text:
Polypodiales

The order Polypodiales encompasses the major lineages of polypod ferns, which comprise more than 80% of today's fern species. They are found in many parts of the world including tropical, semitropical and temperate areas.

Description
Polypodiales are unique in bearing sporangia with a vertical annulus interrupted by the stalk and stomium. These sporangial characters were used by Johann Jakob Bernhardi to define a group of ferns he called the "Cathetogyratae"; the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group has suggested reviving this name as the informal term cathetogyrates, to replace the ambiguously circumscribed term "polypods" when referring to the Polypodiales. The sporangia are born on stalks 1–3 cells thick and are often long-stalked. (In contrast, the Hymenophyllales have a stalk composed of four rows of cells.) The sporangia do not reach maturity simultaneously. Many groups in the order lack indusia, but when present, they are attached either along the edge of the indusium or in its center.

Both Polypodiales and Cyatheales differ from other ferns in having a photoreceptor called a neochrome, which allows them to perform photosynthesis better in low-light conditions, such as in the shadows on the forest floor. The common ancestor of the two groups appears to have derived the neochrome via horizontal gene transfer from a hornwort.

Their gametophytes are green, usually heart-shaped, and grow at the surface (rather than underground, as in Ophioglossales).

Taxonomy
The order Polypodiales was first described by Link in 1833. The circumscription of the order has changed over time as ferns have been classified in many different ways (see the review by Christenhusz and Chase, 2014). Smith et al. (2006) carried out the first higher-level pteridophyte classification published in the molecular phylogenetic era. They referred to the ferns (now including horsetails) as monilophytes, dividing them into four groups, with the vast majority of species being placed in a taxon they called "Polypodiopsida". The four-fold grouping has persisted through subsequent systems, despite changes in nomenclature. Polypodiopsida is now used for all ferns (sensu lato), with Smith et al.'s group being subclass Polypodiidae. This group, which includes Polypodiales, is also informally known as the leptosporangiate ferns, while the remaining three groups (subclasses) are referred to as eusporangiate ferns. The Polypodiidae have been divided into seven orders, Polypodiales being the largest. The phylogenetic position of Polypodiales in relation to the other orders of Polypodiidae is shown in the following cladogram.

Evolution
Despite being the most diverse order of ferns, they appeared relatively late in the evolutionary history of the group, during the Early Cretaceous, and diversified substantially throughout the period.

Subdivision
The division of the Polypodiales into families has changed somewhat between the pioneering work of Smith et al. (2006) and the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group's classification of 2016, with a general increase in the number of divisions recognized, albeit sometimes at different ranks. The table below summarizes four systems; families are listed alphabetically within three broad groups. Although the same families are used in more than one system, circumscriptions may differ. Christenhusz and Chase in 2014 used a very broad circumscription of Aspleniaceae and Polypodiaceae, reducing families used in other systems to subfamilies. Smith et al. (2006) divided the Polypodiales into fifteen families, a practice continued in their 2008 revision, with members of the eupolypods placed in two unranked clades. The families are listed in the table. While many of these families had previously been recognized with similar circumscriptions, the authors noted that Dryopteridaceae was more narrowly bounded than in historical circumscriptions, which had included their Tectariaceae, Onocleaceae and Woodsiaceae. The circumscription of Lomariopsidaceae changed dramatically, with most historical genera of that family (except Lomariopsis and Thysanosoria) being moved to Dryopteridaceae, while Cyclopeltis and Nephrolepis were added. Saccolomataceae were removed from the dennstaedtioids. Cystodium was tentatively placed in Lindsaeaceae, away from its historical position with the tree ferns. Woodsiaceae was acknowledged to be of uncertain circumscription and perhaps paraphyletic; the inclusion of Hypodematium, Didymochlaena, and Leucostegia perhaps also rendering Dryopteridaceae paraphyletic. The grammitids were included in Polypodiaceae to render that family monophyletic.

The linear sequence of Christenhusz et al. (2011), intended for compatibility with the classification of Chase and Reveal (2009), incorporated new phylogenetic evidence to make several changes at the familial level, resulting in an expansion to 23 families. Lonchitis and Cystodium were removed from the Lindsaeaceae and incorporated into new families, Lonchitidaceae and Cystodiaceae respectively. Within eupolypods I, Woodsiaceae proved to be paraphyletic and was reduced to the genera Cheilanthopsis, Hymenocystis, and Woodsia, while the remainder of its genera were removed to Cystopteridaceae, Diplaziopsidaceae, Rhachidosoraceae, Athyriaceae, and Hemidictyaceae. Within eupolypods II, Nephrolepis was placed in a new family, the Nephrolepidaceae, due to uncertainty in its phylogenetic placement, while Hypodematiaceae was split from Dryopteridaceae to contain the three problematic genera mentioned by Smith et al.

The classification of Christenhusz and Chase (2014) dramatically reduced the number of families recognized in this order to eight by "lumping", reducing many families to subfamilies and expanding the circumscription of Polypodiaceae and Aspleniaceae to encompass all of eupolypods I and eupolypods II, respectively. Former families became subfamilies (see the table above). The former Hemidictyaceae were included in the Asplenioideae, and the Onocleaceae in the Blechnoideae. In the new Polypodiaceae, Didymochlaena was placed in its own subfamily, Didymochlaenoideae.

The PPG I classification (2016) used a process intermediate between the two previous approaches, by introducing a new rank, that of suborder, and organising 26 families (in some cases very narrowly circumscribed) into six suborders, largely returning to the families set out by Christenhusz et al. in 2011. In lieu of the expansion of Aspleniaceae and Polypodiaceae, eupolypods I and II were recognized and named as suborders:
 * Saccolomatineae includes the single family Saccolomataceae.
 * Lindsaeinae corresponds to the Lindseaceae of Smith et al., and includes the Cystodiaceae, Lindsaeaceae, and Lonchitidaceae. It is probably not monophyletic.
 * Pteridineae includes the single family Pteridaceae.
 * Dennstaedtiineae includes the single family Dennstaedtiaceae.
 * Aspleniinae (formerly eupolypods I) includes the families Cystopteridaceae, Rhachidosoraceae, Diplaziopsidaceae, Desmophlebiaceae (containing only Desmophlebium), Hemidictyaceae, Aspleniaceae, Woodsiaceae, Onocleaceae, Blechnaceae, Athyriaceae, and Thelypteridaceae.
 * Polypodiineae (formerly eupolypods II) includes the families Didymochlaenaceae (containing only Didymochlaena), Hypodematiaceae, Dryopteridaceae, Lomariopsidaceae, Nephrolepidaceae, Tectariaceae, Oleandraceae, Davalliaceae, and Polypodiaceae.

Obsolete families
Now-obsolete families of Polypodiales include:
 * Drynariaceae - now in Polypodiaceae
 * Grammitidaceae - now in Polypodiaceae
 * Gymnogrammitidaceae - now in Polypodiaceae
 * Loxogrammaceae - now in Polypodiaceae
 * Platyceriaceae - now in Polypodiaceae
 * Pleursoriopsidaceae - now in Polypodiaceae
 * Vittariaceae - now in Pteridaceae

Evolution
Polypodiales may be regarded as one of the most evolutionarily advanced orders of monilophytes (ferns), based on recent genetic analysis. They arose and diversified about 100 million years ago, probably subsequent to the diversification of the angiosperms.

title: Polypodiales


text:
Edward Winter (actor)

Edward Dean Winter (June 3, 1937 – March 8, 2001) was an American actor. He is best known for his recurring role, Colonel Samuel Flagg, in the television series M*A*S*H from 1973 to 1979.

His other notable television roles were as U.S. Air Force investigator Capt. Ben Ryan in season 2 of Project U.F.O. (1978–1979); and in Hollywood Beat (1985), 9 to 5 (1986–1988), and Herman's Head (1991–1994).

Winter received two Tony Awards for Best Featured Actor in a Musical nominations for his performances in the original productions of Cabaret (1966) and Promises, Promises (1968). He also appeared in films such as A Change of Seasons (1980), Porky's II: The Next Day (1983) and The Buddy System (1984).

Early career
Winter was born in Ventura, California and began his acting career in Ashland, Oregon as a member of the cast of the Oregon Shakespeare Festival. During the 1961 season, he played Claudius in Hamlet and stayed for an extended repertory season where he appeared in The Boyfriend and Rashomon. He went on to early successes on Broadway. Winter was twice nominated for Tony Awards as Best Supporting or Featured Actor (Musical). The first was in 1967, as Ernst Ludwig in Cabaret, then in 1969 as J.D. Sheldrake in Promises, Promises. He moved on to television, appearing on the daytime serials The Secret Storm and Somerset.

Later career
Winter was cast on M*A*S*H as Lt. Col. (later Col.) Flagg, becoming one of the program's more memorable and popular recurring characters. He appeared in seven episodes as Flagg during the show's 11-year run. The Flagg character was an intelligence agent (claiming to be C.I.A. several times) who brought a stereotypically paranoid, conspiracy-driven approach to his tasks. In some episodes his character was particularly vicious. Before his introduction as Flagg, Winter had appeared in the Season 2 episode "Deal Me Out" as Cpt. Halloran. A number of fans have expressed the belief that Halloran might have been one of Flagg's many aliases, especially as he said to Dr. Freedman, "we played poker once," which Cpt. Halloran had. However, this is debatable, as Halloran was a reasonably amiable character, whilst every other persona Flagg adopted was highly antagonistic, regardless of the alias. Winter reprised the role of Col. Flagg in an episode of the spin-off series AfterMASH in 1984. In 1985 he appeared in the pilot episode of Misfits of Science as an army officer who is killed trying to stop an insane general, played by Larry Linville.

In 1974, he played a pedophile in the Marcus Welby, M.D. episode "The Outrage". The same year, he appeared in the films The Parallax View and The Disappearance of Flight 412. In 1976, he appeared in the crime comedy Special Delivery. In 1975, he played Wes Greenfield in The Bob Newhart Show as an aspiring insurance company Executive. (Season 3, Episode 6 - The Gray Flannel Shrink). In 1976, he appeared in a season two episode of Phyllis, playing a boyfriend of Phyllis who comes out as gay. He also appeared in two memorable episodes of Dallas in 1981 as plastic surgeon Dr. Frank Waring, Mitch Cooper's mentor. Winter also appeared in the TV show Alice, Season 2 Episode 7. He played Alice's possible boyfriend, Jack. Winter was a recurring character in the first season of the prime time sitcom Soap in 1977–78, portraying Congressman Walter McCallum, who was having an affair with the Tates' daughter, Eunice. In 1977, Winter appeared in an episode of Lou Grant titled "Housewarming," as a reporter who beat his wife. The same year, he appeared in the popular TV movie The Gathering, also starring Ed Asner, and "Never Con a Killer," the pilot for the crime drama The Feather and Father Gang. In 1976, he appeared in The Mary Tyler Moore Show, in which he played a congressman with a former tie to organized crime. He guest-starred in season one on The A-Team in the episode "Holiday in the Hills" and appeared in the season 5 episode "Road Games".

Winter starred in the 1979 NBC primetime drama Project UFO and was featured in the 1980 film A Change of Seasons. In 1979, Winter played the role of NASA astronaut Commander Buck Fulton in the 2-part episode of Salvage 1 titled "Golden Orbit." He appeared as the corrupt county commissioner Bob Gebhardt in the 1983 movie Porky's II: The Next Day, the romantic comedy The Buddy System (1984), and in From the Hip (1987), also directed by Porky's director Bob Clark. In 1980 he played Clark Gable in the TV movie The Scarlett O'Hara War. Winter co-starred in the 1986 TV movie A Christmas Gift as Thomas Renfield, with co-star John Denver. Three years later he portrayed Las Vegas entertainer Johnny Roman in Mike Hammer: Murder Takes All. He appeared as murder victim Charlton 'Charlie' Chambers (as Ed Winter) in a 1990 episode of Columbo, "Rest in Peace, Mrs. Columbo". Winter had a recurring role on the Fox sitcom Herman's Head from 1991 to 1994. Winter portrayed Mr. Crawford, an executive at Waterton Publishing. He was featured as the real-life character of Carl Lawson in a 1995 episode of UPN's Real Ghosts, also known as Haunted Lives: True Ghost Stories. He did voice work on such programs as The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest, Duckman, Aaahh!!! Real Monsters, The Angry Beavers, Fantastic Max, Paddington Bear and the animated film Adventures in Odyssey: Shadow of a Doubt.

Death
On March 8, 2001, Winter died at age 63 in Woodland Hills, California, of complications from Parkinson's disease. His ashes were scattered into the Pacific Ocean.

Filmography

 * The Boston Strangler (1968) as Man in Hallway (uncredited)
 * Big Daddy (1973, TV movie)
 * M*A*S*H (1973-1979, TV Series) as Col. Samuel Flagg / Capt. Halloran
 * The Magician (1974, TV Series) as Ted Winters
 * The Parallax View (1974) as Senator Jameson
 * The Disappearance of Flight 412 (1974, TV movie) as Mr. Cheer
 * Special Delivery (1976) as Larry Pierce
 * The Invasion of Johnson County (1976, TV movie) as Major Edward Fershay
 * The Mary Tyler Moore Show (1976, TV Series) as Brian Nordquist (senatorial candidate)
 * Never Con a Killer (1977, TV movie) as Deputy DA J.C. Hadley
 * The Girl in the Empty Grave (1977, TV movie) as Dr Peter Cabe
 * Maude (1977, TV episode, The Ecologist) as Perry Flannery
 * The Gathering (1977, TV movie) as Roger
 * Soap (TV series) (1977-1978, TV Series) as Congressman Walter McCallum
 * Woman on the Run (1977, TV movie) as Daniel Frazier
 * Rendezvous Hotel (1979, TV movie) as Jim Becker
 * Mother and Daughter: The Loving War (1980, TV movie) as Doug
 * The Scarlett O'Hara War (1980, TV movie) as Clark Gable
 * A Change of Seasons (1980) as Steven Rutledge
 * The Big Black Pill (1981, TV movie) as Jerrold Farinpour
 * Fly Away Home (1981, TV movie) as Lieutenant Colonel Pace
 * Dallas (1981) as Dr. Frank Waring
 * Family in Blue (1982, TV movie)
 * The First Time (1982, TV movie) as Captain Michael McKenzie
 * Wait Until Dark (1982, TV movie) as Sam Hendrix
 * The 25th Man (1982, TV movie) as Captain Mike Houston
 * Porky's II: The Next Day (1983) as Commissioner Bob Gebhardt
 * The A-Team (1983-1985, TV Series) as Racketeer Johnny Royce / Reporter Mitchell Barnes
 * The Buddy System (1983) as Jim Parks
 * The Last Honor of Kathryn Beck (1984, TV movie) as Carl Macaluso
 * Perry Mason: The Case of the Notorious Nun (1986, TV movie) as Jonathan Eastman
 * Stranded (1986, TV movie) as Tommy Claybourne
 * There Must Be a Pony (1986, TV movie) as David Hollis
 * The Christmas Gift (1986, TV movie) as Thomas A. Renfield
 * Mathnet (1987, TV segment from Square One Television) as Clarence Sampson in The Problem of the Missing Baseball (pilot episode, filmed 1985)
 * From the Hip (1987) as Raymond Torkenson
 * The Golden Girls (1989, TV Series) as John Quinn
 * Murder, She Wrote (1989, TV Series) as Capt. Everett Larson in Smooth Operators
 * Mike Hammer: Murder Takes All (1989, TV movie) as Johnny Roman
 * Columbo: Rest in Peace, Mrs. Columbo (1990, TV movie) as Charlie Chambers
 * Held Hostage: The Sis and Jerry Levin Story (1991, TV movie) as Bill Prentiss
 * The American Clock (1993, TV movie) as William Durant
 * Saved by the Bell: The College Years (1993, TV Series) as Mr. Burke

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Edward Winter (actor)


text:
Albert Hornby

Albert Hornby is the name of:

 * A. H. Hornby (1877–1952), English cricketer, son of A. N. Hornby
 * A. N. Hornby (1847–1925), English rugby and cricket captain
 * A. S. Hornby (1898–1978), English grammarian, lexicographer and researcher into second language teaching

title: Albert Hornby


text:
OpenSecrets

OpenSecrets is a nonprofit organization based in Washington, D.C. that tracks and publishes data on campaign finance and lobbying, including a revolving door database which documents the individuals who have worked in both the public sector and lobbying firms and may have conflicts of interest. It was created from the 2021 merger of the Center for Responsive Politics (CRP) and the National Institute on Money in Politics (NIMP), both of which were organizations that tracked data on campaign finance in the United States and advocated for stricter regulation and disclosure of political donations.

Examples of investigations conducted by the organization include uncovering that Carolina Rising, a 501(c)(4) social welfare organization spent $4.7 million in 2014 on political ads in support of Thom Tillis, Senate candidate from North Carolina and that the Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign was financially related to the rally that preceded the January 6 United States Capitol attack.

The organization is funded by donations; since 2020, the largest donors have been: the Carnegie Corporation of New York, Democracy Fund, the Gaia Fund, Google, the Hewlett Foundation, the Kaphan Foundation, Mertz Gilmore Foundation, the Omidyar Network, Open Society Foundations, the Popplestone Foundation, and the Rockefeller Brothers Fund.

In 2021, the organization reported $6.5 million in revenue and $3.5 million in salaries and fundraising expenses. It had $5.2 million in net assets as of December 31, 2021.

Center for Responsive Politics
The Center for Responsive Politics was founded in 1983 by retired U.S. Senators Frank Church of Idaho, of the Democratic Party, and Hugh Scott of Pennsylvania, of the Republican Party. In the 1980s, Church and Scott launched a "money-in-politics" project, whose outcome consisted of large, printed books. Their first book, Spending in Congressional Elections: A Never-Ending Spiral, published in 1988, analyzed spending patterns in congressional elections from 1974 through 1986, including 1986 soft money contributions in five states. The first data was published by CRP in 1990 and the website OpenSecrets.org was launched in 1996, making the data more readily available.

National Institute on Money in Politics
The National Institute on Money in Politics traces its roots to the "Money in Western Politics" project launched in 1991 and funded by the MacArthur Foundation. Prior to 1991, data was not digitized and therefore was not easily available. In 1999, three regional teams merged to form NIMP, based in Helena, Montana. The organization published the Follow The Money website, where it compiled political funding information from government disclosure agencies.

The organization did not receive any government funding and relied on philanthropic efforts; among its donations received was $2.3 million in funding from Open Society Foundations.

Leadership history
Sheila Krumholz, who joined the organization in 1989, was the executive director of OpenSecrets and its predecessor from December 2006, having previously served as research director, until December 2023.

title: OpenSecrets


text:
Talk:Pig-Pen

Punctuation of name
I have gone ahead and moved this to "Pig-Pen (Peanuts)" to reflect that every time the character is referred to in dialogue of "Peanuts", it is spelled with a hyphen, and, in most "Peanuts" books is with a capital "P" on "Pen". The official Peanuts Web site lists him as "Pigpen", but then contradicts this by showing every appearance in comic strip examples, spelled with the hyphen. Charles Schulz wrote the strips and not the site, so I would take the strips as authoritative.rockhopper10r 22:45, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I sort of think I recall it changing over the years, starting as one and later turning to the other, but it's a vague notion in my head and I could be wrong. I think I recall that at one time his name was in quotes, that being not his real name but merely what people called him, but the quotes were dropped later as it basically became his name, none other being given. -R. fiend 17:49, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Derrick Bang's "Peanuts FAQ" uses "Pig-Pen" in most cases. In a few references he leaves out the hyphen, but still spells it as two words. http://www.peanutscollectorclub.com/peantfaq.txt Schulz very often wrote compund words as two words, for example "boy friend" and "sand box", sometimes hypenated, sometimes not. The quotes were used for some time, as they were originally for Peppermint Patty, but were dropped. I'm fairly certain the hyphen in Pig-Pen's named remained.rockhopper10r 19:35, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * "R. fiend" has it right: Pig-Pen's name was originally in quotes, and sometimes in the 50s he actually had a real name also, being called "Pig-Pen" Franklin. That did not last long, and in time, the hyphens were dropped. - Voice from Finland, 16 May 2006

Pig-Pen's birth name
Can anyone find any non-Wiki reference that cites Pig-Pen as having any ohter name? The official Peanuts Web site showing his debut indicates he has no other name than Pig-Pen. Derrick Bang's aformentioned "Peanuts FAQ" records no other name for him. The entire Complete Peanuts run through 1960 cites no other name. Thank you. Rockhopper10r 18:26, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

ADG: Attention Deficit Gift
People need to consider that PIg-Pen is an almost unconscious representation of children with ADD. I don't consider this a disorder, since I am one, I consider it rather a unique gift. My whole life has been one of instantaneous dusty chaos, the same which PP has had to endure. But seeing the world the way I do, and the amazing abilities I have, the price I have had to pay, but the rewards I have achieved, makes Pig-Pen the singular character I can identify with in the Peanuts world. Peanuts has been a part of my life since the early 60's. My opinion only, but what if they had doped him up with Adderal, ignored the talents that he was born with? Now I made a big mistake, I followed conventional pressure and went to medical school, instead of writing comedy, or some other free and open contribution to the world. I do a good job, but only when I can apply my unique talents to the art of this profession, the rest, including organization, paper work, scheduling, and even keeping a neat office, I am totally lost. I would like to see what other people think of this theory. ContactGSW — Preceding unsigned comment added by ContactGSW (talk • contribs) 00:54, 23 January 2012 (UTC)

Invariably quoted and other errors
I have some Peanuts Wp:COI, so I am avoiding editing the article directly, but there are some errors in it. The first is the statement that his name is invariably quoted, which is not the case. While Schulz started with using single quoted and then switched to double quotes, if you check the book The Dirt on Pigpen, you will find that staring on page 61, when we are somewhere in the mid-1960s, the quote marks disappear, and remain off until page 75, a 1981 strip, at which point the hyphen disappears. Quote marks are used variably after that.

Also, it is made unclear whether we are quoting the strip or A CB Christmas in the blockquote. The phrasing of the beginning is different in the strip. Also, we should put the exclamation point outside of "Pig-Pen", as it is outside of it in the strip.

A CB Christmas is called a "movie" once in the article, which is incorrect. It is a TV special.--Nat Gertler (talk) 21:11, 27 November 2013 (UTC)

Paul Winchell
The article currently claims, without sourcing, that Paul Winchell voiced the character Pig-Pen in 1966, perhaps taking it from the unsourced claim over at the actor's article that he voiced the character inIt's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown. While the special itself does not have a credit for that voice. the book "It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown": The Making of a Television Classic repeatedly credits the role (on pages 34 and 35) to Lisa DeFaria. Winchell's IMDb listing lists no such entry for 1966. (It would have been very odd to have Winchell in the part, as the Peanuts specials famously cast kids to do the kid roles, not a then-43 year old.) I have a WP:COI with regard to Peanuts and will not do the edit myself, but in the absence of any sourcing, could someone please remove that claim? --Nat Gertler (talk) 03:37, 21 September 2015 (UTC)
 * ✅ I also removed this from Winchell's article for the same reason Snuggums (talk / edits) 03:57, 21 September 2015 (UTC)

Reference to "The Human Dust Bowl" missing
Unfortunately I can not provide reference, but I remember that "Pig-Pen" is also occassionally referred to as "The Human Dust Bowl", which might be worthwhile to mention in the article - given that proper reference will be quoted. Dr.Big.Man (talk) 06:02, 25 December 2016 (UTC)

Pig-Pen and Lord of the Flies
There was a long standing claim on this page, I think a bit of an attempt at original research even, that the strip which introduced Pig-Pen was directly referencing Lord of the Flies. Reasons I do not believe this, and have removed this: So yah... weird. Gotta admit, I myself believed this for a long time. JAYFAX (talk) 19:21, 25 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Although the strip and the book were published the same year, the strip (July) was published before the book (September).
 * Picking up my copy of the book, the conversation in which which Piggy is introduced does not resemble this strip.

Naming
I'm avoiding editing this due to my Peanuts COI, but I recommend two changes. Thanks. --Nat Gertler (talk) 16:10, 30 August 2021 (UTC)
 * 1) Someone just added this page to the category Category:Fictional characters without a name. That category requires the character to not have a nickname, which Pigpen clearly does. The category should be moved.
 * 2) In the infobox, there is a reference to unnamed parents. We do have a nickname for his father, "Pigpen, Senior", so that should go there. And he does have an unnamed mother, so that should be included.

PigPen Ranch
I see you added a photo of the "PigPen Ranch", and I see that in the descriptor for that file, you say that it was name for the character. Do you have a reliable source for that claim? Because "PigPen Ranch" was a common ranch name before the character was introduced. I can find pre-Peanuts references to ones in Kansas, North Dakota, and New Mexico. (Even if it is named for the character, I'm not sure it rises to appropriate inclusion here... but I won't delete it myself due to conflicts of interest.) -- Nat Gertler (talk) 06:37, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Oasis boasts other Peanuts-themed artifacts. Snoopy Lane comes to mind. kencf0618 (talk) 12:18, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, but that may have been inspired by having a couple of things that were coincidentally Peanuts-y, so people decided to lean into it... and the ranch may have been one of the coincidences. I don't find any reference to this ranch in a newspapers.com search of Idaho papers, and a google search for "pigpen ranch" Idaho points only to listings of the Texas property of the same name which was recently on the market. -- Nat Gertler (talk) 15:54, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pig-Pen


text:
User talk:Deck2sack3slick

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * Featured pictures
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

[[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Wants you to vote!]] 22:48, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

NPOV
Hi Deck, I see you are a new user and so I understand how your recent edit to Republican Party (United States) was not very productive. Please read Neutral point of view. It helps everyone if we adopt a neutral position.--Pharos 05:19, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Please also do not mark non-copyedit changes as "minor". Marking POV edits as minor is not cool.  Daniel Quinlan 05:39, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Deck2sack3slick


text:
Optical autocorrelation

In optics, various autocorrelation functions can be experimentally realized. The field autocorrelation may be used to calculate the spectrum of a source of light, while the intensity autocorrelation and the interferometric autocorrelation are commonly used to estimate the duration of ultrashort pulses produced by modelocked lasers. The laser pulse duration cannot be easily measured by optoelectronic methods, since the response time of photodiodes and oscilloscopes are at best of the order of 200 femtoseconds, yet laser pulses can be made as short as a few femtoseconds.

In the following examples, the autocorrelation signal is generated by the nonlinear process of second-harmonic generation (SHG). Other techniques based on two-photon absorption may also be used in autocorrelation measurements, as well as higher-order nonlinear optical processes such as third-harmonic generation, in which case the mathematical expressions of the signal will be slightly modified, but the basic interpretation of an autocorrelation trace remains the same. A detailed discussion on interferometric autocorrelation is given in several well-known textbooks.

Field autocorrelation

For a complex electric field $$E(t)$$, the field autocorrelation function is defined by

 * $$A(\tau) = \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}E(t)E^*(t-\tau)dt$$

The Wiener-Khinchin theorem states that the Fourier transform of the field autocorrelation is the spectrum of $$E(t)$$, i.e., the square of the magnitude of the Fourier transform of $$E(t)$$. As a result, the field autocorrelation is not sensitive to the spectral phase.

The field autocorrelation is readily measured experimentally by placing a slow detector at the output of a Michelson interferometer. The detector is illuminated by the input electric field $$E(t)$$ coming from one arm, and by the delayed replica $$E(t-\tau)$$ from the other arm. If the time response of the detector is much larger than the time duration of the signal $$E(t)$$, or if the recorded signal is integrated, the detector measures the intensity $$I_M$$ as the delay $$\tau$$ is scanned:

 * $$I_M(\tau) = \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}|E(t)+E(t-\tau)|^2dt$$

Expanding $$I_M(\tau)$$ reveals that one of the terms is $$A(\tau)$$, proving that a Michelson interferometer can be used to measure the field autocorrelation, or the spectrum of $$E(t)$$ (and only the spectrum). This principle is the basis for Fourier transform spectroscopy.

Intensity autocorrelation
To a complex electric field $$E(t)$$ corresponds an intensity $$I(t) = |E(t)|^2$$ and an intensity autocorrelation function defined by

 * $$A(\tau) = \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}I(t)I(t-\tau)dt$$

The optical implementation of the intensity autocorrelation is not as straightforward as for the field autocorrelation. Similarly to the previous setup, two parallel beams with a variable delay are generated, then focused into a second-harmonic-generation crystal (see nonlinear optics) to obtain a signal proportional to $$(E(t)+E(t-\tau))^2$$. Only the beam propagating on the optical axis, proportional to the cross-product $$E(t)E(t-\tau)$$, is retained. This signal is then recorded by a slow detector, which measures

 * $$I_M(\tau) = \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}|E(t)E(t-\tau)|^2dt = \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}I(t)I(t-\tau)dt$$

$$I_M(\tau)$$ is exactly the intensity autocorrelation $$A(\tau)$$.

The generation of the second harmonic in crystals is a nonlinear process that requires high peak power, unlike the previous setup. However, such high peak power can be obtained from a limited amount of energy by ultrashort pulses, and as a result their intensity autocorrelation is often measured experimentally. Another difficulty with this setup is that both beams must be focused at the same point inside the crystal as the delay is scanned in order for the second harmonic to be generated.

It can be shown that the intensity autocorrelation width of a pulse is related to the intensity width. For a Gaussian time profile, the autocorrelation width is $$\sqrt{2}$$ longer than the width of the intensity, and it is 1.54 longer in the case of a hyperbolic secant squared (sech2) pulse. This numerical factor, which depends on the shape of the pulse, is sometimes called the deconvolution factor. If this factor is known, or assumed, the time duration (intensity width) of a pulse can be measured using an intensity autocorrelation. However, the phase cannot be measured.

Interferometric autocorrelation

As a combination of both previous cases, a nonlinear crystal can be used to generate the second harmonic at the output of a Michelson interferometer, in a collinear geometry. In this case, the signal recorded by a slow detector is

 * $$I_M(\tau) = \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}|(E(t)+E(t-\tau))^2|^2dt$$

$$I_M(\tau)$$ is called the interferometric autocorrelation. It contains some information about the phase of the pulse: the fringes in the autocorrelation trace wash out as the spectral phase becomes more complex.

Pupil function autocorrelation
The optical transfer function T(w) of an optical system is given by the autocorrelation of its pupil function f(x,y):

 * $$T(w) = \frac{\int_{w/2}^{1} \int_{0}^{\sqrt{1-x^2}} f(x,y) f^*(x-w,y)dy dx}{\int_{0}^{1}\int_{0}^{\sqrt{1-x^2}}f(x,y)^2 dy dx}$$

title: Optical autocorrelation


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Edmund duke

Edmund duke (Edmund Duke) was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Character from some game. Trivia. --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 22:49, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge somewhere if possible, otherwise delete. --fvw *  23:43, 2004 Dec 17 (UTC)
 * redirect to StarCraft Dunc|☺ 23:50, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Cdc 00:11, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: This article answers the burning question, "Who is Edmund Duke." Ok, who is asking that question?  If the character isn't referred to by anything but the game, there will be no one asking the question. Geogre 02:30, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge into StarCraft—Trevor Caira 03:06, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. He is an important part of the plot of Starcraft, but the characters of Starcraft are in no way important outside of Starcraft.  Even if this is kept, it should be moved to Edmund Duke, or perhaps even General Duke, which would be the more likely title that people would search for him under (though I doubt most people would bother to look for him; if one has played the game then one know all about him and if one has not then that person has most likely never heard of him). Indrian 06:55, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete the starcruft. hfool 02:17, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.