text:
Talk:David Murray, 7th Viscount Stormont

Wikipeedia needs a biography here. I created the stub just to record an answer. Many authors adressing the American Revolution refer to a Lord Stormont's role. It took some research to get to the right Stormont, so I've recorded the answer. Lou I 16:32, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)


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ArtExpress

ARTEXPRESS, also written ArtExpress, is an art exhibition which is a showcase of Higher School Certificate Visual Arts Examination artworks from across New South Wales, Australia.

History
ArtExpress began in the late 1950s in Sydney, exhibiting at the Art Gallery of NSW since 1983.

During the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (2020–2021), ArtExpress put its exhibitions online.

Description
It is a partnership between the NSW Education Standards Authority and NSW Department of Education in association with the Art Gallery of New South Wales. It began in the late 1950s in Sydney, exhibiting at the Art Gallery of NSW since 1983.

Whilst usually perceived as an exhibition of "the best" artworks, this is not necessarily true as the chosen artworks are merely representative of the broad diversity of different artworks submitted for that year's HSC. Although students are not so restricted in the works that are produced for the HSC, ARTEXPRESS works must have a "G" rating.

ARTEXPRESS occurs annually in the Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney Olympic Park and ten other art galleries in New South Wales. The works selected for ArtExpress reflect trends in the galleries who select the works, therefore they may not represent the exemplar works from the Visual Arts Examination, but the needs of the gallery showing the work. Works selected may reflect trends in cost cutting, so less complex works with fewer components and often less challenging (or engaging) works for the audience are given focus.

Past exhibitors

 * McLean Edwards (1990)
 * Melissa Chiu (1990)
 * Ben Quilty (1992)
 * David Griggs (1994)
 * Jasper Knight (1996)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: ArtExpress


text:
Hornsby (crater)

Hornsby is a tiny lunar impact crater in the western part of the Mare Serenitatis, a lunar mare in the northeast quadrant of the Moon's near side. It was named after British astronomer Thomas Hornsby. It is a solitary formation that is located at least 100 kilometers from any significant craters, although the curiously shaped depression Aratus CA lies about 50 km to the west-northwest. To the north-northwest is Linné, a feature notable for its skirt of high-albedo material. To the west of Hornsby is the wrinkle ridge Dorsum Von Cotta.

title: Hornsby (crater)


text:
Talk:Mercury (mythology)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Zachjones14, Sebastian Trejo, Noahtesser, 907AK.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 03:54, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Cross-cultural references missing
The other uses of Mercurius, for Woden and Thoth, for example, should also be included here. Septentrionalis 19:16, 5 August 2005 (UTC) The use of Mercurius for Woden is an invention of Middle Age Churchmen. In Tacitus' Germania no name is notated for "Mercurius the highest god of the Germans" - A broad research on this topic: GardenStone, The Mercury-Woden complex - A proposal -, Norderstedt (Germany)2011. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.222.251.245 (talk) 13:30, 16 February 2013 (UTC)

The term mercurius
Also Mercurius is used in homeopathic remedies such as Mercurius iodatus and Mercurius sulphuratus ruber. These are chemicals and certainly not constrained to mythology. Davidl9999 05:05, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * gud one

ahm im from the phillipines blieve me or not i am mercury! i will also do predict! and plss help me call me 09282800047 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 112.200.90.125 (talk) 11:34, 5 February 2010 (UTC)

Messenger
Hello, I added a citation missing (fact) tag with this month as the date, because the first sentence gives the impression that this god is a god of "trade". I can look this up if I can find a book, but I believe that at least once upon a time, Mercury was more "majorly" to use the article's adjective, a "messenger". My apologies if I made a memory error. Hope this helps. -Susanlesch 15:20, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

'Mercury and modern occultism' Section
I've added a references tag to this section, since although the origin for 'Wednesday' is correct, and it is indeed the equivalent of dies Mercurii, there are no sources cited for any of this information.

Additionally, I'm doubtful about the use of the spelling 'Odhinn' rather than the more commonly used and widely known 'Odin'. This seems overly fussy, since any rendering of Odin's name in the Roman alphabet, rather than the old Norse, is inevitably going to be an approximation anyway, and one approximation is really no better than another. In this case, I suggest it's better to stick with the form most people recognise, but I've left this alone for the moment.

 * The 'dh' is undoubtedly to indicate a voiced "th" sound for the 'd' rather than the usual 'd' sound. O-then, as his name was pronounced (but not to the southernly Germanics who'd have had their god associated to Mercury anyhow, so it is a moot point) 74.209.54.32 (talk) 04:39, 9 January 2010 (UTC)

I've also removed the final remark in the section: "Mercury's quickness may be likened to the sparrow". Unless someone can expand on a link between occultism and the sparrow, the statement looked a little lost and confused - it didn't seem to relate to the point of the section. - Scelestus (talk) 08:58, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Iwas going to move the text here as it is very dubious and uncited for months. Now that I see I am not alone in this thinking I have just removed it. --Secisek (talk) 14:53, 15 March 2009 (UTC)

images
There are two images of the Gallic Mercury, and two from the 17th century, but none that are distinctly Roman. Doesn't that seem a little off? The three-headed "Mercury" is clearly a deity of the continental Celts and shouldn't be in the article at the expense of at least one Roman example. (The Gallo-Roman Mercury goes well with the section on epithets.) Cynwolfe (talk) 14:03, 30 March 2010 (UTC)

minor rewrite
"In Ovid's Fasti, Mercury is assigned to escort the nymph Larunda to the underworld. Mercury, however, fell in love with Larunda and made love to her on the way; this act has also been interpreted as a rape. Lara thereby became mother to two children, referred to as the Lares, invisible household gods."

Larunda mysteriously becomes Lara with no explanation -- yes, the name has multiple forms (as is common in mythology) but it shouldn't just be tossed in without explanation. I have changed the 'Lara' to 'Larunda'. Vultur (talk) 04:16, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

God of the Crossroads

 * There is another aspect to Mercury which is less known and actually more important. The god Mercury also ruled crossroads. The Greeks erected little phallic statues (no pun intended) honoring the god Mercury along the side of the road and at crossroads to honor the god of travelers.Nancy R. Fenn
 * In ancient Greece, marker stones commemorating the god Hermes in his priapic form were set at the crossroads. In ancient Rome the similar god Mercury was the crossroads guardian.catherine yronwode

I came to this article for the God of the Crossroads, and was surprised to find no mention of it here, so goggled the above references. Even though Fenn and yronwode are not exactly scholarly, they do show I'm not the only person who thinks Mercury is the god of crossroads. As this article was last modified on 9 September 2011 at 11:46, some editors are taking an active interest in it, and I wish you'd take note of the overseer of crossroads. --Pawyilee (talk) 06:00, 12 September 2011 (UTC)

Planet and weekday
In Hindu mythology, Budha (not to be confused with Buddha) is the god of Mercury (planet), mid-week Wednesday, and of Merchants and merchandise. I can't find in his job description that he oversees travelers and crossroads, but otherwise his day job matches that of Roman Mercury and Greek Hermes. --Pawyilee (talk) 08:32, 12 September 2011 (UTC)

Mercury - Hermes means Satan
in Hermetism. Böri (talk) 09:14, 20 February 2012 (UTC)

 * That's great but put it on the Hermes article. Rainbow Shifter (talk) 19:40, 8 February 2013 (UTC)

Royal corps of signals
Someone should mention the royal corps of signals, as mercury is on their cap badge and many commonwealth variants. Him being the god of communications an all. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.172.135.224 (talk) 00:36, 16 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Would you like to add it perhaps? Rainbow Shifter (talk) 07:14, 16 March 2013 (UTC)

Names and Epithets Section (Association with Germanic gods)
Doesn't Mercury share many characteristics with Loki, not Gebrinius? Mercury is the prankster trickster of Roman mythology and so is Loki of Germania, which is how Loki would best use his shape shifting abilities. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.63.2.246 (talk) 21:42, 18 August 2013 (UTC)

 * You're talking about perceived functional parallels. The identification between Mercurius and Gebrinius via interpretatio romana is attested by an inscription. Cynwolfe (talk) 21:54, 18 August 2013 (UTC)

somebody ad here whit references first know cult in Greece was cult of Orpheus, also Tracians know him, for some reason, new cult of sun worshipers, leaded by Zeus -priest and oracles did not accept Orphians so they moved to Sisily,  Dionysian cult know him as Mor(r)pheus form one of islands of Mediterranean. References can be found from Books which tell Pythagoras history, he was Orphian and moved to Sisily because of persecution in Greece something to do whit religion(?), Pythagoras believed sound of space, and listened its music rest of his life a Sisly after persecution, hes carrier as mathematician stopped there. Orpheus cult is based on lyra and music, death and love(er) like Mercury in Rome. Healing power of music! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.150.81.119 (talk) 14:45, 29 March 2014 (UTC)

Mercury's mythology and planet
Budha (in the mythology India, and not to be confused with Buddha) describes the same god with the same duties. Even if most other attributes differ, the two articles should at the very least mention mention each other, with Mercury yielding priority to Budha. Given that the infant god Budha's origin was both violent and cloaked in mystery, Mercury (planet) should mention India's god, if and when reference is made to this story.

—Pawyilee (talk) 11:22, 7 July 2014 (UTC)

Suggestion - remove section on Mercury's net
Why does this one obscure myth (associated with Hermes, anyway) get listed here? Delete, I say. Thoughts? - Eponymous-Archon (talk) 00:31, 17 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Done. Geogene (talk) 19:42, 8 April 2016 (UTC)

"Mercury"
The usage and primary topic of "Mercury" is under discussion, see Talk:Mercury (planet) -- 70.51.45.100 (talk) 05:03, 8 April 2016 (UTC)

Bronze statue
The main picture appears to be in error! The bronze statue has none of the characteristics of Mercury/Hermes (winged sandles, winged hat, staff) but is carrying a club and ?lionskin. Isn't this more likely to be Hercules/Herakles? DrJonJ (talk) 18:32, 2 October 2016 (UTC)
 * I agree. I've replaced the image. Paul August ☎ 19:00, 2 October 2016 (UTC)

Worship, Mythology, and Influnce
Added some sections expanding Mercury's worship, included some myths, and expanded the 'pop culture' section to include some other name influences. Sebastian Trejo (talk) 03:02, 1 December 2017 (UTC)The edits have already been reverted, and I was hoping someone could help me understand what, if anything, could be done to bring the new sections to par. Sebastian Trejo (talk) 14:38, 1 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Where to start . I see that there's a class project and I see that it's the first week of December, but it takes most people about six months to learn source evaluation, weight, and style well enough to get their edits to "stick" consistently. An obvious, and fixable, thing is that indepthinfo.com, which is being heavily relied on as a source, fails the WP reliable source criteria because it looks like it's just somebody's website. Geogene (talk) 20:14, 1 December 2017 (UTC)

Confusion.
"He was considered the son of Maia, who was a daughter of the Titan Atlas, and Jupiter in Roman mythology." How could Maia be the child of two males?77Mike77 (talk) 00:14, 12 November 2018 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Introduction to Mythology
— Assignment last updated by Ssg0r (talk) 09:42, 30 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mercury (mythology)


text:
User:Walshga

My user name is Walshga, but my real name is James P. Walsh ("Jim"). I'm a law librarian at  Mercer University Law School in Macon, Georgia, USA. Here is my law school bio page and my Wikimedia Meta-Wiki page.

The current date and time is Monday, July 2024,  (UTC).

Wikipedia has registered users and  active editors who have made  edits.

Useful Links

 * Best articles
 * Cheatsheet for Editing Wikipedia - [[WP:CHEAT ]]
 * Citation Quick Reference - [[WP:CQR ]]
 * Creating a bot
 * Examples of reliable sources
 * How to improve image quality
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Templates

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Article specific

 * Articles for deletion process
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title: User:Walshga


text:
BREIN

The ; abbreviated as BREIN) is an advocacy group with international links, based in the Netherlands, which represents the interests of the Dutch entertainment industry and is organised under the Dutch law through the legal form of stichting. It is notable for launching court proceedings against copyright infringement in the country and for engaging in lobbying in order to create legal precedents of global significance.

Participants
BREIN brings together organizations or rights holders in the entertainment industry, such as film and recording studios. Those are amongst others:
 * Buma/Stemra
 * Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van Beeld- en Geluidsdragers
 * Motion Pictures Association
 * Nederlandse Vereniging van Filmdistributeurs
 * Bridge Entertainment Group B.V.
 * Nederlandse Vereniging van Bioscoopexploitanten
 * Stichting Videma
 * Nederlandse Vereniging van Entertainment Retailers
 * Nederlandse Uitgeversverbond
 * members of the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry

History
Tim (Timotheus Jacobus) Kuik, a law graduate of the University of Amsterdam (1982), oversaw the activities of BREIN from its inception. He assumed leadership of BREIN in 1999 after returning to his native Netherlands from Los Angeles, where he had headed the Motion Picture Association's global anti-piracy programme from 1996. He had originally worked for CIC Video, a joint venture between Paramount Pictures and Universal Pictures which represented a change in policy from attempts to ban VHS, and led MPA's anti-piracy activities in Europe from 1992, which included interventions in Hungary and Bulgaria. Before leaving Los Angeles, on 21 February 1998 he presented a paper titled How the East Was Won: Legal Aspects of the Entertainment Business in Russia at a conference there. By the time of its publication in summer 1999 under the changed title Piracy in Russia: An Epidemic, Kuik was listed as the General Director of BREIN.

On 30 July 2009, an Amsterdam civil law court ruled in favour of BREIN in its lawsuit over copyright infringement against the three alleged operators of The Pirate Bay (TPB), who were not officially summoned by the court.

In August 2009, Kuik addressed the Hacking at Random conference on the future of copyright laws and was confronted by TPB's founder Gottfrid Svartholm over his allegations that TPB is run for profit. Kuik was unable to substantiate his claims.

In October 2012, BREIN won a landmark case in The Hague against the Dutch hosting service provider XS Networks, which had refused to shut down a torrent-based file sharing site at BREIN's request and hand over the personal details of its owner to BREIN. The court found XS Network liable for damages for copyright infringement and ordered it to disclose information about the site owner. The ruling was seen as a precedent in that it held hosting providers legally responsible for not complying with requests of industry interest groups in advance of a court order.

In October 2020, BREIN won its ten-year-long lawsuit against three internet service providers (ISPs) – Ziggo, KPN and XS4ALL – when a Lelystad court ordered the ISPs to block The Pirate Bay. In March 2021, the BREIN employee Bastiaan van Ramshorst sent a copy of the blocking order against TPB to Google, although the company had not been named in it.

In November 2021, BREIN and the Dutch Copyright Federation concluded an official covenant-type agreement with six ISPs (Ziggo, KPN, Delta Fiber, T-Mobile, Canal+ and NLConnect), negotiated with the support of the Dutch Ministry of Justice and Security, in which all the participating operators agreed to block a website if one of them received a blocking order against it. BREIN was charged with updating the domain lists of blocked websites, while the ISPs agreed to bear technical costs of enforcing the blocks.

By November 2021 Google voluntarily complied with enforcing the block against TPB, an action that was reported to be unprecedented on its part. BREIN claimed that Google found itself in "the same situation" as the Dutch ISPs who had signed the recent covenant. BREIN subsequently reported further collaboration with Google entailing removing blocked domains from local search results.

In March 2024, BREIN obtained a court order from the Rotterdam District Court for a Dutch ISP to block the Library Genesis and Anna's Archive shadow libraries, thus expanding the existing blocklist under the 2021 covenant. The court issued a dynamic blocking order covering all future domains.

In April 2024, Kuik retired and was replaced by Bastiaan van Ramshorst, a business law graduate (2000) and a member of the International Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property, who joined BREIN around 2010 and whom Kuik had prepared as his successor over the previous ten years. In an interview given on the occasion of his retirement, Kuik admitted that the business model behind Netflix, Spotify and Napster largely derives from the copyright-infringing streaming services BREIN has sought to close down.

Shutdowns of alleged piracy sites
BREIN is known for shutting down Dutch eDonkey 2000 link giant ShareConnector in December 2004. Due to controversy over the legality of links to illegal content, and a lack of quality in the evidence provided by BREIN, the case was not put to trial for several years. After being offline for two years, ShareConnector reopened in December 2006 but on November 12, 2007, Shareconnector went offline again.

On March 16, 2010 the Amsterdam Court of Appeal ruled that sites that offer hash links (like .torrent links) were facilitating copyright infringement, an unlawful behavior. Shareconnector did not make the content available to the public because they did not have control over the content itself and they did not interfere in the up- and downloading process. However, the Court of Appeal ruled that the site was illegal because their procedure made it easier for users to retrieve the illegal content from the eDonkey network.

On October 23, 2007 BREIN, together with IFPI, BPI, Dutch police, and other organizations shut down prominent Bittorrent tracker Oink's Pink Palace.

In a civil court case which BREIN filed in the Netherlands against the founders of The Pirate Bay, on 22 October 2009 the Amsterdam District Court ruled that The Pirate Bay was not making a direct infringement but its facilitating activities amount to an unlawful act. The Court ordered The Pirate Bay to remove a list of torrents that link to copyright-protected works in the Netherlands and to make these torrents on its websites inaccessible for Internet users in the Netherlands. The Pirate Bay ignored the verdict.

In January 2012 BREIN announced that a Dutch court had ordered Ziggo and XS4ALL to block all access to The Pirate Bay. On May 10, 2012 this judgement was followed by a court order of the District Court in The Hague against UPC, KPN, T-Mobile and Tele2 to also block The Pirate Bay for their customers.

Ziggo and XS4ALL appealed this verdict and won, with BREIN being ordered to pay 326,000 Euro as a compensation for process costs.

On March 23, 2024, the Dutch pirate site blocklist has been reported to now include Anna's Archive and Library Genesis, based on a request by BREIN.

Lawsuit by FTD
After a series of allegations that Usenet community Fill Threads Database (FTD) was acting illegally, the Dutch FTD started a lawsuit against BREIN in May 2009. BREIN president Tim Kuik alleged in a Dutch newspaper that "Although they [FTD] are not carrying illegal content on their servers, what FTD does is simply criminal". FTD is suing for a retraction of this libelous statement and demands a declaration from the courts that its activities are entirely within the law.

On February 9, 2011, the Dutch District Court of Haarlem ruled, that FTD had acted unlawfully and issued an injunction. FTD was obliged to ban all references to files of BREIN members.

The court also ruled that Tim Kuik was free to expose the conduct of FTD and communicate the opinion of BREIN. The request for rectification was therefore rejected by the court.

FTD ceased all its operations a few weeks after the verdict.

Alleged attack on BREIN website
On 1 June 2009 Tim Kuik published an online article claiming BREIN's website was "broken" by hackers performing DDoS attacks. He speculated about a possible connection with the intended court summons against The Pirate Bay. Several independent sources reported the site's deep links were still available (only the frontpage was inaccessible) and as such BREIN's claim of having been attacked was false. Brein responded claiming the attacks had stopped and that the site's year old backup had been used to recover the site. Because the backup was dated, the website was now under construction.

Internet blog Geenstijl purportedly discovered BREIN's server was still fully operational and there had been no attack whatsoever - the complete news archive was still available. (A password was later added to BREIN's news archive to prevent further checks on availability.)

On 23 June 2009 The Pirate Bay announced a lawsuit against Tim Kuik on libel charges, claiming The Pirate Bay had nothing to do with the alleged DDoS attack.

Criticism
In September 2009 BREIN CEO Tim Kuik attracted controversy when in a news conference he stated he was using a laptop confiscated from a "pirate" and given to him by someone involved with the case.

BREIN attracted controversy again when several suspicious aspects of their lawsuit against The Pirate Bay and Reservella were revealed, including evidence that documents used to link Fredrik Neij of The Pirate Bay to Reservella were faked. Peter Sunde and the Dutch Pirate Party filed criminal felony charges against both Tim Kuik and BREIN for fraud and forgery.

In January 2011, BREIN targeted one of the Internet's largest warez piracy topsites. The site, known as Swan, was taken down by hosting provider WorldStream and without judicial process BREIN seized its servers. The owners of the servers retaliated by seizing them back and may sue BREIN for breach of privacy and property rights as BREIN is a private organization and has no special legal or investigative authority.

title: BREIN


text:
Swiss Football Association

The Swiss Football Association (Schweizerischer Fussballverband, Association Suisse de Football, Associazione Svizzera di Football/Calcio, Associaziun Svizra da Ballape) is the governing body of football in Switzerland. It organizes the football league, the Swiss Football League and the Switzerland national football team. It is based in Bern.

It was formed in 1895, was a founder member of FIFA in 1904 and joined UEFA during its foundation year, 1954. FIFA is now based in Switzerland at Zürich. Also UEFA is based in the Swiss city of Nyon.

ASF-SFV is the abbreviation of the associations name in three of the national languages of Switzerland. ASF stands for both French (Association Suisse de Football) and Italian (Associazione Svizzera di Football), while SFV is the German (Schweizerischer Fussballverband).- Romansh - It is abbreviated as ASB (Associaziun Svizra da Ballape).

Presidents

 * Ralph Zloczower (2001–2009)
 * Peter Gilliéron (2009–2019)
 * Dominique Blanc (2019–present)

title: Swiss Football Association


text:
Repo (disambiguation)

A repo or repurchase agreement is a financial instrument.

Repo may also refer to:

Finance

 * Repossession of collateral, for a defaulted loan
 * Repo 105, an accounting maneuver
 * Russian Elites, Proxies, and Oligarchs Task Force

Music, arts and entertainment

 * Repo! The Genetic Opera, 2008 film by Darren Lynn Bousman
 * Repo (album), 2009 album by Black Dice
 * Repo Men, 2010 science fiction action film by Miguel Sapochnik
 * Operation Repo, a TV show
 * Repo Games, a TV show
 * Repo Man (disambiguation)
 * Repo Man (film), a 1984 film by Alex Cox
 * Repo Men, a 2010 film by Miguel Sapochnik
 * Repo Chick

People

 * Repo (name), list of people with the name

Technology

 * Software repository, a stockpile of software assets such as binaries and source code available on the Internet
 * Repository (version control), a metadata store used in a version control system
 * Repo, a multiple Git repository tool

title: Repo (disambiguation)


text:
Hudson's

The J. L. Hudson Company (commonly known simply as Hudson's) was an upscale retail department store chain based in Detroit, Michigan. Hudson's flagship store, on Woodward Avenue in Downtown Detroit (demolished October 24, 1998), was the tallest department store in the world in 1961, and, at one time, claimed to be the second-largest department store, after Macy's, in the United States, by square footage.

Growth
Founded in 1881 by Joseph Lowthian Hudson, the store thrived during the record growth of Detroit and the auto industry in the first half of the 20th century. In 1909, J.L. Hudson invested in a start-up automobile manufacturer which was named the Hudson Motor Car Company in his honor. The Hudson Motor Car Company eventually became part of the American Motors Corporation and later Chrysler. Hudson operated the store until his death in 1912, when his four nephews (James, Joseph, Oscar, and Richard Webber) assumed control. The third generation of the family assumed control in 1961, when Joseph L. Hudson, Jr., became president of the company.

Over time, the store grew from its beginnings in the Detroit Opera House to a 25-story building with 2124316 sqft and occupying an entire city block.

Policies
Hudson's was known for customer satisfaction and its liberal return policy that would include even merchandise that customers had purchased years earlier but never used.

In 1952, Hudson's total sales were $175 million but issued refunds totaling $25 million. Store executives felt that to be a small price to pay for customer loyalty.

In addition to cultivating loyalty through sales policies, Hudson's was involved in the community. In 1924, two years prior to rival Macy's, it staged its first Thanksgiving Parade, which continues today. In 1923, it unveiled the world's largest flag, which covered 3700 sqft of the Woodward facade of the building. The flag was displayed annually until it was replaced, in 1949, by a larger flag. In 1959, the store began sponsorship of the annual fireworks display that was part of the International Freedom Festival.

Locations
Hudson's Budget Store occupied two full basement levels of the downtown store as well as several branches. It had an independent staff of buyers, carried its own line of merchandise, and was considered the greatest competition to the big store.

Hudson's expanded into suburban Detroit, starting with the anchor store at Northland Center in nearby Southfield, Michigan, the largest shopping center in the United States when it opened, in 1954. Similar suburban malls followed (Eastland Center in 1957 and Westland Center in 1965) as well as other locations throughout the tri-state region. The Dayton Co. of Minneapolis acquired The J.L. Hudson Co. in 1969 to form the Dayton–Hudson Corporation, the predecessor to Target Corporation, but "The J.L. Hudson Co." continued to operate as a semiautonomous entity. Dayton–Hudson eventually acquired and sold several other department store chains.

Decline
Though customers flocked to the suburban locations, the downtown store still accounted for half of Hudson's business in 1961, but demographic changes continued to erode sales. Store officials even considered closing the store as early as 1971, citing $9,000,000 in pilferage, but decided to remain for fear of the potential backlash of city officials and customers. By 1978, they agreed to construct a smaller store of 320000 sqft as part of a proposed downtown shopping center.

Lack of interest from other retailers and funding problems shelved the center, and after many years of declining sales and consolidating selling space, the flagship Hudson's store closed January 17, 1983, at nearly the lowest point of Downtown Detroit's decline.

After closure, Hudson's maintained its headquarters staff of about 1,100 in the downtown store. In May 1984, The J.L. Hudson Co. formally merged into The Department Store Division of the Dayton Hudson Corp., but Hudson's stores continued to carry the Hudson's name. All executive and buying positions transferred to Minneapolis, and other staff moved to space at the Northland store in Southfield. The last corporate department in the downtown Detroit building, credit operations, moved in October 1986. Dayton Hudson sold the building in December 1989, and it was imploded on October 24, 1998.

Hudson's operated a large warehouse complex in an area bounded by Madison, Brush, Adams and Beacon Streets in Downtown Detroit. The buildings were constructed between the 1920s and the 1950s and averaged between four and six floors. In the early 1980s, Building 3 was sold and renovated into Madison Center, home for the 36th District Court. The remaining buildings in the complex closed in the late 1990s to make room for the new 65,000-seat stadium, Ford Field. Ford Field partially incorporated one of the warehouses into its design.

The vacant site in Detroit between Woodward and Farmer Street and between E. Grand River and Gratiot was turned into an underground parking garage with supports in place for a future building. The address of the first Hudson's building on the lot was on Farmer, not at 1206 Woodward, the building's later and better-known address. In 2018 the parking garage at the former Hudson's site was demolished to make way for two new buildings on the former Hudson's site. One of these new buildings will be the second tallest building in Michigan upon its completion, project height of 685 ft.

In 2000, Dayton–Hudson Corporation took the name of its most successful operation, becoming Target Corporation, and one year, it later re-branded all Hudson's and Dayton's locations with the Marshall Field's moniker, an operation purchased by Dayton–Hudson in 1990. After being briefly owned by May Department Stores, the former Hudson's stores were acquired by Federated Department Stores in 2006 and all Marshall Field's stores were incorporated into the Macy's chain. Target still maintains a common law trademark in the use of Daytons.com and Hudsons.com, which both redirect to the Target website.

title: Hudson's


text: Category:Japanese explorers

title: Category:Japanese explorers


text:
Saint-Didier

Saint Didier or Saint-Didier may refer to:

People

 * Didier of Cahors (c. 580-655), Merovingian royal official
 * Didier of Vienne (died 607), archbishop of Vienne and chronicler
 * Didier of Rennes (died c. 672), bishop
 * Deodatus of Nevers (died 679), bishop of Nevers

Places

 * Saint-Didier, Côte-d'Or, in the Côte-d'Or département
 * Saint-Didier, Ille-et-Vilaine, in the Ille-et-Vilaine département
 * Saint-Didier, Jura, in the Jura département
 * Saint-Didier, Nièvre, in the Nièvre département
 * Saint-Didier, Vaucluse, in the Vaucluse département
 * Saint-Didier-au-Mont-d'Or, in the Rhône département
 * Saint-Didier-d'Allier, in the Haute-Loire département
 * Saint-Didier-d'Aussiat, in the Ain département
 * Saint-Didier-de-Bizonnes, in the Isère département
 * Saint-Didier-de-Formans, in the Ain département
 * Saint-Didier-de-la-Tour, in the Isère département
 * Saint-Didier-des-Bois, in the Eure département
 * Saint-Didier-en-Bresse, in the Saône-et-Loire département
 * Saint-Didier-en-Brionnais, in the Saône-et-Loire département
 * Saint-Didier-en-Donjon, in the Allier département
 * Saint-Didier-en-Velay, in the Haute-Loire département
 * Saint-Didier-la-Forêt, in the Allier département
 * Saint-Didier-sous-Aubenas, in the Ardèche département
 * Saint-Didier-sous-Écouves, in the Orne département
 * Saint-Didier-sous-Riverie, in the Rhône département
 * Saint-Didier-sur-Arroux, in the Saône-et-Loire département
 * Saint-Didier-sur-Beaujeu, in the Rhône département
 * Saint-Didier-sur-Chalaronne, in the Ain département
 * Saint-Didier-sur-Doulon, in the Haute-Loire département
 * Saint-Didier-sur-Rochefort, in the Loire département

title: Saint-Didier


text: User:Paparodo

title: User:Paparodo


text:
Kyōiku kanji

The kyōiku kanji (教育漢字), sometimes called the gakushū kanji (学習漢字), are those kanji listed on the Gakunenbetsu kanji haitō hyō (学年別漢字配当表), a list of 1,026 kanji and associated readings developed and maintained by the Japanese Ministry of Education that prescribes which kanji, and which readings of kanji, Japanese students should learn from first grade to the sixth grade of elementary school. Although the list is designed for Japanese students, it can also be used as a sequence of learning characters by non-native speakers as a means of focusing on the most commonly used kanji.

Kyōiku kanji are a subset (1,026) of the 2,136 characters of jōyō kanji.

Versions of the kyōiku list

 * 1946 created with 881 characters
 * 1977 expanded to 996 characters
 * 1982 expanded to 1,006 characters
 * 2020 expanded to 1,026 characters
 * The following 20 characters, all used in prefecture names, were added in 2020.
 * 茨 (Ibaraki), 媛 (Ehime), 岡 (Shizuoka, Okayama and Fukuoka), 潟 (Niigata), 岐 (Gifu), 熊 (Kumamoto), 香 (Kagawa), 佐 (Saga), 埼 (Saitama), 崎 (Nagasaki and Miyazaki), 滋 (Shiga), 鹿 (Kagoshima), 縄 (Okinawa), 井 (Fukui), 沖 (Okinawa), 栃 (Tochigi), 奈 (Kanagawa and Nara), 梨 (Yamanashi), 阪 (Ōsaka), 阜 (Gifu)

List by grade
Note 1: Many kanji have complex meanings and nuances, or express concepts not directly translatable into English. In those cases, the English meanings mentioned here are approximate.

Note 2: In the kun'yomi readings, readings after - (hyphen) are okurigana.

Note 3: A - (hyphen) at the end of the -yomi corresponds to a small tsu in kana, which indicates that the following consonant is geminated.

List by Unicode code point
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List by frequency
日人一大年本中出時行事分会上生国者合自間方見手前場月子地学後入目部長発同新高社的作内動下用代言立定理明体業度通気関対家力表当金実全思物最外話現書名小意性市成来連今文回開法以戦所化女記主問三道不世取要多知機二野数第持教山心相画使集経正選報民考先期近情員利加面点水無在変次公初決安原品結解政東活語題保特信向車別私受平界海重引議付続真能元強田都組感電調指制少身和治何校男産口有説十楽示切約円県直確番川送交際空進得神売件務勝権食設運認必参位過町式置料流広北天可論共五支果氏終味計線聞死店始村万反島常木様半投状容放院予格着土住美屋台四応区判形転団基朝総白音役係工葉由西足他改伝軍止風起質仕配育張告資術声好親構頭府落優供士京済八義求検然石打価門再良乗局任古種光観注営映両限想帰読夫色号残態案達職追字存写演断査米愛南急消命提側統商球科建備首族条登研象呼早千九太図病路造悪馬技協個害念待収例増去各護官等派究規夜験館歩非細母像型割器返難試室証歌史録戸客助単視勢医素比火移党識準師花失段王域武量争満除福六井差製宮降類州殺若歴百編望守買独周園値負英評処系右七銀深横談防走接速管兵座策根境父異黒友復程率申衛青末警赤展働答領笑顔左挙松鉄算紙毎減察修導低辺駅退覚費春景帯疑旅極宅完版未曲担階週省専賞装著材寄飛姿補効労谷隊習農橋株具居委源船久述整将城財夏席願児精競故健佐興織絶波適積熱紀級革秋敗薬破標休苦囲温節岡洋税森背芸便遠険庫幸宿蔵巻探額星裁許司富授軽激推並従午遺香血順課林給板略訪雑陸角寺港留丸印玉君志短属静崎模豊遊服因清余河圧酒拡康障息列危密盛皇街照冷講飲央肉章逆刻喜責老泉草散我布旧絵輪裏庭衆昨植焼養訳博劇妻曜候針夢婦罪亡阪諸築練善創鳥仲堂幹茶似就雨徒航討承典岩誌禁採乱否令測油傷厳固犯岸忘輸幕陽納欲宇複筆辞徳困則永痛秘池筋宗札貴延益里簡停枚倍己脳羽昭勤敵票染暴片刊混易季底功坂群祭希折射夕閉快暮層厚億樹竹欠暗弱閣庁奈倉卒雪弟毛批宣賀兄栄救績純副骨仮聖晴券魚覧礼届操憲仏律署束沖迷宝飯損丁犬盟災吸冬鹿頂貨郷至均悲借謝縮郵歯腹荷包臣湯洗衣翌燃牛臨昼窓舎黄幼童砂誤鳴郡眼奏菜昔誕酸胸乳貸沿宙雲縄皮塩秒耳詩努祖賛液招勉箱梅揮句姉矢敬捨浅慣看漢浴熊忠緑桜尊虫豆祝妹旗泣賃訓紅寒勇干湖才銭穴毒潮柱詞鏡誠仁唱帳孫漁俳臓貧枝畑炭拝預晩岐牧序灯飼刀暖冊械孝鼻粉往棒氷卵熟刷墓糸貯縦泳潟脈肥貿麦弁兆糖梨垂朗恩埼暑蒸奮巣拾銅鉱径綿舌寸磁灰茨芽耕鋼潔皿肺腸阜貝胃班弓滋栃羊机尺后笛俵穀媛陛汽絹蚕

Kokuji
Kokuji are characters originally created in Japan; two of them are kyōiku kanji: 働 (Grade 4) and 畑 (Grade 3). There are also 8 kokuji within the secondary-school kanji and 16 within the jinmeiyō kanji. The character 働 and some others are also used in Chinese now, but most kokuji are unknown outside Japan.

Kokkun
Kokkun are characters and combinations of characters that have different meanings in Japanese and Chinese

For example, the character combination 手紙 means 'letter' in Japanese, but 'toilet paper' in Chinese. However, the isolated characters have the same meaning in both languages: 手 (Grade 1) means 'hand', and 紙 (Grade 2) means 'paper'.

Simplified characters and their traditional forms
See also shinjitai and kyūjitai.

Differences in simplification between China and Japan
China and Japan simplified their writing systems independently from each other. After World War II, their relations were hostile, so they did not cooperate. Traditional Chinese characters are still officially used in Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, South Korea (as a supplement to Hangul, but they are no longer used in South Korea), and by many overseas Chinese.

In Chinese, many more characters were simplified than in Japanese; some characters were simplified in only one language; other characters were simplified in the same way in both languages, and other characters were simplified in both languages but in different ways. This means that those who want to learn the writing systems of both languages must sometimes learn at least three different variations of one character: traditional Chinese, simplified Chinese, and modern Japanese (for example 兩 - 两 - 両). Some others have more variations, such as (斗 - 鬥 - 鬭 - 鬬 - 鬪 - 鬦 - 闘 - 閗), some of which are considered the older forms of Chinese characters and variations of different Chinese regions, and the older forms of Japanese characters (kyūjitai).

Traditional characters that may cause problems displaying
Note that within the kyōiku kanji, there are 26 characters; the old forms of which may cause problems displaying:

 * Grade 2 (2 kanji): 海 社
 * Grade 3 (8 kanji): 勉 暑 漢 神 福 練  者 都
 * Grade 4 (6 kanji): 器 殺 祝 節 梅 類
 * Grade 5 (1 kanji): 祖
 * Grade 6 (9 kanji): 勤 穀 視  署  層 著 諸 難 朗
 * Within the jōyō kanji, the same is true for 36 secondary-school kanji, so, in total, 62 of the 2,136 jōyō kanji have traditional forms that may cause problems displaying.

These characters are Unicode CJK Unified Ideographs for which the old form (kyūjitai) and the new form (shinjitai) have been unified under the Unicode standard. Although the old and new forms are distinguished under the JIS X 0213 standard, the old forms map to Unicode CJK Compatibility Ideographs which are considered by Unicode to be canonically equivalent to the new forms and may not be distinguished by user agents. Therefore, depending on the user environment, it may not be possible to see the distinction between old and new forms of the characters. In particular, all Unicode normalization methods merge the old characters with the new ones.

List of simplified kyōiku kanji
For example, 万 is the simplified form of 萬. Note that 弁 is used to simplify three different traditional characters (辨, 瓣, and 辯).

 * 万 萬, 両 兩, 画 畫, 昼 晝, 蚕 蠶, 悪 惡, 旧 舊, 単 單, 巣 巢, 争 爭, 来 來, 乗 乘, 勉 勉, 厳 嚴, 予 豫, 変 變, 仏 佛, 会 會, 伝 傳, 仮 假, 体 體, 余 餘, 価 價, 児 兒, 並 竝, 円 圓, 写 寫, 労 勞, 効 效, 勤 勤, 区 區, 医 醫, 真 眞, 点 點, 圧 壓, 歴 歷, 台 臺, 弁 (辨 瓣 辯),
 * 参 參, 収 收, 号 號, 営 營, 器 器, 団 團, 図 圖, 囲 圍, 国 國, 売 賣, 声 聲, 塩 鹽, 増 增, 処 處, 条 條, 学 學, 実 實, 宝 寶, 専 專, 当 當, 県 縣, 党 黨, 届 屆, 属 屬, 層 層, 巻 卷, 帯 帶, 広 廣, 庁 廳, 応 應, 帰 歸, 径 徑, 従 從, 徳 德, 衛 衞, 戦 戰, 担 擔, 拡 擴, 拝 拜, 挙 擧, 数 數, 対 對, 断 斷, 晩 晚, 暑 暑, 栄 榮, 梅 梅, 桜 櫻, 検 檢, 楽 樂, 様 樣, 権 權, 横 橫, 欠 缺, 歩 步, 残 殘, 殺 殺, 穀 穀, 毎 每, 気 氣, 海 海, 浅 淺, 済 濟, 満 滿, 温 溫, 漢 漢, 灯 燈, 焼 燒, 状 狀, 将 將, 独 獨, 発 發, 研 硏, 礼 禮, 社 社, 神 神, 祖 祖, 祝 祝, 視 視, 福 福, 秘 祕, 節 節, 糸 絲, 経 經, 絵 繪, 続 續, 総 總, 練 練, 緑 綠, 縦 縱, 署 署, 者 者, 朗 朗, 脳 腦, 臓 臟, 乱 亂, 辞 辭, 芸 藝, 著 著, 蔵 藏, 薬 藥, 虫 蟲, 装 裝, 覚 覺, 覧 覽, 観 觀, 訳 譯, 証 證, 読 讀, 諸 諸, 豊 豐, 賛 贊, 転 轉, 軽 輕, 辺 邊, 都 都, 郷 鄕, 鉄 鐵, 鉱 鑛, 銭 錢, 録 錄, 関 關, 険 險, 雑 雜, 難 難, 静 靜, 類 類, 駅 驛, 験 驗, 麦 麥, 黄 黃, 黒 黑, 歯 齒

The kyōiku kanji and their Chinese hànzì equivalents
The characters are sorted by the radicals of the Japanese kanji. The two kokuji 働 and 畑, which have no Chinese equivalents, are not listed here. See also the section above.

Same form in Chinese and Japanese
The following kyōiku kanji are characters of Group 1 (not simplified in either language, e.g. 田). For characters of Group 2 (same simplification in China and Japan, but a traditional form exists, e.g. 万-萬-万), see above.

 * 一 丁 下 三 不 天 五 民 正 平 可 再 百 否 武 夏 中 内 出 本 世 申 由 史 冊 央 向 曲 印 州 表 果 半 必 永 求 九 丸 千 久 少 夫 午 失 末 未 包 年 危 后 兵 我 束 卵 承 垂 刷 重 省 看 勉 七 乳 才 予 事 二 元 亡 六 主 市 交 忘 夜 育 京 卒 商 率 就 人 化 今 仁 付 代 仕 他 令 以 合 全 任 休 件 仲 作 何 位 住 余 低 似 命 使 念 例 供 信 保 便 値 修 借 候 倍 俳 俵 健 停 働 像 先 入 八 分 公 共 弟 並 典 前 益 善 尊 同 周 次 兆 冷 弱 刀 切 別 判 制 券 刻 副 割 力 加 助 努 勇 勤 句 北 疑 十 古 孝 直 南 真 裁 博 上 反 灰 厚 原 台 能 友 収 口 司 右 兄 吸 告 君 味 呼 品 唱 器 四 回 因 困 固 土 去 地 在 寺 均 志 坂 幸 型 城 基 域 喜 境 士 冬 各 夕 外 名 多 大 太 奏 女 好 始 妻 姉 妹 姿 子 存 安 字 守 宅 宇 完 定 官 宙 宗 室 客 宣 家 害 案 容 宮 寄 密 宿 寒 富 察 寸 小 光 常 堂 尺 局 居 屋 展 山 岸 岩 炭 川 工 左 功 己 改 布 希 干 刊 幼 序 店 底 府 度 座 席 庭 康 延 建 式 弓 引 強 形 役 往 径 待 律 徒 得 街 心 快 性 忠 急 恩 情 感 想 成 戸 所 手 打 投 折 技 批 招 持 指 拾 接 推 探 授 提 操 支 政 故 教 救 散 敬 文 新 方 放 旅 族 旗 日 早 明 易 昔 春 星 昨 映 昭 最 量 景 晴 暗 暖 暴 曜 月 木 札 材 村 板 林 松 枚 枝 相 査 染 柱 格 校 根 株 械 植 棒 森 模 歌 止 整 死 列 段 母 毒 比 毛 氏 水 池 汽 法 治 波 油 注 河 泣 沿 泳 洋 活 派 洗 流 消 酒 浴 深 混 清 液 港 測 湖 源 演 潮 激 火 然 照 熟 燃 受 父 片 版 牛 物 牧 特 犬 犯 王 玉 班 理 球 望 生 用 田 男 町 思 界 胃 留 略 病 痛 登 白 的 皇 泉 皮 皿 盛 盟 目 具 眼 矢 知 短 石 砂 破 磁 示 祭 禁 利 私 和 委 季 科 秋 秒 移 税 程 穴 究 空 立 童 竹 笑 第 笛 等 答 策 筋 算 管 箱 米 料 粉 精 糖 素 置 罪 羊 美 差 着 群 羽 翌 老 考 耕 耳 取 有 肉 服 肥 背 肺 胸 期 朝 腹 臣 自 息 至 舌 航 船 良 色 花 苦 若 英 芽 草 茶 荷 菜 落 幕 墓 蒸 暮 血 行 衣 初 西 要 票 角 解 言 警 谷 欲 豆 象 赤 走 起 足 路 身 射 返 近 述 送 追 退 逆 迷 通 速 造 道 郡 部 配 酸 番 里 野 防 限 院 降 除 陛 障 集 雨 雪 青 非 悲 面 革 音 章 意 食 首 骨 高

Different forms in Chinese and Japanese
The order is "Modern Japanese -Traditional Chinese - Simplified Chinese", e.g. 両-兩-两. Some characters were simplified the same way in both languages, the others were simplified in one language only.

 * 万-萬-万, 両-兩-两, 画-畫-画, 昼-晝-昼, 蚕-蠶-蚕, 悪-惡-恶, 旧-舊-旧, 師-師-师, 氷-冰-冰, 単-單-单, 巣-巢-巢, 業-業-业, 争-爭-争, 来-來- 来, 東-東-东, 乗-乘-乘, 島-島-岛, 劇-劇-剧, 厳-嚴-严, 願-願-愿, 変-變-变, 裏-裏-里, 仏-佛-佛, 会-會-会, 伝-傳-传, 仮-假-假, 体-體-体, 価-價-价, 舎-舍-舍, 係-係-系, 個-個-个, 倉-倉-仓, 側-側-侧, 備-備-备, 傷-傷-伤, 億-億-亿, 優-優-优, 児-兒-儿, 貧-貧-贫, 興-興-兴, 円-圓-圆, 写-寫-写, 軍-軍-军, 創-創-创, 労-勞-劳, 効-效-效, 動-動-动, 勢-勢-势, 区-區-区, 医-醫-医, 協-協-协, 準-準-准, 幹-幹-干, 点-點-点, 圧-壓-压, 歴-歷-历, 弁-(辨 瓣 辯)-(辨 瓣 辩), 参-參-参, 号-號-号, 員-員-员, 営-營-营, 鳴-鳴-鸣, 団-團-团, 図-圖-图, 囲-圍-围, 国-國-国, 園-園-园, 売-賣-卖, 声-聲-声, 場-場-场, 報-報-报, 塩-鹽-盐, 増-增-增, 処-處-处, 条-條-条, 奮-奮-奋, 婦-婦-妇, 学-學-学, 孫-孫-孙, 実-實-实, 宝-寶-宝, 憲-憲-宪, 専-專-专, 導-導-导, 当-當-当, 県-縣-县, 党-黨-党, 賞-賞-赏, 届-屆-届,	 属-屬-属, 層-層-层, 災-災-灾, 順-順-顺, 巻-卷-卷, 帯-帶-带, 帳-帳-帐, 広-廣-广, 庁-廳-庁, 応-應-应, 庫-庫-库, 張-張-张, 帰-歸-归, 後-後-后, 従-從-从, 術-術-术, 復-復-复, 徳-德-德, 衛-衛-卫, 態-態-态, 慣-慣-惯, 戦-戰-战, 担-擔-担, 拡-擴-扩, 拝-拜-拜, 挙-擧-举, 採-採-采, 捨-捨-舍, 揮-揮-挥, 損-損-损, 数-數-数, 敵-敵-敌, 対-對-对, 断-斷-断, 時-時-时, 晩-晚-晚, 暑-暑-暑, 題 -題 -题, 栄-榮-荣, 梅-梅-梅, 桜-櫻-樱, 検-檢-检, 楽-樂-乐, 極-極-极, 様-樣-样, 構-構-构, 権-權-权, 横-橫-横, 標-標-标, 機-機-机, 樹-樹-树, 橋-橋-桥, 欠-缺-欠, 歩-步-歩, 残-殘-残, 殺-殺-杀, 穀-穀-谷, 毎-每-毎, 気-氣-气, 決-決-决, 海-海-海, 浅-淺-浅, 済-濟-济, 減-減-减, 満-滿-满, 温-溫-温,測-測-测, 湯-湯-汤, 漢-漢-汉, 漁-漁-渔, 潔-潔-洁, 灯-燈-灯, 無-無-无, 焼-燒-烧,熱-熱-热, 愛-愛-爱, 状-狀-状, 将-將-将, 独-獨-独, 現-現-现, 聖-聖-圣, 異-異-异, 発-發-发, 務-務-务, 研-硏-研, 確-確-确, 礼-禮-礼, 社-社-社, 神-神-神, 祖-祖-祖, 祝-祝-祝,視-視-视, 福-福-福, 秘-祕-秘, 種-種-种, 積-積-积, 窓-窗-窓, 産-産-产, 競-競-竞, 筆-筆-笔, 節-節-节, 築-築-筑, 簡-簡-简, 糸-絲-丝, 約-約-约, 級-級-级, 紅-紅-红, 紀-紀-纪, 紙-紙-纸, 納-納-纳, 純-純-纯, 経-經-经, 組-組-组, 終-終-终, 細-細-细, 結-結-结,絶-絶-绝, 給-給-给, 統-統-统, 絵-繪-绘, 続-續-续, 絹-絹-绢, 総-總-总, 練-練-练, 緑-綠-绿, 綿-綿-绵, 線-線-线, 編-編-编, 縦-縱-纵, 縮-縮-缩, 績-績-绩, 織-織-织, 買-買-买, 署-署-署, 義-義-义, 養-養-养, 習-習-习, 者-者-者, 職-職-职, 書-書-书, 脈-脈-脉, 朗-朗-朗, 脳-腦-脑, 勝-勝-胜, 腸-腸-肠, 臓-臟-脏, 臨-臨-临, 乱-亂-乱, 辞-辭-辞, 芸-藝-芸, 著-著-着, 葉-葉-叶, 夢-夢-梦, 蔵-藏-藏, 薬-藥-药, 虫-蟲-虫, 衆-衆-众, 装-裝-裝, 補-補-补, 製-製-制, 複-複-复, 見-見-见, 規-規-规, 覚-覺-觉, 親-親-亲, 覧-覽-览, 観-觀-观, 計-計-计, 記-記-记, 討-討-讨, 訓-訓-训, 設-設-设, 訳-譯-译, 許-許-许, 訪-訪-访, 証-證-证, 評-評-评, 詞-詞-词, 話-話-话, 試-試-试, 詩-詩-诗, 誠-誠-诚, 語-語-语, 読-讀-读, 説-説-说, 認-認-认, 誤-誤-误, 誌-誌-志, 調-調-调, 論-論-论, 談-談-谈, 課-課-课, 諸-諸-诸, 誕-誕-诞, 講-講-讲, 謝-謝-谢, 識-識-识, 議-議-议, 護-護-护, 豊-豐-丰, 頭-頭-头, 貝-貝-贝, 負-負-负, 則-則-则, 財-財-财, 敗-敗-败, 責-責-责, 貨-貨-货, 費-費-费, 貸-貸-贷, 貴-貴-贵, 貯-貯-贮, 賀-賀-贺, 貿-貿-贸, 資-資-资, 賃-賃-赁, 質-質-质, 賛-贊-赞, 車-車-车, 転-轉-转, 軽-輕-轻, 輪-輪-轮, 輸-輸-输, 農-農-农, 辺-邊-边, 連-連-连, 進-進-进, 週-週-周, 過-過-过, 運-運-运, 達-達-达, 遊-遊-游, 遠-遠-远, 適-適-适, 選-選-选, 遺-遺-遗, 都-都-都, 郷-鄕-乡, 郵-郵-邮, 針-針-针, 鉄-鐵-铁, 鉱-鑛-矿, 銀-銀-银, 銅-銅-铜, 銭-錢-钱, 録-錄-录, 鋼-鋼-钢, 鏡-鏡-镜, 長-長-长, 門-門-门, 問-問-问, 閉-閉-闭, 間-間-间, 開-開-开, 関-關-关, 聞-聞-闻, 閣-閣-阁, 陸-陸-陆, 険-險-险, 隊-隊-队, 階-階-阶, 陽-陽-阳, 際-際-际, 雑-雜-杂, 難-難-难, 雲-雲-云, 電-電-电, 静-靜-静, 頂-頂-顶, 預-預-预, 領-領-领, 顔-顏-颜, 類-類-类, 額-額-额, 風-風-风, 飛-飛-飞, 飲-飲-饮, 飯-飯-饭, 飼-飼-饲, 館-館-馆, 馬-馬-马, 駅-驛-驿, 験-驗-验, 魚-魚-鱼, 鳥-鳥-鸟, 麦-麥-麦, 黄-黃-黄, 黒-黑-黑, 鼻-鼻-鼻, 歯-齒-齿

title: Kyōiku kanji


text:
Lambert

Lambert may refer to

People

 * Lambert (name), a given name and surname
 * Lambert, Bishop of Ostia (c. 1036–1130), became Pope Honorius II
 * Lambert, Margrave of Tuscany (fl. 929–931), also count and duke of Lucca
 * Lambert (pianist), stage-name of German pianist and composer Paul Lambert
 * Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728–1777), polymath

United States

 * Lambert, Mississippi, a town
 * Lambert, Missouri, a village
 * St. Louis Lambert International Airport, St. Louis, Missouri
 * Lambert, Montana, a rural town in Montana
 * Lambert, Oklahoma, a town
 * Lambert Township, Red Lake County, Minnesota
 * Lambert Castle, a mansion in Paterson, New Jersey
 * Lambert Creek, San Mateo County, California

Elsewhere

 * Lambert Gravitational Centre, the geographical centre of Australia
 * Lambert (lunar crater), named after Johann Heinrich Lambert
 * Lambert (Martian crater), named after Johann Heinrich Lambert

Transportation

 * Lambert (automobile), a defunct American automobile brand
 * Lambert (cyclecar), British three-wheeled cyclecar
 * Lambert, one of the GWR 3031 Class locomotives that were built for and run on the Great Western Railway between 1891 and 1915, formerly named Trafalgar before 1901

Other uses

 * Lambert (unit), a non-SI unit of luminance named after Johann Heinrich Lambert
 * Lambert (grape), another name for the German/Italian wine grape Trollinger
 * Lambert v. California, court case regarding legal notice
 * Lambert W function, mathematical definition of a product log named after Johann Heinrich Lambert
 * Lambert the Sheepish Lion, a 1952 Disney animated short film directed by Jack Hannah

title: Lambert


text:
Vṛddhi

Vṛddhi (also rendered vr̥ddhi) is a technical term in morphophonology given to the strongest grade in the vowel gradation system of Sanskrit. The term is derived from Sanskrit वृद्धि vṛddhi,, 'growth', from.

Origins
Vṛddhi itself has its origins in proto-vṛddhi, a process in the early stage of the Proto-Indo-European language originally for forming possessive derivatives of ablauting noun stems, with the meaning "of, belonging to, descended from". To form a vṛddhi-derivative, one takes the zero-grade of the ablauting stem (i.e. removes the vowel), inserts the vowel *e in a position which does not necessarily match that of the original vowel, and appends an accented thematic vowel (or accents any existing final thematic vowel). For example:

"PIE wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dyew- "sky" (cf. Latin diēs, Sanskrit द्यु "day"; Hittite šīu- "god") → zero grade ' → proto-vṛddhi derivative ' "god, sky god", lit. "skyling" (cf. Sanskrit देव, Latin deus, etc.)"

However, in a later stage of the language this appears to have extended to non-ablauting noun stems that already contained *e, which would contract with the inserted vowel to form a lengthened *ē:

"PIE wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/swéḱuros "father-in-law" (cf. Latin socer, Sanskrit श्वशुर) → proto-vṛddhi derivative wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/swēḱurós "brother-in-law", lit. "male descendent of one's father in law" (cf. Sanskrit श्वाशुर, Old High German swāgur "brother-in-law")"

The above example also displays the stressing of the thematic vowel when it already exists. It is this later version of proto-vṛddhi which is displayed in Sanskrit's lengthened vṛddhi grade.

Vṛddhi in Sanskrit
The general phenomenon of vowel gradation, including vṛddhi formation has been extensively studied and documented as part of Sanskrit's vigorous grammatical tradition, most importantly in the Aṣṭādhyāyī of the grammarian Pāṇini.

For example:
 * "carried" (zero grade)
 * "burden" (first grade, full grade, or guṇa)
 * "to be carried" (second grade, lengthened grade, or vṛddhi)

The full pattern of vowel gradation can be observed as follows:

Vṛddhi in Indo-European
In modern Indo-European linguistics it is used in Pāṇini's sense, but not restricted to Sanskrit but applicable to the Indo-European languages in general as well as to the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) language from which this feature was inherited:
 * (zero grade of the reconstructed verb meaning "to carry")
 * wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰer- (full grade)
 * (vṛddhi, lengthened grade)

title: Vṛddhi


text:
User talk:Paparodo

Yes, I know it is from the Nuttall. Please use a clearer edit summary in future. I was misled by the word removed. Put something like "imported from the Sauerteig article, now redirected". However it was my mistake - since I looked at the diff wrongly. Must be the flu. I thought you were deleting the section, not inserting it. Sauertieg, by the way, is a character who appears in Carlyle's works. It is one of the several pseudonyms he uses for aspects of himself in his writings. Paul B (talk) 11:35, 26 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I fully agree. I will also change the redirect of Sauerteig to point to Carlyle like some other definitions that also have their own redirecting lemma. --Paparodo (talk) 11:40, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

EW Focardi-Rossi translation
You might wanna take a look here: http://esowatch.com/en/index.php?title=Focardi-Rossi_Energy-Catalyzer hth Summand (talk) 09:02, 15 July 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Paparodo


text:
Football Association of Slovenia

The Football Association of Slovenia (Nogometna zveza Slovenije or NZS) is the governing body of football in Slovenia. It organizes the first division (1. SNL), second division (2. SNL), third division (East and West), Slovenian Cup, Slovenian Women's League, and other competitions. It is also responsible for the Slovenia national football team and the Slovenia women's national football team. It was founded as Ljubljana Football Subassociation on 24 April 1920.

Presidents

 * Danijel Lepin (1948–1950)
 * Martin Grajf (1950–1952)
 * Franc Sitar (1952–1954)
 * Jože Grbec (1954–1958)
 * Stane Lavrič (1958–1962)
 * Stane Vrhovnik (1962–1968)
 * Roman Vobič (1968–1970)
 * Jože Snoj (1970–1973, 1976–1978)
 * Tone Florjančič (1973–1976)
 * Miro Samardžija (1978–1981)
 * Boris Godina (1981)
 * Branko Elsner (1982–1985)
 * Marko Ilešič (1985–1989)
 * Rudi Zavrl (1989–2009)
 * Ivan Simič (2009–2011)
 * Aleksander Čeferin (2011–2016)
 * Radenko Mijatović (2016–present)

title: Football Association of Slovenia


text:
Talk:P53

The 1st and most important sentence should not be wasted on all the confusing synonyms
Turn it into something meaningful and interesting like the functions of TP53 and it's role in cancer please. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:908:383:3E40:84AE:C085:BE76:C42E (talk) 16:02, 7 February 2021 (UTC)

The Regulation section contains unnecessary repetitions
The repetitions must be removed, and the content arranged in a meaningful manner to make it easier for the readers to understand. — Preceding unsigned comment added by User8647 (talk • contribs) 16:38, 12 December 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Biochemistry II
— Assignment last updated by Nata11ashatan (talk) 02:00, 15 October 2022 (UTC)

How many isoforms?
Introduction section: In addition to the full-length protein, the human TP53 gene encodes at least 15 protein isoforms.

Isoforms section: Several isoforms were discovered in 2005, and so far 12 human p53 isoforms have been identified (p53α, p53β, p53γ, ∆40p53α, ∆40p53β, ∆40p53γ, ∆133p53α, ∆133p53β, ∆133p53γ, ∆160p53α, ∆160p53β, ∆160p53γ).

Which number (15 or 12) is valid? Agentjoerg (talk) 04:16, 2 April 2024 (UTC)

 * The answer is 12. FullyNatural (talk) 16:59, 16 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:P53


text:
Underneath (Hanson album)

Underneath is the third album by American pop rock group Hanson. It was released in 2004 by 3CG Records. It is the band's first release on their own independent record label. The making of the album was the main subject in Hanson's documentary film, Strong Enough to Break, that follows the band during the recording process and the struggles they faced to release it.

Singles
The lead single "Penny & Me" achieved some success, reaching number 2 on the Hot 100 Singles Sales chart and number 10 on the UK Singles Chart. The second single, "Lost Without Each Other", did not chart in most countries, only reaching number 39 on the UK Singles Chart and number 73 in Australia.

Track listing
All songs written by Isaac Hanson, Taylor Hanson and Zac Hanson; additional writers in parentheses.

Lead vocals by Taylor Hanson, except where noted.

 * 1) "Strong Enough to Break" (Greg Wells) – 3:32
 * 2) "Dancin' in the Wind" – 4:04
 * 3) "Penny & Me" – 4:03
 * 4) "Underneath" (Matthew Sweet) – 4:40
 * 5) "Misery" – 3:08 (Lead vocals: Zac Hanson)
 * 6) "Lost Without Each Other" (Gregg Alexander) – 3:44
 * 7) "When You're Gone" – 4:31
 * 8) "Broken Angel" – 4:49 (Lead vocals: Zac Hanson)
 * 9) "Deeper" – 4:10 (Lead vocals: Isaac Hanson)
 * 10) "Get Up and Go" – 4:08
 * 11) "Crazy Beautiful" – 4:02
 * 12) "Hey" (Greg Wells) – 4:17
 * 13) "Believe" – 12:17

French version bonus track
 * 1) "Someone (Laissons nous une chance)" (featuring Emma Daumas; written by Damon Lee, Dominique Grimaldi, Emma Daumas)

Australian bonus tracks (live from House of Blues, Chicago)
 * 1) "If Only"
 * 2) "I Will Come to You" (Barry Mann, Cynthia Weil)

Japanese bonus tracks
 * 1) "Dream Girl"
 * 2) "I Almost Care" (Matthew Sweet)
 * 3) "With You in Your Dreams" (live)

Notes:
 * "Hey" was featured on the sixth episode "A Birthday Witch" from the sixth season of the series Sabrina, the Teenage Witch.
 * "Believe" includes the hidden tracks "Crazy Beautiful (Reprise)" and "Lulla Belle".
 * The Japanese version does not include "Get Up and Go".

Personnel

 * Taylor Hanson – vocals, piano, keyboards, organ, production, art concept
 * Isaac Hanson – vocals, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, production, mixing, Pro Tools engineer, art concept
 * Zac Hanson – vocals, drums, percussion, piano, production, art concept
 * Michelle Branch – guest vocals on "Deeper"
 * Dave Ashton – Pro Tools engineer
 * P.R. Brown – art direction, art design, photography
 * Joe Chiccarelli – lead engineer, mixing
 * Steve Churchyard – mixing
 * Luis Conte – percussion
 * Todd Edwards – art concept
 * John Goodmanson – mixing
 * Danny Kortchmar – production
 * George Marino – mastering
 * Justin Meldal-Johnsen – bass
 * Steve Ripley – mixing
 * Steve Thompson – mixing
 * Greg Wells – bass, acoustic guitar, production
 * Sam Farrar – bass
 * Abraham Laboriel – bass on "Penny & Me"

title: Underneath (Hanson album)


text: Category:EC 5.99

title: Category:EC 5.99


text:
The Adventure of the Dying Detective

"The Adventure of the Dying Detective", in some editions simply titled "The Dying Detective", is one of the 56 Sherlock Holmes short stories that were written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. It was originally published in Collier's in the United States on 22 November 1913, and The Strand Magazine in the United Kingdom in December 1913. Together with seven other stories, it was collected in His Last Bow (published 1917).

Plot summary
Dr. Watson is called to tend Holmes, who is apparently dying of a rare tropical disease, Tapanuli fever, contracted while he was on a case. Watson is shocked, not having heard about his friend's illness. Mrs. Hudson says that Holmes has neither eaten nor drunk anything in three days.

Holmes instructs Watson not to come near him, because the illness is highly infectious. In fact, he scorns to be treated by Watson and insults his abilities, astonishing and hurting the doctor. Although Watson wishes to examine Holmes himself or call in a specialist, Holmes demands that Watson wait several hours before seeking help. While Watson waits, he examines several objects in Holmes's room. Holmes grows angry when Watson touches a small ivory box, ordering Watson to put it down and sit still.

At six o'clock, Holmes tells Watson to turn the gaslight on, but only half-full. He then instructs Watson to bring Mr Culverton Smith of 13 Lower Burke Street to see Holmes, but to make sure that Watson returns to Baker Street before Smith arrives.

Watson goes to Smith's address. Although Smith refuses to see anyone, Watson forces his way in. Once Watson explains his errand on behalf of Sherlock Holmes, Smith's attitude changes drastically. Smith agrees to come to Baker Street within a half hour. Watson excuses himself, saying that he has another appointment, and returns to Baker Street before Smith's arrival.

Believing that they are alone, Smith is frank with Holmes. It emerges, to the hiding Watson's horror, that Holmes has been sickened by the same illness that killed Smith's nephew Victor Savage. Smith then sees the little ivory box, which he had sent to Holmes by post, and which contains a sharp spring infected with the illness. Smith pockets it, removing the evidence of his crime. He then resolves to stay there and watch Holmes die.

Holmes asks Smith to turn the gas up full, which Smith does. Smith then asks Holmes if he would like anything else, to which Holmes replies - no longer in the voice of a man near death - "a match and a cigarette." Inspector Morton then enters, as the full gaslight was the signal to move in. Holmes tells Morton to arrest Culverton Smith for the murder of his nephew, and perhaps also for the attempted murder of Sherlock Holmes. Smith points out that his word is as good as Holmes' in court, but Holmes then calls for Watson to emerge from behind the screen, to present himself as another witness to the conversation.

Holmes explains his illness was feigned as a ruse to induce Smith to confess to his nephew's murder. Holmes was not infected by the little box; he has enough enemies to know that he must always examine his mail carefully before he opens it. Starving himself for three days and the claim of the "disease's" infectious nature was to keep Watson from examining him and discovering the ruse, since, as he clarifies, he has every respect for his friend's medical skills.

Period details
In the story, the killer Culverton Smith's motive for killing his nephew, Victor Savage, is mentioned in an offhand remark by Holmes that Savage stood between "this monster [Smith] and a reversion." The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes has a note for this word:

"In this instance, "reversion" refers to the undisposed-of part of an estate, which will presumably fall into possession of the original grantor or his representative. Note that in "Shoscombe Old Place," the eponymous residence reverts to the brother of the late Sir James Falder upon the death of Sir James' widow, Lady Beatrice."

The setting date may be inferred from Watson's mention of it being "the second year of my marriage", the first having been 1889. Inspector Morton is referred to in a familiar fashion but this is his only appearance in canon. Canonical scholar Leslie S. Klinger wondered if Morton was the companion to Inspector Brown in The Sign of the Four.

Tropical disease specialist William A. Sodeman Jr., proposed that "Tapanuli fever" was melioidosis, a conclusion supported by physician Setu K. Vora. Vora raised the possibility that Conan Doyle read the first report of melioidosis published in 1912 before writing his short story in 1913.

Publication history
"The Adventure of the Dying Detective" was published in the US in Collier's on 22 November 1913, and in the UK in The Strand Magazine in December 1913. The story was published with three illustrations by Frederic Dorr Steele in Collier's, and with four illustrations by Walter Paget (Sidney Paget's brother) in the Strand. The story was included in the short story collection His Last Bow, which was published in the UK and the US in October 1917.

Film and television

 * A 1921 short film adaptation was released in the Stoll film series starring Eille Norwood as Holmes.
 * A 1951 TV episode of We Present Alan Wheatley as Mr Sherlock Holmes in... was adapted from the story, starring Alan Wheatley as Holmes, Raymond Francis as Dr. Watson and Bill Owen as Inspector Lestrade. The episode is now lost.
 * A 1994 TV episode of The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes starring Jeremy Brett as Holmes, Edward Hardwicke as Watson, and Jonathan Hyde as Culverton Smith was adapted from the story. This version is faithful to the original short story but greatly expanded. It features much more detail on Smith's nephew, who is instead portrayed as Smith's cousin, and replaces the infected spring with a pair of tacks. Unlike the original story, where Culverton Smith is arrested, a fight ensues after Watson reveals himself where Smith ends up pricking himself on the nails which is implied to later cause his death.
 * The story was adapted as a 1999 episode of the animated television series Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century titled "The Adventure of the Deranged Detective".
 * A 2012 TV episode of Elementary starring Jonny Lee Miller as Holmes, which is the ninth episode of the first season, mirrors many elements from the story, albeit with Holmes simply ill from a more conventional disease that thus limits his ability to conduct fieldwork.
 * A 2017 episode of Sherlock includes the character Culverton Smith, portrayed by Toby Jones. The title of the episode, "The Lying Detective", is a play on the title of the original story. Unlike the original tale, where Culverton Smith is only suggested to have committed one murder, "The Lying Detective" presents him as a wealthy philanthropist who has arranged for a particular room in a hospital he sponsors to have a secret passage that he can use to sneak in and kill anyone being treated in it. Alerted to Smith's true nature by his apparently psychotic daughter as part of an unknown agenda, Sherlock uses this as an opportunity to create a dangerous situation that John Watson can save him from to fulfill Mary Watson's last request to save John from his grief after her death, deliberately falling off the wagon and reverting to an old drug habit so that he can be regarded as simply delusional, attacking Culverton and accusing him of being a serial killer so that he will be sent to Smith's hospital for treatment. This gives Sherlock a chance to hear Culverton's confession via a recording device hidden in John's old cane, which he had predicted John would leave with him after he was sent to hospital. Although the original confession is ruled inadmissible as Sherlock basically acquired it through entrapment, Culverton subsequently willingly confesses his crimes to Lestrade, gleefully musing that he will be even more famous now.

Radio

 * "The Dying Detective" was adapted by Edith Meiser as an episode of the American radio series The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. The episode, which aired in 1931, featured Richard Gordon as Sherlock Holmes and Leigh Lovell as Dr. Watson. Other productions of the story aired in 1935, with Louis Hector as Holmes and Lovell as Watson, and 1936, with Gordon as Holmes and Harry West as Watson.
 * An episode titled "The Riddle of the Dying Detective" aired in 1939 in the American radio series The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, with Basil Rathbone as Holmes and Nigel Bruce as Watson. Another episode titled "The Adventure of the Dying Detective" aired in 1943. The story was also adapted into a 1947 radio episode of the series, with Tom Conway as Holmes and Bruce as Watson. This version features Inspector Lestrade instead of Inspector Morton.
 * A 1954 radio adaptation with John Gielgud as Holmes and Ralph Richardson as Watson aired on the BBC Light Programme. Hugh Manning played Inspector Morton. Along with other Sherlock Holmes radio adaptations with Gielgud and Richardson, the production aired on NBC radio in 1955.
 * The story was adapted for BBC radio in 1967 by Michael Hardwick, as part of the 1952–1969 radio series starring Carleton Hobbs as Holmes and Norman Shelley as Watson.
 * A 1994 BBC Radio 4 adaptation dramatised by Robert Forrest aired as part of the 1989–1998 radio series starring Clive Merrison as Holmes and Michael Williams as Watson. It featured Edward Petherbridge as Culverton Smith and Alex Jennings as Savage.
 * In 2010, the story was adapted as an episode of The Classic Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, a series on the American radio show Imagination Theatre, with John Patrick Lowrie as Holmes and Lawrence Albert as Watson.

Books
It was adapted into one of the books of the Hong Kong children's book series The Great Detective Sherlock Holmes, as "The Dying Detective" (瀕死的大偵探). It is Book #19 of the original Chinese version, and book #14 of the English version.

title: The Adventure of the Dying Detective


text: Category:EC 5.99.1

title: Category:EC 5.99.1


text:
Saint-Éloi

Saint-Éloi (French for Saint Eligius) may refer to:
 * Saint-Éloi, Quebec, Canada
 * Saint-Éloi, Ain, France
 * Saint-Éloi, Creuse, France
 * Saint-Éloi, Nièvre, France
 * Saint-Éloi-de-Fourques, Eure, France

title: Saint-Éloi


text:
Horrebow (crater)

Horrebow is a lunar impact crater that is located along the northern shore of Mare Frigoris, just to the south of the walled plain J. Herschel. To the west of Horrebow is the crater Robinson.

The crater is named after Danish astronomer Peder Horrebow.

Horrebow is roughly circular, but it has a narrower inner wall along the east and southeast sides than elsewhere around the perimeter. The inner walls have slumped, forming a ledge around the base of the slope. The interior floor is circular, but is offset to the east due to the asymmetry of the wall. The rim of the crater is sharp-edged, and is not significantly eroded.

The crater overlies the southwest part of a similar-sized crater with the designation Horrebow A. This satellite crater also joins the southeast rim of J. Herschel.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Horrebow.

title: Horrebow (crater)


text:
Talk:Allan Ramsay

This page was about Allan the younger; however, six pages linked to him but 8 to his father. So I made it a disambiguation page. Rmhermen 16:51, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Allan Ramsay


text:
Dhaka Medical College and Hospital

Dhaka Medical College and Hospital (DMCH) is a public medical college and hospital located in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It houses a medical school as well as a tertiary care hospital on its campus. After beginning its journey on 10 July 1946, Dhaka Medical College established a new era in the history of medical education in Bangladesh.

Site during pre-college years
The college's original building was built before the Partition of Bengal of 1905. As of 1904, the building was being used as the secretariat (headquarters) of the newly formed provinces of East Bengal and Assam.

In 1921, it was turned over to the University of Dhaka, which was founded that year. A part of the huge building was used as the university's medical center, another as the students' dormitory, and the rest as the office of the administrative wing of the Arts faculty.

In 1939, the Dhaka University council requested the British Government to establish a separate medical college in Dhaka. The proposal was postponed because of the onset of the Second World War.

During World War II the medical center building became an American armed forces hospital. The Americans vacated the building at the end of the war.

Establishment of the college
In 1946, due to the partition of India, all the advanced students (From K-4 to K-1) as well as many lecturers and professors were transferred from Calcutta Medical College to start academic studies and maintain hospital facilities in the newly established Dhaka Medical College. Academic classes started on 10 July, which is celebrated as DMC Day.

Major William John Virgin, the head of the committee formed to establish the Dhaka Medical College, was the first principal. In the beginning there were only four departments – medicine, surgery, gynecology and otolaryngology (ENT).

Since the college did not initially have anatomy or physiology departments, the students at first attended those classes at Mitford Medical School (now the Sir Salimullah Medical College), also in Dhaka; but, after a month, Professor of Anatomy Pashupati Basu and Professor of Physiology Hiralal Saha joined the staff and their specialties were taught in ward no. 22 of the hospital.

Expansion
There was neither a lecture hall nor a dissection gallery at first. These needs were met after the construction of new academic buildings in 1955. The college did not have any student housing. Male students were allowed to reside in the Dhaka University's student halls, but female students did not have the use of that facility.

The college and hospital premises were expanded with temporary sheds, some of which were built for outdoor services of the hospital and some for student housing. New buildings for housing, college, and hospital were constructed in phases: a dormitory for girls in 1952, a dormitory for male students in 1954–55, a new complex of academic buildings in 1955, and a dormitory for internee doctors in 1974–75. A new academic and hospital building, adding 500 beds, Dhaka Medical College Hospital-2 (DMCH-2), was inaugurated by Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina on 3 October 2013. The country's first ever autologous bone marrow transplant took place in its bone marrow transplant unit.

Origin of 'K'
Every student batch, or class, of Dhaka Medical College is tagged with the prefix K along with a number. The first year, the beginning batch of the college, was named K-1, likewise second year as K-2, third year as K-3, fourth year as K-4, and fifth year K-5. In 2021, DMC hosted its 78th batch, hence branded as K-78. Many theories exist about the origin of the letter K, the most popular being that K stands for Kolkata, as many students of DMC's earlier batches migrated from Calcutta Medical College. However, Kolkata was officially known as Calcutta until 2001  the city was widely pronounced as Kolkata/Kolikata in Bengali. Though the first ten medical schools did not follow this tradition, yet another theory proposes that, as the institute was the 11th medical school in Indian subcontinent, K, the 11th letter of English alphabet, is used to represent that.

Undergraduate course
A countrywide combined medical admission test for MBBS course is held every year under the supervision of DGHS. 139,217 eligible students sat for the entrance exams in 2023. Students after passing Higher Secondary School Certificate or equivalent examinations with the required grades can apply for the admission test. In 2023, 226 general seats and 4 seats for freedom fighter quota(Total 230) were allocated for MBBS course in Dhaka medical college.

The qualified candidates, according to their preferences, get the opportunity to study at Dhaka Medical College. Foreign candidates from both SAARC and non-SAARC countries are selected by DGHS and MOHFW as per required qualifications.

The college runs 5-year MBBS course according to the curriculum developed by BMDC. A student studies Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, Pathology, Pharmacology, Microbiology, Forensic Medicine, Community Medicine, Medicine & allied subjects, Surgery & allied subjects and Gynecology & Obstetrics during the course period.

The course is divided into 4 phases. Four professional examinations, one at the end of each phase, are held under University of Dhaka. After passing the fourth or final professional examination, a student is awarded with MBBS degree. Course curriculum follows percentage system grading. Pass mark for the college's internal as well as professional examinations is 60 percent. Students shall have to pass written (MCQ + SAQ + formative), oral, practical and clinical examinations separately.

Postgraduate courses
College offers MD, MS, Diploma, MPhil in 50 different subjects in affiliation with University of Dhaka and Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University.

College also runs three fellowship courses of Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons in different disciplines.

Facilities and services
Dhaka Medical College has a 2600-bed teaching hospital as Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH) within the same compound,with 92 wards. It is a tertiary referral hospital. It has a 300-bed facility dedicated for burn & plastic surgery. It was the largest burn unit of the country until Sheikh Hasina National Institute of Burn and Plastic Surgery was set.

With over 500 admissions per day, 1300 emergency visits per day and 5000 patients at OPD per dayat the hospital, it has an occupancy rate of 133%. It also includes about 50 Operation Theatres that perform about 50,000 major operations and about 35,000 minor operations per year.

In 2015, Hospital's Out-Patient Department provided services to 799,896 patients. More 346,580 patients attended at the emergency and 149,122 patients got admitted in different facilities of the hospital in 2015. The surgical staffs performed 58,355 surgeries in 2015. Expansion plan to turn the hospital into a 5000-bed facility has been contemplated. Country's first bone marrow transplant center was set in this hospital in October 2013 in collaboration with Massachusetts General Hospital. This unit conducted first ever successful autologous bone marrow transplant in the country in March 2014. The unit also introduced allogeneic bone marrow transplant on 3 July 2019, the first in the country.

Clinical teaching
It is one of the major teaching hospitals in the country. Bedside teaching and clinical examinations of the undergraduate as well as postgraduate students take place at the hospital wing.

Dhaka Medical College Hospital is a recognized clinical examination centre for fellowship examination of Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons.

Hospital administration
Director of the hospital is the administrative chief of the hospital service. Deputy director, assistant directors and other officials give him assistance in this regard. Faculties from different departments of the college act as clinical and administrative superiors of the respective department. They actively supervise the clinical services as well as clinical training of the trainee doctors.

Students' accommodation
In the past, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, the then vice chancellor of University of Dhaka, arranged accommodation for the medical college students. Muslim students were accommodated in Salimullah Muslim Hall, Hindus were accommodated in the then Dhaka Hall (now Dr. Muhammad Shahidullah Hall). Baptist mission hostel at Sadarghat accommodated the Christian students. Nursing Hostel was allocated for the female students. Later, 20 medical barracks were built and students were accommodated there. As of 2019, there are four hostels for accommodation of the students as well as interns.
 * Shaheed Dr. Fazle Rabbee Hall (established in 1955) - For male students (named after martyred intellectual Mohammed Fazle Rabbee)
 * Dr. Alim Chowdhury Hall - For female students (named after martyred intellectual AFM Alim Chowdhury)
 * Shaheed Dr. Shamsul Alam Khan Milon Intern Doctors' hostel (Male) (named after the martyred activist of anti-autocracy movement in 1990, Shamsul Alam Khan Milon)
 * Shaheed Dr. Shamsul Alam Khan Milon Intern Doctors' Hostel (Female)

Dr. Fazle Rabbee Hall and Dr. Milon Intern Doctors' hostel (for male) share the same compound at Bakshibazar, Lalbagh, Dhaka. Dr. Alim Chowdhury hall and Dr. Milon Intern doctors' hostel (for female) share the same compound inside the territory of the college.

Sports facility
DMC has a sports ground inside Fazle Rabbee Hall. It is used for football, cricket, and other athletics. Fazle Rabbee Hall also houses a basketball ground and a tennis ground. Besides, college building and hostels have students' common rooms with indoor game facility

Cultural activities
College has an auditorium with 1200 sitting capacity. DMC day is celebrated each year on 10 July, the foundation day of the college.

Bengali Language Movement (1948-1952)
The college dormitories that were known as barracks were at the heart of the Bengali Language Movement from 1948 to 1952. The barracks were formerly situated at the current location of the Shaheed Minar.

There were about 20 tin shed barracks where the medical students resided. Because they were close to the Parliament of East Pakistan (presently Jagannath Hall of Dhaka University), the medical dormitories were chosen as the center of the student movement.

In the early hours of 21 February 1952, all the students of Dhaka Medical College gathered in front of the medical college dormitories. In the afternoon the group headed for the parliament which was in session. No procession was allowed due to the imposition of Section 144 (a section of the penal code that prohibited unlawful assembly). The students decided to defy Section 144 at 4:00 PM at the historic Aam-tola (which was situated beside the present day Emergency gate).

The police fired at the procession, resulting in the deaths of Salam, Barkat, Rafique, Jabbar and Shafiur. After sunset on 21 February, at the site of the deaths, the students of Dhaka Medical College decided to build a monument. Badrul Alam and Sayed Haider the then students of Dhaka Medical College planned and designed the structure. They worked continuously on 22 and 23 February and finished the construction, using bricks, gravel and cement reserved for the hospital. A paper with Shaheed Smritistambha( Monument in memory of the martyrs) written on it was attached on the monument. It was inaugurated by the father of Shofiur Rahman, a martyr of language movement. However, the monument was demolished by government forces on 26 February 1952.

Liberation War (1971)
Many staff and students took part in the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War, as fighters or in treating the injured. DMC's doctors, teachers and students laid their lives in the war. Many eminent physicians and academics were abducted from home and killed during the war.

Alumni

 * Rashiduddin Ahmad, neurosurgeon
 * Badrul Alam, activist in the Bengali language movement, designer of first Shaheed Minar, Ekushey Padak awardee (2014)
 * A K M Ahsan Ali, pulmonologist, pioneer of the DOTS method of treating tuberculosis, awardee of Independence Day Award in 2018
 * Syed Modasser Ali, former health advisor to Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina
 * M Iqbal Arslan, President of Swadhinata Chikitshak Parishad
 * Kanak Kanti Barua, neurosurgeon, vice-chancellor of BSMMU
 * Sitara Begum, doctor, army officer awarded the Bir Protik
 * AFM Alim Chowdhury, ophthalmologist, intellectual killed during the Bangladesh Liberation War
 * AHM Touhidul Anowar Chowdhury, obstetrician/gynecologist, awardee of Independence Day Award in 2017
 * A. Q. M. Badruddoza Chowdhury, former President of Bangladesh, Independence Day Award awardee in 1993
 * Meerjady Sabrina Flora, epidemiologist, former Director of IEDCR
 * Sayed Haider, activist in the Bengali language movement, designer of Shaheed Minar, Ekushey Padak awardee (2016)
 * A F M Ruhul Haque, former Health and Family Welfare Minister, orthopedic surgeon, former President of Swadhinata Chikitshak Parishad
 * AKM Fazlul Haque, pioneer colorectal surgeon
 * Mirza Mazharul Islam, surgeon, language movement veteran, Ekushey Padak awardee (2018)
 * Shahla Khatun, National Professor award winner, obstetrician/gynecologist
 * Abdul Malik, cardiologist, National Professor award winner, founder of National Heart Foundation, and National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, awardee of Independence Day Award (2004)
 * Shamsul Alam Khan Milon, activist killed during the 1990 Mass Uprising in Bangladesh
 * Quazi Deen Mohammad, neurologist, Founding Director of NINS, President of Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons
 * Mostofa Jalal Mohiuddin, President of Bangladesh Medical Association, formerly President of Bangladesh Chhatra League
 * Dipu Moni, Education Minister, former Minister of Foreign Affairs
 * Golam Moula, activist in the Bengali language movement, Eksushey Padak awardee (2010) (posthumous)
 * Mohammed Fazle Rabbee, cardiologist, intellectual killed during the Bangladesh Liberation War
 * Ahmed Rafiq, activist in the Bengali language movement, writer, researcher, Ekushey Padak awardee (1995)
 * Lutfor Rahman, cardiac surgeon

title: Dhaka Medical College and Hospital


text:
Saint-Éloy

Saint-Éloy may refer to places in France:
 * Saint-Eloy, Finistère
 * Saint-Éloy-d'Allier
 * Saint-Éloy-de-Gy, Cher
 * Saint-Éloy-la-Glacière, Puy-de-Dôme
 * Saint-Éloy-les-Mines, Puy-de-Dôme
 * Saint-Éloy-les-Tuileries, Corrèze

title: Saint-Éloy


text:
Talk:Saint-Éloi

Untitled
Shouldn't this page be Saint-Eloi or am I just being a fussbudget? --Wetman 16:52, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Saint-Éloi


text:
Bark beetle

A bark beetle is the common name for the subfamily of beetles Scolytinae. Previously, this was considered a distinct family (Scolytidae), but is now understood to be a specialized clade of the "true weevil" family (Curculionidae). Although the term "bark beetle" refers to the fact that many species feed in the inner bark (phloem) layer of trees, the subfamily also has many species with other lifestyles, including some that bore into wood, feed in fruit and seeds, or tunnel into herbaceous plants. Well-known species are members of the type genus Scolytus, namely the European elm bark beetle S. multistriatus and the large elm bark beetle S. scolytus, which like the American elm bark beetle Hylurgopinus rufipes, transmit Dutch elm disease fungi (Ophiostoma). The mountain pine beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae, southern pine beetle Dendroctonus frontalis, and their near relatives are major pests of conifer forests in North America. A similarly aggressive species in Europe is the spruce ips Ips typographus. A tiny bark beetle, the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei is a major pest on coffee plantations around the world.

Life cycle and morphology
Bark beetles go through four stages of life: egg, larvae, pupae, and adult, with the time to develop often relying on the species as well as the current temperature. While there is variation among species, generally adults first bore into a tree and lay their eggs in the phloem of the tree. This usually occurs in mid to late summer. Once the eggs hatch, the larvae then live in the tree, feeding on the living tissues below the bark, often leading to death of the tree if enough larvae are present. At the end of the larval stage, chambers are usually constructed for the pupae to overwinter until they are ready to emerge as an adult.

Bark beetles are distinct in their morphology due to their small size and cylindrical shape. Bark beetles also have small appendages, with antennae that can be folded into the body and large mandibles to aid in the excavation of woody tissue. The legs of most bark beetles are very short and can be retracted or folded into the body. The combination of their shape and appendages greatly helps in the excavation of woody tissue. The eyes are also flattened and hypothesized to help see in low-light conditions.

Description and ecology
Bark beetles feed and breed between the bark and the wood of various tree species. While some species, such as the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae), do attack living trees, many bark beetle species feed on weakened, dying, or dead spruce, fir, and hemlock. Most restrict their breeding area to one part of the tree: twig, branch, stem, or root collar. Some breed in trees of only one species, while others in numerous species of tree. In undisturbed forests, bark beetles serve the purpose of hastening the recycling and decomposition of dead and dying wood and renewing the forest. However, a few species are aggressive and can develop large populations that invade and kill healthy trees and are therefore known as pests.

Bark beetles often attack trees that are already weakened by disease, overcrowding, conspecific beetles, or physical damage. In defense, healthier trees may produce sap, resin or latex, which often contains a number of insecticidal and fungicidal compounds that can kill, injure, or immobilize attacking insects. Sap is one of the first lines of defense of pines against bark beetles. Released sap or resins can plug bored holes of bark beetles and seal wounds. Resins also trap insect pests making some initial entry by bark beetles unsuccessful. Chemical compounds can also be induced by tree species that bind with amino acids in the gut of bark beetles, reducing their ability to process woody materials. When in large quantities, the sheer number of beetles can overwhelm the tree's defenses with resulting impacts on the lumber industry, water quality, fish and wildlife, and property values.

The oldest known member of the group is Cylindrobrotus from the Early Cretaceous (Barremian) aged Lebanese amber. A species of the extant mostly Neotropical genus Microborus is also known from the Cenomanian aged Burmese amber of Myanmar.

Prey relationships
Bark beetles are preyed upon by birds such as woodpeckers, other beetles such as the black-bellied clerid (Enoclerus lecontei) and certain other members of family Cleridae, flies such as the long-legged flies (Dolichopodidae), and certain phoretic mites. Phoretic mites use the bark beetle to move from one location to the next, but some of these mite species also prey on the eggs or larvae of the bark beetles or act as parasites.

Parasitoids
The braconid wasp Spathius canadensis is known to parasitize the native elm bark beetle Hylurgopinus rufipes.

Ambrosia beetles
Some bark beetles form a symbiotic relationship with certain Ophiostomatales fungi, and are named "ambrosia beetles". The ambrosia beetles (such as Xyleborus) feed on fungal "gardens" cultivated on woody tissue within the tree. Ambrosia beetles carry the fungal spores in either their gut or special structures, called mycangia, and infect the trees as they attack them. Once a beetle chooses a tree, they release spores of this fungus along tunnels within the tree. These spores grow and eventually produce fruiting structures to be consumed by the beetles. This can allow for ambrosia beetles to indirectly feed from more tree species due to the reliance on the fungi for food and the fungi's ability to overcome some of the plant's chemical defenses. While the majority of ambrosia beetles infect dead trees, several species will infect trees considered healthy or under stress.

Biochemistry
The bark beetle's pheromones, including kairomones, can attract other insects. The pheromones distinguished as kairomones are hormones, pheromones, or allomones of bark beetles, which in turn are used as a locator by insects that are attracted by it, such as flies, which may intend to harm the bark beetle itself. These chemicals interact with pine trees as the bark beetle's host, based on the behavioral, physiological, and biochemical effects of monoterpenes.

Monoterpenes are a chemical fragrance that plays a significant role in tree-insect interactions, specifically within pine trees. It is an aggregation pheromone that attracts insects to the plant/ tree host, including the bark beetle. Monoterpenes has also been known to prevent fungal growth and are also toxic to bark beetles at high vapor concentrations. This latter process demonstrates a defense of pines using monoterpenes against the bark beetle.

Taxonomy
There are around 6,000 described species of bark beetles in 246 genera, placed into 26 distinct tribes.

As pests
Bark beetles are most commonly recognized by their impact on the lumber industry. Massive outbreaks of mountain pine beetles in western North America after about 2005 have killed millions of acres of forest from New Mexico to British Columbia. Bark beetles enter trees by boring holes in the bark of the tree, sometimes using the lenticels, or the pores plants use for gas exchange, to pass through the bark of the tree. As the larvae consume the inner tissues of the tree, they often consume enough of the phloem to girdle the tree, cutting off the spread of water and nutrients. Ambrosia beetles are also known to aid in the spread of pathogens, such as diseases that can cause cankers, further damaging the trees they infect. Like many other insects, Scolytinae emit pheromones to attract conspecifics, which are thus drawn to trees already colonized by bark beetles. This can result in heavy infestations and eventually death of the tree. Many are also attracted to ethanol produced as a byproduct of microbial growth in the dead woody tissues. Increases in international trade, as well as the use of wood containers for storage, has aided numerous species of bark beetle in spreading across the world. They are also extremely adaptable and able to quickly spread through new environments, as seen in France with eleven different species. Bark beetle infestations are also predicted to increase with global warming, meaning infestations will most likely increase in frequency as temperatures rise. Besides the fact that these rising temperatures provide the optimal conditions for larval growth, the development time that the larvae need to become an adult also drops, from 8–9 weeks to 6–7 weeks. As a third the result of global warming, the breeding season of the bark beetle is extended, meaning that number of generations per year will increase. All these factors contribute to an increasing amount of bark beetles and will thus likely result in an increasing frequency of infestations. In the past, fire has been suggested as potential mechanism for controlling bark beetle populations; however, most studies of wildfire after beetle outbreaks have found no effect of beetle-caused tree mortality on wildfire size or severity.

Bark beetles can also be transporters of different plant pathogens such as cankers. The transport of the pathogens also result in the increase of fungi, mites and nematodes within the tree.

External links and further reading

 * American and Mexican Bark and Ambrosia beetles
 * Nordhaus, Hannah. Bark Beetle Outbreaks in Western North America: Causes and Consequences. University of Utah Press: Salt Lake City, 2009. ISBN 978-0-87480-965-7

title: Bark beetle