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Pokémon Live!

Pokémon Live! is a musical stage production that toured the United States from September 15, 2000, to January 28, 2001. The musical was based on the Pokémon anime series, using similar characters, clothing, and story elements. The show uses songs previously released on the Pokémon anime soundtracks Pokémon 2BA Master and Totally Pokémon as well as original songs.

Approximately 90 minutes in length, the plot follows Ash Ketchum, Misty and Brock as they travel to a contest to win the much sought-after Diamond Badge. The event turns out to be part of a plan by the evil organization Team Rocket and its diabolical leader Giovanni to take over the world.

The show was successful, but received mixed reviews from critics. Despite the official Pokémon website mentioning plans for it, a home video release never came to fruition. A planned television release was also scrapped. A cast recording CD of the show, however, had a limited release.

Plans for 2002 performances in the United Kingdom were also made, but later cancelled. Pokémon Live! was invited to perform in Dubai, U.A.E. at Al Mamzar Park in March 2001, coinciding with the annual Dubai Shopping Festival. A Portuguese version of the show, produced by television company SIC, was performed from March 21 to March 27, 2002, at the Pavilhão Atlântico in Lisbon, Portugal. A Dutch adaptation of the musical was performed on April 6 and 7, 2002, at the Sportpaleis in Belgium.

Footage of the production did not surface until Chris Mitchell, the Production Stage Manager for the US tour, posted videos of the complete performance in Milwaukee's US Cellular Arena (dated December 30, 2000) in seven parts to his personal YouTube channel in 2012 and the whole performance in one video in 2016. In September 2020, a YouTube user named Benjamin Delbert posted an edit using restored elements from almost every performance of the show's run on YouTube.

Plot synopsis
The following synopsis is based on videos of the show as provided by the production manager, Chris Mitchell, and the script he provided to pocketmonsters.net.

Act I
The story begins with a shadowed Giovanni releasing a commercial challenging all Pokémon Trainers to win the one-of-a-kind Diamond Badge by defeating him and his Pokémon in a battle. Ash declines to join his mother Delia, and Professor Oak to a lecture on sleep disorders among Snorlax, because he has decided to accept the mysterious Gym Leader's challenge. As he prepares for the journey, Misty chastises him for not taking her to the movies for her birthday as promised three weeks ago. Ash promises to make it up to her somehow, but adds that Pokémon are his friends too ("You and Me and Pokémon"). Together with Brock, Ash and Misty head off for the Gym using a map downloaded from the Diamond Badge website.

Meanwhile, Jessie, James, and Meowth get a call from Giovanni ordering them to go to his headquarters. When they arrive, he gloats about his ultimate creation, MechaMew2. The mechanical monster—based on the powerful Mewtwo he had late in the anime's first season and Pokémon: The First Movie—will soon be unstoppable ("It Will All Be Mine"). He orders Team Rocket to capture Ash's Pikachu, because it has Thundershock and Thunder Attack, two techniques that MechaMew2 doesn't have. They promise to do as he says after he promises them a good pay. Soon, several trainers face off against MechaMew2, which copies the attack of its challengers and uses it against them to defeat them. Among the moves it learns is Self Destruct, which it is not ordered to return as doing so would destroy it. Giovanni praises his mechanical Pokémon and gloats that as soon as it learns every Pokémon's attack, nothing will stand in his way ("It Will All Be Mine (Reprise)").

In the forest, Brock chases cute girls and Misty laments that Ash is ignoring her in favor of his Pokémon. Ash tells his friends that he wants them to travel together forever ("My Best Friends"). Jessie, James and Meowth dig a pitfall trap for Ash and his friends to fall into, but the heroes walk right over it without incident because the Rockets forgot to remove the supports. To their misfortune, Jessie and James only realize the cause when they pull out the supports and fall into their own trap, leaving a frustrated Meowth to run off for a rope to pull them out.

In the meantime, Delia and Professor Oak approach the old, run-down building where the Snorlax lecture is supposed to be held. After Delia confesses that she feels that she is losing touch with her son, the Professor reassures her by saying that things never stay the same for long ("Everything Changes"). Suddenly, several Rocket Grunts rush out of the shadows and surround them, and Giovanni says that the lecture was a trap to lure Professor Oak to them. When the Boss also recognizes Delia, she insists that anything between them was in the past, to which he says that some things don't have to change. Giovanni orders the Rocket Grunts to take Delia and Oak to an (offstage) helicopter and to his headquarters, where they'll witness something that will change the world forever ("Everything Changes (Reprise 1)").

Back in the forest, the heroes are lost and alone after Brock earlier threw the map in the river while asking a female trainer for directions. They try getting help from a deaf trainer with Brock interpreting his signs, who agrees to share his map on the condition that he and the "guy with the goofy smile" have a battle first. Offended, Ash agrees to this, but the deaf trainer sends out Jigglypuff, who instantly starts singing, which makes everyone fall asleep, after which Jigglypuff draws on their faces. Some time later, Misty wakes up and wipes Jigglypuff's drawings off Ash's face, singing about her unrequited love for him as she does so ("Misty's Song"). Ash and Brock wake up as well, with the former wondering aloud who was singing just now. Misty claims the song was Jigglypuff's, and the heroes notice that the deaf trainer kept his end of the deal and left his map for them. The group continues on to the next part of the path, this time with Misty carrying the map.

Meanwhile, Meowth gets Jessie and James, who have also danced to Jigglypuff's song, out of the pit while complaining about their incompetence. Realizing that Meowth is right, Jessie and James lament their status as failures. Meowth cheers them up by telling them that being failures is something at which they're successful ("The Best at Being the Worst"). With that, the Rockets set out to find Pikachu again. Using their Magikarp submarine, they manage to catch up with the trainers at Cerulean Blue Lagoon, where Ash declares that he's going to use Pikachu against the gym leader ("Pikachu (I Choose You)"). While the kids get caught up in the song, Team Rocket captures Pikachu when he dances near them. By the time Ash realizes Pikachu is missing, Team Rocket is long gone.

Act II
After an intermission segment in which Ash's Pokédex Dexter explains his important contribution to Ash's continuing success and gathers data from the audience ("What Kind of Pokémon Are You?"), the heroes return to the forest. Ash is positive that his favorite Pokémon has once again been kidnapped by Team Rocket. Misty, still upset about being ignored on her birthday, suggests that maybe Pikachu has just left Ash of his own will because of the trainer's new habit of ignoring his friends. She runs after Brock, leaving Ash to ponder her words and worry that Pikachu did leave on his own. Ash bids an emotional farewell to Pikachu ("The Time Has Come").

At the Gym, Delia and Professor Oak are in the battle arena and locked inside giant cages. Oak asks Delia why the Boss recognized her. She explains that Giovanni is an old boyfriend from when she was a teenager and used to hang out with a bad crowd, which she put behind her when she met Ash's father. She never told this to Ash, fearing that he would not understand. Delia came to hate Giovanni, which he arrives just in time to hear. Realizing Delia has changed, Giovanni tells them that they're here to witness the final battle, as the only attacks left to be learned are Pikachu's electric moves ("You and Me and Pokémon (Reprise)"). Immediately after, the Rockets arrive with the captured Pikachu ("Double Trouble"). Giovanni orders them to battle MechaMew2 using Pikachu. They attempt to command Pikachu, but Pikachu shocks the Rockets instead, knocking them into the cages and allowing Oak and Delia to escape. Giovanni is unconcerned with his prisoners' escape. He realizes that Pikachu's trainer is necessary to make it battle, so he orders Jessie, James, and Meowth to bring Ash to him. They agree and set off to capture Ash ("Double Trouble (Reprise)").

Meanwhile, as she and Brock search fruitlessly for Pikachu, Misty admits that she just wanted Ash to realize that he's alienating his friends—specifically, her. Brock realizes Misty really likes Ash, and Misty denies it by saying Brock wouldn't know anything about liking someone—after all, he's always chasing Nurse Joy and Officer Jenny ("Two Perfect Girls").

Not far away, Delia and Professor Oak continue their discussion about her past and conflict over whether or not to tell it to Ash. Meanwhile, Misty continues to lament over her feelings for Ash. Elsewhere, Ash tells himself that he may have to go on without Pikachu, even if it hurts ("I've Got a Secret"). Soon, all five of them converge in the forest. Delia tells Ash that Giovanni has Pikachu in his hideout and that Team Rocket kidnapped him. Ash is furious, determined to get his Pokémon back and win the Diamond Badge. Before he can leave, Delia tells Ash of her past with Giovanni. Ash is shocked by the news and is in a hurry to leave. Suddenly, Jessie and James appear on scooters, ordering Ash to come with them. The team is utterly shocked when Ash agrees to join them without a fight. The others try to follow, but Meowth says Giovanni only wanted Ash. As Ash and Team Rocket leave, Delia laments that she gave Ash even more of a reason to confront Giovanni. ("Everything Changes (Reprise 2)").

At his headquarters, Giovanni tells MechaMew2 that soon, their conquest of the world will begin. Ash runs in and demands that his Pikachu be returned. When Giovanni hears his surname and realizes he's Delia's son, Ash is angered and tells him to leave his mother out of this. Jessie and James enter announcing their capture of Ash, missing that he had already entered the arena, and celebrate having done two things correctly in one day. The Boss grows annoyed with them and orders them to leave, and they crash their scooters upon exiting. Joyfully reunited with Pikachu, Ash prepares to battle Giovanni and is shocked when he reveals himself to be the Gym Leader from the commercial. Giovanni mockingly gives Ash the Diamond Badge, saying he'll retrieve it after Ash loses.

Ash orders Pikachu to Thundershock, then Thunder MechaMew2, but the attacks do not affect it. MechaMew2 then returns the attacks, rendering Pikachu unable to battle. With that, Giovanni proclaims his victory because his Pokémon has now learned every single attack. Undaunted, Ash engages the Boss in a fistfight ("You Just Can't Win"). Tiring of the scuffle, Giovanni orders MechaMew2 to attack Ash with Hyper Beam, but Mewtwo appears to save Ash with a forcefield. He then attacks MechaMew2 with a collection of Ash's happy memories, like his love for Pokémon and Misty. MechaMew2 speaks for the first time and rebels against Giovanni, revealing that it learned about love and goodness from Ash. Recognizing that Giovanni is evil, MechaMew2 feels it must stop his plans no matter the cost. MechaMew2 puts Giovanni in a headlock and prepares to Selfdestruct, telling Mewtwo to take an unconscious Ash somewhere safe. Mewtwo exits with Ash and Pikachu, but not before explaining to Giovanni that Ash was the one who defeated MechaMew2. Giovanni breaks free of MechaMew2's grip and runs just before it blows up.

In the forest, Ash's friends ask him what happened, but Ash can't remember Mewtwo's sudden appearance or how the battle ended. He does, however, understand that his mom is still his mom, and he loves her regardless of her past. Reaching into his pocket, Ash pulls out the Diamond Badge, saying that he must have won it after all. He gives the badge to Misty as her birthday present while everybody else celebrates his triumph ("Finale"). Just before curtain call, the entire human and Pokémon cast appear and dance, including Giovanni.

Musical numbers

 * Act I
 * 1) You & Me & Pokémon — Ash, Misty, and Brock
 * 2) It Will All Be Mine — Giovanni and Team Rocket.
 * 3) It Will All Be Mine (Reprise) — Giovanni
 * 4) My Best Friends — Ash, Misty, and Brock
 * 5) Everything Changes — Professor Oak and Delia Ketchum
 * 6) Everything Changes (Reprise 1) — Giovanni
 * 7) Misty's Song — Misty
 * 8) The Best at Being the Worst — Team Rocket
 * 9) Pikachu (I Choose You) — Ash

 * Act II
 * 1) What Kind of Pokémon Are You? — Dexter and the Dextettes
 * 2) The Time Has Come — Ash
 * 3) You and Me and Pokémon (Reprise) — Giovanni
 * 4) Double Trouble — Team Rocket
 * 5) Double Trouble (Reprise) — Team Rocket
 * 6) Two Perfect Girls — Brock
 * 7) I've Got a Secret — Delia Ketchum, Misty, and Ash
 * 8) Everything Changes (Reprise 2) — Delia Ketchum
 * 9) You Just Can't Win — Ash and Giovanni
 * 10) Finale — Company

Tour dates
Most of the musical numbers are remakes of songs previously released on the soundtracks Pokémon 2BA Master and Totally Pokémon. Four songs, "It Will All Be Mine", "The Best at Being the Worst", "I've Got a Secret", and "You Just Can't Win", are original songs. "Finale" is a fusion of "You & Me & Pokémon" and "My Best Friends".

Original cast

 * Ash Ketchum (Tenor) - Dominic Nolfi
 * Misty (Belt) - Heidi Weyhmueller
 * Brock (Baritone/Tenor) - Dennis Kenney
 * Giovanni (Baritone) - Darren Dunstan
 * Mrs. Ketchum (Mezzo Soprano) - Dee Roscioli
 * Professor Oak (Tenor) - Patrick Frankfort
 * Pikachu - Jennifer Risser (vocals recorded by Ikue Otani)
 * Jessie (Mezzo Soprano) - Lauren Kling
 * James (Baritone/Tenor) - Andrew Rannells
 * Meowth - Kathleen Roche (vocals recorded by Maddie Blaustein)
 * Psyduck - Leah Smith (vocals recorded by Michael Haigney)
 * Mewtwo - Shaun Bradley (vocals recorded by Jay Goede)
 * Jigglypuff - Leah Smith (vocals recorded by Rachael Lillis)
 * Nurse Joy - Natalie Weld
 * Officer Jenny - Suzanne Wogisch
 * Dexter - Sinclair Mitchell

Critical reception
The play received negative reception from critics. Little Review said "Maybe it's different in Japan, but it's hard to imagine a Japanese version of Pokémon Live!. This show may be based on televised anime, but its antecedents lie in American musicals from The King and I to Annie to The Lion King, with the Solid Gold Dancers and the Backstreet Boys mixed in. If you have a rudimentary knowledge of Pokémon and an enthusiastic underage companion, you'll find that you're having a good time even as your eyes roll towards the projection of Haunter on the ceiling."

title: Pokémon Live!


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Wikipedia talk:No original research/Archive 1

Miscellaneous
Okay, so say I disagree with an article because it discussing some minor viewpoint that has never been refuted because the viewpoint only generated one or two papers that were ignored by the scholarly community. The original idea that is junk has source material. Refuting the idea will require original research because nobody else has done it. How should this be done? I can post a link to say a Kuro5hin discussion. Is that adaquate? Would it be better to create an article in Meta and then link to that? Jrincayc 18:11, 16 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * No, I don't think an article you've created in Meta would be an acceptable source. If there is no original material refuting something, then we can't report that, in my opinion. Angela. 00:41, Jan 21, 2004 (UTC)

Reddi: I'm not really clear on the information you put here, but as far as I can tell #2 at least implies it's OK to outright lie in articles. - Hephaestos 03:32, 6 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * The information is from the links in the article. [please read the links before you rv] ... the other points are from List of alternative, speculative and disputed theories ...
 * Sincerely, JDR

 * I have read them. I see nothing in them that would imply asserting claims which contradict experimentally established results (emphasis mine) is not grounds for exclusion. I apologize however for screwing up and reverting too much earlier, I only question the last edit with the list at the end. - Hephaestos 03:42, 6 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * There are articles, I would guess, that assert claims which contradict experimentally established results ... that in of itself is why some theories are "disputed" it would seem. This does not mean that it's "ok" to lie ... but to note exactly that (ie., whatever the toipic is, that it does contradict the experiments currently know) ... Sincerely, JDR

 * Ah. I think I understand now; let me know if you disagree with my next edit. - Hephaestos 03:52, 6 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * It looks good to me ... hopefully others will comment. JDR 03:56, 6 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Excellent. Thanks! - Hephaestos 04:00, 6 Feb 2004 (UTC)

In a discussion elsewhere on wikipedia (Talk:V%E4nern, I wrote the following. Some of it may be worthwhile in salvaging into the article, but I wouldn't presume adding it myself without some support. Martijn faassen 22:06, 29 Mar 2004 (UTC)

''I come to wikipedia (or any encyclopedia) not to read the original views of an individual but to survey the consensus views (possibly several competing ones) on the state of the world (science, history, culture, etc). This way I see the outline of the landscape, and learn some interesting details mostly undisputed, and see some connections, and see what the important theories and debates are. Wikipedia tries to be careful in presenting different points of view; it is helped in this as so many people can contribute. If at the same time I can run into singular original views unexpectedly, this will reduce the value of the wikipedia as an overview of the world and ideas at large. I cannot trust it in this function anymore.''

''Being an overview and a summary, it cannot present the new ideas of a single individual, no matter how true, because this would be misleading as a summary. An idea shared by many should be presented, an idea shared by a significant minority should be presented, but if all the original ideas of singular individuals are to be presented, the forest would be invisible for the trees. Present these completely original ideas in other channels. If it then becomes well-known and debated, it can enter wikipedia.''

I am in some difficilty here, for what seems to be discussed is original research in new ideas and theories. Where does original historial writing come in? As an example, I have made a special study of early encyclopaedias and have a number of them on my shelves. I wish to write a piece about Rees's Cyclopaedia and have information about the contributors, printing history and content. I have published about this in relation to the work of the technical writer John Farey, jr (1791-1851). I have also written about Farey for the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,  The biographical dictionary of Civil engineers, as well as a number of journal articles on aspects of his life and work. He was the son of John Farey, jr the gologist and discoverer of Farey Numbers, who is mentioned in Wikipedia and deserves a proper page.

I am the only writer on Farey Jr, since the original DNB and I have had no feed-back from anyone. Does this mean I should not include him in Wikipedia? Likewise Rees's Cyclopaedia has never been written up, yet is an important source for Regency endeavour, in particular on the technology and sciences of the time. It is widely quoted by modern writers on the history of technology and industrial archaeology.

The problem in the UK is that technical history (the history of the useful arts) is not studied in higher education. A recent paper stated that we have 1 professor of the history of technology, compared with about 80 in the States. Such journals as there are produced in very small print runs,often <500, and as there is very little academic demand few libraries subscribe to them. I am not suggesting journal articles, but Wikipedia would be an ideal way of disseminating encyelopaedia style writings, especially as they can be linked to other pages of relevance. Apwoolrich 14:04, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't think there is a problem here. If you write an article on Rees's Cyclopaedia, then it's about a clearly-defined thing. The facts can be verified by anyone else with access to a copy. I'd say go ahead. -- Tarquin 21:59, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Where to draw the line?
Where and when does a research topic stop being novel research of a few proposers and start being the kind of received wisdom Jimbo is talking about? I guess the line is rather vague, and I think the following kinds of points constitute cumulative evidence for acceptability:
 * Original ideas are stable and are used in other research;
 * Claims have met with and overcome scholarly challenges;
 * Existence of one or more textbooks, or standard introductory texts;
 * Many researchers beyond the original proponents apply the ideas;
 * Several discussions on mailing lists;
 * Several articles in field are widely cited.

I'm guessing the above sort of criteria will be widely accepted, but the last three criteria are quantitative, and I am not sure what kinds of numbers to attach to them. Somewhat well-defined rules of thumb would be valuable, since the acceptability of quite a lot of material turns on them. I'll suggest that we should be seeing at least 7 citations apart from the core propoents, at least 12 articles principally devoted to the topic, and twenty or so general comments on mailing lists. How does this sound? Should I post this to the main page? Charles Stewart 00:02, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)

-

From What Wikipedia is not:
 * 10. Primary research such as proposing theories and solutions, original ideas, defining terms, coining words, etc. If you have done primary research on a topic, publish your results in normal peer-reviewed journals. Wikipedia will report about your work once it becomes part of accepted human knowledge. But of course you don't have to get all of your information on entries from peer-reviewed journals. See Wikipedia:No original research.

This suggests that the line is drawn in a much less exclusive manner than I suggested above -- once a piece of research has passed the test of peer review, it is considered established knowledge, and so fair game for Wikipedia to document. This gels with the first paragraph of this article:
 * Wikipedia is not a primary source. Specific factual content is not the question. Wikipedia is a secondary source (one that analyzes, assimilates, evaluates, interprets, and/or synthesizes primary sources) or tertiary source (one that generalizes existing research or secondary sources of a specific subject under consideration). A Wikipedia entry is a report, not an essay. Please cite sources.

I've edited the main page accordingly. BTW we need to document tertiary source  Charles Stewart 03:08, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Books and movies
There are a number of wikipedia articles regarding books and movies. While obviously you can't write "critics rave" without citing someone, I am wondering about the plot synopsis that is often included. If you see a movie and give a summary of events, or read a book and give a summary of the topics covered, does that count as original research? --Uncle Bungle 14:03, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I would argue that a plot summary does not fall under what this policy is addressing. A plot summary is a recounting of facts with a minimum of interpretation, which can easily be verfied by any interested party: no original research would apply to the interpretation of a book or movie. As an example, one does not have to argue that the Iliad is about a portion of the siege of Troy,; anyone can read a translation of the book & verify that fact; but to say that the Iliad reflects Homer's psychology & tells us this or that about him is original research & should not be included. One is a matter of observation, the other interpretation, & all interpretations ought to be the work of a published source, properly cited. -- llywrch 22:50, 18 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Wikisource is not the place for original research
Someone had included the statement that "Wikisource is" the place for original research. This is not true. When someone tries to do that at Wikisource, I suggest that they go to Wikibooks, and their material is eventually deleted. One of the continuing pre-requisites for material on Wikisource is that it has been previously published. (The only kind of material that regularly fails in that criterion is computer "source code", and if it were entirely my call I would soon get rid of that.) We do accept the reprinting of material that was itself original material, but will still ask for evidence of previous publication when that is not obvious. Eclecticology 20:32, 2004 Dec 3 (UTC)

Consolidation
I think this is a little confused because discussion of the draft rewrite is going on in two different places. I am going to move a bunch of this to the talk page for the rewrite. Then I'm going to archive a bunch. Maurreen 04:38, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Publications in peer-reviewed journals
I do not think that publication in peer-reviewed journals or other peer-reviewed publications is a sufficient or necessary step for research work to be admissible in Wikipedia:

 * The quality of review of peer-reviewed publications varies greatly between disciplines and between publications. In the current publish or perish athmosphere, getting a paper accepted (possibly in a minor journal) is often just a case of patience.
 * Furthermore, some fields of human endeavour do not really have peer-reviewed publications.

A better criterion, albeit more vague, would be that the theory in question should have sufficient acceptation from the scientific or technical community, or at least sufficient notoriety. David.Monniaux 12:15, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree with this criteria. "per reviewed journal" is provided only as an example. Slrubenstein

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Topolobampo

Topolobampo is a port on the Gulf of California in northwestern Sinaloa, Mexico. It is the fourth-largest town in the municipality of Ahome (after Los Mochis, Ahome, and Higuera de Zaragoza), reporting a 2010 census population of 6,361 inhabitants.

The port connects the northern Mexican states through the Chihuahua-Pacific Railroad, which has a terminus in nearby Los Mochis. It is the eastern port for the daily car ferry connecting to La Paz in Baja California Sur.

Topolobampo is also the beginning of the international trade corridor, "La Entrada al Pacifico", that ends near the Midland-Odessa, Texas area.

History
Topolobampo was the site of a Radical "utopian" colony inspired by Henry George's economic ideas.

That utopian group published a newsletter in English, The Credit Foncier of Sinaloa in Topolobampo. The masthead says "Collective ownership and management for public utilities and conveniences - the community responsible for the health, usefulness, individuality and security of each. - Albert K. Owen." Two pages of one edition (vol. 4, no. 24, September 1, 1889, whole no. 161), has been preserved at Western Reserve Historical Society in Cleveland, Ohio, pasted into a Wallace Cathcart scrapbook on Shakers. Those two pages include an article on the Tyringham, Massachusetts Shakers and correspondence from several prospective members. Evidently the fledgling group hoped to use the reminiscences of Julia Johnson, a former Shaker, to market the concept of a communal society to prospective members.

Climate
Topolobampo has a tropical arid desert climate.

The sea experiences lows of 19 - 20 °C during the winter months, and highs of 29 - 31 °C during the summer months.

title: Topolobampo


text: Category:National Wildlife Refuges in Hawaii


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Joe Bob Goes to the Drive In

Joe Bob Goes to the Drive In is the first book by John Bloom under the pen name Joe Bob Briggs. It consists of his movie reviews written between 1982 and 1985.

Joe Bob was Bloom's satirical creation, allowing him to spoof stereotypical "redneck" Texan values while giving genuine praise to schlock films. It was not widely known until he was fired in 1985 that Briggs was not, in fact, a real person.

Joe Bob exclusively viewed movies in drive-ins, in his Oldsmobile Toronado with any one of several girlfriends. According to his column, he has four ex-wives, and is always on the lookout for "ex-wife number five". An entire fictional cast of characters popped up over the period of the column, who would often be mentioned in the story along with the movie reviews.

The entire book is made up of columns and shorter segments called "Joe Bob's Mailbag," when Joe Bob writes back to his fans, and often his critics. The only two people who actually appear in the first person are Joe Bob and Stephen King, who saw several of his books made into movies during that period and actually wrote the introduction to the book when it was compiled and published in 1987.

Joe Bob/Bloom lived in Texas during the duration of both this book and its sequel, Joe Bob Goes Back to the Drive In. At first his column appeared solely in The Dallas Times-Herald, but was eventually syndicated before Joe Bob was dropped completely. This event actually signals the end of the book, when Joe Bob states that he had been 'killed'.

title: Joe Bob Goes to the Drive In


text: Category talk:National Wildlife Refuges in Hawaii


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Talk:Julia Kapiolani

Two articles on Kapi'olani
I notice there are two articles on Queen Kapi'olani, one here and the other under Queen Kapiolani. Looks like there were past attempts to redirect one to the other. Could we get a consensus on which should redirect to the other? KeithH 02:15, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Hmmm... I thought we fixed this problem a long time ago. I think the main article should go under Kapiolani because she was and still is more commonly known by that single name.  --Gerald Farinas 06:59, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, I'll go ahead and redirect it there. Thanks, Gerald.  KeithH 07:26, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Julia Kapiolani


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Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł

Mikołaj Krzysztof Radziwiłł (4 February 1515 – 28 May 1565), nicknamed the Black (Czarny), was a Lithuanian and Polish noble who held several administrative positions within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, including the Voivode of Vilnius, Grand Lithuanian Chancellor, and the Grand Hetman of Lithuania. He was also Reichsfürst (Prince) of the Holy Roman Empire.

Alternate renditions of his name include Mikalojus Radvila Juodasis, Мікалай Радзівіл Чорны, and Nicolaus Radvil. His first name is sometimes given in English as Nicholas.

Political influence
Mikołaj was able to gain much political influence thanks to the romance between his cousin Barbara Radziwiłł and the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Sigismund II Augustus. This made him one of the most powerful royal advisers. Mikołaj became Marshal of Lithuania, Grand Chancellor of Lithuania, as well as Palatine of Vilnius, gained immense wealth and became the most powerful magnate in the Commonwealth of that time. The growing influence of the Radziwiłł family was further bolstered when, during a diplomatic mission to Charles V and Ferdinand I, he and his cousin Mikołaj the Red received a hereditary title of Prince (Reichsfürst (SRI)).

He formed an alliance with his cousin Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł against other notable Lithuanian families in the rivalry for the dominant status in the Great Duchy of Lithuania. This alliance marked the formation of a dynastic-like cooperation between Radziwiłłs and showed how family interests could affect magnates' relations with the state. Both Radziwiłłs backed the cause of Lithuania's sovereignty and opposed the growing Polish-Lithuanian union.

Despite opposing close ties with Poland, he was the chief negotiator in the successful negotiation between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the state controlled by the Livonian Order, which led to the secularisation of Livonia and its union with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1562.

Mikołaj contributed to the ongoing Polonisation of the Grand Duchy, influencing other Lithuanian nobles to follow him in adopting Polish culture – its fashion, customs and language. Despite being a fervent opponent of the closer union with Poland, he was an active supporter of Polish culture in Lithuania. He himself did not speak Lithuanian, his knowledge of Ruthenian was limited. Polish was his native language and the only one he was able to use fluently.

Religious activities
He was known for his religious beliefs, as he was one of the most prominent converts and advocates of the Reformed churches faith in Grand Duchy of Lithuania. He provided financial support for the printing of the first complete Polish translation of the Bible in 1563 in Brest-Litovsk, distributed works written in defense of the Reformed faith, financed a church and college in Vilnius, supported educated Protestants, and in various other ways fostered the Calvinist faith. He is known to have exchanged letters with John Calvin and protected religious exiles from Italy. Because Protestants supported usage of local languages, he is also believed to have funded Lithuanian churches and schools.

Legacy
With the exception of his daughter Anna, all his children converted to Roman Catholicism and became ardent supporters of the Counter Reformation.

He is remembered by a statue in the Brest Millennium Monument.

Cited sources

 * Józef Jasnowski, Mikołaj Czarny Radziwiłł (1515-1565). Kanclerz i marszałek ziemski Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego, wojewoda wileński, Oświęcim 2014.

title: Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł


text:
Category talk:National Wildlife Refuges in Hawaii/to do

 * Big Island National Wildlife Refuge Complex
 * Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge
 * Kona Forest National Wildlife Refuge
 * Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge
 * Kauai National Wildlife Refuge Complex
 * Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge
 * Huleia National Wildlife Refuge
 * Kilauea Point National Wildlife Refuge
 * Maui National Wildlife Refuge Complex
 * Kakahaia National Wildlife Refuge
 * Kealia Pond National Wildlife Refuge
 * Oahu National Wildlife Refuge Complex
 * James Campbell National Wildlife Refuge
 * Oahu Forest National Wildlife Refuge
 * Pearl Harbor National Wildlife Refuge

For details, see official USFWS profile at


text:
Talk:FOB

Removed Useless Acronym
I removed an acronym for a Counter-Strike clan, as this is obviously not in widespread use and thus doesn't really belong on the disambaguation page. 162.53.103.225 03:18, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

Freight On Board
This should be "free on board". Obviously this person who wrote: "freight on board" has no clue about international nor domestic shipment transactions.

fob (plural fobs)

noun Definition: 1. chain for pocket watch: a chain or ribbon used to attach a pocket watch to a vest

2. ornament on key ring: an ornament attached to a key ring

3. ornament on chain: a watch or ornament worn on the end of a chain or ribbon attached to clothing

4. pocket for watch: a small pocket on a vest for a watch

5. electronic device for opening doors - a small portable electronic device that activates a door lock

[Mid-17th century. Origin ?]

Since there are so many meanings for this term, should we turn this into a disambiguation page? 76.64.185.147 03:27, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

Agreed, this IS a disambig page, although a badly written one which needs some cleanup, see Manual of Style (disambiguation pages). NPalmius 00:12, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

If it is used by a subpopulation (Desi) of a subpopulation (students) of a single municipality (Toronto), than Fresh off Bloor is too obscure. Moc.aidepikiw 17:14, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

Ghetto FoBulous
People who are FoBBy and ghetto...e.g. speaks no english, greasy hair, listens to hip-hop music, wears tacky large jewelery/gold chains with large pendant representing his/her FoBBineSS, 20" rims on a Toyota Camry with large decal on rear window. Acts as though his "fobness" is non-existing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by MRattu (talk • contribs) 04:08, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

Split or merge
I think FOB and Fob would be better off as a single dab page Fob. The reader who types "fob" into the "Go" box doesn't care that sometimes it's an acronym and sometimes it's a word. They're looking for an article. Let's help them find it, not make them jump through hoops. No? — DragonHawk (talk|hist) 16:15, 9 November 2009 (UTC)

Totally agree with the sentiment there Drags. I am concerned mostly that there are redirects left right and centre that redirect to the DAB so the user, indeed, clicks a link and then it goes to a DAB which goes to another DAB and so forth. I have tried to clear these up a little but it is still a difficulty, and would be good to get consensus. Meanwhile I am taking a little of WP:BOLD and moving articles to have the same title as the page name' under WP:TITLE, I guess at some time in the past it was moved for example from Faecial to Fecal against WP:ENGVAR but cannot find it, but either way it is inconsistent, either the article title should match the lead or not. So a lot of gnoming along the way, please forgive the imperfections; that is exactly why I wanted others' opinions. It is always a bit tricky to know where to list, so I am quite happy if you know better than me.

Thank you and best wishes Si Trew (talk) 16:36, 9 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Yep, that seems pretty perfect to me. Good work. I think my consise definitions serve the purpose, since you have not changed them. Seems great to me. Si Trew (talk) 22:20, 11 November 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:FOB


text:
Bocchus II

Bocchus II was a king of Mauretania in the 1st century BC. He was the son of Mastanesosus, who died in 49 BC, upon which Bocchus inherited the throne.

Biography
He was surely the son of Mastanesosus, king of Mauretania. His father was identified from the Latin legends of the coins that give the exact lineage Rex Bocchus Sosi f or Sos fi and cannot be read other than "King Bocchus son of Sosus". By the De Bello Africo it is known that in 49 BC, the kingdom of Sosus, which had also been that of the earlier Bocchus I, had been divided between Bocchus II and Bogud, who were brothers. Bocchus II ruled over the eastern part of Mauretania and had Iol as capital and his brother Bogud ruled over the western part of Mauretania and had Volubilis as capital. The only known things about his rule were three events: his relations with Sittius, his part in the war against Juba I and the Pompeians, and the annexation of Western Mauretania. He was recognized as king by the Caesarean Senate in 49 BC, but he was previously hostile to Juba and it is unknown when exactly his reign began. It is certain that by this time, him and his brother Bogud, would plead in favor of Caesar against the Pompeians and their ally Juba I, king of Numidia.

Conquest of Numidia
During the Roman civil war of 49–45 BC, Bocchus and Sittius invaded Numidia, overthrowing Massinissa II, whose kingdom was easily conquered, and seized Cirta within a few days, the capital of the kingdom of Juba I, who was thus obliged to abandon the idea of joining Metellus Scipio against Caesar. Bocchus' actions stopped there, but Sittius continued the fight, beating Saburra, the lieutenant of Juba, capturing Faustus Sulla, and Afranius, leading his fleet to Hippo Regius, where he caught Metellus Scipio's ship rushing. At the end of the war, Caesar bestowed upon Bocchus part of the territory of Masinissa II, Juba's ally, which was recovered by Massinissa's son Arabio after Caesar's murder. The kingdom of Mauretania thus extended to Ampsaga. The rest of the kingdom of Massinissa II, the region near the sea north of Cirta and the territory of Cirta, which had belonged to Juba, were given to Sittius.

Annexation of Western Mauretania and death
Dio Cassius says that Bocchus sent his sons to support Sextus Pompeius in Spain, while Bogud fought on the side of Caesar, and there is no doubt that after Caesar's death Bocchus supported Octavian, and Bogud Antony.

During Bogud's absence in Spain, Bocchus II seized the whole of Mauretania, and was confirmed sole ruler by Octavian. Thus Bocchus II reconstituted a unification of a larger Mauretanian kingdom than Bocchus I and Sosus had ever known. He died without heir in 33 BC, donating his kingdom to Augustus, who, after a brief period of direct administration (33 BC - 25 BC), gave it in 25 BC to Juba II, the son of Juba I and king of Numidia. Subsequently, Numidia (except of Western Numidia) was directly annexed to the Roman Empire as the part of the Roman province of Africa Proconsularis, whereas the kingdom of Mauretania (enlarged by Western Numidia) continued as a Roman client state under kings Juba II (25 BC – AD 23) and his son and successor Ptolemy of Mauretania (20 – 40) until it was annexed to the Roman Empire during the reign of Claudius.

title: Bocchus II


text: User talk:69.141.184.37

title: User talk:69.141.184.37


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for comment/John Kenney

For a December 2004 deletion debate over this page see Votes for deletion/Requests for comment John Kenney

Claim by Slrubenstein
This is virtually identical to a complaint against me, and has as little merit. I think CheeseDream is fast approaching a dangerous point of subverting Wikipedia. I know some people think I just don't like her and am caught in a silly cycle of conflict. I believe that virtually every instance of conflict between us is over a matter of substance. In this case, CheeseDreams took an article that is currently protected (because of a revert war between me and her), copied it, and put it under a new space with a new name. She claims this is in the spirit of compromise, and I believe that this is laughable on its face. Presumably, the compromise would be that the original article (Cultural and historical background of Jesus) would be reverted to the form she likes, leaving me to enjoy the form I like. There are three reasons why this is not a compromise. First, I know of no example in wikipedia where a conflict over an article was resolved by having two versions of the article. Our goal should be one verifiable NPOV article for one topic or issue, not different articles different only in representing the views of a different editor. This smacks in the face of everything Wikipedia stands for and is a bad precedent. Second, CheeseDreams' move is disingenuous because she added all sorts of tags (neutrality and accurcacy under dispute) to the second copy of the article. In other words, she simply wishes to continue the arguments she has had with me over the original article, at a second space. Third, the article she favors is still, in the mind of me and several other editors, deeply flawed and will continue to be questioned and worked on.

There is a substantive issue facing us as a community: how to deal with conflicts. I asked for mediation; CheeseDreams said she would not accept any mediator I suggested; I accepted her choice of mediator -- and she has now rejected that mediator. I have put in another request for mediation and if this is not possible I will request arbitration. This is the way to deal with conflicts here. CheeseDreams is subverting that process by creating several copies of the same article under different names. This is the issue. John Kenny is merely trying to maintain the most basic level of order here, which we surely all agree is, one article = one article. When there are duplicate articles with different titles, redirects are normal and that is all he (and I) did. CheeseDreams' constant reversion of the redirects is the problem, not John's actions. Slrubenstein

Counterclaim by CheeseDreams
The comment above is by Slrubenstein, who committed the same act, though was less involved in the revert war than John Kenny. As a team they have consistently opposed my editing throughout, and their actions can be considered taken together.

With regard to the nature of the article
 * It is irrelevant to the nature of this RfC - an abuse of adminship
 * And discussing it acts as an ad hominem against me
 * Ad hominem - you keep using that word. I do not think it means what you think it means. john k 03:04, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I think the description at A is accurate. CheeseDreams 07:18, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I would concur. I see nothing there that indicates that you are properly using the term. john k 15:56, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * You didn't read the whole of the first paragraph which contains "replying to an argument or assertion by addressing the person presenting the argument or assertion rather than the argument itself" then. CheeseDreams 21:25, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Surely your behavior is entirely relevant to the issue under discussion, since you were the participant I was disputing with. Therefore it is not an ad hominem to discuss the appropriateness of your behavior, as it forms the context of my decision. This is not a discussion of the substance of the article.  It is a discussion of my behavior in protecting the article.  Since my protection was based on your behavior with respect to the article, it is perfectly appropriate to discuss what exactly you did.  If somebody else unrelated to our dispute had said something in support of you, and I or Slr had talked about his past misconduct, that would be an ad hominem.  But your behavior is perfectly germane here, and so this is not an ad hominem. john k 22:08, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * No, its completely irrelevant. This RfC is not about what I did. Nor is it about why you did what you have done. It is about what you did. You broke the rules. Your reason is irrelevent to the accuracy of the fact. CheeseDreams 00:10, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Of course your behavior is relevant. To determine if what I did was a serious violation of my privileges as a sysop, or merely a technical violation that did not violate the spirit of the rules, an assessment of your behavior is perfectly in order.  At any rate, no matter what it is, it is not an ad hominem. john k 02:28, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * It is discussed fully on that article's talk page. Including a comment by a mediator discussing why its existance was acceptable.

CheeseDreams 02:26, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * "Ad hominem" means "playing the man, not the ball" jguk 19:04, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The real issue here isn't the conduct of a handful of admins, it's the abuse of the RFC and RFAR process by a malicious user. And one who speaks of a "cabal of fundamentalists" would do well not to complain so loudly about "ad hominem attacks." This situation warrants playing the man, not the ball. Rhobite 20:38, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * If you don't see a cabal. Look around you. Darling. CheeseDreams 00:10, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Comments
In reply to WikiUser's comment that users should not endorse John Kenney's response unless they're directly involved in this dispute: That isn't how I read the directions. If I and other users agree with John's assessment of the situation, we're free to endorse his response. That section is written by the sysop whose actions are disputed, but anyone may endorse it. Rhobite 21:20, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Urm, not quite. You can only endorse it if you think he did NOT violate policy (regardless of what else about his response you may agree). He admits he did violate policy. So either you have to state "he violated policy" and sign my section, or state "he is lying" and sign his. So is he a liar (i.e. violates the misrepresentation policy) or does he violate policy? CheeseDreams 21:28, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Urm, I endorse his summary and that's it. Rhobite 21:31, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

For reference, these are the instructions for the response section (WikiUser only quoted part of this):
 * This is a summary written by the sysop whose actions are disputed, or by other users who think that the dispute is unjustified and that the sysop's actions did not violate policy. Users who edit or endorse this summary should not edit the other summaries.

Reading these directions, it's clear that this puts no restriction on who is allowed to endorse the summary. It does suggest that third parties should not write a response if they believe the sysop violated policy, but that's just common sense. Rhobite 21:30, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

Yes, my understanding is that anyone may endorse my summary. Since I admitted that I violated the letter (if not the spirit) of the sysop guidelines, it wouldn't make sense for people to have to think I didn't violate the letter of the sysop guidelines to endorse my summary. Does it? john k 22:10, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

To highlight that statement of what the section is
 * This is a summary written by John Kenney, or by other users who think that the dispute is unjustified and that John Kenney's actions did not violate policy. Users who edit or endorse this summary should not edit the other summaries.

If you think (like he himself) that he violated policy (whether technically or not) then you are not allowed to sign that section. Or are you calling him a liar when he says he did? CheeseDreams 21:18, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

CheeseDreams, those who think that the dispute is unjustified and that my actions did not violate policy may write a summary. Those who agree with my summary may endorse my summary. If they wanted to write their own summary, it should go in outside views. john k 21:28, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The section specifically states that it is for you, and for those who agree with you and do not think you violated policy. Since holding both of these views is an oxymoron (as they would have to agree that you violated policy and that they do not think that you did), they are not allowed to sign that section. CheeseDreams 23:03, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * By my reading of it, it only says who the statement is written by, not who can sign it. Even if we ignore that, they're also allowed to sign if they think the dispute is unjustified, regardless of their thoughts on whether there was a policy violation. Shane King 10:14, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)

Further Comments
John Kenney stated "the redirect version apparently supported by everyone except CheeseDreams". Looking at the edit history, it appears that "everyone" means John Kenney and Slrubenstein (who also violated Policy to protect the redirect). CheeseDreams 21:26, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Preserving these pages
While I agree that these pages should not be deleted, in spite of failure to certify, because they are evidence for a potential arbitration, I do not see any value in allowing either the page itself or the talk page to continue to be edited. It simply allows people (or, rather, CheeseDreams) to continue to beat up on me despite the RfC not getting certified. Why don't we protect both page and talk page of these failed RfCs until such time as they are deleted? john k 00:22, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Now that's just hypocrisy. CheeseDreams 19:08, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I would like it preserved as evidence against YOU. BUT...CheeseDreams 19:08, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Constitutive

Constitutive may refer to:

 * In physics, a constitutive equation is a relation between two physical quantities
 * In ecology, a constitutive defense is one that is always active, as opposed to an inducible defense
 * Constitutive theory of statehood
 * In biochemistry and pharmacology, a constitutively active receptor produces a biological response in the absence of a bound ligand
 * In genetics, a constitutive gene is always expressed – see constitutive expression

title: Constitutive


text:
Olsen Field at Blue Bell Park

Olsen Field at Blue Bell Park is a baseball stadium in College Station, Texas, that is home to the Texas A&M baseball program. The stadium was dedicated on March 21, 1978, and is named in honor of C. E. "Pat" Olsen, a 1923 graduate of Texas A&M University and a former baseball player in the New York Yankees minor league system. Olsen Field has served as an NCAA regional site five times and had its 1999 regional attendance ranked second with 53,287. The first NCAA Regional Tournament held at Olsen Field was in 1989. In 2004 Sports Illustrated on Campus ranked Olsen Field "the best college baseball venue."

Olsen Field underwent a major renovation that began on June 7, 2011, funded in part by donations from the owners of Blue Bell Creameries, based in nearby Brenham. In return, Blue Bell gained naming rights. Some new features of the stadium included an expanded concourse and concessions area, luxury suites, a new press box, club seating, two grass berms, expanded locker rooms and coaches offices, a student athletic center, and extended seating closer to the field. However, the seating capacity was decreased from 7,000 to 5,400 to accommodate the changes (although with standing room only will still hold over 7,000). Olsen Field reopened on February 17, 2012, for the first game of the 2012 baseball season even though some projects were not completely finished; the remaining work was completed on non-game days.

In 2015, the Aggies ranked 7th among Division I baseball programs in attendance, averaging 4,857 per home game. On April 13, 2024, a new post-renovation attendance record was set, with 8,075 watching the Texas A&M Aggies defeat the Vanderbilt Commodores by a score of 9-0.

title: Olsen Field at Blue Bell Park


text:
Eddie Stanky

Edward Raymond Stanky (born Stankiewicz  (September 3, 1915 – June 6, 1999) was an American professional baseball second baseman, shortstop, and manager. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Chicago Cubs, Brooklyn Dodgers, Boston Braves, New York Giants, and St. Louis Cardinals between 1943 and 1953. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

It took Stanky eight years to reach the major leagues at age 27, after starting out at Greenville, Mississippi, in the East Dixie League, where he was a teammate of future St. Louis Cardinals star Harry Brecheen, whom Stanky would manage in St. Louis in 1952. After spending a brief time as a player-manager, he transitioned to managing full-time, ending his MLB career in 1968, along with a brief return in 1977. In the interim, he had a successful run as an NCAA baseball manager.

"He just knows how to win"
Stanky was famous for his ability to draw walks; he drew 100 or more walks in each of six different seasons, 140 or more in two of them. In 1946, he hit just .273 but his 137 walks allowed him to lead the league in OBP with .436, edging out Stan Musial—who led in more than ten hitting categories. His best season was probably 1950 with the Giants, when he hit an even .300 and led the league in walks (144) and OBP (.460). On August 30, he tied a major league record when he walked in seven consecutive plate appearances (in two games). Leo Durocher, who managed him with the Dodgers and Giants, once summed up Stanky's talents: he said the second baseman "can't hit, can't run, can't field [but] he just knows how to win." Yankee shortstop Phil Rizzuto still complained years later about a notorious play during Game 3 of the 1951 World Series in which Stanky kicked the ball loose from Rizzuto's glove as he slid into second base, instrumental in the Giant win that put them ahead two games to one, although they lost the next three and the Series with it. Stanky himself said, "I would spike my mother if it meant being safe on a close play."

As a runner at third base with less than two out, he would station himself several feet back of the bag, in shallow left field. He would time the arc of any outfield fly and then take off running, step on third as the catch was being made and continue to run at full speed, making it almost impossible to throw him out at home, a tactic eventually outlawed as a result. He was also (in)famous for what came to be called "the Stanky maneuver", distracting opposing hitters by jumping up and down and waving his arms behind the pitcher from his second base position.

Stanky was also a master of the "delayed steal" in which the runner feigns disinterest after the pitch, but instead of walking back to first breaks for second as soon as the infielders return to their normal positions. As Cardinal player-manager, he would hold up games close to being called on account of darkness or curfew when that would benefit his team, by walking leisurely to the mound from second base or the dugout (when not playing) after every pitch to confer with his pitcher, eventually resulting in the one-trip-per-inning rule.

Contribution to breaking the color barrier
Stanky contributed to the breaking of the color barrier as a member of the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947. Upon first meeting Jackie Robinson at spring training, Stanky told him he was not in favor of integrating baseball, and that he was unhappy that it was his own team doing it, but that despite his own personal feelings, Robinson was now his teammate, and Stanky promised he would have his back. When Robinson began playing that season, he was treated harshly and discriminated against, and frequently taunted with insults and threats by players from the opposing teams. Stanky stayed silent at first, but finally yelled back at Ben Chapman's racist insults during a game. Not long afterward, the other Dodgers began to stand up for Robinson as well. The incident is portrayed in the film 42. Stanky is played by Jesse Luken.

Robinson, a natural second baseman, was shifted to first base in his rookie season as Stanky was already the Dodgers' second baseman and leadoff hitter. Robinson credited Stanky with giving him tips that made the transition to first base easier. Before the 1948 season began, Stanky was traded to the Boston Braves so that Robinson could return to his natural position and also bat leadoff. Stanky also demanded a trade because he thought Durocher had taken Branch Rickey's side in a salary dispute, which Stanky considered "a knife in my back."

Manager of Cardinals and White Sox
He appeared in three World Series in the five years between 1947 and 1951—with three different National League champions, the Dodgers, Braves and Giants, all of whom lost to their American League opponents. In 1948, he was on pace to have his finest season. Batting .320 in July, his season was interrupted on July 8 when he broke his right leg in a collision with Bruce Edwards while trying to return to third base during a game. Originally expected to be out for just two weeks, Stanky did not play again for the Braves until September 19 and was used sparingly in the remainder of the regular season. Following the 1951 World Series, in which he played in all six games for the Giants but hit an anemic .136, he was traded to the Cardinals as player-manager.

In 1952, his Cardinals won seven more games than they had in 1951 and he was chosen Major League Manager of the Year by The Sporting News. The Cards advanced from fourth to third place in the National League standings, although finishing 15 $1⁄2$ games behind the pennant-winning Dodgers. But Stanky's time as Cardinal manager coincided with the slow decline of the team and its farm system from its glory days in the 1940s and the ownership transition from Fred Saigh to August "Gussie" Busch. On May 27, 1955, after a 17–19 start, he was fired.

Stanky then managed the Triple-A Minneapolis Millers (1956) before returning to the Majors as a coach for the Cleveland Indians (1957–58). He then spent almost six seasons in the Cardinal front office in charge of player development (1959–64), moving on to the New York Mets in a similar capacity in 1965.

In 1966, he succeeded Al López as the Chicago White Sox' manager. The White Sox had been runners-up in the American League (AL) for three successive seasons (1963–65), averaging almost 96 victories per year, but Stanky's maiden squad won only 83 games and fell to fourth place. However, his 1967 White Sox team — built on speed and pitching but hampered by an impotent offense — contended for the pennant until the last week of the season in a thrilling four-team race. But they lost their last five games to the lowly Kansas City Athletics and Washington Senators, and finished three games behind the surprise pennant winners, the "Impossible Dream" Boston Red Sox.

In 1968, the White Sox got off to a terrible start, losing their first ten games (extending their regular-season losing streak to 15 games dating from 1967). They recovered slightly but were only 34–45 on July 11, when Stanky was fired and López came out of retirement to reclaim his old job. One of his players, Tommy John, recalled that "When Eddie Stanky took over as manager of the White Sox in 1966, people would tell me what an absolute tyrant he was, an S.O.B., a slave driver. Yet I probably learned more baseball under Eddie than any manager I ever played for. I wish I could have played for him ten years. He was just that good."

Stanky used to have pitchers throw batting practice without a protective screen, presumably to encourage toughness. He expected his players to know the statistics of the opposing team. A pet peeve of his was when he would see players reading the Wall Street Journal. "Guys today are more worried about their investments than they are about their batting averages," Stanky complained.

Success as college baseball coach
After his firing in Chicago, Stanky became the head baseball coach of the University of South Alabama in 1969, compiling a 490–195-2 (.714) record with five NCAA baseball tournament appearances over 14 seasons. He returned to MLB on June 22, 1977, as manager of the Texas Rangers, replacing Frank Lucchesi who was dismissed earlier that day despite the team being four games out of first place in the AL West. The 10–8 victory over the Minnesota Twins at Metropolitan Stadium later that night was the only Rangers game he would manage. He submitted his resignation due to homesickness the following day on June 23 and returned to college coaching at South Alabama. His 18 hours on the job is one of the shortest managerial stints in MLB history. According to Leo Durocher's autobiography, Stanky quit because he couldn't adapt to the attitudes of modern baseball players. He was succeeded on an interim basis by third‐base coach Connie Ryan and a more permanent one by Billy Hunter four days later on June 27. His career MLB managerial mark was 467–435 (.518).

Stanky was inducted into the Mobile Sports Hall of Fame in 1990. He died of a heart attack in 1999 at age 83 in Fairhope, Alabama. He was buried in the Catholic Cemetery of Mobile.

Eddie Stanky Field, the ballpark of the University of South Alabama baseball team, is named for him.

Legacy
Stanky was good friends with Alvin Dark, his roommate when the two played together on the Braves and Giants. As players, both dreamed of managing major league teams one day, and Dark spoke highly of Stanky's baseball intelligence. "Stanky knew so much more about the game than anybody else. If there were ten possible percentage plays to make, most guys would know four or five. Stanky would know ten." After their careers, the two did not correspond as much; Dark speculated this was because of his divorce, as Stanky was a devout Catholic.

title: Eddie Stanky


text:
Chopin (disambiguation)

Frédéric Chopin (1810–1849) was a Polish composer and pianist.

Chopin may also refer to:
 * Chopin (surname), a list of people with the surname

Places

 * Warsaw Chopin Airport, an airport in Poland
 * Chopin, Louisiana, an unincorporated community in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, United States
 * Chopin, Louisiana, an unincorporated community in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, United States

Ships

 * Chopin (ship), a Polish sailing ship
 * Fryderyk Chopin (ship), a Polish sailing ship

Other uses

 * Chopin (opera), a 1901 opera by Giacomo Orefice, libretto by Angiolo Orvieto
 * Chopin: Desire for Love, a 2002 biographical film
 * 3784 Chopin, an asteroid
 * Chopin (crater), a crater on Mercury
 * Chopin (vodka), an alcoholic beverage
 * Chopin (unit), an obsolete Scottish unit of volume

title: Chopin (disambiguation)


text:
Texas University

Texas University or t.u. is a name for the University of Texas at Austin, sometimes used in a derogatory manner by students at Texas A&M University.

Texas University may also refer to:
 * Southwestern University in Georgetown, Texas, which used the name Texas University from 1872 to 1875
 * Texas College in Tyler, Texas
 * Texas State University in San Marcos, Texas

title: Texas University


text:
Xhamlliku

Xhamlliku, Xhamllëku or Xhomlliku is a neighborhood in Tirana, the capital of Albania.

It is so called because of a bar situated there in Communist times that had a glass (xham) façade. This is one of the most populated and famous neighborhoods of Tirana.

title: Xhamlliku


text:
Members of the Australian House of Representatives, 1984–1987

This is a list of members of the Australian House of Representatives from 1984 to 1987, as elected at the 1984 federal election. They were together known as the 34th Parliament.

 * The Labor member for Scullin (VIC), Harry Jenkins Sr., resigned on 20 December 1985. His son, Harry Jenkins, won the resulting by-election.


text:
Condyloma

Condyloma (plural: "Condylomata", from Greek “kondylōma” "knuckle") refers two types of infection of the genitals:
 * Condyloma acuminata, or genital warts, caused by human papilloma virus subtypes 6, 11, and others
 * Condylomata lata, white lesions associated with secondary syphilis

title: Condyloma


text:
Ron Smith (comics)

Ronald George Smith (1928 – 10 January 2019)  was an English comic artist whose career spanned almost fifty years. Primarily producing strips for the two main publishers, DC Thomson and IPC Magazines, Smith was best known for drawing Judge Dredd for 2000 AD and the Daily Star.

Early life and work
Smith was born in Bournemouth in 1928, the son of a structural engineer. He studied to become an engineer himself, but his studies were interrupted by the outbreak of World War II. Smith enlisted as a pilot with the Empire Flying Training Programme, and ended up flying mark 19 Spitfires (a photo-reconnaissance model). He was demobbed in 1947, and joined the Gaumont British animation studio, alongside future comics artists Mike Western and Eric Bradbury.

After Gaumont British's parent company, the Rank Organisation, went bust in 1949, Smith found work drawing comics for the Amalgamated Press under editor Leonard Matthews, starting on Knockout with humour strips like "Deed-a-Day Danny" and "Young Joey". His first adventure strip was an adaptation of the Burt Lancaster film The Flame and the Arrow in 1951. More adventure work, including "Ryan of the Redcoats" and adaptations of the western films Buffalo Stampede and The Last Outpost for The Comet, followed. He also contributed art for the Eagle.

D. C. Thomson
In 1952 he was hired by D. C. Thomson & Co. as an illustrator for boys' story papers like Hotspur, Adventure and The Wizard under editor R. D. Low. Smith was now married with a child and no longer wanted to live in bomb-damaged London, so Thomsons bought him a house outside Dundee, where they had their headquarters, paid for from deductions from his wages. He also drew for their girls' comics Bunty and Judy.

In 1963 he was sent to South Africa by The Scotsman newspaper to find Jeannie Stewart of the anti-apartheid group Black Sash, who had been sending the paper material but had been stopped by the South African authorities. Because his passport gave his profession as "artist", rather than "journalist", it was felt he would arouse less suspicion. He found her and, after going on safari in the Kruger National Park to maintain his cover as a tourist, was able to bring some material back for the paper.

In 1972 he left D. C. Thomson's staff and went freelance, moving to Surrey, although he continued to draw for Thomsons' comics, primarily Hotspur. Strips he drew included "The Cowboy Cricketer", and "Nick Jolly", a fantasy story about an eighteenth-century highwayman brought forward in time by well-meaning aliens to fight the sinister arch-villain Simon Death on his robotic, jet-powered horse Bess. He pushed for Thomsons to publish superhero strips, and was eventually given the go-ahead to create "King Cobra", who first appeared in Hotspur in 1976 and ran until 1980. Other titles he drew for include humour titles The Topper, The Dandy and The Beezer, and boys' adventure titles The Victor and Warlord, for which he drew "Drake of E-Boat Alley" and "Codename Warlord". He also did some uncredited work for Marvel Comics in the USA.

2000 AD
In 1979 he began drawing "Judge Dredd" for IPC's 2000 AD, and during the early to mid-1980s, Ron Smith was among the most prolific artists working on the character. Along with Brian Bolland and Mike McMahon he contributed to two of the character's most popular epic-length stories, "The Day the Law Died" and "The Judge Child".

Amongst the more grotesque characters created by Smith was Otto Sump, Mega-City One's ugliest man, with Smith excelling himself in "The Otto Sump Ugly Clinic" depicting the horrific length citizens of the metropolis go to in making themselves look as physically repulsive as possible. Smith was responsible for the majority of ugly-spin-off stories including "Gunge", "Who Killed Pug Ugly?" about an ugly pop star and "The League of Fatties" about over-eaters gone to extremes (although the first Fatty story was actually drawn by McMahon in a previous Annual). The "Get Ugly!" 2000AD cover has been used at least twice as a T-shirt design. Other Dredd stories which featured Smith at the peak of his powers were the Pat Mills scripted "Blood of Satanus" where he more than effectively depicted a man's transformation into a blood-thirsty Tyrannosaurus rex, "The Hot-Dog Run" featuring a group of cadet Judges on a training mission in the Cursed Earth and "The Graveyard Shift", an extended narrative covering one typically crime-filled night in Mega-City One. Ron Smith also co-created the anti-hero Chopper in "Unamerican Graffiti" and Dave the orang-utan who became Mayor of Mega-City One. Smith also created some of the most memorable 2000 AD cover images, and produced a number of other strips produced for the comic, including "Rogue Trooper" and "Chronos Carnival".

Smith went on to draw for other IPC titles, including M.A.S.K., Eagle, Wildcat and Toxic Crusaders before retiring in the 1990s.

Daily Star
Smith drew the weekly Dredd strip for the Daily Star newspaper.

D. C. Thomson

 * Warlord
 * "Codename Warlord", No. 3, 10, 17, 22, 29, 59, 68, 75, 95, 116
 * "Drake of E-Boat Alley", #20–36
 * Cover, No. 12
 * Hotspur
 * "Nick Jolly", #787–816, 819
 * Covers, Hotspur Annual, 1976, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1982
 * The Victor
 * "The Menace in Pit 19", #29–36

IPC/Fleetway

 * 2000AD
 * "Judge Dredd", No. 104, 106–108, 111–112, 117–119, 121–25, 128–29, 131–32, 134–35, 137, 140–43, 148, 152–54, 157–59, 164–65, 167–69, 173–75, 179–81, 186–89, 192, 197–200, 202–03, 206–07, 209–223, 233–35, 237–244, 273–74, 280, 289–290 & 295, 300–03, 315–18, 329–330, 335–341, 346–49, 356–58, 366–68, 377–383, 387–89, 393–407, 414–15, 421–22, 430–33, 436, 442, 445–46 & 448–49, 499, 700–701, 824, 835–836, 855, 873–879, 895–896, 899. (1979–1994)
 * "Survivor", #639–644 (1989)
 * "Tales from the Doghouse: Moosey", #649 (1989)
 * "Chronos Carnival"
 * "Rogue Trooper", #712–723, 776–779(1991–1992)
 * "Harlem Heroes", #776–779 (1992)

Marvel UK

 * Transformers No. 84 "Target:2006: Part 4 – Wreck and Rule!" (with Simon Furman, Marvel UK, 1986, collected in Target 2006, 136 pages, Titan Books, August 2002, ISBN 1-84023-510-1, IDW Publishing, January 2008, ISBN 1-60010-148-8)

title: Ron Smith (comics)


text:
G. Rollie White Coliseum

The G. Rollie White Coliseum was an on-campus arena at Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas, in the United States. Often referred to as the "Jollie Rollie" or "The Holler House on the Brazos", the arena was the home of Texas A&M's Aggie volleyball team, which played there since its inception in 1975 until 2009. Before the building of Reed Arena in 1998, G. Rollie White was also the home to the men's and women's basketball teams. Demolition of the Coliseum in August, 2013 made way for the redevelopment of Kyle Field.

The building was built in 1954, and was located directly to the northeast of Kyle Field. The U-shaped building seated 7,800 in the main grandstand on three sides, with a small auxiliary bleacher section on the flat end of the building. The sandstone exterior was originally visible outside the northern corner of the field.

The renovation of the Memorial Student Center (MSC), directly to the north of where the coliseum stood, required the relocation of the campus bookstore, which occupied the arena floor at G. Rollie from the summer of 2009 until April 2012 when the MSC reopened. G. Rollie White hosted the NCAA volleyball tournament ten times.

In November 2012, the request for proposal to renovate Kyle Field called for the demolition of G. Rollie White. Began in August 2013, the demolition resulted in the removal of nine dual basketball-volleyball courts, fourteen racquetball-handball courts, four activity rooms, several classrooms, meeting rooms, and offices, although some of these were from the adjacent Read Building, which was also razed.

John David Crow, former Aggie football player and athletic director, regarded the demise of G. Rollie White as a farewell to an old friend: "I hate to see anything demolished." Crow was present when G. Rollie White opened to replace DeWare Field House.

title: G. Rollie White Coliseum


text:
User:Sid007/Bookmarks

BookMarks
 If you have any other useful links, feel free to post them :)

Wiki Editing Links  Fun Wiki Links
 * User NameSpace
 * Special Formating
 * Village Pump
 * Community Portal

title: User:Sid007/Bookmarks


text:
Cub Koda

Michael John "Cub" Koda (né Uszniewicz; October 1, 1948 – July 1, 2000) was an American rock and roll musician, songwriter, and critic. Rolling Stone magazine considered him best known for writing the song "Smokin' in the Boys Room", recorded by his band Brownsville Station, which reached number 3 on the 1974 Billboard chart.

Offstage, Koda also co-wrote and edited the All Music Guide to the Blues, and Blues for Dummies, as well as selecting the tracks on the accompanying CDs. He also penned liner notes for bands such as the Trashmen, Jimmy Reed, J. B. Hutto, the Kingsmen, and the Miller Sisters.

Early life
Koda was born in 1948 in Detroit, Michigan, to parents George and Lois Uszniewicz. In 1957, George changed the family name to "Koda," his mother's maiden name. Koda became interested in music as a boy, already playing drums at the age of five.

Career
While attending high school in Manchester, Michigan, Koda formed a rock group, the Del-Tinos, who released their first single, a cover of Roy Orbison's "Go Go Go," in 1963. They released two more singles before disbanding in 1966. After attending Northern Michigan University for a year, Koda relocated to Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Brownsville Station
Koda formed Brownsville Station in Ann Arbor in 1969. The band originally consisted of Koda, drummer T. J. Cronley, bassist Tony Driggins, guitarist Mike Lutz. Brownsville Station began performing throughout the American Midwest before releasing their first album, No BS, in 1970. The 1973 single "Smokin' in the Boys Room" remains their best-known song. It went to number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, sold over two million copies, and was later at hit for Mötley Crüe. They continued to perform until disbanding in 1979.

In the mid-1970s, Koda and Brownsville Station roadies created and recorded an intentionally inept oldies band named "King Uszniewicz and His Uszniewicztones" with Koda masquerading as frontman Ernie Uszniewicz on saxophone. The band recorded and pressed a 45 of "Surfin' School/Cry on My Shoulder" which was discreetly placed in Midwest thrift stores by members of Brownsville Station while on tour, creating the illusion amongst record collectors that the band had been real. The prank was furthered by four LPs released by Norton Records between 1989 and 2011, all of which feature a photo of the face of Koda's father George on the cover.

After Brownsville Station
After the breakup of Brownsville Station, Koda began producing one-man band tapes of rockabilly, blues, R&B, country, early rock and roll, and jazz, which he released as the album That's What I Like About the South. He also began writing for numerous music magazines, notably his column "The Vinyl Junkie" for Goldmine Magazine (later for DISCoveries). He wrote three volumes of the acclaimed Blues Masters series. He also wrote reviews and contributed to books published by AllMusic.

From late 1979 to late 1980, Koda began playing with three members of a Detroit-based band, Mugsy, calling themselves Cub Koda and the Points. Their eponymous debut album was released in early 1980 by the Boston-based Baron Records on hot pink vinyl. Also released was an EP, Shake Yo Cakes.

By 1980, Koda was performing with Hound Dog Taylor's backing band, the Houserockers, with guitarist Brewer Phillips and drummer Ted Harvey. They performed and recorded together for 15 years. The group's first album was It's the Blues, released in 1981. Their second album, The Joint Was Rockin', was released in 1996. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Koda continued his busy schedule of touring, recording, and writing. The compilation album Smokin' in the Boy's Room: The Best of Brownsville Station, was released by Rhino Records in 1993, and Welcome to My Job, a retrospective of his non-Brownsville recordings, was released by Blue Wave Records in the same year. The following year the album Abba Dabba Dabba: A Bananza of Hits was released by Schoolkids Records. He recorded a solo album, Box Lunch, released by J-Bird Records in 1997, and recordings he made with the Del-Tinos were released by Norton Records in 1998. He also re-formed Cub Koda and the Points and released Noise Monkeys (one of his last works) in 2000.

Death
Koda died in Chelsea, Michigan, on July 1, 2000, aged 51. He had been suffering from kidney disease, which required dialysis. He is buried in Mount Hope Cemetery in Waterloo, Michigan. His headstone features a Fender amp, with a microphone and harmonica resting on top of it. "I Will Always Love You/If Only in my Dreams" is inscribed on the tablet. Koda was inducted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame in 2016.

title: Cub Koda


text:
Long Key

Long Key is an island in the middle Florida Keys. Long Key was called Cayo Víbora (Rattlesnake Key) by early Spanish explorers, a reference to the shape of the island, which resembles a snake with its jaws open, rather than to its denizens. The city of Layton is located on Long Key. The 965 acre state park (3.9 km2) was dedicated October 1, 1969.

U.S. 1 (or the Overseas Highway) crosses the key at approximately mile markers 65.5--71, between Fiesta Key and Conch Key. It is the home of Long Key State Park, a favorite of campers and nature lovers, the camp sites are on the beach but the proximity of US1 makes it noisy. It is smaller and less developed than the neighboring incorporated village of Islamorada to the northeast and city of Marathon to the southwest.

History
It was visited by C.W. Pierce in his boat, Bonton (1885). He stopped at the lower end of the key where there was a house with a cistern and replenished his water supply.

The key was a depot site during the railroad years, and it was also the site of the well known Long Key Fishing Camp.

Education
It is in the Monroe County School District. It is zoned to Plantation Key Elementary School (K-8) in Plantation Key.

title: Long Key


text:
RNA-induced silencing complex

The RNA-induced silencing complex, or RISC, is a multiprotein complex, specifically a ribonucleoprotein, which functions in gene silencing via a variety of pathways at the transcriptional and translational levels. Using single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) fragments, such as microRNA (miRNA), or double-stranded small interfering RNA (siRNA), the complex functions as a key tool in gene regulation. The single strand of RNA acts as a template for RISC to recognize complementary messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript. Once found, one of the proteins in RISC, Argonaute, activates and cleaves the mRNA. This process is called RNA interference (RNAi) and it is found in many eukaryotes; it is a key process in defense against viral infections, as it is triggered by the presence of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA).

Discovery
The biochemical identification of RISC was conducted by Gregory Hannon and his colleagues at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. This was only a couple of years after the discovery of RNA interference in 1998 by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello, who shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Hannon and his colleagues attempted to identify the RNAi mechanisms involved in gene silencing, by dsRNAs, in Drosophila cells. Drosophila S2 cells were transfected with a lacZ expression vector to quantify gene expression with β-galactosidase activity. Their results showed co-transfection with lacZ dsRNA significantly reduced β-galactosidase activity compared to control dsRNA. Therefore, dsRNAs control gene expression via sequence complementarity.

S2 cells were then transfected with Drosophila cyclin E dsRNA. Cycline E is an essential gene for cell cycle progression into the S phase. Cyclin E dsRNA arrested the cell cycle at the G1 phase (before the S phase). Therefore, RNAi can target endogenous genes.

In addition, cyclin E dsRNA only diminished cyclin E RNA — a similar result was also shown using dsRNA corresponding to cyclin A which acts in S, G2 and M phases of the cell cycle. This shows the characteristic hallmark of RNAi: the reduced levels of mRNAs correspond to the levels of dsRNA added.

To test whether their observation of decreased mRNA levels was a result of mRNA being targeted directly (as suggested by data from other systems), Drosophila S2 cells were transfected with either Drosophila cyclin E dsRNAs or lacZ dsRNAs and then incubated with synthetic mRNAs for cyclin E or lacZ.

Cells transfected with cyclin E dsRNAs only showed degradation in cyclin E transcripts — the lacZ transcripts were stable. Conversely, cells transfected with lacZ dsRNAs only showed degradation in lacZ transcripts and not cyclin E transcripts. Their results led Hannon and his colleagues to suggest RNAi degrades target mRNA through a 'sequence-specific nuclease activity'. They termed the nuclease enzyme RISC. Later Devanand Sarkar and his colleagues Prasanna K. Santhekadur and Byoung Kwon Yoo at the Virginia Commonwealth University elucidated the RISC activity and its molecular mechanism in cancer cells and they identified another new component of the RISC, called AEG-1 [47].

Incorporation of siRNA/miRNA
The RNase III Dicer is a critical member of RISC that initiates the RNA interference process by producing double-stranded siRNA or single-stranded miRNA. Enzymatic cleavage of dsRNA within the cell produces the short siRNA fragments of 21-23 nucleotides in length with a two-nucleotide 3' overhang. Dicer also processes pre-miRNA, which forms a hairpin loop structure to mimic dsRNA, in a similar fashion. dsRNA fragments are loaded into RISC with each strand having a different fate based on the asymmetry rule phenomenon, the selection of one strand as the guide strand over the other based on thermodynamic stability. The newly generated miRNA or siRNA act as single-stranded guide sequences for RISC to target mRNA for degradation.

 * The strand with the less thermodynamically stable 5' end is selected by the protein Argonaute and integrated into RISC. This strand is known as the guide strand and targets mRNA for degradation.
 * The other strand, known as the passenger strand, is degraded by RISC.

Gene regulation

Major proteins of RISC, Ago2, SND1, and AEG-1, act as crucial contributors to the gene silencing function of the complex.

RISC uses the guide strand of miRNA or siRNA to target complementary 3'-untranslated regions (3'UTR) of mRNA transcripts via Watson-Crick base pairing, allowing it to regulate gene expression of the mRNA transcript in a number of ways.

mRNA degradation
The most understood function of RISC is degradation of target mRNA which reduces the levels of transcript available to be translated by ribosomes. The endonucleolytic cleavage of the mRNA complementary to the RISC's guide strand by Argonaute protein is the key to RNAi initiation. There are two main requirements for mRNA degradation to take place:

 * a near-perfect complementary match between the guide strand and target mRNA sequence, and,
 * a catalytically active Argonaute protein, called a 'slicer', to cleave the target mRNA.

There are two major pathways of mRNA degradation once cleavage has occurred. Both are initiated through degradation of the mRNA's poly(A) tail, resulting in removal of the mRNA's 5' cap.

 * 5'-to-3' degradation of the transcript occurs by XRN1 exonuclease in cytoplasmic bodies called P-bodies.
 * 3'-to-5' degradation of the transcript is conducted by the exosome and Ski complex.

Translational repression
RISC can modulate the loading of ribosome and accessory factors in translation to repress expression of the bound mRNA transcript. Translational repression only requires a partial sequence match between the guide strand and target mRNA.

Translation can be regulated at the initiation step by:
 * preventing the binding of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF) to the 5' cap. It has been noted RISC can deadenylate the 3' poly(A) tail which might contribute to repression via the 5' cap.
 * preventing the binding of the 60S ribosomal subunit binding to the mRNA can repress translation.

Translation can be regulated at post-initiation steps by:
 * peptide degradation,
 * promoting premature termination of translation ribosomes, or,
 * slowing elongation.

There is still speculation on whether translational repression via initiation and post-initiation is mutually exclusive.

Heterochromatin formation
Some RISCs are able to directly target the genome by recruiting histone methyltransferases to form heterochromatin at the gene locus, silencing the gene. These RISCs take the form of a RNA-induced transcriptional silencing complex (RITS). The best studied example is with the yeast RITS.

RITS has been shown to direct heterochromatin formation at centromeres through recognition of centromeric repeats. Through base-pairing of siRNA (guide strand) to target chromatin sequences, histone-modifying enzymes can be recruited.

The mechanism is not well understood; however, RITS degrade nascent mRNA transcripts. It has been suggested this mechanism acts as a 'self-reinforcing feedback loop' as the degraded nascent transcripts are used by RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) to generate more siRNAs.

In Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Arabidopsis, the processing of dsRNA targets into siRNA by Dicer RNases can initiate a gene silencing pathway by heterochromatin formation. An Argonaute protein known as AGO4 interacts with the small RNAs that define heterochromatic sequences. A histone methyl transferase (HMT), H3K9, methylates histone H3 and recruits chromodomain proteins to the methylation sites. DNA methylation maintains the silencing of genes as the heterochromatin sequences can be established or spread.

DNA elimination
The siRNA generated by RISCs seem to have a role in degrading DNA during somatic macronucleus development in ciliates of the genus Tetrahymena. It is similar to the epigenetic control of heterochromatin formation and is implied as a defense against invading genetic elements.

Similar to heterochromatin formation in S. pombe and Arabidopsis, a Tetrahymena  protein related to the Argonaute family, Twi1p, catalyzes DNA elimination of target sequences known as internal elimination sequences (IESs). Using methyltransferases and chromodomain proteins, IESs are heterochromatized and eliminated from the DNA.

RISC-associated proteins
The complete structure of RISC is still unsolved. Many studies have reported a range of sizes and components for RISC but it is not entirely sure whether this is due to there being a number of RISC complexes or due to the different sources that different studies use.

Ago, Argonaute; Dcr, Dicer; Dmp68, D. melanogaster orthologue of mammalian p68 RNA unwindase; eIF2C1, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2C1; eIF2C2, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2C2; Fmr1/Fxr, D. melanogaster orthologue of the fragile-X mental retardation protein; miRNP, miRNA-protein complex; NR, not reported; Tsn, Tudor-staphylococcal nuclease; Vig, vasa intronic gene.

Regardless, it is apparent that Argonaute proteins are present and are essential for function. Furthermore, there are insights into some of the key proteins (in addition to Argonaute) within the complex, which allow RISC to carry out its function.

Argonaute proteins
Argonaute proteins are a family of proteins found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Their function in prokaryotes is unknown but in eukaryotes they are responsible for RNAi. There are eight family members in human Argonautes of which only Argonaute 2 is exclusively involved in targeted RNA cleavage in RISC.

RISC-loading complex
The RISC-loading complex (RLC) is the essential structure required to load dsRNA fragments into RISC in order to target mRNA. The RLC consists of dicer, the transactivating response RNA-binding protein (TRBP) and Argonaute 2.

 * Dicer is an RNase III endonuclease which generates the dsRNA fragments to be loaded that direct RNAi.
 * TRBP is a protein with three double-stranded RNA-binding [protein domain|domains].
 * Argonaute 2 is an RNase and is the catalytic centre of RISC.

Dicer associates with TRBP and Argonaute 2 to facilitate the transfer of the dsRNA fragments generated by Dicer to Argonaute 2.

More recent research has shown the human RNA helicase A could help facilitate the RLC.

Other proteins
Recently identified members of RISC are SND1 and MTDH. SND1 and MTDH are oncogenes and regulate various gene expression.

Ago, Argonaute; Dcr, Dicer; Dmp68, D. melanogaster orthologue of mammalian p68 RNA unwindase; eIF2C1, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2C1; eIF2C2, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2C2; Fmr1/Fxr, D. melanogaster orthologue of the fragile-X mental retardation protein; Tsn, Tudor-staphylococcal nuclease; Vig, vasa intronic gene.

Binding of mRNA
It is as yet unclear how the activated RISC complex locates the mRNA targets in the cell, though it has been shown that the process can occur in situations outside of ongoing protein translation from mRNA.

Endogenously expressed miRNA in metazoans is usually not perfectly complementary to a large number of genes and thus, they modulate expression via translational repression. However, in plants, the process has a much greater specificity to target mRNA and usually each miRNA only binds to one mRNA. A greater specificity means mRNA degradation is more likely to occur.

title: RNA-induced silencing complex


text:
George H. Wadleigh

Rear Admiral George Henry Wadleigh (September 28, 1842 – July 11, 1927) served in the United States Navy during the American Civil War and the Spanish–American War.

Biography
Wadleigh was born in Dover, New Hampshire, and entered the United States Naval Academy on September 26, 1860, with the rank of midshipman. He graduated on May 28, 1863, with the rank of ensign. He then served during the Civil War in the Gulf of Mexico on the steam sloops USS Lackawanna (1862) and USS Richmond (1860), seeing action at the battle of Mobile Bay, August 5, 1864, and receiving promotion to master on November 10, 1865.

After the Civil War he became a companion of the Massachusetts Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States.

In 1866–1869 Wadleigh was in European, Mediterranean and African waters as an officer of USS Ticonderoga (1863), and received promotion to the rank of lieutenant on November 10, 1866, and to lieutenant commander on March 12, 1868.

During the following decade he had shore duty at the Naval Academy and several other facilities and was executive officer of the gunboat USS Shawmut (1863), monitor USS Canonicus (1863), schoolship USS St. Mary's (1844) and sloop USS Pensacola (1859).

Promoted to commander on March 13, 1880, in 1881 he commanded USS Alliance (1877) during an arduous Arctic cruise searching for survivors of the ill-fated Jeannette expedition.

Commander Wadleigh spend most of the 1880s in shore positions. He returned to duty afloat in 1889–1891 as Commanding Officer of the Great Lakes gunboat USS Michigan (1843). Promoted to captain on July 10, 1894, he commanded the receiving ship USS Richmond (1860) until late in that year, then took command of the new cruiser USS Minneapolis (C-13), in which he cruised in U.S., West Indian and European waters into 1897.

Captain Wadleigh served at the Boston Navy Yard until June 1898, including some very busy months near the end of that tour as the Navy prepared ships for Spanish–American War operations. From July 1898 until December 1901 he was Commanding Officer of the cruiser USS Philadelphia (C-4), in the Pacific, and the receiving ship USS Wabash (1855) at Boston.

He achieved the rank of rear admiral in February 1902 and was briefly Commandant of the Philadelphia Navy Yard and President of the Board of Inspection and Survey before retiring from active duty in June of that year. In retirement, Rear Admiral Wadleigh made his home at Dover, New Hampshire. He died on July 11, 1927.

Namesake
The destroyer USS Wadleigh (DD-689) was named in honor of Rear Admiral Wadleigh.

title: George H. Wadleigh


text:
Creep (2004 film)

Creep is a 2004 horror film written and directed by Christopher Smith. The film follows a woman locked in the London Underground overnight. She later finds herself being stalked by a hideously deformed killer living in the sewers below. The film was first shown at the Frankfurt Fantasy Film festival in Germany on 10 August 2004.

Plot
Arthur and George are London sewage workers who discover a tunnel in one of the walls. Arthur starts exploring the tunnel alone, while newbie George stays behind. After a while, George enters and discovers Arthur, injured and in shock. A similarly injured woman jumps out, crying for help, only to be pulled back into the darkness.

A young German woman, Kate, decides to join her friend at a party and heads to Charing Cross Underground station but falls asleep on the platform while waiting for the train. When she awakens, she is alone, and the entire station has been locked up for the night. An empty train arrives, and she boards it; it abruptly stops and the lights go dark. She meets Guy, a coworker who follows her and whose awkward advances she repeatedly rejects. Guy attempts to rape her, only to be stopped by an unseen aggressor who drags him out of the train. Guy briefly reemerges, covered in blood, warning Kate to run.

Kate flees and runs into a homeless Scottish couple living in a storeroom, Jimmy and Mandy, and their dog Ray. Jimmy reluctantly agrees to help her by taking her to the night guard after she pays him. They find Guy, horribly maimed but still alive. Mandy, left alone, is attacked and kidnapped, triggering Jimmy's sorrow-fueled escape into a heroin-induced stupor. Kate manages to communicate with the security guard through intercom, but the man gets killed before being able to call for help. Kate and Jimmy decide to walk through the tunnel to the next station. A train stops near them; Jimmy decides to face the killer to avenge Mandy, but he is slaughtered as well.

Fleeing, Kate falls into the sewer system below, where she finds Arthur's body. She also finds a storage facility with hundreds of boxes, where she is captured by the killer, the titular "creep"—a hideously deformed, mentally ill hermit named Craig, who keeps his victims in semi-submerged, rat-infested cages until they are dead, after which he eats them. Kate is put in one of these cages, along with George. They escape and end up in an abandoned medical facility, where they find an unconscious Mandy strapped to a surgical chair. Thinking she is dead, they move on. Craig appears, puts on a surgical gown, and mimics the gestures of a surgeon in front of a terrorized Mandy before he disembowels her with a bone saw.

Kate and George find the disused railcar where Craig lives. The dog, Ray, is there, along with old pictures of a medical doctor with a deformed child. Craig ambushes them and kills George. In a last, desperate effort, Kate sinks a hook and chain into Craig's throat, then has a running train rip it apart, and Craig bleeds to death. Disheveled, she returns to the initial station, by which point it is morning. She collapses on the platform, and Ray curls onto her lap. Mistaking her for a beggar, a man waiting for the train leaves her a coin, and Kate breaks into hysterical giggles and tears.

Cast

 * Franka Potente as Kate
 * Vas Blackwood as George
 * Ken Campbell as Arthur
 * Jeremy Sheffield as Guy
 * Paul Rattray as Jimmy
 * Kelly Scott as Mandy
 * Joe Anderson as male model
 * Sean Harris as Craig, the "Creep"
 * Morgan Jones as the Night Watchman

Production
The storyline has been compared to the 1972 film Death Line, also set on the London Underground and featuring a cannibalistic killer. Director Smith, who had not seen Death Line, attributes his inspiration to a scene in An American Werewolf in London set in the London Underground.

The Last Tube
Creep: The Last Tube is a 2005 online 3D Shockwave horror game made to promote the film and was produced by Jail Dog. Nearly 14 years after the game went down, the website known as The Lost Media Wiki conducted a search for the game.

Beau Chesluk, a developer for the game, was eventually contacted, and after some searching he was able to locate the game files and send them to The Cracks Overhead. The game has since been uploaded to Archive.org.

Critical response
Creep has received generally mixed reviews from critics. It currently holds a 40% 'rotten' rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based on 15 reviews, and an average rating of 4.3/10.

Time Out gave the film a negative review, writing, "this London Underground-set slasher squanders a promising premise for trashy shocks, old-school nastiness and a fistful of genre clichés."

All Movie's review was favorable, writing, "this pared-down shocker might be light on plot, but it's packed with creepy frights and psychopathic attitude from its mean main monster."

Matthew Turner View London said "The performances are good, particularly Potente, who avoids scream queen clichés by making her character surprisingly unlikeable - Kate is rude and arrogant in her early scenes and the fact that she's German is, of course, a coincidence."

title: Creep (2004 film)


text: User:Cool Hand Luke/Sandbox

title: User:Cool Hand Luke/Sandbox