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Antiwar.com

Antiwar.com is an American political website founded in 1995 that describes itself as devoted to non-interventionism and as opposing imperialism and war. It has a right-wing libertarian perspective and is a project of the Randolph Bourne Institute. The website states that it is "fighting the next information war”.

Stance
The site's first objective, in its own words, "was to fight against intervention in the Balkans under the Clinton presidency." It says it "applied the same principles to Clinton's campaigns in Haiti and Kosovo and bombings of Sudan and Afghanistan." Antiwar.com opposed the US wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and generally opposes interventionism, including the US bombing of Serbia and the US occupation of Afghanistan. It has also condemned aggressive military action and other forms of belligerence on the part of other governments, as well as what contributors view as the fiscal and civil liberties consequences of war.

Wen Stephenson of The Atlantic described the site in 1999 as marked by "a decidely [sic] right-wing cast of thought." Its founders described themselves as libertarians, and the two principal co-founders were involved in libertarian Republican politics at the time. The Guardian described it in as "libertarian, anti-interventionist" in 2016; James Kirchick in The Washington Post called it a "paleoconservative clearinghouse" in 2018; and Salon.com described in 2021 it as "right-wing".

The site publishes opinion from a range of perspectives, publishing "critiques of American foreign policy from the far left and the far right," according to The New Yorker, and featuring writers such as the paleoconservative isolationist Pat Buchanan, right libertarians such as Ron Paul, and left libertarians such as Noam Chomsky, Juan Cole, and Code Pink co-founder Medea Benjamin.

History
The site was founded in December 1995 by Justin Raimondo and Eric Garris, as a response to the Bosnian war. It is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit foundation, operating under the auspices of the Randolph Bourne Institute, based in Atherton, California. It was previously affiliated with the Center for Libertarian Studies and functioned before that as an independent, ad-supported website.

In 2006, Google suspended it from its AdSense advertising network, which was then the source of a significant portion of its income, due to its hosting of explicit photos of abuses committed by United States troops at the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq, categorised by Google as "gore".

Lawsuit filed against the FBI
In 2011, the site discovered it was being monitored by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. After their Freedom of Information Act request failed to produce results, they worked with the American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California which in May 2013 filed a freedom of the press lawsuit for full FBI records on Antiwar.com, Eric Garris and Justin Raimondo. The documents received in November 2013 indicated that the FBI in San Francisco, and later in Newark, New Jersey, began monitoring the site after Eric Garris passed along to the FBI a threat to hack the Antiwar.com website. The FBI mistakenly took this as an actual threat against its own website and began monitoring Antiwar.com and its editors. Eric Garris demanded the FBI correct its file. In September 2019, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the FBI must delete its memo documenting Garris' First Amendment activities.

In 2013, Eric Garris, Justin Raimondo, and Antiwar.com began a lawsuit against the FBI for incorrectly identifying Garris as a national security "threat," and conducting an investigation into Antiwar.com as a potential threat. The lawsuit was conducted by the American Civil Liberties Union. The lawsuit stated that the FBI had incorrectly claimed that Garris had threatened to hack the FBI website after Garris reported a threat he received against Antiwar.com. The federal court ordered the FBI to amend their files and issue a correction to Garris. In 2017, the court ordered the FBI to give Antiwar.com access to all the records of the investigation without redaction and to pay $300,000 to the ACLU lawyers. Antiwar.com lost the part of the case that claimed violations of the Privacy Act by the FBI. Antiwar.com and the ACLU appealed the Privacy Act claim and the appeal went to the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals. In 2019, the 9th Circuit three-judge panel unanimously ruled against the FBI and order them to expunge all records from the investigation. Civil Liberties groups like the ACLU and the Electronic Frontier Foundation hailed the ruling as a victory for privacy rights of journalists and activists.

Personnel
Notable site personnel have included:
 * Justin Raimondo (1951–2019), founder and editorial director
 * Eric Garris, founder, webmaster, and managing editor
 * Scott Horton (born 1976), assistant editor

Notable contributors
Featured writers include:

 * Praful Bidwai
 * Alan Bock
 * Ivan Eland
 * Philip Giraldi
 * Ran HaCohen
 * David R. Henderson
 * Justin Raimondo
 * Michael Scheuer
 * George Szamuely

The site syndicates columns and op-eds by such authors as:

 * Pat Buchanan
 * Kevin Carson
 * Noam Chomsky
 * Alexander Cockburn
 * Juan Cole
 * Jonathan Cook
 * Reese Erlich
 * Robert Fisk
 * Kathy Kelly
 * Jack Matlock
 * William Lind
 * Ron Paul
 * John Pilger
 * Gareth Porter
 * Charley Reese
 * Paul Craig Roberts
 * Cindy Sheehan
 * Norman Solomon

Antiwar Radio
Antiwar Radio is hosted by Scott Horton and others including Charles Goyette. It features interviews focused on war, international relations, the growth of state power, civil liberties, and related matters. Guests have included:

 * Mark Ames
 * Julian Assange
 * David T. Beito
 * James Bovard
 * Francis Boyle
 * David Bromwich
 * Noam Chomsky
 * Patrick Cockburn
 * Juan Cole
 * Robert Dreyfuss
 * Jeff Frazee
 * Sibel Edmonds
 * Ivan Eland
 * Daniel Ellsberg
 * Philip Giraldi
 * Charles Goyette
 * Glenn Greenwald
 * William Norman Grigg
 * David R. Henderson
 * Nat Hentoff
 * Robert Higgs
 * Scott Horton
 * Dahr Jamail
 * Raed Jarrar
 * Karen Kwiatkowski
 * Jim Lobe
 * Trevor Lyman
 * Eric Margolis
 * Ray McGovern
 * Cole Miller
 * Brandon Neely
 * Robert Pape
 * Ron Paul
 * Gareth Porter
 * Coleen Rowley
 * Kirkpatrick Sale
 * Michael Scheuer
 * Cindy Sheehan
 * Helen Thomas
 * Christina Tobin
 * Jesse Trentadue
 * Jesse Walker
 * Philip Weiss
 * Andy Worthington
 * Kevin Zeese

Antiwar News with Dave DeCamp
Antiwar News with Dave DeCamp, the current news editor of Antiwar.com, shares daily summaries of the top U.S. foreign policy news stories from a non-interventionist perspective. Dave DeCamp was announced as a runner-up awardee of the 2023 Pierre Sprey Award for Defense Reporting and Analysis for delivering "a comprehensive and essential corrective to the tsunami of slanted misinformation that appears each day in our country’s mainstream media".

Reactions
The Washington Post's Linton Weeks described it "a thoughtful, well-organized site" in 1999. Scott McConnell of The American Conservative wrote in 2010 the New York Press that Antiwar.com was "strikingly successful" and "could claim more readers than Rupert Murdoch’s Weekly Standard once the [Balkan] war began." When Raimondo died in 2019, Patrick Buchanan said that "In the three decades since [1991], no man in America worked harder or did more to resist the interventionist impulses of the American establishment and the wars they produced than Justin and his Antiwar website.”

David Bernstein included it in 2012 among "far left anti-Israel sites that have ties to the anti-Semitic far-right or are known for playing footsie with anti-Semitism". Antisemitism scholar David Renton in 2021 gave the website as an example of how "ideas [which] started in the American far right... migrated into British left-wing circles without people having any idea where they began." Anti-fascist researcher Matthew N. Lyons describes the "paleocon-sponsored" website as an example of left-right alliance.

In 2019, researchers from The Open University found that the crowdsourced MyWOT program labeled Antiwar.com as "trustworthy", while the OpenSources evaluator tagged the website as "conspiracy, clickbait and bias".

title: Antiwar.com


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Talk:Championship Auto Racing Teams

Untitled
See also Talk:IndyCar for much more on the same subject.

Characterization of Dale Coyne Racing
"Another team notable for its loyalty was Dale Coyne Racing, one of the world's oldest continually operating open wheel teams." Seriously? Scuderia Ferrari - 1950, McLaren - 1966, Penske Racing - 1968, Tyrell/BAR/Honda/Brawn/Mercedes - 1970, Williams - 1976, Foyt Enterprises - 1979, Toleman/Benetton/Renault/Lotus - 1981, Minardi/Scuderia Toro Rosso - 1985, Then Coyne sets up shop in 1986. Does being the 9th oldest team in a pretty small community really merit mentioning? --SEWalk (talk) 01:16, 7 July 2013 (UTC)

Opening paragraph
This sentence: "However with Champ Car on the rapid rise, it seems that in the very near future it will have no competition whatsoever." is rather silly and belittles other varieties of motorsports of many types. Competition from what? Will CHAMP become so popular that WRC is abandoned from lack of interest? On a wider point, is there even any truth in the statement? I deleted it anyway for now. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 81.156.60.176 (talk) 19:29, 17 March 2007 (UTC).

Article content
I have asked repeatedly that we place AAA, USAC, and CART history under their own categories. It is ridiculous to place this information under the Champ Car heading. Until this is done, I will continue to delete this history out of the Champ Car page on a regular basis.

 * As long as Champ Car recognises this history as their own, we should recognise it as theirs. This history was licensed by CART, and that carried over to Champ Car once the CART assets were purchased. --74.108.100.177 22:33, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

CART, AAA, USAC, CART, and CHAMPcar have not all sanctioned the same series. That is legally incorrect and only your personal opinion. As long as this states that a Champ Car is short for the Champ Car World Series, all that other history is out and should be placed in separate articles for AAA, USAC, and CART.

 * When OWRS purchased the assets of CART, they purchased all history that went along with it. The champ car name was used in the last CART season. AAA, USAC, CART, ChampCar are all considered to have sanctioned the same series. --CorSter 01:04, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Stop listing any history of Champ Car World Series with CART, USAC, or AAA. These series were not sanctioned by Champ Car. CART maybe can be part of the history because it was purchased by Champ Car...but USAC and AAA were not purchased by Champ Car and so their history is not able to be claimed.

 * I believe that there was some sort of legal decision that allowed Champ Car (the company formed in 2004 that runs the current Champ Car World Series) the rights to use all the AAA and USAC history.  I have seen several Champ Car races (2004+) that include AAA and USAC era footage in television broadcasts.  If you look on the Champ Car website, history of AAA and USAC championships are included.  I'm not sure if CART had these rights but it appears the new Champ Car does.  So, legally, Champ Car IS the descendent of CART, USAC and AAA. --RA64 18:36, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

I don't understand why the list of AAA and USAC champions was removed from the article. The person who removed them said it was because "CART did not sanction those titles", yet this article seems to be about Champ Car racing, and not specifically the CART sanctioning body, although a search for 'CART' does redirect to Champ Car. The AAA and USAC championships are generally considered the predecessors to the CART sanctioned championship, and the current Champ Car Championship, and the History section of this article does indeed include information about the AAA and USAC championships.

This article is somewhat misnamed; it's more about the championships and sanctioning bodies than about the cars. It ought to be split into at least two articles, and maybe three (depending on whether or not you split the championships and sanctioning bodies). But the cars definitely deserve a separate article. (And the content of IndyCars ought to be merged into the cars article.)

 * This article is about the championship series - the Champ Car World Series. IndyCars should NOT be merged - that is an entirely different trademark of an entirely different series today. "Champ Car" and "IndyCar" describe two different race cars operated by two different sanctioning bodies - the Champ Car World Series, Inc. and the Indy Racing League. "IndyCars" today have nothing to do with "Champ Cars" - they're entirely different things and it's inappropriate to call them IndyCars. Accordingly, I've removed "IndyCars" from the article. --FCYTravis 20:10, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, so let's have Champ Car World Series and Indy Racing League as the articles for the two series, and the article for the cars can refer to them both. But as I pointed out over on Talk:IndyCar, historically the cars that ran the Indy 500 were formally and officially known as "Champ" cars. So you cannot keep them out of an article on Champ cars. Noel (talk) 23:47, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The articles for the cars should not be the same - any more than you would put Formula 1 cars in with them because "they both have four wheels, an engine in the back and wings." Of course there should be mentions of the history of both, but a Champ Car IS NOT an IndyCar and an IndyCar IS NOT a Champ Car. One article for "IndyCars" and another for "Champ Cars" - of course each referring to the other. The history of each and how they are intertwined is of course important - but we would completely mislead readers by calling "IndyCars" "Champ Cars" or vice versa. In today's lexicon they are two completely separate things and have been for nearly a decade. --FCYTravis 04:13, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * If you want to be that technical about it, then we need at least three articles for the cars: one for pre-1995 cars, when there was only one spec (although two different sanctioning bodies), one for post-95 IRL cars, and one for post-95 Champ Cars. (I say "at least" because I don't know if you want to distinguish between the USAC cars and the post-79/pre-95 CART cars, etc.)
 * Although now that I look at the Indy Racing League page, I see their cars are described there, so to me it would make more sense to do the same thing for the Champ Car World Series - put the post-95 cars for that series on that page. Noel (talk) 05:11, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * What would make sense to me is if we want separate articles on the car specs, have one for "IndyCar" which first talks about what a current IndyCar is, and briefly mentions its past history as the name for what would currently be called a Champ Car. Champ Car would be a second article again talking first about what a current Champ Car is, and then delving into more detail into the history of the various cars that contended for the National Championship Trail... or would that belong in a new page called The Utter And Complete Debacle That Is Open Wheel Racing's History? Someone's going to write a great dissertation on this someday, but I digress. I just think we need to categorize as much as possible to avoid confusing people - it's a tangled web already just figuring out USAC vs CCWS vs IRL vs OWRS vs CART, and I think we need to as clearly as possible link the sanctioning bodies to their respective series. IRL = "IndyCar" from 2003-present, CART/CCWS = IndyCar from 1979 (with USAC) to 1996, Champ Car from 1997 to 2008. --FCYTravis 05:28, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * PS: Try looking at Special:Whatlinkshere/Champcars. An extremely long list of things like here, and even ignoring the ones that come here through redirects, many of them (e.g. Ray Harroun) are clearly linked here for the generic meaning, not for the Champ Car World Series. Noel (talk) 00:09, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

My suggestion is to work out how many article we want first, and what each will contain - we can work out the exact titles later. Noel (talk) 06:11, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Do you seriously suggest a new article? For what, every change in spec? Or do you N think ChampCars race at Indy? Where do you think "IndyCar" comes from? Someplace has to be a "root"; roadsters, Indycars, Champcars all come from the same beginnings. Trekphiler 14:14, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

How can an article with the title Champ Car not be about the car? Champ Car World Series should have its own article. As should CART, IRL, USAC, etc. The name Champ Car has a definite and demonstrable historical context. Regardless of changes in sanctioning bodies, today's Champ Cars trace their lineage and evolution directly back to a time when many of these organzations didn't even exist. Unknown Unknown time

Can someone who is a better editor than I take a look at the below paragraph in the 2007 Season section? I think it has a little bias / non-factual discussion that may not be appropriate for an encyclopedia discussion. I forgot what Wikipedia calls that particular violation. Specifically, the part about the open-wheel series' no longer being looked at as feeders to F1: the rival IndyCar series, as the author puts it, has NEVER fed any driver to F1, whereas this year's Champ Car champion IS going to F1. But I'm not even sure any of that should be pointed out here. In addition "it is hoped by many open-wheel racing fans"--???--does this kind of content really belong in an encyclopedia article rather than in some Forum or Newspaper?

Paragraph in question: "At present there is also some chatter regarding the reunification of Champ Car with its rival series, the IndyCar Series. It is hoped by many open-wheel racing fans that this merger of the two series (in respect of field sizes and television ratings) will secure the future of open-wheel racing in North America, whose racing landscape is currently ruled by the massively popular and more financially stable NASCAR. Moreover, the open-wheel series are no longer looked at as the top feeder to Formula One as they once were. A merger for the 2007 season will not happen; however, there is still speculation both sides will hopefully look again for future opportunities to resolve outstanding differences. Champ Car moving to the same network as the IndyCar Series could help to this end." 198.45.18.70 14:09, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

Proposed move

 * I propose to move this article to "Champ Car" - the official title of both the car and the series. "Champcar" all one word is neither as widely used nor is it correct terminology for the car or series. Two words. --FCYTravis 08:01, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Support violet/riga (t) 20:23, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

This article has been renamed as the result of a move request. violet/riga (t) 20:23, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Another move

 * Is there a reason why this article should not be called "Champ Car World Series", the full name of the circuit? AEMoreira042281 20:02, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Champ Car is the sanctioning body of the current Champ Car World Series, so it could probably go either way. For example, the IRL Indy Car series is listed under Indy racing league.  The most important thing we need to do is split up USAC championship, CART and CCWS into separate articles.  Right now, it says "Champ Car" was founded in 1979, which IMO is completely ridiculous.  Its either 1909 or 2004.--RA64 00:04, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

CART before the...
Silly trivia: it's said the one difference between CART & the Taliban is, CART has 3 Americans. (None of them are quick enough to win in F1, unlike a Canadian I could name...) Trekphiler 🇨🇦 08:21, 24 December 2005
 * Too bad he hasn't won since... (Assuming you mean the younger) Counterfit 04:07, 30 May 2006 (UTC)
 * That's what happens when you can't keep the team manager & the drivers out of the BAR. (Sorry.)  Trekphiler

🇨🇦 18:26, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Comparison with F1 cars
"The performance superiority of the Formula One machines was first demonstrated in 1989" Obvious fanboy statement. I got a real laugh out of that. The example cited was an Indy type car on spec tires. Might as well have been an Indy type car vs. a F1 running on the rims. Terrible comparison anyway and the examples farther down show a much closer performance between the two types.

All comparisons of this nature will change from year to year as restrictions on performance to make the venues safer are imposed. Then there is the racing venue itself. You would expect an F1 car to be faster on a road course then a World Rally Championship car. Likewise a F1 car would likely not finish the Dakar Rally. In the same vein, if the contest was Indy car vs. F1 at Texas Motor Speedway, the Indy cars would win. Same would be true in reverse if the contest was held at Monaco GP.

Then you have to factor in the driver. I would argue that F1 attracts the best drivers at the top of their game. Trying to say a specific car is faster then another type when driven by a faster driver is not a logical conclusion.

I think my Ford pickup has performance superiority to both F1 and Indy cars because when I can carry a ton of bricks and a passenger while listening to the radio. 172.56.6.150 (talk) 17:10, 28 August 2015 (UTC)

I think changing "(since F1 imposed stricter engine specifications from 2006)" to "(since F1 switched to smaller engines for/from 2006)" would be a little more accurate Counterfit 04:11, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Not being an expert in either formula, there were a few cases where I wasn't sure to which car the description applied. I can't make these changes myself without some research. Perhaps someone who already understands these differences would be interested in making this section a little clearer.

Great article, though. This section, in particular, was just what I've been looking for. A slightly clearer delineation is all I ask. Thanks

- Rockthing 16:55, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

I believe the fact that the new Panoz DP-01 Champ Car has lapped Laguna Seca faster than a Toyota F1 car needs to be inserted in the comparison section. I'm sure how to word it best to fit it in here, though.

Lap times during CCWS spring training vs an F1 exhibition are two entirely different things. Its doubtful that Toyota dedicated anywhere near a full fortnight's worth of development work for that weekend as they would in a normal race or practice. Especially when you consider they told Zonta to "take it easy" per ref. 6. I could agree with the idea that even if it was only an exhibition, Toyota might have dedicated about as much money as Bourdais' team, and so his lap time should be given due respect. However, the Toyota still must be considered off-design. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.204.176.125 (talk) 15:35, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

- I seem to recall that in 2002 when Champ Car first raced at Montreal (Circuit Gilles Villeneuve) one of the talking points concerning lap time advantage for the F1 cars was that they still had a tyre war going on; in Champ Car there was only one tyre maker and thus harder compounds. Yes, the F1 cars were likely to still be quicker, but not by quite as much. Also, the 2006 lap time comparisons are a but skewed by the fact the weather was not quite so nice for the Champ Car weekend. R H Pearson 14:15, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Do Champ Cars qualify with low-fuel? F1 have had to qualify with their starting race fuel for some years, knocking around 1 to 1.5 seconds off their true pace.  If Champ Cars are on low fuel for qualifying, I'd have thought a true-speed gap for a qualifying lap at Canada might be even greater.

 * In this section the only reason cited for F1's lack of ground effect use is "a 1983 decision to reduce cornering speeds". While part of the story, the safety aspect really should be mentioned.  E.G. a disturbance breaking the traction created by the ground effects can cause sudden and detrimental loss of control. 128.211.250.73 (talk) 20:36, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

History
Please if any 1 can, can you fill in the champ car blanks on my user page please. MotorSportMCMXC 21:00, 20 July 2006

A note here: In the "bankruptcy" section, there are a few very glaring factual errors.

CART (stock ticker symbol MPH) as a company was put into banruptcy. A new company, Open Wheel Racing Series, purchased the assets of MPH (race contracts, race supplies, etc) from the bankrupt company, and also accepted to take on certain debts. "Champcar" and "CART" are two distinct and different series, and really merit two seperate wikipedia entries, as two very distinct entities, no different in the end from USAC and CART.

New Section Needed: Methonal Fuel can be dangerous
Methonal burns with an invisible flame. As such, it can be vary dangerous. I think a special section is needed to mention that and the precautions taken by safety crews. For instance, if you see a driver get out and start rolling around, he or she is presumed to be on fire.--Will 07:30, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

 * it's 'methanol' & the facts about methanol should not be in this article, the precautions taken in ChampCar should be Danlibbo 23:07, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

Is this really "worldwide"?
the box on the side claims that this is a worldwide sport however it is referred to as american, perhaps North American would be better? MatthewMain 15:40, 20 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Well as far as I know, they still have a race in Australia. They'll be racing in Europe again next year, and the Korean race that never was seems to be a Chinese race that may be.  I'm willing to call that world wide.Mustang6172 04:01, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not. There's not a single race in Europe, South America, or Africa, & the fan base is about 99% North American.  Trekphiler

🇨🇦 18:28, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

 * There are two races in Europe next year. F1 doesn't race in Africa.  Considering someone tried to rob Toyota's F1 team in Brazil last year, I don't think Champ Car wants to race in South America.  And that's a pretty small fan base to start with.Mustang6172 20:32, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

 * The fan base claim is a bit off, as well. While not as strong as Formula One, Champ Car DOES have a reasonably strong overseas following due to many European drivers being in the series. I'm told that foreign interest in Champ Car rised greatly when Justin Wilson began racing, but I can't confirm that. I don't know exactly WHAT percentage of CCWS's ratings are from overseas viewers, but I do know its WAY over 1%.

 * Champ car is ignored in Britain (and i would suggest the rest of Europe, due to similar conditions) mainly due to the availability of other forms of motorsport. I don't think that it can really be classed as worldwide as it doesn't have the same circus that follows F1 around the globe. F1 operates a policy of trying to make the sport as global as possible through rules such as no country allowed to have more than one grand prix and specifically targeting emerging markets in the middle and far east.

 * Sorry, but that's not true. Here in Britain there's been a reasonably large fanbase for quite some time and I believe the same is true for Europe. Anyway, the fact that there are races in the USA, Canada, Mexico, Australia, Belgium and the Netherlands is enough to justify its international status. Readro 00:51, 6 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I think ChampCar is a "west hemisphere" series, while F1 is clearly global. ChampCar has 7 USA, 3 Canada, 1 Mexico, 1 Australia and 2 European races in 2008. 11 of the 14 races are in North America, so it is not possible to call it global. Also it is quite generally ignored in Europe, as an automotive journalist even i cant recall 3 ddriver or team names from the series in a row. 212.154.125.30 (talk) 10:00, 29 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Global is not the same as international. The infobox states it is international, which is valid as there are races in the United States, Canada, Belgium, Spain, the Netherlands, Australia and Mexico. Also, you can't use your own experiences to denote notability; if you believe Champ Car is ignored in Europe then you are very much mistaken. Readro (talk) 11:38, 29 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree the series are international, but i still think ChampCar is a highly American style series. Also i just want to share my own experience as an insight. The popularity of the ChampCar in Europe can be derived from TV ratings of the live feeds. If there is no live feed, we can count the news about ChampCar in European press and compare with other open wheeler series such as F3, GP2 or Formula Ford. 212.154.125.30 (talk) 08:25, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

Do people believe this link belongs?
User 207.162.229.12 added "Champcar Hot News, Rumors, and Commentary" to the external link section. Since that section was strictly links to offical sites for the ChampCar series and races, I removed the link and brought it here for discussion.

It does not help that the user in question has been warned many times about vandalism and NPOV. Will (Talk - contribs) 19:45, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

Yes I believe the link does belong considering they insider information on Champ Car directly from the people who own and run it. They receive information regarding the series before anyone else on the street. I would add this site considering there very strong promotion of Champ Car, not to mention there long history with the organizing dating back before the IRL/Cart Split. I believe they are on the most definitive information of Champ Car news and rumors. Proxu01 17:06, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I tend to lean to limiting external links to offical sites only. Will (Talk - contribs) 01:17, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

AR1 is a rumor site on par with a blog, no more and no less. It isn't an official site, that would be champcar.ws or similar. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.70.124.49 (talk) 23:13, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

Comparison with F1 POV
The phrase in question is "The Formula 1 grooved tyres are actually of a higher performance than the Champ Car tyres due to competition. The tyre manufacturers fight to produce a better tyre than the rival manufacturer in Formula 1, therefore making the grooved tyres of higher performance than Champ Car tyres."

Not only does that sound pro-F1 (or possibly anti-Champ Car), but it's also a little out dated. Does anyone else think it should be removed?Mustang6172 08:09, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

Yes - It is quite dated now agreed to be moved. 15th March 2007

 * I've taken a pass at copyediting this section; it's better, I think, but it still has a few problems. -- Mikeblas 14:23, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

 * F1 had only one tire manufacturer (Bridgestone) in 2008, so "tire manufacturer competition" is not relevant for 2008 season; but I subjectively agree the superior performance of grooved F1 tires, as the technology for F1 is always the top-of-the-line, and an F1 team has 10 times the budget a ChampCar team has for feedbacks to tire manufacturer. Also slicks will be back in 2009 F1 season, and they were tested in Jerez track last month. This month's F1 Racing magazine suggests that with slick tires (such as the ones in ChampCar) F1 cars will be about 2.5 second faster in a lap, and tests in Jerez partially confirmed this. 212.154.125.30 (talk) 11:38, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

Series Names
In the list of champions, the series is listed the the official full name at the time. I was fine with the listings by sanctioning body, but if we are going to do it this way, we need to get the names right, which is somewhat difficult.

I know in 2003, it was not Fedex championship series, it was CART Champ Car World series presented by bridgestone, or something like that.

I think 1997, and maybe later were PPG CART World Series, or something--RA64 13:48, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

Weight?
This article seems to contradict itself. The "Specifications" section lists the weight at 1385 pounds, while the "Comparison" section says the weight, with driver, is 1543 pounds. The rule book I have (from 2001) says the minimum weight is 1550 pounds at superspeedway courses, and 1525 pounds at other courses. Which is correct? Is it a matter of comparing dry, fuel-empty, and race-ready weights? -- Mikeblas 15:20, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

-- Neither is correct, and because of that both items have been replaced with up-to-date information from the 2007 season as of 04-04-07. With driver, the minimum weight for a 2007-spec Champ Car is currently 1741 lbs; that figure comes from 1575 lbs + the average driver weight, which this season is 166 lbs. Without the driver, each car's minimum weight is adjusted from 1575 lbs to reflect the variation of the driver's weight from the field average. The 2007 rulebook lists 1565 lbs as the target weight, but that has been changed to 1575 lbs via technical bulletin without re-publishing the rulebook. Ed Severson 13:32, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Ed! -- Mikeblas 19:11, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

Very Hot Rumor
I'm hearing rumors that Champ Car will file for bankruptcy in 48 hours to facilitate a merger with the IRL. The forum I discovered this on claimed Autoracing1 as the source, but I can't access their rumor page. Does anyone have some kind of information to confirm this?Mustang6172 (talk) 05:19, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Nevermind. Miller is reporting it now.Mustang6172 (talk) 21:44, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

FYI - Champ Car merger into IRL deal signed
See: http://www.indycar.com/news/story.php?story_id=10557 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.175.18.130 (talk) 23:10, 22 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Amazingly little info available though apart from that deal done and Long Beach going ahead as last Champ Car event...--Amedeo Felix (talk) 22:39, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

7 post shaker add
I would like to add a link to the 7 post shaker article in the see also list (or another area if thats more appropriate). Please let me know if this is ok and I will add it sometime soon. Thanks!!Rooney McFaddy (talk) 17:17, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

Requested move - 2008
Surely its time to move the name back to CART.

CART/Champcar as an entity is finished and for most of its life, it was known as CART. In fact, for 24 years of its 28 years it was known as CART. ManfromDelmonte (talk) 14:27, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Agreed Ronstew (talk) 15:40, 25 May 2008 (UTC)

 * The way I see it, CART existed from 1979 to 2003, then it went bankrupt and its assets were purchased by a company called OWRS which went on to change its name to Champ Car. If anything, I think this article should be split because it describes two different companies.  The series didn't just change its name, it changed governing bodies.Mustang6172 (talk) 05:17, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Is anyone else in favour of this move. I think it makes the most sense. ManfromDelmonte (talk) 22:24, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

Please think of the non-fans
I came here, completely ignorant about racing, only as a result of a news article I had read. I've read the whole article, which is mainly a history, and remain somewhat confused. The article is essentially a history of the infighting in the racing world, yet there is only a single mention of NASCAR. Now I think that NASCAR uses a different kind of car than this kind of racing, but it's simply not clear. There were a couple of references to something called an "open wheel" car, which I guess is this car's type, but that's not made very clear, I think.

The point is, the article comes across as written by very knowledgeable editors, but I'm constantly feeling like there are assumptions being made about what the reader knows. And not everyone who comes here is a fan. Please try to educate those of us who are ignorant. Thanks. Unschool (talk) 17:25, 20 April 2008 (UTC)

Sanctioning Bodies
Hi guys!

I added in the champions overview the sanctioning bodies and corrected a wrong series title.

But I'm not sure how you call the body for ChampCar after 2003. CART was bankruptcy. Was it OWRS, CCWS or something else?

However, I think it would be nice, to seperate this article. CART should get its own article. After 2003 ChampCar took over, but had in fact nothing to do with CART.

regards Karl (19.07.2008) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.78.139.228 (talk) 12:29, 19 July 2008 (UTC)

 * OWRS purchased the series and changed it's name to Champ Car and the series name to Champ Car World Series. And I agree it should be split as per my remarks 2 weeks ago.

"The Split"
My sense of history is that "the split" started in 1978 with the White Paper. Before that, there was one "Indy" sanctioning body, and after the incorporation of CART, there were two. The fact is that there were two (okay, three if you count the Championship Racing League?) until 2008. Therefore, what is called "split" in this article is not "THE SPLIT" but rather the formation of the IRL out of the Indy/USAC bones. Therefore, I'm proposing that we have a few naming changes of the sections in this article. Twohlford (talk) 19:30, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

CART logo
The CART logo would be good, since for most of it's history it was known as CART. 76.66.196.218 (talk) 05:35, 28 April 2009 (UTC)

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was consensus against move.--Fuhghettaboutit (talk) 13:18, 3 May 2009 (UTC)

Requested move

 * Champ Car → C.A.R.T. —(Discuss)— The article is about the American open wheel racing series, formerly known as both C.A.R.T. and Champ Car. However, for 24 years of the competitions 28 year lifespan, it was known as C.A.R.T. hence I belive this is the name that should be used for the article --ManfromDelmonte (talk) 22:34, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Support using CART (which redirects here) instead of C.A.R.T., which is less used. 76.66.196.218 (talk) 05:34, 28 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Oppose - Champ Car is the most recent name and is less easily confused with cart or kart. -Drdisque (talk) 00:41, 29 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Oppose - I agree 100% with Drdisque -- Champ Car is the most recent name and is less easily confused with cart or kart. AtxApril (talk) 03:00, 29 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Oppose - I agree with Drdisque. If anything, it would be CART, not C.A.R.T. I think it would be fine to reevaluate this decision in 5 years - then we'd have a better historical perspective of the name.  Royal broil  03:31, 29 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Oppose - as above. --Falcadore (talk) 10:00, 29 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Oppose - as per User:Drdisque. Cs-wolves  (talk)  00:22, 1 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Oppose - I think it's fine the way it is. CART redirects to Champ Car...also, "CART" was always used as an ackronym, never an abbreviation. It was always pronounced as a word, never seperated out as letters...you never hears "I race in See-Aye-Are-Tee" Therefore, C.A.R.T. has no meaning. Doctorindy (talk) 01:35, 2 May 2009 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

CART History
I feel the current article needs to be updated with more of a focus on the history of CART pre-split. Right now the article is almost entirely focused on post-1995 CART and Champ Car.Froo (talk) 12:16, 11 May 2010 (UTC)

New Nav Box
I have been working on an updated nav box, similar to the two for USAC, for indycar/cart/ccws. The link is here. Let me know what you think or the proper way to roll this out. I feel as an unbiased group we should format all of the AOWR sanctioning body navigational information into a similar format to each other. This is mainly (IMO) to ease navigation through all off the years and information in a smart repeatable way so people (not just fans but anyone) curious about finding more knowledge can find everything they are looking for.Ehall317 (talk) 01:21, 5 October 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Requested move 24 September 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: No consensus. Kept as dab concept for now. — Amakuru (talk) 12:40, 17 October 2018 (UTC)

Champ Car → Championship Auto Racing Teams – I'd propose renaming the page, as CART/Championship Auto Racing Teams was a) the intial name of the organization; b)the name that was used the longest by the organization; c)"Champ car" was never an official name of the organization; d)CART was the acronym most associated with the organization when it was a stand alone entity. Knoper (talk) 02:12, 24 September 2018 (UTC) --Relisting. Dreamy Jazz 🎷 talk to me | my contributions 20:12, 30 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Comment: From a brief reading of the article, it seems that the article is comprised of subjects which shouldn't have been together, which is causing this issue. To be honest, once it went bankrupt, the new entity should have been created in a different article (if notable), as it's not the same thing anymore. The article also says that 2008 was the last year it was active, yet the official site linked at the bottom shows events happening even now with the series called "ChampCar Endurance Series" and the company/organization called "ChampCar". All this means I can't really comment on this article as I have no idea what the article is even about (side note WP:NAMECHANGES is in favor of new names, regardless of how long the previous name was - see Mumbai). --Gonnym (talk) 21:40, 30 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose. I think the solution here is to keep the current article as a WP:DABCONCEPT, and create new articles on the subtopic specific iterations of the concept. bd2412  T 13:40, 13 October 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Pictures
OK, we have pictures of a March, a Lola, a Reynard, and a Panoz; one driver each of Brazil, the UK, Canada, the US, and Mexico; and one Honda, two Cosworth, one Mercedes, one Chevrolet.

Not to pat myself on the back, but I think it's a good mix. :-) Open to changes, of course. Knoper (talk) 03:45, 17 February 2019 (UTC)

Requested move 10 January 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. (closed by non-admin page mover)  NNADI GOOD LUCK  ( Talk | Contribs ) 22:30, 16 February 2020 (UTC)

Champ Car → Championship Auto Racing Teams – Now that the page has been fleshed out, going to again suggest a move of this page to Championship Auto Racing Teams or CART, and the creation of a separate page for the Champ Car (04-07) organization, which was owned by a separate legal entity. While both shared the same series history, CART was fundamentally different in structure. Knoper (talk) 03:20, 10 January 2020 (UTC) —Relisting. — Amakuru (talk) 12:45, 27 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Agree in part I suggest Championship Auto Racing no teams required.121.99.108.78 (talk) 04:06, 11 January 2020 (UTC)

 * I don't know as it really needs to be moved but I do think that, largely resulting from long-ago edit wars, there needs to be more reference early in the article to where the name "Champ Car/ChampCar" originated since that it more of the insider term and the general public, including the sporting public, is far more likely to refer to the vehicles themselves as "Indy cars" and the sport as a whole "Indy car racing"; if you use the term "Champ Car" to all but motorsports people or ardent, hard-core fans, you almost invariably have to add "you know, Indy cars" and then anyone who cares what you mean then recognizes the subject. Now that these things are once again one subject with one jurisdictional/sanctioning body, this really need to be mad crystal-clear very early in the article, with the arcaneries of the split era itself coming later.  72.106.157.43 (talk) 22:17, 18 January 2020 (UTC)

 * Respectfully, I think you're confusing this page for one for the sport, which is already covered under American open wheel racing. My point is that this is like, for example, World Hockey Association compared to just ice hockey or National Hockey League. CART was its own entity, the page should reflect that, as well as the entity that was the CCWS.Knoper (talk) 03:51, 22 January 2020 (UTC)

 * Support moving the page to Championship Auto Racing Teams (not CART, because that's an existing disambiguation page) and creating a new article for Champ Car (2004-2007), with appropriate hatnotes on each. Obviously each article will have to include a summary of the other to show the evolution. Indyguy (talk) 04:29, 22 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Support moving this article to Championship Auto Racing Teams but neutral on whether or not the page should be split. If the page isn't going to be split it does make sense to use the name the series was best known by, and which lasted quite a bit longer. I agree with Indyguy that CART is no good. A7V2 (talk) 12:42, 5 February 2020 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Championship Auto Racing Teams


text:
Charles Bluhdorn

Charles George Bluhdorn (born Karl Georg Blühdorn; September 20, 1926 – February 19, 1983) was an Austrian-born American industrialist. He built his fortune in auto parts and commodities such as zinc, and following a 1966 acquisition became CEO, chairman and president of the Hollywood movie studio Paramount Pictures. Paramount was a former subsidiary of Gulf and Western Industries, which Bluhdorn purchased in 1956 when it was called the Michigan Plating and Stamping Company.

By 1966, Bluhdorn had grown Gulf and Western to revenues estimated at $182 million; that year it ranked 346th in the Fortune 500 list. The company grew through acquisition, including the takeovers of Stax Records in 1968, Sega in 1969, and Simon & Schuster in 1975. Bluhdorn became known in Hollywood for his intense yet gregarious character. He appointed the reserved Frank Yablans as president of Paramount and the out-spoken Robert Evans as head of production, an uneasy and ill-matched team that eventually oversaw the release of hit films The Godfather (1972), The Godfather Part II (1974), and Chinatown (1974).

He died suddenly in 1983 aged 56.

Early life
Details of his upbringing are vague; according to Vanity Fair: "truth be told, Charlie wasn't elucidative about a lot of things, including whether he was Jewish, which he kept Hollywood guessing about by posting a sentry outside the men's room door."

He was born in Vienna, Austria, to an Austrian Jewish mother Rosa Fuchs and father Paul Blühdorn. Per Who's Who in Ridgefield (CT), he was considered such a "hellion" that his father sent the 11-year-old to an English boarding school for disciplining. At 16, he moved to New York, studying at City College of New York and Columbia University. In 1946, Bluhdorn went to work at the Cotton Exchange, earning $15 a week. Other accounts say that he emigrated to the United States in 1942 and served in the U.S. Army Air Forces.

Gulf+Western
In 1956, Bluhdorn acquired Michigan Plating and Stamping, a small auto parts company that eventually grew into Gulf and Western Industries, a conglomerate that ranked 61st in the Fortune 500 by 1981. According to Robert Evans, in 1970 Bluhdorn had told him: "Imagine, twelve years ago I was walking the streets selling typewriters door to door." Apart from Gulf and Western, Bluhdorn was a director and major shareholder of Bohack, Pueblo Supermarkets, and Ward Foods. Holdings of Gulf and Western were blue-chip names such as Paramount Pictures, Madison Square Garden, and Simon & Schuster, as well as less glamorous assets such as the South Puerto Rico Sugar Company, Pennsylvania Malleable Iron, and New Jersey Zinc. Paramount was suggested to Bluhdorn by Sumner Redstone and the acquisition was encouraged by Paramount's head of publicity, Martin S. Davis. It was during Gulf and Western's ownership of Paramount that it went from being number nine at the box office based upon total receipt sales, to number one. After the marketing success of Love Story in 1970, Bluhdorn appointed Frank Yablans as president of the studio and Robert Evans as head of production. Together they oversaw the studio in its heyday, releasing such hits as The Godfather, The Godfather Part II, and Chinatown. In 1974, Bluhdorn stepped down as chairman of Paramount and hired Barry Diller as Paramount's chairman and CEO.

Dominican Republic
Bluhdorn was very aware of the financial potential of the Dominican Republic and invested a significant amount of resources into its social and economic development. He is credited as being the father of the Dominican tourism industry.

In 1967, Gulf and Western paid $54 million for the South Puerto Rico Sugar Company. Most of the company's operations were in the Dominican Republic, where it owned the extensive Central Romana sugar mill in La Romana and 300000 acre of land. Nearly half of the land was used to produce sugar cane and, at the peak of the cane-cutting season, the company employed 19,000 people, making it the country's largest private employer as well as the largest taxpayer and landowner. Gulf and Western acquired Consolidated Cigar Corporation in 1968 and later shifted its Canary Island cigar-making operations to La Romana. It also created Corporación Financiera Asociada (Cofinasa), a Dominican finance company.

In 1969, the Dominican government and Gulf and Western Americas Corporation established an industrial free zone in La Romana. The zone was administered by Gulf and Western America's Operadora Zona Franca de La Romana subsidiary.

As Gulf and Western had purchased Paramount in 1966, Bluhdorn had plans to turn the island into a moviemaking mecca. To sell the idea he constantly invited producers, directors, writers and movie stars, to get them to appreciate the natural beauty of the country.

During the 1970s, Gulf and Western developed 7000 acre of the sugar mill's land into the Casa de Campo resort. Casa de Campo is home to three internationally renowned golf courses designed by Pete Dye – Teeth of the Dog, Dye Fore, and Links. One of Bluhdorn's Dominican friends, Oscar de la Renta, was hired to do interior design for Casa de Campo. De la Renta also licensed his men's wear line through Kayser-Roth, a Gulf and Western subsidiary.

After a meeting between Bluhdorn and Warner Communications CEO Steve Ross in 1976, the New York Cosmos played against Haiti’s Violette AC in Santo Domingo. The soccer game was sponsored by the Central Romana division of Gulf and Western Americas.

In the early 1980s, construction of the Altos de Chavón village was completed. The project (which was financed by Gulf and Western) began in 1976, when a stone mountain had to be blasted for the construction of a nearby road. Bluhdorn had the idea of using the stones to re-create a sixteenth-century style Mediterranean village, similar to some of the architecture found in the historic center of Santo Domingo. The village was designed by former Paramount Pictures set designer Roberto Copa. Bluhdorn's daughter, Dominique Bluhdorn, is the current president of the Altos de Chavón Cultural Center Foundation.

Personal life
Bluhdorn married Yvette M. LeMarrec, formerly of Paris, in the 1950s. He was a tireless executive who was once dubbed "The Mad Austrian of Wall Street." He maintained his position as chairman of Gulf and Western Industries until his death. Although he lived in the United States from the age of 16 onward, he was infamous (and widely imitated) for his cement-thick Austro-German accent, which has been lampooned in interviews by former collaborators such as Francis Ford Coppola and Robert Evans.

Bluhdorn was a friend of former president of the Dominican Republic Joaquín Balaguer and former leader of Cuba Fidel Castro. Bluhdorn met Castro at a meeting in Havana, which lasted for around seven hours. According to Michael Eisner in his autobiography, Work in Progress, during his first pilgrimage to the Dominican Republic, Bluhdorn proposed an idea he had for a picture: a Bad News Bears sequel set in Cuba, in which Castro hits the winning home run (he also proposed a film in which Sitting Bull meets Hitler).

Death
On February 19, 1983, Bluhdorn died aged 56 of a heart attack on his corporate jet while returning home to New York City from his Casa de Campo resort in the Dominican Republic. His private funeral services were held at St. Mary's Church in Ridgefield, Connecticut. Among those who attended were friend and former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger.

Legacy
In 1983, Donald Gaston established the Charles G. Bluhdorn Prize in Economics at Tufts University in Boston in memory of Bluhdorn. It is awarded annually to an undergraduate majoring in economics who has demonstrated outstanding scholastic ability.

The Charles G. & Yvette Bluhdorn Charitable Trust was a multi-million dollar charity overseen by their children. Between 2007 and 2013, the fund was spent down, and as of 2019 lists less than $3,000 in assets.

The 1990 film The Godfather Part III was dedicated to Bluhdorn, "who inspired it." His tumultuous relationship with Paramount executive Robert Evans was documented in Evans's 1994 biographical book The Kid Stays in the Picture and in the 2002 film of the same title, as well as the 2022 series The Offer, where Bluhdorn is portrayed by Burn Gorman.

title: Charles Bluhdorn


text:
Brian Dubie

Brian E. Dubie (born 9 March 1959) is an American politician who was the 80th lieutenant governor of Vermont from 2003 to 2011. He lost the 2010 election for governor of Vermont by fewer than 5,000 votes. He is a member of the Republican Party.

He is a captain for American Airlines and a strategic advisor to growing companies. In 2012, he retired from the United States Air Force Reserve with the rank of colonel.

Education and early career
Brian Dubie attended public schools in Essex Junction, Vermont. He graduated from Essex Community Educational Center in 1977. He attended the United States Air Force Academy (1977–1980), returning to Vermont to join the Vermont Air National Guard and complete his degree work at the University of Vermont (UVM), where he earned a BS in mechanical engineering in 1982. He was president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers’ UVM chapter.

Aerospace and aviation
While a student at UVM, Dubie joined the Vermont Air National Guard. After graduation, he trained with the United States Air Force in the F-4 Phantom II and later the F-16 Fighting Falcon fighter aircraft. He continued to fly in the Air Guard as he began his career in the aerospace industry.

In 1982, Dubie joined Simmons Precision (now Goodrich Aerospace) in Vergennes, Vermont, where he was a project engineer and project manager. He developed fuel systems for military and commercial aircraft. In 1989, he left Simmons to fly for American Airlines, first in the McDonnell Douglas MD-80 aircraft, and currently in the Boeing 737-800. He has logged more than 10,000 hours in commercial aircraft.

As Vermont's lieutenant governor, Dubie founded the Vermont Aerospace and Aviation Association (VAAA) in August 2006.

In October 2006, Dubie was elected chair of Aerospace States Association, a national, non-partisan organization of lieutenant governors and governor-appointees from every state, representing the grassroots of American aerospace.

He was a member of the Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity.

Military
All told, Brian Dubie logged more than 2,500 hours in military fighter aircraft. He rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel in the Vermont Air National Guard, serving as instructor pilot, operations support flight commander of the 158th Fighter Wing. In 1998, he left the Air Guard to join the US Air Force Reserve, where he served as an emergency preparedness liaison officer in the National Security Emergency Preparedness Agency. Serving in that role, Dubie earned a Meritorious Service Medal, First Oak Cluster, for his actions at Ground Zero in New York City following the September 11 attacks. In September 2005, he served on the Gulf Coast in the relief effort for victims of Hurricane Katrina. He received the Meritorious Service Medal, Second Oak leaf Cluster, and the Air Force Commendation Medal, First Oak Leaf Cluster, for outstanding achievement at 1st Air Force Hurricane Katrina Operations Center. On June 2, 2012, Dubie retired from the military in a ceremony held at Camp Johnson, the Colchester headquarters of the Vermont National Guard.

Political career
Dubie's first political experience came as a member of the Essex Junction School Board, in the same school system he had attended and where his children were enrolled. He served as a member from 1995 to 2000, and as chair from 1996 to 2000. His first run for lieutenant governor in 2000 was unsuccessful. He ran again and was elected in 2002, and won re-election by comfortable margins in 2004, 2006 and 2008.

The constitutional responsibilities of Vermont's lieutenant governor are to preside over the state senate and to act as governor when the governor is absent from the state or incapacitated.

2010 gubernatorial election
On October 1, 2009, Dubie announced his candidacy for Governor of Vermont in 2010 to succeed four-term governor Jim Douglas. In the general election on November 2, 2010, Dubie received 48% of the votes and Democrat Peter Shumlin 49%. On Wednesday November 3, Dubie indicated that he would not seek a recount, and conceded the election. The Vermont General Assembly (150 House members and 30 senators) selects the winner in contests for governor, lieutenant governor and treasurer when no candidate receives a majority of the vote. On January 6, 2011, the General Assembly elected Shumlin, 145 votes to 28.

Personal life
Dubie and his wife Penny have four children: daughters Emily and Casey, and sons Jack and Matt. Dubie's brother, Michael Dubie, served as Adjutant General of Vermont and deputy commander of United States Northern Command, attaining the rank of lieutenant general in the United States Air Force before retiring in 2015.

title: Brian Dubie


text:
Ripsaw music

Ripsaw is a musical genre which originated in the Turks and Caicos Islands, specifically in the Middle and North Caicos. A very closely related variant, rake-and-scrape, is played in the Bahamas. Its most distinctive characteristic is the use of the common handsaw as the primary instrument, along with various kinds of drums, box guitar, concertina, triangle and accordion.

The saw is played by scraping an object, usually an old knife blade, along the saw's teeth, while bending the saw to produce a different timbre. The sound is similar to a paper being ripped, and is believed to be the origin of the term ripsaw. Rake-and-scrape derives from the method used by a player to create sound from the saw.

Though little is known for certain about ripsaw's genesis, two major theories include that the instrument was played to imitate the sound of the güiro, a Dominican and Haiti percussion instrument, and that Loyalist colonists in the United States brought their African slaves to the islands and these slaves invented the ripsaw to imitate the sound of the shekere instrument.

In the Bahamas, Cat Island is the only place to celebrate rake-and-scrape on a large scale. During June's Labour Day celebration, the island holds a Cat Island Rake and Scrape festival.

title: Ripsaw music


text:
Rake-and-scrape

Rake-and-scrape is the traditional music of The Bahamas, alongside Junkanoo. It combines African musical elements with European musical elements to create a sound comparable to other Caribbean music while remaining distinct.

Claims of Turk and Caicos origins
Although it is claimed that rake-and-scrape was introduced to The Bahamas by Turk and Caicos immigrants in the 1920s, the claim has no evidence. In "Sketches of Nassau", by Frank Wilson, published in 1864, he, criticizing the accent of the Black population of Nassau, uses this comparison to express his point: "but the melody of the lute can seldom be heard above the gratings of the rasp and saw".

In the Nassau Times, published on the 6th of April, 1878, an account titled, "Interesting Description of Life and Scenes in the Bahamas", mentions a band playing music for a couple recently married. He states: "we met the musical instruments going to this feast of love. They consisted in of a tom tom, a hollow log and a pipe". The hollow log is referencing a scraping instrument similar to the Guiro of Cuba, or a Rasp as mentioned earlier in 1864 by Frank Wilson. The Pipe is referencing the Fife that would carry the melody role.

These two accounts are 19th-century references to rake-and-scrape in The Bahamas.

title: Rake-and-scrape


text:
Doug Racine

Douglas Alan Racine (born October 7, 1952) is an American politician and former Vermont Secretary of Human Services, a former Vermont State Senator and was the 79th lieutenant governor of Vermont from 1997 to 2003. He is a Democrat. Racine was a candidate for the 2010 Democratic nomination for Governor of Vermont. He previously ran for governor in 2002, but lost to Republican Jim Douglas. In an election where no candidate won a majority, Douglas won a 45% plurality, and Racine declined to contest the outcome before the Vermont General Assembly.

Biography
Racine is a 1970 graduate of Burlington High School. He graduated with an A.B. in politics from Princeton University in 1974 after completing a senior thesis titled "Changes in Interplay Competition in Vermont." Racine worked as a legislative assistant for Senator Patrick Leahy. He has long been involved in his family's business, the Willie Racine's, Inc. Jeep dealership founded by his father, of which he has served as vice president.

Racine served 5 terms in the Vermont Senate (1983–93). He was Chairman of the Senate Natural Resources and Energy Committee and President Pro Tem of the Senate (1989–93). He was elected Lieutenant Governor in 1996 and served three terms (1997–2003) with Governor Howard Dean.

He was the Democratic nominee for governor in 2002, but lost to Republican Jim Douglas. Because no candidate won a majority, the Vermont General Assembly had to decide. The General Assembly almost always votes for the candidate who received a plurality. Racine did not contest the results, and the legislature chose Douglas.

In 2006, Racine was again elected to the Vermont Senate, representing the Chittenden Senate District. He was re-elected in 2008.

Racine ran for the 2010 Democratic nomination for Governor of Vermont. In the 5-way Democratic primary on August 24, 2010, Racine placed second with 18,079 votes (24.22%) to first-place winner Peter Shumlin's 18,276 votes (24.48%). Racine requested a recount, which reaffirmed Shumlin's nomination. Shumlin then defeated Republican Lieutenant Governor Brian Dubie in the November 2, 2010 general election.

On November 30, 2010, Gov.-elect Shumlin nominated Racine to be his Secretary of Human Services. On August 12, 2014, Governor Shumlin announced the departure of Racine from the same post.

title: Doug Racine


text:
Lisa Madigan

Lisa Murray Madigan (born July 30, 1966) is an American lawyer and politician. A member of the Democratic Party, she served as Attorney General of the U.S. state of Illinois from 2003 to 2019, being the first woman to hold that position. She is the adopted daughter of Michael Madigan, who served as Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives from 1983 to 1995 and from 1997 to 2021.

Madison did not seek re-election as the state's attorney general in 2018, and was succeeded by State Senator Kwame Raoul.

Education and early career
Madigan attended The Latin School of Chicago for her secondary education. In 1988 she received her bachelor's degree from Georgetown University. She received her Juris Doctor (J.D.) from Loyola University Chicago School of Law.

Prior to becoming an attorney, she worked as a teacher and community organizer, developing after-school programs to help keep kids involved in education and away from drugs and gangs. Madigan also volunteered as a high school teacher in South Africa during apartheid. Madigan later worked as a litigator for the Chicago law firm of Sachnoff & Weaver (now Reed Smith LLP).

Political career
In 1998, at the age of 32, Madigan ran for Illinois state senator for the 17th District. She handily beat her primary opponent with 66% of the vote and ran unopposed in the general election. She served in that office from 1998 through 2003. She and Barack Obama served in the Senate together, sat next to each other, and their offices were next to each others. She sat on the judiciary committee.

In 2002, Madigan ran for Attorney General of Illinois and narrowly defeated DuPage County State's Attorney Joe Birkett with 50.4% of the vote.

In 2004, Madigan became the first Illinois Attorney General in more than 25 years to personally argue a case before the United States Supreme Court. She successfully argued Illinois v. Caballes, where the court reaffirmed the ability of police officers to use specially trained dogs without a search warrant or probable cause to detect the presence of illegal drugs during traffic stops.

Madigan was one of many Illinois politicians with strained relationships with now-convicted former Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich. (See Rod Blagojevich controversies.) Her father Michael Madigan, Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives previously had a feud with Blagojevich, as highlighted by TIME magazine. On December 12, 2008, Madigan attracted national attention after filing a motion with the Supreme Court of Illinois to temporarily remove Governor Rod Blagojevich from office and install Lt. Gov. Pat Quinn. Although that court denied that motion without a hearing, Blagojevich was subsequently impeached and removed from office by the Illinois General Assembly, and Quinn was sworn in as governor. Blagojevich was later convicted in Federal court on 18 counts and sentenced to 14 years' imprisonment, based on the blatancy of his attempts to use his office for personal gain. Although the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 7th Circuit and U.S. Supreme Court upheld his convictions, on a subsequent appeal, the 7th Circuit threw out 5 of the convictions in 2015, but Blagojevich was resentenced to the same lengthy term of imprisonment.

In 2006, Madigan won re-election with 72.4% of the vote against Tazewell County State's Attorney Stewart "Stu" Umholtz.

In 2008, Madigan was considered a potential candidate for Governor of Illinois or the United States Senate. However, on July 8, 2009, Madigan announced she was running for reelection as Illinois Attorney General instead of seeking higher office in 2010. Although she was also considered a possible replacement for Barack Obama's Senate seat following his victory in the 2008 presidential election, Madigan described her chances of being appointed as "less than zero." Instead, Illinois governor Rod Blagojevich appointed Roland Burris to fill that term, which appointment gave rise to the Blagojevich Senate appointment scandal and ultimately led to his federal convictions. Many speculated Madigan was "Senate Candidate #2" in the complaint against Blagojevich, although no wrongdoing on her part was implied.

She was widely believed to have the ambition to pursue a higher political office. In 2008 The New York Times named her among the seventeen most likely women to become the first female President of the United States. However, on July 14, 2013, Madigan, who was widely expected to run for governor of Illinois in 2014, announced she would not run because of her father's decision to stay in his post as speaker of the Illinois House. Instead, she ran for reelection as state attorney general and won.

On September 15, 2017, Madigan announced she would not seek reelection in 2018.

In September 2019, Lisa Madigan joined Kirkland & Ellis as litigation partner.

Awards and honors

 * 2005, received the John F. Kennedy New Frontier Award, presented to "exceptional young Americans under the age of 40 whose contributions in elective office, community service or advocacy demonstrate the impact and value of public service in the spirit of John F. Kennedy."

Personal life
Madigan was born Lisa Murray. She changed her name when she was 18 and was formally adopted in her 20s by Michael Madigan. Madigan is married to cartoonist Pat Byrnes, and they have two daughters.

Electoral history

 * 2014 election for Attorney General

 * Lisa Madigan (D) (inc.), 60%
 * Paul Schimpf (R), 38%
 * Ben Koyl (L), 3%

 * 2010 election for Attorney General

 * Lisa Madigan (D) (inc.), 65%
 * Stephen H. Kim (R), 32%
 * David Black (G), 2%
 * Bill Malan (L), 2%

 * 2006 election for Attorney General

 * 2002 Democratic primary election for Attorney General
 * Lisa Madigan, 58%
 * John Schmidt, 42%

 * 1998 election for State Senator, 17th District
 * Lisa Madigan (D), 100%
 * Marc Loveless (W-I), 0%

 * 1998 Democratic primary election for State Senator, 17th District
 * Lisa Madigan, 66%
 * Bruce Farley, 31%

title: Lisa Madigan


text:
Mike Cox (American politician)

Michael Anthony Cox (born December 30, 1961) is an American attorney and politician who served as Michigan's 52nd Attorney General from 2003 to 2011. He was the first Republican to hold that office since Frank Millard in 1955. Cox took office in 2003 and won re-election in 2006. Jennifer Granholm, who went on to become the Governor of Michigan, preceded him in office.

Cox lost the Republican gubernatorial primary election August 3, 2010, coming in third behind Rick Snyder and Pete Hoekstra.

Early life and education
Born in Detroit, Cox graduated from Detroit Catholic Central High School in 1980. He served in the United States Marine Corps from 1980 to 1983. He graduated from the University of Michigan in 1986 and earned his Juris Doctor from the University of Michigan Law School in 1989.

Career
He worked for the Oakland County Prosecutors' office from 1989 to 1990, then the Wayne County office from 1990 to 2002, before being elected attorney general. Cox successfully ran for re-election in 2006, after receiving the Republican party nomination at the August Michigan Republican Party Convention. Cox left office in 2010 due to term limit requirements ironically pushed for by predecessor Republicans when a Democrat was in office. In 2011 he joined the prominent Detroit law firm, Dykema Gosset. Cox recently left Dykema Gosset to start The Mike Cox Law Firm.

Attorney General of Michigan
As attorney general, Cox took a prominent role in taking on Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan (BCBSM). Cox has opposed BCBSM supported bills and challenged BCBSM in court for the alleged transfer of nonprofit funds to purchase a for-profit company.

In 2003, Cox created a cold case unit to investigate and prosecute cold cases. Cox's team has had notable convictions including Coral Watts, Gary Leiterman, John Rodney McRae, two brothers who killed two Oakland County hunters, two people who killed Christopher Brown, six people who murdered Janet Chandler in 1979, and most recently, Timothy Dawson who was convicted of killing his wife.

Internet Predator Unit
After Cox became Attorney General in 2003, he restructured the Child and Public Protection Unit to focus on aggressively protecting children from adults who would attempt to prey on young children over the internet. Cox's unit would identify those adults who would interact with children inappropriately and arrested more than 250 adults having one of the most successful units in the nation.

In 2006, the unit arrested Detroit consultant Ken Gourlay after Cox read a story in The New York Times depicting the abuse of Mr. Berry in the underground world of child pornography. In the story, Cox read that Mr. Berry was a Michigan resident and asked his team to investigate. Attorney General investigators found hundreds of computers with thousands of pornographic images in Gourlay's possession. Eventually, Gourlay was convicted of several charges including enticing a child to engage in sexually abusive activity and was sentenced to six years by circuit court judge Archie Brown in 2007.

Detroit Mayor's mansion party
Cox played a role in aftermath of a party at Manoogian Mansion, then the residence of Detroit mayor Kwame Kilpatrick. Strippers were alleged to have been present at the party and allegedly assaulted; one dancer was murdered shortly after. Citing no evidence, no proof, and no witnesses, Cox declined to offer a subpoena, effectively closing an investigation by the State of Michigan into allegations of the "wild party." The Michigan State Police continued its own separate investigation.

Cox interviewed the Mayor with his chief criminal prosecutor. The police noted that Cox insisted on interviewing the former mayor alone without Michigan State Police officers present, because there were allegations of media leaks. State police officers have testified that they had strong leads that needed to be followed regarding the Manoogian Mansion party, that the state police believed that the Detroit Police Department was destroying evidence in the case, but "because of actions by Attorney General Mike Cox, they were powerless to stop them." A state police memo indicated that they had wanted to interview the mayor and the mayor's wife, but because the attorney general had "shut down" the investigation, the state police could not get subpoenas, medical records or the cooperation of witnesses. In response, Cox said that he closed the investigation after interviewing more than 130 people who stated the party never took place, and called the accusations against him "absolute bullshit". Cox explained that the focus of his investigation was whether Kilpatrick's bodyguards were being paid illegal overtime to work the party. Cox also said that the police could have "went" to Wayne County Prosecutor Kym Worthy if they wanted subpoenas. Cox stated that he closed the investigation without interviewing the alleged perpetrator of the assault because the allegations only involved a misdemeanor and the state police did not need to interview the alleged perpetrator. In addition, Cox said that newspaper reporters did not find evidence that the police did not find.

Seven years after the investigation, the party has not been proven to have occurred. However, after Cox ended the investigation, a records clerk at the police department has claimed that she saw a police report of an assault at the Manoogian Mansion. The chief of police from a nearby city alleged that he was invited to the party. A witness at a hospital claimed that an assault victim arrived for treatment with what appeared to be the then-mayor's security detail, and the witness was told by a co-worker that the victim had been beaten by the mayor's wife. A 9-1-1 dispatcher has also given testimony under oath in a civil deposition about officers who were dispatched to the Mansion regarding a disturbance. She said she was told by responding officers that Cox was present at the party. Mike Cox denied the accusation in a TV interview. More recently, a woman who alleges that she also danced at the Manogian Mansion party has come forward and has sworn under oath that not only did the party happen, but that she witnessed an assault by the former mayor's wife on Tamara Greene at the party. She also has alleged that several Detroit police officers were guests at the party.

Civil Rights
Mike Cox was one of the few elected officials to support the Michigan Civil Rights Initiative which was a constitutional amendment to ban racial and gender preferences for state institutions in 2006.

In February 2003, Cox refused then-Governor Granholm's request for the State of Michigan to provide an amicus brief in support of the University of Michigan's admissions policies which allowed racial preferences. After Cox's refusal, then-Governor Granholm submitted a brief in her capacity as Governor supporting the University's position, not on behalf of the State of Michigan.

The Michigan Civil Rights Initiative was passed by Michigan voters with a margin of 58%-42% in 2006 according to the Michigan Secretary of State. After passage, the group By Any Means Necessary challenged the constitutionality of the amendment in federal court to prevent implementation. As Attorney General, Cox immediately defended the constitutionality of the amendment and vigorously defended the amendment until his term ended in December 2010.

In October 2013, the Department of Attorney General argued the defense of MCRI in the U.S. Supreme Court. On April 22, 2014, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the State in Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action.

Adultery law
Cox received nationwide press in 2007 when the Michigan Court of Appeals ruled that adultery could be prosecuted as first-degree criminal sexual conduct with a resulting life in prison sentence. This unanimous decision was reached as a result of an appeal sought by Cox's office on a drug case that touched in part on this strange loophole in the law. In November 2005, Cox himself admitted to committing adultery while accusing Oakland County lawyer Geoffrey Fieger of blackmail, claiming that he threatened to reveal the affair if Cox did not drop an investigation into Fieger's campaign finance violations. Cox said his personal conduct was "inexcusable" and had reconciled with his wife.

Pursuant to MCL 750.31, however, only Cox himself, his wife, or parties to the marriage (if any) of the co-adulterer or adulterers with whom he committed felonies may pursue a complaint for prosecution of felony adultery. Cox did not recuse himself from the decision to file a complaint for prosecution of his adultery notwithstanding the apparent conflict of interest.

Health care
Cox joined nineteen other state attorneys general, all but one being Republican, in challenging the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act after its passage. Critics contended that this action was a political move because Cox was running for governor. Timothy Stoltzfus Jost, a professor of law at the Washington and Lee University, has criticized this unusual move as being not only "frivolous" but a waste of taxpayers' dollars.

Same-sex marriage
In April 2013, Cox became one of the first high-profile Republicans in Michigan to support same-sex marriage. Cox urged the legislature to overturn the 2004 constitutional amendment banning gay marriage and civil unions. Cox said his views "evolved", and went on to say "Usually, I hate it when politicians say their views have evolved, but I guess mine have," Cox said. "Part of it is I've just become more libertarian. I still think of myself as a social conservative."

2010 campaign for governor
Cox filed paperwork to explore a bid for governor in 2008, and was the first person to form an exploratory committee. The Republican nominee in 2006, Dick DeVos, announced in November 2008 that he was not going to seek the GOP nomination in 2010. In March 2009, the Detroit Free Press reported that Cox led the likely Democratic challenger at the time, Lt. Governor John D. Cherry, by 41-34%. Cherry later decided not to run.

On May 27, 2009, Cox formally announced his candidacy for governor on Facebook and Twitter.

Local and national polling indicated in March 2010 that Cox was one of the front-runners for the Republican nomination, potentially defeating his potential Democratic opponents in the 2010 gubernatorial election by comfortable margins in hypothetical match-ups.

Cox finished third in the Republican gubernatorial primary, behind businessman Rick Snyder and Congressman Pete Hoekstra.

title: Mike Cox (American politician)


text:
Johnson's algorithm

Johnson's algorithm is a way to find the shortest paths between all pairs of vertices in an edge-weighted directed graph. It allows some of the edge weights to be negative numbers, but no negative-weight cycles may exist. It works by using the Bellman–Ford algorithm to compute a transformation of the input graph that removes all negative weights, allowing Dijkstra's algorithm to be used on the transformed graph. It is named after Donald B. Johnson, who first published the technique in 1977.

A similar reweighting technique is also used in Suurballe's algorithm for finding two disjoint paths of minimum total length between the same two vertices in a graph with non-negative edge weights.

Algorithm description
Johnson's algorithm consists of the following steps:
 * 1) First, a new node $q$ is added to the graph, connected by zero-weight edges to each of the other nodes.
 * 2) Second, the Bellman–Ford algorithm is used, starting from the new vertex $q$, to find for each vertex $v$ the minimum weight $h(v)$ of a path from $q$ to $v$. If this step detects a negative cycle, the algorithm is terminated.
 * 3) Next the edges of the original graph are reweighted using the values computed by the Bellman–Ford algorithm: an edge from $u$ to $v$, having length $w(u,v)$, is given the new length $w(u,v) + h(u) − h(v)$.
 * 4) Finally, $q$ is removed, and Dijkstra's algorithm is used to find the shortest paths from each node $s$ to every other vertex in the reweighted graph. The distance in the original graph is then computed for each distance $D$($u$, $v$), by adding $h(v) − h(u)$ to the distance returned by Dijkstra's algorithm.

Example
The first three stages of Johnson's algorithm are depicted in the illustration below.

The graph on the left of the illustration has two negative edges, but no negative cycles. The center graph shows the new vertex $q$, a shortest path tree as computed by the Bellman–Ford algorithm with $q$ as starting vertex, and the values $h(v)$ computed at each other node as the length of the shortest path from $q$ to that node. Note that these values are all non-positive, because $q$ has a length-zero edge to each vertex and the shortest path can be no longer than that edge. On the right is shown the reweighted graph, formed by replacing each edge weight $w(u,v)$ by $w(u,v) + h(u) − h(v)$. In this reweighted graph, all edge weights are non-negative, but the shortest path between any two nodes uses the same sequence of edges as the shortest path between the same two nodes in the original graph. The algorithm concludes by applying Dijkstra's algorithm to each of the four starting nodes in the reweighted graph.

Correctness
In the reweighted graph, all paths between a pair $s$ and $t$ of nodes have the same quantity $h(s) − h(t)$ added to them. The previous statement can be proven as follows: Let $p$ be an $s-t$ path. Its weight W in the reweighted graph is given by the following expression:

$$\left(w(s, p_1) + h(s) - h(p_1)\right) + \left(w(p_1, p_2) + h(p_1) - h(p_2)\right) + ... + \left(w(p_n, t) + h(p_n) - h(t)\right).$$

Every $$+h(p_i)$$ is cancelled by $$-h(p_i)$$ in the previous bracketed expression; therefore, we are left with the following expression for W:

$$\left(w(s, p_1) + w(p_1, p_2) + \cdots + w(p_n, t)\right)+ h(s) - h(t)$$

The bracketed expression is the weight of p in the original weighting.

Since the reweighting adds the same amount to the weight of every $s-t$ path, a path is a shortest path in the original weighting if and only if it is a shortest path after reweighting. The weight of edges that belong to a shortest path from q to any node is zero, and therefore the lengths of the shortest paths from q to every node become zero in the reweighted graph; however, they still remain shortest paths. Therefore, there can be no negative edges: if edge uv had a negative weight after the reweighting, then the zero-length path from q to u together with this edge would form a negative-length path from q to v, contradicting the fact that all vertices have zero distance from q. The non-existence of negative edges ensures the optimality of the paths found by Dijkstra's algorithm. The distances in the original graph may be calculated from the distances calculated by Dijkstra's algorithm in the reweighted graph by reversing the reweighting transformation.

Analysis
The time complexity of this algorithm, using Fibonacci heaps in the implementation of Dijkstra's algorithm, is $$O(|V|^2\log |V| + |V||E|)$$: the algorithm uses $$O(|V||E|)$$ time for the Bellman–Ford stage of the algorithm, and $$O(|V|\log |V| + |E|)$$ for each of the $$|V|$$ instantiations of Dijkstra's algorithm. Thus, when the graph is sparse, the total time can be faster than the Floyd–Warshall algorithm, which solves the same problem in time $$O(|V|^3)$$.

title: Johnson's algorithm


text:
Terri Lynn Land

Terri Lynn Land (born June 30, 1958) is an American politician who served as the 41st Michigan Secretary of State from 2003 to 2011. A member of the Republican Party, Land was elected to the Republican National Committee in 2012. She was the Republican nominee for the 2014 United States Senate race in Michigan, losing in the general election to Democrat Gary Peters. Land currently serves on the Board of Governors of Wayne State University.

Early life and education
Land was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan. She grew up in Grandville, Michigan, graduating from Grandville High School, and attended Hope College in Holland, Michigan, where she received a Bachelor of Arts in political science. In 2009, Land was awarded an honorary doctorate degree from Davenport University.

Early political career
In 1980, Land joined the Grandville Planning Commission. At age 23, Land ran for the Michigan House of Representatives, unsuccessfully challenging incumbent Democrat Jelt Sietsema. From 1992 to 2000, she was the elected Clerk of Kent County, Michigan's fourth-largest county. In 2000, with Governor John Engler's encouragement, Land ran unsuccessfully for the Michigan State Board of Education.

Michigan Secretary of State
In 2002, Land became Michigan's 41st Secretary of State, defeating Detroit-based attorney Melvin Hollowell 55%-43%, and took office on January 1, 2003. She and her husband contributed more than $1.9 million of their own money to her 2002 and 2006 Secretary of State campaigns.

The Grand Rapids Press editorial board praised Land for her technological transformation of state services, including updates to computer systems; expansion of Web services; consolidation of branch offices and "expanded hours in new, larger locations"; and changes that for the first time allowed Michigan customers to pay fees with credit cards and renew license plate registrations through self-service stations. The Press editorial board wrote that, over the opposition of some Republicans, Land "advocated measures that would expand participation at the polls, including early voting, no-reason absentee voting and early registration for young voters."

In 2005, Land's office announced an effort to use the Help America Vote Act to reduce potential voter fraud by removing names of voters who had died, moved out of Michigan, or changed their names. A New York Times investigation found that 33,000 people were removed from the rolls, while Land's office said 11,000 voters were removed. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) took Michigan to court over the removal of voter names. The Times pointed out that similar problems were seen in other states, as "Republican and Democratic election officials ... struggled to interpret new federal laws, such as the Help America Vote Act." In October 2008, a federal judge ruled that the national Voting Rights Act had been violated and six states, including Michigan, were ordered to stop removing names from voter rolls. A spokesperson for Land's office told the Detroit Free Press, "If you're eligible to vote, you will be able to cast a vote on Election Day".

In 2006, Land was reelected, defeating Macomb County Clerk Carmella Sabaugh, 56%-42%. After serving two terms, the maximum allowed in the state, she was succeeded by Republican Ruth Johnson.

2010 gubernatorial race
After exploring a bid for Michigan governor in 2010, Land decided not to run in June 2009, instead endorsing Mike Bouchard. She ran for lieutenant governor on a ticket with Bouchard the following year, but lost in the Republican primary.

2014 U.S. Senate election
On June 3, 2013 Land announced her candidacy for the United States Senate in 2014. She ran unopposed in the primary and faced Democratic congressman Gary Peters in the general election.

According to an early analysis by the Washington Post, the U.S. Senate election in Michigan was considered one of the top 10 Senate races of 2014. Land outraised Peters throughout the campaign. Her largest independent backer was Americans for Prosperity, which spent $3.6 million in support of her candidacy.

In 2014, Land gave $3 million to her own campaign, saying, "You can't ask other people to invest in you if you don't invest in yourself." In her federal financial disclosure form, she had not listed any bank accounts or other assets in her control worth that much. Her campaign said that it had mistakenly failed to disclose a joint account she had with her husband. A Detroit Free Press review of financial disclosure forms showed Land and her husband had assets worth $35 million in 2014, with $1.5 million belonging to Land, and that "candidates may typically tap liberally into joint accounts with their spouses."

In May 2014, Land gave a speech at the Mackinac Policy Conference, a three-day event that many of the state's top business and civic leaders attend, which she read from notes. Following her speech, Land was swarmed by reporters and, unable to articulate a response to a question, pushed their microphones away, saying, "I can't do this."

Land was endorsed by the entire Michigan Republican delegation, as well as former congressman Pete Hoekstra, and the Family Research Council.

Her campaign was weighed down by various missteps and her reluctance to make public campaign appearances, particularly after the event in May. Peters opened up a consistent lead in the polls beginning in September. The Republican establishment effectively gave up on Land's campaign the following month. In the November 4 general election, Land received 41.3% of the vote to Peters's 54.6%.

Voting rights lawsuit
In September 2020, Land filed a lawsuit against Secretary of State Jocelyn Benson for allowing votes postmarked before Election Day to be counted after Election Day.

2020 Wayne State University Board of Governors election
In September 2020, the Michigan Republican Party was required by law to withdraw its nomination of Diane Dunaskiss for the Wayne State University Board of Governors due to Dunaskiss's failure to pay a 2018 campaign fee. In an emergency state committee session, Land replaced Dunaskiss as the party's nominee. On November 3, 2020, Land was elected to an 8-year term on the board of governors.

2020 Michigan Fake Electors Case

As revealed by documents from the Federal Government retrieved via a FOIA request, Terri Lynn Land was listed as a fake elector for Donald Trump during the 2020 presidential election, but declined to attend, and was replaced by Ken Thompson.

Personal life
Land married Dan Hibma in 1983. They live in Byron Center and have two children. According to financial disclosures, Land and her family have assets worth at least $34 million.

title: Terri Lynn Land


text:
CFGS-DT

CFGS-DT (channel 34), branded Noovo Gatineau–Ottawa, is a television station in Gatineau, Quebec, Canada, serving the National Capital Region as an affiliate of Noovo. The station is owned by RNC Media, as part of a twinstick with TVA affiliate CHOT-DT (channel 40). The two stations share studios on Rue Jean Proulx and Rue Buteau in the former city of Hull; CFGS-DT's transmitter is located at Camp Fortune in Chelsea, Quebec.

CFGS-DT is the largest Noovo station that is not owned-and-operated by the network. It is also the second major network affiliate in Canada in a media market that is not owned by its associated network, after CHOT.

Overview
It was originally broadcast on UHF channel 49 from its debut on September 7, 1986, until moving to its current over-the-air channel position in 2001. However, prior to changing its listings to national listings only, TV Guide always had this station listed as Channel 49.

CFGS's operation is considerably smaller than sister station CHOT — the station only airs a 10-minute local newscast weekdays at 5:30 p.m. anchored by Louka Jacques, along with brief news updates in the morning and in the evening. There are only two anchors (one for the morning news update and one for the 5:30 p.m. news). For a brief period in 2006, there was an occasional commentary by former MP Françoise Boivin on stories that made headlines.

Digital television and high definition
The analog television shutdown and digital conversion, took place on August 31, 2011, however, CFGS-TV was granted a temporary extension for their analogue broadcasts. CFGS-DT began its digital broadcasts on its current assigned analogue channel, UHF 34 on October 31, 2011.

title: CFGS-DT


text:
User:Thesteve/Schools

On Schools
I have decided that schools deserve to be included in wikipedia.

Community
A school is a community consisting of the teachers and students who go there. In order for there to be a school, there must be enough people to fill it, usually somewhere between 400 and 2000. The fact that the community is continually changing only means that the impact of the school is greater. There are also peripheral members of this community including the parents, the boy scouts who meet in the gym every week, and the local sports team that uses the soccer field on weekends. Students usually spend 4 years going to a high school for 6 hours every weekday, and the lasting effect on their lives in undeniable. Consensus is that all places merit inclusion, and it is a very small stretch to add schools, which are comparable in population to a small town.

Place
Schools also tend to include property and a building or two. The older the building, the more interesting it becomes. Some have unique architectural features. Almost all of them are of significant enough size to be landmarks, and are included on local maps.

History
Most schools have been around for some time and so interesting events, news stories, famous alumni, controversies, shootings and lawsuits that happened there tend to accumulate. Obviously, the older the school is, the more significant this becomes.

Each of these reasons may not be enough, in and of itself, to merit inclusion, but taken together, they almost certainly do.

The Solution
The solution is really very simple. Make articles about each school district and redirect all the school articles there. Then you can have a section on each school in the district and add all kinds of extra goodies about the school board and how much they're paid/not paid to make life miserable for parents and students alike. I think about 90% of both "deletionists" and "inclusionists" would agree to this. I know User:RickK would, because he said so, and he's nominated more schools for deletion that I've voted Keep on.

Why is this not done? The reason is very simple - it requires work.

The natural thing for users, especially beginning users, to do is type their current school/alma mater in by name. They find nothing, so they create it. Because wikipedia is a community project, the intuitive name is the one that will usually be created. The "inclusionists" think this is just fine and want to keep it. The "deletionists" don't want the schools included at all, so everyone concerned is pretty happy arguing about it on Vfd, with the result that some get kept and others don't.

The SolutionTM would require a fair amount of work to maintain. Whenever a maintainer found a school, he or she would have to move all the information to the correct district, which might have to be created, and make the school name into a redirect. In addition, because it is an unnatural sort of division, new users would continue to create articles under school names, so some dedication is needed. Also, most beginning school articles would have to be cleaned up significantly. Most people are aware of the name of the school, but far fewer know (or even care about) the board or district names which would have to be researched. That is why there is no Toronto district school board article but there is Heart Lake Secondary School, even though the former would be considered much more encyclopedic than the latter.

I have recently noticed that Niteowlneils is working on a similar solution, which I fully support.

title: User:Thesteve/Schools