text:
Ami Onuki

Ami Onuki (大貫 亜美) is a Japanese singer and a member of J-pop group PUFFY, along with Yumi Yoshimura.

Career
She has co-hosted several Japanese TV shows with the "cool" half of PUFFY, Yumi Yoshimura, including the talk show Pa-Pa-Pa-Pa-Puffy, part of a morning show called Saku-Saku, and the 2006 series Hi Hi Puffy Bu, in which Ami and Yumi perform one given task each week to comedic effect.

Personal life
She married Teru, the vocalist of the rock band Glay and announced the birth of their baby girl on her blog in March 2003. On PUFFY's 2007 greatest hits album Hit & Fun, Ami is pictured both on the CD cover and within the CD insert clearly wearing both an engagement and wedding ring on her left ring finger, and she continues to wear her wedding ring in pictures on the PUFFY Staff Diary.

Legacy
On Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi, she is vocally portrayed by Japanese-American actress Janice Kawaye. In the show, her hair is pink and done in the classic odango atama hairstyle famously first worn by Usagi Tsukino from the Sailor Moon media franchise.

Instruments
Ami can play:
 * Guitar
 * Drums (PUFFY SPIKE Daisakusen - Owaranai Uta)
 * Harmonica (Kore ga Watashi no Ikiru Michi)
 * Timpani (Jet Tour '98 - Ai no Shirushi)
 * Trumpet (Cosmic*Wonder)

Solo songs
Ami has sung the listed solo songs:

AmiYumi

 * Usagi Channel (Rabbit Channel)

Solo Solo

 * Onna no ko, Otoko no ko (Girls and Boys)
 * Love Depth
 * Honey
 * That Sweet Smile
 * Be Someone Tonight
 * Snacks
 * Tadaima (I'm Home)

Jet-CD

 * Lemon Kid

Fever*Fever

 * Always Dreamin' About You

The Hit Parade

 * Aishuu Date (NEW YORK CITY NIGHTS)

Spike

 * Destruction Pancake

Splurge

 * Security Blanket

Solo single
On July 2, 1997, Ami and Yumi each released her own solo single before their original solo album, Solo Solo, released on 1997/08/06.

Track listing

 * 1) "Honey"
 * 2) "Tadaima (I'm Home)"
 * 3) "Honey (Original Karaoke)"
 * 4) "Tadaima (Original Karaoke)"

title: Ami Onuki


text:
Strickland (surname)

Strickland is an English toponymic surname derived from the manor of Strickland in the historical county of Westmorland, now Cumbria, England, represented geographically by the modern villages of Great Strickland and Little Strickland. The surname dates as far back as the 12th century in Westmorland, and is also found at an early date in the Scottish counties of Ayrshire and Lanarkshire.

Etymology
The surname Strickland (early forms include Stirkeland) is derived from the place-name Stercaland, given to a manor in the former county of Westmorland near Penrith, Cumbria. The place-name is Old English, from stirc, styr(i}c or steorc bullock, and land, a piece of land or pasture.

History
The earliest known Strickland was a late-12th century landholder named Walter of Castlecarrock, who married Christian of Letheringham, an heiress to the landed estate that covered the area where the villages of Great Strickland and Little Strickland are now. After this marriage Walter became known as Walter de Strickland, spelt in various ways.

When Sir William de Stirkeland (1242–1305) married Elizabeth Deincourt (or d'Eyncourt), Sizergh Castle became the seat of this Strickland gentry family. A descendant, Thomas Strykeland is said to have carried the banner of St. George at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415. They also had a family chapel in the Kendal Parish Church (Holy Trinity), and both Kendal and Penrith have main roads called Stricklandgate (The 'gate' element is from Old Norse gata, street). Other local landmarks include Strickland Wood, Warton near Carnforth.

They also gave their name to one of their properties, a settlement that first appeared on the west side of present-day Kendal with a motte-and-bailey fortification on it that became known as Kirkbie Strickland (Kirkbie is from Old Norse Kirkju, church, and by, village. ).

A Strickland gentry family seated at Gilsland was granted a coat of arms blazoned: Sable, three escallops argent, meaning "three white scallops on a black field".

List of persons with the surname Strickland

 * Agnes Strickland (1796–1874), English historical writer and poet
 * Alice Harrell Strickland (1859–1947), American politician and activist, Georgia's first woman mayor
 * Amzie Strickland (1919–2006), American TV and radio actress
 * Audra Strickland (born 1974), American politician
 * Bill Strickland (born 1947), American community leader (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
 * Bonnie Strickland (born 1936), American psychologist
 * Brian Strickland (born 1983), American politician
 * Catharine Parr Traill (née Strickland; 1802–1899), early emigrant from England to Canada
 * Charles Strickland (disambiguation), several people
 * Cecily Strickland (born 1959), justice of the Federal Court of Canada
 * Claude Francis Strickland (1881–1962), British colonial administrator
 * David Strickland (1969–1999), American actor
 * Donald Strickland (born 1980), American football cornerback
 * Donna Strickland (born 1959), Canadian physicist, 2018 Nobel laureate
 * Earl Strickland (born 1961), American pool player
 * Edgar Harold Strickland (1889–1962), English entomologist
 * Sir Edward Strickland (1820–1889), British Army officer
 * Erick Strickland (born 1973), American basketball player
 * Gail Strickland (born 1947), American film/television actress
 * Gerald Strickland, 1st Baron Strickland (1861–1940), Maltese and British politician and peer
 * Sir George Strickland, 7th Baronet (1782–1874), aka Sir George Cholmley, Parliamentarian and lawyer
 * Glassie Strickland (1894–1966), Cook Islands missionary, businessman and politician
 * Hugh Edwin Strickland (1811–1853), British naturalist
 * Hunter Strickland (born 1988), American baseball player
 * Joey Strickland (fl. 1960s–2010s), U.S. Army colonel and Veterans Affairs Secretary for the state of Louisiana
 * Jim Strickland (disambiguation), several people
 * John Estmond Strickland (fl. 1970s–2000s), UK-born Chairman of The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation
 * Joseph Strickland (born 1958), American prelate of the Catholic Church
 * Josh Strickland (born 1983), American singer/actor
 * KaDee Strickland (born 1975), American actress
 * Keith Strickland (born 1953), American musician
 * Larry C. Strickland (born 1955), American politician
 * Mabel Strickland (1899–1988), Anglo-Maltese journalist and politician
 * Marcus Strickland (born 1979), American jazz saxophonist
 * Margaret Strickland (judge) (born 1980), American judge
 * Margaret Strickland (writer) (c. 1880–1970), English writer for adults and children
 * Marilyn Strickland (born 1962), American politician
 * Mark Strickland (born 1970), American basketball player
 * Martha Strickland Clark (née Strickland; 1853–1935), American lawyer
 * Michael Strickland (disambiguation), several people
 * Obed F. Strickland (1833–1887), justice of the Supreme Court of the Utah Territory
 * Peter Strickland (British Army officer) (1869–1951), commanded the 1st Infantry Division during WWI
 * Peter Strickland (director) (fl. 1990s–2020s), British film director
 * Randolph Strickland (1823–1880), American politician
 * Robert Strickland (1600–1671), English landowner, politician and soldier
 * Rod Strickland (born 1966), American basketball coach and former professional basketball player
 * Roy C. Strickland (1942–2010), American politician/businessman
 * Sean Strickland (born 1991), American mixed martial artist, former UFC middleweight champion
 * Shirley Strickland (1925–2004), Australian athlete
 * Stan Strickland (fl. 1970s–2020s), American musician
 * Stephanie Strickland (born 1942), American poet
 * Swerve Strickland (born 1990), American professional wrestler as Isaiah "Swerve" Scott
 * Susanna Moodie (née Strickland; 1803–1885), UK-born Canadian author
 * Ted Strickland (born 1941), American politician
 * Terry A. D. Strickland (born 1992), American convicted murderer and fugitive
 * Thomas Strickland (Cavalier) (1621–1694), English politician and soldier
 * Tim Strickland (born 1977), Canadian Football League linebacker
 * Tom Strickland (born 1952), American lawyer and politician
 * Tony Strickland (born 1970), American politician
 * Walter Strickland (c. 1598–1671), English politician and diplomat
 * William Strickland (disambiguation), several people

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Strickland (surname)


text: User talk:69.142.215.168

title: User talk:69.142.215.168


text:
Talk:Sestiere (Venice)

 Each house has a unique number in the district, from 1 to several thousand, generally numbered from one corner of the area to another, but not usually in a readily understandable manner.

Heh, there's an understatement.

Also, I don't think it's worth putting in this article, but if I remember correctly, in Castello there are some duplicate numbers in Sant'Elena... i.e., Sant'Elena uses its own addressing from 1 to whatever, non-SE Castello also has the 1 to whatever addresses, so there are two address 1's in Castello, one in Sant'Elena and one not. So, saying each address is "unique in the district" I don't think is correct. However, this is my recollection based on what one of my college professors, a native Venetian who lives part-time in Sant'Elena, told me once, so I'll leave it unless someone else can confirm it. Acheron 02:27, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sestiere (Venice)


text:
Talk:Merkle–Hellman knapsack cryptosystem

Request for Move
I believe this article title is ambiguous. Merkle-Hellman seems too much like an article on their numerous cooperation in cryptosystems. I propose Merkle-Hellman knapsack cryptosystem, similar to Naccache-Stern knapsack cryptosystem. If noone objects I will move.--Michael miceli (talk) 20:48, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

Request for clarification
I don't get the decryption. someone needs to clarify it. Also, I want info on how the cypher was broken. --anon

 * I fixed a minor error in the key generation section and added some to the previously incredibly vague section on decryption. I hope this makes a little more sense.  There is still a lot left unexplained (modular arithmatic, how the cryptosystem was broken, etc), but at least it's a start.  I know very little about the topic, but it's really interesting.  Anyone who knows more should totally add there insight, I'dbe interested in learning more. -- User:ApatheticToTheCause.

 * I agree that there needs to be something about how the cypher was broken. The article seems to indicate that "solving" the cypher without knowing the private key is an NP-complete problem, but one of the references is entitled "A polynomial-time algorithm for breaking the basic Merkle - Hellman cryptosystem", which contradicts this.  There needs to be some explanation of why this cryptosystem is in the P complexity class while the subset sum problem is in NP. Augurar (talk) 03:31, 30 July 2010 (UTC)

Potential replacement for unclear Subset Sum Problem description
Quote: This is particularly vague for me but not-being experienced in the field of cryptography or knapsack problems I have a hesitance to fix it myself. If my understanding of the Subset Sum Problem (according to the wikipedia page on that topic) is correct then would this make more sense: If you can verify this to be a correct interpretation of the subset sum problem please update the article. Thanks in advance. --Diploid (talk) 16:27, 21 April 2010 (UTC)
 * The Merkle-Hellman system is based on the subset sum problem (a special case of the knapsack problem): given a list of numbers and a third number, which is the sum of a subset of these numbers, determine the subset.
 * The Merkle-Hellman system is based on the subset sum problem (a special case of the knapsack problem): given a list of numbers a and a number b, which is the sum of some subset of a, determine the subset of a which sums to b.

 * I changed the sentence. Let me know if you don't think it is good. Michael miceli (talk) 16:40, 22 April 2010 (UTC)

all cipher system are breackable accept one time pad
all cipher system are breackable accept one time pad

 * Not necessarily true. Although, given enough time, one can certainly exhaust the keyspace for any cipher (although sometimes it's a nearly impossibly long amount of time) and thus crack the encryption, this doesn't constitute breaking the cipher's encryption. In cryptography we're basically finding a way to transform one piece of data (plaintext) into another (ciphertext) in such a way that the reverse transformation is very efficient, if you know some secret (like a key), and very inefficient if you don't know the secret. BREAKING a cryptosystem requires that you find a way to efficiently decrypt the data without finding out the key. --Duplico 22:37, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

gcd
what is gcd? i looked around and the best match i could find was greatest common divisor. Is this correct? I'm not totally sure how to add to wikipedia in the proper format so i put it in talk. if so, could "gcd(r,q) == 1" be better expressed as "r and q are coprime", since coprime has already been mentioned.
 * yes gcd is "greatest common divisor", I will add "(i.e. are coprime)".. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.123.24.0 (talk) 08:53, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

Why is Bob using Alice's PRIVATE key?
How does Bob know Alice's private key, and why is that being used to decrypt? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.40.171.174 (talk) 00:11, 21 August 2012 (UTC)

Why is Bob using Alice's PRIVATE key?
How does Bob know Alice's private key, and why is that being used to decrypt?

IE - what's the use of the public key if it doesn't get used? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.40.171.174 (talk) 00:14, 21 August 2012 (UTC)


text:
Kruger 60

Krüger 60 (DO Cephei) is a binary star system located 13.1 ly from the Sun. These red dwarf stars orbit each other every 44.6 years.

Description
The larger, primary star is designated component A, while the secondary, smaller star is labeled component B. Component A has about 27% of the Sun's mass and 35% of the Sun's radius. Component B has about 18% of the Sun's mass and 24% of the Sun's radius. Component B is a flare star and has been given the variable star designation "DO Cephei". It is an irregular flare that typically doubles in brightness and then returns to normal over an 8-minute period.

On average, the two stars are separated by 9.5 AUs, which is roughly the average distance of Saturn from the Sun. However, their eccentric mutual orbit causes their distance to vary between 5.5 AUs at periastron, to 13.5 at apastron.

This system is orbiting through the Milky Way at a distance from the core that varies from 7–9 kpc with an orbital eccentricity of 0.126–0.130. The closest approach to the Sun will occur in about 88,600 years when this system will come within 1.95 parsecs.

Considering the orbit of the members of Krüger 60, detecting an exoplanet through radial velocity could prove difficult, as its orbit would be inclined only 13 degrees from our point of view, and create 1/5th as strong a radial velocity signal as an exoplanet orbiting edge-on from the point of view of the Solar System.

Origin of 2I/Borisov
Krüger 60 was proposed as the origin of interstellar comet 2I/Borisov (formerly named C/2019 Q4 (Borisov)) in a preprint submitted to arXiv by Dybczyński, Królikowska, and Wysoczańska. These authors had from other work a list of stars and stellar systems that can potentially act as perturbers of the Oort cloud comets, and searched it for a past close proximity of 2I/Borisov at a very small relative velocity. While hampered by uncertainty about the orbit of 2I/Borisov and particularly its non-gravitational acceleration (due to cometary outgassing), they initially reached a conclusion that 1 Myr ago 2I/Borisov passed Krüger 60 at a small distance of 1.74 pc while having an extremely small relative velocity of 3.43 km/s. Perturbations of 2I/Borisov's incoming orbit altered the intersection distance with relatively small changes in the relative velocity. However, further study by the same authors presented in the revised version of the preprint instead ruled out the possibility of Krüger 60 as a home system for 2I/Borisov.

title: Kruger 60


text: Category:Politics of Afghanistan

title: Category:Politics of Afghanistan


text:
User:Prattflora~enwiki

Hello. My name is Flora. I'm from Taiwan, Taipei. Nice to meet you here.

I mainly work in Zh-wiki (Chinese wikimedia).

User:Prattflora/Monobook.css;User:Prattflora/Monobook.js

zh:User:Prattflora

title: User:Prattflora~enwiki


text:
Carolyn Davidson (graphic designer)

Carolyn Davidson is an American graphic designer best known for designing the Nike Swoosh logo.

Early and current life
Little is known about Davidson, who retired in 2000 and has not been found on public social media sites. She was last reported as spending her time quietly out of the spotlight, working on her personal interests after her fame and success relating to the Nike logo.

Career
Davidson designed the Swoosh in 1971 while a graphic design student at Portland State University in Portland, Oregon. She started as a journalism major but switched to design after taking a design course to "fill an empty elective." She attained a bachelor's in graphic design in 1971. Phil Knight, who was teaching an accounting class at the university, overheard Davidson say that she couldn't afford oil painting supplies and asked her to do some work for what was then Blue Ribbon Sports, Inc. (later Nike). Knight offered Davidson a job in creating charts and graphs for his meetings with Japanese footwear executives. Her success with this work led to Davidson designing posters, ads, and flyers for the company. In 1971, Knight and his co-founder needed a logo for a new line of running shoes they were getting ready to introduce. They asked Davidson to design a stripe (industry term for a shoe logo) that "had something to do with movement".

Davidson worked on her ideas by drawing on a piece of tissue over a drawing of a shoe. She gave him five different designs, one of which was the Swoosh which resembles a wing and hints at Nike, the Greek goddess of victory.

Needing to choose a logo in order to meet looming production deadlines, Knight settled on the Swoosh after rejecting four other designs by Davidson. At the time, he stated of the logo, "I don't love it, but it will grow on me." For her services, the company paid her $35,. Davidson continued working for Blue Ribbon Sports (it officially became Nike, Inc. in 1972) until the design demands of the growing company exceeded one person's capacity. In 1976, the company hired its first external advertising agency, John Brown and Partners, and Davidson went on to work on other clients' needs.

In September 1983, nearly three years after the company went public, Knight invited Davidson to a company reception. There, he presented her with chocolate swooshes, a diamond ring made of gold and engraved with the Swoosh, and an envelope filled with 500 shares of Nike stock, then worth about seventeen cents per share or $85, worth in 2023—after stock splits bringing the total to 32,000 shares—about $3 million. Of the gift, Davidson says, "this was something rather special for Phil to do, because I originally billed him and he paid that invoice." Davidson went on to be known as "The Logo Lady". In 1995, Nike removed the word "Nike" from the logo; the Swoosh now stands alone as the brand's logo.

Davidson retired in 2000, and now engages in hobbies and volunteer work, including weekly duties at the Ronald McDonald House at Legacy Emanuel Hospital & Health Center in Oregon.

title: Carolyn Davidson (graphic designer)


text:
The Elementary School

The Elementary School (Obecná škola) is a 1991 Czechoslovak comedy-drama film directed by Jan Svěrák. The screenplay comes from the pen of his father Zdeněk Svěrák. The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1991 and is considered to belong among the best Czechoslovak films ever. A prequel, Barefoot, was released in 2017.

The film is set in the early post-war period, in a suburban elementary school in Prague's vicinity. A war hero is hired as a teacher, and asked to discipline an unruly class of boys. He soon earns their respect, but he is threatened with termination over his reputed sexual relationship with two highschool girls.

Plot
Shortly after World War II, in 1945–46, in one of the suburbs of Prague (the film was shot in Michle), Eda Souček attends a boys' elementary school where he belongs to a class with a complete lack of discipline. After the class drives their teacher, Maxová, to a mental breakdown during one of her classes, the schoolmaster has to implement special measures. Authoritative Igor Hnízdo, who is said to be a great war hero, is hired as their new teacher. He immediately introduces corporal punishment, which, as he claims, is not normally allowed, but the school has received an exception from the Ministry of Education, especially for their class. Whenever he is not satisfied with the boys' behavior, Hnízdo asks them to flex their arms and hits their palms several times with a flexible switch.

Despite his strict methods, the boys soon become charmed by the man. They love his battlefront stories and the fact that he is always armed and wears a uniform. Eda sees him as the very opposite of his own father, whom he considers to be too cowardly. Hnízdo makes the same positive impression on the townspeople (including Eda's mother). Nevertheless, his persona is also surrounded by many controversies. He is a notorious womanizer and is said to have a special weakness for high school girls. His war heroism is also disputed as he is unable to provide any accurate information about his military service. There is even an unconfirmed rumor that Hnízdo's role during the war was to guard a herd of goats. But the boys from his class refuse to believe it and even fight those who are spreading these rumors.

Hnízdo's reputation suffers after he is accused of having a sexual relationship with 16-year-old twins who attend a girls' school in the same area. He is forced to leave because this is not the first time he has been involved in a similar scandal. The formerly unmanageable boys begin to defend Hnízdo and call for his return. The accusation is finally withdrawn, and Hnízdo is reinstalled as their teacher. He states that the way they dealt with the accusation is proof that their relationship is now based on mutual trust and physical punishments are no longer required, and he breaks his switch in half.

Cast

 * Václav Jakoubek as Eda Souček
 * Jan Tříska as Igor Hnízdo
 * Radoslav Budáč as Tonda
 * Zdeněk Svěrák as František Souček
 * Libuše Šafránková as Mrs. Součková
 * Rudolf Hrušínský as Schoolmaster
 * Rudolf Hrušínský Jr. as Tonda's father
 * Eva Holubová as Tonda's mother
 * Petr Čepek as Josef Mrázek (aka fakir Raji Tamil)
 * Boleslav Polívka as Plíha
 * Ondřej Vetchý as Tram driver
 * Irena Pavlásková as Tram driver's wife
 * Daniela Kolářová as Teacher Maxová

Production
The original story was written by Zdeněk Svěrák. He used his own experiences both as a pupil of a similar school and as a former teacher. This is the first of the films created by the successful father screenwriter - son director duo. The others include Akumulátor I. (1993), Kolja (1996), Tmavomodrý svět (2000) and Vratné lahve (2007). It was also the first non-documentary film by Jan Svěrák. Obecná škola is also notable because it includes one of the last roles for two prominent Czech actors Rudolf Hrušínský (his last big screen film) and Petr Čepek (appeared in two more films before his death). The film was also the first appearance of Jan Tříska in a Czech film since his emigration to the United States in 1977.

title: The Elementary School


text:
Wesley A. Clark

Wesley Allison Clark (April 10, 1927 – February 22, 2016) was an American physicist who is credited for designing the first modern personal computer. He was also a computer designer and the main participant, along with Charles Molnar, in the creation of the LINC computer, which was the first minicomputer and shares with a number of other computers (such as the PDP-1) the claim to be the inspiration for the personal computer.

Clark was born in New Haven, Connecticut, and grew up in Kinderhook, New York, and in northern California. His parents, Wesley Sr. and Eleanor Kittell, moved to California, and he attended the University of California, Berkeley, where he graduated with a degree in physics in 1947. Clark began his career as a physicist at the Hanford Site. In 1981, Clark received the Eckert–Mauchly Award for his work on computer architecture. He was awarded an honorary degree by Washington University in St. Louis in 1984. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1999. Clark is a charter recipient of the IEEE Computer Society Computer Pioneer Award for "First Personal Computer".

At Lincoln Laboratory
Clark moved to the MIT Lincoln Laboratory in 1952 where he joined the Project Whirlwind staff. There he was involved in the development of the Memory Test Computer (MTC), a testbed for ferrite core memory that was to be used in Whirlwind. His sessions with the MTC, "lasting hours rather than minutes" helped form his views that computers were to be used as tools on demand for those who needed them. That view carried over into his designs for the TX-0 and TX-2 and the LINC. He expresses this view clearly here:

"...both of the Cambridge machines, Whirlwind and MTC, had been completely committed to the air defense effort and were no longer available for general use. The only surviving computing system paradigm seen by M.I.T. students and faculty was that of a very large International Business Machine in a tightly sealed Computation Center: the computer not as tool, but as demigod. Although we were not happy about giving up the TX-0, it was clear that making this small part of Lincoln's advanced technology available to a larger M.I.T. community would be an important corrective step."

Clark is

"one of the fathers of the personal computer... he was the architect of both the TX-0 and TX-2 at Lincoln Labs. He believed that 'a computer should be just another piece of lab equipment.' At a time when most computers were huge remote machines operated in batch mode, he advocated far more interactive access. He practiced what he preached, even though it often meant bucking current 'wisdom' and authority (in a 1981 lecture, he mentioned that he had the distinction of being, 'the only person to have been fired three times from MIT for insubordination'.)"

Clark's design for the TX-2 "integrated a number of man-machine interfaces that were just waiting for the right person to show up to use them in order to make a computer that was 'on-line'. When selecting a PhD thesis topic, an MIT student named Ivan Sutherland looked at the simple cathode ray tube and light pen on the TX-2's console and thought one should be able to draw on the computer. Thus was born Sketchpad, and with it, interactive computer graphics."

At Washington University
In 1964, Clark moved to Washington University in St. Louis where he and Charles Molnar worked on macromodules, which were the fundamental building blocks in the world of asynchronous computing. The goal of the macromodules was to provide a set of basic building blocks that would allow computer users to build and extend their computers without requiring any knowledge of electrical engineering.

The New York Times series on the history of the personal computer had this to say in an article on August 19, 2001, "How the Computer Became Personal":

"In the pantheon of personal computing, the LINC, in a sense, came first—more than a decade before Ed Roberts made PC's affordable for ordinary people. Work started on the Linc, the brainchild of the M.I.T. physicist Wesley A. Clark, in May 1961, and the machine was used for the first time at the National Institute of Mental Health in Bethesda, MD, the next year to analyze a cat's neural responses."

"Each Linc had a tiny screen and keyboard and comprised four metal modules, which together were about as big as two television sets, set side by side and tilted back slightly. The machine, a 12-bit computer, included a one-half megahertz processor. Lincs sold for about $43,000—a bargain at the time—and were ultimately made commercially by Digital Equipment, the first minicomputer company. Fifty Lincs of the original design were built."

Role in ARPANET
Clark had a key insight in the planning for the ARPANET (the predecessor to the Internet). In April 1967, he suggested to Bob Taylor and Larry Roberts the idea of using separate small computers (later named Interface Message Processors) as a way of forming a message switching network and reducing load on the local computers. The same idea had earlier been independently developed by Donald Davies for the NPL network. The concept of packet switching was introduced to the ARPANET later, after the Symposium on Operating Systems Principles in October 1967.

Post-Nixon China trip
In 1972, shortly after President Nixon's trip to China, Clark accompanied five other computer scientists to China for three weeks to "tour computer facilities and to discuss computer technology with Chinese experts in Shanghai and Beijing. Officially, the trip was seen by the Chinese in two lights: as a step in reestablishing the long-interrupted friendship between the two nations and as a step in opening channels for technical dialogue." The trip was organized by his colleague Severo Ornstein from MIT Lincoln Laboratory and Washington University. The other members of the group were: Thomas E. Cheatham, Anatol Holt, Alan J. Perlis and Herbert A. Simon.

Death
He was 88 when he died on February 22, 2016, at his home in Brooklyn due to severe atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

title: Wesley A. Clark


text:
Henry Hardy

Henry Robert Dugdale Hardy (born 15 March 1949) is a British academic, author and editor.

Career
Hardy was born in London in 1949 and educated at Lancing College, where his contemporaries included Christopher Hampton and Tim Rice. He went on to study classics, and then philosophy and psychology, at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and philosophy at Wolfson College, Oxford, where he wrote a BPhil thesis in the philosophy of mind entitled 'Subjective Experiences', later expanded into a doctoral thesis entitled 'Subjective Experience'. It was at Wolfson that Hardy met Wolfson's then President, Isaiah Berlin.

Hardy's first edited volume was a collection of writings by Arnold Mallinson, an eccentric Oxford clergyman with whom he lodged for seven years. He published this work under his own imprint (Robert Dugdale). While still a student, Hardy also composed a number of musical pieces, which he published many years later as Tunes: Collected Musical Juvenilia (2003).

In addition to publishing under the pseudonym Robert Dugdale from 1974 to 2005, Hardy worked for thirteen years (1977–90) as an editor at Oxford University Press, first editing and commissioning in the General Books Department, then commissioning academic books as Senior Editor, Political and Social Studies. At OUP in 1980, inspired by Isaiah Berlin's insistence on the crucial role of individual thinkers in the history of ideas, he founded the Past Masters series (now absorbed into the Very Short Introductions series). His wish to publish a work of popular philosophy, Making Names, by Andrew Malcolm, was not endorsed by OUP. This was the subject of Malcolm's landmark legal action against OUP for breach of contract. Hardy's account of this episode is told in his review of Malcolm's book about the case. Hardy has been a Fellow of Wolfson College since 1990 (an Honorary Fellow since 2015).

At Wolfson he met Bryan Magee, came to know him well, and became his executor. When Magee died in 2019, he organised a celebration of his life at Keble College, Oxford (where Magee was an undergraduate), which was recorded on film. A shortened version of the film may be viewed online.

Isaiah Berlin
Isaiah Berlin, though a towering intellectual figure at the time of his death, was at one stage not regarded as having published very extensively. Hardy's research revealed that Berlin had published well over 150 pieces by the late 1970s. By 2023 Hardy's online list of Berlin's publications had grown to almost 500 items.

Hardy's editing of Berlin's essays made Berlin's most important work widely available. In 1990 Hardy abandoned his career in publishing to work full-time on Berlin's unpublished essays, lectures, and correspondence. He has (co-)edited eighteen volumes of Berlin's writings (plus new editions of thirteen of these volumes), as well as a four-volume edition of Berlin's letters, and two books and a pamphlet about Berlin. In 2018 he published a memoir of his work with and on Berlin. Reviewing the book for 'Best Books of 2018' in the Guardian, John Banville wrote: 'Henry Hardy has self-effacingly devoted the larger part of his professional career to the editing, promoting and celebrating of the work of Isaiah Berlin. In Search of Isaiah Berlin: A Literary Adventure (I.B.Tauris) looks back over his long labours of love with fondness, a fine dry wit and a light salting of justified irritation at those entrusted with Berlin’s posthumous affairs. The second part consists of Hardy’s own philosophical response to Berlin’s theories on matters such as plurality, religious belief and our shared human nature. A wonderful book on a wonderful subject.'

In June 2015 Hardy delivered the 7th Isaiah Berlin Memorial Lecture in Riga. Opening remarks were made by Ivars Ijabs, chair of the Board of the Foundation for an Open Society.

Maurice Bowra
Maurice Bowra was an English Classicist who was Warden of Wadham College, Oxford from 1938 to 1970. Known for his wit, he was also known for his 'notoriously scabrous satirical poems on his contemporaries', described as 'unprintable' by John Sparrow, his friend from All Souls. 'And unprinted [they have] largely remained, though Bowra did give occasional after-dinner readings to carefully chosen friends.'

This situation changed when Henry Hardy found a cache of Bowra's poems as he was working through the papers of Isaiah Berlin. These had been saved by Berlin for a project started with John Sparrow to explain the many allusions the poems contain. Hardy, working with Jennifer Holmes, set about completing this project, adding poems from other sources, including Wadham College's Bowra papers. The result was New Bats in Old Belfries, published in 2005, 34 years after Bowra's death in 1971. Bowra's title duplicates that of one of John Betjeman’s collections of poems (1945). (Betjeman was one of the contemporaries satirised by Bowra in his poems.)

Hardy was unable to include all of Bowra’s poems in 2005: two, written in 1950, remained unprintable: 'This was because their subject was still alive, and was unwilling to give his approval for their inclusion in his lifetime.' The subject in question was the travel writer Patrick Leigh Fermor, and he remained adamant. Hardy relates how James Morwood (Emeritus Fellow of Wadham, and editor of the Wadham Gazette) 'visited him later in his Greek home to ask about his friendship with Bowra (on behalf of Leslie Mitchell, Bowra’s biographer), he found that the hurt of reading the poems was still smarting.'

Fermor died in June 2011, and Hardy and Morwood published the two offending poems in the Wadham Gazette in December that year. The two poems were The Wounded Gigolo and On the Coast of Terra Fermoor.

Family and personal life
In 1979 Hardy married the historian of medicine Anne Wilkinson. They separated in 2004, and divorced in 2012. They have two children, Ellen (b. 1983) and Michael (b. 1985). Hardy married Mary Merry in 2013, and now lives with her in Wirral.

On 16 March 2021, Hardy suffered a cardiac arrest, which would probably have killed him had he not been taken to hospital shortly beforehand after a series of blackouts.

title: Henry Hardy


text:
User talk:Nasrallah

Request for Arbitration
Following the various tos-and-fros on WP:VIP, I have made a request for arbitration. You are one of a handful of users in the "Various" request. Sockatume 21:51, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Request withdrawn; turns out that the user accused of being a sockpuppet has been blocked, therefore resolving the issue. Sockatume 22:04, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * You were included in the request because a suspected sockpuppet was making a big fuss on WP:VIP about being labelled as such. You'd called out a preceding suspected sockpuppet of the same user, therefore your input would've been valuable. Sockatume [[User Talk:Sockatume]] 22:13, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This account is very probably a sockpuppet. Since there are a number of users who might be manipulating it, I will not speculate on who is the unethical jerk—I will just warn him/her that using sockpuppets to get around certain restrictions is just going to get the sockpuppets blocked. —No-One Jones 02:31, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Why let evidence get in the way of blocking people, mirv? What restrictions did I violate? None! Oh dear. Nasrallah 01:27, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Mirv, I'm curious what evidence you're going on to speculate this user is a sockpuppet. Such flippant accusations without stating your reasons are not the kindest way to welcome new users to Wikipedia.  (P.S. I have no idea whether or not this user is a sockpuppet, but it seems counterconstructive to assume it.  Remember Assume good faith) Jewbacca 01:42, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Jewbacca. Even though mirvs statement is pure speculation, full of aggression and a personal attack, I feel deleting would be in bad faith. I ask mirv to delete his own comment. Nasrallah 01:47, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * You're correct NOT to delete his comment. If you are a sockpuppet, I do encourage you not to continue that activity as it spoils the community and of course can lead to your ban if discovered it was used to circumvent policy.  If you are not a sockpuppet, Mirv's comment will reflect on him as an admin.  Cheers.  Jewbacca 01:50, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * I know his comments reflect on him as an admin, but if he wants to retract his statements, I have no objection on my own talk page to him doing that. Trying some good faith. Sorry, what activity should i not continue? As was discussed, it is clear that no evidence of policy circumvention exists, only speculation and innuendo. Sigh. Nasrallah 01:57, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * None that I know of. Just covering my bases, not making accusations.  Again, welcome. Jewbacca 02:00, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

On the other hand, if this is not a sockpuppet...
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Jayjg 02:36, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
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You have violated the three revert rule while vandalizing my User page and using offensive speech
Three violations in one shot. Quite a feat. Keep it up and you will be banned along with your owner. --Wiesenthaler 17:20, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Gmail accounts
Heya, got 4 gmail accounts to give away. mail me if you are interested! --Nasrallah 01:10, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Talk pages
Compromise is only possible if everyone is willing. I know we should assume good faith but what can you think of people who won't even include the shared opinions of the Israelis *and* the ISM? Dr Zen 01:42, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The atmosphere of compromise cannot be fostered by lengthy diatribes and phrases like "despite being an Israeli". My only advice would be to calm down and work with people who do share your ambition to make an article to be proud of. Wikipedia doesnt always have to be a source of strife, thats why we have GNAA VfDs! I am a dreamer, but im not the only one... --Nasrallah 02:07, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Compromise is possible if everyone is willing.Dr Zen 06:55, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Deleting your name
Did you ask the editor who orginally put your name on the Charles Darwin arbitration page that you could delete your name? I am willing to assume good faith and await your reply before I revert your inappropriate conduct. Everyone reverted vfp15 because that was the consensus, not just you. --Nasrallah 01:49, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I have removed my name as both things it claimed were incorrect. I am not a party in the arbitration matter nor do I oppose the inclusion of the fact. See my statement further down the page. --fvw *  17:22, 2005 Feb 3 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nasrallah


text:
Isabelle Aubret

Isabelle Aubret (born Thérèse Coquerelle; 27 July 1938) is a French singer best known for winning the Eurovision Song Contest in 1962 with the song "Un premier amour".

Early life
Thérèse Coquerelle was born in Lille, France, on 27 July 1938. She was the fifth of eleven children; her father was a foreman in a spinning mill, while her mother, of Ukrainian origin, was a housewife. Coquerelle trained in gymnastics as a child, and in 1952 she won the national French Gymnastics Championship. That same year, she left school and was hired as a winder in the Lemaire-Destombes factory in Saint-André, where her father worked.

A few years later, she returned to this spinning mill to sing in the theatre of her family house, as part of a radio program. She continued to take drama and classical dance classes. At the same time, she participated in local singing competitions. Her drama teacher introduced her to the director of a Lille radio station, and Coquerelle took the stage for the first time. She sang in ensembles, and in 1956, at the age of eighteen, she joined an orchestra in Le Havre. In 1960 she won a singing competition at the Olympia, where she was noticed by the director of the room, Bruno Coquatrix. After Coquerelle secured a cabaret spot in Pigalle, she released her debut single "Nous les Amoureux" in 1961 under the name Isabelle Aubret.

Career
Aubret won the Eurovision Song Contest in 1962, representing France and singing "Un premier amour" ("A first love") with music composed by Claude-Henri Vic and lyrics by Roland Stéphane Valade. In 1963, she was approached by director Jacques Demy and musician Michel Legrand for the main role of the film Les parapluies de Cherbourg, but Aubret was subsequently injured in a car accident when her car skidded on a bend. One person died and three were seriously injured, including pianist Serge Sentis. Aubret was hospitalized in Autun, going through multiple operations and a long rehabilitation. In 1968, she returned to Eurovision and again represented France, this time singing "La source" ("The Spring/Fountain") with music by Daniel Faure and lyrics by Henri Dijan and Guy Bonnet.

Aubret was a participant in the French national heats for Eurovision in other years. Her first attempt was in 1961 with the song "Le gars de n'importe où". She was awarded second place. Another runner-up spot came Aubret's way in 1970 when she teamed up with Daniel Beretta for the song "Olivier, Olivia". She was not as successful with her 1976 effort, "Je te connais déjà", which finished sixth out of seven songs in the second semi-final. Her final challenge for Eurovision came in 1983 with the patriotic "France, France", which took her to third place.

Working with French composer Michel Colombier, Aubret co-produced the song "C'est Ainsi Que Les Choses Arrivent" for Jean-Pierre Melville's 1972 film Un Flic. In 1981, Aubret had another accident. She was rehearsing a flying trapeze number for the with her partner, boxer Jean-Claude Bouttier, when she fell and broke both legs. It took two years of rehabilitation for her to walk again.

In 2001, she celebrated her forty-year career by giving a series of concerts at Bobino.

Personal life
Aubret is married to Gérard Meys.

Partial discography

 * Isabelle Aubret (1969)
 * Liberté (1981)
 * Le monde chante (1984)
 * Vague à l'homme (1987)
 * 1989 (1989)
 * Vivre en flèche (1990)
 * In love (1991)
 * Coups de cœur (1992)
 * Isabelle Aubret chante Aragon (1992)
 * Isabelle Aubret chante Ferrat (1993)
 * C'est le bonheur (1993)
 * Isabelle Aubret chante Brel (1995)
 * Isabelle Aubret chante pour les petits et les grands (1997)
 * Changer le monde (1997)
 * Parisabelle (1999)
 * Le paradis des musiciens (2001)
 * Cosette et Jean Valjean (2002)
 * Les Indispensables (2005)
 * 2006 (2006)

title: Isabelle Aubret


text:
Broadnose sevengill shark

The broadnose sevengill shark (Notorynchus cepedianus) is the only extant member of the genus Notorynchus, in the family Hexanchidae. It is recognizable because of its seven gill slits, while most shark species have five gill slits, with the exception of the members of the order Hexanchiformes and the sixgill sawshark. This shark has a large, thick body, with a broad head and blunt snout. The top jaw has jagged, cusped teeth and the bottom jaw has comb-shaped teeth. Its single dorsal fin is set far back along the spine towards the caudal fin, and is behind the pelvic fins. In this shark the upper caudal fin is much longer than the lower, and is slightly notched near the tip. Like many sharks, this sevengill is counter-shaded. Its dorsal surface is silver-gray to brown in order to blend with the dark water and substrate when viewed from above. In counter to this, its ventral surface is very pale, blending with the sunlit water when viewed from below. The body and fins are covered in a scattering of small black & white spots. In juveniles, their fins often have white margins.

It is also known as sevengill shark or simply sevengill and was formerly known as cow shark and mud shark; it is called sevengill due to its seven gill slits. Because of this, it was listed along with the sharpnose sevengill shark (Heptranchias perlo) by Guinness World Records as having the most gill slits. It is similar to the sharpnose sevengill shark but the latter has a pointed snout and lacks spots on its dorsal surface. The sevengill species are also related to ancient sharks as fossils from the Jurassic Period (200 to 145 million years ago) also had seven gills. As recently as the 1930s and 1940s, the shark was targeted by fisheries along the coast of California and, once the commercial fishery receded, recreational fishing of the shark started in the 1980s and 1990s.

Name
The genus name Notorynchus a portmanteau is derived from the Ancient Greek νῶτον (nôton, meaning "back") prefixed to the Ancient Greek ῥῠ́γχος (rhúnkhos, meaning "snout"). It has been interpreted that this refers to the spots on the broadnose sevengill's dorsal. The specific epithet cepedianus is derived from a variation of the name Lacepede, which refers to Bernard Germain de Lacépède, a French naturalist during the late 18th and early 19th century. Altogether, the scientific name as a whole literally means "Lacepede's back snout".

The common name "broadnose sevengill shark" refers to the seven gill slits the species possesses and the shape of its snout. Sometimes, the name is shortened to "sevengill shark" or simply "sevengill". However, a variety of other common names are known in many languages. Other known common names in English include the bluntnose sevengill shark, broad-snout, cowshark, ground shark, seven-gill cowshark, seven-gilled shark, spotted cow shark, spotted seven-gill shark, and Tasmanian tiger shark. Common names from other languages include cação-bruxa (Portuguese), cañabota gata, gatita, tiburón de 7 gallas, tiburón pinto, and tollo fume (Spanish), ebisuzame and minami-ebisuzame (Japanese), gevlekte zevenkieuwshaai (Dutch), Kammzähner and Siebenkiemiger Pazifischer Kammzähner (German), koeihaai (Afrikaans), k'wet'thenéchte (Salish), platneus-sewekiefhaai (Afrikaans), platnez and requin malais (French), siedmioszpar plamisty (Polish), and tuatini (Maori).

Description
The length at birth is 40 – while the mature male length is 1.5 m and mature female length is around 2.2 m. The maximum length found is 3.3 m. The maximum recorded weight is 182 kg for a 2.91 m individual. The shark is large and active and has a large head but small eyes and snout. The mouth is broad and prominent. The shark has one dorsal fin at the back of the body that spans from the insertion to the tops of the pelvic fins. The mottled grey and white body is covered in a variable number of small black spots.

Range and habitat
The broadnose sevengill has so far been found in the western Pacific Ocean off China, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Pacific Ocean off Canada, United States and Chile, and the southern Atlantic Ocean off Argentina and South Africa. It is significantly found in the San Francisco Bay particularly near the Golden Gate Bridge and Alcatraz Island. Large, old individuals tend to live in deep offshore environments as far down as 136 m. However, most individuals live in either the deep channels of bays, or in the shallower waters of continental shelves and estuaries. These sharks are mainly benthic in nature, cruising along the sea floor and making an occasional foray to the surface. Individuals that live closer to the coast in South Africa tend to prefer more open areas with a sandy sea floor and sparse clumps of kelp.

Behavior
An opportunistic predator, the broadnose sevengill preys on a great variety of animals, and has been found at depths of 1,870 ft, in offshore waters. It has been found to feed on other sharks (including the gummy shark, one of its main prey choices, and cowsharks), rays, chimaeras, cetaceans, pinnipeds, bony fishes and animal falls (seafloor carrion). It will also feed on anything that fits in its mouth, such as shark egg cases, sea snails, crustaceans and any remains of rats, seabirds, and even deceased drowned humans. Research in 2003 found that its diet consisted of 30% mammals, with a frequency of occurrence of 35%. It is a frequent top predator in shallow waters, and has comb-like teeth, with the upper teeth having slender, smooth edged cusps to swallow small enough prey whole and lower teeth that are broad enough to bite flesh into pieces. These sharks occasionally hunt in packs to take larger prey, using tactics such as stealth to succeed. After feeding, it slowly digests for several days, and can go weeks until eating again. Larger, predatory sharks (such as the great white shark) can be a threat, and cannibalism among this species has also been recorded. The species has also been observed being preyed upon by orcas in False Bay, South Africa. When not actively hunting, it patrols the water, stealthily, while making very little movement except for moving its caudal fin; when prey is detected, they conserve their energy until ready to make an accelerated dash to attack.

It can be one of the most abundant predators in coastal waters in summer; for example, in southeastern Tasmania, there is a high abundance of elasmobranches (including the gummy shark) in coastal regions in summer. In New Zealand, it is also one of the most common inshore sharks. While it is mainly a nocturnal forager, it may opportunistically feed on prey casually found during the day; however, research in 2010 noted even amounts of activity during day and night. During this research, the shark was consistently detected at many depths, from bottom to near the surface, although it was mainly near the seafloor during the day. It also found that, as Norfolk Bay does not have adequate shelter cover, this species may use group formation to avoid predation.

The sevengill, like all other members of Hexanchiformes, is ovoviviparous. The broadnose sevengill lives for about 30 years, although the Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife lists a maximum of 49 years, with the males maturing at 4 to 5 years and the female 11 to 21 years; the average reproductive age for a female is 20 to 25 years. After a 12-month gestation period, the female moves to a shallow bay or estuary to give birth between April and May to a large litter of between 82 and 95 pups, measuring 40 –.

In 2004 and 2005, along with research for the sand tiger shark, there was research for the broadnose sevengill shark for development techniques for semen collection and artificial insemination to potentially increase breeding and lower overreliance on natural mating. Research in 2010 found that this shark has very poorly calcified vertebrae that cannot be used for age and growth estimations. Research in 2009 in Ría Deseado (RD) and Bahía San Julián (SJ), Argentina found that females were larger in RD than SJ and the heaviest female in RD was 70 kg while it was 36.9 kg in SJ. For the males, the heaviest in RD was 40 kg while it was 32.5 in SJ. Both locations also found the most significant to occur December and January.

Research in 2014 also found that for the first time, reproductive hormones levels were found in the broadnose sevengill shark. for a few years before venturing out. The probable predators of this species are larger sharks. Research from 2002 showed that although juvenile sevengill sharks utilize nursery areas in a similar way, males mature faster than females even if they are the same size and thus males are more likely to leave the nursery area before females.

In 2004, John G Maisey of the American Museum of Natural History published a detailed analysis of the broadnose sevengill shark including imagery such as CT scans and morphology of its braincase.

Conservation and relationship to humans
The broadnose sevengill is listed by the IUCN Red List as Vulnerable throughout its range. This species likely suffers great ongoing pressure from various types of fisheries, and from frequently being caught as bycatch. In Argentina, it's fished by rod and reel and broadnose sevengill shark fishing competitions have been occurring since the 1960s. It is also threatened by water pollution and is hunted for its liveroil and hide which is considered good quality in places such as China. In the early 1980s, intense fishing in the San Francisco Bay caused a local decline. In June 2018 the New Zealand Department of Conservation classified the broadnose sevengill shark as "Not Threatened" with the qualifiers "Data Poor" and "Secure Overseas" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.

Its meat and fins are in demand in countries such as the US, Brazil, Spain, Germany, Netherlands and Israel, and is packaged for frozen food. The broadnose sevengill is also a source of vitamin A and utilized by South African sport anglers for winter tournaments, however, this shark is not easy to land despite being readily hooked.

It is frequently seen by tourists and in temperate water aquariums and can adapt to captivity. One of the aquariums that houses the broadnose sevengill shark, Oregon Coast Aquarium in Newport, Oregon, has featured it as a "keynote species". There is also an app Sevengill Shark Tracking "Shark Observers" that allows divers to log sightings that are added to the Shark Observation Network, where the information supports "environmental awareness, assessment and policy making, and public participation at a global level".

Not many conservation measures are known but it has been recorded from one marine reserve in South Africa and it occurs in La Jolla Cove, La Jolla, San Diego, California with the latter having an apparent population increase in 2013. 2009 research also suggested that Bahía Anegada be made a conservation area given the high number of sharks there. In Washington state, recreational fishing of broadnose sevengill shark is closed on all state waters. In Victoria, Australia, the Department of Environment and Primary Industries sets a one bag limit and must be whole or in carcass form.

The International Shark Attack File considers this shark to be potentially dangerous because of its proximity to humans, and because of its aggressive behavior when provoked. It has also been noted as being aggressive towards divers and spearfishermen in both public aquariums and the wild. In 2013, in Fiordland, New Zealand, a sevengill bit a diver's regulator and then her head. Human remains were also supposedly found in one specimen's stomach. Seven attacks on humans by the broadnose sevengill have been recorded since the 16th century, with no known fatalities. In 2020 a 13 year old girl was bitten while surfing at Oreti Beach in New Zealand. The girl continued to surf for an hour before realizing her leg was bleeding.

title: Broadnose sevengill shark


text: User talk:69.157.191.94

title: User talk:69.157.191.94


text:
Paulo da Silva

Paulo César da Silva Barrios (born 1 February 1980) is a Paraguayan professional footballer who plays for Atlántida in Paraguay, as a centre-back.

He has previously played top-flight football in Paraguay, Italy, Argentina, England and Spain.

He played for the Paraguay national team from 2000 to 2017, and is their most-capped player of all time, earning over 100 caps. He played at two World Cups and three Copa América tournaments, helping his country finish as runners-up in the 2011 Copa América.

In 2015, da Silva became a naturalized Mexican citizen.

Early career
Born in Asunción, Da Silva started his career in the youth divisions of Atlántida Sport Club, arriving at the club at the age of 13. In 1996, da Silva reached the Primera División Paraguaya with Asunción team Presidente Hayes at the age of 16.

Mexico
Before joining Toluca, da Silva played for Perugia and Venezia of Italy, and Lanús of Argentina. He joined Toluca from Paraguayan Club Libertad for the 2003 Apertura. After making his debut, da Silva was a mainstay in Toluca's defence, starting all but one game that he has played and eventually becoming the team's captain due to his leadership on the field. In 2007, he was chosen for the "Ideal Eleven" squad of South America and in 2008 he led Toluca to the Apertura 2008 title, being chosen as the best overall player of the tournament by the Mexican media.

Sunderland
On 13 July 2009, Da Silva joined English club Sunderland on a three-year deal. Manager Steve Bruce said "I'm delighted to have signed a player of Paulo's experience. He is captain of his country and has played at the highest level in South America, so will bring leadership qualities to our side." His arrival at the Stadium of Light was followed by a long and confusing period in regards to his visa application. Da Silva was granted a work permit to play in England almost immediately, but had to wait for over a month to get his visa before it was eventually granted on 12 August.

He made his debut on 24 August against Norwich City in the League Cup second round, playing the whole 90 minutes of a 4–1 away win. On 12 September he made his first Premier League appearance, replacing Steed Malbranque for the final ten minutes of a 4–1 home win over Hull City.

Da Silva was rotated throughout his first season at the club, but performed consistently when required. Manager Steve Bruce cited 'settlement' as the reason behind playing Da Silva in phases, stating he needed time to adjust to the English game and lifestyle. He was joined at the club by his international teammate Cristian Riveros in May 2010. Da Silva's second season at Sunderland saw him make just three appearances, only one as a starter. His last appearance for Sunderland came in their home defeat to Notts County in the FA Cup on 8 January 2011.

Real Zaragoza
Da Silva joined Real Zaragoza from Sunderland on 31 January 2011 for an undisclosed fee, with his new club in 15th in La Liga at the time. They finished the season in 13th.

Toluca
Da Silva re-joined Toluca on 31 May 2013 in a two-year loan deal from Pachuca.

On 11 May 2015, Toluca announced they had signed da Silva permanently.

In December 2015, da Silva received a Mexican naturalization to disoccupy a foreign place in Toluca's team.

Return to Paraguay
On 26 June 2017, Da Silva returned to Paraguay to play for Club Libertad

In March 2020, da Silva stated that he wanted to retire at Atlántida Asunción.

In December 2021, the 41-year-old da Silva announced that the 2022 season would be his last. However, in 2023 he is still playing with 12 de Junio in Nacional B.

International career

In 1994, da Silva was selected for the Paraguay U17 national team barely aged 14.

In 2000, da Silva represented Paraguay U23 at the 2000 CONMEBOL Men Pre-Olympic Tournament.

He played for Paraguay in 1997 and 1999 FIFA World Youth Championship, but missed the 2002 World Cup in Korea and Japan. However, he was named in the 23-man squad for the 2006 World Cup in Germany. He also played at the 2010 World Cup in South Africa, featuring in all five of Paraguay's games in their run to the quarter-finals, and provided an assist for Sunderland teammate Cristian Riveros in their 2–0 win against Slovakia in the group stages.

Personal life
In December 2015, da Silva became a Mexican citizen.

In October 2017, da Silva helped found Asociación Mexicana de Futbolistas (Mexican Footballers Association).

Career statistics

 * Scores and results list Paraguay's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each da Silva goal.

Honours
Libertad
 * Primera División de Paraguay: 2002, 2003

Toluca
 * Mexican Primera División: 2005 Apertura, 2008 Apertura
 * Campeón de Campeones: 2003, 2006
 * CONCACAF Champions' Cup: 2003

Individual
 * Chosen on the CONMEBOL Best Eleven team: 2007
 * Best player of the Primera División de México: 2008

title: Paulo da Silva


text:
User talk:195.175.37.38

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title: User talk:195.175.37.38


text:
Mount Gongga

Mount Gongga, also known as Minya Konka (Khams Tibetan: , Khams Tibetan pinyin: Mi'nyâg Gong'ga Riwo) and colloquially as "The King of Sichuan Mountains", is the highest mountain in Sichuan province, China. It has an elevation of 7,556 m above sea level. This makes it the third highest peak in the world outside of the Himalaya/Karakoram range, after Tirich Mir and Kongur Tagh, and the easternmost and most isolated 7000 m peak in the world. It is situated in the Daxue Shan mountain range, between Dadu River and Yalong River, and is part of the Hengduan mountainous region. From it comes the Hailuogou glacier.

The peak has large vertical relief over the deep nearby gorges.

Mountaineering history
The first western explorers in this region heard reports of an extremely high mountain and sought it out. An early remote measurement of the mountain, then called Bokunka, was first performed by the expedition of Graf Béla Széchenyi between 1877 and 1880. That survey put the altitude of the peak at 7600 m.

Forty-five years later, the mountain, this time called Gang ka, was sketched by missionary J. H. Edgar from a distance.

In 1929 the explorer Joseph Rock, in an attempt to measure the mountain's altitude, miscalculated its height as 30250 ft and cabled the National Geographic Society to announce Minya Konka as the highest mountain in the world. This measurement was immediately viewed with suspicion, and the Society's decision to check Rock's calculations before publication was well-founded. Following discussions with the Society, Rock reduced his claim to 7803 m in his formal publication.

In 1930 Swiss geographer Eduard Imhof led an expedition that measured the altitude of the mountain to be 7590 m. A richly illustrated large-format book about the expedition was eventually published by Imhof, Die Großen Kalten Berge von Szetchuan (Orell Fussli Verlag, Zurich, 1974). The book includes many color paintings by Imhof, including images of the Tibetan monastery at the foot of the sacred mountain. The monastery was almost completely destroyed during the Cultural Revolution, around 1972–74.

A properly equipped American team composed of Terris Moore, Richard Burdsall, Arthur B. Emmons, and Jack T. Young returned to the mountain in 1932 and performed an accurate survey of the peak and its environs. Their summit altitude measurement agreed with Imhof's figure of 7590 m. Moore and Burdsall succeeded in climbing to the summit by starting on the west side of the mountain and climbing the Northwest Ridge. This was a remarkable achievement at the time, considering the height of the mountain, its remoteness, and the small size of the group. In addition, this peak was the highest summit reached by Americans until 1958 (though Americans had by that time climbed to higher non-summit points). The book written by the expedition members, Men Against The Clouds, remains a mountaineering classic.

In May 1957 a Chinese mountaineering team claimed to have climbed Minya Konka via the Northwest Ridge route established by Moore and Burdsall. Six people reached the summit with limited climbing experience and primitive equipment, although four climbers died in the effort.

For political reasons, this region of China was made inaccessible to foreign climbers after the 1930s. In 1980 the region was again opened to foreign expeditions. American Lance Owens was the first foreigner to receive permission from the People's Republic of China to lead a mountaineering expedition in China and Tibet, allowing him to climb Gongga Shan (Minya Konka) in 1980. This expedition opened the modern era of American climbing in China. The expedition, organized by Owens and sponsored by the American Alpine Club, attempted the still unclimbed and extremely technical west face of Minya Konka. Members of the expedition included Louis Reichardt, Andrew Harvard, Gary Bocarde, Jed Williamson, and Henry Barber.

Deaths on the mountain
A large number of mountaineering deaths have occurred on Gongga Shan, which has earned a reputation as a difficult and dangerous mountain. While the first ascent route up the Northwest Ridge appears technically straightforward, it is plagued by avalanches due to the mountain's highly unpredictable weather. During the 1957 Chinese ascent of the peak, four of nine climbers died. In 1980 an American climber died in an avalanche on the Northwest Ridge route. In an unsuccessful 1981 attempt on the peak, eight Japanese climbers died in a fall. As of 1999, more climbers had died trying to climb the mountain than had reached the summit.

In 2003, 《The SummitPost》 reported the mountain had been successfully climbed only eight times. In total, 22 climbers had reached the summit and 16 climbers had died in the effort. (These statistics may not take into account the four Chinese climbers killed in the 1957 expedition.)

The Himalayan Index lists five ascents of Gongga Shan between 1982 and 2002, and about seven unsuccessful attempts. There have been several attempts in years since then, which are unlisted in this index.

In October 2017, Chinese media reported that Pavel Kořínek, a Czech national, had reached the top of Gongga Shan, marking the first time since 2002 that the mountain had been successfully climbed. The article summarized the climbing history of Gongga Shan (Minya Konka) as follows:

"'Under the long-term action of the glacier, the main peak developed into a cone-shaped, high-angle peak, with surrounding cliffs at 60° to 70°. Coupled with the bad weather in the region, it is difficult to conquer. The summit is much more difficult than Everest. According to incomplete statistics, as of September 2017, a total of 32 people had successfully reached the summit and 21 people were killed during attempts to climb the peak. According to the Sichuan Mountaineering Association, the death rate of Gongga Shan is much higher than Everest and all the 13 peaks over 8000 meters, making it the peak with the highest mountain death rate in the world....'"

title: Mount Gongga


text:
Regulus (disambiguation)

Regulus is one of the brightest stars in the night sky.

Regulus, Latin for little king, may also refer to:

Animals

 * Regulus (bird), a bird genus
 * Regulus (horse), a Thoroughbred racehorse and sire
 * Basilisk, from the Greek term for regulus
 * Kinglet, a small bird in the family Regulidae
 * Regulus regulus or Goldcrest, a bird in the family

Fiction

 * Regulus (Bomberman), a character in the Bomberman series of video games
 * Regulus Black, a fictional character from the Harry Potter series of novels by J. K. Rowling
 * Regulus Corneas, a character in the series Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World
 * Demon Regulus, a fallen Angel
 * Regulus (Crowne play), a 1692 work by John Crowne
 * Regulus (1744 play), a 1744 work by William Havard
 * Regulus, a story in Rudyard Kipling's 1899 Stalky & Co. collection
 * Leo Regulus, a character from the manga Saint Seiya: The Lost Canvas
 * a character from the High School DxD series

Military

 * French ship Régulus (1805)
 * HMS Regulus, a list of ships with the name
 * SS Regulus (T-AKR-292), an Algol class vehicle cargo ship
 * SSM-N-8 Regulus, a cruise missile in service 1955-1964
 * SSM-N-9 Regulus II, a cruise missile first produced in 1956
 * Regulus (ship), a list of ships with the name
 * Regulus missile submarines, a group of submarines operated by the United States Navy between 1959 and 1964
 * USS Regulus, a list of ships with the name

Minerals

 * Regulus, the metallic form of antimony
 * Regulus, the end-product of metallic ore smelting
 * Regulus, an alchemical symbol (variously 🜲, 🜳, 🜴, or 🜵) for the regulus-producing process

People

 * Saint Regulus (4th century), Christian saint, purported to have brought the relics of St. Andrew to Scotland
 * Erwan Regulus (born 2000), French footballer
 * Marcus Atilius Regulus (consul 267 BC), a Roman consul
 * Marcus Aquilius Regulus (c. 1st century AD), a Roman who is discussed in the works of Pliny the Younger

Other uses

 * Regulus (1797 ship), a trading ship built in Spain and captured by the British
 * Regulus (geometry) is the locus of lines meeting three given skew lines
 * Regulus (video game)
 * Regulus Grammar Compiler, a system for compiling unification grammars into grammars for speech recognition systems
 * SS Regulus, a Canadian steamship
 * Regulus, a song composed by yuuyu and covered by Leo/Need for the game Hatsune Miku: Colorful Stage!

title: Regulus (disambiguation)


text:
Sevastopol, Indiana

Sevastopol is an unincorporated community in Franklin Township, Kosciusko County, in the U.S. state of Indiana.

History
Sevastopol was platted in 1855. Its name commemorates the Siege of Sevastopol (1854–55). A post office was established at Sevastopol in 1858, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1902.

Geography
Sevastopol is located in the far southwest corner of the county, five miles from Mentone, seven from Burket, and 15 from Warsaw, the county seat.

title: Sevastopol, Indiana


text:
DFF

DFF or D.F.F. may refer to:

 * D.F.F., a 2002 extended play, a by extreme metal and stoner rock band Blood Duster
 * Danish Council for Independent Research (Det Frie Forskningsråd), a Danish governmental body
 * Deutscher Fernsehfunk, the state television broadcaster in the German Democratic Republic
 * Digital Forensics Framework, computer forensics open-source software
 * Digital Freedom Foundation, a non-profit organisation that acts as the official organiser of Software, Hardware, and other Freedom Days
 * Directorate of Film Festivals, an Indian government organisation that organises the International Film Festival of India and other ceremonies
 * Disposable Film Festival, an annual juried international festival of short films
 * D flip-flop (or data flip-flop), an electronic primitive component useful for implementing computer memory

title: DFF