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Adjunction space

In mathematics, an adjunction space (or attaching space) is a common construction in topology where one topological space is attached or "glued" onto another. Specifically, let X and Y be topological spaces, and let A be a subspace of Y. Let f : A → X be a continuous map (called the attaching map). One forms the adjunction space X ∪f Y (sometimes also written as X +f Y) by taking the disjoint union of X and Y and identifying a with f(a) for all a in A. Formally,

 * $$X\cup_f Y = (X\sqcup Y) / \sim$$

where the equivalence relation ~ is generated by a ~ f(a) for all a in A, and the quotient is given the quotient topology. As a set, X ∪f Y consists of the disjoint union of X and (Y − A). The topology, however, is specified by the quotient construction.

Intuitively, one may think of Y as being glued onto X via the map f.

Examples

 * A common example of an adjunction space is given when Y is a closed n-ball (or cell) and A is the boundary of the ball, the (n−1)-sphere. Inductively attaching cells along their spherical boundaries to this space results in an example of a CW complex.
 * Adjunction spaces are also used to define connected sums of manifolds. Here, one first removes open balls from X and Y before attaching the boundaries of the removed balls along an attaching map.
 * If A is a space with one point then the adjunction is the wedge sum of X and Y.
 * If X is a space with one point then the adjunction is the quotient Y/A.

Properties
The continuous maps h : X ∪f Y → Z are in 1-1 correspondence with the pairs of continuous maps hX : X → Z and hY : Y → Z that satisfy hX(f(a))=hY(a) for all a in A.

In the case where A is a closed subspace of Y one can show that the map X → X ∪f Y is a closed embedding and (Y − A) → X ∪f Y is an open embedding.

Categorical description
The attaching construction is an example of a pushout in the category of topological spaces. That is to say, the adjunction space is universal with respect to the following commutative diagram:

Here i is the inclusion map and ΦX, ΦY are the maps obtained by composing the quotient map with the canonical injections into the disjoint union of X and Y. One can form a more general pushout by replacing i with an arbitrary continuous map g—the construction is similar. Conversely, if f is also an inclusion the attaching construction is to simply glue X and Y together along their common subspace.

title: Adjunction space


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User:TobinFricke

Hi, I'm Tobin.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:TobinFricke


text:
Variable platyfish

The variable platyfish (Xiphophorus variatus), also known as variatus platy or variegated platy, is a species of freshwater fish in family Poecilidae of order Cyprinodontiformes. A livebearer, it is native to southern Tamaulipas and northern Veracruz states in northeastern Mexico. It is a popular fish in the aquarium trade due to its prolific breeding, as are hybrids with other members of its genus, most notably the southern platyfish.

Description
The variable platyfish grows to a maximum overall length of 7.0 cm (2.8 in). In the wild, they are olive in colour with black marbling or spots on the side of the caudal peduncle. Large males show blackish blotches on the dorsal fin. Unlike some other members of the genus, X. variatus has no claw at the tip of the fifth anal fin ray. The fourth pectoral ray shows well-developed serrae (saw-like notches). They typically have 20 to 24 lateral scales, 10 to 12 dorsal rays and two rows of jaw teeth. Males exhibit a more pointed or "needle-like" anal fin whereas the female have a more triangular anal fin.

Range and habitat
The variable platyfish is endemic to the Atlantic slope of Mexico from southern Tamaulipas south to northern Veracruz. It is considered uncommon across its range. The species has also been introduced and become established in a number of locales, largely due to releases related to the aquariums trade. In the United States, they have been established in canals along the eastern shore of Tampa Bay, Florida, as well as in Gainesville. They are also naturalised in springs in the counties of Beaverhead, Granite and Madison in Montana. The species has been spread to a number of other countries outside of its range, including Colombia, Singapore, and Hong Kong, the latter of which reports a negative impact on native species due to its prodigious breeding.

The fish's habitats include slow-moving waters of vegetated canals, ditches, and warm springs. Omnivorous, its diet includes both plants and small crustaceans, insects, and annelid worms.

Aquarium trade

The variable platyfish is bred commercially for the aquarium hobby. It is popular due to its often colourful and variable patterns and its ability to survive in cooler waters than other fish; it can comfortably live at temperatures between 16 and 24 C. The species has also been used in genetic research.

title: Variable platyfish


text: User talk:83.115.0.245

title: User talk:83.115.0.245


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Cessna 206

The Cessna 205, 206 and 207, known primarily as the Stationair (and marketed variously as the Super Skywagon, Skywagon and Super Skylane), are a family of single-engined, general aviation aircraft with fixed landing gear, used in commercial air service as well as for personal use. The family was originally developed from the popular retractable-gear Cessna 210 and produced by the Cessna Aircraft Company.

The line's combination of a powerful engine, rugged construction and a large cabin has made these aircraft popular bush planes. Cessna describes the 206 as "the sport-utility vehicle of the air." These airplanes are also used for aerial photography, skydiving and other utility purposes. They can also be equipped with floats, amphibious floats and skis. Alternatively, they can be fitted with luxury appointments for use as a personal air transport.

From 1962 to 2006 Cessna produced 8,509 aircraft in the 205, 206 and 207 variants. The aircraft remains in production.

Cessna 205

The Cessna 205 was introduced late in 1962 as a 1963 model year. The six-seat aircraft was essentially a Cessna 210 with fixed landing gear and with changes to the crew and passenger door arrangement, being officially designated by Cessna as a "Model 210-5". The 205 retained the early 210's engine cowling bulge, originally where the 210 stowed its nosewheel on retraction. This distinctive cowling was made more streamlined on the later Cessna 206.

The 205 is powered by a Continental IO-470-S engine producing 260 hp. The 205 was produced in only two model years, 1963 and 1964, before being replaced in production by the Cessna 206. A total of 576 Cessna 205s were produced.

Cessna 206
The six-seat Model 206 was introduced as a 1964 model and was built until 1986, when Cessna halted production of its single-engined product line. It was then re-introduced in 1998 and remains in production.

There were many sub-variants, including the U206, P206 all certified to CAR3 standards and later 206H certified to FAR Part 23. The total Model 206 production between 1964 and 2004 was 6,581 aircraft.

Cessna U206

The original 1964 model was the U206, powered by a 285 hp Continental IO-520-A. The “U” designation indicated “utility” and this model was equipped with a pilot side door and large clamshell rear door serving the back two rows of seats, allowing easy loading of oversized cargo.

There was a TU206 turbocharged version powered by the Continental TSIO-520-C engine producing 285 hp. After 1967, the turbo TU206 was powered by a TSIO-520-F of 300 hp. The extra 15 hp was obtained by turning the engine at a higher rpm, and was allowed for only five minutes. Due to the large propeller diameter, the additional engine speed meant that the propeller tips were pushed to transonic speeds, which required much more power.

From 1964 to 1969, the U206 was known as the “Super Skywagon”. From 1970, it was named the “Stationair”, a contraction of “Station Wagon of the Air”, which is a good description of the aircraft's intended role. Sub-variants were designated U206 to U206G.

In 1977, the U206 had its engine upgraded to a Continental IO-520-F of 300 hp (continuous rating, obtained at a lower speed than the previous IO-520-F) and the TU206 powerplant was changed to the TSIO-520-M producing 310 hp.

Production of all versions of the U206 was halted in 1986 when Cessna stopped manufacturing all piston-engined aircraft. A total of 5,208 U206s had been produced.

Cessna P206

The P206 was added to the line in 1965. In this case the "P" stood for "passenger", as the P206 had passenger doors similar to the Cessna 210 from which it was derived, on both sides.

The P206 was produced from 1965 to 1970 and was powered by a Continental IO-520-A of 285 hp. There was a turbocharged model designated TP206 which was powered by a Continental TSIO-520-A also of 285 hp.

Production of the P206 amounted to 647. The name “Super Skylane” made it sound like a version of the Cessna 182, which it was not. Sub-variants were designated P206 to P206E.

Cessna 206H

After a production hiatus of twelve years, Cessna started manufacturing a new version of the venerable 206 in 1998, with the introduction of the newly certified 206H. The “H” model is generally similar to the previous U206 configuration, with a pilot entry door and a rear double clamshell door for access to the middle and back seats. The "H" is marketed under the name "Stationair".

The 206H is powered by a Lycoming IO-540-AC1A powerplant producing 300 hp. The turbocharged T206H is powered by a Lycoming TIO-540-AJ1A engine of 310 hp.

Even though the Cessna 206H is certified as a six-seat aircraft in its country of origin, the Canadian aviation regulator, Transport Canada has certified it to carry only five people in Canada. This is due to concerns about passenger egress through the rear clamshell door with the flaps extended. Cessna addressed one part of this problem early on, after a flight-test aircraft was damaged when the pilot extended the flaps while taxiing, and his passenger had the clamshell door open (for ventilation; it was a hot summer day). A switch was added to the flap actuation circuit which disabled the flaps when the doors were open. The other part of the problem is that if the flaps are already down, the passenger must perform the complicated procedure of opening the front part as far as possible (about 8 in) then open the rear door and release the spring-loaded rear door handle so it retracts out of the way. This then gives enough clearance to open the rear part of the door fully for egress.

Both the 206H and the T206H remain in production in 2013. By the end of 2004, Cessna had produced 221 206Hs and 505 T206Hs, for a total production of 726 "H" models. Cessna has indicated that they do not intend to produce a P206-configuration aircraft in the future, due to lack of market demand.

Cessna 207

The Model 207 was a seven- and later eight-seat development of the 206, achieved by stretching the design further by 45 in to allow space for more seats. The nose section was extended 18 in by adding a constant-section nose baggage compartment between the passenger compartment and the engine firewall; the aft section was extended by 27 in by inserting a constant-area section in the fuselage area just aft of the aft wing attach point. Thus the propeller's ground clearance was unaffected by the change (the nosewheel had moved forward the same distance as the propeller), but the tail moved aft relative to the mainwheel position, which made landing (without striking the tailskid on the runway) a greater challenge. The move gave that airplane a larger turning radius, since the distance between mainwheels and nosewheel increased by 18 in but the nosewheel's maximum allowed deflection was not increased.

The 207 was introduced as a 1969 model featuring a Continental IO-520-F engine of 300 hp. A turbocharged version was equipped with a TSIO-520-G of the same output.

At the beginning of production the model was called a Cessna 207 "Skywagon", but in 1977 the name was changed to "Stationair 7". 1977 also saw a change of engine on the turbocharged version to a Continental TSIO-520-M producing 310 hp – the same engine used in the TU206 of the same vintage.

The 207 added a seat in 1980 and was then known as the "Stationair 8". Production of the 207 was completed in 1984, just two years before U206 production halted. A total of 626 Cessna 207s were manufactured.

The Cessna Model 207 has been popular with air taxi companies, particularly on short runs where its full seating capacity could be used. Very few of these aircraft have seen private use.

Modifications

In April 2007, Thielert announced that the European Aviation Safety Agency had granted a Supplemental Type Certificate (STC) for conversion of Cessna 206s to the Thielert V-8 diesel powerplant. The STC allows conversion of the following models: U206F and TU206F with the 300 hp powerplant, and the U206G, TU206G, 206H and T206H with the 310 hp version. This modification does not require any changes to the engine cowling. In May 2008, Thielert entered insolvency proceedings, so the future availability of this diesel conversion is uncertain.

Soloy Aviation Solutions offers a turboprop conversion for some 206/207 models with the 418 shp Rolls-Royce/Allison M250 engine/gearbox package. However, extensive engine cowl modifications are required.

Atlantic Aero offers an FAA STC conversion to the Continental IO-550 powerplant. No cowl modifications are required.

Both Kenmore Air (Edo floats) and Wipaire (Wipline floats) offer seaplane conversions.

Variants
Cessna has historically used model years similar to U.S. auto manufacturers, with sales of new models typically starting a few months prior to the actual calendar year.

Cessna 205

 * 205 (Model 210-5)
 * The 205 was introduced for the 1963 model year as a variant of the Cessna 210 with fixed landing gear. It had six seats, three doors (two on the left and one on the right), was powered by a 260 hp Continental IO-470-S engine, and had a gross weight of 3300 lb.   Certified on June 14, 1962.  480 built. {{efn|Sources sometimes differ on the exact number of each variant were built.  This article uses the construction numbers found in the aircraft's  Federal Aviation Administration type certificate} to determine production figures whenever possible.}}

 * 205A (Model 210-5A)
 * 1964 model year with minor detail changes.  Certified on July 19, 1963.  97 built.

Cessna 206

 * 206 Super Skywagon
 * Introduced for the 1964 model year, the 206 differed from the 205 primarily in that it was powered by a 285 hp Continental IO-520-A. Other changes included a strengthened fuselage, all entry doors removed except the pilot's door on the left side, new 42 in removable double cargo doors on the right side, and heavy-duty brakes.  The interior was also redesigned with durable and easy cleaning materials.  Only the pilot's seat came as standard, though three optional seating arrangements were offered with up to six seats.  Other optional equipment included heavy-duty main tires, floats, skis, a 300 lb fuselage cargo pod, 150 gal tank and spray boom for agricultural use, and an air ambulance configuration.  The aircraft had a gross weight of 3300 lb as a landplane or 3500 lb as a seaplane.  Certified on July 19, 1963.
 * For the 1965 model year, Cessna rebranded the 206 as a utility aircraft as the U206 Super Skywagon. The U206 was otherwise similar to the previous year's 206, having only minor detail changes.  Certified on October 8, 1964.
 * 1965 also introduced a passenger version of the 206 as the P206 Super Skylane. Unlike the 206/U206, the P206 retained the three-door/six-seat standard layout of the 205 and did not have a cargo door.  The aircraft also had a deluxe interior, revised nose contours, and other minor changes.  Certified on October 8, 1964.
 * A total of 597 aircraft were built; 275 (206), 162 (U206), and 160 (production P206).

 * U206A Super Skywagon
 * 1966 model year with a three-bladed propeller and a 60A alternator replacing the 50A generator of previous variants. A mortuary option was also introduced with room for one casket.  In addition to the passenger P206A, turbocharged versions powered by a 285 hp Continental TSIO-520-C were also offered as the TU206A Turbo Super Skywagon and TP206A Turbo Super Skylane. Certified on September 24 (U206A/P206A) and December 20 (TU206A/TP206A), 1965.   365 total built; 219 (U206A/TU206A), 146 (P206A/TP206A).

 * U206B Super Skywagon
 * 1967 model year with minor detail changes and powered by a 300 hp Continental IO-520-F engine. Also built in a passenger P206B and turbocharged TU206B and TP206B variants, all retaining their previous 285 hp IO-520-A and TSIO-520-C engines.  Certified on August 3, 1966.   371 total built; 258 (U206B/TU206B) and 113 (P206B/TP206B).

 * U206C Super Skywagon
 * 1968 model year with minor detail changes and an increased gross weight of 3600 lb. Also built in passengerP206C and turbocharged TU206C and TP206C variants.  Certified on July 20, 1967.   420 total built; 320 (U206C/TU206C) and 100 (P206C/TP206C).

 * U206D Skywagon 206
 * 1969 model year with minor changes, as well as a larger fin and rudder on the floatplane version. Also built in passenger P206D and turbocharged TU206D and TP206D variants.  Utility variants were renamed as the "Skywagon 206", while the passenger variants kept the "Super Skylane" name.  Certified on September 18, 1968.   294 total built; 210 (U206D/TU206D) and 84 (P206D/TP206D).

 * U206E Skywagon 206/Stationair
 * Introduced for the 1970 model year with a redesigned cowling and minor changes. Also built in passenger P206E and turbocharged TU206E and TP206E variants.  The 1971 model year was renamed as the Stationair and Turbo Stationair, and featured a restyled interior, electroluminescent subpanel lighting, and a revised glareshield.  The passenger P206 and TP206 were discontinued after the 1970 model year.  Certified on July 28, 1969.   300 total built; 143 (1970 U206E/TU206E), 113 (1971 U206E/TU206E) and 44 (1970 P206E/TP206E), not including a P206E that was converted from the first production P206.

 * Introduced for the 1972 model year with a "Camber-Lift" wing, a foam-padded control wheel, nose-mounted landing/taxi lights, a glareshield-mounted avionics annunciator panel, and an enlarged baggage compartment. The 1973 model year introduced an overhear dome light in the rear cabin as well as bonded cabin doors with "Trimline" door handles.  1974 introduced integral cabin door armrests and handles, while 1975 introduced redesigned wheel/brake fairings, a removeable right lower cowl on the TU206F, an optional flush-mounted communications antenna, and the Stationair II preferred options package.  1976 introduced energy-absorbing instrument sub-panels and a Vernier mixture control.  Also built as the turbocharged TU206F.  Certified on October 26, 1971.   1,820 total built; 174 (1972), 325 (1973), 380 (1974), 440 (1975), and 501 (1976).
 * Introduced for the 1972 model year with a "Camber-Lift" wing, a foam-padded control wheel, nose-mounted landing/taxi lights, a glareshield-mounted avionics annunciator panel, and an enlarged baggage compartment. The 1973 model year introduced an overhear dome light in the rear cabin as well as bonded cabin doors with "Trimline" door handles.  1974 introduced integral cabin door armrests and handles, while 1975 introduced redesigned wheel/brake fairings, a removeable right lower cowl on the TU206F, an optional flush-mounted communications antenna, and the Stationair II preferred options package.  1976 introduced energy-absorbing instrument sub-panels and a Vernier mixture control.  Also built as the turbocharged TU206F.  Certified on October 26, 1971.   1,820 total built; 174 (1972), 325 (1973), 380 (1974), 440 (1975), and 501 (1976).

 * Introduced for the 1977 model year with a new nosewheel leg. The TU206G was powered by a turbocharged 310 hp Continental TSIO-520-M engine.  The 1978 model year was renamed as the Stationair 6 and introduced a 28V electrical system and optional club seating with a writing desk.  Optional air conditioning was offered for the 1986 model year.  Certified on June 21, 1976.   3,500 total built; 554 (1977, including one prototype), 575 (1978), 661 (1979), 610 (1980), 520 (1981), 260 (1982), 89 (1983), 58 (1984), 74 (1985), and 100 (1986).
 * Introduced for the 1977 model year with a new nosewheel leg. The TU206G was powered by a turbocharged 310 hp Continental TSIO-520-M engine.  The 1978 model year was renamed as the Stationair 6 and introduced a 28V electrical system and optional club seating with a writing desk.  Optional air conditioning was offered for the 1986 model year.  Certified on June 21, 1976.   3,500 total built; 554 (1977, including one prototype), 575 (1978), 661 (1979), 610 (1980), 520 (1981), 260 (1982), 89 (1983), 58 (1984), 74 (1985), and 100 (1986).

 * 206H Stationair
 * Introduced in 1998 with a 300 hp Lycoming IO-540-AC1A5 engine. A turbocharged variant powered by a 310 hp Lycoming TIO-540-AJ1A engine was introduced in 1999 as the T206H Turbo Stationair (also known as Stationair TC).  Certified on November 26, 1997 (206H) and October 1, 1998 (T206H).   Production of the 206H ended in 2013 with a total of 369 being produced.  An improved version of the T206H known as the Turbo Stationair HD was introduced in July 2016 with gross weight increased by 189 lb.     As of 2023, the T206H Turbo Stationair HD is the only model still in production, with 1,264 being built as of 2017.

Cessna 207

 * Introduced for the 1969 model year as a development of the U206C with a stretched cabin allowing for a seventh seat, powered by a 300 hp Continental IO-520-F engine, and with a gross weight of 3800 lb. The 1970 model year introduced a new control wheel design, an optional gray instrument panel, an optional mortuary variant with room for a single casket, and a turbocharged variant powered by a 300 hp Continental TSIO-520-G engine as the T207 Turbo Skywagon 207.  1973 introduced larger, padded control wheels, revised avionics, bonded-cabin doors, a new glareshield, and new wheel fairings.  1974 introduced integral cabin door armrests and handles, revised avionics, and an optional 28V electrical system.  1975 introduced removeable rear cabin air outlets and a revised glareshield.  Certified on December 31, 1968.   362 total built; 148 (1969), 42 (1970), 15 (1971), 10 (1972), 12 (1973), 40 (1974), 47 (1975), and 48 (1976).
 * Introduced for the 1969 model year as a development of the U206C with a stretched cabin allowing for a seventh seat, powered by a 300 hp Continental IO-520-F engine, and with a gross weight of 3800 lb. The 1970 model year introduced a new control wheel design, an optional gray instrument panel, an optional mortuary variant with room for a single casket, and a turbocharged variant powered by a 300 hp Continental TSIO-520-G engine as the T207 Turbo Skywagon 207.  1973 introduced larger, padded control wheels, revised avionics, bonded-cabin doors, a new glareshield, and new wheel fairings.  1974 introduced integral cabin door armrests and handles, revised avionics, and an optional 28V electrical system.  1975 introduced removeable rear cabin air outlets and a revised glareshield.  Certified on December 31, 1968.   362 total built; 148 (1969), 42 (1970), 15 (1971), 10 (1972), 12 (1973), 40 (1974), 47 (1975), and 48 (1976).

 * Introduced for the 1977 model year with an improved Vernier mixture control, energy-absorbing instrument subpanels, a rectangular hour meter, and an improved aileron control system. The T207's engine was also changed to a 310 hp Continental TSIO-520-M.  For the 1978 model year, the 207A and T207A were renamed to Stationair 7 and Turbo Stationair 7, respectively, and the previously optional 28V electrical system was made standard, and 1979 introduced a long-hub propeller and spinner.  1980 saw the introduction of an eighth seat and yet another name change to Stationair 8 and Turbo Stationair 8, as well as optional six-place club seating, a pull-type alternator circuit breaker, and a new flap position indicator.  1984 introduced new fuel caps, shoulder harnesses for all seats, copilot controls, and other minor changes.  Certified on July 12, 1976 (seven seats) and September 11, 1979 (eight seats).   426 total built; 52 (1977), 68 (1978), 80 (1979), 92 (1980), 75 (1981), 33 (1982), 5 (1983), and 21 (1984).
 * Introduced for the 1977 model year with an improved Vernier mixture control, energy-absorbing instrument subpanels, a rectangular hour meter, and an improved aileron control system. The T207's engine was also changed to a 310 hp Continental TSIO-520-M.  For the 1978 model year, the 207A and T207A were renamed to Stationair 7 and Turbo Stationair 7, respectively, and the previously optional 28V electrical system was made standard, and 1979 introduced a long-hub propeller and spinner.  1980 saw the introduction of an eighth seat and yet another name change to Stationair 8 and Turbo Stationair 8, as well as optional six-place club seating, a pull-type alternator circuit breaker, and a new flap position indicator.  1984 introduced new fuel caps, shoulder harnesses for all seats, copilot controls, and other minor changes.  Certified on July 12, 1976 (seven seats) and September 11, 1979 (eight seats).   426 total built; 52 (1977), 68 (1978), 80 (1979), 92 (1980), 75 (1981), 33 (1982), 5 (1983), and 21 (1984).

Civil
The aircraft is popular with air charter companies and small cargo air carriers, and is operated by private individuals and companies. One of the largest Cessna 207 operators was Yute Air Alaska, which had a fleet of 12 aircraft.

Government
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em| {{ARG}} {{CAN}} {{COL}} {{FRA}} {{USA}}
 * Argentine Federal Police – one P206A (confiscated from drug smugglers) operated from 1995 which remains in service as of 2020.
 * Argentine National Gendarmerie – two U206 donated by US in 1975.
 * Ottawa Police Service – one U206G in the surveillance aircraft role
 * National Police of Colombia
 * Directorate-General of Customs and Indirect Taxes – operates two Cessna T206 as of July 2018, which are due for retirement.
 * Institut Geographique National
 * Civil Air Patrol – one 206H, 25 T206H, 13 U206G
 * South Dakota Highway Patrol – One T206H
 * United States Marshals – at least six T206H surveillance aircraft starting in 2001 under a front company named Early Detection Alarm Systems
 * Alameda County Sheriff's Office – U206G surveillance aircraft N5525U

Military
}}
 * Argentine Army, six × T207
 * Bolivian Air Force, two × U206C and 7 × TU206G
 * Chilean Air Force, Operated between 1974 and 1980 the very first Cessna 206 (c/n 0001) as FACh 415, then sold it to civilian market.
 * Public Force of Costa Rica operated at least four U206s from 1985.
 * Djibouti Air Force, one × U206G
 * Ecuadorian Air Force
 * Guatemalan Air Force operated at least four U206s from 1968
 * Guyana Defence Force
 * Israeli Air Force
 * The Malagasy Air Force received five second hand Cessna 206s in June 2019.
 * Mexican Air Force
 * Pakistan Army Aviation 4 T-206H
 * Panamanian Air Force operated at least one Cessna 206 and one Cessna 207 from 1984.
 * Paraguayan Air Force 5 U206G
 * Paraguayan Naval Aviation 4 U206A/C
 * Paraguayan Army Aviation 2 U206G
 * Philippine Army
 * Portuguese Air Force – 1 Cessna 206 operated 1968–1974.
 * Suriname Air Force
 * US Army: Two used by US Military Academy since 2021.
 * Uruguayan Air Force
 * Venezuelan Army
 * The Malagasy Air Force received five second hand Cessna 206s in June 2019.
 * Mexican Air Force
 * Pakistan Army Aviation 4 T-206H
 * Panamanian Air Force operated at least one Cessna 206 and one Cessna 207 from 1984.
 * Paraguayan Air Force 5 U206G
 * Paraguayan Naval Aviation 4 U206A/C
 * Paraguayan Army Aviation 2 U206G
 * Philippine Army
 * Portuguese Air Force – 1 Cessna 206 operated 1968–1974.
 * Suriname Air Force
 * US Army: Two used by US Military Academy since 2021.
 * Uruguayan Air Force
 * Venezuelan Army
 * Philippine Army
 * Portuguese Air Force – 1 Cessna 206 operated 1968–1974.
 * Suriname Air Force
 * US Army: Two used by US Military Academy since 2021.
 * Uruguayan Air Force
 * Venezuelan Army
 * US Army: Two used by US Military Academy since 2021.
 * Uruguayan Air Force
 * Venezuelan Army
 * Uruguayan Air Force
 * Venezuelan Army
 * Venezuelan Army

Accidents

 * July 24, 1972 near Aspen, Colorado, a 27-year-old student pilot with a total of 39 hours of flying time flew into a blind canyon and stalled the aircraft while trying to turn around, killing all four people on board. Among the passengers was wealthy playboy, entrepreneur, racing driver and developer Lance Reventlow, who was a Woolworth heir, son of Barbara Woolworth Hutton and the husband of former Mouseketeer and actress Cheryl Holdridge.
 * On May 1, 2023, a Cessna 206 with seven people on board crashed in the jungle in the Caquetá Department of Colombia. Two of the occupants – the pilot and one adult – were killed on impact. Another passenger, the mother of the remaining four, all children, died soon after the crash. The children, between 11 months and 13 years old, survived for over five weeks in the rainforest before being rescued by the Colombian military and rescuers.

 * On September 29, 2023, a Cessna 206 aircraft owned by RioZim was en route from Harare to the Murowa diamond mine in Zimbabwe when the plane crashed near the mine.
 * On May 26, 2024, a Cessna 206 with 7 people onboard (pilot, 6 passengers) crashed in Butler, Missouri while on a skydiving flight. Everyone survived as they managed to escape before the crash using parachutes.

title: Cessna 206


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text:
Damayanti

Damayanti (दमयन्ती) is a figure in a love story found in the Vana Parva book of the Mahabharata. She is the daughter of Bhima (not the Pandava) and a princess of the Vidarbha Kingdom, who marries King Nala of the Nishadha kingdom. The figure is also found in other Hindu texts by many authors in numerous Indian languages. She, along with Nala, are the central figures in the 12th century text Nishadha Charita, one of the five mahakavyas (great epic poems) in the canon of Sanskrit literature, written by Sriharsha.

Marriage
Damayanti is described to be a beautiful princess of the Vidarbha Kingdom. Having heard the praises of Nala, the king of the Nishadas, in her presence, she grew attracted to him, even though she had never met him. Nala also developed feelings for Damayanti in the same fashion. Once, Nala observed a few swans with golden wings in a grove, and caught one of them. The swan promised to speak highly of him in Damayanti's presence in return for its life. The swan flew to the princess and exalted Nala, persuading her to become the king's wife. Following this incident, Damayanti grew infatuated with Nala. Her friends, who observed her lovesick state, informed her father, King Bhima, that she was ill. The king arranged a svayamvara (self-choice) ceremony for his daughter's wedding. Meanwhile, Narada visited Indra, informing him of the journey of mortal kings and princes to Vidarbha, all of whom sought Damayanti's hand. A number of deities appeared at Indra's court, hearing Narada's description of the princess. They also conveyed their desire to marry Damayanti. Catching sight of Nala, who was also travelling to Damayanti's svayamvara, they tasked him to be their messenger to Damayanti, to ask her to marry one of them. Despite his objections, Nala promptly found Damayanti amid her friends, introduced himself, and conveyed the deities' message. Damayanti informed Nala that she wished to marry him and him alone, and told him that she would choose him during the svayamvara to dissuade his reluctance. Nala informed the deities of their conversation. During the ceremony, Damayanti observed five men who looked exactly like Nala. After some reflection, she proclaimed her decision to marry the king of the Nishadas, and urged the deities to reveal their true forms to her. Moved by Damayanti's love, they acquiesced, allowing her to marry Nala, to the joy of all the deities. She enjoyed marital bliss with her husband in forests and groves.

Game of dice
Kali, incensed that Damayanti had chosen a mortal over any of the deities for her husband, plotted his revenge. He recruited his ally, Dvapara, to help him by manipulating the motions of a dice. Kali then possessed Nala, and offered the kingdom of the Nishadas to Pushkara, Nala's younger brother, helping him defeat Nala in a game of dice that lasted over a period of several months. Damayanti lamented about her husband's gambling and rejection of his duties, but Nala remained under Kali's influence. Learning that her husband was almost bereft of his possessions and the trickery behind the motions of the dice, she urged Nala's faithful charioteer to take her twins to her family in Kundina, the capital of Vidarbha. When Nala had gambled away all of his riches and lands, Pushkara suggested that he stake Damayanti, causing the couple to storm away from the kingdom to the forest, donning a single garment each.

Abandonment
Even as they suffered through fatigue and hunger, Damayanti refused to leave her husband's side, and suggested that they go to her father's kingdom. Nala refused to do so under their present circumstances. The couple finally came across a public dwelling house, where Nala, still under the influence of Kali, abandoned his sleeping wife, reasoning that she would be happier without him. When Damayanti stirred, she bewailed his actions, calling him cruel, and also wondering how he would survive without her. She wished ill on the being who had caused her husband's plight. She was attacked by a giant snake, and was saved by a hunter. When the hunter attempted to rape her, she cursed him to die, which was fulfilled. She came across a hermitage, where she was welcomed by the ascetics and to whom she narrated her tale. The ascetics assured her she would soon find her husband again, restored to fortune. Damayanti came across a caravan, joining the traders onboard on their journey to Chedi. A herd of elephants trampled the sleeping traders while they slept. Bemoaning her fate, she joined a group of Brahmanas and reached the capital of Chedi. She attracted the attention of the king's mother, who enquired regarding her identity. Damayanti identified herself as a maidservant of noble birth, and explained her plight to her. The queen invited her to stay with her. Damayanti agreed, on the condition that she is respected and was allowed to do as she wished.

Meanwhile, Nala came across a great forest fire, and a snake named Karkotaka beseeching him to save it from danger. After being rescued, Karkotaka requested him to count his steps while he proceeded, and bit the king upon his tenth step. The king's body became deformed. The snake explained to Nala that he would experience no pain due to the bite, which would cause distress to the being who had possessed him. Karkotaka instructed the king to go to King Rituparna of Ayodhya, who would become his friend and allow him to gain mastery over the dice, following which he would be reunited with Damayanti. He also offered Nala some garments, stating that he would regain his original form upon wearing them.

Reunion
A Brahmana dispatched by Bhima named Sudeva located Damayanti, following which Damayanti returned to Vidarbha, where she was reunited with her family. She sent Brahmanas as messengers across a number of countries, repeating a certain monologue. A Brahmana sent to Ayodhya informed Damayanti that the charioteer of the king, named Bahuka, had responded to the monologue with one of his own, repeating which she suspected that Bahuka was Nala. Damayanti asked Sudeva to travel to Ayodhya and invite Rituparna for her second svayamvara, in which she would choose her new husband the following sunrise. Hiding his anguish, Nala offered to drive the king, assuring him that he could charioteer the distance from Ayodhya to Videha in a single day. During the journey, Rituparna imparted him his knowledge of the dice, in exchange for Nala's knowledge of charioteering. Upon his acquisition of knowledge, Kali emerged from Nala's body, freeing him of his influence, but retaining his deformed body. After reaching Vidarbha, Damayanti had Bahuka questioned and examined, and was all but certain that he was her husband. When his children were brought before him, he wept. Damayanti appeared before him, assuring Nala of her fidelity to him; Vayu, the wind-god, testified to this upon her request, revealing that the second svayamvara had been a scheme, held with the knowledge that only Nala could cover a distance of a hundred yojanas in a single day. Reuniting, Damayanti and Nala settled their differences and reconciled. Donning the garments Karkotaka had given him, the king regained his true form. Nala returned to his kingdom and challenged Pushkara for a game of dice, staking their lives, riches, and the entire kingdom. Victorious, Nala granted Pushkara his life, regaining all that he had lost. Damayanti and her children returned to Nala, and spent the rest of their lives in happiness and fame.

Translations
Norman Mosley Penzer translated the tale of Nala and Damayanti in 1926 into English.

title: Damayanti


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Theobald Boehm

Theobald Böhm (or Boehm) (9 April 1794 – 25 November 1881) was a German inventor and musician, who greatly improved the modern Western concert flute and its fingering system (now known as the "Boehm system"). He was a Bavarian court musician, a virtuoso flautist and a renowned composer.

The fingering system he devised has also been adapted to other instruments, such as the oboe and the clarinet.

Life and works
Born in Munich in the Electorate of Bavaria in the family of goldsmith Carl Friedrich Böhm and Anna Franziska, née Sulzbacher, daughter of a court haberdasher. Boehm learned his father's trade of goldsmithing. After making his own flute, he quickly became proficient enough to play in an orchestra at the age of seventeen, and at twenty-one he was first flautist in the Royal Bavarian Orchestra. Meanwhile, he experimented with constructing flutes out of many different materials—tropical hardwoods (usually Grenadilla wood), silver, gold, nickel and copper—and with changing the positions of the flute's tone holes.

After studying acoustics at the University of Munich, he began experimenting on improving the flute in 1832, first patenting his new fingering system in 1847. He published Über den Flötenbau ("On the construction of flutes"), also in 1847. His new flute was first displayed in 1851 at the London Exhibition. In 1871 Boehm published Die Flöte und das Flötenspiel ("The Flute and Flute-Playing"), a treatise on the acoustical, technical and artistic characteristics of the Boehm system flute.

Boehm's experience as a goldsmith was a key factor in his ability to redesign the flute. For example, in The Flute and Flute-Playing he recounts having made a flute with moveable tone holes, in order to determine the proper location of each hole for correct intonation—a remarkable piece of metal-working.

Traditional flutes were limited in size because the player had to be able to reach all the tone holes in the span of two hands. By substituting mechanically covered tone holes, Boehm eliminated this limitation, and was able to make larger, deeper flutes, such as the alto flute. Boehm was very fond of the alto flute, and recounts a time he was playing it when someone mistook it for a french horn.

Legacy
Some of the flutes he made are still being played. The fingering system he devised has also been adapted to other instruments, such as the oboe and the clarinet.

He inspired Hyacinthe Klosé, the inventor of the modern clarinet fingering system. Klosé invented a system for the clarinet that today is the standard nearly worldwide (except Austria, Germany and others). Boehm was his inspiration, and so Klosé named the new system the Boehm system just like the modern western flute. The Boehm system clarinet and flute are not exactly the same. If one plays the clarinet with the register key on, the fingerings are the same as the flute when the flute is in the lower and middle register. The main differences between the fingering systems of Boehm system clarinets and flutes are overblowing and key. The clarinet's second register is a twelfth above its lowest register, unlike the flute's which is an octave higher. The B♭ clarinet is a transposing instrument, so a C on a clarinet is played as a B♭ on the flute.

Selected works

 * Grand Polonaise in D Major, Op. 16
 * Variations sur un air tyrolien, Op.20
 * Fantasie sur un air de F. Schubert, Op.21
 * Variations sur un Air Allemand, Op.22
 * 24 Caprices-etudes, Op.26
 * Souvenir des Alpes, Opp.27–32
 * Andante for Flute and Piano, Op.33
 * 24 Etudes, Op.37
 * Elégie, Op.47

title: Theobald Boehm


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Nala

Nala (नल) is a character in the Vana Parva book of the Mahabharata. He was the king of Nishadha Kingdom and the son of Veerasena. Nala was known for his skill with horses and for his culinary expertise. He married princess Damayanti, of the Vidarbha Kingdom. He was blessed by goddess Kali. He was also a great cook and wrote the first-ever book on cookery, Pakadarpanam (पाकदर्पण). He is said to have been able to cook a full meal without lighting fire.

Story
Nala's story is told in the Vana Parva of the Mahabharata and was adapted into various versions. According to the 12th century text Nishadha Charita, one of the five mahakavyas (great epic poems) in the canon of Sanskrit literature, written by Sriharsha, Nala, King of Nishadha, found a beautiful swan in a forest. The swan told him about Damayanti. An impressed Nala told the swan to go to Damayanti and tell her about him. Later, He was chosen by Damayanti as her husband in the swayamvara, a function in which the bride selects her husband from among the invitees, in preference to even the gods who came to marry her.

All the gods left the place praising the qualities of Nala and blessing the couple. But when Kali Purush heard everything from the returning gods, in wrath, vowed to doom the life of Damayanti, since she had chosen a mortal and disregarded them. He vowed to divert Nala from the path of Dharma (the path of righteousness and virtue) and to separate Nala and Damayanti. Such was the purity of Nala that it took twelve years for Kali to find a small fault in him and bewitch his soul. Kali gained access to Nala via his legs after he forgot to wash his ankles before puja. After being influenced by evil, Nala played a game of dice with his brother Pushkara and gambled away his wealth and the kingdom to him. Before departing, Damayanti sent her children to her father's kingdom with a charioteer. Pushkara threatened that any citizen who showed sympathy for them would suffer the penalty of being forced to live in the jungle. While Damayanti was sleeping, Nala, under the influence of Kali, deserted her and went away.

In the jungle, he saved Karkotaka Naga (Snake Person) from a fire. The Karkotaka Naga used poison to transform Nala into an ugly dwarf named Bahuka and advised him to serve King Rituparna of Ayodhya. He also gave Nala a magic garment that would restore him to his original form. Nala went to King Rituparna and served him as both charioteer and cook. Meanwhile, Damayanti, when finding her lord not there, wept and went ahead in search of him. In her travel, she faced the snake, Nishada, met ascetics who comforted her, met merchant travellers, met her aunt Queen Bhanumati of Chedi, and at last managed to reach her father's kingdom. She declared a reward for anyone who would find the hideout of her husband. One of her scouts returned and told her about a charioteer named Bahuka in a faraway kingdom.

Damayanti sent a riddle to Rituparna to confirm Nala's presence. On hearing that Damayanti was going to marry another husband, Bahuka took Rituparna and drove the chariot fast. He set out for Vidarbha from Ayodhya. During the journey, Kali came out from his body and asked for forgiveness for fear of being cursed. Nala forgave him, and in a few hours reached Bhima's kingdom. Through her servant's help, Damayanti found that charioteer named Bahuka, who was surely her Nala and called him to her apartment. Both recognized each other and Nala took his original form.

Knowing Rituparna's skills at dice and numbers, Nala exchanged his skill as a charioteer for knowledge at dice. Then he set out to regain his kingdom from his brother. Reaching there, he challenged Pushkara for a match either at dice or single combat. Nala staked all the wealth he had earned from his father in law, himself and his wife for the latter's kingdom.

Driven by the desire of gaining a beautiful wife, Pushkara, sure of his own success, accepted a rematch in dice, in which he lost and became a slave. But Nala then forgave him for what he had done and gave him his kingdom back as being of the same blood. After four years of hardship, during which Nala never deviated from the path of righteousness, he had overcome the influence of Kali and regained his kingdom by defeating Pushkara in a rematch. Nala and Damayanti were reunited and lived happily thereafter.

Kali offered Nala a boon when he left him. Nala sought the boon that whoever read his story would not be unduly affected by the malefic effects of Kali.

Nala and Damayanti had two children: a boy named Indrasena, and a girl also named Indrasenaa. The daughter married Mudgala, the king of Panchala.

Translations and student editions

 * Norman Mosley Penzer translated the tale of Nala and Damayanti in 1926.
 * The story of Nala and Damayanti has introduced students to the study of Sanskrit since at least the early 19th century, when Franz Bopp published an introductory text Nalus, carmen sanscritum e Mahabharato edidit, Latine vertit, et adnotationi illustravit, Franciscus Bopp (1819).
 * Later, the American Sanskrit scholar Charles Rockwell Lanman used the story of Nala and Damayanti as the first text in his introductory A Sanskrit Reader: Text and Vocabulary and Notes (1883).

title: Nala


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/AIDS conspiracy theories

AIDS conspiracy theories
Honestly, do we need every crackpot conspiracy theory recorded for posterity? I don't even think this stuff is notable. - Ta bu shi da yu 06:45, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. (Crackpot?  I agree.  However...)  A well documented article that expounds on a section covered in Conspiracy theory.  A well-enough known conspiracy theory that it probably deserves an article.  Anyone searching on this theory will find more information presented in our one article than they would in a dozen random web pages on the topic.  SWAdair | Talk  11:09, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, crackpot I agree (refer to the page's talk..). However, an issue that has taken hold in South Africa as a significant problem (note Mbeki's remarks) needs to be comprehensively discussed and rebutted in the open. There are a vast number of significant AIDS conspiracy theories and they are verfiable and encyclopedic. This is not to say that the article is currently a good one. It is not. In fact, in my eyes, it is currently a competitor for the worst Wikipedia article ever. A new article must rebut every conspiracy theory and it must not contain ridculous statements about the military-industrial complex... - Aaron Hill 14:36, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Definite keep. But I dislike the use of the term "conspiracy theory" because it has acquired a connotation that I think is disparaging and POV, so I'd like to see it moved to a better title. Everyking 15:21, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * What would you suggest? -- Antaeus Feldspar 18:26, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * How about Origin of AIDS (Minority opinions) or something like that? --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 00:01, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep it. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 15:58, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. A notable enough conspiracy theory, and people need NPOV sources of information on these kinds of things. I think Wikipedia is just the place for that. [[User:Livajo|力伟|☺]] 16:23, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Any chance this thing could be cleaned up a bit while we're at it? It hurt my eyes to read! Is there any way we could combine this with AIDS myths and urban legends, perhaps have them all thrown into the actual AIDS article? -- BDD
 * Keep. Even incorrect beliefs can be notable.  However, as part of the cleanup BDD suggests, I recommend removing most of the red links, especially to individuals whose only fame is that they originated one of these crackpot theories.  -- Antaeus Feldspar 18:26, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Nutcakes, yes. But nutcakes with some currency in some populations. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 00:01, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, but possibly merge with AIDS myths and urban legends. -Sean Curtin 00:52, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Merge with AIDS myths and urban legends into a Controversy surrounding AIDS article. Eric Urban 01:07, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree. - Aaron Hill 08:12, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, remove PoV. Widespread paranoid or crank conspiracy theories are best neutralized by objective reporting. Wyss 23:55, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Widespread theory deserving of its own page. --Librarian Brent 02:52, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Which one? - Ta bu shi da yu 06:53, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Regardless of "validity", this is a notable theory worthy of documentation on Wikipedia in a NPOV matter. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 20:19, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Spinboy 08:43, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable.  --L33tminion | (talk) 21:44, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and merge with AIDS myths and urban legends. --MPerel 19:59, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Where else can you find about conspiracy theories, where they are presented as such, and not presented as the truth by some nutter? -- --PoleyDee 23:13, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * "'Keep'" I disagree with the article completely but it needs to be here -- Wwahammy's vote. Wwahammy, you can insert your signature and a time stamp by typing four tildes: ~ .  It's especially important to do it when voting. -- Antaeus Feldspar 18:44, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)


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Sergey Chaplygin

Sergey Alexeyevich Chaplygin (Серге́й Алексе́евич Чаплы́гин; 5 April 1869 – 8 October 1942) was a Russian and Soviet physicist, mathematician, and mechanical engineer. He is known for mathematical formulas such as Chaplygin's equation and for a hypothetical substance in cosmology called Chaplygin gas, named after him.

He graduated in 1890 from Moscow University, and later became a professor. He taught mechanical engineering at Moscow Higher Courses for Women in 1901, and of applied mathematics at Moscow School of Technology, 1903. He was appointed Director of the courses in 1905. Leonid I. Sedov was one of his students.

Chaplygin's theories were greatly inspired by N. Ye. Zhukovsky, who founded the Central Institute of Aerodynamics. His early research focused on hydromechanics. His "Collected Works", consisting of 4 volumes, were published in 1948.

Early life
Chaplygin was born to Aleksei Timofeevich Chaplygin, a shop assistant, and Anna Petrovna in Ranenburg (present day Chaplygin), Russia. After his father died when he was 2 years old, his mother remarried a tradesman and they moved to Voronezh. There, he attended the Voronezh Gymnasium, which he graduated in 1886.

Soon after, he attended the Moscow University, specializing in Physics and Mathematics, which he graduated from in 1890. There he met and was strongly influenced by Nikolai Egorovich Zhukovsky. In 1893, he published his first work, On certain cases of the motion of a solid body in a fluid, for which he received the N. D. Brashman Award.

After graduating from the university, he went on to become a professor there. In 1897, he published On the motion of a heavy body of revolution in a horizontal plane, which was the first to present the general equation of motion of a nonholonomic system. This equation is a generalisation of Lagrange's equation. In 1899, he was awarded the Gold Medal of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

Death
Chaplygin died of a brain haemorrhage in October 1942.

Honours and awards

 * Hero of Socialist Labour (1 February 1941)
 * Two Orders of Lenin (1 February 1941 and 22 December 1933)
 * Order of the Red Banner of Labour, twice (10 July 1927 and ?)
 * Zhukovsky Prize (1925)
 * N. D. Brashman Prize (1897)

Chaplygin was elected to the Russian Academy of Sciences (the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1925-1991) in 1924.

The lunar crater Chaplygin and town Chaplygin are named in his honour.

title: Sergey Chaplygin


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Jason Boyd

Jason Boyd may refer to:
 * Jason Boyd (baseball) (born 1973), Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Jason Boyd (actor), played Piers Polkiss in the Harry Potter films
 * Poo Bear (born 1979), American songwriter and record producer
 * Jason Boyd, American singer, lead vocalist for Audiovent

title: Jason Boyd


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Public housing in the Australian Capital Territory

Government-owned housing in Canberra and the Australian Capital Territory has a history stemming from the decision to build the National Capital in the bush. In the early years Canberra's housing was entirely government-built and even after private development took over there has been a number of government houses included in almost every new suburb. Typical Canberra public housing is built on a limited number of plans repeated through an area of a suburb, with two or three bedrooms and constructed in unfinished brick veneer. They typically range in size from around 80 m2 to 130 m2. The term Govie (pronounced guvvie) is a colloquialism used to describe the typical Canberran government built house.

Early days
The earliest post-ACT housing in Canberra was the work camps for the labourers brought in to construct the new capital. By 1913 the workforce had reached 754 people. The majority lived in camps - single and married quarters - placed at the major work sites of now Acton (administration & first nursery area), Kingston (power house) Yarralumla (brickyards), and Cotter River (Water-Dam). Single men lived in tents and married men constructed their own humpies.

A few permanent cottages were constructed at Acton in the teen years of the twentieth century and by 1912 the timber accommodation known as "The Bachelors Quarters' was occupied.

 * The outbreak of World War I led to the slowing of work and a reduction of the workforce.

In 1921/22 the FCAC (Federal Capital Advisory Commission) had a number of brick cottages erected for tradesmen at Brickyards (7), opposite the Power House (modern Barton - 20 cottages ) and at Civic (20). In 1923 a further 16 were constructed at Blandfordia (Forrest).

In 1921/22 the remaining buildings of the Molonglo Internment Camp (now Fyshwick) were converted into Canberra's first temporary settlement for workmen. It consisted of 120 houses and accommodation for 150 tradesmen. This settlement was followed in 1924 by 52 timber cottages (very small - 2 bedroom) at Westlake (now Stirling Park Yarralumla) and 15 at Acton. The following year in 1925 work commenced on another 20 at Causeway and these were followed in turn by another 80.

These few houses were quite insufficient for the number of construction workers living in the territory and in 1925 the FCC (Federal Capital Commission) made available 80 sites at Riverbourne (south side of the Molonglo River 3 miles from the Queanbeyan Post Office). At Riverbourne and Russell Hill (modern suburb of Campbell) where another 120 sites were made available men again were expected to construct their own cottages. Riverbourne closed in early 1927 and Russell Hill - opened in 1926 - lasted until the mid-1950s.

The temporary suburbs of Molonglo, Westlake, Acton workmen's cottages remained until in the case of Molonglo into the 1950s and Westlake/Acton in to the mid-1960s. Causeway remained until the mid-1970s when the timber temporary cottages were replaced with brick.

One contractor, John Howie, whose men built the Hotel Canberra, erected 25 timber cottages for his married men and 18 or more timber huts for his single men in the area of modern Stirling Park on the hill opposite Lotus Bay.

Single men continued to live under canvas until 1926 when the tents in the majority of settled camps were replaced with small cubicles constructed from baltic pine.

In 1925 three permanent' camps were erected for single men - south side at Causeway, centre of Canberra on Capitol Hill - and on the north side near modern Civic. This last mentioned camp was known as White City Camp and it was removed in the early 1930s when the land was required for building Canberra High School (now the Art School).

Capitol Hill (later named Capital Hill) Camp continued with additional buildings added after World War 2 into the 1960s.

Construction for the Public Servants being transferred to Canberra began 1925–26. The first couple of departments were transferred to Canberra in 1926 and were followed in early 1927 by the majority of departments transferred to Canberra.

People living in the temporary houses were unable to buy their cottages and did not receive any allowances for living in an area that was more expensive than the capital cities. Those transferring to the city, however, received allowances that ranged from around 19 pounds pa to 60-70 odd.

The rental cost for each cottage was based on the money paid for the construction of each. A cap was placed on building costs in each suburb which resulted in the lower paid officials transferring to Canberra being houses in Ainslie, North Ainslie and South Ainslie (now Braddon, Ainslie & Reid). The better paid officials moved into Forrest.

People were encouraged to buy their houses for the cost of construction only and any rent paid was included in the payment.

Single people transferring to the Territory were housed in Gorman House (females only in the early years), Beauchamp House, Brassey House (now Hotel Brassey), Hotel Acton, Hotel Ainslie (for short time only) and Hotel Kurrajong.

The Hotel Canberra was the first hostel to be built - in 1925 - to house politicians and even if a workman could afford the tariff he would not be allowed to stay there. The Kurrajong followed the next year and the others mentioned earlier with the exception of Gorman House (built 1925) were constructed in 1927.

The Federal Capital Commission was formed in 1925 to prepare the city for the transfer of public servants and their families. The commission had been preceded by the Federal Capital Advisory Committee which had overseen the commencement of construction of Canberra following the termination of the Walter Burley Griffin's contract.

In May 1925 the FCC decided to create a Social Service Association. This plan brought all the Progress Associations under the control of the FCC. A meeting was held and a document made that gives us the information about the numbers in each of the settlements and camps. Molonglo had a population of 750 and Westlake (Stirling Park) had 700 living in Howie's Settlement, Westlake Cottages and three government single camps. The majority of houses constructed for those transferring to Canberra were built by private contractors with some day labour. HLB Lasseter was one who worked as a carpenter on the Ainslie cottages.

In 1927 the government approved construction of 545 government houses and for the first time approved the construction of 110 privately built houses. Unfortunately, the following year saw the approval of only 24 private dwellings, due mainly to the looming Great Depression. Even government construction was slowing down with only two houses under construction by the middle of 1928.

By 1941 there were only 400 privately owned houses in Canberra compared to 1633 government houses and a further 309 government-owned workers' cottages and tenements. World War II again brought a halt to housing construction in Canberra and by the end of the war Canberra's housing shortage was estimated at least 500 houses with 600 people on the government housing waiting list.

Those who were able to find the money to build within the required two-year period had the added problem of rationing of bricks etc.

In the post-World War 2 period many flats were built to help house those in desperate need of accommodation.

Post World War II
The years following the end of the war led to even greater demands for public housing in Canberra. Facing building supply shortages and ever-increasing demand for accommodation, alternate methods of housing construction were investigated. The ACT Advisory Council recommended that "temporary housing in the form of rebuilt Army huts be provided for at least 100 families, subject to it being assumed as a government responsibility that these huts be replaced by housing of adequate standard at a later stage.". Hostels were erected near modern-day Commonwealth Park, Reid, Kingston and Barton. The hostels were built using ex-military buildings moved from Narellan near Sydney and Mulwala in the Riverina.

In 1947 disused sleeping huts from Tocumwal air base were transported to Canberra and refitted as family homes. The huts had been built originally to resemble houses rather than barracks to avoid aerial detection and bombing. They are of weatherboard and fibro construction and have wide verandahs. 100 of the "Tocumwals" were erected in O'Connor around a central park. Some Tocumwals were also located in Ainslie. Many are still standing to this day. Unusually, the houses were erected without concrete foundations in order to save time and money; the brick footings sat on a double row of bricks laid directly onto the ground in a shallow trench.

In 1946 the government began experimenting with concrete construction, with a test concrete wall being added to a house in Turner. An initial contract of 100 monocrete prefabricated houses was tendered in 1946 for construction in Turner and O'Connor. A further group of 45 houses was scheduled for Yarralumla in 1948. Monocrete houses were also constructed in many other Canberra suburbs.

Other forms of prefabricated housing were tested during this time. The Beaufort aircraft factory built a prefabricated steel house in Ainslie. In 1948, a timber prefabricated house was imported from Finland and erected in Canberra. Riley-Newsum prefabricated houses were constructed at Duntroon, Ainslie, O’Connor and Deakin in the early 1950s.

Families arriving in Canberra soon after the war were often accommodated in hostels such as Reid House or the Acton Hotel, sometimes initially they were offered a room in the house of a colleague. Some families were split between hostels, and the government encouraged families to send their children away to boarding school.

The government also reversed its earlier policy and started building flats in Canberra. Between 1948 and 1952 four blocks of flats were built at Griffith, Braddon and Ainslie, containing a total of 184 one- and two-bedroom flats.

Even with these increased construction measures, waiting lists for public housing continued to increase. By 1955 the list contained more than 3000 families and individuals.

The NCDC
In March 1958 the National Capital Development Commission took responsibility for the planning and construction of Canberra. It inherited a public housing system with a waiting list of 3,000 people and imminent plans to move 3,000 more public servants from Melbourne and Sydney.

Self Government
In 1989 control of public housing in Canberra switched to the newly formed ACT government. By then the stock of government houses in Canberra was ageing. The standard of accommodation was lower than in other states and many houses were of non-conventional, high maintenance construction.

Government housing today
Government housing in the ACT is now controlled by Housing and Community Services ACT a division of the ACT Department of Disability, Housing and Community Services. The public housing system in Canberra now contains over 11,000 properties. Criteria for allocation of housing was made more stringent in the 2006-07 Australian Capital Territory budget. Single people earning more than 60% of the average wage and couples earning more than 75% of the average wage will not be eligible.

Modernisation
Government housing has been progressively sold off over the years into private ownership. Extensions, decks, bagging (cement render) and painting have re-made the Canberra Govie into a different yet still distinctive style of house. These privately owned properties are colloquially referred to as Ex-Govies.

In the 2006 budget, the Government announced it would sell a further 500 dwellings and use the proceeds to reinvest in other public housing.

Forestry settlements
During the early years of the ACT the government built small forestry settlements at Uriarra, Pierces Creek and Stromlo. These settlements were devastated in the 2003 Canberra bushfires and their fate remains under consideration.


text:
Bound by the Beauty

Bound By the Beauty is a 1989 album by Jane Siberry. It received better reviews than her previous album, The Walking, and the title track received more extensive radio airplay than Siberry had seen since "One More Colour" in 1985.

The track "Half Angel Half Eagle" was controversial. Siberry used the images of an angel and an eagle soaring over a city to depict a view of both the beauty and the ugliness of city life; the ugliness was apparent in the lyric "fucking honky nigger Jew/WASP Jap dago fag/fucking homeless preacher dyke/cabbie fucking union scab". Siberry was commenting on the prevalence of this type of offensive language on the streets of a big city.

The track "The Valley" was played during the funeral service for John Balance.

"Something About Trains" also appeared (as "This Old Earth") on The Top of His Head, the soundtrack to Peter Mettler's film The Top of His Head; the song was a Genie Award nominee for Best Original Song at the 11th Genie Awards in 1990.

Mettler also took the album's cover photograph.

Track listing
All tracks written by Jane Siberry.
 * 1) "Bound by the Beauty" – 4:41
 * 2) "Something About Trains" – 3:44
 * 3) "Hockey" – 3:58
 * 4) "Everything Reminds Me of My Dog" – 4:17
 * 5) "The Valley" – 6:04
 * 6) "The Life Is the Red Wagon" – 4:12
 * 7) "Half Angel Half Eagle" – 3:55
 * 8) "La Jalouse" – 3:59
 * 9) "Miss Punta Blanca" – 1:38
 * 10) "Are We Dancing Now? (Map III)" – 6:11

Personnel

 * Jane Siberry – guitars, piano, vocals
 * Teddy Borowiecki – piano, accordion
 * Ken Myhr – guitars
 * John Switzer – bass, vocals
 * Stich Wynston – drums

Additional personnel

 * Wendell Ferguson – pedal steel guitar on 5
 * David Piltch – acoustic bass on 8
 * David Ramsden – vocals on 6, 7
 * Rebecca Jenkins – vocals on 6, 7
 * Anne Bourne – vocals on 6
 * Gina Stepaniuk – vocals on 6
 * Cherie Camp – vocals on 6
 * Don Freed – vocals on 4

Charts
Album

title: Bound by the Beauty


text:
New Jersey Shore Line Railroad

The New Jersey Shore Line Railroad  was part of the New York Central Railroad and ran along the Hudson River in New Jersey, from the West Shore Railroad (NYCRR) yards at Guttenberg north to the Erie Terminals Railroad at the Hudson/Bergen County line.

The company was organized on February 25, 1886, and chartered March 2, 1886 to build a railroad from a point in Union Township to a point in Harrington, about 15.5 mi away. The entire capital stock was owned by the New Jersey Junction Railroad Company, which was under lease by the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad. In 1910, .84 mi of track were built from the West Shore Railroad Weehawken yards midway through Guttenberg north to the line with Bergen County. It opened for traffic on March 14, 1911, with the first cars passing over it on May 16, 1911. The rest of the route was never built.

The company was absorbed into the New Jersey Junction Railroad, which had owned its stock, on October 24, 1914. Eventually the line passed under control of CSX and Norfolk Southern; it was part of their River Line before it was abandoned.

title: New Jersey Shore Line Railroad


text: Category:Timelines of music

title: Category:Timelines of music


text:
Talk:The Shelter (The Twilight Zone)

Untitled
The local neighborhood of a typical suburban community is having a small dinner to honor the local Dr. Stockton at his house. Everybody is especially friendly and mention is made of his late night work on a fallout shelter that he has built in the basement. A scary radio announcement is made that unidentified objects have been detected heading for the United States. Everybody knows what it means, nuclear attack. The doctor locks himself and his family into the shelter. The neighborhood becomes hysterical and wants to occupy the shelter. All the friendliness disappears and is replaced with hate. The last scene shows the once friendly neighbors breaking down the door to the shelter with a battering ram. Just then, the radio announces that the objects have been identified as harmless satellites. Rod Serling makes the final statement. "For civilization to survive, man must remain civilized." This episode is historic in that it aired days before the Cuban Missile Crisis and helped to create the hysteria of the greatest crisis of the cold war.

Larry Goynes that is not true. this episode aired in Sept. 1961 and the Cuban Missile Crisis was in Oct. 1962. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.110.33.144 (talk) 11:02, 10 December 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Shelter (The Twilight Zone)


text:
Zari

Zari (or jari) is an even thread traditionally made of fine gold or silver used in traditional Indian, Bangladeshi and Pakistani garments, especially as brocade in saris etc. This thread is woven into fabrics, primarily silk, to make intricate patterns and elaborate designs of embroidery called zardozi. Zari was popularised during the Moghul era; the port of Surat was linked to the Meccan pilgrimage route which served as a major factor for re-introducing this ancient craft in India.

Zari is the main decorative material in most silk saris and ghararas. It is also used in other garments made of silk, like lehengas (skirts), cholis (blouses), kurtas, and dhotis.

Manufacture
The etymological root of the word is Persian.

Zari is basically a brocade of tinsel thread meant for weaving and embroidery. It is manufactured by winding or wrapping (covering) a flattened metallic strip made from pure gold, silver or slit metallised polyester film, on a core yarn, usually of pure silk, viscose, cotton, nylon, polyester, P.P., mono/multi filament, wire, etc. Nowadays, it can broadly be divided into three types. Real zari, imitation zari, and metallic zari.

Real Zari is made from fine silver or gold thread is drawn from silver or gold alloys, which is flattened by passing it under equal pressure rotating rollers. The flattened silver threads are wound on the base yarn that is usually made of silk. These spools with silk and silver threads are further flattened for electroplating. The threads are then plated with gold by the process of electroplating. The lustre of the gilded threads is further increased by passing them through a brightener. These threads are then wound on a reel.

In ancient times, when precious metals were cheaply and easily available, only real zari threads were produced. Due to industrial revolution and invention of electroplating process, imitation techniques came into existence to cut the cost of precious metals. As copper is the most malleable and ductile metal after gold and silver, silver electroplated copper wire replaced pure silver. Various modern colours and chemicals are used to create/impart a golden hue instead of pure gold. The precious metals and copper too became dearer due to huge demand in various modern industries. Thus, a cheap and durable alternative was invented with non-tarnishing properties. Metallic zari came into vogue replacing traditional metals like gold, silver & copper. This non-genuine modern zari is light in weight & more durable than earlier editions. Also, it has the sought after properties of resistance to tarnishing and knotting.

Imitation zari is made when copper wires are drawn from copper alloys. It then undergoes a similar process, except in this case, they are electroplated with silver and then wound around the base yarn, and reeled. This type of zari is less expensive than pure zari, as silver electroplated copper is more economical.

Metallic sari is a modernized version of ari and it replaces traditional metals like gold, silver and copper. It is resistant, durable and light in weight. It is non-tarnishing and maintains its lustre for a considerable period of time.

Zari is used in various forms such as Zardozi, Kataoki Bel, Mukaish, Tilla or Marori Work, Gota Work, and Kinari Work.

Surat in the state of Gujarat on the west coast of India is the world's largest producer of all types of zari namely threads, cantile, laces, ribbons, borders, trims, fringes, edges, cordonettes, cords, etc. The art of zari making has been inherited from father to son for many centuries. It is recognised as one of the ancient handicrafts by the government of India. Women from different communities & artisans produce zari for weaving, embroidery, crocheting, braiding, etc. Additionally, there are approximately 100,000 child laborers producing Zari in India, sometimes (but not always) under conditions of debt bondage or otherwise unpaid work.

Kalabattun
Kalabattun is an ancient term for metallic threads, such as gold-wrapped threads, that are used in a variety of brocade and embroidery arts.

Quality of pure Zari
245 grams of Zari is called one mark. It contains 191 grams of silver (78 percent), 51.55 grams of silk (21 percent), and 2.45 grams of gold (1 percent).

title: Zari


text:
Zina Bethune

Zina Bianca Bethune (February 17, 1945 – February 12, 2012) was an American actress, dancer, and choreographer. She was the daughter of actress Ivy Bethune.

Early years
Bethune was born on Staten Island, the daughter of Ivy ( Vigder), a Russian-born (Sevastopol, present-day Ukraine) actress who started in the Superman radio series, and later became known for playing "Miss Tuttle" on Father Murphy and "Abigail" on General Hospital.

Theater and dance
Bethune began her formal ballet training aged six at George Balanchine's School of American Ballet.

By age 14 she was dancing with the New York City Ballet as Clara in the 1955 Balanchine production of The Nutcracker. Bethune's first professional acting role was at age six, with a small part in the off-Broadway play Monday's Heroes, produced by Stella Holt at the Greenwich Mews Theater.

Television
As a child performer, Bethune appeared in the original cast of The Most Happy Fella as well as several American daytime television dramas, including a stint as the first "Robin Lang" on The Guiding Light from May 1956 to April 1958. Bethune played President Franklin D. Roosevelt's daughter in Sunrise at Campobello in 1960.

Newspaper columnist Dick Kleiner described Bethune's performance in a 1958 television production as a "shatteringly beautiful portrayal of Tennessee Williams' young heroine in This Property Is Condemned."

In October 1958, she portrayed Amy March in the CBS musical adaptation of Little Women. She portrayed nurse Gail Lucas on The Nurses (1962–65), and appeared in other series, including Kraft Television Theatre (with Martin Huston in the series finale), Route 66, The Judy Garland Show, Pantomime Quiz, Hollywood Squares, Young Dr. Malone, Dr. Kildare, Gunsmoke, The Invaders, and Emergency!

Film
Bethune starred as "The Girl" alongside Harvey Keitel in Martin Scorsese's first feature film, Who's That Knocking at My Door.

Other work
Throughout her life, Bethune worked with disabled students. She herself was diagnosed with scoliosis at age 11, and hip dysplasia.

Bethune founded Bethune Theatredanse (now called Theatre Bethune) in 1981, a nonprofit dance and drama company that has toured internationally and performed at the White House.

She founded Dance Outreach, now known as Infinite Dreams, in 1980, which, as of 2012, enrolls about 8,000 disabled children in dance-related activities throughout Southern California.

Death
On February 12, 2012, five days before her 67th birthday, Bethune was killed in an apparent hit and run crash while she was trying to help an injured opossum in Griffith Park, Los Angeles.

title: Zina Bethune


text: User talk:65.241.28.252

title: User talk:65.241.28.252


text:
Sussex County Technical School

Sussex County Technical School is a county-wide technical public high school located in Sparta Township in Sussex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, serving students in ninth through twelfth grades as part of the Sussex County Vocational School District. It is the home of the McNeice Auditorium and the Fighting Mustangs. The school's official colors are hunter green and gold. Gus Modla is the Superintendent and Principal. There are 20 different trades to choose from; Building Trades, Business Management and Administration, Carpentry, Cinematography and Film/Video Production, Clerical Skills, Commercial Art, Commercial Baking, Computer Aided Drafting and Design, Cosmetology, Culinary Arts, Electrical, Electronics Technology, Engineering, Graphic Design (Graphic Communications), Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC), Horticulture/Landscape Design Technology, Performing Arts, Transportation Technology (Auto/Diesel), Vehicle Maintenance Technology and Welding.

As of the 2022–23 school year, the school had an enrollment of 679 students and 60.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.3:1. There were 78 students (11.5% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 28 (4.1% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.

The Technical School is the home of all nine of the Umptysquatch human-powered submarines and the teams of engineering students who built them.

Athletics
The Sussex County Technical School Mustangs compete in the Northwest Jersey Athletic Conference, which comprises public and private high schools in Morris, Sussex and Warren counties, and was established following a reorganization of sports leagues in Northern New Jersey by the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA). Until the NJSIAA's 2009 realignment, the school had participated in the Sussex County Interscholastic League, which included public and private high schools located in Sussex County and northern Morris County. With 624 students in grades 10-12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019–20 school year as Group II for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 486 to 758 students in that grade range. The football team competes in the National Blue division of the North Jersey Super Football Conference, which includes 112 schools competing in 20 divisions, making it the nation's biggest football-only high school sports league. The school was classified by the NJSIAA as Group II North for football for 2022–2024, which included schools with 478 to 672 students.

Interscholastic sports offered at the school include:
 * Fall: Football, Boys' Soccer, Girls' Soccer, Cross-Country (Boys' & Girls'), Cheerleading, and Girls' Tennis.
 * Winter: Boys' Basketball, Girls' Basketball, Winter Track (Boys' and Girls') Cheerleading, Bowling (Boys' & Girls'), and Snowboard & Ski Club.
 * Spring: Track and Field (Boys' & Girls'), Baseball, and Softball

The boys bowling team won the Group II state championship in 2016, 2017 and 2018. The program's three state titles are tied for eight-most in the state. The team won the Group II state title for the third consecutive year with 3,077 pins, ahead of St. Joseph High School in second place by 198 pins.

Clubs and organizations
Sussex Tech offers a variety of clubs, including:

Student Council SkillsUSA Key Club SADD Spanish National Honor Society Spanish Cultural Club Math League Gay-Straight Alliance National Honor Society Peer Leadership The Quill literary magazine Yearbook Japanese Film Club Debate Team

Awards
The team includes students from the Sussex Tech culinary department competed in the amateur division of Champions of the Grill. They won the overall title for their entries in the Grilled Chicken and Smoked Beef categories. Additionally, they placed 1st in the Pork Rib Category and finished their winning streak by taking home the trophy for overall best in the Amateur Division. In the 2009 National Competition, Josh Stephens earned the gold medal in Power Equipment Technology. He went on to earn the Gold Medal again in 2010. Additionally, at the 2009 New Jersey state championships, gold medals were earned in six competitions, silver in eight, and bronze in four. In the states competition in May, two students won gold medals in "Tech Prep Showcase Science Math and Research"
 * 2009 Champions of the Grill
 * Skills USA
 * International Submarine Race
 * Umptysquatch IV: Best Design Outline, Best Spirit of the Races
 * Umptysquatch 3.2: 1st Place, Innovation, 3rd Place, Best Overall Performance
 * Umptysquatch 1: Best Design Outline and Report Award, 3rd place, Fastest Two-person, propeller, academic category

Graduation rate
According to the state's NCLB Report, the graduation rate for Sussex County Technical School for the class of 2008 was 96.2%. This rate exceeds the State high school graduation rate of approximately 93.1%.

In the 2013–14 school year, Sussex County Technical School ranked ninth in Sussex County out of nine other public high schools in SAT scores.

Student body
In the 2013-2014 school year there were 75 students from Montague Township.

title: Sussex County Technical School


text:
Strake Jesuit College Preparatory

Strake Jesuit College Preparatory (properly referred to as Strake Jesuit or Jesuit but often informally called Strake) is a Jesuit, college-preparatory school for boys, grades 9–12, in the Chinatown area and in the Greater Sharpstown district of Houston, Texas, United States. It is near Alief.

With over 1,200 students, it is the largest Catholic high school in Houston. It has a full-time curator for its art collection; the City of Houston has classified the campus as an art museum. The school is located within the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston. It is one of only two private schools in Texas that are members of the University Interscholastic League (the other being Dallas Jesuit), which allows it to compete athletically against the largest public schools.

History
The school was founded by Father Michael Kenelley, S.J., on June 21, 1960, in what was then the undeveloped, west side of Houston. It is named in honor of oil tycoon George William Strake Sr.

The school's patron saint is Stanislaus Kostka, a Polish Jesuit who serves as a patron of students; additionally, as a Jesuit institution, Ignatius of Loyola is invoked as an unofficial patron saint.

In 1971, the school asked to declare Chapter 10 bankruptcy as it lost money in the Sharpstown scandal. The school surrendered seven acres of its original property to pay its debts and emerge from bankruptcy protection. The seven-acre tract was repurchased by the school in 2012 for $3.3 million.

From 1990 to 1993, the number of applications submitted to Strake Jesuit doubled. Fr. Brian Zinnamon, the school president, said during the year that there were twice as many applicants as available spots. At the time, tuition was $4,700 per year, described by the Houston Chronicle as steep. Father Zinnamon said, "Certainly what is going on in the public schools is a factor. Parents are choosing a safe environment where they know their children are getting Christian values."

In 2005, before Hurricane Katrina, the school had 899 students. An additional 410 were temporarily enrolled at Strake after the hurricane for a period of time from Jesuit High School in New Orleans.

Athletics
The "Fighting Crusaders" were one of many Catholic high schools that originally competed in the now defunct T.C.I.L. (Texas Christian Interscholastic League). The league began in 1935 under the direction of Albert Mitchell (then principal of Central Catholic, San Antonio). Strake Jesuit's last year of competition in the T.C.I.L. concluded when the league came to a close in the 1999–2000 athletic season with the baseball team capturing the final T.C.I.L. State Championship in any sport. After T.C.I.L. merged with TAPPS, both Strake Jesuit and Dallas Jesuit were not permitted to join as TAPPS believed those two schools were too powerful. From the fall of 2000 to the spring of 2003, the Crusaders competed as an independent in all sports.

They were admitted into the University Interscholastic League (U.I.L.), the public school athletic league, partly due to the efforts of Joe Nixon, a member of the Texas House of Representatives. Texas Senate Bill 1943 opened the UIL to Strake and Dallas Jesuit, which established rules to put those two schools on equal footing with public schools. After its admission into the U.I.L., Strake Jesuit began competing in its listed district of 19-5A in the fall of 2003. The Crusaders have won several district and regional championships along with a state championship, state runners-up, and state semi-finalists within the past eight years in the U.I.L. The "Fighting Crusaders" athletic department provides 14 different programs which include: baseball, basketball, cross-country, football, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, rugby, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field, water polo, and wrestling.

The Houston Press ranked the U.I.L. realignment as the "Best Way to Break In to the Big Time" in 2003.

Rivalry
Despite moving to the U.I.L., Strake Jesuit had a storied rivalry with Saint Thomas High School (STH). Since its beginning in 1964, Strake Jesuit had a record of 24–29–1 against STH. However, as of 2020, both schools have announced the end of the annual competition and Strake Jesuit will now compete with Dallas Jesuit instead. This decision however was disliked by students and alumni from both schools.

Notable alumni

 * Gerald Hills (1973) – politician and educator; former chair of the Michigan Republican Party
 * Jim Murphy (1976) – Member of Texas House of Representatives
 * Rod Graves (1977) – former General Manager of the Arizona Cardinals
 * Fred Viancos (1980) – former professional tennis player and chief operating officer of United States Professional Tennis Association
 * Eric Mullins (1980) – Co-CEO of Lime Rock Resources and former NFL player
 * Chris Darkins (1992) – former NFL running back
 * Garth Jax (1982) – former NFL linebacker
 * Bill Nguyen (1991) - Technology entrepreneur, founder of Onebox.com, SEVEN Networks, La La Media Inc., and Color labs
 * Jake Voskuhl (1996) – former NBA player
 * Derek Lyons (2000) – Counselor to the President Donald Trump
 * Nelson Akwari (2000) – former professional soccer player
 * Chris Ogbonnaya (2004) – former NFL running back
 * Nicolas Jean-Baptiste (2007) – former NFL nose tackle
 * Greg Casar (2007) – US Rep TX-35, former Member of the Austin City Council
 * David King (2008) – former NFL defensive end
 * Austin Claunch (2008) – college basketball coach, head coach of Nicholls State Colonels
 * Tim Frazier (2009) – NBA player
 * Juan Adams (2010) – professional mixed martial artist
 * Pace Murphy (2012) – former NFL offensive tackle
 * Ilolo Izu (2015) – track and field athlete specializing in sprints and hurdles
 * Matthew Boling (2019) – track and field athlete specializing in sprints and long jump
 * Michael Wiley (2019) – college football running back for the Arizona Wildcats

title: Strake Jesuit College Preparatory


text:
Pradyumna

Pradyumna (प्रद्युम्न) is the eldest son of the Hindu deities Krishna and his chief consort, Rukmini. He is considered to be one of the four vyuha avatars of Vishnu. According to the Bhagavata Purana, Pradyumna was the reincarnation of Kamadeva, the god of love. The Mahabharata states that Pradyumna was a portion of Sanat Kumara.

The Harivamsa describes the chaturvyuha, consisisting of the Vrishni heroes Vāsudeva, Samkarsana, Pradyumna, and Aniruddha, that would later be the basis for the Vaishnava concept of primary quadrupled expansion, or avatara.

Pradyumna is also another name of the Hindu god Vishnu, mentioned to be one of the 24 Keshava Namas (names).

Birth and early life
Pradyumna was the son of Krishna and the sixty-first grandson of Adinarayana. His mother was Rukmini, whom Krishna had eloped with from Vidarbha during her swayamvara on her request. Pradyumna was born in Dvaraka and was the reincarnation of the demigod Kamadeva, a deity who was burnt to ashes by the fury of Shiva.

According to the Bhagavata Purana, within 10 days of Pradyumna's birth, he was abducted by the asura Shambara. Recognising him as his foe, the asura threw him into the ocean. The infant was swallowed by a mighty fish, which was caught by fishermen and presented to Shambara. Shambara's cooks discovered the child upon cutting the fish open. The child was given to Mayavati, who was the earthly incarnation of Rati. Recognising the son of Krishna as her divine consort, Rati fell in love with him once more. Years passed until Pradyumna flowered into adolescence, raised by Mayavati. When chastised by the deity for her amorous notions towards him, she explained to him the circumstances of his new birth. She bestowed Pradyumna with the mystic art of mahamaya, which dispelled all magic. The youth then summoned the asura to battle, where the latter first attacked him with a club, and followed with his daitya magic. Hundreds of weapons belonging to guhyakas, gandharvas, pisacas, and uragas (celestial snakes) were amassed to combat him, but all fell before the son of Krishna. Drawing his sharp-edged sword, he beheaded the asura. Accompanied with his wife, he descended upon the palace in Dvaraka like a cloud with lightning, the crowds of noble women mistaking his handsome countenance and bluish-black curling locks for Krishna himself. Rukmini, however, recognised him as her own son. Krishna manifested himself to the scene along with Vasudeva and Devaki, and together with the residents of Dvaraka, embraced the couple and rejoiced.

Marriages
Pradyumna's first wife was Mayavati, the incarnation of Kamadeva's wife Rati. At first, Pradyumna objected, but upon explanation, he realised that she was, in fact, his eternal consort. He also married Rukmavati, the daughter of his maternal uncle, Rukmi. It is said that Princess Rukmavati found his valour, comeliness, and charm beyond words, and insisted on marrying him at her swayamvara. With her, he fathered, Krishna's grandson and favourite, and also considered a vyuha avatar of Vishnu, Aniruddha. Prabhavati was an asura princess who fell in love with Pradyumna, and so he eloped with her.

Role in Dvaraka
Soon, Pradyumna became a constant companion of his father Krishna and was well-liked by the people of Dvaraka. Pradyumna was a mighty Maharathi warrior. He possessed the extremely rare Vaishnavastra, which was one of the most powerful weapons in the universe. He was one of the very few people to know the secret of the Chakravyuha. According to the Mahabharata, Pradyumna trained Abhimanyu and the Upapandavas in warfare when the Pandavas were in exile. But Pradyumna did not participate in the Kurukshetra War as he went on a pilgrimage with his uncle Balarama and the other Yadavas. He was, however, an active participant in the Ashvamedha Yagna, which was later conducted by Yudhishthira.

Defence of Dvaraka
Pradyumna defended Dvaraka against Shalva, the king of the Shalva Kingdom, along with his father, uncle and brothers. In the Harivamsa, Pradyumna alone repelled the attack of Jarasandha.

Death
Pradyumna was later killed in an intoxicated brawl, along with all the other members of the Yadava clan. His grandson, Vajra, was the only survivor of Yadu lineage after this incident.

Epithets
One of the epithets of Pradyumna in literature, such as in Harivamsa 99, is "Makaradhvaja", meaning "he whose banner or standard is the crocodile". A pillar capital with the effigy of a Makara crocodile found at Besnagar near the Heliodorus pillar dedicated to Vasudeva, is also attributed to Pradyumna. In the Mahabharata, the Makara is associated with Krishna's son and Kamadeva, the God of Love, suggesting that they are identical.

Descendants
As per the Bhagavata Purana, Canto 10, Chapter 61, Aniruddha was the son of Pradyumna and Rukmavati. He was later abducted by Usha (daughter of Bana asura and granddaughter of Mahabali), who wished to marry him. Usha's father, Banasura, however, imprisoned Aniruddha, creating a battle between Krishna and Shiva. In the battle, Pradyumna defeated Shiva's son Kartikeya, who fled on his peacock. At the end of the war, Banasura lost, and Aniruddha and Usha were married. Aniruddha is said to have been very much like his grandfather Krishna, to the extent that some consider him to be a jana avatar, an avatar of Vishnu. Aniruddha's son was Vajra. Vajra was known to be an invincible warrior and was the only survivor of the Yadu Dynasty after the Yadus' battle. According to some sources, Vajra then had 16 idols of Krishna and other gods carved from a rare, imperishable stone called Braja and built temples to house these idols in and around Mathura so as to feel the presence of Krishna. It is said that Pradyumna and Arjuna were equivalent in their skills.

Texts
The Hindu version of the history of Pradyumna is mentioned in Bhagavata Purana and Hari Vamsa.

The Jain version of the story of Pradyumna is mentioned in the Pradyumna-charitra (poem in 18 canons) of Rajchandra, written in 1878 AD.

title: Pradyumna