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Derek Barton

Sir Derek Harold Richard Barton (8 September 1918 – 16 March 1998) was an English organic chemist and Nobel Prize laureate for 1969.

Education and early life
Barton was born in Gravesend, Kent, to William Thomas and Maude Henrietta Barton (née Lukes).

He attended Gravesend Grammar School (1926–29), The King's School, Rochester (1929–32), Tonbridge School (1932–35) and Medway Technical College (1937–39). In 1938 he entered Imperial College London, where he graduated in 1940 and obtained his PhD degree in Organic Chemistry in 1942.

Career and research
From 1942 to 1944 Barton was a government research chemist, then from 1944 to 1945 he worked for Albright and Wilson in Birmingham. He then became Assistant Lecturer in the Department of Chemistry of Imperial College, and from 1946 to 1949 he was ICI Research Fellow.

During 1949 and 1950 he was visiting lecturer in natural products chemistry at Harvard University, and was then appointed reader in organic chemistry and, in 1953, professor at Birkbeck College. In 1955 he became Regius Professor of Chemistry at the University of Glasgow, in 1957 he was appointed professor of organic chemistry at University of Oxford. In 1950, Barton showed that organic molecules could be assigned a preferred conformation based upon results accumulated by chemical physicists, in particular by Odd Hassel. Using this new technique of conformational analysis, he later determined the geometry of many other natural product molecules.

In 1969, Barton shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Odd Hassel for “contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry."

In 1958 Barton was appointed Arthur D. Little Visiting Professor of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and in 1959 Karl Folkers Visiting Professor of at the Universities of Illinois and Wisconsin. The same year he was elected a foreign honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

In 1949 he was the first recipient of the Corday-Morgan Medal and Prize awarded by the Royal Society of Chemistry. In 1954 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and the International Academy of Science, Munich as well as, in 1956, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh; in 1965 he was appointed member of the Council for Scientific Policy. He was knighted in 1972, becoming formally styled Sir Derek in Britain. In 1978 he became Director of the Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN - Gif Sur-Yvette) in France.

In 1977, on the occasion of the centenary of the Royal Institute of Chemistry, the British Post Office honoured him, and 5 other Nobel Prize-winning British chemists, with a series of four postage stamps featuring aspects of their discoveries.

He moved to the United States in 1986 (specifically Texas) and became distinguished professor at Texas A&M University and held this position for 12 years until his death.

In 1996, Barton published a comprehensive volume of his works, entitled Reason and Imagination: Reflections on Research in Organic Chemistry.

As well as for his work on conformation, his name is remembered in a number of reactions in organic chemistry such as the Barton reaction, the Barton decarboxylation, and the Barton-McCombie deoxygenation.

The newly built Barton Science Centre at Tonbridge School in Kent, where he was educated for 4 years, completed in 2019, is named after him.

Honours and awards
Barton was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1954. In 1966 he was elected a Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. He was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1970 and the American Philosophical Society in 1978.
 * Knight Bachelor ribbon.svg - Knight Bachelor (1972)
 * Legion Honneur Chevalier ribbon.svg - Légion d'honneur (1972)

Personal life
Sir Derek married three times: Jeanne Kate Wilkins (on 20 December 1944); Christiane Cognet (in 1969); and Judith Von-Leuenberger Cobb (in 1993). He had a son by his first marriage.

title: Derek Barton


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Edward Dwyer

Corporal Edward Dwyer, VC (25 November 1895 – 3 September 1916) was a British Army soldier and an English recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Early life
Dwyer was born in Fulham, London, on 25 November 1895.

First World War

Dwyer was 19 years old, and a private in the 1st Battalion, East Surrey Regiment, British Army during the First World War, when was awarded the VC for his actions on 20 April 1915 at Hill 60 in Belgium.

"For most conspicuous bravery and devotion to duty at 'Hill 60' on the 20th April, 1915. When his trench was heavily attacked by German grenade throwers he climbed on to the parapet, and, although subjected to a hail of bombs at close quarters, succeeded in dispersing the enemy by the effective use of his hand grenades. Private Dwyer displayed great gallantry earlier on this day in leaving his trench, under heavy shell fire, to bandage his wounded comrades."

Dwyer was also awarded the Cross of St. George by Russia. He later achieved the rank of corporal. He was killed in action at Guillemont, France on 3 September 1916. His grave is located at Flatiron Copse Military Cemetery, France, which is 4 miles east of Albert (Plot III, Row J, Grave 3).

Apart from Jack Cornwell of the Royal Navy, Dwyer was the youngest VC recipient of the First World War.

His VC is displayed at the Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment (Queens and Royal Hampshires) Museum located in Dover Castle, Kent.

Recording
In 1916, Dwyer made an audio recording for the Regal record label in which he described taking part in the Retreat from Mons in the early days of the war. The monologue describes life at the front, pay and rations, and includes a sample of one of the songs sung by soldiers at the time. Both sides of the Regal disc (each lasting about 3 minutes) made for the British enlistment services are available on the archive audio collections ''Oh! It's a Lovely War (Vol 1) and Artists Rifles'' on CD41, which along with the Dwyer sides includes popular and patriotic songs, marches and descriptive sketch records. Dwyer's recording appears to be the only one made by a serving British soldier during the Great War, and as such is unique. Part of the recording was used in the 2003 documentary The First World War.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Edward Dwyer


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An Englishman Abroad

An Englishman Abroad is a 1983 BBC television drama film based on the true story of a chance meeting of actress Coral Browne with Guy Burgess, a member of the Cambridge spy ring who spied for the Soviet Union while an officer at MI6. The production was written by Alan Bennett and directed by John Schlesinger. Browne stars as herself.

Plot
The film is set in Moscow in 1958, after Burgess had defected to the Soviet Union in 1951 with Donald Maclean when it became apparent that Maclean was about to be investigated by British intelligence. Burgess barges into Browne's dressing room in the interval of a touring Shakespeare Memorial Theatre production of Hamlet, in which she portrayed Gertrude, and charms her. Later on she is invited to his Moscow flat, finding it with some difficulty, to measure him for a suit that he would like ordered from his London tailor. On returning to London, she visits several high-class gentlemen's outfitters to purchase his requirements.

Film cast

 * Alan Bates as Guy Burgess
 * Coral Browne as herself
 * Charles Gray as 'Charles' playing Claudius
 * Harold Innocent as Rosencrantz
 * Vernon Dobtcheff as Guildenstern
 * Czeslaw Grocholski as general
 * Matthew Sim as boy
 * Mark Wing-Davey as Hamlet
 * Faina Zinova as hotel receptionist
 * Douglas Reith as Toby
 * Peter Chelsom as Giles
 * Judy Gridley as Tessa
 * Bibs Ekkel as scarf man
 * Alexei Jawdokimov as Tolya
 * Molly Veness as Mrs Burgess
 * Denys Hawthorne as tailor
 * Roger Hammond as shoe shop assistant
 * Charles Lamb as George
 * Trevor Baxter as pyjama shop manager

Charles Gray's character was simply named 'Charles' but in the real events on which the play is based, his character would have been the actor Mark Dignam. During the film, Burgess refers to one of the actors in the version of 'Hamlet' he's just seen, playing the part of Laertes. "I like the look of Laertes. He goes rather well in to tights" says Burgess. "That's what he thinks" replies Browne, to which Burgess responds: "Looks like he put a couple of King Edward's down there". The actor they were discussing would have been Edward Woodward in the Moscow production. Michael Redgrave, Dorothy Tutin, Julian Glover, Anthony Nicholls, Eileen Atkins, Ian Holm and Edward de Souza were all members of the Shakespearean troupe involved with this tour of Russia, but they play no part in Bennett's storyline.

Production
Rather than film in the Soviet Union, Schlesinger used several locations in Scotland. The Caird Hall and Whitehall Theatre in Dundee stood in for the Moscow theatre, and the grand marble staircase of Glasgow City Chambers played the part of the British Embassy. Additional filming was done at Glasgow's St. Andrew's Suspension Bridge ("luckily, in a snowstorm" Bennett later wrote) and the Moss Heights flats in Cardonald, which represented Burgess' Moscow apartment.

Writing
Several plot changes were made from the true story told by Browne to Bennett. Burgess in fact threw up in the dressing room of Michael Redgrave, who asked for Browne's help. Redgrave documented the incident in his autobiography without mentioning Browne's involvement with the incident. Browne addressed some press speculation that she had in fact plagiarized Redgrave's story in various interviews to promote the film's first broadcast, explaining Bennett's dramatic changes. The play also contained scenes in Moscow's British Embassy and in London shops where Browne encountered resistance to helping Burgess, none of which happened in reality.

Bennett gives the date of Browne's meeting with Burgess as 1958 in the introduction to his Single Spies, which contains the text of An Englishman Abroad in the stage play version and the text of A Question of Attribution about Anthony Blunt.

The play was also adapted for radio on the BBC World Service in 1994 starring Michael Gambon as Burgess and Penelope Wilton as Coral Browne. It was subsequently re-broadcast on BBC Radio 7 and BBC Radio 4 Extra, most recently in 2013 as part of BBC Radio 4 Extra's Cambridge Spies season.

Reception
Both Browne and Bates were winners of the BAFTA awards for acting for their roles in the production. The film won the British Academy Television Award for Best Single Drama.

On the BFI TV 100, a list compiled in 2000 by the British Film Institute (BFI), chosen by a poll of industry professionals, to determine what were the greatest British television programmes of any genre ever to have been screened, An Englishman Abroad was listed at number 30.

The U. S. film critic Pauline Kael wrote in 1985 that An Englishman Abroad "is probably the finest hour of television I've ever seen."

title: An Englishman Abroad


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User talk:Evangelos

Welcome!
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page.

Also, I suggest that you may add yourself to the lists of Greek Wikipedians and Multilingual Wikipedians. Etz Haim 17:17, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Literature Collaboration of the Week
Patrida, I'm rallying up support for Alexandros Papadiamantis in Literature Collaboration of the Week. So, go vote! :D

Project2501a 16:26, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedians in Greece
Hi, I understand that you are either Greek Wikipedian or a Wikipedian living in/with an interest in Greece.

The category page Wikipedians/Greece has been replaced with Category:Wikipedians in Greece but your name still appears on the old list. You might considering moving it. You might also consider adding adding Template:Greekwiki to your user page.

A Greek Wikipedians' notice board has been in existence for some time but is terribly underutilised. It would certainly benefit from your involvement.--Damac 12:17, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Evangelos


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Geodetic airframe

A geodetic airframe is a type of construction for the airframes of aircraft developed by British aeronautical engineer Barnes Wallis in the 1930s (who sometimes spelt it "geodesic"). Earlier, it was used by Prof. Schütte for the Schütte Lanz Airship SL 1 in 1909. It makes use of a space frame formed from a spirally crossing basket-weave of load-bearing members. The principle is that two geodesic arcs can be drawn to intersect on a curving surface (the fuselage) in a manner that the torsional load on each cancels out that on the other.

Early examples

The "diagonal rider" structural element was used by Joshua Humphreys in the first US Navy sail frigates in 1794. Diagonal riders are viewable in the interior hull structure of the preserved USS Constitution on display in Boston Harbor. The structure was a pioneering example of placing "non-orthogonal" structural components within an otherwise conventional structure for its time. The "diagonal riders" were included in these American naval vessels' construction as one of five elements to reduce the problem of hogging in the ship's hull, and did not make up the bulk of the vessel's structure, they do not constitute a completely "geodetic" space frame.

Calling any diagonal wood brace (as used on gates, buildings, ships or other structures with cantilevered or diagonal loads) an example of geodesic design is a misnomer. In a geodetic structure, the strength and structural integrity, and indeed the shape, come from the diagonal "braces" - the structure does not need the "bits in between" for part of its strength (implicit in the name space frame) as does a more conventional wooden structure.

Aeroplanes

The earliest-known use of a geodetic airframe design for any aircraft was for the pre-World War I Schütte-Lanz SL1 rigid airship's envelope structure] of 1911, with the airship capable of up to a 38.3 km/h (23.8 mph) top airspeed.

The Latécoère 6 was a French four-engined biplane bomber of the early 1920s. It was of advanced all-metal construction and probably the first aeroplane to use geodetic construction. Only one was built.

Barnes Wallis, inspired by his earlier experience with light alloy structures and the use of geodesically-arranged wiring to distribute the lifting loads of the gasbags in the design of the R100 airship, evolved the geodetic construction method (although it is commonly stated, there was no geodetic structure in R100). Wallis used the term "geodetic" to apply to the airframe; it is referred to as "Vickers-Wallis construction" in some early company documents. "Geodesic" is used in the United States for aircraft structures.

The system was later used by Wallis's employer, Vickers-Armstrongs in a series of bomber aircraft, the Wellesley, Wellington, Warwick and Windsor. In these aircraft, the fuselage and wing were built up from duralumin alloy channel-beams that were formed into a large framework. Wooden battens were screwed onto the metal, to which the doped linen skin of the aircraft was fixed. The Windsor had a woven metal skin.

The metal lattice-work gave a light and very strong structure. The benefit of the geodetic construction was larger internal volume for a given streamlined shape. Flight magazine described a geodetic frame as sheet metal covering in which diamond shaped holes have been cut leaving behind the geodetic strips. The benefit was offset by having to construct the fuselage as a complete assembly unlike aircraft using stressed-skin construction which could be built in sections. In addition, fabric covering on the geodetic frame was not suitable for higher flying aircraft that had to be pressurised. The difficulty of providing a pressurised compartment in a geodetic frame was a challenge during the design of the high altitude Wellington Mk. V. The pressure cabin, which expanded and contracted independently of the rest of the airframe, had to be attached at the nodal points of the structure.

Geodetic wing and fin structures, taken from the Wellington, were used on the post-war Vickers VC.1 Viking, but with a metal stressed-skin fuselage. Later production Vikings were completely stressed-skin construction marking the end of geodetic construction at Vickers.

title: Geodetic airframe


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Sort-merge join

The sort-merge join (also known as merge join) is a join algorithm and is used in the implementation of a relational database management system.

The basic problem of a join algorithm is to find, for each distinct value of the join attribute, the set of tuples in each relation which display that value. The key idea of the sort-merge algorithm is to first sort the relations by the join attribute, so that interleaved linear scans will encounter these sets at the same time.

In practice, the most expensive part of performing a sort-merge join is arranging for both inputs to the algorithm to be presented in sorted order. This can be achieved via an explicit sort operation (often an external sort), or by taking advantage of a pre-existing ordering in one or both of the join relations. The latter condition, called interesting order, can occur because an input to the join might be produced by an index scan of a tree-based index, another merge join, or some other plan operator that happens to produce output sorted on an appropriate key. Interesting orders need not be serendipitous: the optimizer may seek out this possibility and choose a plan that is suboptimal for a specific preceding operation if it yields an interesting order that one or more downstream nodes can exploit.

Complexity
Let $$R$$ and $$S$$ be relations where $$ |R|<|S| $$. $$R$$ fits in $$P_{r}$$ pages memory and $$S$$ fits in $$P_{s}$$ pages memory. In the worst case, a sort-merge join will run in $$O(P_{r}+P_{s})$$ I/O operations. In the case that $$R$$ and $$S$$ are not ordered the worst case time cost will contain additional terms of sorting time: $$O(P_{r}+P_{s}+P_{r}\log(P_{r})+ P_{s}\log(P_{s}))$$, which equals $$O(P_{r}\log(P_{r})+ P_{s}\log(P_{s}))$$ (as linearithmic terms outweigh the linear terms, see Big O notation – Orders of common functions).

Pseudocode
For simplicity, the algorithm is described in the case of an inner join of two relations left and right. Generalization to other join types is straightforward. The output of the algorithm will contain only rows contained in the left and right relation and duplicates form a Cartesian product.

Since the comparison logic is not the central aspect of this algorithm, it is hidden behind a generic comparator and can also consist of several comparison criteria (e.g. multiple columns). The compare function should return if a row is less(-1), equal(0) or bigger(1) than another row:

Note that a relation in terms of this pseudocode supports some basic operations:

Simple C# implementation
Note that this implementation assumes the join attributes are unique, i.e., there is no need to output multiple tuples for a given value of the key.

title: Sort-merge join


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Talk:Outline of poker

Opening comment
Does anyone else think that this should come under Category:Lists that should be categories? In fact, most of it is redundant as it is categorized all ready. Essexmutant 16:25, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Not me, and here's why: These lists have great potential for further development, and shouldn't be deleted because that would be wasting building blocks of the encyclopedia. Mature lists, such as well-developed outlines must go through preliminary stages of development.  Not to allow them to and demanding that lists be fully developed upon their initial posting denies them the benefit of collaboration.  That's the whole point of this wiki: it's an environment in which many people can build upon the work of others who came before them.  I've upgraded this list to an outline and have added it to Wikipedia's set of outlines, which is one of the subsystems in Wikipedia's overall contents navigation system.  I couldn't have done this if the list had been deleted based on the short-sighted rationale that it is in some way redundant to the corresponding category.  See WP:CLN for further details about Wikipedia's redundant navigation systems, how they differ, how they complement each other, and how they are synergistic with each other.  Further developments to this outline are on the way, such as annotations to assist topic selection, etc.  The Transhumanist 11:45, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

Similar outlines
For examples of other outlines further along in their development, see:

 * Outline of sports
 * Outline of basketball
 * Outline of games
 * Outline of chess

The Transhumanist 12:00, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

What next?
There are a great many topics/articles on poker that have yet to be added to this outline. Wikipedia's coverage of poker is extensive, and this outline is intended to be a map of that coverage. Please scour the encyclopedia for poker-related articles, and add links to them to this outline. Thank you. The Transhumanist 12:00, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

Quick explanation of Wikipedia outlines
"Outline" is short for "hierarchical outline". There are two types of outlines: sentence outlines (like those you made in school to plan a paper), and topic outlines (like the topical synopses that professors hand out at the beginning of a college course). Outlines on Wikipedia are primarily topic outlines that serve 2 main purposes: they provide taxonomical classification of subjects showing what topics belong to a subject and how they are related to each other (via their placement in the tree structure), and as subject-based tables of contents linked to topics in the encyclopedia. The hierarchy is maintained through the use of heading levels and indented bullets. See Outlines for a more in-depth explanation. The Transhumanist 00:08, 9 August 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Outline of poker


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User:Zeartul~enwiki

Hi! My name is Artur. I'm from Poland. I'm 16.

title: User:Zeartul~enwiki


text:
User:Martinoei~enwiki

Hi, I'm Martin Oei. An Indonesian Chinese live in Hong Kong.

title: User:Martinoei~enwiki


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Les Brownlee

Romer Leslie "Les" Brownlee (July 11, 1939 – May 19, 2022) served as the Under Secretary of the Army from November 2001 to December 2004 and as Acting United States Secretary of the Army from 17 November 2004 until his resignation effective 19 November 2004, staying at the Undersecretary's office.

Military service
Brownlee was a retired Army colonel. He was commissioned in 1962 as a lieutenant in the infantry through the Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps program at the University of Wyoming. He is a distinguished honor graduate of the U.S. Army Ranger Course, an honor graduate of both the Infantry Officer Advanced Course and the Command and General Staff College, and a graduate of the Army's airborne course as well as the Army War College. Brownlee served two tours in Vietnam. During the last two and a half years of a four-and-a-half-year tour in the Pentagon, before retiring in 1984, he was military executive to Under Secretary of the Army James Ambrose.

His military decorations include the Silver Star with oak leaf cluster, the Bronze Star with two oak leaf clusters, and the Purple Heart. He holds a master's degree in business administration from the University of Alabama.

Career
Brownlee became the 27th Under Secretary of the Army on 14 November 2001, following his nomination by President George W. Bush and confirmation by the United States Senate. From 10 May 2003 until 19 November 2004, he served as the Acting Secretary of the Army. As Under Secretary, Brownlee assisted the secretary in fulfilling statutory responsibilities for recruiting, organizing, supplying, equipping, training and mobilizing the United States Army and managing its $98.5 billion annual budget and more than 1.3 million active duty, Army National Guard, Army Reserve and civilian personnel.

Brownlee served on the Republican staff of the Senate Armed Services Committee beginning in January 1987, under both Senator Strom Thurmond and Senator John Warner. In March 1996, Brownlee was designated staff director of the Senate Committee on Armed Services by then chairman, Sen. Thurmond. In January 1999, he was designated staff director for then chairman, Sen. Warner, serving until November 2001 when he was confirmed as the Under Secretary of the Army.

From 1987 to 1996, he was a professional staff member responsible for Army and Marine Corps programs, special operations forces and drug interdiction policy and support. In addition, as deputy staff director, he was deeply involved in policies and programs relating to ballistic missile defense, strategic deterrence and naval strategy, shipbuilding and weapons programs.

Family
His son, John L. Brownlee is a former U.S. Attorney and prior candidate for the Republican nomination for Virginia Attorney General in 2009.

title: Les Brownlee


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Clifford Dyment

Clifford Henry Dyment FRSL (20 January 1914 – 5 June 1971) was a British poet, literary critic, editor and journalist, best known for his poems on countryside topics. Born to Welsh parents, his mother was widowed when Dyment was four years old.

Born in Alfreton, Derbyshire, he spent his early childhood in Caerleon-on-Usk but was educated at Loughborough Grammar School in Leicestershire.

His poem "The Son" was occasioned by his discovery of a letter written by his conscripted father prior to his death in World War I. Another Dyment poem "From Many a Mangled Truth a War is Won" laments the tendency to invent pretexts and justifications for wars.

His first published collection was First Day (1935). During the latter part of the 1930s he was a literary figure in London. During World War II he was engaged to make films, working for the British government. His poem As a boy with a richness of needs I wandered was included by Philip Larkin in The Oxford Book of Twentieth Century English Verse, in 1971.

The poem Mouse was set to music by Betty Roe as part of her song cycle of Cat and Mouse (1987).

He received a Rockefeller Foundation Atlantic Award in 1950.

Works
'The Encounter'
 * First Day (1935)
 * Straight or Curly (1937)
 * The Axe in the Wood (1944)
 * Thomas Hood, Selected Poems (1948, Grey Walls Press) editor
 * Poems 1935–1948 (1949)
 * Experiences and Places (1955)
 * The Railway Game: An Early Autobiography (1962)
 * C. Day-Lewis (1963 biography)
 * Collected Poems (1970)

title: Clifford Dyment


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Talk:Von

Von vs Zu
Could somebody make a summary of when people use "von", when they use "zu", and when they use "von und zu"? I gather that "von" means that the person's origin is from the cited noble land, "zu" means that person is the current owner of the noble title, and "von und zu" means that they are both from the land and own the title? Is that correct? David.Monniaux 18:53, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Towards the end, von rarely had any relationship to anything except a titular knighthood - roughly the same as "sir" in a British knighthood, but hereditary if it had been created as a hereditary title. Von und zu meant that the noble title actually reflected - or at least at one time had reflected - an actual feudal overlordship of some strip of land somewhere.  By WWI, of course, German land was fully capitalist and feudal land relationships were little more than ceremonial where they had not already ben abolished completely.  So Herr von und zu Herzogenflügelburg might well never have set foot in Herzogenflügelburg or even be clear on where it had once been, since some of these feudal holderships were no more than a few hundred acres, and the smallest ones were abolished completely during the Napoleonic reforms in Germany.

 * Actually, I think some of those land holdings had been fictious even when they were created by the Emperor, so even this generalisation isn't true. I'm pretty sure the Freiherr von und zu Lilienburg had never set foot in Lilienburg (which I think is a monastery in Bavaria).

 * I guess you could say that von is old money, and von und zu is really old money. :^)

 * At least that's my best recollection. I can't offer you a source for it, and I make no warranty for it.  --Diderot — Preceding undated comment added 22:54, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

 * The way I translate it is this: 'von' alone means 'of' and 'zu' alone means 'of'. The latter would have indicated a family seat, territory or property. When used together, as in 'von und zu', a safe translation is 'of and in'. It makes sense at least in my head. -- cfvh — Preceding undated comment added 00:36, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

For Zu, as used in German, the best translation is often "at" or "pertaining to". For example: zu Hause means "at home". In the first place, von is quite rare in the first place--there just aren't that many aristocrats. But far fewer names have zu, and it does imply the greatest nobility. In this sense, greatest nobility doesn't mean the precedence of title in the way that a Duke is higher than a Count; but rather in the history and age of the family's noble status. Zu is "better" in the sense that a family entitled to use von und zu usually drops the von and keeps the zu.Pithecanthropus (talk) 01:47, 24 February 2011 (UTC)

Titles
It's a bit of a nitpick, but German noble families were often untitled. This is different from the Peerages in Great Britain, to belong to which you have to have a specific titular rank--baron or higher. In the German nobility, a family could have the name von X, implying noble status, but without holding any titular rank such as Freiherr, Graf, or Baron. Many of the Junkers of Prussia fell into this category; if we were to translate the condition of an untitled German noble in the 19th century to England, the closest analogy might be the untitled gentry among whom so many Victorian novels were set.

So being "untitled" doesn't mean necessarily that a family is non-noble, particularly if they have "von" in their name. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pithecanthropus (talk • contribs) 02:02, 24 February 2011 (UTC)

Questions
What is the Wiki practice regarding the translation of "von" or "zu" in articles? I've noticed several instances wherein German/Austrian nobles, ie Prince Alfred von Auersperg (the first husband of heiress Sunny von Bulow, for instance, have had their vons and zus translated, in article titles and in text, as "of". This seems somewhat ridiculous, to translate what in many cases is now a surname rather than a noble title. Any observations/comments? Mowens35 15:59, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Surely that depends on the context. It's worth looking at, especially if the word after the "von" or zu" is a "minor" placename. I would advise addressing these on a case-by-case basis.63.82.23.2 (talk) 16:26, 24 June 2013 (UTC)

Is it correct to write "von" with lowercase "v" also at the beginning of a sentence? Very often this kind of practice is seen in books, websites, and newspapers. This Wikipedia page should explicitly state whether "von" can be written in lowercase in beginning of a sentence, or is it an error (albeit a very common error). Example of potentially erroneus usage: "von Waldersee was born in Potsdam to a military family." (This sentence is from the Wikipedia entry of "Alfred Graf von Waldersee".) Please edit the "Von" page, if you know the answer. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.231.50.213 (talk) 13:47, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

Places
Does anyone know of a map that shows which parts of Germany where von was restricted to nobles? Emperor001 (talk) 15:50, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

 * What makes you think the use of "von" was restricted in parts of Germany to the nobility? Michael Bednarek (talk) 02:19, 26 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I read somewhere (here maybe) that in some portions of the country, only nobles could use it while in other places, anyone could. Because under the monarchies, Germany was always a group of united states (sometimes more united than others), each state had its own laws about these kind of things.  Emperor001 (talk) 23:03, 27 March 2009 (UTC)
 * No need to speak of laws. I do not think it was ever forbidden to use "von" as part of an artist name. People just have a name which either includes von or doesn't. Then of course in the second case, they must not use it; in the first, it is colloquial to drop it. Now I hear that in the North of Germany, there still are some vons around who are not noble (similar to Dutch van). In the South, rather not. But of course, if you came to the South and were called von, you kept that, noble or not. Then also. --93.135.33.158 (talk) 20:25, 1 October 2012 (UTC)

I've been told that in the Kleverland area, surnames had to drop their Van for that reason. I was hoping to find an explanation in this article, so I think it would be relevant to add one. Rp (talk) 11:07, 1 November 2019 (UTC)

Collation
The article could use a section on collation (e.g., phone book ordering). Jason Quinn (talk) 13:29, 2 December 2009 (UTC)

von in Russia
I shall appreciate if somebody corrects my mistakes and helps me to «encyclopedize» the style (given the whole contribution is appropriate). For a prompt reply from me you may switch to my Russian user page and write there in English. Thanks in advance, Cherurbino (talk) 11:52, 13 July 2010 (UTC)

Titles in the Dative
Is there any particular reason why some people, like Baron vom Stein have their names clearly indicating the masculine Dative, as in "Von dem"? Is this determined by the name that follows? Are most surnames which only feature "von" actually feminine or some kind of adjective? D Boland (talk) 23:48, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

I am nearly fluent in German and have some familiarity with this. Most names don't incorporate a definite article, but a few do, including some of the names that use "von". If there is an article, and the grammatical gender of the name is feminine, then it has to be "von der" because "der" is the feminine dative definite article. An example of such a name is Charles von der Ahe, founder of the Von's grocery chain in California. There's no contraction for "von der", but for "von dem" you usually have to use the contraction "vom". In a name, "von" by itself doesn't imply feminine gender; there's simply no article so we can't tell.Pithecanthropus (talk) 01:35, 24 February 2011 (UTC)

ETA: According to this page, from an organization calling itself The Institute for Research on the German Nobility, the name Von der Ahe is an example the use of the particle in the name of a non-noble family. Looking at the list of bourgeois family names that use "von", one thing that jumps out at me is that many of them do use an article, either explicitly or by the masculine/neuter dative definite article contraction vom="von dem". While there do appear to be a few aristocratic names that do include the article, a good rule of thumb seems to be a name with von der, vom, or von den is not noble. To these we can add dialectical variants, which either do not occur in Standard German (like von de), or do not follow the standard declination. For example, the list I linked to shows both Von den Berg/Vondenberg and Vom Berg (both non-noble) and von Berg (noble). Like Vom Berg ("From the Mountain"), many of these names allude to generic topgraphical features--another example is Von der Heide ("From the Heath"). I suspect that in the case of names like Von der Ahe, the allusion may be to unique geographical features in specific localities.Pithecanthropus (talk) 23:35, 26 February 2011 (UTC)

von versus v.
"Ancient families distinguish themselves from newly ennobled ones by abbreviating von to v. This is also the traditional practice of nobles in North Germany"

I contest this statement. In Germany (I speak from experience as a noble), one has the right to abbreviate the von to v. regardless of the age of nobility. The distinction between von and v. is made at aristocratic balls organised by the organisation that preserves nobility (I forget what this organisation is called). All 'real' nobles are written v. and all 'false' nobles (i.e. people who do not fit the criteria for nobility, such as illegitimate or adopted children) have the von written out in full.

Compare: Josef von Sternberg ('von' was added as part of his stage name) with Wolf v. Engelhardt (member of the German nobility of the Baltic). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mensuur (talk • contribs) 16:56, 28 March 2011 (UTC)

Capitalization
The original capitalization section had a very confusingly written second paragraph that was not-quite coherent: "This is in contrast to Dutch Van, which in the north (Netherlands) is capitalized when standing alone (unless part of a clause), and in the south (Belgium) is always capitalized – for instance, 'A paper by Van der Waals', though 'The van der Waals radius', and 'The politician Eric Van Rompuy.'" Seeing as I'm not a Dutch speaker and don't know the rules of capitalization in Dutch, I did the best I could to interpret what that meant. However, I'm not sure if I got it right, so will someone more familiar with the capitalization rules in Dutch look over the current version and the original excerpt above to make sure it's accurate?--98.119.111.176 (talk) 01:54, 7 June 2011 (UTC)
 * I agree that the former phrasing was confusing. However, Instead of trying to clarify the situation in this article, I think it's simpler to refer to the article Van (Dutch) where it's much better explained. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 05:11, 7 June 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Von


text:
File:VCWilliamKenny2.jpg

Photo of VC recipient William Kenny. Submitted by Franklyncards, 18 Nov 1999.

title: File:VCWilliamKenny2.jpg


text: Category:Indian literature

title: Category:Indian literature


text:
Bo Yibo

Bo Yibo (17 February 1908 – 15 January 2007) was a Chinese politician. He was one of the most senior political figures in China during the 1980s and 1990s.

After joining the Chinese Communist Party when he was 17, he worked as a Communist Party organizer in his native city of Taiyuan, Shanxi. He was promoted to organize Communist guerrilla movements in northern China from a headquarters in Tianjin in 1928, but he was arrested and imprisoned by Kuomintang police in 1931. In 1936, with the tacit support of the Communist Party, Bo signed an anti-communist confession to secure his release. After his release Bo returned to Shanxi, rejoined the communists, and fought both the Kuomintang and the Japanese Empire in northern China until the Communists completed their unification of mainland China in 1949.

During Bo's career he held successive posts as Communist China's inaugural Minister of Finance, a member of the Communist Party's Politburo, Vice-Premier, chairman of State Economic Commission, and vice-chairman of the party's Central Advisory Commission. Bo was purged in 1966 by the Mao-backed Gang of Four, but he was brought back to power by Deng Xiaoping in the late 1970s, after Mao's death.

Bo was one of a select group of powerful veterans centred on Deng who were informally known as the "Eight Immortals" for their political longevity and for the vast influence they commanded during the 1980s and 1990s. After returning to power Bo supported economic liberalization, but was a moderate conservative politically. He initially supported both Hu Yaobang and the 1989 Tiananmen protesters, but he was eventually persuaded by hardliners to support both Hu's dismissal in 1987 and the use of violence against protesters in 1989. Bo's political involvement declined in the 1990s, but he used his influence to support both Deng Xiaoping and Jiang Zemin, and to promote the career of his son, Bo Xilai. He was the last remaining, and longest-lived, of the Eight Elders at the time of his death on 15 January 2007, just a little over a month short of his 99th birthday.

Early life
Bo Yibo was born in Taiyuan, the capital of Shanxi, which had become one of the poorest provinces in China by the early 20th century. His father was a craftsman who produced paper, but the family was so poor that they were forced to drown one of Bo's newborn brothers because they were not wealthy enough to feed him. As a student, Bo was politically active, and once organized a protest against local land taxes. After graduating from high school in Taiyuan he attended Beijing University. While studying in Beijing he joined the Chinese Communist Party, four years after it was founded, in 1925.

Between 1925 and 1928 Bo held a number of minor, local positions as a Communist Party organizer in his home city of Taiyuan. After Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang (KMT) began to violently suppress communists across China in 1927, Bo went into hiding and continued to organize Communist activities in rural areas. In 1928 Bo was sent by the Party to work underground as a Party organizer in Tianjin. He was arrested by the KMT three times; and, after the last time, in 1931, he spent several years in jail. While imprisoned in a correctional facility for military personnel in Beijing, Bo held a formal Party title and was responsible for spreading communism and organizing communist activities in the prison.

In late 1936 the Kuomintang warlord governing Bo's home province of Shanxi, Yan Xishan, began to fear that the Japanese Empire was planning to invade China and formed a "united front" with the Communists to resist the Japanese in Shanxi. Yan then began attracting Shanxi natives across China to return and work for his government in various patriotic organizations. Yan arranged for Guo Yingyi, one of Bo's former classmates and a former Communist then working for Yan, to travel to Beijing and secure Bo's cooperation. Guo succeeded in persuading Bo to sign an anti-Communist confession to secure his release (with the tacit support of the Communist Party) and Bo returned to Shanxi to work with Yan Xishan in October 1936.

After returning to Shanxi, Yan placed Bo in charge of his "Patriotic Sacrifice League", a local organization dedicated to organizing local resistance against Japanese invasion (which Bo organized as a front for promoting Communism). While working under Yan, Bo organized a "dare-to-die" corps of young volunteers and used his good relationship with Yan to persuade Yan to release communists that he was holding in prison. After the Japanese succeeded in taking northern Shanxi in 1937 and wiping out 90% of Yan's military forces, Bo collected the survivors of his unit and conducted anti-Japanese guerrilla operations in southern Shanxi. When cooperation between Yan and the Communists ended in 1939, Bo led the survivors of his unit that were loyal to him and joined the Communist Eighth Route Army. Bo worked until the Japanese surrendered, in 1945, as a commander and political commissar in the People's Liberation Army, fighting the Japanese in Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, and Henan. He held a number of positions within the Party that recognized his administrative authority over much of these areas, and his prestige and influence grew throughout the period of the war. During the later stages of Chinese Civil War, from 1946 to 1949, Bo worked closely under Liu Shaoqi and General Nie Rongzhen.

People's Republic of China
After the Communists won the civil war in 1949, Bo worked as China's finance minister and chairman of the State Planning Commission. In 1956, the State Economic Commission was established under Bo in order to ease administrative burdens on the State Planning Commission. Bo served in a number of other similar positions, including vice premier (from 1957) under Zhou Enlai.

During the early 1950s he was Mao's swimming partner.

He promoted moderate economic policies until he lost Mao's favour in 1958.

In 1964, Bo and Li Fuchun traveled to southwest China to relay Mao's selection of Panzhihua as the base for steel industry development during China's Third Front construction.

Bo Yibo was a member of the CCP Politburo from the 8th National Party Congress in 1956 to the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, and again during the leadership of Deng Xiaoping, from 1979 until the 12th National Party Congress in 1982, when most of the elders retired from formal government positions.

Persecution in the Cultural Revolution
When the Cultural Revolution began in 1966, Bo was quickly identified as a "capitalist roader" and purged as one of the "61 Renegades"—Party members who had spent time in Kuomintang prisons. Jiang Qing produced the anti-communist statement that Bo had signed in 1937 with the Kuomintang in order to secure his release from prison, accusing him of "betraying the party" and making him an easy target for persecution. On 9 February 1967, Kang Sheng and his associates organized a rally in the Beijing Workers Stadium to criticize and "struggle against" Bo. Bo was paraded through the stadium with an iron plaque around his neck describing his "crimes", but he was more defiant than most victims persecuted by Red Guards, and demanded (unsuccessfully) to speak in his own defence. While being paraded he shouted: "I am not a traitor! I am a member of the Communist Party!" Bo's insistence that he was a loyal Communist Party member and that Mao had approved all of his actions created a chaotic atmosphere, and the rally was cancelled after three minutes.

After the rally Bo was transferred to a Beijing prison, where he was charged and convicted of many crimes, including being "a backbone general of the Liu-Deng Black Headquarters", "a core element of the Liu Shaoqi renegade clique", "a big traitor", "a counter-revolutionary revisionist element", and "a Three Anti element". His captors claimed that many of these crimes should be punished by death. Because of Bo's stubborn refusal to break down and "confess" to these charges, he was subjected to various means of torture throughout 1966 and 1967, during which he was routinely beaten and systematically deprived of food, water and sleep.

While imprisoned, Bo attempted to keep notes on the circumstances of his beatings by writing on scraps of newspaper, but his jailers confiscated these and used them as evidence of Bo's recalcitrance. Eventually, his hands trembled so much that he could not hold chopsticks, and he had to scrape his rice off the floor of his cell. When he complained to his jailers that this was "not the communist way", his jailers only beat him more severely. Bo's children were jailed or sent to the countryside, and his wife died in captivity (she was reportedly beaten to death by Red Guards, but they claimed that she committed suicide). Bo Xiyong, Bo Xilai, and Bo Xicheng were imprisoned at the ages of sixteen, seventeen and seventeen (respectively), and Bo Xining was sent to the countryside at the age of fourteen. Bo remained in prison for over a decade.

Career under Deng Xiaoping
Three years after Mao died, in 1979, Deng Xiaoping led an effort to rehabilitate members of the Communist Party who had been persecuted during the Cultural Revolution, and Bo was released from prison and reinstated as a member of the Politburo, and to his former position of vice premier. He joined the ranks of a small group of other senior officials of Deng's generation who Deng had returned to government known as the "Eight Immortals". In 1982 he was promoted to the Central Advisory Commission, a formal group of Party elders with over forty years of political experience. During the 1980s the group clashed with a group of younger reformers within the Party led by Hu Yaobang.

Bo came to support economic reform after one of his trips in the 1980s to Boeing's facilities in the United States. During his visit, Bo discovered that there were only two airplanes parked at the facility. He asked the Boeing executives whether there would be any planes left if the two that he saw were gone. The company's executives answered that two was the exact number they wanted at this particular time, because their production was based on customer orders and anything more than necessary would be a waste of resources. After this visit to Boeing, Bo became much more critical of the Chinese practice of a planned economy, pointing out that excesses of production were in fact a waste of resources. Even for a planned economy, Bo believed that central planning should be based on market demand instead of on rigid Soviet-style planning undertaken without regard to market forces.

Bo was an important supporter of economic reform in the early 1980s, but eventually supported the efforts of other, more conservative, party elders to remove Hu from power in 1987. During the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Bo initially supported moderate Party leaders who called to compromise with protesters, but was later persuaded to support Party hardliners who believed that the students were secretly being controlled by "imperialists with ulterior motives". He ultimately supported the decision to use force to suppress the demonstrations.

After 1989 Bo intervened numerous times to support Deng's efforts to restart economic (but not political) liberalization, and to prevent economic hardliners from dominating Party politics. Even after completely retiring during the 1990s, his status meant that he remained an influential figure who still pulled strings behind the scenes and could make or unmake party officials. He used his influence to support the rise of Jiang Zemin, who became the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party in the 1989. Bo Yibo retired from politics after the Central Advisory Committee was abolished in October 1992 after the 14th Party Congress. In 1993 he co-authored a book on the early history of the Chinese Communist Party.

Bo closely supported the political career of his son, Bo Xilai, who was considered a member of the "Crown Prince Party," though its members are only loosely affiliated by their background. Bo Xilai eventually rose to become China's commerce minister; and, later, the Communist Party Committee Secretary of Chongqing, but his political career ended with the 2012 Wang Lijun scandal. The rest of Bo Yibo's children obtained foreign residency. His daughter became an American citizen and resides in the U.S.

Death
Bo lived long enough to be the oldest member of the Communist Party in China by the end of his life. He died of an undisclosed illness on 15 January 2007. He was cremated and his remains were interred at Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery next to his wife Hu Ming. His daughter, who died twelve years later, was buried next to them.

title: Bo Yibo


text:
Badge Man

The Badge Man is a figure that is purportedly present within the Mary Moorman photograph of the assassination of United States president John F. Kennedy in Dealey Plaza on November 22, 1963. Conspiracy theorists have suggested that this figure is a sniper firing a weapon at the president from the grassy knoll. Although a reputed muzzle flash obscures much of the detail, the Badge Man has been described as a person wearing a police uniform—the moniker itself derives from a bright spot on the chest, which is said to resemble a gleaming badge.

The Moorman photograph was taken a fraction of a second after the fatal bullet struck Kennedy's head. It was analyzed by the House Select Committee on Assassinations, but no evidence of hidden figures was found. In 1983, Gary Mack—the curator of the Sixth Floor Museum—obtained a higher-quality copy of the photograph. Upon enhancement, Mack noted what he believed to be the Badge Man in the shadowed background. This alleged second gunman has appeared in several conspiracy theories concerning the assassination of President Kennedy.

Among photographic experts, the consensus is that the image lacks the resolution to determine whether or not the Badge Man is a human figure. The reputed Badge Man is not present in any other photographs of the assassination and was not seen by any witnesses. Former Los Angeles County Deputy District Attorney Vincent Bugliosi criticized the Badge Man interpretation, and analyst Dale K. Myers has argued that it is not an actual person due to proportional discrepancies. It has been suggested that the figure is actually an optical distortion from a Coca-Cola bottle, or simply different background elements.

Moorman photograph
The 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy, was assassinated on November 22, 1963, while riding in a motorcade through Dealey Plaza in Dallas, Texas. During the assassination, Dallas resident Mary Moorman took a series of photographs with her Polaroid camera. She captured images of the presidential limousine, several other close witnesses, including Abraham Zapruder filming, two Dallas police motorcycle escorts, and the "grassy knoll" beside the motorcade route. The Badge Man is reputedly visible in Moorman's fifth and most famous photo of the area, taken almost exactly at the moment of the fatal shot. This photo has been calculated to have been captured between Zapruder film frames 315 and 316, less than one-sixth of a second after President Kennedy was shot in the head at frame 313.

In the immediate aftermath of the shooting, police officers and spectators ran to the grassy knoll, from where some witnesses believed the shots had originated, but no sniper was found. The Warren Commission concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald was the sole shooter, and that he had shot Kennedy from the Texas School Book Depository building. Conspiracy theorists speculate that there was an assassin behind the wooden picket fence on top of the grassy knoll. For her part, Moorman told Larry Sabato that she did not see anything out of the ordinary behind the fence and that she remained unconvinced that a second shooter was revealed in her photograph.

Moorman's photograph was not included in the Warren Commission's 1964 report or its supporting documents. Moorman stated that she had been invited to provide testimony to the Commission, but asked for a postponement after injuring her ankle, and was not contacted again. In the late 1970s, the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)—which concluded that there was a second assassin on the grassy knoll based on now discredited acoustic evidence—deemed the photo of interest to its investigation.

With the unaided eye, the HSCA photographic evidence panel could find no figures in the shadowed background. The HSCA then sent the Moorman photo to the Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) for enlargement, enhancement, and analysis. The RIT report found no evidence of human forms anywhere in the background, and the specific area behind the stockade fence was deemed to be so underexposed that it was impossible to glean any information from it. The HSCA concluded that if the Moorman photo "did not contain images that might be construed to be a figure behind the fence, it would be a troubling lack of corroboration for the acoustical analysis". The examined photo was the original copy, which had greatly degraded by that point.

Gary Mack
In 1983, Gary Mack obtained an 8 x UPI copy of the Mary Moorman photograph of higher quality than the degraded original. The curator of the Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza (the former Texas School Book Depository),  Mack was described by skeptic Vincent Bugliosi as one of the few respected Kennedy assassination conspiracy theorists. After noticing what he thought was a human face in the shadowed background, Mack contacted Jack White—a friend and darkroom technician—to study the photograph. Upon enhancement, they identified an individual wearing a uniform—possibly that of a Dallas police officer—standing behind the stockade fence, with his face obscured by a muzzle flash, but with a small bright object visible on his chest. They interpreted this to be a badge, hence "Badge Man".

Mack, White, and other conspiracy theorists have attempted to connect Badge Man with the claims of Gordon Arnold. When analyzing the photo, Mack initially considered whether the figure may in fact be Arnold, a soldier who claimed to be on the grassy knoll with a movie camera. Arnold—who first came forward in 1978—claimed that he had filmed the assassination and that a police officer had confiscated his film after the shooting. Some theorists claim that this officer was also the Badge Man. Arnold is not visible in any photographs taken of the area, which Bugliosi calls "conclusive photographic proof that Arnold's story was fabricated".

White continued experimenting with the Moorman photograph. In the mid-1980s, he produced a new colorized version, enhanced in contrast and brightness, which he claimed revealed the policeman figure in higher clarity. In 1988, White claimed that a man wearing a white shirt and possibly a hard hat is visible behind the Badge Man. He called him the "Back Up Man". White has also argued that Arnold is visible to the anatomical right of Badge Man.

Many conspiracy theories claim that Kennedy was killed by several shooters positioned throughout Dealey Plaza. The Badge Man is often said to have fired the fatal head shot from the grassy knoll. The 1988 British documentary series The Men Who Killed Kennedy, which features White's work, proposes that the Badge Man was Lucien Sarti, a French national and alleged contract killer. Other conspiracy theorists have suggested that the Badge Man is J. D. Tippit, a Dallas police officer who was killed by Oswald shortly after Kennedy's assassination. Regarding these claims, Mack clarified his stance in 2006: "I've never said that the Badge Man was the knoll assassin, but I have said it's a possibility. That's all."

Skepticism
In an attempt to validate the Badge Man, Mack had the photograph analyzed by third parties, including experts at the Itek Corporation, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The consensus is that the photograph lacks the resolution to determine whether the Badge Man is a human figure. Photographic expert Geoffrey Crawley concluded that the Badge Man was not a person but rather disparate background elements.

Bugliosi noted discrepancies with the Badge Man photograph. He argued that the man must have been unusually tall for his badge to be seen above the 5 ft fence, and that his eyes are not near the hypothetical scope of his sniper rifle as would be expected. Bugliosi emphasized that Mack stated he has never confidently identified the presence of a weapon due to the alleged muzzle flash. Mack conceded that the Badge Man has not been identified in any other photographs of the assassination. Furthermore, the Badge Man was not seen by grassy knoll witness Lee Bowers or the nearby Zapruder, and no witness reported seeing a Dallas police officer near where the Badge Man allegedly stood.

Researcher and computer animator Dale Myers has argued that the measurements of the grassy knoll area require the alleged figure to have been in an impossible position to fire a weapon at the motorcade, saying "if [the Badge Man were] truly a human being of average height and build, was located 32 ft behind the fence line and elevated 4.5 ft above the ground – an unreasonable and untenable firing position." He states that the retaining wall would have blocked the Badge Man's bullet. Myers has proposed that the Badge Man is merely sunlight reflecting off of a glass bottle. A Coca-Cola bottle is visible in contemporaneous photos resting on a pergola wall near the Badge Man area.

title: Badge Man


text:
Talk:600-ship Navy

Lehman's book
In Lehman's book, Command of the Seas, he stated that the 600-ship Navy was mainly his idea. This article states otherwise. Does anyone have any source for where the idea originated other than Lehman's (admittedly biased) book? -Joseph (Talk) 17:36, 2004 Nov 30 (UTC)

Ronnie was not exactly a naval expert in his own right, he would have gotten it from somebody else. I think it's reasonable to take Lehman at his word, at least until we get the name of the staff flunky who really came up with the number. :-) Stan 02:25, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Purpose?
What was the purpose of this plan? Gdr 00:08, 2005 Jan 4 (UTC)

 * Keeping up with the Joneses Soviets - Googling '"600-ship navy" purpose' turns up, a 26-page PDF with CBO's understanding of the official rationale. Somebody interested in Reagan-era politicking (not me) could make an extensive article out of this; it was a source of contention between Prez and Congress at the time. Stan 02:10, 4 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * The additions by TomStar81 are good (module mispelings :-) ), but I would suggest pruning by about half; we have plenty of Vietnam material elsewhere, so can xref rather than repeat it. Similarly for overall Reagan military buildup, although I'm not sure where it's best documented (each administration should have an article focusing specifically on their policies). Also, while it's tempting to say "everybody knows" that post-Vietnam malaise was a factor in the proposal, it would be good to get a reference that says that in so many words, for the benefit of our grandchildren who will lack context. Stan 06:49, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I know of at least one childrens book that reflects the attitude americans had about vietnam veterans, and plenty of TV/movie material on the subject; however I've no idea where to look for written material. Sorry. P.S.- you're right about the pruning, after rereading it today I would definatly admit it's a little "fat". ^_^ TomStar81

600 ships?
Just an idle thought - does anyone know a rough breakdown of what these 600 ships were? I mean, is it about 600 including support vessels, or just combat vessels, or...? Shimgray | talk | 22:45, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

 * @Shimgray US Navy unclassified miscellaneous ships and yard ships are not included in the ship count Telecine Guy (talk) 22:33, 22 July 2023 (UTC)

I've yet to find an actual breakdown of the kinds of vessels, but it included an increase in support vessels as well, from fleet oilers to ammunition supply vessels.DesScorp 19:16, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

 * This study from ~1983 gives a figure of around 330 combat vessels, so "six hundred including support" looks plausible. Shimgray | talk | 19:24, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Aha! In 1980, strength was 530ish; by 1987, it peaked at 594. But I don't know what the 600-ship plan specifically called for, over and above already-existing replacement plans - bear in mind that a surprising number of Reagan-era military programs were already simmering away before he took office, so a small increase "in the pipeline" already is possible.

The 600-ship navy called for 16 carrier battle groups as well as a "surface action group" centered around the 4 Iowa-class battleships. Lehman also toyed with the idea of recommisioning the Essex class carriers USS Bohommne Richard and USS Oriskany, but after seeing the condition they were in decided it wouldn't be worth the money.NavyAO2(AW) 16:36, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

James H. Webb?
What happened to the suggestion here about including the James H. Webb resignation? When the Secretary of the Navy resigns his post in protest at fleet cutbacks (and the end of the 600 ship Navy philosophy), isn't that relevant to the subject? DesScorp 20:14, 18 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I've added references to both Webb and Caspar Weinberger, two important pieces of the 600 ship Navy effort. --DesScorp 03:32, 1 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The paragraph with Webb needs rewritten. It describes events being from the early 1990's and then says that these events caused Webb to resign in 1988.  Jvbishop 18:41, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

Over statements
This article appears to be full of over-statements. For instance, it appears to attribute the deployment of weapons such as the F/A-18 and various classes of ships to the naval build up, when these were programs which had begun prior to the build up. In addition, the claim that "Up till now, the U.S. fleet's primary job was to passively defend America's coast and protect its Sea lines of communication (SLOC) to and from Europe" appears to be incorrect - US Carrier battlegroups had previously had the mission of agressively attacking the enemy, and in fact did so for several years during the Vietnam War. --Nick Dowling 08:28, 9 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Thats the problem with one source citing, and the reason why information here is editted mericilessly. TomStar81 08:30, 9 June 2006 (UTC)
 * There are major omissions here. Certainly the whole concept dates back to the Team B era, and it came from the Republican party, not the Navy -- which actually resisted the plan, especially in specifics, even if they liked the prestige aspects. The battleship reactivations were a not-very-implicit criticism of the strategic use of CBGs, and the Navy really didn't know what to do with the damn things half the time; I think other than support operations during e.g. Grenada, there were only a couple of actual uses of the battleships for bombardment, such as the Bekaa Valley during the Lebanon hostage crisis/embassy bombing era. There were ongoing major tussles at the SECDEF/SECNAV level, as noted in the Webb comments above, and it was under Carlucci that the 600-ship idea lost steam. Though Reagan sold Congress on the idea, Gramm-Rudman then created a budget crunch that left the Navy scrambling to meet the 600-ship numbers while cutting back on logistics, personnel, and weapons systems in order to pay for hulls, and there were "hollow Navy" criticisms raised. So, big gaps in the article right now. --Dhartung | Talk 09:14, 9 June 2006 (UTC)
 * "Up till now, the U.S. fleet's primary job was to passively defend America's coast and protect its Sea lines of communication (SLOC) to and from Europe". I am pretty sure we didn't abandon the Pacific Ocean before Reagan took over - 7th Fleet didn't stay by the coast. (And the battleships also made an appearance in the Gulf War.) Rmhermen 14:09, 9 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Right, wasn't there a late push to rebrand them as conventional cruise missile platforms (which didn't really need that size of a ship)? Then the Iowa explosion pretty much exposed them as dangerous albatrosses in peacetime. (At least there were some Navy brass that thought the big guns were museum pieces.) That's long after the 600-ship angle was scotched, though.
 * As I was saying, though, there was definitely an argument regarding strategic force deployment but putting it that way is inappropriate rhetoric (what's next, calling the Navy cowards?). As I recall, it was more of an issue where you had right-wing outsiders arguing that the CBGs were sitting ducks in a nuclear war and that we needed to have a multi-pronged fleet. But then we ended up with more CBGs anyway. --Dhartung | Talk 15:40, 9 June 2006 (UTC)
 * An important missing link in this article is that while it is stated several times that the 600 ship navy had public support, this is not proven. While the election and re-election of President Reagan do indicate that the arms build up he oversaw had public support, it seems risky to state that "the nation" was sold on the "necessity" of the plan on this basis. --Nick Dowling 08:28, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

Seven seas?

 * Building on this gain, Soviet vessels began to sail in all seven seas with increased vigor, and even ventured into the Gulf of Mexico.

Ok, is it really fitting or encyclopedic to describe late-20th Century Soviet military buildup in terms of the medieval Seven Seas, whose membership and Geographic authority and relevance are in modern times questionable?? - Eric 08:47, 31 August 2006 (UTC)
 * It actually sounds a bit like a quote to me. It's a bit flowery, but there is a modern meaning and especially in "all seven seas" seems pretty clear. I did find a citation for the GoM bit, though. --Dhartung | Talk 17:27, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

I'm fairly certain the implication was of the "modern" seven seas: North Atlantic, South Atlantic, North Pacific, South Pacific, Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.216.96.14 (talk • contribs).
 * Right. As I said, a modern meaning. The phrase is infrequently used by the Navy, which has viewed itself since roughly the Spanish-American War as a "Seven Seas navy", i.e. capable of regular operations anywhere, so the idea that the Soviet navy was even considering that must have been unsettling. During the 1970s Haiphong was the first and only Soviet-controlled deep water port outside the Warsaw Pact. But the real point as I also said is that it reads like a quote, except I haven't found the source. --Dhartung | Talk 07:08, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

Bear in the Woods
The "Bear in the Woods" ad was not part of Reagan's 1980 campaign. It was part of his 1984 re-election campaign. This article incorrectly claims the ad was part of the 1980 campaign.

Reagan Plan/Ships and weapons systems deployed during the plan era
I notice several statements which are refuted elsewhere in Wikipedia; among them are "Under the programs put forth by Reagan ... the Bradley fighting vehicle, and the Abrams tank was completed and they were put into production." The Bradley came out in 1981, so it might, technically, be considered to have something to do with RWR -- it came out during his first year. But "The M1 Abrams entered U.S. service in 1980," according to the article that this one links to.

Similarly, the next sections states "Under the Reagan Administration, the first of the Ohio-class ballistic missile submarines was completed" although Ohio was launched on 7 April 1979.

Or am I missing something?

Geoffrey Pruitt (talk) 19:59, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

Suggested Reading
I added this section for anyone who wants to delve into the 600-ship Navy and the Maritime Strategy that this program supported.§Marcd30319 (talk) 00:03, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

Is this a math error?
In the list of ship types and numbers, there is a subtotal entry that contains the follownig numbers.

Years	1980	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990

Total Amphibious Active	67	60	60	60	60	60	60	60	60	60	60

If you add up the numbers above this subtotal what you actually get is:

Total Amphibious Active	67	67	67	65	63	63	63	66	68	67	67 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.70.21.149 (talk) 01:03, 17 October 2015 (UTC)

Research For Holloway's Role Advocating 600 Ship Navy
In doing some research for the Background section, I turned up some interesting information, notably that as early as March 1977, Adm Holloway was advocating openly for a 600 ship navy. See the top of the second column of the following newspaper clip: Holloway was pushing a 600 ship navy in March 1977 This is at least a year earlier than the current text indicates Holloway was involved, although in my limited time, I can't find a quote related to the challenged statements about Holloway's concerns about the Soviet Navy. I'm putting this here so that someone with the time can continue to determine the timeline of the cold warrior push for mo' money & mo' ships. —--Srwalden (talk) 10:04, 21 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:600-ship Navy


text: Category:American mountain climbers

title: Category:American mountain climbers


text:
User:Improv/how to read my irc logs

It is easy not to understand who is talking where on my IRC logs. I could convert them into some kind of colour-coded conversation, but it's probably better for people just to learn how IRCII-style communication works. Below is a "practice conversation", which will then be explained, and then rules will be laid out.

Practice conversation
> Hello all! <Frank> and then he decided to walk through the rain to his car.. <Frank> Heya Improv <Jane> Improv: Did you get my email yet regarding Thomas? <Tarley> Frank: No umbrella? > Jane: Not yet. I'll check again. <Frank> Tarley: He lost it the previous evening. I don't know what's going on in his head. *Frank* I updated Slartibartfast. Can you proofread it for me? > He sometimes can be a nut. *Frank*> Sure. I'll let you know when I'm done. *** Mode change "+o Grembly" on channel #foo by Frank

Explanation/narration
In this conversation snippet, it's helpful to know that I go by the name of Improv on IRC, traditionally. There are a few other people on the channel, namely Frank, Jane, and Tarley. There may be others, but they're not talking in this part. I first say hi to everyone. Then, Frank, continuing some conversation from before, talks about someone walking through the rain. He then says hi to me. Jane asks me a question on her email (it's publicly visible, but directed at me). Tarley responds to Frank, asking about the umbrella. I tell Jane (publically, but directed at her), that I didn't get the mail yet. Frank says to Tarley more about the umbrella guy (there are often many threads of conversation happening at once on IRC, and you need to learn to tune out what you're not part of). Frank then sends me a private message about Slartibartfast. I respond to the umbrella guy conversation noting that the umbrellaless guy can be a nut. I then send a private response back to Frank telling him I'll let him know. Finally, there's a server message on a channel mode change (these are generally uninteresting).

Rules

 * When something starts with just a ">", it's me saying something publically.
 * When something starts with <USERNAME>, it's someone else saying something publically.
 * When something starts with *USERNAME*, it's a private message to me from USERNAME
 * When something starts with *USERNAME*>, it's a private message from me to USERNAME
 * When something starts with ***, it's not conversation, it's a message from the server or my client, or something else that's generally uninteresting
 * When, in conversation, you see something like USERNAME: blah, it's someone saying something that's mostly meant for that person. It usually is still said publically, but is often used to reply to someone or similar

How I make the logs
I typically cut'n'paste from the IRC window into a text editor. I then run some vim macros which insert spaces before each line (so wikipedia won't do it's own formatting) and convert angle brackets into HTML escape sequences (so wikipedia won't parse them as HTML). I then cut'n'paste into the relevant article

title: User:Improv/how to read my irc logs


text:
User talk:Acadac

Begin Discussion Here
Welcome!

Acadac

18:26, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Hello
Hi Dr. Andrus!

Pleased to see you contributing here.

Take care! --eMarv 17:32, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

D. Calvin Andrus
Please do not post your own resume on Wikipedia. It is considered a conflict of interest and will be speedily deleted. Wikipedia is not a free webspace provider. There are many free web hosting services you can use instead. Please contribute constructively to Wikipedia in the future. Thanks, and welcome to Wikipedia. Please also be sure to read WP:AUTO. And if you have any questions, please let me know. :) --Elonka 15:17, 29 October 2006 (UTC)
 * P.S. I'm a big fan of Kryptos.   :) --Elonka 15:41, 29 October 2006 (UTC)
 * (reply) Well, even if you didn't edit it directly, it's pretty obvious that is an associate of yours, which falls afoul of WP:AUTO and WP:COI.  In any case, if you'd like the page deleted, the easiest way to handle it is to ask Emarv to add the db-author template to the top of the page, and then it'll go away pretty fast.  And if you'd like further assistance, please don't hesitate to ask. Oh, and congrats on the slashdotting!  :) --Elonka 00:44, 2 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Elonka, I wouldn't consider myself an associate of Dr. Andrus. I have met him maybe once though I don't think he necessarily knows me. If it pleases everyone, I will add the db-author template to the article, but I am not in agreement with it... (Agreement only by submission :) Anyone feel free to add the template, I won't disagree (but that doesn't mean I agree :). --eMarv 05:34, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

Thank you
Hello D. Calvin Andrus, I want to thank you for the excellent illustration you've made of the basics of complex systems theory. As you probebly have or havenot seen yet, we from the new WikiProject Systems use this image on all our templates to promote the theory and practice of systems. Your image is used now in hundreds of pages. I hope this satisfies you as much as it does to me. Thanks again and good luck... - Mdd 00:20, 5 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I am glad it is useful to you. I created it for a paper I was writing.  That paper is cited at the bottom of the Intellipedia page. Acadac 16:16, 30 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I did some counting on the Image:Complex-adaptive-system.jpg page and found about 468 other pages. This made we wonder if I shouldn't apply for a featured picture status. Unfortunately I don't now much about this. What I do know is that it is a very nice piture to work with: large, small and even smaller.
 * I also now that there are little illustrative pictures in the field of systems theory. It's one of these fields where people meanly rely on words to express one selve. This always keeps me wondering. But I'm still very happy with the picture, so thanks again. I enjoyed reading (some of your) article as well. Before that I had now idea the the intelligence-community is working in a wiki-way as well. - Mdd 23:34, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

Your message on my talkpage
I presume you're referring to my deletion of Elizabethgilbert.com. You're welcome. Tonywalton Talk 17:05, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
Hello there. This is an automated message to tell you about the gradual phasing out of the preference entitled "Mark all edits minor by default", which you currently have (or very recently had) enabled.

On 13 March 2011, this preference was hidden from the user preferences screen as part of efforts to prevent its accidental misuse (consensus discussion). This had the effect of locking users in to their existing preference, which, in your case, was. To complete the process, your preference will automatically be changed to  in the next few days. This does not require any intervention on your part and you will still be able to manually mark your edits as being 'minor'. The only thing that's changed is that you will no longer have them marked as minor by default.

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Thank you for your understanding and happy editing :) Editing on behalf of User:Jarry1250, LivingBot (talk) 21:06, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

Lorenzo Snow
Just FYI, Lorenzo Snow is from Mantua Township, not the village of Mantua. Mantua village didn't exist while he lived in Mantua Township and was founded later (late 1840s) as "Mantua Station". Even today, the home he grew up in is located in Mantua Township, which can also be referred to (and historically was) simply as "Mantua". Lorenzo and Eliza Snow are listed as notable residents of Mantua Township. This was discussed at Talk:Mantua, Ohio back in 2009. --JonRidinger (talk) 18:49, 5 July 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:54, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Acadac


text:
Paco Stanley

Francisco Jorge Stanley Albaitero (3 July 1942 – 7 June 1999), known by his stage name Paco Stanley, was a Mexican television entertainer who worked for Televisa and TV Azteca. He also participated directly, for a time, in political activities in his country, as he was a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).

Early years
He was born in Mexico City on July 3, 1942, son of Francisco Stanley Muñoz and Josefina Albaitero Vivanco; He was baptized on August 8 of the same year.

Career
Stanley began his career in radio in 1969. From 1974, he appeared in television programs like XEW News. For this network, he hosted the show "Smiles and Surprises".

After years of being a sidekick to comedians such as Madaleno, in 1991 he was offered his own show on Televisa, ¡Ándale!, with Arlette Garibay and Benito Castro. Later television work included Llévatelo and Pácatelas with Mario Bezares.

In 1998, he hosted the show "Un poco de Paco en radio" in its comic version.

He left Televisa and signed a contract in 1998 with rival network TV Azteca. On 15 December, he started his show Una tras otra, co-starring Jorge Gil and Mario Bezares. In 1999, he launched a nighttime show, titled ¡Sí hay, y bien!.

Stanley also appeared in theatre, starring in a comic version of the play Don Juan Tenorio, which toured across Mexico.

Personal life
Stanley's first marriage was with María Solís, with whom he had only one son, Francisco. After several years, he married Patricia Pedroza, with whom he had two children, Leslie and Francisco Stanley Pedroza. However, in an extramarital relationship, Paco had a third son, Paul Stanley (Now host of the morning program HOY).

Assassination
On 7 June 1999, Paco Stanley, Mario Bezares and Jorge Gil left the TV Azteca studios after their morning show Una Tras Otra to eat in the El Charco de las Ranas restaurant in Periférico, Mexico City's busy beltway. While Stanley, Gil, and his driver were waiting outside the restaurant after the meal inside his black Lincoln Navigator, three individuals walked towards the car and started shooting, firing more than 20 rounds, killing Stanley with four shots, three of them hitting him in the head, and wounding Gil and other bystanders.

Mexican TV networks Televisa and TV Azteca interrupted their programming to announce the news. That day, two news anchors from TV Azteca and the president of TV Azteca Ricardo Salinas Pliego blamed Mexico City's mayor Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas for poor governance, due to the high crime rate in the city.

Mario Bezares and another of Stanley's colleagues, Paola Durante, were arrested in connection with the murder and detained for over a year before being released. On 5 April 2011, Luis Alberto Salazar Vega was arrested and charged with Stanley's assassination, based on the testimony of a former cellmate.

In popular culture
In 2023, a biographical series about his life was announced, however this series does not have the approval of his family.

In 2024 Prime Video also premiered a biographical series about his murder titled Who Killed Him? About the perspectives of each person involved in his murder.

Legacy
One of the sketches from Andale!, La Güereja y El Papiringo, with Maria Elena Saldaña as the little girl, became a television series of its own as La Güereja y Algo Mas and La Güereja de mi Vida.

title: Paco Stanley


text:
Talk:RSA/Archive 1

I have made a few changes to clear up some ambiguity

As I understand it, efficiently factoring large numbers => RSA broken, but it has not been proven that efficiently factoring large numbers is the only way to break RSA. -- The Anome

 * I agree with that. Thanks for making the distinction. -- CYD

I'm curious about how much the fact that it's known that two "large prime numbers" are used to construct a product eases the factoring. i.e., since only prime numbers within a certain size range need to be considered as factoring candidates -- hagedis.

From memory of previous discussions elsewhere, not very much. If one factor is very big, then the other is smaller, so the small factor is a soft target. Both numbers approximately the same size (in terms of bit length) represents a harder, not an easier problem. -- The Anome

 * there are factoring algorithms which specifically target factoring a number which has two factors that are roughly the same size. (and it gets faster the closer together they are.) sorry, no reference off the top of my head.

 * That's for a different definition of "same size". If P and Q are both 1024 bits (both have a 1 in the most significant bit) and were each chosen randomly (and uniformly, and independently), then they are about the same size, but factoring P*Q is hard.  On the other hand, if |P-Q|<100, then they are about the same size, and factoring P*Q is trivial.  When cryptographers talk about factors being the same size, they usually mean the bit length, not the difference. -LC

Seems I was wrong about the complexity of factoring :-P Can someone who knows this stuff add information about which complexity class factoring falls into (or is suspected of falling into)? -- CYD

 * OK, I've added that. --LC

This sentence was added to the article:
 * Like all public key algorithms, RSA is susceptible to the [man-in-the-middle attack]?.

I'm not sure what the author intended to say here. If Alice and Bob know each other's public keys, then there's no MITM attack. If they don't, then this is a key-distribution problem, which is a problem for all cryptography (not just public key). In what way is public-key crypto more susceptible to MITM than symmetric crypto? --LC

In public key crypto, you have to be really sure that the public key you use does indeed belong to the person you want to send a message too; you can't just look up the public key in an (untrusted) phone book or internet database. I don't think this issue even arises with secret key cryptography. You can't attack secret key cryptography by seeding a public key database with bogus public keys. I also don't think that the term "man-in-the-middle attack" is even used in the context of secret key cryptography. --AxelBoldt

The term is frequently used in both forms of crypto (c.f. ). You've noted one case: key distribution. To prevent MITM, Alice must send the key securely to Bob. That's a problem for both public-key and symmetric. For symmetric, it must be secure against both eavesdropping and tampering; for public-key, it only needs to be secure against tampering. People often discuss MITM for stream ciphers, since a MITM might change known bytes if there is no MAC. It's often discussed for block cipher modes, since some modes would allow a MITM to change known blocks in the middle of the message, if there's no MAC. It's discussed in more complex protocols such as Kerberos, which uses only symmetric algorithms to distribute symmetric keys. Such protocols have to be carefully designed to avoid MITM attacks. Most cryptographers would say that MITM attacks are an issue related to protocols above the level of the cipher (e.g. key distribution, block modes, MACs, etc.) and aren't really an issue related to the cipher itself. --LC

- about the complexity of factoring (or its decision problem variant):

"It is suspected to be outside of P and NP-Complete and Co-NP-Complete."

This is probably true if you parse that as (outside P) and (outside NP-complete) and (outside Co-NP-complete). I think the text is a bit confusing as it is.

 * I thought it was clear before, but I've reworded it now. Maybe that's less confusing.  --LC

 * Thanks, much better.

Note that "It is suspected to be" is probably true. A lot of experts suspect it, but certainly not all. My own guess is that it is probably in P, though there are no known algorithms that work in P so far. It's almost certainly not NP-complete, and almost certainly not Co-NP-complete. It has been proven that if it is one of those, then P is the same as NP.

 * No. If it's in NP-complete, then NP-Complete = Co-NP-Complete.  That would be a very surprising result, but it wouldn't necessarily mean that P=NP. --LC

 * Yes it would. If there is any problem that is both in NP-complete and also in Co-NP, then P=NP. I don't have a citation handy, but i think this is mentioned in Garey and Johnson, with a cite to the original paper.

 * No. See Garey and Johnson's theorem 7.2.  If a problem is both in NP-complete and also in co-NP, then NP=co-NP, which implies NP-complete=co-NP-complete.  They don't say it would imply P=NP. --LC

 * Ok, i'll have to dig my copy out of the mess and look at this again. It's been a couple of years. Until i figure it out, or someone knowlegeable finds a cite, please leave the last few paragraphs here as a reminder.

The best currently known algorithm (assuming two prime factors of approx equal size, composite is bigger than 450 bits and has no particular special form) is the General Number Field sieve, which is asymptotically much slower than polynomial but much faster than exponential.

 * Yes. In fact I corrected an error on that point earlier today, and mentioned the exact bound here. --LC

Some of the decision problem variants of factoring belong to a complexity class called lamba-complete.

 * I'm not familiar with lambda-complete. It would be great if you could write an article on it.  If you do, go ahead and add a link to it in the table in computational complexity theory. --LC

I wonder if it is good advice to choose e small. That might induce people to simply choose the smallest e possible, in that way giving away some information about φ(N) which could conceivably be exploited in cracking. --AxelBoldt

In practice, people often use e=3 or e=65537, because they allow faster encryption, and it's generally considered safe. The latter is sometimes preferred because there is an attack if you encrypt the same message e different times to different people. However, in a typical hybrid system the "message" is actually a random symmetric key, so that isn't a concern. --LC

-

As/when Shor's algorithm is practical, where will public-key encryption go then? If discrete log will also fall to quantum computers, what is left? The Anome

Quantum cryptography will become practical way before quantum computers. -- CYD

How should we name the attacks on (academic) RSA, basically we have,

 * Attacks when a small private exponent is used (Weiner attack)
 * Attacks when a small public exponent is used (both multiple message attack and lattice basis reduction attacks)
 * Attacks when modulus is shared
 * Blinding attacks
 * Partial key knowledge attack
 * Implementation attacks
 * Others ?

--Imran 01:22, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Summary of RSA

 * "In most basic terms, RSA encryption takes a message (denoted m), and encrypts it with some function (denoted E). So the sender of the encrypted message sends over the function applied to m: E(m). The recepient will have in their posession some function that will decode the encoded function (denoted D). The function D will work by applying the inverse of E so the original message is returned. Thus: D(E(m)) = m."

Someone (User:206.47.184.148) added this to the lead section. I think it's a good idea to include a brief overview of RSA in the lead section, since the description later on is somewhat complex. However, I think this above description is too generic; it could apply to any cipher, even a symmetric algorithm. Can we come up with a more specific description, which is also brief (one paragraph) and not overly technical? — Matt 08:27, 11 Jun 2004 (UTC)

17-July-2004-1:41pm
I made the following change:

It was stated the encryption procedure was c \equiv n^e (mod N). This is not actually a procedure, it is just a statement that an equivalence holds modulo N. Encryption is done by computing n^e \mod N; note there are no parentheses here. I made a similar change for the decryption procedure.

timing attack
The last two sentences in the section on the timing attack are somewhat misleading. "Blinding" is a method where instead of, say, signing the value H, you sign the value r H (or r eH), for a random value r. This value r is chosen each time an exponentiation is to be done and is kept secret. This prevents adversaries from knowing the input to the exponentiation routine -- this information is required for the timing attack. So, "blinding" is a form of randomization; it does not make the exponentiation routine run in constant time.

Copyvio
Just from reading, the content seems very similar in feel and wording to the book Practical Cryptography, Neils F. & Bruce S., Wiley Publishing Inc, 2003 (Copyright to the authors). If anyone wants to check it, please do. Falcon 02:35, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I'll try and look at it. Can you identify any specific passages / sentences? — Matt 03:02, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 06:33, 7 May 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:RSA/Archive 1


text:
Solid Logic Technology

Solid Logic Technology (SLT) was IBM's method for hybrid packaging of electronic circuitry introduced in 1964 with the IBM System/360 series of computers. It was also used in the 1130, announced in 1965. IBM chose to design custom hybrid circuits using discrete, flip chip-mounted, glass-encapsulated transistors and diodes, with silk-screened resistors on a ceramic substrate, forming an SLT module. The circuits were either encapsulated in plastic or covered with a metal lid. Several of these SLT modules (20 in the image on the right) were then mounted on a small multi-layer printed circuit board to make an SLT card. Each SLT card had a socket on one edge that plugged into pins on the computer's backplane (the exact reverse of how most other companies' modules were mounted).

IBM considered monolithic integrated circuit technology too immature at the time. SLT was a revolutionary technology for 1964, with much higher circuit densities and improved reliability over earlier packaging techniques such as the Standard Modular System. It helped propel the IBM System/360 mainframe family to overwhelming success during the 1960s. SLT research produced ball chip assembly, wafer bumping, trimmed thick-film resistors, printed discrete functions, chip capacitors and one of the first volume uses of hybrid thick-film technology.

SLT replaced the earlier Standard Modular System, although some later SMS cards held SLT modules. SLT had several updates during its life, the last being the Monolithic System Technology (MST) which replaced the single transistors of SLT with small-scale integrated circuits that held four or five transistors. MST was used in the System/370, which began to replace the System/360 in 1970.

Details
SLT used silicon planar glass-encapsulated transistors and diodes.

SLT uses dual diode chips and individual transistor chips each approximately 0.025 inch square. The chips are mounted on a 0.5 inch square substrate with silk-screened resistors and printed connections. The whole is encapsulated to form a 0.5 inch square module. Up to 36 modules are mounted on each card, though a few card types had just discrete components and no modules. Cards plug into boards which are connected to form gates which form frames.

SLT voltage levels, logic low to logic high, varied by circuit speed:

 * High speed (5-10 ns) 0.9 to 3.0 V
 * Medium speed (30 ns) 0.0 to 3.0 V
 * Low speed (700 ns) 0.0 to 12.0 V

Later developments
The same basic packaging technology (both device and module) was also used for the devices that replaced SLT as IBM gradually transitioned to the use of monolithic integrated circuits:

 * Solid Logic Dense (SLD) increased packaging density and circuit performance by mounting the discrete transistors and diodes on top of the substrate and the resistors on the bottom. SLD voltages were the same as SLT.
 * Unit Logic Device (ULD) use flat-pack ceramic packages, much smaller than SLT's metal cans. Each package contains a ceramic wafer with up to four silicon dies on top, each die implementing one transistor or two diodes; and thick-film resistors underneath. ULDs were used in the Launch Vehicle Digital Computer and Launch Vehicle Data Adapter of the Saturn V rocket.
 * Advanced Solid Logic Technology (ASLT) increased packaging density and circuit performance by stacking two substrates in the same package. ASLT is based on the Emitter-follower-coupled-switch used with current-steering logic. ASLT voltage levels were : > +235 mV is high, < -239 mV is low.

 * Monolithic System Technology (MST) increased packaging density and circuit performance by replacing discrete transistors and diodes with one to four monolithic integrated circuits (resistors now external from the package on the module). Each MST chip holds about five circuits and is the approximate equivalent of an SLT card. Circuits used NPN transistors. MST was first introduced in January 1968 and provided improved cost/performance for IBM's System/370 product line of the 1970s.

title: Solid Logic Technology


text:
User:Acadac

Introduction
D. Calvin Andrus, Ph.D.

Sterling, VA 20164 USA

Leave a message on my discussion page.

Wikipedia Contributions

 * Image:Britain-fractal-coastline-combined.jpg

 * Image:Complex-adaptive-system.jpg which used to be cited in articles on:
 * Emergence
 * Complex system
 * Complex adaptive systems
 * Self-organization

 * "Soggy" Sweat
 * Milo Andrus
 * Added the paragraph in Metcalfe's Law that referenced Reed's law
 * Intellipedia
 * Nicolas Benjamin Delapierre
 * Portrait of a Seated Gentleman
 * John Zuur Platten -- unfortunately removed by the editors for not being not notable enough
 * Data science

Sandbox

title: User:Acadac


text:
William Kenny (VC)

William Kenny VC (24 August 1880 – 10 January 1936) was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Victoria Cross
Kenny was 34 years old, and a Drummer in the 2nd Battalion, The Gordon Highlanders, British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

On 23 October 1914 near Ypres, Belgium, Drummer Kenny rescued wounded men on five occasions under very heavy fire. Twice previously he had saved machine-guns by carrying them out of action, and on numerous occasions he conveyed urgent messages under very dangerous circumstances over fire-swept ground.

Other honours
In addition to the Victoria Cross, Kenny earned the rank of Drum-Major and was also awarded the following medals: Queen's South Africa Medal with bars, King's South Africa Medal with bars, 1914 Star with bar, British War Medal, Victory Medal with oak-leaf, Delhi Durbar Medal, and the Cross of St George (Russia).

On 20 March 1999 the grave of William Kenny received a new headstone in the Corps of Commissionaires plot at Brookwood Cemetery, arranged by The Gordon Highlanders London Association (Lt Col. M.H. Burge). Kenny was buried in 1936 but unfortunately the original marker was lost and until this stone was placed, Kenny was not otherwise commemorated.

His Victoria Cross and other medals are on displayed at the Gordon Highlanders Museum, Aberdeen, Scotland.

title: William Kenny (VC)


text: User talk:129.82.166.107

title: User talk:129.82.166.107