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Tom Welling

Thomas "Tom" Joseph Welling (born April 26, 1977) is an American actor, director, producer, podcaster, and model. He is best known for his role as Clark Kent in The WB (now The CW) superhero drama Smallville (2001–2011). He also co-starred in the third season of Fox fantasy comedy-drama Lucifer as Lt. Marcus Pierce/Cain (2017–2018).

A high school athlete, Welling initially worked in construction and, in 1998, he successfully modeled men's clothing for several popular brands. In 2000, he made a successful transition to television. He has been nominated and received several awards for his role as Clark Kent. In 2001, he had a recurring role as Rob "Karate Rob" Meltzer in the second season of the CBS legal drama Judging Amy. His films include Cheaper by the Dozen (2003), Cheaper by the Dozen 2 (2005), The Fog (2005), Draft Day (2014) and The Choice (2016). He has been cast as Samuel Campbell in the TV series The Winchesters. He has also been involved behind the camera as an executive producer and a director.

Early life
Welling was born in Putnam Valley, New York. His family moved frequently, making stops in Wisconsin, Delaware, and Michigan. Welling attended Okemos High School in Okemos, Michigan, where he started acting in plays, but then switched to sports. Welling played baseball and soccer, but his favorite sport is basketball. Welling is one of four children, with two older sisters, Rebecca and Jamie, and a younger brother, Mark Welling, who is also an actor.

Early career
Originally a construction worker, Welling was discovered in 1998 at a party in Nantucket by casting director Jennifer Starr who was there finding fresh faces for a Tommy Hilfiger campaign and suggested he try modeling. Welling modeled for Louisa Modeling Agency until 2000, when he relocated to Los Angeles. There he modeled for Tommy Hilfiger, Abercrombie & Fitch, and Calvin Klein while pursuing an acting career. In 2000, Welling appeared in Angela Via's music video "Picture Perfect" where he played Vía's love interest. Welling has said that he did not like modeling and that he was not good at it because it was all on the outside or from an external point of view. He pursued acting because he wanted to express a range of emotions, but Welling still models occasionally and appeared in the May 2008 issue of Vogue, the so-called Superhero Issue. In his first major acting role, Welling played karate teacher Rob "Karate Rob" Meltzer, a younger love interest of Amy Gray (Amy Brenneman) in the second season of the CBS legal drama Judging Amy, which aired in 2001. Welling was originally signed for three episodes, but after receiving good feedback, the producers kept him for three more. Welling also had a small role in the pilot episode of the UPN science fiction sitcom Special Unit 2, and he appeared in the pilot episode of the short-lived Fox sitcom Undeclared.

Smallville
Welling was cast in the WB superhero drama Smallville after a nationwide search for an actor to play Clark Kent. In an interview with a teen magazine, Welling spoke about the day he auditioned for the role: "I was on my way back from the Warner Bros. studio, and I stopped in a gas station to call my manager and tell him how it went. I called and got him on the phone and he said, 'Can you hold on a second?' Next thing I know, there are literally seven people on the other line and almost in unison they say, 'Tom, you got it!'" The pilot aired in October 2001 and became the highest-rated debut for The WB, with 8.4 million viewers. Welling told TV Guide that he turned down the lead role twice, but after reading the script, decided to take the job. Like Christopher Reeve, he was not a Superman fan before being cast as Clark Kent. In fact, he said, he continued to not read Superman comics: "I made a conscious decision to stay away from that material. We're doing something different at a time before all that, I don't want that to affect what I'm doing, even subconsciously." He did get the chance to meet two previous Superman actors: Christopher Reeve, who appeared in season 2: episode 17 titled "Rosetta", and Dean Cain, who appeared in season 7: episode 4 titled "Cure".

Welling was named one of People magazine's "Breakthrough Stars of 2001", and also won the Teen Choice Award as "Choice Breakout Star (Male)" in 2002 for his role as Clark Kent. Following the third season, Welling was interviewed by Smallville Magazine and said that if he could play one character on the show that was not Clark Kent, it would be Lex Luthor; "Lex Luthor! I wouldn't mind having my head shaved—as an actor, [it is the ultimate,] getting to play the complete opposite of your character."

In 2003, Welling said he met with director Brett Ratner about potentially playing Clark Kent/Superman in the superhero film Superman Returns (2006), but scheduling conflicted with Smallville. Comic book artist Alex Ross even did two sketches of Welling as the "Man of Steel" to see what the actor would look like in the famous costume. In August 2009, Welling won another Teen Choice Award as "Choice TV Actor (Action Adventure)" for Smallville.

In 2019, Welling reprised his role as Clark Kent in the Batwoman episode of the CW Arrowverse crossover event "Crisis on Infinite Earths", along with his Smallville co-star Erica Durance as Lois Lane. Welling's reprisal concluded his incarnation's story where it showed Clark gave up his powers, retired as an average farmer, and has at least two daughters with Lois.

On July 13, 2022, Welling and fellow Smallville actor Michael Rosenbaum launched the podcast Talkville, where the two co-stars comment on every episode of Smallville.

Lucifer
In 2017, Welling was cast to co-star in the third season of the Fox fantasy comedy-drama Lucifer. He played Marcus Pierce, a police lieutenant at the precinct and the main antagonist of the season who is the immortal Cain.

Film
In December 2003, Welling made his feature film debut as Charlie Baker, the oldest son and second-oldest in the Baker family which had 12 children, in the family comedy Cheaper by the Dozen with Steve Martin and Bonnie Hunt, which is a remake of the 1950 movie starring Clifton Webb and Myrna Loy, based on the 1948 book about the family of Frank and Lillian Gilbreth and written by two of their children. Welling talked about why he was interested in the project in an interview with Paul Fischer: "The top three reasons I decided to do this film were, one, Steve Martin, two, Steve Martin and three, Steve Martin. That was the number one draw for me. Then, after reading the script, I really liked this character, Charlie. I liked what he went through, what he had to go through, and I felt I understood where he was coming from. And I just wanted to be a part of it." Welling had always been a fan of Martin's and said that he "absolutely loved" working with him.

In 2005, Welling co-starred in the horror film The Fog, a remake of John Carpenter's 1980 film of the same name, as Nick Castle (a character originally played by Tom Atkins). At the same time The Fog was in production, Welling was still working on the last few episodes of the fourth season of Smallville. The same year, he reprised his role as Charlie Baker in Cheaper by the Dozen 2.

In 2013, Welling was among the all-star cast of the historical drama Parkland, based on the book Reclaiming History: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy by author Vincent Bugliosi. The story centers on the chaotic events that occurred at Parkland Hospital in Dallas, Texas on the day President John F. Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963. In 2014, Welling co-starred in Ivan Reitman's sports drama Draft Day. He played a veteran quarterback whose career is at a crossroads.

Production
For Smallville's ninth season, Welling served as a co-executive producer. He returned as Clark Kent for the show's tenth and final season in Fall 2010 and became a full executive producer, as credited in a May 20, 2010 press release by the CW.

Welling served as an executive producer of the CW comedy-drama Hellcats based on journalist Kate Torgovnick's book Cheer: Inside the Secret World of College Cheerleaders. The series first aired on The CW beginning in the fall of 2010, and was canceled on May 17, 2011. According to Welling, the reason of cancellation was because of the change of CW president of entertainment from Dawn Ostroff to Mark Pedowitz.

Directing
Welling made his directorial debut in 2006 with the Smallville episode "Fragile" (5.18). He also directed "Hydro" (6.10); the show's 150th episode, "Apocalypse" (7.18); "Injustice" (8.21); the second part ("Legends") of the two-hour episode "Absolute Justice" (9.11); and two episodes of Smallville's final season, "Patriot" (10.09) and "Booster" (10.18).

Personal life
On July 5, 2002, Welling married model Jamie White on Martha's Vineyard with Welling's friends and then-Smallville co-stars Kristin Kreuk and Michael Rosenbaum in attendance. Welling and White resided in Vancouver, British Columbia, but returned to Los Angeles in March 2011. On October 17, 2013, White filed for divorce from Welling. The divorce was finalized in November 2015.

In 2014, Welling began dating equestrian and Saddle Club founder Jessica Rose Lee. In April 2018, they announced their engagement. The couple has two sons, born in January 2019 and June 2021. Welling and Lee married on November 30, 2019, at Sunstone Vineyards & Winery in San Ynez, California.

Welling plays golf in his spare time. Welling has said in YM that he dislikes interviews. He said "I don't want to be a celebrity for the sake of being a celebrity. I want to work and then go home and live in private." Welling has also said he disliked modeling because it was not fulfilling and was not an expressive job.

Awards and nominations
The following is a List of awards and nominations received by Tom Welling throughout his acting career.

Nominations

 * Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films, USA: 5 nominations, 0 wins
 * Saturn Award nomination, (2002), Best Actor in a Television Series (Smallville)
 * Saturn Award nomination, (2003), Best Actor in a Television Series (Smallville)
 * Saturn Award nomination, (2004), Best Actor in a Television Series (Smallville)
 * Saturn Award nomination, (2005), Best Actor in a Television Series (Smallville)
 * Saturn Award nomination, (2006), Best Actor in a Television Series (Smallville)
 * Teen Choice Awards: 10 nominations, 2 wins
 * Teen Choice Award nomination (2002), Choice Actor: Drama/Action Adventure (Smallville)
 * Teen Choice Award won, (2002), Choice Breakout Star: Male (Smallville)
 * Teen Choice Award nomination, (2003), Choice Actor: Drama/Action Adventure (Smallville)
 * Teen Choice Award nomination, (2004), Choice Actor: Drama/Action Adventure (Smallville)
 * Teen Choice Award nomination, (2004), Choice Breakout Star: Male (Cheaper by the Dozen)
 * Teen Choice Award nomination, (2005), Choice Actor: Drama (Smallville)
 * Teen Choice Award nomination, (2006), Choice Chemistry (Smallville)
 * Teen Choice Award nomination, (2006), Choice Actor: Drama/Action Adventure (Smallville)
 * Teen Choice Award nomination, (2008), Choice Actor: Action (Smallville)
 * Teen Choice Award won, (2009), Choice Actor: Action (Smallville)

title: Tom Welling


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Robert Q. Lewis

Robert Q. Lewis (born Robert Goldberg; April 25, 1921 – December 11, 1991) was an American radio and television entertainer, comedian, game show host and actor. Although born with the Goldberg name, he grew up as Lewis, his father's professional name.

Lewis is perhaps best known for his game show participation, having been the first host of The Name's the Same, and regularly appearing on other Goodson-Todman panel shows. He also hosted and appeared on a multitude of TV shows from the 1940s through the 1970s.

His most distinguishing feature was his horn-rimmed glasses, to the point that the title card for his second Robert Q. Lewis Show used a drawing of such glasses as a logo. They were also mentioned in the title of his lecture. As a frequent guest panelist on What's My Line?, Lewis's blindfold featured a sketched pair of glasses.

Early life
Lewis's parents were Jewish immigrants from Imperial Russia. His father, known professionally as Samuel I. Lewis, was a New York attorney.

"I was born on New York's west side and came from a simple and humble home, and went to P.S. 87 over on Amsterdam Avenue, where one gets a pretty good idea of true democracy," Lewis remarked in 1954. "After school all of us kids went to each other's houses and thought nothing of race, color, religion, or anything else. There just wasn't any difference. I didn't know there was a Jewish problem until I had graduated from high school and was in college," where fraternities discriminated against him.

Radio
In 1931, a 10-year-old Lewis made his debut on the local radio show "Dr. Posner's Kiddie Hour." This started his fascination with radio. That same year he set up a microphone and record player at home and became the family's disc jockey.

He enrolled in the University of Michigan in 1938, where he was a member of Phi Sigma Delta (later merged into Zeta Beta Tau), and graduated in 1941. In 1942, when he was working for a radio station in Troy, New York, he added the middle initial "Q" to his name accidentally while on the air. He was thinking of radio comedian F. Chase Taylor's character Colonel Lemuel Q. Stoopnagle, and "when I signed off, I declared 'This is Robert Q. Lewis.' I don't know why but that got lots of good reaction." He decided to retain the initial, telling interviewers it stood for "Quizzical."

Lewis was drafted into the U.S. Army in 1942. He was sent to the Air Force's Radio Operating and Mechanic School in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, to build radio sets. "I always liked radio," Lewis recalled, "but who wants to put them together?" He joined the Special Services unit to put on camp shows, but after two bouts with pneumonia he was discharged from the service.

He then worked at three New York radio stations before joining CBS Radio. In 1947 staff announcer and disc jockey Robert Q. Lewis filled in for radio superstar Arthur Godfrey on Godfrey's popular morning show on the national network. Lewis did so well that Godfrey insisted that Lewis must always be the alternate host, a tremendous break for Lewis and a stepping stone for bigger things. Lewis got his own late-afternoon network show, but continued to substitute for Godfrey until at least 1959.

Among those who served as writers on Lewis's radio programs were playwright Neil Simon, author and dramatist Paddy Chayefsky, and radio comedy writer Goodman Ace. Simon, Chayefsky, and Ace headed a CBS team of comedy writers that acted largely as "script doctors" for existing shows in need of fixing. Ace was frustrated over a CBS revamp of the show he assembled for Lewis, The Little Show: "I give them a good, tight, 15-minute comedy show," Ace told Time, "and what do they do? Expand it to half an hour and throw in an orchestra and an audience. Who the hell said a comedy show had to be half an hour, Marconi? Ida Cantor?"

In 1949, Lewis had a 30-minute sustaining (unsponsored) program broadcast on CBS Monday - Friday at 4:30 p.m. ET featuring the Howard Smith Orchestra. The Ames Brothers and Eugenie Baird were regular performers. In addition to Lewis's comedy, the show included audience participation, as several people in the studio answered a question posed by Lewis. A review in the trade publication Variety called Lewis "a bright spot on the afternoon spectrum." Future talk-show host and producer Merv Griffin often sang on Lewis's network radio show; Griffin later married Lewis's secretary, Julann Wright.

Besides Robert Q.'s many guest appearances on variety programs and game shows in the early years of TV, his favorite medium as host continued with radio, first for CBS and later as a disc jockey in Los Angeles. One of his radio series, Robert Q.'s Waxworks, was devoted to playing old records, setting a pattern that later radio personalities such as Dr. Demento would follow. Lewis's interview-based program was heard locally on KFI, Los Angeles, in 1972.

Television
Lewis was an early arrival on network TV, presiding over more than one series at a time. The Robert Q. Lewis Show had a six-month run on CBS's Sunday night lineup from July 16, 1950 to January 7, 1951. He hosted CBS's talent-search variety show, The Show Goes On from January 19, 1950, to February 16, 1952. He also had two CBS daytime variety shows. The first, Robert Q's Matinee, was a 45-minute daily show which ran from October 16, 1950 to January 19, 1951. The second, more successful The Robert Q. Lewis Show ran on CBS from January 11, 1954 to May 25, 1956.

Robert Q. became a fixture on TV quiz shows in the 1950s and 1960s. In 1952, he settled into his most enduring game show role as host of ABC's The Name's the Same. The show featured a celebrity panel trying to guess the identities of contestants who had famous names: Napoleon Bonaparte, Marilyn Monroe, Virginia Beach, etc. On a few occasions, contestants appeared on the show bearing the name Robert Q. Lewis.

At the end of the August 31, 1954 broadcast, Lewis frankly told his viewers that the show would not be back the following week, and he didn't know if it would be returning. As it developed, the show was canceled as TV's fall season began, but ABC brought it back on November 29, 1954 with new host Dennis James, new sponsor Ralston-Purina, and new theme music ("Meet Me in St. Louis", in homage to the sponsor's location). In the meantime, Robert Q. Lewis continued to host his variety show on CBS.

Lewis remained a busy performer, appearing as a nightclub headliner in the United States and Canada, Beginning in 1958, Lewis was forced to change careers. "My kind of show -- the informal, anything-goes daytime thing -- is in disrepute since filmed syndication took over, and it's affected all of us -- [Arthur] Godfrey, [Garry] Moore." He became less known as an entertainer and more familiar as a personality on TV game shows. he hosted the short-lived original version of Make Me Laugh. In 1962, he substituted for and ultimately replaced Merv Griffin as host of Play Your Hunch. In 1964, he hosted the short-lived game show Get the Message on ABC.

He was a frequent participant on What's My Line?, making 40 appearances in all. He first appeared as a panelist in 1951, about a year into the show's run. His most regular run was alternating weeks with comedian Fred Allen following the departure of regular panelist Steve Allen, beginning in 1954 through early 1955; Fred Allen ultimately took the spot on a regular basis for approximately a year until his death. Lewis made regular guest appearances up to the show's final year in 1967. He also made one appearance as the show's "Mystery Guest" in 1955. He was a guest panelist/player on a number of Goodson-Todman shows, including To Tell The Truth, Get The Message and both the original and 1970s versions of Match Game.

Robert Q. Lewis was often recruited to fill in for performers who were ill or otherwise unable to perform. Arthur Godfrey had first call on his services. Jackie Gleason invited "Robert Q. Lewis and His Gang" to take over his American Scene Magazine time slot while he was away. In April 1962 Lewis took over the game show Number Please for two weeks. In January 1965 he was the substitute host of To Tell the Truth for four weeks, while moderator Bud Collyer was convalescing from a heart attack. These emergency replacements became part of Lewis's comic monologue; he'd tell how he called his mother asking her to watch him on CBS, only to hear her say, "Oh? Who's sick?"

Records
Lewis was always an enthusiast of vintage music. He frequently revived old Tin Pan Alley tunes on his radio and TV shows, and in his very popular nightclub act. From the 1940s he sang for Columbia Records, MGM Records, and Coral Records. He scored his biggest hit in 1951 with the dialect novelty song, "Where's-a Your House?", an answer record to the Rosemary Clooney hit "Come On-a My House". In 1967, he recorded I'm Just Wild About Vaudeville for Atco—this collection of circa-1930 songs has Lewis cleverly imitating different singing styles of the day.

Movies, TV, and theater
Lewis's fondness for show-business nostalgia was well known within the industry, and in 1949 he was hired to narrate the "lighter side" segment of the feature-length March of Time documentary film The Golden Twenties. He was too busy to pursue a movie career at the time because of his hectic radio, television, and nightclub schedule. He did confess to one screen ambition -- starring in remakes of old Harold Lloyd comedies like The Milky Way and The Freshman -- but he was unable to obtain remake rights, which were still controlled by Lloyd.

Later in his career, Lewis acted in a few movies, notably An Affair to Remember (1957), Good Neighbor Sam (1964), Ski Party (1965), How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying (1967), Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex* (*But Were Afraid to Ask) (1972), and the TV movie The Law (1974), in which he played a dinner speaker at a lawyers' convention. He also appeared on a number of television series, including Room for One More; The Hathaways; Branded; The Patty Duke Show; Ichabod and Me; Bewitched; Love, American Style; and Emergency!, among others.

During the 1960s, Lewis became a familiar face on the live-theater circuit, starring in road-company versions of Broadway hits, including Bells Are Ringing, Cabaret, and The Odd Couple. He continued to make sporadic acting appearances until a few years before his death.

Lewis commented on his work as a character actor in 1966: "These glasses have always been my trademark. That's why it's so much fun to work without them. Look, I become an entirely different person -- even to me -- without my glasses. With them on, I just feel like a sweet, average guy, but when I take them off I'm no longer Robert Q. Lewis. I become, well, sort of a Jewish Victor Jory."

Rise and fall
Robert Q. Lewis was at once the envy of his show-business peers and a victim of his own success. He made himself available to so many programs when television was new that he dominated the airwaves. A 1954 report syndicated by United Press International commented on his busy schedule that included recording sessions, nightclub dates, and telethons: "Now with 12 radio and TV shows a week, Lewis will no longer have time to be Godfrey's stand-in." (He found the time, and remained with Godfrey for five more years.)

Lewis was so well established that networks and sponsors often chose him over other performers, who resented his omnipresence. Comedian Orson Bean told entertainment historian Kliph Nesteroff an "inside show biz" joke that made the rounds: "There's the story about the guy who falls off a building, hits an awning as he's coming down, slides off the awning as a hay truck is driving by, and lands right in the hay. Someone says, 'God, you have got to be the luckiest guy in the world!' The guy says 'No. Robert Q. Lewis.'"

Lewis had become a media standard by the end of the 1950s, which led network executives to conclude that he'd had too much exposure. They now hired him far less often, forcing him to take whatever jobs came his way. Lewis wryly commented on his underemployment in a press release for one of his records: "With this recording Robert Q. Lewis adds a glorious new chapter to his long career as disc jockey, comedian, panel moderator, replacement, actor, and bartender. At this particular moment, he is available for bookings of any kind. Contact Martin Baum, GAC, Hollywood. Thanks very much."

Personal life
Lewis was a heavy smoker and died of emphysema in Century City Hospital on December 11, 1991. He had no survivors.

A collection of Robert Q. Lewis's personal papers, notes, and scripts, covering roughly the years 1940 - 1960, is located at Thousand Oaks Library in Thousand Oaks, California.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Robert Q. Lewis


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Data entry clerk

A data entry clerk, also known as data preparation and control operator, data registration and control operator, and data preparation and registration operator, is a member of staff employed to enter or update data into a computer system. Data is often entered into a computer from paper documents using a keyboard. The keyboards used can often have special keys and multiple colors to help in the task and speed up the work. Proper ergonomics at the workstation is a common topic considered.

The data entry clerk may also use a mouse, and a manually-fed scanner may be involved.

Speed and accuracy, not necessarily in that order, are the key measures of the job.

History
The invention of punched card data processing in the 1890s created a demand for many workers, typically women, to run keypunch machines. To ensure accuracy, data was often entered twice; the second time a different keyboarding device, known as a verifier (such as the IBM 056) was used.

In the 1970s, punched card data entry was gradually replaced by the use of video display terminals.

Examples
For a mailing company, data entry clerks might be required to type in reference numbers for items of mail which had failed to reach their destination, so that the relevant addresses could be deleted from the database used to send the mail out. If the company was compiling a database from addresses handwritten on a questionnaire, the person typing those into the database would be a data entry clerk. In a cash office, a data entry clerk might be required to type expenses into a database using numerical codes.

Optical character/mark recognition
With to the advance of technology, many data entry clerks no longer work with hand-written documents. Instead, the documents are first scanned by a combined OCR/OMR system (optical character recognition and optical mark recognition,) which attempts to read the documents and process the data electronically. The accuracy of OCR varies widely based upon the quality of the original document as well as the scanned image; hence the ongoing need for data entry clerks. Although OCR technology is continually being developed, many tasks still require a data entry clerk to review the results afterward to check the accuracy of the data and to manually key in any missed or incorrect information.

An example of this system would be one commonly used to document health insurance claims, such as for Medicaid in the United States. In many systems, the hand-written forms are first scanned into digital images (JPEG, PNG, bitmap, etc.). These files are then processed by the optical character recognition system, where many fields are completed by the computerized optical scanner. When the OCR software has low confidence in a data field, it is flagged for review – not the entire record but just the single field. The data entry clerk then manually reviews the data already entered by OCR, corrects it if needed, and fills in any missing data by simultaneously viewing the image on-screen.

The accuracy of personal records, as well as billing or financial information, is usually very important to the general public as well as the healthcare provider. Sensitive or vital information such as this is often checked many times, by both clerk and machine, before being accepted.

Job requirements, security, and pay
Accuracy is usually more important than speed, because detection and correction of errors can be very time-consuming. Staying focused and speed are also required.

The job is usually low-skilled, so veteran staff are often employed on a temporary basis after a large survey or census has been completed. However, most companies handling large amounts of data on a regular basis will spread the contracts and workload across the year and will hire part-time.

The role of data entry clerks working with physical hand-written documents is on the decline in the developed world, because employees within a company frequently enter their own data, as it is collected now, instead of having a different employee do this task. An example of this is an operator working in a call center or a cashier in a shop. Cost is another reason for the decline. Data entry is labor-intensive for large batches and therefore expensive, so large companies will sometimes outsource the work, either locally or to third-world countries where there is no shortage of cheaper unskilled labor.

, the median pay was between $19,396 and $34,990 in the United States.

, The New York Times was still carrying ads for the job title Data Entry Clerk.

Education and training
For the job as a data entry clerk, competent math and English skills may be necessary. The worker will need to be very familiar with office software such as word processors, databases, and spreadsheets. One must have quickness, focus, and customer service skills.

Education higher than a high school diploma is often not required, but some companies require a bachelor's degree. Companies also hope the worker will have one year of experience in a related field.

title: Data entry clerk


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User:Mtiedemann

Me in a sentence: part Argentine, part Basque, part German, part Polish, living in Croydon where I am involved in local politics and study of Crete and Balkans.

Current projects

 * List of former Argentine Senators
 * Add to list of National Historic Monuments of Argentina
 * Arab settlement in Argentina

Next projects

 * Stubs for all current justices of the Supreme Court of Argentina
 * Lists of Argentine governors (since 1983)
 * Stubs for all current Argentine Deputies
 * Agriculture in Argentina
 * Stubs for departments of Chubut Province

Things I keep meaning to do but never get round to

 * Robert Hermon-Hodge
 * Trevelín
 * Yaghan people, not language
 * Stubs for the Barrios of Buenos Aires
 * Stubs for the Partidos of Buenos Aires Province

Recent projects

 * Stubs for all current Governors in Argentina, completed July 08
 * Stubs for all current Argentine Senators, completed June 08
 * Sort out Category:Crete
 * Stubs for all Category:Members of the Congress of Tucumán
 * Tidy stubs and categories for British MPs
 * Complete List of current Argentine Deputies

Areas of interest

 * Argentina: Buenos Aires, Mercedes and local area in Buenos Aires province, immigration, especially Basque and Welsh, Chubut, Argentine Food

 * Greece: Chania Prefecture in Crete, War of Independence, Greek cuisine

 * Basque Country: Basque cuisine, Nafarroa Beherea, Nafarroa, Gipuzkoa

 * Croydon: Local History, geography and communities, Natural Environment, Local politics

 * Politics: History of the Labour Party, Former Members of Parliament for Croydon, Ruskin House, Croydon Council, including early Labour councillors, the Co-operative Party and Co-operative movement

History of Argentina
Jemmy Button (featured DYK) * List of National Historic Monuments of Argentina * Congress of Tucumán * Pedro Medrano * José Darragueira * Cayetano José Rodríguez * Mariano Boedo * Category:Members of the Congress of Tucumán * José Colombres * Antonio Sáenz * Miguel Etchecolatz * Timeline of Argentine history * Template:History of Argentina * José Ignacio de Gorriti * Pedro Ignacio Rivera * José Andrés Pacheco de Melo * Mariano Sánchez de Loria * José Severo Malabia * Esteban Agustín Gazcón * Tomás de Anchorena * Manuel Antonio Acevedo * Teodoro Sánchez de Bustamante * Eduardo Pérez Bulnes * Tomás Godoy Cruz * Pedro Miguel Aráoz * Pedro Francisco de Uriarte * Pedro León Gallo * Pedro Ignacio de Castro Barros * Gerónimo Salguero de Cabrera y Cabrera * José Ignacio Thames * Justo de Santa María de Oro * José Antonio Cabrera * Juan Agustín Maza * 2008 in Argentina

Politics of Argentina
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title: User:Mtiedemann


text:
Achee

Achee may refer to:

 * Ackee, a tropical fruit from West Africa
 * Yuchi, a Native American group from Oklahoma

title: Achee


text:
Warble fly

Warble fly is a name given to the genus Hypoderma: large flies which are parasitic on cattle and deer. Other names include "heel flies", "bomb flies" and "gadflies", while their larvae are often called "cattle grubs" or "wolves." Common species of warble fly include Hypoderma bovis (the ox warble fly) and Hypoderma lineatum (the cattle warble fly) and Hypoderma tarandi (the reindeer warble fly). Larvae of Hypoderma species also have been reported in horses, sheep, goats and humans. They have also been found on smaller mammals such as dogs, cats, squirrels, voles and rabbits.

Adult warble flies are large, hairy and bumblebee-like and brown, orange or yellow in color. The adults have vestigial mouthparts, so they cannot feed during their short lifespans, which can be as little as five days.

They are found on all continents of the Northern Hemisphere, mainly between 25° and 60° latitude.

Infestations
The fly lays eggs on the forelegs of large animals. The eggs hatch within a week and penetrate the skin, where they migrate throughout the connective tissues (H. bovis) or to the esophagus (H. lineatum). After a few months, the larvae travel back to the skin surface and cause swellings called "warbles". They remain under the skin, and when destroyed by pressure, the larvae can cause large purulent swellings, or anaphylaxis. Upon emergence, the fly leaves holes in the skin. Large numbers of such punctures can render cattle hides valueless.

The migrating larvae can cause damage to meat, as the tunnels they make in the muscle fill with a substance known as "butcher's jelly". Infestations also hinder weight gain and growth in the animals. Milk yields may also decline. Most infections in adult cows are minor, due to immunity developed over time.

Humans
In humans, the disease intracerebral myiasis is a rare infestation of the brain by the larva of H. bovis. It penetrates the brain by an unknown mode and causes symptoms such as convulsions and intracerebral hematoma. The first case of human warble fly infection in Britain (to a four-year-old boy on a farm near South Brent, Devon) was reported in the British Medical Journal in June 1924 by Dr Frederick William Style Other cases appear in medical literature. Myiasis of the human eye can be caused by H. tarandi, a parasite of reindeer. It is known to cause uveitis, glaucoma and retinal detachment. H. lineatum and H. sinense may also infest humans.

Treatment and prevention
Warble flies have been eradicated in many countries, beginning with Denmark and Western Germany, in the 1960s. It was eradicated in the United Kingdom in 1990. It is a notifiable disease. It may have been eradicated from Belgium.

From the 1980s, the preventive treatment is easier, by subcutaneous use of ivermectin, but the warble fly remains present in North Africa.

title: Warble fly


text:
Jungle Commando

The Jungle Commando (formally known as the Suriname National Liberation Army) was a guerrilla commando group in Suriname. It was founded by Ronnie Brunswijk in 1986 to ensure equal rights for Suriname's minority Maroon population. The group was formed after the Suriname troops committed mass murder against 35 people in Moiwana Village, near Moengo, after the Suriname national army failed to capture Ronnie Brunswijk. The Commando fought against Dési Bouterse and the Surinamese army in the Suriname Guerrilla War.

The Jungle Commando fought a guerrilla war against the Surinamese government of Dési Bouterse in the 1980s, before a truce was negotiated in March 1991.

At one time the Jungle Commando controlled a large area in East Suriname.

In 2005, Brunswijk warned that the Jungle Commando could resume fighting if the 1992 Kourou peace accord's conditions were not met.

First appearances
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the Surinamese people began witnessing a dramatic fall in respect for traditional leaders and their practices, under the current government and place. In response to this was the emergence of the Suriname National Liberation Army, a militant resistance group that struggled in an attempt to disband the current military leadership of the country and constitute a democracy. Locals referred to the group as the Jungle Commando as it was formed by high-ranking officials who had previously fled the military, most notably Ronnie Brunswijk. Brunswijk was previously involved in a military coup in which the previous government was overthrown in 1980. He and a small group of deserters attacked 12 soldiers at a military outpost in Stolkertsijver on July 22, 1986. While holding this group of soldiers hostage, another attack was launched on the army barracks in Albina. The National Army responded by destroying the temple in Moengotapoe, and capturing all males present. Later Brunswijk's birth village of Moiwana was attacked which resulted in the death of at least 35 people.

These attacks served as the catalyst for the Surinamese Interior War.

Involvement in Moengo
The Jungle Commando would soon begin primarily acting in and around the town of Moengo. On August 20, 1986, the bauxite processing plants responsible for most of the economic prosperity in the area would be shut down by the Suriname Aluminum Company due to the Jungle Commandos' increased presence in the area. The following day, on August 21, the Jungle Commandos attacked a nearby military platoon at Ajumara Kondre. These attacks led to the jungle commandos' possessing primary control over the Marowijne, Lawa, and Tapanahoni rivers. This control over the local waterways eventually resulted in many hijackings. The first of which took place that September when the jungle commando ceased control over an engined Cessna at Apetina. Nearing the end of November 1986, the Jungle Commando would be responsible for the destruction of two bridges on the east–west highway into Moengo, leading to their inevitable takeover of the area. Soon after, on December 1, the Surinamese government would issue a state of emergency for the area, and on the following day, the Jungle Commando would be driven out of Moengo. In late December, the Jungle Commando would kidnap the son of Granman Belfon Aboikoni to signal that they were still in the area and had only moved up river toward central Suriname. In January 1987, the Jungle Commando bombed multiple power lines, causing an aluminum refinery to shut down and a citywide blackout to occur in Paramaribo because of the Afobaka dam losing power. The next month, in February, the Moengo powerhouse would be destroyed, as well as a palm oil plantation in Patamacca. This caused the village of Pokigron to request military support to help ward off the Jungle Commandos as the area was now in economic disarray. In May 1987, the Jungle Commandos continued to attack Moengo and Albina until military forces secured the area. Over the next two years, the military presence would dwindle again and the Jungle Commando would return to take over Moengo for a second time in October 1989, this time with the help of a splinter group headed by Kofi Ajomopong.

Interactions with new government
In September 1987, a referendum was held in which the government approved a new draft of the Constitution, paving the way for democracy in the Republic of Suriname. On November 25, elections were held in which forty of the fifty-one seats were filled by members of the traditional party. This would lead to little change as the government continued to undermine its citizens and commit human rights violations one after the other. In their continual pursuit of the head of the Jungle Commando, the military continued capturing locals they claimed were rebels and executing them. These killings would continue until 1989, when the Jungle Commandos' prevalence in the area began to rise in retaliation. The village of Pokigron was completely burned to the ground by members of the Jungle Commando. Several businesses and homes were also targeted in the town of Brownsweg several days later. On August 31, the Jungle Commando would hijack a ferry containing over forty vehicles 54 miles west of Paramaribo on the Coppename River. The ferry was then brought up river where the Jungle Commando would use this equipment to take control of Carib and Arowak. Shortly after this series of attacks, the government would begin pursuing negotiations with the Jungle Commando in late November.

Peace attempts
In June 1989, the Jungle Commando and the Surinamese government agreed to a cease fire. On July 21, the two parties signed the Accord of Kaurou to formally recognize the agreement. It was intended that the ex-fighters would be incorporated into the police force, but the Amerindian people fought against this proposition, saying that their people would be subjected to the will of the Jungle Commando and at their mercy. This would also call into question the status of the kin-ordered society. While the government, the National Assembly overseeing the matter, and the French government endorsed the agreement, the Surinamese Army rejected the idea of peace and continued to pursue members of the commando. On March 24, 1990, the presidential palace would serve as the nesting grounds of the people's government, about which talks resurfaced. These talks were helmed by the sitting president at the time, and they were attended by refugee leaders from France and members of the jungle commando. This attempt at peace quickly fell through as tensions in the government rose as the government was made aware of potential drug trafficking the militant group was involved with. Several days prior, an airplane containing over 100 kilos of cocaine was discovered in the Moengo area. After a military coup occurred again in 1991, the permanent council of the OAS issued an appeal in an attempt to reestablish the democratic order that had previously been unstated. One year later, in 1992, the newly elected president, Venetian, would introduce the Peace Commission, beginning the process that would ultimately cause the conflict between the jungle commando and its splinter groups and the Surinamese government to end.

title: Jungle Commando


text:
Bosanska Krupa

Bosanska Krupa (Босанска Крупа) is a municipality located in the Una-Sana Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. As of 2013, it has a population of 29,659 inhabitants.

It is situated on the banks of river Una in northwestern Bosnia and Herzegovina, 30 km northeast from Bihać (350 km away from Sarajevo).

Geography
Bosanska Krupa is on the border within the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina adjacent to the municipalities of Bužim, Cazin, Bihać, Bosanski Petrovac, Sanski Most, and Krupa na Uni. The last mentioned municipality is part of the Republika Srpska entity and was part of the Bosanska Krupa municipality before the Bosnian War, but after the Dayton Agreement it became a separate municipality.

Settlements

 * Arapuša
 * Banjani
 * Baštra
 * Benakovac
 * Donja Suvaja
 * Drenova Glavica
 * Glavica
 * Gorinja
 * Gornja Suvaja
 * Gornji Bušević
 * Gornji Petrovići
 * Gudavac
 * Hašani
 * Ivanjska
 * Jasenica
 * Jezerski
 * Ljusina
 * Mahmić Selo
 * Mali Badić
 * Mali Radić
 * Ostrožnica
 * Bosanska Otoka
 * Perna
 * Pištaline
 * Potkalinje
 * Pučenik
 * Srednji Bušević
 * Srednji Dubovik
 * Velika Jasenica
 * Veliki Badić
 * Veliki Dubovik
 * Veliki Radić
 * Vojevac
 * Voloder
 * Vranjska
 * Zalin

Notable people

 * Džemaludin Čaušević, imam
 * Branko Ćopić, writer (Hašani)
 * Kosta Hakman, painter
 * Elvis Mešić, soccer player

title: Bosanska Krupa


text:
Seifert–Weber space

In mathematics, Seifert–Weber space (introduced by Herbert Seifert and Constantin Weber) is a closed hyperbolic 3-manifold. It is also known as Seifert–Weber dodecahedral space and hyperbolic dodecahedral space. It is one of the first discovered examples of closed hyperbolic 3-manifolds.

It is constructed by gluing each face of a dodecahedron to its opposite in a way that produces a closed 3-manifold. There are three ways to do this gluing consistently. Opposite faces are misaligned by 1/10 of a turn, so to match them they must be rotated by 1/10, 3/10 or 5/10 turn; a rotation of 3/10 gives the Seifert–Weber space. Rotation of 1/10 gives the Poincaré homology sphere, and rotation by 5/10 gives 3-dimensional real projective space.

With the 3/10-turn gluing pattern, the edges of the original dodecahedron are glued to each other in groups of five. Thus, in the Seifert–Weber space, each edge is surrounded by five pentagonal faces, and the dihedral angle between these pentagons is 72°. This does not match the 117° dihedral angle of a regular dodecahedron in Euclidean space, but in hyperbolic space there exist regular dodecahedra with any dihedral angle between 60° and 117°, and the hyperbolic dodecahedron with dihedral angle 72° may be used to give the Seifert–Weber space a geometric structure as a hyperbolic manifold. It is a (finite volume) quotient space of the (non-finite volume) order-5 dodecahedral honeycomb, a regular tessellation of hyperbolic 3-space by dodecahedra with this dihedral angle.

The Seifert–Weber space is a rational homology sphere, and its first homology group is isomorphic to $$\mathbb Z_5^3$$. William Thurston conjectured that the Seifert–Weber space is not a Haken manifold, that is, it does not contain any incompressible surfaces; proved the conjecture with the aid of their computer software Regina.

title: Seifert–Weber space


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Talk:CJRT-FM

arts reports cancelled
You are here: Home arrow On-Air arrow Program Schedule Program Schedule 	Print 	E-mail

WEEKDAYS » View Saturday & Sunday MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY 6:00AM 	BENMERGUI IN THE MORNING with Ralph Benmergui Local News With Tim Keele - 6:30, 7:00, 7:30, 8:00, 8:30 & 9:00AM Jaymz Bee - 7:00 to 9:00AM BBC News - 7:00, 8:00 & 9:00AM Bryan Snelson's Market Report - 6:50AM 7:00AM 8:00AM 9:00AM 10:00AM 	MIDDAY JAZZ with Terry McElligott 11:00AM 12:00PM 1:00PM 2:00PM 	AFTERNOON DRIVE with Larry Green Local News With Tim Keele Bryan Snelson's Market Report 3:00PM 4:00PM 5:00PM 6:00PM 	DINNER JAZZ with Brad Barker 7:00PM 8:00PM 9:00PM 	The Best of MUSIC TO LISTEN TO JAZZ BY with Ross Porter 	JOE'S JAZZ with Joe Sealy 	RIVERWALK JAZZ 	JAZZOLOGY with Larry Green 	JAZZ AT LINCOLN CENTER with Wynton Marsalis 10:00PM 	JAZZ with Bob Parlocha 	JAZZ with Bob Parlocha 	JAZZ with Bob Parlocha 	JAZZ with Bob Parlocha 	STOLEN MOMENTS with David Basskin 11:00PM 12:00AM 1:00AM 	JAZZ with Bob Parlocha 2:00AM 3:00AM 4:00AM 5:00AM —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lois Guardener (talk • contribs) 17:09, 9 March 2010 (UTC)

Please do not edit violating WP:UNDUE or WP:BLP
WP:UNDUE basically states that an article should not give undue/disproportionate attention to a single event: in this case issues about the leadership change in the station. It is linked to the other WP policy that Wikipedia is not a News outlet, but an encyclopedia.

In this case, some IP users are violating the serious warning in WP:BLP to avoid even the hint of defamation of a living person. Here is the intro to that policy:

Editors must take particular care when adding information about living persons to any Wikipedia page.[a] Such material requires a high degree of sensitivity, and must adhere strictly to all applicable laws in the United States, to this policy, and to Wikipedia's three core content policies:

Neutral point of view (NPOV) Verifiability (V) No original research (NOR)

We must get the article right. Be very firm about the use of high-quality sources. All quotations and any material challenged or likely to be challenged must be supported by an inline citation to a reliable, published source. Contentious material about living persons (or, in some cases, recently deceased) that is unsourced or poorly sourced—whether the material is negative, positive, neutral, or just questionable—should be removed immediately and without waiting for discussion.[1] Users who persistently or egregiously violate this policy may be blocked from editing.

Biographies of living persons ("BLPs") must be written conservatively and with regard for the subject's privacy. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not a tabloid: it is not Wikipedia's job to be sensationalist, or to be the primary vehicle for the spread of titillating claims about people's lives; the possibility of harm to living subjects must always be considered when exercising editorial judgment. This policy applies to any living person mentioned in a BLP, whether or not that person is the subject of the article, and to material about living persons in other articles and on other pages, including talk pages.[b] The burden of evidence rests with the editor who adds or restores material.Bellagio99 (talk) 21:50, 6 September 2018 (UTC)

Vmavanti (talk) 18:58, 8 July 2019 (UTC)
 * I agree with these comments. I have spent many hours searching for information about this station, simply the basic facts about its history, and my searches have resulted in almost nothing. I've gone to Canadian newspaper sites, but they seem to keep v. little information archived and even less for free. When you have this paucity of sources, you run into many problems. One is that nearly all the information under the header Leadership Changes comes from one reporter at one newspaper. For a Wikipedia article about any subject to be credible, there must be many sources. I found blogs and editorials about Mike Harris, but not one reliable source simply reporting the facts about cutting the station's funding in the 1990s. I assume all the Canadian papers talked about it. If this article is going to continue to exist, it must have citations to reliable sources next to every sentence. As soon as possible. All information must be sourced. This article continues to lack necessary sources even after ten years.

***Persistent Undue, Not a Newspaper and COI***

 * Editor Coinygirl persists in attempting to add voluminous disparaging material to this article about a recent incident that is now under adjudication. This person's additions are far longer than the rest of the article describing this interesting's station's long and complex history.I note that she is almost a single-issue editor and that her editors have been improving articles about the Slaight group who is attempting to take over the station--with its valuable antenna rights. This is a strong violation of WP:COI. Wikipedia should not be a vehicle for a proxy fight. If this persists, I will refer to the Administrators. FWIW, I am a wide Wikipedia editor and I have no link to the station other than enjoying its music and not wishing to see Wikipedia used as a pawn.Bellagio99 (talk) 21:57, 6 September 2018 (UTC)

RESPONSE: Hi Bellagio. I was directed here from a help talk page as I didn't know why my edits were reverted. I can attest that I have no relationship with Allan Slaight at all. I do not know Allan Slaight at all, have never met him, have never even seen him from a distance. I did his page because I had read a piece about him in Toronto Life and there wasn't a wiki about him when I went to find more information about him. And since I mostly authored the piece, I continue to take pride in the work and update the information as necessary to render it as relevant as possible. The same happened with my numismatic additions. I added quite a bit there (but haven't in some time as my interest has waned in recent months). As for CJRT, I thought I wrote a really well-researched and balanced piece using newspaper articles and references. I was simply interested in jazzFM because I had come across all of the newspaper articles in the Toronto Star, National Post and Globe and Mail. It was such a news-making story two weeks ago and thought it was relevant to add to the station's history. If you read the piece, I presented all sides that were reported in the newspaper and even quoted jazzFM themselves and their position as well as those who thought otherwise. I do take issue with the description of my efforts as "persists in attempting to add". I only added the material once, which you reverted and I never attempted to do so again. I believe the description of my efforts is a mischaracterization of what actually transpired as it implies continual efforts on my end to add the content despite dispute. Rather, I attempted to uncover why my edits were reverted. I would appreciate the opportunity to understand how I can rework the piece so that it can be published. I believe the information is important because the newspapers have all reported on the fact that the station is in trouble due to certain allegations and loss of sponsorship. To deny otherwise, seems to be an erasure of reality. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Coinygal (talk • contribs) 17:06, 7 September 2018 (UTC)

RE-RESPONSE: Dear User:Coinygal: Please forgive my misteak in assuming you were associated with the Slaights, as such things have often happened in Wikipedia in the past, and you had such a focus on it. I also apologize that you were a persistent poster: others have posted and in the press of a complex life, I had conflated you with them. And Yes, I agree that it is extensively referenced--congrats. The problems are as I noted that (a) it gives WP:Undue emphasis to this situation --your additions are many lines longer than the rest of the article about the station, and (b) the situation is still in flux and WP goes to great length to say it is not a newspaper. There are also extra cautions, with the charges and counter-charges, about being really careful about defaming Living Persons -- see WP:BLP. I am only a listener and donor to CJRT, but having lived in many places I have felt for years that it is a great and unique jazz station--that is why I am a donor. I did post something about the issue, and I suggest we both/all look to see how the situation plays out. As a donor, I got a message today that implies the Slaight, etc. attempt to take over was not successful, that the station acknowledged they had not been listening to their members enough, and they are forming an advisory group. I'd post that, but by Wikipedia rules an email from the Board chair is not reliable enough--so if you spot a media report saying this, please let me know, or post it yourself. Meanwhile, thanks for the civil conversation, and I hope we can continue being in touch about CJRT. Bellagio99 (talk) 22:18, 7 September 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 7 September 2018
Please add current law suit between Garvia Bailey and JAZZ.FM to the reference to her as an on-air host. Thank you. 142.216.128.5 (talk) 15:57, 7 September 2018 (UTC)

Vmavanti (talk) 23:36, 24 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: IP -- Could you give me/us a sentence or paragraph of what you would like added to the article? Dolotta (talk) 18:05, 24 September 2018 (UTC)
 * WP isn't a newspaper. It isn't the place to go for "current events" or current squabbles, like, for example, Facebook or Keeping Up with the Kardashians. It isn't the place to go to fight for a cause. Maybe that lawsuit can be included down the road if—in time—it's considered important enough in the context of an article about a radio station.

title: Talk:CJRT-FM


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Bugojno

Bugojno (Бугојно) is a town and municipality in the Central Bosnia Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is situated on the river Vrbas, 130 km to the northwest of Sarajevo. According to the 2013 census, the town has a population of 15,555 inhabitants, with 31,470 inhabitants in the municipality.

To the west towards Kupres is a region called Koprivnica. This enormous forest was once one of President Tito's favorite hunting spots. The uninhabited dense forest has created a sanctuary for wild animals. Hunting associations are very active in this region and there are many mountain and hunting lodges dotting the forest. Duboka Valley (deep valley) is a designated hunting area covered by thick spruce. Kalin Mountain is a popular weekend area for hikers and nature lovers.

Geography
The municipality has an average elevation of 570 metres above sea level. Much of its 366 km2 is forested. The terrain is mountainous with several prominent features. Stožer (1662m), Kalin (1,530m) and Rudina (1,385m) are the tallest mountains in Bugojno.

Demographics
The town and municipality is inhabited by a Bosniak majority. The town, prior to the war, was multi-ethnic, with virtually identical numbers of Croats, Bosniaks and Serbs. Today, only 325 Serbs live in the town, with 376 in the municipality. The number of Croats in the municipality has gone down from 16,031 to 5,767 (2013 census).

Town
In 1991 town of Bugojno had a population of 22,641 including;

 * Bosniaks (6,878)
 * Croats (6,836)
 * Serbs (6,809)
 * Yugoslavs (1,449)
 * and 667 others

Climate
The climate in Bugojno is continental. Summers are usually warm and dry, with average temperatures that can reach or exceed 30°C. Sunny days are common, but occasional short showers can occur, especially in late summer. Nights are relatively cool, providing relief from the daytime heat. Winters are cold and snowy. Temperatures often drop below 0°C, and the snow cover remains on the ground for most of the winter. Frost is common, which can cause ice and slippery conditions on roads and sidewalks. Climate change increasingly affects this region, resulting in variations in precipitation frequency and intensity, as well as temperature extremes. The hottest day on record was August 24, 2007, at 39.3°C, while the coldest was February 17, 1956, at -31.2 °C. The highest annual precipitation was recorded in 1895 at 1117 mm, while the lowest was in 2011 at 522 mm.

Economy
Bugojno was once a major industrial centre in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1981, Bugojno's GDP per capita was 98% of the Yugoslav average. However, hardships caused by the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina took a toll on the industry and overall economy of Bugojno. Apart from industry, forestry has been an important contributor to the local economy and continues to be. In recent years, agriculture has grown in sustaining the Bugojno's economy as many people are investing in land and agronomy.

Notable people

 * Edin Atić (born 1997), basketball player
 * Željko Bebek (born 1945), singer
 * Ivona Dadic (born 1993), Austrian heptathlete, whose parents were born in Bugojno
 * Zenit Đozić (born 1961), actor and humorist
 * Vlatko Marković (1937–2013), football executive, former manager and footballer
 * Branko Mikulić (1928–1994), Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (1986–1989), President of Organizing Committee of 1984 Winter Olympics
 * Stjepan Tomas (born 1976), manager and former footballer
 * Ermin Zec (born 1988), footballer

title: Bugojno


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Hartley, Sevenoaks

Hartley is a village and civil parish in the Sevenoaks district of Kent, England. It is located 7 miles south west of Gravesend and the same distance south east of Dartford.

History
The village of Hartley is recorded as Erclei in the Domesday Book of 1086. with a population of 15 families and 3 slaves. The name Hartley means "place in the wood where the deer are". The parish church of All Saints dates from the early 12th century, although it probably replaced an earlier Anglo-Saxon building.

On 28 January 1554, during Wyatt's Rebellion against Queen Mary, a rebel force of about 500 men led by Henry Isley clashed with a similar-sized loyal force led by Lord Abergavenny and Sir Robert Southwell, at Wrotham Hill. After a running battle over about four miles, the rebels made their last stand at Hartley Wood, where they were defeated.

By 1872, there were 47 houses in Hartley with a population of 244. Some local farms specialised in hop growing. A National School was built in the village in 1841; it was rebuilt in 1960 on a new site.

The opening nearby of Longfield railway station in 1872 began the evolution of the village from an agricultural to a commuter community. Just before World War I, two agricultural estates were purchased by a property developer and sold off in small plots for new houses and bungalows. In 1944 Government plans for a major London overspill town based on Hartley/Longfield/Meopham were developed, which ultimately came to nothing. However major housing developments at New Ash Green in the 1960s and Wellfield in the 1970s continued the trend.

The parish was part of Axstane Hundred and later Dartford Rural District. It is part of the parliamentary constituency of Dartford.

Places of worship
All Saints Church, the Anglican parish church, is Grade I-listed and dates from the 12th century. It is supplemented by the All Saints Church Centre in the centre of the village, which is used as a church hall and for worship. St Francis de Sales' Roman Catholic church, a Grade II-listed building, is a 17th-century former barn with timber framing and a thatched roof. Hartley United Reformed Church (formerly Congregational) was registered for worship in 1936 but has closed and was put up for sale, before being demolished and turned into housing.

Sports
Hartley Country Club cricket section were the Kent Cricket League Premier Champions in 2008, 2011-2013 and 2015.

The Pétanque section membership at Hartley Country Club currently numbers about ninety players, split equally between men and women.

Rail
Hartley is served by Longfield railway station with Southeastern services to London Victoria via Bromley South, Ramsagate via Chatham and Dover Priory via Chatham and Canterbury East.

Buses
Hartley is served by the Arriva Kent Thameside route 489, previously also the 423 and 433. This connects it with Gravesend.

title: Hartley, Sevenoaks


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Freefolk

Freefolk is a village in Hampshire, England. It lies to the west and almost directly alongside the village of Laverstoke; the two villages are separated by the River Test. It is about 1.5 mi east of Whitchurch and 1 mi west of Overton on the B3400 road between Basingstoke and Andover.

In the village is an inn named the "Watership Down", known locally as "the jerry". Built in 1840, it was called the Freefolk Arms but was renamed in honour of local author Richard Adams and his book Watership Down, which took its name from the down about 5 mi to the north of the village.

The village name was brought to many people's attention by the "Forever Freefolk" garden at the 2016 Chelsea Flower Show, sponsored by Brewin Dolphin and designed by Rosy Hardy of local nursery Hardy's Cottage Garden Plants. The garden highlighted the fragility of England's chalk streams, and won a silver medal.

Governance
The village is part of the civil parish of Laverstoke and is part of the Overton, Laverstoke and Steventon ward of Basingstoke and Deane borough council. The borough council is a Non-metropolitan district of Hampshire County Council.

title: Freefolk


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Para Draine

Para Draine (born December 28, 1972) is an American female boxer who has been a world champion two times. She is a former 112-pound and current 115-pound champion. Draine stands 5’8” tall, making her relatively tall for a boxer of her weight.

Draine's nicknames are "Hurricane" and "The Spokane Spike". The latter nickname reflects the city she currently resides at. Draine has fought a large part of her fights in the American Northwest, specially in Worley, Idaho, but, because of her achievements, she has become well known in the world of boxing.

Her first professional fight came on May 14, 1997, when she defeated Dolores Lira by a four round decision, at Worley. Her first knockout win was on June 25 of that same year, when she beat Trena Drotar in the fourth round. Draine won her first five fights.

After she beat the experienced Sue Chase in her fifth fight, she and her management team thought she was ready for a world title try, so, on November 12, she challenged Theresa Arnold for the IBA's women's version of the world Bantamweight title. She lost that fight by a ten round split decision.

Draine then decided to go down in weight and try to become a world Flyweight champion. After two wins, including one over the famed British boxer Michelle Sutcliffe, she challenged the WIBF world Flyweight champion, Yvonne Trevino. On August 8, 1998, at Spirit Lake, North Dakota, Draine became a world champion by beating Trevino by a ten round split decision. She is a boxer who often jumps from one division to another, so she returned to the Bantamweight division. Despite losing her next fight, she got a world title try in her first fight at as a Super Bantamweight: On April 18, 1999, she and Silke Weikenmeyer fought for the vacant WIBF Super Bantamweight title. In what was Draine's first overseas fight, she lost a ten round decision in Germany.

Next, she beat two well known opponents, Jo Wyman and Brenda Burnside, before once again returning to the Flyweight division, to make her first title defense: on April 6, 2000, she lost her title to the then 8-0 Margaret Sidoriff, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Draine kept fighting well known female boxers after losing that fight: she beat Robin Pinto, lost to Yvonne Caples, drew (tied) with Marylin Salcedo, and beat Bridgett Riley before receiving another world title shot.

On December 18, 2002, she and Salcedo were rematched, with the vacant IFBA world Super Flyweight title on the line. Draine became world Super Flyweight champion by defeating Salcedo with a split decision.

title: Para Draine