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Coaching stock of Ireland

A wide variety of hauled coaches have been used on the railways of Ireland. This page lists all those since 1945.

Republic of Ireland
When formed in 1945, CIÉ inherited from its constituents a motley collection of coaching stock from various manufacturers, in equally variegated conditions of repair. Although many were over 40 years old they had to remain in service until a programme of replacement could be found.

CIÉ, which controlled the Republic's railways between 1945 and 1987, and its subsidiary, Iarnród Éireann (IÉ) from 2 February 1987, have made great use of hauled coaches, though in recent years IÉ has turned increasingly to multiple units to replace old locomotives and coaches. IÉ and Northern Ireland Railways jointly own the current stock used on the Enterprise service between Dublin and Belfast, with IÉ nominally owning the odd-numbered vehicles and NIR the even-numbered ones, though all share a common Enterprise livery.

De Dietrich (1997–present)
Following the introduction of the new Class 201 locomotives, the jointly operated Enterprise service between Dublin and Belfast was upgraded in September 1997 with new coaching stock from French train makers De Dietrich Ferroviaire (now Alstom DDF). The interiors of the new stock were based on that of the original rolling stock used by Eurostar.

The coaches are divided into two classes: Standard, with 2 + 2 seating and "First Plus", with 2 + 1 seating, individual reading lamps and power adjustable seating with "in seat" audio. All coaches are air conditioned, have powered internal and external doors, tinted windows with adjustable blinds, a single wheelchair accessible toilet with baby changing facilities and electronic information displays.

Until September 2012, electrical power for train HVAC, battery charging and cooking was supplied from the locomotive's Head End Power system as the sets did not include a Generator Van. In order to avoid further damage to the locomotives, four Mark 3 Generator Vans entered service on the date above mentioned.

Although originally ordered as four sets of seven cars, the three in-service sets may comprise eight or nine cars: Each carriage is 23.43 m (76 ft 10.4 in) long, 3.787 m (12 ft 5 in) in height and 2.814 m (9 ft 2.8 in) wide.
 * One DVT (No's 9001 to 9004), with Driving Cab, luggage area, 29 "First Plus" seats & wheelchair space, weight 42 tonnes (46.5 tons)
 * One "First Plus" (No's 9101 to 9104) with 47 seats, weight 38 tonnes (42 tons)
 * One Café / Buffet, (No's 9401 to 9404), weight 40 tonnes (44.5 tons)
 * One Standard (No's 9213 to 9216) with 68 seats & wheelchair space, weight 38 tonnes (42 tons)
 * Three or four Standard (No's 9201 to 9212) with 71 seats, weight 38 tonnes (84,000 lbs)
 * One Generator van (No's 9602, 9604, 9606, 9608)

The odd numbered vehicles are owned by IÉ and the even numbered by NIR

The trains have a maximum speed of 100 mph but are limited to 90 mph.

On 12 and 22 December 2009, NIR received the first two, 7608 and 7613, of four Mark 3 Generator vans from IÉ for repainting in Enterprise livery. The other two Generator vans arrived in early 2010. They replaced the HEP power system when they were introduced to revenue service in September 2012, then numbered 5560 89-89604 (9602), 89605 (9604), 89608 (9606) and 89613 (9608).

In 2014, a mid-life refurbishment programme was announced for the Enterprise service. Rotating refurbishment involved substituting non-Enterprise trainsets on an individual basis which began in November 2014 with the return to service of the first revamped coaches in November 2015. Refurbishment provided new mechanical running gear, in coach electronics and modernised interiors. The first refurbished set, consisting of DVT 9002 and Locomotive 206, operated a trial service from York Road Depot in Belfast to Dublin Connolly and back, on 15 October 2015. The same set operated the first official passenger service after its refurbishment on 16 November 2015. The refurbishment was officially completed on 10 April 2016, to coincide with the introduction of an enhanced Enterprise timetable.

Mark 3 (2009–present)
Although the majority of the Mark 3 stock was withdrawn by Iarnród Éireann in 2009, a handful of vehicles remain in use. In 2012, following extensive refurbishment, and modification to make them compatible with the existing De Dietrich stock, a total of four Mark 3 generator vans entered service with Enterprise to replace the need for the provision of Head-end power by the 201 Class locomotive.

In 2014, Belmond, the owners of Venice-Simplon Orient Express, announced plans for a new Irish luxury train named as Belmond Grand Hibernian. To operate this service, Belmond procured eleven Mark 3 coaches from Iarnród Éireann for conversion into sleeping, restaurant and parlour cars.

Between August 2016 and 2020, 10 of the Mark 3 carriages owned by Belmond are in service, painted in a dark blue livery. The 11th carriage, still in IÉ InterCity livery, was to be used for spares. It was hauled from North Wall to Inchicore Works in October 2016. Belmond ceased the Grand Hibernian service in 2021. and throughout 2022 the carriages used on the service left Ireland for use elsewhere in Europe.

Mark 4 (2006–present)
67 Mark 4 coaches were delivered in 2006 from CAF.

Although the name "Mark 4" has entered common usage, these trains have no connection to the British Rail Mark 4. Though capable of 200 km/h (125 mph) operation, this higher speed would require both track & signal system upgrade and the provision of a faster locomotive than the currently used 201 class.

A possibility being considered is the replacement of the existing 201 with two power cars, one of which would be converted from the existing Generator Control Car.

Seating capacity is 422 (8-car set) and the train is fully accessible to mobility-impaired customers.

Capable of 10-car operation, each in-service set currently comprises 7 or 8 cars:
 * Generator Control Car – GC (4001–4008) (or DVT) (no seating)
 * One First Class – FC (4201–4208) (44 seats + 1 wheelchair)
 * One Catering Car – CC (4401–4408) (28 seats)
 * Four Standard Class – SC (35 in 4101–4143) (69 seats + 1 wheelchair)
 * One Standard End – SCE, (8 in 4101–4143, all numbers ending with 5 or 0), with retractable buffers & drop-head buckeye coupling at locomotive end.
 * Length between couplers – 23.66 m (77 ft 7.5 in)
 * Height – 3.85 m (12 ft 7.5 in)
 * Width – 2.85 m (9 ft 4 in)

As of 2016, six sets are operated on the Dublin-Cork route's clockface timetable. On some off-peak services smaller 22000 Class sets are used since larger sets are expensive to operate.

Main features Mark 4 DVT
 * Merak HVAC
 * Power operated passenger doors
 * Fire resistance to BS 6553:1999 Cat 1B
 * Public address (PA) including automated announcements in Irish and English
 * Closed-circuit television (CCTV) recording, including a forward-facing camera in the DVT
 * LED Exterior & Interior Destination signs
 * Seat Reservation system with reserved seating LED displays above each passenger seat. System is updated via Wireless LAN (W-LAN)
 * LED Route Maps
 * In-seat audio in First Class
 * Power operated seating in First Class
 * Suspension:
 * Primary coil springs & secondary air bags
 * Sanding on leading axle of GC & trailing axle of SCE cars
 * Scharfenberg coupler between cars, drop-head buckeye couplers each end
 * Wheelchair area & accessible toilets to UK Rail Vehicle Accessibility Regulations
 * Air-conditioned driver's cab
 * Fault Diagnostic system, displayed on driver's monitor
 * Luggage Compartment
 * Fire Suppression System
 * Generator engine compartment protected by FM200 extinguisher
 * Fuel tank protected by AFFF extinguisher
 * Generators:
 * Twin MAN 2846 LE 202 (320 kW) / Letag (330kVA) engine / generator sets, assembled by GESAN
 * Length between couplers – 23.81 m (78 ft)

Laminate (1955–1984)
The older CIÉ stock comprised a variety of designs, built to two distinct profiles. The carriages built in the early 1950s had a narrower, more vertical profile with a small tumblehome similar to that used by Edgar Bredin of the Great Southern Railways for its steel panelled coaches. The carriages built from the end of the 1950s had a wider profile with a more pronounced tumblehome. Like the "Bredins", they were wooden framed and steel panelled.

The earlier coaches included the last compartment stock built by CIÉ, both standard and composite first/standard designs. Typically there were 7 compartments per carriage with each having seating for 6 passengers in first class and 8 passengers in standard. In the open saloon designs, as well as the compartment designs, seats were aligned to windows and so passengers could enjoy an unobstructed view out of the train from all seats unlike the airline style seat arrangement in some more recent designs.

Carriages of this design built after 1955 were referred to as "laminates" due to the use of laminated wooden uprights and roof members, as opposed to solid wood. Otherwise, construction details were the same. Dining cars continued to be built with solid wood frames, but were often incorrectly termed "laminates" as they were the same design and era.

Some of the "Laminate" carriages were later converted to steam heating vans to allow the four-wheel and six-wheel heating vans to be withdrawn in the late 1970s and early 1980s. All of CIÉ's restaurant cars prior to the Mark 2 stock were of the vertical profile design. A brake standard design was adapted as a driving trailer for use on one of CIÉ's branch lines.

There were three varieties of the later wide body profile coaches:
 * A composite (all later converted to brake standards)
 * A standard open design with two lavatories at one end
 * A standard open design with a single lavatory at each end

Although designed for long-distance operation, the "Laminate" stock was extensively redeployed on Dublin and Cork suburban services in the 1970s and 1980s as newer rolling stock became available. This was not ideal due to the layout of the carriages and limited door openings, which resulted in longer dwell times at stations. Following the Buttevant crash in 1980, the "Laminate" and Park Royal stock was restricted to a 70 mph top speed and later banned from certain routes.

After the electrification of the Howth-Bray route in 1984 and the introduction of Mark 3 stock, the "Laminate" stock was progressively withdrawn. Some have been preserved at various locations around Ireland:
 * Downpatrick and County Down Railway has Buffet Car 2419 and Brake Standard 1918TL (orig.2163).
 * Kiltamagh Museum has Standard Open 1460 and Composite 2148
 * The Railway Preservation Society of Ireland in Dublin has Standard 1463, Bar Car 2421 and Brake 3rd 1916. The RPSI also owns Buffet Car 2422TL, which is on display at the Ulster Folk and Transport Museum.
 * Sligo Folk Park in Riverstown has Standard Open 1468

Park Royal (1955–1994)
In 1955 Inchicore Works commenced the construction of 50 coaches from parts supplied by Park Royal Vehicles, London. These coaches were produced in Main Line or Suburban variants, and made full use of the Irish loading gauge, being 61 ft long and 10 ft wide, narrowing by 8 in at their ends.

Because of their aluminium and steel construction, they weighed only 26 LT tare (Suburban) and approx. 27.25 LT tare (Main Line). Unusually, these coaches had inward opening doors, similar to the American "Pullman" design, but this proved unpopular and somewhat confusing to the passengers and so were rebuilt conventionally. The suburban coach seated 82, while the main line coach, fitted with lavatories, seated 70 passengers. These coaches rode on Commonwealth bogies, the first in Ireland to be so fitted.

Barred from certain routes during the early 1990s because of their construction, the last few Park Royal carriages were withdrawn following the delivery of the first Japanese 2600 Class DMUs in 1994.

There are several preserved examples;
 * The RPSI has two, two Open 3rds, Nos.1383 and 1419. No. 1383 is fitted with a shop, whilst No.1419 has been modified so as to be wheelchair compatible.
 * No.1944 has been fully restored at the Downpatrick & Co. Down Railway and is now part of the passenger running set
 * Two are displayed at the Clonakilty Model Village

Livery

When built, these coaches received the standard CIÉ "ivy – leaf" green livery. In the early 1960s, they were re-painted in the new black, orange, and white colour scheme.

Cravens (1963–2006)
In spring 1961, CIÉ sought tenders for the supply of 40 new Standard Class coaches, 10 to be delivered complete, the rest "part-finished" for assembly in Inchicore with technical assistance from the suppliers. The £500,000 contract was awarded to Cravens of Sheffield. It was reported that these new vehicles "would set a pattern for future construction of CIÉ carriage stock." The first of the Sheffield-built coaches was unloaded at the North Wall, Dublin on 3 May 1963 and taken to Inchicore for acceptance.

These coaches were built with light alloy bodies on steel underframes on Type B4 bogies.

Each saloon had 64 seats, arranged in eight bays of four around a table, either side of a central gangway, with two toilets situated in the vestibule at one end. The interior was finished in laminated plastics, creating a light and airy feel. They were fitted with a public address system, double-glazed windows and central fluorescent lighting along their length, the first coaches in Ireland to be so treated. Heating was by steam, supplied from a Steam Heating Van.

They were 62 ft long, 9 ft wide, 12 ft high, weighed 28.7 LT. and were numbered 1504 to 1513. The 30 incomplete coaches were numbered 1514–1543, and although the total order was for 70, only 15 more (numbered 1544–1558) were built to a total of 55.

During early 1963, Inchicore commenced construction of two new First Class coaches in a style similar to, but not connected with, the Craven contract. These coaches were built with an open plan format, double-glazing and air conditioning. Numbered 1145 and 1146, they were the only post-war all-first class coaches to be added to the stock, their immediate predecessor, 1144, was built in 1935.

On 2 April 1964 the new coaches were demonstrated to the press and entered service on 10 April, working the 18.30 Dublin to Cork train. They were common on high capacity specials, with 14 vehicle trains (12 "Cravens" + 2 Gen Vans) not being atypical, with a capacity of 768 passengers.

Prior to their displacement on these services by railcars, right into the 2000s the Cravens could be found on outer suburban workings, such as those from Dublin to Arklow and Longford. They could also be found on rural services such as those on the Rosslare-Waterford-Limerick route and the Mallow to Tralee line.

Throughout 2006 a phased withdrawal of the Craven stock took place. Their final regular duties were "Fridays Only" workings from Dublin Heuston to Cork, Galway, Limerick and Tralee and their return. They were also occasionally used for rugby union and football match specials and other one-off services.

The final set in scheduled service was withdrawn on 11 December 2006 after working the 05:15 Athlone – Dublin Heuston service. The last operation in IÉ ownership was carriage No.1510 on an RPSI steam special on 17 December. Craven Carriage Numbers 1505, 1506, 1508, 1514, 1522, 1523, 1529, 1532, 1539,and 1541 have been preserved in regular use by the Railway Preservation Society of Ireland (RPSI), along with two BR mk1 generator vans, Nos.3173 and 3185. A "Dutch" type generator van, no.3158 that would have operated with the Cravens stock, has also been preserved by the RPSI, and now runs with their Whitehead based mk2 set as No.462.

Livery The Sheffield built coaches were outshopped and delivered in the new CIÉ livery of tan below the waist, black on the central panel at window level, roof and ends, with a 6 in white band between the upper window and roof. Large, white, class numerals were applied to the doors. The two Inchicore First Class coaches were similarly treated. In the very late 1980s and early 90s, a thin white band about 1 in was applied to the waistband, separating the tan and black sections. Following the re-branding to Irish Rail in 1988, two 3 in white vinyl strips were added, separating the black from the tan above and below it. Two 12 in reflective Fluorescent Red 3M Scotchcal square panels were applied at each body end.

In preservation the Craven coaches had to be given a paint scheme that was different to the IÉ colours of orange and black, which at the time was still in use on Irish Rail's Mark 2 and Mark 3 fleets, to avoid confusing passengers. The first 2 Cravens, 1529 and 1539, had a green colour applied between the windows and the bogies, whilst 1541 ran for one trip in a grey undercoat before returning to Inchicore to be repainted by volunteers into a new allover blue livery with a yellow stripe below the window. A yellow box stripe and the RPSI crest on the side were also added. While this was progressing, all RPSI Cravens had the letters "RPSI" in white applied to the doors on both sides to identify them in both Inchicore and on the rail network. Two more Cravens received the allover blue treatment before Iarnród Éireann took over the repainting of the carriages in 2014. Today, all the Cravens except for 1539 have been outshopped in a new RPSI livery of blue and cream, complete with two RPSI crests on the side of each carriage. It can be noted that snack bar carriage No. 1508 is the only carriage in the set that has been repainted into the new colour scheme by the RPSI Dublin carriage crew, as she was being extensively rebuilt and repaired by the team, who wanted to do the full job themselves.

Mark 2 (1972–2008)

Mark 2D In 1972 CIÉ placed an order with British Rail Engineering Limited (BREL) for 72 new coaches based on the British Rail Mark 2d design. These were built at Derby Litchurch Lane Works. With air conditioning as a principal feature they became known as "AC Stock" and ran on type B4 bogies, with vacuum brakes.

The order consisted of 6 First Class coaches (5101 to 5106), 9 Composites (5151–5159), 36 Standard Class (5201–5236), 11 Restaurant / Buffet / Standard Class (5401–5411) and 11 Generator Vans (5601–5611). Internal fit-out was done in Inchicore, and was quite different from the original BR design, using bench seating rather than individual seats and made extensive use of wood veneer panelling.

Their electrical system also differed from the BR and NIR versions. The Generator Van contained two engine / generator sets, each supplying 220 / 380 Volts 50 Hz AC to two separate "busses" in the train. The air conditioning loads were divided in half, each half fed from each "bus". In the case of failure of one generator set, the other set automatically supplies both "busses". Air conditioning output power would then be halved, but all other loads including Cooking, Lighting and Battery Charging continue to be supplied. This has remained the model for the electrical power supply on all subsequent IE coaches.

To accommodate changes in traffic, five of the Composites, 5153–5156 and 5158 were re-classed as "Standards", while one of the Restaurant / Buffet / Standards, 5408, was converted for use as the Presidential Coach.

The remaining Mark 2 carriages were gradually phased out during 2007 and 2008, with the last remaining set operating its final service, the 05:05 Athlone – Heuston, on 31 March 2008. Two of these vehicles (Nos. 5106 and 5203) have been preserved by the RPSI and were moved to their Whitehead base in the first quarter of 2008. They were renumbered 303 and 304 respectively, and repainted in RPSI dark green livery. In addition, the Presidential coach No. 5408 is stored by RPSI, still owned by Irish Rail. This vehicle was transported to the RPSI base in Whitehead in 2014.

Mark 2AB In addition to the vacuum-braked Mark 2D fleet, a second fleet of Mark 2 coaches was used by Irish Rail. These were second hand air-braked Mark 2 coaches acquired in the early 1990s. They were numbered in the 41XX series for standards, or 44XX series for catering vehicles. These coaches were withdrawn around 2003 following the deployment of Class 29000 railcar sets into service. Four of these vehicles have been preserved. 4106 can be found at Kilmeaden station on the Waterford and Suir Valley Railway, while 4108, 4110 and 4402 are preserved at Moyasta Junction on the West Clare Railway. Three "Dutch" type generator vans were converted to airbraking to work with these carriages, re-numbered 4601–4603. One of these, No.4602, is preserved by the Railway Preservation Society of Ireland at Whitehead.

Introduced on the CIÉ system in 1984 the last set was withdrawn on Monday 28 September 2009. The decision to purchase a new fleet of modern Intercity coaches based on the British Rail Mark 3 design was made because of several accidents involving the older style, wooden framed, coaches. They were already a well-proven design used for British Rail's High Speed Train (HST).

The first 44 Open Standards (7101–44) and five Buffets (7401–05) and seven Generator Vans (7601–07) were built at Derby Litchurch Lane Works. The remainder (7145–72, 7406–13, 7608–15) were built under licence in Inchicore between 1984 and 1989. The coaches ran on 5 ft 3 in gauge versions of British Rail's BT22 Air Suspension bogie, and were air-braked.

The Irish Mark 3 coaches were similar, but not identical, to their British counterparts. They had a different electrical system (220/380V, 50 Hz) and were the first Mark 3's to be fitted with automatic swing-plug doors. There were also some different internal layouts more specifically suited to Irish traffic.

Twenty-four coaches were built for push-pull operation on the suburban rail service including five built to Control Cars (6101–05, 6301–19). Originally introduced in 1989 in conjunction with the 121 Class locomotives they were last used with 201 Class locomotives. There were a number of differences between the Irish push-pull Mark 3's and the standard Mark 3's. An underfloor generator, mounted in the Control Car, provided electrical power to the coaches; unlike on the standard Mark 3's, which used a special generator van. This single generator was not as powerful as the two used in the Mark 3 generator vans and was the main reason the sets were limited to 6 cars. Irish Mark 3 push-pull based rolling stock did not have air conditioning and had opening windows instead. There was also a 70 mph speed restriction imposed on the train due to the fact that three of the Control Cars were fitted with LHB bogies from an 8100 Class DART and were air-braked.

In 2004, a 1979 vintage British Rail Mark 3 TRFK (Trailer Restaurant First Kitchen) coach was converted by Interfleet into a modern Snack Car for use on a Push-pull set. This set was usually used on the Waterford route.

The Mark 3A "Cú Na Mara" set, now withdrawn, operated exclusively on the Dublin to Galway route, and was originally the BREL International Train, a showcase project designed to secure overseas orders. The set travelled to a German rail exhibition in 1988, but returned without any new orders and languished for some years before being sold on through Vic Berry. CIÉ converted the many different interior layouts to their own standard design (6201–08 ex 99521–22/24–29, Restaurant Buffet 6401 ex 99523), fitted their own Mark 3 type powered door and re-bogied with ABB bogies. Although also re-wired for Push-Pull operation the fact that an additional coach wasn't converted to a Driving Brake Standard (planned 6501 ex 99520) prevented the set from ever running with this configuration.

This set marked the end of coach building in Inchicore.

The plug door design found on the CIÉ Mark 3 coaches was later used on the British Rail Class 442 long-distance commuter train.

In 2008, IÉ announced plans to sell off the Mark 3 fleet. and having failed to so do they announced plans to scrap most of them 4 years later in 2012.

All remaining Mark 3 sets were withdrawn from service on 21 September 2009, the final service being a 13:45 Dublin-Cork relief train. However, one set was brought back for a charity event for enthusiasts on 24 April 2010. This tour also formed the 12:40 Limerick – Ennis service train, making this the last passenger service operated by a Mark 3 set.

Two Mark 3 sets were stored at Dundalk post withdrawal and it was reported that their bodies were in such a bad state that they could not be brought to Dublin to be scrapped. Since the poor condition of the coaches precluded their transferral to Dublin for scrap, they were scrapped where they stood in Dundalk yard on 10 February 2014.

Four of the Mark 3 control cars were scrapped except 6105 which is stabled at the West Clare Railway Museum.

The Mark 3's had a maximum speed of 100 mph and could run at this speed on the Cork Main Line if a 201 Class was hauling them.

On 12 December 2009, locomotive 144 brought an ex-Mark 3 Generator van (7608) from Dublin to York Road Depot, Belfast. Then again on 22 December 2009, locomotive 8209 brought another ex-Mark 3 Generator van (7613) from Dublin to York Road. NIR received a total of four ex-Mark 3 Generator vans. They have been painted in Enterprise colours and wired with push/pull to run with the Enterprise sets to replace the HEP supplied by the locomotive. These Generator vans entered service in September 2012.

Scrapping of the Mark 3 coaches began in Inchicore Works during September 2013.

Throughout July 2014 the remaining Mark 3's in North Wall were taken to Adelaide Yard in Belfast where they were cut in half and transported to Hamills scrap yard in Ahoghill.

Three Mark 3 coaches have been preserved and are currently in storage in West Clare Railway Museum, Moyasta Co. Clare. These are Open Standard No. 7146, Café/Bar No. 6402 and Push/Pull DVT no. 6105. Another MkIII was formerly in preservation with the Railway Preservation Society of Ireland at their Whitehead base. Although it was never used by Irish Rail or NIR, being shipped directly over from England in 2004, it had been re-gauged to 5 ft 3 in for use as a dormitory coach for RPSI volunteers. It was numbered 26 by the RPSI, carrying on the numbering sequence of LMS NCC Caravan Coaches, and was scrapped by RPSI in 2022.

Carriages
The original CIÉ livery was dark green with and eau de nil stripe below and above the windows, similar to the former livery of Dublin United Transport Company Buses, but this was replaced in the mid 1950s. They also carried the "flying snail" emblem in the same eau de nil colour, numerals were the same, and lining, snail and numerals were all themselves thinly lined in gold. From 1955, dark green was discontinued on coaches (though retained on buses) and coaches were gradually repainted in a new lighter green livery, which was also applied to new stock after 1955/6. This was a much lighter mid-green with a thinner "eau-de-nil" (= very light green) stripe applied below windows and the flying snail emblem on some, but by no means all, vehicles. Park Royals never carried flying snails. At the end of 1955 unpainted aluminium coaches were introduced with large red 1s and 2s to indicate class and small red running numbers, but this did not wear well in everyday service. From 1958 all carriages were repainted the new standard green, somewhere in between (English) Southern Region green and Isle of Man 1970s era locomotive green. All CIÉ green livery variations had black coach ends, and while roofs were also usually black, some were occasionally very dark grey.

In 1962, just before the introduction of the "Cravens Stock", a radical new livery was introduced consisting of black upper panels, roof and body ends, deep orange (golden brown / tan) lower panels with a 6-inch white band between the windows and the roof. Roofs and ends were black. Mk 2d and Mk 3 stock as delivered were painted in a golden brown and black scheme but without the white stripes above the windows.

In February 1987, CIÉ's railway operations were transferred to a wholly owned subsidiary, Irish Rail and the 6-inch white band was replaced by two 3-inch white bands, on each side of the black portion. On Craven coaches, a 3in tan band appeared above the top white line, just under the cantrail. The words "InterCity" in large white lettering was added on the lower orange-brown section accompanied by the "IR" logo. Craven coaches and ex-BR Mk 1 generator vans were not re-branded. These continued in CIÉ black and golden brown but the white lining was changed to the narrower style on their next works visit.

In the early 1990s, the golden brown was replaced by a brighter orange (RAL 2011) and the stylised IE icon replaced the IR track logo. The new logo did not accompany the Intercity lettering, but was put on all MK2 and MK3 coach doors.

Because of the shared nature of the service the Enterprise has its own unique livery consisting of Dark Grey (NCS 8502-Y), Light Grey (NCS 5502-Y), Dark Green (NCS 9005-G20Y), Bronze strip & Enterprise logos (3M), and either Purple (NCS 5040-R40B) for Standard Class or Dark Red (NCS 4060-R10B) for First Plus.

In 2006, a new livery reminiscent of the original green has been introduced on the CAF Mark 4s. Consisting of Fern Green (NCS 4550-G), Grey (RAL 7000), Yellow (RAL 1021), Black (RAL 9005), Green (NCS 7020- B70G), Yellow Green (NCS 1070 G60Y) & Metallic Silver (761). A new logo has also been introduced to match.

Freight
Wagons were plain grey until around 1971, then gradually repainted Oxide brown and departmental stock a dull grey. Whether grey or brown, all CIÉ wagons (as with virtually all Irish freight stock of all companies) had ironwork, roofs, drawgear and chassis the same colour as the body – not picked out in black as occasionally seen elsewhere.

Northern Ireland
Although the majority of passenger services in Northern Ireland have been worked by diesel multiple units since the mid-1950s, a number of hauled coaches have been required under the tenure of both the Ulster Transport Authority (1948–1966) and Northern Ireland Railways (since 1967).

In 1970, NIR purchased a fleet of eight new-build Mark 2B's to run with the 101 Class on the cross-border Enterprise service. These were painted in a maroon and blue livery and were fitted for push-pull running. Between 1981 and 1983, to complement the arrival of the 111 Class and enhance the Enterprise service, NIR purchased 12 second-hand Mark 2s, of the B, C and F varieties, from British Rail. Some of the 1970-built coaches were refurbished for use in the new service. In the final years before the withdrawal of the 101's in 1989, they worked with Mark 2s to form suburban push-pull trains. Further Mark 2B's and F's were ordered in 1989 as part of a modernisation scheme by NIR. One notable vehicle was Mark 2F No. 904, which retained its British Rail livery in service with NIR. By 1997, all Mark 2s had been withdrawn following introduction of the DeDietrich rolling stock on the Enterprise. Today, five of these coaches survive – No.'s 300, 305 and buffet No. 547, all under the ownership of the Railway Preservation Society of Ireland, No. 546, in use in England with West Coast Railways as No. 1800, and No. 911 (See below.) A sixth, No. 901, survived in Dalton, England until July 2012 when it was finally scrapped.

From 2001 to 2009, NIR operated a single rake of coaches to supplement the DMU fleet. The total of ten were all built as Mark 2s for British Rail, and were purchased by NIR in three batches:
 * Generator Van – the set has a single generator van converted from a Mark 2 BFK that was purchased and converted in 1981.
 * Passenger coaches – the main part of the set is formed from eight Class 488 unpowered trailers previously operated on the Gatwick Express, which were purchased in 2001.
 * Driving trailer – a DBSO was purchased in 2006 for use with the train to allow a greater degree of flexibility in its use. This was finally delivered in the summer of 2009.

From 1998, NIR prefixed their numbers with "8" so as to be part of the Translink number series, which incorporates their road vehicles The table below lists the hauled passenger coaches that were in use until June 2009 plus the never used DBSO (This excludes the "De Dietrich" stock jointly owned with IÉ for operating Enterprise services between Belfast and Dublin.

All ten coaches have since been withdrawn from service and sold into preservation. The Generator Van and eight passenger vehicles were acquired by the Railway Preservation Society of Ireland (RPSI) in 2014 with the intention of enhancing its Mark 2 fleet, though in 2022 began disposing of the set. The DBSO has been purchased by the Downpatrick and County Down Railway is used as a barrier vehicle to allow a 146 class locomotive to haul the DCDR's Class 450 DEMU.

title: Coaching stock of Ireland


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Microsoft Office 2003 (codenamed Office 11 ) is an office suite developed and distributed by Microsoft for its Windows operating system. Office 2003 was released to manufacturing on August 19, 2003, and was later released to retail on October 21, 2003. The Mac OS X equivalent, Microsoft Office 2004 for Mac was released on May 11, 2004.

New features in Office 2003 include information rights management; new collaboration features; improved support for SharePoint, smart tags, and XML; and extended use of Office Online services. Office 2003 introduces two new programs to the Office product lineup: InfoPath, a program for designing, filling, and submitting electronic structured data forms; and OneNote, a note-taking program for creating and organizing diagrams, graphics, handwritten notes, recorded audio, and text. It also introduces the Picture Manager graphics software to open, manage, and share digital images.

With the release of Office 2003, Microsoft rebranded the Office productivity suite as an integrated system dedicated to information workers. As a result, Microsoft appended the "Office" branding to the names of all programs. Office 2003 is also the first version with support for themes and visual styles, and introduces updated icons. The Office logo was also updated, eliminating the puzzle motif in use since Office 95. Office 2003 is the last version of Office to include the traditional menu bar and toolbar interface across all programs, and also the last version to include the "97 - 2003" file format as the default file format.

Office 2003 is incompatible with Windows NT 4.0, Windows 98, Windows ME and earlier versions of Windows. Office 2003 is compatible with Windows 2000 SP3 through Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2. It is the last version of Microsoft Office to support Windows 2000 SP3–SP4, Windows XP RTM–SP1 and Windows Server 2003 RTM.

Microsoft released a total of three service packs for Office 2003 throughout its lifecycle. Service Pack 1 was released on July 27, 2004, and Service Pack 2 was released on September 27, 2005. Support for Office 2003 ended on April 8, 2014, the same day that support ended for Windows XP.

New features
The core applications, Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and Access, had only minor improvements from Office XP. Outlook 2003 received improved functionality in many areas, including better email and calendar sharing and information display, complete Unicode support, search folders, colored flags, Kerberos authentication, RPC over HTTP, and Cached Exchange mode. Another key benefit of Outlook 2003 was the improved junk mail filter. Tablet and pen support was introduced in the productivity applications. Word 2003 introduced a reading layout view, document comparison, better change-tracking and annotation/reviewing, a Research Task Pane, voice comments and an XML-based format among other features. Excel 2003 introduced list commands, some statistical functions and XML data import, analysis and transformation/document customization features. Access 2003 introduced a backup command, the ability to view object dependencies, error checking in forms and reports among other features.

Office 2003 features improvements to smart tags such as smart tag Lists, which are defined in XML, by using regular expressions and an extended type library. Smart tag recognition was added to PowerPoint and Access. FrontPage 2003 introduced conditional formatting, Find and Replace for HTML elements, new tools for creating and formatting tables and cells, dynamic templates (Dreamweaver), Flash support, WebDAV and SharePoint publishing among other features. Publisher 2003 introduced a Generic Color PostScript printer driver for commercial printing. Information Rights Management capabilities were introduced in document productivity applications to limit access to a set of users and/or restrict types of actions that users could perform. Support for managed code add-ins as VSTO solutions was introduced.

Office 2003 was the last version of Microsoft Office to include fully customizable toolbars and menus for all of its applications, the Office Assistant, the ability to slipstream service packs into the original setup files, Office Web Components, and the Save My Settings Wizard, which allowed users to choose whether to keep a locally cached copy of installation source files and several utility resource kit tools. A new picture organizer with basic editing features, called Microsoft Office Picture Manager, was included.

Only basic clipart and templates were included on the disc media, with most content hosted online and downloadable from within the Office application. Microsoft advertised Office Online as a major Office 2003 feature "outside the box". Office Online provides how-to articles, tips, training courses, templates, clip art, stock photos and media and downloads (including Microsoft and third-party extensibility add-ins for Microsoft Office programs).

Office 2003 features broad XML integration (designing customized XML schemas, importing and transforming XML data) throughout resulting in a far more data-centric model (instead of a document-based one). The MSXML 5 library was introduced specifically for Office's XML integration. Office 2003 also has SharePoint integration to facilitate data exchange, collaborated workflow, and publishing. InfoPath 2003 was introduced for collecting data in XML-based forms and templates based on information from databases.

Removed features

 * Design Time Controls are no longer supported in FrontPage 2003.
 * The Access 2.0 database conversion utility is removed from the installation CD and the Client Server Visual Design Tools for Access are no longer included.
 * A large number of converters and filters are no longer available on the installation CD. Several international font options are also removed.
 * Genigraphics Wizard support and Presentation Broadcasting were removed in PowerPoint 2003. A download for the latter was made available by Microsoft.
 * Microsoft Draw Converter and Organization Chart Converter are no longer available.
 * The Web Pages wizard is no longer available in Word 2003.
 * In Word 2003, the Comments option on the View menu as well as the button on the Comment pane to close the pane were removed.
 * Microsoft Photo Editor was removed, including many features not available in its replacement.
 * Due to the deprecation of WinHelp, context-sensitive help was removed in Office 2003.
 * Microsoft Office Shortcut Bar was removed.

Editions
Microsoft released five separate editions of Office 2003: Basic, Student and Teacher, Standard, Small Business, and Professional. Retail editions were available in Full or Upgrade versions. The Basic edition was only available to original equipment manufacturers. The Student and Teacher edition was intended for noncommercial use only. All Office 2003 applications were available for purchase as standalone products.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Microsoft Office 2003


text:
Talk:Law firm

2004 comment
Removed this from the header:

 * Some law firms are organized as professional corporations, but that arrangement is increasingly rare now that limited liability partnerships (LLPs) are available in many jurisdictions. In the United States, the LLP form is popular because law firms organized as corporations are commonly treated as personal service corporations which are subject to significant tax penalties.

This statement is an over-generalization. P.C.'s are still very common business structures in many U.S. jurisdictions. I put in a new paragraph for "organization". Ellsworth 14:59, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Redirects needed to this article
The following should absolutely redirect to this article: Law company, Legal firm, Legal company. These would make it FAR easier to locate his article and to make links to it. Personally, when I have need legal advice, I visited a legal company. 98.81.23.222 (talk) 20:57, 3 August 2010 (UTC)

Notable law firm?
There is currently an interesting VfD going on in relation to a 60-lawyer law firm. What is at stake is whether this law firm is notable. Your opinion is welcome, here. Thanks. --Edcolins 09:16, May 29, 2005 (UTC)

Are we certain that law firms exist? I was told that they do not. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.74.8.130 (talk) 16:01, 13 November 2009 (UTC) Yes - quite sure that they exist!

Partnership
The claim to oldest law firm is a matter of dispute. For example, from the Wikipedia Article on the Judge Advocate General's Corps of the United States Army: "General George Washington founded the U.S. Army JAG Corps on 29 July 1775, with the appointment of William Tudor as the Judge Advocate General. The Army Judge Advocate General's Corps is the oldest of the judge advocate communities in the U.S. armed forces – as well as the oldest law firm in the United States." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 143.138.26.242 (talk) 00:48, 12 May 2014 (UTC)

What do the partners have to gain from promoting the associates to partners?
 * The associates don't leave all pissed off that they wasted 7 or 8 years at the firm and got nothing. --Nelson Ricardo 00:46, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

While that's true, law firms obstensibly gain the following for promoting associates to partners: (a) capital (associates have to buy into the firm to become a partner, generally a significant sum of money, (b) increased billing rate (law firms charge clients significantly more per hour for partners) and (c) loyalty (as a part-owner, a partner is paid more through a share of profits than a set salary or bonus, in theory encouraging harder work and an ownership mentality). But, yeah, keeping associates around is a big part of it too.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 38.116.193.94 (talk) 19:23, 24 January 2009 (UTC)

The U.K. has a similar rule about keeping non-lawyers out of ownership of law firms?
Funny, I was just reading the Courts and Legal Services Act 1990 and Section 66 explicitly overturns Section 39 of the Solicitors Act 1974 (barring solicitors from entering into partnerships with non-solicitors). Unless there's some informal Law Society rule still in place I don't know about. Is the article correct? --Coolcaesar 23:43, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

The Legal Services Act 2007 in the UK has changed the ownership rules and Alternative Business Structures (ABS) allow law firms to share profits with non-lawyers. There are similar rules in Australia. I have made one change to the article, others may be required. - Alex Hamilton

Small grammar error.
The title is often seen among former associates who do not make partner, or who are laterally recruited to other firms, or who work as in-house counsel and then return to the big firm environment.

I am not sure of the meaning of this sentence.

 * The sentence is describing various categories of attorneys who hold the title "of counsel" or "special counsel" which is described in the immediately preceding sentence! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Coolcaesar (talk • contribs) 17:45, 15 December 2006 (UTC).
 * Makes sense to me. -Elvey

Is this English? "...may lead upon profitable results to partnership." If not I can't understand it enough to see how to fix it. Perhaps it means that an attorney of counsel to a law firm may be offered a partnership if his work brings it large profits. But then 'may' is a vague term.--Elvey (talk) 20:39, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

Walmart comparison
In one section, it compares the world's largest law firm to Wal Mart in terms of revenue and employment. Is it me, or is this a bit of a silly comparison to make, since a multinational retail company is always going to be larger than a law firm. A-Nottingham | Talk 14:00, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

Salary
The information regarding markets outside of New York City "usually" matching New York's bonuses is simply wrong. The reference provided does not even support this proposition. Every market has a different bonus each year; few narkets, if any regularly match New York's. Occasionally, an individual firm will announce it is matching for another city (such ad Washington, DC), but that will generally put that firm as the high end of the spectrum for bonuses in that market. 15 April 2008 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.165.1.110 (talk) 04:13, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I concur with your criticism. Also, the salary section smells suspiciously of original research.  It's also very U.S.-centric.  But it raises an interesting issue that I will have to look into when researching Attorney-at-law (my ongoing revision as usual is stalled because I am too busy). --Coolcaesar (talk) 11:44, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

I do not understand why salary is here at all; why would a salary review of a few large american cities be included in the encyclopedia entry for a law firm? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dalans (talk • contribs) 21:47, 19 May 2010 (UTC)

 * I concur with your confusion. I'm going to purge the overly-specific U.S. material on salaries and layoffs within a week unless someone provides sources for the U.S. data as well as comparative data from other major countries to balance it out.  The entire section is original research, POV, and undue weight in violation of WP:UNDUE.  Notably, the editor who inserted that section has never defended it on the talk page.  --Coolcaesar (talk) 00:39, 20 May 2010 (UTC)

Rankings
Is there an NPOV issue here: "Most notably, the report ranked the percentages of women, African-Americans, Hispanics, Asian-Americans, and gays & lesbians at America's top law firms." It seems like the author's opinion is that this was the most notable aspect of the rankings. Perhaps this is unusual in that other rankings did not pay attention to such an issue, but if so then those rankings should be covered here as well. Vault.com comes to mind, for example. Poludamas (talk) 00:01, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

Copyright ?
I noticed that parts of this article appear here under copyright:-

http://www.lupton-fawcett.co.uk/Home/tabid/684/Default.aspx

Which came first ???

Mahutchinson (talk) 15:50, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

This article is too US centric
This article is too US centric, LLP and so forth only exist in the Anglo-American system. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 152.2.11.70 (talk) 00:04, 3 April 2009 (UTC)
 * It is centered on the U.S.A. and the U.K. because the largest and most influential law firms in the world (who are involved in many of the most important cases in the world) are based in the U.S.A. and in the U.K. The fact is that most developing countries simply don't have economies that require (or are capable of supporting) the development of large law firms. Most countries also lack a large number of high-quality law schools and universities with strong sociology, political science, and psychology departments.  This is important as most of the published studies of law firms come either from law professors, sociologists of the professions, or lawyers who studied sociology or other related social sciences as undergraduates.  Wikipedia is not a publisher of original research and can only paraphrase what has already been published elsewhere. --Coolcaesar (talk) 06:32, 3 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm going to pull the globalize tag soon because it's totally useless. The problem is that there is nearly no reliable literature comprehensively analyzing law firms outside of the U.S., U.K., Australia, and Canada. (I checked). Only those four countries can afford to support large sociology, Political Science, and psychology departments in their univsities that can do research on issues involving sociology of the legal profession and sociology of law firms. Most countries cannot afford to support advanced sociology research, because it is so time-consuming and difficult (it often involves interviews of dozens or hundreds of subjects followed by months of analysis).--Coolcaesar (talk) 15:55, 16 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Okay, it's going now. --Coolcaesar (talk) 06:58, 11 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Three other countries that have strong legal professions are Japan, Germany, and India, though it might be notable that thise have fewer lawyers per capita than (for example) the United States.
 * Also, if someone is complaining about the fact that this article centers on the British legal system and its close associates, they are perfectly free to start their own articles with titles like "Law firms in Germany, Japan, India, Russia, Brazil, Mexico, Spain, France, Italy, China, ..." Less complaining and more doing!
 * Or you could create one on "Law firms in the countries of the Romance Languages: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, France, Italy, Latin America, Mexico, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Uruguay, and Venezuela. 98.81.23.222 (talk) 21:17, 3 August 2010 (UTC)

Is "David Feldman's Crisis Post Blog including commentary on the legal industry" relevant?
Is "David Feldman's Crisis Post Blog including commentary on the legal industry" relevant enough to this article to include it in the external links section? -Noosentaal ·talk· 17:24, 14 April 2009 (UTC)

Find Law Firms
Attorney-Client Matching for clients to find the right law firms are done through:

GoodSharks.com

Or Legal Directories:

Findlaw

LegalMatch —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.130.75.46 (talk) 00:23, 11 November 2009 (UTC)

First multi-lawyer law firms
It can't be right that legal partnerships were invented in the USA just before 1861. There were many legal partnerships in England in the 18th century, if not before. Cyclopaedic (talk) 11:42, 30 May 2012 (UTC)
 * That comes from a book by Geoffrey C. Hazard, Jr., one of the most preeminent legal scholars alive today. Do you have any sources for your position? --Coolcaesar (talk) 12:41, 30 May 2012 (UTC)
 * mainly own knowledge, but I did check by Googling the histories of some law firms, eg
 * http://www.farrer.co.uk/About-us/History/ Several references to legal partnerships in the 18th century
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Graham see the history section – “in 1730 the first law firms in the UK were registered; Coulthard Wildman and Graham was one of the first to form. In the 1760s James and Thomas Graham were the first 'Grahams' to join the firm.”
 * http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IoRPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA329&lpg=PA329&dq=1730+partnership+attorney&source=bl&ots=7C7s-05GVZ&sig=oFk6OQLL0APcBxOYvdXfTd4oHa8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=urvIT9OBD66W0QWYzdXWAQ&ved=0CH8Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=1730%20partnership%20attorney&f=false 1831 law report “of importance to the profession” about attorneys in partnership
 * http://colonialseminar.uga.edu/Hadden.pdf
 * I suspect the source is being taken too literally. I'm sure partnership was the normal form of practice for solictors and attorneys in England (and probably in America) well before the mid-19th Century. Cyclopaedic (talk) 13:14, 1 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Another one http://www.fosters-solicitors.co.uk/downloads/history.pdf . I have seen reference to a 4-partner firm in the 18th Century.

See Rose Law Firm, which asserts that this American firm began in 1820. See also their history page, which says: "Rose Law Firm, the oldest law firm west of the Mississippi River, traces its origin to November 1, 1820, before Arkansas statehood, when Robert Crittenden and Chester Ashley entered into an agreement for a 'Partnership in the Practice of Law.' This partnership agreement hangs on the wall of the firm's boardroom as a reminder of our long and storied history." Studerby (talk) 21:05, 1 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Additionally, Abraham Lincoln had (successively) three different partners in his practice of law, all before 1860. Studerby (talk) 21:08, 1 June 2012 (UTC)

 * A year on with no change, so now deleted the paragraph in its entirety as there is nothing there that survives scrutiny, although a section on the postwar growth of large law firms would be useful. I seem to recall that Freshfields was sizeable pre-war but I don't have a source for that. Cyclopaedic (talk) 14:16, 23 September 2013 (UTC)

 * What are you doing? That passage I drafted was based on a citation to a book by one of the most preeminent experts on the legal profession in the United States.  Even if Hazard's analysis is possibly flawed, at least it doesn't constitute original research in violation of WP:NOR, which is what your above citations constitute. --Coolcaesar (talk) 14:55, 23 September 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Law firm


text:
Talk:Elisabeth Lupka

Elisabeth or Elizabeth?
The external website lists her name as Elisabeth, not Elizabeth. Which is correct? P Ingerson 14:59, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Elisabeth Lupka


text:
Microsoft Office XP

Microsoft Office XP (codenamed Office 10 ) is an office suite which was officially revealed in July 2000 by Microsoft for the Windows operating system. Office XP was released to manufacturing on March 5, 2001, and was later made available to retail on May 31, 2001. A Mac OS X equivalent, Microsoft Office v. X was released on November 19, 2001.

New features in Office XP include smart tags, a selection-based search feature that recognizes different types of text in a document so that users can perform additional actions; a task pane interface that consolidates popular menu bar commands on the right side of the screen to facilitate quick access to them; new document collaboration capabilities, support for MSN Groups and SharePoint; and integrated handwriting recognition and speech recognition capabilities. With Office XP, Microsoft incorporated several features to address reliability issues observed in previous versions of Office. Office XP also introduces separate Document Imaging, Document Scanning, and Clip Organizer applications. The Office Assistant (commonly known as "Clippy"), which was introduced in Office 97 and widely reviled by users, is disabled by default in Office XP; this change was a key element of Microsoft's promotional campaign for Office XP.

Office XP is incompatible with Windows 95 and earlier versions of Windows. Office XP is compatible with Windows NT 4.0 SP6 through Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 R2. It is the last version of Microsoft Office to support Windows NT 4.0, Windows 98, Windows 2000 RTM–SP2 and Windows Me.

Office XP received mostly positive reviews upon its release, with critics praising its collaboration features, document protection and recovery functionality, and smart tags; however, the suite's handwriting recognition and speech recognition capabilities were criticized and were mostly viewed as inferior to similar offerings from competitors. As of May 2002, over 60 million Office XP licenses had been sold.

Microsoft released three service packs for Office XP during its lifetime. Support for Office XP ended on July 12, 2011.

History
At a meeting with financial analysts in July 2000, Microsoft demonstrated Office XP, then known by its codename, Office 10, which included a subset of features Microsoft designed in accordance with what at the time was known as the .NET strategy, one by which it intended to provide extensive client access to various web services and features such as speech recognition. SharePoint Portal Server 2001, then codenamed Tahoe, was also in development at this time and was slated to improve collaboration for users of Office 2000 and Office 10. In August, Microsoft released Office 10 Beta 1 for product evaluation purposes. During this period Office 10 was characterized as an interim release between its predecessor, Office 2000 and a future version, and was planned to include new formatting options; integrated speech recognition; improved collaboration capabilities and enhanced support for web services; and a web portal complete with web parts.

Before the release of Office 10 Beta 2, there was speculation that Microsoft intended to rebrand the new product as "Office 2001," "Office 2002," "Office.NET," or "Office XP." The latter was shorthand for eXPerience and was positioned as a brand that would emphasize the new experiences enabled by the product. At the time, Microsoft intended to name the latest version of Visual Studio as "Visual Studio .NET" but unnamed sources stated that the company did not desire to do the same with Office 10, as the product was only partially related to the company's .NET strategy. Microsoft ultimately decided on "Office XP" as the final name of the product. In spite of this, individual Office XP products such as Excel, PowerPoint, and Word would continue to use Microsoft's year-based naming conventions and were named after the year 2002.

Office XP Beta 2 was released to 10,000 technical testers in late 2000. Beta 2 introduced several improvements to setup tools. The Custom Maintenance Wizard, for example, now allowed setup components to be modified after their installation, and the setup process of Office XP itself used a new version of Windows Installer. After the release of Beta 2, Microsoft announced a Corporate Preview Kit Program for Office XP that would allow up to 500,000 corporate customers to evaluate a Corporate Preview Beta version of the product on a total of 10 machines per copy; individual copies cost $19.95 and expired on August 31, 2001.

Office XP was released to manufacturing on March 5, 2001, and was later made available to retail on May 31, 2001.

Service packs
Microsoft released three service packs for Office XP throughout the product's lifecycle that introduce security enhancements, stability improvements, and software bug fixes; each service pack could be installed as a separate Client or Full File update version: Client updates are for Office XP CD-ROM installations, were obtainable from Microsoft Office Update or as standalone downloads, and require Office XP installation media—these updates cannot be uninstalled. Full File updates do not require access to installation media and are intended for network administrators to deploy updates to Office XP users who installed the product from a server location;  users could also manually install Full File updates. Full File updates require Windows Installer 2.0; Office XP shipped with version 1.1. On September 25, 2001, Microsoft released Windows Installer 2.0 redistributables for Windows 9x, Windows NT 4.0 and Windows 2000.

Service Pack 1 (SP1) included performance and security improvements, as well as stability improvements based on error reports from users. SP1 also resolved an issue that prevented documents from being saved to MSN Groups.

Service Pack 2 (SP2) included all previously available standalone updates; some of those previously released included cumulative security patches for Excel 2002 and Word 2002 to address potentially malicious code embedded in document macros. The Full File version of SP2 is cumulative—SP1 does not have to be installed—while the Client version requires SP1 to be installed. Only Full File updates released after SP2 can be applied directly to Client installations of Office XP. Earlier updates were designed to update only administrative images and fail when applied directly to clients.

Service Pack 3 (SP3) included all previously released updates, as well as previously unreleased stability improvements based on feedback and error reports received from users. SP3 does not require any earlier service packs to be installed. However, if an Office XP client was updated from a patched administrative image, the Full File version of SP3 must be installed.

User interface
Office XP has a streamlined, flatter appearance compared to previous versions of Office. According to Microsoft, this change involved "removing visually competing elements, visually prioritizing items on a page, increasing letter spacing and word spacing for better readability, and defining foreground and background color to bring the most important elements to the front."

Smart tags
Excel 2002 and Word 2002 introduce smart tags, commands for specific types of text including addresses, calendar dates, personal names, telephone numbers, ticker symbols, or tracking numbers in documents. A smart tag is denoted by a dotted purple underline underneath actionable text in a document; hovering over this text with the mouse cursor displays an icon that presents a list of related commands when invoked with a mouse click or the ++ keyboard shortcut. A ticker symbol smart tag in Excel can present the latest stock information in a cell within a workbook, for example, while a contact name smart tag in a Word document can display options to send an e-mail message to—or schedule a meeting with—that contact. Excel and Word support extensible smart tags that allow developers and organizations to display custom commands related to specific information. The smart tags used by Word are also available in Outlook 2002 if the former is configured as the default e-mail editor.

The AutoCorrect and Paste Options commands in previous versions of Office have been updated to include smart tags that are shared among all Office XP programs. The AutoCorrect smart tag provides individual options to revert an automatic correction or to prohibit an automatic correction from occurring in the future, and also provides access to the AutoCorrect Options dialog box. It is represented as a small, blue box when the mouse cursor is positioned over corrected text. The Paste Options smart tag provides options to retain original formatting of content, change the formatting based on the currently active program, or to provide contextually specific characteristics to content after users paste it from the clipboard.

After the release of Office XP, Microsoft provided a repository for downloadable smart tags on its website. Examples of third-party companies that produced smart tags after the release of Office XP include ESPN, Expedia, FedEx, and MSNBC. Microsoft released a Euro Currency Converter smart tag when new euro coins and notes were introduced.

Task panes
Office XP introduces a task pane interface that consolidates popular menu bar commands on the right side of the screen to facilitate quick access to them. Office XP includes Startup, Search, Clipboard, and Insert Clip Art task panes, as well as task panes that are exclusive to certain programs. Word 2002, for example, includes a task pane dedicated to style and formatting options. Users can switch between open task panes through the use of back and forward buttons; a drop-down list also presents specific task panes to which users can switch.

The default Startup task pane is automatically available when users launch an Office XP program and presents individual commands to open an existing file, create a new blank file or one from a template, add a network location, or open Office Help. The Search task pane includes individual Basic and Advanced modes and allows users to query local or remote locations for files. The Basic mode allows users to perform full-text searches, while the Advanced mode provides additional file property query options. An index such as the Indexing Service can improve how quickly results are returned after a search is performed.

The Insert Clip Art task pane is available in Excel, FrontPage, PowerPoint, and Word and provides options to search for and insert online clip art into files. The Office Clipboard has been redesigned as the Clipboard task pane across all Office XP programs and can accommodate up to 24 clipboard items compared to 12 in Office 2000. Clipboard items provide a visual representation to help users distinguish different types of content. The Office Clipboard task pane opens when at least two items are copied.

Other UI changes

 * A Compress Pictures button on the Picture toolbar allows users to optimize images inserted into files.
 * E-mail messages sent from all Office XP programs support an optional introductory field.
 * Internet Explorer automatically launches the Office XP program used to create a HTML document when users print that document.
 * Microsoft account users could store their documents in private or public locations at MSN Groups.
 * Office XP introduces a My Data Sources directory in My Documents that provides access to recently opened data sources.
 * Security features in all Office programs have been consolidated into a single Security tab.
 * The Insert Hyperlink dialog box presents a list of files and folders from the current web page folder, allowing users to navigate between open web pages.
 * The Web Options dialog box allows users to create documents tailored to Internet Explorer 4, Internet Explorer 5, Internet Explorer 6, or various versions of Netscape.
 * When users revert automatically corrected text in an Office document to its original spelling, the text will not correct itself again.

XML support
Access 2002 and Excel 2002 support exporting and importing XML. Users can also save Excel workbooks as XML spreadsheets.

Office Open XML Compatibility Pack
Microsoft released a compatibility pack that enables users to open, edit, and save Excel, PowerPoint, and Word Office Open XML documents. The update also enables compatibility with documents created in Office 2010, Office 2013, and Office 2016.

Handwriting recognition
Office XP introduces handwriting recognition in all Office programs, allowing users to write with a mouse or stylus instead of entering text by typing on a keyboard. Users can insert handwritten notes into Excel, add handwritten comments to PowerPoint presentations, send handwritten e-mail messages with Outlook, or write directly into Word documents. Notes written with a handheld PC or a Pocket PC can be converted into Word documents, and handwritten content in Word documents can be converted to text. Word must be the active e-mail editor in Outlook before handwritten e-mail messages can be sent. Once installed, handwriting functionality is also available in Internet Explorer 5 and Outlook Express 5 or later. Handwriting recognition engines are available for the English, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, Japanese, and Korean versions of Office XP.

The downloadable Tablet Pack for Office XP provided an extension for Windows Journal to reuse notes as Outlook 2002 items and to import meeting information from Outlook 2002 into notes.

Speech recognition
Speech recognition based on Microsoft Research technology is available for all Office XP programs, allowing users to dictate text into active documents, to change document formatting, and to navigate the interface by voice. The speech recognition feature encompasses two different modes: Dictation, which transcribes spoken words into text; and Voice Command, which invokes interface features.

Speech recognition can be installed during Office XP setup or by clicking the Speech option in the Tools menu in Word 2002. When installed, it is available as a Microphone command on the Language toolbar that appears in the upper-right corner of the screen (lower-right corner in East-Asian versions of Office XP). When launched for the first time, speech recognition offers a tutorial to improve recognition accuracy, which begins by providing instructions to adjust the microphone for optimal performance. Speech recognition uses a speech profile to store information about a user's voice.

Users can configure speech recognition settings, including pronunciation sensitivity in voice command mode, accuracy and recognition response time in dictation mode, and microphone settings through the Speech control panel applet. The Regional and Language Options applet provides Language toolbar and additional settings. Speech recognition engines are available for the English, Japanese, and Simplified Chinese languages. Microsoft recommended its SideWinder Game Voicechat device as a microphone to use with speech recognition.

Reliability
With Office XP, Microsoft incorporated several features to address reliability issues observed in previous versions of Office:
 * Application Recovery: Users can safely restart or terminate unresponsive Office programs—and save open documents before termination—from a utility that is accessible from the Office Tools group on the Windows Start menu.
 * Automatic Recovery: Excel, PowerPoint, Publisher, and Word periodically save open documents in the background so the latest revision can be opened if an error occurs; users can configure how often files are saved, discard the latest revision, overwrite a file with it, or save it as a separate file.
 * Document Recovery: Access, Excel, PowerPoint, and Word present users with an option to immediately save open files when an error occurs before a program is closed or restarted to prevent loss of data.
 * Error Reporting: Users can optionally submit error report information to Microsoft for analysis to improve Office XP. Error reporting was instrumental in providing solutions included in all three Office XP service packs to address common issues.  Error reports can also be submitted to corporate departments.
 * Repair and Extract: Excel and Word can automatically recognize and repair corrupt documents; users can also manually repair documents from these programs.
 * Safe Mode: Office XP programs will automatically launch in Safe Mode, a diagnostic mode that allows programs to bypass the source of a problem if they are unable to start properly.

Security
Excel, PowerPoint, and Word have been updated to provide password encryption options based on CryptoAPI. Additionally, all Office XP programs provide options for users to digitally sign documents.

Installation and deployment
When upgrading from a previous version of Office, Office XP retains the user's previous configuration. Office XP can also be installed directly from an administrative image hosted on a web server via HTTP, HTTPS, or FTP. The Office Resource Kit includes various improvements to deployment functionality when compared with the Office 2000 version. A new Setup INI Customization Wizard allows administrators to customize the Office XP INI configuration file prior to deployment. The Custom Installation Wizard can prohibit the installation, use, or uninstallation of programs or features such as the Run from Network and Installed on First Use setup options. Finally, the Custom Maintenance Wizard has been updated to provide customization options to configure Office XP including user preferences and security settings. The Save My Settings Wizard, introduced in Office 2000 as an optional download for Microsoft account users to remotely store their Office settings to the Office Update web site, has been updated to support importing and exporting backups to local storage or to a network share.

In an effort to curtail software piracy, Microsoft incorporated product activation technology into all versions of Office XP to prohibit users from installing a single copy of the software in a manner that violates the end-user license agreement (EULA). The EULA allows a single user to install one copy each on a primary device and a portable device such as a laptop. Users who make substantial hardware changes to an Office XP device may need to reactivate the software through the Internet or by telephone. Product activation does not require personally identifiable information.

Office XP introduced an optional subscription-based activation model that allowed consumers to annually license the product and receive incremental updates at a reduced price when compared with the cost of a full retail version. Microsoft originally intended to deliver the activation model to United States customers after the retail availability of Office XP on May 31, 2001, but later decided to make it available to consumers in "a few select locations" instead, citing a more cautious delivery approach. In spite of this, Microsoft distributed optical media and a single subscription to authorized U.S. retail partners who attended teamMicrosoft Live! events. As part of a pilot experiment, consumers in Australia, France, and New Zealand could purchase a subscription for Office XP starting in May 2001; the worldwide release of the activation model was contingent on the success of the pilot experiment, but Microsoft terminated support for subscriptions in 2002 based on feedback and research that demonstrated it was not well understood by consumers. Office 365—released over a decade after Office XP—has since reintroduced subscription-based licenses to consumers.

User assistance
A new "Ask a Question" feature appears in the top-right corner of all Office XP programs and allows users to type natural language questions and receive answers without opening the Office Assistant ("Clippy") or Office Help. Additionally, Office Help has been updated to aggregate and display content from the Internet in response to a query. The Office Assistant is now disabled by default and only appears when Help is activated.

New application-specific features

 * New features in Word 2002
 * A Clear Formatting option which reverts all changes made to selected text, but retains hyperlinks
 * A Drawing Canvas allows content such as WordArt to be aligned to a fixed position
 * For Indian languages, fonts with the Devanagari script and Tamil script are now rendered correctly thanks to updated version of Uniscribe. Also, proofing tools were introduced for Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati, Kannada, Punjabi, Tamil and Telugu.
 * Non-real-time collaborative editing, allowing multiple users across a file share or server to edit a document and merge changes without requiring it to be unlocked; when a user is finished editing and closes the shared document, other users can view his or her edits and merge their own changes
 * Multiple portions of text can be selected simultaneously in a document
 * Styles for bulleted lists and tables
 * Support for filtered web pages, which allows users to the reduce the size of a HTML document by removing XML tags and Word-specific formatting
 * Support for watermarks in documents
 * The General tab of the Properties dialog box now displays the file format of an open document
 * Word count toolbar

 * New features in Excel 2002
 * Border drawing with grid, line color, style, and weight options
 * Colors can now be added to tabs in a worksheet
 * Drawings and pictures can now be inserted directly as headers or footers
 * Function argument information in tooltips
 * If a cell contains a large number that its associated column is too narrow to display ("###"), Excel displays the entire number in a tooltip
 * Numbers can be sorted as text to prevent unexpected sorting results that occur in mixed lists of numbers and text
 * Phrasing of Excel alerts has been revised to be concise
 * Users can evaluate formulas on a sequential basis to determine how Excel arrived at a calculation result
 * With a Watch function, users can monitor the results of multiple cells in a separate window even when working on a different sheet or workbook

 * New features in Outlook 2002
 * AutoComplete for email addresses
 * Colored categories for calendar items
 * Group schedules
 * Hyperlink support in email subject lines
 * Native support for Outlook.com
 * Improved search functionality including the ability to stop a search and resume it later
 * Incremental search and content indexing is available if Windows Search is installed
 * Lunar calendar support
 * MSN Messenger integration
 * Performance improvements
 * Preview pane improvements including the ability to open hyperlinks; respond to meeting requests; and display email properties without opening a message
 * Reminder window that consolidates all reminders for appointments and tasks in a single view
 * Retention policies for documents and email
 * Security improvements including the automatic blocking of potentially unsafe attachments and of programmatic access to information in Outlook
 * SP1 introduced the ability to view all non-digitally signed email or unencrypted email as plain text
 * SP2 allows users to—through the Registry—prevent the addition of new email accounts or the creation of new Personal Storage Tables
 * SP3 updates the object model guard security for applications that access messages and other items
 * Smart tags when Word is configured as the default email editor

 * New features in PowerPoint 2002
 * GDI+ accelerated graphic rendering, effects, and printing
 * Images in slides can now be flipped and rotated
 * Multiple slide masters in presentations
 * Native support for diagrams such as cycle, pyramid, and Venn diagrams
 * Presentation broadcast improvements
 * Presenter tools that allow users to view details on upcoming bullets or slides, and speaker notes, and to navigate to any slide without these actions being visible to the audience; this feature requires a multi-monitor configuration
 * Print preview
 * Smart tags for Apply Automatic Layout and AutoFit features, the latter of which has been updated to automatically resize fonts to fit slides as users type and to remove the minimum font size limitation
 * Support for additional paper sizes for printing
 * Thumbnails of slides are now displayed within a left-hand pane of the interface
 * Users can now snap objects to a grid and display drawing guides

 * New features in Access 2002
 * A new file format that enables faster access and data processing for large databases; the Access 2000 format is used by default
 * A new Stored Procedure Designer allows users to create or modify simple Microsoft SQL Server stored procedures
 * Batch updates for Access projects
 * Conversion error logging, which creates a table with information about each error that occurs during Access 95, Access 97, or Access 2000 database conversion
 * Enhanced international support including the ability to change the left-to-right reading directionality
 * Support for multiple Undo and Redo operations
 * Support for PivotCharts and PivotTables

 * New features in Publisher 2002
 * Customizable toolbars
 * Font schemes that can be shared with Word
 * Header and footer support
 * Multiple publications can now be open simultaneously
 * Print preview
 * Support for OfficeArt
 * The new Format dialog box combines the Colors and Lines, Layout, Picture, Size, Text Box, and Web tabs
 * Users can export objects, pages, or groups of objects and pages as images
 * Users can open, edit, and save publications as HTML
 * Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) support
 * Word documents can now be imported directly to Publisher

 * New features in FrontPage 2002
 * Automatic web content from third parties, including Expedia and MSNBC
 * Internet forums and online surveys can be integrated with websites
 * HTML 4 features including button and fieldsets in forms, inline frames, and language attributes
 * Tabs to navigate between different pages within the interface
 * Tags in HTML pages can be automatically reformatted to be XML-compliant
 * Themes from previous FrontPage versions have been updated
 * Unicode support
 * Users can now publish websites in the background and can continue to make edits during the publishing process
 * Usage analysis reports in daily, weekly, or monthly increments allow users to determine how often a web page is accessed and the URL from which this access originates; reports can be exported to Excel or as HTML

Removed features

 * Binder was replaced by Unbind, a program that can extract the contents of a Binder file. Unbind can be installed from the Office XP CD-ROM.
 * Microsoft Photo Editor no longer supports the PCX image format
 * Office XP Small Business Edition removes the Small Business Customer Manager during an upgrade from Office 2000; the feature is not removed during an upgrade to the Professional edition. Users who desire to retain the Small Business Customer Manager must apply the Small Business Tools 2000 patch from the second Office 2000 CD-ROM before upgrading to the Small Business Edition of Office XP.
 * Microsoft Map was removed from Excel 2002
 * In Excel 2002, several add-ins are no longer available. Some, but not all, are integrated into Excel 2002 and thus made redundant.
 * The .DBF files for Samples.xls and two Japanese templates are removed in Excel 2002
 * Microsoft Query is no longer available
 * In PowerPoint 2002, the Custom Soundtracks add-in is no longer supported and the Routing Recipient option on the Send To menu was removed.
 * A number of features were removed in Outlook 2002

Editions
The component products were packaged together in various suites. Some of these editions were available as retail packages in either full or upgrade versions, others as full OEM versions for inclusion with new PCs, and still others as volume license versions that required no activation. All editions provided the core components of Word, Excel, and Outlook, and all editions except the Small Business edition provided PowerPoint. Additionally, a Special Edition upgrade-only version was released with an Office XP-branded IntelliMouse Explorer, and some copies included Office XP Media Content on a separate disk.

Reception
Microsoft Office XP received mixed to positive reviews after its release. CNET praised the new collaboration and data recovery features and stated that Office XP offered a "host of incremental improvements" over its predecessor, Office 2000, but ultimately concluded that "most enhancements and additions are better suited for groups than individuals." Criticism was also directed at the productivity suite's strict hard disk space requirement. Nevertheless, CNET awarded Office XP a 4-star editors' rating. PC Magazine rated Office XP 4 stars out of 5 and praised the product's emphasis on user control, particularly in regards to customization options for features introduced in previous versions, and regarded it as "one of the few Microsoft upgrades that offers almost no pains with its significant gains." The New York Times stated that Office XP "isn't so much a list of new features as it is an improved arrangement of old ones," but offered praise for the new collaboration features, which were regarded as a "huge leap" from previous versions. Paul Thurrott regarded Office XP as "a must-have upgrade for writers such as myself," though he also stated that, without the new smart tags feature, it "has the feel of a minor upgrade with numerous useful, but small, changes."

While most assessments of Office XP were positive, the speech recognition feature was frequently criticized due to its inaccuracy and lack of advanced functionality. CNET regarded it as "especially lame" because of its inability to recognize text editing commands such as "select the sentence" and because it required users to manually switch between command and dictation modes. PC Magazine stated that both the speech recognition and handwriting recognition features were not "reliable enough for general use." However, in a later assessment, PC Magazine stated that the "speech recognition is reasonably accurate, but there are very few commands for editing and correcting text" and recommended Dragon NaturallySpeaking, IBM ViaVoice, or Voice Xpress for dictation. The New York Times speculated that Microsoft had little to no confidence in the feature, as it is not installed by default and no microphone is included with Office XP; however, it concluded that it was "not bad for a freebie, especially if you would rather get the first draft down quickly and clean up the recognition errors later." Paul Thurrott stated that "the voice recognition is so bad it's almost not even worth discussing," concluding that it "is sort of a joke" when compared with mature products such as Dragon NaturallySpeaking.

title: Microsoft Office XP


text:
Gyfu

Gyfu is the name for the g-rune in the Anglo-Saxon rune poem, meaning 'gift' or 'generosity':

The corresponding letter of the Gothic alphabet is 𐌲 g, called giba. The same rune also appears in the Elder Futhark, with a suggested Proto-Germanic name *gebô 'gift'. J. H. Looijenga speculates that the rune is directly derived from Latin Χ, the pronunciation of which may have been similar to Germanic g in the 1st century, e.g., Gothic *reihs compared to Latin rex (as opposed to the Etruscan alphabet, where /𐌗 had a value of ).

The gyfu rune is sometimes used as a symbol within modern mysticism, particularly amongst those interested in Celtic mythology. It's described, for example, in the book The Runic Tarot as a representation of the giving-receiving balance in friendships.

Anglo-Saxon gār rune
In addition to gyfu, the Anglo-Saxon futhorc has the gār rune $⟨⟩$, named after a species of medieval spear. It is attested epigraphically on the Ruthwell Cross, and also appears in 11th-century manuscript tradition. Phonetically, gār represents the /g/ sound. It is a modification of the plain gyfu rune.

Old English 'gār' means 'spear', but the name of the rune likely echoes the rune names ger, ear, ior: due to palatalization in Old English, the original g rune (i.e., the Gyfu rune $⟨⟩$) could express either /j/ or /g/ (see yogh). The ger unambiguously expressed /j/, and the newly introduced gar rune had the purpose of unambiguously expressing /g/.

Gār is the 33rd and final rune in the row as given in Cotton Domitian A.ix.

title: Gyfu


text: Category:Indian astronomers

title: Category:Indian astronomers


text:
People's Political Party (Jamaica)

The People's Political Party (PPP) was Jamaica's first modern political party. It was formed in 1929 by Marcus Garvey.

The PPP set out a 14 point manifesto—the first of its kind in the island's electoral history. The points contained in the PPP's manifesto were far-reaching and perceptive as illustrated by a few of them, such as:
 * An eight-hour work day
 * A minimum wage
 * A larger share of self-government
 * Protection for native industries
 * A legal aid department for the poor
 * Technical schools for each parish
 * Land reform
 * Libraries and civic improvement for parish capitals
 * City status for Montego Bay and Port Antonio
 * A National Park at the Kingston Race Course

The PPP contested the 1962 elections, receiving 0.9% of the vote and failing to win a seat. The party did not contest any further elections.

In December 2012, lawyer Michael "Ras Miguel" Lorne was the party leader.

title: People's Political Party (Jamaica)


text:
Busan Presbyterian University

Busan Presbyterian University, also known as Busan Jangsin University, is a private Christian university in Gimhae City, South Gyeongsang province, in southeastern South Korea. It provides undergraduate training in theology, social welfare, and special education, as well as graduate training in theology and pastoral research.

History
The school was established in 1953 in Busan as a small three-year theological school. The current campus in Gimhae was acquired in 1996.

title: Busan Presbyterian University


text:
Busan Arts College

Busan Arts College provides training in a range of fine and applied arts. The campus is located in the Nam-gu district of Busan metropolitan city, in southeastern South Korea. Under government regulations, the school has a maximum enrollment of 790, of whom 700 may be enrolled in the day program and 90 in weekend classes.

As of the reorganization of 2003, the college includes fifteen academic departments: applied music, music, theatre, practical dance, film and video, beauty art, modelling, sports and leisure studies, interior design, advertisement design, cartoon and animation, fine art, event producing, performing arts management, and creative writing.

History
The college received permission to open as a college with a maximum enrollment of 480 in 1993, and accepted its first students in spring 1994. The Wongok Educational Foundation, which established it, had been in operation since 1978. The school's art gallery opened in 1999. The current dean, Kim Gi-deok, was installed in 2003.

Notable people

 * Kim Kwang-kyu, actor
 * Park Jimin, member of BTS
 * Kang Seung Yoon, WiNNER member
 * Yoon Dowoon, member of DAY6

title: Busan Arts College


text:
Bucheon University

Bucheon University is a private technical college in Bucheon City, Gyeonggi province, South Korea. Although private, it has strong cooperative relationships with the Bucheon city government. The school employs about 90 instructors, and offers instruction in fields such as construction, electronics, and management.

title: Bucheon University


text:
Busan Institute of Science and Technology

Busan Institute of Science and Technology is a private college located in Buk District, Busan, South Korea. It was called Busan College of Information Technology until February 2012.

History
Founded in 1976 at Uam-dong, Nam-gu the school welcomed its first students in 1977, at which time it was known as Sungji Technical Professional School. It was renamed and reorganized in 1979 as Sungji Technical Junior College. The campus was moved to its current location in 1985. The college changed to its name, to reflect its focus on high technology in 1998 as Busan College of Information Technology.

Courses
BIST consists of 4 departments and 25 different schools. The departments of BIST are School of Engineering, School of Humanities and Social Science, School of Natural Sciences and School of Arts and Physical Studies

Colleges

 * School of Engineering
 * Fusion Machine
 * Major in CAD / CAM
 * Major in Computer Applied Design
 * Automotive Engineering
 * Major in Automobile High-tech
 * Major in Automobile Tuning
 * Major in SUV / BOSCH
 * Major in Hybrid/Electric Vehicle
 * Computer Information
 * Electrical Automation
 * Aviation Electronics
 * Communication
 * Smart Electronics
 * Fine Chemistry
 * Fire Safety Management
 * Architecture
 * Drone Space Information
 * School of Humanities and Social Science
 * Child Education
 * Medical Administration
 * Business Administration
 * Police/Security
 * Social Welfare
 * Social Welfare
 * Child Welfare and Care
 * Hotel Tourism Management
 * Korea-China Business
 * School of Natural Sciences
 * Glasses Optics
 * Dental Hygiene
 * Nursing
 * Hotel/Restaurant&Cook
 * School of Arts and Physical Studies
 * Beauty
 * Rehabilitation Exercise and Health
 * Design
 * Major in Industrial Design
 * Major in Fashion Design
 * Major in Jewelry

Campus
Busan Institute of Science and Technology is situated Buk District, Busan.

Presidents

 * Kang Gi-sung (강기성) 2013.03.01 - Present
 * Seo Yong-Beom 2010.02.01 - 2013.03.01
 * Oh Jeong-seok 2008.09.08 - 2010-02-01
 * Kang Ki-sung 2001.01.05 - 2008.09.08
 * Jeong Soon-Young 1991.02.27 - 2001.01.0
 * Lee Yoon Geun 1987.01.01 - 1991.02.27
 * Choi Hak-yu 1986.01.01 - 1987.01.01
 * Choi Jeong-Rak 1983.02.01 - 1986.01.01
 * Park Hwa-sul 1977.03.01 - 1983.02.01


text:
Negro World

Negro World was the newspaper of the Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA). Founded by Garvey and Amy Ashwood Garvey, the newspaper was published weekly in Harlem, and distributed internationally to the UNIA's chapters in more than forty countries. Distributed weekly, at its peak, the Negro World reached a circulation of 200,000.

Notable editors included Marcus Garvey, T. Thomas Fortune, William H. Ferris, W.A. Domingo and Amy Jacques Garvey.

Background
Garvey founded the UNIA in July 1914, and within the organization's first few years had started publishing Negro World.

Monthly, Negro World distributed more copies than The Messenger, The Crisis and Opportunity (other important African-American publications). Colonial rulers banned its sales and even possession in their territories, including both British Empire and French colonial empire possessions. Distribution in foreign countries was conducted through black seamen who would smuggle the paper into such areas.

Negro World ceased publication in 1933.

Content
For a nickel, readers received a front-page editorial by Garvey, along with poetry and articles of international interest to people of African ancestry. Under the editorship of Amy Jacques Garvey the paper featured a full page called "Our Women and What They Think".

Negro World also played an important part in the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s. The paper was a focal point for publication on the arts and African-American culture, including poetry, commentary on theatre and music, and regular book reviews. Romeo Lionel Dougherty, a prominent figure of the Jazz Age, began writing for Negro World in 1922.

Contributors
Notable editors and contributors to Negro World included:

 * Duse Mohamed Ali
 * John Edward Bruce
 * Wilfred Adolphus Domingo
 * William Henry Ferris
 * Timothy Thomas Fortune
 * William Henderson Franklin
 * Amy Ashwood Garvey
 * Amy Jacques Garvey
 * Hubert Henry Harrison
 * Samuel Alfred Haynes
 * Zora Neale Hurston
 * John G. Jackson
 * Robert Lincoln Poston
 * Andy Razaf
 * Joel Augustus Rogers
 * Arthur Schomburg
 * William Alexander Stephenson
 * Eric Walrond
 * Carter Godwin Woodson

title: Negro World


text:
Category:Busan

Articles related to Busan Metropolitan City, in South Korea.

title: Category:Busan