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Bibliometrics

Bibliometrics is the application of statistical methods to the study of bibliographic data, especially in scientific and library and information science contexts, and is closely associated with scientometrics (the analysis of scientific metrics and indicators) to the point that both fields largely overlap.

Bibliometrics studies first appeared in the late 19th century. They have known a significant development after the Second World War in a context of "periodical crisis" and new technical opportunities offered by computing tools. In the early 1960s, the Science Citation Index of Eugene Garfield and the citation network analysis of Derek John de Solla Price laid the fundamental basis of a structured research program on bibliometrics.

Citation analysis is a commonly used bibliometric method based on constructing the citation graph, a network or graph representation of the citations shared by documents. Many research fields use bibliometric methods to explore the impact of their field, the impact of a set of researchers, the impact of a particular paper, or to identify particularly impactful papers within a specific field of research. Bibliometrics tools have been commonly integrated in descriptive linguistics, the development of thesauri, and evaluation of reader usage. Beyond specialized scientific use, popular web search engines, such as the pagerank algorithm implemented by Google have been largely shaped by bibliometrics methods and concepts.

The emergence of the Web and the open science movement has gradually transformed the definition and the purpose of "bibliometrics." In the 2010s historical proprietary infrastructures for citation data such as the Web of Science or Scopus have been challenged by new initiatives in favor of open citation data. The Leiden Manifesto for Research Metrics (2015) opened a wide debate on the use and transparency of metrics.

Definition
The term bibliométrie was first used by Paul Otlet in 1934, and defined as "the measurement of all aspects related to the publication and reading of books and documents." The anglicized version bibliometrics was first used by Alan Pritchard in a paper published in 1969, titled "Statistical Bibliography or Bibliometrics?" He defined the term as "the application of mathematics and statistical methods to books and other media of communication." Bibliometrics was conceived as a replacement for statistical bibliography, the main label used by publications in the field until then: for Pritchard, statistical bibliography was too "clumsy" and did not make it very clear what was the main object of study.

The concept of bibliometrics "stresses the material aspect of the undertaking: counting books, articles, publications, citations". In theory, bibliometrics is a distinct field from scientometrics (from the Russian naukometriya), which relies on the analysis of non-bibliographic indicators of scientific activity. In practice, bibliometrics and scientometrics studies tend to use similar data sources and methods, as citation data has become the leading standard of quantitative scientific evaluation during the mid-20th century: "insofar as bibliometric techniques are applied to scientific and technical literature, the two areas of scientometrics and bibliometrics overlap to a considerable degree." The development of the web and the expansion of bibliometrics approach to non-scientific production has entailed the introduction of broader labels in the 1990s and the 2000s: infometrics, webometrics or cybermetrics. These terms have not been extensively adopted, as they partly overlap with pre-existing research practices, such as information retrieval.

History
Scientific works, studies and researches that have a bibliometric character can be identified, depending on the definition, already for the 12th century in the form of Jewish indexes.

Early experiments (1880–1914)
Bibliometric analysis appeared at the turn of the 19th and the 20th century. These developments predate the first occurrence of the concept of bibiometrics by several decades. Alternative label were commonly used: bibliography statistics became especially prevalent after 1920 and continued to remain in use until the end of the 1960s. Early statistical studies of scientific metadata were motivated by the significant expansion of scientific output and the parallel development of indexing services of databases that made this information more accessible in the first place. Citation index were first applied to case law in the 1860s and their most famous example, Shepard's Citations (first published in 1873) will serve as a direct inspiration for the Science Citation Index one century later.

The emergence of social sciences inspired new speculative research on the science of science and the possibility of studying science itself as a scientific object: "The belief that social activities, including science, could be reduced to quantitative laws, just as the trajectory of a cannonball and the revolutions of the heavenly bodies, traces back to the positivist sociology of Auguste Comte, William Ogburn, and Herbert Spencer." Bibliometric analysis was not conceived as a separate body studies but one of the available methods for the quantitative analysis of scientific activity in different fields of research: science history (Histoire des sciences et des savants depuis deux siècles of Alphonse de Candolle in 1885, The history of comparative anatomy, a statistical analysis of the literature by Francis Joseph Cole and Nellie B. Eales in 1917), bibliography (The Theory of National and International Bibliography of Francis Burburry Campbell in 1896) or sociology of science (Statistics of American Psychologists of James McKeen Cattell in 1903).

Early bibliometrics and scientometrics work were not simply descriptive but expressed normative views of what science should be and how it could progress. The measurement of the performance of individual researchers, scientific institutions or entire countries was a major objective. The statistical analysis of James McKeen Cattell acted as a preparatory work for a large scale evaluation of American researchers with eugenicists undertones: American Men of Science (1906), "with its astoundingly simplistic rating system of asterisks attached to individual entries in proportion to the estimated eminence of the starred scholar."

Development of bibliography statistics (1910–1945)
After 1910, bibliometrics approach increasingly became the main focus in several study of scientific performance rather than one quantitative method among others. In 1917, Francis Joseph Cole and Nellie B. Eales argued in favor of the primary statistical value of publications as a publication "is an isolated and definite piece of work, it is permanent, accessible, and may be judged, and in most cases it is not difficult to ascertain when, where, and by whom it was done, and to plot the results on squared paper." Five years later, Edward Wyndham Hulme expanded this argument to the point that publications could be considered as the standard measure of an entire civilization: "If civilization is but the product of the human mind operating upon a shifting platform of its environment, we may claim for bibliography that it is not only a pillar in the structure of the edifice, but that it can function as a measure of the varying forces to which this structure is continuously subjected." This shift toward publication had a limited impact: well until the 1970s, national and international evaluation of scientific activities "disdained bibliometric indicators" which were deemed too simplistic, in favor of socological and economic measures.

Both the enhanced value attached to scientific publications as a measure of knowledge and the difficulties met by libraries to manage the growing flow of academic periodicals entailed the development of the first citation indexes. In 1927, P. Gross and E. M. Gross compiled the 3,633 references quoted by the Journal of the American Chemical Society during the year 1926 and ranked journals depending on their level of citation. The two authors created a set of tools and methods still commonly used by academic search engines, including attributing a bonus to recent citations since "the present trend rather than the past performance of a journal should be considered first." Yet the academic environment measured was markedly different: German rather than English ranked by far the main language of science of chemistry with more than 50% of all references.

In the same period, fundamental algorithms, metrics and methods of bibliometrics were first identified in several unrelated projects, most of them being related to the structural inequalities of scientific production. In Alfred Lotka introduced its law of productivity from an analysis of the authored publications in the Chemical Abstracts and the Geschichtstafeln der Physik: the number of authors producing an n number of contributions is equal to the 1/n^2 number of authors that only produced one publication. In, the chief librarian of the London Science Museum, Samuel Bradford derived a law of scattering from his experience in bibliographic indexing: there are exponentially diminishing returns of searching for references in science journals, as more and more work need to be consulted to find relevant work. Both the Lotka and Bradford law have been criticized as they are far from universal and rather uncovers a rough power law relationship rendered by deceivingly precise equations.

Periodical crisis, digitization and citation index (1945–1960)
After the Second World War, the growing challenge in managing and accessing scientific publications turned into a full-fledged "periodical crisis": existing journals could not keep up with the rapidly increasing scientific output spurred by the big science projects. The issue became politically relevant after the successful launch of Sputnik in 1957: "The Sputnik crisis turned the librarians' problem of bibliographic control into a national information crisis.." In a context of rapid and dramatic change, the emerging field of bibliometrics was linked to large scale reforms of academic publishing and nearly utopian visions of the future of science. In 1934, Paul Otlet introduced under the concept of bibliométrie or bibliology an ambitious project of measuring the impact of texts on society. In contrast with the bounded definition of bibliometrics that will become prevalent after the 1960s, the vision of Otlet was not limited to scientific publication nor in fact to publication as a fundamental unit: it aimed for "by the resolution of texts into atomic elements, or ideas, which he located in the single paragraphs (alinéa, verset, articulet) composing a book." In 1939 John Desmond Bernal envisioned a network of scientific archives, which was briefly considered by the Royal Society in 1948: "The scientific paper sent to the central publication office, upon approval by an editorial board of referees, would be microfilmed, and a sort of print-on-demand system set in action thereafter." While not using the concept of bibliometrics, Bernal had a formative influence of leading figures of the field such as Derek John de Solla Price.

The emerging computing technologies were immediately considered as a potential solution to make a larger amount of scientific output readable and searchable. During the 1950s and 1960s, an uncoordinated wave of experiments in indexing technologies resulted in the rapid development of key concepts of computing research retrieval. In 1957, IBM engineer Hans Peter Luhn introduced an influential paradigm of statistical-based analysis of word frequencies, as "communication of ideas by means of words is carried out on the basis of statistical probability." Automated translation of non-English scientific work has also significantly contributed to fundamental research on natural language processing of bibliographic references, as in this period a significant amount of scientific publications were not still available in English, especially the one coming from the Soviet block. Influent members of the National Science Foundation like Joshua Ledeberg advocated for the creation of a "centralized information system", SCITEL, partly influenced by the ideas of John Desmond Bernal. This system would at first coexist with printed journals and gradually replace them altogether on account of its efficiency. In the plan laid out by Ledeberg to Eugen Garfield in November 1961, a centralized deposit would index as much as 1,000,000 scientific articles per year. Beyond full-text searching, the infrastructure would also ensure the indexation of citation and other metadata, as well as the automated translation of foreign language articles.

The first working prototype on an online retrieval system developed in 1963 by Doug Engelbart and Charles Bourne at the Stanford Research Institute proved the feasibility of these theoretical assumptions, although it was heavily constrained by memory issues: no more than 10,000 words of a few documents could be indexed. The early scientific computing infrastructures were focused on more specific research areas, such as MEDLINE for medicine, NASA/RECON for space engineering or OCLC Worldcat for library search: "most of the earliest online retrieval system provided access to a bibliographic database and the rest used a file containing another sort of information—encyclopedia articles, inventory data, or chemical compounds." Exclusive focus on text analysis proved limitative as the digitized collections expanded: a query could yield a large number results and it was difficult to evaluate the relevancy and the accuracy of the results.

The periodical crisis and the limitations of index retrieval technologies motivated the development of bibliometric tools and large citation index like the Science Citation Index of Eugene Garfield. Garfield's work was initially primarily concerned with the automated analysis of text work. In contrast with ongoing work largely focused on internal semantic relationship, Garfield highlighted "the importance of metatext in discourse analysis", such as introductory sentences and bibliographic references. Secondary forms of scientific production like literature reviews and bibliographic notes became central to Garfield's vision as they have already been to John Desmond Bernal's vision of scientific archives. By 1953, Garfield's attention was permanently shifted to citation analysis: in a private letter to William C. Adair, the vice-president of the publisher of the Shepard's Citation index, "he suggested a well tried solution to the problem of automatic indexing, namely to "shepardize" biomedical literature, to untangle the skein of its content by following the thread of citation links in the same way the legal citator did with court sentences." In 1955, Garfield published his seminal article "Citation Indexes for Science", that both laid out the outline of the Science Citation Index and had a large influence on the future development of bibliometrics. The general citation index envisioned by Garfield was originally one of the building block of the ambitious plan of Joshua Lederberg to computerize scientific literature. Due to lack of funding, the plan was never realized. In 1963, Eugene Garfield created the Institute for Scientific Information that aimed to transform the projects initially envisioned with Lederberg into a profitable business.

Bibliometric reductionism, metrics, and structuration of a research field (1960–1990)
The field of bibliometrics coalesced in parallel to the development of the Science Citation Index, that was to become its fundamental infrastructure and data resource: "while the early twentieth century contributed methods that were necessary for measuring research, the mid-twentieth century was characterized by the development of institutions that motivated and facilitated research measurement." Significant influences of the nascent field included along with John Desmond Bernal, Paul Otlet the sociology of science of Robert K. Merton, that was re-interpreted in a non-ethic manner: the Matthew Effect, that is the increasing concentration of attention given to researchers that were already notable, was no longer considered as a derive(?) but a feature of normal science.

A follower of Bernal, the British historian of science Derek John de Solla Price has had a major impact on the disciplinary formation of bibliometrics: with "the publication of Science Since Babylon (1961), Little Science, Big Science (1963), and Networks of Scientific Papers (1965) by Derek Price, scientometrics already had a sound empirical and conceptual toolkit available." Price was a proponent of bibliometric reductionism. As Francis Joseph Cole and Nellie B. Eales in 1917, he argued that a publication is the best possible standard to lay out a quantitative study of science: they "resemble a pile of bricks (…) to remain in perpetuity as an intellectual edifice built by skill and artifice, resting on primitive foundation." Price doubled down on this reductionist approach by limiting in turn the large set of existing bibliographic data to citation data.

Price's framework, like Garfield's, takes for granted the structural inequality of science production, as a minority of researchers creates a large share of publication and an even smaller share have a real measurable impact on subsequent research (with as few as 2% of papers having 4 citations or more at the time). Despite the unprecedented growth of post-war science, Price claimed for the continued existence of an invisible college of elite scientists that, as in the time of Robert Boyle undertook the most valuable work. While Price was aware of the power relationships that ensured the domination of such an elite, there was a fundamental ambiguity in the bibliometrics studies, that highlighted the concentration of academic publishing and prestige but also created tools, models and metrics that normalized pre-existing inequalities. The central position of the Scientific Citation Index amplified this performative effect. In the end of the 1960s Eugene Garfield formulated a law of concentration that was formally a reinterpretation of the Samuel Bradford's law of scattering, with a major difference: while Bradford talked for the perspective of a specific research project, Garfield drew a generalization of the law to the entire set of scientific publishing: "the core literature for all scientific disciplines involves a group of no more than 1000 journals, and may involve as few as 500." Such law was also a justification of the practical limitation of the citation index to a limited subset of core journals, with the underlying assumption that any expansion into second-tier journals would yield diminishing returns. Rather than simply observing structural trends and patterns, bibliometrics tend to amplify and stratify them even further: "Garfield's citation indexes would have brought to a logical completion, the story of a stratified scientific literature produced by (…) a few, high-quality, "must-buy" international journals owned by a decreasing number of multinational corporations ruling the roost in the global information market."

Under the impulsion of Garfield and Price, bibliometrics became both a research field and a testing ground for quantitative policy evaluation of research. This second aspect was not a major focus of the Science Citation Index has been a progressive development: the famous Impact Factor was originally devised in the 1960s by Garfield and Irving Sher to select the core group of journals that were to be featured in Current Contents and the Science Citation Index and was only regularly published after 1975. The metric itself is a very simple ratio between the total count of citation received by the journal on the past year and its productivity on the past two years, to ponderate the prolificity of some publications. For example, Nature had an impact factor of 41.577 in 2017:

$$\text{IF}_{2017} = \frac{\text{Citations}_{2017}}{\text{Publications}_{2016} + \text{Publications}_{2015}} = \frac{74090}{880 + 902} = 41.577.$$

The simplicity of the impact factor has likely been a major factor in its wide adoption by scientific institutions, journals, funders or evaluators: "none of the revised versions or substitutes of ISI IF has gained general acceptance beyond its proponents, probably because the alleged alternatives lack the degree of interpretability of the original measure."

Alongside these simplified measurements, Garfield continued to support and fund fundamental research in science history and sociology of science. First published 1964, The Use of Citation Data in Writing the History of Science compiles several experimental case studies relying on the citation network of the Science Citation Index, including a quantitative reconstruction of the discovery of the DNA. Interest in this area persisted well after the sell of the Index to Thomson Reuters: as late as 2001, Garfield unveiled HistCite, a software for "algorithmic historiography" created in collaboration with Alexander Pudovkin, and Vladimir S. Istomin.

The Web turn (1990–…)
The development of the World Wide Web and the Digital Revolution had a complex impact on bibliometrics.

The web itself and some of its key components (such as search engines) were partly a product of bibliometrics theory. In its original form, it was derived from a bibliographic scientific infrastructure commissioned to Tim Berners-Lee by the CERN for the specific needs of high energy physics, ENQUIRE. The structure of ENQUIRE was closer to an internal web of data: it connected "nodes" that "could refer to a person, a software module, etc. and that could be interlined with various relations such as made, include, describes and so forth." Sharing of data and data documentation was a major focus in the initial communication of the World Wide Web when the project was first unveiled in August 1991 : "The WWW project was started to allow high energy physicists to share data, news, and documentation. We are very interested in spreading the web to other areas, and having gateway servers for other data." The web rapidly superseded pre-existing online infrastructure, even when they included more advanced computing features. The core value attached to hyperlinking in the design of the web seem to validate the intuitions of the funding figures of bibliometrics: "The onset of the World Wide Web in the mid-1990s made Garfield's citationist dream more likely to come true. In the world network of hypertexts, not only is the bibliographic reference one of the possible forms taken by a hyperlink inside the electronic version of a scientific article, but the Web itself also exhibits a citation structure, links between web pages being formally similar to bibliographic citations." Consequently, bibliometrics concepts have been incorporated in major communication technologies the search algorithm of Google: "the citation-driven concept of relevance applied to the network of hyperlinks between web pages would revolutionize the way Web search engines let users quickly pick useful materials out of the anarchical universe of digital information."

While the web expanded the intellectual influence of bibliometrics way beyond specialized scientific research, it also shattered the core tenets of the field. In contrast with the wide utopian visions of Bernal and Otlet that partly inspired it, the Science Citation Index was always conceived as a closed infrastructure, not only from the perspective of their users but also from the perspective of the collection index: the logical conclusion of Price's theory of invisible college and Garfield's law of concentration was to focus exclusively on a limited set of core scientific journals. With the rapid expansion of the Web, numerous forms of publications (notably preprints), scientific activities and communities suddenly became visible and highlighted by contrast the limitations of applied bibliometrics. The other fundamental aspect of bibliometric reductionism, the exclusive focus on citation, has also been increasingly fragilized by the multiplication of alternative data sources and the unprecedented access to full text corpus that made it possible to revive the large scale semantic analysis first envisioned by Garfield in the early 1950s: "Links alone, then, just like bibliographic citations alone, do not seem sufficient to pin down critical communication patterns on the Web, and their statistical analysis will probably follow, in the years to come, the same path of citation analysis, establishing fruitful alliances with other emerging qualitative and quantitative outlooks over the web landscape."

The close relationship between bibliometrics and commercial vendors of citation data and indicators has become more strained since the 1990s. Leading scientific publishers have diversified their activities beyond publishing and moved "from a content-provision to a data analytics business." By 2019, Elsevier has either acquired or built a large portofolio platforms, tools, databases and indicators covering all aspects and stages of scientific research: "the largest supplier of academic journals is also in charge of evaluating and validating research quality and impact (e.g., Pure, Plum Analytics, Sci Val), identifying academic experts for potential employers (e.g., Expert Lookup5), managing the research networking platforms through which to collaborate (e.g., SSRN, Hivebench, Mendeley), managing the tools through which to find funding (e.g., Plum X, Mendeley, Sci Val), and controlling the platforms through which to analyze and store researchers' data (e.g., Hivebench, Mendeley)." Metrics and indicators are key components of this vertical integration: "Elsevier's further move to offering metrics-based decision making is simultaneously a move to gain further influence in the entirety of the knowledge production process, as well as to further monetize its disproportionate ownership of content." The new market for scientific publication and scientific data has been compared with the business models of social networks, search engines and other forms of platform capitalism While content access is free, it is indirectly paid through data extraction and surveillance. In 2020, Rafael Ball envisioned a bleak future for bibliometricians where their research contribute to the emerge of a highly invasive form of "surveillance capitalism":scientists "be given a whole series of scores which not only provide a more comprehensive picture of the academic performance, but also the perception, behaviour, demeanour, appearance and (subjective) credibility (…) In China, this kind of personal data analysis is already being implemented and used simultaneously as an incentive and penalty system."

The Leiden manifesto for research metrics (2015) highlighted the growing rift between the commercial providers of scientific metrics and bibliometric communities. The signatories stressed the potential social damage of uncontrolled metric-based evaluation and surveillance: "as scientometricians, social scientists and research administrators, we have watched with increasing alarm the pervasive misapplication of indicators to the evaluation of scientific performance." Several structural reforms of bibliometric research and research evaluation are proposed, including a stronger reliance on qualitative assessment and the reliance on "open, transparent and simple" data collection. The Leiden Manifesto has stirred an important debate in bibliometrics/scientometrics/infometrics with some critics arguing that the elaboration of quantitative metrics bears no responsibility on their misuse in commercial platforms and research evaluation.

Usage
Historically, bibliometric methods have been used to trace relationships amongst academic journal citations. Citation analysis, which involves examining an item's referring documents, is used in searching for materials and analyzing their merit. Citation indices, such as Institute for Scientific Information's Web of Science, allow users to search forward in time from a known article to more recent publications which cite the known item.

Data from citation indexes can be analyzed to determine the popularity and impact of specific articles, authors, and publications. Using citation analysis to gauge the importance of one's work, for example, has been common in hiring practices of the late 20th century. Information scientists also use citation analysis to quantitatively assess the core journal titles and watershed publications in particular disciplines; interrelationships between authors from different institutions and schools of thought; and related data about the sociology of academia. Some more pragmatic applications of this information includes the planning of retrospective bibliographies, "giving some indication both of the age of material used in a discipline, and of the extent to which more recent publications supersede the older ones"; indicating through high frequency of citation which documents should be archived; comparing the coverage of secondary services which can help publishers gauge their achievements and competition, and can aid librarians in evaluating "the effectiveness of their stock." There are also some limitations to the value of citation data. They are often incomplete or biased; data has been largely collected by hand (which is expensive), though citation indexes can also be used; incorrect citing of sources occurs continually; thus, further investigation is required to truly understand the rationale behind citing to allow it to be confidently applied.

Bibliometrics can be used for understanding the research hot topics, for example, in housing Bibliometrics, the results show that Keywords such as influencing factors of housing prices, supply and demand analysis, policy impact on housing prices, and regional city trends are commonly found in housing price research literature. Recent popular keywords include regression analysis and house price predictions. The USA has been a pioneer in housing price research, with well-established means and methods leading the way in this field. Developing countries, on the other hand, need to adopt innovative research approaches and focus more on sustainability in their housing price studies. Research indicates a strong correlation between housing prices and the economy, with keywords like gross domestic product, interest rates, and currency frequently appearing in economic-related cluster analyses.

Bibliometrics are now used in quantitative research assessment exercises of academic output which is starting to threaten practice based research. The UK government has considered using bibliometrics as a possible auxiliary tool in its Research Excellence Framework, a process which will assess the quality of the research output of UK universities and on the basis of the assessment results, allocate research funding. This has met with significant skepticism and, after a pilot study, looks unlikely to replace the current peer review process. Furthermore, excessive usage of bibliometrics in assessment of value of academic research encourages gaming the system in various ways including publishing large quantity of works with low new content (see least publishable unit), publishing premature research to satisfy the numbers, focusing on popularity of the topic rather than scientific value and author's interest, often with detrimental role to research. Some of these phenomena are addressed in a number of recent initiatives, including the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment.

Guidelines have been written on the using of bibliometrics in academic research, in disciplines such as Management, Education, and Information Science. Other bibliometrics applications include: creating thesauri; measuring term frequencies; as metrics in scientometric analysis, exploring grammatical and syntactical structures of texts; measuring usage by readers; quantifying value of online media of communication; in the context of technological trend analyses; measuring Jaccard distance cluster analysis and text mining based on binary logistic regression.

In the context of the big deal cancellations by several library systems in the world, data analysis tools like Unpaywall Journals are used by libraries to assist with big deal cancellations: libraries can avoid subscriptions for materials already served by instant open access via open archives like PubMed Central.

Bibliometrics and open science
The open science movement has been acknowledged as the most important transformation faced by bibliometrics since the emergence of the field in the 1960s. The free sharing of a wide variety of scientific outputs on the web affected the practice of bibliometrics at all levels: the definition and the collection of the data, infrastructure, and metrics.

Before the crystallization of the field around the Science Citation Index and the reductionist theories of Derek de Solla Price, bibliometrics has been largely influenced by utopian projects of enhanced knowledge sharing beyond specialized academic communities. The scientific networks envisioned by Paul Otlet or John Desmond Bernal have gained a new relevancy with the development of the Web: "The philosophical inspiration of the pioneers in pursuing the above lines of inquiry, however, faded gradually into the background (…) Whereas Bernal's input would eventually find an ideal continuation in the open access movement, the citation machine set into motion by Garfield and Small led to the proliferation of sectorial studies of a fundamentally empirical nature."

From altmetrics to open metrics
In the early developments, the open science movement partly co-opted the standard tools of bibliometrics and quantitative evaluation: "the fact that no reference was made to metadata in the main OA declarations (Budapest, Berlin, Bethesda) has led to a paradoxical situation (…) it was through the use of the Web of Science that OA advocates were eager to show how much accessibility led to a citation advantage compared to paywalled articles." After 2000, an important bibliometric literature was devoted to the citation advantage of open access publications.

By the end of the 2000s, the impact factor and other metrics have increasingly held responsible a systemic locked-in of prestigious non-accessible sources. Key figures of the open science movement like Stevan Harnad called for the creation of "open access scientometrics" that would take "advantage of the wealth of usage and impact metrics enabled by the multiplication of online, full-text, open access digital archives." As the public of open science expanded beyond academic circles, new metrics should aim for "measuring the broader societal impacts of scientific research."

The concept of alt-metrics was introduced in 2009 by Cameron Neylon and Shirly Wu as article-level metrics. In contrast with the focus of leading metrics on journals (impact factor) or, more recently, on individual researchers (h-index), the article-level metrics makes it possible to track the circulation of individual publications: "(an) article that used to live on a shelf now lives in Mendeley, CiteULike, or Zotero – where we can see and count it" As such they are more compatible with the diversity of publication strategies that has characterized open science: preprints, reports or even non-textual outputs like dataset or software may also have associated metrics. In their original research proposition, Neylon and Wu favored the use of data from reference management software like Zotero or Mendeley. The concept of altmetrics evolved and came to encover data extracted "from social media applications, like blogs, Twitter, ResearchGate and Mendeley.". Social media sources proved especially to be more reliable on a long-term basis, as specialized academic tools like Mendeley came to be integrated into a proprietary ecosystem developed by leading scientific publishers. Major altmetrics indicators that emerged in the 2010s include Altmetric.com, PLUMx and ImpactStory.

As the meaning of altmetrics shifted, the debate over the positive impact of the metrics evolved toward their redefinition in an open science ecosystem: "Discussions on the misuse of metrics and their interpretation put metrics themselves in the center of open science practices." While altmetrics were initially conceived for open science publications and their expanded circulation beyond academic circles, their compatibility with the emerging requirements for open metrics has been brought into question: social network data, in particular, is far from transparent and readily accessible. In 2016, Ulrich Herb published a systematic assessment of the leading publications' metrics in regard to open science principles and concluded that "neither citation-based impact metrics nor alternative metrics can be labeled open metrics. They all lack scientific foundation, transparency and verifiability."

Herb laid an alternative program for open metrics that have yet to be developed. The main criteria included:
 * A large selection of publication items (journal articles, books, dataset, software) that agree with the writing and reading practices of scientific communities.
 * Fully documented data sources.
 * Transparent and reproducible process for the calculation of the metrics and other indices.
 * Open software.
 * Promotion of reflexive and interpretive uses of the metrics, to prevent their misuse in quantitative assessments.

This definition has been implemented in research programs, like ROSI (Reference implementation for open scientometric indicators). In 2017, the European Commission Expert Group on Altmetrics expanded the open metrics program of Ulrich Herb under a new concept, the Next-generation metrics. These metrics should be managed by "open, transparent and linked data infrastructure". The expert group underline that not everything should be measured and not all metrics are relevants: "Measure what matters: the next generation of metrics should begin with those qualities and impacts that European societies most value and need indices for, rather than those which are most easily collected and measure".

Infrastructure for open citation data
Until the 2010s, the impact of open science movement was largely limited to scientific publications: it "has tended to overlook the importance of social structures and systemic constraints in the design of new forms of knowledge infrastructures." In 1997, Robert D. Cameron called for the development of an open databases of citation that would completely alter the condition of science communication: "Imagine a universal bibliographic and citation database linking every scholarly work ever written—no matter how published—to every work that cites and every work that cites it. Imagine that such a citation database was freely available over the Internet and was updated every day with all the new works published that day, including papers in traditional and electronic journals, conference papers, theses, technical reports, working papers, and preprints." Despite the development of specific indexes focused on open access works like CiteSeer, a large open alternative to the Science Citation Index failed to materialize. The collection of citation data, remained dominated by large commercial structure such as the direct descendant of the Scientific Citation Index, the Web of Science. This had the effect of maintaining the emerging ecosystem of open resources at the periphery of academic networks: "common pool of resources is not governed or managed by the current scholarly commons initiative. There is no dedicated hard infrastructure and though there may be a nascent community, there is no formal membership."

Since 2015, open science infrastructures, platforms and journals have converged to the creation of digital academic commons, increasingly structured around a shared ecosystem of services and standards has emerged through the network of dependencies from one infrastructure to another. This movement stem from an increasingly critical stance toward leading proprietary databases. In 2012, the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment (DORA) called for "ending the use of journal impact factors in funding, hiring and promotion decisions." The Leiden Manifesto for research metrics (2015) encouraged the development of "open, transparent and simple" data collection.

Collaborations between academic and non-academic actors collectively committed in the creation and maintenance of knowledge commons has been a determining factor in the creation of new infrastructure for open citation data. Since 2010, a dataset of open citation data, the Open Citation Corpus, has been collected by several researchers from a variety of open access sources (including PLOS and Pubmed). This collection was the initial kernel of the Initiative for OpenCitations, incepted in 2017 in response to issues of data accessibility faced by a Wikimedia project, Wikidata. A conference, given by Dario Taraborelli, head of research at the Wikimedia Foundation showed that only 1% of papers in Crossref had citations metadata that were freely available and references stored on Wikidata were unable to include the very large segment of non-free data. This coverage expanded to more than half of the recorded papers, when Elsevier finally joined the initiative in January 2021.

Since 2021, OpenAlex has become a major open infrastructure for scientific metadata. Initially created as a replacement for the discontinued Microsoft Academic Graph, OpenAlex indexed in 2022 209 millions of scholarly works from 213 millions authors as well as their associated institutions, venues and concepts in a knowledge graph integrated into the semantic web (and Wikidata). Due to its large coverage and large amount of data properly migrated from the Microsoft Academic Graph (MAG), OpenAlex "seems to be at least as suited for bibliometric analyses as MAG for publication years before 2021." In 2023, a study on the coverage of data journals in scientific indexes found that OpenAlex, along with Dimensions, "enjoy a strong advantage over the two more traditional databases, WoS and Scopus" and is overall especially suited for the indexation of non-journal publications like books or from researchers in non-western countries

The opening of science data has been a major topic of debate in the bibliometrics and scientometrics community and had wide range social and intellectual consequences. In 2019, the entire scientific board of the Journal of Infometrics resigned and created a new open access journals, Quantitative Science Studies. The journal was published by Elsevier since 2007 and the members of the board were increasingly critical of the lack of progress in the open sharing of open citation data: "Our field depends on high-quality scientific metadata. To make our science more robust and reproducible, these data must be as open as possible. Therefore, our editorial board was deeply concerned with the refusal of Elsevier to participate in the Initiative for Open Citations (I4OC)."

Bibliometrics without evaluation: the shift to quantitative science studies
The unprecedented availability of a wide range of scientific productions (publications, data, software, conference, reviews...) has entailed a more dramatic redefinition of the bibliometrics project. For new alternative works anchored in the open science landscape, the principles of bibliometrics as defined by Garfield and Price in the 1960s need to be rethought. The pre-selection of a limited corpus of important journals seem neither necessary nor appropriate. In 2019, the proponents of the Matilda project, "do not want to just "open" the existing closed information, but wish to give back a fair place to the whole academic content that has been excluded from such tools, in a "all texts are born equal" fashion." They aim to "redefine bibliometrics tools as a technology" by focusing on the exploration and mapping of scientific corpus.

Issues of inclusivity and more critical approach of structural inequalities in science have become more prevalent in scientometrics and bibliometrics, especially in relation to gender imbalance. After 2020, one of the most heated debate in the field revolved around the reception of a study on the gender imbalance in fundamental physics.

The structural shift in the definition of bibliometrics, scientometrics or infometrics has entailed the need for alternative labels. The concept of Quantitative Science Studies was originally introduced in the late 2000s in the context of a renewed critical assessment of classic bibliometric findings. It has become more prevalent in the late 2010s. After leaving Elsevier, the editors of the Journal of Infometrics opted for this new label and created a journal for Quantitative Science Studies. The first editorial removed all references to metric and aimed for a wider inclusion of quantitative and qualitative research on the science of science:

"We hope that those who identify under labels such as scientometrics, science of science, and metascience will all find a home in QSS. We also recognize the diverse range of disciplines for whom science is an object of study: We welcome historians of science, philosophers of science, and sociologists of science to our journal. While we bear the moniker of quantitative, we are inclusive of a breadth of epistemological perspectives. Quantitative science studies cannot operate in isolation: Robust empirical work requires the integration of theories and insights from all metasciences."

title: Bibliometrics


text:
Talk:Goblin Market

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Carnedelaluna.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 22:30, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
What is the concluding idea in the poem?

 * Do your own homework.

Huh?
According to Antony Harrison of North Carolina State University, Jerome McGann reads the poem as a criticism of Victorian marriage markets and conveys "the need for an alternative social order".

Err...does McGann say it, or doesn't he? Why in the world are we citing one contemporary scholar about what another contemporary scholar (who I actually took a class from, as it happens) said? Plus, the whole bit is uncited, so it's not like it would be any more irresponsible to just say McGann says it... john k 19:37, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

This references an insane poem which for some reason Gary King feels inclined to defend, but anyone interested in this episode should have a look at http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/16950/pg16950.html which is the project Gutenberg full text of "The Goblin Markets". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.177.136.22 (talk) 22:54, 10 September 2010 (UTC)

Cleanup issues
This entry says "Goblin Market... is an important poem," which seems to me to be both POV and bad writing. It also contains statements that seem a little too analytical (i.e. things that might end up as plagiarism or may themselves be plagiarism), e.g. the second paragraph of the "Criticism" section. Too, the last sentence of that paragraph indicates that "It is worth noting that although the historical record is lacking, Rossetti apparently began working at Highgate Penitentiary for fallen women shortly after composing "Goblin Market" in the spring of 1859," but fails to say why this might be important (if we're going to offer criticism, we should at least be complete about it.)

I also suggest that the part of the "Criticism" section beginning with "From a technical standpoint" be split off, as it is clearly a formal analysis and not part of any critical reception. I suggest putting this formal analysis before the "Criticism" section as it seems good to me to offer a "technical standpoint" before discussing any of the wider implications of the work.

Finally, as mentioned above, the "double citation" issue needs clearing up, and that quote needs to be cited.

I don't intend to fix any of these myself, as I don't have time or inclination. Those of you who care more should take up the burden.

Remaining anonymous, 130.184.14.125 04:33, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

you lazy bones! :)

Removed as I could not find a source. Please add back if someone finds a source:Agatha Christie's Poirot "Cat Among The Pigeons" (season 11, episode 2) : A schoolteacher at a prestigious all-girls school reads lines from Goblin Market to her class. — Preceding unsigned comment added by ClaireBowling (talk • contribs) 22:00, 14 February 2019 (UTC)

I have a question....
Were all these women of the nineteenth century feminist? --VKokielov (talk) 21:07, 29 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Feminists didn't exist under the term in the nineteenth century, so no. Wrad (talk) 01:27, 1 February 2008 (UTC)
 * There were certainly women in the C19 who are now considered proto-feminists, who might be said to have held feminist ideas before feminism was formally identified as a doctrine ... but all of the women of the C19? Not so much... 82.1.7.156 (talk) 16:23, 18 January 2023 (UTC)

" a character named Jeanie who is referenced but not physically present for any of the events in the text." may i point out that none of the characters are physically present for any of the events in the text as they are fictional :/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.159.113.9 (talk) 20:37, 25 February 2008 (UTC)
 * They are physically present within the fictional narrative of the poem. I think the meaning of the remark is clear in context. Wight1984 (talk) 12:56, 25 April 2011 (GMT)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 152.78.186.81 (talk)

What is the role of the woman's hair in this poem? (symbollism?) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.158.64.94 (talk) 21:41, 27 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Possibly Sympathetic magic - a lock of hair, or nail clippings or similar things often appear to be used in creating a connection to a victim in magical traditions. 82.1.7.156 (talk) 16:23, 18 January 2023 (UTC)

Copyright status?
The references section seems to claim that the work is in copyright. But how can anything published in 1862 still be in copyright? Was there a special exception to copyright expiration for this work similar to Peter Pan?K8 fan (talk) 05:04, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Broken Link
The link in the reference section no longer works.

What is the anti-semitism accusation about?
"The critic Cynthia Scheinberg believes the Goblins to be "Hebraic," anti-semitic and anti-Judaic characters that the tested Christian sisters Laura and Lizzie must face in order to transition into wholesome and complete young women.[4]"   What is Ms. Scheinberg's evidence? Anti-Semitism is a serious accusation and should not be made without backup evidence. If there is no none, this section should be removed.

76.122.86.169 (talk) 23:49, 29 November 2018 (UTC)

External links modified
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Laura J. Hartman
Who is this person? Rob Silvera (talk) 04:39, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Goblin Market


text:
File:VCGrahamThomsonLyall.jpg

Photo of Victoria Cross recipient Graham Thomson Lyall, migrated from the Victoria Cross Reference site with permission. Photo submitted by Bill Smy.

title: File:VCGrahamThomsonLyall.jpg


text:
Graham Thomson Lyall

Graham Thomson Lyall VC (8 March 1892 – 28 November 1941) was an English-born soldier in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War and recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He received the award for his actions on the Western Front in the final months of the war, while serving as an infantry officer. After the war, Lyall remained in the United Kingdom and returned to civilian life. Throughout the inter-war years, he served in the Territorial Army, in the Royal Army Ordnance Corps, and during the Second World War, he served in the British Army. He died of a heart attack at the age of 49, while on active service in Egypt.

Early life
Lyall was born on 8 March 1892 in the village of Chorlton, near Manchester. His father, R. H. Lyall, was a reverend and in 1894, moved his family to Farnworth when he became vicar at St. John's Church. The family moved again in 1900, to Nelson in Lancashire, where Lyall attended Nelson Municipal Secondary School. He then went on to study mechanical engineering at a naval college.

In 1912, after completing his college studies, Lyall emigrated to Canada and settled in Welland, Ontario. He went to Toronto University to further his education and then became a mechanical engineer. A member of the British Institute of Engineers, he worked firstly for a steel foundry and then the Canadian Niagara Power Company, based at Niagara Falls.

First World War
Lyall joined the Canadian Militia in October 1914, and was posted to the 19th Lincoln Regiment. He served as a guard on the canal at Niagara for several months before enlisting in the Canadian Expeditionary Force. After being shipped to England, he was posted to the 81st Battalion in October 1915 and was quickly made an acting corporal. Arriving on the Western Front in France in 1916, he participated in the Battle of the Somme and then the Battle of Vimy Ridge.

Having received further promotions, Lyall was selected for officer training and sent to the Canadian Officer's Training School in Sussex. After being commissioned in April 1917, Lyall was posted to the 102nd Battalion. As part of the Canadian 4th Division, Lyall's battalion was involved in the Battle of the Canal du Nord on 27 September 1918. Advancing against German forces in Boulon Wood, his platoon was held up by a series of strong points but due to his leadership, these were all overcome. For his actions, he was awarded the Victoria Cross (VC). The VC, instituted in 1856, was the highest award for valour that could be bestowed on a soldier of the British Empire. The citation for his VC read:

"On September 27th, 1918, when the leading company was halted near Boulon Wood by an enemy strong point Lt. G. T. Lyall executed a flank movement with his platoon and captured it together with prisoners and its guns. Later that day his much weakened platoon was held up by machine guns at the southern end of the wood. Lt. Lyall led forward his few remaining men, then rushed the position single-handed, killing the officer in charge, and took it with its machine guns, capturing numerous prisoners. Advancing, he secured his final objective and still more prisoners. On October 1st, near Blecourt, by skilful disposition of the weak company he then commanded, he overcame another strongly held position, seizing numerous guns and many prisoners. In these two days Lt. Lyall captured 3 officers, 182 other ranks, 26 machine guns and 1 field gun, and inflicted heavy losses on the enemy. He showed throughout most conspicuous bravery, high powers of command, and skilful leadership."

- London Gazette, 13 December 1918

Lyall was presented with the VC by King George V in March 1919.

Later life
Rather than return to Canada after being discharged from the CEF, Lyall remained in the United Kingdom. In April 1919, he married Elizabeth Moffat Frew and the couple settled in Airdrie in Scotland. He became a manager at a brickworks before taking up a directorship of a construction firm in Airdrie. He retained an interest in the military and served in the Territorial Army. By 1939 he was a major with the Royal Army Ordnance Corps (RAOC) and commanding the workshop company of 3 Anti-Aircraft Division.

After the outbreak of the Second World War, Lyall was mobilised and his company based at Stirling, with the division responsible for the defence of central Scotland. Promoted to lieutenant colonel in May 1940, he volunteered to serve overseas. He was posted to the Middle East where he posted to the RAOC's No. 2 Base Ordnance Workshop at Tel El Kebir in Egypt. The following year he was promoted to colonel and took command of the 87th Lines of Communication. His area of responsibility was west of Mersa Matruh, supporting the frontline troops. He died of a heart attack on 28 November 1941 and is buried at the Halfaya Sollum War Cemetery in Egypt.

Medal and legacy
In 2003, Lyall's Victoria Cross, together with his campaign medals from the First and Second World Wars was loaned to the REME Museum of Technology in Arborfield, Berkshire, on the wishes of his widow. The VC was subsequently returned to the family and a replica is displayed at the museum. A plaque in his memory is located in the city of St. Catharines in Niagara. There is also a memorial plaque to Lyall in Manchester, the city of his birth.

title: Graham Thomson Lyall


text:
Ong's Hat, New Jersey

Ong's Hat (also Ong) is a ghost town in Pemberton Township, Burlington County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is located on Magnolia Road (County Route 644) west of the Four Mile Circle, where New Jersey Route 72 intersects with New Jersey Route 70. It is the northern terminus of the Batona Trail.

Although it was never more than one hut ("Ong's Hut"), it still appeared on some maps as of 2006. A road in the area is named Ong's Hat Road. It is also called the Buddtown-Ong's Hat Road. It was completed in 1929, replacing an earlier dirt path.

Name
The name of the place may have originally been Ong's Hut, referring to an overnight shelter built by a farmer of that name; see below.

A well-known folk story attributes the name to a local man who was a fixture at local dances, wooing women with his suave attire, especially his silk hat. The surname Ong was common among early Pine Barrens settlers, and one of the earliest settlers was named Jacob Ong. One story of the origin of the name is that at one such dance, a jealous lover stomped on his hat, ruining it, and in frustration Ong tossed it in the air, where it caught on a high branch of a pine tree. The hat remained there for many years, serving as landmark which identified the small village. At least four other versions of this legend circulate. One version simply ends with his hat being stomped on, while the most widely circulated one ends with him throwing it in the tree. The other two hold that Ong was a tavern keeper who either painted a silk hat on his sign or threw his hat into a tree after getting angry with a woman.

History
The name of the area predates the revolutionary war. The location "Ong's" appears on a 1778 map of Hessian encampments in New Jersey. According to Forgotten Towns of Southern New Jersey by Henry Charlton Beck, Ong's Hat was a real village. According to Beck, around the 1860s, Ong's Hat was a lively town and served as a social center for the surrounding area. It was known for the availability of alcohol and one of the first arrests of a bootlegger occurred at Ong's Hat. Prizefighting was also popular.

Beck says that a Polish couple, the Chininiskis, moved to Ong's Hat in the early 20th century. By that time only seven residents remained. The Chininiskis disappeared soon after. Years later, hunters found a female skeleton at Ong's Hat, which police speculated was that of Mrs. Chininiski. Tracking Mr. Chininiski to New York but unable to prove anything, Burlington County Sheriff Ellis Parker kept the skull in his office for many years as a reminder of the unsolved case.

By 1936, Ong's Hat was still on maps but nothing was there except a clearing, an abandoned shed, and bits of brick and roofing suggesting houses had once been there. When Beck visited he found only Eli Freed, a 79-year-old farmer who moved to the area from Chicago. In the foreword to the 1961 edition of the book, Beck reports that Freed no longer lived at Ong's Hat and that additional legends concerning the village had emerged.

A 1968 letter published in The New York Times, written by an Ong family descendant, claims reports of an actual town are a misnomer. Instead, he says his ancestors lived in Little Egg Harbor in the early 17th century and transported their grain to Burlington, New Jersey for grinding. They built a hut midway through the route where they could rest overnight, and according to the letter the name Ong's Hut was added to maps and gradually corrupted to Ong's Hat.

In his 1944 book Jersey Genesis, Beck himself says in reporting on Ong's Hat he fell for "elaborate traps" and that the story he had earlier repeated was a "fairy tale". He then subscribes to the explanation that the name is a corruption of Ong's Hut, a stopover point for a farmer from Little Egg Harbor.

Urban legend
The town of Ong's Hat was the setting for a series of fictional conspiracy theory themed stories from the 1980s onwards, known as Ong's Hat, in which a group of scientists was able to travel to a parallel dimension from a site in the township.

The story originated in Joseph Matheny’s book, The Incunabula Papers: Ong's Hat And Other Gateways To New Dimensions. In his book, written in the first person, he tells the story of an investigative journalist trying to uncover the truth about the mysterious town, detailing everything that is happening there.

Matheny intended the book to be entertaining and viewed as a work of fiction, but many regarded the stories as factual evidence of a scientific conspiracy, with Matheny's denials being a result of government persecution.

Popular culture

 * Ong's Hat appeared in an episode of Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar.

title: Ong's Hat, New Jersey


text:
Primary alcohol

A primary alcohol is an alcohol in which the hydroxy group is bonded to a primary carbon atom. It can also be defined as a molecule containing a “–CH2OH” group. In contrast, a secondary alcohol has a formula “–CHROH” and a tertiary alcohol has a formula “–CR2OH”, where “R” indicates a carbon-containing group.

Examples of primary alcohols include ethanol and 1-butanol.

Methanol is also generally regarded as a primary alcohol, including by the 1911 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica.

title: Primary alcohol


text:
File:VCFrankLester.jpg

Photo of Victoria Cross recipient Frank Lester, migrated from the Victoria Cross Reference site with permission. Photo submitted by Susan Hall.

title: File:VCFrankLester.jpg


text:
User:Jnc/MvRedirMissingTarget

Hi, you created a redirect from to  by moving  to, but there is currently no article at. (It must have been deleted since the redirect was created.) Wikipedia policy is to get rid of redirects to non-existent pages, and someone listed on WP:RfD If you want the redirect to stay, you will need to create something at  (even a stub will do), or else the redirect will go away. If you do create the target, you don't have to do anything on WP:RfD (we'll eventually notice the target is there), but if you do, just delete the entry for. Thanks!

title: User:Jnc/MvRedirMissingTarget


text:
Frank Lester (VC)

Frank Lester VC (18 February 1896 – 12 October 1918) was an English soldier in the British Army during the First World War, and recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy awarded to British Commonwealth forces.

Life
Lester was born on 18 February 1896 in Huyton, near Liverpool, to John and Ellen Lester, Prior to becoming a soldier, he was the organist at the Methodist chapel in Irby. He enlisted in the army in March 1916 and was posted to the 10th Battalion of the South Lancashire Regiment. He was soon promoted to the rank of Sergeant Instructor, training recruits at Prees Heath, Shropshire and Kinmel Park, North Wales. In June 1917 he was transferred at his own request to the Lancashire Fusiliers and in December that year he was drafted to France with the 10th Battalion of that regiment. In going overseas he relinquished the rank of Sergeant Instructor and reverted to Private.

In the winter of 1918, now promoted to corporal, Lester was wounded during the massive German offensive and was sent to Rouen for treatment. On leaving hospital he returned to England to await another posting. After some leave he was sent to Cromer, Norfolk and in September was sent back to the front in France.

Victoria Cross
Lester was part of the British offensive which was steadily pushing the German front line back. They encountered stiff resistance, the Germans were determined to prevent a rout of the "impregnable" Hindenburg Line and fighting for survival. It was 12 October 1918, in driving rain and sleet, that the 22 year-old corporal in the 10th Battalion, The Lancashire Fusiliers performed a deed for which he was awarded the VC. "For most conspicuous bravery and self-sacrifice during the clearing of the village of Neuvilly, on 12th October, 1918, when, with a party of about seven men under an officer, he was the first to enter a house from the back door, and shot 2 Germans as they attempted to get out by the front door. A minute later a fall of masonry blocked the door by which the party had entered. The only exit into the street was under fire at point-blank range. The street was also swept by fire of machine guns at close range. Observing that an enemy sniper was causing heavy casualties to a party in a house across the street, Pte. Lester exclaimed, ' I'll settle him,' and, dashing out into the street, shot the sniper at close quarters, falling mortally wounded at the same instant. This gallant man well knew it was certain death to go into the street, and the party opposite was faced with the alternative of crossing the fire-swept street or staying where it was and being shot one by one. To save their lives he sacrificed his own."

Legacy
He is at buried in row B, grave 15 in Neuvilly Communal Cemetery Extension, France, located three miles north of Le Cateau. He is also commemorated on the family memorial in the graveyard of the former Holy Trinity Church, Wirral, and on the War Memorial in the graveyard of St Bartholomew's Church, Thurstaston.

His VC is on display in the Lord Ashcroft Gallery at the Imperial War Museum, London.

title: Frank Lester (VC)


text:
Birán

Birán is a village in Holguín Province of Cuba, hamlet and consejo popular of Cueto, best known as the birthplace of Ramón, Fidel, Raúl and Juanita Castro. Their father Ángel Castro y Argiz owned a 93 sqkm plantation there.

History
Until the 1976 municipal reform, the village was part of the neighboring municipality of Mayarí.

A farm in Birán was the birthplace of former Cuban revolutionary leaders Ramón Castro Ruz, Fidel Castro, Raúl Castro and their sister Juanita Castro.

Geography
It is located 30 km south-west of Mayarí and 9 km south of Cueto, in the foothills of the Nipe Mountains (Sierra de Nipe).

title: Birán


text: User talk:81.241.215.137

title: User talk:81.241.215.137


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tolppis

Tolppis was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

Tolppis
Only a dicdef, but searching for 'tolppis' and 'taxi' yields just 2 google hits. [[User:Xezbeth| Xezbeth ]] 19:29, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't think a dictdef saying that taxi driveres in Åbo can be be called "polegays" si somehting that belong here. Perhaps it's used commonly in Finalnd (but I doubt it) but this is no finnish slang dictionary. Jeltz 20:58, 2004 Nov 29 (UTC)
 * Delete, I'd have said speedy, entire content is Tolppis a.ka Tolppa-Homo, which is usually referred to Turku-based taxidrivers. In english: polegay. By an anon with no other contributions, probable joke or test. Andrewa 00:58, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Quite valid speedy. It's fractured, whatever it is. Geogre 01:23, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Looks like a speedy to me. DCEdwards1966 04:41, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)

Deleted. See above for full content. Andrewa 06:06, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tolppis


text:
User talk:Cyclopia/Infinite loop motif

Neverending song
The article Neverending song is not suitably titled for its stated purpose,
 * A neverending song is a song that never ends. This page is intended to be a place to put such songs.

and is being converted to a redirect (tho it might later become a disambiguation page), i've started discussion of that here, rather than leave it less accessible at Talk:Neverending song (where i left a note linking here). --Jerzy(t) 19:29, 2004 Nov 29 (UTC)
 * "Neverending song" is IMO not a clear enough title.
 * It's not adequately descriptive, since (the above dict-def's self-confidence aside), the intent seems
 * to be to embrace either songs
 * that demand infinite identical repetition, or
 * whose infinitely many verses are deterministically specified,
 * (but perhaps to exclude those that continue without limit
 * using some random mechanism to choose the sequence or content of verses, or
 * with the singer improvising freely or within a clear formula.
 * Nor is it well established as having this sense, since the commonest senses on Google seem to be
 * metaphors for
 * an unflagging emotional state, or a
 * vast variety of expressive works, or
 * games involving either serial or parallel collective composition, or
 * something even more tenuously related, in the very well known case The Neverending Story, which seems to be evoking "a story that is real life, and thus (potentially) unimaginably longer than a story" rather than potential endlessness, or even a three-level nesting of story within story within life.
 * --Jerzy(t) 19:29, 2004 Nov 29 (UTC)

 * I think merger with this article is an adequate fate, even though we may eventually find occasion to make "Infinite-loop motif" into a section heading, and rename the article to include the concept of an infinite sequence of variations.
 * (My doubt that a rename will ever be needed reflects my conjecture that only "excessively long" is both interesting and achievable, and that "indefinitely long variation" must be so trivial as to be emotionally equivalent to "indefinitely long unvarying repetition". Case in point:

 * It was a dark and stormy night. Three men sat around a campfire eating peanuts by the handful. One of them said "Cap'n, tell us a story." The captain began,
 * "It was a dark and stormy night. Three men sat around a campfire eating peanuts by the cup. One of them said 'Cap'n, tell us a story.' The captain began,
 * '... by the pint....
 * "... by the quart....
 * '... by the gallon....
 * "... by the peck....
 * '... by the bushel....
 * and by the time you reach "kiloton", you're too bored to think about where the speaker is likely to stop, let alone enumerate the further levels or even calculate how far off the last is likely be.)
 * --Jerzy(t) 19:29, 2004 Nov 29 (UTC)

Lamb Chop's Play-Along - TV Series - TV Tome is not an ideal place to ext-lk for the full text of "The Song That Never Ends", if we eventually describe it rather than quoting it in full: it's a vector for pop-up or pop-under pages. --Jerzy(t) 19:29, 2004 Nov 29 (UTC)

It's obvious you care more about the subject than I do so as far as I'm concerned, as creator of Neverending songs, do as you please. I couldn't find a decent place to put that song and a seperate article on such songs that don't end seemed appropriate. Cburnett 21:00, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Please update the link on Lamb Chop's Play-Along whenever you get a chance and things straightened out.

Could possibly move the verses to that page and link to Infinite-loop motif.

And, for what it's worth, "Infinite-loop motif" isn't the phrase I'd search for in looking for a song like the Lamb Chop's Play-Along song. Cburnett 21:06, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm not at all committed to that title, but i think there are many subjects that don't have good titles available, so searching out a better one is not a priority for me. But after some vague mulling, and 30 seconds' thought, Infinite loop (literature) comes to mind.

 * I still have this on my plate (the window has stayed open over a week! -- tho i'm not sure i read the above until today).

 * I agree with what i think you say: individual songs of this type should not have individual articles.

 * As to the link, yes; i'm still mulling the principle of minimum surprise in figuring out how to provide smoothly for the needed redirects, and toying with this structure:
 * Shari Lewis and List of Shari Lewis shows would lk to each other.
 * Each show would redirect to List of Shari Lewis shows.
 * This would avoid, e.g., redirecting Lamb Chop's Play-Along to (surprise!) Shari Lewis, in contrast to List of Shari Lewis shows which is unconfusing even if the reader never heard her name, since the Play-Along sounds a lot more like a show than a person.  My feeling so far is that the fictional characters, on the other hand, can redirect directly to the list of shows rather than to a List of Shari Lewis characters (or to less ugly but longer titles for that concept).
 * --Jerzy(t) 21:17, 2004 Dec 6 (UTC)

Possible picture?
In a conversation about this picture: http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v499/nonvocabulum/hasselhoff426.gif

I was reminded of the song "The Song That Never Ends" and decided to look it up... only to come across this article. I don't know if you can use the picture or not, but I thought was an interesting (if disturbing) illustration of the idea.

 * I think maybe that would be more suited to the fractal article. But, I guess they are related. --Max 09:28, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

No academic references
I can find no academic references to Infinite-loop motif anywhere. I suspect that this term was made from whole cloth specifically for this article. If nobody can provide an authoritative reference, I recommend that this article be deleted.Jarhed (talk) 18:31, 23 May 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cyclopia/Infinite loop motif


text: File:XIIIboxcover.jpg

title: File:XIIIboxcover.jpg


text:
File:VCDavidAuldjoJamieson.jpg

Photo of Victoria Cross recipient David Auldjo Jamieson, migrated from the Victoria Cross Reference site with permission. Photo from Monuments To Courage.

title: File:VCDavidAuldjoJamieson.jpg


text:
Benjamin Edwards

This list includes people with given names Ben and Benjamin.

Benjamin Edwards may refer to:
 * Benjamin Edwards (artist) (born 1970), American visual artist and writer
 * Benjamin Edwards (Maryland politician) (1753–1829), American merchant and politician
 * Benjamin Edwards (stockbroker) (1931–2009), American stockbroker
 * Benjamin S. Edwards (1818–1886), American lawyer and judge
 * Benjamin W. Edwards (c. 1780–1837), American colonist

Ben Edwards may refer to:
 * Ben Edwards (American football) (born 1992), American football wide receiver
 * Ben Edwards (commentator) (born 1965), British motor racing commentator
 * Ben Edwards (kickboxer) (born 1985), Australian boxer and mixed martial arts fighter
 * Ben Edwards (music publisher) (c. 1884–1954), German-born American music publisher and talent agent
 * Ben Charles Edwards (active since 2008), British film director, producer and writer

 * Fictional characters
 * Ben Edwards (Baywatch) (appearing 1991 to 1994), fictional character from the TV series, Baywatch

title: Benjamin Edwards


text:
Montrose Regional Airport

Montrose Regional Airport is a non-towered public airport on the northwest side of Montrose, in zip code 81401 in southwestern Colorado. Its two runways are at elevation 5,759 feet (1,755 m). MTJ covers 966 acres (391 ha) of land.

Monarch Airlines started flying to Montrose in the 1940s. Successor Frontier Airlines (1950-1986) flew to the present airport since the 1950s; the first jets were Frontier Boeing 737-200s in 1982 (runway 12/30 was then 8500 ft). Earlier, Frontier flew Convair 580s between Montrose and Denver.

An enhanced and expanded Montrose Regional Airport was dedicated on June 25, 1988, with Chuck Yeager cutting the ribbon. The airport terminal was designed by local architect Patrik Davis "to greet visitors with small-town hospitality. A two-sided fireplace is the centerpiece of the passenger seating area, which has a tile floor patterned with the Ute pictogram for travel and a high, skylighted ceiling of knotty pine. The walls are earthy, ground-face cinderblock, and natural-finished glue-laminated beams extend over wide walkways. The gable roof has skylights and dormers decorated with the Hopi good luck symbol."

Its runway 17/35 (10,000 feet in length) was built during the 1990s.

The airport is most busy during its winter season, serving many skiers headed to Telluride Ski Resort, an hour and a half away by road; it is also busy serving summer tourism in the area. Outside the winter and summer seasons, the only major airline flights are United Express and Southwest Airlines flights to Denver and American Eagle flights to Dallas/Fort Worth. Direct flights to Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, Houston, San Francisco and Atlanta are offered in peak seasons, with the most flights on Saturdays.

Montrose Regional is the nearest airport with regularly scheduled mainline passenger jets to ski areas around Telluride. Some direct service to Telluride's small airport is offered by Denver Air Connection, with Montrose serving as the alternative, backup destination when weather would close the high-elevation Telluride airport.

2010-2011 terminal project
Montrose Regional Airport remodeled and expanded the passenger terminal, adding 10,935 sq. ft. by lengthening the terminal 80 feet to the south. The expansion added space for passenger check-in, larger departure lounge, and space at the security checkpoint.

Based aircraft and operations
In the year ending December 31, 2022, the airport had 23,414 aircraft operations, average 64 per day: 26% air carrier, 1% air taxi, 72% general aviation and 1% military. At the time, there were 93 aircraft based at MTJ, 70 single-engine, 13 multi-engine, 3 jets, 3 helicopters, 3 gliders and 1 ultra-light.

Major accidents near MTJ

 * On April 13, 1973, a Continental Airlines North American Sabreliner on a positioning flight crashed shortly after takeoff when a thrust reverser deployed in flight, and both occupants on board were killed.
 * On November 28, 2004, a Global Aviation Canadair CL-600 with six occupants on board crashed shortly after takeoff due to ice and snow contamination on the wings. Two crew members and one passenger died.

title: Montrose Regional Airport


text:
David Jamieson (VC)

Major David Auldjo Jamieson, (1 October 1920 – 5 May 2001) was a British Army officer in the Second World War who received the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Early life
David Auldjo Jamieson was born in Westminster on 1 October 1920, the elder son of Sir Archibald Auldjo Jamieson, Chairman of Vickers Armstrong. He attended Ladycross School, Seaford, East Sussex, and Eton College. In his youth he spent time at the family holiday retreat in Norfolk. He was a volunteer in the Territorial Army unit at Dersingham for the 5th Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment, which he joined in May 1939 when the Territorial Army was doubled in size. He was transferred to the 7th Battalion, formed as a 2nd Line duplicate of the 5th, and was subsequently commissioned as a second lieutenant, despite a lack of experience.

Second World War
Aged 19 on the outbreak of the Second World War, Jamieson was considered too young for overseas service and did not initially go with the battalion, now part of the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division, to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) when it went to France in 1940 but followed later. When the majority of the battalion was captured in June 1940 during the Fall of France he was at Rouen and was able to return to Britain. The battalion was reformed in 1941 and he was promoted to a company commander of D Company.

Victoria Cross
Jamieson was a 23-year-old captain in the 7th Battalion of the Royal Norfolk Regiment, now part of the 176th Infantry Brigade attached to the 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division, when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross. On 7/8 August 1944, south of Grimbosq, Normandy, France, Jamieson was in command of D Company, being the only officer remaining, which had established a bridgehead over the River Orne. The enemy made seven counter-attacks on the company's position, but throughout 36 hours of bitter and close fighting Captain Jamieson's company refused to give up. The attacks included assaults with Tiger and Panther tanks which shot up the Churchill tanks supporting the Royal Norfolks'.

Jamieson was giving map references for British artillery; directing the resources of first the divisional artillery, then the medium artillery of the corps.

Jamieson at one point mounted the last British tank to talk to the commander under enemy fire in order to direct the tank to retreat He dismissed it as anything heroic, saying that he had to as the telephone didn't work – tanks were equipped with an external handset so that the commander could talk to an infantry commander without opening the hatch. The image of Captain Jamieson riding a Churchill tank while enemy tanks attacked was immortalised in a painting. As he was talking to the commander, the tank was hit and Jamieson blown off. He returned to his "hole" where he received treatment - he had lost an eye and was bleeding from his arm. After relief by another battalion, Jamieson was evacuated to a first aid post and then back to the UK.

The citation for Captain David Jamieson in the London Gazette of 26 October 1944 ends: "...Throughout the thirty six hours of bitter and close fighting and in spite of the pain of his wounds, Captain Jamieson showed superb qualities of leadership and great personal bravery. There were times when the position appeared hopeless, but on each occasion it was restored by his coolness and determination. He personally was largely responsible for the holding of this important bridgehead over the River Orne and for the repulse of seven German counter-attacks with great loss to the enemy."

Post-war
Following the war, he worked for the Australian Agricultural Company, which ran several sheep and cattle stations; he became a director in 1949 and was Governor from 1951 to 1975. He was also director of other companies including National Westminster Bank. Due to his height, 6 ft 5, he was designated the ceremonial umbrella man to Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother, carrying an umbrella over her at social functions.

In 1948 he married Nancy Elwes, who died in a car accident in 1963. He remarried, to Joanna Windsor-Clive, in 1969. He was appointed High Sheriff of Norfolk in 1979.

He died on 5 May 2001 in Burnham Market, Norfolk, and was interred in the churchyard in Burnham Norton. He was survived by his widow, his son Andrew Jamieson, and two daughters of his first marriage, three grandchildren, and by a stepson and stepdaughter.

Medals
David Jamieson's Victoria Cross is displayed in the Royal Norfolk Regimental Museum in Norwich Castle.

Jamieson was awarded the following service and commemorative medals:
 * 1939–45 Star
 * France and Germany Star
 * Defence Medal
 * War Medal
 * Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal
 * Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal

title: David Jamieson (VC)


text:
Myshall

Myshall is a village, townland and civil parish in County Carlow, Ireland. The village is 22 km southeast of Carlow town, on the slopes of Mount Leinster and on the R724 regional road.

Adelaide Memorial Church
The Church of Ireland Adelaide Memorial Church of Christ the Redeemer in Myshall is a miniature version of Salisbury Cathedral. Completed in 1913, Dover-based businessman, John Duguid, commissioned it in memory of his daughter Constance, who was killed in a horse riding accident while visiting her sister in Myshall, and her mother Adelaide, who died in 1903. Both are buried here.

The parish of Myshall has five cemeteries: three in the village itself, one about a mile out the Carlow road, and one in Drumphea about two miles from the village.

Sport
Myshall is home to Naomh Eoin GAA club. Since its formation the club has won 18 Carlow Senior Hurling Championships. They are also the only Carlow team to have won a senior hurling and football double (in 1986) and an U-21 hurling and football double in 2010. The Juvenile Teams range from U6-to U18 or Minor.

Myshall is also the home of Myshall Camogie Club. This club won the county camogie championship for 15 years in a row and 3-in-a-row in the Leinster junior club competition (2011, 2012, and 2013) and were All-Ireland junior club champions in 2012 and 2013.

title: Myshall