text:
P system

 * For the computer p-System, see UCSD p-System.

A P system is a computational model in the field of computer science that performs calculations using a biologically inspired process. They are based upon the structure of biological cells, abstracting from the way in which chemicals interact and cross cell membranes. The concept was first introduced in a 1998 report by the computer scientist Gheorghe Păun, whose last name is the origin of the letter P in 'P Systems'. Variations on the P system model led to the formation of a branch of research known as 'membrane computing.'

Although inspired by biology, the primary research interest in P systems is concerned with their use as a computational model, rather than for biological modeling, although this is also being investigated.

Informal description
A P system is defined as a series of membranes containing chemicals (in finite quantities), catalysts and rules which determine possible ways in which chemicals may react with one another to form products. Rules may also cause chemicals to pass through membranes or even cause membranes to dissolve.

Just as in a biological cell, where a chemical reaction may only take place upon the chance event that the required chemical molecules collide and interact (possibly also with a catalyst), the rules in a P system are applied at random. This causes the computation to proceed in a non-deterministic manner, often resulting in multiple solutions being encountered if the computation is repeated.

A P system continues until it reaches a state where no further reactions are possible. At this point the result of the computation is all those chemicals that have been passed outside of the outermost membrane, or otherwise those passed into a designated 'result' membrane.

Components of a P system
Although many varieties of P system exist, most share the same basic components. Each element has a specific role to play, and each has a founding in the biological cell architecture upon which P systems are based.

The environment
The environment is the surroundings of the P system. In the initial state of a P system it contains only the container-membrane, and while the environment can never hold rules, it may have objects passed into it during the computation. The objects found within the environment at the end of the computation constitute all or part of its “result.”

Membranes
Membranes are the main “structures” within a P system. A membrane is a discrete unit which can contain a set of objects (symbols/catalysts), a set of rules, and a set of other membranes contained within. The outermost membrane, held within the environment, is often referred to as the 'container membrane' or 'skin membrane'. As implied to by their namesake, membranes are permeable and symbols resulting from a rule may cross them. A membrane (but not the container membrane) may also “dissolve”, in which case its content, except for rules (which are lost), migrate into the membrane in which it was contained.

Some P system variants allow for a membrane to divide, possess a charge or have varying permeability by changing membrane thickness.

Symbols
Symbols represent chemicals that may react with other chemicals to form some product. In a P system, each type of symbol is typically represented by a different letter. The symbol content of a membrane is therefore represented by a string of letters. Because the multiplicity of symbols in a region matters, multisets are commonly used to represent the symbol content of a region.

Special case symbols exist, for example, a lower case delta (δ) is often used to initiate the dissolving of a membrane, and this will only ever be found in the output of a rule: upon being encountered it invokes a reaction, and is used in the process.

Catalysts
Catalysts are similar to their namesakes in chemistry. They are represented and used in the same way as symbols, but are never consumed during a “reaction,” they are simply a requirement for it to occur.

Rules
Rules represent a possible chemical reaction within a membrane, causing it to evolve to a new state. A rule has a required set of input objects (symbols or catalysts) that must be present in order for it to be applied. If the required objects are present, it consumes them and produces a set of output objects. A rule may also be specified to have a priority over other rules, in which case less dominant rules will only be applied when it is not possible to apply a more dominant rule (i.e. the required inputs are not present).

There are three (in the basic P system model) distinct ways in which a rule may handle its output objects. Usually, the output objects are passed into the current membrane (the same membrane in which the rule and the inputs reside), known as a here rule. However, there are two modifiers that can be specified upon output objects when rules are defined, in and out. The in modifier causes the object to be passed to one of the current membrane's children (travelling inwards relative to the structure of the P system), chosen at random during the computation. The out modifier causes the object to be passed out of the current membrane and into either its parent membrane or to a sibling membrane, specified during specification of the P system.

Computation process
A computation works from an initial starting state towards an end state through a number of discrete steps. Each step involves iterating through all membranes in the P system and the application of rules, which occurs in both a maximally parallel and non-deterministic manner.

Working through step-by-step, a computation halts when no further evolution can take place (i.e. when no rules are able to be applied). At this point whatever objects have been passed to the environment, or into a designated 'result' membrane, are counted as the result of the computation.

Rule application
At each step of a computation an object may only be used once, as they are consumed by rules when applied. The method of applying a rule within a membrane is as follows: Outputs are not passed immediately into membranes because this would contravene the maximally parallel nature of rule application, instead they are distributed after all possible rules have been applied.
 * 1) Assign symbols from a membrane's content to the rule's inputs
 * 2) If all inputs are satisfied, remove all assigned symbols from membrane
 * 3) Create output symbols and hold until all rule assignment, for all membranes, has taken place.
 * 4) Add output symbols to targeted membranes.
 * 5) Dissolve membranes as necessary

Non-deterministic application
The order of rule application is chosen at random. Rule application order can have a significant effect on which rules may be applied at any given time, and the outcome of a step of execution.

Consider a membrane containing only a single "a" symbol, and the two rules a → ab and a → aδ. As both rules rely on an “a” symbol being present, of which there is only one, the first step of computation will allow either the first or second rule to be applied, but not both. The two possible results of this step are very different:
 * 1) The membrane carries over to the next step of the computation with both an "a" symbol and a "b" symbol present, and again one of the two rules is randomly assigned to the "a" symbol.
 * 2) The membrane dissolves and a single "a" symbol is passed out to the containing membrane.

Maximally parallel application
This is a property of rule application whereby all possible rule assignments must take place during every step of the computation. In essence this means that the rule a → aa has the effect of doubling the number of "a" symbols in its containing membrane each step, because the rule is applied to every occurrence of an "a" symbol present.

As a computational model
Most P systems variants are computationally universal. This extends even to include variants that do not use rule priorities, usually a fundamental aspect of P systems.

As a model for computation, P systems offer the attractive possibility of solving NP-complete problems in less-than exponential time. Some P system variants are known to be capable of solving the SAT (boolean satisfiability) problem in linear time and, owing to all NP-complete problems being equivalent, this capability then applies to all such problems. As there is no current method of directly implementing a P system in its own right, their functionality is instead emulated and therefore solving NP-complete problems in linear time remains theoretical. However, it has also been proven that any deterministic P system may be simulated on a Turing Machine in polynomial time.

Example computation
The image shown depicts the initial state of a P system with three membranes. Because of their hierarchical nature, P systems are often depicted graphically with drawings that resemble Venn diagrams or David Harel's Higraph (see Statechart).

The outermost membrane, 1, is the container membrane for this P system and contains a single out rule. Membrane 2 contains four here rules, with two in a priority relationship: cc → c will always be applied in preference to c → δ. The delta symbol represents the special “dissolve” symbol. The innermost membrane, 3, contains a set of symbols (“ac”) and three rules, of type here. In this initial state no rules outside of membrane 3 are applicable: there are no symbols outside of that membrane. However, during evolution of the system, as objects are passed between membranes, the rules in other membranes will become active.

Computation
Because of the non-deterministic nature of P systems, there are many different paths of computation a single P system is capable of, leading to different results. The following is one possible path of computation for the P system depicted.

Step 1
From the initial configuration only membrane 3 has any object content: "ac"
 * "c" is assigned to c → cc
 * "a" is assigned to a → ab

Step 2
Membrane 3 now contains: "abcc" Notice the maximally parallel behaviour of rule application leading to the same rule being applied twice during one step.
 * "a" is assigned to a → bδ
 * "c" is assigned to c → cc
 * "c" is assigned to c → cc

Notice also that the application of the second rule (a → bδ) as opposed to the first (a → ab) is non-deterministic and can be presumed random. The system could just as well have continued applying the first rule (and at the same time doubling the c particles) indefinitely.

Membrane 3 now dissolves, as the dissolve symbol (δ) has been encountered and all object content from this membrane passes into membrane 2.

Step 3
Membrane 2 now contains: "bbcccc"
 * "b" is assigned to b → d
 * "b" is assigned to b → d
 * "cc" is assigned to cc → c
 * "cc" is assigned to cc → c

Step 4
Membrane 2 now contains: "ddcc"
 * "d" is assigned to d → de
 * "d" is assigned to d → de
 * "cc" is assigned to cc → c

Step 5
Membrane 2 now contains: "dedec"
 * "d" is assigned to d → de
 * "d" is assigned to d → de
 * "c" is assigned to c → δ

Notice that the priority over c → δ has been lifted now the required inputs for cc→ c no longer exist. Membrane 2 now dissolves, and all object content passes to membrane 1.

Step 6
Membrane 1 now contains: "deedee"
 * "e” is assigned to e → eout
 * "e” is assigned to e → eout
 * "e” is assigned to e → eout
 * "e” is assigned to e → eout

Computation halts
Membrane 1 now contains: "dd" and, due to the out rule e → eout, the environment contains: "eeee." At this point the computation halts as no further assignments of objects to rules is possible. The result of the computation is four "e" symbols.

The only non-deterministic choices occurred during steps 1 and 2, when choosing where to assign the solitary "a" symbol. Consider the case where "a" is assigned to a → bδ during step 1: upon membrane 3 dissolving only a single "b" and two "c" objects would exist, leading to the creation of only a single "e" object to eventually be passed out as the computation's result.

title: P system


text:
Talk:Reggaeton

Semi-protected edit request on 24 November 2023
Under the history section, please change "often mistaken for Reggae or reggae en Español, reggaeton is a younger genre that originated in the late 1980s in Panama and was later popularized in Puerto Rico." to "often mistaken for Reggae or reggae en Español, reggaetón was born through a genre called reggae. As reggae gained popularity, a Spanish touch was given by Panamanians; reggae en español. Subsequently, reggae en español music reached Puerto Rico and the teens from caserios and barrios influenced what was then called reggae into reggaetón.

Under the lyrics and themes section, please change "Reggaeton uses traditional verse-chorus-bridge hip hop structure" to " Reggaeton uses traditional verse-chorus-bridge hip hop structure, but it also uses terms specific to reggaeton. Due to this, specialized dictionaries are used to explain the vocabulary found in these songs. Defining these terms allows people to acquire an improved understanding of reggaeton themes and interpretations."

Under the lyrics and themes section, please change "like hip hop, reggaeton songs have a hook which is repeated throughout the song. Latino ethnic identity is a common musical, lyrical and visual theme." to "like hip hop, reggaeton songs have a hook which is repeated throughout the song. Latino ethnic identity is a common musical, lyrical and visual theme. Another common theme found in reggaeton is narco-culture. The lyrics and representations effectively tell stories about poverty in Puerto Rico and it holds the power to influence behaviors and decisions in some of its audiences. Reggaeton artists often include narco-messages in their songs because many confide and relate to the lyrics of the songs. Allowing for reggaeton to become more appealing to the consumers."

Under the LGBTQ influence section, please change "reggaeton has traditionally been male dominated and heteronormative, known to "reinforce the most unpleasant aspects of machismo" to "reggaeton has traditionally been male dominated and heteronormative, known to "reinforce the most unpleasant aspects of machismo. Often, the lyrics are used to gender, racialize and discriminate against particular communities."

Under the LGBTQ influence section, please change "new generation artists like Villano Antillano, Young Miko, La Cruz and others have been challenging the stereotypes and values traditionally associated with the genre" to "new generation artists like Villano Antillano, Young Miko, La Cruz, Lisa M and others have been challenging the stereotypes and values traditionally associated with the genre. Lisa M battled against the public's responses about her songs and encouraged her to behave more femininely, however, she disagreed with such views and maintained her right of expressing her personal opinions. Lisa M laid foundations for genres like reggaeton to flourish due to her courage of addressing the public."

Under the Latin America section, please change "in Cuba, reggaeton came to incorporate elements of traditional Cuban music, leading to the hybrid Cubaton" to "In Cuba, reggaeton came to incorporate elements of traditional salsa and Cuban music, to create a mixture of different influences on reggaeton. Which as a result, led to the hybrid Cubaton." Adv0620+ (talk) 23:40, 26 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: These are really well written and well-cited, but I believe you missed one last citation on the very last change suggested re: Cubaton. Add that and all of this is good to go imho. Thickynugnug (talk) 08:46, 26 December 2023 (UTC)

Translation into Chinese Wikipedia
The version 00:11, 30 April 2024 Poppercornguy of this article is translated into Chinese Wikipedia to expand the content of an existing article.--Wing (talk) 07:34, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 9 June 2024
At the beginning of the 1990s, Jamaican dancehall riddims revolving around a "boom-ch-boom-chick" sound such as the "Bam Bam riddim" or the "Fever Pitch riddim" was the beat of Shabba Ranks' song "Dem Bow", which became known as the "Dem Bow riddim". The song's popularity resulted in the adoption of the "dem bow" name to describe the entire nascent Spanish language dancehall genre that would eventually come to be called "reggaeton". The name Reggaeton was coined by musical artist, El General, when using Jamaican rhythms. Nommo888 (talk) 19:26, 9 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. House Blaster  (talk · he/they) 21:30, 9 June 2024 (UTC)

Lead paragraph
This introduction to the topic needs rewriting (a) to remove unnecessary repetition and (b) to stop contradicting itself about timing - the early versus the late 90s. yoyo (talk) 10:46, 21 June 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 7 July 2024
Marina Satti does not perform reggaeton, as she, among so many others, didn’t have reggaeton in her village 2A02:85F:FD25:62B7:91B8:3A10:538E:5C9B (talk) 21:23, 7 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Marina Satti isn't mentioned in the article.   [[User:CanonNi ]]  (talk • contribs) 04:53, 8 July 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Reggaeton


text:
Pumpkin Center

Pumpkin Center may refer to:

 * Pumpkin Center, DeKalb County, Alabama, a place in Alabama
 * Pumpkin Center, Morgan County, Alabama, a place in Alabama
 * Pumpkin Center, California
 * Pumpkin Center, Orange County, Indiana
 * Pumpkin Center, Washington County, Indiana
 * Pumpkin Center, Kentucky
 * Pumpkin Center, Louisiana
 * Pumpkin Center, Missouri (disambiguation)
 * Pumpkin Center, Dallas County, Missouri
 * Pumpkin Center, Nodaway County, Missouri
 * Pumpkin Center, North Carolina
 * Pumpkin Center, Oklahoma (disambiguation)
 * Pumpkin Center, Cherokee County, Oklahoma
 * Pumpkin Center, Comanche County, Oklahoma
 * Pumpkin Center, Muskogee County, Oklahoma
 * Pumpkin Center, Okmulgee County, Oklahoma

title: Pumpkin Center


text:
Purdy

Purdy may refer to:

Surname

 * Al Purdy (1918–2000), Canadian poet
 * Amy Purdy (born 1979), American actress, model and Paralympic snowboarder
 * Ashley Purdy, Black Veil Brides bassist
 * Bill Purdy (born 1946), American rower
 * Brock Purdy (born 1999), American football player
 * Cecil Purdy (1906–1979), Australian chess player
 * Charlie Purdy (1905–1982), New Zealand boxer
 * Debbie Purdy (1963–2014), British music journalist, political activist and right-to-die patient
 * Frederick Warren Purdy (1911–1942), US Navy World War II officer
 * George B. Purdy, American mathematician and computer scientist
 * Gordon Purdy (1888–1972), Canadian politician
 * Hamish Purdy, Canadian art director and set decorator
 * Helen Purdy Beale, born Helen Alice Purdy (1893–1976), US virologist
 * Henry Purdy (cricketer) (1883–1943), English cricketer
 * Henry Purdy (politician) (c. 1744–1827), landowner, judge and political figure in Nova Scotia
 * Henry Purdy (rugby union) (born 1994), English rugby player
 * James Purdy (1914–2009), American novelist, poet and playwright
 * Jedediah Purdy (born 1974), American legal scholar and cultural commentator
 * Joe Purdy, American folk singer-songwriter
 * John Purdy (chess player) (1935–2011), Australian chess champion
 * John Purdy (cricketer) (1871–1938), English cricketer
 * John Purdy (hydrographer) (1773–1843), English compiler of naval charts
 * John Smith Purdy (1872–1936) public health expert and military physician associated with Australia
 * Kate Purdy, American television writer and producer
 * Ken Purdy (1913–1972), American automotive writer and editor
 * Kym Purdy, Australian slalom canoeist
 * Margaret Purdy (born 1995), Canadian pair ice skater
 * G. Michael Purdy, British geophysicist and oceanographer
 * Mike Purdy (1892–1950), American football player and coach
 * Milton D. Purdy (1866–1937), American lawyer, US Attorney for Minnesota (1901–1902)
 * Patrick Purdy (1964–1989), American perpetrator of the Stockton schoolyard shooting, killing five schoolchildren
 * Pid Purdy (1904–1951), American baseball and football player
 * Samuel Purdy (1819–1882), third Lieutenant Governor of California
 * Steve Purdy (born 1985), American-born Salvadoran footballer
 * Ted Purdy (born 1973), American golfer
 * William Purdy (born 1940), Canadian politician

Given name

 * Purdy Crawford (1931–2014), Canadian lawyer and businessman

In the United States

 * Purdy, Kentucky, an unincorporated community
 * Purdy Township, Barry County, Missouri
 * Purdy, Missouri, a city
 * Purdy, Oklahoma, an unincorporated community
 * Purdy, Tennessee, an unincorporated community
 * Purdy, Virginia, an unincorporated community
 * Purdy, Washington, an unincorporated community and census-designated place
 * Purdy, West Virginia, an unincorporated community
 * Purdy, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community

Elsewhere

 * Purdy, a community in Hastings Highlands, Ontario, Canada
 * Purdy Islands, Papua New Guinea

Other uses

 * USS Purdy, a US Navy destroyer that saw service in World War II
 * Purdy's Chocolates, known as "Purdy's", Canadian chocolatier, confectionery manufacturer and retail operator

title: Purdy


text: Template:Amphoe Kanchanaburi

title: Template:Amphoe Kanchanaburi


text:
Philippe Henri, Comte de Grimoard

Philippe Henri, comte de Grimoard (1753–1815) was a French soldier and military writer.

He entered the royal army at the age of sixteen, and in 1775 published his Essai théorique et practique sur les batailles. Shortly afterwards Louis XVI placed him in his own military cabinet and employed him especially in connection with schemes of army reform. By the start of the Revolution he had become one of Louis's most valued counsellors, in political as well as military matters, and was marked out, though only a colonel, as the next Minister of War.

In 1791 Grimoard was entrusted with the preparation of the scheme of defence for France, which proved two years later of great assistance to the Committee of Public Safety. The events of 1792 put an end to his military career, and the remainder of his life was spent in writing military books.

The following works by him, besides his first essay, have retained some importance:
 * Histoire des dernières campagnes de Turenne (Paris, 1780)
 * Lettres et mémoires de Turenne (Paris, 1780)
 * Troupes legeres et leur emploi (Paris, 1782)
 * Conquétes de Gustave-Adolphe (Stockholm and Neufchatel, 1782–1791)
 * Memoires de Gustave-Adolphe (Paris, 1790)
 * Correspondence of Marshal Richelieu (Paris, 1789)
 * St Germain (1789)
 * cand Bernis (1790)
 * Vie et régne de Frédéric le Grand (London, 1788)
 * Lettres et mémoires du maréchal de Saxe (Paris, 1794)
 * L'Expédition de Minorque en 1756 (Paris, 1798)
 * Recherches sur la force de l'armée française depuis Henri IV jusqu'en 1805 (Paris, 1806)
 * Mémoires du maréchal de Tess (Paris, 1806)
 * Lettres de Bolingbroke (Paris, 1808)
 * Traité sur le service d'état-major (Paris, 1809)
 * (with Servan) Tableau historique de la guerre de la Revolution 1792-1794 (Paris, 1808).

title: Philippe Henri, Comte de Grimoard


text:
Phenylephrine

Phenylephrine is a medication used as a decongestant for uncomplicated nasal congestion, used to dilate the pupil, used to increase blood pressure (given intravenously in cases of low blood pressure), and used to relieve hemorrhoids. It can be taken by mouth, as a nasal spray, given by injection into a vein or muscle, or applied to the skin.

Common side effects when taken by mouth or injected include nausea, vomiting, headache, and anxiety. Use on hemorrhoids is generally well tolerated. Severe side effects may include a slow heart rate, intestinal ischemia, chest pain, kidney failure, and tissue death at the site of injection. It is unclear whether its use during pregnancy and breastfeeding is safe. Phenylephrine is a selective α1-adrenergic receptor agonist with minimal to no β-adrenergic receptor agonist activity. It causes constriction of both arteries and veins.

Phenylephrine was patented in 1933 and came into medical use in 1938. It is available as a generic medication. Unlike pseudoephedrine, abuse of phenylephrine is very uncommon. Its effectiveness as a nasal decongestant has been questioned. In 2023, a Food and Drug Administration panel concluded that the drug was ineffective as a nasal decongestant when taken orally.

Decongestant
Phenylephrine is used as an alternative to pseudoephedrine as a decongestant, whose availability has been restricted in some countries due to a potential for use in the illicit synthesis of methamphetamine. Its efficacy as an oral decongestant has been questioned, with several independent studies finding that it provided no more relief to sinus congestion than a placebo.

A 2007 meta-analysis concluded that the evidence for its effectiveness is insufficient, though another meta-analysis published shortly thereafter by researchers from GlaxoSmithKline found the standard 10-mg dose to be more effective than a placebo; however, the fact that GSK markets many products containing phenylephrine has raised some speculation regarding selective publishing and other controversial techniques. A 2007 study by Wyeth Consumer Healthcare notes that 7 studies available in 1976 support the efficacy of phenylephrine at a 10 mg dosage. The Food and Drug Administration withdrew the indication "for the temporary relief of nasal congestion associated with sinusitis" in 2007.

Two studies published in 2009, examined the effects of phenylephrine on symptoms of allergic rhinitis by exposing people to pollen in a controlled, indoor environment. Neither study was able to distinguish between the effects of phenylephrine or a placebo. Pseudoephedrine and loratadine–montelukast therapy were found to be significantly more effective than both phenylephrine and placebo.

Pseudoephedrine was previously much more commonly available in the United States, however, provisions of the Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005 placed restrictions on sale in the United States of pseudoephedrine products to prevent the clandestine manufacture of methamphetamine. Since 2004, phenylephrine has been increasingly marketed as a substitute for pseudoephedrine; some manufacturers have changed the active ingredients of products to avoid the restrictions on sales. Phenylephrine has been off-patent for some time, and many generic brands are available.

In September 2023, an independent advisory committee to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) unanimously agreed that there is insufficient evidence showing that "orally administered phenylephrine is effective as a nasal decongestant". The committee also unanimously believes that this does not need further study. The FDA responded to the committee, stating it would take its advice under advisement.

Hemorrhoids
Hemorrhoids are caused by swollen veins in the rectal area. Phenylephrine can be used topically to prevent symptoms of hemorrhoids. Phenylephrine causes the constriction of vascular smooth muscle and is often used in the treatment of hemorrhoids to narrow the swollen veins and relieve the attendant pain. However, veins contain less vascular smooth muscle in their walls than arteries. Products for treatment may also include substances that will form a protective barrier over the inflamed area, resulting in less pain when feces are passed.

Phenylephrine hydrochloride at 0.25% is used as a vasoconstrictor in suppository formulations for hemorrhoid treatment.

Pupil dilation
Phenylephrine is used as an eye drop to dilate the pupil to facilitate visualization of the retina. It is often used in combination with tropicamide as a synergist when tropicamide alone is not sufficient. Narrow-angle glaucoma is a contraindication to phenylephrine use. As a mydriatic, it is available in 2.5% and 10% eye drops. Phenylephrine eye drops are applied to the eye after a topical anesthetic is applied.

Intraocular bleeding
Phenylephrine has been used as an intracameral injection into the anterior chamber of the eye to arrest intraocular bleeding occurring during cataract and glaucoma surgery.

Vasopressor
Phenylephrine is commonly used as a vasopressor to increase the blood pressure in unstable patients with hypotension, especially resulting from septic shock. Such use is common in anesthesia or critical-care practices; it is especially useful in counteracting the hypotensive effect of epidural and spinal anesthesia, as well as the vasodilating effect of bacterial toxins and the inflammatory response in sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. The elimination half life of phenylephrine is about 2.5 to 3.0 hours.

Because of its vasoconstrictive effect, phenylephrine can cause severe necrosis if it infiltrates the surrounding tissues. Because of this, it should be given through a central line if at all possible. Damage may be prevented or mitigated by infiltrating the tissue with the alpha blocker phentolamine by subcutaneous injection.

Side effects
Phenylephrine may cause side effects such as headache, reflex bradycardia, excitability, restlessness and cardiac arrhythmias. Phenylephrine is not suggested for use in people with hypertension.

Heart
The primary side effect of phenylephrine is high blood pressure. People with high blood pressure are typically advised to avoid products containing it. Because this medication is a sympathomimetic amine without β-adrenergic receptor agonist activity, it does not increase contractility force and output of the cardiac muscle. It may increase blood pressure resulting in a slow heart rate through stimulation of vascular (likely carotid) baroreceptors. A common side effect during IV administration is reflex bradycardia. The low concentration eye drops do not cause blood pressure changes and the changes with the higher dose drops do not last long.

Other
Prostatic hyperplasia can also be worsened by use, and chronic use can lead to rebound hyperemia. People with a history of anxiety or panic disorders, or on anticonvulsant medication for epilepsy should not take this substance. The drug interaction might produce seizures. Some patients have been shown to have an upset stomach, severe abdominal cramping, and vomiting issues connected to taking this drug.

Phenylephrine is pregnancy category C. Due to the lack of studies done in animals and in humans, it is not known whether there is harm to the fetus. Phenylephrine should only be given to pregnant women who have a clear need.

Extended use may cause rhinitis medicamentosa, a condition of rebound nasal congestion.

Interactions
The increase in blood pressure effect of phenylephrine may be increased by drugs such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, and hydrocortisone. Patients taking these medications may need a lower dose of phenylephrine to achieve a similar increase in blood pressure.

Drugs that may decrease the effects of phenylephrine may include calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors and benzodiazepines. Patients taking these medications may need a higher dose of phenylephrine to achieve a comparable increase in blood pressure.

Pharmacodynamics
Phenylephrine is a sympathomimetic drug, which means that it mimics the actions of epinephrine (commonly known as adrenaline) or norepinephrine. Phenylephrine selectively binds to α1-adrenergic receptors which causes venous and arterial vasoconstriction.

Whereas pseudoephedrine causes both vasoconstriction and increase of mucociliary clearance through its non-specific adrenergic activity, phenylephrine's selective α1-adrenergic receptor agonism causes vasoconstriction alone, creating a difference in their methods of action.

Pharmacokinetics
Oral phenylephrine is extensively metabolized by monoamine oxidase, an enzyme that is present on the mitochondrial membrane of cells throughout the body. Compared to oral pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine has a reduced and variable bioavailability; only up to 38%.

title: Phenylephrine


text:
Martin C. Jischke

Martin Charles Jischke (JIS-key) (born August 7, 1941) is an American higher-education administrator and advocate who was the tenth president of Purdue University.

Jischke has served as chairman and board member of the National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, and as a board member of the American Council on Education, National Merit Scholarship Corporation, and the Kellogg Commission on the Future of State and Land-Grant Universities. He has also served as a board member for Kerr McGee Corporation, Wabash National Corporation, and Duke Realty.

He was the founding president of the Global Consortium of Higher Education and Research for Agriculture, and is also on the boards of directors of the Association of American Universities and the American Council on Competitiveness.

Personal background
Jischke was born in Chicago, the son of a grocer, and graduated from Proviso High School in Maywood, Illinois, a suburb on Chicago's west side. In 1963 he earned his bachelor's degree in physics with honors from Illinois Institute of Technology, where he currently serves on the board of trustees. While at Illinois Institute of Technology he became a member of Delta Tau Delta International Fraternity. He received his master's and doctoral degrees in aeronautics and astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1968. He married his wife, Patricia "Patty" Fowler Jischke in 1970. They have two children, Charles, a photographer living in West Lafayette, Indiana and Marian, an engineer living in Indianapolis.

Science
Jischke, a specialist in fluid dynamics, has expertise in heat transfer, fluid mechanics, aerodynamics and high-speed aircraft and spacecraft. He is co-editor of one book and the author or co-author of 31 journal publications and 21 major technical reports. He has given more than 50 major technical presentations and lectures, and has held research fellowships with NASA and the Donald W. Douglas Laboratory. He has received research grants from the National Science Foundation, U.S. Air Force, NASA, National Institutes of Health, National Severe Storms Laboratory and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. He served as a White House fellow and special assistant to the U.S. Secretary of Transportation from 1975 to 1976. Jischke is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. In 2006, Jischke was appointed to the President's Council on Science and Technology|Council of Advisers on Science and Technology.

Administration
Jischke was a member the faculty of the University of Oklahoma's School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering for 17 years, and also served as director of the school. During his time at the university, he was the principal advisor to 21 thesis students. He served as Chair of the Faculty Senate during the 1974–75 academic year, dean of the College of Engineering from 1981 to 1986, and in 1985 Dr. Jischke was named the university's interim president.

In 1986 Jischke was named chancellor of the University of Missouri–Rolla. Success in that role led him to the presidency of Iowa State University in 1991. He raised money for scholarships. The Martin C. Jischke Honors Building at Iowa State is named after him.

Awards
Jischke is a recipient of the American Society for Engineering Education Centennial Medallion and the Illinois Institute of Technology Professional Achievement Award. He also received the Ukraine Medal of Merit from Ukraine's president for outstanding service by a foreign national. The Illinois Institute of Technology and the National Agricultural University of Ukraine have both awarded him honorary doctoral degrees.

He is an honorary member of Mortar Board National College Senior Honor Society, having been tapped by the Barbara Cook chapter at Purdue University in 2006.

In 2013, Jischke's alma mater, Illinois Institute of Technology, awarded him with its annual Alumni Medal, the alumni association's highest honor.

Purdue University
On August 14, 2000, Jischke became the tenth president of Purdue University, succeeding Steven C. Beering, who stepped down after 17 years as Purdue's president.

In October 2004, Jischke testified before the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations on the value of international students, their decline in U.S. university enrollment since the September 11 attacks, and recommendations for visa policy reform.

On August 4, 2006, Jischke announced he would be stepping down from the president's post at the end of the 2006–07 fiscal year. He stated he would be taking a year off from public life at that time.

On May 7, 2007, the Purdue University Board of Trustees announced the appointment of France A. Córdova to succeed Jischke as the university's 11th president effective July 16, 2007.

On May 12, 2007, Jischke was awarded an honorary doctorate degree from Purdue University's College of Engineering. In June 2007, Jischke was awarded the university's first Neil Armstrong Medal of Excellence by Armstrong himself, along with the Sagamore of the Wabash, the highest honor from the governor of Indiana.

title: Martin C. Jischke


text:
User talk:Pymander

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * Featured pictures
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

[[User:Sam Spade|Sam]] Spade wishes you a merry Christmas! 22:20, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pymander


text:
User talk:David Vasquez~enwiki/Archive 3

China Collaboration of the Week
You showed interest in taking part in China-related topic development. I have just set up a China Collaboration of the Week. Please add one, or several, nomination(s) and tell others about it. You may access it via the COTW page at China-related topics notice board/ZHCOTW or through the shortcut WP:ZHCOTW. --[[User:OldakQuill|Oldak Quill]] 11:21, 14 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Hi David
I saw your work on Shenyang's page. I am from Harbin and livin' in US now. Your edition on Shenyang was a big change. Thank you for your fabulous job on one of my favorite cities in China.

Lin Yang

Photographs for Chinese art
I think pictures you take in a museum will be able to be displayed in the Chinese art article. According to Image_copyright_tags, the art is public domain if the artist died more than 100 years ago. — J3ff 00:50, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually, in most countries it passes into the public domain 70 years after the creator's death. 100 years is the catch-all upper limit. If _you_ take a photograph in a museum, and the scene has not been arranged in a creative way (for example using creative lighting or framing) then the resulting image will be public domain just as the original work. If _you_ used creativity in taking the photograph, portions may be copyrighted to you. Some claim that a photograph of a statue or other 3D art is always copyrighted to the photographer. — David Remahl 13:51, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for bringing up some additional considerations about photographing exhibits in museums.

 * There is still one troublesome problem, which is that a number of museums say you can take photographs for personal use, but not for distribution, and especially not for commercial use. (Otherwise they want to be paid.)

 * My question is this. If I walk up to a painting and photograph it under natural light, with no flash (according to the museum's wishes), being careful not to include the wall or the frame, can a museum still lay claim to my photograph solely by virtue of it hanging in their building?

 * I don't have the money to consult an attorney on this simply so I can contribute to the Chinese art article, so I need some "free" advice on this.

 * Perhaps I should post this question on Fred Bauder's talk page?

 * Thanks. --DV 14:04, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I am not a lawyer, _especially_ not in the United States :-). The only thing I know is that the museum cannot lay _copyright_ claims on the photograph simply because it was taken on their premises, regardless of their rules. If you agreed to a verbal or written contract of some sort, then I suppose they may have a case against you, but not a copyright case. In either case, I don't think _Wikipedia_ could be held liable (though that is probably not your primary concern).
 * For more advice and verification of this, post a question on Reference desk or Village pump. — David Remahl 14:11, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Copy editing
You're more than welcome, David, and thank you for the kind words. I intend to take a look at Wikinews soon, but I'm still finding my feet here, so I'll wait for a bit. That's a good article you've written, and yes, I think it's sufficiently NPOV. What an interesting and strange case. It's reminding me of the case of the two New Zealand teenagers, girls, who fell in love in a teenager sort of way. A family move threatened to split them up, so they killed one of the mothers. It was made into a film called Heavenly Creatures with Kate Winslet []. Slim 10:32, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)

 * David, that's fine; don't feel you need to explain, as it's your article. The reason I put 16 in the first paragraph was for shock value. With an article like that, you have to bang, bang, bang in the lead with the news value: 16 year old girl, charged, first degree murder, own mother. It will always be true that she was 16 when she was charged; and her birth date is lower down in the article. But I'm not trying to persuade you to change it back; just explaining my reasoning. As I said, you've done the writing, and it's a great article, so I defer to your fine authorship. :-)   Slim 10:44, Nov 29, 2004

 * Not wishing to tie you up with murder stories, but now you're on the subject of how nasty little girls can (allegedly!) be, Wikipedia has an entry for Anne Perry, who was one of the girls (the real life ones) featured in the Heavenly Creatures film. She went on to become quite a well-known novelist. Thought it might interest you. Slim 10:48, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh, I agree entirely about not changing the spelling in her journal. I certainly didn't mean to. If I changed anything, it was inadvertent. My apologies. Slim 10:51, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)

Video Poker
Thanks for the interesting content you added to the Video poker article, I work as a Blackjack dealer part-time and have also worked around the slots, as far as I know, in the Netherlands there are no slots that allow players to achieve a theoretical advantage, and I have always thought this was the case world-wide. I found it intrigueing that this is actually not true. But as Dutch casinos use modified slots from big brands like IGT, I wonder if all our slots are really what we were taught them to be. I will be sure to check out the payou tables on them soon enough. -- [[User:Solitude|Solitude\talk]] 21:19, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)

Political viewpoints
You have my permission to add the necessary snippets needed to implement your idea regarding the political survey poll to the subpage of my user page. It sounds like a fun idea. --Improv 05:53, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

RFA candidate
Salve, David! I nominated myself for adminship at Requests for adminship/PedanticallySpeaking2 and would appreciate your vote. Ave! PedanticallySpeaking 19:44, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Salve, David! I wanted to drop you a line to thank you for your support in my successful RFA candidacy. It was very gratifying to see the kind remarks posted in the debate.  Ave!  PedanticallySpeaking 17:32, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)

Article deletion
Can you please undo your delete action? — DV 11:21, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm really sorry, Dave. I thought it was a newly created junk page. You are right - I should have checked. I also should not be editing when I am tired. Going against wikipedia policy was unintentional. I'll see if I can find a way to undelete, but don't know if it's possible. Pollinator 12:24, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * Follow up on Pollinator's user talk page. DV 12:49, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Thanks DV

 * I'm just learning about all this stuff. Thanks for taking the time to help me out. I'm a little confused right now because I'm new and old (how's that for an oximoron). If you notice me asking some other (newbie) questions please feel free to jump in and help. Your links were very helpful.
 * Thanks, [[User:Hydnjo|Hydnjo\talk]] 04:25, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Legal fund
Hi David, if you want to set up a legal fund, could I suggest you e-mail that person privately? Making a public reference to the libel serves to spread it further, which I think he's saying he doesn't want, as he has removed all references to it from his Talk page. Best, Slim 22:53, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * I replied on Slim's talk page. — DV 04:32, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree with the point you made about the elephant in the room. No, I don't think my revert affected it. But at least I didn't point it out. Perhaps I'm very slow, but the first I learned of this odd website was through the previous posts on Jimbo's Talk page the other day. I deleted your reference to it because he deleted theirs, and that looked to me as though he didn't want references to the matter on his Talk page. However, as I said, I won't keep on deleting them. If he wants to, he'll do it himself eventually. My personal view with issues like this is they're best ignored. As you say, the page has been cached all over the place already. Legal action won't get rid of it. It will simply draw more attention to it and there's no point in taking legal action against groups or individuals who have no money. People always think suing for libel is easy. It isn't. It's one of the hardest issues to win on, even if you're in the right, especially in America. People almost always regret suing for libel. Having said all that, I should stress that I know you mean well and have the best of intentions, and I do absolutely agree with you on that count. Slim 04:39, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

Rachelle Waterman
The tone of your responses suggests that you are becoming agitated. Giano 13:55, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I replied on Giano's talk page. — DV 14:10, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Giano promptly blanked and archived his talk page.

 * (actually it was 2 days later Giano 12:23, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC))

 * For someone who thinks "debate is futile" he sure is a persistent little bugger. :) I promised Giano I would stay off his pages so I will reply here. The history of Giano's user talk page shows that he blanked and archived his page exactly 32 minutes after my last comment. He's making himself look silly by arguing over such a small point, but I have indulged him since he insisted on resuming our little exchange, despite my offer to stay out of his way. — DV 12:47, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I had encouraged Giano to edit the article in question, or to even list the article on VfD, and assured him that I would not revert his changes. But Giano left in a huff and accused me of being "territorial", whatever that means. When I repeated my invitation for him to edit the article however he saw fit, to address his "human rights" concerns, he accused me of "hectoring" him and said I only wanted the last word.

 * I hope Giano will share a bit more about why this is a human rights issue, perhaps on the Ethics and law page, but he appears to feel somehow bullied or intimidated from sharing his views at the moment.

 * In my closing remarks, I apologized to Giano for any discomfort he felt when encountering my different opinions, and I promised to stay out of his way in the future. — DV 10:46, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Is that your last word, or are there to be more? Giano 14:42, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I am flattered that Giano has started following me around to other pages.

 * However, in all fairness to Bishonen, I am hopeful Giano will work out his issues with me on one of our talk pages. — DV 15:00, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Giano, if you have changed your mind about the "futility of debate" and would like to engage me in a thoughtful discussion concerning the Rachelle Waterman article, (or some other related topic), I am more than happy to do so.

 * Otherwise, I am happy to stay out of your way, but that will only work if you stop following me to other pages and trying to resume our little exchange.

 * By the way, I apologize that I didn't realize English was not your native language until just now. Apparently you have improved your English skills enough that it took me a while to catch on that perhaps you didn't fully understand my statements.

 * If I have said anything that you don't understand or you are somehow confused, please say so and I will be happy to clarify any misunderstanding due to language differences.

 * You are more than welcome to have the last word, Giano. It's your Wikipedia too!

 * Cheers,

 * — DV 15:00, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Oh dear, you are becoming confused, the discussion on Bishonen's talk page (who is following who, I wonder) concerned the Troll on User talk:Chmod007's talk page, who Bishonen and I have been monitoring, you really must not start to feel paranoid. Bishonen and I have worked together on several pages and you have nothing to worry about. I terminated conversation with you on the talk page of Rachelle Waterman there as you suggested that was not the place to have it, "lurking" I think was your phrase. Please have no worry about calling me a "irritating little bugger" Irritating: to you I may be; Little: not very; Bugger: Never greatly appealed. However I do not generally use these expressions, as I have quite a good vocabulary.

Please have no concern for my English, 3 years in an American law school honed it to near perfection (spelling and grammar aside) so please do not level the veiled charge again that I am anti-American, or that I am particularly pro-British. For reasons I stated on the Featured article page (when you nominated it) the page cannot be deleted; nor is it violating the law of any country. I merely state as I have always stated that it is a great pity the page cannot be held in abeyance until after a verdict. If that is not possible then perhaps without her image. Regarding human rights, yes I think all humans are entitled to them, even those who have violated the same rights of other human beings, it it what distinguishes us from lesser forms of animate beings, and wether you agree or not it is my belief that parading prisoners, minors or adults,in orange jump suits publicly before conviction is a sight many people, on both sides of the Atlantic, find abhorrent.

Finally, contrary to your inference on the RW talkpage, I have never advocated the British press as superior to the North American. I think that's all, anything you find ambiguous, or outside your vocabulary please do ask. Giano 15:54, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Image size
Thanks, David. Would that really be possible? It sounds so simple! It would be a major improvement, I can't believe it hasn't already been done. I don't know my way around with that kind of stuff—it would be great if you'd post a suggestion or query in the best place for it. (MetaWiki... ?) Best, [[User:Bishonen|Bishonen (talk)]] 10:34, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I replied on Bishonen's talk page. — DV 11:06, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

A mistake
That's a mistake about Giano following you to my talk page, David. He's a friend of mine and posts frequently on my page, as do I on his.--[[User:Bishonen|Bishonen (talk)]] 16:37, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * My mistake, I didn't realize Giano was referring to a troll on Chmod007's page who had a friend that shared my first name, "David". (See Giano's explanation above.)

 * Here is the timeline of events in case it is unclear what transpired:

 * Immediately after I posted on a completely unrelated topic on Bishonen's talk page, Giano came along and posted:

 * "One starts nice and pleasant and reasonable!Giano 13:46, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)"

 * What confused me is that Bishonen initially didn't know what Giano was talking about either, and it seemed like a bit of a stretch that Giano would be posting about an edit conflict with a "mutual friend" of "David's" and somehow was not referring to me. Bishonen then replied to Giano,

 * "Uh, what? We had an edit conflict, or is this in re the previous post on my page?--[[User:Bishonen|Bishonen (talk)]] 14:01, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)"

 * The previous post on Bishonen's page had been mine at that moment. And Giano replied,

 * "No, I was attempting to leave a message on the page of a mutual 'friend' Giano 14:05, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)"

 * "sorry, that's ambiguous David's friend!" (<- also posted by Giano, but unsigned)

 * For these reasons, I did not realize that Giano was posting about someone else named "David" on Bishonen's page, and that he was referring to a completely different matter. Quite the coincidence, eh?

 * I appreciate the efforts of Bishonen and Giano to clear up my apparent confusion.

 * — DV 21:48, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Bancroft School of Massage Therapy

The Bancroft School of Massage Therapy is a private for-profit trade school in Worcester, Massachusetts. It was founded in 1950 by Henry LaFleur, proprietor of the Bancroft Health Center, a facility specializing in Swedish massage and sports massage since 1938. He purchased the George School of Massage in Boston, Massachusetts, moved it to Worcester, and renamed it Bancroft School of Massage.

Modernization and accreditation
In April 1980, Steve Tankanow, a student apprentice and friend of Henry's, purchased the health center and the school, allowing Henry to devote his time to teaching. Under Steve's guidance, Bancroft moved to modern quarters in the same building, officially becoming BSMT in November 1981.

Tanakow then began work on gaining academic recognition for the school, and for the profession of massage therapy as a whole. In November 1985, BSMT became the first "massage therapy" school to be licensed by the Department of Education of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts as an allied health school offering massage training.

In 1996, the school purchased its own building on Shrewsbury Street and designed an 18,000 square foot (1,700 m2) training facility.

Complementary health
In February 2002, Bancroft signed an alliance with Quinsigamond Community College (QCC) to give Bancroft graduates an opportunity to apply their credits from Bancroft towards completion of the Complementary Health associate degree program at Quinsigamond.

title: Bancroft School of Massage Therapy


text:
Twinkle Khanna

Twinkle Khanna (born 29 December 1973), also known as Tina Jatin Khanna, is an Indian author, columnist, interior designer, film producer, and former actress.

In 2015, Khanna released her first non-fiction book, Mrs Funnybones, which was declared a bestseller, making Khanna India's highest-selling woman writer that year. Khanna's second book The Legend of Lakshmi Prasad, a collection of short stories, one of which was based on social entrepreneur Arunachalam Muruganantham, was later made into National Award winning feature film, Pad Man with the focus on dispelling taboos around menstruation. It was produced under Khanna's production house Mrs. Funnybones Movies which was set up in 2016. Her third book, Pyjamas Are Forgiving (Juggernaut Books, 2018) made her the highest-selling female author in India on 2018, according to Nielsen BookScan India. Her fourth book, Welcome to Paradise was released in 2023 and received critical acclaim. It was no. 1 position in fiction on the Nielsen BookScan and cemented its position at no. 1 on the Crossword bookstore bestseller list within a few weeks of publication.

In 2022, Twinkle Khanna went onto pursue her master's degree in Fiction Writing at the Goldsmiths, University of London and completed her degree in 2023. Her final dissertation received a distinction and got shortlisted for the Pat Kavanagh Prize.

In addition to this, Twinkle also launched Tweak India, a bilingual digital media platform for women and supports a number of causes. She is a former film actress known for her work in Hindi films. Khanna made her acting debut with the musical romance Barsaat (1995), which won her the Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut. Khanna went onto appear in films such as Jab Pyaar Kisise Hota Hai (1998), Seenu (1999), Baadshah (1999) and Joru Ka Ghulam (2000). After Love Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega (2001), Khanna retired from films.

Early life and family
Twinkle Khanna was born on 29 December in Mumbai, the first of two daughters of veteran Hindi film actors Dimple Kapadia and Rajesh Khanna, with whom she shared her birthday. Her maternal grandfather, Chunnibhai Kapadia was a Gujarati businessman and her father Rajesh Khanna, born in Punjabi Khatri Hindu family in Amritsar, Punjab, was from a family of railway contractors. On her mother's side, she is the niece of Simple Kapadia, an actress and costume designer whom she "adored". Her sister Rinke Khanna and cousin Karan Kapadia have also acted in films.

Khanna attended the New Era High School, Panchgani and the Narsee Monjee College of Commerce and Economics. After finishing her Class 12th, she wanted to pursue a career as a chartered accountant and took the entrance examination, but joined the film industry instead due to the insistence of her parents.

She later pursued a Master of Arts from Goldsmiths, University of London, graduating in 2024.

Acting career
Khanna made her screen debut opposite Bobby Deol in Rajkumar Santoshi's musical romance Barsaat (1995). She was cast by Dharmendra and before the film's release Khanna signed for two more projects. It performed well at the box office and became the sixth-highest-grossing film of the year, and she received the Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut for her performance. The following year she played lead roles in Raj Kanwar's action film Jaan and Lawrence D'Souza's romance Dil Tera Diwana opposite Ajay Devgn and Saif Ali Khan respectively. Jaan was a box office hit and Dil Tera Deewana failed to do well. K.N. Vijiyan of the New Straits Times wrote that "Khanna does not look like a typical Hindi actress". While reviewing Dil Tera Diwana, Vijiyan wrote about Khanna: "Unlike her previous movies, she looks really good in all her scenes and she can act well."

In 1997, two films featuring her; Uff! Yeh Mohabbat and Itihaas were released. Both of these films were poor box office performers. Her only release in 1998 was Jab Pyaar Kisise Hota Hai, which featured her as Salman Khan's love interest and was a box office success. Khanna acted opposite Akshay Kumar in two action films: International Khiladi and Zulmi (both 1999). In the former she played a news reporter who falls in love with a criminal whom she interviews. Both performed poorly at the box office. She was paired with Daggubati Venkatesh in the Telugu film Seenu (1999).

Khanna played the lead role in Baadshah (1999), featuring Shah Rukh Khan as a detective. In the same year, she acted opposite Saif Ali Khan in Yeh Hai Mumbai Meri Jaan, a romantic comedy directed by Mahesh Bhatt. She was paired opposite Aamir Khan in Dharmesh Darshan's Mela (2000). Similar to The Seven Samurai in story, it was an average grosser at the box office. Chal Mere Bhai (2000) featured Khanna in a special appearance beside a leading role in the comedy Joru Ka Ghulam, opposite Govinda. She also acted in the David Dhawan-directed comedy Jodi No.1 (2001). Her acting in the film met with poor reviews.

Film director Karan Johar admitted in an interview that Khanna was in his mind for the role of Tina in Kuch Kuch Hota Hai, but she refused it, and thus Rani Mukerji was signed. She left the industry after her marriage to Akshay Kumar in 2001, citing that she did not enjoy the acting profession any more. Her last film was Love Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega (2001), a remake of the Telugu movie Money (1993). It featured her opposite Fardeen Khan and was an average grosser at the box office.

Off-screen work
In August and October 1999, Khanna performed in the Awesome Foursome concert held at the Shah Alam Outdoor Stadium, Malaysia and the Magnificent Five concert at Birmingham, England. Juhi Chawla, Shah Rukh Khan and Salman Khan accompanied her in the former while in the latter she performed alongside Aamir Khan, Aishwarya Rai, Akshaye Khanna and Rani Mukherjee. The following year, she was part of the judge panel at Femina Miss India. She made her theatre debut as the female lead in Feroz Khan's All The Best in February 2001. In 2002, Khanna opened her own interior design store in Crawford Market, Mumbai, called The White Window, in partnership with her longtime friend Gurlein Manchanda. Since then, the store has received the Elle Decor International Design Award. She has opened up another branch of the store elsewhere in Mumbai. She does not hold a professional degree and worked with an architect for two years to learn the procedures. During her pregnancy, she practised maps and designs using CAD. Khanna did the interiors for Rani Mukerji's, Reemma Sen's and Tabu's houses, Kareena Kapoor's Bandra flat in 2008 and Poonam Bajaj's design studio. On the request of one of her clients, she ordered a company to make a golden toilet seat. Khanna is the Indian brand ambassador for L'Oréal.

Khanna has also endorsed for and designed Supertech's ORB project in Noida and another residential project in Pune. However, Khanna filed a case against Supertech for failing to pay inr 10400000 as endorsement fees. She also mentors International Institute of Fashion Designing's Academy of Interiors. Khanna is the co-founder of Grazing Goat Pictures and has co-produced the films Tees Maar Khan (2010) and Patiala House (2011). She also did a cameo appearance in the former film. Khanna has also co-produced Thank You (2011), Khiladi 786 (2012), 72 Miles (2013).She has also been the brand ambassador for the watch brand Movado and endorsed Coca-Cola and Micromax Mobile. In December 2016, Khanna launched her production house Mrs. Funnybones Movies which eventually co-produced Pad Man. The film went on to win the 2018 National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues.

Khanna is a columnist at Daily News and Analysis after hours and The Times of India. Penguin Random House have announced that Khanna's book Mrs Funnybones hit the Nielsen bestseller list at number 2 in its first week of sales. Launched in Mumbai on 18 August 2015, the book reached number 1 on the bestseller chart of Crossword's Kemps Corner store and received praise from readers and press, eventually making Khanna the highest-selling female author in India for that year. Khanna's second book The Legend of Lakshmi Prasad, a collection of four short stories, launched in November 2016 sold more than 100,000 copies. Her latest book, Pyjamas Are Forgiving (Juggernaut Books, 2018) was released in September 2018 and has made her the highest-selling female author in India in the year 2018, according to Nielsen BookScan India. The publisher reported that the book debuted at number 1 on the Nielsen Bookscan All-India Bestseller List and sold over 100,000 copies.

Khanna has been actively advocating the cause of menstrual hygiene. She joined hands with Save the Children to promote the right to menstrual hygiene among children and slum communities. She was invited to speak at the University of Oxford in 2018. She was also invited to be a part of an eminent panel at the United Nations, New York and also appeared on BBC world Impact show to talk about menstrual hygiene and sanitation globally. In 2019, Khanna also launched Tweak, a bilingual digital media platform for women.

In 2022, Khanna went onto pursue her master's in fiction writing at Goldsmiths, University of London. She received a distinction for her final dissertation, and was one of the shortlistees for the Pat Kavanagh Prize.

Personal life
In 2001, Khanna campaigned for her father's election in New Delhi. She met Akshay Kumar, for the first time during a photo session for Filmfare magazine. They got married on 17 January 2001 and together have a son, Aarav and a daughter, Nitara. Kumar often credits Khanna for his success. In 2009, People magazine listed her as the fourth-best-dressed celebrity in India. In February 2014, she was operated on at the Breach Candy hospital to remove a kidney stone.

In 2014, Khanna and her sister sold their father's house for 85 crores. She has maintained a Twitter account since November 2014.

title: Twinkle Khanna


text:
Quail Valley

Quail Valley may refer to:

 * Quail Valley, Menifee, California, a community in Menifee, California
 * Quail Valley (Missouri City, Texas), a neighborhood in Missouri City, Texas

title: Quail Valley


text:
Runaway (book)

Runaway is a book of short stories by Alice Munro. First published in 2004 by McClelland and Stewart, it was awarded that year's Giller Prize and Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize.

Contents
There are eight short stories in the book. Three of the stories ("Chance", "Soon", and "Silence") are about a single character named "Juliet Henderson".

 * "Runaway" – a woman is trapped in a bad marriage.
 * "Chance" – Juliet takes a train trip which leads to an affair.
 * "Soon" – Juliet visits her parents with her child Penelope.
 * "Silence" – Juliet hopes for news from her adult estranged daughter Penelope.
 * "Passion" – A lonely small town girl flees a passionless relationship with an outsider.
 * "Trespasses" – Lauren, a young girl, meets an older woman, Delphine, who is too interested in her.
 * "Tricks" – Robin, a lonely girl, lives life alone due to bad luck and misinterpretation.
 * "Powers" – See below

Runaway
Carla fell for Clark. They both love animals, horses especially. Clark is handsome, lean, sought after. Carla thinks her family is too materialistic. She runs away with Clark. Turns out Clark is emotionally abusive and has a bit of a temper. Sylvia, or Mrs Jamieson, comes back from Greece. Her husband, a poet, is dead. Clark sends Carla to Sylvia's house as part of his scheme. Instead, she breaks down and confesses her anguish and disappointment about their marriage. Sylvia offers her an option. She runs away on a bus. She begins to have doubts. She calls Clark to pick her up. At night, Clark tells Sylvia not to meddle with his marriage. The two, hostile, become friendlier upon the return of Flora, a goat. It is implied that Clark kills Flora.

Powers
"Powers," the eighth and final story in the collection, is divided into five parts. The first part comprises the diaries of Nancy, a self-centered young woman convinced that she is destined to have some great importance. She startles the town doctor, Wilf, on April Fool's Day by pretending to have an illness; when she later tries to apologize to him, he unexpectedly proposes to her. Nancy, ashamed of her conduct, accepts his proposal although she feels little affection for him. She expresses surprise that her life has proved so mundane after all.

The second part shifts into third-person narration and takes place several months after the first part. Nancy and Wilf are engaged and preparing for their wedding. Wilf's cousin Ollie is in town to attend the ceremony, and Nancy becomes fascinated by his worldly affectations. In an attempt to impress him, she takes Ollie to visit Tessa, a friend of hers that lives on the outskirts of town. Tessa has psychic abilities that allow her to see through objects; she correctly identifies all of the items in Ollie's pockets. Ollie seemingly dismisses her, but Nancy fears that he is hiding a deeper interest. She writes Tessa, warning her to avoid Ollie. Tessa responds, revealing that she and Ollie have already eloped to the United States. They intend to get married and test her abilities scientifically.

The third part leaps forward into the 1960s. Nancy is now an aging woman visiting an American mental hospital. The facility is shutting down, but she has received a letter asking that she retrieve Tessa, who has lived there for some time. Nancy has no intention of doing so, and she arranges with the management to leave alone after she has spoken with Tessa. When the two former friends meet, Nancy attempts to learn about Ollie and his life with Tessa. Tessa, however, cannot remember anything; electroshock therapy has ruined her memory. She claims that someone may have strangled Ollie, but she recalls nothing else. Tessa then guesses that Nancy plans to abandon her at the facility. Feeling guilty, Nancy promises to write her after she leaves, although she never does.

The fourth part moves forward a few more years. Wilf has died from the complications of a stroke, and Nancy takes the opportunity to travel. She is in a large city when she randomly encounters Ollie. She and Ollie have a long discussion, in which he discusses his travels with Tessa in the United States. He says that funding for research disappeared after World War II, forcing him and Tessa to work on the vaudeville circuit. The strain of performing gave Tessa horrible headaches and gradually eroded her powers, but she and he developed an intricate system with which to deceive their audiences. Eventually, Ollie says, Tessa died. Nancy does not contradict him. He drives her back to her hotel, and she opens her mouth to invite him up. Before she speaks, however, Ollie refuses. Nancy resolves to find Tessa and bring her to Ollie. She does not succeed.

The fifth part takes place decades later. Nancy has become an elderly woman whose children worry that she is living in the past. She falls asleep and dreams about Tessa and Ollie. They are staying at a motel; Tessa suffers from a terrible headache. In her mind, Tessa suddenly sees a pyramid of flies hidden behind the curtain. Excited that her powers have returned, she awakens Ollie, and they embrace. Ollie, however, worries that Tessa can sense the papers in his front pocket, which will commit her to a mental hospital. It is implied that Tessa does sense their presence. Nevertheless, she no longer cares what happens to her. Nancy then dreams that Ollie decides to spare Tessa. As she does so, a feeling of reprieve lights up her dream. Nancy is pulled out of it as her consciousness disintegrates around her.

In popular culture
The second, third and fourth stories in the book – "Chance", "Soon" and "Silence" – provided the basis for Pedro Almodóvar's screenplay for his 2016 film adaptation, Julieta.

title: Runaway (book)


text:
Quakertown

Quakertown may refer to:

 * Quakertown, Delaware
 * Quakertown, Indiana
 * Quakertown, New Jersey
 * Quakertown, Pennsylvania
 * Quakertown, Denton, Texas

title: Quakertown


text:
2006 Atlantic hurricane season

The 2006 Atlantic hurricane season was the least active in the basin since 1997, with nine named storms as well as an additional unnamed tropical storm identified by the National Hurricane Center. 2006 was the first season since 2001 in which no hurricanes made landfall in the United States, and was the first since 1994 in which no tropical cyclones formed during October. Following the intense activity of 2003, 2004, and 2005, forecasters predicted that the 2006 season would be only slightly less active. Instead, it turned out to be a below average season, as activity was slowed by a rapidly forming moderate El Niño event, the presence of the Saharan Air Layer over the tropical Atlantic, and the steady presence of a robust secondary high-pressure area to the Azores High centered on Bermuda. There were no tropical cyclones after October 2.

The season began on June 10 with the formation of Tropical Storm Alberto, which moved from the Caribbean Sea through the east coast of the United States. Hurricane Ernesto caused heavy rainfall in Haiti, and directly killed at least seven in Haiti and the United States. Four hurricanes formed after Ernesto, including the strongest storms of the season, Hurricanes Helene and Gordon. In total, the season was responsible for 14 deaths and $500 million in damage. The calendar year 2006 also saw Tropical Storm Zeta, which arose in December 2005 and persisted until early January, only the second such event on record. The storm is considered a part of the 2005 season, as it developed in that calendar year.

Seasonal forecasts
Forecasts of hurricane activity are issued before each hurricane season by Philip J. Klotzbach, Dr. William M. Gray, and their associates at Colorado State University; and separately by NOAA forecasters.

Klotzbach's team (formerly led by Gray) has defined the average number of storms per season (1950–2000) as 9.6 tropical storms, 5.9 hurricanes, and 2.3 major hurricanes (storms exceeding Category 3 strength in the Saffir–Simpson scale). A normal season, as defined by NOAA, has 6–14 named storms, with 4–8 of those reaching hurricane strength, and 1–3 major hurricanes.

Pre-season forecasts
On December 5, 2005, Klotzbach's team issued its initial extended-range forecast for the 2006 season, predicting an above average of 17 named storms, nine of them hurricanes, and five classified as Category 3 intensity or higher.

As in the 2005 season, the team predicted it was highly probable that at least one major hurricane would directly impact the United States. The forecast suggested an 81% probability that at least one major hurricane would strike the U.S. mainland, a 64% chance of at least one major hurricane striking the East Coast of the United States (including the Florida peninsula), and a 47% chance of at least one major hurricane striking the Gulf Coast of the United States from the Florida Panhandle westward. The team also predicted that the potential for major hurricane activity in the Caribbean was above average. A few months later, on April 4, 2006, CSU issued another forecast confirming its December predictions.

On May 22, 2006, NOAA released its pre-season forecast for the 2006 season. The prediction was for 13–16 named storms, 8–10 of those becoming hurricanes, and 4–6 becoming major hurricanes.

On May 31, 2006, Klotzbach's team released its final pre-season forecast for 2006, confirming its earlier prediction.

Midseason outlooks
On August 3, 2006, Klotzbach's team lowered its season estimate to 15 named storms, with 7 becoming hurricanes and 3 becoming major hurricanes, noting that conditions had become less favorable for storms than they had been earlier in the year. The sea-level pressure and trade wind strength in the tropical Atlantic were reported to be above normal, while sea surface temperature anomalies were on a decreasing trend.

On August 8, 2006, NOAA revised its season estimate to 12–15 named storms, with 7–9 becoming hurricanes, and 3–4 becoming major hurricanes. The reduction was attributed to less favorable environmental conditions, a decrease in La Niña conditions, and the lack of a "very persistent upper-level ridge pattern over the eastern U.S. and western Atlantic"

On September 1, Klotzbach's team also revised its season estimate, to 13 named storms, 5 hurricanes, and 2 major hurricanes, citing a larger volume of the Saharan Air Layer and an El Niño trend in the Pacific. The team again reduced the number of tropical storms expected for the season a month later, on October 3, with an updated forecast of 11 named storms, 6 hurricanes, and 2 major hurricanes, citing the ongoing El Niño.

Seasonal summary
Tropical Storm Zeta formed on December 30, 2005, and lasted until January 6, 2006. Although the majority of its existence occurred in 2006, it is officially a storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season as that is the year in which it formed. Zeta joined Hurricane Alice as only the second North Atlantic tropical cyclone in recorded history to span two calendar years.

The season started on June 1, 2006, and officially ended on November 30, 2006. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. Ten days into the start of the season, Tropical Storm Alberto developed in the Caribbean, and after four months of activity, Hurricane Isaac dissipated on October 3 south of Newfoundland. Compared to the devastating 2005 Atlantic hurricane season, 2006 was not severe in terms of deaths and damage. Three tropical storms made landfall in the United States. The first of them, Tropical Storm Alberto, made landfall in Florida with winds of 50 mph, causing flooding and light damage. Tropical Storm Beryl made landfall on Nantucket, but left little impact. The third and more significant storm was Hurricane Ernesto, which killed two people in Virginia and two in Florida, as well as causing $500 million in damage (2006 USD). During the season, only one tropical cyclone in the Atlantic – Alberto – affected Mexico. Canada was affected by several tropical cyclones during 2006, including Alberto, the unnamed storm, Beryl, Florence, and Isaac.

On June 20, an upper-level disturbance formed east of the Bahamas and moved westward across the islands. Between June 24 and 26, areas of convection developed occasionally, and a low-level disturbance formed. The system turned northward and upon reaching the Gulf Stream on June 27, it began to mature. It made landfall near Morehead City, North Carolina and moved northeastward along the U.S. East Coast. The storm contributed to severe and deadly flooding in the Mid-Atlantic states. While the NHC did not operationally classify it, data from reconnaissance aircraft, NEXRAD weather radar, and surface observations suggest it may have met the criteria for a tropical cyclone.

The National Hurricane Center's pre-season activity outlook predicted 13–16 named storms, 8–10 hurricanes and 4–6 major hurricanes. They also predicted a high risk of at least one major hurricane strike to the Southeastern United States. In the event, only ten storms formed during the season, the lowest number since the 1997 season, when there were seven. Five of the ten storms developed into hurricanes— the lowest number since 2002– only two attained major hurricane status, tying with 2002 for the fewest since 1997. Only one named storm was observed during October, the lowest number since 1994, when none were seen during that month. Additionally, only three named storms made landfall in the United States, the fewest since 2001. Because of several factors, including a rapidly forming El Niño event, the Saharan Air Layer over the tropical Atlantic and the presence of a high-pressure area to the Azores High situated near Bermuda, it contributed to a below average season. Also, sea surface temperatures in the western Atlantic were just at or slightly below average. In contrast, sea surface temperatures during the 2005 season were well above average.

Overall, the season's activity was reflected with a low cumulative accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 79. ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. ACE is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 34 kn or tropical storm strength. Subtropical cyclones are excluded from the total.

Tropical Storm Alberto
On June 10, an area of disturbed weather associated with a broad low-pressure area off the coast of Belize organized over the warm waters of the Caribbean into the first tropical depression of the season. It dropped light rainfall in Mexico, with a 24-hour total peaking at 4 in in Peto, Yucatán. Southwesterly vertical wind shear initially prevented significant development, but as it moved closer to Florida, the depression strengthened into a tropical storm on June 11. Passing over the warm, deep water of the Loop Current allowed accelerated development, and the cyclone reached its peak winds of 70 mph, just shy of hurricane strength. Subsequent weakening occurred as it moved over the cooler waters of the continental shelf, and Alberto made landfall near Adams Beach, Florida, on June 14 with winds of about 45 mph. Losing its tropical characteristics, Alberto moved northeastward and produced heavy rainfall in South Carolina and North Carolina. The remnants tracked off the U.S. East Coast and transitioned into a powerful extratropical storm which affected Nova Scotia with high winds, heavy rain, and rough surf, leaving four fisherman missing offshore.

Alberto caused record rainfall in North Carolina, peaking at 8 in. In Florida, two people died, and damage was estimated at $250,000 (2006 USD). Later, the storm left four sailors missing about 230 mi south of Nova Scotia.

Unnamed tropical storm
A cold front exited the eastern United States on July 13 and subsequently stalled over the western Atlantic Ocean. It decayed and dissipated, leaving behind two areas of low pressure. The southern area near North Carolina became Tropical Storm Beryl, and the northern system became an extratropical low on July 16, south-southeast of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The system separated itself from the dissipating front later that day while moving northeastward over warm waters. Convection developed near the center, and the system transitioned into a tropical depression early on July 17, about 240 mi southeast of Nantucket, Massachusetts. Accelerating northeastward, the depression intensified into a tropical storm six hours later. Banding features became prominent, and after continued strengthening, the storm attained peak winds of 50 mph late on July 17, while located about 245 mi south of Halifax, Nova Scotia. Shortly thereafter, the storm encountered much cooler water temperatures after leaving the Gulf Stream. The storm quickly weakened as the convection rapidly diminished, and on July 18, degenerated into a non-convective remnant low. The remnants crossed Newfoundland, before turning to the east-northeast and dissipating on July 19. The storm greatly weakened prior to moving across Newfoundland, and as a result, its impact was minimal.

Operationally, the storm was considered as a non-tropical gale, connected to a cold front. However, a post-season analysis provided enough evidence of tropical characteristics, indicating no frontal features and no cold air intrusion at the time of peak winds. Observations analyzed the storm as having a symmetric warm core, whereas in real time it was considered subtropical. The National Hurricane Center officially re-classified the system as an unnamed tropical storm on December 15, 2006.

Tropical Storm Beryl
The same frontal system that developed the previous storm also produced another low-pressure area east of North Carolina. The system was broad and ill-defined at first, although the low-level circulation became sufficiently organized to be designated a tropical depression on July 18, about 290 mi (465 km) east-southeast of the coast of North Carolina. Later that day, the depression developed organized rainbands over the eastern periphery of the circulation, and as a result, the NHC upgraded it to Tropical Storm Beryl. The nascent storm moved generally northward at first along the western periphery of a subtropical ridge, parallel to the East Coast of the United States. With low wind shear and favorable outflow, Beryl intensified to reach a peak intensity of 60 mph early on July 20. Around that time, the storm developed an eye-like feature in the center of the convection. Cooler waters caused Beryl to weaken, as it turned northeastward ahead of an approaching trough. Early on July 21, the storm struck the island of Nantucket with winds of 50 mph (85 km/h). Shortly thereafter, Beryl transitioned into an extratropical cyclone, which moved through Nova Scotia before merging with another extratropical cyclone on July 22 over Newfoundland.

Due to the storm's path near the eastern United States, the NHC issued several tropical cyclone watches and warnings, while the Canadian Hurricane Centre issued gale warnings for the coastal waters off Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. Ferry service between Nantucket and Cape Cod was halted during the storm. Waves along the southern coast of Nantucket reached 10 ft in height as the storm approached the island, resulting in four people being rescued by lifeguards from rip currents. Light rainfall, reaching 0.97 in, was recorded on Nantucket, and wind gusts reached 44 mph. Impacts in the area were limited to downed telephone poles and fallen tree branches. The remnants of Tropical Storm Beryl dropped moderate precipitation in Atlantic Canada, with totals of up to 3.5 in; in some locations 1 in of rain fell in an hour. Moderate winds were reported along its path, which peaked at 60 mph in southern Nova Scotia. The storm caused minor street flooding and power outages across Atlantic Canada.

Tropical Storm Chris
In late July, a tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa and traversed the Atlantic Ocean. The associated convection organized and became a tropical depression on August 1 about 160 mi east of Antigua. The depression tracked westward and soon intensified into Tropical Storm Chris before reaching peak winds of 65 mph northeast of the United States Virgin Islands. The storm was forecast to strengthen further and become a hurricane as it moved into the Bahamas. However, Chris began to be affected by wind shear and became disorganized. The storm weakened to a tropical depression on August 4, and dissipated as it approached the Cuban coast on August 5.

The storm's effects were limited to moderate rainfall in Hispaniola and Cuba. Cruise lines such as Royal Caribbean re-routed their ships to avoid the storm. In Puerto Rico, rainfall from the storm caused the Fajardo River to overflow its banks. The floodwaters temporarily forced a closure of a highway in the northeastern portion of the island. Rainfall reached up to 2 in across portions of Hispaniola, the Turks and Caicos, the Bahamas, and eastern Cuba, and reached 4 in in some mountainous areas.

Tropical Storm Debby
On August 20, a vigorous tropical wave exited the coast of Africa, developing convective banding and a broad circulation. A broad area of low pressure formed within the wave the next day and despite convection weakening, the area of low pressure remained well-organized, becoming Tropical Depression Four later that day with water temperatures and minimal upper-level shear conducive for further intensification. The next day, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Debby about 300 mi (485 km) southwest of Cape Verde. Debby strengthened further, peaking with sustained winds of 50 mph later that day. However, shortly after reaching its peak intensity, Debby encountered dry air and subsequently weakened with its low level circulation detaching from the weakening system which was tracking west-northwestward. Convection redeveloped over a portion of the center, while banding features redeveloped as well. Organization continued, and Debby once again peaked with 50 mph the next day. Soon after, southerly wind shear displaced the convection to the north of the center, causing Debby to weaken into a tropical depression the next day. Soon after, Debby degenerated into a remnant low. The remnants of Debby persisted before dissipating on August 28.

When Debby was first warned on, the government of Cape Verde issued a tropical storm warning. The National Hurricane Center stated that heavy rainfall, potentially as high as 10 in (250 mm) in mountainous areas, was possible. However, all warnings were discontinued six hours later, the depression moved away from the islands. Despite that, the depression produced a gust of 35 mph (55 km/h) at Fogo and some rainfall. Despite Debby being forecast to remain far away from the Gulf of Mexico, investors tracking the storm caused the price of crude oil to rise significantly due to its potential impact to oil installations.

Hurricane Ernesto
Hurricane Ernesto originated from a tropical wave which moved off the coast of Africa on August 18. The wave progressed westward and reached the Western Atlantic, spawning a tropical depression on August 24 near the Windward Islands. It moved west-northwestward through the Caribbean Sea and intensified into Tropical Storm Ernesto on August 25. The storm briefly attained hurricane status on August 27 to the southwest of Haiti, before land interaction caused weakening. Ernesto made landfall near Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, early in the morning on August 28 as a tropical storm. At one point the storm was predicted to become a major hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico and threaten parts of the Gulf Coast. However, Ernesto moved much farther east than anticipated, and made landfall as a tropical storm on the southern tip of Florida on August 29. Ernesto retained tropical storm strength as it crossed Florida and emerged from land near Cape Canaveral, and was just below hurricane strength when it made landfall again in North Carolina on August 31. Ernesto transitioned into an extratropical cyclone over Virginia on September 1, which ultimately dissipated over Quebec on September 4.

Early in its duration, Ernesto killed five people in Haiti from rainfall. Later, two people died in Florida in traffic accidents due to slick roads. Damage was heaviest in Virginia, where heavy rains left severe flooding. Damage in the United States was estimated at $500 million (2006 USD).

Hurricane Florence
Hurricane Florence originated on September 3 from the complex merging of two tropical waves, creating one large low-pressure area. The disturbance moved westward and became a tropical depression in the open waters of the Atlantic. On September 5, it organized further and was upgraded into Tropical Storm Florence. With a disorganized structure and multiple circulation centers, Florence remained a weak tropical storm for several days, even after external conditions became favorable for strengthening. Florence tracked west-northwest and intensified into a hurricane on September 10 while south of Bermuda. The storm passed just to the east of Bermuda as a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale as it reached its peak intensity of 90 mph. It moved north before losing its tropical characteristics and passing over the Canadian Maritimes as a strong extratropical storm.

Large swells, rip tide, and undertow were reported on Bermuda, the Leeward Islands, the Virgin Islands, and Hispaniola. Florence affected Bermuda with wind gusts up to 115 mph and heavy rain which left 23,000 houses without electricity. In all, the storm caused $200,000 (2006 USD; $ USD) in damage. Florence then brought heavy rains across Newfoundland as an extratropical storm, destroying one house and causing minor damage to several others. There were no fatalities as a result of the hurricane.

Hurricane Gordon
A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on September 1. The wave tracked westward across the Atlantic for several days until it reached an area of relaxed wind shear and its associated low-pressure area organized into a tropical depression. It moved east-northeast and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Gordon on September 11, while located over the open waters of the Atlantic. Gordon turned north, and became a hurricane on September 13. It intensified to Category 3 status on the Saffir–Simpson scale and reached its peak intensity of 120 mph on September 14. Tracking northward, it began to lose tropical characteristics. On September 20, the system affected Britain with high winds and heavy rain as an extratropical cyclone. During Gordon's passage through Britain, 120,000 homes were left without power after winds of 80 mph affected the country.

Hurricane Helene
On September 11, a vigorous tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa, which the NHC expected would develop into a tropical cyclone. The convection increased and organized further, leading to the development of a tropical depression on September 12, located 270 mi (370 km) south-southeast of the Cape Verde Islands. While passing south of the islands, the depression struggled to intensify due to easterly wind shear and the cyclone's large size. Improved rainbands developed over the northern periphery, signaling that the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Helene on September 14. A day later, as wind shear decreased, Helene began intensifying, reaching hurricane intensity on September 16, as it developed a ragged eye in the center of the convection. On September 17, the intensification became more rapid and Helene quickly became a Category 2 hurricane that morning as the eye became clearer and surrounded by deep convection. Helene also turned more northward and slowed in the central Atlantic, which was in response to a weakness in the subtropical ridge farther north created by Gordon to the north. Early on September 18, Helene peaked as a Category 3 hurricane with winds of 120 mph.

At the time of peak intensity, Helene and Gordon were at roughly the same longitude in the open ocean, although the latter moved eastward. This caused a ridge to move southward, forcing Helene westward. Helene weakened slightly due to a lengthy eyewall replacement cycle and an elongated cloud pattern. Further weakening occurred on September 20 as wind shear increased. A day later, Helene turned back to the north and later northeast ahead of a trough that exited the east coast of the United States. The hurricane re-intensified slightly on September 23, although the structure resembled a hybrid cyclone at that time, with an asymmetric frontal-like appearance. Helene remained a warm-core cyclone until September 24, when it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone northwest of the Azores. Continuing northeast, the cyclone passed near Iceland on September 27. Later that day, the remnants of Helene merged with another larger extratropical cyclone north of the British Isles.

Helene produced high surf along the east coast of the United States. As a weakened extratropical system, strong wind gusts were reported in Ireland and northern Scotland. The strongest reported wind gust in Ireland was at the Valentia Observatory, where 56 mph gusts were reported. In Scotland, the strongest gust was on South Uist Island in the Outer Hebrides, where 74 mph gusts were reported.

Hurricane Isaac
A tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa on September 18. For several days, the system moved across the Atlantic, producing occasional pulses of convection. Wind shear limited development, until relaxing enough for a tropical depression to develop on September 27, located about 930 mi southeast of Bermuda. On the next day, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Isaac. Initially, the storm was tracking towards the northwest, between another low pressure system to its west and a low- to mid-level ridge to its east. Throughout the day, thunderstorm activity remained unstable, possibly as a result of cooler waters churned up by previous storms. In addition, mid- to upper-level dry air had become entrained into the circulation, and the storm contained some subtropical characteristics with a baroclinic-type cloud pattern. Slow intensification continued, and ISaac attained hurricane status on September 30. Early the next day, Isaac reached peak winds of 85 mph (140 km/h). Around that time, a ragged eye feature appeared on satellite imagery.

After reaching peak intensity, Isaac curved the periphery of the subtropical ridge, turning to the north-northeast. Stronger wind shear and cooler waters caused Isaac to weaken to a tropical storm on October 2. That day, Isaac passed about 40 mi to the southeast of the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland. At Cape Race, sustained winds peaked at 46 mph, with gusts of up to 60 mph. Shortly after passing the island, Isaac transitioned into an extratropical cyclone, and on October 3 the remnants merged with a larger extratropical storm.

Storm names
The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Atlantic in 2006. This is the same list used for the 2000 season, except for Kirk, which replaced Keith. No names were used for the first time in 2006. No names were retired following the season, and the list was used again for the 2012 season.

Season effects
This is a table of all of the storms that formed in the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their name, duration, peak classification and intensities, areas affected, damage, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 2006 USD.

title: 2006 Atlantic hurricane season