text:
Kendall

Kendall may refer to:

Australia

 * Kendall, New South Wales

United States

 * Kendall, Florida
 * Kendall, Kansas
 * Kendall, Missouri
 * Kendall, New York
 * Kendall, Washington
 * Kendall, Lafayette County, Wisconsin
 * Kendall, Monroe County, Wisconsin
 * Kendall County, Illinois
 * Kendall County, Texas
 * Kendall Green, Pompano Beach, Florida
 * Kendall Grove, Virginia
 * Kendall Park, New Jersey
 * Boonville, California (formerly "Kendall's City")
 * Kendall Square, a neighborhood in Cambridge, Massachusetts
 * Kendall Township, Kendall County, Illinois
 * Kendall Township, Hamilton County, Kansas
 * Kendall Township, Kearny County, Kansas
 * Kendall West, Florida

Geographical features

 * Kendall Basin, an ice-free cirque in Antarctica
 * Kendall Island, an uninhabited arctic island in Canada
 * Kendall Mountain, a peak and ski area in Colorado
 * Kendall Peak, a mountain summit in Washington state
 * Kendall Peak (Colorado), a summit in Colorado
 * Kendall River, a small river in the Northwest Territories of Canada
 * Kendall Terrace, a volcanic ash terrace in the Shetland Islands of Great Britain

Schools

 * Kendall College of Art and Design, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
 * Kendall College, Chicago, Illinois, USA

People

 * Kendall (given name)
 * Kendall (surname)
 * Cynddelw Brydydd Mawr (in English "Kendall"), a 12th-century Welsh poet

Businesses

 * Kendall & Sons Ltd, umbrella manufacturer and ladies fashion retailer
 * Kendall Healthcare Products, an Irish healthcare provider that became Covidien after its acquisition by Tyco Healthcare

Other uses

 * The Kendalls, formerly a U.S. country music group
 * Kendall 32, a fiberglass cruising boat of the late 1960s
 * Kendall tau rank correlation coefficient, developed by Maurice Kendall

title: Kendall


text:
Julius Leopold Klein

Julius Leopold Klein (Hungarian: Klein Gyula Lipót; 1810 – 2 August 1876) was a German writer of Jewish origin born at Miskolc, Hungary.

Life
Klein was educated at the gymnasium in Pest, and studied medicine in Vienna and Berlin. After travelling in Italy and Greece, he settled as a man of letters in Berlin, where he remained until his death.

Works
He was the author of many dramatic works, among others the historical tragedies Maria von Medici (1841), Luines (1842), Zenobia (1847), Moreto (1859), Maria (1860), Strafford (1862), and Heliodora (1867); and the comedies Die Herzogin (1848), Ein Schützling (1850), and Voltaire (1862). The tendency of Klein as a dramatist was to become bombastic and obscure, but many of his characters are vigorously conceived, and in nearly all his tragedies there are passages of brilliant rhetoric.

Klein is chiefly known as the author of the elaborate though uncompleted Geschichte des Dramas (1865–1876), in which he undertook to record the history of the drama from the earliest times. He died when about to enter upon the Elizabethan era, to the treatment of which he had looked forward as the chief part of his task. The work, which is in thirteen bulky volumes, gives proof of immense learning, but is marred by eccentricities of style and judgment.

Klein's Dramatische Werke were collected in 7 vols. (1871–1872).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Julius Leopold Klein


text: Category:2004 singles

title: Category:2004 singles


text:
Kunowsky

Kunowsky may refer to:

 * Georg Karl Friedrich Kunowsky (1786–1846), a German lawyer and amateur astronomer; and objects named after him:
 * Kunowsky (lunar crater)
 * Kunowsky (Martian crater)

title: Kunowsky


text:
Talk:Lavandula

History only
Have put in a history which is referenced to my site as I wrote it and obviously I don't mind it being used. However, I have left the external link for my article rather than simply copy the growing advice etc over as it will be in danger of simply being a copy of my page. Hope this makes sense and is ok Andham2000 11:56, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I've done an extensive edit to the history section to add links and reword where I felt it needed rewording. I wouldn't mind if you chose to carry over the edits to your own page. :-) - Blake's Star 02:41, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

Sorry I had to correct your spelling errors. I hope you do not mind. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.206.103.25 (talk • contribs) 13:18, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

Added historical about dried lavender sold from USA. Does anyone have contribution about lavender grown in Southern France? Also distilled lavender flowers that is now cultivated in the State of Oregon? Some of the edits complain about commercialization activites, however the lavender business is a commercial fiddleie business, small, but like oranges, almonds, strawberries in the USA is commercial. I disagree that making references to long-standing commercial enterprises in any way violates the code of Wikipedia. You cannot write about uses without making reference to certain commerical entities. Thoughts??? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.218.161.130 (talk) 15:47, 9 February 2010 (UTC)

Etymology
Does anyone know if the name lavender has any relation to the English word launder? I've often wondered if the plant's traditional uses in cleaning have had anything to do with its name, c.f. lavar in Spanish for "to wash". Eiríkr Útlendi 09:34, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

 * The OED has a paragraph discussing that very question. They consider the washing etymology unlikely, but don't seem to have any alternate theory they like better. Stan 14:26, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

 * My botanical dictionary accepts it as being of Latin origin - "From Lat. lavo, I wash; lavender water, made from oil of lavender, has long been used as a fragrant wash". I don't see any problem with this, plenty of plants have their names derived from classical Latin. - MPF 20:37, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

 * OED goes on about this at some length, with references to "sense-developement", and an observation that the earliest-seen spelling is livendula, which connects to quite different meanings. It's clearly a troubling issue for them, most of their etymologies don't include quite so much discussion. Makes me wonder if there's a research paper on the question somewhere... Stan 06:59, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Had a look, see what you mean. Maybe best left as unknown then - MPF 14:27, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

To MPF: I don't understand the reason to link to Wiki pages about "July 4th" and "2006" in an article about lavender. I originally put the date in (unlinked) so readers would know when the Washington Post article was published. Wiki style policy specifically says not to put extraneous links into articles. If there is something I'm missing here, please advise. --Catawba 22:40, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

Upson and Andrews provide detail of the possible derivation of the name from Latin livere and livendula and an explanation of why the lavere derivation may not be true, all with multiple references. I've put this into the article as another conjecture. Imc (talk) 21:48, 19 March 2012 (UTC)

Long before there was a Wikipedia (I'm old), I heard it the other way around: that "launder" is a corruption of "lavender" because it was formerly used to make the wash smell better. J S Ayer (talk) 14:17, 3 June 2020 (UTC)

Nardus?
The sentence calling it nardus (in the history section) is a bit misleading. While the word was used to describe any fragrant grass, the usual meaning was the unrelated plant nard Nardostachys jatamansi. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.53.45.34 (talk • contribs) 10:36, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

 * The origin of the Nardus quote: (Dr. Fernie's book, 1985) as written now in the History references. So you claim Nard was used in greek to depict a different plant. What is your reference? That is interesting because in modern Hebrew we also have a different plant connected with the biblicle "Nerd" (the word in Hebrew is simply pronounced NERD, no "Stoke" mentioned), but still we have no explanation for the herb used in the Temple's holy essence called "Shibolet Nerd" or "Nerd Stalk".

 * The city of Naarda, was pronounced Nehar D'Ah in most Talmudic quotes, but that perhaps refers to a Hebrew play on words meaning River (Nehar) of knowledge (De-Ah). As far as I know, there is no archeological finding or knowledge on the exact location of this city, except that it was on a canal between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (so either in the Baghdad area, or near Basra).

 * Back to your questions: Dr Fernie himself says that Nardus later (in Roman times) came to mean any kind of fragrant grass.
 * So it still could have originally meant this plant, and then changed its meaning to general fragrant herbs.
 * And perhaps the "Nard Stalk" is in fact the Lavandula stoechas Pashute (talk) 17:16, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

I know next to nothing about Hebrew vowels, but I've never seen this as "nerd" in English. "Nard" is a lot more familiar... __Just plain Bill (talk) 02:30, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

New external link
I added a new external link to a great informative article from reputable australian writer -
 * History and uses of Lavender Article from Ben Sorensen's Druids Garden Nesneros1982 (talk) 23:05, 25 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Sorry, but with a "Shop" link at the top, and a "Click here to buy" at the bottom, it looks too much like a commercial link to meet Wikipedia's policy regarding external links. I read the article; which parts would you consider most informative in the context of an encyclopedia? __ Just plain Bill (talk) 23:50, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

Have you looked at the other external links Bill? They all (apart from the university) feature a "shop" button. The Article i suggested on Lavender was 100% editorial content - NOT advertorial or selling a particular product, however like most of the pages there is an option to purchase products from a sponsors site - the same as Google advertising or banners.

If your going to play "Wikipedia police" at least be consistent.

As for content, I enjoyed it as a topical article that I found helpful in addition to the Wikipedia content, and thought it correct to share with others - so that they may make up their own minds. Not everyone learns in the same way, so I feel that a variety of styles to present information is beneficial.

Wikipedia, as I see it, is an amazing site where ALL knowledge from many different view points can be shared, and where EVERYONE can collectively help - not just purists.

I would appreciate it if my small contribution to Wikipedia could remain there for all to share.

I do appreciate your honesty in outlining your issues. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.185.133.33 (talk) 07:14, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

Hi, just read the external link, then saw this discussion. Have to say this external article had exactly what I was looking for and appreciate its addition. I use Wikipedia a lot; and the external link section is just as valuable as the info in the body article on Wikipedia itself. I didn't find it commercial at all Bill, as the external link relates to an article on lavender, and could not see that this page sold any products that used lavender, so full this point is mute. Good writer. Now off to cook some Lavender steak... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.171.227.225 (talk) 07:55, 26 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Ordinarily I am not asked to scour the external links sections of Wikipedia articles, but since you point it out, this one was in sorry shape. All better now. See WP:LINKFARM for the reasons why. __ Just plain Bill (talk) 14:54, 26 February 2010 (UTC)
 * In case you think that seems cold or harsh, please note that "Ilike it." or "It is useful." are not reasons to keep something in the encyclopedia. WP:EL summarizes the reasons that work. I still haven't had an answer regarding what particular bits of the Benno link make it worth keeping. Here's a sample:
 * "I was 2 hours out of Tamworth, on the outskirts of Glen Innes, when by the side of the road was this beautiful little hobby farm with a crisp, clean, white, old style, wooden shop selling the best strawberry and cream milkshakes, and lavender – all grown on site! Crisp cool clean air, the taste of fresh strawberries, and gentle the waft of lavender! The experience reminded me of a simple pure life that we all in some way strive for, a wholesome existence far removed from the seeming complexity of life."
 * All well and good, but encyclopedic? That is the question here.
 * Different people do indeed learn via different routes. I'd like to suggest that if someone wants to find a recipe for lavender steak, a web search engine is the appropriate way to go. __ Just plain Bill (talk) 19:11, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

Fernleaf?
There are two species listed with the common name of Fernleaf Lavender (Lavandula multifida and Lavandula pinnata). Any thoughts or comments? — Gaff ταλκ 19:21, 7 June 2010 (UTC)

Controversy over gynecomastia link
I changed the section on gynecomastia to a Neutral Point of View. Simply creating a link to an industry trade groups letter does not allow you to claim the New England Journal article is a " claim, by just one irresponsible local doctor, has been refuted in detail by the Australian Tea Tree Industry Association ". It is fair reference the trade groups position, but not delete reference to the N.E.J. article or disparage it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Philggg (talk • contribs) 02:42, 30 September 2010 (UTC)

I acknowledge that your change retains neutrality and will not alter it. However, I am concerned about the balance - or lack of it - on Wikipedia between conventional medicine and complementary medicine. (I have had a commercial interest in aromatherapy for 16 years, but have an Honours degree in Biochemistry and a very sound education in science.) As I see it, the problem is that there is no way to reference studies in complementary therapies without linking to individuals who have an obvious interest in a supply company. Meanwhile, any reference that links to research by university researchers and which is reported in learned journals is perceived as independent and unchallangeable. In reality, we know that such studies are invariably funded by wealthy pharmaceutical companies, and their influence on results may be subtle and difficult to uncover but is often strong. The vast funds available to this industry enable there to be a greater distance between suppliers and researchers, and thereby a greater appearance of objectivity, but this does not mean that all conventional research is correct and conducted properly, nor does it mean that all interest in complementary therapies is incorrect and skewed by commercial interests. The topic under discussion is simply an example of outrageously poor science conducted and reported by impeccable establishment sources, whereas any rebuttal is dismissed as biased by commercial interests... Having read the Wiki guidelines on balance, verifiabilty, referencing, reliability of sources etc, I despair of finding a way to redress the imbalance. I know many things to be true by comparing them to my personal experience and that of my peer group, but do not know of any sources in complementary therapies that are completely free of commercial interest, so how can a dialogue even begin? Meanwhile, medicines and pesticides and other products of the chemical industry of which I was part are reported in Wikipedia as being of less benefit than originally promoted, having more side-effects than originally admitted, and sometimes enormously more danger than ever suspected - yet the only voices heard are from the same establishment that promoted them in the first place. I'd love to maintain my side of this debate until I am able to carry the day, but I need to take time out to find a way to support myself. Those defending conventional medicine and conventional science often have the funding to remove this pressure and thereby have the luxury of winning by default. This does not make them right. Cjsunbird (talk) 14:55, 2 October 2010 (UTC)

FWIW, (not much!) I am one of no doubt many who have independently reacted dismissively to terms such as "alternative" or "complementary" medicine. No such thing. If it is a rationally applied measure that can be shown to work, then it is medicine (evidence based, if you must insist on a qualifier). If not, then it is not, whether complementary or not, and it is no alternative to medicine. Try Quackwatch for details. In any case, such argufying is not something we can afford to scatter through WP articles in general, in search of some undefined "balance". If you think there is some medical merit to Lavandula that deserves more than the encyclopaedic recognition in the lavender article, try a medical article; balance does not require that it be discussed in a largely botanical article. IMO the entries in the section "Medical uses" already are excessive. So much for balance. JonRichfield (talk) 06:26, 20 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Link http://www.webmd.com/parenting/news/20070131/lavender-oil-may-spur-breasts-boys  Shjacks45 (talk) 19:47, 13 June 2013 (UTC)

(see also: lavandula revisions, and this edit) Jjjjjjjjjj (talk) 09:16, 6 November 2013 (UTC)

Now two refs, different research groups, each reporting a few cases of topical (skin) use of lavender essential oil apparently causing gynecomastia in young boys. Not referenced here, but a test tube study reported that compounds extracted from lavender essential oil promoted production of estrogen and suppressed testosterone. David notMD (talk) 14:33, 5 December 2018 (UTC)

Lavender in cooking
I undid an edit claiming that lavender is traditional in South Indian cuisine, and changing a reference. IMO it was deliberate vandalism, but I am willing to be proved wrong. JonRichfield (talk) 14:29, 27 August 2011 (UTC)

Closely related outgroups?
Currently the article contains the following statement, in the botany section;

 * A number of other species within Lamiaceae are closely related (outgroups) including Ocimum gratissimum, Hyptis pectinata, Plectranthus barbatus and Tetradenia fruticosa.

This does not make sense to me, possibly it is now out of context. I've added a cite notice and posted this here for any comment, otherwise I'll delete it eventually. Imc (talk) 20:10, 9 March 2012 (UTC)
 * It's gone now. Imc (talk) 20:47, 12 March 2012 (UTC)

Types/Cultivars List Request
I understand that it is alot of work but wanted to request that a list of cultivars be created for the page that includes the common name, the type(?)i.e. lavandula augustafolia(sp?), and a short description of the cultivar. Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 214.3.140.16 (talk) 04:05, 6 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The type in the botanical sense is Lavandula spica. The cultivars of Lavandula angustifolia are described on that page. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 11:03, 6 July 2012 (UTC)

Formulation/Composition
Would be nice to have a list of ingredients in Lavender oil like percentage of Linalool and other substances in the oil. Shjacks45 (talk) 20:18, 13 June 2013 (UTC)
 * There is a 'composition' section in the Lavender oil article. Imc (talk) 06:33, 14 June 2013 (UTC)

Lavandula revisions
The following was posted on my Talk page overnight: — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.102.181.200 (talk) 21:56, 18 October 2013 (UTC) I have edited accordingly. — | Gareth Griffith-Jones | The Welsh Buzzard | —  07:12, 19 October 2013 (UTC)

 * I added the citation to that study back, but sought to balance it with other sources. (edit that removed it)

 * Plenty of people use lavender everyday, and as far as I know don't have problems with skin irritation, but insofar as NIH states that "Applying lavender to the skin can sometimes cause irritation" it made sense to include the Prashar et. al. study. Although medical consensus can change over time I would think that NIH is seeking to convey the current general view.

 * Other government health agencies can have different views.

 * For example Germany has approved lavender for use as an anxiolytic(LASEA - SILEXAN - Lavender Oil Pills For Anxiety, Robert Tisserand blog) but the NIH page lists lavender as possiby effective only for hair loss, and as far as I know no lavender products have been approved for anxiolytic purposes in the U.S.
 * Jjjjjjjjjj (talk) 09:11, 6 November 2013 (UTC)

Soap
I was surprised to find nothing about its traditional use to perfume soap, and therefore its commonly percieved soap-like taste. 76.10.128.192 (talk) 10:33, 29 October 2014 (UTC)

Hybrid?
I cannot find a reference to Lavandula 'Goodwin Creek Grey', which I have growing in my southern California garden. I believe it is a cross between L. lanata and L. dentata. Unlike some lavenders that are seasonal, this blooms all year long. DERoss (talk) 00:39, 28 July 2017 (UTC)D.E.Ross

Herbes de Provence
What evidence is there that spice wholesalers invented the "Herbes de Provence" (HdP) spice blend? Francis Laget, in his article, "From its Birthplace in Egypt to Marseilles, an Ancient Trade: 'Drugs and Spices'," makes no such assertion. Neither does the HdP Wiki entry, for that matter. Is this merely conjecture on behalf of an overzealous editor, or is there some substantive evidence in support of the claim? Regarding this herb's culinary use, it's striking to me that lavender is not listed as a culinary herb of any sort by Tom Stobart in his classic reference book, "Herbs, Spices and Flavoringa" (McGraw0Hil, 1970). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.39.20.209 (talk) 16:46, 2 August 2017 (UTC)

English lavender
The article currently contains the statement - "Culinary lavender is usually English Lavender, the most commonly used species in cooking (L. angustifolia 'Munstead' )". This seems to assert that this cultivar 'Munstead' is the English lavender, which I believe is wrong? Imc (talk) 17:35, 18 August 2017 (UTC)

Add back "Research" section
The "Research" section of this article has long existed with information about the medical usage of lavender and its oil, as well as containing some of the same information in the lede. User:Zefr has been one of the editors and maintainers for this section. Recently I updated the "Research" section to reflect the same information as was recently added to the Lavender oil page. After this Zefr immediately removed the entire "Research" section: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lavandula&type=revision&diff=1095655196&oldid=1095594900

He argues that the page should not contain the information since this page is about the plant rather than its oil. However, the health information about the oil has always been on this page, even in the lede. And the oil is talked about in multiple places across the article.

I propose we at least add back the "Research" if not the lede as well. 50.45.170.185 (talk) 17:31, 29 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Is there a precedent for whether articles on plants may or may not contain information on medicinal purposes for their extracts? Some one could point out how this violates MEDRS and I'd gladly agree. I was just curious about the consistency among plant articles and if anyone has looked at that aspect. -- A Rose Wolf  20:17, 29 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the reply. I believe there is a precedent:

Etc. 50.45.170.185 (talk) 20:46, 29 June 2022 (UTC)
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinacea#Research
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_sativa#Pharmacology
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matricaria_chamomilla#Use_in_human_medicine
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinchona#Medicinal_use
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger#Research
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum#Medical_research
 * As well as the current article until today. 50.45.170.185 (talk) 20:46, 29 June 2022 (UTC)
 * - a search of plant families and genera would show that most articles do not contain information about human health research, mainly because they are for species description, distribution, and variation. See Lamiaceae, Mangifera, Cucurbita, among hundreds of examples. The links above given as "precedents" are where plant names and dietary supplements are the same, such as echinacea, cannabis, chamomile, ginger, and hypericum, and so may be isolated uses of the genus article to include research. Also relevant and conspicuous is your point that uses and references of plant extracts, oils or powders to human health are most often alternative medicine, poorly studied, and generally unreliable and not suitable for the encyclopedia per MEDRS. The IP raising this issue for the Lavandula article appears to be a WP:SPA fixated on including dubious reports on the use of oral lavender oil in anxiety treatment, for which there is no WP:MEDSCI evidence that it is recommended, used clinically, or mentioned in a clinical review on anxiety treatment. Substantial discussion here and on the IP's talk page does not seem to be getting through. Zefr (talk) 23:34, 29 June 2022 (UTC)
 * No, the reason that most articles about plants do not contain medical information is because 99% of them are like this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachyandra_erythrorrhiza
 * There are hundreds of thousands of species of plants. Most of which have not been studied to that extent. So of course that information cannot be on Wikipedia.
 * By definition of the link you posted: "Alternative medicine is any practice that aims to achieve the healing effects of medicine, but which lacks biological plausibility and is untested, untestable or proven ineffective."
 * Since there are recent meta-analyses published to peer-reviewed journals showing effectiveness, it would be incorrect to label it as "alternative medicine" and frankly the labeling is not constructive, we should focus on the content of the encyclopedia by summarizing reliable, third-party published secondary sources, from roughly the last 5 years as per WP:MEDRS guidelines. 50.45.170.185 (talk) 23:46, 29 June 2022 (UTC)

I came here from the third opinion page. It appears that some of the sections can be consolidated into a single "Uses" section since they are not so large, with subsections such as "Culinary uses" and "Herbalism", etc. Looking at the previous research section, some of the content does appear relevant to the article, but again with WP:MEDRS, we don't want to overemphasize a single study. This "research" could be placed in the "Herbalism" section, though the content should be slimmed down somewhat. It should be okay to include the meta-analysis as it is a collection of multiple studies while wording it in a manner that suggests nothing is conclusive (again, this is just one meta-analysis). Not entirely familiar with these types of articles, but I'm happy to provide more thoughts as well if you ping me.--WMrapids (talk) 06:49, 1 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Thanks WMrapids!
 * Just to let you know, there are actually multiple MEDRS-compliant secondary sources:
 * 2021 meta-analysis, published to Brain and Behavior (a journal cited on Wikipedia 26 times)
 * 2019 meta-analysis, published to Phytomedicine (journal cited 131 times)
 * 2019 meta-analysis, published to Scientific Reports (journal cited 6424  times)
 * 2018 systematic review, published to World Journal of Biological Psychiatry (journal cited 46 times)
 * Let me know if you have any additional thoughts. 50.45.170.185 (talk) 17:48, 1 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Well, another concern would be the reliability of the organization/entity that is performing the analyses. If they are reputable, good, but if it is a group advocating for alternative medicine, then such studies should be taken with a grain of salt.--WMrapids (talk) 17:53, 1 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks! That's a valid concern that MEDRS addresses, since it requires that the secondary-sources be peer-reviewed and published by reputable journals. If there were problems with the methods to reach their conclusions, then the peer-review process should have rejected them. Additionally we are talking about four different meta-analyses, not an advocacy group. To quote WP:MEDRS:
 * Respect the levels of evidence: Do not reject a higher-level source (e.g., a meta-analysis) in favor of a lower one (e.g., any primary source) because of personal objections to the inclusion criteria, references, funding sources, or conclusions in the higher-level source. Editors should not perform detailed academic peer review. 50.45.170.185 (talk) 18:13, 1 July 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 05:30, 8 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Snowshil-Lavender.jpg

title: Talk:Lavandula


text:
Talk:Superoxide dismutase

Delivery systems
I am removing that part about delivery systems. Reeks of advertisement and unproven claims. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.198.36.244 (talk) 05:45, 6 November 2008 (UTC)

Vague statement
Removed because it's too vague:
 * the existence of a motor neuron disease in individuals who have point mutations in SOD and by the finding that the absence of SOD may lead to a form of anemia.

--Quarterduck 02:54, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

SOD mutations in disease
This statement is unreferenced: "Mutations in SOD1 can cause familial ALS, by a mechanism that is presently not understood, but not due to loss of enzymatic activity or a decrease in the conformational stability of the SOD1 protein." Anyone wish to clarify to what this is referring?173.8.220.209 (talk) 23:49, 23 February 2010 (UTC)

Introductory Paragraph
Can anyone clarify this statement in the first paragraph?

 * One of the exceedingly rare exceptions is Lactobacillus plantarum and related lactobacilli.

Is this supposed to mean that L. plantarum doesn't use SOD specifically for antioxidant defense, or doesn't use SOD at all?

--Scienthomas 18:33, 13 April 2006 (UTC)
 * According to the Lactobacillus plantarum entry SOD is not present in that genus.
 * apers0n 10:07, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Have restated that sentence for clarification. Dcrjsr (talk) 01:39, 6 October 2014 (UTC)

I found a glitch in the introductory section: "For the E. coli Fe-SOD: . Fe-SOD can be found in the plastids of plants."

To the best of my knowledge E. coli do not have plastids. Therefore, to make sense it should be reformulated as: "For the E. coli Fe-SOD: Fe-SOD can be found in the cytosol [1] or in the extracellular matrix [2]. In plants: Fe-SOD can be found in the plastids" For celular localization of SOD please see the entries in Brenda database [3], searching for EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) and selecting the organism you are interested in.

1. Beyer W, Imlay J, Fridovich I., Superoxide dismutases in Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol. 1991;40:221-53. 2. Munkres KD.,Purification of exocellular superoxide dismutases, in Methods Enzymol. 1990;186:249-60. 3.Brenda: The Comprehensive Enzyme Information System, http://www.brenda-enzymes.org/index.php4 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.87.53.164 (talk) 15:25, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

 * For better serving non-technical readers, I have changed "plastids" to "chloroplasts", for plant occurrence. Dcrjsr (talk) 01:39, 6 October 2014 (UTC)

Page requires reorganising
(Using Firefox to view page) The image above the text "Structure of the active site of human superoxide dismutase 2" is covering part of the page's main text. The Image should be moved. This may be a problem specific to Firefox. Cs1kh 17:13, 23 July 2007 (UTC) amir —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.39.184.80 (talk) 10:12, 17 November 2010 (UTC)

Formatting and boxes
With all due respect, I placed Pfam boxes to section "Types" where they belong. And do we really need protein boxes here when we have separate articles about individual proteins, clearly linked from this article. That's a content fork, classic. Saying that, I am not going to revert anything. But it does include an excessive number of boxes. Something must be removed.Biophys (talk) 22:55, 18 October 2010 (UTC)
 * OK, I now see that you did place the Pfam boxes in the "Types" section, but when stacked vertically they do extend into other sections. Also to avoid bunching of section editing links, the infoboxes should ideally be placed next to each other separated by fix bunching templates. Even taking out the infobox protein templates, this is awkward because of the number of remaining infoboxes and graphics.  A cleaner solution is to pivot the infoboxes so that they are displayed horizontally. This ensures that no mater what the window width or font size that is displayed, the infoboxes will all ways displayed next to the corresponding text.  Furthermore, placing infobox protein that are an abbreviated version of the GNF Protein box is not a content fork but rather a summary of what is contained in the isozyme specific articles.  Finally, considering the length of the text in the article, I do not think there is an excessive number of infoboxes. Boghog (talk) 15:34, 28 November 2010 (UTC)

Meaningful
Cindy Crawford's widely advertised "meaningful beauty" skin regimine claims' that SOD via a south of France melon extract does benefit one to remain youthful looking and that this is all proven, e.g. now with her use for 15 years remaining looking 30 vs 45 age. Can you add this info if accurate ? ref http://www.meaningfulbeauty.com/ /s flowa o scotland le jeune jr, camp le 69.121.221.97 (talk) 14:13, 28 November 2010 (UTC)

Meaningless
I fail to see how an unproven commercial statement for a cosmetic product would enhance the article. Therefore, I would strongly oppose such a statement.  RGK (talk) 01:34, 27 March 2014 (UTC)

Varius text/syntax edits
Run thru with several text and syntax edits, plus well-cited new material. Made a separate section on pharmacological uses of SOD and SOD-mimetics. There is also a whole separate area of SOD-mimetic agents as drugs that should be considered in more detail. BTW, years ago,  I put in the stuff about pharmacological uses of SOD. But over the years the usual suspects seem to have deleted it. Arrrg... Bigbuck (talk) 19:54, 16 February 2012 (UTC)

Experimental colitis ?
The second sentence of the section: Pharmacological activity, read: "For example, SOD is highly effective in treatment of colonic inflammation in experimental colitis." The syntax needed editing and as I know of now such thing as "experimental colitis" and as there is no reference to it on the colitis page associated with the phrase I have edited it to:

"For example, SOD is a highly effective experimental treatment of colonic inflammation in colitis." and added the request thereon for a citation. fwiw I know what you mean about "the usual suspects", those self-appointed traffic wardens of the information superhighway. LookingGlass (talk) 04:15, 23 April 2013 (UTC)

Reasonable Limitation to Subject Matter
SOD is a critical enzyme to all aerobic organisms, and free radical biology and medicine, while arguably the most important subject matter in biology, is very broad, too broad to support specific uses of SOD in experimental medicine. An article on colitis might be more appropriate, although I would reserve that statement to a specific example after reviewing it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Robert Kavanaugh (talk • contribs) 01:41, 27 March 2014 (UTC)

Improved References Needed
The following opening statement is taken from the abstract to the paper "Antifibrotic action of Cu/Zn SOD is mediated by TGF-beta1 repression and phenotypic reversion of myofibroblasts" by Vozenin-Brotons, Sivan V, Gault N, Renard C, Geffrotin C, Delanian S, Lefaix JL, Martin M: Skin fibrosis is characterized by the proliferation and accumulation of activated fibroblasts called myofibroblasts It appear to indicate that the statement in this article here that:  "Superoxide dismutase is known to reverse fibrosis, perhaps through reversion of myofibroblasts back to fibroblasts" and claimed to sourced from the magazine Free Radical Biology & Medicine, is incorrect by definition. I have therefore requested that the citation be improved. Elsewhere on wiki, where it is stated that:  "fibrablasts and fibrocytes are two states of the same cells, the former being the activated state, the latter the less active state... Currently, there is a tendency to call both forms fibroblasts." I assume that in the first paper the term: "activated fibroplasts" is used merely to emphasise the fact that it is actually fibroplasts that define fibrosis rather than fibrocytes, however the quote in the article here still seems wrong, again as stated elsewhere on wiki, as: "myofibroblasts are defined as "between a fibroblast and a smooth muscle cell in differentiation."  It would seem to follow from definition therefore that changing from myofibroblast back to a fibroplast would be to create fibrosis rather than to reverse it.  Can anyone clarify?  LookingGlass (talk) 08:30, 23 April 2013 (UTC)

SOD Induction
I wish to propose a new section to consolidate and summarize current peer review journal articles on the use of phytochemicals, specifically polyphenols,(or even drug candidates) but not limited to those compounds, that are documented agents used for the induction and upregulation of mnSOD, SOD1, and SOD3. Mostly, I've been following the work Brock University, (Dr. Jeffrey A. Stuart, Ellen Robb et.al) which documents SOD2 induction via ER-beta using genistein, daidzein, trans-resveratrol, and other phytoestrogens; and I'm interested in collaborating with a group to review the literature to clarify the role of induction of SOD via NRF2/Keap1; as well as clarify and establish consensus regardings studies indicating SOD may be upregulated via the Sirtuins. However, the role of dietary polyphenols and other dietary compounds shown to induce and upregulate SOD may misplaced in an article which tackles plenty in just describing the enzymes themselves. Thus, first, I'd be interested in opinions regarding my proposal to expand this particular article to include SOD induction.  RGK (talk) 01:25, 27 March 2014 (UTC)
 * My off-the-cuff reaction is that this sounds quite worthwhile, but might work best as a separate article, referred to and with a couple of sentences to explain it, in the main SOD article. I can't easily help with it, tho, since it's not the end I know much about, and I seem to have fallen behind on everything at present. Dcrjsr (talk) 01:45, 27 March 2014 (UTC)

Why does "cytocuprein" redirect here?
Not used or explained in article. 86.159.197.174 (talk) 15:58, 22 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Now added to erythrocuprein, as one of the previous names for SOD when its function was unknown. Dcrjsr (talk) 02:12, 6 October 2014 (UTC)

Fixing the comprehensibility
I agree completely that the previous versions lacked explanations understandable to a non-technical reader, in spite of having a laudably thorough and interesting coverage of the subject in general. I have rewritten the first few sections with this in mind, and have replaced more than half the images with purpose-made ones that better illustrate what is said in the text or the caption. (It helps that David Goodsell's Molecule of the Month images have now been made open license.)

I would greatly appreciate feedback from other editors on whether the top complaint box could be removed yet, or whether that could happen only after all the later sections have also been reworked.

grammar is not explicit and is confusing
I was trying to learn more about manganese in superoxide dismutase and I read this, "Manganese – Chicken liver (and nearly all other) mitochondria," and it is not clear if the manganese SD is in the mitochondria of nearly all livers or just all mitochondria, so it needs to be changed to either, "chicken liver and nearly all other liver mitochondria" or just "nearly all mitochondria," or what was actually meant by the statement, because it isn't clear at all. Every time I make an edit some edit god comes along and reverses it, so I am not so sure it is worth my time to figure out how to correct it, but it does need to be corrected. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dwot (talk • contribs) 13:26, 20 February 2016 (UTC)

Is mice SOD research applicable to humans?
Is SOD = Superoxide Dismutase significantly more bioavailable for mice, compared to humans?

Could the following research apply to human Maotai liquor consumption?

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/omcl/2022/5397733/

Title: Superoxide Dismutase Prevents SARS-CoV-2-Induced Plasma Cell Apoptosis and Stabilizes Specific Antibody Induction

Abstract: A portion of mice were treated with Maotai liquor (MTL, in short).

4. Discussion: Published data show that MTL can counterpart oxidative stress in liver cells by increasing SOD production and inhibiting ROS and MDA [6]. MTL also contains SOD (6667 U/100 ml) and manganese (0.022 mg/100 ml); those are important for alleviating the oxidative stress injury

--91.159.188.74 (talk) 22:11, 19 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Superoxide dismutase


text:
AN/TWQ-1 Avenger

The Avenger Air Defense System, designated AN/TWQ-1 under the Joint Electronics Type Designation System, is an American self-propelled surface-to-air missile system which provides mobile, short-range air defense protection for ground units against cruise missiles, unmanned aerial vehicles, low-flying fixed-wing aircraft, and helicopters.

The Avenger was originally developed for the United States Armed Forces and is currently used by the U.S. Army. The Avenger system was also used by the U.S. Marine Corps.

History
Originally developed as a private venture by Boeing in the 1980s, the Avenger was developed over a period of only 10 months from initial concept to delivery for testing to the U.S. Army. Initial testing was conducted in May 1984 at the Army's Yakima Training Center in the U.S. state of Washington. During testing three FIM-92 Stinger missiles were fired. During the first test firing the system achieved a direct hit while the Avenger was moving at 20 mph.

The second test firing, conducted at night while stationary, also achieved a direct hit. The third test firing, conducted while on the move and in the rain, did not achieve a direct hit, but did pass within the missile's kill range, so the shot was scored as a tactical kill. All three test shots were conducted by operators who had never fired the missile before.

In 1987, the U.S. Army awarded the first production contract for 325 units. In 1989, the system began its Initial Operational Test and Evaluation (IOT&E) series of tests. The tests were conducted in two stages with Stage 1 consisting of acquisition and tracking trials at Fort Hunter Liggett, California, and Stage 2 consisting of live-fire testing at White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico. In February 1990, the Avenger system was deemed operationally effective and began replacing the M163 and M167 VADS. Two variants were deployed based on the Humvee chassis: M998 HMMWV Avenger and M1097 Heavy HMMWV Avenger.

The first operational deployment of the system occurred during the buildup for the Persian Gulf War. With the success of this deployment, the U.S. Army signed an additional contract for another 679 vehicles, bringing the total order to 1,004 units. The Avenger was again deployed in support of NATO operations during the Bosnian War. The Avenger system received widespread public exposure when it was placed around the Pentagon during the first anniversary of the September 11 attacks of 2001. The Avenger was also deployed during the U.S. military's operations in Afghanistan and Iraq.

In 2004, the U.S. Army had 26 battalions with Avenger Short-Range Air Defense (SHORAD) capabilities, but prioritization of other weapon systems during operations in Afghanistan and Iraq caused that number to drop to nine by early 2017, of which two were within the active force and seven were in the Army National Guard. Of the over 1,100 Avengers built only about 400 remain in service. In March 2018, in response to renewed Russian aggression since the 2014 annexation of Crimea, the 678th Air Defense Artillery Brigade deployed to Europe, the first time an American air defense unit had been sent there since the Cold War. The Army plans to deploy 72 Avenger sets to support U.S. European Command.

During protests regarding the Dakota Access Pipeline near Standing Rock, the North Dakota National Guard deployed an Avenger system as an observation platform. It was employed for over a month to observe areas within Morton County where numerous instances of criminal trespass and mischief had occurred. The unarmed Avenger was used to support public safety in southern Morton County. The Avenger system was removed in order to deescalate any tensions its presence may have caused.

In April 2017, an Avenger fired Stingers at two UAVs in a test on Eglin Air Force Base, marking the missile's first interception of a UAV target. While Stingers are usually loaded with direct impact warheads for use against aircraft and cruise missiles, these were equipped with proximity fuzes that enabled them to detonate near the target, giving them the ability to destroy small UAVs. Since small UAVs do not produce large heat signatures, the Avenger uses a laser rangefinder in combination with an antenna on the warhead to direct the missile on target. The Stingers shot down an MQM-170C Outlaw and a smaller, unidentified system, demonstrating the fuze's ability to detect and destroy moving mini-drones weighing as little as 2-20 kg.

On 30 September 2020, the U.S. Army awarded General Dynamics a contract to deliver the Interim Maneuver SHORAD (IM-SHORAD), a Stryker armored vehicle fitted with heavier weapons to replace the outdated, unarmored, and undergunned Avenger Humvee.

In November 2022, four Avenger air defense systems were included as part of a $400 million military aid package supporting Ukraine during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine to defend critical civilian infrastructure against cruise missile and Iranian-made Shahed-136 lethal drone attacks which were launched by Russia in October 2022. Another eight were included in a package in January 2023. The first arrived in Europe in early February and were seen in service by late March. Ukraine has received some 12 units, as of June 2023, with the crews being trained in Europe by United States instructors.

Overview

The Avenger comes mainly in three configurations, the Basic, Slew-to-Cue, and the Up-Gun.

The Basic configuration consists of a gyro-stabilized air defense turret mounted on a modified heavy Humvee. The turret has two Stinger missile launcher pods, each capable of firing up to 4 fire-and-forget infrared/ultraviolet guided missiles in rapid succession. The Avenger can be linked to the Forward Area Air Defense Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence (FAAD C3I) system, which permits external radar tracks and messages to be passed to the fire unit to alert and cue the gunner.

The Slew-to-Cue (STC) subsystem allows the commander or gunner to select a FAAD C3I reported target for engagement from a display on a Targeting Console developed from VT Miltope's Pony PCU. Once the target has been selected, the turret can be automatically slewed directly to the target with limited interaction by the gunner.

The Up-Gun Avenger was developed specifically for the 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment for the Regiment's 2005 deployment to Iraq. The modification was designed to allow the Avenger to perform unit and asset defense in addition to its air defense mission. The right missile pod was removed and the M3P 12.7 mm (.50) cal machine gun was moved to the pod's former position. This allowed for the removal of the turret's cab safety limits which enabled the gun to be fired directly in front of the HMMWV. Eight of the unit's Avengers were modified to this configuration. With the 3rd ACR's redeployment from Iraq, the Up-Gun Avenger completed its role in Operation Iraqi Freedom and the Avengers have been scheduled to be converted back to STC systems.

Boeing/Shorts Starstreak Avenger
Boeing teamed with Shorts Brothers PLC (now part of Thales) to offer an Avenger system in which one Stinger pod was replaced with a pod of four Starstreak Hyper-velocity laser-guided missiles, in the hopes of attracting a U.S. Army contract under the Forward Area Air Defense System Line-of-Sight Rear (FAADS-LOS-R) program. Test installation was carried out in mid-1990 and firing trials followed from mid-1991 in the U.K. Starstreak would have complemented the Stinger by improving the overall systems ability to deal with low hovering helicopters which frequently do not provide enough contrast for lock-on by infrared guided missiles. Starstreak also has the ability to be used against un-armored and lightly armored ground vehicles.

Boeing/Matra Guardian
In the 1990s Boeing teamed with Matra of France to offer the Avenger modified by the substitution of standard triple launcher boxes for Matra Mistral missiles in place of the quadruple Stinger pods of the standard Avenger. One demonstrator vehicle was built in 1992 and test firings took place in France. The project was dropped around 1997.

Avengers during the Iraq War
Due to the lack of serious airborne threats during much of the Iraq War, along with the pressing need for ground assets for combat roles such as convoy protection, the Avenger was pressed into this role. The FLIR/laser rangefinder combined with the 12.7 mm (.50) cal machine gun has proved to be very effective, but was limited by no-fire zones, particularly to the front of the vehicle. A program was instituted to remove one of the missile pods and move the machine gun to that position to enable a 360° field of fire. The upgrade also increased the ammunition capacity to 650 rounds.

Avenger DEW
Another potential variant proposed by Boeing is an Avenger with a Directed Energy Weapon (DEW). Boeing completed an initial test of a 1 kW laser mounted where the right missile pod would be. The M3P 12.7 mm (.50) cal has been replaced by the M242 Bushmaster as its close defense weapon.

Avenger Multi-Role Weapon System
Test firing demonstrations of this variant took place in 2004. It is modified by re-locating the M3P machine gun over the turret cab to allow a 360-degree field of fire, increasing ready-use machine gun ammunition stowage to 600 rounds, and providing the option to substitute launchers for 2 FGM-148 Javelin missiles in place of 1 Stinger pod.

Accelerated Improved Interceptor Initiative (AI3)
In February 2012, Raytheon was awarded a contract to develop the AI3, a modified AIM-9 Sidewinder missile mounted on the Avenger launcher, to perform counter rocket, artillery, mortar (C-RAM), counter unmanned aerial vehicle (C-UAV), and counter cruise missile duties.

In 2013, the US Army decided to not buy the system.

In August 2014, the system successfully intercepted a UAV and cruise missile target featuring a semi-active radar homing seeker in a test.

Other variants
Boeing have proposed that the Avenger PMS turret could be mounted on other vehicles such as Unimog truck, BV-206 all-terrain vehicles, M113 APC, and M548 tracked cargo carrier as well as being used as a stationary ground mount on a pallet for defense of static targets. The Avenger PMS has been demonstrated with a mock-up of two 70 mm helicopter-type rocket pods carrying a total of 36 rockets to give the system greater multi-mission utility. Other missiles such as the Bofors RBS 70/Bolide have been proposed for use on the Avenger PMS.

In March 2017, Boeing revealed a modernized Avenger system fitted with AIM-9X Sidewinder and Longbow Hellfire missiles on the sides and a directed energy weapon affixed to the top. It is also planned to be integrated onto other platforms including the JLTV, Stryker, and Bradley Fighting Vehicle. While Boeing had configured a Stryker with the Avenger turret to fulfill the Army's Interim Maneuver-Short-Range Air Defense (IM-SHORAD) requirement, the Army ultimately decided against the idea, feeling it would require major modifications to the vehicle and because of the company's desire for the service to supply the turrets, of which there were a limited amount existing readily in the inventory.

During a 2017 joint French-Egyptian naval exercise, an AN/TWQ-1 Avenger was mounted onto the helicopter flight deck of a Mistral-class amphibious assault ship to provide ad-hoc close-range air defense. The ship was originally slated to be sold to Russia, but the sale was canceled due to international sanctions imposed on Russia following the Annexation of Crimea. The ship was sold to the Egyptian navy without the originally planned Russian air defense systems.

Dimensions

 * Length – 16 ft
 * Width – 7 ft
 * Height – 8 ft
 * Weight – 8600 lb
 * Crew – 2 (Basic), 3 (STC)
 * Road speed – 55 mph
 * Range – 275 mi
 * Engine – Detroit Diesel cooled V-8
 * Engine power output – 135 hp

Sensors

 * Forward Looking Infrared Receiver (FLIR)
 * Eye Safe Laser rangefinder
 * Optical sight

Weapons

 * 4/8 ready-to-fire FIM-92 Stinger missiles
 * One FN M3P machine gun built by FN Herstal, a variant of the Browning AN/M3 developed for aviation use during World War II. It is a 12.7 mm (.50) caliber machine gun with an electronic trigger that can be fired from both the remote control unit (RCU) located in the drivers cab, and from the handstation located in the Avenger turret. It has a 950 to 1100 rounds per minute firing rate. Loads one box of 200–250 rounds at a time.

Operators

 * 🇱🇹 – LAF Air Defence Battalion
 * 🇹🇼 - Avenger batteries have been upgraded by integrating CS/MPQ-90 Bee Eye radars
 * 🇺🇸 – U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps
 * 🇺🇦 - 20 were delivered from December 2022 onwards.
 * 🇱🇹 – LAF Air Defence Battalion
 * 🇹🇼 - Avenger batteries have been upgraded by integrating CS/MPQ-90 Bee Eye radars
 * 🇺🇸 – U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps
 * 🇺🇦 - 20 were delivered from December 2022 onwards.
 * 🇺🇦 - 20 were delivered from December 2022 onwards.

Comparable systems

 * (SA-13 Gopher)
 * (SA-9 Gaskin)
 * (SA-13 Gopher)
 * (SA-9 Gaskin)

title: AN/TWQ-1 Avenger


text:
User talk:Fledge

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
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[[User:Whosyourjudas|Whosyourjudas\talk]] 02:55, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Welcome! Some tips.
Here are some tips that will help you here. another member (User: Noisy) gave these tips to me, and i thought Noisy's tips would help you too Welcome to Wikipedia!

If you are too timid to start a slash and burn campaign in you subject area of choice, then feel free to play around in the Sandbox.

There are many things to learn here: if you want a few pointers then come and visit me at User: Noisy, or leave a message on my talk page. Otherwise, the only tips I give are
 * that you sign your name with three tildas, and leave name and timestamp with four tildas.
 * around text will stop it being interpreted.
 * Play around with your 'preferences' to change the way that your screen is displayed.
 * And finally ... I recommend that you use the 'Show preview' button as a matter of habit before saving your edits. [[User:Noisy|Noisy | Talk]] 15:50, 20 Nov 2004 (UTC)

--

Dont be too worried about making too many mistakes. with so many people here, someone will be bound to catch mistakes sooner or later, and, if needed, give advice.

And don't forget, The knowledge every new member brings to Wikipedia is valuble. Fledgeling 03:21, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:Mur.jpg
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If the file also doesn't have a copyright tag, then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Fair use, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

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Orphaned fair use image (Image:Mur.jpg)
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Image copyright problem with Image:Em Cartoon.png
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title: User talk:Fledge


text:
User talk:Quarterduck

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
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 * Manual of Style

[[User:Whosyourjudas|Whosyourjudas\talk]] 02:55, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Quarterduck


text:
River Alt

The River Alt is an urban river that flows across Merseyside in England. The river has suffered from heavy pollution from industry and sewage upstream and run-off from farmland in its lower reaches. It empties into the River Mersey, near to where the Mersey itself flows into the Irish Sea. The river has benefited from clean-up schemes and a de-culverting process to improve its water quality and provide a better environment for wildlife.

Etymology
The river's name might be of Latin origin (meaning muddy river) but the banks of the river are lined by villages and places with names of Old Norse derivation. The name Alt could also be derived from Brittonic alt, which can either mean 'cliff' or as is more likely in this case, 'burn, mountain stream' (Welsh allt, Irish ált). Thirdly, the obscure Celtic element *al-, suffixed with the Brittonic nominal suffix -ed may underlie this name.

Route
The Alt runs from Hag Plantation in Huyton at 125 ft, through Croxteth Park, roughly follows the M57 motorway south of Kirkby, then flows north of Aintree and south of Maghull. It then runs south of Formby and empties into the Irish Sea, near the edge of the River Mersey estuary at Hightown.

The Alts upper waters deriving from small streams and, in particular, one arising at Hag Plantation in Huyton. This is the location of the primary source of the river and is also the Huyton Wetlands Site of Biological Interest (SBI). The Alt then flows at a low gradient across an alluvium plain in a northwesterly direction before turning southwards and emptying into the River Mersey at Hightown between Crosby and Formby.

The Alt's catchment boundary reaches as far as Banks and Crossens in the north and out to Burscough and Kirkby in the east. It drains a catchment area of 103 km2  and flows a distance of 28 km from source to the Mersey Estuary.

The river flows through varying types of land: Sherwood Sandstone in the Huyton area, Coal Measures in the West Derby area and eventually Mercia Mudstone in the Maghull/North Sefton area. The estuary forms part of the Ribble and Alt Estuaries Special Protection Area for wildlife.

Before the installation of tidal floodgates at Hightown in the 18th Century, the river was once called a "troublesome little river" its ever changing course cutting through the field boundaries, threatening roads and bridges and was rumoured to have wiped out the hamlet of Altmouth sometime between 1577 and 1713. However, studies of mapping have shown that there was never a village symbol at Altmouth on the maps, although one mapman stated there was a village there, but was unclear as to if it was on the north or south side of the river mouth. Flooding along the river was a problem until the 1960s when work to straighten and canalise the river, plus the opening of pumping stations at Crossens in 1959 and Altmouth in 1972, ended the regular inundation of fields by water from the sources and from the sea. The river downstream of Maghull is rich agricultural land, but 52 km2 of it is below sea level and so requires the pumping stations to prevent tidal incursions into the river. The river was once well known for its fish and large quantities of eels were trapped upstream and in its tributaries. Flatfish like dabs, plaice and flounder were caught in the estuary and the tidal reaches, vast cockle beds were worked in the estuary.

The river began to change in the early 20th century as Liverpool expanded and industry, then new housing began to grow along its banks. By the 1970s, the pollution had affected the river so much, it was listed as being class 3 or 4, which meant that apart from bloodworms, there was no life in the river. Part of this problem lies with when the river was culverted and housing was erected near to and over the river, the wastewater pipes from the dwellings were wrongly connected to discharge their water directly into the river.

New sewage farms at Croxteth and Hillhouse plus modernisation to existing sewage farms and the decrease in heavy industry in Knowsley, Kirkby and Aintree began to clean up the river and by the early 1990s freshwater fish began to colonise the river from tributaries like Sudell Brook and Downholland Brook. By 2000, the river was well known among local anglers for its healthy population of pike, chub, bream, roach and sticklebacks. Herons, kingfishers and, in summer, egrets can often be seen in the water. In 2016, the Environment Agency released 9,000 fish into the river to replenish stocks.

The Alt is still not clean due to its heritage as a handy dumping ground for sewage and industrial waste. Currently it has a moderate ecological rating but a fail rating for chemicals due to heavy metals in its silt. However, in 2006, the amount of wildlife that lived in and around the river earned it a clean bill of health from the Environment Agency.

Improvements
In 1996, a 140 m long, and a 30 m wide section of the river flowing through Knowsley, was rehabilitated from a straight, narrow stretch of water into a low floodplain where the water would spread out into several courses over the plain. The main channel was diverted and several smaller channels were created by the addition of berms to separate them. This has allowed plants to thrive and offers a floodplain where there was not one before.

In June 2014, a new section of the river was de-culverted and was lengthened through the addition of bends to improve the river's quality and also provide a greenspace for the nearby residents of Croxteth. Initially tied in with a development plan connected with Stonebridge Cross, the 300 m section was opened to daylight to create a meandering riverside that stretched to 870 m and would help when the river was in flood as well as improve the area for wildlife.

Settlements

 * Hightown
 * Formby
 * Little Altcar
 * Great Altcar
 * Ince Blundell
 * Maghull
 * Aintree
 * Melling
 * Waddicar
 * Kirkby
 * Knowsley
 * Croxteth
 * West Derby
 * Huyton

Tributaries

 * Downholland Brook
 * New Cut
 * Bull Cop
 * Sandy Brook
 * Old Canal
 * Fine Jane's Brook
 * Leather Barrow's Ditch
 * Cheshire Lines Brook
 * Barton Brook
 * Chisnall Brook
 * Rough Brook
 * Arnold's Cop
 * Main Sluice
 * Tongue's Watercourse
 * Within's Watercourse
 * Lydiate Brook
 * Carr Sluice
 * Maghull Hey Cop
 * Carr Sluice
 * Hunt's Brook
 * Maghull Brook
 * St. Helen's Gutter (as the Alt is known between Aintree and Maghull)
 * Dover's Brook
 * Whinny Brook
 * Harrison's Brook
 * Netherton's Brook
 * Kirkby Brook
 * Simonswood Brook
 * Knowsley Brook
 * Tue Brook

title: River Alt


text:
Lassell

Lassell may refer to:

 * Michael Lassell (born 1947), American writer and editor
 * William Lassell (1799–1880), English astronomer. Objects named after him include
 * 2636 Lassell, a minor planet
 * Lassell (lunar crater)
 * Lassell (Martian crater)
 * Mount Lassell in Antarctica

title: Lassell


text:
Johann von Leers

Omar Amin (born Johann Jakob von Leers; 25 January 1902 – 5 March 1965) was an Alter Kämpfer and an honorary Sturmbannführer in the Waffen-SS in Nazi Germany, where he was also a professor known for his anti-Jewish polemics. He was one of the most important ideologues of the Third Reich, serving as a high-ranking propaganda ministry official. He later served in the Egyptian Information Department, as well as an advisor to Gamal Abdel Nasser. He published for Goebbels, in Peron's Argentina, and for Nasser's Egypt. He converted to Islam, and changed his name to Omar Amin.

Early life and education
Johann von Leers was born in Vietlübbe, in the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Germany on 25 January 1902. He studied law at the universities of Berlin, Kiel, and Rostock, and eventually worked as an attache in the German Foreign Office. He joined the Viking League Free Corps and then Adler und Falke. Leers became actively involved in völkisch politics during the Weimar Republic and joined the Nazi Party in 1929. He was a district speaker and leader of the National Socialist Students' League, and in 1933 signed the Gelöbnis treuester Gefolgschaft, the "vow of most faithful allegiance" to Adolf Hitler.

Weimar Republic
During the late 1920s, Leers was the leading foreign policy critic of the Strasserist wing of the Nazi Party and was a staunch critic of Alfred Rosenberg.

Nazi Germany
Supporting himself by writing freelance articles for the Nazi Party press, after the Nazis came to power in 1933, Leers was summoned by Joseph Goebbels to work in the propaganda ministry, where he was assigned to proliferate party propaganda, eventually penning 27 books between 1933 and 1945.

Leers was a proponent of realpolitik, advocating a race-free foreign relations policy on the basis of relationship and alliance. He wrote the memo which led to the exemption of non-Jewish racial minorities from race laws in the Third Reich in 1934, 1936, and 1937.

In 1936, Leers was commissioned into the Waffen-SS as an under-Sturmbannführer, eventually becoming a full honorary Sturmbannführer. He went on to serve as a lecturer at the University of Jena.

Leers wrote the notorious anti-Semitic tract (published and popular during the Third Reich), Juden sehen dich an (Jews Are Looking at You). He was fluent in five languages, including Dutch and Japanese.

Jeffrey Herf reports that in December 1942 Leers published an article in Die Judenfrage, a journal which belonged to the anti-Semitic intellectual world, entitled "Judaism and Islam as Opposites". As the title indicates, the author's perspective is Hegelian, presenting Judaism and Islam in terms of thesis and antithesis. This essay also reveals the ingratiating National Socialist perspective which Leers projected on the Islamic past, as well as the intensity of his hatred for Judaism and Jewry. The following passage is part of the original text:

 * Mohammed's hostility to the Jews had one result: Oriental Jewry was completely paralyzed. Its backbone was broken. Oriental Jewry effectively did not participate in [European] Jewry's tremendous rise to power in the last two centuries. Despised in the filthy lanes of the mellah (the walled Jewish quarter of a Moroccan city, analogous to the European ghetto) the Jews vegetated there. They lived under a special law (that of a protected minority), which in contrast to Europe did not permit usury or even traffic in stolen goods, but kept them in a state of oppression and anxiety. If the rest of the world had adopted a similar policy, we would not have a Jewish Question... As a religion, Islam indeed performed an eternal service to the world: it prevented the threatened conquest of Arabia by the Jews and vanquished the horrible teaching of Jehovah by a pure religion, which at that time opened the way to a higher culture for numerous peoples ....

After the Second World War
In 1945, Leers fled from Germany to Italy, where he lived for five years, then in 1950 migrated to Argentina, where he continued his propaganda activities. During this period he was a contributor to Der Weg, a Nazi publication founded in Buenos Aires in 1947. He was praised by Haj Amin al-Husseini, Grand Mufti of Jerusalem and a Nazi wartime ally, for his loyalty to Arab nationalism. Thereafter he moved from Argentina to Egypt.

In Buenos Aires, Leers became editor of Der Weg and praised the American neo-fascist Francis Parker Yockey and his book Imperium for its understanding of Russia, which was heavily influenced by Oswald Spengler's concept of "pseudomorphosis".

The Swedish journalist and writer Elisabeth Åsbrink probed the reasons for Sweden's centrality in the European far-right scene in her book 1947: When Now Begins. In it, she portrays Per Engdahl (1909–1994), the leader of the Swedish fascist movement, who created an escape route for Nazis from all parts of Europe. This route passed through northern Germany and Denmark, leading to Malmö in Sweden. From there, the fleeing Nazis were smuggled to various places in southern Sweden and then sent by ship from Gothenburg to South America. Engdahl claimed to have "saved" about 4,000 Nazis in this way. One of those whom Engdahl assisted was Johann von Leers, who "arrived in Malmö in 1947, and ... got to Buenos Aires, where he edited a paper that became a communications channel between Nazis in Europe and those who ended up in Latin America".

Leers was later persuaded to migrate to Egypt by Haj Amin al-Husseini, who by then was a Palestinian leader living in Egypt, with whom he was in close contact. There, he converted to Islam and changed his name to Omar Amin, as a gesture to his benefactor, and became the political adviser to the Information Department under Muhammad Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser, as well as being friendly with al-Husseini. Eventually he became the head of President Nasser's 'Israeli' propaganda unit and served as head of the Institute for the Study of Zionism, managing anti-Israeli propaganda. Leers was a mentor of Ahmed Huber and networked with Muslim emigres in Hamburg, while also being an acquaintance of Otto Ernst Remer in the country.

Leers died in Egypt on 5 March 1965, aged 63. His remains were returned to Germany at the expense of the Egyptian government and in June 1965 were buried in Schutterwald, in an islamic funeral.

title: Johann von Leers


text:
Talk:Citizens' assemblies of the Roman Republic

Discussion
Shouldn't the Latin name be Res Publica Romanorum ('common property of the Romans')? Kuralyov 02:56, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * As opposed to what, exactly? I've always seen it as the Res Publica Romana myself.--CaesarGJ 04:58, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Edited markup problem in the centuriate assembly section.
The section had some sort of markup error that caused the text to not wrap but scroll far out horizontally. Additonally, the first sentence was missing an article -- 'A'.

Weird error
The very bottom of the article (just below the "see also" link to the Roman constitution) has the text "sdfsdfsdf" which doesn't show up when I try to edit it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.241.198.109 (talk) 11:01, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

I have moved and reorganized this page
This page appears to have fallen into neglect. I moved this page from Roman assemblies to Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Republic. I moved this so that I could integrate it into my series on the Constitution of the Roman Republic.RomanHistorian (talk) 02:54, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

 * See my comments on the Senate of the Roman Republic talk page. I don't think that you can get rid of the Roman assemblies page. But it does need to be shortened substantially.  Wik idea  17:52, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Update on the Roman constitution series
I just wanted to mention my plans for my series on the Roman constitution. There was simply too much information to put on my original page, Constitution of the Roman Republic. There is also a significant amount of information available on the constitutions of the Roman kingdom and empire. Therefore, I am going to give this series somewhat of a matrix structure. Roman Constitution will be the main page of the series. Underneath this page will be Constitution of the Roman Kingdom, Constitution of the Roman Republic and Constitution of the Roman Empire. It surprised me, but apparently there actually was a constitution during the time of the kingdom and then again during the time of the empire.

Underneath the constitution pages, I will have pages on the Senate of the Roman Kingdom, Senate of the Roman Republic, Senate of the Roman Empire, Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Kingdom, Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Republic, Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Empire, Executive Magistrates of the Roman Kingdom, Executive Magistrates of the Roman Republic, and Executive Magistrates of the Roman Empire.

When this is done, I will create a new page called Roman Executive Magistrates, and then populate this page, along with Roman senate and Roman assemblies. All three pages will be condensed versions of their respective sub-pages. Right now, Roman senate and Roman assemblies consist almost exclusively of facts about the republic. Neither page has many citations. They also use a discussion format, and my revisions to these pages will use more of a discussion and analysis format. I am going to be more cautious with my revisions of these pages, because I assume that people will want to restore the original versions for whatever reason.

My hope is to use a discussion and analysis format for the entire series. My overall goal will be to produce a series that doesn't just discuss the facts associated with these offices and institutions. I want the series to tie everything together, and illustrate how everything operated under the overall constitutional system. Right now, the entries on these individual topics (such as roman consul and praetor) simply list facts without providing any deeper analysis or context. It is difficult to truly understand these topics unless you know how they all worked together under the constitutional system.

Also, I am not surprised that there hasn't been more work done on Wikipedia on this topic. It seems as though there are very few books on this subject, and many of those books are quite old. This is unfortunate because this subject is actually quite relevant to modern politics. Many modern governments are designed around a similar constitutional superstructure as was the Roman government. RomanHistorian (talk) 07:22, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

Changes to the page
I have redone this entry, and integrated it into my series on the Roman Constitution. Before my change, 95% of this entry was about the assemblies of the Roman Republic. There was nothing on the assemblies of the Roman Kingdom, and hardly anything on the assemblies of the Roman Empire. The nature of the assemblies, in particular the plebeian form of the Assembly of the Tribes and the Assembly of the Curiae was poorly described before these changes. There was hardly any information about the Comitia Tributa, and almost nothing about the Concilium Plebis. Some of the information (such as the assemblies being abandoned after the reign of the emperor Caligula) was factually incorrect.RomanHistorian (talk) 08:17, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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text:
Stanislaus Kennedy

Sister Stanislaus Stan Kennedy is an Irish nun, social activist, and former member of the Irish Council of State.

She was born Treasa Kennedy in 1939 or 1940 near Lispole on the Dingle Peninsula in County Kerry, Ireland. In 1958 she joined the Religious Sisters of Charity. Initially based in Kilkenny, Ireland she would in time move to Dublin where she is best known for having founded, in 1985, the charity Focus Ireland, which eventually became the largest voluntary organisation in Ireland other than the Legion of Mary. She attended University College Dublin and graduated with a Master of Social Science degree in 1980. In 2001, she also set up the Immigrant Council of Ireland (ICI) as a response to the social needs of new immigrants living in Ireland. In 1997 she was appointed to the Council of State and served until 2004.

In 2014, she was awarded the UCD Alumni Award for Social Sciences.

Kennedy is the author of six books published by Transworld Ireland, including her autobiography The Road Home, which contains a foreword written by former President of Ireland Mary McAleese.

title: Stanislaus Kennedy


text: User talk:208.53.170.53

title: User talk:208.53.170.53