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Specified complexity

Specified complexity is a creationist argument introduced by William Dembski, used by advocates to promote the pseudoscience of intelligent design. According to Dembski, the concept can formalize a property that singles out patterns that are both specified and complex, where in Dembski's terminology, a specified pattern is one that admits short descriptions, whereas a complex pattern is one that is unlikely to occur by chance. Proponents of intelligent design use specified complexity as one of their two main arguments, alongside irreducible complexity.

Dembski argues that it is impossible for specified complexity to exist in patterns displayed by configurations formed by unguided processes. Therefore, Dembski argues, the fact that specified complex patterns can be found in living things indicates some kind of guidance in their formation, which is indicative of intelligence. Dembski further argues that one can show by applying no-free-lunch theorems the inability of evolutionary algorithms to select or generate configurations of high specified complexity. Dembski states that specified complexity is a reliable marker of design by an intelligent agent—a central tenet to intelligent design, which Dembski argues for in opposition to modern evolutionary theory. Specified complexity is what Dembski terms an "explanatory filter": one can recognize design by detecting complex specified information (CSI). Dembski argues that the unguided emergence of CSI solely according to known physical laws and chance is highly improbable.

The concept of specified complexity is widely regarded as mathematically unsound and has not been the basis for further independent work in information theory, in the theory of complex systems, or in biology. A study by Wesley Elsberry and Jeffrey Shallit states: "Dembski's work is riddled with inconsistencies, equivocation, flawed use of mathematics, poor scholarship, and misrepresentation of others' results." Another objection concerns Dembski's calculation of probabilities. According to Martin Nowak, a Harvard professor of mathematics and evolutionary biology, "We cannot calculate the probability that an eye came about. We don't have the information to make the calculation."

Orgel's terminology
The term "specified complexity" was originally coined by origin of life researcher Leslie Orgel in his 1973 book The Origins of Life: Molecules and Natural Selection, which proposed that RNA could have evolved through Darwinian natural selection. Orgel used the phrase in discussing the differences between life and non-living structures:

"In brief, living organisms are distinguished by their specified complexity. Crystals are usually taken as the prototypes of simple well-specified structures, because they consist of a very large number of identical molecules packed together in a uniform way. Lumps of granite or random mixtures of polymers are examples of structures that are complex but not specified. The crystals fail to qualify as living because they lack complexity; the mixtures of polymers fail to qualify because they lack specificity."

The phrase was taken up by the creationists Charles Thaxton and Walter L Bradley in a chapter they contributed to the 1994 book The Creation Hypothesis where they discussed "design detection" and redefined "specified complexity" as a way of measuring information. Another contribution to the book was written by William A. Dembski, who took this up as the basis of his subsequent work.

The term was later employed by physicist Paul Davies to qualify the complexity of living organisms:

"Living organisms are mysterious not for their complexity per se, but for their tightly specified complexity"

Dembski's definition
Whereas Orgel used the term for biological features which are considered in science to have arisen through a process of evolution, Dembski says that it describes features which cannot form through "undirected" evolution—and concludes that it allows one to infer intelligent design. While Orgel employed the concept in a qualitative way, Dembski's use is intended to be quantitative. Dembski's use of the concept dates to his 1998 monograph The Design Inference. Specified complexity is fundamental to his approach to intelligent design, and each of his subsequent books has also dealt significantly with the concept. He has stated that, in his opinion, "if there is a way to detect design, specified complexity is it".

Dembski asserts that specified complexity is present in a configuration when it can be described by a pattern that displays a large amount of independently specified information and is also complex, which he defines as having a low probability of occurrence. He provides the following examples to demonstrate the concept: "A single letter of the alphabet is specified without being complex. A long sentence of random letters is complex without being specified. A Shakespearean sonnet is both complex and specified."

In his earlier papers Dembski defined complex specified information (CSI) as being present in a specified event whose probability did not exceed 1 in 10150, which he calls the universal probability bound. In that context, "specified" meant what in later work he called "pre-specified", that is specified by the unnamed designer before any information about the outcome is known. The value of the universal probability bound corresponds to the inverse of the upper limit of "the total number of [possible] specified events throughout cosmic history", as calculated by Dembski. Anything below this bound has CSI. The terms "specified complexity" and "complex specified information" are used interchangeably. In more recent papers Dembski has redefined the universal probability bound, with reference to another number, corresponding to the total number of bit operations that could possibly have been performed in the entire history of the universe.

Dembski asserts that CSI exists in numerous features of living things, such as in DNA and in other functional biological molecules, and argues that it cannot be generated by the only known natural mechanisms of physical law and chance, or by their combination. He argues that this is so because laws can only shift around or lose information, but do not produce it, and because chance can produce complex unspecified information, or simple specified information, but not CSI; he provides a mathematical analysis that he claims demonstrates that law and chance working together cannot generate CSI, either. Moreover, he claims that CSI is holistic, with the whole being greater than the sum of the parts, and that this decisively eliminates Darwinian evolution as a possible means of its "creation". Dembski maintains that by process of elimination, CSI is best explained as being due to intelligence, and is therefore a reliable indicator of design.

Law of conservation of information
Dembski formulates and proposes a law of conservation of information as follows: This strong proscriptive claim, that natural causes can only transmit CSI but never originate it, I call the Law of Conservation of Information.

Immediate corollaries of the proposed law are the following:
 * 1) The specified complexity in a closed system of natural causes remains constant or decreases.
 * 2) The specified complexity cannot be generated spontaneously, originate endogenously or organize itself (as these terms are used in origins-of-life research).
 * 3) The specified complexity in a closed system of natural causes either has been in the system eternally or was at some point added exogenously (implying that the system, though now closed, was not always closed).
 * 4) In particular any closed system of natural causes that is also of finite duration received whatever specified complexity it contains before it became a closed system.

Dembski notes that the term "Law of Conservation of Information" was previously used by Peter Medawar in his book The Limits of Science (1984) "to describe the weaker claim that deterministic laws cannot produce novel information." The actual validity and utility of Dembski's proposed law are uncertain; it is neither widely used by the scientific community nor cited in mainstream scientific literature. A 2002 essay by Erik Tellgren provided a mathematical rebuttal of Dembski's law and concludes that it is "mathematically unsubstantiated."

Specificity
In a more recent paper, Dembski provides an account which he claims is simpler and adheres more closely to the theory of statistical hypothesis testing as formulated by Ronald Fisher. In general terms, Dembski proposes to view design inference as a statistical test to reject a chance hypothesis P on a space of outcomes Ω.

Dembski's proposed test is based on the Kolmogorov complexity of a pattern T that is exhibited by an event E that has occurred. Mathematically, E is a subset of Ω, the pattern T specifies a set of outcomes in Ω and E is a subset of T. Quoting Dembski "Thus, the event E might be a die toss that lands six and T might be the composite event consisting of all die tosses that land on an even face." Kolmogorov complexity provides a measure of the computational resources needed to specify a pattern (such as a DNA sequence or a sequence of alphabetic characters). Given a pattern T, the number of other patterns may have Kolmogorov complexity no larger than that of T is denoted by φ(T). The number φ(T) thus provides a ranking of patterns from the simplest to the most complex. For example, for a pattern T which describes the bacterial flagellum, Dembski claims to obtain the upper bound φ(T) ≤ 1020.

Dembski defines specified complexity of the pattern T under the chance hypothesis P as

 * $$ \sigma= - \log_2 [R \times \varphi(T) \times \operatorname{P}(T)], $$

where P(T) is the probability of observing the pattern T, R is the number of "replicational resources" available "to witnessing agents". R corresponds roughly to repeated attempts to create and discern a pattern. Dembski then asserts that R can be bounded by 10120. This number is supposedly justified by a result of Seth Lloyd in which he determines that the number of elementary logic operations that can have been performed in the universe over its entire history cannot exceed 10120 operations on 1090 bits.

Dembski's main claim is that the following test can be used to infer design for a configuration: There is a target pattern T that applies to the configuration and whose specified complexity exceeds 1. This condition can be restated as the inequality
 * $$ 10^{120} \times \varphi(T) \times \operatorname{P}(T) < \frac{1}{2}. $$

Dembski's explanation of specified complexity
Dembski's expression σ is unrelated to any known concept in information theory, though he claims he can justify its relevance as follows: An intelligent agent S witnesses an event E and assigns it to some reference class of events Ω and within this reference class considers it as satisfying a specification T. Now consider the quantity φ(T) × P(T) (where P is the "chance" hypothesis):

Think of S as trying to determine whether an archer, who has just shot an arrow at a large wall, happened to hit a tiny target on that wall by chance. The arrow, let us say, is indeed sticking squarely in this tiny target. The problem, however, is that there are lots of other tiny targets on the wall. Once all those other targets are factored in, is it still unlikely that the archer could have hit any of them by chance?

In addition, we need to factor in what I call the replicational resources associated with T, that is, all the opportunities to bring about an event of T's descriptive complexity and improbability by multiple agents witnessing multiple events.

According to Dembski, the number of such "replicational resources" can be bounded by "the maximal number of bit operations that the known, observable universe could have performed throughout its entire multi-billion year history", which according to Lloyd is 10120.

However, according to Elsberry and Shallit, "[specified complexity] has not been defined formally in any reputable peer-reviewed mathematical journal, nor (to the best of our knowledge) adopted by any researcher in information theory."

Calculation of specified complexity
Thus far, Dembski's only attempt at calculating the specified complexity of a naturally occurring biological structure is in his book No Free Lunch, for the bacterial flagellum of E. coli. This structure can be described by the pattern "bidirectional rotary motor-driven propeller". Dembski estimates that there are at most 1020 patterns described by four basic concepts or fewer, and so his test for design will apply if

 * $$ \operatorname{P}(T) < \frac{1}{2} \times 10^{-140}. $$

However, Dembski says that the precise calculation of the relevant probability "has yet to be done", although he also claims that some methods for calculating these probabilities "are now in place".

These methods assume that all of the constituent parts of the flagellum must have been generated completely at random, a scenario that biologists do not seriously consider. He justifies this approach by appealing to Michael Behe's concept of "irreducible complexity" (IC), which leads him to assume that the flagellum could not come about by any gradual or step-wise process. The validity of Dembski's particular calculation is thus wholly dependent on Behe's IC concept, and therefore susceptible to its criticisms, of which there are many.

To arrive at the ranking upper bound of 1020 patterns, Dembski considers a specification pattern for the flagellum defined by the (natural language) predicate "bidirectional rotary motor-driven propeller", which he regards as being determined by four independently chosen basic concepts. He furthermore assumes that English has the capability to express at most 105 basic concepts (an upper bound on the size of a dictionary). Dembski then claims that we can obtain the rough upper bound of

 * $$ 10^{20}= 10^5 \times 10^5 \times 10^5 \times 10^5 $$

for the set of patterns described by four basic concepts or fewer.

From the standpoint of Kolmogorov complexity theory, this calculation is problematic. Quoting Ellsberry and Shallit "Natural language specification without restriction, as Dembski tacitly permits, seems problematic. For one thing, it results in the Berry paradox". These authors add: "We have no objection to natural language specifications per se, provided there is some evident way to translate them to Dembski's formal framework. But what, precisely, is the space of events Ω here?"

Criticism
The soundness of Dembski's concept of specified complexity and the validity of arguments based on this concept are widely disputed. A frequent criticism (see Elsberry and Shallit) is that Dembski has used the terms "complexity", "information" and "improbability" interchangeably. These numbers measure properties of things of different types: Complexity measures how hard it is to describe an object (such as a bitstring), information is how much the uncertainty about the state of an object is reduced by knowing the state of another object or system, and improbability measures how unlikely an event is given a probability distribution.

On page 150 of No Free Lunch Dembski claims he can demonstrate his thesis mathematically: "In this section I will present an in-principle mathematical argument for why natural causes are incapable of generating complex specified information." When Tellgren investigated Dembski's "Law of Conservation of Information” using a more formal approach, he concluded it is mathematically unsubstantiated. Dembski responded in part that he is not "in the business of offering a strict mathematical proof for the inability of material mechanisms to generate specified complexity". Jeffrey Shallit states that Demski's mathematical argument has multiple problems, for example; a crucial calculation on page 297 of No Free Lunch is off by a factor of approximately 1065.

Dembski's calculations show how a simple smooth function cannot gain information. He therefore concludes that there must be a designer to obtain CSI. However, natural selection has a branching mapping from one to many (replication) followed by pruning mapping of the many back down to a few (selection). When information is replicated, some copies can be differently modified while others remain the same, allowing information to increase. These increasing and reductional mappings were not modeled by Dembski. In other words, Dembski's calculations do not model birth and death. This basic flaw in his modeling renders all of Dembski's subsequent calculations and reasoning in No Free Lunch irrelevant because his basic model does not reflect reality. Since the basis of No Free Lunch relies on this flawed argument, the entire thesis of the book collapses.

According to Martin Nowak, a Harvard professor of mathematics and evolutionary biology "We cannot calculate the probability that an eye came about. We don't have the information to make the calculation".

Dembski's critics note that specified complexity, as originally defined by Leslie Orgel, is precisely what Darwinian evolution is supposed to create. Critics maintain that Dembski uses "complex" as most people would use "absurdly improbable". They also claim that his argument is circular: CSI cannot occur naturally because Dembski has defined it thus. They argue that to successfully demonstrate the existence of CSI, it would be necessary to show that some biological feature undoubtedly has an extremely low probability of occurring by any natural means whatsoever, something which Dembski and others have almost never attempted to do. Such calculations depend on the accurate assessment of numerous contributing probabilities, the determination of which is often necessarily subjective. Hence, CSI can at most provide a "very high probability", but not absolute certainty.

Another criticism refers to the problem of "arbitrary but specific outcomes". For example, if a coin is tossed randomly 1000 times, the probability of any particular outcome occurring is roughly one in 10300. For any particular specific outcome of the coin-tossing process, the a priori probability (probability measured before event happens) that this pattern occurred is thus one in 10300, which is astronomically smaller than Dembski's universal probability bound of one in 10150. Yet we know that the post hoc probability (probabilitly as observed after event occurs) of its happening is exactly one, since we observed it happening. This is similar to the observation that it is unlikely that any given person will win a lottery, but, eventually, a lottery will have a winner; to argue that it is very unlikely that any one player would win is not the same as proving that there is the same chance that no one will win. Similarly, it has been argued that "a space of possibilities is merely being explored, and we, as pattern-seeking animals, are merely imposing patterns, and therefore targets, after the fact."

Apart from such theoretical considerations, critics cite reports of evidence of the kind of evolutionary "spontanteous generation" that Dembski claims is too improbable to occur naturally. For example, in 1982, B.G. Hall published research demonstrating that after removing a gene that allows sugar digestion in certain bacteria, those bacteria, when grown in media rich in sugar, rapidly evolve new sugar-digesting enzymes to replace those removed. Another widely cited example is the discovery of nylon eating bacteria that produce enzymes only useful for digesting synthetic materials that did not exist prior to the invention of nylon in 1935.

Other commentators have noted that evolution through selection is frequently used to design certain electronic, aeronautic and automotive systems which are considered problems too complex for human "intelligent designers". This contradicts the argument that an intelligent designer is required for the most complex systems. Such evolutionary techniques can lead to designs that are difficult to understand or evaluate since no human understands which trade-offs were made in the evolutionary process, something which mimics our poor understanding of biological systems.

Dembski's book No Free Lunch was criticised for not addressing the work of researchers who use computer simulations to investigate artificial life. According to Shallit: The field of artificial life evidently poses a significant challenge to Dembski's claims about the failure of evolutionary algorithms to generate complexity. Indeed, artificial life researchers regularly find their simulations of evolution producing the sorts of novelties and increased complexity that Dembski claims are impossible.

title: Specified complexity


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File:Glass Float Small.JPG

Glass float: small one with no markings, found at southern tip of Taiwan.

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User talk:Beardedkeane

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 01:21, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
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Talk:Garstang

Significant Events
Are any of these events really significant?, favouritism by a Garstang local perhaps, as I can't remember the town ever being in the news. Grunners 01:21, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Garstang Courier

Where are the references to the information on the Garstang Courier? Beech1111 (talk) 22:05, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

Sholud I make an article on Garstang CP School
The title says it all. Linkof1L (talk) 21:41, 5 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Only if you can write a good-enough quality article, with references, that can show the school is important enough to deserve it. I think it would be better to add a good quality, referenced paragraph to this article instead. --Dr Greg (talk) 13:46, 6 November 2008 (UTC)

General completeness and accuracy
This article is obviously written by a Garstonian, is pretty comprehensive, and has the makings of a very fine article. But there are too many inaccuracies, misleadingies and incompletenesses. The reasearch has been superficial, magpie-fashion. I do not have the knowledge of Garstang or the wiki-editing skills to fix it. Please, somebody, ...

I have corrected one or two specific detail errors where I can use the existing source text as a template. For example, the A6 was diverted round Garstang in 1928, not 1926. Easy fix, and easy to give a reference. Similarly the distances to Preston and Lancaster (Preston was correct, and I'll prove Lancaster in great detail, to the yard, if I'm challenged on it).

I've also added a very woffley and unsatisfactory small expansion to the historic part of "Government", but it's hardly even a patch.

There is much in this article that is either (maybe) wrong, or questionable, or "not right".

1. Population. The article cites a (presumably wiki-type) German source for Garstang+Bonds+Bowgreave. OK, source may be correct -- but what about Catterall? Catterall is unambiguously part of the built-up area nowadays, and I have heard people from Catterall say that they live in Garstang (damn cheek!), and the article itself gives Garstang as "lying on the Wyre and the Calder" ... you have to go well down towards Catterall before you cross the Calder. I went to www.ons.gov.uk, and www.lancashire.gov.uk, and tried 2011 census headcounts by ward and by LSOA, but neither ward boundaries nor LSOA boundaries aligned with the built-up-boundaries. I'm not going to go post-code-by-post-code -- it would take a month -- but if we can assume that ROUGHLY Garstang+Cabus+Catterall has about the same number out-of-Greater-Garstang as other wards have within GG, we get an estimate of about 8,000 (which is what I got by different route some years ago for an exercise I had to do on a course, but I can't remember what my sources were).

2. "Garstang is famous for being the world's first ever Fairtrade Town." If only! Nice idea, but "is famous for" is NOT encyclopedic objectivity -- the only thing Garstang is famous for is being the only place with big blue signs on M6 that no-one has ever heard of apart from being somewhere that has big blue signs on M6. But don't change it!

3. "award-winning" Dewlay cheese. Is the "award winning" epithet appropriate, unless the award is named and recognised as being prestigious?

3. "official parish church" The word "official" here is inappropriate. A church either is or is not a parish church.

4. Governance

This section is the biggest prob. But it is not easy to fix from readily-available records.

4.1 From catalogue entries (rather than actual documents) there seems to be a slight disconnect (nasty Americanism or not, it's functional) on dates between National Archive references to Lancashire Archive holdings and Lancashire Archive references to their own holdings, but the guts of the matter seems to be (1) there was a Garstang Corporation from about 1663 until 1886/7; (2) Garstang Rural District Council took over 1886/87 but was in existence from 1846 (can't be right?); (3) there was also (pre-1974) a Garstang Parish Council. An article in the London Gazette in 1924 asks those concerned about some new waterworks to write to both Garstang RDC and Garstang PC.

4.2 I have deleted the text that said that Garstang had returned only Conservative Borough coucillors, not because it discorded with my own memory, but because it was in flat contradiction of the author's own quoted ref, the Courier article that said, in 2007, "Fifteen to 20 years ago Garstang was well represented at town and borough level by a strong, progressive, Liberal/Liberal Focus team of councilors." Wyresider (talk) 19:37, 26 August 2015 (UTC)

5. "Official Garstang Web Site" -- on what basis are they official? Wyresider (talk) 19:46, 26 August 2015 (UTC)

Garstang is an Affluent Town
Why was my edit, which put the word 'Affluent' before 'old market town' deleted? Garstang is an affluent town just look at the crs and houses. why do other towns/ villages get to be called 'Affluent' on Wiki yet Garstang doesn't? Makes no sense whatsover.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton-le-Woods — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.108.33.183 (talk) 22:42, 27 August 2015 (UTC)

 * Any claim of affluence needs to be supported by a reliable source. If you find any claims of affluence, without a source, in articles, please delete them. --  Dr Greg   talk  23:25, 27 August 2015 (UTC)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070929103133/http://www.rhs.org.uk/britaininbloom/north_west/garstangwinner2005.asp to http://www.rhs.org.uk/britaininbloom/north_west/garstangwinner2005.asp

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John Miles (racing driver)

John Jeremy Miles (14 June 1943 – 8 April 2018) was a British racing driver from England. He participated in 15 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, making his debut on 6 July 1969, in the Lotus 63 4-wheel drive F1 car for which he was the official Team Lotus test driver. He scored a total of 2 championship points with a fifth place in the 1970 South African Grand Prix.

Early career
In 1963/64, John Jeremy Miles (known as John "Diva" Miles and not to be confused with John "Turner" Miles) began his serious racing career and became the overall champion in the Redex Sports Car Championship driving a front engined Diva GT. A second season in the Diva this time supported by John Willment was also successful. He then went to win the 1966 Autosport Championship in the Willment sponsored Lotus Elan 26R with 15 outright wins from 17 races. This particular Elan 26R car was never beaten until the advent of the mid engined competitors such as the Chevron. At Boxing Day Brands 1966 he debuted the new Lotus 47GT and subsequently raced the works F3 Lotus 41 and long chassis 41X and GT 47 during 1967 and 1968 for the works team – winning four international F3 events in 1968.

Formula One
In 1969, Miles had to develop the Lotus 63 4WD car while World Champion Graham Hill and Jochen Rindt refused to drive this design, considering it a death trap. In five GPs, Miles finished only once, in 10th place. In between, the car was given twice to Mario Andretti, but he did not finish either. Miles did qualify mid-grid for the Canadian GP at Mosport, where the difficult combination of fast sweeping bends suited the 4-wheel-drive Lotus 63, which was a 'disaster' on twisty tracks.

After Graham Hill had broken his legs in late 1969, he did not return to Team Lotus, driving Lotus cars for the Rob Walker Racing Team instead. Miles was promoted to number two Lotus F1 driver behind Jochen Rindt for the 1970 Formula One season. In the 1970 South African Grand Prix, where a total of five Lotus cars were entered, he finished fifth in a Lotus 49 with Hill behind him. Miles had driven most of the race with petrol leaking over him, but Colin Chapman expressed dissatisfaction he had not taken Beltoise for fourth. For the Spanish GP, the new Lotus 72 was entered, but Miles failed to qualify for the race in which Rindt had to retire early. Due to the problems with the 72, the updated Lotus 49C was used in Monaco, with Miles driving a few practice laps in the 72, and failing to qualify in the 49C. Graham Hill was slower in practice, but had a guaranteed grid place as a past World Champion, and was allocated Miles's 49C for the race, which was won by Rindt. In Belgium, Miles raced the 72, while Rindt relied on the old 49C, and both had to retire. In Zandvoort, the 72 finally proved to be competitive, with Rindt qualifying on pole and winning, while Miles qualified and finished seventh in the race, driving a more experimental and difficult, version of the 72, which retained much of Chapman's anti-squat and anti-dive roadholding features, and was a handful, if having excellent brakes. Miles made an excellent start, jumping into fifth and was running in the opening laps with eight of the greatest GP drivers nose to tail, held behind by good line, brakes and skilful blocking or the luck of a tyro in auto sport. Regazzoni got past when Miles missed a gear on lap 6 and Piers Courage passed Miles on lap 12. After that an intense midfield duel developed as Miles fought to hold off Jean-Pierre Beltoise and John Surtees. Rindt required real skill to lap the trio threading through on laps 30–33, ultimately just flagged past by his teammate. Beltoise was not able to get the Matra past the deep braking Miles's 72 until the slippery lap 49, Surtees also got past on the lap, but was immediately retaken by the Miles 72 and Surtees did not finally secure the 6th place point, until he got past four laps from the flag with the 72's brakes effectively gone. In France, Rindt won again in the 72 despite an injury, while Miles finished outside the points once again, although on the same lap as his team leader.

By now, it was evident that Miles was thoroughly overshadowed by his team leader who won five races to earn the F1 World Championship that year. According to Miles, Chapman regarded him 'as a sort of grease monkey' and paid him a mere 300 pounds per race, out of which he had to pay his own travel expenses, occasionally supplemented by a roll of notes, on request, from Chapman's back pocket to get Miles back to England.

For the British GP, Lotus cars founder and Team Lotus principal Chapman started to enter a third car with Emerson Fittipaldi. With the reliable 49C, the young Brazilian finished his first three GPs while Miles had to retire in both races, dogged by a hairline fracture in the water pipes, leading to retirement at quarter distance and slowing his progress during the race at Brands and Hockenheim, when finally running with a 72, close to Rindt's 72 specifications, he would have been reasonably competitive. Miles qualified seventh at Brands Hatch, 1.2 seconds slower than Rindt on pole, who beat Brabham on the finishing line to win the British GP. Rindt scored a final victory at Hockenheim where Miles qualified tenth and diced with Surtees and Denny Hulme, until the Lotus 72's Cosworth blew. With the three car team, Miles's car did not get the same attention as Chapman obviously saw Fittipaldi as the future, as his old Lotus was seriously prepared and finished eighth and fourth in the British and German races, while the failure to discover, the fracture leaking water saw Miles retire at both races and had blown three Cosworth V8s during the practice sessions. During the Hockenheim practice sessions, Miles spent many laps providing a slipstream tow to enable Fittipaldi to qualify. Rindt said "a monkey could have won in the car" (the 72) and told Miles who qualified tenth, two seconds behind Rindt, that he was mystified than Miles didn't drive faster, as two seconds slower was no safer in Rindt's view. This may have been true in a Lotus 72 as Miles qualified on the fifth row again at the next race in Austria, a new, high speed lethal circuit. Miles found himself without braking on the fourth lap: 'coming through the downhill before the final corner, my left front brake shaft broke'. Matters came to a head at the Italian GP, where Chapman ordered Miles to follow Rindt in running a new Lotus 72 without front and rear wings to take advantage of the Monza circuit's long straights and fast, low-downforce corners. Miles reluctantly complied but was concerned by the wingless 72's handling on the straights. His teammate Rindt was killed when one of the brake shafts on his new Type 72 failed and his car veered off the track, ploughing into the steel barrier which was placed too high for the revolutionary wedge design of the 72. Rindt, who had only recently acquiesced to wearing a simple lap belt, slid underneath and had his throat cut by the belt buckle. That was too much for Miles, who was widely regarded as too cerebral and sensitive to fit Chapman's idea of a race driver, and he left the team. The team skipped the next race in Canada, and at Watkins Glen, Reine Wisell drove the second Lotus car, while Fittipaldi won, thereby securing both championships for Lotus.

Miles was signed for BRM for 1971, Lou and Jean Stanley recruiting him at the Dorchester, a precursor to the signing of Niki Lauda, (as seen in the doco/drama film, 'Rush') with Lou making a phone call to Bourne to receive the apparent reply that yet another 20 hp was being produced by the BRM V12 on the dyno. He was employed mainly as a test driver and raced in two non-championship rounds at Brands Hatch and Hockenheim in the BRM and also won the British sports car championship that year in 2-litre sports cars – in a Chevron B19 he beat a competitive field, including Chris Craft and Wilson Fittipaldi.

A qualified mechanical engineer, Miles later made a name for himself working for Lotus's road car division. He wrote a column, "Miles Behind The Wheel", for Autocar magazine, giving his road impressions of sportier cars.

Personal life
Miles was the son of the actors Bernard Miles and Josephine Wilson.

Miles died on 8 April 2018, due to complications following a stroke.

Miles Music
In 1985 Miles founded 'Miles Music', a jazz recording company, with Peter Watts. In 1996, their release of the CD Tamburello by Peter King won the BT Jazz CD of the year award. It was inspired by the death of Ayrton Senna.

Complete British Saloon Car Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.) † Events with 2 races staged for the different classes.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

Complete Formula One non-championship results
(key)

title: John Miles (racing driver)


text:
John Miles (musician)

John Miles (born John Errington; 23 April 1949 – 5 December 2021) was an English rock singer, guitarist and keyboard player best known for his 1976 top 3 UK hit single "Music", which won an Ivor Novello Award, and his frequent appearances at Night of the Proms. He won the "Outstanding Musical Achievement" award at the 2017 Progressive Music Awards. He released 10 albums from 1976 to 1999 and was also a touring musician for Tina Turner from 1987 to 2009.

Early life
Miles was born John Errington in Jarrow, County Durham, to Alec and Doris, attending St. Peters School before passing his eleven-plus exam and joining Jarrow Grammar School. While still a pupil at Jarrow Grammar School, Miles started guitar lessons in nearby Hebburn and was encouraged by his grammar school music teacher, Jimmy Joseph, to take up a career in music, but his first job after leaving school was making lavatory signs. Miles played in several local bands, including the Derringers, the New Atlantians and the Urge before joining the Influence, which also included Paul Thompson, later the drummer with Roxy Music, and Vic Malcolm, later lead guitarist with Geordie. This outfit released the single "I Want to Live" (Orange Records, 1969 ). Following this, he formed the John Miles Set, with Bob Marshall and Dave Symonds before starting his solo career in 1971.

In 1972 Billboard magazine reported on a new distribution agreement between Orange Records and the larger Pye Records label; "Orange, the label offshoot of the Orange recording studios, will release John Miles' "Come Away MeLinda"[sic] as its first record through Pye."

Other releases included those written by Australian writing duo Vanda & Young: "The World Belongs to Yesterday" (1972), "Yesterday Was Just the Beginning of My Life" (1972) and "One Minute Every Hour" (1973). It was while on a break on a Saturday stint at Peter Stringfellow's Leeds club that he first started writing what became "Music". In 1972, the band appeared on the television series Opportunity Knocks.

Success
Miles signed a recording contract with the Decca UK label in 1975 and issued four albums; Rebel (1976) - No. 9 on the UK chart, Stranger in the City (1977) - No. 37 UK, Zaragon (1978) - No. 43 UK and More Miles Per Hour (1979) - No. 46 UK. Miles had the most success with singles and released a total of eighteen during this era, with four reaching the UK top 40. In addition to "Music", he also charted in the UK with "Highfly" (1975) - No. 17, "Remember Yesterday" (1976) - No. 32, and "Slow Down" (1977) - No. 10. In 1975, the readers of the Daily Mirror voted Miles as Best Newcomer. Not long after "Music"'s release, Miles was described by Melody Maker as "the brightest, freshest force in British rock".

"Music" won Miles an Ivor Novello Award for Best Middle of the Road Song in 1977. Most of his songs were co-written with the bassist in his backing group, Bob Marshall.

At the peak of his success, in 1976 and 1977, Miles made several appearances on the weekly pop TV shows Supersonic and Top of the Pops. The debut album did receive some attention in the US. Two singles from the debut album reached the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, "Highfly" peaked at No. 68, followed by "Music" which stalled at No. 88. In Canada, "Highfly" reached No. 74, and "Slow Down" reached No. 68. However, "Music" reached No. 1 on the Dutch and Belgian charts and No. 4 on the Swiss charts. "Slow Down" was his biggest US chart hit, peaking at No. 2 on the disco chart, and at No. 34 on the Billboard Hot 100 in June 1977. It was later featured in the 1979 film Players, starring Ali MacGraw and Dean Paul Martin. The album Zaragon reached No. 3 on the Swedish and Portuguese charts. On his US tour to promote Zaragon, Billboard stated that "Miles boast several strengths: solid vocals, sharp guitar play and strong material".

Miles opened for Elton John on his tour. Miles and his band would go on to open for other famous artists, such as Fleetwood Mac, Aerosmith, Jethro Tull and the Rolling Stones. In 1978, Miles was invited to appear on the BBC Sight and Sound in Concert programme which was simultaneously on BBC Radio 1 and BBC 2 on 11 March 1978.

Later career
The early success of Rebel tailed off so much that Ian Gilbey in Electronics & Music Maker wrote:

"In the world of Rock music, there can be no greater travesty than the way John Miles' music has been ignored, especially by the weekly music press. Musical skill has never been high on their list of pre-requisites for stardom and as soon as John's fifteen minutes of fame had terminated in the mid-Seventies, the shutters came down with a resounding bang. 'Passe' and 'old-fashioned' were the usual glib diatribes flung insultingly in Mr. Miles' direction with every subsequent record release, yet to those prepared to listen, each and every album contained material that consolidated his status as an exceptional songwriting talent."

From 1985, Miles participated almost every year in the Night of the Proms, a series of concerts held yearly in Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, Poland, Denmark and the United States. Regularly there were also shows in Spain, France, Austria, Switzerland and Sweden. The concerts consist of a combination of pop music and popular classical music (often combined) and various well-known musicians and groups usually participate.

Miles always performed "Music", regarded as the anthem of the show, and also sang other songs with other artists. In 2009, the album The Best of John Miles at the Night of the Proms was released, which included "Music" and cover versions including "All by Myself", "Bohemian Rhapsody" and "It Was a Very Good Year".

Miles' 1986 album Transition was praised by Billboard, which said that "gutsy playing and even strength of material should assure wide exposure".

Miles also toured with Tina Turner from 1987, playing keyboards, guitar and supporting vocals on every one of her tours, and played on several of her albums. He also appeared on Jimmy Page's 1988 album Outrider and subsequent tour (his wide-ranging vocals allowed him to cover both Robert Plant and Paul Rodgers from Page's two previous bands), and played Hammond organ on Joe Cocker's album Night Calls (1992), with whom he toured for two years. In 1990, Miles participated in the UK heat of A Song for Europe with the song "Where I Belong", which came second.

Miles was also a frequent guest vocalist on albums by the Alan Parsons Project, being featured on Tales of Mystery and Imagination (1976), Pyramid (1978), Stereotomy (1985), and Gaudi (1987), as well as on the Eric Woolfson album Freudiana (1990). He appeared on Andrea Bocelli's 1997 album Romanza on the tracks "Funiculi Funicula" and "Miserere".

His first DVD, John Miles – Live in Concert was released in 2002. In 2007, Miles performed in Gelsenkirchen, Germany with German band Pur and sang two songs. On one of those songs, "Abenteuerland", Miles sang with Pur in German. The concert is available on the DVD, Pur&Friends-Live-auf-Schalke-2007. In October 2008, Miles began touring once again with Tina Turner until May 2009.

The Olympiapark in Munich gave Miles a symbolic key to the park in 2015 as the performer who had opened the door the most times, and the moment was recorded on the Munich Olympic Walk of Stars.

In 2017, Miles was awarded an outstanding contribution to music award at the Progressive Rock awards.

In 2019, Miles starred in a flashmob performance of "Music" organized by Südwestrundfunk (SWR; Southwest Broadcasting), a regional public broadcasting corporation serving the southwest of Germany. It was held in the marketplace of Landau and involved more than 100 people including the members of the State Youth Orchestra of Rhineland Palatinate and 20 camera operators.

In 2020, Miles recorded a new version of "Music" remotely with the Antwerp Philharmonic 'Quarantine' Orchestra due to the cancellation of the Night of the Proms due to Covid.

Musicals
In 1998, Miles entered the world of stage musicals by creating the score for the adaption of Robert Westall's The Machine Gunners by Tom Kelly and Ken Reay. This was followed in 1999 with further collaboration with Tom Kelly on Tom and Catherine, the life story of the romantic writer Catherine Cookson and her husband Tom. Their next work was Dan Dare The Musical in 2003, with Miles writing the score for Cuddy's Miles by Arthur McKenzie and David Whitaker, which was about the Jarrow Marches with the character Cuddy being Miles grandfather Cuthbert. In 2016, Miles and Kelly collaborated on Dolly Mixtures, a musical based on the story of eight women who set-up a variety act when one of their husbands was diagnosed with cancer – later going on to raise £100,000 in the 1970s and 1980s.

Personal life and death
Miles died after a short illness on 5 December 2021 at the age of 72 and was survived by his wife of nearly 50 years, Eileen, two children and two grandchildren. His son, John Miles Jr., is also a musician and played with groups such as Milk Inc., Sylver, the Urge and Fixate.

Alan Parsons wrote of Miles:

"I am hugely saddened by the news that my good friend and musical genius John has passed. I am so very proud to have worked with him on some of the greatest vocal performances ever recorded, including of course 'Music', which as well as being a big hit internationally, became an anthem for the hugely popular 'Night of the Proms' concerts. Whenever I invited John to sing on the Alan Parsons Project albums he always delivered magical and sensitive renditions. He will be greatly missed not only by his many friends and associates but also by the millions of fans who recognize his amazing talent. You will be missed"

Carl Huybrechts, one of the joint creators of Night of the Proms said:

"I've heard him play 'Music' a thousand times. It always gave me goosebumps. With that huge orchestra there, it will always stay with me."

title: John Miles (musician)


text:
Nanise Nagusuca

Nanise Nagusuca is a former Fijian politician. She was a member of the Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua and Social Democratic Liberal parties. She was convicted of sedition in 2017 and sentenced to three years imprisonment.

Nagusuca is from Nokonoko in Ra Province, and was educated at the University of the South Pacific. She worked as a librarian at the as well as at the Western Regional Library in Lautoka.

She was first elected to the House of Representatives of Fiji in the North East Urban Fijian Communal constituency in a by-election in December 2004. Following the by-election she was appointed Assistant Minister For Fijian Affairs, Culture, and Heritage. In December 2005 she was criticised after telling an indigenous women's organisation that human, women's, children's and individual rights were eroding indigenous national identity. She was re-elected at the 2006 Fijian general election, but lost her seat when Parliament was disestablished after the 2006 Fijian coup d'état. Following the coup she served as deputy chair of the Ra Provincial Council.

Following the dissolution of the SDL by the military regime, she joined the Social Democratic Liberal Party (SODELPA). She was named as a SODELPA candidate for the 2014 Fijian general election.

In September 2017 she was convicted of sedition by the military regime and sentenced to three years imprisonment over an attempt to form a breakaway "Christian state" in Ra Province.

title: Nanise Nagusuca


text:
User talk:Weret8

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 01:23, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
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Unsourced images
Image:Boeing b-50.jpg and Image:F-15 small 3.jpg do not have information on their sources. If you could go to the image and specify where you got it from and provide liscensing information (public domain/government, GFDL, copyrighted but with permission to use for any purpose). If you need help, contact me at User talk:Ingoolemo. Cheers, →Iñgōlemo←   talk  02:42, 2005 Mar 9 (UTC)

title: User talk:Weret8


text:
Talk:Eurylochus of Same

The Odyssey
Is the Odyssey your favorite book?

Answer
I don't speak for the maker of this page, but it is on equal standing with the Bible in my mind. Fuzzibloke 15:46, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

moved page
I moved it from Eurylochus to Eurylochus (mythology), and made that page a disambiguation page.

title: Talk:Eurylochus of Same


text:
Talk:Nankai University

Current President
The president of Nankai University is no longer Dr.Zixin Hou(侯自新) but Dr.Zihe Rao(饶子和) who was a former professor in Department of Biology Science and Technology, Tsinghua University. He was appionted by Ministry of Education in Auguest, 2006.

 * Thank you for the information - if it's still correct, feel free to update the article accordingly and add the corresponding sources :)
 * --Ruhri Jörg (talk) 08:17, 30 October 2018 (UTC)

Improving overall quality of the article
Fellow Wikipedians,

Today I began editing the Nankai University article, which I stumbled upon, coming from another partnering university, of my home-uni in Germany.

I'm beginning to make changes, following the WP:UNIGUIDE guidelines, removing wrong English and content, that's not in line with citation and language guidelines (unsourced claims, puffed language, ...).

Feel free to comment on any removal, that might be too much or just come along and improve the article!

All the best, --Ruhri Jörg (talk) 13:50, 12 July 2018 (UTC)
 * I have now removed the general citation-improvements-needed template and am in the process of adding more specific ones in the sections / paragraphs / sentences.--Ruhri Jörg (talk) 12:58, 19 July 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nankai University


text: User talk:81.132.5.100

title: User talk:81.132.5.100


text:
Zuni language

Zuni (also formerly Zuñi, endonym Shiwiʼma) is a language of the Zuni people, indigenous to western New Mexico and eastern Arizona in the United States. It is spoken by around 9,500 people, especially in the vicinity of Zuni Pueblo, New Mexico, and much smaller numbers in parts of Arizona.

Unlike most indigenous languages in the United States, Zuni is still spoken by a significant number of children and, thus, is comparatively less threatened with language endangerment. Edmund Ladd reported in 1994 that Zuni is still the main language of communication in the pueblo and is used in the home (Newman 1996).

The Zuni name for their own language, Shiwiʼma (shiwi "Zuni" + -ʼma "vernacular"; pronounced ) can be translated as "Zuni way", whereas its speakers are collectively known as ʼA꞉shiwi (ʼa꞉(w)- "plural" + shiwi "Zuni").

Classification
Zuni is considered a language isolate. The Zuni have, however, borrowed a number of words from Keres, Hopi, and O’odham pertaining to religion and religious observances.

A number of possible relationships of Zuni to other languages have been proposed by various researchers, although none of these have gained general acceptance. The main hypothetical proposals have been connections with Penutian (and Penutioid and Macro-Penutian), Tanoan, and Hokan phyla, and also the Keresan languages.

The most clearly articulated hypothesis is Newman's (1964) connection to Penutian, but even this was considered by Newman (according to Michael Silverstein) to be a tongue-in-cheek work due to the inherently problematic nature of the methodology used in Penutian studies (Goddard 1996). Newman's cognate sets suffered from common problems in comparative linguistics, such as comparing commonly borrowed forms (e.g. "tobacco"), forms with large semantic differences (e.g. "bad" and "garbage", "horse" and "hoof"), nursery forms, and onomatopoetic forms (Campbell 1997). Zuni was also included under Morris Swadesh's Penutioid proposal and Joseph Greenberg's very inclusive Penutian sub-grouping – both without convincing arguments (Campbell 1997).

Zuni was included as being part of the Aztec-Tanoan language family within Edward Sapir's heuristic 1929 classification (without supporting evidence). Later discussions of the Aztec-Tanoan hypothesis usually excluded Zuni (Foster 1996).

Karl-Heinz Gursky published problematic unconvincing evidence for a Keresan-Zuni grouping. J. P. Harrington wrote one unpublished paper with the title "Zuñi Discovered to be Hokan" (Campbell 1997).

Language contact
As Zuni is a language in the Pueblo linguistic area, it shares a number of features with Hopi, Keresan, and Tanoan (and to a lesser extent Navajo) that are probably due to language contact. The development of ejective consonants in Zuni may be due to contact with Keresan and Tanoan languages which have complete series of ejectives. Likewise, aspirated consonants may have diffused into Zuni. Other shared traits include: final devoicing of vowels and sonorant consonants, dual number, ceremonial vocabulary, and the presence of a labialized velar (Campbell 1997).

Phonology
The 16 consonants of Zuni (with IPA phonetic symbol when different from the orthography) are the following:

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"

! rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" | Bilabial ! colspan="2" | Dental/Alveolar ! rowspan="2" | Post- alveolar ! rowspan="2" | Palatal ! colspan="2" | Velar ! rowspan="2" | Glottal ! central ! lateral ! plain ! labial ! | Nasal ! Plosive ! Affricate ! Fricative ! Approximant
 * -class=small !
 * }
 * }

The vowels are the following:

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"

! ! Front ! back ! High ! Mid ! Low
 * colspan="2" |
 * }

Zuni syllables have the following specification:

 * C(C)V(ː)(C)(C)

Morphology
Word order in Zuni is fairly free with a tendency toward SOV. There is no case-marking on nouns. Verbs are complex, compared to nouns, with loose incorporation. Like other languages in the Southwest, Zuni employs switch-reference.

Newman (1965, 1996) classifies Zuni words according to their structural morphological properties (namely the presence and type of inflectional suffixes), not according to their associated syntactic frames. His terms, noun and substantive, are therefore not synonymous.

Pronouns
Zuni uses overt pronouns for first and second persons. There are no third person pronouns. The pronouns distinguish three numbers (singular, dual and plural) and three cases (subject, object and possessive). In addition, some subject and possessive pronouns have different forms depending on whether they appear utterance-medially or utterance-finally (object pronouns do not occur utterance-medially). All pronoun forms are shown in the following table:

There is syncretism between dual and plural non-possessive forms in the first and second persons. Utterances with these pronouns are typically disambiguated by the fact that plural pronouns agree with plural-marked verb forms.

Sociolinguistics

 * storytelling (Delapna:we) – Tedlock (1972)
 * ceremonial speech – Newman (1955)
 * slang – Newman (1955)

Names
Zuni adults are often known after the relationship between that adult and a child. For example, a person might be called "father of so-and-so", etc. The circumlocution is used to avoid using adult names, which have religious meanings and are very personal.

Orthography
There are twenty letters in the Zuni alphabet.

 * Double consonants indicate geminate (long) sounds, for instance the in shiwayanne "car", is pronounced.
 * Long vowels are indicated with a colon following the vowel as the  in wa'ma:we "animals".
 * is not part of the alphabet, although the digraph is. There are also other two-letter combination sounds (like ).
 * are not used to write Zuni, except for the occasional borrowed word.
 * indicates IPA (a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative, pronounced roughly like h and l together).
 * indicates IPA (a glottal stop) – it is written medially and finally but not word-initially.

This orthography was largely worked out by Curtis Cook.

Old orthographies
Linguists and anthropologists have created and used their own writing system for Zuni before the alphabet was standardized. One was developed for Zuni by linguist Stanley Newman (Newman 1954). This practical orthography essentially followed Americanist phonetic notation with the substitution of some uncommon letters with other letters or digraphs (two-letter combinations). A further revised orthography is used in Dennis Tedlock's transcriptions of oral narratives.

See the table below for a comparison of the systems.

 * {| class="wikitable"

! Tedlock || Newman || Americanist || Current orthography || IPA
 * ʼ || / || ʔ || ʼ ||
 * ʼʼ || // || ʔʔ || ʼʼ ||
 * a || a || a || a ||
 * aa || a꞉ || aˑ || a꞉ ||
 * ch || ch || č || ch ||
 * cch || chch || čč || chh ||
 * e || e || e || e ||
 * ee || e꞉ || eˑ || e꞉ ||
 * i || i || i || i ||
 * ii || i꞉ || iˑ || i꞉ ||
 * h || j || h || h ||
 * hh || jj || hh || hh ||
 * k || k || k || k ||
 * kk || kk || kk || kk ||
 * kw || q || kʷ || kw ||
 * kkw || qq || kʷkʷ || kkw ||
 * l || l || l || l ||
 * ll || ll || ll || ll ||
 * lh || lh || ł || ł ||
 * llh || lhlh || łł || łł ||
 * m || m || m || m ||
 * }
 * hh || jj || hh || hh ||
 * k || k || k || k ||
 * kk || kk || kk || kk ||
 * kw || q || kʷ || kw ||
 * kkw || qq || kʷkʷ || kkw ||
 * l || l || l || l ||
 * ll || ll || ll || ll ||
 * lh || lh || ł || ł ||
 * llh || lhlh || łł || łł ||
 * m || m || m || m ||
 * }
 * l || l || l || l ||
 * ll || ll || ll || ll ||
 * lh || lh || ł || ł ||
 * llh || lhlh || łł || łł ||
 * m || m || m || m ||
 * }
 * llh || lhlh || łł || łł ||
 * m || m || m || m ||
 * }
 * }

In Newman's orthography (used in his dictionary, Newman 1958), the symbols, replaced Americanist  (used in Newman's grammar, Newman 1965).

Tedlock's orthography uses instead of Newman's  except at the beginning of words where it is not written. Additionally, in Tedlock's system, long vowels are written doubled instead of with a length mark as in Newman's system (e.g.  instead of ) and  and  are used instead of  and. Finally, Tedlock writes the following long consonants – – with a doubled initial letter instead of Newman's doubling of the digraphs –, ,  – and  and  are used instead of Newman's  and.

title: Zuni language


text:
Falernum

Falernum ( pronounced ) is either an 11% ABV syrup liqueur or a nonalcoholic syrup from the Caribbean. It is best known for its use in tropical drinks. It contains flavors of ginger, lime, and almond, and frequently cloves or allspice. It may be thought of as a spicier version of orgeat syrup.

The form can be alcoholic (syrup liqueur) or nonalcoholic (syrup). Versions with alcohol are generally lower in proof (≈15% ABV), adding rum and emphasizing the clove, ginger, or allspice flavoring aspects for use in mixing cocktails, typically tropical or tiki drinks. It is also enjoyed on the rocks.

Depending on sugar content, the consistency is often thick and is therefore sometimes referred to as "velvet falernum" because of the feeling it leaves on one's tongue. Brands vary. The color can be white to light amber, and it may be clear or translucent.

History
Falernum may date back to the 18th century, when it was made as a punch in the areas around Barbados. Some disagreement exists over the origin of the name, and whether the earliest versions would have included the steeping of almonds. The same references also assert that earlier versions contained bitters such as wormwood. The inclusion of bitters historically would seem to be corroborated by a 1982 article appearing in The New York Times.

In the literary magazine All the Year Round, owned by Charles Dickens Jr. at the time, an unnamed author wrote of falernum in 1892, describing it as "a curious liqueur composed from rum and lime-juice".

The earliest known reference in bar manuals seems to be the 1930s. One producer claims his recipe dates to 1890, winning awards as early as 1923.

Use in cocktails
Drinks using falernum include:

 * Better and Better
 * Captain's Blood Cocktail
 * Corn 'n Oil (Barbados)
 * Frosty Dawn
 * Key Cocktail
 * Mai Tai (not Trader Vic's)
 * Port Antonio Cocktail
 * Puka Punch
 * Royal Bermuda Cocktail
 * Rum Collins (some variations)
 * Bermuda Rum Swizzle
 * Saturn Cocktail
 * White Lion
 * Zombie (Don the Beachcomber's)
 * Trader Sam's Uh-Oa!
 * Tourist n’ Sugar
 * Three Dots and a Dash

title: Falernum


text:
User talk:Chainbreaker~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 01:25, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Chainbreaker. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Chainbreaker~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 11:29, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chainbreaker~enwiki


text:
User talk:Jarcanist

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
Hello there. This is an automated message to tell you about the gradual phasing out of the preference entitled "Mark all edits minor by default", which you currently have (or very recently had) enabled.

On 13 March 2011, this preference was hidden from the user preferences screen as part of efforts to prevent its accidental misuse (consensus discussion). This had the effect of locking users in to their existing preference, which, in your case, was. To complete the process, your preference will automatically be changed to  in the next few days. This does not require any intervention on your part and you will still be able to manually mark your edits as being minor in the usual way.

For established users such as yourself there is a workaround available involving custom JavaScript. With the script in place, you can continue with this functionality indefinitely (its use is governed by WP:MINOR). If you have any problems, feel free to drop me a note.

Thank you for your understanding and happy editing :) Editing on behalf of User:Jarry1250, LivingBot (talk) 18:06, 15 March 2011 (UTC)
 * don't care. thanks for letting me know. ... aa:talk 03:50, 14 July 2011 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Bluegill triple prime cropped.png
Thank you for uploading File:Bluegill triple prime cropped.png. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the page from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of the website's terms of use of its content. If the original copyright holder is a party unaffiliated with the website, that author should also be credited. Please add this information by editing the image description page.

If the necessary information is not added within the next days, the image will be deleted. If the file is already gone, you can still make a request for undeletion and ask for a chance to fix the problem.

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 * hey cowboy, go ahead and delete it. i personally think images detract from the wikipedia. there is the small nagging issue of, you know, pictures of high-altitude nuclear explosions (especially in Operation Argus) being taken by Navy personnel. I could be wrong; it might have been an extraordinarily high-flying commercial aircraft. You know, where high-flying is something like 200+ km.
 * and, just so we're clear, I have the nobots template on this page, and I have both html comments and a very clear description -- no, admonition -- about how i don't care about these sorts of squabbles, and that i don't want to see them here. if you want to delete an image, do so with extreme prejudice. xoxo, ... aa:talk 15:55, 24 November 2011 (UTC)

Episcopal Diocese of California reverts
Why were my edits on Episcopal Diocese of California reverted? Is there a Wikipedia policy that requires the use of archaic and offensive terminology? --50.4.162.0 (talk) 13:09, 6 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Hi user, I reverted the edits because I felt they were quibbling and changed the tone of the article. Note that the revert message was "good faith edit." I do believe you made the edit in good faith; however, I don't believe everyone feels the way you do about "archaic and offensive terminology." If you would prefer them back the way you had them, by all means, revert my revert. It doesn't bother me. I would however encourage you to create an account as usually these minor changes in tone or semantics open one up to, ahem, lots of discussion. Cheers, (and be bold), ... aa:talk 00:57, 7 October 2012 (UTC)
 * this bothered me a little so i looked further. it would seem that the term 'gay', which you seem to have issue with, is not all that offensive to other editors. like i said, though, if i tbothers you go ahead and restore your edit and let somebody else decide. i believe you made the edits in good faith. ... aa:talk 19:23, 7 October 2012 (UTC)

Nomination of List of Power Rangers villains for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article List of Power Rangers villains is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/List of Power Rangers villains until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. Bonkers The Clown (Nonsensical Babble) 12:34, 3 December 2012 (UTC)

Nomination of List of Power Rangers villains for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article List of Power Rangers villains is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/List of Power Rangers villains & until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. Spartaz Humbug! 08:11, 11 January 2013 (UTC)

Talkback
OrangesRyellow (talk) 16:59, 9 July 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:17, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

Nomination for merging of Template:Internet slang variants
Template:Internet slang variants has been nominated for merging with Template:Internet slang. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Thank you. Soumyabrata stay at home wash your hands to protect from coronavirus 14:26, 16 April 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jarcanist


text:
User talk:Giodude

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 01:27, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
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Unverified images
Hi! Thanks for uploading the following image:

 * Image:Lametro.jpg

I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GNU Free Documentation License,  if you wish to release your own work to the public domain,  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know at my talk page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much. Peter O. (Talk, automation script) 20:50, Dec 25, 2004 (UTC)

P.S. You can help tag other images at User:Yann/Untagged_Images. Thanks again.

And:
 * Image:Oldtownpasadena.jpg

Image:Bratton william chief small.jpg
It might be possible to get permission to use it though. --fbjon ^^ 4649 01:11, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Image:CWHTownHalls04.jpg
Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 09:31, May 27, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Giodude