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Battle of Sehested

The Battle of Sehested was fought between Danish and Russian-Prussian-British troops at Sehested (in Holstein) on 10 December 1813 during the War of the Sixth Coalition. The Danish Auxiliary Corps, which fought on the side of the French defeated the coalition forces commanded by Major General Ludwig von Wallmoden-Gimborn.

The battle, however, would not ultimately change the course of the war, which ended in 1814 with Denmark’s defeat.

Background
The kingdom of Denmark-Norway found itself involved in the Napoleonic Wars following the events of the Battle of Copenhagen in 1807. To prevent the large Danish-Norwegian fleet from falling into the hands of Napoleon's French Empire, the United Kingdom attacked Copenhagen destroying ships at anchor. The Danish-Norwegians though had no intention of joining Napoleon. Moreover the decision to seize the Dano-Norwegian navy, before they fell into French hands, was done on the basis of a fallacious report send by a British army officer operating as a spy in Copenhagen. The report testified that the Dano-Norwegian navy was indeed mobilising, when in reality it was merely under maintenance. The army officer was unable to correctly identify the Dano-Norwegian navy's intention, due to his inexperience with maritime logistics. The kingdom, which until then had tried to maintain a precarious neutrality in the conflict between the French and the British, thereafter sided openly with France. While keeping faith with this alliance, the prudent King Frederick VI of Denmark tried to keep the country out of the frequent campaigns as much as possible, and the Danish troops did not go beyond a generic employment as occupation troops in the northern regions of Germany.

Following the French defeat in the Russian Campaign, at the beginning of 1813, Denmark-Norway formally declared a state of neutrality. The country was bankrupt and more than ever needed a return to peace to restore its disastrous economy. The negotiations initiated by Frederick IV with the powers of the sixth anti-French coalition, however, were unsuccessful. The coalitions favored Sweden's claims for an annexation of Norway, and in March 1813, the king decided to renew his treaty of alliance with France; a Danish-Norwegian expeditionary force, 13,000 strong under the orders of Prince Frederik of Hesse (brother-in-law of the monarch) was then deployed in the Schleswig-Holstein region and supported the forces of Marshal Louis Nicolas Davout in his campaigns in the Hamburg area against the multinational troops of the Russian general Ludwig von Wallmoden-Gimborn.

Shortly after Napoleon’s defeat at Leipzig on 19 October 1813, Davout received orders to defend against the advancing coalition armies. Davout successfully prepared the defense of Hamburg and made the decision to establish a defensive line behind the Stecknitz River. French infantry divisions were placed to defend the southern portion of the line while the Danish Auxiliary Corps under the command of Prince Frederik was ordered to defend the northern part of the line, from Travemünde to an area north of Mölln.

Wallmoden commanded the coalition army given the responsibility to commence offensive operations against the French. The coalition plan called for the French divisions to be surrounded and besieged in Hamburg. Once the French had been surrounded in Hamburg the offensive would advance north to isolate and destroy the Danish Auxiliary Corps opening Denmark for invasion. The defeat or surrender of the Danes would then allow Sweden to take possession of Norway. As a part of this plan, Wallmoden's army was reinforced with a Swedish corps and placed under the overall command of Prince Karl Johan of Sweden.

In late November, Davout realized that a major enemy offensive was forthcoming. He instantly began drawing up plans for the French withdrawal to Hamburg. This left the defence of Holstein in the hands of the Danish Auxiliary Corps. On 30 November, Davout withdrew his French divisions to Hamburg. On 9 December, coalition forces crossed the Alster River, severed the passage way between Hamburg and Holstein, and isolated the Danes. A short time later, Prince Frederik learned that the French corps was surrounded in Hamburg.

With no means to reach Hamburg, the Danes left their defensive position in Lübeck and withdrew north toward Bornhöved. At the same time, coalition forces under the command of Wallmoden moved north in an attempt to block the Danish line of retreat. The Danes crossed the Eider Canal and took positions near Gettorf and Lindau. Elements of Wallmoden's corps by that time had reached Sehested. The Danes knew that Wallmoden was on their heels and had two alternatives. If they continued to march north, they feared that their slow convoy would be attacked by a Swedish cavalry division now located in Wittensee. If they marched west in an attempt to reach a defensive position at Rendsborg, they would likely cross paths and be forced to confront Wallmoden’s infantry. On 10 December, Prince Frederik made his decision and issued orders to march west toward Sehested.

Holtsee and Haby
As the head of the Danish force was reaching the town of Holtsee, an enemy force could be seen in occupation. French General Lallemand's Advanced Guard deployed into battle formation, and the Danish vanguard halted to allow them to clear the enemy from the village. Major Baumberg commanding the allied forces holding Holtsee spotted the Danes, but had no intention of engaging an entire corps with only three battalions. As such, he slowly began to withdraw west to the town of Haby, facing southeast.

When the main Danish force arrived, Prince Frederik dispatched two squadrons of the Holstein Cavalry Regiment and the Polish Cavalry Regiment to observe Baumberg's movements east of Haby. At the same time, he also sent two battalions of the Holstein Regiment, the battalion of the Queen's Regiment, and a hussar squadron to cover the area to the northeast of Holtsee.

Baumberg's slow withdrawal had given time for Wallmoden to bring up the rest of his troops from Sehested. However as the Danish marching continued, he allowed himself to be pushed back towards the village. When the Danes passed the southern end of the causeway leading through Haby, a detachment under Major Berger was left to prevent Baumberg from descending on the rear of the convoy. This was just in time as, within a few minutes, Baumberg's force attempted to storm the vanguard. This task was virtually impossible, as they could only form up in a column eight men wide, and the attack was beaten off with such heavy casualties, that Baumberg was effectively cut out of the action. The units left to track him east of Haby, were now joined by the four squadrons of cavalry from Holtsee, and as a consequence of this disastrous attack, these units were now free to begin to march towards the Sehested road and the rear of the vanguard.

Danish attack on Sehested
Wallmoden then pulled back to Sehested, where he turned to face the Danes, forming up at the north of the long, straggling town, just south of the point where the Rendsborg road took a sharp right turn, with his left just north of the marsh which ran along the western side of the town on the river Eider. The Mecklenburg Jaeger battalion was sent across the river in the direction of Holtsee, to see if they could harass the Danish vanguard with long range musketry. Seeing their enemy taking up this position, the Danes once again halted, and prepared for battle. The 1st and 4th battalions of the Oldenburg regiments formed into columns, and supported by the fire of Gonner's and Koye's batteries, attacked Sehested, screened by a musketeer company of the 1st battalion and the Jaeger company of the 4th. The 6th and 7th battalions of the Russo-German Legion immediately counterattacked, and supported by the 5th battalion, threw the Danes back to their previous position.

Prince Frederik renewed the attack and pushed the allied forces back to the northern part of Sehested. The Russo-Prussian 6th and 7th battalions prepared a new defense, but were soon overrun. By 10 o’clock, Sehested was entirely in Danish hands. The Danes formed a line alongside the southern edge of the town and a detachment under Major Bie, consisting of the 1st battalion of the Funen Infantry Regiment and the Friis battery, were sent to cover the ground between Sehested and Hohenfelde, which the allied left wing had retreated across. Wallmoden now ordered the Sehested to be retaken and the 5th and 6th battalions of the Legion, along with the Anhalt-Dessau battalion, supported by the guns of the KGL and the Hanoverian battery, returned to the fray, attacking in columns.

Wallmoden's counterattack and retreat
The leading column of the 5th battalion of the Legion was charged by the Funen Dragoon Regiment, but despite the attempt, was unable to form square in time. The survivors were taken prisoner, as were the crews of the two KGL guns and one of the Hanoverian batteries. The other two battalions broke and routed back to safety, whilst the captured artillery pieces were dragged back into the Danish lines. The coalition forces withdrew 500 metres down the Osterrode road, and took up a new position, with their left resting on Hohenfelde, and their right on the Eider. On their left, a fierce engagement developed between the 1st and 2nd battalions of the Russo-German Legion and Bie's force, with the outnumbered Danes getting the worst of it. After realizing his men had run out of ammunition, Bie was forced back about halfway to the Rendborg road, alongside the vanguard. Fortunately for the Danes, the Holstein Cavalry Regiment and the Polish Cavalry Regiment from Haby, arrived and pushed the allied left back to its main body.

In a desperate attempt to break the Danish line, Wallmoden ordered the Mecklenburg Mounted Jaegers to charge the southern part of Sehested. They were eventually routed by musketfire from the 2nd battalion of the Funen Regiment and the 1st battalion of the Schleswig Regiment. Realising that he could no longer hope to hold his position, Wallmoden ordered a retreat over the Eider to a position on the low heights around Osterrode. Prince Frederik ordered the Holstein Cavalry Regiment forward to try and convert this retreat into a rout, but their attack were beaten off by overwhelming allied musketfire and they fell back to the northern bank of the Eider. From there, they began an artillery bombardment on Wallmoden's position, as well as scouting on Vegesack's division, which had just arrived and was now occupying a position between Wakendorf and Bovenau to the west of the canal. Under heavy bombardment, Wallmoden now began to withdraw across the Cluvensieck bridge, taking up a defensive position facing back across the canal.

End of battle
Charles XIV John had now arrived on the scene, and after a short discussion with Wallmoden and Vegesack, sent a messenger to Prince Frederik suggesting a twenty-four hour ceasefire, in order to collect the wounded and bury the dead, to which Frederik agreed. The Danish troops marched after the vanguard, while a rearguard was kept on the left of the Mühlenerg, to prevent any attempt at pursuit. The battle was over. For the Danes, they had achieved their objective of clearing the road to Rendsburg, whilst the coalition suffered an unhoped defeat. The coalition lost 1,100 men in total, while the Danes lost approximately 500 men.

Consequences
The Dano-Norwegian army reached Rendsburg without further incident, where it established a defensive position along the course of the Eider; with Napoleon beaten and fleeing to France, however, King Frederick IV realized the futility of any further resistance and immediately signed an armistice with the coalition powers in order to start peace negotiations. The negotiations eventually led to the signing, on January 14, 1814, of the Treaty of Kiel, which ended the participation of Denmark-Norway in the Napoleonic Wars.

Danish force
Avant Garde Brigade: 1st Brigade: General Graf Schulenburg 2nd Brigade: General Lasson Train Guard
 * 2nd Battalion Schleswig Jaeger Corps
 * 1st & 2nd Battalions Holstein Sharpshooter Corps
 * 1st Battalion 3rd (Jutland) Infantry Regiment
 * Holstein Heavy Cavalry Regiment (4 squadrons)
 * 17th Polish Lancer Regiment (2 squadrons)
 * 6pdr Foot Battery von Gerstenberg (8 guns)
 * 1st & 4th Battalions Oldenburg Infantry Regiment
 * 3 Companies 2nd Battalion Oldernburg Infantry Regiment
 * 3rd & 4th Battalions Holstein Infantry Regiment
 * 2nd & 6th Squadrons Danish Hussar Regiment
 * 3pdr Foot Battery von Gonner (8 guns)
 * 6pdr Foot Battery Koye (8 guns)
 * 1st & 2nd Battalions Funen Infantry Regiment
 * 1st & 2nd Battalions Schleswig Infantry Regiment
 * Funen Light Dragoon Regiment (3 squadrons)
 * 6pdr Foot Battery Friis (10 guns)
 * 1st Battalion Queen's Infantry Regiment
 * 2 Companies 2nd Battalion Oldenburg Infantry Regiment
 * Funen Light Dragoon Regiment (1 squadron)

Total: 9,000 men

Allied force

 * 1st Battalion Russo-German Legion (910)
 * 2nd Battalion Russo-German Legion (760)
 * 5th Battalion Russo-German Legion (834)
 * 6th Battalion Russo-German Legion (808)
 * 7th Battalion Russo-German Legion (643)
 * Hanoverian (German) Lauenburg Battalion (638)
 * Hanoverian (German) Langrehr Battalion (638)
 * Hanoverian (German) Bennigsen Battalion (638)
 * Anhalt-Dessau (German) Battalion (600)
 * KGL Light (British-German) Detachment (150)
 * Hanoverian (German) Jaeger Company (40)
 * Meckleburg (German) Foot Jaegers (375)
 * 1st Russo-German Hussar Regiment (487)
 * Bremen-Verden (German) Hussar Regiment (300)
 * Mecklenburg (German) Mounted Jagers (384)
 * 1st Russo-German Horse Battery (6 guns)
 * 2nd Russo-German Horse Battery (6 guns)
 * Hanoverian (German) Foot Battery (4 guns)
 * KGL (British-German) Horse Battery-one section (2 guns)
 * 3rd Battalion Russo-German Legion
 * 4th Battalion Russo-German Legion
 * Hanoverian (German) Feldjagerkorps von Kielmannsegge

Total: 10,500 men

title: Battle of Sehested


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Talk:Symbiogenesis

Proposal: Origin of Eukaryotes Is Symbiosis of Not One But Two Bacteria and an Archeon
December 3, 2020, Purificación López-García and David Moreira submitted a paper, The Syntrophy hypothesis for the origin of eukaryotes revisited, published in Nature Microbiology, in which they proposed a symbiosis of two bacteria and an archeon as the origin of eukaryotes. I found their proposal utterly convincing and highly recommend a reading of it with a mind to including it in Wikipedia's article, Symbiogenesis.

Reference

Purificación López-García, David Moreira. The Syntrophy hypothesis for the origin of eukaryotes revisited. Nature Microbiology, 2020, 5 (5), pp.655-667. Retrieved from https://hal.science/hal-02988531/document 70.106.237.8 (talk) 18:51, 20 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Added. The article needs further work now to distinguish current from historic hypotheses; but concepts specific to eukaryogenesis should really be in that article, rather than here which is covering symbiogenesis of all kinds and at all periods. Chiswick Chap (talk) 11:29, 21 May 2023 (UTC)

 * To add to what the Chap said, this article very much needs updating with recent findings regarding the Asgard archaea. In just the past few years, genomic studies of this archaean group have produced broad scientific consensus that eukaryotes originated from symbiosis between an Asgard archaean and an alphaproteobacteria. The alphaproteobacterial origin of mitochondria has been known a long time and is well-described here. The Asgard archaean origin of the eukaryotic cell is a recent discovery and is almost entirely absent. |This 2019 paper presents some of the central findings of this discovery. A2soup (talk) 23:25, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Um, I repeat: the origin of the Eukaryotes is Eukaryogenesis --- NOT the subject of this article. And my username is CC, thanks. Chiswick Chap (talk) 07:20, 9 April 2024 (UTC)

Nitroplasts
How should the proposed nitroplasts be represented in this article?

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado8571 2600:8806:3606:C500:7714:DB06:B410:9C2 (talk) 02:22, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
 * On the basis of one primary research paper? Cautiously, minimally, likely not at all until independent confirmation arrives? Chiswick Chap (talk) 07:01, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
 * See next item: added, given there are now at least 2 papers. Chiswick Chap (talk) 05:58, 28 April 2024 (UTC)

Two lifeforms merge into one organism for first time in a billion years
Two lifeforms merge into one organism for first time in a billion years ‘The first time it happened, it gave rise to all complex life,’ scientists say

Anthony Cuthbertson | Independent | 2024-04-26 https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/algae-evolution-agriculture-plant-history-b2535143.html Enquire (talk) 19:27, 27 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Cryptic. The article doesn't even name the original paper, but I've found it and added a brief section. Chiswick Chap (talk) 05:57, 28 April 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Symbiogenesis


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Axtell

Axtell may refer to:

People

 * Axtell (surname)

Places

 * Antarctica
 * Mount Axtell

 * United States
 * Axtell, Kansas
 * Axtell, Missouri
 * Axtell, Nebraska
 * Axtell, Texas
 * Axtell, Utah
 * Axtell, Virginia

title: Axtell


text:
Category:Music images

Music images and other related files. __NOGALLERY__

title: Category:Music images


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Courbet (disambiguation)

Gustave Courbet (1819–1877) was a French painter.

Courbet may also refer to:

 * Courbet (surname), including a list of people with the name
 * French ship Courbet
 * French ironclad Courbet
 * French battleship Courbet (1911)
 * French frigate Courbet, a French frigate
 * Courbet Peninsula, a peninsula in the northeastern portion of the island of Kerguelen
 * 8238 Courbet, a main-belt asteroid
 * Courbet (company), a French jewelry maison
 * Musée Courbet museum dedicated to the French painter Gustave Courbet
 * Zemmouri, a town in Algeria formerly named Courbet between 1886 and 1962

title: Courbet (disambiguation)


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Back in time

Back in time may refer to:

Film and television

 * Back in Time (2015 film), a 2015 American documentary film directed by Jason Aron
 * "Back in Time", the fourth episode of the American adult animated television series Sit Down, Shut Up
 * Back in Time for..., a British lifestyle television series
 * Fleet of Time (also Back in Time), a 2014 Chinese coming-of-age film

Albums

 * Back in Time (James Blood Ulmer album), an album by Odyssey the Band
 * Back in Time (Judith Hill album), the debut album by American recording artist Judith Hill

Songs

 * "Back in Time" (Huey Lewis and the News song), written for and featured in the 1985 film Back to the Future
 * "Back in Time" (Pitbull song), originally released as the lead single from the soundtrack of sci-fi film Men in Black 3
 * "Back in Time", by McBusted from McBusted, 2014
 * "Back in Time", the 14th track from Seventh Wonder's 2008 album Mercy Falls
 * "The Roof (Back in Time)", a song by American singer-songwriter Mariah Carey

Other

 * Back in Time (iOS software), an education book app
 * Back in Time (Linux software), a backup application

title: Back in time


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USS PC-1264

USS PC-1264 was a PC-461-class submarine chaser built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was one of only two U.S. Navy ships to have a predominantly African-American enlisted complement during the war, the other being the Evarts-class destroyer escort USS Mason (DE-529).

PC-1264 was in service for less than two years, but the performance of her crew—and of USS Mason's—led the U.S. Navy to reevaluate its perception of African Americans as members of the fleet. Although sold for scrapping, the ship remains at the Donjon Marine Yard in Rossville, Staten Island, New York.

Career
USS PC-1264 was laid down at Consolidated Shipbuilding Company in Morris Heights, Bronx, New York, on 7 October 1943 and launched on 28 November 1943. PC-1264 was a United States Navy PC-461-class submarine chaser. This patrol class of submarine chaser was intended to intercept and destroy German U-boats stationed off the coast of the United States. Less expensive and faster to build than destroyers or even destroyer escorts, and requiring smaller crews, they quickly filled an important need for coastal convoy protection and anti-submarine warfare.

PC-1264 was commissioned in April 1944 and decommissioned in February 1946, serving a little less than 22 months as a U.S. Navy fighting ship.

Segregated ships
On 9 December 1941, the NAACP sent a telegram to Frank Knox, U.S. Secretary of the Navy, asking that African Americans be accepted into the navy in other than the messman branch. This request was refused. A 17 December letter from the NAACP to President Roosevelt resulted in the president turning the matter over to Mark Ethridge, chairman of the Fair Employment Practices Committee. This committee also received a negative response from the Navy Department. The president then sent a note to Secretary Knox stating:

"I think that with all the Navy activities, BUNAV might find something that colored enlistees could do in addition to the rating of messman."

The navy's General Board, the group charged with the formulation of navy policy, countered with a suggestion that African Americans either be enlisted as messmen, or, "...if this proved not feasible," for general service. The problem was that the navy believed that integrated units would disrupt discipline aboard ships, entirely ignoring the fact that integrated crews had worked successfully aboard U.S. Navy ships during the American Civil War. The president responded, agreeing that "...to go the whole way in one fell swoop would seriously impair the general average efficiency of the Navy," but still felt that something could be worked out. On 27 March 1942, the Board replied, "The General Board fully recognizes, and appreciates the social and economic problems involved, and has striven to reconcile these requirements with what it feels must be paramount at any consideration, namely the maintenance at the highest level of the fighting efficiency of the Navy...", adding that "...if so ordered.." Negro units could be used "...with least disadvantage..." in shore establishments, local defense vessels, construction units and selected Coast Guard cutters.

On 7 April, the president 'so ordered,' and the navy announced that—beginning on 1 June—Negroes could enlist for the general service. As a result, the groundwork was laid for establishing African-American crews on USS Mason and USS PC-1264.

Commanding officers and POs
White officer Lieutenant Eric S. Purdon served as PC-1264's commanding officer from her commissioning on 25 April 1944 until 17 September 1945. He was replaced by his engineering officer, Lieutenant (jg) Ernest V. Hardman, who served as skipper until 31 October 1945. The third commanding officer was Lieutenant (jg) Jack W. Sutherland who came aboard on 31 October and helped decommission PC-1264 on 7 February 1946.

From that point, until PC-1264 was out of service, she was in the charge of African American Ensign Samuel L. Gravely, Jr. Ensign Gravely had first reported aboard on 2 May 1945, and, at the time of the ship's decommissioning, was serving as her executive officer. PC-1264 was the first sailing assignment of future Admiral Gravely, the first African American to attain that rank.

In addition to the all-white officer complement, until the day Ensign Gravely reported aboard, eight white navy Petty Officers (PO), one in each specialty required on PC-1264, were also assigned to the ship. Their job was to train the African-American crew until Lt. Purdon considered some of the men expert enough in their specialty to rate promotion to petty officer. Months later, when eight African-American crewmen were promoted in their specialties, the white petty officers were transferred. This made PC-1264 the only U.S. Navy ship with a completely African-American crew, as USS Mason never replaced its white petty officers with African Americans.

Training incidents
On 30 April 1944, after four days of intensive drills, PC-1264 went up the Hudson River to Iona Island to load ammunition for her guns for the first time. After loading, Lt. Purdon expected to moor there for the night, but was not allowed due to the danger from the large amount of ammunition stored there. Looking for a berth for the night, he called the duty office of the nearby U.S. Military Academy at West Point to ask if his ship could tie up at its pier. There was some confusion, as no Navy ship had tied up there in recent history. However, PC-1264, with its mostly African-American crew was made welcome, and numerous visitors walked along the dock inspecting her. In addition, the U.S. Army provided two buses, and many of the enlisted crewmen were taken on a tour of the academy under the guidance of knowledgeable sergeants.

Unfortunately for PC-1264, a number of other U.S. Navy bases and towns where the ship moored during its tour of duty did not extend the same hospitality as West Point. Especially in the southern United States, PC-1264's crew experienced various degrees of racial intolerance. For example, although most U.S. Navy seamen from nearby training facilities took their swimming tests off a pier at the municipal public beach at Miami Beach, on the day the crew of PC-1264 was supposed to qualify, the city of Miami Beach refused the use of its public beach for the training of Negroes.

At the Submarine Chaser Training Center in Miami, the civilian guards at the gate often took a long time inspecting the crew's ID cards and passes when the men were entering and leaving the base, far longer than the time spent inspecting white seamen. Then one day, this suddenly stopped. It took some time before the officers of PC-1264 were able to discover why. At a local bar, white seamen of another anti-submarine patrol craft had overheard civilians talking about going down to the base to shoot up the "nigger ship." These seamen returned to base, armed themselves with rifles and pistols without authorization and went to the gate to wait. When the nervous civilian guards asked what they were doing, the white seamen explained. After that the officers and crew of PC-1264 noticed that racial harassment at this base decreased significantly.

Shakedown cruise
After loading ammunition at Iona Island and leaving West Point, the ship sailed to Fort Lafayette to load depth charges. Then it reported to the United States Naval Frontier Base at Tompkinsville, Staten Island, New York, which became the PC-1264's home port. This base cared for the escort ships that accompanied convoys to many destinations. Once at Tompkinsville, the ship's crew continued training and calibrating their equipment, especially the ship's radio direction finder. Besides checking the structural strength of the hull and target practice on the range at Sandy Hook, the ship went through many other tests before going to sea for the first time. Finally, PC-1264 was ready for its shakedown cruise to the Submarine Chaser Training Center in Miami, Florida.

Upon arrival at Miami, the shakedown inspectors gave the ship and crew a rough going over for several days. However, the crew was jubilant when the ship received a glowing report. Leaving soon after on its first independent cruise, at about 10:35 am the ship encountered engine trouble and was stopped dead in the water far from land. After some delay, a naval tug returned the ship to post after midnight.

On 2 July 1944, the ship's shakedown cruise and post-inspection was completed. PC-1264 was then ordered to a three and a half-days' exercise at the Fleet Sound School in Key West. However, as far as the Submarine Chaser Training Center was concerned, PC-1264 was ready. Fifteen members of the crew also received the ship's first promotions.

Escort duty
After completing Fleet Sound School, PC-1264 returned to New York and reported for duty on 10 July 1944. She was assigned to Task Unit 02.9, a surface escort group based at the Naval Frontier Base, Staten Island. In the months ahead, PC-1264 would escort convoys from New York to Cuba or Key West and back again, or from Charleston, South Carolina to New York. She escorted the FRENCH SUBMARINE Argo from New York to Key West so that U.S. air and sea anti-submarine forces would not confuse Argo with a German submarine. PC-1264 would also serve in the role of an "enemy destroyer" to provide submarines with anti-escort training, which also gave additional anti-submarine training to PC-1264's crew.

Its first convoy duty was Convoy NG-448, from New York to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. On 21 July sonar indicated a large unidentified object nearby and, acting on standard anti-submarine procedures, PC-1264 engaged the contact for three hours before leaving to rejoin the convoy, which was now safely out of range. Afterwards, she regularly escorted convoys from New York to Key West and back again.

In September 1944, the engineering section discovered a series of cracks between the engine mounts and bedplates (girders supporting the engines) that were welded to the ship's hull. These bedplates distributed the engine's weight along the 1/2 in hull. Base engineering confirmed that poor welding during construction was responsible for the cracks. The base engineer also stated that a heavy sea could shift the engines off their supports and sink the ship. As a result, PC-1264 was relieved from duty and towed to the Navy Yard Annex, at Bayonne, New Jersey. This may have saved the lives of the crew, as the convoy they were preparing to escort later encountered a hurricane with heavy seas. In all probability, PC-1264 would have been lost.

After the ship was repaired and passed sea trials, PC-1264 reported again to its Tompkinsville base. It was there, during the first week of November, that the eight white Petty Officers received orders detaching them from PC-1264, and their places were taken by eight, newly promoted, black Petty Officers.

Independent anti-submarine duty
In early January 1945, as PC-1264 and other escort ships were sailing with a convoy to Key West, the command vessel received a radio message from Eastern Sea Frontier headquarters detaching three of the ships, including PC-1264, and ordering their return to New York. While PC-1264 would escort one more convoy during the war, her primary mission now was anti-submarine duty. The capture of German spies landed by GS U-1230 during November 1944, and the statement by one of the spies that the Germans were preparing to launch V-1 and V-2 rockets by submarines against major U.S. ports, forced the U.S. Navy to respond by increasing its active anti-submarine forces. PC-1264 was part of that increase and began patrolling areas from Long Island south to Cape Charles, the entrance to the Chesapeake Bay.

On 17 January, PC-1264 unloaded her ammunition, then proceeded to the Luders Marine Construction Company in Stamford, Connecticut, to have her bottom cleaned and receive a new coat of paint on her underwater hull. She arrived on 18 January and was in drydock for three days. For the next three months, PC-1264 patrolled a line running north by east for 20 mi from Buoy "Able," the farthest seaward buoy marking the mine-swept channel into New York, 45 mi away. Despite the monotony and the winter weather, the duty was pleasant, as PC-1264 spent seven days at sea and then five days in port.

On 28 February, while engaged in a practice "anti-submarine' run against Buoy Able, PC-1264 may have flushed a German submarine that was using Buoy Able as cover against sonar from patrolling vessels. As the ship neared the end of the practice run against the buoy, the sonar operator reported "Target bearing left rapidly." Lt. Purdon quickly realized what had probably happened and PC-1264 actively engaged the target with Mark 22 Antisubmarine Projectiles. This continued for several hours, and, at one point, two crewmen claimed to have seen a submarine conning tower rise briefly then sink back into the turbulence. Eventually the signal disappeared. While Eastern Sea Frontier headquarters believed that the ship had engaged a false signal, the crew always believed that they had flushed U-866, a damaged submarine sunk two weeks later off Sable Island, east of Nova Scotia.

On 23 April, PC-1264 left Tompkinsville on her last patrol. On 25 April, while at sea, the ship received new orders. PC-1264 was ordered to proceed to Charleston, South Carolina and assume command of the escort ships for Convoy KN-382. Although PC-1264 had participated in escorting many convoys, this was the first time she was to be in command of the escort group. This was an indication of the confidence Eastern Sea Frontier headquarters now had in PC-1264. On 27 April, PC-1264, accompanied by PC-1149 and PC-1547, led 30 merchant ships out of Charleston harbor. The convoy was to sail eastward to rendezvous with a smaller convoy heading north from Key West. The next morning, the 30-ship convoy met the northbound convoy of nine merchantmen escorted by three frigates and three subchasers. USS Natchez (PF-2) was in command of this convoy and PC-1264 reported in, turned over command of the 30 merchantmen, and assumed position on the starboard beam of the joining convoys. With the arrival of the three subchasers from Charleston, two of the smaller subchasers were detached for other duties. The next afternoon, two of the frigates also left.

On 29 April, the convoy encountered U-879, which was attacked by USS Natchez. The convoy and the other escorts, including PC-1264, continued on course with USS Natchez to deal with U-879. Later that night the convoy encountered Task Group 02.10, a Hunter-Killer Group, which passed down the port side of the convoy on its way assist USS Natchez. Two of the destroyer escorts in this group participated in the sinking of U-879, one of the last anti-submarine actions of the war in the Atlantic.

Battle of the Atlantic ends
Convoy NK-686 started from New York with 28 cargo ships and tankers with PC-1264 as one of the convoy's five escort ships. While the war in Europe had officially ended the day before, the Commander of Eastern Sea Frontier was not taking any chances that individual German submarines might continue the battle. As the convoy headed south toward Key West, 15 ships joined when it passed the Chesapeake Bay, while others left it for the ports of Charleston, Savannah and Jacksonville. Then, on 15 May, Eastern Sea Frontier headquarters was convinced the danger was over, and the merchantmen were dispersed to head for their destinations alone. The escort ships, Task Unit 02.9.10, were ordered to Key West for a week's training before returning to New York. On the return trip to Tompkinsville, New York, where Task Unit 02.9.10 arrived on 25 May, the crews' concern was where they were headed next, as there was still a war in the Pacific.

As PC-1264 remained in a crowded anchorage filled with numerous other escort vessels, the crew watched as many other submarine chasers had their K-guns, that fired the 300 lb depth charges, removed and their 20 mm guns replaced by twin-barreled guns of the same caliber. These ships were headed for the Pacific where men-of-war needed heavy anti-aircraft defenses against Japanese suicide planes. Finally the word came down:

From Chief of Naval Operations. To USS PC1264. When in all respects ready for sea, and when directed by Commander Eastern Sea Frontier, you will proceed to Norfolk, Virginia, and report to Commander-in-Chief, Atlantic Fleet, for training. Upon completion of refresher training, you will proceed via Canal Zone and report to Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Fleet.

PC-1264 soon had her K-guns removed from the afterdeck, and on 31 July she left for Norfolk. After an inspection by base personnel, PC-1264 left for Miami and arrived at the Submarine Chaser Training Center on 5 August. PC-1264 was due to remain at the center for ten days training, but an incident cut that time short.

One night, at a club that served African Americans, a small fight resulted in the club owner calling the Shore Patrol. When the three white members of the Shore Patrol arrived—a Navy Chief, another enlisted sailor, and an army MP—the chief stayed with the vehicle while the other two entered the club. There, they spotted a black sailor in an officer's uniform. Since impersonating an officer is a Federal offense, the MP went over to that man. The man suspected of "impersonating an officer" was actually Ensign Sam Gravely. When the MP told Ensign Gravely that the chief wanted to see him, Gravely replied, "If the Chief wants to see me, tell him to come here."—following correct naval protocol for an enlisted man to come to an officer. The MP then grabbed Ensign Gravely out of his chair. "Take it easy," Ensign Gravely shouted to the other men in the club who were visibly upset; then added, "This is only a mistake." Then to the MP, he said, "Let's go." However, the word spread quickly that Ensign Gravely was being arrested. Black sailors converged on the MP and the Shore Patrol chief radioed for reinforcements. Two more Shore Patrol vehicles with more men soon arrived, to find Ensign Gravely trying to calm the men and explain the mistake to the Shore Patrol. However, Shore Patrol personnel in the two vehicles quickly emerged and forced a number of PC-1264's crew into the trucks. Ensign Gravely got into the chief's vehicle, and all proceeded to Shore Patrol Headquarters.

One of PC-1264's crew ran for the ship to tell the captain what had happened. When Lieutenant Purdon arrived at Shore Patrol headquarters he found the Shore Patrol officer on duty apologizing to Ensign Gravely as the Ensign had explained the MP's mistake. However, the men who had moved against the Shore Patrol, seeking to defend Ensign Gravely, were charged with "Refusal to Obey Orders of Shore Patrol," "Interference with Shore Patrol," two charges of "Drunk and Disorderly," and one charge of "Drunk." The next morning at base headquarters, Lieutenant Purdon was informed that the admiral commanding the naval district wanted Lieutenant Purdon to "institute general count martial proceedings against that ensign for 'conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman'". Lieutenant Purdon, as the commanding officer of PC-1264, refused, citing Navy Regulations that a commandant of a naval district could not order a ship's captain to bring charges against any officer under that ship captain's command. The base adjutant, hearing and understanding the facts behind the incident, advised Lieutenant Purdon to restrict his men to the ship and, therefore, out of reach of the Shore Patrol and the admiral, which Lieutenant Purdon did. PC-1264 spent four more days in training and left Miami for Key West.

End of the war
Key West was as far west as PC-1264 ever sailed. The day after her arrival, President Truman announced that an atomic bomb had been dropped on Japan. With her orders canceled, PC-1264 waited at Key West for three weeks. Eventually, the Bureau of Naval Personnel issued plans for demobilization. Lieutenant Purdon requested to be released from active duty and recommended that Lieutenant (jg) Ernest Hardmann, his executive officer, be given command. On 5 September, orders arrived for PC-1264 to proceed to Norfolk, where Lieutenant Purdon would turn over command to Lt. Hardmann. PC-1264 arrived at Norfolk on 10 September, and the change of command ceremony took place on 17 September. Before this ceremony, members of the crews already were being released from active duty or transferred to other stations. Also, the crew presented Lieutenant Purdon with a desk lamp with the inscription "USS PC 1264 We Will Never Fail." Afterwards, the ship stayed at Norfolk for six more weeks, then moved to the Norfolk Naval Shipyard, just up the Elizabeth River.

In early October, PC-1264 was honored by being selected as one of forty-seven representative warships for a review of the fleet by President Truman on Navy Day, 27 October. On 24 October, she sailed from Norfolk to New York, where the review was to be held. Soon after PC-1264 left Norfolk, her new commanding officer, Lieutenant (jg) Jack Sutherland, arrived—after traveling there from New York. He was sent back to New York and arrived there soon after his new command. However, he would not take command until after Navy Day. PC-1264, as the smallest vessel, was at the tail end of the Fleet review. However, President Truman, on board the destroyer USS Renshaw (DD-499), circled PC-1264 and waved to the crew.

Both before and after the fleet review, PC-1264 held "open house" for families and friends of the crew and other interested persons, especially from the African-American community which had great pride in the ship's accomplishments. On 31 October, Lieutenant (jg) Sutherland assumed command. On 4 November, the ship sailed for New London, Connecticut, where it spent all of November and half of December assisting in the training of submarine officers, as a target ship for them to practice submarine runs on. On 15 December, PC-1264 returned to Tompkinsville for Christmas leave. While on leave, Ensign Ben Shanker, the executive officer, received orders to the Pacific and did not return to the ship. When the crew returned, Ensign Sam Gravely was the new executive officer. Soon after, PC-1264 returned to New London for its submarine training duty. However, PC-1264 then received orders to return to New York "for disposal." On 7 February 1946, five officers and twenty-eight enlisted men stood at attention as PC-1264 was officially decommissioned.

The war records of the submarine chaser PC-1264 and the destroyer escort USS Mason considerably contributed to opening up billets for African Americans in the post-war navy. As a final honor for PC-1264, the officer-in-charge of the final inspection party remarked, "This ship has done a better job of decommissioning—is in better shape—than any other ship, at least, here in New York." Because of her condition, PC-1264 became the subchaser used as a showcase for prospective civilian purchasers.

After the war
After PC-1264 was decommissioned, she was transferred to the United States Maritime Commission for final disposition. , she was extant—albeit in poor repair—at the former Donjon Marine Yard in New York. Two 1990-era photographs show her heavily rusted, but still afloat amid other hulks.

Like many officers, Lieutenant Purdon left the U.S. Navy after the war but remained in the Naval Reserve. He worked as an intelligence analyst for the Central Intelligence Group until 1948, when he was recalled to active duty. He retired in 1963 with the rank of commander. Eric Purdon then held civilian jobs with the Commerce Department, Office of Economic Opportunity and the Job Corps, and was also an author. He died in 1989.

title: USS PC-1264


text: User talk:222.152.16.118

title: User talk:222.152.16.118


text:
Inca Garcilaso de la Vega

Inca Garcilaso de la Vega (12 April 1539 – 23 April 1616), born Gómez Suárez de Figueroa and known as El Inca, was a chronicler and writer born in the Viceroyalty of Peru. Sailing to Spain at 21, he was educated informally there, where he lived and worked the rest of his life. The natural son of a Spanish conquistador and an Inca noblewoman born in the early years of the conquest, he is known primarily for his chronicles of Inca history, culture, and society. His work was widely read in Europe, influential and well received. It was the first literature by an author born in the Americas to enter the western canon.

After his father's death in 1559, Vega moved to Spain in 1561, seeking official acknowledgement as his father's son. His paternal uncle became a protector, and he lived in Spain for the rest of his life, where he wrote his histories of the Inca culture and Spanish conquest, as well as an account of De Soto's expedition in Florida.

Early life
Born Gómez Suárez de Figueroa in Cuzco, Peru, in 1539, he was the natural son of a Spanish conqueror and encomendero and a royal Inca mother. He was born during the early years of the Spanish conquest. His father was Spanish captain and conquistador Sebastián Garcilaso de la Vega y Vargas (d. 1559). His mother was an elite Inca woman, Palla Chimpu Ocllo, who was baptized after the fall of Cuzco as Isabel Suárez Chimpu Ocllo. She was descended from Inca nobility, a daughter of Túpac Huallpa and a granddaughter (not a niece) of the powerful Inca Tupac Yupanqui. Because his parents were not married in the Catholic Church, he was considered illegitimate and the boy was given only his mother's surname. Under the Spanish system of caste that developed, he would have been classified as a mestizo (for his mixed parents).

When Gómez was young, his father abandoned his mother and married a much younger Spanish noblewoman, doña Luisa Martel, who was only four years older than Gómez. As such, Gómez lived with his mother, her husband Juan de Pedroche, her Inca family and her two daughters, De la Vega's half-sisters Ana Ruíz, who went on to marry Martín de Bustinza, and Luisa de Herrera, who married Pedro Márquez de Galeoto (one of their children was Alonso Márquez de Figueroa). His first language was Quechua, but he also learned Spanish from early boyhood. He lived with his mother's family for the first ten years of his life before his father took the boy into his household and gave him an education. Garcilaso received an inheritance when his father died in 1559. The next year, at the age of 21, he left Peru for Spain.

Travel to Spain
Suárez de Figueroa reached Spain in 1561 while there was still fighting in his native country under the conquest. He may have studied Latin in Seville under the tutelage of Pedro Sánchez de Herrera. The Spanish did not achieve their final victory until 1572. He traveled to Montilla, where he met his father's brother, Alonso de Vargas, who acted as the young man's protector and helped him make his way. The younger man soon traveled to Madrid to seek official acknowledgement as his father's son from the Crown, and he was allowed to take the name of Garcilaso de la Vega. Also referred to as "El Inca" or "Inca Garcilaso de la Vega", he received an informal education in Spain. Together with his uncle's support, gaining his father's name helped him integrate into Spanish society.

Later life
He remained in Spain and did not return to Peru. As warfare continued in the conquest, he was at political and even physical risk there because of his royal Inca lineage. It is recorded that he died in Córdoba on 23 April 1616, but it could have been up to two days earlier because of the inaccuracy of the existing documents.

Personal life
He had at least two sons, born of relationships with different servants. One son was recorded as being born in 1570; he might have died at a very young age. With another servant, Garcilaso had a second son, Diego de Vargas, born in 1590, who helped his father copy the Royal Commentaries and survived him until at least 1651.

It is possible that his eldest son was the 'Admiral' Lope de Vega, who commanded a ship in the fleet of Álvaro de Mendaña, on his 1595 expedition to the Solomon Islands. Lope de Vega was lost at sea when his ship parted from Mendaña's fleet in a fog.

Military service
De la Vega entered Spanish military service in 1570 and fought in the Alpujarras against the Moors after the Morisco Revolt. He received the rank of captain for his services to the Crown.

Writings
He received a first-rate but informal European education in Spain after he moved there at age 21. His works are considered to have great literary value and are not simple historical chronicles. He wrote from an important perspective, as his maternal family were the ruling Inca. He portrays the Inca as benevolent rulers who governed a country where everybody was well-fed and happy before the Spanish came. Having learned first-hand about daily Inca life from his maternal relatives, he was able to convey that in his writings. As an adult, he also gained the perspective to describe accurately the political system of tribute and labor enforced by the Incas from the subsidiary tribes in their empire.

Baptized and reared as Roman Catholic, he portrayed Incan religion and the expansion of its empire from a viewpoint influenced by his upbringing. He did not acknowledge or discuss the human sacrifices that are now known to have been part of Inca practice. It is unknown whether that was an effort to portray his Inca ancestors in a more positive light to a Spanish audience or his ignorance of the practice having lived most of his life in Spain.

Historia de la Florida
De la Vega's first work was La Florida del Inca, an account of Hernando de Soto's expedition and journey in Florida. The work was published in Lisbon in 1605 and became popular. It describes the expedition according to its own records and information Garcilaso gathered during the years. He defended the legitimacy of imposing the Spanish sovereignty in conquered territories and submitting them to Catholic jurisdiction. At the same time, he expresses and defends the dignity, the courage, and the rationality of the Native Americans. It was translated and published in English in 1951.

Historians have identified problems with using La Florida as an historical account. Jerald T. Milanich and Charles M. Hudson warn against relying on Garcilaso, noting serious problems with the sequence of events and location of towns in his narrative. They say that "some historians regard Garcilaso's La Florida to be more a work of literature than a work of history." Lankford characterizes Garcilaso's La Florida as a collection of "legend narratives," derived from a much-retold oral tradition of the survivors of the expedition.

Comentarios Reales de los Incas
While in Spain, Garcilaso wrote his best-known work, Comentarios Reales de los Incas, published in Lisbon in 1609. It was based mostly on stories and oral histories told him by his Inca relatives when he was a child in Cusco, but also on the remnants of the history by Blas Valera which was mostly destroyed in the sacking of Cadiz in 1596. The Comentarios have two sections and volumes. The first was primarily about Inca life. The second, about the conquest of Peru, was published in 1617. It was first published in English in London in 1685, translated by Sir Paul Rycaut and titled The Royal Commentaries of Peru. More than a century and a half after its initial publication, in the 1780s, as the uprising against colonial oppression led by Tupac Amaru II was gaining momentum, Charles III of Spain banned the Comentarios from being published in the Quechua language in Lima or distributed there on account of its "dangerous" content.

The book was not printed again in the Americas until 1918, but copies continued to be circulated secretly. It was translated and printed in English in 1961 in the United States as The Incas, and in another edition in 1965 as Royal Commentaries of the Incas. (See below)

Honors

 * Cusco's main stadium, Estadio Garcilaso de la Vega, is named after him.
 * In 1965, Inca Garcilaso de la Vega University, in Lima, Peru, was named in his honor.
 * In Rome, Italy, near Villa Borghese, there is a statue dedicated to Inca Garcilaso de la Vega which was erected in 1967. A similar statue, dated 1973, stands in the Plaza República del Perú in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

title: Inca Garcilaso de la Vega


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Federico Domínguez (footballer, born 1976)

Federico Hernán Domínguez (born 13 August 1976 in Buenos Aires, Argentina) is an Argentine former footballer who last played for the Uruguayan side Montevideo Wanderers.

Career
Domínguez began his professional career with Vélez Sarsfield, where he won the Copa Libertadores in 1994. He played the 1998/1999 season with Spanish Espanyol, but returned to Vélez to play until 2002. That year he moved to Independiente.

Domínguez joined Mexican Santos Laguna after playing the first half of the 2003/2004 season with Spanish Second Division Leganés. Joining Santos for the 2004 Clausura, Domínguez immediately became an important player, starting 15 of 19 games for the club and scoring one goal. He repeated his performance in the Apertura of that year, appearing in 13 games and scoring twice.

Between 2004 and 2007 Domínguez played for River Plate and he played for Gimnasia y Esgrima de La Plata between 2007 and 2008.

In 2008, he joined Cypriot side Apollon Limassol, where he played 3 matches before leaving citing personal reasons. He returned to South America to join Nacional of Uruguay.

In 2009, he was signed by new Argentinos Juniors manager Claudio Borghi and became an important member of the Argentinos Juniors team that won the Clausura 2010 championship. He played in 15 of the club's 19 games during their championship winning campaign and was one of the few players in the team to have any previous championship winning experience.

Titles
Argentina U-20
 * FIFA World Youth Championship (1): 1995

Vélez Sársfield
 *  Argentine Primera División (3): Apertura 1995, Clausura 1996, Clausura 1998
 *  Copa Libertadores (1): 1994

Independiente
 *  Argentine Primera División (1): Apertura 2002

Argentinos Juniors
 *  Argentine Primera División (1): Clausura 2010


text:
Baker's Supermarkets

Baker's is a supermarket chain operating primarily in the metro area of Omaha, Nebraska. It is owned by Kroger. Baker's supermarket has an annual revenue of $325,000,000.

History
Abraham Baker opened his first grocery store in Walnut, Iowa in 1927. His first Omaha-area store opened in Bellevue, Nebraska in 1947, and his first in Omaha itself at 73rd and Maple Streets opened in 1957.

In 1971, Abraham's two sons, Jack and Bob, took on more management responsibility. In 1972, The Jewel Companies, Inc. made a deal with Baker's to open a Turn Style/Baker's Family Center in Omaha. As revenues began to decline, The Baker family sold the chain to food wholesaler Fleming Companies, Inc in 1992. The Kroger Company purchased the Baker's stores from Fleming in 2001 (after winning a bidding war with Albertsons), after Fleming ran into financial problems.

In 2004, three former Albertsons supermarkets in Omaha were purchased and turned into Baker's stores after Albertsons withdrew from the Omaha market. Baker's today is run under the Dillons division, which includes Baker's, Dillons, and Gerbes.

title: Baker's Supermarkets


text:
Talk:Iowa Territory

Untitled
Burlington was the stop-gap capital; Iowa City was designated as the official territorial capital in 1847. Further up it says the territory b/c a state in 1846...Hmmm. jengod 22:38, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

76.102.31.185 (talk) 06:30, 21 March 2008 (UTC) Following wording is very unclear and the dates don't jive with the first para of the article: ''What was to become Illinois Territory was a portion of the larger Northwest Territory from 13 July 1787 until 4 July 1800, when the Indiana Territory was formed as Ohio prepared to become a state. On 3 February 1809, the 10th United States Congress passed legislation establishing Illinois Territory, after Congress received petitions from residents in the far western areas complaining of the difficulties of participating in territorial affairs.'' There were fed-recognized Territories within fed-recognized Territories? 76.102.31.185 (talk) 06:30, 21 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure what is unclear. The text you quote above describes the formation of the Illinois Territory. This article is about the Iowa Territory. Iowa was never officially a part of the Illinois Territory. older ≠ wiser 11:50, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

What happened after Iowa statehood?
What happened after 1846? The map indicates that the territory lasted until 1849 but the history stops at Iowa becoming a state. No governor is listed after 1846. More details about the territory would also be beneficial, such population (including natives), economy, and major cities. --Bruce Hall (talk) 04:26, 27 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Territorial era of Minnesota lists James Clarke (Iowa politician) as remaining the governor of Iowa Territory until 1849, but Clarke's page says that he stopped being governor in 1946. Iowa definitely became a state on December 28, 1846 and Minnesota didn't become a territory until March 3, 1849, but I don't know what happened in-between.  I can imagine Perhaps the territory was simply unorganized?  I found the act establishing Iowa's (and apparently Florida's) statehood, but it doesn't say anything about the remaining territory.  --Philosopher Let us reason together. 08:21, 27 August 2011 (UTC)
 * History of Iowa from the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century, Volume IV, confirms (on p. 52) that Clarke retired from office upon Iowa's gaining statehood. That he didn't retire just from governing the State of Iowa's portion of the territory seems to be confirmed by the note that in 1848, the year before Minnesota Territory was formed, he resumed managing the Burlington Gazette. --Philosopher Let us reason together. 08:32, 27 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Resolution! The Minnesota Secretary of State's office addresses this issue in a preface to their republication of the act establishing the Territory of Minnesota.  According to the Office, the remainder of the Iowa territory was unorganized from 1846-1849 and without territorial government. --Philosopher Let us reason together. 08:36, 27 August 2011 (UTC)

Map help needed
Could somebody create a map for the Iowa District article which I created as a stub? Ideally, one depicting the boundary between Dubuque and Demoine [sic] Counties? -- Orange Mike |  Talk  14:37, 8 September 2013 (UTC)

Discrepancy in Dates?
In the article, it states

The Territory of Iowa was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from July 4, 1838, until December 28, 1846,

but the information box to the right states that it lasted in 1849, not 1846. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.159.104.201 (talk) 20:12, 21 October 2013 (UTC)

 * That's quite interesting. It appears that there is a gap from December 28, 1846, when the State of Iowa was admitted to the Union and March 3, 1849, when the Territory of Minnesota was officially organized. Technically, I think Iowa Territory ceased to exist as an organized territory when the state was admitted. This is how it is presented at Territorial evolution of the United States, but it would be nice to have some better references. older ≠ wiser 20:20, 21 October 2013 (UTC)

Consistency in the title
The article title is "Iowa Territory" but the opening paragraph calls it the "Territory of Iowa." I do not think it is a small thing to make the terms self-consistent. Unless there is a Wikipedia standard on the issue, I believe both should be called the same as the name given in the congressional act which formed the territory. I will do this eventually myself, but I want to allow for editors to weigh in on it (or fix it if you know what is proper). LaurentianShield (talk) 16:56, 19 August 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Iowa Territory


text:
Banished

Banished may refer to:
 * The punishment of being exiled
 * Banished (film), a 2007 documentary film
 * Banished (TV series), a 2015 drama television series
 * Banished (video game), a city-building game by Shining Rock Software
 * Banished (Halo), an alien faction in the Halo series

title: Banished


text:
CBLFT-DT

CBLFT-DT (channel 25) is an Ici Radio-Canada Télé station in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, which broadcasts programming to the province's Franco-Ontarian population. It is part of a twinstick with CBC Television flagship CBLT-DT (channel 5). The two stations share studios at the Canadian Broadcasting Centre on Front Street West in downtown Toronto; CBLFT-DT's transmitter is located atop the CN Tower.

The station provides French-language programming to the Greater Toronto Area and most of Ontario, including the Southwestern, Central and Northeastern regions of the province.

History
CBLFT was originally licensed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) in 1972 as a standalone station; the station first signed on the air on March 23, 1973. Until CBLFT signed on, CBC O&O CBLT aired French-language programming from Radio-Canada on Sunday mornings. The station originally transmitted from the CBC's Jarvis Street transmitter site, but as with almost all other radio and television stations in Toronto, approval was given by the CRTC to move the transmitter site to the CN Tower on December 14, 1973. Several transmitters in Northern Ontario which were already in operation as rebroadcasters of CBOFT in Ottawa were reassigned to CBLFT's license, and various additional rebroadcasters were added throughout Ontario in the 1970s and 1980s.

In the early 1990s due to budget cutbacks at the CBC, all Radio-Canada transmitters in Ontario (except those in the northwest part of the province, which was served by CBWFT in Winnipeg) were reassigned to the license of CBOFT as rebroadcasters. All of the transmitters that were formerly part of CBLFT's license continued to broadcast a separate local early evening newscast, which was produced in Ottawa, but was only seen in that city via a late night rebroadcast, similar to the split broadcast used at CBC Radio One station CBLA-FM (99.1 FM) for its morning programs.

On April 28, 2010, the CRTC granted a license request by the CBC to relaunch CBLFT as a separate station which would once again produce a distinct local newscast from CBOFT. Most of the network's transmitters in Ontario, except for those in the Ottawa area, were again reassigned to CBLFT's license, and newscast production later returned to Toronto.

Analogue-to-digital conversion
CBLFT shut down its analogue signal, over UHF channel 25, on August 31, 2011, the official date on which Canadian television stations in CRTC-designated mandatory markets transitioned from analogue to digital broadcasts. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 24 to post-transition (and former analogue) channel 25.

Transmitters in mandatory markets were required to switch to digital or shut down by the transition deadline of August 31, 2011. Radio-Canada requested to temporarily broadcast in analogue in these markets beyond 2011, as programming for Radio-Canada is not produced in these markets. The following CBLFT rebroadcasters are in mandatory markets:
 * CBLFT-8 Kitchener
 * CBLFT-9 London
 * CBLFT-18 Thunder Bay
 * CBEFT Windsor

However, on August 16, 2011, the CRTC granted the CBC permission to continue operating 22 repeaters in mandatory markets, including the above, in analogue until August 31, 2012, in which by then they must either convert to digital or close down. This was pending the corporation's licence renewal process, which will include an evaluation of its transition plans.

At some point before June 20, 2012, CBLFT had begun airing a Mobile DTV simulcast of CBLT-DT on virtual channel 5.2, encoded in the H.264 and HE-AAC formats.

Transmitters
CBLFT operated almost 30 analog television rebroadcasters throughout the province of Ontario and included communities such as London, Kitchener and Sudbury. Additionally, several Radio-Canada transmitters in eastern Ontario, such as Kingston and Belleville, were part of the CBLFT license even though they served cities that were closer to Ottawa than Toronto.

Due to federal funding reductions to the CBC, in April 2012, the CBC responded with substantial budget cuts, which included shutting down CBC's and Radio-Canada's remaining analog transmitters on July 31, 2012. (A transmitter serving Barrie, CBLFT-11, closed down the previous year, in August 2011.) None of CBC or Radio-Canada's television rebroadcasters were converted to digital, leaving rural Canadians and U.S. border regions with no free over-the-air CBC/Radio-Canada coverage. Some affected viewers could get the signal back for a price by subscribing to cable or satellite.

CBLFT is not carried on cable or satellite in the United States.

In many communities, TVOntario transmitted from Radio-Canada sites and therefore permanently left the air the same day. Former rebroadcast transmitters, all now defunct, included:

title: CBLFT-DT


text:
Talk:Nonverbal communication

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Importance
Nonverbal communication represents two-thirds of all communications. – how exactly was this number achieved? The sources don’t seem to mention that.--Ąžuolas (talk) 10:46, 3 August 2019 (UTC)

Adding in section on accessibility and screen readers
May want to consider adding information, especially in education, about the emergence of accessibility and screen readers and how they effect nonverbal communication.Clmoody1 (talk) 17:37, 28 August 2019 (UTC)

Hi all, In the child comprehension study, why do you think there is such a drastic change between two- year olds and three year olds? How does this show that nonverbal communication evolves quickly? ReaganLarkin (talk) 02:16, 27 January 2020 (UTC)

Nonverbal Communication question
Does communicating through media outlets cause confusion due to lack of visual nonverbal communication?

Vmm1234! (talk) 19:47, 27 January 2020 (UTC)vmm1234!

Scope of the article
The WP:LEADSENTENCE and the rest of the lead could do a better job at defining the scope of the article. For example, I assume this article does not include sign language, and yet, I don't see anything in the title or the lead that would exclude that from the article. Mathglot (talk) 06:33, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

Redondance
Proxemics and other topics are explained twice in the article. Can someone edit it? I have other plans at the moment and I am not yet wiki-savvy. Lamadesbois (talk) 20:53, 18 April 2022 (UTC)

Behae182
Difference between verbal or non ver bal 2409:4051:4E0D:734F:0:0:C40A:E114 (talk) 16:41, 29 July 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Criticism as Praxis
— Assignment last updated by Disembodied Poetics (talk) 21:02, 17 October 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: 2023SP Communication Research Methods
— Assignment last updated by Geminigoblin (talk) 15:04, 4 April 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: MIT 398 Intercultural International Communication
— Assignment last updated by Malharami (talk) 22:52, 2 November 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Communication Theory
— Assignment last updated by Mdg076 (talk) 20:35, 17 November 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Honors SPC 1017 Fall 2023
— Assignment last updated by AidanPBSC (talk) 15:41, 7 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nonverbal communication


text:
User talk:KoyaanisQatsi

Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Central Asia
WikiProject Central Asia has finally been created. Would you care to join us? Aelfthrytha 22:07, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

Quote whore
Quote whore has been proposed for deletion. An editor felt this term might not be significant enough for an article. Please review Avoid neologisms for the relevant guidelines. If you can improve the article to address these concerns, please do so. Remember, however, that Wikipedia is not a dictionary, so articles about the meanings and usages of terms are not appropriate either.

If no one objects to the deletion within five days by removing the "prod" notice, the article may be deleted without further discussion. If you remove the prod notice, the deletion process will stop, but if an editor is still not satisfied that the article meets Wikipedia guidelines, it may be sent to Articles for deletion for consensus. NickelShoe (Talk) 15:08, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

Nomination of -ism for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article -ism is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/-ism & until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Cnilep (talk) 05:38, 2 February 2014 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Action film

The article Action film has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern:
 * This is either a personal list, in which case it doesn't belong on Wikipedia, or it's a copyright violation of whoever's list this is, in which case it doesn't belong on Wikipedia.

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Pichpich (talk) 22:31, 1 November 2016 (UTC)

Historical anniversaries/January 26 listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Historical anniversaries/January 26. Since you had some involvement with the Historical anniversaries/January 26 redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. -  C HAMPION  (talk) (contributions) (logs) 08:35, 1 January 2017 (UTC)

Nomination of Economy of Réunion for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Economy of Réunion is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Economy of Réunion until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Shaded0 (talk) 03:57, 24 January 2017 (UTC)

"Palmyra Atoll/Transportation" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Palmyra Atoll/Transportation. Since you had some involvement with the Palmyra Atoll/Transportation redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. 1234qwer1234qwer4 (talk) 17:27, 12 April 2020 (UTC)

"Larrys Text/Epistemology" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Larrys Text/Epistemology and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Steel1943 (talk) 21:49, 16 December 2022 (UTC)

Good article reassessment for Economy of Iran
Economy of Iran has been nominated for a good article reassessment. If you are interested in the discussion, please participate by adding your comments to the reassessment page. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, the good article status may be removed from the article. Femke (alt) (talk) 21:57, 14 February 2023 (UTC)

Good article reassessment for History of Singapore
History of Singapore has been nominated for a good article reassessment. If you are interested in the discussion, please participate by adding your comments to the reassessment page. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, the good article status may be removed from the article. Onegreatjoke (talk) 21:05, 30 May 2023 (UTC)

Good article reassessment for Malawi
Malawi has been nominated for a good article reassessment. If you are interested in the discussion, please participate by adding your comments to the reassessment page. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, the good article status may be removed from the article. Dan the Animator 07:34, 11 October 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:KoyaanisQatsi


text: User talk:216.56.20.156

title: User talk:216.56.20.156


text: User talk:64.216.16.48

title: User talk:64.216.16.48


text:
Rubén Sierra

Rubén Angel Sierra García (born October 6, 1965) is a Puerto Rican former Major League Baseball (MLB) outfielder. Over 20 seasons, Sierra played for the Texas Rangers (1986–92, 2000–01, 2003), Oakland Athletics (1992–95), New York Yankees (1995–96, 2003–05), Detroit Tigers (1996), Cincinnati Reds (1997), Toronto Blue Jays (1997), Chicago White Sox (1998), Seattle Mariners (2002) and Minnesota Twins (2006). Sierra also signed with the Cleveland Indians at the end of 1999, but was released towards the end of spring training in March 2000.

Early life
Sierra graduated from Liceo Interamericano Castro High School in Puerto Rico in 1983, where he played baseball, basketball and volleyball.

MLB career
In November 1982, the Texas Rangers of Major League Baseball (MLB) signed 17-year-old Sierra as a free agent. Sierra made his major league debut on June 1, 1986, as an outfielder and hit a home run in his second MLB at bat. Sierra hit .264 with 16 home runs and 55 runs batted in (RBIs) in his rookie year.

In 1989, Sierra hit 29 home runs and led the league in RBIs (119), triples (14), slugging percentage (.543), total bases (344) and extra base hits (78), and finished second in MVP voting to Robin Yount. He had three seasons with over 100 RBIs with the Rangers. In August 1992, the Rangers traded Sierra, Jeff Russell, and Bobby Witt to the Oakland Athletics for José Canseco.

In 1995, the Athletics traded Sierra and Jason Beverlin to the New York Yankees for Danny Tartabull. After helping the Yankees reach the playoffs for the first time in 14 years in 1995, Sierra was traded to the Detroit Tigers with Matt Drews for Cecil Fielder. After the 1997 season, the Tigers traded Sierra to the Cincinnati Reds for minor leaguers Decomba Conner and Ben Bailey.

Sierra won the AL Comeback Player of the Year Award with the Rangers in 2001. He played for the Mariners in 2002 and began the 2003 season with the Rangers. On June 6, 2003, the Rangers traded Sierra to the Yankees for Marcus Thames. Sierra was an important part of the 2004 Yankees, a team that hit over 240 home runs, hitting 17 of them as the usual designated hitter, playing in 56 games at the position.

In Game 4 of the 2004 American League Division Series, with the Yankees down to the Minnesota Twins 5–2, Sierra hit a three-run home run to tie the game at 5–5 off of reliever Juan Rincón. His clutch home run helped the Yankees rally to win the game and the series. However, he was the final out of Game 7 of the 2004 American League Championship Series, hitting a ground ball to Pokey Reese, which secured the dramatic comeback victory of the Boston Red Sox. Sierra had an injury-plagued 2005 season and was let go by the Yankees after hitting just 4 home runs in 61 games. In 2006, Sierra signed a minor league contract with the Minnesota Twins, but was released on July 10. In August, Sierra was offered a chance to sign on with the New York Mets for the September run and playoffs. However, due to an illness to his mother, he opted not to play again in 2006.

In January 2007, Sierra signed a minor league contract with the Mets, who invited him to spring training. However, on March 20, he requested and was granted his release by the team after being reassigned the previous Thursday.

title: Rubén Sierra


text:
CBOFT-DT

CBOFT-DT (channel 9) is an Ici Radio-Canada Télé station in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, serving the National Capital Region. It is part of a twinstick with CBC Television station CBOT-DT (channel 4). The two stations share studios at the CBC Ottawa Broadcast Centre on Queen Street (across from the Confederation Line light rail station) in Downtown Ottawa, alongside the main corporate offices of the CBC; CBOFT-DT's transmitter is located on the Ryan Tower at Camp Fortune in Chelsea, Quebec, north of Gatineau.

History
CBOFT first signed on the air on June 24, 1955, as the first French language television station in Ontario. Previously, CBOT aired both CBC and Radio-Canada programs.

For a brief time during 1977 and 1978, until CHOT opened, CBOFT also carried some TVA programs, after Ottawa's first TVA affiliate, CFVO-TV (whose channel 30 frequency is now occupied by CIVO) went bankrupt.

Due to cost-cutting measures at the CBC in the early 1990s, local programming on Toronto's CBLFT and its rebroadcasters, as well as CBLFT semi-satellite CBEFT in Windsor was discontinued in 1991. All Radio-Canada transmitters in Ontario (except the northwest, which was served by CBWFT in Winnipeg) were reclassified as rebroadcasters of CBOFT, under the name "Radio-Canada Ontario-Outaouais". The station produced two distinct newscasts through the 1990s and 2000s, one for the Ottawa region and one for the remainder of Ontario.

In 2010, the CBC applied to the CRTC to have CBLFT relicensed as a separate station, which would again produce a separate newscast for broadcast in most of the province outside of CBOFT's market. The application was approved on April 28, 2010, leading to CBLFT resuming newscast production from Toronto, and most of the network's transmitters in Ontario were reassigned to CBLFT's license. Following this split in the network, CBOFT and its Quebec transmitters became "Radio-Canada Ottawa-Gatineau", while most other Ontario transmitters became "Radio-Canada Ontario".

Prior to the arrival of the Ottawa Senators NHL team, the station would broadcast the Montreal Canadiens games on Saturday nights, while the English counterpart, CBOT, would carry the Toronto Maple Leafs games during the Saturday Hockey Night in Canada slot.

Notable staff

 * Pierre Dufault, sports journalist and political correspondent

Analogue-to-digital conversion
On August 31, 2011, when Canadian television stations in CRTC-designated mandatory markets transitioned from analogue to digital broadcasts, the station's digital signal relocated from UHF channel 22 to VHF channel 9. Due to reception issues on channel 9, the station was granted permission to move to UHF channel 33.

Transmitters/Former rebroadcasters of CBOFT
CBOFT operated three analog television rebroadcasters all located in Quebec in the following communities:

Due to federal funding reductions to the CBC, in April 2012, the CBC responded with substantial budget cuts, which included shutting down CBC's and Radio-Canada's remaining analog transmitters on July 31, 2012. None of CBC or Radio-Canada's rebroadcasters were converted to digital.

title: CBOFT-DT


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Maude Senger

Maude Senger was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

Maude_Senger

 * My dumbass friend wrote this. I'm voting to delete it, for it is inane. 23:51, 10 Dec 2004

 * Delete . This nonsensical fantasizing sillyness is surely not Wikipedia material. rturus 22:47, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Maybe not in this reality.

 * Delete. Because it is nonsense, it is in fact entirely in keeping with the principles of Discordianism.  But, y'know, I don't hold Sunday Mass in Maude Senger's living room; her demonstration of Discordian principles should not go in an encyclopedia. -- Antaeus Feldspar 00:45, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Possibly even speedy for patent nonsense.--Lucky13pjn 01:04, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: We have an article on Discordianism. That's more than we need.  We need more accordians than discordians.  (And concertinas, too.)  Geogre 01:37, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * An obvious pile of bovine excrement, but not patent nonsense. Delete . [[User:Livajo|力伟|☺]] 03:33, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Okay, now it's a speedy delete candidate, since even the author has requested its removal. [[User:Livajo|力伟|☺]] 04:02, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete without reservation. EventHorizon 04:17, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I made this. I'm voting to delete it.
 * Speedy Delete. utcursch 12:55, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. Coolgamer 17:10, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * speedy delete and I added the speedy delete tag to the article. Nonsense.  Tempshill 00:21, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy deleted as nonsense. Thue | talk 15:59, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:Nkour

Feta
Hi ! Thanks you your consideration ! I certainly concure that cheese should be taken care of with the most respect. I think that the bets way to do it would be to take photographs and put them in the information table (and possibly additional pictures could follow in the article itself).

The main thing is that drawing feta will probably not render very well, only a photograph can render the texture of the matter. There are several images on the Internet (if you image-google "feta"), but these images are not "libre"; so we'd have two main solutions : ask for the autorisation to use the photographs on a site under a libre licence, or take a photograph ourselves.

I happen to live in a country where feta is not the most usual kind of cheese -- the one which is easily available does not make justice to the glory of feta. Since you live in probably the best place for this, perhaps you could do it if you can have both some feta and a digital camera ? A nice juggestion in any case.

Any now, for something completely different, did you know you can sign your comments easily by adding ~ at the end ? Can be helpful sometimes :).

Thanks for your suggestion and have lots of fun ! Rama 01:56, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Back-?propagation
Rather than chiding me with your arrogant tone, you could have spent seconds on Google answering your own question. Back-propagation is an exceedingly common alternative spelling of backpropagation; see, , and for just a few examples.

Thanks for pointing out and correcting the infinite redirection loop problem I created. These things happen; even experienced Wikipedians make mistakes. But there's no need to condescend here -- we're all trying to make the best encyclopedia, so let's keep things friendly and cordial. Best, David Iberri | Talk 20:53, Jan 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * Hello. I called you "my friend". I don't see the arrogant tone you mention. Anyways I'm happy that we now have it work both ways. I think it's better to redirect than to link, except if you 're 100% sure. -- Nkour 13:29, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Literature Collaboration of the Week
Patrida, I'm rallying up support for Alexandros Papadiamantis in Literature Collaboration of the Week. So, go vote! :D

Project2501a 16:28, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * to ekana an kai na xeris o papadiamantis den eine apo tous agapimenous mou. -- Nkour 21:18, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * OK, no problem, we'll get to your favorite author, too! :) one at a time :)
 * Nominate your favorite author as the candidate for the week after!

 * Project2501a 23:15, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Foreign relations
Foreign relations of Greece, Foreign relations of Turkey, Foreign relations of Cyprus, Foreign relations of the Republic of Macedonia, Greco-Turkish relations. See what's already there. Etz Haim 01:56, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Hey Etz, you're very active, kudos! You gave me this interesting links for the Census? BTW, is there a way for you to track the activity in my user talk page? 02:20, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Redirect
I've created a redirect from Greek Financial Census, 2004 to Greek Financial Audit, 2004. Sometimes is better to keep a page with a slightly wrong title to redirect people arriving there. To find out how to delete pages created by mistake, see Speedy deletions. Etz Haim 11:28, 13 Jan 2005 (UTC) Wikipedia:Speedy_deletions

Need Help
The article vanavsos is up for deletion. Can you please help in this regard. Second, I am having difficulty with Wikinfo:Classical definition of republic and am having trouble on Talk:Republic because they won't allow an external link. It was deleted off of Wikipedia, and I believe it needs to come back on. A serious mistake in deleting this article. Thanks for your time.WHEELER 18:30, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Musical notation
Replied to a comment you left a while back on Talk:Musical notation. I believe the category you wanted was Category:Musical software, in case you haven't gone and found it yourself already :-). Surprisingly enough, it did exist at the time, too, though with the mess the music categories tend to be in it's a wonder if anyone could find it. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 04:59, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Poll (Macedonian Slav or Macedonian)
I hope that this message is of interest to you, if not please accept my apologies. There is a poll in the talk page of the 'Macedonian Slavs' article here:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Macedonian_Slavs#The_poll

Some people are lobbying for changing the article's name to Macedonians without any qualifier. As it seems, a number of these people come from the Macedonian/Macedonian Slav wikipedia project. It seemed only fair to attract the attention of people possibly from the other side of the story. Your contributions to the discussion and the poll are welcomed.

 * Yes I agreed with Delirium. Thanks for notifying me

Wikipedians in Greece
Hi, I understand that you are either Greek Wikipedian or a Wikipedian living in/with an interest in Greece.

The category page Wikipedians/Greece has been replaced with Category:Wikipedians in Greece but your name still appears on the old list. You might considering moving it. You might also consider adding adding Template:Greekwiki to your user page.

A Greek Wikipedians' notice board has been in existence for some time but is terribly underutilised. It would certainly benefit from your involvement.--Damac 12:24, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

Greek and Cypriot media coverage
Hello Nikos,

I am writing a thesis on Croatia's candidacy to join the EU as seen by the various European media. As I see that you are a native Greek speaker interested in (real) politics I was wondering if you would consider helping me. Needless to say, I don't speak Greek. However, I think it would be a shame if my thesis were to reflect only the views and topics covered in the countries such as Austria, Britain, France, Germany, the Netherlands etc (in short, the countries whose languages I understand). Therefore, I would like to include a section on Greek and Cypriot media in my thesis. I am not only interested in Croatia's candidacy, but also in the wider subjects people associate with the EU. I left a more detailed list on my discussion page.

I will be more than grateful if you could leave me just a link to a Greek or Cypriot newspaper article that deals with any of the above subjects with a short summary such as for example: "XY is opposed to Turkey's membership because of the unresolved Cyprus issue" or "the membership of Croatia is bad because the constitutional treaty has been rejected in France and the Netherlands" or "party X is critical to Greece's membership in the eurozone because of..." Also any other information is appreciated.

I will be sending this message to several other native Greek speakers. Also if you know a Wikipedian who could help me, please let me know. Of course, if you're not interested, please accept my apologies and feel free to erase the message. Thank you for your time. PGradStudent 11:15, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Nikos, thank you very much for providing me with valuable information about the Greek outlook on the EU enlargement and other EU-related issues. Your input will help me greatly in compiling the Greece section of the thesis. I really appreciate your time and effort. Best wishes from Croatia. PGradStudent 08:20, 11 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I have almost forgotten - the links to English editions of Greek and Cypriot newspapers are superb! PGradStudent 08:35, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

JFace
It seems that the JFace page has been deleted, and my JFace/Temp got wiped too. Do you think you'll be able to rewrite a new one from scratch? --Remy Suen 16:38, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

Meetup in Athens
Hello! I'd like to turn the first meetup of Wikipedians in Athens, Greece to your attention. We're a group of students involving three German Wikipedia admins and have set up this meetup for March 31st, 6:00 PM (18:00). The location is (to be exspected) the Ama Lachi. We'd very much like seeing as many Wikipedians from Greece as possible. We'd also like some help with the setup of the meeting; we need a contactsman in Athens. Yours, Sarazyn • 丁人LK • DE 13:32, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Gajim
An editor has nominated one or more articles which you have created or worked on, for deletion. The nominated article is Gajim. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also Notability and "What Wikipedia is not").

Your opinions on whether the article meets inclusion criteria and what should be done with the article are welcome; please participate in the discussion(s) by adding your comments to Articles for deletion/Gajim. Please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ).

You may also edit the article during the discussion to improve it but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate.

Please note: This is an automatic notification by a bot. I have nothing to do with this article or the deletion nomination, and can't do anything about it. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 01:10, 19 December 2009 (UTC)

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
Hello there. This is an automated message to tell you about the gradual phasing out of the preference entitled "Mark all edits minor by default", which you currently have (or very recently had) enabled.

On 13 March 2011, this preference was hidden from the user preferences screen as part of efforts to prevent its accidental misuse (consensus discussion). This had the effect of locking users in to their existing preference, which, in your case, was. To complete the process, your preference will automatically be changed to  in the next few days. This does not require any intervention on your part and you will still be able to manually mark your edits as being 'minor'. The only thing that's changed is that you will no longer have them marked as minor by default.

For established users such as yourself there is a workaround available involving custom JavaScript. If you are familiar with the contents of WP:MINOR, and believe that it is still beneficial to the encyclopedia to have all your edits marked as such by default, then this discussion will give you the details you need to continue with this functionality indefinitely. If you have any problems, feel free to drop me a note.

Thank you for your understanding and happy editing :) Editing on behalf of User:Jarry1250, LivingBot (talk) 19:48, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nkour


text:
Category:Irish businesspeople

This category lists businesspeople who originated from Ireland.

title: Category:Irish businesspeople


text:
Talk:Luna Lovegood

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 8 January 2021 and 12 March 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Laurenrchurch.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 02:58, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Merge Proposal
Discussion ported over to Harry Potter WikiProject: Merge Proposal Luna Lovegood and Neville Longbottom. As this discussion is redundant;y repeated over at Neville Longbottom, it is best to consolidate the discussion at the wikiproject level. - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  12:33, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

(The Request for Comment was also moved to the above linked-page. The direct link should appear in the RfC page shortly. --Oakshade (talk) 17:32, 1 August 2008 (UTC))

First appearance, both Luna and Xeno.
I can remember at least for a time ago characters had a "first mentioned" or something if they were mentioned in a book before appearing. I looked at Sirius Black and he didn't have it left but a line read "Sirius was first mentioned briefly in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", Does something similar get mentioned for Luna and Xeno mentioned in Goblet of Fire as "the Lovegoods" and that they hadn't gotten tickets to the World Cup? — chandler — 17:52, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Suggestions for the article
I have a few things that I think should be mentioned in this article I will change some of these things myself, I'm just making this so people know why I edited them.

1) Should Luna's middle name be included at the beginning of the article? The articles for Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger both included the character's middle names in the first sentence,but the Luna article does not include her middle name, Elizabeth.

2)Luna and her father are mentioned in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, page 73 (chapter six.) In the article on Sirius Black, the first paragraph mentions that Sirius Black was alluded to in book one, so I assume a similar statement would be helpful for this article.

3) In the other articles for major HP characters,the section at the beginning included "full name" before "Spouse" and after "House". Assuming these articles have the correct formatting, a full name should be included in that section.

This is all I can see right now, I hope this is helpful.

--71.36.193.251 (talk) 01:30, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
 * You have repeatedly added that supposed middle name without any reliable sources to back it up. Please stop. —El Millo (talk) 01:46, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Pinging @Icecream94826 in case he/she wants to comment. @71.36.193.251, please provide a reliable source for you middle name addition or it will be removed. — Twassman [Talk·Contribs] 02:08, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
 * It's actually the opposite. It will be added (or kept) once it has a reliable source. The status quo is not including it, and unsourced content recently added should be removed at once. —El Millo (talk) 02:45, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I've checked the Harry Potter wiki, which seldom requires reliable sources for inclusion, and it isn't even included there. —El Millo (talk) 02:49, 23 February 2021 (UTC)

Yes. I got that information from a cite(lunafans) that I thought was official, but actually was a fan site with non-canon information. I apologize for posting inaccurate information, It won't happen again — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.36.193.251 (talk) 14:36, 23 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Luna Lovegood