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The Mack

The Mack is a 1973 American blaxploitation crime drama film directed by California native Michael Campus, starring Max Julien and Richard Pryor. The film also stars Oscar-nominee Juanita Moore and Tony-nominated actor Dick Anthony Williams. Filmed in Oakland, California the movie follows the rise and fall of Goldie, who returns from a five-year prison sentence to find that his brother is involved in Black nationalism. Goldie decides to take an alternative path, striving to become the city's biggest pimp.

Though reviews were less than favorable upon initial release, The Mack is considered by many critics to be the best entry in its genre. The film is often categorized as blaxploitation, but Michael Campus, Max Julien, and others involved in its production have argued that the genre label oversimplifies the film.

The film's soundtrack was recorded by Motown artist Willie Hutch.

Plot
After returning home from a five-year prison sentence, John "Goldie" Mickens has a plan to achieve money and power in Oakland, California by becoming a pimp. Goldie's criminal ways contrast with his brother Olinga's Black Nationalist efforts to save the community from drugs and violence. With Slim as his partner and Lulu as his head prostitute, he organizes a team of women and quickly rises to prominence. His success catches the attention of Fat Man, the heroin kingpin that Goldie worked for before heading to prison, and Hank and Jed, two corrupt and racist white detectives. Goldie refuses to work for Fat Man again, and dismisses the detectives' requests to stop his brother from ridding the streets of drugs. As a result, his mother is assaulted which eventually leads to her death. Even though Olinga is disappointed in Goldie because he "brought death to their house," he agrees to help him get revenge. They develop a plan with Slim to seek revenge, but their plans fall apart when Hank and Jed kill Slim at their rendezvous point. They reveal that they are responsible for Goldie's mother's death, causing Goldie and Olinga to kill them both. Realizing that one of his hookers, "Chico", snitched him out to Hank and Jed, he attempts to shoot her but then holds back and leaves. Oakland is now too dangerous and Goldie hugs his brother goodbye and heads out of town on a charter bus.

Production
Production for the film started from early September to late December 1972. According to director Michael Campus, the original script for the film was written on prison toilet paper by Bobby Poole, an inmate at San Quentin. While staying in Oakland for two months, Campus met Frank Ward, a real pimp and drug dealer from Oakland. Max Julien's character of Goldie is based upon him. In order to shoot the movie, Campus needed Ward's permission, because many scenes were filmed in his territory. In exchange for his guidance and protection, Campus put Ward in the film. All of the homeless people, junkies, pimps and women in the film were supplied by Frank Ward.

Although Campus had Ward's protection, the film was also in Black Panther territory. During filming, Black Panther party members would throw bottles and trash cans from rooftops. In order for filming to run smoothly, an additional deal had to be made with Huey Newton and Bobby Seale, who were then put in charge of providing extras for the film. About halfway through the production of the film, Frank Ward was shot and killed while in his Rolls-Royce. There was speculation that the Black Panthers were responsible for Ward's death, and the filmmakers and cast relocated to safer areas for filming. Despite the tension, the film's opening was shot in Oakland with all of the proceeds going to the Black Panthers' breakfast program.

Reception
The film was screened in theaters in only about 20 mostly black communities. Distributors avoided theaters in predominantly white neighborhoods due to a belief the film would do better in black areas. Despite its low distribution, director Michael Campus has noted that the film outgrossed The Godfather in the cities in which it played.

Alternate score
In its original 1973 release by Cinerama Releasing and its 1978 reissue by AIP, The Mack featured a score by Willie Hutch, an artist and producer for Motown Records. In 1983, Producers Distributing Corporation reissued the film to capitalize on the resurgent popularity of Richard Pryor and Roger Mosley, who was co-starring on the hit TV series Magnum P.I. PDC commissioned a new score by Alan Silvestri featuring vocals by Gene McDaniels. The reissue poster advertised a soundtrack release on Posh Boy Records, but the album was released on the ALA Enterprises label; it is now out of print and highly collectible. To differentiate it from the original score, fans have referred to it as "The Mack and His Pack," based on a catch phrase used on the reissue poster. When the film was initially licensed to Embassy Pictures for home video, it included the Silvestri score. The New Line DVD release restored the original Willie Hutch score to the film.

References in popular culture

 * In a scene in the 1993 film True Romance, The Mack is playing on a TV screen in the background when Clarence Worley (played by Christian Slater) confronts Drexl Spivey (played by Gary Oldman).
 * The film's theatrical poster is spoofed in the 2012 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles fifth-season episode "The Curse of Savanti Romero".

References to soundtrack

 * Dr. Dre sampled “Brother's Gonna Work It Out” in “Rat-Tat-Tat-Tat” from the album The Chronic.
 * Usher sampled "Mack's Stroll/The Getaway (Chase Scene)" in "Superstar" from the album Confessions.
 * Chance the Rapper sampled "Brother's Gonna Work It Out" in "Lost (ft. Noname Gypsy)."
 * Chief Keef also sampled "Brother's Gonna Work It Out" in "Nobody", a collaboration with Kanye West.
 * A$AP Mob also sampled "Brother's Gonna Work It Out" in "Put That On My Set", from their collaborative album Cozy Tapes: Vol. 1: Friends.
 * UGK heavily sampled "I Choose You" in their 2007 song "International Players Anthem (I Choose You)" featuring Outkast, from the album Underground Kingz. The song peaked at number 70 on the US Billboard Hot 100. Prior to this, the song was sampled by Project Pat for his 2002 song "Choose U", from the album Layin' da Smack Down. Both "Choose U" and "International Players Anthem" were produced by DJ Paul and Juicy J from Three 6 Mafia.

title: The Mack


text: User talk:200.93.148.6

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:200.93.148.6


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Boston and Lowell Railroad

The Boston and Lowell Railroad was a railroad that operated in Massachusetts in the United States. It was one of the first railroads in North America and the first major one in the state. The line later operated as part of the Boston and Maine Railroad's Southern Division.

Formation
The Boston and Lowell Railroad was preceded by the Middlesex Canal. Converting the canal to a railroad would eliminate the issue of transportation being unavailable during the winter, when the canal froze. Patrick Tracy Jackson led the task of convincing the state legislature to fund the project. This proved difficult, as the investors of the Middlesex Canal were against building a new form of transportation designed to replace their canal.

Because, prior to 1872, there was no provision in Massachusetts state law for chartering railroads, all had to be chartered by special acts of legislature. This made it slow and inefficient to charter a railroad because the politicians had to agree; the issue would become partisan. This also meant that the legislature would not let the investors build the line unless they could show it was completely necessary.

The investors were successful because they convinced the legislature that the canal was inherently incapable of providing what they needed: reliable, year-round freight transport. Investors in the Boston and Lowell Railroad received a charter on June 5, 1830, with no provision for reparations to the Middlesex Canal's investors. It was a favorable charter because in addition to the right to build and operate a railroad between Lowell and Boston, it gave a thirty-year monopoly on the right to have a railroad there. The people along the road and in terminal-end cities bought large amounts of stock, financing half the company.

Construction
The Board of Directors of the Boston and Lowell Railroad, armed with a charter, now had the task of surveying and building the line. They brought in James Fowle Baldwin, son of Col. Loammi Baldwin, who had engineered the Middlesex Canal, to do the surveying, and charged him with finding a gently sloped path from Lowell to Boston, with few grade crossings and well away from town centers. This latter point ended up being quite inconvenient later on. No one had any idea of the future possibility of railroads acting as public transportation, or if they did they were not paid any attention by the builders or financiers of the road.

The right-of-way that Baldwin surveyed did well in each of these characteristics. The path sloped up at a gentle ten feet per mile at the maximum, and there were only three grade crossings over the entire 26 mi distance. The path was close to the older Middlesex Canal path, but was straighter - as boats can turn more sharply than trains. To achieve this superior linearity, it needed small amounts of grade elevation in places. The route ignored Medford center entirely, going through West Medford instead, and totally bypassed Woburn and Billerica. This would have to be corrected later with various spurs (the one to Medford being built off the Boston and Maine Railroad), but were always sources of annoyance to both riders and operators.

The proposed route was accepted by the Board of Directors of the Boston and Lowell Railroad, and work began on the building phase. The road was begun from both ends at once, and some sources say that they both started on the right hand side of the right-of-way, missing in the middle and having to put in an embarrassing reverse curve to tide them over until they built the other side. Yankee and Irish laborers were hired to construct the railroad, which was made especially difficult and because the Directors wanted to make the road using the best techniques then known. This, for them, meant laying imported British iron rails with a 4 ft wall of granite under each rail. They did this because it was commonly believed that the train would sink into the ground if the rails did not have strong support.

The first track was completed in 1835, and freight service began immediately. On May 27, 1835, it made its maiden trip to Boston, with Patrick Tracy Jackson, George Washington Whistler, and James Baldwin aboard. The solid granite roadbed proved to be much too rigid, jolting the engine and cars nearly to pieces. Repairs on the locomotives (there were two at the time) would sometimes take most of the night, trying to get them ready for the next day's service. The much poorer Boston and Worcester Railroad could not afford a granite bed and so was built with modern wooden ties. This turned out to be far superior, so the owners of the Boston and Lowell decided they would upgrade their entire roadbed to wood when they added a second track.

The original Boston terminal was at the north corner of Causeway Street and Andover Street (halfway between Portland and Friend streets), at the westernmost edge of the current North Station. The bridge over the Charles River to access it was the first movable railroad bridge in the United States. The original Lowell terminal was at the south corner of Merrimack Street and Dutton Street.

Early operation
The quantity of freight traffic on the Boston and Lowell Railroad was large from the start (as was expected) with Lowell's textile companies bringing in raw materials and sending out finished goods. The high level of passenger traffic, however, was not anticipated. Trains traveled on unwelded rails which were laid on a granite roadbed, which made for an extremely bumpy ride. The railroad switched to wooden ties.

The Boston and Lowell was faced with a new problem; it had a reputation for speed which made it very popular and highly competitive with stagecoaches. Many people wanted to go not only from Lowell to Boston but to places in between. The Boston and Lowell ordered another locomotive and cars for local passenger rail in 1842, and had them make six stops along the route. Passenger rail proved to be almost as profitable as freight.

Locomotives
The first locomotives on the B&L were copies of the successful Planet class built locally in Lowell.

The Boston and Maine Railroad
Another railroad was chartered in the early 1840s whose fortunes would be closely tied to those of the Boston and Lowell. This was the Boston and Maine Railroad. This railroad ran down from Portland, Maine, through a bit of southern New Hampshire, to Haverhill in northeastern Massachusetts, connected to the Boston and Lowell in Wilmington, and then used Boston and Lowell track to Boston. This route was conceptualized in 1834, but took a long time to be built, mostly because, unlike the Boston and Lowell, it did not have a secure base of funding like the Lowell textile companies. It took two years to get to Andover, another year to get to Haverhill, three more to get to Exeter, New Hampshire, and did not get to Portland until 1852.

This extra traffic on the Boston and Lowell Railroad, especially with the line still over granite, provided the extra impetus to double track and upgrade. In 1838, the B&L began two years of extensive track improvements, first laying a second track on wood, and with that one built, going back and re-laying the old track on the more forgiving wood as well. Boston and Lowell traffic continued to increase, and even with double tracks the schedule became tight enough that the Boston and Maine trains, as renters, began to be pushed around to annoying hours, often having to wait over an hour in Wilmington before being allowed to proceed on to Boston.

The B&M soon tired of what they perceived as selfishness and decided to build its own track to Boston from Haverhill so that it would not have to rely on the B&L. The B&L tried to fight the B&M in court but failed because the monopoly granted in its charter was only good for traffic between Boston and Lowell. The shortcut, part of today's Haverhill/Reading Line, was started in 1844 and was in use by 1848. While the B&M was building it, they were still running their trains to Boston on the B&L. This made for a lot of conflict, with the B&L trying to squeeze every last penny out of the B&M before it lost the opportunity. The B&M tried to deal with this in court, and got the judge to forbid the B&L from raising rates until the case was done, but by the time they were close to an agreement, the bypass was complete.

With B&M business gone, the B&L realized how much they had been relying upon their renters. Additionally, the Lowell mills began to decline somewhat and there was less freight traffic for the line to move. Over the next four decades, the B&L declined until the more successful B&M leased it on April 1, 1887.

Branches
The B&L built or leased many branches to serve areas not on its original line. Immediately before its lease by the B&M in 1887, it had five divisions—the Southern Division (including the original line), the Northern Division, the White Mountains Division, the Vermont Division, and the Passumpsic Division. Additionally, it leased the Central Massachusetts Railroad in 1886.

Southern Division
The main part of the Southern Division was the mainline between Boston and Lowell.

The Charlestown Branch Railroad was not itself taken over by the B&L, but as originally built in 1840 it was a short spur from the B&L to wharves in Charlestown. In 1845 the Fitchburg Railroad leased it and incorporated it into their main line.
 * Charlestown

The Mystic River Branch served the Mystic River waterfront on the north side of Charlestown.
 * Mystic River

The Woburn Branch Railroad (aka the Woburn Loop) opened in 1844, connecting Woburn to the main line towards Boston. The Horn Pond Branch Railroad was a short freight-only branch off the Woburn Branch to ice houses on Horn Pond. The northern loop, built in 1885, continued the line back north to the main line at North Woburn Jct. in South Wilmington. The Horn Pond branch line was abandoned in 1911, the northern loop in 1961, and the original line in 1982.
 * Woburn Loop

The Stoneham Branch Railroad was built in 1862 to connect to Stoneham.
 * Stoneham

The Lowell and Lawrence Railroad was chartered in 1846 to build a line between Lowell and Lawrence, which opened in 1848. In 1858 the B&L leased the line.
 * Lowell and Lawrence

The Salem and Lowell Railroad was chartered in 1848 as a branch from the Lowell and Lawrence at Tewksbury Junction to the Essex Railroad at Peabody, along which it used trackage rights to Salem. The line was opened in 1850 and operated by the Lowell and Lawrence until 1858, when the B&L leased it along with the Lowell and Lawrence.
 * Salem and Lowell

The Wilmington Branch, now known as the Wildcat Branch, was built just west of the original Boston and Maine Railroad alignment to connect the main line at Wilmington to the Salem and Lowell at Wilmington Junction, providing a shorter route between Boston and Lawrence.
 * Wilmington (Wildcat) Branch

The Lexington and West Cambridge Railroad was chartered in 1845 and opened in 1846, connecting the Fitchburg Railroad at West Cambridge to Lexington, although the "West Cambridge" in the name referred to what is now the town of Arlington. It was operated by the Fitchburg from opening, and leased to the Fitchburg from 1847 to 1859. The line was reorganized as the Lexington and Arlington Railroad in 1868, following the renaming of Arlington. The B&L bought the line in 1870 and built a new connection to their main line at Somerville Junction.
 * Lexington and Arlington (Middlesex Central Railroad)

The Middlesex Central Railroad was chartered in 1872 and opened in 1873, extending the line from Lexington to Concord. It was leased from completion to the B&L. An extension west to the Nashua, Acton and Boston Railroad at Middlesex Junction was built in 1879.

The Billerica and Bedford Railroad was built in 1877 as a narrow gauge line between the Middlesex Central at Bedford and the B&L at North Billerica. It was sold and abandoned in 1878, and the rails were taken to Maine for the Sandy River Railroad. A new standard gauge branch was built by the B&L in 1885, mostly on the same right-of-way.
 * Billerica and Bedford

The Lowell and Nashua Railroad was chartered in 1836 as an extension of the B&L from Lowell north to the New Hampshire state line. The Nashua and Lowell Railroad, chartered in 1835, would continue the line in New Hampshire to Nashua. The two companies merged in 1838 to form a new Nashua and Lowell Railroad, and the road opened later that year. In 1857 the B&L and N&L agreed to operate as one company from 1860, and in 1880 the B&L leased the N&L.
 * Lowell and Nashua

The Stony Brook Railroad was chartered in 1845 and opened in 1848, connecting the Nashua and Lowell at North Chelmsford with Ayer. The N&L leased the Stony Brook in 1848.
 * Stony Brook

The Wilton Railroad was chartered in 1844. It opened a line from Nashua west to Danforth's Corner in 1848, to Milford in 1850 and to East Wilton in 1851. Since completion it was operated by the N&L.
 * Nashua to Keene

The Peterborough Railroad was chartered in 1866 to continue the Wilton Railroad northwest to Greenfield, New Hampshire. In 1873 the N&L leased it; the road opened in 1874.

The Manchester and Keene Railroad was chartered in 1864 and opened in 1878, continuing the Peterborough Railroad west from Greenfield to the Connecticut River Railroad in Keene. In 1880 the company went bankrupt, and it was operated by the Connecticut River Railroad until 1882, when it was bought half-and-half by the B&L and the Concord Railroad.

Other divisions
The Massachusetts Central Railroad was chartered in 1869 to build a line east–west across the middle of the state, between the Boston and Albany Railroad and the Fitchburg Railroad. The first section opened in 1881, splitting from the B&L's Lexington and Arlington Branch at North Cambridge Junction, and the company was reorganized as the Central Massachusetts Railroad in 1883. The B&L leased the line in 1886, a year before the B&M leased the B&L.
 * Central Massachusetts Railroad

The Boston, Concord and Montreal Railroad was chartered in 1844, and opened in stages from 1848 to 1853, eventually running from Concord to Woodsville, New Hampshire. That railroad, along with its branches, became part of the B&L Northern Division in 1884, when the B&L leased the BC&M.
 * Northern Division

The Northern Railroad was also chartered in 1844, opening in 1847 from Concord to Lebanon, New Hampshire, and later extending to White River Junction, Vermont. The B&L leased it in 1884 as another part of its Northern Division.

The only connection between the Southern and Northern divisions was at Hancock Junction, where the Manchester and Keene Railroad (Southern) and Peterborough and Hillsborough Railroad (Northern) met.

In 1889 the BC&M merged with the Concord Railroad to form the Concord and Montreal Railroad, taking it out of B&M control until 1895, when the B&M leased the C&M.

The White Mountains Railroad was chartered in 1848 and opened a line from Woodsville to Littleton, New Hampshire, in 1853. Along with extensions and branches, it was leased to the Boston, Concord and Montreal Railroad in 1859 and consolidated into it in 1872, becoming its White Mountains Division. In 1884 the B&L leased the BC&M and the old White Mountains Railroad became the B&L's White Mountains Division.
 * White Mountains Division

The Northern and White Mountains Divisions were connected at Woodsville.

The Essex County Railroad (chartered 1864), Montpelier and St. Johnsbury Railroad (chartered 1866) and Lamoille Valley Railroad (chartered 1867) were consolidated into the Portland and Ogdensburg Railroad in 1875 as their Vermont Division. The line was finished in 1877, and in 1880 it was reorganized as the St. Johnsbury and Lake Champlain Railroad, which was taken over by the B&L as their Vermont Division. The line did not stay in the B&M system, and the easternmost part was leased to the Maine Central Railroad in 1912.
 * Vermont Division

The White Mountains and Vermont Divisions were connected at Scott's Mills, New Hampshire.

The Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad was organized in 1846 and opened a line from White River Junction on the Northern Railroad to the border with Quebec, Canada, in 1867, junctioning the Northern and White Mountains Divisions at Wells River and the Vermont Division at St. Johnsbury. The Massawippi Valley Railway, leased in 1870, continued to Sherbrooke, Quebec, where it junctioned the Grand Trunk Railway among others. The B&L leased the line on January 1, 1887, three months before the B&M acquired the B&L.
 * Passumpsic Division

Life as a B&M line
Over the next 70 years or so, things were reasonably stable and constant for the Lowell Line as a part of the B&M's Southern Division. Passenger train round trips per day hovered in the low 20s, and while freight from Lowell itself did not last too long, the Lowell line got some traffic from railroads that connected from the west.

Modern times
In the early 20th century, the economics of railroading began to change. With the advent of the internal combustion engine, trains slowly began to lose their advantage as a transportation option. Automobiles and trucks began to increase in popularity as highways improved, siphoning ridership and freight traffic off railroads. The advent of the Interstate Highway System tipped the economic balance by increasing mobility as factories and offices were now able to be located further away from the fixed routes of the railroads. The decline in both passenger and freight traffic occurred at a point when the B&M, like most other railroads, had just switched over to diesel locomotives, meaning that they had large debts. The pressure from the debts and the large infrastructure costs associated with operating a disparate passenger and freight network amongst declining traffic forced the B&M to cut costs. The most noticeable effect to the general public was the reductions in passenger operation. In the late 1950s, the B&M began to eliminate routes and substituted Multi-Unit diesel-powered passenger cars on many of its routes. The effort did not succeed, as the B&M was bankrupt by 1976.

As its fortunes declined, the B&M shed its passenger operation in 1973 by selling the assets to the MBTA. The new state agency bought the Lowell line, along with the Haverhill and all other commuter operations in the Greater Boston area. Along with the sale, the B&M contracted to run the passenger service on the Lowell line for the MBTA. After bankruptcy, the B&M continued to run and fulfill its commuter rail contract under the protection of the Federal Bankruptcy Court, in the hopes that a reorganization could make it profitable again. It emerged from the court's protection when newly formed Guilford Transportation Industries (GTI) bought it in 1983.

When GTI bought the B&M, commuter rail service was in jeopardy. The MBTA had owned the trains and the tracks since 1973, but it had outsourced the operation to the B&M. When GTI bought the B&M in 1983, it had to honor the B&M contract, but GTI management was very much against passenger rail, and, in 1986, as soon as the contract expired, they let the job go to Amtrak.

From 1986 until 2003, Amtrak managed the entirety of Boston's commuter rail. It did decently, though at times had strained relations with the MBTA. Quibbles centered on equipment failures, numbers of conductors per train, and who took responsibility when trains are late. Because of these bad relations and Amtrak's repeated announcements that the contract was unreasonable, few people were surprised at Amtrak's decision not to bid again for the commuter rail contract when it came up for renewal in 2003.

When the MBTA asked for new bids on the commuter rail operation contract, Amtrak did not bid, but Guilford and the Massachusetts Bay Commuter Railroad Company did. The MBCR ended up getting the contract and began operating the commuter rail in July 2004.

Guilford's main line between Mattawamkeag, Maine, and Mechanicville, New York, now uses the Stony Brook Branch and the old main line north of Lowell. At Lowell, it shifts to the B&M's original Lowell Branch to get to the B&M main line towards Maine.

During the years since B&M's bankruptcy, highway congestion has increased significantly, resulting in growing demand for passenger and freight options. During this time frame, the MBTA has been slowly investing in some infrastructure changes in its rail operations. In 1995, a new North Station was opened. In 2001, it opened the Anderson Regional Transportation Center on the Boston & Lowell to centralize ridership and provide a superstation with convenient access to Interstates 93 and 95 (Route 128). In southern Maine, frustration with bus service drove the state to explore restarting passenger service, resulting in contracting with Amtrak to operate the Downeaster, which runs from North Station to Haverhill and up to Portland. Due to scheduling conflicts with the MBTA, the Downeaster runs up the Lowell Line to Wilmington and then out the old B&M Wildcat Branch to the Haverhill/Reading Line. This route allows the Downeaster to pass a commuter train on the Haverhill/Reading Line without schedule conflicts. The route is also historically significant because it is the same route that the original B&M used to Portland.

Archives and records

 * Nashua & Lowell Railroad records at Baker Library Special Collections, Harvard Business School.

title: Boston and Lowell Railroad


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Pinelands

Pinelands may refer to:

Australia

 * Pinelands, Queensland, a locality in the Toowoomba Region
 * Pinelands, Northern Territory, a suburb in City of Palmerston

South Africa

 * Pinelands, Cape Town, a suburb

United States

 * Pine Barrens (New Jersey)
 * New Jersey Pinelands National Reserve
 * Pinelands Regional School District, a school district in Tuckerton, New Jersey, USA
 * Pinelands Regional High School, a high school located in the aforementioned school district
 * Plymouth Pinelands, a geographical region surrounding Plymouth, Massachusetts, USA

title: Pinelands


text:
MS Norgoma

MS Norgoma was a Canadian package freighter and passenger ferry, that could also transport automobiles on a limited basis. Originally constructed as a steam-powered ship in 1950, SS Norgoma primarily sailed the route from her home port of Owen Sound to Sault Ste. Marie, providing a five-day round trip, once a week, serving isolated communities along the north shore of Lake Huron. After conversion to a motor ship, Norgoma was transferred to the popular Manitoulin Island ferry route between Tobermory and South Baymouth along with her sister ship SS Norisle, replacing the smaller ferry, MS Normac, on that route.

Norgoma, owned by Owen Sound Transportation Company Limited, was built at the Collingwood shipyards in 1950. She replaced the SS Manitoulin, which was retired in 1949.

Norgoma travelled mainly on the North Channel route until 1963. Improvements to Ontario's highways, such as the Trans-Canada Highway (Georgian Bay Route) completed in 1962, brought about stiff competition for the company. In that year a 60-kilometre road was constructed to Killarney, the first port of call for the steamer. At the same, increased traffic on the Manitoulin Island – Tobermory route (Highway 68) demanded a greater automobile capacity than her sister ships SS Norisle and MS Normac could handle.

In 1963 the ship was refitted with a diesel engine to replace her original steam engine and boiler, to increase automobile capacity. As steam was still required to operate deck winches and the anchor windlass, a vapour steam generator, similar to those used on railway locomotives, was installed on the ship. MS Norgoma made her debut on the Tobermory run in 1964. According to Captain Schrieber, who captained Norgoma, it was the first vessel that he commanded where he witnessed livestock showing signs of seasickness.

In 1974, both Norgoma and Norisle were replaced by the much larger and more modern MS Chi-Cheemaun which could accommodate more vehicles than both sister ships put together. Norgoma was berthed as a museum ship in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. In 1981 the ship was transferred to a charity, the St. Mary's River Marine Heritage Centre.

In early 2019 Sault Ste. Marie City Council put pressure on the charity to move the Norgoma. The charity proposed moving the vessel to a mooring point at Roberta Bondar Park, where the tour boat Chief Shingwauk used to board tourists. However city officials pointed out the Norgoma was too large too moor at this dock, without jutting into the shipping channel, preventing visiting cruise vessels from mooring. On June 4, 2019, the Norgoma was moved to an alternate mooring site, on property previously owned by Algoma Steel, a site not open to the public. In September 2019, citing breach of the 1981 agreement, the City repossessed the ship and put her for sale.

A planned sale of the vessel to Dwor Metal company fell through in January of 2023. The company's owner had planned to renovate the vessel for private use, but the transaction fell through. The vessel remains moored on the former Algoma Steel property as of January 2023.

title: MS Norgoma


text:
Rock Creek Cemetery

Rock Creek Cemetery is an 86 acre cemetery with a natural and rolling landscape located at Rock Creek Church Road, NW, and Webster Street, NW, off Hawaii Avenue, NE, in the Petworth neighborhood of Washington, D.C., across the street from the historic Soldiers' Home and the Soldiers' Home Cemetery. It also is home to the InterFaith Conference of Metropolitan Washington.

On August 12, 1977, Rock Creek Cemetery and the adjacent church grounds were listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Rock Creek Church Yard and Cemetery.

History
The cemetery was first established in 1719 in the British colonial Province of Maryland as a churchyard within the glebe of St. Paul's Episcopal Church within the Rock Creek Parish. Later, the vestry decided to expand the burial ground as a public cemetery to serve the city of Washington, D.C., which had acquired the cemetery within its boundaries as established in 1791. The cemetery was formally recognized and established through an Act of Congress in 1840.

An expanded cemetery was landscaped in the rural garden style, to function as both a cemetery and a public park. It is a ministry of St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Rock Creek Parish, with sections for St. John's Russian Orthodox Church and St. Nicholas Orthodox Cathedral.

The park-like setting of Rock Creek Cemetery has several notable mausoleums, sculptures, and tombstones. The best known is the Adams Memorial, a contemplative, androgynous bronze sculpture seated before a block of granite that was created by Augustus Saint-Gaudens and Stanford White. It marks the graves of Marian Hooper Adams and her husband, Henry Adams, and sometimes, mistakenly, the sculpture is referred to as Grief. Saint-Gaudens entitled it The Mystery of the Hereafter and The Peace of God that Passeth Understanding.

Other notable memorials include the Frederick Keep Monument, the Heurich Mausoleum, the Hitt Monument, the Hardon Monument, the Kauffman Monument that is known as The Seven Ages of Memory, the Sherwood Mausoleum Door, and the Thompson-Harding Monument.

Sculptors of works in the cemetery

 * Gutzon Borglum, Rabboni, 1909
 * James Earle Fraser, Frederick Keep Monument, 1920
 * Laura Gardin Fraser, Hitt Memorial, 1931
 * William Ordway Partridge, Kauffmann Memorial, also known as Seven Ages or Memory, 1897
 * Brenda Putnam, Simon Memorial, 1917
 * Vinnie Ream, Edwin B. Hay Monument, 1906
 * Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Adams Memorial, 1890
 * Mary Washburn, Waite Memorial, 1909
 * Adolph Alexander Weinman, Spencer Memorial, after 1919

Numerous fine works by unknown sculptors also exist in the cemetery.

A

 * Cleveland Abbe (1838–1916), prominent meteorologist
 * John James Abert (1788–1863), chief of the Corps of Topographical Engineers
 * Henry Adams (1838–1918), writer, descendant of two U.S. presidents; grave is marked by the Adams Memorial
 * Clover Hooper Adams (1843–1885), Washington hostess and accomplished amateur photographer, wife of Henry Adams; grave is marked by the Adams Memorial
 * Alice Warfield Allen (1869–1929), mother of the Duchess of Windsor, Wallis Simpson
 * Doug Allison (1846–1916), baseball player
 * Frank Crawford Armstrong (1835–1909), Confederate general
 * Timothy P. Andrews (1794–1868), Union Army general and paymaster-general of the United States Army (1862–1864)
 * James B. Aswell (1869–1931), educator and member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1913 to 1931

B

 * Abraham Baldwin (1754–1807), U.S. Senator, signer of the U.S. Constitution, first president of the University of Georgia
 * Cecil A. Beasley, Alabama state senator
 * Melville Bell (1819–1905), Scottish teacher and inventor, father of Alexander Graham Bell, Hubbard Bell Grossman Pillot Memorial
 * Eliza Grace Symonds Bell, wife of Alexander Melville Bell
 * Joseph Bray Bennett (1833–1913), Wisconsin state senator and appointments clerk at the U.S. Department of Agriculture
 * Andrew H. Berding, journalist and former Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs
 * Emile Berliner (1851–1929), German-born American inventor of the gramophone
 * John W. Bischoff (1850–1909), composer and organist.
 * Montgomery Blair (1813–1883), Abraham Lincoln's Postmaster General
 * Ben H. Brown Jr. (1914–1989), former United States ambassador to Liberia
 * Robert C. Buchanan (1811–1878), military general during the American Civil War and the Mexican War
 * Robert N. Butler (1927–2010), gerontologist

C

 * Camille Chautemps (1885–1963), prime minister of France
 * Edward Clark (1822–1902), Architect of the Capitol
 * Catherine Cate Coblentz (1897–1951), writer, wife of William Coblentz
 * William Coblentz (1873–1962), physicist, notable for pioneer contributions to infrared radiometry and spectroscopy
 * William Eleroy Curtis (1850–1911), journalist, diplomat, and advocate of Pan-Americanism

D

 * Evelyn Y. Davis, (1929–2018), American activist shareholder.
 * S. Wallace Dempsey (1862–1949), Republican politician
 * Hubert Dilger (1836–1911), American Civil War artillerist, captain in the Union Army, Medal of Honor recipient
 * Gerald A. Drew (1903–1970), United States ambassador to Haiti and Bolivia
 * Amanda Ruter Dufour (1822–1899), poet

E

 * Susan Ann Edson (1823–1897), personal physician to President James A. Garfield
 * Henry Jackson Ellicott (1847–1901), sculptor and architectural sculptor
 * Matthew Gault Emery (1818–1901), mayor of Washington, D.C., from 1870 to 1871
 * Henry Ellsworth Ewing (1883–1951), arachnologist

F

 * Charles S. Fairfax (1829–1869), Virginia-born California politician who was entitled to the British title 10th Lord Fairfax of Cameron
 * Stephen Johnson Field (1816–1899), Associate justice of US Supreme Court
 * Peter Force (1790–1868), politician, U.S. Army lieutenant in the War of 1812, newspaper editor, archivist, and historian, who served as the twelfth mayor of Washington, D.C., and whose library of historical documents became the first major Americana collection of the Library of Congress
 * Israel Moore Foster (1873–1950), Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives
 * James Edmund France (1906–1920), brother of the co-founder of NASCAR
 * William H. French (1815–1881), major general during the American Civil War and the Mexican War

G

 * Julius Garfinckel (1872–1936), merchant, founder of Washington department store, Garfinckel's
 * Harry Post Godwin (1857–1900) Chief Editor of the National Republican, Washington Star
 * Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor (1875–1966), president of the National Geographic Society, Hubbard Bell Grossman Pillot Memorial

H

 * Mary Berri Chapman Hansbrough (1872–1951), poet and painter
 * John Marshall Harlan (1833–1911), Supreme Court associate justice, known as the "Great Dissenter"; wrote the lone dissenting opinion in Plessy v. Ferguson
 * Patricia Roberts Harris (1924–1985), ambassador, first African-American woman to serve in a presidential cabinet
 * George L. Harrison (1887–1958), banker, insurance executive, and political advisor during World War II
 * Patricia McMahon Hawkins (1949–2021), diplomat
 * Frank Hatton (1846–1894), U.S. postmaster general and editor of the Washington Post
 * Christian Heurich (1842–1945), German-born American founder of Heurich Brewery (1871–1954)
 * Samuel Billingsley Hill (1875–1958), U.S. representative from Washington and member of the United States Board of Tax Appeals (now the United States Tax Court)
 * William Henry Holmes (1846–1933), known for scientific illustration of the American West, his role in the controversy over the antiquity of humans in the Americas, and leadership at the Smithsonian Institution

J

 * Charles Francis Jenkins (1867–1934), television and motion picture pioneer
 * Nelson T. Johnson (1887–1954), ambassador
 * James Kimbrough Jones (1839–1908), politician
 * John Johnson (1842–1907), Medal of Honor recipient
 * Opha May Johnson (1879–1955), 1st known female U.S. Marine (1918)

K

 * Samuel H. Kauffmann (1829–1906) newspaper publisher
 * Oliver Hudson Kelley (1826–1913), a founder of the Order of the Patrons of Husbandry (The Grange)
 * Angela Jurdak Khoury (1915–2011), Lebanon's first female diplomat and esteemed member of the Lebanese delegation to the United Nations.
 * Sergei Kourdakov (1951–1973), a former KGB agent who defected to Canada from the Soviet Union

L

 * Bruce Laingen (1922–2019), diplomat
 * Richard Lawrence (1800–1861), attempted assassin of President Andrew Jackson
 * Jane Lawton (1944–2007), Maryland Democratic politician, member of the Maryland House of Delegates
 * Blair Lee III (1916–1985), Democratic politician
 * George E. Lemon (?–1896), patent lawyer and founder of the journal National Tribune
 * Walter Lenox (1817–1874), mayor of Washington from 1850 to 1852
 * John Lenthall (1807–1882), naval architect and shipbuilder, Chief Constructor of the Navy from 1849 to 1853 and chief of the United States Navy's Bureau of Construction and Repair from 1853 to 1871
 * Fulton Lewis (1903–1966), radio and television broadcaster
 * Alice Roosevelt Longworth (1884–1980), Republican Party icon, daughter of Theodore Roosevelt
 * Anthony Francis Lucas (1855–1921), Croatian-born mechanical engineer

M

 * Arthur MacArthur Sr. (1815–1896), 4th Governor of Wisconsin, grandfather of General Douglas MacArthur
 * Frank Mankiewicz (1924–2014), journalist and political adviser
 * Jackie Martin (1903–1969), newspaperwoman
 * Anna Broom McCeney (1850–1903), mother of vaudeville performer La Belle Titcomb (Heloise McCeney)
 * Hugh McCulloch (1808–1895), Secretary of the Treasury
 * George McGovern (1922–2012), Democratic presidential nominee in 1972 and senator from South Dakota
 * Dempster McIntosh (1896–1984), ambassador
 * Evalyn Walsh McLean (1886–1947), wealthy heiress, one–time owner of the Hope Diamond and the Washington Post
 * Washington McLean (1816–1890), businessman, owner of the Cincinnati Enquirer newspaper
 * John Gordon Mein (1913–1968), ambassador
 * William Rush Merriam, (1849–1931), governor of Minnesota, father of the United States Census Bureau
 * Mihran Mesrobian (1889–1975), Armenian-American architect

N

 * Elizabeth Norment (1952–2014), actress

O

 * Carmel Offie (1909–1972), Central Intelligence Agency official

P

 * Thomas Nelson Page (1853–1922), First Families of Virginia descendant, attorney, ambassador to Italy, and Southern writer
 * Stephan Panaretoff (1853–1931), educator and the first Bulgarian minister plenipotentiary to the United States
 * William Paret (1826–1911), sixth Episcopal Bishop of Maryland
 * Rosalie Mackenzie Poe (1810–1874), poet and sister of Edgar Allan Poe
 * Terence Powderly (1849–1924), longtime leader of the Knights of Labor
 * Robert Prosky (1930–2008), actor

R

 * John B. Raymond (1844–1886), politician
 * Isidor Rayner (1850–1912), Democratic politician, U.S. senator from Maryland
 * George Washington Riggs (1813–1881), banker, founder of Riggs Bank
 * William A. Rodenberg (1865–1937), politician
 * Frederick Rodgers (1842–1917), United States Navy rear admiral
 * Basil (Rodzianko) (1915–1999), Bishop of Orthodox Church in America Diocese of the West
 * Tim Russert (1950–2008), journalist, host of Meet the Press

S

 * Alexander Robey Shepherd (1835–1902), politician, governor of District of Columbia from 1873 to 1874
 * Thetus W. Sims (1852–1939), politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives for the eighth congressional district of Tennessee from 1897 to 1921
 * Upton Sinclair (1878–1968), author, Pulitzer Prize winner
 * Ainsworth Rand Spofford (1825–1908), journalist and publisher, sixth Librarian of the United States Congress from 1864 to 1897
 * Harlan Fiske Stone (1872–1946), Chief Justice of the United States
 * Paulina Longworth Sturm (1925–1957), daughter of Alice Roosevelt and granddaughter of Theodore Roosevelt

T

 * Abner Taylor (1829–1903), politician
 * George Taylor (1820–1894), attorney and Democratic politician
 * Florence Calvert Thorne (1877–1973), labor activist
 * Thomas Weston Tipton (1817–1899), U.S. senator from Nebraska
 * Ariadna Tyrkova-Williams (1869–1962), Russian-American writer and journalist

V

 * Tran Van Chuong (1898–1986), South Vietnam's ambassador to the U.S., appointed by Ngo Dinh Diem
 * Willis Van Devanter (1859–1941), U.S. Supreme Court associate justice
 * Gore Vidal (1925–2012), author and playwright, next to his companion of 50 years Howard Austen.

W

 * Charles Doolittle Walcott (1850–1927), Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution
 * Paul Warnke (1920–2001), diplomat, assistant secretary of state from 1966 to 1969; SALT Negotiator and Director of the Arms Control and disarmament Agency under President Clinton
 * Sumner Welles (1892–1961), diplomat, undersecretary of State from 1937 to 1943
 * Burton K. Wheeler (1882–1975), Democratic politician and U.S. senator from Montana
 * James Alexander Williamson (1829–1902), Union Army general during the American Civil War, Medal of Honor recipient
 * Richard L. Wilson (1905–1981), journalist
 * William Windom (1827–1891), U.S. representative, senator, secretary of the treasury (under James Garfield & Benjamin Harrison)
 * Otis Wingo (1877–1930), U.S. representative from Arkansas's 4th congressional district, 1913–1930
 * Willie Wood (1936–2020), football player
 * John Vines Wright (1828–1908), U.S. representative from Tennessee, member of the Confederate Congress, judge of the Tennessee Supreme Court

Y

 * Helen Yakobson, (1913–2002) academic and professor at George Washington University

title: Rock Creek Cemetery


text:
User talk:Demiurg

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

[[User:Sam Spade|Sam]] Spade wishes you a merry Christmas! 20:32, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Demiurgus
A tag has been placed on Demiurgus requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a club, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guidelines for people and for organizations.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the article or have a copy emailed to you. Undead Warrior (talk) 19:55, 17 January 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Demiurg


text: User talk:70.68.56.216

title: User talk:70.68.56.216


text:
New Hanover Township

New Hanover Township may refer to:
 * New Hanover Township, New Jersey
 * New Hanover Township, Pennsylvania

title: New Hanover Township


text:
Prachinburi

Prachinburi (ปราจีนบุรี,, ) is a town (thesaban mueang) in central Thailand, capital of Prachinburi Province. It covers the entire tambon Na Mueang of the Mueang Prachinburi District (city district). As of 2000, the population of the town was 25,157.

Geography
Prachinburi is on the banks of the Prachinburi River, about 100 km northeast of Bangkok. Most of the city's environs are flats alluvial plains, but the foothills of the Sankamphaeng Range begin to rise about 10 km to the north.

Climate
Prachinburi has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). Winters are dry and very warm. Temperatures rise until April, which is very hot with the average daily maximum at 36.8 °C. The monsoon season runs from late April through October, with heavy rain and somewhat cooler temperatures during the day, although nights remain warm.

Transportation
The main road through Prachinburi is Route 319. While Route 319 does not lead directly to other major centers, along with Route 33 it leads to Nakhon Nayok, and along with Routes 314 and 304 it leads to Bangkok.

Prachinburi is a station on the State Railway of Thailand's Eastern Line, 122 km from Bangkok.

Hospital
Chaophraya Abhaibhubejhr Hospital is a Thai traditional medicine center. It was built in 1909 for King Rama V on his next royal visit to Prachinburi, but the king never again visited. The building was named after the man who funded the construction, Chao Phraya Abhaibhubejhr, the governor of Prachinburi at the time. In 1994, Thailand's government renovated the Chao Phraya Abhaibhubejhr Building as a Thai traditional medical hub and museum. Chao Phraya Abhaibhubejhr Hospital is known for herbal products, traditional Thai medicine, and Thai massage. The brand of herbal medicines, cosmetics, toiletries, and elixirs is "Abhaibhubejhr".

title: Prachinburi


text:
Hectocotylus

A hectocotylus (: hectocotyli) is one of the arms of male cephalopods that is specialized to store and transfer spermatophores to the female. Structurally, hectocotyli are muscular hydrostats. Depending on the species, the male may use it merely as a conduit to the female, analogously to a penis in other animals, or he may wrench it off and present it to the female.

The hectocotyl arm was first described in Aristotle's biological works. Although Aristotle knew of its use in mating, he was doubtful that a tentacle could deliver sperm. The name hectocotylus was devised by Georges Cuvier, who first found one embedded in the mantle of a female argonaut. Supposing it to be a parasitic worm, in 1829 Cuvier gave it a generic name, combining the Greek word for "hundred" and Latin word for "hollow thing, cup".

Structure
Generalized anatomy of squid and octopod hectocotyli:

Variability
Hectocotyli are shaped in many distinctive ways, and vary considerably between species. The shape of the tip of the hectocotylus has been much used in octopus systematics.

 * Many coleoids lack hectocotyli altogether.
 * Among Decapodiformes (ten-limbed cephalopods), generally either one or both of arms IV are hectocotylized.
 * In incirrate octopuses, it is one of arm pair III. Rare examples of double and bilateral hectocotylization have also been recorded in incirrate octopuses.
 * In male seven-arm octopuses (Haliphron atlanticus), the hectocotylus develops in an inconspicuous sac in front of the right eye that gives the male the appearance of having only seven arms.
 * In argonauts, the male transfers the spermatophores to the female by putting its hectocotylus into a cavity in the mantle of the female, called the pallial cavity. This is the only contact the male and female have with each other during copulation, and it can be at a distance. During copulation, the hectocotylus breaks off from the male. The funnel–mantle locking apparatus on the hectocotylus keeps it lodged in the pallial cavity of the female.

title: Hectocotylus


text:
Demonology 101

Demonology 101 (sometimes abbreviated as D101) is a webcomic written and drawn by Faith Erin Hicks from August 1999 to June 2004. It tells the story of Raven, a 16-year-old demon being raised by a human in ordinary human society. Hicks' first public work gained attention as an early story-focused webcomic, and ran for 700 pages before being concluded.

Development
Hicks was inspired Buffy the Vampire Slayer in the creation of her first webcomic, alongside Jeff Smith's comic Bone and the Gabriel Knight video game series. Hicks launched Demonology 101 in August 1999 with its first episode. By 2003, the webcomic consisted of five self-contained stories. Hicks redrew the entirety of Episode 1 in 2002. Demonology 101 is manga-influenced, and nearly the entire webcomic is rendered in black-and-white with heavy grey shading. Hicks drew her webcomic on printer paper she took from her parents.

Hicks completed Demonology 101 in 2004, after having created 700 pages. After the conclusion of Episode Five, Hicks also wrote two short character-based stories, as well as a flashback webcomic titled A Distant Faith.

Because there were relatively few story-focused webcomics available in the late 1990s and early 2000s, Demonology 101 very quickly acquired a small readership anticipating its weekly update. Hicks was very critical of her own art, but later said that Demonology 101 "was so important to me. ... it was all mine and that was wonderful."

Synopsis
Demonology 101 is centered on seemingly "normal" girl named Raven, who is actually a 16-year-old demon who had been adopted by a human. Raised in isolation, Raven is eager to join the outside world and enrolls in high school. Although Raven is nominally the main character, the supporting cast is well-developed, adding depth to the world and highlighting the themes of the webcomic. The character Raven is mainly concerned with figuring out her own nature and fate, and Demonology 101 largely explores these questions through her family ties and relationships. Demonology 101 also explores the ideas of "good" and "evil" through its complex cast of characters.

Awards
Demonology 101 won two Web Cartoonists' Choice Awards in 2004, in the categories "Outstanding Dramatic Comic" and "Outstanding Long Form Comic".

title: Demonology 101


text:
Plymouth Township

Plymouth Township may refer to:

 * Plymouth Township, Plymouth County, Iowa
 * Plymouth Township, Russell County, Kansas
 * Plymouth Township, Michigan
 * Plymouth Township, Washington County, North Carolina, in Washington County, North Carolina
 * Plymouth Township, Grand Forks County, North Dakota, in Grand Forks County, North Dakota
 * Plymouth Township, Ashtabula County, Ohio
 * Plymouth Township, Richland County, Ohio
 * Plymouth Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
 * Plymouth Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania

title: Plymouth Township


text:
Talk:List of U.S. state fish

Table border
I reverted to the borderless table because the intercell borders have an odd effect on the states with multiple fish; without the border it is clear that there are two lines for that state, but with the border it looks like there is a missing state name for the second line. If a border is very important, let's discuss here how to handle the two-fish states... —Tkinias 20:35, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Is the current version better? Cburnett 23:12, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Except that you deleted Colorado, yes ;) (I put Colorado back...) —Tkinias 01:00, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * DOH!!!! Cburnett 01:09, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Hawaii
The Humuhumunukunuku apua`a/Reef triggerfish is actually Hawaii's Unofficial State Fish. See http://www.hawaii.gov/gov/Keiki/Keiki/Fun%20Facts — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.91.82.80 (talk) 06:43, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

does anyone read this? 8:45 p.m., 13 Oct 2005 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.91.82.80 (talk) 06:45, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I read this. Thanks. It was helpful.--Beezer137 (talk) 05:51, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

 * yes and the Hawaiian fish was featured in the Star Trek Next Generation episode "Rascals" in the 6th season. source: memory-alpha website 79.193.28.123 (talk) 20:29, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

State shellfish
I'm removing Connecticut's state shellfish because shellfish aren't actually fish. Unfortunately there isn't an "official state invertibrate" or general "official state animal" page to move it to...Delaware also has an official state marine animal, the horseshoe crab, which also doesn't fit on any of the current pages. Might it be a good idea to move the marine mammals here from the (IMHO overcrowded) state mammals page, and change this to the "official state marine animals" page? Panavatar 08:14, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

Ohio Contradiction
Ohio, table says Walleye, lede sentence says no state fish. 66.57.191.215 (talk) 19:10, 15 March 2009 (UTC)

Additional Ohio contradiction
As far as I know, Ohio should be returned to the list of states without a state fish. There was a movement in the early 2000s to officially designate smallmouth bass, but it failed to come to vote. The campaign also drew opposition from the tourism-driven fondness for walleye along the Lake Erie coast. What exactly is an "unofficial" state fish, and who is privileged to designate such things? Can anybody provide citation for Ohio's "unofficial" designee? Without state recognition, I don't believe there really is a state fish. Euge-o-rama (talk) 22:32, 24 February 2011 (UTC)

Ohio fish deletion
Seeing no further conversation, and citing the following, I am deleting walleye as Ohio's state fish.

Note the conspicuous absence of any fish from these pages: List of Ohio state symbols, http://www.netstate.com/states/symb/oh_symb.htm, and http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/Ohio/State-Symbols-Ohio.html

…or the lack of an Ohio listing on this page: http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/Lists/fish_sealife.html.

Euge-o-rama (talk) 19:22, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

Ohio once again deleted
Still, Ohio does not recognize a state fish, and efforts to establish one were hotly contested in the past. It is not appropriate to list a state fish for Ohio without citing a publication of whoever has informally designated one or official designation. Euge-o-rama (talk) 14:43, 14 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100607092126/http://www.azlibrary.gov/museum/symbols.aspx to http://www.lib.az.us/museum/symbols.cfm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100630201842/http://gov.idaho.gov/fyi/symbols/symbols_index.html to http://gov.idaho.gov/fyi/symbols/symbols_index.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20061213232500/http://www.kdla.ky.gov/resources/KYSymbols.htm to http://www.kdla.ky.gov/resources/KYSymbols.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081008013833/http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/emblems/bevfmsi.htm to http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/emblems/bevfmsi.htm

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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 8 external links on List of U.S. state fish. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070823150634/http://www.sos.louisiana.gov/around/facts/facts-E.htm to http://www.sos.louisiana.gov/around/facts/facts-E.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070807105056/http://senate.michigan.gov/kidspage/trout.pdf to http://www.senate.michigan.gov/kidspage/trout.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071010064445/http://www.its.state.ms.us/et/portal/MSSymbols/symbols.htm to http://www.its.state.ms.us/et/portal/MSSymbols/symbols.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130117094517/http://data.opi.mt.gov/bills/mca/1/1/1-1-507.htm to http://data.opi.mt.gov/bills/mca/1/1/1-1-507.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070813092235/http://csd.unl.edu/general/statesymbols.asp to http://csd.unl.edu/general/statesymbols.asp
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160122205829/http://www.sos.state.oh.us/sos/ProfileOhio/SymbolsofOhio.aspx to http://www.sos.state.oh.us/sos/profileohio/symbolsofohio.aspx
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080314164103/http://pioneer.utah.gov/utah_on_the_web/utah_symbols/trout.html to http://pioneer.utah.gov/utah_on_the_web/utah_symbols/trout.html

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Possible additions/clarifications for various states

 * Alabama made a boo boo in their legislature when designating the state fish; the scientific name used, Micropterus punctulatus, actually refers to the spotted bass.
 * Maine designated two "state heritage" fish in 2007: the eastern brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis and the arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus oquassa.
 * Tennessee used the scientific name Ictalurus lacustris to refer to the channel catfish, but I guess this isn't the "o-FISH-al" scientific name for that species.

Should these be added to/clarified in the table? —Ayuskoto (talk) 19:25, 17 July 2020 (UTC)

Indiana
I know that Indiana doesn't have a state fish yet but it should be on here. Could somebody put it on? I know it's probably not too hard to do it but I don't really know how to do it. CreekSteppa' (talk) 03:26, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I can't find a reliable source reporting that Indiana has a state fish or one proposed in legislation. If you've got a source for one, please post a link below. (I moved the note to the bottom like we usually do on Wikipedia.) Thanks, SchreiberBike | ⌨ 12:30, 10 April 2023 (UTC)

Ohio
Walleye named as state fish 2600:1700:B920:30D0:B964:1AA8:8BE1:4E32 (talk) 03:00, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
 * A bill has passed through the legislature. If it is signed by the governor, it will be the state fish and we can add it then. SchreiberBike | ⌨ 12:52, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of U.S. state fish


text:
User talk:Wyzemoro

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- John Fader 20:35, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Wyzemoro


text:
Talk:Indeterminism

I have a problem with the author's logic here. The statement, "Thus the presence of y does not imply the presence of x" could perhaps have been more correctly stated as, "Thus the presence of y does not confirm the presence of x." Determinist (talk) 08:12, 17 December 2011 (UTC)

No. That's incompatibilism.

Indeterminism is the idea that there are things that happen, not caused by previous events.

Merge with determinism? [21/12/2005]

What's with the "example" section? That needs to be revised or removed.71.125.76.125 (talk) 01:25, 7 March 2010 (UTC)

What kind of English is this: "The world therefore was formed assuming a curbed form. Its formation followed a process where the atoms were subjected to an chance movement not predeterminate and they move incessantly with a very high speedy"?

Low quality article
A very low quality article. That part is easy to determine just by a first glance. It is so far off, it even puts one off from an attempt to fix it. And in fact most of these articles on determinism/indeterminism/predictability etc. and the N disambig pages that duplicate the terms are pretty confused, and often incorrect. It will take major work to clean them up, and it will be better to just do a clean rewrite. History2007 (talk) 13:57, 5 June 2011 (UTC)

Eep! This isn't indeterminism, it's nondeterminism! see page 16 of An Introduction to the History of Psychology By B. R. Hergenhahn. (it's on Google Books) 174.6.84.210 (talk) 21:56, 23 October 2011 (UTC)

Koch's "free will" is nothing like Kane's
Koch's view of free will is along the lines of "pragmatism", it's mora a semantic divergence from those who argue for "strong" free will, than epistemologic. I don't know much about Kane's position, only that he's a "libertarian", which is nearly the extreme opposite of a "pragmatic". Read "How Physics and Neuroscience Dictate Your "Free" Will", from SCIAM. The title is already telling, "dictate", and quotes for free will. He just hypothesizes that physical indeterminism could be "used" to produce random behavior, in the brains of "bees, beagles and boys". Random behavior is not a loophole for a supernatural/not physically determined "free will" to take charge, or even some eventual hypothetical natural "free will mechanism" as it seems that Kane imagines. It's still natural physical determinism, and quite simple, like a roll of dices is deterministic. If Kane's free will isn't "supernatural taking charge" (under a cursory reading, it seems it is not), it's at least more complex than sheer randomness, not something that would be the same for any organism with nervous systems hypothetically sensible to quantum randomness, but apparently exclusively human. --Extremophile (talk) 17:46, 11 January 2013 (UTC)

Intrinsic indeterminism versus unpredictability
The section of the article titled "Intrinsic indeterminism versus unpredictability", doesn't clearly state whether quantum mechanics is indeterministic, or simply unpredictable.

Whfiwh (talk) 21:57, 22 June 2019 (UTC)

The lengthy intro to the "Philosophy" section is a great essay...
The lengthy introduction to the "Philosophy" section of this Indeterminism article is a great essay! But it's a poor example of encyclopedic style, lacking even a single reference. Do any editors have thoughts on how to remedy this? Bob Enyart, Denver KGOV radio host (talk) 19:20, 22 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Indeterminism


text: User talk:81.174.167.227

title: User talk:81.174.167.227


text:
Alexander Rodzyanko

Alexander Pavlovich Rodzyanko (Александр Павлович Родзянко; 26 August 1879 – 6 May 1970) was an officer of the Imperial Russian Army during the World War I and lieutenant-general and a corps commander of the White Army during the Russian Civil War. He also competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics.

Biography
Rodzyanko came from an old Ukrainian aristocratic family: his father Pavel Rodzyanko was a major landowner and his uncle Mikhail Rodzianko chaired the State Duma from 1911 to 1917. Aleksandr received his education in the Russian Page Corps military academy and at the Cadre Noir cavalry-school in Saumur in France; he then joined the elite Russian Chevalier Guard regiment. An excellent equestrian sportsman, he also studied for a year at the cavalry school at Pinerolo in Italy under Captain Federico Caprilli, known as "the father of the modern forward seat". After successfully participating in London (1911), winning the King Eduard VII Cup, he competed in the 5th-placed jumping team for Russia at the 1912 Olympic Games in Stockholm. Most of the equestrian information about Rodzyanko was published by a Dutch horse magazine, called the 'Hoefslag' by the secretary of the FEI Max E. Amman.

Promoted Colonel in 1912, he went on to take part in World War I. In 1914 he was sent to the frontline where he briefly served in the 2nd Kuban regiment and the 1st Linear Cossack regiment and headed the 16th Don regiment. He later served at the 8th Army and Chevalier Guard Regiment. From May 1916 he headed the Cavalry Officers School. From June to July 1917 he headed the Garrison of Riga. In October 1917 in Pskov the 17th Cavalry division that he headed was disbanded and he was interned by the Germans.

After the Russian Revolution of 1917 he accompanied Prince Lieven to solicit (unsuccessfully) British help for counter-revolutionaries active in Latvia. In 1918 he lived in Riga and received the German assistance in recruiting the volunteers into the anti-bolshevik units. In 1919 General Nikolay Yudenich appointed Rodzyanko (then commander of the Whites' Northern Corps) as his aide, where he led the counter-offensive actions against the Reds and participated in the unsuccessful advance on Petrograd. Once the Northwestern Army had been pushed back to Narva, Estonia, on 23 November 1919 Yudenich sent him to England to seek financial support for the further anti-bolshevik combat. After his mission proved abortive, he chose not to return to Estonia but settled in the United Kingdom and later in the United States.

His brother Pavel Rodzyanko became an instructor at the Irish cavalry school in Dublin and later emigrated to the United States. Aleksandr Pavlovich Rodzyanko became president of the Chevalier Guards association, wrote memoirs and died in New York City aged 90. He is buried at the Novo-Diveevo cemetery in Nanuet, Rockland County, New York.

Honours and awards
More than 7 medals
 * Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class with Swords (1913)
 * Order of St. Anna, 3rd class (1913)
 * Order of Saint Stanislaus, 3rd class (1913)
 * Order of St. Anna, 4th class (1915)

title: Alexander Rodzyanko


text:
Jan Stráský

Jan Stráský (24 December 1940 – 6 November 2019 ) was a Czech politician. He served as the last prime minister of Czechoslovakia in 1992.

Biography
Stráský studied philosophy and political economy at the Charles University in Prague. From 1958 to 1990 he worked at the Central bank of Czechoslovakia. From 1964 to 1969 he was a member of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia.

In 1991 Stráský became a member of the Civic Democratic Party. From 1992 he was a member of parliament, minister of transportation (1993–1995), and minister of health (1995–1996). From 2 July to 31 December 1992 he served as prime minister. When Czechoslovak President Václav Havel resigned on 20 July 1992 due to his disagreement with the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, Stráský also took on some presidential duties until the country was formally dissolved at the end of 1992.

From 2001 to 2006 Stráský was the regional head of government in the South Bohemian Region, at which point he left politics. From 2011 to 2012 he was the director of Šumava National Park.

title: Jan Stráský


text:
Sodus Township

Sodus Township may refer to:

 * Sodus Township, Michigan
 * Sodus Township, Lyon County, Minnesota

title: Sodus Township


text: User talk:165.234.110.130

title: User talk:165.234.110.130


text:
Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts

Chestnut Hill is a wealthy New England village located 6 mi west of downtown Boston, Massachusetts, United States. It is best known for being home to Boston College and a section of the Boston Marathon route. Like all Massachusetts villages, Chestnut Hill is not an incorporated municipal entity. It is located partially in Brookline in Norfolk County; partially in the city of Boston in Suffolk County, and partially in the city of Newton in Middlesex County. Chestnut Hill's borders are defined by the 02467 ZIP Code. The name refers to several small hills that overlook the 135-acre (546,000 m2) Chestnut Hill Reservoir rather than one particular hill.

History
The boundary between Newton and Brookline was originally more or less straight northwest–southeast, following today's boundary at the east edge of the Newton Commonwealth Golf Course, and the west boundary of the MBTA rail yards. It followed what is today St. Thomas More Road and Chestnut Hill Driveway through swampland that is today the western edge of the Chestnut Hill Reservoir, and then rejoined today's city limit that runs essentially with the portion of Beacon Street that forms the western boundary of the Reservoir, and continues southeast to today's triple point between Boston, Brookline, and Newton near the intersection of Reservoir Road and Middlesex Road. Around the 1870s, the Lawrence farm land that is today bounded by Commonwealth Avenue, the slope dividing Boston College upper campus from lower campus, Beacon St., Chestnut Hill Driveway, and St. Thomas More Rd. was ceded from Newton to Boston, so that Boston could construct the Chestnut Hill Reservoir. What is today the Boston College lower campus and stadium was excavated to become the Lawrence Basin of the Reservoir, paired with the surviving Bradlee Basin, to receive water from the Sudbury Aqueduct. Beacon St. was rerouted around the southern and western edges of the Bradlee Basin. The two halves of the Reservoir were separated to preserve the Cochituate Aqueduct, which ran under a causeway separating the two halves of the reservoir, now roughly St. Thomas More Rd. and Chestnut Hill Driveway, and a short stretch of Beacon Street.

While most of Chestnut Hill remained farmland well into the early 20th century, the area around the reservoir was developed in 1870 by landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, designer of Central Park in New York City and of the Emerald Necklace in Boston and Brookline.

Because of the significance of its landscape and architecture, the National Register of Historic Places designated parts of Chestnut Hill as historic districts in 1980s. Examples of Colonial, Italianate, Shingle, Tudor Revival, and Victorian architectural styles are evident in the village's country estates and mansions. The Boston College campus is itself an early example of Collegiate Gothic architecture.

Parkland
Hammond Pond Reservation, an extensive forest preserve and protected wetlands, goes through Chestnut Hill and Newton where it is also known as Webster Woods.

The Kennard Park and Conservation Area is a post-agricultural forest grown up on 19th century farmland. The mixed and conifer woodlands reveal colonial stone walls, a red maple swamp with century-old trees, and a sensitive fern marsh.

The Chestnut Hill Reservation embraces 120 acres adjacent to the Boston College campus, including a 1.5 mile walking trail around a reservoir. The Reservation was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted’s son and constructed in the late 1860s to give Boston clean drinking water and a rural park. Just outside the park proper, the Boston Waterworks with its three gatehouses at water’s edge and three majestic pump houses on Beacon Street is considered a masterpiece of 19th century engineering and landscape design.

The Heartbreak Hill Park, surrounding the Waban Hill reservoir, opened in 2015, and a major renovation was completed in 2020.

Shopping centers

 * The Shops at Chestnut Hill
 * The Street at Chestnut Hill

Transportation
Chestnut Hill is served by two branches of the Green Line of the MBTA, Boston's light rail system. Stations include: The area is also served by the 51 and 60 MBTA buses.
 * B branch: Boston College; terminus of the line
 * D branch: Chestnut Hill

Massachusetts Route 9 runs through the area from west to east and serves as the main retail corridor for Chestnut Hill and many surrounding communities. Hammond Pond Parkway connects the area from north to south as a four-lane road through conservation areas, bypassing the busy retail areas and residential neighborhoods.

Registered historic districts

 * Boston College Main Campus Historic District – 140 Commonwealth Ave. (in Newton)
 * Chestnut Hill Historic District – roughly bounded by Middlesex Rd., Reservoir Ln., Denny Rd., Boylston St. and Dunster Rd. (added November 17, 1985) (mostly in Brookline, but includes a few properties that spill into Newton)
 * Chestnut Hill Reservoir Historic District – within Boston city limits
 * Old Chestnut Hill Historic District – along Hammond St. and Chestnut Hill Rd. roughly bounded by Beacon St. and Essex Rd., and Suffolk Rd. (added October 4, 1986), within Newton city limits

Education
The village is served by the Brookline Public Schools, Newton Public Schools, and Boston Public Schools, depending on the city or town in which a particular residence is located. The neighborhood also features several private schools including Brimmer and May School (non-denominational, K–12), The Chestnut Hill School, and Beaver Country Day School.

Chestnut Hill is home to both Boston College and Pine Manor College (formerly).

Notable people

 * Jane Alexander, hollywood actress of TV & Film 1970s to 2020s. Brookline High School graduate.
 * Larry Bird, NBA power forward, Boston Celtics 1979-1992, Chestnut Hill Resident 1979-1992
 * Tom Brady, NFL quarterback
 * Michael Dukakis, former governor of Massachusetts and 1988 Democratic nominee for President, Brookline High School graduate.
 * Mary Baker Eddy, founder of The First Church of Christ, Scientist and The Christian Science Monitor newspaper, 1908–1910
 * Theo Epstein, former general manager of the Chicago Cubs, former general manager of the Boston Red Sox, Brookline High School graduate.
 * Reginald Fessenden, called "the father of broadcast radio", the Reginald A. Fessenden House in Chestnut Hill (Newton) is a US National Landmark as well as a US Historic Place.
 * Paul Fireman, purchased American distribution rights to Reebok, Chairman of Fireman Capital Partners, Inc. Brookline High School graduate.
 * Terry Francona, former manager of the Boston Red Sox, current manager of the Cleveland Guardians
 * John W. Henry, principal owner of the Boston Red Sox and Liverpool F.C.
 * Jarome Iginla, former NHL player
 * Kennedy Family, prominent national, Irish political family. Birthplace of John F. Kennedy, Theodore "Ted" "Edward" Kenedy, Robert Kennedy, Eunice Kennedy & other children
 * Seth Klarman, Founder and CEO of the Baupost Group
 * Karolyn Kirby, World Champion Women's beach volleyball, winner of the 1992 Summer Olympic beach volleyball tournament. Brookline High School graduate.
 * Robert Kraft, owner of the New England Patriots, Brookline High School graduate.
 * Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt, the first wife of Theodore Roosevelt, and mother of Alice Roosevelt Longworth
 * Philip Leder, cytogeneticist, died in Chestnut Hill
 * Conan O'Brien, TV host, "The Conan Obrien Show", Brookline High School graduate
 * David Ortiz, Hall of Fame baseball player for the Boston Red Sox, 2002-2008
 * Leverett Saltonstall, Governor of Massachusetts (1939–1945) and United States Senator (1945–1967)
 * Lew Schneider, Hollywood producer of Everybody Loves Raymond and American Dad! Brookline High School graduate
 * David Siskind, Major TV host and producer in the 1950s, 1960s & 1970s. Sunday Night TV Talk host (news), Talent Manager (Jerry Lewis, Dinah Shore). First Cousin of TV producer Norman Lear.
 * Alan Rachins, TV actor, Dharma and Greg, L.A. Law. Brookline High School
 * Thomas G. Stemberg, founder of Staples Inc.
 * Alan Trefler, founder and CEO of Pegasystems
 * John A. Wilson, sculptor
 * Jeffrey Lurie, owner of the Philadelphia Eagles

 * Mike Wallace, TV host CBS, 60 Minutes, Brookline High School graduate

title: Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts


text: User talk:66.87.4.181

title: User talk:66.87.4.181


text:
File:Victoria Waterfield.jpg

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title: File:Victoria Waterfield.jpg


text:
Talk:John Spence (musician)

Untitled
John Spence was a friend of Eric and Gwen Stefani, not a sibling. Sibling means brother or sister depending on the (by blooed) related other.

Please see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibling for a definition of sibling.

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title: Talk:John Spence (musician)


text:
Bridgewater Township

Bridgewater Township may refer to:
 * Bridgewater Township, Michigan
 * Bridgewater Township, Rice County, Minnesota
 * Bridgewater Township, New Jersey
 * Bridgewater Township, Williams County, Ohio
 * Bridgewater Township, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania

title: Bridgewater Township


text:
Victoria Waterfield

Victoria Waterfield is a fictional character played by Deborah Watling in the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. A native of Victorian England, she was a companion of the Second Doctor and a regular in the programme from 1967 to 1968. Only two complete serials to feature her (The Tomb of the Cybermen and The Enemy of the World) exist complete in the BBC archives. However, DVDs of all her adventures have still seen release, with both official animation and photo reconstructions utilizing the original surviving audio taking the place of the missing episodes.

Watling reprised her role in the spin-off Downtime and a few audio dramas, one of which featured her as a temporary assistant to the Sixth Doctor. Victoria appeared in 7 stories (39 episodes).

Casting
According to the short BBC Video documentary The Dalek Factor about the making of The Evil of the Daleks, released in September 2021 as part of the animated restoration of the serial, Denise Buckley was cast in the role of Victoria Waterfield by director Derek Martinus. The production team had been hoping that Pauline Collins would continue in the role of Sam Briggs, that she had played in the previous story The Faceless Ones, but had created Victoria as a potential ongoing character should Collins decline. When Collins confirmed she did not want to join the regular cast, it was decided to introduce Victoria as the new companion and Denise Buckley was released, but paid in full, with Deborah Watling replacing her as a more suitable actress for the continuing role.

Character history
Victoria first appears in the 1967 serial The Evil of the Daleks. She is the daughter of widowed scientist Edward Waterfield (played by John Bailey), who in 1866 is experimenting with time travel and has attracted the attention of the Daleks. In order to assure Waterfield's collaboration with their capture of the Doctor and their experiments with the Human and Dalek Factors, the Daleks with the help of Theodore Maxtable took Victoria as a prisoner. To measure his emotional responses, they then manipulated Jamie McCrimmon into rescuing her, although they ultimately re-captured her and took her to Skaro. At the conclusion of the adventure, Waterfield is killed saving the Doctor's life, and asks him to take care of Victoria. The Doctor and Jamie take her in as part of the TARDIS crew.

On the outside, Victoria is a typically fragile lady of her era, frequently screaming when faced with the creatures the Doctor and his companions encounter in their travels, such as the Cybermen and the Yeti. However, this exterior hides an inner strength that crops up when needed. Victoria may be young, but she has an instinct for when she is being lied to, and her sensibility is a contrast to the recklessness of Jamie and the curiosity of the Doctor. Jamie, in particular, is very protective towards and fond of Victoria, and is heartbroken when she chooses to leave.

Despite being a good match to her two companions, Victoria eventually finds herself unsuited to extended travel with the Doctor. At the conclusion of the serial Fury from the Deep, she decides to leave the TARDIS, settling with a family named Harris in the 20th century. Her subsequent life is not shown in the television series. She is mentioned, but not seen to be travelling with the Second Doctor in the 1985 serial The Two Doctors.

Other appearances
Victoria's life after leaving the TARDIS is not explored in the series. The video release Downtime (1995) and its 1996 novelisation by Marc Platt as part of the Virgin Missing Adventures range, reveals that she struggles to adapt to twentieth century life and eventually returns to the Detsen monastery in Tibet, where she again falls under the influence of the Great Intelligence, now trapped on Earth after the end of The Web of Fear. The Intelligence manipulates Victoria into founding New World University, with the money left to her by her father (via a new will he drew up whilst working for the Daleks in 1866), where Victoria serves as Vice Chancellor and the possessed Professor Travers as Chancellor. Using the university's computers, the Intelligence seizes control of the internet and creates new Yetis. Realising she has been misled, Victoria helps Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart and Sarah Jane Smith defeat it. She is then approached by both the Third and Fourth Doctors, but chooses not to travel with them.

The 1993 Children in Need campaign featured a short Doctor Who/EastEnders crossover called Dimensions in Time. In a story involving the various incarnations of the Doctor meeting up with various companions, Victoria ends up alongside the Third Doctor (Jon Pertwee) as they make their way back to the TARDIS after finding out that the culprit behind all the confusion is the Rani (Kate O'Mara). Watling had suffered a broken arm prior to filming, and so wore a long cloak to conceal her cast.

Watling also returned to the role of Victoria Waterfield in the audio drama Power Play, where she was campaigning against nuclear waste before she became caught up in a plot to frame the Doctor for the actions of an assassin who destroys entire planets, resulting in her meeting the Sixth Doctor and Peri Brown; as in Downtime, she declined the offer to rejoin the Doctor, but was assured that the TARDIS doors will always be open to her.

Television serials

 * Season 4
 * The Evil of the Daleks (episodes 2–7)
 * Season 5
 * The Tomb of the Cybermen
 * The Abominable Snowmen
 * The Ice Warriors
 * The Enemy of the World (episodes 1–3, 5–6)
 * The Web of Fear
 * Fury from the Deep
 * 30th anniversary charity special
 * Dimensions in Time

Video

 * Downtime (also novelised by scriptwriter Marc Platt as part of the Virgin Missing Adventures line)

Audio

 * The Great Space Elevator
 * The Emperor of Eternity
 * Power Play (with the Sixth Doctor)
 * The Black Hole
 * The Story of Extinction

Short Trips audios

 * The Way Forward

Novels

 * Virgin Missing Adventures
 * Twilight of the Gods by Christopher Bulis
 * The Dark Path by David A. McIntee

 * Past Doctor Adventures
 * Dreams of Empire by Justin Richards
 * Heart of TARDIS by Dave Stone
 * Combat Rock by Mick Lewis

Short stories

 * "Face-Painter" by Tara Samms (Short Trips: A Universe of Terrors)
 * "The Astronomer's Apprentice" by Simon A. Forward (Short Trips: The Muses)
 * "The Farmer's Story" by Todd Green (Short Trips: Repercussions)
 * "The Age of Ambition" by Andrew Campbell (Short Trips: Life Science)
 * "Screamager" by Jacqueline Rayner (Short Trips: Monsters)
 * "The Last Emperor" by Jacqueline Rayner (Short Trips: 2040)
 * "The Cutty Wren" by Ann Kelly (Short Trips: The Ghosts of Christmas)
 * "On a Pedestal" by Kathleen O. David (Short Trips: The Quality of Leadership)

Comics

 * "Freedom by Fire" by David Brian (Doctor Who Annual 1969)
 * "Atoms Infinite" by David Brian (Doctor Who Annual 1969)
 * "Bringer of Darkness" by Warwick Gray and Martin Geraghty (Doctor Who Magazine Summer Special 1993)

title: Victoria Waterfield


text:
Charleston Township

Charleston Township may refer to:

 * Charleston Township, Coles County, Illinois
 * Charleston Township, Lee County, Iowa
 * Charleston Township, Michigan
 * Charleston Township, Pennsylvania

title: Charleston Township