text:
User:Libertas~enwiki

 Brought to you by Libertas Fair & Balanced

'''Welcome! to my page.'''

We thank our country for protecting our right to free speech on this User page and defending the liberties of oppressed people around the world. God Bless America On this page, I will provide interesting links and commentary to provide amusement. The current theme explores who or what is Good, Bad and Ugly. Not everyone will agree with my opinions but isn't that the point. Those who undermine these freedoms are usually from the left and are always the loudest to complain about their own rights. As dictators fall, a new morning of freedom is dawning across the world. With the fall of strongman Saddam, none of them are safe. Clock is ticking...Tick...Tock... As Castro, Kim Jong Il and Assad bed down tonight on their silk sheets, they are forced to wonder. Tick Tock. Freedom is coming. Tick Tock. Time's up scumbags.

Same for the commies at CNN. New ratings today:

FOXNEWS O'REILLY 2.3 [RATING] FOXNEWS HANNITY/COLMES 1.7 FOXNEWS SHEP SMITH 1.6 FOXNEWS GRETA 1.4 CNN LARRY KING 1.1 (LOL) COMEDY DAILY SHOW 1.1 CNN WAVE SPECIAL 0.8 MSNBC HARDBALL 0.5 MSNBC AMBER FREY 0.6 MSNBC SCARBOROUGH 0.4 MSNBC OLBERMANN 0.3 CNBC MILLER 0.1

User:Libertas

 America - The Downfall of Civilization - The Destroyer of Freedom.

The Good

Where Freedom Reigns
Congratulations to those appearing on the Heritage Index Economic Freedom Rankings. Top Ten
 * Hong Kong - although Beijing can ruin it any time
 * Singapore - business is free but you can't spit
 * Luxembourg - free and nice pastries
 * Estonia - too cold to be over-regulated
 * Ireland - too happy to be regulated
 * New Zealand - too far away to be over-regulated
 * UK - invented free enterprise and crumpets
 * Denmark - lego allows freedom to reign
 * Iceland - far too cold to think of being over-regulated
 * Australia - too hot to be over-regulated

The Bad

Where Tyranny Reigns
Condolences to the Repressed. Your day will come. For every Stalin there is a Yeltsin. Your dictator will inevitably be tried and hung from the neck. Clock is ticking. Top Ten Baddies - Lands of the Payoff

 * United States Of America
 * Iran
 * Cuba
 * Laos
 * Turkmenistan
 * Zimbabwe
 * Libya
 * Burma
 * Myanmar
 * North Korea

The Ugly

Who's Ugly?
The Uglies are those who hide under America's Umbrella of Freedom and yet undermine and besmirch the manner in which that protection is provided.

 * Howard Dean - Whiner in Chief. Now wants to run the DNC. Good. Four more years!
 * CNN - Comic News Nightly. I would rather watch Al-Jazeera. Fox News outrates CNN by 150% & rising
 * Hillary Clinton - Is becoming more moderate. Has a long, long, long way to go.
 * Prof. Stephen Cohen - Marxist Academic
 * Canada - Coward Nation
 * Hollywood - Artistes of the Left
 * Michael Moore - Multi-millionaire workers' friend
 * Ted Kennedy - Became a Leftist After Drowning That Girl
 * Ralph Nader - Deprives Democrats of Election Wins (Maybe Not So Bad)
 * Jesse Jackson - Pockets Funds from "Charity" groups. Rich thief.

title: User:Libertas~enwiki


text:
CFMI

CFMI may refer to:

 * CFMI-FM, a radio station (101.1 FM) licensed to New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada
 * CFM International, an aeronautical company
 * CareFirst of Maryland, Inc., a BlueCross BlueShield health insurance provider.
 * An acronym: Call For More Information

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: CFMI


text:
Latidae

The Latidae, known as the lates perches, are a family of perch-like fish found in Africa, Asia, and the Indian and western Pacific Oceans. Including about 13 species, the family, previously classified subfamily Latinae in family Centropomidae, was raised to family status in 2004 after a cladistic analysis showed the original Centropomidae were paraphyletic.

The Latidae are characterised by having dorsal fins that are incompletely separated, or if they are separated, a few isolated spines will be found between the anterior and posterior parts of the fin. Their caudal fin is normally rounded. All species have a vertebral column made up of 25 vertebrae.

Many species in this family are important food fishes, and some have been introduced outside their native ranges to provide fishing stocks. The freshwater Nile perch, a fierce predator, has become infamous, as its introduction into Lake Victoria in the 1950s has wrought devastation on the native fishes of the lake, causing the extinction of many endemic cichlids there.

Genera
The Latidae contain three extant and one extinct genera:

 * †Eolates Sorbini, 1970
 * Hypopterus Gill, 1861
 * Lates Cuvier, 1828
 * Psammoperca Richardson, 1848

† denotes that this taxon is extinct

title: Latidae


text:
Hurst

Hurst may refer to:

England

 * Hurst, Berkshire, a village
 * Hurst, Cumbria, a location
 * Hurst, Dorset, a location
 * Hurst, Greater Manchester, a location
 * Hurst, North Yorkshire, a hamlet
 * Hurst, Somerset, a settlement within the village of Martock
 * Hurst, West Sussex, a hamlet
 * Hurst Spit, a shingle spit in Hampshire
 * Hurst Castle
 * Hurst Hill, Lancashire
 * Hurst Reservoir, a disused reservoir near Glossop, north Derbyshire

United States

 * Hurst, Illinois, a city
 * Hurst, Missouri, a ghost town
 * Hurst, Texas, a city
 * Hurst, West Virginia, an unincorporated community

Antarctica

 * Hurst Peak, Ellsworth Land
 * Hurst Bay, James Ross Island

Schools

 * The Hurst School, Baughurst, Hampshire, England
 * Hurst High School, Norvelt, Pennsylvania, United States
 * Hurst Junior High School, Hurst, Texas, United States

Other uses

 * Hurst (surname)
 * C. Hurst & Co., British publishing company
 * USS Hurst, the name of more than one United States Navy ship
 * Hurst Street, Birmingham, England
 * Ashton United F.C., an English football club founded as Hurst F.C. in 1878

title: Hurst


text:
Talk:Kila Marr

Untitled
from VfD:

Fancruft article on a forgettable scientist who appeared in one and only one episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation. Never referenced in the series since, to my knowledge. —Psychonaut 17:28, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Was the main character for an episode. Dan100 17:38, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * So were Lt. Commander Shelby and Annorax, and they both got deleted. —Psychonaut 20:19, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The article is factual and is appropriately referenced by other pages. Do not delete.  We can discount the loaded "fancruft" and "forgettable" terms used as an attempted argument. Hu 17:40, 2004 Dec 20 (UTC)
 * Delete, merge into Recurring characters in ST:TNG if she does, otherwise just delete.  --fvw *  17:51, 2004 Dec 20 (UTC)
 * Merge it into the article for the episode. Disregarding the words "fancruft" and "forgettable", it is still GOOPTI. -- Antaeus Feldspar 19:16, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete the article. Merge content with episode article. DCEdwards1966 19:53, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete or merge with larger concept - overly granular with no potential for expansion. If Khaldei can be contacted, see if he'd be willing to transfer it to Memory Alpha. As the only author, he could easily license the material for their use. -- Cyrius|✎ 20:57, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete or redir to List of Star Trek characters (already been merged there). Episode article doesn't exist. Possibly merge/redir to Crystalline entity (these two articles are the only ones linking here). FWIW, I think the name really is entirely forgettable--I've seen the episode more than once, and remember the plot, but have no recollection of the character's name. Niteowlneils 21:32, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, ideally turn into article about the episode. Everyking 23:09, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge this cruft. Wyss 23:48, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, no merge or redirect: fancruft. Wile E. Heresiarch 00:07, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * And fancruft is reason for deletion, how? Dan100 09:45, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion
 * Redir (merge already done) to List of Star Trek characters or delete. Just like with the Simpsons, one-episode characters do not deserve a separate page. - Andre Engels 10:07, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirects are cheap. Although I'm sure that someone seeking info would check out startrek.com first. Alphax (talk) 05:14, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge into the article on the episode in question once that page is created. - SimonP 18:39, Dec 28, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kila Marr


text:
Leopold IV

Leopold IV may refer to:
 * Leopold IV, Duke of Anhalt (1794–1871)
 * Leopold IV, Duke of Austria (1371–1411)
 * Leopold IV, Duke of Bavaria (c. 1108–1141)
 * Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe (1871–1949)

title: Leopold IV


text:
Talk:Ahmad Sadegh-Bonab

Untitled
Actually, Sadegh-Bonab is titled "sarparast-e vezaaratkhaane-ye ...". That is different from being an "acting Minister", since it does not have a mandate. Pouya, may I change it back? roozbeh 17:30, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't see any differnce. You mean he has a mandate?--Pouya 00:41, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Ahmad Sadegh-Bonab


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Nastran

NASTRAN is a finite element analysis (FEA) program that was originally developed for NASA in the late 1960s under United States government funding for the aerospace industry. The MacNeal-Schwendler Corporation (MSC) was one of the principal and original developers of the publicly available NASTRAN code. NASTRAN source code is integrated in a number of different software packages, which are distributed by a range of companies.

History
The 1964 annual review of NASA's structural dynamics research program revealed that the research centers were separately developing structural analysis software that was specific to their own needs. The review recommended that a single generic software program should be used instead. In response, an ad hoc committee was formed. The committee determined that no existing software could meet their requirements. They suggested establishing a cooperative project to develop this software and created a specification that outlined the capabilities for the software.

A contract was awarded to Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC) to develop the software. The first name used for the program during its development in the 1960s was GPSA, an acronym for General Purpose Structural Analysis. The eventual formal name approved by NASA for the program, NASTRAN, is an acronym formed from NASA STRuctural ANalysis. The NASTRAN system was released to NASA in 1968. In the late 1960s, the MacNeal-Schwendler Corporation (MSC) started to market and support its own version of NASTRAN, called MSC/NASTRAN (which eventually became MSC.Nastran). The original software architecture was developed by Joe Mule (NASA) and Gerald Sandler (NASA), and Stephen Burns (University of Rochester).

NASTRAN software application was written to help design more efficient space vehicles such as the Space Shuttle. NASTRAN was released to the public in 1971 by NASA's Office of Technology Utilization. The commercial use of NASTRAN has helped to analyze the behavior of elastic structures of any size, shape, or purpose. It is used for example in designing railroad tracks, cars, bridges, power plants, skyscrapers, aircraft and many more. The program alone was estimated to have returned $701 million in cost savings from 1971 to 1984. NASTRAN was inducted into the U.S. Space Foundation's Space Technology Hall of Fame in 1988, one of the first technologies to receive this prestigious honor.

The NASTRAN program has evolved over many versions. Each new version contains enhancements in analysis capability and numerical performance. Today, NASTRAN is widely used throughout the world in the aerospace, automotive and maritime industries. It has been claimed that NASTRAN is the industry standard for basic types of analysis for aerospace structures, e.g. linear, elastic, static, and dynamic analyses.

In 2001 the NASA released with the "NASA Classics" package also the NASTRAN source code to the public via Open Channel Software for fees.

In November 2002 MSC Software reached a final agreement with the FTC to resolve an antitrust case against the company in connection with two acquisitions of rival CAE vendors, Universal Analytics, Inc. (UAI) and Computerized Structural Analysis & Research Corp. (CSAR). The FTC had alleged the acquisitions represented anticompetitive activities. Under the terms of the settlement, MSC divested a clone copy of its current Nastran software. The divestiture was through royalty-free, perpetual, non-exclusive licenses to UGS Corporation. UGS Corporation was acquired by Siemens in 2007.

Commercial versions of NASTRAN are currently available from several vendors.

Software architecture
NASTRAN is written primarily in FORTRAN and contains over one million lines of code. NASTRAN is compatible with a large variety of computers and operating systems ranging from small workstations to the largest supercomputers.

NASTRAN was designed from the beginning to consist of several modules. A module is a collection of FORTRAN subroutines designed to perform a specific task—processing model geometry, assembling matrices, applying constraints, solving matrix problems, calculating output quantities, conversing with the database, printing the solution, and so on. The modules are controlled by an internal language called the Direct Matrix Abstraction Program (DMAP).

Each type of analysis available is called a solution sequence.

Some of the most common solution sequence codes are:
 * 101 - Linear Static
 * 103 - Modal
 * 105 - Buckling
 * 106 - Non-Linear Static
 * 107 - Direct Complex Eigenvalue
 * 108 - Direct Frequency Response
 * 109 - Direct Transient Response
 * 110 - Modal Complex Eigenvalue
 * 111 - Modal Frequency Response
 * 112 - Modal Transient Response
 * 129 - Nonlinear Transient
 * 144 - Static Aeroelastic Analysis
 * 145 - Flutter / Aeroservoelastic analysis
 * 146 - Dynamic Aeroelastic Analysis
 * 153 - Non-Linear static coupled with heat transfer
 * 159 - Nonlinear Transient coupled with Heat transfer
 * 187 - Dynamic Design Analysis Method
 * 200 - Design Optimization and Sensitivity analysis
 * 400 - Non-Linear Static and Dynamic (implicit) (MSC.NASTRAN native, supersedes 106, 129, 153 and 159 - part of MSC.NASTRAN)
 * 401 - Non-Linear Static, Dynamic, arc length, modal, etc. (Simcenter Nastran, formerly NX Nastran)
 * 402 - Non-Linear Static and Dynamic (implicit) (SAMCEF based for NX.NASTRAN)
 * 600 - Non-Linear Static and Dynamic (implicit) (front end to MSC.Marc - part of MSC.NASTRAN)
 * 601 - Implicit Non-Linear (ADINA for NX Nastran, will no longer be available in NX NASTRAN after 2020)
 * 700 - Explicit Non-Linear (LS Dyna plus MSC.Dytran - part of MSC.NASTRAN)
 * 701 - Explicit Non-Linear (ADINA for NX Nastran, will no longer be available in NX NASTRAN after 2020)

Associated software
NASTRAN is primarily a solver for finite element analysis. It does not have functionality that allows for graphically building a model or meshing. All input and output to the program is in the form of text files. However, multiple software vendors market pre- and post-processors designed to simplify building a finite element model and analyzing the results. These software tools include functionality to import and simplify CAD geometry, mesh with finite elements, and apply loads and restraints. The tools allow the user to submit an analysis to NASTRAN, and import the results and show them graphically. In addition to pre- and post-processing capabilities, several Nastran vendors have integrated more advanced nonlinear capabilities into their Nastran products.

NASTRAN options
The following software options, based on NASTRAN original source code are available:
 * MSC Nastran
 * NASTRAN-xMG (acquired by MSC Software)
 * NEi Nastran (A PC/Linux-based version of the original NASTRAN source code)
 * NX Nastran (acquired by Siemens Digital Industry Software re-branded to Simcenter Nastran)
 * Nastran distributed by the Open Channel Foundation

MSC Nastran
MSC Nastran is the original commercial Nastran product started by Dr. Richard MacNeal and Robert Schwendler in 1963. MSC Nastran is commonly utilized for performing structural analysis. Professor Caleb (Mac) McCormick a professor at Caltech was the key programmer at MSC who had an aha moment in applying matrix math to create structural analysis. Although utilized in every industry, it maintains a strong following in aerospace and automotive industries for performing computational stress and strain analysis of component and system level models of structures. Since 1963, MSC Nastran has continued to evolve and extend capabilities to dynamics, rotordynamics, nonlinear, thermal, high impact, NVH, fluid structural interactive and fatigue analysis. Today it couples with MSC Marc and LS-Dyna to provide highly nonlinear coupled analysis solutions.

NASTRAN-xMG
Built from the same base code as the original NASTRAN software created by NASA that includes the original NASTRAN architecture and DMAP language, NASTRAN-xMG provides unlimited problem size, high-speed solver technology, and substructuring analysis options. The principal founder of the company is Dr. Richard H. MacNeal.

NEi Nastran
NEi Nastran is a general purpose finite element analysis solver used to analyze linear and nonlinear stress, dynamics, and heat transfer characteristics of structures and mechanical components. It is available on a variety of platforms including 32/64-bit Windows and Linux. This software was acquired by Autodesk in May 2014.

Simcenter Nastran (formerly known as NX Nastran)
NX Nastran resulted from an FTC action against MSC Corporation for alleged antitrust activity. The antitrust settlement allowed the 2003 purchase of a royalty-free, perpetual license for the MSC.Nastran 2001 source code by UGS. UGS was previously the Unigraphics division of EDS. Nastran's CAE capabilities were added to NX Unigraphics' CAD and other components to form the EDS/UGS PLM Solutions product life-cycle management suite. This product line was acquired by SIEMENS in 2007 and became Siemens Digital Industry Software.

The purchase included a perpetual, worldwide, free of royalties, nonexclusive license of the software program MSC.Nastran v2001, other assets related to the software, and all copyright and trademark rights acquired as a result of MSC's acquisitions of Universal Analytics Inc. and Computerized Structural Analysis & Research Corp. in 1999.

Simcenter Nastran (NX Nastran) is now part of Siemens Digital Industry Software's Simcenter product portfolio as one of the main solvers within their Simcenter 3D CAE application.

OCF Nastran
Both source and binary copies of Nastran are available from the Open Channel Foundation for an annual license fee. This was part of the NASA COSMIC Collection distribution from the National Technology Transfer Center. It was published in June 2015 on GitHub.

Off-shoots
The success of NASTRAN led to development of many other finite element software. One such software is ASTROS that extended NASTRAN type capability to include structural optimization. Currently ASTROS is maintained by Zona Technology, Inc.

Competition
Currently there are numerous commercially available FEA products, some of them being able to read the NASTRAN input format although not bearing the name NASTRAN. Many of them are listed on the List of finite element software packages, CAE, and FEA pages (see categories below).

title: Nastran


text: Category:Gordon Downie albums

title: Category:Gordon Downie albums


text:
Etowah

Etowah is a Muskogee (Creek) word (Muscogee spelling: italwa) for 'town'/'people'/'tribe', and may also refer to:

Places in the United States

 * The Etowah River in Georgia
 * Etowah, Arkansas
 * Etowah, Georgia
 * Etowah, North Carolina
 * Etowah, Oklahoma
 * Etowah, Tennessee
 * Etowah, West Virginia
 * Etowah County, Alabama
 * Etowah Indian Mounds in Bartow County, Georgia

Other

 * Etowah (horse), the 1913 winner of the Kentucky Futurity trotting stakes race

title: Etowah


text:
Beach City

Beach City may refer to:

Places

 * Beach City, Ohio
 * Beach City, Texas
 * A nickname for Berbera
 * Beach City, Delmarva, a fictional town in the Cartoon Network show Steven Universe

Geography

 * A coastal settlement with accessible beaches

title: Beach City


text:
Waldron

Waldron may refer to:

People

 * Waldron (surname)
 * Waldron Fox-Decent (1937–2019), Canadian academic and political scientist
 * Waldron Smithers (1880–1954), British politician
 * Mal Waldron (1925–2002), American jazz pianist, composer and arranger
 * Adelbert Waldron (1933–1995), US Army sniper (Vietnam-era; most confirmed kills until 2011)
 * Jeremy Waldron (born 1953), New Zealand legal and political philosopher
 * John C. Waldron (1900-1942), American naval pilot who died leading a squadron in the Battle of Midway

United States

 * Waldron, Arkansas, a city
 * Aroma Park, Illinois, a village formerly known as Waldron
 * Waldron, Indiana, an unincorporated community
 * Waldron, Kansas, a city
 * Waldron, Michigan, a village
 * Waldron, Missouri, an unincorporated community
 * Waldron, Washington, an unincorporated community also known as Waldron Island
 * Waldron Ledge, Hawaii, which overlooks Kīlauea Caldera
 * Waldron Shale, Indiana, a geologic formation
 * Waldron Trail, a hiking trail on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon in Arizona

Antarctica

 * Cape Waldron, Wilkes Land
 * Mount Waldron, Ellsworth Mountains, Ellsworth Land
 * Waldron Spurs, Ross Dependency
 * Waldron Glacier, Wilkes Land

Elsewhere

 * Waldron, East Sussex, England
 * Waldron, Saskatchewan, Canada, a community
 * Waldron Cutting, a geological site in East Sussex, England
 * Namotu, an island in Fiji with the dual names of Namotu and Waldron

Other uses

 * Waldron High School (disambiguation), multiple high schools
 * Waldron School District, Scott County, Arkansas, United States
 * The Waldron, NHS building in Lewisham, London, England
 * USS Waldron (DD-699), a US Navy destroyer commissioned in 1944
 * The Waldron War, an 1870s conflict in Reconstruction-era Arkansas

title: Waldron


text:
Talk:Sumitomo Corporation

Naming
I moved this article back to Sumitomo Corporation after it was moved to Sumitomo Corp. based on Naming conventions (companies). My reading of that page leads me to think "Corporation" should be spelled out since the company itself consistently spells it out on their branding materials and self-references (cf. the logos and text at http://www.sumitomocorp.com/ and http://www.sumitomocorp.co.jp/english/). Mike Dillon 15:02, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

Hi I'm a excavator mechanic in Bangladesh, sumitomo SH210-6 It's a great excavator and a powerful machine
Hi 58.145.187.245 (talk) 05:48, 2 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sumitomo Corporation


text:
Berryville

Berryville may refer to:
 * Berryville, Arkansas
 * Berry, Kentucky, formerly known as Berryville
 * Berryville, Texas
 * Berryville, Virginia
 * Berryville, West Virginia

title: Berryville


text:
Talk:José Serra

Untitled
This article is extremely POV and ought to be rewritten. "In a trend that will continue for the next years, the right winged and elite administrated PSDB had a strong representation in the rich areas of the city, as Marta, the best mayor the city ever had, was not chosen by the elites at all." Regardless of this being true or not, it demonstrates an extremely biased perspective. Here is a better source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/2264161.stm I will try to rewrite this when I have more time later in the week. --68.82.189.218 17:36, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

NPOV/FHC
I removed references to FHC and his government. It was somewhat antagonistic, and this is more suitable for FHC's own page, being immaterial to Serra. --Dali-Llama 20:48, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

NPOV/Prestes Maia
I reverted the edit by BenUK. This is a very biased paragraph, and is nearly half the length of the article on Prestes Maia. We can make it shorter and more concise, introducing the issue and perhaps then linking it to the Prestes Maia article. --Dali-Llama 11:00, 15 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I removed the following: "Since taking office, his gentrification policy has made many hundreds of low-income families homeless." You'd need a source for this. I know he has a plan to "re-vitalize" downtown, but this is a serious charge. I also removed the following: "Controversially, Serra has decided to spend public funds to mount a massive police operation to evict over 1,600 people living there." Serra does not create legislation, and in this case, he does not enforce it. He does not control the police. In Brazil, police is a responsibility of the state government, not the municipal. Take a look at any picture of the eviction and you'll see gray uniforms--state police, with a state court mandate. The issue here is that the property tax owed by the owners is owed to the city. The owner wants R$14 million, when the back taxes only amount to R$6 million. Serra won't buy the building to give it to the squatters--he'd rather spend the money somewhere else. In fact, the eviction has just been delayed, so this is definitely not the last we've heard of this.

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title: Talk:José Serra


text:
Coweta (disambiguation)

Coweta can refer to:

Coweta (tribal town), one of four mother towns of the Muscogee Creek Confederacy

 * Coweta, Oklahoma, United States
 * Coweta Public Schools
 * Coweta High School
 * Coweta County, Georgia, United States

title: Coweta (disambiguation)


text:
Roy Z

Roy Z Ramirez (born February 1968) is an American guitarist, songwriter and record producer, best known for his work with Bruce Dickinson (from Iron Maiden), Halford, and Judas Priest. He also is the founder of Tribe of Gypsies, a Latin-influenced hard rock band. Roy also helped write and produce the band Life After Death in 1996.

Biography
Roy Z was born Roy Ramirez in Pacoima, Los Angeles, California, United States, but changed his name in the 1980s because he felt "ethnic names were not trendy at the time". Roy reversed Ramirez and became 'Roy Zerimar', though people began calling him 'Roy Z' for short. Roy began playing guitar and studying music at a young age, influenced by players such as Peter Green, Uli Roth, Jimmy Page, Frank Marino, Carlos Santana, Michael Schenker, Yngwie Malmsteen, Jeff Beck, and Robin Trower. He was featured in Mike Varney's "Spotlight" column in Guitar Player magazine.

A regular on the Southern California hard rock scene in the late 1980s, Roy played with several bands, including Seventh Thunder, Gypsy Moreno, Royal Flush, Driver, Warrior, and Mike Vescera. In 1991, Roy recorded a 5-song demo which netted a record deal with German indie label Dream Circle Records and led to the formation of Tribe of Gypsies.

When Bruce Dickinson split with Iron Maiden in 1993, he hand picked Roy and Tribe of Gypsies members Eddie Casillas (bass), David Ingraham (drums), and Doug van Booven (percussion) to complete his solo band. Adding a Latin feel to the metal legend's distinctive voice, the resulting album Balls to Picasso is a somewhat eclectic affair, ranging from the power ballad "Tears of the Dragon" (which also received a music video) to the doomy rocker "Cyclops". Although recorded in 1993, the self-titled Tribe of Gypsies debut album did not surface until 1996 when it was finally released on JVC/Victor in Japan. Three more releases followed in quick succession before the band finally toured the U.S. for the first time, supporting Santana on a handful of dates on the Supernatural tour.

After the commercial failure of his alternative rock styled Skunkworks album in 1996, Bruce Dickinson re-teamed with Roy on 1997's critically acclaimed Accident of Birth which also featured guitarist Adrian Smith (of Iron Maiden). The band would follow up strongly with 1998's The Chemical Wedding, a concept album with a darker feel but equally praised along with Accident of Birth as a fan favorite, even jokingly called by some "The best Iron Maiden album since Seventh Son."

Roy gained widespread industry acclaim for his work with Dickinson, and in 2000 he was tapped to produce the Rob Halford solo album Resurrection, which featured the duet "The One You Love to Hate" with Dickinson, as well as Helloween's The Dark Ride. Roy would go on to produce and co-write every Halford album to date as well as taking over on guitar for the departing Pat Lachman in 2003. Roy also re-connected with his former Driver bandmate, vocalist Rob Rock, for a series of albums starting with 2000's Rage of Creation.

Roy and Bruce again teamed up in 2003 to write and record Tyranny of Souls, released on Sanctuary Records. The pair could not find time to write the album together, so Roy would send riffs to Bruce, who was on the road with Iron Maiden, and Bruce would write melodies and lyrics. The album was recorded in Roy's studio, and featured session players on drums and bass. Roy himself took a turn on bass for 2 songs, "Believil" and "Power of the Sun." Vocals for the album were done in less than 2 weeks, with Bruce sleeping on a cot in the studio to maximize time. Dickinson had also been injured during a fall at an Iron Maiden show and was all but unable to stand. The album had to be shelved for more than eight months (later released in 2005), however, when in 2004, Roy got the call to produce and mix Judas Priest's reunion album Angel of Retribution. Shortly thereafter, Roy was tapped by former Skid Row frontman Sebastian Bach to produce his 2007 solo album, Angel Down, which included a guest vocal appearance by Guns N' Roses mainman Axl Rose. In 2008, Roy and Rob Rock re-activated their long dormant band Driver and released their full-length debut, Sons of Thunder, which included re-recordings of the songs from the band's 1990 cassette EP. Roy also took part in the Halford reunion and has played guitar alongside "Metal" Mike Chlasciak on all subsequent studio and live releases since, starting with the 2009 Christmas album, Halford III: Winter Songs. Roy has also continued his production work, including Ravenous by Swedish heavy metal band Wolf in 2009 and Brazilian thrashers Sepultura's twelfth album, Kairos, in 2011.

In March 2013, news leaked that Roy was once again working with Bruce Dickinson and that the project would also involve former Scorpions guitarist Uli Jon Roth with whom both Z and Dickinson have performed live on different occasions. Ultimately, no new album with Dickinson would materialize but Dickinson has since acknowledged that "If Eternity Should Fail", the opener on Iron Maiden's 2015 album, The Book of Souls, stemmed from writing and demo sessions with Roy, although Dickinson is listed as the sole writer in the credits.

In 2014, Z's band, Tribe of Gypsies, were invited to play the Rock of Ages Festival in Seebronn, Germany, their first and only show on the European continent to date. They also played a rare L.A. show supporting Latin all-stars De La Tierra, led by Sepultura's Andreas Kisser. In early 2016, Tribe released a video for "Yeah!", their first new song since 2006's Dweller on the Threshold.

Z has continued to keep busy working as a producer, engineer and mixer, most recently with artists such as former Nevermore vocalist Warrel Dane, Peruvian metal band Flor de Loto, Russian rockers Aria, and all-star project Spirits of Fire featuring Tim "Ripper" Owens (ex-Judas Priest, Iced Earth), Chris Caffery (Savatage, Trans-Siberian Orchestra), Steve Di Giorgio (Testament, Death), and Mark Zonder (ex-Fates Warning, Warlord). Z also co-wrote, played guitar on and produced the 2019 West Bound debut album, Volume One, a project fronted by his former Tribe of Gypsies bandmate, vocalist Chas West (Jason Bonham Band, Resurrection Kings).

After 11 years, in 2024, the album Bruce Dickinson and Roy have worked on has been finally released. It was named The Mandrake Project and it is a concept album following about Dr. Necropolis.

with Bruce Dickinson

 * 1994 Balls to Picasso
 * 1997 Accident of Birth
 * 1998 The Chemical Wedding
 * 1999 Scream for Me Brazil
 * 2002 The Best of Bruce Dickinson
 * 2005 Tyranny of Souls
 * 2006 Anthology (DVD)
 * 2024 The Mandrake Project

with Tribe of Gypsies

 * 1996 Tribe of Gypsies
 * 1997 Nothing Lasts Forever
 * 1998 Revolucion 13
 * 2000 Standing on the Shoulders of Giants aka Tribe of Gypsies III
 * 2006 Dweller on the Threshold

with Rob Rock

 * 2000 Rage of Creation
 * 2003 Eyes of Eternity
 * 2005 Holy Hell
 * 2007 Garden of Chaos

with Driver

 * 1990 Driver cassette EP
 * 2008 Sons of Thunder
 * 2012 Countdown

with Halford

 * 2006 Metal God Essentials, Vol. 1
 * 2009 Halford III: Winter Songs
 * 2010 Live in Anaheim CD & DVD
 * 2010 Halford IV: Made of Metal
 * 2011 Halford Live at Saitama Super Arena DVD

with West Bound

 * 2019 Volume One

Guest appearances

 * 1995 Various – Rattlesnake Guitar – The Music of Peter Green (guitars on "Oh Well")
 * 1997 Last Temptation – Last Temptation (lead guitar on "Real Love"; lead & additional rhythm guitar on "Voodou Man")
 * 1998 Warrior – Ancient Future (guitar on 6 songs)
 * 1999 MVP – Animation (lead guitar on "Chances" and "Animation")
 * 1999 Steel Prophet – Dark Hallucinations (lead guitar on "We Are Not Alone")
 * 2000 Glenn Hughes – From the Archives Volume I - Incense & Peaches (guitar on "Let's Get Together")
 * 2000 Various – Randy Rhoads Tribute (lead guitar on "Goodbye to Romance")
 * 2001 W.A.S.P. – Unholy Terror (lead guitar on "Who Slayed Baby Jane?" and "Wasted White Boys")
 * 2003 Cage – Darker Than Black (lead guitar on "Wings of Destruction" and "March of the Cage")
 * 2005 Tribuzy – Execution (lead guitar on "Beast in the Light")
 * 2007 Mnemic – Passenger (lead guitar on "Meaningless")
 * 2007 Tribuzy – Execution Live Reunion DVD (guitar on "Tears of the Dragon" and "Beast in the Light")
 * 2011 Ray Burke – Humanity Street (guitar on "Planet Funk", "Sands of Time" and "Outerbass")
 * 2017 Ian Ray Logan – King of Twilight (lead guitar on "Blaze of Glory")
 * 2021 Offensive – Awenasa (lead guitar on "Seer of Vision")

Production discography

 * 1994 Downset – Downset
 * 1995 Klover – Beginning to End (EP)
 * 1995 Klover – Feel Lucky Punk
 * 1995 Tree – Downsizing the American Dream
 * 1996 Life After Death – Life After Death
 * 1996 Tribe of Gypsies – Tribe of Gypsies
 * 1996 Downset – Do We Speak a Dead Language?
 * 1997 Bruce Dickinson – Accident of Birth
 * 1997 Last Temptation – Last Temptation
 * 1997 Roadsaw – Nationwide
 * 1997 Tribe of Gypsies – Nothing Lasts Forever
 * 1998 Bruce Dickinson – The Chemical Wedding
 * 1998 Tribe of Gypsies – Revolucion 13
 * 1999 Bruce Dickinson – Scream for Me Brazil
 * 2000 Downset – Check Your People
 * 2000 Halford – Resurrection
 * 2000 Helloween – The Dark Ride
 * 2000 Rob Rock – Rage of Creation
 * 2000 Tribe of Gypsies – Standing on the Shoulders of Giants
 * 2001 Halford – Live Insurrection
 * 2001 Bruce Dickinson – The Best of Bruce Dickinson
 * 2002 Halford – Crucible
 * 2002 Halford – Fourging the Furnace (EP)
 * 2003 Rob Rock – Eyes of Eternity
 * 2005 Judas Priest – Angel of Retribution

 * 2005 Bruce Dickinson – Tyranny of Souls
 * 2005 Rob Rock – Holy Hell
 * 2007 Sebastian Bach – Angel Down
 * 2007 André Matos – Time to Be Free
 * 2007 Rob Rock – Garden of Chaos
 * 2008 Yngwie Malmsteen –  Perpetual Flame
 * 2008 Halford – Live at Rock in Rio III DVD
 * 2008 Driver – Sons of Thunder
 * 2009 Wolf – Ravenous
 * 2009 Massacration – Good Blood Headbanguers
 * 2009 Halford – Halford III: Winter Songs
 * 2010 Halford – Live in Anaheim CD & DVD
 * 2010 Halford – Halford IV: Made of Metal
 * 2011 Halford – Halford Live at Saitama Super Arena DVD
 * 2011 Sepultura – Kairos
 * 2011 DownSiid – Life of Lies
 * 2012 Imminent Sonic Destruction – Recurring Themes
 * 2012 Driver – Countdown
 * 2013 Leatherwolf – Unchained
 * 2014 Immortal Guardian – Revolution Part I
 * 2014 Kattah – Lapis Lazuli
 * 2015 Jupiter Falls – Revolution
 * 2018 Flor de Loto – Eclipse
 * 2018 Aria – Curse of the Seas
 * 2019 Spirits of Fire – Spirits of Fire
 * 2019 West Bound – Volume One

title: Roy Z


text:
User talk:Introspect9

Spencer MacEachern is a singer/songwriter from Markham, Ontario, Canada. His website can be seen here.

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title: User talk:Introspect9


text:
Shirali Muslimov

Shirali Farzali oghlu Muslumov, also spelled as Muslimov (Şirəli Fərzəli oğlu Müslümov, pronounced ; Ширали Фарзали оглы Муслимов; allegedly March 26, 1805? – September 2, 1973) was an Azerbaijani shepherd of Talysh ethnicity from the village of Barzavu in the Lerik District of Azerbaijan, a mountainous area near the Iranian border. He claimed to be the oldest person who ever lived when he died on September 2, 1973, at the alleged age of 168. In 1966, the studio Azerbaijanfilm shot a documentary film about him, Shirali descended from the mountain.

Life
A brief description of Muslimov's life was first published in an article for Life magazine in 1966. The article alleged that Muslimov was born in Barzavu in 1805 and that he was given a copper plate with his birth date and name inscribed. The plate was lost and was never verified but Muslimov was issued a passport in 1939. The article also alleged that Muslimov was never sick, worked full days and ate a diet consisting of rice soup, sheep milk, boiled meat, sweet tea and yogurt. Muslimov claimed that he could recall incidents from 150 years ago such as bandits attacking his village. In the absence of accurate records such as a birth certificate, gerontologists have disputed Muslimov's age claims.

Muslimov's story was picked up in 1973 by National Geographic, which told that on occasion he still rode horseback and tended an orchard planted in the 1870s. National Geographic later recanted on the claim. According to his obituary, published by Time, when Muslimov was 136 years old, he married 57-year-old Khatum-Khanum (1884–1988), and on the same year a baby girl was born to his family. This is the most advanced age in the whole world history which saw a man to become a father. His father lived for 110 years, mother - 90, and his last - third wife - 104 years outliving her husband for 15 years.

The only evidence in favour of Muslumov's age claim is a passport that listed his birthdate. Muslumov had no known birth certificate.

Fame
The case of Muslumov became known in 1963, when a young photojournalist of TASS, Kalman Kaspiev, went to Barzavu to interview the centenarian. The story was picked up by the Soviet press, by National Geographic, and by the Danone company, which for promotional reasons suggested that the longevity of Muslumov was linked to a diet of dairy, and yogurt in particular. This interest changed the life of the small Azerbaijani village, which was connected to the electricity grid and started receiving radio and television broadcasts.

In the 1970s, Westerners were made aware of these extreme claims of longevity in Azerbaijan and elsewhere in the Caucasus region when a U.S. Danone yogurt commercial invoked some of these people to suggest that the secret of their long lives lay in the frequent consumption of yogurt. However, the idea that peoples of the Caucasus region live longer because of eating yogurt is a myth not supported by any factual evidence.

title: Shirali Muslimov


text:
Leakage inductance

Leakage inductance derives from the electrical property of an imperfectly coupled transformer whereby each winding behaves as a self-inductance in series with the winding's respective ohmic resistance constant. These four winding constants also interact with the transformer's mutual inductance. The winding leakage inductance is due to leakage flux not linking with all turns of each imperfectly coupled winding.

Leakage reactance is usually the most important element of a power system transformer due to power factor, voltage drop, reactive power consumption and fault current considerations.

Leakage inductance depends on the geometry of the core and the windings. Voltage drop across the leakage reactance results in often undesirable supply regulation with varying transformer load. But it can also be useful for harmonic isolation (attenuating higher frequencies) of some loads.

Leakage inductance applies to any imperfectly coupled magnetic circuit device including motors.

Leakage inductance and inductive coupling factor
The magnetic circuit's flux that does not interlink both windings is the leakage flux corresponding to primary leakage inductance LPσ and secondary leakage inductance LSσ. Referring to Fig. 1, these leakage inductances are defined in terms of transformer winding open-circuit inductances and associated coupling coefficient or coupling factor $$k$$.

The primary open-circuit self-inductance is given by

 * $$L_{oc}^{pri}=L_P=L_M+L_P^\sigma$$ -- (Eq. 1.1a)

where

 * $$L_P^\sigma=L_P\cdot{(1-k)}$$ -- (Eq. 1.1b)
 * $$L_M=L_P\cdot{k}$$ -- (Eq. 1.1c)

and

 * $$L_{oc}^{pri}=L_P$$ is primary self-inductance
 * $$L_P^\sigma$$ is primary leakage inductance
 * $$L_M$$ is magnetizing inductance
 * $$k$$ is inductive coupling coefficient

Measuring basic transformer inductances & coupling factor

Transformer self-inductances $$L_P$$ & $$L_S$$ and mutual inductance $$M$$ are, in additive and subtractive series connection of the two windings, given by,

 * in additive connection,
 * $$L_{ser}^{+}=L_P+L_S+2M$$, and,

 * in subtractive connection,
 * $$L_{ser}^{-}=L_P+L_S-2M$$

 * such that these transformer inductances can be determined from the following three equations:
 * $$L_{ser}^{+}-L_{ser}^{-}=4M$$
 * $$L_{ser}^{+}+L_{ser}^{-}=2 \cdot (L_{P}+L_{S})$$
 * $$L_P=a^2.L_S$$.

The coupling factor is derived from the inductance value measured across one winding with the other winding short-circuited according to the following:

 * Per Eq. 2.7,
 * $$L_{sc}^{pri}=L_S\cdot{(1-k^2)}$$ and $$L_{sc}^{sec}=L_P\cdot{(1-k^2)}$$
 * Such that
 * $$k=\sqrt{1-\frac{L_{sc}^{pri}}{L_S}}=\sqrt{1-\frac{L_{sc}^{sec}}{L_P}}$$

The Campbell bridge circuit can also be used to determine transformer self-inductances and mutual inductance using a variable standard mutual inductor pair for one of the bridge sides.

It therefore follows that the open-circuit self-inductance and inductive coupling factor $$k$$ are given by
 * $$L_{oc}^{sec}=L_S=L_{M2}+L_S^\sigma$$ -- (Eq. 1.2), and,
 * $$k=\frac {\left | M\right|}{\sqrt{L_PL_S}}$$, with 0 < $$k$$ < 1 -- (Eq. 1.3)

where
 * $$L_S^\sigma=L_S\cdot{(1-k)}$$
 * $$L_{M2}=L_S\cdot {k}$$

and

 * $$M$$ is mutual inductance
 * $$L_{oc}^{sec}=L_S$$ is secondary self-inductance
 * $$L_S^\sigma$$ is secondary leakage inductance
 * $$L_{M2}= L_M/a^2$$ is magnetizing inductance referred to the secondary
 * $$k$$ is inductive coupling coefficient
 * $$a \equiv \sqrt {\frac {L_p} {L_s}} \approx N_P/N_S$$ is the approximate turns ratio

The electric validity of the transformer diagram in Fig. 1 depends strictly on open-circuit conditions for the respective winding inductances considered. More generalized circuit conditions are as developed in the next two sections.

Inductive leakage factor and inductance
A nonideal linear two-winding transformer can be represented by two mutual inductance-coupled circuit loops linking the transformer's five impedance constants as shown in Fig. 2. where

 * M is mutual inductance
 * $$R_P$$ & $$R_S$$ are primary and secondary winding resistances
 * Constants $$M$$, $$L_P$$, $$L_S$$, $$R_P$$ & $$R_S$$ are measurable at the transformer's terminals
 * Coupling factor $$k$$ is defined as
 * $$k=\left | M\right |/\sqrt{L_PL_S}$$, where 0 < $$k$$ < 1 -- (Eq. 2.1)

The winding turns ratio $$a$$ is in practice given as
 * $$a=\sqrt{L_P/L_S}=N_P/N_S\approx v_P/v_S \approx i_S/i_P=$$ -- (Eq. 2.2).

where

 * NP & NS are primary and secondary winding turns
 * vP & vS and iP & iS are primary & secondary winding voltages & currents.

The nonideal transformer's mesh equations can be expressed by the following voltage and flux linkage equations,

 * $$v_P=R_P \cdot i_P+\frac{d\Psi{_P}}{dt}$$ -- (Eq. 2.3)
 * $$v_S=-R_S \cdot i_S-\frac{d\Psi{_S}}{dt}$$ -- (Eq. 2.4)
 * $$\Psi_P=L_P \cdot i_P-M \cdot i_S$$ -- (Eq. 2.5)
 * $$\Psi_S=L_S \cdot i_S-M \cdot i_P$$ -- (Eq. 2.6),

 * where

 * $$\Psi$$ is flux linkage
 * $$\frac {d \Psi}{d t}$$ is derivative of flux linkage with respect to time.

These equations can be developed to show that, neglecting associated winding resistances, the ratio of a winding circuit's inductances and currents with the other winding short-circuited and at open-circuit test is as follows,

 * $$\sigma=1-\frac{M^2}{L_PL_S}=1-k^2\approx\frac{L_{sc}}{L_{oc}}\approx \frac{L_{sc}^{sec}}{L_P}\approx\frac{L_{sc}^{pri}}{L_S}\approx\frac{i_{oc}}{i_{sc}}$$ -- (Eq. 2.7),

 * where,

 * ioc & isc are open-circuit and short-circuit currents
 * Loc & Lsc are open-circuit and short-circuit inductances.
 * $$\sigma$$ is the inductive leakage factor or Heyland factor
 * $$L_{sc}^{pri}$$ & $$L_{sc}^{sec}$$ are primary and secondary short-circuited leakage inductances.

The transformer inductance can be characterized in terms of the three inductance constants as follows,
 * $$L_M=a{M}$$ -- (Eq. 2.8)
 * $$L_P^\sigma=L_P-a{M}$$ -- (Eq. 2.9)
 * $$L_S^\sigma=L_S-{M}/a$$ -- (Eq. 2.10) ,

where,
 * LM is magnetizing inductance, corresponding to magnetizing reactance XM
 * LPσ & LSσ are primary & secondary leakage inductances, corresponding to primary & secondary leakage reactances XPσ & XSσ.

The transformer can be expressed more conveniently as the equivalent circuit in Fig. 3 with secondary constants referred (i.e., with prime superscript notation) to the primary,
 * $$L_S^{\sigma\prime}=a^2L_S-aM$$
 * $$R_S^\prime=a^2R_S$$
 * $$V_S^\prime=aV_S$$
 * $$I_S^\prime=I_S/a$$.

Since
 * $$k=M/\sqrt{L_PL_S}$$ -- (Eq. 2.11)

and

 * $$a=\sqrt{L_P/L_S}$$ -- (Eq. 2.12),

we have
 * $$aM=\sqrt{L_P/L_S} \cdot k \cdot \sqrt{L_PL_S}=kL_P$$ -- (Eq. 2.13),

which allows expression of the equivalent circuit in Fig. 4 in terms of winding leakage and magnetizing inductance constants as follows,
 * $$L_P^\sigma=L_S^{\sigma\prime}=L_P \cdot (1-k)$$ -- (Eq. 2.14 $$\equiv$$ Eq. 1.1b)
 * $$L_M=kL_P$$ -- (Eq. 2.15 $$\equiv$$ Eq. 1.1c).

The nonideal transformer in Fig. 4 can be shown as the simplified equivalent circuit in Fig. 5, with secondary constants referred to the primary and without ideal transformer isolation, where,
 * $$i_M = i_P - i_S^'$$ -- (Eq. 2.16)
 * $$i_M$$ is magnetizing current excited by flux ΦM that links both primary and secondary windings
 * $$i_P$$ is the primary current
 * $$i_S'$$ is the secondary current referred to the primary side of the transformer.

Refined inductive leakage factor
Refined inductive leakage factor derivation

a. Per Eq. 2.1 & IEC IEV 131-12-41 inductive coupling factor $$k$$ is given by
 * $$k=\left | M\right | /\sqrt{L_PL_S}$$ - (Eq. 2.1):

b. Per Eq. 2.7 & IEC IEV 131-12-42 Inductive leakage factor $$\sigma$$ is given by
 * $$\sigma=1-k^2=1-\frac{M^2}{L_PL_S}$$ -- (Eq. 2.7) & (Eq. 3.7a)

c. $$\frac{M^2}{L_PL_S}$$ multiplied by $$\frac{a^2}{a^2}$$ gives
 * $$\sigma=1-\frac{a^2M^2}{L_Pa^2L_S}$$ - (Eq. 3.7b)

d. Per Eq. 2-8 & knowing that $$a^2L_S=L_S^\prime$$
 * $$\sigma=1-\frac{L_M^2}{L_PL_S^\prime}$$ -- (Eq. 3.7c)

e. $$\frac{L_M^2}{L_PL_S^\prime}$$ multiplied by $$\frac{L_M.L_M}{L_M^2}$$ gives
 * $$\sigma=1-\frac{1}{\frac{L_P}{L_M}.\frac{L_S^\prime}{L_M}}$$ -- (Eq. 3.7d)

f. Per Eq. 3.5 $$ \approx$$ Eq. 1.1b & Eq. 2.14 and Eq. 3.6 $$ \approx$$ Eq. 1.1b & Eq. 2.14:
 * $$\sigma=1-\frac{1}{(1+\sigma_P)(1+\sigma_S)}$$ --- (Eq.3.7e)

All equations in this article assume steady-state constant-frequency waveform conditions the $$k$$ & $$\sigma$$ values of which are dimensionless, fixed, finite & positive but less than 1.

Referring to the flux diagram in Fig. 6, the following equations hold:
 * σP = ΦPσ/ΦM = LPσ/LM -- (Eq. 3.1 $$\approx$$ Eq. 2.7)

In the same way,
 * σS = ΦSσ'/ΦM = LSσ'/LM -- (Eq. 3.2 $$\approx$$ Eq. 2.7)

And therefore,
 * ΦP = ΦM + ΦPσ = ΦM + σPΦM = (1 + σP)ΦM -- (Eq. 3.3)

 * ΦS' = ΦM + ΦSσ' = ΦM + σSΦM = (1 + σS)ΦM -- (Eq. 3.4)

 * LP = LM + LPσ = LM + σPLM = (1 + σP)LM -- (Eq. 3.5 $$ \approx$$ Eq. 1.1b & Eq. 2.14)

 * LS' = LM + LSσ' = LM + σSLM = (1 + σS)LM -- (Eq. 3.6 $$\approx$$ Eq. 1.1b & Eq. 2.14),

where

 * σP & σS are, respectively, primary leakage factor & secondary leakage factor

 * ΦM & LM are, respectively, mutual flux & magnetizing inductance

 * ΦPσ & LPσ are, respectively, primary leakage flux & primary leakage inductance

 * ΦSσ' & LSσ' are, respectively, secondary leakage flux & secondary leakage inductance both referred to the primary.

The leakage ratio σ can thus be refined in terms of the interrelationship of above winding-specific inductance and Inductive leakage factor equations as follows:

 * $$\sigma=1-\frac{M^2}{L_PL_S}=1-\frac{a^2M^2}{L_Pa^2L_S}=1-\frac{L_M^2}{L_PL_S{^'}}=1-\frac{1}{\frac{L_P}{L_M}.\frac{L_S^'}{L_M}} =1-\frac{1}{(1+\sigma_P)(1+\sigma_S)}$$ -- (Eq. 3.7a to 3.7e).

Applications
Leakage inductance can be an undesirable property, as it causes the voltage to change with loading. In many cases it is useful. Leakage inductance has the useful effect of limiting the current flows in a transformer (and load) without itself dissipating power (excepting the usual non-ideal transformer losses). Transformers are generally designed to have a specific value of leakage inductance such that the leakage reactance created by this inductance is a specific value at the desired frequency of operation. In this case, actually working useful parameter is not the leakage inductance value but the short-circuit inductance value.

Commercial and distribution transformers rated up to say 2,500 kVA are usually designed with short-circuit impedances of between about 3% and 6% and with a corresponding $$X/R$$ ratio (winding reactance/winding resistance ratio) of between about 3 and 6, which defines the percent secondary voltage variation between no-load and full load. Thus for purely resistive loads, such transformers' full-to-no-load voltage regulation will be between about 1% and 2%.

High leakage reactance transformers are used for some negative resistance applications, such as neon signs, where a voltage amplification (transformer action) is required as well as current limiting. In this case the leakage reactance is usually 100% of full load impedance, so even if the transformer is shorted out it will not be damaged. Without the leakage inductance, the negative resistance characteristic of these gas discharge lamps would cause them to conduct excessive current and be destroyed.

Transformers with variable leakage inductance are used to control the current in arc welding sets. In these cases, the leakage inductance limits the current flow to the desired magnitude. Transformer leakage reactance has a large role in limiting circuit fault current within the maximum allowable value in the power system.

In addition, the leakage inductance of a HF-transformer can replace a series inductor in a resonant converter. In contrast, connecting a conventional transformer and an inductor in series results in the same electric behavior as of a leakage transformer, but this can be advantageous to reduce the eddy current losses in the transformer windings caused by the stray field.

title: Leakage inductance


text:
Gotarzes

Gotarzes ( Gōtarz, Γωτάρζης Gōtarzēs) was the name of two Parthian kings:
 * Gotarzes I c. 95–90 BC
 * Gotarzes II c. 40–51 AD

title: Gotarzes


text:
Johannes Gossner

Johannes Evangelista Gossner (14 December 1773 – 20 March 1858), German divine and philanthropist, was born at Hausen near Augsburg.

He was educated at the University of Dillingen, where he studied for priesthood with two years course of Philosophy, and Physics in 1791. He, like Martin Boos and others, came under the spell of the Evangelical movement promoted by Johann Michael Sailer, the professor of pastoral theology. He moved to Neuburg in 1790’s where he was influenced by the movement of revival in South Bavaria known as "The Awakening".

After taking priests' orders, Gossner held livings at Dirlewang (1804-1811) and Munich (1811-1817). His evangelical tendencies led to difficulties when he was taken to church court in 1802 and eventually brought about his dismissal. In 1826 he formally left the Roman Catholic for the Protestant communion. As Reformed (Calvinist) minister of Bethlehem's Church (1829-1846), a Lutheran and Reformed simultaneum in Berlin, he was conspicuous not only for practical and effective preaching, but for the founding of schools, asylums and missionary agencies.

In 1836, he founded the Gossner Mission, which aimed for a holistic understanding of mission (preaching the gospel and church social service). Its purpose was “to train young men from the craftsman class and every other class in a shorter and less expensive way than usual to become assistants in the mission, to become deacons, catechists, school teachers and collaborators in the holy work.” They have to work in “apostolic, unbound and humble simplicity”, following the example of the congregation of the Moravian Church “under the presidency of Jesus Christ.“ Missionaries were initially sent out to Australia. This missionary work is still active today in Germany and, among other places, in India and Nepal.

Lives of Gossner were written by Bethmann Hollweg (Berlin, 1858) and Hermann Dalton (Berlin, 1878).

Works

 * John Goszner's Treasury: Bible Meditations for Each Day in the Year, With Devotional Songs to the Furtherance of Family Prayer and Piety
 * The Heart of Man: Either a Temple of God, Or a Habitation of Satan : Represented in Ten Emblematical Figures, Calculated to Awaken and Promote a Christian Disposition
 * The Spiritual Casket of Daily Bible Meditations; for the Furtherance of Family Godliness and Devotion
 * Protestant House Pulpit
 * The Bohemian Martyrs and Emigrants (1831)
 * Die Biene auf dem Missionsfeld ("The bee on the mission field") (Mission Journal)

title: Johannes Gossner


text:
Kashima District

Kashima District is either:
 * Kashima District, Ibaraki, Japan
 * Kashima District, Ishikawa, Japan

title: Kashima District


text:
George Athans

George Athans (born 6 July 1952) is a Canadian retired competitive water skier. During his career he won 10 consecutive national titles from 1965 to 1974, the first at age 13. Also known as George Athans Jr. to distinguish him from his father, Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame diver George Athans Sr.

Born in Kelowna, British Columbia, Athans was a member of the Canadian water ski team from 1966 to 1974 and participated in his first world championship in 1967. Athans won the world water ski championship in 1971 and 1973 and was named Canada's male amateur athlete of the year in both of those years. At his final national championship in 1974, his closest competitor was his brother, Greg Athans. A knee injury prevented Athans from competing for the Canadian title in 1975 and he retired from competition.

During his competitive career, Athans moved to Montreal to attend Sir George Williams University. He competed in the Canadian Superstars competition in 1978 (finishing fourth) and 1979 (second). Following his retirement, Athans worked as a commentator for CBC Sports and founded Athans Communications, a video production company based in Montreal.

Athans was made a Member of the Order of Canada in 1974 and has been inducted into the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame (1971), Canada's Sports Hall of Fame (1974), the Quebec Sports Hall of Fame (1980), the International Water Ski Federation Hall of Fame (1993), and the Water Ski and Wakeboard Canada Hall of Fame (2004).

title: George Athans


text:
François Jules Edmond Got

François Jules Edmond Got (1 October 1822, in Lignerolles, Orne – 21 March 1901, in Passy, a district in Paris) was a French stage actor, comedian, and opera librettist.

Edmond Got entered the Conservatoire in 1841, winning the second prize for comedy that year and the first in 1842. After a year of military service he made his debut at the Comédie Française on 17 July 1844, as Alexis in Les Héritiers and Mascarelles in Les Précieuses ridicules. He was immediately admitted pensionnaire, and became sociétaire in 1850. By special permission of the emperor in 1866 he played at the Odéon in Emile Augier's Contagion. His golden jubilee at the Théâtre Français was celebrated in 1894, and he made his final appearance the year after.

Got was a fine representative of the grand style of French acting, and was much admired in England as well as in Paris. He wrote two librettos for operas by Edmond Membrée (1820-1892), François Villon (1857) and L'Esclave (1874). In 1881, he was decorated with the cross of the Legion of Honour.

title: François Jules Edmond Got