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Ralph Reed

Ralph Eugene Reed Jr. (born June 24, 1961) is an American political consultant and lobbyist, best known as the first executive director of the Christian Coalition during the early 1990s. He sought the Republican nomination for the office of Lieutenant Governor of Georgia but lost the primary election on July 18, 2006, to state Senator Casey Cagle. Reed started the Faith and Freedom Coalition in June 2009. Reed and his wife JoAnne Young were married in 1987 and have four children. He is a member of the Council for National Policy.

Early life and education
Born in Portsmouth, Virginia, to Navy ophthalmologist Ralph Reed and mother Marcy Reed, young Ralph moved often as a child, but spent the majority of his childhood in Miami, Florida. He moved with his family to Toccoa, Georgia, in 1976, earning Eagle Scout at BSA Troop 77 and graduating from Stephens County High School in 1979. He attended the University of Georgia where he earned an BA in history in 1985. Reed served as a columnist and editor of the college newspaper, The Red & Black. In 1983, Reed, then a senior at the University of Georgia, wrote a column for The Red & Black with the headline "Gandhi: Ninny of the Twentieth Century." Shortly after Reed's article ran, another student wrote in and made a compelling case that "every assertion, every quote, and several seemingly original Reed phrases may be found directly or in slightly modified form" in a commentary article by Richard Grenier. Reed was then discharged from his role on the college newspaper for plagiarism. Reed was a member of the Demosthenian Literary Society, the Jasper Dorsey Intercollegiate Debate Society, and College Republicans. He is also an alumnus of the Leadership Institute in Arlington, Virginia, an organization that teaches conservative Americans how to influence public policy through activism and leadership. Reed obtained his PhD in American history from Emory University in 1991.

Career
Reed spent much of his college career as a political activist, taking six years to earn his undergraduate degree. He started with the University of Georgia College Republicans, steadily rising to state and then national leadership. He was later profiled in Gang of Five by Nina Easton, along with Grover Norquist and other young activists who got their start in that 1980s era.

The triumvirate
In 1981, Reed moved to Washington, D.C., to intern at the College Republican National Committee (CRNC). At the CRNC, Jack Abramoff, Norquist and Reed formed what was known as the "Abramoff-Norquist-Reed triumvirate." Abramoff promoted Reed in 1983, appointing him to succeed Norquist as Executive Director of the CRNC. Norquist would later serve as President of Americans for Tax Reform, in Washington, D.C.

Religious experience
Reed has said that, in September 1983, he had a religious experience while at Bullfeathers, an upscale pub in Capitol Hill that was popular with staffers (and, to a lesser extent, members) of the House of Representatives. Regarding the experience, Reed said "the Holy Spirit simply demanded me to come to Jesus". He walked outside the pub to a phone booth, thumbed through the yellow pages under "Churches," and found the Evangelical Assembly of God Church in Camp Springs, Maryland. He visited the next morning and became a born-again Christian.

Students for America
After receiving his AB he moved to Raleigh, North Carolina to help start and lead Students for America (SFA), a conservative activist group supported by U.S. Senator Jesse Helms. SFA became largely dominated by members of Maranatha Campus Ministries, and this brought Reed into contact with Ed Buckham and Jim Backlin, the current Legislative Director of the Christian Coalition. Reed's links to Tom DeLay were forged through his association with Buckham and Backlin.

SFA established chapters on college campuses up and down the East Coast and held conferences. Among other issues, SFA supported Helms' bid for re-election and organized abortion clinic protests. Reed was temporarily arrested during an abortion protest at the Fleming Center Abortion Clinic in Raleigh but was not charged with any crime. After Reed left SFA for a bigger job at the Christian Coalition, SFA faded out of existence by the early 1990s.

Role in the Christian Coalition
Reed was hired by religious broadcaster and Presidential candidate Pat Robertson as executive director of the Christian Coalition in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Robertson, his son, Gordon P. Robertson, Dick Weinold, a Robertson activist from Texas, and Billy McCormack, a pastor from Shreveport, Louisiana, were the original four directors of the organization. McCormack also held the title of "vice president" and had been his state director of "Americans for Robertson" in 1988.

Reed led the organization from 1989 to 1997. After Republicans lost in the 1996 elections many thought Reed would not be long for the Coalition, and would soon depart seeking new challenges. Some alleged that another factor in Reed's decision was an investigation by Federal prosecutors due to charges made by the Christian Coalition's former chief financial officer, Judy Liebert, Reed resigned from his post, and moved to Georgia. The Coalition's finances were collapsing, and the Internal Revenue Service and Federal Election Commission were investigating.

The Coalition organized former Robertson supporters and other religious conservatives to oppose political liberalism. Eschewing confrontational tactics of street protest learned in college, Reed attempted to project a "softer" public face for Christian conservatism, self-described as "guerrilla", putting "enemies" in "body bags" before they even realized he had struck.

In the 1990s, Reed and the coalition protested against the Clinton administration's policies. They were credited with mobilizing Christian conservatives in support of Republican candidates in the 1994 Congressional elections. Reed appeared on the cover of Time on May 15, 1995, under the title "The Right Hand of God: Ralph Reed of the Christian Coalition."

In 1996, the Federal Election Commission (FEC) brought an enforcement action in United States District Court, alleging Reed and the coalition "violated federal campaign finance laws during congressional elections in 1990, 1992 and 1994, and the presidential election in 1992." After a three-year investigation and lawsuit, a federal court ordered the Coalition to pay a small fine for two minor infractions, a significantly lower amount than what the FEC had called for.

On resigning as executive director of the Christian Coalition, Reed moved to the Atlanta, Georgia, suburb of Duluth to begin a career as a political consultant and lobbyist.

1998 Georgia gubernatorial election
In late 1997, Reed joined the campaign of Fulton County Commission Chairman Mitch Skandalakis for lieutenant governor of Georgia, becoming its general consultant. In addition to planning campaign strategy, Reed himself appeared in advertisements, identifying himself as the former head of the Christian Coalition and vouching for Skandalakis' conservative credentials and personal integrity.

In the primary, Skandalakis placed first among the five Republican candidates, but did not receive a majority of the vote and was forced into a run-off with second-place finisher State Senator Clint Day. Reed planned a series of advertisements which included charges that Day had "desecrated Indian graves" on a plot of land owned by a Day family foundation. The Skandalakis campaign held a conference at which tribal leaders, wearing headdress and other ceremonial clothing, attacked Day as a "vandal" and "grave robber."

Reed's strategy initially met with success, as Skandalakis narrowly defeated Day in the Republican primary run-off. However, Skandalakis went on to lose the general election.

Century Strategies
While running the Skandalakis campaign in 1997, Reed co-founded Century Strategies with political strategist Tim Phillips. Century Strategies is a political consulting firm which describes itself as "one of the nation’s leading public affairs and public relations firms." While initially engaged primarily in campaign consulting for Republican candidates its mission evolved into advocacy and lobbying.

Reed helped Alabama Governor Fob James win renomination in a bitterly contested Republican primary, only to become the first Republican in over a decade to lose the Alabama governor's election. Immediately after the 1998 election, Reed shifted gears to corporate work. In 1999, Abramoff helped Reed get hired as a consultant subcontractor for Preston Gates & Ellis.

Reed is credited with attacks on Senator John McCain in the 2000 South Carolina presidential primary, together with Roberta Combs, then head of the South Carolina Christian Coalition, who later took over the national Christian Coalition. Bush's defeat of McCain in that primary came at a key moment and ended McCain's early momentum from an upset victory in the New Hampshire primary.

Reed's $20,000 per month contract with Microsoft proved a minor embarrassment to the Bush campaign in the summer of 2000 when it was revealed that the software giant, which was being prosecuted for antitrust violations, had hired a number of Bush aides as consultants and lobbyists. Reed apologized for the "appearance of conflict" but continued to accept the money until early 2005, when Microsoft terminated Reed in the midst of the Indian gaming scandal.

Some conservatives have criticized Reed's choice of clients and suggested that he has inappropriately profited from his credentials as a conservative Christian leader. A conservative Alabama group called Obligation, Inc. is a fierce critic of Reed's client Channel One News, arguing that the company pumps classrooms full of "commercials for junk food and sleazy movies."

In 1999, Reed's firm "sent out a mailer to Alabama conservative Christians asking them to call then-Rep. Bob Riley (R-Ala.) and tell him to vote against legislation that would have made the U.S. commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands subject to federal wage and worker safety laws." Abramoff represented the commonwealth as a partner of Greenberg Traurig and received $4.04 million from 1998 to 2002. Greenberg Traurig, in turn, hired Reed's firm to print the mailing.

Georgia Republican Party chairman
In 2001, Reed mounted a campaign for State Chairman of the Georgia Republican Party, a volunteer job. His candidacy attracted national media attention, and challenges from three opponents.

Reed's principal opponent was David Shafer, a former executive director of the Georgia Republican Party recruited to the race by Congressman John Linder. Shafer campaigned on Republican gains made when he served as state executive director in the early 1990s, but was hampered by his subsequent association with the failed campaigns of Mack Mattingly, Guy Millner and Clint Day in the later half of the decade.

The state convention, held at the Cobb Galleria in May 2001, was the most heavily attended and longest running in the history of the party. Reed won on the first ballot, capturing almost 60 percent of the delegate vote against Shafer, who won 40 percent, and a third candidate, lobbyist Maria Rose Strollo, who won one percent.

Reed was endorsed by the "Confederate Republican Caucus," a block of almost 500 "heritage" activists who had participated in the state convention as a protest against the removal of the Confederate battle emblem from the State Flag. The organization would later claim that they were "double-crossed" by Reed.

Documents released by federal investigators in June 2005 show that Reed's 2001 campaign for State Chairman was partially financed with contributions from the Choctaws, an Indian gaming tribe represented by Abramoff.

The party experienced success in the 2002 elections under Reed's leadership. Saxby Chambliss was elected as U.S. Senator, and Sonny Perdue was elected as Governor. Reed, however, was asked to relinquish his job as State Chairman by Perdue, whose long-shot candidacy was largely ignored by Reed in favor of Chambliss.

Reed supported the candidacy of Congressman Bob Barr, who had moved into the neighboring district of Congressman John Linder and challenged his renomination. Linder decisively defeated Barr.

Campaign for lieutenant governor
Speculation about a Reed candidacy for Lieutenant Governor began building shortly after the 2004 general election. Republican party leaders were unenthusiastic about the candidacy of Insurance Commissioner John Oxendine, who had been "exploring" a race for Lieutenant Governor for over a year. Aides to Governor Sonny Perdue tried to recruit House Republican Leader Jerry Keen as a candidate for Lieutenant Governor, while State Senators Casey Cagle and Bill Stephens jockeyed for support among Senate Republicans.

Reed claimed support of the White House, access to the Bush fundraising apparatus and command of a large grass roots organization. His official declaration of candidacy on February 17, 2005 largely cleared the field of opposition; Keen, Stephens and Oxendine all left the race. Keen, a former state chairman of the Christian Coalition, was the first to drop, followed quickly by Stephens. Although insisting at the time of Reed's entry into the race that he would "never" withdraw, Oxendine ended his candidacy two weeks later. Only Cagle, a relatively unknown lawmaker, remained in the race to challenge Reed.

A poll conducted for Oxendine was the first indication of trouble for Reed. Released shortly before Oxendine's exit from the race, the poll showed Oxendine defeating Reed among likely Republican voters by a large margin. It also showed Reed losing the general election to the only announced Democratic candidate for Lieutenant Governor, former State Senator Greg Hecht. Little attention was paid to the poll because Oxendine folded his own candidacy shortly after it was released. Reed himself dismissed the poll as a face-saving gesture by an embarrassed Oxendine.

Reed's campaign experienced a loss of momentum with revelations about his role in the Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal. Email documents released in the investigation revealed details about Reed's financial relationships with Abramoff.

Reed's early lead in fund-raising evaporated by December 31, 2005, when disclosure reports showed Cagle raising almost twice as much money as Reed in the last six months of the year.

Bob Irvin, a former U.S. House of Representatives Republican leader, was the first prominent Republican to publicly call on Reed to withdraw from the race. 21 state senators signed a letter in February 2006 calling on Reed to withdraw from the race, "declaring that his ties to Washington lobbyist Jack Abramoff could jeopardize the re-election of Gov. Sonny Perdue and the rest of the GOP ticket.” Reed rejected the petition as a useless stunt, and expressed confidence that his record and ideas would prevail.

Aides to Speaker of the House Glenn Richardson, ostensibly neutral in the race, released a poll that showed Reed's mounting negatives could hurt Perdue and the Republican ticket. On March 21, 2006, political consultant Matt Towery of Insider Advantage released a poll showing Reed represented an eight-point drag on the Perdue ticket.

Insurance Commissioner John Oxendine, whose own ambitions had been upended by Reed's candidacy, endorsed Cagle in June 2006, saying that Reed's nomination threatened the success of the Republican ticket.

Two dozen members of the Reed steering committee, including a Reed State Co-Chairman, resigned their affiliation with the Reed campaign and endorsed Cagle, but Reed continued his pursuit of the nomination.

New York Mayor Rudy Giuliani traveled to Georgia to campaign for Reed. A Democrat, conservative former United States Senator Zell Miller, also endorsed Reed.

On July 18, 2006, Reed was defeated in the Republican primary, losing the nomination to State Senator Casey Cagle. Final returns show Reed losing by twelve percentage points, collecting 44 percent of the vote to Cagle's 56 percent. According to Politics1.com, Reed indicated he would not likely seek elective office ever again.

Indian gambling scandals
Reed was named, but never charged with any wrongdoing, in the scandal arising from lobbying work performed by Jack Abramoff on behalf of Indian gambling tribes. E-mails released by federal investigators in June 2005 revealed that Reed secretly accepted payments from Abramoff to lobby against Indian casino gambling and oppose an Alabama education lottery. Additional e-mails released in November 2005 show that Reed also worked for another Abramoff client seeking to block a congressional ban on Internet gambling. These cases are being investigated by multiple federal and state grand juries and by the U.S. Senate Committee on Indian Affairs. Abramoff pleaded guilty to three felony counts in federal court, raising the prospects of Abramoff testifying against others.

Those e-mails and other evidence revealed the participation of the Christian Coalition in the alleged fraud, particularly the Alabama chapter of the Christian Coalition, which received large amounts of donations from the casino money. It is alleged that Abramoff engaged Reed to set up an anti-gambling campaign to include the U.S. Family Network, the Christian Coalition, and Focus on the Family in order to frighten the tribes into spending as much as $82 million for Abramoff to lobby on their behalf. To represent him in connection with the scandal, Reed retained defense attorney W. Neil Eggleston, then of Debevoise & Plimpton LLP. Eggleston served as White House associate counsel during the administration of President Bill Clinton.

In 2004, Reed confirmed that he had been paid more than $1 million in fees by lobbyists working on behalf of American Indian casinos.

In December 2005, three Texas public interest groups filed a complaint with Travis County Attorney David Escamilla on December 1, 2005, alleging that Reed failed to register as a lobbyist in 2001 or 2002 when he was working for Abramoff. Escamilla said on March 27, 2006, "his office had concluded its investigation – but that a two-year statute of limitations on misdemeanors from 2001 and 2002 had expired."

On June 22, 2006, the U.S. Senate Committee on Indian Affairs released its final report on the scandal. The report said that Reed had used his contacts to conservative Christian groups to prevent the opening or expansion of casinos competing with the casinos operated by Abramoff's clients from 1998 to 2002 and that he had been paid a total of $5.3 million through Abramoff's law firm and from organizations controlled by Abramoff's partner Michael Scanlon. The report did not accuse Reed of having known about Abramoff's illegal activities.

The report further states that under the guidance of the Mississippi Choctaw tribe's planner, Nell Rogers, the tribe agreed to launder money because "Ralph Reed did not want to be paid directly by a tribe with gaming interests." It also states that Reed used non-profits, like Grover Norquist's Americans for Tax Reform, as pass-throughs to disguise the origin of the funds, and that "the structure was recommended by Jack Abramoff to accommodate Mr. Reed’s political concerns."

Reed was never charged with any wrongdoing concerning the Indian gambling scandals.

Faith and Freedom Coalition
In 2009, Reed founded the Faith and Freedom Coalition, and as of 2023 continues to serve as its chairman.

Publications
Reed has written seven books; four non-fiction and three fictional political thrillers.

 * After the Revolution (1996, ISBN 978-0-8499-3859-7)
 * Politically Incorrect: The Emerging Faith Factor in American Politics (1996, ISBN 978-90-71676-34-5)
 * Active Faith: How Christians Are Changing the Face of American Politics (1996, ISBN 978-0-684-00304-7)
 * Dark Horse: A Political Thriller (2010, ISBN 1-4391-8241-8)
 * The Confirmation (2010, ISBN 1-4391-8241-8)
 * Ballots and Blood (2011, ISBN 1-4336-6925-0)
 * Awakening: How America Can Turn From Moral and Economic Destruction Back to Greatness (2014, ISBN 978-1-617-95287-6)
 * For God and Country: The Christian Case For Trump (2020, ISBN 978-1684510573)

He has also written several articles.

title: Ralph Reed


text:
HMS Erne

The Royal Navy has four vessels with the name HMS Erne; the name comes from the white-tailed eagle, also known as the erne.

 * The 20-gun sixth-rate post ship HMS Erne (1813), launched in 1813 and wrecked in 1819 on the Isle of Sal, Cape Verde.
 * The Albacore-class gunboat HMS Erne (1856) launched in 1856 and broken up in 1874.
 * The torpedo boat destroyer HMS Erne (1903) launched in 1903 and wrecked in 1915 at Rattray Head.
 * The sloop HMS Erne (U03) launched in 1939, renamed Wessex in 1952, and broken up in 1965.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: HMS Erne


text:
Wilhelm Karl, Duke of Urach

Prince Wilhelm of Urach, Count of Württemberg, 2nd Duke of Urach (Wilhelm Karl Florestan Gero Crescentius; German: Fürst Wilhelm von Urach, Graf von Württemberg, 2. Herzog von Urach; 3 March 1864 – 24 March 1928), was a German prince who was elected in June 1918 as King of Lithuania, with the regnal name of Mindaugas II. He never assumed the crown, however, as German authorities declared the election invalid; the invitation was withdrawn in November 1918. From 17 July 1869 until his death, he was the head of the morganatic Urach branch of the House of Württemberg.

Early life
Born as Wilhelm Karl Florestan Gero Crescentius, Count of Württemberg, he was the elder son of Wilhelm, 1st Duke of Urach (the head of a morganatic branch of the Royal House of the Kingdom of Württemberg), and his second wife, Princess Florestine of Monaco, occasional Regent of Monaco and daughter of Florestan I, Prince of Monaco.

At the age of four, Wilhelm succeeded his father as Duke of Urach. He was born and spent much of his childhood in Monaco, where his mother Florestine often managed the government during the extended oceanographic expeditions of her nephew, Prince Albert I. Wilhelm was culturally francophone.

Candidate for various thrones
Through his mother, Wilhelm was a legitimate heir to the throne of Monaco. Wilhelm's cousin Prince Albert I of Monaco had only one child, Prince Louis, who was unmarried and had no legitimate children. The French Republic, however, was reluctant to see a German prince ruling Monaco. Under French pressure, Monaco passed a law in 1911 recognising Louis's illegitimate daughter, Charlotte, as heir; she was adopted in 1918 by her grandfather Prince Albert I as part of the Monaco Succession Crisis of 1918. Wilhelm was relegated to third in line to Monaco's throne, behind Louis and Charlotte. Furthermore, in July 1918 France and Monaco signed the Franco-Monegasque Treaty; it required all future princes of Monaco to be French or Monegasque citizens and secure the approval of the French government to succeed to the throne. After the accession of Prince Louis II in 1922, Wilhelm renounced his rights of succession to the throne of Monaco in favour of distant French cousins, the counts de Chabrillan, in 1924.

In 1913, Wilhelm was one of several princes considered for the throne of Albania. He was supported by Catholic groups in the north and attended the Albanian Congress of Trieste. In 1914, Prince William of Wied was selected instead.

In 1917, as a newly retired general, Wilhelm sounded out the possibility of being made Grand Duke of Alsace-Lorraine after the war was over. In 1918, he accepted the short-lived invitation to reign as Mindaugas II of Lithuania. His claims were published in a 2001 essay by his grandson-in-law, Sergei von Cube.

Military career
Typical of his family, Wilhelm entered the army in 1883 and was a professional general by the outbreak of World War I in 1914 as commander of the 26th Infantry Division (1st Royal Württemberg) of the Imperial German Army. Until November 1914 this division was part of the German assault on France, and then Belgium, where Wilhelm's sister-in-law Elisabeth of Belgium was queen. In December 1914, the division fought in the battle to cross the Bzura river in Poland. From June to September 1915, the division moved from north of Warsaw to positions close to the Neman River, an advance of hundreds of miles in the campaign in which Poland was taken (the Great Russian Retreat of World War I). In October–November 1915, the division took part in the Serbian Campaign, moving from west of Belgrade to Kraljevo in less than a month. The division served at Ypres in Belgium from December 1915 to July 1916, then was largely destroyed at the Somme battles from August to November 1916 while holding the Schwaben Redoubt (Swabia is part of Württemberg). Wilhelm retired as divisional general on 5 January 1917.

In 1917–18, Wilhelm was General Officer Commanding of the 64th Corps (Generalkommando 64) on the western front; his aides de camp included Eugen Ott and Erwin Rommel.

King of Lithuania
On 4 June 1918, the Council of Lithuania voted to invite Wilhelm to become the king of a newly independent Lithuania. Wilhelm agreed and was elected on 11 July 1918, taking the name Mindaugas II. His election can be explained by several factors: According to Wilhelm's agreement with the Council of Lithuania, he had to live in Lithuania and learn to speak its language. In addition, he was also descended from Casimir IV Jagiellon, grand duke of Lithuania, through his daughter Barbara Jagiellon.
 * he was Roman Catholic (the dominant religion in Lithuania);
 * he was not a member of the House of Hohenzollern, the family to which belonged the German Emperor William II, who wanted Lithuania to be a monarchy in personal union with Prussia;
 * the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk of March 1918 had established Germany's power in the region, for the time being;
 * he had had a successful military career;
 * if the Central Powers were to win the war, Lithuania could have expected German protection in the event of future intrusions by Russia.

From the beginning, Wilhelm's reign was controversial. The four socialists of the twenty members of the Council of Lithuania left in protest. The German government did not recognize Wilhelm's selection as king, although the influential publicist and politician Matthias Erzberger, also a Catholic from Württemberg, supported the claim. Wilhelm never had the chance to visit Lithuania; he remained instead at Lichtenstein Castle, his home south of Stuttgart. He did start to learn the Lithuanian language, however. Within a few months of his election, it became clear that Germany would lose World War I, and on 2 November 1918, the Council of Lithuania reversed its decision.

In the tiny chapel of Lichtenstein Castle is a framed letter from Pope Benedict XV welcoming Wilhelm's selection as the future king of Lithuania.

In 2009, Wilhelm's grandson Inigo was interviewed on television in Vilnius, and said: "...if he was honoured with a proposal to assume the throne of Lithuania, he would not refuse it."

The German anti-war novelist Arnold Zweig set his 1937 novel Einsetzung eines Königs (The Crowning of a King) around the election of Mindaugas in 1918.

Marriages and children
Wilhelm was married twice. On 4 July 1892, he married firstly Duchess Amalie in Bavaria (1865–1912), daughter of Karl-Theodor, Duke in Bavaria, a niece of Empress Elisabeth of Austria, and a direct descendant of the Lithuanian princess Ludwika Karolina Radziwiłł of Biržai. Nine children were born of this marriage:

 * Princess Marie Gabriele (1893–1908)
 * Princess Elizabeth (1894–1962) who married Prince Karl of Liechtenstein (1878–1955), an uncle of Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein, and had issue.
 * Princess Karola (1896–1980)
 * Prince Wilhelm (1897–1957), who morganatically married Elisabeth Theurer (1899–1988) and had two daughters, Elisabeth and Marie Christine, neither of whom married.
 * Karl Gero, Duke of Urach (1899–1981), 3rd Duke of Urach, who married Countess Gabriele of Waldburg-Zeil (1910–2005); no issue.
 * Princess Margarete (1901–1975)
 * Prince Albrecht (1903–1969), a diplomat; former artist turned journalist, and expert on the Far East. Married first Rosemary Blackadder and second Ute Waldschmidt, divorced both of them and had issue by both. His daughter Marie-Gabrielle (aka Mariga) was the first wife of Desmond Guinness. Albrecht's marriages were also considered morganatic, but his descendants use Furst von Urach as their surname.
 * Prince Eberhard (1907–1969), who married Princess Iniga of Thurn and Taxis (1925–2008) and had issue: Karl Anselm, Duke of Urach, born 1955, Wilhelm Albert, Duke of Urach, born 1957 and Prince Inigo of Urach, born 1962.
 * Princess Mechtilde (1912–2001), who married Friedrich Karl, Prince of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst and had issue.

In 1924, Wilhelm married secondly Princess Wiltrud of Bavaria (1884–1975), daughter of King Ludwig III of Bavaria. This marriage was childless.

Prince Eberhard's son Inigo made a sentimental journey to Lithuania in November 2009, which was covered by the local media.

Honours
• Kingdom of Württemberg:

• * Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown, with Swords, 5 July 1915

• * Grand Cross of the Friedrich Order, with Swords, 5 September 1916

• * Wilhelm-Cross, with Crown and Swords, 5 October 1916

• * Commander of the Military Merit Order, 20 February 1918

•  Kingdom of Bavaria:

• * Golden Jubilee Medal

• * Knight of St. Hubert, 1892

• * Gold Prince Regent Luitpold Medal

• * Knight of the Military Merit Order, 1st Class with Crown and Swords, 25 August 1918

•  Mecklenburg: Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown, with Crown in Ore

•  Kingdom of Prussia:

• * Knight of the Red Eagle, 1st Class, 9 October 1891; Grand Cross with Oak Leaves, 22 October 1915

• * Knight of the Black Eagle

•  Hohenzollern: Cross of Honour of the Princely House Order of Hohenzollern, 1st Class with Swords, 6 September 1917

•  Kingdom of Saxony:

• * Knight of the Rue Crown, 1898

• * Grand Cross of the Albert Order, with Swords, 4 May 1916

•  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the White Falcon

• 🇩🇰 Denmark: Grand Cross of the Dannebrog, 10 June 1903

•   Austria-Hungary:

• * Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen, 1891

• * Military Merit Cross, 2nd Class with War Decoration, 3 March 1916

•  Ottoman Empire:

• * Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class

• * Golden Imtiyaz Medal, 25 August 1918

• 🇲🇨 Monaco: Grand Cross of St. Charles, 4 December 1883

•  Kingdom of Bulgaria: Grand Cross of the Military Merit Order, with War Decoration, 4 May 1918

•  Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Knight of Honour and Devotion

title: Wilhelm Karl, Duke of Urach


text: User talk:216.209.153.2

title: User talk:216.209.153.2


text:
Louis, Duke of Burgundy

Louis, Dauphin of France, Duke of Burgundy (6 August 1682 – 18 February 1712), was the eldest son of Louis, Grand Dauphin, and Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria and grandson of the reigning French king, Louis XIV. He was known as the "Petit Dauphin" to distinguish him from his father. When his father died in April 1711, the Duke of Burgundy became the official Dauphin of France. He never reigned, as he died in 1712 while his grandfather was still on the throne. Upon the death of Louis XIV in 1715, the Duke of Burgundy's third son became Louis XV.

Childhood
Louis was born in the Palace of Versailles in 1682, the eldest son of the French Dauphin, Louis, who would later be called le Grand Dauphin, and his wife, Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria. His father was the eldest son of the reigning king, Louis XIV and his wife Queen Maria Theresa of Spain. At birth, he received the title of Duke of Burgundy (duc de Bourgogne). In addition, as the son of the Dauphin and grandson to the king, he was a fils de France and also second in the line of succession to his grandfather, Louis XIV, after his father. Louis grew up with his younger brothers Philip, Duke of Anjou (who became King Philip V of Spain), and Charles, Duke of Berry, under the supervision of the royal governess Louise de Prie. He lost his mother when he was eight. His father, viewed as lazy and dull, never played a major role in politics.

Marriage
At the age of 15, he was married to his double second cousin, Princess Marie-Adélaïde of Savoy, the daughter of Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy and Anne Marie d'Orléans. This match had been decided as part of the Treaty of Turin, which ended Franco-Savoyard conflicts during the Nine Years' War. The wedding took place on 7 December 1697 at the Palace of Versailles.

Military career and politics
In 1702, at the age of 20, Louis was admitted by his grandfather King Louis XIV to the Conseil d'en haut (High Council), which was in charge of state secrets regarding religion, diplomacy and war. His father had been admitted only at the age of 30.

In 1708, during the War of the Spanish Succession, Louis was given command of the army in Flanders, with the experienced soldier Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme, serving under him. The uncertainty as to which of the two should truly command the army led to delays and the need to refer decisions to Louis XIV. Continued indecision led to French inactivity as messages travelled between the front and Versailles; the Allies were then able to take the initiative. The culmination of this was the Battle of Oudenarde, where Louis's mistaken choices and reluctance to support Vendôme led to a decisive defeat for the French. In the aftermath of the defeat, his hesitation to relieve the Siege of Lille led to the loss of the city and thereby allowed the Allies to make their first incursions onto French soil.

Louis was influenced by the dévots and was surrounded by a circle of people known as the faction de Bourgogne, notably including his old tutor François Fénelon, his old governor Paul de Beauvilliers, Duke of Saint-Aignan and his brother-in-law Charles Honoré d'Albert, Duke of Chevreuse, as well as the renowned memorialist, Louis de Rouvroy, Duke of Saint-Simon.

These high-ranking aristocrats sought a return to a monarchy less absolute and less centralised, with more powers granted to the individual provinces. Their view was that government should work through councils and intermediary organs between the king and the people. These intermediary councils were to be made up not by commoners from the bourgeoisie (like the ministers appointed by Louis XIV) but by aristocrats who perceived themselves as the representatives of the people and would assist the king in governance and the exercise of power. Had Louis succeeded to the throne, he might have applied this concept of monarchy.

Death and legacy
Louis became Dauphin of France upon the death of his father in 1711. In February 1712, his wife contracted measles and died on February 12. Louis himself, who dearly loved his wife and who had stayed by her side throughout the fatal illness, caught the disease and died six days after her at the Château de Marly on 18 February, aged 29. Both of his sons also became infected. The elder, Louis, Duke of Brittany, the latest in a series of Dauphins, succumbed on 8 March, leaving his brother, the two-year-old Duke of Anjou, who was later to succeed to the throne as Louis XV.

As it was thought that the chances of survival of this frail child, now heir apparent to his seventy-three-year-old great grandfather, were minimal, a potential succession crisis loomed.

Moreover, overnight the broad hopes of the faction de Bourgogne were destroyed and its members would soon die of natural deaths. Nonetheless, some of their ideas were put into practice when the Duke of Orléans, as regent during Louis XV's minority, created a form of government known as polysynody, in which each ministry was replaced by a council composed of aristocrats. However, the absenteeism, ineptitude and squabbling of the aristocrats caused this system to fail, and it was soon abandoned in 1718 in favour of a return to absolute monarchy.

Issue

 * 1) Louis, Duke of Brittany (25 June 1704 – 13 April 1705) died of convulsions;
 * 2) Louis, Duke of Brittany (8 January 1707 – 8 March 1712) died of measles;
 * 3) Louis XV of France (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774) first engaged to Mariana Victoria of Spain; married Marie Leszczyńska and had issue; died of smallpox.

In French

 * Achaintre, Nicolas Louis, Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de Bourbon, Vol. 2, Publisher Mansut Fils, 4 Rue de l'École de Médecine, Paris, 1825.
 * Antoine, Michel, Louis XV, Fayard, Paris, 1989 (French).
 * Dufresne, Claude, les Orléans, CRITERION, Paris, 1991 (French).

title: Louis, Duke of Burgundy


text:
X-linked recessive inheritance

X-linked recessive inheritance is a mode of inheritance in which a mutation in a gene on the X chromosome causes the phenotype to be always expressed in males (who are necessarily homozygous for the gene mutation because they have one X and one Y chromosome) and in females who are homozygous for the gene mutation, see zygosity. Females with one copy of the mutated gene are carriers.

X-linked inheritance means that the gene causing the trait or the disorder is located on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes while males have one X and one Y chromosome. Carrier females who have only one copy of the mutation do not usually express the phenotype, although differences in X-chromosome inactivation (known as skewed X-inactivation) can lead to varying degrees of clinical expression in carrier females, since some cells will express one X allele and some will express the other. The current estimate of sequenced X-linked genes is 499, and the total, including vaguely defined traits, is 983.

Patterns of inheritance
In humans, inheritance of X-linked recessive traits follows a unique pattern made up of three points.
 * The first is that affected fathers cannot pass X-linked recessive traits to their sons because fathers give Y chromosomes to their sons. This means that males affected by an X-linked recessive disorder inherited the responsible X chromosome from their mothers.
 * Second, X-linked recessive traits are more commonly expressed in males than females. This is due to the fact that males possess only a single X chromosome, and therefore require only one mutated X in order to be affected. Women possess two X chromosomes, and thus must receive two of the mutated recessive X chromosomes (one from each parent). A popular example showing this pattern of inheritance is that of the descendants of Queen Victoria and the blood disease hemophilia.
 * The last pattern seen is that X-linked recessive traits tend to skip generations, meaning that an affected grandfather will not have an affected son, but could have an affected grandson through his daughter. Explained further, all daughters of an affected man will obtain his mutated X, and will then be either carriers or affected themselves depending on the mother. The resulting sons will either have a 50% chance of being affected (mother is carrier), or 100% chance (mother is affected). It is because of these percentages that we see males more commonly affected than females.

Pushback on recessive/dominant terminology
A few scholars have suggested discontinuing the use of the terms dominant and recessive when referring to X-linked inheritance. The possession of two X chromosomes in females leads to dosage issues which are alleviated by X-inactivation. Stating that the highly variable penetrance of X-linked traits in females as a result of mechanisms such as skewed X-inactivation or somatic mosaicism is difficult to reconcile with standard definitions of dominance and recessiveness, scholars have suggested referring to traits on the X chromosome simply as X-linked.

Most common
The most common X-linked recessive disorders are:
 * Red–green color blindness, also known as daltonism, which affects roughly 7% to 10% of men and 0.49% to 1% of women. Its relative benignity may explain its commonness.
 * Hemophilia A, a blood clotting disorder caused by a mutation of the Factor VIII gene and leading to a deficiency of Factor VIII. It was once thought to be the "royal disease" found in the descendants of Queen Victoria. This is now known to have been Hemophilia B (see below).
 * Hemophilia B, also known as Christmas disease, a blood clotting disorder caused by a mutation of the Factor IX gene and leading to a deficiency of Factor IX. It is rarer than hemophilia A. As noted above, it was common among the descendants of Queen Victoria.
 * Duchenne muscular dystrophy, which is associated with mutations in the dystrophin gene. It is characterized by rapid progression of muscle degeneration, eventually leading to loss of skeletal muscle control, respiratory failure, and death.
 * Becker's muscular dystrophy, a milder form of Duchenne, which causes slowly progressive muscle weakness of the legs and pelvis.
 * X-linked ichthyosis, a form of ichthyosis caused by a hereditary deficiency of the steroid sulfatase (STS) enzyme. It is fairly rare, affecting one in 2,000 to one in 6,000 males.
 * X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), which affects the body's ability to fight infection. XLA patients do not generate mature B cells. B cells are part of the immune system and normally manufacture antibodies (also called immunoglobulins) which defends the body from infections (the humoral response). Patients with untreated XLA are prone to develop serious and even fatal infections.
 * Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, which causes nonimmune hemolytic anemia in response to a number of causes, most commonly infection or exposure to certain medications, chemicals, or foods. Commonly known as "favism", as it can be triggered by chemicals existing naturally in broad (or fava) beans.

Less common disorders
Theoretically, a mutation in any of the genes on chromosome X may cause disease, but below are some notable ones, with short description of symptoms:
 * Adrenoleukodystrophy; leads to progressive brain damage, failure of the adrenal glands and eventually death.
 * Alport syndrome; glomerulonephritis, endstage kidney disease, and hearing loss. A minority of Alport syndrome cases are due to an autosomal recessive mutation in the gene coding for type IV collagen.
 * Androgen insensitivity syndrome; variable degrees of undervirilization and/or infertility in XY persons of either sex
 * Barth syndrome; metabolism distortion, delayed motor skills, stamina deficiency, hypotonia, chronic fatigue, delayed growth, cardiomyopathy, and compromised immune system.
 * Blue cone monochromacy; low vision acuity, color blindness, photophobia, infantile nystagmus.
 * Centronuclear myopathy; where cell nuclei are abnormally located in skeletal muscle cells. In CNM the nuclei are located at a position in the center of the cell, instead of their normal location at the periphery.
 * Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMTX2-3); disorder of nerves (neuropathy) that is characterized by loss of muscle tissue and touch sensation, predominantly in the feet and legs but also in the hands and arms in the advanced stages of disease.
 * Coffin–Lowry syndrome; severe intellectual disability sometimes associated with abnormalities of growth, cardiac abnormalities, kyphoscoliosis as well as auditory and visual abnormalities.
 * Fabry disease; A lysosomal storage disease causing anhidrosis, fatigue, angiokeratomas, burning extremity pain and ocular involvement.
 * Hunter syndrome; potentially causing hearing loss, thickening of the heart valves leading to a decline in cardiac function, obstructive airway disease, sleep apnea, and enlargement of the liver and spleen.
 * Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, presenting with hypohidrosis, hypotrichosis, hypodontia
 * Kabuki syndrome (the KDM6A variant); multiple congenital anomalies and intellectual disability.
 * Lesch–Nyhan syndrome; neurologic dysfunction, cognitive and behavioral disturbances including self-mutilation, and uric acid overproduction (hyperuricemia)
 * Lowe syndrome; hydrophthalmia, cataracts, intellectual disabilities, aminoaciduria, reduced renal ammonia production and vitamin D-resistant rickets
 * Menkes disease; sparse and coarse hair, growth failure, and deterioration of the nervous system
 * Nasodigitoacoustic syndrome; misshaped nose, brachydactyly of the distal phalanges, sensorineural deafness
 * Nonsyndromic deafness; hearing loss
 * Norrie disease; cataracts, leukocoria along with other developmental issues in the eye
 * Occipital horn syndrome; deformations in the skeleton
 * Ocular albinism; lack of pigmentation in the eye
 * Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency; developmental delay and intellectual disability. Progressive liver damage, skin lesions, and brittle hair may also be seen
 * Oto-palato-digital syndrome; facial deformities, cleft palate, hearing loss
 * Siderius X-linked mental retardation syndrome; cleft lip and palate with intellectual disability and facial dysmorphism, caused by mutations in the histone demethylase PHF8
 * Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome; coarse faces with protruding jaw and tongue, widened nasal bridge, and upturned nasal tip
 * Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), also known as Kennedy's disease; muscle cramps and progressive weakness
 * Spinal muscular atrophy caused by UBE1 gene mutation; weakness due to loss of the motor neurons of the spinal cord and brainstem
 * Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome; eczema, thrombocytopenia, immune deficiency, and bloody diarrhea
 * X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID); infections, usually causing death in the first years of life
 * X-linked sideroblastic anemia; skin paleness, fatigue, dizziness and enlarged spleen and liver.

title: X-linked recessive inheritance


text:
Yoshida

Yoshida (written: 吉田 lit. "lucky ricefield") is the 11th most common Japanese surname. A less common variant is 芳田 (lit. "fragrant ricefield").

Notable people with the surname

 * Ai Yoshida, Japanese sailor
 * Akari Yoshida (吉田 朱里), Japanese idol, singer and model
 * Akihiko Yoshida (吉田 明彦), Japanese video game artist
 * Akihiro Yoshida (吉田 明博), Japanese footballer
 * Akimi Yoshida (吉田 秋生), Japanese manga artist
 * Akio Yoshida (吉田), Japanese footballer
 * Akira Yoshida (吉田 明), Japanese rugby union player
 * Akiyoshi Yoshida (吉田 昭義), Japanese football
 * Ami Yoshida (吉田 アミ), Japanese singer
 * Asami Yoshida (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Ayako Yoshida (吉田 理子), Japanese rower
 * Ayomi Yoshida (吉田 亜世美), Japanese artist
 * Baret Yoshida (born 1975), American mixed martial artist
 * Bill Yoshida (1921–2005), American comic book letterer
 * Bungo Yoshida (吉田 文吾), Japanese puppeteer
 * Chinami Yoshida (吉田 知那美), Japanese curler
 * Chizuko Yoshida (吉田 千鶴子), Japanese artist
 * Daihachi Yoshida (吉田 大八), Japanese film director
 * Eisaku Yoshida (吉田 栄作), Japanese actor and singer
 * Emika Yoshida (吉田 恵美可), Japanese javelin thrower
 * Eri Yoshida (吉田 えり), Japanese baseball player
 * Fujio Yoshida (吉田 ふじを), Japanese artist
 * Yoshida Hanbei (吉田 半兵衛), 17th-century Japanese ukiyo-e artist
 * Hatsusaburō Yoshida (吉田 初三郎), Japanese cartographer
 * Hayato Yoshida (吉田 隼人), Japanese cyclist
 * Hidehiko Yoshida (吉田 秀彦), Japanese judoka and mixed martial artist
 * Hidekazu Yoshida (吉田 秀和), Japanese music critic and literary critic
 * Hideko Yoshida (吉田 日出子), Japanese actress
 * Hirofumi Yoshida (吉田 裕史), Japanese conductor
 * Hiromi Yoshida (吉田 博美), Japanese politician
 * Hiroshi Yoshida (吉田 博), Japanese painter and printmaker
 * Hiroshi Yoshida (footballer) (吉田 弘), Japanese footballer and manager
 * Hiroyuki Yoshida (吉田 裕幸), Japanese footballer
 * Hodaka Yoshida (吉田 穂高), Japanese artist
 * Isoya Yoshida (吉田 五十八), Japanese architect
 * Izumi Yoshida (吉田 泉), Japanese politician
 * Kaii Yoshida (吉田 海偉), Chinese-born Japanese table tennis player
 * Yoshida Kanetomo (吉田 兼倶), Japanese Shinto priest
 * Kanso Yoshida (1895–1973), Japanese-born British seaman
 * Kazumasa Yoshida (吉田 一将), Japanese baseball player
 * Kei Yosida (芳田 奎), one of the physicists after which the RKKY interaction is named
 * Keishin Yoshida (吉田 圭伸), Japanese cross-country skier
 * Keisuke Yoshida (director) (吉田 恵輔), Japanese film director and screenwriter
 * Keisuke Yoshida (swimmer) (吉田 啓祐), Japanese swimmer
 * Ken Yoshida (吉田 謙), Japanese footballer and manager
 * Ken'ichi Yoshida (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Kenji Yoshida (吉田 健二), Japanese anime producer and illustrator
 * Yoshida Kenkō (1283–1350), monk, author
 * Kentaro Yoshida (吉田 賢太郎), Japanese footballer
 * Kiichi Yoshida (吉田 喜一), Japanese swimmer
 * Kiso Yoshida (1919–2005), Japanese artist
 * Yoshida Kiyonari (吉田 清成), Japanese samurai and diplomat
 * Kiyoshi Yoshida (吉田 潔), Japanese composer
 * Kō Yoshida (吉田 宏), member of the World Scout Committee, World Scout Foundation, and the International Commissioner of the Boy Scouts of Nippon
 * Kōsaku Yosida (吉田 耕作), Japanese mathematician
 * Kōta Yoshida (吉田 浩太), Japanese film director
 * Kōtarō Yoshida (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Kurumi Yoshida (吉田 胡桃), Japanese synchronized swimmer
 * Makito Yoshida (吉田 眞紀人), Japanese footballer
 * Makiko Yoshida (吉田 真希子), Japanese hurdler
 * Makito Yoshida (吉田 眞紀人), Japanese footballer
 * Mami Yoshida (吉田 真未), Japanese volleyball player
 * Mariko Yoshida (吉田 万里子), Japanese professional wrestler
 * Mariko Yoshida (volleyball) (吉田 真理子), Japanese volleyball player
 * Masafumi Yoshida (吉田 真史), Japanese footballer
 * Masaki Yoshida (吉田 正樹), Japanese footballer
 * Masako Yoshida (吉田 雅子), Japanese women's footballer
 * Masami Yoshida (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Masao Yoshida (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Masataka Yoshida (吉田 正尚), Japanese baseball player
 * Masayoshi Yoshida (吉田 匡良), Japanese footballer
 * Masujiro Yoshida (吉田 増次郎), Imperial Japanese Navy admiral
 * Maya Yoshida (吉田 麻也), Japanese footballer
 * Mayumi Yoshida (吉田 真弓), Japanese voice actress
 * Megumu Yoshida (吉田 恵), Japanese footballer and manager
 * Metal Yoshida (吉田 メタル), Japanese actor and musician
 * Minato Yoshida (吉田 実成都), Japanese footballer
 * Mitsuaki Yoshida (吉田 光昭), Japanese virologist
 * Mitsunori Yoshida (吉田 光範), Japanese footballer
 * Mitsuru Yoshida (吉田 満), Imperial Japanese Navy officer and writer
 * Yoshida Mitsuyoshi (吉田 光由), Japanese mathematician
 * Miwa Yoshida (吉田 美和), Japanese musician
 * Miyako Yoshida (吉田 都), Japanese ballet dancer
 * Mizuho Yoshida (吉田 瑞穂), Japanese actor
 * Motohiro Yoshida (吉田 宗弘), Japanese footballer
 * Naoki Yoshida (吉田 直樹), Japanese video game producer, director and designer
 * Naoya Yoshida (吉田 直矢), Japanese footballer
 * Nobuko Yoshida (吉田 展子), Japanese computer scientist
 * Nonoko Yoshida (吉田 野乃子), Japanese saxophonist
 * Ray Yoshida (1930–2009), American artist
 * Reiko Yoshida (吉田 玲子), Japanese screenwriter and manga artist
 * Rihoko Yoshida (吉田 理保子), Japanese voice actress
 * Rikio Yoshida (吉田 力雄), Japanese Nordic combined skier
 * Riko Yoshida (吉田 里琴), Japanese actress. She changed her stage name to Ai Yoshikawa in 2017.
 * Riko Yoshida (吉田 莉胡), Japanese footballer
 * Rinne Yoshida (吉田 凜音), Japanese idol, singer and rapper
 * Rokuzaemon Yoshida (吉田 六左エ門), Japanese politician
 * Rui Yoshida (1864–1954), Japanese artist
 * Ruiko Yoshida (吉田 ルイ子), Japanese photojournalist
 * Ruriko Yoshida, Japanese-American mathematician and statistician
 * Ryoichi Yoshida (吉田 良一), Japanese sprinter
 * Sachio Yoshida (吉田 幸生), Japanese footballer
 * Saori Yoshida (吉田 沙保里), Japanese sport wrestler
 * Satoru Yoshida (吉田 悟), Japanese footballer
 * Satoshi Yoshida (吉田 智志), Japanese footballer
 * Sayuri Yoshida (吉田 小百合), Japanese voice actress
 * Seiji Yoshida (吉田 清治), Japanese writer and communist
 * Seiko Yoshida (吉田 聖子), Japanese voice actress
 * Sensha Yoshida, manga artist, known as the author of Utsurun Desu.
 * Setsuko Yoshida (吉田 節子), Japanese volleyball player
 * Shigeru Yoshida (吉田 茂), Japanese diplomat, politician and Prime Minister of Japan
 * Shigeru Yoshida (bureaucrat) (吉田 茂), Japanese diplomat and politician
 * Shintaro Yoshida (由田 慎太郎), Japanese baseball player
 * Yoshida Shōin (吉田 松陰), Japanese scholar
 * Shu Yoshida (baseball) (吉田 嵩), Japanese baseball player
 * Shuhei Yoshida (吉田 修平), Japanese businessman
 * Shuichi Yoshida (吉田 修一), Japanese writer
 * Shuji Yoshida (吉田 修司), Japanese baseball player and coach
 * Soyoka Yoshida (吉田 爽葉香), Japanese entertainer
 * Sumire Yoshida (吉田 菫), Japanese musician
 * Sunao Yoshida (吉田 直), pen-name of Sunao Matsumoto, Japanese writer
 * Syoh Yoshida (吉田 翔), Japanese artist
 * Tadatomo Yoshida (吉田 忠智), Japanese politician
 * Taisei Yoshida (吉田 大成), Japanese baseballer
 * Takahisa Yoshida (吉田 孝久), Japanese high jumper
 * Takao Yoshida (吉田 貴男), better known as Taka Michinoku, Japanese professional wrestler
 * Takashi Yoshida (吉田 隆司), better known as Cyber Kong, Japanese professional wrestler
 * Takashi Yoshida (comedian) (吉田 敬), Japanese comedian
 * Takayuki Yoshida (吉田 孝行), Japanese footballer
 * Takeshi Yoshida, Japanese engineer
 * Takuro Yoshida (吉田 拓郎), Japanese singer-songwriter
 * Tamao Yoshida (吉田 玉男), Japanese puppeteer
 * Tatsuma Yoshida (吉田 達磨), Japanese footballer
 * Tatsuo Yoshida (吉田 竜夫), Japanese illustrator and character designer
 * Tatsuya Yoshida (吉田 達也), Japanese musician
 * Tetsuro Yoshida (吉田 鉄郎), Japanese architect
 * Tome Yoshida (吉田 とめ), Japanese nurse
 * Tomizo Yoshida (吉田 富三), Japanese pathologist
 * Tomohisa Yoshida (吉田 智尚), Japanese footballer
 * Tomokazu Yoshida (吉田 友一), Japanese actor
 * Tomoki Yoshida (吉田 智紀), Japanese rugby union player
 * Tomoko Yoshida (吉田 知子), Japanese writer
 * Toru Yoshida (吉田 暢), Japanese footballer and manager
 * Tōshi Yoshida (吉田 遠志), Japanese printmaker
 * Toshimitsu Yoshida (吉田 寿光), Japanese football referee
 * Toshitada Yoshida (吉田 敏忠), Japanese sport wrestler
 * Yoshida Tōyō (吉田 東洋), Japanese samurai
 * Toyoharu Yoshida (吉田 豊治), Japanese manga artist and businessman known as Ippei Kuri
 * Tsukasa Yoshida (芳田 司), Japanese judoka
 * Yasuhiro Yoshida (吉田 康弘), Japanese footballer and manager
 * Yasushi Yoshida (吉田 靖), Japanese footballer and manager
 * Yasutaka Yoshida (吉田 安孝), Japanese footballer
 * Yasuyuki Yoshida (吉田 康幸), Japanese footballer
 * Yō Yoshida (吉田 羊), Japanese actress
 * Yoshihito Yoshida (吉田 義人), Japanese rugby union player
 * Yoshikatsu Yoshida (吉田 義勝), Japanese sport wrestler
 * Yoshio Yoshida (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Yoshishige Yoshida (吉田 喜重), Japanese film director and screenwriter
 * Yoshiyuki Yoshida (吉田 善行), Japanese mixed martial artist
 * Yugo Yoshida (吉田 雄悟), Japanese sailor
 * Yuka Yoshida (吉田 友佳), Japanese tennis player
 * Yuka Yoshida (cricketer) (born 1989), Japanese women cricketer
 * Yuki Yoshida, Canadian film producer
 * Yurika Yoshida (吉田 夕梨花), Japanese curler
 * Yuta Yoshida (吉田 裕太), Japanese baseball player
 * Yutaka Yoshida (吉田 豊), Japanese footballer
 * Yūto Yoshida (吉田 雄人), Japanese politician
 * Yuya Yoshida (吉田 優也), Japanese judoka
 * Zengo Yoshida (吉田 善吾), Imperial Japanese Navy admiral
 * Luka Yoshida-Martin (born 2001), Australian rules footballer

Fictional characters

 * Ayumi Yoshida (吉田 歩美), a character in the manga series Detective Conan
 * Chizuru Yoshida (吉田 千鶴), a character in the manga series Kimi ni Todoke
 * Jin Yoshida, a character in the video game Soma
 * Kazumi Yoshida (吉田 一美), a character in the light novel series Shakugan no Shana
 * Leyu Yoshida (吉田 玲優), better known as Sunpyre, a character in Marvel Comics
 * Miki Yoshida, a character in the OEL manga series Miki Falls
 * Shiro Yoshida (吉田 四郎), better known as Sunfire, a character in Marvel Comics
 * Taisei Yoshida (吉田 大成), a character in the manga series Assassination Classroom
 * Yuki Yoshida (吉田 友紀), a character in the light novel series Is This a Zombie?
 * Masaki Yoshida (吉田 茉咲), a secondary character in the manga WataMote
 * Saki Yoshida (吉田咲), the main character of the infamous hentai manga Metamorphosis (sometimes called Emergence)
 * Yoshida Shouyou, one of the most important character in the manga and anime series Gintama (being the main character, Gintoki Sakata's teacher) created by Hideaki Sorachi. He is based on Yoshida Shoin.

title: Yoshida


text:
User:Chevelle572

what's up steven?

title: User:Chevelle572


text:
Talk:Nichelle Nichols

NASA recruitment training
I think it should be mentioned, as documented in the biographic film, she went through an abbreviated version of astronaut training before going out to recruit, as she wanted to know and be able to honestly relate what was ahead for the people she recruited. Such dedication should be more widely known. 128.32.28.2 (talk) 19:26, 24 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nichelle Nichols


text:
File:PiecesOfModesty.jpg

1974 edition, copyright Pan Books. Scanned in order to illustrate the article on the book in question.

title: File:PiecesOfModesty.jpg


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Hedwig Raabe

Hedwig Raabe (3 December 1844 – 21 April 1905) was a German actress.

Life
She was born in Magdeburg, and at age 14, she was playing in the company of the Thalia theatre in Hamburg.

In 1864, she joined the German Court theatre at St Petersburg, touring across Germany in the summer with success. In 1871, she married Albert Niemann (1831–1917), the operatic tenor.

She excelled in classical roles like Marianne in Goethe's Geschwister and Franziska in Minna von Barnhelm. She is the first person who brought Ibsen's plays to Berlin.

title: Hedwig Raabe


text:
Tony Earl

Anthony Scully Earl (April 12, 1936 – February 23, 2023) was an American lawyer and Democratic politician who served as the 41st governor of Wisconsin from 1983 until 1987. Prior to his election as governor, he served as secretary of the Wisconsin Department of Administration and secretary of the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources in the administration of Governor Patrick Lucey. He also served three terms in the Wisconsin State Assembly, representing Marathon County.

Early life and career
Earl was born in St. Ignace, Michigan, the son of Ethlynne Julia (Scully) and Russell K. Earl. He graduated from Michigan State University in 1958 and earned a J.D. from the University of Chicago. After four years in the U.S. Navy, including two years as a legal officer, Earl made his way to Wisconsin in 1965. He was the district attorney of Marathon County, Wisconsin from 1965 to 1966, and the city attorney of Wausau, Wisconsin from 1966 to 1969. That year, he was elected to the Wisconsin State Assembly, filling the seat vacated by David Obey, who was elected a member of the United States House of Representatives.

In 1974, Earl left the Assembly to run for Wisconsin Attorney General, but was defeated in the primary by Bronson La Follette. Upon his defeat, then-Gov. Patrick Lucey named Earl secretary of the Department of Administration. Later, Earl became Secretary of the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) where his list of accomplishments include addressing the State's surface water pollution.

Governor of Wisconsin
In 1982, Earl ran for governor when Lee S. Dreyfus unexpectedly declined to run for re-election, and soon the Wisconsin Democratic Party's hopes of reclaiming the governor's mansion became very real. As head of the state Department of Natural Resources, Earl was well-received as a staunch defender of the environment and a problem-solver. Earl used that reputation to defeat former Acting Governor Martin J. Schreiber (1977–79) in the Democratic primary for governor. Earl went on to defeat the Republican candidate, Terry Jodok Kohler, in a landslide victory.

However, Earl's tenure as governor was a challenge from the start. By the time he took office, Wisconsin was marred by a budget deficit of nearly $1 billion and a 12% unemployment rate. Earl signed legislation making the 5% sales tax permanent and also added a 10% surtax on state income tax which was later reduced. Once the state was fiscally sound, Earl passed initiatives improving the environment, education, and equal opportunity. Earl appointed Doris Hanson, the State's first female to hold the office of secretary of the Department of Administration and Howard Fuller, the first African-American appointed to a cabinet position heading the Department of Employee Relations. Due to disagreements over healthcare reform, prison staffing, wage freezes, and other matters, Earl's relations with state labor Unions soured and made his tenure as governor all the more complicated.

After restoring the state following one of the worst economic predicaments in state history, Governor Earl was ousted after one term. State Assembly Minority Leader Tommy Thompson, a Republican, staunchly opposed Earl's policies and was elected in 1986 to the first of four consecutive terms. Earl Bricker wrote an essay, "goodbye to Wisconsin Governor Tony Earl" bemoaning that Tommy Thompson had defeated Earl in the 1986 election, and that his "pro-family" stance may have given him wider demographic appeal than Earl's defense of gay and lesbian rights.

Post-gubernatorial career
Earl served on the governing board of "Common Cause Wisconsin" from 1995 until 2005. a non-partisan, non-profit citizen's lobby affiliated with national Common Cause. In 1990, Earl was elected to the Common Cause National Governing Board and served until 1996. CC/WI promotes campaign finance reform, ethics and lobby reform, open meetings laws, voting rights, non-partisan redistricting, and other issues concerning the promotion and maintenance of accountable government. Earl also served on the board of the Chicago-based Joyce Foundation for many years until 2013.

In July 2004, Earl was recognized at the 12th Annual Outreach Awards for his acknowledgment of the needs of the gay and lesbian community during his term in office; he received the organization's Political Courage Award. He served on the board of directors of the American Transmission Company which assumed ownership, operation, planning, maintenance, and monitoring of all the electrical transmission assets formerly owned by a number of Wisconsin utility companies, cooperatives, and municipal utilities. He was a past partner in one of the largest law firms (more than 400 lawyers) in Wisconsin, Quarles and Brady. The Peshtigo River State Forest in Marinette and Oconto counties has been renamed Governor Earl Peshtigo State Forest according to the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. September 25, 2019, as reported in the Appleton Post-Crescent on September 26, 2019.

Personal life and death
Tony Earl married Sheila Rose Coyle of Chicago, in the summer of 1962. They met while he was a student at the University of Chicago Law School. They had four daughters together, and were married for more than 30 years before separating in 1995. Their divorce was finalized in 2003. In 2011, Earl married Jane Nemke.

Earl had a stroke on February 19, 2023, and died four days later, on February 23, at the UW Health University Hospital, 48 days short of his 87th birthday.

title: Tony Earl


text:
Talk:Diane Levin

Untitled
Article on Diane Levin is written in temp.

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title: Talk:Diane Levin


text: Category:Constitution of Hawaii

title: Category:Constitution of Hawaii


text:
WriteNow

WriteNow is a word processor application for the original Apple Macintosh and later computers in the NeXT product line. The application is one of two word processors that were first developed with the goal that they be available at the time of the Mac product launch in 1984, and was the primary word processor for computers manufactured by NeXT. WriteNow was purchased from T/Maker by WordStar in 1993, but shortly after that, WordStar merged with SoftKey, which ultimately led to its discontinuation. It had a combination of powerful features, excellent performance, and small system requirements.

History
WriteNow was written for Apple Computer, Inc., by John Anderson and Bill Tschumy in Seattle, separate from the Macintosh computer and MacWrite word processor development teams. Steve Jobs was concerned that those programming MacWrite were not going to be ready for the 1984 release date of the Macintosh; Apple Computer therefore commissioned a team of programmers, friends of Apple engineer Bud Tribble, to work independently on a similar project, which eventually became WriteNow. Members of the WriteNow team knew about MacWrite, but members of the MacWrite team did not know about WriteNow.

Ultimately, MacWrite was completed on schedule and shipped with the Macintosh. This left WriteNow in limbo until Jobs left Apple to form NeXT and bought Solaster Software which was started by John Anderson, Bill Tschumy and Christopher Stinson. John and Bill, the authors of WriteNow, joined NeXT. WriteNow marketing rights ended up being owned by NeXT, and WriteNow released for the Macintosh in 1985, published by the T/Maker Company.

In October 1988, WriteNow 2.0 was released on Macintosh, adding dictionaries, character / word / paragraph count, import and export of RTF and MacWrite files, and updated compatibility with recent system enhancements. Version 3.0 introduced style sheets.

Features
WriteNow improved on some of the limitations of MacWrite through the better handling of large documents and the addition of features such as spell check and footnotes. It was "lean and fast," being written entirely in assembly language, and it was suited for Macintosh users with only 400 KB floppy disk. WriteNow went through several versions culminating (in 1993) with version 4.0.2, which continued the "lean and fast" reputation while adding features such as tables.

In the opinion of many of its users, WriteNow represented the ideal Macintosh application. It had a simple, intuitive graphical user interface (GUI), no copy protection, and it worked in practically every revision of the Macintosh operating system, including in the Mac 68k emulator on PowerPC Macs and in the Classic Environment under Mac OS X. Its biggest claim to fame, however, was its speed. It was written in assembly language (Motorola 680x0) by a group of developers who had a reputation for producing extremely efficient code. The user interface was unusual in that, while the typical word processor had a ruler embedded in the main document window, WriteNow used a separate, fixed window that could be sent into the background, freeing screen space on the compact Mac's small nine-inch screen to display an additional line or two of text.

NeXT port
Early on WriteNow was ported to the NeXT operating system and was subsequently bundled with NeXT workstations.

Due to concerns of third-party publishers such as WordPerfect over the issue of competing with a free word processor, it was unbundled 1 October 1991 and ownership transferred to Appsoft, which sold it as shrink-wrapped software. From that time, NeXTSTEP shipped without a full-featured word processing program. WriteNow for NeXT became available for sale on October 15 for $199.

WriteNow was written in Motorola 68k assembly language, upon which the NeXT hardware was based.

Reception

Compute!'s Apple Applications in 1987 wrote that "WriteNow is the Pegasus of Macintosh word processors—swift, easy to learn and use, and packed with power".

MacUser gave WriteNow 2.0 for Macintosh a 4 mice (out of 5) in the August 1989 issue, pitting it against MacWrite II. It praised the speed of the application, while criticizing the complexity of the multi-column formatting. WriteNow won MacUser's Editor's Choice Award for Best New Word Processor in 1986 and 1988.

Discontinuation
Around 1993, rights to WriteNow (for both Macintosh and NeXT operating systems) were purchased by WordStar. Shortly after that, WordStar merged with SoftKey, and WriteNow was later discontinued. The lifecycle of computers using the 680x0 architecture was coming to an end, and the architecture-specific assembly language code that made WriteNow so much faster than its competitors also made it much more difficult to port to the new PowerPC processor than competing word processors written in high-level languages such as C.

title: WriteNow


text:
Aurès Mountains

The Aures Mountains (جبال الأوراس, known in antiquity as Aurasius Mons) are a subrange of the Saharan Atlas in northeastern Algeria. The mountain range gives its name to the mountainous natural and historical region of the Aures.

Geography
The Aures mountains are the eastern continuation of the Saharan Atlas. The highest peak in the Aurès mountain range is Djebel Chélia in Khenchela Province, which sits at 2328 m.

The Belezma Range is a northwestern prolongation of the Aures Mountains located where the Tell Atlas and the Saharan Atlas come together. Its main summits are 2,178 m high Djebel Refaâ and 2,136 m high Djebel Tichaou. The Atlas chain of mountains extends over 1000 kilometers in total over Northern Africa.

History
Historically, the Aures served as a refuge and bulwark for the Berber tribes, forming a base of resistance against the Romans, Vandals, Byzantine, and Arabs along the centuries.

The mountain area was also a district of French Algeria that existed during and after the Algerian War of Independence from 1954 to 1962. It was in this region that the Algerian War of Independence was started by Berber freedom fighters. The rugged terrain of the Aures makes it still one of the least developed areas in the Maghreb.

Population
In eastern Algeria, the Aures is a large Berber-speaking region, home of the Chaoui people. The Chaoui eastern Berber population practices traditional transhumance, farming fixed stone terraces in the mountains where they grow sorghum, as well as other grains and vegetables. Seasonally they move their cattle to relatively warm areas in the lowland valleys where they pitch tents or live in other temporary structures and tend livestock through the winter.

authors: ⵟⵓⵔⴽⵉⵙⵀⴽⴰⴱⵢⵍ

title: Aurès Mountains


text:
Saharan Atlas

The Saharan Atlas (الأطلس الصحراوي) is a range of the Atlas Mountain System. It is located mainly in Algeria, with its eastern end in Tunisia. Although not as tall as the High Atlas of Morocco its summits are more imposing than the Tell Atlas range that runs parallel closer to the coast. The tallest peak in the range is the 2236 m high Djebel Aissa in the Ksour Range.

Geography
The Saharan Atlas includes a series of subranges: the Ksour Range in the west, the Amour Range in its central and the Ouled-Naïl Range at its eastern end. It also includes the Aurès (Belezma), the Hodna Mountains, the Nememcha Range and the Zab Mountains. The Tell Atlas and the Saharan Atlas merge in the east to join together into the Tébessa Range and the Medjerda Mountains.

Bordered in the north by the Hautes Plaines, the Saharan Atlas is one of the vast plateaux of Africa, formed of ancient base rock covered by the sediment of shallow seas and alluvial deposits.

Among the rivers of the Atlas, the Saharan Atlas feeds wadis. Among these are the Chelif and Touil wadis, riverbeds that contains water only during wet periods, respectively draining the Amour and Ouled-Naïl ranges of the Saharan Atlas.

The Saharan Atlas Mountains mark the northern edge of the Sahara Desert. The mountains see some rainfall and are better suited to agriculture than the plateau region to the north. Today most of the population of the region are Chaoui Berbers. The mountains have also long been home to exiles expelled from the fertile coastal regions.

title: Saharan Atlas


text: User talk:81.134.125.132

title: User talk:81.134.125.132


text:
Mark Regan

Mark Regan MBE (born 28 January 1972 in Bristol) is an English former rugby union player. Nicknamed 'Ronnie', he played as a hooker for Bristol, Bath, Leeds Tykes as well as England and the British and Irish Lions.

Career
Regan's England breakthrough came when he succeeded Brian Moore in 1995 for the visit of South Africa to Twickenham in November. He became the first player to make his England debut in the professional era of rugby union, which began in August of that year. Despite being on the losing side, he retained his place for the 1996 and 1997 Five Nations championships.

Selected for the 1997 British and Irish Lions tour to South Africa, he was kept out of the first and second tests by Keith Wood, but played in the final test.

He lost form on his return from Lions duty and lost his England place to new club mate Andy Long and then Richard Cockerill. Even though he played a major role in Bath's Heineken Cup victory over Brive in Bordeaux, the hooker was out of favour with England Coach Clive Woodward.

In 1999/2000, Regan re-emerged as a player: he shed over a stone in weight and hit back at critics who believed his line-out throwing was too inconsistent for international level by turning in some impressive performances for Bath. A prominent figure in the clubs late season challenge for the Allied Dunbar Premiership, he was voted the Bath forward of the year.

Regan returned to the international scene as a training squad member and England A player. He returned to the England squad on the tour to South Africa in 2000. He played some of the best rugby of his career and selection for the autumn internationals followed. Phil Greening's knee and hand injuries allowed him to take over as England's number one hooker for the Six Nations Championship; however, Clive Woodward opted for Leicester Tigers Dorian West and Regan was forced to sit on the bench for most of the campaign.

Though he missed out on the Lions tour to Australia during the summer, Regan was selected for England's summer tour. However, hindered by his injury, Regan struggled to find his early season form. He remained part of the England set-up for the 2001-2002 season and again went on tour in the summer to Argentina.

Regan joined Leeds Tykes in August 2002 from Bath and quickly became a central figure at Headingley. He made his debut on the opening day of the 2002-2003 season in a 26-13 win over Leicester Tigers. After moving to Leeds his displays not only saw him become a crowd favourite but also saw a revival in his international career, as he was selected for the England squad for the 2003 Rugby World Cup.

Regan announced his international retirement in 2004 after not being selected for the game against Canada. He left Leeds at the end of the 2004-05 season having helped secure Leeds Premiership status, as well as winning a Powergen Cup winners medal, the final of which he started. He played 69 times for Leeds and scored 6 tries. In 2005-6 he was instrumental in helping newly promoted Bristol (his hometown club) retain their Premiership status. He came out of international retirement in 2007 and was impressive in England's otherwise lacklustre tour of South Africa. Consequently, he was named in the England squad for the 2007 Rugby World Cup. He was also named in the England squad for the 2008 Six Nations Championship alongside Leicester's George Chuter and Bath's Lee Mears.

After the world cup, Regan was selected to captain the Barbarians against but was refused permission to play from Bristol. However, Regan ignored the club and played the game anyway.

After England beat France 24-13 in Paris in the 2008 Six Nations Championship, Regan was described by French coach Marc Lièvremont as a 'grotesque clown'. This was to be Regan's last appearance for England.

In February 2009, Regan announced his intention to retire at the end of the season.

He is now Forwards Coach at Clifton Rugby Club playing a part in leading them to the South West One title and the EDF Cup Final at Twickenham.

He is also currently involved in the buy-to-let property market, working with property investment companies Midas Estates and Property Investment Plan.

Honours

 * European Rugby Champions Cup Winner 1998
 * Powergen Cup/Anglo-Welsh Cup titles: 1
 * 2005
 * Rugby World Cup Winner 2003

title: Mark Regan


text:
Peter Ryan (racing driver)

Peter Barry Ryan (10 June 1940 – 2 July 1962) was an American-born Canadian racecar driver from Mont-Tremblant, Quebec. He had a short Formula One career. He participated in one Grand Prix, the 1961 United States Grand Prix at Watkins Glen, finishing ninth. He scored no championship points. However, he became the first Canadian ever to take part in a Formula One Grand Prix.

Career
Ryan first came to prominence as a skier, winning the National Ski Association's junior downhill championship at Mount Rose, Nevada, in 1957. "Immediately after Ryan's victory, Americans protested that Canadians could not win an American championship." The protest was disallowed. His Olympic prospects were such that a dispute arose as to which country he should represent. The Americans asserted that he: "was born in the United States as were his father, the late Joseph P. Ryan, and his mother." Ryan expressed a preference for the Canadian team: "But while he would like to ski for Canada, he wouldn't care to give up his American citizenship." "An outstanding skier, Ryan shifted to auto racing in 1959 after a ski crackup in which both his legs were broken."

On 25 April 1959, Denise McCluggage, writing in Competition Press, reported: "Peter Ryan of the Mont Tremblant Ryans bought Bernie Vihl's beautifully kept old 550 Porsche in which to take up racing-sports car racing that is. Peter at 19, is an old hand at ski racing being a downhill expert." Ryan's successes came in sports cars racing in Canada, the US and Nassau. On 1 October 1960, Ryan co-drove with Roger Penske in a Porsche RS60 to win the six-hour Sundown Grand Prix at Harewood, in Ontario, Canada. The next week Ryan was entered in the 230-mile Formula Libre road race at Watkins Glen, New York. In qualifying he was "the surprise of the day, taking the fifth position over England's Roy Salvadori." Ahead of him were Stirling Moss, Jack Brabham, Joakim Bonnier and Olivier Gendebien. He was driving Bill Sadler's Formula Libre special, known as "Formula Ferocious," a rear-engined single-seater device, when his motor blew on lap 56.

At Sebring on 25 March 1961, Ryan, teamed with Frances Bradley and Ludwig Heimrath, finished eighth overall in the Florida International 12-Hour Grand Prix of Endurance, driving a Porsche RS. In June 1961 Ryan withdrew from a race at Mosport. He "was expected to give Moss his stiffest competition, but did not compete. He withdrew at the last minute. Ryan, a member of the Sports Car Club of America, feared he would lose his amateur status in the United States if he entered the race. The S.C.C.A. ordered its members not to compete in the Canadian race because prize money was being given." In July 1961 Peter Ryan (Comstock Sadler-Chevrolet) was leading the Meadowdale Grand Prix when Roger Penske (Maserati birdcage Telar Special): "banged into him from the rear on the 18th lap." Ryan clung on to the lead, but after spinning recovered to finish second. On 6 August 1961, Ryan won the Vanderbilt Cup for Formula Junior cars at Bridgehampton, New York, driving a Lotus 20, averaging 87.95 miles an hour.

Ryan was the winner of the inaugural Canadian Grand Prix, in a Lotus Monte Carlo-Climax, held at Mosport on 30 September 1961, when it was a non-Championship sports car race. Second that day was Pedro Rodriguez (Ferrari V12) and third Stirling Moss (Lotus Monte Carlo). The win at Mosport led to an invitation from Colin Chapman to drive a Lotus in the 1961 United States Grand Prix.

In the first 3-hr Daytona Continental GT and sports car race at Daytona on 11 February 1962, Ryan finished 15th overall, sharing a Ferrari 3.0-litre with Ricardo Rodriguez. The previous day he had finished fifth in the Lurani Trophy Race for Formula Junior cars, driving a Lotus 20. At Sebring on 24 March 1962, Ryan, teamed with John Fulp, finished thirteenth overall in the Florida International 12-Hour Grand Prix of Endurance, driving a Ferrari 248 SP for the North American Racing Team.

An offer of a factory-Lotus Formula Junior drive in Europe for 1962 did not materialise: "The young Canadian-American, bitterly disappointed, has gone to England to see what arrangements can be made for the coming season." "Placed under a three-year contract by Team Lotus he was lent to the Ian Walker Racing Team for the 1962 season,.." On 27 May 1962, Ryan was teamed with Paul Hawkins in an Ian Walker Racing Team Lotus 23 at the Nurburgring 1,000 km sports car race. The car suffered from overheating and was unplaced. At Monaco on 2 June 1962, Ryan won a heat race in an FJ Lotus, finishing eleventh in the final. Denis Jenkinson commented: "The driving of Ryan, the Canadian, and Spence, both in Ian Walker Lotus-Juniors, was very impressive,.." At Mallory Park, England, on 11 June 1962, Ryan drove an FJ Lotus: "The Formula Junior event saw Peter Ryan adding to his growing reputation in Europe by tailing Peter Arundell's works Lotus for the whole race, then nipping through on lap 28 to win by a second."

Ryan made his Le Mans debut on 23 and 24 June 1962, partnered by John 'Buck' Fulp, driving the #18 NART Ferrari 250 TRI/61. The car completed 150 laps and 15 hours when it was crashed by Ryan. "Poor Peter Ryan put his Ferrari in the sandbank at Mulsanne and dug for ages before giving up,.."

Ryan's last race was in the Coupe Internationale des Juniors Formula Junior race at Rheims, on 2 July 1962. "First of the heats, run at 10 a.m. round an almost deserted circuit, began as a terrific scrap between Peter Ryan's Ian Walker Lotus, Bill Moss's Gemini, Gardner's Brabham with Love's Cooper and Arundell's Lotus lurking just behind. This struggle continued until the 5th lap, when Ryan's Lotus and Bill Moss's Gemini touched as they left the very fast right-hand bend past Gueux. Both cars left the road at high speed and were totally wrecked; Bill Moss escaped with minor injuries but Ryan was taken to hospital seriously hurt." He succumbed to his injuries in a Paris hospital where he was taken following the accident.

Peter Garnier, writing in Autocar, said of Peter Ryan: "During his all too-brief-spell on British and Continental circuits, he had proved himself to be extremely skilful and fast, with just that touch of fire which can often indicate the makings of a great driver."

Peter Ryan was inducted into the Canadian Motorsport Hall of Fame as one of the initial inductees in 1993.

Complete Formula One results
(key)

title: Peter Ryan (racing driver)


text:
Ruppichteroth

Ruppichteroth is a municipality in the Rhein-Sieg district, in the southern part of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located approximately 30 kilometers east of Bonn.

Districts
In 1969, the old municipality of Winterscheid became part of Ruppichteroth. Since then the municipality consists of three districts:
 * Ruppichteroth
 * Schönenberg
 * Winterscheid

History
Ruppichteroth was first mentioned in 843.

Twin towns

 * Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Longdendale, United Kingdom
 * Flag of Germany.svg Caputh, Germany
 * Flag of Germany.svg Schenkendöbern, Germany

title: Ruppichteroth


text:
Peter Westbury

Peter Westbury (26 May 1938 – 7 December 2015) was a British racing driver from England. He participated in two World Championship Formula One Grands Prix, scoring no championship points. In 1969 he raced a Formula 2 Brabham-Cosworth, driving in his first Grand Prix in the 1969 German Grand Prix. He finished ninth on the road, fifth in the F2 class. The following year he failed to qualify for the 1970 United States Grand Prix driving a works BRM, after an engine failure.

Early in his racing career he campaigned a homebuilt special called the M.G.W., graduating to a Cooper-Climax in 1960 which was later fitted with a Daimler V8 engine. Westbury won the British Hill Climb Championship twice, in 1963 and 1964. In 1963 he drove the self-built Felday, with supercharged Daimler V8 2.6-litre motor. The following year he won in the 2.5-litre Climax-engined Ferguson P99 with four-wheel-drive, on loan from Ferguson Research Ltd. Westbury also drove the Ferguson P99 in the 1964 Brighton Speed Trials and at the First International Drag Festival, a series of six events held in England that year, where the car covered the standing-start quarter mile in 11.01 seconds. He also drove a Lotus 23-BRM sports car at the Drag Festival.

During 1965 Westbury developed the Felday-BRM 4 sports car with four-wheel-drive. The car won on its debut at Brands Hatch on Boxing Day, 26 December 1965, driven by Mac Daghorn. At Mallory Park on 13 March 1966, Peter Westbury and Mac Daghorn shared the car, each winning a race. Jim Clark raced the Felday 4 in the Guards Trophy at Brands Hatch on 29 August 1966. The Felday 5 sports car was fitted with a 7-litre Ford Galaxie engine and four wheel drive, but only raced briefly. The Felday 6 was a 4.7-litre Ford-powered hillclimb single-seater, with rear wheel drive, built for Tony Griffiths.

In 1967 Westbury raced a Brabham-Ford Formula Three car in England and in Continental Europe. He won the F3 race at the Silverstone circuit on 29 April, the Grand Prix des Frontières at Chimay on 14 May, and also at the Auvergne Trophy meeting on 18 June 1967, on the daunting Clermont-Ferrand circuit in France. The same year he resuscitated the old BRM P67 four-wheel-drive F1 car, designed by Mike Pilbeam in 1964, for David Good to campaign in the British Hill Climb Championship. The car led the series at the half-way mark, but then passed into the hands of Peter Lawson, who revamped it for 1968. The car was a dominant winner of the series in 1968.

Complete British Saloon Car Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.)

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

title: Peter Westbury


text:
Philip Fotheringham-Parker

Philip Fotheringham-Parker (22 September 1907 – 15 October 1981) was a racing driver from England. He was born in Beckenham, Kent.

Fotheringham-Parker participated in the 1951 British Grand Prix, driving a privately run Maserati 4CL, but retired from the race after a problem with an oil pipe, scoring no championship points. Later that year, he won the 1951 Scottish Grand Prix, a minor Formula One race at Winfield with this car.

Fotheringham-Parker competed in the 1953 24 Hours of Le Mans race, sharing an Allard with Sidney Allard himself, but the team retired after completing just four laps. He also took part in the 1954 Monte Carlo Rally with a Ford Zephyr.

He died in Beckley, East Sussex, aged 74.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

title: Philip Fotheringham-Parker


text:
Piero Carini

Piero Carini (March 6, 1921 – May 30, 1957) was a racing driver from Italy. He was born in Genoa and died in Saint-Étienne, France.

Racing career
Carini finished third in the 1950 Modena Grand Prix, run that year to Formula Two rules, driving an OSCA. However, the car proved unreliable in 1951 but he achieved enough to be invited to join Scuderia Marzotto for 1952, to drive their Ferrari sports and Grand Prix cars. Despite only competing in two Grands Prix (debuting on 6 July 1952) and retiring from both, Carini did well enough to be signed by the works Ferrari team for 1953, effectively as a "junior" driver alongside Umberto Maglioli. However he only competed in the Italian Grand Prix and at the end of the season moved to Alfa Romeo for 1954, to drive their touring cars achieving class wins in the Mille Miglia, the Tour of Sicily and the Dolomite Cup.

In 1955 Carini drove a Ferrari to class wins at Dakar and Caracas, Venezuela, and an OSCA to a class win in the Targa Florio.

In 1957, driving in a sports car race, near Saint-Étienne, France, with a Ferrari Testa Rossa, Carini's car crossed the central reservation and collided with another competitor killing him instantly.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

title: Piero Carini


text:
Piero Drogo

Piero Drogo (born in Vignale Monferrato, Alessandria, 8 August 1926 – died in Bologna, 28 April 1973) was a racing driver and coachbuilder from Italy. He participated in one Formula One Grand Prix, debuting at the 1960 Italian Grand Prix. He moved on to form a carrozzeria in Modena to service the thriving sports car industry there. His Carrozzeria Sports Cars gained some fame later in the decade. He died in a car accident aged 46.

Early life
Piero Drogo was born in Vignale Monferrato on 8 August 1926 to father Luigi Drogo and mother Rosina Monzeglio. His parents were farmers. Before or immediately after World War II he moved to Venezuela, along with members of his family. While in Venezuela, he began his career as a sports car racing driver. His first recorded result was at the 1956 Premio Nacional Ciudad de Maracay in Venezuela, where he placed first overall driving a Mercedes-Benz 300 SL.

In 1958, Drogo returned to Italy and began living in Modena, where he would remain for the rest of his life. In the late 1950s, he worked as a racing mechanic for Stanguellini to support his racing career.

Drogo married Anna Pia Fornaciari, a nurse from Modena, on 5 December 1959.

Racing career
The first known record of Drogo's racing career is a first-place finish in the 1956 Premio Nacional Ciudad de Maracay, although this may not have been the first event in which he participated. Drogo's racing career included numerous regional sports car races in Latin America, as well as international races such as the 1958 24 Hours of Le Mans and the 1959 Targa Florio. He also drove in the 1960 Formula One season, including an 8th-place finish at the 1960 Italian Grand Prix as well as several non-championship races. He scored no Formula One championship points.

Sports car racing results
Unless otherwise cited, all results below are cited from Koobs de Hartog and De Rijck, 2015.

(key)

Complete Formula One results
(key)

Carrozzeria Sports Cars
In 1960, Piero Drogo entered into a partnership in the carrozzeria "Marchesini & Cavalieri S.d.f" alongside Lino Marchesini and Celso Cavalieri. This business would become commonly known as Carrozzeria Sports Cars, although it operated under several legal names during its existence. C.S.C. operated from 1960 to late 1971, during which time the company produced low-volume or one-off bodywork for many Italian automakers as well as racing teams and individuals. C.S.C. customers included Scuderia Ferrari, Giotto Bizzarrini, Iso, Scuderia Serenissma, ASA, NART, Ecurie Francorchamps and others.

From the beginning of Carrozzeria Sports Cars, Piero Drogo's role was primarily in managing business operations. His duties included sales, public relations and administration. Although the name "Drogo" is often used as a synonym for the designs of C.S.C., Drogo did not practice the craft of coachbuilding nor was he an automobile designer. It is a common misconception that Drogo designed automobile bodies- in fact, the design work was carried out by C.S.C. workers during the fabrication process, often in collaboration with the customer. No single person was responsible for the automobile designs produced by C.S.C. In his role as the manager of C.S.C., Drogo became well known in Modena and used his contacts in the racing world to attract business. While multiple other partners joined and left C.S.C, Drogo's presence was a constant from 1960 until the company's bankruptcy in 1971.

By 1971, Carrozzeria Sports Cars was facing financial difficulties. In June 1971, Drogo published an editorial in the magazine Autosprint titled "Modena S.O.S.", which appealed to private and/or public investment to assist C.S.C. and other small Modenese manufacturers facing similar economic troubles. Drogo's efforts to save the business were ultimately unsuccessful and C.S.C. declared bankruptcy on 31 December 1971.

Later life
In 1972, Piero Drogo opened a dealership under the name "Sports Cars S.a.s. di Drogo & Vassallo", selling Ferrari, Maserati, Lamborghini, Porsche and De Tomaso automobiles. This was located on the former premises of Carrozzeria Sports Cars and shared premises with "Carrozzeria ABS", which was founded by former C.S.C. employees. In this way, Drogo maintained some continuity of business operations despite the bankruptcy of C.S.C.

Piero Drogo died on 28 April 1973, at the age of 46, in an automobile accident. Drogo's Ferrari 250 GT LWB California Spider (chassis 1501GT) collided with a truck while driving through a dark tunnel near Bologna. A lengthy obituary by journalist Mario Morselli was published in Autosprint.

Drogo's widow, Anna Pia Fornaciari, would later marry Lamborghini test driver and development engineer Bob Wallace.

title: Piero Drogo