text:
List of Catholic dioceses in the United States

The Catholic dioceses and archdioceses of the United States which include both the dioceses of the Latin Church, which employ the Roman Rite and other Latin liturgical rites, and various other dioceses, primarily the eparchies of the Eastern Catholic Churches, which employ various Eastern Christian rites and traditions, and which are in full communion with the Pope in Rome. The Archdiocese for the Military Services, USA is not a metropolitan diocese. The Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter, with territory that extends over the United States and Canada, was established on January 1, 2012, for former Anglicans who join the Catholic Church.

The Catholic Church in the United States has a total of 196 particular churches in the 50 U.S. states, Washington D.C., and the U.S. Virgin Islands: 33 territorial archdioceses, 144 territorial dioceses, the Archdiocese for the Military Services, USA (serving members of the US Armed Forces and Diplomatic Corps, and those in facilities of the Veterans Administration and their dependents), and the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter (serving Catholics who were formerly Anglicans) within the Latin Church; and two archeparchies and 16 eparchies in the Eastern Catholic Churches.

There are several other dioceses whose territories cover the United States' unincorporated territories. Puerto Rico has one ecclesiastical province comprising an archdiocese and five dioceses, which together form the Puerto Rican Episcopal Conference, which is separate from the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. The dioceses that encompass American Samoa, the Northern Mariana Islands, and Guam are part of the Episcopal Conference of the Pacific.

Terminology
The pastor of any particular church other than an ordinariate must be episcopally ordained, but his title conforms to that of his jurisdiction: the pastor of an archdiocese is an archbishop, the pastor of a diocese is a bishop, the pastor of an archeparchy is an archeparch, the pastor of an eparchy is an eparch, and the pastor of an exarchate is an exarch. The pastor of an ordinariate is an "ordinary" (which is a term also used generically for the pastor of any particular church) and may be either a bishop if celibate or a priest if married, but he holds the same power of governance of his ordinariate that an episcopal ordinary has in his diocese in either case; Pope Benedict XVI deliberately instituted this provision to permit married, former Anglican bishops who come into full communion with the Catholic Church along with many of their congregants to accede to office while respecting sensitivities in ecumenical relations with the Eastern Orthodox Churches, which also maintain a celibate episcopacy. The pastor of each particular church is, ex officio, a full member of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB). Auxiliary and retired bishops are also members of the Conference but have no vote.

In the United States, each archbishop is also the metropolitan bishop of an ecclesiastical province that encompasses several adjacent dioceses. Likewise, each archeparch is also the metropolitan of an ecclesiastical province that encompasses all of the eparchies of the same sui iuris particular church in the United States. Most provincial and diocesan boundaries conform to state, county, borough (in Alaska), or parish (in Louisiana) political boundaries. The sui iuris Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in the US has an ecclesiastical province consisting of an archeparchy and three eparchies, and the sui iuris Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church has an ecclesiastical province consisting of an archeparchy and three eparchies; the boundaries of these jurisdictions also generally conform to those of states. Most of the remaining eparchies are national in territory, but two particular churches, namely the Armenian Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Nareg and the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter, are international, encompassing all of the United States and Canada; their pastors also are ex officio members of the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops (CCCB).

In the Roman Rite, (arch)dioceses customarily take the name of the city of the (arch)bishop's cathedra, denominated the "see". A few dioceses bear the names of two cities, variously reflecting a shift in the major center of population, e.g., the Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston; future plan to divide a diocese, e.g., the former Diocese of Reno-Las Vegas; union of two former dioceses, e.g., the Diocese of Kansas City-St. Joseph; political expedience, e.g., the Archdiocese of St. Paul and Minneapolis; or a perceived need for some episcopal functions to be accessible to residents of another part of the diocesan territory, e.g., the Diocese of Altoona-Johnstown. Some of the sui iuris particular churches also follow this custom, while others denominated their jurisdictions after saints or other religious titles.

In the Catholic Church, there are many bishops who do not govern dioceses:
 * A "coadjutor" is appointed to assist the bishop of a diocese or eparchy with its daily governance and has the right of automatic succession upon the death or resignation of the bishop. A coadjutor always holds the title "Coadjutor of [name of see]". The coadjutor of an archdiocese or archeparchy also has the status of an archbishop or archeparch.
 * A retired diocesan bishop holds the title of "Bishop Emeritus of [name of see]" or, in the case of an archdiocese, "Archbishop Emeritus of [name of see]".
 * Auxiliary bishops, bishops who govern jurisdictions that are not canonically erected as dioceses, bishops and archbishops of the Roman Curia, and bishops and archbishops of the diplomatic corps of the Holy See have titles of former dioceses and archdioceses.
 * The Pope also may confer the personal title of "archbishop" on a diocesan bishop who does not govern an archdiocese; such a prelate is classified as an archbishop ad personam: although still merely a diocesan bishop, he is titled with the name of a former archdiocese in addition to possessing the title of his own diocese. Archbishop Fulton J. Sheen, Bishop of Rochester and Titular Archbishop of Neoportus was one of the more famous examples of this custom.

When a diocese is suppressed or when the diocesan see is transferred to another location, the title of the former see becomes available for assignment to a titular bishop or, in the case of an archdiocese, a titular archbishop or an archbishop ad personam. The Vatican resurrected the names of many former sees of the United States in the 1990s, as indicated by the table of former dioceses toward the end of this article.

Territorial provinces and dioceses
United States Conference of Catholic Bishops

{| class="wikitable sortable" ! class="unsortable" | Map!! Diocese!! class=unsortable|Coat of Arms ! colspan="3" |

Ecclesiastical Province of Anchorage–Juneau
! colspan="3" |
 * rowspan="2" | Ecclesiastical Province of Anchorage-Juneau map.png
 * Archdiocese of Anchorage–Juneau
 * Coat of arms of the Archdiocese of Anchorage-Juneau.svg
 * Diocese of Fairbanks
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Fairbanks.svg
 * Diocese of Fairbanks
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Fairbanks.svg

Ecclesiastical Province of Atlanta
! colspan="3" |
 * rowspan="5" | Ecclesiastical Province of Atlanta map.png
 * Archdiocese of Atlanta
 * Coat of arms of the Archdiocese of Atlanta.svg
 * Diocese of Charleston
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Charleston.svg
 * Diocese of Charlotte
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Charlotte.svg
 * Diocese of Raleigh
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Raleigh.svg
 * Diocese of Savannah
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Savannah.svg
 * Diocese of Raleigh
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Raleigh.svg
 * Diocese of Savannah
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Savannah.svg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Savannah.svg

Ecclesiastical Province of Baltimore
! colspan="3" |
 * rowspan="5" | Ecclesiastical Province of Baltimore map.png
 * Archdiocese of Baltimore
 * Coat of arms of the Archdiocese of Baltimore.svg
 * Diocese of Arlington
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Arlington.svg
 * Diocese of Richmond
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Richmond.svg
 * Diocese of Wheeling–Charleston
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Wheeling–Charleston.svg
 * Diocese of Wilmington
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Wilmington.svg
 * Diocese of Wheeling–Charleston
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Wheeling–Charleston.svg
 * Diocese of Wilmington
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Wilmington.svg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Wilmington.svg

Ecclesiastical Province of Boston
! colspan="3" |
 * rowspan="7" | Archdiocese of Boston.png
 * Archdiocese of Boston
 * Coat of arms of the Archdiocese of Boston.svg
 * Diocese of Burlington
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Burlington.svg
 * Diocese of Fall River
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Fall River.svg
 * Diocese of Manchester
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Manchester.svg
 * Diocese of Portland
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Portland.svg
 * Diocese of Springfield in Massachusetts
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Springfield in Massachusetts.svg
 * Diocese of Worcester
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Worcester.svg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Portland.svg
 * Diocese of Springfield in Massachusetts
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Springfield in Massachusetts.svg
 * Diocese of Worcester
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Worcester.svg
 * Diocese of Worcester
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Worcester.svg

Ecclesiastical Province of Chicago
! colspan="3" |
 * rowspan="6" | Ecclesiastical Province of Chicago map 1.png
 * Archdiocese of Chicago
 * Coat of arms of the Archdiocese of Chicago.svg
 * Diocese of Belleville
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Belleville.svg
 * Diocese of Joliet
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Joliet in Illinois.svg
 * Diocese of Peoria
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Peoria.svg
 * Diocese of Rockford
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Rockford.svg
 * Diocese of Springfield in Illinois
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Springfield in Illinois.svg
 * Diocese of Rockford
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Rockford.svg
 * Diocese of Springfield in Illinois
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Springfield in Illinois.svg
 * Diocese of Springfield in Illinois
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Springfield in Illinois.svg

Ecclesiastical Province of Cincinnati
! colspan="3" |
 * rowspan="6" | Cincinnati Catholic map.png
 * Archdiocese of Cincinnati
 * Coat of arms of the Archdiocese of Cincinnati.svg
 * Diocese of Cleveland
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Cleveland.svg
 * Diocese of Columbus
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Columbus.svg
 * Diocese of Steubenville
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Steubenville.svg
 * Diocese of Toledo in Ohio
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Toledo.svg
 * Diocese of Youngstown
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Youngstown.svg
 * Diocese of Toledo in Ohio
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Toledo.svg
 * Diocese of Youngstown
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Youngstown.svg
 * Diocese of Youngstown
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Youngstown.svg

Ecclesiastical Province of Denver
! colspan="3" |
 * rowspan="4" | Ecclesiastical Province of Denver map.png
 * Archdiocese of Denver
 * Coat of arms of the Archdiocese of Denver.svg
 * Diocese of Cheyenne
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Cheyenne.svg
 * Diocese of Colorado Springs
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Colorado Springs.svg
 * Diocese of Pueblo
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Pueblo.svg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Colorado Springs.svg
 * Diocese of Pueblo
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Pueblo.svg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Pueblo.svg

Ecclesiastical Province of Detroit
! colspan="3" |
 * rowspan="7" | Ecclesiastical Province of Detroit map 1.png
 * Archdiocese of Detroit
 * Coat of arms of the Archdiocese of Detroit.svg
 * Diocese of Gaylord
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Gaylord.svg
 * Diocese of Grand Rapids
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Grand Rapids.svg
 * Diocese of Kalamazoo
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Kalamazoo.svg
 * Diocese of Lansing
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Lansing.svg
 * Diocese of Marquette
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Marquette.svg
 * Diocese of Saginaw
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Saginaw.svg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Lansing.svg
 * Diocese of Marquette
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Marquette.svg
 * Diocese of Saginaw
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Saginaw.svg
 * Diocese of Saginaw
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Saginaw.svg

Ecclesiastical Province of Dubuque
! colspan="3" |
 * rowspan="4" | Ecclesiastical Province of Dubuque.PNG
 * Archdiocese of Dubuque
 * Coat of arms of the Archdiocese of Dubuque.svg
 * Diocese of Davenport
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Davenport.svg
 * Diocese of Des Moines
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Des Moines.svg
 * Diocese of Sioux City
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Sioux City.svg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Des Moines.svg
 * Diocese of Sioux City
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Sioux City.svg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Sioux City.svg

Ecclesiastical Province of Galveston–Houston
! colspan="3" |
 * rowspan="7" | Ecclesiastical Province of Galveston-Houston map.png
 * Archdiocese of Galveston–Houston
 * Coat of arms of the Archdiocese of Galveston–Houston.svg
 * Diocese of Austin
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Austin.svg
 * Diocese of Beaumont
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Beaumont.svg
 * Diocese of Brownsville
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Brownsville.svg
 * Diocese of Corpus Christi
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Corpus Christi.svg
 * Diocese of Tyler
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Tyler.svg
 * Diocese of Victoria
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Victoria in Texas.svg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Corpus Christi.svg
 * Diocese of Tyler
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Tyler.svg
 * Diocese of Victoria
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Victoria in Texas.svg
 * Diocese of Victoria
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Victoria in Texas.svg

Ecclesiastical Province of Hartford
! colspan="3" |
 * rowspan="4" | Ecclesiastical Province of Hartford map.png
 * Archdiocese of Hartford
 * Coat of arms of the Archdiocese of Hartford.svg
 * Diocese of Bridgeport
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Bridgeport.svg
 * Diocese of Norwich
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Norwich.svg
 * Diocese of Providence
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Providence.svg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Norwich.svg
 * Diocese of Providence
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Providence.svg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Providence.svg

Ecclesiastical Province of Indianapolis
! colspan="3" |
 * rowspan="5" | Ecclesiastical Province of Indianapolis map.png
 * Archdiocese of Indianapolis
 * Coat of arms of the Archdiocese of Indianapolis.svg
 * Diocese of Evansville
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Evansville.svg
 * Diocese of Fort Wayne–South Bend
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Fort Wayne–South Bend.svg
 * Diocese of Gary
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Gary.svg
 * Diocese of Lafayette in Indiana
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Lafayette in Indiana.svg
 * Diocese of Gary
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Gary.svg
 * Diocese of Lafayette in Indiana
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Lafayette in Indiana.svg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Lafayette in Indiana.svg

Ecclesiastical Province of Kansas City
! colspan="3" |
 * rowspan="4" | Ecclesiastical Province of Kansas City.png
 * Archdiocese of Kansas City in Kansas
 * Coat of arms of the Archdiocese of Kansas City in Kansas.svg
 * Diocese of Dodge City
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Dodge City.svg
 * Diocese of Salina
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Salina.svg
 * Diocese of Wichita
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Wichita.svg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Salina.svg
 * Diocese of Wichita
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Wichita.svg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Wichita.svg

Ecclesiastical Province of Las Vegas
! colspan="3" |
 * rowspan="3" |Ecclesiastical Province of Las Vegas.png
 * Archdiocese of Las Vegas
 * Coat of arms of the Archdiocese of Las Vegas.svg
 * Diocese of Reno
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Reno.svg
 * Diocese of Salt Lake City
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Salt Lake City.svg
 * Diocese of Salt Lake City
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Salt Lake City.svg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Salt Lake City.svg

Ecclesiastical Province of Los Angeles
! colspan="3" |
 * rowspan="6" | Ecclesiastical Province of Los Angeles map.png
 * Archdiocese of Los Angeles
 * Coat of arms of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles.svg
 * Diocese of Fresno
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Fresno.svg
 * Diocese of Monterey
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Monterey in California.svg
 * Diocese of Orange
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Orange.svg
 * Diocese of San Bernardino
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of San Bernardino.svg
 * Diocese of San Diego
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of San Diego.svg
 * Diocese of San Bernardino
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of San Bernardino.svg
 * Diocese of San Diego
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of San Diego.svg
 * Diocese of San Diego
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of San Diego.svg

Ecclesiastical Province of Louisville
! colspan="3" |
 * rowspan="7" | Ecclesiastical Province of Louisville map.png
 * Archdiocese of Louisville
 * Coat of arms of the Archdiocese of Louisville.svg
 * Diocese of Covington
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Covington.svg
 * Diocese of Knoxville
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Knoxville.svg
 * Diocese of Lexington
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Lexington.svg
 * Diocese of Memphis
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Memphis.svg
 * Diocese of Nashville
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Nashville.svg
 * Diocese of Owensboro
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Owensboro.svg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Memphis.svg
 * Diocese of Nashville
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Nashville.svg
 * Diocese of Owensboro
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Owensboro.svg
 * Diocese of Owensboro
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Owensboro.svg

Ecclesiastical Province of Miami
! colspan="3" |
 * rowspan="7" | Ecclesiastical Province of Miami map.png
 * Archdiocese of Miami
 * Coat of arms of the Archdiocese of Miami.svg
 * Diocese of Orlando
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Orlando.svg
 * Diocese of Palm Beach
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Palm Beach.svg
 * Diocese of Pensacola–Tallahassee
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Pensacola–Tallahassee.svg
 * Diocese of St. Augustine
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of St. Augustine.svg
 * Diocese of St. Petersburg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Saint Petersburg.svg
 * Diocese of Venice in Florida
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Venice in Florida.svg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of St. Augustine.svg
 * Diocese of St. Petersburg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Saint Petersburg.svg
 * Diocese of Venice in Florida
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Venice in Florida.svg
 * Diocese of Venice in Florida
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Venice in Florida.svg

Ecclesiastical Province of Milwaukee
! colspan="3" |
 * rowspan="5" | Ecclesiastical Province of Milwaukee map 1.png
 * Archdiocese of Milwaukee
 * Coat of arms of the Archdiocese of Milwaukee.svg
 * Diocese of Green Bay
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Green Bay.svg
 * Diocese of La Crosse
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of La Crosse.svg
 * Diocese of Madison
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Madison.svg
 * Diocese of Superior
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Superior.svg
 * Diocese of Madison
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Madison.svg
 * Diocese of Superior
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Superior.svg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Superior.svg

Ecclesiastical Province of Mobile
! colspan="3" |
 * rowspan="4" | Ecclesiastical Province of Mobile map.png
 * Archdiocese of Mobile
 * Coat of arms of the Archdiocese of Mobile.svg
 * Diocese of Biloxi
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Biloxi.svg
 * Diocese of Birmingham
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Birmingham in Alabama.svg
 * Diocese of Jackson
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Jackson.svg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Birmingham in Alabama.svg
 * Diocese of Jackson
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Jackson.svg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Jackson.svg

Ecclesiastical Province of New Orleans
! colspan="3" |
 * rowspan="7" | Ecclesiastical Province of New Orleans map.png
 * Archdiocese of New Orleans
 * Coat of arms of the Archdiocese of New Orleans.svg
 * Diocese of Alexandria
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Alexandria in Louisiana.svg
 * Diocese of Baton Rouge
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Baton Rouge.svg
 * Diocese of Houma–Thibodaux
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Houma–Thibodaux.svg
 * Diocese of Lafayette in Louisiana
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Lafayette in Louisiana.svg
 * Diocese of Lake Charles
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Lake Charles.svg
 * Diocese of Shreveport
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Shreveport.svg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Lafayette in Louisiana.svg
 * Diocese of Lake Charles
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Lake Charles.svg
 * Diocese of Shreveport
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Shreveport.svg
 * Diocese of Shreveport
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Shreveport.svg

Ecclesiastical Province of New York
! colspan="3" |
 * rowspan="8" | Ecclesiastical Province of New York map.png
 * Archdiocese of New York
 * Coat of arms of the Archdiocese of New York.svg
 * Diocese of Albany
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Albany.svg
 * Diocese of Brooklyn
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Brooklyn.svg
 * Diocese of Buffalo
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Buffalo.svg
 * Diocese of Ogdensburg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Ogdensburg.svg
 * Diocese of Rochester
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Rochester.svg
 * Diocese of Rockville Centre
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Rockville Centre.svg
 * Diocese of Syracuse
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Syracuse.svg
 * Diocese of Rochester
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Rochester.svg
 * Diocese of Rockville Centre
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Rockville Centre.svg
 * Diocese of Syracuse
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Syracuse.svg
 * Diocese of Syracuse
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Syracuse.svg

Ecclesiastical Province of Newark
! colspan="3" |
 * rowspan="5" | Ecclesiastical Province of Newark map.png
 * Archdiocese of Newark
 * Coat of arms of the Archdiocese of Newark.svg
 * Diocese of Camden
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Camden.svg
 * Diocese of Metuchen
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Metuchen.svg
 * Diocese of Paterson
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Paterson.svg
 * Diocese of Trenton
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Trenton.svg
 * Diocese of Paterson
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Paterson.svg
 * Diocese of Trenton
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Trenton.svg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Trenton.svg

Ecclesiastical Province of Oklahoma City
! colspan="3" |
 * rowspan="3" | Ecclesiastical Province of Oklahoma City map.png
 * Archdiocese of Oklahoma City
 * Coat of arms of the Archdiocese of Oklahoma City.svg
 * Diocese of Little Rock
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Little Rock.svg
 * Diocese of Tulsa
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Tulsa.svg
 * Diocese of Tulsa
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Tulsa.svg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Tulsa.svg

Ecclesiastical Province of Omaha
! colspan="3" |
 * rowspan="3" | Ecclesiastical Province of Omaha.png
 * Archdiocese of Omaha
 * Coat of arms of the Archdiocese of Omaha.svg
 * Diocese of Grand Island
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Grand Island.svg
 * Diocese of Lincoln
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Lincoln.svg
 * Diocese of Lincoln
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Lincoln.svg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Lincoln.svg

Ecclesiastical Province of Philadelphia
! colspan="3" |
 * rowspan="8" | Ecclesiastical Province of Philadelphia.svg
 * Archdiocese of Philadelphia
 * Coat of arms of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia.svg
 * Diocese of Allentown
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Allentown.svg
 * Diocese of Altoona–Johnstown
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Altoona–Johnstown.svg
 * Diocese of Erie
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Erie.svg
 * Diocese of Greensburg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Greensburg.svg
 * Diocese of Harrisburg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Harrisburg.svg
 * Diocese of Pittsburgh
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Pittsburgh.svg
 * Diocese of Scranton
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Scranton.svg
 * Diocese of Harrisburg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Harrisburg.svg
 * Diocese of Pittsburgh
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Pittsburgh.svg
 * Diocese of Scranton
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Scranton.svg
 * Diocese of Scranton
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Scranton.svg

Ecclesiastical Province of Portland
! colspan="3" |
 * rowspan="5" | Ecclesiastical Province of Portland map.png
 * Archdiocese of Portland in Oregon
 * Coat of arms of the Archdiocese of Portland in Oregon.svg
 * Diocese of Baker
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Baker.svg
 * Diocese of Boise
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Boise.svg
 * Diocese of Great Falls–Billings
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Great Falls–Billings.svg
 * Diocese of Helena
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Helena.svg
 * Diocese of Great Falls–Billings
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Great Falls–Billings.svg
 * Diocese of Helena
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Helena.svg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Helena.svg

Ecclesiastical Province of St. Louis
! colspan="3" |
 * rowspan="4" | Ecclesiastical Province of St. Louis.png
 * Archdiocese of St. Louis
 * Coat of arms of the Archdiocese of St. Louis.svg
 * Diocese of Jefferson City
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Jefferson City.svg
 * Diocese of Kansas City–Saint Joseph
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Kansas City–Saint Joseph.svg
 * Diocese of Springfield–Cape Girardeau
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Springfield–Cape Girardeau.svg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Kansas City–Saint Joseph.svg
 * Diocese of Springfield–Cape Girardeau
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Springfield–Cape Girardeau.svg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Springfield–Cape Girardeau.svg

Ecclesiastical Province of Saint Paul and Minneapolis
! colspan="3" |
 * rowspan="10" | Ecclesiastical Prov. of St. Paul & Mpls map 1.png
 * Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis
 * Coat of arms of the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis.svg
 * Diocese of Bismarck
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Bismarck.svg
 * Diocese of Crookston
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Crookston.svg
 * Diocese of Duluth
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Duluth.svg
 * Diocese of Fargo
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Fargo.svg
 * Diocese of New Ulm
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of New Ulm.svg
 * Diocese of Rapid City
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Rapid City.svg
 * Diocese of Saint Cloud
 * Coat of Arms of the Diocese of Saint Cloud.svg
 * Diocese of Sioux Falls
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Sioux Falls.svg
 * Diocese of Winona–Rochester
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Winona–Rochester.svg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Rapid City.svg
 * Diocese of Saint Cloud
 * Coat of Arms of the Diocese of Saint Cloud.svg
 * Diocese of Sioux Falls
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Sioux Falls.svg
 * Diocese of Winona–Rochester
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Winona–Rochester.svg
 * Diocese of Winona–Rochester
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Winona–Rochester.svg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Winona–Rochester.svg

Ecclesiastical Province of San Antonio
! colspan="3" |
 * rowspan="8" | Ecclesiastical Province of San Antonio map.png
 * Archdiocese of San Antonio
 * Coat of arms of the Archdiocese of San Antonio.svg
 * Diocese of Amarillo
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Amarillo.svg
 * Diocese of Dallas
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Dallas.svg
 * Diocese of El Paso
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of El Paso.svg
 * Diocese of Fort Worth
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Fort Worth.svg
 * Diocese of Laredo
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Laredo.svg
 * Diocese of Lubbock
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Lubbock.svg
 * Diocese of San Angelo
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of San Angelo.svg
 * Diocese of Laredo
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Laredo.svg
 * Diocese of Lubbock
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Lubbock.svg
 * Diocese of San Angelo
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of San Angelo.svg
 * Diocese of San Angelo
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of San Angelo.svg

Ecclesiastical Province of San Francisco
! colspan="3" |
 * rowspan="7" | Ecclesiastical Province of San Francisco map.png
 * Archdiocese of San Francisco
 * Coat of arms of the Archdiocese of San Francisco.svg
 * Diocese of Honolulu
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Honolulu.svg
 * Diocese of Oakland
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Oakland.svg
 * Diocese of Sacramento
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Sacramento.svg
 * Diocese of San Jose
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of San José in California.svg
 * Diocese of Santa Rosa
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Santa Rosa in California.svg
 * Diocese of Stockton
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Stockton.svg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of San José in California.svg
 * Diocese of Santa Rosa
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Santa Rosa in California.svg
 * Diocese of Stockton
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Stockton.svg
 * Diocese of Stockton
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Stockton.svg

Ecclesiastical Province of Santa Fe
! colspan="3" |
 * rowspan="5" | Ecclesiastical Province of Santa Fe map.png
 * Archdiocese of Santa Fe
 * Coat of arms of the Archdiocese of Santa Fe.svg
 * Diocese of Gallup
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Gallup.svg
 * Diocese of Las Cruces
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Las Cruces.svg
 * Diocese of Phoenix
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Phoenix.svg
 * Diocese of Tucson
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Tucson.svg
 * Diocese of Phoenix
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Phoenix.svg
 * Diocese of Tucson
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Tucson.svg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Tucson.svg

Ecclesiastical Province of Seattle
! colspan="3" |
 * rowspan="3" | Ecclesiastical Province of Seattle map.png
 * Archdiocese of Seattle
 * Coat of arms of the Archdiocese of Seattle.svg
 * Diocese of Spokane
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Spokane.svg
 * Diocese of Yakima
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Yakima.svg
 * Diocese of Yakima
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Yakima.svg
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Yakima.svg

Ecclesiastical Province of Washington
Puerto Rican Episcopal Conference
 * rowspan="2" | Ecclesiastical Province of Washington map.png
 * Archdiocese of Washington
 * Coat of arms of the Archdiocese of Washington.svg
 * Diocese of Saint Thomas
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Saint Thomas.svg
 * }
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Saint Thomas.svg
 * }
 * }

{| class="wikitable sortable" ! class="unsortable" | Map!! Diocese!! class=unsortable|Coat of Arms ! colspan="3" |

Ecclesiastical Province of San Juan
Episcopal Conference of the Pacific
 * rowspan="6" | Ecclesiastical Province of San Juan map.png
 * Archdiocese of San Juan
 * Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Juan, PR.jpg
 * Diocese of Arecibo
 * Roman Catholic Diocese of Arecibo, PR.jpg
 * Diocese of Caguas
 * Roman Catholic Diocese of Caguas, PR.jpg
 * Diocese of Fajardo–Humacao
 * Roman Catholic Diocese of Fajardo-Humacao, PR.jpg
 * Diocese of Mayagüez
 * Roman Catholic Diocese of Mayaguez, PR.jpg
 * Diocese of Ponce
 * Roman Catholic Diocese of Ponce, PR.jpg
 * }
 * Diocese of Mayagüez
 * Roman Catholic Diocese of Mayaguez, PR.jpg
 * Diocese of Ponce
 * Roman Catholic Diocese of Ponce, PR.jpg
 * }
 * }
 * }

{| class="wikitable sortable" ! class="unsortable" | Map!! Diocese!! class=unsortable|Coat of Arms ! colspan="3" |

Ecclesiastical Province of Agaña
! colspan="3" |
 * Archdiocese of Agaña map.png
 * Archdiocese of Agaña
 * Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Agaña.svg
 * Diocese of Chalan Kanoa map.png
 * Diocese of Chalan Kanoa
 * Roman Catholic of Chalan Kanoa.svg
 * Diocese of Chalan Kanoa
 * Roman Catholic of Chalan Kanoa.svg

Ecclesiastical Province of Samoa–Apia

 * Catholic dioceses of the Samoa Islands.png
 * Diocese of Samoa–Pago Pago
 * Coat of arms of the Diocese of Samoa–Pago Pago.svg
 * }
 * }
 * }

Military archdiocese
Members of the Armed Forces of the United States and their dependents, employees of the US Veterans Health Administration and its patients, and Americans in civil service overseas, including the Nation's diplomatic corps and their dependents, both Catholics of the Latin Church and Eastern Churches, are served by the Archdiocese for the Military Services, USA. An archbishop leads it who is presently assisted by four auxiliary bishops. Its status as an "archdiocese" is merely honorary. In 1986, Pope John Paul II amended the juridical organization of military chaplaincies from "military vicariates" to "military ordinariates", the head of which was likened to a diocesan bishop. The Ordinary of the Archdiocese of the Military Services is usually granted the personal title of "Archbishop", although this is not a requisite of the office.

Province of Philadelphia (Ukrainian)
The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in the United States is organized into a metropolia (province) comprising a metropolitan archeparchy and three suffragan eparchies.

Province of Pittsburgh (Ruthenian)
The Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church in the United States is organized into the sui iuris Province of Pittsburgh, consisting of a metropolitan archeparchy and three suffragan eparchies. The eparchies also serve the faithful of other Byzantine Catholic Churches without established hierarchies in the United States, namely those of the Albanian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Greek, Hungarian, Italo-Albanian, Macedonian, Russian, and Slovakian Byzantine Catholic Churches. Since 2022, this province includes also the Slovakian Catholic Exarchate of Saints Cyril and Methodius of Toronto in Canada, which was formerly part of the Slovakian Greek Catholic Church.

Eastern Catholic eparchies in the United States immediately subject to the Holy See
The following particular Eastern Catholic Churches are not suffragan to metropolitan sees, but are instead exempt and therefore immediately subject to the Holy See, while they still remain part of their respective patriarchal, major archiepiscopal, or other rite- and tradition-specific particular churches.

Eastern Catholic eparchies comprising the United States and Canada, and immediately subject to the Holy See
Several Eastern Catholic Churches have jurisdictions that include members and congregations in both the United States and Canada.

Personal ordinariate (Anglican Use)
Under the provisions of Anglicanorum Coetibus of 2009, an effort was underway to establish a personal ordinariate, or diocese, in the United States. The ordinariate was formed for former Anglicans, including members from the Episcopal Church, Continuing Anglican churches, and already Catholic Anglican Use parishes. The first such ordinariate established was the Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham in the United Kingdom. The personal ordinariate encompassing the whole United States, the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter, was instituted on January 1, 2012, in accordance with Anglicanorum Coetibus. It was later expanded to include Canada, and so its ordinary is admitted to the two countries' bishops' conferences.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Wythenshawe

Wythenshawe is an area of south Manchester, England. Historically part of Cheshire, in 1931, Wythenshawe was transferred to the City of Manchester, which had begun building a large new housing estate there in the 1920s. With an area of approximately 11 mi2, Wythenshawe became the largest council estate in Europe. Despite it not having town status, the Manchester Metrolink station which serves the main district centre is called Wythenshawe Town Centre tram stop.

Wythenshawe includes the areas of Baguley, Benchill, Peel Hall, Newall Green, Woodhouse Park, Moss Nook, Northern Moor, Northenden and Sharston.

History
The name Wythenshawe seems to come from the Old English wiðign = "withy tree" and sceaga = "wood" (compare dialectal word shaw). The three ancient townships of Northenden, Baguley and Northen Etchells formally became the present-day Wythenshawe when they were merged with Manchester in 1931. Until then, the name was only used to refer to Wythenshawe Hall and its grounds.

Due to spending cuts, the hall was temporarily closed to the public in 2010. One proposition was that Manchester City Council could sell the building to the National Trust. A Friends Group was formed to support monthly open days and events at the hall. In March 2016, the hall's roof, one of its upper floors and its clock tower were severely damaged by a fire in an arson attack.

Immediately south of Wythenshawe is Manchester Airport, formerly called Ringway Airport. Before Ringway Airport was laid out, three farm fields between Rackhouse Road and Wythenshawe Road in Northern Moor, in what is now the north edge of Wythenshawe, were used as Manchester (Wythenshawe) Aerodrome. This was the UK's first municipal airfield, operating between April 1929 and early 1930. A barn was converted to act as the hangar and a farmhouse as the administration building. Temporary fuel pumps were installed. The last recorded flight from Wythenshawe Airport was on 19 June 1930.

Wythenshawe was in the Church of England Diocese of Chester until 1933, when it was transferred to the neighbouring Diocese of Manchester.

Housing and social history
Wythenshawe is Manchester's largest district. The massive housing estate that was built there in the 1920s was intended as a "garden city", where people could be rehoused away from industrial Manchester. In 1920, town planner Patrick Abercrombie identified the area as the most suitable undeveloped land for a housing estate close to the city, and 2500 acre of land were purchased.

Part of Benchill (not the area southwest of Gladeside Road) and some areas in the north were built before World War II and called the Wythenshawe Ward of the City of Manchester. The rest was built after the Second World War, starting in the late 1940s as wartime building restrictions were relaxed. Parts of Baguley were still semi-rural in the 1960s, but there is now very little open country left.

The estate was initially built without many shops, amenities or services, and there was very little employment available in the area. Although Northenden already had a shopping area on Palatine Road, the earliest new shops were built in the 1930s and included parades on Hollyhedge Road, and on Altrincham Road in Sharston (the latter was demolished in 1973 to make way for the M56 Sharston bypass). There were smaller local shops, such as a grocers—selling general household provisions, at Minsterly Parade (Woodhouse Park) and Haveley Circle (Benchill). However, it took decades for some areas of Wythenshawe to get their own neighbourhood shops, which meant residents had to travel or visit a mobile shop van when it visited their area. Various residents' associations were set up to address those problems, but progress was very slow.

After the Second World War, Wythenshawe eventually expanded, with several further shops being built (such as Haveley Circle, built in the early 1950s but demolished in the 1990s) and businesses were attracted to the area with the expansion of the Sharston Industrial Estate and, later, the Moss Nook and Roundthorn industrial complexes. Wythenshawe gradually acquired all the amenities and facilities that the original planners had neglected to include with the building of several new schools, shops, pubs and churches. The area also got its own hospital, and Wythenshawe Hospital grew out of the earlier Baguley Hospital in 1948. The largest shopping area was built in the 1960s in the town centre, known as the Wythenshawe Civic Centre, which has been expanded further since it was first built. In 1971, the Wythenshawe Forum was opened there, which included a library, a swimming pool, a restaurant, a bar and a theatre.

From the 1990s to the 2000s, the houses that were built and owned by the council were transferred to the control of local housing associations, such as Willow Park in east Wythenshawe and Parkway Green in west Wythenshawe. Both associations merged in 2013 to form the Wythenshawe Community Housing Group which is now responsible for around 14,000 homes in Wythenshawe.

In 2007, The New York Times described the housing estates in Wythenshawe as representing an "extreme pocket of social deprivation and alienation".

Most of the farm buildings in the Wythenshawe area were demolished when the estate was built. Some of them, like Hollyhedge Farm and Floats Hall, were left among the houses but suffered from vandalism and had to be demolished later. Some of the present housing estates were named after former farms.

Peel Hall Farm (which had a moat) survived for over 20 years as its occupant lived on the proceeds of selling his land, but soon after he left, the property was vandalised and had to be demolished.

Newall Green Farm survived on the edge of the Newall Green housing estate area and was still occupied and run as a farm until the early 21st century when its last occupant died, when it was abandoned and fenced off. The buildings are listed. In 2006, a firm bought Newall Green Farm's buildings from Manchester Corporation. On 21 June 2014, vandals set fire to Newall Green Farm, and its roof was destroyed, but there are plans to turn the buildings into a care home for adults with learning disabilities, a working farm and a horse-riding centre.

Parks
Wythenshawe has twelve parks and 18 woodland areas including Wythenshawe Park, which was designated a Local Nature Reserve in 2011. It covers over 270 acre of green space and is home to Manchester's only community farm, Wythenshawe community farm. At the centre of the park is the historic Wythenshawe Hall with its Civil War and Tatton heritage. The park also has riding stables, a horticulture centre, children's play area, athletics track, football pitches, tennis courts, bowls and golfing facilities.

Other parks include Hollyhedge Park, Peel Hall Park, Painswick Park and Baguley Park. Northenden's Riverside Park is the first new park to be established in the city in the 21st century.

Governance
The district is under the authority of Manchester City Council.

Manchester Wythenshawe parliamentary constituency was created in 1950 and represented by Alf Morris of the Labour Party between 1964 and 1997. Before the 1997 election, the boundaries were redrawn and part of the neighbouring area of Sale included in a new constituency, Wythenshawe and Sale East. Alf Morris was replaced by Paul Goggins. It is still considered a safe Labour seat, with Labour securing over 50% of the vote (and more than twice as many votes as its nearest rival) in the 1997, 2001 and 2005 elections. Labour kept the seat in the 2010 elections, though their share of the vote decreased to 44.1%. In early 2014, following the death of Paul Goggins, a by-election was held. Labour candidate Mike Kane (a Northenden councillor until 2008) won the seat with 55.3% of the vote, although voter turnout was low (28%). The 2017 general election saw the largest vote share for Labour in the history of both the current and former Wythenshawe seat with 62.2% of the vote and a 15,000 majority, although the 2019 election saw this fall back to previous levels with a majority of 10,396 and a 53.3% share of the vote.

At the 2001 UK Census, Wythenshawe was divided into six local government wards: Baguley, Benchill, Northenden, Sharston, Woodhouse Park and Brooklands (the latter being an area divided with the neighbouring borough of Trafford). Each ward was represented by three local councillors, giving Wythenshawe 21 of the 99 seats on Manchester City Council. Following a review by the Boundary Committee for England published in 2003, the ward of Benchill was abolished, and its former territory was divided between the wards of Northenden, Sharston, and Woodhouse Park.

Wythenshawe typically returns all Labour councillors in local elections, although in the 2008 elections the Liberal Democrats gained a seat in Northenden and a second seat (in the same area) in the 2010 elections. Labour regained these seats in the 2012 and 2014 elections. The Green Party have gained councillors in the Woodhouse Park ward in both the 2021 and 2022 elections.

Geography
Wythenshawe is 8 mi south of the city centre and is the southernmost district of Manchester. Altrincham and Hale lie to the south-west, Sale to the north-west and the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport to the east, with the suburbs of Gatley and Heald Green bordering onto Wythenshawe's eastern side. Manchester Airport is immediately to the south of the town.

Shadow Moss is an area south of Ringway Road in the southeast corner of Wythenshawe. On this old map of Wythenshawe it is roughly the rectangular area between three country lanes with Heyhead at its northwest corner. On modern maps, its north edge is the southern branch of Ringway Road. It was partly in Northen Etchells township and partly in Styal parish. For many centuries it was a peat bog which was dug for peat fuel, locally called "turf"; local manorial law said that after digging peat the top living plant layer had to be lodged back to let more peat form afterwards. Each man's allocated part of the Moss was called his "moss room".

In the 19th century, manorial control was lost over what people used their moss rooms for, and an 1839 tithe map of Northen Etchells shows Northen Etchells's part of Shadow Moss as about 2/3 arable, about 1/3 meadow, one field as pasture, and one field as "uncultivated moors".

Later, the fertile lowland peat soil led to the area being much used for market gardening, with large areas under greenhouses. Of the people who worked there, many lived in Heyhead.

As of around 1970, Heyhead was a small settlement at the south end of Woodhouse Lane and the nearby part of Ringway Road. It comprised several terrace houses, a small shop, two or more old cottages, a chapel, and the Ringway Haulage Company. Manchester Airport's ground level car parking has been displaced from other areas and car parks have been formed to the north and south of the runways and under the approach path. The Heyhead area has been progressively replaced by level car parks, and by 2011 all of Heyhead's buildings had vanished (see History of Manchester Airport).

Some greenhouses remain at the far east of the Shadow Moss area as of June 2012, but are used by private car parking operators (not associated with the airport company) and not for growing any crop. The last market gardener there, who grew tomatoes, closed his business in 2011 due to competition from highly mechanized enormous greenhouse establishments elsewhere.

Public services
Wythenshawe is policed by the city of Manchester Division of Greater Manchester Police. Wythenshawe's fire and rescue services are the responsibility of the Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service, and are based at a fire station on Brownley Road.

Transport
The M56 motorway, constructed in the 1970s as a continuation of the A5103 road (Princess Parkway), bisects east and west Wythenshawe. A bypass connecting it to the nearby M60 motorway was built through Sharston and opened in 1974.

The nearest railway station to Wythenshawe was located adjacent to Longley Lane at the edge of Sharston on the Cheshire Lines Railway from Stockport to Liverpool. Named Northenden for Wythenshawe, Northenden railway station was closed on 30 November 1964. Wythenshawe did not then have a public railway service for several decades, with the nearest stations being located in the neighbouring areas of Gatley, Heald Green and Altrincham. A station at Manchester Airport was opened in 1993.

The Airport Line branch of the Manchester Metrolink tram service includes twelve stops throughout Wythenshawe. The line opened on 3 November 2014, a year ahead of schedule. In addition to the building of the new Metrolink lines and stations, a new public transport hub was built in Wythenshawe Town Centre which opened in June 2015 and includes a new bus station and tram stop.

Economy

Approximately 43,000 people work in Wythenshawe. There are four areas of industrial activity (estates)—Moss Nook, Ringway (Airport Cargo Centre), Roundthorn and Sharston. It is home to Manchester Airport and Wythenshawe Hospital (part of Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust), which are two of the largest employers in the area. Many national and international companies have premises or main offices in Wythenshawe, including Timpson Ltd, HellermannTyton, Virgin Media, Vodafone and F. Duerr & Sons.

In 1934, George Hamer Scholes built the Wylex Works to produce electrical accessories. The company was later acquired by Electrium, which is now under Siemens' ownership.

Several greenfield and greyfield sites have been opened up to developers and there are several new housing developments within the area.

The town centre, known as the Civic Centre, was originally built in the 1960s. It expanded over the years and was renovated between 1999 and 2002 to include new stores and other new features, when the city council relinquished ownership and transferred it to St. Modwen Properties. The main shopping area now includes gates that are locked at night to prevent the vandalism that was seen in previous years. The Forum centre, which opened in 1971, houses a library, leisure centre, swimming pool, cafe and other amenities, has also been renovated in a more modern style. For thirty years it also housed the Forum Theatre, but this closed in 2002 and a health clinic and an adult education facility now occupy its space.

In 2007, Asda opened a new superstore on the site of the old Co-operative store (originally built by Woolco in the mid-1970s, which also features a multi-storey car park). A walkway going between the multi-storey car park and the large supermarket building now features a wall mosaic depicting various aspects of the town. After the demolition of two 1960s blocks of multi-storey flats in 2007, new buildings were constructed on the site including a new Wilko shop, office premises and a local authority services hub that provides a new frontage for the town centre from its north-facing aspect.

In June 2022, Manchester City Council announced the purchase of Wythenshawe town centre from St. Modwen Properties as part of wider plans to transform the town centre.

In the media
Wythenshawe is the outdoor filming location for the Channel 4 series Shameless, which shows various shots of the local tower-blocks, housing estates and other architecture unique to this area. Wythenshawe also housed the outdoor sets for the show, which were built on private property. Production moved from West Gorton (in East Manchester) in early 2007, following disruption to filming caused by local youths.

In 2009, Sarah Ferguson, Duchess of York (former wife of Prince Andrew) went to Wythenshawe to make a television documentary for ITV1 entitled The Duchess on the Estate. In it, she visited the Northern Moor area of Wythenshawe to meet locals and discuss their way of life, and to open a new local community centre. Both before and after its transmission, the documentary was criticised for being a self-serving publicity stunt by Ferguson and she was also criticised for her patronising attitude towards the local people.

Notable people

 * Johnny Marr, musician, he first achieved fame as the guitarist and co-songwriter of the Smiths, moved to Wythenshawe in 1972.
 * Lorraine Cheshire, actress, was born in Wythenshawe.
 * Tyson Fury, professional boxer and heavyweight world champion, was born and raised in Wythenshawe.
 * Harry H. Corbett, actor, attended Ross Place and Benchill Primary Schools and Sharston Secondary School in Wythenshawe.
 * Anthony Taylor, professional football referee, born in Wythenshawe.
 * Marcus Rashford, Manchester United and England footballer, was born in Wythenshawe.
 * Jimmy Kelly, professional boxer, previously held the WBO light-middleweight title.
 * Rob Gretton, Manager of Manchester band Joy Division and co owner of night club The Haçienda was born in Wythenshawe.
 * Jason Orange, singer from Take That, lived in Wythenshawe as a child.
 * Caroline Aherne, comedienne and actress, grew up in Wythenshawe from the age of two.
 * Coronation Street actors Simon Gregson, Nicholas Cochrane, Chris Bisson and Kevin Kennedy were born in Wythenshawe.
 * Alf Wood, Manchester City, Shrewsbury Town, Millwall, Middlesbrough, Hull City, Walsall and Stafford Rangers footballer lived in Newall Green and attended Oldwood Junior School.
 * Duncan Hallas, Trotskyist leader, grew up in Wythenshawe.
 * Ravel Morrison, ex-Manchester United footballer, was born in Wythenshawe.
 * Jimmy Egan, boxing trainer, Wythenshawe East Amateur Boxing Club, most notably trained Ricky Hatton and David Barnes during their amateur days.
 * Paul Stewart lived in Northern Moor, Wythenshawe. He played football for Blackpool, Manchester City, Tottenham, Liverpool and England.
 * John Bradley-West, actor, most notably of HBO series Game of Thrones, grew up and attended school in Wythenshawe.
 * Michael Wood, historian, moved at the age of eight with his family to Wythenshawe where he attended Benchill Primary School.
 * Syd Little, comedian, part of the Little and Large double act, attended Yew Tree School in Wythenshawe.
 * Paul Young, lead singer of Mike and the Mechanics and Sad Café, was born in the Benchill area of Wythenshawe.
 * Steve McGarry, cartoonist, illustrator, story artist, President of the National Cartoonists Society, was born and raised in Benchill, where he attended St John and Thomas Primary School.
 * Joe Gallagher, professional boxing trainer to World Champions Anthony Crolla and Liam and Callum Smith, grew up in Benchill and attended St Peter's Primary School and St. John Plessington.
 * Shay Logan, professional footballer best known for his time at Aberdeen
 * Shay Brennan, Manchester United footballer, born Manchester 1937. Brought up in Wythenshawe. Attended St. John and Thomas R.C. School. Debut for MUFC immediately after the Munich air crash in 1958. Played In the European Cup Final of 1968, won by United. Played multiple times for Ireland.
 * Cole Palmer, current Chelsea professional footballer, was born in Wythenshawe.
 * Lukas Nmecha & Felix Nmecha are brothers who currently play for VfL Wolfsburg & Borussia Dortmund respectively. Both grew up in Wythenshawe.
 * Slaughter & the Dogs are an English punk rock band formed in 1975 in Wythenshawe. They were one of the first punk rock bands in North West England.
 * Kirsty Howard was a children's hospice advocate known for her fundraising efforts for Francis House Children's Hospice in Didsbury. Born in Wythenshawe.
 * Freddie Garrity best known as the frontman of Freddie and the Dreamers

title: Wythenshawe


text:
The National Interest

The National Interest (TNI) is an American bimonthly international relations magazine edited by American journalist Jacob Heilbrunn and published by the Center for the National Interest, a public policy think tank based in Washington, D.C., that was established by former U.S. President Richard Nixon in 1994 as the Nixon Center for Peace and Freedom. The magazine is associated with the realist school of international studies.

History
Founded in 1985 by American columnist and neoconservatism advocate Irving Kristol, the magazine was until 2001 edited by Australian academic Owen Harries.

In 2001, The National Interest was acquired by The Center for the National Interest, a public policy think tank based in Washington, D.C., that was established by former U.S. President Richard Nixon on January 20, 1994, as the Nixon Center for Peace and Freedom.

In 2005, ten editors of The National Interest resigned due to different viewpoints regarding the magazine's acquisition and with the larger editorial board. Those who left founded a separate journal, The American Interest.

In 2013, RealClearWorld named The National Interest one of the Best World Opinion Websites.

In January 2023, it shut down its print edition, which had dropped from 10,000 subscribers in the 1990s to around 2,000 subscribers.

Influence and reception
The National Interest is credited with introducing ideas like "the West and the rest" and geoeconomics into public discourse. Political scientist Francis Fukuyama formulated his early political and philosophical thoughts on the end of history in the journal in 1989, where he argued that the worldwide spread of liberal democracies and free-market capitalism of the West and its lifestyle may signal the end point of humanity's sociocultural evolution and become the final form of human government. In 2005, Fukuyama left to found The American Interest, citing what he saw as excessive international relations realism supported by the Nixon Center.

In 2015, Maria Butina, who was later in 2018 convicted as a Russian spy, wrote an editorial in the magazine titled "The Bear and the Elephant" stating that only by electing a president from the Republican Party could the United States and Russia improve relations.

Writing in Politico, journalist James Kirchick argued in 2016 while commenting on Donald Trump's Russian relationships that The National Interest and its parent company "are two of the most Kremlin-sympathetic institutions in the nation's capital, even more so than the Carnegie Moscow Center."

title: The National Interest


text: User talk:195.113.65.10

title: User talk:195.113.65.10


text:
Soryu

Soryu may refer to:

 * Japanese aircraft carrier Sōryū, an Imperial Japanese Navy aircraft carrier scuttled during the Battle of Midway on 4 June 1942
 * Sōryū-class submarine, a ship class of Japanese submarines
 * JS Sōryū (SS-501), the lead submarine of the Sōryū class of submarines in the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
 * Asuka Langley Soryu, character from the Neon Genesis Evangelion franchise

title: Soryu


text:
Therapeutic food

Therapeutic foods are foods designed for specific, usually nutritional, therapeutic purposes as a form of dietary supplement. The primary examples of therapeutic foods are used for emergency feeding of malnourished children or to supplement the diets of persons with special nutrition requirements, such as the elderly.

Composition
Therapeutic foods are usually made of a mixture of protein, carbohydrate, lipid and vitamins and minerals. Therapeutic foods are usually produced by grinding all ingredients together and mixing them. The mixing process allows for the protein and carbohydrate components of the food to be embedded in the lipid matrix. The size of the particles in the mixture has to be less than 200 μm for the mixture to maintain its consistency. Using this method, the therapeutic food is produced and packaged without using water, which would eliminate the issue of spoilage. Some therapeutic foods require the addition of water before administering, while others can be consumed as-is. Therapeutic foods are designed and manufactured to ensure that they are ready to eat straight from the packaging. Those foods resist bacterial contamination and require no cooking.

A subset of therapeutic foods, ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTFs), are energy-dense, micronutrient-enriched pastes that have a nutritional profile similar to the traditional F-100 milk-based diet used in inpatient therapeutic feeding programs and are often made of peanuts, oil, sugar and milk powder.

RUTFs are a "homogeneous mixture of lipid-rich and water-soluble foods." The lipids used in formulating RUTFs are in a viscous liquid form. The other ingredients are in small particles and are mixed through the lipid. The other ingredients are protein, carbohydrate, vitamins and minerals. The mixture needs to be homogeneous for it to be effectively consumed. To do this, a specific mixing process is needed. The fat/lipid component of the RUTF is heated and stirred first. The heat should be maintained for the lipid to remain in the optimum form for mixing in the other ingredients. The powdered protein, carbohydrate, and vitamins and minerals are then slowly and gradually added to the lipid, while the lipid is being vigorously stirred. After all the ingredients are added and vigorous stirring is maintained, the mixture is then stirred with more speed and for several minutes. If the powdered ingredients have a particle size that is larger than 200 μm, the mixture starts to separate; the particle size needs to be maintained at less than 200 μm.

The most common RUTFs are made of four ingredients: sugar, dried skimmed milk, oil, and vitamin and mineral supplement (CMV). Other qualities that RUTFs should have included a texture that is soft or crushable and a taste that is acceptable and suitable for young children. RUTFs should be ready to eat without needing to be cooked. A very important characteristic is that the RUTFs have a long shelf-life and that they are micro-organism contamination resistant, without the need for expensive packaging. Since the ingredients need to be suspended in liquid, the liquid used in producing RUTFs needs to be fat/lipid. 50% of the protein forming RUTFs should come from dairy products.

UNICEF specifications for RUTFs say that the vitamin and mineral premix must be sourced from one of the following vendors authorized by the World Food Program: DSM Nutrition/Fortitech, Nicholas Piramal Healthcare Ltd (now Piramal Group), Hexagon Nutrition, BASF (SternVitamin), and the GAIN premix facility.

RUTFs are used by UNICEF Kid Power malnutrition program, which employ celebrities to raise awareness about the issue.

Dietary method
The standard treatment of childhood malnutrition is administered in two phases. Phase one usually deals with children who are severely malnourished and very ill as a result. The therapy used in this phase is F-75, a milk-based liquid food containing modest amounts of energy and protein (75 kcal/100 mL and 0.9 g protein/100 mL) and the administration of parenteral antibiotics. When an improvement in the child's appetite and clinical condition is observed, the child is entered into phase two of the treatment. This phase uses F-100. F-100 is a "specially formulated, high-energy, high-protein (100 kcal/100 mL, 2.9 g protein/100 mL) milk-based liquid food". The child is in phase two until he/she is no longer wasted [weight-for-height z score (WHZ) 2]. Phase two starts while the child is at the hospital but is usually completed after the child goes home. The parent is then responsible for feeding the child a flour supplement made of cereal and legumes as a replacement for the milk-based foods used in phases one and two.

The World Health Organization's standards for the treatment of malnutrition in children specify the use of two formulas during initial treatment, F-75 and F-100. These formulas contain a mixture of powdered milk, sugar, and other ingredients designed to provide an easily absorbed mix of carbohydrates and essential micronutrients. They are generally provided as powdered mixes which are reconstituted with water. The WHO recommends the use of these formulas, with the gradual introduction of other foods, until the child approaches a normal weight.

Effectiveness
Ready to use therapeutic food within the person's own home for the treatment of severe acute malnutrition in children under five years of age may be effective at improving weight gain and recovery when compared to alternative dietary approaches. The effectiveness of ready to use therapeutic food on potential relapses or on overall mortality is not clear.

As of 2013, Plumpy'Nut had been used to relieve malnutrition in thousands of African children, gaining approval as a therapeutic food from the World Health Organization.

Examples

 * K-Mix 2, a high energy food, developed by UNICEF in the 1960s
 * Citadel spread, a paste of peanuts, oil, sugar and milk powder in use since 1971
 * Plumpy'nut, a solid RUTF, made in France since 1996 for treatment of severe acute malnutrition
 * Medika Mamba, an enriched peanut butter therapeutic food produced and distributed by Meds and Food for Kids in Haiti since 2003
 * BP-100, a nutrient-fortified wheat-and-oat bar designed to provide a similar nutritional profile to F-100 by the World Health Organization
 * Nutribun, a fortified bread product developed by United States Agency for International Development and distributed under the Food for Peace program

title: Therapeutic food


text:
Thomas Pickering Pick

Thomas Pickering Pick (13 June 1841 – 6 September 1919) was a British surgeon and author. He edited the tenth through fourteenth editions of Gray's Anatomy, succeeding Timothy Holmes as editor. His other notable books include Fractures and Dislocations (Cassell & Co, 1885), A Treatise on Surgery (1875), and Surgery (1899).

Pickering Pick's father was a Liverpool merchant. At 16, he came to London and trained at St George's Hospital. He qualified for the Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1866 and was elected as the hospital's assistant surgeon in 1869. From 1878 to 1898 he held the office of surgeon, then became a consulting surgeon prior to his 1900 retirement. For many years he was Inspector of Anatomy for England and Wales.

title: Thomas Pickering Pick


text:
Carib language

Carib or Kari'nja is a Cariban language spoken by the Kalina people (Caribs) of South America. It is spoken by around 7,400 mostly in Brazil, The Guianas, and Venezuela. The language is currently classified as highly endangered.

Names
The language is known by several names to both its speakers and outsiders. Traditionally it has been known as "Carib" or "Carib proper" in English, after its speakers, called the "Caribs" in English. It is known Caribe in Spanish, Galina in French, and Karaïeb in Dutch. However, the speakers call themselves Kalina or Karìna (variously spelled), and call their language Karìna auran. Other variants include Kali'na, Kari'nja, Cariña, Kariña, Kalihna, Kalinya; other native names include Maraworno and Marworno.

Classification
Kari'nja is classified as a Cariban language, in the Guianan Carib branch.

Geographic distribution
Due to contact with Kari'nja invaders, some languages have Kari'nja words incorporated into them, despite being Arawakan languages linguistically. A Carib-based lengua generale was once used in the old missions of the Oyapock and surrounding regions, apparently surviving at least along the Uaçá tributary into the 20th century.

In Suriname, there is a village called Konomerume which is located near the Wajambo River. With about 349 people living there, a majority identify as ethnically Kari'nja and as for who knows the language, the adults are reported to at least have a decent knowledge of it. Those above the age of 65 use the language as a primary language among the members of the community. Speakers between the ages of 45 and 65 tend to use the language only when speaking with older residents or elder members of their family, while for the most part using the official languages: Dutch and Sranan Tongo. Younger adults between the ages of 20 to 40 for the most part understand the language but do not speak it, and children learn bits about Kari'nja in school.

Dialects
Carib dialects (with number of speakers indicated in parentheses):
 * Venezuelan Carib (1000)
 * Guyanese Carib (2000)
 * Western Surinamese Carib (500)
 * Eastern Surinamese and French Guianese Carib (3000)
 * Suriname has two dialects of Kari'nja: Aretyry which is spoken in the west and central parts of the country, and Tyrewuju which is what the majority of Kari'nja speakers in Suriname use.

Alphabet
The Carib alphabet consists of 15 letters:

a, e, i, j, k, `, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, w, y.

Phonology
In the Kari'nja language, there are four syllable patterns: V, CV, VC, CVC; C standing for consonants while V means a vowel. Regarding phonemes, consonants are divided into two groups: obstruents (voiceless stops—p, t, k) and resonants (voiced stops—b, d, g, s).

Kari'nja has a typical 6 vowel system after *ô merged with *o, being a e i o u ï. Compared to past Kari'nja, the modern day Kari'nja has replaced the e in many words to o.

Allophones for /r w t/ include sounds as [ɽ β,v tʃ]. /s/ before /i/ may be pronounced as [ʃ]. /n/ before a consonant may be pronounced as [ŋ] and also [ɲ] elsewhere. Another sound, ranging [h~x], often occurs before a voiced or voiceless consonant, and succeeding a vowel, it can also be an allophone of /ʔ/.

Grammar
There are 17 particles within Kari'nja which include the ky- prefix and the -ng suffix.

Vocabulary
All four dialects of Kari'nja have loan words from the primary language of the area (Brazil, Suriname, Guyana, French Guiana). For example, the Kari'nja spoken in Suriname borrows words from Dutch and Sranantongo.

Examples
Some of the words show instances in which the e has been replaced with o in present-day Kari'nja. The two statements beneath the singular words show examples of two suffixes.

title: Carib language


text:
Zygmunt Szendzielarz

Zygmunt Szendzielarz (12 March 1910 – 8 February 1951, nom de guerre "Łupaszka". ) was the commander of the Polish 5th Wilno Brigade of the Home Army (Armia Krajowa) and after the Second World War fought against the Red Army.

Following the postwar Soviet takeover of Poland he was arrested, accused of numerous crimes, and executed in Warsaw's Mokotów Prison as an anti-communist diehard soldier.

In 1993, after the fall of communism, he was rehabilitated and declared innocent of all charges. In 2007 Polish president Lech Kaczyński posthumously awarded him the order of Polonia Restituta.

Early life
Szendzielarz was born in Stryj (Austrian Partition, now Lviv Oblast, Ukraine), then part of Austria-Hungary and from 1919 to 1939 in Poland, into the family of a railway worker. After graduating from primary school in Lwów, he attended a biological-mathematical gymnasium in Lwów and then Stryj. After graduating, he volunteered for the Polish Army and completed Infantry Non-commissioned officer School in Ostrów Mazowiecka (1932), then Cavalry NCO School in Grudziądz. He was promoted to lieutenant and transferred to Vilnius, where he assumed command of a squadron in the 4th Niemen Uhlan Regiment.

Invasion of Poland (1939)
With his unit, he took part in the 1939 September Campaign. His unit was attached to the Wilno Cavalry Brigade under General Władysław Anders, part of the Prussian Army. After retreating from northern Poland, Gen. Anders' forces fought their way towards the city of Lwów and the Romanian Bridgehead. However, in the area of Lublin Szendzielarz's unit was surrounded and suffered heavy losses. Soon afterwards Szendzielarz was taken prisoner of war by the Soviets, but he managed to escape to Lwów, where he lived for a short period under a false name. He tried to cross the Hungarian border to escape from Poland and reach the Polish Army in France, but failed and finally moved with his family to Vilnius.

Home Army in the Vilnius Region (1943–1944)
In Vilnius, Szendzielarz started working on various posts under false names. In mid-1943 he joined the Home Army under the nom de guerre Łupaszka, after Jerzy Dąbrowski, and in August he started organizing his own partisan group in the forests surrounding the city. Soon the unit was joined by local volunteers and the remnants of Antoni Burzyński's unit, destroyed by Soviet partisans. By September, the unit was 700 men strong and was officially named the 5th Vilnian Home Army Brigade (5 Wileńska Brygada Armii Krajowej).

Łupaszko's unit fought against the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS units in the Vilnius Region, but it was also frequently attacked by the paradropped Soviet partisans. In April 1944, Zygmunt Szendzielarz was arrested by the Lithuanian police and handed over to the Gestapo. Łupaszko was free in the same month under circumstances that remain unclear. In reprisal actions, his brigade captured several dozen German officials and sent several threatening letters to Gestapo but it remains unknown if and how these contributed to his release.

Dubingiai massacre (20 June 1944)
On 20 June 1944, the 3rd Company of the 258th Lithuanian Police Battalion murdered 39 Poles in Glinciszki, including women and children. Lithuanian collaborator units also harassed the Polish population in Pawłów, Adamowszczyzna, and Sieńkowszczyzna. In reprisal, on 23 June 1944, a unit of 5th Vilnian Home Army Brigade attacked the fortified village of Dubingiai, capturing a bunker defended by Lithuanian policemen. The order to attack the village was given by Szendzielarz. Dubingiai became the target of the attack due to many of the policemen, and their families, responsible for the Glinciszki crime living there. Having the list of people who collaborated with the occupier, the Poles began action to avenge the death of the residents of Glinciszki. According to historian Paweł Rokicki, the actions in Dubingiai were a war crime, and the deaths of the civilians were intentional. In Dubingiai between 21 and 27 inhabitants of the village died, including women and children.

Operation Ostra Brama (7–13 July 1944)
In August, the commander of all Home Army units in the Vilnius Region, Gen. Aleksander "Wilk" Krzyżanowski, ordered all six brigades under his command to prepare for Operation Tempest — a planned all-national rising against the German forces occupying Poland. In what became known as Operation Ostra Brama, the 5th Brigade was to attack the Vilnius suburb of Žvėrynas in cooperation with advancing units of the 3rd Belorussian Front. However, Łupaszko, for fear of being arrested with his units by the NKVD and killed on the spot, disobeyed orders and moved his unit to central Poland. Vilnius was occupied by Soviet troops with Polish aid. The Polish commander was then arrested by the Soviets and the majority of his men were sent to Gulags and sites of detention in the Soviet Union.

It is uncertain why Szendzielarz was not court-martialed for desertion. Most likely it was in fact General "Wilk" himself who ordered Łupaszko's unit away from the Wilno area, due to Łupaszko long having been involved in fighting with Soviet partisans and Wilk not wanting to provoke the Red Army. Łupaszko's unit remained in the forests and he decided to await the outcome of Russo-Polish talks held by the Polish government-in-exile. Meanwhile, the unit was reorganized and captured enough equipment to fully arm 600 men with machine guns and machine pistols.

After World War II
After the governments of the United Kingdom and the United States broke the pacts with Poland and accepted the communist "Polish Committee of National Liberation" as the provisional government of Poland, Łupaszka restarted hostilities—this time against the new oppressor, in the ranks of Freedom and Independence Association. However, after several successful actions against the NKVD units in the area of Białowieża Forest, it became apparent that such actions would result in the total destruction of his unit.

In February 1945 his wife died and the nurse Lidia Lwow-Eberle became his partner.

In September 1945, Zygmunt Szendzielarz moved with a large part of his unit to Gdańsk-Oliwa, where he remained underground while preparing his unit for a new partisan offensive against the Soviet-backed communist authorities of Poland. On 14 April 1946 Szendzielarz finally mobilized his unit and headed for the Tuchola Forest, where he started operations against the forces of the Internal Security Corps, Security Office and the communist authorities. Łupaszko was hoping that in the spring of 1946 the former Western Allies of Poland would start a new war against the Soviet Union and that the Polish underground units could prove useful in liberating Poland. However, when he realized that no such war was planned he decided to disband his unit. He saw the further fight as a waste of blood of his men and decided to retire from the open fight against the communists. After several years underground, he was arrested by the Security Office on 28 June 1948, in Osielec near Nowy Targ. After more than two years of brutal interrogation and torture in Warsaw's Mokotów Prison he was sentenced to death on 2 November 1950 by the Soviet-controlled court-martial in Warsaw. He was executed on 8 February 1951, together with several other Home Army soldiers. Szendzielarz was 40 years old. His body was buried in an undisclosed location. During a 2013 exhumation Szendzielarz's remains were recovered and identified as one of roughly 250 bodies buried in a mass grave at the Meadow at Warsaw's Powązki Military Cemetery.

Crimes against humanity
Szendzielarz's unit massacred Lithuanian civilians in 1944. The victims of the 5th AK Brigade were primarily women and children (about 75% of all those killed). They were shot as a result of the deliberate action. During the Dubingiai massacre, there was no fight, in particular with the Lithuanian police, which simply was not there. Findings from the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) leave no doubt that the retaliatory action of the 5th Home Army Brigade was a war crime on civilians.

On 17 April 1945, Zygmunt Sendzielarz's unit once more massacred Belarusian civilians in the village of Narewka, Poland.

Honours and awards

 * Virtuti Militari, V class; for participation in the September 1939 campaign
 * Cross of Valour (January 1944)
 * Gold Cross, Virtuti Militari (25 June 1988) in recognition of outstanding deeds during the war
 * Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta, awarded by Polish President Lech Kaczynski, 11 November 2007

title: Zygmunt Szendzielarz


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Redneck Katana

Redneck Katana
This article has absolutely no potential to become encyclopedic, ever. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 20:38, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Let me get this straight - the entire article is a quote from a Neal Stephenson book, plus two sentences of discussion about practice? I'm inclined to agree, Delete. - RedWordSmith 21:29, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm going vote keep on the basis of Does the subject ever appear outside of its fictive context and therefore require an encyclopedia to explain it? (Geogre). The google results (ok, only 34 of them) indicate that it's an obscure but real term in martial arts. Kappa 21:42, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * If this redneck katana is a real thing, then keep the bit explaining what it is and delete all the Stephenson stuff, which really doesn't belong. If it only exists within the Stephenson world then delete it. -R. fiend 22:16, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - it doesn't exist outside its fictive context any more than Light sabre does (the difference being that this is an obscure piece of fiction, not a worldwide phenomenon). Mdchachi|Talk 22:41, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: I've got to refer to my own rule, above. The question is whether it appears outside of reference to this novel.  Are martial artists using this term?  If they are, keep.  What I saw, though, was just self-referential labelling of references to the Neil Stephenson novel.  (BTW, I think the light sabre gets quoted pretty often by people who don't say "as in 'Star Wars,'" just as people say "phasers on stun" without saying "from 'Star Trek,'" so those deserve break outs.)  The issue for me in these cases is not "should we have the information," but "should we have a stand-alone article?"  I.e. merge the material back into Snowbound (novel) would be ok.  Since I don't think it's common in any case, I haven't voted merge and redirect. Geogre 23:18, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Granted I should have left off the joke and perhaps yes getting rid of the quote would be a good thing. A google search does in fact give more than a few hits with the term being used by martial artists and gamers outside of Stephenson. Also I think that labeling Snow Crash as "obscure" is not fair. Among geek circles it is as well known as either Star Trek or Star Wars. Perhaps merging it back is a good choice but how much weight should be given to a vote that can't get the novel correct? Also yes it is somewhat obscure. Isn't part of the point of Wikipedia to have things that are ignored by the mainstream? It's a well loved and known book and refrence among many geeks. I vote to keep and change rather than delete.--Scarynetworkguy 00:33, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Maybe I'm not geek enough today, but I was in my own time. (Don't suppose your Zappa trivia is up to speed, either.)  Geogre 01:59, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * No it's not. But I would also not vote on a Zappa article. That was my point. No drama. --Scarynetworkguy 02:35, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't want the artist who drew the "Freak Out" cover as an encyclopedic article, though, nor Saint Alfonso's House of Pancakes, even though that phrase was all the rage for a while. Or, for that matter, "Bob" as a reference for "Bucket of Brains," which was a common punk term for an anonymous functionary -- Mr. Normal.  I.e. the point of being geek is that there is a subculture that spreads out from it like ink from an octopus.  It's all very cool and very in-group.  I just don't think it's very encyclopedic. Geogre 05:17, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * keep and explain how it's only being used by stephenson fans HussaynKhariq 00:39, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * redirect and merge with suburito. There already is an article that describes this concept: why create another? [[User:GeorgeStepanek|GeorgeStepanek\talk ]] 01:43, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * In fact, I have already merged it into suburito. I'll leave it up to you guys whether to delete, keep or create a redirect. [[User:GeorgeStepanek|GeorgeStepanek\talk ]] 01:58, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I've read and very much like the new entry. At this point I would vote that the link off of the Snow Crash page should be redirected to suburito and the entry under question deleted. Let me also say that learning how this should work and what is expected has been really pretty cool. I hope to be able to do better in the future. Thanks all for your feedback.
 * Delete. ComCat.
 * Delete --Carnildo 09:11, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Create a redirect. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk, automation script)]] 02:00, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Useless, delete. Besides, everyone knows that a "redneck katana" is a lawnmower blade duct-taped to a broken pool cue. Honest. Inky 02:02, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I take aikido, and the process exists.  You buy a 10 pound bokken (practice katana) and do 1000 sword chops.  Every google link seems to be referring to the Snow Crash use of the term. Anusien

 * With the extra fact checking done, I'd say a redirect to Suburito or bokken is now the correct action. (Since that actually mentions redneck katana in this context :-) ) Kim Bruning 19:00, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, no redirect. No evidence the term has currency outside the context of the book it appears in. Wile E. Heresiarch 03:47, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
User:Bcat

 * Welcome to my user page! This is a wiki, so feel free to edit it. (Of course, I can always revert to an older version.)

 Babel

Search user languages  My toolbox View help contents or the glossary
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I'm Bcat (IPA: [ˈbi.kæt]), an American, male, Christian Wikipedian. I don't edit very often, though I use Wikipedia almost everyday. When possible, though, I do what I can to help out. My interests include chess, computers, electronics, literature, math, science, and video games, among others.

I've had an account here since September 2004, but I only started contributing seriously around February 2005.

Politically, I'm a somewhat of an inclusionist and eventualist. I also don't take broad labels like these very seriously. Therefore, I'm a proud member of the AWWDMBJAWGCAWAIFDSPBATDMTD :-).

Current activity

 * This is a list of things I'm working on now or will start soon. (Note that "soon" really means "when I have time".)

 * Recompress Image:My System 21st Century Edition cover.png (it's huge!)
 * Work on the articles on the Free Internet Chess Server, the Internet Chess Club, and Internet chess servers in general
 * Help with the user categorization project

My projects

 * This is a list of projects that I am active in.

 * The chess portal
 * The kindness campaign
 * The welcoming committee
 * WikiProject Chess

My articles

 * This is a list of articles that I have made major contributions to.

 * Cosley Zoo
 * IonIdea
 * INVESTools
 * My System
 * YubNub

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 * This is a list of images, sounds, and videos that I have uploaded.

 * Image:IonIdea logo.png
 * Image:My System 21st Century Edition cover.png
 * Image:YubNub logo.png

Licensing

 * If you want to use one or more of my edits under another license, or you think I should add another license to the list below, let me know. Please do not edit this section.

title: User:Bcat


text:
1926 in rail transport

March events

 * March 14 - El Virilla train accident in Costa Rica kills 248 people.

May events

 * May 1 - Burlington Refrigerator Express (BREX) is formed as a joint venture between the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad (CB&Q) and the Fruit Growers Express (FGE).
 * May 3 - UK General Strike commences, continuing to affect railways until May 12.
 * May 8 - Asa Randolph organizes the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, considered a major labor as well as civil rights milestone.
 * May 20 - The United States Railway Labor Act becomes law.

July events

 * July 6 - First electric railway in the Soviet Union opens, connecting Baku, Azerbaijan, with its oil workers’ suburban settlements.
 * July 9 - The first use of a radiotelephone on a train, on the New York Central Railroad.
 * July 23 - Law enacted to nationalize rail transport in Belgium fully as Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Belges/Nationale Maatschappij der Belgische Spoorwegen.

August events

 * August - The Milwaukee Road introduces the Arrow passenger train between Chicago, Illinois and Omaha, Nebraska.

September events

 * September 12 - Chemin de Fer du Nord introduces Flèche d’Or all-first-class Pullman boat train service between Paris and Calais, France.

October events

 * October 10 – Yachihata Station in Japan is opened.

December events

 * December 20 – Opening of first section of underground railway in Australia, the City Circle between Central and St James stations in Sydney

Unknown date events

 * Atlantic Coast Line Railroad gains control of the Atlanta, Birmingham & Coast Railroad.
 * American Car & Foundry acquires JG Brill Company.

October deaths

 * October 20 - Eugene Debs, American labor leader, founding member of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, founder of the American Railway Union, arrested during the Pullman strike in Chicago, Illinois (born 1855).

title: 1926 in rail transport


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hero of the day

Hero of the day
Hero of the day was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

Google isn't much help for this band name, but Amazon has never heard of them and their website has an Alexa rank of "No Data". Dave6 20:41, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete No information to suggest that this band is notable. ike9898 21:28, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Just an ad for an unknown band. --LeeHunter 21:39, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Not notable. Mdchachi|Talk 22:38, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy, stub without context, spam, vanity. Wyss 12:47, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User:Rambot/Kevin baas

Note: This page was created by User:Ram-Man

From User talk:Ram-Man:
 * I consent to any licensing of my material on wikipedia that satisfies the following criteria:

If/when CC satisfies these criteria, my consent is thereby given to such licensing. Kevin Baas | talk 20:34, 2004 Dec 13 (UTC)
 * 1) It does not conflict with or nullify, in full or in part, the copyright and related legal status of Wikipedia in general.
 * 2) It is not against the interests of the Wikipedia community.
 * 3) It does not threaten the existence of Wikipedia.
 * 4) It is a license that makes my material more publicly available and reproducable; that aids in the dissemination of the information.

title: User:Rambot/Kevin baas


text:
User talk:Nodnarbasu

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
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Thanks for creating The F-Ups, but using copyrighted material creates problems for us. Could you rewrite it in your own words? Gazpacho 20:43, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nodnarbasu


text:
Robert Hermann Schomburgk

Sir Robert Hermann Schomburgk (5 June 1804 – 11 March 1865) was a Holy Roman Empire-born explorer for Great Britain who carried out geographical, ethnological and botanical studies in South America and the West Indies, and also fulfilled diplomatic missions for the United Kingdom in the Dominican Republic and Thailand.

Life and career
Schomburgk was born at Freyburg, Prussian Saxony, a son of Johann Friedrich Ludwig Schomburgk, a Protestant minister. In 1820, whilst staying with his uncle, he learnt botany from a professor.

Commercial career
He entered commercial life and, in 1828, went to the United States, where he worked for a time as a clerk in Boston and Philadelphia. In 1828, he was requested to supervise a transport of Saxon sheep to the American state of Virginia, where he lived for a time. In the same year, he became a partner in a tobacco factory at Richmond. The factory was burned down, and Schomburgk was ruined. He suffered further setbacks on the Caribbean island of St. Thomas, where he lost all his belongings in a fire. Consequently, he ceased his business activities.

Geographic and exploration career
In 1830, he left for Anegada, one of the Virgin Isles, notorious for its shipwrecks. Although he did not possess the special knowledge that is required for such work, he surveyed the island at his own expense and sent to the Royal Geographical Society (London) a report which created such an impression that, in 1835, he was entrusted by that body with conducting an expedition of exploration of British Guiana.

He fulfilled his mission (1835–1839) with great success, incidentally discovering the giant Victoria Regia water lily in 1837 and many new species of orchids, one genus of which, Schomburgkia, was named for him. He also laid to rest the persistent myth of Raleigh's Lake Parime by proposing that the seasonal flooding of the Rupununi savannah had been misidentified as a lake. In 1841, he returned to Guiana, this time as a British Government official to survey the colony and fix its eastern and western boundaries. The result was the provisional boundary between British Guiana and Venezuela, known as the "Schomburgk Line", and the boundary with the Dutch colony of Surinam. He also made further geographical and ethnological observations and was joined there by his brother, Moritz Richard. He repeatedly urged fixing the boundary with Brazil, motivated by his encounters with Brazilian enslavement of local Indian tribes, most of which no longer exist. Schomburgk's survey later played a role in the arbitration of the southern boundary between British Guiana and Brazil, with arbitration by the King of Italy in 1904.

On the brothers' return to London in June 1844, Schomburgk presented a report of his journey to the Geographical Society, for which he was knighted by Queen Victoria in 1845, and continued in other official capacities. In 1846, he was stationed in Barbados, where he gathered information to compile a geographical and statistical description of the island, later to be published as the History of Barbados published in 1848 by Cass as a library series of West Indian studies.

Diplomatic career
In 1848, he was appointed British consul to the Dominican Republic. In 1850, he signed an advantageous commercial treaty for Great Britain and also secured a truce from Soulouque on behalf of the Dominican government. During the following years, he contributed valuable papers about the physical geography of the island to the journal of the Royal Geographical Society. For example, he became the first recorded person in history to climb Hispaniola's (and the entire Caribbean's) highest mountain, Pico Duarte, in 1851, naming it "Monte Tina" and almost measuring its height correctly at 3140 m. In 1857, he was promoted to the position of British Consul-General of Siam, where Britain exercised extraterritorial jurisdiction through consular courts over British subjects. In a letter to his cousin William, Schomburgk notes, "In order to get an insight into the English summary police court proceedings, I was, before I left London, obliged to attend police courts there for some time, also to acquaint myself with these proceedings by the study of books. Based in Bangkok, he also continued his geographical surveys. The letter gives a short account of his visit to the semi-independent kingdom of Chiang Mai in 1859–60, and thence by elephant across the mountain range to Moulmein on the Bay of Bengal, returning to Bangkok after a trip of 135 days and approximately 1000 English miles.

Death
He retired from the public service in 1864, hampered by health problems, and died in Schöneberg in Berlin on 11 March 1865.

Recognition
Schomburgk was a member of various European, American, and Asiatic learned societies, and was a knight of the Legion of Honour and of the Prussian Order of the Red Eagle.

Schomburgk's deer (Rucervus schomburgki) was named after him.

The South American fishes Mylesinus schomburgkii (Valenciennes, 1850), Polycentrus schomburgkii (Müller & Troschel, 1849) and Myloplus schomburgkii (Jardine, 1841) are named after him.

Many special of Neotropical plants are named for him:
 * Harperocallis schomburgkiana (Oliv.) L.M.Campb. & Dorr

His botanical collection is at Kew and his ethnographical collection from Guyana is at the British Museum.

Works

 * (1837) Report of the Third Expedition Into the Interior of Guayana; followed by a catalogue of contributions transmitted from British Guiana, to the Paris universal exhibition of 1867

 * (1840) Voyage in Guiana and upon the Shores of the Orinoco during the Years 1835–'39, London (translated into German by his brother Otto, under the title Reisen in Guiana und am Orinoco in den Jahren 1835–'39, Leipsig, 1841, with a preface by Alexander von Humboldt)
 * (1840) Researches in Guiana, 1837–'39
 * (1840) A Description of British Guiana, Geographical and Statistical, London, Simpkin, Marshall & Co, 155 p.
 * (1841) The natural history of the fishes of Guiana, Series: Naturalist's library, Ichthyology, vol. 3, Part I (263 p. + pl.) and part II (214 p. + pl.). Edinburgh, H. Lizars
 * (1841) Twelve views in the interior of Guiana, London, Ackermann & Co, 38 p.
 * (1844) Description of Calycophyllum Stanleyanum: A New Rubiaceæ from Guiana, in London journal of botany
 * (1845) Die Barbacenia Alexandrine et Alexandra imperatris (monograph on two plants discovered in British Guiana), Brunswick
 * (1845) Rapatea Frederici Augusti und Saxo-Frederici regalis (monograph on two plants discovered in British Guiana)
 * (1848) The history of Barbados, London, Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, 722 p.
 * (1848) Memoir and notes in Sir W. Raleigh's The Discovery of the Empire of Guiana
 * (1848) Contributions to the commercial statistics of the republics in South America, London, Monds & Co.
 * (1849) R. H. Schomburgk and Adalbert, Travels of His Royal Highness Prince Adalbert of Prussia, in the South of Europe and in Brazil: With a Voyage Up the Amazon and the Xingú, vol. 1 (338 p.) and vol. 2 (377 p.), ISBN 1357368550

 * Peter Rivière (ed.), The Guiana Travels of Robert Schomburgk 1835–1844, 2 vols (Aldershot: Ashgate for the Hakluyt Society, 2006).

title: Robert Hermann Schomburgk