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Peachland

Peachland is a district municipality in the Okanagan Valley on the west side of Okanagan Lake in British Columbia, Canada. It was founded in 1899 by John Moore Robinson, although the region had long been home to the Okanagan people. Peachland is approximately half-an-hour's drive south of the city of Kelowna and about a 20-minute drive north of Summerland. The Okanagan Valley is very narrow in the area and there are few terraces that mark former lake levels and the former lake bottom. As a result, the city is largely located on a steep sidehill. Like many other areas in the Okanagan, Peachland is rapidly growing, with new residents coming from all across Canada. Across the lake from Peachland is Rattlesnake Island, home of the legendary Ogopogo. Peachland is approximately 370 km from Vancouver, British Columbia, on the British Columbia south coast.

History
Peachland was founded on the site of a tiny community called Camp Hewett.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Peachland had a population of 5,789 living in 2,689 of its 2,936 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 5,428. With a land area of 16.1 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Religion
According to the 2021 census, religious groups in Peachland included:
 * Irreligion (3,165 persons or 54.9%)
 * Christianity (2,465 persons or 42.8%)
 * Judaism (30 persons or 0.5%)
 * Buddhism (15 persons or 0.3%)
 * Indigenous Spirituality (15 persons or 0.3%)
 * Sikhism (10 persons or 0.2%)
 * Other (60 persons or 1.0%)

Government
Federally, Peachland is, since 2015, within the electoral district of Central Okanagan — Similkameen — Nicola. The current MP is Conservative Dan Albas, elected in the previous constituency of Okanagan—Coquihalla during the 2011 Canadian federal election, following former MP Stockwell Day's retirement from public life. The local MLA for the area is Dan Ashton. The municipal government of Peachland consists of the mayor and six at-large councillors, elected to three-year terms.

One former councillor, Jean Fraser, was elected in 1995 and served several consecutive terms. In her last election she received the highest number of votes in the municipality's history. Fraser retired from council on November 13, 2011, as she felt the work she could do on council was complete. The current mayor is Patrick Van Minsel who defeated Cindy Fortin by a landslide vote in the 2022 municipal election.

Climate
The climate of Peachland is very similar to that of neighboring Kelowna, but with a greater moderating influence from Okanagan Lake. This is partly due to its proximity to the water, as well as the greater width of the lake in this area (up to 5 kilometres). As most of the city is built into a mountainside, it is typically shielded from cold northerly winds and also has an overall southern exposure. This helps warm the area slightly during spring, summer, and fall, but particularly in winter. Proximity to the lake results in more moderation relative to Okanagan cities that are farther away from it. Average January high temperatures in Peachland are nearly 1.5 degrees warmer than in Kelowna, while the reverse is true in July.

The city's southern orientation provides protection from winds from the north while also encouraging those from the south, which blow across the lake directly toward the city and can cause mild lake-effect snow. The steep mountainside on which Peachland is built can enhance this effect somewhat via the action of orographic lift. Ordinarily, precipitation in the Okanagan generally decreases from north to south, with the city of Vernon receiving approximately 4 more inches of rain and snow per year than the city of Penticton and 2 more inches than Kelowna.

Events and industries
Peachland is home to several events and industries. Hainle Vineyards, the first ice wine maker in North America, operates its organic winery in Peachland. Peachland is the location of the annual Peachland World of Wheels Car Show and the home of the legendary lake monster Ogopogo. Peachland is home to Zipzone Adventure Park, one of the highest zip lines in Canada and the world.

Notable people

 * George H. V. Bulyea
 * James B. Hawkes

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¡Ya basta!

¡Ya basta! is a phrase in Spanish roughly approximate to "Enough is enough!" or "Enough already!" in US English. It has been adopted by several Latin American insurgent groups as an expression of affront towards issues that sparked the original dissent. Its adoption by the EZLN in Mexico as the movement's motto is exemplary of its popularity and ability to rally diverse ideologies under a common goal.

Linguistics and etymology
Grammatically, there is little difference between ¡Basta ya! and ¡Ya basta!, and both are correct. The phrase, or its Italian equivalent, may be the source of the English nautical word "Avast", which means "Stop, cease or desist from whatever is being done".

Examples of usage
According to Thomas Oleson, there is a different website from the Ya Basta! Italian solidarity group. Ya Basta, which Justin Paulson launched in March 1994, was one of the first websites to feature EZLN content.

"Ya Basta Association" was the name of a major anti-capitalist activist network of groups in Italy which played a central role in the Anti-G8 protest in 2001. They are known for their adoption of sophisticated direct action tactics and for making suits of armor out of street garbage and recycled materials. Ya Basta Association is sometimes associated with the "White Overalls" who appear in many protests heavily padded.

Another movement with a similar name is Spanish ¡Basta Ya!, an organization opposing the former Basque separatist organization ETA, which carried out attacks in the Basque Country to demand its independence from Spain and France.

Rapper M-1 of the group Dead Prez endorsed the use of the phrase and the accompanying hand sign in the film Dave Chappelle's Block Party. The phrase is the name of a French record label, and has been used as the title of works by various musicians, including Sonic Boom Six, GrimSkunk, Elida Reyna, and Ultra-red.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: ¡Ya basta!


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Fleming House

Fleming House may refer to:

in the United States (by state)
 * Fleming House, Pasadena, California, one of California Institute of Technology's dormitories
 * Guy and Margaret Fleming House, San Diego, California, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in San Diego County, California
 * Fleming-Hanington House, Denver, Colorado, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Downtown Denver, Colorado
 * Fleming House (Smyrna, Delaware), listed on the National Register of Historic Places in New Castle County, Delaware
 * Thomas W. Fleming House (Flemingsburg, Kentucky), listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Fleming County, Kentucky
 * Thomas Fleming House (Sherborn, Massachusetts), Sherborn, Massachusetts, listed on the NRHP in Massachusetts
 * Fleming Hall, Silver City, New Mexico, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Grant County, New Mexico
 * James L. Fleming House, Greenville, North Carolina, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Pitt County, North Carolina
 * Molly Fleming House, California, Pennsylvania, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington County, Pennsylvania
 * John M. Fleming Home Place, Collierville, Tennessee, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Shelby County, Tennessee
 * Fleming-Welder House, Victoria, Texas, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Victoria County, Texas
 * Thomas W. Fleming House (Fairmont, West Virginia), listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Marion County, West Virginia
 * Fleming-Watson Historic District, Fairmont, West Virginia, listed on the NRHP in West Virginia
 * David and Lucy Tarr Fleming Mansion, Wellsburg, West Virginia, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Brooke County, West Virginia

title: Fleming House


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Andrzej Sakson

Andrzej Sakson (born 1950 in Elbląg) is a Polish sociologist and historian. Since 2004 he has been the director of the Western Institute (Instytut Zachodni) in Poznań.

Sakson is a professor of sociology at the Institute of Sociology of Adam Mickiewicz University (Instytut Socjologi UAM) in Poznań, and the Western Institute. He specializes in research on national and ethnic minorities, with special focus on the German minority in Poland and the Polish ethnic groups of Mazurians and Warmians in the north-eastern Polish region of Warmia-Masuria, for which he was awarded by the provincial assembly.

Publications

 * Mazurzy – społeczność pogranicza, 1990, Instytut Zachodn
 * Polacy i Niemcy: stereotypy i wzajemne postrzeganie, Instytut Zachodni, Poznań 2001
 * Mniejszości narodowe i etniczne w Polsce i Europie aspekty polityczne i społeczne, 2014, Wydawnictwo Adam Marszalek
 * Polska, Niemcy, mniejszość niemiecka w Wielkopolsce przeszłość i terażniejszość, 1994, Instytut Zachodni
 * Współczesne migracje w Polsce,Andrzej Sakson, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Nauk Politycznych i Dziennikarstwa (Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza ; Poznań) · 2023

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title: Andrzej Sakson


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Peter Altabef

Peter Altabef (born 1959) is an American businessman and lawyer. He is currently the Chair and CEO of Unisys, positions he has held since 2018 and 2015, respectively. He also served twice as the company’s president.

Previously, he was president and CEO at MICROS Systems (now owned by Oracle); president of Dell’s services business; and president and CEO of Perot Systems.

Early life and education
Born in New York, Altabef received his bachelor's in economics from Binghamton University in 1980, and a degree in law from the University of Chicago.

Career
Altabef began his career working as a lawyer. From 1985 to 1993, he worked at Hughes & Luce LLP, where he developed connections to the former CEOs of Perot Systems. In 1993, Peter Altabef was hired on at Perot Systems, and became the president and CEO a decade later, in 2004. In 2009, the company was acquired by Dell Services, a business unit of Dell. Altabef remained president and CEO of the company under Dell's ownership, and stepped down in 2011 upon the full integration of new management.

In 2013, Altabef became the president and CEO of MICROS Systems. He remained with the company through its acquisition by Oracle Corporation, and stepped down in 2014. At the end of that year, he was named the incoming president and CEO of Unisys, effective as of January 2015.

In December 2016, he was appointed to serve on the President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee (NSTAC).

At the end of 2017, Altabef was elected as the Chairman of the Board of Directors of Unisys.

In 2018, he co-led the NSTAC’s Cybersecurity Moonshot initiative. This committee was tasked with developing a “whole-of-nation” cybersecurity plan for the U.S. with the goal of making the internet safe and secure for the delivery of government and critical infrastructure services by 2028. In 2019, he received the Federal Computer Week Industry Eagle award for his work.

Altabef is on the board of directors of NiSource Inc. and Petrus Trust Company, L.T.A.. He is on the board of advisors of Merit Energy Company, LLC, and is a trustee for the Committee for Economic Development, where he is a co-chair of the Technology and Innovation Committee. He previously served on the board of the EastWest Institute, and was a member of the Bretton Woods Committee, the Americas International Advisory Council of the International Business Leaders Forum, and the advisory board of the Institute for Law and Technology of the Center for American and International Law. He was on the associates’ board of Children’s Medical Center Dallas, the advisory board of Dallas Children’s Theater, the Technology Committee of the Highland Park Independent School Board and the Dallas Museum of Natural History. He was co-chairman of the American Heart Association Heart Walk Dallas.

Personal life
Peter Altabef is married to Jennifer Altabef, who is a partner in a Dallas law firm, and they have two children. In November 2021, Peter and Jennifer received the J. Chrys Dougherty Good Apple Award from Texas Appleseed, a nonprofit organization.

title: Peter Altabef


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Rosario Ferré

Rosario Ferré Ramírez de Arellano (September 28, 1938 – February 18, 2016) was a Puerto Rican writer, poet, and essayist. Her father, Luis A. Ferré, was the third elected Governor of Puerto Rico and the founding father of the New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico. When her mother, Lorenza Ramírez de Arellano, died in 1970 during her father's term as governor, Rosario fulfilled the duties of First Lady until 1972.

She was the recipient of the "Liberatur Prix" award from the Frankfurt Book Fair for "Kristallzucker", the German translation of "Maldito Amor".

Early years
Rosario Ferré (birth name: Rosario Ferré Ramírez de Arellano ) was born in Ponce, Puerto Rico, into one of Puerto Rico's wealthiest families. Her parents were the former First Family of Puerto Rico Luis A. Ferré (Governor) and Lorenza Ramírez de Arellano She was the niece of the late Sor Isolina Ferré, recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Ferré received her primary education at Ponce, Puerto Rico. In 1951, she was sent to Wellesley, Massachusetts and attended Dana Hall School.

Ferré began writing professionally at age 14, publishing articles in Puerto Rico's El Nuevo Día newspaper. In her youth, Ferré was an advocate of independence, despite the fact that her father was pro-statehood (and, later, she too became an advocate of statehood.) Upon graduating from high school she went to the United States where she gained her Bachelor of Arts degree in English and French from Manhattanville College. She was a member of Mu Alpha Phi sorority.

Ferré returned to Puerto Rico where in the 1970s she enrolled in the University of Puerto Rico to study for her master's degree. During her time as a student, Ferré began her writing career as the founder, editor and publisher of the journal "Zona de Carga y Descarga" along with her cousin, Olga Nolla. The Journal was also published along with the poet Luis Cesar Rivera. In “Zona de Carga y Descarga”, Ferré published some of her own poetry along with short stories. The journal was devoted to publishing the works of new writers and to promoting the ideas of the independence movement. The journal ran for 9 issues, the first being published in 1972, and the last being published in 1975. Among the novelists and short story writers of Puerto Rico to share Ferré's commitment to satire were Ana Lydia Vega and Giannina Braschi. Ferré also published poems and wrote a biography of her father. Upon earning her master's degree, Ferré enrolled in the University of Maryland where she graduated with a PhD in Latin American Literature. Her doctoral thesis was titled: "La filiación romántica de los cuentos de Julio Cortázar" (The romantic link between the stories of Julio Cortázar).

Career
Ferré began her literary career writing in Spanish. In 1976, Ferré published her first collection of short stories, "Papeles de Pandora." In 1977, she published a collection of her literary essays entitled "Sitio a Eros", which promoted political and social themes. In 1986, she published her first book, "Maldito Amor", which she self-translated into English as "Sweet Diamond Dust." After publishing "Maldito Amor", she began to write the first versions of her other books in English In 2002, she published a bilingual edition of poems "Language Duel/Duelo del language." In order to write her novel, ''Memorias de Ponce. Autobiografía de Luis A. Ferré'', she transcribed audio left by her father describing his childhood in Ponce, Puerto Rico.

Ferré worked as a Professor at the University of Puerto Rico and was a contributing editor for The San Juan Star, which was once Puerto Rico's English language newspaper. Ferré has also been a visiting professor at Rutgers University and Johns Hopkins University.

Honors
Ferré won the first prize in a short story contest of the Ateneo Puertorriqueño in 1974. In 1992, she was the recipient of the "Liberatur Prix" award from the Frankfurt Book Fair for "Kristallzucker", the German translation of "Maldito Amor". In 1997, she was also awarded an honorary doctorate from Brown University. Ferré was a Guggenheim Fellowship recipient in 2004. She is also recognized at Ponce's Tricentennial Park for her contributions in the field of literature.

Personal
Upon finishing school, Ferré married Benigno Trigo González, a businessman, by whom she has three children: Rosario Lorenza, Benigno, and Luis Alfredo. They divorced ten years later.

While studying at the Department for Hispanic Studies of the University of Puerto Rico, she met her second husband, Jorge Aguilar Mora, a writer and Professor of Mexican literature; they divorced after a few years.

Ferré met her third husband, Agustín Costa Quintana, a Puerto Rican architect, while living in Washington, D.C. They later moved to Puerto Rico, where they resided. Ferré died of natural causes, surrounded by family on February 18, 2016, in her home in San Juan, Puerto Rico.

Written works
Some of Ferré's works are:

Fiction

 * "Flight of the Swan / El Vuelo del Cisne", 2001; Spanish version: "El Vuelo del Cisne", 2002
 * "La extraña muerte del Capitancito Candelario", 2002.
 * "Eccentric Neighborhoods / Vecindarios excentricos",1998; Spanish version: "Vecindarios excéntricos", 1999
 * "The House on the Lagoon", 1995; Spanish version: "La casa de la laguna", 1997
 * "La Batalla de Las Vírgenes", 1994
 * "The Youngest Doll", 1991 (an English version of "La muñeca menor")
 * "Sonatinas. Cuentos de niños", 1991
 * "Maldito Amor", 1985; English version: "Sweet Diamond Dust and Other Stories",1989
 * "El Medio Pollito", 1981
 * "Los Cuentos de Juan Bobo", 1981
 * "La muñeca menor", 1976

Essays

 * "Las Puertas del Placer", 2005
 * "A la sombra de tu nombre" (The Shadow of Your Name) Published by Alfaguara; 2001
 * "Destiny, Language, and Translation; or, Ophelia Adrift in the C & O Canal." In The "Youngest Doll"; By Ferré. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 1991. 153-65.
 * "El Coloquio de las Perras" Published by Editorial Cultural, 1991
 * "Cortázar: El Romántico en su Observatorio"; Puerto Rico; Editorial Cultura, 1991
 * "El Arbol y sus Sombras (The tree and its shadows)"; Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1990
 * "La autenticidad de la mujer en el arte"
 * "El Acomodador: una lectura fantastica de Felisberto Hernandez (The Accommodator: a fantastic lecture by Felisberto Hernandez)", 1986
 * "Sitio a Eros: Quince ensayos literarios", 1986
 * "La cocina de la escritura." In Literatures in Transition: The Many Voices of the Caribbean Area. Ed. Rose S. Minc. Gaithersburg: Hispamérica/Las Américas, 1982. 37–51.
 * "Sitio a Eros"; Trece ensayos literarios, 1980

Poetry

 * "Fisuras", 2006
 * "Language Duel/Duelo del Lenguaje", 2003
 * "Antología Personal"; 1992-1976, 1994
 * "Fabulas de la Garza Desangrada", 1982
 * "Las dos Venecias"; Poemas y cuentos, 1992

Biographies

 * Memorias de Ponce; Biografía de Don Luis A. Ferré; Published by Editorial Norma, 1992

Critical studies of Ferré's work

 * Acosta Cruz, María I. "Historia, ser e identidad femenina en 'El collar de camándulas' y 'Maldito amor' de Rosario Ferré." Chasqui 22.2 (1993): 23–31.
 * Acosta Cruz, María I."Historia y escritura femenina en Olga Nolla, Magali García Ramis, Rosario Ferré y Ana Lydia Vega." Revista Iberoamericana 59 (1993): 265–77.
 * Allatson, Paul. "Rosario Ferré's Trans-'American' Fantasy, or Subalternizing the Self," in Latino Dreams: Transcultural Traffic and the U.S. National Imaginary. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, 2002, 59–108.
 * Alvarado Sierra, Melissa. "La narrativa activista de Rosario Ferré: feminismo e identidad." Madrid: McGraw-Hill Interamericana de España, S.L., 2020.
 * Apter-Cragnolino, Aída. “De sitios y asedios: la escritura de Rosario Ferré.” Revista Chilena de Literatura 42 (1993): 25–30.
 * Bustos Fernández, María José. “Subversión de la autoridad narrativa en Maldito amor de Rosario Ferré.” Chasqui 23.1 (1994): 22–29.
 * Cavallo, Susana. “Llevando la contraria: el contracanto de Rosario Ferré.” Monographic Review-Revista Monográfica 8 (1992): 197–204.
 * Filer, Malva E. “Polifonía y contrapunto: la crónica histórica en ‘Maldito amor,’ y The House on the Lagoon.” Revista Hispánica Moderna 49.2 (1996): 318–28.*
 * Garrigós, Cristina. *"Bilingües, biculturales y posmodernas: Rosario Ferré y Giannina Braschi,", Insula. Revista de Ciencias y Letras, 2002 JUL-AGO; LVII (667–668).
 * Gazarian Gautier. "Rosario Ferré." Interviews with Latin American Writers. Elmwood Park, IL: Dalkey Archive Press, 1989. 81–92.
 * Gould Levine, Linda y Gloria Feiman Waldman. "No más máscaras: Un diálogo entre tres escritoras del Caribe: Belkis Cuza Malé – Cuba, Matilde Daviú – Venezuela, Rosario Ferré – Puerto Rico." Literatures in Transition: The Many Voices of the Caribbean Area: A Symposium. Ed. Rose S. Minc. Gathersburg: Hispamérica, 1982. 189–197.
 * Heinrich, María Elena. "Entrevista a Rosario Ferré." Prismal/Cabral 7–8 (1982): 98–103.
 * Hintz, Suzanne S. Rosario Ferré, A Search for Identity. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc., 1995.
 * Jaffe, Janice A. “Translation and Prostitution: Rosario Ferré’s Maldito Amor and Sweet Diamond Dust.” Latin American Literary Review 23.46 (1995): 66–82.
 * Mullen, Edward. “Interpreting Puerto Rico’s Cultural Myths: Rosario Ferré and Manuel Ramos Otero." Americas Review 17 (1989): 88–97.
 * Pérez Marín, Carmen I. "De la épica a la novela: la recuperación de la voz en Maldito amor de Rosario Ferré.” Letras Femeninas 20.1–2 (1994): 35–43.
 * Skinner, Lee. “Pandora’s Log: Charting the Evolving Literary Project of Rosario Ferré.” Revista de Estudios Hispánicos 29 (1995): 461–75.
 * Vega Carney, Carmen. “El amor como discurso político en Ana Lydia Vega y Rosario Ferré.” Letras Femeninas 22.1–2 (1991): 77–87.
 * Zapata, Miguel Angel. "Rosario Ferré: La poesía de narrar." Inti 26–27 (1987–1988): 133–140.

title: Rosario Ferré


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Stillman College

Stillman College is a private historically black Presbyterian college in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. It awards Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees in 22 programs housed within three academic schools (School of Arts and Sciences, School of Business Entrepreneurship and CIS, amend School of Education). The college has an average enrollment of 728 students and is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.

History

Stillman College was founded as Tuscaloosa Institute, when it was authorized by the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States in 1875, and held its first classes in 1876. It was chartered as a legal corporation by the State of Alabama in 1895. At that time, the name was changed from Tuscaloosa Institute to Stillman Institute. The institute was a concept initiated by Charles Allen Stillman, pastor of First Presbyterian Church of Tuscaloosa, "for the training of colored men for the ministry". The mandate for the Institution expanded over the years and it acquired its present campus tract of over 100 acre. A junior and senior high school was organized and the Institute established a junior college program, which was accredited in 1937. In addition, between 1930 and 1946, it operated a hospital and nurse training school.

Under the administration of Samuel Burney Hay (1948–1965), the school sought to expand into a senior liberal arts institution and in 1948 the name was officially changed to Stillman College. The following year, Stillman expanded into a four-year college and graduated its first baccalaureate class in 1951. The college was accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools in 1953. Under Hay, seven new buildings were constructed: a gymnasium, a library, an administration-classroom building, two women's residence halls, a prayer chapel, and a student center.

When John Rice became the dean of students at Stillman College in 1966, he lived on campus with his wife, Angelena (née Ray) Rice, and their daughter, Condoleezza Rice, who later served as the 66th United States Secretary of State. Harold N. Stinson (1967–1980) was the first African American to assume the presidency. Under his dynamic leadership, new programs designed to improve educational quality were instituted, and the physical plant was expanded with the addition of two men's residence halls, faculty apartments, a maintenance building, and a mathematics-science center. Snedecor Hall, Batchelor Building, and Birthright Auditorium were renovated. During his presidency, the college graduated its first non-black student, Constance M. Rizzi, in 1978. Under the leadership of the college's fourth president, Cordell Wynn (1982–1997), the appearance of the campus improved dramatically; Winsborough and John Knox Halls were renovated; and the Marie Lundy Wynn Hall and Johnson/Robinson Student Health Center were erected. The enrollment grew beyond 1,000 students; the endowment increased significantly; and the educational program was broadened to include the Stillman Management Institute and a community-service component.

On July 1, 1997, Ernest McNealey (1997–2013) was named the fifth president. During his tenure, Stillman garnered national attention in the areas of technology, athletics and scholarly pursuits. One of the leaders in wireless computing, the college received the National Innovation in Technology Award by Apple Computers and continues to be on the cusp of technological innovations in higher education. The college's football program and marching band were revitalized and the college experienced its largest enrollment in the history of the institution. In 2004 the college received its first-ever ranking among top-tier schools in U.S. News & World Report. During McNealey's tenure, four new structures were erected (School of Education building, Wynn Fine Arts Center, Roulhac Residence Hall, and the stadium with accompanying playing fields, buildings, and an NCAA regulation track). The sense of place was further manifested in the construction of the Thomas E. Lyle Band Center and NCAA regulation tennis complex.

On June 26, 2014, at a press conference in Birthright Alumni Hall, Stillman Board of Trustees named interim president Peter E. Millet the sixth president of the school. In August 2014, Stillman was awarded a donation of $2 million by an unknown donor to help with the long term stability of the college. On December 29, 2014, President Peter E. Millet announced via school email that tuition for the small liberal arts school would be reduced from $22,500 to $17,500 in an effort to boost enrollment and make college more affordable. On January 1, 2015, Stillman became a smoke-free campus in an effort to keep with its theme of promoting a healthier lifestyle. In December 2015, Stillman cut its current sports from 12 to 2. Currently, Stillman has six intercollegiate sports teams, Men's and Women's Basketball, Baseball, Men's and Women's Bowling, Softball, Men's and Women's Track and Field, and Volleyball.

On December 14, 2016, the Stillman College Board of Trustees announced the appointment of Cynthia Warrick as the new Interim President for Stillman College. She took office on January 3, 2017. On April 24, 2017, Cynthia Warrick (2017-2023) was named the seventh president and the first female president of Stillman College. On July 1, 2023, Dr. Yolanda Page was named the 8th president and the second female president of Stillman College.

The school's Tuscaloosa campus was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2021.

Athletics
The Stillman athletic teams are called the Tigers and Lady Tigers. The college is a member of the Division I level of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Southern States Athletic Conference (SSAC; formerly known as Georgia–Alabama–Carolina Conference (GACC) until after the 2003–04 school year) since the 2018–19 academic year. The Tigers and Lady Tigers previously competed as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SIAC) from 1978–79 to 1998–99, and again from 2002–03 to 2015–16, which is currently a NCAA Division II athletic conference; as a member of the Great South Athletic Conference (GSAC) of the NCAA Division III ranks from 1999–2000 to 2001–02; and as an NAIA Independent within the Association of Independent Institutions (AII) from 2016–17 to 2017–18.

Stillman currently competes in eight intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, softball and track & field. Stillman formerly sponsored football from the 1999 fall season until the 2015 fall season, when the school eliminated all athletic teams, except for men's and women's basketball, due to increased costs associated with the athletic program.

In fall 2018, the college added men's and women's cross country and track and field. Stillman plans to bring back volleyball in the fall of 2022 and add women's bowling in the fall of 2023.

Accomplishments
Recent Athletic accomplishments include:

 * Men's Basketball – In 2018 the Men's Basketball Team was the NAIA A.I.I Conference Champs. Losing in the opening round of the National Tournament, the men finished the season with a record o 27–5, losing only one game at home.  The Tigers swept the conference awards with the Coach of the Year, Defensive Player of the Year, Newcomer of the Year, and a first Team Honorable mention. 2006 and 2016 SIAC Championship; In the 2009–10 season, 1 year removed from taking over a 1–27 team, head coach Michael Grant led the men's basketball team to the school's first ever appearance in the National Top 25 rankings.
 * Women's Basketball – In 2018, the Lady Tigers were the NAIA A.I.I. Conference Champ Runner Ups. The Lady Tigers lost in the opening round of the National Tournament and finished with a 19–12 record.
 * Baseball – In 2018, the Tigers finished their season with a record of 19–22; 2007–08 SIAC Championships; 2007 Division II National Championship
 * Softball – The 2018 Lady Tigers Softball team finished with a record of 18–18, an impressive record considering the installation of a new coach in December and a 0–8 start to the season.

Notable faculty

 * Presbyterian clergyman Andrew Flinn Dickson, the first professor of the Institute for the Training of Colored Ministers in October 1876
 * Michael Hill taught British history at Stillman before and during his founding of the League of the South, a neo-Confederate and white supremacist organization.
 * Yolanda W. Page, eighth president of Stillman, provost of Savannah State University from 2022 to 2023

title: Stillman College


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Talk:Coalition States

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I still need to add stuff about their stance on Human Supremacy, and all the anti-mage stuff. But it's better than nothing. Only Rifts Fans would come to this page anyway, neh? --69.170.41.111 07:05, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Hail Prosek!

Brought the population figures up to the ones given in the Rifts Ultimate Edition Main Book--131.118.85.38 17:13, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Coalition States


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Anna Wolff-Powęska

Anna Wolff-Powęska (born 1941) is a Polish historian and political scientist specialising in Polish-German relations. She was the director of the Western Institute (Instytut Zachodni) in Poznań from 1990 to 2004. She is one of the foremost authorities on Germany in Poland.

In 1964, she graduated in history from the Philosophical-Historical Department of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. For a few years, she taught history in primary schools, until she was employed by the Western Institute (Instytut Zachodni) in Poznań in 1969. In 1970, she obtained a Ph.D., and in 1980 she completed her habilitation with a thesis on political and law doctrines at the same university. She became full professor in 1986 and was made director of the Western Institute in 1990. She left this post in 2004, but continues to work at the institute.

Areas of activity
Wolff-Powęska's main areas of interest are the history of German political thought and the political culture of Central-Eastern Europe.

Awards
In 2005, Wolff-Powęska received the Polish-German Award for special contribution to Polish-German relations.

Publications

 * Doktryna geopolityki w Niemczech (1979),
 * Polityczne i filozoficzne nurty konserwatyzmu w Republice Federalnej Niemiec (1984),
 * Niemiecka myśl polityczna wieku oświecenia (1988),
 * Wspólna Europa. Mit czy rzeczywistość (praca zbiorowa, 1990),
 * Polacy wobec Niemców. Z dziejów kultury politycznej Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej 1945-1989 (1993),
 * Oswojona Rewolucja. Europa Środkowo-Wschodnia w procesie demokratyzacji (1998),
 * Polen in Deutschland, Integration oder Separation? (2000),
 * Przestrzeń i polityka. Z dziejów niemieckiej myśli politycznej (antologia, red. 2000),
 * A bliźniego swego... Kościoły w Niemczech wobec „problemu żydowskiego” (2003).

title: Anna Wolff-Powęska


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Horace Martineau

Horace Robert Martineau VC (31 October 1874 – 7 April 1916) was a British recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Military career
Born and educated in London, Martineau enlisted in the 11th Hussars in 1891. He served in Natal and in India before buying his discharge and returning to South Africa in 1895. The next year he served in Colonel Sir Robert Baden-Powell's campaign against the Matebele, after which he joined the Cape Police.

Second Boer War
On the outbreak of the Second Boer War in 1899, Martineau joined the Protectorate Regiment (N.W. Cape Colony) as a sergeant. He was awarded the VC in an action near Mafeking. His citation in the London Gazette reads: "On the 26th December, 1899, during the fight at Game Tree, near Mafeking, when the order to retire had been given, Sergeant Martineau stopped and picked up Corporal Le Camp, who had been struck down about 10 yards from the Boer trenches, and half dragged, half carried, him towards a bush about 150 yards from the trenches. In doing this Sergeant Martineau was wounded in the side, but paid no attention to it, and proceeded to stanch and bandage the wounds of his comrade, whom he, afterwards, assisted to retire. The firing while they were retiring was very heavy and Sergeant Martineau was again wounded. When shot the second time he was absolutely exhausted from supporting his comrade, and sank down unable to proceed further. He received three wounds, one of which necessitated the amputation of his arm near the shoulder."

World War I
After the War Martineau took up employment with the African Boating Company in Durban, specialising in support to military forces. He joined the Durban Militia Reserve in 1903 attaining the rank of Captain before visiting New Zealand in 1914 when the First World War broke out. He immediately joined up as a territorial officer in the 14th (South Otago) Regiment, and enlisted as Lieutenant Martineau VC Battalion Transport Officer in the Otago Infantry Battalion, of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force. He subsequently served in Suez and at Gallipoli with the New Zealand Infantry Brigade, New Zealand and Australian Division of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ANZAC.

After falling ill in the Gallipoli area of operations Martineau was evacuated to Egypt. After recovering he was visiting the Kursaal (public area of the town) in Alexandria on the evening of 17 September 1915, where in a cafe called the Pallotta Court he met Captain Hunt and Lieutenant King of the Royal Army Medical Corps. He became involved in an altercation with Captain Hunt which involved Martineau's use of insubordinate language. After an investigation of the charge the Commandant of Base Headquarters Alexandria, Brigadier-General McGregor, sent a letter to General Headquarters at Mudros on 21 September 1915 recommending that as Martineau was in possession of the VC "his services be dispensed with without trial and that he be sent back to New Zealand". While waiting for a verdict on his future Martineau once again fell ill and was admitted to No.2 Australian General Hospital at Ghezireh on 1 November with Colitis (inflammation of the gastrointestinal system). He was moved a week later to the New Zealand General Hospital at Pont de Kubba near Cairo and remained there until being discharged to board the Hospital Ship Maheno, which departed Suez for New Zealand on 29 November 1915. Martineau arrived back in New Zealand on New Year's Day 1916 and was granted sick leave. But the leave pass he was issued was worthless because he was no longer a member of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force. On 24 February 1916 the New Zealand Gazette issued an order under the authority of James Allen the Minister for Defence:

Lieutenant Horace Robert Martineau, V.C., attached to 14th (South Otago) Regiment is struck off the strength of the N.Z. Expeditionary Force, under the provisions of paragraph 11 (1), Expeditionary Force Act, 1915, with effect from 1st January, 1916.

As his health deteriorated Martineau remained in Dunedin instead of returning to South Africa. Serious stomach problems continued to afflict Martineau and contributed to his death just three months after returning from overseas service. He died in Dunedin Hospital on 7 April 1916 as a result of Gastritis and Haematemesis (the vomiting of blood due to prolonged erosion of the stomach lining) and was subsequently buried in Anderson's Bay Cemetery, Dunedin among other returned servicemen. As the illness was a continuation of the sickness he first contracted while on Gallipoli, Martineau was categorised as having died after discharge from the NZEF from disease contracted while on active service, and was included in the roll of honour listing New Zealand's war dead.

Medal
Horace Martineau's VC and other campaign medals were sold at auction by Spink of London for £90,000 on 9 May 2002. The VC was bought for Lord Ashcroft's VC Collection and is on display at the Lord Ashcroft VC Gallery in the Imperial War Museum in London.

title: Horace Martineau


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Antoni Czubiński

Antoni Czubiński (22 November 1928 in Konin, Poland – 10 February 2003 in Poznań, Poland) was a Polish historian and director of the Western Institute (Instytut Zachodni) in Poznań from 1978 to 1990. He was the Polish-side Chairman of German-Polish Textbook Commission from 1984 to 1990.

He represented leftist views, and in his works consequently defended the role of the left in preserving Polish statehood in face of both Hitler and Stalin during 20th century. After 1989 he was a moderate defender of the previous system, underlining its achievements in regards to reducing poverty and increasing Polish independence from Soviet Union. He was convinced that in time People's Republic of Poland will be seen in more neutral, and even positive light and up until his death he continued to hope that more historians will share his view. After his death in 2003 he was posthumously awarded the Order of Polonia Restituta for his contribution to Polish history.

Publications

 * Antoni Czubiński, Powstanie Wielkopolskie 1918-1919. Geneza-charakter-znaczenie, Poznań 1978
 * A.Czubiński, Z.Grot, B.Miśkiiewcz, Powstanie Wielkopolskie 1918-1919. Zarys dziejów, Warszawa 1978
 * Antoni Czubiński (ed.), Polacy i Niemcy. Dziesięć wieków sąsiedztwa, PWN, Warszawa 1987
 * Antoni Czubiński 1928-2003. Życie i dzieło. Opracowanie zbiorowe edited by S. Sierpowski Poznań. 2004
 * "Antoni Czubiński 1928-2003" in Wybitni historycy wielkopolscy. Pod redakcją Jerzego Strzelczyka. Wydawnictwo Poznańskie. Poznań 2010, p. 745-766

title: Antoni Czubiński


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File:VCCharlesIrwin.jpg

Photo of Victoria Cross recipient Charles Irwin, migrated from the Victoria Cross Reference site with permission. Photo submitted by John Corcoran.

title: File:VCCharlesIrwin.jpg


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Lech Trzeciakowski

Lech Trzeciakowski (24 December 1931 – 7 January 2017) was a Polish historian who served as director of the Western Institute (Instytut Zachodni) in Poznań from 1974 to 1978. Born in Poznań, he also died there in 2017.

Selected publications

 * Lech Trzeciakowski, Kulturkampf w zaborze pruskim, Poznań 1970
 * Lech Trzeciakowski, Pod pruskim zaborem 1850-1914, Warszawa 1973
 * Lech Trzeciakowski, Walka o polskość miast Poznańskiego na przełomie XIX i XX wieku, Poznań 1964
 * Lech Trzeciakowski, W dziewiętnastowiecznym Poznaniu, Poznań 1987

title: Lech Trzeciakowski


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Ibrahima Sylla

Ibrahima Sylla (2 April 1956 – 30 December 2013) was a Senegalese record producer born in Ivory Coast and founder of the African music label Syllart Records. He was an internationally acclaimed musician whose production and music direction defined popular African music. From West African dance, to Congolese Soukous (sung in Lingala), to melodic griot-led songs, Sylla's signature as a music producer is unmistakable. He has demonstrated his familiarity with many contemporary African musical genres, and he has worked with most of Africa's musical greats.

Biography
Sylla was born in the Ivory Coast, into a prominent family; his father was Guinean (French Guinea) and was an influential public figure who was well known in West Africa, and whose work took the family to Dakar in Senegal. Sylla developed his love for music whilst studying at a university in Paris, France. He released compilation albums of his favorite Salsa music, and from 1980 he embarked on record production work. He financed an album by Étoile de Dakar, featuring Youssou N'Dour and Orchestra Baobab. It was in Paris that Sylla developed working relationships with Africa's upcoming musicians, many of whom were living there.

Sylla has worked with many of Africa's contemporary musicians and he has demonstrated finesse in his production of their music. He worked with many of Zaire's (now the Democratic Republic of Congo) greats, including: Les Quatre Etoiles - the renowned DRC group consisting of Soukous greats Bopol, Wuta Mayi, Syran and Nyboma; Pepe Kalle, Sam Mangwana, Tshala Muana, Mbilia Bel, and others. Sylla developed the Soukous concept of tingling, repeated, guitar melodies, adding orchestral harmonies, innovative key changes, and introducing tinges of Salsa music. An example of this can be experienced in his production of Nyboma's groundbreaking solo album, Anicet.

Zairean Soukous music is highly popular across Africa, South America, and among World Music fans in the West. Sylla's Soukous productions are still celebrated, and they continue to influence the shape and direction of African dance music.

Sylla's production excellence is also demonstrated by his productions of West African dance music, such as in Oumou Dioubate's albums, and in his direction of Malian and Senegalese griot-led songs. He has also worked with Baaba Maal, Bako Dagnon, Ismael Lo, Pape Seck, Oumou Sangare, Gnonnàs Pedro, Kouyate Sory Kandia, Bembeya Jazz, Fanta Damba, Cape Verde Show, Alpha Blondy, Africando, and Miriam Makeba.

A recent compilation of his work, the five-album 20 Years History - The Very Best of Syllart Productions (Sono/Sterns), introduces new listeners to Sylla's work.

title: Ibrahima Sylla


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Władysław Markiewicz

Władysław Markiewicz (2 January 1920 – 18 January 2017) was a Polish sociologist; professor of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań since 1966, and Warsaw University since 1972, director of the Western Institute (Instytut Zachodni) in Poznań in years 1966–1973, member of Polish Academy of Sciences (Polska Akademia Nauk, PAN) since 1972. He was the Polish-side Chairman of German-Polish Textbook Commission from 1972 to 1984.

He was a secretary of the Social Sciences Division of the Polish Academy of Sciences (Wydział Nauk Społecznych PAN) since 1972, editor-in-chief of Studia Socjologiczne (Sociological Studies) quarterly since 1972, chairman of the Poland 2000 Committee (Komitet Polska 2000 PAN) since 1980. From 1969 until 1972, he was the president of the Polish Sociological Association.

Areas of activity
His main areas of interest are: sociology of labour and industry, sociology of the nation, sociology of the political relations.

Publications

 * Przeobrażenia świadomości narodowej reemigrantów polskich z Francji (Evolution of the national consciousness of the Polish reemigrants from France)
 * Społeczne procesy uprzemysłowienia, 1962 (Social processes of industrialization)
 * Społeczeństwo i socjologia w NRF, 1966 (Society and sociology in Western Germany)
 * Socjologia a słuzba społeczna, 1972 (Sociology and public service)
 * Stan i perspektywy rozwoju nauk humanistycznych, 1973 (The state and prospects of development of the humanist sciences)
 * Przemiany w strukturze społecznej Polski Ludowej, 1982 (Social structure changes in the People's Poland)

title: Władysław Markiewicz


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User talk:Gilgamesh~enwiki/Archive 4

Greetings
How are you Gilgamesh, I have been away from the Wiki for quite a while, but I just wanted to say hello and thank you for your efforts in the past to present both sides views in the continuing, never ending debates about Israel/Palestine/the Holy land (whatever). I was born in Jerusalem, in 1963, and am a Palestinian by birth.

What interested me was that you are a Mormon. I wanted to tell you that when we left after the 1967 war, a very nice lady (who was Mormon BTW), and knew my father from the tours he used to conduct there, helped us quite a bit in 1967 to the mid-1970's. She witnessed first hand the horrors of the 1967 war, and was one of the first Americans to photograph and document the refugees and their miserable plight. The other day, I noticed that her photos are on the Web, in the university from Utah where she donated them, and that we were in many. Not only that, but many other photos that showed what she had seen and witnessed. I cannot even begin to tell you about all of the work she did to help the poor and suffering. She was a great lady.

We visted her once in Utah as a family, in the mid-1970's, but she came many times to Canada to visit us. One last thing, it was this lady that first introduced me to pancakes and waffles, and she actually bought our first waffle/pancake iron and gave us the recipe so we could make our own.

In any case I just wanted to say hello.

Joseph E. Saad (Palestinian refugee, proud Canadian).````

 * I am flattered by your kind regards. I am a friend of every innocent and virtuous person, particular those struggling on all sides of the conflict in the Holy Land.  As Latter-day Saints believe that the Holy Land was gifted to all of Abraham's seed, whether they be Israelite or Ishmeelite, whether they be Samaritan, Jew, Christian, Muslim, Druze or Baha'i, I hope everyone can find it within themselves to build bridges of peace, siblinghood and equality in all the conflicts, because the Father loves us all as His children. - Gilgamesh 03:16, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Non-uvular R's in Quebec
Nice work on Uvular R, I love it, but I was struck by your note about Quebec French not having it. Do you have some extra info to share? (I'm working on Quebec French right now and, perhaps out of intuition, I wrote that we used uvular trills and fricatives.) --Valmi 04:09, 28 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * It's just something one of my French Canadian friends told me. If I'm wrong, please correct it, by all means! :) I truly thought it is right, and I think it's okay if it's actually wrong.  Go ahead and change it. - Gilgamesh 04:29, 28 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Paul Walker
Hi. Please don't add people to categories which aren't mentioned in their articles. RickK 05:42, Aug 28, 2004 (UTC)

 * Why not? These people are LDS, are they not?  I don't understand the conflict. - Gilgamesh 05:43, 28 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I have no idea if they are or not, but the categorization looks odd if there's no mention of their being LDS in the article. RickK 05:45, Aug 28, 2004 (UTC)

 * They are LDS - it's verified by the list at famousmormons.net/. And I don't think it is at all odd.  Unless you have a clearer reason against it, I don't see the problem. - Gilgamesh 05:47, 28 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I know there was a concerted effort to remove people from the category of famous gays unless the article specifically mentioned that they are gay. How about if we take it to the Category talk page for discussion?  RickK

 * Are you treating this as some kind of stigma? This is no where near the same as "famous gays".  These people are more well known than most LDS people, and are in a position of unofficially exampling their life and their faith to the world to see.  They are very different with very different views on life, but this one thing unites them. - Gilgamesh 05:55, 28 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I am not treating it as anything but trying to standardize the use of categories. Unless the article mentions that someone is gay, they shouldn't be on the category of famous gays.  Unless the article mentions that someone is LDS, they shouldn't be mentioned on the category of famous Mormons.  Unless the article mentions that someone is American, they shouldn't be listed on the category of famous Americans.  Like I suggested, why don't we take it to the category's Talk page so others can discuss it?  RickK 05:57, Aug 28, 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't want a dispute. :( And I'm not really comfortable with the more broad talk pages for some reason. How about, where relevant, I add a mention, and then they can be in the category.  If the person's faith does not play a big part or statistic of their life, then we can leave them off the category. - Gilgamesh 06:00, 28 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * That works for me. Thanks.  RickK 06:01, Aug 28, 2004 (UTC)

Goryeomal
Hi, Gilgamesh: I like your choice of using the word "Goryeomal" (고려말) for "Korean" on your user page. You are obviously sensitive to the convoluted and intertwined history of the names 고려/조선/한국.... Should the 2 halves of Korea ever reunite, I hope the new country adopts the neutral (i.e., not politically loaded) name 고려, which of course has the added advantage of being the Korean equivalent of "Korea." -Sewing - talk 16:31, 30 Aug 2004 (UTC)

...Unless you meant "Goryeomal" to refer to the standard dialect of Korean as spoken during the Goryeo Dynasty (the context in which the word is most frequently used in Korean)...but I assume you meant the modern language! -Sewing - talk 16:35, 30 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Nope, "Goryeomal" is the modern language name. ^_^ - Gilgamesh 23:50, 30 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Large-Scale Images
Hi!

I entered some of your large-scale images in the German wikipedia. Thanks for creating them!

wotan

 * You are welcome. ^_^ - Gilgamesh 22:45, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Mormon
The overwhelmingly obvious intent of most all searchers on the word Mormon is not the prophet or the land. It is me, a Mormon. I don't think your disambiguation move was wise. Did you consult the Disambiguation article? I think maybe it would have been better (as in section 2 of that article) to leave things as they were. But I won't press the issue. Tom 15:49, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Isn't disambiguation what disambiguation articles are for? I'm a Latter-day Saint, and although I know some people call themselves "Mormon", I find it pejorative and I do not call myself such.  When I search Wikipedia for Mormon, I am usually looking for Mormon (prophet).  And I'm sure many others are thinking of Mormon (society).  Compare the Lehi disambiguation article.  This is better. - Gilgamesh 22:11, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I totally agree with Tom and I moved it back. There were hundreds of pages linking to Mormon that intended to go to the group. --mav 03:35, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, I don't think it is appropriate. I would much prefer a disambiguation page, especially if it can find what someone is looking for anyway.  When there are at least two very important theological associations to the word, then a disambiguation page is appropriate.  And what about waters of Mormon?  Or Book of Mormon?  Or Mormonism?  Or Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints?  It would be terribly disrespectful and pejorative to lay all these associations to waste.  If you absolutely insist that Mormon be an article specifically about the social group, then the top of that article should be a full disambiguation section. - Gilgamesh 04:23, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Never mind, I think it's satisfactory now. - Gilgamesh 04:26, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Page move
You've moved British English to British English language - why? It's not a language, after all, but a nebulous set of spellings, dialects, mannerisms, accents, and vocabulary. Also, you haven't fixed any of ther redirects yet ;-) James F. (talk) 11:11, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * It's just a practice of naming language articles with "language" in the title so that they are clear. In this case, calling it a language just means it's a linguistics articles — it doesn't necessarily make it a different language from those mentioned in other pages.  And besides, I have been correcting redirects.  I'm still doing so.  (I already completely converted American English language and Australian English language, and am going down the list.)  This convention makes sure that the article name reflects that it's a language article, and not an ethnonym article (i.e. American people who live in England, Australian people who live in England, etc.)  See also Hebrew languages for similar examples of this convention. - Gilgamesh 11:15, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * But it's just wrong - it's unecessary disambiguation, and contrary to standard practice, which is to use the most commonly used term - in this case, most definitely "British English".
 * James F. (talk) 11:29, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * It's the article name. It's like putting "(language)" or "(book)" in titles.  It is guaranteed not to confuse anyone.  Just don't worry about it, there's nothing wrong with a little crystal clarity in naming articles. - Gilgamesh 11:33, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * There is no need for "British English" to be changed, it's only ever used for the language, not as an "ethnonym" (I understand what you mean but that's not actually a word). Simon Arlott 11:50, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't understand what's necessarily wrong with ending the names of language articles with "language". English language convention often omits "language" by referring to the name of a language in context, such as "speaks English" and "in English".  But in Wikipedia, this is ambiguous, so the vast majority of language and dialect articles end with "language".  I'm simply making sure this convention is naming convention is uniform.  And yes, "ethnonym" is a word, I've encountered one or two people who use it — it just doesn't have a Wikipedia article.  It's a Greek language adaptation for techy/scientific use, and means "ethnic name". - Gilgamesh 11:58, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't like this myself either; putting 'language' at the end of, for example, "Hiberno-English language" suggests that Hiberno-English is a language independent of English, which is not the case. Same goes for all the other English dialects. "Hiberno-English dialect" would be better. Blorg 12:47, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I suppose I could live with "... dialect", but I don't see why it is necessary in the first place - no-one is "American English" ("American British", perhaps, at a pinch, though I think that that's rather an odd thing to say). Ethnic Englishness is very much a dead thing, and doesn't really apply any more.
 * James F. (talk) 12:55, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

These page moves are unnecessary and, in NPOV terms, a bad call. You're elevating relatively minor regional differences (US vs. UK vs. India; Brazil vs. Portugal) to the status of separate languages. Plus we will never be able to link to them without pipelinking. Please put them back. –Hajor 12:53, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I completely agree with James F., I don't think the terms need dialect either, it was just an off-the-cuff compromise if something *had* to be put in to make them clearer. I'd also question that putting 'language' after dialect is standard in Wikipedia; to me it just seems to be something Gilgamesh has done with Hebrew variants. See for example all the Arabic language dialects - no 'language' after Egyptian Arabic, Sudanese Arabic etc. Putting language after suggests that these are seperate languages when they are not. While I'm not sure that 'British' has completely supplanted 'English' in terms of identity (this is particularly clear during football tournaments), it is also the case that the ethnic designations are in any case ordered in the other direction, e.g. African-American, Irish-American, "English-American" *not* "American English" etc. - so there is hardly any room for confusion Blorg 13:03, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * There's nothing "ambiguous" about British English or Hiberno-English. Please restore these. They are not separate languages. zoney ▓  ▒ talk 13:07, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I do struggle with the English language, and tend to look at it as an algorithm without a cultural context. As such, some things (like what "English" means in any given context) are not always obvious and clear to me (although in this context I can usually guess). I also have never been able to understand why "language" denote difference.

For instance, I don't see why — even though "American English" and "British English" are both languages — they can't be called "language". Aren't they both languages? Not different languages, but languages nonetheless? I don't see how "the language" in any case, using a definite article, should necessarily imply that a language is unique and that none other exist.

Honestly, I think I will never understand all the kinks of this difficult English language. It is like living on proverbial Mars, and I long to return to my proverbial Earth where every streamlined phrase is as transparent as crystal.

However, as there seems to be so much resounding concensus on this issue, I won't dispute the pages being restored to their previous states. But I can't restore them now, because I must sleep. If no one restores them by the time I am awake Tuesday evening (North American time zones — my circadian rhythms are unstable and typically inverted), I'll try to remember to restore them myself.

(What I did is, I more or less went down Template:English dialects by continent, moved the page names, then changed all their redirects, then edited the template itself.) - Gilgamesh 13:46, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

East Maui Volcano ?
Gilgamesh, what gives. No one (local or tourist) knows what "East Maui Volcano" is? The name is Haleakala. What prompted you to make that move? Seems out of character for you to use a mainland geology name for a Hawaiian mountain. - Marshman 04:10, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * My source is the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. As they are the most authoritative observers in the field, I would tend to think they are most authoritative.  Besides, I added to East Maui Volcano that the whole volcano is frequently colloquially called Haleakalā, though this is technically only the name of the summit caldera. - Gilgamesh 04:12, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * And as for "mainland geology name", I think that's unfair. :P I know that Haleakalā is only the name of the caldera, and not of the volcano. What is the indigenous name of the whole volcano?  I don't know.  Do you?  If you do, you can choose the proper name for the article. :P - Gilgamesh 04:14, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Wow you were right there at your computer. Now I see. I went back and read what you had added, and I guess I do agree the correct name would be East Maui Volcano, although few would accept that, as Haleakala is so widely know as the name. Nontheless, I accept your explanation. If there is a name (Hawaiian) for the rest of the mountasin, I'm unaware of it. Sorry, hope I did not add to your stress level 8^). - Marshman

 * Nah, you aren't confrontational. But my lowest default stress level (because of arguing with too many trolls) is permanently yellow. :P - Gilgamesh 04:20, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Boy I hear you. I left for a month and half because of the trolls. I got back and immediately fell into a controversy on Monoecious vs Dioecious and related terms. But the guys turned out to be really cool and knowledgeable. We worked out our confusion and now have a good article - Marshman

 * ^_^ - Gilgamesh 04:36, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Aloha. I'm not following your justification for moving a colloquial name to a discipline-specific definition.  AFAIK, the standard is to do the exact opposite - redirect the specific designation to the colloquial, depending on usage.  Your source, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, states both names on its page, and in fact, explicitly states, The Hawaiian name Hale-a-ka-la (lit., house of the sun), is now nearly synonymous with the entire shield of East Maui volcano.  As a resident of Maui, I feel that I can safely that say that nobody, neither a layman nor a geologist or an astronomer, refers to Haleakala as "East Maui volcano".  The term exists to differentiate that region from the west, not to describe Haleakala.  You claimed that Haleakala only refers to the summit, but apparently NASA and UH call it Haleakala Volcano, as do UH Botanists, Geochemists, Volcanologists, and conservationists.  The facts are clear.  Nobody calls Haleakala volcano, "East Maui Volcano"  Before I undo your changes, I would like to understand your position. --Viriditas 10:45, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I am going by two sources: proper naming standards and volcanic naming standards. By both, the name is technically East Maui Volcano.  It is a mountain, and Haleakala refers specifically to the summit caldera.  To use the common name, as common as it may be, is vulgar and inaccurate.  I named the article the proper name, and Haleakala redirects to it, and I mentioned naming habits of "Haleakala" as they exist in colloquial language.  I'm sorry, but "East Maui Volcano" is standard and correct, and correct scientific and linguistic information is of absolute importance to an encyclopedia.  Not only that, but to persist to an inaccurate name is disrespectful to Hawai‘i.  (By chance, are you a haole?)  Please do not undo my changes, or I will revert them.  Aloha. - Gilgamesh 12:27, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I suggest we research this a bit more for the true Hawaiian reference to Haleakala. While I follow the reasoning provided by Gilgimesh, I also understand that a lot of mis-informed haoles have been bastardizing Hawaiian names for over a century; and to then claim some kind of  "colloquial" standard as a reason to keep misinformation afloat is not particularly encyclopedic. It seems also possible, given the ease with which articles, redirects, and links work around here, that we could create two articles: 1) Haleakala about the summit area and 2) East Maui Volcano about the volcano, the mountain, and its formation.  This might be a compromise that helps teach the (I think more correct) restrictive meaning of Haleakala to strangers and residents alike. - Marshman 17:29, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I've already researched this subject, and Gilgamesh's position, including his personal attack, is not supported by the facts:
 * Proper Wikipedia naming standars state, article naming should give priority to what the majority of English speakers would most easily recognize, which in fact, is Haleakala. The same naming standards make it clear that the convention is to use the most common name of a person or thing that does not conflict with the names of other people or things.
 * According to the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, the two names are synonomous. Contrary to what Gilgamesh claims, that source makes it clear that Haleakala refers to  the entire shield of East Maui volcano.
 * Correct scientific and linguistic information is of absolute importance to an encyclopedia, and a perusal of the relevant scientific literature demonstrates that published, peer-reviewed journals that study the volcano, do not call it "East Maui Volcano". The researchers call it by its common name,  Haleakala volcano. I have already posted links to those studies and the researchers from disparate fields.  Science World also uses the common name, as do geologists at the University of Illinois, and the Journal of Petrology and many geophysicists.  When the term is used in context, the volcano is specified as Haleakala Volcano, East Maui.
 * Your argument that "mis-informed haoles have been bastardizing Hawaiian names for over a century" does not apply here. Hawaiians do not use the term, "East Maui Volcano".  Gilgamesh's argument that  calling a Hawaiian volcano by its Hawaiian name is somehow "disrespectful" is not only absurd, it's irrational.  Yes, in early Hawaiian history the name only applied to the summit, but that is no longer true.
 * Gilgamesh's "standard and corrrect" redirect violates Wikipedia naming standards, and does not represent the standard name of the Volcano. Haleakala volcano is referred to as "East Maui volcano" to differentiate it when discussing the West Maui volcano".  Gilgamesh's redirect is aking to someone redirecting the towns of San Jose, Oakland, Sacramento, and San Francisco to the article on Northern California.  It wouldn't make sense.  The East Maui volcano designation is more of a regional, geographic designation, whereas Haleakala refers to the volcano as it is commonly known.  Wikipedia standard is to refer to common names. --Viriditas 21:56, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Finally, I would like to point you to further citations:
 * Beginning ca. A.D. 1400, Polynesian farmers established permanent settlements along the arid southern flank of Haleakala Volcano, Maui, Hawaiian Islands... Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Jun 29;101(26):9936-41. Epub 2004 Ju
 * Visible to infrared reflectance spectra are presented here for the fine-grained fractions of altered tephra/lava from the Haleakala summit basin on Maui... the dry climate at the top of Haleakala is more consistent with the current Martian environment.J Geophys Res. 1998 Dec 25;103(E13):31457-76.
 * Kitayama, K., and D. Mueller-Dombois. 1992. Vegetation of the wet windward slope of Mr. Haleakala, Maui, Hawaii. Pacific Science 46:197-220.
 * These islands are mostly composed of lowland and mid-elevation forest, with the barren and fantastically beautiful Haleakala Volcano jutting abruptly out of the eastern end of Maui. Ohio University, field course, Island Biology
 * These rodents, particularly Mus musculus, exert strong predation pressure on populations of arthropod species, including locally endemic species on upper Haleakala Volcano.UH Pacific Science Journal
 * Biking the Haleakala Volcano in Hawaii National Geographic
 * Experimental study of volcanic rocks from the Mount Erebus Volcano, Antarctica; field and theoretical study of the alkalic rocks of the Haleakala volcano, Maui Volcanology, Dept of Geology, McMicken College
 * The Maui-Kilauea project is chiefly a mapping project that enhances our understanding of the volcanic history of Haleakala volcano (East Maui) and the southwest rift zone of Kilauea (Hawaii). Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
 * For one thing, promising a revert was not a personal attack, it was a promise to reverse what I think is a mistake. For another thing, asking if you were a haole was also not a personal attack, it was a query as to whether you have native knowledge or not.  Third, I really don't want to argue too much about this topic.  If you want to perpetuate the bastardization of Hawaiian names, then go ahead.  But at least use the ‘okina and kahakō where needed at all times, and retain a reference to "East Maui Volcano" somewhere. - Gilgamesh 00:37, 26 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I will say, that is a lot of evidence, although not much of what I was looking for (what did the Hawaiians mean by Haleakalā?). Nonethless, it certainly would appear that we would well be swimming hard upstream to ignore the obvious synonomy accepted today. And as I first indicated, few really even know the name "East Maui Volcano".  I suggest we move this discussion to the article (I'll do so; Gilgamesh can delete here if you wish). While pointing out the Hawaiian reference to just the summit seems enough for me, there remains the option of having separate pages, although I do not support that at present. - Marshman 02:25, 26 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Message
Thanks for your kind message. I must have been treading on the wrong toes :-). It is a reason for admin pride to have your userpage vandalised; User:Hephaestos is a frequent target (or has been)... JFW | T@lk  10:25, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah...though I don't care for vandalized user pages. :P You seemed to thoroughly deserve moral support. - Gilgamesh 10:26, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gilgamesh~enwiki/Archive 4


text:
Zdzisław Kaczmarczyk

Zdzisław Kaczmarczyk (1911–1980) was a Polish historian and director of the Western Institute (Instytut Zachodni) in Poznań from 1964 to 1965.

He was connected to the Western Institute for his whole adult life, studying there in the early 1930s and then becoming a voluntary assistant from where he climbed the academic hierarchy to become director. He remained with the institute until his death in 1980, treating it as his second home.

title: Zdzisław Kaczmarczyk


text:
Charles Irwin

Charles Irwin, VC (c. 1824 – 8 April 1873), was born in Manorhamilton, County Leitrim, and was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Details
Irwin was approximately 33 years old, and a private in the 53rd Regiment of Foot (later The King's Shropshire Light Infantry), British Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed took place on 16 November 1857 at the Relief of Lucknow for which he was awarded the VC: "53rd Regiment, Private C. Irwin.

Date of Act of Bravery, 16th November, 1857

For conspicuous bravery at the assault of the Secundra Bagh, at Lucknow, on the 16th of November, 1857. Although severely wounded through the right shoulder, he was one of the first men of the 53rd Regiment, who entered the buildings under a very severe fire. Elected by the private soldiers of the Regiment."

Further information
Service Record:
 * 18th Regiment of Foot
 * 3168 53rd Shropshire Regiment
 * 87th Regiment of Foot between Jan 1860 – 30 June 1860.

His entry in the Canon Lummis files states that: "Judging from numerous entries in the muster roles as to imprisonment, he appears to have been a bad hat."

He died on 29 March 1873 at Newtownbutler, County Fermanagh, Ireland, and was buried in Saint Mark's Churchyard (Aghadrumsee), near Magheraveely in the south-east of County Fermanagh.

Medal
His Victoria Cross is displayed at The King's Shropshire Light Infantry Museum.

title: Charles Irwin


text:
Michał Sczaniecki

Michał Sczaniecki (born Stanisław Maria Michał Sczaniecki; 1910–1977) was a Polish historian of state and law, especially of Poland and France; professor of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań from 1951 to 1965, and director of the Western Institute (Instytut Zachodni) in Poznań from 1961 to 1964, later professor at Warsaw University.

Sczaniecki hailed from a noble landowning family in Wielkopolska, who identified themselves with the Ossorya coat of arms. His father, Władysław Sczaniecki (1869-1942), was a colonel in the Polish Army, as well as a landowner and a prominent figure in social and economic activism in the dairy industry. Sczaniecki's mother was Jadwiga, née Plucińska, who died in 1965.

After graduating from the Mary Magdalene Gymnasium in Poznań in 1927, he pursued a degree in law at the University of Poznań. During this time, Sczaniecki joined the Coronia Studentenverbindung and continued his studies at Jagiellonian University under the supervision of Zygmunt Wojciechowski. In 1937, he successfully defended his doctoral dissertation on the allocation of land to knights in Poland until the end of the 13th century. That same year, he travelled to France to further his studies with the renowned Professor François Olivier-Martin at the University of Paris, who was an expert in both historical and legal sciences.

In August 1932, Sczaniecki enlisted for one year of military service. During the initial ten months, he attended the Artillery Reserve Cadet School in Wlodzimierz Wolynski, and then spent two months as an apprentice at the 11th Horse Artillery Squadron in Bydgoszcz. He was eventually promoted to the rank of second lieutenant, with seniority dating back to 1 January 1935, and ranked 112th among the artillery reserve officer corps.

He was enlisted in the Polish Army in France and served as an observation officer in the 2nd division of the 1st (101st) Vilnius Light Artillery Regiment during the French campaign. He received the Cross of Valour and the French Croix de Guerre for his bravery. He also played a crucial role in organizing Polish volunteer units in Brittany. Sczaniecki was wounded in battle and subsequently taken prisoner by the Germans. He spent the rest of the war in the German oflag in Edelbach. After his release, he co-organized an underground Law School for Polish officers affiliated with the Université de Captivité.

After his return to Poznań in 1946, Sczaniecki accomplished his habilitation at the University of Poznań. He was later appointed as an associate professor in 1954, followed by achieving the title of full professor in 1959. In 1955, he took the helm of the Chair of History of State and Law at the University of Poznań. He later moved to the University of Warsaw in 1965. He is the well-known author of a textbook on the history of state and law, favoured by students. Additionally, he was the co-founder of the renowned scientific periodical Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne, which he edited from 1953 to 1977. Sczaniecki was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Grenoble.

He is buried in the Powązki cemetery in Warsaw (cemetery section X, row 6, grave 20).

His elder brother was Józef Sczaniecki, a cavalry officer. His wife was Maria, née Ponikiewska, with whom he had two daughters, Teresa and Monika.

Publications

 * Powszechna historia państwa i prawa (Universal history of the state and law)

title: Michał Sczaniecki


text:
Gerard Labuda

Gerard Labuda (Gerard Labùda; 28 December 1916 – 1 October 2010) was a Polish historian whose main fields of interest were the Middle Ages and the Western Slavs. He was born in Kashubia. He lived and died in Poznań, Poland.

Life
Labuda was born in Nowa Huta, Pomeranian Voivodeship, Kartuzy, Poland (before 1918 Neuhütte/ Karthaus, West Prussia / Prussian Partition of Poland, Germany), into a Kashubian family. He was the son of Stanislaw Labuda and Anastazja Baranowska. From 1950 he was a professor at Poznań University; rector 1962–1965; from 1951 a member of the Polish Academy of Learning (PAU); president 1989–1994; from 1964 member of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN); vice-president 1984–1989; from 1959 to 1961 director of the Western Institute (Instytut Zachodni) in Poznań and a member of the New York Academy of Sciences. He was buried in Luzino - Kashubia.

From 1958 onwards he edited the multi-volume Słownik Starożytności Słowiańskich (Dictionary of Slavonic Antiquities) and published historical sources. Author of more than 30 books and close to 2000 scholarly publications.

Awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (1996) and the highest Polish distinction Order of the White Eagle (2010; posthumously).

Award of the Alfred Jurzykowski Foundation (USA, 1983), Herder Award (Austria, 1991). State of Poland awards (1949, 1951, 1970).

Honorary Doctorates of Gdańsk University (1986), Nicolas Copernicus University (1993), Jagiellonian University (1995), Warsaw University (1997), Wrocław University (1999) and Szczecin University (2003).

Works

 * Studia nad początkami państwa polskiego (Studies of the early Polish statehood), Cracow 1946.
 * Pierwsze państwo słowiańskie - państwo Samona (The first Slavonic state - Samon's state), Poznań 1949.
 * Fragmenty dziejów Słowiańszczyzny Zachodniej (Fragments of the History of Western Slavdom), vols. 1–2, 1960–64.
 * Polska granica zachodnia. Tysiąc lat dziejów politycznych (Poland's Western Border: a Thousand Years of Political History), 1971.
 * Pierwsze państwo polskie (The first Polish state), Cracow 1989.
 * O Kaszubach, ich nazwie i ziemi zamieszkania (Kashubian People, their name and land), Gdynia 1991.
 * Kaszubi i ich dzieje (Kashubians and their history), 1996, ISBN 83-904950-9-0
 * Św. Stanisław Biskup krakowski, Patron Polski (Stanislas Bishop of Cracow, Patron Saint of Poland), Poznań 2000.
 * Mieszko I, Wrocław 2002.
 * Słowiańszczyzna starożytna i wczesnośredniowieczna (Slavdom in antiquity and early middle ages), 2003.
 * Historia Kaszubów w dziejach Pomorza (The history of Kashubians within history of Pomerania) t.1 Czasy średniowieczne (vol.1 Middle ages), Gdańsk 2006.

title: Gerard Labuda


text:
Kazimierz Piwarski

Kazimierz Piwarski (19 February 1903 – 21 July 1968) was a Polish historian, professor of Jagiellonian University in Kraków since 1946 and Poznań University in years 1953-1955, member of Polish Academy of Skills (Polska Akademia Umiejętności, PAU) since 1945, and member of Polish Academy of Sciences (Polska Akademia Nauk, PAN) since 1958.

He researched in the history of the Polish provinces of Pomerania, Silesia, East Prussia and also the universal history of the 18th and 20th centuries. He was one of the most noteworthy Polish historians writing about history of Polish-Saxon relations in 18th century

During World War II he was arrested by the Germans on 6 November 1940 in Sonderaktion Krakau, and then imprisoned in Sachsenhausen and Dachau concentration camps until late 1941.

Kazimierz Piwarski was the director of the Western Institute (Instytut Zachodni) in Poznań in years 1956-1958.

Publications

 * Dzieje Śląska w zarysie (Short History of Silesia)
 * Dzieje polityczne Prus Wschodnich 1621-1772, (1938, Political history of the East Prussia 1621-1772)
 * Kuria rzymska a polski ruch narowodowowyzwoleńczy 1794-1863, (1955, The Roman curia and the Polish national liberation movement 1794-1863)
 * Kazimierz Piwarski (1903-1968 ) By Zbigniew Jabłoński · 1968

title: Kazimierz Piwarski


text: Category:Canadian radio networks

title: Category:Canadian radio networks


text: Category:Radio networks

title: Category:Radio networks


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Presymptom

Presymptom was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

Presymptom
I can't find any solid facts in this article and it seems to be going nowhere. silsor 07:12, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * delete. It's original research--somebody's pet theory about strategies for health management. --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway Talk]] 07:36, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Bogus research. --Gene s 09:42, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * A mix of pseudoscience and common sense. Smells of snake-oilery to me, probably someone wanting to boost sales of some "herbal remedy" he's marketing by establishing verisimilitude. Delete. Inky 20:02, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * failing any references or any actual information, I'd say the this article is a Presymptom of more articles-in-need-of-deletion, and we should expend some deletion resources now before the illness hits. Pedant 01:51, 2004 Dec 5 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
David MacKay (VC)

David MacKay VC (23 November 1831 – 18 November 1880) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to United Kingdom and Commonwealth forces.

Life
Born at Alterwall, Howe, Lyth, Scotland, the son of a farm labourer, he enlisted in the 93rd Highlanders (which became the 93rd Sutherland Highlanders and ultimately the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders) on 23 December 1850 and served in the Crimean War.

The VC
He was awarded the VC for an action at the Siege of Lucknow during the Indian Mutiny. His citation in the London Gazette dated 24 December 1858 reads: "For great personal gallantry in capturing an enemy colour after a most obstinate resistance, at the Secundrabagh, Lucknow, on the 16th of November 1857. He was severely wounded afterwards at the capture of the Shah Nujjif.

Elected by the private soldiers of the Regiment"

The medal
The whereabouts of the VC is unknown, Mackay sold it while he was still alive and it was auctioned around 1910.

Memorial
Mackay was awarded the VC in 1857 but was buried in Lesmahagow cemetery in an unmarked grave. A ceremony was held at the cemetery on 14 November 1998 to unveil a marker erected near the grave.

title: David MacKay (VC)


text:
Humid continental climate

Koppen-Geiger Map D present.svg

{{legend|#FF00FE|Dsa}} {{legend|#C600C7|Dsb}} {{legend|#ABB1FF|Dwa}} {{legend|#5A77DB|Dwb}} {{legend|#00FFFF|Dfa}} {{legend|#38C7FF|Dfb}} A humid continental climate is a climatic region defined by Russo-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1900, typified by four distinct seasons and large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers, and cold (sometimes severely cold in the northern areas) and snowy winters. Precipitation is usually distributed throughout the year, but often these regions do have dry seasons. The definition of this climate in terms of temperature is as follows: the mean temperature of the coldest month must be below 0 °C or −3 °C depending on the isotherm, and there must be at least four months whose mean temperatures are at or above 10 °C. In addition, the location in question must not be semi-arid or arid. The cooler Dfb, Dwb, and Dsb subtypes are also known as hemiboreal climates. Although amount of snowfall is not a factor used in defining the humid continental climate, snow during the winter in this type of climate is almost a guarantee, either intermittently throughout the winter months near the poleward or coastal margins, or persistently throughout the winter months elsewhere in the climate zone.
 * 400x400px]]

Humid continental climates are generally found between latitudes 40° N and 60° N, within the central and northeastern portions of North America, Europe, and Asia. Occasionally, they can also be found at higher elevations above other more temperate climate types. They are rare in the Southern Hemisphere, limited to isolated high altitude locations, due to the larger ocean area at that latitude, smaller land mass, and the consequent greater maritime moderation.

In the Northern Hemisphere, some of the humid continental climates, typically in Hokkaido, Sakhalin Island, northeastern mainland Europe, Scandinavia, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland are closer to the sea and heavily maritime-influenced and comparable to oceanic climates, with relatively cool summers, significant year-round precipitation (including high amounts of snow) and winters being just below the freezing mark (too cold for such a classification). More extreme and inland humid continental climates, sometimes known as "hyper-continental" climates, are found in northeast China, southern Siberia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, most of the southern interior of Canada, and the Upper Midwest, where temperatures in the winter resemble those of adjacent subarctic climates (with long, drier, generally very cold winters) but have longer and generally warmer summers (in occasional cases, hot summers). A more moderate variety, found in places like Northern Honshu, east-central China, the Korean Peninsula, parts of Eastern Europe, parts of southern Ontario, much of the American Midwest, and the Northeast US, the climate combines hotter summer maxima and greater humidity (similar to those found in adjacent humid subtropical climates) and moderately cold winters and more intermittent snow cover (averaging somewhat below freezing, too cold for a more temperate classification), and is less extreme than the most inland hyper-continental variety.

Definition
Using the Köppen climate classification, a climate is classified as humid continental when the temperature of the coldest month is below 0 °C or -3 °C and there must be at least four months whose mean temperatures are at or above 10 °C. These temperatures were not arbitrary. In Europe, the −3 °C average temperature isotherm (line of equal temperature) was near the southern extent of winter snowpack. In the United States, it is more common to use the 0 °C isotherm instead. The 10 °C average temperature was found to be roughly the minimum temperature necessary for tree reproduction and growth. Wide temperature ranges are common within this climate zone.

Second letter in the classification symbol defines seasonal rainfall as follows: while the third letter denotes the extent of summer heat:
 * s: A dry summer—the driest month in the high-sun half of the year (April to September in the Northern Hemisphere, October to March in the Southern Hemisphere) has less than 30 mm/40 mm of rainfall and has exactly or less than $1⁄3$ the precipitation of the wettest month in the low-sun half of the year (October to March in the Northern Hemisphere, April to September in the Southern Hemisphere).
 * w: A dry winter—the driest month in the low-sun half of the year has exactly or less than one‑tenth of the precipitation found in the wettest month in the summer half of the year.
 * f: No dry season—does not meet either of the alternative specifications above; precipitation and humidity are often high year-round.
 * a: Hot summer, warmest month averages at least 22 °C,
 * b: Warm summer, warmest month averages below 22 °C but at least four months averages above 10 °C.

Associated precipitation
Within North America, moisture within this climate regime is supplied by the Great Lakes, Gulf of Mexico and adjacent western subtropical Atlantic. Precipitation is relatively well distributed year-round in many areas with this climate (f), while others may see a marked reduction in wintry precipitation, which increases the chances of a wintertime drought (w). Snowfall occurs in all areas with a humid continental climate and in many such places is more common than rain during the height of winter. In places with sufficient wintertime precipitation, the snow cover is often deep. Most summer rainfall occurs during thunderstorms, and in North America and Asia an occasional tropical cyclone (or the remnants thereof). Though humidity levels are often high in locations with humid continental climates, the "humid" designation means that the climate is not dry enough to be classified as semi-arid or arid.

Vegetation
By definition, forests thrive within this climate. Biomes within this climate regime include temperate woodlands, temperate grasslands, temperate deciduous or evergreen forests, coniferous forests, and coniferous swamps. Within wetter areas, maple, spruce, pine, fir, and oak can be found. Fall foliage is noted during the autumn of deciduous forests.

Hot summer subtype
A hot summer version of a continental climate features an average temperature of at least 22 °C in its warmest month. Since these regimes are restricted to the Northern Hemisphere, the warmest month is usually July or August. High temperatures in the warmest month tend to be in the high 20s or low 30s °C (80s or low 90s °F), while average January afternoon temperatures are near or well below freezing. Frost-free periods normally last 4–7 months within this climate regime. Within North America, this climate includes portions of the central and eastern United States from east of 100°W to south of about the 44°N to the Atlantic. Precipitation increases further eastward in this zone and is less seasonally uniform in the west. The western states of the western United States (namely Montana, Wyoming, parts of southern Idaho, most of Lincoln County in Eastern Washington, parts of Colorado, parts of Utah, isolated parts of northern New Mexico, western Nebraska, and parts of western North and South Dakota) have thermal regimes which fit the Dfa climate type, but are quite dry, and are generally grouped with the steppe (BSk) climates. In the eastern and Midwestern United States, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, southern New York, southern Connecticut, and southern Rhode Island fall into the hot-summer humid continental climate. In Canada, this climate type exists only over portions of Southern Ontario.

In the Eastern Hemisphere, this climate regime is found within interior Eurasia and east-central Asia. Within Europe, the Dfa climate type is present near the Black Sea in southern Ukraine, the Southern Federal District of Russia, southern Moldova, Serbia, parts of southern Romania, and Bulgaria, but tends to be drier and can be even semi-arid in these places. In East Asia, this climate exhibits a monsoonal tendency with much higher precipitation in summer than in winter, and due to the effects of the strong Siberian High much colder winter temperatures than similar latitudes around the world, however with lower snowfall, the exception being western Japan with its heavy snowfall. Tōhoku, between Tokyo and Hokkaidō and Western coast of Japan also has a climate with Köppen classification Dfa, but is wetter even than that part of North America with this climate type. A variant which has dry winters and hence relatively lower snowfall with monsoonal type summer rainfall is to be found in northern China including Manchuria and parts of North China, south-east Russia, and over much of the Korean Peninsula; it has the Köppen classification Dwa. Much of central Asia, northwestern China, and southern Mongolia has a thermal regime similar to that of the Dfa climate type, but these regions receive so little precipitation that they are more often classified as steppes (BSk) or deserts (BWk).

Dsa climates are rare; they are generally restricted to elevated areas adjacent to mid-latitude Mediterranean climate regions with a Csa climate well inland to ensure hot summers and cold winters. They are generally found in the highly elevated areas of south-eastern Turkey (Hakkâri), north-western Iran, northern Iraq, parts of Central Asia, parts of the High Atlas mountain range in central Morocco and very small parts of the Intermountain West in the United States.

This climate zone does not exist at all in the Southern Hemisphere, where the continents either do not penetrate low enough in latitude or taper too much to have any place that gets the combination of snowy winters and hot summers. Marine influences are very strong around 40°S and such preclude Dfa, Dwa, and Dsa climates in the southern hemisphere.

Warm summer subtype

Also known as hemiboreal climate, areas featuring this subtype of the continental climate have an average temperature in the warmest month below 22 °C. Summer high temperatures in this zone typically average between 21 - 28 C during the daytime and the average temperatures in the coldest month are generally well or far below the -3 °C (or 0 °C) isotherm. Frost-free periods typically last 3–5 months. Heat spells lasting over a week are rare.

The warm summer version of the humid continental climate covers a much larger area than the hot subtype. In North America, the climate zone covers from about 42°N to 50°N latitude mostly east of 100°W, including parts of Southern Ontario, the southern half of Quebec, The Maritimes, and Newfoundland, as well as the northern United States from eastern North Dakota east to Maine. However, it can be found as far north as 54°N, and further west in the Canadian Prairie Provinces and below 40°N in the high Appalachians. In Europe, this subtype reaches its most northerly latitude in Bodø at the 67°N.

High-altitude locations such as Flagstaff, Arizona, Aspen, Colorado and Los Alamos, New Mexico in the western United States exhibit local Dfb climates. The south-central and southwestern Prairie Provinces also fits the Dfb criteria from a thermal profile, but because of semi-arid precipitation portions of it are grouped into the BSk category.

In Europe, it is found in much of Central Europe: Germany (in the east and southeast part of the country), Austria (generally below 700. m), Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary (generally above 100. m), Croatia (mostly Slavonia region), in much of Eastern Europe: Ukraine (the whole country except the Black Sea coast), Belarus, Russia (mostly central part of European Russia), south and central parts of the Nordic countries not bathed by the Atlantic Ocean or North Sea: Sweden (historical regions of Svealand and Götaland), Denmark, Finland (south end, including the three largest cities), Norway (most populated area), all Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and also in parts of: Romania (generally above 100. m), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Turkey and in the Cairngorm Mountains of Scotland, (generally above 100. m). It has little warming or precipitation effects from the northern Atlantic. The cool summer subtype is marked by mild summers, long cold winters and less precipitation than the hot summer subtype; however, short periods of extreme heat are not uncommon. Northern Japan has a similar climate.

In the Southern Hemisphere, it exists in well-defined areas only in the Southern Alps of New Zealand, in the Snowy Mountains of Australia in Kiandra, New South Wales and the Andes Mountains of Argentina and Chile.

Use in climate modeling
Since climate regimes tend to be dominated by vegetation of one region with relatively homogenous ecology, those that project climate change remap their results in the form of climate regimes as an alternative way to explain expected changes.

title: Humid continental climate