text:
List of state leaders in the 10th century

 * Lists of state leaders by century
 * • List of state leaders in the 8th century

• List of state leaders in the 9th century

• List of state leaders in the 11th century

• List of state leaders in the 12th century
 * See also
 * • List of state leaders in the 10th-century Holy Roman Empire

• List of political entities in the 10th century

This is a list of state leaders in the 10th century (901–1000) AD, except for the many leaders within the Holy Roman Empire.

Africa: East
Ethiopia

 * Zagwe dynasty of Ethiopia (complete list) –
 * Mara Takla Haymanot, Negus (10th century)
 * Tatadim, Negus (10th century)

Africa: Northeast
Egypt
 * Tulunids (complete list) –
 * Harun, Amir (896–904)
 * Shayban, Amir (904–905)

 * Fatimid Caliphate (complete list) –
 * Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah, Caliph (953–975, transfer from Ifriqiya in 973)
 * al-Aziz Billah, Caliph (975–996)
 * al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, Caliph (996–1021)

Sudan

 * Makuria (complete list) –
 * Georgios I, King (late 9th–early 10th century)
 * Zakharias IV, King (920–930)
 * Kabil, King (c.943)
 * Georgios II, King (969–c.1002)
 * Raphael, King (1000–c.1006)

Africa: Northcentral
Ifriqiya

 * Rustamid dynasty (complete list) –
 * Yusuf Abu Hatim ibn Muhammad Abi l-Yaqzan, Imam (894–895, 899–906)
 * Yaqzan ibn Muhammad Abi l-Yaqzan, Imam (906–909)

 * Aghlabid dynasty (complete list) –
 * Abu Ishaq Ibrahim II ibn Ahmad, Emir (875–902)
 * Abu 'l-Abbas Abdallah II ibn Ibrahim, Emir (902–903)
 * Abu Mudhar Ziyadat Allah III ibn Abdallah, Emir (903–909)

 * Fatimid Caliphate (complete list) –
 * Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah, Caliph (909–934)
 * Al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, Caliph (934–946)
 * Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah, Caliph (946–953)
 * Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah, Caliph (953–975, transfer to Egypt in 973)

 * Zirid dynasty (complete list) –
 * Buluggin ibn Ziri, ruler (973–983)
 * al-Mansur ibn Buluggin, ruler (983–995)
 * Badis ibn Mansur, ruler (995–1016)

Africa: Northwest

 * Barghawata (complete list) –
 * Abu Ghafir Muhammad, King (c.888–917)
 * Abu al-Ansar Abdullah, King (c.917–961)
 * Abu Mansur Isa, King (c.961-?)

 * Idrisid dynasty of Morocco (complete list) –
 * Yahya ibn al-Qasim, Emir (unknown–905)
 * Yahya ibn Idris, Emir (905–922)
 * Al-Hasan ibn Muhammad, Emir (928–930)
 * Al-Qasim ibn Muhammad, Emir (937–949)
 * Abu'l-Aysh ibn al-Qasim Jannun, Emir (949–952)
 * Al-Hasan ibn al-Qasim Jannun, Emir (952–974)

 * Emirate of Nekor (complete list) –
 * Sa'id II ibn Salih, Emir (864–916)
 * Salih III ibn Sa'id, Emir (917–927)
 * Abd al-Badi' ibn Salih, Emir (927–929)
 * Abu Ayyub Isma'il ibn Abd al Malik, Emir (c.930–935)
 * Musa ibn Rumi, Emir (c.936–940)
 * Abd as-Sami' ibn Jurthum, Emir (940–947)
 * Jurthum ibn Ahmad, Emir (947–970)

Africa: West
Nigeria

 * Kingdom of Kano (complete list) –
 * Bagauda, King (999–1063)

 * Kingdom of Nri (complete list) –
 * Eri, King (948–1041)

Americas: Mesoamerica
Maya civilization

 * Calakmul (complete list) –
 * Aj Took', King (c.909)

Asia: Central
Afghanistan

 * Ghaznavid dynasty (complete list) –
 * Sabuktigin, Emir (977–997)
 * Ismail, Emir (997–998)
 * Mahmud, Emir (998–1002), Sultan (1002–1030)

Uzbekistan

 * Samanid Empire (complete list) –
 * Isma'il ibn Ahmad, Amir (892–907)
 * Ahmad Samani, Amir (907–914)
 * Nasr II, Amir (914–943)
 * Nuh I, Amir (943–954)
 * Ibrahim ibn Ahmad, Amir (947)
 * Abd al-Malik I, Amir (954–961)
 * Mansur I, Amir (961–976)
 * Nuh II, Amir (976–997)
 * Abd al-Aziz ibn Nuh, Amir (992)
 * Mansur II, Amir (997–999)
 * Abd al-Malik II, Amir (999)
 * Isma'il Muntasir, Amir (1000–1004)

Tibet

 * Guge
 * bKra shis mgon, King (fl.947)
 * Srong nge Ye shes 'Od, King (?–988 / 959–1036)
 * Khor re, King (988–996)
 * Lha lde, King (996–1024)

Asia: East
China: Tang dynasty

 * Tang dynasty (complete list) –
 * Zhaozong, Emperor (888–904)
 * Ai, Emperor (904–907)

Khitan China: Liao dynasty

 * Liao dynasty (complete list) –
 * Abaoji, Emperor (907–926)
 * Taizong, Emperor (926–947)
 * Shizong, Emperor (947–951)
 * Muzong, Emperor (951–969)
 * Jingzong, Emperor (969–982)
 * Shengzong, Emperor (982–1031)

Northern China: The Five Dynasties

 * Later Liang (complete list) –
 * Zhu Wen, Emperor (907–912)
 * Zhu Yougui, Emperor (912–913)
 * Zhu Youzhen, Emperor (913–923)

 * Later Tang (complete list) –
 * Li Cunxu, Prince of Jin (908–923), Emperor of Later Tang (923–926)
 * Li Siyuan, Emperor (926–933)
 * Li Conghou, Emperor (933–934)
 * Li Congke, Emperor (934–937)

 * Later Jin (complete list) –
 * Shi Jingtang, Emperor (936–942)
 * Shi Chonggui, Emperor (942–947)

 * Later Han (complete list) –
 * Liu Zhiyuan, Emperor (947–948)
 * Liu Chengyou, Emperor (948–951)

 * Later Zhou (complete list) –
 * Guo Wei, Emperor (951–954)
 * Chai Rong, Emperor (954–959)
 * Guo Zongxun, Emperor (959–960)

Southern China: The Ten Kingdoms

 * Wu (complete list) –
 * Yang Xingmi, Emperor (904–905)
 * Yang Wo, Emperor (905–908)
 * Yang Longyan, Emperor (908–921)
 * Yang Pu, Emperor (921–937)

 * Former Shu (complete list) –
 * Wang Jian, Emperor (907–918)
 * Wang Zongyan, Duke (918–925)

 * Chu (complete list) –
 * Ma Yin, Prince (907–930)
 * Ma Xisheng, Prince (930–932)
 * Ma Xifan, Prince (932–947)
 * Ma Xiguang, Prince (947–950)
 * Ma Xi'e, Prince (950)
 * Ma Xichong, Prince (950–951)
 * Liu Yan, Prince (951–953)
 * Wang Kui, Prince (953–956)
 * Zhou Xingfeng, Prince (956–962)
 * Zhou Baoquan, Prince (962–963)

 * Wuyue (complete list) –
 * Qian Liu, King (907–932)
 * Qian Yuanguan, King (932–941)
 * Qian Hongzuo, King (941–947)
 * Qian Hongzong, King (947)
 * Qian Chu, King (947–978)

 * Min (complete list) –
 * Wang Chao, ruler (early 10th century)
 * Wang Shenzhi, Emperor (909–925)
 * Wang Yanhan, Emperor (925–926)
 * Wang Yanjun, Emperor (926–935)
 * Wang Jipeng, Emperor (935–939)
 * Wang Yanxi, Emperor (939–944)
 * Zhu Wenjin, Emperor (944–945)
 * Wang Yanzheng, Emperor (943–945)

 * Southern Han (complete list) –
 * Liu Yan, Emperor (917–941)
 * Liu Bin, Emperor (941–943)
 * Liu Sheng, Emperor (943–958)
 * Liu Chang, Emperor (958–971)

 * Jingnan (complete list) –
 * Gao Jixing, Prince (909–928)
 * Gao Conghui, Prince (928–948)
 * Gao Baorong, Prince (948–960)
 * Gao Baoxu, Prince (960–962)
 * Gao Jichong, Prince (962–963)

 * Later Shu (complete list) –
 * Meng Zhixiang, Emperor (934)
 * Meng Chang, Prince (934–965)

 * Southern Tang (complete list) –
 * Li Bian, Emperor (937–943)
 * Li Jing, Emperor (943–961)
 * Li Yu, Emperor (961–975)

 * Northern Han (complete list) –
 * Liu Chong, Emperor (951–954)
 * Liu Jun, Emperor (954–968)
 * Liu Ji'en, Emperor (968)
 * Liu Jiyuan, Emperor (968–979)

China: Northern Song

 * Song dynasty (complete list) –
 * Taizu, Emperor (960–976)
 * Taizong, Emperor (976–997)
 * Zhenzong, Emperor (997–1022)

China: Other states and entities

 * Dingnan Jiedushi (complete list) –
 * Li Sijian, Jiedushi (c.886–908)
 * Li Yichang, Jiedushi (908–909/910)
 * Li Renfu, Jiedushi (909/910–933)
 * Li Yichao, Jiedushi (933–935)
 * Li Yixing, Jiedushi (935–967)
 * Li Kerui, Jiedushi (967–978)
 * Li Jiyun, Jiedushi (978–980)
 * Li Jipeng, Jiedushi (980–982, 988–994)
 * Li Jiqian, Jiedushi (998–1004)

 * Qi –
 * Li Maozhen, Prince (901/907–924)

 * Qingyuan Jiedushi (complete list) –
 * Liu Congxiao, Jiedushi (949–962)
 * Liu Shaozi, Jiedushi (962)
 * Zhang Hansi, Jiedushi (962–963)
 * Chen Hongjin, Jiedushi (963–978)

 * Yan –
 * Liu Shouguang, Emperor (911–914)

 * Yiwu Circuit –
 * Wang Chuzhi, Jiedushi (910–921)

 * Zhao (Chengde) –
 * Wang Rong, Prince (910–921)

 * Dali Kingdom (complete list) –
 * Duan Siping, Emperor (937–944)
 * Duan Siying, Emperor (944–945)
 * Duan Siliang, Emperor (945–951)
 * Duan Sicong, Emperor (952–968)
 * Duan Sushun, Emperor (968–985)
 * Duan Suying, Emperor (985–1009)

Japan

 * Heian period Japan (complete list) –
 * Daigo, Emperor (897–930)
 * Suzaku, Emperor (930–946)
 * Murakami, Emperor (946–967)
 * Reizei, Emperor (967–969)
 * En'yū, Emperor (969–984)
 * Kazan, Emperor (984–986)
 * Ichijō, Emperor (986–1011)

Korea

 * Balhae (complete list) –
 * Dae Wihae, King (894–906)
 * Dae Inseon, King (906–926)

 * Later Baekje –
 * Kyŏn Hwŏn, King (892–935)
 * Kyŏn Sin-gŏm, King (935–936)

 * Unified Silla (complete list) –
 * Hyogong, King (897–912)
 * Sindeok, King (912–917)
 * Gyeongmyeong, King (917–924)
 * Gyeongae, King (924–927)
 * Gyeongsun, King (927–935)

 * Taebong –
 * Kung Ye, King (901–918)

 * Goryeo (complete list) –
 * Taejo, King (918–943)
 * Hyejong, King (943–945)
 * Jeongjong, King (945–949)
 * Gwangjong, King (949–975)
 * Gyeongjong, King (975–981)
 * Seongjong, King (981–997)
 * Mokjong, King (997–1009)

Asia: Southeast
Cambodia
 * Khmer Empire (complete list) –
 * Yasovarman I, King (889–910)
 * Harshavarman I, King (900–925)
 * Ishanavarman II, King (925–928)
 * Jayavarman IV, King (928–941)
 * Harshavarman II, King (941–944)
 * Rajendravarman II, King (944–968)
 * Jayavarman V, King (968–1001)

Indonesia
 * Indonesia: Java

 * Sunda Kingdom (complete list) –
 * Windusakti Prabu Dewageng, Maharaja (895–913)
 * Rakeyan Kemuning Gading Prabu Pucukwesi, Maharaja (913–916)
 * Rakeyan Jayagiri Prabu Wanayasa, Maharaja (916–942)
 * Prabu Resi Atmayadarma Hariwangsa, Maharaja (942–954)
 * Limbur Kancana, Maharaja (954–964)
 * Prabu Munding Ganawirya, Maharaja (964–973)
 * Prabu Jayagiri Rakeyan Wulung Gadung, Maharaja (973–989)
 * Prabu Brajawisesa, Maharaja (989–1012)

 * Mataram Kingdom (complete list) –
 * Shailendra dynasty/Sanjaya dynasty
 * Balitung, King (899–911)
 * Daksa, King (910–919)
 * Tulodong, King (919–924)
 * Wawa, King (924–929)
 * Isyana dynasty
 * Mpu Sindok, King (c.929–947)
 * Isyana Tunggawijaya Queen (947–c.985)
 * Makutawangsa Wardhana, King (c.985–991)
 * Dharmawangsa, King (991–1016)

 * Indonesia: Sumatra

 * Srivijaya: Shailendra dynasty –
 * Śri Udayadityavarman, King (c.960)
 * Haji, King (c.980)
 * Sri Cudamani Warmadewa, King (c.988)

 * Indonesia: Lesser Sunda Islands

 * Bali Kingdom: Warmadewa dynasty (complete list) –
 * Sri Kesari Warmadewa, King (fl.914)
 * Ugrasena, King (fl.915–942)
 * Tabanendrawarmadewa, King (fl.955–967)
 * Indrajayasingha Warmadewa, Co-regent (fl.960)
 * Janasadhu Warmadewa, King (fl.975)
 * Śri Wijaya Mahadewi, Queen (fl.983)
 * Mahendradatta, Queen (before 989–1007)

Malaysia: Peninsular
 * Kedah Sultanate (complete list) –
 * Darma Raja II, Maharaja (c.880–956)
 * Durbar II, Raja (c.956–1136)

Myanmar / Burma
 * Early Pagan Kingdom (complete list) –
 * Sale Ngahkwe, King (early 10th century)
 * Theinhko, King (early 10th century)
 * Nyaung-u Sawrahan, King (late 10th century)

Philippines

 * Tondo (complete list) –
 * Jayadewa, Admiral (c.900)

 * Rajahnate of Butuan (complete list) –
 * Datu Bantuan, Rajah (?–989)
 * Kiling, Rajah (989–1009)

Thailand
 * Ngoenyang (complete list) –
 * Lao Thoeng, King (early 10th century)
 * Lao Tueng, King (mid 10th century)
 * Lao Khon, King (late 10th century)

Vietnam

 * Champa (complete list) –
 * Jaya Sinhavarman I, King (c.898/903)
 * Jaya Saktivarman, King (?)
 * Bhadravarman II, King (fl. 910)
 * Indravarman III, King (c.918–959)
 * Jaya Indravarman I, King (959–c.965)
 * Paramesvaravarman I, King (c.965–982)
 * Indravarman IV, King (982–986)
 * Lieou Ki-Tsong, of Annam, King (c.986–989)
 * Harivarman II, King (c.989–997)
 * Yang Bo Zhan, of Fan, King (?)
 * Yang Pu Ku Vijaya, King (c.998–1007)

 * Khúc clan (complete list) –
 * Khúc Tiên Chủ, Jiedushi (905–907)
 * Khúc Trung Chủ, Jiedushi (907–917)
 * Khúc Hậu Chủ, Jiedushi (917–930)
 * Dương Đình Nghệ, Jiedushi (930–937)
 * Kiều Công Tiễn, Jiedushi (937–938)

 * Ngô dynasty (complete list) –
 * Ngô Quyền, King (938–944)
 * Dương Tam Kha, King (944–950)
 * Ngô Xương Ngập, Grand Prince (950–954)
 * Ngô Xương Văn, King (950–965)

 * Đại Việt: Đinh dynasty (complete list) –
 * Đinh Bộ Lĩnh, Emperor (968–979)
 * Đinh Phế Đế, Emperor (979–980)

 * Đại Việt: Early Lê dynasty (complete list) –
 * Lê Hoàn, Emperor (980–1005)

Asia: South
Afghanistan

 * Ghaznavids (complete list) –
 * Sabuktigin, Emir (977–997)
 * Ismail, Emir (997–998)
 * Mahmud, Sultan (998–1030)

 * Ghurid dynasty (complete list) –
 * Amir Suri, Malik (9th–10th century)

Bengal and Northeast India

 * Chandra dynasty –
 * Chamunda or Bhuyada, King (c.881–908)
 * Vairisimha, King (25 years?)
 * Ratnaditya, King (15 years?)
 * Gaghada, King (c.908–937)

 * Kamarupa: Pala dynasty –
 * Brahma Pala, King (900–920)
 * Ratna Pala, King (920–960)
 * Indra Pala, King (960–990)
 * Go Pala, King (990–1015)

 * Mallabhum (complete list) –
 * Yadav Malla, King (906–919)
 * Jagat Malla, King (994–1007)

 * Pala Empire (complete list) –
 * Narayanapala, King (9th–10th century)
 * Rajyapala, King (10th century)
 * Gopala II, King (10th century)
 * Vigrahapala II, King (10th century)
 * Mahipala I, King (977–1027)

 * Pala dynasty of Kamarupa (complete list) –
 * Brahma Pala, King (900–920)
 * Ratna Pala, King (920–960)
 * Indra Pala, King (960–990)
 * Go Pala, King (990–1015)

India

 * Amber Kingdom (complete list) –
 * Sorha Deva, King (966–1006)

 * Chahamanas of Naddula (complete list) –
 * Lakshmana, King (c.950–982)
 * Shobhita, King (c.982–986)
 * Baliraja, King (c.986–990)
 * Vigrahapala, King (c.990–994)
 * Mahindra, King (c.994–1015)

 * Chahamanas of Shakambhari (complete list) –
 * Vakpatiraja I, King (c.917–944)
 * Simharaja, King (c.944–971)
 * Vigraharaja II, King (c.971–998)
 * Durlabharaja II, King (c.998–1012)

 * Chandelas of Jejakabhukti (complete list) –
 * Rahila, King (c.885–905)
 * Shri Harsha, King (c.905–925)
 * Yasho-Varman, King (c.925–950)
 * Dhanga-Deva, King (c.950–999)
 * Ganda-Deva, King (c.999–1002)

 * Chaulukya dynasty of Gujarat (complete list) –
 * Mularaja, King (941–996)
 * Chamundaraja, King (996–1008)

 * Eastern Chalukyas (complete list) –
 * Chalukya Bhima I, King (892–921)
 * Vijayaditya IV, King (921)
 * Amma I, King (921–927)
 * Beta Vijayaditya V, King (927)
 * Tala I, King (927)
 * Vikramaditya II, King (927–928)
 * Bhima II, King (928)
 * Yuddhamalla II, King (928–935)
 * Chalukya Bhima II, King (935–947)
 * Amma II, King (947–970)
 * Tala I, King (970)
 * Danarnava, King (970–973)
 * Jata Choda Bhima, King (973–999)
 * Shaktivarman I, King (1000–1011)

 * Western Chalukya Empire (complete list) –
 * Tailapa II, King (957–997)
 * Satyashraya, King (997–1008)

 * Chera/Perumals of Makotai (complete list) –
 * Goda Ravi, King (c.883–913)
 * Kotha Kotha Kerala Kesari, King (c.913–c.943)
 * Indu Kotha, King (943–962)
 * Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladithya, King (962–1021)

 * Chola dynasty (complete list) –
 * Aditya I, King (870–907)
 * Parantaka I, King (907–950)
 * Gandaraditya, King (950–957)
 * Arinjaya, King (956–957)
 * Parantaka Chola II, King (957–970)
 * Uttama Chola, King (970–985)
 * Rajaraja I, King (c.985–1014)

 * Eastern Ganga dynasty (complete list) –
 * Gunamaharnava I, King (c.895–939)
 * Vajrahasta II (or Anangabhimadeva I), King (c.895–939)
 * Gundama, King (939–942)
 * Kamarnava I, King (942–977)
 * Vinayaditya, King (977–980)
 * Vajrahasta Aniyakabhima, King (980–1015)

 * Western Ganga dynasty (complete list) –
 * Rachamalla II, King (870–907)
 * Ereganga Neetimarga II, King (907–921)
 * Narasimha, King (921–933)
 * Rachamalla III, King (933–938)
 * Butuga II, King (938–961)
 * Marulaganga Neetimarga, King (961–963)
 * Marasimha II Satyavakya, King (963–975)
 * Rachamalla IV Satyavakya, King (975–986)
 * Rachamalla V, King (986–999)
 * Rakkasa Ganga, King (985–1024)

 * Garhwal Kingdom (complete list) –
 * Bhakti Pal, King (895–919)
 * Jayachand Pal, King (920–948)
 * Prithvi Pal, King (949–971)
 * Medinisen Pal, King (973–995)
 * Agasti Pal, King (995–1014)

 * Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty (complete list) –
 * Mahendrapala I, King (885–910)
 * Bhoja II, King (910–913)
 * Mahipala I, King (913–944)
 * Mahendrapala II, King (944–948)
 * Devapala, King (948–954)
 * Vinayakapala, King (954–955)
 * Mahipala II, King (955–956)
 * Vijayapala II, King (956–960)
 * Rajapala, King (960–1018)

 * Kalachuris of Tripuri (complete list) –
 * Shankaragana II, King (890–910)
 * Balaharsha, King (910–915)
 * Yuvaraja-deva I, King (915–945)
 * Lakshmanaraja II, King (945–970)
 * Shankaragana III, King (970–980)
 * Yuvarajadeva II, King (980–990)
 * Kokalla II, King (990–1015)

 * Kumaon Kingdom: Katyuri (complete list) –
 * Nimbarta Dev, King (900–915)
 * Istanga, King (915–930)
 * Lalitasura Dev, King (930–955)
 * Bhu Dev, King (955–970)
 * Salonaditya, King (970–985)
 * Ichchhata Dev, King (985–1000)
 * Deshat Dev, King (1000–1015)

 * Pala dynasty of Kamarupa (complete list) –
 * Brahma Pala, King (900–920)
 * Ratna Pala, King (920–960)
 * Indra Pala, King (960–990)
 * Go Pala, King (990–1015)

 * Pandyan dynasty (complete list) –
 * Maravarman Rajasimha II, King (900–920)

 * Paramaras of Chandravati (complete list) –
 * Utpala-raja, King (c.910–930)
 * Arnno-raja, or Aranya-raja, King (c.930–950)
 * Krishna-raja, King (c.950–979)
 * Dhara-varaha or Dharani-varaha, King (c.970–990)
 * Dhurbhata, King (c.990–1000)

 * Paramara dynasty of Malwa (complete list) –
 * Vakpati I, King (9th–10th century)
 * Vairisimha II, King (10th century)
 * Siyaka II, King (948–972)
 * Vakpati II, King (972–990s)
 * Sindhuraja, King (990s–1010)

 * Rashtrakuta dynasty -
 * Krishna II, King (878–914)
 * Indra III, King (914–929)
 * Amoghavarsha II, King (929–930)
 * Govinda IV, King (930–936)
 * Amoghavarsha III, King (936–939)
 * Krishna III, King (939–967)
 * Khottiga Amoghavarsha, King (967–972)
 * Karka II, King (972–973)
 * Indra IV, King (973–982)

Pakistan

 * Hindu Shahi (complete list) –
 * Jayapala, King (964–1001)

Sri Lanka

 * Anuradhapura Kingdom, Sri Lanka (complete list) –
 * Sena II, King (866–901)
 * Udaya I, King (901–912)
 * Kassapa IV, King (912–929)
 * Kassapa V, King (929–939)
 * Dappula IV, King (939–940)
 * Dappula V, King (940–952)
 * Udaya II, King (952–955)
 * Sena III, King (955–964)
 * Udaya III, King (964–972)
 * Sena IV, King (972–975)
 * Mahinda IV, King (975–991)
 * Sena V, King (991–1001)

Asia: West
Mesopotamia

 * Abbasid Caliphate, Baghdad (complete list) –
 * al-Mu'tadid, Caliph (892–902)
 * al-Muktafi, Caliph (902–908)
 * al-Muqtadir, Caliph (908–929, 929–932)
 * al-Qahir, Caliph (929, 932–934)
 * al-Radi, Caliph (934–940)
 * al-Muttaqi, Caliph (940–944)
 * al-Mustakfi, Caliph (944–946)
 * al-Muti, Caliph (946–974)
 * at-Ta'i, Caliph (974–991)
 * al-Qadir, Caliph (991–1031)

 * Hamdanid dynasty (complete list) –
 * Emirate of Mosul
 * Nasir al-Dawla, Emir (929–967)
 * Abu Taghlib, Emir (967–978)
 * Abu Tahir Ibrahim and Abu Abdallah al-Husayn (989–990)
 * Emirate of Aleppo
 * Sayf al-Dawla, Emir (945–967)
 * Sa'd al-Dawla, Emir (967–991)
 * Sa'id al-Dawla, Emir (991–1002)

Persia

 * Buyid Empire (complete list) –
 * Buyids in Fars
 * Imad al-Dawla, Emir (934–949)
 * 'Adud al-Dawla, Emir (949–983)
 * Sharaf al-Dawla, Emir (983–989)
 * Samsam al-Dawla, Emir (989–998)
 * Baha' al-Dawla, Emir (998–1012)
 * Sultan al-Dawla, Emir (1012–1024)

 * Buyids in Ray
 * Rukn al-Dawla, Emir (935–976)
 * Fakhr al-Dawla, Emir (976–980, 984–997)
 * Mu'ayyad al-Dawla, Emir (980–983)
 * Majd al-Dawla, Emir (997–1029)

 * Buyids in Iraq
 * Mu'izz al-Dawla, Emir (945–967)
 * 'Izz al-Dawla, Emir (966–978)
 * 'Adud al-Dawla, Emir (978–983)
 * Samsam al-Dawla, Emir (983–987)
 * Sharaf al-Dawla, Emir (987–989)
 * Baha' al-Dawla, Emir (989–1012)

 * Saffarid dynasty (complete list) –
 * Amr ibn al-Layth, Amir (879–901)
 * Tahir ibn Muhammad ibn Amr, Amir (901–908)
 * al-Layth ibn 'Ali, Amir (908–910)
 * Muhammad ibn Ali ibn al-Layth, Amir (910–911)
 * Al-Mu'addal, Amir (911)
 * Amr ibn Ya'qub, Amir (912–913)
 * Ahmad ibn Muhammad, Amir (922–963)
 * Khalaf ibn Ahmad, Amir (963–1002)

 * Samanid Empire (complete list) –
 * Isma'il ibn Ahmad, Amir (892–907)
 * Ahmad Samani, Amir (907–914)
 * Nasr II, Amir (914–943)
 * Nuh I, Amir (943–954)
 * Ibrahim ibn Ahmad, Amir (947)
 * Abd al-Malik I, Amir (954–961)
 * Mansur I, Amir (961–976)
 * Nuh II, Amir (976–997)
 * Abd al-Aziz ibn Nuh, Amir (992)
 * Mansur II, Amir (997–999)
 * Abd al-Malik II, Amir (999)
 * Isma'il Muntasir, Amir (1000–1004)

 * Ziyarid dynasty (complete list) –
 * Mardavij, Emir (930–935)
 * Vushmgir, Emir (935–967)
 * Bisutun, Emir (967–977)
 * Qabus, Emir (977–981)
 * Buyid, Emir occupation (977–997)
 * Qabus, Emir (997–1012)

Yemen

 * Yemeni Zaidi State (complete list) –
 * al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya, Imam (897–911)
 * al-Murtada Muhammad, Imam (911–913)
 * an-Nasir Ahmad, Imam (913–934 or 937)
 * al-Muntakhab al-Hasan, Imam (934–936 or 939)
 * al-Mukhtar al-Qasim, Imam (936–956)
 * al-Mansur Yahya, Imam (934–976)
 * ad-Da'i Yusuf, Imam (977–999)
 * al-Mansur al-Qasim al-Iyyani, Imam (999–1002)

Europe: Balkans

 * First Bulgarian Empire (complete list) –
 * Simeon I, Emperor (893–927)
 * Peter I, Emperor (927–969)
 * Boris II, Emperor (969–971)
 * Roman, Emperor (977–991)
 * Samuel, Khan (997–1014)

 * Byzantine Empire (complete list) –
 * Leo VI the Wise, Co-Emperor (870–886), Emperor (886–912)
 * Alexander, Emperor (912–913)
 * Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos, Junior Co-Emperor (908–913, 920–945), Emperor (913–920, 945–959)
 * Romanos I Lekapenos, Emperor (920–944)
 * Christopher Lekapenos, Junior Co-Emperor (921–931)
 * Stephen Lekapenos, Junior Co-Emperor (924–945)
 * Constantine Lekapenos, Junior Co-Emperor (924–945)
 * Romanos II, Emperor (959–963)
 * Nikephoros II Phokas, Emperor (963-969)
 * John I Tzimiskes, Emperor (969-976)
 * Basil II, Junior Co-Emperor (960–976), Emperor (976–1025)

 * Emirate of Crete (complete list) –
 * Muhammad ibn Shu'ayb al-Zarkun, Emir (c.895–910)
 * Yusuf ibn Umar ibn Shu'ayb, Emir (c.910–915)
 * Ali ibn Yusuf ibn Umar, Emir (c.915–925)
 * Ahmad ibn Umar, Emir (c.925–940)
 * Shu'ayb ibn Ahmad, Emir (940–943)
 * Ali ibn Ahmad, Emir (943–949)
 * Abd al-Aziz ibn Shu'ayb, Emir (949–961)

 * Duchy / Kingdom of Croatia (complete list) –
 * Muncimir, Duke (892–910)
 * Tomislav, Duke (910–925), King (c.925–928)
 * Trpimir II, King (928–935)
 * Krešimir I, King (935–945)
 * Miroslav, King (945–949)
 * Michael Krešimir II, King (949–969)
 * Stephen Držislav, King (969–997)
 * Svetoslav Suronja, King (997–1000)
 * Gojslav, co-King (1000–c.1020)

 * Principality of Serbia (complete list) –
 * Petar, Prince (892–917)
 * Pavle, Prince (917–921)
 * Zaharija, Prince (922–924)
 * Časlav, Prince (c.927–c.960)

 * Duklja (complete list) –
 * Petar, Archon (c.1000)
 * Jovan Vladimir, Prince (c.1000–1016)

Great Britain: Scotland

 * Kingdom of Scotland/ Kingdom of Alba (complete list) –
 * Constantine II (III), King (900–943)
 * Malcolm I, King (943–954)
 * Indulf, King (954–962)
 * Dub, King (962–967)
 * Cuilén, King (967–971)
 * Kenneth II, King (971–995)
 * Amlaíb, rival King (973–977)
 * Constantine III (IV), King (995–997)
 * Kenneth III, King (997–1005)

 * Kingdom of Strathclyde (complete list) –
 * Dyfnwal (died 908×915)
 * Owain ap Dyfnwal (fl. 934)
 * Dyfnwal ab Owain (died 975)
 * Rhydderch ap Dyfnwal (fl. 971), possible King
 * Máel Coluim (died 997)
 * Owain ap Dyfnwal (died 1015), possible King

 * Kingdom of the Isles (complete list) –
 * Ragnall ua Ímair, King (c.914–921) to 921?
 * Gebeachan, King (?–937)
 * Maccus mac Arailt, King (fl.971–974)
 * Gofraid mac Arailt, King (?–989)
 * Gilli, Chieftain (990–?)

Great Britain: Northumbria

 * Kingdom of Northumbria (complete list) –
 * Cnut, King (c.900)
 * Æthelwold, King (900–902)
 * Airdeconut, King (c.902)
 * Eowils, co-King (902–910)
 * Halfdan II, co-King (902–910)
 * Ingwær, co-King (?–910)
 * Ragnall ua Ímair, King (918–921)
 * Sitric Cáech, King (921–927)
 * Gofraid ua Ímair, King (927)
 * Olaf Guthfrithson, King (939–941)
 * Sitric II, King (c.942)
 * Ragnall Guthfrithson, King (943–944)
 * Eric Bloodaxe, King (947–948, 952–954)
 * Amlaíb Cuarán, King (949–952)

Great Britain: England

 * The Britons (complete list) –
 * Anarawd ap Rhodri, King (878–916)
 * Idwal Foel, King (916–942)
 * Hywel Dda, King (942–950)
 * Dyfnwal ab Owain, King (962–975)
 * Maredudd ab Owain, King (986–999)

 * Kingdom of East Anglia (complete list) –
 * Eohric, King (890–902)
 * Æthelwold, Sub-King (902)
 * Guthrum II, King (902–918)

 * Mercia (complete list) –
 * Æthelred II, Lord (c.881–911)
 * Æthelflæd, Lady (911–918)
 * Ælfwynn, Lady (918)

 * Kingdom of Wessex / Kingdom of England (complete list) –
 * Edward the Elder, King of Wessex (899–924)
 * Ælfweard, King of Wessex (924)
 * Æthelstan, King of the Anglo-Saxons (924–927), King of the English (927–939)
 * Edmund I, King (939–946)
 * Eadred, King (946–955)
 * Eadwig, King (955–959)
 * Edgar, King (959–975)
 * Edward the Martyr, King (975–978)
 * Æthelred the Unready, King (978–1013, 1014–1016)

Great Britain: Wales

 * Glywysing and Morgannwg (complete list) –
 * Arthfael Hen ap Rhys, King of Glywysing (785–c.825)
 * Rhys ap Arthfael, King of Glywysing (c.830–c.840)
 * Hywel ap Rhys, King of Glywysing (c.840–886)
 * Owain ap Hywel, King of Glywysing (886–c.930)
 * Gruffydd ab Owain, King of Glywysing (c.930–934)
 * Cadwgan ab Owain, King of Glywysing (c.930–950)
 * Morgan Hen ab Owain, the Old, King of Morgannwg (c.942–974)
 * Owain ap Morgan, King of Glywysing (974–c.983)
 * Rhys ab Owain, King of Glywysing (c.990–c.1000)
 * Ithel the Black, King of Glywysing (990)
 * Iestyn ab Owain, King of Glywysing (c.990–c.1015)

 * Kingdom of Gwynedd (complete list) –
 * Anarawd ap Rhodri, King (878–916)
 * Idwal Foel, King (916–942)
 * Hywel Dda, King (942–950)
 * Iago ab Idwal, King (950–979)
 * Ieuaf ab Idwal, King (950–969)
 * Hywel ab Ieuaf, King (974–985)
 * Cadwallon ab Ieuaf, King (985–986)
 * Maredudd ab Owain, King (986–999)
 * Cynan ap Hywel, King (999–1005)

 * Gwent (complete list) –
 * Brochfael ap Meurig, King (880–920)
 * Arthfael ap Hywel, King (?–916/927)
 * Owain ap Hywel, King (920–930)
 * Gruffydd ab Owain, King (?–c.935)
 * Cadwgan ab Owain, King (?–951)
 * Nowy ap Gwriad, King (c.950–c.970)
 * Arthfael ap Nowy, King (c.970–983)
 * Rhodri ap Elisedd and Gruffydd ap Elisedd, co-Kings (983–c.1015)

 * Kingdom of Powys (complete list) –
 * Llywelyn ap Merfyn, King (900–942)
 * Hywel Dda, King (942–950)
 * Owain ap Hywel Dda, King (950–986)
 * Maredudd ap Owain, King (986–999)
 * Llywelyn ap Seisyll, King (999–1023)

 * Kingdom of Dyfed (complete list) –
 * Llywarch ap Hyfaidd, King (893–904)
 * Rhodri ap Hyfaidd, King (904–905)
 * Hywel Dda, King (905–909)

 * Seisyllwg (complete list) –
 * Cadell ap Rhodri (878–909)

 * Deheubarth (complete list) –
 * Hywel Dda, King (920–950)
 * Owain ap Hywel, King (950–986)
 * Rhodri ap Hywel, King (950–953)
 * Edwin ap Hywel, King (950–954)
 * Maredudd ab Owain, King (986–999)
 * Cynan ap Hywel, prince of Gwynedd (999–1005)
 * Hywel ab Owain, King (c.990–c.1043)

Ireland

 * Ireland (complete list) –
 * Flann Sinna, High King (877–914)
 * Niall Glúndub, High King (915–917)
 * Donnchad Donn, High King (918–942)
 * Congalach Cnogba, High King ( 943–954)
 * Domnall ua Néill, High King (955–978)
 * Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill, High King (979–1002, 1014–1022)

 * Kingdom of Ailech (complete list) –
 * Domnall mac Áeda, King (887–915)
 * Niall Glúndub mac Áeda, King (896–919)
 * Flaithbertach mac Domnaill, King (916–919)
 * Fergal mac Domnaill, King (919–938)
 * Muirchertach mac Néill, King (938–943)
 * Domnall mac Muirchertaig ua Néill, King (943–980)
 * Flaithbertach mac Muirchertaig meic Néill, King (943–949)
 * Flaithbertach mac Conchobair, King (956–962)
 * Tadg mac Conchobair, King (956–962)
 * Conn mac Conchobair, King (956–962)
 * Murchad Glun re Lar mac Flaithbertaigh, King (962–972)
 * Fergal mac Domnaill meic Conaing, King (980–989)
 * Áed mac Domnaill Ua Néill, King (989–1004)

 * Airgíalla (complete list) –
 * Maol Craoibh ua Duibh Sionach, King (?–917)
 * Fogarthach mac Donnegan, King (?–947)
 * Egneach mac Dalach, King (?–961)
 * Donnacan mac Maelmuire, King (?–970)
 * Mac Eiccnigh mac Dalagh, King (?–998)
 * Mac Leiginn mac Cerbaill, King (?–1022)

 * Kingdom of Breifne (complete list) –
 * Flann mac Tighearnáin, Lord (c.910)
 * Cernachan mac Tighearnáin, King (?–931)
 * Conghalach mac Cathaláin, Lord (c.935)
 * Cléircén son of Tigernán, King (c.937)
 * Fergal ua Ruairc, King (?)
 * (Sean) Fergal Ó Ruairc, King (c.964–967)
 * Niall Ó Ruairc, heir (1000–1001)

 * Connachta (complete list) –
 * Cathal mac Conchobair, King (900–925)
 * Tadg mac Cathail, King (925–956)
 * Fergal Ua Ruairc, King (956–967)
 * Conchobar mac Tadg, King (967–973)
 * Cathal mac Tadg, King (973)
 * Cathal mac Conchobar mac Taidg, King (973–1010)

 * Kingdom of Dublin (complete list) –
 * Ímar ua Ímair, King (?–904)
 * Sitric Cáech, King (917–920)
 * Gofraid ua Ímair, King (921–934)
 * Olaf Guthfrithson, King (934–939)
 * Blácaire mac Gofraid, King (939–945, 947–948)
 * Amlaíb Cuarán, King (945–947)
 * Gofraid mac Sitriuc, King (?–951)
 * Glúniairn, King (?–989)
 * Ivar of Waterford, possible king (989–993), King (994–995)
 * Sigtrygg Silkbeard, King (989/995–1036)

 * Leinster (complete list) –
 * Cerball mac Muirecáin, King (885–909)
 * Augaire mac Aililla, King (909–917)
 * Faelan mac Muiredach, King (917–942)
 * Lorcán mac Fáelán, King (942–943)
 * Bran Fionn mac Máelmórda, King (943–947)
 * Túathal mac Úgaire, King (947–958)
 * Cellach mac Faelan, King (958–966)
 * Murchad mac Bran Fionn, King (966–972)
 * Úgaire mac Túathail, King (972–978)
 * Domnall Claen, King (978–984)
 * Donnchad mac Domnall Claen, King (984–1003)

 * Magh Luirg (complete list) –
 * Máel Ruanaid Mór mac Tadg, King (fl.956)
 * Muirchertach mac Maelruanaidh Mor, King (?)

 * Kingdom of Meath (complete list) –
 * Flann Sinna mac Maíl Sechnaill, King (877–916)
 * Conchobar mac Flainn, King (916–919)
 * Donnchad Donn mac Flainn, King (919–944)
 * Oengus mac Donnchada, King (944–945/946)
 * Donnchad mac Domnaill, King (945/946–950)
 * Fergal Got mac Oengussa, King (c.950)
 * Aed mac Mael Ruanaid, King (c.950–951)
 * Domnall mac Donnchada, King (951–952)
 * Carlus mac Cuinn, King (952–960)
 * Donnchad Finn mac Aeda, King (960–974)
 * Muirchertach mac Mael Sechnaill, King (974–c.976)
 * Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill, King (975/976–1022)

 * Kingdom of Munster (complete list) –
 * Finguine Cenn nGécan mac Loégairi, King (895–902)
 * Cormac mac Cuilennáin, King (902–908)
 * Flaithbertach mac Inmainén, King (908–944)
 * Lorcán mac Coinlígáin, King (944–?)
 * Cellachán Caisil, King (?–954)
 * Máel Fathardaig mac Flann, King (954–957)
 * Dub-dá-Bairenn mac Domnaill, King (957–959)
 * Fer Gráid mac Clérig, King (959–961)
 * Donnchad mac Cellacháin, King (959–963)
 * Máel Muad mac Brain, King (959–970, 976–978)
 * Ivar of Limerick, King (960–977)
 * Mathgamain mac Cennétig, King (970–976)
 * Brian Boru, King (978–1014)

 * Uí Maine (complete list) –
 * Mughroin mac Sochlachan, King (?–904)
 * Sochlachan mac Diarmata, King (?–909)
 * Murchadh mac Sochlachan, King (?–936)
 * Murchadh mac Aodha, King (?–960)
 * Geibennach mac Aedha, King (?–973)
 * Muirgus mac Domnaill, King (?–986)
 * Tadhg Mór Ua Cellaigh, King (?–1014)

 * Ulaid / Ulster (complete list) –
 * Áed mac Eochocáin, King (898–919)
 * Dubgall mac Áeda, King (919–925)
 * Loingsech mac Cinn Etig, King (925–932)
 * Eochaid mac Conaill, King (932–937)
 * Matudán mac Áeda, King (937–950)
 * Ardgal mac Matudáin, King (950–970)
 * Niall mac Áeda, King (970–971)
 * Áed mac Loingsig, King (971–972)
 * Eochaid mac Ardgail, King (972–1004)

Europe: Central
Holy Roman Empire in Germany

 * See also List of state leaders in the 10th-century Holy Roman Empire

 * Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Germany (complete list, complete list) –
 * Louis the Child, King (899–911)
 * Conrad I, King (911–918)
 * Henry I, King (919–936)
 * Otto I, King (936–973), Holy Roman Emperor (962–973)
 * Otto II, King (961–983), Holy Roman Emperor (967–983)
 * Otto III, King (983–1002), Holy Roman Emperor (996–1002)

Hungary

 * Principality of Hungary (complete list) –
 * Árpád, Grand Prince (c.895–c.907)
 * Zoltán, Grand Prince (c.907–c.948)
 * Fajsz, Grand Prince (c. 948)
 * Taksony, Grand Prince (c.955–c.973)
 * Géza, Grand Prince (c.973–997)
 * Stephen I, Grand Prince (997–1000), King (1000–1038)

Moravia

 * Great Moravia (complete list) –
 * Mojmír II, Duke (894–906)

Poland

 * Civitas Schinesghe (complete list) –
 * Lestek, Duke (early 10th century)
 * Siemomysł, Duke (mid–10th century)
 * Mieszko I, Duke (960–992)
 * Bolesław I, Duke (992–1025), King (1025)

 * Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385) (complete list) –
 * Bolesław I the Brave, Duke (992–1025), King (1025)

Europe: East

 * Volga Bulgaria (complete list) –
 * Almış, Emir (895–925)
 * Mikail bine Cäğfär, ruler (925–943)
 * Äxmäd bine Cäğfär, ruler (943–950)
 * Abdulla bine Mikail, ruler (950–970)
 * Talib bine Äxmäd, ruler (970–976)
 * Mö'min bine Äxmäd, ruler (976–980)
 * Abd ar-Rahman bine Mö'min, ruler (980–1006)

 * Khazar Khaganate (complete list) –
 * Aaron I, ruler (c.900)
 * Menahem, ruler (early 10th-century)
 * Benjamin, ruler (c.920)
 * Aaron II, ruler (late 920s–940)
 * Joseph, ruler (940–965)
 * David of Taman, ruler (c.986–988)
 * Georgius Tzul, ruler (?–1016)

 * Kievan Rus' (complete list) –
 * Oleg of Novgorod, Prince (882–912)
 * Igor I, Prince (912–945)
 * Olga, Regent, Consort (945–962)
 * Sviatoslav I, Prince (962–972)
 * Yaropolk I, Prince (972–980)
 * Vladimir I the Great, Grand Prince (980–1015)

 * Novgorod (complete list) –
 * Oleg of Novgorod (879–912)

Europe: Nordic
Denmark

 * Denmark (complete list) –
 * Harthacnut I, King (early–10th century)
 * Gorm the Old, King (c. 936–c. 958)
 * Harald Bluetooth, King (c.958–c.986)
 * Sweyn Forkbeard, King (986–1014)

Norway

 * Kingdom of Norway (872–1397) (complete list) –
 * Harald Fairhair, King (c.872–930)
 * Eric Bloodaxe, King (c.929–934)
 * Haakon I the Good, King (c.934–960)
 * Harald II Greycloak, King (c.961–970)
 * Harald Bluetooth, King (c.970–985/986)
 * Haakon Sigurdsson, de facto ruler (c.975–995)
 * Olaf Tryggvason, King (995–1000)
 * Sweyn Forkbeard, King (c.985–995, 1000–1014)

Sweden

 * Sweden: Proto-historic (complete list) –
 * Ring of Sweden, King (c.910–940)
 * Erik Ringsson, King (c.940–950)
 * Emund Eriksson, King (mid–10th century)
 * Björn Eriksson, King (late 10th century)
 * Olof Björnsson, King (late 10th century)

 * Sweden (800–1521) (complete list) –
 * Eric the Victorious, King (c.970–c.995)
 * Olof Skötkonung, King (c.995–1022)

Europe: Southcentral

Holy Roman Empire in Italy

 * See also List of state leaders in the 10th-century Holy Roman Empire

 * Kingdom of Italy (complete list) –
 * Integrum: Simultaneous claimants
 * Berengar I, King (887–924)
 * Louis III the Blind, King (900–905)
 * Rudolph II of Burgundy, King (922–926)
 * Hugh of Arles, King (924–947)
 * Lothair II, King (948–950)
 * Berengar II of Ivrea, co-King (950–961)
 * Adalbert of Ivrea, co-King (950–963)
 * Ottonian dynasty
 * Otto I, King (961–973)
 * Otto II, King (980–983)
 * Otto III, King (996–1002)

 * March of Montferrat (complete list) –
 * William I, Marquis (?–pre-934)
 * Aleramo, Marquis (933–991)
 * William II, co-Marquis (?–pre-967)
 * Otto I, ruler (c.991)
 * William III, ruler (991–pre-1042)

 * Papal States (complete list) –
 * Benedict IV, Pope (900–903)
 * Leo V, Pope (903)
 * Sergius III, Pope (904–911)
 * Anastasius III, Pope (911–913)
 * Lando, Pope (913–914)
 * John X, Pope (914–928)
 * Leo VI, Pope (928)
 * Stephen VII, Pope (929–931)
 * John XI, Pope (931–935)
 * Leo VII, Pope (936–939)
 * Stephen VIII, Pope (939–942)
 * Marinus II, Pope (942–946)
 * Agapetus II, Pope (946–955)
 * John XII, Pope (955–963, 964)
 * Benedict V, Pope (964)
 * Leo VIII, Pope (964–965)
 * John XIII, Pope (965–972)
 * Benedict VI, Pope (973–974)
 * Benedict VII, Pope (974–983)
 * John XIV, Pope (983–984)
 * John XV, Pope (985–996)
 * Gregory V, Pope (996–999)
 * Sylvester II, Pope (999–1003)

 * Duchy of Spoleto (complete list) –
 * Alberic I, Duke (898–922)
 * Boniface I, Duke (923–928)
 * Peter, Duke (924–928)
 * Theobald I, Duke (928–936)
 * Anscar, Duke (936–940)
 * Sarlione, Duke (940–943)
 * Hubert, Duke (943–946)
 * Boniface II, Duke (946–953)
 * Theobald II, Duke (953–959)
 * Transamund III, Duke (c.959–c.967)
 * Pandulf I, Duke (967–981)
 * Landulf, Duke (981–982)
 * Transamund III, Duke (982–989)
 * Hugh I the Great, Duke (989–996)
 * Conrad, Duke (996–998)
 * Adhemar, Duke (998–999)

 * March of Tuscany (complete list) –
 * Adalbert II the Rich, Margrave (886–915)
 * Guy, Margrave (915–929)
 * Lambert, Margrave (929–931)
 * Boso, Margrave (931–936)
 * Humbert, Margrave (936–961)
 * Hugh the Great, Margrave (961–1001)

 * Republic of Venice (complete list) –
 * Pietro Tribuno, Doge (888–912)
 * Orso II Participazio, Doge (912–932)
 * Pietro II Candiano, Doge (932–939)
 * Pietro Participazio, Doge (939–942)
 * Pietro III Candiano, Doge (942–959)
 * Pietro IV Candiano, Doge (959–976)
 * Pietro I Orseolo, Doge (976–978)
 * Vitale Candiano, Doge (978–979)
 * Tribuno Memmo, Doge (979–991)
 * Pietro II Orseolo, Doge (991–1009)

Southern Italy

 * Principality of Benevento (complete list) –
 * Atenulf I, Prince (900–910)
 * Landulf I, co-ruler (901–910), Prince (910–943)
 * Atenulf II, co-ruler (911–940)
 * Landulf of Conza, co-ruler (940)
 * Atenulf III Carinola, co-ruler (933–943)
 * Landulf II, co-ruler (940–943), Prince (943–961)
 * Landulf III, co-ruler (959–961), Prince (961–968)
 * Pandulf I, co-ruler (943–961), Prince (961–981)
 * Landulf IV, co-ruler (968–981)
 * Pandulf II, Prince (981–1014)

 * Principality of Capua (complete list) –
 * Atenulf I, Gastald (887–910)
 * Landulf III, Gastald (901–910), Prince (910–943)
 * Atenulf II, co-Prince (911–940)
 * Landulf of Conza, co-Prince (940)
 * Atenulf III Carinola, co-Prince (933–943)
 * Landulf IV, Prince (940–961)
 * Landulf III, Prince (959–968)
 * Pandulf I Ironhead, Prince (961–981)
 * Landulf VI, Prince (981–982)
 * Landenulf II, Prince (982–993)
 * Laidulf, Prince (993–999)
 * Adhemar, Prince (999)
 * Landulf VII, Prince (999–1007)

 * Duchy of Gaeta (complete list) –
 * Docibilis I, Hypatus (866–906)
 * John I, Hypatus (867–933)
 * Docibilis II, co-Hypatus (906–933), Duke (933–954)
 * John II, co-Duke (933–954), Duke (954–963)
 * Gregory, Duke (963–978)
 * Marinus II, Duke (978–984)
 * John III, co-Duke (979–984), Duke (984–1008)
 * John IV, co-Duke (991–1008), Duke (1008–1012)

 * March of Ivrea (complete list) –
 * Anscar I of Ivrea, Margrave (888–902)
 * Adalbert I, Margrave (902–929)
 * Anscar II, Margrave (929–936)
 * Berengar I, Margrave (936–957)
 * Guy, Margrave (957–965)
 * Adalbert II, Margrave (965–970)
 * Conrad, Margrave (970–c.990)
 * Arduin, Margrave (c.990–1015)

 * Duchy of Naples (complete list) –
 * Gregory IV, Duke (898–915)
 * John II, Duke (915–919)
 * Marinus I, Duke (919–928)
 * John III, Duke (928–968/969)
 * Marinus II, Duke (968/969–992/997)
 * Sergius III, Duke (992–997/999)
 * John IV, Duke (997/999–1005)

 * Principality of Salerno (complete list) –
 * Guaimar I, Prince (880–901)
 * Guaimar II, Prince (901–946)
 * Gisulf I, Prince (946–978)
 * Landulf of Conza, Prince in opposition (973)
 * Pandulf I Ironhead, Prince (978–981)
 * Pandulf II, Prince (981)
 * Manso, Prince (981–983)
 * John I, Prince (981–983)
 * John II, Prince (983–994)
 * Guaimar III, Prince (994–1027)

 * Emirate of Sicily (complete list) –
 * al-Hasan al-Kalbi, Emir (948–953)
 * Ahmad ibn al-Hasan al-Kalbi, Emir (954–969)
 * Ya'ish, Emir (969-970)
 * Abu'l-Qasim Ali ibn al-Hasan al-Kalbi, Emir (970–982)
 * Jabir al-Kalbi, Emir (982–983)
 * Ja'far al-Kalbi, Emir (983–985)
 * Abdallah al-Kalbi, Emir (985–990)
 * Yusuf al-Kalbi, Emir (990–998)
 * Ja'far al-Kalbi, Emir (998–1019)

Iberian Peninsula: Christian
Iberian Peninsula: Christian

 * County of Aragon (complete list) –
 * Galindo Aznárez II, Count (893–922)

 * Kingdom of Asturias (complete list) –
 * Alfonso III, King (866–910)
 * Fruela II, King (910–925)

 * County of Barcelona (complete list) –
 * Wilfred II Borrel, Count (897–911)
 * Sunyer, Count (911–947)
 * Borrell II, Count (947–992)
 * Miro, Count (947–966)
 * Ramon Borrell, Count (988–1018)

 * County of Pallars (complete list) –
 * Raymond I, Count (872–920)
 * Lope I, Count (920–947)
 * Isarn, Count (920–948)
 * Raymond II, Count (948–992)
 * Borrell I, Count (948–995)
 * Ermengol I, Count (992–1010)
 * Suñer I, Count (995–1011)

 * Kingdom of Pamplona (complete list) –
 * Fortún Garcés, King (882–905)
 * Sancho I, King (905–925)
 * Jimeno Garcés, King (925–931)
 * García Sánchez I, King (931–970)
 * Sancho II, King (970–994)
 * García Sánchez II, King (994–1000/1004)

 * County of Ribagorza (complete list) –
 * Raymond I, Count (872–920)
 * Bernard I, Count (920–950/955)
 * Miro, Count (920–?)
 * Raymond II, Count (950/955–970)
 * Humfred (II), Count (970–979)
 * Arnold, Count (979–990)
 * Isarn, Count (990–1003)

Iberian Peninsula: Muslim
Iberian Peninsula: Muslim

 * Emirate of Córdoba (complete list) –
 * Abdallah ibn Muhammad, Emir (888–912)
 * Abd ar-Rahman III, Emir (912–929), Caliph (929–961)
 * Al-Hakam II, Caliph (961–976)
 * Hisham II, Caliph (976–1008, 1010–1012)

Marca Hispanica
Marca Hispanica

 * County of Osona (complete list) –
 * Ermengol, Count (939–943)

 * County of Cerdanya (complete list) –
 * Miró II, Count (897–927)
 * Sunifred II, Count (927–968)
 * Miró III, Count (968–984)
 * Oliba Cabreta, Count (968–988)
 * Wilfred II, Count (988–1035)

 * County of Urgell (complete list) –
 * Sunifred II, Count (898–948)
 * Miró de Barcelona, Count (948–966)
 * Borrell II, Count (966–992)
 * Ermengol I of Córdoba, Count (992–1010)

Europe: West

 * West Frankish Kingdom, later France (complete list) –
 * Charles the Simple, King (898–922)
 * Robert I, King (922–923)
 * Rudolph, King (923–936)
 * Louis IV, King (936–954)
 * Lothair, King (954–986)
 * Louis V, King (986–987)
 * Hugh Capet, King (987–996)
 * Robert II, King (987–1031)

 * County of Angoulême (complete list) –
 * Alduin I, Count (886–916)
 * Aymer of Poitiers, Count (916–926)
 * William II ("Taillefer" I), Count (926–c.945)
 * Aymer II, Count (after 945–before 952)
 * Bernard, Count (after 945–before 952)
 * Arnald I "Voratio", Count (after 950–before 952)
 * William III "Talleyrand", Count (952/964–before 973/975)
 * Rannulf "Bompar", Count (973/975–975)
 * Richard the Simple, Count (975?)
 * Arnald II "Manzer", Count (975–988)
 * William IV (Taillefer II), Count (988–1028)

 * Anjou (complete list) –
 * Fulk I, Count (898–942)
 * Fulk II, Count (942–958)
 * Geoffrey I, Count (960–987)
 * Fulk III, Count (987–1040)

 * Duchy of Aquitaine (complete list) –
 * William I, Duke (893–918)
 * William II, Duke (918–926)
 * Acfred, Duke (926–927)
 * Ebalus, Duke (890–893, 927–932)
 * Raymond I, Duke (932–936)
 * Raymond II, Duke (936–955)
 * Hugh the Great, Duke (955–962)
 * William III, Duke (962–963)
 * William IV, Duke (963–995)
 * William V, Duke (995–1030)

 * County of Artois (complete list) –
 * Adelelm, Count (?–932)

 * Auvergne (complete list) –
 * William I, Duke of Aquitaine, Count (886–918)
 * William II, Duke of Aquitaine, Count (858–862, 918–926)
 * Acfred, Duke of Aquitaine, Count (926–927)
 * Ebalus Manzer, Count (927–934)
 * Raymond Pons, Count of Toulouse, Count (940–941)
 * William III, Duke of Aquitaine, Count (950–963)
 * Armand of Clermont, Count (late 10th century)
 * Robert I of Clermont, Count (late 10th century)
 * Robert II of Clermont, Count (late 10th century)
 * Robert III of Clermont, Count (late 10th century)
 * Guy I of Auvergne, Count (979–989)
 * William IV of Auvergne, Count (989–1016)

 * County of Boulogne (complete list) –
 * Baldwin I, Count (896–918)
 * Adelolf, Count (918–933)
 * Arnulf I, Count (933–964)
 * Arnulf II, Count (964–971)
 * Arnulf III, Count (971–990)
 * Baldwin II, Count (990–1025)

 * Bourbonnais (complete list) –
 * Aymar de Bourbon, Lord (915–953)
 * Aymon Ier de Bourbon, Lord (953–959)
 * Archambaud Ier de Bourbon, Lord (959–990)
 * Archambaud II de Bourbon, Lord (990–1031/34)

 * Duchy of Brittany (complete list) –
 * Alan I, King (876–907)
 * Gourmaëlon, ruler (907–c.914)
 * Hroflr, Viking ruler (early 10th century)
 * Rognvaldr, Viking ruler (early 10th century)
 * Incon, Viking ruler (early 10th century)
 * Alan II, Duke (938–952)
 * Drogo, Duke (952–958)
 * Hoël I, Duke (960–981)
 * Guerech, Duke (981–988)
 * Conan I, Duke (990–992))
 * Geoffrey I, Duke (992–1008)

 * Duchy of Burgundy (complete list) –
 * Richard the Justiciar, Duke (880–921)
 * Rudolph, Duke (921–923)
 * Hugh the Black, Duke (923–952)
 * Gilbert, Duke (952–956)
 * Otto, Duke (956–965)
 * Eudes Henry, Duke (965–1002)

 * County of Flanders (complete list) –
 * Baldwin II, Count (879–918)
 * Arnulf I the Great, Count (918–964)
 * Baldwin III, Count (958–962)
 * Arnulf II, Count (964–988)
 * Baldwin IV the Bearded, Count (988–1037)

 * Duchy of Gascony (complete list) –
 * García II, Duke (893–c.930)
 * Sans IV, Duke (930–c.950)
 * Sans V, Duke (c.950–c.961)
 * Guilhem II, Duke (c.961–996)
 * Bernat I, Duke (996–1009)

 * County of Maine (complete list) –
 * Hugh I, Count (900–950)
 * Hugh II, Count (950–992)
 * Hugh III, Count (992–1015)

 * County of Nevers (complete list) –
 * Otto-Henry, Count (?–987)
 * Otto-William, Count (987–992)
 * Landri, Count (992–1028)

 * Duchy of Normandy (complete list) –
 * Rollo, Count (911–927)
 * William Longsword, Count (927–942)
 * Richard I the Fearless, Count (942–996)
 * Richard II the Good, Duke (996–1027)

 * County of Poitou (complete list) –
 * Robert I, Count (866–923)
 * Aymar, Count (892–902)
 * Ebalus, Count (890–893, 902–935)
 * William I, Count (935–963)
 * William II, Count (963–995)
 * William III, Count (969–1030)

 * Provence / Lower Burgundy (complete list) –
 * Louis the Blind, King(887–928)
 * Hugh, King(911–933)
 * Rotbold I, Count (961–1008)

 * County of Toulouse (complete list) –
 * Odo, Count (886–918)
 * Raymond II, Count (918–924)
 * Raymond III Pons, Count (924–c.950)
 * Raymond (IV), Count (c.950–c.961)
 * Hugh, Count (c.961–c.972)
 * Raymond (V), Count (c.972–c.978)
 * William III Taillefer, Count (978–1037)

 * County of Vermandois (complete list) –
 * Herbert I, Count (896–907)
 * Herbert II, Count (907–943)
 * Albert I the Pious, Count (943–988)
 * Herbert III, Count (987–997)
 * Albert II, Count (997–1035)

Eurasia: Caucasus

 * Kingdom of Abkhazia (complete list) –
 * Constantine III, King (c.898–916)
 * George II, King (c.916–960)
 * Leon III, King (c.960–969)
 * Demetrius III, King (c.969–976)
 * Theodosius III, King (c.976–978)
 * Bagrat III, King (978–1014)

 * Bagratid Armenia (complete list) –
 * Smbat I, King (890–912)
 * Ashot II, King (914–928)
 * Abas I, King (928–952)
 * Ashot III, King (952–977)
 * Smbat II, King (977–989)
 * Gagik I, King (989–1020)

 * Principality of Iberia (complete list) –
 * Adarnase IV, King (888–923)
 * David II, King (923–937)
 * Sumbat I, King (937–958)
 * Bagrat II, King (958–994)
 * Gurgen of Georgia, King (994–1008)

 * First Kingdom of Kakheti (complete list) –
 * Kvirike I, Prince (893–918)
 * Padla II, Prince (918–929)
 * Kvirike II, Prince (929–976)
 * David, Prince (976–1010)

 * Kingdom of Hereti (complete list) –
 * Adarnase II, King (897–943)
 * Ishchanik, King (943–951)
 * Iany I, King (951–959)

 * Kingdom of the Iberians (complete list) –
 * Adarnase IV, King (888–923)
 * David II, King (923–937)
 * Sumbat I, King (937–958)
 * Bagrat I, King (958–994)
 * Gurgen, King (994–1008)

 * Klarjeti (complete list) –
 * David I, King (900–943)
 * Sumbat II, King (943–988)
 * David II, King (988–992/993)
 * Sumbat III, King (992/993–1011)

Oceania
Easter Island

 * Easter Island (complete list) –
 * Uremata, King (?)
 * Te Riri Tuu Kura, King (?)
 * Korua Rongo, King (?)
 * Tiki Te Hatu, King (?)
 * Tiki Tena, King (?)
 * Uru Kenu, King (c.1000)

Tonga

 * Tuʻi Tonga Empire (complete list) –
 * 'Aho'eitu, King (c. 950)
 * Lolofakangalo, King (?)
 * Fangaʻoneʻone, King (?)


text:
Jazzology Records

Jazzology Records is an American jazz record company and label. It is part of the Jazzology group of labels owned and operated by the George H. Buck Jr. Jazz Foundation.

Jazzology Records was founded in 1949 by George H. Buck, Jr. That year he recorded Art Hodes, Wild Bill Davison, and Tony Parenti. Buck did not record again until 1954, when he created his GHB Records label to concentrate on Dixieland jazz. Over time he released music on other labels that he acquired: American Music Records, Audiophile, Black Swan, Circle, Progressive, Solo Art, and Southland.

Roster

 * Red Allen
 * Donald Ashwander
 * Jimmy Archey
 * Kenny Ball
 * Sidney Bechet
 * Barney Bigard
 * George Brunies
 * Billy Butterfield
 * Ernie Carson
 * Sid Catlett
 * Doc Cheatham
 * Evan Christopher
 * Bill Coleman
 * Eddie Condon
 * Kenny Davern
 * Wild Bill Davison
 * Baby Dodds
 * Don Ewell
 * Pops Foster
 * Pete Fountain
 * Bud Freeman
 * Marty Grosz
 * Bobby Hackett
 * Bob Haggart
 * Edmond Hall
 * Herb Hall
 * Chuck Hedges
 * Duke Heitger
 * Earl Hines
 * Art Hodes
 * Max Kaminsky
 * Tim Laughlin
 * Yank Lawson
 * Cliff Leeman
 * George Lewis
 * Jimmy McPartland
 * Eddie Miller
 * Miff Mole
 * Max Morath
 * Red Nichols
 * Tony Parenti
 * Ed Polcer
 * Ben Pollack
 * Trevor Richards
 * Tom Roberts
 * Pee Wee Russell
 * Randy Sandke
 * Bob Scobey
 * Zutty Singleton
 * Willie "The Lion" Smith
 * Muggsy Spanier
 * Jess Stacy
 * Rex Stewart
 * Ralph Sutton
 * Jack Teagarden
 * Butch Thompson
 * Warren Vaché Sr.
 * Warren Vaché Jr.
 * Dicky Wells
 * George Wettling
 * Bob Wilber
 * Teddy Wilson
 * World's Greatest Jazz Band
 * Knocky Parker

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jazzology Records


text:
Talk:Biological immortality

Marketing sites
The link to neo-tech.com does not seem to be a scientific document. It is more a religious/philsophical document. It may be written by a scientist but how does that relate to the strict scientific definition that this page is run through? Ans e  ll  00:37, 12 April 2006 (UTC)
 * It's just an external link. What's the big deal? It's about the philosophical and business side of biological immortality. I see no reason to remove it. RJII 18:10, 12 April 2006 (UTC)
 * The point was that the article reads as a scientific article. And that wikipedia is not an advertising site for companies, especially when there products are so unrelated to the site. There is no need to have their special philsophical POV to be able to discuss the scientific ramifications of biological immortality. As there is no need to have their business advertised in the links. Ans  e  ll  22:48, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

Invincibility and Immortality
The point of the comments restricting the meaning of immortality is to make it clear that the "immortality" is being used by biologists in a narrow sense. --Ben Best 22:37, 30 May 2006 (UTC)
 * The comment made for the reverted change by User:66.191.144.82  was "Immortality should not be confused with Invincibility, being immortal does not make one invincible",yet the phrases deleted from the article were phrases that emphasized this very point. --Ben Best 22:46, 30 May 2006 (UTC)
 * The typical dictionary definition of immortality (such as Immortality) is quite terse, such as "The condition of not being susceptible to death". As this does not indicate any particular causes of death to which the described is not susceptible, it could be assumed, under a strict reading, that an immortal being could not be killed through any means. However, as definitions of immortality are frequently vague, and more explicit terms such as "invincible" and "invulnerable" exist, which state that the described cannot be destroyed, wounded, or injured, the term "immortal" is most commonly understood to mean that the described will not die of natural causes. Unfortunately, I cannot think of a word in the English language that is frequently defined "cannot be killed by any means". In any case, while "immortal" could be considered to be so defined, it is generally not. Thus, the sentence 'Any "immortal" cell or organism can be killed by physical destruction.' seems redundant. On first reading it, I thought, as I'm sure our anonymous contributor 66.191.144.82 also did, "Of course it could still be killed, it's only immortal, not invincible!". -- Rablari Dash 00:41, 14 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, "biological immortality" is a technical term referring to cell biology and the phenomenon of escaping cellular senescence (often by telomerase). It is a poorly designed piece of jargon, and leads to lots of misunderstanding, including in this Wikipedia article. This point was made slightly more clear when I did a re-write of the article in October 2005, but I could have done a better job then, and the point is now lost. Suggestions? Should I try another re-write? --Ben Best 03:11, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Jeeez people. Let's say you upload your mind into a nanotech body created for you by a genie, are you any less mortal than a nonscenescent meatspace person? Duh, of course not, since you would still end up just as dead in the event of your mind being sufficiently erased or your magical na-nu-tech body destroyed. Now stop cluttering up the article. 72.235.10.209 (talk) 10:10, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

Cancer Cells Immortal?
Aren't cancer cells immortal? I remember this from biology class. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.17.154.61 (talk) 23:58, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

Nope, like other cells they either die in the traditional way or divide into two new cells (which some people consider an immortality of sorts.) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.220.119.187 (talk) 00:13, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

- That's not true. Cancer cells do not die in the traditional way, and some maintain telomere length with telomerase, rendering them, effectively, immortal. --Stevehim (talk) 06:41, 28 March 2014 (UTC)

Some Cancer cells are biologically immortal in that they are not limited in their mitosis by the Hayflick limit which normally apllies to non-cancerous cells, this is what makes them so dangerous. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.219.232.92 (talk) 15:15, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

First "Citation Needed" comment on page
Why is a citation required for the statement that any cell or organism is capable of being destroyed physically? This is very obviously true. To take an example, any physical object with substructure may be destroyed by excessive heat. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.226.1.229 (talk) 19:20, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Jargon, and poorly written at that
The leading par of an article is the most important one, because it is here that the reader will decide if he/she is capable of understanding it, and it is also here that he/she will likely become confused concerning the remainder. The first par of "Biological Immortality" is a copybook example of this: an unnecessary use of jargon, combined with opaque phrases, together with a good deal of simply incorrect English makes for a potent farrago which is destined to turn readers off and / or confuse them. Look at the example below:

Biological immortality can be defined as the absence of a sustained increase in rate of mortality as a function of chronological age. A cell or organism that does not experience, or at some future point will cease aging, is biologically immortal. However this definition of immortality was challenged in the new "Handbook of the Biology of Aging",[1] because the increase in rate of mortality as a function of chronological age may be negligible at extremely old ages (late-life mortality plateau). But even though the rate of mortality ceases to increase in old age, those rates are very high[2] (e.g., 50% chance of surviving another year at age 110 or 115 years of age).

Some examples of how not to write an introduction:

Firstly, consider the sentence: “A cell or organism that does not experience, or at some future point will cease aging, is biologically immortal.” This is not acceptable English. It’s not a matter of debate: any book on English usage would describe it as grammatically incorrect. You should have written: “A cell or organism that does not age, or which at some point in its life will cease to age, is one which is deemed to be biologically immortal”.

Secondly, consider the sentence which immediately follows it. There should be a comma after “however”, and a careful writer would have written “has been challenged” not “was challenged”. Nor is it clear why the challenge, as it is described here, contradicts the definition that has just come before. Neither is it apparent that this fairly arcane dissent must needs be presented right here in the first paragraph, or in fact anywhere in a brief and general article of this nature.

Secondly, the use of the phrase “is a function of” is one which would confuse many non-mathematical readers. There is no need to invoke what is essentially a technical and little-known term in a context that does not absolutely require it. In non-mathematical usage, the terms “depends / is dependant on” or “is a consequence of” or “results in” or “causes / is caused by”, or "determines / is determined by”, are all ones which convey precisely the correct meaning, and utilizing words with which all general readers would be perfectly familiar.

I can’t be the only fastidious writer in the whole joint. There are hordes of writers out there who churn out great big indigestible chunks of geek boy indulgence with its characteristic features: a poor command of English usage, an inflated desire to show off one’s academic expertise by the use of jargon, and a complete disregard for the level of knowledge that we would expect a reader of a free encyclopedia might have. When I read a well-written article on a subject, it is like someone switching on a light at every sentence. Graceful and carefully written sentences expound upon the material with the patience and skill of a good teacher. Apposite examples follow lucid expositon which follow cogent illustrations. Where are the editors who would come to this dog’s breakfast of an exposition, and turn it into a thing of light and beauty? In its place, all we seem to get are more and more quibbles. I can’t be the only editor around about these parts who gives a damn. Do I REALLY have to come back here and fix THIS article up, as well as the three million like it? Sigh, because I guess I will…. Myles325a (talk) 07:38, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

What jargon?

If you don't know what mortality and chronological mean, then you probably wouldn't be interested in reading about biological immortality. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.109.198.84 (talk) 21:55, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

Cell Lines section re-write
Can someone please re-write the cell lines section so that someone without a degree in cellular biology and/or medicine can understand it? Thanks.

Kronos o (talk) 10:10, 16 January 2009 (UTC)

Click the embedded links if you want to know what the big words mean. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.109.198.84 (talk) 21:56, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

plants
Are any plants considered "biologically immortal"?

In particular, the articles list of long-living organisms and maximum lifespan mention several currently-living trees that are each over 3,000 years old. Are those trees considered "biologically immortal", or is there some reason to expect that those trees will eventually die of old age? --68.0.124.33 (talk) 02:28, 11 August 2009 (UTC)

Others however, feel that true immortality can be achieved.
Just because religious nuts believe in it doesn't mean it's relevant. People have all kinds of crazy opinions. So what. Their opinions should not be included in an encyclopedia, unless mentioned as such. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.109.198.84 (talk) 21:59, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

Tardigrades?
Hi! Why are tardigrades in here? Sure, they're tough, but the tardigrade page says that they live from 3-30 months. That's definitely not biological immortality. Can I just remove the section? Or is there some evidence that particular tardigrades don't age? Thanks, William Pietri (talk) 14:58, 30 November 2010 (UTC)
 * It appears that during their "frozen state" that they can go into, they are indeed immortal, living thousands of years. http://incrediblebeings.wordpress.com/2010/04/12/tardigrade-the-immortal/.
 * However, if they never go into that state in their lifespans, they live less than a year. So "in theory", yes, it is immortal, but practically it isn't. Mr.   Anon  515  23:56, 11 May 2011 (UTC)

Diet bit
The diet bit is bad. I am not much of a Wikipedia user so I decided to leave it there, but I am tempted to delete it outright. There is no scientific knowledge and it seems more like an advertisement. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.163.250.68 (talk) 03:47, 1 June 2011 (UTC)

Agree. As far as i'm aware there is litle scientific evidence to support the paleolithic diet as profoundly better than modern diets for human health. The only reference for this section claims that humans can achieve biological immortality - rather implausible - and even it only talks about what proponents of the paleo diet argue, rather than stating it as fact as this section does. Statements like "Foods that became available after the Neolithic such as grains, dairy, and processed foods do not help" are at the very least gross simplifications, and probably not true at all. Thewebb (talk) 03:21, 9 July 2011 (UTC)

Biological immortality vs. negligible senescence
An explanation of the differences between the two could help clear up the misunderstandings that might otherwise arise. Everything Is Numbers (talk) 16:23, 25 September 2012 (UTC)

Biological immortality is a misnomer. If you die of physical trauma or infectious diseases then biology has failed to keep you alive. Staying alive is the basis of immortality. Biological immortality is also a bit redundant unless we're comparing it to some nonbiological immortality. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.237.93.117 (talk) 12:36, 17 January 2013 (UTC)
 * I wholeheartedly agree with the above comment. Although I recently added a section describing the idea that technological interventions might bring about "biological immortality" (much of this subject is either at least contentious or regarded as outright pseudoscience by the contemporary establishment), the term itself is extremely problematic. As the above user implies, cessation of aging is *not* the same thing as "immortality", and frankly, it's hard to conceive of any meaningful way to contextualize "immortality" in the natural universe unless we're talking about "immortal souls" (ie supernatural). I think that when the term is no longer merely an expedient with which to refer to cell lines, it's essentially being abused. If technology allowed by our understanding of the laws of physics facilitates an end to aging, it will not then facilitate "immortality". Unfortunately, the term has been appropriated, misnomer or no. Taurus (talk) 17:17, 1 June 2013 (UTC)

Incorrect link to another article.
In the Jelly fish section, the link to the article Turritopsis nutricula should be replaced with a link to the article Turritopsis dohrnii. Blackbombchu (talk) 00:24, 22 October 2013 (UTC)
 * My suggestion in this section of the talk page has been done but it's not good enough. When people are reading a Wikipedia article and they click a link to another article, they want a full long article on that topic. The Jellyfish section should only mention Turritopsis dohrnii and not mention Turritopsis nutricula because people can't predict the future of which of those 2 links will get them a full long article. There's no harm in it. A link to the article Turritopsis nutricula can be found in the article Turritopsis dohrnii. Blackbombchu (talk) 19:12, 13 November 2013 (UTC)

Newly discovered immortal creature
The Organisms section should inclue a section "Flat worms" and under it should be a link to the article Planarian. Blackbombchu (talk) 00:43, 22 October 2013 (UTC)

How to expand the article
The article should include http://www.express.co.uk/news/science-technology/442287/Peter-Pan-girl-s-DNA-may-hold-key-to-immortality as a reference and add information from that reference. Blackbombchu (talk) 19:16, 13 November 2013 (UTC)

BioViva has just announced results from their gene editing experiment on their CEO Elizabeth Parrish. Read this article at http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/45947/title/First-Data-from-Anti-Aging-Gene-Therapy/ and add information from that source. I am reluctant to edit the article directly since I am new at this subject and I don't want to create extra work for volunteer editors. However, some mention of the company's results needs to be inserted in the article. Leaving it up to those who are better informed than me. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Scruples98 (talk • contribs) 19:17, 28 April 2016 (UTC)

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kings holly lives more than 40,000 years
I read the kings holly lives more than 40,000 years. Should this be in the main article? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:6C55:7001:400:3526:88A0:5723:F775 (talk) 01:45, 29 July 2018 (UTC)

 * Clonal colonies, such as this species of tree, seem to be a different class of organism in this regard. See List of oldest trees where it states "no individual part of a clonal colony is alive (in the sense of active metabolism) for more than a very small fraction of the life of the entire clone". While the Great Basin bristlecone pine is listed in the Biological Immortality article, note that it says "One member of this species, at 5,068 years old, is the oldest known living non-clonal organism on Earth". So, there is a difference between clonal and non-clonal life. 75.174.192.62 (talk) 18:40, 30 March 2019 (UTC)

Criticism
Comment: I restored the disputed text that has been in place since September 2018. The anonymous IP made a bold edit, which was reverted. Per WP:BRD, this should be resolved through discussion. However, for policy reasons (WP:COI, WP:NOR) that were cited, I did not restore the primary source in question, which appears to be another issue in and of itself. Also, to be clear, I don't have a personal interest in this topic. I'm here because Joanna brought it to my attention as she wanted an outside perspective. As always, I believe contentious issues such as these should be resolved through discussion. I have worked with Joanna in the past and have found her to be a diligent and credible WP editor. I have also seen works of the other two editors (MrOllie and I am One of Many) from a distance and I believe them to be just as dedicated and sincere in their efforts in wanting to improve this article. You guys are all veterans. You can work it out. Play nice ;). danielkueh (talk) 20:31, 3 February 2020 (UTC)

This page does not take a NPOV. The possibility of biological immortality is not a consensus position in the scientific community, and criticism should be included for balance. I have tried to do this by adding the text below, but it has repeatedly been deleted.

 * To achieve the more limited goal of halting the increase in mortality rate with age, a solution must be found to the fact that any intervention to remove senescent cells that creates competition among cells will increase age-related mortality from cancer.

Some deletions failed to give grounds. One stated that the reference does not support the claim made - but it does. One complained about a primary source, so I added a second commentary source. Final, COI grounds were cited, since I am an author of the primary source. Note that self-citing is not forbidden WP:SELFCITE. The policy is:

 * Using material you have written or published is allowed within reason, but only if it is relevant, conforms to the content policies, including WP:SELFPUB, and is not excessive. Citations should be in the third person and should not place undue emphasis on your work. You will be permanently identified in the page history as the person who added the citation to your own work.  When in doubt, defer to the community's opinion: propose the edit on the article's talk page and allow others to review it. However, adding numerous references to work published by yourself and none by other researchers is considered to be a form of spamming.

I believe that the single sentence I have added conforms to these guidelines, and the community editing this page currently has a WP:NPOV problem of failing to include all the significant views that have been published by reliable sources on a topic. A WP:NOR problem was also cited, but I don't see how this is the case, because the PNAS paper cited does make the claims, i.e. self-citing is not original research. I'd like to hear a broader set of editors chime in.Joannamasel (talk) 20:11, 3 February 2020 (UTC)

 * I've seen Joannna Masel's editing over the years, and I can vouch for her seriousness as an Wikipedian; her edits are always accurate, admirably concise, and reliably cited. She is correct about the policy matters above; it does not seem there is any actual Conflict of Interest here, nor any Self-Publicity, nor Original Research (as the material is cited to both primary and secondary sources), so it appears the issue is mere discomfort that a scientist should be citing her own work, something that is not forbidden though of course it can sometimes indicate breaches of the policies mentioned. Probably we should just accept her edits here, but I don't have detailed knowledge of the domain. The text makes sense in terms of general biology, and 's restoration of the text with the 2ndry Günter P. Wagner source is a good start - he's an extremely well-known biologist, quite independent of Masel. Personally I'd also restore the 1ry source as it is what the 2ndry one is talking about, but I think we should have consensus on that. Chiswick Chap (talk) 20:27, 3 February 2020 (UTC)

 * We should generally avoid primary sourced criticism. Without a secondary source we don't have context to establish if the critical view belongs to a minority or not, needed per WP:UNDUE. I have no particular issue with the secondary sourced version. It would be much better if Joanna Masel would leave it to someone else to restore self-cites after someone else has removed them. - MrOllie (talk) 21:02, 3 February 2020 (UTC)

 * If you want news stories as secondary sources, there is a long list at https://pnas.altmetric.com/details/28136871/news. You can take a well-known source like Newsweek https://www.newsweek.com/live-longer-stop-aging-process-mathematically-impossible-697003 or a smaller source that did more homework and goes more indepth like Singularity Hub https://singularityhub.com/2017/11/07/eternal-life-is-mathematically-impossible-says-new-aging-theory/ I see the advantage of requiring secondary sources to resolve a dispute on consensus/notability, but I don't understand the argument for removing primary sources.Joannamasel (talk) 21:43, 3 February 2020 (UTC)

Animal studies
I only wanted to point out that you should settle down your dispute over here. Even though the sources you have provided are relatively fresh (2019/2016) I don't agree with on that animal studies are prohibited. Relatively to WP:RSCONTEXT it's ok. What you have added in referenced diff is related to human health only remotely and doesn't fall under WP:BMI. I would suggest to shorten these claims anyway though as such studies are often speculative and are discouraged to use over here. -- AXO NOV  (talk) ⚑ 22:29, 12 May 2021 (UTC)
 * , Animal studies clearly do not meet WP:MEDRS. I know you disagree with this, but please do not misinform new editors about our policies and guidelines. Even leaving that aside, the section we're talking about is "Attempts to engineer biological immortality in humans". Anything in that section is manifestly a statement about human health. Animal studies are obviously not useful there. - MrOllie (talk) 22:36, 12 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Per WP:MEDANIMAL, if we're using trials that make claims about humans from animal subjects, it's much, much preferred that we use secondary literature reviews. Especially since this is an area with many fringe theories, we want to avoid (potentially cherrypicked) information from single studies. — Wingedserif (talk) 23:04, 12 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Stop ignoring other policies and misinterpreting/misapplying WP:MEDRS. I don't see what piece of text WP:MEDANIMAL applies to relatively to the recent changes done here.
 * Let's see what has to say about that.--  AXO NOV  (talk) ⚑ 23:11, 12 May 2021 (UTC)
 * The section contains sentences like this: scientists at the Buck Institute for Research on Aging and the Mayo Clinic employed genetic and pharmacological approaches to ablate pro-aging senescent cells, extending healthy lifespan of mice by over 25%. The startup Unity Biotechnology is further developing this strategy in human clinical trials. The "in humans" section of the subheader title also means that, by definition, WP:MEDANIMAL will apply to this section. — Wingedserif (talk) 23:19, 12 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Seems safe to remove. Unless someone upgrades it to a better source of course. -- AXO NOV  (talk) ⚑ 23:31, 12 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Animal trials is also informative so I don't think overusing the concept of WP:MEDRS in this context is good.Max Exon (talk) 04:30, 13 May 2021 (UTC)Max
 * "In 2016, scientists at the Buck Institute for Research on Aging and the Mayo Clinic employed genetic and pharmacological approaches to ablate pro-aging senescent cells, extending healthy lifespan of mice by over 25%. The startup Unity Biotechnology is further developing this strategy in human clinical trials." This sentence should be removed since it has nothing to do with *immortality*. It doesn't have any potential for immortality since it can't reverse aging, only delays it a bit. Max Exon (talk) 04:33, 13 May 2021 (UTC)Max
 * , WP:MEDRS isn't optional, it is a guideline that enjoys project-wide consensus and should be followed everywhere. Additionally, SENS is fringe science (there was an RFC related to this at the main SENS article quite recently), so we cannot present their views uncritically per WP:PROFRINGE. I've removed the whole section for now, it can be restored if and when some sort of consensus is arrived at on the talk page. MrOllie (talk) 12:56, 13 May 2021 (UTC)

Sea Anemones Should Be Added to the List
Sea anenomes have also been identified as being biologically immortal. They are immune to aging just like several other species that have been identified here. References: Article here (https://scitechdaily.com/forever-young-scientists-reveal-the-secret-to-a-strange-animals-eternal-youth/) and published paper here (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124722012025). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.91.75.30 (talk) 18:04, 21 November 2022 (UTC)

Immortality
Immortality refers to such a being which simply cannot die. Biologically immortal beings aren't really immortal as they can die. So calling it actual 'immortality' would be wrong and it can create a misconception that these species simply cannot die, even from any natural causes. Asaduzzaman Khan Shahriar (talk) 19:25, 2 April 2024 (UTC)

 * "Biological immortality" is the WP:COMMONNAME. There is no space for confusion here. It's already stated that they can still die from other causes. I don't see what's the issue here. StephenMacky1 (talk) 19:38, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Well, that is the issue. While it most likely won't create any kind of issue among scientists and learned people, people who are less literate about it may confuse it with actual concept of immortality. It is a common name, I get it. I am not asking for some kind of reformation to the name here. It is stated that they can still die from other causes. But some people might miss that. I got my attention to this topic after I locally heard some people say that some species cannot die in anyway with the examples being some biologically immortal species such as hydra. So, I think that further pointing out that biological immortality isn't actual immortality and these species are still mortal may be necessary. Asaduzzaman Khan Shahriar (talk) 23:07, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I see, but this article doesn't deal with the philosophical and religious concept of immortality. It deals with a scientific fact. It's also already explained in the article how it received its name among biologists. I doubt a reader would miss information in the lead because that's actually the first thing that they read on a Wikipedia article. StephenMacky1 (talk) 04:49, 3 April 2024 (UTC)

Naked mole-rat
They do age with time indeed. 2600:6C44:117F:95BE:1D7:21AA:C97F:8A43 (talk) 13:38, 4 June 2024 (UTC)

Not sure why naked mole-rat merits a mention. The list of animals with negligible aging does not contain it. Many other animals also have late-life mortality plateau. It's like a random info that is not in the appropriate place. 2600:6C44:117F:95BE:CCC4:CE98:1CDE:184A (talk) 13:49, 4 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Perhaps you're looking in the wrong place? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Negligibly_senescent_organisms  –Skywatcher68 (talk) 14:39, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Skywatcher68 That's outdated info from like more than 10 years ago. Here is the official source. I'm glad to have this discussion here. Scientific knowledge is updated over time as new research is done. 2600:6C44:117F:95BE:20C4:4B8E:C6A1:FB75 (talk) 14:56, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't see you proposing updates at Talk:Naked mole-rat. Any particular reason?  –Skywatcher68 (talk) 15:18, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Too much work. I do what I can. This is a volunteer project, so other people can do it if they're interested. I'm more concerned about the change in this article. 2600:6C44:117F:95BE:3DCF:E727:8A97:41E0 (talk) 16:05, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
 * In fact, the deleted sentence is more appropriate in the naked mole-rat article. It's relevant info over there. Someone else can add it in if interested. 2600:6C44:117F:95BE:3DCF:E727:8A97:41E0 (talk) 16:10, 4 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Biological immortality


text: User talk:67.50.171.35

title: User talk:67.50.171.35


text:
Minister of Indigenous Reconciliation and Northern Relations (Manitoba)

The Minister of Indigenous Reconciliation and Northern Relations (Ministre des Réconciliation avec les Autochtones et des Relations avec le Nord) is the minister of the Manitoba government responsible for the provincial Department of Indigenous Reconciliation and Northern Relations.

The minister deals with issues related to Indigenous affairs and reconciliation in the province, and regional economic development in northern Manitoba.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Japanese fog

Japanese fog
Japanese fog was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

I question the veracity of this statement and cannot help but wonder if this is a neologism. Only 1 Google hit for "Japanese fog" windshield - RedWordSmith 21:55, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete pretty clearly a neologism. Even the one google hit wasn't about this. Cdc 23:22, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: "term given" by whom? It's referring to a type of plastic used in some Japanese cars that has been known to film up when heated, although I thought that was of German cars (from "Car Talk").  At any rate, a neologism. Geogre 01:06, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: DCEdwards1966 15:50, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Fledgeling 14:44, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
VT-4 (United States)

VT-4 Training Squadron 4 is a training squadron of the United States Navy. Initially established as Basic Training Group NINE (BTG-9) in the 1950s, the squadron was redesignated as Training Squadron FOUR (VT-4) on 1 May 1960 and based at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida.

General information

 * Advanced training for USN Naval Flight Officers (NFO) destined for E-2 Hawkeye, E-6 Mercury, EP-3 Aries, and P-8 Poseidon aircraft.
 * The squadron's radio callsign is Buck.

History
Its original mission was providing flight instruction for US Navy and US Marine Corps Student Naval Aviators in the basic jet training syllabus utilizing the T-2A version of the T-2 Buckeye aircraft.

In 1965, Training Squadron FOUR transitioned to the T-2B aircraft and its mission was modified to become the Naval Air Training Command's sole site for providing student pilots with basic jet flight instruction in aerial gunnery and carrier qualification. In 1971, Training Squadron FOUR transitioned to the T-2C aircraft. The squadron mission was changed once again, to provide flight training in all phases of the basic jet syllabus.

In September 1972, Training Squadron FOUR acquired the TF-9J providing flight instruction in both basic and advanced jet training. This mission was unique in the Naval Air Training Command in that student pilots experienced their first flight in a jet aircraft in VT-4 and remained aboard to be subsequently designated Naval Aviators.

November 1973 saw the introduction of the TA-4J to replace the aging TF-9J for advanced flight training.

Beginning in December 1975, VT-4 had the added mission of providing flight instruction for allied foreign military pilots. Flight training has been given to student pilots from Kuwait, Spain, Singapore and Indonesia. In addition to pilot training, VT-4 has had two other significant missions. From 1973 to 1978, VT-4 provided summer jet orientation flights for midshipmen of the United States Naval Academy and the Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps. From 1975 to 1979, VT-4 was also responsible for the training of Naval Flight Surgeons.

In December 1985, VT-4's mission was changed from strike training to the sole site of E-2/C-2 intermediate training in CNATRA. In this role, the squadron carrier qualified Student Naval Aviators from the multiengine training pipeline, informally called the "prop pipeline," who we selected to eventually fly the E-2 Hawkeye and C-2 Greyhound aircraft in the Fleet. Graduates of VT-4 would receive their wings and designations as Naval Aviators and proceed to the Fleet Replacement Squadron.

In January 1992, VT-4's mission became the E-2/C-2 advanced training site. To accomplish this mission VT-4 flew the T-2C.

During 1996, VT-4 underwent significant change. From a small all Navy Advanced E-2/C-2 pilot training squadron with a student throughput of 36 per year, it became a joint Primary and Intermediate Naval Flight Officer/Navigator training squadron with an annual student throughput of 450. Instructor ranks grew from fourteen Navy pilots to 71 Navy, Marine Corps and Air Force pilots and NFO/Navigators. The squadron transitioned from flying the T-2C to flying the T-34C Turbo Mentor and T-1A Jayhawk. VT-4 also instructs student navigators from Germany, Italy, Saudi Arabia, Norway and Denmark. From April to September 1996 the squadron had primary NFO/NAV and advanced pilot training being conducted simultaneously. Following the final CQ detachment in September, the mission converted entirely to NFO/NAV training. On 30 September 1996, the last VT-4 Naval Aviators earned their wings.

In January 2003, VT-4 initiated instructor orientation flights in the T-6A "Texan II", the joint Air Force/Navy platform slated to replace the T-34C as the Primary phase syllabus trainer. The T-6A "Texan II" is a single engine, two-seat trainer which is fully aerobatic. It features a pressurized cockpit, a G-tolerance enhancement system and dual zero-zero ejection seats. The T-6A utilizes a state-of-the-art digital cockpit to help familiarize students with what they will encounter in their fleet tours.

In August 2003, VT-4 marked its first training flight in the T-6A "Texan II".

In April 2005, VT-4 completed the transition to the T-6A "Texan II" and flew its last T-34C "Turbomentor" student sortie.

In December 2010, VT-4 was deactivated and all VT-4 instructors and students became a part of VT-10. VT-4 was reactivated in June 2013, no longer flying the T-39 Sabreliner and has introduced the Multicrew Simulator (MCS) to TRAWING SIX. VT-4 is the winging squadron for all NFOs destined for the E-2 Hawkeye, E-6 Mercury, EP-3 Aries, P-3 Orion and P-8 Poseidon, relieving the respective Fleet Replacement Squadrons (FRS) for those type/model/series (T/M/S) aircraft of that responsibility.

Since its establishment, VT-4 has amassed over 600,000 flight hours. The squadron has logged 42,000 carrier landings.

title: VT-4 (United States)


text:
Double Dare (video game)

Double Dare is a video game published by GameTek and based on the Nickelodeon game show Double Dare. The game was originally released by for IBM PC compatibles and the Commodore 64 in 1988. It was ported to the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) by Rare and re-released for the system in 1990.

Gameplay
Double Dare can be played by one or two players; single players compete against the computer. Before the game starts, players enter their team names and select from four male and four female avatar. Whichever avatar the player picks, the teammate will be of the opposite gender. The game can also be set for one of three levels of difficulty with higher levels offering less time to answer questions and a more difficult computer opponent.

The game plays exactly like its television counterpart, with two rounds of 10-question trivia rounds and a third round featuring an obstacle course. The rules and scoring from the game show all apply. Toss-up challenges determine which team gets initial control of the trivia round. To complete a toss-up, each player determines the precise speed and angle of whatever object they are throwing to hit a target. Physical challenges are played the same way. Each player uses the up or down arrows on the controller to choose answers for trivia questions. The player with the most money at the end of round two proceeds to the obstacle course.

In order to move through an obstacle, the player needs to repeatedly alternate between pressing either the left and right or up and down arrows on the controller's D-pad. In order to grab the flag, the player needs to position the on-screen contestant in just the right spot and then press the A button to jump and retrieve. The obstacles are all based on real obstacles from the show (with one exception, a triangular jungle gym) and are randomized before a game.

Virtual prizes for beating the obstacle course include a BMX bicycle, television set, an NES console, and several other gifts, ending with an exotic vacation received for completing the last obstacle.

Reception
David & Robin Minnick reviewed Double Dare and Hollywood Squares for Compute!'s Gazette and said "Any fan of the TV games will enjoy these 64 versions. And even if you're not a fan, we think you'll get a kick out of these games anyway."

title: Double Dare (video game)


text:
Talk:Yamato Ishida

Yamato Ishida is a character in Digimon!!!! Nothing to do with Pokemon.

title: Talk:Yamato Ishida


text: File:HeatfluxDSC.jpg

title: File:HeatfluxDSC.jpg


text: Category:New York (state) state senators


text: User talk:209.137.247.194

title: User talk:209.137.247.194


text:
Local extinction

Local extinction, also extirpation, is the termination of a species (or other taxon) in a chosen geographic area of study, though it still exists elsewhere. Local extinctions are contrasted with global extinctions.

Local extinctions mark a change in the ecology of an area. It has sometimes been followed by a replacement of the species taken from other locations, such as with wolf reintroduction.

Discussion
Glaciation is one factor that leads to local extinction. This was the case during the Pleistocene glaciation event in North America. During this period, most of the native North American species of earthworm were killed in places covered by glaciation. This left them open for colonization by European earthworms brought over in soil from Europe.

Species naturally become extirpated from islands over time. The number of species an island can support is limited by its geographical size. Because many islands were relatively recently formed due to climate change at the end of the Pleistocene when the sea level rose, and these islands most likely had the same complement of species as found on the mainland, counting the species which still survive at present on a statistically large enough amount of islands will give the parameters with which certain groups of species such as plants or birds will become less biodiverse on a given island over a given period of time, depending on its size. The same calculations can also be applied to determine when species will disappear from nature parks ('islands' in many senses), mountain tops and mesas (see sky islands), forest remnants or other such distributional patches. This research also demonstrates that certain species are more prone to extinction than others, a species has an intrinsic extinction-ability (incidence function).

Some species exploit or require transient or disturbed habitats, such as vernal pools, a human gut, or burnt woodland after forest fires, and are characterised by highly fluctuating population numbers and shifting distributional patterns. Many natural ecosystems cycle through a standard succession, pioneer species disappear from a region as the ecosystem matures and reaches a climax community.

A local extinction can be useful for research: in the case of the bay checkerspot butterfly, scientists, including Paul R. Ehrlich, chose not to intervene as a population disappeared from an area in order to study the process.

Many crocodilian species have experienced localized extinction, particularly the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus), which has been extirpated from Vietnam, Thailand, Java, and many other areas.

Major environmental events, such as volcanic eruptions, may lead to large numbers of local extinctions, such as with the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption, which led to a fern spike extinction. Heat waves can lead to local extinction. In New Zealand, during the summer of 2017–2018, sea surface temperatures around parts of South Island exceeded 23 C, which was well above normal. Air temperatures were also high, exceeding 30 C. These high temperatures, coupled with small wave height, led to the local extinction of bull kelp (Durvillaea spp.) from Pile Bay.

Lagoa Santa, a lake located in Lagoa Santa, Brazil, has lost almost 70% of the local fish species over the last 150 years. These include Acestrorhynchus lacustris, Astyanax fasciatus, and Characidium zebra. This could be caused by the introduction of non-native species, like Talapia rendalli, into the lagoon, changes in water level and organic pollution.

Local extinctions can be reversed, in some cases artificially. Wolves are a species that have been reintroduced into parts of their historical range. This has happened with red wolves (Canis rufus) in the United States in the late 1980s and also grey wolves in Yellowstone National Park in the mid-1990s. There have been talks of reintroducing wolves in Scotland, Japan, and Mexico.

Subpopulations and stocks
When the local population of a certain species disappears from a certain geographical delimitation, whether fish in a drying pond or an entire ocean, it can be said to be extirpated or locally extinct in that pond or ocean.

A particular total world population can be more or less arbitrarily divided into 'stocks' or 'subpopulations', defined by political or other geographical delimitations. For example, the Cetacean Specialist Group of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed the conservation status of the Black Sea stock of harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) that touches six countries, and COSEWIC, which only assesses the conservation status of wildlife in Canada, even assesses Canadian species that occur in the United States or other countries.

While the IUCN mostly only assesses the global conservation status of species or subspecies, in some older cases it also assessed the risks to certain stocks and populations, in some cases these populations may be genetically distinct. In all, 119 stocks or subpopulations across 69 species had been assessed by the IUCN in 2006. If a local stock or population becomes extinct, the species as a whole has not become extinct, but extirpated from that local area.

Examples of stocks and subdivisions of world populations assessed separately by the IUCN for their conservation status are:
 * Marsh deer (three populations assessed)
 * Blue whale, North Pacific and North Atlantic stocks
 * Bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus (five populations assessed, from critically endangered to LR/cd)
 * Lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens, Mississippi & Missouri Basins population assessed as vulnerable
 * Wild common carp, Cyprinus carpio (distribution in the River Danube)
 * Black-flanked rock-wallaby Petrogale lateralis (MacDonnell Ranges population and Western Kimberly population)

The IUCN also lists countries where assessed species, subspecies or geographic populations are found, and from which countries they have been extirpated or reintroduced.

title: Local extinction


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