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Concordia University Ann Arbor

Concordia University Ann Arbor (CUAA) is the Ann Arbor, Michigan, campus of Concordia University Wisconsin, a private Lutheran university in Mequon, Wisconsin. As part of Concordia University, it is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission.

Concordia University Ann Arbor's 187 acre campus sits on the banks of the Huron River, about ten minutes outside downtown Ann Arbor, Michigan. Concordia is affiliated with the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (LCMS) and is a member of the Concordia University System. CUAA merged with Concordia University Wisconsin in 2013.

History

In the early 1960s, the LCMS purchased the Earhart Manor and surrounding estate in Ann Arbor and began construction of Concordia Lutheran Junior College. The campus was designed by architect Vincent Kling in a mid-century modern style. Classes began in the fall of 1964 with 234 students and 24 instructors. The school began offering four-year degree programs in 1976 and changed its name to Concordia College. It assumed its current name in 2001.

In 1977, Concordia began performing the "Boars Head Festival", an annual Christmas celebration filled with song, music, and drama that is much beloved by current students, alumni, and community members.

In the 2000s, the university experienced "a number of financial, enrollment and administrative difficulties" that prompted it to enter into discussions with Concordia University Wisconsin about a possible merger. The merger became effective on July 1, 2013, with Curt Gielow, former executive dean of CUW's School of Pharmacy and former mayor of Mequon, Wisconsin, becoming Vice President of Administration and Chief Campus Officer at CUAA. He was replaced at the end of 2018 by Ryan Peterson.

In 2015, the university purchased the former Ann Arbor campus of the Thomas M. Cooley Law School. That facility, 2 mi north of the main campus, is now the home of CUAA's School of Nursing.

In 2022, the university named Erik Ankerberg its next president. He began his duties in January 2023, prior to the spring semester.

In mid-February 2024 local news sources reported that Ankerberg had alerted the students, faculty, and staff that the university's financial situation was forcing the Ann Arbor campus's mission to be "re-imagined", likely leading to significant reductions in the programs and the sale of the some of the equipment and property. John Berg, chairman of the board, released a video stating that the campus would remain at full operations for the 2024-2025 academic year. He also stated that a sub-committee was created to help develop a path forward, which was later revealed, to help the university separate from the Wisconsin campus. The plan to become independent was later deemed to be unworkable and instead the institution's leaders decided to cut most academic programs. Beginning in June 2025, the institution will only offer 9 programs on campus, all focused on healthcare, and 7 programs online, mostly focused on education; this is a reduction from 53 programs previously offered on campus and 60 programs previously offered online.

Athletics
The Concordia–Ann Arbor (CUAA) athletic teams are called the Cardinals. The school's mascot is named Corky the Cardinal. The university is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Wolverine–Hoosier Athletic Conference (WHAC) for most of its sports since the 1992–93 academic year; while its football team competes in the Mideast League of the Mid-States Football Association (MSFA). They are also a member of the National Christian College Athletic Association (NCCAA), primarily competing as an independent in the Midwest Region of the Division I level.

CUAA competes in 28 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, bowling, cross country, football, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, tennis and track & field (indoor and outdoor). Women's sports include basketball, bowling, cross country, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, softball, stunt, tennis, track & field (indoor and outdoor) and volleyball; and co-ed sports include cheerleading, competitive dance and eSports.

Accomplishments
National Championships:

 * 1998 - Softball - NCCAA
 * 1999 - Softball - NCCAA
 * 2018 - Stephanie Johnston - NAIA Marathon
 * 2019 - Cheerleading - NAIA
 * 2019 - Baseball - NCCAA
 * 2022 - Baseball - NCCAA
 * 2023 - Softball - NCCAA
 * 2024 - Softball - NCCAA

title: Concordia University Ann Arbor


text:
Ruby-topaz hummingbird

The ruby-topaz hummingbird (Chrysolampis mosquitus), commonly referred to simply as the ruby topaz, is a species of hummingbird in the subfamily Polytminae, the mangoes. It is found in Aruba, Bolivia, Bonaire, Brazil, Colombia, Curaçao, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela.

Taxonomy
The ruby-topaz hummingbird was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Trochilus mosquitus. The type locality is Suriname. The ruby-topaz hummingbird is now the only species placed in the genus Chrysolampis, which was introduced by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie in 1831. The name Chrysolampis is from the Ancient Greek khrusolampis meaning "glow-worm". The specific name mosquitus is a Spanish diminutive and means "little fly". The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.

Description
The ruby-topaz hummingbird is 8 to 9.5 cm long and weighs 2.5 to 5 g. Its almost straight, black bill is relatively short compared to those of most other hummingbirds. The male has dark brown upperparts with an olive gloss. Its crown and nape are glossy ruby red, and the throat and breast are usually iridescent golden though sometimes emerald green. The rest of the underparts are brown and the chestnut tail is tipped black.

The female ruby-topaz hummingbird has bronze-green upperparts and pale grey underparts. The tail is mostly chestnut with a dark subterminal band and a white tip; the central feathers are olive green. Females on Trinidad and Tobago sometimes have a greenish throat-streak (it may appear dark). Juvenile females are similar to adult females, but with a white-tipped dusky-brown tail. Juvenile males resemble the juvenile female, but with a variable amount of iridescent orange to the throat.

Distribution and habitat
The ruby-topaz hummingbird is found from eastern Panama east through northern Colombia, Venezuela, and the Guianas into northeastern Brazil. From there it is found through central and eastern Brazil as far south as Mato Grosso and westward into eastern Bolivia. In Colombia its range extends southward between the three Andes ranges, and it is also found in the ABC Islands and Trinidad and Tobago. It has been recorded as a vagrant in Argentina and Peru and there is at least one unconfirmed sight record in Paraguay.

The ruby-topaz hummingbird inhabits the interior and edges of open savanna-like landscapes and shrubby arid hillsides; it is found in gardens and cultivated areas as well. It mostly occurs below 500 m of elevation but is found as high as 1700 m.

Movement
The ruby-topaz hummingbird is migratory, though its movement pattern and timing vary across its range and are not well defined. It appears to move north and south in Brazil and east and west along the north coast of South America and the offshore islands.

Feeding
The ruby-topaz hummingbird feeds on nectar from a wide variety of flowering shrubs, trees, epiphytes, cacti, and crops. However, they prefer the flowers of the samaan tree and the Ixora plant since these flowers have a high sugar content. Males defend feeding territories. The species also catches small insects and spiders on the wing and sometimes gleans them from within foliage.

Breeding
The ruby-topaz hummingbird's breeding season varies across its range. In the northern part it spans from December to June and in much of Brazil from September to March. The female makes a tiny cup nest of fine plant fibers and spider silk decorated on the outside with lichens. It places it on a branch or in a branch fork, typically between 1 and 4 m above the ground. The clutch size is two eggs. The incubation time is 15 to 16 days with fledging usually 19 to 22 days after hatch, though sometimes as long as 28 days.

Vocalization
The ruby-topaz hummingbird's song is "a doubled 'tliii...tliii...tliii'", which is usually given from a high perch.

Status
The IUCN has assessed the ruby-topaz hummingbird as being of Least Concern, though its population size and trend are unknown. It is a "[c]ommon resident in the lowlands and coastal ranges" and "[r]eadily accepts man-made habitats''.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ruby-topaz hummingbird


text:
Talk:Warren Beatty

personal life
Is attempting to list all of someone's sexual partners considered neutral pov? 104.220.42.199 (talk) 23:47, 5 August 2016 (UTC)

Pro-life stance
I removed the following:

 * After having children Beatty told the Drudge Report, "Since having children, I am pro-life."

I also removed a link that was pointing to a Hilary Clinton website for some unknown reason.

The Drudge Report did report that Beatty is pro-life, but it seems very biased to have this be the only political view mentioned in the article. If anything, Beatty is known for his leftest leanings. I would have no objection to returning the comment to a paragraph that fairly talks about his political activism and ideology. Until then, I think it should be out. --Samuel Wantman 08:40, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Names
The article currently states that he was born "Henry Warren Beaty"; is this a typo, or was his last name originally spelled with only one "t"? It has two everywhere else in the article. --LostLeviathan 14:31, 11 May 2005 (UTC)
 * The latter. His birth name was in fact Beaty.  See also slightly more information at the page for his sister Shirley MacLaine, also born Beaty —  F REAK OF N URxTURE  ( TALK )  05:17, May 23, 2005 (UTC)

Upon research, sister Shirley's last name was spelled "Beaty" in her senior high school yearbook, while Warren's last name is spelled "Beatty" in his senior high school yearbook, before he became an actor. Sn 09 September 2018 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.58.48.11 (talk) 22:44, 9 September 2018 (UTC)

Have changed the name of firstborn daughter to Kathlyn from "Stephen", also in the Annette Benning article. Where did this "Stephen" come from? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.57.147.26 (talk) 14:33, 3 November 2010 (UTC)

Changed name of firstborn child back to Stephen in both articles. Stephen is transgender and that is his legal name. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.181.12.56 (talk) 19:24, 17 November 2012 (UTC)

Northwestern University
http://www.ugadm.northwestern.edu/alumni/facts/alumni.htm begins by saying:
 * The following is a list of just some of our successful graduates, organized by their field of achievement.

The emphasis is mine. The following entry can be found about 1/4 the way down the page:
 * Warren Beatty, actor, Academy Award-winning producer (Communication 59)

This looks like it means "Warren Beatty graduated from from Northwestern University in 1959 with a degree in communication studies." Does anybody have a source saying he dropped out? Is this an merely honorary degree? Or is he listed just for NU recruitment purposes without regard for accuracy? —  F REAK OF N URxTURE  ( TALK )  17:10, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

" Beatty had 10 scholarship offers to play football"..and he turned then down to pay his way through college? Does that make sense to anybody?. Oh well,he's a good lib. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.207.116.55 (talk) 17:05, 27 September 2013 (UTC)

Stable version discussion
This article gets very few edits; it seems like it would be a acceptable candidate for a stable version. I recomend we use the current version as of now (revision 62845012). JesseW, the juggling janitor 20:19, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not an expert on the subject, but I don't see anything wrong with the current version. I've never edited the article myself; this presumably qualifies me as the "administrator who is largely uninvolved in the article otherwise" required by Stable versions now. I support the creation of a stable version – Gurch 22:22, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm throwing in an oppose - see my comments on Wikipedia talk:Stable versions now. --SPUI (T - C) 08:06, 10 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Do you have any specific issues with this actual article? JesseW, the juggling janitor 17:57, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

I'm not sure how relevant this should be, but I don't like having a questionable fair use image in the lead and the failure to cite sources on the article itself. Should problems like this prevent the article from having a stable version? --Spangineer[es] (háblame)  17:53, 10 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, I can easily fix the non-on-article-cited sources problem; as for the questionable fair use image, why don't we remove it from the stable version, and leave it in the development version, pending further review of it's fair use status? JesseW, the juggling janitor 17:57, 10 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Sources now cited on-page, and the image removed. (For reference, it's code was:  [[Image:WBeatty.jpg|thumb|250px|Warren Beatty]]  ) JesseW, the juggling janitor 18:07, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

This is an excellent candidate. Strong support. -- Where 00:19, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

 * So we're talking about freezing revision 63081592, right? Any other objections to testing this? --Spangineeres  (háblame)  15:30, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

Strong oppose, and not only because I oppose this process. This article, for starters, does not actually cite its sources. It has a reference area, but there's no context to any of it. Removing the image, IMO, was a mistake, and takes away from the article being anything stable, as articles should have at least one image. Many celebs/movie stars have infoboxes, none for this one? I could go on, but no. --badlydrawnjeff talk 18:16, 11 July 2006 (UTC)
 * What do you mean "no context to any of" the reference section? Did you even look at the detailed references, linked right from the bottom of the section? JesseW, the juggling janitor 20:06, 12 July 2006 (UTC)
 * This is the issue; how good do articles have to be to "deserve" a stable version, were we to implement this? --Spangineeres (háblame)  19:15, 11 July 2006 (UTC)
 * At the very least, they should be of the quality where major changes would not have to occur to the article to improve it. By no means does it have to reach good or featured status, but, at the moment, you're looking at three major things that would definitely change the look and feel of this article without even getting into the style and prose.  --badlydrawnjeff talk 19:29, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Definitely oppose. There's no picture on this page. Are you saying I'd have to muster together a tribunal of judges or some such silliness if I wanted to add a fair-use pic of Mr. Beatty to the article?  Or even to avoid a comma splice?  Why aren't they looking to featured articles for this experiment, where there is already a version that was chosen as representing the best that Wikipedia has to offer? JDoorj a m     Talk 21:29, 11 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Hardly - I only removed the image because Spangineer raised questions about it satisfying the fair use guidelines, and I didn't wish to get into an argument about them at this time. If you wish to add an image, please do so.  In any case, after reading the talk page of the proposal, I prefer your idea of highlighting the revisions of articles that have already been featured, rather than using this proposal, so it's academic at this point. JesseW, the juggling janitor 20:06, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

 * "they should be of the quality where major changes would not have to occur to the article to improve it". In my experience, that's FA or near FA quality.  This article could be improved by: expanding the biography section and splitting it up by periods, expanding the lead to comply with WP:LEAD, adding free images, adding critical review of his work, cutting the trivia section, further developing the politics section, combining paragraphs/improving prose, adding inline citations, etc.  Once you've done all that, you're at the level of Katie Holmes or Henry Fonda (both FAs).  All those changes could be considered "major".  And if you go to either Katie Holmes or Henry Fonda, it wouldn't be too hard to find some comma splice or other minor grammatical/spelling problem.  I guess my point is that if we're talking about avoiding "major changes", then only FAs should be considered (though there are some FAs that need serious work; i.e. Humphrey Bogart).  That might be the best way to go, at least at first. --Spangineeres  (háblame)  13:29, 12 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Sometimes, all an FAC needs is an expansion of different ideas, change in prose tone, better referencing, etc. Nothing like the massive overhaul this article needs to become "stable." --badlydrawnjeff talk 13:34, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

Badlydrawnjeff - you seem to have entirely misunderstood the purpose of having a stable version. It does not represent a standard of quality, unlike GA or FA. It represents a version that does not contain obviously unacceptable content, which the most current version may, at any time. There is no level of "completeness" required for a stable version; if you want to add an infobox, please do so - if you add it to the development version, please suggest the stable version be incremented to include it. None of this is a problem, and making a stable version does not require a level of quality. JesseW, the juggling janitor 19:29, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

 * To fight the forest fire that's been started across nine different talk pages, I'd suggest this discussion continue back on the proposal talk page. JDoorj a m    Talk 20:41, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Strong Oppose due to the proposal not having anything like the support it needs to become operative. Cynical 20:33, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

Bonnie & Clyde
The section for Bonnie & Clyde is in dire need of revising and rewriting. The film was disaster when it opened and would have gone into the dustbin of history if Beatty had not fought for a re-release after getting some better reviews (in fact, I seem to recall that a well known critic actually changed their mind and gave it a rave after first panning it). Beatty had fights with Jack Warner over it and is one of the few filmmakers to ever get him to change his famously stubborn mind. All of this is recounted in Peter Biskind's book Easy Riders, Raging Bulls among others. RoyBatty42 02:08, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

> Afraid of being typecast as a milquetoast leading man, and still smarting over the What's New, Pussycat? > debacle, where he was outmaneuvered by Woody Allen and eventually forced to leave the production, > Beatty produced Bonnie and Clyde...

Huh? This is worded as though the "What's New, Pussycat? debacle" has already been discussed, and no doubt sends many readers scurrying back through the text looking for what they missed.SomeAvailableName (talk) 07:54, 17 April 2010 (UTC)

Picture
Hey Wikipedia, don't you think you can get a more recent picture of this guy. Its been 17 years since that picture was taken.

"You're so vain"
The song by Carly Simon was about Beatty. This should be under pop culture references. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.208.105.243 (talk) 11:20, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

Actually, that's in dispute. She's never said who it was about. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 168.28.237.131 (talk) 01:36, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

I've heard that for 25 years, I'd love to see if there are any solid sources either way on that. 98.245.150.162 (talk) 06:29, 1 December 2010 (UTC)

Subject was gay producer DAVID GEFFEN  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_geffen , at the time head of Elektra records.

http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/bizarre/2869512/Carly-Simon-ends-Youre-So-Vain-riddle.html 80.5.101.158 (talk) 12:07, 14 March 2013 (UTC)

An Australian radio announcer asked Carly Simon who was the subject of "You're So Vain." She answered: "Warren Beatty." Eligius (talk) 23:43, 7 April 2014 (UTC)

 * It would be good to have a source for what you're saying.
 * But even without that reference, it is a well established fact that she is continually asked in interviews if the song is about Warren Beatty. Therefore this is sufficient to meet requirements for inclusion in this article.  This article is actually deficient for not having so much as a link to the song, let alone an explanation about how so many reporters have linked him to the song.  Simon has gone so far as to divulge three letters in the subject's name being 'A', 'E' and 'R'.
 * Today I've taken the step of adding the song as a link next to Carly Simon's name. This article would be further improved by adding a complete explanation of the facts as they are currently known.--Concord hioz (talk) 23:05, 2 June 2014 (UTC)

Pronunciation
Bee-ty, Bee-atty, or Bay-atty? Thanks. -86.164.11.233 (talk) 18:57, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

I've heard BAY-ty (BAY-tee, BAY-dee?) most often, but not 100% sure which is correct... jeff (talk) 03:33, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Interesting... thanks 86.164.11.233 (talk) 06:33, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

"Citations needed" for military service
We have people keep on adding that a "citation" is needed stating that Warren Beatty was really in the military. His military service record is on file at NPRC and can be requested through the Freedom of Information act. His medical records are on file with the Department of Veterans Affairs and (limited information) can be reuqested through them as well. In response to a Freedom of Information Act to both of these agencies, here is the offical reply:

Henry Warren Beaty (AF 28 282 310)

Air National Guard of California & U.S. Air Force Reserve

11 Feb 1960 - 1 Jan 1961

Discharged, rank of Airman 3rd Class due to physical disability (sleep apnea)

That comes straight from government records which anyone can request. I can tidy up the source tag, but I see no need for a "citation needed tag" since the test itself says "accodring to his military service record" and "according to the Department of Veterans Affairs". -OberRanks (talk) 16:13, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

I updated everything and added a citation, if independent verification is needed, like I said these are public records. I did remove the part about "what" the physical disabiltiy was (sleep apnea). I think the case worker at the VA who did the FOIA response gave me too much information there and that medical stuff shouldnt be released. If someone disagrees, feel free to put it back in. -OberRanks (talk) 16:31, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I originally thought the paragraph was dubious because of the discharge for sleep apnea in the 1960s sounded bogus. However, it "appears" you have researched Beatty's military experience, since the dates appear to be correct and you have furnished other info in some detail.  I also have a very blurred memory of reading somewhere that he was in the service for a short time.  I personally see no reason to question it's place in the article since it is interesting detail, and in spite of the fact that it's original research.  You can't find an on-line source or book reference or magazine article with specific reference to Beatty?  I think you should also eliminate the section and edit it to one short paragraph added to the section above about his "early life".  He is an actor/politician, not a general.  The inclusion of his service number could violate his right to privacy.  My opinion anyway.Mytg8 (talk) 15:45, 9 November 2008 (UTC)

Service numbers are public information under the Freedom of Information Act. The one thing that the VA messed up on was revealing why he was discharged - data out of a medical file is not supposed to be public but I think they just messed up when they released it. And, on your other question, I'm sure this is in a book somewhere - I just havent looked for it. -OberRanks (talk) 17:40, 9 November 2008 (UTC)

Rank insignia
The picture of Beatty's rank insignia has been removed twice by a single user. While I am not against it being removed if so warranted, there was no discussion about why and it appears to be getting cut based on the singular dislike of one user. The pros of having it in is that Warren's final rank has an insignia which has changed names a few times in the past thirty years, mainly a Senior Airman today was not the same as a Senior Airman back then and/or an Airman First Class. Having a picture kind of clears this up. Beatty was also not in during the era where the center star was subdued, which it was for several years but now no longer is either. That's the argument for having a photo. If more than one user voices dislike and wants it out then that's fine, but it should be discussed here and not cut out by one single user without discussion. -OberRanks (talk) 22:46, 18 June 2009 (UTC)
 * It is quite easy to turn that around and say that it has been restored twice by a single user, and in that, it does appear you are against it being removed. It's bad faith to state that it was removed "based on the singular dislike of one user." You're making an assumption with no basis or foundation. I stated in the edit summary when I removed it the second time that it was removed "because it adds nothing to the understanding of the section for the reader, it's merely decorative." The day to day reader of his page does not have a working knowledge of the changes to an insignia over a 40+ year period, and having the image in the article doesn't clarify that in anyway. An image doesn't make that distinction, and the article already states "but he was promoted from Airman Basic to Airman First Class in August 1960 (under the rank system in use during 1960s, this was the equivalent of a modern day Senior Airman)." I must ask, if the insignia did have a center star when he was in, and it does again now, how instructional is it to have a visual aid? It's not a matter of likes or "dislikes", it's a matter of adhering to image use policy. An image should contribute to a greater understanding of the article subject and I cannot see how that image does that. The text in the article explains it. Wildhartlivie (talk) 01:23, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

We just need opinions of other editors, is all. This is a pretty heavily watched article so I'm sure a few more people can voice in on it. If the majority don't want the descriptive picture, then that's fine. -OberRanks (talk) 03:14, 19 June 2009 (UTC)
 * And I've posted a request for other opinions at WT:ACTOR, so there should be more opinions in the next day or so. Wildhartlivie (talk) 04:07, 19 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I think that any images should be used sparingly and for a purpose.  The insignia doesn't really teach anyone more about Beatty. There are a lot of objects that are tangentially related to Beatty but they don't need an illustration in order to understand how they relate to him. The argument about the change in specific style of the insignia and the way it has been adapted over the years is relevant to discussion of the insignia itself, but in Beatty's case it's enough to know his rank. Rossrs (talk) 07:17, 19 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Image should be removed, it adds nothing. Also by looking at the history of the article it was added by OberRanks, the same user who restored it twice. So it seems to have been added without discussion "based on the singular liking of one user".... Garion96 (talk) 08:14, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

It wasn't added without discussion, I worked with another editor last year (see above) to enter WB's military service data which this insignia was part of. This isnt about assigning blame on who added what or who deleted what, simply the point that we should discuss the removal before making it (per the policies of this site). Since this has now taken place, if the majority don't want the picture in the article then by all means take it out. -OberRanks (talk) 11:28, 19 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Then don't make statements that really do give the impression off putting blame on someone. Garion96 (talk) 16:59, 19 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Wasn't aware that I did, sorry if that was the case. The picture is out now.  I'm storing it here just in case future editors need a reference to what we were talking about. -OberRanks (talk) 19:44, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

I'm curious as to why there is a special section on Beatty's time in the AF reserve. A couple of sentences added to his early life section should suffice. I'm not trying to downplay military service, but I see no proof that Beatty even wore the uniform. Chasrob (talk) 14:01, 6 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Okay, Airman Third Class was ONE stripe. Beatty was only in for a year so there's no way he could have made E-4.  I was in the Air Force.  50.202.81.2 (talk) 23:02, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

There is still no citation for the short section on military service, which might not be important except it says he received a dishonorable discharge and implies he tried to be discharged, both of which may be considered contentious and a violation of Wikipedia standards. And, if others have pointed out over several years that a citation was necessary, and it still does not appear, then the section should be removed.Decembermonday (talk) 19:57, 22 April 2018 (UTC)

 * I agree the section should be removed. There are no Citations either for the claim of medical discharge (at 10 "Citations needed" for military service) above or for the dishonourable discharge idea  Barliner  talk  12:47, 19 July 2018 (UTC)

'''Uncited. WP:BLP. Removed.''' Guys, why all the hubbub? It's simple. There are no cited sources for these purports about a living person. It is removed now and there can be no argument on that. WP:BLP is one of the most important rules in WP. If someone wants to reinstate, primary sources can gird up the purports in secondary sources, but reliable secondary sources are required first to establish notability of the matter. When editors presume to select which primary-sourced facts oughta be included, that's WP:OR. So, don't do that. Get some damn-reliable secondary sources first and include them with any reinstatement. 2604:6000:1115:585:D8F4:FC8B:14D2:116B (talk) 05:09, 31 October 2020 (UTC)
 * The article is under pending changes protection. I accepted the IP's removal. I'm not familiar with this case, but an unsourced claim of a dishonorable discharge is not acceptable. And recent versions have gone so far as to claim that Beatty planned the whole scheme of enlisting in the National Guard and then intentionally getting dishonorably discharged to avoid the draft and prevent disruption to his acting career.
 * From the previous discussion it appears that the article used to claim that he received a discharge on medical grounds. That's not a dishonorable discharge. Meters (talk) 05:26, 31 October 2020 (UTC)

Handprints
Re: using images sparingly, I question how important the photo of Beatty's handprints is to this article. It seems like unnecessary window-dressing to me. LiteraryMaven (talk • contrib) 20:03, 19 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I suppose it serves to let people know his handprints are somewhere in concrete. I've never paid much attnetion to the walks of fame or whatever they are called but that might be interesting to some people....just not me :-) -OberRanks (talk) 21:13, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

 * It rather comes down to relevance and specificity. The image is of Beatty's handprints rather than a generic set of prints. I would be more enamored of them were the image from Graumann's, or whatever it is called these days, but it is only a little different than the images of the Hollywood Walk of Fame stars or the Graumann's location. I might like it even better if the image showed Beatty sticking his hands in the muck. However, it is a continuation of the Graumann's tradition in a way, and it is part of a public collection. If the article were overburdened with images, I might feel differently, perhaps. However, and despite invoking WP:OTHERSTUFFEXISTS, this sort of image is widely used in our actor biographies. Wildhartlivie (talk) 20:40, 20 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree that they serve little to no purpose. If there was a strong field of free images of Beatty to use for this article, and they were listed in order of importance, this would probably be near the bottom of my list, but there's not.    The only difference I see between the handprints image and the insignia image is that the insignia image is generic and applies to anyone of that rank, while the handprints are directly related to Beatty as his.   It's specific, but not particularly relevant, and to me its use is window-dressing.  Its presence does not bother me and I don't think it's necessary to remove it, but I would not miss it if it was removed.   Rossrs (talk) 02:04, 21 June 2009 (UTC)

Rumors?
I'm going to preface this by saying that I absolutely will not edit this article concerning this information...I've heard that there's been a recent biography (possibly autobiography) recently written about Warren Beatty...that makes the highly dubious claim that he has slept with over 24,000 women...now, if there was a category for people who have slept with over 20,000 women it would include 3 people... Warren Beatty, Wilt Chamberlain, and myself. In any case, I noticed that this information was not included in the article. IMHO, it should never be, regardless of whether it is true or not. Partly because wikipedia is not a place where people "rack up tallies", partly because I think that information is not notable, and partly because it almost certainly isn't true. I just wanted to say this so that I can revert instances of such claims in the future. However, I would not be averse discussing this matter if there were more reliable sources for this information. Antimatter--talk-- 08:53, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Not only was that reported, it was disputed by Beatty's reps. It was added and removed a couple times. Wildhartlivie (talk) 19:32, 8 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Doubt that any speculative numbers should be included in the article, but it's a little strange that there's nothing whatever in the article about his prominently publicly-discussed reputation as a multiple philanderer... AnonMoos (talk) 21:54, 5 November 2012 (UTC)

I quite agree that far-fetched rumours have no place here. However he is so well-known for a number of his affairs (Joan Collins, Natalie Wood) that to only have his marriage under personal life just seems bizarre.PhilomenaO'M (talk) 15:42, 29 January 2013 (UTC)

Right now Palladium channel is showing Beatty in Madonna's 1991 concert movie. How did Wiki leave that out?

Children
I have taken out the childrens names as they aren't notably in their own right and general presumption seems to be in favour of privacy in such cases.RafikiSykes (talk) 00:13, 7 September 2011 (UTC)

So why are they back in now? PhilomenaO'M (talk) 15:42, 29 January 2013 (UTC)

Oscar Nominations
He has been nominated a total of 14 nominations, not 15. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.237.34.211 (talk) 13:02, 30 March 2013 (UTC)

Personal life
Growing up, Beatty was a tabloid fixture, known primarily for the many women he dated including Madonna. It seems strange that this aspect of his public profile is completely omitted when other Hollywood biographies on Wikipedia are very open and forthcoming about media coverage of actor's lives. It's not like this is gossip or anything was hidden, he had a reputation for dating many famous, beautiful women that I even knew about as a teenager. Liz Read! Talk! 19:13, 9 December 2013 (UTC)
 * And why are his other wives not mentioned? I know for a fact that he had at least one other wife because I knew her personally in the 1990s. (Maybe she doesn't want to be mentioned here?) I'm not suggesting that a celebrity bio should be sordid, but this article seems like an airbrush-job. CousinJohn (talk) 14:32, 13 July 2014 (UTC

Unrealized Projects
This entire very lengthy section is written by someone whose native language is not English, and is also completely unsourced. It contains several comments about Beatty's state of mind. 2602:306:BDF0:ADC0:59D5:A809:A0A:8917 (talk) 14:58, 15 February 2015 (UTC) Hannah

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Personal life section
Just thinking that the section is looking like a tabloid, is all that really necessary, encyclopedic or notable ? Mlpearc ( open channel ) 00:10, 24 April 2016 (UTC)

 * I agree. I am concerned especially by the quoting of Leslie Caron alluding to Beatty having narcissm, which can only be diagnosed by a mental health professional. I think the whole "Before Marriage" section should be striked. Kassieme (talk) 12:57, 22 June 2022 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 10:14, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 27 February 2017
Hello. In the newly added lines about the 2017 Oscars, the wording states/suggests that Warren Beatty was the one to initially and erroneously announce La La Land as the winner. Actually, he can be seen trying to find more cards in the envelope and being confused at the mic. He showed the card to Faye Dunaway who then made the wrong announcement. Afterwards, Warren can be seen in the background still confused and talking to other people about the issue. I don't think it's fair to have information that essentially blames Beatty for something he didn't do. 50.185.75.78 (talk) 06:32, 27 February 2017 (UTC)
 * I have removed it. I don't think the incident is important in Beatty's long career, and as you say he didn't make the wrong announcement.--Jack Upland (talk) 07:11, 27 February 2017 (UTC)
 * The article now states in part "At the 89th Academy Awards, presenters Beatty and Faye Dunaway read La La Land as the winner of Best Picture." Beatty didn't say anything.  Dunaway saw the name 'Emma Stone' and concluded (and stated) that La La Land won. 61.68.173.4 (talk) 09:50, 27 February 2017 (UTC)
 * My removal was reverted, so I have reworded the passage to reflect what really happened.--Jack Upland (talk) 10:38, 27 February 2017 (UTC)
 * And it was reverted again! This is ridiculous.--Jack Upland (talk) 20:03, 27 February 2017 (UTC)

Continuing Oscar Flub discussion
Various IP's (likely related) have been adding back in this information, so it's time to bring this up again. While clearly a piece of Oscar history, this has very little to do with Beatty. He did not announce the name on the envelope, and other than being present for the incident he has very little to do with this. This is an encyclopedic page, chronicling 60 years of Beatty's career, and per WP:WEIGHT - "Wikipedia aims to present competing views in proportion to their representation in reliable sources on the subject." The subject here is the Academy Awards, not Warren Beatty. To place it here on a BLP would amount to a "pop culture" or "trivia" fact, which we do not strive for. Garchy (talk) 19:09, 29 March 2017 (UTC)
 * It's not only the Academy Awards. Warren Beatty is part of it. Definitely. Julie Andrews' 2015 Oscar appearance is mentioned on her page because it was one of the most memorable moments too : "In 2015 Andrews made a surprise appearance at the Oscars, greeting Lady Gaga who paid her homage by singing a medley from The Sound of Music.[81] This became a social media sensation, trending all over the world." We could write the same thing on Beatty's page : "This became a social media sensation, trending all over the world." He is associated with this event, he is the one who gave the explanation so there must be at least a mention of it. RomanSpring (talk) 19:34, 29 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Note: This user appears to be related to IP 73.13.33.173 - this account above was created 5 minutes prior to this comment, and this is the only contribution. The Julie Andrews appearance in the Oscars wasn't added because it was "trending all over the world" - it was added because it was directly correlated to her and played a large part in the Oscars (it was an anniversary for the Sound of Music). Going further, however, it should be noted that just because something exists on one page is not an argument for its existence on others. Garchy (talk) 19:46, 29 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes that's me. I still think there should be a mention of it (again, it's one of the most memorable moments of the Oscars ever, and Betty is part of it), but I got your point and do not intend to revert your edit on the page. Should we delete the paraph on the Faye Dunaway page too ? RomanSpring (talk) 20:03, 29 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Hi, thank you for making an account, and welcome to Wikipedia! I personally don't think it's necessary on the page, but there could be others that feel it should exist on the page so we can wait for a discussion to see if it should be added in. For the Dunaway page you can certainly remove it if you'd like. Garchy (talk) 21:07, 29 March 2017 (UTC)
 * It seems relevant to the 89th Academy Awards article, but not the biographies of presenters. --Light show (talk) 22:45, 29 March 2017 (UTC)
 * I agree. It's not relevant here. Essentially people are attacking Beatty for something he didn't do, perhaps because of his politics. It deserves a mention on the Awards article, but nothing else. It has no lasting significance.--Jack Upland (talk) 20:34, 25 April 2017 (UTC)
 * I want to re-open this discussion. I don't think that its a negative aspect of Warren Beatty's life to be in that situation. I only know him from the Oscar Ceremony. So, how can it be irrelevant for his biography put this here? Let's talk? --Rafacasima (talk) 13:23, 29 April 2017 (UTC)

Returning to this issue, the topic now has six sentences on the page:
 * In 2017, Beatty reunited with his Bonnie and Clyde co-star Faye Dunaway at the 89th Academy Awards, in celebration of the film's 50th anniversary. After being introduced by Jimmy Kimmel, they received a standing ovation as they walked out onto the stage to present the Best Picture Award. They had the wrong envelope, leading Dunaway to incorrectly announce La La Land as Best Picture, instead of the actual winner, Moonlight. This became a social media sensation, trending all over the world. In 2018, Beatty and Dunaway returned to present Best Picture at the 90th Academy Awards, earning a standing ovation upon their entrance, making jokes about the previous year's flub. Without incident, Beatty announced The Shape of Water as the winner.

I don't think the sources really back all this up. With regard to social media, the source says, "The mix-up was the most-social moment from ABC’s Oscars telecast, topping activity on both Facebook and Twitter worldwide". It's unclear if that means postings related to the Oscars, or activity the whole night. The source also oddly says, "Neither Facebook nor Twitter had released data at press time of overall Oscars-related activity on Sunday, as they have in past years". In any case, it's only activity that night, so I don't think that amounts to a "sensation". With regard to their appearance to 2018, the source cited does not say they made jokes, though it could be inferred that their attitude was jocular. I don't think every appearance at an Oscars ceremony is notable, and I certainly think this could be dramatically shortened.--Jack Upland (talk) 03:10, 16 March 2019 (UTC)

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Why has list of dating history been removed?
Why have the names of all of the women Beatty has dated been removed? I know someone got upset because it said he dated Mrs. Santa Claus but we know the rest of the page is not vandalism because it has been part of the page for a long time, why has this been removed now? DorsetTiger (talk) 02:58, 27 September 2021 (UTC)
 * The problems with the section extend far beyond the listing of Mrs Claus - some of the sources used are not reliable, while others don't support the claim at all. For example, a claim of dating Hannah Montana was cited to this source - both individuals are mentioned there, but there's no suggestion that they are or ever were dating. Because the subject is a living person, our BLP policy requires stronger sourcing and less gossip, as both Jonathan A Jones and Cullen328 pointed out. Nikkimaria (talk) 03:22, 27 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Contentious claims about a living person require references to indisputably reliable sources. This whole section was referenced mostly to unreliable gossip rags and lying exploitative tabloid papers and websites. Perhaps a handful of these relationships are well enough sourced to be worth mentioning, but 95% of this is garbage., when you restore disputed content to a BLP, you are assuming full responsibility for the source reliability and accuracy of every single assertion in that edit. Do you fully understand the implications of that? Cullen328  Let's discuss it  03:31, 27 September 2021 (UTC)
 * I checked several entries. The sourcing for Margaret Thatcher and Ann Widdecombe was just nonsense. The source for Vanessa Redgrave starts "A short list of Beatty’s loves is said to include", which is hardly adequate. I don;t think this list belongs in the article at all, but editors who want to reintroduce parts of it should as a minimum check each reference individually themselves rather than just blanket restoring a list including obvious nonsense on the spuriuous grounds that an incorrect claim has been in the article for a long time. Jonathan A Jones (talk) 06:25, 27 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Sources included the trash tabloid the Daily Star and other gossip sources. Reliable sources covering his relationships in depth are allowable - rumour-mongering is not. Fences  &  Windows  14:51, 3 October 2021 (UTC)

A. A. MacLeod
See the discussion I've started at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Teahouse#Warren_Beatty,_Shirley_MacLaine_and_A._A._MacLeod. Mcljlm (talk) 18:57, 7 November 2022 (UTC)

 * @MurrayGreshler Perhaps you'd like to add something to the discussion. Mcljlm (talk) 01:00, 12 November 2022 (UTC)

Patricia J. Williams on Bulworth
After noticing the "citation needed" note following "Patricia J. Williams said: "[Beatty] knows power... and this movie is effective precisely because it takes on the issue of power." " I tracked down the whole quote "he knows power, if not the ghetto, and this movie is effective precisely because it takes on the issue of power." at https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Bulworth+agonistes.-a020942927 which shows it was originally in The Nation July 6, 1998, and then at https://go-gale-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=wikipedia&id=GALE|A20942927&v=2.1&it=r&sid=ebsco. I now find the whole paragraph containing it has been deleted by MurrayGreshler.

Since Patricia J. Williams is described as legal scholar perhaps the whole quote should be reinserted, with a citation. Mcljlm (talk) 19:28, 9 November 2022 (UTC)

It's up to you if you feel that's a better approach. MurrayGreshler (talk) 03:10, 10 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Why did you delete the whole paragraph? 08:20, 10 November 2022 (UTC) Mcljlm (talk) 08:20, 10 November 2022 (UTC)

Little black book
The reputation is well known, and every one of these match ups was mentioned in the press at some point. I don't think it should be omitted. Lady with an attitude (talk) 01:40, 30 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Even from a quick look it is obvious that the list cites several sources not even remotely acceptable per WP:RS policy. I suggest you familiarise yourself with how Wikipedia works, and what its standards are for biographical content are, before proceeding any further. AndyTheGrump (talk) 02:27, 30 November 2022 (UTC)

But, Lillian Hellman???????? MurrayGreshler (talk) 19:32, 30 November 2022 (UTC)

 * At least this time Anne Widdicombe and Margaret Thatcher aren't included on the list. It is utter trash, and frankly I don't understand why anyone (even an obvious sock) would waste their time creating a new account just to be told to go away and get a clue. AndyTheGrump (talk) 19:46, 30 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Warren Beatty


text:
Harriet E. Wilson

Harriet E. Wilson (March 15, 1825 – June 28, 1900) was an African-American novelist. She was the first African American to publish a novel in North America.

Her novel Our Nig, or Sketches from the Life of a Free Black was published anonymously in 1859 in Boston, Massachusetts, and was not widely known. The novel was discovered in 1982 by the scholar Henry Louis Gates, Jr., who documented it as the first African American novel published in the United States.

Born a free person of color (free Negro) in New Hampshire, Wilson was orphaned when young and bound until the age of 18 as an indentured servant. She struggled to make a living after that, marrying twice. Her only son George died at the age of seven in the poor house, where she had placed him while trying to survive as a widow. She wrote one novel. Wilson later was associated with the Spiritualist church, was paid on the public lecture circuit for her lectures about her life, and worked as a housekeeper in a boarding house.

Biography
Born Harriet E. "Hattie" Adams in Milford, New Hampshire, she was the mixed-race daughter of Margaret Ann (or Adams) Smith, a washerwoman of Irish ancestry, and Joshua Green, an African American "hooper of barrels" of mixed African and Indian ancestry. After her father died when Hattie was young, her mother abandoned Hattie at the farm of Nehemiah Hayward Jr., a wealthy Milford farmer "connected to the Hutchinson Family Singers". As an orphan, Adams was bound by the courts as an indentured servant to the Hayward family, a customary way for society at the time to arrange support and education for orphans. The intention was that, in exchange for labor, the orphan child would be given room, board and training in life skills, so that she could later make her way in society. From their documentary research, the scholars P. Gabrielle Foreman and Reginald H. Pitts believe that the Hayward family were the inspiration for the "Bellmont" family depicted in Our Nig. (This was the family who held the young "Frado" in indentured servitude, abusing her physically and mentally from the age of six to 18. Foreman and Pitts' research material was incorporated in supporting sections of the 2004 edition of Our Nig.) After the end of her indentured servitude at the age of 18, Hattie Adams (as she was then known), worked as a house servant and a seamstress in households in southern New Hampshire.

Marriage and family
Adams married Thomas Wilson in Milford on October 6, 1851. An escaped slave, Wilson had been traveling around New England giving lectures based on his life. Although he continued to lecture periodically in churches and town squares, he told Hattie that he had never been a slave and that he had created the story to gain support from abolitionists. Wilson abandoned Harriet soon after they married. Pregnant and ill, Harriet Wilson was sent to the Hillsborough County, New Hampshire Poor Farm in Goffstown, where her only son, George Mason Wilson, was born. His probable birth date was June 15, 1852. Soon after George's birth, Wilson reappeared and took the two away from the Poor Farm. He returned to sea, where he served as a sailor, and died soon after. As a widow, Harriet Wilson returned her son George to the care of the Poor Farm, as she could not make enough money to support them both and provide for his care while she worked. However, George died at the age of seven on February 16, 1860, of bilious fever. After that, Wilson moved to Boston, hoping for more work opportunities. On September 29, 1870, Wilson married again, to John Gallatin Robinson in Boston. An apothecary, he was either a native of Sherbrooke, Quebec or of Woodbury, Connecticut. Robinson was of English and German ancestry; he was nearly 18 years younger than Wilson. From 1870 to 1877, they resided at 46 Carver Street, after which they appear to have separated. After that date, city directories list Wilson and Robinson in separate lodgings in Boston's South End. No record has been found of a divorce, but divorces were infrequent at the time.

Writing a novel
While living in Boston, Wilson wrote Our Nig. On August 14, 1859, she copyrighted it, and deposited a copy of the novel in the Office of the Clerk of the U.S. District Court of Massachusetts. On September 5, 1859, the novel was published anonymously by George C. Rand and Avery, a publishing firm in Boston. Wilson writes in the book's preface that she wrote the novel to raise money to help care for her sick child, George. In 1863, Harriet Wilson appeared on the "Report of the Overseers of the Poor" for the town of Milford, New Hampshire. After 1863, she disappeared from records until 1867, when she was listed in the Boston Spiritualist newspaper, Banner of Light, as living in East Cambridge, Massachusetts. She subsequently moved across the Charles River to the city of Boston, where she became known in Spiritualist circles as "the colored medium." From 1867 to 1897, "Mrs. Hattie E. Wilson" was listed in the Banner of Light as a trance reader and lecturer. She was active in the local Spiritualist community, and she would give "lectures," either while entranced, or speaking normally, wherever she was wanted. She spoke at camp meetings, in theaters and meeting houses and in private homes throughout New England; she shared the podium with speakers such as Victoria Woodhull, Cora L. V. Scott and Andrew Jackson Davis. In 1870, Wilson traveled as far as Chicago, Illinois as a delegate to the American Association of Spiritualists convention. Wilson delivered lectures on labor reform and children's education. Although the texts of her talks have not survived, newspaper reports imply that she often spoke about her life experiences, providing sometimes trenchant and often humorous commentary.

Wilson worked as a Spiritualist nurse and healer ("clairvoyant physician"); as a "spiritual healer," she was also available for medical consultations and would make house calls. She was active in the organization and operation of Children's Progressive Lyceums, that served as Sunday Schools for the children of Spiritualists; she organized Christmas celebrations; she participated in skits and playlets; and at meetings she sometime sang as part of a quartet. She was also known for her floral centerpieces, and the candies she would make for the children were long remembered. In addition, for nearly 20 years from 1879 to 1897, Wilson was the housekeeper of a boardinghouse in a two-story dwelling at 15 Village Street (near the present corner of East Berkeley Street and Tremont Streets in the South End.) She rented out rooms, collected rents and provided basic maintenance.

In Wilson's life after Our Nig, there is no evidence that she wrote anything else for publication.

On June 28, 1900, Hattie E. Wilson died in the Quincy Hospital in Quincy, Massachusetts.

Competition for "first novel"
Scholar Henry Louis Gates Jr. rediscovered Our Nig in 1982 and documented it as the first novel by an African American to be published in the United States. His discovery and the novel gained national attention, and it was republished with an introduction by Gates. It has subsequently been republished in several other editions.

In 2006, William L. Andrews, an English literature professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and Mitch Kachun, a history professor at Western Michigan University, brought to light Julia C. Collins' The Curse of Caste; or The Slave Bride (1865), first published in serial form in The Christian Recorder, newspaper of the AME Church. Publishing it in book form in 2006, they maintained that The Curse of Caste should be considered the first "truly imagined" novel by an African American to be published in the U.S. They argued that Our Nig was more autobiography than fiction. Gates responded that numerous other novels and other works of fiction of the period were in some part based on real-life events and were in that sense autobiographical, but they were still considered novels. Examples include Fanny Fern's Ruth Hall (1854), Louisa May Alcott's Little Women (1868–69), and Hannah Webster Foster's The Coquette (1797).

The first known novel by an African American is William Wells Brown's Clotel; or, The President's Daughter (1853), published in the United Kingdom, where he was living at the time. The critic Sven Birkerts argued that the unfinished state of The Curse of Caste (Collins died before completing it) and its poor literary quality should disqualify it as the first building block of African-American literature. He contended the works by Wilson and Brown were more fully realized.

Eric Gardner thought that Our Nig did not receive critical acclaim from abolitionists when first published because it did not conform to the contemporary genre of slave narratives. He thinks the abolitionists may have refrained from promoting Our Nig because the novel recounts "slavery's shadow" in the North, where free blacks suffered as indentured servants and from racism. It does not offer the promise of freedom, and it features a protagonist who is assertive toward a white woman.

In her article "Dwelling in the House of Oppression: The Spatial, Racial, and Textual Dynamics of Harriet Wilson's Our Nig", Lois Leveen argues that, although the novel is about a free black in the north, the "free black" is still oppressed. The "white house" of the novel represents, as Leveen puts it: "The model home for American society is built according to the spatial imperatives of slavery." Frado is a "free black", but she is treated as a lower-class person and is often abused as a slave would be. Leveen argues that Wilson was expressing her view that even the "free blacks" were not free in a racist society.

Legacy and honors
Since Gates' work in 1982, Wilson has been recognized as the first African American to publish a novel in the United States. The Harriet Wilson Project commissioned a statue of Wilson in 2006—sculpted by Fern Cunningham, the statue is located in Bicentennial Park in Milford, New Hampshire. A historical marker on the Black Heritage Trail of New Hampshire honoring Wilson was unveiled in Milford on May 20, 2023.

title: Harriet E. Wilson


text:
Real gas

Real gases are nonideal gases whose molecules occupy space and have interactions; consequently, they do not adhere to the ideal gas law. To understand the behaviour of real gases, the following must be taken into account:

 * compressibility effects;
 * variable specific heat capacity;
 * van der Waals forces;
 * non-equilibrium thermodynamic effects;
 * issues with molecular dissociation and elementary reactions with variable composition

For most applications, such a detailed analysis is unnecessary, and the ideal gas approximation can be used with reasonable accuracy. On the other hand, real-gas models have to be used near the condensation point of gases, near critical points, at very high pressures, to explain the Joule–Thomson effect, and in other less usual cases. The deviation from ideality can be described by the compressibility factor Z.

Van der Waals model
Real gases are often modeled by taking into account their molar weight and molar volume
 * $$RT = \left(p + \frac{a}{V_\text{m}^2}\right)\left(V_\text{m} - b\right)$$

or alternatively:
 * $$p = \frac{RT}{V_m - b} - \frac{a}{V_m^2}$$

Where p is the pressure, T is the temperature, R the ideal gas constant, and Vm the molar volume. a and b are parameters that are determined empirically for each gas, but are sometimes estimated from their critical temperature (Tc) and critical pressure (pc) using these relations:
 * $$\begin{align}

a &= \frac{27R^2 T_\text{c}^2}{64p_\text{c}} \\ b &= \frac{RT_\text{c}}{8p_\text{c}} \end{align}$$

The constants at critical point can be expressed as functions of the parameters a, b:

p_c=\frac{a}{27b^2}, \quad T_c=\frac{8a}{27bR}, \qquad V_{m,c}=3b, \qquad Z_c=\frac{3}{8} $$

With the reduced properties $$ p_r = \frac{p}{p_\text{c}},\ V_r = \frac{V_\text{m}}{V_\text{m,c}},\ T_r = \frac{T}{T_\text{c}}\ $$ the equation can be written in the reduced form:
 * $$p_r = \frac{8}{3}\frac{T_r}{V_r - \frac{1}{3}} - \frac{3}{V_r^2}$$

Redlich–Kwong model
The Redlich–Kwong equation is another two-parameter equation that is used to model real gases. It is almost always more accurate than the van der Waals equation, and often more accurate than some equations with more than two parameters. The equation is
 * $$RT = \left(p + \frac{a}{\sqrt{T}V_\text{m}\left(V_\text{m} + b\right)}\right)\left(V_\text{m} - b\right)$$

or alternatively:
 * $$p = \frac{RT}{V_\text{m} - b} - \frac{a}{\sqrt{T}V_\text{m}\left(V_\text{m} + b\right)}$$

where a and b are two empirical parameters that are not the same parameters as in the van der Waals equation. These parameters can be determined:
 * $$\begin{align}

a &= 0.42748\, \frac{R^2{T_\text{c}}^\frac{5}{2}}{p_\text{c}} \\ b &= 0.08664\, \frac{RT_\text{c}}{p_\text{c}} \end{align}$$

The constants at critical point can be expressed as functions of the parameters a, b:

p_c=\frac{(\sqrt[3]{2}-1)^{7/3}}{3^{1/3}}R^{1/3}\frac{a^{2/3}}{b^{5/3}}, \quad T_c=3^{2/3} (\sqrt[3]{2}-1)^{4/3} (\frac{a}{bR})^{2/3}, \qquad V_{m,c}=\frac{b}{\sqrt[3]{2}-1}, \qquad Z_c=\frac{1}{3} $$

Using $$\ p_r = \frac{p}{p_\text{c}},\ V_r = \frac{V_\text{m}}{V_\text{m,c}},\ T_r = \frac{T}{T_\text{c}}\ $$ the equation of state can be written in the reduced form:
 * $$p_r = \frac{3 T_r}{V_r - b'} - \frac{1}{b'\sqrt{T_r} V_r \left(V_r + b'\right)}$$ with $$b' = \sqrt[3]{2} - 1 \approx 0.26$$

Berthelot and modified Berthelot model
The Berthelot equation (named after D. Berthelot) is very rarely used,
 * $$p = \frac{RT}{V_\text{m} - b} - \frac{a}{TV_\text{m}^2}$$

but the modified version is somewhat more accurate
 * $$p = \frac{RT}{V_\text{m}}\left[1 + \frac{9\frac{p}{p_\text{c}}}{128\frac{T}{T_\text{c}}} \left(1 - \frac{6}{\frac{T^2}{T_\text{c}^2}}\right)\right]$$

Dieterici model
This model (named after C. Dieterici ) fell out of usage in recent years
 * $$p = \frac{RT}{V_\text{m} - b} \exp\left(-\frac{a}{V_\text{m}RT}\right)$$

with parameters a, b. These can be normalized by dividing with the critical point state:$$\tilde p = p \frac{(2be)^2}{a}; \quad \tilde T =T \frac{4bR}{a}; \quad \tilde V_m = V_m \frac{1}{2b}$$which casts the equation into the reduced form: $$\tilde p(2\tilde V_m -1) = \tilde T e^{2-\frac{2}{\tilde T \tilde V_m}}$$

Clausius model
The Clausius equation (named after Rudolf Clausius) is a very simple three-parameter equation used to model gases.
 * $$RT = \left(p + \frac{a}{T(V_\text{m} + c)^2}\right)\left(V_\text{m} - b\right)$$

or alternatively:
 * $$p = \frac{RT}{V_\text{m} - b} - \frac{a}{T\left(V_\text{m} + c\right)^2}$$

where
 * $$\begin{align}

a &= \frac{27R^2 T_\text{c}^3}{64p_\text{c}} \\ b &= V_\text{c} - \frac{RT_\text{c}}{4p_\text{c}} \\ c &= \frac{3RT_\text{c}}{8p_\text{c}} - V_\text{c} \end{align}$$

where Vc is critical volume.

Virial model
The Virial equation derives from a perturbative treatment of statistical mechanics.
 * $$pV_\text{m} = RT\left[1 + \frac{B(T)}{V_\text{m}} + \frac{C(T)}{V_\text{m}^2} + \frac{D(T)}{V_\text{m}^3} + \ldots\right]$$

or alternatively
 * $$pV_\text{m} = RT\left[1 + B'(T)p + C'(T)p^2 + D'(T)p^3 \ldots\right]$$

where A, B, C, A′, B′, and C′ are temperature dependent constants.

Peng–Robinson model
Peng–Robinson equation of state (named after D.-Y. Peng and D. B. Robinson ) has the interesting property being useful in modeling some liquids as well as real gases.
 * $$p = \frac{RT}{V_\text{m} - b} - \frac{a(T)}{V_\text{m}\left(V_\text{m} + b\right) + b\left(V_\text{m} - b\right)}$$

Wohl model
The Wohl equation (named after A. Wohl ) is formulated in terms of critical values, making it useful when real gas constants are not available, but it cannot be used for high densities, as for example the critical isotherm shows a drastic decrease of pressure when the volume is contracted beyond the critical volume.
 * $$p = \frac{RT}{V_\text{m} - b} - \frac{a}{TV_\text{m}\left(V_\text{m} - b\right)} + \frac{c}{T^2 V_\text{m}^3}\quad$$

or:
 * $$\left(p - \frac{c}{T^2 V_\text{m}^3}\right)\left(V_\text{m} - b\right) = RT - \frac{a}{TV_\text{m}}$$

or, alternatively:
 * $$RT = \left(p + \frac{a}{TV_\text{m}(V_\text{m} - b)} - \frac{c}{T^2 V_\text{m}^3}\right)\left(V_\text{m} - b\right)$$

where
 * $$a = 6p_\text{c} T_\text{c} V_\text{m,c}^2$$
 * $$b = \frac{V_\text{m,c}}{4}$$ with $$V_\text{m,c} = \frac{4}{15}\frac{RT_c}{p_c}$$
 * $$c = 4p_\text{c} T_\text{c}^2 V_\text{m,c}^3\ $$, where $$

V_\text{m,c},\ p_\text{c},\ T_\text{c} $$ are (respectively) the molar volume, the pressure and the temperature at the critical point.

And with the reduced properties $$\ p_r = \frac{p}{p_\text{c}},\ V_r = \frac{V_\text{m}}{V_\text{m,c}},\ T_r = \frac{T}{T_\text{c}}\ $$ one can write the first equation in the reduced form:
 * $$p_r = \frac{15}{4}\frac{T_r}{V_r - \frac{1}{4}} - \frac{6}{T_r V_r\left(V_r - \frac{1}{4}\right)} + \frac{4}{T_r^2 V_r^3}$$

Beattie–Bridgeman model
This equation is based on five experimentally determined constants. It is expressed as
 * $$p = \frac{RT}{v^2}\left(1 - \frac{c}{vT^3}\right)(v + B) - \frac{A}{v^2}$$

where
 * $$\begin{align}

A &= A_0 \left(1 - \frac{a}{v}\right) & B &= B_0 \left(1 - \frac{b}{v}\right) \end{align}$$

This equation is known to be reasonably accurate for densities up to about 0.8 ρcr, where ρcr is the density of the substance at its critical point. The constants appearing in the above equation are available in the following table when p is in kPa, v is in $$\frac{\text{m}^3}{\text{k}\,\text{mol}}$$, T is in K and R = 8.314$$\frac{\text{kPa}\cdot\text{m}^3}{\text{k}\,\text{mol}\cdot\text{K}}$$

Benedict–Webb–Rubin model
The BWR equation,
 * $$p = RTd + d^2\left(RT(B + bd) - \left(A + ad - a\alpha d^4\right) - \frac{1}{T^2}\left[C - cd\left(1 + \gamma d^2\right) \exp\left(-\gamma d^2\right)\right]\right)$$

where d is the molar density and where a, b, c, A, B, C, α, and γ are empirical constants. Note that the γ constant is a derivative of constant α and therefore almost identical to 1.

Thermodynamic expansion work
The expansion work of the real gas is different than that of the ideal gas by the quantity $$ \int_{V_i}^{V_f} \left(\frac{RT}{V_m}-P_{real}\right)dV $$.

title: Real gas


text:
Kottke

Kottke may refer to:
 * Leo Kottke - acoustic guitar player
 * Jason Kottke - blogger
 * Daniel Kottke - U.S. computer engineer and the first official Apple Computer employee

title: Kottke


text:
Talk:Full Gospel

Shouldn't be merged
Shouldn't this one be merged with the article on the word-faith movement? Similar material down the line ...

NO! Full Gospel references the gifts of the Holy Spirit and in Particular the Baptism of the Holy Spirit. There are Full Gospel churches that do not even embrace the "prosperity gospel" or word-faith movement that is an entirely seperate subject. The reverse of "full" is "empty" refering to not missing parts or aspects of the "complete" gospel. IN other words, how modern Christianity has excluded aspects of the original gospel that were prevalent in the early church such as full immersion baptism, divine healing, and speaking in tongues. Only a casual observer would link prosperity ministries with the full gospel. There are thousands of small, poor churches who are quite content because they are embracing the "full" message of Jesus Christ, and are not preaching the prosperity message. In conclusion, "full gospel" equals evangelicals that speak in tongues and believe in divine healing (pentecostals).

NO!! It should NOT be merged with "Faith" movement
The Full Gospel movement is NOT part and parcel of the "Word of Faith" movement. The Full Gospel movement is about moving in the gifts of the Spirit...as is the "Word of Faith" movement. But implicit in the "Word" movement is the idea that God MUST move according to our statement of faith. The Full Gospel movement does not necessarily believe that. It is much more accepting and open to the soverignty of God, while still believing in miracles and the ability of God to be moved by prayer...but not manipulated by prayer.

With regard to the "prosperity gospel", the Full Gospel movement believes that God desires His children to live in abundance...we do not necessarily equate with money....it can be blessing, health, spiritual abundance, etc.

Seems that there was only one or two advocates of the merge and they didn't defend themselves. I'm removing the merge notice. --Locarno 5 July 2005 19:55 (UTC)

Very bad article
This article is so bad, most of it will have to go. I think the paragraph about A.B. Simpson's "Gospel Tabernacle" could have some truth to it, but there are no sources for that one either. I'll do what I can, but this article is gonna have to be gutted. Ltwin (talk) 18:52, 18 July 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Full Gospel


text:
Joseph Leftwich

Joseph Leftwich (Zutphen 28 September 1892 – Islington 28 February 1983), born Joseph Lefkowitz, was a British critic and translator into English of Yiddish literature.

Biography
Leftwich was born in the Netherlands. He is known particularly for his 1939 anthology The Golden Peacock of Yiddish poetry, and his 1957 biography of Israel Zangwill. He was one of the 'Whitechapel Boys' group (the others being John Rodker, Isaac Rosenberg and Stephen Winsten) of aspiring young Jewish writers in London's East End, in the period roughly 1910–1914. He himself retrospectively coined the name, to include also the artists David Bomberg and Mark Gertler.

Leftwich was a vegetarian and an active patron of the Jewish Vegetarian Society. He wrote biographies of vegetarian writers for The Jewish Vegetarian and an introduction for the book The Tree of Life, edited by Philip Pick, an anthology of essays on Judaism and vegetarianism.

His daughter Joan married the American writer Joseph McElroy.

Works

 * War (1915)
 * What will happen to the Jews? (1936)
 * Along the Years, Poems: 1911–1937 (1937)
 * The Golden Peacock: An anthology of Yiddish Poetry (1939)
 * Yisroel: The First Jewish Omnibus (1933)
 * The Tragedy of Anti-Semitism (1948) with A. K. Chesterton
 * Israel Zangwill (1957) biography
 * The Way We Think (2 volumes)'' (1969) editor
 * Anthology of Modern Yiddish Literature (1974)
 * A Distant Voice: An Autobiography of Samuel Lewin, translator
 * Years at the Ending : Poems 1892–1982 (1984)
 * Soldier' song: Translation of Bálint Balassi's poem "Egy katonaének" (Hungarian)

title: Joseph Leftwich


text:
Quiapo, Manila

Quiapo is a district of the city of Manila, in the National Capital Region of the Philippines. Known as the “Old Downtown of Manila", the district’s most famous landmark is Quiapo Church, a minor basilica enshrining Asia's most sacred Black Nazarene image, which has been processed every January in the historic district, attracting millions of devotees from all over the country and region. The historic district is also dotted with numerous heritage sites, ranging from ancestral and heritage houses such as those in Hidalgo Street, museums, art galleries, libraries, historic places of worship such as churches and mosques, historic cinemas, as well as historic parks and streets, many of which have been run over by informal settlers and the construction of shanty houses, as well as buildings built by corporations in the name of so-called "modernization". Many historic sites were destroyed by both the Japanese and American colonizers during World War II without compensation or aid for reconstruction, while some post-war sites were demolished by certain corporations. In recent years, various heritage organizations, experts, and lawmakers have pushed for the re-vitalization of Quiapo as a heritage zone, including the rebuilding of lost heritage structures, the revamping of modern structures to fit the historic district's original aesthetics, as well as the planting of trees and plants and the refurnishing of streets to make the district more safe, walkable, and climate-adaptive.

Geographically located at the very center of the City of Manila, Quiapo is bounded by the Pasig River and Estero de San Miguel to the south, San Miguel district to the east, the districts of Sampaloc and Santa Cruz and Recto Avenue to the north, and the Santa Cruz district and Rizal Avenue to the west.

Etymology
Quiapo's name is derived from the abundance of water cabbage (Pistia stratiotes), called kiyapo in Tagalog (spelled quiapo in Philippine Spanish) in the nearby Pasig River. The town of Cuyapo in Nueva Ecija is also named after the same plant.

History
Pre-1800 maps of Manila show that Quiapo, historically a poor fishing village, was originally a cluster of islands with marshlands and shallow waters. In 1578, Franciscans arrived and established their main missionary headquarters in nearby Santa Ana de Sapa, taking Quiapo as part of its visita (chapel-of-ease). They founded Quiapo Church and dedicated it to Saint John the Baptist. The Jesuits later arrived in 1581.

Franciscan prelate Pedro Bautista petitioned to make Quiapo a separate town. The petition was finally granted by Governor-General Santiago de Vera on August 29, 1586. In 1622, Augustinians arrived and founded a chapel in honor of St. Sebastian at the present-day site of the San Sebastian Basilica. By 1850, then a small agricultural village, population of Quiapo grew as a result of a developing economy in the wake of the Manila galleon trade's termination and the subsequent opening of the country to world trade in 1830. Newly rich mestizos started settling in Quiapo, as well as many rich Europeans, including Spanish army officers.

Quiapo had become a wealthy suburb. Since the American insular government and commonwealth periods through to the late 1970s, it shared its status as the center of the activities of Manila's social elites as well as trade, fashion, art and higher learning with its surrounding vicinity (Avenida Rizal, Santa Cruz, Escolta and the University Belt). However, with the construction of the Manila Light Rail Transit System's LRT-1 spanning over Rizal Avenue, the occlusion of light, the trapping of smog and vehicle emissions left the streets beneath dark, gloomy and with an increase in crime and transients. Consequently, many long-time establishments vacated the area. Following the People Power Revolution in 1986, the vibrancy of Quiapo further diminished, with the void filled by makeshift markets to accommodate visitors to the Quiapo Church.

Community
Plaza Miranda, in the heart of the Quiapo district, is a town square named after Jose Sandino y Miranda, who served as secretary of the treasury of the Philippines from 1853 to 1863. It is located in front of the Quiapo Church, and has become a popular site for political rallies. On August 21, 1971, while the Liberal Party held its miting de avance in the plaza, a bomb exploded, killing nine and injuring almost 100 civilians.

The Quiapo district is also home to a sizable Muslim population. The Golden Mosque and Green Mosque are located here.

Stores offering herbal products, and a large population of self-described fortune tellers, surround the Quiapo church. Thievery and sales of illegally copied media are prevalent in the district.

In recent years, the local government of Manila, spearheaded by then-Mayor Lito Atienza, launched the Buhayin ang Maynila ("Revitalize Manila") project which greatly rehabilitated Quiapo and its vicinities, most especially Plaza Miranda, Quinta Market, the Arsenio Lacson Underpass and the University Belt. Parts of Rizal Avenue, starting from Carriedo Street to Recto Avenue, were converted into pedestrian shopping arcades.

Heritage Zone and UNESCO
The district of Quiapo is currently being pushed and debated in both the House of Representatives and in the Senate to be declared as a heritage zone. The declaration and legislation would protect the district's numerous heritage sites, from bahay-na-bato structures, the Quiapo Church, San Sebastian Church, the historical universities within it, the Buddhist and Islamic places of worship, and its historical parks and streets, among others. It is also proposed that the district be pushed as a UNESCO World Heritage site once the district has been declared a heritage zone and that the district undergoes renovations and reconstructions that would amplify its heritage zone designation, following guidelines by cultural experts.

In the Senate version of the bill being pushed to recognize Quiapo as a heritage zone, some of the heritage sites recognized included, but not limited to, the following: Minor Basilica of the Black Nazarene, Minor Basilica of San Sebastian, Masjid Al-Dahab, Plaza del Carmen, Plaza Miranda, Quinta Market, Nakpil-Bautista House, Paterno House, Zamora House, Estrella House, Genato House, Zaragoza House, Casa Consulado, Ocampo-Santiago House, Ocampo Pagoda Mansion, Padilla Art Gallery, Casa Boix (Boix House), La Estricista Site, Calle Hidalgo (Hidalgo Street), Calle Argelui, Calle Bautista, V. Calle Bilibid Viejo, Calle de Guzman, and Globo de Oro Street. The intangible cultural heritage emanating from the district was also included as part of the heritage zone, such as the religious rituals, fortune telling traditions, and ancient medical practices of the locals.

Barangays
Quiapo contains 16 barangays. Barangays 306 to 309 are part of Zone 30 of the City of Manila, while Barangays 383 to 388 are of Zone 39, and Barangays 389 to 394 are of Zone 40.

Popular culture
Quiapo was the plot setting for the 1986 film Batang Quiapo and its television adaptation and the episode Paa of the 2010 horror film Cinco.

Notable people

 * Julio Nakpil
 * Rosemarie Gil

title: Quiapo, Manila


text:
File talk:Mescalero, Painted boy.jpg

Why are there 3 different copyright notices? Brianjd 08:54, 2004 Dec 12 (UTC)

 * (moved from User_talk:Ish_ishwar):

Hi, you just uploaded Image:Mescalero tipis.jpg and it needs some sort of copyright tag. Ie, if it is GNU FDL then add or if public domain. Evil Monkey → Talk 22:18, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * I dont know about this. I believe the photograph is public domain, but the Denver Public Library says its pages are copyrighted with permission given for fair use.  I guess this applies to the digital reproductions?  I dont know.  If the digital images are copyrighted then I suppose Wikipedia people will have to contact the library if they want to sell this.  Since you probably know more about this can you verify the status?  I have labelled all my uploaded pictures with 3 fair use tags.  Cheers!
 * - Ish ishwar 22:41, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Having read through the copyright stuff I've decided to go with seeing as the image was created at the turn of the century. Evil Monkey → Talk
 * Hi. Thank for your work.  I will change all my uploaded pics to this tag.  Thanks again.  Nice day to you.  -  Ish ishwar 02:24, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: File talk:Mescalero, Painted boy.jpg


text:
Skew-T log-P diagram

A skew-T log-P diagram is one of four thermodynamic diagrams commonly used in weather analysis and forecasting. In 1947, N. Herlofson proposed a modification to the emagram that allows straight, horizontal isobars and provides for a large angle between isotherms and dry adiabats, similar to that in the tephigram. It was thus more suitable for some of the newer analysis techniques being invented by the United States Air Force.

Such a diagram has pressure plotted on the vertical axis, with a logarithmic scale (thus the "log-P" part of the name), and the temperature plotted skewed, with isothermal lines at 45° to the plot (thus the "skew-T" part of the name). Plotting a hypothetical set of measurements with constant temperature for all altitudes would result in a line angled 45° to the right. In practice, since temperature usually drops with altitude, the graphs are usually mostly vertical (see examples linked to below).

The major use for skew-T log-P diagrams is the plotting of radiosonde soundings, which give a vertical profile of the temperature and dew point temperature throughout the troposphere and lower stratosphere. The isopleths on the diagram can then be used to simplify many tedious calculations involved, which were previously performed by hand or not at all. Many skew-T log-P diagrams also include a vertical representation of the wind speed and direction using wind barbs. Important atmospheric characteristics such as saturation, atmospheric instability, and wind shear are critical in severe weather forecasting, by which skew-T log-P diagrams allow quick visual analysis. The diagrams are widely used by glider pilots to forecast the strength of thermals and the height of the base of the associated cumulus clouds.

title: Skew-T log-P diagram


text:
Black Nazarene

The Black Nazarene (El Nazareno Negro; Poóng Itím na Nazareno ) is a life-sized dark statue of Jesus Christ carrying the True Cross. The venerated image is enshrined in the Minor Basilica and National Shrine of the Black Nazarene in Quiapo, Manila, Philippines.

The image was reputedly carved by an unknown Mexican artist in the 16th century and then brought to the Philippines in 1606. It depicts Jesus en route to his crucifixion.

Pious believers claim that physically touching the image can bring miracles and cure diseases. The original image or its replica is given a religious procession three times a year:

 * January 9 — the official Feast of the Black Nazarene commemorating the translation of the image from Intramuros.
 * Good Friday — its liturgical feast, commemorating the culmination of the Passion of Jesus.
 * December 31 — the eve of New Year commencing its novena.

Name and parts
The image derives its official name from "Nazarene", a title of Christ identifying him as a native of Nazareth, along with its dark complexion (unusual for depictions of Jesus, even in the Philippines).

Pious believers claim the following Biblical reference to the religious image:

"His head and hairs were white like wool, as white as snow; and his eyes were as a flame of fire. And his feet like unto fine brass, as if they burned in a furnace; and his voice as the sound of many waters. —Book of Revelation, Chapter 1:14-15"

Main carriage
The image's wooden base is referred to as the peana while its carriage or carroza used in processions is called the ándas (from the Spanish andar, "to move forward"). The term ándas commonly refers to the shoulder-borne palanquins of religious images, and was retained for the icon's carriage which replaced the silver palanquins used until the late 20th century.

Composition and main replica
There is no singular complete image of the Black Nazarene as there are several images and replicas in different combinations.

 * The Vicário is the replica processional image, used for the annual Traslación, as well as the New Year's Eve and Good Friday processions.
 * The head of the original Black Nazarene is on the image enshrined in the high altar, which has a body made of molave wood (Vitex parviflora or Vitex cofassus).
 * The original right hand of the image is kept in the office of the parish priest that is used for blessing people, especially the sick and dying.
 * The Vicário retains the original body torso, with a replica head of Litsea leytensis wood (Filipino: Batikulíng)

Other replicas
Aside from the original image on the high altar and the Vicário main replica, the basilica also owns three external replicas of the image, called Callejeros.

These sanctioned replicated statues are sent to visit various shrines in across the different dioceses in the country according to popular demand.

Original image
The image was made by an anonymous Mexican sculptor and arrived in Manila via galleon from Acapulco, Mexico on 31 May 1606. Folk belief attributes the colour of the image to soot from votive candles burnt before it, although the most popular legend is that it was charred by a fire on the galleon that brought it from Mexico.

Accordingly, the image is not charred, but is in fact dark through to its core, being carved from mesquite wood. This wooden material was a popular medium in the period the image was carved. Similar claims are drawn to the Marian image of Our Lady of Antipolo, another popular image of similar provenance and appearance.

The image was first enshrined in the Church of San Juan Bautista of the Augustinian Recollects in Bagumbayan, Luneta. In 1608, the image was transferred to the Church of San Nicolás de Tolentino (popularly known as the "Recoletos Church") inside Intramuros. It was enshrined in the retablo mayor or high altar of the church, leaving only for a procession on Palm Sunday. Both the church and the image were destroyed in the Allied bombardment of Manila during its liberation in 1945.

Replica and vandalism (1998)
On 9 January 1787, the Augustinian Recollect priests donated a copy of the image to the Church of the Camisa (later renamed Quiapo Church). This donation is celebrated by the faithful every January 9 by means of a procession (the Traslación) from Quiapo Church to Rizal Park (where the aforementioned Church of San Juan Bautista, the image's first home once stood in Bagumbayan) and back to Quiapo.

In the 1990s, the Archdiocese of Manila feared that the image might be damaged during the Traslación, fire, or natural disaster. The most notable case was when during the 1998 Traslación, a fanatical member of the Iglesia ni Cristo religion shot the image's left cheek using a gun. It caused a hysterical commotion that led to the shooter's death. To date, the gunshot wound on the cheek has remained unrestored and not remedied by pious popular demand.

The archdiocese later commissioned Mr. Gener Maglaqui, Filipino santero (English: a sculptor of religious images), to sculpt a replica of the head and body. The Augustinian Recollects head of 1787 now sits atop the 1990s body, which remains enshrined behind the church's main altar. The 1990s head was placed atop the Augustinian Recollects body. It is this composite combination which is used during major processions.

The image celebrated its quadricentennial (that is, 400th) anniversary on 9 January 2006.

Description
The Black Nazarene wears a braided wig made of dark, dyed abacá, along with a golden Crown of Thorns. Attached to the Crown are the traditional "Tres Potencias" ("three powers") halo, variously understood as symbolising the three powers of the Holy Trinity; the faculties of will, memory, and understanding in Christ's soul; or his exousia (authority), dunamis (power), and kratos (strength). These three rayos ("rays"), likely an angular variant of the cruciform halo, are used exclusively for and proper to images of Jesus Christ in traditional Filipino and Hispanic iconography to signify his divinity. The original image has lost several fingers over the centuries.

Jesus is shown barefoot and in a genuflecting posture, symbolising the agony and the weight of the Cross, along with the overall pain Christ endured during his Passion. The Cross itself is of black wood tipped with flat, pyramidal brass caps.

Vestments
The image is dressed in a heavy velvet tunic of maroon, embroidered with floral and plant designs using gold thread, and trimmed with a matching set of white lace collar and cuffs. Around the waist is a gold-plated metal belt embossed with the word "NAZARENO", while a golden chain ending in spheres is looped around the neck and held in the left hand, representing the Flagellation of Christ.

The vestments of the image are changed in the rite of Pabihis (English: Vesting the image), which is presided over by a Catholic priest vested in an alb, red cope and stole. Devotees watching the ceremony either sit inside the basilica, or follow along outside in Plaza Miranda. The rite comprises with several hymns, the reading of scriptural lessons, the recitation of prayers, and then the blessing of the new vestments. As a sign of modesty and reverence, a curtain is raised to shield the statue from public view as the male attendants called Hijos change its vestments, and then it is dropped once the actual changing is complete. The old vestments are folded and presented to the faithful, who queue to kiss and touch these in the belief these bear the image's miraculous properties. The rite of vesting is officiated five times a year in preparation for major religious occasions; since 2022, a few of the vesting day rites are also livestreamed online.

Pontifical approbations

 * Pope Innocent X approved veneration of the image in 1650 as a sacramental, and authorized the establishment of the Confraternity of the Most Holy Jesus Nazarene (Spanish: Cofradía de Nuestro Santo Jesús Nazareno). For most of the Spanish Era, indigenous Filipinos were barred from Holy Orders, while confraternities were groups of laymen and thus an open option for religious life.

 * Pope Pius VII granted the image his apostolic blessing in 1880, which granted a plenary indulgence to those who piously pray before the Christological image.
 * Pope John Paul II issued a Pontifical decree Qui Loco Petri which raised the shrine to the status of Minor Basilica on 11 December 1987. The decree was signed and notarized by the Vatican Secretary of State, Cardinal Agostino Casaroli.

Pious cult and veneration
Veneration of the Black Nazarene is rooted among Filipinos who strongly identify with the passion and suffering of Christ the image depicts. Many devotees of the Black Nazarene relate their poverty and daily struggles to the Passion of Christ.

Some believers practice walking in barefoot as a form of piety while others make an effort to ride on the carriage in the belief of obtaining graces from the devotional image. Prior to the Second Vatican Council, procession of the image was relatively solemn and peaceful. The rowdy and massive nature of the procession began in the 1960s as the population grew and greater hype surrounded the image.

While the actual patron saint of the basilica is John the Baptist (making its feast day June 24, concurrent with the secular Manila Day), the Black Nazarene and its Traslación are more popular.

At the end of each Mass said in the basilica, devotees pay homage to the image by clapping their hands. In addition to the novena, Traslación, Pahalík, and the Pabihis, the Pasindí ("lighting") or lighting of votive candles is another popular devotion, as is the decades-old, reverential custom of creeping on one's knees down the main aisle towards the altar and image. The Friday of each week in the year (except Good Friday, the image's liturgical commemoration) is colloquially known in Metro Manila as "Quiapo Day", since the novena for the image is held on this day nationwide. As with Wednesday (which is comparably called "Baclaran Day"), this day is associated with heavy traffic around the basilica due to the influx of devotees and pilgrims.

The attached Nazarene Catholic School (formerly the Quiapo Parochial School) reflects the devotion of school authorities; its official newsletter is likewise named "The Nazarene", with pupils called "Nazareñans."

The largest annual procession for the Black Nazarene is the January 9 Traslación procession on the Feast of the Black Nazarene, attracting millions of Catholic devotees, who try to touch or get their towel wiped by the image carriers on the image to attain its blessings and power. Along with Santo Niño (Child Jesus), it is the most popular object of devotion in the Philippines. In 2011, over six million Catholic devotees flocked to the Feast of the Black Nazarene.

Music
The hymn Nuestro Padre Jesús Nazareno was composed by National Artist of the Philippines, Lucio San Pedro to honor the image. It is used by the basilica as the official anthem to the image and associated rites.

The image is also prominently featured on the front cover of Pabasa books, a Lenten manual hymn commemorating the life and Passion of Jesus Christ.

Claims of indigenous idolatry
According to the rector of the basilica, Father José Clemente Ignacio, the image's procession and devotional practices reflect the "Filipino trait to want to wipe, touch, kiss, or embrace sacred objects if possible", and reflect an indigenous belief in "the presence of the Divine in sacred objects and places."

According to Jaime Laya, these practices are a modernized form of indigenous idolatry, a continuation of the pre-Christian practice of revering sacred objects by pious touching (Filipino: Hipo / Himas). Elizabeth Pisares also states that this is a revised idolatry of pre-colonial times, and suggests its link with social disparities among Filipinos.

According to Mariano Barbato, the debate over the icon comes down to personal interpretations of what constitutes idolatry.

title: Black Nazarene


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Roland C. Jordan

Roland Carroll Jordan, Jr (born 1938) is an American composer and music theorist. He studied in Texas and Pennsylvania before receiving his Ph.D. from Washington University in St. Louis, where he taught theory and composition for three decades. As a composer, Jordan has written for both large ensembles and chamber groups, and as a music theorist, he has explored the uses of phenomenological methodology and structuralist/post-structuralist theory.

List of works

 * Times Space (encounters) for chorus and tape
 * Maps, An Evening of Music (produced by the New Music Circle and Washington University, 1978)
 * Sonata for Piano (commissioned by the NMC and written for John Phillips)
 * Songs for Li Po (commissioned by River Stix)
 * Except Perhaps a Constellation concerto, for flute and chamber orchestra
 * Sonata for Violin and Viola and Years of the Plague, for chamber ensemble and pre-recorded tape (written for Synchronia)

List of publications

 * with Emma Kafalenos. "The Double Trajectory: Ambiguity in Brahms and Henry James." 19th-Century Music 13 (2) (Fall, 1989): 129-144.
 * with Emma Kafalenos. "Spatial Aspects of Temporal Structure: The Effects of Ordering and Reordering in Mozart and E. T. A. Hoffmann." In Proceedings of the XIIth Congress of the International Comparative Literature Association, Munich 1988, IV: Space and Boundaries of Literature, 530-35. Munich: Iudicium, 1990.
 * "Fold upon Fold: Boulez (and Mallarme)." Yearbook of Comparative and General Literature 1987-88-97.

title: Roland C. Jordan


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title: User talk:Mrsocksfox