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Phaedo

Phædo or Phaedo (Φαίδων, Phaidōn ), also known to ancient readers as On The Soul, is one of the best-known dialogues of Plato's middle period, along with the Republic and the Symposium. The philosophical subject of the dialogue is the immortality of the soul. It is set in the last hours prior to the death of Socrates, and is Plato's fourth and last dialogue to detail the philosopher's final days, following Euthyphro, Apology, and Crito.

One of the main themes in the Phaedo is the idea that the soul is immortal. In the dialogue, Socrates discusses the nature of the afterlife on his last day before being executed by drinking hemlock. Socrates has been imprisoned and sentenced to death by an Athenian jury for not believing in the gods of the state (though some scholars think it was more for his support of "philosopher kings" as opposed to democracy) and for corrupting the youth of the city.

By engaging in dialectic with a group of Socrates's friends, including the two Thebans, Cebes, and Simmias, Socrates explores various arguments for the soul's immortality in order to show that there is an afterlife in which the soul will dwell following death and, for couples and good people, be more at one with "every loving thing" and be more powerful than the Greek gods. Phaedo tells the story that following the discussion, he and the others were there to witness the death of Socrates.

The Phaedo was first translated into Latin from Greek by Apuleius but no copy survived, so Henry Aristippus produced a new translation in 1160.

Summary
The dialogue is told from the perspective of one of Socrates's students, Phaedo of Elis, who was present at Socrates's death bed. Phaedo relates the dialogue from that day to Echecrates, a Pythagorean philosopher.

Socrates offers four arguments for the soul's immortality:

 * The Cyclical Argument, or Opposites Argument explains that Forms are eternal and unchanging, and as the soul always brings life, then it must not die, and is necessarily "imperishable". As the body is mortal and is subject to physical death, the soul must be its indestructible opposite. Plato then suggests the analogy of fire and cold. If the form of cold is imperishable, and fire, its opposite, was within close proximity, it would have to withdraw intact as does the soul during death. This could be likened to the idea of the opposite charges of magnets.

 * The Theory of Recollection explains that we possess some non-empirical knowledge (e.g. The Form of Equality) at birth, implying the soul existed before birth to carry that knowledge. Another account of the theory is found in Plato's Meno, although in that case Socrates implies anamnesis (previous knowledge of everything) whereas he is not so bold in Phaedo.

 * The Affinity Argument explains that invisible, immortal, and incorporeal things are different from visible, mortal, and corporeal things. Our soul is of the former, while our body is of the latter, so when our bodies die and decay, our soul will continue to live.

 * The Argument from Form of Life, or The Final Argument explains that the Forms, incorporeal and static entities, are the cause of all things in the world, and all things participate in Forms. For example, beautiful things participate in the Form of Beauty; the number four participates in the Form of the Even, etc.  The soul, by its very nature, participates in the Form of Life, which means the soul can never die.

Introductory conversation
The scene is set in Phlius where Echecrates who, meeting Phaedo, asks for news about the last days of Socrates. Phaedo explains why a delay occurred between his trial and his death, and describes the scene in a prison at Athens on the final day, naming those present. He tells how he had visited Socrates early in the morning with the others. Socrates's wife Xanthippe was there, but was very distressed and Socrates asked that she be taken away. Socrates relates how, bidden by a recurring dream to "make and cultivate music", he wrote a hymn and then began writing poetry based on Aesop's Fables.

Socrates tells Cebes to "bid him (Socrates's friend Evenus) farewell from me; say that I would have him come after me if he be a wise man" Simmias expresses confusion as to why they ought hasten to follow Socrates to death. Socrates then states "... he, who has the spirit of philosophy, will be willing to die; but he will not take his own life." Cebes raises his doubts as to why suicide is prohibited. He asks, "Why do you say ... that a man ought not to take his own life, but that the philosopher will be ready to follow one who is dying?" Socrates replies that while death is the ideal home of the soul, man, specifically the philosopher, should not commit suicide except when it becomes necessary.

Man ought not to kill himself because he possesses no actual ownership of himself, as he is actually the property of the gods. He says, "I too believe that the gods are our guardians, and that we men are a chattel of theirs". While the philosopher seeks always to rid himself of the body, and to focus solely on things concerning the soul, to commit suicide is prohibited as man is not sole possessor of his body. For, as stated in the Phaedo: "the philosopher more than other men frees the soul from association with the body as much as possible". Body and soul are separate, then. The philosopher frees himself from the body because the body is an impediment to the attainment of truth.

Of the senses' failings, Socrates says to Simmias in the Phaedo: "Did you ever reach them (truths) with any bodily sense? – and I speak not of these alone, but of absolute greatness, and health, and strength, and, in short, of the reality or true nature of everything. Is the truth of them ever perceived through the bodily organs? Or rather, is not the nearest approach to the knowledge of their several natures made by him who so orders his intellectual vision as to have the most exact conception of the essence of each thing he considers?"

The philosopher, if he loves true wisdom and not the passions and appetites of the body, accepts that he can come closest to true knowledge and wisdom in death, as he is no longer confused by the body and the senses. In life, the rational and intelligent functions of the soul are restricted by bodily senses of pleasure, pain, sight, and sound. Death, however, is a rite of purification from the "infection" of the body. As the philosopher prepares for death his entire life, he should greet it amicably and not be discouraged upon its arrival, for since the universe the gods created for us in life is essentially "good", why would death be anything but a continuation of this goodness? Death is a place where better and wiser gods rule and where the most noble souls serve in their presence: "And therefore, so far as that is concerned, I not only do not grieve, but I have great hopes that there is something in store for the dead ... something better for the good than for the wicked."

The soul attains virtue when it is purified from the body: "He who has got rid, as far as he can, of eyes and ears and, so to speak, of the whole body, these being in his opinion distracting elements when they associate with the soul hinder her from acquiring truth and knowledge – who, if not he, is likely to attain to the knowledge of true being?"

The Cyclical Argument
Cebes voices his fear of death to Socrates: "... they fear that when she [the soul] has left the body her place may be nowhere, and that on the very day of death she may perish and come to an end immediately on her release from the body ... dispersing and vanishing away into nothingness in her flight."

In order to alleviate Cebes's worry that the soul might perish at death, Socrates introduces his first argument for the immortality of the soul. This argument is often called the Cyclical Argument. It supposes that the soul must be immortal since the living come from the dead. Socrates says: "Now if it be true that the living come from the dead, then our souls must exist in the other world, for if not, how could they have been born again?". He goes on to show, using examples of relationships, such as asleep-awake and hot-cold, that things that have opposites come to be from their opposite. One falls asleep after having been awake. And after being asleep, he awakens. Things that are hot came from being cold and vice versa. Socrates then gets Cebes to conclude that the dead are generated from the living, through life, and that the living are generated from the dead, through death. The souls of the dead must exist in some place for them to be able to return to life. Socrates further emphasizes the cyclical argument by pointing out that if opposites did not regenerate one another, all living organisms on Earth would eventually die off, never to return to life.

The Theory of Recollection Argument
Cebes realizes the relationship between the Cyclical Argument and Socrates' Theory of Recollection. He interrupts Socrates to point this out, saying:

"... your favorite doctrine, Socrates, that our learning is simply recollection, if true, also necessarily implies a previous time in which we have learned that which we now recollect. But this would be impossible unless our soul had been somewhere before existing in this form of man; here then is another proof of the soul's immortality."

Socrates' second argument, the Theory of Recollection, shows that it is possible to draw information out of a person who seems not to have any knowledge of a subject prior to his being questioned about it (a priori knowledge). This person must have gained this knowledge in a prior life, and is now merely recalling it from memory. Since the person in Socrates' story is able to provide correct answers to his interrogator, it must be the case that his answers arose from recollections of knowledge gained during a previous life.

The Affinity Argument
Socrates presents his third argument for the immortality of the soul, the so-called Affinity Argument, where he shows that the soul most resembles that which is invisible and divine, and the body resembles that which is visible and mortal. From this, it is concluded that while the body may be seen to exist after death in the form of a corpse, as the body is mortal and the soul is divine, the soul must outlast the body.

As to be truly virtuous during life is the quality of a great man who will perpetually dwell as a soul in the underworld. However, regarding those who were not virtuous during life, and so favored the body and pleasures pertaining exclusively to it, Socrates also speaks. He says that such a soul as this is:

"... polluted, is impure at the time of her departure, and is the companion and servant of the body always and is in love with and bewitched by the body and by the desires and pleasures of the body, until she is led to believe that the truth only exists in a bodily form, which a man may touch and see, and drink and eat, and use for the purposes of his lusts, the soul, I mean, accustomed to hate and fear and avoid that which to the bodily eye is dark and invisible, but is the object of mind and can be attained by philosophy; do you suppose that such a soul will depart pure and unalloyed?"

Persons of such a constitution will be dragged back into corporeal life, according to Socrates. These persons will even be punished while in Hades. Their punishment will be of their own doing, as they will be unable to enjoy the singular existence of the soul in death because of their constant craving for the body. These souls are finally "imprisoned in another body". Socrates concludes that the soul of the virtuous man is immortal, and the course of its passing into the underworld is determined by the way he lived his life. The philosopher, and indeed any man similarly virtuous, in neither fearing death, nor cherishing corporeal life as something idyllic, but by loving truth and wisdom, his soul will be eternally unperturbed after the death of the body, and the afterlife will be full of goodness.

Simmias confesses that he does not wish to disturb Socrates during his final hours by unsettling his belief in the immortality of the soul, and those present are reluctant to voice their skepticism. Socrates grows aware of their doubt and assures his interlocutors that he does indeed believe in the soul's immortality, regardless of whether or not he has succeeded in showing it as yet. For this reason, he is not upset facing death and assures them that they ought to express their concerns regarding the arguments. Simmias then presents his case that the soul resembles the harmony of the lyre. It may be, then, that as the soul resembles the harmony in its being invisible and divine, once the lyre has been destroyed, the harmony too vanishes, therefore when the body dies, the soul too vanishes. Once the harmony is dissipated, we may infer that so too will the soul dissipate once the body has been broken, through death.

Socrates pauses, and asks Cebes to voice his objection as well. He says, "I am ready to admit that the existence of the soul before entering into the bodily form has been ... proven; but the existence of the soul after death is in my judgment unproven." While admitting that the soul is the better part of a man, and the body the weaker, Cebes is not ready to infer that because the body may be perceived as existing after death, the soul must therefore continue to exist as well. Cebes gives the example of a weaver. When the weaver's cloak wears out, he makes a new one. However, when he dies, his more freshly woven cloaks continue to exist. Cebes continues that though the soul may outlast certain bodies, and so continue to exist after certain deaths, it may eventually grow so weak as to dissolve entirely at some point. He then concludes that the soul's immortality has yet to be shown and that we may still doubt the soul's existence after death. For, it may be that the next death is the one under which the soul ultimately collapses and exists no more. Cebes would then, "... rather not rely on the argument from superior strength to prove the continued existence of the soul after death."

Seeing that the Affinity Argument has possibly failed to show the immortality of the soul, Phaedo pauses his narration. Phaedo remarks to Echecrates that, because of this objection, those present had their "faith shaken," and that there was introduced "a confusion and uncertainty". Socrates too pauses following this objection and then warns against misology, the hatred of argument.

The Argument from Form of Life
Socrates then proceeds to give his final proof of the immortality of the soul by showing that the soul is immortal as it is the cause of life. He begins by showing that "if there is anything beautiful other than absolute beauty it is beautiful only insofar as it partakes of absolute beauty".

Consequently, as absolute beauty is a Form, and so is Life, then anything which has the property of being animated with Life, participates in the Form of Life. As an example he says, "will not the number three endure annihilation or anything sooner than be converted into an even number, while remaining three?". Forms, then, will never become their opposite. As the soul is that which renders the body living, and that the opposite of life is death, it so follows that, "... the soul will never admit the opposite of what she always brings." That which does not admit death is said to be immortal.

Socrates thus concludes, "Then, Cebes, beyond question, the soul is immortal and imperishable, and our souls will truly exist in another world. "Once dead, man's soul will go to Hades and be in the company of," as Socrates says, "... men departed, better than those whom I leave behind." For he will dwell amongst those who were true philosophers, like himself.

The conception of the soul
The Phaedo presents a real challenge to commentators through the way that Plato oscillates between different conceptions of the soul.

In the cyclical and Form-of-life arguments, for instance, the soul is presented as something connected with life, where, in particular in the final argument, this connection is spelled out concretely by means of the soul's conceptual connection with life. This connection is further developed in the Phaedrus and Laws where the definition of soul is given as self-motion. Rocks, for instance, do not move unless something else moves them; inanimate, unliving objects are always said to behave this way. In contrast, living things are capable of moving themselves. Plato uses this observation to illustrate his famous doctrine that the soul is a self-mover: life is self-motion, and the soul brings life to a body by moving it.

Meanwhile, in the recollection and affinity arguments, the connection with life is not explicated or used at all. These two arguments present the soul as a knower (i.e., a mind). This is most clear in the affinity argument, where the soul is said to be immortal in virtue of its affinity with the Forms that we observe in acts of cognition.

It is not at all clear how these two roles of the soul are related to each other. But we observe this casual oscillation nevertheless throughout the dialogue and indeed throughout the whole corpus. For instance, consider this passage from Republic I: Is there any function of the soul that you could not accomplish with anything else, such as taking care of something (epimeleisthai), ruling, and deliberating, and other such things? Could we correctly assign these things to anything besides the soul, and say that they are characteristic (idia) of it?

No, to nothing else.

What about living? Will we deny that this is a function of the soul?

That absolutely is. Throughout the 20th century, scholars universally recognized this as a flaw in Plato's theory of the soul, with this trend continuing and then ultimately being rejected in the 21st century.

Here are some examples of what scholars have said about this puzzle:

 * Sarah Broadie says that “readers of the Phaedo sometimes take Plato to task for confusing soul as mind or that which thinks, with soul as that which animates the body."
 * Dorothea Frede argued that “as to the exact nature of the soul we are left somehow in the dark by Plato in the Phaedo and also in Republic X."
 * D.R. Campbell argued that "Plato believes that the soul must be both the principle of motion and the subject of cognition because it moves things specifically by means of its thoughts."

Legacy
Plato's Phaedo had a significant readership throughout antiquity, and was commented on by a number of ancient philosophers, such as Harpocration of Argos, Porphyry, Iamblichus, Paterius, Plutarch of Athens, Syrianus and Proclus. The two most important commentaries on the dialogue that have come down to us from the ancient world are those by Olympiodorus of Alexandria and Damascius of Athens.

The Phaedo has come to be considered a seminal formulation, from which "a whole range of dualities, which have become deeply ingrained in Western philosophy, theology, and psychology over two millennia, received their classic formulation: soul and body, mind and matter, intellect and sense, reason and emotion, reality and appearance, unity and plurality, perfection and imperfection, immortal and mortal, permanence and change, eternal and temporal, divine and human, heaven and earth."

Original texts

 * Greek text at Perseus
 * Plato. Opera, volume I. Oxford Classical Texts. ISBN 978-0198145691
 * Plato. Phaedo. Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics. Greek text with introduction and commentary by C. J. Rowe. Cambridge University Press, 1993. ISBN 978-0521313186

Original texts with translation

 * Plato: Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Phaedo, Phaedrus. Greek with translation by Harold N. Fowler. Loeb Classical Library 36. Harvard Univ. Press (originally published 1914).
 * Fowler translation at Perseus
 * Plato: Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Phaedo. Greek with translation by Chris Emlyn-Jones and William Preddy. Loeb Classical Library 36. Harvard Univ. Press, 2017. ISBN 9780674996878 HUP listing

Translations

 * The Last Days of Socrates, translation of Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Phaedo. Hugh Tredennick, 1954. ISBN 978-0140440379. Made into a BBC radio play in 1986.
 * Plato: Phaedo. Hackett Classics, 2nd edition. Hackett Publishing Company, 1977. Translated by G. M. A. Grube. ISBN 978-0915144181
 * Plato. Complete Works. Hackett, 1997. Translated by G. M. A. Grube. ISBN 978-0872203495
 * Plato: Meno and Phaedo. Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy. By David Sedley (Editor) and Alex Long (Translator). Cambridge University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0521676779

title: Phaedo


text:
Music in the Sakha Republic

The Sakha Republic lies in Russian Federation. Its most distinctive national instrument is the khomus, a lamellophone.

The Yakut people are a large ethnic group in Sakha. They are known for an epic poem called Olonkho. This epic is performed a cappella, generally at festivals, always by one man alone. The timbre and tone of the singer reveal the roles of the different characters.

The Republic has been represented in the Turkvision Song Contest since 2013, participating under the name Yakutia in the Turkvision Song Contest.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Music in the Sakha Republic


text:
Ystrad Mynach

Ystrad Mynach is a town in the Caerphilly County Borough, within the ancient county of Glamorgan, Wales, and is 5 mile north of the town of Caerphilly. The urban area has a population of 19,204, and stands in the Rhymney Valley. Before the Industrial Revolution and the coming of coal mining in the South Wales Coalfield the valley was rural and farmed. It lies in the community of Gelligaer.

Etymology
In the Welsh language, ystrad is a wide flat bottomed valley and mynach means "monk". The form manach is sometimes found in historical records, which Hywel Wyn Owen states is a dialect form of mynach. As there is a lack of evidence for monks settling in the area, the word may have been the name of a tributary of the Rhymney River.

It has been suggested that, rather than referring to a monastic institution, manach is man "place" + -ach, a suffix associated with the names of marshy floodplains, also found in nearby Llanbradach and Llancaiach. Prior to erection of defences on the River Rhymney in the 1960s the town was indeed subject to periodic flooding.

Amenities and history
The town houses a number of council offices, as well as the Ystrad Mynach campus of Coleg y Cymoedd, a further education college established in 1959 to provide training for local coal miners and merged with neighbouring Coleg Morgannwg to form Coleg y Cymoedd in 2013.

The nearby Penallta Colliery was the last coal mine to close in the valley. Other notable buildings and structures are the Ystrad Mynach railway station, the viaduct, a sculpture to commemorate the areas industrial heritage, a community hospital, a number of schools, and the Beech Tree, Coopers Arms and Ye Olde Royal Oak pubs.

From 1927 to 1996, Ystrad Mynach hosted the 'F' division headquarters of Glamorgan Constabulary (from 1968, South Wales Police).

Ystrad Mynach railway station was a location for one of Ronnie Barker's Porridge episodes. Records show that Ystrad Mynach railway station was in existence in 1857, when it was known as Ystrad Junction.

A new Local General Hospital Ysbyty Ystrad Fawr was opened in late 2011. Work started on the Ystrad Fawr site in September 2007. It is located between the A469 Caerphilly to Newbridge Road and the old Caerphilly Road between Ystrad Mynach and Llanbradach. This replaced the services provided by the previous Ystrad Mynach Hospital.

Situated to the north of Ystrad Mynach, is a collection of houses called Tredomen; these houses were built to house the workers of the since-demolished Tredomen Works. They are socially graded houses – ranging from two-up two-down, to a five-bedroom manor in Park Lane with adjoining servants' quarters.

In February 2018, the Beech Tree Fish Bar was severely damaged in a car crash, and the incident made national news. No-one was killed, but three people were taken to hospital.

Religion
The Anglican parish church for Ystrad Mynach and Llanbradach is Holy Trinity. It is a Grade II listed building, built in 1855–1857, by architect John Norton, for Revd George Thomas whose family were locally important landowners from Llanbradach.

Bryn Seion Welsh Church is a nondenominational church. Situated on Lisburn Road, it was built as a Baptist chapel during the mid-nineteenth century. It contains a mosaic, approximately 6 ft square, with the name of the chapel, the chapel logo, the year of its construction, 1906 and geometric patterns.

The Methodist Church, on Lewis Street, was enlarged in 2013 to accommodate both worship and community groups. The Siloh Calvinistic Methodist chapel was opened on 10 May 1910, when the town was expanding following the opening of Penallta colliery in 1905–1910.

Bethany United Reformed Church is located on Lisburn Road.

Governance
There are two tiers of local government covering Ystrad Mynach, at community and county borough level: Gelligaer Community Council and Caerphilly County Borough Council. Caerphilly County Borough Council has its main offices at Penallta House in the Tredomen area of Ystrad Mynach.

Ystrad Mynach historically straddled the ancient parishes of Gelligaer and Llanfabon, both of which were in the county of Glamorgan. Much of the boundary between the two parishes was the stream called Nant Caiach (roughly following Nelson Road, the A472), with Gelligaer to the north and Llanfabon to the south. Holy Trinity Church was built in 1855–1856 as a chapel of ease within the parish of Llanfabon. In 1890 Holy Trinity was made the parish church for a new ecclesiastical parish of Ystrad Mynach, covering parts of the civil parishes of Llanfabon and Gelligaer.

For civil purposes, Ystrad Mynach continued to straddle Gelligaer and Llanfabon. Llanfabon was administered as part of Caerphilly from 1893, whilst Gelligaer became an urban district in 1908. Caerphilly Urban District and Gelligaer Urban District were abolished in 1974, with both areas becoming part of Rhymney Valley District, being the first time that a district-level authority had covered all of Ystrad Mynach. Communities were established to replace the old parishes at the same time, with the communities initially using the boundaries of the abolished urban districts, and so Ystrad Mynach straddled the communities of Gelligaer and Caerphilly. The community boundaries were amended in 1985 to put Ystrad Mynach entirely within the community of Gelligaer.

The Office for National Statistics defines Ystrad Mynach as a built-up area sub-division within the wider Newport built-up area. The Ystrad Mynach sub-division covers Ystrad Mynach itself and Gelligaer, Hengoed, Maesycwmmer, and Penpedairheol, and had a population of 19,204 at the 2011 census. For postal purposes, Ystrad Mynach is not considered a post town, but instead comes under the Hengoed post town, CF82. Gelligaer Community Council calls Ystrad Mynach a town, whereas all the other places it covers (including Hengoed) it calls villages.

Sport
Ystrad Mynach Netball Club

Established in 1974, Ystrad Mynach Netball Club caters to members from age 7 and up – running teams in both the junior and senior leagues.

An affiliated member of Wales Netball, it has five competitive teams in the South East Wales Netball Association (SEWNA) League, along with Under 10s, 12s, and 14s in the junior league.

Penallta Rugby Football Club
Penallta RFC is a rugby union club is based in Ystrad Mynach. The Rugby Club was inaugurated by a group of miners from Penallta colliery in 1952.

It is an affiliated member of the Welsh Rugby Union and plays in the Welsh National League.

Since 2000, Penallta RFC has been one of the most successful rugby clubs in Wales, winning numerous titles at all levels. Penallta won the Worthington Welsh District's Cup at the Millennium Stadium in 2001, the Swalec Plate at the Millennium Stadium in 2012 and the National Plate at the Principality Stadium both in 2017 and 2022.

UCY - Union Cycliste Ystrad Mynach
UCY - Union Cycliste Ystrad Mynach was founded in May 2013 by Arwel James and Gethin Smallwood. The club caters for male and female cyclists from teenage upwards. As of October 2020, the club has around 100 members.

It is a social cycling club which focuses on local sportives and charity cycling events.

The club has affiliation to Welsh Cycling and British Cycling and regularly receives Sports Wales funding for training equipment and venue hire to encourage off season fitness. Qualified coaches support development and rider safety.

Centre for Sporting Excellence
The CCB Centre for Sporting Excellence was erected on Caerphilly Road in May 2014. The centre has taken its place on the land of the old Ystrad Mynach Hospital and was built in conjunction with many partners, including Heron Bros Ltd Of Northern Ireland, at a cost of around £6 million. The facility is run by Caerphilly County Borough Council and it is hoped the local community will use the centre to create a thriving sporting culture within the region.

Valley Greyhound Stadium
The Valley Greyhound Stadium is a greyhound racing stadium in Twyn Road sandwiched between the Caerphilly Road and A469 and on the east bank of the Rhymney River (on the north side of the Dyffryn Business Park). It opened in 1976.

New Cottage Dance Centre
The New Cottage Dance Centre is on The Bridge in Ystrad Mynach and is home to dance teams.

The 'Ystrad Fawr' formation teams have been successful in the British Championships. Their teams being former British Champions.

In 2016, the 'Ystrad Fawr Dancers' entered the talent contest, Britain's Got Talent and made it through the heats. On 21 May, it was then announced that the team got through to the semi-finals. They competed in the semi-final (23 May) and finished ninth place.

Notable natives / residents

 * Paul Atherton, film producer/director
 * Richard Brake, actor
 * Mervyn Burtch, composer
 * Andy Fairweather Low, guitarist
 * Morgan Lindsay, (1857–1935), British Army officer and racehorse trainer
 * Lauren Price, Olympic Gold Medal winner
 * Greville Wynne, spy

title: Ystrad Mynach


text:
Yonne (river)

The Yonne is a river in France, a left-bank tributary of the Seine. It is 292 km long. The river gives its name to the Yonne département. It rises in the Nièvre département, in the Morvan hills near Château-Chinon. It flows into the river Seine at Montereau-Fault-Yonne.

The Yonne flows through the following départements and towns:
 * Nièvre: Château-Chinon, Clamecy
 * Yonne: Auxerre, Migennes, Joigny, Villeneuve-sur-Yonne, Sens
 * Seine-et-Marne: Montereau-Fault-Yonne

The main tributaries of the Yonne are the Vanne, the Armançon, the Serein and the Cure.

History
The river was historically used for flottage, or the floating of rafts of timber from the Morvan forest to serve the needs of the capital, Paris. It was bypassed as a rafting waterway by the Canal du Nivernais in 1841, from near its source at Corbigny down to Auxerre.

In 1834 the engineer Charles Poirée had successfully tested his design for a needle weir, and this construction technique was adopted on the river Yonne. The first lock was built in the 1840s, the others from 1861. The locks were enlarged to Freycinet standards in the late 19th century, then again to their current dimensions after World War II.

Navigation
The navigable river Yonne extends for 108 km, from Auxerre (junction with the Canal du Nivernais) to the confluence with the Seine. At Laroche-Migennes (PK 23), the Yonne connects with the Canal de Bourgogne. There are 9 locks on the river on the first section to Laroche-Migennes, the remaining 17 on the more gently-sloping lower course of the river.

title: Yonne (river)


text:
Gábor A. Somorjai

Gabor A. Somorjai (born May 4, 1935) is a professor of chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, and is a leading researcher in the field of surface chemistry and catalysis, especially the catalytic effects of metal surfaces on gas-phase reactions ("heterogeneous catalysis"). For his contributions to the field, Somorjai won the Wolf Prize in Chemistry in 1998, the Linus Pauling Award in 2000, the National Medal of Science in 2002, the Priestley Medal in 2008, the 2010 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in Basic Science and the NAS Award in Chemical Sciences in 2013. In April 2015, Somorjai was awarded the American Chemical Society's William H. Nichols Medal.

Early history
Somorjai was born in Budapest in 1935 to Jewish parents. He was saved from the Nazis when his mother sought the assistance of Raoul Wallenberg in 1944 who issued Swedish passports to Somorjai's mother, himself and his sister saving them from the Nazi death camps. While Somorjai's father ended up in the camp system, he was fortunate to survive but many of Somorjai's extended family ended up in the camp system.

He was studying chemical engineering at the Budapest University of Technology and Economics in 1956. As a participant in the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, Somorjai left Hungary to go to the US after the Soviet invasion. Along with other Hungarian immigrants, Somorjai enrolled in graduate study at Berkeley and obtained his doctorate in 1960. He joined IBM's research staff in Yorktown Heights, New York for a few years but returned to Berkeley as an assistant professor in 1964.

Chemical research
The introduction of new technology such as low-energy electron diffraction revolutionised the study of surfaces in the 1950s and 1960s. However, early studies were limited to surfaces such as silicon, important for its electrical properties. In contrast, Somorjai was interested in surfaces such as platinum known for its chemical properties.

Somorjai discovered that the defects on surfaces are where catalytic reactions take place. When these defects break, new bonds are formed between atoms leading to complex organic compounds such as naphtha to be converted into gasoline as an example. These findings led to greater understanding of subjects such as adhesion, lubrication, friction and adsorption. His research also has important implications such as nanotechnology.

In the 1990s, Somorjai started working with physicist Y. R. Shen on developing a technique known as Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy to study surface reactions without the need for a vacuum chamber. He is also studying surface reactions in nanotechnology at the atomic and molecular level using atomic force microscopy and scanning tunnelling microscopy, both of which can be used without vacuum.

Somorjai's expertise in surfaces was used as a consultant to the 2002 Winter Olympics where he gave advice on how to make ice-skating surfaces as fast as possible. Somorjai's research had shed new light on ice, demonstrating that skaters skated on a top-layer of rapidly vibrating molecules, rather than on a layer of liquid water on top of the ice acting as a lubricant, which had previously been the generally accepted explanation for the slipperiness of ice.

During his career, Somorjai has published more than one thousand papers and three textbooks on surface chemistry and heterogeneous catalysis. He is now the most-often cited person in the fields of surface chemistry and catalysis.

Honors and awards
Somorjai was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1979 and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1983. He was awarded the Wolf Foundation Prize in Chemistry in 1998 for his contribution to chemistry, sharing the honor with Professor Gerhard Ertl of the Fritz-Haber Institute in Berlin. Somorjai was awarded the National Medal of Science for his contribution as a chemist in 2002. The American Chemical Society has also awarded him the Peter Debye Award in Physical Chemistry and the Adamson Award in Surface Chemistry. In 2002, he was awarded the status of University Professor across the University of California network, an honor he shares with two dozen other academics. In 2004 he won the F.A. Cotton Medal for Excellence in Chemical Research of the American Chemical Society. In 2008 he received the Priestley Medal, the highest award of the American Chemical Society, for his "extraordinarily creative and original contributions to surface science and catalysis". In 2009 he was named a Miller Senior Fellow of the Miller Institute at the University of California Berkeley. He was awarded the prestigious 2010 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in Basic Science. In addition he was also awarded in 2010 the ENI New Frontiers of Hydrocarbons Prize and the Honda Prize. The recipient of the 2007 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Gerhard Ertl, and other members of the surface science community, were surprised and mystified by the Nobel Prize committee's decision to pass over Somorjai, awarding the prize for surface-chemistry to Ertl alone. In 2009 Somorjai was recipient of the Reed M. Izatt and James J. Christensen Lectureship. In 2013 Somorjai was awarded the National Academy of Sciences NAS Award in Chemical Sciences. In April 2015, Somorjai was awarded the American Chemical Society's William H. Nichols Medal. Most recently, in 2023, Somorjai was recipient of the Enrico Fermi Award along with Darleane C. Hoffman.

The Somorjai Award
The Gabor A. Somorjai Award for Creative Research in Catalysis, consisting of US$5,000 and a certificate, is given annually to recognize outstanding research in the field of catalysis. The award is sponsored by the Gabor A. and Judith K. Somorjai Endowment Fund.

Previous recipients have been :

• 1999 – Sir John Meurig Thomas

• 2000 – Gabor A. Somorjai

• 2001 – Alexis T. Bell

• 2002 – Jack H. Lunsford

• 2003 – Robert H. Grubbs

• 2004 – Bruce C. Gates

• 2005 – D. Wayne Goodman

• 2006 – James A. Dumesic

• 2007 – Hans-Joachim Freund

• 2008 – Avelino Corma Canos

• 2009 – Jens K. Nørskov

• 2010 – Robert J. Madix

• 2011 – Harold H. Kung

• 2012 – Enrique Iglesia

• 2013 – Tobin J. Marks

• 2014 – Mark E. Davis

• 2015 – Maurice Brookhart

• 2016 – Donna G. Blackmond

• 2017 – John E. Bercaw

• 2018 – David W. C. MacMillan

• 2019 – Manos Mavrikakis

• 2020 – David Milstein

• 2021 – Paul J. Chirik

• 2022 – Jin-Quan Yu

The Gabor A. and Judith K. Somorjai Visiting Miller Professorship Award
Established in 2011, the Gabor A. and Judith K. Somorjai Visiting Miller Professorship Award is one of the programs of the Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science at the University of California Berkeley. The Somorjais' wishes in the establishment of this award is to support visiting scientists in the broad field of chemical sciences for a one-month term in the Miller Institute. The first award was granted in 2013 to Angelos Michaelides.

Recipients include : • 2013 – Fall: Angelos Michaelides

• 2015 – Fall: Christophe Coperet

• 2016 – Spring: Sarah Keller

• 2017 – Spring: Chuan He

• 2017 – Fall: Edward Sargent

• 2017 – Fall: Shana Kelley

• 2018 – Fall: Bernd Abel

• 2019 – Fall: Jennifer Schomaker

• 2021 – Spring: Roland Wester

• 2021-2022: Yi Cui

General references

 * Berkeley Campus News article on Somorjai
 * Berkeley Lab article on the National Medal of Science
 * Article on Somorjai's contribution to the science of ice skating
 * Raoul Wallenberg Centre media release on the Wolf Chemistry Prize
 * Somorjai Research Group website

title: Gábor A. Somorjai


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Ayala Corporation

Ayala Corporation (Spanish: Corporación Ayala, formerly Ayala y Compañía (Ayala & Company)) is the publicly listed holding company for the diversified interests of the Ayala Group. Founded in the Philippines by Domingo Róxas and Antonio de Ayala during Spanish colonial rule, it is the country's oldest and largest conglomerate. The company has a portfolio of diverse business interests, including investments in retail, education, real estate, banking, telecommunications, water infrastructure, renewable energy, electronics, information technology, automotive, healthcare, management, and business process outsourcing. As of November 2015, it is the country's largest corporation in terms of assets ($48.7B).

History
Ayala y Compañía was established in 1876 and traces its origins to Casa Róxas, a partnership established in 1834 between Domingo Róxas and Antonio de Ayala. Casa Róxas began with the formation of a distillery which became known as the maker of Ginebra San Miguel. The distillery ultimately known as the Ayala Distillery was acquired by La Tondeña, Inc. in 1929.

In 1888, the company introduced the first tramcar service in the Philippines. The company participated in the construction of the Ayala Bridge over the Pasig River in Manila. Originally built of wood in 1872, the bridge was reconstructed in steel in 1908 to become the first steel bridge in the Philippines. The company was responsible for the urban development of Makati after World War II under the leadership of Col. Joseph Ralph McMicking, who was married to Mercedes Zobel de Ayala.

Ayala y Compañía shifted from a partnership to a corporation with the establishment of Ayala Corporation in 1968 and became public company in 1976. Ayala Corporation welcomed the minority investment of Mitsubishi Corporation as its strategic partner in 1974.

In 2011, Ayala Corporation began building its renewable energy portfolio, beginning with a joint venture with Mitsubishi for solar power and Sta. Clara Power for run-of-the-river hydro power, and the purchase of the iconic Northwind farm for wind power. Ayala will contribute 1000 MW to the Philippine power supply, by 2015. FinanceAsia named Ayala Corporation as the best-managed company in the Philippines in 2010 and 2015, as well as best for corporate governance and best for corporate social responsibility.

Real estate

 * Alveo Land
 * Ayala Land Inc.
 * AyalaLand Logistics Holdings Corp. (ALLHC)
 * Ayala Malls
 * Makati Development Corp. (MDC)
 * AG Holdings, Ltd.
 * Avida Land
 * Amaia Land
 * Bellavita
 * Portico Land Corp. - joint venture with Mitsubishi Corporation
 * Roxas Land Corp. - joint venture with Bank of the Philippine Islands and Hongkong Land
 * Regent Wise Investments Limited
 * MCT Consortium Berhad (32.95% ownership, based in Malaysia)
 * Ortigas & Company Limited Partnership - Since November 2014, Ayala and SM Prime Holdings ended their dispute over the ownership of OCLP Holdings, the parent of Ortigas & Company. Ayala has recently sealed a deal with a group led by Ignacio Ortigas for the development of the Ortigas family's land bank area.
 * Trident Infrastructure and Development Corporation (TIDC) - Formerly known as "Team Trident" and "the super consortium", is a joint-venture between Aboitiz Equity Ventures, Inc. (AEV), Ayala Land Inc. (ALI), Megaworld Corporation (MEG) and SM Prime Holdings, Inc. (SMPH). It is aimed to develop the Laguna Lakeshore Expressway and Dike Project (LLEDP).
 * Ayala-GT Capital - In May 2015, through Ayala's Alveo Land and GT Capital's Federal Land, the two corporations will develop a 45-hectare property in Biñan, Laguna, aimed towards mid-range and high-end markets.

Financial services

 * Bank of the Philippine Islands
 * GCash

Telecommunications

 * Globe Telecom, Inc.

Utilities

 * Manila Water Company Inc.

Power and transport

 * AirSWIFT
 * Ayala Corporation Energy Holdings, Ltd. - is the power unit of Ayala Corporation, with investments in the development of conventional as well as solar, wind, and mini-hydro energy sources.
 * AC Infrastructure Holdings Corp. - pursues toll road, rail and airport projects under government's public-private partnership program.
 * Muntinlupa–Cavite Expressway - the 4 km, 4-lane expressway connecting Daang Hari and South Luzon Expressway in Muntinlupa. Sold to Prime Asset Ventures Inc. of the Villar Group in August 2023.
 * Light Rail Manila Corporation - a consortium between the Ayala Corporation, Metro Pacific Investments Corporation, and Sumitomo Corporation for the Line 1 Common Station, Concession, and Bacoor Extension.
 * AF Payments, Inc. (10%) - another consortium between the Ayala Corporation and Metro Pacific Investments Corporation regarding the unified Automated Fare Collection System (Beep card) for Line 1-3, and eventually also for the PNR and other public transport.
 * North Avenue Grand Central station - the Unified Grand Central Station, is an interchange station currently in development by its stakeholders Metro Pacific Corporation, SMC-MRT7 of San Miguel Corporation, SM Prime Holdings, and Ayala Corporation.
 * Entrego (60%) - courier and express parcel management that serve Zalora Philippines.

Manufacturing and automotive

 * AC Industrial Technology Holding, Inc. (AC Industrials)
 * Integrated Micro-Electronics, Inc. (IMI)
 * Honda Cars Makati, Inc.  and Honda Cars Cebu, Inc. - Established in October 1990, Ayala Automotive Holdings began with a 12.9% stake in the P1.1B investment for the local operations and production plant of Honda Cars Philippines.
 * Isuzu Automotive Dealership, Inc.
 * Isuzu Philippines Corporation (IPC) (owns 15%)
 * Volkswagen Philippines
 * Maxus Philippines, Inc
 * Kia Philippines, Inc
 * BYD Auto Philippines
 * Adventure Cycle Philippines, Inc. (KTM Philippines)
 * ACI Solar Holdings North America
 * Merlin Solar Technologies Inc.
 * AC Industrials Singapore
 * Misslbeck Technologies GmbH

Social infrastructure

 * Ayala Healthcare Holdings, Inc. (AC Health)
 * Healthway Medical Network - Hospitals and clinics network that includes the Healthway Multi-Specialty Clinics, QualiMed Group of Hospitals, FEU Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, and the Healthway Cancer Care Hospital
 * Generika Drugstore
 * I.E. Medica Inc.
 * MedEthix Inc.
 * KonsultaMD - a joint venture with Globe's 917Ventures
 * Ayala Education, Inc. (AEI)
 * University of Nueva Caceres - Ayala Education's flagship University
 * Affordable Private Education Center, Inc. (APEC Schools) - a joint venture between the Ayala Corporation and Pearson PLC's Affordable Learning Fund (Pearson ALF). It promotes affordable but high-quality education.
 * Professional Employment Program (PEP)
 * National Teacher's College (33%)

Nonprofit organizations

 * Ayala Foundation
 * CENTEX
 * Ayala Museum
 * Philippine Development Foundation
 * Ayala Technology Business Incubator
 * Filipinas Heritage Library
 * Ayala Social Initiatives

Business process outsourcing, Logistics and Digital businesses

 * LiveIt Investments, Ltd.
 * Affinity Express
 * HRMall
 * Zalora Philippines

Divestments

 * Grail Research
 * IQ BackOffice, Inc.
 * The Insular Life Assurance Co., Ltd. - Mutual company owned by policyholders since 1987.
 * Integreon
 * Philippine FamilyMart CVS, Inc. - Joint venture with Stores Specialists, Inc., Japan FamilyMart, and Itochu Corporation. Acquired by Phoenix Petroleum Philippines, Inc. in 2018.
 * Pilipinas Makro Inc. (defunct) - initially a joint venture partnership between Ayala, SM Investments Corporation (SM Prime Holdings), and the Netherlands' SHV Holdings NV formed to own and operate Makro branches in the Philippines. Ayala divested from the company in 2004.
 * Pure Foods Corporation - sold to San Miguel Corporation in 2001.
 * Stream Global Services - sold to Convergys in 2014 for $820 million.

Retirement of Jaime Zóbel de Ayala
In January 2006, the board of directors publicly announced the decision by Jaime Zóbel de Ayala to retire as chairman of the corporation by April 2006. The board also announced his appointment as chairman emeritus upon his retirement. His eldest son, Jaime Augusto Zóbel de Ayala, succeeded him as chairman and chief executive officer, while his younger son, Fernando Zóbel de Ayala, has assumed the position of president and chief operating officer. The Zóbel de Ayala family's holding company, Mermac, Inc., continues to hold the controlling stake (49%) in Ayala Corporation.

title: Ayala Corporation


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Talk:Lists of Macedonians

Untitled
I transfer this article to the talk page until it is duly corrected as it contains information which clashes with either NPOV or with the mere facts. VMORO *Alexandar Makedonski - the worlds greatest emperor. *Filip Makedonski - king and father to Alexandar. *Saint Kiril - educator and inventor of the first modern letters - Cyrillic. *Saint Metodij - educator and inventor of the first modern letters - cyrilical *Saint Kliment - pupil of Cyril and Metodij and educator, put the base of macedonian orthodox church. *Saint Naum - pupil of Cyril and Metodij and educator. *Djorce Petrov- macedonian revolucioneer, fighting against otoman empire, killed by bulgarian secret police in Sofija. *Goce Delcev - macedonian revolucioner and vizioner, fighting for fredoom of Macedonia from Otoman empire. One of the organizors of the first Balkan uprising against the turks in 1903 in Krusevo, Macedonia. *Pitu Guli - One of the leaders of the macedonian uprising in 1903 in Krusevo and member of the council of the first ever free teritory in the Othoman empire called Krusevo Republika. *Jane Sandanski - macedonian revolutioner, leader of the macedonian uprising in 1903 and president of the Krusevo Republic. *Konstantin Miladinov - Macedonian poet, writer and linguist. *Konstantin Miladinov edited the first almanach of Macedonian poetry,prose and grammar called "About macedonian matters". Book was edited and printed in Zagreb with a very genereus help of the Zagreb archbishop Josip Juraj Strosmayer. *Kiro Urdin - modern macedonian painter, living and working in Paris. *Kiro Tomoski - producer living in Prague. *Branko Crvenkoski - president of Republic of Makedonia. *Boris Trajkovski - second president of Macedonia, died tragically in plane accident in 2003.
 * Dimitry Miladinov - joint editor of the first almanach of macedonian poetry,prose and grammar called "About macedonian matters" with his brother Konstantin. Book was edited and printed in Zagreb with a very genereus help of the Zagreb archbishop Josip Juraj Strosmayer.
 * Marko Cepenkov - macedonian linguist and collector of the folklore stories and legends, editor of the first Macedonian stories and legends book.
 * Kosta Racin - autor and poet, his work belongs to the clasical parts of macedonian modern poetry. Killed in 1943 by accident as partisan figting for freedom of Makedonia.
 * Krale Marko - peoples legend and figter against the Othoman empire.
 * Blaze Konevski - linguist,author and profesor of macedonian language.The author of the modern macedonian language.
 * Kiro Gligorov - first president of independent Republic of Makedonija.

-- I 've redirected this article to Macedonia for now. MATIA 16:31, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lists of Macedonians


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Music in Tatarstan

Tatarstan is an autonomous republic within Russia, where the largest ethnic group are the Tatars. Their traditional music is a mixture of Turkic, Mongolic and Finno-Ugric elements, reportedly bridging Mongolian and Hungarian music. Nonetheless, the most distinguishing feature of Tatar music is the pentatonic scale, which aligns it with the Chinese and Vietnamese musical traditions. Instrumental dance music, secular song and sacred music are all a part of Tatar folk music. Instrumentation includes the kubyz (jaw harp), surnay, quray (flute) and garmon-talianka.

In the mid-20th century, a number of Tatar composers became renowned, including Cäwdät Fäyzi, Salix Säydäş, Mansur Mozaffarov and Näcip Cihanov. Many of the works of the Russian-Tatar composer Sofia Gubaidulina have been inspired by Tatar music.

The largest center of Tatar national music is the Jalil Opera and Ballet Theatre named after Musa Cälil. The first Tatar opera, Saniä, was staged in 1925. It was composed by Soltan Gabashi in collaboration with Vasili Vinogradov. Farit Yarullin was the creator of the first Tatar ballet, Şüräle. Modern Tatar music includes practically all existing basic musical genres. Almaz Monasypov is one of the first Soviet Tatar composers re-embodied in modern music the ancient layers of the national tradition like baits (бәет), munajats (мөнәҗәт) and book singing (китап көе).

Modern, non-traditional music includes pop, rock, hip-hop music (for example, İttifaQ), etc. One of the most remarkable artists, who obtained her own niche in Tatar music is the renowned world music singer and composer Zulya Kamalova, who currently resides in Australia. One of the most outstanding examples of contemporary Tatar music is the rock opera The Wanderer in Bulgar – an amalgamation of Tatar Folk Music, the Tatar Opera tradition and western rock music arrangements with Russian rock prints. Tatar pop singers Alsou (who sings in English, Russian and Tatar) and Zemfira (who sings mostly in Russian) are currently among the most popular musical performers in Russia. The National Tatarstan Orchestra is the major symphony orchestra in Tatarstan.

title: Music in Tatarstan


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Jack Clark (television personality)

Jack Leslie Clark (November 25, 1925 – July 21, 1988) was an American television personality, game show host, and announcer. He is best known for hosting The Cross-Wits, and as an offstage announcer for Password and Wheel of Fortune. On the latter, he succeeded original announcer Charlie O'Donnell and held the role from 1980 until his death in 1988. (O'Donnell took back the announcing position until his own death in 2010.)

Early career
When Clark was a student at UC Berkeley, he began his career as a substitute radio announcer for radio station KROW in Oakland.

After graduating from UC Berkeley, he moved to New York City, and first worked as a game show announcer for Password (where, when the word was flashed on the screen, he would whisper from offstage, "the password is...;" he also occasionally substituted for host Allen Ludden). From there, he went on to host 100 Grand (1963) and Dealer's Choice from 1974–1975 (replacing Bob Hastings).

Later, Clark hosted The Cross-Wits from 1975 until 1980, where he was noted for his rapport with the celebrities and contestants. Clark later went on to announce for several other game shows, including Split Second (1972–1975), Tattletales (1974), Three for the Money (1975), Second Chance (1977), and some Hollywood-originated episodes of The $10,000 Pyramid. Earlier in 1967, Clark also did some commercials for Winston cigarettes in Super King (100 MM) size.

Clark also hosted a number of pilot episodes that never passed that stage. Among them were Second Guessers, The $10,000 Sweep, and a 1985 proposed revival of Now You See It (later sold in 1989). He was also the announcer on another pilot, Monday Night Quarterback. Clark did many of these pilots "on spec" as favors to their producers.

Wheel of Fortune and later career
After Wheel of Fortune announcer Charlie O'Donnell's departure from the show in 1980, Clark was chosen to become the show's regular announcer. During that time, Clark announced the daytime version and the primetime syndicated version, when the show's ratings peaked. Clark also announced for other television programs in the 1980s, including The $25,000 Pyramid (1982–1985), as well as being a spokesman for National Geographic magazine, appearing on-camera in their commercials.

Illness and death
In 1988, Clark was diagnosed with bone cancer. He continued announcing for Wheel of Fortune for as long as he was able to keep it up until the end of the 1987–88 season. During that time, hosts Pat Sajak and Vanna White announced the fee plugs on the syndicated version. When he was away, Charlie O'Donnell and Johnny Gilbert began filling in as substitute announcers.

Clark died on July 21, 1988, at the age of 62, just before production of the 1988–1989 season was to begin, and is interred at Glendale's Forest Lawn Memorial Park.

He had requested that O'Donnell return to take his place, but since O'Donnell was not available due to his prior obligations with Barris Industries, Los Angeles-area disc jockey M.G. Kelly announced from mid-1988 to February 1989, when O'Donnell returned to the show. O'Donnell remained as the announcer until his death in 2010.

title: Jack Clark (television personality)


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University Philosophical Society

The University Philosophical Society (UPS; Cumann Fealsúnachta Choláiste na Trionóide ), commonly known as The Phil, is a student paper-reading and debating society in Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. Founded in 1683 it describes itself as the oldest student, collegial and paper-reading society in the world.

The society is based within the Graduates Memorial Building of Trinity College. Throughout its long history it has welcomed many prominent guests and some of its most notable members include Ernest Walton, John Butler Yeats, Samuel Beckett, Bram Stoker and Oscar Wilde.

Society
The Phil's members meet every Thursday during term to discuss a paper, debate a motion or hear an address. Traditionally a paper-reading society, meetings sometimes continue the format of responses to a paper rather than debate on a motion.

Its rooms are within the Graduates' Memorial Building (GMB) of Trinity College, which it has shared with the College Historical Society (the Hist) since the building's construction in 1902, where it provides facilities for its members such as a games and a conversation room. The Phil shares the use of its Bram Stoker Room with the College Theological Society (the Theo). It holds most of its meetings in the GMB's Debating Chamber with meetings having an expected audience of above two hundred being held in the larger lecture theatres of the college.

The society also hosts numerous social events, internal competitions, sporting events, blood drives and the occasional concert. It endeavours each year in providing debating workshops, developmental competitions for members and school children. Furthermore, it has a strong history in intervarsity debating competitions, at both an international and national level.

The society publishes The Philander as an annual Freshers' guide to the society.

Membership
Membership of the society is open to all Undergraduate and Postgraduate students, as well as all staff members of Trinity College. It offers four year membership to students of the university.

History
The history of the University Philosophical Society spans over three centuries, several guises, identities and name changes.

Origins
In 1683, natural philosopher and political writer William Molyneux (b. 1656) founded the Dublin Philosophical Society, with the assistance of his brother Sir Thomas Molyneux and future Provost St George Ashe. They intended it to be the equivalent of the Royal Society in London (with which it maintained cultural ties) as well as the Philosophical Society at the University of Oxford. The society was traditionally a paper reading society; however it also included many demonstrations of the latest science and mathematical endeavour of that era. The first meeting on 15 October 1683 was in the Provost's lodgings at Trinity College Dublin, a location where members continued to meet.

Sometime after December 1683, Provost Robert Huntington became the society's first Senior Patron, promising protection and assistance, a role the Provost of Trinity College still holds. While at the time no particular precedent existed for Trinity College to recognise it, it can be considered the college's first such society.

On 1 November 1684 William Petty was elected as the first President of the society, and William Molyneux elected as its first Secretary. The current numbering takes this as the first session of the University Philosophical Society.

Reformation in the 19th century
In November 1842, to mark the original session date the Dublin Philosophical Society was fully reformed under its original name, traditionally meeting on Mondays, to cater for those Trinity College students too young to join other societies in Dublin. The first meeting took place in Marlborough Street.

At the time, undergraduates were not allowed to join most College societies, such as the College Historical Society. It then became the Dublin University Philosophical Society in February 1843 when it was recognized by the college, with then Provost Franc Sadleir reassuming the traditional role of Senior Patron.

During this time the society had its rooms in No. 4 (now House 4) in Parliament Square with larger meetings taking place within the Examination Hall.

In 1860, the Dublin University Philosophical Society changed its name to the University Philosophical Society. The society claims to be the oldest, student, paper-reading, and collegial society in the world. As of the 1960s, the society still dated its foundation back to 1853, describing the 1969 session as its "116th". The current numbering of sessions emphasises the societies’ historical connection to the Dublin Philosophical Society, and treats the foundation of The University Philosophical Society as a reinstatement of that society, rather than the foundation of a new society.

Among the notable events held was the demonstration of an early telephone by Stephen Yeates in 1865.

20th century
The society suffered greatly, with the rest of Trinity College during the First World War. Ireland was still part of the British Empire during the outbreak of the war and so many Irish enlisted. However, there was a diverse mixture between members who predominantly described as being part of the Protestant Ascendancy and those who believed more in Irish republicanism.

The meetings and overall strength of the society was massively diminished during the period, with there being no Inaugural Meeting from 1913 until 1919 after the end of the war.

From 1913 to 1916 ten officers of the society resigned their positions to enlist. Minutes from the time mention that many more members of the society would go on to enlist, however their names went unrecorded.

In 1919 the names of eight past officers and members of council of the society who had been killed during the war was read aloud at the Opening Meeting.

 * James Austin, President 1913-1914.
 * AEL West, President 1915-1916.
 * Reverend Everard Digges La Touche, Seceratary 1907-1908.
 * JHF Leland, Treasurer 1909-1910.
 * Walter Osborne Varian, Treasurer 1915-1916.
 * JS West, Registrar 1914-1915.
 * Francis George McGibney, Member of Council 1912-1913.
 * William Kee, Member of Council 1914-1915.

"Of them and those other members who gave up their lives, we can only say that while the University Philosophical Society stands they shall not be forgotten, since such men, by their deaths, have conferred on their Society, and on all connected with them, an honour that does not fade."

The Irish War of Independence began shortly after the beginning of 1919, public and political will to remember those lost during the war was weak. This meant that the names of many more members of the society who were also killed during the First World War went unrecorded by the society.

The Second World War, had a lesser effect on the society, though one notable President of the early 1940s was lawyer, Nigerian independence activist and Supreme Court Chief Justice Udo Udoma.

In 1953, the society held a centenary celebration, commemorating its "First Hundred Years".

Dublin University Elizabethan Society ("The Eliz")
The first female students were admitted to the college in 1904, however they were unable to join any of the student societies that existed at the time. In response to this the Dublin University Elizabethan Society (more commonly known as The Liz and later, The Eliz) was founded in 1905 by the first woman student of the university Isabel Marion Weir Johnston. The society was a female-only debating society, having sent teams to the Irish Times National Debating Championship from relatively early in the competitions history. It also hosted many debates, paper discussions, group discussions and the Eliz Garden Party (within Fellow's Square) which was considered one of the social highlights of Trinity term in the college. Each year the society welcomed esteemed guests to speak on topics regarding the history, the societal limitations of women and feminism. These included such guests as Ninette de Valois, dancer and founder of The Royal Ballet, who visited in late 1964 to celebrate the society's 60th year.

The society had its rooms in No.6 (now House 6) in Parliament Square, housing many amenities for female students within the college, including one of only a handful of female toilets on the campus.

As mentioned in the following section, over the years there had been great debate within both the University Philosophical Society and the Dublin University Elizabethan Society regarding a merger of both societies into one. There was strong individual opposition within both societies however, with a vote in 1968 by the Eliz rejecting a merger. However, in 1981 the Dublin University Elizabethan Society merged with the University Philosophical Society, which vastly increased female membership and increased debating within the society.

Today as a symbolic gesture, the highest ranking female officer of the Phil is accorded the honorary title of President of the Elizabethan Society.

Inclusion of women
It was the 1953/54 session of the Phil that first welcomed in long overdue gender equality advances: Women were at last allowed to attend public business meetings and then also to speak at them (provided though Standing Orders were suspended!). What is more, at the end of that session, membership was actually even opened up to them. Sadly though, this final breakthrough proved short-lived as the College Board after a gap of only one term – and although it had no direct constitutional jurisdiction here – in early 1955 voted down female membership for that year pending possible reorganisation of the Major Societies. It was an understandable decision perhaps from the Board's point of view except that even more sadly such restructuring was never led by them as announced or indeed subsequently. While reorganisations and possible mergers between the Phil and the Hist and the Phil and the Eliz and the Phil and the SRC (Student Representative Council) + the Eliz surfaced variously at periodic intervals actual plans ‘with legs’ never seemed to result. Divisions and maybe feelings of self-interest within and between the different factions, the continuing unwillingness/inability of the college for some reason to meaningfully grapple with this process and, what is more, effectively address the issue of student union type facilities that were commonplace in other institutions of higher education all seemingly presented insurmountable hurdles.

Indeed, it wasn't until session 1963/64 that a further vote taken by the Phil on the admission of women, although it was lost by only 3 votes. Some advances were though made: From that session onwards, it was agreed that women could at last reply to papers read to the Society and, in 1965, Joanna Walmsley became the first woman to read her paper to the society. (It was entitled "Tolstoy - Realist or Moralist?"). One of concerns held over the years had been that the Society's facilities were generally inadequate for a larger mixed membership. In session 1967/1968. opposition even led then President of the Phil (Gordon Ledbetter) to resign in exasperation. It was a matter though that wasn't going to go away. At the first Council meeting and a subsequent private business in the following session (1967–68), this aspect again prominently featured as a concern. There were also many in the Phil who felt the way forward would be achieved through revisiting the idea of a merger with the Eliz to form a super sized Major Society. However, even setting to one side the thorny issue of finding satisfactory accommodation for such a body, it also turned out to be the case this time - as it had previously that the Eliz just weren't sufficiently interested such a proposal. (That was of course to change some years later).

With such topics under the spotlight, a feeling though also started to emerge from the active membership that discussion was going around in circles once again. The halfway house with regards to female participation was just unsatisfactory. For quite sincerely held reasons of equal rights and inclusivity and indeed on a practical level to revitalise our business and expand membership the Society had to try and go it alone regardless. So a motion calling for women to quite simply be admitted as full members was proposed, debated at Private Business on 30th. November 1967...and was elatedly passed! The then President of the Phil (Geoff Goolnik) pointed out to those gathered that restrictions on female membership had in fact been a matter of convention as gender was never once mentioned in the then current Laws – unlike with those of the two other Major Societies, viz.the Eliz and the Hist (College Historical Society).

At the following private business meeting held on 5th. December three women were proposed and voted in as members – including the then President of the Eliz (Elizabeth Hall) who was appropriately nominated by Goolnik and seconded by ‘Gully’ Stanford, the then Auditor of the Hist, in his capacity as an ordinary member of the Phil! Finally, the first female member to address the Society after it had become gender free, Gráinne Monks, was also elected on 1st. February 1968 as the first female member of Council.

In Trinity News’ edition of 25 November 1953, an anonymous female contributor had declared that "The bar to the admission of women to [the other] major societies ...is a real deprivation to everyone – to College women, to the members of the societies, themselves and, most important, to the University". Fifteen years and five days later the Phil at least eventually, permanently and proudly righted that wrong.

21st century
Today the University Philosophical Society is one of the largest student society within the college and Ireland. Its meetings include weekly paper readings and debates. Additionally it invites many internationally esteemed guests each year, regularly interviews with public figures, which have included Al Pacino, Desmond Tutu, Angela Merkel and Stephen Fry.

Governance
The Phil is governed by a Council elected by the members of the society each year. There are eight officers: President, Secretary, Treasurer, Registrar, Debates Convenor, Librarian, Steward, and Schools Convenor. All officers are directly elected. In addition to the officers are fourteen Members of Council. The Members of Council serve as deputies to the officers, aid in the execution of their responsibilities and any other such work necessary for the efficient running of the society. Six are directly elected each year. One of these six is then selected by the council to serve as Vice President of the society. The Senior Member of Council is also elected in the same manner as the officers of the society and is delegated the responsibility of co-ordinating the other Members of Council. The newly elected Council may then add up to seven further Members of Council via co-option.

Bram Stoker Club
In addition to its usual events, the society added a sub-group, the Bram Stoker Club (more commonly known as Bram), to its organization in 2011. Named after one of the Phil's most illustrious presidents (Bram Stoker), the club holds weekly afternoon paper-readings on a range of topics. These paper-readings have served to carry on the long tradition of the society, which had fallen slightly out of fashion in recent years.

In January 2013, the club was incorporated into the official laws of the University Philosophical Society by majority vote. This was then officially recognised by the Dublin University Central Societies Committee in March of the same year.

It had its first foray outside of college in 2013, entering the winning team of John Engle and Liam Brophy in that years Irish Times National Debating Championship.

During the 4th Session, the club welcomed three living descendants of its namesake Bram Stoker. Noel Dobbs, Robin MacCaw and Dacre Stoker met with members of the club and society at large. Each presented papers on the history of Bram Stoker and legacy of Dracula within their family. Also in attendance was distant relative and Senator David Norris. Finally the Stoker family presented the club with portrait of Bram Stoker by Dublin artist Damian Byrne, and a plaque specifying the connection between the society and their ancestor.

External debating competitions
The society has a presence on the competitive debating circuit. Having first won the Irish Times National Debating Championship in 1961 the society has gone on to win and place in several other well known debating competitions. These include the John Smith Memorial Mace, World Universities Debating Championship, Irish National Law Debates, Cork IV and the UCD Vice Presidents' Cup IV.. In 2022, Dylan McCarthy and Jack Palmer from the Phil won the European Universities Debating Championships in Zagreb, becoming the second Irish team to win the championships and the first from Trinity.

Internal debating competitions
The society runs several internal debating competitions each year. These consist of:
 * The Eamon O'Coine Memorial Maiden Speaker's Competition (or "Maidens"); for first-time speakers in college.
 * The Jeremy Clarkson Memorial Debating Competition (or "Clarkies"), consisting of a series of regular weekly debates.; satirically named after TV presenter Jeremy Clarkson. Formerly known as The Maggies, after former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Margaret Thatcher
 * The Elizabethan Society Memorial Pro-Am Competition (or "Lizzies"); a competition whereby experienced debaters (Pros) are teamed with less experienced speakers (Ams).
 * The Isabel Marion Weir Johnston Memorial (or "Izzy's"); is an internal competition for all members of the society. It is named in honour of the first woman to enter Trinity where she went on to found the Elizabethan Society which later merged with the Philosophical Society.
 * The J.P Mahaffy Memorial (or "Mahaffy's"); named after former President of the society John Pentland Mahaffy internal debating competition for Junior Freshman ("fresher") teams of two.

Trinity intervarsity
Each year, normally in January, the society jointly with the Hist hosts the Claire Stewart Trinity IV. Before 2015 this consisted of the Trinity Invitational and the Dean Swift Intervarsity. In 2015, the Trinity Invitational was replaced with Trinity Women's Debating Competition.

Phil Speaks
The 'Phil Speaks Debating and Public Speaking Initiative', commonly known as 'Phil Speaks', is a campaign aimed at promoting, as well as developing skills in public speaking and oratory. Formed by the society in 2004 the initiative combines in-school oratory workshops, with Pro–Am (Professional-Amateur) learning competitions to encourage these skills in students of all secondary schools throughout Ireland.

At the end of the contest, the society hosts the Phil Speaks Competitive Weekend modelled on the format of a University Intervarsity Competition held within the Graduates Memorial Building, with the grand final taking place in the Debating Chamber.

Awards
Annually, the society internally awards the author of the best paper and the best chamber speaker from its membership, medals of oratory and composition. The society also awards the Gold Medal of Honorary Patronage and the Bram Stoker Medal to various guests each year.

Among the awards received by the society are awards from the internal Central Societies Committee of Trinity College, including the "best event" award for 'This House Believes that Society is Failing People with Disabilities' in 2019 and "best large society" in 2015.

The society has also received recognition from the Board of Irish College Societies (BICS). This national organisation, constituted in 1995, is dedicated to providing a national forum for the societies in Ireland's Universities, Colleges and Institutes of Education. The University Philosophical Society received a "Best individual (Large Society)" award from the BICS in 2013, presented to 328th Session President Lorcan Clarke.

Honorary patrons
Through its years in college, the Society has recorded the presence of many notable guests, the most distinguished of whom are named honorary patrons of the society. Included amongst these are multiple Nobel Prize laureates, both before and after their receipt of the Prize, such as W. B. Yeats, Heads of State and of Government, notable actors and musicians, as well as well-known intellectuals. Guests have also included all Taoisigh since Charles Haughey.

Controversies
A number of guests, invited by the Phil over the years, have courted controversy. Contributors to its debates included Oswald Mosley during his residence in Ireland. In 1988, the Society invited then–Holocaust denier David Irving to speak. A large protest by students, staff, Jewish groups, socialists, and anti-Nazi activists resulted in the meeting being relocated to a hotel conference room and held in the small hours of the morning. The traditional vote of thanks to Irving for his paper was defeated, which is rare in the society's history.

The address of Austrian politician Jörg Haider to the society in late 2002 led to a protest by self-described anti-fascist activists, which continued through the debate, with noise being made outside the chamber and interjections in the society's proceedings within. An invitation to British National Party (BNP) official Tony Wentworth was revoked after threats of physical action by leftist groups.

Another guest to generate controversy was Islamist Anjem Choudary, who hailed the 9/11 terrorists as martyrs. Former Taoiseach John Bruton threatened to withdraw from a Phil debate later that year over this invitation, which was not withdrawn. Bruton later became an Honorary Patron of the Society, and Anjem Choudary has been invited to speak at the Phil's lectern several times.

In 2011, the Phil encountered controversy when it invited BNP leader Nick Griffin to speak at a Thursday night debate on immigration. After raging protests, talks with college officials and physical threats made to the members and council the invitation was reluctantly withdrawn by the President of the 327th session, Eoin O'Liathain. In a press statement the Phil said that "it is unfortunate that circumstances have arisen under which the planned debate can no longer go ahead without compromising the safety of staff and students". Despite these challenges the session would go on to be voted Best Society in Trinity College that year.

In 2015, members of the Phil were asked by the President to collect copies of The University Times after the newspaper printed details of confidential correspondence that had been supplied to the newspaper in the understanding that it would not be referred to in an article. While The University Times subsequently agreed to withdraw the edition of the paper in question from circulation, after their breach of journalistic standards, Trinity News falsely reported that members of council had discussed calling a motion to impeach the president as a result of the society's actions in collecting the newspapers. A motion of confidence in the president was later passed at a general meeting of the society. The incident was cited as one of the factors leading to Samuel Riggs, then the editor of The University Times, agreeing to take a permanent leave of absence from his position as well as the resignation of two senior Trinity News editors.

Academia

 * Robert Stawell Ball, ex-Sch., Royal Astronomer of Ireland and Lowndean Professor of Astronomy and Geometry at the University of Cambridge. President, 1860–61.
 * Valentine Ball, geologist. Treasurer, 1863–64.
 * J.B. Bury, ex-Sch., historian, classicist, Byzantinist and philologist.
 * George Coffey, scholar of Irish history and cultural revivalist. President, 1880–81.
 * William Macneile Dixon, British academic and author, Regius Professor of English Language and Literature, Glasgow. President, 1889–90, Librarian, 1888–89.
 * Mervyn A. Ellison, ex-Sch., astronomer and authority on solar flares. President, 1931–32, Treasurer, 1930–31.
 * William Hugh Ferrar, classical scholar. Treasurer, 1855–56.
 * John Pentland Mahaffy, ex-Sch., classicist and polymath scholar. President, 1858–59.
 * Vincent Arthur Smith, Indologist, historian and member of the Imperial Civil Service. President, 1868–69.
 * W. J. M. Starkie, Greek scholar.
 * William Stokes, doctor and professor of surgery.
 * John Lighton Synge, mathematician and physicist. Treasurer, 1917–18.
 * Ernest Walton, ex-Sch., physicist and Nobel Laureate. Member of Council, 1925–26.
 * Trevor West, Sch., mathematician and Senator. Treasurer, 1959–60, Registrar, 1958–59.
 * William Wilde, Irish otolaryngologist and ophthalmologist and polymath, father of Oscar Wilde, member
 * Bertram Windle, British anatomist, archaeologist, scientist and writer. Librarian, 1877–78.

Arts

 * Norman Rodway, ex-Sch., actor.
 * John Butler Yeats, artist and father of William Butler Yeats.

Broadcasting and Journalism

 * Daire Brehan, Irish broadcaster, barrister and actress. Secretary, 1976–77.
 * Sarah Carey, columnist and broadcaster. Registrar, 1991–92.
 * Ken Early, journalist and sports broadcaster. Steward, 1998–99.
 * Alex Massie, prominent Scottish journalist. Steward, 1996–97.

Law

 * James Campbell, 1st Baron Glenavy, Lord Chancellor of Ireland, Attorney-General for Ireland, Solicitor-General for Ireland, Member of Parliament and later first Chairman of the Free State Senate.
 * Richard Cherry, Attorney-General for Ireland and Liberal MP. Secretary, 1879–80.
 * Gerald Fitzgibbon, ex-Sch., Solicitor-General for Ireland, 1877–78 and Lord Justice of Appeal. Secretary, 1857–58.
 * Jonathan Pim (1858-1949), Solicitor-General for Ireland, Attorney-General for Ireland and Lord Justice of Ireland in the aftermath of the Easter Rising. President, 1883–84, Secretary, 1882–83, Librarian, 1881–82.
 * Udo Udoma, former Justice of the Nigerian Supreme Court, former Chief Justice of Uganda. President, 1942–43, Secretary, 1941–42, Librarian, 1940–41.

Literature

 * Edmund John Armstrong, poet. President, 1864–65.
 * Samuel Beckett, ex-Sch., dramatist and poet, Nobel Laureate.
 * Kate Cruise O'Brien, author.
 * Edward Dowden, poet and critic. President, 1862–63, Secretary, 1861–62.
 * Standish James O'Grady, author, journalist and historian. Secretary, 1866–67.
 * Bram Stoker, novelist and short story writer. President, 1868–69, Secretary, 1867–68.
 * Oscar Wilde, author, playwright and poet.
 * Gabriel Fielding, author and poet. Nom de plume of Dr Alan Barnsley 1935–1939. Winner Silver Medal in Oratory 1939.

Nobility

 * Charles Austin Thomas Robert John Joseph ffrench, 6th Baron ffrench, 1868–1955. Deputy Lieutenant of County Galway.
 * Charles Edward MacDermot, The Mac Dermot, Prince of Coolavin, 1904–47. Registrar, 1883–84. His son and successor, Charles John MacDermot (Prince of Coolavin, 1947–79), was also a member.
 * Martin Morris, 2nd Baron Killanin, Conservative peer. Secretary, 1888–89.

Politics and government

 * Gerald Brunskill, Unionist MP. Treasurer, 1887–88, Registrar, 1886–87.
 * Nessa Childers MEP, Member of European Parliament. Registrar, 1977–78, SMC 1976–77.
 * Paschal Donohoe TD, Minister for Public Expenditure, National Development Plan Delivery and Reform. Secretary, 1993–94.
 * Cecil Harmsworth, 1st Baron Harmsworth, Liberal MP, businessman and brother of press barons Lord Northcliffe and Lord Rothermere. Registrar, 1889–90.
 * Caesar Litton Falkiner, Unionist MP. President, 1885–86, Treasurer, 1884–85, Librarian, 1883–84.
 * George Noble Plunkett, anti-treaty republican, member of the First Dáil and Ireland's first Minister for Foreign Affairs, 1919–21.
 * James Wallace Quinton, chief commissioner of Assam from 1889 until his murder by rebels in Manipur in 1891. President, 1855–56, Secretary, 1854–55.
 * Robert Rowlette, TD, Senator and doctor. Secretary, 1895–96.

Religion

 * Hugh Dunlop Brown, President of the Irish Baptist Association, theologian and prominent unionist.
 * John Baptist Crozier, Anglican bishop. President, 1874–75, Secretary, 1873–4, Treasurer, 1872–73.
 * Ralph Creed Meredith, chaplain to King George VI and Queen Elizabeth II. President, 1910–11, Secretary, 1909–10.
 * Charles D'Arcy, ex-Sch., Anglican bishop. Treasurer, 1883–84.
 * James Walsh, Dean of Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, 1908–18.

title: University Philosophical Society


text:
Talk:Music in Tatarstan

Removal
I removed the following two sentences because they are too vague and incoherent to appear without some context. I have no doubt they were added in good faith, but neither provides any useful information. For example, the word renovated is not correct in this context. I'm not sure what is meant, but music is not really ever renovated except in poetic or metaphoric uses. Tuf-Kat

 * In the end of 1980 Tatar popular music was in crisis.

 * At the beginning of 1990s music renovated, some new genres appeared.

External links modified
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I have just modified one external link on Music in Tatarstan. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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title: Talk:Music in Tatarstan


text:
User:Theresa knott/Evidence against Robert the Bruce

RFC's

 * 1) Requests for comment/Robert Brookes
 * 2) Requests for comment/Robert the Bruce

Sockpuppets

 * 1) Robert Brookes
 * 2) Friends of Robert
 * 3) Robert the Bruce

Personal Attacks

 * 1) From Requests for mediation: 1 2
 * 2) From Requests for comment/Robert the Bruce 1 2
 * 3) From Talk:Foreskin restoration 1
 * 4) From Talk:Male circumcision 1

Miscellaneous

 * 1) Removes VfD from Foreskin fetish . Accusation of bad faith against VfD poster User_talk:Robert_the_Bruce.
 * 2) Involved in revert warring on Male_circumcision 15:30, 16 Dec 2004, 15:21, 16 Dec 2004, but hasn't posted on the talk page since November 23rd. Has never attempted to contact either party whose edits he reverted through their talk pages.


text:
Rudolf Wlassak

Rudolf Wlassak (27 March 1865, Brno - 10 March 1930, Vienna) was an Austrian physiologist and neurologist. He was a pioneer in the hospital treatment of alcoholism.

He was born in Brno, Austrian Empire (now Czech Republic). He studied medicine at the University of Leipzig, and in 1893 qualified as a lecturer in Zürich. After time spent in Rome and Florence, he started a neurological practice in Vienna Neustadt (1919), and worked with Emil Redlich at the Maria-Theresien-Schlössel Hospital in Vienna. In 1922 he became director of a sanatorium for alcoholics called "Am Steinhof".

He conducted research on the structure of cerebellum and on the physiology of the senses and spatial perception.

He was active in the treatment of alcoholics in Vienna, and more widely in Europe. He is remembered for his contributions towards the workers' temperance movement. In 1897 he published "Gegen den Alkohol" and his "Grundriss der Alkoholfrage" was published in 1922. From 1902 onward, he was editor of the journal "Der Abstinent". In 1907 his treatise, The influence of alcohol upon the functions of the brain, was published in English.

He died in Vienna.

title: Rudolf Wlassak


text:
David Leavitt

David Leavitt (born June 23, 1961) is an American novelist, short story writer, and biographer.

Biography
Leavitt was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to Gloria and Harold Leavitt. Harold was a professor who taught at Stanford University and Gloria was a political activist. Leavitt grew up in Palo Alto, California, and graduated from Yale University with a B.A. in English in 1983. After his first book's success, he spent much of the 1990s living in Italy working and restoring an old house in Semproniano in Tuscany with his partner. He has also taught at Princeton University.

While a student at Yale, Leavitt published two stories in The New Yorker, "Territory" and "Out Here", both of which were included in his first collection, Family Dancing (nominated for the National Book Critics Circle Award and finalist for the PEN/Faulkner Award). Other published fiction includes the short-story collections A Place I've Never Been, Arkansas: Three Novellas and The Marble Quilt and the novels The Lost Language of Cranes, Equal Affections, While England Sleeps (finalist for the Los Angeles Times Fiction Prize), The Page Turner, Martin Bauman, The Body of Jonah Boyd and The Indian Clerk (finalist for the PEN/Faulkner Award and shortlisted for the IMPAC Dublin Award).

In 2000, Leavitt moved to Gainesville, Florida, and became a member of the Creative Writing faculty at the University of Florida as well as the founder and editor of the literary journal Subtropics.

Leavitt, who is gay, has frequently explored gay issues in his works. As a teenager, he was frequently frightened by gay novels that emphasized the ideal male body. He found this theme, and its suggestion that homoerotic fulfillment was reserved for the exceptionally beautiful young men, intrusive. His writing explores universal themes such as complex family relationships and class and sex exploitation. Illness and death are also recurrent themes in his work, inspired by his experience with his mother's cancer and death when he was growing up.

Leavitt's 2004 novel The Body of Jonah Boyd is dedicated to the Palo Alto house he grew up in, 743 Cooksey Lane. This house has since then gained notoriety for being the site of Sam Bankman-Fried's house arrest.

Despite writing many novels, Leavitt has said he feels more confident as a short story writer. He has been criticized for writing too quickly, which he attributes to early experiences with death convincing him that his life as a writer would be short. His work has been considered minimalist as well as part of the literary Brat Pack, but he has made "a fierce effort to disassociate" himself from both. He considers his works too long, emotional and descriptive to be minimalist.

Leavitt’s favorite novelist is Penelope Fitzgerald, his favorite works of hers being The Beginning of Spring, The Gate of Angels and The Blue Flower. He has also been influenced by John Cheever, Alice Munro, Cynthia Ozick, Joseph Roth, W. G. Sebald, and Grace Paley, whom he credits for teaching him the importance of humble experiences in great fiction.

Copyright suit
In 1993, the English poet Stephen Spender sued Leavitt for copyright infringement over the publication of his novel While England Sleeps, accusing him of using elements of Spender's memoir World Within World in the novel. Viking-Penguin, Leavitt's publisher at the time, withdrew the book. In 1995, Houghton Mifflin published a revised version with a preface by Leavitt addressing the controversy.

In "Courage in the Telling: The Critical Rise and Fall of David Leavitt", Drew Patrick Shannon argues that the critical backlash that accompanied Spender's suit "allowed [critics] to reinforce the boundaries between gay and mainstream literature that Leavitt had previously crossed". Subsequent reviews of Leavitt's work were more favorable. The episode provided Leavitt with the basis for his novella The Term-Paper Artist.

Adaptations
Two of Leavitt's novels have been filmed: The Lost Language of Cranes (1991) was directed by Nigel Finch and The Page Turner (released under the title Food of Love) was directed by Ventura Pons. The rights to a third, The Indian Clerk, have been optioned by Scott Rudin.

Collections

 * Family Dancing (1984)
 * A Place I've Never Been (1990)
 * Arkansas (1997)
 * The Marble Quilt (2001)

Novels

 * The Lost Language of Cranes (1986)
 * Equal Affections (1989)
 * While England Sleeps (1993; revised and reissued 1995)
 * The Page Turner (1998)
 * Martin Bauman (2000)
 * The Body of Jonah Boyd (2004)
 * The Indian Clerk (2007)
 * The Two Hotel Francforts (2013)
 * Shelter in Place (2020)

Non-fiction

 * Florence, A Delicate Case (2003)
 * The Man Who Knew Too Much: Alan Turing and the Invention of the Computer (2006)

Co-authored and edited collections

 * The Penguin Book of Gay Short Stories (1993) (editor, with Mark Mitchell)
 * Italian Pleasures (1996) (with Mark Mitchell)
 * Pages Passed from Hand to Hand: The Hidden Tradition of Homosexual Literature in English from 1748 to 1914 (1997) (editor, with Mark Mitchell)
 * In Maremma: Life and a House in Southern Tuscany (2001) (with Mark Mitchell)

Anthologies

 * "Chips Is Here." The Company of Dogs , edited by Michael J. Rosen, Doubleday (1990)

title: David Leavitt


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User talk:60.229.229.107

Please stop vandalising wikipedia immediately. If you don't refrain from making these edits you will be blocked from editing wikipedia.

title: User talk:60.229.229.107


text:
Semoy

Semoy may refer to:

 * Semois, or Semoy, a river in Belgium and France
 * Semoy, Loiret, France, a commune

title: Semoy


text:
User:Rlazarowich

name of wiki author Rlazarowich

born 1979, M.S. in Physics, 2004

title: User:Rlazarowich


text:
Music of Buryatia

Buryatia is a part of the Russian Federation. One of the country's main instruments is a two-stringed horse-head fiddle called a morin khuur. This is an instrument closely linked to the all-important cult of the horse, belonging to the intangible heritage of all Mongolic peoples. Other elements of Buryat music, such as the use of fourths both in tuning instruments and in songs, and pentatonic scales, reveal similarities to music from Siberia and Eastern Asia. There traditionally was no polyphony, instead voices and instruments performed the same melody in unison but varied in timing and ornamentation.

Narrative structures are a part of most Buryat folk music, often in the form of epic tales, and the last song of famous leaders; these include the Last Song of Rinchin Dorzhin.

Under Soviet control, Buryat folk music was sanitized and mostly allowed in forms that were supportive of the state's power. This period saw state-approved songs recollecting events such as the Civil War and the Great Patriotic War.

The first Buryat rock band was Uragsha, who were one of the few bands of the time to sing both in Russian and their native Mongolian language. Their collaborations with La MaMa theater in New York City in late 1990s led to their embrace of traditional music and shamanic roots too, and eventually to formation of the group Namgar that represents Buryat traditional music at world music festivals since 2001.

Vladlen Pantaev is also a notable Buryat musician; one of the key composers of Buryat folk music. He has devoted many years to the National Theater in Ulan-Ude. Many of his songs are widely recognized in the region.

title: Music of Buryatia


text: Talk:Music of Buryatia

title: Talk:Music of Buryatia


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Suristan

Suristan was used as a name in two senses during the Sassanid Persian Empire 226 to 651 AD. It was used to designate the Persian province of Surestan, roughly the same as today's Syria, as opposed to Asuristan, which was a separate province corresponding to Babylonia (central-southern Iraq). It was also the name of the Sassanid city of Surestan (today's Kufa in Iraq), situated in the Persian province of Middle Bih-Kavad.

title: Suristan


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Joni Madraiwiwi I

Ratu Joni Madraiwiwi (1859 – December 1920) was a Fijian Ratu and early colonial administrator in what was then the British Crown Colony of Fiji.

Heritage
Born in Bau, Madraiwiwi was the son of Bauan chief and rebel Ratu Mara Kapaiwai, who had been executed by his cousin Seru Epenisa Cakobau on 6 August 1859, shortly after Madraiwiwi's birth. His mother, Adi Loaloakubou was half-sister of Ratu Cakobau the Vunivalu of Bau and later King of Fiji. Her marriage to Mara Kapaiwai came after she had been promised first to the Tui Nakelo in return for support against one of many campaigns between Bau and Rewa; this promise was reneged upon, and she was given to Ratu Gavidi, Komai Nadrukuta. She was widowed on 26 April 1850 when Gavidi was shot in the back during a skirmish with the rival vanua of Verata. Prior to his execution, Mara Kapaiwai named his son Madraiwiwi, meaning "sour bread".

Madraiwiwi was raised in Cakobau's household. He was educated in Navuloa by Methodist missionaries before entering the civil service as an audit clerk. In 1887 Madraiwiwi married Adi Litiana Maopa, a granddaughter of Cakobau. They had six children; Lala Sukuna (later one of the main leaders of Fiji), Asenaca Teimumu Vuikaba, Tiale Vuiyasawa, Kacaraini Loaloakubou, J.A.R. Dovi (Fiji's first qualified doctor) and Timoci Tavanavanua.

Madraiwiwi progressed rapidly through the civil service and was appointed to the Legislative Council. In 1896 he became the Roko Tui of Ra Province, the highest position open to Fijians. He also began serving as Roko Tui of Bua Province in 1904, before being appointed Roko Tui of Tailevu Province in 1912.

title: Joni Madraiwiwi I


text:
Veh-Kavat

Veh-Kavat (also spelled Veh-Kavadh), known in Islamic sources as Bih-Qubadh, was an administrative district within the Sasanian province of Asuristan and is known to have survived the Arab conquest of the Sasanian Empire and existed as a district until the 9th century AD at the least.

It encompassed all of today's cities of Najaf and Kufa in Iraq.

title: Veh-Kavat