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Moshood Abiola

Chief Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola, also known as M. K. O. Abiola (24 August 1937 – 7 July 1998) was a Nigerian business magnate, publisher, and politician. He was the honorary supreme military commander of the Oyo Empire and an aristocrat of the Egba clan.

Abiola ran for the presidency in 1993, for which the election results were annulled by then military president Ibrahim Babangida. He would later die in detention after making an attempt to assert himself as the elected president. Abiola was awarded the National honour Grand Commander of the Order of the Federal Republic (GCFR), an honour awarded to only Nigerian heads of state, posthumously on 6 June 2018, by President Muhammadu Buhari and Nigeria's democracy day was changed to from 29 May to 12 June in his honour.

Abiola was a personal friend of Ibrahim Babangida and he is believed to have supported Babangida's coming to power.

Abiola's support in the June 1993 presidential election cut across all geo-political zones and religious divisions. He was among a few politicians to accomplish such influence during his time. By the time of his death, he had become an unexpected symbol of democracy.

Early life
M. K. O. Abiola was born in Abeokuta, Ogun State to the family of Salawu and Suliat Wuraola Abiola. His father was a produce trader who primarily traded cocoa, and his mother traded in kola nuts. His name, Kashimawo, means "Let us wait and see". Moshood Abiola was his father's twenty-third child, but the first of them to survive infancy, hence the name 'Kashimawo'. It was not until he was fifteen that he was properly named Moshood by his parents.

Abiola attended African Central School, Abeokuta for his primary education. As a young boy, he assisted his father in the cocoa trade, but by the end of 1946, his father's business venture was failing, precipitated by the destruction of a cocoa consignment declared by a produce inspector to be of poor quality grade and unworthy for export and to be destroyed immediately.

At the age of nine, he started his first business selling firewood gathered in the forest at dawn before school, to support his father and siblings. Abiola founded a band at the age of fifteen and would perform at various ceremonies in exchange for food. Abiola was eventually able to require payment for his performances, and used the money to support his family and his secondary education at the Baptist Boys High School Abeokuta. Abiola was the editor of the school magazine The Trumpeter, Olusegun Obasanjo was deputy editor. At the age of 19, he joined the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons ostensibly because of its stronger pan-Nigerian origin compared with the Obafemi Awolowo-led Action Group.

In 1960, he obtained a government scholarship to study at the University of Glasgow, where he later earned a degree in accountancy and qualified as a chartered accountant. He later became a Fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria (ICAN).

Business career
In 1956 Moshood Abiola started his professional life as a bank clerk with Barclays Bank in Ibadan, South-West Nigeria. After two years he joined the Western Region Finance Corporation as an executive accounts officer, before leaving for Glasgow, Scotland, to pursue his higher education. From Glasgow University he received a first class degree in accountancy, and he also gained a distinction from the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland. On his return to Nigeria, Abiola worked as a senior accountant at the University of Lagos Teaching Hospital, then went on to US firm Pfizer, before joining the ITT Corporation, where he later rose to the position of vice-president, Africa and Middle East. Abiola spent a lot of his time, and made most of his money, in the United States, while retaining the post of chairman of the corporation's Nigerian subsidiary.

ITT
While Abiola worked at the Nigerian subsidiary of Pfizer pharmaceuticals, his desire was to own some equity in the firm but the options available to him were not appealing. He then applied to a job listing seeking a trained accountant, it was during the interview that he found out the firm was ITT Corporation. Abiola was employed by the firm and one of his immediate responsibilities was to clear the backlog of debt owed to the firm by the military. An office meeting with the army's Inspector of Signals, Murtala Mohammed, to seek a resolution of the debts resulted in verbal argument heard by the Chief of Army Staff Hassan Usman Katsina. The intervention of Katsina ended up being favorable to Abiola as he was given a check to cover the debt. Abiola used his determination to clear the debts as a bargaining tool for more role in the company, initially he was able to remove the expatriate manager but was unable to get a requested 50% equity in the Nigerian arm of ITT. Abiola subsequently established Radio Communication (RCN) as a side business, new employees were trained in marketing of telecoms equipment and Abiola targeted the military who were replacing civil war-era equipment as business clients. His marketing strategy proposed training of military personnel in the use of equipment so as to reduce reliance on outside vendors for maintenance, this strategy gained favor in a security conscious armed forces. Abiola soon received a contract to supply hardware to the military that got the attention of ITT and he was offered 49% equity ownership of its Nigerian arm.

RCN went on to develop a static communications network for the armed forces signal unit and Nigeria's domestic satellite communications. In 1975, ITT and partners secured a major contract to supply automatic telephone exchanges in a number of locations within the country.

Other ventures
In addition to his duties throughout the Middle-East and Africa, Abiola invested heavily in Nigeria and West Africa. He set up Abiola Farms, Abiola Bookshops, Radio Communications Nigeria, Wonder Bakeries, Concord Press, Concord Airlines, Summit Oil International Ltd, Africa Ocean Lines, Habib Bank, Decca W.A. Ltd, and Abiola football club. He was also Chairman of the G15 business council, President of the Nigerian Stock Exchange, Patron of the Kwame Nkrumah Foundation, Patron of the WEB Du Bois foundation, trustee of the Martin Luther King Foundation, and director of the International Press Institute. In 1983, he teamed up with Shehu Musa Yar'Adua, Bamanga Tukur and Raymond Dokpesi to establish Africa Ocean Lines. The firm began operations in 1984 using chartered vessels before acquiring two cargo ships in 1986 with a capacity for 958 TEUs. The shipping firm's route linked the major shipping ports along the West African coast with United Kingdom and Northern Europe.

Involvement in politics
Abiola's involvement in politics started early on in life when he joined the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) at age 19. In 1979, the military government kept its word and handed over power to the civilians. As Abiola was already involved in politics, he joined the ruling National Party of Nigeria (NPN) in 1980 and was elected the state chairman of his party. Re-election was done in 1983 and everything looked promising since the re-elected president was from Abiola's party and based on the true transition to power in 1979; Abiola was eligible to go for the post of presidential candidate after the tenure of the re-elected president. However, his hope to become the president was shortly dashed away for the first time in 1983 when a military coup d'état swept away the re-elected president of his party and ended civilian rule in the country.

Abiola was a member of Ansar Ud Deen organization in Nigeria. In the 1980s, through his National Concord Newspaper Abiola supported Islamic causes including introduction of a Sharia Court of Appeal in Southwestern Nigeria and Nigeria's entry to the Organization of Islamic Countries. The support given the latter received less favorable response from some readers of the National Concord. Notwithstanding, he was actively involved in the formation and activities of the National Sharia Committee. In 1984, he was given a title of Baba Adinni of Yorubaland by a committee of Muslim clerics. His support of Islam in Southern Nigeria earned him some recognition in the Northern region of the country. In his hometown of Abeokuta, Abiola built a Quran training center which was named after his mother Zulihat Abiola. After a decade of military rule, General Ibrahim Babangida came under pressure to return democratic rule to Nigeria. After an aborted initial primary, Abiola stood for the presidential nomination of the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and beat Ambassador Baba Gana Kingibe and Alhaji Atiku Abubakar to secure the presidential nomination of the SDP ahead of the 12 June 1993, presidential elections. Abiola had managed to work his way out of poverty through hard work. He established Abiola bookshops to provide affordable, locally produced textbooks in the 1980s when imported textbooks became out of the reach of ordinary Nigerians as the naira was devalued. He also made available daily necessities such as rice and soap at affordable prices in the market.

Primaries and campaign
Abiola announced his candidacy for president in February 1993, this was after a previous round of presidential primaries had been cancelled by military President Babangida. His party of choice was SDP, though he was an outsider who was new to the partisan politics within the party which at the time was dominated by two major factions, People's Front(PF) and PSP. Both SDP and its opposition, NRC held presidential primaries in March 1993. SDP's primaries was held in Jos and was largely a three-way contest between Abiola, Kingibe and Atiku even though there were more aspirants. Abiola was heavily supported by the People's Solidarity faction (PSP) within SDP while Atiku was supported by PF faction led by Yar'Adua and Kingibe was supported by a loose coalition of party members. During the first ballot, Abiola was able to score a slim majority vote of 3,617 to Kingibe's 3,225. A second round was contested two days later and Abiola again emerged victorious with a slim margin and he became the party's presidential candidate for the 12 June election.

Abiola's political message was an optimistic future for Nigeria with slogans such as "Farewell to poverty", " At last! Our rays of Hope" and the "Burden of Schooling". His economic policy included negotiations with foreign creditors and better management of the country's international debts, in addition, increased cooperation with the foreign community while presenting himself as someone the international community can trust.

Election
For the 12 June 1993, presidential elections, Abiola's running mate was his primary opponent Baba Gana Kingibe. He defeated his rival, Bashir Tofa of the National Republican Convention. The election was declared Nigeria's freeest and fairest presidential election by national and international observers, with Abiola even winning in his Northern opponent's home state of Kano. Abiola won at the national capital, Abuja, the military polling stations, and over two-thirds of Nigerian states. Men of Northern descent had largely dominated Nigeria's political landscape since independence; Moshood Abiola, a Western Muslim, was able to secure a national mandate freely and fairly, unprecedented in Nigeria's history. However, the election was annulled by Ibrahim Babangida, causing a political crisis which led to General Sani Abacha seizing power later that year. During preparations for the 2011 Nigerian Presidential elections there were calls from several quarters to remember MKO Abiola.

These are the unofficial results:
 * Unofficial results

Imprisonment
On June, 1994, Abiola declared himself the lawful president of Nigeria in the Epetedo area of Lagos island, an area mainly populated by (Yoruba) Lagos Indigenes. He had recently returned from a trip to win the support of the international community for his mandate. After declaring himself president, he was declared wanted on the orders of military President General Sani Abacha, who sent 200 police vehicles to bring him into custody. His second wife, Alhaja Kudirat Abiola, was later assassinated in Lagos in 1996 after declaring public support for her husband.

Moshood Abiola was detained for four years, largely in solitary confinement with a Bible, Qur'an, and fourteen guards as companions. During that time, Pope John Paul II, Archbishop Desmond Tutu and human rights activists from all over the world lobbied the Nigerian government for his release. The sole condition attached to the release of Chief Abiola was that he renounce his mandate, something that he refused to do, although the military government offered to compensate him and refund his extensive election expenses. For this reason Chief Abiola became extremely troubled when Kofi Annan and Emeka Anyaoku reported to the world that he had agreed to renounce his mandate after they met with him to tell him that the world would not recognise a five-year-old election.

Death
Moshood Abiola died unexpectedly, shortly after the death of General Abacha, on the day that he was due to be released. While meeting group of American diplomats including Thomas Pickering and Susan Rice at a government guesthouse in Abuja, Abiola fell ill and died. Rice had served tea to Abiola shortly before his collapse; despite evidence to the contrary there remains an enduring belief in Nigeria that she had poisoned Abiola.

Independent autopsy carried out and witnessed by physicians and pathologists from the Nigerian government, Nigerian Medical Association, Canada, UK and the US found substantial evidence of longstanding heart disease. General Abacha's Chief Security Officer, Hamza al-Mustapha has alleged that Moshood Abiola was in fact beaten to death and although Al-Mustapha claims to have video and audiotapes showing how Abiola was beaten to death, he has yet to come forward with the release of such tapes or how it was procured in the first place. Regardless of the exact circumstances of his death, it is clear that Chief Abiola received insufficient medical attention for his existing health conditions.

Investigation
A number of different perspectives exist on Abiola's death. Renowned writer and playwright Wole Soyinka in his autobiography You Must Set Forth at Dawn, categorically asserted that Abiola was presented with a poisoned cup of tea during his final interview with the BBC. He was certain about the fact that Abiola was poisoned, although information on what entities were behind the poisoning, have yet to come to light.

Kofi Annan, the seventh Secretary General of the United Nations who had been in a meeting with Abiola at Abuja on 29 June 1998, mentioned that Abiola had been denied adequate medical care throughout his incarceration. This was in some corroboration with the findings of an international team of pathologists who posited a heart condition as the cause of death.

The Human Rights Violation Investigation Commission of Nigeria, conducted a series of hearings aiming to discover the truth of events leading to the Abiola's death, concluding that the Abubakar regime probably knew more than it revealed.

Legacy
Chief M.K.O. Abiola's memory is celebrated in Nigeria and internationally. Since his death, the Lagos State Government declares 12 June as a public holiday. In 2018, other states including Ogun, Oyo and Osun, announced 12 June as a public holiday to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the annulled 1993 presidential election. 12 June remains a public holiday in Nigeria beginning 12 June 2019, it will be celebrated as democracy day, replacing 29 May. Remembrance events are arranged across Nigeria. MKO Abiola Stadium and Moshood Abiola Polytechnic were named in his honour, and there were calls for posthumous presidential recognition. A statue, MKO Abiola Statue was erected in his honour.

M.K.O. Abiola was criticised by political activists and detractors. Controversy was caused by a song by Nigerian musician, Fela Kuti, a charismatic multi-instrumentalist musician, composer and human rights activist, famed for being the pioneer of Afrobeat music and a controversial figure due to his unusual lifestyle and apparent drug use. It is believed that Kuti had entered into an acrimonious dispute relating to a contract with M.K.O. Abiola's record label. He used the abbreviation of International Telephone & Telegraph (IT&T) in a song criticising big multinational corporations. The song, ITT, accuses such companies of draining Africa's resources and says "they start to steal money Like Obasanjo and Abiola".

On 29 May 2012, former president Goodluck Jonathan, announced that the famous University of Lagos will be renamed in memory of Abiola as Moshood Abiola University of Lagos (MAULAG). This received a negative reaction by both students, Alumni and members of public resulting in an abrupt reversal.

12 June declared Democracy Day
On 6 June 2018, Muhammadu Buhari, President of Nigeria declared 12 June as the new date for the celebration of Democracy Day. Nigeria's Democracy Day was formally celebrated every 29 May, the day in 1999 that former military Head of State, Abdulsalami Abubakar, handed over power to an elected president, Olusegun Obasanjo of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the date when, for the second time in the history of Nigeria, an elected civilian administration took over from a military government.

On 6 June 2018, Muhammadu Buhari in a public statement changed the Democracy Day to 12 June in honor of the 12 June 1993, presidential election and it's winner, Moshood Abiola, who died in prison. Buhari's statement partly read: "for the past 18 years, Nigerians have been celebrating May 29, as Democracy Day. That was the date when, for the second time in our history, an elected civilian administration took over from a military government. The first time this happened was on 1 October 1979. But in the view of Nigerians, as shared by his administration, June 12, 1993, was far more symbolic of democracy in the Nigerian context than May 29 or even the October 1. June 12, 1993 was the day when Nigerians in millions expressed their democratic will in what was undisputedly the freeest, fairest and most peaceful elections since our independence. The fact that the outcome of that election was not upheld by the then military government doesn't distract from the democratic credential of that process. Accordingly, after due consultation, the Federal Government has decided, henceforth, June 12 will be celebrated as Democracy Day. Therefore, the government has decided to award posthumously the highest honour of the land GCFR, to the late Chief M.K.O. Abiola, the presumed winner of the June 12, 1993 cancelled election".

On 11 June 2019, Muhammadu Buhari assented to a Bill amending 29 May previously set aside as a public holiday for the celebration. The public holiday amendment Act was passed by the National Assembly of Nigeria following a Bill introduced and sponsored by Kayode Oladele, Human Rights Lawyer and Member of the House of Representatives ( Eighth Assembly) representing Yewa North/Imeko-Afon Federal Constituency of Ogun State.

Awards and honours
Moshood Abiola was twice voted international businessman of the year, and received numerous honorary doctorates from universities all over the world. In 1987 he was bestowed with the golden key to the city of Washington, D.C., and he was bestowed with awards from the NAACP and the King center in the US, as well as the International Committee on Education for Teaching in Paris, among many others.

In Nigeria, the Oloye Abiola was made the Aare Ona Kakanfo of Yorubaland, the highest chieftaincy title available to commoners among the Yoruba. At the point when he was elevated, the title had only been conferred by the tribe thirteen times in its long history. This in effect rendered Abiola the ceremonial War Viceroy of all of his tribespeople. According to the folklore of the tribe as recounted by the Yoruba elders, the Aare Ona Kakanfo is expected to die a warrior in the defence of his nation to prove himself in the eyes of both the divine and the mortal as having been worthy of his title.

He was posthumously awarded the third highest national honour, the Commander of the Federal Republic, in 1998.

He was also awarded the highest national honor, the Grand Commander of the Federal Republic – or GCFR – in 2018. The date of the annulled election, 12 June, was also made Nigeria's Democracy Day.

Personal life
Moshood Abiola married many wives; notable among them are Simbiat Atinuke Shoaga in 1960, Kudirat Olayinka Adeyemi in 1973, Adebisi Olawunmi Oshin in 1974, Doyinsola (Doyin) Abiola Aboaba in 1981, Modupe Onitiri-Abiola and Remi Abiola. He fathered many children.

Philanthropy

Moshood Abiola sprang to national and international prominence as a result of his philanthropic activities. The Congressional Black Caucus of the United States of America issued the following tribute to Moshood Abiola:

"Because of this man, there is both cause for hope and certainty that the agony and protests of those who suffer injustice shall give way to peace and human dignity. The children of the world shall know the great work of this extraordinary leader and his fervent mission to right wrong, to do justice, and to serve mankind. The enemies which imperil the future of generations to come: poverty, ignorance, disease, hunger, and racism have each seen effects of the valiant work of Chief Abiola. Through him and others like him, never again will freedom rest in the domain of the few. We, the members of the Congressional Black Caucus salute him this day as a hero in the global pursuit to preserve the history and the legacy of the African diaspora."

From 1972 until his death, Moshood Abiola had been conferred with 197 traditional titles by 68 different communities in Nigeria, in response to his having provided financial assistance in the construction of 63 secondary schools, 121 mosques and churches, 41 libraries, 21 water projects in 24 states of Nigeria, and he was grand patron to 149 societies or associations in Nigeria. In addition to his work in Nigeria, Moshood Abiola supported the Southern African Liberation movements from the 1970s, and he sponsored the campaign to win reparations for slavery and colonialism in Africa and the diaspora. He personally communicated with every African head of state, and every head of state in the black diaspora to ensure that Africans would speak with one voice on the issues.

title: Moshood Abiola


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Cribbs Causeway

Cribbs Causeway is both a road in South Gloucestershire, England, running north of the city of Bristol, and the adjacent area which is notable for its out-of-town shopping and leisure facilities. The retail and leisure complex takes its name from the road, and includes retail parks, supermarkets, an enclosed shopping centre known as The Mall, an ice-rink, Vue, a cinema, Hollywood Bowl, a ten-pin bowling venue, and a gym.

The Cribbs Causeway road is a historic route, as it follows a section of a Roman road from Sea Mills to South Gloucestershire, part of a longer Roman route from Gloucester to the south-west of England. The modern road of that name is situated north of Bristol, and west of the town of Patchway, in the civil parish of Almondsbury. It runs approximately north-east from the northern edge of Bristol at Henbury, to a point just beyond the M5 motorway (at junction 17), and forms parts of today's A4018 and B4055 roads. It is one of the primary access routes from Bristol to the Cribbs Causeway retail and leisure complex; other primary access routes being the M5 motorway itself, and the Hayes Way link to the A38.

The Hazel Brook rises at Cribbs Causeway, flowing southwards through Blaise Castle estate, before joining the River Trym.

History
Cribbs Causeway is believed to be the route of a Roman road from Sea Mills to Gloucester, part of a longer Roman route from Gloucester to the south-west of England. It later became the route of a turnpike from Bristol to New Passage. In the 20th century it was part of the main road from Bristol to the Aust Ferry, until the Severn Bridge opened in 1966. In the early 1960s it was upgraded to an A road (the A4018), and linked with the New Filton Bypass to the A38 north of Patchway. In 1971 the New Filton Bypass was incorporated into the M5 motorway, and the motorway junction transformed the area. In 1976 Carrefour was granted planning permission to build a hypermarket (now the Asda store) near the junction. Development of retail parks followed, and in 1998 the Mall was opened.

The road has been said to owe its name to Tom Cribb, a bare-knuckle boxer from the Bristol area. However, this was proven wrong in the 1960s with the discovery of a map showing the current name, published in 1777: four years before the boxer was born. The book's author goes on to speculate that the true origin of the name may be from Crybe's dwelling (Crybe being a personal name), or from crib – a manger or hovel. But all that we can truly glean from this is that the causeway — the Roman road — was named for a family with the surname Cribb (which may or may not have been closely related to the boxer's family: he was from Hanham on the opposite side of Bristol). This local family was probably also commemorated in the smallholding called Crybescroft which existed in Henbury in 1281.

The Mall
The Mall comprises 130 shops on two levels, although some of the large stores occupy more levels. Major stores include anchor-tenants John Lewis and Partners and Marks & Spencer, plus Boots, H&M, Next, River Island. During 2013, the centre housed the Gromit Unleashed Exhibition and Store and also hosted the charity auction that took place after the arts trial had concluded. Global corporations can also be found in The Mall and include retailers such as Apple Inc, and Polestar. The food court is located on the upper level and is home to various chain outlets such as: Burger King, Chopstix, Pizza Hut, Nando's, Krispy Kreme and others.

At its centre point The Mall has a large fountain with a water display. Money thrown into the fountain is donated to local charities, the company reports it raises in excess of £10,000 a year for local charities. The fountain has many copper pipes that pump water out in repeated patterns and either into the middle, or towards the middle, where another pipe shoots water high into the air every 5–10 minutes at approximately 10-15 m. The height of the water jet is adjustable to prevent any object, hanging from above, from getting wet; additionally there are also a few other decorative fountains outside the main entrance.

To celebrate the Mall's tenth anniversary, the company announced a five million pound refurbishment of the food court, completed in two stages with completion in May 2009.

As of 2018, The Mall is owned by Intu Properties, M&G Real Estate and JT Baylis.

The primary access routes are the M5 Junction 17, Hayes Way to the A38 and A4018. The Mall is one of the major shopping centres in the Bristol area, the others being Broadmead (the location of The Galleries, Bristol) and Cabot Circus.

Stores

 * M&S
 * HMV Now Permanently Closed - Formerly Zavvi And Virgin Megastore
 * H&M
 * Boots
 * WH Smith
 * John Lewis and Partners
 * New Look
 * The White Company - Formerly Disney Store
 * Joules
 * Next
 * Apple

Retail parks
The two retail parks are warehouse style shops with entrances from outside. Cribbs Causeway Retail Park is a group of large shops off Lysander Road containing Currys, Magnet Kitchens, Next Home, Oak Furniture Land, ScS, Smyths and Wren Kitchens. Nearby is Centaurus Retail Park containing B&M, Carpetright, Dreams, Go Outdoors, Halfords, Hobbycraft, HomeSense, Tapi Carpets and T.K. Maxx.

Other stores
Other large stores include the United Kingdom's first Asda Walmart Supercentre, which was originally built by the French hypermarket chain Carrefour in the late 1970s. Then when Carrefour pulled out of the UK it sold all of its stores, including the Bristol hypermarket, to the Dee Corporation which owned the Gateway store chain. Then Gateway sold all of its large format stores to Asda in 1989, and it became an Asda hypermarket. Then after the sale of Asda by its management to Walmart in July 1999, it became the first Asda Wal*Mart Supercentre in July 2000. The store has since had yet another major refurbishment and has been rebranded as an Asda Supercentre and the Walmart branding has been removed. This is also the location of the first Morrisons supermarket in the south west of England which opened in September 2003. There is also a B&Q DIY store which also houses a Furniture Village, DFS, Makro and Wickes.

On Hollywood Lane, which passes under the M5 motorway, is the Cribbs Business Centre. Lysander House is located on Lysander Road on the site of the former Harry Ramsden's restaurant. A Bang & Olufsen store is located on Cribbs Causeway. Topps Tiles and Porcelanosa are located on Lysander Road. Miller & Carter Steakhouse, is also located on Cribbs Causeway. Redwood Farm, a Farmhouse Inns pub, is located on Catbrain Lane, next to Lysander House. IN'n'OUT Autocentre is situated behind Morrisons.

The Venue
The Venue at Cribbs Causeway is an entertainment complex featuring an ice-rink, a 12 screen Vue cinema, a ten-pin bowling alley (run by Hollywood Bowl), an Anytime Fitness gym, and eateries including Bella Italia, Burger King, Chiquitos, Nandos, Frankie & Benny's, KFC, Las Iguanas, PizzaExpress and T.G.I. Friday's.

Ice-rink
An international standard permanent indoor ice-rink opened at Cribbs Causeway in October 2021, in a purpose-built facility with a capacity for 1,300 spectators. Run by Planet Ice, and branded as Planet Ice Bristol, it is the first permanent ice-rink in the area since the former Bristol Ice Rink closed in 2012. Planet Ice Bristol is the new home of the Bristol Pitbulls ice hockey team.

Prior to the opening of Planet Ice Bristol, Cribbs Causeway has hosted pop-up outdoor ice-rinks in winter seasons.

Car Dealerships
The Cribbs Causeway area has become the home to many car dealerships in recent years these include: Aston Martin, Audi, BMW, Ford, Honda, Mercedes-Benz/Smart, Mini, Nissan, Peugeot, Porsche and Tesla. Rybrook Holdings opened a large showroom containing Bentley, Lamborghini, McLaren and Rolls-Royce vehicles in 2016. There was also a pop up Tesla Motors store on the upper floor of The Mall, occupied by BMW over the 2014-2015 Christmas break, and again until May when preparations began for a permanent location directly above the old store. A Jaguar Land Rover dealership has also opened, just across from Planet Ice Bristol.

Hotels
There is currently one hotel in the area. A Travelodge is located on Cribbs Causeway, behind the Miller and Carter Steakhouse. Soho House have planning permission for a 123-room hotel on the site of the former Cribbs Lodge Hotel. There had been a Premier Inn on Catbrain Lane. On 17 July 2019 it was destroyed by a fire which caused part of the building to collapse onto Cribbs Causeway. It took nearly 48 hours to extinguish the flames. On 26 May 2020, Premier Inn’s parent company, the Whitbread Group, announced that they had secured planning permission to re-build, reusing the old building’s footprint but with an additional storey for a below-ground car park. Construction work on the new building had started, and was completed in 2021. An investigation into the incident was unable to find its cause, due to extensive fire damage and the building’s subsequent demolition.

Transport
The Mall has over 7000 parking spaces spread over a car park that is divided into different sections, and which is free to use. There are also large car parks at the retail parks and supermarkets.

Bus station
The station is situated at The Mall and has 8 stands. The bus station (the terminal for many bus routes) which is served by a considerable amount of bus services operating in Bristol, South Gloucestershire and North Somerset. Buses run from the bus station around the Bristol area and as far afield as Chepstow, Gloucester and Newport. The WESTlink on-demand bus, is available to the public Monday-Saturday.

Railway station
The area is not served by a railway station. The nearest, Patchway, around 1.5 mi to the west. There are plans to re-open the nearby Henbury Loop Line to serve both the Cribbs Causeway area and the future development on the Filton Airfield site.

Progress of expansion
In October 2014, plans to expand the shopping centre were revealed to the public in a public exhibition, including a 120-bed hotel, a new bus station, a multi-storey car park, a pedestrian link bridge over Merlin Road and 150 apartments, with the proposed expansion to increase the shopping centre by more than a half. Construction work was expected to start in 2017 and anticipated to open by 2021. After deferring the Mall's £300 million expansion plan in February 2016, South Gloucestershire Council approved the plans in November 2016.

Sports facilities
Plans to build an ice rink, dry ski-slope, and indoor "ski-diving" facility were presented to the public in June 2015, with the Bristol Post reporting that the planning request was placed on 9 December 2015, with the intended site being next to the Vue cinema. On 7 April 2017 architects Atkins Walters & Webster reported that South Gloucestershire Council had approved the leisure development plans, which comprised "an ice rink, a sky-dive and ski centre, a hotel, a drive-thru coffee shop, retail, a restaurant and a car showroom", with the intention of including a "green corridor that enables future provision of the proposed pedestrian bridge to link to an expanded Mall Shopping Centre". Atkins Walters & Webster stated their "key aim is to create a permeable layout that links the Filton Airfield site to the wider Cribbs Causeway network".

In July 2019, the Bristol Post reported that plans for a dry-ski-slope facility had been "shelved", as the company due to deliver it, Skiplex, had gone into administration – and the developers were focusing on delivering the new ice rink.

The ice-rink opened on 25 October 2021, after some delay caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. It is the new home rink of the Bristol Pitbulls ice hockey team, who played their first game at the rink on 30 October.

Nearby attractions

 * Aerospace Bristol
 * The Wave, Bristol
 * Wild Place Project

Bristol shopping centres

 * Broadmead
 * Cabot Circus
 * The Galleries, Bristol

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cribbs Causeway


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CIÉ 501 Class

The CIE 501 Class locomotives were built in 1955 by Walker Brothers of Wigan for use on the narrow gauge lines on the West Clare section of the CIÉ. They were small diesel mechanical locomotives, with a 0-4-0+0-4-0 wheel arrangement. Controlled from a central cab, the locomotives had two Gardner engines of 224 hp, one under each end casing, driving through a fluid coupling and Wilson gear box the inner axle of the opposite bogie, through a spiral-bevel-reverse and reduction gear box. Unusually the locomotives were driven from a seat mounted sideways to the direction of travel giving a clear field of vision both ways by a mere turn of the head.

The locomotives were fitted with vacuum brakes, emergency braking coming from a "deadman's" pedal, one at the driving position and two others, one mounted on each side of the cab. When used on freight services their maximum speed was 40 km/h, but with an overdrive fitted, released by a key, this was raised to 51 km/h for passenger trains.

History
They were originally numbered C31-C33 in the West Clare steam locomotive series, but were subsequently renumbered into the diesel locomotive series as F501-F503. They were withdrawn in 1961 when the West Clare lines were closed and stored at Inchicore Works for seven years. The Isle of Man Railway made an offer for the locomotives which was rejected by CIÉ, who subsequently made less money by selling them for scrap in 1968.

Model
The Walker 501 Class has been made as a 00n3 scale 12mm gauge brass kit by Worsley Works Models

title: CIÉ 501 Class


text:
User talk:Gorgoth~enwiki

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Thue | talk 13:49, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Gorgoth. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Gorgoth~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:08, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 13:23, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gorgoth~enwiki


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Paul J. Perrone

http://www.pearsoned.co.uk/Bookshop/detail.asp?item=301805 "Paul J. Perrone is president of Assured technologies, Inc"

$ host assuredtech.com assuredtech.com has address 69.34.35.201

The first edit: (cur) (last) 03:14, 6 Aug 2004 69.34.35.201

This is a vanity page. Mr. Jones 13:52, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

On consideration, he does seem a significant person. Would someone else like to write a page about him? Mr. Jones 14:19, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Georges Leclanché

Georges Leclanché (9 October 1839 – 14 September 1882) was a French electrical engineer chiefly remembered for his invention of the Leclanché cell, one of the first modern electrical batteries and the forerunner of the modern dry cell battery.

Biography
Leclanché was born in 1839 in Parmain (Seine-et-Oise), France, the son of Léopold Leclanché and Eugenie of Villeneuve. Due to the political situation in France, and because his father was a former minister, his parents, also friends of the writer Victor Hugo, decided to take the way of exile in the United Kingdom. He was thus educated in England but completed his education at École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures (École Centrale Paris), one of the top engineering schools in France, graduating in 1860 to begin work as an engineer. He first worked for a French railways company where he was in charge of communication infrastructures related to the electrical transmission of time. His interest for the development of efficient electrical cells arose from the problems affecting the existing generation of cells used at this time in the railways. Because of the political situation in France, he emigrated in Brussels in Belgium where he built a small laboratory. It is there that he developed a first cell based on copper carbonate and then his electrical cell based on zinc reducing agent and manganese oxide oxidizing agent. His invention was rapidly adopted by the Belgian telegraph administration and the railways company of The Netherlands.

After the fall of Napoléon III, he came back in France in Paris where he became associated with Ernest Barbier to found the cells factory "Leclanché-Barbier". He was the main manufacturer of cells in France. Georges Leclanché died from a throat cancer on 14 September 1882 in Paris around the age of 43.

After his death, his brother Maurice took over the business and his son Max also continued to improve and to commercialise his invention.

Leclanché cell
In 1866 he invented the Leclanché cell, one of the first electrical batteries and the forerunner of the modern dry cell battery. It comprised a conducting solution (electrolyte) of ammonium chloride with a negative terminal of zinc (anode/oxidation) and a positive terminal of manganese dioxide (cathode/reduction).

Leclanché's "wet cell" (as it was popularly called) was the forerunner to the world's first widely used battery, the zinc–carbon battery.

In 1876, Leclanché jellifies the electrolyte of his cell by adding starch to the ammonium chloride, making his cell more portable.

Leclanché company
The Leclanché factory successfully developed until the beginning of the 20th century when it encountered the concurrence of many new producers such as the Wonder cells (founded in 1914). The enterprise changed several times of hands, was bought by the Fulmen battery company and finally by the CGE group.

The name Leclanché is presently used by a company based in Yverdon in Switzerland and founded in 1909. In 2006, this company acquired the German society Bullith which became the "Leclanché Lithium GmbH", based today in Willstätt (Baden-Württemberg in Germany).

Trivia

 * Rue Georges Leclanché, a street in Paris, is named after him

title: Georges Leclanché


text: Category:Florida Southern Railway precursors


text:
Kim Jaewon

Kim Jaewon (born 18 February 1981) is a South Korean actor. He is best known for the television dramas Romance (2002), Listen to My Heart (2011), May Queen (2012), and The Scandal (2013).

Career
Kim Jaewon made his acting debut in 2001 in the sitcom Honey Honey. He rose to stardom a year later when he played a high school senior who falls for his teacher (played by Kim Ha-neul) in 2002 hit drama Romance. Rival (with So Yoo-jin) and My Love Patzzi (with Jang Na-ra and Kim Rae-won) further raised his profile.

He reunited with Rival costar Kim Min-jung in Land of Wine (2003), where they played a young couple trying to revive traditional liquor amidst a family feud. Then in 2004, he starred opposite Sun Feifei in Beijing My Love, a South Korean-Chinese co-production which was shot 80% in China. He also appeared in the romantic comedy film 100 Days with Mr. Arrogant, followed by a supporting role in My 19 Year Old Sister-in-Law.

In Wonderful Life (2005), Kim's character deals with the consequences of a one-night stand in Singapore that leads to young marriage (to Eugene) and fatherhood. After playing a third-rate gangster who inherits a kindergarten and falls for a teacher (played by Han Ji-min) in Great Inheritance (2006), Kim was cast in his first period drama role as a nobleman romantically involved with a gisaeng in Hwang Jini (previous Mr. Arrogant costar Ha Ji-won played the title role). With his Korean Wave appeal, Kim then filmed the Chinese television drama First Love, which aired on CCTV in 2008.

Kim enlisted on March 23, 2009 to fulfill his mandatory military service, and was assigned to the Defense Media Agency. He was discharged on January 24, 2011.

As his acting comeback, Kim joined the cast of Listen to My Heart, for which he received praise for his portrayal of a deaf man. He and costar Hwang Jung-eum were later given recognition at the year-end MBC Drama Awards.

In fall 2011, Kim signed on to star in Me Too, Flower! opposite Lee Ji-ah. But on the first day of filming on October 4, he was injured when the moped he was riding malfunctioned and accidentally accelerated. After being diagnosed with a dislocated shoulder, bone fracture and torn ligaments and cartilage, he withdrew from the drama and was replaced by Yoon Shi-yoon. Kim cancelled all entertainment activities for ten months and underwent rehabilitation under Dr. Na Young-mu (well known as the doctor of figure skater Yuna Kim), eventually making a full recovery.

In 2012, Kim returned to the small screen opposite Han Ji-hye in May Queen, which depicts the success stories of people in the shipbuilding industry. He later won the Top Excellence Award in a Serial Drama at the MBC Drama Awards (he also hosted the ceremony). Kim was also the MC of Get It Beauty HOMME, a "beauty guide for men" on cable channel OnStyle.

Though he initially became popular due to his fair skin and beaming smile (which earned the actor the somewhat feminine nickname of "smiling angel" among fans), in recent years Kim has cultivated an image as a tough guy. This physicality was showcased in his next drama, The Scandal (2013), where he played a detective who discovers that the man he considers his father had kidnapped him as a child from his biological family.

In 2014, Kim joined Four Sons and One Daughter, a reality show with four male celebrities and one female guest star who form a family while living with fake parents in the countryside. He also began hosting the current affairs program The Real Story Eye, which reconstructs cases to uncover the facts beneath rumors and speculation. Later that year, he signed with a new talent agency, Will Entertainment.

Kim returned to period dramas in 2015 with Splendid Politics, playing a villainous King Injo.

In "God's Quiz: Reboot", he played the role of a lunatic Hyeon Sang-pil, continuing a diverse and wide acting transformation.

In 2020, he established a one-man entertainment agency with his manager, who he has been working with for 20 years. The company is based on trust and people.

Personal life
Kim married Park Seo-yeon (who was three months pregnant at the time) on June 28, 2013 at Raum Wedding Hall in Yeoksam-dong, Seoul. The couple were childhood friends who began dating in October 2012. Park is the daughter of the head of an advertising agency, and she works in management at a modeling agency. Their son Yi-jun, nicknamed "Heaven," was born in December 2013. Yi-jun appeared on camera for the first time when his father made a guest appearance on Stars' Top Recipe at Fun-Staurant.

title: Kim Jaewon


text:
User talk:Solebanana

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! BTW, you can sign your name using three tildes, like this:. Four tildes ( ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Here are some things you can do to get started:
 * How to edit a page
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you'd like to get even more involved in Wikipedia, such as voting on featured articles or collaboration of the week and much more, you can always visit the community portal. Again, welcome! Johnleemk | Talk 13:56, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Solebanana


text:
A Night in Casablanca

A Night in Casablanca is a 1946 American comedy film directed by Archie Mayo and starring the Marx Brothers (Groucho, Harpo, and Chico). The screenplay was written by Joseph Fields and Roland Kibbee. It was an independent production released by United Artists. The cast also features actress and singer Lisette Verea. The villain is portrayed by Sig Ruman, who had roles in the earlier Marx Brothers films A Night at the Opera (1935) and A Day at the Races (1937).

Plot
Set in Casablanca shortly after World War II, escaped Nazi war criminal Heinrich Stubel has steadily murdered three managers of the Hotel Casablanca. Disguised as a Count Pfefferman, Stubel's goal is to reclaim the stolen art treasures that he has hidden in the hotel. However, the only way he can do this undetected is by murdering the hotel's managers and running the hotel himself.

The newest manager of Hotel Casablanca is former motel proprietor Ronald Kornblow, who is very much unaware that he has been hired because no one else will dare take the position. Inept Kornblow takes charge of the hotel, and eventually crosses paths with Corbaccio, owner of the Yellow Camel company, who appoints himself as Kornblow's bodyguard, aided and abetted by Stubel's valet Rusty. In his many efforts to murder Kornblow, Stubel sends beautiful Beatrice Reiner to romance the clueless manager.

Before Stubel can make his escape to the airfield with the loot, Kornblow, Corbaccio, Rusty and Beatrice invade his hotel room and sneak from suitcase to closet and back again to unpack his bags, which serves to drive him thoroughly mad. Arrested on false charges, Kornblow, Corbaccio and Rusty eventually crash Stubel's plane into a police station where the brothers expose Stubel as an escaped Nazi.

Cast

 * Groucho Marx as Ronald Kornblow
 * Harpo Marx as Rusty
 * Chico Marx as Corbaccio
 * Charles Drake as Lieutenant Pierre Delmar
 * Lois Collier as Annette Bernard
 * Sig Ruman as Count Max Pfefferman alias Heinrich Stubel
 * Lisette Verea as Beatrice Reiner
 * Lewis L. Russell as Governor Gandaloux
 * Dan Seymour as Prefect of Police Captain Brizzard
 * Frederick Giermann as Kurt
 * Harro Mellor as Emile
 * David Hoffman as Spy
 * Paul Harvey as Mr. Smythe

Legal stunt
A popular story (spread in part by Groucho himself) surrounding the movie is that the Marx Brothers were threatened with a lawsuit by Warner Bros. for the use of the word "Casablanca" in the film's title due to it being an infringement on the company's rights to the 1942 film Casablanca. Groucho responded with a letter asserting that he and his siblings had use of the word "brothers" prior to the establishment of Warner Brothers (and many others had before that), and often the story is told that Groucho threatened a counter-suit based on this assertion. He also mentioned that he would consider further legal action by pointing out to Warners that the title of their current hit film Night and Day infringed on the titles of two Marx Brothers films released by MGM: A Night at the Opera and A Day at the Races.

The true story is that the original storyline for the film was intended to be a direct parody of Casablanca, with the characters having similar-sounding names to the characters and actors in the 1942 film. Groucho Marx said that an early draft named his character "Humphrey Bogus", a reference to the leading actor in Casablanca, Humphrey Bogart. Warner Bros. did not litigate, nor threaten to litigate. However, the studio issued a formal inquiry to the Marx Brothers concerning the plot and script of the film.

The Marx Brothers exploited the situation for publicity, making it appear to the public that a frivolous lawsuit was in the works, and Groucho sent several open letters to Warner Bros. to get newspaper coverage. These letters were among those he donated to the Library of Congress, and he reprinted them in his 1967 book The Groucho Letters. There is no evidence that Warner Bros. ever responded to any of Groucho’s letters.

Ultimately, the matter ended without legal action, and the storyline of the film was changed to be a send-up of the genre rather than Casablanca specifically.

title: A Night in Casablanca


text:
Hyundai Atos

The Hyundai Atos(현대 아토스) is a city car that was produced by the South Korean manufacturer Hyundai from 1997 until 2014. It was also marketed under the Atoz, Amica and Santro model names. From 1999, the Atos with a different rear fascia and restyled rear side doors is marketed as the Atos Prime and in South Korea and Indonesia as the Kia Visto. It has been available only with a five-door hatchback body style.

It was replaced in most markets by the i10 in 2007, but production continued in India until late 2014. The Santro nameplate, used in India, was revived in October 2018.

Debut of original Atos
The development project for a Hyundai minicar started in October 1995 after the main Korean competitor Daewoo had already put in place the production of a compact car, exposing numerous concepts in various international car showrooms that would have foreshadowed the production model (which would become the Matiz designed together with Italdesign Giugiaro). Hyundai produced a concept of a city car which was extremely compact and economical to sell not only in South Korea but also in Europe (market with high sales in the city segment seen the successes of cars such as Fiat Panda, Cinquecento, Renault Twingo and Peugeot 106) and in India. In just 23 months, with a total investment of 155 million dollars, the car passed from the blank sheet to production. In September 1997, Hyundai released it as the Atos, less than 3.50 meters long, characterized by a soft design but a very spacious interior thanks to the shape of the mini-van body, five doors and five seats. At the debut the engine was a four-cylinder petrol 800 cc Epsilon that was approved according to the new restrictive emission standards entered into force in South Korea. For export markets, the Atos adopted a larger 1.0-litre four-cylinder Epsilon engine.

Production in the Ulsan plant (South Korea) started in September 1997. The European version was presented at the International Motor Show Germany in Frankfurt the same month and sales began in March 1998.

Hyundai for the Atos created a specific base platform, very simple in the mechanical and economic setting to produce because the car had to be sold in emerging markets and therefore have a low price list: the front wheel drive scheme was adopted, with MacPherson front suspension, and a torsion-beam suspension at the rear, front disc brakes and rear drum brakes. The design of the Atos is characterized by a front with circular headlights and bumpers in raw plastic, the rear lights are in an upright position near the rear window, and the tailgate is very large to facilitate access to the luggage compartment.

The Atos was one of the first compact city cars (A-segment) to be sold in Europe with the five-door body. The trunk has a volume of 263 liters that rise to 1064 by breaking down the back sofa. The dashboard had a simple design, with a large shelf in the dashboard in front of the passenger side and two central vents with the levator climate controls. Safety devices (driver and front passenger airbags and ABS) were paid or standard only on top models.

Introduction of Atos Prime (1999–2003)
In India, the Atos Prime was adapted to local tastes and launched under the name Hyundai Santro, with production starting in October 1998. The bodywork was completely redesigned by lowering the roof by 4.5 centimeters and redesigning the tail with new lights, tailgate and bumpers (which were available in body color). The nose remained similar to that of the previous Atos, but the grille was changed and made available with chrome plating. The interior remained the same. At that time, Hyundai had acquired a majority share in fellow Korean manufacturer Kia and implemented a revitalization program that included sharing engines and platforms. The car was presented at the Busan Motor Show on 17 May 1999 as the Kia Visto, to be sold in Europe through the Kia sales network, alongside the old Atos that would remain in production and be sold by Hyundai dealerships. However, European Hyundai dealers opposed the decision to distribute the Visto as the car would have caused competition for the Atos; Hyundai thus renamed the car Atos Prime at the end of 1999, and positioned it as a more highly equipped model to complement the Atos, which remained in production, updated with new lights, bumpers and interior materials. In South Korea and Indonesia, the Atos Prime was sold as the Kia Visto as originally planned, while the Atos remained in production, sold by Hyundai dealers.

Compared to the original Atos, the Prime had a less spacious interior but better aerodynamics due to the lower roof. The trunk was smaller, with capacity reduced to 219 litres up to a maximum of 889 liters with the rear seats reclined. The 1.0 litre petrol engine remained.

In December 1999, the Atos Prime was introduced in Europe, while in the same month the Atos underwent a slight facelift.

In September 2001, there was a further facelift to both the Atos and Atos Prime, with new headlights and bumper, and new tail lights for the Atos Prime. New interior upholstery also featured.

Second facelift (2003–2014)
Introduced in September 2003, the new version had an entirely new nose and tail, with new headlights, bonnet and bumper, in a more angular style. A new hatch and tail lights completed the rear. Only the doors, side panels and interior of the old Atos Prime were retained. It is also known as Santro Xing in India.

A new engine replaced the old Epsilon four-cylinder 1.0 (and the 0.8 Epsilon sold only in Asia). The new Epsilon 1.1 four-cylinder 12-valve engine delivered 59 hp, 5 more than the previous 1.0. The gearbox remained the five-speed manual, with a four-speed automatic option.

In 2005, there was a slight facelift that introduced a new fascia and wheel designs. In addition, the engine in Europe was updated to the Euro 4 standard and the power rose to 63 horsepower.

Other names
The Atos Prime is marketed as the:
 * Hyundai Amica in the United Kingdom
 * Hyundai Santro Xing in India
 * Atos by Dodge in Mexico
 * Kia Visto in Indonesia and South Korea (Hyundai also sold the original Atoz in Indonesia).
 * Inokom Atos in Malaysia
 * Hyundai Santro in India and Pakistan

The original Atos was sold under the Hyundai brand but rebadged as the Atoz (or "AtoZ") in some markets, including the United Kingdom. The Hyundai Santro is a rebadged version of the city car Hyundai Atos sold in some Asian markets.

The Kia Visto is a rebadged Hyundai Atos Prime.

India
Hyundai entered the Indian market in 1997 with the Atos, marketed under the name Santro. Hyundai derived the name Santro for the Indian market from Saint-Tropez, a French city famous for fashion, because the company wanted to project it as a ‘fashionable’ car. Produced at Hyundai's factory in Chennai, its primary competitor at that time was the popular Maruti Suzuki Zen. The distinctive styling of the first generation had mixed reviews, but the car was a success primarily due to its power steering feature and price.

In the years since, the Indian version has undergone a number of upgrades in styling and technology to respond to consumer preferences. In 2003, the first generation (Zip) was replaced with the second generation Atos Prime, marketed in India as the Santro Xing, which enjoyed great sales success. The car was also exported from India in large volumes to the Asia and Oceania region.

In its final few years, Santro had become a popular option as a hatchback taxi, and the car was still selling close to 30,000 units per year when Hyundai made the decision to discontinue production.

The Hyundai Santro was first released in India in 1998.It came with three variants:
 * Variants in India
 * Santro base, with AC and black bumpers, priced at 2,99,000 INR ex-showroom
 * Santro DX 1, added with front power windows, central locking, high quality fabric upholstery a fabric inserts on door trims, body colored bumpers, rear wiper/washer/defogger, front fog lamps, waistline moulding and full wheel covers, priced at 3,49,000 INR.
 * Santro DX 2, added with power steering and first in class rear seat belts, priced at 3,69,000 INR. These were often criticised for their appearance.
 * In 2000, a new version called Santro Zip Drive was introduced. Changes included were things such as every variant got a power steering and a new grille.
 * In 2002, a refreshed version called Santro Zip Plus was introduced. Changes included Clear Lens headlamps and taillamps and a better engine and performance.
 * In 2003, the car underwent a complete facelift and was introduced as the Santro Xing. Pictures are given below alongside technical data.

Pakistan
The Santro was launched in Pakistan in 2000. It was discontinued in 2013.

Indonesia
In Indonesia, the Hyundai Atoz and Kia Visto was launched in 2000 with the 1.0-litre G4HC engine and initially sold as a complete built-up unit from South Korea (Atoz) and India (Visto). In 2001, Hyundai began production of the Atoz as a complete knock-down unit, which were assembled by Hyundai Mobil Indonesia in Bekasi, West Java, while the Visto continued to be imported from India. The Atoz and Visto received an update in 2002 with crystal multireflector headlamps and tail lamps. The Atoz received a redesigned front mesh grille. In 2004, the Visto was replaced by the Picanto. In June 2005, the Atoz received a facelift with the new Atos Prime front while maintaining the original Atos rear, and the engine was replaced with the 1.1-litre G4HG engine with multi-point fuel injection (the same engine as the Picanto). The Atoz was discontinued in 2008 and replaced by the i10 in March 2009.

The Atoz was available in two trim levels: the base GLX and higher-level GLS, while the Visto was available in Que trim, and later replaced with the zipDrive trim in 2002.

Malaysia
In Malaysia, the Hyundai Atos is locally assembled by Inokom carrying the badge Inokom Atos. The Inokom Atos Prima was later introduced in 2006 which has the new Atos Prime front while maintaining the original Atos rear.

Specifications
Figures as listed for the 2000-2003, 5 door, 1.0i model with GSi trim as sold in the UK (as the Amica), with standard options.

 * Technical data
 * Fuel Delivery: Multi-Point Injection
 * Transmission: 5-speed manual
 * Engine size & layout: 996 cc, I4, 12 valves
 * Peak Power: 40 kW
 * Peak Torque: 82 Nm
 * 0 - 60 mph: 14.6 s
 * Top Speed: 160 km/h
 * Fuel economy: 6.4 L/100 km
 * Emissions: 151 gCO2/km, other emissions below Euro III standard.

Atos EV
Hyundai unveiled at the 1997 Frankfurt Motor Show an electric vehicle based on the Atos, the Atos EV. The Atos EV weights 2585 lb, including the battery pack, which holds 24 nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH) batteries. An on-board 6.6 kW conductive charger can fully recharge the Ni-MH batteries in seven hours. The Atos EV can travel more than 120 mi in stop and go city driving and can reach a top speed of 80 mph.

Awards

 * Best compact car in Initial Quality 2004, Malaysia Initial Quality Study, awarded best car of the year 2006.

title: Hyundai Atos


text:
Talk:Automated theorem proving

inductive theorem proving?
there's a large (and important) class of techniques and provers that are barely even mentioned in this article, namely inductive theorem provers. i've searched, but cannot find an article on inductive theorem proving and the techniques in use in that field. should this article be expanded beyond first order theorem proving and model checking? 137.195.27.231 16:01, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

merge?
Should this article be merged with Computer-assisted proof? S Sepp 14:33, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

No: computer-assisted proofs also include interactive theorem provers which are, by def., not automated. Vincent Aravantinos (talk) 18:33, 20 October 2011 (UTC)

important people list
I don't think it's a good idea to have this 'important people' list included. Such a list is almost always biased. E.g. in this list, there are not even all winners of the Herbrand award, the most prestigious award in the field, included.

I propose to delete this list.

Ulrich Furbach

 * I disagree. If you think it's biased, you can add other names who take an opposing viewpoint. Michael Hardy 20:19, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I tend to agree with Uli. It's not that the list is biased, it's more that automated theorem proving is a large, diverse field, and hence the list is always bound to be incomplete. I could easily expand the size of the list by two, but very few of the people would be known outside the field. Moreover, currently, only one of the important persons has a Wikipedia entry of his own - this seems to indicate that there is not that much interest in the list or the people. Finally, many people are hard to classify - is e.g. Donald Knuth important in theorem proving? --Stephan Schulz 22:30, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * If one is going to have it, at least an effort should be made to make it have the main players.  I've added Geoff Sutcliffe, given TPTP is mentioned...  Nahaj 02:16:07, 2005-08-31 (UTC)

 * Couldn't the same arguments be made about the list of theorem provers that is being made about the list of people? Nahaj 02:16:07, 2005-08-31 (UTC)

 * The section "Availiable Theorem provers" has a lot of dead links. I would expect that if they are actually availiable, there should be a place from which they are availiable.  My personal opinion is that the section should either be renamed "Known theorem provers" (second choice), or (my first choice) we should link to where they are availiable.  Nahaj 11:22:10, 2005-09-09 (UTC)

 * I personally think that now that many of the entries point to the people doing current research, that the list is starting to be as useful as the list of current systems. (and thanks, Stephan, for useful additions.) Nahaj 02:23:05, 2005-09-04 (UTC)

 * I still the the demarkation problem, but as long as we have the list, it should at least be useful...--Stephan Schulz 09:04, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Since we are at the point where most folk are there with some sort of claim to fame, and meaningfull links, maybe it is time to remove the people that have neither? I don't know where the demarkation should be either... but "important people" without any listed accomplishments, and no pointer to anything meantingfull seems the place to cut to me.   They can always be added again if someone wants to say why they are important, or wants to provide pointers to something that does. Nahaj 21:14:11, 2005-09-05 (UTC)

 * I don't have time to check all, but there are several on the list who have made important contributions. I've added info to some, and will do some more soon. --Stephan Schulz 01:07, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

 * It would be nice also, in my opinion, to make link to actual citations for some folk. If a claim to fame is they won a prize, then a link to a list of the prize winners would be appropriate.  If they are authors, a link to some place that lists their publications (such as their home pages) seems also appropriate. (Just my rambling)  Nahaj 02:42:04, 2005-09-08 (UTC)

If one is going to have an important people list, at least an effort should be made to make it reasonable. Nahaj 02:16:07, 2005-08-31 (UTC)

 * I've added Geoff Sutcliffe, given that his baby, TPTP, is mentioned and important in my opinion. Nahaj 02:16:07, 2005-08-31 (UTC)

 * Fleshed in some reasons for some the "important people" that I recognised... some of the rest I've never heard of at all, or don't know enough about to comment on. Since many of ones that I did recognise were at places recognised as having Automated Reasoning connections, so I pointed the names at their personal web pages there, instead of to non-existant or stubbed wikipedia pages. That way people can check their accomplishments directly themselves.  My apologies in advance to some that have accomplishments as long as my arm that I tried to summarize in one sentence.  Nahaj 02:25:52, 2005-09-02 (UTC)

 * The Alan Robinson entry currently points to a wikipedia page for some other person named Alan Robinson I left it since I don't have a correct place to point it. Nahaj 02:33:13, 2005-09-02 (UTC)
 * Looks like someone "fixed" it... Note that The inventor of Resolution is properly John Alan Robinson, (publishing as J. Alan Robinson), not plain Alan Robinson as the link says. This can be checked by actually looking at the "author" line of the pager, or looking at almost any of the online citation services.  He is emeritus at Syracuse.  [Yes the original affiliation was wrong, he is not at Manchester, that is a different Alan Robinson (the mathematician)  Nahaj 21:09:38, 2005-09-02 (UTC)

 * "Someone" is me. My priority was the get the wrong link out. Alan publishes both as J. Alan Robinson and as Alan Robinson (see e.g. the Handbook of Automated Reasoning). Since an article on him does not yet exist, we are free to create either one. But by what name is he best known? I have no strong feeling either way....--Stephan Schulz 22:00, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure why the wrong link was a priority... it has been wrong for a long time.  I think that my priority would personally be filling in why some of the alleged important people are considered so. Nahaj 01:25:38, 2005-09-03 (UTC)

 * His name is John Alan Robinson, although you are right that he publishes both J. Alan Robinson and as Alan Robinson (Notice the historic trend...). I would have thought it best to have his page use his actual name, and mention others he publishes under.  (And I think that the full name is a better disambiguator than what's there now, since I believe that there is more than one computer scientist named Alan Robinson.) Nahaj 01:25:38, 2005-09-03 (UTC)

 * I might also argue the point of whether "inventor of resolution" is historically proper. Resolution is implicit in Carew Meredith's Condensed Detachment work in the early 1950's.  (Under appreciated then, but valuable now.) Nahaj 01:25:38, 2005-09-03 (UTC)

 * Added Brandon Fitelson, linked to his home page. I consider his work on shortest axiom bases important both as significant automated logic work, and for the effect it has had on convincing new folk that there is still fun to be had in logic.  I still have to wonder about who some of the remaining uncredited alleged "important people" are on that page. Nahaj 15:28:01, 2005-09-03 (UTC)

 * (Bill McCune -> William McCune) Making it the same way his home page has it. Nahaj 21:14:11, 2005-09-05 (UTC)

Better to have a history of automated theorem proving list. The "important people" will stand out without having to explicitly say they are important. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.173.19.247 (talk) 10:48, 14 February 2011 (UTC)

I also think this list of important/notable people is not very appropriate. It doesn't fit the general style of Wikipedia (I cannot remember any other Wikipedia page where there is such a long list of people). It makes the article ugly (the list of people is almost as long as the sum of all other textual subsections in the beginning of the article). Finally, it also gives a bad impression of the Automated Deduction community (a visitor has the feeling that this community is more interested in promoting themselves and their colleagues by making a list of notable people, than in improving the quality of the article itself). A user who searches for ``automated deduction'' in an encyclopedia is mostly interested in a definition of automated deduction and in an overview of the existing techniques, not in seeing a long list of names that he has never seen before. It would suggest removing this list and creating a new textual section (or eventually a new separate article) called ``History of Automated Deduction''. My knowledge of history of the field is not good enough (yet). Does any of you know someone with historical knowledge and willing to write this section? --Ceilican (talk) 07:05, 27 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Suggestion: instead of a list of people, how about an article entitled Timeline of automated theorem proving, (something like Timeline of artificial intelligence). If these people are sufficiently notable, then they'll appear in the timeline. pgr94 (talk) 10:40, 27 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Yes. The timeline is a good alternative to the "history of automated deduction" that I had suggested. Again we need someone with historical knowledge of the field. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ceilican (talk • contribs) 17:10, 30 June 2011 (UTC)

12 September 2005 edits by 83.250.196.61
Hi,

I'm not particularly happy with all of the recent edits. In particular, no serious ATP system enumerates all possible proof trees - all implement a refutation-complete calculus with redundancy criteria, and use a fair derivation strategy.

I also think that we are now moving to many details into the introduction.

Any comments?

--Stephan Schulz 16:58, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I generally agree.  As I read it, it miss-characterizes how Theorem Provers work (enumeration of proof trees), and uses this as a premise to make an argument (people will need to help them out) that seems unreated to anything there.        And I totally agree with your second paragraph. Nahaj 00:24:42, 2005-09-13 (UTC)
 * Ok, I'll take most of this out. If anywhere, it should go into First-order logic, not here. --Stephan Schulz 20:40, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

Question...
I dont know if this is the right place to ask, but i quite dont understand something: if the problem is recursively enumerable you can not always halt for sentences in the language. Then, how is it decidible? BTW, i belive this article also should be merged with automated reasoning. --VyNiL 11:45, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * No, if it is recursively enumerable there is an algorithm that always holds for sentences in the language (i.e. in this case valid theorems, not all formulae!). It cannot hold on all sentences (and in first-order theorem proving we cannot guarantee termination for non-theorems).
 * With regard to the merge: Automated reasoning is a superfield of automated theorem proving, but both are easily large enough for individual articles. --Stephan Schulz 16:12, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

vampire / vampyre
I don't know what the policy on spelling proper names is, but the theorem prover listed as "Vampire" is spelt "Vampyre" by the project itself (see http://www.cs.ucla.edu/~rupak/Vampyre/). Perhaps a spell-change is in order? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.130.8.62 (talk • contribs)

 * this seems to me to be a different theorem prover albeit with a similar name.
 * there doesn't seem to be any doubt that the correct spelling is "vampire" if you do a google search on "vampire theorem prover manchester"
 * 81.77.83.84 19:18, 29 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, that's a different system. --Stephan Schulz 19:51, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

Schmidhuber missing
Hi,

I'm missing some seemingly relevant references to Schmidhuber's universal self-referential Gödel-machines. They are `machines' (not `incarnated' as in the Turing Machine) that can rewrite themselves based on expected progress of a proof. I'm not an expert of this research in particular, but I think it is certainly relevant and a candidate for inclusion on this page.

A pointer for Schmidhubers work can be found here: http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/goedelmachine.html

Regards, Erik de Bruijn —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.147.200.8 (talk) 17:51, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

Wen-Tsun Wu affiliation?
Could someone that speaks Chinese possibly check the link to his home page to determine his institutional affiliation? (None is listed) Nahaj (talk) 14:50, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

From the webpages of Wu Wenjun (Wu Wentsun) or some webpage concerned with him (such as the webpage of his affiliation),

http://sourcedb.amss.cas.cn/zw/zjrck/200907/t20090713_2065285.html http://www.mmrc.iss.ac.cn/~wtwu/ http://www.mmrc.iss.ac.cn/~wtwu/main.html http://www.cas.cn/ky/kjjl/gjzgkxjsj/2000n/wwj/ http://english.amss.cas.cn/pe/

his affiliation is:

Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science (AMSS) in the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS).

Liwenwei1980 (talk) 16:57, 19 January 2016 (UTC)

Gödel's arithmetic system?
In the section on "decidability" there is a reference to the "first-order theory of the natural numbers" used in Gödel's incompleteness theorem. I couldn't find a reference for this theory in itself. Is it just Peano arithmetic? If you know, please fix the link. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ezrakilty (talk • contribs) 13:36, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

algebraic methods?
The article should have a section on results from algebraic geometry on theorem proving, e.g. Characteristic set and Wu's method. A good introductory reference is Cox, Little and O'Shea's Ideals, Varieties and Algorithms. Akriasas (talk) 12:32, 21 December 2008 (UTC)

deontic theorem proving?
I fail to see why deontic theorem proving is given a special section. Any modal logic "extends the first-order predicate calculus". Other than to showcase this one specific author, what does this section add to the page? (And if it is necessary, why wouldn't the same logic apply to any of categories of logics?) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 155.101.224.65 (talk) 20:38, 20 May 2009 (UTC)

I agree and removed the section. Any non-standard logic should be added otherwise. Vincent Aravantinos (talk) 18:30, 20 October 2011 (UTC)

Interactive theorem provers
I recently removed several interactive theorem provers (diff) from the list, but someone added them back. In my opinion, those don't belong there, because If there are no objections within the next couple of days, I will re-remove them. – Adrian Willenbücher (talk) 05:26, 6 September 2010 (UTC)
 * they are interactive, not completely automated, so they don't belong here.
 * ITPs should listed in their own article.

"Decidability of the problem" section is confused
The section confuses decidability and complexity issues, and needs to be rewritten.

The following changes should be made:

The section needs to define properly "decidability" - that is, giving a true/false (yes/no) answer to any question, and related concept of "semi-decidability" - that true (viz. false) can be answered, but not necessarily that false (viz. true) can be answered in all cases. Refer to Gödel incompleteness and the halting problem.

Note that the incompleteness theorem and halting problem show the non-existence of "universal" functions that can decide on all functions at all inputs. That does not imply the non-existence of functions which can decide about some functions and some inputs. In practice, one can decide many problems precisely by limiting the scope of functions or inputs.

Complexity classes are not related to decidability, so belong in a separate section. (Whether or not a problem is decidable is unrelated to how hard a problem is.) It's better to give a brief discussion about the difficulty (measured in time and space, i.e. memory usage) of solving problems and refer to a separate page about complexity classes. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.173.19.247 (talk) 10:45, 14 February 2011 (UTC)

Wrong authors for Jape?
I think the authors of Jape are Bornat and Sufrin, not Neto. See the links. Rmkeller (talk) 00:12, 28 February 2011 (UTC)

Gonthier
G. Gonthier might be added to the notable people. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.97.194.200 (talk) 15:19, 10 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Benjamin Werner might also be added. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.97.194.200 (talk) 15:21, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

History of the field
This article really needs a section on the history and development of the field. I came here looking for information on how it got started - and there's nothing on that. Noel (talk) 23:14, 1 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Good point. I have some overview knowledge, but mostly only primary sources. However, I have a (unread so far) copy of ). I'll see if I can cobble something together. --Stephan Schulz (talk) 00:36, 2 September 2012 (UTC)
 * There also is . --Stephan Schulz (talk) 21:00, 2 September 2012 (UTC)
 * And another interesting source: . --Stephan Schulz (talk) 23:47, 26 September 2012 (UTC)
 * And another: --Stephan Schulz (talk) 12:44, 4 May 2013 (UTC)

Vote We Should Remove Notable people section or put it off on a separate list page
I've been working on various AI articles: inference engine, expert systems, etc. and needed to link to this page. BTW, this article is in great shape compared to what some of the AI articles were like. But I want to cast a strong vote to get rid of the "notable people" section. There is no such section on other articles that I've edited. We don't have a list of the notable inference engine or expert system people. If they are notable they are talked about and/or referenced in the article itself and if not then they aren't that notable. These lists are IMO just vanity or buddy lists where everyone adds themselves or their favorite researchers. Especially when they have lots of red links, I think the red links should just go immediately without further discussion but I'm not going to do it as I'm editing other articles now but just wanted to voice my opinion. RedDog (talk) 14:29, 6 December 2013 (UTC)

Link to "DPLL" should be updated to link to "SAT"
"DPLL" is only a special algorithms for the propositional satisfiability problem (SAT), and a more appropriate link, under "Popular techniques", should be to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_satisfiability_problem Oliver Kullmann (talk) 17:11, 5 June 2016 (UTC)

Add link to page with long proofs
Under "See also" it seems sensible to add a link to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_long_mathematical_proofs since this contains proofs found by ATP (especially SAT solving). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Oliver Kullmann (talk • contribs) 17:13, 5 June 2016 (UTC)

Notable People Section: Do We Need it?
I noticed that someone has added yet another person to this section that I've never heard of. I've edited several pages like this (e.g., Expert system Artificial intelligence Knowledge-based system Knowledge-based software assistant and none of them have a section like this. If someone is truly notable their name will come up and can be linked to somewhere in the actual body of the article. Just having a laundry list like this seems to be of no value to me and seems like it's primarily about people adding their names or names of their friends or people they really like for some reason. I don't see any objective criteria used to determine who gets put in that section and who doesn't. E.g., someone like David Luckham is very well known but most of the other names are not. I think we should just get rid of this section all together or if not we should at least have some criteria so that people aren't just adding vanity references to little known researchers. --MadScientistX11 (talk) 17:03, 10 September 2019 (UTC)

 * I agree. Would delete the section. And, if necessary, incorporate the works of the scientists. --ZaaraTE (talk) 17:20, 10 September 2019 (UTC)

 * I also agree. Saung Tadashi (talk) 21:17, 10 September 2019 (UTC)

Do we need a section on AI-written proofs?
Recently, OpenAI and Meta have created AI models that automatically write proofs, using the Lean proof assistant/language. I think this could at least be mentioned in Applications, after the sentence on automated theorem provers being integrated with proof assistants.

https://openai.com/research/formal-math

https://ai.meta.com/blog/ai-math-theorem-proving/ RedrickSchu (talk) 19:27, 14 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Automated theorem proving


text:
Maytag (disambiguation)

Maytag was an American home and commercial appliance company.

Maytag may also refer to:

 * Maytag (surname)
 * Maytag Dairy Farms
 * A term used in whitewater kayaking to refer to a person being stuck in a hole for an extended period of time

title: Maytag (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:Hozerdem

Hi and welcome to Wikipedia. Please note that external links of a commercial nature are considered inappropriate. I have removed your contribution to golf for that reason. You are of course more than welcome to contribute your knowledge, see the welcome page and links therefrom for further information, and please don't hesitate to ask when in doubt. Good luck! Kosebamse 14:04, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hozerdem


text:
Lok Raj Party Himachal Pradesh

Lok Raj Party Himachal Pradesh (People's Rule Party Himachal Pradesh) was a political party in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh in the beginning of the 1970s. LRP was founded in 1967 by Thakur Sen Negi and Jai Bihari Lal Khachi.

LRP contested the 1971 Lok Sabha elections and the 1972 state assembly elections.

In the 1972 state assembly elections LRP had put up candidates in 16 out of 68 constituencies. Two were elected. In total the party received 44067 votes (5,02% of the votes in the state).

The Party was dissolved before the 1977 general elections.

title: Lok Raj Party Himachal Pradesh


text:
Warheads (comics)

Warheads was a Marvel UK comic book series which ran for 14 issues in the early 1990s (January 1992–May 1993) and was followed by the two-issue mini-series Warheads: Black Dawn. The stories contained in the comic were also serialised in the UK comics anthology Overkill. The Warheads were mercenaries employed by the nefarious and Faustian Mys-Tech organisation to capture advanced technology or mystical artifacts from alien worlds, time periods, or other dimensions.

The book had guest appearances, such as the X-Men, Silver Surfer, Mephisto, X-Force, and agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. It features many backup 'flashback' stories.

Publication history
Paul Neary was instrumental in creating the whole Mys-Tech concept for Marvel UK, including the original Warheads outline. The characters in Warheads were first visualised by artist Gary Erskine with the first scripts for the strips provided by Nick Vince, followed by John Freeman and Craig Houston, who is now a computer game scriptwriter whose credits include Call of Duty 3.

Unlike most of the other Marvel UK titles tied into the Mys-Tech concept, the Warheads were not enemies of Mys-Tech—instead, they were portrayed as expendable soldiers employed by a callous corporation. They did, eventually, turn against Mys-Tech, having had enough.

Other Warheads artists included Simon Coleby, Dave Taylor, Stuart Jennett, and Charlie Adlard. Mark Harrison painted an unpublished spin-off, called Loose Cannons, available online, about the all-female Virago Troop (Holly, Elan, Nix (who is killed and replaced with the genetically enhanced Lamia, a creation of Dr. Oonagh Mullarkey), team psychic Syster Sphynx, and team leader Bodecia "Bo" Kildare) and provided Warheads several covers for Overkill.

Fictional team biography
The Warheads find themselves in a seemingly abandoned Australian town. Liger, the leader, realizes he is on the 'downside' of a time loop, where the team has not gone to other dimensions or other planets, but back in time on Earth. A subtle memory indicates three of his team must die and Liger realizes he must allow this to preserve the timeline. The town belongs to the X-Men and three of his team members do indeed die in battle with Wolverine. Liger's first step towards rebellion is taken when his bosses say the loss of three Warheads is worth the information they ultimately stole from the X-Men.

The story then focuses on Leona McBride, a rookie brought in to replace one of the dead members slain by Wolverine. Her first mission involves exploring an alien spaceship. Leona is distressed when it seems one of her newfound friends vanishes and dies but he turns up alive, as Iron Man had been impersonating him. Later, the Warheads fight S.H.I.E.L.D. operatives, X-Force, and the X-Men again and deal with their boss gaining vast, cosmic powers. With X-Force, it ends up being that the women of the team have to save the day, as the men (on both sides) are transforming into powerful beasts. The Warheads women are assisted by Feral, who gains vast powers due to magical influence.

The troops also struggle with the bureaucratic processes of their bosses. For example, Gregory is fined for screaming during a simple nightmare.

Again and again, Liger sees new recruits and troop replacements die and he is angry that they do not seemingly receive enough training. Some die during training, which is that much more frustrating to him.

Gregory is recruited for a side-mission by one of his bosses in an attempt to slay Mephisto. For his effrontery, he is merged with a demon. The team would confront Mephisto again when they travel to his realm to 'rescue' the source of Misha's precognitive voices. This would turn out to be Mephisto's son Blackheart. While Gregory finds the other half of his body and slays the demon, the Troop loses Perez.

Rebellion
In the Mys-Tech Wars series, the troop is sent to a mystical copy of Earth, which was created by their bosses to gain control of the real Earth. They fight the cyborg Death's Head and encounter a lost little girl. In a bit of magic which saves their lives, the girl is overcome by the stress and dies. This is the last straw for the troop, who rebel with the aid of Death's Head. Ultimately the troop escapes control, having discovered a way to travel through dimensions. Unfortunately, the first trip takes them to a world populated by vampires, where Leona and another member die. Though the troop escapes this world, their ultimate fate is unknown.

Revolutionary War
The team were key players when Mys-Tech were defeated in the Battle of London Bridge - the organisation had tried to buy off Mephisto by sending all of Britain to Hell, and Liger's rebel Warheads went into the infernal realm to shut down the portal. They were betrayed by Gregory and forced to remain in Hell to succeed, and Kether Troop forced Liger back to Earth. He spent the next few years as a traumatized, homeless alcoholic separated from his gun Clementine.

When Mys-Tech returned, S.H.I.E.L.D.'s European Division head Keller brought Liger back in from the cold and tasked him to dig up intelligence. Keller turned out to be possessed by Mys-Tech's old Psycho-Wraith Prime, and Liger had been brought in just to find Warhead's old Master Key, so the Key could be forced to open a portal for Mephisto's armies; Psycho-Wraith Prime taunted Liger that S.H.I.E.L.D. simply hadn't cared enough to bring him back before or find his lost troops. However, the wounded Liger was able to help free some of Prime's captured superheroes and helped gun down Mephisto's general Killpower, saving the world. Afterward, he disappeared with the now-cured Keller on a trip to Hell to find Kether Troop.

Colonel Tigon Liger
The comic focused on the Kether Troop led by Colonel Tigon Liger, whose most notable feature was prominent facial scarring from being slashed by Wolverine. He carried a very large semi-intelligent gun named Clementine that, while helpful to the troop, sometimes endangered them when Liger's orders were unclear. The creators of Warheads named Colonel Liger after two hybrid animals; a tigon is a crossbreed between a male tiger and a female lion crossbreed, a liger being its reverse.

Other members
The membership varied over the course of the series, with frequent inclusion of trainee characters, new recruits, or "loaner" members from other Troops, who usually died in the course of action (like redshirts on Star Trek). In rough sequential order, the Kether Troop included:

Issue 1:
 * Stacy Arnheim (in charge of troop defence and who was normally depicted wearing a large exoskeleton of combat armour)
 * Cale (a retriever and expert at scavenging; Col. Liger's lover, killed in the first story)
 * Corey (technician, killed in the first story)
 * Draft (described as a hit-man, killed in the first story)
 * Gregory (hit-man, replacement for Draft)
 * Johnny Heaven (technician, replacement for Corey, killed by Leona in issue #2)
 * Leona McBride (retriever, replacement for Cale, turned into a vampire at the end of Warheads: Black Dawn #2)
 * Misha (a Psi-Scout, with precognitive abilities)
 * Perez (the troop medic, killed in issue #10)

Issue 3:
 * Chalmers (new recruit, killed)
 * Grierson (technician, on loan from Ubu Troop)
 * Peters (new recruit, killed)
 * Samuels (new recruit, female retriever, killed)

Issue 6:
 * Athena (killed)
 * Che (martial artist, sole survivor of Malkuth troop, reassigned to Kether)
 * Desmond (killed)

Issue 9:
 * Bell (on loan from another troop)
 * Jenna (troop defence, on loan from another troop)
 * Moxham (technician, on loan from another troop)
 * Ross (killed)

Issue 12:
 * Connor (trainee, killed)
 * Dreyfus
 * MacManus (trainee, killed)
 * Martinez (new recruit, killed)
 * O'Leary (new recruit, killed)
 * Sapperstein (new recruit, killed)

Issue 13:
 * DeCosta (medic, killed in Warheads: Black Dawn #1)
 * Duncan (new recruit, technician)

Other series:
 * Desdemona
 * Evone
 * Prizzi

Other Warheads troops
The following is a list of other Warheads Troops employed by Mys-Tech and mentioned in Warheads, Overkill, or other Marvel titles:

 * Bina Troop
 * Leader: Colonel Matt Travers
 * Cover: Archeological Expedition
 * Membership: Diana Rogers (deceased), Matt Travers (deceased)
 * Cesad Troop
 * Leader: Colonel Jane Sumner
 * Cover: The Cirque de Chaos
 * Gebu Troop
 * Leader: Colonel James Cleveland
 * Cover: Film Crew
 * Hesod Troop
 * Leader: Colonel Mary Kidd
 * Cover: Search and Rescue Squad
 * Hod Troop
 * Leader: Colonel Henry Morgan
 * Cover: Satellite Recovery
 * Kockmar Troop
 * Leader: Colonel James Sands
 * Cover: The Cirque de Chaos
 * Malkuth Troop
 * Membership: Boot, Che
 * Net Troop
 * Leader: Colonel Arthur Drake
 * Cover: Survey Team
 * Tifaret Troop
 * Leader: Colonel Bonnie Reid
 * Cover: Fairground
 * Ubu Troop
 * Leader: Colonel Bonnie Reid
 * Cover: Fairground
 * Membership: Grierson
 * Omega Troop
 * Gevurah Troop
 * Virago Troop

The names of the original Warheads troops are a direct reference to the names of the 10 Sephiroth emanations of God in the Kabbalah. This is known to be a direct reference, as the Warheads were originally depicted as entering wormholes on a model of the cabalistic Tree of Life, and they entered the wormhole where the Sephiroth Kether is situated. Significantly, "Kether" is the Sephiroth at the top of the tree of life and "Kether" means "crown". "Kether" also is the Sephiroth closest to God and represents ultimate goodness.

The Kether Troop eventually showed their goodness by turning upon the evil Mys-Tech organisation. Several other troops did not—Omega, Gevurah, and a replenished Malkuth Troop were all specifically named as fighting for Mys-Tech until the end (and taking part in “the genocide on Lionheart”) in the Revolutionary War comics.

Later troops, including Omega, Virago, and Ubu, are not named after a Sephiroth.

Headquarters
The Warheads' base of operations was Mys-Tech's subterranean headquarters deep beneath the Museum of Pagan Antiquities, Canary Wharf, London, England and they traveled to other planets, time periods, locations, or dimensions by means of unstable wormholes opened by Mys-Tech's techno-wizards.

title: Warheads (comics)


text:
Talk:Postcard

Julian Mandel: Marionnette à fils image.
This is one of the images of postcards in the Gallery section.

The wikipedia entry for Mandel correctly states that "a majority of the French nude postcards were called postcards because of the size. They were never meant to be postally sent. It was illegal to send such images in the post".

But this article is about postcards that were "..... intended for writing and mailing without an envelope."

Because the Marionnette a fils image is only called a "postcard" because of its size, and because it was not designed to be sent through the mail, it isnt relevant to this exact wikipedia article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:EA01:1090:CC4:CE8A:9F7C:BDAC (talk) 00:05, 26 March 2018 (UTC)

Major update
Hi all,

I have made a large update to the article. I did not remove any content that was there previously. However, some of it was moved to new sections or rephrased and incorporated with citations. I also looked over the talk page to take concerns into consideration before making changes. Here is an overview of some of the changes made. Thank you all, I hope everyone is receptive to this change. Absolutely willing to make modifications as you see fit. UliBretzel (talk) 05:15, 3 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Structure: The article's structure and arrangement were refined which will hopefully allow for more consistent additions going forward. This mainly consisted of creating separate sections for individual countries, which now have subsections for history, country-specific topics (such as British seaside postcards), and standards--in that order. "Controversies" was expanded by adding a subsection on "Legalities and censorship"--other controversial topics can be added in different subsections. The arrangement of the last few sections was changed slightly as it seemed to flow better this way (Historical overview > Countries > Controversies > Historical value > Collecting). The section on "Free postcards" was very small, and moved into the glossary under "Advertising cards." Only minor tweaks were made to the glossary to make it more consistent and to add a few citations (it still could use more).
 * Written Content: The total amount of content has roughly doubled. Much of the content previously was uncited, and there are still portions which remain uncited that I did not touch. However, the total number of citations has more than doubled from about 20 to 60. Content was added throughout, but especially for the "Historical overview" which I treated as an overview for all countries. Information which went "too far into the weeds" was moved to specific country sections, while still creating a detailed overview. Other sections were also expanded upon, such as the "United States", "Controversies", "Historical value", and "Collecting". Some country-specific sections could use more content, such as the non-existent "History" subsection for Russia (it only includes "Standards" currently). Other countries which are mentioned in the "Historical overview" like Austria and Germany, could also use sections.
 * Images: No images were removed. The arrangement was changed, to better fit the new article layout. One caption for the back of a card was changed as it referred to a postcard front which was no longer on the page. I also added an image of "Lipman's Postal Card" and a field postal from the Franco-Prussian War (which are specifically mentioned in the body).

Commons:WikiProject Postcards
Everyone who is interested in postcards is invited to join the Commons:WikiProject Postcards. There, we have been trying to organize the huge mass of images on the topic in the Commons since March 2020. Best regards --sk (talk) 10:49, 27 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Postcard