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Kashmir Shaivism

The Kashmir Shaivism tradition, also called Trika Shaivism, is a non-dualist branch of Shaiva-Shakta Tantra Hinduism that originated in Kashmir after 850 CE. In its place of origin in Kashmir, this tradition is commonly referred to as "Kashmiri Shaivism." It later spread beyond Kashmir, with its great scholar Abhinavagupta calling it "Trika" (meaning "the Trinity"). It particularly flourished in the states of Odisha and Maharashtra. Defining features of the Trika tradition are its idealistic and monistic Pratyabhijna ("Recognition") philosophical system, propounded by Utpaladeva (c. 925–975 CE) and Abhinavagupta (c. 975–1025 CE), and the centrality of the three goddesses Parā, Parāparā, and Aparā.

While Trika draws from numerous Shaiva texts, such as the Shaiva Agamas and the Shaiva and Shakta Tantras, its major scriptural authorities are the Mālinīvijayottara Tantra, the Siddhayogeśvarīmata and the Anāmaka-tantra. Its main exegetical works are those of Abhinavagupta, such as the Tantraloka, Mālinīślokavārttika, and Tantrasāra which are formally an exegesis of the Mālinīvijayottara Tantra, although they also drew heavily on the Kali-based Krama subcategory of the Kulamārga. Another important text of this tradition is the Vijñāna-bhairava-tantra, which focuses on outlining numerous yogic practices.

Kashmir Shaivism shares many parallel points of agreement with the lesser known monistic school of Shaiva Siddhanta as expressed in the Tirumantiram of Tirumular. While also sharing this branch's disagreements with the dualistic Shaiva Siddhanta school of Meykandar, which scholars consider to be normative tantric Shaivism. The doctrines of Kashmir Shaivism were very influential on the Shri Vidya tradition of Shaktism.

Non-dual Shaiva influences
Dating from around 850–900 CE, the Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta and Spandakārikā were a Śākta Śaiva attempt to present a non-dualistic metaphysics and gnostic soteriology in opposition to the dualistic exegesis of the Meykandar school of Shaiva Siddhanta, while remaining in agreement with the monistic view expressed in the older and arguably more authoritative Tirumantiram of Tirumular. The Shiva Sutras appeared to Vasugupta in a dream, according to tradition. The Spandakārikā was either composed by Vasugupta or his student Bhatta Kallata.

Main theologians of the Trika
The main theologians of Trika Shaivism are those of the Pratyabhijñā (Recognition) school of Shaiva non-dual philosophy.

Somānanda was the first theologian of the recognition school and his main work is the Śivadr̥ṣṭi. However, it was Utpaladeva (c. 900–950 CE) and Abhinavagupta (c. 950–1016, a student of one of Utpaladeva's disciples) who developed the system into its mature form. Utpaladeva's Īśvarapratyabhijñā-kārikā (Verses on the Recognition of the Lord) is one of the main works of this tradition, however, it was overshadowed by the work of Abhinavagupta. Thus, according to Torella, "Abhinavagupta's Īśvarapratyabhijñā-Vimarśinī and the Īśvarapratyabhijñā-Vivr̥ti-Vimarśinī (a commentary on Utpaladeva’s Vivr̥ti on his own Īśvarapratyabhijñā-Kārikā and Vr̥tti) are generally considered the standard works of the Pratyabhijñā." Torella notes however, that "most of Abhinavagupta’s ideas are just the development of what Utpaladeva had already expounded."

Abhinavagupta's tantric synthesis was the most influential form of the tantric "Kashmir Shaivism". It brought together elements from the following sampradayas (lineages): the Trika, Pratyabhijñā, the Kaula Krama, and Shaiva Siddhantha.

Abhinavagupta wrote numerous other works on Shaiva tantra. His Tantrāloka, Mālinīślokavārttika, and Tantrasāra are mainly based on the Mālinīvijayottara Tantra, although they also drew heavily on the Kali-based Krama tradition of the Kulamārga. Abhinavagupta's Tantrāloka is probably his most important work. According to Christopher Wallis, "the Tantrāloka is a monumental explication of Tantrik practice and philosophy in over 5,800 verses. It is encyclopedic in its scope though not organized like an encyclopedia, for instead of just enumerating theories and practices, it brings them all into a coherent framework in which everything has its place and everything makes sense in relation to the whole."

One of Abhinavagupta's students, Kshemaraja, is also an important figure who authored the short Pratyabhijñāhṛdayam (The Essence of Self-Recognition).

Jayaratha (1150–1200 CE) wrote a commentary on the Tantrāloka.

Decline and influence
The institutional basis and support for the Trika Shaiva tradition mostly disappeared with Islamic conquests of the region leading to the slow decline and contraction of the tradition (thought it continued to be passed down and practiced well into the 18th century).

However, the Trika Shaiva tradition was widely influential on other Indian religious traditions, particularly the Haṭha-yoga traditions, such as the Nāth school of Gorakṣa and the Dasanāmī Sannyāsins, which draw much of their yogic practice and ideas of the subtle body from Trika scriptures.

Trika Shaivism also strongly influenced Shakta traditions. Śrīvidyā, which likely originated in Kashmir, relied heavily on Trika philosophy in its seminal explanatory texts like the Yoginīhṛdaya and received commentaries by Trika masters like Jayaratha, and became an influential tradition on mainstream Hinduism, flourishing with institutional support in South India. Another tantric tradition influenced by Trika was the post-classical Kalikula (family of Kali) form of Shaktism which is influential in northeastern Indian regions, such as in Bengal, Orissa, and Nepāl.

20th-century revival
The number of major writers and publications declined after approximately the 14th century, although writers such as Rājānaka Ānanda Kavi, Anantaśaktipāda, Śivopādhyāya, Bhāskarakaṇṭha, Rājānaka Lakṣmīrāma, and Harabhaṭṭa Śāstri continued to produce important commentaries on core Kashmiri Shaiva texts into the early 20th century. In the 20th century Swami Lakshman Joo, a Kashmiri Hindu, helped revive both the scholarly and yogic streams of Kashmir Shaivism. His contribution is enormous. He inspired a generation of scholars who made Kashmir Shaivism a legitimate field of inquiry within the academy.

Acharya Rameshwar Jha, a disciple of Lakshman Joo, is often credited with establishing the roots of Kashmir Shaivism in the learned community of Varanasi. Rameshwar Jha with his creativity, familiarity with the ancient texts and personal experiences provided access to concepts of non-dualistic Kashmir Shaivism. His writings of Sanskrit verses have been published as the books Purnta Pratyabhijna and Samit Swatantram.

Swami Muktananda, although not belonging to the direct lineage of Kashmir Shaivism, felt an affinity for the teachings, validated by his own direct experience. He encouraged Motilal Banarsidass to publish Jaideva Singh's translations of Shiva Sutras, Pratyabhijnahrdayam, Spanda Karikas and Vijnana Bhairava, all of which Singh studied in-depth with Lakshman Joo. He also introduced Kashmir Shaivism to a wide audience of western meditators through his writings and lectures on the subject.

The Vijnana Bhairava Tantra, a chapter from the Rudrayamala Tantra, was introduced to the West by Paul Reps, a student of Lakshman Joo, by including an English translation in his book Zen Flesh, Zen Bones. Cast as a discourse between the god Shiva and his consort Devi or Shakti, it presents 112 meditation methods or centering techniques (dharanas).

Prerequisites
Since it is a Tantric tradition, a necessary prerequisite for Trika yogic practice is tantric initiation or dīkṣa. The Mālinīvijayottara Tantra, a major source for the tradition, states: "Without initiation there is no qualification for Saiva yoga."

Although domesticated into a householder tradition, Kashmir Shaivism recommended a secret performance of Kaula practices in keeping with its tantric heritage. This was to be done in seclusion from public eyes, therefore allowing one to maintain the appearance of a typical householder.

The Mālinīvijayottara Tantra outlines several major preconditions conferring the authority to practice Yoga:"The Yogin who has mastered posture [and] the mind, controlled the vital energy, subdued the senses, conquered sleep, overcome anger and agitation and who is free from deceit, should practise Yoga in a quiet, pleasant cave or earthen hut free from all obstructions."

Six laksyas
Numerous texts, including the Mālinīvijayottara Tantra, outline six "varieties of the goal" or "targets" (laksyas) of yogic practices, mainly.

 * Contemplation of void (vyoman), which bestows all Perfections and liberation.
 * Contemplation of body (vigraha), which bestows the coercion of deities like Visnu or Rudra
 * Contemplation of drop (bindu), which bestows sovereignty over Yogins
 * Contemplation of phoneme (varna), which bestows the Perfection of mantra
 * Contemplation of world (bhuvana), which bestows regency of a world
 * Contemplation of resonance (dhvani), which leads to isolation and liberation.

Each of the goals is given specific practices. For example, in the Mālinīvijayottara Tantra, perfecting the Void is said to be reached by moving the mind and vital energy (through the use of mantric resonance) through two groups of three voids located along the central channel (which are also correlated with a system of six cakras), reaching to the region above the head. Different scriptures outline different lists of voids and their location in the body. The practice of resonance deals with various sounds, and how the yogin is to focus on a specific sound and its resonance within the central channel.

Regarding mantra, different Saiva tantras and texts teach different mantras and bija (seed) mantras. These mantras are generally intoned (uccara) at different positions in the body along the central channel (such as at the heart, throat, forehead, etc). The Diksottara tantra for example, teaches the intonation of the  'haṃsá' mantra, beginning in the heart region. Some texts teach "a lineal ascent through the heart, the throat, the palate, and the forehead, culminating with the transcendence of sonic experience as the 'Limit of Resonance' [nadanta] in the cranium is pierced." Other texts have the mantric energy follow the breath through the nose outside the body.

Yogas
Since Trika Saivism is a synthesis of various traditions, its texts, such as the Mālinīvijayottara Tantra, distinguish four different types of Saiva yoga. According to Somadev Vasudeva:"Two of these have been assimilated from the Tantras of the Siddhanta which has two schools, one monist and the other dualist [1.] the conquest of the reality-levels (tattvajaya), which has been transformed into a radically new type of yoga based on the fifteen levels of the apperceptive process, and, [2.] the yoga of six ancillaries (ṣaḍaṅgayoga), which is taken over with only minor variations. The third is [3.] Kaula yoga with its system of four immersions (pindastha, padastha, rupastha and rupatita) and as a fourth may be counted [4.] the three types of possession (avesa) taught in the Trika (anava, sakta and sambhava) which are innovatively presented as three meta-categories under which all yogic exercises can be subsumed."

The conquest of the tattvas
In Trika texts as well as those of other Saiva schools, it is common to formulate the process of yogic conquest of the realities (tattvas) as a series of Dhāraṇās. Dhāraṇās ("introspections") are "complex sequences of meditative practices" which focus on a series of contemplations on a "hierarchy of apperceptive states designed to bring him ever closer to the level of the highest perceiver, Shiva". This hierarchy of meditations and visualizations is based on the Shaiva schema of the 36 tattvas. According to Somadev Vasudeva, the procedure can be described thus:"The Yogin starts by disengaging the mind from external stimuli and then fixes it upon a tattva [such as earth, water, etc] with ever deepening absorption. He attains an internalised vision of the reality, and compares it with his authoritative, scriptural knowledge of the highest level. By means of tarka [reasoning], an ontological value judgement, he discerns that it is different from Siva and thus transcends it. The Yogin’s ascension inevitably brings him to the reality which is Siva at the zenith of all paths."One example of the meditation on the tattva of buddhi (intellect) from the Mālinīvijayottara Tantra is as follows:"Contemplating in the heart a lotus with colour of the rising sun, with eight petals containing the [eight bhavas] of dharma etc., and a pericarp, [the Yogin’s] intellect becomes steady within a month. Within six he becomes a knower of the Sruti (scripture). Within three years he himself becomes an author of scriptures. Contemplating his own [physical] form there (in the heart), he perceives the principle of intellect."

Yoga with six ancillaries (ṣaḍaṅgayoga)
Trika yoga generally uses a system of six "limbs" or ancillaries (aṅgas) which are seen as subsidiary to the principle conquest of the tattvas. This system was adopted from the Saiva Siddhanta as well as in Pāñcarātra scriptures such as the Jayakhyasamhita. According to Somadeva Vasudeva, in Trika, ṣaḍaṅgayoga "is to be understood as a collection of helpful or even indispensable yogic techniques which enable the prospective Yogin to achieve the required “coalescence” or “identification” (tanmayata, lit. the “consisting-of-that-ness”) with the object of contemplation."

These six subsidiaries as outlined by the Mālinīvijayottara Tantra, are:

 * Prānāyāma, control of the "breath" or "vital energy" (prana), includes various forms of inhalation, exhalation, kumbhakah, as well as proper posture (asana), defined as either lotus or some other seated posture. The practice of udgatha (eruption) is also taught, which is a "process whereby the retained air is propelled or launched upwards from the navel-region so that it strikes the head."
 * Dhāranā (fixations or concentrations). Four are taught: Fire, Water, Sovereign (defined as bindu and nada) and Nectar (fixating upon a lunar disc above the cranium which drops divine nectar into the central channel, filling the body).
 * Tarka (judgment or reasoning), defined as "the ascertainment of what is to be cultivated and what is to be rejected."
 * Dhyāna (meditation), defined as "attentive contemplation on Siva" or "a focused stream of awareness directed towards the judged and thus accepted reality".
 * Samādhi, a deep absorption that arises from prolonged (the text states 48 minutes) and "firmly established" meditation, in which the yogin "becomes as though non-existent. He reaches a state where he becomes as though dead, from which even intense sounds and other such [sense data] cannot rouse him."
 * Pratyāhāra, complete withdrawal of the mind

In the Mālinīvijayottara Tantra (chapter 17), these are seen as six progressive steps leading to complete identification with the object of meditation. It is important to note that different Saiva tantras outline different forms of the six ancillaries, and "there is no consensus as to their order, their definition or even their subdivisions" among the different tantras.

Yogic suicide
The practice of utkrānti, also called "yogic suicide", is also taught in nondual Saiva Tantras like the Mālinīvijayottara Tantra, which uses the vital energy rising through the central channel to end one's life and proceed to union with Siva. The text says that this abandonment of the body can be done at the end of one's life, after one has mastered all that one has set out to achieve.

Four upayas
To attain moksha, sādhana or spiritual practice is necessary. Trika texts describes four major methods (upāya-s) to reach total immersion (samāveśa) into the divine:

 * 1) āṇavopāya, the embodied method or individual method, which emphasizes various techniques which make use of the body, breath, centers of the subtle body (chakras) and the imagination and focuses on the power of action (kriyā-śakti). This method includes most of the usual methods of classical yoga: meditation (dhyāna), prāṇāyāma, visualization, mantras, meditation with seed syllables (varṇa-uccāra), activation of the subtle centers, yogic postures (karaṇa), and meditative ritual performance (pūjā). In the Tantrasāra, Abhinavagupta defines this method as "that which is applied in the spheres of imagination, prāṇa, the body, and external things. There is absolutely no difference among these methods in that the practice of any of them may yield the supreme fruit."
 * 2) śāktopāya, the empowered method, or the method of the power of consciousness. Wallis writes that this method "focuses on shedding mental constructs that are not in alignment with reality (aśuddha-vikalpas) and the cultivation of wisdom, that is, modes of understanding that are in alignment with reality (śuddha-vikalpas)." This method mainly works with the power of knowing (jñāna-śakti) and emphasizes the use of the power of cognition to purify and refine our mental constructs (vikalpas) and the energy of our thoughts and emotions so as to bring them into full alignment with the truth.
 * 3) śāmbhavopāya, the method of consciousness. This method is a way of grace which works with the pure will (icchā-śakti) of consciousness. It is a non-conceptual (nirvikalpa) method, which may work with everyday experiences, bija mantras or certain simple techniques to access the divine, such as gazing at the sky, becoming absorbed in a powerful emotion or the practice of "catching hold of the first moment of perception." Wallis defines it as an "immediate intuitive apprehension of the total flow of reality as it is, free of thought-constructs, dawning within awareness already whole and complete (pūrṇa), even if momentary."
 * 4) anupāya the ‘methodless’ method. Wallis explains this as a very rare case in which "a śaktipāta awakening so intense that one single teaching from a true guru is enough to stabilize that awakening permanently."

Influences and major exponents
The philosophy of Trika Shaivism is called Pratyabhijñā (Recognition) and it is mainly a nondual idealistic and monistic theism. It is influenced by the works of the Saiva monist Vasugupta (c. 800–850 CE) and numerous Śaiva scriptures such as the Agamas, the Śaiva-Śakta Tantras and Kaula scriptures. The Trika philosophical system of Pratyabhijñā is presented in the works of Somānanda (c. 900–950 CE), Utpaladeva (c. 925–975 CE), Abhinavagupta (c. 975–1025 CE) and his disciple Kṣemarāja (c. 1000–1050).

According to Christopher Wallis, the philosophy of Trika Shaivism also adopted much of the ontological apparatus of Sāṅkhya school, such as its system of 25 tattvas, expanding and reinterpreting it for its own system of 36 tattvas. Another important source for Trika is the monistic theism of Tirumular's Shaiva Siddhanta. The Saivas also were influenced by the work of Buddhist Vijñānavāda and Pramanavada philosophers, especially Dharmakirti, who was also taken as a primary non-Saiva opponent and whose doctrines were sometimes absorbed into the Pratyabhijñā system.

Metaphysics and theology
The philosophy of Recognition, as outlined by thinkers like Utpaladeva, teaches that though the identity of all souls is one with God (Isvara) or Shiva (which is the single reality, Being and absolute consciousness), they have forgotten this due to Maya or ignorance. However, through knowledge one can recognize one's authentic divine nature and become a liberated being. Another important element of Trika theology is the active and dynamic nature of consciousness, which is described as the spontaneous vibration or pulsation (spanda) of universal consciousness, which is an expression of its freedom (svātāntrya) and power (Śakti). Because of this, though this philosophy is idealist, it affirms the reality of the world and everyday life, as a real transformation (parinama), manifestation or appearance (ābhāsa) of the absolute consciousness. The Absolute is also explained through the metaphor of light (prakasha) and reflective awareness (vimarsha).

The basic theology of Trika's Recognition school, as summarised by Utpaladeva in Īśvarapratyabhijñā-Kārikā (Verses on the Recognition of the Lord), is as follows:"There is only one Great Divinity, and it is the very inner Self of all creatures. It embodies itself as all things, full of unbroken awareness of three kinds: “I”, “this”, and “I am this.”"The school's theology is expressed by Kshemaraja in his Pratyabhijñā-hṛdayam (The Heart of Recognition) as follows:"Awareness, free and independent, is the cause of the performance of everything. She unfolds the universe through Her own will and on Her own canvas. It becomes diverse by its division into mutually adapting subjects and objects. The individual conscious being, as a condensation of universal Awareness, embodies the entire universe in a microcosmic form."The modern scholar-practitioner of Shaiva Tantra, Christopher Wallis outlines the metaphysics and theology of non-dual Shaiva Tantra thus:

"All that exists, throughout all time and beyond, is one infinite divine Consciousness, free and blissful, which projects within the field of its awareness a vast multiplicity of apparently differentiated subjects and objects: each object an actualization of a timeless potentiality inherent in the Light of Consciousness, and each subject the same plus a contracted locus of self-awareness. This creation, a divine play, is the result of the natural impulse within Consciousness to express the totality of its self-knowledge in action, an impulse arising from love. The unbounded Light of Consciousness contracts into finite embodied loci of awareness out of its own free will. When those finite subjects then identify with the limited and circumscribed cognitions and circumstances that make up this phase of their existence, instead of identifying with the transindividual overarching pulsation of pure Awareness that is their true nature, they experience what they call “suffering.” To rectify this, some feel an inner urge to take up the path of spiritual gnosis and yogic practice, the purpose of which is to undermine their misidentification and directly reveal within the immediacy of awareness the fact that the divine powers of Consciousness, Bliss, Willing, Knowing, and Acting comprise the totality of individual experience as well—thereby triggering a recognition that one’s real identity is that of the highest Divinity, the Whole in every part. This experiential gnosis is repeated and reinforced through various means until it becomes the nonconceptual ground of every moment of experience, and one’s contracted sense of self and separation from the Whole is finally annihilated in the incandescent radiance of the complete expansion into perfect wholeness. Then one’s perception fully encompasses the reality of a universe dancing ecstatically in the animation of its completely perfect divinity."This single supreme reality is also sometimes referred to as Aham (the heart). It is considered to be a non-dual interior space of Śiva, support for the entire manifestation, supreme mantra and identical to Śakti. In Kashmir Shivaism the highest form of Kali is Kalasankarshini who is nirguna, formless and is often show as a flame above the head of Guhya Kali the highest gross form of Kali. In Nepali Newar arts, both form and formless attributes of Kali is often envisioned in a single art form showing the hierarchy of goddesses in their tradition. In it Guhyakali image culminates in flame, with Kalasankarshini, the highest deity in the sequence, who consumes time within herself and is envisioned solely as a flame representing Para Brahman.

Theology of the Triad or Trika
An important element of Trika Shaivism's theology is the use of several triads (symbolized by the trident) in its theological explanation of the Absolute reality. There are several triads described in Trika theology of thinkers like Abhinavagupta including,

 * Three realities: Śiva (The Supreme Transcendent), Śakti (immanent in creation, the link between the macrocosm and the microcosm) and (the limited atom or individual, a complete image of the ultimate, the microcosm of the macrocosm).
 * Three powers: Icchā (will), Jñāna (knowledge), and Kriyā (action). Any action of any being, including God, is subject to these three fundamental energies. Iccha or Will is in the beginning of any action or process. Jnana by which the action is clearly expressed first in mind, before it is put into action. Then comes Kriyā, the energy of the action.
 * Three entities: pati (Śiva), pāśa (bondage), paśu (soul)
 * Shakti Triad or Three Goddesses: Parā (transcendence), Parāparā (transcendence and immanence) and Aparā śakti (immanence)
 * Three aspects of knowledge: Pramatri (the subject), Pramana (the modalities of knowledge) and Prameya - the known object
 * Three states of consciousness: jāgrat (waking), svapna (dreaming) and suṣupti (dreamless sleep)
 * Three-fold spiritual path: Śāmbhavopāya, Śāktopāya and
 * The transcendental triad: prakāśa (luminosity), vimarśa (dynamics),sāmarasya (homogeneous bliss)
 * The three impurities: āṇavamala, māyā, karma.Vimarśa

Comparison with Advaita Vedanta
Kashmir Shaivism and Advaita Vedanta are both non-dual philosophies that give primacy to Universal Consciousness (Chit or Brahman). In Kashmir Shaivism, all things are a manifestation of this Consciousness, but the phenomenal world (Śakti) is real, existing and having its being in Consciousness (Chit). Jaideva Singh lists seven key differences between Advaita and Kashmir Shaivism, where in Kashmir Shaivism, (1) the absolute is active, rather than passive, (2) the world is a real appearance, rather than false (mithyā), (3) grace (anugraha) has a soteriological role, (4) the ātman is present in the human body in dynamic form (spaṇda), rather than as a pure witness (sākṣī), (5) the methods include all four upāyas, rather than solely emphasize Śāmbhavopāya, (6) ignorance (avidyā) is uprooted at both intellectual (bauddha) and personal (paurusha) levels, rather than just the intellectual level, and (7) liberation (muktī) is not an isolation from the world (kaivalya) but an integration into world which appears as Shiva.

Texts
According to Mark S. G. Dyczkowski, Kashmiri Trika Shaivism looks to three scriptures "as its primary authorities", the Mālinīvijayottara Tantra, the Siddhayogeśvarīmata and the Anāmaka-tantra.

As a monistic tantric system, Trika Shaivism, as it is also known, draws teachings from shrutis, such as the monistic Bhairava Tantras, Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta, and also a unique version of the Bhagavad Gita which has a commentary by Abhinavagupta, known as the Gitartha Samgraha. Teachings are also drawn from the Tantrāloka of Abhinavagupta, prominent among a vast body of smritis employed by Kashmir Shaivism.

In general, the whole written tradition of Shaivism can be divided in three fundamental parts: Āgama Śāstra, Spanda Śāstra and Pratyabhijñā Śāstra.

1. Āgama Śāstra are those writings that are considered as being a direct revelation from Siva. These writings were first communicated orally, from the master to the worthy disciple. They include essential works such as ', ', ', ', ', ', Shiva Sutras (Kashmir Shaivism) and others. There are also numerous commentaries to these works,  having most of them.

2. ', the main work of which is ' of Bhatta Kallata, a disciple of Vasugupta, with its many commentaries. Out of them, two are of major importance: ' (this commentary talks only about the first verses of '), and  (which is a commentary of the complete text).

3. Pratyabhijñā Śāstra are those writings which have mainly a metaphysical content. Due to their extremely high spiritual and intellectual level, this part of the written tradition of Shaivism is the least accessible for the uninitiated. Nevertheless, this corpus of writings refers to the simplest and most direct modality of spiritual realization. Pratyabhijñā means "recognition" and refers to the spontaneous recognition of the divine nature hidden in each human being (atman). The most important works in this category are: ', the fundamental work of Utpaladeva, and ', a commentary to .  means in fact the direct recognition of the Lord (Īśvara) as identical to one's Heart. Before Utpaladeva, his master Somānanda wrote  (The Vision of Siva), a devotional poem written on multiple levels of meaning.

title: Kashmir Shaivism


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Talk:James R. Bath

Attribution
It wouldn't terribly surprise me to know that Bush I recruited Bath into the CIA, but this needs to be attributed; just saying "it has been reported" isn't good enough. --Treybien 12:25, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

Connection?
Anyone working on this article know if there is a family connection between James Reynolds Bath and Mercer Reynolds? Arminius 21:34, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Attribution Continued
Jim being family, I can tell you for a fact that he was recruited by Bush 1 to serve in the CIA. In a CIA book, there is a chapter entitled "CIA takes a Bath" in which it describes some of JB's involvement. Queenie3086 (talk) 18:14, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

Is he notable??
Is everyone who Bush knows notable? I know there are allegations around all this, but it seems tenditous to have an article on this guy. 12.5.61.130 (talk) 19:08, 20 November 2008 (UTC)
 * He is notable as a director of the now defunct ICCB, once the world's 7th largest bank, and bankers to terrorist groups. The bank was forcefully shut down. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Credit_and_Commerce_International#Former_directors)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Totsubo (talk • contribs) 11:56, 14 January 2013 (UTC)

bin Laden
Merely mentioning Bath's association with the bin Laden family and his being investigated by FinCEN along with a Bush son and referring readers to books written by this and that author is a TOTAL WikiCopout. This man was obviously a large part of GW Bush's National Guard service and later business dealings so the info needs to be available ON his Wiki page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by RealNaturopath (talk • contribs) 07:08, 2 September 2010 (UTC)

Protecting the Gulf Coast
As an Guard vet who skipped NO drills in my 6 years, I had to chuckle at that phrase. I don't know what kind of unit he was in, but the average soldier or airman would never dream of "skipping" even a single drill--let alone two years' worth as W. reportedly did (Beth Lester (May 3, 2004). "Gaps Remain In Bush Guard Service". CBS News. Retrieved 2012-10-22.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.92.99.145 (talk) 20:21, 29 June 2015 (UTC)

In need of a total rewrite, notability a big question
The article's sourcing, style, and content are totally inadequate and massively depressing. Who says that Bath was a director of BCCI? This was the very first thing put in the article in 2004. In fact, this was almost the only thing in the article, and it is still being mentioned as Bath's claim to notability.

The source listed in 2004 was The Modern History Project. This site still says: "Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) (Director of, dates uncertain)". It lists only two sources, both of which it says are from 2002. One is an article by Frances Richard, "Toward a Diagram of Mark Lombardi". The original page now has a Russian language messages that says "Site www.wburg.com not configured on the server"; the robot.txt forbids crawling, so it's not on archive.org, either. I found what appears to be copy of the article on a site that Wikipedia blocks for copyright violations (search for Frances Richard, "Toward a Diagram of Mark Lombardi" and mark_lombard3.html); in this version of the page Richard says "Although Bath was not personally implicated in the BCCI fiasco..." No need to cite more. Nowhere does Richard say that Bath was a director of BCCI.

The second article was a columbus live article that is long gone and untraceable even through archive.org, but the MHP mentions that it was by Bob Fitrakis. A google search on Fitrakis and Bath turned up an article by Fitrakis called On Bush, drugs and hypocrisy from 2004; same author, same subject, possibly same article (it mentions events in 2002, may be a reposting). In this article Fitrakis says, "James R. Bath was an investor in George W.'s Arbusto Oil Company. Bath was also an investor in BCCI." No need to cite more. Nowhere does Fitrakis say that Bath was a director of BCCI. (Fitrakis also provides no source for his claim that Bath "invested" in BCCI.)

Yet BCCI is an over-documented event. There were no fewer than four books written about it, plus the Kerry-Brown report. Bath is not mentioned in Adams and Frantz's book on BCCI, A Full Service Bank. He is not mentioned in Dirty Money, a revised U.S. edition of the UK book Bankrupt, by Nick Kochan and Bob Whittington. He is not mentioned in the Kerry-Brown report on BCCI, despite Fitrakis, who seems to be saying there is something about him in there.

The article cites a 2001 story in Time by Jonathan Beaty, who also wrote a book about BCCI (The Outlaw Bank); in both the article and the book, Beaty merely says that Bath was an "acquaintance" of a BCCI director. Nowhere does he say Bath was a director of BCCI. The same for Gurwin and Truell's book on BCCI, False Profits. In none of these books anywhere is it ever claimed that Bath was a director of BCCI, or even invested in BCCI, only that he did business with Khaled bin Mahfouz, who was indeed a director of BCCI.

To know a director and to be a director are two different things. To confuse these two completely different things is impossible, yet this claim has been in the article since 2004. More than ten years is ridiculous. I have deleted the claim. Put it back and you damn well better have a source, and it better not be MHP, or NDDB, or an article about the art of Mark Lombardi. Just too much. Rgr09 (talk) 18:27, 17 October 2015 (UTC)

Claim that Bath was employed by CIA and Salem Bin Laden
These were simply mentioned as facts in the info box and sourced to a link on cbc that no longer exists. This is unacceptable sourcing practice. Both claims are disputed and must be discussed, not just stuck into the infobox with non-existent sources. Rgr09 (talk) 00:44, 18 October 2015 (UTC)

See also section
There are no sources for Bath having an interest in, holding a position in, or having been employed by BCCI. I have removed this see also. Nor is there any explanation why there is a link to the article on Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden. Bath is not mentioned in that article. Rgr09 (talk) 01:00, 18 October 2015 (UTC)

content-free links
Bath's birthdate originally had a link to http://www.publicbackgroundchecks.com, which returned "nothing found". In fact, the lookup was originally performed with the birthdate as a variable, so that whatever this was, it wasn't a source for Bath's birthdate. Rgr09 (talk) 01:26, 18 October 2015 (UTC)

Bath's background and national guard service
The article's biography section originally stated: Bath, a native of Natchitoches, Louisiana, moved to Houston in 1965 at age 29 to join the Texas Air National Guard, where he became friends with George W. Bush. In 1972, he and Bush were both suspended from flying for failing to show up for a scheduled physical exam.

The article gave as the source for ALL of this an article in the NY Times on Michael Moore's film Farenheit 9/11. This article gives no personal information on Bath at all, but does mention that both Bath and Bush were suspended from flying for the National guard in 1972 because they failed to show up for a scheduled physical exam. According to the article, the point of this in Moore's movie is that this information was released twice, by the air force and the White House. However, the White House release expunged Bath's name from the copy of the records it released. Although the article doesn't spell it out, my impression is that Moore treats this as proof that Bush attempted to disguise his 'ties' with Bath, in order to disguise his financial ties with Saudi financiers, such as Khalid bin Mahfouz, and also allegedly with Salem Bin-laden, a half brother of Osama Bin-laden. I have not seen Moore's movie so if I am mistaken correct me.

Whatever the point, it cannot be made by just dropping in this mention of suspension for flying, which is literally a 'no head and no tail' comment. I've removed it for now. If it is to be used to make the points mentioned above, these have to be spelled out, and put in some sort of rational order with a reasonable connection to the rest of the article, and given a real source. Bush's alleged connections with Saudi businessmen through Bath are vaguely mentioned at the end of the article. That will have to do for now. If someone wants to work this up, go ahead, I can see people are just panting to improve the article. I'll continue looking at it as well, now that I understand the background.

Anyway, at this point not only is Bath's birthdate unsourced, his birth in Natchitoches, Louisiana is unsourced, and his move to Houston in 1965 unsourced. I find it unbelievable that Bath moved to Houston just to join the Texas Air National Guard, so I want a source for that too. That Bath became friends with Bush in the Texas Air National Guard is unsourced as well. I am also curious, since Bush is 10 years younger than Bath, how they were even in the Texas Air National Guard at the same time. Rgr09 (talk) 05:20, 18 October 2015 (UTC)

More on Bath's background
I should not have written so quickly. The sentence discussed above as I finally edited it was: Bath, a native of Natchitoches, Louisiana, moved to Houston in 1965 at age 29 to join the Texas Air National Guard, where he became friends with George W. Bush. The very next sentence says: In the late 1960s, after working for Atlantic Aviation, Bath moved to Houston and became an aircraft broker. This is sourced to Craig Unger's Book The House of Bush. Looking it up, both sentences come from Unger's book, page 19, except that the mention of becoming friends with George W. Bush is not there. I find this whole thing incomprehensible. Craig Unger has a reputation as a good investigative reporter, so it is disappointing to find this kind of bad copy editing in a published book of his. As I said above, I find it hard to understand why Bath would move to Texas just to join the Air National Guard. Was he working for Atlantic Aviation when he joined the national guard? The book says Atlantic Aviation was in Delaware. Did he quit the national guard, go to Delaware, work for Atlantic Aviation, then quit Atlantic and move back to Houston? Did he then go back to the national guard and start flying again, where he met George W. Bush? This failure to spell out connections is bad for anyone who wants to use Unger's book as a source. For now, I will put Unger's name at the front of this, skip the mention of moving to Houston in 65 order to join the air guard, and go with the rest. If anyone can untangle this knot, please leave a note here explaining what's gone wrong. Rgr09 (talk) 05:44, 18 October 2015 (UTC)

Structure and source
Have restructured article so it is not just a random set of sentences, but there is not much material to make an article from. In the new section on Bath biography, sources a mess, parts of the article copied verbatim out of Beaty article, yet it was not listed as the source for them, while material sourced to Beaty actually does not appear in his article. Beaty actually dates to 1991, even though Time magazine's website says it is from 2001. This is the second article I've found where Time's website has been off by over 10 years, be careful those of you using the website.

It looks like there are even more contradictions between the Beaty story and the already contradictory claims of Ungar. I question whether this stuff is even worth keeping in the article; if there is no reliable (non-contradictory) information, I firmly believe that silence is better. Of course many people writing for Wikipedia have a different attitude.

I put the material on Southwest Airport Services into another section; this was merged from a separate article on SAS, but it was only a few sentences, and there are possibly still more contradictions waiting. Anyway, there seems to be no reason to separate this from the other stuff in the biography section, so I will merge the two, after which there will probably be only one sentence left from the original article on SAS. Really, why bother merging? It just made even more of a mess of the Bath article. In such cases I urge those discussing 'to keep or not to keep' to consider this. Merging can and does damage the destination article when a trivial or troubled source article is inserted into it. People who vote to merge should bear some responsibility for fixing this.

The third section is absurd. Instead of doing the work of writing the article, these books are just tossed in with the claim that Bath's relationship with x, y, and z are discussed in. Some of this stuff looks like book spam to me, and some of it has gotten highly negative reviews, such as Baker and Palast. I'll try to do something, but it won't be much. Rgr09 (talk) 11:22, 18 October 2015 (UTC)

 * I agree with you. This is a WP:BLP, so WP:REDFLAG claims need to be addressed carefully. If there are reliable secondary sources discussing the specific claims of Baker, Moore, etc. then maybe that material could be mentioned here. Primary sourced claims should likely go. - Location (talk) 18:14, 18 October 2015 (UTC)

Bath and Salem bin Laden
There are a number of sources for the Bath's relationship with the bin Laden family. The best documented and most widely reviewed books I have found are Steve Coll's book on the bin Laden family, and Craig Unger's book on the Saudis and the Bushes. Based on these, I have put Bath's business relation with Salem bin Laden back in the article and added it to the lead, since this is the real reason Bath is viewed as notable.

I took out a paragraph on a company Bath supposedly started in the Cayman Islands since it was totally unsourced. I also have no idea why it was in there in the first place. My feeling now is that this article is essentially a very bloated footnote to one claim about George W. Bush's business ties: that Bush did business with Salem bin Laden. I haven't yet tracked this down to a particular person, and the history of this kind of stuff is often very obscure; perhaps it is not relevant who first said it. Why it matters is also a question I have trouble answering. Unger is probably the most prominent critic of Bush's relationship with the Saudis, so I'll try to something there. Rgr09 (talk) 06:32, 21 October 2015 (UTC)

More revisions
I have dropped Southwest Air Services from the article. I don't see any notability in it at all. Please leave a note here if you know of a reason why it should be included in the article. I have also put the key claim about Bath into the article with the best sources I could find. If there are problems with this, please leave a note here. I have deleted all the anti-Bush screeds from the article, including Moore's Fahrenheit 9/11. This article is not the place for a reading list of books about George Bush. Rgr09 (talk) 04:18, 25 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on James R. Bath. Please take a moment to review my edit. You may add after the link to keep me from modifying it, if I keep adding bad data, but formatting bugs should be reported instead. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether, but should be used as a last resort. I made the following changes:
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/conspiracytheories/saudi.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 11:07, 31 March 2016 (UTC)

Bath and Charles White
I have sourced the claim that Mafhouz and Bin Laden invested in Arbusto Energy to a former partner of James Bath, Charles White. White made this claim to several reporters. The most detailed version I have found was on the CBC show which is now cited in the article. White's claim was examined in several books, which I have also now cited in article, including Steve Coll's The Bin Ladens, and Craig Unger's House of Bush, House of Saud. Both reject the claim as having unsupported. Rgr09 (talk) 12:22, 6 July 2016 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:James R. Bath


text:
Vladimír Neff

Vladimír Neff (13 June 1909, Prague – 2 July 1983, Prague) was a popular Czech writer and translator. He wrote numerous historical novels, political satires and parodies on criminal stories and adventure tales.

He is known for his historical novels, especially the pentalogy Reasonable marriages, Emperor's violets, Mean blood, The happy widow and The royal charioteer (Sňatky z rozumu, Císařské fialky, Zlá krev, Veselá vdova a Královský vozataj) and the satirical pseudo-historical trilogy depicting the travels and adventures of an imaginary nobleman Petr Kukaň z Kukaně (Peter Coop from Coop) consisting of the books Queens have no legs, The ring of the Borgias and The beautiful sorceress (Královny nemají nohy, Prsten Borgiů a Krásná čarodějka).

He was the father of the contemporary publicist and science-fiction writer Ondřej Neff.

title: Vladimír Neff


text:
List of rock formations in the United States

The following is a partial list of rock formations in the United States, organized by state.

Arizona

 * Antelope Canyon
 * Canyon de Chelly National Monument
 * Spider Rock
 * Capitol Butte
 * Cathedral Rock, Red Rock State Park, Sedona
 * Cathedral Rock (Coconino County, Arizona)
 * Chaistla Butte
 * Chiricahua National Monument
 * Big Balanced Rock
 * Duck on a Rock
 * Mushroom Rock
 * Natural Bridge
 * Organ Pipe
 * Pinnacle Balanced Rock
 * Punch and Judy
 * Sea Captain
 * Church Rock
 * Comb Ridge
 * Coyote Buttes
 * The Wave
 * Grand Canyon
 * Angels Gate
 * Angels Window
 * Apollo Temple
 * Brahma Temple
 * Buddha Temple
 * Cheops Pyramid
 * Chuar Butte
 * Coronado Butte
 * Deva Temple
 * Dox Castle
 * Explorers Monument
 * Gunther Castle
 * Holy Grail Temple
 * Horseshoe Mesa
 * Manu Temple
 * Marsh Butte
 * Mount Hayden
 * Mount Sinyella
 * O'Neill Butte
 * Shiva Temple
 * Sinking Ship
 * Tower of Ra
 * Tower of Set
 * Vishnu Temple
 * Wotans Throne
 * Zoroaster Temple
 * Numerous other named buttes, mesas, and "temples"
 * Hole-in-the-Rock, Papago Park, Phoenix
 * LeChee Rock
 * Monument Valley
 * Hunts Mesa
 * Merrick Butte
 * The Mitten Buttes
 * North Window
 * Three Sisters
 * The Thumb
 * Totem Pole
 * Owl Rock
 * Petrified Forest National Park
 * Agate Bridge
 * Phallic Rock
 * Square Butte
 * Tonto Natural Bridge
 * Tower Butte
 * Weaver Needle, Superstition Mountains
 * Window Rock

California

 * Alabama Hills
 * Mobius Arch
 * Shark Fin
 * Bald Rock Dome
 * Bird Rock
 * Buttermilk Country
 * Calaveras Dome
 * Castle Crags
 * Castro Rocks
 * Charlotte Dome, Kings Canyon National Park
 * Death Valley National Park
 * The Grandstand
 * Manly Beacon
 * Zabriskie Point
 * Devils Postpile
 * Eagle Rock, Los Angeles
 * Eagle Rock, Pacific Crest Trail
 * Elephants Playground
 * Frog Woman Rock
 * Giant Rock
 * Goat Buttes
 * Gull Rock
 * Indian Rock, Indian Rock Park
 * Joshua Tree National Park
 * Skull Rock
 * Lover's Leap
 * Mono Lake Tufa State Natural Reserve
 * Moro Rock, Sequoia National Park
 * Morro Rock
 * Mussel Rock
 * Nine Sisters (aka "The Morros"), San Luis Obispo
 * Pinnacles National Park
 * Potato Chip Rock
 * Rainbow Basin
 * Red Rock Canyon
 * Robbers Roost
 * San Pedro Rock
 * Santee Boulders
 * Scotia Bluffs
 * Seal Rocks (San Francisco, California)
 * Seal Rock (San Mateo County, California)
 * Sears Rock
 * Stoney Point
 * Suicide Rock
 * Sutter Buttes
 * Tahquitz Rock
 * Trona Pinnacles
 * Vasquez Rocks
 * Yosemite National Park
 * Cathedral Rocks
 * Clouds Rest
 * El Capitan
 * Glacier Point
 * Half Dome
 * Kolana Rock
 * Leaning Tower
 * Lembert Dome
 * Little Devils Postpile
 * Lost Arrow Spire
 * Royal Arches
 * Sentinel Rock
 * Three Brothers

Colorado

 * Castle Rock
 * Chimney Rock
 * Chimney Rock (Jackson Butte)
 * Colorado National Monument
 * Coke Ovens
 * Devils Kitchen
 * Grand View Spire
 * Independence Monument
 * Kissing Couple
 * Pipe Organ
 * Sentinel Spire
 * Terra Tower
 * Window Rock
 * Curecanti Needle
 * Garden of the Gods
 * Lizard Head
 * Painted Wall, Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park
 * Petit Grepon, Rocky Mountain National Park
 * Point Lookout, Mesa Verde National Park
 * Red Rocks Amphitheatre
 * Steamboat Rock
 * Wheeler Geologic Area

Georgia

 * Broxton Rocks
 * Rock City, Lookout Mountain
 * Stone Mountain

Hawaii

 * Iao Needle, Maui
 * Gardner Pinnacles, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

Idaho

 * City of Rocks National Reserve
 * Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve

Illinois

 * Garden of the Gods, Shawnee National Forest

Indiana

 * Devil's Backbone, near Charlestown
 * Hanging Rock, near Lagro
 * Jug Rock, near Shoals
 * Portland Arch, near Fountain

Iowa

 * Gitchie Manitou State Preserve, Granite, Lyon County

Kansas

 * Castle Rock, Quinter
 * Monument Rocks, Oakley
 * Mushroom Rock State Park, Carneiro
 * Rock City, Minneapolis

Kentucky

 * Mantle Rock, Livingston County
 * Natural Bridge
 * Red River Gorge
 * Raven Rock

Massachusetts

 * Farley Ledges
 * Mother Ann
 * Plymouth Rock
 * Profile Rock
 * Redemption Rock

Michigan

 * Arch Rock-Mackinac Island.jpgMiner's Castle, St.Ignace, Michigan.jpg Rock (Mackinac County)
 * Big Rock (Montmorency County)
 * Brockway Mountain (Keweenaw County)
 * Castle Rock (Mackinac County)
 * Chapel Rock (Alger County)
 * Chapel Cove (Alger County)
 * Devil's Kitchen (Mackinac County)
 * Grand Portal Point (Alger County)
 * Hendrie River Water Cave (Mackinac County)
 * Huron Mountains (Baraga & (Marquette Counties)
 * Isle Royale (Keweenaw County)
 * Lake Michigan Stonehenge (Grand Traverse County)
 * Lake of the Clouds (Ontonagon County)
 * Lovers' Leap (Alger County)
 * Miner's Castle (Alger County)
 * Presque Isle & Little Presque Isle (Marquette County)
 * Skull Cave (Mackinac County)
 * Tahquamenon Falls (Chippewa & Luce Counties)
 * Turnip Rock (Huron County)
 * The Thumbnail (Huron County)

Minnesota

 * Barn Bluff
 * Devil's Kettle, Judge C. R. Magney State Park
 * In-Yan-Teopa, Frontenac State Park
 * Palisade Head
 * Sugar Loaf

Missouri

 * Elephant Rocks State Park, Iron County
 * Grand Gulf State Park, Oregon County
 * Hughes Mountain, Washington County
 * Johnson's Shut-Ins State Park, Reynolds County
 * Tower Rock, Perry County

Montana

 * Beaverhead Rock
 * Castle Rock Spire
 * Chief Mountain, Glacier National Park
 * Chinese Wall
 * Devil's Slide
 * Eye of the Needle (collapsed in 1997)
 * LaBarge Rock
 * Makoshika State Park
 * Medicine Rocks State Park
 * Pompeys Pillar
 * Pumpelly Pillar

Nebraska

 * Chimney Rock
 * Courthouse and Jail Rocks
 * Scotts Bluff National Monument

Nevada

 * Bridge Mountain's natural arch
 * Lexington Arch, Great Basin National Park
 * Little Finland, Gold Butte National Monument
 * Red Rock Canyon
 * Valley of Fire State Park
 * Elephant Rock
 * Fire Wave (similar to but smaller than The Wave in Arizona)
 * Natural Arch (collapsed in 2010)

New Hampshire

 * Madison Boulder
 * Old Man of the Mountain (collapsed in 2003)

New Jersey

 * Delaware Water Gap
 * The Palisades
 * Tripod Rock

New Mexico

 * Ah-Shi-Sle-Pah Wilderness Study Area
 * Barber Peak
 * Bennett Peak
 * Bisti/De-Na-Zin Wilderness
 * Cathedral Cliff
 * City of Rocks State Park, Grant County
 * Echo Amphitheater
 * El Morro National Monument
 * Ford Butte
 * Kneeling Nun, Hanover, Grant County
 * Mitten Rock
 * Natural Bridge, Corona, Lincoln County
 * Navajo Church
 * Needles Eye, Cooney, Catron County
 * Needles Eye Arch and Little Needles Eye Arch, Florida Mountains, Luna County
 * Pyramid Rock
 * Saddle Rock, Grant County
 * Shiprock
 * Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks National Monument, Cochiti
 * Tooth of Time, Colfax County
 * Victorio Peak

New York

 * Chimney Bluffs State Park
 * Lemon Squeezer, Harriman State Park
 * The Palisades
 * Rat Rock
 * Rat Rock, Central Park, New York City
 * Rat Rock (Morningside Heights), New York City
 * Sam's Point Preserve
 * Stark's Knob
 * Watkins Glen State Park

North Carolina

 * Blowing Rock
 * Chimney Rock State Park
 * Hanging Rock State Park
 * Cook’s Wall
 * Hanging Rock
 * House Rock
 * Moore’s Knob
 * Wolf Rock
 * Judaculla Rock
 * Looking Glass Rock
 * McRae Peak, Grandfather Mountain

Oklahoma

 * Rock Mary

Oregon

 * Crater Lake
 * Phantom Ship
 * Wizard Island
 * Fort Rock, Lake County
 * Haystack Rock, Clatsop County
 * Haystack Rock, Tillamook County
 * The Honeycombs, Malheur County
 * Llao Rock
 * Malheur Butte, Malheur County
 * Mitchell Point
 * Pilot Rock, Jackson County
 * Rooster Rock, Multnomah County
 * Smith Rock, Deschutes County
 * Skinner Butte, Lane County
 * Spencer Butte, Lane County

Pennsylvania

 * Bilger's Rocks
 * Delaware Water Gap
 * Indian God Rock
 * Ticklish Rock

South Dakota

 * Mount Rushmore
 * The Needles, Custer State Park

Tennessee

 * Chimney Rocks, Campbell County
 * Twin Arches, Pickett County

Texas

 * Big Bend National Park
 * Elephant Tusk
 * Mule Ears
 * Santa Elena Canyon
 * Duffy's Peak
 * El Capitan, Guadalupe Mountains National Park
 * Enchanted Rock, Gillespie County/Llano County
 * Hueco Tanks, Hueco Tanks State Park & Historic Site, El Paso County
 * Palo Duro Canyon, Amarillo
 * Spy Rock, Mason County

Utah

 * Arches National Park
 * Balanced Rock
 * Courthouse Towers
 * Dark Angel
 * Delicate Arch
 * Devils Garden
 * Double Arch
 * Fiery Furnace
 * Landscape Arch
 * Petrified Dunes
 * The Phallus
 * Wall Arch (collapsed in 2008)
 * Bears Ears National Monument
 * Bridger Jack Butte
 * Sixshooter Peaks
 * Bottleneck Peak
 * Boundary Butte
 * Bryce Canyon National Park
 * Sinking Ship
 * Thor's Hammer
 * Buttes of the Cross
 * Canyonlands National Park
 * Airport Tower
 * Angel Arch
 * Aztec Butte
 * Candlestick Tower
 * Chip and Dale Towers
 * Druid Arch
 * Elaterite Butte
 * Island in the Sky
 * Islet in the Sky
 * Junction Butte
 * Mesa Arch
 * Outlaw Spire
 * Tiki Tower
 * Monster Tower
 * Upheaval Dome
 * Washer Woman
 * Whale Rock
 * Zeus and Moses
 * Capitol Reef National Park
 * Capitol Dome
 * Capitol Gorge
 * Cassidy Arch
 * The Castle
 * Cathedral Mountain
 * Chimney Rock
 * EPH Hanks Tower
 * Ferns Nipple
 * Golden Throne
 * Hickman Bridge
 * Jailhouse Rock
 * Navajo Dome
 * Needle Mountain
 * Pectols Pyramid
 * Temples of the Sun and Moon
 * Waterpocket Fold
 * Castle Rock
 * Castleton Tower
 * Cave Knoll
 * Cedar Breaks National Monument
 * Corona Arch
 * Coyote Buttes
 * Dead Horse Point State Park
 * Devil's Slide
 * Dominguez Butte
 * Eagle Crags
 * Ekker Butte
 * Elephant Rock, Kings Canyon, Millard County
 * Fantasy Canyon
 * Fisher Towers
 * Goblin Valley State Park
 * Mollys Castle
 * Wild Horse Butte
 * Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument
 * Coyote Gulch
 * Devils Garden
 * Grosvenor Arch
 * Hole in the Rock
 * Peekaboo Canyon
 * Spooky Canyon
 * Zebra Canyon
 * Gregory Butte
 * Gunsight Butte
 * Kodachrome Basin State Park
 * Lone Rock (Lake Powell)
 * Merrimac Butte
 * Mexican Hat
 * Natural Bridges National Monument
 * Kachina Natural Bridge
 * Owachomo Natural Bridge
 * Sipapu Natural Bridge
 * Newspaper Rock State Historic Monument
 * Notch Peak
 * Parriott Mesa
 * Rainbow Bridge National Monument
 * San Rafael Reef
 * Sister Superior
 * The Convent
 * The Rectory
 * Valley of the Gods
 * Wilson Arch
 * Zion National Park
 * Aires Butte
 * Altar of Sacrifice
 * Angel's Landing
 * Ant Hill
 * Bee Hive
 * Checkerboard Mesa
 * Court of the Patriarchs
 * The East Temple
 * The Great White Throne
 * Kolob Arch
 * Meridian Tower
 * Narrows
 * North Guardian Angel
 * The Organ
 * Paria Point
 * The Pulpit
 * The Sentinel
 * South Guardian Angel
 * The Subway
 * The Watchman
 * The West Temple
 * Three Patriarchs
 * Three Marys
 * The Witch Head
 * Towers of the Virgin

Vermont

 * The Beam

Virginia

 * Humpback Rock
 * Natural Bridge
 * Natural Chimneys

Washington

 * Beacon Rock, Columbia River Gorge
 * Cupalo Rock
 * Gilhooley Tower
 * Jabberwocky Tower
 * Lexington Tower
 * Omak Rock
 * Ruby Beach, Olympic National Park
 * Sims Corner Eskers and Kames National Natural Landmark
 * Steamboat Rock, Steamboat Rock State Park
 * Steeple Rock, Olympic National Park
 * The Tooth

West Virginia

 * Cooper's Rock
 * Seneca Rocks, Pendleton County

Wisconsin

 * Dells of the Wisconsin River
 * Maiden Rock
 * Mill Bluff State Park
 * Natural Bridge State Park

Wyoming

 * Devil's Gate
 * Devils Tower
 * Hell's Half Acre
 * Independence Rock
 * Pinnacle Buttes
 * Teapot Rock
 * Vedauwoo


text:
Talk:List of contemporary Turkish poets

= Comments =

Delete
ok, delete those articles that I took from other sites. Haydar Ergülen,Lale Müldür, Dağlarca and some others. ı'm actually quite sure that the original writer of those biographies would let us to have them in wikipedia, but delete them anyway. I assure you all that I will write better equiped original articles for Turkish poets in one or two months...

 * Why don't you talk to the original author? We will gladly keep these texts, but copyright laws are not a joke. Mikkalai 22:11, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of contemporary Turkish poets


text:
Upper Bann

Upper Bann may refer to:

 * Upper Bann (Assembly constituency), a constituency in the Northern Ireland Assembly
 * Upper Bann (UK Parliament constituency), a parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom House of Commons

title: Upper Bann


text:
Knockin' on Heaven's Door

"Knockin' on Heaven's Door" is a song by American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan, written for the soundtrack of the 1973 film Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid. Released as a single two months after the film's premiere, it became a worldwide hit, reaching the Top 10 in several countries. The song became one of Dylan's most popular and most covered post-1960s compositions, spawning covers from Eric Clapton, Guns N' Roses, Randy Crawford, and more.

Described by Dylan biographer Clinton Heylin as "an exercise in splendid simplicity", the song features two short verses, the lyrics of which comment directly on the scene in the film for which it was written: the death of a frontier lawman (Slim Pickens) who refers to his wife (Katy Jurado) as "Mama".

It was ranked number 190 in 2004 by Rolling Stone magazine, in their 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, and number 192 in 2010.

Musicians

 * Bob Dylan: vocals, guitar
 * Roger McGuinn: guitar
 * Jim Keltner: drums
 * Terry Paul: bass
 * Carl Fortina: harmonium
 * Carol Hunter: backing vocals
 * Donna Weiss: backing vocals
 * Brenda Patterson: backing vocals

Other Bob Dylan versions
According to his website, Dylan has performed the song in concert 460 times between its live debut in 1974 and its last outing in 2003. Some of these versions have appeared on Dylan's live and Bootleg Series albums including:
 * Before the Flood
 * Bob Dylan at Budokan
 * Dylan & the Dead
 * The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration
 * MTV Unplugged
 * Thirty-Nine Years of Great Concert Performances
 * The Rolling Thunder Revue

Eric Clapton and Arthur Louis versions
In January 1975 Eric Clapton played on Arthur Louis's recording of "Knockin' on Heaven's Door" which was arranged in a cross-over reggae style. After the recording sessions with Louis, Clapton recorded his own version of the song which was released as a single in August 1975 two weeks after Louis's version. This version was released on Timepieces: The Best of Eric Clapton. Clapton's version made it to No. 38 on the UK charts, but the single was less successful in the U.S. where it failed to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 (although it reached on No. 109 on Cashbox's Looking Ahead chart ). Clapton's 1996 boxed set Crossroads 2: Live in the Seventies features a performance of the song recorded in London in April 1977. There were also performances of the song included on the Journeyman (1990) and the One More Car, One More Rider (2003) world tours. Several Clapton compilation albums also feature the song.

Guns N' Roses versions
In 1987, American hard rock band Guns N' Roses started performing the song. A live version of the song was released on the 12-inch single of "Welcome to the Jungle" the same year. They recorded and released a studio version in 1990 for the soundtrack of the film Days of Thunder that reached No. 18 on the US Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart and No. 56 on Canada's RPM 100 Hit Tracks chart.

This studio recording was slightly modified for the band's 1991 album Use Your Illusion II, discarding the responses in the second verse. Released as the second single from the album, it reached No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart and the New Zealand Singles Chart. Elsewhere, the single topped the charts of Portugal, Belgium, and the Netherlands; it was the best-selling song of 1992 in the latter country. In Ireland, where the song also reached No. 1, it became Guns N' Roses' third (and to date last) number-one single as well as their ninth consecutive top-five hit.

Their performance of the song at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert in 1992 was used as the B-side for the single release and was also included on their Live Era '87–'93 album, released in 1999. Another version was released on the video Use Your Illusion World Tour - 1992 in Tokyo II. The music video for this version of the song was directed by Andy Morahan.

Personnel
Guns N' Roses
 * Axl Rose – lead vocals
 * Slash – lead guitar
 * Izzy Stradlin – rhythm guitar
 * Duff McKagan – bass
 * Matt Sorum – drums
 * Dizzy Reed – piano

Guest musicians
 * The Waters – backing vocals

Dunblane tribute
In 1996 and with the consent of Dylan, Scottish musician Ted Christopher wrote a new verse for "Knockin' on Heaven's Door" in memory of the schoolchildren and teacher killed in the Dunblane school massacre. This has been, according to some sources, one of the few times Dylan has officially authorized anybody to add or change the lyrics to one of his songs.

This version of the song, featuring children from the village singing the chorus with the guitarist and producer of Dylan's album Infidels (1983), Mark Knopfler, was released on December 9, 1996, in the United Kingdom and reached No. 1 on the UK and Scottish Singles Charts, as well as No. 6 in Iceland and Ireland. The proceeds went to charities for children. The song was featured on the compilation album Hits 97, where all royalties from the song were given to three charities.

Sampled version
Gabrielle's single "Rise" (2000) sampled from this song. Dylan liked "Rise" so much that he allowed Gabrielle to use the sample for free, while receiving a co-writer credit for providing the song's chord progression and vocal sample.

title: Knockin' on Heaven's Door


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User talk:Mooie~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 21:37, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Mooie~enwiki


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Category:Chemical substances

A chemical substance is any material substance used in or obtained by a process in chemistry, such as a chemical element or chemical compound.

title: Category:Chemical substances


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William Hare

William Hare may refer to:

 * William Hare (murderer) (1792 or 1804 - after 1829), Irish criminal, member of the infamous Edinburgh duo of Burke and Hare
 * William D. Hare (1834–1910), Oregon politician
 * William Hobart Hare (1838–1909), Episcopal bishop in America
 * William G. Hare (1882–1971), Oregon politician
 * William Hare (philosopher) (born 1944), English academic, professor of education and philosophy in Halifax, Nova Scotia since 1970
 * William Hare (sport shooter) (1935–2005), Canadian Olympic sports shooter
 * William Hare, 1st Earl of Listowel (1751–1837), Irish peer and Member of Parliament
 * William Hare, 2nd Earl of Listowel (1801–1856), grandson of the 1st Earl, peer and Member of Parliament
 * William Hare, 3rd Earl of Listowel (1833–1924), son of the 2nd Earl, Baron Hare, Liberal politician
 * William Hare, 5th Earl of Listowel (1906–1997), grandson of the 3rd Earl, Labour politician
 * William Hare Group, a UK based structural steel contractor

title: William Hare


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Hughes brothers

Albert Hughes and Allen Hughes (born April 1, 1972), known together professionally as the Hughes brothers, are American film directors and producers. The pair, who are twins, are known for co-directing visceral, and often violent, movies, including 1993's Menace II Society, 1995's Dead Presidents, 2001's From Hell and 2010's The Book of Eli. The brothers did most of their collaboration between 1993 and 2001. Since 2004, when Albert moved to Prague, Czech Republic, he and Allen have only directed one film together, The Book of Eli in 2010. They have been involved in directing and producing film and television projects separately since 2005.

Early lives
The Hughes brothers were born in Detroit, Michigan to an African American father, Albert Hughes, and an Armenian American mother, Aida, whose family were Iranian Armenians from Tehran. Albert is the older of the twins by nine minutes; although they originally believed themselves to be fraternal twins, they suspect they may be identical despite not having had a DNA test. Their parents divorced when they were two years old. The twins moved with their mother to Claremont, California, east of Los Angeles, when they were nine. Their mother raised Albert and Allen alone while putting herself through school and starting her own business, a vocational center. Supportive of her sons' ambitions as filmmakers, she gave them a video camera when they were 12. The boys spent their free time making short films. When a teacher suggested that they make a "How To" film for an assignment, they complied with a short film, "How to Be a Burglar."

Career
After Allen had a son at the age of 18, the twins dropped out of high school and soon began working on music videos as teenagers, directing for artists like Tone Loc and Tupac Shakur. Their first feature film, 1993's Menace II Society premiered at the Cannes Film Festival. Centering on black, disenfranchised youth, it was made on a budget of $3.5 million when they were 20 years old. Tyger Williams wrote the screenplay, and shared story credit with the brothers. It became a critical as well as a box office success and was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award for Best First Feature. Because of their previous experience in directing music videos, they became the first sibling duo since Jerry and David Zucker allowed a waiver by the Directors Guild of America to take co-credit as directors.

Their second film was Dead Presidents in 1995. Dealing with the black underclass society like their feature film debut, and also starring Larenz Tate, the film centered on war veterans during the racially charged Vietnam War era. The film, which was released at the New York Critics Film Festival, failed to make as much of a profit as their first film. They followed Dead Presidents with American Pimp, a feature-length documentary about the underground pimp culture and exploitation of women. It premiered at the 1999 Sundance Film Festival. They had originally set out to do an adaptation of Iceberg Slim's novel Pimp, but someone else acquired the rights. The brothers have stated that the film's perspective was partially shaped by being raised by their mother, who is a feminist and a lesbian. In between projects, they filmed several anti-handgun public service announcements.

In a departure from their previous material, the Hughes brothers co-directed From Hell, the 2001 film adaptation of Alan Moore's graphic novel of the same name about the Jack the Ripper murders in Victorian England, starring Johnny Depp and Heather Graham. Considered too violent and gory by some critics, the film had to be edited in order to avoid an NC-17 rating by the MPAA. As described by the film's star, there were sometimes disagreements between the twins regarding the direction of the film. For example, the amount of shown violence was a point of contention between the two; one brother thought the brutality should be shown, while the other believed implied violence would suffice.

Their only film together since 2001's From Hell was the post-apocalyptic drama Book of Eli for Warner Bros., which was released in January 2010.

In 2006, the brothers were announced as directing The Iceman, a film about serial killer Richard Kuklinski, but it was eventually directed by Ariel Vromen, and released in 2012. They were also slated to direct a film version of the classic TV series Kung Fu. It was announced in 2010 that the brothers were tapped to direct a live-action adaptation of the 1988 manga Akira, but they left the project in 2011.

As a team, Allen typically works with the actors while Albert handles the technical aspects of their films, stemming from Albert's experience of taking classes at Los Angeles City College's film school.

Allen Hughes
Allen directed a few episodes of the American version of the TV series Touching Evil (for which his brother was an executive producer) as well as the 2005 television feature Knights of the South Bronx.

In 2009, Allen directed a segment of New York, I Love You, starring Drea De Matteo and Bradley Cooper.

Allen Hughes directed the 2013 film Broken City, a crime thriller starring Mark Wahlberg and Russell Crowe. He directed the four-part 2017 HBO documentary miniseries The Defiant Ones, about music producers Jimmy Iovine and Dr. Dre.

Albert Hughes
In 2005, it was announced that Albert would direct a feature film called Art Con, although no further news was reported on its development.

In December 2012, Albert Hughes announced that he would be producing an online video series using the Crysis 3 game engine called The 7 Wonders of Crysis 3.

In 2018, Albert Hughes directed his first solo feature film, Alpha. The film was written by Daniele Sebastian Wiedenhaupt, based on a story written by Hughes, and holds an approval rating of 79% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes.

Personal lives
Known as much for their frank manner as for their films, the Hughes Brothers have been known to get into altercations. They took the hip-hop artist Tupac Shakur to court in 1994, after he assaulted them during a music video shoot. Shakur had originally been slated to star in Menace II Society, but was replaced after the incident that apparently stemmed from Shakur's disliking the role they had chosen for him. He was later sentenced to 15 days in jail for the assault as well as another incident that occurred a day before his sentencing.

The brothers have also made no secret of their use of marijuana and have previously turned down an offer to do anti-marijuana commercials.

Allen has a son with singer/songwriter Stephanie "Stevvi" Alexander, Eric Alexander-Hughes. Albert has a daughter, Adrienne Hughes, and has been living in the Czech Republic since 2004.

In a 2013 interview, Albert stated that the brothers "love each other," but are also "kind of in a weird dance right now."

Solo works
Allen Hughes

Albert Hughes

title: Hughes brothers


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Keith Davey

Douglas Keith Davey, (April 21, 1926 –  January 17, 2011) was a Canadian politician and campaign organizer.

Family, early life and education
Born in Toronto, Ontario to Charles Minto Davey (Toronto Star Production Manager) and Grace Viola (née Curtis), Keith Davey attended high school at North Toronto Collegiate Institute. Davey graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Toronto in 1949.

Business career
Davey became a sales manager for CKFH, a Toronto radio station, from 1949 to 1960. The station was owned and managed by noted broadcaster Foster Hewitt.

Political career
Davey became a political organizer for the Liberal Party at the constituency level in Toronto in his early 20s, and joined the Executive of the Ontario Young Liberals in the 1950s, along with Judy LaMarsh (later a federal cabinet minister). In 1960 he became a campaign manager for his home riding of Eglinton.

Davey was appointed National Campaign Director of the Liberal Party of Canada in 1961. He directed the Liberal campaigns in 1962, 1963 and 1965. Commuting regularly between homes in Ottawa and Toronto, Davey played important roles in every federal Liberal campaign up to and including 1984, serving Prime Ministers Lester Pearson, Pierre Trudeau, and John Turner. These elections were held in 1968, 1972, 1974, 1979, 1980, and 1984.

Senator (1966-1996)
Davey was appointed to the Senate of Canada by Lester Pearson in 1966, just before his 40th birthday. He resigned in 1996.

In 1969, Davey chaired the Special Committee on Mass Media. Terence Corcoran argues that it was Davey's contention that a subsidized press is necessary "to supplement the privately owned media" which "were a menace to a democratic society."

Other
In 1966, Davey served briefly as the second commissioner of the Canadian Football League, resigning after less than two months on the job, due to stated incompatibility with many leading league figures.

Davey was portrayed on an episode of King of Kensington as Senator Keith Davis on the episode titled Mr. King Goes to Ottawa; he was portrayed by actor Ken James. In 1986, Davey published a political memoir, The Rainmaker: a Passion for Politics.

Davey was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1999.

Marriages
He married Catherine Isobel Hart in 1952; they had three children, Douglas, Ian and Catherine. The union was dissolved around 1975. He remarried to Dorothy Elizabeth Petrie in 1978.

Death
Davey died on January 17, 2011, aged 84, at Belmont House in Toronto. He had been suffering from Alzheimer's disease. He was survived by his second wife, and his three children from his first marriage.

title: Keith Davey


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Wittmund

Wittmund is a town and capital of the district of Wittmund, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

Geography
Wittmund is a town of 21,000 inhabitants located in Germany's historic coastal district of East Frisia, between the towns of Aurich and Jever. The town's borough covers an area of 52000 acre which make it one of the largest boroughs in Lower Saxony.

While the town of Wittmund is about 9 mi from the North Sea coast, its borough includes the little port of Harlesiel which is the starting point for ferries to the island of Wangerooge. Harlesiel is named after the Harle, a small river that starts and finishes within Wittmund borough. (A siel is a sluice in a dyke. At low tide, water from the river may flow into the sea.)

Villages: - Ardorf - Asel - Blersum - Berdum - Burhafe - Buttforde - Carolinensiel - Eggelingen - Funnix - Hovel - Leerhafe - Uttel - Willen

Towns: - Wittmund

Mayor
Since November 1, 2006, Rolf Claußen is the mayor of Wittmund. He was reelected in 2014.

History
The town of Wittmund, on the edge of the geest, and its surroundings are an ancient area of settlement. It was linked to inland East Frisia's network of roads early on and commercially oriented to the nearby coast. Around 1200, Wittmund was the hub of the rural parish (Landgemeinde) of Wangerland and was called Wiedemund or Wiedemundheim at that time. The territorial units of the rural parishes were based roughly on old Frisian districts. Esens was the administrative centre of the Harlingerland.

The chieftain family of Kankena lived in a castle in the town in the late 14th century. Around 1400, Hamburg forces occupied the castle grounds as a result of allegations that the Kankenas had supported piracy against the Hanseatic city. The release of the castle into the hands of the ruling chieftain family of tom Brok saw the Kankenas regaining possession of their estate.

The subsequent ruler of the Brokmerland, Focko Ukena, cleverly took advantage of the weakness of the Kankenas and enlisted them for military operations in the Battle of the Wild Fields, which he won. In 1454 the castle fell to the ruler of Harlingerland, Sibet Attena. In the same year, Sibet Attena united the rulers of Esens, Stedesdorf and Wittmund in order to ensure the independence of Harlingerland against the East Frisian counts. Not until 1600 was the Harlingerland, including Wittmund, finally joined to East Frisia through political and family mergers.

In 1584, the place is recorded on a card as Witmondt. Later, the town was given a district (Amt) constitution and made into an Amt as part of the new comital order. In 1730 Witmundt is recorded within the Amt of Witmundt on another map. In 1744, East Frisia was absorbed by Prussia, and then, after a brief period under Dutch/French rule, became part of the Kingdom of Hanover in 1815.

Under Hanoverian rule, the Landdrostei emerged, with the Landdrost as the highest state representative in the province. In 1866, East Frisia once again became part of Prussia. The state of Prussia initially took over the Amt structure with its existing Ämter of Aurich, Berum, Emden, Esens, Leer, Stickhausen, Weener and Wittmund. From 1884 they were transferred into the new district (Landkreis) structure. In East Frisia the new districts of Aurich, Emden (independent), Leer, Norden, Weener and Wittmund (1885) were created. Even the former Hanoverian Landdrostei were transformed into administrative provinces (Regierungsbezirke). The district hall was built in Wittmund in 1903.

Wittmund was given town rights as early as 1567 by Agnes, Countess of Rietberg. In the 17th century these rights were rescinded and were not granted again until 1929.

The Luftwaffe's 71st Tactical Fighter Squadron ( Taktisches Luftwaffengeschwader 71 "Richthofen") is based at Wittmundhafen Air Base.

Shows
A public event is organized each year by the Luftwaffe.

International twinnings
Wittmund is twinned with:
 * Flag of the United States.svg Simsbury, Connecticut (United States)

Notable people

 * Johan van Angelbeek (1727–1799), a Dutch colonial officer and governor of Colombo, Thoothukudi, Dutch Malabar and Dutch India
 * Hans-Wilhelm Müller-Wohlfahrt (born 1942), sports physician of the Germany national football team, 1995 to 2018
 * Mense Reents, (DE Wiki) (born 1970), musician and record producer
 * Henny Reents, (DE Wiki) (born 1974), actress
 * Timo Schultz (born 1977), footballer and manager, played 290 games
 * Christian Alder (born 1978), footballer, played over 240 games

title: Wittmund