text:
Talk:Flag of Malaysia

No crescent in US flag
There is no crescent in the flag of the USA. Please modify relevent sentence in article.

 * Done. If you disagree with my modifications, feel free to visit my talkpage. Joshua Chiew 08:33, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

Number of stripes
the 14 stripes and points of the star were originaly designed to include singapore, which was part of the federation upon independence. after the departure of singapore, the number was reduced to 13. however with the announcement of kuala lumpur as a federal territory in 1972, the number reverted back to 14.

The flag didn't change since 1963 - it remains the same flag with 14 stripes and 14-pointed star even after Singapore left the federation in 1965. Joshua Chiew 14:19, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

 * How can this be accurate when the main image of the flag displayed at the top of this article does not have 14 stripes? I counted them, and then I counted them again. And then a third time. The flag shown in this article most certainly has 13 stripes. Not 14. What is the real story here? Are you and your argument incorrect? Or is the image incorrect? 74.196.121.237 (talk) 04:55, 6 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Ignore my previous reply. There are in fact 14. I stupidly forgot to count the bottom white stripe, because it blends in with the white webpage background. My mistake. 74.196.121.237 (talk) 05:08, 6 May 2022 (UTC)

The Eight Short Stripes
"Of the stripes, 8 shorter stripes represent the 4 Federated States (Selangor, Pahang, Perak, Negri Sembilan) and the 4 Unfederated States (Johor, Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah) of the Malay Peninsula during British colonialisation."

I never hear somebody saying this or learnt this in school. Besides that, it should have five - not four - Unfederated States (Johor, Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah, Perlis). Joshua Chiew 14:19, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

 * The fact that you, personally, have never heard about this does not mean it isn't true. It simply means you haven't heard of it. 74.196.121.237 (talk) 04:58, 6 May 2022 (UTC)

Jalur Gemilang (translated lyrics)
I thought I would give Malay-to-English translation a shot. I have tried to stick as closely as possible to the spirit of the song without being too literal while at the same time not digressing too far from the original Malay wording but it still sounds a little clunky to me in English. The lines 'Semangat jaya kami warganya' and 'Amalan murni rakyat Malaysia' were particularly troublesome. Also, I took some liberties with the interpretation of payung in the third line of the first stanza; rendering it as 'umbrella' would have been just plain silly. Finally, I decided to leave the word 'Merdeka' untranslated as it has greater cultural resonance in its original form. Any suggestions for improvement? Sixtybolts 12:09, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

Jalur Gemilang mp3
The mp3 given is not the Jalur Gemilang song. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mhching (talk • contribs) 11:34, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

Fimbriation on the Civil Maritime Ensign
I had thought that fimbriation was present in the civil maritime ensign back when there were an odd number of stripes, in order to distinguish the bottom stripe in the canton from the red of the flag. With 14 stripes, the bottom stripe is white and the fimbriation is no longer needed and (at least from what I have seen) not used. Kirk Hilliard (talk) 05:54, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with File:Malaysian Chinese Association logo.png
The image File:Malaysian Chinese Association logo.png is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --23:46, 8 February 2009 (UTC)

Similarity to US flag
Why is there no discussion of how similar this flag looks to the US? Was it derived from it, or a common ancestor?

-- —Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.4.178.234 (talk) 00:20, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
 * The flag of the United States and the flag of Malaysia are both derived from the British East India Company flag. I remember that this was mentioned in past revisions of the article. Here is a revision (which, incidentally was my edit to revert my previous edit; I remembered it quite well because I got a talk page message) that includes the note at the History section. -- Joshua Say "hi" to me!What I've done? 13:39, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

Stripes of Glory
Whoever keeps changing the meaning to "Stripes of Excellence", please stop. Jalur Gemilang means Stripes of Glory. That's the name. Stop changing it back to "Stripes of Excellence", and saying it is 'against source'. Everyone who knows Malay will attest to Gemilang meaning Glory, not Excellence. If you don't know Malay, don't change it. I've removed the South African website that said it was called "Stripes of Excellence", because it was a stupid source (seriously whoever added it couldn't find a better one??), and added one from the Malaysian Government. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Timothykhoo (talk • contribs) 01:03, 7 September 2011 (UTC)

Origin of the stripes
I disagree that the red and white stripes were based on British East India Company. The colours red and white are common in Austronesian / Malay cultures, to signify blood and purity. Majapahit flag had 9 red and white stripes. Red and white were also used in the flags of the ancient Malay empire Srivijaya, and the federation of Langkasuka. To this day, you can see red and white on the flags of Indonesia and Singapore, even Madagascar's flag has red and white due to the influence of Merina Kingdom whose ancestors came from the Malay Archipelago.

There's a need to mention the origin of red and white colours as a transcendental influence originating from native Malay Archipelago political entities. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.53.141.39 (talk) 01:35, 17 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Also do not see the British East India company flag, but rather an underlying United States flag, just compare the stripes, identical to the USA one.--Pedro (talk) 19:53, 4 March 2013 (UTC)

Royal blue or dark blue
Hi Fl, I think the blue colour of should be corrected as seen on Open clip art and. The current colour are seen too far from the version on our country. — иz нίpнόpʜᴇʟᴘ! 21:48, 25 May 2013 (UTC)
 * I pasted the above from my talk page. The writer has a point: the darker blue as seen in File:Flag_of_Malaysia.png is visually more familiar than File:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg, but the latter was changed from dark blue back to royal blue in 2011 by stating "this is what the government tells us to use". Zscout370 did not specify a source in that edit.
 * I cannot work out whether http://mymalaysia.net.my/knowmsia/national-symbols/ is an official website, but it shows dark blue in the canton. World Flag Database http://www.flags.net/MALS.htm also has dark blue. At the time of writing, I cannot retrieve the official sources cited in this Wikipedia article. – Fayenatic  L ondon 19:49, 26 May 2013 (UTC)
 * The discussion about the colors took place at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_talk:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg. Anyways, my original source for the CMYK colors (from July 2007) come from Page 9 of "Bendera, banner, lambang, lagu kebangsaan dan lagu-lagu kebesaran negeri-negeri di Malaysia" (Jabatan Penerangan Malaysia, 2005, ISBN 983-54-0464-X) and a PDF copy can be found at http://dbaalss.nationalanthems.us/anthems/Malaysia_opt.pdf. (If the link doesn't work, I will be happy to provide it via email). The talk page I linked above was very unhappy with the colors, since it was too light of a shade and most flags are dark. I had to use another government source, which I will try and locate again, but cannot seem to find it on my hard drive. I hope this helps. User:Zscout370 (Return Fire) 20:31, 26 May 2013 (UTC)
 * As for the websites posted, the first one is not official in any way. The World Flag Database is pretty good about having everything accurate on flags, but there are times where I find information that the WFD either doesn't know or hasn't updated yet (and hasn't been since August of 2011). User:Zscout370 (Return Fire) 20:38, 26 May 2013 (UTC)
 * This is the current version from one of our government website:
 * here
 * here
 * as you can see the blue colour also dark. — иz нίpнόpʜᴇʟᴘ! 06:01, 27 May 2013 (UTC)
 * At here, you can see also even the 1Malaysia symbol in dark blue. — иz нίpнόpʜᴇʟᴘ! 06:06, 27 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Here also, you can see at the paragraph two said:
 * "Bahagian yang berwarna biru tua" (that means dark blue is use as the official colour of this flag) — иz нίpнόpʜᴇʟᴘ! 06:10, 27 May 2013 (UTC)
 * and here, all sources I stated above are from our official government website. — иz нίpнόpʜᴇʟᴘ! 06:16, 27 May 2013 (UTC)
 * United Nations website also display Malaysian flag in dark blue. — иz нίpнόpʜᴇʟᴘ! 13:21, 27 May 2013 (UTC)
 * I'm satisfied that it should be changed back to a darker blue. Zscout370, as you are an administrator on Commons, please would you do it? It seems from File talk:Flag of Malaysia.svg that the case was previously made to your satisfaction in July 2007. – Fayenatic  L ondon 11:47, 28 May 2013 (UTC)

Would this revision be acceptable? --Dschwen 22:53, 28 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes! With a bit correction. :-) — иz нίpнόpʜᴇʟᴘ! 23:09, 28 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Hi Dschwen and Ranking Update, sorry for butting in, but I did notice that the fifth stripe is unusually thin, compared to the others. This causes a 'blur' effect when it is down scaled to, let's say 50px or 100px sizes. Furthermore, there is a thin red vertical line on the far right side of the flag, it is not part of the official measurements/designations. Sorry for the trouble Dschwen, but it would be highly appreciated if you could correct these small details. Many thanks ! Aero777 (talk) 23:19, 29 May 2013 (UTC)
 * I have allowed reuploads of this file for autoconfirmed users. Unfortunately I don't have the time (and skill) to fix the issues myself. --Dschwen 00:27, 30 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks for lending a helping hand. I'm not any better at digital rendering either LOL, but I'll see what I can do. Cheers. - Aero777 (talk) 02:33, 30 May 2013 (UTC)
 * I have fixed the errors, but I'm not allowed to upload the revised file. Maybe it's because I'm a new user, and not considered 'autoconfirmed'. Anyway, I have uploaded the revised file to a file sharing website here. It would be much appreciated if an experienced user could upload the revised file to Wiki Commons, as I don't have the permissions necessary to do it myself. Thanks - Aero777 (talk) 04:15, 30 May 2013 (UTC)
 * I'll take care of it now. User:Zscout370 (Return Fire) 19:15, 30 May 2013 (UTC)
 * I also have no issues with the color change; this looks very close to the exact flag I have from Malaysia (from Penang from over 10 years ago). I had to clean up the SVG code but also fix the dimensions on the stripes and the crescent and star, but overall I am very happy with the end result. User:Zscout370 (Return Fire) 19:34, 30 May 2013 (UTC)
 * It looks far more accurate now, great work man, and thanks ! - Aero777 (talk) 13:39, 31 May 2013 (UTC)

Blazon is Wrong
Currently reads 'In blazon, the Malaysian flag is described as: "A banner Gules, seven bars Argent ...'. That would be a flag with 15 stripes.  You want "A banner barry of fourteen Gules and Argent ...".    The blazon is different for even and odd numbers of stripes (it's a common confusion).  You can read more here http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variation_of_the_field#Barry.2C_Paly.2C_Bendy or other heraldry sites.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.125.66.123 (talk) 19:27, 30 March 2014 (UTC)

Similar flags
I removed the section "Similar flags" in April with the edit summary "Remove subjective and speculative WP:OR Similar flags". It has today been restored by without explanation. I have tagged the unsourced section with refimprove, but I really think that a section starting with "Perhaps" is far too speculative to remain. If a connection can be sourced between the US flag and the Malaysia flag, it should be mentioned, perhaps in a section with the title "Related flags" or similar. But if no such source is found, it has to go. Speculation has no place in an encyclopedia. --T*U (talk) 09:11, 2 July 2017 (UTC)
 * It is more than a year since I wrote this and placed the templates in the section. Since then there has not been one single edit to the section, nor any answer or comment here. I will therefore remove the section. Feel free to reinsert it, provided it is properly sourced. --T*U (talk) 13:12, 4 July 2018 (UTC)

External links modified
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Colour meanings of the flag
Without the meaning of the colour red and white. Red represents braveness and white represents holiness. Ravenlaw12345 (talk) 11:33, 15 October 2021 (UTC)

Meaning of 14 stripes
The 14 stripes, of equal width, represent the equal status in the federation of the 13 member states and the federal territories, while the 14 points of the star represent the unity between these entities.

Actually the 14 stripes, represent the 14 member states of Malaysia at the point of the time of the flag creation. In 1963, Singapore, Sabah, and Sarawak joined with other 11 states in Malayan Union forming the new nation Malaysia. So in total, the 14 stripes represent the 14th member of states at the point of time of the flag creation in 1963. Singapore leave Union from Malaysia in 1965, 2 years after creation of the Malaysian flag. In order to cover up the black history, it were distorted to mention 13 states and federal territory as the reason for the 14 stripes. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 175.144.162.70 (talk) 12:37, 18 November 2021 (UTC)

“six more points were added to the star”
> At the suggestion of statesman Onn Jaafar, … six more points were added to the star.

Pictured proposal has five. Plus six makes eleven. Actual star has fourteen. I don’t know the truth, but this cannot be correct, JDAWiseman (talk) 20:37, 25 September 2022 (UTC)

Official RGB
Online sources gives varying RGBs. If an official source can be found, please add. JDAWiseman (talk) 20:38, 25 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flag of Malaysia


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of ethnic slurs/Archive of previous VFD

This is an archive of a previous VFD. Do not edit this page

=
==============

List of ethnic slurs was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was to keep the article.

Delete: a bulk of slang is not factual and normally used in segregated groups. some is not offensive and some parts are completely non factual. for one, the term "wog" is actually a parasite which has come from an outside place, not a golliwog. The page sems to have missed its target entirely. Some of the entries on the list might be highly offensive ot some, whereas others are not insulting. There are even some which are not racial, not slurs, or possibly neither. Following the guidelines on the Accuracy dispute would result in almost all (if not all) of the entries being tagged as in the context of being "racial slurs". Chris 02:55, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * It's interesting. It's doesn't strike me as particularly appropriate to an encyclopedia. I'd certainly want to see a citation on each item, if it's to be kept, or we are going to get a lot of junk on a page like this. Is there somewhere more appropriate to transwiki this? Maybe the Wiktionary? -- Jmabel 03:16, Sep 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not encyclopedic. And since when is "Canadian" a race?   — Gwalla | Talk 03:48, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's as encyclopedic as any other list. I admit I'm tempted to go in and cut out the large fraction of them that are highly obscure or non-racial. --Yath 04:33, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 *   Chris 14:34, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Nor are, in my opinion, non-empty lists, usually. Delete --Improv 16:50, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Encyclopedic and fascinating, and will grow in size and accuracy. Offensive, yes, but so is much of our other material. We seem to have a practice of not censoring articles just because they contain offensive material, just so long as there are no offensive statements presented as being supported by Wikipedia. I think this article conforms successfully. Andrewa 17:08, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * D Define "encyclopaedic". It is already massive and in many places inaccurate.  The fact that some of them are offensive was neither here nor there in the nomination.  In fact, that some of them are not offensive (and therefore not slurs) is part of the problem.  I also draw your attention to points 2, 3, and 5 of What Wikipedia is not.  In addition, the entries on the list are unverifiable (quite a few of them being idiosyncratic), and I firmly believe that it is beyond any help that Cleanup could provide.  The individual entries might (if they can be verified, which they probably can't) be suitable for Wiktionary, but not here.  As if you didn't already know, delete. Chris 17:40, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Comments: I gather you mean What Wikipedia is not. Point 3 here is the only one of your points that gives me any pause at all, here is not the place to philosophise on encyclopedic, and accuracy is not a grounds for deletion for example. But this is a good point. It's not as clear-cut as it first looks, both points 3 and 5 are qualified. No change of vote, but good point. Andrewa 06:56, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. May be not all of them are offensive, but vast majority of them are disparaging. Mikkalai 04:10, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Despite inaccuracies, deleting simply is out of question.  A problem with defining a "slur" is it's more often than not "I say it's a slur so it is" by both sides and impossible to confirm.  For example, "Nip" is listed as a slur in US, but British used this as a short form for a Japanese at least in 1900s.  It was used even on a celebrated occasion so unless writers (all of them died quite while ago) could be called up and they claim it was a slur, no final verdict can be given.  The very best thing is to provide informations on when and where they were used.  Deleting will simply scatter these terms across articles and someone will simply make a list again. Revth 06:35, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Interesting and perfectly encyclopaedic. -- Necrothesp 14:28, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Perfectly encyclopedic? What encyclopedia have you seen that had lists of any sort, much less lists of this kind of cruft? --Improv 17:53, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Er, we have many, many lists already. Unless you want to mount a single-handed campaign to get rid of all of them (seems fairly pointless to me, but hey, if that's what makes you happy...), this is as good as any other. And, incidentally, I've seen plenty of encyclopaedias with lists. The Britannica, for one. Take a look if you don't believe me. -- Necrothesp 23:27, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Inaccuracies should be fixed, as with any article. That some of these are slurs in certain times and places but not in other times and places should be noted either here or in another article to which this list redirects. And many voting for deletion here don't seem to notice these are called ethnic slurs, not racial slurs. Then they wrongly blame the article for not only including racial slurs. Jallan 16:45, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Pretty much equal-opportunity ethnic/racial slurs; though there may be room for some editing, there does not appear to be any sort of agenda. Denni ☯ 02:25, 2004 Sep 20 (UTC)
 * Keep. Simply fix the inaccuracies, and all shall be well.Finished 07:24, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Just looking over it, I figure at least 90% of them either need a reference to prove they're not just made-up, neologisms or idiosyncracies. Of course, if anyone can enlighten me as to why "abomination" is purely a racial slur, feel free.  Chris
 * Keep, though some cleanup may be in order.--[[User:Nricardo|Nelson Ricardo >>Talk<<]] 07:23, Sep 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, a useful resource which I have personally used before. StuartH 13:09, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: It's intriguing  anon comment moved off the VfD page
 * Keep. Those who argue that it's not 'encyclopedic' don't, IMHO, seem to get the idea of the Wikipedia (but I only discovered it last weekend, so who am I to judge?). If it's inaccurate, then others will improve it.  Surely that's the whole point - no one comes here expecting complete 'accuracy', do they?  I thought the list was interesting and well worth keeping. Jerry cornelius 04:59, 23 Sep 2004 (UTC)

(None of the above three comments are signed...)
 * Keep. If anything it is a continual update on what is considered dereogetory (anyone remember what "flapper" meant?)
 * Keep. I found it useful to look up an obscure term.
 * Keep. Its not nice, its not good, but people need to know some things anyway.
 * Keep. WhisperToMe 22:50, 23 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. While it has a lot of issues (wikification, clarification, accuracy, etc), those can be fixed over time. The basic concept of the article is encyclopedic. Kaszeta 13:59, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
International School (Bellevue, Washington)

International School (IS) is a school for students in grades 6th–12th in the Bellevue School District. The school follows a seven by seven curriculum wherein students pursue studies in seven core academic areas for seven years of attendance. The seven core subjects are: English, Science, Math, Social Studies, Physical Education, Fine Arts, and French.

Admission
Admission to International School is based on a lottery system. All students living within Bellevue School District (BSD) boundaries are eligible to enter a lottery in 5th grade, for admittance beginning in 6th grade. Lottery information can be found on www.bsd405.org. Siblings of students already enrolled get priority, and then names are drawn from the general pool for the remaining spots. International School is not affiliated with the Washington Interscholastic Activities Association (WIAA), and if students want to participate in high school sports, they can do so at their "home school" (the Bellevue School District high school that corresponds with their area of residence). Sports for middle school students are offered through the school and through the same partner as the other middle schools within BSD.

History
International School was founded in 1991 by Bellevue teachers. It was funded with a competitive $300,000 grant from the "Schools for the 21st Century" Commission. International School opened with 150 sixth and seventh graders in the fall of 1991, housed in an old elementary school. Later, the school was moved to its current location in an unused junior high in the Wilburton neighborhood.

Academics
Bellevue International offers a seven-year, seven-subject curriculum, in which students take seven years of humanities (language arts), international studies, math, science, physical education/health and fine arts. Additionally, students study French for 6–7 years, with the intention of achieving fluency, and ultimately studying subjects such as literature, history, and the Francophone world. Upper-year high school students may slightly adjust their course schedules to include Python, AP Computer Science, and/or AP Computer Science Principles.

Advanced Placement (AP) courses that are available to all students, a few of which are mandatory. These include: AP English Language, English Literature, Calculus AB, Calculus BC, World History, US History, American/Comparative Government, Physics 1, Physics C, Biology, Chemistry, Environmental Science, French Language, Computer Science, Computer Science Principles, and Studio Art (Drawing).

World Languages Program
All students at IS are required to take 6–7 years of French. In the past, German was offered, but due to budget and personnel issues, German was gradually phased out from 2009 to 2014. Historically, about two-thirds of incoming students had taken French and one-third had participated in the German Language Program. Both programs had co-existed successfully since the founding of the International School,

Each year, students at the school put their language skills to use during the optional two-week French exchange with the Saint-Stanislas school in Nantes, available to 10th graders and up. In addition to the language programs, IS has a long-standing partnership with the Amity Institute which places native French speakers with an undergraduate degree and a career goal in education in the school as French language teaching assistants.

Titan Robotics Club
International School participates in FIRST programs through Titan Robotics Club. IS is home to FIRST Robotics Competition (FRC) team 492, FIRST Tech Challenge (FTC) teams 3543 and 6541 (although team 6541 is currently retired), and FIRST Lego League (FLL) teams 2200, 2201, and 12320. The club was founded in 2000 as a way for students at IS to gain experience with Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, and Math (STEAM) as the school offers few engineering-related classes, and it participated in its first competition in the 2001 season.

Achievements
The International School has been ranked 9th in the nation on Newsweek Magazine's list of the best high schools, and currently is first. International School was also selected as a Blue Ribbon National School of Excellence in 2004 by the U.S. Department of Education.

Bellevue's International School has received a top grade in U.S. News & World Report Gold Medal Schools list. The weekly American news magazine ranked high schools nationwide based on college readiness and quality-adjusted exams per test taker. The International School is ranked as the 18th best high school in the country.

Demographics
In the 2017–2018 school year, the total student enrollment for the high school section (grades 9-12) was 312. The racial demographics are: 0% African American, 44% Asian, 2% Hispanic, 12% Multiracial and 41% White. 26% of students speak another first language besides English. 5% receive special education services, and 4% are eligible for free/reduced price meals.

In the 2017–2018 school year, the total student enrollment for the middle school section (grades 6-8) was 266. The racial demographics are: 1% African American, 43% Asian, 4% Hispanic, 9% Multiracial and 42% White. 29% of students speak another first language besides English. 5% receive special education services and 9% qualify for free/reduced price meals.


text:
User talk:IFaqeer/Archive002

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 1000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

I never kid about things like the Cabal
We exist (shhhh!) and we intend to subvert Wikipedia for our own nefarious schemes! - Ta bu shi da yu 04:41, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Templates
Why am I "definitely the wrong" person to judge this? My opinion is just as valid as your own. As to the consensus back in May, it was strong enough that that almost all of these templates were purged from country articles , , , , . Since then some of the templates have occassionally been readded by new users or those unaware of the previous discussion. - SimonP 05:30, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * The accepted rule has been that an international organization has to be important enough to be mentioned in the opening section of a country's article to merit a footer template. This is not the case in any of the countries you listed.  As a Canadian, a country widely recognized as one of the most dedicated and active members of the Commonwealth, I have a very different experience than the one you describe.  I don't recall ever seeing a one paragraph description of Canada include a sentence mentioning its Commonwealth status. When Canadians are asked to give ten or twenty defining characteristics of out country Commonwealth membership is not included.  When talking with people from other Commonwealth countries, including Nigeria, Pakistan, and India, I do not recall the Commonwealth ever being included in a description of their homelands.  A Google search shows that less than two percent of pages mentioning India, Canada, or Pakistan also mention the word "commonwealth". - SimonP 06:07, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thank you, iFageer, for your words of wisdom. You've helped calm me down.  I agree that I did respond a bit too rashly to SimonP's actions - just upset that I had to spend extra time on something I hadn't planned on doing.  Nevertheless, I was far too harsh when I called his work "vandalism," and I have apologized to him for that.  I am posting the following comment on the talk pages of all who have commented:

 * Anyway: Most of my fellow-New Zealanders - including republicans are passionate supporters of the Commonwealth, and consider our membership of it much more than a factoid. No matter how opposed to the monarchy they are, no matter how left-wing they are, almost all New Zealanders consider our Commonwealth membership to be of supreme importance.  Symbolic, yes - but symbols have powerful meanings.  By working as a group, for example, the commonwealth was able to force Fiji to restore the 1997 constitution after the 2000 coup.  (Other joint ventures were less successful, but at least they tried - and did so together, as a united force).  It influences our foreign relations, too: Commonwealth-member countries exchange High Commissioners, not Ambassadors.  The distinction may seem trivial (and for practical purposes, it almost always is), but it is real nonetheless.  David Cannon 09:36, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Pervez Musharraf
Hi,

I've made a few comments on the Pervez Musharraf page, which might be of interest to you. This addresses some of the POV problems which I, and others, have found there. I'll be interested to hear your comments/feedback.

Faulenzer 22:24, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Pen name
I've tried to answer your questions at Talk:Pen name. gK [[User talk:GK|¿?]] 06:24, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Image:Benazir01.jpg
Does "it is provided as being under the same terms as other contributions to Wikipedia." mean you license it under the GFDL? If so can you tag the image with. Thanks, ed g2s  •  talk  17:06, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:IFaqeer/Archive002


text:
Phil Chenier

Philip Chenier (born October 30, 1950) is an American former professional basketball player who was a shooting guard in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for ten seasons. He was also a television sports broadcaster for the NBA's Washington Wizards.

Early years
Born and raised in Berkeley, California, Chenier graduated from Berkeley High School and played college basketball at the University of California in Berkeley.

NBA playing career
Chenier was selected fourth in the 1971 NBA Hardship Draft by the Baltimore Bullets, and played for them for eight seasons, from 1971 to 1979. The franchise moved from Baltimore to Washington in 1973, after his second season. He was one of the better shooting guards in the NBA for the first six seasons in his career, but he suffered a back injury early in the 1977–78 season and had season-ending surgery. The Bullets went on to win the NBA title with Kevin Grevey as the shooting guard. Chenier was never the same player after that; he came back from his surgery late the next season, but never could crack the Bullets' starting lineup again.

Chenier was released by the Bullets after the 1978–79 season, and played briefly for the Indiana Pacers and Golden State Warriors and retired after the 1980–81 season.

Chenier, who was a 1972 NBA All-Rookie Team selection, averaged 17.2 points per game for his career, and was named to three NBA All-Star teams.

In 2017, the Wizards announced that they would retire Chenier's number 45 jersey. On March 23, 2018, Chenier's jersey was retired.

Broadcasting career
Chenier, who got his start in television sports broadcasting with Home Team Sports back in 1985, has announced black college games alongside broadcasters Charlie Neil and James Brown for Black Entertainment Television. He was the color analyst for the Washington Bullets and Washington Wizards games on television from 1987 to 2017, with a final pairing for NBC Sports Washington alongside play-by-play commentator, Steve Buckhantz.

Personal life
Chenier resides in Columbia, Maryland, with his wife Gerry Chenier. He has two daughters, one son and grandchildren.

title: Phil Chenier


text:
Chinese Odyssey 2002

Chinese Odyssey 2002 is a 2002 Hong Kong mo lei tau musical film written and directed by Jeffrey Lau and produced by Wong Kar-wai. It stars Tony Leung Chiu-Wai, Faye Wong, Zhao Wei and Chang Chen. It is a parody of the 1959 Huangmei opera film The Kingdom and the Beauty, with virtually the same characters. It was released during the Chinese New Year, following the practice of the Hong Kong movie industry to boost comedy ticket sales during the holiday season.

Plot
The film is set in Ming Dynasty, China. Li Yilong (Tony Leung Chiu Wai) is the town bully, known for his boorish manners and reckless attitude which have endeared him to no one, save his sister Feng (Vicki Zhao) who has a curious penchant for cross-dressing. It is apparent early on that both these siblings are such misfits they have virtually no prospect of marriage.

Faye Wong is cast as a runaway princess who is dressed as a man, a disguise which fools both Long and Feng. Long immediately decides that he likes his new-found friend so much that he will entrust his sister's hand in marriage to "him". The princess, of course, cannot marry another woman and tried to fend off Long's suggestions of a match; but also, she is attracted to Long.

Emperor Zheng De (Chang Chen) also leaves his palace temporarily to search for his missing sister. He dresses like a commoner and by a twist of fate meets Feng. He is smitten with Feng, and begins to court her, while keeping his imperial identity secret from her. His motives for leaving the palace also included the fact that he is unhappy and lonely at court and wants to escape the smothering influence of the Empress Dowager (Rebecca Pan), his mother, who plays a dictatorial role in the actions of her son. A convoy of imperial guards try to protect him while he is out in town and bring the Emperor back to the palace, but unsuccessfully.

The Princess is also assisted by her "fairy godmother" (Athena Chu) in marrying her match. The Empress Dowager hears of her wayward children and storms Long's house, where her children are holed up, only to hear that they wish to marry two commoners with unwholesome and eccentric tendencies. The Emperor is adamant about marrying Feng and the Empress Dowager relents, but Long is unable to pass a "ring test" to prove he is the destined one and the Empress Dowager forbids his marriage to her daughter.

All ends well, however. After a separation, Long is enlightened by the "fairy godmother" and passes the "ring test". He is reunited with the Princess, the Empress Dowager accepts him, and happiness reigns.

Cast

 * Tony Leung Chiu-Wai – Li Yilong, a ne'er-do-well
 * Faye Wong – Princess Wushuang, the emperor's sister
 * Zhao Wei – Phoenix, Li Yilong's sister
 * Chang Chen – Zhengde Emperor
 * Athena Chu – Amour Amour
 * Rebecca Pan – the emperor's mother
 * Eric Kot – the governor / bully
 * Roy Cheung – Zuo Lengshan
 * Jeffrey Lau – Principal Chen, Li Yilong's former teacher
 * Ning Jing – Purple Afterglow, Li Yilong's ex-girlfriend
 * Jan Lamb – commentary (voice)
 * Chan Lung
 * Wong Wing-Ming
 * Zhong Hanhao

Soundtrack
The soundtrack was a success for Faye Wong.

Track list:
 * 1) Intro (序曲) [1:04]
 * 2) Out of the palace (出宮) [2:30]
 * 3) Down to Jiangnan (下江南) [1:59] (vocals by Zhao Wei and Chang Chen)
 * 4) Vicious mood (殺氣) [1:09]
 * 5) The Large World is Smaller than Dust (天地之大小於塵埃) [1:31]
 * 6) Xǐxīangféng (喜相逢; "Happy Gathering") [3:18] by Faye Wong and Tony Leung
 * 7) Morning Dew (朝露) [2:35]
 * 8) Cherishing the Body (善其身) [3:10]
 * 9) Zuìyīchǎng (醉一場; "A Drunk Song") [2:24] by Faye Wong and Tony Leung
 * 10) Happy Gathering Lalalalala (喜相逢啦啦啦啦啦) [3:16] (vocals by Zhao Wei and Chang Chen, "lalala" version of track #6)
 * 11) Passing Glances (眼波流) [1:54]
 * 12) Emotional Departure (離恨) [2:34]
 * 13) The Peach Flower Oath (桃花為盟) [0:36]
 * 14) Wind and Thunder on the Plains (平地有風雷) [0:31]
 * 15) Magical Power of Love (愛有神奇力量) [1:23]
 * 16) Fate Decided this Life (緣定今生) [3:20]
 * 17) Drinking Alone (獨飲) [3:11]
 * 18) Longing before the Shadows (觸影生情) [4:31]
 * 19) Tiānxià Wúshuāng Tiānla Dìla (天下無雙天啦地啦) [2:14] by Faye Wong and Tony Leung
 * 20) Tiānxià Wúshuāng Nàgèla Xiǎngshuō Lalala (天下無雙那個啦想說啦啦啦) [2:20] by Zhao Wei and Chang Chen (spoof of track #19)
 * 21) Here's You; Here's Me (有你有我) [1:35]
 * 22) The World is Great (人間天地好) [3:10]
 * 23) Love will not Die (愛火不熄) [3:31]
 * 24) Like the Previous Dust (如許前塵) [3:27]
 * 25) No Turning Back (不回首) [2:54]
 * 26) Happy Reunion under the Spring Flowers (春暖花開大團圓) [1:59] (vocals by Zhao Wei and Chang Chen)
 * 27) Tinha Mouseung Tinla Deila (天下無雙天啦地啦) [2:15] by Faye Wong and Tony Leung (Cantonese version of track #19)

Awards

 * 39th Annual Golden Horse Awards
 * Nomination – Best Supporting Actress (Zhao Wei)
 * Nomination – Best Art Direction
 * Nomination – Best Costume Design
 * 22nd Annual Hong Kong Film Awards:
 * Nomination – Best Actress (Faye Wong)
 * Nomination – Best Art Direction (Tony Au Ting-Ping)
 * Nomination – Best Costume Design (William Cheung Suk Ping)
 * Nomination – Best Original Film Score (Frankie Chan, Roel A. Garcia)
 * 9th Annual Hong Kong Film Critics Society Awards:
 * Winner, Best Picture
 * Winner, Best Actress (Faye Wong)

title: Chinese Odyssey 2002


text:
Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act

The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (IRTPA) is a 235-page Act of Congress, signed by President George W. Bush, that broadly affects United States federal terrorism laws. The act comprises several separate titles with varying subject issues. It was enacted in response to the terror attacks of September 11, 2001.

Overview
This act established the position of Director of National Intelligence (DNI), the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC), and the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board.

The IRTPA requires the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to take over the conducting of pre-flight comparisons of airline passenger information to Federal Government watch lists for international and domestic flights. The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) developed the Secure Flight program and issued rulemaking to implement this congressional mandate. Airline personnel will have the right to demand government-issued ID be shown if ordered by the TSA to do so, but those orders are to remain confidential, so there is no oversight as to when the airline has been ordered to request ID and when they are requesting it on their own imperative.

Background
The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 was originally introduced in the Senate in response to the findings of the 9/11 Commission. The commission, established to prepare a report on the circumstances surrounding the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, published its final report in July 2004 including a list of recommendations to overhaul United States intelligence agencies and practices. S. 2845 was developed as a response to the commission's findings and implemented some of its major recommendations.

Legislative History
S. 2845 was introduced by U.S. Senator Susan M. Collins of Maine on September 23, 2004. The Senate approved the bill, 96–2, on October 6 of the same year and it was sent to the House. After debate, the House approved the bill, 282-134, with an amendment and passed it on October 16. The bill was sent to a conference to merge the House and Senate versions and the Conference Report was agreed to on December 8 (House 336-75, Senate 89-2). President George W. Bush signed the bill into law on December 17, 2004.

Senate Floor
Debate on S. 2845 began on September 27, 2004. As many as 300 amendments were proposed, though most were negotiated by the bill sponsors and the amendment proposers behind the scenes to convince them to withdraw or ruled out of order.

==== Notable Floor Actions ====

 * The Senate voted 93-4 to table a Specter amendment that would have given the DNI a 10-year fixed term. The idea was that not having a fixed term would increase the position's independence from the president.
 * The Senate voted 78-19 to table a Specter amendment intended to give the DNI more power over intelligence agency operations, including the Pentagon's day-to-day activities.
 * The Senate voted 62-29 to table a Byrd amendment that would have restricted the DNI's budget authority and the power to transfer personnel and funds.
 * The Senate voted 55-37 to table a Stevens amendment that would have deleted language requiring disclosure of the overall intelligence budget from the bill.
 * The Senate agreed to the McCain amendment 97-0, adding Title VII of S. 2774 to increase transportation security.
 * The Senate agreed to the Hutchison amendment 96-0 to provide for air cargo safety.
 * The Senate agreed to the Roberts amendment 98-0 to maintain the applicability of section 504 of the National Security Act of 1947 in relation to fund appropriations for United States intelligence and intelligence-related activities.
 * The Senate agreed 96-2 to the bill on October 6, 2004.

House Floor
Speaker of the House J. Dennis Hastert introduced H.R. 10 to the floor as the House version of the intelligence overhaul bill on October 7, 2004 to be considered alongside S. 2845. H.R. 10 was passed 282-134 on October 8.

Notable Floor Actions

 * On October 16, 2004, the House struck the enacting clause from S. 2845 and inserted H.R. 10, passing the bill the same day.

Conference
The bill was sent to conference on October 16, 2004 per the House's request. Appointed conferees from both chambers met to negotiate the two versions of the bill, but discussions broke down over the budgetary authority of the DNI. The conference lasted for weeks with no progress until Senators Collins and Lieberman proposed language—in particular, the word "abrogate"—that softened the DNI's budgetary powers, to which House conferees agreed. The conference report was filed on December 7, 2004 and agreed to in the House on the same day, with the Senate agreeing a day later.

Enactment
The bill was sent from the Senate to President Bush on December 15, 2004. It was signed on December 17 to become public law.

Support
The Senate plan was backed by the 9/11 Commission, families of the 9/11 victims, a bipartisan coalition of senators and some House members, and the majority of the White House. The House plan was backed by the Pentagon camp, led by notably House Republicans, the Pentagon, the House and Senate Armed Services committees, and chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Richard B. Myers. The final bill was supported by a bipartisan House and Senate, the White House, and the general public, including the families of the 9/11 victims.

Provisions
This act established the position of Director of National Intelligence (DNI), the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC), the National Counter-Proliferation Center, and the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board. It allowed for the establishment of additional national intelligence centers at the discretion of the Director of National Intelligence.

The act is formally divided into eight titles:

 * 1) "Reform of the intelligence community", also known as the National Security Intelligence Reform Act of 2004
 * 2) "Federal Bureau of Investigation"
 * 3) "Security clearances"
 * 4) "Transportation security"
 * 5) "Border protection, immigration, and visa matters"
 * 6) "Terrorism prevention"
 * 7) "Implementation of 9/11 Commission recommendations", also known as the 9/11 Commission Implementation Act of 2004
 * 8) "Other matters"

===Title I: National Security Intelligence Reform Act of 2004 === Title I established the position of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI), the National Counterterrorism Center, and the National Counter-Proliferation Center.

Director of National Intelligence (DNI)
The Director of National Intelligence is responsible for heading the United States intelligence community. The DNI acts as the principal intelligence advisor to the president, Homeland Security, and the National Security Council, as well as direct the National Intelligence Program. The position's duties include intelligence sharing between government branches and federal agencies, managing the national intelligence budget, and managing intelligence personnel.

National Counterterrorism Center
The National Counterterrorism Center's objectives are to act as a centralized government organization for terrorism and counterterrorism intelligence, conduct strategic planning, and share information between intelligence agencies.

National Counter-Proliferation Center
The National Counter-Proliferation Center was established to analyze and integrate intelligence regarding proliferation, share intelligence across agencies, create a central repository of proliferation activity intelligence, and coordinate and conduct counter-proliferation activities.

Title II: Federal Bureau of Investigation
The FBI was required to create a career path for domestic intelligence work within the agency to promote collection and analysis of intelligence. The title also developed a Reserve Service of former FBI agents to be called upon in case of a national emergency under the discretion of the FBI director.

Title III: Security clearances
The president was required to denote a single department or agency to be responsible for overseeing security clearances, which could be transferred between agencies to reduce repetitive processing.

Title IV: Transportation security
Title IV authorizes new airport security programs including screening carry-on luggage for explosives, training foreign air marshals, creating blast-resistant cargo holds, and increased screening of airport workers. Homeland Security is required to deploy biometric screening systems at airports to obtain biological information to be used to identify individual travelers. The TSA was required to test new passenger screening systems to cross-reference "no fly" lists with an integrated terrorist watch list.

The title also gives Homeland Security the authority to create a terrorist watch list for cruise ships.

Title V: Border protection, immigration, and visa matters
Title V requires states to follow national standards for drivers license eligibility, requires visa applicants to be interviewed, offers provisions for immigrants who have received training from terrorist organizations to be deported, authorized an additional 10,000 border patrol agents to be added over five years, authorized the use of unmanned aerial vehicles to monitor the Canadian border, and created 8,000 new beds in the Department of Homeland Security's detention center to house illegal aliens and terrorist suspects.

Title VI: Terrorism prevention
Title VI allows the FBI to conduct surveillance on individual terrorists not connected to a foreign power. The law requires that terrorist subjects be denied bail and held in jail until their trial unless they can prove they are not dangerous or flight risks. Conveying false or misleading information on a terrorist attack, actual or possible, was criminalized and made an imprisonable offense. Using the mail or any postal-like service as a means of attack with weapons of mass destruction was also specified as a criminal offense, and criminal penalties were expanded for the production, possession, and use of dirty bombs and the variola virus.

Title VII: Implementation of the 9/11 Commission Recommendations
Title VII included foreign policy provisions to improve U.S. diplomatic relations internationally. These include identification of terrorist sanctuaries, regulation of exports to state sponsors of terrorism and terrorist sanctuaries, U.S. support for democracy in Afghanistan and stability in Pakistan, strategic diplomatic efforts in Saudi Arabia, Muslim outreach, support of the UN Human Rights Commission, and free press promotion in the Muslim world

Title VIII: Other matters
Title VIII authorizes the DNI to establish a formal relationship between the intelligence community and the National Infrastructure Simulation and Analysis Center, created the Office of Geospatial Management within the Department of Homeland Security, authorizes the Inspector General of the Department of Homeland Security to designate a senior staffer to manage civil rights and civil liberties cases for the department, requires the FBI to continually maintain and update enterprise and technology architecture and infrastructure, and requires the Office of Government ethics to submit financial disclosure reports to Congress.

Controversy
The Pentagon and its supporters in the House were against the bill. They opposed giving the DNI authority over the Pentagon's intelligence agencies and their budgets, saying the idea was troubling. The Pentagon camp, led by House Conferee Duncan Hunter, R-CA, was labeled "obstructionist" by supporters of the Senate version of the bill. Hunter denied this claim, arguing that they wanted a reform bill that did not damage the relationship between the secretary of defense and defense agencies.

Advocacy groups for families of the 9/11 victims blamed President Bush and House Republicans for the intelligence bill being stalled in Congress. They accused Bush of allowing members of the Republican party to derail the legislative process and named Speaker of the House J. Dennis Hastert as a responsible party for the bill's stagnation. The Family Steering Committee released a statement saying they were "angry and saddened that the opportunity for significant reform of our country's intelligence structure has been squandered." The group Families of September 11 also came out saying that the legislators not helping to push the legislation through the House would be held accountable by voters in the upcoming election.

Response
Upon the IRTPA's passage in the Senate, President Bush released a statement calling it a historic piece of legislation that would defend America and help to protect its people from terrorism. The public response was also positive, particularly from the families of 9/11 victims who had supported the bill, however some members of Congress remained skeptical. The two senators who had voted against passing the bill, Robert C. Byrd (D-WV) and James M. Inhofe (R-OK), came out against it, expressing their regret that it had passed so quickly and without stricter provisions against illegal immigration.

The Electronic Frontier Foundation objected to Act's potential effects on civil liberties.


text:
W. P. C. Davies

William Philip Cathcart Davies (6 August 1928 – 25 January 2018) played rugby union at centre for Evesham RUFC, Cheltenham RUFC, Cambridge University, Harlequins, England and the British Lions (South Africa 1955).

Davies was born at Abberley, Worcestershire. He was educated at Denstone College, Staffordshire. Phil was a member of the Cambridge University RFC tour to Japan in 1953, the first one by Cambridge after the Second World War. It took place after Oxford had toured in the previous year. He was widely considered to be an excellent centre of great physical power, and achieved a measure of celebrity in his time.

From 1953 to 1959 he taught biology at Christ's Hospital school in Horsham, Sussex. The school gave him special leave for the British Lions tour of South Africa, which overlapped with the start of the school year. He left to become a preparatory school headmaster, first at Smallwood Manor, Uttoxeter, Staffordshire, then at Cheltenham College Junior School, Gloucestershire, and served in that post from 1964 to 1986.

A memorial service was held for him in Cheltenham College Chapel on 22 September 2018. It was attended by Steve Boyle on behalf of the British Lions.

title: W. P. C. Davies


text:
Eteocretan language

Eteocretan ( from Ἐτεόκρητες, lit. "true Cretans", itself composed from ἐτεός eteós "true" and Κρής Krḗs "Cretan") is the pre-Greek language attested in a few alphabetic inscriptions of ancient Crete.

In eastern Crete, about half a dozen inscriptions have been found, which, though written in Greek alphabets, are clearly not Greek. These inscriptions date from the late 7th or early 6th century down to the 3rd century BC. The language, which so far cannot be translated, is probably a survival of a language spoken on Crete before the arrival of the proto-Greek language and is probably derived from the Minoan language preserved in the Linear A inscriptions of a millennium earlier. Since that language remains undeciphered, it is not certain that Eteocretan and Minoan are related, although this is very likely.

Ancient testimony suggests that the language is that of the Eteocretans (meaning 'true Cretans'). The term Eteocretan is sometimes applied to the Minoan language (or languages) written more than a millennium earlier in so-called Cretan 'hieroglyphics' (almost certainly a syllabary) and in the Linear A script. Yves Duhoux, a leading authority on Eteocretan, has stated that "it is essential to rigorously separate the study of Eteocretan from that of the 'hieroglyphic' and Linear A inscriptions".

Ancient Greek sources
Odysseus, after returning home and pretending to be a grandson of Minos, tells his wife Penelope about his alleged homeland of Crete:

In the first century AD the geographer Strabo noted the following about the settlement of the different 'tribes' of Crete:

Indeed, more than half the known Eteocretan texts are from Praisos (Strabo's Πρᾶσος); the others were found at Dreros (modern Driros).

Inscriptions
There are five inscriptions which are clearly Eteocretan, two of them bilingual with Greek. Three more fragments may be Eteocretan. The Eteocretan corpus is documented and discussed in Duhoux's L'Étéocrétois: les textes—la langue.

Dreros
The two bilingual inscriptions, together with six other Greek inscriptions, were found in the western part of the large Hellenistic cistern next to the east wall of the Delphinion (temple of Apollo Delphinios) in Dreros, at a depth between three and four metres. The texts are all written in the archaic Cretan alphabet and date from the late seventh or early sixth century BC. They record official religious and political decisions and probably came from the east wall of the Delphinion; they were published by Henri Van Effenterre in 1937 and 1946 and were kept in the museum at Neapolis.

The longer of these two inscriptions was found in the autumn of 1936 but not published until 1946. The Greek part of the text is very worn and could not easily be read. Almost certainly with modern technology the Greek part would yield more but the inscription was lost during the occupation of the island in World War II. Despite searches over 70 years, it has not been found.

The other Dreros inscription was also published by Van Effenterre in 1946. The Eteocretan part of the text has disappeared, only the fragment τυπρμηριηια (tuprmēriēia) remaining.

Praisos (or Praesos)
The other three certain Eteocretan inscriptions were published by Margherita Guarducci in the third volume of Inscriptiones Creticae, Tituli Cretae Orientalis, in 1942. The inscriptions are archived in the Archeological Museum at Heraklion. Raymond A. Brown, who examined these inscriptions in the summer of 1976, has published them online with slightly different transcriptions than those given by Guarducci.

The earliest of these inscriptions is, like the Dreros one, written in the archaic Cretan alphabet and likewise dates from the late 7th or early 6th century BC. The second of the Praisos inscriptions is written in the standard Ionic alphabet, except for lambda which is still written in the archaic Cretan style; it probably dates from the 4th century BC. The third inscription, dating probably from the 3rd century BC, is written in the standard Ionic alphabet with the addition of digamma or wau.

Psychro
Some publications also list the Psychro or Epioi inscription as Eteocretan,  but some scholars deem it to be a modern forgery. They base their assessment on the fact that the inscription has five words, which bear no obvious resemblance to the language of the Dreros and Praisos inscriptions, apparently written in the Ionic alphabet of the third century BC, with the addition of three symbols which resemble the Linear A script of more than a millennium earlier. Their reasoning has since been challenged as unsubstantiated.

Other possible fragmentary inscriptions
Guarducci included three other fragmentary inscriptions; two of these fragments were also discussed by Yves Duhoux. The latter also discussed several other fragmentary inscriptions which might be Eteocretan. All these inscriptions, however, are so very fragmentary that it really is not possible to state with any certainty that they may not be Greek.

Description
The inscriptions are too few to give much information about the language.

Lexicon
The early inscriptions written in the archaic Cretan alphabet do mark word division; the same goes for the two longer inscriptions from the fourth and third centuries BC.

From the Dreros inscriptions are the following words: et isalabre komn men inai isaluria lmo tuprmēriēia. Komn and lmo seem to show that /n/ and /l/ could be syllabic. As to the meanings of the words, nothing can be said with any certainty. Van Effenterre suggested:
 * inai = Dorian Cretan ἔϝαδε (= classical Greek ἅδε, third singular aorist of ἅνδάνω) "it pleased [the council, the people]", i. e. "it was decided [that …]". The word ἔϝαδε occurs in the Greek part of the bilingual text, and all but one of the other Greek texts from the Delphinion in Dreros.
 * tuprmēriēia = καθαρὸν γένοιτο in the Greek part of the inscription, i. e. "may it become pure".

Also, Van Effenterree noted that the word τυρό(ν) ("cheese") seems to occur twice in the Greek part of the first Dreros bilingual and suggested the text concerned the offering of goat cheese to Leto, the mother goddess of the Delphinion triad, and that the words isalabre and isaluria were related words with the meaning of "(goat) cheese".

The only clearly complete word on the earliest Praisos inscription is barze, and there is no indication of its meaning.

The other two Praisos inscriptions do not show word breaks. It has, however, been noted that in the second line of the fourth century inscription is phraisoi inai (φραισοι ιναι), and it has been suggested that it means "it pleased the Praisians" (ἔϝαδε Πραισίοις).

Classification
Though meager, the inscriptions show a language that bears no obvious kinship to Indo-European or Semitic languages; the language appears to have no obvious relation to any other known ancient language of the Aegean or Asia Minor. Raymond A. Brown, after listing a number of words of pre-Greek origin from Crete suggests a relation between Eteocretan, Lemnian (Pelasgian), Minoan, and Tyrrhenian, coining the name "Aegeo-Asianic" for the proposed language family. This proposed group of languages is supported by G.M. Facchetti and S. Yatsemirsky, and was suggested to have a link to the pre-Indo-European languages of Anatolia by archaeologist James Mellaart. In whichever case, unless further inscriptions, especially bilingual ones, are found, the Eteocretan language must remain 'unclassified.'

While Eteocretan is possibly descended from the Minoan language of the Linear A inscriptions of a millennium earlier, until there is an accepted decipherment of Linear A, that language must also remain unclassified and the question of a relationship between the two remains speculative, especially as there seem to have been other non-Greek languages spoken in Crete.

Literature

 * Raymond A. Brown, "The Eteocretan Inscription from Psychro," in Kadmos, vol. 17, issue 1 (1978), p. 43 ff.
 * Raymond A. Brown, Evidence for pre-Greek speech on Crete from Greek alphabetic sources. Adolf M. Hakkert, Amsterdam 1985.
 * Henri Van Effenterre in Bulletin de correspondance hellénique, vol. 70 (1946), p. 602 f.
 * Henri Van Effenterre in Revue de Philologie, third series, vol. 20, issue 2 (1946), pp. 131–138.
 * Margarita Guarducci: Inscriptiones Creticae, vol. 3. Rome 1942, pp. 134–142.
 * Yves Duhoux: L'Étéocrétois: les textes – la langue. J. C. Gieben, Amsterdam 1982. ISBN 90 70265 05 2.
 * Papakitsos, Evangelos and Kenanidis, Ioannis, "The Eteocretan Inscription from Psychro (Crete) is Genuine", Anistoriton Journal, vol. 14 (2014-2015).

title: Eteocretan language


text:
Ruth Carter Stapleton

Ruth Carter Stapleton (née Carter; August 7, 1929 – September 26, 1983) was an American Christian evangelist. She was the youngest sister of United States President Jimmy Carter and Rosalynn Carter’s best friend.

Early life and family
Ruth Carter Stapleton was born on August 7, 1929, in Plains, Georgia, the third of the four children in the family of James Earl Carter, Sr. and Lillian Gordy Carter.

Besides the former president, Stapleton had an older sister, Gloria (1926–1990), and a younger brother, Billy (1937–1988). All three of them died of pancreatic cancer, as did their father.

Education, career, and family
Stapleton attended Georgia State College for Women, earned her bachelor's in English from Methodist University, and her master's in psychology from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Stapleton married Robert Thome Stapleton (1925–2014), a veterinarian, in 1948 and they had four children: Gloria Lynn (born May 31, 1950), Sydney Scott (December 23, 1951 – December 13, 2019), Patricia Gordy (born May 29, 1954) and Robert Michael (born November 5, 1958). Stapleton suffered from chronic depression, and was involved in a car accident that nearly killed her during the time immediately following her children's births. She said she was later cured of depression at a "Christ-centered camp".

In 1977, she became friends with pornographer Larry Flynt and managed to briefly convert him to Christianity. She was portrayed during this portion of Flynt's life by Donna Hanover in the film The People vs. Larry Flynt.

Stapleton was also known for her involvement in the healing ministry, especially in healing memories. Her books The Gift of Inner Healing, The Experience of Inner Healing, and In His Footsteps: The Healing Ministry of Jesus, Then and Now, illustrate her beliefs about inner healing, which involved healing memories, in which a person would go over their memories and bring Jesus into the memory to help them forgive or be comforted as required by Jesus.

Death
Stapleton died of pancreatic cancer on September 26, 1983, aged 54. One month after her death, her mother died of breast cancer, aged 85.

title: Ruth Carter Stapleton


text:
The Julekalender (Norwegian TV series)

 * Note that this is an article about the 1994 Norwegian remake of the original. See The Julekalender for information about the original Danish series, or The Joulukalenteri for the Finnish remake.

The Julekalender (Christmas calendar) is a Norwegian Christmas season television series produced by and starring Travellin' Strawberries (Ivar Gafseth, Tore Johansen, Erling Mylius) in collaboration with Saks Film and Entertainment and TV 2 (Norway), 1994. Around 400,000 viewers followed the series in December 1994, and it has since been broadcast in reruns later years. It was based on the Danish series The Julekalender from 1991, which also inspired a Finnish version in 1997. The original concept and script of the series, as well as its numerous songs came from the Danish trio of De Nattergale (Carsten Knudsen, Uffe Rødbæk Madsen and Viggo Sommer).

The characters spoke Norwenglish, a pidgin of English and Norwegian. The series consisted of 24 episodes (for each day until Christmas), and its production crew came from Trondheim, Norway.

Characters

 * Nisses – mischievous Christmas gnomes/elves.
 * Good old gammel nok (Arve Opsahl) – literally good old old enough, the oldest and wisest nisse, who will die unless someone finds the winding key to the play dåse, a music box.
 * Hansi, Fritz and Günther (Travellin' Strawberrys) – the three bravest nisses, who undertake this quest.
 * Nåså – greedy vampires wearing business suits and obsessed with money and wealth, they look human until they drink alcohol and reveal their real form, huge glasses and sharp teeth.
 * Benny Jensen – a travelling salesman (or so he claims) who turns out to be a nåså. There is also a large clash between the two different ways of life (as Benny comes to move in with Olaf and Gjertrud in episode 5, as his car runs out of petrol, punctures, breaks down completely, and then gets stolen, supposedly by "Polish mafia").
 * Olaf and Gjertrud Sand – a couple of highly stereotypical Trøndere (People from Trøndelag) that the same three actors also play: Olaf and Gjertrud Sand, a country bumpkin couple that live and work on a potato farm with their dog Kvikk. Olaf and Gjertrud speak with a broad rural (Trønder) accent, often leading to Benny misunderstanding what they say.

Plot
A long time ago, in ancient Trøndelag, the nisses lived merrily in their caves, unknown to the human populace of Trondheim.

One day, the wicked nåsås arrived. The nåsås killed many nisses and drove them out of their caves. The nisses in the only cave the nåsås missed hid Den Store Kloke Boken (the big wise book). If nåsås ever possess the book, they will discover the secret to increasing tax rate up to 100% and infiltrate all positions of bureaucracy and rule the world.

Good Old Gammel Nok, the surviving leader of the nisses, sent the three bravest nisses, Hansi, Fritz and Günther, on a quest to find the winding key of the play dåse, a musical box playing his life-tune. Good Old Gammel Nok warned our heroes of the dangers of the nåsås and gave them 'Den Store Kloke Boken' to consult for wisdom.

title: The Julekalender (Norwegian TV series)


text:
Cerebral salt-wasting syndrome

Cerebral salt-wasting syndrome (CSWS), also written cerebral salt wasting syndrome, is a rare endocrine condition featuring a low blood sodium concentration and dehydration in response to injury (trauma) or the presence of tumors in or surrounding the brain. In this condition, the kidney is functioning normally but excreting excessive sodium. The condition was initially described in 1950. Its cause and management remain controversial. In the current literature across several fields, including neurology, neurosurgery, nephrology, and critical care medicine, there is controversy over whether CSWS is a distinct condition, or a special form of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH).

Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms of CSWS include large amounts of urination (polyuria, defined as over three liters of urine output over 24 hours in an adult), high amounts of sodium in the urine, low blood sodium concentration, excessive thirst (polydipsia), extreme salt cravings, dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system (dysautonomia), and dehydration. Patients often self-medicate by consuming high amounts of sodium and by dramatically increasing their water intake. Advanced symptoms include muscle cramps, lightheadedness, dizziness or vertigo, feelings of anxiety or panic, increased heart rate or slowed heart rate, low blood pressure and orthostatic hypotension which can result in fainting. Other symptoms frequently associated with dysautonomia include headaches, pallor, malaise, facial flushing, constipation or diarrhea, nausea, acid reflux, visual disturbances, numbness, nerve pain, trouble breathing, chest pain, loss of consciousness, and seizures.

Causes
Although the pathophysiology of CSWS is not fully understood, it is usually caused by neurological injury, most commonly aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. It is also reported after surgery for pituitary tumor, acoustic neuroma, calvarial remodeling, glioma and with infections including tuberculous meningitis, viral meningitis, metastatic carcinoma, and cranial trauma.

Diagnosis
CSWS is a diagnosis of exclusion and may be difficult to distinguish from the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), which develops under similar circumstances and also presents with hyponatremia. The main clinical difference is that of total fluid status of the patient: CSWS leads to a relative or overt low blood volume whereas SIADH is consistent with a normal or high blood volume (due to water reabsorption via the V2 receptor). If blood-sodium levels increase when fluids are restricted, SIADH is more likely. Additionally, urine output is classically low in SIADH and elevated in CSWS.

Treatment
While CSWS usually appears within the first week after brain injury and spontaneously resolves in 2–4 weeks, it can sometimes last for months or years. In contrast to the use of fluid restriction to treat SIADH, CSWS is treated by replacing the urinary losses of water and sodium with hydration and sodium replacement. The mineralocorticoid medication fludrocortisone can also improve the low sodium level.

History
In 1858, Claude Bernard first raised the possibility of a direct relationship between the central nervous system and renal excretion of osmotically active solutes. He found that a unilateral lesion in the reticular substance at the floor of the fourth ventricle produced a diuresis of chloride, but not glucose. Bernard reproduced this syndrome through renal denervation. Through medullary lesioning in animals, Jungmann and Meyer from Germany induced polyuria and increased urinary salt excretion in 1913. Water intake restriction did not stop the polyuria, and salt continued to be excreted in the urine despite. In 1936, McCance defined the consequences of salt depletion in normal human. Patients with extra-renal salt losses complicated by hyponatremia were found to be common-place, and consistent with McCance's description, they excreted urine virtually free of sodium.

Shortly after World War II, the flame photometer was developed. The availability of the flame photometer made clinical determinations of the serum sodium concentration possible. Berry, Barnes and Richardson shared the production of this new device to measure sodium and potassium in solution of biological materials by means of the flame photometer in 1945, .Yale was one of the first medical centers to have that new device, the flame photometer, so some of the first published observations about hyponatremia came from Yale.

Almost a century after the pioneering work of Bernard in animals, Peters et al., in 1950, reported three patients seen at Yale New Haven Hospital with hyponatremia associated with varying cerebral pathologies and severe dehydration. In each patient, urine sodium losses persisted despite hyponatremia and a high-salt diet. All three patients were unable to prevent urinary sodium loss despite low serum sodium levels and no evidence of extrarenal sodium loss. Their hyponatremia responded to salt therapy. They postulated that this provided evidence of an extra-pituitary cerebral structure mediating normal sodium metabolism but were unsure of its location or mechanism of action. A subsequent paper from the group at Yale attributed hyponatremia in neurologic disease to SIADH.

The normal regulatory mechanism of renal adjustment of salt and water balance was better understood in 1950s. The responsibility for the maintenance of a normal volume and tonicity of the body fluids devolves on the kidneys. This modern concept of renal physiology described the transformation of a large volume of glomerular filtrate to a much smaller volume of bladder urine which has been altered. The proximal portion of renal tubule is largely responsible for the decrease in volume of the filtrate and, to less extent, for alterations in composition. However, it is in the distal tubule that induced fine adjustment of water and sodium balance. In 1953, Leaf et al., demonstrated that exogenous administration of the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin resulted in hyponatremia and a natriuresis dependent on water retention and weight gain. This was not “salt wasting”; it was a physiologic response to an expanded intravascular volume. Vasopressin-ADH administration to normal humans was shown to result in water retention and urinary loss of electrolytes (primarily sodium) in other studies at the time.

The term “Cerebral Salt Wasting” (CSW) was coined by Cort in 1954. The title of a paper by Cort describing a patient with a thalamic glioma resulting in hydrocephalus and raised intracranial pressure (although it is prudent to note that the earlier-described work by Peters, Welt and colleagues in 1950 was presented in a paper entitled “A salt-wasting syndrome associated with cerebral disease”). This patient was hyponatremic and clinically dehydrated with initial salt therapy not reversing this. Salt restriction resulted in ongoing natriuria. Recommencement of salt therapy subsequently increased serum sodium. Treatment with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and deoxycortone acetate (having potent mineralocorticoid activity) had no effect. The author postulated an external influence on renal function not adrenal or pituitary in origin. Unfortunately, the patient died three and a half weeks later in “circulatory failure with terminal shock”. At autopsy, the pituitary and adrenal glands were normal. Given Bernard's ability to create a chloride diuresis without glycosuria though renal denervation, Cort postulated the existence of a neuronal connection between the hypothalamus and proximal tubule of the kidney influencing electrolyte reabsorption. In all above-described cases, there was evidence of hyponatremia and dehydration. In the ensuing years, however, hyponatremia in cerebral pathology was described without clinical or laboratory evidence of dehydration. Renal and adrenal function appeared intact, but, unlike in the earlier case of “cerebral salt wasting” described by Cort, an increase in renal absorption and plasma concentration of sodium occurred with administration of ACTH and deoxycortone acetate, .A study on 5 months female infant with diffuse cerebral damage and hyponatremia in 1957 suggested that on normal fluid intakes the child was unable to excrete solute-free water in a normal manner. This may represent the result of damage to the cerebral osmoreceptors as part of generalized brain damage. The data do not support the concept that the hyponatremia resulted from true salt-wasting, either cerebral or renal in mediation. If correction of such a state is desirable, the most useful therapeutic measure would appear to be limitation of the intake of fluid to slightly more than the amount needed to cover water expenditure from insensible losses, obligatory urine volume and growth requirements.

The term "Cerebral hyponatremia" was suggested in the work of Epstein, et al. 1961. Inappropriate release of endogenous vasopressin is probably responsible for hyponatremia in tuberculous meningitis. Inability to excrete water normally is also a feature of the salt wasting of certain hyponatremic patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Similarly, it has been suggested that inappropriate release of vasopressin is the cause of hyponatremia and renal salt wasting in certain diseases, including bronchogenic carcinoma, cerebral injuries, and malformations.

In 1981, Nelson et al. studied hyponatremia in neurosurgical patients, primarily subarachnoid hemorrhage, and found that isotopically measured blood volumes were contracted; he attributed this finding to cerebral salt wasting (CSW). Following these publications, the term “CSW” vanished from the literature for over two decades with hyponatremia in patients with cerebral pathology assumed to result from SIADH. Then, in 1981, a study of twelve neurosurgical patients mainly with SAH found ten to have decreased red blood cell mass, plasma volume, and total blood volume despite “fulfilling laboratory criteria” for SIADH. Other authors associated hyponatremia in subarachnoid hemorrhage with increased levels of natriuretic peptides, negative sodium balance, and low central venous pressure.

A valid diagnosis of “salt wasting” requires evidence of inappropriate urinary salt losses and a reduced “effective arterial blood volume.” Unfortunately, there is no gold standard to define inappropriate urinary sodium excretion. “Effective arterial blood volume” is a concept, not a measurable variable; in fact, we often define it clinically by looking at urine sodium excretion.

William Schwartz (1922–2009) attended Duke University after serving in the US Army in World War II. He observed that sulfanilamide increased excretion of sodium in patients with heart failure. This observation was the basis for the discovery and development of modern diuretic drugs. Frederic Bartter (1914–1983) worked on hormones affecting the kidney that led to the discovery of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) in 1957 and Bartter syndrome in 1963. Schwartz-Bartter syndrome is named after these two scientists. The first reports of hyponatremia and renal sodium loss corrected by fluid restriction in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma were published by Bartter. At that time, no direct measurement of vasopressin was done

title: Cerebral salt-wasting syndrome


text:
Template talk:R from plural

Bot discussion
There's been some discussion at Wikipedia_talk:Bots about adding the new Template:R from plural to all applicable plural redirects. However, it was mentioned in that discussion by the Wikipedia database admins, that in large numbers that categories have big performance issues, whereas lists don't seem to. Is there some way that Template:R from plural can be modified to use lists instead of categories? -- All the best, Nickj (t) 08:29, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * This template was listed on templates for deletion, but there was no consensus to delete. See the log. (archive entry) Courtland 02:46, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

In concert with the descriptions on related templates, I've added a short bit about what to do with the link. (Since the job queue has been implemented, template edits are not the concern that they were in the past.)
 * --William Allen Simpson 12:34, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

Editprotect request
Please add text to document the alternative R to singular (aliased by redirect)

 * replace the line:

This is a redirect from a plural word to the singular equivalent. with:

This is a redirect from a plural word to the singular equivalent. You may use the aliased template R to singular to accomplish the same end.

Sorry, but then you'll have to check the two wikipedia help pages, Template messages/Redirect pages and IIRC Redirects (or subpages of those! Check whatlinks here) and make sure they new text displays okay within the help tables...

 * 1)  Handled left column, Template messages/Redirect pages already, just check right pane display after your (my requested) edit.
 * 2)  Handled right column, [], check center after yours!

Thanks // Fra nkB 22:35, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

Editprotect request
editprotected

Please add the following to the bottom in between the <noinclude> and </noinclude> tags. Thanks. Lightsup55 ( T | C ) 11:06, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Done, thanks. – Luna Santin  (talk) 11:49, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

Category:Unprintworthy redirects
I'm not sure sure this template should be adding this category, I'm sure there's many plural article titles that would be useful in a print encyclopedia, assuming that's what this category is for. -- œ ™ 02:11, 18 September 2009 (UTC)
 * I tend to agree with this. I just tried to add R from scientific name and R from plural to the Mucosae REDIRECT that targets Mucous membrane.  The first Rcat calls the Printworthy cat and the second Rcat calls the Unprintworthy cat.  Plurals are not always unprintworthy.  Therefore...

Please remove the Category:Unprintworthy redirects from this Redirect category template per the above discussion.

OR...

add some markup that will allow editors to omit the Unprintworthy cat, as in   or simply Thank you! —  Paine  Ellsworth  (  C LIMAX  )  21:50, 10 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I went with your second suggestion. Could you check that it works as intended? Also if you wouldn't mind documentating this new feature in the doc page. Thanks — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 12:53, 11 February 2011 (UTC)
 * It works great, Martin! See the Mucosae REDIRECT, where I tested it both ways.  The /doc has been updated.  On another Rcat (unprotected), I rm'd the unprintworthy cat many moons ago.  I think I'll go back and dig that one up and add this code to it.  Thank you so much!  —   Paine  Ellsworth  (  C LIMAX  )  17:48, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

 * I just noticed that the markup you added shows up on the diff pages, such as here and here. It's not a big deal to me, because your edit is perfectly functional.  Just out of curiosity, is there a way to hide that "ifeq" text on the diff pages?  —   Paine  Ellsworth  (  C LIMAX  )  17:48, 11 February 2011 (UTC)
 * You were quite right about the # sign. I had missed it off. So I don't see how the code could have been functional! Hopefully working now? — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 21:42, 12 February 2011 (UTC)
 * It was functional because someone did create an ifeq template. It seems to have all the functionality of the Mediawiki #ifeq parser function, except that it does leave the text visible.  Excellent job, Martin, your edit still works great!  —   Paine  Ellsworth  (  C LIMAX  )  08:54, 13 February 2011 (UTC)

This is to officially ask that this Rcat template be made to populate Category:Printworthy redirects when necessary. This will require the following change. From this... ...to this... This will leave no question as to these particular plurals being printworthy. —  Paine  Ellsworth  (  C LIMAX  )  02:38, 14 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Or even the following? — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 08:51, 14 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Yes! I tested that on my personal pages, Sandbox3 & Sandbox4, and this modification works perfectly.  Magnificent, Martin!  —   Paine  Ellsworth  (  C LIMAX  )  21:01, 14 February 2011 (UTC)
 * PS. I recently tried my solution on the related Rcat, R to plural, and now I will go back and convert it to your more elegant code.

Okay, I made the change. — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 12:21, 15 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Excellent. Thank you!  —   Paine  Ellsworth  (  C LIMAX  )  04:10, 16 February 2011 (UTC)

The /doc page has been updated, and Twinkle has been informed. —  Paine  Ellsworth  (  C LIMAX  )  17:54, 16 February 2011 (UTC)

Interwiki
Please add the following interwiki:

ar:قالب:تحويلة من جمع

Thanks -- أحمد مصطفى السيد (talk) 09:53, 11 November 2010 (UTC)

 * -- œ ™ 14:13, 11 November 2010 (UTC)

Recent move
editprotected The new Redirect, R from plural, needs Rcats as follows: Thank you! —  Paine  Ellsworth  (  C LIMAX  )  18:22, 11 February 2011 (UTC)
 * PS. Question: Do we plan to change each and every Rcat like this? i.e., from "R" to "Redirect"?
 * Good question. In my opinion it would be beneficial because I think template names should be as clear as possible. But ... I am not sure there is consensus for this, so I have been testing the waters by moving a few of them. I started a discussion last November but didn't get much response. Perhaps you'd like to contribute with your opinion? — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 21:46, 12 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I agree that clarity is important, especially for new editors' understanding of the Rcats. It will be a fairly major project, though.  In addition to moving all the many Rcats to Redirectcats, those changes will also need to be reflected in the short functional index, as well as in the longer alphabetical index.  And on top of that, consider that those of us who use these Rcats a lot will continue to see the "R from" templates as shortcuts to the longer "Redirect from" templates.  So it would also be prudent to place Template shortcuts in the /doc pages of all the Rcats for all the newer editors to use.  Is there a bot you can use to make this go quicker?  —   Paine  Ellsworth  (  C LIMAX  )  09:52, 13 February 2011 (UTC)
 * PS. I just had a thought that some of these Rcats have several Redirects to them that will have to be "fixed" (double redirects) when the move is made.  R from alternative name is an example, although it probably has more redirects than most.
 * PPS. Since it appears that /doc pages are being built for all the Rcats, would it be possible to attain a close level of clarity by simply adding a note on all the /doc pages? perhaps in the Usage section?  A short ditty like:

This is a Redirect category template and is only placed on Redirect pages. Etc., etc.
 * That might be quicker and still provide the clarity without having to rename all the Rcats plus the other necessary changes that result from those moves? —   Paine  Ellsworth  (  C LIMAX  )

 * HOLD. Maybe an answer to my question should be sought first? —   Paine  Ellsworth  (  C LIMAX  )  20:48, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

I think this template should be moved back to Template:R from plural. Being the template with "R " is a known convention of redirect templates and it's a bit of unnecessary hassle to move every template. The average reader will never see the redirect templates so it doesn't matter if they do not understand them.  McLerristarr |  Mclay1  03:35, 17 February 2011 (UTC)

Gentle reminder
The still somewhat new redirect, R from plural, needs Rcats as follows: Thank you! – Paine Ellsworth  (  C LIMAX  )  21:32, 27 March 2011 (UTC)

✅. Feezo (Talk) 02:03, 28 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Thank you very much, Feezo! – Paine Ellsworth  (  C LIMAX  )  02:16, 28 March 2011 (UTC)

From "template" shortcut
The recently created redirect, Template:R from plural, needs a slight change to put it in the correct shortcut category, as follows:

Present state...

Please modify to...

Note: Redr is just a new "shortcut" way to add redirect templates to redirects, so the only visible change that this modification makes is to remove the R from plural REDIRECT from the inappropriate Redirects from shortcuts category and place it in the appropriate Redirects from template shortcuts category. – Paine Ellsworth  (  C LIMAX  )  22:04, 25 April 2011 (UTC)
 * PS. Would someone please explain to me why most of these redirect templates are Fully Protected? I could understand Semi-protection, but not full protection.
 * ✅. I guess these templates were considered "highly transcluded". This one had 5000+ transclusions which is quite substantial, but I've reduced the protection to semi. — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 08:17, 26 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Thank you, Martin! That would explain why some of them (the more highly transcluded) are fully protected and others (the less highly transcluded) are not protected.  So if you feel it prudent to add the full protection back in, that would be understandable.  These are all templates for admin use, so it follows that admin would want to stay on top of edits to the more highly transcluded Rcats.  If I remember correctly, on other types of templates I've seen the reason (highly transcluded) usually included as a separate explanation box, either on the edit page or the source page.  As a matter of fact, I just looked at another Rcat's " protection log " and found the reason. –  Paine Ellsworth  (  C LIMAX  )  22:07, 26 April 2011 (UTC)

Namespace restriction
Why does this template enforce a restriction to article namespace? (See Not editing because of Wikipedia restrictions for an example of supposed misuse.) Why does it refuse to apply its usual Category:Redirects from plurals category when a namespace error is detected - is that standard procedure? --SoledadKabocha (talk) 23:36, 4 June 2013 (UTC)

Template-protected edit request on 18 May 2023
Please remove. This isn't needed, as R to singular is simply a redirect to this template. ~ Eejit43 ( talk ) 02:16, 18 May 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ Izno (talk) 21:57, 18 May 2023 (UTC)

"Template:R plural" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:R_plural&redirect=no Template:R plural] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. — a smart kitten [  meow ] 12:45, 30 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Template talk:R from plural