text:
Robinson Secondary School

James W. Robinson, Jr. Secondary School, commonly known as Robinson Secondary School, is a six-year public school in the Fairfax, Virginia, a Northern Virginia suburb southwest of Washington, D.C.

Opened in 1971, Robinson is located south of Braddock Road near George Mason University, and is administered by the Fairfax County Public Schools. It offers the International Baccalaureate program, and has approximately 3,900 students in grades 7–12. Robinson's school colors are royal blue and gold, and the school mascot is a ram.

History
Robinson was named after Medal of Honor recipient James W. Robinson, Jr., the first resident of Virginia to be awarded the medal during the Vietnam War. Sergeant Robinson, age 25, was fatally wounded under heroic circumstances in South Vietnam 58.61682186843607 years ago in April 1966, while serving in the infantry in the U.S. Army.

The school opened its doors in September 1971, taking its students from Fairfax, W.T. Woodson, Oakton, and West Springfield high schools. It was the second of Fairfax County's "secondary schools," or "superschools," which housed grades 7–12. Lake Braddock, which opened two years later in 1973, was the third of these schools from this era. The first was Hayfield, near Mount Vernon, which opened in 1968, and the most recent is South County in Lorton, which opened in 2005, taking its students from former Hayfield territory. South County has since reverted to high school status with the opening of South County Middle School near the school's athletic gym.

Awards and recognitions
Robinson won the 2018–19 Wells Fargo Cup race, which is presented annually to Virginia public high schools that have "demonstrated extraordinary success in academic activities throughout the year". This is the first time Robinson has won the Wells Fargo Cup for Academics.

Demographics
For the 2018–19 school year, Robinson's grade 9–12 student body was 59.05% White, 13.69% Asian, 14.66% Hispanic, 5.89% Black and 6.71% other races. The grade 7–8 student body was 57.46% White, 13.27% Asian, 14.92% Hispanic, 6.68% Black and 7.67% other races.

LSD scandal
In 1991, Robinson was the center of an LSD trafficking scandal in which a drug ring sold more than 100,000 doses of LSD over two years. The ring was exposed when a 16-year-old Robinson student shot and wounded a Fairfax police officer. In the course of the investigation it was revealed that six Robinson and Lake Braddock graduates were receiving large quantities of the drug through the mail. One of the men who was facing the harshest penalties faked suicide and fled the area, only to be caught two years later in St. Louis and sentenced to 24 years in prison with no possibility of parole.

Notable alumni

 * Dan Adams, former linebacker, Holy Cross and former NCAA record holder and for most unassisted tackles in a game (21)
 * Samir Badr, former professional soccer player
 * Bonnie X Clyde members Daniel Litman and Paige Lopynski, electronic dance musicians
 * Dave Brockie, founder, guitarist, and vocalist, of Gwar
 * Shawn Camp, former professional baseball player
 * Drew Courtney, former professional tennis player
 * Andrew Dumm, long-distance runner, winner of the 2008 Marine Corps Marathon
 * Steve Dunn, former professional baseball player, Minnesota Twins
 * Jill Ellis, head coach, United States women's national soccer team
 * Scott Ellis, Broadway director; five-time Tony Award nominee, Emmy nominee; received the Drama Desk Award
 * Dan Gill, former gymnast
 * John Gilstrap, thriller novelist and New York Times best selling author
 * Mike Imoh, running back, Virginia Tech and Montreal Alouettes of CFL
 * Lucas Kozeniesky,r standing men's 10 metre air rifle, 2016 Summer Olympics
 * Jae Lee (Class of 1990) - artist, Marvel Comics, DC Comics, Image Comics, and Dynamite Entertainment
 * Kjell N. Lindgren, NASA astronaut who spent five months on the International Space Station as part of Expedition 44 in 2015
 * Alfonso H. Lopez, former Obama administration official and member, Virginia House of Delegates
 * Javier López, former professional baseball player, San Francisco Giants
 * Carmen Lynch, stand-up comedian
 * Megan McCarthy, former international soccer player
 * Rob Muzzio, two Time NCAA Decathlon Champion, 5th-place in Decathlon in 1992 Summer Olympics
 * Rob Olson, former international soccer player
 * Joel Patten, tight end and tackle at Duke, NFL tackle with Cleveland Browns, Indianapolis Colts, San Diego Chargers, and L.A. Raiders. USFL tackle with the Washington Federals and Orlando Renegades.
 * Alex Riley, professional wrestler
 * Byron Saxton, professional wrestler
 * Mike Schleibaum, guitarist, Darkest Hour
 * Scott Urick, 2006 U.S. Men's National Team in World Lacrosse Championship; former Georgetown Hoyas assistant coach; current head lacrosse coach, University of the District of Columbia
 * Chip Vaughn, professional football player, Saskatchewan Roughriders and New Orleans Saints
 * Brandon Wardell, stand-up comedian
 * Chris Warren, professional football player, Dallas Cowboys, Philadelphia Eagles, and Seattle Seahawks
 * Kevin Whitaker, former U.S. ambassador to Colombia

title: Robinson Secondary School


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New forms of english

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete (blk-cmp error). – ABCD 23:06, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

New forms of english
Should be merged with English language or deleted. Kaldari 03:54, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: This was apparently either never listed on vfd or removed out of process, so I'm bringing it to today's page for resolution. —Korath (Talk) 00:19, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * I vote delete. But if other people vote to merge, I suggest that Regional accents of English speakers is the proper destination. --Angr/comhrá 05:18, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to destination suggested by Angr. Mgm|(talk) 07:57, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This material is covered in Standard English, Regional accents of English speakers, List of dialects of the English language, the articles in Template:English dialects by continent, and elsewhere.  This article is an unwikified and speculative personal essay. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 15:20, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, material covered better by existing articles, as demonstrated by Ten. 209.2.145.57 01:31, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Above vote was mine, server had timed me out. Barno 01:33, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; Barno said it best. --172.152.170.240 03:07, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Above vote was mine, cookie problems. --Idont Havaname 03:11, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:Orange (word)

Suggested rhymes
What about doorhinge? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.61.87.207 (talk) 04:49, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

Here is a rhyme with orange, it is "door hinge", you know the device that holds a standard door onto a wall when it swings open and close. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Spaceman42 (talk • contribs) 07:06, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

The two preceding comments were refactored to maintain chronological order. Cnilep (talk) 17:26, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

Door hinge is mentioned in the section "Rhyme" as an example of compound words or phrases. Please note that this is a talk page for improvement of the article, not a forum for discussion of the word orange or of rhyming in general. Please feel free to read the page, discuss potential changes here, or simply be bold and edit the page if you can make real improvements. Cnilep (talk) 17:30, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

An example of a compound solution is found in the limerick "Orange Rhyme" by Michael Gregorovich: "There once was this girl Angeline/ Who knew how all things should have been/ When they said "Get the door, Ang"/ She said "It is orange/ But should have been painted pine green" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.29.76.62 (talk) 03:14, 15 March 2011 (UTC)

What about moorage?66.41.47.104 (talk) 09:16, 22 May 2012 (UTC)

What about "gay marriage"? And stop stealing solutions for this from Monkey Island 3 without quoting it (@door hinge people)!!!!1 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.214.34.122 (talk) 17:11, 3 October 2012 (UTC)

I am currently compiling a new style rhyming dictionary (60k words so far) which amongst other developments takes as a given that the sounds of 'r' and 'l' are very close (e.g. holler/horror) and that the 'j' sound matches fairly well with 'z' (or 'v'). Under these principles, the nearest rhymes with 'orange' (assuming a 'cot' dialect) are words like "Collins, Corrine's, florins" etc. (e.g. Your face is orange like Jackie Collins), which can be stretched to include "lozenge" as has been mentioned, or "bombings, lodgings, robins" etc. If you use the 'caught' dialect then several more can be found like, "drawings, moorings, callings" etc. which can be stretched to include "warnings, mornings" etc. hope this is of some use y'all

Hillbillyholiday81 (talk) 23:51, 15 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Do "zero range" or "low range" rhyme with orange? (non-native speaker here). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.12.200.97 (talk) 18:20, 18 June 2014 (UTC)

Late use as a basic colour word
The section 'Late use as a basic colour word' cites several sources, but none of these directly assert that orange became a basic color word after 1960, nor in the nineteenth century, nor the eighteenth. The Life magazine article cited uses the word yellow-red and notes that this is the "logical name" used in the Munsell system. From the article Munsell color system, though, it appears that orange is still not used in that system.

The Oxford English Dictionary does cite orangish first from 1888, but orange in the sense of "any one of a number of shades occupying the region between red and yellow in the spectrum" from as early as 1557 or 1591. "1557 in Great Brit. Statutes at Large VI. 100 Coloured cloth of any other colour or colours..hereafter mentioned, that is to say, scarlet, red, crimson, morrey, violet, pewke, brown, blue, black, green, yellow, blue, orange, [etc.]."

"1591 in R. Pitcairn Criminal Trials Scotl. (1833) I. ii. 254 Fyve clewis of sindrie culloures of worsett as blak, reid, orange, yallow and blew."

In any case, this all seems like synthesizing sources to support the assertion that orange became a basic color word at some recent time. I'd be happier if there were some secondary or tertiary sources directly stating that idea. Cnilep (talk) 02:00, 4 September 2012 (UTC)

 * I've been unsuccessful in finding published literature suggesting that orange became an English basic color word during the twentieth century. Berlin and Kay (1969), later work by Paul Kay, and most of the critiques of B&K I've seen give it as a basic color term in English. One article review of B&K 1969 (Conklin 1973) suggests that orange became a "primary color" (not quite the same thing as a "basic color term") following Newton's use in 1730.
 * "Orange and indigo seem to have been added partly in order to complement his [Newton's] theory associating the precisely indicated relative widths of the seven "prismatick" primaries with the seven musical tones or intervals in an octave. Whatever the reasons, Newton's scientific reputation was such that many authors have continued to repeat this particular sequence of color names down to the present time whenever they discuss the colors in the spectrum, despite the fact that few of these authors or their readers would find indigo, for example, to be a high-level, let alone basic, color term in their own usage."

 * Again, though, so far all we have is synthesis from primary or not-quite-relevant sources. Therefore I find the section very troubling. Cnilep (talk) 03:02, 12 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Again, though, so far all we have is synthesis from primary or not-quite-relevant sources. Therefore I find the section very troubling. Cnilep (talk) 03:02, 12 September 2012 (UTC)

 * I've removed the section for now. If anyone has sources that are directly on-point, please restore the text from page history. Cnilep (talk) 00:24, 17 September 2012 (UTC)

I was reading this article after I looked up the etymology of the Dutch word 'oranje' and I read the first usage for the word as the colour, was in the 16th century. While this may be true of the English language, the Dutch Etymological Dictionary writes about a manuscript from 1282 in which the word 'araenge' was used in the broadcloth-industry describing the colours of a cloth. http://www.etymologiebank.nl/trefwoord/oranje1 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.73.175.37 (talk) 11:17, 24 June 2014 (UTC)

Rhymetime with Eminem
60 Minutes.

Eminem can rhyme orange.

Suggest this could be added to the article somehow?

— Cirt (talk) 15:51, 3 November 2014 (UTC)

 * Eminem is currently cited in the section 'Rhyme'. Cnilep (talk) 02:03, 4 November 2014 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: withdrawn. In fact, I almost undid the edit that created this move request after realizing that there would be a major link disambiguation issue if this move were to occur. I left this move request anyways, and now, the opposers have convinced me to withdraw this request. Steel1943 (talk) 08:04, 30 November 2014 (UTC)

– The article Orange (word) seems to meet the standards as outlined in WP:DABCONCEPT as the initiate primary topic for the term "orange" due to encompassing the meanings of both of the co-dominant primary topics: the color and the fruit. Steel1943 (talk) 18:16, 29 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Orange (word) → Orange
 * Orange → Orange (disambiguation)
 * NOTE to the closing admin, in case of move, the target page has a talk archive subpage, as does this one. -- 67.70.35.44 (talk) 04:53, 30 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Comment see Talk:Orange (fruit)-- ☾Loriendrew☽  ☏(talk)  05:21, 30 November 2014 (UTC)

 * Oppose first per WP:PRIMARY. The primary is obviously the fruit, from whence all other usages sprang. Orange (word) is (obviously) about the WORD, and is mostly a very obscure etymological article, so it cannot and should not be moved. Orange should redirect to Orange (fruit), because again, the fruit is primary and the source of all other usages. Softlavender (talk) 06:38, 30 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Oppose. I disagree that this page qualifies as a WP:DABCONCEPT. In order for it to qualify, per the guideline, "a substantial portion of the links asserted to be ambiguous are instances or examples of that concept or type". This page is about the etymology and origin of the word, which is not really "an instance or example of" the botanical and production aspects of the fruit; or the history, art, science and culture of the colour. Such a connection from the etymology may be too obscure for the average reader. As whether there is really a primary topic here, I basically stated in the previous move discussion that there should not be one. In terms of "long-term significance", both the fruit and the colour are equally, elementary, core, vital subjects that are each notable in there own right. And there is no evidence that suggests that people typing orange are much more likely to mean the fruit than the colour, the word, or anything else. Even if the colour was named after the fruit, that etymology and origin too may be obscure for the average reader. Zzyzx11 (talk) 07:46, 30 November 2014 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Italicisation of article title
See current discussion at Wikipedia talk:Article titles. I propose to keep the discussion there, not here. --Francis Schonken (talk) 08:59, 1 March 2017 (UTC)

Margaret Tudor
I removed the mention of Margaret Tudor, since the OED doesn't include the same attestation that St. Clair notes and the OED footnote was left on the sentence. That said, St. Clair's 1502 'slevys of orenge color' does pre-date the OED's 1557 list of cloth colours in British statutes. On the third hand, though, an overly specific citation may eventually be disproven if someone comes along with e.g. a 1501 mention. If you want to re-add the 1502 attestation, maybe a little more hedging would be in order, as well as not appearing to attribute the date to OED? (Also, I removed the WorldCat URL, since oclc= already links to WorldCat.) Cnilep (talk) 02:47, 7 October 2019 (UTC)
 * I copied over what was written in orange (colour) instead. It separates the two possible first instances. ♠PMC♠ (talk) 02:51, 7 October 2019 (UTC)

Added "blorange"
I'm mentioning it here because I expect kneejerk reversion from the kind of misguided pedant who would rather tear "glacier" out of the dictionary than admit there is a word that violates "i before e". But see the cited Wiktionary entry at, or simply find the thousands of legitimate uses in Google. Equinox ◑ 05:50, 19 November 2021 (UTC)

 * That's not a bad example, but there are a number of problems here. First, Wiktionary or other user-generated content are not usually accepted as references for Wikipedia. Second, any potentially controversial content (and your reference to "knee-jerk reversion" suggests that you think this is potentially controversial) needs a citation. Third, there are already other less-common words (The Blorenge, Goringe) mentioned in the section, so this slang word hardly seems so vital to the section as to ignore all rules. I presume that some non-user-generated secondary sources, such as slang dictionaries, may exist. Let's find some and cite them. Cnilep (talk) 06:57, 19 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Found one! It's in dictionary.com, which I believe is published by Random House. Cnilep (talk) 07:12, 19 November 2021 (UTC)
 * The dictionary.com article suggests blorange was a fashion portmanteau neologism, popular in 2017, but unclear as to whether it was supposed to be "blond-orange" or "blood-red-orange" --2A00:23C6:148A:9B01:B4BA:46:D644:9CF0 (talk) 11:28, 6 July 2023 (UTC)

Etymology with lost leading n
Orange is one of a few words that lost its leading n as it moved between languages (cf. naranja in Spanish which came from Arabic, in turn from other languages tracing back to India). Might this be noted? --2A00:23C6:148A:9B01:B4BA:46:D644:9CF0 (talk) 11:28, 6 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Orange (word)


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Mike Garrett

Michael Lockett Garrett (born April 12, 1944) is an American former football running back who played in the National Football League (NFL) and the American Football League (AFL) for eight seasons with the Kansas City Chiefs and the San Diego Chargers. He played college football for the USC Trojans, where he won the Heisman Trophy in 1965.

From 1993 until 2010 he served as the athletic director at the University of Southern California (USC). Then, he became the athletic director at California State University, Los Angeles (Cal State LA) in 2016.

Early life
Garrett graduated from Roosevelt High School in Los Angeles, California. He was a resident of Maravilla housing projects.

College career
A two time All-American, Garrett set numerous NCAA, Pac-8 Conference and USC records in his career by amassing a then unheard of 3,221 yards and scored 30 touchdowns. Garrett also led the nation in rushing in 1965 with 267 carries for 1,440 yards. He also caught 36 passes, returned 43 punts, returned 30 kickoffs and threw 6 passes. Two of his passes went for touchdowns. Garrett was awarded the 1965 W. J. Voit Memorial Trophy as the outstanding football player on the Pacific Coast. He won the Heisman Trophy after the 1965 regular season. In 1985, he was voted into the College Football Hall of Fame.

Garrett signaled the dawn of the "Tailback U" era, where USC produced a stream of top tailbacks included Heisman winners O. J. Simpson (1968), Charles White (1979) and Marcus Allen (1981), as well as Heisman runners-up Anthony Davis (1974) and Ricky Bell (1976).

Garrett was a brother of the Alpha Kappa Chapter of the Alpha Phi Omega fraternity while a student at USC. He is a member of The Pigskin Club of Washington, D.C. National Intercollegiate All-American Football Players Honor Roll.

Professional career
Garrett went on to play in the American Football League (AFL) with Kansas City Chiefs from 1966 to 1969 and in 1970 as the Chiefs moved to the National Football League in 1970. He was traded to the San Diego Chargers and remained with them until 1973.

Garrett was a two-time AFL All-Star. in 1966 and 1967. He played in the first AFL–NFL World Championship Game, now referred to as Super Bowl I,  with the Chiefs after the 1966 season. He contributed 17 rushing yards, three receptions for 28 yards, and two kickoff returns for 43 yards in their loss. Garrett won a World Championship ring with the Chiefs in Super Bowl IV, the last AFL–NFL World Championship Game before the AFL–NFL merger, when the AFL's Chiefs beat the NFL's Vikings, 23–7. Garrett was the top rusher of Super Bowl IV with 11 carries for 39 yards and a touchdown, also catching two passes for 25 yards and returning a kickoff for 18 yards. His touchdown came on head coach Hank Stram's iconic 65 Toss Power Trap play call. In his eight professional football seasons, Garrett rushed for 5,481 yards, caught 238 passes for 2,010 yards, returned 14 kickoffs for 323 yards, and returned 39 punts for 235 yards. Overall, Garrett gained a total of 8,049 yards and scored 49 touchdowns (35 rushing, 13 receiving, 1 punt return).

Garrett also was drafted three times by professional baseball teams. He was selected in the 41st round of the 1965 MLB Draft by the Pittsburgh Pirates and by the Los Angeles Dodgers twice, in the fourth round of the 1966 MLB Draft and the 35th round of the 1970 MLB Draft.

After professional football
After his professional football career, Mike Garrett earned a Juris Doctor from Western State University College of Law in 1986, but never took the bar exam. He was the director of business development for the Great Western Forum, worked in the district attorney's office in San Diego and worked in various management positions. He also did color commentary for USC football telecasts.

In January 1993, Garrett returned to USC to become its sixth athletic director. He came under fire when he hired the heavily criticized Pete Carroll as head football coach in 2001, but was vindicated when USC returned to status as a dominant football power. In 2005, he allowed safety Darnell Bing who was at USC at the time to wear his retired number 20 for his senior season. In 2010, the USC football program was hit with severe NCAA sanctions, and USC self-imposed sanctions on its basketball program, in the wake of allegations about violations involving former USC stars Reggie Bush and O. J. Mayo. These sanctions have been criticized by some NCAA football writers,    including ESPN's Ted Miller, who wrote, "It's become an accepted fact among informed college football observers that the NCAA sanctions against USC were a travesty of justice, and the NCAA's refusal to revisit that travesty are a massive act of cowardice on the part of the organization." On July 20, 2010, USC's incoming president, Max Nikias, announced major changes in the athletic department, including Garrett's replacement (effective August 3, 2010) by businessman and former USC quarterback Pat Haden.

In June 2013, Garrett became athletic director at the historically black college, Langston University, an NAIA school in Langston, Oklahoma. He resigned that position less than two years later. He is a board member for the Lott IMPACT Trophy, which is named after Ronnie Lott and is awarded annually to college football's Defensive IMPACT Player of the Year.

Garrett retired from the position of Executive Director of the Athletics Department at California State University, Los Angeles in 2016.

title: Mike Garrett


text:
Talk:Texas a&m university system

Note to those considering a rewrite: there is already an article on this topic located at Texas A&M University System. Joyous 03:59, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Texas a&m university system


text:
Sol Price

Sol Price (January 23, 1916 – December 14, 2009) was an American retailer and the founder of FedMart, Price Club (which ultimately merged into Costco) and PriceSmart. He was considered the "father" of the "warehouse store" retail model.

Early life and education
Price was born in The Bronx in New York City, the son of Samuel and Bella Price, Jewish immigrants to the United States from Minsk (Belarus), in the early years of the 20th century. The family relocated to San Diego in the early 1920s.

Price graduated from San Diego High School in 1931, attended San Diego State University in 1932, and earned his undergraduate degree (in philosophy) and a law degree from the University of Southern California in 1936 and 1938, respectively. By 1938, he had married his girlfriend Helen Moskowitz; they eloped to Las Vegas. Price was admitted to the California Bar in November 1938.

Career
Price launched the first FedMart in 1954 and, together with his son, Robert, Giles Bateman, a nephew, Rick Libenson and others, founded Price Club in 1976. The company went public in 1980. In 1993 Costco merged with Price Club to form PriceCostco. Leadership in the new organization was shared between Sol Price's son, Robert, and James Sinegal. After eight months, PriceCostco spun a separate company called Price Enterprises, led by the younger Price. PriceSmart continues to operate warehouse clubs in Latin America and the Caribbean, while the domestic operations became Costco.

Sam Walton of Walmart wrote in his book Made in America that he "borrowed" "as many ideas from Sol Price as from anybody else in the business". He added that he especially liked the idea of calling his discount chain "Wal-Mart" because he "really liked Sol's FedMart name". In 1983, Walton dined with Price and later that year the first Sam's Club opened in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Later when asked how it felt to be the father of an industry (the warehouse retail industry—like Costco and Sam's Club), Sol replied, "I wish I'd worn a condom." Costco's longest-serving CEO, Sinegal, learned the retail business largely through working his way up FedMart's corporate ladder. In CNBC's 2012 documentary on Costco, Sinegal indicated that Price had been his mentor, as well as the person who taught him to be "tough" in business, and to display a sense of "social responsibility" toward employees.

Philanthropy
In the late 1980s, Price donated $2 million to the construction of a new student center on the campus of University of California, San Diego. Named for Price, the Price Center, which houses the main student bookstore, food court, movie theater, ballrooms, and meeting rooms, opened on April 21, 1989.

In 2011, the Price Family Charitable Fund donated $50 million to the University of Southern California's School of Policy, Planning, and Development. The school was renamed the USC Sol Price School of Public Policy as a result of the donation.

Price is responsible for injecting money and aiding the renaissance of the San Diego mid-city neighborhood of City Heights, near his childhood home. He was a member of the Board of Trustees for the Urban Institute in Washington, D.C., the Board of Directors for the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, the Consumer Affairs Advisory Committee of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, and the San Diego Financial Review Panel.

title: Sol Price


text: User talk:69.81.7.91

title: User talk:69.81.7.91


text: User talk:69.139.158.156

title: User talk:69.139.158.156


text:
Karol Mikuli

Karol Mikuli, also known as Charles Mikuli (Կարոլ Միկուլի or Կարոլ Պստիկյան; 22 October 1821 – 21 May 1897) was a Polish pianist, composer, conductor and teacher. His students included Moriz Rosenthal, Raoul Koczalski, Aleksander Michałowski, Jaroslaw Zieliński, Kornelia Parnas and Heinrich Schenker.

Biographical notes
Mikuli (birth surname Bsdikian) was born on October 22, 1821, in Czernowitz, then part of the Austrian Empire (today Chernivtsi, Ukraine) to a Moldavian-Armenian family. He studied under Frédéric Chopin for piano (later becoming his teaching assistant) and Anton Reicha for composition. He toured widely as a concert pianist, becoming Director of the Lviv Conservatory in 1858. He founded his own school there in 1888. He died in Lemberg, then part of Austrian Galicia (today Lviv, Ukraine) and is buried in Lychakiv Cemetery in Lviv.

Editions
He is most well known as an editor of works by Chopin. Dover Publications publishes reprints of his 1879 editions of Chopin's piano music, originally published by F. Kistner (Leipzig). His aim, as stated in the foreword of the edition, was to provide more reliable editions. He used several verified sources, most of which were written or corrected by Chopin himself. His editions of Chopin's works were first published in America in 1895.

Mikuli also took detailed notes of Chopin's comments made in lessons and interviewed witnesses of Chopin's performances. For many years he was regarded as the primary authority on Chopin and his remarks about Chopin's playing were often quoted by biographers.

Compositions

 * Orchestral
 * 48 Airs nationaux roumains for orchestra, also arr. piano.

 * Chamber music
 * Polonaise for 3 violins, Op. 7 (published 1862)
 * Serenade in A♭ major for clarinet and piano, Op. 22 (1880) (Romanian: Serenadă pentru clarinet și pian, Op. 22)
 * Scherzino in C minor for 3 violins, Op. 25 (1880)
 * Grand duo in A major for violin and piano, Op. 26

 * Piano
 * Prélude et presto agitato, Op. 1 (published 1859)
 * 4 Mazurkas, Op. 2 (1860)
 * Mazurka in F minor, Op. 4 (1860)
 * 2 Polonaises, Op. 8 (1862)
 * 48 Airs nationaux roumains (Ballades, chants des bergers, airs de danse, etc.) in 4 volumes (1863)
 * 6 Pièces, Op. 9 (published 1866 by Spina in Vienna)
 * Mazurka, Op. 10 (1866)
 * Mazurka in B minor, Op. 11 (1866)
 * Étude in B major for piano with harmonium, Op. 12 (1867)
 * 6 Danses allemandes, Op. 13 (1867)
 * Méditation, Op. 14 (1867)
 * Andante con Variazioni for piano 4-hands, Op. 15 (1867)
 * 6 Valses, Op. 18 (1869)
 * 2 Nocturnes, Op. 19 (1869)
 * Valse in A major, Op. 20 (1869)
 * Ballade in B♭ major, Op. 21 (1871)
 * 12 Variantes (Variations) harmoniques sur la gamme d'Ut majeure for piano 4-hands, Op. 23 (1880); published by Kistner (Leipzig)
 * 10 Pièces, Op. 24 (1880)

 * Vocal
 * 6 Lieder for voice and piano, Op. 16 (1867)
 * 6 Lieder for voice and piano, Op. 17 (1867)
 * 7 Lieder for voice and piano, Op. 27 (1880)
 * 2 Duette for soprano, tenor and piano, Op. 28 (1880)
 * Die Reue: „Die Nacht war schwarz“ for baritone and string orchestra, Op. 30 (1880)

 * Choral
 * 7 Lieder for soprano, alto, tenor and bass, Op. 17 (1880)
 * Paraphrase sur un ancien Chant de Noël polonais for 4 voices (solo and chorus), strings and organ (or piano 4-hands), Op. 31 (1881)
 * 2 Spiritual Songs for male chorus and soli, Op. 32
 * Veni creator for mixed chorus and organ, Op. 33

Recordings

 * Şahan Arzruni: An Anthology of Armenian Piano Music, Vol I, Musical Heritage Society - MHS 4080.

title: Karol Mikuli


text: User talk:64.178.99.243

title: User talk:64.178.99.243


text:
Medical consensus

Medical consensus is a public statement on a particular aspect of medical knowledge at the time the statement is made that a representative group of experts agree to be evidence-based and state-of-the-art (state-of-the-science) knowledge. Its main objective is to counsel physicians on the best possible and acceptable way to diagnose and treat certain diseases or how to address a particular decision-making area. It is usually, therefore, considered an authoritative, community-based expression of a consensus decision-making and publication process.

Methods
There are many ways of producing medical consensus, but the most usual way is to convene an independent panel of experts, either by a medical association or by a governmental authority.

Since consensus statements provide a "snapshot in time" of the state of knowledge in a particular topic, they must periodically be re-evaluated and published again, replacing the previous consensus statement.

Consensus statements differ from medical guidelines, another form of state-of-the-science public statements. According to the NIH, "Consensus statements synthesize new information, largely from recent or ongoing medical research, that has implications for reevaluation of routine medical practices. They do not give specific algorithms or guidelines for practice."

History
From 1977 to 2013, the National Institutes of Health (United States) promoted about five to six consensus panels per year, and organized this knowledge by means of a special Consensus Development Program, managed by the NIH's Office of Disease Prevention (ODP). It was retired in 2013 in deference to other agencies and organizations that had picked up the lead, such as the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, the Community Preventive Services Task Force, Institute of Medicine, and Cochrane. Its archive is available in printed form as well as for downloading from the Internet.

title: Medical consensus


text:
SMB3

SMB3 may refer to:

 * Server Message Block version 3, a network protocol in computing
 * Super Mario Bros. 3, a 1988 video game
 * Super Mega Baseball 3, an entry in the Super Mega Baseball video game series

title: SMB3


text: Category:Coding theory

title: Category:Coding theory


text:
Child: Music for the Christmas Season

Child: Music for the Christmas Season is a 1997 live double album by Jane Siberry.

It presents material she recorded at two 1996 concerts at the famed New York City club The Bottom Line. The material includes both original songs by Siberry and covers of Christmas standards.

The concerts were two of four she performed at The Bottom Line. The other two appear on the albums Lips: Music for Saying It and Tree: Music for Films and Forests. All of the albums have also been released as the New York City Trilogy box set.

Track listing

 * 1) "She's Paying the Taxidriver" – 0:28
 * 2) "Caravan" – 5:12
 * 3) "Wildwood Carol" – 4:54
 * 4) "A Bitter Christmas" – 0:54
 * 5) "What is This Fragrance Softly Stealing?" – 4:59
 * 6) "Quoi, Ma Voisine, Es-Tu Fachée?" – 3:23
 * 7) "Shir Amami" – 6:55
 * 8) "Mary's Lullaby" – 3:12
 * 9) "New Year's Baby" – 4:31
 * 10) "An Angel Stepped Down (and Slowly Looked Around)" – 5:41
 * 11) "Silent Night" – 1:25
 * 12) "You Will Be Born"  – 3:33
 * 13) "O Holy Night" – 2:28
 * 14) "In the Bleak Midwinter" – 5:55
 * 15) "Christmas Mass" – 2:40
 * 16) "The Christmas Song" – 2:55
 * 17) "Maria Wanders Through the Thorn" – 4:56
 * 18) "What Child is This?" – 3:15
 * 19) "The Valley" – 5:23
 * 20) "Hockey" – 8:00
 * 21) "The Twelve Days of Christmas" – 5:27
 * 22) "Are You Burning, Little Candle?" – 4:59

title: Child: Music for the Christmas Season


text:
Scrim

Scrim can refer to:

 * Scrim (material), either of two types of material (a lightweight, translucent fabric or a coarse, heavy material)
 * Scrim (lighting), a device used in lighting for films
 * Scrim (internet slang), friendly match between teams and clans in various ladders, shorthand for: scrimmage.
 * SCRIM, Sideway-force Coefficient Routine Investigation Machine
 * Colin Scrimgeour ("Uncle Scrim", 1903-1987), a New Zealand Methodist minister and broadcaster
 * Scott Arceneaux Jr. (known as Scrim), member of New Orleans hip-hop group Suicideboys

title: Scrim


text:
Talk:Gable

Gable vs facade
Gable and facade are different. Perhaps Gable needs its own page.

Window
I had learned (at the House of Seven Gables when I was a mere lad) that a true gable was a roof apex with a window in the center. Any truth to this? And, if so, does it bear inclusion in the article? 69.253.193.234 17:30, 17 May 2007 (UTC)
 * There appear to be a number of misconceptions about the nature of architectural gables that come from Nathaniel Hawthorne's House of Seven Gables including, for example, the idea that the ridge of a true gable must connect with the highest ridge of the roof itself. Hawthorne's description of the House emphasizes the angularity of the gables as well as their darkness and disheveled nature, but I could not find any indication of architectural specifics such as the relationship of windows to the apex ("apex", by the way, not being a word used in the book anywhere).  His book is the reason the word "gable" exists in modern vernacular-- seems a shame he could not have been more specific when a specific definition does in fact exist.  KDS 4444  Talk   23:11, 23 October 2012 (UTC)

"catches the wind like a sail"
This reference is probably talking about how a sail and a wing work alike. A triangular sail is faster than a square rig because of the way wind flows across the front of it. Square sails catch wind behind them and push the boat. This is why square rigged boats are faster going with the wind. "Running before the wind". Triangular sails work as wind blows across them. Like the curve in a wing creates lift, the curve in the sail causes a low pressure zone infront of the sail. The air behind the sail tries to enter this area and pushes the boat forward. Boats with these sails are much faster, but only when running between 45 to 90 degrees across the wind. "Beam Reach" or "Broad Running" This also allows these boats to sail almost directly into the wind. "Close Hauled" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.134.164.137 (talk) 22:03, 4 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Um, what does this have to do with anything?  KDS 4444  Talk   23:12, 23 October 2012 (UTC)

What is a gable?
I came here to find out what a gable is. I read the article, and looked at the picture. I still have no idea what a gable is. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.64.83.72 (talk) 07:22, 4 April 2012 (UTC)

 * I hope you do not have any difficulty now. I don't know how the article could be clearer than it currently is.  You're welcome.   KDS 4444  Talk   22:35, 23 October 2012 (UTC)

Merger proposal
Hello everyone. I was doing some cleanup looking for mergers, and saw that there was a merge-to template on Gablet roof, but there was never a merge-from template placed on Gable (so I fixed that.). The "Merge-to" template was placed on Gablet roof in August 2011 to be merged into Gable. From what I can see, it looks like these two topics are one in the same; both refer to the roofing structure. Should these two articles be merged? Steel1943 (talk) 16:43, 4 August 2012 (UTC)

Steel1943: A Gablet roof is a hybridization of a Gable roof and a Hip roof, as is the Half-hip roof. As such, I don't think it makes sense to merge it with one or the other; a simple refernce in the "See Also" section seems adequate to me. Vonhoser (talk) 20:55, 21 August 2012 (UTC)

My initial reaction is the same: let's leave them unmerged and remove the tag. KDS 4444  Talk   22:36, 23 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Removed tags per above. -- ELEKHHT 07:39, 1 January 2013 (UTC)

Dutch Gables should be kept separate.
Dutch or Flemish gables or strictly speaking Netherlandish gables indicate a style of a whole building distinguished by their curvilinear gables. The style (as that is what it is) originated in Italy in the 15th century and spread northwards (with changes) to the Baltic then westwards reaching England at the end 16th century - Trerice in Cornwall 1571. It became fashionable on vernacular houses in the second half of the 17th century, but they are unlike Dutch examples. The Dutch settlers in South Africa adopted a third style which is dubbed 'Cape Dutch'.See book of that name by Obholzer et al. There are a number of reasons for this fashion spreading in England which I have discovered through studying the style since 2007. See the website: www.iotas.org.uk and click on Thanet past for illustrations and comments by me. Thanet is NE Kent and IOTAS is the Isle of Thanet Archaeological Society. The style is nationwide but most popular in the eastern counties of England. See also my reports in the Kent Archaeological Society Newsletter Summer 2012 and Autumn 2012.Gordonsgables (talk) 11:11, 9 January 2013 (UTC)

Front-gabled and side-gabled merger proposal
I propose that Front-gabled and side-gabled be merged into Gable. I think that the content in the Front-gabled and side-gabled article can easily be explained in the context of Gable, and the Gable article is of a reasonable size that the merging of Front-gabled and side-gabled will not cause any problems as far as article size or undue weight is concerned. Fisheriesmgmt (talk) 22:29, 24 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I've "been bold" and just merged the two pages. There is really no reason for them to exist as separate articles. Fisheriesmgmt (talk) 23:20, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose that Wimperg be merged into Gable. No need for a separate article for wimperg, which is a type of gable. The wimperg page is only a definition and the gable page currently does not mention gable. Bangabandhu (talk) 07:26, 22 September 2015 (UTC)

Split proposal
Gable roof is maybe the most common roof, it is a joke that it is only a redirect to an (ornamental) wall!?  → User: Perhelion 12:54, 7 September 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gable


text:
Transit watchdog

A transit watchdog is an individual or group that provides public comment regarding public transit operations. Transit watchdogs attract a variety of contributors, from transit users to railfans, who offer feedback about service, operations, and funding matters.

title: Transit watchdog


text:
Category:Soap opera writers

This category is for people who were known, either partially or primarily, as writers on soap operas.

title: Category:Soap opera writers


text: Category:Iranian civil aircraft

title: Category:Iranian civil aircraft


text:
Light organ

A light organ is an electronic device which automatically converts an audio signal (such as music) into rhythmic light effects. In the 1970s, light organs were a popular lighting effect used in discotheques and dance parties; and also during that period, the home entertainment manufacturer Morse-Electrophonic produced some of their stereo systems with a built-in light organ display (such as their "Stereo Bar"). The multicolored lights of the light organ would pulsate to the beat of the music.

Technology
The circuit of a light organ separates the audio signal into frequency bands and controls the light channels according to the average level of each band using dimmers. A typical party light organ of the 1970s had three spotlights, red, green and blue, for sounds in bass, medium frequency and high frequency.

Due to their simple structure, light organs were popular as DIY projects for electronics hobbyists in the 1970s and can still be found for sale on the internet.

In 1971, the Rickenbacker guitar company offered their 331LS "Lightshow" model (and matching bass, model 4005LS), the body of which contained a three-channel light organ (with a dimmer); each channel corresponded to the pitch of the strings being played. The soundboard on these models was replaced with thin Plexiglas cutouts over a translucent moire diffraction material.

With the widespread adoption of cheap PCs, some hobbyists started experimenting with using PCs for frequency analysis instead of analog filters.

title: Light organ


text: Template:Tokushima

title: Template:Tokushima


text: Category:Kenickie albums

title: Category:Kenickie albums


text:
Lips: Music for Saying It

Lips: Music for Saying It is a 1999 live album by Jane Siberry.

It presents material she recorded at a 1996 concert at the famed New York City jazz club The Bottom Line. The material includes both original songs by Siberry and covers of other songwriters, all organized around the theme of self-expression.

The album also includes the song "Mimi Speaks", a sequel to her first hit "Mimi on the Beach" (from 1984's No Borders Here). In the original song, Mimi was merely observed by the narrator; in "Mimi Speaks", Siberry presents Mimi's perspective.

It was one of four concerts she performed at The Bottom Line. Two of the others appear on the double album Child: Music for the Christmas Season, and the last appears on Tree: Music for Films and Forests. All three albums have also been released as the New York City Trilogy box set.

Track listing
All songs written by Siberry, except where noted.

 * 1) "First Word"
 * 2) "Valley of the Dolls" - (André Previn, Dory Previn)
 * 3) "Freedom is Gold"
 * 4) "Hotel Room 417"
 * 5) "Foecke"
 * 6) "I Will Survive" - (Dino Fekaris, Freddie Perren)
 * 7) "Flirtin' is a Flo-Thing"
 * 8) "Say It (Excerpt)"
 * 9) "Grace Hospital"
 * 10) "You Say I Say"
 * 11) "Mimi Speaks"
 * 12) "Last Word"
 * 13) "Say It"
 * 14) "Barkis Is Willin'"

Personnel

 * Jane Siberry - vocals, piano
 * Debbie Knapper, Larry Baeder - guitar
 * Gail Ann Dorsey - bass guitar, vocals
 * Tim Ray - piano, organ
 * Dean Sharp - drums
 * Catherine Russell, Lisa Lindo, Rebecca Campbell - vocals

title: Lips: Music for Saying It


text:
Wikipedia:Auto-categorization/Wikipedia namespace

The following is a list of uncategorized pages in the Wikipedia namespace as of 26 Nov 2004, though an update was run as of 6 April 2005 to remove most of the already-categorized pages and to add subpages to the list. The following tasks need to be accomplished:
 * Assign pages that should be kept around to an appropriate category under Category:Wikipedia.
 * Create new subcategories as appropriate. Subcategories of Category:Wikipedia usually have the word "Wikipedia" in the name to make it clear that they are for internal use (i.e. not part of the encyclopedic content of the site).

While we're at it, it would also be helpful to:
 * Identify redundant or out-of-date pages and merge them (or nominate them for merger) with more current pages (see Duplicate_articles), or add them to Category:Wikipedia archives if there is no appropriate merger target.
 * Identify spurious pages and nominate them for deletion (see WP:VFD).
 * Rename pages with malformed names, such as when they do do not conform to the "only capitalize the first word unless part of a proper noun" rule.

Please delete items from this list when they have been categorized and otherwise taken care of to your satisfaction, to prevent duplication of effort.

After this has been accomplished, some general cleanup of the Category:Wikipedia tree will probably be necessary.

See also: WikiProject Wikipedia Namespace

Tagged for merger

 * Writers' rules of engagement -> Wikiquette

What_is_an_article
This could surely be merged into something else. -- Beland 07:42, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

How to use the GIMP
This page is duplicative of the external link at Graphics tutorials and should just be merged with that page. -- Beland 06:52, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Tagged along with many others. -- Beland 03:43, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Create_a_new_language_in_Wikipedia
This page is really short. It should probably just be merged into one of the FAQs. -- Beland 06:52, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

MediaWiki
Should this be merged with Technical FAQ? -- Beland 06:52, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Lists
Many of these are probably obsolete and should be deleted and/or converted into categories (possibly using templates and/or a bot).

 * List_of_reactions
 * List_of_spelling_variants
 * Links_to_disambiguating_pages
 * Links_to_disambiguating_pages_(0-9)
 * Links_to_disambiguating_pages_(A)
 * Links_to_disambiguating_pages_(B)
 * Links_to_disambiguating_pages_(C)
 * Links_to_disambiguating_pages_(D)
 * Links_to_disambiguating_pages_(E)
 * Links_to_disambiguating_pages_(F)
 * Links_to_disambiguating_pages_(G)
 * Links_to_disambiguating_pages_(H)
 * Links_to_disambiguating_pages_(I)
 * Links_to_disambiguating_pages_(J)
 * Links_to_disambiguating_pages_(K)
 * Links_to_disambiguating_pages_(L)
 * Links_to_disambiguating_pages_(M)
 * Links_to_disambiguating_pages_(N)
 * Links_to_disambiguating_pages_(O)
 * Links_to_disambiguating_pages_(Other)
 * Links_to_disambiguating_pages_(P)
 * Links_to_disambiguating_pages_(Q)
 * Links_to_disambiguating_pages_(R)
 * Links_to_disambiguating_pages_(S)
 * Links_to_disambiguating_pages_(T)
 * Links_to_disambiguating_pages_(U)
 * Links_to_disambiguating_pages_(V)
 * Links_to_disambiguating_pages_(W)
 * Links_to_disambiguating_pages_(X)
 * Links_to_disambiguating_pages_(Y)
 * Links_to_disambiguating_pages_(Z)
 * Multiple-place_names
 * Multiple-place_names_(A)
 * Multiple-place_names_(B)
 * Multiple-place_names_(C)
 * Multiple-place_names_(D)
 * Multiple-place_names_(E)
 * Multiple-place_names_(F)
 * Multiple-place_names_(G)
 * Multiple-place_names_(H)
 * Multiple-place_names_(I)
 * Multiple-place_names_(J)
 * Multiple-place_names_(K)
 * Multiple-place_names_(L)
 * Multiple-place_names_(M)
 * Multiple-place_names_(N)
 * Multiple-place_names_(O)
 * Multiple-place_names_(P)
 * Multiple-place_names_(Q)
 * Multiple-place_names_(R)
 * Multiple-place_names_(S)
 * Multiple-place_names_(T)
 * Multiple-place_names_(U)
 * Multiple-place_names_(V)
 * Multiple-place_names_(W)
 * Multiple-place_names_(X)
 * Multiple-place_names_(Y)
 * Multiple-place_names_(Z)

Community pages

 * Wikipedia:Special:Lonelypages
 * Wikipedia:Special:Longpages
 * Wikipedia:Special:Uncategorizedpages
 * Controversial_blocks

Requests

 * Request_for_immediate_removal_of_copyright_violation

Unsorted

 * 1) Commons
 * 2) Images_of_Ridge_Route
 * 3) List_article
 * 4) Local_Embassy
 * 5) Long_usernames
 * 6) Measurements_Debate
 * 7) Mediawiki_1.3
 * 8) Merged_talk_pages
 * 9) Mirroring_content
 * 10) Organizations_with_.INT_domain_names
 * 11) Pronunciation_(simple_guide_to_markup,_American)
 * 12) Quick_index

Subpages
Listed at: Auto-categorization/Wikipedia_namespace_subpages.


text: Template:Ehime

title: Template:Ehime


text:
Aigai

Aigai (Αἰγαί) or Latin(ized) Aegae/ Ægæ  may refer to the following places and jurisdictions :

 * Aigai (Aeolis), ancient city and former bishopric of the Aeolian dodecapolis in Asia Prima, now Nemrutkale or Nemrut Kalesi near the modern city Aliağa in northwestern Turkey and a Latin Catholic titular
 * Aegae (Cilicia), ancient town of Cilicia, near modern Yumurtalık, Turkey
 * Aegae (Macedonia), first capital of the Classical kingdom of Macedonia, now Vergina
 * Aegae (Achaea), ancient settlement near present Aigeira, in Achaea
 * Aegae (Euboea), ancient town in Euboea, near which a sanctuary of Aegean Poseidon was built upon a hill
 * Aege, ancient town in Pallene, Chalcidice

title: Aigai


text:
User talk:Finn MacCool

Hi Ilsa! I hope you stick around and edit lots of good stuff. It's more addictive than the Dope. I leave here wishing I could edit other people's posts in GQ.

Here's a nice boilerplate welcome for you, the same one I got when I was new:

Hello Finn MacCool, welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like the place and decide to join the community. Drop us a note at New user log so we can meet you and help you get started. If you need editing help, visit How to edit a page. For format questions, visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Newcomers' Village pump. And of course, feel free to talk with me or ask questions on my talk page. Enjoy! -- Ben Brockert 04:20, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Finn MacCool


text:
The Minnesota Review

The Minnesota Review is a literary magazine covering literary and cultural studies which places a special emphasis on politically engaged criticism, fiction, and poetry. Issues are often "themed," recent issues examining the nature of academic publishing, of academic celebrity, and of "smart" working class kids' experiences as adults or children within the educational system. The Minnesota Review is currently based at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Virginia, and edited by the MFA program. The journal is published by Duke University Press.

History
The Minnesota Review was established in 1960 in Minnesota. Some of the early editors were from Macalester College, but early issues have a disclaimer against affiliation with any university. The magazine was oriented toward publishing avant garde fiction, poetry, and graphic work. From 1982, edited by Fred Pfeil and Michael Sprinker, it began to acquire the Marxist overtones and emphasis on literary theory for which it would later be known. Under the editorship of Jeffrey Williams, it moved from explicit Marxism toward politically conscious cultural studies.

Editors
The following persons have been editor-in-chief of the magazine:

title: The Minnesota Review


text:
CSS Selma

CSS Selma was a steamship in the Confederate States Navy during the American Civil War. She served in the Confederate Navy first as Florida, and later as Selma. She was captured by the Union Navy steamer USS Metacomet during the Battle of Mobile Bay. She served as USS Selma until the end of the war, when she was decommissioned and sold for use as a merchant ship.

Construction and conversion
Selma was built as the coastwise packet Florida at Mobile, Alabama in 1856 for the Mobile Mail Line. She was inspected and accepted by Captain Lawrence Rousseau, CSN, on April 22, 1861, acquired by the Confederacy in June, cut down and strengthened by hog frames and armed as a gunboat — all, apparently, in the Lake Pontchartrain area. Her upper deck was plated at this time with 3/8 in iron, partially protecting her boilers, of the low pressure type preferred for fuel economy and greater safety in battle. CSS Florida is cited on November 12, 1861 as already in commission and serving Commodore G. N. Rollins' New Orleans defense flotilla under command of Lieutenant Charles W. Hays, CSN.

The Mobile Evening News editorialized early in December on the startling change "from her former gay, first-class hotel appearance, having been relieved of her upper works and painted as black as the inside of her smokestack. She carries a jib forward and, we suppose, some steering sail aft, when requisite."

Service as Florida
Although much of Florida's time was spent blockaded in Mobile, she made some forays into Mississippi Sound, two of which alarmed the United States Navy's entire Gulf command. On October 19, Florida convoyed a merchantman outside. Fortunately for her, the coast was clear of Union ships and batteries, for Florida fouled the area's main military telegraph line with her anchor, and had no sooner repaired the damage than she went aground for 36 hours. Luck returning, she tried out her guns on USS Massachusetts (1860), "a large three-masted propeller" she mistook for the faster USS R. R. Cuyler (1860). Being of shallower draft and greater speed, she successfully dodged Massachusetts in shoal water off Ship Island. The havoc caused by one well-placed shot with her rifled pivot gun is described by Commander Melancton Smith, USN, commanding Massachusetts;

"It entered the starboard side abaft the engine five feet above the water line, cutting entirely through 18 planks of the main deck, carried away the table, sofas, eight sections of iron steam pipe, and exploded in the stateroom on the port side, stripping the bulkheads of four rooms, and setting fire to the vessel ... 12 pieces of the fragments have been collected and weigh 58 pounds."

The first sortie by Florida caused consternation. Captain Levin M. Powell, USN, in command at Ship Island — soon to be main advance base for the New Orleans campaign — wrote to Flag Officer William McKean, October 22;

"The first of the reported gun steamers made her experimental trial trip on the Massachusetts, and, if she be a sample of the rest, you may perhaps consider that Ship Island and the adjacent waters will require a force of a special kind in order to hold them to our use. The caliber and long range of the rifled cannon from which the shell that exploded in the Massachusetts was fired established the ability of these fast steam gunboats to keep out of the range of all broadside guns, and enables them to disregard the armament or magnitude of all ships thus armed, or indeed any number of them, when sheltered by shoal water."

Protecting CSS Pamilico, in contrasting white dress and laden with some 400 troops, "the black rebel steamer" Florida on December 4 had a brush with USS Montgomery (1861) in Horn Island Pass that caused jubilation in the Southern press. Commander T. Darrah Shaw of Montgomery, finding his 10 in shell gun no match for Florida's long-range rifles, signaled Commander Melancton Smith for assistance, and when it was not forthcoming, ran back to safety under the guns of Ship Island. Shaw saved Montgomery and lost his command for fleeing from the enemy. Commodore McKean promptly sent Lieutenant James Edward Jouett to relieve him and forwarded Shaw's action report to United States Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles, noting, "It needs no comment." Crowed Richmond Dispatch on December 14, quoting Mobile Evening News, "The Florida fought at great disadvantage in one respect, owing to her steering apparatus being out of order, but showed a decided superiority in the effectiveness of her armament. That gun which scared the Massachusetts so badly, and had nearly proved fatal to her, is evidently a better piece or must be better handled than any which the enemy have."

Service as Selma
With the advent of cruiser CSS Florida, she was renamed Selma in July 1862, Lieutenant Peter U. Murphey, CSN, assuming command.

On February 5, 1863, while steaming down Mobile Bay with 100 extra men in search of a blockader to carry by boarding, Selma was bilged by a snag in crossing Dog River Bar, entrance to Mobile, and sank in 8 feet of water. Pumped out hastily, she was back in service February 13.

By the following year, Selma, CSS Morgan and CSS Gaines, the only ships capable of defending lower Mobile Bay, were having a serious problem with deserting seamen, and intelligence reported Selma's crew as having fallen as low as 15 men about mid-February.

At the crucial Battle of Mobile Bay, the largest naval engagement of the Civil War on August 5, 1864, Selma, captained by Lt. Peter Umstead "Capt. Pat" Murphey, was one of three small Confederate gunboats present. She particularly annoyed Rear Admiral David Farragut, USN by a steady, raking fire as she stood off USS Hartford (1858)'s bow. After passing the forts, Farragut ordered gunboat USS Metacomet (1863), captained by James Jouett, cast loose from Hartford to pursue Selma. After an hour-long running fight, Murphey, unable to escape to shallow water, had to surrender to the faster, more heavily armed Metacomet. Selma lost 7 killed and 8 wounded, including Murphey, who suffered an injured arm. The Selma was the last Confederate ship to surrender at the Battle of Mobile Bay.

That evening, Admiral Farragut commissioned the prize gunboat as USS Selma and placed her under the command of Arthur R. Yates, USN. Five days later, Selma joined in the Union Navy's bombardment of Fort Morgan. On August 16, she participated in a reconnaissance expedition up the Dog River.

In January 1865, Selma was transferred to New Orleans where she served until decommissioned on July 16, 1865. Sold at auction the same day to G. A. Hall, Selma was redocumented for merchant service on August 17, 1865 and foundered on June 24, 1868 south of Galveston, Texas, off the mouth of the Brazos River.

title: CSS Selma


text:
Sharon Shinn

Sharon Shinn (born 1957) is an American novelist who writes combining aspects of fantasy, science fiction and romance. She has published more than a dozen novels for adult and young adult readers. Her works include the Shifting Circles Series, the Samaria Series, the Twelve Houses Series, and a rewriting of Jane Eyre, Jenna Starborn. She works as a journalist in St. Louis, Missouri and is a graduate of Northwestern University.

Shinn is a die-hard St. Louis Cardinals and St. Louis Rams fan and is also a big fan of the TV Show Lost. She is a frequent attender of science-fiction/fantasy conventions. Her first Guest of Honor stint at a convention was ArmadilloCon 26. She was also the Guest of Honor at the convention Capricon 29.

In 2009, she donated her archive to the department of Rare Books and Special Collections at Northern Illinois University.

In Laurell K Hamilton's novel Obsidian Butterfly of her Anita Blake: Vampire Hunter series, Anita Blake mentions that she reads Sharon Shinn's novels to help her deal with her phobia of flying.

Awards

 * William L. Crawford Award (awarded by the International Association for the Fantastic in the Arts for best first fantasy novel) (1996)
 * Twice nominated for the John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer (1995, 1996)
 * Summers at Castle Auburn named to the ALA list of Best Books (2002).

Safe-Keepers series

 * 1) The Safe-Keeper's Secret (Puffin Books, 2004)
 * 2) The Truth-Teller's Tale (Puffin Books, 2005)
 * 3) The Dream-Maker's Magic (Viking Press, 2006)

Samaria series

 * 1) Archangel (Ace Books, 1996)
 * 2) Jovah's Angel (Ace Books, 1997)
 * 3) The Alleluia Files (Ace Books, 1997)
 * 4) Angelica (Ace Books, 2003) Although this is the fourth novel in the Samaria series, it is set before the first book Archangel.
 * 5) Angel-Seeker (Ace Books, 2004) This novel is set immediately after the first book Archangel.

Twelve Houses series

 * Flame (Ace Books, 2009) in Quatrain

 * 1) Mystic and Rider (Ace Books, 2005)
 * 2) The Thirteenth House (Ace Books, 2006)
 * 3) Dark Moon Defender (Ace Books, 2006)
 * 4) Reader and Raelynx (Ace Books, 2007)
 * 5) Fortune and Fate (Ace Books, 2008)

Elemental Blessings series

 * 1) Troubled Waters (Ace Books, 2010)
 * 2) Royal Airs (Ace Books, 2013)
 * 3) Jeweled Fire (Ace Books, 2015)
 * 4) Unquiet Land (Ace Books, 2016)
 * 5) Whispering Wood (Fairwood Press, 2024)

Shifting Circle series

 * 1) The Shape of Desire (Ace Books, 2012)
 * 2) Still Life With Shape Shifter (Ace Books, 2012)
 * 3) The Turning Season (Ace Books, 2014)

Uncommon Echoes series

 * 1) Echo in Onyx (audiobook, Audible, March 2019; trade paperback and ebook, Ethan Ellenberg Literary Agency, August 2019)
 * 2) Echo in Emerald (audiobook, Audible, March 2019; trade paperback and ebook, Ethan Ellenberg Literary Agency, 2019)
 * 3) Echo in Amethyst (audiobook, Audible, March 2019; trade paperback and ebook, Ethan Ellenberg Literary Agency, 2019)

Other novels

 * The Shape-Changer's Wife (Ace Books, 1995)
 * Heart of Gold (Ace Books, 2000)
 * Wrapt in Crystal (Ace Books, 2000)
 * Summers at Castle Auburn (Ace Books, 2002)
 * Jenna Starborn (Ace Books, 2003)
 * General Winston's Daughter (Viking Press, 2007)
 * Gateway (Viking Press, 2009)
 * Shattered Warrior (First Second Books, 2017), a graphic novel illustrated by Molly Knox Ostertag
 * The Shuddering City (Fairwood Press, 2022)

title: Sharon Shinn


text:
Eclipse (cigarette)

Eclipse is an American cigarette brand that was developed and marketed by R.J. Reynolds Tobacco. It heats the tobacco instead of burning it by using a carbon tip wrapped in glass fibers. In 2014 they were still in production, and one of the remaining choices allowed to be smoked in the offices of R.J. Reynolds facilities after the company began to restrict traditional smoking in their office facilities. They were retested in Wisconsin as "Revo" in 2015.

History
Revo is essentially the same as Eclipse, but with a different appearance. It primarily heated tobacco instead of burning it. The price was close to a premium pack of traditional cigarettes. Eclipse continues to be available in limited supply, as of 2014.

In July 2015 the CEO of Reynolds said they "planned to discontinue its heat-not-burn cigarette Revo, which it began testing in Wisconsin in February. She said consumer adoption rates failed to meet expectations."

Safety
The American Cancer Society argues that the cigarettes are not as safe as the marketing campaign suggests, and that they should be removed from the marketplace: although they produce less tar and produce less second-hand smoke, this leads to a false sense of security, since the cigarette still contains high amounts of carcinogens. Other concerns are that they produce more carbon monoxide than regular cigarettes. R. J. Reynolds has countered by claiming that the company is not trying to market a "safe" cigarette, only a better alternative.

title: Eclipse (cigarette)


text:
Ellen Meloy

Ellen Meloy (June 21, 1946, Pasadena, California – November 4, 2004, Bluff, Utah) was an American nature writer.

Life
She was born Ellen Louise Ditzler in Pasadena, California. She graduated from Goucher College with a degree in art, and from the University of Montana with a master's degree in environmental studies. She married her husband Mark Meloy, a river ranger, in 1985. Her nephew is the musician and writer Colin Meloy and her niece is the writer Maile Meloy.

A prize bearing Meloy's name is presented annually by The Ellen Meloy Fund for Desert Writers.

Awards

 * 1997 Whiting Award
 * 2003 Pulitzer Prize nomination for The Anthropology of Turquoise Meditations on Landscape, Art & Spirit (2003)
 * 2007 John Burroughs Medal Award

Selected works

 * "GROUND ZERO", Salon, February, 24, 1999

Anthologies

 * American Nature Writing: 2000, the volume was devoted to emerging women writers and was edited by John A. Murray, published by Oregon State University Press: Corvallis.
 * American Nature Writing: 2000, the volume was devoted to emerging women writers and was edited by John A. Murray, published by Oregon State University Press: Corvallis.
 * American Nature Writing: 2000, the volume was devoted to emerging women writers and was edited by John A. Murray, published by Oregon State University Press: Corvallis.
 * American Nature Writing: 2000, the volume was devoted to emerging women writers and was edited by John A. Murray, published by Oregon State University Press: Corvallis.

title: Ellen Meloy


text:
Template talk:PD-self

Necessary?
It seems to me that this template is subsumed by Template:PD-user, which is more informative. Are there any good arguments for a continued need for the present template? --MarkSweep 00:45, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm certainly willing to be swayed by arguments for combining them; as you say, the distinction is not great. The other can be used by anyone tagging submissions, even if they were not the creator themselves, so long as they have evidence that the creator did want the submission to be public domain.  This one can only be used by Users who are also creators, who are tagging their own images.  I do think there may be some small advantage in separating the two, as far as breaking down into categories the workload of those who may be checking the validity of image copyright tags in the future.

 * Not committed to preserving this one, which was created to fill a hole in existing PD tags -- I don't see any problem with using PD-user (which was created a month later) instead -- just explaining my reasoning and adding my two cents. Catherine\talk 03:53, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Interwiki link to vi:
Please add an interwiki link to the Vietnamese version of this template:

vi:Tiêu bản:PD-self

Thanks.

– Minh Nguyễn (talk, contribs) 04:28, 25 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Done RN 08:17, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

Anyone?
The word anyone should be replaced with any entity, or something similar. Anyone implies a person, and doesn't include a corporation, government, organization, or other entity. Also, this should at least be semi protected, rather than fully protected. -Mulder416 21:54, 14 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Edit done. RN 08:17, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

free license?
So, since this licensing effectively provides both the source and licensing requirements for images, it can be put onto any image and without proof to the contrary — it would stand? — pd_THOR undefined | 19:56, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

Can a work be released by the author?
Can someone please explain how this works? As I understood copyright law in the U.S., post-Berne (and many other countries, I am lead to understand), there is no statutory mechanism to waive copyright. The public domain consists of those works that have had their copyrights removed (e.g. by expiring) or were not eligible for copyright in the first place (e.g. works of the U.S. Government). This template therefore has no legal meaning, and renders the image copyrighted and unlicensed. Please, if you are a copyright lawyer, feel free to correct me on this.

For context, here is a quote from Public domain:

"Although the only part of the act that does mention 'public domain' does not speak to whether authors have the right to dedicate their work to the public domain, the remainder of the committee report does not say that they intended copyright should be an indestructible form of property. Rather the language speaks to getting rid of formalities in order to comply with Berne (non-compliance had become a severe impediment in trade negotiations) and making registration and marking optional, but encouraged. A fair reading is that the Berne Act did not intend to take away author's right to dedicate works to the public domain, which they had (by default) under the 1976 Act."

Hopefully that clarifies the problem. -Harmil 21:03, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Why would a person copyright a file, only to release it to the public domain? Shouldn't it just be "creator of the file" releases to the public domain? I'm not to good with this topic, so could someone clarify that for me? --haha169 (talk) 00:30, 11 March 2008 (UTC)
 * All intellectual property (except in special circumstances like the works of the US federal government) is copyrighted by default. If you draw a picture, take a photograph or write a piece of music, etc, that work is already copyrighted the moment it is created, and be default, the creator of the work is the copyright owner. So you can't add copyright to anything, only release the copyright. --Mosmof (talk) 15:41, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

Proposed edit
See Template:PD-self/Proposed. To allow sorting to work in the image category. Peter O. (Talk) 14:29, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Yes check.svg|20px]] Done --  Netsnipe  ►  17:58, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

Iwiki
Please consider adding a link to fr:Modèle:Domaine public perso. Thank you. 88.160.247.46 19:19, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

Please add Ru-Wiki ru:Шаблон:PD-self --Alex Spade 19:11, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

 * ✅ Done. – Luna Santin  (talk) 09:49, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

and is:Snið:PD-Eigin thanks --Steinninn 06:30, 23 May 2007 (UTC)
 * ✅ Rich Farmbrough, 12:43, 29 February 2012 (UTC).

Unless such conditions are required -- then what?
First off, in what jurisdictions are conditions required? And what if they are? If we are going to go to the trouble of putting in this awkward sub-sub-condition, then we ought to round it out with whatever (hopefully inoperative) conditions are necessary. ("Not valid in the year 2000"? I don't know.) 75.18.200.11 06:56, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

Problems for Author
Will author have problems if his work cause damage?

Could one bring author to court if his grandpa died of heart-attack looking at this image?

+
editprotected free media --Random832 01:02, 8 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I had to look elsewhere to figure out what you were asking for, but it's done. — Carl (CBM · talk) 02:23, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

İnterwiki
az:Şablon:İM-öz--Uannis 20:37, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

Editprotected request
Please place on the template page - nominating this for deprecation/deletion in favor of PD-user. Thanks! Videmus Omnia Talk  00:26, 3 October 2007 (UTC)
 * FYI - nom is here. Videmus Omnia Talk  01:22, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

Done. --- RockMFR 03:57, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

Protected template
Please add  . Thanks. Rocket000 21:19, 16 October 2007 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Yes check.svg|20px]] Done. Cheers. --MZMcBride 02:01, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

"the copyright holder of this work"
Would some consunsus (?spelling?) be able to determine if the should have the term "the copyright holder of this work" with the actual copyright holder.

For example:

OR

 ''I, SpecialWindler (the copyright holder of this work), hereby release it into the public domain. This applies worldwide.'' In case this is not legally possible, I grant any entity the right to use this work for any purpose, without any conditions, unless such conditions are required by law.

Making the or  parameter or similar to correspond with this wouldn't be hard.

Change the syntax from ''I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. This applies worldwide.'' In case this is not legally possible ,

to ''I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. This applies worldwide.'' In case this is not legally possible,

Any comments/objections.  The Windler    talk  22:53, 20 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Seems like a good idea. -- Tkgd2007 (talk) 17:12, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

 * It would only be an option, and wouldn't affect any use of the templates already.   The Windler      talk   06:44, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

It's a long time since this discussion, but I'll park this anyway in case it's revived. My experience in this subject leads me to observe: Cheers, Simon – SCHolar44 🇦🇺 💬 at 04:49, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Since a declaration is involved, the legal name of the person – not their Wikipedia name – would need to be used if the declaration was to be valid. Better to leave it with the present wording, which skirts around such a question.
 * A better wording for "I, the copyright holder of this work" (at least in British and Australian law, and given the internationally collaborative nature of copyright practices probably other jurisdictions) is "I, the owner of copyright in this work".

Imbox standardization
Kelly hi! 01:49, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

 * ✅ Done. I see that CapitalR has done the update. --David Göthberg (talk) 14:46, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

Red link
The "public domain" link points towards public domain when it should point to WP:public domain. This needs to be fixed. Darkshark0159 (talk) 04:49, 25 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Oh, never mind. There is a red link plague sweeping Wikipedia right now. It's fine. Darkshark0159 (talk) 04:54, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

A pretty bold assertion to make without justification.
This tag ought to include a mandatory field in which the submitter describes how the image was made, or if they were not the author themselves, who they purchased the copyright from.

It's all to easy -- and all too common -- for lackadaisical and careless submitters to upload a photo they don't at all own the rights to, even if they ignorantly think they do (they drew a box on a copyrighted image and call it "their work" for example), and slap PD-Self on it.

Abuse of PD-self (as well as other PD and copylefty tags too, to be sure) is a liability hole for the project. Requiring PD-Self tag users to state the origin of the image would have multiple results: 1. they don't use PD-Self because they can't answer the question, 2. they include an indication of origin that betrays the image's real ownership, leading to correction or IFD, or 3. they don't provide one, leading to IFD unless (a good) one is added, as is already the routine for FU without a FUR.

Keith D. Tyler ¶ 19:05, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

 * It's not a liability hole for the project because there are broad exemptions for projects like the wikipedia which have user contributed content (like youtube- same thing)- once they get notified by the copyright holder they can take it down without penalty. The hole is for the uploader; they can be sued.- (User) Wolfkeeper (Talk) 06:16, 29 June 2009 (UTC)

Copy to commons
Can we add the copy to commons template to this so that all images with this license are flagged for migration to commons? Railwayfan2005 (talk) 21:03, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Better to add Commons encouraged in the following wording as it allows an opt-out:

But in general, support the idea for auto-tagging for Commons move :) Sfan00 IMG (talk) 11:56, 20 January 2009 (UTC)
 * It was added but then rolled back :-( Railwayfan2005 (talk) 21:51, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

There should definitely be a Copy to Wikimedia Commons template on each instance of PD-self. Can an admin add this (again)? Logan Talk Contributions 01:16, 19 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't agree. Of files tagged with copy to commons you expect them to be checked. Some of the files don't have suitable copyright information and shouldn't be moved to Commons. multichill (talk) 11:17, 19 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Request disabled. Please continue to discuss. — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 21:33, 21 December 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree with Multichill. There should only be a "MTC" on files that have been checked. If a link is wanted we could perhaps add a link "Click here [auto link to CommonsHelper] to copy file to Commons IF the file is ready to move.". But not a normal "MTC". --MGA73 (talk) 20:12, 27 December 2010 (UTC)

Category:Self-published work
Could someone add to this template so the images will up in Category:Self-published work ? See GFDL-self for an example. multichill (talk) 09:09, 12 June 2010 (UTC)
 * ✅; please amend the documentation to reflect the change. billinghurst  sDrewth  09:15, 12 June 2010 (UTC)

Wording
Wouldn't changing "In case ..." to "Unless ..." be a little more clearer? -- œ ™ 07:45, 30 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes, but it would reverse the meaning. I have changed it to "if". Rich Farmbrough, 12:38, 29 February 2012 (UTC).

Moving free media tag
In the sandbox version,I've made a minor change so that 'free' images of a Non-free subjects (and thus not suitable for Commons) are not categorised with entirely free media.

It would be appreciated if this minor change, was rolled into the main template at some point. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 08:34, 24 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done. Well done on spotting this! — Mr. Stradivarius  ♪ talk ♪ 09:28, 25 March 2013 (UTC)

Fixed "no Commons" docs
I fixed the "no Commons" docs. is actually treated the same as  or. To get the false behavior, it needs to be empty or omitted. The behavior could be changed to match the old docs (e.g. using yesno, but I decided to document the actual behavior for now.

is a double negative, so it might not be ideal to support anyway. Superm401 - Talk 06:31, 5 October 2013 (UTC)

Isn't the CC zero waiver logo needed?
Why does the panel generated by show a Creative Commons public domain mark instead of a CC zero waiver/licence logo (CC0)? CC0 is described here as "a tool for relinquishing copyright and releasing material into the public domain". The Public Domain Mark is described as "a tool for labeling works already in the public domain". Cheers, Simon – SCHolar44 🇦🇺 💬 at 07:58, 14 February 2021 (UTC)
 * The Creative Commons public domain mark in this template needs to be changed to a CC zero waiver/licence logo (CC0). The definition of CC0 is "a tool for relinquishing copyright and releasing material into the public domain". The Public Domain Mark isn't appropriate because it's a tool for labelling works already in the public domain. A number of other templates have the same incorrect logo too. SCHolar44 (talk) 03:38, 15 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: File:PD-icon.svg is not File:Cc-public domain mark white.svg. PD is not CC0, so it shouldn't use the CC0 symbol. — JJMC89  (T·C) 04:06, 15 July 2021 (UTC)

No Commons
In Special:Diff/867363798 User:JJMC89 removed the "no Commons". I can see why. But I think that the idea with "no Commons" was that free files suitable for Commons should be in a dated sub category of Category:User-created public domain files and files not suitable for Commons should be in Category:User-created public domain files (no Commons). So I would like to suggest a change so if the file has a dw it goes to Category:User-created public domain files (no Commons). --MGA73 (talk) 09:17, 16 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Ping User:Brainulator9 as possibly interessted in this. --MGA73 (talk) 09:37, 16 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Two notes:
 * For some odd reason, the "no Commons" subcategorization only did anything with PD-user; PD-self did not.
 * Some files might, for whatever reason, be tagged as KeepLocal. That might have to be accounted for.
 * Ultimately, though, I'd like to have the monthly no-Commons categories excised in favor of putting everything in the main folder so we don't have all these dated maintenance categories lying around that can't be fixed for decades. The ones that still need to be checked for Commons compatibility or moved can remain dated, I guess, at least until we move everything over to Commons. -B RAINULATOR 9 (TALK) 17:32, 16 May 2021 (UTC)
 * User:Brainulator9 I agree that there is no need for dated categories for files that can't be moved to Commons. Files with a KeepLocal can be moved to Commons if the only reason is that uploader do not like Commons. So I think that dw means the file should always be in "no Commons" but a keep local means the file should be in the main category untill it is moved to Commons and then the file should be in "no Commons" (perhaps a bit odd but no need to invent an extra category for the keep local files). --MGA73 (talk) 18:07, 16 May 2021 (UTC)
 * It should be restored, since images marked keep local are ineligible for CSD and/or may not be suitable for Commons (e.g., photographs of building in countries without freedom of panorama). Magog the Ogre (t • c) 23:10, 15 July 2021 (UTC)
 * I just arrived at this discussion while looking at old maintenance categories, but I have the same concern. There is no point to putting the files which cannot or should not (e.g. personal files) be copied to Commons in any maintenance category; no changes to them are necessary.
 * Would anyone oppose me reinstating the code to categorize files with yes in a separate "no Commons" category, rather than the main maintenance category? Elli (talk | contribs) 23:39, 30 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I support that. But I do not think that we need to sort the "no commons" in dates. It can just be one (big?) category. --MGA73 (talk) 09:48, 31 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Agree there. I'll wait a few days for more comments and then implement the change, since it seems like there's no objection to it. Elli (talk | contribs) 17:36, 31 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Completely agree with here: drop the dated maintenance versions and move them over. -B RAINULATOR 9 (TALK) 19:55, 31 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Template talk:PD-self


text: Template:Kagawa

title: Template:Kagawa


text:
William M. Gray

William "Bill" Mason Gray was emeritus professor of atmospheric science at Colorado State University (CSU), and the head of the Tropical Meteorology Project at CSU's Department of Atmospheric Sciences. He is widely regarded as a pioneer in the science of tropical cyclone forecasting and one of the world's leading experts on tropical storms. After retiring as a faculty member at CSU in 2005, Gray remained actively involved in both climate change and tropical cyclone research until his death.

Early life and career
Gray was born on 9 October 1929, in Detroit, Michigan, and was the eldest son of Ulysses S. Gray and Beatrice Mason Gray. His family moved to Washington, D.C. in 1939 where he graduated from Wilson High School. In 1952, Gray received a B.S. degree in geography from George Washington University before joining the United States Air Force in 1953. Over the next four years, he served as an overseas weather forecast officer, primarily stationed in the Azores and England. Upon returning to the United States in 1957, he began work as a research assistant at the University of Chicago Department of Meteorology from 1957 to 1961. During his time there, he earned a M.S. in meteorology 1959 and went on to earn a PhD in geophysical sciences in 1964 under the mentorship of Herbert Riehl.

He joined Colorado State University (CSU) in 1961 as part of the Department of Atmospheric Science. Gray remained active in the Air Force Reserves until 1974, at which time he retired as a Lieutenant colonel. Following his retirement from the Reserves, he became a professor at CSU and went on to advise successful 20 PhD and 50 M.S. graduates. Eight of his students received awards from the American Meteorological Society while under his mentorship. Many of his students went on to become prominent members of the meteorological community, with several working at the National Hurricane Center. His last student was Philip Klotzbach, who later took over Gray's position as lead author of the CSU seasonal hurricane forecasts.

Gray worked closely with the World Meteorological Organization throughout his career. Starting in 1978, he traveled to numerous countries establish or improve connections with meteorologists across the globe, a groundbreaking action. In 1985, he organized the first International Workshop on Tropical Cyclones in Bangkok, Thailand.

Gray had many students and he offered them advice including his commandments. One of them was Remember Up-Moist, Down-Dry and Keep it Holy which was the reference to his conviction that one has to include moisture processes such as evaporation and rainfall to understand atmospheric energy balance. Thou Shalt Not Concern Thyself Unduly with Commandments and Regulations expressed his disdain for bureaucracy. Being an observational atmospheric scientist, he detested numerical models of the atmosphere—Thou Shalt Not Bow Before Computer Terminals Nor Involve Thyself with Numerical Models. He held very lively group meetings with his students and encouraged them to question everything—Remember Thy Project Meeting and Keep it Holy, Thou Shalt Not Wait 'til the End of a Talk to Ask a Question When Thou Can Interrupt in the Middle.

Personal life
On 1 October 1954, Gray married Nancy Price and they had four children together: Sarah, Anne (deceased), Janet, and Robert. They remained married until Price's death in 2001. Gray was a fan of baseball and followed the then Washington Senators (now known as the Texas Rangers). He initially sought a career in baseball or basketball but a knee injury at age 21 prevented him from pursuing such.

Research
Among Gray's most prominent achievements were the establishment of seasonal hurricane forecasts and finding that hurricane activity is cyclical. He is widely regarded as a pioneer in hurricane research, particularly for the seasonal forecasts. Throughout his career, Gray published more than 80 papers and 60 research reports. Klotzbach referred to him as "one of the greatest minds in hurricane research".

Seasonal hurricane forecasts
In the late 1970s, Gray noticed a trend of low hurricane activity in the North Atlantic basin during El Niño years. He was the first researcher to make a connection between such events and positive results led him to pursue further research. He found numerous factors across the globe influence tropical cyclone activity, such as connecting wet periods over the African Sahel to an increase in major hurricane landfalls along the United States East Coast. However, his findings also showed inconsistencies when only looking at a single factor as a primary influence.

Utilizing his findings, Gray developed an objective, statistical forecast for seasonal hurricane activity; he predicted only the number of tropical storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes, foregoing specifics on tracks and potential landfalls due to the aforementioned inconsistencies. Gray issued his first seasonal forecast ahead of the 1984 season, which used the statistical relationships between tropical cyclone activity, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), and Caribbean basin sea-level pressures. The endeavor proved modestly successful. He subsequently issued forecasts ahead of the start of the Atlantic hurricane season in May and before the peak of the season in August. Students and colleagues joined his forecast team in the following years, including Christopher Landsea, Paul W. Mielke Jr., and Kenneth J. Berry.

After the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season, Gray announced that he was stepping back from the primary authorship of CSU's tropical cyclone probability forecasts, passing the role to Philip J. Klotzbach. Gray indicated that he would be devoting more time to the issue of global warming. He did not attribute global warming to anthropogenic causes, and was critical of those who did.

Climate change
Following Gray's retirement from CSU's faculty, he took a stance against anthropogenic global warming. Gray claimed that scientists supported the scientific consensus on climate change because they were afraid of losing grant funding and promoted by government leaders and environmentalists seeking world government. Although he agreed that global warming was taking place, he argued that humans were only responsible for a tiny portion and it was largely part of the Earth's natural cycle. In June 2011, Gray wrote a paper directed at the American Meteorological Society, opposing their embrace of anthropogenic global warming.

Peter Webster, a Georgia Institute of Technology professor, was part of the anonymous peer review on several of Gray's National Science Foundation proposals. In every case he has turned down the global warming research component because he believed it was not up to standards, but recommended that Gray's hurricane research be funded. Webster, who co-authored papers with Gray, was critical of Gray for his personal attacks on the scientists with whom he disagreed.

Awards and honors
Throughout his career, Gray received several awards for his pioneering research and mentorship:

 * Fellow at the American Meteorological Society (AMS)
 * 1992: Colorado State University Jack E. Cermak Graduate School Award for Outstanding Adviser
 * 1993: Co-recipient of the American Meteorological Society Banner I. Miller Award
 * 1993: American Meteorological Society Jule G. Charney Award
 * 1995: Neil Frank Award of the National Hurricane Conference for "pioneering research into long-range hurricane forecasting and for developing a better understanding of how global climatological conditions shape the creation and intensity of tropical cyclones."
 * 1995: Honorary lifetime achievement award via invitation to the Eighth IMO Lecture to the 12th World Meteorological Organization Congress in Geneva, Switzerland.
 * 1995: ABC Television person of the week
 * 1995: Man of Science Award from the Colorado Chapter of the Achievement Rewards for College Scientists
 * 2014: First-ever recipient of the Robert and Joanne Simpson Award

title: William M. Gray


text:
Tree: Music for Films and Forests

Tree: Music for Films and Forests is a 1999 live album by Jane Siberry.

It presents a concert she recorded at New York City's famed Bottom Line jazz club in 1996. The concert predominantly presents songs that Siberry wrote which were in some way about trees and forests; however, she also includes two songs that she wrote and recorded for movie soundtracks. "Slow Tango" originally appeared in the Wim Wenders film Faraway, So Close!, and "It Can't Rain All the Time" appeared in the film The Crow.

It was one of four concerts she performed at The Bottom Line. Two of the others appear on the double album Child: Music for the Christmas Season, and the last appears on Lips: Music for Saying It. All three albums have also been released as the New York City Trilogy box set.

Track listing
All songs written by Siberry.

 * 1) "Slow Tango"
 * 2) "Burning Ship"
 * 3) "When Last I Was a Fisherman"
 * 4) "It Can't Rain All the Time"
 * 5) "I Paddle My Canoe"
 * 6) "Adam and Eve"
 * 7) "Up the Loggin' Road"
 * 8) "Goin' Down the River"
 * 9) "At the Beginning of Time"

title: Tree: Music for Films and Forests