rainbow, dating from the early 1980s, were shown sporadically on the UK satellite TV channel Nick Jr. (and/or its sister channel, Nick Jr. 2) from 2006 to 2009 as part of its Nick Jr. Classics reruns. A previous repeat run took place on UK Gold (now Gold) from its launch in November 1992 to 1994; these were mostly from the last three years of the programme (without Rod, Jane and Freddy).

Sweet Cherry Publishing
An initial range of three hand puppet books featuring Bungle, Zippy and George was launched at the London Book Fair on 12 March on Sweet Cherry's stand, and then at the Bologna Book Fair on 1 April. These books were going to be available at retail from July–October 2019, but it was delayed further until May 2020.

 * I Love You, Bungle! (Sweet Cherry Publishing, 28 May 2020) (ISBN 1782266062)
 * Time For Bed, Zippy! (Sweet Cherry Publishing, 28 May 2020) (ISBN 1782266070)
 * Let's Play, George! (Sweet Cherry Publishing, 28 May 2020) (ISBN 1782266089)

title: Rainbow (TV series)


text:
Reading Minster

Reading Minster, or the Minster Church of St Mary the Virgin, is the oldest ecclesiastical foundation in the town of Reading, Berkshire, England. Although eclipsed in importance by the later Reading Abbey, Reading Minster regained its status after the destruction of the Abbey and is now an Anglican parish church.

The minster gives its name to the street of St Mary's Butts, on which it stands. The Minster Church of St Mary the Virgin should not be mistaken for the similarly named St Mary's Church, Castle Street, which is only a few yards away.

History
According to unverified tradition, Saint Birinus founded a small chapel on the site of Reading Minster in the 7th century. Silver coins of the 9th century have been found in the churchyard, dating back to the period when Kings Ethelred and Alfred of Wessex were fighting the Danes at Reading, and also the era in which Reading supplanted Calleva Atrebatum (Silchester) as the local centre of importance.

In 979, Queen Ælfthryth, wife of King Edgar of England, founded a royal nunnery on the site as an act of repentance for the murder of her stepson, King Edward the Martyr. All that remains of this nunnery is a rounded Saxon door in the church, most likely used by the nuns to attend church services. In the 11th century, the Danes sacked Reading and the nunnery was destroyed. By the time of the Domesday Book, the church had been granted to Battle Abbey by William the Conqueror.

In 1121, King Henry I founded Reading Abbey which grew to become one of the most important religious and political centres of England. For the following 400 years the Abbey was the centre of ecclesiastical power in the town, and the Abbot also held the post of Rector of St Mary's. In 1371 a chantry was established by Edward III which the Mayor of Reading administered for the chapel.

The main body of the church dates from the late 11th Century, however in 1539, the Abbey was dissolved on the orders of King Henry VIII. In the Reformation that followed, St Mary's church was stripped of its altar, statues and stained glass, and by 1550 was in need of extensive repair. Between the years of 1551 and 1555 the church was extensively restored, using quantities of masonry and timber from the ruins of the Abbey. Contemporary accounts include payments for the dismantling and carriage of the Abbey's choir and nave roof, and is believed that the pillars which now separate the Minster's south aisle from the nave came from the Abbey. The baptismal font stands on the plinth of an earlier font and dates to 1616. A gift from the Vachell family, it is octagonal in shape and is carved with the arms of the Vachell, Knollys and Reades families who intermarried. Some of the carved shields represent Tudor roses and originally would have been painted in their heraldic colours. On the north wall of the chancel is an impressive black-and-gold monument to William Kendricke and his wife dated 1635. William Kendricke was churchwarden at the Minster from 1607 to 1610 and was a considerable benefactor of the church.

In 1918 a war memorial chapel, known as St Edwards Chapel, was added with entry through the old Saxon doorway of the nunnery. The church had undergone further restoration in 1863 when a new choir aisle was added, and in 1872; with further work in 1935 and 1997–2003.

Bells
Most of the bells now hung in the Minster's tower date from the 17th and 18th centuries. The present peal consists of three dated 1640, two dated 1740 and two dated 1743. In 1611 the first clock was installed in the tower.

Organ
The Minster's organ dates was built by Father Willis for the 1862 International Exhibition. It was rebuilt by the same company in 1936. In the early 21st century, the church began a project to restore the organ. The organ was largely neglected throughout the 20th century, leaving pipes corroded, the bellows damaged and the soundboards warped. The restoration requires a fund of approximately £500,000 and aims to replace the wind system, electronics and manuals.

Churchyard
The churchyard extends to the south and east of the church, and is bounded by the streets of St Mary's Butts, Gun Street, Chain Street and by an unnamed footpath connecting St Mary's Butts and Chain Street along the rear building line of the buildings fronting Broad Street. It is crossed by several other paths which carry heavy pedestrian traffic between various town centre areas. The churchyard contains a number of significant trees, including a 150-year old Indian Bean Tree (Catalpa bignonioides) that was thought, in 2007, to be unlikely to survive, but has since sprouted new growth.

Also to be found in the churchyard is the Jubilee Cross, built in 1887 to celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria. The monument is constructed in a 15th-century style in Portland stone, and has a tapering octagonal shaft capped by a cross. It is listed as a Grade II listed building. It has been suggested that it was constructed in reaction to the secular design of the nearby Jubilee Drinking Fountain that also celebrates the same anniversary and is located only a few feet away in the centre of St Mary's Butts.

List of notable clergy

 * Henry Hart Milman (1791–1868): 1818–35

title: Reading Minster


text:
Gao Xianzhi

Gao Xianzhi, or Go Seonji, (died January 24, 756 ) was a Tang dynasty general of Goguryeo descent. He was known as a great commander during his lifetime. He is best known for taking part in a number of military expeditions to conquer the Western Regions, over the Pamir Mountains and reaching as far as the Talas River. In 751 he commanded the Tang forces during the Battle of Talas, fighting against the Abbasid Caliphate. The Tang defeat at the Talas River is considered to mark the end of both Tang western expansion and Abbasid eastern expansion.

Around the beginning of the year 756, Gao and fellow general Feng Changqing offended the powerful eunuch Bian Lingcheng (邊令誠) while defending the Tong Pass against the rebel An Lushan, who had rebelled in 755. Bian then accused Feng of cowardice and Gao of corruption, and both were executed.

Early life
Gao Xianzhi was the son of Go Sagye, a Goguryeo general. Goguryeo was defeated by Tang Dynasty in 668 AD and Go Sagye was captured by the Tang army, which he then served under.

Gao Xianzhi was born in Tang's western regions. Historical records state that Gao Xianzhi was neither muscular nor particularly strong like other army officers and his father was constantly concerned about his son's poor health. However, he demonstrated great courage from an early age and possessed skills in horseriding and archery.

Gao Xianzhi's loyalty and bravery allowed him to net the position of general by his 20s and served with his father in Kashgar under the Protectorate General to Pacify the West. He successively served under the jiedushi Tian Renwan (田仁琬) and Gai Jiayun (蓋嘉運), but received no further promotions. However, Gai's successor Fumeng Lingcha (夫蒙靈詧) was impressed by him, and repeatedly recommended him to his superiors. By the end of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang's Kaiyuan era (727-741), Gao was serving as Fumeng's deputy.

First western campaign
At that time, Lesser Bolü, a city state around modern Gilgit, Pakistan, was allied with the Tibetan Empire, and 20 city states around it also became Tibetan vassals. A Tibetan princess became the wife and queen of Lesser Bolü's king. Tian Renwan, Gai Jiayun, and Fumeng Lingcha had all tried to attack Lesser Bolü in the past, but were unable to defeat it. In 747, Gao Xianzhi led a three-pronged attack of 10,000 cavalry soldiers, surprising both Lesser Bolü and its Tibetan garrisons. Lesser Bolü's king and queen were captured and brought back to Tang.

However, Fumeng grew angry with Gao for directly reporting news of the victory to Emperor Xuanzong without first reporting to him, and threatened to kill him. The eunuch Bian Lingcheng, whom Xuanzong had sent to monitor Gao's forces, interceded on Gao's behalf and reported Fumeng's threats to Xuanzong. Xuanzong, in response, summoned Fumeng back to the capital Chang'an in the new year of 748 and promoted Gao to take over his position. Gao arrested several of Fumeng's subordinates for attacking him—fellow deputy military governor Cheng Qianli (程千里), and army officers Bi Sichen (畢思琛) and Wang Tao (王滔)—but then released them and allowed them to continue serving under him. He entrusted Feng Changqing as his assistant, often having Feng lead troops or, when he himself led troops in campaigns, had Feng in charge of the headquarters. Li Siye also first distinguished himself as an army officer under Gao.

As a result of Gao's first successful campaign, Tang began to contend for influence with the Abbasid Caliphate and Tibetan Empire in the area of modern northern Pakistan and Afghanistan. Around 72 regional Indian and Sogdian kingdoms became Tang vassals, ending the Tibetan dominion of the Pamir Mountains. During his service as jiedushi of Anxi, places such as Tokmak, Kucha, and Kashmir came under the protectorate's jurisdiction.

Second campaign and Battle of Talas
In late 749, Shilidaqieluo (失里怛伽羅), a prince of the Tuhuoluo (吐火羅, possibly Tocharians), reported to Tang that the king of Qieshi (朅師, the present day Chitral valley in Northern Pakistan), had been aligned with Tufan in pinning down Chinese forces stationed at Lesser Bolü, and suggested that Emperor Xuanzong send forces the region. In spring 750, Xuanzong sent Gao Xianzhi to attack Qieshi. Its king Botemo (勃特沒) was captured and Botemo's son Sujia (素迦) was crowned king. Gao then made a peace treaty with the state of Shi (石國, modern Tashkent, Uzbekistan) and once Shi stood down its defenses, attacked it without warning. The Shi king Chebishi (車鼻施) was captured and sent to Chang'an to be executed. This angered the nearby states, particularly after Gao slaughtered the old and weak captives. Gao also personally profited from the looting in battle—a large supply of diamonds, several camel-loads of gold, prized horses, and other treasures. In spring 751, Gao personally visited Chang'an, and, for his contributions, Xuanzong gave him the honorific title Kaifu Yitong Sansi (開府儀同三司) and was poised to move him to Hexi where the jiedushi An Sishun resisted to be ousted. However Xuanzong decided to allow An to remain at Hexi and Gao to remain at Anxi.

Meanwhile, a Shi prince had fled to the various states around the region and told them of Gao's treachery, causing them to align with the Abbasids. When Gao heard this, he made a pre-emptory attack with 30,000 soldiers against Abbasids, reaching a town of Atlakh (in modern Talas region of Kyrgyzstan) near the city of Talas (in modern Kazakhstan) and meeting Abbasid forces there. The armies fought bitterly for five days before the Turkic speaking Karluks turned against Gao. Tang forces were crushed and only a few thousand survived due to the efforts of Li Siye. Another subordinate of Gao who distinguished himself at the battle was Duan Xiushi, whom Gao recommended for promotion after the battle. The Talas conflict marked the end of Tang advances to the west, and the heavy losses by Abbasid forces despite the victory appeared to end Abbasid designs in the east as well. Gao was then made a commanding general of the imperial guards and Wang Zhengjian replaced him as jiedushi of Anxi. In 755, Gao was created the Duke of Miyun.

Death
In 755, An Lushan, the jiedushi of Fanyang (范陽, headquartered in modern Beijing), rebelled against the Tang. Emperor Xuanzong nominally commissioned his son, Li Wan (李琬) the Prince of Rong, the commander of the forces against An's rebels, and put Gao Xianzhi in charge as Li Wan's deputy. Gao gathered 50,000 soldiers from the Chang'an region and took up position at Shang Commandery (陝郡, roughly modern Sanmenxia, Henan). Bian Lingcheng was made Gao's monitor.

Meanwhile, Feng Changqing was sent to the eastern capital Luoyang to prepare its defenses, but once Feng discovered upon arriving that he was given inadequate weapon supplies, and was defeated by the An army. Feng retreated to Shan, and suggested to Gao that Shan could not be easy defended, and so they should retreat to Tong Pass, which was a more suitable defensive position. Gao agreed, and the two of them took up position at Tong Pass. When An's forces attacked Tong Pass, they failed, and historians credited Gao with the improved defenses.

However, during the campaign, Gao had caused much offence against Bian, as Bian was making demands of him that he was not meeting. When Bian returned to Chang'an, he accused Feng of exaggerating An's strength, and accused Gao of improperly abandoning Shan as well as corruptly withholding food supplies and imperial rewards to soldiers for personal benefit. Xuanzong, believing Bian, issued edicts for Feng's and Gao's executions. After Bian returned to Tong Pass, he first read the edict for Feng's execution. Feng was beheaded, and upon the completion of that execution, Bian then read the second edict ordering Gao's execution. Gao cried out:

"I retreated when I encountered the bandits [(i.e., An's army)], and I should die for this. But I swear to the heaven above and the earth below -- the accusations that I stole the food supplies and the imperial rewards are false!"

The soldiers cried out for Gao as well, but Bian still beheaded Gao. As Gao was to be killed, he looked at Feng's body and stated:

"Feng Er [(i.e., the second son from the Feng household, thus implying that Feng was the second son)], you became prominent from your low station. I promoted you to be my assistant, and you later succeeded me as jiedushi. It is fate that we die together here today."

Legacy
Gao's defeat, which marked the end of Tang's expansion to the west, was partially fictionalized by the modern Chinese historian Bo Yang in the short story The Tashkent Massacre—the Chinese Were Cursed Here!, in which he gave a fictional curse by the queen of Shi, cursing Tang and the Chinese for eternity for Gao's treachery.

title: Gao Xianzhi


text:
British Rail Class 424

The British Rail Class 424 "Networker Classic" was a prototype electric multiple unit (EMU) built in 1997 by Adtranz at Derby Litchurch Lane Works from a Class 421 driving trailer vehicle.

Project
The "Networker Classic" concept involved rebuilding Mark 1 design Southern Region EMUs of Classes 411, 421 and 423 to meet current crashworthiness standards and have electric sliding doors instead of slam doors. This involved building a new bodyshell on the existing chassis, but keeping the original electrical and motor equipment. Therefore, the aim was to produce a 'new' unit at one quarter the cost of manufacturing a train from scratch. The rebuilt units would have had a life of at least fifteen years, thus saving considerable amounts of money when replacing old stock. The unit is known for its similar looks with the British Rail Class 170 and the British Rail Class 357, albeit using pocket doors more similar to the class subsequent classes 376 and 378, and unlike said trains used pocket doors for the driver cab doors, like those of the 1972 design and earlier Mark 3-derived units.

Prototype
One vehicle, no. 76112 from 'Phase 1' 4Cig unit 1749, was rebuilt as a prototype in 1997. This saw the original Mark 1 bodyshell removed from the chassis at Doncaster Works, and replaced with a new one at Derby Litchurch Lane Works resembling a then brand new Turbostar train installed. The controls from the 4Cig unit were retained in the driving cab. It was displayed to the public at London Victoria, paired with unrebuilt DT 76747 from 4Big unit 2256 for comparison purposes. The converted vehicle had a total capacity of 77 passengers in Standard Class only; had the full 4-car unit undergone the same conversion, then it would have had capacity for up to 310 passengers.

The prototype unit had not carried passengers throughout its life, as the electric controls were unsuitable for the Class 424.

Although Connex South Central had at one stage proposed ordering some, the train companies turned to new-build rolling stock, which saw the introduction of the Electrostar, Desiro and Juniper families. As a result, the single Class 424 vehicle was stored at Derby Litchurch Lane Works until 2012, when it was removed for disposal. The unrebuilt 4Cig trailer (unit 1399), which paired with the vehicle, was scrapped from the East Kent Railway after restoration attempts failed.

title: British Rail Class 424


text:
Free-radical halogenation

In organic chemistry, free-radical halogenation is a type of halogenation. This chemical reaction is typical of alkanes and alkyl-substituted aromatics under application of UV light. The reaction is used for the industrial synthesis of chloroform (CHCl3), dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), and hexachlorobutadiene. It proceeds by a free-radical chain mechanism.

General mechanism
The chain mechanism is as follows, using the chlorination of methane as an example: The net reaction is:
 * Initiation: Ultraviolet radiation splits (homolyzes) a chlorine molecule to two chlorine atom radicals. MethaneChlorinationMechanismInitiation.svg
 * Chain propagation (two steps): A radical abstracts a hydrogen atom from methane, leaving a primary methyl radical. The methyl radical then abstracts Cl• from Cl2 to give the desired product and another chlorine radical. MethaneChlorinationPropagationStep.svg  The radical will then participate in another propagation reaction: the radical chain. Other products such as CH2Cl2 may also form.
 * Chain termination: Two free radicals (chlorine and chlorine, chlorine and methyl, or methyl and methyl) combine: MethaneChlorinationTermination.svg The last possibility generates in an impurity in the final mixture (notably, an organic molecule with a longer carbon chain than the reactants).

The steady-state approximation implies that this process has rate law k[CH4][Cl2]1⁄2.

As a radical reaction, the process is halted or severely slowed by radical traps, such as oxygen.

Control
The relative rates at which different halogens react vary considerably:
 * fluorine (108) > chlorine (1) > bromine ($0$) > iodine ($0$).

Radical fluorination with the pure element is difficult to control and highly exothermic; care must be taken to prevent an explosion or a runaway reaction. With chlorine the reaction is moderate to fast; with bromine, slow and requires intense UV irradiation; and with iodine, it is practically nonexistent and thermodynamically unfavored. However, radical iodination can be completed with other iodine sources (see ).

The different rates are often a pedagogical demonstration of the reactivity–selectivity principle and the Hammond postulate.

Bond dissociation energies strongly influence any radical process and in a few unusual cases, free-radical halogenation can regioselect. Phenylic hydrogens have extremely strong bonds and are rarely displaced by halogens. Non-enolizable aldehydes oxidize to the acyl halide, but enolizable aldehydes typically halogenate at the α position instead. Indeed, allylic and benzylic hydrogens have bonds much weaker than alkanes, and are selectively replaced in the Wohl-Ziegler reaction. Generally, N-haloamines in sulfuric acid (but not other haloradical sources) halogenate alkane chains at penultimate carbons (e.g. pentane to 2-halopentane), chains terminating in only carboxylic acids at the center, and bridged compounds at the bridgehead. , the reasons for the latter N-haloimide selectivities remained unclear.

Aside from those few exceptions, free-radical halogenation is notoriously unselective. Chlorination rarely stops at monosubstitution: depending on reaction conditions, methane chlorination yields varying proportions of chloromethane, dichloromethane, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride.

For asymmetric substrates, the reaction produces all possible isomers, but not equally. Radical halogenations are generally indifferent amongst equi-substituted potential radicals and effect a so-called statistical product distribution. Butane (CH3−CH2−CH2−CH3), for example, can be chlorinated at the "1" position to give 1-chlorobutane (CH3−CH2−CH2−CH2Cl) or at the "2" position to give 2-chlorobutane (CH3−CH2−CHCl−CH3). The latter occurs faster, and is the major product.

The experimental relative chlorination rates at primary, secondary, and tertiary positions match the corresponding radical species' stability:
 * tertiary (5) > secondary (3.8) > primary (1).

Thus any single chlorination step slightly favors substitution at the carbon already most substituted. The rates are generally constant across reactions and predict product distributions with relatively high accuracy. For example, 2-methyl butane ((CH3)2CHCH2CH3) exhibits the following results: Note that the sole tertiary hydrogen is nearly as likely to chlorinate as the 6 hydrogens terminating the branches, despite their much greater abundance.

Variations
Many mixtures of radical initiators, oxidants, and halogen compounds can generate the necessary halogen radicals. For example, consider radical bromination of toluene: This reaction takes place on water instead of an organic solvent and the bromine is obtained from oxidation of hydrobromic acid with hydrogen peroxide. An incandescent light bulb suffices to radicalize.

Other sources include alkyl hypohalites or single-electron oxidation-capable transition metals. In particular, tert-butyl hypoiodite is a common iodine source for radical iodination.

title: Free-radical halogenation


text:
Smaltite

Smaltite is a variety of the mineral skutterudite consisting of cobalt, iron, nickel, and arsenide. It has the chemical formula (Co,Fe,Ni)As2.

Smaltite crystallizes in the cubic system with the same hemihedral symmetry as pyrite; crystals have usually the form of cubes or cubo-octahedra, but are imperfectly developed and of somewhat rare occurrence. More often the mineral is found as compact or granular masses. The color is tin-white to steel-grey, with a metallic luster; the streak is greyish black. Hardness is 5.5 and the specific gravity is 6.5. The cobalt is partly replaced by iron and nickel, and as the latter increases in amount there is a passage to the isomorphous species chloanthite (NiAs2).

Smaltite occurs in veins with ores of cobalt, nickel, copper and silver. The best known localities are Cobalt, Ontario and Schneeberg in Saxony, Germany. The name smaltite was given by F. S. Beudant in 1832 because the mineral was used in the preparation of smalt for producing a blue color in porcelain and glass.

title: Smaltite


text:
Turks and Caicos Islands national football team

The Turks and Caicos Islands national football team represents Turks and Caicos Islands in international football, and is controlled by the Turks and Caicos Islands Football Association.

History
Having formed a football association in 1996 and joined FIFA in 1998, Turks and Caicos Islands made its first appearance at an official FIFA competition when they entered the 2002 World Cup qualification. In March 2000, the team was knocked out in the first qualification round by St. Kitts and Nevis 14–0 on aggregate.

At the 2006 World Cup qualifying competition, the side suffered a 7–0 aggregate loss against Haiti in February 2004.

In 2007, the federation completed construction of their first stadium, the Turks and Caicos National Stadium, with the help of the FIFA Goal programme, and have committed themselves to building a broad base of football participation and support.

On February 6, 2008, the team achieved its first World Cup qualification win 2–1 against Saint Lucia in the CONCACAF first round at home, but in the second leg played March 26, 2008, they were eliminated after they fell short having lost the away leg 0–2 in Saint Lucia for a 2–3 aggregate score.

The team went without a victory in an official game until June 3, 2014, when they beat the British Virgin Islands during the 2014 Caribbean Cup qualification, and as a result jumped from 207th to 181st in the FIFA rankings released during that month.

Coaches

 * 🇹🇨 Gino Pacitto (1999–2000)
 * 🇹🇨 Paul Crosbie (2003–2004)
 * 🇹🇨 Charlie Cook (2006)
 * 🏴 Matthew Green (2008–2011)
 * 🇹🇨 Gary Brough (2011–2014)
 * 🏴 Craig Harrington (2014–2015)
 * 🇹🇨 Oliver Smith (2015–2018)
 * 🇺🇸 Matt Barnes (2018–2019)
 * 🇯🇲 Omar Edwards   (2019–2022)
 * 🇧🇪 Vital Borkelmans (2022)
 * Keith Jeffrey (2022–2023)
 * 🏴 Hayden Mullins (2023)
 * Keith Jeffrey (2023)
 * 🏴 Ricky Hill (2023-2023)
 * 🇯🇲 Aaron Lawrence (2023-)

Results and fixtures
The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

Current squad

 * The following players were called up for the 2022–23 CONCACAF Nations League round three and four group matches.
 * Match dates: 25 and 28 March 2023
 * Opposition: 🇻🇮 virgin islands, u.s. and
 * Caps and goals correct as of: 28 March 2023, after the match against

Recent call-ups
The following players have also been called up to the Turks and Caicos Islands squad within the last twelve months.

Player records

 * Players in bold are still active with Turks & Caicos Islands.

Historical kits
Sources:


text: Category:Technical communication

title: Category:Technical communication


text: Category:Volleyball at the 2004 Summer Olympics


text:
Talk:List of compositions for organ

[Untitled]
I have removed Mozart's name from the list seeing as there were no pieces under it and so his name is somewhat pointless as an appearance if there are no pieces to name. Hydraton31 17:46, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

I removed: because these pieces are not by Bach, and because they are widely considered to be teaching pieces rather than actual repertoire.
 * Eight Small Preludes and Fugues (BWV 553-560), (possibly by Johann Tobias Krebs)

Organ concerti
Are there many concerti for organ and orchestra? I can't name any besides Max Baumann's concerto for organ, timpani and strings. Dmetric 21:37, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

I've added the Poulenc Concerto (which was, according to Jean Françaix, a commission that was first offered to him and then passed on to Poulenc), as well as the Jean-Thierry Boisseau Concerto. There are many others! Musikfabrik 23:28, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

NPOV issues concerning the definition used on this page
A discussion on Talk:List of major opera composers concerning NPOV issues is currently underway and the definition used in this article has been cited because it is not sourced and is not clear as to exactly the criteria should be for inclusion. Since this discussion is escalating, I'm rewriting this definition using less selective criteria. I've also added John Henderson's excellent book of Organ composers as the main reference and plan on adding Gilles Cantegrel's Organ repertoire book. Between the two of these references, all of the names currently on this list can be sourced and should therefore be considered suitable candidates for this list. Musikfabrik 16:17, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

NPOV problems
There are concerns about the selection procedures used to make this list. The list may not be neutral or sufficiently representative. This page is also potential evidence in an NPOV dispute elsewhere. Please do not edit the main page until issues have been discussed on this talk page. --Folantin 08:41, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

If the list survives deletion votes, what if until such time as a fully NPOV list can be created, what about the composers on this are used:

Adam Cuerden talk 21:36, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of compositions for organ