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British Chinese

British Chinese, also known as Chinese British or Chinese Britons, are people of Chinese – particularly Han Chinese – ancestry who reside in the United Kingdom, constituting the second-largest group of Overseas Chinese in Western Europe after France.

The United Kingdom has the oldest Chinese community in Western Europe. The first waves of immigrants came between 1842 (the end of the First Opium War) and the 1940s (the end of World War II), largely through treaty ports opened as concessions to the British for the Opium Wars, such as Guangzhou, Tianjin, and Shanghai. British Chinese communities began to form in British ports in Liverpool, London, Cardiff, and Glasgow. In the Liverpool area, by the end of World War II, an estimated 900 Eurasian children were born to Chinese fathers and white mothers.

Since the middle of the 20th century, many British Chinese have been descended from people of former British colonies, such as Hong Kong, Malaysia, and Singapore. This shifted in the late-1970s with new waves of Chinese migrants coming from Vietnam, mainland China, and Hong Kong. Following new security laws imposed by China onto Hong Kong, the United Kingdom offered a pathway to residency to British National (Overseas) passport holders residing in Hong Kong - the majority of whom are ethnically Chinese. Two years since the introduction of the BN(O) immigration route in 2021, 144,500 Hong Kongers have arrived in the United Kingdom.

According to the 2021 Census, the Chinese ethnic group numbered 502,216, or 0.8% of the United Kingdom population. British Chinese live in every major British city, most notably including London, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Manchester, Birmingham, Liverpool, Leeds, Sheffield and Cambridge. Compared with most other ethnic minorities in the UK, the Chinese are amongst the most geographically dispersed. The six cities of Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, London, Manchester, and Newcastle upon Tyne host Chinatowns.

Overall, as a demographic group, the British Chinese are amongst the highest income earners, the highest academic achievers and the least likely to receive any welfare support from the government. They also place well on socioeconomic metrics with the lowest arrest and incarceration rates, lowest overweight or obesity rates, and the lowest school suspension rates.

Terminology
The term "Asian" in the United Kingdom usually refers to those of South Asian heritage, such as Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, Sri Lankans and Kashmiris. Furthermore, although Chinese have a long history of settling in the United Kingdom, the 1991 census was the first to introduce a question on ethnicity; earlier censuses only recorded country of birth. In the 2001 census, Chinese was not included in the broad 'Asian or Asian British' category, but in the 'Chinese or other ethnic group' category instead. The 'Chinese or other ethnic group' category continues to be used by some public bodies and governmental departments, with those who identify as Chinese not counted under the 'Asian or British Asian' category. In the 2011 census, the question for ethnic group allowed for the option of "Chinese" for England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, and "Chinese, Chinese Scottish or Chinese British" for Scotland.

The terms "British-born Chinese" (BBC) and "Scottish-born Chinese" (SBC) have become common ways of describing ethnic Chinese who were born in the United Kingdom. However, the newer term of "British Chinese" began to emerge in the 1990s as a way to articulate a bicultural identity. Diana Yeh argues that the term is also a means to negotiate and offer agency to individuals often rejected as not being "British" or "Chinese" enough, yet also not being as visible as "Black" or "Asian" ethnic minorities. Along with the term "British Chinese," there has been an increasing use of more inclusive umbrella terms such as "British East Asian" (BEA) and "British East and Southeast Asian" (BESEA), especially in the arts sector and in the face of racism during the COVID-19 pandemic.

History

Britain has been receiving ethnic Chinese migrants more or less uninterruptedly on varying scales since the 19th century. While new immigrant arrivals numerically have replenished the Chinese community, they have also added to its complexity and the already existing differences within the community. Meanwhile, new generations of British-born Chinese have emerged.

First Chinese
The first recorded Chinese person in Britain was Shen Fu Tsong (c. 1657 – 1691), a Jesuit scholar who was present in the court of King James II in the 17th century. Shen was the first person to catalogue the Chinese books in the Bodleian Library. The King was so taken with him he had his portrait painted by Sir Godfrey Kneller and hung it in his bed chamber. The portrait of Shen is in the Royal Collection; it currently hangs in Windsor Castle.

William Macao (c. 1753 – 1831) was the earliest recorded Chinese person to settle in Britain. He lived in Edinburgh, Scotland from 1779. Macao married a British woman and had children, and was the first Chinese person to be baptised into the Church of Scotland. He worked for The Board of Excise at Dundas House, St Andrew Square, Edinburgh for 40 years, beginning as a servant to the clerks and retiring as Senior Accountant. He was involved in a significant naturalisation law case and for two years, until the first decision was overturned on appeal, was legally deemed a naturalised Scotsman.

A Chinese man known as John Anthony (c. 1766 – 1805) was brought to London in 1799 by the East India Company to provide accommodation for the Lascar and Chinese sailors in Angel Gardens, Shadwell in London's East End. Antony had left China around 11 years of age in the 1770s making several journeys between London and China. He was baptised into the Church of England, about six years before his death, and anglicised his name, settled in London, and married Ester Gole in 1799. Wishing to buy property, but unable to do so while an alien, in 1805 he used part of the fortune he had amassed from his London work to pay for an Act of Parliament to naturalise him as a British subject; thus being the first Chinese person to gain British citizenship. However, he died a few months after the Act was passed.

1800s to World War II
Chinese migration to Britain has a history of at least a century and a half. From the 1800s until 1945, it is estimated 20,000 had emigrated to Britain. The British East India Company, which controlled the importation of popular Chinese commodities such as tea, ceramics and silks, began employing Chinese seamen in the middle of the 19th century. Those who crewed ships to Britain had to spend time in the docks of British ports while waiting for a ship to return to China, establishing the earliest Chinatowns in Liverpool and London.

In 1901 there were 387 Chinese people living in Britain, and which grew to 1,219 in 1911. These communities consisted of a transnational and highly mobile population of Cantonese seamen and small numbers of more permanent residents who ran shops, restaurants, and boarding houses that catered for them.

During this time period, mixed marriages between Chinese men and white women were increasingly commonplace in Britain. Such relationships often attracted racist attention. In nineteenth century portside communities, for example, the wives of Chinese men were often given nicknames such as "Canton Kitty" and "Chinese Emma" to ridicule their interracial relationships. Racist attitudes continued into the twentieth century as Chinese men were increasingly vilified and associated with the "Yellow Peril," a racist stereotype that depicts people from East and Southeast Asia as an existential threat to the West. Yellow Peril imagery was used to shame mixed marriages, portraying Chinese men as a danger to white women and "the purity of the Anglo-Saxon blood".

In World War II as more men were required to crew British merchant ships, the Chinese Merchant Seamen's Pool of approximately 20,000 was established with its headquarters in Liverpool. However, at the end of the war few Chinese who had worked as merchant seamen were allowed to remain in Britain. The British Government and the shipping companies colluded to forcibly repatriate thousands of Chinese seamen, leaving behind British wives and mixed-race children.

More than 50 years later in 2006, a memorial plaque in remembrance for those Chinese seamen was erected on Liverpool's Pier Head.

Post-World War II
In the 1950s, they were replaced by a rapidly growing population of Chinese from the rural areas in Hong Kong's New Territories. Opening restaurants across Britain, they established firm migration chains and soon dominated the Chinese presence in Britain. In the 1960s and 1970s, they were joined by increasing numbers of Chinese students and economic migrants from Malaysia and Singapore.

Chinese migration to Britain continued to be dominated by these groups until the 1980s, when rising living standards and urbanization in Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia gradually reduced the volume of migration from the former British Colonies. At the same time in the 1980s, the number of students and skilled emigrants from the People's Republic of China began to rise. Since the early 1990s, the UK has also witnessed a rising inflow of economic migrants from areas in China without any previous migratory link to the UK, or even elsewhere in Europe. A relatively small number of Chinese enter Britain legally as skilled migrants. However, most migrants arrive to work in unskilled jobs, originally exclusively in the Chinese ethnic sector (catering, Chinese stores, and wholesale firms), but increasingly also in employment outside this sector (for instance, in agriculture and construction). Migrants who enter Britain for unskilled employment are from both rural and urban backgrounds. Originally, Fujianese migrants were the dominant flow, but more recently increasing numbers of migrants from the Northeast of China have arrived in the UK as well. Migrants now tend to come from an increasing number of regions of origin in China. Some Chinese unskilled migrants enter illegally to work in the black economy, in dangerous jobs with no employment rights, as the Morecambe Bay tragedy of February 2004 showed. Some claim asylum in-country, avoiding deportation after exhausting their appeals.

In July 2020, following the implementation of new security laws in Hong Kong by China, the United Kingdom offered a path to residency for British Nationals (Overseas) in Hong Kong - the majority of whom are ethnically Chinese. As of the end of the first quarter of 2024, over 173,500 applications for the BN(O) immigration route have been submitted by Hong Kongers and their dependants, over 164,900 visas granted and around 144,400 people have arrived.

Population

The 2021 United Kingdom census recorded a population of 502,216 or 0.8% of the population in the United Kingdom. When broken down by country, England recorded 431,188 (0.8%), Wales recorded 14,458 (0.5%) and Northern Ireland recorded 9,495 (0.5%). The equivalent census was recorded a year later in Scotland with a population of 47,075, or 0.9% of the population. The five local authorities with the largest proportion of British Chinese were the City of London	(6.35%), Cambridge (4.37%), Tower Hamlets (3.31%), Westminster (3.24%) and Camden (3.20%). The three capitals of the other constituent countries of the United Kingdom held the highest proportion of British Chinese in their respective countries with Edinburgh at 2.93%, Cardiff at 1.38%, and Belfast at 1.37%.

According to the United Kingdom Census 2011, the British Chinese population totalled 433,150, or 0.7% of the population. 393,141 in England and Wales (0.7% of total population), 33,706 in Scotland (0.64% of total population), and 6,303 in Northern Ireland (0.35% of total population). Compared with most ethnic minorities in the UK, the British Chinese tend to be more geographically dispersed. However, significant numbers of British Chinese can be found in Greater London (124,250), spread across a number of its boroughs, with the next four cities with the largest British Chinese populations being Manchester (13,539), Birmingham (12,712), Glasgow (10,689), and Edinburgh (8,076). In Wales, the city with the most British Chinese was Cardiff (4,168) and, in Northern Ireland, it was Belfast (2,378). In England and Wales, 23.7% British Chinese were born in the UK, whereas over half (55.3%) were born in East Asia and 13.4% were born in Southeast Asia.

Language
Yue Chinese, which includes Cantonese and the Siyi languages, is spoken by 300,000 Britons as a primary language, whilst 12,000 Britons speak Mandarin Chinese and 10,000 speak Hakka Chinese. The proportion of British Chinese people who speak English as a first or second language is unknown.

Religion

The 2011 census found that British Chinese were the UK's least religious ethnic minority group, with more than half not identifying with a religious tradition.

The largest religious affiliation is to various forms of Christianity. While the 2011 census in England and Wales has a single category of "Christian," this is broken down more for Scotland (25% Roman Catholic, 26% Church of Scotland, and 49% other Protestant) and Northern Ireland (32% Catholic, 18% Presbyterian Church in Ireland, 10% Church of Ireland, 3% Methodist, and 35% other Protestant). The number of Protestants includes the rise of independent British Chinese churches.

The next largest religious affiliations are Buddhism and Islam. However, Northern Ireland did not include data on Buddhism or Islam in 2011, but included Islam in 2021.

Community

Historically, British Chinatowns originated as enclaves of Chinese communities and can be found in many major cities, such as London, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, Newcastle, Sheffield and Aberdeen. Today, Chinatowns have relatively few Chinese people living there, and they have become tourist attractions where Chinese restaurants and businesses predominate.

There exist several organisations in the UK that support the Chinese community. The Chinese community is a non-profit organisation that runs social events for the Chinese community. Dimsum is a media organisation which also aims to raise awareness of the cultural issues that the Chinese community face. The Chinese Information and Advice Centre supports disadvantaged people of Chinese ethnic origin in the UK.

Since 2000, the emergence of Internet discussion sites produced by British Chinese young people has provided an important forum for many of them to grapple with questions concerning their identities, experiences, and status in Britain. Within these online fora and in larger community efforts, the groups may self identify as 'British-born Chinese' or 'BBCs'.

London
The Chinese population is extremely dispersed, according to Rob Lewis, a senior demographer at the Greater London Authority: "The reason for their thin spread all over London, is because of the idea that you want to set up a Chinese restaurant that's a little way away from the next one." According to the 2011 census, Greater London included 124,250 British Chinese, making up 1.5% of the overall population.

There are Chinese community centres in Chinatown, Kensington and Chelsea, Southwark, Westminster, Camden, Greenwich, Lewisham and Tower Hamlets. Major organisations include the London Chinese Community Centre, London Chinatown Chinese Association, and the London Chinese Cultural Centre.

The Westminster Chinese Library, based at the Charing Cross Library, holds one of the largest collections of Chinese materials in UK public libraries. It has a collection of over 50,000 Chinese books available for loan and reference to local readers of Chinese; music cassettes, CDs, and video films for loan; community information and general enquiries; a national subscription service of Chinese books; and Chinese events organised from time to time. The library also hosted a photography exhibition in 2013 as part of the British Chinese Heritage project, with photographs and stories of Chinese workers.

Based in Denver House, Bounds Green the Ming-Ai (London) Institute has undertaken a number of heritage and community projects to record and archive the contributions made by British Chinese people to the local communities in the United Kingdom.

Chinese New Year celebrations in London have been celebrated since the 1960s and are famous for colourful parades, fireworks, and street dancing. Other activities include a family show in Trafalgar Square with dragon and lion dances and traditional and contemporary Chinese arts by performers from both London and China. There are fireworks displays in Leicester Square, as well as cultural stalls, food, decorations, and lion dance displays throughout the day in London Chinatown. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, London's Chinese New Year celebrations in 2021 were shifted online.

The London Dragon Boat Festival is held annually in June at the London Regatta Centre, Royal Albert Docks. It is organised by the London Chinatown Lions Club.

Also held annually in London is the widely acclaimed, British Chinese Food Awards that promotes entrepreneurship, talent and Chinese food across the UK.

Racism
Michael Wilkes from the British Chinese Project said that racism against British Chinese people is not taken as seriously as racism against African, African-Caribbean or South Asian people, and that a lot of racist attacks towards the Chinese community go unreported, primarily because of widespread mistrust in the police.

Chinese labourers
From the middle of the 19th century, Chinese were seen as a source for cheap labourers for the building of the British Empire. However, this resulted in animosity against Chinese labourers as competing for British jobs. Hostilities were seen when Chinese were being recruited for work in the British Transvaal Colony (present day South Africa), resulted in 28 riots between July 1904 to July 1905, and later becoming a key debating point as part of the 1906 United Kingdom general election. This would also be the source of the 1911 seamen's strike in Cardiff, which resulted in rioting and the destruction of about 30 Chinese laundries.

While Chinese were recruited to support British war efforts, after the end of the Second World War, the British Government sought to forcibly repatriate thousands of seamen in a Home Office policy HO 213/926 to "Compulsory repatriation of undesirable Chinese seamen." Many of the seamen left behind wives and mixed-race children that they would never see again. A network has also been established for families of Chinese seamen who were repatriated after the Second World War.

2001 Foot-and-mouth outbreak
Government reports in early 2001 highlighted the smuggling of illegal meat as a possible source for the 2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak, some of which was destined for a Chinese restaurant. This reportedly resulted in a drop in 40% of trade for Chinese catering businesses throughout some 12,000 Chinese takeaways and 3,000 Chinese restaurants in the United Kingdom, which made up about 80% of the British Chinese workforce at the time. Community leaders saw this as racist and xenophobic, with a scapegoating of the British Chinese community for the spread of the disease.

COVID-19 pandemic
On 12 February 2020, Sky News reported that some British Chinese said they were facing increasing levels of racist abuse during the COVID-19 pandemic. It was recorded that hate crimes against British Chinese people between January and March 2020 tripled the amount of hate crimes in the previous two years in the UK. According to the London Metropolitan Police, between January and June 2020, 457 race-related crimes were committed against British East and Southeast Asians.

Verbal abuse has been one of the common forms of racism experienced by British Chinese. Just before the lockdown in February 2020, British Chinese children recalled experiences of fear and frustration due to bullying and name calling in their schools. According to a June 2020 poll, 76% of British Chinese had received racial slurs at least once, and 50% regularly received racial slurs, a significantly higher frequency than experienced by any other racial minority.

Racism during the pandemic has also impacted a number of Chinese-owned business, especially within the catering business, as well as an increase in violent assaults against British East and Southeast Asians.

British Chinese have sought ways to support one another, especially in response to racism coming out of the pandemic. A grassroots group known as Britain's East and Southeast Asian Network was formed to promote positive representation of the community in the UK. Religious groups have also offered a source of solidarity, such as through British Chinese churches and mainstream churches like the Church of England, the latter through the group The Teahouse.

Socioeconomics
Since the relatively elevated immigration of the 1960s, the Chinese community has made rapid socioeconomic advancements in the UK over the course of a generation. There still exists a segregation of the Chinese in the labour market, however, with a large proportion of the Chinese employed in the Chinese catering industry. Overall, as a demographic group, the British Chinese are well-educated and hold the highest records of academic attainment, least likely to receive any welfare support from the government (including social housing) and earn higher incomes when compared to other demographic groups in the UK. The British Chinese also fare well on many socioeconomic indicators, including the lowest arrest and incarceration rates, the lowest school suspension rates, higher proportions in high socio-economic jobs and high rates of health. Despite this, the Chinese are amongst the most likely ethnicity in the UK to endure racism and face-to-face discrimination. They also hold lower rates of home ownership and are the second least wealthy among major British ethnic groups. In the three-year period to 2022/23, 45% of children in households from a Chinese ethnic group were experiencing child poverty after housing costs.

Education
The British Chinese community place an exceptionally high value on post-secondary educational attainment; emphasise effort over innate ability; give their children supplementary tutoring irrespective of financial barriers; and restrict their children's exposure to counter-productive influences that might hinder educational attainment via the Confucian paradigm and the sole belief of greater social mobility. The proportion of British Chinese achieving 5 or more good GCSEs stood at a relatively high 70%. According to the 2001 census, 30% of the British Chinese post-16 population are full-time students compared to a UK average of 8%. When it comes to the distinguished category of being recognized as the "paragon immigrants", British Chinese are also more likely to take maths and science-intensive courses such as physics and calculus. A study done by the Royal Society of Chemistry and Institute of Physics revealed that British Chinese students were four times more likely than White or Black students in the United Kingdom to achieve three or more science A-levels. In spite of language barriers, among recent Chinese immigrants to the UK (who do not have English as a first language) 86% of pre-teens reached the required standard of English on the national curriculum exam. The overall result of 86% was one percentage point above the British Indians and remained the highest rate among all ethnic groups in the United Kingdom.

The British Chinese community has been hailed as a socioeconomic "success story" by British sociologists, who have for years glossed over socioeconomic difficulties and inequalities among the major ethnic groups in Britain. The degree educational advantages varies widely however: minorities of European descent fare best, together with the British Chinese. The group has more well-educated members, with a much higher proportion of university graduates than British-born whites. These latter have not been negligible: research has shown that the Chinese as a group face both discrimination and problems accessing public and social services. Many have activated ill-conceived stereotypes of the Chinese as a collectivist, conformist, entrepreneurial, ethnic group, and conforming to Confucian values, which is a divergence of British-Chinese culture and construction of ethnic identity. Educational attainment is greatly espoused by parental reasoning as the British Chinese community cites higher education as a route to ensure a higher ranking job.

According to a study done by the London School of Economics in 2010, the British Chinese tend to be better educated and earn more than the general British population as a whole. British Chinese are also more likely to go to more prestigious universities or to get higher class degrees than any other ethnic minority in the United Kingdom. Nearly 45% of British Chinese men and more than a third of British Chinese women achieved a first or higher degree. Between 1995 and 1997, 29% of British Chinese have higher educational qualifications. This was the highest rate for any ethnic group during those two years. Between 2006 and 2008, the figure had risen to 45%, where it again remained the highest for any ethnic group. In terms of educational achievement at the secondary level, Chinese males and females perform well above the national median. A tenth of Chinese boys are ranked in the top 3% overall, and a tenth of Chinese girls in the top 1%. Due to the rigorous primary and secondary school system in East Asian countries such as China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, Britons of Chinese, Hong Kong, and Taiwanese descent rank within the top 5 in British as well as international scholastic mathematical and scientific aptitude tests and tend to score better in these subjects than the general population average. British Chinese remain rare among most Special Educational Needs types at the primary and secondary school level, except for Speech, Language and Communication needs, where first-generation Chinese pupils are greatly over-represented with the influx of first-generation immigrants coming from Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong.

According to Department for Education statistics for the 2021–22 academic year, British Chinese pupils in England attained the highest level of academic performance at both A-Level and GCSE. 36.8% of British Chinese pupils achieved at least 3 As at A Level and an average score of 66.1 was achieved in Attainment 8 scoring at GCSE level. Trevor Phillips, former Chairman of the Equality and Human Rights Commission, has argued that Chinese and Indian-heritage pupils achieve high standards of academic attainment regardless of the school attended or poverty levels. British Chinese pupils in receipt of free school meals, a proxy for socioeconomic status, on average outperform all other ethnicities including those in higher socioeconomic status (not in receipt of free school meals).

Employment
First generation British citizens of Chinese backgrounds remain over-represented in self-employment, however, rates of self-employment fell between 1991 and 2001 as second generation British Chinese chose not to follow their parents into business and instead choose to find employment in the paid labor market. First and second-generation British Chinese men have one of the lowest unemployment rates in the nation, with an unemployment rate of 4.08% and 4.32% compared with slightly higher figures of 5% for White Irish (first and second generation). Vertical segregation is also apparent for men and women in the British Chinese community. British Chinese men are twice as likely to be working than White British men to be in professional jobs (27%, and 14% respectively). Chinese men have the third highest rate of employment in managerial jobs at 31%. This compares to 45% for Indian men, 35% for white men and 23% for Black Caribbeans.

A colossal rate of diversity in British self-employment and entrepreneurship in the British Chinese Community has been considerably high. East Asian British groups (Chinese, Japanese, South Korean) and British South Asian groups (Indian, Bangladeshi, and Pakistani) typically have higher rates of self-employment than Whites, while Black groups (Black African and Black Caribbean) have lower rates. Self-employment rates in the British Chinese community is generally higher than the national average. For instance, White British had self-employment rates of 17% in 2001, but the British Chinese self-employment rate was 28%, the higher than the British Indian rate of 21%, British Pakistanis of 27%, and the highest overall among Britain's main ethnic groups. However, overall aggregate self-employment fell between the decade of 1991 to 2001 as the proportion of British Chinese with higher qualifications grew from 27% to 43% between the years of 1991 to 2006. 75% of male British Chinese entrepreneurs worked in the distribution, hotel, and catering industries. In 1991, 34.1% of British Chinese men and 20.3% of British Chinese women were self-employed and the rate was the highest among all Britain's major ethnic groups during that year. In Scotland for 2001, self-employment rates for British Chinese men dropped to 27.8% and 18.3% for British Chinese women, yet overall rates still remained the highest among all of Britain's major ethnic groups. The overall self-employment rate in 2001 was 23%. Common business industries for the British Chinese include restaurants, business services, medical and vet services, recreational and cultural services, wholesale distribution, catering, hotel management, retail, and construction. By 2004, overall British Chinese self-employment was just under 16%, as one in five (21%) of British Pakistanis were self-employed and more British Chinese choose to acquire higher qualifications via education. By 2006, 29% of all Chinese men were classed as self-employed compared to 17% of white British men and 18% of Chinese women compared to 7% of White British women.

Economics
British Chinese men and women also rank very highly in terms of receiving wages well above the national median. According to a 2009 report by the National Equality Panel, British Chinese men had the highest median wage for any ethnic group with £12.70 earned per hour, followed by the medians for White British men at £11.40, and Multiracial Britons at £11.30 and British Indian men at £11.20. British Chinese women also had a high median wage, third only to Black Caribbean women and Multiracial Briton women with a median wage of £10.21 earned per hour. However, British Chinese women were also more likely to experience more pay penalties than other ethnic groups in the United Kingdom despite possessing higher qualifications. When comparing to White British males, Pakistani and Bangladeshi women have the highest gender pay gap while British Chinese women have reversed the gender pay gap. In 2019, the British Chinese had a median hourly pay of £15.38, second only to the White Irish group. In 2022, the median hourly pay for the British Chinese rose to £17.73, 23% higher than the White British. Despite this, research from the Resolution Foundation published in 2020 has found that the ethnic group has the second lowest median total household net wealth at £73,500 – behind Other Whites (£122,800), British Bangladeshis (£124,700), British Caribbeans (£125,400), British Pakistanis (£232,200), White British (£324,100), and British Indians (£347,400). The group were found to have made little progress in increasing net wealth over the decade compared to other ethnicities, and were one of the only ethnic groups in which the average person inherits nothing.

Comparing total income among women from different ethnic groups, a 2010 report by the Government Equalities Office found that British Chinese, Black Caribbean and Black African women had the highest average individual incomes. British Chinese, British Indian and White British women had the highest average equivalent household incomes. Though British Chinese women had both high individual and equivalent household incomes, they also had very dispersed incomes. In the 2016 to 2019 period, the British Chinese community had the second highest percentage of households in the highest income quintile after housing costs (24%). On the other end of the scale, 34% of the community lived in households classified as low income (after housing costs) compared to 22% of all households. In the 2011 to 2014 period, 49% of British Chinese lived in low income households compared to 21% of all households.

A study by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation in 2011 found that British Chinese have one of the lowest poverty rates among different ethnic groups in Britain. The British Chinese adult poverty rate was 20% and the child poverty rate stood at 30%. Of the different ethnic groups studied, Bangladeshis, Pakistanis, and Black Africans had the highest rates of child and adult poverty overall. In contrast, British Chinese, Black Caribbeans, British Indians and White British had the lowest rates.

Health and welfare
In 2001, Chinese men and women were the least likely to report their health as "not good" of all ethnic groups. Chinese men and women had the lowest rates of long-term illness or disability which restricts daily activities. The British Chinese population (5.8%) were least likely to be providing informal care (unpaid care to relatives, friends or neighbours). Around 0.25% of the British Chinese population were residents in hospital and other care establishments. Fewer than 10% of the Chinese adult population drank above the recommended daily alcohol guidelines on their heaviest drinking day.

In 2021, the Chinese ethnic group were the least likely (5.2%) to smoke of all ethnic groups, falling to 1.7% for Chinese women. 37.5% of British Chinese were overweight or obese compared to 63.5% of the general population in the same year.

The Chinese National Healthy Living Centre was founded in 1987 to promote healthy living, and provide access to health services, for the Chinese community in the UK. The community is widely dispersed across the country and currently makes the lowest use of health services of all minority ethnic groups. The Centre aims to reduce the health inequality between the Chinese community and the general population. Language difficulties and long working hours in the catering trade present major obstacles to many Chinese people in accessing mainstream health provision. Language and cultural barriers can result in their being given inappropriate health solutions. Isolation is a common problem amongst this widely dispersed community and can lead to a range of mental illnesses. The centre, based close to London's Chinatown, provides a range of services designed to tackle both the physical and psychological aspects of health.

Politics
A survey conducted in 2006, estimated that around 30% of British Chinese were not on the electoral register, and therefore not able to vote. This compares to 6% of whites and 17% for all ethnic minorities.

In a bid to increase voter registration and turnout, and reverse voter apathy within the community, campaigns have been organized such as the British Chinese Register to Vote organised by Get Active UK, a working title that encompasses all the activities run by the Integration of British Chinese into Politics (the British Chinese Project ) and its various partners. The campaign wishes to highlight the low awareness of politics among the British Chinese community; to encourage those eligible to vote but not on the electoral register to get registered; and to help people make a difference on issues affecting themselves and their communities on a daily basis by getting their voices heard through voting.

Research conducted by UK in a Changing Europe in 2023 has suggested that British Chinese and British Indian voters held more economically right-wing views, but held the most socially liberal attitudes, in particular towards the LGBT community, compared to other ethnic minorities in the UK. Survey data indicated Conservatives (40 per cent) led Labour (37 per cent) by 3 points amongst the British Chinese.

Arts
The esea contemporary (formerly Centre for Chinese Contemporary Art or CFCCA) is the international agency for the development and promotion of contemporary Chinese artists. Established in 1986, it is based in Manchester, the city with the second largest Chinese community in the UK, and the organisation is part of the region's rich Chinese heritage. The Centre for Chinese Contemporary Art also hosts the International Chinese Live Art Festival which showcases work by Chinese artists from across the world.

The Yellow Earth Theatre company is a London-based international touring company formed by five British East Asian performers in 1995. It aims to promote the writing and performing talents of East Asians in Britain.

The China Arts Space is an organisation that promotes East Asian visual and performing arts. British lecturers Dr Felicia Chan and Dr Andy Willis, of the University of Manchester and University of Salford respectively, have proposed that artists of Chinese heritage in the UK were accepted inclusively under the label British Asian in the 1980s.

Music
KT Tunstall is a well-known Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist whose maternal grandmother was Chinese.

Film and television
British Chinese film and television productions include:
 * The Chinese Detective, (1981–1982) television series
 * Ping Pong (1986) directed by Po-Chih Leong
 * Soursweet (1988) directed by Mike Newell
 * Peggy Su! (1997) directed by Frances-Anne Solomon
 * Dim Sum (A Little Bit of Heart) (2002) directed by Jane Wong
 * The Missing Chink (2004) directed by Kate Solomon
 * Sweet & Sour Comedy (2004) directed by Neil A. McLennan
 * Spirit Warriors (2010) television series created by Jo Ho starring Jessica Henwick, Benedict Wong, Tom Wu and Burt Kwouk

Documentary

 * Silk Screens (2008)
 * Chinatown (2006), directed by Charlotte Metcalf and Dollan Cannel

Radio

 * Chinese in Britain (BBC Radio 4; April/May 2007, May 2008), presented by Anna Chen
 * Beyond the Takeaway (BBC Radio 4; March 2003), directed by David K.S. Tse
 * Liver Birds and Laundrymen. Europe's Earliest Chinatown (BBC Radio 3; March 2005), presented by Gregory B. Lee
 * Eastern Horizon, (BBC Manchester; December 1983)

Books and publishing
Huang Yongjun, the founder and General Manager of New Classic Press (UK) has acted as a major advocator of the "China Dream" in the United Kingdom. The New Classic Press that he founded is an effort to "explain China to the world".

Books

 * Chan, Graham (1997). Dim Sum: Little Pieces of Heart, British Chinese Short Stories. Crocus Books.
 * Lee, Gregory B. (2002) Chinas unlimited: Making the imaginaries of China and Chineseness. London.
 * Ng, Kwee Choo (1968) The Chinese in London. London.
 * Pai, Hsiao-Hung (2008) Chinese Whispers: The True Story Behind Britain's Hidden Army of Labour. Penguin.
 * Shang, Anthony (1984) The Chinese in Britain, London: Batsford.
 * Summerskill, Michael (1982) China on the Western Front. Britain's Chinese work force in the First World War. London.
 * Watson, James L. (1976). Emigration and the Chinese Lineage: The Mans in Hong Kong and London. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Chapters and Articles

 * Akilli, Sinan, M.A. "Chinese Immigration to Britain in the Post-WWII Period", Hacettepe University, Turkey. Postimperial and Postcolonial Literature in English, 15 May 2003
 * Archer, L. and Francis, B. (December 2005) "Constructions of racism by British Chinese pupils and parents", Race, Ethnicity and Education, Volume 8, Number 4, pp. 387–407(21).
 * Archer, L. and Francis, B. (August 2005) "Negotiating the dichotomy of Boffin and Triad: British-Chinese pupils' constructions of 'laddism'", The Sociological Review, Volume 53, Issue 3, Page 495.
 * Baker, Hugh D.R. "Nor good red herring: the Chinese in Britain". In: Shaw, Yu-ming, ed. China and Europe in the twentieth century. Taipei: Institute of International Relations, National Chengchi University, 1986. 318p. 1986 306–315
 * Chan, Graham . "The Chinese in Britain". Adapted from an article originally published in Brushstrokes, issue 12, June 1999. For additional articles and stories go to Graham Chan's website
 * Liu, William H. "Chinese children in Great Britain, their needs and problems". Chinese Culture (Taipei) 16, no.4 (December 1975 133–136)
 * Ng, Alex. "The library needs of the Chinese community in the United Kingdom." London: British Library Research and Development Dept. 1989 102p (British Library research paper, 56.)
 * Parker, David. "Rethinking British Chinese identities". In: Skelton, Tracey; Valentine, Gill, eds. Cool places: geographies of youth cultures. London; New York: Routledge, 1998. 66–82
 * Parker, D. "Britain". In L. Pan Ed. (2006) Encyclopaedia of the Chinese Overseas, Singapore: Chinese Heritage Centre (revised edition).
 * Parker, David and Song, Miri (2006). "Ethnicity, Social Capital and the Internet: British Chinese websites". Ethnicities 6, no. 2, 178–202.
 * Seed, John. ‘"Limehouse Blues": Looking for Chinatown in the London Docks,1900–1940’, History Workshop Journal, No. 62 (Autumn 2006), pp. 58–85. The Chinese In Limehouse 1900 – 1940.
 * Tam, Suk-Tak. "Representations of 'the Chinese' and 'ethnicity' in British racial discourse". In: Sinn, Elizabeth, ed. The last half century of Chinese overseas. Aberdeen, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1998. 81–90.
 * Watson, James L. 1977a. "Chinese Emigrant Ties to the Home Community". New Community 5, 343–352.
 * Watson, James L. 1977b. "The Chinese: Hong Kong Villagers in the British Catering Trade". In Between Two Cultures: Migrants and Minorities in Britain (ed.) J.L. Watson. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
 * Yeh, Diana. ‘Ethnicities on the Move: ‘British-Chinese’ art – identity, subjectivity, politics and beyond’, Critical Quarterly, Summer 2000, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 65–91.

title: British Chinese


text:
Oslo Cathedral

Oslo Cathedral (Oslo domkirke) — formerly Our Savior's Church (Vår Frelsers kirke) — is the main church for the Church of Norway Diocese of Oslo, as well as the parish church for downtown Oslo. The present building dates from 1694 to 1697.

The Norwegian royal family and the Norwegian Government use the cathedral for public events. It was closed for renovation in August 2006 and re-opened with a festive high mass on 18 April 2010.

History
The current Oslo Cathedral is the third cathedral in Oslo, Norway. The first, Hallvards Cathedral, was built by King Sigurd I of Norway in the first half of the 12th century, and was located by the Old Bishop's Palace in Oslo, some 1.5 km east of today's cathedral.

For almost 500 years, Hallvards Cathedral was the most important church in the city. After a great fire in Oslo during 1624, King Christian IV decided to move the city a few kilometers west to be protected by Akershus Fortress. Construction of a new church was begun in 1632, on the main square in the new city. After that, Hallvards Cathedral fell into disrepair and decayed.

In 1639 the second cathedral, Hellig Trefoldighet (Holy Trinity), was built. This cathedral burnt down after only 50 years, however, and the current cathedral was built to replace it. The church was likely designed by Jørgen Wiggers, councillor of state (etatsråd). The current cathedral was erected on a small rocky outcrop in the east end of what would later become Stortorvet. The foundation stone was laid in 1694 and the church was consecrated in November 1697.

In August 2001, Oslo Cathedral was the site of the wedding of Prince Haakon, and Princess Mette-Marit Tjessem Høiby.

Restoration
The cathedral was rebuilt between 1848 and 1850 after a plan by German-born architect, Alexis de Chateauneuf (1799–1853). Another German-born architect, Heinrich Ernst Schirmer (1814–1887) was the construction manager for the project. When Chateauneuf became ill in 1850, Schirmer retained Wilhelm von Hanno (1826–1882) to complete the project.

Oslo Cathedral is located at Stortorvet square north/north-east of Karl Johans gate, between Kirke gate and Dronningens gate. The cathedral's lower end is surrounded by the Bazaar (Basarene ved Oslo domkirke), a curved long building with a tower covered in green copper like the cathedral. Integrated with Basarene is the Fire Watch (Brannvakten) which served as Oslo's main fire station from 1860 until 1939, when today's main fire station at Arne Garborgs plass was opened. The cathedral, Basarene and Brannvakten are all built in red brick. Both Basarene and Brannvakten were built between 1840 and 1859 from the plans of city architect, Christian H. Grosch.

Artwork from recent times in the cathedral includes stained-glass windows in the choir by Emanuel Vigeland installed between 1910 and 1916, west portal bronze doors executed by Dagfin Werenskiold (1892–1977) in 1938, and the silver sculpture with communion scene by Italian sculptor Arrigo Minerbi dating from 1930. The ceiling decorations are by Norwegian painter Hugo Lous Mohr (1889–1970). In the latter half of the 1990s, the main organ built by Ryde & Berg of Fredrikstad, was mounted behind the old baroque facade.

Restoration was completed at the time of the city's 900 anniversary in 1950. The church was restored under the plans of architect Arnstein Arneberg. The neo-Gothic interior was removed and the original furnishings brought back. Arneberg also designed the chapel on the south side of the church. The church was closed in August 2006 for renovation and was opened in April 2010 in the presence of Harald V of Norway and the Norwegian royal family.

Bishops of Oslo since the Reformation

 * 1541–1545 Hans Rev
 * 1545–1548 Anders Madssøn
 * 1548–1580 Frants Berg
 * 1580–1600 Jens Nilssøn
 * 1601–1607 Anders Bendssøn Dall
 * 1607–1617 Niels Claussøn Senning
 * 1617–1639 Niels Simonsen Glostrup
 * 1639–1646
 * 1646–1664 Henning Stockfleth
 * 1664–1699 Hans Rosing
 * 1699–1712 Hans Munch
 * 1713–1730 Bartholomæus Deichman
 * 1731–1737 Peder Hersleb
 * 1738–1758 Niels Dorph
 * 1758–1773 Frederik Nannestad
 * 1773–1804 Christen Schmidt
 * 1805–1822 Frederik Julius Bech
 * 1823–1845 Christian Sørensen
 * 1846–1874 Jens Lauritz Arup
 * 1875–1893 Carl Peter Parelius Essendrop
 * 1893–1896
 * 1896–1912 Anton Christian Bang
 * 1912–1922 Jens Frølich Tandberg
 * 1922–1937
 * 1937–1951 Eivind Berggrav
 * 1951–1968 Johannes Smemo
 * 1968–1973 Fridtjov Søiland Birkeli
 * 1973–1977 Kaare Støylen
 * 1977–1998 Andreas Aarflot
 * 1998–2005 Gunnar Stålsett
 * 2005–2017 Ole Christian Kvarme
 * 2017–present    Kari Veiteberg

Organs and organists
The cathedral's first organ was built in 1711 by Carl Gustav Luckvitz, while the current main organ was built by Jan Ryde in 1997 for the 300-year anniversary. The two smaller organs in the cathedral were also built by Ryde og Berg Orgelbyggeri.

Organists

 * 1709–1721 Christian Olsen Rode
 * 1721–1764 Johan Fredrik Clasen
 * 1764–1769 Johan Adolph Pløen
 * 1769–1809 Johan Krøyer
 * 1809–1828 Fredrik Christian Groth
 * 1820–1826 Frederik Christian Lindeman
 * 1828–1840 Jacob Andreas Lindeman
 * 1840–1887 Ludvig Mathias Lindeman
 * 1887–1916 Christian Cappelen
 * 1913–1916 Wilhelm Huus-Hansen
 * 1916–1932 Eyvind Alnæs
 * 1933–1966 Arild Sandvold
 * 1966–1982 Rolf Karlsen
 * 1982–2015 Terje Kvam
 * 1982– Kåre Nordstoga
 * 2015– Marcus André Berg

Carillon and carillonneurs
In 1924 Oslo Cathedral received a donation of 24,000 NOK for a carillon in the belfry, but this was never implemented. In 2003 a second donation, by Ørnulf Myklestad, resulted in a 48-bell concert carillon under the direction of carillonneur Vegar Sandholt. This carillon is inside the tower, not the belfry; the acoustic problems arising from this location have been highlighted in a 2005 masters thesis by Laura Rueslåtten for the Scandinavian Carillon School.

From December 2016 the carillon has been in regular use for hour, quarter-strokes and ritornelles, with contributions by Vegar Sandholt and Kåre Nordstoga, programmed and maintained by Brynjar Landmark, and with 18 different melodies between 7:00 am and midnight, changing according to the calendar.

Other sources

 * Gervin, Karl Oslo domkirke: mennesker og miljøer i 900 år [Oslo Cathedral: People and Community for 900 Years] (1997) ISBN 82-03-22191-2,
 * (no) Storsletten, Ola Kirker i Norge, b. 5: Etter reformasjonen : 1600-tallet [Churches in Norway, Vol. 5: After the Reformation: The 1600s] (2008) ISBN 978-82-91399-15-7
 * (no) Tronshaug, Hans Jacob Oslo domkirkes orgelhistorie : orgler, organister, kantorer og orgelbyggere gjennom fem århundrer [The Organ of the Oslo Cathedral: Organs, Organists, Cantors and Organ Buiiders through Five Centuries] (1998) ISBN 82-994632-0-3

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Oslo Cathedral


text:
Talk:Catherine Eddowes

Identity of the killer
Apart from the fact that I find it (to put it mildly) a bit premature to state that it is "extremely likely that Aaron Kosminski committed the murder and he is, by extension, Jack the Ripper", does that even belong here? Until proven beyond reasonable doubt who Jack the Ripper was, I propose to just keep the speculations around his identity on the Jack the Ripper page. Kvikvendi (talk) 15:13, 7 September 2014 (UTC)

Feculent?
The line "At about 3 a.m. on the same day as Eddowes was murdered, a blood-stained fragment of her apron contaminated with feculent matter was found lying in the passage of the doorway leading to Flats 108 and 119, Model Dwellings, Goulston Street, Whitechapel."

the word "feculent" should be changed for "fecal". I made the change, I suspect some autocorrect from the British form "faecal".

Dr Frederick Gordon Brown reports on post mortem: My attention was called to the apron, particularly the corner of the apron with a string attached. The blood spots were of recent origin. I have seen the portion of an apron produced by Dr. Phillips and stated to have been found in Goulston Street. It is impossible to say that it is human blood on the apron. I fitted the piece of apron, which had a new piece of material on it (which had evidently been sewn on to the piece I have), the seams of the borders of the two actually corresponding. Some blood and apparently faecal matter was found on the portion that was found in Goulston Street.

http://wiki.casebook.org/index.php/Catherine_Eddowes

Sir John Falstaff (talk) 15:49, 25 April 2017 (UTC)

Kosminski
For the claims made by the Daily Mail related to Kosminski, see Talk:Aaron Kosminski. It should not be added to these articles. — Berean Hunter   (talk)  18:13, 18 March 2019 (UTC)

Hallie Rubenhold
For a discussion on Hallie Rubenhold's The Five: The Untold Lives of the Women Killed by Jack the Ripper see Talk:Whitechapel murders --John B123 (talk) 15:02, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

Self-identify?
What is your claim of based on? Are you suggesting that before applying section III of the Vagrancy Act 1824, section XXVIII of the Town Police Clauses Act 1847 or section 2(1) of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885, the Metropolitan Police asked the women concerned if she self-identified as a prostitute? With regard to your comment about Eddowes' death certificate not stating she was a prostitute on the same edit, the death certificate read "Supposed Single" under occupation,so equally it did not state "Factory worker, ballad seller, charwoman" that you changed the infobox to read. --John B123 (talk) 15:55, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

Removing graphic pictures
This article contains several incredibly disturbing, graphic pictures of her naked, mutilated body. I am removing these pictures for two reasons: first of all, this is a human being and a victim of a crime, even if it was a long time ago. Second, readers, most of whom will not be Jack the Ripper devotees and some of whom will be young children, should not have to stumble over this kind of material, especially not without any kind of warning. This is not about censorship. Such pictures may well have their place in a specialized book or website on Jack the Ripper, but they are certainly not normal material for a general-purpose encyclopedia. I am baffled that anyone would think so, and I had hoped Wikipedia would be better at self-policing its content. 80.216.6.60 (talk) 02:39, 18 May 2021 (UTC)
 * I understand your concerns, but consensus needs to be reached. If you get consensus for this, then that's fine. If people can't stomach articles of this nature, they really should not type Jack the Ripper, Holocaust victims, Iași pogrom etc. into a search engine.--Kieronoldham (talk) 02:59, 18 May 2021 (UTC)
 * I’m not going to re-remove the pictures, but I agree with the other IP. Nobody needs to see that shit.
 * Please take the time to read wp:notcensored. What were you honestly expecting when you logged onto a Jack the Ripper article? Care Bears?--Kieronoldham (talk) 20:24, 26 June 2021 (UTC)

Resting place
In common with other victims, the coordinates of 51.55792°N 0.04449°W are incorrect as this is in Hackney 6 miles away from the City of London Cemetery, Manor Park, London Post Code E12 5DQ for the main entrance. Her grave may be located at 51.55759°N 0.053368°E, see bullets below for references.

 * Jack the ripper tour.com Graves of Mary Nichols, Catherine Eddowes
 * Visual Ref from YouTube Guildford Ghost

title: Talk:Catherine Eddowes


text:
User talk:Electriccynic

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Proposed deletion of Euron Hughes

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New Wales Coast Path WikiProject
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Your article My Kazakhstan (1956 song)
Welcome, and thank you for contributing the page My Kazakhstan (1956 song) to Wikipedia. While you have added the page to the English version of Wikipedia, the article is not in English. We invite you to translate it into English. It has been listed at Pages Needing Translation, but if it is not translated within two weeks, the article will be listed for deletion. Thank you. -  C HAMPION  (talk) (contributions) (logs) 03:18, 20 November 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kibinsky


text:
User:Gui

fr:User:Gui Hi, I'm Guillaume, a French wiki contributor.

I sometimes translate articles from en to fr and add links back.

Good to be here !

title: User:Gui


text:
Madoc, Ontario (village)

Madoc is a community in the municipality of Centre Hastings, Hastings County, Ontario, Canada. It is located at the junction of Highway 7 and Highway 62, southeast of Bancroft, halfway between Toronto and Ottawa.

History
Madoc was originally named MacKenzie's Mills after Donald MacKenzie, who built a sawmill and grist mill here. It was briefly named Hastings but was renamed Madoc Township after the legendary Welsh prince Madoc ap Owain Gwynedd, credited by some with discovering North America in 1170. When people traveled by horse and carriage during the 19th century from Toronto to Ottawa, Madoc was the halfway stop over, allowing the passengers and horses to rest. The community separated from the namesake township and remained an incorporated municipality until 1998.

The area has had a rich mining history. Gold was discovered at nearby Eldorado in 1866. Fluorite was extracted from the area during the 1930s and 1940s. The talc mine, under the name Canada Talc (Cantalc), that was in production in Madoc for almost 114 years by 2010 is now shutting down. It is one of only three mines in the world that has been in steady operation for more than one hundred years.

On January 25, 1998, the Village of Madoc amalgamated with Huntingdon Township to form Centre Hastings. Madoc is the largest community in the municipality. Its post office services locals with lock boxes and rural routes.

In 2008, Madoc celebrated its 130th anniversary.

Attractions
O'Hara Mill Homestead and Conservation Area features the O'Hara Sawmill. It is reputedly the only water-powered upright frame saw left in Ontario. It has been restored to operating condition by volunteers and is a centre piece of the revitalized homestead and conservation area. Being near the junction of highways 7 and 62, it offers an intriguing rest stop to travellers.

The village has a premier skateboard park with splash pad, canteen, night-time lighting with bleachers and performing arts centre with music stage made from straw-bale construction.

An outdoor public swimming pool is located at 65 Queen Victoria St. W. in Madoc. It is run through the Municipality of Centre Hastings.

A public boat launch at Moira Lake South of the town offers a boat launch, swimming and a beachfront. As of 2013 a boat launch revitalization project has started, led by Madoc Kiwanis Club and will feature a new boat launch, boat ramp and docking area and marshland boardwalk, safe swimming area and more parking.

The Tim Hortons restaurant in Madoc pours more than 3,000 cups of coffee a day, making it one of the busiest within the chain.

The Tri-Lakes Medical Centre opened in Madoc in June 2009.

Notable people
People born here include:
 * Allan Roy Dafoe, delivered and cared for the Dionne Quintuplets.
 * Colin Scott Dafoe, surgeon with Marshall Josip Broz Tito's Partisans in Yugoslavia during the Second World War.
 * John Weir Foote, awarded the Victoria Cross.

title: Madoc, Ontario (village)


text:
Hanover Square, Westminster

Hanover Square is a green square in Mayfair, Westminster, south west of Oxford Circus where Oxford Street meets Regent Street. Six streets converge on the square which include Harewood Place with links to Oxford Street, Princes Street, Hanover Street, Saint George Street, Brook Street and Tenderden Street, linking to Bond Street and Oxford Street.

History
Development of the land that would become Hanover Square began shortly after the accession of the Elector of Hanover as King George I in 1714. The land was owned by Richard Lumley, 1st Earl of Scarbrough, who was a soldier and statesman best known for his role in the Glorious Revolution. He sold off numerous plots for the building of upmarket town houses and villas.

In honour of the coronation of the new English king, the area was named Hanover Square. This reflected the century-long Whig Ascendancy because its name echoed the staunch and predominant support among the British Establishment towards the Hanoverian succession of 1714, and the Act of Settlement 1701 that permanently codified the exclusion of Catholics from the English throne. "Early Hanover Square was decidedly Whig and most decidedly military", commented architectural historian Sir John Summerson.

Some early residents of Hanover Square included Generals Earl Cadogan, Sir Charles Wills, Stewart, Evans, Lord Carpenter, Hamish Smith and John Pepper, "names conspicuously associated with episodes in Marlborough’s war and the 'Fifteen'."

The parish church of St George's, Hanover Square, is 100 metres south of the square (co-fronting Saint George and Maddox Streets), built on land given by William Steuart. In 1759 James Abercrombie, commander-in-chief of British forces in North America during the French and Indian War, resided in St George Street. Merged or subdivided buildings in many cases, their numbering scheme remains since the early 19th century and is Nos. 1 to 25, consecutively.

While a few of the 18th-century houses remain largely intact, most houses have been replacements of later periods. It is now predominantly occupied by offices, including the London office of Vogue.

In the 2010s, the north west corner of the square was removed and rebuilt as part of the Crossrail project. A new Bond Street entrance for the Elizabeth line was built, with commercial office space in a new building above.

Notable residents
This was among the prestigious streets of the socialite elite of the capital in the 19th century, and increasingly national institutions and corporate headquarters. These included:
 * The Hall Woodhouse family, prominent surgeons from the 1870s to 1910s – as to No. 1
 * John Wallop, 3rd Earl of Portsmouth, and family in 1823 – as to No. 2
 * Royal Agricultural Society in the 1880s – as to No. 12
 * Ibbs & Tillett event promotion – as to No. 19
 * John Egerton, d. 1787, Bishop of Durham and his wife, daughter of local magnate the Earl of Portland – as to No. 23

title: Hanover Square, Westminster


text:
User:Jigen III

About me
Editing since 13 October 2004!

References for my convenience

 * Wikipedia Manual of Style
 * Italics
 * Citation templates
 * File copyright tags
 * Wikipedia essays
 * Sandbox
 * Userboxes
 * Spanish conjugation
 * Tiempo verbales

Past interests
Architecture and its styles, Atlas of world history and other neat maps, Certainty, the European Union and the Eurozone (and other attempts at economic integration), Existentialism, Megaregions of the United States, Metrication in the United States, Military-related articles (e.g. Badges of the United States Navy, List of United States Army careers, Uniforms of the United States Military, United States Army branch insignia), Penny debate in the United States, Philosophy (aesthetics, epistemology, ethics, logic, metaphysics), Psychology, Sociology, and Unit Load Device

title: User:Jigen III


text:
Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society

The Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, popularly known as the Lit. & Phil., is one of the oldest learned societies in the United Kingdom and second oldest provincial learned society (after the Spalding Gentlemen's Society).

Prominent members have included Robert Owen, John Dalton, James Prescott Joule, Sir William Fairbairn, Tom Kilburn, Peter Mark Roget, Sir Ernest Rutherford, Alan Turing, Sir Joseph Whitworth and Dorothy Hodgkin.

History
It was established in February 1781, as the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, by Thomas Percival, Thomas Barnes, Thomas Henry, Thomas Butterworth Bayley and others. The first formal meeting of the society took place on 14 March 1781. Meetings were held in a back room of Cross Street Chapel until December 1799, after which the society moved into its own premises in George Street. John Dalton conducted his experiments at these premises.

The Society's original premises on George Street were destroyed during the Manchester Blitz (around January 1941), at which time its library comprised more than 50,000 volumes as well as historic artefacts, portraits, and archives. Its replacement (built in the 1960s) was constructed using high alumina cement (referred to as having "concrete cancer") and was demolished in the 1980s. It became a registered charity (No. 235313) in 1964.

Membership is open to anyone aged over 16 years and lectures are held both in person at venues in Manchester City Centre, and (since 2020) online. There are on average 30 lectures each season and non-members are welcome to attend. The society has more than 400 members.

The Society operates from an office situated in Colony Jactin House, Ancoats, Manchester, and has three permanent staff.

Activities
The Society organises a range of lectures, including the Wilde, Joule and Dalton Lectures and three lectures annually specifically for Young People. The most prestigious lectures are the Percival Lecture and the Manchester Lecture, and in some years the most distinguished speakers are presented with the Dalton Medal. Since the local universities ceased offering extra-curricular courses the Lit. & Phil. has seen an increase in both membership and in the attendance of non-members at lectures.

Members
Notable Members, in addition to those above, have included the Nobel Laureates, Sir Robert Robinson, Sir Norman Haworth, and Niels Bohr, as well as Chaim Weizmann, Hans Geiger, Sir William Roberts, Lyon, Lord Playfair, William Gaskell, Sir William de Wiveleslie Abney, Charles William Sutton, Sir James Kay-Shuttleworth, Joseph Jordan, Henry Moseley, Sir Adolphus William Ward, Stanley Jevons, James Prince Lee, Sir Edward Leader Williams, William Axon, Sir Henry Hoyle Howorth, Samuel Greg, Sir Edward Frankland, Samuel Hibbert-Ware and Moses Tyson.

Honorary Members have included Stephen Hawking, William Thomson, Lord Kelvin, Robert Bunsen, Sergey Kapitsa, Dmitri Mendeleev, Sir Cyril Hinshelwood, Dame Kathleen Ollerenshaw, Jöns Jacob Berzelius and John Mercer.

Memoirs
The society's Memoirs and Proceedings (first published in 1783) was, at the time of its launch, the only regular scientific journal in the United Kingdom except for the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.

The Manchester Memoirs has been published continuously since the first edition.

It contains the transactions of the society (most notably the text of many recent lectures) and is distributed to members and to similar institutions and libraries throughout the world by subscription. Copies are also available for purchase by non-members.

Dalton Medal
Named in honour of the Society's longest-serving President, the scientist John Dalton, the Dalton Medal is a distinction rarely bestowed and is the Society’s highest award. It is given to those who have made a distinguished contribution to science.

Since 1898 the medal has been awarded on only fifteen occasions: all recipients have been Fellows of the Royal Society and many have been Nobel Laureates.

Several medallists have had Manchester and University of Manchester/Owens College connections with the Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Chemistry and Engineering.

So far, only one woman has been a recipient of this medal.

Presidents
• 1781–82	Peter Mainwaring

• 1781–89	James Massey

• 1782–86	Dr Thomas Percival (I)

• 1789–1804	Dr Thomas Percival (II)

• 1805–07	Rev. George Walker

• 1807–09	Thomas Henry (I)

• 1809		Dr John Hull

• 1809–16	Thomas Henry (II)

• 1816–44 	John Dalton

• 1844–47 	Dr Edward Holme

• 1848–50 	Eaton Hodgkinson

• 1851–54 	John Moore

• 1855–59 	Sir William Fairbairn, Bt

• 1860–62 	James Prescott Joule (I)

• 1862–64 	Edward William Binney (I)

• 1864–66 	Dr Robert Angus Smith

• 1866–68 	Dr Henry Edward Schunck (I)

• 1868–70 	James Prescott Joule (II)

• 1870–72 	Edward William Binney (II)

• 1872–74 	James Prescott Joule (III)

• 1874–76 	Dr Henry Edward Schunck (II)

• 1876–78 	Edward William Binney (III)

• 1878–80 	James Prescott Joule (IV)

• 1880–82 	Edward William Binney (IV)

• 1882–84 	Sir Henry Enfield Roscoe

• 1884–86 	William Crawford Williamson

• 1886–87 	Robert Dukinfield Darbishire

• 1887–88 	Balfour Stewart

• 1888–90 	Osborne Reynolds

• 1890–92 	Dr Henry Edward Schunck (III)

• 1892–94 	Prof. Sir Arthur Schuster

• 1894–96 	Henry Wilde

• 1896–97 	Dr Henry Edward Schunck (IV)

• 1897–99	James Cosmo Melvill

• 1899–1901	Prof. Sir Horace Lamb

• 1901–03	Charles Bailey

• 1903–05	Prof. Sir William Boyd Dawkins

• 1905–07	Sir William Henry Bailey

• 1907–09	Prof. Harold Baily Dixon (I)

• 1909–11	Francis Jones

• 1911–13	Prof. Frederick Ernest Weiss

• 1913–15	Francis Nicholson

• 1915–17	Prof. Sydney John Hickson

• 1917–19	William Thomson

• 1919		Prof. Sir Grafton Elliot Smith

• 1919–21	Prof. Sir Henry Alexander Miers

• 1921–23	Thomas Alfred Coward

• 1923–25	Prof. Harold Baily Dixon (II)

• 1925		Rev. Aloysius Laurence Cortie

• 1925–27	Herbert Levinstein

• 1927–29	Prof. Sir William Lawrence Bragg

• 1929–31	Charles Edmond Stromeyer

• 1931–33	Prof. Bernard Mouat Jones

• 1933–35	John Allan

• 1935–37	Prof. Reginald William James

• 1937–39	Robert Henry Clayton

• 1939–40	Prof. Douglas Rayner Hartree

• 1940–44	Prof. Herbert John Fleure

• 1944–46	Prof. Michael Polanyi

• 1946–48	Prof. Thomas Bertram Lonsdale Webster

• 1949–50	Dr Eric John Francis James

• 1950–52	Horace Hayhurst (I)

• 1952–54	Prof. Sir Geoffrey Jefferson

• 1954–56	Sir Peter Percy F. R. Venables

• 1956–58	Dr F. C. Toy

• 1958–60	C. E. Young

• 1960–62	Prof. Henry Solomon Lipson (I)

• 1962–64	Prof. Leonard Cohen

• 1964–66	Margaret Pilkington

• 1966–67	Horace Hayhurst (II)

• 1967–69	Brian Rodgers

• 1969–71	Dr George N. Burkhardt

• 1971–73	Dr George James Kynch

• 1973–75	Dr Edward Noah Abrahart

• 1975–77	Anthony Edmund Rivers Goulty

• 1977–79	Prof. Henry Solomon Lipson (II)

• 1979–81	Harry M. Fairhurst

• 1981–83	David G. Wilson

• 1983–85	Dr Lionel J. R. Postle

• 1985–87	Prof. Sir Netar P. Mallick (I)

• 1987–89	Dr Brian S. H. Rarity

• 1989–91	Philip G. Livesey

• 1991–93	Prof. Donald Stephen Lowell Cardwell

• 1993–95	Dr Edward Fletcher Cass

• 1995–97	Prof. Alexander Donnachie

• 1997–99	Dianne Wilson

• 1999–2001	Iain E. Gillespie

• 2001–03	Angus G. D. Yeaman

• 2003–05	Keith D. Buckley

• 2005–07	Vivienne Blackburn

• 2007–09	Mary, Lady Mallick

• 2009–11	David J. Higginson

• 2011–14	Prof. Kenneth M. Letherman

• 2014–16	Prof. Sir Netar P. Mallick (II)

• 2016–18	Dr Diana M. Leitch

• 2018–21	Dr Susan R. Hilton

• 2021–23	Ian Cameron

• 2023–present Peter Wright

Secretaries
• 1781–85	George Bew

• 1781–88 	Thomas Henry

• 1785–87 	 Rev.Thomas Barnes

• 1787–92 	Dr John Ferriar

• 1789–91 	James Watt Jnr

• 1791–93 	William Simmons

• 1792–93 	Thomas Henry Jnr

• 1793–94 	Samuel Harvey

• 1793–96 	Dr Samuel Argent Bardsley

• 1794–98 	Dr Edward Holme

• 1797–1800	William Henry

• 1798–1806	Dr John Hull

• 1800–09 	John Dalton

• 1807–16 	Rev. William Johns

• 1809–10 	Dr William Winstanley

• 1810–20 	John Atkinson Ransome

• 1817–22 	Thomas Henry Robinson

• 1821–42 	Peter Clare

• 1822–37 	Rev. John James Tayler

• 1838–44 	Joseph Atkinson Ransome

• 1843–48 	John Davies

• 1844–46 	John Holt Stanway

• 1846–50 	James Prescott Joule

• 1848–52 	Edward William Binney

• 1851–55 	Rev. Henry Halford Jones

• 1852–57 	Dr Robert Angus Smith

• 1855–61 	Dr Henry Edward Schunck

• 1857–60 	Prof. Richard Copley Christie

• 1860–74 	Sir Henry Enfield Roscoe

• 1861–85 	Joseph Baxendell

• 1874–84 	Prof. Osborne Reynolds

• 1884–86 	James Thomson Bottomley

• 1885–88 	Prof. Sir Arthur Schuster

• 1886–96 	Frederick James Faraday

• 1888–1900	Reginald Felix Gwyther

• 1896–1906	Francis Jones

• 1900–01	Sir Alfred William Flux

• 1901–05	Charles H. Lees

• 1905–08	Prof. Frederick William Gamble

• 1906–19	R. L. Taylor

• 1908–09	C. Gordon Hewitt

• 1909–20	Henry George Albert Hickling

• 1919–22	Hubert Frank Coward

• 1920–22	Prof. Tom Hatherley Pear

• 1991–95	Charles J. E. Kempster

• 1991–94	Mary, Lady Mallick

• 1995–96	Susan C. Diggines

• 1997–2001 Dr Ronald E. Catlow

• 2001–04	Prof. Alexander Donnachie

• 2001–02	Jean M. Thomson

• 2004–05	John J. Moscrop

• 2005–07	Jane F. Hamilton

• 2005–08	Patricia M. Verdin

• 2012–16	John Spencer Buckley

• 2014–16	David Astbury

• 2016–20	Peter G. Hilton

• 2020–21	Dr Robert Stansfield-Cudworth

• 2021–22	Dr F. Peter Fenn

• 2022–present	Niall Power

Treasurers
• 1783–89 	Isaac Moss

• 1790–91 	Thomas Maxwell

• 1791–95 	Benjamin Arthur Heywood

• 1796–1814	Nathaniel Heywood

• 1815–50	Sir Benjamin Heywood, Bt

• 1851–54 	George Wareing Ormerod

• 1855–62 	Henry Mere Ormerod

• 1863–68 	Robert Worthington

• 1868–73 	Thomas Carrick

• 1873–76 	Samuel Broughton

• 1877–95 	Charles Bailey

• 1896–1901	John Jackson Ashworth

• 1901–02	Charles Bailey

• 1902–10	Arthur McDougall

• 1910–21	W. Henry Todd

• 1921–22	Robert Henry Clayton

• 2011–13	Michael N. G. Evans

• 2013–16	David S. Brown

• 2014–15	David Costley-Wood

• 2016–21	Greg Mauchline

• 2016–22	Trevor Rees

• 2022–present	Christine Mbarga


text:
Ickenham tube station

Ickenham is a London Underground station located in Ickenham in the London Borough of Hillingdon. The station is on the Uxbridge branch of both the Metropolitan line and Piccadilly line, between Ruislip and Hillingdon stations. It is in Travelcard Zone 6.

History
The Metropolitan Railway (Harrow and Uxbridge Railway) constructed the line through Ickenham between Harrow on the Hill and Uxbridge and commenced services on 4 July 1904 with, initially, the only intermediate stop being at Ruislip. At first, services were operated by steam trains, but track electrification was completed in the subsequent months and electric trains began operating on 1 January 1905.

Progressive development in the north Middlesex area over the next two decades led to the gradual opening of additional stations along the Uxbridge branch to encourage the growth of new residential areas. On 25 September 1905 a small halt was opened as Ickenham Halt by the Metropolitan Railway, following lobbying by the Ickenham Parish Council. The railway company had been reluctant to open a station in the area due to a perceived lack of revenue and so a compromise was reached with the halt.

The new halt brought with it travellers from London seeking a day out in rural surroundings. Villagers living near the halt sold flowers from their gardens and served teas. The parish council later requested shelters for passengers on the platforms, which were built in December 1905. A booking hut followed in 1910. The platforms, which had been too short for trains to call at fully, were extended in 1922.

On 1 March 1910, an extension of the District line from South Harrow to connect with the Metropolitan Railway at Rayners Lane was opened, enabling District line trains to serve stations between Rayners Lane and Uxbridge from that date. On 23 October 1933 District line services were replaced by Piccadilly line trains.

The station was rebuilt into its present form between 1970 and 1971 replacing the 'halt' structures dating from 1905.

In 2018, it was announced that the station would gain step free access by 2022, as part of a £200m investment to increase the number of accessible stations on the Tube.

Metropolitan line
The Metropolitan Line is the only line to operate an express service, though currently for Metropolitan Line trains on the Uxbridge branch this is eastbound only in the morning peaks (06:30 to 09:30) Monday to Friday.

The off-peak service in trains per hour (tph) is:
 * 8tph Eastbound to Aldgate via Baker Street (all stations)
 * 8tph Westbound to Uxbridge

The morning peak service in trains per hour (tph) is:
 * 2tph Eastbound to Aldgate via Baker Street (semi-fast)
 * 4tph Eastbound to Aldgate via Baker Street (all stations)
 * 4tph Eastbound to Baker Street (all stations)
 * 10tph Westbound to Uxbridge

The evening peak service in trains per hour (tph) is:
 * 7tph Eastbound to Aldgate via Baker Street (all stations)
 * 3tph Eastbound to Baker Street (all stations)
 * 10tph Westbound to Uxbridge

Piccadilly line
Between Rayners Lane and Uxbridge there is no Piccadilly Line service before approximately 06:30 (Monday – Friday) and 08:45 (Saturday – Sunday), except for one early morning departure from Uxbridge at 05:18 (Monday – Saturday) and 06:46 (Sunday).

The off-peak service in trains per hour (tph) is:
 * 3tph Eastbound to Cockfosters
 * 3tph Westbound to Uxbridge

The peak time service in trains per hour (tph) is:
 * 6tph Eastbound to Cockfosters
 * 6tph Westbound to Uxbridge

Connections
London Buses routes U10 and 278 serve the station.

title: Ickenham tube station


text:
Muldjewangk

The Muldjewangk is a water-creature in Ngarrindjeri mythology that inhabited the Murray River, particularly Lake Alexandrina. It was used as a deterrent for Aboriginal children who wished to play near the riverside after dark. Sometimes they are portrayed as evil merfolk, and other times as a gargantuan monster. Accounts are inconsistent as to whether there are many of the creatures, or a single "The Muldjewangk".

A legend tells of a Muldjewangk who once attacked a steamboat owned by European settlers. The captain saw two great hands grasping the hull of the boat so he grabbed his gun. Aboriginal elders on board warned the captain not to shoot, but their pleas fell on deaf ears. The elders warned the captain that he would suffer as a result of his actions. Soon after, the captain broke out in weeping red blisters over his body, and took six months to die.

The Muldjewangk pesters Ngurunderi (see Murray River) and his wives when they settle on the banks of Lake Alexandrina by wrecking their fishing nets.

Large clumps of floating seaweed are said to hide Muldjewangks and are to be avoided. Large footprints have also been seen. Some elders now say the Muldjewangks no longer inhabit the river system.

title: Muldjewangk


text:
User:Cvalda

I'm too lazy to talk about myself. I like cars. I have a camera. Wikipedia is fun :-)

title: User:Cvalda