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Talk:Millionaire

Thousandaire
Just wondering if anyone ever used this term to refer to someone with a thousand currency units in the bank? As a kid in the 1970's I remember my parents, who weren't rich but weren't poor (dad was a teacher and mom was a beautician) referring to themselves and other people who had a $1,000 or more in savings as "Thousandaires". Maybe it was a joke that I just didn't get as a kid but I am wondering if the term "Thousandaire" was ever used like the term Millionaire is used now and just fell out of usage because of inflation. Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.133.42.16 (talk) 21:02, 28 October 2009 (UTC)

Frirst millionaire June 13, 2005 - Anyone know who the world's first millionaire is, if it has been documented?

What about hundred millionaires? It is known that there are are about 400 billionaires in the US and anywwhere from 2,000,000 to 16,000,000 millionaires. It seems like billionaires, as a group, are too small to truly represent the ultra-wealthy, while millionaires represent a vast range of wealthiness- from high earning white collar workers who may own a house worth a million dollars to CEOs of large corporations who are worth hundreds of millions of dollars. Hundred millionaires can afford private airplanes and several estates, they're a little bit different from your sergeon who has a one acre estate and has to work six days a week to maintain his lifestyle. Hundred millionaires are an order of magnitude wealthier than just plain millionaires and are perhaps more like billionaires in terms of life style and influence. I have been unable to find a source saying how many hundred millionaires there are in the US/world, it would be great if anyone knows anything about it. j

Currency
A millionaire is a person who has a net worth or wealth of more than one million United States dollars, euros, UK pounds or units of a similarly valued currency.

Wealth is not precisely defined, and what is a "similarly valued currency"? It appears that there is no good definition of "millionaire". Brianjd 11:09, 2004 Dec 18 (UTC)
 * I also don't think it's clear that the currency needs to be "similarly valued" (if we can even say meaningfully that United States dollars and UK pounds have similar values). The website Whatmillion.com takes a net worth in any of a few currencies, and finds the currency where the holder would be a millionaire (e.g. Vietnamese đồng, Kuwaiti Dinar, etc).  I also remember having been in some countries, but can not definitively site examples, where the term is reserved for earnings rather than net worth.  TheSparrow 04:27, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

Who wants to be a Turkish Millionaire?! Ewlyahoocom 22:41, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

The origin of the term millionaire is in revolutionary France where the Assignat currency was so over-inflated that people were described as millionaires and yet were still poor.

Number of millionaires quite ambiguous?
CNN Money has reported that as of May 2005 the number of millionaires in the U.S. itself is nearly 7 million. Is this number simply including "paper millionaires," whereas this Wikipedia article is only counting those who have 1 million dollars or over in "cash?" If not then maybe it's time to edit the information! (This comment was left by User:24.16.63.183)

 * The CNN report obviously counts "money millionaires." It very clearly states that real estate equity is the most common assets among millionaires in the US. Also, please remember the original research policy. We don't count here; CNN counts, Forbers counts, Merril Lynch counts. We just report the findings of such institutions and thus need to list all their findings, those who include "equity millionaire" and those include "financial asset millionaires." Thanks. Regards,  Signature brendel  06:40, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the response, I was the one who had asked this question before creating my Wikipedia account. And thank you for updating/upgrading the article!--Theelectricchild 14:28, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

 * No problem. Best Regards,  Signature brendel  18:18, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Tag
Please include the female spelling, millionairess.

And create a Redirect Article millionairess.

Thanks

100110100 08:17, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

Millionairess, like "aviatrix" and "editrix", is thought by most to be archaic and has therefore fallen out of use. But perhaps a mention of the term as such would be interesting (cc:100110100's talk page) --Seja430 16:13, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

Number of millionaires by country
Number od HNWIs (in thousands ) in selected countries from World Wealth Report 2005 and 2006

Country - year 2003, 2004 and 2005

Australia  117 134 146

Brasil        92 98 109

Canada    200 217 232

China      287 300 320

Germany 756 760 767

India      61 70 83

Russia     84 88 103

UK           383 418 448

US         2272 2498 2669

Country -year 2004 and 2005

UAE                53 59

Saudi Arabia  70 80

Country -year 2004

Singapore    49

South Africa 37

Hong Kong   67

South Korea 71

Spain        141

sources: http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/jun/21rich.htm (2006 Report) There are now 8.7 million millionaires on the planet, 6.5 per cent more than there were last year. The report said that United States is the richest nation with 2.67 million millionaires. The other countries with the highest number of HNWIs are: Germany (767,000), the United Kingdom (448,000), China (320,000), Canada (232,000), Australia (146,000), Brazil (109,000), and Russia (103,000). HNWI http://www.fin-rus.com/sector/economics00004009FC/default.asp http://www.us.capgemini.com/DownloadLibrary/files/Capgemini_FSI_WWR06.pdf http://www.us.capgemini.com/DownloadLibrary/files/Capgemini_FSI_WWR05.pdf

--

I am finding these numbers somewhat hard to believe. In the article there was an estimate cited from Barclays I think that said the USA had 16.6m millionaires, that number is way out of line with the other estimates and obviously not in line with the "10m millionaires worldwide" estimate that heads the sections. I think what is happening is many estimates are excluding the value of primary residences. Including these numbers would change things considerably (by word of mouth, I remember hearing that in Madrid as far back as the 1990s, the average 4 person home was worth 4m $US - which would basically mean everyone in Madrid would count). Europe as a whole concentrated on inflating their real estate values before the USA did, and numbers from all such populous countries should probably be in the millions. So I pose this question: do we need to include such dubious numbers at all, without a standard reference? --173.66.8.77 (talk) 22:39, 2 April 2012 (UTC)

this article...
portrays millionaires in the wrong light. most millionaires do not own superexpensive homes, cars, etc. they save money. that's how they got to be millionaires. right now, i'm reading The Millionaire Next Door, and it talks about stuff like that. it's a good book, if anybody wants something to read. Harpiegirl6 23:02, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

 * True. Just about half of all millionaires are retired; meaning that they have simply managed to accumulate one million over the course of their lifes. Most millionaires are middle class people who were smart with their investments and now have a lot os assets. Besdies a most millionaires (By Net Worth) have their assets locked up in real estate; thus their million does not affecting their lifestyles. I think it is also important to remember that the majority of millionaires are not multi-millionaies, meaning that their net worth ranges between one and two million. Regards,  Signature brendel  23:23, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I just found out that someone close to me is a millionare and that's why I was reading this article. But the thing is he just found out that he is because a house he bought a long time ago is now sitting on prime real-estate. His networth is now huge but he's the same guy who has to work his ass off for a living. -- 18:19, 9 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Exactely. The real estate market has been the dirivng force behind the recent increase in millionaires. Fact is that while 7% are millionaires according to net worth only 2.6% actually have assets (other than equity) worth 1 mil or more. The story you shared above is very typical of a modern millionaire. Here in California, house prices increased up to 400% in just five years, leaving many working class people, finding themselves with a net worth of one million or more, because what was once a modest home is now a "California cottege." Personally, I haven't read the book but encourage you to editasseas the article with the info from the book. Regards,  Signature brendel  23:08, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

This is ridiculous. The article starts with a false premise - that a millionaire "is a person who resides in a household whose net worth or wealth exceeds one million". So the live-in maid on minimum wage is a millionaire! Similarly, if 10 people live in a house and each have a personal wealth of 100,000, by this definition all of them are millionaires! And this leads to the pointless discussion above based on property (real estate) values. A sensible definition of a millionaire ought to be along the lines of a person having annual income, earned or not, in excess of a million dollars/pounds/whatever and therefore having the appropriate spending power. The poor guy with the inflated house is just that - poor. If he realises his million he's homeless! Emeraude 17:27, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

 * No the maid isn't going to be millionaire but the guy's teenage son or daughter is. Also, yes if ten people w/ $100k live together then they are living in a millionaire household. That's how the US government collects data; by household not individual. Its the same problem with income. Three low-income people live together and their household may be among the top 10% on the income strata. Consider that the majority of households with six-figure incomes wouldn't have them if they didn't have two income eanrers. Who's wealthier a family of four making $120,000 or a family of two making $80,000 a year? There is an inherit flaw in counting the gross total earnings and net worth by household instead of dividing them by household member, but that's how the Departement of Commerce does it. And finally yes, "The poor guy with the inflated house," is by net worth a millionaire. Trust me I live in CA, I see households who make less than $60k in million dollars homes all the time-I know it sounds rediculous to call them millionaires, but according to Gov data they are. How else would almost 8% of Americans get to be millionaires. I agree with you that income should be the definition, as that really affects lifestyle, but unfortunately that's not how the Gov or media sees it. Regards  Signature brendel  19:07, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for that information. However, I'm willing to bet that the Dept of Commerce definition of millionaire isn't the same as the IRS's.  Perhaps the first sentence in the article should stipulate that the rest of the article is based on a flawed argument from the DofC and someone can make another article on 'real' millionaires.  Emeraude 21:17, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, I'm not really up to re-writing the article now. The thing is that there are different definitions of what a millionaire is. It's also a loaded term and recent deveoplments in the economy have made it possible for "The poor guy with the inflated house" to call himself a millionaire, in terms of net worth. The DofC def isn't really flawed, its based on net worth. The DofC also measured assets, excluding home equite, then only about 2.6% would be millionaires. There are a lot of ways to count wealth, just like there are a lot of ways to count income. If this article was to feature a scientific approach it should eventually look something like my Household income in the United States article. Perhaps we need to mention the image that pops into peoples heads when they hear the word millionaire aside from all the economic stats we can cite. Anyways, feel free to edit the article, this one needs it. Regards,  Signature brendel  05:46, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Your 'sensible definition' appears to have almost come true - in recent years President Obama has talked about "millionaires and billionaires," and has promoted an extra tax on those with income of over a million dollars per year. I've since seen this usage of millionaire (based on income rather than assets). Benbradley (talk) 03:13, 8 December 2013 (UTC)

centimillionaire ????
centimillionaire, being someone with 100 million or more. Is this a correct use of the term centimillionaire?? I would have thought a centimillionaire would have a mere $10,000.

 * You're right according to the SI system you would expect a centi-millionaire to be worth in tens of thousands. But as far as I can see the term is acutally used to describe people worth in the hundreds of millions. See this Forbes article regarding Bob Hope, whose described as "Just another Centimillionaire" with a net worth between 400 and 700 million. Regards,  Signature brendel  Now under review! 07:17, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

I did some research on the term "centimillionaire" and sure enough, this is taken to mean more than 100 million. I shall never know why this is the proper term since it goes against the SI system, but such as it is. Anyone know the origin of this term??? If so, it would be interesting to make mention of it in the article Caffeine USA 19:15, 18 November 2006 (UTC)slouod

 * What sources did you use? Forbes has used it incorrectly time and time again (http://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Aforbes.com+centimillionaire).  Centi-, the prefix, means 1/100.  Centimeter is 1/100 of a meter.  Centimillionaire is 1/100 of a millionaire.  Yes there are words like "century" which are derived from the use of "cent" (Lation for 100) in the non-inverse way (100 instead of 1/100), but whenever you use the "centi-", as a prefix to modify an existing value, it means 1/100.  More info SI_prefix.  Perhaps it could be mentioned that Forbes has used it incorrectly many times, and is an unreliable source due to this.  (If it becomes mainstream enough, what I have said will be wrong do to the natural change of the English language to coincide with popular belief.)  I changed the article. 71.7.199.51 14:10, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Just google it. The word has its meaning, which is not consistent with how the prefix is otherwise used. But that doesn't mean we get to rewrite the english language. Centimillionaire means worth over 100 million, even if it doesn't make sense. Wikipedia is not a platform for linguistic crusades. :) Euushnkrates 20:49, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

 * True, the term does not follow the SI system. Here centi means 100 times and centimillionaire thus means 100,000,000. Yes, technically that is incorrect following the SI system-but that doesn't apply here. Language doesn't always follow scientific guidelines. Regards,  Signature brendel  HAPPY HOLIDAYS 23:28, 15 Decemberbilloiblj 2006 (UTC)

 * "Wikipedia is not a platform for linguistic crusades." Agreed. ... I think the problem comes from the USA's lack of usage with the metric system.  I bet most of those Google results are USA.  People in countries unfamiliar with the metric system do not see what a POOR choice "centimillionaire" is.  It is so clear that "hectomillionaire" is the correct choice.  I'm not just saying it is technically correct, I'm saying it is clearly correct, and naturally understood to be correct by anyone familiar with "centi-".  It's just odd that the richest nation just happens to be one of the only countries left not using metric... and therefore opting into such a bad choice (out of ignorance).  I think Wikipedia "backing" this improper usage is wrong, and should set the stage correctly. 71.7.199.51 23:54, 16 December 2006 (UTC)jhzbkjz.  rfbo  a/an?

 * "but that doesn't apply here..." It applies perfectly.  It is used as a modifier of a value (1,000,000) by a value (100)... "hectomillion" = 100,000,000.  centimillion = 10,000.  This is truth.  "-aire" is tagged on afterwards. 71.7.199.51 23:54, 16 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Correct. A centimillionaire is someone who has a net worth of a million cents. Jeepien (talk) 23:03, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

 * And I already mentioned that I do understand that usage defines meaning, not technicalities. I'm just not sure the usage is widespread enough.  I'm not sure about a lot of this, but I thought I should bring up my thoughts anyways! 71.7.199.51 23:54, 16 December 2006 (UTC)
 * It is those who use centi- improperly who are rewriting the English language. This is what happens when we let insufficiently educated people who persist in clinging to "freedom units" invent words. Jeepien (talk) 23:12, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

Hectomillionaire and centimillionaire both equalling $100,000,000 net worth are not mutually exclusive conditions, which means that hectomillionaire is correct no matter what centimillionaire is decided to be. Shouldn't this be added? 71.7.199.51 23:12, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

How does one "win" a Wikipedia argument? It appears this argument is over as long as the page retains the edit requested by the other side. Does the page have to be edited back to "hectomillionaire" to force a continuity to this discussion? I'm really unsure how argument or discussion on Wikipedia works. (And I do not mean any offense by this.)

And, to repeat, doesn't hectomillionaire mean one hundred million dollars net worth (despite the technically incorrect usage of centimillionaire to mean the same)? (It does, I just posed that as a question to inspire thought.) They are not exclusive of one another. If so, shouldn't this be noted? (This is actually what I'm unsure of.) Shouldn't it be noted that Forbes is technically incorrect with their usage of the metric system, although being the main force in popularizing it? I wrote an article on my thoughtpo5rs on the matter: http://xona.com/2006/12/17.html 71.7.199.51 21:58, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

 * "Millionaire" isn't a metric unit, so it's not clear why the SI system should govern the prefixes for term. Of course it's true that the prefix centi- has been appropriated by the metric system to mean 1/100.  But the word has much older roots; in Latin, centum means "one hundred" (not "one hundredth") as lives on in such words as century and centurion.  The words "million" and "millionaire" come from Romance languages derived from Latin, so you could make the case that "centimillionaire" is more etymologically consistent than a word that uses "hekato", the Greek root for 100.  Anyway, centimillionaire enjoys widespread usage beyond Forbes magazine and appears to be the standard term. Cephal-odd (talk) 17:07, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Hecto equals 100, please don't get them mixed up. Dwilso  17:42, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

 * millionaire is based on million... a number. what would 100,000,000 be called (the NUMBER)?  hectomillion.  i fail to see how hectomillionaire (and centimillionaire) is not based on SI system. the USA does not use metric, and that's why centimillionaire is used incorrectly so often. 24.224.190.153 (talk) 13:23, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

 * cent may be derived from 100, but you need something that is derived from 100 to construct 1/100. this is poor logic to say cent means 100.  a perfect example is the penny (one cent) worth 1/100 of a dollar 24.224.190.153 (talk) 13:23, 9 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Cent in common usage does mean 1/100. If a centimillionaire means 100 million then surely one cent equals a hundred dollars--in other words, Not. Jeepien (talk) 23:07, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

 * forbes is wrong. they don't understand the SI system. http://www.google.com/search?q=hectomillion  http://www.google.com/search?q=centimillion "centimillion a word sometimes used incorrectly to mean 100 million (108). This is a serious misuse of the metric prefix centi-, which means 1/100, not 100. The number 100 million could be called a hectomillion or (at least in the U.S.) a decibillion" ~ http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictC.html

 * if you are using centi- as a prefix, it is hard to argue that it should not follow with ALL other uses of centi- as a 1/100 prefix. this is just USA ignorance of metric: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Metric_system.png 24.224.190.153 (talk) 13:30, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

It's unfair to categorize all Americans as being ignorant when the only ones who have made the mistake are a small number of American journalists. I'm a well-read American (but I don't read Forbes) and the only term I can remember reading is multimillionaire; I can't ever remember reading heca- or hectomillionaire, other than these few articles in The Reg. We should remember that a long time ago when a hundred thousand was a lot of money, the term hundred grand or hundred G's was used. It's a colloquial expression and had no basis on any particular system, but its meaning was understood by most people. The same applies to centi- or whatever millionaire. 204.75.251.6 (talk) 21:33, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

A few points:

1. Numbers vs. words. One million is indeed a number, but the article is about words that describe people owning certain amounts of money, which isn't exactly the same thing. Are "hectomillion" or "centimillion" in widespread use to refer to 10^8? Usually we say "100 million".

2. SI jurisdiction. The SI system governs the names of SI units, not the names of all numbers everywhere. Certainly centi- means 1/100 in those units, but it would be metric imperialism to claim that SI rules apply to every word and number. The claim that centi- never means 100 is incorrect. (See #4)

3. Knowledge of metric. The hypothesis that the name stemmed from lack of SI knowledge is interesting, but I suspect it's incorrect. It's true that the metric system isn't predominant in the United States, but the editors of Forbes etc. probably studied science in school at some point and know that a centimeter is 1/100 of a meter. "Cent" as 1/100 of $1 is also a good example. It's more likely that "centimillionaire" arose because of the custom of using centi- in words with Latin roots (see below).

4. Latin vs. Greek roots. The cent- prefix often means 100 in words with Latin roots, since centum means 100. Hence, the name centipede implies 100 legs rather than 1/100 of a leg, and a centennial celebrates the passage of 100 years, not 3.65 days (1/100 of a year)! The hecto- prefix denoted 100 in classic Greek, and signifes 100 in words of Greek derivation, as well as in the names of SI units.

As explained in an earlier posting above, millionaire derives from Latin roots, so I think the traditional name "centimillionaire" is appropriate. Cheers, Cephal-odd (talk) 04:08, 12 July 2008 (UTC)

These are good points. However...

Hectomillion and centimillion are indeed both not used very often. However, they are, globally, both used about equally as often. Centimillion is used most often in the US, and Hectomillion is used most often in the rest of the world. This is because of the US being one of only 3 countries left in the world that still does not use the metric system. The reason the use of centimillion is even on equal use as hectomillion is because of the US’ dominance in the global media market.

When talking about the SI system, one should know something about what it is. The SI system is the "Système International d’Unités" also known as the International System of Units. Yes, the Metric system is “based” the SI System. Units "ARE" the names of numbers everywhere, that is their definition. Centi- does mean 1/100 of "any" units and nothing else.

When referring to the Latin language there ends up being a bit of confusion. The prefix cent- comes from two words in the Latin language: “Centum” and “centesimus”. Centum means one hundred (100) and centesimus means one hundredth (1/100). Mostly it comes from centum. The use of this prefix is largely defined by the context in which it’s used.

The example of “Cent” as 1/100 of $1 is actually a very bad example. The word “Cent” for monetary purposes actually comes from the US Continental Congress in the 1780s. It was suggested by Robert Morris in 1782 with regards to a different currency plan and was finally adopted for the current US currency plan by the US Continental Congress in 1786. Robert Morris’ suggestion was influenced by the word “percent” which again comes from the Latin words “per centum” (by the hundred). Ironically when he suggested the shortened form “cent” it removed the “per-” from the word which is what makes it mean “by the” hundred.

The example of the word centipede implying 100 legs rather than 1/100 of a leg is also a bad example. The word centipede meaning 100 legs rather than 1/100 of a leg is correct, however, as with the other examples, the word "centipede" has the prefix cent-, "not" centi-. The breakdown of the word centipede is as such: cent-i-pede.

This isn’t a Greek vs. Latin issue. The SI prefixes come from various sources, Greek, Latin, French, and others. This is a “numbers” issue. This is a “unit” issue. The word millionaire refers to someone who has a million dollars. The word million actually comes from the SI System (meaning 1 000 000). The prefix hecto- comes also from the SI System meaning hundred. When we combine the word hundred and the word million we need to correctly call it hectomillion. Centimillion “IS” and always should be 10 000. So we can’t use the word million and ignore the other proper prefixes within that same system.

Ignorance of correct language doesn’t make it right. Centimillionaire is still wrong. However, the english language is a dynamic language, constantly changing its meanings based on usage and popular acceptance. The use is currently wrong but is in danger of becoming right. The acceptance of centimillion or centimillionaire meaning one hundred million will only serve to confuse the use of proper prefixes when centi- (with an ‘i’) in all other words means one hundredth. If the public would like to change the word to centmillion (without the ‘i’) then that would be correct.

In conclusion, there is nowhere in the english language where the prefix “centi-” means one hundred. It always means one hundredth. I think there should be a section in this article with regards to the term hectomillionaire and centimillionaire and explain from where the confusion stems. I have done this, and I hope that people will edit it. Make it well explained, and grammatically correct instead of just removing the section all together.

Here is a list of online references that back up my information:

Online Etymology Dictionary

International System of Units

Hectomillionaire vs. Centimillionaire I found this page has a very good explanation of the differences and confusions as well.Bohuiginn (talk) 20:16, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

Millionaire Definition
There seems to be universal acceptance of a definition that excludes the equity built up in a primary residence. Here are some problems with that:

- Allows individual control of whether they qualify for "millionaire" category. Example: I live in a $900k home. I have $500k in equity, and another $500k in non-residence assets. If I decide to sell my home and move into a rental apartment, I get to be a millionaire (woo hoo)! Or I can appear to be worth zero by investing what is left of my non-house assets in a $1.4 million home. kagdy

- Discredits individual's wealth building skills when their knowledge and timing of investment in real estate happens to be connected with their strategy for acquiring a primary residence. Example, I timed my purchase of my primary residence for the 90's real estate recovery. But according to the definition, I have failed to create 1 million in wealth because my savings and investment vehicle was my home. Again, why should ownership or liquidation of a primary residence be able to "swing the meter" from millionaire, to "poor", then back to millionaire? The same skills and principles of building wealth are employed in either case? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 198.57.19.103 (talk) 17:09, 27 March 2007 (UTC).

 * Why? Becuase markets arn't always rational. Luck is -this goes not just for the real estate market- the most important factor in deciciding what makes people rich. Talent and effort will make you affluent, but you need to luck to become rich. As for the universal acceptance, it doesn't exsist. The word millionaire may refer to persons such as yourself in the example above, or just to those with liquid assets worth $1 million or more. It depends on context. Sociologist Leonard Beeghley, for example, class all net worth millionaries, rich - yet others don't. There simply isn't a consensus on this issue and our article needs to reflect that. Thanks for your input. Regards,  Signature brendel  23:20, 18 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Gearing and timing are more important than luck. I read somewhere that the wealthy people have the higher proportionate amount of borrowings. 80.2.201.161 (talk) 14:25, 28 June 2008 (UTC)
 * It's called "Leverage". Folk with high net worth will find it far easier to borrow money than those with no assets - see Credit Risk. DrVxD (talk) 17:24, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

The following comment appears in the Currency section above: "I also remember having been in some countries, but can not definitively site examples, where the term is reserved for earnings rather than net worth. TheSparrow 04:27, 17 April 2006 (UTC)."

Anyone in the U.S. who has listened to television or the radio during the last 6 months or so has heard the term "millionaire" used to mean one whose INCOME is one million dollars or more. Today I tried to find out when the meaning of the word changed, and after half an hour on Google, I haven't found anything about it. Am I the only one who has noticed this change? The comment I quote above is the only acknowledgment I have found, and it's from 2006!216.179.1.82 (talk) 06:23, 30 October 2011 (UTC)

Terminology section
I split off a separate section to discuss various distinctions in the use of the word millionaire. The "middle-class millionaire" bit might be unique to the US and Canada, haven't really researched it yet though. Feel free to take out the Onion video if it seems inappropriate - just didn't want anyone crying neologism on me. Luatha 02:41, 9 October 2007 (UTC)oiuh uha uua habhri hiegja ufd
 * I think this section should be deleted. None of the terms described (except "multimillionnaire") are in widespread use. Even mMillionaire was only a flash in the pan. Multimillionnaire is described later in the article. Would anyone object to its deletion? --Surturz (talk) 07:34, 15 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Since there are no objections, I've removed centimillionaire et al. --Surturz (talk) 06:10, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

I have noticed a few articles in news sites regarding centimillionaires and as there will be more and more people becoming deca- and hecto- millionaires there will be more and more use of this term. And even if it isn't used that often, wikipedia should be a source for the proper use of the prefixes of multimillionaires. So I've added back the original paragraph, with a slight addition. Brendan OhUiginn (talk) 20:40, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

Multimillionaire Definition
At the top we see "A multimillionaire has a net worth of more than 2 million units of currency," futher down the page we see "Another commonly used term is Multimillionaire. As the term implies, multimillionaire applies to those individuals residing in households with a net worth or wealth of 10 million or more units of currency." they cannot both be right. 193.34.186.161 (talk) 13:09, 14 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I think a multimillionaire is someone with more than 2 million. I have never heard it defined as 10 million. And, as a side note, there must be lots of dollar millionaire households in the UK, since $1M is only £500000, which is only £250000 each for a couple. Since the average UK home costs about £190000, then two adults who both own a slightly better than average home could easily form a $1M household. Even though I live in a below average town, there are dozens of houses here that cost more than the equivalent of $1M. Property here is much more expensive than the US unfortunately. 80.2.201.161 (talk) 14:19, 28 June 2008 (UTC)

No one uses multimillionaire to mean 10 million units. It's 2 million or greater. Hence "multi". In the same vein, no one uses multibillionaire only for those with more than 10 billion units of currency. 68.52.96.191 (talk) 19:19, 2 March 2017 (UTC)

Self-made millionaire
Would be nice to have an article on this, or the self-made billionaire, since anyone can inherit but it takes real ability, daring and chutzpah (sp?) to make it yourself. 80.2.201.161 (talk) 14:35, 28 June 2008 (UTC)
 * It probably out to just redirect to Warren Buffet :) DrVxD (talk) 17:32, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

 * It would be very unlikely to happen. South Bay (talk) 01:34, 20 March 2009 (UTC)

Scotland
The article says "scotland has more female millionaires than male" and currently this has no citation. Would this be a good one?Spacerat3004 (talk) 23:39, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

Paper Millionaire
"Paper millionnaire" redirects here. However, the article completely fails to explain what a paper millionaire is, and consequently I still have no clue. Could someone who does know this fix it? Thanks! :-) Gijs Kruitbosch (talk) 20:03, 21 January 2010 (UTC)

Influence
None of this material belongs in the section on net worth:

While millionaires constitute only a small percentage of the population, they hold substantial control over economic resources with the most powerful and prominent individuals usually ranking among them. Also, the total amount of money held by millionaires can equal the same amount of money held by a far higher number of poor people. The Gini coefficient, and other measures in economics, estimated for each country, are useful for figuring out how many of the poorest people have the equivalent total wealth of the few richest in the country. Forbes and Fortune magazines maintain lists of people based on their net worth and are generally considered authorities on the subject. According to Forbes' latest annual list of the World's Billionaires published in March 2008 there are currently 1125 members of the exclusive Billionaire's club US-dollar billionaires in the world. Sixteen percent of millionaires inherited their fortunes. Forty-seven percent of millionaires are business owners. Twenty-three percent of the world's millionaires got that way through paid work, consisting mostly of skilled professionals or managers.[8] 72.187.99.79 (talk) 17:10, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

Donald Trump
Trump is pictured among those who earned their wealth as entrepreneurs. Trump inherited a large fortune. I've read reports that if he had invested his inheritance in T-Bills he would be even richer today. How about we swap him out for a less ambiguous personage? LK (talk) 07:25, 11 October 2011 (UTC)

Over-inflation and sourcing
The Deloitte "report" seems to be fringe as it contradicts the Merril Lynch and Capgemini reports (as well as tax agency data) by over-stating the numbers 4 to 5 times. It also claims that almost 10% of US Households (about 150 million Households in total) have a net worth of more than one million, which is absurd and is contradicted by all other sources. It is especially ironic given that the average and median yearly household income (pre-tax) is about $40000, and the top 10% earn about $100000 (before taxes and other fees/expenses).

The above-mentioned information was pushed by a blocked sockpupeteer (BigSean300), and has been reverted multiple times. I have restored the more realistic and reliable, sourced info.--Therexbanner (talk) 20:26, 27 October 2011 (UTC)

 * I have also removed the whole section on "How to become a millionaire".
 * It is shocking that it wasn't removed before.
 * First and foremost, it does not belong in an encyclopedia, and it looks like it was written by a first-grader. Not surprisingly, it was also added by the blocked sock-puppet.--Therexbanner (talk) 20:33, 27 October 2011 (UTC)

The list of millionaires (householder) should be deleted
As millionaire must be considered the person and not the householder.151.40.127.0 (talk) 09:03, 25 June 2013 (UTC)

CAPGEMINI-RBC
The article published the data of Wealth Insight and not the data of Cap Gemini for RBC which are the most famous and strict.Here are published a second level numbers ,just not to say rubbish. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.40.114.178 (talk) 07:07, 24 August 2013 (UTC)

I posted all numbers.I'm unable to set the reference that is anyway "World wealth report 2013" by Capgemini RBC.All years Wikipedia used this criteria and not the Wealth Insight lower level data.
 * You have to cite the actual reference in order to present the chart. You can't cite The Guardian article, because it does not contain the Capgemini-RBC chart.--Sedssles1 (talk) 10:09, 24 August 2013 (UTC)

Picture
The picture is pretty, and better than nothing, but the caption does nothing to tell me what it might have to do, if anything, with the subject of the article. -- ke4roh (talk) 17:28, 26 November 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Millionaire. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070701184758/http://money.cnn.com:80/magazines/moneymag/moneymag_archive/2007/07/01/100116670/ to http://money.cnn.com/magazines/moneymag/moneymag_archive/2007/07/01/100116670/

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America is a stupid country
I care about there are how many Millionaires in the world, but not in the USA.

Most powerful empires can last for 200 years. The dumb America get no chance to last for 100 years as superpower, that is 1945 - 2045. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Logicmind7 (talk • contribs) 12:43, 1 June 2017 (UTC) wtf man

Assessment by country
The difficulty with assessing the number of millionaires by country is that these sorts of people are encouraged to take multiple citizenship, thereby distorting the number of millionaires appearing in the world.203.171.41.45 (talk) 22:11, 19 September 2017 (UTC)

Multimillionaire
I've removed a few sentences from the "Multimillionaire" section and changed the text from "hectomillionaire" to "centimillionaire":

Tobus (talk) 01:57, 7 November 2021 (UTC)
 * "Individuals with net assets of 100 million or more of a currency have been termed hectomillionaires.[19]". The ref is a 2009 Forbes article but Forbes hasn't used that term since 2013 (4 search results from 2009-2013) in favour of "centimillionaire" (127 search results from 2007 to 2021). Merriam-Webster doesn't list the "hecto-" version as a word but does have "centi-". I've changed the text to reflect the more common usage of "centimillionaire" using the dictionary as a ref, and updated the "hectomillionaire" ref to a more recent (2013) Forbes article.
 * "The term centimillionaire has in America gained an improper informal synonymous usage with hectomillionaire, despite the centi- prefix meaning the one hundredth part, not hundredfold, in the metric system.[20]": The ref is a 2006 blog post from an employee of Xona Games and I doubt it meets WP:RS. Wiktionary gives the etymology of "centimillionaire" as Latin "centi-" (="hundred"), not "centi-" the SI prefix for 1/100th in the metric system. I note that "million" is a similarly Latin-derived word (via French) and is also not an SI unit, and "centimillionaire" means "100 million" using a Latin etymology. I've removed the sentence as it appears to be incorrect and the cited source is not reliable.
 * "Offshoots of the term include pent-hectomillionaire, referring to those who are halfway to becoming billionaires.[21]": The ref is a 2012 Wall St Journal artible where "pent-hectomillionaire" appears just once, in parentheses, with a trailing "?", suggesting it's a nonce word. I can't find it in any dictionary and Google returns only the WSJ ref plus a bunch of pages copying this Wikipedia page. I don't think the term warrants inclusion in the page and so have removed the sentence.
 * "In discussions on wealth inequality in the United States, hectomillionaires are said to be in the richest 0.01%, prompting calls for a redistribution of wealth.[22]: The ref is an opinion piece on Naked Capitalism and doesn't mention "hectomillionaire", "centimillionaire" nor "0.01%" except in the comments. I don't think the ref, should it meet WP:RS, confirms what is said in the sentence - the "redistribution of wealth" in the ref is aimed at "the 1% of earners", not 0.01%, and there's no clear indication of what this means in terms of xxx-millionaire status - the only example it gives of a "top earner" is income being $500,000 (half a million)/year. I've removed the sentence as it's not verified by the source.

title: Talk:Millionaire


text:
Wilhelm Traugott Krug

Wilhelm Traugott Krug (22 June 1770 – 12 January 1842) was a German philosopher and writer. He is considered to be part of the Kantian School of logic.

Life
Krug was born on June 22, 1770, near Wittenberg to a farming family. He studied at the University of Wittenberg under Franz Volkmar Reinhard and Karl Gottfried Jehnichen, at Jena under Karl Leonhard Reinhold, and at Göttingen. After finishing his studies, he was employed as an adjunct professor at the University of Wittenberg.

From 1801 to 1804, Krug was professor of philosophy at Frankfurt (Oder), after which he succeeded Immanuel Kant in the chair of logic and metaphysics at the University of Königsberg. From 1809 till his death he was professor of philosophy at the University of Leipzig. He fought in the War of Liberation (1813–14) as captain of mounted chasseurs. He became Kant's successor at the University of Königsberg after the faculty of philosophy elected him to Kant's chair of logic and metaphysics.

He died at Leipzig on January 12, 1842.

Views
In philosophy, Krug's method was psychological; he attempted to explain the Ego by examining the nature of its reflection upon the facts of consciousness. Being is known to us only through its presentation in consciousness; consciousness only in its relation to Being. Both Being and Consciousness, however, are immediately known to us, as also the relation existing between them. By this Transcendental Synthesis he proposed to reconcile Realism and Idealism, and to destroy the traditional difficulty between transcendental, or pure, thought and things in themselves.

Krug challenged Schelling to deduce his quill or pen from German Idealism's Philosophy of Nature. It was part of his empiricist objections to the new idealist philosophy. In so doing, he challenged the thinking that particular, perceptually real things could be logically known from general concepts. It prompted Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel to issue a critical response and forced him to deal with the issue of the knowledge of singulars.

''Beiträge zur Geschichte der Philosophie des XIX. Jahrhunderts'' (1835–1838) contains criticisms of Hegel and Schelling.

Krug was a prolific writer on a great variety of subjects, excelling as a popularizer rather than as an original thinker. His work stimulated freedom of thought in religion and politics, and he was a firm supporter of Jewish emancipation.

Personal life
In 1804, Krug married Wilhelmine von Zenge (1780–1852), the eldest daughter of a Prussian major-general. They had six children. Wilhelmine had previously been engaged to Heinrich von Kleist.

Principal works

 * Briefe über den neuesten Idealism. Eine Fortsetzung der Briefe über die Wissenschaftslehre (1801)
 * Entwurf eines neuen Organon's der Philosophie oder Versuch über die Principien der philosophischen Erkenntniss (1801)
 * Fundamentalphilosophie (1803)
 * System der theoretischen Philosophie (1806–1810):
 * Denklehre oder Logik (1806)
 * Erkenntnisslehre oder Metaphysik (1808)
 * Geschmackslehre oder Aesthetik (1810)
 * Geschichte der Philosophie alter Zeit, vornehmlich unter Griechen und Römern (1815; 2nd ed., 1825)
 * System der praktischen Philosophie (1817–1819):
 * Dikäologie oder philosophische Rechtslehre (1817)
 * Aretologie oder philosophische Tugendlehre (1818)
 * Eusebiologie oder philosophische Religionslehre (1819)
 * Handbuch der Philosophie und der philosophischen Literatur (1820-1821; 3rd ed., 1828)
 * Meine Lebensreise (1825, 2nd ed., 1842), autobiography
 * Allgemeines Handwörterbuch der philosophischen Wissenschaften (1827-1834; 2nd ed., 1832-1838)
 * Gesammelte Schriften (1830-1841; Collected works in 12 volumes):
 * 1-2: Theologische Schriften (1830)
 * 3-6: Politische und juridische Schriften (1834-1836)
 * 7-9: Philosophische Schriften (1839)
 * 10-12: Enzyklopädische und vermischte Schriften (1841)
 * Universalphilosophische Vorlesungen für Gebildete beiderlei Geschlechts (1831)
 * Beiträge zur Geschichte der Philosophie des XIX. Jahrhunderts (1835-1838):
 * Schelling und Hegel oder die neueste Philosophie im Vernichtungskriege mit sich selbst begriffen (1835)
 * Ueber das Verhältniß der Philosophie zum gesunden Menschenverstande, zur öffentlichen Meinung und zum Leben selbst, mit besonderer Hinsicht auf Hegel (1835)
 * Der hallische Löwe und die marzialischen Philosophen unserer Zeit oder neuester Krieg auf dem Gebiete der Philosophie (1838)

For a bibliography of Krug's writings see his autobiography Lebensreise (1842, pp. 343–360).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wilhelm Traugott Krug


text: Category:Accessibility

title: Category:Accessibility


text:
Pantograph (transport)

A pantograph (or "pan" or "panto") is an apparatus mounted on the roof of an electric train, tram or electric bus to collect power through contact with an overhead line. The term stems from the resemblance of some styles to the mechanical pantographs used for copying handwriting and drawings.

The pantograph is a common type of current collector; typically, a single or double wire is used, with the return current running through the rails. Other types of current collectors include the bow collector and the trolley pole.

Invention

The pantograph, with a low-friction, replaceable graphite contact strip or "shoe" to minimise lateral stress on the contact wire, first appeared in the late 19th century. Early versions include the bow collector, invented in 1889 by Walter Reichel, chief engineer at Siemens & Halske in Germany, and a flat slide-pantograph first used in 1895 by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad

The familiar diamond-shaped roller pantograph was devised and patented by John Q. Brown of the Key System shops for their commuter trains which ran between San Francisco and the East Bay section of the San Francisco Bay Area in California. They appear in photographs of the first day of service, 26 October 1903. For many decades thereafter, the same diamond shape was used by electric-rail systems around the world and remains in use by some today.

The pantograph was an improvement on the simple trolley pole, which prevailed up to that time, primarily because the pantograph allows an electric-rail vehicle to travel at much higher speeds without losing contact with the overhead lines, e.g. due to dewirement of the trolley pole.

Notwithstanding this, trolley pole current collection was used successfully at up to 90 mph on the Electroliner vehicles of the Chicago North Shore and Milwaukee Railroad, also known as the North Shore Line.

Modern use
The most common type of pantograph today is the so-called half-pantograph (sometimes Z-shaped), which evolved to provide a more compact and responsive single-arm design at high speeds as trains got faster. Louis Faiveley invented this type of pantograph in 1955. The half-pantograph can be seen in use on everything from very fast trains (such as the TGV) to low-speed urban tram systems. The design operates with equal efficiency in either direction of motion, as demonstrated by the Swiss and Austrian railways whose newest high-performance locomotives, the Re 460 and Taurus, operate with them set in the opposite direction. In Europe the geometry and shape of the pantographs are specified by CENELEC, the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization.

Technical details

The electric transmission system for modern electric rail systems consists of an upper, weight-carrying wire (known as a catenary) from which is suspended a contact wire. The pantograph is spring-loaded and pushes a contact shoe up against the underside of the contact wire to draw the current needed to run the train. The steel rails of the tracks act as the electrical return. As the train moves, the contact shoe slides along the wire and can set up standing waves in the wires which break the contact and degrade current collection. This means that on some systems adjacent pantographs are not permitted.

Pantographs are the successor technology to trolley poles, which were widely used on early streetcar systems. Trolley poles are still used by trolleybuses, whose freedom of movement and need for a two-wire circuit makes pantographs impractical, and some streetcar networks, such as the Toronto streetcar system, which have frequent turns sharp enough to require additional freedom of movement in their current collection to ensure unbroken contact. However, many of these networks, including Toronto's, are undergoing upgrades to accommodate pantograph operation.

Pantographs with overhead wires are now the dominant form of current collection for modern electric trains because, although more fragile than a third rail system, they allow the use of higher voltages.

Pantographs are typically operated by compressed air from the vehicle's braking system, either to raise the unit and hold it against the conductor or, when springs are used to effect the extension, to lower it. As a precaution against loss of pressure in the second case, the arm is held in the down position by a catch. For high-voltage systems, the same air supply is used to "blow out" the electric arc when roof-mounted circuit breakers are used.

Single and double pantographs
Pantographs may have either a single or a double arm. Double-arm pantographs are usually heavier, requiring more power to raise and lower, but may also be more fault-tolerant.

On railways of the former USSR, the most widely used pantographs are those with a double arm ("made of two rhombs"), but, since the late 1990s, there have been some single-arm pantographs on Russian railways. Some streetcars use double-arm pantographs, among them the Russian KTM-5, KTM-8, LVS-86 and many other Russian-made trams, as well as some Euro-PCC trams in Belgium. American streetcars use either trolley poles or single-arm pantographs.

Metro systems and overhead lines

Most rapid transit systems are powered by a third rail, but some use pantographs, particularly ones that involve extensive above-ground running. Most hybrid metro-tram or 'pre-metro' lines whose routes include tracks on city streets or in other publicly accessible areas, such as (formerly) line 51 of the Amsterdam Metro, the MBTA Green Line, RTA Rapid Transit in Cleveland, Frankfurt am Main U-Bahn, and San Francisco's Muni Metro, use overhead wire, as a standard third rail would obstruct street traffic and present too great a risk of electrocution.

Among the various exceptions are several tram systems, such as the ones in Bordeaux, Angers, Reims and Dubai that use a proprietary underground system developed by Alstom, called APS, which only applies power to segments of track that are completely covered by the tram. This system was originally designed to be used in the historic centre of Bordeaux because an overhead wire system would cause a visual intrusion. Similar systems that avoid overhead lines have been developed by Bombardier, AnsaldoBreda, CAF, and others. These may consist of physical ground-level infrastructure, or use energy stored in battery packs to travel over short distances without overhead wiring.

Overhead pantographs are sometimes used as alternatives to third rails because third rails can ice over in certain winter weather conditions. The MBTA Blue Line uses pantograph power for the entire section of its route that runs on the surface, while switching to third rail power before entering the underground portion of its route. The entire metro systems of Sydney, Madrid, Barcelona, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Seoul, Kobe, Fukuoka, Sendai, Jaipur, Chennai, Mumbai and Delhi use overhead wiring and pantographs (as well as certain lines of the metro systems in Beijing, Chongqing, Noida, Hyderabad, Jakarta, Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Singapore, Sapporo, Budapest, and Mexico City). Pantographs were also used on the Nord-Sud Company rapid transit lines in Paris until the other operating company of the time, Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris, bought out the company and replaced all overhead wiring with the standard third rail system used on other lines.

Numerous railway lines use both third rail and overhead power collection along different portions of their routes, generally for historical reasons. They include the North London line and West London lines of London Overground, the Northern City Line of Great Northern, three of the five lines in the Rotterdam Metro network, Metro-North Railroad's New Haven Line, and the Chicago Transit Authority's Yellow Line. In this last case, the overhead portion was a remnant of the Chicago North Shore and Milwaukee Railroad's high-speed Skokie Valley Route, and was the only line on the entire Chicago subway system to utilize pantograph collection for any length. As such, the line required railcars that featured pantographs as well as third rail shoes, and since the overhead was a very small portion of the system, only a few cars would be so equipped. The changeover occurred at the grade crossing at East Prairie, the former site of the Crawford-East Prairie station. Here, trains bound for Dempster-Skokie would raise their pantographs, while those bound for Howard would lower theirs, doing so at speed in both instances. In 2005, due to the cost and unique maintenance needs for what only represented a very small portion of the system, the overhead system was removed and replaced with the same third rail power that was used throughout the rest of the system, which allowed all of Chicago's railcars to operate on the line. All the pantographs were removed from the Skokie equipped cars.

Until 2010, the Oslo Metro line 1 changed from third rail to overhead line power at Frøen station. Due to the many level crossings, it was deemed difficult to install a third rail on the rest of the older line's single track. After 2010 third rails were used in spite of level crossings. The third rails have gaps, but there are two contact shoes.

Three-phase supply
On some systems using three phase power supply, locomotives and power cars have two pantographs with the third-phase circuit provided by the running rails. In 1901 an experimental high-speed installation, another design from Walter Reichel at Siemens & Halske, used three vertically mounted overhead wires with the collectors mounted on horizontally extending pantographs.

Inclined pantographs
On lines where open wagons are loaded from above, the overhead line may be offset to allow this; the pantographs are then mounted at an angle to the vertical.

Weaknesses
Contact between a pantograph and an overhead line is usually assured through a block of graphite. This material conducts electricity while working as a lubricant. As graphite is brittle, pieces can break off during operation. Bad pantographs can seize the overhead wire and tear it down, so there is a two-way influence whereby bad wires can damage the pantograph and bad pantographs can damage the wires. To prevent this, a pantograph monitoring station can be used. At sustained high speeds, above 300 km/h, friction can cause the contact strip to become red hot, which in turn can cause excessive arcing and eventual failure.

In the UK, the pantographs (Brecknell Willis and Stone Faiveley) of vehicles are raised by air pressure and the graphite contact "carbons" create an air gallery in the pantograph head which release the air if a graphite strip is lost, activating the automatic drop device and lowering the pantograph to prevent damage. Newer electric traction units may use more sophisticated methods which detect the disturbances caused by arcing at the point of contact when the graphite strips are damaged. There are not always two pantographs on an electric multiple unit but, in cases where there are, the other one can be used if one is damaged; an example of this situation would be a Class 390 Pendolino. The rear pantograph in relation to the direction of travel is often used as to avoid damaging both pantographs in case of entanglements: if the front pantograph was used, debris from an entanglement could cause damage to the rear pantograph, rendering both pantographs and the vehicle inoperable.

Automatic dropping device
Automatic dropping device (ADD) is a safety device that automatically lowers the pantograph on electric trains to prevent accidents in case of obstructions or emergencies. It is also known as pantograph dropping device. The automatic dropping device is obligatory for trains with operational speeds of 160 km/h and higher. Otherwise, the train operators are free to install these devices. The damage that causes the pantograph to fall can include the strip head, the pantograph head and other parts. The ADD mostly uses a pneumatic system to detect a damage. For example, a broken contact strip will cause a pressure drop in the air tube inside.

title: Pantograph (transport)


text:
User talk:ThinkPink

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
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 * Cite your sources
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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

[[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Wants you to vote!]] 11:17, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Munich Massacre
Hi ThinkPink, and welcome to Wikipedia.

It's probably best not to keep on removing referenced material from the Munich article. It's an issue that a lot of people feel strongly about, and the version you see on the page evolved after much discussion and compromise, so if you keep on reverting, you're likely to spark a request for page protection. If a piece of information is referenced to a reputable publisher or news organization, and if it is relevant to the subject, then it should be allowed to stay, because in removing it, you could be accused of censorship, or of expressing your POV by trying to delete other people's work. If you find something you feel is worded badly, the best thing to do is to reword it rather than deleting it. But again be careful with this, because if it's (a) referenced, (b) relevant and (c) faithfully reflects the reference (the source), then it shouldn't be re-worded. In a case like that, if you still think the overall balance is POV, you should look for another source of your own and insert that information to provide a balance. The exception to all of the above is if someone inserts something that is downright offensive, then you can remove it even if it's well referenced, but the chances are, if it is referenced to a reputable publisher, it's likely to be the kind of information that Wikipedia allows.

Providing good references is one of the keys to being a good editor, in my view, because good references prevent a lot of disputes. You might want to take a look at Verifiability and Cite sources.

Anyway, I hope this has been of some help. As I say, welcome to Wikipedia. Good user name, by the way. Slim 18:36, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:ThinkPink


text: Template:Anthems of the Soviet Republics


text:
Karl Leonhard Reinhold

Karl Leonhard Reinhold (26 October 1757 – 10 April 1823) was an Austrian philosopher who helped to popularise the work of Immanuel Kant in the late 18th century. His "elementary philosophy" (Elementarphilosophie) also influenced German idealism, notably Johann Gottlieb Fichte, as a critical system grounded in a fundamental first principle.

He was the father of Ernst Christian Gottlieb Reinhold (1793–1855), also a philosopher.

Life
Reinhold was born in Vienna. In late 1772, at the age of fourteen he entered the Jesuit college (Roman Catholic seminary) of St. Anne's Church, Vienna (Jesuitenkollegium St. Anna). He studied there for a year, until the order was suppressed in 1773, at which time he joined a similar Viennese Catholic college of the order of St. Barnabas, the Barnabitenkollegium St. Michael. In 1778 he became a teacher at the Barnabitenkollegium, on 27 August 1780 he was ordained as a priest, and on 30 April 1783 he became a member of the Viennese Freemasonry lodge "Zur wahren Eintracht."

Finding himself out of sympathy with monastic life, he fled on 19 November 1783 to Leipzig, where he converted to Protestantism. In 1784, after studying philosophy for a semester at Leipzig, he settled in Weimar, where he became Christoph Martin Wieland's collaborator on the German Mercury (Der Teutsche Merkur), and eventually his son-in-law. Reinhold married Wieland's daughter Sophia Catharina Susanna Wieland (19 October 1768 – 1 September 1837) on 18 May 1785. In the German Mercury Reinhold published, in the years 1786–87, his Briefe über die Kantische Philosophie (Letters on the Kantian Philosophy), which were most important in making Immanuel Kant known to a wider circle of readers. As a result of these Letters, Reinhold received a call to the University of Jena, where he taught from 1787 to 1794.

In 1788, Reinhold published Hebräischen Mysterien oder die älteste religiöse Freymaurerey (The Hebrew Mysteries; or, The Oldest Form of Freemasonry) under the pseudonym Decius. The fundamental idea of this work is that Moses derived his system from the Egyptian priesthood. He presented them in the form of two lectures in Leipzig that year.

In 1789 he published his chief work, the Versuch einer neuen Theorie des menschlichen Vorstellungsvermögens (Essay towards a New Theory of the Faculty of Representation), in which he attempted to simplify the Kantian theory and make it more of a unity by basing it on one principle, Reinhold's principle of consciousness (Satz des Bewußtseins). In 1794 he accepted a call to the University of Kiel, where he taught till his death in 1823, although his independent activity had come to an end.

In later life he was powerfully influenced by J. G. Fichte, and subsequently by F. H. Jacobi and Christoph Gottfried Bardili. However, his historical importance belongs entirely to his earlier activity. The development of the Kantian standpoint contained in the New Theory of Human Understanding (1789), and in the Fundament des philosophischen Wissens (1791), was called by its author Elementarphilosophie.

"Reinhold lays greater emphasis than Kant upon the unity and activity of consciousness. The principle of consciousness tells us that every idea is related both to an object and a subject, and is partly to be distinguished from and partly united to both. Since form cannot produce matter and a subject cannot produce an object, we are forced to assume a thing-in-itself. This is a notion which is self-contradictory if consciousness were to be essentially a relating activity. There is therefore something which must be thought and yet cannot be thought."

Letters on the Kantian Philosophy
As a former Catholic priest, Reinhold retained the values of Christian morality and individual dignity. The basic Christian doctrines of a transcendent God and an immortal human soul were presuppositions in his thinking. Reinhold tried to show that Kant's philosophy provided an alternative to either religious revelation or philosophical skepticism and fatalistic pantheism. But Kant's Critique of Pure Reason was a difficult and confusing book. It was not widely read and had little influence. Reinhold decided to write his comments on it in the literary journal The German Mercury. He skipped over the beginning and middle of the book and started at the end. Reinhold showed that the book was best read backwards, that is, starting with the end section. The last part of the Critique is where Kant discussed the issues of morality and their relation to the Rational Ideas of God, Free Will, and life after death. These issues were Reinhold's main concern. By presenting these concerns to the public, instead of the extremely difficult epistemology that took up most of the beginning and middle of the book, Reinhold aroused great interest. As a result, Kant's Critique immediately became a book of great importance.

According to historian of philosophy Karl Ameriks, "Fichte, Hegel, Schelling, Schiller, Hölderlin, Novalis, and Friedrich Schlegel all developed their thought in reaction to Reinhold's reading of Kant..." There is a Faustian tendency in Reinhold's assertion that a person can hope for a future reward only because that person is constantly striving to be good. It is not moral to be good merely in the hope of reward. Reinhold's emphasis on history is evident in his declaration that philosophies and religions are to be judged on the way that they respond to the needs of reason in a particular era. Philosophical development, to him, has an underlying rationality. New philosophies are fated to struggle repeatedly in order to survive in a dialectic of history in which progress is unconsciously occurring. With regard to a transcendent God, the human internal moral law is externalized in such a deity. This extreme otherness or alienation is part of a rational process. It makes possible a subsequent deeper regaining of the self through something other than the self.

Establishing Kant on secure ground
Kant's critical philosophy was not being accepted as the final truth. According to Professor George di Giovanni, of McGill University, Reinhold tried to provide a foundation for Kant's philosophy in order to remedy this situation. Reinhold distinguished two levels of philosophy. The most basic level was the concern with consciousness and the representations that occurred in it. The second, less basic, level, was the concern with the possibility and structure of the known or desired objects.

Kant's important realization was that the possibility of metaphysics can be established. This can be done only by describing what occurs when the mind is conscious of objects. Kant's weakness was in being overly concerned with the objects themselves. He remained at the second, less basic, level of philosophy. He rarely examined what occurred in consciousness, which is the basic level of philosophy. Kant did not provide a phenomenological description of consciousness. Reinhold was convinced that Kant should have identified the fundamental fact of consciousness that was essential in making cognition itself possible.

Reinhold's Essay towards a New Theory of the Human Faculty of Representation is a description of the main parts and attributes of consciousness. In writing this book, Reinhold turned his attention from the moral issues that Kant addressed in the end section of his Critique of Pure Reason to the epistemological concerns of the beginning and middle sections.
 * General theory of representation
 * The thing-in-itself necessarily exists, but cannot be known.
 * Human knowledge is restricted to appearances only.
 * Reinhold's principle of consciousness – The thinking subject distinguishes, in his/her consciousness, the representation or mental image from both the observing subject and the observed object.
 * This is a certain fact of consciousness.
 * The observing subject is the location of the representation or mental image.
 * The observed object is anything that is represented as being present to the mind of the observing subject.

Reinhold examined the necessary conditions of representation, such as subject and object, that must exist in order for an object to be consciously present.
 * Representation's material and form
 * The representation's material (Stoff) is a given or received manifold of sensation which is unified when it is attributed to a transcendental object. It allows the thinking subject to distinguish a thing-in-itself.
 * The representation's form is a spontaneous unifying act which occurs according to the subject's conditions. It allows the thinking subject to distinguish a self-in-itself.
 * The self-in-itself and the thing-in-itself must be assumed in order for the thinking subject to be able to make a distinction between consciousness itself and the object of consciousness.
 * We can never know anything in itself, that is, as not representation. An object-in-Itself or subject-in-itself does not have matter (sensation) or representational form, so they cannot be known. Only that which is represented can be known
 * Consciousness must contain representation.
 * An empirical representation takes its material from a source that is supposed to be external to it.
 * A pure representation takes its material by reflecting on consciousness
 * A clear and distinct consciousness of an object is an awareness that consciousness itself is a representation in a subject of an external object.
 * Special theory of cognition
 * Cognition is clear, distinct knowledge that consciousness contains a representation of an object.
 * Cognition is consciousness's awareness that its own content is a subject's representation of an object.

Works in English translation

 * Essay on a New Theory of the Human Capacity for Representation, Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter, 2011. ISBN 978-3110227406
 * Karl Ameriks (ed.), Letters on the Kantian Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 978-0521830232

title: Karl Leonhard Reinhold


text:
Svitavy

Svitavy (Zwittau) is a town in Svitavy District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 16,000 inhabitants. It is the birthplace of Oskar Schindler and the centre of the Czech Esperanto movement. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone.

Administrative parts
Svitavy is made up of the town parts of Lačnov, Lány, Město and Předměstí.

Etymology
Svitavy was named after the river Svitava. The river's name referred to its clear water and was derived from svítat, which meant "be clear" in Old Czech.

Geography
Svitavy is located about 57 km southeast of Pardubice and 60 km north of Brno. It lies in the Svitavy Uplands. The highest point is at 475 m above sea level.

The Svitava River originates in the municipal territory and flows through the town. Apart from a few small bodies of water, there are two significant fish ponds on the Svitava near the town, Svitavský and Rosnička. They are the remains of the original eleven water works around the town. Rosnička was founded in the first half of the 16th century and Svitavský was established in 1953. In addition to fish farming, they form a suburban recreational area.

History
Svitavy was founded during the colonization by Premonstratensian monks from nearby Litomyšl around 1150. They built the Church of Saint Giles and founded a settlement called Stará Svitava near an old trade route. During the second wave of colonization in around 1250, mostly German-speaking settlers came and founded another settlement called Nová Svitava. Svitavy was first mentioned in 1256 when it was taken over by the bishop of Olomouc, Bruno von Schauenburg, and this year is considered to be the year of foundation of the town.

In 1389, the town walls were built. They protected the town during the Hussite Wars, however the town was conquered. Svitavy often changed owners. In the 16th century, the town flourished economically. The prosperity was interrupted by the Thirty Years' War. In 1645, the town was looted. In 1781, a large fire destroyed most of the town. During the Napoleonic and Austro-Prussian wars, the town suffered as armies passed through the town.

In 1849, the railway was built, which contributed to the development of the town, especially the textile industry. Gradually, over a hundred textile factories were established. Svitavy has retained its industrial character to this day, although the structure has changed significantly.

Svitavy was historically a German-speaking town with a Czech minority. At the beginning of the 20th century the town saw tensions between Czech and German speaking people. In October 1938, the town was annexed by Nazi Germany and administered as part of the Reichsgau Sudetenland. After the end of World War II in 1945, the German population was expelled as a result of the Beneš decrees. After 1945, the town was resettled by immigrants from the whole Czechoslovakia.

Economy
There are no major companies based in the town, only middle-sized employers. The largest employers in Svitavy with more than 250 employees are Fibertex Nonwovens (manufacturer and processor of industrial textiles) and Westrock Packaging Systems Svitavy (producer of cardboard packaging).

Transport
Svitavy is a transport hub of the area. It is well-connected by rail to other parts of the Czech Republic as it is located on the Prague–Brno railway line. It also lies on a line of local importance from Česká Třebová to Skuteč.

The town has an intercity bus station with services to various destinations. Two first class roads cross just north of Svitavy, the I/43 road (part of the European route E461), which connects the town with Brno, and the I/35 road (part of the European route E442), which replaces the unfinished section of the D35 motorway from Olomouc to the Hradec Králové Region.

Culture
The Czech Esperanto Association is based in the town. It is a follower of several clubs from the first half of the 20th century, re-established in 1969. It co-organizes regional Esperanto meetings, organizes Children's Days, and manages the Esperanto Museum in Svitavy.

Since 2011, Svitavy hosts the annual music festival Rosnička.

The Town Museum and Gallery was founded in 1894 and it is based in its current premises since 1947. It includes permanent exhibition "From the History of Washing Technology" and an exhibition about the life of local native Oskar Schindler.

The multifunctional cultural centre Fabrika was created by reconstruction of a former textile factory from 1926. It is a social centre with a theatre hall and a library.

Sport
Svitavy is known for the basketball club Tuři Svitavy. Until the relegation in 2024, it played in the National Basketball League (top Czech league).

The Svitavský stadion hosts football and athletics. The town is home to the football club TJ Svitavy, which plays in lower amateur tiers.

Motorcycle speedway is held in the western outskirts of the town at the Areál Chihelna Svitavy. The stadium held a final round of the Czechoslovak Individual Speedway Championship from 1967 to 1973 and continues to hold qualifying races for the event.

Sights
Svitavy has a valuable historical core. Its centre includes the almost 500 m long main square with architecturally noteworthy civic buildings, which is the 4th longest square in the Czech Republic and has the 2nd longest arcade in the country. The Renaissance houses from the 16th century were reconstructed in the Baroque style after the fire in 1781.

In the middle of the square is a Baroque Marian column from 1703. The column is surrounded by the three patron saints of the town – St. Sebastian, St. Florian and St. John of Nepomuk. In the grotto of the column there is a statue of St. Rosalie. On the square there is also the Fountain of St. Florian from 1783.

The town walls from 1389 were demolished during the 19th century. A semi-circular bastion is the only remnant.

Civic buildings
Old Town Hall is originally a Renaissance building with a tower, extensively rebuilt after the fire of 1781 and again in 1849. It served as the town hall until 1933 and now it is used for commercial purposes. The adjacent Renaissance "U Mouřenína" House is one of the oldest preserved burgher house in Svitavy, built in 1554. The tourist information centre is now located in the building.

Ottendorfer House is a red-brick historicist building with a tower, it is one of the symbols of the town, built in 1892 by the local native Oswald Ottendorfer on the site of his birthplace. It originally housed the largest public and most modern German-language library in Moravia, later a town cultural centre. Since 2008 the Esperanto Museum and a tea room are located on the ground floor, the ornate hall on the floor above continues to serve as a concert hall.

Langer's Villa houses the present town hall. It is historicist building with rich stucco ornamentation, built in 1892. It was designed by architect Germano Wanderley, who also designed the Ottendorfer House. The house belonged to one of the richest families in Svitavy, local businesspeople. During the Depression, it was rented out to the town treasury, which in turn in 1933 rented the house to the town authorities, who bought the house and transferred the town hall to it.

Budig's Villa was built in German Renaissance style in 1892 for the former mayor and businessman Johann Budig. Nowadays houses the Town Museum and Gallery.

Ecclesiastical buildings
Church of the Visitation of the Virgin Mary is located on the main square. It was probably originally a Romanesque structure built in around 1250. After the fire in 1781, it was rebuilt in the Baroque style. It has an accessible tower with a panoramic view.

Church of Saint Giles was originally a Romanesque basilica built in around 1150. It was rebuilt in the early Baroque style in 1689 and includes preserved original interior equipment. In the vicinity is the valuable Roman Catholic parish house, rebuilt in the Broque style in 1626–1636.

Church of Saint Joseph is a three-nave Neo-Romanesque basilica built in 1894–1896 with valuable decoration. Today the building is owned by a hospital.

Convent of the Sisters of Grace of the St. Vincent de Paul order, founded in 1871, served as a hospital and later became a social care facility. It include the Neo-Gothic Chapel of Saint Vincent de Paul from 1874.

Notable people

 * Hermann Edler von Zeissl (1817–1884), Austrian dermatologist
 * Oswald Ottendorfer (1826–1900), German-American journalist, editor and philanthropist
 * Alexander Makowsky (1833–1908), Austrian botanist, geologist and paleontologist
 * Maximilian Felzmann (1894–1962), Austrian general
 * Oskar Schindler (1908–1974), German industrialist credited with saving almost 1,200 Jews during the Holocaust
 * Heidi Lück (born 1943), German politician
 * Jiří Pernes (born 1948), historian
 * Jan Moravec (born 1987), footballer

Twin towns – sister cities
Svitavy is twinned with:
 * 🇵🇱 Lądek-Zdrój, Poland
 * 🇺🇦 Perechyn, Ukraine
 * 🇩🇪 Stendal, Germany
 * 🇵🇱 Strzelin, Poland
 * 🇸🇰 Žiar nad Hronom, Slovakia

title: Svitavy


text:
Reinhold

Reinhold is a German, male given name, originally composed of two elements. The first is from regin, meaning "the (German)Gods" or as an emphatic prefix (very) and wald meaning "powerful". The second element having been reinterpreted as hold meaning "loyal" in the 16th century.

This name was popularised by the ancient German hero figure known as Reinhold von Meilan from The Dietrich Saga. As well as Reinhold von Montalban (The Four Sons of Aymon), who ultimately also became Saint Reinhold von Köln.

The -h- is recorded in the Dietrich von Bern legendary figure Reinholt van Meilan who was the only one spared the slaughter at Erminrich's castle due to his loyalty to Dietrich. Hence with the addition of the -h- the etymology is interpreted as the emphatic prefix regn- with hold, apparently meaning "solemnly loyal".

This name was brought to the British Isles by Viking conquerors, in the form of the Old Norse Rögnvaldr. In the 11th century, the Normans further established this name as Reinald and Reynaud. There are other spelling variations of this name, but all have the same etymological Germanic origin.

Cognate to English Reynold, Ronald, French Renault, Italian Rinaldo, Scandinavian Ragnvald, and Spanish Reynaldo.

Notable people with the surname include

 * Erasmus Reinhold, 16th-century German astronomer; the lunar crater Reinhold is named after him
 * Hagen Reinhold (born 1978), German politician
 * Hugo Reinhold (1854–1935), Austrian composer and pianist
 * Judge Reinhold (born 1957), American actor
 * Karl Leonhard Reinhold (1757–1823), 18th-/19th-century Austrian philosopher
 * Karolin Braunsberger-Reinhold (born 1986), German politician
 * Meyer Reinhold (1909–2002), American classical scholar
 * Johann Heinrich Carl Reinhold (1788–1825), German painter and engraver
 * Christa L. Deeleman-Reinhold (born 1930), Dutch arachnologist

People with the given name include

 * Reinhold "Dan" Fielding, fictional character in the TV series Night Court
 * Reinhold Glière (1875–1956), Russian and Soviet composer
 * Reinhold Hanning (1921 – 2017) – Germany (Poland) – Auschwitz death camp SS guard
 * Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald (1803–1882), Estonian writer
 * Reinhold Lahti (1930–2002), Swedish Army major general
 * Reinhold Messner (born 1944), Italian mountaineer
 * Reinhold Mitterlehner (born 1955), Austrian politician
 * Reinhold Niebuhr (1892–1971), American theologian, public intellectual, and commentator
 * Reinhold Richard "Reince" Priebus (born 1972), American lawyer, former White House Chief of Staff for U.S. President Donald J. Trump
 * Reinhold Remmert (1930–2016), German mathematician
 * Reinhold Saulmann (1895–1936), Estonian Olympic sprinter
 * Reinhold Thiessenhusen (1864–1930), American politician
 * Reinhold Tiling (1893–1933), German engineer, pilot and rocket pioneer
 * Reinhold Würth (born 1935), German businessman
 * Reinhold Weege (1949–2012), American television writer, producer and director

title: Reinhold


text:
User:Iglesias/myself

Hi, it's me. Test test.

title: User:Iglesias/myself


text:
Insular biogeography

Insular biogeography or island biogeography is a field within biogeography that examines the factors that affect the species richness and diversification of isolated natural communities. The theory was originally developed to explain the pattern of the species–area relationship occurring in oceanic islands. Under either name it is now used in reference to any ecosystem (present or past ) that is isolated due to being surrounded by unlike ecosystems, and has been extended to mountain peaks, seamounts, oases, fragmented forests, and even natural habitats isolated by human land development. The field was started in the 1960s by the ecologists Robert H. MacArthur and E. O. Wilson, who coined the term island biogeography in their inaugural contribution to Princeton's Monograph in Population Biology series, which attempted to predict the number of species that would exist on a newly created island.

Definitions
For biogeographical purposes, an insular environment or "island" is any area of habitat suitable for a specific ecosystem, surrounded by an expanse of unsuitable habitat. While this may be a traditional island—a mass of land surrounded by water—the term may also be applied to many nontraditional "islands", such as the peaks of mountains, isolated springs or lakes, and non-contiguous woodlands. The concept is often applied to natural habitats surrounded by human-altered landscapes, such as expanses of grassland surrounded by highways or housing tracts, and national parks. Additionally, what is an insular for one organism may not be so for others, some organisms located on mountaintops may also be found in the valleys, while others may be restricted to the peaks.

Theory
The theory of insular biogeography proposes that the number of species found in an undisturbed insular environment ("island") is determined by immigration and extinction. And further, that the isolated populations may follow different evolutionary routes, as shown by Darwin's observation of finches in the Galapagos Islands. Immigration and emigration are affected by the distance of an island from a source of colonists (distance effect). Usually this source is the mainland, but it can also be other islands. Islands that are more isolated are less likely to receive immigrants than islands that are less isolated. The rate of extinction once a species manages to colonize an island is affected by island size; this is the species-area curve or effect. Larger islands contain larger habitat areas and opportunities for more different varieties of habitat. Larger habitat size reduces the probability of extinction due to chance events. Habitat heterogeneity increases the number of species that will be successful after immigration.

Over time, the countervailing forces of extinction and immigration result in an equilibrium level of species richness.

Modifications
In addition to having an effect on immigration rates, isolation can also affect extinction rates. Populations on islands that are less isolated are less likely to go extinct because individuals from the source population and other islands can immigrate and "rescue" the population from extinction; this is known as the rescue effect.

In addition to having an effect on extinction, island size can also affect immigration rates. Species may actively target larger islands for their greater number of resources and available niches; or, larger islands may accumulate more species by chance just because they are larger. This is the target effect.

Influencing factors

 * Degree of isolation (distance to nearest neighbour, and mainland)
 * Length of isolation (time)
 * Size of island (larger area usually facilitates greater diversity)
 * The habitat suitability which includes:
 * Climate (tropical versus arctic, humid versus arid, variability, etc.)
 * Initial plant and animal composition if previously attached to a larger land mass (e.g. marsupials, primates)
 * The current species composition
 * Location relative to ocean currents (influences nutrient, fish, bird, and seed flow patterns)
 * Location relative to dust blow (influences nutrients)
 * Serendipity (the impacts of chance arrivals)
 * Human activity

Species-area relationships
Species–area relationships show the relationship between a given area and the species richness within that area. This concept comes from the theory of island biogeography, and is well illustrated on islands because they are relatively isolated. Thus, the immigrating species and the species going extinct from an island are more limited and therefore easier to keep track of. It is expected that as the area and species richness relationship are directly proportional to one another. For example, as the area of a series of islands increase, there is a direct relationship to the increasing species richness of primary producers. It is important to consider that island species area relationships will behave somewhat differently than mainland species area relationships, however the connections between the two can still prove to be useful.

The species-area relationship equation is: $$S= cA^z$$. In this equation, $$S$$ represents the measure of diversity of a species (for example, the number of species) and $$c$$ is a constant representing the y-intercept. $$A$$ represents the area of the island or space that is being examined and $$z$$ represents the slope of the area curve.

This function can also be expressed as a logarithmic function: $$log(S)=log(c)+zlog(A)$$ This expression of the function allows for the function to be drawn as a linear function. However, the core meaning of the function is the same: the area of the island dictates the species area relationship.

Historical record
The theory can be studied through the fossils, which provide a record of life on Earth. 300 million years ago, Europe and North America lay on the equator and were covered by steamy tropical rainforests. Climate change devastated these tropical rainforests during the Carboniferous Period and as the climate grew drier, rainforests fragmented. Shrunken islands of forest were uninhabitable for amphibians but were well suited to reptiles, which became more diverse and even varied their diet in the rapidly changing environment; this Carboniferous rainforest collapse event triggered an evolutionary burst among reptiles.

Research experiments
The theory of island biogeography was experimentally tested by E. O. Wilson and his student Daniel Simberloff in the mangrove islands in the Florida Keys. Species richness on several small mangroves islands were surveyed. The islands were fumigated with methyl bromide to clear their arthropod communities. Following fumigation, the immigration of species onto the islands was monitored. Within a year the islands had been recolonized to pre-fumigation levels. However, Simberloff and Wilson contended this final species richness was oscillating in quasi-equilibrium. Islands closer to the mainland recovered faster as predicted by the Theory of Island Biogeography. The effect of island size was not tested, since all islands were of approximately equal size.

Research conducted at the rainforest research station on Barro Colorado Island has yielded a large number of publications concerning the ecological changes following the formation of islands, such as the local extinction of large predators and the subsequent changes in prey populations.

Applications to Island Like Systems (ILS)
The theory of island biogeography was originally used to study oceanic islands, but those concepts can be extrapolated to other areas of study. Island species dynamics give information about how species move and interact within Island Like Systems (ILS). Rather than an actual island, ILS are primarily defined by their isolation within an ecosystem. In the case of an island, the area referred to as the matrix is usually the body of water surrounding it. The mainland is often the nearest non-island piece of land. Similarly, in an ILS the “mainland” is the source of immigrating species, however the matrix is far more varied. By imagining how different types of isolated ecosystems, for example a pond that is surrounded by land, are similar to an island ecosystems it can be understood how theories and phenomena that are true of island ecosystems can be applied to ILS. However, the overall immigration and extinction patterns that are outlined in the theory of island biogeography as they play out on islands, also play out between ecosystems on the mainland.

The concepts of area of an island and the level of isolation from a mainland as presented in the theory of island biogeography, apply to ILS. The main difference is in the dynamics of area and isolation. For example, an ILS may have a changing area because of seasons, which may impact its degree of isolation. Resource availability plays an important role in the conditions that an island is under. This is another factor that changes in ILS in comparison to real islands, since generally there is a greater resource availability in some ILS than true islands.

Species-area relationships, as described above, can be applied to Island Like Systems (ILS) as well. It is typically observed that as the area of an ecosystem increases, the species richness is directly proportional. One major difference is that $$z$$-values are generally lower for ILSs than true islands. Furthermore, $$c$$ values also vary between true islands and ILS, and within types of ILS.

Applications in conservation biology
Within a few years of the publishing of the theory, its potential application to the field of conservation biology had been realised and was being vigorously debated in ecological circles. The idea that reserves and national parks formed islands inside human-altered landscapes (habitat fragmentation), and that these reserves could lose species as they 'relaxed towards equilibrium' (that is they would lose species as they achieved their new equilibrium number, known as ecosystem decay) caused a great deal of concern. This is particularly true when conserving larger species which tend to have larger ranges. A study by William Newmark, published in the journal Nature and reported in The New York Times, showed a strong correlation between the size of a protected U.S. National Park and the number of species of mammals.

This led to the debate known as single large or several small (SLOSS), described by writer David Quammen in The Song of the Dodo as "ecology's own genteel version of trench warfare". In the years after the publication of Wilson and Simberloff's papers ecologists had found more examples of the species-area relationship, and conservation planning was taking the view that the one large reserve could hold more species than several smaller reserves, and that larger reserves should be the norm in reserve design. This view was in particular championed by Jared Diamond. This led to concern by other ecologists, including Dan Simberloff, who considered this to be an unproven over-simplification that would damage conservation efforts. Habitat diversity was as or more important than size in determining the number of species protected.

Island biogeography theory also led to the development of wildlife corridors as a conservation tool to increase connectivity between habitat islands. Wildlife corridors can increase the movement of species between parks and reserves and therefore increase the number of species that can be supported, but they can also allow for the spread of disease and pathogens between populations, complicating the simple proscription of connectivity being good for biodiversity.

In species diversity, island biogeography most describes allopatric speciation. Allopatric speciation is where new gene pools arise out of natural selection in isolated gene pools. Island biogeography is also useful in considering sympatric speciation, the idea of different species arising from one ancestral species in the same area. Interbreeding between the two differently adapted species would prevent speciation, but in some species, sympatric speciation appears to have occurred.

title: Insular biogeography