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Pearl millet

Pearl millet (Cenchrus americanus, commonly known as the synonym Pennisetum glaucum) is the most widely grown type of millet. It has been grown in Africa and the Indian subcontinent since prehistoric times. The center of diversity, and suggested area of domestication, for the crop is in the Sahel zone of West Africa. Recent archaeobotanical research has confirmed the presence of domesticated pearl millet on the Sahel zone of northern Mali between 2500 and 2000 BC. 2023 was the, declared by the United Nations General Assembly in 2021.

Description
Pearl millet has ovoid grains of 3 – 4 mm length, the largest kernels of all varieties of millet (not including sorghum). These can be nearly white, pale yellow, brown, grey, slate blue or purple. The 1000-seed weight can be anything from 2.5 to 14 g with a mean of 8 g.

The height of the plant ranges from 0.5 – 4 m.

Other languages
Also known as 'Bajra' in Hindi, 'Sajje' in Kannada, 'Kambu' in Tamil, 'Sajjalu' in Telugu, 'Bajeer' in Kumaoni, 'Bajri' in Gujarati and 'Maiwa' in Hausa, 'Mexoeira' in Mozambique, 'Baajri' in Marathi, 'Za' in the Dagbani language of Ghana, 'Zuk' in Tyap of Nigeria, 'Mawele' in Swahili, 'Mwere' in Meru language of Kenya, 'Mahangu' in Kwanyama of Namibia.

Cultivation
Pearl millet is well adapted to growing areas characterized by drought, low soil fertility, low moisture, and high temperature. It performs well in soils with high salinity or low pH. Because of its tolerance to difficult growing conditions, it can be grown in areas where other cereal crops, such as maize or wheat, would not survive. Pearl millet is a summer annual crop well-suited for double cropping and rotations. The grain and forage are valuable as food and feed resources in Africa, Russia, India and China.

Today, pearl millet is grown on over 260,000 km2 of land worldwide. It accounts for about 50% of the total world production of millets.

World production of millets has been stable during the 1980s. According to FAO, 39.4 e6ha of millet were planted in 1987 with an average production of only 704 kg/ha.

Structure and physical properties
Pearl millet varieties from the world collection probably have more variation in physical characteristics than any other millet. Kernel shape has different classifications: obovate, hexagonal, lanceolate, globular and elliptical. In Africa, pearl millet is classified as either globular or lanceolate and hexagonal. Most of the millets are very similar to each other in basic structures, although there are some very specific differences.

Composition
The composition of variety Changara of pearl millet can be affected by both environment and genetics. Pearl millet usually has higher protein and fat contents than sorghum or other millets because the kernel is a naked caryopsis. Values are expressed on a dry matter basis.

Culinary use
Pearl millet is commonly used to make bhakri flatbread. It is also boiled to make a Tamil porridge called kamban choru or kamban koozh.

In Rajasthani cuisine bajre ki khatti rabdi is a traditional dish made with pearl millet flour and yogurt. It is usually made in summers to be served along with meals.

Flatbreads made of pearl millet flour, known as bajhar ji maani or bajre ki roti (बाजरे की रोटी) in Punjab, Rajasthan and Haryana, bajrichi bhakri (बाजरीची भाकरी) in Maharashtra and bajra no rotlo (બાજરા નો રોટલો) in Gujarat, India, are served with various types of kadhi and bhaaji in meals. Bajhar ji maani prepared in Tharparkar, Sindh is served with various types of kadhi and bhaaji.

In Namibia, pearl millet flour is used to make Oshifima, a staple food in northern part of Namibia.

India
India is the largest producer of pearl millet. India began growing pearl millet between 1500 and 1100 BCE. It is currently unknown how it made its way to India, but it likely arrived originally from across Africa, and via the Red Sea during Indus Valley Trade networks. Rajasthan is the highest-producing state in India. The first hybrid of pearl millet developed in India in 1965 is called the HB1.

Sajje is the local name of the pearl millet in Karnataka and is mostly grown in the semiarid districts of North Karnataka. Sajje is milled and used for making flatbread called 'sajje rotti' and is eaten with yennegai (stuffed brinjal) and yogurt.

Kambu is the Tamil name of pearl millet and is a common food across the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is the second important food for Tamil people consumed predominantly in the hot humid summer months from February through May every year. It is made into a gruel and consumed along with buttermilk or consumed as dosa or idly.

Pearl millet is called bajra in Northern Indian states. There was a time when pearl millets along with finger millets and sorghum were the staple food crops in these states but it reduced to a mere cattle fodder crop after the Green Revolution in the 1960s.

Africa
The second largest producer of pearl millet and the first to start cultivation, Africa has been successful in bringing back this lost crop.

Sahel
Pearl millet is an important food across the Sahel region of Africa. It is a main staple (along with sorghum) in a large region of northern Nigeria, Niger, Mali and Burkina Faso. In Nigeria it is usually grown as an intercrop with sorghum and cowpea, the different growth habits, growth period and drought vulnerability of the three crops maximising total productivity and minimising the risk of total crop failure. It is often ground into a flour, rolled into large balls, parboiled, liquefied into a watery paste using fermented milk, and then consumed as a beverage. This beverage, called "fura" in Hausa, is a popular drink in northern Nigeria and southern Niger. Pearl millet is a food widely used in Borno state and its surrounding states, it is the most widely grown and harvested crop. There are many products that are obtained from the processing of the crop.

Namibia
In Namibia, pearl millet is locally known as "mahangu" and is grown mainly in the north of that country, where it is the staple food. In the dry, unpredictable climate of this area it grows better than alternatives such as maize. The regions in which this crop is produced are: Zambezi, Kavango East, Kavango West, Ohangwena, Omusati, Oshana, Oshikoto, and; in parts of the Otjozondjupa region, in the Tsumkwe area.

Mahangu is usually made into a porridge called "oshifima" (or "oshithima"), or fermented to make a drink called "ontaku" or "oshikundu".

Traditionally, the mahangu is pounded with heavy pieces of wood in a 'pounding area'. The floor of the pounding area is covered with a concrete-like coating made from the material of termite mounds. As a result, some sand and grit gets into the pounded mahangu, so products like oshifima are usually swallowed without chewing. After pounding, winnowing may be used to remove the chaff.

Some industrial grain processing facilities now exist, such as those operated by Namib Mills. Efforts are also being made to develop smaller scale processing using food extrusion and other methods. In a food extruder, the mahangu is milled into a paste before being forced through metal die. Products made this way include breakfast cereals, including puffed grains and porridge, pasta shapes, and "rice". Pearl millet is also a vital feedstock for cattle, goats and chickens which can also be explored as an enterprise.

Research and development
Recently more productive varieties of pearl millet have been introduced, enabling farmers to increase production considerably.

To combat the problem of micronutrient malnutrition in Africa and Asia, a study of serving iron-biofortified pearl millets which is bred conventionally without genetic modification to a control group is proved to have higher level of iron absorbance by the group.

Around 1000 pearl millet genotypes (including 31 wild genotypes) have been sequenced, identifying the genetic diversity of this staple crop and aiding breeding to select for particular characteristics. A reference genotype of pearl millet (Tift 23D2B1-P1-P5) has been fully sequenced, which holds around 38,579 genes. Some of these genes are for wax biosynthesis, which is known to be involved in tolerance to abiotic stresses in pearl millet. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics is evaluating crop wild relatives and will introgress abiotic tolerant traits into cultivated genotypes and make them available for pearl millet improvement.

A 2015 study provided a genetic map.

Pests
Insect pests include Anoecia corni, An. cornicola, Anoecia fulviabdominalis, An. vagans, Aphis gossypii, Forda hirsuta, F. orientalis, Geoica utricularia, Hysteroneura setariae, Melanaphis sacchari, Protaphis middletonii, Rhopalosiphum maidis, R. rufiabdominale, Schizaphis graminum, Sipha elegans, Sipha maydis, Sitobion avenae, Sit. leelamaniae, Sit. pauliani, Tetraneura africana, Tetraneura basui, Tetraneura fusiformis, and T. yezoensis.

Africa
The larvae of several insect species, primarily belonging to the orders Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Hemiptera, as well as Orthoptera adults, are persistent pearl millet pests in the Sahel. The following pest species are reported for northern Mali.

 * Coniesta ignefusalis (pearl millet stem-borer; Lepidoptera, Crambidae) attacks pearl millet, and also sorghum and maize, especially in the Sahel. It is the main pearl millet pest in Senegal.
 * Heliocheilus albipunctella (pearl millet head-miner; Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) attacks pearl millet. The larvae bore in a spiral path, destroying florets or grain.
 * Geromyia penniseti (millet grain midge): The larvae eat the developing grain and form white pupal cases attached to the tips of spikelets. Reported losses in Senegal are as high as 90 percent.
 * Pachnoda interrupta (millet beetle)
 * Psalydolytta fusca and Ps. vestita (pearl millet blister beetle; Coleoptera, Meloidae) attack pearl millet. They are major millet pests in Mali.
 * Rhinyptia infuscata (Scarabaeidae, Rutelinae, Anomalini) is a nocturnal beetle, recorded as a locally important pest on millet flowers in Niger. Farmers in Niger often fight the species using fires set at night. It is also reported as sorghum pest in Senegal, and as a pest on maize, where the larvae attack the roots.
 * Sesamia calamistis (pink stem borer), especially in lowland forests. This species and the sugarcane borer (Eldana saccharina) are the primary pests of the pearl millet in Ivory Coast.
 * gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae): millet grain midge (Geromyia penniseti), sorghum midge (Contarinia sorghicola), and African rice gall midge (Orseolia oryzivora).
 * Dysdercus volkeri (cotton-stainer; Hemiptera, Pyrrhocoridae) attacks flowers.

Grasshoppers that frequently attack millets in the Dogon country of Mali are Oedaleus senegalensis, Kraussaria angulifera, Cataloipus cymbiferus, and Diabolocatantops axillaris.

In northern Ghana, Poophilus costalis (spittle bug) is reported as a millet pest, as well as Dysdercus volkeri, Heliocheilus albipunctella, Coniesta ignefusalis, and caterpillars of Amsacta moloneyi and Helicoverpa armigera.

In northern Nigeria, heavy infestations of Hycleus species, including Hycleus terminatus (syn. Mylabris afzelli), Hycleus fimbriatus (syn. Mylabris fimbriatus), Hycleus hermanniae (syn. Coryna hermanniae), and Hycleus chevrolati (syn. Coryna chevrolati), have affected early plantings of pearl millet crops.

Other regions
In South India, pests include the shoot fly Atherigona approximata.

In North America, regular pests include the chinch bug Blissus leucopterus.

title: Pearl millet


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User:Monstrocity

Welcome to my user page! My pseudonym is MonstroCity, and I reside in Miami, Florida, in the United States. I am an avid Wikipedia fan, and I have been a contributor since November 2004.

My main interests include geography, politics, urban planning, transportation (including highways and public transit), financial markets and languages. I am fluent in English and Spanish, and I am proficient in French, Portuguese, and American Sign Language.

Projects I am working on
Currently, my work has consisted of updates to Florida city, county, and CDP articles. Here are some ambitious projects I have undertaken to date:
 * Separating incorporated municipalities from unincorporated CDPs in Florida county articles.
 * Adding county government websites and/or tourism and chamber of commerce links to all 67 Florida county articles, where available. As of December 27, 2004, all 67 county articles have been updated with whatever websites were available to date.
 * Adding city government websites and/or tourism and chamber of commerce links to all 400+ Florida city/town/village articles that currently don't have them.
 * Categorization of Florida by region in the same fashion as the South Florida metropolitan area is organized.
 * Identifying South Florida census-designated places that have become annexed by adjacent municipalities and linking them to their parent cities.

I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Monstrocity


text:
Talk:Christopher Robin Milne

Alan's fears? What fears?
"Alan's fears for Christopher and Lesley's future offspring had proven justified..."

What fears? Was a sentence lost? rjrjr

 * No sentence was lost that I can see. His fear was that the baby would be born deformed or retarded because the couple was so closely related.  It is quite often the case when first cousins procreate that their offspring will be deformed in such a manner.  Dismas|(talk) 14:44, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

Those are the obvious fears, but the phrasing implies that we've already been told that Alan in particular was worried about this. We haven't been. rjrjr
 * I removed that sentence. There's no justification here; cerebral palsy is not hereditary and so could not have resulted from inbreeding. Serendipodous 09:44, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

Lots of citations needed
This makes some quite serious claims about the life a living person, and lacks any verifiable sources for this information. If someone could add some it would be a good idea. 82.69.80.47 (talk) 22:33, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Tagged. Cleaning up my To Do list just now I found that in Jan '07 I was going to tag this as self-published too, though I'm not sure why any more. Should that be done?

Birthdate change
To the editor changing the birth info: all the references I see in a quick Google search show August 21st, not 23rd, as his birthday... do you have some reference for this change? Pinball22 19:17, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

A pacifist who attempted to join the army?
This article states that time with his father led to pacifism, but later states he attempted to join the army for WWII. . . —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.233.84.130 (talk) 10:08, 24 August 2008 (UTC)

His Mother's Name?
Her married name was Dorothy ("Daphne") Milne. What is the basis of giving her maiden name here? HedgeFundBob (talk) 14:18, 7 December 2009 (UTC)
 * It's common practice in Wikipedia to give a woman's birth name, to help identify her. I've fixed the presentation to include both last names. - Jason A. Quest (talk) 18:25, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

Bear at a Zoo in London?
Winnie-the-Pooh's Winnipeg connection began in August of 1914 when a young veterinarian, Lieutenant Harry Colebourn, enlisted in the Canadian army. Harry's regiment, The Fort Garry Horse, soon left Winnipeg on a train bound for Quebec. The train stopped at White River, Ontario. There, on the station platform, Harry spotted a hunter carrying an orphaned black bear cub. Harry bought the cub for twenty dollars and they continued on their journey together. Harry named the bear Winnie after his current home base of Winnipeg. The two soon became good friends and after a short stay in Quebec they sailed for England. While camped at Salisbury Plain Winnie stayed in Colebourn's tent, slept under his cot, and became a favourite of the Canadian soldiers. When Lt. Colebourn's unit was ordered to the battlefields of France, Harry placed Winnie in the London Zoo for safekeeping. Four years later, in 1918, Harry returned to London to take Winnie home. It didn't take long for Harry to realize what a hit Winnie was with the children. Harry donated Winnie to the London Zoo permanently and Harry, now a Captain, returned to Winnipeg alone. DJNelson7 (talk) 13:24, 21 August 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by DJNelson7 (talk • contribs) 11:37, 21 August 2011 (UTC)

Request for Comments
There is an RfC on the question of using "Religion: None" vs. "Religion: None (atheist)" in the infobox on this and other similar pages.

The RfC is at Template talk:Infobox person.

Please help us determine consensus on this issue. --Guy Macon (talk) 00:08, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

Significance of Dartmouth Community Bookstore?
Was Milne connected to the Dartmouth Community Bookstore after his bookstore closed? There is no indication that he was in the article. If he was, how he was involved should be noted. If he was not involved with the non-profit store, the sentence relating to it should be removed as not significant to the subject of the article. Nutster (talk) 12:57, 1 April 2016 (UTC)

Relationship with his mother
The article states, "Following her husband's death, Daphne Milne had little further contact with her son, did not see him during the last 15 years of her life and refused to see him on her deathbed". Is there a reason for this rift? After all, it was his father that he said "had got to where he was by climbing upon my infant shoulders, that he had filched from me my good name and had left me with the empty fame of being his son", and yet they seem to have remained on good terms. JezGrove (talk) 20:00, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

Clare Milne
The article says that CRM's daughter, Clare, "led several charitable campaigns for the condition [CP], including the Clare Milne Trust." I don't know what evidence exists for the rest of the 'several' campaigns, but the Clare Milne Trust's website (cited as a reference) says that the trust was set up by Clare's mother and her solicitor (who was also Clare's 'guardian'). Although Clare's money was used, there's no suggestion that she had any active part in the decision. The website's description of Clare, and the way decisions were made on her behalf during her life, suggests that, sadly, she didn't have the mental capacity to found trusts or undertake campaigning, so it seems misleading to say she did. Does anybody know any more about Clare and what she actually achieved? A quick Google search revealed no more detail. Paulwilliam2 (talk) 08:55, 18 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Don't assume that her need for a guardian indicates that she was unable to have "any active part in the decision". Cerebral palsy is a physical disability, not a cognitive one. Someone with a severe case (especially 50 years ago) may be unable to get an education or the life experiences to manage their own affairs, but still be able to take a meaningful and active role in decision making. That being said, it's entirely possible that she also had substantial cognitive impairment, or that she was not actively involved in the charitable work done in her name. Absent sources that clearly indicate a leadership role, I agree that we should not say that she had one. -Jason A. Quest (talk) 15:52, 18 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Christopher Robin Milne


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Talk:Joe Johnson (basketball)/to do

To do

 * Article contains small-ish POV problems.
 * Writing not encyclopaedic.
 * Needs wikification.
 * Needs Picture.
 * 2nd paragraph under College career makes no sense referring him as Johns and U of L at H is not descriptive enough. Possible vandalism.
 * Above 3 added by Animated Cascade «[[User talk:Animated Cascade|talk»]] 07:38, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Joe Johnson (basketball)/to do


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Cardiogenic shock

Cardiogenic shock is a medical emergency resulting from inadequate blood flow to the body's organs due to the dysfunction of the heart. Signs of inadequate blood flow include low urine production (<30 mL/hour), cool arms and legs, and decreased level of consciousness. People may also have a severely low blood pressure and heart rate.

Causes of cardiogenic shock include cardiomyopathic, arrhythmic, and mechanical. Cardiogenic shock is most commonly precipitated by a heart attack.

Treatment of cardiogenic shock depends on the cause with the initial goals to improve blood flow to the body. If cardiogenic shock is due to a heart attack, attempts to open the heart's arteries may help. Certain medications, such as dobutamine and milrinone, improve the heart's ability to contract and can also be used. When these measures fail, more advanced options such as mechanical support devices or heart transplantation can be pursued.

Cardiogenic shock is a condition that is difficult to fully reverse even with an early diagnosis. However, early initiation of treatment may improve outcomes. Care should also be directed to any other organs that are affected by this lack of blood flow (e.g., dialysis for the kidneys, mechanical ventilation for lung dysfunction).

Mortality rates for cardiogenic shock are high but have been decreasing in the United States. This is likely due to its rapid identification and treatment in recent decades. Some studies have suggested that this is possibly related to new treatment advances. Nonetheless, the mortality rates remain high and multi-organ failure in addition to cardiogenic shock is associated with higher rates of mortality.

Signs and symptoms
The presentation is the following:
 * Anxiety, restlessness, altered mental state due to decreased blood flow to the brain, and subsequent hypoxia.
 * Low blood pressure due to decrease in cardiac output.
 * A rapid, weak, thready pulse due to decreased circulation.
 * Cool, clammy, and mottled skin (cutis marmorata) due to vasoconstriction and subsequent hypoperfusion of the skin.
 * Distended jugular veins due to increased jugular venous pressure.
 * Oliguria (low urine output) due to inadequate blood flow to the kidneys if the condition persists.
 * Rapid and deeper respirations (hyperventilation) due to sympathetic nervous system stimulation and acidosis.
 * Fatigue due to hyperventilation and hypoxia.
 * Absent pulse in fast and abnormal heart rhythms.
 * Pulmonary edema, involving fluid back-up in the lungs due to insufficient pumping of the heart.
 * Loss of consciousness, coma, and persistent vegetative state due to loss of blood and oxygen to the brain.

Causes
Cardiogenic shock is caused by the failure of the heart to pump effectively. It is due to damage to the heart muscle, most often from a heart attack or myocardial contusion. Other causes include abnormal heart rhythms, cardiomyopathy, heart valve problems, ventricular outflow obstruction (i.e. systolic anterior motion in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), or ventriculoseptal defects. It can also be caused by a sudden decompressurization (e.g. in an aircraft), where air bubbles are released into the bloodstream (Henry's law), causing heart failure.

Electrocardiogram
An electrocardiogram helps to establish the exact diagnosis and guides treatment, it may reveal:
 * Abnormal heart rhythms, such as bradycardia (slowed heart rate)
 * myocardial infarction (ST-elevation MI, STEMI, is usually more dangerous than non-STEMIs; MIs that affect the ventricles are usually more dangerous than those that affect the atria; those affecting the left side of the heart, especially the left ventricle, are usually more dangerous than those affecting the right side, unless that side is severely compromised)
 * Signs of cardiomyopathy

Echocardiography
Echocardiography may show poor ventricular function, signs of PED, rupture of the interventricular septum, an obstructed outflow tract or cardiomyopathy.

Swan-Ganz catheter
The Swan–Ganz catheter or pulmonary artery catheter may assist in the diagnosis by providing information on the hemodynamics.

Biopsy
When cardiomyopathy is suspected as the cause of cardiogenic shock, a biopsy of heart muscle may be needed to make a definite diagnosis.

Cardiac index
If the cardiac index falls acutely below 2.2 L/min/m2, the person may be in cardiogenic shock.

Medication Therapy
Initial management of cardiogenic shock involves medications to augment the heart's function. Certain medications, such as dobutamine or milrinone, enhance the heart's pumping function and are often used first-line to improve the low blood pressure and delivery of blood to the rest of the body.

Patients who have cardiogenic shock unresponsive to medication therapy may be candidates for more advanced options such as a mechanical circulatory support device. There are several types of mechanical circulatory support devices, the most common being intra-aortic balloon pumps, left ventricular assist devices, and venous-arterial extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation. It is important to note, however, that none of these devices are permanent solutions but rather are a bridge to a more definitive therapy such as a heart transplantion.

Intra-aortic balloon pump
An intra-aortic balloon pump is a device placed by a cardiac surgeon into the descending aorta. It consists of a small balloon filled with helium that helps the heart to pump blood by inflating during diastole (the resting phase of the cardiac cycle) and deflating during systole (the contracting phase of the cardiac cycle). Intra-aortic balloon pumps do not directly increase cardiac output, but importantly, they decrease the amount of pressure that the heart has to pump against, thereby allowing for more blood flow and oxygen to be delivered to the heart muscles.

Intra-aortic balloon pumps have been around for several decades and are most commonly used first-line of the mechanical circulatory support devices. However, it is not without its potential complications. Potential complications include injury upon insertion of the device to arteries supplying the spinal cord as well as risks with any procedure such as bleeding and infection. Contraindications to intra-aortic balloon pumps include aortic dissection, an abdominal aortic aneurysm, and irregularly fast heart beats.

Left ventricular assist device
There are several types of left ventricular assist devices, with the Impella devices being some of the most common. This device is placed by a cardiac surgeon into the left ventricle of the heart and essentially acts as a pump, drawing blood from the left ventricle and pushing it out into the aorta so that it could be delivered to the rest of the body. Unlike intra-aortic balloon pumps, the Impella acts independently from the cardiac cycle. It can be adjusted to pump at faster rates to take blood out of the left ventricle and into the aorta more quickly, thereby decreasing the amount of work that the left ventricle has to do. While the Impella is commonly used in settings of cardiogenic shock, some evidence suggests that it placing an Impella device in an acute cardiogenic shock setting, where the heart fails to pump suddenly, may not necessarily guarantee increased survival.

Potential complications specific to an Impella device include hemolysis (shearing of the blood cells) as well as the formation of lesions on the heart valve, namely the mitral or aortic valves. Contraindications to an Impella device insertion include aortic dissection, the presence of a mechanical aortic valve, and the presence of a blood clot in the left ventricle.

Venous-arterial extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation
Venous-arterial extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation is a circuit support system that is meant to replace the function of the heart as it heals or awaits a more definitive treatment. It consists of a circuit that essentially drains blood from a patient's venous system, runs that blood through a circulator which adds oxygen and removes carbon dioxide, and ultimately returns blood back into the patient's arterial system where the newly oxygenated blood can be delivered to the person's organs. Some evidence suggests that the combination of both an Impella device and Venous-arterial extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation may decrease the heart's pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, thereby decreasing the amount of stress on the cardiac muscles.

Because Venous-arterial extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation is a very invasive procedure, it is not usually the first-line chosen device for patients in cardiogenic shock and is often reserved only for patients who have not only cardiogenic shock but also respiratory failure and/or concomitant cardiac arrest.

Complications of venous-arterial extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation include an air embolism, pulmonary edema, and blood clotting in the circuit machine.

title: Cardiogenic shock


text:
Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's team squads

The following is a list of squads for each nation competing in men's football at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. Each nation must submit a squad of 18 players, 15 of whom must be born on or after 1 January 1981, and three of whom can be older dispensation players.

Greece
The following is the Greek squad in the men's football tournament of the 2004 Summer Olympics.

Head coach: Stratos Apostolakis

* Over-aged player.

Mali
The following is the Malian squad in the men's football tournament of the 2004 Summer Olympics.

Head coach: Cheick Oumar Kone

* Over-aged player.

Mexico
The following is the Mexican squad in the men's football tournament of the 2004 Summer Olympics.

Head coach: 🇦🇷 Ricardo La Volpe

* Over-aged player.

South Korea
The following is the South Korean squad in the men's football tournament of the 2004 Summer Olympics.

Head coach: Kim Ho-kon

* Over-aged player.

Ghana
The following is the Ghanaian squad in the men's football tournament of the 2004 Summer Olympics.

Head coach: Mariano Barreto

* Over-aged player.

Italy
The following is the Italian squad in the men's football tournament of the 2004 Summer Olympics.

Head coach: Claudio Gentile

* Over-aged player.

Japan
The following is the Japanese squad in the men's football tournament of the 2004 Summer Olympics.

Head coach: Masakuni Yamamoto

* Over-aged player.

Paraguay
The following is the Paraguayan squad in the men's football tournament of the 2004 Summer Olympics.

Head coach: Carlos Jara Saguier

* Over-aged player.

Argentina

The following is the Argentine squad in the men's football tournament of the 2004 Summer Olympics.

Head coach: Marcelo Bielsa

* Over-aged player.

 * Notes:

Australia

The following is the Australian squad in the men's football tournament of the 2004 Summer Olympics.

Head coach: Frank Farina

* Over-aged player.

Serbia and Montenegro

The following is the Serbia and Montenegrin squad in the men's football tournament of the 2004 Summer Olympics.

Head coach: Vladimir Petrović

* Over-aged player.

Tunisia

The following is the Tunisian squad in the men's football tournament of the 2004 Summer Olympics.

Head coach: Khemais Labidi

* Over-aged player.

Costa Rica

The following is the Costa Rican squad in the men's football tournament of the 2004 Summer Olympics.

Head coach: Rodrigo Kenton

* Over-aged player.

Iraq

The following is the Iraqi squad in the men's football tournament of the 2004 Summer Olympics.

Head coach: Adnan Hamad

* Over-aged player.

Morocco

The following is the Moroccan squad in the men's football tournament of the 2004 Summer Olympics.

Head coach: Mustapha Madih

* Over-aged player.

Portugal

The following is the Portuguese squad in the men's football tournament of the 2004 Summer Olympics.

Head coach: José Romão

* Over-aged player.


text:
Talk:Mark Geragos

Misc comments
About time someone created an article for this guy. Unsigned comment by 68.90.48.87

 * Mark is the man - Unsigned comment by 68.49.92.170.

 * With all due respect, this is Wikipedia, not an online forum. Stiles 06:50, 25 March 2006(UTC)

What was he doing in Torrance, CA Superior Court 6/18/06?

Geragos is an idiot. He said Paris Hilton would get bail and be out of jail today (6/11/07)

Armenian?
Is he actually an Armenian, or an Armenian-American? Badgerpatrol 03:48, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

 * He was born in the United States, and his background is Armenian. That makes him an Armenian-American.  Check citation #7 for the source on this.  Stiles 03:54, 20 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes- so he is Armenian-American or American, not Armenian. Badgerpatrol 04:01, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

An anonymous user added the following line:

 * A statement that foreshadowed the death sentence given to Geragos's other defendent, Scott Peterson.

I do not contest that the death penalty was given to Scott Peterson. I do have a problem with the claim that Michael Jackson's statement "My life is at stake..." forshadowed Scott Peterson's death penalty. It doesn't really matter what any of us believe. What does matter is that we can reference everything we state, unless of course, the claim is public knowledge. Now, the claim that the above line was foreshadowed by Michael Jackson's statement is clearly not public knowledge (remember, events such as September 11th constitute public knowledge, not this). So, please, reference any and all statements/claims. Stiles 00:07, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

Does the article REALLY need to say he's an Armenian-American, like twelve times in the first paragraph? 67.167.189.167 (talk) 18:53, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Sorry. I didn't notice this discussion until I recently removed "Armenian" as a descriptor for "American." He is an American and has, to my knowledge, never been an Armenian. BeenAroundAWhile (talk) 20:12, 20 April 2019 (UTC)

Name
It occured to me that Mr. Geragos may have changed his name, since Geragos is not an Armenian surname, but Geragosian is. Does anyone know if (and why) Mr. Geragos changed his name? W00d 20:47, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

He probably change his name for the same reason that he is a SPAMer! This should tell you sonething about what kind of lawyer he is. Audioace 22:00, 6 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I remember looking this up once and finding the family surname was originally Geragosian or something similar ..... but it could have been changed a generation earlier, as well. — Soap — 21:58, 30 July 2022 (UTC)

His Statement About Michael Jackson
We have Michael Jackson's statement about Mark Geragos. Geragos, for his part, was dismayed by Jackson moonwalking on top of an SUV outside the Santa Barbara courthouse in 2004. I'm adding that. Earththings (talk) 07:13, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

Unsourced materal
I removed quite a bit of unsourced material. Can citations be included for any readdition of material? TIA --Threeafterthree (talk) 01:17, 14 February 2011 (UTC)

Kurt Naegle section
I've removed this section. It was written in very biased language and the cited article didn't support any of the statements in the paragraph except for the fact that Geragos' client was convicted. Moreover, the case itself doesn't seem notable: The client isn't a celebrity, like some of Geragos' other clients, and it seems to be a relatively straightforward drunk driving case. Stile4aly (talk) 17:40, 28 August 2013 (UTC)

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Two things
Ok, there's a new TV show (pilot?) on ABC (loosely?) based on Gerago's life. http://deadline.com/2016/02/daniel-sunjata-cast-abc-notorious-drama-pilot-mark-geragos-1201700845/ http://variety.com/2016/tv/news/piper-perabo-notorious-abc-pilot-cast-1201720786/ There's also an opportunity for a cross-link from Notorious (2016 TV series).

Secondly, Geragos has a weekly podcast with Adam Corolla. Not really deserving of it's own section, but maybe worth a mention under legal commentary? 65.174.253.2 (talk) 01:59, 3 June 2016 (UTC)

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Bloating Notable clients section
I've just pared this section down. There is no reason to add any but either very high-profile or legal landmark cases to such a section. Lindenfall (talk) 22:20, 6 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mark Geragos


text:
Talk:Decimal hour

This entire article is full of factual errors. It is not even "metric hour", but decimal hour. It was never part of the metric system, nor ever called "metric hour". The 1793 decree stated:

 * XI. Le jour, de minuit à minuit, est divisé en dix parties ou heures, chaque partie en dix autres, ainsi de suite jusqu’à la plus petite portion commensurable de la durée. La centième partie de l'heure est appelée minute décimale; la centième partie de la minute est appelée seconde décimale.

Translated:

 * XI. The day, from midnight to midnight, is divided into ten parts or hours, each part into ten others, so on until the smallest measurable portion of the interval. The hundredth part of the hour is called decimal minute; the hundredth part of the minute is called decimal second.

And what does "The name of the unit was something like Chron" refer to? Clearly the writer has no clue. It also has nothing to do with the grade. -- Nike 07:43, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Moved
I moved "Metric hour" to "Decimal hour" and edited it accordingly. However, I am thinking that this does not warrant a seperate article, as it's already covered in the decimal time article. -- Nike 05:33, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Decimal hour


text:
Neurogenic shock

Neurogenic shock is a distributive type of shock resulting in hypotension (low blood pressure), often with bradycardia (slowed heart rate), caused by disruption of autonomic nervous system pathways. It can occur after damage to the central nervous system, such as spinal cord injury and traumatic brain injury. Low blood pressure occurs due to decreased systemic vascular resistance resulting from loss of sympathetic tone, which in turn causes blood pooling within the extremities rather than being available to circulate throughout the body. The slowed heart rate results from a vagal response unopposed by a sympathetic nervous system (SNS) response. Such cardiovascular instability is exacerbated by hypoxia, or treatment with endotracheal or endobronchial suction used to prevent pulmonary aspiration.

Neurogenic shock is a potentially devastating complication, leading to organ dysfunction and death if not promptly recognized and treated.

It is not to be confused with spinal shock, which is not circulatory in nature.

Signs and symptoms

 * Instantaneous hypotension due to sudden, massive vasodilation and decrease in blood oxygen saturation
 * Warm, flushed skin due to vasodilation and inability to constrict blood vessels.
 * Priapism, also due to vasodilation
 * The patient will be unable to mount a tachycardic response, and often becomes bradycardic
 * If the injury is below cervical vertebrae C5, the patient will exhibit diaphragmatic breathing due to loss of nervous control of the intercostal muscles (which are required for thoracic breathing).
 * If the injury is above C3, the patient will go into respiratory arrest immediately following the injury, due to loss of nervous control of the diaphragm.

Causes
Neurogenic shock can result from severe central nervous system damage (brain injury, cervical or high thoracic spinal cord). In simple terms, the trauma causes a sudden loss of background SNS stimulation to the blood vessels. This causes them to relax (vasodilation) resulting in a sudden decrease in blood pressure (secondary to a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance).

Neurogenic shock results from damage to the spinal cord above the level of the 6th thoracic vertebra. It is found in about half of people who have a spinal cord injury within the first 24 hours, and usually persists for one to three weeks.

Neurogenic shock may be caused by severe brain injury. However, in case of increased intracranial pressure, according to the Cushing triad, blood pressure will be increased (unless decreased from hypovolemia), respirations will be irregular and bradycardia will also be a feature.

Pathophysiology
Neurogenic shock is diagnosed based on a person's symptoms and blood pressure levels.

Neurogenic shock's presentation includes:

- warm and pink skin

- labored breathing

- low blood pressure

- dizziness

- anxiety

- history of trauma to head or upper spine.

- if the injury is to the head or neck, hoarseness or difficulty swallowing may occur.

Symptoms of neurogenic shock are differentiated from other forms of shock by the lack of signs of the compensatory mechanisms triggered by the SNS, usual in other forms of shock. 'This SNS response is effected via release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, and signs of these neurotransmitters' activity are typically absent where shock is of neurogenic origin. Those signs - in non-neurogenic shock - would include: tachycardia (increased heart rate), tachypnea (increased breath rate), sweating, and adaptive vasoconstriction, which serves in other forms of shock to shunt blood away from the extremities and to the vital organs.

In neurogenic shock, the body loses its ability to activate the SNS so that only parasympathetic tone remains. The resulting loss of sympathetic tone, which plays a major role in other forms of shock, is responsible for the unique and atypical features mentioned above.

Treatment

 * Dopamine (Intropin) is often used in combination with other vasopressors. Dopamine is not the best first-line vasopressor as it increases the chance of arrhythmias.
 * Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH) is another vasopressor often used in combination with norepinephrine
 * Certain vasopressors (ephedrine, norepinephrine). Norepinephrine(Levophed) is the most common first-line vasopressor for people who don't respond well to other hypotension treatments such as fluid resuscitation.
 * Atropine is administered for bradycardia. It acts on the vagus nerve so it's not effective in heart transplant patients as the vagus nerve is severed during the transplant

title: Neurogenic shock


text: User:Astudent

title: User:Astudent


text:
Order of the Precious Crown

The Order of the Precious Crown (宝冠章) is a Japanese order, established on January 4, 1888 by Emperor Meiji of Japan. Since the Order of the Rising Sun at that time was an Order for men, it was established as an Order for women. Originally the order had five classes, but on April 13, 1896 the sixth, seventh and eighth classes were added.

Until 2003, the Order of the Precious Crown, which had eight ranks, was equivalent to the Order of the Rising Sun and was awarded as a women-only version of the Order of the Rising Sun. In 2003 the Order of the Rising Sun, previously reserved for males, was made available to women as well, and the lowest two classes of the Order of the Precious Crown were abolished. Since 2003, the Order of the Precious Crown has only been given to female members of the imperial family in Japan and female members of the royal family in foreign countries only when it is specifically necessary for diplomatic ceremonies.

Since 2003, the number representing rank included in the official name of the order was removed. As a result, although numbers representing ranks were sometimes used in common names, the formal names such as 勲一等 (Kun-ittō, First Class) and 勲二等 (Kun-nitō, Second Class) were no longer used.

In 1907, medals of the Order of the Crown were bestowed upon twenty-nine Americans who participated in the Russo-Japanese War. This unusual list of honorees was composed of ten women volunteer nurses and nineteen correspondents of American newspapers.

Classes
The first class honour has been typically conferred to female royalty. As originally conceived, the order consisted of eight classes. Unlike its European counterparts, the order may be conferred posthumously.

The badge of the order is a gold oval medallion, with floral designs at its four ends; at the centre is an ancient Japanese crown on a blue background, surrounded by a red ring. It is suspended from a smaller badge, its design varies according to class, on a ribbon in yellow with red stripes near the borders, as a sash on the right shoulder for the 1st class, as a bow on the left shoulder for the other classes.

The star of the order, which is worn only by the first class, has five rays studded with pearls, with floral designs between the rays. The central disc features a Ho-o or phoenix on a blue background, surrounded by a red ring emblazoned with a laurel wreath.

The medal for the 6th and 7th classes are golden bronze. The face presents the crossed flags of Japan and the Emperor, both of which are surmounted by the Rising Sun. The obverse presents a conventional monumental shaft, which is flanked by a branch of laurel and a branch of palm.

First Class, Grand Cordon

 * Empress Michiko
 * Empress Masako
 * Kiko, Crown Princess Akishino
 * Aiko, Princess Toshi
 * Mako Komuro
 * Princess Kako of Akishino
 * Sayako Kuroda
 * Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
 * Princess Salote Mafile'o Pilolevu Tuita of Tonga
 * Queen Margrethe II of Denmark
 * Empress Farah of Iran
 * Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother
 * Queen Paola of Belgium
 * Queen Silvia of Sweden
 * Queen Sirikit of Thailand
 * Queen Máxima of the Netherlands
 * Queen Mathilde of Belgium
 * Queen Sofia of Spain
 * Queen Letizia of Spain
 * Queen Sonja of Norway
 * Crown Princess Bangja of Korea
 * Tuanku Budriah of Malaysia
 * Tuanku Bainun of Malaysia
 * Tuanku Fauziah of Malaysia
 * Tuanku Hajah Haminah Hamidun of Malaysia
 * Princess Madeleine of Sweden
 * Princess Srinagarindra of Thailand
 * Princess Sirindhorn of Thailand
 * Princess Chulabhorn of Thailand
 * Anne, Princess Royal
 * Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon
 * Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy
 * Mette-Marit, Crown Princess of Norway
 * Princess Basma bint Talal of Jordan
 * Empress Dowager Cixi of China
 * Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii
 * Queen Kapiolani of Hawaii
 * Te Atairangikaahu
 * Princess Sarvath al-Hassan of Jordan
 * Princess Alia bint Hussein of Jordan
 * Baroness Margaret Thatcher (former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom)
 * Imelda Romualdez Marcos, former First Lady of the Philippines
 * Siti Hartinah, former First Lady of the Republic of Indonesia

Second Class, Peony

 * Noriko Senge
 * Princess Tsuguko of Takamado
 * Ayako Moriya
 * Princess Akiko of Mikasa
 * Princess Yōko of Mikasa
 * Princess Alexandra of Luxembourg

Third Class, Butterfly

 * Joyce Ackroyd, 1918–1991
 * Eleanor Jorden, 1920–2009
 * Elizabeth Gray Vining, 1902–1999
 * Lillian Moller Gilbreth, 1878–1972, Honor conferred 1968
 * Yoshi Kasuya, 1894–1994
 * Chika Kuroda, 1884–1968
 * Sugino Yoshiko, 1892-1978
 * Kono Yasui, 1880–1971
 * Toshiko Yuasa, 1909–1980

Fourth Class, Wistaria

 * Michiyo Tsujimura (1888-1969)
 * Yvette Giraud (1916-2014)
 * Machiko Hasegawa (1920–1992)
 * Cayetana Fitz-James Stuart, 18th Duchess of Alba (1926–2014)

Fifth Class, Apricot

 * Fujima Kansuma (1918-2023)

Sixth Class, Ripple

 * Anita Newcomb McGee,(1864–1940)
 * Fumiko Kouka Mikami, (1913-2019)

Seventh Class

 * William H. Brill, (1871–1923), Associated Press and Reuter's Telegram Company
 * Richard Harding Davis, (1864–1916) Collier's Weekly
 * John Fox, Jr., (1862–1919) Scribner's Magazine
 * George Kennan, (1845–1924) The Outlook
 * Jack London, (1876–1916) Hearst papers.
 * Frederick Palmer, (1873–1958) Collier's Weekly
 * Herbert Ponting, photographer and journalist, (1870–1935), Harper's Weekly
 * James Ricalton, (c. 1844 – 1929) Travel Magazine
 * Grant Wallace, (1867–1954) San Francisco Bulletin
 * Niijima Yae, (1845–1932)

title: Order of the Precious Crown