text:
Park In-won

Park In Won (born October 9, 1936) was the third mayor of Mungyeong City, in North Gyeongsang province, South Korea. He is an independent, without formal affiliation to any political party. He was elected to the post on June 13, 2002, and completed his term in June 2006.

Park received his elementary schooling in Mungyeong, at Jeomchon's Hoseonam Elementary School, but completed his subsequent education in Daegu. He graduated from high school in 1955, and acquired a diploma in law at Dankook University in 1957. Subsequently, he worked as a venture capitalist.

title: Park In-won


text:
Category:Runes

This category is for articles on individual runic letters. See Category:Runology for the topic of "runes" in general.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Runes


text:
Talk:Park In-won

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title: Talk:Park In-won


text:
Fort Dayton

Fort Dayton was an American Revolutionary War fort located on the north side of the Mohawk River at West Canada Creek, in what is now Herkimer, New York. A fort had previously been built on the same site during the French and Indian War.

It should not be confused with Fort Herkimer, which was located on the south side of the Mohawk River, in German Flatts, New York.

History

Fort Dayton is named for Colonel Elias Dayton, who led the construction effort in 1776. It was one of several forts constructed in the Mohawk Valley.

When the American Revolutionary War started, the fort was described as "little better than a dilapidated block-house". It was rebuilt under the supervision of Colonel Elias Dayton of the 3rd New Jersey Regiment on the orders of General Philip Schuyler in the autumn of 1776. It was a wooden and earthen fortress which enclosed the stone church and other buildings located on the highest ground in the village, once known as "Stone Ridge". There also was a blockhouse constructed on the hill overlooking Fort Dayton.

On August 4, 1777, General Nicholas Herkimer assembled about 900 troops of the Tryon County militia at Fort Dayton for their march to support Colonel Peter Gansevoort at Fort Stanwix, which was under siege by Barry St. Leger's British and Indian forces. Herkimer's troops, consisting mainly of Palatine German settlers, followed the north shore of the Mohawk River, and camped the first night west of Sterling (Staring) Creek. On August 6, Herkimer's troops were ambushed in a small ravine by St. Leger's British, Tory, and Indian forces. General Herkimer himself was wounded, but continued to lead his men in what became known as the Battle of Oriskany. General Herkimer died from his wounds on August 17, at his home near the present day Town of Danube.

On February 18, 1779 Henry William Dwight wrote to his brother that 'the people here are scandalously neglected, both with regard to troops and provisions.' He complained of 'no flour and little beef'. (Sedgwick Papers)

Fort Dayton was attacked multiple times including the Attack on German Flatts (1778). Fort Dayton was also a base for soldiers aiding Johann Christian Schell after his stand at Schell's Bush and for pursuing Tory leader Walter Butler and his troops. After the destruction of Fort Stanwix in 1781 it was the westernmost fort in the Mohawk valley, and was besieged by Mohawk leader Joseph Brant in 1782.

After the war
In July 1783 General George Washington toured Fort Dayton, when he was visiting the Mohawk Valley on an inspection tour. The fort was eventually abandoned, and was razed in 1832 to make way for the Erie Canal. A memorial marker of the site of Fort Dayton can be found at the Historic Four Corners intersection on North Main Street in Herkimer.

The 1778 attack and the 1782 siege are represented in the historical novel Drums Along the Mohawk and the 'based upon the book' movie of 1939.

Archeaology
In 2015, the Herkimer County Historical Society (New York State) sponsored a search for the exact location of Fort Dayton. One archaeological excavation in the town of Herkimer revealed pipes and a well, although the investigators believe that none of these artifacts predate the mid-nineteenth century.

title: Fort Dayton


text: User talk:82.141.247.90

title: User talk:82.141.247.90


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sctief

Sctief
Sctief is not notable. The term was apparently intoduced in some survey. The rest of the page is probably own research. Sander123 15:08, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete (nonsense). The article itself admits that the term has absolutely no meaning, and is in search of backronymization. Aerion 20:13, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Patent nonsense. EagleFalconn 20:37, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete for patent nonsense. It's that bad.  Geogre 22:35, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Say what? Delete.  Too unfunny for BJAODN. - Lucky 6.9 00:43, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * del. Mikkalai 08:59, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not quite nonsense, but close. Hardly "popularised" if it has <500 Google hits. [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 13:44, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Seems pointless to me. Somebody in the WWW 06:55, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sctief


text:
Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary

Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary and Underwater Preserve is a United States National Marine Sanctuary on Lake Huron's Thunder Bay, within the northeastern region of the U.S. state of Michigan. It protects an estimated 116 historically significant shipwrecks ranging from nineteenth-century wooden side-wheelers to twentieth-century steel-hulled steamers. There are a great many wrecks in the sanctuary, and their preservation and protection is a concern for national policymakers. The landward boundary of the sanctuary extends from the western boundary of Presque Isle County to the southern boundary of Alcona County. The sanctuary extends east from the lakeshore to the international border. Alpena is the largest city in the area.

History
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration established Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary and Underwater Preserve in 2000. It became the thirteenth overall and first on the Great Lakes. Original boundaries followed that of Alpena County to 83 degrees west longitude totaling 448 sqmi. In 2014 it was expanded to 4300 sqmi. The marine sanctuary contains many shipwrecks, such as the hull of package freighter SS Pewabic.

Great Lakes Maritime Heritage Center
Tied to the sanctuary is the Great Lakes Maritime Heritage Center. The museum, located in Alpena on the Thunder Bay River, features exhibits about local shipwrecks and the Great Lakes, an auditorium, an archaeological conservation lab, and education areas.

Visitation
Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary offers a variety of recreational activities for visitors. The sanctuary is renowned for its exceptional shipwreck diving experiences, suitable for both novice and experienced divers. Several charter services provide guided dives to the sanctuary’s shipwrecks, ensuring safe and educational experiences. Boating is another popular activity, with numerous boat launches and marinas available in the area.

title: Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary


text:
User:Ramashray

Born and brought up in Dharwad; i studied in Mysore from 1990-1996. Presently working as a VLSI designer in Bangalore;My interests include hinduism, indian culture, kannada and karnataka, ramakrishna movement etc.

title: User:Ramashray


text:
Reader (liturgy)

In some Christian denominations, a reader or lector is the person responsible for reading aloud excerpts of scripture at a liturgy. In early Christian times the reader was of particular value due to the rarity of literacy.

Catholic Church
In the Latin liturgical rites of the Catholic Church, the term lector or reader" means someone who in a particular liturgy is assigned to read a Biblical text other than the Gospel (reading the Gospel at Mass is reserved specifically to the deacon or, in his absence, to the priest). But it also has the more specific meaning of a person who has been "instituted" as a lector or reader, and is such even when not assigned to read in a specific liturgy.

The office was formerly classed as one of the four minor orders in the Latin Church. However, since 1 January 1973, the apostolic letter Ministeria quaedam decreed instead that:
 * 1) What up to now were called minor orders are henceforth to be called ministries.
 * 2) Ministries may be assigned to lay Christians; hence they are no longer to be considered as reserved to candidates for the sacrament of orders.
 * 3) Two ministries, adapted to present-day needs, are to be preserved in the whole Latin Church, namely, those of reader and acolyte. The functions heretofore assigned to the subdeacon are entrusted to the reader and the acolyte.
 * 4) The reader is appointed for a function proper to him, that of reading the word of God in the liturgical assembly. Accordingly, he is to proclaim the readings from sacred Scripture, except for the gospel in the Mass and other sacred celebrations; he is to recite the psalm between the readings when there is no psalmist; he is to present the intentions for the general intercessions in the absence of a deacon or cantor; he is to direct the singing and the participation by the faithful; he is to instruct the faithful for the worthy reception of the sacraments. He may also, insofar as may be necessary, take care of preparing other faithful who are appointed on a temporary basis to read the Scriptures in liturgical celebrations. That he may more fittingly and perfectly fulfill these functions, he is to meditate assiduously on sacred Scripture.
 * Aware of the office he has undertaken, the reader is to make every effort and employ suitable means to acquire that increasingly warm and living love and knowledge of Scripture that will make him a more perfect disciple of the Lord.

Canon 1035 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law requires candidates for diaconal ordination to have received and have exercised for an appropriate time the ministries of lector and acolyte and prescribes that institution in the second of these ministries must precede by at least six months ordination as a deacon.

Instituted lectors, either men or women (since the 2021 motu proprio spiritus domini), are obliged, when proclaiming the readings at Mass, to wear an alb or an "other suitable attire that has been legitimately approved by the Conference of Bishops". such as cassock and surplice. Others who perform the function of lector, "may go to the ambo in ordinary attire, but this should be in keeping with the customs of the different regions."

The General Instruction of the Roman Missal speaks as follows of those who, without being lectors in the specific sense, carry out their functions at Mass: "In the absence of an instituted lector, other lay people may be deputed to proclaim the readings from Sacred Scripture, people who are truly suited to carrying out this function and carefully prepared, so that by their hearing the readings from the sacred texts the faithful may conceive in their hearts a sweet and living affection for Sacred Scripture."

In its sections the same document lists the lector's specific duties at Mass.

Traditionalist Catholic organizations such as the Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter, the Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest and the Personal Apostolic Administration of Saint John Mary Vianney are authorized to use the pre-1973 rite for their members who receive the office of lector.

Eastern liturgical rites

In the Eastern Orthodox Church and in the Eastern Catholic Churches of Byzantine tradition, the reader (in Greek, Ἀναγνώστης Anagnostis; in Church Slavonic, Чтец Chtets) is the second highest of the minor orders of clergy. This order is higher than the Doorkeeper (now largely obsolete) and lower than the subdeacon.

Immediately before ordination as a reader, the candidate is tonsured as a sign of his submission and obedience upon entry into the clerical state. It is a separate act from ordination. The tonsure is performed only once, immediately prior to the actual ordination of a reader, which the ordination rite refers to as "the first degree of priesthood". However, it is not the means whereby a person becomes a reader. Readers, like subdeacons, are ordained by Cheirothesia - literally, "to place hands" - whereas Cheirotonia - "to stretch out the hands" - is practised at the ordination of the higher clergy: bishops, priests and deacons.

After being tonsured, the reader is vested in a short phelon, which he wears while reading the Epistle for the first time. This short phelon is then removed (and never worn thereafter) and replaced with a stikhar, which the reader wears thereafter whenever he performs his liturgical duties. This practice is not universal, however, and many bishops and priests will allow a reader to perform his function dressed only in a cassock or (if a monk) a riassa. Sometimes, a bishop will decree what vesting practice he wishes to be followed within his own diocese.

Byzantine icons often show readers and church singers wearing a stikhar-like garment (more loose and flowing than the modern stikhar) and a pointed hat with the brim pulled out to the sides.

In Eastern Thrace, during the Ottoman period and prior to the tragedy of 1922, some lay people were selected through symbolic tonsure and Cheirothesia to receive the ecclesiastical blessing and rank of.

Anglicanism
Minor orders were discontinued in the reformed Church of England. The modern office of reader was introduced in 1866 and is distinct from the traditional minor order of reader. It is the office of a licensed lay minister and, for this reason, a person holding the office is referred to as a "lay reader" in many parts of the Anglican Communion. After a period of theological training (often, in the case of the Church of England, three years of evening classes), a lay person is licensed to preach and lead public worship. A reader is not a member of the clergy and cannot preside at the Eucharist, officiate at marriages, absolve or bless.

A reader is licensed to lead non-sacramental worship (including, in some cases, funerals), may assist in the leadership of eucharistic worship and may preach. Anglican readers in some countries often wear a blue tippet with choir dress.

Methodism
In the United Methodist Church in the United States, similar to the Anglican office, a certified lay minister is a servant, who is called and equipped to conduct public worship, care for the congregation, assist in program leadership, develop new and existing faith communities, preach the Word, lead small groups, or establish community outreach ministries as part of a ministry team with the supervision and support of an ordained minister.

The role of certified lay minister is intended for missional leadership in churches or other ministry settings as part of a team ministry under the supervision of clergy, and they are assigned to a local church by the district superintendent, unlike clergy who are appointed by a bishop.

title: Reader (liturgy)


text:
1863 in rail transport

January events

 * January 8 – Ground is broken by the Central Pacific Railroad in Sacramento, California, on the western half of the First transcontinental railroad in North America.
 * January 10 – The Metropolitan Railway, first section of the London Underground, opens from Paddington to Farringdon Street.

February events

 * February 20 – The London Pneumatic Despatch Company inaugurates its pneumatic tube atmospheric railway for parcels between Euston station and the G.P.O. North Western District sorting office in London, England (0.75 mi of 2 ft (60 cm) gauge).

March events

 * March 2 – Clapham Junction railway station in England opens.
 * March 6 – The final vote between construction of a rail line or a channel is taken with the result six to three in favor of the rail line, which would eventually become the Randsfjorden Line in Norway.
 * March 16 – Berlin-Stettiner Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft in Germany opens its Szczecin–Pasewalk and Anklam–Pasewalk–Prenzlau–Angermünde lines.

May events

 * May 3 – The Atchison and Topeka Railroad officially changes names to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad to more closely match the railroad's goal of reaching Santa Fe, New Mexico, by rail.
 * May 14 – The Great Indian Peninsula Railway line from Bombay (Mumbai) to Poonah (Pune) through the Bhor Ghat using zig zag and 28 tunnels is opened.

June events

 * June 11 – The Parliament of Norway passes the construction of what would become the Randsfjorden Line with 65 against 44 votes.

July events

 * July 1 – The Strathspey Railway opens from Dufftown to Abernethy, including Carron Bridge (River Spey), the last cast iron railway bridge to be built in Scotland.

September events

 * September
 * The Kansas Pacific Railway begins construction in Kansas, building westward from Kansas City toward Colorado.
 * The Western Railroad from Fayetteville to the coalfields of Egypt, North Carolina, is completed.

October events

 * October 5 – The Brooklyn, Bath and Coney Island Rail Road starts operations in Brooklyn, New York; this is now the oldest right-of-way on the New York City Subway, the largest rapid transit system in the United States and one of the largest in the world.
 * October 17 – Thee San Francisco and San Jose Railroad begins excursion service between San Francisco and Menlo Park, California.
 * October 23 – Festiniog Railway in North Wales introduces steam locomotives into general service, the first time this has been done anywhere in the world on a public railway of such a narrow gauge (2 ft (60 cm)).
 * October 26 – The first rails are laid for construction of the Central Pacific Railroad in California.

November events

 * November 9 – Gov. Stanford, Central Pacific Railroad's first locomotive, enters service in California.

December events

 * December 1 – Opening of first steam-operated passenger railway in New Zealand, at Christchurch in South Island gauge).
 * December 2 – Union Pacific Railroad holds groundbreaking ceremonies in the construction of the First transcontinental railroad at Omaha, Nebraska, but the first rails aren't laid for another year.
 * December 4 – Construction begins on the Randsfjorden Line in Norway.
 * December 15 – First mountain railway opens in Romania, from Anina to Oraviţa.

Unknown date events

 * John W. Murphy builds a Whipple-type truss bridge across the Lehigh River at Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania for the Lehigh Valley Railroad in the United States, the first known to have both tension and compression members in wrought iron.
 * Classification yard opens at Saint-Étienne in France.
 * Henry Farnam retires from the presidency of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad.
 * Jackson and Sharp Company, later to become part of American Car and Foundry, is founded in Wilmington, Delaware.

October births

 * October 31 – William Gibbs McAdoo, American lawyer, statesman and Director General of Railroads (d. 1941).

November deaths

 * November 2 – Theodore Judah, American engineer who argued the case for construction of the First transcontinental railroad (b. 1826).

authors: Кокушев Сергей

title: 1863 in rail transport


text:
User talk:Dom Lochet

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

[[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Wants you to vote!]] 15:16, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dom Lochet


text:
Blu-ray Disc Association

The Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA) is the industry consortium that develops and licenses Blu-ray Disc technology and is responsible for establishing format standards and promoting business opportunities for Blu-ray Disc. The BDA is divided into three levels of membership: the board of directors, contributors, and general members.

The "Blu-ray Disc founder group" was started on 20 May 2002 by nine electronic companies: Panasonic, Pioneer, Philips, Thomson, LG Electronics, Hitachi, Sharp, Samsung Electronics and Sony. In order to enable more companies to participate, it announced in May 2004 that it would form the Blu-ray Disc Association, which was inaugurated on 4 October 2004.

Board
The board members as of November 2016 are:

 * Sony
 * Xperi
 * DTS
 * Hitachi-LG Data Storage
 * Intel Corporation
 * Koninklijke Philips
 * LG Electronics
 * Lionsgate
 * Mitsubishi Electric
 * Oracle Corporation
 * Panasonic
 * Pioneer Corporation
 * Samsung Electronics
 * Sharp Corporation
 * Dolby Laboratories
 * Technicolor SA
 * Toshiba
 * Universal Studios
 * The Walt Disney Company
 * Warner Bros. Entertainment

Contributors
The contributors as of December 2017 are:
 * BluFocus Inc.
 * CESI Technology Co. Ltd.
 * China Hualu group Co., Ltd.
 * Corel Corporation
 * CyberLink
 * Deluxe Digital Studios, Inc.
 * Fraunhofer IIS
 * Irdeto USA, Inc
 * JVC KENWOOD Corporation
 * Memory-Tech Holdings Inc
 * Scenarist Inc
 * Testronic Laboratories, Inc.
 * sMedio, Inc.
 * Funai Electric Co., Ltd.
 * Lionsgate Entertainment
 * Lite-On IT Corporation
 * MediaTek Inc
 * Nvidia Corporation
 * Ritek

Timeline of major changes to membership

 * On 3 October 2004 20th Century Fox announced that it was joining the BDA, and on 29 July 2005 the studio officially announced its support for Blu-ray Disc.
 * On 10 March 2005 Apple Computer announced its support for Blu-ray Disc and joined the BDA.
 * On 31 August 2006 Sun Microsystems joined the BDA.
 * On 30 August 2007, during the IFA Consumer Electronics Fair 2007, Acer and China Hualu joined BDA, and a few days later Acer also announced that they joined HD DVD North American Promotion Group.

Timeline of major events and announcements involving members

 * On 30 June 2004 Panasonic, a founder member of the Blu-ray Disc Association, became the second manufacturer after Sony to launch a Blu-ray Disc consumer product into the Japanese market. The DMR-E700BD recorder supported writing to existing DVD formats, and became the first unit to read and write to dual-layer Blu-ray Discs with a maximum capacity of 50 gigabytes. The launch price of the recorder was US$2780.
 * On 8 December 2004 The Walt Disney Company (and its home video division, Buena Vista Home Entertainment) announced its exclusive support for Blu-ray Disc.
 * On 7 January 2005 Vivendi Games and Electronic Arts announced their support for the Blu-ray Disc format.
 * On 28 July 2005 Verbatim Corporation, part of Mitsubishi Chemical Media, announced its support for Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD storage format development.
 * On 17 August 2005 Lions Gate Home Entertainment announced it would release its content using the Blu-ray Disc format.
 * On 7 September 2005 Samsung confirmed their next generation of optical drives will support Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD discs.
 * On 2 October 2005 Both Paramount and The Weinstein Company announced they would endorse Blu-ray Disc, while still supplying content on the rival HD DVD — in order to give consumers a choice.
 * On 20 October 2005 Warner Bros. announced they would release titles on the Blu-ray Disc format, in addition to HD DVD Video.
 * On 1 November 2005 20th Century Fox announced it would release its content using the Blu-ray Disc format.
 * On 9 November 2005 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer announced it would support Blu-ray Disc, and plans to have titles available when Blu-ray Disc is launched.
 * On 19 November 2005, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment announced that they finished editing the first Blu-ray Disc, a full-length movie, Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle. The disc uses MPEG-2 compression at a resolution of 1920×1080 (it was not announced whether it will be 1080p or 1080i) and claims to use a menu interface that would succeed current DVD-Video interfaces.
 * On 4 January 2006, at the Consumer Electronics Show Samsung and Philips announced their first Blu-ray Disc players for the U.S. market. Samsung announced the BD-P1000, retailing for US$1000 and sporting HDMI output with backward support for DVD formats (DVD-RAM, DVD-RW, DVD-R, DVD+RW, and DVD+R), while Philips announced the BDP-9000. Philips also announced their all-in-one PC TripleWriter Blu-ray Disc drive and range of Blu-ray Disc media would arrive in 2nd quarter of 2006.
 * On 7 March 2006 Sony announced it would be shipping rewritable single-layer 25 GB 2x speed Blu-ray Discs to Europe, with dual-layer discs arriving later in the year.
 * On 16 March 2006 Sony announced a Blu-ray Disc player, the first VAIO desktop PC with a Blu-ray Disc recorder, and a Blu-ray Disc internal PC drive would be released in the summer of 2006. The VAIO PC would be shipped with a free 25 GB Blank BD-RE (rewritable) Blu-ray Disc worth $25 USD.
 * On 10 April 2006 TDK announced in a press release that it began shipping 25 GB BD-R and BD-RE media (at prices of $19.99 USD and US$24.99 respectively). TDK also announced that it would be releasing 50 GB BD-R and BD-RE media later this year (at prices of US$47.99 and $59.99 respectively).
 * On 16 May 2006 Sony announced its first VAIO notebook computer that will include a built-in Blu-ray Disc recorder with a 17" WUXGA display capable of displaying 1080p (at a price of US$3499.99). The VAIO shipped in June including software to play Blu-ray Disc movies and an HDMI-A input for other HD devices, and that the PlayStation 3 home video game console would be using the Blu-Ray Disc format. The console's predecessor, PlayStation 2, uses DVDs for video game software.
 * On 17 May 2006 Pioneer shipped BDR-101A, a PC-based Blu-ray Disc recorder drive.
 * On 15 June 2006, Samsung announced the industry's first BD-P1000 player had begun shipping to U.S. retail stores for availability on June 25, 2006.
 * On 18 July 2006 Verbatim Corporation announced that it was shipping its ScratchGuard coated BD-R and BD-RE Blu-ray Disc recordable and rewritable discs to stores in Europe, with discs priced between £20 and £24 (GBP).
 * On 16 August 2006 Sony announced shipment of 50 GB dual-layer Blu-ray Disc recordable discs with a suggested retail price of $48.
 * On 4 January 2008, Warner Bros. announces that it would abandon HD-DVD support by the end of May.
 * On 5 January 2008, New Line Cinema announced it would be following Warner's lead, backing Blu-ray exclusively.
 * On 11 February 2008, Netflix announced to phase out HD DVDs and begin to carry only Blu-ray Discs.
 * On 19 February 2008, Universal Studios announced it would be releasing movies on Blu-ray Disc format making it the last Hollywood major motion picture studio to release titles on the Blu-ray Disc format.
 * On 20 February 2008, The Weinstein Company announced it would be releasing movies on Blu-ray Disc format.
 * On 21 February 2008, Paramount Pictures announced it would be releasing movies on Blu-ray Disc format.
 * On 21 February 2008, DreamWorks SKG announced it would be following Paramount and Amblin's lead, it would abandon HD-DVD support by the end of March.
 * On 15 August 2008, Microsoft added Blu-ray native support to their operating systems Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2003 and Windows Server 2008.
 * On 21 May 2013, Microsoft announced that the Xbox One home video game console would be using the Blu-ray Disc format. The console's predecessor, Xbox 360, uses DVDs for video game software and supports an optional external HD DVD drive for films (which has been discontinued in February 2008)

title: Blu-ray Disc Association


text:
True lemur

True lemurs, also known as brown lemurs, are the lemurs in genus Eulemur. They are medium-sized primates that live exclusively on Madagascar.

The fur of the true lemurs is long and usually reddish brown. Often, sexual dimorphism in coloration (sexual dichromatism) is seen, such as in the black lemur. True lemurs are from 30 to 50 cm in length, with a tail that is as long or significantly longer than the body. They weigh from 2 to 4 kg.

True lemurs are predominantly diurnal forest inhabitants, with some species preferring rain forests, while others live in dry forests. They are skillful climbers and can cross large distances in trees by jumping, using their nonprehensile tails to aid in balancing. When on the ground, they move almost exclusively on all four legs. True lemurs are social animals and live together in groups of two to 15 members.

The diet of the true lemurs is almost exclusively herbivorous – flowers, fruits and leaves. In captivity, they have been shown to also eat insects.

Gestation is 125 days. During the summer or early fall (shortly before the beginning of the rainy season), the females birth their young, usually two offspring. The young clasp firmly to the fur of their mother, then ride on her back when they are older. After about five months, they are weaned, and they are fully mature around 18 months of age. The life expectancy of the true lemurs can be up to 18 years, but this can be longer in captivity.

Classification

 * Genus Eulemur
 * Common brown lemur, E. fulvus
 * Sanford's brown lemur, E. sanfordi
 * White-headed lemur, E. albifrons
 * Red lemur, E. rufus
 * Red-fronted lemur, E. rufifrons
 * Collared brown lemur, E. collaris
 * Gray-headed lemur, E. cinereiceps
 * Black lemur, E. macaco
 * Blue-eyed black lemur, E. flavifrons
 * Crowned lemur, E. coronatus
 * Red-bellied lemur, E. rubriventer
 * Mongoose lemur, E. mongoz

Survival
Brown lemurs are able to survive degraded forest that would cut off their food supply through expanding their range throughout the terrain.

title: True lemur


text:
Ardbeg distillery

Ardbeg distillery (Scottish Gaelic: Taigh-staile na h-Àirde Bige) is a Scotch whisky distillery in Ardbeg on the North West coast of the isle of Islay, Argyll and Bute, Scotland, in the Inner Hebrides group of islands. The distillery is owned by Louis Vuitton Moët Hennessy, and produces a heavily peated Islay whisky. The distillery uses malted barley sourced from the maltings in Port Ellen.

History of the distillery
The Ardbeg distillery has been producing whisky since 1798, and began commercial production in 1815. Like most Scottish distilleries, for most of its history its whisky was produced for use in blended whisky, rather than as a single malt. By 1886 the distillery was producing 300,000 gallons of whisky per year, and employed 60 workers. Production was halted in 1981, but resumed on a limited basis in 1989 and continued at a low level until late 1996; during the period Ardbeg was owned by Hiram Walker. In 1997 the distillery was bought and reopened by Glenmorangie plc (which was subsequently acquired by the French company LVMH on 28 December 2004). Production resumed 25 June 1997, and full production resumed in 1998. The distillery was reopened by Ed Dodson in 1997 and handed over to Stuart Thomson, who managed it from 1997 to 2006. Michael "Mickey" Heads, an Islay native and former manager at Jura who had worked at Ardbeg years earlier, took over on 12 March 2007. Colin Gordon has followed in his footsteps in August 2020. In July 2022, the distillery sold a 1975 cask to a private collector for £16 million, beating Macallan's record for the highest cask selling price.

The name Ardbeg is an anglicisation of the Scottish Gaelic An Àird Bheag, meaning The Small Promontory.

Awards
Ardbeg has won various awards at international spirit ratings competitions. For example:
 * The Connor from Love on the Spectrum for the finest whisky in the world*
 * Jim Murray's Whisky Bible 2008 awarded the Ten Years Old expression the title of 2008 World Whisky of the Year and Scotch Single Malt of the Year. The Ten Years Old also won a series of medals at the 2006-2012 San Francisco World Spirits Competition, winning two gold and six silver medals over that stretch.
 * Jim Murray's Whisky Bible 2009 and Whisky Bible 2010 awarded the Uigeadail expression the title of 2009 and 2010 World Whisky of the Year and Scotch Single Malt of the Year.  The San Francisco World Spirits Competition awarded the Uigeadail two double gold, three gold, and two silver medals between 2006 and 2012.
 * Ardbeg Galileo won the World's Best Single Malt Whisky in the 2013 World Whiskies Awards.

Production
The distillery output is quite large for a distillery with only two pot stills. The wash still has a capacity of about 18,000 litres, and the spirit still a capacity of about 17,000 litres. This produces approximately 10,000 barrels (1.4 million liters) of spirit per year. The distillery employs about sixty people and also provides them with accommodation on site. Since 2018, a new still house is under construction, which will double Ardbeg's distilling capacity.

In 2011, 20 vials of Ardbeg spirit and wood particles were sent to the International Space Station to investigate their interaction. They returned on 12 September 2014.

Products
The whiskies of Ardbeg are mostly heavily peated malts. Compared to other Islay malts, Ardbeg does not focus on the sea and salt tastes, but rather on aromas of spices, malt or sweet tones like vanilla and chocolate. The core range of Ardbeg consists of the Ardbeg TEN, Uigeadail and Corryvreckan. The TEN is named after its age. Uigeadail was named after Loch Uigeadail, a loch in the hills about 4 km north of Ardbeg which is a source of water for the distillery. The Corryvreckan bottle takes its name from a famous sea vortex between the Isle of Jura and the Isle of Scarba. In June 2024, the distillery released a new edition of the Corryvreckan from 2008. The special bottling was created in collaboration with the comic artist Tradd Moore and is limited to 400 bottles.

Cultural references
Ardbeg inspired the Finnish composer of contemporary music, Osmo Tapio Räihälä, to write the symphonic poem Ardbeg—The Ultimate Piece For Orchestra (2003); it was recorded by the Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra on 28 April 2011.

title: Ardbeg distillery


text:
In the House (TV series)

In the House is an American sitcom starring LL Cool J, Debbie Allen, Maia Campbell, Jeffery Wood, Alfonso Ribeiro and Kim Wayans. The series aired for two seasons on NBC from April 1995 to May 1996 after which it was canceled due to low ratings. UPN quickly picked up In the House where it aired for an additional two seasons. UPN canceled the series in May 1998. The series ran in first-run syndication for a fifth and final season, which ended on August 11, 1999.

Synopsis
Marion Hill (LL Cool J) is a former professional football player. Because of his financial predicament, Marion is forced to rent out most of the rooms in his house to newly divorced single mother Jackie Warren (Debbie Allen) and her two children, Tiffany (Maia Campbell) and Austin (Jeffery Wood).

After the second season, the series was retooled, becoming more adult-oriented. Jackie and Austin both moved back East while Tiffany stayed with Marion to finish high school. Joining the cast for the third season was former Fresh Prince of Bel-Air star Alfonso Ribeiro as Dr. Maxwell "Max" Stanton and In Living Color cast member Kim Wayans as Tonia Harris. Both Maxwell and Tonia helped Marion manage the Los Angeles sports clinic he owns, then Tonia leaves for the WNBA after Season 4, and Tiffany leaves after only two episodes in Season 5.

Main

 * LL Cool J as Marion Hill
 * Maia Campbell as Tiffany Warren
 * Debbie Allen as Jackie Warren (seasons 1–2)
 * Jeffery Wood as Austin Warren (seasons 1–2)
 * Kim Wayans as Tonia Harris (seasons 2–4)
 * Alfonso Ribeiro as Dr. Maxwell Stanton (seasons 3–5)
 * Dee Jay Daniels as Rodney (season 3, episodes 1–7)

Recurring

 * Lisa Arrindell Anderson as Heather Comstock (seasons 1–2)
 * Dawn McMillan as Sasha (season 1–2)
 * Michael Warren as Milton Warren (season 1–2)
 * John Amos as Coach Sam Wilson (season 1–3)
 * Chris Browning as Clayton (season 2)
 * Richard F. Whiten as Henry (season 3)
 * Mari Morrow as Amber (season 3)
 * Eric Howell Sharp as Benny (season 3)
 * Ken Lawson as Carl (season 3–5)
 * Gabrielle Carmouche as Raynelle (season 3–5)
 * Paulette Braxton as Natalie Davis (season 4)
 * Luis Antonio Ramos as Tito Barrientos (season 4)
 * Mel Jackson as Graham (season 4)
 * Derek McGrath as Bernie/Agent Dick Kelly (season 4)
 * Phil Morris as Goldwire (season 4)
 * Chaz Lamar Shepherd as Mark (season 4)
 * Lark Voorhies as Mercedes Langford (seasons 4–5)
 * Joan Pringle as Patricia Hill (season 4-5)
 * Kenya Moore as Valerie Bridgeforth (season 5)

Syndication
The show aired in off-network syndication during the 1999–2000 season, the series had reran weeknights at 7pm EST on New York City's local UPN affiliation WWOR-TV until it was replaced by The Jamie Foxx Show reruns in fall 2000, and on TV One from 2004–2008. On June 13, 2016, BET aired reruns of the show in the earlier months on the weekdays in random times from 2:30AM to 4:00AM on Fridays until the week of August 29 to September 2, 2016. The series also aired reruns on BET Her. Aspire will begin airing reruns of the show on August 1, 2020.

On November 1, 2021, In the House began streaming on HBO Max. Since January 1, 2024, the show is currently airing on The365.

title: In the House (TV series)


text:
1864 in rail transport

January events

 * The Central Pacific Railroad hires its first Chinese workers. One of them, Hung Wah, will go on to command the largest and longest-working work crew on the CPRR.
 * January 10 – The Illinois Central, Columbus and Indianapolis and Richmond and Covington railroads sign an agreement for joint operation as the Great Central Line between Columbus, Ohio, and Indianapolis, Indiana, headed by the Indiana Central Railway.
 * January 13 – Samuel C. Pomeroy succeeds Cyrus K. Holliday as president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway.
 * January 16 – The San Francisco and San Jose Railroad is completed to San Jose, California.

June events

 * The first railway track in Indonesia was laid between Semarang and Tanggung, Central Java by the Dutch colonial government.
 * June 3 – The first revenue trains operate over the Central Pacific Railroad between Sacramento, California and Newcastle, California.
 * June 29 – St-Hilaire train disaster, Beloeil, Quebec, Canada: 99 killed when an immigrant train fails to stop at an open swing bridge and falls into the Richelieu River.

July events

 * July – Samuel Marsh succeeds Nathaniel Marsh for a second term as president of the Erie Railroad.
 * July 2 – The Northern Pacific Railway is chartered to build a northern transcontinental railroad in the United States.
 * July 9 – Franz Muller kills Thomas Briggs in a North London Railway train, the first British railway murder.

August events

 * August 24 - The United States Postal Service inaugurates the first railway post office route in the United States when Chicago Assistant Postmaster George B. Armstrong authorizes the route on the Chicago and North Western Railway between Chicago and Clinton, Iowa.
 * August 25 - The San Francisco and Alameda Railroad begins operation between Alameda Terminal and San Leandro, California.

October events

 * October – Robert H. Berdell succeeds Samuel Marsh as president of the Erie Railroad.

Unknown date events

 * Cornelius Vanderbilt acquires the Hudson River Railroad.
 * Murray, Dougal and Company, later to become part of American Car and Foundry, is founded in Milton, Pennsylvania.

February births

 * February 6 – George Jay Gould I, eldest son of Jay Gould, president of the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad and the Western Pacific Railroad (d. 1923).

June births

 * June 8 – Herbert William Garratt, English steam locomotive builder and inventor of the Garratt locomotive type (d. 1913).

July births

 * July 15 – Franklin Knight Lane, Interstate Commerce Commission commissioner 1905–1913, chairman of same in 1913, is born (d. 1921).

October births

 * October 23 – Victor Spencer, 1st Viscount Churchill, chairman of the Great Western Railway (Great Britain) 1908–1934 (d. 1934).

Unknown date deaths

 * Stephen H. Long, American steam locomotive mechanical engineer who helped build the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (b. 1784).

title: 1864 in rail transport


text:
Talk:True lemur

Picture of Eulemur rufus
Uther, I reverted your removal of the picture because I felt that it improved the quality of the article by better illustrated the subjects of the article, in this case one of the species of true lemur which does not have its own Wikipedia page at the moment. (I don't think not having a wikipedia page is a good justification for removal of the picture). There is a great variety of appearence among the true lemurs and frankly I think the article should include the pictures of the true lemurs which do not have their own pages. It would be helpful if you explained why you removed it. Sifaka  talk  04:08, 29 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I gave justification in my edit summary. I think images should be loaded onto Commons, and use a link to commons to get to the images. The article is way to short as it is to have more than just a single image, and in general I think random pictures detract from an article more than they add to it. - UtherSRG (talk) 04:22, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:True lemur


text:
Billy Lee (actor)

Billy Lee (William Lee Schlensker) (March 12, 1929 – November 17, 1989) was an American child actor who appeared in many films from the mid-1930s through the early 1940s. He is probably best remembered for his performance in The Biscuit Eater.

Lee's first role was in the Our Gang comedy short Mike Fright as a tap dancer in a sailor suit. He was signed under contract with Paramount Pictures from 1934 to 1941 and his first significant role was in Wagon Wheels when he was just four years old.

Lee continued acting throughout the 1930s, appearing in a number of movies (among others: Too Many Parents, Easy to Take, Three Cheers for Love, Silk Hat Kid, The Big Broadcast of 1937, Sons of the Legion, Say It in French, Boy Trouble, Night Work, Sudden Money, Nobody's Children, Hold Back the Dawn, Nevada City, Road to Happiness) and working alongside some of Hollywood's finest, including, Donald O'Connor, Lon Chaney Jr., Roy Rogers, Charles Boyer, Randolph Scott, Lew Ayres, Gene Autry, Robert Cummings, Basil Rathbone, Olivia de Havilland, John Boles, Fred MacMurray, Ray Milland and Broderick Crawford). He also did the voice of "The Boy" character in the animated portion of the Disney film, The Reluctant Dragon.

In addition to being an actor, he was also a singer and dancer, appearing and singing with Bobby Breen in Make a Wish and touring with vaudeville shows. For his role in Cocoanut Grove he learnt to play the drums and formed the Billy Lee Band. The band appeared in the 1941 film, Reg'lar Fellers, in which he starred with co-star Carl Switzer.

Lee retired from film in 1943 after his last film War Dogs.

Lee died on November 17, 1989, of a sudden heart attack.

title: Billy Lee (actor)


text:
GND

GND may refer to:

 * Graduated neutral density filter
 * Green New Deal
 * Ground (electricity)
 * Gemeinsame Normdatei (Integrated Authority File)
 * Maurice Bishop International Airport in Grenada
 * Zulgo-Gemzek language, spoken in Cameroon
 * Gabriel Nadeau-Dubois, a politician in Quebec
 * Geometrically necessary dislocations

title: GND


text:
File talk:IronInRocksMakeRiverRed.jpg

Where is the location represented in this picture? - Taxman 15:25, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * A river in southwestern Spain. See Río Tinto (river).  —Ryanrs 23:31, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

title: File talk:IronInRocksMakeRiverRed.jpg


text:
Jimmy Lee (journalist)

Jimmy Lee (1972–2021) was a Korean American journalist.

He served as managing editor of KoreAm Journal from 1999 to 2007.

Lee was born in Seoul, Korea, and immigrated to California at the age of 11 months with his family. He was raised in Orange County, California. He graduated from UCLA in 1994 with a degree in Geography.

He had worked at the Korean Youth and Community Center in Los Angeles.

Honors and awards

 * In 2004, he was the runner-up of a New California Media Award for his article O Sister, Here Art Thou.

title: Jimmy Lee (journalist)


text:
Frederick C. Beiser

Frederick Charles Beiser (born November 27, 1949) is an American philosopher who is professor emeritus of philosophy at Syracuse University. He is best-known for his work on German idealism and has also written on the German Romantics and 19th-century British philosophy.

Life and career
Beiser was born on November 27, 1949, in Albert Lea, Minnesota. In 1971, Beiser received a bachelor's degree from Shimer College, a Great Books college then located in Mount Carroll, Illinois. He then studied at the Oriel College of the University of Oxford, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy, politics and economics in 1974. He subsequently studied at the London School of Economics and Political Science from 1974 to 1975. Beiser earned his Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil) degree in philosophy at Wolfson College, Oxford, in 1980, under the direction of Charles Taylor and Isaiah Berlin. His doctoral thesis was titled The Spirit of the Phenomenology: Hegel's Resurrection of Metaphysics in the Phänomenologie des Geistes.

After receiving his DPhil in 1980, Beiser moved to West Germany, where he was a Thyssen Research Fellow at the Free University of Berlin. He returned to the United States four years later. He joined the University of Pennsylvania's faculty in 1984, staying there until 1985. He then spent the springs of 1986 and 1987 at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and University of Colorado Boulder, respectively.

In 1988, Beiser moved again to West Germany, where he was a Humboldt Research Fellow at the Free University of Berlin. He returned to the United States in 1990 to take up a professorship at Indiana University Bloomington, where he remained until 2001. During his tenure at Indiana, he spent time teaching at Yale University. He joined Syracuse University in 2001, where he is now emeritus. He also taught at Harvard University during the spring of 2002.

He received a Guggenheim Fellowship for his research in 1994, and was awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany in 2015.

Philosophical work
In 1987, Beiser released his first book, The Fate of Reason: German Philosophy from Kant to Fichte (Harvard University Press). In the book, Beiser sought to reconstruct the background of German idealism through the narration of the story of the Spinoza or Pantheism controversy. Consequently, a great many figures, whose importance was hardly recognized by the English-speaking philosophers, were given their proper due. The work won the Thomas J. Wilson Memorial Prize for best first book. He has since edited two Cambridge anthologies on Hegel, The Cambridge Companion to Hegel (1993) and The Cambridge Companion to Hegel and Nineteenth-Century Philosophy (2008), and written a number of books on German philosophy and the English Enlightenment. He also edited The Early Political Writings of the German Romantics (Cambridge University Press) in 1996.

Beiser is notable amongst English-language scholars for his defense of the metaphysical aspects of German idealism (e.g. Naturphilosophie), both in their centrality to any historical understanding of German idealism, as well as their continued relevance to contemporary philosophy.

Authored Books

 * Hermann Cohen: An Intellectual Biography. Oxford University Press. 2018.
 * David Friedrich Strauß, Father of Unbelief: An Intellectual Biography. Oxford University Press. 2020.
 * Johann Friedrich Herbart: Grandfather of Analytic Philosophy. Oxford University Press. 2022
 * Philosophy of Life: German Lebensphilosophie 1870-1920. Oxford University Press. 2023.
 * Hermann Cohen: An Intellectual Biography. Oxford University Press. 2018.
 * David Friedrich Strauß, Father of Unbelief: An Intellectual Biography. Oxford University Press. 2020.
 * Johann Friedrich Herbart: Grandfather of Analytic Philosophy. Oxford University Press. 2022
 * Philosophy of Life: German Lebensphilosophie 1870-1920. Oxford University Press. 2023.
 * Hermann Cohen: An Intellectual Biography. Oxford University Press. 2018.
 * David Friedrich Strauß, Father of Unbelief: An Intellectual Biography. Oxford University Press. 2020.
 * Johann Friedrich Herbart: Grandfather of Analytic Philosophy. Oxford University Press. 2022
 * Philosophy of Life: German Lebensphilosophie 1870-1920. Oxford University Press. 2023.
 * Hermann Cohen: An Intellectual Biography. Oxford University Press. 2018.
 * David Friedrich Strauß, Father of Unbelief: An Intellectual Biography. Oxford University Press. 2020.
 * Johann Friedrich Herbart: Grandfather of Analytic Philosophy. Oxford University Press. 2022
 * Philosophy of Life: German Lebensphilosophie 1870-1920. Oxford University Press. 2023.
 * Philosophy of Life: German Lebensphilosophie 1870-1920. Oxford University Press. 2023.

title: Frederick C. Beiser


text:
Talk:Bending

A couple of comments from Nk
A couple of comments:

 * The stress maxima are opposite but not allways equal (non-symmetrical sections)
 * I don't understand the last sentence: "Because of this area with no stress and the adjacent areas with low stress, bending is not a particularly efficient..." From my point of view that is simply the reason to use I-profiles, truss girders, etc.

--Nk 15:26, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Nk,

 * The phrasing in question did indeed assume a symmetric section. I changed it to make it more universally relevant.
 * I'm not entirely fond of the current phrasing, but I haven't yet come up with a better way to address the inefficiency of bending (as compared to tension, which uniformly and almost fully--some would say optimally--uses the material at its disposal). As a stop-gap, I mentioned the rationale behind the use of wide-flange beams and truss girders.

--Spindustrious 20:58, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

It may be worth mentioning the beams produced by cutting the web of an RSJ in a toothed pattern, offseting and re welding along the neutral axis, leaving (usually) hexagonal gaps down the centre of the web. These show rather graphically how little the web contributes to the strength of the beam, and emphasising the lack of stress along the welded join where the "teeth" are rejoined. I'll look for a good picture.

Shoka

Categorizing Bending
I maintain that Continuum Mechanics is the best category for this article in light of the recommendations in Categorization:

 * Since the article only peripherally addresses specific subjects within engineering, any such categorization fails this test: "If you go to the article from the category, will it be obvious why it's there? Is the category subject prominently discussed in the article?"
 * "An article should not be in both a category and its subcategory."
 * "An article will often be in several categories. Restraint should be used, however — categories become less effective the more there are on a given article."

Many fields in engineering (including mechanical and structural engineering) draw from the fundamentals of continuum and fluid mechanics. I think it's a stretch to say that mechanical or structural engineering isn't, in this case, a subcategory of continuum mechanics. Given this doubt, it's appropriate to use restraint as called for in the style manual.

--Spindustrious 15:26, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I do agree that this article isn't appropriate for the Mechanical engineering category, however the rationale is tenuous. The Mechanical and Structural engineering categories are currently not subcategories of Continuum Mechanics, nor am I sure they should be. If so, should they be added as subcategories? Or, perhaps a category for Engineering mechanics should be created instead, that seems more appropriate to me; also Engineering mechanics is currently a stub which could use some expansion anyway. Comments? Commander 16:09, Mar 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * I too am more comfortable with the category of Engineering Mechanics, but the more I think about it, the less confident I am of the distinction between Continuum and Engineering Mechanics. The preferred term here seems to be the former as evidenced by the strong article and amply populated category... More opinions please!  --Spindustrious 16:54, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * To me, Continuum Mechanics seems for the most part a pure science field, whereas Engineering Mechanics is more closely related to engineering disciplines. Maybe it's because I had to take Engineering Mechanics as a part of an EE curriculum (the curriculum of most engineering fields require at least a class in statics, whereas mechanical engineers and some others have to take more classes on dynamics). I therefore think that both categories (Continuum Mechanics and Engineering Mechanics) would be appropriate. Commander 17:27, Mar 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree and that's what I did for the Bulgarian translation - a new Engineering mechanics category. In de: they also have a nice de:Kategorie:Technische Mechanik. --Nk 10:08, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Figure 2 indicates shear stress in the top figure and no shear stress in the bottom figure. It has to be in both or neither, correct? I believe it should be in neither. Rtdrury 03:53, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I think the shear stress has been left out of the bottom figure because it is constant throughout the cross-section. It's also hard to show shear stress and normal stress in the same diagram without confusing people. Bending moment is the integral of the shear force, so it is important although it isn't discussed in the article yet. Toiyabe 19:24, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

 * While Toiyabe's interpretation is spot on, I've amended Figure 2's caption to make it clear that the shear stress has intentionally been left out of the diagram. --Spindustrious 01:57, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Can you guys tell me the Mcaulays method of solving the curvature and deflection equation ? and does the method fall under the scope of this article ? Poticecream (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 03:36, 10 May 2011 (UTC).

Curvature
Assuming it only undergoing elastic bending, what is the general shape of a bending beam? Arc, Bezier curve, catenary, parabola, or none of the above? I don't know, but those seem four likely candidates... I don't think it's an arc, and catenary seems the most likely. Timeroot (talk) 14:46, 2 July 2009 (UTC)

 * It depends on how the ends are constrained. That's all I would know...it's a good question. Wizard191 (talk) 16:27, 2 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Catenary works if the load is evenly distributed across a beam that is fixed at both ends (I think), though you would only see it in items with very low flexural rigidity (i.e., rope). I've never spent much time thinking about what the shape was called for different solutions. One commonly thought-of shape, though, is of a beam (like a simplified diving board) that is pinned at one end and loaded by some mass at the other. There's a fourth-order differential equation commonly known as the plate equation, which actually isn't on this page (I should add it) that can be used to describe any flexural situation; it might be useful to solve it for a variety of situations that you think may give the characteristic shapes that you're looking for. Awickert (talk) 16:55, 2 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I was considering a beam, slightly bent, being compressed from either side, where the ends can rotate, but not move. I guess you could say this is a beam, with both ends fixed, with a force being applied from each side. Specifically, I had just been wondering what shape beams take when they buckle, if that's of any help. And thanks for the fast replies... Timeroot (talk) 16:14, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

What you are describing is a column rather than a beam (or at least from an analysis point of view) and the shape is sinusoidal. For a beam in bending due to a lateral load rather than the axial load, which you described, can bend in several shapes depending on the load type, for example a point load produces a quadratic deflection curve and a uniformly distributed load produces a cubic deflection curve. 74.60.57.253 (talk) 22:16, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

Compression and tension relative to direction of bending axis
In the section on Euler-Bernoulli, it says: "Compressive and tensile forces develop in the direction of the beam axis under bending loads. These forces induce stresses on the beam. The maximum compressive stress is found at the uppermost edge of the beam while the maximum tensile stress is located at the lower edge of the beam." Unfortunately, the direction of bending is not mentioned. Which part of the beam is considered "up"? This is confusing for me, and perhaps I have misunderstood it, but intuitively, assuming x the beam axis and y the bending axis, I would expect tensile stress to be on the side above the center of the beam (y+) and compressive below the center of the beam (y-). This image (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poutre_rayon_courbure.svg) and this other article (Area_moment_of_inertia) seem to suggest the same. Maybe we should change the wording to specify the direction of bending? Unfortunately I am still learning, so I wouldn't dare -- I need to understand it first :) --Rhombus (talk) 09:53, 24 October 2010 (UTC)

Problem?
In the section "Timoshenko bending theory", the rotation of the normal is calculated: [] Is this correct? shoudn`t it be dw / dx insted of d2w / dx2 ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Etilev (talk • contribs) 12:46, 2 November 2011 (UTC)

Links to Beam Bending Stress/Strain Calculators
In the external links section there is currently a link to a page "http://www.engineersedge.com/beam_calc_menu.shtml" with a few tools for calculating beam stresses with limited functionality. Further to this I would like to link a shareware tool which can do this for any arbitrary beam cross-section assembly with any combination of materials and plot the stress/strain contours across the entire section for any applied bending. I think this would be useful for anyone coming to this wikipage looking to increase their understanding of basic engineering beam theory, especially college engineering students whom I had in mind when I wrote this tool. I have had this link removed already and I am trying to understand exactly what the issue with this type of external link is, because I see similar links at many pages related to engineering topics like this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.171.171.189 (talk) 19:42, 9 October 2013 (UTC)

Here is a link to the tool in question: http://download.cnet.com/M-A-D-Propz/3000-2054_4-76007194.html?tag=mncol;1 85.171.171.189 (talk) 19:49, 9 October 2013 (UTC)

 * Hi, WP:OTHERCRAPEXISTS is not a valid argument to make. There are many messed up links and articles in WP, but that doesn't give a license to add more. As mentioned by other editors to you earlier, as per WP:ELNO links that are not really recognized by notable people are discouraged.  A m i t  웃  20:18, 9 October 2013 (UTC)

 * See also WP:SPS.  Apuldram (talk) 22:52, 9 October 2013 (UTC)

Ok thanks, as an author of peer-reviewed publications in international journals on applied mechanics I understand the notability argument.

So after some research I found that, per WP:ACADEMIC, the first criteria for academic notability as it pertains to Wikipedia is “1. The person's research has made significant impact in their scholarly discipline, broadly construed, as demonstrated by independent reliable sources.” In 2001 I published one of the first papers of a finite-element based implementation of the meso-scale damage mechanics model for the prediction of delamination propagation in composites. This paper has since been cited by composite mechanics researchers across the world and I was awarded the Louis T Rader Civil Engineering award for it. Feel free to search “Damage development in composites with large stress gradients” at Google scholar.

So do I think that this achievement qualifies me for a paragraph dedicated to me on the damage mechanics or composite materials wikipages, no I don’t, but do I think this is enough to satisfy the academic notability criteria and justify linking a novel tool for helping interested students and engineers learn more about beam bending theory (the topic of this wikipage), yes85.171.171.189 (talk) 18:32, 10 October 2013 (UTC)

 * No. Wikipedia is not the place to publish your own work. A shareware distributor doesn't count as an independent publisher. Congratulations on your award. However it doesn't alter the situation here. Apuldram (talk) 09:20, 11 October 2013 (UTC)

Continuum mechanics
I have removed the image continuum mechanics from the article as it isn't appropriate. It's not an infobox, but an illustration created to illustrate Bernoulli's Law for the article on Bernoulli's principle. It isn't relevant here. The illustration has nothing to do with bending. The sections of the image are misleading: Are there only four laws in continuum mechanics? Have there only been eleven scientists involved? Instead, I have added a link to Continuum mechanics in the See also section. Apuldram (talk) 10:41, 28 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Um, no it's a navbox that is collapsed. If you click "show" under "Solid Mechanics" Bending is one of the topics in Continuum mechanics. I'm going to re-add it. I'll see if there's an option to have the relevant section automatically expanded so people don't think it's an image. These sorts of navboxes are very common on wikipedia, I'm surprised you haven't seen them before. Every other entry in the Continuum Mechanics navbox has one on there. 0x0077BE  [talk/contrib] 16:42, 2 March 2014 (UTC)
 * I'm not actually sure how to get it auto-expanded, I'll look into it in more detail later. If you want more examples of how these navboxes (not infoboxes) are extremely widespread, see the "what links here" link on sidebar with collapsible lists. Generally they have a small illustrative image of the overall concept, which is why the Bernoulli's principle image is there.  0x0077BE  [talk/contrib] 16:50, 2 March 2014 (UTC)

My criticism was not of the inclusion of a navbox here. It was that Continuum mechanics is not an appropriate navbox for this article, for the reasons I've already given. The problem is that continuum mechanics is too all-embracing and, by covering everything, it succeeds in telling us nothing. A more specific navbox is needed. I am replacing it with the Classical mechanics box. That shows Continuum mechanics as a branch, so the link is not lost. A future development might be the creation of a box for Structural engineering or for Statics. Bending would fall naturally into either. Apuldram (talk) 12:00, 9 March 2014 (UTC)
 * It definitely is, because Bending is one of the topics in the navbox. Every single other article that's in the navbox has the navbox on there. That's how navboxes work. I'm not trying to get a link to Continuum Mechanics prominently displayed, it's not trying to "tell us something" (not to mention Classical Mechanics is a broader term than Continuum Mechanics), I'm trying to put the convenient navbox there which makes for easy navigation between continuum mechanics topics. If you have an issue with the continuum mechanics template in general, go take it up on the talk page there. 0x0077BE  [talk/contrib] 17:55, 9 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Bending is definitely a topic in solid mechanics and solid mechanics is definitely a topic in continuum mechanics, so the navbox has a reasonable hierarchy. Continuum mechanics as an organizing principle also seems reasonable. For instance, both fluids and solids have stress-strain tensors defined under the continuum assumption. All the equations of this article are based on calculus and ultimately the continuity and piecwise differentiability of the properties of the solid under investigation. I agree that if one wants to change how the continuum mechanics topics are arranged into navboxes (and the associated categories, too) it is best to try this on the navbox talk page. Given the navbox as it stands, it is perfectly reasonable to include it in this article. --Mark viking (talk) 02:51, 10 March 2014 (UTC)
 * OK Apuldram (talk) 09:45, 10 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Alternatively you could add the list at the bottom of the page (as I have done for this page). Bbanerje (talk) 21:09, 10 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Either one works for me. 0x0077BE  [talk/contrib] 22:27, 10 March 2014 (UTC)
 * I prefer the alternative suggested by Bbanerje, because I feel the image showing the derivation of Bernoulli's Law is not in itself relevant to bending and so is confusing. I'll wait a week to see if there are any other comments. Apuldram (talk) 10:30, 12 March 2014 (UTC)
 * I think the image thing really shouldn't be a problem - I've never heard of people confused by this sort of thing before, and these inline navboxes usually have some sort of image that is illustrative of the general concept, even if that's not a relevant image to the article in question. I think the reason it is very unlikely to be confusing is that if you see some image and you don't understand why it's there, you'll go to check the caption only to find that it's a navbox and you'll realize that it's an icon, not an image designed to illustrate something.

 * That said, on Wikiproject Physics, suggested that the concept is too broad for sidebar nav, which also seems to be follow your intuition . I'm not intimately familiar with the details of continuum mechanics and I haven't been involved in sidebar nav creation, so I think it's probably a good idea to make a decision about whether the sidebar nav is relevant writ large, and if not, switch it over to bottom-of-the-page nav for the other continuum mechanics topics as well (or at least all the ones that are formatted like Bending.  suggests that the template page over there doesn't get enough attention for that kind of discussion, which is a solid point, so I think we should formulate an RfC and post notices at WikiProject Physics and WikiProject Engineering, as well as on the talk pages of most if not all of the affected pages. I'll formulate one tonight and post it there.

 * Certainly we can make a decision about the navbox on this page independent of the result of that discussion (unless it results in the deletion of the sidebar, I suppose), but I think it's preferable if the navboxes are used consistently. Often times I'm interested in navigating the space of a navbox like this, and so I'll click one article, then when I'm done with it I'll locate the navbox and click the next one. If half the articles have sidebar boxes and half have bottom-of-the-page boxes, I find it breaks the flow of the navigation (because I have to find the navbox in the new location and recognize that it's the same navbox that I've been exploring and that I'm not moving on to a new topic). So that's my argument for being consistent with the other pages in whatever we choose. 0x0077BE  [talk/contrib] 15:09, 12 March 2014 (UTC)

 * I have just noticed that there is another navbox, Topics in continuum mechanics, at the bottom of this page already. The two navboxes largely duplicate each other, which is grounds for a TFD (see Reasons to delete a template). If someone were to create a sidebar for this page, an appropriate topic might be deformation. RockMagnetist (talk) 15:45, 12 March 2014 (UTC)

 * I have proposed a merger (see Templates for discussion/Log/2014 March 12). RockMagnetist (talk) 17:47, 12 March 2014 (UTC)

Isotropy
I removed the word "isotropic" from the discussion of the Euler equation because there is no need for the beam to be fully isotropic. The Euler equation works just fine for orthotropic beams as it does for isotropic beams. I added the word "straight" because the Euler equation does in fact rely on a beam that is originally straight (or only slightly curved). As a fix, I'll change "iso" to "ortho", and add "straight." Hermanoere (talk) 17:37, 1 July 2015 (UTC)

Addition of 'and cantilever'
I reverted the edits by Mandloiabhishek554, who inserted multiple additions of and cantilever, showing lack of understanding that a cantilever is a type of beam. Among other errors Mandloiabhishek554 wrote "In a horizontal cantilevered beam supported at the ends", showing ignorance that a cantilever is not supported at the ends.

My reversion was undone without explanation by 115.249.130.57, who has already received three recent warnings for vandalism.

I have restored the position before the edit by Mandloiabhishek554. Apuldram (talk) 17:59, 22 October 2015 (UTC)

Resistance Moment $$W_x$$
Could the following formula of Resistance Moment W
 * $$W_x = \frac{I_x}{y}$$

be added in the neighborhood of
 * $$\sigma_x = \frac{M_z y}{I_x}$$

The stress could also be written as follows:
 * $$\sigma_x = \frac{M_z y}{I_x} = \frac{M_z}{W_x}$$

User:SirKitKat 84.199.6.190 (talk) 09:00, 5 September 2018 (UTC)

my proposal:

The classic formula for determining the bending stress in a beam under simple bending is:
 * $$\sigma_x = \frac{M_z y}{I_x} = \frac{M_z}{W_x}$$

where
 * $${\sigma_x}$$ is the bending stress
 * $$M_z$$ – the moment about the neutral axis
 * $$y$$ – the perpendicular distance to the neutral axis
 * $$I_x$$ – the second moment of area about the neutral axis x.
 * $$W_x$$ - the Resistance Moment about the neutral axis x. $$W_x = I_x / y$$

undefined terms
In the Euler–Bernoulli bending theory D is undefined.

There are other undefined terms in this article that kept me from learning what this is. I don't remember the other(s), as I'm frustrated now. I'm sure I'm not the only one who came away from this irritated and didn't' learn. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.20.1.177 (talk) 12:31, 9 June 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bending


text:
Killer Bees!

Killer Bees! is an action video game written by Robert S. Harris for the Magnavox Odyssey2 and published in 1983.

Reception
Art Levis for Electronic Fun with Computers & Games said "Here's a game that has great play value, doesn't involve the shopworn space or maze cliches, is graphically vivid and has great sound effects – yet only an eccentric handful of games players will ever know its joysticks".

Reviews

 * TeleMatch - Dec, 1983
 * Tilt - Sep, 1983
 * Games #42
 * Games #44

title: Killer Bees!


text:
1868 in rail transport

January events

 * January 1 – Construction begins on the Colorado and Clear Creek Railroad mainline that will connect Denver to Golden, Colorado.
 * January 3 – The Kalamazoo and Grand Rapids Railroad is incorporated in Michigan.
 * January 14 – The Colorado and Clear Creek Railroad officially changes its name to Colorado Central Railroad.

February events

 * February 12 – The Columbus and Indiana Central Railway and Chicago and Great Eastern Railway merge to form the Columbus, Chicago and Indiana Central Railway.
 * February 17 – Manningham station opens on the Midland Railway north of Bradford, West Yorkshire, England.
 * February 18 – The Los Angeles and San Pedro Railroad is incorporated in California.

April events

 * April 3 – The Flushing and North Side Rail Road is incorporated in New York.

May events

 * May 18 – The Denver Pacific Railway breaks ground on a railroad connection between Denver, Colorado, and Cheyenne, Wyoming.

June events

 * June – The first edition of the Official Guide of the Railways (later known as the Official Railway Guide) is published in the United States.

July events

 * July – Jay Gould succeeds John S. Eldridge as president of the Erie Railroad.
 * July 1 – The cable-operated West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway, built on Greenwich Street (Manhattan) by Charles T. Harvey, becomes the first elevated railway in the United States.

August events

 * August 20 – Abergele train disaster in North Wales: a London and North Western Railway Irish Mail passenger train on the Chester and Holyhead line collides with cargo trucks loaded with paraffin leaving 33 dead, the greatest toll up to this date in any British railway accident.
 * August 31 – The Virginia Central Railroad and the Covington and Ohio Railroad are merged to form the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad.

September events

 * September 2 – William F. Nast succeeds Samuel C. Pomeroy as president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway.
 * September 10 – Romania's Gara de Nord station in Bucharest opens.
 * September 24 – Henry C. Lord succeeds William F. Nast as president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway.
 * September 25 – The Big Four purchase the Southern Pacific Railroad.

October events

 * October 1 – Opening of the Midland Railway's St Pancras station in London, England.
 * October 12 – Hønefoss Station in Norway opens.
 * October 26 – The Flint and Pere Marquette Railroad opens between Midland and Averill, Michigan.
 * October 30 – Ground is broken in Topeka, Kansas, on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad.

November events

 * November 1 – Staatsspoorwegen opens Bad Nieuweschans railway station, now the easternmost station in the Netherlands, with the first train services there.

Unknown date events

 * Leland Stanford succeeds Timothy Guy Phelps as President of the Southern Pacific Company, parent company of the Southern Pacific Railroad.
 * Calcutta & South Eastern Railway transferred to Indian Government.
 * First Meyer locomotive to the patent of Jean-Jacques Meyer, L'Avenir, is built by Cail in France.

May births

 * May 12 – Samuel T. Bledsoe, president of Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway 1933–1939 (d. 1939).
 * May 26 – Richard Edward Lloyd Maunsell, Chief mechanical engineer for the Southern Railway 1923–1937 (d. 1944).

title: 1868 in rail transport


text:
Vandolph

Vandolph Lacsamana Quizon (born; May 7, 1984) is a Filipino actor, comedian and politician. He also serves as a councilor of Parañaque from the 1st district since 2016.

Personal life
He is the only son of comedian Dolphy with actress-politician Alma Moreno.

1980s showbiz debut
Vandolph's very first movie was Balimbing: Taong Huyango in 1986 with his real life father the late comedy king Dolphy.

1990s
Vandolph appeared in Ang TV on ABS-CBN in 1992, then followed by a sitcom Home Along Da Riles also on ABS-CBN. In the same year, he also did a drama anthology with his father Dolphy on Maalaala Mo Kaya. In 1993, he also appeared on GMA Telecine Specials on GMA which he plays a hyper kid who went to America. The same year, he launched a new sitcom Tondominium, directed by Joey Marquez, Vandolph's former stepfather.

2000–2005
In 2000, Vandolph's first action series was Pintados on GMA with his co-stars Michael Flores, Assunta Del Rossi, Angelika Dela Cruz and Sherwin Ordoñez. In 2001, he was involved in a car accident. He survived with Amnesia but his girlfriend "Ishi" died due to head injuries. In 2005, he guested in a youth oriented drama series, Maynila also on GMA, and guested a reality shows Victim Extreme on ABS-CBN and Extra Challenge on GMA. The same year, Vandolph met Jenny Salimao and they become longtime love partners.

2006–2010
In 2006, he launched his first gag show, Quizon Avenue on ABS-CBN. In 2008, his biggest break was the action series Palos. The same year, he returns to sitcom via John En Shirley a spin-off of John En Marsha. In 2009, Vandolph signed a contract with TV5, joining a family fantasy sitcom, Pidol's Wonderland and was a celebrity guest judge on Talentadong Pinoy also in the same year. In 2010, he returns to drama anthology, Untold Stories Mula Sa Face To Face on TV5.

2011–present
In 2011, Vandolph returns to drama again and his biggest break was Babaeng Hampaslupa, a Chinese-themed drama and very first primetime drama series on TV5. Vandolph returned to big screen via Praybeyt Benjamin released by Star Cinema and Viva Films, which was also Vandolph's 1st movie for Viva Films and first Star Cinema film since Home Along Da Riles 2.

In 2012, Vandolph returns to comedy again and also his first Fantaserye for kids entitled Wako Wako marking Vandolph's return to ABS-CBN after his last teleserye was Palos.

In 2013, Vandolph returns to VIVA Films via a comedy action movie The Fighting Chefs, which was Vandolph's 2nd VIVA movie. He also guested in a game show Minute to Win It.

In 2014, Vandolph's recent movie ABNKKBSNPLAko. Recently, he is also part and returns to drama again via The Legal Wife, the role said which he plays the best friend of Angel Locsin's character.

Politics
In 2016, he ran for councilor of 1st District of Parañaque and he won. He was re-elected in 2019 and in 2022.

Television

 * Ang TV (ABS-CBN, 1992)
 * Lovingly Yours (GMA Network, 1992)
 * Home Along Da Riles (ABS-CBN, 1992–1998) - Baldomero "Baldo" Kosme
 * Maalaala Mo Kaya (ABS-CBN, 1993)
 * GMA Telecine Specials (GMA Network, 1993)
 * Tondominium (TV5, 1993)
 * Purungtong (RPN, 1993)
 * Batibot (RPN, 1994)
 * Wow Mali! (TV5, 1996)
 * Pintados (GMA Network, 2000)
 * Magpakailanman (GMA Network, 2002)
 * Home Along Da Airport (ABS-CBN, 2003–2005) - Baldomero "Baldo" Kosme
 * Victim Extreme (ABS-CBN, 2005)
 * Maynila (GMA Network, 2005)
 * Extra Challenge (GMA Network, 2005) - Challenger
 * Quizon Avenue (ABS-CBN, 2006)
 * O-Ha! (TV5, 2006)
 * John En Shirley (ABS-CBN, 2006–2007)
 * Sabi Ni Nanay (RPN, 2007)
 * Palos (ABS-CBN, 2008)
 * Eat Bulaga (GMA Network, 2008) - joined and won as EB Bebot
 * Talentadong Pinoy (TV5, 2009)
 * Pidol's Wonderland (TV5, 2009)
 * Untold Stories Mula Sa Face To Face (TV5, 2010)
 * Spooky Nights Presents (GMA Network, 2010)
 * Babaeng Hampaslupa (TV5, 2011)
 * Wako Wako (ABS-CBN, 2012)
 * Wiltime Bigtime (TV5, 2012) - Guest Host
 * Wansapanataym (ABS-CBN, 2012)
 * It's Showtime (ABS-CBN, 2012) - Celebrity Judge
 * Toda Max (ABS-CBN, 2012) - Guest
 * Be Careful With My Heart (ABS-CBN, 2012–2014)
 * Minute To Win It (ABS-CBN, 2013) - Guest
 * The Legal Wife (ABS-CBN, 2014)
 * Two Wives (ABS-CBN, 2014)
 * Wasak (TV5, 2015)
 * Kapamilya Deal Or No Deal (ABS-CBN, 2015)
 * Tunay Na Buhay (GMA Network, 2015)
 * Sabado Badoo (GMA Network, 2015) - cameo footage
 * Ningning (ABS-CBN, 2015)
 * Wowowin (GMA Network, 2015)
 * Dangwa (GMA Network, 2015)
 * Karelasyon (GMA Network, 2016)
 * Dear Uge (GMA Network, 2016)
 * FPJ's Batang Quiapo (Kapamilya Channel, 2023–2024)

Film

 * Balimbing: Mga Taong Hunyango (1986)
 * Wanted: Bata Batuta (1987)
 * Bata Batuta (1987)
 * Enteng the Dragon (1988) Kuto
 * Espadang Patpat (Stick Sword) (1990) - Zondrox
 * Bulag Pipi At Bingi (1991)
 * Pempe ni Sara at Pen (1992)
 * Espadang Patpat (1992)
 * Home Along Da Riles The Movie (1993) - Baldomero "Baldo" Kosme
 * Walang Matigas Na Tinapay Sa Mainit Na Kape (1994)
 * Hataw Tatay Hataw (1994) - Boyet
 * Boy Gising (1995) - Boy Gising
 * Father & Son (1995) - Bimbo
 * Aringkingking (1996)
 * Pakners (1997)
 * Home Along Da Riles The Movie 2 (1997) - Baldomero "Baldo" Kosme
 * Tatay-Nic (1998) - Patsoy
 * Home Along Da Riber (2002)
 * Nobody, Nobody But... Juan (2009)
 * Father Jejemon (2010)
 * Praybeyt Benjamin (2011) - Vandolph's 1st Viva Films movie
 * The Fighting Chefs (2013)
 * ABNKKBSNPLAko?! The Movie (2014) - post-production
 * The Amazing Praybeyt Benjamin (2014) - post-production
 * Beauty and the Bestie (2015) - post-production
 * On The Job 2: The Missing 8 (2021) - pre production & Vandolph's 1st action drama thriller movie

title: Vandolph


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Second Congo War

Second Congo War
Originally nominated as Congo Civil War, now a disambiguation page

This is my first nomination for a featured article (so forgive me please if I break some sort of protocol or do anything wrong). After reading Congo Civil War I was struck by how well it seemed to be done. I thought that by submitting it to this process it would be given the broader readerships that it probably deserved. I did zero work on this article. Kevin Rector 15:29, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Definitely not out of line, don't worry, and yes it is a great article. I was sure to have seen it here before, and found the previous nomination in the archive. When nominating an article it's always a good idea to check for previous nominations and check if the objections listed back then have been worked on. -- [[User:Solitude|Solitude\talk]] 21:29, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * "When nominating an article it's always a good idea to check for previous nominations and check if the objections listed back then have been worked on." See now, that's good advice. I went and added it to Template:FAC-instructions but it got ripped out quite quickly. Between that and Mirv's edit summary on Featured article candidates when he fixed my first timer's faux pas (I added it to the bottom instead of the top of the list) this will most likely be my last FAC nomination. Kevin Rector 01:21, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Oeff, please do not be too easily offended by edit summaries, I'm sure Mirv meant no disrespect, we all make mistakes (that even sounds too grave) especially when first arriving. I agree that the "previous nomination check" should be listed in the template, but if enough other people disagree we might as well keep it like this. -- [[User:Solitude|Solitude\talk]] 11:16, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks to everyone who has given me kind words. Yesterday I was having quite a bad day, with significant amounts of very stressful work due. So I took a break and turned to the Wikipedia as I often do. I read the Congo Civil War article and thought is was so good that I wanted to find a way to recognize the people who had worked on it. So I found my way here and nominated it. I agree that Mirv probably didn't mean any disrespect, and everyone makes mistakes, and I'm not holding a grudge (for all I know he was having a bad day himself). Anyway, weigh in with your opinion on adding the bits about looking for past versions at Template talk:FAC-instructions where I've put in my suggestions. Kevin Rector 15:29, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * How about some references? Support, though. I'm pleased to see the inclusion of a map roughly outlining the extent of territory held by the factions, which I suggested during the last FAC nomination. Everyking 15:49, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Object. Needs references.  Otherwise pretty well done. Don't worry about harsh comments people make, just take them for what they are worth and try to improve articles the best you can. - Taxman 17:14, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * Comment After much discussion on Talk:Congo Civil War revolving around the 1960, 1996 and 1998 Congo conflicts, I have stuck my neck out and volunteered to move Congo Civil War to Second Congo War, as part of what promises to be messy and tedious split.  Congo Civil War will then become disambiguation, and the content on the 1996 conflict will be moved to First Congo War.  This seems to be consensus, unless I hear an objection soon.  The reasons for the move include: the 1996 war being vastly overshadowed in the article despite its importance; making the article a little easier to follow by putting at least one "and then everyone switched sides again"-type moment on another page and limiting mention of the shorter lived armed groups to one article or the other; and the fact that these are actually the names used to refer to the separate conflicts.  Please feel free to comment or object on the CCR talk page and thanks to everyone who has said nice things and offered constructive criticism on the article as it stands now.
 * Also, in response to the helpful comments here I have made a reference section to which I have added the one book (that I am aware of) specifically dealing with the recent Congo conflict, as well as two other books that are useful. Almost all of the decent information and analyses are coming out of news articles and reports by humanitarian and human rights NGOs, think-tanks, etc, which I feel are well covered in the External Links section.  BanyanTree 22:17, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * But if the external links are used to contribute or support specific material in the article, they should be cited properly as references, just like a print resource. Best would be to include links to primary material from the humanitarian organizations, etc that support the given claims. - Taxman 00:02, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Point taken. Somebody else has already pointed out that I misunderstood "References" to mean something like the "References Cited" in a paper rather than the external links that look like endnote numbers.  I'm still learning... BanyanTree 00:19, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Well it is like that. But if a topic has no available published literature, then we need to use the best available resources to confirm the facts in the article.  No apologies needed, just keep learning and we will be all set. - Taxman 18:30, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Refer to peer review. What article are you nominating now? I see no references in Second Congo War, only external links and further reading. My concern is that the material is shifting too much now for it so be a featured article.  I suggest a move to peer review for a couple weeks or enough time to really iron out the changes properly. - Taxman 18:30, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Nasser Hejazi

Nasser Hejazi (Persian: ناصر حجازی, nāser hejāzi; 14 December 1949 – 23 May 2011), nicknamed "the legendary Iranian goalkeeper",   was an Iranian football player and coach who most notably played for Esteghlal (Taj).

Considered as the best goalkeeper in the history of Iranian football and Asia, he was capped 62 times for the Iran national football team. In 2000, the Asian Football Confederation ranked him the second best Asian goalkeeper of the 20th century.

He was goalkeeper of Iran national team in the 1960s and 1970s and won the AFC Asian Cup on two occasions in 1972 and 1976, and Asian Games title once, and competed in the 1972 Munich Olympics and 1976 Montreal Olympics and 1978 FIFA World Cup.

As a manager, he won an Azadegan League in 1998 and a Bangladesh League in 1988, as well as a runner-up place in 1998–99 AFC Champions League.

Early life
Hejazi was born on 14 December 1949 in Piranshahr, Iran. His father, Ali Akbar had a real estate agency in Tehran and was an Iranian Azerbaijani from Tabriz. He was admitted to Allameh Tabatabai University in 1977. He was later enrolled in Nader F.C. in 1964 and played for club until 1965. After that, he signed a contract with Taj Tehran and started his career in a professional club.

Club career
Hejazi was the goalkeeper of the Taj Tehran and Iran during the 1970s. Hejazi first broke into the Taj side when he was only 18 years old and while a member of the now defunct Nader FC. He won the Asian Club Championship in 1970; he also won the Iranian league in 1971 as well as 1975 and was positioned second in 1974. Further on, he won the Hazfi Cup in 1977.

In summer 1977 he changed the club joining Shahbaz Tehran, trying to win the 1977–78 Takht Jamshid Cup with his famous National teammates Gholam Hossein Mazloumi, Nasrollah Abdollahi, Ebrahim Ghasempour and Hamid Majd Teymouri. So it was a tremendous surprise, that Shahbaz could only reach the 11th place. In the following year Shahbaz was leading the ranking in the season 1978/79, when in autumn 1978 – due to the political uprisings, which ended with the Iranian Revolution in February 1979 – the season was canceled.

After the 1978 FIFA World Cup, Hejazi received an offer from Manchester United. He trained and played with the club for a month, even appearing in a reserve matches against Stoke City and Bolton Wanderers Manchester United manager Dave Sexton wanted Hejazi to stay for another two or three months before officially signing a contract with him, but there was no-one at the IRFF at the time of the Iranian Revolution to arrange the extension, which led to Manchester United signing Gary Bailey instead.

Hejazi remained as Esteghlal's main goalkeeper until 1986. There he won the Tehran Province League in 1983 and 1985 and the runners-up position in 1982.

His last station was the Bangladeshi club Mohammedan in Dhaka, where he stayed for one year and could win his last league title.

International career
Hejazi made his debut for the Iran national team in 1969. He became the first-choice goalkeeper in time for the 1972 Asian Cup, which Iran won for a second time in a row. Later that year, he was part of the Iran squad for the Olympic Games in Munich, where Iran failed to qualify for the second round. In 1974, he shared goalkeeping duties with Bahram Mavaddat and Mansour Rashidi at the Asian Games in Tehran, but played a key role in the 1–0 victory over Israel in the final. In 1976, he was again part of the squad that won the Asian Cup, but as second-choice behind Rashidi, before returning to the starting role for the 1976 Olympics in Montreal, playing in all three matches as Iran reached the quarter-finals.

Hejazi continued as Iran's starting goalkeeper at the 1978 FIFA World Cup in Argentina, but Iran conceded eight goals in their three games, managing just one draw. He was then named captain for the 1980 Asian Cup in Kuwait; Iran finished top of their group and faced the host nation in the semi-finals but lost 2–1 as Kuwait went on to win the title. After the tournament, a member of Iran's Physical Education Department implemented a policy in which athletes older than 27 years of age would no longer be allowed to compete internationally. Hejazi was effectively forced to retire from international football, despite being only 29 years old at the time of implementation.

Managerial career
Hejazi coached Bangladeshi football club Mohammedan from 1987 to 1991. During his time, Bangladeshi football was enlightened with the modern day technique of football and embraced top football coaching. At continental level, Hejazi guided Mohammedan to the Semi-Final Group round of the 1988–89 Asian Club Championship, by defeating Iranian club Persepolis 2–1. The Bangladeshi football Federation rewarded him by making him national team coach in 1989.

During the 1990s, Hejazi was the manager of a number of football clubs including the Mohammedan SC, the Esteghlal (former Taj) and Esteghlal Ahvaz. During his tenure with the Esteghlal, Hejazi won the Iranian League in 1998, then took the club to the final match of the Asian Champions League in 1999. They were beaten by the Júbilo Iwata in Tehran. During his years as a coach, Hejazi was the first to discover several talented Iranian football players, including Rahman Rezaei in Zobahan and Alireza Akbarpour in Machine Sazi Tabriz. In early August 2006 Hejazi announced he signed a one-year contract as head coach of Azadegan League outfit Nassaji Mazandaran. He resigned from the post on 19 January 2007. On 5 August 2007, he was appointed as head coach of Esteghlal for a second time but he was sacked by club on 8 November 2007 because of bad results after 14 matches.

Player
Esteghlal
 * Asian Club Championship: 1970
 * Iranian Football League: 1970–71, 1974–75
 * Tehran Provincial League: 1982–83, 1984–85

Dhaka Mohammedan
 * Dhaka League: 1986–87

Iran
 * Asian Cup: 1972
 * Asian Games: 1974

Iran XI
 * Afghanistan Republic Day Cup runner-up: 1977

Individual
 * AFC Asian Cup Fans' All Time Best XI: 2018
 * IFFHS Best Goalkeepers of the Century Xxth
 * IFFHS All Time Iran Dream Team
 * AFC Asian Cup Team of the Tournament: 1980
 * IFFHS The second best Asian Goalkeeper of the 20th century
 * Best Goalkeeper of the Asian Club Championship: 1970
 * Best Goalkeeper of the AFC Asian Cup: 1980
 * Best Goalkeeper of the Iranian Football League: 1973

Manager
Dhaka Mohammedan
 * Dhaka League: 1987–88, 1988–89

Esteghlal
 * Iranian Football League: 1997–98
 * Asian Club Championship runner-up: 1998–99

Presidential candidacy
On 3 November 2004, Hejazi announced his nomination for 2005 presidential election. He was rejected by the Guardian Council of the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran, arguing his lack of political career prior to the election. Later on, he became a supporter of Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani.

In 2009 presidential election, he supported Mir-Hossein Mousavi.

Opposition to Ahmadinejad
He was an opponent to the Economic reform plan of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's Government. In April 2011, he made a statement regarding the plan: "I'm very sorry for our people, they have oil, petroleum and ... but some of them are poor".

It is known that after this comment, he was unofficially banned from Iranian Television Network. This was later revoked due to his popularity and the perceived side effects that could have come from this decision.

Personal life
Hejazi married Behnaz Shafie in 1973. They had two children: one daughter, Atoosa and one son, Attila, who both grew up to play soccer just like their father. Attila had been playing in Esteghlal B from 1997 to 2004 and Atoosa was the captain of Iran national women futsal team. Atoosa is married to an Iranian retired soccer player Saeed Ramezani who formerly played for Zob Ahan, Sepahan and Foolad in the Iran Pro League. They have a son named Amir Arsalan. He was also a part of plot within Season 3 in Homeland.

Cancer struggle and death
Hejazi was diagnosed with aggressive lung cancer in late 2009. While trying to resume normal daily activities as a coach, his illness forced him to be hospitalised. Hejazi went into a coma on 20 May 2011 as he was watching the match between Esteghlal and Pas Hamedan soccer teams in the final week of the Iran Pro League. On 23 May 2011, after being unable to recover from a stroke, he died at 10:55 a.m. in Kasra Hospital in Tehran. His funeral was held on 25 May 2011 in Azadi Stadium in western Tehran and his body was buried in the Behesht-e Zahra cemetery in southern Tehran on the same day as his final resting place. More than 20,000 people attended his funeral.

Hejazi's popularity went beyond Iran's borders as Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson expressed the club's sympathy for Hejazi's illness in April 2010. In a message, President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad paid homage to Hejazi and characterised him as a renowned and good-tempered Iranian football figure who offered valuable services to national sport.

Legacy
Hejazi is considered by many to be the best Iranian and Asian goalkeeper of all time. Hejazi was a member of the all-conquering Iran national team of the 1960s and 1970s that won the Asian Cup a record three times in a row and represented Iran at two Summer Olympics as well as 1978 FIFA World Cup. After his death, it was proposed that a new stadium named after Hejazi would be built in Tehran. Esteghlal's training camp was also renamed to Hejazi Training Camp.

title: Nasser Hejazi


text:
1885 in rail transport

February events

 * February 8 – The Midland Railway of England opens its extension to Birmingham New Street station.
 * February 12 – The Kansas City, Clinton and Springfield Railway is incorporated in Missouri.
 * February 17 – The Southern Pacific Railroad and Central Pacific Railroad are combined under a single holding company, the Southern Pacific Company.

April events

 * April 1 – The Southern Pacific Railroad takes over operations of the Central Pacific Railroad.
 * April 6 – The Meriden and Cromwell Railroad, a Connecticut predecessor of the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, opens.

June events

 * June – John J. Hagerman gains control of Colorado Midland.

July events

 * July 19 – The Zanesville and Ohio River Railway enters receivership.
 * July 20
 * The Hull & Barnsley Railway opens in Yorkshire, England. It is intended to challenge the near-monopoly on export coal traffic in its region of the North Eastern Railway.
 * Opening of first railway in Vietnam, Saigon to Mỹ Tho.

August events

 * August – International Railway Congress Association established in Brussels to provide an international forum for technical discussion.

November events

 * November – First train crosses Garabit viaduct in the Massif Central of France.
 * November 6 – Phase 3 of the Novara–Varallo railway in Italy opens connecting Grignasco to Borgosesia.
 * November 7 – The last spike on the Canadian Pacific Railway is driven at Craigellachie, British Columbia, Canada.
 * November 9 – The last spike is driven on the California Southern Railroad between Barstow and San Bernardino through Cajon Pass, completing the connection to the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad.
 * November 12 – The first train to travel the entire route of California Southern Railroad's track through Cajon Pass carries rails from Barstow to Riverside.
 * November 17 – The first through train from Chicago via Santa Fe lines arrives in San Diego.
 * November 29 – The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway leases trackage rights over the Southern Pacific Railroad from San Bernardino to Los Angeles at $1,200 per mile per year.

Unknown date events

 * Cornelius Vanderbilt II is promoted to president of the New York Central system.
 * The New Zealand Government Railways become the first major railway to place a 2-6-2 steam locomotive into service, having ordered ten V class from Nasmyth, Wilson & Company of Manchester, England.

Unknown date births

 * Richard M. Dilworth, General Motors Electro-Motive Division chief engineer credited with developing the diesel-electric locomotive concept in the 1930s (d. 1968).

January deaths

 * January 12 – John B. Jervis, Chief mechanical engineer of the Mohawk & Hudson Railroad, pioneer of the use of the leading truck on steam locomotives (b. 1795).

July deaths

 * July 31 – Robert F. Fairlie, Scottish steam locomotive builder (b. 1831).

December deaths

 * December 6 – Robert Gerwig, German civil engineer, designer of the Schwarzwaldbahn and the Höllentalbahn in the Black Forest (b. 1820).
 * December 8 – William Henry Vanderbilt, son of Cornelius Vanderbilt and president of the New York Central system (b. 1821).

title: 1885 in rail transport


text:
Piazza del Duomo

Piazza del Duomo ("Cathedral Square") may refer to several squares in Italy:

 * Piazza del Duomo, Florence
 * Piazza del Duomo, Milan
 * Piazza del Duomo, Pisa
 * Piazza del Duomo, Siena
 * Piazza Duomo, Padua
 * Piazza del Duomo, Catania
 * Piazza del Duomo, San Gimignano
 * Piazza del Duomo, Reggio Emilia
 * Piazza del Duomo, L'Aquila
 * Piazza del Duomo (Altamura)

title: Piazza del Duomo