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Daniel Yergin

Daniel Howard Yergin (born February 6, 1947) is an American author and consultant within the energy and economic sectors. Yergin is vice chairman of S&P Global. He was formerly vice chairman of IHS Markit, which merged with S&P in 2022. He founded Cambridge Energy Research Associates, which IHS Markit acquired in 2004. He has authored or co-authored several books on energy and world economics, including the Pulitzer Prize–winning The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power, (1991) The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World (2011), and The New Map: Energy, Climate, and the Clash of Nations (2020).

Yergin's articles and op-eds on energy, history, and the economy have been published in publications such as The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, The Washington Post, and the Financial Times. All of Yergin's books have been drafted in long-hand. Currently a director on entities such as the Council on Foreign Relations and the United States Energy Association, he is also a trustee of the Brookings Institution and a long-term advisor to several U.S. administrations, as well as chairman of the annual CERAWeek energy conference.

Early life and education
Yergin was born on February 6, 1947 in Los Angeles, California. His father Irving Yergin worked at Warner Brothers and was editor of The Hollywood Reporter and a former journalist in Chicago. His mother Naomi Yergin was a sculptor and painter. He attended Beverly Hills High School. He received his BA from Yale University in 1968, where he wrote for the Yale Daily News and was founder of The New Journal in 1967.

He received his MA in 1970 and his PhD in international history from Cambridge University, where he was a Marshall Scholar. While at Cambridge, he wrote for various British magazines as well as The Atlantic, where he was a contributing editor, and The New York Times Magazine. He has honorary doctorates from Dartmouth College, Colorado School of Mines, University of Houston, and the University of Missouri.

1970s
Early in his career, Yergin worked as a contributing editor for New York magazine. Through 1980, he was a lecturer at the Harvard Business School and, until 1985, a lecturer at Harvard Kennedy School. Yergin's first book, Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State (1977), was partly based upon his doctoral dissertation and focused on the origins of the Cold War.

In the mid-1970s, while a post-doctoral fellow, he began to take a particular interest in energy in his writing. Basing the book on four years of research, with Robert B. Stobaugh he co-authored and co-edited Energy Future: The Report of the Energy Project at the Harvard Business School in 1979. According to the Los Angeles Times, the book "caused a considerable stir with its optimistic view of the possibilities of energy conservation and such alternative sources as solar power." It proved to be a The New York Times bestseller, ultimately selling 300,000 copies in six languages.

Within its first year of release, Yergin and Stobaugh were called to Washington, D.C. several times to testify before Congressional committees. He also advised James Schlesinger, the first US energy secretary, around the time of the Iranian revolution. According to Reuters, "since then he has given advice to every administration."

1980s–1990s
He founded Cambridge Energy Research Associates (CERA) with Jamey Rosenfield in 1982 with the purchase of a $2 file cabinet from The Salvation Army. With Yergin as president, the energy research and consulting firm was created as a "quasi think-tank and source of energy industry analysis."

Yergin is arguably best known for his fourth book, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (1991). It became a number-one bestseller that won the Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction in 1992 and the Eccles Prize for the best book on economics for a general audience, selling around 700,000 copies in 17 languages. The book was adapted into a PBS/BBC series seen by around 100 million viewers both domestically and internationally, with Yergin as the principal storyteller. His next book was Russia 2010 and What It Means for the World (1993), written with Thane Gustafson, which provided scenarios for the development of Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

2000s–2010s
His 2002 book The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy, written with Joseph Stanislaw, described in narrative form the struggle over the "frontier" between governments and markets and the rise of globalization. In the "first major PBS series on business in more than a decade," he led the team that created an Emmy-winning six-hour PBS/BBC television series based on the book, serving as executive producer and co-writer and interviewing individuals such as Bill Clinton, Dick Cheney, Vicente Fox, and Mikhail Gorbachev.

CERA was acquired by the information company IHS Inc. in 2004, with Yergin becoming an executive of the combined company and remaining chairman of CERA. Described as a sequel to his book The Prize, Yergin's The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World (2011) continued his history of the global oil industry but also addressed energy security, natural gas, electric power, climate change and the search for renewable sources of energy. Like his previous books, it was drafted in long-hand. In 2011 it was shortlisted for the Financial Times and McKinsey Business Book of the Year Award.

2020s
In September 2020, Yergin published The New Map: Energy, Climate, and the Clash of Nations.

Viewpoints and research

Yergin's articles and op-eds on energy, history, and the economy have been published in a variety of publications, including The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, Foreign Affairs, The Washington Post, the Financial Times, and Forbes. He has also been interviewed about energy policy and international politics on various television programs. In 2003 he became CNBC's global energy expert, which he continued to do for a decade, and in September 2011 he appeared on The Colbert Report to discuss wind and solar power.

In a 2011 essay published in The Wall Street Journal, Yergin criticized predictions of imminent peak oil. Instead of a peak, Yergin predicted that future oil production would plateau as increasing prices moderate demand and stimulate production. He also addressed peak oil in a chapter in The Quest entitled "Is the World Running Out of Oil?"

In 2019, Yergin and former U.S. Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz led a major 229-page study, Advancing the Landscape of Clean Energy Innovation, which was conducted by IHS Markit and Energy Futures Initiative for the Breakthrough Energy coalition, led by Bill Gates. The study identified ten areas for transformational energy breakthroughs. Axios quoted Yergin, "The purpose of the report is to provide a framework and a guide to people who want to invest in clean energy innovation."

Yergin chaired IHS Markit's study on "Reinventing the Wheel," which focused on changing transportation methods, the role of electric vehicles, and the timing of peak oil demand.

Memberships and directorships
Yergin is the current vice chairman of S&P Global, appointed during the company's merger with IHS Markit. He became the vice chairman of IHS in 2012 and remained vice chairman when IHS merged with Markit in 2016. He is also chairman of S&P's annual CERAWeek energy conference.

He previously chaired the US Department of Energy's Task Force on Strategic Energy Research and Development. He is a trustee of the Brookings Institution, where he chairs the energy security roundtable. He is currently a director on the Council on Foreign Relations, United States Energy Association, and the U.S.-Russia Business Council.

He serves on the National Petroleum Council, which advises the U.S. Secretary of Energy. He is on the advisory boards of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Energy Initiative, the Columbia University Center on Global Energy Policy, and Singapore's International Energy Advisory Panel. Yergin has been a member of the Secretary of Energy Advisory Board under presidents Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump. In December 2016 Yergin joined a business forum composed primarily of CEOs assembled to provide strategic and policy advice on economic issues to President Donald Trump. The forum was disbanded in August 2017.

Awards
Yergin was awarded the 1997 United States Energy Award for "lifelong achievements in energy and the promotion of international understanding." The International Association for Energy Economics gave Dr. Yergin its 2012 award for "outstanding contributions to the profession of energy economics and to its literature." In 2014 the Prime Minister of India presented Yergin with a Lifetime Achievement Award, and in 2015 the University of Pennsylvania presented him with the first Carnot Prize for "distinguished contributions to energy policy." The U.S. Department of Energy awarded him the first James Schlesinger Medal for Energy Security in 2014.

In 2023, Bergen received the Pioneer Award from Southern Methodist University.

Books as author

 * Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1977. Reprints: Penguin, 1978, 1980, ISBN 0-395-27267-X; Penguin, rev. & updated, 1990, ISBN 0-14-012177-3.
 * The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991. ISBN 0-671-50248-4. Reprint: Simon & Schuster, 1992, ISBN 0-671-79932-0.
 * The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World. Penguin Press, 2011. ISBN 978-1-59420-283-4. (Revised, reprint edition, 2012.)
 * The New Map: Energy, Climate, and the Clash of Nations. Penguin Press, 2020. ISBN 978-1-59420-643-6.

Books as co-author

 * Energy Future: The Report of the Energy Project at the Harvard Business School. New York: Random House, 1979. ISBN 0-394-50163-2. Reprints: Ballantine Books, ISBN 0-394-29349-5; Knopf, 3rd ed., 1982, ISBN 0-394-71063-0; Random House, new revised 3rd ed., 1990. [With Robert B. Stobaugh.]
 * Global Insecurity: A Strategy for Energy and Economic Renewal. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1982. ISBN 0-395-30517-9. Reprint: Viking Penguin Books, 1983, ISBN 0-14-006752-3. [With Martin Hillenbrand.]
 * Russia 2010: And What It Means for the World. New York: Random House, 1993. ISBN 0-679-42995-6. Reprint: Vintage, 1995, ISBN 0-679-75922-0. [With Thane Gustafson.]
 * The Commanding Heights: The Battle Between Government and the Marketplace That Is Remaking the Modern World; New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998. ISBN 0-684-82975-4. [With Joseph A. Stanislaw.]
 * Revised, retitled and updated as The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy; New York: Free Press, 2002. ISBN 0-684-83569-X.

title: Daniel Yergin


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Talk:F-test

Comment by David A. Spitzley
Hey, I just added the blurb about calculating the F-test statistic. I don't have my textbook handy or I'd have noted what conditions needed to apply for this particular technique to be usable. I'm not entirely happy with the layout, so hopefully somebody else will nudge the fraction around until things look nicer. - David A. Spitzley, 12/1/04 10:52 am EST

image in the One-way ANOVA example is misleading!
Fcrit(2,15) = 3.68 at α = 0.05 belongs to the f-cdf --> f-cdf(3.68, 2, 15) = 1 - 0.05 and f-cdf(9.27, 2, 15) = 1 - 0.00239 --> f-pdf(3.68, 2, 15) = 0.0336 and f-pdf(9.27, 2, 15) = 0.0011 The difference is small and the description that the shaded area is meant is easy to overlook. Better example would be displaying cdf.

helpful example but all necessary??
Yeah, working through an example is great, but I'm not sure why all the calculations are needed. In particular calculating the column means (\overline{Y}) leads me into being very confused about calculating [Y] since they were the only previous Y's. Clearly I wasn't paying enough attention to the overline, but then I don't see why they are needed at all; \overline{Y}_T also seems unnecessary. Please correct me if I'm wrong.

I also added a few sentences near the beginning in response to the many requests for simpler explanation. I hope they help a bit, and more importantly, are accurate. Regrettably, they also rely on the "factor-group" assumption, which Melcombe has already criticized (below in "Improvement required"). Does this need to be generalized, or is the categorical assumption correct for anovas? Obviously, my own understanding is still not strong enough here.

Also, perhaps these lines are too redundant with other attempts at simple clarity further below. Probably be nice to combine and get into the best spot, but trying to keep my modifications minimal given my own amateurness.

—Preceding unsigned comment added by Potamites (talk • contribs) 19:01, 25 April 2009 (UTC)

History: F stands for what?
I think it stands for Fisher, so-named in his honor by Snedecor. Don't quote me. Check it out. The first anovas were done by Fisher.

[A suggestion]
I think it would be nice, if one can proved the standard form of reporting the F score: F(within group, between group)= ...

 * Not clear Dfarrar 12:53, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

This article is almost completely inpenetrable to the average reader
Needs simpler explanation including examples of use.GraemeLeggett 08:13, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

[Error in Formula?]
I think the RSS in the Numerator should be RSS_2, not RSS_1, see e.g.: http://www.graphpad.com/help/Prism5/prism5help.html?howtheftestworks.htm -- user withouth account (sorry)

$$Insert formula here$$

I also think it is wrong. I am getting negative F values. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 165.123.243.100 (talk) 17:22, 11 October 2013 (UTC)

Improvement required
I am unhappy about the statement
 * "The general formula for an F- test is: F = (between-group variability) / (within-group variability)"

... since F-tests are used when there are no obvious "groups". Melcombe (talk) 09:24, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

This sentence is totally unclear:

"The value of the test statistic used in an F-test consists of the ratio two different estimates of quantities which are the same according to the null hypothesis being tested" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.40.231.243 (talk) 11:59, 21 April 2009 (UTC)

Call for Help
Can someone put out a call for help to the stat email lists or the statistics teaching email lists? Surely this does not have to be painful. WikiStat (talk) 18:56, 14 April 2008 (UTC) WikiStat

General Formula
I had the chance to look up the general formuela again I'd stand by it for two reasons:1) SPSS output uses this notation for one way ANOVA 2) I looked this up in my stats book from college and it is was as I remembered it. 143.109.134.157 (talk) 04:23, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

What is the F test for?
I am very disapointed by this article for one reason: I run my regression and I got the F statistics equal to 1500 and probability F staticist equal to 0. So I came here to wikipedia to find out, if that is good or bad sign. But all I can find here is some blah blah about F distribution, normal distribution, and so on. I agree this is important, but still not very helpful for someone whith little knowledge in statistics.

PLEASE: CAN SOMEONE WHO KNOWS; ADD A SIMPLE PARAGRAPH TO THE ARTICLE ABOUT HOW THOSE F STAT SHOULD LOOOK LIKE AND WHEN IT IS A GOOD SIGN AND WHEN IT IS A BAD SIGN?

(this article is like manual to how to drive a car, that instead of explaining how to drive the car, explains how the engine is constracted)

Sensitivity to non-normality
The F-test for equality of variances is now characterized as being "extremely sensitive to non-normality". I'm generally opposed to such characterizations as it is hard for a casual reader to judge what "extreme" means. It could easily be misinterpreted as meaning something stronger than is actually warranted. But I don't have any direct experience with this rather obscure F-test (which is not the much more familiar ANOVA F-test). Skbkekas (talk) 04:55, 16 December 2010 (UTC)

Linearity of models
In the text it says:
 * "In order for the statistic to follow the F-distribution under the null hypothesis, the sums of squares should be statistically independent, and each should follow a scaled chi-squared distribution. The latter condition is guaranteed if the data values are independent and normally distributed with a common variance."

That statement is incorrect in that generality. Normality and common variance guarantee the chi-squared distribution if and only if the model either had no free parameters at all or the model is purely linear. If the model has nonlinear parameters that have been fitted by least squares, then the chi-square distribution does not apply anymore. (You can easily construct nonlinear models with 3 free parameters that can fit any data set perfectly, i.e., it produces a chi-square of zero always and its chi-square distribution is a Dirac delta function centred at zero.) In fact, the F distribution requires knowledge about the degrees of freedom. However, if nonlinear models are fit to data, the common concept of "degrees of freedom" breaks down. (If you interpret DOFs as being defined by the free parameter in the chi-square distribution, this break-down is obvious as the chi-square distribution does not apply to nonlinear models.) That restriction to linear models only should also be mentioned in the text, alongside the restriction to nested models. It is very important to explicitly name the limitations of applicability. Otherwise, people will use the F test in inappropriate situations producing results (and maybe publishing them in scientific journals) that are not trustworthy. -- R. Andrae, 10:49, 21 August 2011 (CEST) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.160.192.246 (talk)

Error in Nested F-test section?
I think the 1-rss2 in the denominator of the test statistic doesn't make sense becuase it can produce negative values. I think it should be simply rss2. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.149.167.250 (talk) 16:05, 2 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Agreed. The "1-" was added on 31 August by an IP editor. I've just undone that edit. Qwfp (talk) 07:48, 3 September 2011 (UTC)

One-way ANOVA example standard error
At the end of the section on one-way anova in the "post-hoc" analysis, it is not clear where the standard error formula comes from; should it not be something like: $$\sqrt{\frac{\frac{(1-3\frac13)^2 + (4-3\frac13)^2 + (5-3\frac13)^2}{2}}{3}}=1.2$$ (where $$3\frac13$$ is the mean)? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.172.96.24 (talk) 15:33, 21 September 2011 (UTC)

One-way ANOVA example - copy to One-way ANOVA page?
Does any one think that the One-way ANOVA example should be copied to the One-way ANOVA page? --IcyEd (talk) 12:07, 3 June 2013 (UTC)

Missing testing null hypothesis that all betas are equal to zero
Seems kind of important but appears to be missing from the page... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.72.229.113 (talk) 03:04, 17 January 2014 (UTC)

Possible error in the F-test formula for the regression
The Formula for the F-test in the regression section was incoherent with the degrees of freedom used for the F-test after the formula. Could someone with a statistics backgroud check the validity of the fomula in its current state? 79.60.157.114 (talk) 03:47, 7 March 2018 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:F-test


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Jacksonville and Atlantic Railroad

The Jacksonville and Atlantic Railroad is a railroad subsumed in 1899 into Florida East Coast Railway. The company was incorporated under the general incorporation laws of Florida for the purpose of constructing, maintaining and operating a railroad for public use in the conveyance of persons and property, from the south bank of the river St. Johns opposite the city of Jacksonville, Duval County, Florida, to a point on the Atlantic, at or near section 33, township 2, south, range 29, east. Florida state law chapter 3640, approved January 29, 1885, gave the company enlarged powers, including running boats across the St. Johns River.

The company was organized by John Q. Burbridge, J. J. Daniel, James M. Schumacher, H. S. Ely, F. F. L'engle, S. B. Hubbard, M. M. Drew, P. McQuaid, W. T. Forbes and W. A. McDuff. The narrow gauge line was built with 35 pound rail and ran 16.25 miles from South Jacksonville to Pablo Beach.

The J&A was sold at foreclosure on December 5, 1892, and reorganized as the Jacksonville and Atlantic Railroad Company. In 1897, the new company's officers and directors were: J. W, Archibald, President and General Manager; B. P. Hazeltine, Vice-President; W. A. McDuff, Secretary and Treasurer; and W. B. Barnett, all of Jacksonville. The road owned two locomotives, five passenger coaches, one baggage car, and twelve freight cars.

In 1899 the J&A was bought by Henry Flagler, whose Florida East Coast Railway converted the line to and extended the line north to Mayport.

title: Jacksonville and Atlantic Railroad


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Ahava rabbah

Ahava rabbah (Hebrew: אהבה רבה, [with an] abundant love, also Ahavah raba and other variant English spellings) is the name given in Ashkenazi Jewish custom to the blessing recited immediately before the Shema as part of the Shacharit (morning) prayer. The name is taken from the first words of the prayer.

In Sephardi custom and for many of those whose follow Nusach Sefard, the text of the same blessing differs slightly, and the blessing's name and initial words are "Ahavat Olam" (not to be confused with the shorter blessing of Ahavat Olam recited by both Sefardim and Ashkenazim during Maariv).

The text of this prayer was fixed in the period of the Geonim.

In the Jerusalem Talmud this blessing is referred to by the name birkat torah.

Content
This prayer is an expression of thanks for the love God has given the people. It thanks God for the gift of the Torah, which provides life, and for making the Jewish people the chosen nation.

The prayer contains multiple requests to God. One of them is to be enlightened with the Torah. Another is for God to protect us from shame; it is stated that those who cleave to a life of mitzvot will not be shamed. Another is that the Jewish people be gathered from the four corners of the world and returned to Israel.

Hebrew text:

English translation:

"[With] a great love have You loved us, Lord, our God; [with] a great and superabundant compassion have You had compassion upon us. Our Parent our Sovereign – for the sake of our fathers who trusted in You and You taught them the laws of life; so [too] grace us and teach us. Our Father, merciful Father, the merciful One – have mercy upon us, and put into our hearts to understand and to comprehend and to listen and to study and to teach and to keep and to do and to preserve all of the words of the study of Your Torah with love. And enlighten our eyes in Your Torah, and make our heart cling to Your commandments, and unite our hearts to love and fear Your name; and may we never be embarrassed ever. Since we have trusted in Your great and awesome holy Name, let us rejoice and be gladdened by Your salvation. And bring us in peace from the four corners of the Earth, and lead us erectly to our Land; as You are God who performs salvations. And You have chosen us with all nations and languages, and have brought us close to Your great name forever in truth, to praise You and unify You with love. Blessed are You, Lord, who chooses His people, Israel, with love."

Practices and laws
Ahava rabbah is recited during Shacharit, and Ahavat Olam during Maariv. The Talmud provides differing views on which one should be recited. As a compromise, Ahava Rabbah (being the longer of the two) is recited in the morning, and Ahavat Olam in the evening.

In many communities, during Ahava rabbah, at the words "Bring us in peace from the four corners of the earth [to our land]", the four corners of the tzitzit are gathered in one's hand. They are held throughout the Shema and kissed four times during the third paragraph of the Shema and once during Emet Veyatziv (the paragraph following the Shema) and then released. The gathering of the tzitzit on these words is symbolic of the gathering of the Jewish people to its land.

Ahava rabbah is recited immediately before the Shema because its recital brings on the obligation to immediately learn, or at the very least, recite verses from the Torah. Since the Shema is composed of verses from the Torah, its recital fulfills that obligation.

The recitation of Ahava Rabbah fulfills the mitzvah of saying a blessing before Torah study. Normally, verses from the Torah are recited during Birkat HaShachar. But if one forgets to recite these verses then, the obligation is met through the recitation of Ahava Rabbah. However, the recitation of the Shema does not meet the requirement for learning after reciting the blessing on Torah study, even though it is composed of verses from the Torah, and one must learn something immediately following prayers in order for Ahava Rabbah to work in this capacity.

title: Ahava rabbah


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PRSP

PRSP may refer to:

 * Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, documents required by the International Monetary Fund and World Bank
 * Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, a Streptococcus species resistant to antibiotics
 * Perspecta (defense contractor), publicly traded IT Service Management Company

title: PRSP


text:
Viktor Brack

Viktor Hermann Brack (9 November 1904 – 2 June 1948) was a member of the Schutzstaffel (SS) and a convicted Nazi war criminal and one of the prominent organisers of the involuntary euthanasia programme Aktion T4; this Nazi initiative resulted in the systematic murder of 275,000 to 300,000 disabled people. He held various positions of responsibility in Hitler's Chancellery in Berlin. Following his role in the T4 programme, Brack was one of the men identified as responsible for the gassing of Jews in extermination camps, having conferred with Odilo Globočnik about its use in the practical implementation of the Final Solution. Brack was sentenced to death in 1947 in the Doctors' Trial and executed by hanging in 1948.

Early life and Nazi Party membership
Brack was born the son of a physician in Haaren (now part of Aachen) in the Rhine Province. In 1928, he completed a degree in agriculture at the Technical University of Munich and shortly thereafter began managing the estate attached to his father's sanatorium; he also was a test driver for BMW.

In 1929 at the age of 25, Brack became a member of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) and the Schutzstaffel (SS). Throughout 1930 and 1931, Brack was one of Heinrich Himmler's personal drivers, having become acquainted with the Reichsführer-SS as a consequence of his father having delivered one of the SS leader's children. Sometime in 1932, he became adjutant to Philipp Bouhler and by 1934, Brack was his chief of staff. In 1936, he was appointed chief of Hauptamt II (main office II) in the Chancellery of the Führer in Berlin. The office handled matters concerning the Reich Ministries, Wehrmacht, NSDAP, clemency petitions and complaints received by the Führer from all parts of Germany.

Aktion T4
Hauptamt II officials under Viktor Brack played a vital role in organising the killing of mentally ill and physically handicapped people in the Aktion T4 "euthanasia" programme, especially the child "euthanasia" from 1939. By a (backdated) decree of 1 September, Hitler appointed Philipp Bouhler and his personal physician Karl Brandt to manage the euthanasia program, where they would oversee the murder of physically and/or mentally disabled persons. The implementation of the killing operations was left to subordinates such as Brack and SA-Oberführer Werner Blankenburg. To efficiently accomplish this task, Brack, who headed Office II of the Führer's Chancellery created four offices; these were Office IIa or the Deputy Chief of Central Office II, headed by Blankenburg ; Office IIb, led by Hans Hefelmann, which dealt with the Reich government and clemency petitions; Office IIc, overseen by Reinhold Vorberg, responsible for matters related to the armed forces, the police, the SS, and churches; and Office IId for matters concerning the Nazi Party, which was headed by Amtsleiter Buchholz and then by Dr. Brümmel.

In January 1940, Brack gave August Becker the task of arranging gas-killing operations of mentally ill patients and other people whom the Nazis deemed "life unworthy of life". The Aktion T4 program was related to popular early 20th-century ideas of eugenics and improving the race, not allowing disabled or mentally ill people to reproduce. Initially, the doctors in the program sterilized people, but then they murdered nearly 15,000 German citizens at Hadamar Euthanasia Centre under an extension of this program.

On 3 April 1940, Brack explained to leading members of the German Council of Municipalities his justification for murdering persons deemed permanently mentally ill. Among material considerations, Brack outlined how they "deprived" others of food (useless eaters), and unnecessarily took up space at hospitals for otherwise curable people. Beyond those reasons, Brack added the ideological components of racial hygiene as grounds for their extermination, atop stressing the importance of the war effort above humanitarian factors.

There were six principal killing centers; these resided at Hartheim, Sonnenstein, Grafeneck, Bernburg, Brandenburg, and Hadamar; most of which, historian Robert Lifton points out, "were in isolated areas and had high walls—some had originally been old castles—so that what happened within could not be readily observed from without." Given the scale of the operation, Brack recruited personnel using his network of contacts and party connections to fully staff T4, none of whom were forced to participate but volunteered their services. The T4 killings took place from September 1939 until the end of the war in 1945; from 275,000 to 300,000 people were killed in psychiatric hospitals in Germany and Austria, occupied Poland and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (now the Czech Republic).

Role in the Holocaust
During October 1941, Adolf Eichmann and Brack decided to begin using "gas vans" to murder Jews incapable of working, the first three of which were set up at Chełmno extermination camp. Not only did the Einsatzgruppen mobile units assigned there kill Jews, but they also gassed Gypsies, people suffering from typhus, Soviet POWs, and the insane; all of whom were led into the vans, murdered, and then driven to nearby woods so their bodies could be placed in mass graves. On 23 June 1942 Brack wrote the following letter to Himmler:

"Dear Reichsführer, among tens of millions of Jews in Europe, there are, I figure, at least two to three millions of men and women who are fit enough to work. Considering the extraordinary difficulties the labour problem presents us with, I hold the view that those two to three millions should be specially selected and preserved. This can, however, only be done if at the same time they are rendered incapable to propagate."

Brack only intended to spare these 2–3 million Jews capable of work provided they were accordingly sterilized. Following these recommendations, Himmler ordered the procedure to be tested on prisoners in Auschwitz. Since Brack was transferred to an SS division, his deputy Blankenburg took over responsibility for the task and would "immediately take the necessary measures and get in touch with the chiefs of the main offices of the concentration camps". When sterilization proved impracticable, this was rejected in favor of exterminating the Jews using poison gas, since the technical apparatus was already in place via T4 to kill unwanted "mentally ill" persons. With the completion of the T4 euthanasia programme run by Brack, the Nazis dismantled the gas chambers previously used for that endeavor, shipped them east, and reinstalled them at Majdanek, Auschwitz, and Treblinka. Brack subsequently took part in the administrative process of establishing extermination camps in occupied Poland. It was personnel and equipment provided by Brack that were utilized to murder the Jews.

Trial and execution
Sometime in April 1945, Viktor Brack and his superior Phillip Bouhler were arrested. During the Eichberg trial, which concluded at Frankfurt on 21 December 1946, Brack was implicated for his role in recruiting physicians for the euthanasia killings. At the Hadamar Trial—between 24 February 1947 until 21 March 1947—he was again implicated along with Dr. Karl Brandt for his involvement in the T4 programme. Brack was known to radically enforce euthanasia, even terrorizing doctors and nurses to ensure they maintained the killing procedures, despite later claiming during the trials that he had never even heard of the T4 programme.

During the trials, Brack insisted that euthanasia was a "humane measure" for incurably sick people and denied all knowledge of the Holocaust. He contested his complicity in mass X-ray sterilizations until confronted by his signature on corresponding documents; meanwhile other administrators—Rudolf Brandt and Wolfram Sievers—testified against Brack, proving links between him, the Führer's Chancellery, and Hitler. Nonetheless, Brack denied any anti-Semitism or involvement with killing Jews and avowed that he had joined the Waffen-SS in 1942 to distance himself from the regime.

On 20 August 1947, Brack was sentenced to death. He was executed by hanging at Landsberg Prison on 2 June 1948, stating at the gallows that he "wished for God to give peace to the world."

title: Viktor Brack


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Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Wernher

Wernher
final (27/0/0) ending 16:00, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Wernher has been here over a year and has made about 7,000 edits, apparently without inciting any controversy. I asked him whether he would be interested in adminship about two weeks ago, and after careful consideration has decided to accept a nomination.

''While Wernher has already indicated his acceptance of the nomination on my talk page, I will ask him to do so here as well. --The Uninvited Co., Inc.''

 * Aye aye, that's right—like some time ago I told the esteemed speaker/writer above, now again I solemny declare that I accept the nomination. :-) --Wernher 06:32, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Support Oppose
 * 1) The Uninvited Co., Inc. 15:56, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) gadfium 23:07, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) I've never had the pleasure of bumping in to Wernher, but judging by the edit history, a valuable asset to WP. Lots of good copy editing, all edit-summarised. Support. --fvw * † 03:21, 2004 Dec 2 (UTC)
 * 4) * Thanks for noticing! :-) I try to make a point of doing my summaries (have to be a good example -- I tire to the brink of blood_pressure++ from having to click on diffs on my watchlist ad nauseam just to rediscover that three fifths of edits are fixes of typos &c...). --Wernher 06:32, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Sure, I'm happy to support. Everyking 06:39, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) I'm in support as well. Ericthered 08:09, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) I support the candidate as I know Wernher for the nitpicker he is :) Harald_Hansen  9:48, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 8) Support Duk 11:53, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 9) Support --Dittaeva 14:03, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 10) Michael Snow 18:12, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 11) As someone who campaigns constantly for accurate edit summaries by trying to lead by example, I can't but support Wernher. J OHN C OLLISON  [ Ludraman] 18:23, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 12) -- Grunt 🇪🇺 01:29, 2004 Dec 3 (UTC)
 * 13) Andre ( talk )A| 02:09, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * 14) Cribcage 06:42, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 15) --Verdlanco (talk) 07:52, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 16) I heartily support Wernher's candidacy User:Lectrice007
 * 17) jni 16:28, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 18) Support. 172 18:54, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 19) GeneralPatton 21:55, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 20) M7it 22:53, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 21) Great nomination. Lst27  ( t a l k )  02:14, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 22) Anyone with this many edits and no controversies must be a good user. --Slowking Man 03:31, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * 23) Rje 05:49, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 24) Went through a bit of Wernher's contribution history just now & what I saw seemed solid & appropriately tidy w/o any obvious and untimely controversies. Seems like a solid candidate to me... :) -- Olve 06:39, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 25) --Moffedille 18:22, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 26) This is exactly the type of editor I feel strongly deserves adminship Pedant 01:18, 2004 Dec 7 (UTC)
 * 27) Fire Star 06:28, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 28) Support . -BSveen 10:11, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)

Neutral

Comments
 * 8914 edits as of now. Shane King 23:29, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)

Questions for the candidate

A few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:

 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? (Please read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.)
 * A. 1) Reversion of vandalism and unintended misedits (the pages I frequent most often, i.e. the ones on my slightly geekish watchlist, tend to be more exposed to the latter). 2) Copyediting (I have a proofreader's eye for typos and a compulsive urge to correct them... not always a pleasure, for sure, but often handy when dealing with my own written work of course -- and, as you know from my huge pile of nano-contributions, the urge has found a constructive outlet on Wikipedia).

 * 3) While not definitionally an admin-chore but important still the same: continuing my work of category and template maintenance, the latter including trimming/pruning to avoid bloated 'listboxes'. 4) TBA... --Wernher 06:32, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
 * A. To mention a couple of contributions I feel like drawing attention to now as winter is providing me with a long-needed break from football broadcasts on TV, I point you towards these: Biathlon*, Olympic medalists in b., B. World Championships, and B. World Cup medalists. The three medalist-list articles were a lot of work, with manual/eyeball-based 'data mining' from a lot of places, including a fair share of discrepancy resolution along the way: I now think that these lists are the 'net's most complete, consolidated, and error-free sources for that data.

 * (* Biathlon, beyond question, is the absolutely coolest sport on Planet Earth; just ask millions of Norwegians, Finns, Germans and Russians. The coolness, btw, is multifaceted, the World Championship being held in Siberia a couple of years ago... :-] )

 * Also, on a more geekly note, I have contributed quite much to the Commodore home computer articles (and [home] computer articles in general; obviously, it's a hobby of mine). See e.g. Commodore 128, chiclet and membrane keyboard. Re: my 'quest' to educate the world about Norway and Norwegians (hopefully non-POV, I should say), see my childhood home town Kristiansund, lying (necessarily) in my home county Møre og Romsdal, and also take a look at the List of Norwegian-Americans. --Wernher 07:40, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and will deal with it in the future?
 * A. I've had three or four edit conflicts in my time on Wikipedia. I have mostly tried to talk rationally to the other party, and if the discussion got a little heated I usually waited a couple of days, did some editing on other articles, and then reworded my view(s) and asked for others to comment as well. This has most often worked out well. Other times, I just let the whole matter rest, and several months later my view actually prevailed as seen by majority editing practice (admittedly somewhat satisfying, yes).

 * (My philosophy on this account is that I might well have only one life, probably not exceeding ~100 years of living, unfortunately, and I plainly cannot afford to waste a significant amount of that short time span by engaging in non-existentially-important quarrels. I guess the relevant buzzword is "quality time". Also, I don't have the mental energy to do much bickering; never had, really.) --Wernher 06:32, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Lisbon Maru

Lisbon Maru (りすぼん丸) was a Japanese cargo liner built at Yokohama in 1920 for a Japanese shipping line. During World War II, the ship was turned into an armed troopship. On her final voyage, Lisbon Maru was being used to transport prisoners of war between Hong Kong and Japan when it was torpedoed on 1 October 1942, sinking with a loss of over 800 British lives.

Construction and commercial service
Lisbon Maru was completed on 8 July 1920 at the Yokohama Dock Company shipyard in Yokohama, Japan as Yard No. 70, entering service for a major Japanese shipping line, Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha, and registered at the port of Tokyo.

The ship was 445 ft long, with a beam of 58 ft and a depth of 34 ft. It measured and 4,308 NRT. Twin propellers were powered by a pair of triple expansion steam engines with a combined rating of 632 nhp, giving a service speed of 12 kn. The engines and four boilers were made by the shipbuilder.

Sinking
On her final voyage, the Lisbon Maru was carrying 700 Japanese Army personnel and 1,816 British prisoners of war captured after the Battle of Hong Kong in December 1941. The POWs were held in "appalling conditions ... [those] at the bottom of the hold ... showered by the diarrhoea of sick soldiers above".

On 1 October 1942, the ship was torpedoed by the submarine USS Grouper (SS-214) while travelling through the South China Sea. The Japanese troops were evacuated from the ship but the POWs were not; instead the hatches were battened down above them and they were left on the listing ship. After 24 hours, as it became apparent that the ship was sinking, the POWs were able to break through the hatch covers. Some were able to escape from the ship before it sank. The ladder from one of the holds to the deck failed, and the Royal Artillery POWs in the hold could not escape; they were last heard singing "It's a Long Way to Tipperary". Survivors reported that Japanese guards first fired on the POWs who reached the deck; and that other Japanese ships used machine guns to fire at POWs who were in the water. Later, however, after some Chinese fishermen started rescuing survivors, the Japanese ships also rescued survivors.

The British government insisted that over 800 of these men died either directly as a result of the sinking, or from being shot or otherwise killed by the Japanese while swimming away from the wreck. The ship was not marked to alert Allied forces to the nature of its passengers. The Japanese government insisted that British prisoners were in fact not deliberately killed by Japanese soldiers and criticised the British statement.

Aftermath
A Lisbon Maru memorial was placed in the chapel of Stanley Fort, Hong Kong. It was moved to the chapel of St Stephen's College with Hong Kong's change in sovereignty.

A reunion of Lisbon Maru survivors was held on board HMS Belfast (C35) on 2 October 2007 to mark the 65th anniversary of their escape. Six former prisoners attended, alongside many families of the escapees.

In 2021, a memorial for the Lisbon Maru was placed at the National Memorial Arboretum in Staffordshire, and the unveiling was attended by over 600 family members and military personnel to remember those who died.

In popular culture
The album Tarot Sport by the British electronic band Fuck Buttons features a track named "The Lisbon Maru". Band member Benjamin John Power's grandfather survived the torpedoing of the ship. The album War, Peace and Diplomacy by Tom Hickox features a track named "The Lisbon Maru", in which a survivor of the sinking relays his tale to a barman.

title: Lisbon Maru


text:
User:Lachatdelarue/Archive 3

 * Archive 1
 * Archive 2

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 1000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Moving pages
Hi,

I know about the "move" feature. In fact, I first made a move to conform to the English spelling (s at the end of Marseille), then a second to correct the status of the organization (battalion and not brigade).

As there were only two references to the original title, I changed them to the new spelling, and then thought the two other were useless.

You can check all this with the history.

However, thanks for caring about the others (-: --Cdang| write me 15:51, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, I thought about the possibility for someone else to recreate mistakenly the pages, and I estimated the probability very low. However, please revert to the "redirect" version if you think it is better. --Cdang| write me 16:25, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

The Dark Tower (2004 novel) revert of "hoaxy" paragraph
I reverted that... sorry if I was mistaken. That addition was made by an anonymous IP and that same anonymous IP had made a vandalism edit three hours later... but that may quite likely not have been the same person. --Curps 16:52, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

The Bag On Line Adventures
"This belief, like many, can neither be confirmed nor denied until more information is released by the band. It is stated, however that he is not human. It is stated, however that he is not human."  Where? --user:defunkt 17:50, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Manx (cat)
I need help on this article, some seller of the breed is trying to promote her site and glorifies the breed with inaccuracies so she can sell more... check the talk page please. --EliasAlucardTalk 04:13, Apr 1, 2005 (UTC)

Manx reply
Thanks for the help, it's appreciated ;) --EliasAlucardTalk 20:51, Apr 1, 2005 (UTC)

Manx Breeder
I am NOT a Seller and am NOT trying to promote my cats. I do not breed Manx for a profit or to fill a demand and my website says so feel free to look at my "Available Kittens" page http://www.karellomanx.com/availablekittens.html I'm a professional Manx cat breeder, I don't like it when people who are back yard breeders like EliasAlucard reposts stuff I've corrected about the breed I'm very knowledgable about and have put nine years of hard work into promoting and educating people about. My cats have been featured in Life Magazine, I do not need this website to help me promote anything EXCEPT the truth about the Manx breed cat from a registered breeder's prospective. I'm new to the site and do not know how a lot of things work but have been encouraged to edit as I see fit and be bold so I have. This is MY side of this; please share it with whomever you want, but look to cat registry organizations and Dr. Susan Little a world wide known cat veternarian and expert on the Manx breed for more information if in doubt!!!!! SusanLittleDVM@compuserve.com I'd appreciate a reply from you as to your thoughts, feel free to email me if you wish it to be more personal and private. --Karello 22:16, Apr 1, 2005 (UTC)

Manx (cat)/I guess we both had the same idea
I too went into the article and did some changes, think it was fair to all involved hope you will too. Changed the calico cat back to saying white with patches of black and red since that's what a calico looks like not a tortoiseshell but maybe I don't understand what the link is supposed to be implying? I thought the person who posted it incorrectly identified the color of her cat, that's why I changed it. Looking forward to your comments on the article as it is now. Thank you for listening, being patient and fair! --Karello 00:23, Apr 2, 2005 (UTC)

Your messages
I got your message posted to my discussion page and to the Manx cat discussion page. Thank you for realizing I'm not out to sell Manx kittens like I have been accused of doing. I'm already a very successful Manx breeder, I wish to share the knowledge I have of this breed and be sure it is being presented as accurately as possible in this article. It seems to me I've finally made some progress and my opinions are being respected by the other person posting to the page and some even allowed to remain for a change. I've edited the page again for some typos and removed the bold attention being made to MANX SYNDROME(I believe this emphasis was made in the first place as a dig by the other poster)fairly, as well as added a picture and better description to my first picture. Please look over what I've done, I'm not familiar with all the rules for posting pictures yet. I think it only fair my cats pictures be allowed to represent the breed in the article as what they are (show cats) like the other person posting her cats that are her pets, both sides of the spectrum. I've put my cat's actual names on their pictures this is what they go by it's not meant for advertisement for my cattery. --Karello

Sorry, still getting used to how to sign my name here
--Karello 16:56, Apr 2, 2005 (UTC)

My changes have been removed again
Where is the fairness in what this person is doing? Please read the posting I placed on the site I think I was very fair to all concerned and the other person saw fit to remove what I wrote. This person seems to ignore your corrections and still does as they please as if they alone OWN the article. Please look up the changes I made concerning Manx Syndrome I think you'll agree it is presented in a much more professional manner! A reply would greatly be appreciated as well as a punishment for the other lister for constantly changing things back when someone edits the page. The other posted felt the need to minimize my last picture I posted, it is better viewed in a larger size. I will not play these games with this person on this someone needs to put a stop to this now. --Karello 17:04, Apr 2, 2005 (UTC)

Your post...
On my talk page you posted

 * "I'm going to remove the "See also" link to Felidae. It's fairly redundant to link the that article, since the cat article links there, as does the Category:Cat breeds (i think, if not, i'll fix it). Notice that no other cat breed article links to it, nor do dog breed articles link to canidae."

Apparently, EliassAlucard thought I wanted that removed and has reposted again. I guess now you know what it's like for your edits to be messed with.

EliassAlucard said: "Felidae under see also is good, if the other cat breeds don't have it, then they should in my opinion. People in general don't know what felidae is."

I knew since I put my cattery and cat's full name on the picture I posted there would be something said, all of the sudden it wasn't ok to Eliass, like it needs to be ok-ed. I've also added my cattery name to the other picture of my brown tabby Manx, that picture has been ok thus far and is the same size as the picture with the judge the excuse to remove the picture of the judge or make it smaller because the others are all the same size, no wait the resolution isn't right, these are all just excuses to remove anything that might identify me, my cattery and cats, the top picture is the same size and my second picture! --Karello 06:38, Apr 3, 2005 (UTC)

Your adding a public tag to my picture
You should not have added that tag to my picture giving public permission to copy it without my permission. No tag was added by me because I don't know which tag would be the right since that picture is on my website with a copy right clause (you just broke, bty). I will be removing the tag you posted. --Karello 04:25, Apr 4, 2005 (UTC)

Your post
Lachatdelarue, I understand your intent on adding the GFDL tag to my picture of my Manx GP, Karello Rolley Pulley. However, since I'm a registered breeder I have my cat's pictures copyrighted on my site, I don't wish anyone to make that decision for me without first asking my permission, apology accepted. --Karello 02:57, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)

hey
I just finally finished moving the other day, and I'm glad to get that over with. I'll try and come visit in the next couple weeks, whenever I can get a Saturday off. I'll take a look at Private Eye -- there aren't any very detailed rules regarding articles on songs. If you'd like to suggest some, song guidelines would make a great addition to the Notability and Music Guidelines. --Tuf-Kat 18:46, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

Can, yes. Allowed, no
Apparently i'm too new a user to be allowed to rename pages. Guess that'll change over time. :) --Jhuuskon 16:11, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * My guess is that a new member is required a number of contributions before he/she is allowed to do more drastic changes. When i tried to move that page i got a message saying i need to be logged in (which i of course was because outerwise the move button wouldn't have been available) or my account is too new. --Jhuuskon 12:18, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Edit history actually seems to be lost
Hi, thanks for your help with Swedish Trade Union Confederation. However, your initial feeling that something went wrong might unfortunately be correct. Actually, to me it looks like the edit history is indeed lost - if I haven't missed something somewhere. See my comment at the talk page. / --Alarm 22:02, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Talk:Brahmin
Why are you suggesting a vote? Do you disagree w/ the page move? If so why? I am very much against voting, and particularly instead of discussion. Sam Spade 13:37, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Nanyang (disambiguation)
Thanks for merging the edit history of Nanyang and Nanyang (disambiguation). :-) — Instantnood 12:04, May 3, 2005 (UTC)

Why did you remove my request on WP:RM?
Why did you eliminate my request from WP:RM? The previous nomination for Nagasaki was withdrawn and therefore no longer valid. I never withdrw my request, so it remains valid. These are TWO DIFFERENT requests. 132.205.15.43 22:44, 3 May 2005 (UTC)

 * 132.205.95.65 21:49, 4 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry if I sound a bit miffed, because I am.

 * As I said, I reread my comments, I do write somethings without thinking, and then go back and delete them. 132.205.95.65

 * Hmm... looks like my move request went through, for a while it didn't seem like it would, since the vote was nearly even. 132.205.15.43 03:19, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

Show cats and genetic health problems
I noticed that you have edited the article show cat. There is currently a discussion on the talk page about the section that mentions health problems. The dissagreement is if the article should state that this is a problem (the position I have taken) or weather the article should state that this is a misconception which is not true. Your input would we appreciated. --Dalf | Talk 23:40, 3 May 2005 (UTC)

LSA
i'm pretty sure that's a mistake (my mistake, of course . . . ) LSA in the drug box should link to ergine, which is already there; lysergic acid is not lysergic acid amide. I'm no chemist either, but they aren't the same molecule. for now i've deleted the template link and it's bedtime, but i'll look into it more tomorrow. thanks for bringing this up. --Heah 09:11, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

Thanks!
Thank you for doing the Yuz Asaf move! --G Rutter 15:38, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

 * And thanks for doing the Giant Steps move as well =). --mako 22:24, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Ditto Ornamental -> Ornamental plant! --MPF 15:18, 17 May 2005 (UTC)

Slate magazine
Nope, that wouldn't have been me. I don't know nuthin' about no cats. Glad that the dog communication text is out there--others might add to it now that it's available. Maybe even me. If I can get through (a) work project (b) star wars opening (c) weekend of dog agility (d) etc. long list of excuses. --Elf | Talk 15:53, 20 May 2005 (UTC)

Dark Tower
Ping! --maru 15:27, 23 May 2005 (UTC)

Beagles
Thanks. I've just been wandering around trying to find out why beagles were red. Apparently I've gotten a wee bit too paranoid about disambiguation. --Mothperson 15:19, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Copyvios
Hello! When adding the copyvio template, don't forget to delete the text in question. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:49, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * That would be nice. If it did, it was before my time. Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:54, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The Crimson King...On and On
Granted there are no references for the theory, but that's the thing about it being a theory - it's an idea strung together from links between characters presented in King's numerous books. Would it help preserve the theory if the linksb etween the characters were presented, in addition to how the link between how the decline in the general powers of the "supervillains" in King's novels made itself apparent? Wyborn 21:09, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, that does make quite a bit of sense. He sure didn't put up a reference....I like the idea enough that I'm going to try to find one myself. Here's hoping.... Wyborn 14:33, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Errrr....sorry to edit this in so quickly, but what exactly qualifies as a viable reference? I have a rather interesting reference here at the DarkTower.net, a rather large DT site, but the reference I've found is on the Wiki section of the site. Somehow I don't think that's going to work but it'd be great if I was wrong. Wyborn

 * Crimson King DT.net Wiki The second part listed there doesn't exactly come out and say what's being said in the contested theory, but it sets the precedence needed to establish that the CK has different incarnations in different worlds which are seperate from one another.
 * I actually read up on the original research section of the site (thank you for linking me to that, by the way), and it actually seems tailored towards keeping people from putting forth weird physics theories on their own, or changing the generally accepted course of history. I understand the value behind this policy. However, it seems tailored towards stating things in a factual manner - since provisions are made for theories that tend to go against the norm, might it not be that one could put up the theory anyway, especially if it was labeled as being acknowledged by a smaller part of the DT community? Just out of curiosity.
 * Deeper than that, if it comes down to it one could argue that the statement concerning the events in Black House is, itself, independent research. Not that I want it to come to that or anything. Wyborn 02:33, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * Hate to edit this in again (I'll stop, I swear), but that link has actually been updated at the bottom of the article with theory itself. Would that work as a source? Wyborn

Proposal to merge and redirect TV Tome into TV.com
I respectfully oppose this request. For discussion, please visit the TV Tome talk page. —Lifeisunfair 13:37, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Red link recovery project
Howdy, Topbanana here, back after an extended absence. I've decided to round up a few of my more useful reports into a project with the goal of converting as many "red links" (links to non-existant articles) into "blue links" (links to real articles). As you've been active in fixing similar things in the past, I thought I'd let you know in case you're interested in joining up. If not, I won't be offended - we've all got lots todo here :) - TB 11:37, 2005 Jun 23 (UTC)

Articles in watchlist
"pats self on back..." er, um, shouldn't you be screaming and running for the hills instead? Or perhaps just upping your medication dosages? Another pathetic addict

 * I could put some kind of occult-related article-watching hex on you, if it would make you feel more vindicated. Elf | Talk 22:49, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC) (always willing to help)

Cesky
I was dissapointed by your article on the Cesky breed of dog. After a few hours, I have edited it, and you might like the new outcome.

Breatharians
Are you still watching Breatharian? Got some POV reversions on both sides lately and I'm too busy to keep up... — Omegatron 00:59, September 3, 2005 (UTC)

Maine Coon cat page
This probably doesn't matter but someone has come along and blanked a great deal of your additions to the Coon at page. I usually don't notify people when I see this, but it semeed to me that you put some good amount of time and effort into your descriptions of Coons' behavorial traits and I wanted you to know. Do withthis as you will, but I know that if I worked hard on something (even if it was a long time ago) that I'd want to know if someone just blanked it. See yah.Gator1 20:19, September 6, 2005 (UTC)

Guard dog question
I see you've not been around much. Bummer. But I have a question for you if you come by; you added to the guard dog article this text: "Occasionally, guard dogs are trained to attack human intruder(s), though this practice is generally illegal." A couple of people have called this into question, and I'd agree that it seems unlikely to be illegal in most cases. Do you have some info, source, references, etc. to confirm this? Thanks. Elf | Talk 05:50, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

Possibly unfree Image:Bettedavis.jpg
An image that you uploaded or altered, Image:Bettedavis.jpg, has been listed at Possibly unfree images. If the image's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. Please go to its page to provide the necessary information on the source or licensing of this image (if you have any), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Thuresson 22:50, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia:WikiProject Cat breeds
I noted that you were one of the founding members of Wikipedia:WikiProject Cat breeds. That project has seemed to go dormant lately, although my recent joining has reactivated it. I was wondering if you would think it might be a good idea to merge the two projects together. I acknowledge that the scope of the WikiProject Cats is a lot broader than that of the cat breeds project, but it does at least seem to have gotten a fair amount of new members lately. Also, given its breadth, it could easily take on the duties of the Cat breeds project now that it has become dormant. I would be very interested in hearing from you on either project page whether you think the two projects should merge or not. Thank you for your attention. Badbilltucker 19:11, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Here is a copy of the first newsletter of the Cats WikiProject, mentioning the proposed merger. I'm sending it out to all of the members of the Cat Breeds Project so that they can know a little about the group with which there is an existing merger proposal. We would welcome any and all comments about the project, and the newsletter, from members of both groups. Thank you for your attention. Badbilltucker 16:22, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User:Lachatdelarue/Archive 3


text:
Tribhuvan University

Tribhuvan University (TU; त्रिभुवन विश्वविद्यालय) is a public university located in Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal. Established in 1959, TU is the oldest and the largest university in Nepal. It offers 1,000 undergraduate and 500 postgraduate programs across a wide range of disciplines. Additionally, the institution has 62 constituent campuses and over 1,080 affiliated colleges across the country.

History
Established on 25 June 1959 (or 11 Ashar 2016 BS), Tribhuvan University is the oldest and largest university in Nepal. The university was named after the late King Tribhuvan. In its early years, all the postgraduate classes were held at Tripureshwor Campus, where the administrative office was also located. It was only in 1967 that the university was relocated to its main campus in Kirtipur – an ancient town about 5km south-west of the city of Kathmandu. The university site, spread over 154.77 hectares, constitutes the Central Administrative Office and the Central Campus.

Academics

Since its inception, the state-owned university has expanded its programmes. There are five technical institutes and four general faculties. The university offers 115 courses for the technical proficiency certificate level. TU offers 1079 courses at Bachelor's level and 1000 courses at Master's level. It offers PhD degrees in the technical institutes and faculties.

Tribhuvan University ran its programmes only through its constituent campuses before 1980. With the increasing number of students seeking higher education, it was not possible to accommodate all the students in the constituent campuses. This situation led to the establishment of colleges in the private sector because the constituent campuses alone could not meet the demand. From 1979 to 1980, TU started providing affiliation to private colleges. As of April 2016, 1,084 private and public colleges were affiliated with TU.

In the 2014–2015 academic session 405,341 students were enrolled in TU academic programmes. 148,141 (36.55%) students study in its 60 constituent campuses including 38 central departments, while 257,200 (63.45%) students study in 1,053 affiliated colleges.

Student enrollment and educational quality

Tribhuvan University is the leading University in Nepal. Many colleges are affiliated with Tribhuvan University. In 1971, all the community colleges were part of Tribhuvan University. The University has the largest number of full-time enrollments in the world. The 49th graduation ceremony of Tribhuvan University was on 18 December 2023, in Kathmandu, Nepal. The registrar of Tribhuvan University said more than 73000 students were graduating at that time. The significant number of graduates made Tribhuvan University hold a Guinness World Record.

Although the education system of Tribhuvan University has produced many graduates, many of them still need to get jobs in the market. They cannot find jobs in Nepal, so they go abroad to look for financial opportunities. Nepal's Public colleges are government-funded, and community colleges are privately funded. Both types of colleges are university-oriented and implement the university curriculum and university exam system. The University's education and services, such as business education, employment, training, and vocational education, are not up to date with new technology and career preparation.

TU has 7,841 teaching faculty and 7,413 non-teaching staff including the support staff in its constituent campuses. The number of total employees is 15,254.

Rankings
Tribhuvan University is ranked in the top 1201-1500 universities in the world as per the Times Higher Education World University Rankings in 2024, published by the Times Higher Education (THE) magazine. It is ranked among the 251-300 best universities of Asia. It is ranked at 6676 in the world and 2nd in the country as per the 4icu Organisation of University Ranking.

Technical institutes
The university administers its science and technology programs, such as BSc, BE, MBBS, etc., through its technical institutes. There are five technical institutes at the university, each taking care of a specific domain within the field of science and technology education.
 * Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS)
 * Institute of Engineering (IOE)
 * Institute of Forestry (IOF)
 * Institute of Medicine (IOM)
 * Institute of Science and Technology (IOST)

Faculties and associated Central Departments
There are four faculties and a total of 40 associated central departments at the university:

Hostels at Tribhuvan University

Hostels are available for up to five hundred students at Tribhuvan University; four are for male students, and four are for female students. An identification hostel card was provided to make the hostels more organized. Students who come from poor families or remote areas are given the privilege to live in the hostels.

The free student union at Tribhuvan University

Tribhuvan University also has a free student union as another facility. This free student union has established the rights and interests of students who come to study at the University and to solve students' problems. The committee of the students' union has to be elected at the University. The University students who are affiliated with different political parties vote for their supporter leaders. The student union election is held every two years. Regardless of winning by embracing the idea of any party, the student union works to solve problems for all students.

Constituent Campuses
TU has 62 constituent campuses. The following is a partial list of constituent colleges of the university:

Koshi Province (12)

 * Mahendra Ratna Multiple Campus, Illam
 * Gaurahadaha Agriculture Campus, Jhapa
 * Mechi Multiple Campus, Jhapa
 * Mechi Multiple Campus, Jhapa

 * Mahendra Morang Adarsh Multiple Campus, Biratnagar
 * Snatakottar Campus(Postgraduate Campus), Biratnagar
 * Nursing Campus, Biratnagar
 * Purwanchal Campus, Dharan
 * Mahendra Multiple Campus, Dharan
 * Central Campus of Technology, Dharan
 * Dhankuta Multiple Campus, Dhankuta
 * Tehrathum Multiple Campus, Terhathum
 * Bhojpur Multiple Campus, Bhojpur

Madhesh Province (5)

 * Ramshwaroop Ramsagar Multiple Campus, Janakpur
 * Thakur Ram Multiple Campus, Birgunj
 * Birgunj Nursing Campus, Birgunj
 * Surya Narayana Satya Narayana Morveta Yadhav Multiple Campus, Siraha
 * Mahendra Bindeshwori Multiple Campus, Saptari

Outside Kathmadu Valley (4)

 * Hetauda Forestry Campus, Hetauda
 * Rampur Agriculture Campus, Chitwan
 * Chitwan Engineering Campus, Chitwan
 * Birendra Multiple Campus, Chitwan

Kathmandu Valley (22)

 * Nepal Commerce Campus, Minbhavan, Kathmandu
 * Sanothimi Campus, Bhaktapur
 * Bhaktapur Multiple Campus, Bhaktapur
 * Patan Samyukta Campus, Patandhoka, Lalitpur
 * Pulchowk Campus, Pulchowk
 * Nepal Commerce Campus, Min Bhawan
 * Thapathali Campus, Thapathali
 * Jana Prasashan Campus, Balkhu
 * University Campus, Kirtipur
 * Mahendra Ratna Campus, Tahachal
 * Ayurved Campus, Kirtipur
 * Public Youth Campus, Dhobichaur
 * Saraswoti Multiple Campus, Lainchaur
 * Amrit Campus, Lainchaur
 * Central Medicine Campus, Maharajgung
 * Nursing Campus, Maharajgunj
 * Lalitkala Campus, Bhotahiti
 * Trichandra Multiple Campus, Ghantaghar
 * Padmakanya Multiple Campus, Bagbazar
 * Shanker Dev Campus, Putalisadak
 * Ratna Rajya Lakshmi Campus, Pradarshani Marg, Kathmandu
 * Nepal Law Campus, Pradarshani Marg
 * Bishwa Bhasa Campus, Pradarshani Marg

Gandaki Province (7)

 * Gorkha Campus, Gorkha
 * Lamjung Agriculture Campus, Sundarbazar
 * Dhaulagiri Campus, Baglung
 * Pokhara Nursing Campus, Pokhara
 * Pokhara Forestry Campus, Pokhara
 * Prithivi Narayan Campus, Pokhara
 * Tribhuwan Multiple Campus, Syangja

Lumbini Province (7)

 * Tribhuvan Multiple Campus, Palpa
 * Butwal Multiple Campus, Butwal
 * Paklihawa Agriculture Campus, Paklihawa
 * Bhairahawa Multiple Campus, Bhairahawa
 * Mahendra Multiple Campus, Dang
 * Nepalgunj Nursing Campus, Nepalgunj
 * Mahendra Multiple Campus, Nepalgunj

Karnali Province (2)

 * https://surkhetcampus.edu.np/site/ Birendranagar
 * Jumla Multiple Campus, Jumla

Sudurpaschim Province (3)

 * Doti Multiple Campus, Doti
 * Dadeldhura Campus, Dadeldhura
 * Siddhanath Science Campus, Mahendranagar

Organization
TU is government-financed but still an autonomous organization. The head of the government, the prime minister, is its chancellor.

 * Chancellor: Prime Minister of Nepal (KP Sharma Oli)
 * Pro-Chancellor: Minister of Education (Vidya Adhikari)
 * Vice Chancellor: Prof. Dr. Keshar Jung Baral
 * Rector: Prof. Dr. Khadga KC
 * Registrar: Prof. Dr. Kedar Rijal

Facilities

 * Tribhuvan University International Cricket Ground
 * Tribhuvan University Central Library

Societies

 * Nepal Chemical Society
 * Nepal Mathematical Society
 * Nepal Physical Society

Research centers
Tribhuvan University has the following research centers:
 * Centre for Economic Development and Administration (CEDA)
 * Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies (CNAS), formerly called the Institute for Nepal and Asian Studies (INAS)
 * Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology (RECAST)
 * Research Centre for Educational Innovation and Development (CERID)

Departments

 * Central Department of Chemistry
 * Central Department of Mathematics
 * Central Department of Public Administration

Notable alumni

 * Pushpa Kamal Dahal - Prime Minister of Nepal
 * Bimalendra Nidhi - Deputy Prime Minister of Nepal
 * Arjun Narasingha KC - 5-time former Minister and Nepali Congress party leader completed his master's degree in political science at TU
 * Gagan Thapa - former Health minister and popular Youth Leader who studied Sociology at TU
 * Sushma Shakya - award-winning visual artist
 * Sharada Sharma - writer
 * Udayraj Khanal - physicist
 * Binil Aryal - physicist
 * Udit Narayan - playback singer

title: Tribhuvan University


text:
Lower Coastal Plain (Georgia)

Southeast Georgia's Lower Coastal Plain, often referred to as the "Coastal Empire", is a subregion that encompasses the lowest-lying areas of the Atlantic coastal plain in the state, containing barrier islands, marshes, and swampy lowlands, as well as flat plains and low terraces. It differs from Georgia's Upper Coastal Plain in that it is lower in elevation with less relief and wetter soils. The United States Environmental Protection Agency defines the Lower Coastal Plain as an ecoregion, part of the larger, interstate Southern Coastal Plain.

Within the subregion flow the major rivers the Altamaha, Ogeechee, Saint Marys, Savannah, Satilla, and Suwannee (all of which, except the Suwannee River, empty into the Atlantic Ocean); the Saint Marys and Suwannee rivers have their origins in the Okefenokee Swamp. The Coastal Plain is also the home to Savannah, the first capital city which was declared in 1733.

The subregion is somewhat synonymous with Coastal Georgia, and contains the counties of Atkinson, Bacon, Brantley, Camden, Charlton, Clinch, Echols, Glynn, Lanier, Pierce, Ware, and Wayne, south of the Altamaha River; and Bryan, Chatham, Effingham, Liberty, Long, and McIntosh, north of the Altamaha River. The three metropolitan areas are those of Brunswick, Hinesville–Fort Stewart, and Savannah. The largest census county divisions, in the order of decreasing population, are Savannah, Hinesville, Pooler–Bloomingdale, Brunswick, Saint Marys, Waycross, Jesup, Richmond Hill, Tybee Island, and Everett. The total population of the eighteen-county subregion is 726,132 (286,271 south of, and 439,861 north of, the Altamaha River), as of the 2010 U.S. census.

title: Lower Coastal Plain (Georgia)


text:
Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper

Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) are documents required by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank before a country can be considered for debt relief within the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative. PRSPs are also required before low-income countries can receive aid from most major donors and lenders. The IMF specifies that the PRSP should be formulated according to five core principles. The PRSP should be country-driven, result-oriented, comprehensive, partnership-oriented, and based on a long-term perspective. The PRS process encourages countries to develop a more poverty-focused government and to own their own strategies through developing the plan in close consultation with the population. A comprehensive poverty analysis and wide-ranging participation are vital parts of the PRSP formulation process. There are many challenges to PRS effectiveness, such as state capacity to carry out the established strategy. Criticism of PRSP include aid conditionality, donor influence, and poor fulfillment of the participatory aspect.

Purpose
The World Bank and IMF require countries to produce a Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper as a condition for debt relief through the HIPC initiative and other monetary aid, as do several bilateral donors. PRSPs are intended to help aid recipient countries meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). They detail a country's plan to promote growth and reduce poverty through implementation of specific economic, social and structural policies over a period of three years or longer. PRSPs provide lending organizations, like the World Bank and the IMF, assurance that aid receiving countries will utilize aid to pursue development outcomes that have been elaborated in the PRSPs and approved by lenders.

Goals
The IMF has outlined five core principles for the process through which PRSPs are elaborated. First, it should be country-driven, meaning that country ownership of the strategy should be culminated through broad-based participation of civil society. It should also be result-oriented by focusing on outcomes that will benefit the poor, comprehensive in exploring and understanding the multidimensional nature of poverty, partnership-oriented by involving development partners such as the government, domestic stakeholders, and external donors. Lastly, the development of the PRSP should be based on a long-term perspective geared towards reducing poverty. These core principles are central to the goals of the PRS process.

Poverty-focused government
One central goal is to create a more poverty-focused government. Previously, poverty reduction had been largely a marginalized concern within governments of developing countries. Through the PRSP process, the issue of poverty has moved up in priority, creating more comprehensive plans addressing poverty specifically than ever before. There has also been an increase in “pro-poor” spending within the health, education and transportation sectors. Due to the demands from the donors to show results, there has been an increase in poverty monitoring through participatory poverty assessments and household surveys.

Civil society involvement
One major function of the PRS is to encourage more participation from the population. The purpose of civil society involvement is to increase the influence of stakeholders in policy creation, program implementation, resource allocation and priority setting. The intent here is to cultivate a degree of national consensus, thereby creating a poverty reduction strategy that is more representative of stakeholder's interests. The idea behind this is that the PRS will then be owned by the population and will be sustainable, as it suits the needs and capacities of the country.

Ownership
Ownership of the PRSP by the government and population is a very important goal of PRS. It addresses the ineffectiveness of donor imposition of policy conditions from the outside, a common approach of lending organizations. One way the PRS process encourages ownership is by having governments create their own PRSPs in close consultation with the population. This allows them to take ownership over, and thereby stick to, the strategies they and their population deem necessary to improve conditions in their counties. Additionally, the hope is that in developing a PRSP together, a country will gain a more comprehensive understanding of the poverty issues it faces. The PRSP process is also meant to encourage government leadership in implementing their own strategies by allowing them to allocate the aid money themselves in accordance with the strategies they had drawn up in the PRSP. The emphasis on government leadership stems from the problems that arise when donors establish their own strategy implementation agencies within the client countries, bypassing state agencies and therefore undermining the development of state capacity as well as creating a dependency on aid organizations.

Poverty analysis
The PRSP process begins with an analysis of poverty within the country, taking into account both quantitative and qualitative data. This analysis becomes the basis for the poverty reduction strategy as it indicates the priority issues. It is important at this stage for the government to initiate civil participation, though to the degree with which this is done varies by country.

Participatory process
One of the most important factors of the PRSP is the participatory process through which it is created. It is vital to increasing country ownership of the PRS and promote accountability. The World Bank outlines the following participatory levels:

 * Government participation, including ministries, parliament and sub-national governments
 * Stakeholder participation and involvement. This can include civil society groups, women’s groups, ethnic minorities, policy research institutes and academics, the private sector, trade unions and representatives from different regions of the country.
 * Participation of bilateral and multilateral external development partners
 * Participation and consultation of the poor or their representatives

Participation has been facilitated by civil society organizations, mainly NGOs. However, since there is no clear framework for consultation with the masses, nor a clear definition of participation, many governments are able to conduct and organize it in whichever way they decide. This often results in governments coordinating selective participation and employing other such tactics aimed at diluting public influence over government objectives. Governments have also been unclear on how much they should incorporate the opinions of the poor into their PRSP, especially while also trying to appease the donors. Furthermore, there is no clear criteria on which to judge whether or not the participatory aspect has been fulfilled in the PRSP. This means that the PRSP might be approved by the IMF and World Bank regardless of the lack of true civil society participation in its making.

Content
According to the World Bank's PRS Sourcebook, a PRSP should contain a poverty analysis, a prioritization of the programs needed to achieve development objectives, targets and indicators, a plan for keeping track of progress towards goals and evaluating effectiveness of implementation of programs, and a description of the participatory process in preparing the strategy.

Criticism and challenges
Even with an approved PRSP, some countries have difficulty following through with intended policies and therefore do not reach the PRS outcomes. A large factor of this is the misallocation of budgetary funds that were intended to go towards the PRS.

The PRSP process has been scrutinized for increasing aid conditionality even though it was supposedly created to undo the imposition of policy conditions from the outside by increasing country ownership. Some have argued that it is a "process conditionality" not a "content conditionality". This differentiation is important because it means donors are only monitoring if the country has made a PRSP and if it was made in a participatory way. However, this might still pose a problem. Since in the past donors were unable to impose content effectively in the client country's policies, it seems unlikely that donors would be able to impose process standards in making a PRSP. It has already been shown that donor's attempts to influence domestic politics have not been successful in the past. Furthermore, international financial institutions do in fact evaluate PRSP content, not process alone. A clear definition of what civil participation means has not been laid out by the IMF or World Bank. This creates a problem when evaluating one of the key requirements of the PRSP, which is that it has to be formulated with civil participation. In fact, participation that involves the population working with the government to develop specific strategies to reduce poverty doesn't exist in any developing country. This seems to suggest that the WB and IMF approve PRSPs regardless of the fulfillment of this condition.

title: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper


text:
James Hutchinson

James Hutchinson may refer to:

 * James Hutchinson (musician) (born 1953), American bassist
 * James Hutchinson (physician) (1752–1793), American physician
 * James Hutchinson (priest) (1733–1813), Anglican priest in Ireland
 * James Hutchinson (VC) (1895–1972), British recipient of the Victoria Cross
 * James F. Hutchinson (born 1932), painter in Florida, U.S.A.
 * James S. Hutchinson (1867–1959), explorer of the Sierra Nevada, California, USA
 * Jim Hutchinson (1896–2000), English cricketer
 * Jimmy Hutchinson (1915–1997), English footballer

title: James Hutchinson


text:
Acronym Finder

Acronym Finder (AF) is a free, online, searchable dictionary and database of abbreviations (acronyms, initialisms, and others) and their meanings.

The entries are classified into categories such as Information Technology, Military/Government, Science, Slang/Pop Culture etc. It also contains a database of the United States and Canadian postal codes. For abbreviations with multiple meanings, they are listed by popularity, with the most common one being listed first. it claims to have over a million "human-edited" and verified definitions.

History
Acronym Finder was registered and the database put online by Michael K. Molloy of Colorado in 1997, but he began compiling it in 1985, working as a computer systems officer for the USAF. Molloy first saw the need of an acronym list while integrating computers at the Randolph Air Force Base in Texas, his first acronym list running up to 30 pages. When he had retired and put AF online in 1997, his list already had 43,000 acronyms. It began mainly as a list of Military/Government abbreviations before expanding to other areas.

Molloy and his wife served as the editors of the website, verifying user submissions for abbreviations and adding others they found to the database. Molloy has also provided opinions on abbreviations such as "MSG" which Madison Square Garden wanted as a domain name (msg.com), claiming trademark to the abbreviated letters. He stated that MSG also stood for more common things such as monosodium glutamate and message, among others. The Garden in the end settled out of court and came to own msg.com.

The website was maintained under Mountain Data Systems, LLC by Molloy, before being sold off and eventually coming under the ownership of Farlex, Inc. publishers of Thefreedictionary.com.

Content
The website contains a database of meanings and expansions for abbreviations, acronyms, initialisms mainly in English but includes some entries in other languages such as French, German, Spanish etc. as well. It is freely accessible. The entries are further classified into categories such as Information Technology, Military/Government, Science, Slang/Pop Culture etc. It also contains a database of US and Canadian postal codes which are shown on a Map along with location information. Abbreviations with multiple expansions are listed by popularity with the most common one being presented first, these can be sorted alphabetically as well.

Anyone can contribute to the database by submitting abbreviations and their meanings, these are reviewed by an editor and categorized before being added to the database. While the database has been described as fairly accurate errors have been found in the meanings and expansions of abbreviations. The website does not list sources for the abbreviations and their meanings but it does identify people who have contributed more than 50 abbreviations to the database.

The database only contains abbreviations and their expansions and does not list other data such as grammatical category, context, source, field of the abbreviation etc.

Farlex, Inc. The current owner of the website also publishes mobile apps for the Android and iOS operating systems.

Acronym Finder also includes a Systematic Buzz Phrase Projector, a light-hearted tool that randomly generates jargon-like phrases and abbreviations — usually initialisms that would be unpronounceable as acronyms — and meanings from 30 cleverly chosen buzz words.

The website is supported through advertisements.

Reputation
The website is listed as a quick reference tool in directories like Stanford Library, Library of Congress, USC Library. It has been cited as the largest database of acronyms and has been used in computational studies for its database.

Listings of abbreviations on the website have also been used as a defense that an abbreviation is in public use and cannot be trademarked. While in some trademark cases citations for AF have been accepted it has been described as an unreliable reference in others.

It has garnered criticism for the fact that anyone can submit abbreviations to the site and the content is user generated. Mike Molloy the site's original owner had defended that each submission is verified before being added to the database.

title: Acronym Finder


text:
Treaty of Sugauli

The Treaty of Sugauli (also spelled Sugowlee, Sagauli and Segqulee), the treaty that established the boundary line of Nepal, was signed on 4 March 1816 between the East India Company and Guru Gajraj Mishra following the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814–16.

Background
Following the Unification of Nepal under Prithvi Narayan Shah, Nepal attempted to enlarge its domains, conquering much of Sikkim in the east and, in the west, the basins of Gandaki and Karnali and the Uttarakhand regions of Garhwal and Kumaon. This brought them into conflict with the British, who controlled directly or indirectly the north Indian plains between Delhi and Calcutta. A series of campaigns termed the Anglo-Nepalese War occurred in 1814–1816. In 1815 the British general Ochterlony evicted the Nepalese from Garhwal and Kumaon across the Kali River, ending their 12-year occupation, which is remembered for its brutality and repression.

Octherlony offered peace terms to the Nepalese demanding British suzerainty in the form of a British resident and the delimitation of Nepal's territories corresponding roughly to its present-day boundaries. The Nepalese refusal to accede to the terms led to another campaign the following year, targeting the Kathmandu Valley, after which the Nepalese capitulated.

Terms
Historian John Whelpton writes: "Negotiations for a general settlement produced a draft which was initialled at Sagauli in Bihar in December 1815 and required Nepal to give up all territories west and east of its present-day borders, to surrender the entire Tarai and to accept a permanent British representative (or 'resident') in Kathmandu. The Nepalese government initially balked at these terms, but agreed to ratify them in March 1816 after Ochterloney occupied the Makwanpur Valley only thirty miles from the capital."

Geographic Context
Nepal boasts a salt trade route to Tibet that has been in installment for many decades. This was significant to the economic well-being of the Kathmandu valley. As the British East India Company had profited from Indian trade routes, Nepal's trade routes were desirable to conquer.

Nepal was a relatively newly established nation that did not have well-established boundaries with lax enforcement around the supposed borders. In conjunction with its frustration with this, and its desire for the trade routes, the British East Indian Company declared war against Nepal known as the Anglo-Nepalese War from 1814 to 1816. Nepal's advantage lied in their highly esteemed army of men known as the “Gurkhas” who were also of interest to the company. As a smaller and less developed country, Nepal eventually relented in the war and agreed upon a ceasefire under the terms and conditions of the Sugauli Treaty.

Reasons the Treaty was Signed
Three of the main goals of the company were to employ Nepal's impressive army, establish a presence of supervision in the Nepali court, and utilise its trading routes to Tibet. Naturally, the decision to sign the treaty was not treated with full acceptance by the Nepali court and roused a large point of controversy. Bhimsen Thapa, Nepal's prime minister at the time “realised that the best way to ensure Nepal’s continued freedom from interference was to grant the governor general’s basic desire, a secure and trouble-free border”. In attempts to mitigate the devastation to Nepal's sovereignty and security, the treaty was signed.

From the British perspective, the bureaucratic efforts of colonising Nepal were impractical in comparison to placing certain aspects under British employment.

Effects of the Treaty
The treaty stipulated that Nepal's government structure be without external interference and that aside from the singular British residence in the Nepali court, their national affairs would not be compromised. In addition to the benefit of Nepal's continued sovereign independence, an alliance was established between the two governments.

Aftermath
The treaty saw three decades of peace following its implementation, however, other issues began to arise starting in 1840. "“An army mutiny over proposed pay reductions almost turned into an attack on the British residency because the soldiers were led to believe that the cuts had been forced on the Nepalese government by the British” in June 1840'"This followed as a result of suspicions that arose in the Nepali court that its independence in internal government affairs was being infringed upon. Another incidence of alarm occurred in 1842 during a debt lawsuit over an Indian Merchant, Kasinath Mull. The British resident in the Nepalese court, Brian Hodgson appeared hostile and assertive, implicating attempted control over the independence of decision in the court. Through these issues, the success of the treaty's attempt to buffer tensions may still be debated.

Boundary Treaty of 1860
In 1857, the Indian Mutiny began a rebellion that was declared the First War of Independence against British rule in India and was fought by the Indian army employed under the British. During this time, a division of Gurkha soldiers was sent to the war in support of the British and aided in its success, establishing a friendlier form of diplomacy that ultimately called for a revision in the Sugauli Treaty that panned more positively in favor of Nepal's independence and territorial integrity. This would be called the Boundary Treaty of 1860.

Ongoing disputes
Among the border dispute of the Indo-Nepal boundary, the most significant are in the Susta and Kalapani regions. The two regions cover some 40 km of the Indo-Nepal border.

title: Treaty of Sugauli