text:
MediaDefender

MediaDefender, Inc. (now Peer Media Technologies) was a company that fought copyright infringement that offered services designed to prevent alleged copyright infringement using peer-to-peer distribution. They used unusual tactics such as flooding peer-to-peer networks with decoy files that tie up users' computers and bandwidth. MediaDefender was based in Los Angeles, California in the United States. As of March 2007, the company had approximately 60 employees and used 2,000 servers hosted in California with contracts for 9 Gbit/s of bandwidth.

These types of organizations are being hired to attempt to stymie peer-to-peer (P2P) traders through a variety of methods including posting fake files online and recording individuals who contribute copyrighted material, but also marketing to individuals using P2P networks. Clients include Universal Pictures, 20th Century Fox, Virgin Records, HBO, Paramount Pictures, and BMG. On August 1, 2005, the digital media entertainment company ARTISTdirect announced that it had acquired MediaDefender for $42.5 million in cash.

In May 2008, MediaDefender performed a distributed-denial-of-service attack on Revision3, despite the fact that they were not hosting unauthorized materials. Jim Louderback, Revision3's CEO, charged that these attacks violated the Economic Espionage Act and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. As of May 2008, the Federal Bureau of Investigation was investigating the incident.

In August 2009, ARTISTdirect restructured MediaDefender and MediaSentry, creating Peer Media Technologies.

Miivi.com
In February 2007, MediaDefender launched a video sharing site called Miivi.com. On July 4, 2007, file-sharing news site TorrentFreak alleged that Miivi.com was created to trap uploaders of copyrighted content. The site's origins were discovered by a blogger who looked up Miivi.com domain registration information.

After the allegation was re-posted throughout the blogosphere, Miivi.com was shut down on July 4, 2007. In an interview with Ars Technica, chief executive Randy Saaf stated that "MediaDefender was working on an internal project that involved video and didn't realize that people would be trying to go to it and so we didn't password-protect the site". MediaDefender blamed file-sharing groups such as The Pirate Bay for starting the story. Following MediaDefender's subsequent email leak, TorrentFreak alleged that MediaDefender's statement was revealed to be a deliberate falsehood. Saaf denied that MiiVi was "a devious product" and that the company aimed to entrap users, stating only that it was part of MediaDefender's "trade secrets."

The MPAA denied any involvement with MediaDefender. On September 14, 2007, internal emails from MediaDefender were leaked on to BitTorrent file sharing networks, which contradicted MediaDefender's claims of MiiVi being an "internal test site," revealing additional detailed information about the website and that the site was closed when the connection between it and MediaDefender became public knowledge. It was scheduled to be re-launched as www.viide.com, but has not yet been opened up to the public.

Leaked information
Beginning on September 14, 2007, MediaDefender experienced a security breach caused by a group of hackers led by high school student "Ethan". This group called themselves MediaDefender-Defenders. According to an SEC filing, this ultimately cost parent company ARTISTdirect at least $825,000. The breach included emails, a phone conversation, and a number of internal anti-infringement tools, including some source code.

Leaked e-mails
On September 14, 2007, 6,621 of the company's internal e-mails were leaked, containing information contradicting previous statements and details of strategies intended to deceive copyright infringers. The emails link MediaDefender to projects that management previously denied involvement in. The Associated Press and other media outlets suggest that the leak may confirm speculation that MiiVi.com was an anti-copyright infringement "honeypot" site. One e-mail suggests using the MiiVi client program to turn users' PCs into drones for MediaDefender's eMule spoofing activities. The leaked e-mails discuss responses to unexpected and negative press, and expose upcoming projects, problems in and around the office, Domino's pizza orders, and other personal information about employees. Beyond strategic information, the leak also exposed login information for FTP and MySQL servers, making available a large library of MP3 files likely including artists represented by MediaDefender's clients. The emails also revealed that MediaDefender probably was negotiating with the New York Attorney General's office to allow them access to information about users accessing pornographic material. As of September 15, 2007, there had been no official response from the company. However, evidence exists that MediaDefender had been employing both legal and illegal actions to remove copies of the leaked emails from their respective hosting sites. In addition to the usual cease-and-desist letters from their legal department, IP addresses that are owned by MediaDefender were found to have been used in denial-of-service attacks against sites hosting the leaked emails.

The e-mails also revealed direction by MediaDefender founder Randy Saaf to have developer Ben Ebert attempt to eliminate the information about MiiVi from MediaDefender's English Wikipedia entry. Ebert responds in an email on the same day saying, "I will attempt to get all References [sic] to miivi removed from wiki. I should easily be able to get It contested. We'll see if I can get rid of it."

Leaked phone conversation
On September 16, 2007, MediaDefender-Defenders released a 25-minute excerpt of a phone conversation between the New York Attorney General's office and MediaDefender as a torrent on The Pirate Bay. MediaDefender-Defenders claims in information released with the phone conversation that they have infiltrated the "internals" of the company.

Leaked source code
On September 20, 2007, MediaDefender-Defenders released the source code of TrapperKeeper, MediaDefender's decoy systems on The Pirate Bay. A large chunk of MediaDefender's software was available by Bittorrent.

Revision3 controversy
Revision3 is an Internet television network which distributes video content legally through various means, including the BitTorrent protocol. During the Memorial Day weekend in 2008, Revision3 came under a Denial of Service attack originating from MediaDefender IP addresses. The attack left the company's service inaccessible until mid-Tuesday the following week. Revision3 CEO Jim Louderback accused MediaDefender of injecting its decoy files into Revision3's BitTorrent service through a vulnerability, then automatically perpetrating the attack after Revision3 increased security.

Randy Saaf defended MediaDefender's actions by stating "Our systems were targeting a tracker not even knowing it was Revision3's tracker", adding that the denial-of-service attack resulted when "Revision3 changed some configurations" to their BitTorrent tracker.

title: MediaDefender


text:
Talk:Red Ball Express

Ambiguous Phrasing
For offensive operations each division would burn about 700-750 tons a day ...

A casual reader will immediately assume that the verb burn implies fuel rather than aggregate supplies. MaxEnt 15:27, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

African American Red Ballers
Amazing. Almost 75 percent of the Red Ballers were African-American. Yet, there is absolutely no mention of them here -- (unless I missed it; I skimmed the piece). This is a huge omission. (Anybody remember Eddie Kendricks' "Keep on Truckin'"? "I'm the Red Ball Express of love.  I'm truckin'....  deeceevoice 18:45, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Just saw the last sentence (I think). Needs expansion. deeceevoice 18:47, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Since wikipedia is becoming the default source of historical reference, it's a shame to see this topic completely glossed over in order to remain PC. Was this a military program designed to use low IQ soldiers in a productive capacity regardless of race? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.13.158.21 (talk) 00:24, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

 * No. There was a distinct and obvious racial bias against African-Americans in the American military at the time. Many officers considered all blacks worthless, so they would avoid command positions in such units. As a result, many of the white officers in such units were both less than enthusiastic about their troops and also poor leaders. If you look at the differences between the 92nd and the 93rd Infantry Divisions in World War I, you'll see the stark difference in well-led and poorly-led African-American units. There's no political correctness involved in this article. The Army hierarchy believed that African-Americans were stupid, lazy and unfit for combat. They were simply being racist, not putting low IQ soldiers to be drivers.
 * Deecee, I think we ought to have the 75 percent number in the opening paragraph. Burying it down near the bottom is a travesty. --Habap (talk) 16:29, 14 August 2010 (UTC)
 * my father was in the Red Ball Express. He was was assigned to that mission.  He told us the General described the soldiers as just a bunch of "n***** and ignorant white boys.  He also described all the injuries and men killed in the missions.  Because many of them were carrying fuel, and when they were fired upon,  the soldiers driving those trucks had no chance of survival.  He was scarred for life.  Never did get those images out of his mind. I apologize for using the general's language.  In my opinion those boys were chosen because they were the bravest and most dedicated soldiers the military had. 2600:1700:3FE1:2340:D22:4C0E:52CF:469B (talk) 20:00, 23 May 2024 (UTC)

Someday someone's skin color won't matter. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jros83 (talk • contribs) 00:50, 17 November 2010 (UTC)

Before the 70s, black men were seen as unfit for the combat. So they couldn't be part of the fighting units. During the WW1 and WW2 majority of black enlisted men were part of logistic unit.

Repetition and contradiction
This article could do with a vigorous copyedit - even a rewrite. It is full of repetition - for instance, the bit about the African American soldiers appears in the lede and the body of the article. But the most blatant contradiction must be '... the allies had premptively [sic] bombed the French railway system into ruins' in Para 2 of the 'History' section. This is followed by the quote from For Want of a Nail..., (near the end): 'the French railroads were, to some degree, operated similarly, with loaded trains moving forward almost nose to tail.'

Which is it: 'the French railway system in ruins' or 'with loaded trains moving forward almost nose to tail.'?

RASAM (talk) 13:28, 12 November 2016 (UTC)

Unit identification
What units made up the express? I did some preliminary searching and got no hits. Green Books next, I guess.-- Georgia Army Vet Contribs Talk 17:18, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

In other military parlance
In the United States Air Force when an aircraft is at end of runway awaiting takeoff, if a problem arises before takeoff, a "Red Ball" is called for the specialty truck to speed there for a technician to make a repair or call of the flight. 67.10.205.174 (talk) 23:56, 8 September 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Red Ball Express


text:
Patent office

A patent office is a governmental or intergovernmental organization which controls the issue of patents. In other words, "patent offices are government bodies that may grant a patent or reject the patent application based on whether the application fulfils the requirements for patentability."

List of patent offices
For a list of patent offices and their websites, see the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) maintained list, here.

The entries shown in italics are regional or international patent offices.

 * African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO)
 * Intellectual Property Agency of Armenia (AIPA)
 * IP Australia (IPA)
 * Barbados Corporate Affairs and Intellectual Property Office (CAIPO)
 * Canadian Intellectual Property Office (CIPO)
 * Chinese National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA)
 * Ethiopian Intellectual Property Office (EIPO)
 * European Patent Office (EPO)
 * Eurasian Patent Organization (EAPO)
 * German Patent Office (DPMA)
 * Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Patent Office (GCCPO)
 * Indian Patent Office (IPO)
 * Intellectual Property Office of Singapore (IPOS)
 * Israeli Patent Office
 * Italian Patent and Trademark Office
 * Japan Patent Office (JPO)
 * Korean Intellectual Property Office (KIPO)
 * Mexican Institute of Industrial Property (IMPI)
 * National Industrial Property Institute, France (INPI)
 * National Industrial Property Institute, Portugal (INPI)
 * National Institute of Intellectual Property, Kazakhstan (NIIP)
 * Netherlands Patent Office
 * Nordic Patent Institute (NPI)
 * Norwegian Industrial Property Office
 * "Organisation Africaine de la Propriété Intellectuelle" (OAPI)
 * Patent Office of the Republic of Latvia
 * Intellectual Property Organisation of Pakistan (IPO)
 * Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines (IPOPHL)
 * Polish Patent Office (PPO)
 * Russian Federal Service for Intellectual Property, (Rospatent), Russian Federation
 * Spanish Patent and Trademark Office (SPTO)
 * Swedish Patent and Registration Office (PRV)
 * Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property (IGE)
 * Taiwan Intellectual Property Office (TIPO) Republic of China
 * Turkish Patent and Trademark Office (TURKPATENT)
 * Ukrainian Patent Office (officially 'State Enterprise "Ukrainian Institute of Industrial Property"', or 'SE "UIPV"')
 * United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office (UK-IPO)
 * United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)

List of past patent offices or the like

 * Confederate States Patent Office
 * "Goskomizobretenie" (Soviet Union patent office)
 * International Patent Institute

title: Patent office


text:
Donald MacAlister

Sir Donald MacAlister, 1st Baronet of Tarbet (17 May 1854 – 15 January 1934) was a Scottish physician who was Principal and Vice-Chancellor and, later, Chancellor of the University of Glasgow. He was a member of the Cambridge Apostles intellectual secret society, from 1876. From 1904 to 1931 he was President of the General Medical Council.

Early life
Donald MacAlister was born in Perth, on 17 May 1854, the son of Daniel MacAlister (also spelt MacAllister), a publisher's agent and book-deliverer, living at 2 Earls Dykes in Perth who later went to live in Liverpool to work for Blackie and Son. His mother was Euphemia Kennedy and his younger brother, born in 1856, was Sir John MacAlister. He was cousin to Hugh Macalister.

He rose in life from humble beginnings via school at the Liverpool Institute for Boys (founded 1825, closed 1985) to achieve the highest score in the final mathematics examinations at the University of Cambridge in 1877. In November 1877, he was elected a Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge.

He was a native speaker of Gaelic.

Academic career and later life
MacAlister remained a fellow of St. John's College until the end of his life, and was senior tutor from 1900 to 1904. In 1879, he published a paper in the Proceedings of the Royal Society on "The Law of the Geometric Mean." The work was in response to a question put by Francis Galton and contains what is now called the log-normal distribution. After a spell teaching mathematics at Harrow School, MacAlister returned to his original intention of studying medicine, first at Cambridge, later in 1879 at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, and for a short time at Leipzig. In 1881, he settled in Cambridge, and took up medical teaching, investigation, and practice, and in 1884, when he graduated M.D., became physician to Addenbrooke's Hospital. He was elected Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1886. He was the Gulstonian Lecturer in 1887.

In addition to his great talent in mathematics and his accomplishments in medicine, MacAlister was also an extraordinary linguist. In addition to his native Gaelic and English, he was said to have spoken well German, Norse, French, Italian, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, Czech, Basque, Turkish, Greek, Arabic, Swedish, Russian, Serbian, Afrikaans and Romany: nineteen languages total.

MacAlister was a contemporary at St. John's of the first Japanese graduate of Cambridge named Kikuchi Dairoku and they were lifelong friends. MacAlister also assisted Inagaki Manjiro with a petition to the Council of the Senate to allow Japanese students to obtain exemption from the study of Latin and Greek for entrance examinations.

MacAlister played a very important part in the work of the General Medical Council (GMC). He was elected to it in 1889 as representative of Cambridge University and became its president in 1904. In 1931, after an unbroken twenty-seven years in office, he stood down on grounds of ill health.

In 1907, MacAlister was appointed Principal of the University of Glasgow, in place of Very Rev Robert Herbert Story, a position from which he retired in 1929. During those years, the university grew substantially. Upon his resignation, he was elected Chancellor of the university by the General Council.

MacAlister took a leading part in the university business of the country. He was one of the founders of the Universities Bureau of the British Empire, and was for many years Chairman of the Standing Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals of the British universities.

MacAlister's work was widely recognised; he received honorary doctorates from thirteen universities and was appointed KCB in 1908 and created a baronet, of Tarbert, Cantire, in the County of Argyll, in 1924.

In 1917, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Ralph Allan Sampson, Frederick Orpen Bower, John Horne, and Thomas James Jehu.

He died in 1934 and is buried in the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground in Cambridge, with his wife, Edith Florence Boyle (16 June 1873 – 27 November 1950). They had no children and the baronetcy became extinct upon his death.

Works

 * Introductory Address on the General Medical Council (lecture, 1906)

title: Donald MacAlister


text:
Talk:Slavic studies

contemporary Slavists
It should be usefull to have a better list of contemporary slavists... --Millosh 08:08, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

history
The article states that Slavistics is interested only in language, culture and literature. That seems rather limited to me - what about history? Similary, I think that not only linguist or philologist can classify as a Slavist. Comments?--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 03:33, 24 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, sure, just like any humanist, a Slavist could be a professional semiologist, philosopher, archaeologist or sociologist. However, the studies are primarily associated with language studies, while historical studies on early Slavs are just that: a branch of history rather than branch of Slavistics. At times such studies are considered a part of Slavistics, at times they're not. Or am I wrong?  // Halibutt 04:55, 24 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree with Halibutt here. --Ghirla -трёп- 08:31, 24 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Perhaps there is confusion between more linguistic focuses slavistics and broader slavic studies, and a split is needed?--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 14:48, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Move. (Early closure as obviously uncontrovertial -- not a proper noun). A case could be made for a move to Slavistics though, as arguably more common. Duja ► 12:57, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

To Slavic studies. Completing for nom, neutral for now. -- Groggy Dice T | C 03:04, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

Survey
Add "# Support" or "# Oppose" in the appropriate section followed by a brief explanation, then sign your opinion with ~

 * 1) Support. Generaly, we don't capitalize article names, do we? Why should we vote about this? Compare English studies, German studies, etc. Daniel Šebesta (talk • contribs) 03:08, 12 January 2007 (UTC)
 * 2) Sure - this doesn't even need a survey, I think... --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 03:13, 12 January 2007 (UTC)
 * 3) Of course I support the move. I am the responsible mover. Sorry I did this without following this protocol. If votes prefer the old name, I will not tamper. If accepted, I hope the broader and more up-to-date name will lead to improvements of this article to reflect the breadth and many innovative directions of the field. I don't object to lower-case "studies"Peshkov 03:19, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

Discussion
Add any additional comments
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Slavic and Slavonic
As the adjective "Slavonic" is more common in British and Irish English than "Slavic", I am adding it to the beginning of the article. Iain (talk) 22:57, 14 November 2012 (UTC)

Numbers are needed
The page suggests parity of the languages and cultures.
 * Russian studies dominate US universities.
 * Canada has a strong Ukrainian minority.Xx236 (talk) 07:57, 2 March 2022 (UTC)

Discussing Wikilink Tag
This article is marked as needing wikilink cleanup. On review, it seems that the tags, while definitely omnipresent, are useful for navigating to relevant pages, and fit within the context of the article. Any more experienced editors have input here? Fireboltsilver (talk) 17:44, 31 October 2022 (UTC)

 * I had the same thought. I did go ahead and unlink most of the country names, on the theory that anyone interested in Slavic studies has surely heard of Russia, Ukraine and Poland. I left some that someone might want to look up, such as Galicia. I looked at all the department/institute names in the list of schools, and the ones I sampled were external links. These are, as a rule, frowned upon within the body of the article, but, as you say, this is information. My thought would be that the external links could become references to the fact that such and such a university has a Slavic studies department. This would improve compliance with the Manual of Style, retain the useful information, and open up some white space in the article. But I don't feel moved to do this particular bit of fiddly wikignoming just this moment. It is however a suggestion for anyone who comes by here before I come back. Another idea might be to see if we have a page for Germanic studies, Romance language studies, etc, and see how it is handled on those pages. It somes likely, given that this is wikipedia, that someone has instituted a policy for how to handle this. Elinruby (talk) 01:11, 7 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I feel like the tag may have been added due to the exhaustive list of related studies at the bottom, which you don't see very often. But to my eyes it is helpful and thoughtfully put together. I will go ahead and remove the tag. 184.67.135.194 (talk) 19:26, 15 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Slavic studies


text:
Talk:Sortition

Athenian Elections
The section of this article which discusses athenian sortition mentions that Athenians did not consider elections democratic. That claim, along with much of the section--when it does not draw on primary sources--refers to a single scholar as a source. Considering that Athenians did use elections sometimes, in addition to sortition, I wonder whether this claim could be disputed, and if so, whether it is necessary to the content of this article. I'm not sure myself, but would encourage anyone with more knowledge of how Athenians conceived of elections and sortition respectively to take a look! TherealLiamplsc308 (talk) 00:57, 23 February 2021 (UTC)

Untitled
It is said that even the etymology of "ballot" reflects the role of sortition in ancient times, but someone needs to check the OED to make sure this is an accurate reflection.

Selection by lot: drawing straws, rolling dice, etc.

Slightly amplify the reference to "qualification" so that "random" sounds less silly.

Aristotle and classical analysis of sortition
The entry currently says that "Arguably, selection by lot is a more democratic process than election by vote, since sortition is less influenced by money and fame. Aristotle and other classical writers who discussed the subject took this view."

While there are statemnts by Aristotle (Politics, book 4, chap. 9) saying that sortition is democratic, I am unaware of any specific argument offered by him for why this is so. The same, as far as I know, is true for Montesquieu and Rousseau. All these authors seem to take it for granted that sortition is democratic, but fail to provide any arguments. I think the entry should be changed to correctly describe this situation. --Drono 04:14, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

Text from Allotment
The following text was on Allotment, which was looking nothing like the dab page it claimed to me. It seems a bit too good just to delete, so I'm putting in here for someone to merge into this article if thought appropriate. Cheers --Pak21 11:30, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

Allotment (also known as sortition) is a method of selection by some form of lottery such as drawing coloured pebbles from a bag. It was commonly used in Ancient Greek Democracy. It is thought that allotment originally developed from the use of oracles to divine the will of the gods, but by the time of Ancient Greeks like Herodotus it was a key part of the the Athenian political system.

Athenian Democracy developed out of a notion of isonomia (equality of political rights), and Allotment was the principle way of achieving this fairness. Greek "Democracy" (literally meaning rule by the people) was literally run by the people: the administration was in the hands of committees allotted from the people. Although it may seem strange to those used to Liberal Democracy the Athenian Greeks considered Elections to be undemocratic. This was because citizens chosen on merit or popularity contradicted the democratic principle of equality of all citizenry. In addition allotment prevented the corrupt practise of buying votes as no one could know who would be selected as a magistrate or to sit on the Jury.

Athenian Democracy used allotment to select around 90% of the magistrates for their governing committees. Only in exceptional cases such as generals of the army (strategoi) did Athenians vote for candidates (even Greeks saw the benefit of selecting their generals on merit rather than principle ). Their huge juries (typically 501) were allotted using sophisticated machines to ensure jurors were fairly allocated. These juries not only tried cases, handed down sentences (see the trial of Socrates), but could also overturn laws passed by the citizen's assembly.

Allotment is today restricted mainly to the selection of jurors in Anglo-Saxon legal systems like the UK and US.

For the use of lots in divination see Cleromancy.

Fairness
Selection bias and the potential incorrect math, sortition is not certain to be fair and any statement alledging it's fairnss should refer to respected source on statistics/probability applications. i kan reed 00:54, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Demarchy
Much of the pros and cons for Sortition are found in a similar form in the Demarchy article. I'm thinking that Demarchy should be merged into this article as a result. --One Salient Oversight 11:57, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

See main discussion on the Demarchy talk page. 66.127.54.23 (talk) 03:59, 8 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Done, finally :) See old talk-page and revived 2014 discussion of merger at talk:Demarchy ★NealMcB★ (talk) 18:55, 27 December 2014 (UTC)

Aristotle on Wikisource
I see that this article references Aristotle's "Politics"... It seems the text of this is online in wikisource... I am not sure how to read these references to be honest... to find the corresponding quotes in the book... Could someone clarify that for me? Also, why not provide a link to the wikisource text? LordBrain (talk) 03:38, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Politics_%28Aristotle%29

 * I came across the same issue and managed to find the cited text, except it's not cited correctly, according to the translation in Wikisource. The number within square brackets in the citation refers to the same section in the book: ""[...] as, for instance, as it seems correspondent to the nature of a democracy, that the magistrates should be chosen by lot, but an aristocracy by vote [...]""

 * In other words, it seems to me that Aristotle was merely reporting the differing opinions of his times about such topics, but not endorsing any one of these opinions. Moreover, Wikisource's translation talks about Magistrates, not generic public offices as it's reported here. Which one is right? --Bafio (talk) 15:28, 9 October 2011 (UTC)

Bot report : Found duplicate references !
In the last revision I edited, I found duplicate named references, i.e. references sharing the same name, but not having the same content. Please check them, as I am not able to fix them automatically :) DumZiBoT (talk) 02:31, 9 August 2008 (UTC)
 * "MorgenIsonomia" :
 * The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes", Mogens Herman Hansen, ISBN 1-85399-585-1
 * The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes", Mogens Herman Hansen, ISBN 1-85399-585-1

Appreciation
The reading of this article has been one of the best experiences of roaming the Wikipedia so far. I simply want to credit all the contributors for this. This was unexpected and gave way to new realizations, and renewed political enthusiasm in me. Thanks --Xact (talk) 22:37, 13 July 2009 (UTC)

a fictional view
My favorite passage from Ken MacLeod's novel Dark Light:
 * Drawing lots is fair, even if it sometimes throws up a freak result. With elections you’re actually building the minority problem right in at every level, and lots more with it – parties, money, fame, graft, just for starters.  What chance would that leave ordinary people, what chance would we have of being heard or of making a difference?  Elections are completely undemocratic, they’re downright antidemocratic.  Everybody knows that !

—Tamfang (talk) 23:07, 15 August 2009 (UTC)

Enthusiasm of the representatives
You can ensure representatives are enthusiastic about representing the population by a lottery system: each person who is enthusiastic can get one ticket. Then draw among the ticket holders instead of the whole population. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.206.137.118 (talk) 16:09, 31 July 2011 (UTC)

Models
See Why a citizen’s parliament chosen by lot would be ‘perfect’ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lsky (talk • contribs) 22:34, 27 September 2015 (UTC)

Intended alterations to article
''I am part of a Yale undergraduate course studying representative government and its evolution. As part of my studies, I plan to research lotocracies and strengthen this page. I am incredibly interested in the use of lot within republics and I believe that by improving this article I can help to spark conversation about sovereignty and representation. Below I have outlined some intended changes, and I would very much appreciate any and all feedback. I look forward to working with the Wiki community on this article, and I thank all of you for your hard work in providing the world with knowledge.''

Introduction - I plan to expand this portion of the article with additional summarization of later points and introduce new information about general pro/con themes.

1 History - Additional information, after research, will be added about historical examples of sortition. This especially includes a deeper dive into the systems of Greece, Venice and Florence.

Example: "In Athens, to be eligible to be chosen by lot, citizens self-selected themselves into the available pool, then lotteries in the chlorite machines. The magistracies assigned by lot generally had terms of service of 1 year. A citizen could not hold magistracy more than once in his lifetime, but could hold other magistracies.  All citizens over 30 years of age, who were not guilty of atimia, were eligible. Those selected through lot underwent examination called dokimasia in order to avoid incompetent officials.  Rarely were selected citizens discarded .  Magistrates, once in place, were subjected to constant monitoring by the Assembly.  Magistrates appointed by lot had to render account of their time in office upon their leave, called euthynai.  However, any citizen could request the suspension of a magistrate with due reason.

In Florence, systems of lot were used to select magistrates and members of the Signoria during republican periods. Florence utilized a combination of lot and scrutiny by the people, set forth by the ordinances of 1328. In 1494, Florence founded a Great Council in the model of Venice. The nominatori were thereafter chosen by lot from among the members of the Great Council, indicating a decline in aristocratic power.

Lot was used in the Venetian system only to select members of the committees that nominated candidates to be considered by the Great Council for political posts. A combination of election and lot was used in this multi-stage process. Lot was not used alone to select magistrates, unlike in Florence and Athens. The use of lot to select nominators made it more difficult for political sects to exert power, and discouraged campaigning. By reducing intrigue and power moves within the Great Council, lot maintained cohesiveness among the Venetian nobility, contributing to the stability of this republic. Top magistracies generally still remained in the control of elite families ."

2 Advantages - I plan to add 1-2 more advantages. Additionally, I plan to connect some of the advantages back to historical examples of their success.

·Effective representation of the interests of the people ·Fairness & Equality ·Democratic ·Less corruptible than elections ·Fair representation ·Power to ordinary people ·Voter fatigue ·Loyalty is to conscience not to political party

3 Disadvantages - I plan to add another disadvantage,

The difference between arithmetical and geometrical equality as outlined by Isocrates. Choosing the correct mean is essential to correctly estimating the central tendency of a population or calculating investment returns. Although the concept of an average may seem simple, it is imperative for a user to carefully consider which mean to use–and to communicate to reader or intended audience the method of deriving the average and the rationale for doing so.

·Pure sortition does not discriminate ·Misrepresentation ·Sortition can put in power people with minority views ·Voting confers legitimacy ·Some forms of sortition entail compulsion ·Enthusiasm of the representatives ·Accountability

Methods - These processes are generally measured in terms of political efficacy. Researchers at the University of Michigan's Survey Research Center originally introduced the concept of political efficacy in their mid-twentieth century studies of national elections in the United States. Campbell, Gurin, and Miller defined efficacy as the "feeling that individual political action does have, or can have, an impact upon the political process, i.e., that it is worth- while to perform one's civic duties". Later researchers convincingly argued, though, that efficacy is not simply a unidimensional construct. Instead, efficacy consists of at least two related, but distinguishable, concepts: (1) external efficacy, which refers to citizens' perceptions of the responsiveness of the political system to their demands, and (2) internal efficacy, which refers to the citizens' feelings of personal competence "to understand and to participate effectively in politics."

Examples - This portion seems redundant after “History.” I will add further examples to it, such as the Great Council of Venice, to make it more substantive.

Hollymjg95 (talk) 18:08, 5 October 2015 (UTC)

These are great additions. Might I also suggest that one advantage of sortition is that it leads to descriptive representation. In representative democracies elites tend to be representatives. A system of sortition leads to representatives that are descriptively representative of the larger polity's population. % female, % lower class, % minority etc. I haven't found a good source for this argument though.--Tropdotism (talk) 04:56, 7 February 2018 (UTC)

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Merge Stochocracy
Is there any objection to merging Stochocracy in here? There has been a proposal on the Talk:Stochocracy page since 2012 to merge it in here. According to [http://politics.stackexchange.com/questions/290/is-there-any-difference-between-demarchy-and-stochocracy terminology - Is there any difference between demarchy and stochocracy? - Politics Stack Exchange], "Stochocracy is just an attempt to translate the french word stochocracie, which is a word used to refer to any democracy that uses sortition to select its decision makers." ★NealMcB★ (talk) 19:46, 25 January 2016 (UTC)

==== I should vote against the merging, because stochocracy isn´t limited to sortition. This became clearer in countries distinguished by nearly chaotic governances, where the issue has been discussed more than under comparatively stable, or successful, governments. An example is es.wikipedia.org/ article "Estococracia". Sortition (just an attempt to translate the french word "sortition") isn´t needed for stochocracy; this later is the general term. The stochastic character of governants can be attained by arbitrarily putting any determining number, e.g. a section of the identity card number. Establishing it as 0000 yields an statistical sample of the population in the same way (i.e., as mathematically fair as) sorting such a determining number. See the Argentinian long labored (yet unapplied!) example in es.wiki

==== This is why stochocracy is the gender and the forms of sortition, as well as the forms of arbitrary establishment of the "determinant" number, are its species. The wider concept is therefore Stochocracy.

==== Best regards,

I would also object to merging "everything" to Sortition. I believe that the Sortition Article is far to complex and some readers in search of a few simple terms "demarchie, lottocracy etc." will find a lot of text but simply not what they were looking for. This sortition article btw reminds me of the attempt of Hegel to write an intruduction to a planned history of philosophy. his introduction finally turned out to have 900 pages and is today titled "Phaenomenologie des Geistes"; the History of Philosophy was never written. - I would go as far and rather erase the sortition article instead of merging anything into it! Lachteufel (talk) 00:15, 11 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Merge if not delete - The other article has no secondary or tertiary sources, does not adequately distinguish itself as more than a variety of sortition, and appears to be a WP:POVFORK for French advocates of the system. I would not point out the nationality, except I've seen at least three of them who don't seem to realize that this is the English Wikipedia (for example, using the French title for an originally English-language book by American author Philip K Dick). Ian.thomson (talk) 07:46, 15 May 2016 (UTC)
 * It looks like Ian merged/redirected the Stochocracy article on 2016-05-15T02:03:54. For previous contents / discussions, see the template I added at the top of this talk page, or see .  ★NealMcB★ (talk) 23:48, 23 May 2016 (UTC)

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Voting confers legitimacy. Disadvantage?
In the article, exposes the lack of legitimacy of Sortition as a disadvantage. You should notice that in Athenian Democracy that was not considered a disadvantage at all. I'll try to explain why: If you are not chosen, you don't have legitimacy. That is, you can't do what you want, because nobody chose you. That is a disadvantage if officers must not answer for their work, but is an advantage if power resides on the assembly like in Athenian Democracy. That is: It may be an advantage or disadvantage depending on how the political system works. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rober2D2 (talk • contribs) 15:58, 2 July 2016 (UTC)

German version
Hello, I have tried to add a link to the German article https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Losverfahren but for whatever reason when accessing the English version, it is not displayed. If it is not displayed after a revision, kindly add it. Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.105.160.157 (talk) 12:31, 4 July 2016 (UTC) There is a link from the German to the English article, but not vice versa. The top left header displays Wikidata, I can enter the German keyword, but I am not allowed to save it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.105.160.157 (talk) 12:35, 4 July 2016 (UTC)

I believe the correct German article would be this one: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demarchie Cbd4738 (talk) 10:35, 24 September 2021 (UTC)

Okay, but how is it actually DONE?
I clicked on a link that said "drawing lots", because I was curious how one actually "drew lots" as opposed to "drawing straws"; instead I find this dense article full of talk of people who have done so, why they did so, the pros and cons of doing so, but nowhere does it describe how the actual process of "sortition" works. If I hadn't come to this page by clicking "Drawing lots", I'm not sure I'd even be able to figure out that that's what you are talking about. It says "whereby politicians are randomly selected"...there is nothing to indicate that they are selected by a system of drawing marked "lots". I'd have assumed that you were talking about eenie-meenie-miny-moe or something. And then, it still doesn't say anything about "drawing lots" in modern culture where we don't have these lots-drawing machines. What is a "lot"? How are they marked? I read something elsewhere about a man "drawing the black spot", but otherwise I'm mystified, and this page hasn't helped me at all. Maybe there is something in here and I just missed it amongst all the rest, but if so, then it really should be easier to find. The page on Drawing straws is concise enough! AnnaGoFast (talk) 19:02, 9 August 2016 (UTC)

FBI says man planned to bomb National Mall on Election Day
Prosecutors said he planned to use the bomb to kill himself and draw attention to a political system called sortition, in which public officials are chosen randomly rather than elected.

https://www.apnews.com/3ac69f349383457eb9ace188d18a3380

Corruption
The claim that sortition combats corruption seems debatable because of Unaccountability. Yes, it makes manipulation of selected officials more expensive, but there is a danger that money appropriation by officials can become the norm. By contrast, elected officials are scrutinized for corruption (albeit with limited success) and bear (limited) consequences for it. Pgan002 (talk) 21:03, 27 August 2019 (UTC)

Image from New Tasmanian Democracy
I am the director of New Tasmanian Democracy, and I placed the image into the article as a way to explain how it might work.

It was removed as a "promotional image".

However, there are two important points:

1. The image is under a creative commons license, so there are no copyright problems.

2. The image depicts how sortition might work in one particular area, and how it might replace an electoral system.

3. Many political articles have images sourced from various special interest groups as a way of explaining issues.

If someone replaces the image I uploaded with a similar one that is more generic, I will not complain.

--One Salient Oversight (talk) 03:14, 3 February 2020 (UTC)

Merge with People's jury
It has been proposed that People's jury be merged into Sortition.
 * Oppose. The institution of a People's jury uses sortition, but has unique characteristics of its own, and is discussed as a distinct concept in sources. Daask (talk) 16:12, 27 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Support. A People's jury is identical to the subheading of Sortition to choose legislative juries in this page. It's also mentioned (as "Citizens' jury") under Modern examples. Expanding those two sections here to be as detailed as the current freestanding page and turning it into a redirect here is a clear win. --PDVk (talk) 17:42, 1 May 2020 (UTC)
 * On further investigation, there are three separate pages for citizen's assembly, citizen's jury, and people's jury. There is a lot of overlap between these four pages and none of them is of stellar quality; I think they should be merged into two pages, perhaps three. --PDVk (talk) 18:01, 1 May 2020 (UTC)

 * Comment I oppose the merger of citizens' assembly with sortition – the former is about specific types of bodies, while the latter is about a process that is not limited to use in citizens' assemblies. However, citizen's jury and people's jury could probably be merged with citizens' assembly. Number   5  7  13:39, 2 May 2020 (UTC)
 * If anyone can vote, I oppose merger into sortition. DAVilla (talk) 15:21, 13 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose the merger of sortition, which is a selection method, with the other pages which are about specific types of bodies chosen by sortition. I do not have an opinion about whether to merge the other pages with each other. Krubo (talk) 14:14, 2 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose merger of Sortition with the other pages per reasons given above, but no opinion about whether to merge the other pages with each other. Since there is clear opposition above to including Sortition in this merge proposal, I have removed Sortition from the merge templates, but the link in the merge template on each of the other pages still points here for discussion of the merger of those pages. I've created a new suheading below for further discussion of the remaining merge proposal. Biogeographist (talk) 16:36, 2 July 2020 (UTC)

Revised proposal to merge Citizens' assembly, Citizens' jury, and People's jury

 * Support the merger of People's jury and Citizens' jury.--Geysirhead (talk) 06:53, 12 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Done People's jury is merged into Citizens' jury --Geysirhead (talk) 07:42, 12 July 2020 (UTC)

Origin of lottery
An unreferenced paragraph of Lottery:
 * The first recorded Italian lottery was held on 9 January 1449 in Milan organized by the Golden Ambrosian Republic to finance the war against the Republic of Venice. However, it was in Genoa that Lotto became very popular. People used to bet on the name of Great Council members, who were drawn by chance, five out of ninety candidates every six months. This kind of gambling was called Lotto or Semenaiu. When people wanted to bet more frequently than twice a year, they began to substitute the candidates names with numbers and modern lotto was born, to which both modern legal lotteries and the illegal Numbers game can trace their ancestry.

--Error (talk) 02:15, 20 January 2021 (UTC)

Linking to page on Japanese Wikipedia
Hi, I believe this page ("Sortition") should be linked to the page https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%8F%E3%81%98 on the Japanese version of Wikipedia, but I don't know how to do that.

Wiki Education assignment: Open Democracy
— Assignment last updated by SirChristian1673 (talk) 13:44, 12 October 2022 (UTC)

Sortition as principal characteristic
"In ancient Athenian democracy, sortition was the traditional and primary method for appointing political officials, and its use was regarded as a principal characteristic of democracy."

The two sources cited don't mention sortition at all, as far as I can tell. The first looks like a bibliography or works cited page and the second doesn't ever mention the word "sortition" (Ctrl+F). 50.47.164.241 (talk) 07:42, 15 February 2024 (UTC)

More examples
In 2019, the German speaking Ostbelgien region in Belgium, implemented the Ostbelgien Model, consisting of an 24-member Citizen's Council which convenes short term Citizen's Assemblies to provide non-binding recommendations to its parliament. Later that same year both the main and French-speaking parliaments of the Brussels-Capital Region voted to authorize setting up mixed parliamentary committees composed of parliamentarians and randomly selected citizens to draft recommendations on a given issue.

The Amish have used sortition to a slate of nominees when they select their community leaders. In their process, formal members of the community each register a single private nomination, and candidates with a minimum threshold of nominations then stand for the random selection that follows. Local government in parts of Tamil Nadu such as the village of Uttiramerur traditionally used a system known as kuda-olai where the names of candidates for the village committee were written on palm leaves and put into a pot and pulled out by a child. Superb Owl (talk) 20:02, 19 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sortition


text:
Matt Molloy

Matt Molloy (born 12 January 1947) is an Irish musician, from a region known for producing talented flautists. As a child, he began playing the flute and won the All-Ireland Flute Championship at nineteen. Considered one of the most brilliant Irish musicians, his style that adapts piping techniques to the flute has influenced many contemporary Irish flute players.

During the 1970s, Molloy was a member of The Bothy Band and its successor, the re-founded Planxty. He joined The Chieftains in 1979, replacing Michael Tubridy. Over the course of his career, Molloy has worked with the Irish Chamber Orchestra, Paul Brady, Tommy Peoples, Micheál Ó Súilleabháin and Dónal Lunny. Molloy owns a pub on Bridge Street in Westport, County Mayo where there are regular Irish music sessions.

Discography

 * Solo Albums
 * Matt Molloy with Donal Lunny (1976)
 * Molloy, Brady, Peoples (1978)
 * Contentment Is Wealth (1985)
 * Heathery Breeze (1981)
 * Stony Steps (1987)
 * The Fire Aflame (1992)
 * Music at Matt Molloy's (1993)
 * Shadows on Stone (1996)
 * The West Ocean String Quartet (with Matt Molloy):The Guiding Moon (2007)
 *  Pathway to the Well (2007) Matt Molloy, John Carty, Arty McGlynn
 * Back to the Island (2019)

 * Contributing artist
 * H-Block (Compilation by Christy Moore) (1978 album)
 * The Rough Guide to Irish Music (1996)

title: Matt Molloy


text:
Strindens Promenade Orchester

Strindens Promenade Orchester is a student wind band in Trondheim, Norway. It holds the world record in "speed playing" of John Philip Sousa's famous marching song Stars and Stripes Forever. The band calls their speedy rendering of the march Stars and Stribes, and performs the march at meetings at the Trondheim Student Society. Set during the fall term of 1999, the record time is 50.9 seconds (nominal time is 3 minutes 50 seconds). For this, the band is noted in the Norwegian edition of the Guinness Book of Records.

The orchestra was founded at Havstein cemetery at 5:04 p.m., April 28th, 1963. This site was chosen because the founders thought that "it was the only place where nobody would be disturbed". The orchestra celebrates this event twice a year.

title: Strindens Promenade Orchester


text:
Talk:Dick Ebersol

Norm Macdonald
No mention of Dick Ebersol being responsible for Norm Macdonald being let go from Saturday Nite Live.

http://www.intelligencer.ca/2010/09/16/a-qa-with-comic-norm-macdonald

Majinsnake (talk) 20:50, 22 September 2016 (UTC)

Untitled
Someone wrote that Dick Ebersol and his wife have five children. Did they have five children before the son died in the plane crash, or do they have five children now? I just think that should be cleared up. Thanks.

To the editors of Wikipedia. Dear friends, I could find no place to send this. could you please pass it along to Dick & Susan Ebersol and family? Please give my sincerest blessing to Dick, Susan and family, in this time of great sorrow. There is no pain worse than the pain of losing a child. My wife and I have suffered this loss and know. Rejoice and celebrate all that Teddy brought you, and accept the love of your friends. You WILL get through this. Sincerely, Michael R. Landers nightlifemusicco@netzero.net

Crash
Why is there no mention of the plane crash that seriously injured him and killed his son?66.245.67.247 (talk) 02:55, 14 October 2010 (UTC)

merged
added age of son from Edward Ebersol; that article is now a redirect to this one. Joyous 17:25, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

Olympic Style
There is a section in the article which reads:

He is noted for developing a heavily debated and often criticized style of reporting the Olympics, which under NBC now focuses more on the human interest side of US athletes than on real live reporting of the competitions themselves that are often interrupted by commercial breaks.

I believe he does this since it is similar to Roone Arledge's approach when ABC aired the Olympics, given that he learned from Arledge. So I think you can really blame Arledge for this Olympic approach, since he's only following his style. I was too young to remember when ABC had the Olympics, but I think they did the same exact thing back then. Can anyone clarify this? ErikNY 04:20, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Dick Ebersol


text:
Talk:The Honolulu Advertiser

Lorrin A. Thurston and Son
The article as it is now includes this quote:

"In 1888, Spreckles sold his newspaper to the Hawaiian Gazette Company. It in turn sold the newspaper in 1895 to Lorrin A. Thurston, a cabinet minister in the administration of David Kalakaua. Thurston would later become the architect of the overthrow of the monarchy and end the existence of the Kingdom of Hawaii."

Is the 1895 a typo? The next sentence says Thurston would "later become the architect of the overthrow of the monarchy..." The monarchy was overthrown in 1893, two years BEFORE this article says the newspaper was sold. Also, by 1895, Kalakaua had been dead for several years. Could someone clarify this?

Also, is the explanation of the Bayonet Constitution necessary? It doesn't really have anything to do with the Advertiser.

Thank you! - Aoi

 * It looks like the all-too-common stream of consciousness style, where the narrative is interrupted by a backwards-in-time description of who Thurston was. Easy wording fix is "...Thurston, who had been a cabinet minister...Kalakaua, and was subsequently the architect...". You're right that the Thurston info here should be pruned severely in any case, Thurston has his whole own article that should be more detailed. Stan 10:13, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Walter M. Gibson
According to an article in the Honolulu Advertiser Walter M. Gibson bought the Pacific Commerical Advertiser in 1880: http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/150/sesq1gibson This should be added somehow. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.171.92.111 (talk) 02:29, 26 January 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Honolulu Advertiser


text:
Music of Rajasthan

This type of music originates from the Rajasthan, one of the states of India and home to several important centers of Indian musical development, including Udaipur, Jodhpur and Jaipur. The region's music shares similarities both with nearby areas of India and the other side of the border, in the Pakistani province of Sindh.

Overview
Rajasthan has a diverse collection of musician castes, including langas, sapera, bhopa, and Manganiar. There are two traditional classes of musicians: the Langas, who stuck mostly exclusively to Muslim audiences and styles, and the Manganiars, who had a more liberal approach.

Traditional music includes the women's Panihari songs, which lyrically describes chores, especially centered on water and wells, both of which are an integral part of Rajasthan's desert culture. Other songs, played by various castes, normally begin with the alap, which sets the tune and is followed by a recital of a couplet (dooba). Epic ballads tell tales of heroes like Devnarayan Bhagwan, Gogaji, Ramdeoji, Pabuji and Tejaji. The celebration of changing seasons is also very central to folk music of Rajasthan. Celebration of the coming of the Monsoon or the harvest season are central to most traditional folk songs. Songs also revolve around daily activities of the local people-- for instance, a song about not sowing Jeera (Cumin) as it is difficult to tend. Or, for instance, another song about Podina (Mint) and how it is liked by various members of the family (an allegorical reference to a local liquor extracted from mint is also made). Every day common themes are the center of traditional rajasthani folk music.

One of the most famous Rajasthani Maand singers is Allah Jilai Bai of the Bikaner Gharana.

Notable musicians

 * Allah Jilai Bai
 * Kheta Khan
 * Mame Khan
 * Seema Mishra
 * Prakash Mali
 * Satkeer
 * Chotu Singh Rawna
 * Anupriya Lakhawat
 * Hemraj Goyal
 * Dapu Khan
 * Ila Arun

title: Music of Rajasthan


text:
Talk:Music of Rajasthan

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 18:49, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

WP:INDIA Banner/Rajasthan workgroup Addition
Note: WP India Project Banner with Rajasthan workgroup parameters was added to this article talk page because the article falls under Category:Rajasthan or its subcategories. Should you feel this addition is inappropriate, please undo my changes and update/remove the relavent categories to the article --  TinuCherian  (Wanna Talk?) - 07:34, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

rajasthani music
The music of Rajasthan is realy interesting.It is some what loud and has variety of types indicating all feelings like love,anger,happiness etc.The music has a shade of Rajasthani culture and Rajsthani lifestyle.One can realy enjoy the Rajsthani music!The music itself makes you move to the beat!It is that much effective and magical!!!! divya crazy 27 13:44, 31 August 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Divya crazy 27 (talk • contribs)

title: Talk:Music of Rajasthan


text:
Kitkat (comedian)

Soraya Ray L. Bañas (born September 23, 1984), better known as Kitkat, is a singer, comedian, TV host, and actress in the Philippines. She is known as "The Stolen Diva", under the management of Star Magic. She is a stand-up singer/comedian at The Punchline, Laffline and Metro Comedy Bar. Her first solo concert was in January 2009 at the Metro Bar. Kitkat portrays sidekicks in television series and movies. She has appeared on the game show The Singing Bee.

Early life
Kitkat was born on September 23, 1987, in Manila Philippines. When she was seven years old, she was a grand finalist at the kids beauty contest in GMA 7's Lunch Date and she was hailed 5 weeks Champion of Tanghalan ng Kampeon, hosted by Pilita Corrales and Bert Tawa Marcelo. She was also part of the children's show Yan ang Bata during childhood. She entered amateur singing contests in different cities and a television singing contest while still a child, and while at school in college, she worked as a back-up singer then band member with Willie Revillame. She then became a singer and stand-up comedian at Punchline, Laffline and Metro Bar and later was an actress in the afternoon teleserye Maid in Heaven. She holds a degree in Bachelor of Arts-International Studies from the College of the Holy Spirit, graduating in 2004.

Current career
After the shutdown of ABS-CBN 2 on May 5, 2020, due to not having a renewal franchise of the TV network, KitKat hosted the Net 25 Noontime Show following her leaving Starmagic. She hosted the daily noontime variety program titled Happy Time with fellow veteran comedian and former Eat Bulaga Dabarkads hosts Anjo Yllana and Janno Gibbs. Happy Time started airing on September 14, 2020, with the time slot of 12 pm to 2 pm.

title: Kitkat (comedian)


text:
Chofetz Chaim Heritage Foundation

The Chofetz Chaim Heritage Foundation (established in 1989) is a non-profit Orthodox Jewish organization based in Monsey, New York, United States. The foundation is dedicated to spreading the teachings of Rabbi Israel Meir Kagan, known as the Chofetz Chaim ( חָפֵץ חַיִּים "Seeker of Life" in Hebrew) and is based on his work of Jewish ethics of the same name. Kagan’s work deals with the prohibitions of gossip, slander and defamation, which are known as Lashon Hara in Jewish law (Halakha).

Its programs are in various Orthodox Jewish high schools, primarily those attended by girls.

title: Chofetz Chaim Heritage Foundation


text:
Brian Barratt-Boyes

Sir Brian Gerald Barratt-Boyes (born Brian Gerald Boyes, 13 January 1924 – 8 March 2006) was a pioneering New Zealand cardiothoracic surgeon. He was known for early development of cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, early implantation of a cardiac pacemaker before these devices became commercially available in 1961, early use of human cadaveric aortic homografts for aortic valve replacement, and introduced the use of hypothermia and cardiac arrest for surgery in neonates and infants.

Early life and education
Barratt-Boyes was born on 13 January 1924 in Wellington, New Zealand. He was educated at Wellington College. After a year at Victoria University College, he studied medicine at Otago's Medical School in Dunedin, New Zealand, graduating in 1946. He continued his training as a surgeon, initially in New Zealand, and later at the Mayo Clinic (1953–55) and as a Nuffield Fellow in Bristol (1955–56). At Mayo he worked under John W. Kirklin, the two developing a high mutual regard that endured and grew over the years.

Career
In 1956 he was recruited back to Auckland, New Zealand by Sir Douglas Robb, and pioneered the development of cardiopulmonary bypass in that country, the first patient being operated on in 1958. While this task must have been made more difficult by New Zealand's relative remoteness and small population, the Green Lane Hospital surgical team quickly achieved an international reputation for innovative excellence. Indeed, he suggested that Auckland's isolation conferred an advantage comparable to that enjoyed by the Mayo Clinic in small-town Rochester, Minnesota, making it less likely that day-to-day interruptions would interfere with the real purpose of their work. Much of the original equipment had to be fashioned or modified locally. Sid Yarrow, an engineer on the team, built an early external pacemaker for intra-operative use. The first permanent unit, from Medtronic, was implanted in 1961.

In 1962 he introduced, independently but simultaneously with Donald Ross in London, the human cadaveric aortic homograft for aortic valve replacement and for many years he worked to perfect valve preparation, emphasizing its inherent physiologic advantages and simplifying its surgical implant technique. He and his team's results became the standard for others to match.

In 1969 he brought the technique of profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest into the limelight as a practical method for dealing with major corrective surgery in neonates with congenital heart disease, in so doing further establishing Green Lane Hospital on the international stage. In recognition of these and other achievements he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1966 New Year Honours, and promoted to Knight Commander of the same order in the 1971 New Year Honours, further confirming a national prominence comparable to that achieved by René Favaloro in Argentina and Christiaan Barnard in South Africa. Barratt-Boyes showcased the Green Lane experience at many international meetings as well as in workshops he hosted in Auckland. The 1987 Asian Pacific Congress was a particular success for him for the size of the international contingent it drew and the bright spotlight it shone on Green Lane's history of achievement. In 1985 he and John Kirklin published their authoritative text Cardiac Surgery, a colossal achievement of more than 1,500 pages that quickly became the standard reference for the sub-speciality.

Personal life and death
Barratt-Boyes married physiotherapist Norma Margaret Thomson in Dunedin on 9 November 1949. The couple went on to have five sons. In 1986, Barratt-Boyes and his first wife were divorced, and he married Australian lawyer Sara Rose Monester. His first wife, Norma, died on 10 November 2016.

Barratt-Boyes suffered from angina beginning at age 39 and underwent coronary artery bypass surgery at age 50. He was a long time smoker and struggled with quitting. Barratt-Boyes died on 8 March 2006 in Cleveland, Ohio, USA, from complications following valve replacement surgery by Dr. Toby Cosgrove at Cleveland Clinic.

title: Brian Barratt-Boyes


text:
The Bothy Band

The Bothy Band are an Irish traditional band, originally active during the mid 1970s. They quickly gained a reputation as one of the most influential bands playing Irish traditional music. Their enthusiasm and musical virtuosity had a significant influence on the Irish traditional music movement that continued well after they disbanded in 1979.

Formation
The Bothy Band was formed in 1975 by bouzouki player Dónal Lunny, after he left the group Planxty to form his own record company, Mulligan. Lunny invited uilleann piper Paddy Keenan, flute and whistle player Matt Molloy, fiddler Paddy Glackin, and accordion player Tony MacMahon to get involved in an early project for the new label. This group of players was soon joined by a brother and sister who played in the Irish traditional group Skara Brae: Mícheál Ó Domhnaill on acoustic guitar and Tríona Ní Dhomhnaill on clavinet and vocals. Originally called Seachtar (Irish for seven), the group was renamed by Mícheál Ó Domhnaill after Tony MacMahon left the group to work as a producer for BBC. The Bothy Band made its debut on 2 February 1975 at Trinity College, Dublin.

Three studio album career
In 1975 the Bothy Band released their eponymous first album on Mulligan Records (in Ireland; Green Linnet Records in US; Polydor Records in UK). Described on RTE as 'an incendiary mix of driving folk-rock rhythms' and 'a game-changer of an album', it established their reputation as a significant musical force in Irish traditional music. In 1976, they released their second album, Old Hag You Have Killed Me, which was praised as 'a benchmark of the genre' of Irish music and expanded their following. In 1977, they recorded what would be their last studio album, Out of the Wind – Into the Sun. In 1979, the Bothy Band released a live album, After Hours (Live in Paris).

During their four years together, the Bothy Band featured a variety of fiddlers. Original fiddler Glackin was replaced by Donegal fiddler Tommy Peoples on the band's début album. Peoples in turn was replaced by Sligo-influenced fiddler Kevin Burke on the second release. They played their final gig with this lineup at the 3rd Boys of Ballisodare Festival on 10 August 1979.

After the Bothy Band break-up
After the group disbanded in 1979, the members continued to play influential musical roles in the Irish traditional music movement. Lunny returned to Planxty along with Molloy, and then later helped form the Celtic rock band Moving Hearts. He continued working as a record producer, and later joined Andy Irvine to form the group Mozaik, releasing two albums in 2004 and 2007. After recording two albums with Planxty, Molloy joined The Chieftains. After several solo projects with Ó Domhnaill, Burke founded Patrick Street with Irvine and Jackie Daly (formerly of De Dannan). Ó Domhnaill and Ní Dhomhnaill went on to form Relativity and Nightnoise.

In 1994, previously unreleased concert recordings from the 1970s were released as BBC Radio One – The Bothy Band Live in Concert. The music had been recorded in two different locations on different dates – 15 July 1976, at the BBC's Paris Theatre in London, and 24 July 1978, at the National Theatre, Kilburn. The first nine tracks, from the Paris Theatre concert, feature Peter Browne on pipes as stand in for Paddy Keenan.

2007 tribute concert
Following the death of Mícheál Ó Domhnaill in July 2006, the surviving members of the Bothy Band came together at the tribute concert "Ómós- A Gig for Mícheál", held on 24 May 2007 at Vicar Street in Dublin. All proceeds from the concert went to the Irish Traditional Music Archive.

2023 - 2024 Reunion
The group reunited again in 2023, initially for a television documentary, which led to a full Irish tour in 2024. the lineup included all surviving members, including both Paddy Glackin and Kevin Burke on fiddle, joined by guest musician Seán Óg Graham on guitar.

Discography

 * The Bothy Band (1975) Track listing at Irishtune
 * Old Hag You Have Killed Me (1976) Track listing of 1982 reissue at Irishtune
 * Out of the Wind – Into the Sun (1977) Track listing of 1985 reissue at Irishtune
 * After Hours (Live in Paris) (1979) Track listing of 1984 reissue at Irishtune
 * The Best of the Bothy Band (1980) Track listing of 1988 reissue at Irishtune
 * The Bothy Band Live in Concert (1994) Track listing at Irishtune

Band members
Current members
 * Dónal Lunny – bouzouki, vocals, guitar, bodhrán, synthesizer (1975-1979; 2023–present)
 * Paddy Keenan – uilleann pipes, whistle (1975-1979; 2023–present)
 * Matt Molloy – flute, whistle (1975-1979; 2023–present)
 * Paddy Glackin – fiddle (1975; 2023–present)
 * Kevin Burke – fiddle (1976-1979; 2023–present)
 * Tríona Ní Dhomhnaill – harpsichord, clavinet, harmonium, bodhrán, vocals (1975-1979; 2023–present)
 * Seán Óg Graham – guitar (2023–present)

Former members
 * Tommy Peoples – fiddle (1975-1976; died 2018)
 * Mícheál Ó Domhnaill – vocals, guitar, keyboards (1975-1979; died 2006)

Touring members
 * Peter Browne – uillean pipes, flute (1976)

Timeline
1975 to 1979

title: The Bothy Band


text:
User:Davidcannon

=What I'm doing on Wikipedia= I am something of a Wikiholic and have made more than 100,000 edits to over 60,000 unique pages. This makes me one of the 500 most active editors of all time. I have had two periods of feverish activity on Wikipedia. In the first, from January 2004 through January 2007, I ran up some 25,000 edits. Towards the end of that period, when my edit count had just passed 20,000, Daniel Bryant awarded me the Tireless Contributor Barnstar on 14 September 2006. My second "term" on Wikipedia started in May this year, and I have since performed over 60,000 edits - mostly janitorial-type maintenance edits, although I have created about twenty-five new articles in that period also.
 * Links to my articles

I have been a registered member of the Wikipedia community since 2 January 2004 - when the total article count was still under 200,000. I actually discovered Wikipedia late in 2001 or early in 2002, curiously enough through the Esperanta Vikipedio, while searching the web for Esperanto resources, which were then scanty. I did not sign up, however; I was a slow starter in recognizing the value of the project. I rediscovered Wikipedia in late October 2003, while doing a Google search for materials relating to Soong Mei-ling (Madame Chiang Kai-shek), following her recent death at the age of 106. This time, I began to rate the project a little more highly. I made a few anonymous edits here and there, before deciding to "commit myself" by registering formally on the second day of 2004.

I joined Wikipedia back in the days of heady excitement. I suppose I could say that I was one of the pioneers — although not a part of the earliest group that laid the foundation, I was part of the second wave of editors who got the project off the ground. In the three years in which I was most active, the English Wikipedia grew from fewer than 200,000 articles to almost two million, and its Alexa ranking, which had just broken into the top thousand, soared to the top ten. I was far from being the only Wikipedian who stayed up all night to finish articles and start new ones; we competed with one another to mass-produce articles and proudly called ourselves Wikiholics. Those days are over, and a generation has grown up that takes Wikipedia, the largest repository of information on the planet, for granted. I am proud to have been part of the generation that turned what sceptics called an impossible utopian dream into reality.

Fiji project
Over 70 percent of the articles to which I have made a significant contribution are connected with the Fiji project I first undertook in February 2004. Almost 95 percent of these articles are either original contributions, or articles that I more or less completely rewrote; when I joined Wikipedia there was so little material on that topic that I had to start almost from scratch. ticles in the future will not have that problem!

I had two main reasons for undertaking the Fiji project. First of all, I have a passionate interest in that country, although I have yet to visit it. Secondly, it was often said that the English Wikipedia had a built-in bias towards countries with a high number of internet users, among whom English is natively or at least competently spoken, although this charge is less common now than it was when I was new to Wikipedia. Wikipedias in other languages reflect a similar bias towards countries where they are widely spoken by a large population with internet access. Every Wikipedia has a dearth of articles about small nations, especially of those that do not use the language of the particular Wikipedia project in question. The only solution to this imbalance is for Wikipedians to take an interest in smaller nations and adopt them. As of now, the project is still far from finished, but it is now up to others - principally Wikipedians from Fiji itself - to take the project to the next level, though I may still be able to lend them a helping hand. At the moment I'm going through Fijian articles with AWB, fixing the thousands of redirects that have been created as a result of page-moves.

Even now, I would estimate that 60-70 percent of Wikipedia's Fiji-related material is my own work, but this figure is decreasing. I am delighted that a significant number of articles have been added by other contributors. Laulad (formerly Sanaya) has submitted and edited articles on Lauan chiefs, while Girmitya has put a lot of research into the history of the Indo-Fijian community and has written articles about some of its leading personalities and organizations. Xorkl000 (who kindly awarded me the Barnstar of National Merit on 25 September 2005 for my work on Fiji) long kept an eye on Fiji-related topics for factual inaccuracies and POV. In addition, a number of users made anonymous contributions, and I see quite a number of new articles have been added by various users over the last eight years. So, the Fijian "department" on Wikipedia is no longer such a lonely place to work.

Other Wiki-roles
Of course, there were a number of other topics to which I turned whenever I needed a wikiholiday from my Fiji project. Most of these concerned political affairs and biographies. In the second half of 2004, I took some time out to cover the Pitcairn sexual assault trial of 2004, which shook the tiny island to the core, and of necessity added some touches to related articles as well. In addition, I spent quite some time in early 2005 updating a considerable number of Lebanese-related articles, and also contributed some of my own, as the national uprising known as the Cedar Revolution stimulated worldwide public interest and brought about an urgent need for a comprehensive, reliable, and up-to-date resource. Unfortunately, I found that many of the articles concerning Lebanon were two or three years out of date, many were biased towards a particular POV, and some were downright inaccurate. Worst of all, many significant political figures and movements in Lebanon were not documented in Wikipedia. I decided to play a part in rectifying that situation. By the end of 2005, there were over 40 Lebanese articles that I had edited significantly; of these, about 25 were mostly my own work.

I also helped out on the Multilingual statistics page. I designed one of the tables found there and redesigned two of the others. I helped to keep an eye on the monthly statistics for the 200 or so languages in which Wikipedia operates. At first, I updated the statistics every month, but as the number of languages that needed checking grew, the sheer volume of work forced me to cut back. For a couple of years, I updated it twice a year. For several years now, that "project" has been moribund, but it is now redundant: the various Wikipedias are now counted electronically.

When I returned to Wikipedia in 2015 after a virtual absence of eight years, I decided to turn my attention to religious articles. I began by reorganising, updating, and rewriting articles related to the Plymouth Brethren movement, one branch of which I once belonged to. I found a lot of the existing information inaccurate, incomplete, and very biased. I've reworked the major articles, but there are still many gaps to fill, which will require new articles. At some point, too, I will probably turn my attention to the Pentecostal movement, to which I belong now, but my current involvement in it makes it somewhat harder to maintain a neutral point of view, so I will tread cautiously there.

One topic about which you might have expected to find material written by me is New Zealand, but there are a mere handful of New Zealand-related articles that I have had anything to do with. This is not for lack of interest in my homeland, but mostly an acknowledgement that there are a considerable number of eminently qualified Wikipedians from New Zealand working in that department. As my own time is limited at the best of times, I prefer to leave it to them pursue what they do so well, while I concentrate on filling gaps in the content in which fewer writers are taking an interest.

Wiki-policy
I became a sysop, otherwise called an Administrator, on 3 July 2004 - six months and a day after I became a Wikipedian. I expressed my thanks here to the 23 people who recognized my passion for this project and voted for me. I feel honoured to have a role in building this incredible online resource, which I envisage as ultimately consisting of literally billions of articles worked on by millions of editors in the world's 6,500 languages. As of 29 May 2015, the total Wikipedia project consists of over 35 million articles in 288 languages. That is indeed a great achievement that all of us should be proud of, but the time will come when we will look back and see it as no more than a small stepping stone to something that will have grown so huge that we cannot presently conceive of it.

A certain creative tension exists among Wikipedians who describe themselves as inclusionists and deletionists, respectively. I long avoided taking a stand, concurring with Australian evangelist John Smith's summarizing of his own political inclinations as a bird that has both a right wing and a left wing. I would now say, however, that with the passage of time, I came to lean more towards the inclusionist position, though not rabidly so. Even now, I have a few "deletionist quirks," especially when it comes to material that I consider to be pornographic. I take a negative view of editors, whom I consider vandals, who insist on uploading reviews (euphemistically code-named "articles") on every latest pornographic movie that hits the video industry.

Sister projects and other projects
I have a passion not only for Wikipedia, but for its "sister projects" as well. Time constraints have prevented me from playing as active a role in them as I would like; I never have enough time to do everything I want to do for Wikipedia, let alone for the sister projects. Nevertheless, over the years I have made more than 500 edits on Wikiquote, where I have compiled quotes for about 50 individuals, and have also uploaded a number of documents to Wikisource. In past years, I contributed 3 reports to Wikinews. I also made the odd contribution to Wikipedias in other languages, but gave up submitting electronically translated articles when I found that machines produced too many errors. One Italian kindly told me that the translation device I used was a "terrible fish."

A multitude of wiki projects now dot the internet, many if not most of them using Mediawiki software and emulating the administrative structure pioneered by Wikipedia. I welcome that, and participate in a number of them, including Wikimapia, a project to annotate Google Maps with notes contributed by users through a wiki interface. I am sceptical, however, of projects whose stated aims are to supplant Wikipedia, such as Larry Sanger's Citizendium project, a proposed fork and supposed "improvement" of Wikipedia. In 2007 I wrote: ''“Its restrictive editorial policy is likely to stifle development, and the abolition of categories is a retrograde step. What the organizers of Citizendium are forgetting is that an encyclopedia is written by editors, but for readers, and their proposal to abolish an invaluable aid to navigation, thereby making each article its own stand-alone category (as they put it) will do nothing to create a user-friendly interface.''

''“But perhaps the most serious oversight on the part of the Citizendium people is that initial perfection rarely wins in the market place. The now-forgotten Beta video system and the Apple computer were superior to the VHS and IBM models, respectively. Endless fine-tuning tends to create projects that are artistically beautiful, but unworkable, and I suspect that Citizendium will be no exception. Its greatest weakness will be its initial inability to attract a large pool of contributors. A larger number of lurkers from Wikipedia will, however, peruse the newly created articles on Citizendium and scavenge them. Given the public profile of Wikipedia, readers are far more likely to find the articles on Wikipedia than where they are originally posted, and Citizendium editors will be left wondering what they are working for and why.''

''“I mean no ill will towards Citizendium or the people involved in the project. But my doubts are real, and, I think, well-founded. I feel differently about projects like Wikinfo, whose editorial policy is designed to allow points of view not permitted on Wikipedia, thereby providing an alternative resource that complements Wikipedia without attempting to replace it, as is seen in the continued participation in Wikipedia by Fred Bauder, Wikinfo's founder. Larry Sanger, by contrast, has severed his links with Wikipedia. All the best to him - but I honestly think the best for him is to go back to the drawing board and redesign his project fundamentally.”''

Update — 30 May 2015: I made that judgement eight years ago. I don't mean to sound uncharitable, but I think time has indeed shown that Citizendium was a lost cause, stillborn from the very beginning. Sanger himself withdrew from the project in 2009. Almost a decade old, the site — when it operates at all(!) hosts under 20,000 articles, less than one percent of which have passed the absurd vetting process. Looking for information on Citizendium is like picking up a random shell on the beach on the off-chance that it might contain a gold coin. In short, Citizendium is a total joke. I remember getting letters from some of the Citizendium guys inviting me to join the project; I'm glad I didn't waste my time.

de:Benutzer:Davidcannon es:Usuario:Davidcannon eo:Vikipediisto:Davidcannon fj:User:Davidcannon fr:Utilisateur:Davidcannon ko:사용자:Davidcannon io:User:Davidcannon it:Utente:Davidcannon ja:利用者:Davidcannon mi:User:Davidcannon no:User:Davidcannon pl:Wikipedysta:Davidcannon pt:Usuário:Davidcannon sm:User:Davidcannon sv:User:Davidcannon to:User:Davidcannon

title: User:Davidcannon


text:
Intellectual Property Office (United Kingdom)

The Intellectual Property Office of the United Kingdom (often referred to as the UK IPO) is, since 2 April 2007, the operating name of The Patent Office. It is the official government body responsible for intellectual property rights in the UK and is an executive agency of the Department for Science, Innovation and Technology (DSIT).

Responsibilities
The IPO has direct administrative responsibility for examining and issuing or rejecting patents, and maintaining registers of intellectual property including patents, designs and trade marks in the UK. As in most countries, there is no statutory register of copyright and the IPO does not conduct any direct administration in copyright matters.

The IPO is led by the Comptroller-General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks, who is also Registrar of Trade Marks, Registrar of Designs and Chief Executive of the IPO:

 * ?-2007 – Alison Brimelow (afterwards President of the European Patent Office)
 * 2007-2010 – Ian Fletcher
 * 2010-? – John Alty
 * ?-2022 – Tim Moss
 * 1 September 2022-present – Adam Williams

Substantive duties
The existence of the Patent Office and the post of Comptroller-General are required by the Patents and Design Act 1907 (though most of the remainder of this Act has been repealed), but the substantive duties of the IPO are set out in other legislation, including:

 * The Registered Designs Act 1949
 * The Patents Act 1977
 * The Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
 * The Trade Marks Act 1994

Each of these Acts of Parliament has been extensively amended since it was first passed.

Manual of Patent Practice
The Manual of Patent Practice sets out the relevant patent law and the operational practice of the Intellectual Property Office in relation to patents.

History

The forerunner of the Patent Office, the Office of the Commissioners for Patents, was established by the Patent Law Amendment Act 1852 and opened on 1 October that year. While this is claimed as the date the modern Intellectual Property Office was created it was in fact created later, along with the office of the comptroller under section 82 of the Patents, Designs, and Trade Marks Act 1883 (46 & 47 Vict. c. 57).

There had been a Patent Bill Office, under the control of the Attorney General, which was part of the old patent system. It had been located in Lincoln's Inn.

Significantly, the process of applying for a patent was extremely complicated and largely set up to ensure fees were paid to various officials (patent fees formed a significant part of the stipend of the Attorney and Solicitor General). The Patent Law Amendment Act 1852 brought the process of patent grant into a single office serving the whole of the United Kingdom (where previously a petitioner had had to apply and pay fees to several offices, and to obtain separate patents for each of the UK's constituent nations).

Initially, people applying for a patent often used to submit a detailed model of their submission; these were retained and the collection became known as the Patent Museum (opened to the public in 1863 in South Kensington, it went on to become a core collection of the new Science Museum there).

Location
From its early days, the Patent Office was based in the Chancery Lane area of London, where it eventually spread to fill the area between Furnival Street and Southampton Buildings. The principal entrance was at 25 Southampton Buildings, where a purpose-built headquarters was constructed in 1899–1902 (architect: Sir John Taylor). The principal interior space was the Library, a "harsh but spectacular space 140ft long, lit from skylights and a clerestory, with two tiers of steel-framed, fireproofed galleries on cast iron Corinthian columns". Designed to allow members of the public to consult patent records, it also contained a very extensive collection of technical and scientific publications, which in 1967 was transferred to the British Library.

In 1991, having outgrown its original premises, the Patent Office moved to Newport, South East Wales, where the IPO headquarters remains to this day. A small branch office in London has been maintained for the benefit of the large professional community based there and for communication with central government.


text: Talk:Total cost of ownership

title: Talk:Total cost of ownership


text:
Nikolai Morozov (revolutionary)

Nikolai Aleksandrovich Morozov (Николай Александрович Морозов; 7 July 1854, Borok – 30 July 1946) was a Russian revolutionary who spent about 25 years in prison for revolutionary activities against the Tsarist government. He was also an academic, publishing works in various fields of science and history, and a pioneer of aviation in Russia. At age 88, he briefly served in the Red Army as a sniper during World War II, becoming the oldest known combatant of the war.

Early life and revolutionary activities
The son of a wealthy landowner and a serf woman who was bonded to his estate, Morozov was born in the village of Borok in the Governorate of Yaroslavl. He was initially educated at home before he started studying at the Second Moscow Gymnasium in 1869. He disliked the curriculum, especially Latin and divine law. He founded an informal self-education circle in natural science. He also attended lectures at Moscow University disguised in a student's uniform. He was expelled from school for distributing a science journal that had not been approved by the censorship division. Showing an early interest in politics, he was on a police watchlist as a student. He joined the Circle of Tchaikovsky and was active in distributing propaganda among peasants in the Moscow, Voronezh, and Kursk governorates before police persecution forced him to return to Moscow. He moved to Saint Petersburg before departing for Geneva in 1874.

In 1875, he returned to Russia and was arrested at the border but released after his father paid his bail. He again devoted himself to revolutionary activities, distributing propaganda among the peasants of Saratov governorate.

In 1878, having returned to Saint Petersburg, Morozov was a member of Land and Liberty group where he co-edited their mouthpiece, Land and Liberty, (with Sergey Stepnyak-Kravchinsky). When the group faced an internal crisis over tactics, it split into two groups in August 1879. Morozov rejected the continued use of propaganda to bring about social change and, instead, advocated for use of direct action. He joined the more radical of the two factions, Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), eventually becoming one of its leaders.

In 1880, Olga Lyubatovich and Morozov left Narodnaya Volya and went to live in Geneva and London, where he was introduced to Karl Marx. While in exile, Morozov wrote The Terrorist Struggle, a pamphlet that explained his views on how to achieve a democratic society in Russia. He advocated for large numbers of small, independent terrorist groups and argued that this approach would make it difficult for the Tsarist secret police to apprehend the terrorists. This would also help to prevent a small group of leaders gaining power, forming oligarchical dictatorships after the overthrow of the Tsar.

Morozov returned to Russia in order to distribute The Terrorist Struggle on January 28, 1881, but was arrested at the border. He was imprisoned in Suwałki. Lyubatovich, having only just gone through childbirth, decided to attempt to rescue Morozov. However, her plan did not go well, and she was arrested and sent to Siberia in November 1882.

Later career and ideas
Between 1882 and 1905, Morozov was imprisoned in Peter and Paul Fortress (in Saint Petersburg) and in Shlisselburg Fortress for his political activities. During this period, he wrote political verse and began intense studies in the fields of physics, chemistry, astronomy, and history. After receiving permission to use theological literature, he learned Hebrew and began an in-depth study of Biblical history. After his release in 1905, he taught chemistry and astronomy at the University of Saint Petersburg. He participated in the October 1907 Russian legislative election and won election as a member of the Duma, but the authorities re-ran the election in the  Mologsky District, thus preventing the former prisoner from taking his seat. He became a member of many scientific associations, including the Russian Aero-club. For the publication of his book Songs of the Stars in 1910, he was imprisoned for another year (1912 to 1913).

Many of his ideas were considered unorthodox and daring. He conjectured that atoms have a complicated level structure and may be transformed. In his treatise on the periodic table, Morozov predicted the discovery of inert elements.

In 1907, Morozov published The Revelation in Storm and Thunder in which he produced evidence for his hypotheses:
 * The Revelation to John can be dated astronomically to 30 September 395.
 * The author of the Revelation is identical with John Chrysostom (c. 347 – 407).

Morozov became a pioneer of aeronautics in Russia in the 1910s. He flew airplanes and balloons, including over the Shlisselburg Fortress where he had been imprisoned, and lectured at an aviation school. He proposed a parachute system which would open automatically, and special suits for high-altitude flights. During World War I, Morozov went to the front in 1915 as a delegate of the All-Russian Zemstvo Union to aid the sick and wounded.

After the October Revolution of November 1917, Morozov took little interest in politics; he never joined the Communist Party. However, Anatoly Lunacharsky (Commissar for Education from 1917 to 1929) appointed him in 1918 to run the P. S. Lesgaft Institute of Natural Sciences) in Petrograd (Leningrad), a position which Morozov kept until his death at the age of 92. Based on the astronomical records such as the Almagest, he speculated that much of human history has been falsified. His theories about the chronology of the Middle East and Israel before the first century BCE later attracted the attention of Anatoly Fomenko (1945- ), who based his own New Chronology upon them.

In his declining years, Morozov established a laboratory in his native Borok, north of Uglich, to monitor and study "inland waters". In 1932 he was named an Honorary Member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. In 1942, Morozov, then aged 88, enlisted in the Red Army to fight in the German-Soviet War. He had taken a sniper course in 1939 and claimed to be working on a new telescopic sight which needed field-testing, threatening that if he was not allowed to enlist he would ask Joseph Stalin himself to intervene. The military leadership gave in and enlisted him. In December 1942, he was assigned to a battalion in the Volkhov area during the Siege of Leningrad as a sniper. He shot accurately despite needing glasses and, in one instance, spent half a day lying in ambush in the snow before killing a German officer. He used his academic training to enhance his effectiveness as a sniper, studying the trajectory of his bullets and making adjustments for humidity and wind. After a month he was pulled from the front line - despite his protests. He unsuccessfully demanded to be returned to the front several months later. He was awarded the Medal "For the Defence of Leningrad" and the Order of Lenin in 1944.

Morozov died on 30 July, 1946 at the age of 92.

His memorial house in Borok, close to his grave site, is open to the public. The asteroid 1210 Morosovia is named in his honor.

title: Nikolai Morozov (revolutionary)