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Panelling

Panelling (or paneling in the United States) is a millwork wall covering constructed from rigid or semi-rigid components. These are traditionally interlocking wood, but could be plastic or other materials.

Panelling was developed in antiquity to make rooms in stone buildings more comfortable both by insulating the room from the stone and reflecting radiant heat from wood fires, making heat more evenly distributed in the room. In more modern buildings, such panelling is often installed for decorative purposes. Panelling, such as wainscoting and boiserie in particular, may be extremely ornate and is particularly associated with 17th and 18th century interior design, Victorian architecture in Britain, and its international contemporaries.

Wainscot panelling

The term wainscot ( or  ) originally applied to high quality riven oak boards.

Wainscot oak came from large, slow-grown forest trees, and produced boards that were knot-free, low in tannin, light in weight, and easy to work with. It was preferred to home-grown oak, especially in the Netherlands and British Isles, because it was a far superior product and dimensionally stable.

The Oxford English Dictionary states that it derives from the Middle Low German wagenschot as well as wageschot or 'wall-board'. Johnson's Dictionary defined it thus: "Wainscot [wageschot, Dutch], the inner wooden covering of a wall. To wainscot [waegenschotten, Dutch], to line the walls with boards"

A 'wainscot' was therefore a board of riven (and later quarter-sawn) oak, and wainscoting was the panelling made from it. During the 18th century, oak wainscot was almost entirely superseded for panelling in Europe by softwoods (mainly Scots pine and Norway spruce), but the name stuck: "The term wainscoting, as applied to the lining of walls, originated in a species of foreign oak of the same name, used for that purpose; and although that has long been superseded by the introduction of fir timber, the term has been continued notwithstanding the change of material." Today the term wainscot refers commonly to the different treatment of the lower part of the wall (roughly a meter, 3–4 feet); see also dado.

Boiserie
Boiserie (often used in the plural boiseries) is the French term used to define ornate and intricately carved wood panelling. Boiseries became popular in the latter part of the 17th century in French interior design, becoming a de rigueur  feature of fashionable French interiors throughout the 18th century. Such panels were most often painted in two shades of a chosen color or in contrasting colors, with gilding reserved for the main reception rooms. The Palace of Versailles contains many fine examples of white painted boiseries with gilded mouldings installed in the reigns of Louis XV and Louis XVI. The panels were not confined to just the walls of a room but were used to decorate doors, frames, cupboards, and shelves also. It was standard for mirrors to be installed and framed by the carved boiseries, especially above the mantelpiece of a fireplace. Paintings were also installed within boiseries, above doorways or set into central panels.

Wood wall panelling
Wood wall panelling has seen a resurgence in popularity in recent years due to its aesthetic appeal, versatility, and sustainability. Traditionally used to insulate and decorate interiors, modern wood panelling includes wainscoting, beadboard, shiplap, board and batten, and both raised and flat panels. This renewed interest is driven by the material's natural warmth and texture, its eco-friendly properties when sourced responsibly, and the influence of contemporary design trends showcased in media and online platforms.

title: Panelling


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User:RM/sig

-- RM

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:RM/sig


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Tyrell Biggs

Tyrell Biggs (born December 22, 1960) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1984 to 1998, and challenged once for the undisputed heavyweight title in 1987. As an amateur he won a gold medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics, having previously won bronze at the 1983 Pan American Games and gold at the 1982 World Championships, all in the super heavyweight division.

Early life
Biggs was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, making his sporting debut playing basketball at West Philadelphia High. He was a starting forward for the Speedboys' Public League and City champions in 1978, a team that extended a state-record winning streak to 68 before a regular season loss to Overbrook. In '77, one of Biggs' teammates was Gene Banks, who went on to excel at Duke and play in the NBA. After his initial boxing successes, he changed his name to "Tyrell".

Amateur career
Biggs' first major success as an amateur boxer was winning the gold medal at the 1981 United States National Boxing Championships in the super-heavyweight division. He repeated this feat the next year, and also in 1982 he won the World Championships in Munich, West Germany, where in the final he defeated Francesco Damiani from Italy on points, who beat the legendary Cuban veteran Teofilo Stevenson earlier in the competition. In 1983, Biggs won a bronze medal at the Pan American Games, losing to future professional challenger Jorge Luis Gonzalez in the semi-final. In addition, Biggs won a 3–2 split decision over Cuban Angel Milian, who had beaten Greg Page five years earlier.

In 1984, Biggs won the gold medal at the Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California, defeating future Olympic gold medallist and professional world champion Lennox Lewis in the quarter-finals. In the gold medal bout, Biggs beat Damiani on points again.

Biggs finished his amateur career with an outstanding record of 108-6-4.

Professional career
He turned professional soon after his Olympic victory, scoring a 6-round unanimous decision over Mike Evans on November 15, 1984 at Madison Square Garden in New York City in his first bout. Besides Mike Tyson, Lewis and Damiani he went on to face such other boxing luminaries as James "Quick" Tillis, Ossie Ocasio, Riddick Bowe, Tony Tubbs, Buster Mathis, Jr., and Larry Donald before ending his career with a second-round knockout of Carlton Davis in 1998. He did not win a title, but stalked the rankings of contendership for much of the mid- to late 1980s.

Biggs vs. Tyson
Biggs' biggest professional fight was against Tyson, for the latter's undisputed heavyweight title. Biggs and Tyson disliked each other, and Biggs derided Tyson before the fight. Biggs attempted to outbox Tyson, using his jab and movement. But Tyson kept coming in and landing big punches, wearing him down until the fight was stopped in the seventh. Tyson admitted after the fight to "carrying" Biggs so as to inflict more damage, in retaliation for Biggs' pre-match comments.

Unfortunately the talented Biggs' life has been a constant fight against drug and alcohol addiction. He had to enter rehabilitation only a few months after turning professional, and some declare that his career at the time of the Tyson fight was already effectively over. Biggs' robe was sometimes emblazoned with, "Realize your potential", a drug rehabilitation mantra. An article published when he was 40 years old characterized him as "still fighting between stints in rehabilitation."

Outside the ring
Biggs competed in the American Gladiators season 5 Gold Medal Challenge of Champions in 1993, losing to 1984 Gold Downhill Skiing medalist Bill Johnson. A feature documentary about Tyrell Biggs' life is currently in production.

title: Tyrell Biggs


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User talk:ChronoWiz

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

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-- utcursch | talk

title: User talk:ChronoWiz


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User talk:AlexTiefling

DYK for Jean Aylwin
The DYK project (nominate) 12:02, 4 January 2013 (UTC)

ITN credit
ThaddeusB (talk) 00:17, 21 June 2014 (UTC)

Draft:WikiProject English
Hi Alex, if you have any ideas about where and how we can recruit more editors please do so. Roger (Dodger67) (talk) 10:20, 21 June 2014 (UTC)

god versus God
When you say "This article is *about* the monotheistic conception of God. You can't just say 'god' with lowercase g and no article," you expose the problem. A concept can't be a proper noun. In fact, your sentence has an article, so why no lowercase "g". I do consider it a minor edit to update the grammar of the God page.

You do bring up a good point however. I should have changed the sentences in the instances were I downsized the case in order to incorporate the necessary article. Indeed, in English speaking, Christian dominated countries, in common speech people are overwhelmingly ungrammatical when they use the term "God" without an article, when referring to the general concept of a god, written or spoken, like you did (in fact, I could have written "the general concept of God" and most people would not have noticed). I believe this because of the frequency with which the proper noun is employed to refer to the specific god of their Christian religion. I hope you will give me the go ahead to try these changes. I will not mark the changes as minor.

Civility
Alex, every time I hear from you, you sound hostile. Why? Sca (talk) 21:04, 25 July 2014 (UTC)

Chick-fil-A
Alex, I received your message. I am sorry, I thought it wasn't taking. It happened so fast that I thought it was a glitch and not a rollback. Sorry about that. Chris Abraham (talk) 19:54, 8 September 2014 (UTC)

Help required!
Hi Alex,

I hope you are well. I hope you remember me. Click the following link to recall. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Archives/Humanities/2014_October_5

The discussion is about the 'Error mitigation' section.

Regards -- (Russell.mo (talk) 15:43, 11 October 2014 (UTC))

PW:ITN?Candidates
There is currently a discussion at Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents regarding an issue with which you may have been involved. Thank you. μηδείς (talk) 03:13, 11 December 2014 (UTC)

January 2015
Your recent editing history at Talk:Death of Leelah Alcorn shows that you are currently engaged in an edit war. To resolve the content dispute, please do not revert or change the edits of others when you get reverted. Instead of reverting, please use the article's talk page to work toward making a version that represents consensus among editors. The best practice at this stage is to discuss, not edit-war. See BRD for how this is done. If discussions reach an impasse, you can then post a request for help at a relevant noticeboard or seek dispute resolution. In some cases, you may wish to request temporary page protection.

Being involved in an edit war can result in your being blocked from editing—especially if you violate the three-revert rule, which states that an editor must not perform more than three reverts on a single page within a 24-hour period. Undoing another editor's work—whether in whole or in part, whether involving the same or different material each time—counts as a revert. Also keep in mind that while violating the three-revert rule often leads to a block, you can still be blocked for edit warring—even if you don't violate the three-revert rule—should your behavior indicate that you intend to continue reverting repeatedly. Avono (talk) 15:09, 6 January 2015 (UTC)

Persistent sock is back
You may have already noticed. It seems Bowei Huang 2 is back yet again. I got tired of waiting for somone to block or open an SPI, so did one myself at Sockpuppet investigations/Bowei Huang 2 Nil Einne (talk) 07:17, 2 May 2015 (UTC)

Request for comment
An editor has asked for a discussion on the deprecation of Template:English variant notice. Since you've had some involvement with the English variant notice template, you might want to participate in the discussion if you have not already done so. — Godsy (TALK CONT ) 07:08, 14 August 2015 (UTC)

BH2
Thanks for the report. The case is so obvious I have simply deleted the threads. I don't think this should affect your SPI, but if you'd like me to revert, let me know on my talk page. (You can also revert yourself, obviously, so I am mentioning this in case you prefer I do it myself.) μηδείς (talk) 03:56, 16 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:54, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Arbcom case you might be interested in
I just filed an arbitration request against, citing an example in which you were involved in. You might be interested in the case. Link is here:. Thanks, Banedon (talk) 05:16, 18 August 2016 (UTC)

Arbitration Case opened
You recently offered a statement in a request for arbitration. The Arbitration Committee has accepted that request for arbitration and an arbitration case has been opened at Arbitration/Requests/Case/The Rambling Man.

Evidence that you wish the arbitrators to consider should be added to the evidence subpage, at Arbitration/Requests/Case/The Rambling Man/Evidence.

Please add your evidence by September 17, 2016, which is when the evidence phase closes. You can also contribute to the case workshop subpage, Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/The Rambling Man/Workshop. For a guide to the arbitration process, see Wikipedia:Arbitration/Guide to arbitration.

For non-parties who wish to opt out of further notifications for this case please remove yourself from the list held here

For the Arbitration Committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 10:04, 3 September 2016 (UTC)

The Rambling Man arbitration proposed decision posted
A proposed decision has been posted in the open The Rambling Man arbitration page. Please review this decision and draw the arbitrators' attention to any relevant material or statements. Comments may be brought to the attention of the committee on the proposed decision talk page. For a guide to the arbitration process, see Arbitration/Guide to arbitration. If you are not a party, you may opt out of further notifications regarding this case at Arbitration/Requests/Case/The Rambling Man/Mass Message List. For the Arbitration Committee, Kevin ( aka L235 ·  t ·  c) via MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 01:36, 2 October 2016 (UTC)

Women in Red World Contest
Hi. We're into the last five days of the Women in Red World Contest. There's a new bonus prize of $200 worth of books of your choice to win for creating the most new women biographies between 0:00 on the 26th and 23:59 on 30th November. If you've been contributing to the contest, thank you for your support, we've produced over 2000 articles. If you haven't contributed yet, we would appreciate you taking the time to add entries to our articles achievements list by the end of the month. Thank you, and if participating, good luck with the finale!

User category proposed deletion
You may be interested in Categories for discussion/Log/2021 August 21. It is proposed to delete this category. SpinningSpark 16:12, 30 August 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:AlexTiefling


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Talk:German battleship Gneisenau/Archive 1

Class
Battleship or battlecruiser. Discussion copied and centralised on Talk:Gneisenau class battlecruiser Philip Baird Shearer 09:14, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Displacement
We now have two values for the displacement in the article, 31,500t in the table (just changed from the original 31,552t) and 31,100t in the main text. I googled aroung a bit and found some other values:

31.850t 32.100t 30.676t 31.632t

Some of these have slightly different names.

So, which is it? Which is the most characteristic weight weight anyway? What about the weight before and after the refit?

 * Landström, who is usually reliable, has 31800 ts stdd, 38900 ts fully equipped, where a ts is a long ton (1016 kg). Since the ships were built by different companies and in different places, I suspect there is quite some variation anyways, and anything with more than 2 significant digits is hard to justify. --Stephan Schulz 23:03, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

source
I got my information from Axis and Nuetral Battleships in World War II, and Breyer's book Battleships and Battlecruisers 1905 - 1970.

--PAUL

Brest 1941
Who was the guy who received VC for torpedoing Gneisenau in Brest 1941?

 * The pilot was Flying Officer Kenneth Campbell flying a Coastal Command Beaufort from St. Eval in Cornwall. At dawn on 6 April 1941 Campbell skimmed over the Brest mole and dropped his torpedo.  As he did so, the German gunners hit him and he crashed in flames into the water.  His torpedo exploded against Gneisenau on the starboard side aft and she began to list heavily.  A salvage vessel was brought alongside and started to pump tons of water.  The bodies of Campbell and his aircrew, Sgts Scott, Mullis and Hillman were fished out of the harbor and brought on board the battleship.  Their bodies were draped in flags and placed on the quarterdeck as a mark of respect.  The following morning Gneisenau entered drydock and inspection confirmed that Campbell’s torpedo had wrecked the starboard propeller and shaft tunnel.  She would be out of action for six months.--Gamahler 01:39, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Eugene Esmonde got a VC during the Channel Dash (Operation Cerberus) in early 42

Engine Problems
Kurk Leyman is quite correct to state that the Gneisenau had no engine problems beyond the normal maintenance issues. I think the previous poster has confused this ship with the Hipper Class cruisers which had chronic maintenance problems thoughout their service lives. Galloglass 14.50, 11 June 2006

Rearming
can we have an verifiable origin for the conclusion that had she bene armed with the bigger guns that she would have still been fast etc? GraemeLeggett 12:25, 1 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I note also well armoured is mentioned which given the thickness protecting the King George V ships seems dubious. GraemeLeggett 12:38, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Well taking data from navweaps.com, it seems that the 3 turrets with the 3x28cm guns weighted 2727 tons, while 3 turrets with 2x38cm guns (from Bismarck class) would have weighted 3822 tons. Maybe a naval architect will tell us how much speed hit it would have caused. As for the armor thickness, note that these ships had inferior armor distribution, as the belt was not inclined and the deck armor was of the "turtle" type, from (pre-)WW1 era. Note that the Dunkerque-class ship had the "all or nothing" type of armor, though their belt armor is clearly inferior to the Gneisenau-class. Still, using gun data from navweaps.com, it seems that the Dunkerque-class ships had the advantage from over 25kms, which is quite a shame for the german ships, as they were designed to beat the Dunkerques...

 * "Jane´s Battleships of the 20th Century", published by Harper Collins in 1996. The nine 28cm guns were supposed to be replaced by six 38cm guns. And the armor belt of the KGVs was indeed just 30mm stronger than the one the Scharnhorsts had.Markus Becker02 14:47, 1 February 2007 (UTC)
 * the deck is thicker too on the KGV.GraemeLeggett 15:58, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

It's abundantly clear that this article is seeking to redress the issue of why the HMS Renown was able to inflict damage on one of the two while they were sailing together by citing all these reasons why longer range guns were not fitted. When a ship of any navy was designed (at least before 1945) things had altered because of constrictions all the time but on this website I've read very few similar articles that bombard the reader with such excuses. While it would have probably made it a more formidable opponent as you said, statistics show that it wouldn't have been superior. HMS Renown and Repulse were also just as fast (if only slightly slower). Some sources state that Repulse and Renown could do 32 knots and other say that the Gneisenau and Scharnhorst could only achieve that speed. Large ships were rarely pushed to their higher speeds and the Germans were fonder of testing the top speed of their ships than the British were so nobody can really say which was faster. Plus, as someone said above, bigger guns might have made it slower.

One of the 38 cm guns exists today at the museum of Hanstholm in Denmark?
According to this link: The guns no 3&4 made their 1. shot May 15th 1941 and no 1&2 on the 28th of August 1941.

If "..she was withdrawn from service in July 1943 to allow the replacement of the 28 cm battery with twin 38 cm (15 in) turrets..." it does not seem likely that the guns at Hanstholm originaly came from Gneisenau. Today a 38cm barrel with breech can bee seen at Hanstholm and this may come from Gneisenau. Reference needed. KjellG 22:42, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Sorted out and worked into the article. KjellG 23:09, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

Gdynia naming during WWII
Gdynia never was a German town (opposed to e.g. Gdańsk/Danzig) and there is no need to use a German name in English wikipedia for a Polish town. User:Parsecboy is persistently reverting my changes, and doesn't seem to give a single argument besides mentioning anachronism (?!). It doesn't matter in English wikipedia, how Hitler liked to call a town in 1939 - one should use English or Polish naming here. The name change wasn't legal (was conducted under occupation), there was no German minority in the city at all.--EAJoe (talk) 10:27, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Do you know what an ananchronism is? It's something in a context of a specific time that does not fit. For example, calling Gdynia "Gdynia" during WWII is an anachronism, because it was called Gotenhafen during the war. And yes, it was for a few hundred years, a German town. Let's not forget that Poland didn't exist for a couple hundred years. Parsecboy (talk) 13:55, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Do you know what are you writing about? Gdynia is always Gdynia, because it never ceased to be in Poland, whether occupied or not. For a few hunder years a German town?? The city was founded in 1925 - please read the relevant article first, and revert later, ok? Even if you'd like to go back to times when it was a small fishing village, it'd be "Gdingen", not "Gotenhafen". "Poland didn't exist for a couple hundred years" - again you don't know what are you writing about. Not "couple hundred", but AFAIR 123 years, minus short periods of uprisings+partial independence. And what in your opinion have partitions of Poland to do with Gdynia? --EAJoe (talk) 15:41, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

 * The earliest mention of the town known as Gdynia was in 1253. Certainly not "1925". The reason I mentioned the fact that for a large chunk of time Poland did not exist is because you stated "Gdynia never was a German town", when it most clearly was, when it was a part of Prussia. The fact of the matter is that during the time Gneisenau was sunk as a blockship in the city's harbor, is was known as Gotenhafen. Parsecboy (talk) 15:56, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Gdynia could not be "a German town" in any time, simply because it was founded by Poles in 1925. Earlier near the place was just a fishing village (few villages actually), and it was called Gdynia by Poles, and Gdingen by Germans. There is even no connection between the village and the city, because it wasn't an evolutionary growth, but rather building new city from scratch. I really don't get it why I have to clarify this, as this is quite clearly written in Gdynia article. "during the time ... was known as Gotenhafen" - was known to who? To Nazis? Doesn't matter here. If Hitler conquered New York, and decided to name it, say, Hitlerstadt for those few years, would you really refer to the city everywhere as "Hitlerstadt"? I doubt that. It somehow comes quite easy to ignore Slavic names, but you doesn't seem to use e.g. Dünkirchen for Dunkerque but rather prefer English name in this case.
 * I understand use of different language for naming the city, if
 * it was legally belonging to particular state for a significant period of time (surely more than few years...)
 * and had significant fraction of inhabitants speaking the language and actively using the name
 * For Gdynia case:
 * change of state was not recognized internationally, so it was all the time a Polish town, only it was under occupation
 * the change lasted only 4.5 years
 * So even if we call those several thousands of temporary seaport/shipyard workers "inhabitants" it is not enough to call the city in German. --EAJoe (talk) 22:04, 27 November 2007 (UTC)
 * There are case where using the geographical name that existed during the period of a conflict makes sense, but only in the case of larger battles like Kursk, Stalingrad and Leningrad, each of which has had different names at different periods. This is not one of those cases, Gotenhafen is purely a National Socialist construction used for propaganda purposes and in my opinion has no legitimate historical usage other than in the Gdynia article describing the occupation and expulsion of the local inhabitants. Gdynia is the proper usage here.Awotter (talk) 01:47, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Gdynia was granted city rights in 1926. It was an existing settlement for a long time before. In any case, it is clear that we refer to European towns by their official name at the time. The Siege of Leningrad, not the Siege of Petrograd or the Siege of St. Petersberg. The Nazis took it over, they gave it a German name (or restored its old German name), we use that name. If NYC had fallen and been renamed Hitlerstadt, then yes, it would be appropriate in analogous contexts to talk about Hitlerstadt. <eleland/talkedits> 00:09, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Let me expand and clarify my comment based on what I've seen on the talk page. If "Gotenhafen" was just writing on some map in Berlin, and everyone including the Germans outside of officialdom referred to it as Gdynia, that would be different. For example, if Gneisenau's logbook says "Gdynia", or letters home from German sailors say "Gdynia", then so should we. <eleland/talkedits> 00:14, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

Call it Gdynia
Call it Gdnyia, and then, whenever you are writing about WWII, add the phrase, "which the Germans renamed as 'Gotenhafen' during the war." In other words, take just a few extra words to explain the siuation. The Japanese, for example, occupied Wake Island during the war and probably called it by a Japanese term, but it still remained Wake Island. Sincerely, GeorgeLouis (talk) 20:06, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with your stance. By the way, the Japanese called Wake Island Otori-Shima for its birdlike shape. I oughta put that into an article somewhere... ;) ... Binksternet (talk) 22:51, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I went ahead and changed it with an explanation, clunky as it was. I checked three personal sources, 2 called it Gydnia and one referred to it as the article did. The source that had the most information about the Baltic operations was Seekrieg 1939-1949 and the author ( or translator at least) did not use Gotenhafen at all.Awotter (talk) 23:00, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

Sections
The sections I have renamed and put in are a little small, but give me some time to expand the article. Dapi89 (talk) 16:17, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Military history/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2008
Article reassessed and graded as start class. --dashiellx (talk) 17:49, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

Fate
Why is there a revert war over the ship's fate in the infobox? Everybody must agree that the ship was severely damaged, decommissioned, put in for repairs, sunk as a blockship and finally scrapped. Why don't we list all of that in the infobox? Binksternet (talk) 18:39, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

It is not just here. See Hood and Scharnhorst's page. He is doing the same thing there. He is claiming Bismarck did not sink Hood. And He's also claiming it was not the Home Fleet, but them and the R. Norwegian Navy that sunk Scharnhorst. Ignoring that the Norwegian ship did not hit the ship, and that it was subordinate too the Royal Navy, because the R.N.N was not sovereign. Dapi89 (talk) 18:54, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

 * (ec) I don't know why either. Kurt and Dapi are doing the same thing at the Scharnhorst page as well; it seems that Kurt likes to discuss things via edit summary only. Parsecboy (talk) 18:55, 24 May 2008 (UTC)


text:
PSR J2144−3933

PSR J2144−3933 is a pulsar about 180 parsecs (587 light-years) from Earth. It is the coldest known neutron star with a surface temperature less than 42000 Kelvin as measured by the Hubble Space Telescope. It was previously thought to have a period of 2.84 seconds but is now known to have a period of 8.51 seconds, which is among the longest-known radio pulsar.

J2144−3933 is also notable for other reasons: its mean pulse profile is very narrow in comparison to the pulse period with a half-intensity width of less than one degree of longitude. It also has the lowest spindown luminosity of any pulsar at about 3×1021 watts.

Writing in Nature, astrophysicists M. D. Young and coworkers consider this object and suggest that its existence throws current theories into doubt. They state:

 * Moreover, under the usual model assumptions, based on the neutron-star equations of state, this slowly rotating pulsar should not be emitting a radio beam. Therefore either the model assumptions are wrong, or current theories of radio emission must be revised

The fact that J2144−3933 is the coldest observed neutron star has been exploited to constrain the properties of dark matter.

title: PSR J2144−3933


text:
User:ChronoWiz

Hello WikiWorld!
The Wiki project is great! I intend to help as both a free programmer and article contributor.

title: User:ChronoWiz


text:
Amy Weber

Amy Marie Weber (born July 2, 1970) is an American actress, model, film producer, singer, real estate broker and retired professional wrestling valet. She is best known for her time in WWE as a WWE Diva. She released an album, Let it Rain, the titular single for which stayed in the U.S. Billboard Chart for over a month. Weber has been the face of a Shiseido cosmetic campaign.

Television
Weber is currently the Director of Residential Estates at the famed brokerage "Beverly & Co." She has sold over $750,000,000 in her short 8 years in the real estate industry. Weber has been recognized by Los Angeles Magazine, Pasadena Magazine and The Wall Street Journal as an All-Star. Weber has played roles in numerous television series including CSI: Las Vegas, Son of the Beach, Andy Richter Controls the Universe, Saved by the Bell, Melrose Place, Pacific Blue, The Young and the Restless, Jenny, USA High and City Guys. She also appeared in country musician Toby Keith's video for his song "Whiskey Girl" as the Whiskey Girl, and, on December 31, 2004, she was featured in a sketch on the New Year's Eve live episode of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. Weber teamed up with Tom Green who traveled all over New York City looking for someone to kiss him at midnight, which Weber eventually go to do.

Film
Weber has had lead roles in the movies Scarlet Mirror, The Bet, Dr. Life, Art House, Kolobos, The Contract, Starforce, Crackerjack III, Becoming Pony Boi, The Pumpkin Karver, and Transmorphers. She also had a lead role in the movie Diablita, and supporting roles in the movies The Adventures of Joe Dirt and Unbeatable Harold. She is also the executive producer and star of Crossroad. She was an associate producer on the film The Pumpkin Karver, in which she also starred.

World Wrestling Entertainment (2004–2005)
A former WWE Diva Search contestant, Weber became a villainous diva for WWE's SmackDown! brand, with a gimmick as John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL)'s image consultant in The Cabinet. During her time in The Cabinet, she feuded with Joy Giovanni, who she defeated by forfeit in her only match. She resigned from WWE in February 2005 because of her allegations of harassment from some of the wrestlers. She later stated that she "wasn't happy with the pay" and the "frat house-like" environment. To explain her departure, JBL stated she had been "fired" for accidentally firing a sleeping dart at him the previous week while he was playing with an inflatable dinosaur. The dart was actually intended for JBL's No Way Out 2005 opponent, Big Show.

In April 2020, Weber further explained that the allegations of being bullied by Edge and Randy Orton had led to her WWE exit in 2005 So when I got to Alaska, Shane McMahon was there, we were all getting our bags, and I was done," Weber said. "I just felt like I couldn't continue to be in an environment where people had no respect for me. They had their reasons, but I don't think taking two ibuprofen is a reason for someone to call you names, try to physically harm you, and then pour a drink in your face. So that's the story.

Personal life
Weber briefly dated rock guitarist Robbie Crane but while on The Howard Stern Show said she had to sue him in small claims court over $4000 he borrowed but didn't pay back. Later, she was engaged to model/actor Dante Spencer in 2002 but ultimately married film producer David Dginger on May 17, 2008. The couple welcomed twins named Levi and Madison Grace on May 28, 2009.

Since leaving WWE, Weber has been working in modeling, movies, music, and eventually real estate businesses.

Stage
Weber has had starring roles in theater productions of Reservations for Two, 110 in the Shade, Apocalyptic Butterflies, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, and Grease.

title: Amy Weber


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Matt Hartley

Matt Hartley was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was MOVE AND DELETE redirect

Not notable. --fvw *  13:37, 2004 Dec 20 (UTC)

 * Move to User:Matthartley Dunc|☺ 14:11, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Move and Delete, possibly a new user mistake. Wyss 23:52, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Yep; move/delete. Samaritan 02:47, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Another userfy. Alphax (talk) 05:16, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:William James Linton

Untitled [university essay]
Some time ago I have written this essay at the university. I think my english is too bad tu put it in the article. Perhaps one could do it.--Ot 13:38, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

{{hide William James Linton was born in London, on 7 December 1812 and died 29.12.1897. He was a radical artisan.
 * header = William James Linton
 * content =

The "Lintons must have ranked comfortable."(p. 1) But the Lintons are not rich. The father "had some commercial education"(p. 1). The mother had "some education"(p. 1), too. "The family moved to Stratford in 1818 and in this swampy village, ..., Linton attended Chigwell School"(p. 2). It was a middle class school and Linton "was probably poorer than most of his school fellows"(p. 3). "Commercial subjects were taught, and Linton learnt Latin and French, but he was a drummy, undistinguished boy"(p. 3). Linton showed a precocious skill in drawing. "His father paid for drawing lessons"(p. 3). When Linton was 16 years old, his father consented to William James Linton apprenticeship as wood engraver. "In the usual fashion for apprentices Linton moved to live with his master's family at the workshop at ... Kington."(p. 3) "Engravers in Linton's time ranked as superior artisans."(p. 4) The other advantages, in comparison to other artisans or workers, was that the "tools pertaining to the trade were cheap, accessible, and portable."(p. 4) "The cheapness and portability of the tools meant that engravers found it easy to setup for themselves and they could often work on their own, far from the artist or printer, as Linton mostly did."(p. 5) One other advantage was that wood engraver are "more independent and more initiately associated with artists, editors, and publishers than other craftsman associated with the production of books."(p. 5f) A fellow apprentices of Linton "recalled the workshop as a hotbed of radical discussion and that the apprentices read Thomas Paine, Southey's What Tyler, and Bryon's Vision of Judgement."(p. 6) The apprentices also had the job of delivering the engraved blocks to the printers. So Linton learned a bit about the streets of London. "To Linton, London was a moral wilderness."(p. 8) Linton was emancipated from institutional religion. It was furthered by a acquaintance, "with whom he read Voltair's Philosophical Dictionary."(p. 8) The towntrips enabled Linton to make acquaintance "with Thomas Wade (1805- 75), the radical, romantic poetic dramatist, and Wade's friend with a similar aspirations, Richard Henry Horne (1803-75)."(p. 9) Both were scions of gentry families. This all and the time of the Reform crisis in 1831-2 excited Linton.

As we have seen, Linton has a lot of advantages. When we are looking in David Vincent's book it will be more clear. Among other working men Vincent cite William Lovett: "... in looking back upon this period of my youth and contrasting it with the present, and the advantages that young people have in the present age - in the multiplicity of cheap books, newspapers, lectures, and other numerous means of instruction - I cannot help regretting that I was so unfortunately placed; for, with a desire for knowledge I had neither books to enlighten nor a teacher to instruct".

The acquaintance with Wade was very fortunate for Linton. When Linton was 25 years old he was at the Sunday soirus which hold the Wades. "He listered there to a coterie of brilliant, advanced thinkers, among them W. J. Fox, Dr. Southwood Smith, Douglas Jerrold, Magaret and Marry Gilles, William Bridge Adams and his second wife Sarah, and her sister Eliza Flower."(p. 11) Fox was the leader of the group. "Linton found in him a model of the self-made prophet, able to speak both to the middle-class intellectuals and to working-class radicals."(p. 12) In Fox's house Linton met Home, Robert Browing, Harriet Taylor, and John Stuart Mill. This place "was Linton's finishing school".(p. 13)

Linton married Laura Wade on 21.10.1837, but Laura died a half year later. It was hard for Linton to get the "yes" to the marriage, because he was "only" a artisan and the Wade's are a good middle-class family. After the death of Laura "he was to submerge himself in work, partly to employ the days and nights he had to live through without her, and partly to fortify that ambition to become a poet which had awakened under her inspiration and was jeopardized by her passing."(p. 16)

I think that the death of Laura was very important in the life of Linton. It was the impulse for Linton to work, to learn, to think, to life for ideas. When we are looking on other biographies, we will see that there is always a point, why they are working so hard, so methodical. Not in the sense of Max Weber and the protestantic ethic, because Linton don't think of a life after his death, he don't think and he don't know nothing about predestination. Nevertheless, his further life is influenced from a secular kind of the protestantic ethic.

Even here we found a special Oeffentlichkeit, as we don't find it any more today. I mean the discussion, the communication about theories and theorists in Fox's house. Nowadays, we don't discuss an origin theory in private circumstances. We have "experts" - journalists for example, which are specialised for different subjects (science, politics, arts, sport), which explained us what a thinker is thinking. And the meaning of the journalists is transported within TV, radio, newspapers, or magazines - the new Oeffentlichkeit.

The question is now what was useful knowledge for Linton? Useful for Linton was that he has learned the french language and that he had learned a profession which allowed him to be relative independent from a employer, respectively to become a employer later. The first is not so important as the latter. The latter enabled Linton to be relatively free. The first to read different books which has made his thinking broader. Both enabled Linton to improve his knowledge, "a fortress of ideas painfully built from his years of hard reading in the British Museum."(p. 19) He was later working as a journalist and as a translator. So his broad knowledge and the ability to read french has made him "free" later, too. He was able to realize himself.

1838, Linton decided to publish his work - poems - in his own periodical. His idea was to enlighten the lower classes with cheap and understandable periodicals. All his future life long, Linton tried to launch a periodical. But always without great success. The first one was the National, and the first issue "appeared on 5 January 1839"(p. 19). In June was his capital already exhausted, because the National didn't sell. One reasons is that Linton "was not the leader of a local group which might secure him a minimal circulation."(p. 17)

Linton published his "political creed' within the National. These are the following six points: "universal suffrage and the abolition of property qualification for M.P.'s, ... a free press, the emancipation of women, abolition of oaths, tithes, and church-rates, corn laws, and poor laws."(p. 20)

One further step in Linton's thinking about the society was the book from Lamennais, De l'eschavage moderne. Linton translated it into English 1840. "Linton was fired by Lamennai's projection of a world of sanctified communities as the end of political endeavour."(p. 25) "Henceforth Linton saw his duty in teaching fellow Chartists to lift their vision beyond the six points."(p. 26) But Smith mentioned that the "profoundly religious caste of Linton's radicalism at first sight places him apart from his Chartist contemporaries, although repeated hints in the literature suggest that millenarianism, biblical rhetoric, and a Bunyanesque sense of individual responsibility in the battle between good and evil were much more influential in nineteenth-century popular radicalism than historians have allowed."(p. 26)

The next teachers Linton have had are the "Finsbury radical group"(p. 28). And in this group three men especially impressed him: Watson, Henry Herrington, and Richard Moore. From this point out, Linton developed his ideas of a republic, witch included three essentials. "Its first, political, basis was, ... universal suffrage, the symbol of equality and the instrument of participation, duty, and altruism. The second, economic, essential of the republic was to be the fair distribution of the produce and profits of industry among the workers who created them, with a resultant lessening of competition."(p. 31) But it was not a socialistic republic, because small property was "sacred". The third, and in our context the most important essential of the republic, was education. But the finally version of Linton's idea of a republic was 11 years later, 1851. Meanwhile the revolutionary years are passed, and he has made the acquaintance with Giuseppe Mazzini. Linton published his ideas in the English Republic, a monthly paper edited by Linton. Parts of the English Republic are in the appendix (See p. 218-239). Smith has summarized Linton's ideas about education, and this is now following.

"The people, through the State, were to provide education for all children and citizens. The system was to be free and compulsory, independent of denominational control, and financed from public revenue. Formal education was to begin at seven when the children were to enrol at local kindergartens to learn 'to read, write, draw and sing', in order to cultivate their 'perceptive faculties' and discover 'the broad facts of Nature and Got in relation to [their] position in the Universe'. At nine their compulsory attendance began with the entry into state boarding-schools, where they were to begin their practical lessons in living together equally. Until the age of 14 both boys and girls were to learn bodily exercises - swimming, riding, and shooting - and in the classroom music, drawing, arithmetic, geography, history, and 'the divine laws of duty' together with introductory lessons in astronomy, geology, and botany. Out of school hours the chief relaxation was to be gardening. From 14 the girls could choose to reside at home with their mothers, continuing their lesson part-time at the local school until the age of 18, while boys in this age-group were to remain boarders. The curriculum for both was to include human physiology, the 'serious' study to history, English grammar, and two other languages - one modern, one ancient - mathematics, and 'the use of arms'. All boys would be apprenticed in the trade workshops and model farms attached to each school and success in these pursuits was to rank equally with that academic subjects. Between 18 and 20 both youths and girls were to become 'national apprentices', each serving the state with his or her special skill and so reimbursing the community for the money spent on their education. From 20 to 21 each would be sent at public expense to travel abroad 'that he might enlarge his nature by learning in what other countries differed from his own'. Upon their return they were to be accepted into full citizenship and would be free to marry."(p. 103f)

The English Republic have had much more "importance in English radical history far beyond its intrinsic force"(p. 107) considered Smith. Smith argued that it "supplied a social democratic programme, a focus for egalitarian fervour, and a commitment to parliamentary reform and class harmony that kept alive the 'moral force' Chartist ideology through the period of Chartist demoralization and permitted it to be taken up by the parliamentary reform movements of the 1860s and the radicalism of the early 1870s. The programme of the London Land and Labour League of 1869, for example, with its emphasis on national education, a single tax, Ireland, and land nationalization (despite Marx's claim to have shaped it), owes as much to Linton as anyone else. The Leagues's emphasis upon 'soul' in politics is pure Linton. Moreover, the manner in which the League quickly eluded Marx's attempts to use it suggests that his boats to Engels about begetting and controlling the League were delusory. The adhesion of Harney, Newton, and Mottershead to republicanism removed from Marx's and Engel's following three leading potential disciples and thereby helped preserve the two German revolutionaries' isolation in England and limit the spread of their ideas among the British working classes. Even Ernst Jones, their chief disciple in England, was forced to come over to parliamentarianism and social democracy in the late 1850."(p. 107f)

To complete the biography about Linton, I have to mention briefly that he has had 7 children with Emily Wade, a sister of his first wife Laura. He was living with her in the Lake District. After the death of Emily in December 1856, he married Eliza Lynn. She was a successful journalist and has written several books. But Linton was not happy with her. Perhaps he married Eliza because of the 7 children. However, in November 1866 he emigrated to New York. He was living later in Connecticut until his death in 29.12.1897. He was living there with three children, but without his wife. He was earning sometimes a lot of money there. Mostly with wood engraving, but with some writing, too. Therefor it was possible for him to travel to Europe a couple of times. "His friends agreed in their obituaries that Linton was one of the most versatile and interesting men they had known. He was a patriot, poet, essayist, political, editor, translator, printer, publisher, artist, engraver. Several remarked that he was the busiest man they had ever seen. Withal, he retained his charm and primitive idealism."(p.215)

Literature
refashioned as a subsection because page history shows this to be posted at once with the essay immediately above --P64 2018-04-04

 * Johnson, Richard, Really useful knowledge, in Lovett, Tom (Ed), Radical approaches to adult education, 1988

 * Smith, Francis Barrymore, Radical Artisan William James Linton 1812-97, Manchester University Press, 1973

 * Vincent, David, Bread, Knowledge and Freedom. A Study of Nineteenth-Century Working Class Autobiography, London, 1981

 * Weber, Max, The Protestantic Ethic And The Spirit Of Capitalism, London, seventh impression 1965

--Ot 13:38, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC) --inserted P64 2018-04-04 }}

"an English-born American"
Relying on the article, Linton's most important work was in England, perhaps based in London, before he emigrated to the US in 1867 at age 55. --P64 (talk) 22:20, 4 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:William James Linton


text:
Homo unius libri

Homo unius libri ('(a) man of one book') is a Latin phrase attributed to Thomas Aquinas by bishop Jeremy Taylor (1613–1667), who claimed that Aquinas is reputed to have employed the phrase "hominem unius libri timeo" ('I fear the man of a single book').

The poet Robert Southey recalled the tradition in which the quotation became embedded:

"When St Thomas Aquinas was asked in what manner a man might best become learned, he answered, "By reading one book"; "meaning," says Bishop Taylor, "that an understanding entertained with several objects is intent upon neither, and profits not." The homo unius libri is indeed proverbially formidable to all conversational figurantes. Like your sharp-shooter, he knows his piece perfectly, and is sure of his shot."

The phrase was in origin a dismissal of eclecticism, i.e. the "fear" is of the formidable intellectual opponent who has dedicated himself to and become a master in a single chosen discipline. In this first sense, the phrase was invoked by Methodist founder John Wesley to refer to himself, with "one book" (unius libri) taken to mean the Bible. However, the phrase today most often refers to the interpretation of expressing "fear" of the opinions of the illiterate man who has "only read a single book".

title: Homo unius libri


text:
User talk:Sahadcoders

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

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Image source
Thank you for uploading Image:Jaime Pressley.jpg. Its copyright status is unclear, so it may have to be deleted. Please leave a note on the image page about the source of the image. Thank you.--Aqua 06:36, Mar 27, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sahadcoders


text:
User talk:Gower~enwiki

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

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 * You can contribute in many ways: write a great article, fight vandalism, upload pictures, perform maintainance tasks, contribute to existing projects...

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop us a note at New user log.

-- utcursch | talk

Your account will be renamed
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"Sayan (Mossad)" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Sayan (Mossad). The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 November 5 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. BlueD954 (talk) 11:39, 5 November 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gower~enwiki


text:
Talk:Cuernavaca

Comment
There is currently a redirect from Cuernavaca, Morelos to Cuernavaca, but the redirect should be replaced with an article for the municipality of Cuernavaca. gK [[User talk:GK|¿?]] 13:42, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Yes, then we can tell the truth about the city. GeV

Some Clean-up
I've noticed a few errors in the article; one is that the word "colectivo" connects to an article about Argentinian public transportation. Besides that, so far I haven't heard anyone use the word "colectivo" for the buses in Cuernavaca. (I'm a Canadian who's been living in Cuernavaca since August.) I changed this to link the "Pesero" or "Microbus" of Mexico City, since its a much more related link.

Also, the article contains some English that needs fixing (e.g. from the Transportation section, "There is no way around" for "There's no way around it.")

Finally, as the previous quotation shows, large parts of the are worded like a traveller's guide. Another example: "Do not hesitate to order or just catch a cab in the city - it is usually very secure service." The article should present information from a more neutral perspective, rather than the local-giving-advice-to-tourist perspective.

I've started with the "Public Transportation" section.

--Stetson 04:45, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

 * The expression "colectivo" was also used in MXC, but probably younger lads don't know it; "microbus" is of relatively recent coinage (early 90's if I recall correctly), when most "peseros" were replace by small vans. Louie (talk) 01:08, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

 * On the other hand, I agree: some parts of the article sound like advertisement; I did a little cleanup today in the education section. Louie (talk) 01:08, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

actually the most used expression for buses in Cuernavaca is "ruta"; the terms "microbus" and "pesero" are almost exclusive of Mexico City, I've never heard those outside of the capital. Chnt 14:37, 3 January 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.44.93.16 (talk)

100 anniversary, 200 anniversary, 500 anniversary
There are celebrations for the centennial of the Mexican Revolution, bicentennial for the country (although Wikipedia often disregards this and takes 1821 as the date, irritating Mexicans. Examples: the history of the City of Los Angeles, the history of the City of San Francisco, etc.). Many of the constructions depicted on this article will be 500 years old in as soon as 11 years. There should be also 500 year celebrations for some of them.

Tourism
Wikipedia is not a tourist guide and the article on a city should not include section on specific hotels or restaurants unless they are of extraordinary importance to the city and its culture and history. Closed restaurants and hotel chains certainly do not fit that description for which reason I've removed a couple of sections on Sumiya/Camino Real and Restaurant Gaia.·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 16:28, 18 August 2012 (UTC)

Education
Should more schools be added in the list of schools in Cuernavaca? It appears there isn't enough information on education in the city, but providing a small list of schools that offer rich cultured programs can be important to emphasize learning opportunities in the city. Although putting too many may clutter the section.- BlueABC (talk) 13:31, 23 September 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Corrected instances of misspelling of "Cuauhnahuac"
There were 4 instances of misspelling of the word "Cuauhnahuac" as "Cuahnahuac" and one as "Cuahnanhauc". None of this instances were backed by the references, where it was correctly spelled as "Cuauhnahuac":
 * Ref 14 is broken both in the original link and the archive, but you can see the same oficial historic text here: el soberano de Cuauhnahuac, Macuilxochitl, intentó emprender conquistas
 * Ref 15 is not accesible in the web, but it seems clear that "Cuahnanhauc" is the previous misspelling plus a typo.
 * Ref 20 Had it misspelled in the title translation but was actually correctly spelled in the original ("Museo Regional Cuauhnáhuac (Palacio de Cortés)" [Regional Museum Cuahnahuac (Palace of Cortes)] (in Spanish). INAH. 8 May 2018. Retrieved Jan 19, 2019.).
 * In ref 105 you can see it says "Museo Cuauhnáhuac, Museo Robert Brady...".

This seems to be a common misspelling of the word, but not a recognized one. Examples of this misspelling can only be found in unreliable sites like tripadvisor https://www.tripadvisor.com.mx/ShowUserReviews-g150797-d153767-r564464798-Palacio_de_Cortes-Cuernavaca_Central_Mexico_and_Gulf_Coast.html or this bookstore, where the entry for the title has the misspelling, but the actual book cover shows the correct spelling: https://www.elsotano.com/libro/cuahnahuac-1450-1675-su-historia-indigena-y-documentos-en-mexicano_10276023 On the other hand all historic or official sources show the spelling "Cuauhnahuac" and none shows "Cuahnahuac", which does not apear either in the Nahuatl dictionary from the Mexican National Antropology and History Institute (INAH) https://gdn.iib.unam.mx/diccionario/cuauhnahuac. Nor in any of the deformations of the name that the Spanish assigned to it (Coadnabaced, Coadalbaca, Cuautlavaca and finally Cuernavaca) and it would not make any sense as the roots of the word are the words Cuauitl (tree) and nahuac (close to) Ebergerz (talk) 03:46, 20 April 2022 (UTC)

Mislabeled photo
I believe the photo labeled as "Villa Cuauhnáhuac" in the montage is actually the dovecote at Versailles, France. 2003:D4:E72A:DD00:1C8F:A021:A304:5CAC (talk) 09:08, 2 June 2023 (UTC)

 * The file can be found at File:Villa Cuauhnáhuac 1.jpg. (CC) Tb hotch ™ 04:51, 10 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cuernavaca


text: User:Peter Phipps

title: User:Peter Phipps


text:
User:Tournesol

Hello,

I'm a rather frequent contributor to Swedish Wikipedia, and I occasionally edit articles in English. I also read and write French, so if you want to write a comment but don't feel too comfortable writing in English, n'hésitez pas. Comments written in German will most likely be answered in English, comments in Norwegian or Danish will be answered in Swedish unless you explicitly ask for a response in English. Comments in Spanish or Russian are likely to go through automatic translation and may end up distorted.

My presentation page at sv.wikipedia.org

title: User:Tournesol


text:
Heathrow Terminal 5 station

Heathrow Terminal 5 is a shared railway and London Underground station serving Heathrow Terminal 5. It serves as a terminus for Heathrow Express services to Paddington, and for Elizabeth line and London Underground Piccadilly line services to central London. It is managed and staffed by Heathrow Express.

The London Underground section of the station is situated in Travelcard Zone 6; it is the westernmost below-ground station on the network. It is also the westernmost National Rail station in London.

History
Following the longest public inquiry ever undertaken in the UK, construction of the station was granted in November 2001 by transport minister Stephen Byers as part of the approval of the Heathrow Terminal 5 project. Funded by British Airport Authority (BAA), construction of the extension as part of the T5 construction took 6 years. As part of the construction, Heathrow Terminal 4 tube station was closed for 20 months between January 2005 and September 2006 to allow the connecting junctions to be constructed. Train testing started when the extension was handed over to London Underground on 18 July 2007.

The station opened on 27 March 2008 coinciding with that of Heathrow Terminal 5. It was designed by architects HOK in conjunction with Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners. Although situated underground, parts of the station's roofing are made of translucent ETFE laminate panels, allowing natural daylight to flood down both ends of all six platforms.

Since May 2022, Heathrow Terminal 5 has been served by the Elizabeth line.

Services
Terminal 5 station is the only one at Heathrow Airport where Heathrow Express, Elizabeth line and Piccadilly line services share the same station. The following rail services are provided:
 * Piccadilly line from platforms 5 and 6: half the trains on the Heathrow branch terminate here, via Hatton Cross and Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3. The other half do not serve Heathrow Terminal 5, running instead via the loop to service Heathrow Terminal 4 and Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3, before returning eastbound.
 * Heathrow Express terminus to and from Paddington station from platforms 3 and 4.
 * Elizabeth line terminus to and from Shenfield station from platforms 3 and 4.

Free intra-terminal transfers
Until 2012, free transfer was not possible between terminals via the Underground, unlike on the Heathrow Express. In January 2012, free travel was introduced for Oyster card and contactless payment card holders between the Heathrow stations on the Piccadilly line. Journeys from Heathrow Terminal 5 to Terminal 4 via the Piccadilly line require a change at Hatton Cross; this journey is free.

Future links

Network Rail has put forward a proposal for a Western Rail Approach to Heathrow, a short spur of track in tunnel which would run from a junction east of Langley to Terminal 5 station. This would permit Great Western Main Line trains to run directly from Slough and Reading into Heathrow, without the need to change at Paddington. The proposal is currently at consultation stage and remains unconfirmed.

In addition to the above rail links, Terminal 5 station also has two safeguarded "heavy rail" platforms for use by a west-facing connection to the National Rail network. The south-leaning proposal would spur off the Waterloo to Reading Line west of Staines railway station (originally dubbed Heathrow Airtrack, with a newer proposal named Heathrow Southern Railway). It proposes direct rail services to London Waterloo, Reading, Woking, Guildford and Gatwick Airport. Due to the cost of replacing three level crossings, one in a very urban part of Egham, the proposals are currently unfunded.

Connections
London Buses routes 350, 423, 482, 490 and night route N9 serve the station. First Berkshire & The Thames Valley, National Express and Oxford Bus Company also operate connecting bus and coach services.

title: Heathrow Terminal 5 station


text:
Talk:Pupi Avati

i changed the biography, which was indeed taken from another website (i'm sorry for that, didn't know the policy of this website). the rest i kept the same as filmographies and lists of awards and nominations in my opinion never can have a copyright. at the end, they're all the same, aren't they? and if not, then there is missing information in one of them.

This article needs some work. Quite a bit of good information but its not particularly well written; it reads like a translation.HorsePants 20:24, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:StoryofBoysandGirls.jpg
Image:StoryofBoysandGirls.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 06:22, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Political science
According to the discussion page of the italian versio it seems he never finished the university, and dropped the studies before getting the degree in Political Science. I think it should be corrected.--Biopresto (talk) 09:57, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

Copyediting
I just finished going through the 2 major sections copyediting. It'd be great if someone could look them over and we can decide if the tag can be removed. LogicalFinance33 (talk) 04:29, 27 October 2011 (UTC)

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Threose

Threose is a four-carbon monosaccharide with molecular formula C4H8O4. It has a terminal aldehyde group rather than a ketone in its linear chain, and so is considered part of the aldose family of monosaccharides. The threose name can be used to refer to both the D - and L -stereoisomers, and more generally to the racemic mixture ( D / L -, equal parts D - and L -) as well as to the more generic threose structure (absolute stereochemistry unspecified).

The prefix "threo" which derives from threose (and "erythro" from a corresponding diastereomer erythrose) offer a useful way to describe general organic structures with adjacent chiral centers, where "the prefixes... designate the relative configuration of the centers". As is depicted in a Fischer projection of D -threose, the adjacent substituents will have a syn orientation in the isomer referred to as "threo", and are anti in the isomer referred to as "erythro".

title: Threose


text:
User talk:Prattflora~enwiki

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
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 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * Featured pictures
 * Boilerplate text
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 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

[[User:Sam Spade|Sam]] Spade wishes you a merry Christmas! 13:55, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Prattflora. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Prattflora~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:13, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:45, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:55, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Prattflora~enwiki


text:
User talk:Kosudo CONMEBOL

Please leave your message here. Danke! --Kosudo CONMEBOL 19:50, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kosudo CONMEBOL


text:
Talk:Thomas Kenny (VC)

Untitled
hi....Just a bit of input reguarding Thomas Kenny VC..of the Dli..13btn...He was my Great Uncle, I happen to know he was not killed in a minning accident, although badly injured..

Regards Davd Armstrong

I don't think they should be merged as they are two different people from different countries. Tristan benedict 11:55, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

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Dado rail

A dado rail, also known as a chair rail or surbase, is a type of moulding fixed horizontally to the wall around the perimeter of a room. The dado rail is traditionally part of the dado or wainscot and, although the purpose of the dado is mainly aesthetic, the dado rail may provide the wall with protection from furniture and other contact.

In cities such as Bath, England, the dado rail has been used in architecture to imply parts of the classical order. According to author Micahel Forsyth, "The dado, including skirting and dado rail, represents the pedestal, the wall surface the column shaft, and the cornice the entablature."

Modern trends have been towards 36 in, based on the assumption that its purpose is to protect the wall from chair backs. The term chair rail is also used for this reason.

Dado rails are also sometimes applied to a wall without the full dado treatment. The purpose of the rail in these cases may be protective, and it is common in environments where walls are subject to much wear and tear, such as shopping centres and hospitals. In such cases the height of the rail is often 1200 mm or even 1500 mm from the floor and serves a functional rather than aesthetic role.

The dado rail is a decorative and functional architectural element that is designed to divide the wall into distinct sections and protect it from furniture or other potential sources of wear and tear. It can be used for colour blocking, additional definition and to pay homage to the original architectural details of the property.

title: Dado rail


text:
Colonel Les Claypool's Fearless Flying Frog Brigade

Colonel Les Claypool's Fearless Flying Frog Brigade (also known as The Les Claypool Frog Brigade) is a musical project with rotating personnel, led by American singer/bassist Les Claypool. The Frog Brigade was formed during a hiatus from Claypool's main group Primus.

The original band was formed in summer 2000 and consisted of Claypool, Todd Huth (guitars, vocals), Jay Lane (drums), Jeff Chimenti (keyboards), Skerik (saxophone), and Eenor Wildeboar (guitars, cümbüş). Les Claypool has described their sound as, "It's kind of a King Crimson meets Pink Floyd meets Frank Zappa type thing."

The band released two live recordings in 2001, Live Frogs Set 1 and Live Frogs Set 2. Set 1 is a mix of covers and originals, including "Thela Hun Ginjeet" (King Crimson) and "Shine On You Crazy Diamond" (Pink Floyd). Set 2 is a live cover of the entire Pink Floyd album, Animals. A studio album, entitled Purple Onion, was also released in 2002.

All three albums were released on Les Claypool's Prawn Song Records.

History
Claypool formed the band to play the Mountain Aire Festival, a jam band festival that takes place in Northern California on Memorial Day weekends each year. Its initial lineup featured MIRV's Marc Haggard on guitar, Skerik on saxophone, and both Jack Irons (ex-Pearl Jam and Red Hot Chili Peppers) and Primus' Tim Alexander on drums. Les had planned on naming the band Les Claypool's Thunder Brigade, but was told by Mountain Aire organizers that the name might sound too heavy for the jamband crowd.

In August 2000, Claypool created a new line-up of the Frog Brigade and took it on a tour that fall. The band consisted of Jay Lane on drums and Todd Huth on guitar, who had worked with Claypool in Sausage (which in itself was a re-formation of the first line up of Primus), guitarist Eenor, who got a place in the band by winning a mail-order competition, Jeff Chimenti, the keyboardist from Ratdog (Jay Lane also has worked with Ratdog), and Skerik continuing on saxophone. This version of the band played a show consisting of two sets – the first filled with covers and songs from Claypool's previous bands, and a second set where the band would play all of the Pink Floyd album, Animals.

Reviews noted that although Claypool was turning towards jam band, the cover selections were adventurous and the cross over brought together a unique combination of fans. At the shows it was noted "a peculiar convergence of poncho punks, old Deadheads, extravagant funk fans and year-round Halloween revelers supplied one of the least likely rock audiences in recent memory" including both deadhead 'noodle dancers' and a mosh pit.

After this tour, the Brigade released two live recordings, both taken from the Autumn 2000 concerts by the band in San Francisco. Live Frogs, Vol. 1 contained material from the first, free-form set, and Live Frogs, Vol. 2 was a recording of the band performing Animals.

The Brigade headlined the first SnoCore Icicle Ball in early 2001. The following summer, the band was composed of Claypool, Skerik, Eenor and a new drummer, Paul Svena. Les began writing new material and they began playing single-set live shows. In 2002, Mike Dillon was added as a percussionist and the Frog Brigade recorded their only studio album to date, Purple Onion.

In 2003, Eenor left the band and guitarist Bryan Kehoe joined. Throughout their touring schedule the band has changed drummers multiple times. Drummer Paulo Baldi also entered the rotation in 2003. Baldi, formerly of the Bay Area trio Deadweight, who have disbanded, is a natural fit along the lines of Tim Alexander and Jay Lane.

In 2002 Claypool formed a new band, Colonel Claypool's Bucket of Bernie Brains, with guitarist Buckethead, keyboardist Bernie Worrell, and former Primus drummer Bryan Mantia (aka Brain). This band had much the same genesis as the Frog Brigade; Formed to play at the Bonnaroo Festival of that year, it has since gone on the road, and recordings have become subsequent live albums.

As of August 2011, the Frog Brigade has not recorded any new material since Purple Onion, and the band has not gone on a major tour since Summer 2003, but has occasionally re-formed to play other one-off shows and music festivals. Claypool toured 2006 and 2007 with Paulo Baldi, Gabby La La, Mike Dillon and Skerik as Les Claypool's Fancy Band.

In 2023, Claypool reformed the band for a tour entitled "Summer of Green," featuring an almost entirely new line up of Sean Lennon on guitar, Harry Waters on keyboards, Paulo Baldi on drums, and Mike Dillon on percussion. Skerik was the only original member aside from Claypool set to rejoin the reformed group, but was forced to bow out of the tour due to a mysterious shoulder/neck injury.

Members

 * Les Claypool - bass, vocals
 * Sean Lennon - guitars
 * Harry Waters - keyboards
 * Paulo Baldi - drums
 * Mike Dillon - percussion
 * Skerik - saxophone

Former members

 * Todd Huth - guitars, vocals
 * Bryan Kehoe - guitars
 * Marc Haggard - guitars
 * Jay Lane - drums
 * Jack Irons - drums
 * Paul Svena - drums
 * Tim Alexander - drums
 * Jeff Chimenti - keyboards
 * Eenor Wildeboar - guitars, cümbüş

Discography

 * 2001: Live Frogs Set 1
 * 2001: Live Frogs Set 2
 * 2002: Purple Onion


text:
Erythrulose

 D -Erythrulose (also known as erythrulose) is a tetrose carbohydrate with the chemical formula C4H8O4. It has one ketone group and so is part of the ketose family. It is used in some self-tanning cosmetics, in general, combined with dihydroxyacetone (DHA).

Erythrulose/DHA reacts with the amino acids in the proteins of the first layers of skin (the stratum corneum and epidermis). One of the pathways involves free radicals at one of the steps of the Maillard reaction, distantly related to the browning effect when a cut apple slice is exposed to oxygen. The other pathway is the conventional Maillard reaction; both pathways are involved in the browning during food preparation and storage. This is not a stain or dye, but rather a chemical reaction that produces a color change on all treated skin. It does not involve the underlying skin pigmentation nor does it require exposure to ultraviolet light to initiate the color change. However, the 'tan' produced by erythrulose/DHA only has an SPF of up to 3, and enhances the free radical injury from UV (compared to untreated skin) for the 24 hours after self-tanner is applied, according to a 2007 study led by Katinka Jung of the Gematria Test Lab in Berlin. Forty minutes after the researchers treated skin samples with high levels of erythrulose, they found that more than 140 percent additional free radicals formed during sun exposure compared with untreated skin.

DHA produced similar results, but faster; however erythrulose takes longer to develop its full effect, therefore it lasts longer. For a day after self-tanner application, excessive sun exposure should be avoided and sunscreen should be worn outdoors, they say; an antioxidant cream could also minimize free radical production. Although some self-tanners contain sunscreen, its effect will not last as long as the tan. During UV irradiation free radicals, mainly superoxide/hydroperoxyl (O2•−/HO2•), and other reactive species (ROS/RNS) are produced, that can react with the ketoamines (Amadori products) and other intermediates of the Maillard reaction. This leads to autoxidationradical chain reactions of the ketoamines, which cause a dramatic increase in the radical injury of the skin. This can be suppressed by antioxidants, which shows involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ketoamines were shown to cause DNA strand breaks and to act as mutagens.

The free radicals are due to the action of UV light on AGE (advanced glycation end-products) as a result of the reaction of DHA with the skin, and the intermediates, such as Amadori products (a type of AGE), that lead to them. AGEs absorb UV light, but do not have melanin's extended electronic structure that dissipates the energy, so part of it goes towards starting free radical chain reactions instead, in which other AGEs participate readily. AGEs are behind the damage to the skin that occurs with high blood sugar in diabetes where similar glycation occurs.

Erythrulose is a clear to pale-yellowish liquid, which naturally occurs in red raspberries. According to one method, it is made through aerobic fermentation by the bacterium Gluconobacter, followed by extensive multi-step purification.

Erythrulose and dihydroxyacetone (DHA) are very similar in composition, and both react much the same way on the skin surface. Erythrulose produces a lighter and slower-developing tan, taking 24 to 48 hours to complete development. When used alone, it fades faster than a DHA-based sunless tan. Some people feel the final tone of erythrulose is slightly redder, and less bronze, than the DHA-based tan. It may be less drying to the skin surface, helping provide a smoother fading tint. When combined with DHA, the resulting sunless tan is said to last longer, fade better, and provide a more cosmetically pleasing color tone. In sunless tanning products, it is incorporated at 1% to 3% levels.

Because the skin continually exfoliates itself, losing thousands of dead surface skin cells each day, the tan hue is temporary. The tan appearance lasts from two to 10 days, depending on application type and skin condition.

Not all users develop a tan coloration from erythrulose; some may find their fading is more uneven and blotchy when this ingredient is used. Because of the added cost associated with this ingredient, some manufacturers feel it is an inefficient additive to the sunless tanning product line.

Individuals sensitive to DHA may be able to use erythrulose as a skin-safe self-tanning replacement. Erythrulose is more expensive, and difficult to obtain.

Erythrulose is not currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a self-tanning agent.

title: Erythrulose


text:
Web services protocol stack

A web service protocol stack is a protocol stack (a stack of computer networking protocols) that is used to define, locate, implement, and make Web services interact with each other. A web service protocol stack typically stacks four protocols:

 * (Service) Transport Protocol: responsible for transporting messages between network applications and includes protocols such as HTTP, SMTP, FTP, as well as the more recent Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol (BEEP).
 * (XML) Messaging Protocol: responsible for encoding messages in a common XML format so that they can be understood at either end of a network connection. Currently, this area includes such protocols as XML-RPC, WS-Addressing, and SOAP.
 * (Service) Description Protocol: used for describing the public interface to a specific Web service. The WSDL interface format is typically used for this purpose.
 * (Service) Discovery Protocol: centralizes services into a common registry so that network Web services can publish their location and description, and makes it easy to discover what services are available on the network. Universal Description Discovery and Integration (UDDI) was intended for this purpose, but it has not been widely adopted.

The protocol stack can also include a range of higher-level protocols such as Business Process Execution Language (WS-BPEL) or WS-Security for security extensions.

title: Web services protocol stack