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Joseph Gallieni

Joseph Simon Gallieni (24 April 1849 – 27 May 1916) was a French military officer, active for most of his career as a military commander and administrator in the French colonies where he wrote several books on colonial affairs.

He was recalled from retirement at the beginning of the First World War. As Military Governor of Paris he played an important role in the First Battle of the Marne, when Maunoury's Sixth Army, which was under his command, attacked the German west flank. A small portion of its strength was rushed to the front in commandeered Paris taxicabs.

From October 1915 he served as Minister of War, resigning from that post in March 1916 after criticizing the performance of the French Commander-in-Chief, Joseph Joffre (formerly his subordinate, earlier in their careers), during the German attack on Verdun. He died later that year and was made Marshal of France posthumously in 1921.

Early life and career
Gallieni was born in 1849 at Saint-Béat, in the department of Haute-Garonne, in the central Pyrenees. He was of Corsican and Italian descent. His father, born in Pogliano Milanese, had risen from the ranks to be a captain.

As a student, he was educated, hard-working, and studious at the Prytanée Militaire in La Flèche, and then the École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr. He was also gifted and outstanding in mathematics and languages. He later became a second lieutenant in the 3rd Marine Infantry Regiment before serving in the Franco-Prussian War.

Gallieni fought at Sedan and was taken prisoner at Bazeilles, scene of the stand of the colonial marines. He learned German whilst a prisoner there, and later kept a notebook in German, English and Italian called "Erinnerungen of my life di ragazzo" ("Memories of my life from boyhood [onwards]").

Colonial Service
He was promoted to lieutenant in 1873. His colonial career began in 1876 in Senegal. He was promoted to captain in 1878. He led an expedition to the upper Niger. He also served in Reunion and Martinique. In 1886, he had risen to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and was later appointed governor of the French Sudan, during which time he successfully quelled a rebellion by Sudanese insurgents under Mahmadu Lamine. He was outstanding at colonial penetration without open hostilities in West Africa in 1880 and 1886–8.

In 1888 he was appointed to the War College. In 1892-6 he served as a colonel in French Indochina commanding the second military division of the territory in Tonkin. In 1894 he led successful French action against the nationalist leader Đề Thám, but further military action was overruled by colonial administrators after Đề Thám was accorded a local fiefdom.

In 1896 he was promoted to General and made Governor of Madagascar, then a new French possession, where the French had just been defeated, with 4,613 soldiers dying of disease. He stayed in Madagascar with one brief interruption until 1905; his future commander Joseph Joffre served under him there. In August 1896 Gallieni reorganised French forces, captured and executed several rebel leaders. Early in 1897 he abolished the Malagasy monarchy and exiled Queen Ranavalona III to Reunion. Gallieni practised the tache d’huile (the "oil spot" method, which continues to influence counterinsurgency theory to this day ) and politique des races (literally, racial policy; i.e., eliminating the racial hierarchy that had prevailed and suppressing tribes that resisted French rule). Initially military, his role became more administrative, building roads, a railway, markets, medical services and schools.

In 1905 Gallieni defended the code de l’indigenat (the right of French officials to mete out summary punishment, including corporal punishment and confiscation of property, to individuals and to entire villages), as it administered punishment more arbitrarily and swiftly than would be possible under due legal process.

Return to France
In 1905 Gallieni was appointed Military Governor of Lyon and commandant of the Army of the Alps (XIV Corps). Also in 1906 he became a member of the Conseil Superieur de la Guerre (the Superior War Council, a body of senior generals chaired by the President).

General Victor-Constant Michel (Generalissimo, i.e. Commander-in-Chief designate of the northeast front, and vice-president of the Superior War Council), was critical of the tactical doctrine of offensive à outrance (taking the offense to the limit). He also wanted to thrust into Belgium in the event of war, and to increase the size of the army by attaching a regiment of reservists to each regular regiment to form demi-brigades. Along with Yvon Dubail and Pol Durand, Gallieni was one of those who told War Minister Messimy that Michel must be removed.

Following Michel's removal Gallieni, who was the preferred choice of Prime Minister Caillaux, declined the job of Army Chief of Staff. This was partly because of scruples after having forced Michel out, partly because of age—he was two and a half years away from retirement—and partly because the Metropolitan Army might resent a colonial soldier getting the job ("une question de bouton"). His former subordinate Joffre was appointed instead.

Pre-World War I
Gallieni commanded Fifth Army until his retirement, and protested that it was not strong enough to advance into Belgium, and that Maubeuge should be fortified more strongly. His successor Lanrezac shared his concerns. After tours of the area Gallieni had failed to persuade the authorities to modernise Maubeuge.

Like a number of officers with colonial experience, Gallieni wanted the French army to give up the pantalon rouge (red trousers worn by French soldiers, allegedly as a boost to morale) and adopt a less conspicuous uniform. This was vetoed on the grounds that dull uniforms might be confused with those of the enemy and might turn the army into a citizen militia like the Boers.

At the 1911 manoeuvres Gallieni used air reconnaissance to capture a colonel of the Supreme War Council and his staff. He expressed reservations about the limited offensive strategy. His views on fortifications, artillery, and use of information obtained from aviation and intelligence were seen as unusual views for a colonial soldier.

In the same year, Gallieni was considered the logical choice for supreme commander of the French Army, but because of advanced age and poor health, he declined in favour of Joffre.

His date of retirement is given as February or April 1914. His wife died in early summer 1914.

Before the war he wrote of Joffre in his diary, "When I was riding I passed him in the bois [woods] today—on foot as usual—how fat and heavy he is; he will hardly last out his three years." He warned Joffre, correctly as it would turn out, that the Germans would come west of the Meuse in strength (i.e. make an enveloping move deep into Belgium, rather than a shallow incursion through the south-east corner of Belgium and down through the Ardennes).

The Marne
Gallieni was designated as Joffre's successor "in case of emergency" on 31 July. Joffre refused to have him at his headquarters, saying "He is difficult to place. I have always been under his orders. Il m’a toujours fait mousser [He always riled me]." On 14 August, as the Lorraine offensive was beginning, Gallieni visited Joffre at the insistence of War Minister Adolphe Messimy, who felt intimidated by Joffre. Messimy imagined that Joffre would be more likely to listen to his former superior, but he was quickly palmed off onto the staff officer General Belin and his deputy Berthelot.

Military Governor of Paris
As a condition of becoming Military governor of Paris, Gallieni demanded three active corps to defend the city. War Minister Messimy ordered Joffre to provide them on 25 August but Joffre, regarding this as interference with strategy, ignored the order. Gallieni learned from Messimy that 61st and 62nd Infantry Divisions, formerly the Paris Garrison, were being ordered north for Maunoury’s planned offensive against the German west flank near Amiens, leaving Gallieni with only territorial troops. Already in poor health, Gallieni was appointed on 26 August, not yet knowing that he did not have the resources he had demanded. However, on that day Viviani formed a new government (Union sacrée), and on 27 August the new War Minister Millerand (who had replaced Messimy largely because of the poor state of the Paris defences) visited Joffre, who promised to provide the three corps if Maunoury's attack should fail.

On 28 August the "Zone of Armies" was extended to cover the Paris suburbs. From 10am to 10:15am Gallieni held his one and only Council of Defence, at which his military and civil cabinets, standing up and without discussion, were made to sign the order placing Paris in a state of defence. He sacked two generals in his first two days.

On 2 September, the anniversary of the Battle of Sedan, the government left Paris for Bordeaux, with the evacuation continuing through the night of 2/3 September. Paris was made a "camp militaire retranché". Before departing, Millerand ordered Gallieni to defend Paris "à outrance," repeating the order when Gallieni explained that it meant destroying buildings and bridges. Gallieni later recorded that he had been certain that he was remaining behind to die. That day Gallieni told Joffre that without the three corps it would be "absolutely impossible to resist." Joffre placed Maunoury's Sixth Army, which was retreating down from the Amiens area, under Gallieni's direct command as the "Armies of Paris." Gallieni at once drove out to inspect his new command—he was horrified by the sight of the refugees—and to visit Maunoury. Gallieni had four territorial divisions and the 185th Territorial Brigade. He soon received a Marine Artillery Brigade (mostly Breton reservist sailors) and the 84th Territorial Division. Sixth Army was soon augmented by IV Corps from Third Army. Maunoury had an active division of VII Corps, a 5,000 strong native Moroccan brigade, and four reserve divisions: 61st and 62nd under Ebener, and 55th and 56th which had fought in Lorraine. Joffre also added Drude's 45th Division of Zouaves from Algeria, who made a huge impression marching through Paris, and IV Corps from Third Army. The Prefect of Police had resigned "on grounds of health" on being ordered to remain at his post. Gallieni stayed up with his staff all night drawing up plans for Sixth Army to give battle between the Oise and Pontoise. Joffre had Millerand place Gallieni under his own command on 2 September.

Gallieni believed that Joffre's strategy of retreating behind the Seine was "divorced from reality" as the Germans would not allow his forces enough time to rally. He spent the night of 2/3 September at his new HQ at Lycee Victor-Duruy, expecting a German attack the next day. On the morning of 3 September he learned that von Kluck was marching southeast across Paris, offering his flank to a French counterattack. The first public proclamation on the morning of 3 September promised to defend Paris "to the last extremity." That morning Gallieni set engineers and civilian labourers to work cutting down woods and trees, and preparing bridges and buildings for demolition to clear lines of sight for guns. For three days concrete was poured and barbed wire strung up. Even the Eiffel Tower was prepared for demolition. Paris had 2,924 guns, ranging from 155mm to 75mm. Hospitals and fire departments put on alert. Gas for three months of electricity was stockpiled, along with bread for 43 days, salt for 20 days and meat for 12 days. Pigeons were brought under state control for carrying messages. Lt-Col Dreyfus rejoined the artillery. Civilian paniquards were encouraged to leave and reconnaissance patrols were set up.

Planning the counterattack
On the night of 3–4 September Joffre sent a handwritten note to Gallieni, wanting Maunoury's Sixth Army to push east along the north bank of the Marne, although not specifying a date. This was in line with his modification of Instruction General No 4 (2 September), envisaging a giant pocket from Paris to Verdun, of which he enclosed copies to Gallieni.

Gallieni decided that it was "vital to act quickly" so as not to leave Paris uncovered. At 09:10 on 4 September, based on the previous day's reports of Paris aviators, which he had passed on to Joffre, and on his own authority, he sent orders to Maunoury to be ready to move his army that afternoon (now reinforced with Drude's 45th Infantry Division) and to be ready to come to Paris for a conference. Having first informed President Poincare in Bordeaux—in Tuchman's view, to force Joffre's hand—at 9:45am he had the first of a series of telephone calls, conducted through aides, as Joffre would not come to the phone, and Gallieni refused to speak to anyone else. Gallieni would later write that "the real Battle of the Marne was fought on the telephone." He proposed, depending on how much further the Germans were to be allowed to advance, to attack north of the Marne on 6 September or south of the Marne on 7 September.

Joffre's reply, saying he preferred the southern option (which would take a day longer as it forced Sixth Army to cross to south of the Marne, but would allow Sixth Army and the BEF to not be separated by the river), arrived too late to reach Gallieni. To ensure British cooperation Gallieni, accompanied by Maunoury, left Paris at 1pm to drive to BEF GHQ at Melun, driving past lines of southbound cars leaving Paris. He had already received advice from the liaison officer Victor Huguet that BEF Commander-in-Chief Sir John French, influenced by BEF Chief of Staff Murray and concerned about his supply lines along the lower Seine, was unlikely to join in any offensive. They arrived at 3pm and with some difficulty located Murray, who had no idea when Sir John, who was out visiting British I Corps, was to return and was unwilling to make any decision in his absence. In a three-hour meeting, the French generals proposed that Sixth Army was to move that afternoon, then on 5 September was to strike German IV Reserve Corps on the west flank. A provisional agreement was drawn up, with copies kept by Maunoury, Gallieni, and Lt-Col Brecard to take to GQG for Joffre's approval. The French came away with the impression that the British would not cooperate and that Murray had "une grande repugnance" for them, but he did in fact pass the plans along to Sir John. Whilst this was going on, Wilson (BEF Sub Chief of Staff) was negotiating separate plans with Franchet d’Esperey (Fifth Army, on the British right), which envisaged Sixth Army attacking north of the Marne.

In the absence of news from Franchet d'Esperey, Joffre ordered Major Gamelin to draft orders for Maunoury to attack south of the Marne on 7 September. That evening Gallieni, who returned to Paris find Joffre's message from earlier in the day and a message from Wilson, insisted on speaking to Joffre personally on the telephone, informing him that it was too late to cancel the movement of Maunoury's Army. Joffre agreed to bring forward the Allied offensive to 6 September and to have Sixth Army attack north of the Marne instead, later writing that he had done so reluctantly as Maunoury would probably make contact with the Germans on 5 September, but that an extra day would have left the Germans in a more "disadvantageous" position. Tuchman argues that he may simply have been swayed by the dominant personality of Gallieni, his former superior. At 8:30pm Gallieni ordered the attack by Maunoury's Army, which was in fact already under way. At 10pm Joffre issued General Order No 6, ordering a General Allied Offensive.

Taxicab Army and the Battle of the Ourcq
On 5 September Gallieni informed Maunoury that there was to be no retreat and issued secret orders for the destruction of important parts of Paris, including the Pont Neuf and the Pont Alexandre III.

On 7 September Gallieni, concerned that with Maunoury's Sixth Army fighting out in the open, Paris was now vulnerable, telegraphed the government in Bordeaux to discuss the possible evacuation of the civilian population from the Paris suburbs, and ordered prefects and the police to find "emergency locations" for them. That day Gallieni was ordered not to communicate directly with the government. This left Joffre "all-powerful" (in Gallieni's description), as he had sacked so many generals and Gallieni was his only serious rival. The same day, frustrated at the slowness at which the British were advancing into the gap between the German First and Second Armies, Gallieni sent Lartigue's 8th Infantry Division to the BEF's right flank to keep contact between the BEF and Franchet d’Esperey's Fifth Army (the French and British generals of 1914 were extremely concerned at the prospect of armies being encircled and besieged, after what had happened to the French Armies at Sedan and Metz in 1870). Joffre, concerned that Gallieni might arouse Sir John's "touchiness," sent a telegram to Lord Kitchener (British War Secretary) thanking him for Sir John's efforts.

It was Gallieni's decision to send 103rd and 104th Infantry Regiments (5 battalions, part of Trentinian's 7th Infantry Division, itself part of IV Corps; most of 7th Infantry Division, including artillery, had been sent to the front by rail and truck the previous night) to the front on the night of 7/8 September, in taxicabs commandeered the previous evening. The division's attack failed completely so the taxicab troops had even less impact than sometimes supposed. Although "great publicity for Gallieni; militarily it was insignificant" in Herwig's view. Upon seeing the "taxicab army" ferrying troops to the front, Gallieni made one of the most oft-quoted remarks of the First World War: "Eh bien, voilà au moins qui n'est pas banal!" ("Well, here at least is something out of the ordinary!").

Learning of Gallieni's contingency plans to evacuate Paris the previous day, Joffre telegraphed Millerand (8 September) demanding that he cancel Gallieni's "dangerous" message, and insisting that Gallieni was under his orders and had no business communicating directly with the government. On 8 September Gallieni ordered Maunoury, under heavy pressure from von Kluck, to hold his ground. Joffre gave permission for Maunoury to pull back his left if necessary. The Germans, concerned at the gap between their First and Second Armies, began to pull back on 9 September, giving the Allies a strategic victory in the Battle of the Marne.

After the Marne
When the German warships Goeben and Breslau went to Constantinople, Gallieni proposed attacking the Turkish straits.

By early December 1914 some of Gallieni's supporters were suggesting that he be appointed Commander-in-Chief in Joffre's place, or be made Minister of War, or both.

Gallieni was an early supporter of some kind of expeditionary force to the Balkans. Early in 1915 Gallieni supported the proposal of Franchet d’Esperey and Aristide Briand (Justice Minister) for an expedition to Salonika, which he hoped would detach first Turkey then Austria-Hungary, leaving Germany "doomed." President Poincare came out in favour of such a scheme, over Joffre's opposition, on 7 January 1915.

Appointment
With Viviani’s government in trouble following the resignation of Delcasse as Foreign Minister, the unsuccessful autumn offensive and the entry of Bulgaria into the war, he asked Joffre, who had told him that nine out of ten generals would make poor ministers of war, whether Gallieni would be a good replacement for Millerand as Minister of War. Joffre replied "perhaps," then after a pause for thought "maybe." Although Gallieni agreed, in the event other French leaders refused to join Viviani's government so Briand formed a new government on 29 October 1915, with Viviani as vice-president of the Council of Ministers (Deputy PM) and Gallieni as War Minister.

Since July 1915 Joffre had been demanding that he be appointed commander-in-chief over all French forces, including those at the Dardanelles and Salonika. By November 1915 President Poincare was persuaded, and Briand, initially reluctant because of the difficulty of defending Gallieni's inclusion in his new ministry, agreed and on his first day in office asked Poincare to help him persuade Gallieni to accept Joffre's enhanced role. Gallieni agreed and wrote to Joffre—having first shown the letter to Briand—assuring him that "you can count on me." Briand had the two men meet and shake hands.

At the meeting of the Superior Council of Defence (24 November 1915) Joffre had Briand address the demarcation of his own and Gallieni's authority, and objected to the Council discussing operational matters, threatening to resign if they attempted to interfere with his "liberty." Joffre met with Poincare and Briand both before and after the meeting to discuss the issue. Gallieni complained bitterly in his diary about the politicians’ unwillingness to stand up to Joffre. On 1 December Poincare and Briand met with Gallieni. They rejected the proposal prepared by his staff to vest authority in the Minister of War, Briand objecting that he would be obliged to answer questions in the Chamber about operational matters. Gallieni agreed that Joffre be commander-in-chief, with de Castelnau—who was soon sidelined—as his chief of staff, and under the War Minister's orders. A Presidential Decree of 2 December 1915 made Joffre "Commander-in-Chief of the French Armies" (generalissimo) over all theatres apart from North Africa. After considerable discussion this was approved by the Chamber of Deputies by 406–67 on 9 December.

Policies
Gallieni cleared out soldiers from cushy jobs—three Paris theatres had been directed by Army officers. He authorised the renewed use of black African troops—50,000 in total—on the Western Front. He introduced foyers du soldat—waiting rooms for soldiers in transit at railway stations.

Although Gallieni supported the Salonika expedition, he shared Joffre's low opinion of Sarrail’s military abilities. On 12 November Gallieni ordered Sarrail to retreat to Salonika with as much of the Serb Army as he could gather. After Sarrail lobbied politicians for reinforcements Gallieni wrote back to 19 November telling him that he was not going to receive the four corps he wanted, although on 20 November he sent Sarrail (whom he thought "indecisive and not up to the task") a telegram giving him a free choice as to whether to assist the latest Serb attack and when to fall back on Salonika.

With evacuation of the Gallipoli bridgeheads under discussion, Gallieni was willing to divert troops there from Salonika for one last attempt. On 9–11 December Gallieni took part in the Anglo-French talks in Paris (along with Grey (British Foreign Secretary), Kitchener (British War Secretary), Joffre and Briand) at which it was decided to maintain an Allied presence in Salonika, although it was unclear for how long. He later ordered Joffre to send an extra French division, although not the two Sarrail demanded.

Resignation
Gallieni made an effort to unite soldiers and politicians, and to establish a working relationship in which he concentrated on supplying resources (not dissimilar to the role to which Kitchener was restricted in the UK from the end of 1915). However, Gallieni had prostate cancer, with pain making him less tolerant of criticism at a time when political disquiet was growing after the failure of the Second Battle of Champagne, especially the failed attack on Hartmannswillerkopf and its subsequent total loss.

In Clayton's view, Gallieni may well have been sceptical of Joffre's plans for a massive Anglo-French offensive on the Somme, to be accompanied by Italian and Russian offensives, as floated at the Chantilly meeting in 6–8 December 1915. There was also friction over Gallieni's assertion of his right to appoint generals, Joffre's practice of communicating directly with the British generals rather than going through the War Ministry, and Gallieni's maintaining contacts with generals whom Joffre had replaced.

In autumn 1915 Lt-Colonel Driant, a member of the Chamber of Deputies and commander of a chasseurs brigade, complained to Gallieni of how Joffre had been removing guns and garrisons from Verdun and even preparing some forts for demolition. Joffre was furious and disputed Gallieni's right to comment. Driant, who had served at Verdun, was a member of the Army Commission of the Chamber of Deputies. The Council of Ministers discussed his reports and President Poincare asked Gallieni to investigate. Gallieni wrote to Joffre (16 or 18 December 1915) expressing concern at the state of trenches at Verdun and elsewhere on the front—in fact matters were already being taken in hand at Verdun.

The political atmosphere was poisonous after the opening of the German attack at Verdun (21 February). Rumours circulated in Paris that Joffre had ordered the abandonment of Verdun at the end of February 1916 when the Germans first attacked. Gallieni demanded to see all paperwork from the period, but Joffre had made no such order in writing, merely despatching de Castelnau to assess the situation. Gallieni launched an angry report at the Council of Ministers on 7 March—read in his usual precise way—criticising Joffre's conduct of operations over the last eighteen months and demanding ministerial control, then resigned. Gallieni was falsely suspected of wanting to launch a military takeover of the government. Poincare wrote that Gallieni was trying to force Joffre's resignation, although it is unclear whether he was specifically trying to do so. Briand knew that publication of the report would damage morale and might bring down the government. Gallieni was persuaded to remain in office until a replacement had been designated and approved.

Rocques was appointed as his successor after it had been ensured that Joffre had no objections. This would be the last attempt to assert ministerial control over the army until Clemenceau became Prime Minister late in 1917.

Later life
The strain of high office having broken his already fragile health, Joseph Gallieni died in May 1916.

Gallieni's Memoirs were published posthumously in 1920.

He was posthumously made Marshal of France, in 1921. He was buried in Saint-Raphaël. Camp Gallieni in Kati was named after him. There is also a Camp Galieni in Abidjan that serves as the Ivorian Arms forces Headquarters

Assessments
Clayton describes him as a dry precise man, a secular republican (views which influenced his colonial policy) but one who kept aloof from politics. Herwig describes him as "formidable" and "France’s most distinguished soldier" whose "physical appearance alone commanded respect": he was of straight bearing and always wore full dress uniform.

By the time Gallieni complained about Joffre's handling of Verdun, there was already public debate, much of it politically motivated, about which of them had "won" the First Battle of the Marne in 1914. Churchill commends him for seeing the opportunity to outflank the German Army, using Manoury's Sixth Army, and for persuading the defeatist Joffre. "He is not thinking only of the local situation around Paris. He thinks for France and he behaves with the spontaneous confidence of genius in action.". In his memoirs Gallieni claimed credit for that victory, and historians such as Georges Blond, Basil Liddell Hart, and Henri Isselin credited him with being the guiding intelligence, a claim disputed by Captain Lyet in his book "Joffre et Gallieni a la Marne" in 1938. Ian Senior describes "Gallieni's claims" as "absolute nonsense" and Lyet's book as "an excellent analysis which convincingly refutes" them. Joffre himself once remarked: "Je ne sais pas qui l'a gagnée, mais je sais bien qui l'aurait perdue." (I do not know who won it [the battle], but I know well who would have lost it."). Doughty writes of the Marne: "Gallieni’s role was important, but the key concept and decisions lay with Joffre". At the end of the war Clemenenceau said, “Without Galliéni, victory would have been impossible.”

Ethnology
From the beginning of his colonial career he became interested in ethnology. He amassed a large collection of objects from French Sudan and Madagascar, which he donated to the Museum de Toulouse.

Works by Joseph Gallieni

 * Voyage au Soudan Français, 1879-1881, Paris, Hachette, 1885, avec 140 gravures dessinées sur bois par Édouard Riou
 * Deux campagnes au Soudan français, 1886-1888, Paris, Hachette, 1891
 * Trois colonnes au Tonkin, 1894-1895, 1899
 * Rapport d’ensemble sur la pacification, l’organisation et la colonisation de Madagascar, 1896-1899, Paris, Charles-Lavauzelle, 1900
 * Madagascar de 1896 à 1905, Tananarive : Impr. officielle, 1905, 2 vol.
 * Neuf ans à Madagascar, 1906
 * Mémoires du Général Galliéni - Défense de Paris (25 août - 11 septembre 1914), Paris, Payot et Cie, 1920
 * Les Carnets de Galliéni, publiés par son fils Gaëtan Galliéni, avec des notes de Pierre-Barthélemy Gheusi, Paris, Albin Michel, 1932

title: Joseph Gallieni


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Psychology Today

Psychology Today is an American media organization with a focus on psychology and human behavior. It began as a bimonthly magazine, which first appeared in 1967. The Psychology Today website features therapist and health professional directories and hundreds of blogs written by a wide variety of psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, medical doctors, marriage and family therapists, anthropologists, sociologists, and science journalists.

Psychology Today is among the oldest media outlets with a focus on behavioral science. Its mission is to cover all aspects of human behavior so as to help people better manage their own health and wellness, adjust their mindset, and manage a range of mental health and relationship concerns.

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The print magazine's reported circulation is 275,000 as of 2023.

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Psychology Today was founded in 1967 by Nicolas Charney. The goal of the publication is to make psychology literature accessible to the general public.

Psychology Today features reportage and information that looks inward at the workings of the brain and bonds between people. It draws on research reports and interviews with experts on topics, including human motivation, personality development, intelligence, child development, parenting practices, schizophrenia, sexuality, leadership, addiction, anxiety, politics, and human and animal behavior.

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In 1976, Psychology Today sold 1,026,872 copies. In 1981, its circulation increased to 1,171,362 copies in 1981. In 1986, it decreased, to 862,193.

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From June 2010 to June 2011, Psychology Today ranked among the top 10 selling consumer magazines at newsstands.

The Psychology Today website, which includes archived articles since 1992, features a continuous stream of blogs by laboratory researchers, clinical practitioners, and writers with a broad range of expertise. Daily reports of the findings of new research on human behavior accompany accounts of common concerns and explorations of the impact of current events on mental health.

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Psychology Today


text:
List of caves in Mexico

This is a list of caves in Mexico (not just archaeological):

Archaic era

 * Guila Naquitz Cave (Oaxaca, c.8000-6700BC)
 * Cueva de la Olla (Chihuahua, c.5500 BC)
 * Nogales Cave (Tamaulipas, c. 5000-3000 BC)
 * Coxcatlan Cave (Tehuacan Valley, Puebla, 5000-3400 BC)
 * La Perra Cave (Tamaulipas, c. 3000-2200 BC)
 * Frightful Cave (Central Mexican Highlands, c. 7500 BC-185 AD)

Middle preclassic era

 * Juxtlahuaca (Guerrero, Olmec-style painting cave)
 * Oxtotitlan (Guerrero, Olmec-style painting cave)

Late preclassic era

 * Loltun Cave (Yucatán, a painting cave of Maya civilization)

Postclassic era

 * Balank'anche Cave (Yucatán, people offered a worship to Rain God and Xipe Totec with Toltec-style censers)

Modern era

 * Cacahuamilpa Cave (Grutas de Cacahuamilpa National Park, Guerrero)
 * Chevé Cave (Oaxaca)
 * Chiquihuitillos (Nuevo León)
 * Grutas de García (Nuevo León)
 * Naica Crystal Caves (Chihuahua), largest gypsum crystals in the world
 * Sistema Dos Ojos (Quintana Roo), underwater cave system
 * Sistema Huautla (Oaxaca), deepest cave in the western hemisphere (as of 2013)
 * Sistema Nohoch Nah Chich (Quintana Roo), underwater cave system; subsumed into Sac Actun in early 2007
 * Sistema Ox Bel Ha (Quintana Roo), world's longest underwater cave system
 * Sistema Sac Actun (Quintana Roo), world's second longest underwater cave system
 * Sótano de las Golondrinas (Cave of Swallows, San Luis Potosí)
 * Sierra Mixteca-Zapoteca incl Ndaxagua formation on Juquila aka Xiquila River

title: List of caves in Mexico


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A Christmas Carol (1938 film)

A Christmas Carol is a 1938 American drama film adaptation of Charles Dickens's 1843 novella of the same name, starring Reginald Owen as Ebenezer Scrooge, an elderly miser who learns the error of his ways on Christmas Eve after visitations by three spirits. The film was directed by Edwin L. Marin from a script by Hugo Butler.

Plot
On Christmas Eve in 19th-century London, Fred Scrooge is sliding on ice on a sidewalk. He meets Peter and Tim Cratchit, sons of his maternal uncle Ebenezer's clerk, Bob Cratchit. When Fred reveals who he is, the boys take off in terror.

Fred soon arrives at the counting-house of the miserly Ebenezer. After declining an invitation from his nephew to dine with him on Christmas, Scrooge rudely dismisses two gentlemen collecting money for charity. That night, Scrooge reluctantly allows Bob to have Christmas off but orders him to come into work early the day after. Later, Bob accidentally knocks off Scrooge's hat with a snowball. Scrooge fires him and withholds a week's salary to compensate for the ruined hat, also demanding a shilling to make up the difference. Bob spends the last of his wages on food for his family's Christmas dinner.

In his house, Scrooge is confronted by the ghost of his deceased business partner, Jacob Marley, who warns Scrooge to repent his wicked ways, or he will be condemned in the afterlife as Marley was. He tells Scrooge he will be haunted by three spirits.

At 1 a.m, Scrooge is visited by the youthful Ghost of Christmas Past, who takes him back in time to his early life. Scrooge is shown his unhappiness when he was left to spend the holidays alone at school, and his joy when his sister, Fan, came to take him home for Christmas. The spirit reminds Scrooge that Fan, dead for some years, is the mother of his nephew. Scrooge is shown his early career in business and money lending as an employee under Fezziwig.

At two o'clock, Scrooge meets the merry Ghost of Christmas Present, who shows Scrooge how others keep Christmas. At a church service, Fred and his fiancée, Bess, are seen as happy and in love. The couple must wait to marry because of Fred's financial circumstances, and the spirit observes that perhaps they will not marry at all, and their love may end. Scrooge is then shown the Cratchit home. Despite wearing a cheery manner for his family's sake, Bob is deeply troubled by the loss of his job, though he confides in no one except his daughter Martha. The spirit hints that Bob's youngest son, Tim, will die of a crippling illness by the same time next year if things do not change.

At 3 a.m., the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come arrives, appearing as a silent, cloaked figure. The spirit shows Scrooge what will happen if he does not change. Scrooge discovers Tiny Tim is dead and his family mourns for him, while he himself dies alone and forgotten. Scrooge promises to repent and returns home to awake in his own bed on Christmas Day.

Scrooge is a changed man. He asks a boy in the street to buy the large turkey in the butcher shop's window for him, meaning to take it to the Cratchits. Running into the two men who petitioned him for charity on Christmas Eve, Scrooge gives them a large donation. He visits Fred and makes him his new partner, then goes to the Cratchit house where he gives everyone gifts and rehires Bob with an increase in his wages.

Cast

 * Reginald Owen as Ebenezer Scrooge
 * Gene Lockhart as Bob Cratchit
 * Kathleen Lockhart as Mrs. Cratchit
 * Terry Kilburn as Tiny Tim Cratchit
 * Barry MacKay as Fred (Scrooge's nephew)
 * Lynne Carver as Bess (Fred's fiancée)
 * Bunny Beatty as Martha Cratchit (uncredited)
 * June Lockhart as Belinda Cratchit (uncredited)
 * John O'Day as Peter Cratchit (uncredited)
 * Leo G. Carroll as Marley's Ghost
 * Ann Rutherford as Ghost of Christmas Past
 * Lionel Braham as Ghost of Christmas Present
 * D'Arcy Corrigan as Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come
 * Ronald Sinclair as Young Scrooge
 * Elvira Stevens as Fan Scrooge (uncredited)
 * Forrester Harvey as Old Fezziwig (uncredited)
 * Olaf Hytten as Schoolmaster (uncredited)
 * Harry Cording as Waiter (uncredited)
 * Halliwell Hobbes as Clergyman (uncredited)
 * Charles Coleman as First Solicitor (uncredited)
 * Matthew Boulton as Second Solicitor (uncredited)
 * John Rogers as Chestnut Vendor (uncredited)
 * Cliff Severn as Boy Buying Turkey (uncredited)

Production
Made by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and originally intended to star Lionel Barrymore (who played the role of Scrooge annually on radio but was forced to drop out of the film because of his arthritis, though he narrated its trailer), the movie starred Reginald Owen as Scrooge and the married couple Gene and Kathleen Lockhart as the Cratchits. Terry Kilburn costarred as Tiny Tim and a young June Lockhart (Gene and Kathleen's daughter) made her screen debut as one of the Cratchit daughters. Leo G. Carroll played Marley's Ghost. The characters of Fred (Scrooge's nephew) and Elizabeth, his fiancée (his wife in the novelette), were greatly expanded in order to work in a romantic angle to the story that Dickens did not intend. The couple was played by Barry MacKay and Lynne Carver. Ann Rutherford, better known as Polly Benedict in the MGM Andy Hardy film series and as Carreen O'Hara in Gone with the Wind, was a young and attractive Ghost of Christmas Past, rather than the somewhat unusual creation that Dickens described.

The music for the film was composed by Franz Waxman, in contrast to most MGM films of the period, whose scores were composed by Herbert Stothart.

Some of the grimmer aspects of the story went completely unmentioned or unseen, in order to make this a "family film" in the style of other MGM literary adaptations, and also to accommodate a 69-minute run time. Although Marley's Ghost did appear, the phantoms wailing outside Scrooge's window were not shown. Scrooge's fiancée, who eventually leaves him because of his miserly ways, was completely dropped from the film, as were the two starving children "Want" and "Ignorance", who hid within the folds of the Ghost of Christmas Present's robe. Also gone were the thieves who ransack Scrooge's belongings after he "dies" in the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come segment. While Gene Lockhart's performance as Bob Cratchit is admired, he is often criticized for looking too "well-fed" for the role. In this production, unlike Dickens' original story, Scrooge actually fires Cratchit rather than just threatening to do so.

Theatrical release
Originally intended as a 1939 release, A Christmas Carol was rushed into production in October 1938 and was finished in a matter of weeks. It opened in December at New York City's Radio City Music Hall where it did moderately well. One of many adaptations of the work, it was frequently revived in theaters by MGM.

Television broadcast
The film was shown on local television stations in the United States throughout the 1960s and 1970s, and was a staple of Chicago's WGN television's Family Classics. It ran in syndication throughout the United States from the 1960s to the 1990s on various local networks until the advent of cable television. Since the late 1990s, it has been broadcast on Turner Classic Movies, airing several times during December.

Home media
In 1988, MGM/UA Home Video and Turner Entertainment released A Christmas Carol on VHS celebrating its 50th anniversary, for the first time in a colorized version. In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter in 1988 promoting the film's release on home video, actress June Lockhart admitted that, despite being an MGM production, it was "a 'B' picture". The colorized version was released once again on VHS by Warner Home Video in 2000. In November 2005, the black and white version was released on DVD in a "Classic Holiday Collection" box set including Boys Town and Christmas in Connecticut, two other MGM titles with a holiday/family theme; it was also released as an individual title. Since its first DVD release, it has seen multiple releases in various Christmas movie collection box sets. A Blu-ray version was released in November 2014.

title: A Christmas Carol (1938 film)


text:
Talk:Football Australia

add a criticism section
On January 1, 2005 this page should be moved to Football Federation Australia - see —The preceding unsigned comment was added by IVoteTurkey (talk • contribs) 09:48, 19 December 2004  (UTC)

 * (Editor's note, it is not the governing body for soccer in Australia, although is it the most popular and powerful. Many state soccer organisations are not looked after by Football federation and it certainly does not own Soccer in Australia). —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sliat 1981 (talk • contribs)

 * The state federations are part of the national structure, and are looked after by Football Australia. Tancred 21:17, 13 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Ok I'll concede on that. But it does not govern THE sport in Australia, it is just the main one. It is A governing body, not THE governing body. There are many leagues who are not associated with them and I personally do not want it to look like they govern my side (which they certainly do not). By saying it is the governing body makes it look like they own soccer in Australia, which they do not. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sliat 1981 (talk • contribs)

 * All the state federations come underneath the FFA - the FFA doesn't govern everything about the sport but they are the governing body. Is the Federal Government not the Government of Australia, even though we have state and local governments beneath them?  Cursive 14:19, 16 March 2006 (UTC)
 * also see, , , , , , , , etc etc etc Cursive 14:50, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

 * But the wording is wrong because you said they are THE govering body for soccer in Ausstralia. There are many soccer organisations that are not affiliated with them, by saying that football federation is THE governing body is saying that if they aren't associated witht them they aren't important. There are a number of people who although they love the a-league (like me) are really unhappy about losing alll their teams because of it they can no longger get enough members. Soccer clubs like Fitzry and carlton are very important and they should not be classified that they are not part of any governing sport just because football federation has a large monopoly at the moment. There is no single governing body for soccer alone in this country, but I will admit (begrudgingly) that is it the largest and most powerful and important (there i said it, happy?) But don't you underestimate the passion people still have for our local soccer clubs.
 * I'm willing to make a compromise. How about we refer to it as the MAIN governing body for soccer. Does that sound fair? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sliat 1981 (talk • contribs)
 * That's not going to work. The governing body of football, soccer if you must, worldwide is FIFA http://www.fifa.com/ . It is organised into Confederations and within the Asian Football Confederation the body representing Australia and controlling the national team is FFA - http://www.fifa.com/en/organisation/confederations/associationdetails/0,1483,AUS,00.html?select=AUS -- Arwel (talk) 20:34, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Well I'll concurr, because your statements do make a valid arguement. Doen't mean I'm happy with it's meddling with the local clubs, but I am man enough to admit that you make a better statement than me. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Sliat 1981 (talk • contribs) 06:41, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

Founding date
It says that this was founded as a new league. If this is not the same league as National Soccer League, we can't say that it was founded in 1961 on the picutre. Is it the same league? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sliat 1981 (talk • contribs) 21:27, 27 March 2006
 * The league's got nothing to do with it. The A-League, indeed, is completely different from the National Soccer League.  However, this is about Football Federation Australia, not the A-League. fuddlemark (fuddle me!) 11:36, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

But is Football fedration different from the National Soccer league or is it the same one with a name change. If it is the same one, I reccomend the two articles be merged. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sliat 1981 (talk • contribs) 18:03, 28 March 2006
 * Football Federation Australia is indeed different from the National Soccer League.

 * By the way, are you have trouble working out how to sign your posts? It's not that hard: just use four tildes (that's the squiggly thing that appears when you hold down SHIFT and press the key to the left of the 1 key — ~ ).  Cheers, fuddlemark (fuddle me!) 12:22, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

Well if it is different then the founding date should be 2005 not 1961. And what do you mean coach? Football fereration has plenty of coaches. He's the coach of the socceroos, not coach of the football federation. Football fereration is a league, not a team. That doesn't seem to make any sence. BTW this is sliat_1981. I just can't be bothered to sign. Cheers —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Sliat 1981 (talk • contribs) 07:43, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The league was the NSL, and is now the A-League. The body that governs football in Australia is Football Federation Australia.Tancred 07:59, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

Then why is the governing body listed as a coach? Gus is the coach of the socceroos. The socceroos isn't the Fedearation, it's IN hte federation unless you mean a coach by some sort of board position. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Sliat 1981 (talk • contribs) 07:30, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Because the federation basically owns the socceroos. Say if there was a country called NicCarBeland, and Bobby McPrescott was the coach of the national team, they would have COACH:Bobby McPrescott on the NCBFA page. Nic Car Bel 12:12, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

Finally you answered. Nearly a year after I posted and now don't care anymore. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Sliat 1981 (talk • contribs) 12:43, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

I think it's pretty clear that the coach is meant to be the national team head coach...--Hack 00:57, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

Teams
I'm adding a list of national level teams controlled by the FFA as it came a shock that there wasn't currently one, fell free to add any I forgot!

Simba1409 (talk) 04:09, 13 November 2009 (UTC)

Controversy
I expaned the section as it was extremely short. In fact it could be expanded further if you want to read the source it has quite alot of info. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.253.213.253 (talk) 08:21, 20 July 2010 (UTC)

Use Australian English
The article opens with the following.
 * "Football Federation Australia (FFA) is the governing body for the sport of football (soccer) in Australia."

Per Engvar we ought to be using Australian English so what's with calling the sport football? If the FFA want to use the word, that's up to them, but we don't have to follow suit. If editors here can't cop soccer I'd be okay with association football but the word football generally refers to either rugby or Aussie rules in Australian English. J IM ptalk·cont 03:18, 11 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Australian English changes, especially as immigrants bring in new words and values. I have no problem with Association football, because when I look at the media, I see "soccer" being used less and less. Perhaps we should see if we can gauge consensus on this? --Pete (talk) 22:41, 30 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Fair point, it does change. You're also right in saying that the media are using "football" more and more to refer to the sport.  Still, I think that the majority of normal Australians would say "soccer".  Also "soccer" is unambiguous. Jimp 07:47, 16 October 2014 (UTC)

Unsourced, POV changes by IP editors
Two IP editors (who I suspect are the same person posting from two places) are repeatedly trying to impose on the article some undicussed changes which significantly alter the perspective of parts of the article describing the creation of the FFA. I reverted, with explanatory Edit summaries and after posting on the editor's Talk page, to no avail. No Edit summaries and no Discussion have been forthcoming from our IP editor(s). I've possibly already technically gone too far on the WP:3RR front, so I really need some backup here. HiLo48 (talk) 23:57, 8 April 2012 (UTC)

Soccer Australia redirects here
It should not, while the two orginisations are pertinent to each other they are not the same orginisation, I suggest we create a new article for the discussion of Soccer Australia and that all content related to soccer Australia be forked to that article rather than having the current redirect page --Orestes1984 (talk) 13:10, 5 March 2014 (UTC)

 * It's normal for most sports on Wikipedia to have the article on a single peak national body incorporate the record of its historical precursors. Most readers simply want to read about the peak national body, and should not be forced to look at different articles. The article content will make it clear that the two that concern you are not the same body. HiLo48 (talk) 18:55, 5 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Agree with HiLo48, there's no need to split the content up, there has been 6 organisations in various forms and they should all be detailed fully on this article.--2nyte (talk) 23:55, 5 March 2014 (UTC)

Non-free use of File:Socceraustralia.png
There is a discussion at regarding the non-free use of File:Socceraustralia.png in the article. All interested editors are welcome to participate. Thanks in advance. - Marchjuly (talk) 08:42, 24 July 2015 (UTC)

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Not up to date
Seems to me that this article is not up to date re the FFA. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.45.211.33 (talk) 11:21, 7 August 2017 (UTC)

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Is it soccer?
Clearly there is some dissatisfaction with the way Wikipedia deals with the name of the sport. I have commenced discussion at Naming_conventions (Football in Australia) and I invite contributions. --Pete (talk) 06:52, 9 August 2018 (UTC)

 * mate the late great Les Murray called it football so it is, I reckon wogball is as legit as soccer. The dicussion on the wikidpedidias is everyonone should have to distinguish which code they are talking about- footy can refer to league or aussie rules but neither are rarely called football- the only two codes which are refered to as football are association and american, maybe some kiwis call unionn football? Australian rules is definatly footy or aussie rules- and more recently by people out side-AFl, but AFL is the peak governing body and major professional league not the game of footy. 124.170.107.64 (talk) 13:10, 3 May 2023 (UTC)

Requested move 16 December 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved. CambridgeBayWeather, Uqaqtuq (talk), Huliva 10:27, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

Football Australia (Sporting Association) → Football Federation Australia – The organisation hasn't changed name yet, per their official website, their Twitter and their Facebook. When/if it does change, it should be to Football Australia without disambiguation Hack (talk) 02:54, 16 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Support per Hack's explanation. This move was done too early. --SuperJew (talk) 08:21, 16 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in WikiProject Football's list of association football-related page moves. GiantSnowman 12:26, 16 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Support per nom. You could have just reverted the move as being undiscussed... GiantSnowman 12:28, 16 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Comment I wish I knew what this discussion was actually about. Insufficient context is presented. HiLo48 (talk) 23:49, 16 December 2020 (UTC)
 * :Comment the article has a name that isn't the common name or current trading name of the organisation. Hack (talk) 01:27, 17 December 2020 (UTC)
 * :Comment Then why is this even an issue? It should just be fixed. HiLo48 (talk) 02:13, 17 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Looks like they've gone ahead and changed the name today. So I'm withdrawing the request. Hack (talk) 06:35, 17 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Am I allowed to be amused by this from that page? "Football Australia requests that media utilise the name ‘Football Australia’ from today onwards, and that the company name not be abbreviated or manipulated when used." I thought about how one would abbreviate the name, got to FA, and laughed. Sorry to soccer fans, but this is surely not a smart move for the sport's image. Anyway, I guess we should try to avoid the abbreviation. HiLo48 (talk) 07:55, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

 * The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Dubious marker for cost of rebrand to FA from FFA
Thanks HiLo48 for inviting me to talk about this. I understand your points you have raised. I think this comes down to what your intent about the dubious claim is. I mean I don't think it is dubiouis in regards to the FA CEO saying it would not cost anything, he did say that. That was then reported by the Australian Associated Press (AAP) and picked up by numerous realisable media sources. The sentence used is pre-empted with "Football Australia Chief Executive, James Johnson, told the media" so the reader knows this is in context to what this person said. As for what he said, I think it was done in good faith, but it probably just needs additional context around it. It was made in reference to costs associated with obtaining company and domain names. The FA had previously obtained these at an earlier time. So the immediate cost to the organisation at the time the change was voted on and agreed to at the AGM in November 2020 would have been nil. I agree there would have been associated flow-on costs to the organisation post the change being agreed to, such as stationary and graphic design costs. Perhaps it would have been better for him to have told the media 'there is no immediate upfront costs to the organisation as the FA already owns the website domain and company names'. We could of course update the text to provide this additional context but then it would need the first part removed as the CEO did not say that. Of course this sentence could be removed all together. Does not bother me. Thoughts? Volrath2002 (talk) 14:03, 15 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Removing it might be best. It's really pretty trivial stuff in the broader scheme of things. Alternatively, we could go a little bit tabloid in our writing (common enough in sports articles anyway) and write "claimed" instead of "told the media". HiLo48 (talk) 23:26, 15 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Triviality of the statement is on the money. How about this: 'Football Australia Chief Executive, James Johnson, advised the media the organisation already owned the domain and company names for Football Australia and the change would help unify the branding with the state member federations.'Volrath2002 (talk) 01:46, 16 January 2021 (UTC)

Australian english?
In Australian english both League and Australian Rules are coloquialy refered to as Footy and rarely football- the world game has been refered to as football throughout many differeent governing bodies. What I'm wonerering is if socca or wog-ball is more 'Australian' than soccer. I don't care but there's historical precedence for Associatian Football being refered to as football, while league and aussie rules are footy. On a side note aussies rules should never be refered to as AFL, or should we call Association Football FIFA. 124.170.107.64 (talk) 05:10, 3 May 2023 (UTC)
 * There have been extensive discussions on this. Have a read of Naming conventions (Football in Australia) to see the results, and its Talk page if you would like to review the discussions yourself. (You will need several hours for the latter exercise.) HiLo48 (talk) 06:49, 3 May 2023 (UTC)

Australian English?
Now that it seems everyone calls Australisan Rules- AFL, can we we not just call Association- FIFA? 124.170.107.64 (talk) 05:13, 3 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't call Australian Rules AFL. So no. HiLo48 (talk) 06:44, 3 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Every national media oputlet in Australia thinks different to you, HiLo. The ABC, for example. Check it out! --Pete (talk) 06:35, 21 December 2023 (UTC)
 * My comment was in response to the IP's use of the word "everyone". It obviously still stands. HiLo48 (talk) 07:08, 21 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Of course. If we find one exception - you - then their argument falls in a heap. Can I ask if you personally have any difficulty with the national media calling it AFL? They have been doing it for some years now, I understand. It's a matter of finding reliable sources to use for our content, rather than individual editors running their opinions as fact. --Pete (talk) 08:30, 21 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Did you actually read the IP editor's proposal? To call Association football FIFA? HiLo48 (talk) 08:44, 21 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Got to read between the lines, mate. I don't think their spelling hits a high mark, so nitpicking probably isn't a productive strategy. Right now I'm more interested in why you don't like the ABC as a reliable source. Perhaps we could ask at WP:RSN? --Pete (talk) 09:09, 21 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I haven't expressed an opinion here on whether the ABC is a reliable source. Also, this is not the place for that discussion. It belongs at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (Football in Australia). HiLo48 (talk) 09:54, 21 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Well, let's test it out The ABC recognises football, NRL, and AFL as three distinct sports. Is the Australian national broadcaster a more reliable source than User:HiLo48? YES/NO--Pete (talk) 22:17, 21 December 2023 (UTC)
 * This is not the place for that discussion. It belongs at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (Football in Australia). HiLo48 (talk) 23:08, 21 December 2023 (UTC)
 * You know that you reveal exactly what is in your heart with that evasive answer? You think the ABC - and every other national media outlet - is wrong in their headings of "Football, NRL, and AFL" because you have a contrary opinion. Perhaps you should accept that the facts are no longer on your side. As a fellow Victorian I once shared your view but on checking that times had indeed changed, I likewise changed my mind. --Pete (talk) 20:05, 22 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Agreed with User:Skyring. I also shared the same view growing up in NSW, then QLD, but I've not heard much use of soccer as the word in some years now.
 * Whenever the sport comes up I'm the only one who still asks "soccer?" among people I know.
 * That's my anecdote, but I don't think it matters much compared to what's clearly common use among reliable sources, our personal feelings and experiences shouldn't be driving discussions on this issue.
 * If I was to let my personal bias take over here I'd say call it soccer because that's what I call it out of habit growing up with that word in an AFL family. Sometimes it frustrates me when I say football/footy and people think I mean soccer, but times have changed, that was pretty evident from the coverage of the Women's World Cup last year.
 * I would argue that soccer as a word gets used more as a disambiguate when people (like myself) use football to refer to a different sport, but I don't think it's the primary word for the sport anymore.
 * User:HiLo48 I've seen you on multiple talk pages arguing this but your arguments are usually just stating your personal use of it, statements that it isn't consensus & a general hostility toward proposals for change that I don't feel is warranted.
 * For a page like this it places too much emphasis on Australian naming convention that doesn't line up with other countries football teams articles. By this I mean that it's confusing to have a special convention to use soccer in the article, because while this team is Australian that doesn't mean that the readers of the article are, it's a team in an international competition, it's weird that it doesn't use football like the other articles.
 * I've just checked the Asian Football Confederation's other 46 members organisations and Football Australia is the only one that uses soccer, every other article uses football or association football. Ignoring the question of soccer/football being used more in Australia, this is still an issue, the purpose of the convention is to maintain consistency & clarity, so I don't see it being appropriate to use here when it appears to be the only national association football organisation in English Wikipedia to do a different naming system. Cbrfield (talk) 04:43, 4 April 2024 (UTC)
 * The right place for that discussion is Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (Football in Australia). And I'll point out that when that policy was created, I wasn't active as a Wikipedia editor. HiLo48 (talk) 06:05, 4 April 2024 (UTC)
 * You just don't want the topic discussed. Wikipedia is always open to discussion.
 * The problem is that in some areas, and some age segments, football as a word means some local sports code. In Australia as a whole, and the wider world, football means the round ball game.
 * Easy enough to check out. Every national media outlet uses football in this way. The ABC, for example, lists sports on its landing page: "Tennis, Cricket, AFL, Rugby League, Netball, Football"
 * The only media outlets going against the tide are regional. If we are talking Football in Australia, Football means the world game. If we are, instead talking Football in Melbourne, it might mean something else. Check out the local Melbourne paper The Age.
 * I see a disconnect with a parochial attitude and what the reality is Australia-wide. If the ABC doesn't use "soccer", why should we? Is there maybe some better, more respected, more reliable source than the national broadcaster? --Pete (talk) 21:11, 4 April 2024 (UTC)

Upcoming competitions
BRD time, I think. Looking at this edit a couple of upcoming competitions in 2024 - a few days time - and 2025 were added. I'd like to see some sourcing for these but I doubt that they are imaginary.

National sports typically have upcoming seasons and events years into the future, and football is no exception, so I'm wondering just why this useful edit needs to be reverted? --Pete (talk) 06:33, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

 * I fully agree that we need sources, but you didn't provide any. Oh, and I know you know about WP:NCFIA, so why call the sport football? HiLo48 (talk) 07:10, 21 December 2023 (UTC)
 * We use reliable sources here, not personal opinions. You got something against the ABC???

 * As for sources, I don't follow football, but presumably the newbie who you savaged does, otherwise why did they try to improve the article?

 * My point is that sports typically look into the future, often years ahead. If you don't like future comps being added to existing, why not work with a new editor and create a new section? I just don't understand why you want to dump useful information added in good faith. If it's accurate, what's the problem? We're hardly going to run out of space on Wikipedia, and may I suggest that adding information about 2024 fixtures in the declining days of 2023 is some sort of leap into the unknown. --Pete (talk) 08:27, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

 * There's nothing complicated here. The problem is simply an absence of sources. Find some sourcing, and I'll be happy. HiLo48 (talk) 08:42, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Football Australia


text:
Category:Novels set during World War I

Novels set during World War I (1914 – 1918).

title: Category:Novels set during World War I


text: Category:Presidents of Fiji

title: Category:Presidents of Fiji


text: Category:World War I poems

title: Category:World War I poems


text:
Talk:International Finance Centre (Hong Kong)

Design Architect
This project was designed by Cesar Pelli and Rocco was the Executive Architect. Unless there is proof for Rocco was the design architect for the building. Check this out http://www.hld.com/en/propertieshk/ifc.shtml Whywhy99 07:45, 24 June 2014 (UTC)

Symbolism
anyone else notice that its resembles a giant... phallus?

Check this out

http://www.skyscraperpicture.com/2ifc16.jpg

The section on "World-Class Office Accommodation and Services" looks like advertisement and certainly is not written a neutral language. I suggest that it is removed. Opinions?

- It certainly looked like an advert to me, it did not have any worthy objective information. I've removed it.

Sorry if it's a stupid question... I'm new to wikipedia, now that subjective information is removed, can we remove the clean-up tag? Thanks!199.111.230.195 22:50, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

"Two ifc" or "two ifc" (branded names)
Is it branded as the former or the latter? Thanks. — Instantnood 18:39, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Notice the capitalization usage here. SchmuckyTheCat 18:59, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I've seen both in real life. — Instantnood 19:00, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I would say Two IFC is more appropriate - NOOB
 * Yes, grammatically. As a brand name they can break whatever english rules they wish. SchmuckyTheCat 17:39, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, I see de-capitalisation a rising trend in the English language, like the news heading appeared in BBC News and the cover of Beckham's book. Is it a sort of enhancement of visual art, I guess? -- Jerry Crimson Mann 04:26, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Moreover, I've just changed the branded names from "IFC One" and "IFC Two" to "One ifc" and "Two ifc", per the company website, currently. BUT, does anyone know if the towers were previously officially known as "IFC One" and "IFC Two"?  If so, that is, if the official names have changed, we should note it here. Onanoff (talk) 18:46, 14 September 2012 (UTC)
 * By the way, I agree that we use 'IFC' in the article, except when identifying the development's branding as 'ifc'. Onanoff (talk) 19:01, 14 September 2012 (UTC)

It is branded as 1IFC and 2IFC but it is known as IFC1 and IFC2, no one has ever called it 1IFC 2IFC

Hong Kong Station
Hong Kong Station is directly linked to the ifc, or at least the ifc mall. Was it built in coordination with the ifc or built later? Afterall, the two parts of the ifc mall is connected by a walkway which spans above the check in facilities. Should the answer to this Q be put into the article?

Pictures
Does anyone else feel that there are one too many pictures about IFC on here? Luke! 03:10, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

Percent ownership
Currently the background states that Bank of China owns 5% of the development, and while they may have when it was originally built, they were bought out by Henderson Group. I don't have any sources for this other than a tour I went on of IFC today and I was told by someone working for Henderson Group that Bank of China had been bought out. I was also told that it is now split 50/50 between Sun Hung Kai and Henderson. Anyone know if this is correct and should be changed in the article to reflect the real figures ?  samh004 - talk 15:44, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 05:15, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Price
The price may mix up billion and 10 billion, it is not so high to have a HK$100,000 per floor area (sq.m ), because average is HK$10,000. Matthew_hk  t  c  19:12, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Logo ifc.gif
Image:Logo ifc.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 13:28, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Height
7th tallest? Where is this information from? Also, unfortunatly they need to be corrected. I am fairly certain numerouse towers are taller and if you include the as-of-yet uncompleted but still tallest tower on earth Burj Dubai stacks up to it.

71.11.140.56 (talk) 22:45, 6 February 2017 (UTC) I would like to see the number of stories mentioned in the introduction. 71.11.140.56 (talk) 22:45, 6 February 2017 (UTC)

Floor count
I find this part confusing:

 * This 415-metre-tall (1,362 ft) building, currently Hong Kong's second tallest, is quoted as having 88 storeys and 22 high-ceiling trading floors to qualify as being extremely auspicious in Chinese culture. It is, however, short of the magic number, because "taboo floors" like 14th and 24th are omitted as being inauspicious – because 4 sounds like 'die' in Cantonese.

If it falls "short of the magic number" (88), then the floor count in the infobox should not be 88. Citobun (talk) 10:29, 7 February 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Why does this page about the IFC have a description for the ICC?
? 61.18.38.207 (talk) 10:38, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Because someone keeps vandalizing the page. Fixed. -- Green  C  12:56, 15 August 2023 (UTC)


text: Category:Prime ministers of Fiji

title: Category:Prime ministers of Fiji


text:
Talk:Rideau Hall

100 acres or 1000 acres?
The article on Thomas mcKay mentionned he purchased 1,000 acres of land but the Rideau Hall article mentions 100 acres. Which one is it?

McKay purchased the 100 acre[16] site overlooking both the Ottawa and Rideau Rivers and built a stone villa where he and his family lived until 1855 and which became the root of the present day Rideau Hall

From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_McKay

Thomas McKay became quite wealthy and in 1837 he bought 1100 acres (4.5 km2) east of the village — Preceding unsigned comment added by 23.16.117.88 (talk) 05:13, 6 July 2021 (UTC)

Canadian viceregal's residence subsection's images
The viceregal (governor-general) residence subsection, has three images in it. However two of three images are primarily the monarch (Elizabeth II). Considering the name of the subsection, shouldn't all images be of only governors general & their spouses? PS- There must be a better place in this article, to put the two images-in-question. The monarch isn't a viceregal. GoodDay (talk) 17:48, 14 February 2023 (UTC)
 * I understand the sentiment, but the issue is with the availability of images again. Having looked through the Commons, there simply isn't a photo of a Canadian GG at Rideau Hall for the period covered in that section (1950 to 1980). The only images I could find that feature the GG is the privy council one already in the article and this Massey one (taken during the same time as the privy council one). The only other images of Rideau Hall I could find from 1950 to Sauve's tenure were ones that didn't include the GG and weren't that relevant for the section (Interior, 1950, Guard mounting, 1959, Front gate, 1960). Leventio (talk) 18:34, 14 February 2023 (UTC)
 * It's also just a non-issue. There is no "viceregal (governor-general [sic]) residence" subsection. There's a subsection titled "Canadian viceregal residents", but it doesn't say anything about the monarch being evicted from her Canadian home, leaving only the viceroy as resident. Indeed, the subsection includes, "in 1957, Elizabeth was again in residence, though for the first time as queen. The Queen also stayed in her Ottawa government house and held audience with an influx of 53 foreign heads of state and government during Expo 67, held in Montreal, and Canada's centennial celebrations." Two images in the subsection illustrate both of those moments. -- ₪   MIESIANIACAL  18:51, 14 February 2023 (UTC)
 * I've re-named the subsection to better reflect the content & images. The other option - Dividing the sub-section itself into two sub-sections (one for the regal & the other for vice regal), would require a heck of a lot of untangling of info. GoodDay (talk) 19:02, 14 February 2023 (UTC)
 * It was nonsense. The first Canadian royal resident was George VI in 1939, which is covered in the preceding section. -- ₪   MIESIANIACAL  19:56, 14 February 2023 (UTC)
 * No problem, as long as we've removed the disconnect between the initial subsection title & its content/images. GoodDay (talk) 20:34, 14 February 2023 (UTC)

"Royal residences"
No, not that edit -- well, not directly at least -- the the remaining references such as "It is one of two official royal residences maintained by the federal Crown". Does this make sense in the context of the current lede sentence? Yes, the GG is royal-adjacent in an administrative sense, but even that's rather opaque in the current wording. 109.255.211.6 (talk) 03:29, 29 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rideau Hall


text: Category:583 deaths

title: Category:583 deaths


text: Category:Governors-General of Fiji

title: Category:Governors-General of Fiji


text: Category:Governors-general

title: Category:Governors-general


text: Category:565 deaths

title: Category:565 deaths


text:
Gene Lockhart

Edwin Eugene Lockhart (July 18, 1891 – March 31, 1957) was a Canadian-American character actor, playwright, singer and lyricist. He appeared in over 300 films, and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Regis in Algiers (1938), the American remake of Pepe le Moko.

Early life
Lockhart was born in London, Ontario, Canada, and made his professional debut at the age of six when he appeared with the Kilties Band of Canada. He later appeared in sketches with Beatrice Lillie.

Lockhart was raised Catholic and educated in Canadian schools and at the London Oratory School in London, England. He played football for the Toronto Argonauts.

Stage
Lockhart had a long stage career; he also wrote professionally and taught acting and stage technique at the Juilliard School of Music in New York City. He had also written theatrical sketches, radio shows, special stage material, song lyrics and articles for stage and radio magazines.

He made his Broadway debut in 1916, in the musical  The Riviera Girl.

He was a member of the traveling play The Pierrot Players (for which he wrote the book and lyrics). This play introduced the song, The World Is Waiting for the Sunrise, for which Lockhart wrote the lyrics along with Canadian composer Ernest Seitz. (The song was subsequently made popular by Les Paul and Mary Ford in the 1950s.) He wrote and directed the Broadway musical revue Bunk of 1926. He sang in Die Fledermaus for the San Francisco Opera Association. On Broadway, Lockhart originated the roles of Uncle Sid in Eugene O'Neill's only comedy, Ah, Wilderness! (1933), and Fortesque in Arthur Schwartz's Virginia (1937).

In 1949, he took over from Lee J. Cobb as Willy Loman, during the original run of Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman.

Film
Lockhart made his film debut in Smilin' Through (1922) as the Rector, but he made few additional appearances during the silent era. His sound debut was in the film By Your Leave (1934), where he played the playboy "Skeets". Lockhart subsequently appeared in more than 300 motion pictures. He often played villains, including a role as the treacherous informant Regis in Algiers (1938), the American remake of Pepe le Moko, which gained him an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. He played the suspicious Georges de la Trémouille, the Dauphin's chief counselor, in Joan of Arc (1948), starring Ingrid Bergman.

He also had a great succession of "good guy" supporting roles including Bob Cratchit in A Christmas Carol (1938) and Judge Harper in Miracle on 34th Street (1947).

Upon the arrival of Orson Welles in Hollywood in 1940, Lockhart wrote a short poem satirizing Welles entitled "Little Orson Annie". The poem was a parody of the 1885 poem "Little Orphant Annie" by James Whitcomb Riley.

Lockhart played a bumbling sheriff in His Girl Friday (1940), opposite Cary Grant and Rosalind Russell. He appeared in the movie The Sea Wolf (1941), adapted from the novel by Jack London, as a ship's doctor. He played the Starkeeper in Carousel (1956). His last film role was that of the Equity Board President in the film Jeanne Eagels (1957).

Personal life
Lockhart was married to actress Kathleen Lockhart from June 12, 1924, until his death. They had one child together, actress June Lockhart, through whom he is the grandfather of actress Anne Lockhart.

Lockhart became an American citizen in 1939.

Death
Lockhart died April 1, 1957, from a coronary thrombosis at the age of 65 in St. John's Hospital, Santa Monica, California.

Legacy
Lockhart has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame—one for motion pictures, at 6307 Hollywood Boulevard, and one for television at 6681 Hollywood Boulevard. Both were dedicated February 8, 1960.

Filmography

 * Smilin' Through (1922) as Village Rector (film debut)
 * The No Man (1933, Short)
 * Paul Revere, Jr. (1933, Short) as Miles Standish (uncredited)
 * By Your Leave (1934) as Skeets
 * The Gay Bride (1934) as Jim Smiley (uncredited)
 * Captain Hurricane (1935) as Capt. Jeremiah Taylor
 * I've Been Around (1935) as Sammy Ames
 * Storm Over the Andes (1935) as Cracker
 * Star of Midnight (1935) as Horatio Swayne
 * Thunder in the Night (1935) as Police Lt. Gabor
 * Crime and Punishment (1935) as Lushin
 * The Garden Murder Case (1936) as Lowe Hammle
 * Brides Are Like That (1936) as John Robinson
 * The First Baby (1936) as Mr. Ellis
 * Times Square Playboy (1936) as P.H. "Ben"/"Pig Head" Bancroft
 * Earthworm Tractors (1936) as George Healey
 * The Gorgeous Hussy (1936) as Maj. William O'Neal
 * The Devil Is a Sissy (1936) as Mr. Murphy
 * Wedding Present (1936) as Archduke Gustav Ernest
 * Come Closer, Folks (1936) as Elmer Woods
 * Career Woman (1936) as Uncle Billy Burly
 * Mind Your Own Business (1936) as Bottles
 * Mama Steps Out (1937) as Mr. Sims
 * Too Many Wives (1937) as Winfield Jackson
 * The Sheik Steps Out (1937) as Samuel P. Murdock
 * Something to Sing About (1937) as Bennett O. "B.O." Regan
 * Algiers (1938) as Regis
 * Of Human Hearts (1938) as Quid
 * Sinners in Paradise (1938) as Senator Corey
 * Stock and Blondes (1938, Short)
 * Men Are Such Fools (1938) as Bill Dalton
 * Penrod's Double Trouble (1938) as Mr. Frank Schofield
 * Meet the Girls (1938) as Homer Watson
 * Listen, Darling (1938) as Mr. Drubbs
 * Blondie (1938) as C.P. Hazlip
 * A Christmas Carol (1938) as Bob Cratchit
 * Sweethearts (1938) as Augustus
 * I'm from Missouri (1939) as Porgie Rowe
 * The Story of Alexander Graham Bell (1939) as Thomas Sanders
 * Hotel Imperial (1939) as Elias
 * Tell No Tales (1939) as Arno
 * Bridal Suite (1939) as Cornelius McGill
 * Our Leading Citizen (1939) as J.T. Tapley
 * Blackmail (1939) as William Ramey
 * Geronimo (1939) as Gillespie
 * His Girl Friday (1940) as Sheriff Peter B. Hartwell
 * Abe Lincoln in Illinois (1940) as Stephen Douglas
 * Edison, the Man (1940) as Mr. Taggart
 * We Who Are Young (1940) as C.B. Beamis
 * South of Pago Pago (1940) as Lindsay
 * Dr. Kildare Goes Home (1940) as George Winslow
 * A Dispatch from Reuter's (1940) as Otto Bauer
 * Keeping Company (1940) as Mr. Hellman
 * Meet John Doe (1941) as Mayor Lovett
 * The Sea Wolf (1941) as Dr. Prescott
 * Billy the Kid (1941) as Dan Hickey
 * One Foot in Heaven (1941) as Preston Thurston
 * International Lady (1941) as Sidney Grenner
 * The Devil and Daniel Webster (1941) as Squire Slossum
 * They Died with Their Boots On (1941) as Samuel Bacon, Esq.
 * Steel Against the Sky (1941) as John Powers
 * Juke Girl (1942) as Henry Madden
 * The Gay Sisters (1942) as Herschell Gibbon
 * You Can't Escape Forever (1942) as Carl Robelink
 * Forever and a Day (1943) as Cobblewick
 * Hangmen Also Die (1943) as Emil Czaka
 * Mission to Moscow (1943) as Premier Molotov
 * Find the Blackmailer (1943) as John M. Rhodes
 * Northern Pursuit (1943) as Ernst
 * Madame Curie (1943) (uncredited)
 * The Desert Song (1943) as Pere FanFan
 * Action in Arabia (1944) as Josef Danesco
 * Going My Way (1944) as Ted Haines Sr.
 * Man from Frisco (1944) as Joel Kennedy
 * That's the Spirit (1945) as Jasper Cawthorne
 * The House on 92nd Street (1945) as Charles Ogden Roper
 * Leave Her to Heaven (1945) as Dr. Saunders
 * Meet Me on Broadway (1946) as John Whittaker
 * A Scandal in Paris (1946) as Prefect of Police Richet
 * The Strange Woman (1946) as Isaiah Poster
 * The Shocking Miss Pilgrim (1947) as Saxon
 * Honeymoon (1947) as Consul Prescott
 * Miracle on 34th Street (1947) as Judge Henry X. Harper
 * Cynthia (1947) as Dr. Fred I. Jannings
 * The Foxes of Harrow (1947) as Viscount Henri D'Arceneaux
 * Her Husband's Affairs (1947) as Peter Winterbottom
 * The Inside Story (1948) as Horace Taylor
 * I, Jane Doe (1948) as Arnold Matson
 * Apartment for Peggy (1948) as Prof. Edward Bell
 * Joan of Arc (1948) as Georges de la Trémoille
 * That Wonderful Urge (1948) as Judge Parker
 * Down to the Sea in Ships (1949) as Andrew L. Bush
 * The Sickle or the Cross (1949) as James John
 * Madame Bovary (1949) as J. Homais
 * Red Light (1949) as Warni Hazard
 * The Inspector General (1949) as The Mayor
 * Riding High (1950) as J.P. Chase
 * The Big Hangover (1950) as Charles Parkford
 * I'd Climb the Highest Mountain (1951) as Jeff Brock
 * Rhubarb (1951) as Thaddeus J. Banner
 * Texas Lady (1951) as Judge George Jeffers
 * A Girl in Every Port (1952) as Garvey
 * Hoodlum Empire (1952) as Senator Tower
 * Down Among the Sheltering Palms (1953) as Rev. Paul Edgett
 * Bonzo Goes to College (1952) as Clarence B. Gateson
 * Apache War Smoke (1952) as Cyril R. Snowden
 * Face to Face (1952) as Capt. Archbold ('The Secret Sharer')
 * Tales of Tomorrow (1952, TV) as Prof. Vanya
 * Androcles and the Lion (1952) as Menagerie Keeper
 * Confidentially Connie (1953) as Dean Edward E. Magruder
 * The Lady Wants Mink (1953) as Mr. Heggie
 * Francis Covers the Big Town (1953) as Tom Henderson
 * World for Ransom (1954) as Alexis Pederas
 * The Father Who Had No Sons (1955, TV Movie) as Milton Hershey
 * The Vanishing American (1955) as Blucher
 * Carousel (1956) as Starkeeper/Dr. Selden
 * The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit (1956) as Bill Hawthorne
 * Science Fiction Theatre (1956, TV) as Dr. Richard Hewitt/Dr. Elwood Dove
 * Telephone Time (1956, TV) as Louis P. Cashman
 * Jeanne Eagels (1957) as Equity Board President (final film)

title: Gene Lockhart


text: User talk:202.156.2.82

title: User talk:202.156.2.82