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Talk:Expect

from VfD
Mmmm, ads. I can expect the outcome of this... hfool 22:10, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC) end moved discussion
 * keep Expect is very well known in the UNIX world. While the article needs to be rewritten, it is worth keeping.  Sortior 23:39, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Ads should be deleted on sight to discourage their proliferation. This is verbatim from http://expect.nist.gov/ --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 02:47, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * keep important part of the standard unix toolkit. not an ad, it's freely available software. Wolfman 05:51, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: It's a software review. This "makes this stuff trivial," then a lot more POV reviewing of how cool this is.  Wikipedia is not Freshmeat.  Geogre 05:55, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete poorly-written advertising. Cdc 06:16, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Mikkalai 06:25, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I agree with Sortior, although I would add that my son has used it on Windows systems, too.  Omitting Expect from Wikipedia would be a bit like omitting the Swiss Army knife, in my opinion. --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 12:57, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Article is too light though, and too techy. Standard UNIX tool. Not an adv. Can be obtained free of charge with no registration.
 * Keep. I agree with everyone else who points out how notable Expect is.  The page could use a heavy-duty rewrite, but we've got articles for things like dd and Perl. --Plutor 16:15, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and ignore the Microsoft tools. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 17:07, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep I cleaned up what's there, as well. Wyss 00:47, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep it. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 04:57, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Trollminator 02:37, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - I expanded the article to include information regarding ports of the tool to python and perl. It is a key tool used in industry (I work for a major technology company, and use expect in Perl extensively - and have used tcl/expect on previous projects over the years; as I move projects to python, I am also porting the expect functionality) - and without Don's work on the original Tcl/Expect, we would not have the portable and easy to use automation we have today in other languages.  In fact, you could view python's twisted project as a spin-off of the Expect concept for automated interaction.  From a historical perspective I think it is an important (if underrated) piece of the internet history...I think the article can be further improved beyond my quick edits (the 'pros' and 'cons' section are too Windows-centric imho).
 * "It is sometimes challenging to remember when a variable must be prefixed with a "$", and when it must not." This is uh.. crap. prefix with a $ to get the value of the variable substituted on the command.

interact
if the script ends with the expect command interact you will be able to use expect to automate logins to manually execute actions once logged in. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 32.97.110.63 (talk) 00:34, 2 July 2010 (UTC)

mvnc, vc,mcl, .z./xxcz/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.232.14.218 (talk) 20:58, 21 October 2011 (UTC)

Cons?
The section with the pros and cons is awkward. Does it make sense at all? Do other software tools have something similar? I guess a "Limitations" section would be more logical.

And more concretely, it's brutally, savagely stupid to consider a "con" of the tool the possibility of an admin storing passwords to automate logins. I guess bash, keyboards and disks also have such a "con" then. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 46.112.174.214 (talk) 02:09, 13 January 2012 (UTC)

agreed with "Cons -> Limitations". Also, quoting from the start of the article, "Expect (...) is a program to automate interactions with programs that expose a text terminal interface." makes it obvious that not being able to be used with GUI programs is not a Con, in the same way that 'cat' can't add gaussian blur to images. pløft (talk) 15:22, 25 March 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Expect


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Organic matter

Organic matter, organic material, or natural organic matter refers to the large source of carbon-based compounds found within natural and engineered, terrestrial, and aquatic environments. It is matter composed of organic compounds that have come from the feces and remains of organisms such as plants and animals. Organic molecules can also be made by chemical reactions that do not involve life. Basic structures are created from cellulose, tannin, cutin, and lignin, along with other various proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Organic matter is very important in the movement of nutrients in the environment and plays a role in water retention on the surface of the planet.

Formation
Living organisms are composed of organic compounds. In life, they secrete or excrete organic material into their environment, shed body parts such as leaves and roots and after organisms die, their bodies are broken down by bacterial and fungal action. Larger molecules of organic matter can be formed from the polymerization of different parts of already broken down matter. The composition of natural organic matter depends on its origin, transformation mode, age, and existing environment, thus its bio-physicochemical functions vary with different environments.

Natural ecosystem functions
Organic matter is common throughout the ecosystem and is cycled through decomposition processes by soil microbial communities that are crucial for nutrient availability. After degrading and reacting, it can move into soil and mainstream water via waterflow. Organic matter provides nutrition to living organisms. Organic matter acts as a buffer in aqueous solution to maintain a neutral pH in the environment. The buffer acting component has been proposed to be relevant for neutralizing acid rain.

Source cycle
Some organic matter not already in the soil comes from groundwater. When the groundwater saturates the soil or sediment around it, organic matter can freely move between the phases. Groundwater has its own sources of natural organic matter including:
 * organic matter deposits, such as kerogen and coal.
 * soil and sediment organic matter.
 * organic matter infiltrating into the subsurface from rivers, lakes, and marine systems."

Organisms decompose into organic matter, which is then transported and recycled. Not all biomass migrates, some is rather stationary, turning only over the course of millions of years.

Soil organic matter
The organic matter in soil derives from plants, animals and microorganisms. In a forest, for example, leaf litter and woody material falls to the forest floor. This is sometimes referred to as organic material. When it decays to the point in which it is no longer recognizable, it is called soil organic matter. When the organic matter has broken down into a stable substance that resist further decomposition it is called humus. Thus soil organic matter comprises all of the organic matter in the soil exclusive of the material that has not decayed.

An important property of soil organic matter is that it improves the capacity of a soil to hold water and nutrients, and allows their slow release, thereby improving the conditions for plant growth. Another advantage of humus is that it helps the soil to stick together which allows nematodes, or microscopic bacteria, to easily decay the nutrients in the soil.

There are several ways to quickly increase the amount of humus. Combining compost, plant or animal materials/waste, or green manure with soil will increase the amount of humus in the soil.
 * 1) Compost: decomposed organic material.
 * 2) Plant and animal material and waste:  dead plants or plant waste such as leaves or bush and tree trimmings, or animal manure.
 * 3) Green manure:  plants or plant material that is grown for the sole purpose of being incorporated with soil.

These three materials supply nematodes and bacteria with nutrients for them to thrive and produce more humus, which will give plants enough nutrients to survive and grow.

Soil organic matter is crucial to all ecology and to all agriculture, but it is especially emphasized in organic farming, where it is relied upon especially heavily.

Priming effect
The priming effect is characterized by intense changes in the natural process of soil organic matter (SOM) turnover, resulting from relatively moderate intervention with the soil. The phenomenon is generally caused by either pulsed or continuous changes to inputs of fresh organic matter (FOM). Priming effects usually result in an acceleration of mineralization due to a trigger such as the FOM inputs. The cause of this increase in decomposition has often been attributed to an increase in microbial activity resulting from higher energy and nutrient availability released from the FOM. After the input of FOM, specialized microorganisms are believed to grow quickly and only decompose this newly added organic matter. The turnover rate of SOM in these areas is at least one order of magnitude higher than the bulk soil.

Other soil treatments, besides organic matter inputs, which lead to this short-term change in turnover rates, include "input of mineral fertilizer, exudation of organic substances by roots, mere mechanical treatment of soil or its drying and rewetting."

Priming effects can be either positive or negative depending on the reaction of the soil with the added substance. A positive priming effect results in the acceleration of mineralization while a negative priming effect results in immobilization, leading to N unavailability. Although most changes have been documented in C and N pools, the priming effect can also be found in phosphorus and sulfur, as well as other nutrients.

Löhnis was the first to discover the priming effect phenomenon in 1926 through his studies of green manure decomposition and its effects on legume plants in soil. He noticed that when adding fresh organic residues to the soil, it resulted in intensified mineralization by the humus N. It was not until 1953, though, that the term priming effect was given by Bingeman in his paper titled, The effect of the addition of organic material on the decomposition of an organic soil. Several other terms had been used before priming effect was coined, including priming action, added nitrogen interaction (ANI), extra N and additional N. Despite these early contributions, the concept of the priming effect was widely disregarded until about the 1980s-1990s.

The priming effect has been found in many different studies and is regarded as a common occurrence, appearing in most plant soil systems. However, the mechanisms which lead to the priming effect are more complex then originally thought, and still remain generally misunderstood.

Although there is a lot of uncertainty surrounding the reason for the priming effect, a few undisputed facts have emerged from the collection of recent research:
 * 1) The priming effect can arise either instantaneously or very shortly (potentially days or weeks) after the addition of a substance is made to the soil.
 * 2) The priming effect is larger in soils that are rich in C and N as compared to those poor in these nutrients.
 * 3) Real priming effects have not been observed in sterile environments.
 * 4) The size of the priming effect increases as the amount of added treatment to the soil increases.

Recent findings suggest that the same priming effect mechanisms acting in soil systems may also be present in aquatic environments, which suggests a need for broader considerations of this phenomenon in the future.

Decomposition
One suitable definition of organic matter is biological material in the process of decaying or decomposing, such as humus. A closer look at the biological material in the process of decaying reveals so-called organic compounds (biological molecules) in the process of breaking up (disintegrating).

The main processes by which soil molecules disintegrates are by bacterial or fungal enzymatic catalysis. If bacteria or fungi were not present on Earth, the process of decomposition would have proceeded much slower.

Various factors impact the decomposition of organic matter including its chemical properties and other environmental parameters. Metabolic capabilities of the microbial communities play a crusial role on decomposition since they are higly connected with the energy availability and processing. In terrestrial ecosystems the energy status of soil organic matter has been shown to affect microbial substrate preferences. Some organic matter pools may be energetically favorable for the microbial communities resulting in their fast oxidation and decomposition, in comparison with other pools where microbial degraders get less return from the energy they invest. By extension, soil microorganisms preferentially mineralize high-energy organic matter, avoiding to decompose less energetically dense organic matter.

Organic chemistry
Measurements of organic matter generally measure only organic compounds or carbon, and so are only an approximation of the level of once-living or decomposed matter. Some definitions of organic matter likewise only consider "organic matter" to refer to only the carbon content, or organic compounds, and do not consider the origins or decomposition of the matter. In this sense, not all organic compounds are created by living organisms, and living organisms do not only leave behind organic material. A clam's shell, for example, while biotic, does not contain much organic carbon, so may not be considered organic matter in this sense. Conversely, urea is one of many organic compounds that can be synthesized without any biological activity.

Organic matter is heterogeneous and very complex. Generally, organic matter, in terms of weight, is:
 * 45–55% carbon
 * 35–45% oxygen
 * 3–5% hydrogen
 * 1–4% nitrogen

The molecular weights of these compounds can vary drastically, depending on if they repolymerize or not, from 200 to 20,000 amu. Up to one third of the carbon present is in aromatic compounds in which the carbon atoms form usually six-membered rings. These rings are very stable due to resonance stabilization, so they are difficult to break down. The aromatic rings are also susceptible to electrophilic and nucleophilic attack from other electron-donating or electron-accepting material, which explains the possible polymerization to create larger molecules of organic matter.

There are also reactions that occur with organic matter and other material in the soil to create compounds never seen before. Unfortunately, it is very difficult to characterize these because so little is known about natural organic matter in the first place. Research is currently being done to figure out more about these new compounds and how many of them are being formed.

Aquatic
Aquatic organic matter can be further divided into two components: (1) dissolved organic matter (DOM), measured as colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) or dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and (2) particulate organic matter (POM). They are typically differentiated by that which can pass through a 0.45 micrometre filter (DOM), and that which cannot (POM).

Detection
Organic matter plays an important role in drinking water and wastewater treatment and recycling, natural aquatic ecosystems, aquaculture, and environmental rehabilitation. It is therefore important to have reliable methods of detection and characterisation, for both short- and long-term monitoring. A variety of analytical detection methods for organic matter have existed for up to decades, to describe and characterise organic matter. These include, but are not limited to: total and dissolved organic carbon, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, UV-Visible spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. Each of these methods has its own advantages and limitations.

Water purification
The same capability of natural organic matter that helps with water retention in soil creates problems for current water purification methods. In water, organic matter can still bind to metal ions and minerals. These bound molecules are not necessarily stopped by the purification process, but do not cause harm to any humans, animals, or plants. However, because of the high level of reactivity of organic matter, by-products that do not contain nutrients can be made. These by-products can induce biofouling, which essentially clogs water filtration systems in water purification facilities, as the by-products are larger than membrane pore sizes. This clogging problem can be treated by chlorine disinfection (chlorination), which can break down residual material that clogs systems. However, chlorination can form disinfection by-products.

Water with organic matter can be disinfected with ozone-initiated radical reactions. The ozone (three oxygens) has very strong oxidation characteristics. It can form hydroxyl radicals (OH) when it decomposes, which will react with the organic matter to shut down the problem of biofouling.

Vitalism
The equation of "organic" with living organisms comes from the now-abandoned idea of vitalism that attributed a special force to life that alone could create organic substances. This idea was first questioned after the artificial synthesis of urea by Friedrich Wöhler in 1828.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Organic matter


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Lower Glomma Region

The Lower Glomma Region ("Nedre Glomma-regionen") is a statistical metropolitan region in Østfold in southeastern Norway. It is centered on the cities of Fredrikstad and Sarpsborg near the Swedish border. It is located at the end of the Glomma River.

1/ km2 2/ Population per km2

title: Lower Glomma Region


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Battle of Cowpens

The Battle of Cowpens was an engagement during the American Revolutionary War fought on January 17, 1781, near the town of Cowpens, South Carolina, between American Patriot forces under Brigadier General Daniel Morgan and British forces, nearly half American Loyalists, under Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton, as part of the campaign in the Carolinas (North and South). The battle was a turning point in the American reconquest of South Carolina from the British.

Morgan's forces conducted a double envelopment of Tarleton's forces, the only double envelopment of the war. Tarleton's force of 1000 British troops were set against 1000 troops under Morgan. Morgan's forces suffered casualties of only 25 killed and 124 wounded. Tarleton's force was almost eliminated with almost 30% casualties and 55% of his force captured or missing, with Tarleton himself and only about 200 British troops escaping.

A small force of the Continental Army under the command of Morgan had marched to the west of the Catawba River, in order to forage for supplies and raise the morale of local colonial sympathizers. The British had received incorrect reports that Morgan's army was planning to attack the important strategic fort of Ninety Six, held by American Loyalists to the British Crown and located in the west of the Carolinas. The British considered Morgan's army a threat to their left flank. General Charles Cornwallis dispatched cavalry (dragoons) under commander Tarleton to defeat Morgan's command. Upon learning Morgan's army was not at Ninety Six, Tarleton, bolstered by British reinforcements, set off in hot pursuit of the American detachment.

Morgan resolved to make a stand near the Broad River. He selected a position on two low hills in open woodland, with the expectation that the aggressive Tarleton would make a headlong assault without pausing to devise a more intricate plan. He deployed his army in three main lines. Tarleton's army, after an exhausting march, reached the field malnourished and heavily fatigued. Tarleton attacked immediately; however, the American defense-in-depth absorbed the British attack. The British lines lost their cohesion as they hurried after the retreating Americans. When Morgan's army went on the offensive, it wholly overwhelmed Tarleton's force.

Tarleton's brigade was wiped out as an effective fighting force, and, coupled with the British defeat at the Battle of Kings Mountain in the northwest corner of South Carolina, this action compelled Cornwallis to pursue the main southern American army into North Carolina, leading to the Battle of Guilford Court House and Cornwallis's eventual defeat at the siege of Yorktown in Virginia in October 1781.

Background
On October 14, 1780, Continental Army commander General George Washington chose Nathanael Greene, a Rhode Island Quaker officer, to be commander of the Southern Department of the Continental forces. Greene's task was not an easy one. In 1780 the Carolinas had been the scene of a long string of disasters for the Continental Army, the worst being the capture of one American army under Gen. Benjamin Lincoln in May 1780, at the siege of Charleston. The British then occupied the city, the largest in the South and the capital of South Carolina. Later that year, another Colonial army, commanded by General Horatio Gates, was defeated at the Battle of Camden. A victory of colonial militia over their Loyalist counterparts at the Battle of Kings Mountain on the northwest frontier in October had bought time, but the British still occupied most of South Carolina. When Greene took command, the southern army numbered 2307 men on paper (1482 present), of whom only 949 were Continental regulars, mostly of the famous and highly trained "Maryland Line" regiment. On December 3, Brigadier General Daniel Morgan reported for duty to Greene's headquarters at Charlotte, North Carolina. At the start of the Revolution, Morgan, whose military experience dated to the French and Indian War (1754–1763), had served at the siege of Boston in 1775. Later he participated in the 1775 invasion of Canada and its climactic battle, the Battle of Quebec. That battle, on December 31, 1775, ended in defeat and Morgan's capture by the British.

Morgan was exchanged in January 1777 and placed by George Washington in command of a picked force of 500 trained riflemen, known as Morgan's Riflemen. Morgan and his men played a key role in the 1777 victory at Saratoga along the Hudson River in upstate New York, which proved to be a turning point of the entire war. Bitter after being passed over for promotion and plagued by severe attacks of sciatica, Morgan left the army in 1779. A year later, he was promoted to brigadier general and returned to service in the Southern Department.

Greene decided that his weak army could not meet the British in a stand-up fight. He made the unconventional decision to divide his army, sending a detachment west of the Catawba River to raise the morale of the locals and find supplies beyond the limited amounts available around Charlotte. Greene gave Morgan command of this wing and instructed him to join with the militia west of the Catawba and take command of them. Morgan headed west on December 21, charged with taking position between the Broad and Pacolet rivers and protecting the civilians in that area. He had 600 men, some 400 of whom were Continentals, mostly from Delaware and Maryland. The rest were Virginia militia who had experience as Continentals. By Christmas Day, Morgan had reached the Pacolet River. He was joined by 60 more South Carolina militiamen led by the experienced guerrilla partisan Andrew Pickens. Other militia from Georgia and the Carolinas joined Morgan's camp.

Meanwhile, Lord Cornwallis was planning to return to North Carolina and conduct the invasion that he had postponed after the defeat at Kings Mountain. Morgan's force represented a threat to his left. Additionally, Cornwallis received incorrect intelligence claiming that Morgan was going to attack the important British fort of American Loyalists at Ninety Six, in western South Carolina. Seeking to save the fort and defeat Morgan's command, Cornwallis on January 1, 1781, with a follow-up message on January 2 ordered cavalry (dragoons) commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton to the west.

Tarleton was 26 years old and had enjoyed a spectacular career in his service with the British in the colonies. In December 1776, he and a small party surprised and captured Colonial General Charles Lee in New Jersey. He served with distinction at the siege of Charleston and the Battle of Camden. Commanding the British Legion, a mixed infantry/cavalry force composed of American Loyalists who constituted some of the best British troops in the Carolinas, Tarleton won victories at Monck's Corner and Fishing Creek. He became infamous among colonists after his victory at the Battle of Waxhaws, where his men had killed American soldiers after they had surrendered. In Tarleton's account published in the British Isles in 1781, he said that his horse had been shot from under him during the initial charge and his men, thinking him dead, engaged in "a vindictive asperity not easily restrained".

Tarleton and the Legion marched to Ninety Six. After learning Morgan was not there, Tarleton asked for reinforcements of British regulars, which Cornwallis sent. Tarleton set out with his enlarged command to drive Morgan across the Broad River. On January 12 he received accurate news of Morgan's location and continued with hard marching, building boats to cross rivers that were flooding with winter rains. Receiving word that Tarleton was in hot pursuit, Morgan retreated north to avoid being trapped between Tarleton and Cornwallis.

By the afternoon of the 16th, Morgan was approaching the Broad River, which was high with flood waters and reported difficult to cross. He knew Tarleton was close behind. By nightfall, he had reached a place called locally "Hannah's Cowpens", a well-known grazing area for local cattle. Pickens, who had been patrolling, arrived that night to join Morgan with his large body of irregular militia. Morgan decided to stand and fight rather than continue to retreat and risk being caught by Tarleton while fording the Broad River. Learning of Morgan's location, Tarleton pushed his troops, marching at 3 a.m. instead of camping for the night.

Continental force
The size of the American force at Cowpens remains in dispute. Morgan claimed in his official report to have had about 800 men at Cowpens, which is substantially supported by historian John Buchanan, whose estimate is between 800 and 1000 men. In contrast, historian Lawrence E. Babits, in his detailed study of the battle, offers an alternate estimate, contending that the strength of Morgan's command on the day of the battle was closer to 1,900, composed of:
 * A battalion of Continental infantry under Lieutenant Colonel John Eager Howard of Baltimore, with one company from Delaware ("Delaware Line"), one from Virginia, and three from the famous stalwart "Maryland Line" regiment, each with a strength of sixty men (300)
 * A company of Virginia state militia troops under Captain John Lawson (75)
 * A company of South Carolina state troops under Captain Joseph Pickens (60)
 * A small company of North Carolina state troops under Captain Henry Connelly (number not given)
 * A Virginia militia battalion under Frank Triplett (160)
 * Three companies of Virginia militia under Major David Campbell (50)
 * A battalion of North Carolina militia under Colonel Joseph McDowell (260–285)
 * A brigade of four battalions of South Carolina militia under Colonel Andrew Pickens, comprising a three-company battalion of the Spartan Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin Roebuck, a four-company battalion of the Spartan Regiment under Col. John Thomas, five companies of the Little River Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Hayes, and seven companies of the Fair Forest Regiment under Col. Thomas Brandon. Babits states that this battalion "ranged in size from 120 to more than 250 men". If Roebuck's three companies numbered 120 and Brandon's seven companies numbered 250, then Thomas's four companies probably numbered about 160 and Hayes's five companies about 200, for a total of 730.
 * Three small companies of Georgia militia commanded by Major Cunningham who numbered 55
 * A detachment of the 1st and 3rd Continental Light Dragoons under Lieutenant Colonel William Washington (82), who was a second cousin of George Washington.
 * Detachments of state dragoons from North Carolina and Virginia (30)
 * A detachment of South Carolina state dragoons, with a few mounted Georgians, commanded by Major James McCall (25)
 * A company of newly raised volunteers from the local South Carolina militia commanded by Major Benjamin Jolly (45)

Babits's figures can be summarized as follows: 82 Continental light dragoons, 55 state dragoons, 45 militia dragoons, 300 Continental infantry, about 150 state infantry, and 1,255–1,280 militia infantry, for a total of 1,887–1,912 officers and men. Broken down by state, there were about 855 South Carolinians, 442 Virginians, 290–315 North Carolinians, 180 Marylanders, 60 Georgians, and 60 Delawareans.

Morgan's forces were strengthened by these core elements of relatively seasoned troops and his own brilliance in leadership. His Continentals were veterans (Marylanders from the 1776 Battle of Brooklyn), as were many of his militia, which included some Overmountain Men, who had fought at the Battle of Musgrove Mill and the Battle of Kings Mountain. The experienced British forces (and particularly their relatively young commander) were accustomed, especially in the Southern Theater, to easily routing often "green" militia, and could have underestimated the opposition.

British force
Tarleton's force included: A total of over 1,150 officers and men.
 * The British Legion: 250 cavalry and 200 infantry,
 * A troop of the 17th Light Dragoons (50),
 * A battery of the Royal Artillery (24) with two 3-pounder cannons
 * 7th Regiment of Foot (Royal Fusiliers) (177)
 * Light infantry company of the 16th Regiment of Foot (42)
 * 71st Regiment of Foot (Fraser's Highlanders) under Major Arthur MacArthur (334)
 * Light company of the Loyalist Prince of Wales's American Regiment (31)
 * A company of Loyalist guides (50)

Broken down by troop classification, there were 300 cavalry, 553 regulars, 231 provincials, 24 artillerymen, and 50 militia. From these numbers, nearly half of Tarleton's force were Provincial troops recruited from the Loyalist population of the colonies (481 out of 1,158). Tarleton's regular troops from the Royal Artillery, 17th Light Dragoons, and the 7th, 16th, and 71st Regiments of Foot were reliable and seasoned soldiers. Tarleton's own Provincial unit, the British Legion, had established a fierce reputation as formidable pursuers, being used to great effect at Waxhaws and Camden, but they had an uncertain reputation when facing determined opposition.

Morgan's plan

Morgan turned to his advantage the terrain of Cowpens, the varying reliability of his troops, his expectations of his opponent, and the time available before Tarleton's arrival. He knew that untrained militiamen, which comprised a large portion of his force, were generally unreliable in a pitched battle. In the past, they had routed at the first hint of defeat and abandoned the regulars. For instance, the Battle of Camden had ended in disaster when the militia, which comprised half of the American force, broke and ran as soon as the fighting started, leaving the American flank exposed. To eliminate that possibility, he defied convention by placing his army between the Broad and Pacolet rivers, thus making escape impossible if the army was routed. Selecting a low hill as the center of his position, he placed his Continental infantry on it, deliberately leaving his flanks exposed to his opponent. With a ravine on their right flank and a creek on their left flank, Morgan reasoned his forces were sufficiently protected against possible British flanking maneuvers at the beginning of the battle.

Morgan surmised that Tarleton would be highly confident and attack him head-on, without pausing to devise a more subtle plan. He therefore arranged his forces to encourage this presupposed impetuosity of his opponent by establishing three lines of soldiers: one of sharpshooters, one of militia, and a main line of regulars and experienced militia. The first line was composed of 150 select riflemen from North Carolina (Major McDowell) and Georgia (Major Cunningham). The second line consisted of 300 militiamen under the command of Colonel Andrew Pickens. The effect was the conspicuous placement of weak militia in the center-front in order to encourage Tarleton to attack there. The skirmishers and militia would screen the veteran Continental regulars, while inflicting casualties as the British advanced. Morgan asked the militia to fire two volleys, something they could do, and then withdraw to the left and re-form in the rear behind the third line, under the cover of reserve light dragoons commanded by Colonel William Washington and James McCall. The withdrawal of the militia was, in effect, a feigned retreat which would further embolden Tarleton. The third line, on the hill, was manned by Morgan's most seasoned troops: around 550 Continental regulars comprising Brooklyn veterans: the famed Maryland Line and Delaware Line, supported by experienced militiamen from Georgia and Virginia. Colonel John Eager Howard of Baltimore commanded the Continental regulars, while Colonels Tate and Triplett commanded the experienced militia. The third line could be expected to stand and hold against the British force. Morgan expected that the British advance uphill would be disorganized, weakened both physically and psychologically by the first two lines, before engaging the third. The third line would also withdraw a short distance to add to the appearance of a rout.

In developing his tactics at Cowpens, as historian John Buchanan wrote, Morgan may have been "the only general in the American Revolution, on either side, to produce a significant original tactical thought".

Tarleton's approach
At 2:00 a.m. on January 17, 1781, Tarleton roused his troops and continued his march to Cowpens. Lawrence Babits states that, "in the five days before Cowpens, the British were subjected to stress that could only be alleviated by rest and proper diet". He points out that "in the forty-eight hours before the battle, the British ran out of food and had less than four hours' sleep". Over the whole period, Tarleton's brigade did a great deal of rapid marching across difficult terrain. Babits concludes that they reached the battlefield exhausted and malnourished. Tarleton sensed victory and nothing would persuade him to delay. His Tory scouts had told him of the countryside Morgan was fighting on, and he was certain of success because Morgan's soldiers, mostly militiamen, seemed to be caught between mostly experienced British troops and a flooding river. As soon as he reached the spot, Tarleton formed a battle line, which consisted of dragoons on his flanks, with his two grasshopper cannons in between the British Regulars and American Loyalists.

Tarleton's plan was simple and direct. Most of his infantry (including that of the Legion) would be assembled in linear formation and move directly upon Morgan. The right and left flanks of this line would be protected by dragoon units. In reserve was the 250-man battalion of Scottish Highlanders (71st Regiment of Foot), commanded by Major Arthur MacArthur, a professional soldier of long experience who had served in the Dutch Scotch Brigade. Finally, Tarleton kept the 200-man cavalry contingent of his Legion ready to be unleashed when the Americans broke and ran.

Battle
A few minutes before sunrise, Tarleton's vanguard emerged from the woods in front of the American position. Tarleton ordered his dragoons to attack the first line of skirmishers, who opened fire and shot fifteen dragoons. When the dragoons promptly retreated, he immediately ordered an infantry charge, without pausing to study the American deployment or to allow the rest of his infantry and his cavalry reserve to make it out of the woods. Tarleton attacked the skirmish line without pausing, deploying his main body and his two grasshopper cannons. The American skirmishers kept firing as they withdrew to join the second line manned by Pickens's irregular militia. The British attacked again, this time reaching the militiamen, who (as ordered) poured two volleys into the enemy, especially targeting commanders. The British—with 40% of their casualties being officers—were astonished and confused. They reorganized and continued to advance. Tarleton ordered one of his officers, Ogilvie, to charge with some dragoons into the "defeated" Americans. His men moved forward in regular formation and were momentarily paused by the militia musket fire but continued to advance. Pickens's militia seemed to "flee" as usual, around the American left to the rear as planned after getting off their second volley.

Taking the withdrawal of the first two lines as a full-blown retreat, the British advanced headlong into the third and final line of disciplined Maryland and Delaware regulars which awaited them on the hill. The 71st Highlanders were ordered to flank the American right. John Eager Howard spotted the flanking movement and ordered the Virginia militiamen manning the American right to turn and face the Scots. However, in the noise of battle, Howard's order was misunderstood and the militiamen began to withdraw. It was now 7:45 am, and the British had been fighting for nearly an hour. They were tired and disorganized, but they saw the Virginia militia on the rebels' right withdrawing and believed the Americans were on the run. They charged, breaking formation and advancing in a chaotic mass. Morgan ordered a volley. Howard's "fleeing" militia suddenly stopped their withdrawal and made an about-face. The Virginians fired into the British at a range of no more than thirty yards, with massive effect, causing the confused British to lurch to a halt. John Eager Howard shouted, "Charge bayonets!"

The Continentals in the center, as ordered, mounted a bayonet charge. Tarleton's force, faced with a terrible surprise, began to collapse; some men surrendering on the spot, while others turned and ran. Howard's men charged forward and seized the two British grasshopper cannons. William Washington's cavalry came around from behind the opposite American left to hit the British on their right flank and rear. Pickens's militia, having now reorganized, charged out from behind the hill, completing a 360-degree circle around the American position to hit the 71st Highlanders on the British left flank and rear. Howard ordered the Virginia militia, whose withdrawal had brought on the British ill-fated charge, to turn about and attack the Scots from the other direction.

The shock of the sudden charge, coupled with the reappearance of the American militiamen on the left flank where Tarleton's exhausted men expected to see their own cavalry, proved too much for the British. Nearly half of the British and Loyalist infantrymen fell to the ground whether they were wounded or not. Their will to fight was gone. Historian Lawrence Babits diagnoses "combat shock" as the cause for this abrupt British collapse—the effects of exhaustion, hunger, and demoralization suddenly catching up with them. Caught in a clever double envelopment that has been compared with the Battle of Cannae in ancient times, many of the British surrendered.

When Tarleton's right flank and center line collapsed, only a minority of the 71st Highlanders were putting up a fight against part of Howard's line. Tarleton, realizing how desperate his situation was, rode back to his sole remaining intact unit, the British Legion cavalry. He ordered them to charge, but they instead fled the field. The Highlanders, surrounded by militia and Continentals, surrendered. Desperate to save something, Tarleton found about forty cavalrymen and with them tried to retrieve his two cannons, but they had been captured, and he too retreated from the field. Although their charge was initially effective, the dragoons, numbering about 50, were quickly surprised and outnumbered by concealed American cavalry, under Colonel William Washington, and driven back in disarray. Washington was in close pursuit of the retreating Tarleton and found himself somewhat isolated. He was attacked by the British commander and two of his men. Tarleton was stopped by Washington himself, who attacked him with his sword, calling out, "Where is now the boasting, Tarleton?" A cornet of the 17th, Thomas Patterson, rode up to strike Washington, but was shot by Washington's orderly trumpeter. Washington survived this assault and in the process wounded Tarleton on his right hand with a sabre blow, while Tarleton creased Washington's knee with a pistol shot that also wounded his horse. It was now 8:00 a.m., and the battle had lasted approximately one hour. Washington pursued Tarleton for sixteen miles but gave up the chase when he came to the plantation of local planter Adam Goudylock near Thicketty Creek. Tarleton was able to escape capture by forcing Goudylock to serve as guide.

Aftermath

Morgan's army took 712 prisoners, which included 200 wounded. Even worse for the British, the forces lost (especially the British regulars and the dragoons) constituted the cream of Cornwallis's army. Additionally, 110 British soldiers were killed in action, and every artilleryman was either killed or incapacitated by wounds. Tarleton suffered an 86 percent casualty rate, and his brigade had been wiped out as a fighting force. John Eager Howard quoted Major McArthur of the 71st Highlanders, now a prisoner of the Americans, as saying that "he was an officer before Tarleton was born; that the best troops in the service were put under 'that boy' to be sacrificed." An American prisoner later recounted that when Tarleton reached Cornwallis and reported the disaster, Cornwallis placed his sword tip on the ground and leaned on it until the blade snapped.

Historian Lawrence E. Babits has demonstrated that Morgan's official report of 73 casualties appears to have only included his Continental troops. From surviving records, he has been able to identify by name 128 Colonial soldiers who were either killed or wounded at Cowpens. He also presents an entry in the North Carolina State Records that shows 68 Continental and 80 militia casualties. It would appear that both the number of Morgan's casualties and the total strength of his force were about double what he officially reported.

Tarleton's apparent recklessness in pushing his command so hard in pursuit of Morgan may be explained by the fact that, up until Cowpens, every battle that he and his British Legion had fought in the South had been a relatively easy victory. He appears to have been so concerned with pursuing Morgan that he quite forgot that it was necessary for his men to be in a fit condition to fight once they caught him, though Cornwallis himself did press Tarleton to take aggressive action.

Coming in the wake of the American debacle at Camden, Cowpens was a surprising victory and a turning point that affected the psychology of the entire war—"spiriting up the people", not only those of the backcountry Carolinas, but those in all the Southern states. As it was, the Americans were encouraged to fight further, and the Loyalists and British were demoralized. Furthermore, its strategic result—the destruction of an important part of the British army in the South—was crucial toward ending the war. Along with the British defeat at the Battle of Kings Mountain, Cowpens was a serious blow to Cornwallis, who might have defeated much of the remaining resistance in South Carolina had Tarleton won at Cowpens. Instead, the battle set in motion a series of events leading to the end of the war. Cornwallis abandoned his pacification efforts in South Carolina, stripped his army of its excess baggage, and pursued Greene's force into North Carolina. Skirmishes occurred at the Catawba River (February 1, 1781) and other fords. Yet, after a long chase Cornwallis met Greene at the Battle of Guilford Court House, winning a pyrrhic victory that so weakened his army that he withdrew to Yorktown, Virginia, to rest and refit. Washington and his French ally, Rochambeau, seized this opportunity to trap and defeat him in the Battle of Yorktown, which caused the British to give up their efforts to defeat the Americans.

In the opinion of John Marshall, "Seldom has a battle, in which greater numbers were not engaged, been so important in its consequences as that of Cowpens." It gave General Nathanael Greene his chance to conduct a campaign of "dazzling shiftiness" that led Cornwallis by "an unbroken chain of consequences to the catastrophe at Yorktown which finally separated America from the British crown".

Memorials

 * The battle site is preserved at Cowpens National Battlefield.
 * The Daniel Morgan Monument is in downtown Spartanburg.
 * Two ships of the U.S. Navy have been named USS Cowpens in honor of the battle.
 * Three current Army National Guard units (116th Inf, 175th Inf, and 198th Sig Bn ) are derived from American units that participated in the Battle of Cowpens. There are only thirty Army National Guard and active Regular Army units with lineages that go back to the colonial era.

The battle in film

 * The final battle at the end of the 2000 film The Patriot drew its inspiration from two specific battles from the American Revolution: Cowpens and Guilford Courthouse. The Americans used the same basic tactics in both battles. The name of the battle, as well as the winning side, were taken from the Cowpens battle. The size of the armies, as well as the presence of Generals Nathanael Greene and Lord Cornwallis, came from the Guilford Courthouse battle.
 * The movie Sweet Liberty, directed by Alan Alda, parodies how a film company takes great liberty with the depiction of the Battle of Cowpens.

title: Battle of Cowpens


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Atacamite

Atacamite is a copper halide mineral: a copper(II) chloride hydroxide with formula Cu2Cl(OH)3. It was first described for deposits in the Atacama Desert of Chile in 1802 by Dmitri de Gallitzin. The Atacama Desert is also the namesake of the mineral.

Occurrence
Atacamite is polymorphous with botallackite, clinoatacamite, and paratacamite. Atacamite is a comparatively rare mineral, formed from primary copper minerals in the oxidation or weathering zone of arid climates. It has also been reported as a volcanic sublimate from fumarole deposits, as sulfide alteration products in black smokers. The mineral has also been found naturally on oxidized copper deposits in Chile, China, Russia, Czech Republic, Arizona, and Australia. It occurs in association with cuprite, brochantite, linarite, caledonite, malachite, chrysocolla and its polymorphs.

Synthetic Occurrence
Atacamite has been discovered in the patina of the Statue of Liberty, and as alteration of ancient bronze and copper artifacts. The mineral has been found as a pigment in sculpture, manuscripts, maps, and frescoes discovered in Eurasia, Russia, and Persia.

Biomineral
Atacamite occurs as a biomineral in the jaws of bloodworms.

title: Atacamite


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B'wana Beast

B'wana Beast (Michael Payson "Mike" Maxwell) is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.

Publication history
Created by Bob Haney and Mike Sekowsky, B'wana Beast made his first appearance in Showcase #66 (January 1967). The character was an attempt to capitalize on Edgar Rice Burroughs' Tarzan, borrowing the African jungle setting and "Tarzan yell" which was created in the Johnny Weissmuller incarnation of Tarzan.

Fictional character biography
After graduating from college with highest honors, Michael Payson "Mike" Maxwell declined his millionaire father's offer to join the family business and instead decided to join his college roommate, Rupert Kenboya, in Africa and become a ranger in Zambezi's new animal preserves.

When the private aircraft carrying Maxwell and Kenboya to Zambezi was struck by lightning and crashed at the top of Mount Kilimanjaro, the two injured men took refuge in the cavern home of Djuba, a mutant red gorilla. After drinking from the cavern's mineral-rich water, Maxwell became stronger and was able easily subdue Djuba.

Acknowledging Maxwell as its master, the red gorilla retrieved an ancient Corinthian-styled helmet from the depths of the cave and placed it on Maxwell's head. Through the helmet, Maxwell was able to read the red gorilla's mind and discovered its name was Djuba. He also discovered that the helmet enabled him to control the actions of all other animals. Agreeing that these new powers must be used for the good of all Africa, Maxwell created the identity of "B'wana Beast" and became the Dark Continent's super troubleshooter.

Animal Man
In the initial story arc of Animal Man, written by Grant Morrison, B'wana Beast journeys to America to rescue Djuba, who has been captured by S.T.A.R. Labs scientists led by Dr. Myers and infected with an experimental form of anthrax. He fails to save Djuba and is himself infected with the disease, but he is cured by Animal Man, who mimics B'wana Beast's powers to merge his white blood cells into forms capable of fighting off the disease. In Animal Man #13 (July 1989), also written by Morrison, Maxwell decides to retire and performs a ceremony to find a successor. He passes the helmet and elixir on to a South African activist named Dominic Mndawe, who assumes the name Freedom Beast.

Mike Maxwell returns in Animal Man #47 (May 1992) written by Tom Veitch, after a long period of absence, in which after hearing the call of the destructive force called the Antagon, he is corrupted and possessed, and transformed into the evil Shining Man. With his new identity, Maxwell wreaked havoc on Earth until he was killed in a fight with Metaman.

The New 52
In 2011, "The New 52" rebooted the DC universe. B'wana Beast was considered as a possible new member for the Justice League International by United Nations head of intelligence Andre Briggs. They decide he is not right as a candidate for the team at that time, and he is not invited to join.

Powers and abilities
B'wana Beast drinks an elixir that gives him great strength, speed, hunting and tracking abilities. He also wears an ancient helmet that allows him to communicate with animals, and to merge up to four animals together to form a Chimera. For the most part, once these animals are merged, B'wana is able to acquire their aid in situations of need. It is unknown whether this is due to his ability to communicate with them or an instinct on their part.

Television

 * B'wana Beast appears in Filmation's The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure. Additionally, the studio considered making a standalone B'wana Beast series, but it did not come to fruition.
 * B'wana Beast appears in Justice League Unlimited, voiced by Peter Onorati. This version is a member of the Justice League who has a thick New York accent and blue collar personality. Additionally, according to the DVD commentary for the episode "This Little Piggy", a seductive growl that B'wana Beast directs at Zatanna was provided by producer/character designer James Tucker as Onorati was unable to do so.
 * B'wana Beast appears in Batman: The Brave and the Bold, voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson. This version is the love interest of Vixen and was originally a wrestler who gained his abilities from exposure to contaminated radioactive water and obtained his mask and title after defeating the masked gorilla Djuba in Africa. In the two-part episode "The Siege of Starro!", the Faceless Hunter captures B'wana Beast and harnesses his power to fuse Starro's parasites into one giant monster. While Batman defeats the Faceless Hunter, B'wana Beast sacrifices himself to destroy Starro. In the series finale "Mitefall!", B'wana Beast returns to attend the series' wrap party.
 * Additionally, an unnamed alternate universe incarnation of B'wana Beast makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in a flashback in the episode "Deep Cover for Batman!" as a member of the Injustice Syndicate.
 * B'wana Beast makes non-speaking appearances in Teen Titans Go!.
 * B'wana Beast appears in the Legends of Tomorrow episode "Freakshow", portrayed by Jason William Day. This version is an unnamed strongman working for P. T. Barnum's traveling circus.

Film
B'wana Beast makes a cameo appearance in Teen Titans Go! To the Movies.

Video games
B'wana Beast appears as a character summon in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.

Miscellaneous
B'wana Beast appears in Justice League Unlimited #29.

Merchandise

 * Four B'wana Beast action figures were produced by Mattel. The first was released as part of the company's Justice League Unlimited line as part of a six-figure boxed set along with Superman, Crimson Fox, Deadman, Commander Steel, and Vibe.
 * Two figures of B'wana Beast from the Batman: The Brave and the Bold TV series were produced, one in the five-inch scale and another in a two-pack with Batman as part of the smaller Action League series.
 * A six-inch scale DC Universe Classics figure of B'wana Beast was released in the "Justice in the Jungle" two-pack with Animal Man in December 2009 as a MattyCollector.com internet exclusive.

title: B'wana Beast


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Frankie and Johnny

Frankie and Johnny may refer to:

Films

 * Frankie and Johnny (1936 film), 1936 film co-starring Lilyan Tashman
 * Frankie and Johnny (1966 film), a film starring Elvis Presley
 * Frankie and Johnny (1991 film), a 1991 film based on Terrence McNally's play
 * Frankie and Johnny Are Married, a 2003 comedy film about a troubled production of Terrence McNally's play

Other
The story is discussed in:
 * "Frankie and Johnny" (song), an American popular song
 * Frankie and Johnny (ballet), a 1920s ballet choreographed by Ruth Page
 * Frankie and Johnny (soundtrack), soundtrack for the Elvis Presley film
 * Frankie and Johnny (1928 play), a 1928 play by Jack Kirkland
 * Frankie and Johnny (1930 play), a 1930 play by John Huston
 * Frankie and Johnny in the Clair de Lune, a 1987 play by Terrence McNally

title: Frankie and Johnny


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Pinus remota

Pinus remota, commonly known as the Texas pinyon or papershell pinyon, is a pine in the pinyon pine group, native to southwestern Texas and northeastern Mexico. It can be distinguished from other pinyon species by its thin-walled seeds, which made it especially attractive as a food to Indians and Mexicans living where it grew. Spanish explorer Cabeza de Vaca noted that the papershell pinon was an important food for the Indians in 1536.

Description
Pinus remota is a small tree or large shrub, reaching 3–10 m tall and with a trunk diameter of up to 40 cm. The bark is thick, rough, and scaly. The leaves ('needles') are in mixed pairs and threes (mostly pairs), slender, 3–5 cm long, and dull gray-green, with stomata on both inner and outer surfaces. The cones are squat globose, 3–5 cm long and broad when closed, green at first, ripening yellow-buff when 18–20 months old, with only a small number of thin scales, with typically 5-12 fertile scales.

The cones open to 4–6 cm broad when mature, holding the seeds on the scales after opening. The seeds measure 10–12 mm long, with a very thin shell, a white endosperm, and a vestigial 1–2 mm wing; they are dispersed by the Woodhouse's scrub jay, which plucks the seeds out of the open cones. The jay, which uses the seeds as a food resource, stores many of the seeds for later use, and some of these stored seeds are not used and able to grow into new trees.

Taxonomy
Texas pinyon was previously included in Mexican pinyon, only being discovered as distinct in 1966 when US botanist Elbert L. Little noticed that the seed shells of some pinyons in Texas were very thin compared to many others. He treated it as a variety of Mexican pinyon, Pinus cembroides var. remota. Subsequent research found other differences, and it is now usually treated as a distinct species, probably more closely related to the Colorado pinyon P. edulis, which shares thin seed shells and needles mostly in pairs. Texas pinyon differs from both Mexican and Colorado pinyons in the very small, recessed umbo on the cone scales (larger and knob-like on other pinyons).

Distribution and habitat
The range is in western Texas, United States, on the south edge of the Edwards Plateau and the hills between Fort Stockton and Presidio, and in northeastern Mexico, mainly in Coahuila but also just into Chihuahua and Nuevo León. It occurs at low to moderate altitudes, from 450–700 m on the Edwards Plateau and from 1200–1800 m in the rest of its range. It is scarce, with small, scattered populations usually on dry, rocky sites and arroyos where bare rock lowers the likelihood of wildfire spreading easily.

Uses
The edible seeds are occasionally collected like those of other pinyons, and sold as pine nuts. However, in its barren, dry habitat, infrequent and small crops are normal, reducing its economic value. It is occasionally planted as an ornamental tree, where its remarkable tolerance of drought and even semi-desert conditions makes it valuable in hot, dry areas.

The papershell piñón and Cabeza de Vaca
Pinus remota has importance in determining the route of Spanish explorer Cabeza de Vaca, the first European to explore Texas and the northern part of Mexico. Writing an account of his experiences, Cabeza de Vaca said that in 1535 the Indians of the region through which he was passing gave him and his companions pine nuts to eat which were "better than those of Castile [Spain], because they have very thin shells." In attempting to determine the route followed by Cabeza de Vaca from near the area of Galveston, Texas on the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific Ocean coast of Mexico, several scholars, notably Cleve Hallenbeck in 1940, believed that the statement by Cabeza de Vaca referred to the seeds of Pinus edulis, the Colorado piñón, which is found in the mountains of southern New Mexico and adjacent Texas—but not in northeastern Mexico. The Mexican piñón (Pinus cembroides) found in Mexico has thick shells, rather than the thin shells described by Cabeza de Vaca. Therefore, Hallenbeck concluded on the basis of the range of piñón species that Cabeza de Vaca had traversed Texas westward from near Galveston to southernmost New Mexico and crossed the Rio Grande river near El Paso, Texas.

To the contrary, Alex D. Krieger in a doctoral dissertation (1961) proposed instead that Cabeza De Vaca had traversed the coast of Texas, crossed the Rio Grande into Mexico and turned northwest, passing near present-day Monclova, Mexico and proceeding through Mexico to meet the Rio Grande again near present-day Presidio, Texas. Krieger's trans-Mexican route for Cabeza de Vaca was dismissed by proponents of a trans-Texas route because no piñón with thin shelled seeds was known to be native to northern Mexico.

However, in 1966, botanist Elbert L. Little first described a subspecies of the Mexican piñón with "thin shelled seeds" and in 1979 the thin-shelled piñón was proposed to be considered as a separate species with the name Pinus remota or papershell piñón. In 1996, scholars traveled to the Monclova, Mexico area and collected specimens of the papershell piñón, thus proving that Cabeza de Vaca might have encountered thin-shelled piñón seeds in Mexico as well as in Texas. The trans-Mexico route of Cabeza de Vaca, proposed by Krieger, now has the support of many scholars.

title: Pinus remota


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Sydney 2000 (video game)

Sydney 2000 is the official video game of the Games of the XXVII Olympiad, hosted by Sydney, Australia in 2000. Developed by Attention to Detail and published by Eidos Interactive, it was released for the PlayStation, Microsoft Windows and Dreamcast. There were versions developed for the Nintendo 64 and Game Boy Color, but both versions were cancelled.

Events

 * 100 m sprint
 * 110 m hurdles
 * Javelin (F)
 * Hammer
 * Triple Jump
 * High Jump (F)
 * Skeet shooting
 * Super Heavyweight Weight Lifting
 * 100 m Freestyle Swimming (F)
 * 10 m Platform Diving (F)
 * Chase Cycling
 * Kayak K1 Slalom

Playable nations

Up to 32 countries were available to be played on the game. They are:

 * 🇦🇺 Australia
 * 🇧🇪 Belgium
 * 🇧🇷 Brazil
 * 🇨🇦 Canada
 * China
 * 🇩🇰 Denmark
 * 🇫🇮 Finland
 * 🇫🇷 France
 * 🇬🇧 Great Britain
 * 🇩🇪 Germany
 * 🇬🇷 Greece
 * 🇭🇺 Hungary
 * 🇮🇳 India
 * 🇮🇱 Israel
 * 🇮🇹 Italy
 * 🇯🇵 Japan
 * 🇰🇪 Kenya
 * 🇰🇷 South Korea
 * 🇲🇽 Mexico
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands
 * 🇳🇴 Norway
 * 🇳🇿 New Zealand
 * 🇵🇱 Poland
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal
 * 🇷🇺 Russia
 * 🇿🇦 South Africa
 * 🇸🇬 Singapore
 * 🇪🇸 Spain
 * 🇨🇭 Switzerland
 * 🇸🇪 Sweden
 * Chinese Taipei
 * United States of America

Gameplay
Although the button mashing-laden gameplay has not changed from previous games, the main competition itself become more complex with the inclusion of the Virtual Gym and a complete Olympics qualifying tour, composed by four stages, and the player can only run for the medals of the events they qualified for. While some of the events are the women's, each event is only set to one gender: it is not possible to run the women's 100 m hurdles or the men's high jump.

Individually, there is not much difference in gameplay from previous games: two action buttons control speed a third performs an extra action, such as jumping, passing a hurdle, setting the angle and releasing the hammer or javelin, or touching the wall. All events rely on this formula, except Skeet, K1 Slalom, and diving (which uses "click-a-long" rather than the freeform jumping of Olympic Gold). Chase Cycling also requires pacing by the player, or the final cyclist will run out of long pace before the final sprint.

The biggest difference from previous games in the series lies in the Olympic mode: instead of starting in the Olympics, the player must improve and qualify an athlete for the event. Each event has four stages (Open Trials, Invitation Event, The Championship, and Olympic Class), and for each stage the player must complete minigames in the Cyber Gym that range from running on a treadmill, climbing a pole, squats or reaction training, for a total of 20 minigames. Completing a Cyber Gym game improves the athlete in one of the three ratings temporarily, and to earn the new capacities definitively, the athlete must complete an event with a certain score. After the player is happy with the athlete's development, they can try to qualify for the next stage by running against other athletes at the same level. Although it is possible to compete in the Olympics as soon as the athlete reaches the Olympic Class, to get a perfect athlete (with 100% on all ratings) one must complete all minigames, including those on Olympic Class. As the game relies mostly on athletes' ratings, even players with lower button presses per minute can make World Record times without serious effort as long as they passed all the mini games. Other modes include an arcade mode, training and head to head, where two players can compete with their Olympic mode trained athletes. There are four difficulty levels.

Although generally stable, the game lacks tweaking in some events: the High jump uses men's results, and while some events such as the 100 m sprint and triple jump are quite easy, others such as the javelin and hammer throw require much training.

Reception
Sydney 2000 received "mixed" reviews on all platforms according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, where the Dreamcast and PlayStation versions were ported for release and published by Capcom on 26 October 2000, Famitsu gave it a score of 27 out of 40 for the former, and 26 out of 40 for the latter. GameZone gave the PC version a score of nine out of ten and said, "The graphical quality of this program makes it a sure-fire winner. What it lacks in some areas, it makes up for in others. If you are a fan of Olympic-style action, this is a must-have." However, Computer Games Strategy Plus gave it one-and-a-half stars out of five and said that it was "a prime example of a game that should have stayed where it belonged--on the consoles," and that the game "simply isn't much fun; most of the time, it isn't any fun at all. It feels more like work than a good time and that's never a good recipe for success."

Edge gave the Dreamcast and PC versions each a score of seven out of ten, saying that the game was "as faithful an exponent of [the key-bashing dynamic] as any of Decathlon's distant children." Colin Williamson of PC Gamer US criticised the button mashing-gameplay and frustration game control of the latter version, and stated, "All in all, Sydney's quality is disturbingly inconsistent, and there are, sadly, more bad games than good in this particular collection. If you want to recreate the Olympic experience, break into the local high school track and run a few laps, or hop into the La-Z-Boy with a big tub of popcorn and leave it to the professionals." Kevin Rice of NextGen called the former version "A weekend rental at best. It's somewhat amusing to relive childhood memories of the local arcade, but the game's lack of depth and repetitive game mechanics grow old quickly."

Cheat Monkey of GamePro said of the PlayStation version, "If you're hankering for some Olympic competition and want to go beyond the standard track and field events, Sydney 2000 is a decent pick. It's not a gold medal winner, but it finishes the PlayStation invitational with a bronze." He then said of the Dreamcast version, "Overall, Sydney 2000 for the Dreamcast is a better game than the PlayStation version in more ways than one, but it's still held to a bronze medal finish in the sports games category. If you've got Olympic fever, Sydney 2000 will carry the torch for you, but only so far." Brian Wright, however, said of the PC version, "It seems that as long as computers continue to exist, companies will continue to release decathlon-style games. The button-mashing game mechanics may appeal to novice gamers or those on a nostalgia kick, but the familiar and repetitive gameplay means that Sydney 2000 doesn't get the gold."

title: Sydney 2000 (video game)


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Comics

Is the Enchantress a superhero?
you know when edit the Enchantress right, it's true that she is a hero because aided Thor on numerous occasions and helped Asgard, check her marvel database, it's on there, you'll find her comics when she was a supporting character/protagonist Nick De Almeida (talk) 11:26, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Helping Thor occasionally does not make her a superhero. She is primarily an enemy of Thor, so she is not a superhero. BOZ (talk) 16:01, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * That isn’t the only reason, she even joined the Asgardian Heroes to stop the war of surtur and she aids Asgard against Seth Nick De Almeida (talk) 16:04, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Helping other good guys on occasion does not make her a superhero either. If she completely gives up being an adversary at some point to devote herself to being a good guy, then maybe she could be considered a hero. BOZ (talk) 16:07, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * But still, she’s kind of a antiheroine like Loki, think of it as this way, and antiheroes are not only supervillains, but superheroes too Nick De Almeida (talk) 16:10, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

I've moved this conversation from my talk page. For context, an IP added two superhero categories to Enchantress (Marvel Comics), I removed them, and new account User:Nick De Almeida added them back. BOZ (talk) 16:18, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

 * I strongly agree with BOZ here. David A (talk) 19:43, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I have an idea, how about we can make our marvel comics and it could be based on her redeeming herself Nick De Almeida (talk) 20:39, 19 March 2024 (UTC)

Merger discussion for Indicia (publishing), Impressum, and Masthead (American publishing)
Articles that you have been involved in editing—Indicia (publishing), Impressum , and Masthead (American publishing) —have been proposed for merging with Nameplate (publishing). If you are interested, please participate in the merger discussion. Thank you. Cnilep (talk) 01:33, 20 March 2024 (UTC)

Category
Just to advise this project, after finding five articles about comic book series that had been filed only in the overly general and/or  without any obvious evidence of a more specific subcategory that they could be moved to, I created  to get them subcategorized more specifically. There was already a narrower category for, but the articles I saw didn't necessarily feature obvious indications that they were "limited" — but I've also filed that as a subcategory of the general "series" one. And also didn't seem sufficient in and of itself, as it appears to feature a mixture of series, anthologies and standalone titles, as well as occasional articles about characters in comic book series, rather than being specifically for comic book series per se.

If there is already another appropriate category somewhere that I missed, or if people with more expertise than I've got can confirm that the titles I saw are limited, then feel free to redirect it there — but I just wanted to let you guys know that it exists, so you can either more fully populate it or do with it as you wish if it's actually not needed. Bearcat (talk) 19:20, 29 April 2024 (UTC)

Category:Comic book editors has been nominated for discussion
Category:Comic book editors has been nominated for possible deletion, merging, or renaming. A discussion is taking place to decide whether it complies with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. Nominator's rationale: The term "comic book" is used for periodical comics publications and is not inclusive of manga, webcomics, graphic novels, etc. "Comics editors" is inclusive of all forms of comics. Thematthewmurray (talk) 22:51, 7 May 2024 (UTC)

Peer review for Captain America
I've opened a a peer review for Captain America in advance of potentially nominating the article for featured status. I would appreciate your comments, and welcome any input that would help improve the article. Morgan695 (talk) 23:10, 10 June 2024 (UTC)

Requested move at Talk:Hit-Girl & Kick-Ass
There is a requested move discussion at Talk:Hit-Girl & Kick-Ass that may be of interest to members of this WikiProject. Safari Scribe Edits! Talk! 16:56, 12 June 2024 (UTC)

Proper source for a ghost
Well, actually for a ghost horse in a comic book. The 1880s harness racing mare Maud S. appeared in a Ghostbusters comic book (See [here]) but the info was, justifiable, removed for non-RS. What would be a good RS for such a thing? A picture of a page from the comic? Or would it need to be a review that mentioned the character appearance? It is such a cool fact that I would like to add it to the article. Brianyoumans (talk) 18:30, 20 June 2024 (UTC)

redlink Reborn (comics)
I noticed a redlink in Nettlebed, and looked into it to see if there was an obvious fix. It turns out there are 28 links (will be 29 now) to the redlink in the title, with no obvious sign that the referenced page ever existed. That seems like a good target for some cleanup, one way or another: the links appear to have been added in early contributions from 77.92.145.214 (talk). Hv (talk) 12:11, 27 June 2024 (UTC)

 * The page existed. The source code is still around too. 88.119.175.167 (talk) 04:57, 2 July 2024 (UTC)

Merge proposal of Diana Prince
This is a notice of a proposed merger at Talk:Wonder Woman. Any comments there would be appreciated! Thank you. Trailblazer101 (talk) 06:17, 3 July 2024 (UTC)

Requested move at Talk:Morbius, the Living Vampire
There is a requested move discussion at Talk:Morbius, the Living Vampire that may be of interest to members of this WikiProject. Safari Scribe Edits! Talk! 06:24, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

Requested move at Talk:Black Widow (Yelena Belova)
There is a requested move discussion at Talk:Black Widow (Yelena Belova) that may be of interest to members of this WikiProject. RodRabelo7 (talk) 08:24, 17 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Comics


text:
Talk:Stonecutters Island

Strange statement
The article contains the following:

 * Murray House, ..., is made from granite columns which were imported from Manila and quarried on Stonecutter's Island.

If they were quarried on Stoncutters island, how could they be imported from Manila?. -- Chris j wood 22:21, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Gosh, I'd forgotten asking that question. As six months has elapsed and nobody has answered the question, or modified the article, I'm going to remove the statement. -- Chris j wood 8 July 2005 18:49 (UTC)

HKMSC
Before 1997, It was the training and HQ Depot HKMSC (Hong Kong Military Service Corps). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.188.159.121 (talk) 14:26, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

Pinyin
Can someone check the Pinyin? Jogloran (talk) 07:59, 26 July 2011 (UTC)

Blacklisted Links Found on the Main Page
Cyberbot II has detected that page contains external links that have either been globally or locally blacklisted. Links tend to be blacklisted because they have a history of being spammed, or are highly innappropriate for Wikipedia. This, however, doesn't necessarily mean it's spam, or not a good link. If the link is a good link, you may wish to request whitelisting by going to the request page for whitelisting. If you feel the link being caught by the blacklist is a false positive, or no longer needed on the blacklist, you may request the regex be removed or altered at the blacklist request page. If the link is blacklisted globally and you feel the above applies you may request to whitelist it using the before mentioned request page, or request its removal, or alteration, at the request page on meta. When requesting whitelisting, be sure to supply the link to be whitelisted and wrap the link in nowiki tags. The whitelisting process can take its time so once a request has been filled out, you may set the invisible parameter on the tag to true. Please be aware that the bot will replace removed tags, and will remove misplaced tags regularly.

Below is a list of links that were found on the main page:

 * http://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/projects/stonecutters/
 * Triggered by  on the local blacklist

If you would like me to provide more information on the talk page, contact User:Cyberpower678 and ask him to program me with more info.

From your friendly hard working bot.— cyberbot II NotifyOnline 12:45, 3 April 2014 (UTC)

✅ This issue has been resolved, and I have therefore removed the tag, if not already done. No further action is necessary.— cyberbot II NotifyOnline 19:31, 9 April 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stonecutters Island


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Brandon blue

Brandon blue
Originally speedily deleted, other users have other ideas and have recreated it. Google search for "Brandon Blue" + gay actor gets 2 hits, neither of which have anything to do with this. The link is to an amateur site. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 22:21, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Since I saw this I've done extensive research and watched all the gay porn I could get hold of. But unfortunately that's got nothing to do with the VFD nomination. Never heard of him. Delete. Dbiv 23:29, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Since he's obviously not "famous" as the article claims, he's just a porn actor. Delete. -- Scott $e^{i \pi} \,\!$ 23:33, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: It's absurd!  I don't care if he's gay or straight or a fire-eater:  the "article" is a single predicate nominative (a fact, not an article), written at a middle school level, and would, even if true, be deletion material, because a famous porn actor is still not a notable individual, except with a very few names.  (There have been a few, gay as well as straight, but just another person photographed having sex on cue is just another person.)  Geogre 05:58, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, probable self-posting by a male in his early teens. Wyss 00:39, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Rappaccini's Daughter

"Rappaccini's Daughter" is a Gothic short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne first published in the December 1844 issue of The United States Magazine and Democratic Review in New York, and later in various collections. It is about Giacomo Rappaccini, a medical researcher in Padua who grows a garden of poisonous plants. He brings up his daughter to tend the plants, and she becomes resistant to the poisons, but in the process she herself becomes poisonous to others. The traditional story of a poisonous maiden has been traced back to India, and Hawthorne's version has been adopted in contemporary works.

Plot summary
The story is set in Padua, Italy, in a distant and unspecified past, possibly in the sixteenth century, after the Paduan Botanical Garden had been founded.

Giovanni Guasconti, a young student recently arrived from Naples, Southern Italy, to study at the University of Padua, is renting a room in an ancient building that still exhibits the Coat of Arms of the once-great, long since extinct Scrovegni family. Giovanni has studied Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy and remembers that an ancestor of the Scrovegni, Reginaldo degli Scrovegni, appears in Dante's Hell, as a usurer and a sinner against Nature and Art (Canto XVII:64-75).

From his quarters, Giovanni looks at Beatrice, the beautiful daughter of Dr. Giacomo Rappaccini, a botanist who works in isolation. Beatrice is confined to the lush and locked gardens, which are filled with exotic poisonous plants grown by her father.

Having fallen in love, Giovanni enters the garden and secretly meets with Beatrice a number of times, while ignoring his mentor, Professor Pietro Baglioni. Professor Baglioni is a rival of Dr. Rappaccini and he warns Giovanni that Rappaccini is devious and that he and his work should be avoided.

Giovanni notices Beatrice's strangely intimate relationship with the plants as well as the withering of fresh regular flowers and the death of an insect when exposed to her skin or breath. On one occasion, Beatrice embraces a plant in a way that she seems part of the plant itself; then she talks to the plant, "Give me thy breath, my sister, for I am faint with common air."

Giovanni eventually realizes that Beatrice, having been raised in the presence of poison, has developed an immunity and has become poisonous herself. A gentle touch of her hand leaves a purple print on his wrist. Beatrice urges Giovanni to look past her poisonous exterior and see her pure and innocent essence, creating great feelings of doubt and confusion in Giovanni.

In the end, Giovanni becomes poisonous himself: insects die when they come into contact with his breath. Giovanni is troubled by this, which he sees as a curse, and he blames Beatrice.

Professor Baglioni gives him an antidote to cure Beatrice and free her from her father's cruel experiment. However, when Beatrice drinks the antidote, she becomes sick and dies.

Before realizing that Beatrice is dying, Dr. Rappaccini excitedly welcomes the love between his two creatures, his daughter and her suitor, Giovanni, who has been transformed so that he can now be a true and worthy companion to Beatrice.

While Beatrice is dying, Professor Baglioni looks down from a window into the garden and triumphantly shouts "Rappaccini! Rappaccini! and is THIS the upshot of your experiment!"

Interpretations
The story has parallels with that of Adam and Eve in the Book of Genesis, possibly with Dr. Rappaccini representing God (or a man playing God), Beatrice and Giovanni respectively representing Adam and Eve (with reversed gender roles) and Professor Baglioni representing Satan (or, alternatively, God). It is relevant to note that Giovanni/Eve offers Beatrice/Adam the antidote, suggesting that both should drink of it, but only Beatrice/Adam does so. The story would then represent the fall from grace, the expulsion from the Garden of Eden, and the introduction of the original sin.

According to one possible interpretation, the moral of the story is that mortals should not attempt to play God: Beatrice dies for the sins of her father, Dr. Rappaccini, whose experiments aimed at interfering with the laws of Nature. According to an opposite interpretation, Giovanni is not able to accept the gift that Beatrice brings, and her uniqueness: in the attempt to make her normal, he loses her and her love.

Genre
Rappaccini's Daughter is a Gothic story.

Beatrice is socially and physically isolated from the rest of the world. Due to supernatural causes or due to Dr Rappaccini's mysterious scientific experiments, she seems to belong to the garden only, a flower among flowers: she lives a happy life until she meets Giovanni, with whom she falls in love. How Beatrice becomes poisonous remains without logical explanation. Although she is innocent and pure, Giovanni is convinced that she is corrupted or cursed by her poisonousness, and that she needs to be saved. Although in distress, Beatrice accepts to drink the antidote for the sake of Giovanni and dies like the heroine of a tragic romance.

Dr. Rappaccini remains a mysterious character, described only by his rival/enemy Professor Baglioni. Dr. Rappaccini is represented as a Faustian/diabolical figure, unnaturally ambitious and with cruel hidden motivations. Only at the end his intentions are revealed: he created the garden for his daughter and her future suitor, hoping to place them above all other creatures, just like God had created the Garden of Eden for Adam and Eve.

The end of the story leaves the reader shocked and filled with horror as well as confused about the ambiguity in meaning and moral of the story.

Further Gothic elements are the theme of morality, the great deal of symbolism, the description of strong emotions (love, jealousy, ambition), the setting in a distant past, in a place with a possibly dark history.

Style
Hawthorne begins the story with reference to the writings of the fictional writer 'Monsieur Aubépine', named after the French name of the hawthorn plant. He both praises and criticizes the author's style and intent. This introduction aims to establish a tone of uncertainty and confusion, throwing off expectations and establishing the theme of the interrelationship of perception, reality and fantasy. He lists texts by M. de l'Aubépine, some of which translate into Hawthorne's own works as follows:
 * Contes deux fois racontés is Twice-Told Tales.
 * Le Voyage céleste à chemin de fer is The Celestial Railroad.
 * Le Nouveau Père Adam et la Nouvelle Mère Eve is The New Adam and Eve.
 * Rodéric ou le Serpent à l'estomac is Egotism; or, The Bosom-Serpent.
 * Le Culte de feu is Fire Worship.
 * "L'Artiste du beau" is "The Artist of the Beautiful or the Mechanical Butterfly."

The narrator says the text was translated from Beatrice ou la Belle Empoisonneuse which translates to "Beatrice or the Beautiful Poisoner" and was published in "La Revue Anti-Aristocratique" ("The Anti-Aristocratic Review").

Operas

 * Rappaccini's Daughter by Charles Wakefield Cadman premiered at Carnegie Hall on March 20, 1925
 * Rappaccini's Daughter by Margaret Garwood (1983)
 * La hija de Rappaccini by Daniel Catán (1991)
 * The Poisoned Kiss by Ralph Vaughan Williams
 * Rappaccini's Daughter by Michael Cohen (2000)
 * Rappaccini's Daughter Opera in Three Acts by Avrohom Leichtling (1967–68)

Plays

 * Spanish-language play: La Hija de Rappaccini by Octavio Paz (1956)
 * English-language play: Rappaccini's Daughter by Sebastian Doggart (1996)

Poetry

 * John Todhunter verse-play The Poison-Flower, A Phantasy, in Three Scenes (1891)

Radio

 * NBC's The Weird Circle (1943–1947), Episode 52, Radio Play. Broadcast date: November 26, 1944
 * CBC's Vanishing Point (1984–1986), third episode of the "Thrice Told Tales" sub-series. Broadcast date: December 1, 1986

Television

 * Lights Out, featuring the first screen appearance of Eli Wallach (1951)
 * PBS's The American Short Story, starring Kristoffer Tabori, Kathleen Beller, Madeline Willemsen and Leonardo Cimino (1980)

Film

 * Twice Told Tales, starring Vincent Price (1963)
 * Rappaccini, starring Perry King (1966)

title: Rappaccini's Daughter


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lorio

Lorio
Not an encyclopedic article. And how is it related to its title? Thue | talk 22:23, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment. Test page, of course. Copyvio of . JRM 22:33, 2004 Dec 5 (UTC)
 * Has gone unnoticed for an unsettling amount of time. JRM 22:34, 2004 Dec 5 (UTC)
 * Speedy, looks like a newbie test. -- Scott $e^{i \pi} \,\!$ 23:30, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * speedily-Deleted, with notice: "content was a random webpage cut unrelated to title". Mikkalai 06:29, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lorio


text:
So Much for the City

So Much for the City is the debut album of the Irish indie/pop band The Thrills. It was released on 27 May 2003 and quickly achieved success in Ireland, spending 61 weeks in the top 75 of the Irish Albums Chart. The album also won 'Album of the Year' at the national music awards. It gained significant popularity in the UK, debuting at #3 and remaining in the charts for 25 weeks. The single "Big Sur" reached #17 in the UK, which remains their highest charted position in the country to date.

In an interview, lead singer Conor Deasy explained the band's inspiration for the song material: Those songs are our ways of picking us up because we were kind of miserable. We were dropped by our label. And the towns are put [in the songs] as a way of escapism, as opposed to documenting little tales about what happened when we went there. When we put in a title like "Santa Cruz (You're Not That Far)," it would literally pick us up a bit.

The album was nominated for the 2003 Mercury Prize but lost to Dizzee Rascal's Boy in da Corner.

Legacy
The album was included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

The song "Santa Cruz (You're Not That Far)" was ranked by Q Magazine at number 550 on their list of the 1001 best songs ever made.

The song "Say It Ain't So" appeared on US President George W. Bush's iPod in 2005.

Track listing

 * 1) "Santa Cruz (You're Not That Far)" – 4:13
 * 2) "Big Sur" – 3:07
 * 3) "Don't Steal Our Sun" – 2:50
 * 4) "Deckchairs and Cigarettes" – 4:58
 * 5) "One Horse Town" – 3:15
 * 6) "Old Friends, New Lovers" (feat. string arrangements by David Campbell) – 4:01
 * 7) "Say It Ain't So" – 2:44
 * 8) "Hollywood Kids" – 5:33
 * 9) "Just Travelling Through" – 3:21
 * 10) "Your Love Is Like Las Vegas" – 2:23
 * 11) "'Til the Tide Creeps In" / "Plans" (hidden track) – 10:06

Singles

 * "Santa Cruz (You're Not That Far)" (November 11, 2002)
 * "One Horse Town" (March 10, 2003)
 * "Big Sur" (June 9, 2003)
 * "Santa Cruz (You're Not That Far)" (re-issue) (August 25, 2003)
 * "Don't Steal Our Sun" (November 24, 2003)

title: So Much for the City


text:
Rywin affair

The Rywin affair (afera Rywina) was a corruption scandal in Poland, which began in late 2002 while the post-communist government of the SLD (Democratic Left Alliance) was in power. It is named after Polish film producer Lew Rywin, who was a key figure.

Chain of events
On 22 July 2002, Lew Rywin called at the office of Adam Michnik, editor of Poland's largest daily newspaper, Gazeta Wyborcza. Rywin sought a bribe of 17.5 million USD to arrange a change to a draft law aimed at limiting the print media's influence on radio and television, which would have been in Michnik's favour; the original draft would have prevented the paper's publishing house, Agora S.A. from taking over the private TV station Polsat or the second channel of Poland's public TV broadcaster Telewizja Polska. Rywin said he was acting on behalf of what he called a "group in power" which wanted to remain anonymous but possibly included then prime minister Leszek Miller of the post-communist Alliance of the Democratic Left.

Michnik secretly recorded the conversation and started investigations to establish the identity of the "group in power". He also arranged a meeting between Miller, Rywin, and himself in Miller's office. When Miller denied any involvement in the deal Rywin had put forward, according to the others present, Rywin lost his composure and even spoke of committing suicide. Rywin himself later claimed to have been under the influence of alcohol.

Only after Gazeta Wyborcza's investigations had remained inconclusive, on 27 December 2002 – six months after the incident, which cast some doubts on the real role of the newspaper in the affair – the paper printed the partial record of Michnik's conversation with Rywin, igniting the scandal. However, other papers had reported parts of the story earlier (e.g. weekly magazine Wprost )

In January 2003, the Polish parliament (Sejm) created a special committee to conduct an investigation into the circumstances of the affair. A separate penal prosecution resulted in Rywin being sentenced to two years in prison and a 100,000 złoty fine on 26 April 2004 for fraud, as the court concluded that the "group in power" did not exist and Rywin had been acting on his own initiative. On 10 December 2004, the Warsaw court of appeals repealed this sentence, sentencing Rywin to a reduced term of two years for "paid protection" on behalf of a still anonymous group.

Contradictory conclusions
In the meantime, the protracted hearings of the Sejm's special committee continued. On April 5, 2004 the committee officially finished proceedings. With a majority vote supported by the SLD and Samoobrona deputies to the committee, it came to the same conclusion as the penal court, according to which Rywin had been acting completely on his own.

However, the dissenting minority, including committee chairman Tomasz Nałęcz, refused to back the report and began to compile minority reports. The Sejm then had to decide whether to accept the committee's official final report or one of the various minority reports as the outcome of the investigation. On September 24, 2004, the Sejm unexpectedly voted to accept the minority report that most radically departed from the majority report, and named the following people as the masterminds behind Rywin's mission:
 * prime minister Leszek Miller (stepped down in May 2004)
 * , deputy minister of culture in Miller's government, who was also in charge of the amendment of the law that could have benefited Agora S.A.
 * Włodzimierz Czarzasty, another high-ranking SLD media policy-maker
 * , head of the Polish national public TV broadcaster Telewizja Polska, the second channel of which was proposed to be privatized and a possible target for an Agora S.A. takeover
 * , Miller's Chief of Cabinet, later in charge of the Polish EU membership referendum as minister without portfolio.

Long-term impact on political culture
Former dissident Adam Michnik's reputation was damaged, as he was suspected to be more deeply entangled in the scandal, although in what way remains unclear. His friendly relations with members of the former communist political establishment were exposed. This increased the numbers of Poles who are convinced that politicians and opinion-leaders are involved with the large-scale shadow economy.

The right-wing party Law and Justice, whose defining themes are the fight against crime and corruption, benefited from the affair, which raised its public profile. The party's deputy Zbigniew Ziobro authored the radical minority report which the Sejm passed.

The scandal was a major factor in the SLD's severe defeat at the 2005 elections. It declined to the point that it was swept out of the Sejm altogether in 2015. The party returned to the legislature four years later, and has since renamed itself New Left. The party would not return to government until 2023, when it became a junior partner in a broad pro-European coalition headed by Donald Tusk.

title: Rywin affair