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Douglas Hartree

Douglas Rayner Hartree (27 March 1897 – 12 February 1958) was an English mathematician and physicist most famous for the development of numerical analysis and its application to the Hartree–Fock equations of atomic physics and the construction of a differential analyser using Meccano.

Early life and education
Douglas Hartree was born in Cambridge, England. His father, William, was a lecturer in engineering at the University of Cambridge and his mother, Eva Rayner, was president of the National Council of Women of Great Britain and first woman to be mayor of the city of Cambridge. One of his great-grandfathers was Samuel Smiles; another was the marine engineer William Hartree, partner of John Penn. Douglas Hartree was the oldest of three sons that survived infancy. A brother and sister died in infancy when he was still a child, but his two brothers would later also die. Hartree's 7-year-old brother John Edwin died when Hartree was 17, and Hartree's 22-year-old brother Colin William died from meningitis in February 1920 when Hartree was 23. His maternal cousin was the geologist Dorothy Helen Rayner.

Hartree attended St Faith's School in Cambridge, then Bedales School, returning to Cambridge for his degree studies at St John's College, Cambridge, which the first World War interrupted. He (and his father and brother) joined a group working on anti-aircraft ballistics under A. V. Hill, where he gained considerable skill and an abiding interest in practical calculation and numerical methods for differential equations, executing most of his own work with pencil and paper. According to Hill, writing in Hartree's obituary, ‘Quietly one day he improvised a long-base height-finder out of some wires, posts, and a steel tape’. This became known as the Hartree height-finder and was used extensively by British Anti-Aircraft troops until better optical height-finders were introduced. Its advantage was said to be that the height can be calculated from the observed quantities ‘very rapidly by the use of nothing but simple arithmetic’. It was also cheap to manufacture and easy to use.

After the end of World War I, Hartree returned to Cambridge graduating in 1922 with a Second Class degree in natural sciences.

Atomic structure calculations
In 1921, a visit by Niels Bohr to Cambridge inspired Hartree to apply his numerical skills to Bohr's theory of the atom, for which he obtained his PhD in 1926 – his advisor was Ernest Rutherford. With the publication of Schrödinger's equation in the same year, Hartree was able to apply his knowledge of differential equations and numerical analysis to the new quantum theory. He derived the Hartree equations for the distribution of electrons in an atom and proposed the self-consistent field method for their solution. The wavefunctions from this theory did not satisfy the Pauli exclusion principle for which Slater showed that determinantal functions are required. V. Fock published the "equations with exchange" now known as Hartree–Fock equations. These are considerably more demanding computationally even with the efficient methods Hartree proposed for the calculation of exchange contributions. Today, the Hartree-Fock equations are of great importance to the field of computational chemistry, and are applied and solved numerically within most of the density functional theory programs used for electronic structure calculations of molecules and condensed phase systems.

Manchester years
In 1929, Hartree was appointed to the Beyer Chair of Applied Mathematics at the University of Manchester. In 1933, he visited Vannevar Bush at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and learned first hand about his differential analyser. Immediately on his return to Manchester, he set about building his own analyser from Meccano. Seeing the potential for further exploiting his numerical methods using the machine, he persuaded Sir Robert McDougall to fund a more robust machine, which was built in collaboration with Metropolitan-Vickers.

The first application of the machine, reflecting Hartree's enthusiasm for railways, was calculating timetables for the London, Midland and Scottish Railway. He spent the rest of the decade applying the differential analyser to find solutions of differential equations arising in physics, including control theory and laminar boundary layer theory in fluid dynamics, making significant contributions to each of the fields.

The differential analyser was not suitable for the solution of equations with exchange. When Fock's publication pre-empted Hartree's work on equations with exchange, Hartree turned his research to radio-wave propagation that led to the Appleton–Hartree equation. In 1935, his father, William Hartree, offered to do calculations for him. Results with exchange soon followed. Douglas recognised the importance of configuration interaction that he referred to as "superposition of configurations". The first multiconfiguration Hartree–Fock results were published by father, son, and Bertha Swirles (later Lady Jeffreys) in 1939.

At Hartree's suggestion, Bertha Swirles proceeded to derive equations with exchange for atoms using the Dirac equation in 1935. With Hartree's advice, the first relativistic calculations (without exchange) were reported in 1940 by A. O. Williams, a student of R. B. Lindsay.

Second World War
During the Second World War Hartree supervised two computing groups. The first group, for the Ministry of Supply, has been described by Jack Howlett as a "job shop" for the solution of differential equations. At the outbreak of World War II, the differential analyser at the University of Manchester was the only full-size (eight integrator) differential analyser in the country. Arrangements were made to have the machine available for work in support of the national war effort. In time, the group consisted of four members (Jack Howlett, Nicholas R. Eyres, J. G. L. Michel, Douglas Hartree, and Phyllis Lockett Nicolson). Problems were submitted to the group without information about the source but included the automatic tracking of targets, radio propagation, underwater explosions, heat flow in steel, and the diffusion equation later found to be for isotope separation. The second group was the magnetron research group of Phyllis Lockett Nicolson, David Copely, and Oscar Buneman. The work was done for the Committee for the Co-ordination of the Valve Development assisting the development of radar. A differential analyser could have been used if more integrators had been available, so Hartree set up his group as three "CPUs" to work on mechanical desk calculators in parallel. For a method of solution, he selected what is now a classical particle simulation. Hartree never published any of his magnetron research findings in journals though he wrote numerous highly technical secret reports during the war.

In April 1944 a committee which included Hartree recommended that a mathematical section be set up within the National Physical Laboratory (NPL). In October this recommendation was put into effect with its first two objectives being the investigation of the possible adaptation of automatic telephone equipment to scientific equipment and the development of electronic computing devices suitable for rapid computing. One suspects that some members already knew of the Colossus computer. John R. Womersley (Turing's bête noire) was the first Director. In February 1945 he went on a two-month tour of computing installations in the US, including visiting ENIAC (still not complete). He became acquainted with drafts of von Neumann's famous June 1945 EDVAC report. About two months later Hartree also went over to see ENIAC, not then publicly known.

Later life and work
In February 1946, Max Newman (who had been involved in the Colossus computer) submitted an application to the Royal Society for funds to start the task of building a general-purpose computer at the University of Manchester. The Royal Society referred the request to Hartree and C.G. Darwin, Director of the NPL, to advise them. Hartree recommended the grant but Darwin opposed it on the grounds that Turing's ACE at NPL would be sufficient to serve the needs of the country. But Hartree's view won the day and the Manchester developments in computing were started.

Hartree did further work in control systems and was involved in the early application of digital computers, advising the US military on the use of ENIAC for calculating ballistics tables. In the summer of 1946 Hartree made his second trip to ENIAC as an evaluation of its applicability to a broad range of science, when he became the first civilian to program it. For this he selected a problem involving the flow of a compressible fluid over a surface, such as air over the surface of a wing travelling faster than the speed of sound.

At the end of 1945 or very early in 1946 Hartree briefed Maurice Wilkes of the University of Cambridge on the comparative developments in computing in the USA which he had seen. Wilkes, then received an invitation from the Moore School of Electrical Engineering (the builders of ENIAC) to attend a course on electronic computers. Before leaving for this, Hartree was able to brief him more fully on ENIAC. It was on the boat home that Wilkes planned the original design of EDSAC, which was to become operational in May 1949. Hartree worked closely with Wilkes in developing use of the machine for a wide range of problems and, most importantly, showed users from a number of areas in the university how they could use it in their research work.

Hartree returned to Cambridge to take up the post of Plummer professor of mathematical physics in 1946. In October he gave an inaugural lecture entitled "Calculating Machines: Recent and Prospective Developments and their impact on Mathematical Physics". This described ENIAC and the work that Hartree had done on it. Even in 1946, two years before stored programming electronic computing became a reality, Hartree saw the need for the use of sub-routines. His inaugural lecture ended with a look at what computers might do. He said: "..there are, I understand many problems of economic, medical and sociological interest and importance awaiting study which at present cannot be undertaken because of the formidable load of computing involved."

On 7 November 1946 The Daily Telegraph, having interviewed Hartree, quoted him as saying: "The implications of the machine are so vast that we cannot conceive how they will affect our civilisation. Here you have something which is making one field of human activity 1,000 times faster. In the field of transportation, the equivalent to ACE would be the ability to travel from London to Cambridge ... in five seconds as a regular thing. It is almost unimaginable."

Hartree's fourth and final major contribution to British computing started in early 1947 when the catering firm of J. Lyons & Co. in London heard of the ENIAC and sent a small team in the summer of that year to study what was happening in the US, because they felt that these new computers might be of assistance in the huge amount of administrative and accounting work which the firm had to do. The team met with Col. Herman Goldstine at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton who wrote to Hartree telling him of their search. As soon as he received this letter, Hartree wrote and invited representatives of Lyons to come to Cambridge for a meeting with him and Wilkes. This led to the development of a commercial version of EDSAC developed by Lyons, called LEO, the first computer used for commercial business applications. After Hartree's death, the headquarters of LEO Computers was renamed Hartree House. This illustrates the extent to which Lyons felt that Hartree had contributed to their new venture.

Hartree's last famous contribution to computing was an estimate in 1950 of the potential demand for computers, which was much lower than turned out to be the case: "We have a computer here in Cambridge, one in Manchester and one at the [NPL]. I suppose there ought to be one in Scotland, but that's about all." Such underestimates of the number of computers that would be required were common at the time.

Hartree's last PhD student at Cambridge, Charlotte Froese Fischer, became known for the development and implementation of the multi-configuration Hartree–Fock (MCHF) approach to atomic structure calculations and for her theoretical prediction concerning the existence of the negative calcium ion.

Personal life
Outside of his professional life, Douglas Hartree was passionate about music, having an extensive knowledge of orchestral and chamber music. He played piano and was conductor of an amateur orchestra. This passion for music was perhaps what brought him together with his wife, Elaine Charlton, who was an accomplished pianist. Their marriage resulted in two sons, Oliver and John Richard, and one daughter, Margaret. He died of heart failure in Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, on 12 February 1958.

Honours and awards

 * Fellow of the Royal Society (1932)
 * The Hartree unit of energy is named after him.
 * The Hartree Centre is named after him.

Books

 * (also (1950) Cambridge University Press)

title: Douglas Hartree


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Andrew W. Mellon Foundation

The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, commonly known as the Mellon Foundation, is a New York City-based private foundation with wealth accumulated by Andrew Mellon of the Mellon family of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is the product of the 1969 merger of the Avalon Foundation and the Old Dominion Foundation. These foundations had been set up separately by Ailsa Mellon Bruce and Paul Mellon, the children of Andrew Mellon.

The foundation is housed in New York City in the expanded former offices of the Bollingen Foundation, another educational philanthropy once supported by Paul Mellon. Poet and scholar Elizabeth Alexander is the foundation's current president. Her predecessors have included Earl Lewis, Don Randel, William G. Bowen, John Edward Sawyer and Nathan Pusey.

In 2004, the foundation was awarded the National Medal of Arts.

Core areas of interest

 * Higher education, including the humanities, libraries, and scholarly communication and information technology
 * Museums and art conservation
 * Performing arts
 * Conservation and the environment

Organization
Mellon's research group has investigated doctoral education, collegiate admissions, independent research libraries, charitable nonprofits, scholarly communications, and other issues to ensure that the foundation's grants would be well-informed and more effective. Some of the recent publications of this effect include Equity and Excellence in American Higher Education, Reclaiming the Game: College Sports and Educational Values, JSTOR: A History, The Game of Life: College Sports and Educational Values, and The Shape of the River.

Mellon's endowment fluctuates in the range of $5 to $6 billion, and its annual grant-making amounts to about $300 million.

According to Alexander, Mellon supports the “work, experiences, and visions of disabled artists." In July 2024, the Ford and Mellon Foundations named 20 "Disability Futures Fellows," including a Broadway composer, a Marvel video game voice actress, and a three-time Pushcart Prize-nominated poet.

Projects and initiatives

 * The Monuments Project
 * The Maniobra Initiative (The work of one's hands initiative)
 * Creatives Rebuild New York

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Andrew W. Mellon Foundation


text: File:Tacones lejanos poster.JPG

title: File:Tacones lejanos poster.JPG


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Pelham Islands

The Pelham Islands are a group of islands in western Long Island Sound that belonged to Thomas Pell in the 17th century. The islands, and most of the surrounding area, were purchased from the Siwanoy Indians by Pell in 1654, creating Pelham Manor. This large tract of land would eventually become the present-day Town and Village of Pelham and Pelham Manor, Town of Eastchester, cities of New Rochelle and Mount Vernon in Westchester County, and the Pelham Bay and Eastchester neighborhoods of the Bronx in New York City.

Several of the Pelham Islands became part of New Rochelle after Jacob Leisler’s purchase of 6,000 acres from the Pell family in 1688. The remaining islands became part of Bronx County in 1895 with the establishment of the current Westchester-Bronx County line.

Islands

 * The Blauzes - a pair of small islands in City Island Harbor made of Manhattan schist bedrock.
 * Chimney Sweeps Islands - a pair of small, uninhabited islands made entirely of bedrock. The islands were acquired by the City of New York on April 29, 1939, and are now part of Pelham Bay Park.
 * City Island - originally known as “Great Minnefords”, the 235 acre island is the largest of the group. Before the Revolutionary War, Benjamin Palmer renamed it "City Island" as part of his plans to create a great port city. The onset of the Revolutionary War brought an end to those plans. It remained part of the Town of Pelham until June 6, 1895, when the present boundary line between Westchester and Bronx Counties was established, placing City Island within Bronx County, City of New York.
 * Davids Island - a 78-acre island in New Rochelle. The island has been used as farmland by the early Huguenot settlers, a military hospital for injured Civil War soldiers, a U.S. Army Fort (Fort Slocum), and a U.S. Army Air Defense Command "Nike" missile site during the Cold War.
 * Goose Island - a series of rocky outcroppings located in New Rochelle
 * Hart Island - originally known as “Little Minnefords”, the 101 acre island lies off the eastern shore of City Island, The federal government took possession of the island during the Civil War for use as a training facility. The City of New York purchased Hart Island in 1868 and has been used as a quarantine site for infected individuals during the Yellow Fever Epidemic, a reformatory for vicious boys, a home for German prisoners of war during World War II, a "Nike" missile installation used by the U.S. Army Air Defense Command during the Cold War, and a facility for the rehabilitation of drug addicts. It is now the city's primary potter's field.
 * High Island - an 8-acre island was purchased in 1762 by Captain John Wooley, which he then named "High Island" for its elevated center. A radio broadcasting company bought the island in 1962 and built an automobile bridge to City Island. WCBS and WFAN currently operate the 529-foot antenna tower on the island.
 * Hunter Island - the 19th century country estate of the wealthy New York City merchant John Hunter. When the City developed Pelham Bay Park in 1937, the stretch of water between Hunter's Island and the land opposite City Island Bridge was filled, converting the island into a peninsula.
 * Rat Island - a 2.5 acre island which has been used as a typhoid quarantine hospital, an artists' and writers' colony, and a fisherman’s campsite.
 * Travers Island - a former island connected by landfill to mainland New Rochelle, and is the summer home of the New York Athletic Club.
 * Twin Island - a former island which was connected to Rodman's Neck by landfill in the 1930s. They are now part of Orchard Beach in Pelham Bay Park

title: Pelham Islands


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Skeen (surname)

Skeen is a surname which may refer to:

 * Sir Andrew Skeen (1873–1935), British Indian Army general
 * Andrew Skeen (Rhodesia) (c.1906–1984), British Indian Army officer	 and Rhodesian politician
 * Buren Skeen (1936–1965), American NASCAR driver
 * Clifton Skeen (1927–1993), Ohio politician
 * Dale Skeen (born c.1955), American computer scientist
 * Dick Skeen (1906–1990), American professional tennis player
 * Henry Gene Skeen (1933–2006), U.S. Army general
 * Jack Skeen (1928–2001), New Zealand rugby union player
 * Jacob Skeen (born 1993), New Zealand rugby union player
 * Jamie Skeen (born 1988), American professional basketball player
 * Joe Skeen (1927–2003), American politician
 * Kasete Naufahu Skeen (born 1982), Tongan alpine skier
 * Ken Skeen (born 1942), English footballer
 * Mike Skeen (born 1986), American professional sports car racing driver
 * Odean Skeen (born 1994), Jamaican sprinter
 * W. L. H. Skeen (1847–1903), an English photographer in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka)

title: Skeen (surname)


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HMS Campbeltown (I42)

HMS Campbeltown was a Town-class destroyer destroyer of the Royal Navy during the Second World War. She was originally US destroyer USS Buchanan (DD-131), and was one of 50 obsolescent U.S. Navy destroyers transferred to the Royal Navy in 1940 as part of the Destroyers for Bases Agreement. Campbeltown became one of the most famous of these ships when she was used in the St Nazaire Raid in 1942.

As USS Buchanan

USS Buchanan was a Wickes-class destroyer destroyer, ordered from the Bath Iron Works, Bath, Maine, and laid down on 29 June 1918. She was launched on 2 January 1919 and commissioned into the Navy on 20 January. She had a typical inter-war career, and was placed into the reserve in 1939. She then became one of 50 destroyers transferred to the Royal Navy in 1940 after the finalisation of the Destroyers for Bases Agreement. She was transferred on 3 September 1940 and commissioned on 9 September at Halifax, Canada.

As HMS Campbeltown
Having been formally commissioned she took passage from Halifax to Plymouth, travelling via St John's, Newfoundland. She arrived at Devonport Dockyard on 29 September and was taken in hand for modifications to fit her for service with the Royal Navy. The refits lasted throughout October, and on completion of the final harbour trials on 1 November 1940 she was nominated to join the 17th Flotilla operating in the Western Approaches. The next day, while carrying out sea trials she collided with SS Risoy and sustained damage, but continued and arrived safely at Liverpool, where she underwent repairs from 7 to 24 November. She then joined the flotilla.

On 29 November, she ran down and sank the British coaster MV Fiddown in the Mersey Estuary. She began deploying with the flotilla in early December, but on 3 December she collided with SS Comus and had to put into port for repairs again. The repairs lasted until late March, and involved the shortening of the fourth funnel.

On completion of the work on 28 March 1941, Campbeltown was transferred on loan to the Royal Netherlands Navy as HNLMS Campbeltown, where she joined the 7th Escort Group and deployed with them in April–May. The Dutch proposed to rename her Middelburg, but this was not agreed as it would have been contrary to the naming agreed with the U.S. Navy. She underwent further repairs throughout June and resumed convoy defence with the group in July–August. She was then nominated to be returned to the Royal Navy in September, but remained with the 7th Escort Group. She spent September working up with her Royal Navy crew and rejoined the group in October, where she covered convoys between Britain and West Africa. On 15 September she picked up the survivors of the Norwegian motor tanker Vinga, which had been damaged in an enemy air attack. She carried out escort duties in November–December, before taking passage to Devonport to undergo repairs.

The St Nazaire Raid

Campbeltown began the Devonport repairs in January. During this time, she was selected for a special operation and was withdrawn from regular service for modifications. She was to be used in Operation Chariot, a planned assault operation on the docks at Saint-Nazaire. In 1942 the German battleship GERMAN BATTLESHIP Tirpitz—anchored at Trondheim in Norway—was considered to present a grave threat to Atlantic convoys. Should Tirpitz enter the Atlantic, the Louis Joubert drydock at Saint-Nazaire—which had originally been built for the liner SS Normandie—was a vital target; it was the only German-held drydock on the European coast of the Atlantic that was large enough to service the battleship. If this drydock could be put out of action, any offensive sortie by Tirpitz into the Atlantic would be much more dangerous for the Kriegsmarine to carry out, making it less likely that they would risk deploying her.

Operation Chariot was a plan to ram an explosive-laden warship into the dock gates. Accompanying her would be a number of small boats carrying British Commandos, who would destroy the dock's pumping and winding machinery and other infrastructure. The troops would then be evacuated by the small boats before the explosives in the ship detonated. A particular difficulty was that the dock was located several miles up the estuary of the Loire River. As an obsolescent destroyer, Campbeltown was considered to be expendable and was selected to be the ram-ship. She spent February undergoing modifications. These included removing her third and fourth funnels and having the remaining two funnels raked to simulate the structure and appearance of a German Raubvogel-class torpedo boat. A 12-pounder gun was installed forward and eight 20 mm Oerlikon anti-aircraft cannon were mounted on the upper deck. Some extra armour was provided to protect the bridge structure, and unnecessary stores and equipment were removed to lighten the destroyer.

An explosive charge consisting of 24 Mark VII depth charges—containing a total of 4.5 ST of amatol high explosive—was fitted into steel tanks installed just behind the steel pillar that supported her most forward gun mount. The charges were to be detonated by multiple eight-hour time pencils connected together by cordtex, set before steaming out and cemented in to prevent any interference with the detonation. Campbeltown steamed from Devonport to Falmouth, Cornwall on 25 March to join the other ships that would take part in the operation. The crew—which would be evacuated with the commandos—was reduced to 75 men, under the command of Lieutenant Commander Stephen Beattie.

A flotilla of 21 vessels—Campbeltown, 16 Fairmile B motor launches, one motor torpedo boat and a Fairmile C motor gun boat acting as the troops' headquarters—left Falmouth at 14:00 on 26 March 1942, escorted for most of the crossing to France by two Hunt-class escort destroyers. Apart from a brief clash with GS U-593, whose captain misreported the task force's course and composition, the ships reached France unmolested. One motor launch suffered mechanical problems and had to return to England.

The preliminary air raid carried out through heavy cloud by 35 Armstrong Whitworth Whitleys and 25 Vickers Wellingtons was much smaller than originally planned and was ineffective, merely alerting the defenders of something unusual happening. Nevertheless, by flashing genuine German recognition signals, the force, with Campbeltown flying the flag of the Kriegsmarine, approached to within less than 1 mi of the harbour before being fired upon. Campbeltown—as the largest target—drew most of the fire. During the final approach, the crew of Campbeltown lowered the emblem of the Kriegsmarine and hoisted the battle ensign of the Royal Navy.

At 01:34 on 28 March, four minutes later than planned, Campbeltown rammed the dock gate. The Commandos and ship's crew came ashore under heavy German fire and set about demolishing the dock machinery. 169 of the raiders were killed (64 commandos and 105 sailors) out of the 611 men in the attacking force. Of the survivors, 215 were captured and 222 were evacuated by the surviving small craft. A further five evaded capture and travelled overland through France to Spain and then to Gibraltar, a British territory. The charges in Campbeltown exploded at noon, an hour and a half later than the British had expected. Although the ship had been searched by the Germans, the explosives had not been detected. The explosion killed around 250 German soldiers and French civilians and demolished both the front half of the destroyer and the 160 ST caisson of the drydock, with the rush of water into the drydock washing the remains of the ship into it. The Saint-Nazaire drydock was rendered unusable for the rest of the war and was not repaired until 1948.

The delayed-action torpedoes fired by the motor torpedo boat into the outer lock gate to the submarine basin detonated, as planned, on the night of 30 March. This later explosion led to panic, with German forces firing on French civilians and on each other. Sixteen French civilians were killed and around thirty wounded. Later, 1,500 civilians were arrested and interned in a camp at Savenay and most of their houses were demolished, even though they had had nothing to do with the raid. Lt-Cdr Beattie—who was taken prisoner—received the Victoria Cross for his valour and in 1947 received the French Légion d'honneur. His Victoria Cross was one of five that were awarded to participants in the raid, along with 80 other military decorations.

Legacy
The ship's bell of HMS Campbeltown was given to the town of Campbelltown, Pennsylvania, as a gesture of appreciation towards the United States for the Destroyers for Bases Agreement program. This ship's bell was later lent by the town to the subsequent HMS Campbeltown (F86), a Type 22 frigate, when she was commissioned in 1989 and was returned on 21 June 2011 after HMS Campbeltown was decommissioned.

The 1952 film The Gift Horse was loosely based on the story of HMS Campbeltown.

title: HMS Campbeltown (I42)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Página de testes

Página de testes
A page in Portuguese about some dinosaur species. I guess the title already says much about it. This must be some kind of joke. Part of babelfish machine translation: the yellow pigment presence in the hair [...] conferred [an adaptative] advantage to it, therefore it was hidden more easily in [the] sand of the Coast of the Caparica. Sietse 14:33, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Probably a speedy candidate. Title would seem to mean "test page;" title text is not in the article.  If this is a real creature, it should be listed on pages for translation before deleted.  -- Smerdis of Tlön 16:01, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It has been listed on Pages needing translation as well. I've listed it here because translation doesn't seem to be worth the effort. -- Sietse 16:13, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. On the assumption that the article's sub-heading, Niguissaurus Estrabicus is supposed to be the Latin name of the animal, this creature does not appear to exist (the Latin name, being universal, would most likely appear on a web search).   — Asbestos | Talk 16:23, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It has already been speedy deleted. Sietse 19:19, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Haskalah

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 22:10, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Sarahp1959.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 23:07, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

[Untitled]
I am not sure why someone would be concerned about NPOV in the article. Could you explain your concern? Take a look at the references if you want further backgroumd. --Goodoldpolonius2 14:35, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I presume you're talking to me, because I moaned about POV. The present version is rather biased towards the earlier maskilim and totally ignores later members of the movement who were active in 19th and early 20th-century Poland, Russia and Lithuania. I'm not offering to write it, because it will come out as POV by definition (I consider myself biased). JFW | T@lk  19:53, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * This isn't so much a POV issue then, as it is a lack of information issue. I don't know a lot about later haskalah movements, I just rewrote the previous (lacking) article.

Add the detail you want. The only way it would be NPOV is if you said something like "The German Haskalah movement was run by idiots" or something. --Goodoldpolonius2 02:20, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Jewish Emancipation
Should that page simply be a redirect to this one? Rmhermen 00:23, Mar 12, 2005 (UTC)

Oh, come on. This is absurd. Now Jews want to take credit for the Age of Enlightenment, too?

Do Wiki's referees require ANY evidence for these preposterous claims? Gutenberg's invention of the printing press surely would have SOME documentation that Jews had their private, secretive Enlightenment, while America and Europe waited for instructions from the "underground?"

The Documentary Hypothesis illustrates Jews plagiarized the Tank-ah. Fine. It's not literal history, but a document of tribal faith of a nomadic peoples long ago non-existent. But to claim Jews were part of the Enlightenment is so bizarre it can only be ridiculed.

But no one -- other than Baruch Spinoza in Amsterdam -- drew any PUBLIC attention toward Enlightenment ideas. He was "excommunicated" by Amsterdams rabbinical authorities for his blasphemy, idolatry, and heterodoxy. But he was also a baptized Christian, as well as nominal Jew, in which Jews now want to capture him as their own? Holland's tolerance to pluralism was in fact one of the reason Jews migrated to Holland. Next they'll insist he was baptized against his will, that the rabbis were consumed that Dutch "intolerance" would have none of an unorthodox Christian/Jew? Please.

But, here is an undocumented, unsupported entry on Wiki of such preposterous, undocumented nonsense, not even a rabbinical or Jewish publisher can be cited for "independent verification." Are we to await as they manufacture it? Wait until the scrolls are unraveled?

Wiki's referees don't even understand Karl Popper, apparently a Jewish emigre, but more importantly, a man of impeccable standards. No evidence. No validity. Unable to be falsified, incapable of being verified. That from a nominal Jew who never thought his "identity" counted more than reason, science, logic, and evidence. I am sure he would find this entry outlandish, preposterous, and appalling. And perhaps, guiling. At some point, contributors to Jewish hegemony write their own anti-Jewish reactions. Of 0.2% populations, Jews were always the first?

No wonder Evangelicals, Rabbi Eckstein, and Fundamentalists find gullibility. Wiki is so gullible or lacking criteria, "making it up" works as PostModernists insist it will.

Dshsfca (talk) 01:13, 13 April 2008 (UTC)dshsfca

 * What is the Tank-ah? Sounds oily.. Zargulon (talk) 17:46, 13 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry, I could not understand what you added to the article, nor can I understand your comments here. Jayjg (talk) 23:39, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

"Authentic Judaism?"
I'm not a big expert on this, but this sounds a bit biased to me:

"Haskalah produced such groups as the Reform movement, which deviated from authentic Judaism with the relaxation of Jewish law which was based on denial of Divinity of Oral Torah in particular.."

Does Wikipedia take the stance that Reform Jews are not authentic Jews? --Jfruh 05:19, 22 February 2006 (UTC)
 * This line has since been removed. If it was still there I personally would have changed it from "authentic" to "Orthodox" for NPOV reasons.  However, it's fair to say that Modern Orthodox synagogues and communities continue to hold an attraction  for many secular Jews, particularly part-timers (such as myself) who prefer them rather than "the Reform" because of the overall greater feeling of authenticity of the services and other culture. 62.190.148.115 (talk) 10:41, 25 August 2016 (UTC)
 * I think a better formulation might be just "older forms of Jewish practice." Meerkat77 (talk) 12:49, 13 April 2024 (UTC)

Map
This isn't my field, but I found the article fascinating. One question, though - is there a way to incorporate the map *into* the article? The link is a bit awkward. Thanks. 86.29.110.26 00:36, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I think this map is a good one, and I'd like to incorporate it, but I don't (yet) have permission to upload to Wikimedia Commons. Can someone help me?
 * https://blogs.bu.edu/guidedhistory/files/2012/09/map54b1.jpg
 * I put it in the References section at the end, but would love to use the image in the "Spread" section. Meerkat77 (talk) 13:24, 13 April 2024 (UTC)
 * The older Routledge map has a broken link (maybe it is no longer accessible by web, or is behind a paywall), so I replaced it with https://blogs.bu.edu/guidedhistory/files/2012/09/map54b1.jpg shared by Joel Udwin. Meerkat77 (talk) 13:25, 13 April 2024 (UTC)

I think this can be easily changed by saying "traditional Judaism." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.0.233.30 (talk) 21:28, 23 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I think "traditional" is again a value judgment. I agree it's difficult to formulate this. I think "older forms of Jewish practice in Europe" or "older forms of Jewish practice" might work, but I'm not going to dive in unless folks think this is a good change, since I'm not an expert. Meerkat77 (talk) 12:50, 13 April 2024 (UTC)

Hebrew
I was under the impression that Haskalah was for Yiddish and "against" hebrew, since it was associated with religion and culture based on religion?--24.203.108.54 (talk) 18:29, 15 May 2014 (UTC)
 * This wasn't the Haskalah, it was a much later idea. It was more the product of the Soviet Union under Stalin in the early C20th.  The USSR opposed religions, including Judaism, but supported the Yiddish language and Ashkenazic Jewish culture as working class cutlural phenomena in its own right.  See Birobidzhan for the logical conclusion of this policy.  Stalin dismissed Hebrew as "church Latin and the language of colonials" (as best I recall the quote.)  The latter point was clearly a dig at the Jews of the Yishuv - bearing this in mind, if Stalin could see   modern Israel, it would be interesting to say the least to see what he would make of the role of Ivrit in the modern Israeli proletariat (mostly a mixture of Mizrachim, Arabs and 1990s Russian immigrants.) 62.190.148.115 (talk) 11:05, 25 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Yiddish was (ironically) the language mainly of "traditional" Jews in the European diaspora. Hebrew (modern, spoken Hebrew) came later; Hebrew (ancient, scholarly, sometimes used as a spoken, often as a written language) was earlier but wasn't used in day-to-day interactions. Meerkat77 (talk) 12:51, 13 April 2024 (UTC)

Effects section
Hi, I am planning on contributing to this page by adding more content to the “Effects” section of this article with material from a scholarly source by Dan Cohn-Sherbok, particularly expanding on the religious effects. If anyone wants to comment on these changes, please let me know on this Talk Page or on my Talk Page. (Sarahp1959 (talk) 18:07, 5 May 2016 (UTC))

"The Orthodox Jews were actively against these reformers ..."
Not wholly true - it actually produced a schism between Haredim and Modern Orthodox Judaism. The latter is as much as product of the Haskalah as "the Reform" is. 62.190.148.115 (talk) 11:12, 25 August 2016 (UTC)

 * I think your formulation of "it produced a schism between Haredim and Modern Orthodox Judaism" is a good one. Can it be adopted in the article? It would be easy to cite some sources on this. Meerkat77 (talk) 12:53, 13 April 2024 (UTC)

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Statements about an alleged "collapse" of the Haskalah movement
What precisely is S. Feiner's assertion about an alleged "collapse" of the Haskalah movement?

As far as I know, the gradual emancipation of the of the Jewish populations in the various newly formed nation-states throughout Europe in the 19th century and between the two world wars in the 20th century made the Haskalah movement finally obsolete. But some of its basic goals continue operating among Jewish populations up to this day. There was never a "collapse" of it, as you state.

As for the removal of the very useful wikilinks to the 19th century salonist women from the page, I don't think the removal is warranted, mainly because it does not "improve" the page. On the contrary, it just makes the page less rich in encyclopedic content. So, unless you reply specifically here to my question and to my comment about the encyclopedic content of the page, I will restore those wikilinks.

Actually, instead of simply reverting me with a provocative edit summary about "statements" you should have discussed my revert of your removal here first. Thank you, warshy (¥¥) 20:36, 1 January 2022 (UTC)
 * I do not engage in speculation or OR. Samuel Feiner strongly distinguishes between the maskilim and the generation of those I deleted, in The Jewish Enlightenment, pp. 259-263. He definitely uses the word "collapse" to describe the fate of the Berlin Haskalah, at the very same pages. AddMore-III (talk) 22:38, 1 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your reply. 1) What does it mean "strongly distinguishes?" Does it mean there is no connection whatsoever between the "Berlin Haskalah" and their successors in the 19th century? 2) An article about the Haskalah cannot be restricted to just the "Berlin Haskalah. The phenomenon of the Haskalah was wider than just Berlin, where it started. So the collapse of the Berlin Haskalah does not mean the final collapse of the Haskalah movement. Hope you can offer some insights about my questions from the sources you're using. Thank you, warshy (¥¥) 01:42, 2 January 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree Meerkat77 (talk) 12:56, 13 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I think it might be fair to simply state what you said here, that "some scholars" or just "Samuel Feiner" distinguishes between the maskilim and the others, and NOT delete any. This is the opinion of a scholar, and it seems definitely to be worth mentioning, but it's not a scholarly consensus. Meerkat77 (talk) 12:56, 13 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Haskalah


text:
Andrzej Potocki

Andrzej Potocki (1630 – 30 August 1691) was a Polish nobleman, magnate, politician, general and military commander. He held a number of political and military positions and was a skilled commander and successfully protected the Eastern Borderlands of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from the invading armies of Ottoman Turkey, Cossacks and Tatars.

Biography
Andrzej Potocki was the son of Hetman Stanisław "Rewera" Potocki. In 1660 he became the Great Chorąży of the Crown and later the voivode of Kiev Voivodship (from 1668) and voivode of Kraków Voivodship (from 1682). He distinguished himself in the battle of Khotyn, where he commanded the left wing of the royal army (1673). After the abdication of John II Casimir in 1668, he strongly supported the candidacy of the Tsarevich Feodor, for which he was disliked by other nobles. He was a member of the Confederation of Malcontents in 1672. He participated in the Battle of Khotyn in 1673. Potocki later was one of the electors of John III Sobieski, representing the Kiev province in 1674, although he opposed the pro-French and anti-Brandenburgian policies of the king. In 1675 he was responsible for defeating the Tatars at the battle of Kałusz. In 1680 Potocki was appointed the governor of Kraków and subsequently the Kraków castellan in 1682. In 1683 during an expedition to Vienna, Potocki was nominated as the chief ruler of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, while Sobieski was absent. Potocki successfully conducted warfare in the south-eastern parts of the country, known as Podolia, and regained large parts of the land (including Niemirów) from the Turks. For this, in 1684, he was appointed the Field Crown Hetman. He later took part in the unsuccessful expeditions against Moldavia in 1685. He was also starost of Halicz, Wyszogród, Leżajsk, Śniatyń, Kołomyja, Mościsk and Medyka.

After his death in 1691, Potocki was buried in the city of Stanisławów (named after his father), where he founded a new catholic collegiate church. His remains were desecrated and thrown out of the tomb, during the planned destruction of the church by Ukrainian communists after 1963.

title: Andrzej Potocki


text: Category:1010 births

title: Category:1010 births


text:
Talk:Jugular venous pressure

According to most textbooks, the patient should be positioned at 45 degrees (not 30), although in my view, it is more important that the patient is in a position where the JVP is visible. Axl 14:36, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Depends if you want to measure the pressure, or observe the waveform.

Positive trial
http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/19/2132 - more positive about examination, needs inclusion. JFW | T@lk  12:18, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

 * But this trial looked at the external jugular vein, which correllated well with the CVP. No waveforms for you, though. JFW | T@lk  12:19, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

The title of the article is confusing. Three terms are commonly used with regard to the state of the cardiovascular system as determined by observing jugular veins. Those three terms are jugular venous distension (JVD), jugular venous pressure (JVP) and jugular venous pulsation (also abbreviated JVP) The article as written mostly deals with jugular venous pulsation which is the interpretation of wave forms of the right internal jugular vein which is used because it is the most direct path to the right atrium where the pulsations largely originate.

Jugular venous pressure and jugular venous distention are the same thing: measurement of the pressure above the phlebostatic axis which passes through the center of the right atrium. In adult humans, the distance from the sternomanubrial angle (SMA)to the axis is about 5 cm. To measure jugular venous pressure, the patient is reclined till the the pulsations are visible above the clavicle. The "zero" end of a centimeter ruler is placed vertically on the SMA. A straight edge is then run horizontally from the top of the visible pulsations to the ruler. If the intersection is at, for example, 2 cm, this distance would be added to the 5 cm for a reported as a jugular venous pressure of 7 cm.

The picture in the article is of the right external jugular vein which has a more circuitous route to the right atrium. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.33.11.35 (talk) 10:14, 3 February 2014 (UTC)

Image of JVP
I have an issue with the image thats used here. It is the external jugular, which is not what you use to examine the JVP. This is actually a trick question that examiners use on medical students. So definitely, shouldn't confuse people any more! When I find a better picture, I'll replace it unless someone has any major concerns! 140.203.217.6 (talk) 07:24, 6 May 2015 (UTC)

Origin of the terms a, c, v, x, and y?
Anyone able to shed any light on this?

I've found that James Mackenzie (cardiologist)'s book in 1902 talks about the central waveform, but I cannot tell if this is the original use?

Sources:
 * http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/objects/display?id=93324
 * https://ia902205.us.archive.org/21/items/studyofpulsearte00mackuoft/studyofpulsearte00mackuoft.pdf
 * http://heart.ucla.edu/workfiles/Adult_Congenital/JugularVenusPulse.pdf
 * http://cardiologycmc.in/PPT/2.pptx

I cannot find anything on the origin of the x' (x prime) term

Thank you, DemandAmbition (talk) 13:32, 9 July 2017 (UTC)

Moodley's Sign
Is there a source for the origin of this term? DemandAmbition (talk) 14:00, 9 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jugular venous pressure


text: Category:1062 births

title: Category:1062 births


text: File:La pelota vasca poster.jpg

title: File:La pelota vasca poster.jpg


text: Category:1065 deaths

title: Category:1065 deaths


text:
Talk:Campus radio

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Issues relating to United States history section
The article states that "College Radio" began in the 1960s. The article may be refering to low powered or carrier current stations. If this is the case, the title is misleading and should be changed. College radio had its beginnings long before the 1960s. It does state that "a small handful got licenses in the range of tens of of thousands" which makes me believe we are supposed to be talking about all college radio stations.

A few examples: University of Connecticut at Storrs, CT. Boston University in Boston, MA. (WBUR was on the air several years before I became very familiar with it in 1955. It was a student operated station until NPR came along.  Now it is a primary source of NPR  programming.)  Emerson College (Jay Leno's alma mater), also in Boston, had WERS before 1955. WGBH (FM) was also on the air prior to 1955. WGBH (FM and TV) was owned by a consortium of colleges, including Boston University and the other leading colleges and universities in Boston. I believe there were 13 of them which participated in WGBH. I regret that I do not have the dates these stations first went on the air.

These stations were not carrier-current or 10 watters. WBUR operated with 20,000 ERP. I beleive WGBH was of a similar high power. That made WBUR a maximum power station because at the time, stations in New England (and west through Wisconsin) could have a power no higher than 20kw. During the late 1950s, Boston University did initiate WTBS as a carrier current station. Also, another college station came on the air from Harvard.

Another interesting note that might be added to this article. One of the first, if not the first, stereo bradcast was transmitted on WBUR and WGBH. One station had the left side, the other the right side. This included stereo microphones for the two announcers, one from each station. Music came from stereo tapes. I was there to see it happen. I only wish that I had had the exact date, as well as the event, seared into my memory. It was originated at the new (in 1957) WBUR studio. I would estimate that the most likely year would have been 1958. I do not know how the one channel was delivered to WGBH. It was likely telephone line. WBUR didn't have an STL (studio to transmitter link) problem as the huge transmitter was located in the next room.

Notability
Those interested in this topic may want to look at the new suggested guidelines for inclusion of radio and television stations in Wikipedia. The project is still in its earliest stages. Broadcasting notability
 * NB this guideline is now considered historical cmh 16:01, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

Page Title
This article suffers from a US focus in the preliminaries that then leads to "unlike the US" for all the countries listed. I am going to reorg this page a bit right now, moving the common information to the top, and moving US related material into the US section. I really think this article should be under the title of Campus Radio and not College Radio as the US use of the word College is kind of unique. I would like to hear from people in other countries about whether you call it College radio there. cmh 04:17, 27 February 2006 (UTC)
 * If there is no debate I will rename this page to Campus radio. cmh 05:36, 27 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Inserting this comment to ping watchlists. Barring any debate I will shortly move. cmh 05:01, 3 March 2006 (UTC)
 * It has now been one week. I am moving the page. cmh 15:37, 6 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Ok, page is moved. Double redirects that were created have been cleaned up. Over time I will be going through the pages that link here to change the links to point directly at this page. cmh 15:59, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

Why this is a problem
An issue has come up at Fusion Radio about whether we should consider Internet Radio stations originating from a university campus to be campus radio stations. My first take on this is to say no, for the following reasons:
 * There is a clear phenomenon to be discussed here in the form of traditional campus radio which has a clear definition (through enabling legislation in countries, and generally through official relationships with the campuses in question) and a clear history.
 * Just because internet "stations" call themselves "radio" does not make them radio. An internet streaming audio feed is commonly called an "Internet Radio Station" by analogy; analogy does not truly mean these are "radio stations" proper. Therefore, just as Internet Radio is separate from Radio, so should "Campus Internet Radio" be a topic in its own right, and not mixed in with campus radio.
 * I do not question that some internet radio stations adopt a campus radio format. And perhaps that should be added as an article to Category:Radio formats. But sharing a format doesn't make them the same thing either.
 * There is a problem with the potential proliferation of Internet Campus Radio stations. What if the University of Foo's engineering society decided to open a series of internet radio channels. Would they all qualify as "campus radio stations"? Would they all qualify for the List of campus radio stations? What about internet feeds maintained for 5 years from the dorm room of a student? Is this too a "Campus Radio Station?" By sticking to "Campus Radio means Traditional Radio" we avoid this issue.
 * We are creating an encyclopedia here, and we should try to be deliberate about what means what as we give treatments of established topics. If there is a distinction to be made here — and I think there is — then we should help readers by showing the parallels between radio stations and internet feeds, but not conflate them.

I don't believe we should automatically include all internet audio feeds that happen to originate from university networks or student groups as "campus radio" stations. The clear line in the sand to me, then, is to include none of them... although I am open to suggestion. -- cmh 16:37, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

Bold text===Your reaction wanted here=== I realize that there is a problem in England due to their restricted licensing scheme, but I would be happy to include stations that broadcast even intermittently, on carrier current, etc. as campus stations as these fall under traditional radio regulation. Of course, many campus radio stations proper also broadcast their feed on the internet, and that's OK (these are then both campus and internet stations). -- cmh 16:37, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

 * As the person who originally raised the issue, I want to clarify that I'm not strongly wedded to the idea that they be categorized specifically as radio stations; my primary interest is in ensuring that they're categorized in a subcategory of Category:Student culture (and, in the case of Fusion Radio, a subcategory of Category:University and college media in Canada). If people think it would be a good idea to have a separate subcategory for "Student internet broadcasting ventures" or something to that effect, I'm entirely fine with that; I just don't agree with removing Category:Campus radio stations in Canada without a replacement category in place. (And, for the record, I'm not entirely convinced that a campus "radio station" airing solely on Internet streaming audio really merits an encyclopedia article in the first place, but I can't say I feel strongly enough about it to actually take on AFDing them all.) Bearcat 18:38, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

Ok. Two things are clear to me. First, we are all alone here. Second, having reviewed your comments I'm not sure we disagree too much. I don't feel that strongly about the exact categorization. I think a specific subcat would be better as you mentioned, but I don't have the cycles to do that myself right now. For me at this point it's important that we keep a clear distinction here in Campus radio on the topic, and I will try to keep an eye out for that. But as for the cats and lists, well as long as Campus radio is clear on the point then most readers will discover for themselves that they are campus radio format and not campus radio. Sorry to get you all riled about about this, but I am glad at least that I put down the above points as I think they'll be helpful to others editing here. Cheers. -- cmh 02:22, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I'll buy the Web simulcast from a licensed on-air station as "radio" but if "you ain't on the air, you ain't no-where." --Copymanwiki (talk) 20:08, 8 September 2010 (UTC)

While I agree that the differences between campus broadcast and internet radio should be considered, what about the case where a station has had both an FM license and an internet feed, but lost the FM license and continued to broadcast on the internet feed? I'm thinking specifically of CKLN-FM here. MrsRStark (talk) 12:43, 10 October 2011 (UTC)

WEXP
Ok. Let's be clear here. The two unsourced statements that I removed have been around for a long time it is true. But time does not substitute for sources. Regarding WEXP, that link has not been around for a long time. It was added by 139.84.121.26 in March and removed 3 weeks later. You re-added it yesterday. There is a list of campus radio stations which already has WEXP (added by you?). This article does not need to duplicate the list, and great as the sports service may be — and as an editor not affiliated with the WEXP page — I feel it does not merit inclusion here. -- cmh 21:12, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

It was added much before that...was removed, an re-started in March. The article should touch on the "top" and "first/oldest" stations in my opinion. Top stations based on membership, signal (watts), sports, range, facilities, etc.66.30.130.133

I see that it was present on the page for four more months between November 10 and Feb 04, at which point it was quite properly removed by another editor because it was not a radio station. I have researched its current broadcasting status by I am not 100% positive that I did everything right, but I find no mention of any broadcasting over the air by a WEXP either at La Salle University or anywhere in PA. Can you point to any reliable sources that indicate that WEXP is a currently broadcasting AM station in PA with a license?
 * 1) checking out the website (no mention of broadcast status)
 * 2) checking out fccinfo data last updated May 11 2006
 * 3) searching the FCC's website

Regarding what is on topic for the article, this is an article that discusses the concept of Campus radio. I do not share your opinion that sports is in the same category as signal and range in a discussion about the topic of radio. In any case, I am not sure that it is a shining example of a campus radio station as it seems to be positioned as an internet station and is not attempting to attract listeners over the air. It may be an internet radio station with a college format, and it may be a great one, but stations linked to from here must be good examples of campus radio stations.

I realize that as a contributor to the WEXP article you feel close to it, and perhaps to the station as well. But IMO it is appropriately linked to from the list of campus radio stations and does not merit a mention here. -- cmh 14:50, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm inclined to agree with cmh. I'd also add that we need to be careful not to overload basic overview articles like this with so much minute detail on every individual related topic that the article ceases to become useful. WEXP already has an article, so it's perfectly appropriate to mention its unique features there — but it's not quite the place of this article to start discussing every individual campus radio station in depth. I see this same thing happen, for example, at Music of Canada, where people have this ongoing habit of adding their own personal favourite artists even if they don't really fit (obscure folksingers listed as among Canada's most internationally successful artists, etc.) — and if this tendency is left unchecked, the effect is to turn the article from a half-decent overview into an eye-glazingly endless list of artists even though there's already a separate List of Canadian musicians for people who want that.

 * Nobody's saying that WEXP doesn't deserve its own article — but the point of campus radio isn't to get into paragraphs of detail about every individual radio station. There's already a list of campus radio stations to list and link to individual stations, so I don't see a convincing reason why WEXP deserves special mention in the overview article. Bearcat 18:04, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

As far as the station's AM status, the proof is in the award that they just won. The Pennsylvania Association of broadcasters only allows stations approved by the FCC to be members. The AM isn't listed on the WEXP site, because I believe it was just recently put into place on 1600AM. 192.160.62.60

 * While your statement lends some support to its status, the other issues remain, and I think WEXP is the right place for information on this station at present. -- cmh 15:03, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

Merging Campus radio in India
I think we should proceed with the merger. The proposal is there for the last 4 months. — Ambuj Saxena (talk) 13:17, 12 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I think you should proceed if you can. -- cmh 14:21, 13 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Just did it. FreelanceWizard 00:39, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

Article location
Is "campus radio" really the best location for this? A lot of institutions don't have what would be considered to be a "campus" and there is a difference between an official institution run radio station and a student radio station. Timrollpickering 07:59, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

I think the only way to solve this is to do a survey. I quickly looked into the top few countries on list of countries where English is an official language and the top 10 countries on list of countries by English-speaking population. Results were
 * Campus radio used in canada, india, pakistan, china, israel, germany, france
 * Student radio used in UK, australia
 * University radio used in nigeria, kenya
 * College radio used in US

In south africa there is no name as these are part of the community station network. I was unable to figure out the philippines. I do not claim this is an exhaustive search, but I think that campus is the best name. Note that I spent quite a bit of time thinking about this back in March when I spent a bunch of time cleaning up campus radio. While nobody cared to participate at the time, I did propose campus radio then, and I think it is still the best name now. (comments copied from CfR) -- cmhTC 14:51, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure a tyranny of numbers of approach works when it produces a name that in several parts of the world has very different connotations from the rest. The term really needs to be something that everyone would recognise and I think "student radio" is the broadest. "University" and "College" radio both exclude other educational institutions and "Campus" refers to something a lot of institutions don't have and also sounds like a formal service. Timrollpickering 16:37, 20 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Let's talk about this in the CfR where others can participate. This is too hard to keep track of when the comments are copied onto multiple pages. -- cmhTC 17:13, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

i have found the solution to it but i dont have time now to do it

within next few months u will find it on star news & aaj tak

i am always available on my cell 098888-89809 or mail me at naughtysam2104@yahoo.co.in

Germany?
I thought it was curious that there are extensive list of college radio stations for so many countries, but not Germany. Anyone know about the campus radio situation there? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.143.230.1 (talk) 05:11, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

Campus Radio in Canada
I've been editing the Canadian section of the article and since there is a substantial amount of information to add, would it not make sense to have a separate page for each country's implementation of Campus Radio? Each country has different laws governing what these stations can do and therefore campus radio has different cultural aspects in every country. Or should we leave it as is? I've also been working on adding references to improve the quality rating of this article. MrsRStark (talk) 18:58, 28 October 2011 (UTC)

Cleanup of POV in US section
Tried to clean up the US section a bit by removing editorial comments and adding more encyclopedic references. One of the examples cited for a station being taken off the air was removed since the station returned to the air shortly thereafter (according to radio-locator). 70.36.212.48 (talk) 01:34, 31 January 2013 (UTC)

removing POV tag with no active discussion per Template:POV
I've removed an old neutrality tag from this page that appears to have no active discussion per the instructions at Template:POV:
 * This template is not meant to be a permanent resident on any article. Remove this template whenever:
 * There is consensus on the talkpage or the NPOV Noticeboard that the issue has been resolved
 * It is not clear what the neutrality issue is, and no satisfactory explanation has been given
 * In the absence of any discussion, or if the discussion has become dormant.

Since there's no evidence of ongoing discussion, I'm removing the tag for now. If discussion is continuing and I've failed to see it, however, please feel free to restore the template and continue to address the issues. Thanks to everybody working on this one! -- Khazar2 (talk) 15:06, 15 June 2013 (UTC)

CampusRadio24
This appears to be a plug for that radio, for which CampusRadio24.com returns a "suspended" error, also the Facebook page features Bengali[?] prominently which I cannot read (limiting my ability to offer much more input). Eliminating the entry from the world/Bangladesh section is probably unwarranted, but this particular entry wavers in and out of Wikipedia's guidelines, features no citation, and seems to exist on shaky grounds as it is. If someone who speaks Bengali could clean it up that would be fantastic -- failing that, the wording at least should be changed. Strangejames (talk) 16:33, 31 July 2014 (UTC)

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Cleanup
The list should be split out or just scrapped, and the article should be refocused on what has been written on college radio. Here's a recent Pitchfork article. czar 23:51, 8 February 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.crtc.gc.ca/archive/ENG/Notices/2000/PB2000-12.htm
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://msradio.huji.ac.il/AddDocuments/SCHEDULE.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080515103959/http://w2uc.union.edu/RADIO_web.htm to http://w2uc.union.edu/RADIO_web.htm

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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Campus radio. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20161226115958/http://radiocampus.ulb.ac.be/ to http://radiocampus.ulb.ac.be/
 * Added archive http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20110122180954/http%3A//www.radiozero.pt/ to http://www.radiozero.pt/

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No Spanish Campus Radio????
I can't believe that Spanish Campus Radio aren't here. There are many Spanish Campus Radio. Please, write about it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.94.129.18 (talk) 18:57, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

Trimming
This article will need trimming for anything that doesn't have a reference. There's a lot that doesn't. So, if you would like not to have something trimmed, please add a reference supporting it. Seraphimblade Talk to me 10:23, 3 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Campus radio


text:
Thalberg

Thalberg or Talberg is a surname of German origin, which means "valley hill". It may refer to:

 * Irving Thalberg (1899–1936), American film producer
 * Irving Thalberg Jr. (1930–1988), American philosopher
 * Norma Thalberg (1902–1983), Canadian actress
 * Ole Talberg (born 1982), Norwegian football player
 * Ruben Talberg (born 1964), German artist
 * Sigismond Thalberg (1812–1871), Austrian composer
 * Zare Thalberg (1858–1915), English opera soprano and actress

Other uses

 * Burg Thalberg, a castle in Styria, Austria
 * Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award
 * Schlag bei Thalberg, a municipality in Styria, Austria

title: Thalberg


text: User talk:129.118.180.158

title: User talk:129.118.180.158


text: Category:1068 births

title: Category:1068 births


text:
Talk:Aruban Liberal Organization

Name
On this page the name of the party is "Organisacion Liberal Arubiano"; it's also spelled like this on List of political parties in Aruba. But on Politics of Aruba, the party's called "Organisashon Liberal Arubano" (sh, no i). So what's the real name? The Aruban Chamber of Commerce says in its online registry (search for "ola" in the trade name field) "ORGANISACION LIBERAL ARUBANO" (c, no i). Perhaps there's a difference in Spanish and Papiamentu spelling? Mtcv 14:45, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aruban Liberal Organization


text:
Bei Di

Bei Di may refer to:
 * Beidi, "Northern Barbarians" who lived in northern China during the Zhou Dynasty
 * Pak Tai, the "Northern Emperor" celebrated in some Chinese cultures
 * Betty Pei Ti (born 1951), Taiwanese actress

title: Bei Di


text: Category:1067 deaths

title: Category:1067 deaths


text:
Heidi (god)

Hēidì or Hēishén, who is the Běidì (, Cantonese: Pak Tai) or Běiyuèdàdì , is a deity in Chinese religion, one of the cosmological "Five Forms of the Highest Deity". He is also identified as Zhuānxū, today frequently worshipped as Xuánwǔ or Zhēnwǔ , and is associated with the essence of water and winter. His animal form is the Black Dragon and his stellar animal is the tortoise-snake. By virtue of his association with the north, he has been identified and revered frequently as a representation of the supreme God of Heaven.

His planet is Mercury. His animal form is the Black Dragon and his stellar animal is the tortoise-snake.

Taoist myths involving the Black Deity
A Taoist title of Heidi is the "Dark (or Mysterious) Heavenly Highest Deity". According to a myth, during the fall of the Shang, the Demon King ravaged the world, so that Yuanshi Tianzun ordered the Jade Emperor to appoint Heidi as the commander of twelve heavenly legions to fight this evil. Heidi defeated the Demon King and was subsequently granted the title of Mysterious Heavenly Highest Deity. In temples dedicated to him, the bronze tortoise and serpent under the feet of his image signify that the good always prevails over evil.

Festivals

 * The day for celebration of Heidi across China is his birthday, on lunar April 21.
 * A festival is held on the island of Taipa in Macau. The celebration at the Pak Tai Temple includes an opera-styled performance
 * Annual Bun Festival in Cheung Chau Island, Hong Kong, held in front of the Pak Tai Temple.

Temples in Hong Kong
In Hong Kong, it is worshipped among other places in:

Note : A territory-wide grade reassessment of historic buildings is ongoing. The grades listed in the table are based on these updates  (8 June 2023). The temples with a "Not listed" status in the table below are not graded and do not appear in the list of historic buildings considered for grading.

title: Heidi (god)


text:
File:Lucía y el sexo poster.jpg

Poster for the film 'Lucía y el sexo'

Fair use in Sex and Lucia
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the artwork/image.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image  is significant because it was used to promoted a notable film.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist.  Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Lucía y el sexo poster.jpg


text: Category:1070 deaths

title: Category:1070 deaths


text:
Tomb of Seti I

Tomb KV17, located in Egypt's Valley of the Kings, is the tomb of Pharaoh Seti I of the Nineteenth Dynasty. It is also known by the names "Belzoni's tomb", "the Tomb of Apis", and "the Tomb of Psammis, son of Nechois". It is one of the most decorated tombs in the valley, and is one of the largest and deepest tombs in the Valley of the Kings. It was uncovered by Italian archaeologist and explorer Giovanni Battista Belzoni on 16 October 1817.

Design
Previously considered the longest tomb in the valley until the discovery of the Tomb of the Sons of Ramesses II, at 137.19 meters (450.10 feet), it contains well preserved reliefs in all but two of its seventeen chambers and side rooms. A portion of the tomb is still being excavated, known as Corridor K. Corridor K leads away, into the mountainside, from beneath the location where the sarcophagus stood in the burial chamber. The tunnel has not been properly excavated, as much of the tunnel has been filled with debris. Probing projects into the tunnel started around 2001; according to the Theban Mapping Project, "A project to geophysically explore the corridor was approved by the Supreme Council of Antiquities". No results have been made public from this excavation, as of March 12, 2023. The design of the tomb follows a "joggled axis " style of architecture; the tomb entry's descending line is interrupted by a "wiggle" that changes to a sharper angle of descent when entering the tomb following the first chamber. The entry to the tomb consists of four hallways (A–D), each leading further underground; they have a number of murals depicting traditional religious imagery along with illustrations of Seti I before Ra. Deeper into the tomb, rooms F, Fa, J, Jb, Jc and Jd have intricately carved support pillars with well preserved decorations. It is also one of the first discovered tombs to have a vaulted burial chamber, along with remaining examples of construction, such as plastered over postholes where wooden beams would have been.

A shaft was cut into the floor of chamber E, its purpose unknown.

Parts of the tomb ceilings have been painted with gold stars on a deep blue sky, a common motif in temples and tombs in Egypt. Numerous rooms in Seti's tomb use the motif, including rooms such as side chamber Jb with the Imydwat. There are many richly decorated rooms, with their own general themes.

The body identified as Seti's mummy was not found in his coffin upon Belzoni's discovery of the tomb, but rather in the royal cache DB320 amongst 36 other mummies. His coffin (perhaps the inner or secondary coffin) was heavily damaged, as was his mummy. It has been postulated that priests of numerous dynasties attempted restorations of both his tomb and his coffin, but his mummy was finally moved in the Year 11 of Shoshenq I to cache DB320. The outer coffin was going to be sold by Belzoni to the British Museum in 1817, but it was sold for $2000 USD to a British architect later that year, which now rests in the Sir John Soan's Museum London.

Decoration
The entry corridors (Corridors B–D) are heavily decorated with symbols of the Pharaoh, like those of Ma'at and a list of Set's royal names and epithets. One of the back chambers is decorated with the Opening of the mouth ceremony, which shows the Egyptian belief that a magic religious ceremony would open the lungs and throat of the mummy, allowing them to breathe in the afterlife. Considered a very important religious ceremony, a semi-complete depiction of this ritual provides an in-depth view of the pantheon of practices undertaken to ensure safe passage into the afterlife. Further into the tomb are numerous depictions of King Seti with numerous Gods. Chamber F depicts images of Seti with Hathor, Horus and Neith, along with intact mural examples of the Book of Gates.The tomb is covered floor to ceiling by detailed murals and reliefs. The ceiling of the vaulted burial chamber depicts a series of astronomical motifs, with golden stars on a deep blue background. Other decorations are religious in nature, including depictions of the Litany of Ra, the Book of The Dead, the Imydwat, the Book of The Heavenly Cow and depictions of Seti with various deities. There are also depictions of the King alone, standing in the pillars of the room. Each room is heavily decorated, both wall and ceiling, along with numerous columns and floor skirting. Much of the floor skirting is damaged, due to both the ravages of time and the damage due to excavation.

Archaeology and conservation
The tomb was uncovered by Italian explorer and early Egyptologist Giovanni Battista Belzoni on 16 October 1817. Upon entering the tomb, Belzoni found the wall paintings in excellent condition with the paint on the walls still looking fresh, and some of the artists' paints and brushes still on the floor. The tomb became known as the "Apis tomb" upon the discovery of a mummified Apis Bull found in a side room off the burial hall when Belzoni uncovered the tomb. Much of the structural damage to the tomb before the 1950s and 1960s was caused by Belzoni. Belzoni, in an effort to bring back pieces of Egyptian art, damaged much of the work within the tomb. He made "squeezes", a form of copying artwork by pressing wet wax, plaster and sometimes paper against the reliefs; when they dried, the color was pulled away, and a negative impression was made of the carvings, but it also damaged many of the reliefs and carvings. Beyond the use of "squeezes", Belzoni also hacked off large pieces of relief to send back to Europe, along with clearing rubble that held back flash floodwaters; the tomb subsequently flooded, damaging large portions of the structure and damaged the reliefs in the entryway.

The outer layer of the sarcophagus of Seti I, removed on behalf of the British consul Henry Salt, is located in the Sir John Soane's Museum in London since 1824. Jean-François Champollion, translator of the Rosetta Stone, removed a wall panel of 2.26 x 1.05 m (7.41 x 3.44 ft) in a corridor with mirror-image scenes during his 1828–29 expedition. Other elements were removed by his companion Rossellini or by Karl Richard Lepsius in the German expedition of 1845. The scenes are now in the collections of the Louvre in Paris, the Egyptian Museum in Florence, and the Neues Museum in Berlin.

A number of walls in the tomb have collapsed or cracked due to excavations in the late 1950s and early 1960s causing significant changes in the moisture levels in the surrounding rocks.

There have been a number of recent 21st century attempts at preservation, both through image-mapping projects like the Theban Mapping Project and the Maidan Project, and through intense laser scanning of the reliefs on the walls of the tomb by the Factum Foundation leading to much of the images within the tomb available to the public. A 3-D scan of the temple was made available in 2002, allowing viewers to 'walk' through the tomb through a series of 3d photos. Restoration has been a nearly constant effort, as the tomb remains closed due to damage.

Facsimiles of two rooms from the tomb, the Hall of Beauties and Pillared Hall J, were made by the Factum Foundation for Digital Technology in Conservation in 2017.

Tourism
Due to excavation and the damages of improperly regulated tourism, visitations may or may not be possible, as archaeology efforts in the 1950s and 1960s have made parts of the tomb unstable. However, as of 2023, the Tomb is open for visitations. The price of entry into the tomb, as stated by the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, is EGP 1800 for adult foreigners and students, but for Egyptians the ticket price is EGP 500 for adults and EGP 250 for students.

title: Tomb of Seti I


text:
Gale (disambiguation)

A gale is a very strong wind.

Gale may also refer to:

United States

 * Gale, Illinois, a village
 * Gale, Indiana, an unincorporated community
 * Gale Peak, a mountain in California
 * Gale, West Virginia, an unincorporated community
 * Gale, Wisconsin, a town
 * Gale River, New Hampshire

Elsewhere

 * Gale (crater), on Mars
 * Praia da Galé, a beach in Portugal
 * Gale (Chalcidice), an ancient Greek colony of Chalcis on Chalkidiki peninsula

People and fictional characters

 * Gale (singer), a Puerto Rican pop singer
 * Gale (given name)
 * Gale (surname)
 * Gale (mythology), a Greek mythological witch
 * George Gale (cartoonist) (1929–2003), who drew under the name Gale
 * Gale, an Angry Birds character

Other uses

 * Gale (publisher), a publisher of reference books and databases, formerly known as the Gale Group, then Thomson Gale
 * Gale College, a defunct college in Wisconsin, US
 * HMNZS Gale (T04), a minesweeper of the Royal New Zealand Navy
 * Gale, a variant of the Shannon switching game
 * Gale, a parcel of land leased to a Freeminer for mining, principally in the Forest of Dean, England
 * Gale, a Brass-Era automobile manufactured by Western Tool Works in Galesburg, Illinois, US
 * Global Autonomous Language Exploitation (GALE), a DARPA-funded research program

title: Gale (disambiguation)


text:
Gale (surname)

Gale is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Andrew Gale (born 1983), British cricketer
 * Anthony Gale (died 1843), fourth commandant of the United States Marine Corps
 * Bob Gale (born 1951), motion picture screenwriter
 * Bob Gale (cricketer) (1933–2018), English cricketer
 * Brendon Gale (born 1968), Australian rules footballer
 * Colin Gale (1932–2008), Welsh footballer
 * David Gale (1921–2008), mathematician
 * David Gale (actor) (1936–1991), British actor
 * Eddie Gale (1941–2020), American trumpeter
 * Eddra Gale (1921–2001), American actress and singer
 * Eric Gale (1938–1994), American jazz and session guitarist
 * Ernest Gale (1914–2005), British microbiologist
 * Fay Gale (1932–2008), Australian cultural geographer and professor
 * Frederick Gale (1823–1904), English cricket writer and cricketer
 * George Gale (disambiguation)
 * Gladys Gale (1891–1948), American nightclub singer, vaudeville performer, and character actress
 * Grant O. Gale (1903–1998), physics professor
 * Hannah Gale (1876–1970), Canadian politician
 * Henry Gale (astrophysicist) (1874–1942), American astrophysicist and author
 * Henry Gale (British Army officer) (1883–1944), British Army officer
 * Humfrey Gale (1890–1971), British Army lieutenant general
 * Iain Gale (born 1959), British author
 * John Gale (disambiguation)
 * Joseph Gale (1807–1881), American pioneer
 * Joseph H. Gale (born 1953), American judge
 * Kate Gale (born 1965), American poet, librettist, and independent publisher
 * Kelly Gale (born 1995), Australian Swedish Indian model
 * Laddie Gale (1917–1996), American basketball player
 * Levin Gale (1784–1834), American politician
 * Lorena Gale (1958–2009), Canadian actress
 * Margaret Gale (born 1930), British operatic soprano
 * Mariah Gale (born 1980), British-Australian actress
 * Maura Gale, American voice actress
 * Megan Gale (born 1975), Australian model
 * Melvyn Gale (born 1952), cellist for the Electric Light Orchestra
 * Michael Gale (footballer) (born 1966), former Australian rules football player
 * Michael Gale (businessperson) (born 1962), Australian-American businessperson, son of Fay Gale
 * Michael Denis Gale (1943–2009), British plant geneticist
 * Mitchell Gale (born 1990), American football player
 * Nathan Gale (1979–2004), American murderer
 * Norman Gale (1862–1942), poet
 * Parnell Gale (died 1818), Mayor of Galway in 1817
 * Patrick Gale (born 1962), British author
 * Philip Gale, computer prodigy
 * Philip A. Gale, British scientist
 * Richard Gale (disambiguation)
 * Robert Gale (disambiguation)
 * Roger Gale (born 1943), English politician
 * Shaun Gale (born 1969), English former footballer
 * Shirley Gale (1915–2008), American botanist, botanical illustrator, and conservationist
 * Terry Gale (born 1946), Australian golfer
 * Theophilus Gale (1628–1678), English theologian
 * Thierry Gale (born 2002), Barbadian footballer
 * Thomas Gale (c. 1630–1702), English classical scholar
 * Tommy Gale (racing driver), former NASCAR Cup Series driver
 * Tony Gale (born 1959), English football player and coach
 * Tristan Gale (born 1980), American athlete
 * Vi Gale (1917–2007), Swedish-born American poet and publisher
 * Walter Frederick Gale (1865–1945), Australian banker and astronomer
 * William Gale (disambiguation)
 * Zona Gale (1874–1938), American writer

Fictional characters

 * Cathy Gale, in the TV series The Avengers
 * David Gale, from the video games Shin Megami Tensei: Digital Devil Saga
 * Dorothy Gale, in the early 1900s L. Frank Baum Oz series and movies
 * Uncle Henry (The Oz Books), Dorothy Gale's uncle
 * Henry Gale (Ben Linus), in the television series Lost

title: Gale (surname)


text:
Pterin

Pterin is a heterocyclic compound composed of a pteridine ring system, with a "keto group" (a lactam) and an amino group on positions 4 and 2 respectively. It is structurally related to the parent bicyclic heterocycle called pteridine. Pterins, as a group, are compounds related to pterin with additional substituents. Pterin itself is of no biological significance.

Pterins were first discovered in the pigments of butterfly wings (hence the origin of their name, from the Greek pteron (πτερόν), wing) and perform many roles in coloration in the biological world.

Chemistry
Pterins exhibit a wide range of tautomerism in water, beyond what is assumed by just keto-enol tautomerism. For the unsubstituted pterin, at least five tautomers are commonly cited. For 6-methylpterin, seven tautomers are theoretically predicted to be important in solution.

The pteridine ring system contains four nitrogen atoms, reducing its aromaticity to the point that it can be attacked by nucleophile. Pterins can take three oxidation states on the ring system: the unprefixed oxidized form, the 7,8-dihydro semi-reduced form (among other, less stable tautomers), and finally the 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro fully-reduced form. The latter two are more common in biological systems.

Biosynthesis
Pterin rings are either salvaged from existing ones or produced de novo in living organisms. The ring comes from rearrangement of guanosine in bacteria and humans.

Pterin cofactors
Pterin derivatives are common cofactors in all domains of life.

Folates
One important family of pterin derivatives are folates. Folates are pterins that contain p-aminobenzoic acid connected to the methyl group at position 6 of the pteridine ring system (known as pteroic acid) conjugated with one or more L -glutamates. They participate in numerous biological group transfer reactions. Folate-dependent biosynthetic reactions include the transfer of methyl groups from 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to homocysteine to form L -methionine, and the transfer of formyl groups from 10-formyltetrahydrofolate to  L -methionine to form N-formylmethionine in initiator tRNAs. Folates are also essential for the biosynthesis of purines and one pyrimidine.

Substituted pteridines are intermediates in the biosynthesis of dihydrofolic acid in many microorganisms. The enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase converts pteridine and 4-aminobenzoic acid to dihydrofolic acid in the presence of glutamate. The enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase is inhibited by sulfonamide antibiotics.

Molybdopterin
Molybdopterin is a cofactor found in virtually all molybdenum and tungsten-containing proteins. It binds molybdenum to yield redox cofactors involved in biological hydroxylations, reduction of nitrate, and respiratory oxidation.

Molybdopterin biosynthesis does not use the conventional GTPCH-1 pathway. It occurs in four steps:
 * 1) the radical-mediated cyclization of nucleotide, guanosine 5′-triphosphate (GTP), to (8S)‑3′,8‐cyclo‑7,8‑dihydroguanosine 5′-triphosphate (3′,8‑cH2GTP),
 * 2) the formation of cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate (cPMP) from the 3′,8‑cH2GTP,
 * 3) the conversion of cPMP into molybdopterin (MPT),
 * 4) the insertion of molybdate into MPT to form Moco (molybdenum cofactor).

Tetrahydrobiopterin
Tetrahydrobiopterin, the major unconjugated pterin in vertebrates, is involved in three families of enzymes that effect hydroxylation. The aromatic amino acid hydroxylases include phenylalanine hydroxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, and tryptophan hydroxylases. They are involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitters catecholamine and serotonin. Tetrahydrobiopterin is also required for the functioning of alkylglycerol monooxygenase, whereby monoalkylglycerols are broken down to glycerol and an aldehyde. In the synthesis of nitric oxide the pterin-dependent nitric oxide synthase converts arginine to its N-hydroxy derivative, which in turn releases nitric oxide.

Other pterins
Tetrahydromethanopterin is a cofactor in methanogenesis, which is a metabolism adopted by many organisms, as a form of anaerobic respiration. It carries the C1 substrate in the course of the formation or production of methane. It is structurally similar to folate.

Pterin pigments

Cyanopterin is a glycosylated derivative of pteridine, having an unknown function in cyanobacteria.

title: Pterin