text:
World Chess Solving Championship

The World Chess Solving Championship (WCSC) is an annual competition in the solving of chess problems (also known as chess puzzles) organized by the World Federation for Chess Composition (WFCC), previously by FIDE via the Permanent Commission of the FIDE for Chess Compositions (PCCC).

The participants must solve a series of different types of chess problem in a set amount of time. Points are awarded for correct solutions in the least amount of time. The highest score at the end of the competition is proclaimed the winner.

Format
The Tournament consists of six rounds over two days, with three rounds each day according to the following table:
 * Round 1 – 3 twomovers 20 minutes solving time
 * Round 2 – 3 threemovers 60 minutes solving time
 * Round 3 – 3 endgame studies 100 minutes solving time
 * Round 4 – 3 helpmates 50 minutes solving time
 * Round 5 – 3 moremovers   80 minutes solving time
 * Round 6 – 3 selfmates 50 minutes solving time

Sections

 * Team Championship – To qualify as an official team world championship, there must be at least seven teams from seven countries present. This section has grown from nine teams in 1977 to now averaging 20.
 * Individual – Likewise, for an official individual world championship to take place, 30 solvers from at least 10 countries must participate. This number too has grown from 18 in 1977 to well over 70 in the past six years (as of 2007).
 * Women and Juniors (up to 23 years old) – This event only requires 10 solvers from at least seven countries.

Formulas
We assume that the tournament has n solvers, with ratings $$R_i$$ (i = 1, ..., n) and in the tournament their scores are $$S_i$$ (i = 1, ..., n).
 * AveRat = average rating of the solvers
 * AveSco = average score of the solvers
 * VarRat = $$\frac1n \sum_{i=1}^{n} (R_i - \mbox{AveRat})^2$$
 * Covar = covariance between ratings and scores = $$(\frac1n \sum_{i=1}^{n} R_i S_i) - \mbox{AveRat} \cdot \mbox{AveSco}$$
 * Slope = $$\frac\mbox{Covar}\mbox{VarRat}$$
 * Intercept = $$\mbox{AveSco} - \mbox{Slope} \cdot \mbox{AveRat}$$

For players who didn't already have a rating, a preliminary rating is calculated. This rating is determined at the end of the first tournament in which the solver has participated. The formula that is used to calculate this rating is:
 * preliminary rating = $$\frac{\mbox{Score of player} - \mbox{Intercept}}\mbox{Slope}$$

For players who already have a rating, the new rating is calculated as follows.
 * Rat = most recent rating of the solver
 * ExpSco = $$\mbox{Slope} \cdot \mbox{Rat} + \mbox{Intercept}$$
 * TC = tournament coefficient, a number between 1 and 4; when the tournament is stronger, the TC is higher
 * ChangeRat = $$\mbox{TC} \cdot (\mbox{Score of player} - \mbox{ExpScore})$$
 * NewRat = new rating = $$\mbox{Rat} + \mbox{ChangeRat}$$

These formulas are the defaults. If parameters fall outside a predetermined range, correction calculations are being carried out. These can be found in the reference.

Rating list in 2015
October 1st 2015, Top 10:

 * 1) GM Georgy Evseev (Russia) 2785
 * 2) GM Kacper Piorun (Poland) 2744
 * 3) GM Piotr Murdzia (Poland) 2742
 * 4) GM John Nunn (United Kingdom) 2716
 * 5) GM Ram Soffer (Israel) 2667
 * 6) GM Eddy Van Beers (Belgium) 2632
 * 7) GM Anatoly Mukoseev (Russia) 2631
 * 8) GM Arno Zude (Germany) 2626
 * 9) GM Jonathan Mestel (United Kingdom) 2595
 * 10) GM Ofer Comay (Israel) 2594

Rating list in 2023
July 1st 2023, Top 10:
 * 1) GM Danila Pavlov (Russia) 2776
 * 2) GM Georgy Evseev (Russia) 2747
 * 3) Andrei Zhuravlev (Russia) 2683
 * 4) GM Piotr Murdzia (Poland) 2661
 * 5) GM Kacper Piorun (Poland) 2645
 * 6) GM Eddy Van Beers (Belgium) 2636
 * 7) GM John Nunn (United Kingdom) 2630
 * 8) GM Ram Soffer (Israel) 2604
 * 9) IM Ural Khasanov (Russia) 2602
 * 10) Kevinas Kuznekovas (Lithuania) 2567

Team competition

 * 1977 – 🇫🇮
 * 1978 – [[image:Flag of Finland.svg|25px]] Finland
 * 1979 –
 * 1980 – 🇮🇱
 * 1981 – [[image:Flag of Finland.svg|25px]] Finland
 * 1982 –
 * 1983 – [[image:Flag of Finland.svg|25px]] Finland
 * 1984 – [[image:Flag of Finland.svg|25px]] Finland
 * 1985 – [[image:Flag of Finland.svg|25px]] Finland
 * 1986 – 🇬🇧 united kingdom
 * 1987 – [[image:Flag of Germany.svg|25px]] West-Germany
 * 1988 – [[image:Flag of Germany.svg|25px]] West-Germany
 * 1989 –
 * 1990 – 🇬🇧 united kingdom and
 * 1991 –
 * 1992 – 🇷🇺 russia
 * 1993 – 🇩🇪
 * 1994 – [[image:Flag of Germany.svg|25px]] Germany
 * 1995 – 🇫🇮
 * 1996 – 🇮🇱
 * 1997 – [[image:Flag of Israel.svg|20px]] Israel
 * 1998 – 🇮🇱
 * 1999 – 🇷🇺
 * 2000 – 🇩🇪
 * 2001 – 🇮🇱
 * 2002 – [[image:Flag of Germany.svg|25px]] Germany
 * 2003 – 🇷🇺
 * 2004 – 🇮🇱
 * 2005 – 🇬🇧 united kingdom
 * 2006 – 🇬🇧 united kingdom
 * 2007 – 🇬🇧 united kingdom
 * 2008 – 🇷🇺
 * 2009 – 🇵🇱
 * 2010 – [[image:Flag of Poland.svg|25px]] Poland
 * 2011 – 🇵🇱
 * 2012 – 🇵🇱
 * 2013 – 🇵🇱
 * 2014 – 🇵🇱
 * 2015 – 🇵🇱
 * 2016 – 🇵🇱
 * 2017 – 🇵🇱
 * 2018 – 🇵🇱
 * 2019 – [[image:Flag of Poland.svg|25px]] Poland
 * 2021 – 🇷🇺
 * 2022 – с участием сильнейших команд не проводится

Individual competition

 * 1983 – Roland Baier (Switzerland)
 * 1984 – Kari Valtonen (Finland)
 * 1985 – Ofer Comay (Israel)
 * 1986 – Pauli Perkonoja (Finland)
 * 1987 – Michel Caillaud (France)
 * 1988 – Michael Pfannkuche (Germany)
 * 1989 – Georgy Evseev (USSR)
 * 1990 – Georgy Evseev (USSR)
 * 1991 – Georgy Evseev (USSR)
 * 1992 – Pauli Perkonoja (Finland)
 * 1993 – Michael Pfannkuche (Germany)
 * 1994 – Arno Zude (Germany)
 * 1995 – Pauli Perkonoja (Finland)
 * 1996 – Noam Elkies (Israel)
 * 1997 – Jonathan Mestel (Great Britain)
 * 1998 – Georgy Evseev (Russia)
 * 1999 – Ofer Comay (Israel)
 * 2000 – Michel Caillaud (France)
 * 2001 – Jorma Paavilainen (Finland)
 * 2002 – Piotr Murdzia (Poland)
 * 2003 – Andrey Selivanov (Russia)
 * 2004 – John Nunn (Great Britain)
 * 2005 – Piotr Murdzia (Poland)
 * 2006 – Piotr Murdzia (Poland)
 * 2007 – John Nunn (Great Britain)
 * 2008 – Piotr Murdzia (Poland)
 * 2009 – Piotr Murdzia (Poland)
 * 2010 – John Nunn (Great Britain)
 * 2011 – Kacper Piorun (Poland)
 * 2012 – Piotr Murdzia (Poland)
 * 2013 – Piotr Murdzia (Poland)
 * 2014 – Kacper Piorun (Poland)
 * 2015 – Kacper Piorun (Poland)
 * 2016 – Kacper Piorun (Poland)
 * 2017 – Kacper Piorun (Poland)
 * 2018 – Piotr Murdzia (Poland)
 * 2019 – Piotr Górski (Poland)
 * 2021 – Danila Pavlov (Russia)
 * 2022 – Danila Pavlov (Russia)
 * 2023 – Danila Pavlov (Russia)

title: World Chess Solving Championship


text:
Talk:License-free software

Disputed (2004.12)
Since the disputed tag links to here, I guess I should explain the problem on this page as well: DJB's software is not actually "license-free", as he explicitly grants a license to redistribute it. See also Votes for deletion/Licence-Free Software. ~leif ☺ HELO 01:13, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * Agreed. The term "license-free" suggests a number of possibilities, chiefly:
 * Software in the public domain. People who wish to republish this software (with or without modifications) need no license from the author to do so.
 * Software which is wholly proprietary. No license is available for others to republish the software.
 * DJB's works fall into neither category, since he does offer license (permission) for others to republish these works. (Recall, "license" means "permission" -- a copyright license is not essentially a formal document; it is simply the permission of the copyright holder.)

 * I do agree with something the article (and DJB) suggest: that there is a certain amount of misleading going on in the software business regarding licensure. Specifically, some software houses promulgate the idea that copyright grants copyright holders the right to limit non-copying actions of end users of software -- for instance, to place onerous conditions upon use of software in the form of end-user license agreements.

 * The legitimacy of such pseudo-licenses is by no means established in copyright law, and has in some jurisdictions been expressly rejected by the courts: a person who owns a copy of a copyrighted work does not have the right to publish copies of it, but does have the right to use and dispose of that work as he will. Moreover, the construction that software is "licensed, not sold" has been explicitly rejected -- if two parties carry out the overt ritual of selling and buying a box containing software, the law recognizes that a sale has occurred; language contained in a document inside that box notwithstanding.

 * However, the article as originally posted here (prior to my edits) made a thoroughly erroneous accusation, that the FSF and others in the FS/OSS world sought to perpetuate this lie upon software users. The fact of the matter is quite different: the GPL for instance is quite explicit in stating that it only applies to actions relevant to copyright, and that use is outside the scope of the license:

 * Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running the Program is not restricted[...].

 * The works of other FS/OSS groups such as Debian make the point even more clear regarding private (undistributed) modifications. One of Debian's tests of whether a product is Free Software is the "desert island test", which asks whether an isolated person may legally make modifications to the software without being obligated to release them back to the copyright holder. Debian here agrees with DJB that private modification is not rightly restricted under copyright. The idea that FS/OSS and DJB have a disagreement here is bogus. --FOo 02:26, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

These "multiple problems" aren't actually problems at all.
 * The request for deletion does not meet the requirements of Wikipedia deletion policy. The request is based primarily upon the assertion that since the facts are disputed, the article should be deleted.  But policy clearly puts , which is what was added here, into the Problems that don't require deletion category.  The requestor should read Wikipedia policy.  (You "correct" URLs without reading RFC 2396 to find out the correct form, Leif.  Now you propose deleting articles without reading what Wikipedia deletion policy actually is.)
 * the title should actually be ... — A poor choice of title is not justification for deletion. Wikipedia has a perfectly good renaming mechanism for addressing such things.  If you think that the title could be better, fix the title.  Deleting the article outright is not the answer.
 * this is not a widely used term — It's the term used by its advocates. It's not widely used because there aren't that many advocates.  But given that it as equally as descriptive as the titles of other articles about similar philosophies, such as "open source" and "free software", are, it appears to be a reasonably good choice of article title.  This is not justification for deletion.  And the fact that Google has problems with searches for hyphenated phrases, because of its use of hyphen as a metacharacter, is not actally a relevant criterion at all.
 * some general information that is relevant to all of djb's software should be on a different page than the qmail article — Leif even provides the very reason for incorporating this text into a single article. As things stood, copyright of Bernstein softwares was addressed, in various ways, on several pages.  On the qmail page, indeed, discussion of the copyright issue (which is not particularly special to qmail, of course) was threatening to outweigh discussion of qmail itself.
 * Maybe a section on the Daniel J. Bernstein article? — No.  Just as this topic is not specific to qmail, it is not specific to Bernstein either.  Other authors have followed Bernstein's example.  And, of course, the discussion applies to licence-free software that any other authors, who may have never even heard of Bernstein, have published.  There is no justification for deletion here.  And there are arguments against merging.
 * The text I put on is much more accurate — No, it wasn't. It was much less accurate, if anything.  It got things wrong that even the FSF gets right.  The FSF lists the Bernstein non-licence as "non-free" because it mostly prohibits the distribution of modified versions.  Your text did not reflect the FSF's "mostly", but instead said without qualification "3rd party modifications are not allowed to be redistributed".  This is wrong.  Ironically, your text was a replacement for text that, whilst stilted, did get this right, and did describe the situation correctly.
 * It is still a licence. —  This is widely and strongly disputed, and a subject of perennial debate.  The article, furthermore, notes the irony of this assertion.
 * The term "licence-free" suggests ... The term "licence-free" suggests "free of a licence", just as "fat-free" suggests "free of fat".  Don't resurrect the "What does the 'free' in 'free software' mean?" debate by the back door.  The advocates of the philosophy have chosen their banner.  Don't presume to choose it for them.
 * The article made a thoroughly erroneous accusation. Then correct it!  This is not a reason to vote for deletion.  Deleting an article because one doesn't want to edit it in order to make corrections (especially when one was happy to have little edit wars in all of the several articles whose discussions of the same topic were merged into this one) is an extraordinary idea for Wikipedia.  Also, note that you failed to understand the point that was actually being made by that text.
 * The idea that FS/OSS and DJB have a disagreement here is bogus. This is not a reason to vote for deletion.  And it should be clear, from the FSF's own criticism and from articles written by Russell Nelson, OSI board member that the FSF and the OSI themselves both seem to think that there's a definite disagreement between them and Bernstein on the subject of software licences, even if you do not.
 * Summary: This request for deletion does not meet policy. Most objections seem to be ill-founded, and reasons to do things other than delete the article. There's scant justification even for  ; and, of course, this article is a merge itself. KEEP -- 81.138.100.115 18:15, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Deletion (2004.12)
For a December 2004 deletion debate over this page see Votes for deletion/Licence-Free Software —Preceding unsigned comment added by SimonP (talk • contribs) 2004-12-27 11:55:38

Page needs signifigant work (2005.03-2005.08)
First off he is correct that users can run, use, patch and modify software without a "license". You should read the CONTU Final Draft which created the Chapter 1 Section 117 Limitations on exclusive rights: Computer programs in US Copyright Law.

This is what the courts found in Step-Saver Data Sys., Inc. v. Wyse Tech., 939 F.2d 91 (3d Cir. 1991)

''When these form licenses were first developed for software, it was, in large part, to avoid the federal copyright law first sale doctrine. Under the first sale doctrine, once the copyright holder has sold a copy of the copyrighted work, the owner of the copy could "sell or otherwise dispose of the possession of that copy" without the copyright holder's consent. See Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus, 210 U.S. 339, 350, 28 S.Ct. 722, 726, 52 L.Ed. 1086 (1908); 17 U.S.C.A. § 109(a) (West 1977). Under this doctrine, one could purchase a copy of a computer program, and then lease it or lend it to another without infringing the copyright on the program. Because of the ease of copying software, software producers were justifiably concerned that companies would spring up that would purchase copies of various programs and then lease those to consumers. Typically, the companies, like a videotape rental store, would purchase a number of copies of each program, and then make them available for over-night rental to consumers. Consumers, instead of purchasing their own copy of the program, would simply rent a copy of the program, and duplicate it. This copying by the individual consumers would presumably infringe the copyright, but usually it would be far too expensive for the copyright holder to identify and sue each individual copier. Thus, software producers wanted to sue the companies that were renting the copies of the program to individual consumers, rather than the individual consumers. The first sale doctrine, though, stood as a substantial barrier to successful suit against these software rental companies, even under a theory of contributory infringement. By characterizing the original transaction between the software producer and the software rental company as a license, rather than a sale, and by making the license personal and non- transferable, software producers hoped to avoid the reach of the first sale doctrine and to establish a basis in state contract law for suing the software rental companies directly. Questions remained, however, as to whether the use of state contract law to avoid the first sale doctrine would be preempted either by the federal copyright statute (statutory preemption) or by the exclusive constitutional grant of authority over copyright issues to the federal government (constitutional preemption). See generally Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc., 489 U.S. 141, 109 S.Ct. 971, 103 L.Ed.2d 118 (1989); Kewanee Oil Co. v. Bicron Corp., 416 U.S. 470, 94 S.Ct. 1879, 40 L.Ed.2d 315 (1974); Compco Corp. v. Day-Brite Lighting, Inc., 376 U.S. 234, 84 S.Ct. 779, 11 L.Ed.2d 669 (1964); Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co., 376 U.S. 225, 84 S.Ct. 784, 11 L.Ed.2d 661 (1964). Congress recognized the problem, and, in 1990, amended the first sale doctrine as it applies to computer programs and phonorecords. See Computer Software Rental Amendments Act of 1990, Pub.L. No. 101-650, 104 Stat. 5134 (codified at 17 U.S.C.A. § 109(b) (West Supp.1991)). As amended, the first sale doctrines permits only non-profit libraries and educational institutions to lend or lease copies of software and phonorecords. See 17 U.S.C.A. § 109(b)(1)(A) (West Supp.1991). (Under the amended statute, a purchaser of a copy of a copyrighted computer program may still sell his copy to another without the consent of the copyright holder.) This amendment renders the need to characterize the original transaction as a license largely anachronistic. While these transactions took place in 1986-87, before the Computer Software Rental Amendments were enacted, there was no need to characterize the transactions between Step-Saver and TSL as a license to avoid the first sale doctrine because both Step-Saver and TSL agree that Step-Saver had the right to resell the copies of the Multilink Advanced program. ''

NOTE: This is straight from the findings of facts and the finding of the 3'rd Circuit district court.

Essentially what the third circuit said was the only reason why a software company would employ a EULA after 1990 is to try to use contract law to further restrict rights of users, in paticular first sale rights, given by the Federal US Copyright Act. The EULA is therefore Pre-empted.

Note however that the 7'th and 8'th circuit disagree that the EULA is pre-empted due to the licensed for "Use" and not sold theory put forth by the software companies. Then again the Computer Software Rental Amendments Act of 1990 (See Chapter 1 Section 109 (b)(3) specifically leaves the software companies open to Clayton Act and the Fair Trade Act. Software companies routinly violate the Clayton Act, in paticular Microsoft's sales tactics to "compete" with FOSS by offering signifigant discounts to not roll out FOSS violate this act.  Even MS's new policy of rolling out patches to preffered customers, such as the US Govt a month before they are rolled out to other customers and their new policy of locking WINE/Crossover office users out of MS Update could be interputed as a blatent violation of the Clayton Act.

A license however is required to distribute or make derivatives. This is where the article is wrong. Edward Moglen, General Counsel of the FSF, said this;

''In general, users of copyrighted works do not need licenses. The Copyright Act conveys to copyright holders certain exclusive rights in their works. So far as software is concerned, the rights exclusively granted to the holder are to copy, to modify or make derivative works, and to distribute. Parties who wish to do any of the things that copyright holders are exclusively entitled to do need permission; if they don't have permission, they're infringing. But the Copyright Act doesn't grant the copyright holder the exclusive right to use the work; that would vitiate the basic idea of copyright. One doesn't need a copyright license to read the newspaper, or to listen to recorded music; therefore you can read the newspaper over someone's shoulder or listen to music wafting on the summer breeze even though you haven't paid the copyright holder. Software users are sometimes confused by the prevailing tendency to present software products with contracts under shrinkwrap; in order to use the software one has to accept a contract from the manufacturer. But that's not because copyright law requires such a license.''

Also note that except in the 7'th and 8'th district it is generally held that a sale of software is indeed a sale and EULAs are for the most part unenforcable. Also note that in States with so called Anti-UCITA laws, (Proposed or passed in Iowa, New York, North Dakota, Massachusetts, North Carolina, West Virginia, Vermont, and Oregon - Iowa, North Carolina, West Virginia and, Vermont have already enacted the legislation someone would need to research if it passed in the others). Most of these Anti-UCITA bills tend to ammend Article 2 of the Uniform Comercial Code (UCC) so that a sale of software is defined as a sale of goods under the UCC. The clickwrap license therefore, unless presented prior to the exchange of funds, are unenforcable changes to the contract for the sale of goods - Thus none of that licensed and not sold verbage in the EULA can be enforced.

In any case UCITA nor anti-UCITA, nor any other law, require that software be licensed for utilization (Use) due to section 117. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.242.136.187 (talk) 2005-03-13 20:57:45

 * Excellent explanation about not needing a licence for private usage of coipyrighted works, especially software. It may be noted anyway the follwing first-sale info:
 * If EULAs do not ever apply I am allowed (based on classic copyright laws, not the DMCA [I know little about that monster]) to, for example, make a copy of my microsft office CD onto a DVD, Destroy the CD, and sell the dvd to a new owner. This is Allowed because i own the copy of the software, so the copy is what matters, not the medium.
 * If EULAs do apply, then I may not own a copy of the software, but i paid good money for a box manual, jewel case, and compact disc, which I therefore own. Microsoft still owning my physical CD is absolutely rediculous. Since I own the CD I can dispose of it as a wish, as long as i destroy any copies made, or dispose of them in the exact same fashion.
 * Anyway I don't think anything in your big text there was disputed, but neverthe less you text is very nice. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.34.245.44 (talk) 2005-04-25 19:28:00

Quotation and factual problems aside for a second, what's with the obsession over the Microsoft debate when it doesn't even belong here? It's an opinion piece not an encyclopedia piece. The entire article needs to be rewritten. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 70.16.209.90 (talk • contribs) 2005-08-11 02:06:38 UTC.

Vandalism (2005.05)
Uncle G's destructive reversions and page renaming have been referred to Wikipedia:Wikiquette_alerts ... I wouldn't be surprised to see him changing 'license' to 'licence' even in this discussion page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.6.40.203 (talk) 2005-05-04 12:57:01

And now jguk is "standarising spelling" inside of quotations! Since the term, as used by Dan Bernstein and those discuss his work, is "License-free Software", not "Licence-free Software", these actions have all been deleterious to the quality of the article. But quality doesn't seem to be the primary concern. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.6.40.203 (talk) 2005-05-06T02:45:15

Move requested (2005.06, 2006.10)
I propose this page be moved (back?) to License-free software. After all, that is the term as used by its creator and most vocal advocate. "License-free software" also gets more than twice as many Google hits than "licence-free software" (with "-wikipedia" in the box); the "British" spelling is confined to U.K. pages and pages in non-English languages.

From the talk and deletion pages, I gather that the spelling has already been disputed at length, but I can't find any actual arguments for or against what seems to be (the American) DJB's original spelling, "license-free software," versus the current title. Versus "License Free Software", apparently a copyright-friendly capitalization by Wayne Marshall, which I think is silly. Any comments? --Quuxplusone 17:49, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I vote Move, naturally. --Quuxplusone 17:49, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I would have to vote Move as well. It seems bizarre to specially favor the British/Canadian spelling for the title of a page describing a software licensing approach that is explicitly based on quirks of US copyright law. --Saucepan 23:12, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Move —Michael Z. 2005-06-17 04:46 Z

This article has been renamed as the result of a move request. violet/riga (t) 18:49, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Someone moved it back to licence-free software, which I reversed because of this successful move request and its reasoning. I changed the spelling of license in the article, which was the reason given for the article's move back. -- Kjkolb 08:02, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

What users can do with Licence-Free Software (2005.07-2005.09)
What is this sentence supposed to say? "Thus modified versions of licence-free software can legally be distributed in source code form however the original can, by distributing a patch alongside it." It says that a modified version can be distributed, and the original can have something done with a patch. ??? Dan Watts 23:26, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I think the uncommon use of 'however' may be confusing: as used in that sentence, it means 'in whatever ways', not 'but'.
 * "Thus modified versions can be distributed in source code form in whatever ways the original version can be distributed."
 * In other words, if you only have license (permission) to copy the original without changes, you can't distribute a modified version; but you can distribute the unchanged original, and also distribute patches that can be applied to produce a modified version. 82.36.28.132 02:42, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

{Disputed} tag removal (2005.11)
I have removed the {Disputed} tag, as it was added nearly a year ago, by a user who has not commented since then, and there is no present discussion of the tag(that I can see). If anyone still considers that there is a dispute, feel free to state the dispute on this page (and re-add the tag). Thanks! JesseW, the juggling janitor 10:47, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

Irony (2006.03)
"The irony of the claim that people have been "bamboozled" by Microsoft into thinking that they need a licence is that by that token the OSI and FSF are also "bamboozling" people in the same manner." I think this sentence should be removed. People distributing licence-free software are not affiliated with or support FSF so there is no irony. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.63.75.26 (talk) 2006-03-04 14:57:28

deletion tag (2007.12)
an anonymous IP removed the deletion tag with the edit summary "Removed notice that isn't true". while concise, that's not an adequate explanation or justification for keeping the article. please explain the rationale. i'm open to any good argument, but simply exclaiming that the notice isn't true (whatever that means) isn't helpful. Anastrophe 16:26, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

 * another user removed the tag, explaining the rationale (that no justification is required by policy). i understand now. sorry for the error. Anastrophe 18:36, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Rare? (2010.03)
The introduction claimed that "computer software that is covered by copyright but is not accompanied by a copyright license" is rare. I removed the claim because I believe that it is quite common for individuals and businesses to create software covered by copyright that only they themselves use and that is thus never licensed to anyone. There are also e.g. 46 000 pieces of software on, of which very few are accompanied by a license. brtkrbzhnv 11:34, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

Merge
Since this article is about Daniel J. Bernstein it should be merged to it. Palosirkka (talk) 15:13, 20 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose; the concept originated with Bernstein, but has been generalized, as the page describes. Were Daniel to 'claim' the phrase, that would be rather ironic given the nature of the concept. I don't think that we need to force such a claim upon him. Klbrain (talk) 16:23, 6 August 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on License-free software. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20140506055146/http://userscripts.org/scripts to http://userscripts.org/scripts
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20140506055139/http://userscripts.org/ to http://userscripts.org/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 00:23, 12 February 2016 (UTC)

This Article is just wrong
License-free software is exactly that, software that does not have a license. Almost every one of my 8bit Amstrad CPC games from the 80s/90s and even 2019s are license free whether they are commercial, copyrighted or not. There is no license plain and simple. ZhuLien 12:45, Aug 15, 2019 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 218.214.190.174 (talk)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:License-free software


text:
Ramblin' Gamblin' Man

Ramblin' Gamblin' Man is the first studio album by American rock band the Bob Seger System, released in 1969. The original title was Tales of Lucy Blue, hence the cover art. In the liner notes, Bob Seger says (sarcastically) he later realized Lucy Blue was "Ramblin' Gamblin' Man", and so changed the title of the album. He then thanks "Doctor Fine" for this realization. (Doctor Fine being the person who made Seger change the album's name.) The original cover design for the album featured the nude figure from Botticelli's The Birth of Venus, but this too was changed for the final release.

The title track was also performed on Bob Seger and the Silver Bullet Band's live album Live Bullet.

Personnel

 * The Bob Seger System
 * Bob Seger – guitar, lead vocals, piano, organ
 * Dan Honaker – bass, vocals, lead vocals on "Gone"
 * Pep Perrine – drums, vocals
 * Bob Schultz – organ on "Ramblin' Gamblin' Man"

 * Additional personnel
 * Michael Erlewine – blues harp on "Down Home"
 * Glenn Frey – backing vocals and acoustic guitar on "Ramblin' Gamblin' Man"
 * Penny Lawyer – backing vocals

 * Production
 * The Bob Seger System & Punch Andrews
 * Engineer: Jim Bruzzese
 * Liner notes: Bob Seger
 * Front and Back cover illustration (LP) - Lockart

Charts
Album - Billboard (United States)

Singles - Billboard (United States)

title: Ramblin' Gamblin' Man


text:
Talk:Ramblin' Gamblin' Man

"Unavailable"
You mean "out of print"? I'm sure there are some used copies of it out there, no? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.192.34.44 (talk) 18:56, 12 November 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ramblin' Gamblin' Man


text: User talk:162.97.100.170

title: User talk:162.97.100.170


text:
Andrew Bergman

Andrew Bergman (born February 20, 1945) is an American screenwriter, film director, and novelist. His best-known films include Blazing Saddles, The In-Laws, The Freshman and Striptease.

Early life
Born to a Jewish family, Bergman graduated from Binghamton University in 1965 and earned a PhD in American history from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1970.

His dissertation, a study of Depression-era Hollywood films, was published in 1971 by NYU Press under the title We're in the Money: Depression America and Its Films. He also wrote James Cagney: The Pictorial Treasury of Film Stars.

Screenwriting
Bergman broke into the film industry by writing the original screenplay (titled Tex X) that served as the basis for Mel Brooks's classic Blazing Saddles (1974), and was among the writers who adapted it into its final state. He was later the sole creator of the TV sitcom pilot adaptation called "Black Bart" starring Louis Gossett Jr. for CBS which aired only once on April 4, 1975. The production was only a contractual requirement by Warner Bros. in order to maintain movie rights to produce future sequels. Mel Brooks did not have any involvement.

He wrote a gangster film Rhapsody in Crime that was never made. Warner Bros approached him to write a sequel to Freebie and the Bean with Peter Falk and Alan Arkin. Instead, Bergman came up with The In-Laws (1979).

Director
The In-Laws was a success, so Bergman could direct his next script, So Fine (1981) starring Ryan O'Neal. It was a box office disappointment.

Bergman wrote Oh, God! You Devil (1984) and Fletch (1985) starring Chevy Chase. The latter was a big hit. Less successful was Big Trouble (1986), the final film to be directed by John Cassavetes. In 1987, The Lobell/Bergman Company, which was a joint venture with producer Michael Lobell, had signed a first-look deal at Universal Pictures to handle film production of various movies.

New York magazine in 1985 dubbed him "The Unknown King of Comedy".

He wrote and directed The Freshman (1990) starring Marlon Brando and Matthew Broderick and did a rewrite on Soapdish (1991). He executive produced a number of movies including Chances Are (1989), White Fang (1991), Undercover Blues (1993) and Little Big League (1994).

Bergman wrote and directed Honeymoon in Vegas (1992) starring Nicolas Cage, James Caan and Sarah Jessica Parker; and directed It Could Happen To You (1994) starring Nicolas Cage and Bridget Fonda.

He wrote the initial draft for The Scout (1994), although he says the resulting film is different from his version. The film gives writing credit to Roger Angell, Bergman, Monica Johnson and star Albert Brooks.

Bergman wrote and directed Striptease (1996) starring Demi Moore, and directed the Jacqueline Susann biopic Isn't She Great (2000) starring Bette Midler and Nathan Lane.

He has written four novels: The Big Kiss-Off of 1944, Hollywood and LeVine, Tender Is LeVine, and Sleepless Nights. The first three are hard-boiled noir detective stories about a Jewish private eye called Jack LeVine (originally Jacob Levine) in 1940s New York. The fourth is a psychological study of a Jewish family. He also wrote the Broadway comedy, Social Security, and Working Title.

The Andrew Bergman History Writing Prize is awarded by the University of Wisconsin.

Theatre
His first play on Broadway, Social Security, opened in 1986, starring Marlo Thomas and Ron Silver.

In 2013, Bergman would go on to adapt his movie and write the book for the Honeymoon in Vegas Broadway musical, with music and lyrics by Jason Robert Brown.

Awards
In 2007, Bergman received the Ian McLellan Hunter Award for Lifetime Achievement in Writing from the Writers Guild of America.

Personal life
He lives in New York City with his wife. He has two grown sons.

title: Andrew Bergman


text:
Talk:Gurn

Inappropriate Picture
is insisting that the picture Image:Man grimacing.jpg should be a part of this article. I completely disagree (and so has ). The photo's colouration is not appropriate for an article that is not about flourescent colours. I would be satisfied if the photo were replaced with a version that had not been colourized like this (either a black & white photo or a normal colour photo).

In order to avoid the edit war that seems to be developing over this, I am asking for other wikipedians to state their views here so that we can come to a consensus on this.

—GrantNeufeld 00:47, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I am sometimes amazed by the pedanticity that occurs on this website. If the colours are really that distracting and corruptive of the article's credibility, then a simple desaturation of the existing image will bring it to the seemingly personally preferred (unless there are Wikipedia guidelines about colouration, I'm unsure) specifications that GrantNeufeld has described. Feel free to edit and re-upload the image as you wish. In the meantime I see no harm in retaining the existing photo, as a fluorescent image is more useful than no image at all. Yeanold Viskersenn 01:39, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

Inaccurate picture
I think this image should be removed because it is inaccurate. The article states that a gurn "involves projecting the lower jaw as far forward and up as possible, and covering the upper lip with the lower lip." The person in the photo isn't doing anything resembling that. It looks more like a frown to me. --Donbert 23:06, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree heartedly. This picture does not appear to illustrate what the text is saying.  I think we should take it out. — Ke6jjj 01:01, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

 * One more vote from me, for removing the picture. For an informative article, what one thinks of as an almost stereotypical gurn would be much better.  In fact, the person in the picture doesn't appear to be participating in the tradition of gurning, per se. 71.201.84.75 22:24, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Me also. The mental picture I get from the article (and my own expression when I attempt the face) doesn't resemble that picture whatsoever. I imagine it's more like that Hallmark card which I can't seem to find a picture of anywhere online, with that old frontier-looking guy on it. DevOhm Talk 00:51, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Removed it. This picture is clearly not a depiction of gurning, and there is obvious consensus to remove it. Fences and windows (talk) 22:34, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

 * At right is the removed image.

 * Contrary to what Donbert says above, the article states "A typical gurn might involve projecting the projecting the lower jaw[...]" (emphasis added). It seems like article text has been corrected since the complaint was made and that was the proper course of action. There are two other images on the page, so I won't bother restoring that one, but this picture seems fine to me. --Elijah (talk) 20:16, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

Better pictures
What about these? // Liftarn (talk) 13:02, 4 June 2019 (UTC)

Cleanup
I marked the article for cleanup and removed most of the section on MDMA. I agree that I have never heard of the term "gurning for the DJ", nor have I heard of an MDMA high being referred to as "gurning", nor individual MDMA tablets referred to as "gurns". I also surely hope that I never have to hear someone say anything along the lines of "gurning my tits off"... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.224.44.92 (talk • contribs) 03:18, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * gurn.net looks like it has nothing to do with making faces, and should not be linked. --66.93.0.68 16:12, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

 * MDMA could still be mentioned here, as the "gurning" associated with it is apparently not identical to bruxism, and this article is not just about gurning contests. Peter E. James (talk) 22:38, 7 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Gurning (in regards to MDMA) is the weird looking jaw movement, including opening and closing of the mouth, used to stretch the jaw muscles, which get tight from clenching. The term is used at least some, although I hadn't heard it until a friend mentioned it to me. We usually just call it retard face. 0127hrs, 3 September 2012 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 150.101.101.22 (talk) 15:58, 2 September 2012 (UTC)

Duck Face
Duck Face redirects here and i do not believe it should. Δρ∈rs∈ghiη (talk) 21:43, 7 May 2013 (UTC)

Redirects and colloquialisms
since making a face, and duck face, redirect here, there needs to be mention of these terms in article, esp. of their origin status, ie are they yank or brit english. oy, i added info on the yank version. hope its both swell and bloody useful, mates.50.193.19.66 (talk) 17:27, 6 May 2016 (UTC)

Gurning as I know it
In Canada, gurning is when someone with no teeth does this, even getting their bottom lip over their nose. Here's what I suggest:

 * Make that bit about toothless gurning into a section.
 * Get an image of this sort of gurning into that section.

Okay, who reading this has no teeth and is not camera shy? Anna Frodesiak (talk) 08:01, 27 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gurn


text:
City status

City status is a symbolic and legal designation given by a monarch, national or subnational government. A municipality may receive city status because it already has the qualities of a city, or because it has some special purpose.

Historically, city status was a privilege granted by royal letters of patent. Sovereigns could establish cities by decree, e.g. Helsinki, regardless of what was in the location beforehand. Also, with the establishment of federal governments, the new capital could be established from scratch, e.g. Brasília, without going through organic growth from a village to a town.

Historically, British city status was often conferred on settlements with a diocesan cathedral; in more recent times towns apply to receive city status by letters patent at times of national celebration. Similarly, city status in Italy is granted by decree of the President (and before 1946 by the King of Italy) in recognition of historical, cultural or demographic merit. In the United States city can be used for much smaller settlements.

The Government of China in 1982–1997 upgraded many counties to cities by decree, thereby increasing their city count from 250 to more than 650 during this period. Almost 15% of the counties in China became cities. The new "cities" may include large rural areas as well as urban areas. The upgrade was considered desirable by local governments because the new status provides additional powers of taxation and administration, the right to expand the size of government, and an increase in the proportion of land which could be converted from agriculture to buildings.

title: City status


text: User talk:67.162.106.19

title: User talk:67.162.106.19


text:
Utricularia vulgaris

Utricularia vulgaris (greater bladderwort or common bladderwort) is an aquatic species of bladderwort found in Asia and Europe. The plant is free-floating and does not put down roots. Stems can attain lengths of over one metre in a single growing season, but die back and form turions in winter. The leaves are finely pinnately divided, between one and eight centimetres long and carry many bladder-like traps. The yellow flowers are borne on stalks above the surface of the water between April and August. In eastern Asia and North America, its place is taken by the related species U. macrorhiza.

title: Utricularia vulgaris


text:
Peter II

Peter II may refer to:

Politics

 * Peter (II) Delyan of Bulgaria (reigned 1040–1041), leader of the Macedonian uprising against the Byzantine Empire
 * Peter IV of Bulgaria or Peter II, Emperor of Bulgaria 1185–1197
 * Peter II of Aragon (1174–1213), King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona
 * Peter II of Courtenay (died 1219)
 * Peter II, Count of Savoy (1203–1268), called the Little Charlemagne
 * Peter II of Sicily (1304-1342)
 * Peter II of Cyprus (c. 1357–1382), called The Fat
 * Peter II, Duke of Brittany (1418–1457), count of Montfort and titular earl of Richmond
 * Peter II, Duke of Bourbon (1438–1503)
 * Peter II of Portugal (1648–1706), King of Portugal and the Algarves
 * Peter II of Russia (1715–1730)
 * Peter II of Montenegro (1813–1851)
 * Peter II of Brazil (1825–1891), second and last Emperor of Brazil
 * Peter II, Grand Duke of Oldenburg (1827–1900)
 * Peter II of Yugoslavia (1923–1970)
 * Peter II (cat) (1946–1947), Chief Mouser to the UK Cabinet Office

Religion

 * Peter II of Alexandria, 21st Patriarch of Alexandria from 373 to 381 AD
 * Manuel Corral (1934–2011), Pope of the Palmarian Catholic Church as Peter II from 2005 to 2011

title: Peter II


text:
Sonar Kollektiv

Sonar Kollektiv is a German record label founded in the late 1990s by the DJ and producer team Jazzanova (Claas Brieler, Roskow Kretschmann, Stefan Leisering, Axel Reinemer). The label specializes in downtempo music. The intention was to create an independent record label and publisher connected to a worldwide independent distribution network. They have more than 200 catalogue releases over the years. The label is promoted in the United States by Prommer, Inc.

Artists

 * Extended Spirit
 * Forss
 * Clara Hill
 * Jazzanova
 * Daniel Paul
 * Micatone
 * Sequel
 * Benny Sings
 * Lucifour M

title: Sonar Kollektiv


text:
Central Conference of American Rabbis

The Central Conference of American Rabbis (CCAR), founded in 1889 by Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise, is the principal organization of Reform rabbis in the United States and Canada. The CCAR is the largest and oldest rabbinical organization in the world. Its current president is Rabbi Erica Asch.

Rabbi Hara Person is the Chief Executive.

Overview
The CCAR bylaws state that “the purpose of this Conference shall be to preserve and promote Judaism and to encourage all efforts for the dissemination of its teachings in a Liberal spirit; to advance the cause of Jewish learning; to foster fellowship and cooperation among rabbis and other Jewish scholars; and to serve the welfare of its members.”

Membership primarily consists of rabbis educated at Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion. The CCAR also offers membership to those who have graduated in Europe from the Leo Baeck College in London (United Kingdom) and the Abraham Geiger College at the University of Potsdam, and other rabbis who joined the Reform movement after being ordained and met the membership criteria.

The CCAR issues responses to religious questions for Reform Judaism known as responsa, as well as resolutions, and platforms. In keeping with the principles of Reform Judaism, their positions are non-binding on individual rabbis or congregations. It is also the publisher of CCAR Journal, a journal of Reform Judaism published quarterly. The group also runs the CCAR Press, a publishing house for Reform Judaism that publishes the movement's prayer books as well as a variety of publications about contemporary Jewish life.

Platforms
From time to time the CCAR publishes platforms that are intended to layout the contemporary framework for North American Reform Judaism.

The publication of platforms began in 1885 with the Declaration of Principles, later known as the Pittsburgh Platform, which established Reform Judaism in North America, and built upon the founding ideas of Reform Judaism in Germany. While written before the CCAR was formally founded, the meeting was declared the continuation of the Philadelphia Conference of 1869, which was the continuation of the German Conference of 1841 to 1846.

In 1937 the Columbus Platform was approved as the first official platform of the American Reform movement.

The CCAR continues to rewrite platforms as Reform Judaism evolves:

 * 1976 Centenary Perspective
 * 1997 Reform Judaism & Zionism: A Centenary Platform known as “The Miami Platform”
 * 1999 A Statement of Principles for Reform Judaism

Reform Rabbinic Voice
As the largest organization of liberal rabbis in the world, the CCAR frequently comments on pressing issues of the day through public statements and resolutions.

Some examples include:

 * In 1964, the CCAR began to take an official position opposing the American war in Vietnam, and in 1972 it began to refuse to pay the federal excise tax on telephone service as a protest against that war.
 * In 1983, the CCAR took one of its most controversial stands and formally affirmed that a Jewish identity can be passed down through either the mother or the father, if the child is raised with a Jewish identity.
 * In 2014, the CCAR joined a lawsuit challenging North Carolina's ban on same-sex marriage, which was America's first faith-based challenge to same-sex marriage bans.
 * In 2023, the CCAR passed a resolution advocating for the rights of transgender people in response to a national right wing movement to remove rights and a significant uptick in violence against transgender people, stating "these attacks threaten the most vulnerable among us and challenge our Reform Jewish values. Their consequences are alarming—including the appalling murder rates of transgender people and the high rates of suicidal ideation and suicide among trans youth.[6] By contrast, we know that an affirmative, proactive encouragement of gender diversity can make a positive difference."
 * In 2024, the CCAR issued a joint statement with other Reform Movement institutions about the war between Israel and Hamas, stating "In this darkest of times, we remain committed to a resolution of the conflict that will ensure Israel's security and allow for Palestinian self-determination and self-governance....Further, the widespread distrust of the Palestinians and their leadership in both Gaza and the West Bank, as well as deep Palestinian mistrust of Israel's leadership, will require significant efforts by the Israelis, Palestinians, regional neighbors, and the international community to make such a resolution a viable reality. A successful and peaceful Palestinian entity remains vital to ensuring Israel's long-term security. For these reasons, we are deeply dismayed by Prime Minister Netanyahu's recent comments dismissing the possibility of a future peaceful Palestinian state."
 * In 2024, the CCAR passed a resolution against book bans stating that "Book bans often represent attempts to erase vulnerable individuals and communities—and to silence marginalized voices—which has happened to Jews repeatedly throughout history. "

Leadership
The CCAR is led by a volunteer president who is elected from among members as well as a paid professional executive.

Notable Leadership
In 2003, Rabbi Janet Marder became the first female president of the CCAR; this made her the first woman to lead a major rabbinical organization and the first woman to lead any major Jewish co-ed religious organization in the United States.

In 2015, Denise Eger became the first openly gay president of the CCAR.

In 2018, Rabbi Hara Person became the first woman to be the chief executive of the CCAR.

Rabbinic Ethics
The Central Conference of American Rabbis (CCAR) has an ethics code which all members are required to uphold, and an ethics committee to handle complaints and discipline any member rabbi found to be in violation of the code. This system only holds jurisdiction over rabbis who are part of the CCAR as it is a voluntary membership organization. While the vast majority of CCAR rabbis have not faced accusations of ethics violations, instances of serious misconduct such as financial impropriety, plagiarism, theft, and sexual misconduct, including sexual assault, have occurred in the past. Historically, these matters were dealt with privately, often resulting in minimal repercussions for the offending rabbis.

At the annual convention in June 1991, recognizing the need for a more formalized approach, the CCAR adopted an Ethics Code and Ethics Committee with the aim of safeguarding congregants and communities from problematic behavior by rabbis. This committee was granted the authority to discipline rabbis, including the possibility of permanent suspension or expulsion. However, despite this step forward, investigations remained slow, and many offending rabbis faced little to no public consequences for their actions, often receiving private reprimands.

A 1996 report by the Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA) shed light on the sluggish investigative process and the lack of meaningful consequences for offending rabbis. This led to public criticism and increased scrutiny of the CCAR's handling of ethical issues within its ranks. Subsequent cases, such as the expulsion of a CCAR member rabbi in 2015 for sexual misconduct, further underscored these concerns. For example, in 2014, a senior rabbi of a Texas synagogue was reprimanded for sexual misconduct and allowed to move to another senior rabbi position in North Carolina, where he was censured for sexual misconduct within 36 months of his new placement, and neither congregation was alerted to the allegations.

In 2015, Rabbi Denise Eger was elected president of the CCAR. The first openly LGBTQ person to hold this prominent role, Rabbi Eger made ethics a central focus of her presidency. In 2018, Rabbi Hara Person became the first woman to be the chief executive of the CCAR and also pushed for higher ethical standards and accountability.

In 2021, the organization voluntarily commissioned a legal firm to review its ethics processes and propose improvements. This initiative resulted in several recommendations, including increased transparency regarding ethical infractions and a formal apology issued by the CCAR in September 2022, that included the following language:

"With sincerity of heart and intention, the CCAR apologizes for the hurt that our organization and our ethics system have caused. We acknowledge that there have been times when we failed to meet our own high standards and we are deeply sorry. We apologize, and we are committed to working diligently for a better future."

While these efforts have been praised by many, some critics argue that they do not go far enough to address underlying issues within the ethics system. For instance, concerns have been raised about the continued use of lay investigators and the reliance on fellow rabbis to determine the fitness of an offender to return to their role. However, it is worth noting that similar practices are commonplace in other professional organizations in the United States such as the National Association of Social Workers, the American Psychological Association, and the American Bar Association.

Despite ongoing challenges, the CCAR remains committed to enhancing its ethics process and now provides annual progress reports about the ethics system.

List of presidents

 * Isaac M. Wise: 1889-1900
 * Joseph Silverman: 1900-1903
 * Joseph Krauskopf: 1903-1905
 * Joseph Stolz: 1905-1907
 * David Philipson: 1907-1909
 * Maximilian Heller: 1909-1911
 * Samuel Schulman: 1911-1913
 * Moses J. Gries: 1913-1915
 * William Rosenau: 1915-1917
 * Louis Grossmann: 1917-1919
 * Leo M. Franklin: 1919-1921
 * Edward N. Calish: 1921-1923
 * Abram Simon: 1923-1925
 * Louis Wolsey: 1925-1927
 * Hyman G. Enelow: 1927-1929
 * David Lefkowitz: 1929-1931
 * Morris Newfield: 1931-1933
 * Samuel H. Goldenson: 1933-1935
 * Felix A. Levy: 1935-1937
 * Max C. Currick: 1937-1939
 * Emil W. Leipziger: 1939-1941
 * James G. Heller: 1941-1943
 * Solomon B. Freehof: 1943-1945
 * Abba Hillel Silver: 1945-1947
 * Abraham J. Feldman: 1947-1949
 * Jacob R. Marcus: 1949-1951
 * Philip S. Bernstein: 1951-1953
 * Joseph L. Fink: 1953-1955
 * Barnett R. Brickner: 1955-1957
 * Israel Bettan:1957
 * Jacob Philip Rudin: 1957-1959
 * Bernard J. Bamberger: 1959-1961
 * Albert G. Minda: 1961-1963
 * Leon I. Feuer: 1963-1965
 * Jacob J. Weinstein: 1965-1967
 * Levi A. Olan: 1967-1969
 * Roland B. Gittelsohn: 1969-1971
 * David Polish: 1971-1973
 * Robert I. Kahn: 1973-1975
 * Arthur J. Lelyveld: 1975-1977
 * Ely E. Pilchik: 1977-1979
 * Jerome R. Malino: 1979-1981
 * Herman E. Schaalman: 1981-1983
 * W. Gunther Plaut: 1983-1985
 * Jack Stern: 1985-1987
 * Eugene J. Lipman: 1987-1989
 * Samuel E. Karff: 1989-1991
 * Walter Jacob: 1991-1993
 * Sheldon Zimmerman: 1993-1995
 * Simeon J. Maslin: 1995-1997
 * Richard N. Levy: 1997-1999
 * Charles A. Kroloff: 1999-2001
 * Martin S. Weiner: 2001-2003
 * Janet Marder: 2003-2005
 * Harry Danziger: 2005-2007
 * Peter Knobel: 2007-2009
 * Ellen Weinberg Dreyfus: 2009-2011
 * Jonathan Stein: 2011-2013
 * Richard A. Block: 2013-2015
 * Denise L. Eger: 2015-2017
 * David Stern: 2017-2019
 * Ronald Segal: 2019-2021
 * Lewis Kamrass: 2021- 2023
 * Erica Seager Asch: 2023-

title: Central Conference of American Rabbis


text:
Broadcast News

Broadcast News may refer to:

 * News, the communication of selected information on current events
 * news broadcasting, dissemination through telecommunications
 * Broadcast News (film), a 1987 movie
 * Broadcast journalism, the field of electronically published news and journals
 * Broadcast News (Canada), a subsidiary of the Canadian Press news agency
 * Canadian Press Cable Service (formerly CableStream), a TV service referred to as "Broadcast News"

title: Broadcast News


text:
Union Township

Union Township may refer to:

Arkansas

 * Union Township, Ashley County, Arkansas
 * Union Township, Baxter County, Arkansas
 * Union Township, Conway County, Arkansas
 * Union Township, Faulkner County, Arkansas
 * Union Township, Fulton County, Arkansas
 * Union Township, Greene County, Arkansas
 * Union Township, Independence County, Arkansas
 * Union Township, Izard County, Arkansas
 * Union Township, Jackson County, Arkansas
 * Union Township, Lee County, Arkansas
 * Union Township, Marion County, Arkansas
 * Union Township, Nevada County, Arkansas
 * Union Township, Ouachita County, Arkansas
 * Union Township, Perry County, Arkansas
 * Union Township, Prairie County, Arkansas
 * Union Township, Randolph County, Arkansas
 * Union Township, Saline County, Arkansas
 * Union Township, Stone County, Arkansas
 * Union Township, Van Buren County, Arkansas
 * Union Township, White County, Arkansas

Illinois

 * Union Township, Cumberland County, Illinois
 * Union Township, Effingham County, Illinois
 * Union Township, Fulton County, Illinois
 * Union Township, Livingston County, Illinois

Indiana

 * Union Township, Adams County, Indiana
 * Union Township, Benton County, Indiana
 * Union Township, Boone County, Indiana
 * Union Township, Clark County, Indiana
 * Union Township, Clinton County, Indiana
 * Union Township, Crawford County, Indiana
 * Union Township, DeKalb County, Indiana
 * Union Township, Delaware County, Indiana
 * Union Township, Elkhart County, Indiana
 * Union Township, Fulton County, Indiana
 * Union Township, Gibson County, Indiana
 * Union Township, Hendricks County, Indiana
 * Union Township, Howard County, Indiana
 * Union Township, Huntington County, Indiana
 * Union Township, Jasper County, Indiana
 * Union Township, Johnson County, Indiana
 * Union Township, LaPorte County, Indiana
 * Union Township, Madison County, Indiana
 * Union Township, Marshall County, Indiana
 * Union Township, Miami County, Indiana
 * Union Township, Montgomery County, Indiana
 * Union Township, Ohio County, Indiana
 * Union Township, Parke County, Indiana
 * Union Township, Perry County, Indiana
 * Union Township, Porter County, Indiana
 * Union Township, Randolph County, Indiana
 * Union Township, Rush County, Indiana
 * Union Township, St. Joseph County, Indiana
 * Union Township, Shelby County, Indiana
 * Union Township, Tippecanoe County, Indiana
 * Union Township, Union County, Indiana
 * Union Township, Vanderburgh County, Indiana
 * Union Township, Wells County, Indiana
 * Union Township, White County, Indiana
 * Union Township, Whitley County, Indiana

Iowa

 * Union Township, Adair County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Adams County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Appanoose County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Benton County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Black Hawk County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Boone County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Calhoun County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Carroll County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Cass County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Cerro Gordo County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Crawford County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Dallas County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Davis County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Delaware County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Des Moines County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Fayette County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Floyd County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Guthrie County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Hardin County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Harrison County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Jackson County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Johnson County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Kossuth County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Louisa County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Lucas County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Madison County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Mahaska County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Marion County, Iowa, in Marion County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Mitchell County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Monroe County, Iowa
 * Union Township, O'Brien County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Plymouth County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Polk County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Poweshiek County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Ringgold County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Shelby County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Story County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Union County, Iowa, in Union County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Van Buren County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Warren County, Iowa, in Warren County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Wayne County, Iowa, in Wayne County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Woodbury County, Iowa
 * Union Township, Worth County, Iowa

Kansas

 * Union Township, Barton County, Kansas
 * Union Township, Butler County, Kansas
 * Union Township, Clay County, Kansas
 * Union Township, Dickinson County, Kansas
 * Union Township, Doniphan County, Kansas
 * Union Township, Jefferson County, Kansas
 * Union Township, Kingman County, Kansas
 * Union Township, McPherson County, Kansas
 * Union Township, Pottawatomie County, Kansas, in Pottawatomie County, Kansas
 * Union Township, Rawlins County, Kansas, in Rawlins County, Kansas
 * Union Township, Republic County, Kansas
 * Union Township, Rice County, Kansas
 * Union Township, Rush County, Kansas, in Rush County, Kansas
 * Union Township, Sedgwick County, Kansas
 * Union Township, Sheridan County, Kansas
 * Union Township, Sherman County, Kansas
 * Union Township, Stafford County, Kansas, in Stafford County, Kansas
 * Union Township, Washington County, Kansas, in Washington County, Kansas

Michigan

 * Union Charter Township, Michigan
 * Union Township, Branch County, Michigan
 * Union Township, Grand Traverse County, Michigan

Minnesota

 * Union Township, Houston County, Minnesota

Missouri

 * Union Township, Barton County, Missouri
 * Union Township, Benton County, Missouri
 * Union Township, Bollinger County, Missouri
 * Union Township, Cass County, Missouri
 * Union Township, Clark County, Missouri
 * Union Township, Crawford County, Missouri
 * Union Township, Daviess County, Missouri
 * Union Township, Dunklin County, Missouri
 * Union Township, Franklin County, Missouri
 * Union Township, Harrison County, Missouri
 * Union Township, Holt County, Missouri
 * Union Township, Iron County, Missouri
 * Union Township, Jasper County, Missouri
 * Union Township, Laclede County, Missouri
 * Union Township, Lewis County, Missouri
 * Union Township, Lincoln County, Missouri
 * Union Township, Marion County, Missouri
 * Union Township, Monroe County, Missouri
 * Union Township, Nodaway County, Missouri
 * Union Township, Perry County, Missouri
 * Union Township, Polk County, Missouri
 * Union Township, Pulaski County, Missouri
 * Union Township, Putnam County, Missouri
 * Union Township, Randolph County, Missouri
 * Union Township, Ripley County, Missouri
 * Union Township, Ste. Genevieve County, Missouri
 * Union Township, Scotland County, Missouri
 * Union Township, Stone County, Missouri
 * Union Township, Sullivan County, Missouri
 * Union Township, Washington County, Missouri
 * Union Township, Worth County, Missouri
 * Union Township, Webster County, Missouri
 * Union Township, Wright County, Missouri

Nebraska

 * Union Township, Butler County, Nebraska
 * Union Township, Dodge County, Nebraska
 * Union Township, Knox County, Nebraska
 * Union Township, Phelps County, Nebraska
 * Union Township, Saunders County, Nebraska

New Jersey

 * Union Township, Camden County, New Jersey, defunct township
 * Union Township, Hudson County, New Jersey, defunct township
 * Union Township, Hunterdon County, New Jersey
 * Union Township, Union County, New Jersey

North Carolina

 * Union Township, Pender County, North Carolina
 * Union Township, Randolph County, North Carolina
 * Union Township, Robeson County, North Carolina
 * Union Township, Rutherford County, North Carolina
 * Union Township, Wilkes County, North Carolina

North Dakota

 * Union Township, Grand Forks County, North Dakota

Ohio

 * Union Township, Auglaize County, Ohio
 * Union Township, Belmont County, Ohio
 * Union Township, Brown County, Ohio
 * Union Township, Carroll County, Ohio
 * Union Township, Champaign County, Ohio
 * Union Township, Clermont County, Ohio
 * Union Township, Clinton County, Ohio
 * Union Township, Fayette County, Ohio
 * Union Township, Hancock County, Ohio
 * Union Township, Highland County, Ohio
 * Union Township, Knox County, Ohio
 * Union Township, Lawrence County, Ohio
 * Union Township, Licking County, Ohio
 * Union Township, Logan County, Ohio
 * Union Township, Madison County, Ohio
 * Union Township, Mercer County, Ohio
 * Union Township, Miami County, Ohio
 * Union Township, Morgan County, Ohio
 * Union Township, Muskingum County, Ohio
 * Union Township, Pike County, Ohio
 * Union Township, Putnam County, Ohio
 * Union Township, Ross County, Ohio
 * Union Township, Scioto County, Ohio
 * Union Township, Tuscarawas County, Ohio
 * Union Township, Union County, Ohio
 * Union Township, Van Wert County, Ohio
 * Union Township, Warren County, Ohio
 * West Chester Township, Butler County, Ohio, formerly known as Union Township

Oklahoma

 * Union Township, Canadian County, Oklahoma
 * Union Township, Garfield County, Oklahoma
 * Union Township, Grady County, Oklahoma
 * Union Township, Kingfisher County, Oklahoma
 * Union Township, Lincoln County, Oklahoma
 * Union Township, Payne County, Oklahoma
 * Union Township, Washita County, Oklahoma
 * Union Township, Woodward County, Oklahoma

Pennsylvania

 * Union Township, Adams County, Pennsylvania
 * Union Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania
 * Union Township, Centre County, Pennsylvania
 * Union Township, Clearfield County, Pennsylvania
 * Union Township, Crawford County, Pennsylvania
 * Union Township, Erie County, Pennsylvania
 * Union Township, Fulton County, Pennsylvania
 * Union Township, Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania
 * Union Township, Jefferson County, Pennsylvania
 * Union Township, Lawrence County, Pennsylvania
 * Union Township, Lebanon County, Pennsylvania
 * Union Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
 * Union Township, Mifflin County, Pennsylvania
 * Union Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania
 * Union Township, Snyder County, Pennsylvania
 * Union Township, Tioga County, Pennsylvania
 * Union Township, Union County, Pennsylvania
 * Union Township, Washington County, Pennsylvania

South Dakota

 * Union Township, Brule County, South Dakota, in Brule County, South Dakota
 * Union Township, Butte County, South Dakota
 * Union Township, Davison County, South Dakota, in Davison County, South Dakota
 * Union Township, Day County, South Dakota, in Day County, South Dakota
 * Union Township, Edmunds County, South Dakota, in Edmunds County, South Dakota
 * Union Township, Faulk County, South Dakota, in Faulk County, South Dakota
 * Union Township, McCook County, South Dakota, in McCook County, South Dakota
 * Union Township, Meade County, South Dakota, in Meade County, South Dakota
 * Union Township, Moody County, South Dakota, in Moody County, South Dakota
 * Union Township, Sanborn County, South Dakota, in Sanborn County, South Dakota
 * Union Township, Spink County, South Dakota, in Spink County, South Dakota

title: Union Township


text:
Vaughn

Vaughn may refer to:

People

 * Vaughn (surname), list of notable people with the surname
 * As a given name:
 * Vaughn Bodē (1941–1975), underground comics writer
 * Vaughn Duggins (born 1987), American basketball player
 * Vaughn Flora (1945–2022), American politician
 * Vaughn Meader (1936–2004), American comedian and impressionist
 * Vaughn Monroe (1911–1973), American singer
 * Vaughn Taylor (1910–1983), American movie and TV actor
 * Vaughn Taylor (born 1976), American golf-player
 * Vaughn van Jaarsveld (born 1985), South African cricketer
 * Vaughn Walker (born 1944), federal judge

Places in the United States

 * Vaughn, California, former name of Bodfish, California
 * Vaughn, Montana
 * Vaughn, New Mexico
 * Vaughn, Oregon
 * Vaughn, Pennsylvania
 * Vaughn, Virginia
 * Vaughn, Washington

Other

 * Vaughn College of Aeronautics and Technology, New York
 * Vaughn (band), hard rock band
 * Vaughn Hockey, sports equipment maker

title: Vaughn


text:
Court and Spark

Court and Spark is the sixth studio album by Canadian singer-songwriter Joni Mitchell. Released in January 1974, it infuses the folk rock style of her previous albums with jazz elements.

It was an immediate commercial and critical success—and remains her most successful album. It reached No. 2 in the United States and No. 1 in Canada and eventually received a double platinum certification by the RIAA, the highest of Mitchell's career. It also reached the Top 20 in the UK and was voted the best album of the year for 1974 in The Village Voice Pazz & Jop Critics Poll. In 2020, it was ranked at number 110 in Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.

In 2004, Court and Spark was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.

Background
Mitchell did not release a new album in 1973, the first year she had not done so in her professional career. Her previous offering, For the Roses, was released in November 1972 to critical and commercial success, and Mitchell decided to spend the whole of the next year writing and recording a new album that revealed her growing interest in new sounds—particularly jazz. During 1973 her stage appearances were fewer than in previous years. She performed in April in a benefit concert at the Sir George Williams University Auditorium and then appeared live again in August, twice at The Corral Club, accompanied by Neil Young.

Mitchell spent most of 1973 in the recording studio creating Court and Spark. Mitchell and engineer Henry Lewy called in a number of top L.A. musicians to perform on the album including members of the Crusaders, Tom Scott's L.A. Express, cameos from Robbie Robertson, David Crosby and Graham Nash and even a twist of comedy from Cheech & Chong.

Release and reception
On December 1, 1973, Asylum Records released a single, her first in over a year, "Raised on Robbery". The single reached No. 65 on the Billboard Singles Chart in February 1974. In January 1974, Court and Spark was released, and met with widespread critical acclaim and commercial success. Its success was reaffirmed when the follow-up single, "Help Me", was released in March. It received heavy radio airplay and became Mitchell's first and only top 10 Billboard single, peaking at No. 7 on the Hot 100 in the first week of June, and reaching No. 1 on the Adult Contemporary chart.

Court and Spark became a big seller that year, peaking at No.2 on the Billboard album chart and staying there for four weeks. The album topped the US Cashbox and Record World charts for one week each.

In a July 1979 interview with Cameron Crowe for Rolling Stone, Mitchell recounted playing the newly completed Court and Spark to Bob Dylan, during which he fell asleep. She later suggested that Dylan was probably trying to be "cute" in front of label boss David Geffen, who was also present.

Fleetwood Mac singer Stevie Nicks recalled taking LSD to the album: "I was with my producer, at his house, with a set of speakers that were taller than that fireplace, and I was in a safe place. And I sat there on the floor and listened to that record… That was a pretty dynamic experience."

In 2000 it was voted number 116 in Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums.

Honors

 * RIAA certifications: gold February 27, 1974; platinum and double platinum December 12, 1997.
 * In 1974, Court and Spark was voted the 'Best Album of the Year' in The Village Voice Pazz & Jop critics poll.
 * It was voted number 116 in Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums 3rd Edition (2000).
 * In 2003, the album was ranked number 111 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, 114 in a 2012 revised list, and 110 in a 2020 revised list.
 * In 2006, Court and Spark was included in 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.
 * Grammy Awards

 * style="width:35px; text-align:center;" rowspan="4"|1975 ||Court and Spark || Album of the Year || Nominated
 * rowspan="2"|"Help Me" || Record of the Year || Nominated
 * Best Female Pop Vocal Performance || Nominated
 * "Down to You" (arranger: Joni Mitchell and Tom Scott) || Best Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s) || Won
 * Best Female Pop Vocal Performance || Nominated
 * "Down to You" (arranger: Joni Mitchell and Tom Scott) || Best Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s) || Won
 * "Down to You" (arranger: Joni Mitchell and Tom Scott) || Best Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s) || Won
 * "Down to You" (arranger: Joni Mitchell and Tom Scott) || Best Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s) || Won

Track listing
All tracks are written by Joni Mitchell, except where noted.

 * Side one
 * 1) "Court and Spark" – 2:46
 * 2) "Help Me" – 3:22
 * 3) "Free Man in Paris" – 3:02
 * 4) "People's Parties" – 2:15
 * 5) "The Same Situation" – 2:57

 * Side two
 * 1) "Car on a Hill" – 3:02
 * 2) "Down to You" – 5:38
 * 3) "Just Like This Train" – 4:24
 * 4) "Raised on Robbery" – 3:06
 * 5) "Trouble Child" – 4:00
 * 6) "Twisted" (Annie Ross, Wardell Gray) – 2:21

Personnel
Source:
 * Joni Mitchell – vocals, acoustic guitar, piano; clavinet on "Down to You"
 * Tom Scott – woodwinds, reeds
 * Joe Sample – electric piano; clavinet on "Raised on Robbery"
 * Larry Carlton – electric guitar on all tracks except "Car on a Hill", "Raised on Robbery" and "Trouble Child"
 * Max Bennett – bass guitar on all tracks except "Free Man in Paris", "People's Parties" and "Trouble Child"
 * John Guerin – drums, percussion

Additional personnel
 * Chuck Findley – trumpet on "Trouble Child" and "Twisted"
 * José Feliciano – electric guitar on "Free Man in Paris"
 * Wayne Perkins – electric guitar on "Car on a Hill"
 * Robbie Robertson – electric guitar on "Raised on Robbery"
 * Dennis Budimir – electric guitar on "Trouble Child"
 * Wilton Felder – bass guitar on "Free Man in Paris" and "People's Parties"
 * Jim Hughart – bass guitar on "Trouble Child"
 * Milt Holland – chimes on "Court and Spark"
 * David Crosby – backing vocals on "Free Man in Paris" and "Down to You"
 * Graham Nash – backing vocals on "Free Man in Paris"
 * Susan Webb – backing vocals on "Down to You"
 * Cheech Marin, Tommy Chong – background voices on "Twisted"

Technical personnel
 * Joni Mitchell – record producer
 * Henry Lewy and Ellis Sorkin – engineers
 * Anthony Hudson – art direction, design
 * Joni Mitchell – cover painting
 * Norman Seeff – photography

title: Court and Spark


text:
Van Rensselaer

Van Rensselaer may refer to:
 * Van Rensselaer family, a prominent Dutch American family
 * Van Rensselaer (surname), a surname (including a list of people with the name)
 * Van Rensselaer Island, an island in the Hudson River opposite the city of Albany, New York, United States
 * Van Rensselaer Lower Manor House, Claverack, New York, United States
 * Van Rensselaer Hall, a dormitory for women at Drexel University
 * Martha Van Rensselaer Hall, a building of Cornell University College of Human Ecology

title: Van Rensselaer


text:
White Pine

White Pine or White Pines may refer to:

Trees in the pine subgenus Pinus subgenus Strobus

 * Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus), one of these species, native to northeastern North America
 * Western white pine (Pinus monticola), another of these species, native to northwestern North America
 * Limber pine (Pinus flexilis), another of these species from western North America, was also sometimes known as White Pine
 * Chinese white pine (Pinus armandii), a species native to China
 * Japanese white pine (Pinus parviflora), a species native to Japan
 * Vietnamese white pine (Pinus dalatensis), a species native to Vietnam and Laos
 * Pinus albicaulis, of subsection Cembra (the stone pines), native to western North America

Other coniferous trees called White Pine

 * Kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides), a podocarp tree endemic to New Zealand

United States

 * White Pines, California
 * White Pine, Michigan
 * White Pine, Tennessee
 * White Pine County, Nevada
 * White Pine Haven, Wisconsin
 * White Pine Township, Aitkin County, Minnesota
 * White Pine, West Virginia
 * White Pine Creek, a stream in Idaho

Other uses

 * White Pine Music, a record label

title: White Pine


text:
Wellington Regional Stadium

Wellington Regional Stadium (known commercially as Sky Stadium through naming rights) is a major sporting venue in Wellington, New Zealand. The stadium's bowl site size is 48,000 m2.

The stadium was built in 1999 by Fletcher Construction and is situated close to major transport facilities (such as Wellington railway station) 1 km north of the CBD. It was built on reclaimed railway land, which was surplus to requirements.

The stadium also serves as a large-capacity venue for concerts and is known colloquially as "The Cake Tin".

History
The stadium was built in 1999 by Fletcher Construction and was the first bowl stadium built in New Zealand. It was built to replace Athletic Park, which was no longer considered adequate for international events due to its location and state of disrepair. The stadium was also built to provide a larger-capacity venue for One Day International cricket matches, due to the Basin Reserve ground losing such matches to larger stadiums in other parts of the country.

Naming rights
Westpac Trust, later known as just Westpac, signed on to be the naming sponsor for the stadium when it opened in 2000. That arrangement continued for twenty years until 31 December 2019. On 22 August 2019, it was announced that Sky had signed a six-year agreement to take over as the naming sponsor of the stadium from 1 January 2020.

Tenants
The stadium is a multi-purpose facility, though used mainly for sporting events. It is the home of the Wellington Lions Mitre 10 Cup rugby team and the Hurricanes Super Rugby team. The stadium also hosted the Wellington Sevens, one of the events that was part of the annual World Rugby Sevens Series for national rugby sevens teams. Sky Stadium regularly serves as a home venue for All Blacks rugby matches.

Sky Stadium is also the home venue for A-League team Wellington Phoenix FC, the stadium often referred to as "The Ring of Fire" by Phoenix supporters. It also serves as a major home venue for the New Zealand men's national football team (the All Whites), notably hosting the home leg of their 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Bahrain.

During the summer the stadium generally hosts international and occasionally domestic limited overs cricket, with the home team being the New Zealand Black Caps for the international contests and Wellington Firebirds for the domestic competition.

The stadium has also been used for rugby league matches, including national team fixtures and New Zealand Warriors away fixtures. The St Kilda Football Club, an Australian rules football club in the Australian Football League (AFL), played home games on Anzac Day at the venue from 2013 to 2015.

Off-field facilities built into the stadium also included the New Zealand Institute of Sport, and a campus for the Wellington School of Cricket, run by the Wellington Cricket Association.

Wellington Phoenix Women has confirmed they will play the majority of their home games at Sky Stadium for the 2022-23 A-League Women season, after their inaugural season was based in Wollongong, Australia due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia.

Events
In 2000, the then-Westpac Stadium hosted the Edinburgh Military Tattoo. This was the first time the event was hosted outside Edinburgh, Scotland. They returned to Wellington to play at the stadium again in February 2016.

In 2002, during an England versus Black Caps cricket match, director Peter Jackson recorded 30,000 fans chanting in Black Speech for the sound of 10,000 chanting Uruk-hai during the Battle of Helm's Deep in the film The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers.

On 4 March 2006, WWE's first New Zealand show, WWE SmackDown Road to WrestleMania 22 Tour, was held at the stadium. 23,875 people attended the televised event. There were nine matches, including a triple threat match between Kurt Angle, The Undertaker, and Mark Henry for the World Heavyweight Championship (WWE)

Also in 2006, a concert was held by the Rolling Stones, which ended the Australasian leg of its A Bigger Bang World Tour,

On 14 October 2007, Australia defeated New Zealand in the Centenary Test rugby league game. The 58–0 defeat set a new record for the largest loss by the New Zealand national rugby league team.

On 1 December 2007, the stadium hosted an exhibition match between Wellington Phoenix FC and the Los Angeles Galaxy. LA Galaxy won 4–1 in front of 31,853 spectators, the largest crowd for non-national football (soccer) match in New Zealand history.

On 17 January 2008, the stadium hosted the kickoff show of the Oceania leg of the Police Reunion Tour and over Easter the inaugural two-day "Rock2Wgtn" music festival, headlined by Kiss and Ozzy Osbourne. Attendance over the two days was around 50,000.

New Zealand hosted the 2008 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup. Six pool matches and two playoff matches were played at the then Westpac Stadium. Due to FIFA rules disallowing host stadia to be named after non-FIFA sponsors, the stadium was officially known as "Wellington Stadium" during the event.

The stadium hosted the national team's 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying match on 14 November 2009 against Bahrain. New Zealand won the match 1–0, with a record crowd at the time of 35,194 for a football match in New Zealand.

On 28 January 2010, AC/DC kicked off the Australasian leg of its Black Ice World Tour at the stadium. The concert quickly sold out so a second was scheduled for 30 January. The stadium was also a venue for Bon Jovi's The Circle Tour in 2010.

The stadium hosted eight games during the 2011 Rugby World Cup including two quarter-final matches.

On 25 April 2013, the stadium hosted the first AFL game outside of Australia for premiership points with hosting  with Sydney winning by 16 points in front of 22,546 spectators.

On 11 May 2013, the stadium and Wellington hosted its first National Rugby League fixture since 2004 with the Auckland-based New Zealand Warriors hosting the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs at the stadium for 'The Capital Clash'. The Warriors wore their 'Capital Clash' jerseys which incorporated the black and gold colours of Wellington and a design based on a strip worn by Wellington Rugby league teams in the 1970s. The Warriors lost the game late in the match in front of 28,096 fans.

On 20 November 2013, the stadium hosted the second leg of the World Cup qualification inter-confederation play-off against Mexico, which resulted in New Zealand failing to qualify for the 2014 FIFA World Cup.

On 15 November 2014, the stadium hosted the 2014 Rugby League Four Nations Final. It was the first Four Nations Final held in New Zealand, though the Mount Smart Stadium in Auckland hosted the inaugural final of the tournament, then known as the Tri-Nations, in 1999.

The stadium was one of the venues for 2015 Cricket World Cup which was co-hosted by New Zealand and Australia. It hosted a total of four matches during the World Cup which included a quarter-final clash between the hosts New Zealand and West Indies.

Guns N' Roses performed at the stadium during their Not in This Lifetime... Tour on 2 February 2017.

On 11 November 2017, the stadium hosted its third World Cup qualification inter-confederation play-off with the New Zealand men's national football team drawing 0–0 against Peru in front of a new record crowd for a football match in New Zealand of 37,034 fans thanks to extra seating install in the stadium for the match.

On 2 March 2019, the stadium drew its second largest crowd to date with an attendance of 46,474 for Eminem's Rapture concert.

On 5 February 2020, Queen + Adam Lambert performed at the stadium during their Rhapsody Tour.

On 8 December 2022, Guns N' Roses performed at the stadium during their 2020 Tour. The Foo Fighters were supposed to play a week later on the 15 December, however it was cancelled after the death of Foo Fighters' drummer Taylor Hawkins.

On 2 February 2023, Ed Sheeran performed as part of his +–=÷× Tour. The crowd of 47,000 was the largest ever attendance for an event at the stadium. Organisers said just over a third of the crowd (16,200) were from outside the Wellington region.

On the 27th January 2024 The Foo Fighters played for the first time in Wellington on their World Tour.

The stadium hosted several matches for the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup.

Major tournaments
Reference:

Reference:

Rugby League Test matches
Since its opening in 2000, Wellington Regional Stadium has hosted six New Zealand rugby league internationals. The results were as follows;.

title: Wellington Regional Stadium


text:
User:Antijoey

The AntiJoey is a contributor to Wikipedia. His interests are attending Joey Night, network engineering and administration and website development. He lives in New Hampshire and is mostly engaged in operating his company, AJTech.

Tools
Album Track List template

Wikipedia Projects

 * Articles I have contributed to:
 * Steve Morse
 * Ed Dodd
 * Dixie Dregs
 * Free Fall
 * What If
 * Mark Trail
 * The Richmond Indigenous Gourd Orchestra

 * To-Do:

 * Jack Elrod
 * Albums by Dixie Dregs
 * Working on Steve Morse this page should really be deleted.
 * Charles N. Elliot

title: User:Antijoey


text:
Strathspey

Strathspey may refer to one of the following:

 * Strathspey, Scotland, an area in the Highlands of Scotland
 * Strathspey Camanachd, a shinty team from Grantown-on-Spey
 * Strathspey (dance), a type of dance tune in 4/4 time

title: Strathspey


text:
Nipper (tool)

A nipper or tile nipper (like a pair of scissors or pliers) is a tool used to "nip" or remove small amounts of a hard material, such as pieces of a tile, which needs to be fitted around an odd or irregular shape. For tile that requires a straight cut a tile cutter is used. This is a small mechanical device where the tile is placed, aligned and clamped on a platform; lightly "scored" with a cutting wheel and snapped in two with a handled slicer (blade similar to a paper cutter in appearance). For larger jobs an electric tile saw or wet saw is used; this saw is similar to a small mitre saw except that water is distributed on the saw blade to lessen the effects of heat and friction.

A rail nipper is used in rail transport modelling to cut rail tracks.

title: Nipper (tool)


text:
File:Bob Seger - Noah.jpg

Cover for album Noah by Bob Seger.

Fair use rationale for

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright

title: File:Bob Seger - Noah.jpg


text:
Algoma

Algoma may refer to:

Businesses and organisations

 * Algoma Central Railway, Northern Ontario
 * Algoma Central Corporation
 * Algoma Foundry and Machine Company, Algoma, Wisconsin, U.S.
 * Algoma Treatment and Remand Centre, a prison in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
 * Algoma University, Ontario, Canada
 * Essar Steel Algoma, formerly Algoma Steel, a Canadian steel producer

Places

 * Algoma District, Ontario, Canada
 * Algoma, Mississippi, U.S.
 * Algoma, Oregon, U.S.
 * Algoma, West Virginia, U.S.
 * Algoma, Wisconsin, a city, U.S.
 * Algoma, Winnebago County, Wisconsin, a town, U.S.
 * Algoma Boulevard Historic District, Oshkosh, Wisconsin, U.S.
 * Algoma Township, Michigan, U.S.

Other uses

 * SS Algoma, a ship wrecked in 1885 in Lake Superior, U.S.
 * HMCS Algoma, a 1941 Flower-class corvette

title: Algoma


text: Category:New York (state) elections

title: Category:New York (state) elections


text:
Noah (The Bob Seger System album)

Noah is the second studio album by American rock band The Bob Seger System, released in September 1969. Seger was displeased with the album as it was the label's intention to showcase Tom Neme as the voice of the band. Seger contemplated quitting music altogether after this album. It has never been reissued on a legitimate U.S. CD by Capitol and probably never will be, as Seger disavows it. It does, however, contain the Seger title song, "Noah", which was issued as a single in July 1969.

The album features the song "Death Row", which was a holdover from the Ramblin' Gamblin' Man sessions. It was originally issued as the B-side of the single "2 + 2 = ?".

Personnel
'''The Bob Seger System
 * Bob Seger – lead and backing vocals, lead and rhythm guitars
 * Tom Neme – lead and rhythm guitars, backing and lead vocals, piano
 * Bob Schultz – organ, backing vocals, piano, saxophone
 * Dan Honaker – bass, backing and lead vocals
 * Pep Perrine – drums, percussion

Production

 * Engineer: Jim Bruzzese

title: Noah (The Bob Seger System album)


text: Talk:Noah (The Bob Seger System album)

title: Talk:Noah (The Bob Seger System album)


text:
Chinese Orthodox Church

The Chinese Orthodox Church (, Китайская православная церковь) is an autonomous Eastern Orthodox Christian church in China. An organized Orthodox presence was maintained in the region as early as the 17th century as a child of the Russian Orthodox Church, which granted the Chinese Church autonomy in 1957 amidst its ongoing suppression in the Soviet Union.

Earlier forms of Eastern Christianity
Christianity is said to have entered China by the apostle Thomas around the year 68 AD, as part of his mission to India. There is also speculative evidence to suggest the missionary of a few Church of the East Assyrian Christians during the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220AD).

The earliest archeological evidence of Christianity in China, is from the Church of the East in the seventh century. The Eastern Christianity of that period is commemorated by a stele and the Daqin Pagoda of Xi'an. Though it was suppressed in the ninth century, Christianity was reintroduced in the 13th century. It again declined rapidly with the coming of the native Chinese Ming dynasty in the 14th century.

Russian Orthodox Mission
The religious and missionary spirit of the Russian Orthodox church towards China was considerably minimal and was often a low priority compared to strategic, political, and diplomatic interests.

During the 1680s, Siberian Cossacks along with a few Orthodox clerics, created a settlement at Albazin on the Amur River. The Kangxi Emperor considered Albazin within Qing territory so he set out a force of 10,000 troops to assault the Russian garrison there. Most of the Cossacks retreated back to Siberia while 30 joined the Qing army.

After the Treaty of Nerchinsk of 1689, along with other concessions, a biannual Russian caravan was allowed to enter Beijing for trade. These trade caravans would soon lead to it being closely knit with the ecclesiastical Russian mission. The mission was at first meant to cater to the Albazinians in Beijing. In the late 1690s, Peter the Great saw Russian trade in Beijing as a potential method to press for Russian interests in China so he sent an Archimandrite priest to China. He also requested that priest and clerics be trained as missionaries and ordered the Metropolite of Kiev to dispatch two or three monks along with a priest to Beijing so that they can learn Chinese. A Russian-Chinese negotiation in 1713 brought the first archimandrite priests to Beijing to cater to Russian merchants and the Albazinians.

The first mission establishment was begun in 1715 at Beijing by an Orthodox Archimandrite, Hilarion. This mission is first recorded in the Russo-Chinese Treaty of Kyakhta (1727). Under Sava Vladislavich's pressure, the Chinese government conceded to the Russians the right to build an Orthodox chapel at the ambassadorial quarters of Beijing. The mission published four volumes of research in Chinese studies in the 1850s and 1860s. Two clerics became well known for scholarship in the subject, the monk Iakinf and the Archimandrite Palladius, who also compiled a dictionary.

Boxer Rebellion
The Boxer Rebellion of 1898–1900 targeted foreign missionaries and Chinese converts to Christianity. The mission suffered greatly, and the Boxers burned the mission's library in Beijing.

The Orthodox liturgical calendar for June 24 remembers 222 Chinese Orthodox Christians, including Father Mitrophan, who were slaughtered in 1900, as the Holy Martyrs of China.

In spite of the uprising, by 1902, there were 32 Orthodox churches in China with close to 6,000 adherents. The church also ran schools and orphanages.

Leaders of the Russian Mission

 * Father Maxim Leontieff, 1685–1712.
 * Archimandrite Hilarion (Lezhaysky), 1715–1728.
 * Archimandrite Anthony (Platkovsky), 1729–1735.
 * Archimandrite Hilarion (Trusov), 1736–1743.
 * Archimandrite Gervasius (Lentsovsky), 1744—1755
 * Archimandrite Ambrose (Yumatoff), 1755–1771.
 * Archimandrite Nicholas (Tsvet), 1771—1781
 * Archimandrite Joachim (Shishkovsky), 1781—1794
 * Archimandrite Sophronius (Gribovsky), 1794—1807
 * Archimandrite Hyacinth (Bichurin), 1806–1821.
 * Archimandrite Peter (Kamensky), 1821–1830.
 * Archimandrite Benjamin (Morachevich), 1830—1840
 * Archimandrite Polycarp (Tougarinoff), 1840–1849.
 * Archimandrite Palladius (Kafarov), 1849–1859 and 1864–1878.
 * Archimandrite Gurias (Karpoff), 1858–1864.
 * Archimandrite Flavian (Gorodetsky), 1878–1884.
 * Archimandrite Amphilochius (Loutovinoff), 1883–1896.
 * Metropolitan Innocent (Figourovsky). Archimandrite 1897–1901, Bishop of Beijing 1902–1921, Archbishop of Beijing and All-China 1922–1928, Metropolitan 1928–1931.
 * Archbishop Simon (Vinogradov), 1928–1933.
 * Archbishop Victor (Svjatin), 1933—1956

Chinese Orthodox Church
With the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, Archbishop Victor set out ambitious plans to continue the work of the Russian mission and Russian leadership, through the expansion of evangelization operations and the creation of new seminaries. Instead, the Moscow Patriarchate ordered Victor to speed up transition the mission into a Chinese church within ten years. However, in the 1950s, resources were stripped as Russia and China were involved in the Korean War, and China saw an exodus of Russian expatriates. The Moscow Patriarchate formally granted autonomy in 1957 to the Chinese Orthodox Church, but transferred mission properties to the Russian and Chinese governments. While now run by Chinese clergy, the eventual Anti-Rightist Campaign posed a difficult time for all Christians, Orthodox or otherwise, and all public religious activity came to an end by the Cultural Revolution in 1966.

Today
Since the 1980s, the government of the People's Republic of China extends official recognition to five religious communities: Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism (through the Catholic Patriotic Association) and Protestantism (through the Three-Self Patriotic Movement). However, this recognition has not been extended to the Orthodox Church. Nonetheless in the 2010s tentative steps have been taken between China and Russia to revive the Chinese Orthodox Church.

At present, there are only three communities in Mainland China with regular weekly services and resident clergy. The Beijing community meets at the restored Church of the Dormition in the grounds of the Russian Embassy in Dongzhimen; the Shanghai community at the Russian Consulate; and the Church of the Intercession, Harbin, the only one open to Chinese nationals for regular worship. Elsewhere, priestless congregations continue to meet in Northeast China (in Heilongjiang and elsewhere) and in Western China (Xinjiang – Ürümqi and Ghulja) with, apparently, the tacit consent of the government. There are also Orthodox parishes in the Province of Guangdong and in Shanghai; two former Orthodox churches in Shanghai are currently in a process of being returned to the church but no activities are currently held inside them.

In March 2018, the Chinese Orthodox church acquired the government's approval to prepare new priests in Russian theological seminaries.

The Orthodox Church operates relatively freely in Hong Kong, where there are two parishes: Saint Luke Greek Orthodox Cathedral (Eastern Orthodox Metropolitanate of Hong Kong and Southeast Asia under the Ecumenical Patriarchate) and the Russian Orthodox parish of Saints Peter and Paul under the Moscow Patriarchate. There is also a presence in Taiwan (where Archimandrite Jonah George Mourtos leads a mission church).

Orthodox Evenkis
Although many of them have adopted Tibetan Buddhism, the Evenks of both the Russian Federation and China are Orthodox Christian people. They are one of the Asiatic peoples who practice Orthodox Christianity, which they voluntarily adopted. There are also around 3000 Evenks in neighbouring Heilongjiang.

title: Chinese Orthodox Church