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Hornfels

Hornfels is the group name for a set of contact metamorphic rocks that have been baked and hardened by the heat of intrusive igneous masses and have been rendered massive, hard, splintery, and in some cases exceedingly tough and durable. These properties are caused by fine grained non-aligned crystals with platy or prismatic habits, characteristic of metamorphism at high temperature but without accompanying deformation. The term is derived from the German word Hornfels, meaning "hornstone", because of its exceptional toughness and texture both reminiscent of animal horns. These rocks were referred to by miners in northern England as whetstones.

Most hornfels are fine-grained, and while the original rocks (such as sandstone, shale, slate and limestone) may have been more or less fissile owing to the presence of bedding or cleavage planes, this structure is effaced or rendered inoperative in the hornfels. Though many hornfels show vestiges of the original bedding, they break across this as readily as along it; in fact, they tend to separate into cubical fragments rather than into thin plates. Sheet minerals may be abundant but are aligned at random.

Hornfels most commonly form in the aureole of granitic intrusions in the upper or middle crust. Hornfels formed from contact metamorphism by volcanic activity very close to the surface can produce unusual and distinctive minerals. Changes in composition caused by fluids given off by the magmatic body (metasomatism) sometimes take place. The hornfels facies is the metamorphic facies which occupies the lowest pressure portion of the metamorphic pressure-temperature space.

The most common hornfels (the biotite hornfels) are dark-brown to black with a somewhat velvety luster owing to the abundance of small crystals of shining black mica. Also, most common hornfels have a black streak. The lime hornfels are often white, yellow, pale-green, brown and other colors. Green and dark-green are the prevalent tints of the hornfels produced by the alteration of igneous rocks. Although for the most part the constituent grains are too small to be determined by the unaided eye, there are often larger crystals (porphyroblasts) of cordierite, garnet or andalusite scattered through the fine matrix, and these may become very prominent on the weathered faces of the rock.

Structure
The structure of the hornfels is very characteristic. Very rarely do any of the minerals show crystalline form, but the small grains fit closely together like the fragments of a mosaic; they are usually of nearly equal dimensions. This has been called pflaster or pavement structure from the resemblance to rough pavement work. Each mineral may also enclose particles of the others; in quartz, for example, small crystals of graphite, biotite, iron oxides, sillimanite or feldspar may appear in great numbers. Often the whole of the grains are rendered semi-opaque in this way. The minutest crystals may show traces of crystalline outlines; undoubtedly they are of new formation and have originated in situ. This leads us to believe that the whole rock has been recrystallized at a high temperature and in the solid state so that there was little freedom for the mineral molecules to build up well-individualized crystals. The regeneration of the rock has been sufficient to efface most of the original structures and to replace the former minerals more-or-less completely by new ones. But crystallization has been hampered by the solid condition of the mass and the new minerals are formless and have been unable to reject impurities, but have grown around them.

Pelitic
Clays, sedimentary slates and shales yield biotite hornfels in which the most conspicuous mineral is biotite mica, the small scales of which are transparent under the microscope and have a dark reddish-brown color and strong dichroism. There is also quartz, and often a considerable amount of feldspar, while graphite, tourmaline and iron oxides frequently occur in lesser quantity. In these biotite hornfels the minerals, which consist of aluminium silicates, are commonly found; they are usually andalusite and sillimanite, but kyanite appears also in hornfels, especially in those that have a schistose character. The andalusite may be pink and is then often pleochroic in thin sections, or it may be white with the cross-shaped dark enclosures of the matrix that are characteristic of chiastolite. Sillimanite usually forms exceedingly minute needles embedded in quartz.

In the rocks of this group cordierite also occurs, not rarely, and may have the outlines of imperfect hexagonal prisms that are divided up into six sectors when seen in polarized light. In biotite hornfels, a faint striping may indicate the original bedding of the unaltered rock and corresponds to small changes in the nature of the sediment deposited. More commonly there is a distinct spotting, visible on the surfaces of the hand specimens. The spots are round or elliptical, and may be paler or darker than the rest of the rock. In some cases they are rich in graphite or carbonaceous matter; in others they are full of brown mica; some spots consist of rather coarser grains of quartz than occur in the matrix. The frequency with which this feature reappears in the less altered slates and hornfels is rather remarkable, especially as it seems certain that the spots are not always of the same nature or origin. Tourmaline hornfels are found sometimes near the margins of tourmaline granites; they are black with small needles of schorl that under the microscope are dark brown and richly pleochroic. As the tourmaline contains boron, there must have been some permeation of vapors from the granite into the sediments. Rocks of this group are often seen in the Cornish tin-mining districts, especially near the lodes.

Carbonate
A second great group of hornfels are the calc–silicate hornfels that arise from the thermal alteration of impure limestone. The purer beds recrystallize as marbles, but where there has been originally an admixture of sand or clay lime-bearing silicates are formed, such as diopside, epidote, garnet, sphene, vesuvianite and scapolite; with these phlogopite, various feldspars, pyrites, quartz and actinolite often occur. These rocks are fine-grained, and though often banded, are tough and much harder than the original limestones. They are excessively variable in their mineralogical composition, and very often alternate in thin seams with biotite hornfels and indurated quartzites. When perfused with boric and fluoric vapors from the granite they may contain much axinite, fluorite and datolite, but the altiminous silicates are absent from these rocks.

Mafic
From diabases, basalts, andesites and other igneous rocks a third type of hornfels is produced. They consist essentially of feldspar with hornblende (generally of brown color) and pale pyroxene. Sphene, biotite and iron oxides are the other common constituents, but these rocks show much variety of composition and structure. Where the original mass was decomposed and contained calcite, zeolites, chlorite and other secondary minerals either in veins or in cavities, there are usually rounded areas or irregular streaks containing a suite of new minerals, which may resemble those of the calcium-silicate hornfelses above described. The original porphyritic, fluidal, vesicular or fragmental structures of the igneous rock are clearly visible in the less advanced stages of hornfelsing, but become less evident as the alteration progresses.

In some districts hornfelsed rocks occur that have acquired a schistose structure through shearing, and these form transitions to schists and gneisses that contain the same minerals as the hornfels, but have a schistose instead of a hornfels structure. Among these may be mentioned cordierite and sillimanite gneisses, andalusite and kyanite mica-schists, and those schistose calcite-silicate rocks that are known as cipolins. That these are sediments that have undergone thermal alteration is generally admitted, but the exact conditions under which they were formed are not always clear. The essential features of hornfelsing are ascribed to the action of heat, pressure and permeating vapors, regenerating a rock mass without the production of fusion (at least on a large scale). It has been argued, however, that often there is extensive chemical change owing to the introduction of matter from the granite into the rocks surrounding it. The formation of new feldspar in the hornfelses is pointed out as evidence of this. While this felspathization may have occurred in a few localities, it seems conspicuously absent from others. Most authorities at the present time regard the changes as being purely of a physical and not of a chemical nature.

Facies
The hornfels facies occupies the portion of the metamorphic pressure-temperature space of lowest pressure and low to high temperature. It is subdivided into a low-temperature regime of albite-epidote hornfels, a medium-temperature regime of hornblende hornfels, a high-temperature regime of pyroxene hornfels, and an ultra-high-temperature sanidinite regime. The latter is sometimes regarded as a separate facies. Maximum pressures are around 2 kbar and temperatures are around 300-500 C for the albite-epidote hornfels facies, 500-650 C for the hornblende hornfels facies, 650-800 C for the pyroxene hornfels facies, and above 800 C for the sanidinite facies.

The actual minerals present in each facies depends on the composition of the protolith. For a mafic protolith, the albite-epidote hornfels facies is characterized by albite and epidote or zoisite with minor actinolite and chlorite. This gives way to hornblende, plagioclase, pyroxene, and garnet in the hornblende hornfels facies, which in turn gives way to orthopyroxene, augite, plagioclase, and characteristic trace garnet in the pyroxene hornfels facies and sanidinite facies, the latter two being indistinguishable for this composition of protolith.

For an ultramafic protolith, the albite-epidote facies is characterized by serpentine, talc, tremolite, and chlorite, giving way to forsterite, orthopyroxene, hornblende, chlorite, and characteristic minor aluminum spinel and magnetite in the hornblende facies, which in turn gives way to forsterite, orthopyroxene, augite, plagioclase, and aluminum spinel in the pyroxene hornfels facies. The sanidinite facies for this composition differs from the pyroxene hornfels facies only in the disappearance of aluminum spinel.

For a pelitic protolith, the sequence is quartz, plagioclase, muscovite, chlorite, and cordierite in the albite-epidote facies; quartz, plagioclase, muscovite, biotite, cordierite, and andalusite in the hornblende hornfels facies; and quartz, plagioclase, orthoclase, andalusite, sillimanite, cordierite, and orthopyroxene in the pyroxene hornfels facies. The sanidinite facies features quartz, plagioclase, sillimanite, cordierite, orthopyroxene, sapphirine, and aluminum spinel.

For a calcareous protolith, the sequence is calcite, dolomite, quartz, tremolite, talc, and forsterite for the albite-epidote hornfels facies; calcite, dolomite, quartz, tremolite, diopside, and forsterite for the hornblende hornfels facies; calcite, quartz, diposide, forsterite, and wollastonite for the pyroxene hornfels facies; and calcite, quartz, diopside, forsterite, wollastonite, monticellite, and akermanite for the sanidinite facies.

Acoustic properties
Hornfels have the ability to resonate when struck. Michael Tellinger had described these stones in South Africa also known as "ring-stones" due to their ability to ring like a bell. The Musical Stones of Skiddaw are an example of a lithophone made from hornfels.

title: Hornfels


text: Category:Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Extinction (astronomy)

In astronomy, extinction is the absorption and scattering of electromagnetic radiation by dust and gas between an emitting astronomical object and the observer. Interstellar extinction was first documented as such in 1930 by Robert Julius Trumpler. However, its effects had been noted in 1847 by Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve, and its effect on the colors of stars had been observed by a number of individuals who did not connect it with the general presence of galactic dust. For stars lying near the plane of the Milky Way which are within a few thousand parsecs of the Earth, extinction in the visual band of frequencies (photometric system) is roughly 1.8 magnitudes per kiloparsec.

For Earth-bound observers, extinction arises both from the interstellar medium and the Earth's atmosphere; it may also arise from circumstellar dust around an observed object. Strong extinction in Earth's atmosphere of some wavelength regions (such as X-ray, ultraviolet, and infrared) is overcome by the use of space-based observatories. Since blue light is much more strongly attenuated than red light, extinction causes objects to appear redder than expected; this phenomenon is called interstellar reddening.

Interstellar reddening
Interstellar reddening is a phenomenon associated with interstellar extinction where the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation from a radiation source changes characteristics from that which the object originally emitted. Reddening occurs due to the light scattering off dust and other matter in the interstellar medium. Interstellar reddening is a different phenomenon from redshift, which is the proportional frequency shifts of spectra without distortion. Reddening preferentially removes shorter wavelength photons from a radiated spectrum while leaving behind the longer wavelength photons, leaving the spectroscopic lines unchanged.

In most photometric systems, filters (passbands) are used from which readings of magnitude of light may take account of latitude and humidity among terrestrial factors. Interstellar reddening equates to the "color excess", defined as the difference between an object's observed color index and its intrinsic color index (sometimes referred to as its normal color index). The latter is the theoretical value which it would have if unaffected by extinction. In the first system, the UBV photometric system devised in the 1950s and its most closely related successors, the object's color excess $$E_{B-V}$$ is related to the object's B−V color (calibrated blue minus calibrated visible) by:

$$E_{B-V} = (B-V)_{\textrm{observed}} - (B-V)_{\textrm{intrinsic}}\,$$

For an A0-type main sequence star (these have median wavelength and heat among the main sequence) the color indices are calibrated at 0 based on an intrinsic reading of such a star (± exactly 0.02 depending on which spectral point, i.e. precise passband within the abbreviated color name is in question, see color index). At least two and up to five measured passbands in magnitude are then compared by subtraction: U, B, V, I, or R during which the color excess from extinction is calculated and deducted. The name of the four sub-indices (R minus I etc.) and order of the subtraction of recalibrated magnitudes is from right to immediate left within this sequence.

General characteristics
Interstellar reddening occurs because interstellar dust absorbs and scatters blue light waves more than red light waves, making stars appear redder than they are. This is similar to the effect seen when dust particles in the atmosphere of Earth contribute to red sunsets.

Broadly speaking, interstellar extinction is strongest at short wavelengths, generally observed by using techniques from spectroscopy. Extinction results in a change in the shape of an observed spectrum. Superimposed on this general shape are absorption features (wavelength bands where the intensity is lowered) that have a variety of origins and can give clues as to the chemical composition of the interstellar material, e.g. dust grains. Known absorption features include the 2175 Å bump, the diffuse interstellar bands, the 3.1 μm water ice feature, and the 10 and 18 μm silicate features.

In the solar neighborhood, the rate of interstellar extinction in the Johnson–Cousins V-band (visual filter) averaged at a wavelength of 540 nm is usually taken to be 0.7–1.0 mag/kpc−simply an average due to the clumpiness of interstellar dust. In general, however, this means that a star will have its brightness reduced by about a factor of 2 in the V-band viewed from a good night sky vantage point on earth for every kiloparsec (3,260 light years) it is farther away from us.

The amount of extinction can be significantly higher than this in specific directions. For example, some regions of the Galactic Center are awash with obvious intervening dark dust from our spiral arm (and perhaps others) and themselves in a bulge of dense matter, causing as much as more than 30 magnitudes of extinction in the optical, meaning that less than 1 optical photon in 1012 passes through. This results in the zone of avoidance, where our view of the extra-galactic sky is severely hampered, and background galaxies, such as Dwingeloo 1, were only discovered recently through observations in radio and infrared.

The general shape of the ultraviolet through near-infrared (0.125 to 3.5 μm) extinction curve (plotting extinction in magnitude against wavelength, often inverted) looking from our vantage point at other objects in the Milky Way, is fairly well characterized by the stand-alone parameter of relative visibility (of such visible light) R(V) (which is different along different lines of sight), but there are known deviations from this characterization. Extending the extinction law into the mid-infrared wavelength range is difficult due to the lack of suitable targets and various contributions by absorption features.

R(V) compares aggregate and particular extinctions. It is $A(V)/E(B−V)$. Restated, it is the total extinction, A(V) divided by the selective total extinction (A(B)−A(V)) of those two wavelengths (bands). A(B) and A(V) are the total extinction at the B and V filter bands. Another measure used in the literature is the absolute extinction A(λ)/A(V) at wavelength λ, comparing the total extinction at that wavelength to that at the V band.

R(V) is known to be correlated with the average size of the dust grains causing the extinction. For the Milky Way Galaxy, the typical value for R(V) is 3.1, but is found to vary considerably across different lines of sight. As a result, when computing cosmic distances it can be advantageous to move to star data from the near-infrared (of which the filter or passband Ks is quite standard) where the variations and amount of extinction are significantly less, and similar ratios as to R(Ks): 0.49±0.02 and 0.528±0.015 were found respectively by independent groups. Those two more modern findings differ substantially relative to the commonly referenced historical value ≈0.7.

The relationship between the total extinction, A(V) (measured in magnitudes), and the column density of neutral hydrogen atoms column, NH (usually measured in cm−2), shows how the gas and dust in the interstellar medium are related. From studies using ultraviolet spectroscopy of reddened stars and X-ray scattering halos in the Milky Way, Predehl and Schmitt found the relationship between NH and A(V) to be approximately:

 * $$\frac{N_H}{A(V)} \approx 1.8 \times 10^{21}~\mbox{atoms}~\mbox{cm}^{-2}~\mbox{mag}^{-1}$$

(see also:  ).

Astronomers have determined the three-dimensional distribution of extinction in the "solar circle" (our region of our galaxy), using visible and near-infrared stellar observations and a model of distribution of stars. The dust causing extinction mainly lies along the spiral arms, as observed in other spiral galaxies.

Measuring extinction towards an object
To measure the extinction curve for a star, the star's spectrum is compared to the observed spectrum of a similar star known not to be affected by extinction (unreddened). It is also possible to use a theoretical spectrum instead of the observed spectrum for the comparison, but this is less common. In the case of emission nebulae, it is common to look at the ratio of two emission lines which should not be affected by the temperature and density in the nebula. For example, the ratio of hydrogen-alpha to hydrogen-beta emission is always around 2.85 under a wide range of conditions prevailing in nebulae. A ratio other than 2.85 must therefore be due to extinction, and the amount of extinction can thus be calculated.

The 2175-angstrom feature
One prominent feature in measured extinction curves of many objects within the Milky Way is a broad 'bump' at about 2175 Å, well into the ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum. This feature was first observed in the 1960s, but its origin is still not well understood. Several models have been presented to account for this bump which include graphitic grains with a mixture of PAH molecules. Investigations of interstellar grains embedded in interplanetary dust particles (IDP) observed this feature and identified the carrier with organic carbon and amorphous silicates present in the grains.

Extinction curves of other galaxies

The form of the standard extinction curve depends on the composition of the ISM, which varies from galaxy to galaxy. In the Local Group, the best-determined extinction curves are those of the Milky Way, the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) and the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC).

In the LMC, there is significant variation in the characteristics of the ultraviolet extinction with a weaker 2175 Å bump and stronger far-UV extinction in the region associated with the LMC2 supershell (near the 30 Doradus starbursting region) than seen elsewhere in the LMC and in the Milky Way. In the SMC, more extreme variation is seen with no 2175 Å bump and very strong far-UV extinction in the star forming Bar and fairly normal ultraviolet extinction seen in the more quiescent Wing.

This gives clues as to the composition of the ISM in the various galaxies. Previously, the different average extinction curves in the Milky Way, LMC, and SMC were thought to be the result of the different metallicities of the three galaxies: the LMC's metallicity is about 40% of that of the Milky Way, while the SMC's is about 10%. Finding extinction curves in both the LMC and SMC which are similar to those found in the Milky Way and finding extinction curves in the Milky Way that look more like those found in the LMC2 supershell of the LMC and in the SMC Bar has given rise to a new interpretation. The variations in the curves seen in the Magellanic Clouds and Milky Way may instead be caused by processing of the dust grains by nearby star formation. This interpretation is supported by work in starburst galaxies (which are undergoing intense star formation episodes) which shows that their dust lacks the 2175 Å bump.

Atmospheric extinction
Atmospheric extinction gives the rising or setting Sun an orange hue and varies with location and altitude. Astronomical observatories generally are able to characterise the local extinction curve very accurately, to allow observations to be corrected for the effect. Nevertheless, the atmosphere is completely opaque to many wavelengths requiring the use of satellites to make observations.

This extinction has three main components: Rayleigh scattering by air molecules, scattering by particulates, and molecular absorption. Molecular absorption is often referred to as telluric absorption, as it is caused by the Earth (telluric is a synonym for terrestrial). The most important sources of telluric absorption are molecular oxygen and ozone, which strongly absorb radiation near ultraviolet, and water, which strongly absorbs infrared.

The amount of such extinction is lowest at the observer's zenith and highest near the horizon. A given star, preferably at solar opposition, reaches its greatest celestial altitude and optimal time for observation when the star is near the local meridian around solar midnight and if the star has a favorable declination (i.e., similar to the observer's latitude); thus, the seasonal time due to axial tilt is key. Extinction is approximated by multiplying the standard atmospheric extinction curve (plotted against each wavelength) by the mean air mass calculated over the duration of the observation. A dry atmosphere reduces infrared extinction significantly.

title: Extinction (astronomy)


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Max Raabe

Max Raabe (born Matthias Otto, 12 December 1962) is a German jazz singer. He is best known as the founder and leader of the Palast Orchester.

Career
Raabe developed an interest in the sound of German dance and film music of the 1920s and 1930s, such as the songs of the Comedian Harmonists, from seeing old films on television and from his parents' record collection. He formally studied music at the Berlin University of the Arts, intending originally to become a baritone opera singer. He and eleven other students formed the Palast Orchester in 1985. The ensemble initially used music arrangements that Raabe found at various flea markets. The orchestra practised these arrangements for one year without any public engagements or performances. The orchestra first performed publicly at the 1987 Berliner Theaterball, in the lobby as a secondary act, but with such success that the audience left the ballroom to hear the orchestra's performance in the lobby. Raabe and the Palast Orchester had a hit with his 1992 original, Schlager-styled song "Kein Schwein ruft mich an" ("Nobody ever calls me", almost literal translation: "No pig calls me"), a pop song in 1920s style.

In addition to covers of vintage music, Raabe writes original songs and music, including film music. He and the orchestra have also created covers of modern pop songs in a 1920–1930s band style, including songs by Britney Spears, Tom Jones, and Salt'n'Pepa. Raabe has also made a number of cameo appearances as a stereotypical 1920s and 1930s singer and entertainer in a number of films by German directors, such as Der bewegte Mann (1994; English title "Maybe, Maybe Not"), Werner Herzog's Invincible (2001), and Wenzel Storch's Die Reise ins Glück (2004). His live theatre performances have included a 1994 appearance as Dr. Siedler in the Berlin "Bar jeder Vernunft" version of The White Horse Inn, and 1999 performances as Mack the Knife in Kurt Weill and Bertolt Brecht's The Threepenny Opera alongside Nina Hagen.

Raabe first performed in the USA in Los Angeles in 2004. In 2005, he performed his first concert in New York City's Carnegie Hall and returned for subsequent engagements with the Palast Orchester in 2007 and 2010. In 2011, Raabe produced an album, Küssen kann man nicht alleine (You cannot kiss alone), with former new-wave musician and producer Annette Humpe, who also wrote the lyrics. His latest album, also with Humpe, is Für Frauen ist das kein Problem ("It's no problem for women"), released in 2013.

In 2022, Raabe made an appearance as himself in the 1920s neo-noir series Babylon Berlin, in which he performed a single titled Ein Tag wie Gold.

Discography

 * Die Männer sind schon die Liebe wert (1988, Monopol)
 * Kleines Fräulein, einen Augenblick (1989, Monopol)
 * Ich hör' so gern Musik (1991, Monopol)
 * Live im Wintergarten (1992, Monopol)
 * Dort tanzt Lu-Lu! (1994, Monopol)
 * Bel Ami (1995, Monopol)
 * Music, Maestro, Please (1996, Monopol)
 * Die größten Erfolge (1996, Monopol)
 * Mein kleiner grüner Kaktus (1997, Monopol)
 * Tanz-Gala (1997, Monopol)
 * Ein Freund, ein guter Freund (1999, RCA Local/Sony Music)
 * Junger Mann im Frühling (1999, Monopol)
 * Krokodile und andere Hausfreunde (2000, RCA Local/Sony Music)
 * Ich wollt ich wär ein Huhn (2001, RCA Local/Sony Music)
 * Charming Weill (2001, RCA Local/Sony Music)
 * Superhits (2001, RCA Local/Sony Music)
 * Vom Himmel hoch, Da Komm' Ich Her (2002, RCA Local/Sony Music)
 * Superhits Nummer 2 (2002, RCA Local/Sony Music)
 * Palast Revue (2003, Warner Special Music)
 * Max Raabe singt (2005, Monopol/Sony Music Austria)
 * Wochenend & Sonnenschein (2006, RCA Local/Sony Music)
 * Komm, lass uns einen kleinen Rumba tanzen (2006, Warner Special Music)
 * Advent (2006, RCA Local/Sony Music)
 * In Der Bar (2008, Sony BMG Music)
 * Heute Nacht Oder Nie (Tonight or Never) (2008, SPV)
 * Übers Meer (2010, Decca/Universal)
 * Küssen kann man nicht alleine (2011, Decca) (with Annette Humpe)
 * Für Frauen ist das kein Problem (2013, Decca) (with Annette Humpe)
 * Für Frauen ist das kein Problem – Zugabe Edition (2013, Decca) (with Annette Humpe)
 * The Golden Age (2013, Decca)
 * Eine Nacht in Berlin (2014, We Love Music)
 * Der perfekte Moment... wird heut verpennt (2017, We Love Music) (with Annette Humpe & Peter Plate)
 * MTV Unplugged (2019, Deutsche Grammophon GmbH, Berlin)
 * Wer hat hier schlechte Laune (2022, We Love Music)
 * Mir is so nach dir (2023, We Love Music)

title: Max Raabe


text:
William Brown

William Brown may refer to:

Academics

 * William Brown (industrial relations expert) (1945–2019), British academic, Master of Darwin College, Cambridge
 * William Brown (plant pathologist) (1888–1975), British mycologist and plant pathologist
 * William Brown (psychologist) (1881–1952), British psychologist
 * William Fuller Brown Jr. (1904–1983), American physicist
 * W. G. Brown, Canadian mathematician
 * William Harvey Brown (1862–1913), American naturalist
 * William Jethro Brown (1868–1930), Australian jurist and professor of law
 * William L. Brown (geneticist) (1913–1991), American geneticist
 * W. Norman Brown (1892–1975), American Indologist and Sanskritist
 * William Yancey Brown (born 1948), American zoologist and attorney

Association football

 * William Brown (footballer, born 1865), English footballer
 * William Brown (footballer, born 1874) (1874–1940), English footballer and cricketer
 * William Brown (footballer, born 1876), Scottish footballer
 * William Brown (footballer, born 1885), Scottish footballer
 * William Brown (footballer, born July 1885) (1885–1915), Scottish footballer
 * William Brown (footballer, born 1889), Scottish footballer
 * William Brown (footballer, born 1897), Scottish footballer
 * William Brown (footballer, born 1907) (1907–1976), English footballer and sprinter
 * William Brown (footballer, born 1928) (1928–2010), English footballer
 * William Brown (goalkeeper), English footballer
 * William Brown (Scottish footballer) (1912–2008), Scottish footballer

Cricket

 * William Brown (Tasmanian cricketer) (1807–1859), English-born Tasmanian first-class cricketer
 * William Brown (cricketer, born 1866), English cricketer
 * William Brown (cricketer, born 1876) (1876–1942), English first-class cricketer
 * William Brown (cricketer, born 1888) (1888–1964), English cricketer
 * William Brown (cricketer, born 1889), English cricketer
 * William Brown (cricketer, born 1900) (1900–1986), English cricketer
 * William Brown (New Zealand cricketer) (born 1917), New Zealand cricketer
 * William Brown (MCC cricketer), English first-class cricketer

Other sports

 * William Brown (golfer) (c. 1854—unknown), Scottish golfer
 * William Brown (baseball) (1866–1897), American Major League catcher
 * William Brown (tennis) (born 1945), American tennis player
 * William Brown (rugby league), Australian rugby league player
 * William Davie Brown (1852–1876), Scottish rugby union player
 * William Sorley Brown (1860–1901), Scottish rugby union player
 * Will Brown (racing driver) (born 1998), Australian racing driver
 * Rookie Brown (1925–1971), American professional basketball player
 * Bill Brown (runner) (1925–2018), American middle distance runner

Clergymen and theologians

 * William Laurence Brown (1755–1830), Scottish divine (theologian)
 * William Brown (clergyman) (1766–1835), Scottish clergyman and Hebraist
 * William Montgomery Brown (1855–1937), American Episcopalian bishop and Communist author
 * William P. Brown, American Presbyterian minister, author and biblical theologian
 * William Haig Brown (1823–1907), English cleric and headmaster of Charterhouse School
 * William Brown (priest) (1710–1797), Archdeacon of Northampton
 * William Cabell Brown (1861–1927), American Episcopal missionary and bishop of Virginia
 * William A. Brown (bishop) (1878–1965), American who served as the fourth Bishop of Southern Virginia
 * William Adams Brown (1865–1943), American minister, professor and philanthropist
 * William Francis Brown (1862–1951), bishop, see Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Southwark

Engineers

 * William Liston Brown (1842–1929), American industrialist
 * William C. Brown (1916–1999), American electrical engineer
 * William F. Brown (engineer) (1919–2010), American welding engineer
 * William Brown (bridge designer) (1928–2005), English structural engineer, bridge designer
 * William Brown (mining engineer) (1717–1782), English mining engineer, waggonway designer and steam engine builder

Military people

 * William Brown (British Army officer) (1922–1984), commander of the Gilgit Scouts during the Partition of India
 * William Brown (soldier) (1759–1808), American Revolutionary War soldier
 * William Brown (Royal Navy officer) (1764–1814), British Royal Navy admiral
 * William Brown (admiral) (1777–1857), or Guillermo Brown, Irish-Argentine Navy admiral
 * William Brown (sailor) (birth name unknown), Black woman who briefly served in the Royal Navy in 1815, disguised as a man
 * William A. Brown (admiral) (born 1958), vice admiral in the United States Navy
 * William H. Brown (Medal of Honor) (1836–1896), American Civil War sailor and Medal of Honor recipient
 * William Henry Brown (aviator) (1894–1969), Canadian World War I flying ace
 * William Maurice Brown (1910–1975), New Zealand Lt. Colonel; first principal of Faujdarhat Cadet College
 * William Gustavus Brown (1809–1883), commander of British troops in China and Hong Kong
 * William Perry Brown Jr. (1923–1952), American Marine and recipient of two Navy Crosses

Australia

 * William Brown (New South Wales politician) (1867–1954), member of the New South Wales Parliament
 * William Brown (Tasmanian politician) (1840–1926), Australian politician
 * William Villiers Brown (1843–1915), Queensland politician

United Kingdom

 * Sir William Brown, 1st Baronet, of Richmond Hill (1784–1864), British merchant and banker, MP for South Lancashire 1846–1859
 * William Brown (MP for Gloucester), in 1341, MP for Gloucester
 * William Brown (MP for Bedford), in 1397, MP for Bedford
 * W. J. Brown (trade unionist) (William John Brown, 1896–1960), MP for Rugby 1942–1950
 * William Robson Brown (1900–1975), UK Conservative politician, MP for Esher 1950–1970
 * Oliver Brown (Scottish activist) (William Oliver Brown, 1903–1976), Scottish nationalist activist
 * William Brown (Northern Ireland politician) (born 1930), Northern Irish unionist politician, MPA for South Down 1982–1986
 * Sir William Slater Brown (Lord Provost) (1844–1917), Scottish businessman and Lord Provost of Edinburgh

United States

 * William Brown (congressman) (1779–1833), U.S. Representative from Kentucky, 1819–1821
 * William Brown (Illinois politician) (1819–1891), member of the Illinois House of Representatives
 * William Brown (Louisiana politician) (1832–1883), Louisiana State Superintendent of Education, 1872–1876
 * William Browne (judge) (sometimes reported as "Brown", 1737–1802), Justice of the Massachusetts Superior Court of Judicature
 * William Anderson Brown (1861–1940), lawyer, member of the Minnesota legislature
 * William Denis Brown III (1931–2012), Louisiana state senator from 1968 to 1976
 * William E. Brown Jr. (1896–1970), mayor of Ann Arbor, 1945–1957
 * William G. Brown Sr. (1800–1884), U.S. Representative from Virginia and West Virginia
 * William G. Brown Jr. (1856–1916), U.S. Representative from West Virginia, son of William G. Brown
 * William Wallace Brown (1836–1926), U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania
 * William Brown, mayor of Rockford, 1857–1858, see List of mayors of Rockford, Illinois
 * William Holmes Brown (1929–2001), Parliamentarian of the U.S. House of Representatives, 1974–1994
 * William J. Brown (Ohio politician) (1940–1999), Ohio Attorney General, elected 1970
 * William J. Brown (Indiana politician) (1805–1857), U.S. Representative from Indiana
 * W. K. Brown (1923–2011), member of the Louisiana House of Representatives for Grant Parish, 1960–72
 * William L. Brown (politician) (1840–1906), Ohio and New York politician
 * William Little Brown (1789–1830), justice of the Tennessee Supreme Court
 * William M. Brown (Pennsylvania politician) (1850–1915), U.S. Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania, electee to the U.S. House of Representatives
 * William W. Brown (Wisconsin politician) (died 1871), American politician
 * William Matt Brown (1815–1885), mayor of Nashville, Tennessee, 1865–1867
 * William Ripley Brown (1840–1916), U.S. Representative from Kansas
 * William Andreas Brown (born 1930), U.S. Ambassador to Israel, 1988–1992

Elsewhere

 * William Brown (British Columbia politician) (1838–1915), Canadian politician in British Columbia
 * William Brown (Manitoba politician), Canadian politician, 1922–1927
 * William Heartz Brown (1883–1967), Canadian politician in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly
 * William Brown (New Zealand politician) (1809–1898), member of first New Zealand Parliament

Writers

 * William Brown (journalist) (1737–1789), Canadian journalist and co-founder of the Quebec Gazette
 * William Hill Brown (1765–1793), American novelist
 * William Wells Brown (1814–1884), fugitive slave, African-American writer, and abolitionist
 * William Slater Brown (1896–1997), American novelist, biographer and translator
 * William F. Brown (writer) (1928–2019), American playwright
 * William Henry Brown (journalist) (1867/8–1950), British co-operative movement journalist and activist

Other notable people

 * William Brown (physician) (1748–1792), American physician
 * William D. Brown (1813–1863), founder of Omaha, Nebraska
 * William Brown (miner) (1824/5–1900), British trade union leader
 * William Penn Brown (1841–1929), American pioneer in the hobby of stamp collecting
 * William J. Brown (architect) (died 1970), American architect
 * William Kellock Brown (1856–1934), Scottish sculptor
 * William Lincoln Brown (1862–1940), second Register of Copyrights in the United States Copyright Office
 * William Robinson Brown (1875–1955), American horse breeder and director of the Brown Company
 * William B. Brown (1912–1985), American lawyer and judge in Hawaii and Ohio
 * William Theophilus Brown (1919–2012), American artist
 * William H. Brown III (born 1928), African American attorney, fourth Chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
 * William Brown (tenor) (1938–2004), American opera singer
 * W. Earl Brown (born 1963), American character actor
 * William Mason Brown (1828–1898), American artist
 * William M. Brown (businessman) (born 1963), American businessman, CEO of Harris Corporation
 * William Brown (composer) (1790–1884), American composer and flutist
 * William Brown (headmaster) (1914–2005), British headmaster
 * William Alexander Brown (1790–1884), African-American playwright and theatrical producer
 * Sir William Richmond Brown, 2nd Baronet (1840–1906), English landowner
 * Sir William Brown (civil servant) (1893–1947), English civil servant
 * William Charles Langdon Brown (born 1931), British banker
 * William H. Brown (shipbuilder) (1803–1855), American shipbuilder
 * Guillermo E. Brown (born 1976), American drummer and multi-disciplinary performer
 * William Roger Brown (1831–1902), British industrialist and philanthropist
 * William Brown, better known as Compa, British electronic musician

Other uses

 * William Brown,the main character in the Just William series
 * William Brown (ship), American ship which struck an iceberg and sank on April 19, 1841
 * William Brown Library and Museum, historic building in Liverpool, England
 * William Brown Street, Liverpool

title: William Brown


text: Category:Political parties in Bosnia and Herzegovina


text:
Inverlochy

Inverlochy may refer to:

 * Inverlochy, Highland
 * Inverlochy Castle
 * Battle of Inverlochy (1431)
 * Battle of Inverlochy (1645)

title: Inverlochy


text:
User talk:Cheeseus~enwiki

Please do not use Wikipedia to make blatant advertisements. Wikipedia is not your advertising space. -- LGagnon 22:34, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Gamaliel 03:29, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Fadeout (band)
A tag has been placed on Fadeout (band) requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a band or musician, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for musical topics.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. Tckma (talk) 14:14, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Fadeout (band)

A tag has been placed on Fadeout (band) requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a band or musician, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, contest the deletion by clicking on the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion," which appears inside of the speedy deletion tag (if no such tag exists, the page is no longer a speedy delete candidate). Doing so will take you to the talk page where you will find a pre-formatted place for you to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. You can also visit the the page's talk page directly to give your reasons, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, you can contact one of these administrators to request that the administrator userfy the page or email a copy to you. andy (talk) 21:39, 27 June 2011 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
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title: User talk:Cheeseus~enwiki


text:
Glenbrook rail accident

The Glenbrook rail accident occurred on 2 December 1999 at 8:22 am on a curve east of Glenbrook railway station on the CityRail network between Glenbrook and Lapstone, in the Blue Mountains of New South Wales, Australia. Seven passengers were killed and 51 passengers were taken to hospital with injuries when a CityRail electric interurban train collided with the rear wagon of the long-haul Perth-to-Sydney Indian Pacific.

Overview
The Indian Pacific train was authorised to pass a red signal at Glenbrook and stopped at the next signal, also red. The driver alighted to use the lineside signal telephone to call the signaller for authority to pass the signal at danger; as a component of the phone was missing, he incorrectly believed it to be defective. A delay of approximately seven minutes resulted despite the locomotive having a radio (at that time it was not a procedure for the National Rail Corporation to use a radio to contact signal boxes).

The interurban train restarted with authority after stopping at the red signal at Glenbrook and collided shortly after with the rear of the Indian Pacific train waiting at the second failed signal. Several factors were involved, from equipment breakdown to poor phrasing of the safe working rules: the most important was that the interurban picked up too much speed and the driver was not able to see the rear of the Indian Pacific around a sharp curve in a deep cutting in time to avoid a collision. This is essentially equivalent to a blind corner.

Visibility
The track was curved to the left, the train was using the left-hand track, the driver was sitting on the left side of the train, and the track was in a narrow rock cutting. These four factors contributed to less than average visibility.

Inquiry
A Commission of Inquiry headed by Justice Peter McInerney investigated the accident.

Causes
The Commission found that the accident occurred after a power failure disabled two consecutive automatic signals: due to their fail-safe design, both exhibited danger (red).

Both trains obtained permission from the signalman at Penrith to pass the first signal at danger. The driver of the Indian Pacific obeyed the rule requiring him to proceed with "extreme caution", but the driver of the interurban train failed to do so and caught up with the Indian Pacific.

The Commission found fault with a number of procedures, their application by railway employees, and the training those employees had received. Among other factors, it found that:

 * the signalman was unable to monitor the position of the Indian Pacific, so was unaware it had not cleared the second signal;
 * safety-critical communication was too informal;
 * the train controller in Sydney told the driver of the interurban train by radio, "it's only an auto... just trip past", thereby potentially misleading the driver into believing that the signal section was clear; the signalman in Penrith was not aware of this exchange;
 * the driver of the interurban train failed to proceed with "extreme caution", as required by the rule, and so was unable to stop in time to avoid the collision.
 * training for passing signals at danger was deficient, as was the rule, safeworking unit 245.

Effects
The seven people who died were in the front compartment of the first carriage of the interurban train. The rear carriage of the Indian Pacific was a car transport wagon that did not convey passengers, and, in absorbing the brunt of the collision, was arguably the reason there were not any fatalities on board the Indian Pacific. The impact of the collision was such that the front six metres of the interurban car were compressed into just one metre, while also causing the first six carriages of the Indian Pacific to separate from the rest of the train. When the driver of the CityRail train saw the stationary Indian Pacific, he ran from the driver's compartment (the dead-man's brake was automatically activated) to the lower deck of the double-decker carriage warning the passengers to brace themselves. He was badly injured, but survived because of this. As he ran through, a man from the front compartment ran to the upper deck to warn the passengers and thereby also survived the crash.

A third train, bound for Lithgow, only narrowly avoided colliding with the wreckage when signallers managed to warn the driver to stop just 60 seconds before it reached the crash site.

The interurban train
The train was a standard four-car V set, labelled V21. The first carriage, DIM8067, received critical damage to its front and lower compartments, but it was repaired. To avoid any reference and insensitivity to the victims, it was re-numbered DIM8020 and remained in service until it was withdrawn in 2005 following many problems.

title: Glenbrook rail accident


text:
Category:Theatrical genres

Classification: Theatre: Genres
 * See also: Category:Plays by genre

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ

title: Category:Theatrical genres


text:
User talk:Jamppa8~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 22:36, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

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Hello,

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Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Jamppa8. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Jamppa8~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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title: User talk:Jamppa8~enwiki


text:
Catalyst (think tank)

Catalyst (later Catalyst Forum) was an independent left wing think tank based in London, United Kingdom, set up in 1998 to promote policies directed to the redistribution of power, wealth and opportunity. Though not aligned to any political party, it was generally sympathetic to the Labour movement and described itself as "an organisation of the left".

The organisation was founded at the high point of Tony Blair's modernisation of the Labour Party and struggled to attract funding, especially from the trades unions who had originally been expected to be the most sympathetic to its redistributionist platform. Trades unions, concerned at further exclusion from power either by the electorate or the new Labour Party leadership, took a sharp turn away from too deep an association with the Left at this time and only begun in 2005 and 2006 to develop an increased if cautious interest in left-wing thought as a new generation of activist trades union leaders has emerged.

Former right wing but egalitarian Deputy Leader of the Labour Party, Roy Hattersley, was an early supporter, as was John Edmonds, General Secretary of the GMB Union.

However, Catalyst was never a political or campaigning organisation and restricted itself to public policy work on redistribution and looking at soft areas like identity politics and public administration that were often neglected on the Left in favour of economics and social policy. It was never associated with the so-called Hard Left.

Catalyst's first Director was former Director of Policy at the Labour Party, Roland Wales, who was followed by Barbara Gunnell, Martin McIvor, and Jenny Smith. Its Founding Board of Management included Marjorie Thompson, Mark Seddon, Mike Watts, Nyta Mann, Pat Coyne, Tim Pendry, Hilary Wainwright, Richard Stone and others, with a prestigious Advisory Board. Its lack of funds did not stop it from putting out a series of pamphlets, some of which proved contentious including Simon Partridge's revisionist view of nationalism which was avowedly "Left-Burkean" and it adopted creatively low cost ways of making itself known. Its Annual Reception became a high point for centre-left political exiles from within the Labour Movement to meet and catch up.

It not only survived the modernisation period but re-emerged strengthened in recent years with a new generation of academics and intellectuals prepared to develop alternative democratic socialist policies. In 2003 Catalyst won the "One To Watch" category at Prospect magazine's annual Think Tank Awards. In 2006 it merged with the Compass organisation.

title: Catalyst (think tank)


text:
Oysterhead

Oysterhead is an American rock supergroup featuring bassist Les Claypool of Primus, guitarist Trey Anastasio of Phish and drummer Stewart Copeland of The Police, with both Claypool and Anastasio providing vocals. The band's eclectic sound has been described as "alt-funk fusion".

In April 2000 Superfly Presents asked Claypool to assemble a band to perform during New Orleans Jazz Fest. Claypool contacted Anastasio and together they agreed on mutual hero, Copeland. Oysterhead was originally intended to be a singular live performance at New Orleans Saenger Theatre on May 4, 2000. The band compiled a set of almost entirely original material for the show, practicing at Muskegon's Frauenthal Theatre. Tickets were scalped for up to $2,000 each, audience members included Francis Ford Coppola and Matt Groening. The band toured in 2001 and was scheduled to tour in 2020. Both times it has toured it has been interrupted due to significant disasters, in 2001 due to the September 11 attacks and in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Oysterhead played at The Peach Music Festival in Scranton, PA in July 2021.

The Grand Pecking Order
In 2001, Oysterhead reformed to record and release an album entitled The Grand Pecking Order, which featured nine new tracks in addition to four songs originally debuted in New Orleans. The album was released on October 2, 2001, and was supported by a North American tour, spanning from October 21 to November 18, 2001, accompanied by North Mississippi Allstars, Drums & Tuba, The Cancer Conspiracy, Lake Trout, Mark Ribot y Los Cubanos Postizos and New Orleans Klezmer Allstars. Two pre-tour warm-up shows had been booked at Toad's Place in New Haven, Connecticut for September 14, 2001 and the Irving Plaza in New York City, New York (as part of CMJ Music Marathon) for September 15, 2001, but were cancelled in the wake of the September 11 attacks. Oysterhead's 2001 tour saw the debut of the Matterhorn, a guitar played by Trey Anastasio featuring a full-size deer antler. On November 15, 2001, the band performed the song "Oz Is Ever Floating" on Late Night with Conan O'Brien.

Reformation at Bonnaroo
On June 16, 2006, Oysterhead reunited to perform a two-hour set at the Bonnaroo Music Festival. The band performed music from The Grand Pecking Order during the set.

Reformation in 2019
In October 2019, Oysterhead created social media accounts on Instagram and Twitter and announced they would play two reunion shows in February 2020 at 1stBank Center in Broomfield, Colorado.

While the band went on to schedule additional 2020 tour dates in California and at several US festivals, only the two Colorado dates were performed before the other dates were disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Oysterhead resumed touring in 2021.

When asked in March 2022 if the band planned to record a second album, Claypool said it was unclear: "We always talk about it when we're sitting around, but all three of us are so busy. We haven't really found the time to do it. It's an undertaking. You've got three guys that are all alpha dogs in the same room. It's more of an undertaking I think, but who knows. I've been talking to Stewart lately about trying to get together and just start jamming on some shit and see what happens."

Discography

 * The Grand Pecking Order (2001)
 * 2020/02/14 Broomfield, CO (2020) (Live album)
 * 2020/02/15 Broomfield, CO (2020) (Live album)

title: Oysterhead


text:
Talk:Tommy Douglas

Contradiction
In the Winnipeg General Strike article it states that there had been one death, yet in this article it says Douglas witnessed two deaths. I don't know which one is right, but this should be fixed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.78.41.53 (talk) 23:41, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

Boxing Champ
Tommy was a lightwieght boxing champ in Manitoba, that should be in there.

Problems with the article
I am not familiar enough with Douglas to know the correct particulars, though I do recognize some errors..

 * The article says he returned to Winnipeg in 1920, however he was there for the Winnipeg General Strike in 1919.

 * It says medicare was introduced during his first term, however it was introduced during his last! In fact, though the laws were passed under his administration, they did not take effect until after he had left the premier's office and moved to federal politics

There may well be other errors that I am not familiar with, someone who is more familiar with Douglas ought to repair this. - Jord 17:56, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm pretty sure there's a difference between hospital insurance (which the article says was introduced in Douglas's first term, not medicare as you say) and medicare. The first dealt only with hospitalization, the second with all medical care.  HistoryBA 16:32, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Douglas' original medicare did not cover anything near the broad number of services that are covered today. - Jord 19:53, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Privy Councillor
User:216.249.6.205 added a question mark to "He became a member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada in 1984" with the summary "parl website says PC and Hon on his page, bu not listed as on privy council. Anyone know?". Everyking made it a comment hidden from readers, visible to editors it with the summary "questions on the talk page. i'll comment out your question mark so future editors can see it, but not readers". I trust he's not listed on the Privy Council only if it's a list of living Privy Councillors. Samaritan 07:28, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)

See webpage Historical member of the HoC

It says here "DOUGLAS, Thomas Clement (Tommy),   P.C., B.A., M.A., LL.D.(Hon.)"

However see page list of privy council (past and present)

Tommy is not listed, however a few websites say he became a member in 1984.

That is why I added the question mark

216.249.6.205

 * One place I have seen it is here: . However you are correct it should be listed here: but it is not.

--YUL89YYZ 18:01, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * Rideau Hall's list of Order of Canada recipients says that he was "P.C." HistoryBA 22:56, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I had the same question back when I worked at the Provincial Legislature. I contacted the federal Privy Council Office, and they have no record of Tommy ever being a member. ThePrairieDawg 04:54, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

According to this list he was nominated by PM Mulroney: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Queen%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada_%281968%E2%80%932011%29 --Richardson mcphillips (talk) 11:25, 14 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Added citation for his naming to the Privy Council. "Douglas named to Privy Council" on page D14 of the 30 November 1984 Toronto Star.--Abebenjoe (talk) 07:43, 7 December 2011 (UTC)

Resources
Here's a small list of resources that can be used to improve the current article. Add anything you find that has relavence and merit.

 * CBC: Tommy Douglas and the NDP
 * CBC: Tommy Douglas and the NDP 2
 * Canadian Medicine: Doctors and Discoveries
 * Tommy Douglas A Remarkable Canadian
 * The Tommy Douglas Institute

Merge
Tommy douglas birthday does not appear to be a holiday, and I wouldn't think merits it's own article. Perhaps it could be merged here?--Esprit15d 15:19, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

 * It doesn't deserve to be merged; it deserves to be deleted as sub-literate. CJCurrie 19:20, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Extra Degrees
Tommy Douglas does in fact have all of the degrees that I recently appended to his list. This is not vandalism as it was originally perceived, I believe it would strongly benefit the Wikipedia community to leave in this more detailed discussion of Dr. Chili. Douglas's accomplishments.

 * Sorry, I'm pretty sure most people don't consider LSD a degree Liamkf 05:43, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm so sorry, you're right. LSD (the Louisiana Scientologist's Degree) is not given, sadly, at any accredited universities. I have removed it from the list.

Weyburn Calvary Baptist Church
The current link directs to the "Calvary Baptist Church" in New York City, not the one Douglas was ministering. Would anyone could initiate an article for the Calvary Baptist Church in Weyburn, Saskatchewan, and correct the link? Investorjoe 12:47, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

How accurate was the movie?
Did Dr. Moulds exist? How about that Agriculture Minister, and was he really that evil? And I'd like to add I somehow doubt he missed his wife's 9-month pregnancy. That was odd. Any other untruths? - Darkhawk

Vandalism/reversions of true excerpts of Douglas' thesis
Care to enlighten us as to why you reverted information concerning Tommy Douglas' Masters' thesis, including his abhorrent views towards what he termed the "subnormal" family?

Just reverting an article is hardly acceptable, unless you have evidence to suggest that the addition is not within wiki guidelines, is untrue, or is outside of the context of the article. I have reverted your edits, and expect that if you care to rebut or expand upon them, that you do so.

Insofar as your 'classes' are concerned, be careful -- many professiors, especially of political science, sociology, or psychology, are ardent socialists who are not capable of seeing Tommy Douglas for who he was -- an opportunistic political figure imposing his false and flawed ideology on whoever was dumb enough to vote for him.

64.110.251.69 00:26, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

I can't speak for CJCurrie but I can tell you why I would have removed it. It is against Wikipedia's NPOV and original research policies. The newer version is even worse, and I'm going to remove it now. --JGGardiner 00:46, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

Truth must really hurt, since theres 2 or 3 of you now reverting actual quotes of Tommy Douglas from the wiki.

64.110.251.69 01:43, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

The problem isn't the source material, it is the way that the section is written. CJC said, in the edit summay, that he thought that it was fair to include the topic and I am in favour of inclusion. I strongly suggest that you read theNPOV and original research and rewrite the section if you'd like to include it. Basically, you can't include your own opinions, characterizations or extrapolations, even if they are "correct". It's just policy. If you need a hand, feel free to leave me a message on my talk page or you can ask for help here. --JGGardiner 02:07, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

 * You're quite the Tommy Douglas fanatic, aren't you, JGGardiner? -- 198.20.40.50 02:23, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

Was medical care really 'free' under Douglas?
I have spoken to some who actually lived in Saskatchewan during the early days of Medicare as introduced by Tommy Douglas. They distinctly remind me that the system introduced by the government of Douglas, at the time, involved a co-pay, ie: a nominal amount was due for use of medical services, acting as a sort of deductible, to prevent against abuses of the system. It was only with the national medicare system that the co-pay was removed.

Also, it may be inaccurate to suggest that hospitalization was 'free' because every taxpayer of the Province ended up shouldering the cost. "Socialized" or "distributed" might be a better use of terminology here.

I have not edited the wiki to reflect that the Douglas system was not truly 'free', as I do not have specific references or sources (aside from Oral history) to back it up, but it would be useful if someone were to check facts here.

BTW, if you guys want to hold me to strict proof and strict referencing of the truth about Tommy Douglas that I post here, then I will accordingly hold you to strict proof of claims made. It is not my intention to libel the dead, only to ensure that the most significant person in 20th century Saskatchewan history is properly and appropriately portrayed, instead of idolized and portrayed in a fantasious light as many within the contemporary Canadian NDP/socialist movement would prefer.

64.110.251.69 09:54, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Everything on Wikipedia must be verifiable. You might also want to check out the sources policy.  There are no different standards for different editors.  If you have a problem with some content, you can edit it or bring it up on the talk page.  That's why they are here.  --JGGardiner 17:49, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

Oh my, Tommy supported the concentration camps set up for Japanese during WW2 in Canada??
One of those referenced Tommy Douglas articles alludes to this, Douglas' support for concentration camps in Canada. Anyone have more information?

64.110.251.69 10:26, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

Might I note that there were no concentration camps set up in Canada. They were internment camps meant for the Japanese-Canadian population along the West coast - and I have never seen any evidence supporting this mention about Douglas' opinion, although I wouldn't say it couldn't be true.

"Interment camps"?... a rose by any other name...

Internment camp/concentration camp. Now you are just getting tied up in semantics.

64.110.251.69 07:00, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

There is an interview with Tommy Douglas and his daughter Shirley on You Tube where Tommy Douglas said that he fought AGAINST the internment of Japanese - Canadians (compared it to Shirley's work with the American Civil Rights movement which led her to be deported from the US). Also, David Suzuki, who was also in the top ten for "Greatest Canadian" specifically told his supporters to support Tommy Douglas instead. David Suzuki was a boy when he was sent to one of those internment camps and I doubt he would have said this if he thought Tommy Douglas supported this policy. - Vaudree

Tommy Douglas is revered for that which he questioned and that which he brought about. There are probably a few ideas at the time which he either did not question or failed to question completely. A "Controversial views" section would be in order for things which don't appeal to modern minds, but what made him "The Greatest Canadian" is what should be put first.

I hate "The Greatest American" Ronald Reagan with a passion, but I would not mention the Shamrock Summit or Reaganomics first thing about him - that would be low and undignified and unnecessarily insulting. Though these aspects of him should be mentioned after whatever qualifications he has that would make anyone feel esteem for him. And I would probably not waste time changing his entry to remind people that it was Paul Henderson, and not Reagan, who won the cold war against the Russians - that Russian was basically "Snowball" to Reagan's "Napoleon". What I am trying to say is that it should be the same for all of them. - Vaudree

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.77.37.48 (talk) 03:57, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

Links
Six links is a bit excessive for a non-notable, non-academic commentary (The Man & the Myth). I don't want to remove them just yet but if you could remove most of those, that would be my preference. --JGGardiner 18:31, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

If you want to find anti-Douglas sites, that's fine. But find a variety. Those six are all to the same site, same series, same author. Not to mention the author is an investment advisor and not a historian or a journalist or something in a related field. Six links to an accountant's essay is excessive. --JGGardiner 06:53, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

And an investment advisor is somehow not qualified to perform historical research???

64.110.251.69 07:00, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

Budget Surplus under Douglas? Only if you don't include unfunded pension liabilities!
Thats another 'myth' of Douglas -- balanced budgets. The accounting of the time didn't account for unfunded pension liabilities of the Crown for all those civil servants his government hired, yet exhorbiant pension promises were made (ask a retired or soon-to-be-retired government employee about the 'old' plan). Yet these liabilities remain liabilities of the General Revenue Fund, and were not properly accounted for by the government of Tommy Douglas (and his successors). More info to come. Seems your idol isn't looking so great lately, eh?

64.110.251.69 22:25, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

You know, I'm beginning to think that this anon is engaging in polemical behaviour. CJCurrie 23:00, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

Go take a look at Brian Mulroney sometime. Both the good, and the bad are spoken of in that article, including the unpopularity of Mulroney government amongst many for introducing the GST. If Wikipedia just blindly accepts the idealized version of events that typical left-wingers will cite about Douglas, then the credibility of Wikipedia is in serious jeopardy. A more balanced approach is definitely needed in this article, as it seems to have been adopted in the article relating to the Rt. Hon. Brian Mulroney.

Douglas remains the single most controversial character of the 20th century in Saskatchewan, either completely loved, or completely hated. The article really ought to reflect that reality.

64.110.251.69 23:47, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Okay, take a deep breath and read on. You, or anyone else, can add both the good or the bad or anything in between.  But it must follow Wikipedia policies.  I don't have a problem adding his controversial views.  And CJC has said so also.  The problem is the commentary and analysis that goes with them.  Wikipedia is not a commentary website.  If you need help with how the policies work, please, please ask.  You will find editing a much more satisfying experience when you write content that stays in the article.  --JGGardiner 05:04, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

The material I have added does in fact mostly conform to the Wikipedia policies and guidelines, policies and guidelines I am quite familiar with. Simply playing a game of revert war with me (and others) isn't going to further the goals of Wikipedia -- to provide accurate and balanced portrayals of the subject matter being written of. If you don't like the portrayal of TC Douglas' Masters thesis as presented, then come up with one of your own -- don't simply delete mine because you don't like your prophet being portrayed in a somewhat negative light. The CUPE and the SaskNDP links are some of the most blatently pro-Douglas articles that exist on the Internet, from organizations that are openly ideologically bound in support of the policies of socialism that were enacted by Douglas. Similarily, the Prairie Centre articles are somewhat of the opposite. The facts are pretty much not in dispute here -- Douglas was one of the most controversial figures in Saskatchewan politics ever. I think we can all work together to add, edit, and organize content so that his accomplishments, both good and bad, are accurately reflected.

64.110.251.69 06:53, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

You have been warring, not me. I haven't made the same edit twice. I removed the links (once) because I thought there were too many from one website (see above). Not because of the content although I find it rather ordinary. As for the other links, I agree that they are biased but his bio at his party's website is appropriate. The CUPE one I think is iffy and I wouldn't complain if someone removed it. As for your content, what I removed is original research and an NPOV problem:

"While this sort of thinking may have been fashionable in the 1930s, thinking that gave rise to the likes of Adolf Hitler, it epitomizes the ideological slant that most contemporary NDP/CCF governments have adopted -- a firmly held belief that society should take care of the people when people are not capable of taking care of themselves."

I didn't want to rewrite the rest and I don't think that I have to. You're interested in it, you can do the rewrite if you want it in. And by the way, I'm guessing that you're not familiar with Saskatchewan history but you might want to take a look at the James Garfield Gardiner article before you call me a Douglas fanatic one more time. --JGGardiner 07:06, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

Neutrality
64.110.251.69: You say that your edits are consistent with Wikipedia policies. I do not agree. I see particular problems with NPOV. Your POV is extremely negative towards Douglas and you seem to be attempting a hatchet job on the article. You are a minority of one, as far as I can tell. It is consensus that guides what goes into articles. That means we need to agree here. Going on and on about eugenics or plastering the article with negative tracts is not going to make one look like much more than a vandal. Eugenics is mentioned in the article and criticim is referenced. You say you think we can work together. OK, fine. Let's start by you explaining why you think that the article is not neutral. Bear in mind that it is not NPOV to write a negative biography about someone. If you doubt this, look at what other encyclopedias say about Douglas. Sunray 07:31, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Seeing no reasons for placiing the tag on this page, and since there has been no response to the above request, I have removed the NPOV tag. Sunray 06:13, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

Tommy's Thesis
Okay, I found an online source with Tommy Douglas' Thesis:

http://www.katewerk.com/tommy/

A lot to digest, but I thought I would just post the URL so that we can all get up to speed, be on the same 'page', and maybe a more useful treatsie/sypnosis of the thesis can be generated as opposed to the one that I posted that has been so derided thus far. But there is no denying that the thesis is mostly opinion (rather than research), and is of very poor scholastic quality when benchmarked against modern standards of graduate-level research. I am obviously not qualified to comment on its quality in the context of scholastic standards, at the M.A. level, in the 1930s, of course, but the essay obviously does set the tone of socialism, ie: that the goals of the individual should be subordinated to the goals of the State, that Tommy Douglas' CCF/NDP governments practiced throughout their terms in office, a legacy that continues even today.

64.110.251.69 02:40, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Great. I think it is fine as long as we remember that we can describe the document but that none of us are really qualified to comment on it or analyse it.  You might want to post your section for comment here for comment before you edit it into the article if you'd like to make sure that everyone is happy with it.  But that's just an idea.  Don't let me stop you from making a bold edit.  --JGGardiner 03:35, 23 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Speak for yourself. I'm perfectly capable of commenting on and analysing Douglas's thesis. You think that because you are unqualified, so are the rest of us. Why would you think that?154.5.32.113 (talk) 12:15, 29 June 2011 (UTC)

 * The document would also have to be described pretty succinctly, since this isn't an article on eugenics, but rather one on T. Douglas. An MA thesis is not all that notable and if it is available online, people who are curious can access it in its entirety.  Oh yes, and do pay attention to your POV. You (64.110.251.69) said: "the essay obviously does set the tone of socialism. ie: that the goals of the individual should be subordinated to the goals of the State." This is your point of view and does not belong in the article.  Unlike Saskatchewan, (with Douglas as premier), Alberta did implement eugenics:
 * "... the Alberta Sexual Sterilization Act passed on March 7, 1928, creating a Eugenics Board with the power to authorize the sexual sterilization of individuals. From 1929 to 1972, the board approved 4725 of 4800 cases brought before it, of whom 2822 were officially sterilized. (British Columbia passed a similar act in 1933 but was far less vigorous in its implementation. In any case the BC records have been destroyed.)"

 * I hadn't realized that Alberta had a socialist government back then :-) Sunray 06:50, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Keep in mind Eugenics was a very socially acceptable, and even fashionable school of thought when he wrote his thesis. For example, Alexander Grahme Bell the (disputed) inventor of the telephone called that deaf people should not have children, even though he himself was the son of a deaf woman and was married to a deaf woman with whome he had children ! Dowew 02:08, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

RCMP spied on NDP politician Tommy Douglas
[could some one take information from this item and place it in the TC Douglas article?

Thank You Alex C.C.]

Updated Sun. Dec. 17 2006 11:34 PM ET

(news story removed) Sorry, I've removed the full-text Canadian Presss story because I believe that we are not allowed to fully repost such articles because of copyright. I do agree that this is relevant material for the article and I'm sure that anyone so interested can find these stories quite easily. Thanks. --JGGardiner 21:50, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

Just in case an editor who wants to add the RCMP information can't find it online, here's the CP story from the Toronto Star:  68.239.84.252 22:43, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Very nice. But what happens when THE STAR removes this item?

Thank You Alex C.C.

Diefenbaker
Sorry about marking my Diefenbaker birthplace edit as minor; I didn't realize it would be major until I read WP:EDIT. (Tommy_Douglas referred to Diefenbaker as "another Saskatchewan born politician" [sic.] although he was born in Ontario, as it says in the Diefenbaker article, so I removed the word "born.") Once again, sorry, and I hope this doesn't cause any trouble. Łasica 07:24, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

Name and Disambiguation
Someone recently changed the article name. It should say "politician" rather than "minister" in my opinion. Many people with a casual interest won't even know about his religious background. As well, Tommy Douglas currently goes to a disambig page but I think it should probably go here with a "see also" for the jazz musician. But I don't know the other TD so I'm not really sure how well-known he is. A quick google search looks like this TD is overwhelmingly more written/talked about however. --JGGardiner 17:40, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I strongly agree with JGGardiner. I don't understand why the page name was changed (without any discussion) from "Tommy Douglas." As JG points out, the current disambiguation page only shows one more name: Tommy Douglas (clarinetist), who is hardly in the same league with our Tommy. I agree that it would be best to simply have a see also link to the clarinetist at the top of the Tommy Douglas article. Sunray 21:52, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

Assessment
I have assessed this as B Class, given its level of detail and organization, and of high importance, as I feel that the subject of the article plays a vital role in understanding Canada. Cheers, CP 16:25, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

==First Socialist Government in North America?"

Actually, the first socialist government in North America was established in Mexico. The Institutional Revolutionary Party was socialist for a long time, and the Mexican Revolution ended in 1920, so that was the first socialist government. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.140.214.229 (talk) 04:16, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

Considering the Mexican PRI socialist, even in the 1920s, is a stretch. It was established by already powerful folk who were more liberal-conservative/corporatist than anything. They were and are a centrist party. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:188:C302:F8BA:CD41:8B4:5AC2:F1CC (talk) 04:50, 6 November 2016 (UTC)

North Dakota had a pretty socialist government at the beginning of the 20th century/during WWI. It's still illegal for corporations or banks to own farmland there. --Piledhigheranddeeper (talk) 15:54, 15 June 2021 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Leader Post Cover.jpg
Image:Leader Post Cover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 23:01, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Protecting against vandalism
This page has been repeatedly vandalised, mostly by anonymous users (IP address only) and contains derogatory remarks with regards to the person that is subject of this biographic article. For the sake of professionalism and efficiency, this page should be reverted to the last clean version and be locked from editing to unregistered users. Sufitul (talk) 23:23, 4 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I've tried to delete superfluous repetitions but it was reverted. I have reported the case. What can I do? --Hans-Jürgen Hübner (talk) 17:15, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

reading
you are nice. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.174.135.76 (talk) 20:54, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

wording
"While the NDP did better in elections than its CCF predecessor, the party did not experience the breakthrough it had hoped for and didn't recognize his abilities till later in the days"

I would suggest a re-wording, but I can not figure out what the sentence is supposed to say. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.5.206.229 (talk) 10:36, 12 February 2010 (UTC)

"...was a Scottish-born Canadian"
Is this term necessary or appropriate given whom Tommy Douglas was and how he spoke? Hear this recording of him speaking: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IE5fOJfKRNk It is identical to the position of Ken Galbraith as to the book he wrote in New Delhi while Jack Kennedy's American ambassador 1961-63: The Scotch. His London publisher advised, "You mustn't use that term; it's obsolete and offensive." To which he responded, "It's by, about and for Scotch Canadians and that's what we call ourselves." The compromise was the title of the British edition: The Non-potable Scotch. Surely it's proper to use the old Canadian term used by people of that ethnicity, particularly when spoken by two world-famous, great Canadians, is it not? Perhaps a footnote is desirable to explain why that term is the one used, but surely it is the one that should be there.Masalai (talk) 00:35, 15 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Galbraith grew up in a community in Ontario that self-identified as "Scotch" - Douglas did not. TFD (talk) 00:58, 15 June 2014 (UTC)
 * To reiterate, hear this recording of him speaking: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IE5fOJfKRNk Masalai (talk) 15:41, 15 June 2014 (UTC)
 * He is talking about income distribution. What are we supposed to be listening for, please state the point in the 6 minute recording it appears?  TFD (talk) 18:33, 15 June 2014 (UTC)

Father of Medicare?
I'd like to see the edits regarding Tommy Douglas as father of Medicare stop being removed. Hospital Insurance was indeed passed under Louis St Laurent under the Liberals in the 1950's. In the 1960's, Tommy Douglas worked with the minority Liberal Prime Minister Pearson to implement full blown hospital and doctor insurance. Things were still left out, like pharmacare, but it is a more accurate picture of history. It is simply inaccurate to call him the father of Medicare as he didn't lead the government, although he was a key player. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.85.119.50 (talk) 00:58, 17 December 2014 (UTC)

 * It says he is "widely known as the father of Medicare." That he is so regarded is true, whether he truly was or not.  Incidentally, Douglas is so known for having introduced medicare in Saskatchewan, long before it became a national program.  Had the American Medical Association managed to stop it there, it is unlikely the Liberals would have encouraged other provinces to introduce it.  TFD (talk) 03:23, 17 December 2014 (UTC)

Social Credit
I think that a little more detail regarding how he entered the Commons would be useful, I came across some interesting info about some sort of deal with the Social Credit organizer. http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/bibliography/10240.html but unfortunately Wikipedia is quite silent on the details. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cyndane5 (talk • contribs) 23:37, 7 February 2016 (UTC)
 * It is silent because very little has been written about the Socred endorsement. TFD (talk) 19:13, 9 February 2016 (UTC)

 * That's odd, it is a most curious thing, and certainly I would think the circumstances of how he first entered the Commons would be an important part of his life. But I suppose long term he probably wouldn't have wanted too much attention directed to it. Cyndane5 (talk) 22:26, 19 February 2016 (UTC)Cyndane5

Orange Order
Orange Order in Canada had a unverified claim (flagged in 2016) that Tommy Douglas was a member that i removed. Does anyone happen to have a reliable source on the topic? blindlynx (talk) 17:34, 22 September 2020 (UTC)

great article
This article is outstanding and represents what Wikipedia articles should look like. Thanks to for the help!--Sunderlandweary (talk) 13:43, 17 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tommy Douglas


text:
Talk:Gluten

Modern grain does not contain more gluten
Why was this cut: "However, a 2020 study by the Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology casts doubt on the idea that modern wheat has higher gluten levels. From a seed bank, they grew and analyzed 60 wheat cultivars from between 1891 and 2010 and found no changes in albumin/globulin and gluten contents over time. "Overall, the harvest year had a more significant effect on protein composition than the cultivar. At the protein level, we found no evidence to support an increased immunostimulatory potential of modern winter wheat."" DolyaIskrina (talk) 05:57, 11 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Moreover, the claim that modern wheat has more gluten is supported by only one source and a secondary source that relies only on that one original source. To present this claim in wikivoice without any sort of context is unwarranted. I'll be reading both of these sources to see if they are better than mere assertions of fact. DolyaIskrina (talk) 18:56, 11 April 2021 (UTC)

One researcher might have WP:UNDUE influence on this page
There are at least 15 pivotal citations from papers published with "U. Volta" participating. Frankly, I wonder if U. Volta is also editing this page. None of that is a problem per se, but the article should be a balanced look at the current state of knowledge, not a place for one person to trumpet their research. U. Volta seems to think gluten is a toxin created by the modern food industry and it is leading to a worldwide growing plague of disease. U. Volta might be right, but this extreme position needs to be given voice in proportion to the evidence. I'm sure U. Volta is a credentialed expert, but balance is required. DolyaIskrina (talk) 19:08, 11 April 2021 (UTC)

Tagged as unbalanced
Since the advent of agriculture, i.e. for more than 10k years grains with a natural content of gluten have been a major component of the typical human diet around the World. As such, it is confounding that this article does not list a single benefit from the human consumption of gluten (e.g. when consumed as part of a diet with wheat or similar). I have tagged the article accordingly. Please remove only after addressing this self-evident concern. Lklundin (talk) 16:05, 21 July 2021 (UTC)

 * I would say it's negligible 🙃 FizzoXD (talk) 05:56, 30 July 2021 (UTC)
 * This is the page about gluten. Gluten are proteins that are part of the wheat seed.
 * The structure of this page is similar to other pages, such as casein, which are proteins present in mammalian milk.
 * We already have the page that talks about wheat, which includes the benefits of its inclusion in the diet, in the same way that we have the page about milk and its benefits.
 * There is no justification for the template, as the FizzoXD also supports. So I am going to remove it.
 * Best regards. --BallenaBlanca 🐳 ♂ (Talk)  02:18, 4 August 2022 (UTC)

flurgy twinge
an illness only described in the book series redwall, the book called martin the warrior. there are no current known situation of flurgy twinge and the only recorded case was of a big strong hedgehog. unfortanatly after the experience he could never laugh again — Preceding unsigned comment added by 185.182.71.11 (talk) 16:00, 25 February 2022 (UTC)

 * Completely fictitious. Wordreader (talk) 14:48, 1 July 2023 (UTC)

'small' number of consumers
Lede states: The spectrum of gluten related disorders includes celiac disease in 1–2% of the general population, non-celiac gluten sensitivity in 0.5–13% of the general population, as well as dermatitis herpetiformis, gluten ataxia and other neurological disorders.

Other consumer products states that a small number of consumers are at risk when gluten is used unexpectedly in products.

But is (potentially) 15% of the general population a small number of consumers?

23:04, 4 January 2023 (UTC) 79.69.18.220 (talk) 23:04, 4 January 2023 (UTC)

Query...
Since we evolved eating grains even before Homo sapiens rolled around, why is gluten so bad on a small percentage of Sapiens? Was there a gene mutation that popped up along the way? Thank you for your reply, Wordreader (talk) 14:53, 1 July 2023 (UTC)

 * in the 50s wheat was crossed with a japanese crabgrass. The resultant plant was shorter and produced higher yeilds with nitrogen supplimentation without falling over. 2600:1006:B05C:D63F:1C17:288:6A30:1C22 (talk) 18:55, 11 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gluten


text:
Hugolín Gavlovič

Hugolín Gavlovič (born as Martin Gavlovič) (11 November 1712, Czarny Dunajec – 4 June 1787, Horovce) was a Slovak Franciscan priest who authored religious, moral, and educational writings in the contemporary West Slovak vernacular, and was a prominent representative of baroque literature in Slovakia.

Career
He wrote didactical-reflexive poetry. His works are written in a West Slovak vernacular which "is situated temporally as well as linguistically between the systems described by Pavel Doležal and by Anton Bernolák" (Ďurovič "The Language of Walaska Sskola" 659). His most famous piece of work is Valašská škola, mravúv stodola (originally published under the name Walaska Sskola Mrawuw Stodola), a work of 17,862 verses, nearly all in fourteen syllables, as well as numerous versified couplet-marginalia.

title: Hugolín Gavlovič


text:
F16 (disambiguation)

F16, F 16, F-16 or FI6 may refer to:
 * General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon, a 1974 American multirole fighter jet aircraft
 * FI6 (antibody), an antibody that targets influenza A viruses
 * F 16 Uppsala, a Swedish air force base
 * Formula 16, a 5-metre catamaran
 * Nacra F16 a Formula 16 catamaran design
 * Volvo F16, a truck
 * Half-precision floating-point format, a 16-bit computer number format
 * Shibuya Station, a railway station in Tokyo, coded as F16 on the Fukutoshin Line
 * Fluorine-16 (F-16 or 16F), an isotope of fluorine

title: F16 (disambiguation)