text:
Talk:Null hypothesis

Unsorted Comments
I think the main thing that the article misses is that the null hypothesis is always the hypothesis that there is no difference between two (or I suppose more) groups. Thus the word "null". Generally speaking, when studying something, you are trying to establish a difference between two groups (i.e. that group A, which received medication, did better than group B, which did not). It is statistically convenient (as well as philosophically convenient) to always start from the same premise. 24.45.14.133 04:44, 14 February 2007 (UTC) nullo

Sorry, this stuff was above the contents, but are not together or titled. I thought they would be more appropriate under the contents, so moved them to be so. Garnet avi 10:41, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Is this sentence, from the article, correct?

 * But if the null hypothesis is that sample A is drawn from a population whose mean is no lower than the mean of the population from which sample B is drawn, the alternative hypothesis is that sample A comes from a population with a larger mean than the population from which sample B is drawn, and we will proceed to a one-tailed test.

It seems as if the null hypothesis says that mean(A) >= mean(B). Therefore the alternative hypothesis should be the negation of this, or mean(A) < mean(B). But the text states that the alternative hypothesis is that mean(A) > mean(B). Is this right?

 * I agree. Fixed. --Bernard Helmstetter 19:54, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

The difference between H0:μ1 = μ2 and H0:μ1 - μ2 = 0 is unclear, to say the least. --Bernard Helmstetter 20:02, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

This entry is confusing, to say the least. The introduction is somehow split in two sections by the TOC, and paradoxically is too short. The closing sections on controversies and pubilcation bias could be merged as well. I am not attempting a rewrite for I know little about statistics myself - but even so it is evident that the article could be clearer.--Duplode 01:20, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

The sentence "However, formulating the null hypothesis before collecting data rejects a true null hypothesis only a small percent of the time." seems to imply that the small percent of the time that a true null hypothesis is different from from the small number of true null hypothesis which would be rejected if tested on the same dataset. It implies that testing many hypothesis on a single dataset will produce less accurate results, with a justification which very much resembles the false statement, "after flipping a coin 4 times and getting heads each time, the odds of getting heads on the fifth flip are very low." 98.114.27.182 (talk) 17:58, 1 May 2011 (UTC)

??
I believe this suffers from too much negation, yes the hypothesis is negation and yes we talk about rejecting it, but somewhere it would help to have an affirmative. - just my 2 cents.72.202.213.206 (talk) 23:44, 28 April 2016 (UTC)

I'm a sophomore in high school, here's my request:

Could someone create a "Null hypothesis for dummies" section? as it is now, this article is very hard to comprehend. -- Somebody

 * I agree. This is unreadable. Behaviour of sets of data indeed! Nonsense. Can someone with scientific authority define it here please and just delete the rest of this garbage? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.179.192.118 (talk) 19:02, 5 October 2009 (UTC)

"Null hypothesis for dummies" would be useful. In the examples there are null hypotheses stating that "the value of this real number is the same as the value of that real number". Is there some explanation for why such a hypothesis is reasonable? It seems to me that for a very broad class of probability distributions the null hypothesis has probability of 0 and the opposite probability of 1. The article at the moment says this:

''However, concerns regarding the high power of statistical tests to detect differences in large samples have led to suggestions for re-defining the null hypothesis, for example as a hypothesis that an effect falls within a range considered negligible. This is an attempt to address the confusion among non-statisticians between significant and substantial, since large enough samples are likely to be able to indicate differences however minor.''

So the more data we have, the more likely it is that the null hypothesis is rejected? This is exactly what should happen if the null hypothesis is always false - the only difference is in how much data we need to prove that. Is this the case in actual use? If so, how does the theory justify drawing conclusions from a false premise? Presumably the theory is "robust enough" when there isn't "too much data", but how exactly does this work? 82.103.214.43 14:58, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

==

example conclusion
"For example, if we want to compare the test scores of two random samples of men and women, a null hypothesis would be that the mean score of the male population was the same as the mean score of the female population, and therefore there is no significant statistical difference between them:"

This is wrong, the two samples can have the the same mean and be statistically totally different (e.g. differ in variance). 84.147.219.67 15:56, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I made some changes: I deleted "and therefore there is no significant statistical difference between them:", because it is redundant and arguably incorrect.  I also added a few words to the part about assuming they're drawn from the same population, to say that this means they have the same variance and shape of distribution too.  I deleted the equation with mu1 - mu0 = 0 because it was out of context IMO given the sentence that was just before it, and because it is practically the same as the previous equation mu1 = mu0.  Sorry I forgot again to put an "edit summary".  Coppertwig 00:14, 5 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia articles should not have phrases like "we want" per MOS:SOCRATIC. ~TPW 16:30, 15 February 2023 (UTC)

"File drawer problem"?
What is it, and why does it make a sudden and unexplained appearance near the end of this article? If I hadn't gotten a C- in stats I'd go out and fix it myself. :) --User:Dablaze 13:29, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The "file drawer problem" is this: suppose a researcher carries out an experiment and does not find any statistically significant difference between two populations.  (For example, tests whether a certain substance cures a certain illness and does not find any evidence that it does.)  Then, the researcher may consider that this result (or "non-result") is not very interesting, and put all the notes about it into a file drawer and forget about it, instead of publishing it which is what the researcher would have done if the test had found the interesting result that the substance apparently cures the illness.

 * Not publishing it is a problem for several reasons: one, other researchers may waste time carrying out the same test on a useless substance and also not publishing.   Two, it is sometimes possible to find a statistically significant result by combining the results of several studies;  this can't easily happen if it isn't published so nobody knows about it.  Three, if various researchers keep repeating the same experiment and not finding statistically significant results, and then one does the same experiment and by a random fluke (luck) does get a statistically significant result, they might publish that and it would look as if the substance cures the illness, although if you combined the results of all the studies you would see that there is no statistically significant result overall.

 * It really does make sense if you can guess what "file drawer problem" means. Does it need a few words in the article to explain it? Coppertwig 00:00, 5 November 2006 (UTC)
 * That is a wonderfully lucid and useful explanation. Thanks! DeepNorth (talk) 19:58, 6 November 2022 (UTC)

Accept, reject, do not reject Null Hypothesis
After a statistical test (say, determining p-values), one can only reject or not reject the Null Hypothesis. Accepting the alternative hypothesis is wrong because there is always a probability that you are incorrectly accepting or rejecting (alpha and beta; type I and type II error). --70.111.218.254 02:03, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Actually, it seems that the first paragraph is entirely confusing. One can not ACCEPT null hypothesis. One can only REJECT or FAIL TO REJECT it. On the other hand, one can ACCEPT alternative hypothesis or FAIL TO ACCEPT it. See D. Gujarati: Basic Econometrics, Fourth Edition, 2004, p.134 --- Argyn

Besides type I and type II error, there's a problem which remains big even when your statistical significance is excellent: that both the Null Hypothesis and the Alternative Hypothesis can be false. I suppose they usually are; they are usually at best oversimplifications (models) of a situation in the real world. That's why the alternative hypothesis is merely "accepted", not "proven" nor "shown" nor "established". However, it can be "shown" or "established", with a certain statistical significance level, that the null hypothesis is false. --Coppertwig 10:29, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

I object to the statement "a null hypothesis (H0) is a hypothesis (scenario) set up to be nullified, refuted, or rejected ('disproved' statistically) in order to support an alternative hypothesis." The point of a null hypothesis is to represent what we currently expect. If the data in an experiment is not sufficient to reject that hypothesis, there is no point in considering an alternative hypothesis. Testing a null hypothesis is a form of Occam's razor--why consider a new, alternative hypothesis when the data is plausibly explained by an existing one (the null hypothesis)? So the null hypothesis is NOT "set up to be rejected"; it is set up to be _tested_. A null hypothesis represents an existing theory that may explain a given set of data. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Maxbox51 (talk • contribs) 17:44, 9 October 2008 (UTC)

if p value is not significant, we should "not reject H0". There's a critical difference between "not rejecting" and "approving". E.g. if we don't have enough evidence yet to claim there is alien in nearby galaxies, it doesn't mean we have 95% confidence to approve there's no alien there. The same logic applies to the hypothesis testing between two population means. If non stat sig, it may be that (a) we know nothing (sample too small, bigger variance) or (b) the true difference is really small. One can never claim to "approve" H0 under hypothesis testing methodologies. Propose to update the doc accordingly. (i.e. revert edit) -MarkSJ 18:46, 11 Sept 2020 (UTC)

 * Ditto to MarkSJ. The correct language around null hypothesis testing is to reject or not reject. It cannot be accepted even in principle. That is the language found in textbooks on the subject, such as this one which says on page 291: "The null hypothesis cannot be 'accepted'; at most, a researcher can state that he/she found no reason to reject it." Dan Kuck (talk) 20:04, 11 September 2020 (UTC)

Formulation of null hypotheses
This article appears to be a little confused at the moment — I would appreciate a little discussion before I make some changes. In particular...

"'if the null hypothesis is that sample A is drawn from a population whose mean is lower than the mean of the population from which sample B is drawn, the alternative hypothesis is that sample A comes from a population with a higher mean than the population from which sample B is drawn, which can be tested with a one-tailed test.'"

I believe this to be misleading. A null hypothesis is a statement of no effect — by definition it has no directionality. There is a very good reason for this: null hypothesis testing works by first assuming the null hypothesis to be true, and then calculating how often we would expect to see results as extreme as those observed even when the null hypothesis is true. That is, we are trying to find out how often the observed results would be obtained by chance.

It is only possible to do this when we have a well-defined null hypothesis — e.g. when it states that one mean is equal to another mean, or when a mean is equal to a defined value. It would not be possible to calculate our test statistic if our null hypothesis merely said, "Mean one is less than mean two", and indeed this would not be a null hypothesis.

I think the confusion arises in the case of a one-tailed test. Take, for example, an experiment investigating the height of men and women in a class. We might wish to test the hypothesis "that men are taller than women". In this case our hypotheses are as follows:

 * Null: That men and women are of equal height.
 * Experimental: That men are taller (have greater height) than women.

In this case, we have defined our experimental hypothesis in a one-tailed form. The question many people ask is, "But what if women are taller than men? Surely neither of our hypotheses addresses this?". The confusion then lies in whether or not the null hypothesis should incorporate this possibility. To the very best of my knowledge, it should not: the null hypothesis remains a statement of no effect.

The reason for this is that we are looking to see whether there is evidence to support the specific experimental hypothesis that we have postulated. If we find our results to be non-significant, this tells us that we do not have sufficient evidence to accept our specific experimental hypothesis. If it turns out that we're interested in a difference that we find in the other direction, well that suggests that we should have proposed a two-tailed hypothesis in the first place. Indeed, I would argue that it is very rare indeed that a one-tailed hypothesis is appropriate: we are almost always interested in results in the other direction from that predicted.

Does this sound sensible? If so, then I will modify the article accordingly, and will add some relevant citations! -- Sjb90 16:34, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

 * OK, I will start making some changes to this later. This has been quite a complicated issue to resolve, and has involved going back to the paper that first defined the term 'null hypothesis'. Full discussion can be found on Lindsay658's talk page. -- Sjb90 11:06, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

Earlier Null hypothesis Discussion
I thought that the following should appear here (originally at for the ease of others.Lindsay658 (talk) 21:21, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

Hi there,

Over on the null hypothesis talk page, I've been canvassing for opinions on a change that I plan to make regarding the formulation of a null hypothesis. However I've just noticed your excellent edits on Type I and type II errors. In particular, in the null hypothesis section you say:

"The consistent application by statisticians of Neyman and Pearson's convention of representing 'the hypothesis to be tested' (or 'the hypothesis to be nullified') with the expression Ho -- associated with an increasing tendency to incorrectly read the expression's subscript as a zero, rather than an 'O' (for 'original') -- has led to circumstances where many understand the term 'the null hypothesis' as meaning 'the nil hypothesis'. That is, they incorrectly understand it to mean 'there is no phenomenon', and that the results in question have arisen through chance."

Now I know the trouble with stats in empirical science is that everyone is always feeling their way to some extent -- it's an inexact science that tries to bring sharp definition to the real world! But I'm really intrigued to know what you're basing this statement on -- I'm one of those people who has always understood the null hypothesis to be a statement of null effect. I've just dug out my old undergrad notes on this, and that's certainly what I was taught at Cambridge; and it's also what my stats reference (Statistical Methods for Psychology, by David C. Howell) seems to suggest. In addition, whenever I've been an examiner for public exams, the markscheme has tended to state the definition of a null as being a statement of null effect.

I'm a cognitive psychologist rather than a statistician, so I'm entirely prepared to accept that this may be a common misconception, but was wondering whether you could point me towards some decent reference sources that try to clear this up, if so! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Sjb90 (talk • contribs) 11:07, 16 May 2007 (UTC).

 * Sjb90 . . . There are three papers by Neyman and Pearson:

 * Neyman, J. & Pearson, E.S., "On the Use and Interpretation of Certain Test Criteria for Purposes of Statistical Inference, Part I", reprinted at pp.1-66 in Neyman, J. & Pearson, E.S., Joint Statistical Papers, Cambridge University Press, (Cambridge), 1967 (originally published in 1928).
 * Neyman, J. & Pearson, E.S., "The testing of statistical hypotheses in relation to probabilities a priori", reprinted at pp.186-202 in Neyman, J. & Pearson, E.S., Joint Statistical Papers, Cambridge University Press, (Cambridge), 1967 (originally published in 1933).
 * Pearson, E.S. & Neyman, J., "On the Problem of Two Samples", reprinted at pp.99-115 in Neyman, J. & Pearson, E.S., Joint Statistical Papers, Cambridge University Press, (Cambridge), 1967 (originally published in 1930).

 * Unfortunately, I do not have these papers at hand and, so, I can not tell you precisely which of these papers was the source of this statement; but I can assure you that the statement was made on the basis of reading all three papers. From memory, I recall that they were quite specific in their written text and in their choice of mathematical symbols to stress that it was O for original (and not 0 for zero). Also, from memory, I am certain that the first use of the notion of a "null" hypothesis comes from:

 * Fisher, R.A., The Design of Experiments, Oliver & Boyd (Edinburgh), 1935.
 * And, as I recall, Fisher was adamant that whatever it was to be examined was the NULL hypothesis, because it was the hypothesis that was to be NULLIFIED.
 * I hope that is of some assistance to you.
 * It seems that it is yet one more case of people citing citations that are also citing a citation in someone else's work, rather than reading the originals.
 * The second point to make is that the passage you cite from my contribution was 100% based on the literature (and, in fact, the original articles).
 * Finally, and this comment is not meant to be a criticism of anyone in particular, simply an observation, I came across something in social science literature that mentioned a "type 2 error" about two years ago. It took me nearly 12 months to track down the source to Neyman and Pearson's papers. I had many conversations with professional mathematicians and statisticians and none of them had any idea where the notion of Type I and type II errors came from and, as a consequence, I would not be at all surprised to find that the majority of mathematicians and statisticians had no idea of the origins and meaning of "null" hypothesis.
 * I'm not entirely certain, But I have a feeling that Fisher's work -- which I cited as "Fisher (1935, p.19)", and that reference would be accurate -- was an elaboration and extension of the work of Neyman and Pearson (and, as I recall, Fisher completely understood the it was an oh, rather than a zero in the subscript). Sorry I can't be of any more help. The collection that contains the reprints of Neyman and Pearson's papers and the book by Fisher should be fairly easy for you to find in most university libraries.Lindsay658 22:37, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the references, Lindsay658 -- I'll dig them out, and have a bit of a chat with my more statsy colleagues here, and will let you know what we reckon. I do agree that it's somewhat non-ideal that such a tenet of experimental design is described rather differently in a range of texts!
 * As a general comment, I think it entirely acceptable for people working in a subject, or writing a subject-specific text book / course to read texts more geared towards their own flavour of science, rather than the originals. After all, science is built upon the principle that we trust much of the work created by our predecessors, until we have evidence to do otherwise, and most of these derived texts tend to be more accessible to the non-statistician. However I agree that, when writing for e.g. Wikipedia, it is certainly useful to differentiate between 'correct' and 'common' usage, particularly when the latter is rather misleading. This is why your contribution intrigued me so -- I look forward to reading around this and getting back to you soon -- many thanks for your swift reply! -- Sjb90 07:39, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

 * OK, I've now had a read of the references that you mentioned, as well as some others that seemed relevant. Thanks again for giving me these citations -- they were really helpful. This is what I found:

 * First of all, you are quite right to talk of the null hypothesis as the 'original hypothesis' -- that is, the hypothesis that we are trying to nullify. However Neyman & Pearson do in fact use a zero (rather than a letter 'O') as the subscript to denote a null hypothesis. In this way, they show that the null hypothesis is merely the original in a range of possible hypotheses: H0, H1, H2 ... Hi.
 * As you mentioned, Fisher introduced the term null hypothesis, and defines this a number of times in The Design of Experiments. When talking of an experiment to determine whether a taster can successfully discriminate whether milk or tea was added first to a cup, Fisher defines his null hypothesis as "that the judgements given are in no way influenced by the order in which the ingredients have been added ... Every experiment may be said to exist only in order to give the facts a chance of disproving the null hypothesis."
 * Later, Fisher talks about fair testing, namely in ensuring that other possible causes of differentiation (between the cups of tea, in this case) are held fixed or are randomised, to ensure that they are not confounds. By doing this, Fisher explains that every possible cause of differentiation is thus now i) randomised; ii) a consequence of the treatment itself (order of pouring milk & tea), "of which on the null hypothesis there will be none, by definition"; or iii) an effect "supervening by chance".
 * Furthermore, Fisher explains that a null hypothesis may contain "arbitrary elements" -- e.g. in the case where H0 is "that the death-rates of two groups of animal are equal, without specifying what those death-rates actually are. In such cases it is evidently the equality rather than any particular values of the death-rates that the experiment is designed to test, and possibly to disprove."
 * Finally, Fisher emphasises that "the null hypothesis must be exact, that is free from vagueness and ambiguity, because it must supply the basis of the 'problem of distribution,' of which the test of significance is the solution". He gives an example of a hypothesis that can never be a null hypothesis: that a subject can make some discrimination between two different sorts of object. This cannot be a null hypothesis, as it is inexact, and could relate to an infinity of possible exact scenarios.

 * So, where does that leave us? I propose to make the following slight changes to the Type I and type II errors page and the null hypothesis page.

 * I will tone down the paragraph about original vs. nil hypotheses: the subscript is actually a zero, but it is entirely correct that the hypothesis should not be read as a "nil hypothesis" -- I agree that it is important to emphasise that the null hypothesis is that one that we are trying to nullify.
 * In the null hypothesis article, I will more drastically change the paragraph that suggests that, for a one-tailed test, it is possible to have a null hypothesis "that sample A is drawn from a population whose mean is lower than the mean of the population from which sample B is drawn". As I had previously suspected, this is actively incorrect: such a hypothesis is numerically inexact. The null hypothesis, in the case described, remains "that sample A is drawn from a population with the same mean as sample B".
 * I will tone down my original suggestion slightly: A null hypothesis isn't a "statement of no effect" per se, but in an experiment (where we are manipulating an independent variable), it logically follows that the null hypothesis states that the treatment has no effect. However null hypotheses are equally useful in an observation (where we may be looking to see whether the value of a particular measured variable significantly differs from that of a prediction), and in this case the concept of "no effect" has no meaning.
 * I'll add in the relevant citations, as these really do help to resolve this issue once and for all!

 * Thanks again for your comments on this. I will hold back on my edits for a little longer, in case you have any further comments that you would like to add!

 * -- Sjb90 17:33, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with your changes. As you can see from [],

[], [], and [] I really didn't have a lot to work with.
 * I believe that it might be helpful to make some sort of comment to the effect that when statisticians work -- rather than scientists, that is -- they set up a question that is couched in very particular terms and then try to disprove it (and, if it can not be disproved, the proposition stands, more or less by default).
 * The way that the notion of just precisely how the issue of a "null hypothesis" is contemplated by "statisticians" and the way that this (to common ordinary people counter-intuitive notion) of, essentially, couching one's research question as the polar  opposite of what one actually believes to be the case (by contrast with "scientists" who generally couch their research question in terms of what they actually believe to be the case) is something that someone like you could far better describe than myself -- and, also, I believe that it would be extremely informative to the more general reader. All the best in your editing. If you have any queries, contact me again pls. Lindsay658 21:49, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Just a note to say that I have finally had the chance to sit down and word some changes to the Null hypothesis article and the section on Type_I_and_type_II_errors. Do shout and/or make changes if you think my changes are misleading/confusing! -- Sjb90 11:33, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

Analogy to proof by contradiction
I noticed the request to simplify (above), and had the idea of inserting something into the lede that would relate this idea to a proof by contradiction. For example, "This is similar to the idea of a proof by contradiction, but instead of a definite proof, experimental data is used to show that the null hypothesis is very unlikely to be true.". I'm not entirely sure if that wording is clear enough, or perhaps there's some imprecision; suggestions? —AySz88\ ^ - ^ 22:48, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

Rewrite this page please
The language used in this article is extremely unclear and vague if not outright confusing. Will someone familiar with the subject please edit it, making sure that the text and subject matter have flow? This is a very badly compiled text so far. The exact definition for the null hypothesis seems to have been forgotten initially, and vague examples are presented to illustrate an undefined term. Thanks

Hypothesis Testing Definition
I came to this page trying to understand the concept. Maybe somebody more learned than I can make the following statement more readily accessible to the layman... "Hypothesis testing works by collecting data and measuring how probable the data are, assuming the null hypothesis is true." —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jdownie (talk • contribs) 12:19, 14 October 2010 (UTC)

The initial paragraph
I think that the last but one sentence is unclear and the last one is wrong. Therefore, I suggest that the end of the initial paragraph:
 * It is possible for an experiment to fail to reject the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis is never accepted as suspicion always remains over its validity. Failing to reject H0 allows for alternative hypotheses to be developed and tested.

to be changed into this:
 * It is possible for an experiment to fail to reject the null hypothesis. This does not prove H0 in any way, it only means that it can not be rejected. The best one can do to substantiate H0 is to consider all reasonable alternative hypotheses and reject them.

--Pot (talk) 17:26, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I just now rewrote the sentence in question, before seeing your similar comments here... AnonMoos (talk) 10:22, 18 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I think the version above is more clear. What do you think about putting the above one instead of the new one you wrote? --Pot (talk) 12:04, 18 February 2009 (UTC)
 * The version above is not good. It almost says to try as many alternative models as possible ...and if enough alternatives are tried one can then always reject the null hypothesis, unless of course some effort is put into taking proper account of having done the multiple tests. In any case, some of these ideas should more properly be stated in the article on hypothesis testing. Melcombe (talk) 13:10, 18 February 2009 (UTC)
 * There was a problem with the wording "the null hypothesis is never accepted"; this may be correct according to some definitions of technical terminology, but it would fail to convey much useful meaning to those who aren't already knowledgeable. Your revisions are OK on this point... AnonMoos (talk) 15:27, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

H0 or H0?
I suggest that H0 be used in place of H0. Same for H1 and similar ones in the article. This is not a variable, so probably its name should not be slanted. --Pot (talk) 16:15, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

Merging
Someone added this in the main article:

why? I cannot see a discussion on this topic. Maybe it should be deleted? --Pot (talk) 16:31, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

I have adjusted the template to point here rather than to Talk:Statistical hypothesis testing as there was no discussion there at all. Melcombe (talk) 10:06, 29 January 2009 (UTC) And I have added a corresponding template to Statistical hypothesis testing. Melcombe (talk) 10:17, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Reasons for merging would be
 * The section uses term "null hypothesis testing", and refers to criticisms of this, when it is no different from "Statistical hypothesis testing" and this already has its own section on criticism ... so all the criticism should be together.
 * The article is supposedly about the idea of a "Null hypothesis" and its role in testing, not about the more general idea of "null hypothesis testing" which is covered in "Statistical hypothesis testing" ...so the whole section has no relevance here.
 * Melcombe (talk) 10:24, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Do you mean that only the Null_hypothesis section should be merged? How to do that? --Pot (talk) 12:05, 29 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Well I think the publication-bias stuff should be moved elsewhere also, and that it would be better off in Statistical hypothesis testing. However there may be better ways of restructuring all that needs to be included, possibly by splitting it off into a separate aticle for the sophisticats. Melcombe (talk) 13:42, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

I have moved the blocks of text on criticism and publication bias to Statistical hypothesis testing. Melcombe (talk) 15:31, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

Introductory definition.
Could I suggest that the concept of the null hypothesis be introduced in the article as this:

"something not proven, yet not contradicted by the data"

It can then be elaborated upon. If people agree that this definition is not a misrepresentation, then it may be less cryptic and more understandable to a general readership.

Feedback anyone? 121.73.7.84 (talk) 11:03, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

 * No, this is not accurate. You have some data. You, based on your experience, make a null hypothesis (e.g. the data is Gaussian). At this stage, the hypothesis may be well contradicted by the data, but you have not yet done so. At the next stage, you do statistical hypothesis testing. You analyse the results: if the test does not contradict the data to a certain significance, then you do not reject the null hypothesis. Only at this stage is your statement true. --Pot (talk) 11:46, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

OK, that makes sense. I've looked the definition up in different dictionaries and found varying definitions, so the clarification is useful. My Oxford dictionary states: a hypothesis suggesting that the difference between statistical samples does not imply a difference between populations. Your definition is clearer.

121.73.7.84 (talk) 02:16, 31 May 2009 (UTC)

The current introductory definition may seem right to people who already know what a null hypothesis. It is certainly of no use to anybody else. In reading this talk page I noticed some remarks that might help produce a definition for the general reader - remarks regarding "no effect" and "no" difference from what was already supposed. Something like that might bring into relief the reason for the word "null" in "null hypothesis." The Tetrast (talk) 15:41, 9 July 2009 (UTC).

 * I think that the text introduced by an anonymous user and deleted by user:Melcombe was headed towards the right direction, even if incorrect. The text changed the first line from "formally describes some aspect of the statistical behaviour of a set of data" into "formally describes the behaviour of a set of data as unbiased or normal".  What about something like "formally describes a statistical hypothesis made on a set of data"?

 * I think we need something that is more clear than the current wording to people not very accustomed to statistics. Something that, in the first line, may not be formally exhaustive, but that explains the main concept as concretely as possible. --Pot (talk) 11:32, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

 * I think the problem here (and in the section below) is in trying to do too much in a lead-in, when there needs to be two things: a simple-to-understand lead-in and a more formal/complete introduction section containing a good definition. As an aside on Pot's comment is that the immediately preceding edit (19:45, 20 August 2009) had created the present first two sentences out of a longer more meaningful single sentence which might be worth going back to. Before moving towards expanded definitions, it would be good to first consider whether this article should be merged with alternative hypothesis as null and alternative are almost always considered together and as there is no necessity to have separate articles for every single item of statistical terminology. Such a joining might even make it easier to construct good definitions. Of course it would be important not to duplicate what is/should be in significance testing and/or Statistical hypothesis testing. Actually the last of these contains a lot of definition for "null hypothesis". A reason for not relying on "statistical hypothesis" to provide meaning in the first sentence is that it relies on readers knowing what this is. Melcombe (talk) 12:53, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

How to Write Examples
The way to make it make sense is to use examples. Concrete examples. Not, buried three sections deep, but should be the main focus of the intro.

You don't teach by starting with abstractions; you give concrete examples first, and let the mind generalize the abstraction after seeing multiple examples. Human minds are great at figuring out abstractions from concrete examples. Example: you statisticians, long ago, were shown simple statistics examples. Then you learned the general rules later. Now, you are so full of abstractions, it's hard to think in concrete terms anymore. You've already done that thinking and understood the generalization - the abstraction. I still don't understand what the null hypothesis is, cuz I haven't seen good examples yet.

Like, that example titled "Example" sucks. It's not an example, it's more cloudy abstractions. The first sentence is full of abstractions, each of which has multiple possible concrete meanings:

"Given the test scores of two random samples, one of men and one of women, does one group differ from the other?"

"test": you mean the SATs? Testing batteries? Testing if the soup is too hot?

"two random samples":
 * I walked out into the field with my shovel, and at two places I picked at random, I dug some sod into my plastic bags, and took them back to the lab.
 * I got a random number generator, and I wrote a program to sample 100 times and save them all into a file. Then I did that twice.

"men" and "women": are you talking about ALL men and women in the world, in general? Just the ones in this classroom?

"does one group differ from the other?": well of course! They're completely different people! There isn't one person who's in both groups.

"one/other group": are you talking about group of random samples? or group of people? Or group of scores?

Abstractions are confusing if you can't read the mind of the author.

A better example of an example
To make something concrete, describe it in 'meat space'. Give people names. Describe objects you could touch with your hands or see with your eyes. Plug in specific numbers and names of things. Then people can relate, and understand what you're talking about. Like this:

Natasha is a chemistry teacher, and her classroom has 20 students, 10 male and 10 female. She gave a chemistry test to all of the students.

try 1: She calculated the average scores of the men, and of the women. Are the averages the same?

try 2: Most of the scores clustered around 70%. How many of the men scored below 70%? Is that the same as the number of women [who scored below 70%]? How about the scores of men vs women above 70%?

try 3: There were 5 questions, therefore 6 possible scores. Natasha made a table with 6 columns, for each possible score. On the top row, she wrote numbers for how many men got each score. In the second row, how many women got that score. Do the two rows have the same numbers at the same places?

those 3 tries are me trying to understand what Null Hypothesis is all about. Pick one that's educational and adapt it. Then, make another example, again concrete, but a pretty different situation, where there's still a null hypothesis. Then, the reader can make the connection, what's similar about Null Hypothesis in two different situations.

Amber breeds cats, she has 17 cats. They all descended from a pair of Siamese cats, years ago. She's worried that one or more might have rabies, but she's also heard that Siamese cats can't get rabies. She brings them to the vet to be tested. Her null hypothesis is that none of them have rabies. [yeah i still don't know what that means]. But, if they all have rabies, that's a Worst Case hypothesis. Or, if just one of them has rabies, that's an Abelian Hypothesis. If half of them have rabies, that's a Cartesian Hypothesis. [i'm really making this up.]

See what I'm talking about? You can see and touch a cat, or a person named Amber or Natasha. Or a table on a piece of paper. Everybody's taken a chemistry test. Rabies is a disease that maybe cats have, that everybody's heard of - better than saying 'some disease'. 70% is a plausible score that a student could have. People know what a vet is, many have brought their pets there. Stick to concrete objects in your examples.

And, now you can step back and see how I've educated you: instead of waving my hands around, describing the general properties of an example, I nailed down specifics, I wrote you two concrete examples of examples (as best i could). If I hadn't, you'd still be writing hazy, abstract examples. And, I plugged in real concrete concepts in the examples of examples I wrote, to show you how it's done. Then, after those examples of examples, I wrote a paragraph (just above) that described the abstractions that you can remember the next time you have to write an example in a really different situation: concrete (which is an abstract word), objects (way abstract), person (there's 8 billion of them, I picked out two), Everybody, People.

Now, somebody who understands null hypotheses needs to make concrete examples that actually illustrate the concepts instead of me feeling around in the dark. OsamaBinLogin (talk) 10:02, 11 December 2021 (UTC)
 * OsamaBinLogin, I'm not used to Wikipedia articles where a whole section on examples is a thing. Are you satisfied with the examples currently in the article? GBFEE (talk) 20:48, 15 January 2022 (UTC)

Why "null"?
I think the article should explain in the definition section why the null hypothesis is called "null". There is virtually an unlimited number of "hypotheses" that will correspond to the definition currently provided by the article, while, generally in the context of a specific experiment, the null hypothesis will correspond quite naturally to a well defined situation. For example, if the experiment is to test the efficacy of some clinical intervention, the null hypothesis will normally correspond to absence of efficacy (no difference between treatment group and control group). If the experiment is to see the effect of exposure to a risk factor, the null hypothesis will usually correspond to the "no effect" situation (disease occurence is equally likely in exposed and non-exposed populations), etc. In general, the null hypothesis tend to represent, basically, the statu quo situation. This should be said up-front in the definition. --Dessources (talk) 20:02, 16 July 2009 (UTC)
 * But null hypotheses are not always used "in the context of a specific experiment". In fact in real-world statistical analyses they are almost never "in the context of a specific experiment". If look at Cox's list of reasons why a hypothesis test might be done (in hypothesis testing article I think), only 1 out of 6 reasons is directly equivalent to this sort of experiment to test a difference ... but all of them have a null hypothesis of some sort. Melcombe (talk)
 * I mentioned experiment as an example of an instance of the use of the statistical concept. Experiments are an important application of statistical concepts, in particular in the biomedical field. The current definition is defective in the sense that it does not provide the full meaning of the term "null hypothesis" - it lacks specificity. There are clear situations where no one would hesitate in choosing which situation corresponds to the null hypothesis, and which corresponds to the alternative hypothesis. When assessing the efficacy of a new treatment, clearly the null hypothesis states that the teratment makes no difference, and rejecting it supports the alternative hypothesis that the new treatment is efficacious (or deleterious). Opting for a null hypothesis stating that the new treatment is efficacious or deleterious and an alternative hypothesis stating that the treatment has no effect, would surely be confusing and would be an inappropriate use of the concept of null hypothesis. And yet, the definition, as it is currently stated, would not rule out such possibility. There is a semantic element missing in the definition. Furthermore, this definition is a bit convoluted, and does not correspond to standard usage. Most definitions available on the Web seem to do a better job. Perhaps going back to an authoritative and reliable source might help finding a wording that is both simpler and more specific that the current definition.
 * --Dessources (talk) 18:56, 17 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I think the "semantic reason" for the term you are trying to impute here is not connected to the reason Fisher used the term null hypothesis, so some care would be needed. Melcombe (talk) 13:01, 9 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Neymann and Pearson pointed out the decision could be framed as whether to reject an hypothesis or not. One can reject or seriously doubt an hypothesis if there is significant evidence to the contrary but there is still some doubt as to its truthfulness if a statistic passes a given test. The word null appears to be used in the sense of nought. Is this how the use of null came about? Does null simply mean that there is no statistical ground for rejecting the hypothesis? --Jbergquist (talk) 02:03, 5 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Fry notes in Probability and Its Engineering Uses that it is often easier to disprove something than to verify it, "It is customary in statistical practice to call that one of a pair of alternative hypotheses which can most readily be proved false the null hypothesis." So the null hypothesis is the one that can be most easily nullified. --Jbergquist (talk) 06:12, 5 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Fisher states in The Design of Experiments (1935), "In relation to any experiment we may speak of this hypothesis as the 'null hypothesis,' and it should be noted that the null hypothesis is never proved or established, but is possibly disproved, in the course of experimentation." --Jbergquist (talk) 11:12, 6 July 2019 (UTC)
 * The discussion of the null hypothesis is vague in the sense that there is not clear statement of what the null hypothesis, H₀, actually is. Is it the assumption of the absolute truth of a conjecture? Hypothesis testing does not deal with absolutes but rather hypotheticals. When one initially considers a supposition that one needs to weigh against the evidence and before reaching a decision one is in a state of suspense. The supposition is neither proved nor disproved. Because of type I and type II errors the decisions of statistical testing are never exact. Can we take something as true when there is no evidence to the contrary or it is unchallenged? How do we know we are not entertaining fantasies? How much evidence does one need for or against before an hypothesis becomes firmly established as a law? --Jbergquist (talk) 00:16, 9 July 2019 (UTC)

Coin example hypothesis selection
This example is basically saying that with the 5 heads test data it is possible to conclude that "coin is biased (towards heads)", as presumably shown with first selection of null hypothesis, but you can not conclude that "coin is fair", as presumably shown in the second null hypothesis!? But if you are able so conclude that "coin is biased (to any direction)" then you surely can conclude that "coin is not fair". So the selection of first hypothesis is actually the correct idea as it can conclude what we want to conclude, and the second can not. Or am I missing something? Yebbey (talk) 18:29, 1 March 2010 (UTC)

The point I suppose is that you are not allowed to choose the null hypothesis after seeing the data. The type of hypothesis testing is designed to reject a true null hypothesis at most 5% of the time. You were asked to check if the coin was fair, with no indication of which way it might be biased. 5 heads and 5 tails are equally unlikely outcomes. If you were to make a conclusion that the coin was biased with both these outcomes, you would be concluding that the coin was biased more then 5% of the time, even with an unbiased coin. This is not allowed. On the other hand, if you had prior information that the coin was biased towards heads, and made this your alternative hypothesis before looking at the data, you can make a conclusion. Of course, 5 flips is way to few. In practice, you would do many more. Perhaps the example should be changed, but that requires working out the correct probabilities for (say) 100 flips. —Preceding unsigned comment added by PeterWT (talk • contribs) 16:36, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

I'm admittedly not an expert on the null hypothesis, but the logic used in the introduction paragraph is certainly wrong. Say your null hypothesis is, "The coin is not biased," and you decide to flip the coin 1000 times. The probability of the coin coming up heads exactly 500 times is 2.52% -- and this is the most probable outcome, so the probability of the coin coming up heads any given number of times is even less. Therefore, no matter how many times your coin comes up heads, you can conclude by the logic of the current introduction, that the null hypothesis is false. You'll find that your coin is biased no matter what, even if it comes up heads exactly 500 times! Msuperdock (talk) 19:01, 23 June 2010 (UTC)

This is a bit late, and I'm not sure if the issue of logic you're addressing is fixed, but this is the purpose of the chi-squared test. Basically, if you get 501 and 499 (for example), you can calculate the probability of your observed result still being due to chance (that is, the probability of the null hypothesis being true) - and that probability will be fairly high. If you go to, say, 510 and 490, the probability of it being due to chance will still be fairly high, but less than for 501 and 499. Generally, we don't reject the null hypothesis until the probability of the data being a random occurrence has dropped below 5% (that is, we have 95% confidence in our results). If it's something very important, we'll wait until 99% confidence or even higher. Arc de Ciel (talk) 00:37, 12 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Let me explain: a) one can never speak of  the probability of the null hypothesis being true. It's true or it's false. b) The decision is not based on the probability of occurrence of the observed outcome under the null hypothesis. Let's look at the coin example. If in 1000 tosses only heads are observed, or only tails, we would reject the null hypothesis. These values certainly will belong to the critical region. When we observe 999 times heads, or 999 times tails, we will also reject H0. So these values also belong to the critical region. The same with 998 and 2 times heads. We continue this way until we arrive at N or 1000-N times heads, where N is determined by the following: The total probability of all the values in the critical region should not exceed the predetermined level of significance. Nijdam (talk) 23:17, 12 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Apologies - I should have said, the probability of being incorrect if we were to reject the null hypothesis based on that data (that is, of thinking that we have a significant result when we do not). Or equivalently, I suppose, that if we had to use the current data to make predictions we should assume "as if" the null hypothesis were true. That being said, the null hypothesis is indeed true or false, but we do not know this and can only ever reach the point where we have very high confidence, depending on how much data we have gathered.
 * I'm pretty sure your statement b is incorrect though. A result where p = 0.05 means that there is a 5% probability that we would observe that result (i.e. a result that deviates at least that far from the expected value) if the null hypothesis were true, does it not? That is, the integral over the areas of the probability distribution at least that far from the expected value is 0.05. Arc de Ciel (talk) 11:10, 12 March 2012 (UTC)

Strangely enough you got it and you don't. Speaking of an integral with this example is impossible, that's why I mentioned the total probability, being the sum. And you say: ... observe that result ..., and there lies the problem in what you say. perhaps you mean to say the right thing but you don't, as you seem to indicate by the extension between brackets. Nijdam (talk) 14:46, 12 March 2012 (UTC)

Yes, I am speaking in the abstract, so "that result" is not meant to specifically refer to any particular result. I spoke of an integral because the probability distribution is well-approximated by a continuous curve. Arc de Ciel (talk) 04:00, 13 March 2012 (UTC)

Copy-edits
Made a bunch of changes. Hope you like them. Lfstevens (talk) 21:21, 7 June 2010 (UTC)

Jump in readership
went from a steady 1 to 3k traffic, to 143k today, thanks to this XKCD cartoon.Mercurywoodrose (talk) 17:20, 30 April 2011 (UTC)

Needs mention & definition of "point null hypothesis"
I'm browsing through several academic papers on mathematical statistics & seeing mention of the concept "point null hypothesis". E.g. in the 2003 Hubbard & Bayarri article "P-values are not error probabilities" [sorry, no link], the authors state:

"In Neyman–Pearson theory, therefore, the researcher chooses a (usually) point null hypothesis and tests it against the alternative hypothesis."

I'm guessing that a typical point null hypothesis would be something like : 'mean of sample' = 'expected population mean'. Or in words : "the chosen statistical estimator (sample mean) is equal to some given single stated value. The 'point' is the single, exact stated numeric value, as opposed to a range of values."

Is this correct? Could someone knowledgeable please comment and/or edit the article..?

Brad (talk) 01:18, 22 June 2011 (UTC)

 * It is not really correct. See the existing section "Directionality" for an outline of why a real-world null hypothesis is often reducible to a simple "point" null hypothesis. Melcombe (talk) 08:16, 22 June 2011 (UTC)

 * OK, thanks Melcombe for your comment & reference. Please note though, you've still left the phrase "point null hypothesis" formally undefined ;)

 * Of course, when I wrote "not really correct", that was refering to your quote about researchers starting from a point null hypothesis. I have added some new stuff in a terminology section that is an attempt to define some of the terminology, but this risks the article becomong long and overly formal and, if that happens, the would be a need to consider merging the article into statistical hypothesis testing. Melcombe (talk) 13:57, 23 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Melcombe, thanks for adding the Terminology section. This is good progress, IMHO :) I disagree however that it risks making the article "long & overly formal". Clear definitions are always appreciated by newcomers to a topic. I would actually ask that you or someone else please add an example of each type of NH to the new section..? Thanks again! Brad (talk) 23:17, 3 July 2011 (UTC)

Composite and/or compound
i come across the terms composite and also compound for a hypothesis that allows for more than one distribution. Is there a preference, or are both common terms? Nijdam (talk) 20:48, 15 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Are you confusing composite hypotheses with compound distributions? By "more than one distribution" do you mean "more than one family of distributions" ... a composite hypothesis includes "more than one distribution" in the sense of "more than one distribution having different parameter values within the same family of distributions". I have not seen "compound hypothesis" ... it is none of my 3 stats dictionaries.  Melcombe (talk) 12:34, 17 October 2011 (UTC)

Look on the internet; even some reputable statistical articles use the term "compound". Nijdam (talk) 18:55, 17 October 2011 (UTC)
 * A coarse and simple tool that will often allow you to determine the relative usage of a term is at . Formerly it gave the numbers of each usage; now it only indicates the "victor" in the "battle" (and, for a more detailed word count you would need to go to Google itself for each of the two terms). The observation that "even some reputable statistical articles use the term "compound"" is irrelevant, and producing that fact as evidence is a flawed argument; just because some people call koalas "bears", does not change the fact that they are marsupials. Also, the general term for the incorrect usage of a word or expression is catachresis; and it certainly seems that any individual applying the term compound hypothesis is using the expression catachrestically.Lindsay658 (talk) 21:37, 17 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Fine with me, I just asked. Nijdam (talk) 22:40, 18 October 2011 (UTC)

Causality violation?
The article currently states:
 * However, formulating the null hypothesis before collecting data rejects a true null hypothesis only a small percent of the time.

Surely, if taken literally, this violates causality: the collected data cannot be affected by when the formulation was made. Perhaps this should be reworded: You should think about what the hell you're doing before you start taking data? linas (talk) 21:26, 10 April 2012 (UTC)

 * I have rephrased this. I guess the point being attempted was related to Testing hypotheses suggested by the data and I have now linked this in. Melcombe (talk) 09:20, 13 April 2012 (UTC)

Please clarify re. "very unlikely"
In the "Principle" section, the following sentence is confusing to the statistical layman: "If the data-set is very unlikely, defined as belonging to a set of data that only rarely will be observed (usually in less than either 5% of the time or 1% of the time), the experimenter rejects the null hypothesis concluding it (probably) is false."

What does this mean? Here is my best guess, based on the prose around the sentence in question. If my null hypothesis is true, then I expect certain observations to be rare, and appear 1% to 5% of the time. If I get a dataset in which these rarely-expected results are common, then that rejects the null hypothisis.

Is that correct? If so, what is the definition of "common"? If I expect rare events 1% to 5% of the time, what percentage of rare events do I need for a data-set to be "very unlikely"?

I don't consider myself sufficiently expert to edit this page. I do feel qualified enough to point out when the prose is confusing to those of us who are not expert statisticians. I'd like to ask if those with the proper expertise might consider rewriting or expanding the sentence quoted above. I think the topic is important, and worthy of prose that the lay person can understand.

Thanks! Coachjpg (talk) 13:02, 8 May 2012 (UTC)

 * No, not quite correct. It is not the observations (meaning individual observations) that need to be rare, but the overall set of observations (taken all together) that needs to be rare. In practice this concept is simplified in that the overall set of observations is reduced to the observed value of a test statistic and it is the rareness of occurence of more extreme values of the test statistic that is ued to judge rareness. Inherent in the definition of the particular test statistic used is a particular way of defining the particular type of divergence from the null hypothesis that is being looked for. The "rareness" needs to be considered as a whole for the whole collection of observations ... what proportion of new sets of observations would produce more extreme vlaues of the test statistic. Melcombe (talk) 15:45, 8 May 2012 (UTC)

 * I have attempted a rephrasing of the paragraph. Is it any better? Much more detail is/should be found in statistical hypothesis testing, and the text in the present article needs to be limited so as not to duplicate too much material. Melcombe (talk) 16:15, 8 May 2012 (UTC)

James Alcock on the null hypothesis
I'm going to insert a section discussing the null hypothesis and parapsychology from psychologist James Alcock (whose page I'm rewriting). I think his paper clearly clarifies what the null hypothesis is which will help readers better understand this oncept. http://www.imprint.co.uk/pdf/Alcock-editorial.pdf Sgerbic (talk) 15:19, 9 June 2012 (UTC)

Point hypothesis
I'm not sure whether the term "point hypothesis" is a regular notion in statistics. At least is the description in the article not very clear. Nijdam (talk) 10:21, 12 June 2012 (UTC)

Stats on wikip
The first sentence in this doesn't follow most other wiki arts on things, in that it is hard to see what it gets at! It should explain it in far easier terms too. Stats on wiki is pretty hard to get comapred to most subjects! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.43.182.225 (talk) 13:20, 5 December 2012 (UTC)

Marked article for much needed editing
There is not enough citation in this article, and some of the citations do not come from academic sources. I am particularly concerned about the lead remark that "there is no relationship between two measured phenomena." Additionally, the lead makes it sound like the null hypothesis is central to scientific research, when in fact, it has been criticized.

The introduction has a few remarks that appear more like opinion, that is unjustified from academic literature in statistics.

Moving further into the article there is a lack of citation. Thelema418 (talk) 07:59, 10 December 2013 (UTC)

Criminal trial analogy
"This is analogous to a criminal trial, in which the defendant is assumed to be innocent (null is not rejected) until proven guilty (null is rejected) beyond a reasonable doubt (to a statistically significant degree)."

Can someone with legal expertise confirm whether 'beyond reasonable doubt' is analogous to 'to a statistically significant degree'. My layman's understanding is that any evidence which contradicts proof of guilt means a verdict of not guilty must be returned? So statistical significance is certainly applied (as in genetic fingerprinting for example) but the overall burden of proof requires more (I would hope so anyway). Btljs (talk) 11:34, 24 November 2016 (UTC)

 * One of the mistakes in that is that law does never decide innocents, it will only decide if someone is guilty, or not guilty for the accusations. That is why in court you need to decide the exact accusations you are going to make, as one can't go use "He must be guilty for something, as no one is innocent" and hence as you can't be sued twice for the same crime, you need to be sure that you pick the ones that you can provide evidence. That is why "....is assumed to be innocent...." is totally false, as it is suppose to be ".....is assumed not guilty until proven guilty....". Everyone questioning that, should watch the movie "Twelve Angry Man" to understand the "reasonable doubt" scenario in a good way. You can have a very heavy evidences about something, but as you pile all up, you might come up a scenario where each individual evidence shows together a pattern that there is a reasonable doubt. Why you never want to go for the court with a huge list of claims because they can together stack up to be reasonable doubt it is all false. Providing just one claim and evidence for that can be far stronger case than making multiple claims with multiple evidences as it is more difficult to challenge one strong case than multiple ones. 91.156.175.137 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 08:22, 24 September 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 12:53, 1 September 2018 (UTC)
 * R. A. Fischer.jpg

Sentence does not make sense:
“that” is being used as a conjunction however there is no verb in the following subordinate clause: that a quantity of interest being larger or equal to zero AND smaller or equal to zero. Bscip (talk) 15:05, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

Move to Null hypothesis?
Null hypothesis has way more articles linking to it than Exclusion of the null hypothesis. Also, the word "exclusion" is only used 1 time in this article. Any objections to moving? – Novem Linguae (talk) 10:55, 4 August 2021 (UTC)

"How the strange idea of ‘statistical significance’ was born" - it's a critique
. Doug Weller talk 13:37, 23 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Null hypothesis


text:
The Augments

"The Augments" is the sixth episode of the fourth season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: Enterprise, the eighty-second episode overall. It is the last of a three-story episode arc, preceded by "Borderland", and "Cold Station 12". "The Augments" was directed by LeVar Burton, from a script by Michael Sussman. The series follows the adventures of the first Starfleet starship Enterprise, registration NX-01. In this episode, "Augments", genetically enhanced humans, and Doctor Arik Soong, their surrogate father, escape Cold Station 12 after stealing frozen Augment embryos from storage. Soong plans to hide out with the Augments and raise the embryos, but Malik, their leader, is tired of hiding and attempts to instigate a war between Starfleet and the Klingons.

The production of the episode reunites fellow Star Trek: The Next Generation alumni Burton as the director and Brent Spiner as Arik Soong. On The Next Generation, Burton previously played Geordi La Forge, while Spiner played Data. Most of the guest cast from the previous two Enterprise episodes in the story arc returned for "The Augments"; Mark Rolston makes an appearance as Klingon Captain Magh. The sets were also reused, but a new one was built for the Klingon escape pod used by Soong. UPN first aired "The Augments" on November 12, 2004, where it was watched by 2.1 percent of the U.S. population. It received mixed reviews by critics, who spoke negatively of Malik's character, but praised the performance of Spiner as Soong and the relationship between T'Pol and Tucker.

Plot
At the end of "Cold Station 12", Doctor Arik Soong and the Augments he secretly raised depart the space station, taking with them 1,800 frozen Augment embryos preserved from the time of the Eugenics Wars. Malik also steals pathogen samples from the station and sets the containment fields to fail. In "The Augments", Captain Archer restores stasis around the central compound, and is beamed from space to safety, with the Enterprise in pursuit of Soong, Malik, and the Augments on their stolen Bird of Prey. Soong and the Augments arrive in Klingon space where he shares his plan: Soong intends to hide out in a region (the Briar Patch) where Starfleet would have trouble tracking them down. Malik objects to Soong's plan, noting that Khan Noonien Singh also ran away on the SS Botany Bay.

In pursuit of the Augments, Enterprise arrives in Klingon space having faked a Klingon warp signature. Soong releases a hostage on a Denobulan shuttle into a gas giant, forcing the Enterprise to abandon their pursuit and mount a rescue operation. Escaping, Malik proposes a new plan: trigger a war between Starfleet and the Klingons as a distraction by firing a pathogen-filled torpedo at a Klingon colony. He reasons that Starfleet will be too busy fighting the Klingons to hunt down the Augments. Soong will have nothing to do with Malik's genocidal proposal. On the Enterprise, Commander T'Pol asks Commander Tucker about the distance between them after her recent arranged marriage, and he tells her he has come to terms with their new relationship.

Back on the Bird of Prey, Soong works on a way to remove aggressive behavior from the unborn Augment embryos. Malik, concerned by Soong's plan to hide from Starfleet and his tampering with the embryos, leads a mutiny which confines Soong to his quarters. With the help of Persis, Soong leaves the ship in an escape pod. Enterprise, once again in pursuit, detects the pod and brings Soong on board. Heading towards the Klingon colony in high warp in an attempt to stop Malik's plan, the Klingons detect their ship. Enterprise is forced to disable a Klingon cruiser when it tries to board. Malik kills Persis for her betrayal, and continues with his plan to attack the Klingons. Scans of the Qu'vat colony reveal three main population centers; the torpedo is armed with pathogens and prepared for deployment.

The Enterprise arrives late, just after Malik fires the torpedo, but Enterprise destroys it, saving the Klingon colony. Soong helps disable the Klingon ship, hoping to save some of the Augments. However, Malik scuttles the Klingon ship, killing the remaining Augments and the embryos, and transports himself onto Enterprise in an attempt to kill Soong in revenge, but Archer manages to kill Malik first. The Klingons call off their retaliation against Earth, and Soong returns to the Starfleet Detention Center. In custody, he begins to doubt the feasibility of genetically engineering humans and wonders if perfecting artificial life has better prospects for the future.

Production
"The Augments" is the final episode in a three-part story which began with "Borderland" and continued in "Cold Station 12". The return of genetically enhanced humans, as seen in the Star Trek: The Original Series episode "Space Seed" and Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, links Enterprise to The Original Series.

The episode reunites Brent Spiner and LeVar Burton, two Star Trek: The Next Generation alumni. Spiner played the role of the android Data and Burton played chief engineer Geordi La Forge. Spiner appeared in all instalments of the three-story arc, while Burton only directed "The Augments". Burton directed three episodes of Enterprise in the third season. To celebrate their collaboration, as well as acknowledge the crew members who had remained with the franchise since their series, Burton bought lunch on the final day of shooting for everyone on the set. The episode was written by Mike Sussman, his second of the season after "Home".

Shooting began on September 2 and lasted for seven days, with the production taking time off for Labor Day. The majority of the sets on the episode were created for "Borderland" or "Cold Station 12". The scene depicting a Klingon escape pod required the construction of a new set. Spiner, as well as several other guest stars, resumed their roles from earlier in the story arc, including Alec Newman as Malik, Richard Riehle as Doctor Jeremy Lucas, Abby Brammell as Persis and Adam Grimes as Lokesh. Joining them was Mark Rolston as the Klingon Captain Magh; Rolston previously appeared in The Next Generation as Walter Pierce in the episode "Eye of the Beholder", and also played Kuroda in the Enterprise episode "Canamar".

Reception
UPN first broadcast "The Augments" on November 12, 2004. According to overnight Nielsen ratings, 2.1 percent of the population of the United States and four percent of those watching television at the time viewed the episode. "The Augments" received the same ratings as the previous episode, "Cold Station 12". However, it moved up to fourth place in the 8 p.m. timeslot, narrowly beating What I Like About You and Grounded for Life on The WB.

IGN gave the episode 3.5 out of five, and wrote: "The Augments doesn't deliver as strongly as I'd have hoped, it is still an engaging hour of television that clearly shows Enterprise is going in a new direction." Michelle Erica Green of TrekNation, said that Malik had become a "cardboard villain" by the time of "The Augments", but she did not blame Alec Newman for this. She also criticised the use of Persis' death by Malik, saying that he defined her "even in death as a commodity for his use". Green praised the relationship between T'Pol and Tucker and the characterisation of Soong, noting that Spiner's performance was the best of the three-episode arc.

Writing for Jammer's Reviews, Jamahl Epsicokhan gave the episode a rating of two out of four. He criticised Malik, noting that the "crux of the story is reduced to an unremarkable three-character power struggle that is supposed to be a microcosm for the trouble that comes with genetically engineered super-humans, but comes across instead as overly bland and tidy drama." Spiner "delivers a good performance under the circumstances", notes Epsicokhan, as his character has to believe that Malik will not overthrow his leadership of the Augments. Summing up the episode, Epsicokhan writes:

"Perhaps this story was simply content to show absolute power corrupting absolutely. Unfortunately, aside from Persis, none of the Augments stop to think about what they're doing or why, and the story of Malik is content to blandly repeat the story of Khan, but without the crucial personal motivator of revenge. I think the writers owed the material more than this."

In a review for Big Shiny Robot, Andy Wilson said that the story represented the "personal journey" of Arik Soong from genetic engineering to cybernetics. Screen Rant praised casting Brent Spiner as the character Arik Soong.

The Hollywood Reporter interviewed various cast and production crew of the Star Trek franchise to determine the "100 Greatest Episodes" from across the five series, ranking "Borderland"/"Cold Station 12"/"The Augments" as the 96th best episode of all time. Den of Geek writer James Hunt ranked the mini-arc as the sixth best story of Enterprise.

Home media release
A home media release of "The Augments" was originally released in the United States on November 1, 2005, as part of the season four DVD box set of Enterprise. The Blu-ray edition was released on April 1, 2014.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Augments


text:
Talk:Adrian Carton de Wiart

Consistency with Memoirs
I'm currently reading Happy Odyssey and finding a few inconsistencies between that and this article. Anyone object if I make a few changes to bring the article into line with de Wiart's own writings? 66.134.170.155 (talk) 17:07, 20 September 2011 (UTC)

The article needs some clean up, section wise, and making sure it has a Neutral Point of View. -- AllyUnion (talk) 00:34, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Colloquial
The language here is much too colloquial, needs to be rewritten in a more neutral, professional manner. MKV 20:16, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

Please give me an example of colloquial language in this article. Polycarp

 * "This was well before the time of political correctness."
 * "He was put on the shelf."

 * I think the writer makes the misstep (easy in this case) of liking the subject too much and straying from NPOV. Cranston Lamont 21:01, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

 * While an intresting read the language appears to not have been improved upon. For examples:
 * "He invariably went to the Sir Douglas Shield's Nursing Home, 17 Park Lane, to recuperate, and became a regular customer"
 * "Then he went back to Poland and many more front line adventures"

 * The article appears to go off topic sometimes and give unneeded/too much information on other matters:
 * "During World War I, Carton De Wiart received the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. It is infrequently awarded and, perhaps, the most highly esteemed medal for bravery in the English-speaking world. He was 36 years old, and a lieutenant-colonel in the 4th Dragoon Guards (Royal Irish), British Army, attached to the Gloucestershire Regiment, commanding the 8th Battalion, when the following events took place for which he was awarded the VC:"
 * "His last Polish aide de camp was Prince Karol Radziwiłł, who inherited a gigantic 500,000 acre (2,000 km²) estate in eastern Poland when the Communists killed his uncle. They became friends and Carton de Wiart was given the use of a large estate called Prostyń, in the Pripet Marshes, an enormous wetland area larger than Ireland and famous for waterfowl. Since borders have changed, it is now where Belarus and Ukraine come together. De Wiart's home was a converted hunting lodge on an island, only a few miles from the Soviet border.""

 * Dont get me wrong, i like the article but the language needs to be tightend up a bit and the main text not get so sidetracked.--EnigmaMcmxc (talk) 15:30, 29 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree that this article is a little too subjectively admiring of Carton de Wiart. He is clearly an easy man to like. Cranston Lamont (talk) 06:52, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I have tried to remove most of the fawning comments about how likable he was. Dormskirk (talk) 21:43, 6 November 2011 (UTC)

Portrait
I think this article needs a portrait of the person discussed. I would upload and edit it myself if I only knew how.
 * Goto Special:Upload, and then reference your image as [[Image:filename.ext]]] --Gabriel Millerd (talk) 17:22, 31 December 2007 (UTC)
 * here are quite a few http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?LinkID=mp01288 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gmillerd (talk • contribs) 17:25, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

What did he command?
"De Wiart was in the thick of the fighting on the Western Front, commanding successively a brigade and three infantry battalions." But a bridage IS three infantry battalions. Should it be the other way round? ie. He was battalion commander of three different battalions and then was promoted to CO of a brigade? --Affentitten 06:15, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

Quotes and references
As I've indicated, we really need page numbers as well as the book for each of the direct quotes. Also the catalogue reference given for the quote via Max Hastings, FO 371/F6140/34/10, is not a valid reference in The National Archives' online catalogue. I've linked it to FO 371/34 as that appears plausible (unfortunately the dates for all the files in this series are given as 1906), the F6140/10 could well be a folio and page number. David Underdown (talk) 13:54, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

Copy-editing and references
This really needs cleaning up - the prose is still very informal and fawning, and the article is mostly unreferenced. To me, it doesn't read like an encyclopedia article. If I have time I'll try to put some time into it, but probably won't be able to research sources. Any help would be appreciated. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 149.254.226.57 (talk) 04:20, 2 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Removed the segment "A man's man, he was more drawn to the outdoors type of person." from his biography, as it was subjective, unscientific and because the latter part was not a correct sentence and the content had already been covered earlier in the biography, when discussing his taste for hunting, outdoor sports and sailing. Arnkell (talk) 09:43, 20 June 2011 (UTC)

 * I have tried to remove most of the colloquialisms. Dormskirk (talk) 21:43, 6 November 2011 (UTC)

 * And nine years later, I have also significantly improved the referencing. Dormskirk (talk) 15:09, 30 June 2020 (UTC)

The Daily Dot: This is the most interesting man on Wikipedia
On July 10, 2013, Aja Romano of The Daily Dot linked to Adrian Carton de Wiart in an article titled "This is the most interesting man on Wikipedia". Based on the traffic spike from a normal of under 500/day to over 30K/day, I'm going to add high-traffic shortly. davidwr/ (talk)/(contribs)/(e-mail)  21:52, 11 July 2013 (UTC)
 * That's not the only one: - check back here for more! -- ke4roh (talk) 02:22, 12 July 2013 (UTC)

Best Opening Paragraph Ever
Congratulations to the people who wrote it. Spoonkymonkey (talk) 14:26, 12 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Really! This is how lede should look like! Bravo! -- WhiteWriterspeaks 15:22, 12 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Jesus, what a person! -- WhiteWriterspeaks 15:34, 12 July 2013 (UTC)
 * takes a bow* Thank you, thank you very much. You're a wonderful audience.  --*Kat* (talk) 04:02, 14 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Actually I really can't take the credit. The best part of the paragraph was written by someone on reddit.  I just copied and pasted what he wrote here. --*Kat* (talk)

Found possible vandalism
was shot in the face, head, stomach, ankle, leg, hip and ear, survived a plane crash, tunneled out of a POW camp, received a trunk job, and bit off his own fingers when a doctor refused to amputate them. What is a "trunk job"? I can't find it in the source, so I'm assuming someone pulled a coding trick.Mzmadmike (talk) 16:38, 12 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Looks like it's been fixed. --RA ( ✍ ) 20:59, 12 July 2013 (UTC)

Linked from Fark
This page has been linked from Fark. I've noted it at the top.--Ray Chason (talk) 22:11, 12 July 2013 (UTC)

The Norwegian campaign
The phrase «Carton de Wiart managed to move his forces over the mountains», regarding the move from Namsos to Trondheim should be improved. Namdalseid is the high-point on the journey from Namsos to Trondheim, at 100m above sea level. You are moving through the floor of the Namdalen valley, which can not be phrased «over the mountains». Grstein (talk) 08:38, 13 July 2013 (UTC)

Let's turn this into a feature article
We got enough people here to do it....so let's do it.

I'm game. the one  sean  01:57, 15 July 2013 (UTC)

 * A worldwide interest is building up for this page / individual. The visits to the page have sky rocketed from virtually nothing to average 40-50,000 a day just this week: See http://stats.grok.se/en/latest/Adrian_Carton_de_Wiart But a huge revamp is in order. Three quarters of all citations are from London Gazette on various dates. References should be more varied and from a number of other good sources. I couldn't help but notice too many one-line and two-line paragraphs in various sections. Clearly this page needs a huge clean-up. werldwayd (talk) 10:16, 16 July 2013 (UTC) werldwayd (talk) 10:22, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

 * One of the obvious (to me) omissions is that neither his mother nor his stepmother are named. BrainyBabe (talk) 16:09, 17 July 2013 (UTC)

I will, with your help, create a table comparing FA criteria to this article. Next few days, stay tuned. the one  sean  17:28, 31 July 2013 (UTC)

http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-30685433

Daily Mail coverage
Just a nudge that this page made it to one of the most read newspapers online:.

Brace yourselves ;) Paulbrock (talk) 09:10, 18 July 2013 (UTC)

The unimportant French ship
"a French and a British destroyer, HMS Afridi" - Why is it that only British ship had a name? --Oop (talk) 06:35, 19 July 2013 (UTC)

Wikipedia Conflict
In this article the sentence: 'The grave site is just outside the actual graveyard wall on the grounds of his own home Aghinagh House.' This does not accord with the Aghinagh House article which states: 'Sir Adrian is buried in the grounds of the church adjacent to Aghinagh House.' This should be corrected by people who know more about the subject's history than I do. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.57.212.213 (talk) 23:29, 13 August 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Adrian Carton de Wiart


text:
Drikung Kagyu

Drikung Kagyü or Drigung Kagyü (Wylie: ' bri-gung bka'-brgyud) is one of the eight "minor" lineages of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism. "Major" here refers to those Kagyü lineages founded by the immediate disciples of Gampopa (1079-1153), while "minor" refers to all the lineages founded by disciples of Gampopa's main disciple, Phagmo Drupa (1110-1170). One of these disciples, Jigten Sumgön (1143-1217), is the founder of Drikung.

History
Like with all other Kagyu lineages, origins of Drikung Kagyü can be traced back to the Great Indian Master Tilopa who passed on his teachings to Mahasiddha Naropa who lived around 10th and 11th century. The founder of the Drikung Kagyü lineage was Jigten Sumgön (1143-1217) of the Kyura clan, who was the disciple of Phagmo Drupa. According to historical account from the time, Jigten Sumgön's teachings attracted more than 100,000 people at a time, with the highest number of attendance recorded at 130,000.

Several sub-schools branched off from the Drikung Kagyü including the Lhapa or Lhanangpa Kagyü, founded by Nö Lhanangpa (, 1164–1224) who came to Bhutan in 1194. This school was at one time important in Western Bhutan, particularly in the Thimphu and Paro regions, where they were rivals of the Drukpa Kagyü. The Lhapa first came into conflict with the early Drukpa teacher, Phajo Drugom Zhigpo (b. 12th century) and finally with Ngawang Namgyal (1594–1651). In 1640 the remaining followers of the Lhapa Kagyü were expelled from Bhutan together with the Nenyingpa followers as both had sided with the attacking Tsangpa forces against the Drukpa during their three invasions of Bhutan and continued to refuse to acknowledge the authority of the Shabdrung.

Teaching and practice
The unique doctrines of Drikung Kagyü as taught by its founder, Jigten Sumgön is preserved in the "Single Intention" or "One Thought" (Gongchig, Wylie: dgongs gcig) and "The Essence of Mahāyāna Teachings" (Wylie: theg chen bstan pa'i snying po). According to Jampa MacKenzie Stewart, the Gonchik "recasts Buddhism in a fascinating and innovative form, emphasizing each aspect as being capable of revealing the full process of enlightenment."

The main practices of Drikung Kagyü are “The Five-fold Profound Path of Mahamudrā,” and “The Six Dharmas of Nāropa.” The five-fold Mahamudrā, also known as the "possessing five", consists of five elements:

 * Setting the motivation, arousing bodhichitta,
 * Deity yoga, generating the Yidam. The main deity in Drikung is Chakrasamvara (in union with consort Vajravarahi), but Milarepa taught this method by using Chenrezig.
 * Guru yoga
 * Mahamudrā meditation (Samatha and Vipasyana)
 * Dedication of merit.

This practice is traditionally cultivated in retreat alongside the Six Dharmas of Naropa, and it is preceded by the preliminary practices called ngondro.

This presentation is outlined in Clarifying the Jewel Rosary of the Profound Five-Fold Path by Kunga Rinchen, the Dharma heir to Jigten Sumgön.

The Drikung Kagyü also have a tradition of Dzogchen teachings, the Yangzab Dzogchen. It is based on termas revealed by the Drikung Tertön (hidden treasure revealer), Rinchen Phuntsog in the sixteenth century.

Phowa
The Drikung lineage is popularly known for its development of the practice of Phowa, in which a practitioner learns how to expel his/her consciousness or mindstream through the posterior fontanelle at the top of the skull at the moment of death. One of the Six Yogas of Naropa, this practice is said to aid the practitioner in remaining aware through the death experience, thus aiding one in attaining enlightenment in the Bardo (the state in between death and the next rebirth) or in achieving a birth conducive to the practice of Dharma.

Monasteries and centers
The first and main Drikung Kagyü monastery is Drikung Thil Monastery, founded in 1179 by Jigten Sumgön approximately 150 kilometers northeast of Lhasa.

Aside from the Drikung Valley in Ü, the Drikung Kagyu has a strong presence in Nangqên County in what was Kham, in western Tibet (including Kailash), and in Ladakh. Tsari and Lapchi - two important sacred sites for all Tibetan Buddhists - also have a strong Drikung Kagyu presence. Among the so-called "four major and eight minor" Kagyu lineages, Drikung Kagyu is one of four Kagyu lineages that continue to exist as independent institutions (the other three being the Karma Kagyu, Drukpa Lineage and Taklung Kagyu).

Outside of Tibet, the headquarters for the tradition in exile is Jangchubling, located in Dhera Dun, in the Indian state of Uttarakhand.

Drikung Kagyu is one of the most prominent lineages in Ladakh where its main monasteries are Phyang and Lamayuru, with roughly 50 other monasteries spread across Ladakh region.

A series of Drikung Dharma centers were also founded in the West, a project begun by Drikung Kyabgon Chetsang Rinpoche in 1978.

Spiritual heads

From the founding of Drikung Thil Monastery in 1179 to the present day, the Drikung Kagyü lineage has been led by a succession of spiritual heads ("throne-holders"). One of the two current heads of the lineage, Drikung Kyabgön Chetsang Rinpoche, Könchok Tenzin Kunzang Thinley Lhundrup (b. 1946), the 37th Drikungpa resides at Drikung Kagyü Institute at Dehra Dun, India. The other head of the Drikung Kagyü Lineage, the 36th Drikungpa, Drikung Kyabgön Chungtsang Rinpoche, Könchok Tenzin Chökyi Nangwa (b. 1942) lives in Lhasa, Tibet.

Female protector
Another unique feature of the Drikung lineage is its female dharmapāla, Achi Chokyi Drolma. The great-grandmother of Jigten Sumgön, she prophesied his birth and vowed to protect those in his lineage. She is unusual in that she is both a female protector and an enlightened bodhisattva that can be taken as an iṣṭadevatā in meditation practice. She is depicted either sitting on a horse or standing with a kapala in her left hand and a mirror in her right hand. Achi's practice became so popular that she has been included in other lineages, such as the Karma Kagyu.

First nun
In 2002 Khenmo Drolma, an American woman, became the first bhikkhuni (a fully ordained Buddhist nun) in the Drikung Kagyü lineage. She is also the first westerner, male or female, to be installed as an abbot in the Drikung Kagyü lineage, having been installed as the abbot of the Vajra Dakini Nunnery (America's first Tibetan Buddhist nunnery, located in Vermont) in 2004.

title: Drikung Kagyu


text:
Daedalus (Star Trek: Enterprise)

"Daedalus" is the tenth episode of the fourth season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: Enterprise. Set in the 22nd century, the series follows the adventures of the first Starfleet starship Enterprise, registration NX-01. In this episode, as the crew of Enterprise help Doctor Emory Erickson (Bill Cobbs) conduct experimental transporter tests, a dangerous anomaly is detected on board.

It was the second script written by Alan Brennert and Ken LaZebnik, and was directed by David Straiton - his second of the season. "Daedalus" was a bottle episode which used only the standing sets. Show runner Manny Coto had sought to create an origin story for the transporter with "Daedalus", but was not pleased with either the script or the completed episode. The episode originally aired on January 14, 2005, on UPN. It received a Nielsen rating of 1.9/3 percent. Critical reception was mixed, but the relationship between Doctor Erickson, his daughter Danica (Leslie Silva) and Captain Archer (Scott Bakula) was received positively due to the character development.

Plot
Old family friends of Captain Archer, Doctor Emory Erickson and his daughter Danica, beam aboard Enterprise to test new sub-quantum transporter technology Erickson has developed. Catching up, Danica confides in Archer that her father has not been himself since the loss of her brother, Quinn, some 15 years ago in an early transporter experiment. After they arrive in "the Barrens" — a sub-space node void of starlight for a hundred light years — in order to test Erickson's new work, a strange anomaly is detected on the ship. Crewman Burrows is sent to investigate but is found dead, having been exposed to high levels of delta radiation.

In the meantime, Commander T'Pol takes time to rediscover herself in the light of recent events: the teachings of Surak held in the Kir'Shara; the death of her mother; the annulment of her marriage; her cure from Pa'nar Syndrome; and her relationship with Commander Tucker. Tucker assists Erickson with the test, but is brushed aside when he seeks to learn more about the technology. Following a successful trial-run, which sets a new record for the longest transport ever conducted, Tucker confides in Archer that many of the upgrades and modifications to the ship's power systems were not necessary for the test.

The "photonic ghost" reappears, and T'Pol manages to visually scan it, revealing that it is Erickson's long-lost son. Archer now realizes that his old family friends have misled him, and are simply using the ship to somehow rescue Quinn from the node. Erickson freely admits the deception, and asks Archer to trust and help him. Despite the deception, he agrees, aggressively ordering a reluctant T'Pol and a dissenting Tucker to comply. Finally, Tucker and Erickson manage to recover Quinn, but he suffers severe cellular degeneration in the process and dies soon after. Erickson, aware of the consequences he may now face, is happy to finally bring him home and put him to rest.

Production
The title of the episode was a direct reference to the namesake in Greek mythology, with Erickson taking the role of Daedalus, while his son relates to Icarus. Of the guest stars, Bill Cobbs had previously appeared in other science fiction genre films and television shows such as Demolition Man and The Outer Limits, while Leslie Silva had appeared as Sarah Forbes in Odyssey 5 — a television series created and produced by the Enterprise season four show runner Manny Coto.

Coto explained that he wanted to create an origin episode for the transporter — taking elements of classic Star Trek such as Zefram Cochrane and "The Ultimate Computer" as inspiration. He was not happy with the either the script or the final episode, describing it as "flawed". He felt that the series worked better as multi-episode arcs rather than as stand alone episodes, and with the exception of "Daedalus" he was proud of Season 4.

"Daedalus" was a bottle show, which used only existing standing sets and a reduced number of special effect shots compared to those earlier in the season. The production suffered a power failure on the final day of filming, which caused a two-hour delay to the filming of interviews for features for the DVD release. The episode was directed by David Straiton; "Daedalus" was his second episode of the season following the second-part of "Storm Front". It was also the second credits for two new writers on the show, Ken LaZebnik and Alan Brennert — the former wrote "Borderland" and Brennert was credited as Michael Bryant for the episode "Cold Station 12".

Reception
"Daedalus" was first broadcast on January 14, 2005, on UPN within the United States. The broadcast received Nielsen ratings share of 1.9/3 percent. This means it was seen by 1.9 percent of all households, and three percent of all those watching television at the time of broadcast. It had an average of three million viewers. The episode received lower ratings than The WB, which aired episodes of What I Like About You and Grounded for Life, and UPN came last of all the major networks.

Michelle Erica Green while writing for TrekNation, felt that "Daedalus" was a remix of a variety of prior Star Trek episodes across a number of series, including "The Ultimate Computer", "Silicon Avatar" and "Jetrel", amongst others. She felt that the relationship between Archer and Danica worked, as did the subplot with Tucker and T'Pol. Jamahl Epsicokhan of the website Jammer's Reviews described the episode as "an overall failed episode", and compared it to the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "The Visitor" - an episode he described as "infinitely better" than "Daedalus". He felt that the final arc of the episode was obvious from the start, but liked how the relationship worked between Archer, Erickson and Danica because of the character development. He gave the episode two out of four stars. IGN gave the episode four out of five, and said it was an example of "how Star Trek can still break new ground after six series and over three decades."

Home media release
The first home media release of "Daedalus" was as part of the season four DVD box set of Enterprise, originally released in the United States on November 1, 2005. The Blu-ray release of the fourth season of Enterprise was on April 1, 2014.

title: Daedalus (Star Trek: Enterprise)


text:
User:Diberri/RD

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title: User:Diberri/RD