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Joseph Ritter

Joseph Elmer Ritter (July 20, 1892 – June 10, 1967) was an American prelate of the Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of St. Louis from 1946 until his death in 1967, and was created a cardinal in 1961. He previously served as auxiliary bishop (1933–1934) and bishop (later archbishop) (1934–1946) of the Archdiocese of Indianapolis. Ritter was one of the cardinals elector who participated at the papal conclave in 1963.

Ritter is noted for ending racial discrimination in church schools in both of his archdioceses long before it became mandatory in the United States. He also ended hospital segregation in the Archdiocese of St. Louis and supported the education of African-American students.

Early life and education
Born July 20, 1892, in New Albany, Indiana, Elmer Joseph Ritter was the fourth of Nicholas (1859–1944) and Bertha (née Luette) (1865–1941) Ritter's six children. His father owned and operated the Ritter Bakery (where the family also lived). Both of Ritter's parents were of German descent. As a 1946 newspaper article said "It was one of those shops, now rare, in which the whole family, the mother, father and the whole family had to help, either in the store part, which was in the front, or in the bakery which was in the rear."

Ritter said his father had a great reverence of education, saying, "Dad gave us all a chance to go to college, but only if we applied ourselves." Ritter received his early education at the parochial school of St. Mary of the Annunciation Church in New Albany where he was called "Apple-Pie Ritter".

Religious calling
During the seventh grade, Ritter decided to enter the priesthood. Ritter said "There was no vision, no voice from heaven. I simply wanted to be a priest." In 1907, he enrolled at St. Meinrad's Seminary in Saint Meinrad, Indiana, where he completed his studies in 1917.

Priesthood
Ritter was ordained to the priesthood at the St. Meinrad Seminary's Abbey Church on May 30, 1917, by Bishop Joseph Chartrand. His first assignment was as a curate at St. Patrick's Parish in Indianapolis. Shortly afterwards, he was transferred to Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral Parish, also in Indianapolis where he served as assistant to the bishop in 1920 and rector of the cathedral in 1925 to 1933. In 1922, Ritter received an honorary doctorate of theology from Pope Pius XI.

Indianapolis years
On February 3, 1933, Ritter was appointed as auxiliary bishop of what was then the Diocese of Indianapolis and titular bishop of Hippos by Pius XI. He received his episcopal consecration on March 28, 1933, from Bishop Chartrand, with Bishops Alphonse Smith and Emmanuel Ledvina serving as co-consecrators. As an auxiliary bishop, he also served as vicar general of the diocese from 1933 to 1934. At age 40, Ritter was one of the youngest Catholic bishops in the United States.

Following the death of Bishop Chartrand, Ritter was appointed the seventh bishop of the Diocese of Indianapolis on March 24, 1934. In 1938, he directed an end to racial segregation in all Catholic schools in the diocese. His decision, made 16 years before Brown v. Board of Education, was met with opposition by the Ku Klux Klan, whose members protested outside of SS. Peter and Paul Cathedral, and even by his fellow members of the clergy. Ritter also reorganized the diocesan Catholic Charities, introduced the Catholic Youth Organization, and completed the construction of SS. Peter and Paul Cathedral. He reduced the diocese's debt by $3 million,. Ritter also reorganized the Catholic Charities in the diocese.

In 1941, Ritter opened St. John's Parish in Evansville, Indiana, the first Black Catholic parish in the city. The Diocese of Indianapolis was elevated to the status of an archdiocese by Pope Pius XII on October 21, 1944, and Ritter was installed as its first archbishop on December 19, 1944.

St. Louis years
Ritter was appointed the fourth archbishop of the Archdiocese of St. Louis by Pius XII on July 20, 1946, succeeding the late Cardinal John J. Glennon.

St. Louis grew quickly during the post-World War II economic boom. Ritter opened an average of three parishes per year in St. Louis city and county. An able administrator, without the authority to tax or compel, Ritter nevertheless raised more than $125,000,000 to build sixty new parishes, sixteen high schools, and the Cardinal Glennon Memorial Hospital for Children in St. Louis during his tenure there.

Desegregation efforts
As one of his first acts as archbishop, Ritter announced that Webster College would accept black students, endorsing the Sisters of Loretto's wish to enroll black women (which Ritter's predecessor, Archbishop Glennon, had ruled impossible). He also allowed the senior class of St. Joseph's High School, then the city's only black Catholic high school, to graduate for the first time at the Cathedral alongside white Catholic high school students.

Desegregated diocesan schools and hospitals
On August 9, 1947, Ritter announced an end to racial segregation in all five St. Louis diocesan high schools before the fall term. He declared, "The cross on top of our schools must mean something," and expressed his belief in "the equality of every soul before Almighty God". Ritter sent a memo to all parish school superintendents, saying they must begin to "accept all children into parish schools without regard to race". In one stroke, Ritter had desegregated the Catholic St. Louis area schools, seven years before the 1954 US Supreme Court's Brown vs Board of Education decision. The parochial schools represented one-quarter of all St. Louis area students.

In response to Ritter's desegregation order, a group of over 700 white Catholics from 49 St. Louis area parishes, calling themselves the "Catholic Parents Association of Saint Louis and Saint Louis County", threatened to sue him. The association claimed that his order violated Missouri state law. Association Co-Chair William T. Rone said "We do not want Negro children alongside our children in the schools." Ritter refused to meet with the association leaders, his spokesman saying, "He is the father of the whole flock and must care for all, regardless of race." Ritter then issued a pastoral letter in which he warned of possible excommunication for "interfering with ecclesiastical office authority by having recourse to authority outside of the church".

While the association rejected any civil action, it did send a letter of protest to the apostolic delegate to the United States, Amleto Giovanni Cicognani. Cicognani responded to the letter by saying "I am confident that everyone will readily comply with what has been so clearly proposed by the ecclesiastical authority of the Archdiocese". Ritter also desegregated all Catholic hospitals in the St. Louis archdiocese.

Fundraising
Ritter also developed what is now known as the Annual Catholic Appeal, which remains a primary source of financial support for many archdiocesan educational and charitable activities.

Ecumenism
On August 24, 1964, at Kiel Auditorium in St. Louis, Ritter celebrated the world's first authorized Mass in English.

Ritter also forbade Catholics to see the 1954 film The French Line under danger of serious sin. The film featured actor Jane Russell dancing in a scanty outfit in what was then considered a sexually-suggestive scene. He declared that Catholic students must get written permission from the archdiocese to attend secular or non-Catholic colleges. Ritter was one of the first bishops to create a diocesan mission, specifically in La Paz, Bolivia. Until that time, most Catholic missions had been run by religious institutes or societies of apostolic life. Parishioners in St. Louis regularly contributed more money to these foreign missions than any archdiocese of its size. Ritter served as president of the National Catholic Educational Association from 1955 to 1956, and was named an assistant at the pontifical throne on October 5, 1956.

Cardinal
Ritter was created cardinal priest of SS. Redentore e S. Alfonso in Via Merulana by Pope John XXIII in the consistory of January 16, 1961. Between 1962 and 1965, he participated in all four sessions of the Second Vatican Council in Rome. Ritter was viewed as a liberal. He also protested against the Roman Curia's oppressive actions and Cardinal Alfredo Ottaviani's draft on the sources of revelation at the Council.

Death, funeral and burial
Ritter died on June 10, 1967, at DePaul Hospital in St. Louis after suffering two heart attacks earlier in the week. His body lay in state at the Cathedral.

Funeral
Ritter's requiem mass was celebrated on June 15, 1967, at St. Louis cathedral. At his request, it was a "Low Funeral Mass". Cardinal-designate John Patrick Cody, archbishop of Chicago, formerly an auxiliary bishop under the late cardinal in St. Louis, was the main celebrant. Cardinals Richard Cushing, James Francis McIntyre, Lawrence Shehan, and Francis Spellman attended, together with cardinals-designate John Krol and Patrick O'Boyle. Ten archbishops, forty-eight bishops, and four abbots were also in attendance. Some fifty Protestant, Jewish, and Orthodox Christina leaders were present, representing the Episcopal Church, Missouri-Synod Lutheran, United Church of Christ, Greek Orthodox, Baptist, Disciples of Christ, Methodists, Presbyterians, and Salvation Army. In his sermon, Kansas City Bishop Charles Helmsing, another auxiliary bishop who had served under Ritter, spoke of Ritter's liturgical leadership, particularly "his concern for a liturgy of the Word that would truly inform and enlighten the people of God."

Burial and re-interment
Ritter was buried in the priest's lot at Calvary Cemetery in St. Louis. He had said he did not want to be buried in the cathedral.On November 2, 1994, Archbishop Justin Rigali of St. Louis had Ritter's remains removed from Calvary Cemetery and re-interred in the crypt of the new cathedral, now the cathedral basilica of St. Louis.

Legacy

 * Ritter is commemorated by a mosaic tile depiction in the Cathedral Basilica of Saint Louis showing him reaching out toward a group of people from other faiths on one side, and also an integrated group of school children on the other.
 * Ritter was a friend of Lionel Hampton and Cardinal Ottaviani.
 * In a gesture of ecumenism, Ritter granted his approval to the mixed marriage of a Catholic and an Episcopalian in 1964. He also authorized the first English Mass in the United States.
 * Ritter, intensely dedicated to racial equality, even withheld communion from Catholics who practiced discrimination.
 * Ritter was "dismayed" and "indignant" after the rector of Catholic University of America, Monsignor William McDonald, refused to allow certain liberal theologians to speak at the university.
 * His birthplace and childhood home in New Albany, Indiana, was to be turned into a museum about Ritter's life (he remains the only Indiana-born Cardinal in the Catholic Church's history, and up until October 2016, when Pope Francis named Indianapolis's incumbent Archbishop, Joseph William Tobin, to the cardinalate [effective in November 2016], Indianapolis- or any other Indiana diocese- was not a cardinalatial see) in three stages. The Cardinal Ritter Birthplace Foundation is promoting this project. The museum will occupy the Ritter family's bakery—its storefront was part of the 1874 Queen Anne-style home.
 * A one-hour documentary of Ritter's life was filmed.
 * Cardinal Ritter High School in Indianapolis is named in his honor.
 * Cardinal Ritter College Prep High School in St. Louis is named in his honor.

Honors

 * Ritter received an honorary Doctorate of Theology from Pope Pius XI in 1922.
 * In 1961, Saint Louis University named Ritter an honorary “Founder of Saint Louis University" "in honor of his leadership and influence in the cause of education".
 * Ritter was unanimously chosen 1965 "Ecumenical Man of the Year" by the Metropolitan St. Louis Church Federation. Ritter declined the award, saying "Grateful for the honor, I am united with you in efforts for Christian unity. But it is my practice to decline citations in line with what is obviously my duty".
 * Ritter was awarded an honorary Doctor of Divinity degree by Eden Theological Seminary, St. Louis, Missouri, 1965.

title: Joseph Ritter


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Fabbroni (crater)

Fabbroni is a small lunar impact crater that lies along the northern edge of the Mare Tranquillitatis, at the eastern edge of the gap where the lunar mare joins Mare Serenitatis to the north. To the southeast is the crater Vitruvius.

Fabbroni is named after the Italian economist, chemist and naturalist Giovanni Fabbroni. It was previously designated Vitruvius E.

This is a circular crater with a conical interior formed by the inner walls gradually sloping down to the tiny floor at the midpoint. The northern rim of this crater lies along the southeastern flanks of the peak Mons Argaeus.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fabbroni (crater)


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Eckert (crater)

Eckert is a tiny, isolated lunar impact crater in the northern part of the Mare Crisium (a circular region of relatively dark, flat material on the surface of the Moon). This crater forms a circular pit in the dark surface of the surrounding lunar mare. Just to the west is a wrinkle ridge in the mare surface, a feature that is prominent only under oblique lighting from the Sun. The nearest craters of note are Peirce to the west-northwest, and Picard to the southwest. Both of these craters lie in the Mare Crisium basin.

The crater is named for American astronomer Wallace John Eckert, and name was approved by the IAU in 1973.

title: Eckert (crater)


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State Street

State Street may refer to:

Streets and locations

 * State Street (Chicago), Illinois
 * State Street (Portland, Maine)
 * State Street (Boston), Massachusetts
 * State Street (Ann Arbor), Michigan
 * State Street (Albany), New York
 * State Street (Manhattan), New York
 * House at No. 8 State Street, Mount Morris in Livingston County, New York
 * State Street Historic District (Rochester, New York)
 * State Street (Salt Lake County), Utah
 * State Street (Madison), Wisconsin

Financial organizations

 * State Street Corporation, a financial services holding company; the parent primarily focuses on servicing institutional investment clients
 * State Street Bank and Trust Company, a subsidiary
 * State Street Global Advisors, the investment management division of State Street Corporation

title: State Street


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Elger (crater)

Elger is a lunar impact crater that lies along the southern edge of Palus Epidemiarum, the Marsh of Epidemics, in the southwest part of the Moon's near side. To the northeast is the flooded crater Capuanus, and farther to the northwest is Ramsden.

The crater is named after British astronomer Thomas Gwyn Elger.

The rim of this formation is rough and somewhat eroded formation, with a break and an outward bulge along the northern end, while a ridge intrudes into the southern rim. The interior has been resurfaced by lava, although the albedo of the floor is not quite as low as the lunar mare surface to the north.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Elger.

title: Elger (crater)


text: User talk:64.85.217.46

title: User talk:64.85.217.46


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User talk:Kennethp

Please stop. If you continue to use Wikipedia for advertising, you will be blocked from editing. [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 23:01, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kennethp


text:
User:Pluke

Working On
Here are some of the pages i have adopted:

|bike |seating plans work on: http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Sue_Gardner
 * Sonic Subjunkies

Other Wiki work
I also am involved with the wikibooks, wikicommons , wikiquote , wikinews and wikitravel  projects.

cool tools tex stuff(not made by me) Citation_templates

Reading List
Things to buy and read: stuff by The Idiot The Brothers Karamazov, Rabindranath Tagore stuff. Vedic_Mathematics , Humphrey Jennings

182342 2871350623 32480J

School Resources

 * www.mr.gratton.org - creating database information.
 * www.effectiveict.co.uk - moodle resources for ks3

tim hunkin - good tech explanations. how stuff works

Digestion = Input Process Output - expand this to the computer concept of inputs CPU and memory and outputs. Mind maps to expand.

the kindly ones
 * open source in schools
 * Becta study of MS Campus
 * [becta open standards odf/odt document]
 * [oss in uk education]
 * [firefox in uk universities]
 * [oss survey in uk academia]
 * []
 * opensource in indiana schools
 * recommendation that people don't use MS products because of security related risks
 * becta talks about MS lock-in in schools and recommends against upgrade to Vista
 * OSSDI

Ditty
"The invention of weights and measures Makes robbery easier. Signing contracts, settings seals, Makes robbery more sure. Teaching love and duty Provides a fitting language With which to prove that robbery Is really for the general good. A poor man must swing For stealing a belt buckle But if a rich man steals a whole state He is acclaimed As statesman of the year." Chuang Tzu

To watch
Overrun! 71: Into the Fire

Music
Anti-pop consortium - Volcano Jim O’Rourke - Women of the World First Aid Kit - Wills of the river - The Big Black And The Blue Dick Gaughan — Workers song Brad Mehldau — We’ll cross the river together Laurie Anderson — Another Day in America Mary Gauthier — March 11, 1962 Van Dyke Parks — Clang of the Yankee Reaper Frazey Ford — Firecracker Dadawah — Run Come Rally

Kobo Town— Kaiso Newscast

Ennio Morricone — Come Maddalena

Mowgli — Water (Featuring Nicole Rowley)

Guy Clark — Clark/Thompson: The Guitar

Cluster — Isodea

King Creosote & Jon Hopkins — First Watch / John Taylor's Month Away

Roll the Dice — Calling all workers

Martin Simpson — Bold General Wolfe

Kavinsky - Nightcall

Unthanks — Starless

Siavash Amini / Hessam Ohadi / Nima Pourkarimi — The Second Surface (Dovvomin Sath)

London Bulgarian Choir / Dessislava Stefanova — Dragana I Slaveya

Caci Vorba— Trad arr. Sójka/Majczyna: Pristana si Rada

422 — Trad: The letter that never came Gerry Diver plus the voice of Margaret Barry — My Margaret

James Brewster / Men Diamler (vocals) - Vel Kvonen

Gillian Welch - Look at Miss Ohio

Amon Tobin - Madam Larivee

Matthew Welch - Wolfe: Lad (for nine bagpipes)

Johnny Parry - Parry: Rebuild It Piece by Piece

Paul Schütze: The Palms of both hands

Lord Beginner

Lord Kitchener -London is The Place for Me

Public Enemy - Harder Than You Think

Anaïs Mitchell - Why We Build the Wall

Sheema Mukherjee - Mukherjee: Morning (Raga Bhairavi)

Woody Pines - Hobo and His Bride

Vieux Farka Touré - Ay Bakoy

Bogoroditse Dyevo Raduisya - Rakhmaninov

Psilosamples - Meteorango Kid

Carl Craig - Desire

Aril Brikha - Otill

Button Eyes - Simple Days

Dadawah - Seventy-Two Nations

Ghostpoet - Dial Tones

Patten - Agen

Viola James - Is There Anybody Here That Love My Jesus

Thomas Brinkmann - Maschine

fuxa & BJ Cole - stand by me

John Cage - Four2

Isnaj Dui - Collision / Detection v8: West

Loki - Littlest Hobo

Amiri Baraka - Who Will Survive America

Coil - Going Up

Sheema Mukherjee - Morning Celeste

Vic Chesnutt - Flirted With You All My Life

Jon Hopkins - Open Eye Signal (Asleep Version)

Francesca Belmonte - Stole

Ghostpoet - Off Peak Dreams

Terre Thaemlitz - Class

Rival Consoles - Recovery

Jeff Bridges - Hummmmmm

Mo Kolours - Sumerian Mother

Bernard Edwards - At Last I Am Free

Portico - 101

Dave Grubb - Sleeping Giant

Menelik Wossenachew - Fetsum Denq Ledj Nèsh

Nils Frahm - Says

Jesca Hoop - Pegasi

Saint Etienne - Who Do You Think You Are (Aphex Twin Remix)

Max Richter - Sleep part 2: Path 5 (Delta)

Geir Sundstøl - Kamelsnurr

Douglas Dare - Swim

Sieren - Wavescraper

Anna Meredith - Blackfriars

MF DOOM - Cellz

Áine O'Dwyer - We Plough The Fields And Scatter

Mina - Se Telefonando

RZA - Untitled #12 (Free Jazz)

Roger Goula - Awe

Eugenio Bennato - Ritmo di Contrabbando

Morgan Delt - Some Sunsick Day

Dur-Dur Band - Dooyo

Legowelt, David Bowie & Pat Metheny Group - ThIs iS NoT AmEricA (Smackos EMAX DiscoRemix)

1954 - Flowers Of The Dead Man

Alabaster dePlume - Did You Ever Hear About The Mau Mau

07 Claire M Singer - The Molendinar

William Basinski - The Disintegration Loops

Matthew Kaner, Ross Sutherland and the Golden Age of Steam in Session - Jerusalem

Noname - Diddy Bop

Silver Mount Zion - 'Piphany Rambler

Phosphorescent - Song For Zula

Nils Frahm - A Winged Victory for the Sullen

Jon Hopkins, Ram Dass & East Forest - Sit Around The Fire

Bill Callahan - Jim Cain

Bill Callahan - Riding For The Feeling

Ghédalia Tazartès - Un Amour Si Grand Qu'il Nie Son Objet

Lonnie Holley - I Can't Hush

Sehnsucht

title: User:Pluke


text:
User talk:Topic~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 23:04, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)
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Esclangon (crater)

Esclangon is a lunar impact crater that is located in the rugged terrain to the northwest of the prominent crater Macrobius, and east of Sinus Amoris. Its diameter is 15 km. It was named after French astronomer Ernest Esclangon. This formation was previously designated Macrobius L. Just to the west-southwest is the crater Hill. Lacus Bonitatis, the Lake of Good, is located to the east and northeast of Esclangon.

The interior of this crater has been flooded, leaving only a low rim above the surface being only about 400 meters deep. The rim is not quite circular, having bulges to the northeast and northwest, most likely the result of smaller craters that have merged with the main rim. The interior surface is level and nearly featureless.

title: Esclangon (crater)


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William Henry Drayton

William Henry Drayton (September 1742 – September 3, 1779) was an American Founding Father, planter, and lawyer from Charleston, South Carolina. He served as a delegate for South Carolina to the Continental Congress in 1778-79 and signed the Articles of Confederation.

Early life
William Henry was born on his family's plantation, Drayton Hall, on the bank of the Ashley River near Charleston. His father John Drayton had just completed construction of a massive main house on the rice plantation. His mother was Charlotta Bull Drayton, the daughter of the colony's Governor William Bull. Drayton Hall would remain William's home throughout his life.

In 1750, he was sent to England for his education. He first studied at Westminster School where he met Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. Then he went on to Balliol College, Oxford, before returning home in 1764. He read law and was admitted to the bar in South Carolina.

Drayton married Dorothy Golightly in 1764; they were the parents of South Carolina Governor John Drayton. He was the cousin of U.S. Representative William Drayton, the son of Judge William Drayton Sr.

Career
Drayton at first opposed the growing sense of colonial unity and resistance after the Stamp Act Congress but reversed his position as the Revolution grew nearer. He first wrote a series of published letters opposing the American actions. When they were published in England, he was made a member of the Colonial Council in 1772. Governor Bull appointed him to the Colony's Court in 1774. However, later that year he wrote a pamphlet, the American Claim of Rights, which supported the call for a Continental Congress. Subsequently he was removed from all government positions, which completed his conversion to the Patriot cause.

He became a member of South Carolina's Committee of safety in 1775 as well as the provisional Congress that functioned as the colony's rebel government. In 1776, he and Arthur Middleton designed the Seal of South Carolina. When they began operating under an interim constitution in 1776, he returned to his seat on the council, serving as chief justice of state's Supreme Court. When the South Carolina General Assembly unanimously voted for union with Georgia in 1776, Drayton became the chief champion of the proposal. The union was rejected by a Georgia convention on January 23, 1777, but Drayton continued to campaign in Georgia for union until Governor John A. Treutlen issued a reward for his arrest. In 1778, South Carolina sent Drayton as a delegate to the Continental Congress, where he gave strong support to the military, but he was no friend to the Natives: "Cut up every Indian Cornfield and burn every Indian town," he proclaimed, so that their "nation be extirpated and the lands become the property of the public."

Death
Drayton died of typhus on September 3, 1779 in Philadelphia, while serving in Congress. He was 37. His home, Drayton Hall, now lies within the expanded city of Charleston. It is operated as a museum and is open to the public for an admission fee.

title: William Henry Drayton


text:
User talk:Jan i

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 23:05, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Jan i


text:
User talk:Thore

Notes to self (i.e., half-finished articles and larger edits)
/regex

VFD - A Song of Ice and Fire
Maybe you can merge all the info on the book in A Song of Ice and Fire? And turn the other pages into redirects? It's better to have all info on the book(s?) in one article for easy access, unless the article grows too large. BTW thanks for being so understanding about the VFD listing. I appreciate it when people don't go all hostile over it. Have a flower! Mgm|(talk) 09:05, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)

In answer to MacGyverMagic's suggestion, the A Song of ice and Fire related material, especially concerning individual characters, is still a mess. I would like to establish some consensus about it before starting a longer editing proces. See Talk:List of characters in A Song of Ice and Fire Thore 12:22, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:War of the Usurper.png
Thanks for uploading Image:War of the Usurper.png. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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Image copyright problem with Image:Arms_of_House_Targaryen.png
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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"German spelling reform" listed at Redirects for discussion
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title: User talk:Thore


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Dechen (crater)

Dechen is a small, bowl-shaped crater that is located in the northwest part of the Oceanus Procellarum, near the northwest limb of the Moon. The rim of the crater projects slightly above the surrounding lunar mare, and the interior is symmetrical and nearly featureless. It lies to the northeast of the crater Harding, but is otherwise relatively isolated.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Dechen.

title: Dechen (crater)


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Sam Selvon

Samuel Selvon (20 May 1923 – 16 April 1994) was a Trinidad-born writer, who moved to London, England, in the 1950s. His 1956 novel The Lonely Londoners is groundbreaking in its use of creolised English, or "nation language", for narrative as well as dialogue.

Life and work
Samuel Dickson Selvon was born in San Fernando in the south of Trinidad, the sixth of seven children. His father was a first-generation Christian Tamil Indian immigrant from Madras and his mother was a Christian Anglo-Indian. His maternal grandfather was Scottish and his maternal grandmother was Indian.

Selvon was educated at Naparima College, San Fernando, before leaving at the age of 15 to work. He was a wireless operator with the local branch of the Royal Naval Reserve from 1940 to 1945 during the Second World War. Thereafter, he moved north to Port of Spain, and from 1945 to 1950, worked for the Trinidad Guardian as a reporter and for a time on its literary page. In this period, he began writing stories and descriptive pieces, mostly under a variety of pseudonyms, including Michael Wentworth, Esses, Ack-Ack, and Big Buffer. Much of this early writing is to be found in Foreday Morning (eds Kenneth Ramchand and Susheila Nasta, 1989).

In 1950, Selvon moved to London, England, where he took menial jobs, eventually working as a clerk for the Indian Embassy, while writing in his spare time. His short stories and poetry appeared in various publications, including the London Magazine, New Statesman, and The Nation. In London, he also worked with the BBC, producing two television scripts, Anansi the Spiderman, and Home Sweet India.

Selvon was a fellow in creative writing at the University of Dundee from 1975 until 1977. In the late 1970s, he moved to Alberta, Canada, and found a job teaching creative writing as a visiting professor at the University of Victoria. When that job ended, he took a job as a janitor at the University of Calgary in Alberta for a few months before becoming writer-in-residence there. He was largely ignored by the Canadian literary establishment, with his works receiving no reviews during his residency.

On a return trip to Trinidad, Selvon died of respiratory failure due to extensive bronchopneumonia and chronic lung disease on 16 April 1994 at Piarco International Airport; his ashes were subsequently interred at the University of the West Indies cemetery, St Augustine, Trinidad.

Selvon married twice: in 1947 to Draupadi Persaud, with whom he had one daughter, and in 1963 to Althea Daroux (deceased), with whom he had two sons and a daughter.

Writing
Selvon is best known for his novels The Lonely Londoners (1956) and Moses Ascending (1975). His novel A Brighter Sun (1952), detailing the construction of the Churchill-Roosevelt Highway in Trinidad through the eyes of young Indian worker Tiger, was a popular choice on the CXC English Literature syllabus for many years. Other notable works include the collection of stories Ways of Sunlight (1957), Turn Again Tiger (1958) and Those Who Eat the Cascadura (1972). During the 1960s and 1970s, Selvon converted several of his novels and stories into radio scripts, broadcast by the BBC, which were collected in Eldorado West One (Peepal Tree Press, 1988) and Highway in the Sun (Peepal Tree Press, 1991).

The Lonely Londoners, like most of Selvon's later work, focuses on the migration of West Indians to Britain in the 1950s and 1960s, and tells, mostly in anecdotal form, the daily experience of settlers from Africa and the Caribbean. Selvon also illustrates the panoply of different subcultures that exist within London, as with any major city, due to class and racial boundaries. In many ways, his books are the precursors to works such as White Teeth (2000) by Zadie Smith and The Buddha of Suburbia (1990) by Hanif Kureishi. Selvon explained: "'When I wrote the novel that became The Lonely Londoners, I tried to recapture a certain quality in West Indian everyday life. I had in store a number of wonderful anecdotes and could put them into focus, but I had difficulty starting the novel in straight English. The people I wanted to describe were entertaining people indeed, but I could not really move. At that stage, I had written the narrative in English and most of the dialogues in dialect. Then I started both narrative and dialogue in dialect and the novel just shot along.'"

Selvon's papers are now at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at the University of Texas, Austin, USA. These consist of holograph manuscripts, typescripts, book proofs, manuscript notebooks, and correspondence. Drafts for six of his 11 novels are present, along with supporting correspondence and items relating to his career.

Awards and legacy
Selvon was awarded two Guggenheim Fellowships (in 1955 and 1968), an honorary doctorate from Warwick University in 1989, and in 1985 the honorary degree of DLitt by the University of the West Indies. In 1969 he was awarded the Trinidad & Tobago Hummingbird Medal Gold for Literature, and in 1994 he was (posthumously) given another national award, the Chaconia Medal Gold for Literature. In 2012 he was honoured with a NALIS Lifetime Achievement Literary Award for his contributions to Trinidad and Tobago's literature.

On what would have been his 95th birthday, 20 May 2018, Selvon was honoured with a Google Doodle.

Filmography (as writer)

 * Pressure (1976), co-written with Horace Ové

title: Sam Selvon


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Mellon

Mellon may refer to:

People

 * Mellon family, influential banking and political family originally of Pennsylvania, USA
 * Rachel Mellon Walton (1899–2006)
 * Richard Mellon Scaife (1932-2014), American publisher
 * Richard B. Mellon (1858–1933), American banker, industrialist and philanthropist
 * Richard King Mellon (1899–1970), American financier
 * Sarah Mellon (1903–1965), heiress
 * Thomas Mellon (1813–1908), Scots-Irish-American entrepreneur, lawyer, judge, founder of Mellon Bank, and patriarch of the Mellon family
 * Ailsa Mellon Bruce (1901–1969), daughter of Andrew William Mellon, philanthropist
 * Paul Mellon (1907–1999), son of Andrew William Mellon, philanthropist
 * Andrew W. Mellon (1855–1937), U.S. banker, businessman and Treasury Secretary
 * Christopher Mellon (born 1958), U.S. former politician and businessman
 * William Larimer Mellon, Sr. (1868–1949), entrepreneur
 * William Larimer Mellon, Jr. (1910–1989), a.k.a. Larry Mellon, philanthropist
 * Timothy Mellon, entrepreneur, founder of Guilford Transportation Industries
 * Alfred Mellon (1820 – 24 March 1867), British composer and conductor
 * Micky Mellon (born 1972), Scottish former footballer, now Manager
 * Niall Mellon (born 1967), Irish philanthropist
 * Pauline Mellon, Irish mathematician

Other uses

 * Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, private foundation with five core areas of interest, endowed with wealth accumulated by Andrew W. Mellon
 * Mellon Trust, a charitable trust founded by Andrew W. Mellon
 * Andrew W. Mellon Auditorium, a U.S. government-owned auditorium in Washington, D.C.'s Federal Triangle
 * Carnegie Mellon University, leading university in Pittsburgh
 * Mellon Institute, research institute founded by the Mellon family, merged to become Carnegie Mellon University
 * Mellon College of Science, science college at Carnegie Mellon University
 * Mellon Financial, a wholly owned subsidiary of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation (BNY Mellon)
 * Mellon Arena, home of the NHL Pittsburgh Penguins
 * Mellon Square, Square located in Pittsburgh
 * Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness, Smashing Pumpkin's 1995 2-disc album
 * Mellon (meaning "friend") is the password to enter Moria in the novel The Lord of the Rings
 * Mellon (newspaper), a Greek socialist newspaper
 * Mellon: An American Life, a 2006 biography of Andrew Mellon by David Cannadine

title: Mellon


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Dunthorne (crater)

Dunthorne is a small lunar impact crater that is located to the northwest of the small lunar mare called Palus Epidemiarum, in the southwest part of the Moon's near side. It was named after British astronomer Richard Dunthorne. It lies to the southwest of the crater Campanus, east of Vitello. Due south is Ramsden.

This crater is roughly circular and bowl-shaped, with an interior that has a higher albedo than the surrounding terrain. It lies in a region that has a number of rille systems, with the Rimae Hippalus to the northwest, and the Rimae Ramsden to the south and east.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Dunthorne.

title: Dunthorne (crater)


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Ebergötzen

Ebergötzen is a village in the District of Göttingen in Germany in Lower Saxony. It is 15 km from Göttingen and belongs to the Samtgemeinde Radolfshausen. Ebergötzen has 1,927 inhabitants (December 2020).

Ebergötzen has achieved some fame as being the place where Wilhelm Busch, author of the Max und Moritz stories that make many consider him the "Father of the Comic Strip", spent large parts of his childhood. Wilhelm Busch lived there from 1841 to 1846, staying with his uncle Georg Kleine, the pastor of Ebergötzen. He had a friendship with the miller's son and neighbour, Erich Bachmann, and it is speculated that the tricks and experiences of the two boys are portrayed in "Max and Moritz".

Ebergötzen is home to two tourist attractions, the Wilhelm Busch Museum, and the European Bread Museum.

title: Ebergötzen


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William Drayton (disambiguation)

William Drayton may refer to:

 * William Drayton Sr. (1732–1790), American judge from Charleston, South Carolina
 * William Drayton (1776–1846), U.S. Congressman from Charleston, South Carolina
 * Bill Drayton (born 1943), American social entrepreneur and environmentalist
 * Flavor Flav (born 1959), real name William Drayton, American rapper with Public Enemy
 * William Henry Drayton (1742–1779), American lawyer, South Carolina delegate to Continental Congress
 * Billy Drayton, character in The Mist

title: William Drayton (disambiguation)


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Daubrée (crater)

Daubrée is a lunar impact crater that is located to the southwest of the Mare Serenitatis, just to the west-southwest of the crater Menelaus in the Montes Haemus range. The small lunar mare Lacus Hiemalis lies along the southwest rim of Daubrée. The crater was named after French geologist Gabriel A. Daubrée. It was previously designated Menelaus S.

This is a horseshoe-shaped formation with the rim open to the northwest. The interior has been flooded by basaltic lava, leaving a level, featureless floor. The rim has a low cut through the southern end, and the eastern rim is attached to low ridges belonging to the Montes Haemus.

title: Daubrée (crater)


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Mariahilf

Mariahilf (Mariahüf; "Mary's help") is the 6th municipal district of Vienna, Austria (6. Bezirk). It is near the center of Vienna and was established as a district in 1850. Mariahilf is a heavily populated urban area with many residential buildings. It has a population of 31,621 (as of 2016-01-01) within an area of 1.48 km2.

Location
Mariahilf is located southwest of Vienna's centre (1st district). In the north, Mariahilfer Straße, Vienna's most important shopping street, is its border with Neubau, in the south, the valley of the Vienna River, in the west, the Gürtel beltway.

It consists of the five neighbourhoods (historical Vorstädte, i.e. towns): Mariahilf, Gumpendorf, Windmühle, Magdalenengrund and Laimgrube.

History
First settlements around the Roman roads of the area developed around the year 1000. In 1428, the name Im Schöff is mentioned for the first time, but this name was lost when the copy of a sacral painting from Passau was installed in a chapel of the graveyard, which came to be known as Mariahilf ("Mary's help").

More intensive settlement started only after the Second Turkish Siege of Vienna in 1683. The area was of some importance because the road to Schönbrunn Palace led through it.

Gumpendorf was mentioned in 1130 for the first time and developed from a Roman watchtower. It was subject to various feudal lords and was sold to the municipality of Vienna in 1798.

Magdalenengrund was originally known as Im Saugraben an der Wien auf der Gstätten ("In the sow pit on the Wien on the meadow") and consisted only of vineyards. In 1698, some plots were released for construction.

The Laimgrube (clay pit) is probably the oldest part of Mariahilf. It was mentioned in 1291 for the first time, but has existed already since the 11th century. Its name is derived from the clay soil, which was used to produce bricks.

Windmühle (windmill) developed from a feudal holding used by various monastic orders. In 1529 it was destroyed during the First Turkish Siege. Emperor Ferdinand I had the ownership transferred to Johann Francolin, subject to the condition that he should build windmills there. However, he had only one mill built.

On March 6, 1850, the five Vorstädte of Gumpendorf, Mariahilf, Windmühle, Magdalenengrund and Laimgrube became part of Vienna as the Fifth District, Mariahilf. When Wieden was split into two districts in 1861, it became the 6th District. In 1862, some areas north of Mariahilfer Straße were ceded to the 7th District (Neubau).

Towards the end of the 19th century, Mariahilf had developed to become an important business district of Vienna. The Mariahilfer Strasse was a major shopping street; however, the big department stores were beyond the district boundary, over in the 7th District. The Mariahilfer area influenced the roads for mainly small and medium-sized businesses.

Between 1890 and 1907, the Kaunitzgasse steam power plant became one of the first electricity works in Vienna. Following the acquisition of the originally privately operated power plant, by the municipality of Vienna, it was decommissioned and converted into a substation.

"Erinnern für die Zukunft" (Remembrance for the Future) is a memorial project for the many residents of Mariahilf district who were murdered by the Nazi dictatorship in the 1938-1945 period.

Mariahilf is home to many of Vienna's gay and lesbian residents and contains a sizable concentration of bars, clubs, restaurants and shops catering to the community, along with the Rosa Lila Villa community center.

In the 1990s, there were two minor changes in the district boundaries: in 1995 in the area of the belt on the border at the 15th District, and 1996 in the Europe Square in front of the West Railway Station, where the 6th, 7th and 15th District meet. Both border changes affected mainly the transport structures. The district affiliation of residential areas did not change.

Population development
The Mariahilf District was already, after its 1850 founding, very densely populated. In 1869, the district area had 67,642 inhabitants, a figure that was never surpassed. Until the beginning of the First World War, the population declined only slightly and remained largely stable. After the First World War began, the population almost continuously decreased. However, according to the last census in 2001, the population has largely stabilized and since 2006 has even risen slightly to 29,523 people.

Population structure
The age of people in Mariahilf, in 2001, differed in several ways from the Vienna citywide averages. So, Mariahilf had fewer children, but more young adults than the average for Vienna. In 2001, the proportion of residents under 15 years was, with 12.4%, below the Vienna value of 14.7%. The population aged 20 to 39 years in Mariahilf was, with 34.4%, more than the Vienna-average of 30.9%. The proportion of the population aged 60 years or more was 19.2%, slightly below the Vienna average (21.7%). The gender distribution in the district area corresponded to the community trend, with 47.1% men and 52.9% women. Mariahilf's 35.8% compared, against Vienna's city average of 41.2%, as much less often married than the average for Vienna.

Origin and language
The proportion of foreign-district residents in 2005 was 19.6% (Vienna citywide: 18.7%), and increased over 2001 (17.8%), along with the rising trend in the entire State. The highest proportion of foreigners, in 2005, represented approximately a 3.6% share of the district population as nationals from Serbia and Montenegro. Another 2.4% were Angolan, 1.5% Turkish, 1.3% Polish and 0.8% had Croatian or Bosnian citizenship. In total, for 2001, nearly 26.6% of the population of Mariahilf had not been born in Austria. About 5.6% expressed as a colloquial language Serbian, with Turkish 3.5% and 2.3% Croatian.

Religious preferences
The religion of the people in Mariahilf, during the 2001 census, ranked about average for Vienna, only the proportion of people with Roman Catholic or Islamic religion was slightly below average. In 2001, 47.4% of the inhabitants had membership in the Roman Catholic Church (Vienna citywide: 49.2%). There are three district Roman Catholic parishes, with the City Deanery 6 / 7. About 6.4% of residents were Islamic faith, 6.0% belonged to the Orthodox Church, and 5.2% were Protestant. Nearly 26.8% of the district population did not belong to any religious group, and 8.2% had no religion or other religious preference indicated.

Politics
The Mariahilf district has always been contested between the political parties ÖVP and SPÖ. While the ÖVP commanded the majority in the years after the Second World War until 1969, it lost the district to the SPÖ in that year. After the SPÖ lost the majority again in 1978, the ÖVP was able to dominate the following elections.

When the Greens entered the district politics in the late 80s, the ÖVP and SPÖ started to rapidly lose votes. The competition with the Liberal Forum (LIF) in 1996 had a similar effect. The ÖVP also lost heavily in the elections of 2001. The SPÖ, after the losses of 1996, was able to compensate for its former losses and reclaimed the majority in the district.

In 2001 the Greens came in a close third to the ÖVP, whereas the Liberal Forum and the FPÖ suffered heavy losses. In the 2005 elections, the trend continued: The FPÖ lost heavily in the vote again and the Liberal Forum lost their seat on the district council, whereas the SPÖ and the Greens gained more votes. In 2005 the Greens came in second for the first time and thus attained the office of deputy district director. In the elections of 2010, the Greens and the ÖVP suffered heavy losses, while the SPÖ, FPÖ and BZÖ gained more votes.

Education
Beside some buildings of the Vienna University of Technology, Mariahilf hosts the Franz Schubert Conservatory and the central vocational schools for electrical engineering, information technology, metallurgy, glass-ceramic, sanitary engineering, heating engineering and air conditioning technology.

Coat of arms
The district's arms combine those of the five independent communities from which it was formed in 1850:

 * The inescutcheon (for Mariahilf) shows Don John of Austria standing in a ship flying the imperial banner. His victory over the Turks in the naval battle of Lepanto was attributed to the help of the Virgin Mary

 * The first quarter (for Laimgrube) shows Saint Theobald in monastic garb before an altar; to his left stands a church. These arms go back to a chapel which was dedicated to St Theobald in 1621

 * The second quarter (for Windmühle) also shows Saint Theobald, but as a bishop, with a church to his right

 * The third quarter (for Magdalenengrund) shows the district's namesake Mary Magdelene kneeling before the cross

 * The fourth quarter (for Gumpendorf) shows three fleurs-de-lys on a chapé ployé field. These were the arms of the Muschinger family, who were lords of Gumpendorf in the 16th century

Sights

 * Arik Brauer House
 * Mariahilf Fire Station
 * Gustav Adolf Church
 * The Haus des Meeres aquarium in one of the flak towers
 * Mariahilfer Kirche (church)
 * Gumpendorf Church
 * Naschmarkt
 * Fillgraderstiege
 * Rosa Lila Villa - Vienna's LGBT community center, also contains Cafe Willendorf
 * Raimundtheater
 * Theater an der Wien

Theatres
The Theater an der Wien, on Wienzeile, was built in 1801 and is now one of the composite of the United Stages Vienna. Ludwig van Beethoven lived between 1803-1804 part-time in the building, where today a memorial room is dedicated. On Wallgasse street at the other end of the district, is the Raimund Theater, named after Ferdinand Raimund. The house, in the mid-1980s, belonged like the Theater an der Wien to the United Stages Vienna, and it is the venue for musicals. In addition to these two stages, there are smaller theaters, like the TAG, Theater an der Gumpendorferstraße, and the Theater Brett.

Museums
The District Museum of Mariahilf, on Mollardgasse street, is dedicated to, inter alia, focusing Ratzenstadl (Magdalenengrund), Theater an der Wien, and the Palais Kaunitz-Esterhazy. In the same house is also the Phonographic Vienna Museum, which deals with the history of the phonograph, also as the Glass Museum Mariahilf. A former flak tower is home to the Haus des Meeres ("house of the sea"), whose biggest attractions of the 2007 opening, included a 300,000 liter shark tank.

On Haydngasse street is located the Haydn-House of the composer Joseph Haydn, acquired in 1793 and inhabited until his death in 1809. Today, the house is a branch of the Vienna Museum. Other museums in Mariahilf are the Kaffeemuseum (coffee museum) with numerous exhibits on the topic of coffee, and the Sanitärhistorische Museum (Sanitary Historical Museum).

Notable residents

 * Victor Adler - Austrian Social Democratic leader
 * Ludwig Anzengruber - Austrian dramatist, novelist and poet
 * Otto Bauer - Austrian Social Democrat
 * Ludwig van Beethoven - German composer
 * Robert Bleichsteiner (1891-1954) ethnologist
 * Elfi von Dassanowsky - Austrian-American singer, pianist, film producer and humanitarian
 * Fanny Elssler - Austrian ballerina
 * Joseph Haydn - composer
 * Hans Krankl - Austrian former professional footballer
 * Franz Lehár - composer
 * Siegfried Marcus - inventor and automobile pioneer
 * Carl Millöcker - Austrian composer of operettas and conductor
 * Ferdinand Raimund - actor and dramatist
 * Emanuel Schikaneder - German impresario, dramatist, actor, and singer; librettist of Mozart's opera The Magic Flute and the founder of the Theater an der Wien.
 * August Siccard von Siccardsburg - Austrian architect, designed the Vienna State Opera
 * Michael Thonet - German-Austrian cabinet maker
 * Eduard van der Nüll - Austrian architect, designed the Vienna State Opera
 * Oskar Werner - Austrian actor
 * Katharina Mazepa - Austrian model
 * Adolf Hitler - Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the Nazi Party

title: Mariahilf


text:
Methoxy group

In organic chemistry, a methoxy group is the functional group consisting of a methyl group bound to oxygen. This alkoxy group has the formula R\sO\sCH3.

On a benzene ring, the Hammett equation classifies a methoxy substituent at the para position as an electron-donating group, but as an electron-withdrawing group if at the meta position. At the ortho position, steric effects are likely to cause a significant alteration in the Hammett equation prediction which otherwise follows the same trend as that of the para position.

Occurrence
The simplest of methoxy compounds are methanol and dimethyl ether. Other methoxy ethers include anisole and vanillin. Many metal alkoxides contain methoxy groups, such as tetramethyl orthosilicate and titanium methoxide. Esters with a methoxy group can be referred to as methyl esters, and the —COOCH3 substituent is called a methoxycarbonyl.

Biosynthesis
In nature, methoxy groups are found on nucleosides that have been subjected to 2′-O-methylation, for example in variations of the 5′-cap structure known as cap-1 and cap-2. They are also common substituents in O-methylated flavonoids, whose formation is catalyzed by O-methyltransferases that act on phenols, such as catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT). Many natural products in plants, such as lignins, are generated via catalysis by caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase.

Methoxylation
Organic methoxides are often produced by methylation of alkoxides. Some aryl methoxides can be synthesized by metal-catalyzed methylation of phenols, or by methoxylation of aryl halides.

title: Methoxy group


text:
User:Gjetost

I dig Gjetost, Debian, and the Sierra Nevada.

I also dig Death Valley, Valleys and Death. Canyons too.

También me encantan el español, las matemáticas y la lingüística.

title: User:Gjetost


text:
Warsaw dialect

The Warsaw subdialect (gwara warszawska ), or Warsaw dialect (dialekt warszawski), is a regional subdialect of the Masovian dialect of the Polish language, centered on the city of Warsaw. It evolved as late as the 18th century, under notable influence of several languages spoken in the city. After the destruction of Warsaw in the aftermath of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944 the subdialect has been in decline. It is estimated that in modern times it is almost extinct as the native language and is preserved mostly in literary works.

Classification
The Warsaw dialect is composed mostly of the Polish language substratum, with notable (mostly lexical) influences from the Masovian dialect of Polish, as well as Russian, German, Yiddish and other languages.

The dialect was composed of a variety of different class dialects: the language of the suburbs differed from the language of the city centre and each professional group used its own version of the dialect, slightly different from the others. It is therefore difficult to state the exact classification.

Geographic distribution
The dialect was originally spoken in and around Warsaw, Poland. After 1944 it became dispersed as most of the inhabitants of Warsaw were either killed in the Warsaw Uprising or resettled in other parts of Poland. Currently it is almost completely extinct as a primary language and is mostly used by authors and artists for stylisation in literature, poetry and songwriting.

History
The Warsaw dialect became a separate dialect of the Polish language some time in the 18th century, when the Polish substratum was enriched with many borrowed words from the Masovian dialect. The mixture was then heavily influenced by the languages spoken by the burghers of Warsaw and the royal court of Poland. These included the Italian, Yiddish, French, Latin and English. In the 19th century during the Partitions of Poland the dialect incorporated a great number of borrowed words from German and then Russian.

Until World War II the language spoken by different classes and professions of Warsaw evolved independently, although were eventually mixed and interlinked. After the Warsaw Uprising, when the majority of its speakers were either killed or expelled and resettled in other parts of the world, the dialect became separated from its geographical roots and its users dispersed. After the war only a small number of pre-war Varsavians returned there while the vast majority of the inhabitants of the city came from other parts of Poland. Because of that, the language spoken in Warsaw became heavily influenced by other dialects of the Polish language. The only boroughs of Warsaw where the dialect was preserved to some extent were Praga and Wola.

Since the 1960s the uniformisation of the language spoken throughout Poland under the influence of the mass media (such as the television and radio) lead to a rapid decline in speakers of all the dialects of Polish, the Warsaw dialect included.

Among the notable artists who used the Warsaw dialect in their books, songs and poems are Hanka Bielicka, Wiktor Gomulicki, Stanisław Grzesiuk, Alina Janowska, Irena Kwiatkowska, Zygmunt Staszczyk, Stanisław Staszewski, Jarema Stępowski, Stefan Wiechecki and Stasiek Wielanek. The most extensive studies of the Warsaw dialect were carried out by Bronisław Wieczorkiewicz in his book Gwara warszawska wczoraj i dziś (The Warsaw Dialect Yesterday and Today).

Sub-dialects
As mentioned above, the Warsaw dialect was further divided onto several sub-dialects. Those included:
 * Sub-dialects of different boroughs – for instance the language of Praga, Wola, Powiśle
 * Professional sub-dialects – for instance the language of cabmen, shopkeepers, printers or policemen
 * Sub-dialects of criminals – a regional version of grypsera
 * Jewish sub-dialect – a regional version of the Yiddish language, largely influenced by the Polish language

All of the above sub-dialects were constantly mixing with each other and the lexical basis of most of them was similar.

Derived dialects
Due to the large number of prisons in Warsaw, the influence of the Warsaw dialect on the evolution of grypsera was immense and to some extent the shape of the latter language is a distant relative of the former.

Phonology
The basic phonology of the Warsaw dialect was that of the standard Polish language, with several notable differences.

The most important differences between literary Polish and the Warsaw dialect are the following:

Vocabulary
The Warsaw dialect has much of its lexicon borrowed from a variety of languages.

Writing system
The Warsaw dialect did not develop a literary form. It has been used by several authors in Polish literature and written with a standard set of Polish letters with different sounds denoted by approximation.

title: Warsaw dialect


text:
Talk:Túathal Techtmar

Untitled
Its an idea. Any comments? --Dumbo1 23:13, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Two Theories into One?
Perhaps O'Rahilly's theory of Tuathal as the 1st or 2nd century BC leader of the invading Goidels and the rival theory of Tuathal as a 1st century AD invader could be reconciled if the Goidelic invasion took place in the 1st century AD!

I have heard some people claim that Ptolemy's description of Ireland is singularly devoid of Goidelic placenames and tribal names not because he was relying on out-of-date information (as O'Rahilly believed), but simply because the Goidelic invasion had taken place too recently to have an impact yet on the demographic and toponymic character of the island. (If the invading Goidels were few in number, it would have taken them several generations at least to "make their mark".)

If the Goidels invaded in the 1st century AD, this could explain both Ptolemy's lack of Goidelic names and the traditional dates for Tuathal's reign.

Is there any firm evidence that fixes the Goidelic invasion to one particular century? (Come to think of it, don't some people even question the very notion of a Goidelic invasion?)

O'Rahilly's theory that Mug Nuadat was the leader of the Southern Goidels (the Eoganachta) could also be accommodated. If Mug's date of about 123 AD is accepted as legitimate, would that mean that the southern Goidels invaded about 50 years after the Northern Goidels (Connachta)?

Eroica 14:17, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

Mmmm... maybe not. I have just taken another look at O'Rahilly's Early Irish History and Mythology and I realize there is a serious flaw in the theory I propose above. O'Rahilly doesn't just show that Ptolemy's account of Ireland shows no trace whatsoever of the Goidelic invasion: he also shows that Ptolemy's account is equally devoid of any references to the Lagin and their allies, who came to Ireland before the Goidels! As the Laginian conquests were mainly in the southeast of the country, one would expect that they would have had a major impact on that part of Ireland by the time of Ptolemy - yet Ptolemy's account lists only pre-Laginian Bolgic tribes in what is now Leinster.

It seems that I was wrong to doubt O'Rahilly. The Goidelic invasion may have been much later than he thought, so it may be still possible to retain the traditional dates for Tuathal Teachtmhar and Mug Nuadat, but either way Prolemy's account must be based on sources that were already a few centuries out of date by 140 CE.

O'Rahilly's conviction that the Goidelic invasion took place no later than 50 BC is based on the fact that by 50 BC Caesar's conquest of Gaul was complete. Any major migration of Gauls or Goidels from Gaul to Ireland after that date would surrely have been noted by Roman historians (if not prevented by the authorities). As no such migrations are mentioned, O'Rahilly concludes that the Goidelic invasion must have already taken place.

But two criticisms can be levelled at this reasoning:

 * Firstly, the Goidelic invasion need not have been a major migration, involving entire fleets of ships and thousands of invaders. It could have been a very small scale operation that passed unnoticed or unremarked by Roman historians. In 1169 the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland involved only small numbers of invaders; but thanks to their advanced weaponry, their superior military and political skills, and the lack of unity among the natives, the Normans were able to gain permanent control of large parts of the country. Archaeologists today even question the very notion of a Goidelic invasion due to the lack of tangible archaeological evidence for it on the ground.

 * Secondly, O'Rahilly believed that the Goidels invaded Ireland from Aquitania in the southwest of Gaul (around the Bordeaux-Biarritz region of modern France). The traditional view – that they came from Spain – he believed to be a myth derived from Isidore of Seville, who wrote in his Etymologiae (Book XIV, Chapter 6, Paragraph 6 - External PDF): "6. Scotia, the same as Hibernia, an island very near Britain, narrower in the extent of its lands but more fertile; this reaches from Africa towards Boreas [the North]; Iberia and the Cantabrian ocean are opposite to the first part of it. Whence, too, it is called Hibernia." (My italics.) Rudolf Thurneyson believed that this passage was the seed from the Book of Invasions originated. O'Rahilly mentions "several pieces of evidence ... [which] unite in suggesting that the Goidels were connected with the south-east of Gaul", so he rejects the "learned view" of an invasion from Spain as fictitious. I don't know what those "pieces of evidence" are, so I can't judge. But since it became known in 1970 that the Celtiberian language was a Q-Celtic speech like the speech of the Goidels, the view that the Goidelic invasion (or one of them, at any rate) might have come from Spain could be revived. The Roman conquest of Spain (Hispania) was not completed until 19 BC.

DNA shows Scots and Irish should look to Spain for their ancestry (Irrelevant? Is this referring to pre-Celtic links?)

Eroica 08:26, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

Take Linguistic Care
I have corrected the word "fictional" to "legendary" in re the discussion of Milesius of Galicia. A fiction (thus, something fictional) is something which is invented and is known to be invented. We do not know that Milesius was fictional. We do know that was legendary - which simply means there are lots of legends about him. There are legends about Erik the Red, whom we know to have actually existed; and there are legends about Herne the Hunter, whom we are reasonably certain did not exist; and in between the two extremes, there are legends about Yeshua Bar-Yosef/Jesus Christ, whom at least 40% of the world's people (Christians and Muslims) believe existed, and perhaps as many people believe he's fictional - but there can be no denying that he is legendary. So it is, too, with Milesius. He might have never existed, in which case he was a purely fictional invention; or he might have been a real person whose exploits were greated elaborated upon over time so that he became incredible (that is, the stories got so wild, they were no longer credible - believable - but became incredible, unbelievable). We don't know whether he is a real person or a fictional one; but we do know he is legendary; and he is also arguably mythical, though that's a bit of a stretch.

Please be careful when editing Wikipedia, to use words for what they mean - not for what they sound like. 98.210.219.30 (talk) 22:54, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

 * And equally, take care when reading. The idea that Míl was fictitious is O'Rahilly's argument and presented and sourced as such. I have reverted. --Nicknack009 (talk) 00:23, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Túathal Techtmar


text:
Pumpsie Green

Elijah Jerry "Pumpsie" Green (October 27, 1933 – July 17, 2019) was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) infielder who played with the Boston Red Sox (1959–62) and New York Mets (1963). A switch-hitter who threw right-handed, he was listed as 6 ft tall and 175 lb.

Green had the distinction of being the first black player to play for the Red Sox, the last pre-expansion major-league club to integrate. In his Boston tenure, he was used mostly as a pinch runner or day-off replacement for infielders Pete Runnels and Don Buddin. Green made his debut on July 21, 1959, pinch-running in a 2–1 loss against the Chicago White Sox.

Early life
Green was born in Boley, Oklahoma, the eldest of five children. One brother, Cornell Green, was a long-time safety for the Dallas Cowboys. Another brother, Credell Green, played football at the University of Washington and was drafted by the Green Bay Packers.

Green was named Elijah, after his father, but his mother called him "Pumpsie" from an early age, although Green related that he did not know the origin of the name. Green grew up in Richmond, California, and was a three-sport athlete at El Cerrito High School.

Since major-league baseball had not yet expanded to the West Coast, Green grew up a fan of the Oakland Oaks of the Pacific Coast League. Green later stated that he may have been even better at basketball, but chose to play baseball when he was offered a baseball scholarship at Fresno State University. However, Green decided to attend Contra Costa College when Gene Corr, his high school baseball coach, became the baseball coach there and promised Green he would play shortstop if he attended. In Green's final year of college, he tried out for the Oaks, and was signed to a contract.

Minor league career
In 1954, Green batted .297 in his second season with the Wenatchee Chiefs, an affiliate of the Oaks. In 1955, he was promoted to the Stockton Ports, the Oaks' top affiliate. Green's contract was purchased by the Boston Red Sox during the 1955 season, but he was allowed to finish the season with Stockton before playing the 1956 season with the Albany Senators, a Red Sox affiliate. Green spent the 1957 season with the Oklahoma City Indians and San Francisco Seals, and the 1958 season with the Minneapolis Millers.

In 1959, Green was invited to the Red Sox's major league spring training camp. Despite playing well and receiving much media attention, Green was sent back to Minneapolis. However, after hitting .320 through 98 games, he was promoted to the major league Red Sox.

Major league career
Green made his MLB debut on July 21, 1959, against the Chicago White Sox at Comiskey Park, entering the game in the top of the eighth as a pinch runner for Vic Wertz and playing shortstop in the bottom of the eighth and becoming the Red Sox's first black player. He started the next day at second base, batting second and going 0-for-3. His first MLB hit came in his fourth game, on July 28 in Cleveland when he singled off of Jim Perry. That same day, pitcher Earl Wilson made his MLB debut, becoming the Red Sox' second black player. Green's first at bat at Fenway Park was on August 4 against the Kansas City Athletics; he hit a triple off the Green Monster. Green played 50 games for the 1959 Red Sox, batting .233 and playing second base almost exclusively.

Green enjoyed a much more full-time role in 1960, playing 133 games, 69 at second base, and 41 at shortstop; he batted for a .242 average.

Green may have had his best season in 1961, posting career highs in home runs (6), RBI (27), doubles (12), and stolen bases (4); however, he also had the most errors of his career in 1961, with 16. Despite a hot start to the season, Green developed appendicitis in Washington, D.C. in May, which put him out of the lineup for about four weeks and kept him from playing at full strength for even longer.

In 1962, after a weekend of humiliating losses to the New York Yankees, Green along with Gene Conley got off the bus in the middle of a traffic jam in The Bronx to find a restroom, with the bus driver subsequently driving away without the players on board. Conley was not spotted until three days later by a New York Post sports reporter at the Idlewild International Airport trying to board a plane for Israel, with no passports or luggage.

After the 1962 season, Green was traded to the New York Mets along with Tracy Stallard and Al Moran in exchange for Felix Mantilla. Green played the majority of the 1963 season with the Buffalo Bisons but also played 17 games with the Mets. He played his final major league game with the Mets on September 26, 1963. Green played two more seasons in the minor leagues before retiring after the 1965 season. In a five-season major league career, Green was a .246 hitter with 13 home runs and 74 RBI in 344 games. His 196 career hits also included 31 doubles and 12 triples.

After baseball
Following his retirement from playing baseball, Green worked at Berkeley High School in Berkeley, California for over 20 years, serving as a truant officer, coaching baseball and teaching math in summer school. Green lived in El Cerrito, California, since seven years after his retirement from baseball. He was married to Marie for over 50 years.

On April 17, 2009, Green was honored by the Red Sox in a first-pitch ceremony, in recognition of 50 years since his breaking of the Red Sox color barrier. In February 2012, Green was honored by the city of El Cerrito, and presented with a proclamation honoring his "distinguished stature in baseball history." In April 2012, he threw out the ceremonial first pitch before Jackie Robinson day at Fenway Park, and also attended Fenway's 100th anniversary celebrations later that month.

On July 17, 2019, Green died at the age of 85. No cause was given.

title: Pumpsie Green


text: Talk:Demographics of Austria

title: Talk:Demographics of Austria