text:
Ada or Ardor: A Family Chronicle

Ada or Ardor: A Family Chronicle is a novel by Vladimir Nabokov published in 1969.

Ada began to materialize in 1959, when Nabokov was flirting with two projects, "The Texture of Time" and "Letters from Terra." In 1965, he began to see a link between the two ideas, finally composing a unified novel from February 1966 to October 1968. The published cumulation would become his longest work. Ada was initially given a mixed reception. However, writing in The New York Times Book Review, noted scholar Alfred Appel called it "a great work of art, a necessary book, radiant and rapturous," and said that it "provides further evidence that he is a peer of Kafka, Proust and Joyce."

Title
According to David Eagleman, Nabokov named the title character in part after his favorite butterfly. An avid professional collector of butterflies, Nabokov especially liked a particular species with yellow wings and a black body. As a synesthete, he associated colors with each letter; A with yellow, and D with black. Thus he saw a reflection of his favorite butterfly (yellow-black-yellow) in the name "Ada." His character, Ada, wanted to be a lepidopterist.

"Ada" is also a pun, a homophone, for "Ardor." Marina, Ada's mother, pronounces her name with "long, deep" Russian "A"s, which is how a speaker of non-rhotic English would say the word "Ardor." Ada's name includes a play on Ad (Ад), Russian for Hell, which serves as a theme throughout the story.

Plot summary
Ada tells the life story of a man named Van Veen, and his lifelong love affair with his sister Ada. They meet when she is eleven (soon to be twelve) and he is fourteen, believing that they are cousins (more precisely: that their fathers are cousins and that their mothers are sisters), and begin a sexual affair. They later discover that Van's father is also Ada's and her mother is also his, hence they themselves are genealogically both third cousins (a relationship both putative and actual) and siblings. The story follows the various interruptions and resumptions of their affair. Both are wealthy, educated, and intelligent. The book itself takes the form of his memoir, written when he is in his nineties, punctuated with his own and Ada's marginalia, and in parts with notes by an unnamed editor which suggest that the manuscript is not complete.

The novel is divided into five parts. As they progress chronologically, this structure evokes a sense of a person reflecting on his own memories, with an adolescence stretching out epically, and many later years simply flashing by.

Setting
The story takes place in the late nineteenth century on Demonia or Antiterra, which appears to be an alternative history of Earth. Antiterra has the same geography and a largely similar history to that of Earth; however, it is crucially different at various points. For example, the United States includes all of the Americas (which were discovered by African navigators). But it was also settled extensively by Russians, so that what we know as western Canada is a Russian-speaking province called "Estoty", and eastern Canada a French-speaking province called "Canady". Russian, English, and French are all in use in North America. The territory which belongs to Russia in our world, and much of Asia, is part of an empire called Tartary, while the word "Russia" is simply a "quaint synonym" for Estoty. The British Empire, which includes most or all of Europe and Africa, is ruled (in the nineteenth century) by a King Victor. A city named Manhattan takes the place of our universe's New York City. Aristocracy is still widespread, but some technology has advanced well into twentieth-century forms. Electricity, however, has been banned since almost the time of its discovery following an event referred to as "the L-disaster". Airplanes and cars exist, but television and telephones do not; their functions are served by similar devices powered by water. The setting is thus a complex mixture of Russia and America in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

The belief in a "twin" world, Terra, is widespread on Antiterra as a sort of fringe religion or mass hallucination. (The name "Antiterra" may be a back-formation from this; the planet is "really" called "Demonia".) One of Van's early specialties as a psychologist is researching and working with people who believe that they are somehow in contact with Terra. Terra's alleged history, so far as he states it, appears to be that of our world: that is, the characters in the novel dream, or hallucinate, about the real world.

The central characters are all members of the North American aristocracy, of mostly Russian and Irish descent. Dementiy ("Demon") Veen is first cousins with Daniel Veen. They marry a pair of twin sisters, Aqua and Marina, respectively, who are also their second cousins. Demon and Aqua raise a son, Ivan (Van); Dan and Marina raise two daughters, Ada and Lucette. The story begins when Van, aged 14, spends a summer with his cousins, then 12 and 8. A rough idea of the years covered by each section is provided in brackets, below, however the narrator's thoughts often stray outside of the periods noted.

Part 1: 43 chapters (1863–1888)
This part, which one critic called "the last 19th-century Russian novel", takes up nearly half the book. Throughout this part of the novel, the many passages depicting the blossoming of Van and Ada's love vary in rhythm, style and vocabulary—ranging from lustrous, deceptively simple yet richly sensual prose to leering and Baroque satire of eighteenth-century pornography—depending on the mood Nabokov wishes to convey.

The first four chapters provide a sort of unofficial prologue, in that they move swiftly back and forth through the chronology of the narrative, but mostly deal with events between 1863 and 1884, when the main thrust of the story commences. They depict Van and Ada discovering their true relationship, Demon and Marina's tempestuous affair, Marina's sister Aqua's descent into madness and obsession with Terra and water, and Van's "first love", a girl he sees in an antique shop but never speaks to. Chapters 4 to 43 mostly deal with Van's adolescence, and his first meetings with his "cousin" Ada—focused on the two summers when he joins her (and her "sister" Lucette) at Ardis Hall, their ancestral home, in 1884 and 1888.

In 1884 Van and Ada, age 14 and 12, fall passionately in love, and their affair is marked by a powerful sense of romantic eroticism. The book opens with their discovery that they are in fact not cousins but brother and sister. The passage is notoriously difficult, more so as neither of them explicitly states the conclusion they have drawn (treating it as obvious), and it is only referred to in passing later in the text. Although Ada's mother keeps a wedding photo dated August 1871, eleven months before her birth, they find in a box in the attic a newspaper announcement dating the wedding to December 1871; and furthermore that Dan had been abroad since that spring, as proved by his extensive filmreels. Hence he is not Ada's father. Furthermore, they find an annotated flower album kept by Marina in 1869–70 which indicates, very obliquely, that she was pregnant and confined to a sanatorium at the same time as Aqua; that 99 orchids were delivered to Marina, from Demon, on Van's birthday; and that Aqua had a miscarriage in a skiing accident. It later transpires that Marina gave the child to her sister to replace the one she had lost—so she is in fact Van's mother—and that her affair with Demon continued until Ada's conception. This makes Lucette (Dan and Marina's child) the uterine half-sister of both of them.

Van returns to Ardis for a second visit in the summer of 1888. The affair has become strained because of Van's suspicions that Ada has had another lover and the increasing intrusion of Lucette (their now-12-year-old half-sister) into their trysts (an intrusion that Van half-welcomes with conflicted feelings). This section ends with Van's discovery that Ada has in fact been unfaithful, and his flight from Ardis to exact revenge upon those "rivals" of whom he is aware: Phillip Rack, Ada's older and weak-charactered music teacher; and Percy de Prey, a rather boorish neighbour. Van is distracted by a chance altercation with a soldier named Tapper, whom he challenges to a duel and by whom he is wounded. In hospital he chances upon Phillip Rack, who is dying, and whom Van cannot bring himself to exact revenge upon. He then receives word that Percy de Prey has been shot and killed in Antiterra's version of the ongoing Crimean War. Van moves to live with Cordula de Prey, Percy's cousin, in her Manhattan apartment, whilst he fully recovers. They have a shallow physical relationship, which provides Van with respite from the emotional strain of his feelings for Ada.

Part 2: 11 chapters (1888–1893)
Van spends his time developing his studies in psychology, and visiting a number of the "Villa Venus" upper-class brothels. In the autumn of 1892, Lucette, now having declared her love for Van, brings him a letter from Ada in which she announces she has received an offer of marriage from a wealthy Russian, Andrey Vinelander. Should Van wish to invite her to live with him she will refuse the marriage offer. Van does so, and they commence living together in an apartment Van has purchased from Ada's old school-friend, and Van's former lover, Cordula de Prey.

In February 1893, their father, Demon, arrives with news that his cousin (Ada's supposed father, but actual stepfather) Dan has died following a period of exposure caused by running naked into the woods near his home during a terrifying hallucinatory episode. Upon grasping the situation regarding Van and Ada, he tells Van that Ada would be happier if he "gave her up" ‒and that he would disown Van if he failed to do so. Van acquiesces, leaves, and attempts suicide; his gun, however, fails to fire. He then leaves his Manhattan apartment and preoccupies himself with hunting down a former servant at Ardis, Kim Beauharnais, who had been blackmailing them with photographic evidence of their affair, and savagely beating him with an alpenstock until he is blind.

Part 3: 8 chapters (1893–1922)
With Ada having married Andrey Vinelander, Van occupies himself in traveling and his studies until 1901, when Lucette reappears in England. She has herself booked on the same transatlantic liner, the Admiral Tobakoff, that Van is taking back to America. She attempts to seduce him on the crossing and nearly succeeds, but is foiled when Ada appears in the film, Don Juan's Last Fling which they watch onboard. Lucette then consumes several sleeping pills and commits suicide by throwing herself from the Tobakoff into the Atlantic.

In March 1905, Demon dies in a plane crash. Later that year Ada and Andrey arrive in Switzerland. Van meets with them, and has an affair with Ada whilst pretending that they are engaged in uncovering Lucette's fortune (supposedly concealed in various hidden bank accounts). They hatch a plot for her to abandon Andrey, a plan they now consider feasible due to Demon's death. During their stay in Switzerland, however, Andrey falls ill with tuberculosis, and Ada decides that she cannot abandon him until he has recovered. Van and Ada part, and Andrey remains ill for 17 years, at which point he dies. Ada then flies back to Switzerland to meet with Van.

Part 4: Not subdivided (i.e. 1 chapter) (1922)
This part comprises Van's lecture The Texture of Time, apparently transcribed from his reading it into a tape recorder as he drives across Europe from the Adriatic to meet Ada in Mont Roux, Switzerland while she herself is en route from America via Geneva. The transcription is then edited to merge into a description of his and Ada's actual meeting, and then out again. This makes this part of the novel notoriously self-referential, and hence has been cited as the "difficult" part of the novel, to the extent that some reviewers stated that they wished Vladimir Nabokov had "left it out". It could conversely be argued that this is but one of the most potent evocations of one of the novel's central themes: "...the interpenetration of ineffable romance and ineluctable reality."

That said, Van and Ada ultimately reunite and begin living together.

Part 5: 6 chapters (1922–1967)
This section of the novel is set in 1967, as Van completes his memoirs as laid out in Ada or Ardor: A Family Chronicle. He describes his contentment, such as it is, his relationship with his book, and the continuing presence of, and his love for, Ada. This swan song is interspersed with remarks on pain and the ravages of time. Van and Ada have a conversation about death, and Van breaks off from correcting what he considers his essentially complete, but not yet fully polished, work. The book climaxes with Van and Ada merging into "Vaniada, Dava or Vada, Vanda and Anda".

Criticism and reception
Critics dispute whether Van and Ada die by suicide at the end, as the author says "if our time-racked flat-lying couple ever intended to die".

David Potter describes Van's narrated world in the memoir as "an unstable blending of contradictions, jarring fantastical elements, and hallucinated temporalities" over which Van is only partially in control. He argues that this is what makes the novel so notoriously difficult to interpret.

Garth Risk Hallberg found the book challenging, but also acclaimed its prose and argued that Nabokov "manages a kind of Proustian magic trick: he recovers, through evocation, the very things whose losses he depicts."

David Auerbach felt that both Ada and its lead characters were alienating, and believed that Nabokov knew readers would find them so. He considered Van Veen to be an unreliable narrator and speculates that much of the story is Van's fantasy, comparing Antiterra to the expressly fictional settings Nabokov created in Invitation to a Beheading, Bend Sinister and Pale Fire.

title: Ada or Ardor: A Family Chronicle


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alfie Sykes

Alfie Sykes
Non-notable vanity page for unknown author of alleged forthcoming book. --Viriditas | Talk 06:27, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity Cdc 06:32, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * del. Mikkalai 09:07, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: It's not even clear if it's an upcoming book or a novelization of a movie.  Geogre 15:52, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Subject is not notable. Jacob1207 05:20, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
2000 North Rhine-Westphalia state election

The 2000 North Rhine-Westphalia state election was held on 14 May 2000 to elect the 13th Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia. The outgoing government was a coalition of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and The Greens led by Minister-President Wolfgang Clement.

The SPD remained the largest party but declined to 42.8%, its worst result since 1958. However, the opposition Christian Democratic Union (CDU) failed to capitalise, falling slightly to 37%. The Free Democratic Party (FDP) returned to the Landtag in third place with 10%, while the Greens took losses and recorded 7%. Overall, the incumbent government retained a reduced majority. Minister-President Clement met with FDP lead candidate Jürgen Möllemann post-election, but the SPD settled on renewing the coalition with the Greens. Clement was re-elected by the Landtag on 21 June.

Electoral system
The Landtag was elected via mixed-member proportional representation. 151 members were elected in single-member constituencies via first-past-the-post voting, and fifty then allocated using compensatory proportional representation. A single ballot was used for both. The minimum size of the Landtag was 201 members, but if overhang seats were present, proportional leveling seats were added to ensure proportionality. An electoral threshold of 5% of valid votes is applied to the Landtag; parties that fall below this threshold are ineligible to receive seats.

Background
In the previous election held on 14 May 1995, the SPD lost their Landtag majority for the first time since 1980. The CDU recorded another poor performance with under 38% of the vote, while the FDP fell to 4% and lost their seats. The Greens achieved a significant victory with 10% and held balance of power in the Landtag, subsequently forming a coalition government with the SPD.

In May 1998, long-serving Minister-President Johannes Rau resigned. He was succeeded by state economics minister Wolfgang Clement, who continued the coalition with the Greens.

Parties
The table below lists parties represented in the 12th Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia.

Campaign
Minister-President Clement stated he hoped for the SPD to regain its parliamentary majority, but that he could also accept a coalition with either the Greens or the FDP. The CDU under lead candidate Jürgen Rüttgers aimed to win government, in coalition with the FDP if necessary. The Greens campaigned for a continuation of the outgoing coalition, and capitalised on the SPD's ambivalence toward coalition partners with the slogan: "If you want red-green, you have to vote Green." The FDP ran with former Vice-Chancellor Jürgen Möllemann as their lead candidate, and sought to re-enter the Landtag and surpass the Greens for third place.

The CDU were dragged down by the ongoing donations scandal which began at the end of the previous year; their popularity in state polling fell from a high of 46% in December to just 32% in March.


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Keith Miles

Keith Miles (born 1940) is a Welsh writer of historical fiction and mystery novels. He has also written children's books, radio and television dramas and stage plays. He is best known under the pseudonym Edward Marston, and has also written as Martin Inigo and Conrad Allen.

Career
Miles was born and educated in South Wales. He gained a degree in Modern History from Oxford University and spent three years as a lecturer, before becoming a full-time writer. Miles's early work was as a scriptwriter for television and radio, including series such as Crossroads, Z-Cars and The Archers. Miles was chairman of the Crime Writers' Association for 1997–98. He was previously married to Rosalind Miles and is now married to another mystery writer, Judith Cutler.

Mystery fiction written as Keith Miles
Beginning in the mid-1980s, Miles turned to writing mystery fiction. His first series, written under his own name, featured Alan Saxon, a professional golfer-turned-amateur detective. After four books, Miles's publisher did not wish to continue the series, which only resumed after a hiatus of more than a decade. He has written two mysteries set in the United States which feature a Welsh architect, Merlin Richards.

The Action Scene series included five books, from Skydive to Frontier; as Miles, he also wrote Not for Glory, Not for Gold, a novel about athletics.

The City Hospital series included ten books, starting with New Blood (1995) and ending with Heart Rate (1996). In 2019, Amazon in the U.S. was giving away the individual e-books of this series at no charge to Kindle Unlimited members.

Edward Marston
In 1988, Miles began a series set in the theatrical world of Elizabethan London. For this series, and for most of his subsequent writing, he adopted the pseudonym Edward Marston, the name reflecting that of a real Elizabethan playwright, John Marston. The series features a fictional theatrical company, Westfield's Men, and, in particular, Nicholas Bracewell, its book-holder, a position similar to that of the modern stage manager. His next series as Marston was set during the reign of William the Conqueror; its two main characters, surveyors for Domesday Book, are Ralph Delchard, a Norman soldier, and Gervase Bret, a former novice turned lawyer, who is half Saxon and half Breton.

Marston began his Restoration series in 1999 featuring architect/detective Christopher Redmayne and the puritan Constable Jonathan Bale. Six books were written in this series, with the last one, The Painted Lady, released in 2007. In the "Captain Rawson" series, Marston has written about a soldier and spy operating during the military campaigns of the Duke of Marlborough.

In recent years, he began the "Home Front Detective Series", set in London during the First World War; seven had been published as of 2019. His "Bow Street Rivals" series, set in London during the Napoleonic Wars, includes five books as of 2020.

Marston has been most prolific in his "Railway Detective" series, published by Allison & Busby. This is set in the middle of the 19th century against the background of the "Railway Age". It concerns two Scotland Yard detectives, Inspector Robert Colbeck and Sergeant Victor Leeming, whose cases are invariably linked to the railways. Colbeck is a former barrister who is enthralled by the railways and marries a railwayman's daughter. Leeming, in contrast, detests travelling by train and yearns for the days of horse-drawn transport. Beginning with The Railway Detective itself in 2004, there were 20 titles in this series to the end of 2021.

Other pseudonyms
Miles has used three other pseudonyms: Martin Inigo, Conrad Allen and David Garland. As Allen, he wrote about the private detectives George Porter Dillman and Genevieve Masefield, who operated aboard ocean liners of the early 20th century. There were eight books in this series, starting with Murder on the Lusitania (1999) and concluding with Murder on the Celtic (2007). As Garland he wrote novels about the American Revolutionary War, Saratoga and Valley Forge. He also wrote several other types of books as Garland.

He used the pseudonym Christopher Mountjoy for three books in the 1980s, Coming of Age, Queen and Country and The Honourable Member.

As Keith Miles

 * Warrior Kings (1978)
 * The Alan Saxon series
 * Bullet Hole (1986)
 * Double Eagle (1987)
 * Green Murder (1990)
 * Flagstick (1991)
 * Bermuda Grass (2002)
 * Honolulu Play-Off (2004)
 * The Action series
 * Skydive (1987)
 * Seabird (1987)
 * Bushranger (1987)
 * Snowstorm (1988)
 * Frontier (1989)
 * The City Hospital series
 * New Blood (1995)
 * Flames (1995)
 * Fever (1995)
 * Emergency (1995)
 * Coma (1995)
 * Target (1995)
 * Stress (1996)
 * X-Ray (1996)
 * Highrise (1996)
 * Heart Rate (1996)
 * The Merlin Richards series, Set in the late 1920s. Merlin is a bored young Welsh architect who seeks his fortune in the US, hopefully working for the famous American architect Frank Lloyd Wright. Merlin's strong sense of morality means that when crimes happen around him he won't just leave it to the police to solve!
 * Murder in Perspective (1997)
 * Saint's Rest (1999)

As Edward Marston
[The first three above-mentioned in this series are available in an omnibus edition]
 * The Elizabethan Theatre series, featuring Nicholas Bracewell, stage manager (and amateur detective) for one of Elizabethan London leading theatrical companies:
 * The Queen's Head (1988)
 * The Merry Devils (1989)
 * The Trip to Jerusalem (1990)
 * The Nine Giants (1991)
 * The Mad Courtesan (1992)
 * The Silent Woman (1992)
 * The Roaring Boy (1995) (nominated for the Edgar Award for Best Novel, 1996)
 * The Laughing Hangman (1996)
 * The Fair Maid of Bohemia (1997)
 * The Wanton Angel (1999)
 * The Devil's Apprentice (2001)
 * The Bawdy Basket (2002)
 * The Vagabond Clown (2003)
 * The Counterfeit Crank (2004)
 * The Malevolent Comedy (2005)
 * The Princess of Denmark (2006)
 * The Domesday series, featuring Ralph Delchard and Gervase Bret, commissioners appointed by William the Conqueror, to look into the serious irregularities that come to light during the compilation of the Domesday Book, the great survey of England:
 * The Wolves of Savernake (1993)
 * The Ravens of Blackwater (1994)
 * The Dragons of Archenfield (1995)
 * The Lions of the North (1996)
 * The Serpents of Harbledown (1996)
 * The Stallions of Woodstock (1997)
 * The Hawks of Delamere (1998)
 * The Wildcats of Exeter (1998)
 * The Foxes of Warwick (1999)
 * The Owls of Gloucester (2000)
 * The Elephants of Norwich (2000)
 * The Restoration series, featuring architect Christopher Redmayne and Constable Jonathan Bale, set in 1660s/70s London:
 * The King's Evil (1999)
 * The Amorous Nightingale (2000)
 * The Repentant Rake (2001)
 * The Frost Fair (2003)
 * The Parliament House (2006)
 * The Painted Lady (2007)
 * The Railway Detective series, featuring Scotland Yard detectives Inspector Robert Colbeck and Sergeant Victor Leeming, set in the 1850s and 60s:
 * The Railway Detective (2004)
 * The Excursion Train (2005)
 * The Railway Viaduct (2006)
 * The Iron Horse (2007)
 * Murder on the Brighton Express (2008)
 * The Silver Locomotive Mystery (2009)
 * Railway to the Grave (2010)
 * Blood on the Line (2011)
 * The Stationmaster's Farewell (2012)
 * Peril on the Royal Train (2013)
 * Inspector Colbeck's Casebook: Thirteen Tales from the Railway Detective (2014)
 * A Ticket to Oblivion (2014)
 * Timetable of Death (2015)
 * Signal for Vengeance (2016)
 * The Circus Train Conspiracy (2017)
 * A Christmas Railway Mystery (2017)
 * Points of Danger (2018)
 * Fear on the Phantom Special (2019)
 * Slaughter in the Sapperton Tunnel (2020)
 * Tragedy on the Branch Line (2021)
 * The Railway Detective's Christmas Case (2022)
 * Death at the Terminus (2023)
 * Murder in Transit (2024)
 * The Captain Rawson series, featuring Captain Daniel Rawson, soldier and spy, set around the period of the War of the Spanish Succession:
 * Soldier of Fortune (2008)
 * Drums of War (2008)
 * Fire and Sword (2009)
 * Under Siege (2010)
 * A Very Murdering Battle (2011)
 * The Home Front Detective Series, featuring Inspector Harvey Marmion and Sergeant Joe Keedy, set in WWI.
 * A Bespoke Murder (2011)
 * Instrument of Slaughter (2012)
 * Five Dead Canaries (2013)
 * Deeds of Darkness (2014)
 * Dance of Death (2015)
 * The Enemy Within (2016)
 * Under Attack (2017)
 * The Unseen Hand (2019)
 * Orders to Kill (2021)
 * Danger of Defeat (2023)
 * The Bow Street Rivals series
 * Shadow of the Hangman (2015)
 * Steps to the Gallows (2016)
 * Date with the Executioner (2017)
 * Fugitive from the Grave (2018)
 * Rage of the Assassin (2020)
 * Short Story Collections
 * Perfect Shadows' (1999)
 * Murder, Ancient and Modern (Crippen & Landru, 2005)
 * Non-fiction (Crime studies)
 * John Christie. Surrey: The National Archives. ISBN 978-1-905615-16-2.

As Martin Inigo

 * The Don Hawker series
 * Stone Dead (1991)
 * Touch Play (1991)

As Conrad Allen

 * The Dillman and Masefield series, featuring private detectives George Porter Dillman and Genevieve Masefield, and set on board ocean liners of the early 1900s. This series has subsequently been reprinted credited to Edward Marston:
 * Murder on the Lusitania (1999)
 * Murder on the Mauretania (2000)
 * Murder on the Minnesota (2002)
 * Murder on the Caronia (2002)
 * Murder on the Marmora (2004)
 * Murder on the Salsette (2005)
 * Murder on the Oceanic (2006)
 * Murder on the Celtic (2007)

As David Garland

 * The American Revolutionary War series, featuring Captain Jamie Skoyles, set during the American Revolutionary War:
 * Saratoga (2005)
 * Valley Forge: A Novel of the American Revolution (2006)

title: Keith Miles


text:
Category:American police officers

Police officers from and/or in the United States.

title: Category:American police officers


text:
Talk:Kaifeng

population figures
Where are we getting the population figures from?
 * i got my figures from this subpage of the government website of Kaifeng. --Plastictv 07:34, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

new Xiangfu District
Looking on the map and table on zhwiki Jinming District (金明区) and Kaifeng County (开封县) aren't listed anymore - instead there is a new Xiangfu District (祥符区). Please update enwiki accordingly. --katpatuka (talk) 18:40, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

Etymology
Note that the government web portal China.org.cn is on record stating that the name predated the Qin, having been founded as Kaifeng ("Opening Up New Lands") by the Zhuang Duke of Zheng in the late 8th century BC when he was settling some new territory. It had already been renamed Bianliang before the Qin. — Llywelyn II   14:51, 4 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kaifeng


text:
Talk:Tokoroa

Untitled
Tokoroa is the best and the most well known in New Zealand. The culture is well known and the industrial shops are cheap..

Fast growing town
The statement that Tokoroa is a fast growing town, does not reconcile with the opening paragraph declaring no real change in population in the last 14 years.10:01, 30 September 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Browning ave (talk • contribs)
 * Thanks for pointing this out. I've changed it.- gadfium 20:20, 30 September 2010 (UTC)

Acknowledgement of deceased
Kia ora, I would like a section added in that acknowledges those that have passed on with attributes added in by family members. My father, Graham Rewita was a great man who passed away in 1998 alongside his elder brother Thomas Rewita in lake Taupō. My family are looking into providing a water safety workshop with Taupō council and would like to link it back to Tokoroa where we come from. TeAOMāori (talk) 21:10, 8 January 2021 (UTC)
 * The article has a "notable people" section which lists people who are both notable and have a significant connection to Tokoroa. We include only a few words about each person. In general, we expect such people to have an existing article on Wikipedia with suitable references which demonstrate notability. See our guideline on what makes a person sufficiently notable to have an article. I don't see suitable sources online, so your father may not meet our criteria. You should also see the conflict of interest guideline.- gadfium 22:46, 8 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tokoroa


text:
User talk:Stevepareidolia

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
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Proposed deletion of List of screenwriting gurus

The article List of screenwriting gurus has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Article appears to be purely original research. The title says gurus, which is a value judgment unsupported by references. The actual criteria for selection appears to authorship of a book about screenwriting, which makes the title disingenuous. If the author rewrites the article and provides an authoritative secondary source for the list, I will withdraw."

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title: User talk:Stevepareidolia


text:
Ice hotel

An ice hotel is a temporary hotel made up of snow and sculpted blocks of ice. Ice hotels, dependent on sub-freezing temperatures, are constructed from ice and snow and typically have to be rebuilt every year. Ice hotels exist in several countries, and they have varying construction styles, services and amenities, the latter of which may include ice bars, restaurants, chapels, saunas and hot tubs.

Overview
Ice hotels are promoted for adventurous travelers who are interested in novelties and unusual environments and are comfortable with the outdoors. Customers have to be prepared to sleep in beds made of snow or ice, but in the warmth of furs, blankets and sleeping bags designed to withstand extremely cold temperatures. Temperature in the rooms is below zero Celsius, but much warmer than outside. Staying at an ice hotel is expensive as prices for a night range from around US$300 to $3,000. Some ice hotels may be destination hotels.

Lobbies are often filled with ice sculptures, and food and drinks are specially chosen for the circumstances. For instance, glasses in an ice bar can be made of ice and people sit on benches made of ice. An ice bar, sometimes associated with an ice hotel, is a drinking establishment primarily made of ice.

Construction
Ice hotels are dependent upon sub-freezing temperatures (colder than 0 °C or 32 °F) during construction and operation. This imposes time constraints on construction and makes the hotel's season short. Construction typically begins between November and March when snow can be compacted and thick levels of ice form. Although constructing an ice hotel is more labor-intensive than a regular building, building materials are cheaper. Ice hotels have to be reconstructed every year. This is not entirely detrimental to the operators; if an ice hotel does not meet its financial goals, the owner can simply let the building melt in the spring and is left with no building to permanently upkeep.

The walls, fixtures, and fittings are made entirely of ice or compacted snow, and are held together using a substance known as snice, which takes the place of mortar in a traditional brick-built hotel. Sometimes steel framing is used in their construction.

Ice Hotel
The Hôtel de Glace (Ice Hotel) first opened in January 2001. 85 rooms are furnished with ice beds covered with deer furs and mattresses and equipped with arctic sleeping bags. It was originally located on the shores of Lac-Saint-Joseph, Quebec, 31 minutes north of Quebec City, but has since moved closer to the city, 10 minutes away from Old Town Quebec. It operates from the first week in January to the last week in March. It has the adjacent Le Quatre Temps restaurant, an ice bar named Absolut Ice Bar, which serves Absolut Vodka and other beverages, sauna and outdoor hot tub. Construction involves the use of blocks of ice and snow. In 2005, construction involved "400 tons of clear ice blocks, trucked in from Montreal, and 12,000 tons of snow produced on site." Beds are constructed of ice, which are topped with "a wooden boxspring and mattress", and mummy-style sleeping bags are provided. The hotel offers paid tours, the participants of which are allowed to use the ice bar until midnight. Ice Hotel was previously the only ice hotel in North America.

Snow Village
Snow Village is a half-hectare village and 30-room ice hotel located in Parc Jean-Drapeau, east of Montreal, in Quebec, Canada that first opened in 2012. It has suites, standard rooms and igloos, an ice restaurant, ice bar and patio, ice chapel and outdoor hot tubs. It is constructed from man-made snow created by snowmaking machines, which is blown onto frames that are removed when construction is complete. This is performed because the density of the artificial snow is greater than that of natural snow. The hotel is equipped with fire alarms that are built into snow walls, as required by the city of Montreal. Initial construction cost $2.1 million, and the Quebec government provided some financial support for its construction.

SnowCastle of Kemi
The SnowCastle of Kemi in Kemi, Finland is the largest snow fort in the world, is rebuilt every winter and has a snow hotel with double rooms and a honeymoon suite. The facility also has a restaurant, chapel, and ice sculptures. It is near the Gulf of Bothnia. The style of the facility, including the theme, shape, size and decorations, changes annually.

Lainio Snow Village
The Lainio Snow Village is located 150 km north of the Arctic Circle in Lapland. This snow hotel is built in the winter atop a wood building. In 2007, construction began in November, and in December, it began providing lodging. The hotel has restrooms and a sauna, and the village has a restaurant. Rooms are decorated with artwork created from snow. In 2007, art students contributed to the art with professional artists. In the summer, the village provides log cabin lodging.

Japan
The Alpha Resort Tomamu in the Shimukappu village of Hokkaido Island in Japan builds and opens an ice hotel every year. It may be Japan's first ice hotel, and everything in it is constructed from ice. The hotel interiors are typically −3 to −5 °C. Guests dine on ice tables and sit on ice chairs covered with sheepskin. The hotel provides sheepskin apparel for guests to stay warm.

Ice Bar
Ice Bar, run by Ice Hotel, is a bar located in downtown Oslo, Norway which serves drinks all year long in an artificially frozen environment.

Ice Lodge
The Ice Lodge in Norway is part of the Bjorligard Hotel. It is the largest ice hotel in Norway, and its season is longer than other ice hotels due to its elevation at 1250 m above sea level.

Kirkenes Snow Hotel
The Kirkenes Snow Hotel is located in Finnmark, Norway, the easternmost and northernmost county in Norway. The hotel is 15 km from the Norwegian-Russian border and first opened in 2006. It had 20 rooms and the largest snow dome in Norway (8 metres high and 12 metres in diameter). All the rooms were individually decorated by ice artists from Finland and Japan. The west Snow Hall was decorated by local sculptor Arild Wara. A night in the snow hotel is combined with a special dinner prepared on an open fire. Visitors can get a sauna before or after staying at the hotel. The hotel has an ice bar, a reindeer park, and a husky farm.

Sorrisniva Igloo Hotel
Sorrisniva Igloo Hotel is located in rural Alta Municipality, about 20 km south of the town of Alta. The igloo hotel has been rebuilt yearly since 1999. It is Europe’s northernmost ice hotel, as it is in the Finnmark region and is approximately 250 km from the North Cape. The 2000 m2 hotel has 30 rooms, including two suites. It is decorated with ice sculptures and ice furnishings, including lighting systems which enhance the different types of crystalline formations. Besides the bedrooms the hotel contains an ice chapel, ice gallery and ice bar where drinks are served in glasses made of ice. Additional facilities include a sauna and outdoor bathtubs with hot water. The ice sculptures at the hotel change yearly. The Sorrisniva Igloo Hotel in Alta has a changing theme every year. In 2004, it was a Viking theme, in 2005, Norwegian fairytales, and in 2006, the theme was wild animals of the region. To stay warm when sleeping, guests use sleeping bags that sit on top of reindeer hides.

Romania

Bâlea Lake Ice Hotel, the first ice hotel in Eastern Europe was built in 2006 in Romania, deep in the Făgăraș Mountains, at an elevation of 2034 meters above sea level. In winter, it is only accessible by cable car, since the national road DN7, the Transfăgărășan, is closed in the winter.

This picturesque setting is next to Bâlea Lake, where each year local craftsmen wait for the lake to freeze, before using the ice to build the small 12-room Ice Hotel and its adjacent Ice Church, Ice Restaurant and Ice Bar. Local artists imitate sculptures by Romanian modernist sculptor, Constantin Brâncuși. Typically the hotel is completed in December and is open until it melts in late March or April.

Bedding, furs, specialist sleeping bags are all provided, with bathroom facilities nearby. There are two chalets within walking distance, which also provide accommodation. Activities such as skiing, sledging or riding a snow bike are on offer. Those who are more organised and adventurous can arrange heliskiing.

The Bâlea Lake Ice Hotel is Romanian owned, but has a relationship with a travel company Untravelled Paths Limited, based in the United Kingdom.

Icehotel Jukkasjärvi
Each year between December and April, the Icehotel in the village of Jukkasjärvi is open. It is about 17 km from Kiruna, Sweden, and it was the world's first ice hotel. 80 rooms and suites are available. In addition to the entrance hall, the hotel has a chapel and an ice bar named Absolut Icebar. In 1989, Japanese ice artists visited the area and created an exhibition of ice art. In spring 1990, French artist Jannot Derid held an exhibition in a cylinder-shaped igloo in the area. One night there were no rooms available in the town, so some of the visitors asked for permission to spend the night in the exhibition hall. They slept in sleeping bags on top of reindeer skin.

The entire hotel is made out of snow and ice blocks taken from the Torne River; even the glasses in the bar are made of ice. Each spring, around March, Icehotel harvests ice from the frozen river and stores it in a nearby production hall with room for over 100,000 tons of ice and 30,000 tons of snow. Some of the blocks of ice weigh two tons, and cranes are used to place them. The ice is used for creating Icebar designs and ice glasses, for ice sculpting classes, events and product launches all over the world while the snow is used for building a strong structure for the building. About 1,000 tons of what is left is used in the construction of the next Icehotel.

Each year, for the past 24 years now, the ice hotel has accepted applications from artists around the world to design the world-famous hotel's art suites. In 2013 there were more than 200 applications submitted from a wide range of artists to design and build an Art Suite. These included artists from a variety of creative backgrounds – including theatre and photography, to interior design and architecture. Around 15 applications are accepted with their designs and head there in November to build the suites.

IGLOOTEL Lapland
IGLOOTEL Lapland is located in Piteå, Sweden approx. 100 km south of the Arctic Circle. Every winter IGLOOTEL is being built and designed from scratch in cooperation with engineers and designers. IGLOOTEL consists of different IGLOOs, for example Sleeping-IGLOOs, Event-IGLOOs, an Ice-Bar and an Aurora Spa Area with a wood fired Outdoor Sauna and Hot Tubs. The IGLOOs are connected through hallways, which are also made of snow and ice. IGLOOTEL has an inner surface area of approx. 900 – 1.000 m2.

Engravings in the snow and ice walls, illuminations and other art varies and creates a new, individual theme each year. Design students from an Art Academy develop the theme and create unique art work in each of the IGLOOs. Natural materials, for example local woods and reindeer skins are used to establish a comfortable atmosphere. The temperature inside IGLOOTEL is constantly between 0 °C (32 °F) and -4 °C (25 °F). The beds in IGLOOTEL Lapland are built on wooden platforms with mattresses and reindeer skins. Guests sleep in polar sleeping bags.

Switzerland
The ski resort in the village of Gstaad, Switzerland in the Swiss Alps has an igloo village where guests can rent igloos for overnight lodging. In the igloos, sleeping areas are raised, and are "layered with foam, carpet and sheep skins", atop which sleeping bags are provided. Lighting is provided by candles.

title: Ice hotel


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User:BenWing

Hello. My name is Ben Wing and I'm the author of most of the code in XEmacs. I've been involved in XEmacs (and Lucid Emacs before that) since 1992. I'm currently a graduate student in Linguistics at the University of Texas, Austin.

 * You can reach me via mail: mailto:ben@xemacs.org.
 * My home page: http://www.666.com/ben/

For more info, see BenWing.

title: User:BenWing


text:
Talk:Villach

you can't translate the german word Kirchtag with churchday, it doesn't make any sense! it's a traditional festival that lasts a whole week.you can expirience the culture and tradtions of the whole Carinthian area!

Slovenian?
Does it make much sense to include the Slovenian name? Are there many Slovenians living in the area? Of course, this is one of the many German place names of Slavic origin, but if that is mentioned, it should be explicitly stated that this is the origin of the name rather than simply the current Slovenian name.

 * A Slovene minority lives in the South of Carinthia, enjoying specific rights laid down in the Austrian constitution. Villach lies at the northern edge of their traditional settlement area, thus I think it is appropriate to include the Slovenian name. Gugganij 11:20, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, i live in Villach and i can assure you there is no slovenian minority living in my hometown... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.121.89.228 (talk) 23:12, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

 * As already mentioned above, Villach lies at the northern edge of the traditional settlement area of Carinthian Slovenes, albeit their number in Villach proper is very small. What is important to note, though, is that in the surrounding (i.e. southern and southeastern) municipalities, of which Villach is the administrative center on a district level, the percentage of Slovenes is higher (e.g. St. Jakob 16%, Finkenstein 6%, Rosegg 6% - figures according to the 2001 census, which some believe is actually underestimating the number of Carinthian Slovenes). Gugganij 00:06, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

 * ok, point taken :) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.121.108.232 (talk) 08:35, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

even if you think it's settled, but, actually villach isn't situated in the area that was once voted upon by the carinthians (October 10th 1920 after the war between carinthia and slovenia)- a small village named Rosegg was the former border... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.177.131.6 (talk) 16:07, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, I never claimed that it were. Gugganij 16:25, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Considering: Notable Citizens
Who's Herwig Putzi? Does he really exist?? The strange surname makes me wondering... Any comments? --143.50.217.196 14:43, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The only Putzi I know is Egon Putzi, founder and CEO of SEZ (Semiconductor Equipment Zubehör). The company is located in Villach. --193.170.53.9 20:10, 3 March 2006 (UTC) (de:Benutzer:Mglanznig)

Herwig goes by Philipp and he does exist. He is in a band and lives in Villach.

 * Anyway, is he really relevant enough to be included in the list? Gugganij 11:27, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * When Egon Putzi isn't listed why list Philipp? I've never heard of him before. --193.170.53.9 21:59, 13 March 2006 (UTC) (de:Benutzer:Mglanznig)

 * I live in Villach and I've never heard about him. I would propose to remove his name from the site. He isn't listed in the German page of Villach neither. Sev0r

Coat of arms
What the heck is this supposed to represent? J I P | Talk 21:01, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

 * It represents a black "Adlerfang" on a yellow background, resting on a rock. An "Adlerfang" is a heraldic figure of the leg and claws of an eagle. --Rbreen (talk) 22:21, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
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title: Talk:Villach


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Talk:Curd

Man you made me hungry
Man you made me hungry. I love cheese curds. once should mention, as i will in a second on your article. that not only chedder cheese is used but many variations, including flavored curds such as garlic and pepper are now availible. —65.31.169.86

Curd (a little sour)
Curd (a little sour) is churned well to yield butter floating and the reminiscent is called "butter milk" in india which is believed to be a cooling effects and is used as an effective thirst quencher.
 * Pardon? Could anyone try to translate this into proper english? —Spudtater 12:09, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

Paneer, an Indian cheese recipe
"Paneer, an Indian cheese recipe of only milk and yoghurt/lemon juice from the BBC food website" whats with the bit??? from the BBC food website? need more info. 124.184.70.211 07:46, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

name for the 'turdler'
is their a scientific name for the substance used to curdle the milk?? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.216.119.24 (talk) 08:51, August 27, 2007 (UTC)

Curdled
I do not see a reason why the article should include a hatnote link to Curdled (film). The film has a different title from the article and does not seem to be related in any way. Is there some reason to include this that I am unaware of? Augurar (talk) 04:36, 11 October 2011 (UTC)

Curd vs Yoghurt
I am Harish, from India. I am surprised to see that there is no mention of "yogurt or yoghurt" in the article. I see that the article actually seems to indicate a closely related substance, while all people from our country are used to use this word "curd" as a replacement to "yogurt" used in US, UK etc. Somebody please clear this. I'm indicating this issue in the beginning (introduction) of the article now. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Harish victory (talk • contribs) 10:11, 20 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Most US yogurt includes the whey, that is the curds and whey have not been seperated. Yogurt that has been drained of its whey is commonly called Greek yogurt or yogurt cheese. 75.14.212.112 (talk) 07:17, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

Ok, now I am confused as to the difference between Curd & Chhena. Are they the same thing ?

(I had though Yogurt & curd were the same thing, and it is not just me, it is the variation in English Language: Buffalo curd) --Ne0 (talk) 10:50, 10 November 2017 (UTC)

Use in making cheese
Under Uses, would it be worth noting the number one use of dairy curd, which is as the first step in making any aged cheese? dtype (talk) 15:51, 6 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Im not sure what do you mean with that!--AlfaRocket (talk) 19:42, 27 August 2017 (UTC)

Merger proposal
Caș is the Romanian name for Curd and not a particular cheese. I propose the merger of the two. Ableci (talk) 20:52, 26 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Agree Pol098 (talk) 22:21, 31 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Caș does translate to 'curd' but it is a cheese in its own right, like quark and other fresh cheeses. I have added a couple of better sources (books) to the article and removed the merge tag. If it is to be merged, this article is not the best target. Leschnei (talk) 14:09, 28 February 2017 (UTC)

Another merge proposal
I have proposed merging this article into Cheese curd. Please see that articles talk page for my reasoning and further discussion. Leschnei (talk) 17:52, 13 July 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Curd


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Wyon

Several members of the Wyon family were noted medal makers:

 * Thomas Wyon the elder (1767–1830), British engraver
 * Peter Wyon (1797–1822), British engraver
 * Thomas Wyon (1792–1817), British engraver
 * William Wyon (1795–1851), British engraver
 * Benjamin Wyon (1802–1858), British engraver
 * Leonard Charles Wyon (1826–1891), British engraver
 * Joseph Shepherd Wyon (1836–1873), British engraver
 * Alfred Benjamin Wyon (1837–1884), British engraver
 * Edward Alexander Wyon (1842−1872), British architect and poet
 * Olive Wyon (1881–1966), British author and translator
 * Allan Wyon (1843–1907), British engraver
 * Allan G. Wyon (1882–1962), British die-engraver and sculptor

title: Wyon


text:
User talk:Clinker~enwiki

Hello, "Clinker".

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Cheers, -- Infrogmation 06:34, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Clinker. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Clinker~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
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Xenobiology

Xenobiology (XB) is a subfield of synthetic biology, the study of synthesizing and manipulating biological devices and systems. The name "xenobiology" derives from the Greek word xenos, which means "stranger, alien". Xenobiology is a form of biology that is not (yet) familiar to science and is not found in nature. In practice, it describes novel biological systems and biochemistries that differ from the canonical DNA–RNA-20 amino acid system (see central dogma of molecular biology). For example, instead of DNA or RNA, XB explores nucleic acid analogues, termed xeno nucleic acid (XNA) as information carriers. It also focuses on an expanded genetic code and the incorporation of non-proteinogenic amino acids, or “xeno amino acids” into proteins.

Difference between xeno-, exo-, and astro-biology
"Astro" means "star" and "exo" means "outside". Both exo- and astrobiology deal with the search for naturally evolved life in the Universe, mostly on other planets in the circumstellar habitable zone. (These are also occasionally referred to as xenobiology. ) Whereas astrobiologists are concerned with the detection and analysis of life elsewhere in the Universe, xenobiology attempts to design forms of life with a different biochemistry or different genetic code than on planet Earth.

Aims

 * Xenobiology has the potential to reveal fundamental knowledge about biology and the origin of life. In order to better understand the origin of life, it is necessary to know why life evolved seemingly via an early RNA world to the DNA-RNA-protein system and its nearly universal genetic code. Was it an evolutionary "accident" or were there constraints that ruled out other types of chemistries? By testing alternative biochemical "primordial soups", it is expected to better understand the principles that gave rise to life as we know it.
 * Xenobiology is an approach to develop industrial production systems with novel capabilities by means of biopolymer engineering and pathogen resistance. The genetic code encodes in all organisms 20 canonical amino acids that are used for protein biosynthesis. In rare cases, special amino acids such as selenocysteine or pyrrolysine can be incorporated by the translational apparatus in to proteins of some organisms. Together, these 20+2 Amino Acids are known as the 22 Proteinogenic Amino Acids. By using additional amino acids from among the over 700 known to biochemistry, the capabilities of proteins may be altered to give rise to more efficient catalytical or material functions. The EC-funded project Metacode, for example, aims to incorporate metathesis (a useful catalytical function so far not known in living organisms) into bacterial cells. Another reason why XB could improve production processes lies in the possibility to reduce the risk of virus or bacteriophage contamination in cultivations since XB cells would no longer provide suitable host cells, rendering them more resistant (an approach called semantic containment)
 * Xenobiology offers the option to design a "genetic firewall", a novel biocontainment system, which may help to strengthen and diversify current bio-containment approaches. One concern with traditional genetic engineering and biotechnology is horizontal gene transfer to the environment and possible risks to human health. One major idea in XB is to design alternative genetic codes and biochemistries so that horizontal gene transfer is no longer possible. Additionally alternative biochemistry also allows for new synthetic auxotrophies. The idea is to create an orthogonal biological system that would be incompatible with natural genetic systems.

Scientific approach
In xenobiology, the aim is to design and construct biological systems that differ from their natural counterparts on one or more fundamental levels. Ideally these new-to-nature organisms would be different in every possible biochemical aspect exhibiting a very different genetic code. The long-term goal is to construct a cell that would store its genetic information not in DNA but in an alternative informational polymer consisting of xeno nucleic acids (XNA), different base pairs, using non-canonical amino acids and an altered genetic code. So far cells have been constructed that incorporate only one or two of these features.

Xeno nucleic acids (XNA)
Originally this research on alternative forms of DNA was driven by the question of how life evolved on earth and why RNA and DNA were selected by (chemical) evolution over other possible nucleic acid structures. Two hypotheses for the selection of RNA and DNA as life's backbone are either they are favored under life on Earth's conditions, or they were coincidentally present in pre-life chemistry and continue to be used now. Systematic experimental studies aiming at the diversification of the chemical structure of nucleic acids have resulted in completely novel informational biopolymers. So far a number of XNAs with new chemical backbones or leaving group of the DNA have been synthesized,  e.g.: hexose nucleic acid (HNA); threose nucleic acid (TNA), glycol nucleic acid (GNA) cyclohexenyl nucleic acid (CeNA). The incorporation of XNA in a plasmid, involving 3 HNA codons, has been accomplished already in 2003. This XNA is used in vivo (E coli) as template for DNA synthesis. This study, using a binary (G/T) genetic cassette and two non-DNA bases (Hx/U), was extended to CeNA, while GNA seems to be too alien at this moment for the natural biological system to be used as template for DNA synthesis. Extended bases using a natural DNA backbone could, likewise, be transliterated into natural DNA, although to a more limited extent.

Aside being used as extensions to template DNA strands, XNA activity has been tested for use as genetic catalysts. Although proteins are the most common components of cellular enzymatic activity, nucleic acids are also used in the cell to catalyze reactions. A 2015 study found several different kinds of XNA, most notably FANA (2'-fluoroarabino nucleic acids), as well as HNA, CeNA and ANA (arabino nucleic acids) could be used to cleave RNA during post-transcriptional RNA processing acting as XNA enzymes, hence the name XNAzymes. FANA XNAzymes also showed the ability to ligate DNA, RNA and XNA substrates. Although XNAzyme studies are still preliminary, this study was a step in the direction of searching for synthetic circuit components that are more efficient than those containing DNA and RNA counterparts that can regulate DNA, RNA, and their own, XNA, substrates.

Expanding the genetic alphabet
While XNAs have modified backbones, other experiments target the replacement or enlargement of the genetic alphabet of DNA with unnatural base pairs. For example, DNA has been designed that has – instead of the four standard bases A, T, G, and C – six bases A, T, G, C, and the two new ones P and Z (where Z stands for 6-Amino-5-nitro3-(l'-p-D-2'-deoxyribofuranosyl)-2(1H)-pyridone, and P stands for 2-Amino-8-(1-beta-D-2'-deoxyribofuranosyl)imidazo[1,2-a]-1,3,5-triazin-4 (8H)). In a systematic study, Leconte et al. tested the viability of 60 candidate bases (yielding potentially 3600 base pairs) for possible incorporation in the DNA.

In 2002, Hirao et al. developed an unnatural base pair between 2-amino-8-(2-thienyl)purine (s) and pyridine-2-one (y) that functions in vitro in transcription and translation toward a genetic code for protein synthesis containing a non-standard amino acid. In 2006, they created 7-(2-thienyl)imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (Ds) and pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde (Pa) as a third base pair for replication and transcription, and afterward, Ds and 4-[3-(6-aminohexanamido)-1-propynyl]-2-nitropyrrole (Px) was discovered as a high fidelity pair in PCR amplification. In 2013, they applied the Ds-Px pair to DNA aptamer generation by in vitro selection (SELEX) and demonstrated the genetic alphabet expansion significantly augment DNA aptamer affinities to target proteins.

In May 2014, researchers announced that they had successfully introduced two new artificial nucleotides into bacterial DNA, alongside the four naturally occurring nucleotides, and by including individual artificial nucleotides in the culture media, were able to passage the bacteria 24 times; they did not create mRNA or proteins able to use the artificial nucleotides.

Novel polymerases
Neither the XNA nor the unnatural bases are recognized by natural polymerases. One of the major challenges is to find or create novel types of polymerases that will be able to replicate these new-to-nature constructs. In one case a modified variant of the HIV-reverse transcriptase was found to be able to PCR-amplify an oligonucleotide containing a third type base pair. Pinheiro et al. (2012) demonstrated that the method of polymerase evolution and design successfully led to the storage and recovery of genetic information (of less than 100bp length) from six alternative genetic polymers based on simple nucleic acid architectures not found in nature, xeno nucleic acids.

Genetic code engineering
One of the goals of xenobiology is to rewrite the genetic code. The most promising approach to change the code is the reassignment of seldom used or even unused codons. In an ideal scenario, the genetic code is expanded by one codon, thus having been liberated from its old function and fully reassigned to a non-canonical amino acid (ncAA) ("code expansion"). As these methods are laborious to implement, and some short cuts can be applied ("code engineering"), for example in bacteria that are auxotrophic for specific amino acids and at some point in the experiment are fed isostructural analogues instead of the canonical amino acids for which they are auxotrophic. In that situation, the canonical amino acid residues in native proteins are substituted with the ncAAs. Even the insertion of multiple different ncAAs into the same protein is possible. Finally, the repertoire of 20 canonical amino acids can not only be expanded, but also reduced to 19. By reassigning transfer RNA (tRNA)/aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase pairs the codon specificity can be changed. Cells endowed with such aminoacyl-[tRNA synthetases] are thus able to read [mRNA] sequences that make no sense to the existing gene expression machinery. Altering the codon: tRNA synthetases pairs may lead to the in vivo incorporation of the non-canonical amino acids into proteins. In the past reassigning codons was mainly done on a limited scale. In 2013, however, Farren Isaacs and George Church at Harvard University reported the replacement of all 321 TAG stop codons present in the genome of E. coli with synonymous TAA codons, thereby demonstrating that massive substitutions can be combined into higher-order strains without lethal effects. Following the success of this genome wide codon replacement, the authors continued and achieved the reprogramming of 13 codons throughout the genome, directly affecting 42 essential genes.

An even more radical change in the genetic code is the change of a triplet codon to a quadruplet and even quintuplet codon pioneered by Sisido in cell-free systems and by Schultz in bacteria. Finally, non-natural base pairs can be used to introduce novel amino acid in proteins.

Directed evolution
The goal of substituting DNA by XNA may also be reached by another route, namely by engineering the environment instead of the genetic modules. This approach has been successfully demonstrated by Marlière and Mutzel with the production of an E. coli strain whose DNA is composed of standard A, C and G nucleotides but has the synthetic thymine analogue 5-chlorouracil instead of thymine (T) in the corresponding positions of the sequence. These cells are then dependent on externally supplied 5-chlorouracil for growth, but otherwise they look and behave as normal E. coli. These cells, however, are currently not yet fully auxotrophic for the Xeno-base since they are still growing on thymine when this is supplied to the medium.

Biosafety
Xenobiological systems are designed to convey orthogonality to natural biological systems. A (still hypothetical) organism that uses XNA, different base pairs and polymerases and has an altered genetic code will hardly be able to interact with natural forms of life on the genetic level. Thus, these xenobiological organisms represent a genetic enclave that cannot exchange information with natural cells. Altering the genetic machinery of the cell leads to semantic containment. In analogy to information processing in IT, this safety concept is termed a “genetic firewall”. The concept of the genetic firewall seems to overcome a number of limitations of previous safety systems. A first experimental evidence of the theoretical concept of the genetic firewall was achieved in 2013 with the construction of a genomically recoded organism (GRO). In this GRO all known UAG stop codons in E.coli were replaced by UAA codons, which allowed for the deletion of release factor 1 and reassignment of UAG translation function. The GRO exhibited increased resistance to T7 bacteriophage, thus showing that alternative genetic codes do reduce genetic compatibility. This GRO, however, is still very similar to its natural “parent” and cannot be regarded to have a genetic firewall. The possibility of reassigning the function of large number of triplets opens the perspective to have strains that combine XNA, novel base pairs, new genetic codes, etc. that cannot exchange any information with the natural biological world. Regardless of changes leading to a semantic containment mechanism in new organisms, any novel biochemical systems still has to undergo a toxicological screening. XNA, novel proteins, etc. might represent novel toxins, or have an allergic potential that needs to be assessed.

Governance and regulatory issues
Xenobiology might challenge the regulatory framework, as currently laws and directives deal with genetically modified organisms and do not directly mention chemically or genomically modified organisms. Taking into account that real xenobiology organisms are not expected in the next few years, policy makers do have some time at hand to prepare themselves for an upcoming governance challenge. Since 2012, the following groups have picked up the topic as a developing governance issue: policy advisers in the US, four National Biosafety Boards in Europe, the European Molecular Biology Organisation, and the European Commission's Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) in three opinions (Definition, risk assessment methodologies and safety aspects, and risks to the environment and biodiversity related to synthetic biology and research priorities in the field of synthetic biology. ).

title: Xenobiology


text: User talk:24.44.114.173

title: User talk:24.44.114.173


text:
2001 Rhineland-Palatinate state election

The 2001 Rhineland-Palatinate state election was held on 25 March 2001 to elect the members of the Landtag of Rhineland-Palatinate. The incumbent coalition government of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and Free Democratic Party (FDP) led by Minister-President Kurt Beck retained its majority and continued in office.

Parties
The table below lists parties represented in the previous Landtag of Rhineland-Palatinate.

Election result
! colspan="2" | Party ! Votes ! % ! +/- ! Seats ! +/- ! Seats % ! colspan=8| ! align=right colspan=2| Total ! align=right| 1,833,846 ! align=right| 100.0 ! align=right| ! align=right| 101 ! align=right| ±0 ! align=right| ! align=right colspan=2| Voter turnout ! align=right| ! align=right| 62.2 ! align=right| 8.6 ! align=right| ! align=right| ! align=right|
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left | Social Democratic Party (SPD)
 * align=right| 820,610
 * align=right| 44.8
 * align=right| 5.0
 * align=right| 49
 * align=right| 6
 * align=right| 48.5
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left | Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
 * align=right| 647,238
 * align=right| 35.3
 * align=right| 3.4
 * align=right| 38
 * align=right| 3
 * align=right| 37.6
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left | Free Democratic Party (FDP)
 * align=right| 143,427
 * align=right| 7.8
 * align=right| 1.1
 * align=right| 8
 * align=right| 2
 * align=right| 7.9
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left | Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne)
 * align=right| 95,567
 * align=right| 5.2
 * align=right| 1.7
 * align=right| 6
 * align=right| 1
 * align=right| 5.9
 * align=right| 1.7
 * align=right| 6
 * align=right| 1
 * align=right| 5.9
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left | Free Voters (FW)
 * align=right| 46,549
 * align=right| 2.5
 * align=right| 2.5
 * align=right| 0
 * align=right| ±0
 * align=right| 0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left | The Republicans (REP)
 * align=right| 44,586
 * align=right| 2.4
 * align=right| 1.1
 * align=right| 0
 * align=right| ±0
 * align=right| 0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left | Others
 * align=right| 35,869
 * align=right| 2.0
 * align=right|
 * align=right| 0
 * align=right| ±0
 * align=right| 0
 * align=right| 0
 * align=right| ±0
 * align=right| 0
 * }


text:
Thomas Wyon

Thomas Wyon the Younger (1792 – 22/23 September 1817) was an English medallist and chief engraver at the Royal Mint.

Life
Wyon was born in Birmingham. He was apprenticed to his father, Thomas Wyon (1767–1830), the chief engraver of the King's seals, who taught him the art of engraving on steel; subsequently he studied at the sculpture school of the Royal Academy in London, where he earned silver medals in both the antique and the life class. In 1809, he struck his first medal, presented to Lieutenant Pearce, R.N. In 1810, he won the gold medal of the Society of Arts for medal engraving; the die, representing a head of Isis, was purchased by the society and used for striking its prize medals. From this period he produced many medals for schools, societies, Pitt clubs, and other institutions.

On 20 November 1811, Wyon was appointed probationary engraver to the Royal Mint, and was employed in making the bank tokens for England and Ireland, and coins for the British colonies and for Hanover. He also engraved his medal commemorative of the peace and his Manchester Pitt medal. On 13 Oct. 1815 he was appointed chief engraver to the mint, being then only twenty-three. The next year he brought out the new silver coinage for the United Kingdom (half-crown, shilling, and sixpence), designing the reverses himself. In 1817 he struck the maundy money, and began to make his pattern crown-piece in rivalry of Thomas Simon.

Signs of consumption now began to appear, and Wyon—a modest and talented artist—died on 23 (or 22) September 1817 at the Priory Farmhouse, near Hastings. He was buried in the graveyard attached to Christ Church, Southwark.

His younger brother, Benjamin Wyon (1802–1858), his nephews, Joseph Shepherd Wyon (1836–1873) and Alfred Benjamin Wyon (1837–1884), and his cousin, William Wyon (1795–1851) were also distinguished medallists.

Work
Among Wyon's medals may be mentioned: 1809, Pearce medal; 1810, Isis medal (re-engraved in 1813); medal of Wellington; 1812, Wooldridge medal; medal for Royal Naval College, Portsmouth; 1813, Manchester Pitt Club medal; "Upper Canada preserved"; 1814, medals presented to the North American Indians; medal of the tsar of Russia struck during the visit of the Grand Duchess of Oldenburg to the English mint; treaty of Paris (published by Rundell & Co. from his "Peace checking the Fury of War," a design which had gained the gold medal of the Society of Arts); centenary of accession of house of Brunswick (for the corporation of Cork), and Liverpool Pitt club medal; 1815, Waterloo medal, with reverse, Victory, adapted from a Greek coin of Elis (Mayo, Medals, plate 22); and 1817, opening of Waterloo Bridge. Wyon also engraved (1813) seals for the Newcastle Antiquarian Society, the Chester Canal Company, and (c. 1815) the Limerick chamber of commerce.

Wyon's engraving of Queen Victoria for the City of London medal was used as the basis for the design of the Penny Black, the world's first postage stamp. Examples of the medal, in silver and bronze, are held in the R M Phillips Collection by the British Postal Museum & Archive.

authors: Петров Эдуард

title: Thomas Wyon


text:
Lomavren language

Lomavren (Լոմավրեն lomavren) is a nearly extinct mixed language spoken by the Lom people, that arose from language contact between a language related to Romani and Domari and the Armenian language.

Names
The language is also known as Bosa/Bosha.

Linguistic features
It lacks grammatical gender and has seven grammatical cases; its grammar is closely related to that of the Erzurum dialect of Armenian, with the vocabulary being almost exclusively Indic.

Numerals in the Romani, Domari and Lomavren languages, with Sanskrit, Hindi, Odia, Bengali, Persian and Sinhala forms for comparison. Also Greek and Latin included.

title: Lomavren language


text:
Sir William Yonge, 4th Baronet

Sir William Yonge, 4th Baronet, (c. 1693 – 10 August 1755) of Escot House in the parish of Talaton in Devon, was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons for 39 years from 1715 to 1754.

Origins
Yonge was the son and heir of Sir Walter Yonge, 3rd Baronet, and his second wife Gwen Williams, daughter of Sir Robert Williams, 2nd Baronet of Penryn, Cornwall. He was a great-great-grandson of Walter Yonge (1579–1649), a lawyer, merchant and notable diarist, whose diaries (1604–45) are valuable material for the contemporaneous history of Great Britain.

Career
In 1715 Yonge was returned as Member of Parliament for his family's Rotten Borough of Honiton, in Devon and held the seat until 1754. He was also returned for Tiverton at the general elections of 1727, 1747 and 1754 but only took the seat in 1754. In the House of Commons he attached himself to the Whigs, and making himself useful to Sir Robert Walpole, was rewarded with a commissionership of the Treasury in 1724. King George II, who conceived a strong antipathy to Sir William, spoke of him as "Stinking Yonge"; but Yonge obtained a commissionership of the Admiralty in 1728, was restored to the Treasury in 1730, and in 1735 became Secretary at War. He distinguished himself especially in his defence of the Government against a hostile motion by Pulteney in 1742. He was created KB in 1725.

Making friends with the Pelhams, he was appointed Vice-Treasurer of Ireland for life in 1746. Acting on the committee of management for the impeachment of Lord Lovat in 1747, he won the applause of Horace Walpole by moving that prisoners impeached for high treason should be allowed the assistance of counsel. In 1748 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He was a founding Governor of the Foundling Hospital, which worked to alleviate the scourge of child abandonment.

He succeeded his father, the 3rd Baronet, in 1731, taking possession of Escot House near Ottery St Mary, Devon, which had been built by his father.

Literary career
Yonge enjoyed some reputation as a versifier, some of his lines being even mistaken for the work of Pope, greatly to the disgust of the latter. He wrote the lyrics incorporated in a comic opera, adapted from Richard Brome's The Jovial Crew, which was produced at the Drury Lane Theatre in 1730 and had considerable success.

Marriages and children
Yonge married in 1716, Mary, the daughter of Samuel Heathcote of Hackney, from whom he was divorced in 1724. At this point they had lived for some time apart and Yonge had a number of extramarital affairs. But when he found out his wife had a lover, too, he took the opportunity to sue his wife's lover for damages, and then as the result of the divorce proceedings he got his wife's dowry and a greater part of her fortune. The case was the inspiration for Lady Mary Montagu to write a poem "Epistle from Mrs Yonge to Her Husband", protesting against the sexual double standard of her era.

By his second wife, Anne Howard, a daughter and coheiress of Thomas Howard, 6th Baron Howard of Effingham, he had two sons and six daughters.

Death
Yonge died at his seat of Escot, near Honiton, on 10 August 1755. He was succeeded in his title and estates by his eldest son Sir George Yonge, 5th Baronet.

title: Sir William Yonge, 4th Baronet


text:
CLS

CLS may refer to:

Academic fields

 * Critical legal studies, school of legal philosophy
 * Constrained least square statistical estimator
 * CLs method to set bounds on particle physics model parameters
 * The .cls file extension, used to hold LaTeX manuscripts - see LaTeX § Compatibility and converters

Education

 * California Labor School, San Francisco, US 1942–57
 * City of London School, UK
 * Covington Latin School, Kentucky, US
 * Crystal Lake South High School, Illinois, US
 * Chicago Law School at The University of Chicago, US
 * Columbia Law School at Columbia University, US
 * Cornell Law School at Cornell University, US
 * Coalition of Latino and Latina Scholars at Teachers College, Columbia University, US
 * Critical Language Scholarship Program of the US State Department

Societies and associations

 * Caribbean Labour Solidarity, based in London, UK
 * Chicago Linguistic Society
 * Christian Legal Society
 * Communist League of Struggle, US, 1931-1937

Software and technology

 * Cable landing station, where a submarine cable comes ashore
 * Common Language Specification, Microsoft
 * CLS (command) to clear computer screen in several environments
 * CLS (CONFIG.SYS directive), in DR-DOS
 * Creative Lighting System, in Nikon speedlights

Medical and science

 * Computational Science, an academical research discipline
 * Canadian Light Source, a synchrotron light source
 * Clinical laboratory science, another name for Medical Technology or Medical Laboratory Science
 * Combat lifesaver, US non-medical military role

Music

 * City of London Sinfonia
 * CLS Music, a record label

Transportation and vehicles

 * Capsule launch system for space capsules
 * Mercedes-Benz CLS-Class, automobile models

Business and finance

 * CLS Group, a global financial market utility
 * Celestica, New York Stock Exchange symbol
 * CLS Communication, translation services
 * CLS Holdings, UK investment company
 * Core Labor Standards, ILO

title: CLS


text:
User:Drew roe

I am currently in my senior year at Murray State University in Murray, Kentucky, where I am majoring in German and minoring in Political Science. I should be graduating in May 2005.

As for other news about me, I am a Christian. I accepted Jesus as my personal Lord and Savior when I was 11 or 12 years old and really am thankful for the knowledge that I will spend eternity with my Father in Heaven! He has truly blessed me beyond my wildest dreams!

Well, other than that, I really don't know what to say. I certainly do hope to continue contributing and to get good at this! Either way, I pray God's richest blessings on each and every one of you!

"Greater love hath no man than this, that a man lay down his life for his friends." (John 15:13, King James Version)

Links
Religious
 * How to become a Christian!!!
 * Southern Baptist Convention
 * Bible Gateway
 * First Baptist Church, O'fallon, Illinois
 * First Baptist Church, Murray, Kentucky
 * Christianity.com Message Boards

Other
 * Murray State University
 * Regensburg, Germany

title: User:Drew roe


text:
Talk:Nig

from VfD:

Try as I might, I don't think I could find a reason for this to be speedily deleted. But still.... --Golbez 06:48, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

keep.-- billyvamp4 Ok... I wrote it, my email address is billyvamp4@hotmail.com. I also included "ger" which was subsequently deleted. You must allow for this entry to remain. Its ridiculous to to think wikipedia is the vanguard of moral lexical values. While i was researching the edit functions of wikipedia, i inserted bullshit in communims to see if anything is censored. I promptly deleted my edit, though. Please know, im not poking fun... i merely was learning the ropes... now...please... let nig stay... and ger..... it promotes postmodern lexical phiosophy. There is a subculture in Los Angeles that uses the terms "nig" and "ger"... for the sole purpose of promoting this theory of the arbitrary nature of terms. Furthermore, it may undo the abhorrent hold of terms in a PC culture that serves only to attach an intangible quality to terms...solely b/c of its political sensitivity. This is progressive. Im a good liberal, out to promote all walks of life... its time to get over the PC stigma and embrace new terminology. Shalom.
 * Part is a slang dictdef. The faintly encyclopedic part I don't put much faith in since the Google hits that use "nig" and "deconstructionist" together are mostly for white-power hate sites that seem to hate both.  Also, this IP address has a very short, questionable history.  Delete. -- Antaeus Feldspar 06:59, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

do not delete .-- billyvamp4
 * Actually, billyvamp, I reverted your vandalism to Communism . You're a vandal. Cdc 22:08, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I hope you've done enough of your research to realize that Wikipedia is not here to "promote postmodern lexical phiosophy [sic]" or to "undo the abhorrent hold of terms in a PC culture"; Wikipedia is in general not for promoting anything. -- Antaeus Feldspar 08:22, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Perhaps, however, Wikipedia has no right to deny inchoate terms from receiving exposure. It is a term, just like any other term featured on Wikipedia; this one however isn't as readily used as nigger. If you choose to redirect the term nig then allow me to insert the current modes of philosophy that wish to desensitize the term, and promote the arbitrary properties of language in general. You must admit, this word is too controversial to be limited in its range of uses and topics.

Billyvamp4 12:49, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

redirect to nigger (word). Easy solution. -leigh (φθόγγος) 07:45, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Redirect. Tuf-Kat 08:34, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * del. Mikkalai 09:08, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect, it's a real short form, but this article is mostly nonsense. Gazpacho 09:28, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect. utcursch 13:06, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect, I think. Jeltz 14:18, 2004 Dec 11 (UTC)

 * Bull: It has nothing to do with deconstruction or post-structuralism.  It has everything to do with clipping.  It's just another racist epithet.  Redirect to nigger (word) might work, but the contributor of this article was hoaxing and bears watching.  To the contributor:  do not make stuff up.  Geogre 15:50, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Cdc 22:05, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Gamaliel 22:09, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * keep Excuse me? But what right do any of you have to deny this term as an example of postmodern theory. To George, perhaps youre not well versed in postmodern theory, but allowing the stigma of racism and PC culture to govern your opinion on the entry of the term nig is absurd. I was not hoaxing. There is a formidable LA scene that utilizes this term in the ironic way its presented. Get over your biases. Im a jew, does not mean I'll fuss over one of the provided terms for ger. billyvamp4.
 * Your comments are welcome, but you can't vote twice. Gamaliel 22:28, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Billyvamp4, the fact remains that the article you wrote is nearly meaningless. "Typically espoused to an ironic deconstructionist agenda"? "Espoused to" is nonstandard English; perhaps you meant "attributed to"? I quite honestly have no idea what you're trying to say in this paragraph. If you'd like to elaborate on the ironic/postmodern attempts to "reclaim" terms like nigger, faggot, queer, cunt, and bitch, then feel free to do so on the existent pages for those terms (notice that each of those articles already contains at least some mention of this "reclaiming" process). If you'd like to propose a new article on movement to reclaim offensive slang by minority groups or something, go ahead. But please don't think that by hiding behind Derrida and Barthes or words like "inchoate," you can dazzle us into intellectual submission. As Antaeus Feldspar noted, Wikipedia is not a soapbox. "Nig" is derived from "nigger," through the well-established linguistic process of clipping, as Geogre said. Until it achieves fairly widespread use as a distinct word with distinct connotations, nig should be a redirect to nigger. -leigh (φθόγγος) 23:03, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks, leigh. Why does the word have nothing to do with deconstruction?  Let's see:  1. It predates the Mai '68 protests that stirred Derrida by, oh, 30 years at least.  2. Derrida's project of deconstruction aims at breaking apart the paradigmatic relationships of words, and "nig" is not extant within a paradigmatic relationship.  Further, if one posits that "nigger" and "white" are in an arbitrary power relationship, then use of the word absolutely does nothing to achieve aporia.  3. Barthes's work is about the free play of signifiers.  Were our author not blowing smoke and spreading fertilizer, then he might have said that using "nig" for upper middle class Caucasian businessmen would be a free play exercise that would show the flexibility of a text (and what text is it that he thinks is involved?).  4. The word is just a clip.  5. I've actually read the authors whose names he quotes, though I think one of them is useful bunk and the other useful and interesting.  Geogre 05:27, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Bogus neologism. EventHorizon 04:10, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, it is a real form, and quite old too. See the entry for Sylvia Watkins here. Gazpacho
 * Or Google for Harriet E. Wilson's Our Nig (1859). But as has already been said, that is an argument for having nig redirect to nigger (word), not for giving it its own entry about its supposed deconstructionist nature. -- Antaeus Feldspar 17:09, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Took the words right out of my mouth. FWIW, I noticed WP lacked a Harriet E. Wilson article and created a stub. If you know more than I do, please add what you can. -leigh (φθόγγος) 18:53, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)

Nig addresses the binary opposition of term and conotation. Consider this: I am clipping a racially insidious term to a more convenient uni-syllabic term. The irony of shortening such a vitriol term for EASIER use establishes a paradigmatic relationship between convention and irony. And this is in-line with Barthes free play of signifiers. In his Mythologies, he addresses a french newspaper photograph in which an african national, dressed in french military garb, salutes a french flag. The reality of his patriotism comes into conflict with the metaphysical concerns of origin and usurping of identity. Signifiers arent relegated to text according to Barthes. Also coniser Baudellard (sp)... face it guys, I'm right. Politically, this entry may be a bit too much, but dont question my understanding of postmodern theory. And as far as May of 1968 is concerned, Derrida himself dismissed time as a factor in assessing the decon. properties of a term. WHat matters is the arbitrary system of differences within the term itself...the history of the term and its metaphysical content is a secondary matter. So dont dare dismiss this entry b/c "nig" is suggested 37 years after the french labor strikes of 68. I may be 20 years old, but dont sully my understanding of this stuff with recycled political pantamines. The term is too hot, too new, i get it.... I still say it should remain as it is... at least as an example of pomo thought. billyvamp4 10:54, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

My god youre thick, De Man himself, the premiere postmodern literary critic, poses no objections to "lying." What you have is the text...the text, as barthes states, is nothing more than a collection of terms open to scrutiny. THe actual point of the text doesnt matter, at all. If it did, it would be a body work, one with a central thread of relevance. But were pouring out texts right now, so anything goes. Now, i used the phrase "clamoring...'face it your wrong' " figuratively. You, my friend, did more than restate various wikipedia rules...practically remonstrated my entire effort with some sick political scorn. Now i dropped the issue. Im starting the LA Metro page....get over yourself. billyvamp4 66.171.51.83
 * I'm not going to debate theory with you. The point is that you said "I am clipping a racially insidious term..." You are the one doing the clipping. You, and (if this isn't some kind of stunt) perhaps some of your acquaintances have begun using this term in a sense which is supposedly distinct from "nigger." It hasn't achieved widespread use, and until it does, it doesn't belong in a global English-language encyclopedia. Moreover, even if it were more common, as in "nigga" (which some have suggested is distinct from "nigger"), they are still all variations on the same word, a word which can have any of several connotations, generally unrelated to spelling or pronunciation differences. Your definition/connotation of "nig" is no different that what many people mean when they say "nigga" or "nigger." As I said above, if you want to report on the ironic "reclaiming" of offensive terms, do so. But work with what we've already established here. If you want to discuss the theoretical implications and your interpretations of that process, then you're really doing original research, and you should find another place to do so. You may want to read What Wikipedia Is Not. Incidentally, the phrase "face it guys, I'm right" has never, in the history of mankind, done anything to convince anyone of the accuracy of the speaker's statements. -leigh (φθόγγος) 12:12, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * We are not disputing your right to do it. We are simply disputing your right to do it here, with our resources and our imprimatur instead of your own.  Almost every 'defense' you offer of this entry in fact illustrates why it should not be on Wikipedia -- and that you don't even understand why not.  You may understand pomo, but whether you do or not is irrelevant. -- Antaeus Feldspar 18:44, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Why is this being debated?  This is a dictionary definition and as such does not belong on Wikipedia.  Tempshill 21:51, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I find it terribly humorous that the lot of you reproach me for the phrase "face it, im right" eventhough this entire sequence of entries regarding nig has been nothing more than the wikipedia elite clamoring the line "face it, youre wrong." I was fine, to an extent, with your reservations regarding the term "nig," but some of you broke your own damn covenant and assaulted the theory behind it. Its a bit hypocritical, no? Anyway, I'm nonetheless fond of wikipedia, politics aside and biases aside, so I'll work on an LA metro page...LA metro is a conglomerate of other smaller city transits... confuses the traveller. No nigs or gers or proposed theory on this one. Keep up the stellar work, this site is the most promising thing to happen to the internet since e-mail. billyvamp4 08:38, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * A) No one used the line "Face it, you're wrong." B) We pointed out specific Wikipedia policies that your entry was in violation of; to describe our response as "nothing more than ... clamoring the line 'face it, youre wrong'" is, to put it bluntly, a lie.  When did bald-faced lying become part of postmodernism? -- Antaeus Feldspar 20:43, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * No personal attacks. -- Antaeus Feldspar 01:51, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

You bloody cunt of a hypocrite.
 * I'm pretty sure you meant to say "Yo bloo cu of a hyp", since that's so much more pomo. Oh, no need to thank me; I'm thanked enough by the good feeling I get every time I help out a needy halfw who can't find a cl. -- Antaeus Feldspar 02:06, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * sigh. -leigh (φθόγγος) 01:18, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to nigger -Jameth 03:18, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh please. Redirect to nigger and put your thoughts in postmodernism. Not everyone who has taken two classes in pomo feels the need to soapbox nonsense.   — Asbestos | Talk 09:55, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

more like Im done with my major...in english and philosophy. I adore how presumptuous the lot of you are, really...I do.
 * Redirect, and save your breath. - [[User:KeithTyler|Keith D. Tyler  [ flame ] ]] 18:54, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * That and a dollar will get you something from the Extra Value Menu. -- Antaeus Feldspar 18:05, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * By the way, if you want to be taken seriously as a brilliant expert on pomo and not just a garden-variety jerk? Don't vandalize user pages. -- Antaeus Feldspar 18:09, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

title: Talk:Nig


text:
Toker

Toker may refer to:

 * One who smokes cannabis (slang)
 * Toker (rapper), a member of the Chicano rap group Brownside

Surname

 * Cem Toker (born 1957), leader of the Liberal Democratic Party in Turkey
 * Franklin Toker (1944–2021), professor of the History of Art and Architecture
 * Irfan Toker (born 1972), Turkish judoka
 * Metin Toker (1924-2002), Turkish journalist and writer

Other uses

 * Toker Dam, located in Eritrea

title: Toker