text:
Charles Ferguson Smith

Charles Ferguson Smith (April 24, 1807 – April 25, 1862) was an American military officer who served in United States Army during the Mexican–American War and the Utah War; and as a Union Army major general in the American Civil War. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1825 and served as an instructor at the academy beginning in 1829 and as Commandant of Cadets from 1838 to 1843. During the American Civil War, he served under Ulysses S. Grant who was a student of his at the military academy. Smith was instrumental in Grant's victory at the Battle of Fort Donelson but died in 1862 due to infection of a non-combat leg injury and subsequent dysentery.

Early life and education
Smith was born on April 24, 1807, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Samuel B. Smith and Margaret Ferguson. His paternal grandfather was the Presbyterian minister John Blair Smith. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1825.

Career
He was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 2nd U.S. Artillery and served at Fort Delaware for two years and at Augusta Arsenal in Georgia from 1827 to 1829. He returned to the military academy in 1829 and served as an instructor of tactics under Ethan A. Hitchcock. He was appointed Commandant of Cadets as a first lieutenant, and served in that position from 1838 to 1843.

As an artillery battalion commander, he distinguished himself in the Mexican–American War and served under both Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott at the Battle of Palo Alto, the Battle of Resaca de la Palma, the Battle of Monterrey, and the Battle of Churubusco. He received brevet promotions from major through colonel for his service in these battles and ended the war as a lieutenant colonel in the Regular Army. In Mexico City, he was in charge of the police guard from the end of the war until 1848. He was an original member of the Aztec Club of 1847.

He commanded the Red River Expedition (1856) into the future State of Minnesota in 1856–57, and served under Albert Sidney Johnston in Utah (1857–60), commanding the Department of Utah himself from 1860 to 1861.

Civil War
After the outbreak of the war, Smith briefly led the Department of Washington (at Fort Washington, Maryland). Through the summer of 1861, he served on recruiting duty in New York. On August 31, 1861, he was commissioned a brigadier general of volunteers and on September 9, 1861, as colonel of the 3rd Regular Infantry. He was transferred to the Western Theater and given command of the Western District of Kentucky. He served as a division commander in the Department of the Missouri under Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant, who had been one of his pupils at West Point. This potentially awkward situation was eased by Smith's loyalty to his young chief.

Smith led his division in the attack on the Confederate right flank at the Battle of Fort Donelson. His troops fought until nightfall and pushed back the 30th Tennessee Infantry. His troops held the captured terrain which soon forced the Confederate troops to surrender. When the Confederate forces sent a request to discuss terms of surrender, Smith was quoted as saying "no terms to the damn rebels", advice that Grant took to heart but softened to "No terms except unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted", which made him known famously as "Unconditional Surrender Grant".

When theater commander Major General Henry Halleck became distrustful and perhaps envious of Grant, he briefly relieved him of field command of the Army's expedition up the Tennessee River toward Corinth, Mississippi, and gave that responsibility to Smith. However, Halleck soon restored Grant to field command (intervention by President Abraham Lincoln may have been a factor). Smith suffered a serious leg injury while jumping into a rowboat that forced him to miss the Battle of Shiloh where his experience was sorely missed.

Smith died on April 25, 1862, at Savannah, Tennessee, from infection of the leg injury and subsequent dysentery. He was interred in Laurel Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia.

The untimely death of Smith forced Grant to partner with William Tecumseh Sherman and build an alliance that would eventually win the war.

Personal life
Smith married Francis Mactier on March 24, 1840.

Legacy
Three forts were named in his honor. The first Fort C. F. Smith was built in 1863 as part of the perimeter defenses of Washington, D.C. during the American Civil War. A second Fort C.F. Smith was built as part of the Civil War defenses of Bowling Green, Kentucky. The third Fort C. F. Smith was built in 1866 at the Bighorn River crossing of the Bozeman Trail in the Montana Territory during Red Cloud's War.

Dates of rank

 * Cadet, United States Military Academy - 1 July 1820
 * 2nd Lieutenant, 2nd Artillery - 1 July 1825
 * 1st Lieutenant, 2nd Artillery - 30 May 1832
 * Captain, 2nd Artillery - 7 July 1838
 * Brevet Major - 9 May 1846
 * Brevet Lieutenant Colonel - 23 September 1846
 * Brevet Colonel - 20 August 1847
 * Major, 1st Artillery - 25 November 1854
 * Lieutenant Colonel, 10th Infantry - 3 March 1855
 * Colonel, 3rd Infantry - 9 September 1861
 * Brigadier General, Volunteers - 31 August 1861
 * Major General, Volunteers - 21 March 1862
 * Died - 25 April 1862

title: Charles Ferguson Smith


text: User talk:64.173.224.240

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:64.173.224.240


text:
Talk:Nationalization

POV removals

 * 1982. "The Paris business of M&A advisory firm Rothschild was nationalized and renamed by the socialist government." was changed to "1982. The Paris business of M&A advisory firm Rothschild was nationalized and renamed."--Jerryseinfeld 01:41, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * François Mitterrand's Parti Socialiste was     social democratic; social democracy is quite far removed from the popular view of "socialism". -- Mihnea Tudoreanu 01:46, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * But by their name they don't claim to be social democratic, but rather socialist, n'est-ce pas?  Rlquall 12:02, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * "Government ownership / public ownership" was changed to just "Public ownership". Who are you trying to fool?--Jerryseinfeld 01:41, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * The two links point to the same article. I removed the redundant link. -- Mihnea Tudoreanu 01:46, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Spelling
I am very aware of the general Wikipedia policy to use American spellings for American topics and British spellings for UK/Commonwealth topics. But obviously this topic is neither specifically one or the other and changing spellings within the article looks ridiculous. Changing them all to the American-preferred ones is not an instance of American imperialism but rather making the article seem comparable to other encyclop(a)edia articles. Rlquall 12:00, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

This is understandable, but changing them all to Commonwealth Spellings would be just the same.

IceDragon64 (talk) 21:45, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

 * 'ise'-'ize' is not a regional english variant issue apart from the fact that some places don't use 'ise' at all. 'ize' has always been acceptable in all english speaking countries.Zebulin (talk) 05:47, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

 * That's right. Although 'ize' is used more often in the USA it is not an Americanism.  Established British newspapers like The Times favour the use of the 'ize' suffix.  But I agree that using both forms in one article can be a little strange.  I'm British but generally prefer to use American spelling (as it's more universal, keeps Microsoft Word happy and is often simpler) and the 'ize' suffix.--217.201.19.40 (talk) 17:49, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

 * When spelling words such as Nationalization using a British Spellchecker it comes up as an incorrect spelling. The use of 'ize' instead of the British 'ise' is clearly not a British spelling. The Times does not define the spellings within the English language, however the BBC as a nationalised news broadcaster, internationally uses the British English spellings. The spelling should be used in relation to its subheading, for instance the United Kingdom section should use the British Spelling. Also considering the original ideology and spelling of Nationalisation is spelt with an 's' not a 'z', should clearly indicate that this is the original and correct spelling and should be used as the main spelling, only not to be used in the case of when the article talks specifically about America or another nation that uses a different spelling. Lastly 'ize' is not acceptable in all English speaking countries as it is not acceptable within the United Kingdom.

Arguments For and Against
Privatization has a section of Arguments For and Against so its only natural that this article should too.

I second that notion. Otherwise the site will appear biased.

I support this notion.

IceDragon64 (talk) 21:46, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Look at public ownership. G-Man  ? 23:07, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

Socialization vs. Nationalization
The article on Socialization is disambiguating to this article: "[..]socialization can refer to nationalization in political science". This is not entirely true. Some people may think that they are synonyms, but many others do not. Please see Talk:Socialization. It should be fixed in some way. Kricke 02:38, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

Bad info on Venezuela
Hugo Chávez could have hardly tried to nationalize the oil industry in Venezuela, mainly because it had already been nationalized in the late 70´s, that entry in the "CIA and nationalization" section should be removed. In addition, the 2002 coup d'état was not about nationalizing the oil industry, but about the "revolutionary" laws that were being enacted (Land distribution, Fishing, etc).
 * tag your comments. Anyway, he's in the process of renationalizing the oil and energy sector within Venezuela.  Considering the multinational interests in the region, and the sheer amount of oil produced in that country, I think that's noteworthy.  The newsies certainly believe it's newsworthy.  /// 3R1C 00:08, 14 January 2007 (UTC)
 * It's impossible to "renationalize" what hasn't been privatized. In Venezuela the State has had the monopoly of the oil industry since the late 70's. What the government wants to do now is nationalize CANTV, the main phone companay of the country wich was indeed privatized in the early 90's. But the energy sector only has private investment in power plants and the electricity network, that had been a state monopoly, but later opened to other players, without privatizing the State-owned CADAFE.

US: Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac
I'm no expert, but I was always under the impression that Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Sally Mae (sp?) were originally nationalised and still are under some sort of government guarantee. Maybe a more learned person could add these if I'm right?BaseTurnComplete 19:57, 24 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I removed these. They were placed under a conservatorship, which is akin to bankruptcy. Conservatorship typically is for not yet insolvent entities. Fannie Mae was originally a government agency, then made private in the late 1960s. Freddie Mac always an independent corporation. Both, as publicly traded corporations are government sponsored entities. See Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac for details. -- Yellowdesk (talk) 15:00, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

Talk: please add nationalization of canadas cental bank
i cant add it on because i am not in the know so would somebody add the nationalization of canada's central bank by william lyon mackenzie king former prime minister (1938)

thanks, mister befuddled —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dellaim (talk • contribs) 11:49, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

Anglo- Indonesia
The British company Anglo-Indonesia was nationalised by the Indonesian government in the (60's?) as part of a government take-over of foreign companies in Indonesia. Don't know any more than that.

IceDragon64 (talk) 21:42, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

Egypt
Please ADD

In the early 1960s the government nationalized much of the industrial, financial, and commercial sectors of the economy.

(Anthony Kamel (talk) 15:09, 26 September 2008 (UTC))

Russia 1998
It is a very long run-on sentence that I can't understand. Can it be straightened out? 209.181.58.51 (talk) 13:56, 1 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Attempted to clean it up a bit. 68.79.115.106 (talk) 02:43, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

2.1 Australia
Qantas wasn't nationalised. In 1947 the government, a minor shareholder already, bought out the others at an agreed price. Grassynoel (talk) 06:26, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

Socialism?
Is the socialism side bar necesary? The New Labour government (who dropped clause 4 in 1994, thus sort of renouncing socialism) have nationalised British Energy, Northern Rock and part of Bradford & Bingley. Even the ultra right wing US government are nationalising financial institutions left, right and centre.

Also note, the spelling of Nationalisation is with an 'S'. I have even checked a concise Oxford English Dictionary and can find no mention of any alternative spelling.Mtaylor848 (talk) 19:23, 19 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Socialism and Nationalization are not interchangeable terms, and as such, the sidebar is misleading, and does not represent a neutral POV. It ought to be up for consideration as to whether Nationalization belongs in the 'Related Topics' section of the sidebar. Considering the other topics in that section, putting Nationalization there seems a little out of place. Note that the sidebar is not placed in the pages of the other related topics. On an semi-related note, the inclusion of Left-wing politics in that section also does not represent a neutral POV.--Kronak (talk) 15:51, 10 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Re the spelling: words such as nationalise, organise, realise etc are generally spelt with a Z in the US and with an S in the UK. Collins Concise Dictionary says both are acceptable but lists the Z spelling first in each case.  MFlet1 (talk) 20:49, 19 October 2008 (UTC)

Companies nationalized in 2008
The other day I added, AIG, Citigroup, Bank of America, Chrysler, and General Motors after Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac under U.S. 2008 nationalizations. This was removed for being unsourced and not fitting the definition.

The sources for those companies' bailouts are all incredibly easy to find - and I also note that there are no sources currently listed for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac being nationalized, and yet they remain in the article. I think we need to come to some definition of what constitutes nationalization for the purposes of the article. In particular, I think AIG can clearly be described as having been nationalized, with the banks having been semi-nationalized. I will admit that it's a little harder to make the case for the auto companies, for the time being. In all cases, however, the government has purchased STOCK of the above-mentioned companies, thereby retaining an ownership interest. 129.61.46.60 (talk) 19:39, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree the distinction between bailouts and nationalizations should be made clearer. (I think It's about ownership in the decision-making control sense in addition to financial infusions.)
 * After a quick look I actually can't find solid reliable sources that describe FM&FM as having been outright nationalized, and the issue is touched on in Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, so I'll add a remark and citation for now.
 * —EqualRights (talk) 22:59, 20 January 2009 (UTC)
 * AIG seems like an obvious example - 80% government stock ownership and de facto control, what with forcing them to take certain actions. I'll add it back into the article. 129.61.46.60 (talk) 14:49, 28 January 2009 (UTC)
 * There are two things wrong with the edit: the citation is a dead link, and Greenberg is not an economist.
 * Hi, here's a NYTimes blog entry where AIG is referred to as more than a bailout. I'm inclined to agree that AIG has been essentially nationalized, but we need to find a reliable source for that opinion.  —EqualRights (talk) 15:25, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Does anyone think that the 2008-2??? nationalizations should be separated out from the previous ones? The circumstances and reasons are different from most previous nationalizations, the phenomenon was world-wide and  permanent government ownership is not an objective.  The Four Deuces (talk) 12:33, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

"Nationalization" of airport security doesn't fit
The US government taking control of airport security doesn't seem like nationalization. It is more like that they just kicked the companies performing security operations out of the airports. They didn't really take any ownership in those companies. --Melab±1 ☎ 21:58, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

Mispelt the title - Nationalisation
Nationalisation is simply the British spelling. Oddly enough, "mispelt" (sic) is a misspelling! 203.13.3.92 (talk) 21:37, 14 January 2013 (UTC)

London Transport
The list for the United Kingdom has "1933 London Transport"; I believe that whilst London Transport was formed in 1933 (London Passenger Transport Act 1933), it was not nationalised until 1948; if it had already been state owned, it would not have been mentioned in either the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act 1939 as an organisation to be placed under Government control. --Redrose64 (talk) 13:32, 21 December 2009 (UTC)

Singapore
Can anybody help? I heard that at one point a cartel of landlords bumped up rents in Singapore until the government stepped in and nationalised their flats. Out-of-character for a country where a large portion of the economy was privately owned. Anybody got info on this? Zagubov (talk) 15:00, 24 August 2010 (UTC)

missing nationalizations - communist states in 20th century
Some of the Cold War soviet satellites and aligned states are missing. File:Sino-Soviet split 1980.svg. Espicially the european ones. Alinor (talk) 14:41, 2 November 2010 (UTC)

Soviet Union, no private ownership was allowed
This statement does not look true to me. As far as I know from the history of this country, one was not allowed to own "means of production", but, surely, there was private ownership for food, clothes, houses, apartments (cooperative apartments) and any other kinds of personal things, as well as money. The state, on the other hand, owned plants, factories, hospitals, educational institutions, etc. 178.176.48.255 (talk) 02:03, 19 February 2011 (UTC)

 * The Soviets distinguished between "private property" (i.e. the means of production) and "personal property". Also, personal property was limited to some extent - for instance, land was never technically bought or sold, at most the state would issue leases for a piece of property.108.3.147.98 (talk) 00:47, 19 March 2017 (UTC)

TELEFONICA
Spanish telecommunication company Telefonica was nationalized from American ITT in 1945. This is reference--http://www.fundacion.telefonica.com/es/arteytecnologia/museo/nave/nave/sup/20/hechos/43.htm — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.47.192.163 (talk) 19:47, 25 May 2011 (UTC)

Discussion of Expropriation is Inappropriate from US Perspective
Emminent Domain is the American form of expropriation. The suggestion that expropriation involves nationalization without compensation would appear to be inaccurate. If this article is within the scope of socialism, as stated, then expropriation is not appropriately discussed, as capitalism can lead to rationales for expropriation as well. At the outside, one might wonder if nationalization is more term of substance or rhetorical polemic. Emminent Domain article lists other countries providing for similar legal actions. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.100.28.63 (talk) 05:31, 20 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Where are you from? You are obviously ignorant of the US constitution and Bill of Rights, Amendment 5 of which states "... nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation." Thus, eminent domain, for which just compensation is given, is not "the American form of expropriation." The eminent domain article conflates at least three or four different international concepts, and should be split out, not merged. And your snarky reference to capitalism is out of line; such decisions are made by government bodies (after public due process), not by business interests. JustinTime55 (talk) 19:28, 9 October 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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undue
I think it might be undue to include China's claim about their SOEs. This article isn't even about China in particular, and that just happened to be an example. Benjamin (talk) 04:32, 14 July 2019 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Research Process and Methodology - FA22 - Sect 200 - Thu
— Assignment last updated by Rt2510 (talk) 20:12, 12 November 2022 (UTC)

Fascism
Nationalism is sine qua non re: fascism. No? Why no mention, no discussion, no nod in that direction? Gottitzer (talk) 11:31, 5 July 2024 (UTC)

 * oops nationalization (sorry) Gottitzer (talk) 11:31, 5 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nationalization


text: Category:1820s books

title: Category:1820s books


text: Category:1810s books

title: Category:1810s books


text: Category:1800s books

title: Category:1800s books


text:
Talk:KIF

KIF -> Knowledge Interchange Format
i'll move this article from KIF to Knowledge Interchange Format, b/c KIF also refers to other stuff. --Flurios 21:41, 15 April 2006 (UTC)
 * ok, i won't :) --Flurios

The two should be merged one way or another. Tim 17:17, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Error and Multiple pages
The article indicates "...It was intended as an interlingua, rather than a format for human authoring of knowledge...". However the term Interlingua is probably not correct here, since it refers to a specific constructed language, not a general concept. Perhaps the correct term is pivot language, but I'm not really familiar with this topic, so I'm not sure.

Also, this article (KIF]) should probably be merged with [[Knowledge Interchange Format. Both articles apparently refer to the same thing.
 * Yes they do, please go ahead and merge :) highlunder 12:54, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

Finally, I deleted the "user welcome" boilerplate from this talk page. It obviously does not belong here.

71.175.138.13 19:31, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

Kinesin superfamily proteins (KIFs)
The abrevation KIF may also stand for Kinesin superfamily protein.

reviewed in: "Kinesin superfamily proteins and their various functions and dynamics", Hirokawa N and Takemura R, Exp Cell Res. 2004 Nov 15;301(1):50-9.

title: Talk:KIF


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Garrett Lewis

Garrett Lewis
My first inclination was to speedy delete this. However, looking at the current guidelines, I don't see that this falls under any of the cases. IMO, a good argument for explicitly expanding the criteria for speedy deletion. older ≠ wiser 18:36, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity Chuck 19:12, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unless he's done something interesting, high school seniors don't deserve encyclopedia articles. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 19:20, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity fer sure. Mdchachi|Talk 19:28, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Could be speedied as a very short article with no potential for expansion. Since it's a vanity article and he's very young, there really is no room for expansion.  Geogre 19:40, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * That phrasing is not currently part of the speedy deletion criteria. The closest case I see is currently phrased Very short articles with little or no context (e.g., "He is a funny man that has created Factory and the Hacienda. And, by the way, his wife is great.") older ≠ wiser 19:56, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete on grounds of vanity. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 20:26, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Would have been candidate for and "friendly deletion". --Wikimol 22:01, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, no evidence of major felonies. Wyss 23:03, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Vanity. Delete. P Ingerson 12:26, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Creesoft

Creesoft
Blatant advertising. A mere ten google hits, none in English. Delete. Gsd97jks 18:37, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete on the grounds of blatant spammery. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 19:09, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. advert. Don't forget to delete the image along with the article. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 19:24, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Wait a minute! They will deliver the unfailing computer?  That's pretty amazing.  (Do they also sell the unfailing computer, or do they just deliver it?)  Sorry.  I shouldn't make fun, and I apologize.  English is a very difficult language.  Delete article and image. Geogre 19:36, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ad. Although it would've been even more fun reading it if they had somehow gotten the horrible corporatism "synergy" in there. Katefan0 20:06, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, spam Wyss 23:05, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. Its spam. [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 23:37, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I've listed the image on WP:CP. Now speedy delete this under speedy condition 4. I can't even tell what it means to "specialise in in delivery the unfailing computer helping the business processes of enterprises solutions". [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 00:04, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Note: speedy deleted as spam: For the record, the contents were: "Creesoft Company'

The company specialises in in delivery the unfailing computer helping the business processes of enterprises solutions" followed by their logo and a link to their site. Geogre 01:07, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
TLS acceleration

TLS acceleration (formerly known as SSL acceleration) is a method of offloading processor-intensive public-key encryption for Transport Layer Security (TLS) and its predecessor Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) to a hardware accelerator.

Typically this means having a separate card that plugs into a PCI slot in a computer that contains one or more coprocessors able to handle much of the SSL processing.

TLS accelerators may use off-the-shelf CPUs, but most use custom ASIC and RISC chips to do most of the difficult computational work.

Principle of TLS acceleration operation
The most computationally expensive part of a TLS session is the TLS handshake, where the TLS server (usually a webserver) and the TLS client (usually a web browser) agree on a number of parameters that establish the security of the connection. During the TLS handshake the server and the client establish session keys (symmetric keys, used for the duration of a given session), but the encryption and signature of the TLS handshake messages itself is done using asymmetric keys, which requires more computational power than the symmetric cryptography used for the encryption/decryption of the session data.

Typically a hardware TLS accelerator will offload processing of the TLS handshake while leaving it to the server software to process the less intense symmetric cryptography of the actual TLS data exchange, but some accelerators handle all TLS operations and terminate the TLS connection, thus leaving the server seeing only decrypted connections. Sometimes data centers employ dedicated servers for TLS acceleration in a reverse proxy configuration.

Central processor support
Modern x86 CPUs support Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) encoding and decoding in hardware, using the AES instruction set proposed by Intel in March 2008.

Allwinner Technology provides a hardware cryptographic accelerator in its A10, A20, A30 and A80 ARM system-on-chip series, and all ARM CPUs have acceleration in the later ARMv8 architecture. The accelerator provides the RSA public-key algorithm, several widely used symmetric-key algorithms, cryptographic hash functions, and a cryptographically secure pseudo-random number generator.

title: TLS acceleration


text: Category:1730s books

title: Category:1730s books


text: Category:1740s books

title: Category:1740s books


text:
Names of the days of the week

In many languages, the names given to the seven days of the week are derived from the names of the classical planets in Hellenistic astronomy, which were in turn named after contemporary deities, a system introduced by the Sumerians and later adopted by the Babylonians from whom the Roman Empire adopted the system during late antiquity. In some other languages, the days are named after corresponding deities of the regional culture, beginning either with Sunday or with Monday. The seven-day week was adopted in early Christianity from the Hebrew calendar, and gradually replaced the Roman internundinum.

Sunday remained the first day of the week, being considered the day of the sun god Sol Invictus and the Lord's Day, while the Jewish Sabbath remained the seventh. Emperor Constantine adopted the seven-day week for official use in 321 AD, making the Day of the Sun (dies Solis, "Sunday") a legal holiday.

In the international standard ISO 8601, Monday is treated as the first day of the week, but in many countries it is counted as the second day of the week.

Greco-Roman tradition
Between the first and third centuries AD, the Roman Empire gradually replaced the eight-day Roman nundinal cycle with the seven-day week. The earliest evidence for this new system is a Pompeiian graffito referring to 6 February (ante diem viii idus Februarias) of the year 60 AD as dies solis ("Sunday"). Another early witness is a reference to a lost treatise by Plutarch, written in about 100 AD, which addressed the question of: "Why are the days named after the planets reckoned in a different order from the 'actual' order?" The treatise is lost, but the answer to the question is known; see planetary hours.

The Ptolemaic system of planetary spheres asserts that the order of the heavenly bodies from the farthest to the closest to the Earth is Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Sun, Venus, Mercury, and the Moon; objectively, the planets are ordered from slowest to fastest moving as they appear in the night sky.

The days were named after the classical planets of Hellenistic astrology, in the order: Sun (Helios), Moon (Selene), Mars (Ares), Mercury (Hermes), Jupiter (Zeus), Venus (Aphrodite), and Saturn (Cronus).

The seven-day week spread throughout the Roman Empire in late antiquity. By the fourth century AD, it was in wide use throughout the Empire.

The Greek and Latin names are as follows:

Romance languages
Except for in Portuguese, Galician and Mirandese, the Romance languages preserved the Latin names, except for the names of Sunday, which was replaced by [dies] Dominicus (Dominica), that is, "the Lord's Day", and of Saturday, which was named for the Jewish Shabbat. Mirandese and Portuguese use numbered weekdays (see below), but retain sábado and demingo/domingo for weekends.

Celtic languages
Early Old Irish adopted the names from Latin, but introduced separate terms of Norse origin for Wednesday, Thursday and Friday, then later supplanted these with terms relating to church fasting practices.

Adoptions from Romance
Albanian adopted the Latin terms for Tuesday, Wednesday and Saturday, adopted translations of the Latin terms for Sunday and Monday, and kept native terms for Thursday and Friday. Other languages adopted the week together with the Latin (Romance) names for the days of the week in the colonial period. Several constructed languages also adopted the Latin terminology.

With the exception of sabato, the Esperanto names are all from French, cf. French dimanche, lundi, mardi, mercredi, jeudi, vendredi.

Germanic tradition
The Germanic peoples adapted the system introduced by the Romans by substituting the Germanic deities for the Roman ones (with the exception of Saturday) in a process known as interpretatio germanica. The date of the introduction of this system is not known exactly, but it must have happened later than 100 AD but before the introduction of Christianity during the 6th to 7th centuries, i.e., during the final phase or soon after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. This period is later than the Common Germanic stage, but still during the phase of undifferentiated West Germanic. The names of the days of the week in North Germanic languages were not calqued from Latin directly, but taken from the West Germanic names.
 * Sunday: Old English Sunnandæg, meaning "sun's day". This is a translation of the Latin phrase diēs Sōlis. English, like most of the Germanic languages, preserves the day's association with the sun. Many other European languages, including all of the Romance languages, have changed its name to the equivalent of "the Lord's day" (based on Ecclesiastical Latin dies Dominica). In both West Germanic and North Germanic mythology, the Sun is personified as Sunna/Sól.
 * Monday: Old English Mōnandæg, meaning "Moon's day". This is equivalent to the Latin name diēs Lūnae. In North Germanic mythology, the Moon is personified as Máni.
 * Tuesday: Old English Tīwesdæg, meaning "Tiw's day". Tiw (Norse Týr) was a one-handed god associated with single combat and pledges in Norse mythology and also attested prominently in wider Germanic paganism. The name of the day is also related to the Latin name diēs Mārtis, "Day of Mars" (the Roman god of war).
 * Wednesday: Old English Wōdnesdæg meaning the day of the Germanic god Woden (known as Óðinn among the North Germanic peoples), and a prominent god of the Anglo-Saxons (and other Germanic peoples) in England until about the seventh century. This corresponds to the Latin counterpart diēs Mercuriī, "Day of Mercury", as both are deities of magic and knowledge. The German Mittwoch, the Low German Middeweek, the miðviku- in Icelandic miðvikudagur and the Finnish keskiviikko all mean "mid-week".
 * Thursday: Old English Þūnresdæg, meaning 'Þunor's day'. Þunor means thunder or its personification, the Norse god known in Modern English as Thor. Similarly Dutch donderdag, German Donnerstag ('thunder's day'), Finnish torstai, and Scandinavian torsdag ('Thor's day'). "Thor's day" corresponds to Latin diēs Iovis, "day of Jupiter" (the Roman god of thunder).
 * Friday: Old English Frīgedæg, meaning the day of the Anglo-Saxon goddess Frīg. The Norse name for the planet Venus was Friggjarstjarna, 'Frigg's star'. It is based on the Latin diēs Veneris, "Day of Venus".
 * Saturday: named after the Roman god Saturn associated with the Titan Cronus, father of Zeus and many Olympians. Its original Anglo-Saxon rendering was Sæturnesdæg . In Latin, it was diēs Sāturnī, "Day of Saturn". The Nordic laugardagur, leygardagur, laurdag, etc. deviate significantly as they have no reference to either the Norse or the Roman pantheon; they derive from Old Nordic laugardagr, literally "washing-day". The German Sonnabend (mainly used in northern and eastern Germany) and the Low German Sünnavend mean "Sunday Eve"; the German word Samstag derives from the name for Shabbat.

Hindu tradition
Hindu astrology uses the concept of days under the regency of a planet under the term vāsara/vāra, the days of the week being called sūrya-/ravi-, chandra-/soma-, maṅgala-, budha-, guru-/bṛhaspati-, śukra-, and śani-vāsara. śukrá is a name of Venus (regarded as a son of Bhṛgu); guru is here a title of Bṛhaspati, and hence of Jupiter; budha "Mercury" is regarded as a son of Soma, that is, the Moon. Knowledge of Greek astrology existed since about the 2nd century BC, but references to the vāsara occur somewhat later, during the Gupta period (Yājñavalkya Smṛti, c. 3rd to 5th century AD), that is, at roughly the same period or before the system was introduced in the Roman Empire.

Southeast Asian languages
The Southeast Asian tradition also uses the Hindu names of the days of the week. Hindu astrology adopted the concept of days under the regency of a planet under the term vāra, the days of the week being called āditya-, soma-, maṅgala-, budha-, guru-, śukra-, and śani-vāra. śukrá is a name of Venus (regarded as a son of Bhṛgu); guru is here a title of Bṛhaspati, and hence of Jupiter; budha "Mercury" is regarded as a son of Soma, that is, the Moon.

East Asian tradition
The East Asian naming system for the days of the week closely parallels that of the Latin system and is ordered after the "Seven Luminaries" (七曜 qī yào), which consists of the Sun, Moon and the five planets visible to the naked eye.

The Chinese had apparently adopted the seven-day week from the Hellenistic system by the 4th century AD, although by which route is not entirely clear. It was again transmitted to China in the 8th century AD by Manichaeans, via the country of Kang (a Central Asian polity near Samarkand). The 4th-century AD date, according to the Cihai encyclopedia, is due to a reference to Fan Ning (范寧), an astrologer of the Jin dynasty. The renewed adoption from Manichaeans in the 8th century AD (Tang dynasty) is documented with the writings of the Chinese Buddhist monk Yijing and the Ceylonese Buddhist monk Bu Kong.

The Chinese transliteration of the planetary system was soon brought to Japan by the Japanese monk Kobo Daishi; surviving diaries of the Japanese statesman Fujiwara no Michinaga show the seven-day system in use in Heian Period Japan as early as 1007. In Japan, the seven-day system was kept in use (for astrological purposes) until its promotion to a full-fledged (Western-style) calendrical basis during the Meiji era. In China, with the founding of the Republic of China in 1911, Monday through Saturday in China are now named after the luminaries implicitly with the numbers.

 * Pronunciations for Classical Chinese names are given in Standard Chinese.

Days numbered from Monday
ISO prescribes Monday as the first day of the week with ISO-8601 for software date formats.

The Slavic, Baltic and Uralic languages (except Finnish and partially Estonian and Võro) adopted numbering but took Monday rather than Sunday as the "first day". This convention is also found in some Austronesian languages whose speakers were converted to Christianity by European missionaries.

In Slavic languages, some of the names correspond to numerals after Sunday: compare Russian vtornik (вторник) "Tuesday" and vtoroj (второй) "the second", chetverg (четверг) "Thursday" and chetvjortyj (четвёртый) "the fourth", pyatnitsa (пятница) "Friday" and pyatyj (пятый) "the fifth"; see also the Notes.

In Standard Chinese, the week is referred to as the "Stellar Period" or "Cycle".

The modern Chinese names for the days of the week are based on a simple numerical sequence. The word for "week" is followed by a number indicating the day: "Monday" is literally the "Stellar Period One"/"Cycle One", that is, the "First day of the Stellar Period/Cycle", etc. The exception is Sunday, where 日 (rì), "day" or "Sun", is used instead of a number. A slightly informal and colloquial variant to 日 is 天 (tiān) "day", "sky" or "heaven". However, the term 週天 is rarely used compared to 星期天.

Accordingly, the notational abbreviation of the days of the week uses the numbers, for example, 一 for "M" or "Mon(.)", "Monday". The abbreviation of Sunday uses exclusively 日 and not 天. Attempted usage of 天 as such will not be understood.

Colloquially, the week is also known as the "Worship", with the names of the days of the week formed accordingly. This is also dominant in certain regional varieties of Chinese.

The following is a table of the Mandarin names of the days of the weeks. Note that standard Taiwan Mandarin pronounces 期 as qí, so 星期 is instead xīngqí. While all varieties of Mandarin may pronounce 星期 as xīngqi and 禮拜/礼拜 as lǐbai, the second syllable with the neutral tone, this is not reflected in the table either for legibility.

Several Sinitic languages refer to Saturday as 週末 "end of the week" and Sunday as 禮拜. Examples include Shenyang Mandarin, Hanyuan Sichuanese Mandarin, Taishanese, Yudu Hakka, Teochew, Ningbonese, and Loudi Old Xiang. Some Hakka varieties in Taiwan still use the traditional Luminaries.

Days numbered from Sunday
Sunday comes first in order in calendars shown in the table below. In the Abrahamic tradition, the first day of the week is Sunday. Biblical Sabbath (corresponding to Saturday) is when God rested from six-day Creation, making the day following the Sabbath the first day of the week (corresponding to Sunday). Seventh-day Sabbaths were sanctified for celebration and rest. After the week was adopted in early Christianity, Sunday remained the first day of the week, but also gradually displaced Saturday as the day of celebration and rest, being considered the Lord's Day.

Saint Martin of Dumio (c. 520–580), archbishop of Braga, decided not to call days by pagan gods and to use ecclesiastic terminology to designate them. While the custom of numbering the days of the week was mostly prevalent in the Eastern Church, Portuguese, Mirandese and Galician, due to Martin's influence, are the only Romance languages in which the names of the days come from numbers rather than planetary names.

Members of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) historically objected to the pagan etymologies of days and months and substituted numbering, beginning with First Day for Sunday.

Icelandic is a special case within the Germanic languages, maintaining only the Sun and Moon (sunnudagur and mánudagur respectively), while dispensing with the names of the explicitly heathen gods in favour of a combination of numbered days and days whose names are linked to pious or domestic routine (föstudagur, "Fasting Day" and laugardagur, "Washing Day"). The "washing day" is also used in other North Germanic languages, but otherwise the names correspond to those of English.

Days numbered from Saturday
In Swahili, the day begins at sunrise, unlike in the Arabic and Hebrew calendars where the day starts at sunset (therefore an offset of twelve hours on average), and unlike in the Western world where the day starts at midnight (therefore an offset of six hours on average). Saturday is therefore the first day of the week, as it is the day that includes the first night of the week in Arabic.

Etymologically speaking, Swahili has two "fifth" days. The words for Saturday through Wednesday contain the Bantu-derived Swahili words for "one" through "five". The word for Thursday, Alhamisi, is of Arabic origin and means "the fifth" (day). The word for Friday, Ijumaa, is also Arabic and means (day of) "gathering" for the Friday noon prayers in Islam.

Mixing of numbering and astronomy
In the Žejane dialect of Istro-Romanian, lur (Monday) and virer (Friday) follow the Latin convention, while utorek (Tuesday), sredu (Wednesday), and četrtok (Thursday) follow the Slavic convention.

There are several systems in the different Basque dialects.

In Judaeo-Spanish (Ladino), which is mainly based on a medieval version of Spanish, the five days of Monday–Friday closely follow the Spanish names. For Sunday is used the Arabic name, which is based on numbering (meaning "Day one" or "First day"), because a Jewish language was not likely to adapt a name based on "Lord's Day" for Sunday. As in Spanish, the Ladino name for Saturday is based on Sabbath. However, as a Jewish language—and with Saturday being the actual day of rest in the Jewish community—Ladino directly adapted the Hebrew name, Shabbat.

The days of the week in Meitei language (officially known as Manipuri language) originated from the Sanamahi creation myth of Meitei mythology.

Sunday
From Latin Dominicus (Dominica) or Greek Κυριακή

Holy Day and First-Day of the Week (Day of the Sun -> Light -> Resurrection -> Born again) (Christianity)

Resurrection (Christianity)

Bazaar Day

Market Day

No Work

Full good day

Borrowed from English week

From an Old Burmese word, not of Indic origin.

Monday
After No Work

After Bazaar

Head of Week

Master (as in Pir, because Muhammad was born on a Monday)

From an Old Burmese word, not of Indic origin.

First day of the week

Tuesday
Thing (Assembly), of which god Tyr/Ziu was the patron.

Second day of the week (cf. Hungarian kettő 'two')

Third day of the week.

From Arabic 'third day'

From Proto-Slavic 'second'

Wednesday
Mid-week or Middle

The First Fast (Christianity)

Third day of the week

Thursday
The day between two fasts (An Dé idir dhá aoin, contracted to An Déardaoin) (Christianity)

Five (Arabic)

Fifth day of the week.

Fourth day of the week.

Friday
The Fast (Celtic) or Fasting Day (Icelandic) (Christianity)

Good Friday or Preparation (Christianity)

Jumu'ah (Friday Prayer)

Gathering/Assembly/Meeting (Islam) – in Malta with no Islamic connotations

Fifth day of the week

Borrowed from Germanic languages Or canàbara, cenàbara, cenàbera, cenàbura, cenarba, chenàbara, chenabra, chenapra, chenàpura, chenarpa, chenàura, cianàbara, chenabura; meaning holy supper as preparation to the sabbathday(Saturday)

Saturday
Shabbat (Jewish and Christian Sabbath)

Wash or Bath day

Sun-eve (Eve of Sunday)

After the Gathering (Islam)

End of the Week (Arabic Sabt 'rest')

Week

Half good day

Half day

title: Names of the days of the week


text:
SeaFire

SeaFire, first published in 1994, was the fourteenth novel by John Gardner featuring Ian Fleming's secret agent, James Bond (including Gardner's novelization of Licence to Kill). Carrying the Glidrose Publications copyright, it was first published in the United Kingdom by Hodder & Stoughton and in the United States by Putnam.

Plot summary
With the help of his latest girlfriend Flicka von Grüsse, James goes after billionaire Sir Maxwell Tarn, who thinks he's the next Hitler. Captain Bond now works for MicroGlobe One rather than an ill M whom he visits to cheer up and keep informed of the plot. The global trail takes 007 to Puerto Rico via Spain, Israel and Germany.

During the story, Bond proposes to Flicka. An old friend reappears to aid James and split up this spy twosome.

Publication history

 * UK first hardback edition: August 1994 Hodder & Stoughton
 * U.S. first hardback edition: September 1994 Putnam
 * UK first paperback edition: May 1995 Coronet Books
 * U.S. first paperback edition: June 1995 Berkley Books

title: SeaFire


text: Category:1750s books

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text: Category:1760s books

title: Category:1760s books


text: Category:1770s books

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Branched surface

In mathematics, a branched surface is a generalization of both surfaces and train tracks.

Definition
A surface is a space that locally looks like $$\mathbb{R}^2$$ (a Euclidean space, up to homeomorphism).

Consider, however, the space obtained by taking the quotient of two copies A,B of $$\mathbb{R}^2$$ under the identification of a closed half-space of each with a closed half-space of the other. This will be a surface except along a single line. Now, pick another copy C of $$\mathbb{R}$$ and glue it and A together along halfspaces so that the singular line of this gluing is transverse in A to the previous singular line.

Call this complicated space K. A branched surface is a space that is locally modeled on K.

Weight
A branched manifold can have a weight assigned to various of its subspaces; if this is done, the space is often called a weighted branched manifold. Weights are non-negative real numbers and are assigned to subspaces N that satisfy the following:
 * N is open.
 * N does not include any points whose only neighborhoods are the quotient space described above.
 * N is maximal with respect to the above two conditions.

That is, N is a component of the branched surface minus its branching set. Weights are assigned so that if a component branches into two other components, then the sum of the weights of the two unidentified halfplanes of that neighborhood is the weight of the identified halfplane.

title: Branched surface


text:
Branched manifold

In mathematics, a branched manifold is a generalization of a differentiable manifold which may have singularities of very restricted type and admits a well-defined tangent space at each point. A branched n-manifold is covered by n-dimensional "coordinate charts", each of which involves one or several "branches" homeomorphically projecting into the same differentiable n-disk in Rn. Branched manifolds first appeared in the dynamical systems theory, in connection with one-dimensional hyperbolic attractors constructed by Smale and were formalized by R. F. Williams in a series of papers on expanding attractors. Special cases of low dimensions are known as train tracks (n = 1) and branched surfaces (n = 2) and play prominent role in the geometry of three-manifolds after Thurston.

Definition
Let K be a metrizable space, together with:

 * 1) a collection {Ui} of closed subsets of K;
 * 2) for each Ui, a finite collection {Dij} of closed subsets of Ui;
 * 3) for each i, a map πi: Ui → Din to a closed n-disk of class Ck in Rn.

These data must satisfy the following requirements:

 * 1) ∪j Dij = Ui and ∪i Int Ui = K;
 * 2) the restriction of πi to Dij is a homeomorphism onto its image πi(Dij) which is a closed class Ck n-disk relative to the boundary of Din;
 * 3) there is a cocycle of diffeomorphisms {αlm} of class Ck (k ≥ 1) such that πl = αlm · πm when defined. The domain of αlm is πm(Ul ∩ Um).

Then the space K is a branched n-manifold of class Ck.

The standard machinery of differential topology can be adapted to the case of branched manifolds. This leads to the definition of the tangent space TpK to a branched n-manifold K at a given point p, which is an n-dimensional real vector space; a natural notion of a Ck differentiable map f: K → L between branched manifolds, its differential df: TpK → Tf(p)L, the germ of f at p, jet spaces, and other related notions.

Examples
Extrinsically, branched n-manifolds are n-dimensional complexes embedded into some Euclidean space such that each point has a well-defined n-dimensional tangent space.

 * A finite graph whose edges are smoothly embedded arcs in a surface, such that all edges incident to a given vertex v have the same tangent line at v, is a branched one-manifold, or train track (there are several variants of the notion of a train track — here no restriction is placed on the valencies of the vertices). As a specific example, consider the "figure eight" formed by two externally tangent circles in the plane.
 * A two-complex in R3 consisting of several leaves that may tangentially come together in pairs along certain double curves, or come together in triples at isolated singular points where these double curves intersect transversally, is a branched two-manifold, or branched surface. For example, consider the space K obtained from 3 copies of the Euclidean plane, labelled T (top), M (middle) and B (bottom) by identifying the half-planes y ≤ 0 in T and M and the half-planes x ≤ 0 in M and B. One can imagine M being the flat coordinate plane z=0 in R3, T a leaf curling upward from M along the x-axis to the right (positive y-direction) and B another leaf curling downward from M along the y-axis in front (positive x-direction). The coordinate axes in the M plane are the double curves of K, which intersect transversally at a unique triple point (0,0).

title: Branched manifold


text:
User talk:21~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! BACbKA 18:45, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC) P.S. If you are from Israel as well, you are welcome to add yourself to Wikipedians/Israel; consider also other sub-listings under Wikipedians.
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21 (band) VfD
The kick-out the sock puppets from the vote, albeit rude, is apparently User:Eranb's disapproval of the fact that your user account has not made a lot of productive edits on the Wikipedia yet, and hence probably not eligible to vote. The final decision will rest with the administrator tallying the vote in the end; you are welcome to contribute more to the article to make it more substantial meanwhile, as well as contribute in other areas on the Wikipedia to generally substantiate your voting grounds. If you have been an active contributor on the Hebrew wikipedia, you should probably make a link from your user page here to your user page there and vice versa. BACbKA 13:12, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * now i m not part of the hebrew wikipedia. i really dont undersand why do u think i am a sock puppets. this user (Eranb) is part of the hebrew wikipedia and he vote here as a personal revenge. the same about Gilgamesh he. --21 14:05, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Judging by your low number on edits, I assumed you are a new user and needed explanation on the apparently cryptic text by Eranb. What I wrote above about improving your standing still applies. The best way to achieve the other users taking your edits and your votes seriously is to make a lot of good edits. On the other hand, researching into hidden motives of the other voters will probably have no positive, and maybe negative effect, especially when you accuse somebody of "personal revenge" without any concrete references substantiating this.
 * Did I understand your last message correctly as saying that you used to contribute on the he:WP but now ceased to, and that you were in some editing conflict with the 2 users you've mentioned? In that case, it is only more important to establish the cross-links I had previously suggested, between the en: and he: user page of yours, and let the others decide if this is personal revenge or not. BACbKA 14:18, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
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Renamed
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title: User talk:21~enwiki


text:
Islam in Singapore

Islam constitutes the third largest religion in Singapore, with Muslims accounting for approximately 15.6% of the population, as indicated by the 2020 census. Predominantly, Singaporean Muslims are Sunni Muslims adhering to either the Shafi‘i or Hanafi schools of thought. The majority of the Muslim population, about 80%, are ethnic Malays, while 13% are of Indian descent. The remaining fraction comprises local Chinese, Eurasian, and Arab communities, in addition to foreign migrants. Buddhism and Christianity are the two larger religious affiliations in the country.

Legal history
Since the introduction of Islam in the region in the 14th century, Islamic bureaucracy formed an integral part of the administrative systems of the Malay Sultanates. In the 1500s, the Sultanate of Melaka was recorded to have applied Sharia law, a practice which was continued by the Johore Sultanate, of which Singapore was a part until 1824.

In 1915, the British colonial authorities established the Mohammedan Advisory Board. The Board was tasked with advising the colonial authorities on matters connected with the Islamic religion and custom.

Singapore became part of Malaysia in 1963 and was then expelled in 1965. The Constitution of Singapore included two provisions relating to the special position of the Malays and their religious rights, Article 152 and Article 153.

Article 152 states:

(1) It shall be the responsibility of the Government constantly to care for the interests of the racial and religious minorities in Singapore.

(2) The Government shall exercise its functions in such manner as to recognise the special position of the Malays, who are the indigenous people of Singapore, and accordingly it shall be the responsibility of the Government to protect, safeguard, support, foster and promote their political, educational, religious, economic, social and cultural interests and the Malay language.

Because of Article 152, Section 2, the Singapore government bans missionaries from proselytising the Malay population away from Islam towards other religions. This ban is meant to avoid engendering racial and religious tensions with the Muslim population. These tensions would arise because Malayness is closely and strongly identified with Islam.

Article 153 states:

The Legislature shall by law make provision for regulating Muslim religious affairs and for constituting a Council to advise the President in matters relating to the Muslim religion.

In 1966, the Singaporean Parliament passed the Administration of Muslim Law Act. Coming into effect in 1968, the Act defined the powers and jurisdiction of three key Muslim institutions:

 * 1) the Islamic Religious Council of Singapore
 * 2) the Sharia Court
 * 3) the Registry of Muslim Marriages

These institutions are under the purview of the Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports (MCYS). The minister responsible for these institutions, however, is the Minister-in-charge of Muslim Affairs.

Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura
The Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura (MUIS), also known as the Islamic Religious Council of Singapore, looks after and takes care of the administration and interests of Singapore's Muslim community.

The Majlis is headed by a Council, which comprises the President of MUIS, the Mufti of Singapore and other persons recommended by the Minister-in-Charge of Muslim Affairs. The council is appointed by the President of Singapore.

Since 2009, the council has been headquartered in the Singapore Islamic Hub, located along Braddell Road.

Shariah Court
In 1880, the British colonial authorities introduced the Mahomedan Marriage Ordinance which officially recognised the status of Muslim personal law in Singapore.

In 1958, pursuant to the 1957 Muslim Ordinance, a Syariah Court with jurisdiction to hear and determine disputes pertaining to Muslim marriages and divorce cases was established.

The Court replaced a set of government-licensed but otherwise unsupervised Kadi (Muslim judges) who had previously decided on questions of divorce and inheritance, following either the traditions of particular ethnic groups or their own interpretations of Muslim law.

Today, the Syariah Court continues to exist as a court of competent jurisdiction with power and jurisdiction to hear and determine disputes defined by AMLA.

Registry of Muslim Marriages (ROMM)
The Registry of Muslim Marriages is a government agency that registers marriages between couples that consist of two Muslims. Mixed-religion marriages are registered at the Registry of Marriages.

Previously, the registration of Muslim marriages as well as divorces were conducted under one unit, which is the Syariah Court.

It was first located in a bungalow at Fort Canning and later moved to Canning Rise in 1983.

Appeals on decisions of the Syariah Court and the ROMM are heard and determined by the Appeal Board.

Unlike MUIS, the Syariah Court and ROMM are not statutory boards but constitute a part of the Ministry of Social and Family Development).

Ahmadiyya
The Ahmadiyya community was established during the era of the Second Caliphate, shortly before the Second World War. Ghulam Ahsan Ayyaz was the first missionary to the country, who under the directive of the caliph arrived in 1935, in a period when the territory was part of the Straits Settlements. In the 1970s, the community had roughly 200 followers.

Association of Muslim Professionals
The Association of Muslim Professionals is a community self-help group established on 10 October 1991, to improve the socio-economic performance of Singapore's Malay-Muslim community.

Malay-Muslim organisations
Apart from these key Muslim institutions, there are also community self-help groups, voluntary welfare organisations and civic groups like the Young Women Muslim Association of Singapore (YWMA), Association of Muslim Professionals, Yayasan Mendaki, Muslim Missionary Society (Jamiyah), PERDAUS, Singapore Islamic Scholars and Islamic Teachers Association (PERGAS), Muhammadiyah and Islamic Theological Association of Singapore (Pertapis).

Indian-Muslim organisations
There are also many Indian-Muslim organisations in Singapore e.g. Federation of Indian Muslims, Singapore Kadayanallur Muslim League, Koothanallur Association, Singapore Tenkasi Muslim Welfare Society, Thiruvithancode Muslim Union, and United Indian Muslim Association.

Religio-cultural groups
There are various religio-cultural groups in Singapore, such as Al Usrah Al Dandaraweyah, which is organized in the structure of a family, fostering close relationships among its members. Other notable groups include the Tariqah group at-Tariqah al-Ahmadiah al-Idrisiah ar-Rasyidiah and Naqshbandi Haqqani Singapore, both of which contribute to the spiritual growth and religious education of their members.

One of the earliest established religio-cultural groups, encompassing different Sufi orders like Qadriah, Chistia, Naqshabandiyah, Sanusiyyah, and Suharwadiyah, is now known as Khanqah Khairiyyah. Founded in 1971, the group has maintained its presence at the same location on Siglap Road in Singapore ever since.

Shia organisations
The Shia community consists of Twelver Shi'ites, Ismailis and Dawoodi Bohras.

In Singapore, the history of the Twelver Shi'ites began with the immigration of the Khoja community from India. A member of Khoja community spearheaded the founding of the Jaafari Muslim Association.

In the 1980s, Malay members of the Muslim Youth Assembly (Himpunan Belia Islam) became part of the Shi'a community in Singapore. Subsequently, a center called Hussainiyah Azzahra was established to cater to their religious needs and activities. This development further diversified the religious landscape of Singaporean Muslims.

Both the Jaafari Muslim Association and the Muslim Youth Assembly cater to the Twelver Shi'ites.

The Dawoodi Bohras, a subsect of Shia Islam, are led by their spiritual leader, the Da'ie Almutlaq, who represents the twenty-first imam, Mohammed Burhanuddin. In Singapore, the Dawoodi Bohra community is served by the Anjuman-E-Burhani. Bohra traders began settling in Singapore in the 1820s. The Burhani Mosque, established in 1829, serves as the mosque for the Bohra community in Singapore.

The Ismailis are followers of Aga Khan. The Aga Khan has decided to establish an Ismaili Centre and regional representative office of the Aga Khan Development Network in Singapore.

Hanafi Muslim Community
There is also a significant proportion of Sunni Hanafi Muslims in Singapore. Generally, most Pakistanis, Indian, and Myanmar (Burmese) Muslims in Singapore follow Hanafi school's traditions. While they often inter-mix with the Malays who follow the Shafi'i madhab, Indian mosques in Singapore, such as Masjid Angullia, Masjid Abdul Gaffoor, Masjid Bencoolen, and Masjid Moulana Mohamed Ali, cater to the needs of the Hanafi Muslim community in Singapore.

Da'wah Organisations
In Singapore, the Islamic Da'wah (invitation/conversion) movement has a significant influence. Numerous local and international organizations, such as Hikmah Times, contribute to this impact.

The Muslim Converts' Association of Singapore, also known as Darul Arqam, offers support and resources for individuals who have converted to Islam.

Mosques
There are 72 mosques in Singapore. With the exception of Masjid Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim (which is administered by the State of Johor), all the mosques in Singapore are administered by MUIS. Twenty-three mosques were built using the Masjid Building and Mendaki Fund (MBMF). Masjid Al-Mawaddah, the twenty-third MBMF mosque, was officially opened in May 2009. The speakers for broadcasting the Islamic call to prayer was turned inwards to broadcast towards the interior of the mosques as part of a noise abatement campaign in 1974.

Madrasahs
In Singapore, madrasahs are private schools which are overseen by MUIS. There are six full-time madrasahs in Singapore, catering to students from Primary 1 to Secondary 4 (and junior college equivalent, or "Pre-U", at several schools). Four Madrasahs are coeducational and two are for girls. Students take a range of Islamic Studies subjects in addition to mainstream MOE curriculum subjects and sit for the PSLE and GCE 'O' Levels like their peers.

In 2009, MUIS introduced the "Joint Madrasah System" (JMS), a joint collaboration of Madrasah Al-Irsyad Al-Islamiah primary school and secondary schools Madrasah Aljunied Al-Islamiah (offering the ukhrawi, or religious stream) and Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah (offering the academic stream). The JMS aims to introduce the International Baccalaureate (IB) programme into the Madrasah Aljunied Al-Islamiah by 2019.

Students attending a madrasah are required to wear the traditional Malay attire, including the songkok for boys and tudung for girls, in contrast to mainstream government schools which ban religious headgear as Singapore is officially a secular state. For students who wish to attend a mainstream school, they may opt to take classes on weekends at the madrasah instead of enrolling full-time.

title: Islam in Singapore


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Nyrölä Observatory

Nyrölä Observatory (Nyrölän observatorio) is an amateur astronomical observatory in Finland. It is owned and operated by the astronomical association Jyväskylän Sirius ry, and located in the countryside village of Nyrölä near Jyväskylä.

Discoveries: asteroid 22978 Nyrola that was the first asteroid discovered by Finnish amateur astronomers, Harri Hyvönen, Marko Moilanen and Arto Oksanen. The Minor Planet Center currently credits this discovery to the observatory (22978).

title: Nyrölä Observatory


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ngentot

Ngentot
Not encyclopedic. Contents of article: "Ngentot is an Indonesian vulgarity that equates to the English word "fuck"." According to the Google cache, this may be correct. However, that still means it is a dic def of Indonesian slang. Can anything encyclopedic be said on this topic? FWIW, the anon contrib of this article's other contribs have all been reverted as vandalism. Doesn't really seem like Wiktionary really needs this. Niteowlneils 18:46, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. If they want to list vulgarities at Wiktionary, they'll think them up themselves, no need to transwikify it. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 19:18, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Foreign language dictdef. Geogre 19:42, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to our featured article. -- user:zanimum (Later addition to comment: ...Okay, it's actually only a frequent press source...)
 * Delete. If someone wants to add this to Wiktionary, I won't complain, but it doesn't belong here. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 22:42, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, fdd. Wyss 23:01, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ngentot


text: User talk:67.102.44.164

title: User talk:67.102.44.164


text: User talk:216.20.14.130

title: User talk:216.20.14.130


text:
Colleen Browning

Colleen Browning (May 16, 1918 – August 22, 2003) was an Anglo-American realist and magical realist painter.

Early life
Colleen Browning was born 16 May 1918 in Shoeburyness, Essex, England at the mouth of the River Thames. As a child, Browning was a gifted artist. Her parents supported and encouraged her by enrolling her in the Farnham School of Arts in 1933. In 1934 she exhibited at the Women in Arts Society in London. In 1935 she attended the Salisbury School of Arts and Craft. In that year she also exhibited her drawings and paintings at the Whitechapel Gallery.

Browning attended London's Slade School of Art on a full scholarship from 1937 to 1939. In 1942, she worked as a mapmaker for the Royal Air Force during World War II. Browning later worked as a set designer in London for the Two Cities Film Studios, which was later to become the J. Arthur Rank Film Corporation. In 1948 Browning met the English writer Geoffrey Wagner while on vacation on the island of Ischia. They quickly decided to marry in America, where Wagner had been hired to teach at the University of Rochester. Toward the latter part of the 1940s she experimented with fantasy compositions inspired by Salvador Dali and other Surrealist leaders. She made the transition from theatrical work to easel painter toward the end of the 1940s

Career
In 1949 she emigrated to the United States, arriving in New York City. There, she and Mr. Wagner lived on 116th Street and Second Avenue. It was there that she painted “Holiday,” looking down from her fourth-floor window, and “East Harlem Street Scene,” depicting the bustle of her neighborhood. In “Fire Escape II,” she arranged four children on the vertical structure of a fire escape Browning became an American citizen a year later. The artist lived in New York City for the next five decades. Browning was a major figure in the realism (arts) movement in New York City during a time when Abstract Realism and the art of Jackson Pollock was beginning to rise to prominence. In particular, Browning often painted New York City and scenes of urban life. For instance her painting Holiday (1951-2) depicts a street scene that Browning captured while living on 116th Street and Second Avenue in Manhattan. In 1952 she exhibited at the Whitney Museum of American Art. In 1953 she held a solo exhibition at the Edwin Hewitt Gallery in New York City.

In her later career, Browning created works in the style of magic realism that increasingly blurred the lines between the real and the imagined. In works such as Picture of a Painting of the Great Circus Parade (1988) and Black Umbrella (1970) the artist captures a real event but with a focus on the wonderful and a blurred sense of reality. A leader in the Modern and Post-Modern revivals of Realism in American art, Browning is a realist whose work defies attempts to categorize it. Her work is largely recognized for its superior command of materials and media and for her unwavering devotion to understanding the human condition.

Browning also taught art. She was a professor at Pratt Institute and the City College of New York. In 1977, she created a series set in the city’s graffiti-adorned subway cars. In each, dreamy and highly nuanced faces peer out of windows framed by the bold slashes of spray-painted designs. Then in the 1980s, she turned to the occult, painting clairvoyants and astrologers. In addition she taught at the National Academy of Design from 1978 to 1982.Her work was included in the National Academy of Design's yearly exhibitions, and she has exhibited at the Museum of Modern Art, the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, and the Kennedy Galleries in New York. Like many professional artists, Browning supplemented her income through commercial illustration and printmaking. This phase of her career is highlighted in SAMA-Johnstown's exhibition.

Browning died in New York City on August 22, 2003. According to her wishes, a substantial collection of her paintings was bequeathed to the Southern Alleghenies Museum of Art. The years since Ms. Browning’s death in 2003, at 85, have led to a reconsideration of her impact throughout the latter half of the 20th century. Her work, with an endowment to support its exhibition, was bequeathed by her husband’s estate to the Southern Alleghenies Museum of Art, which organized this traveling retrospective in conjunction with Philip Eliasoph, a professor of art history at Fairfield University and the author of “Colleen Browning: The Enchantment of Realism.”

Recognition
Browning was a National Academician. She served on the Academy Council from 1969 to 1972.

Her work has been exhibited at the Whitney Museum of Art, the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, the Walker Art Gallery, the Cleveland Museum of Art, and the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh. During her lifetime, Browning's work was also reproduced in numerous publications, including Time, The New York Times, Newsweek and American Artist.

In 2013 a retrospective of the artist's work was organized at Fairfield University through Colleen Browning: The Early Works at the Bellarmine Gallery and Colleen Browning: A Brush with Magic at the Thomas J. Walsh Jr. Art Gallery. A Brush with Magic had already appeared in Ireland and New York City with dates in Connecticut, Ohio and Texas still to come. Her work has also been featured in articles in Time, Newsweek, Glamour, the New York Times, Arts Magazine, Art International, and American Artist.

Browning's distinctive brand of figurative painting, with subjects ranging from eerie worshipers in a Guatemalan church to graffiti- covered Harlem subway cars to the surrealist still life Fruits and Friends (1978, Harmon-Meek Galleries, Naples, Fl.), displays definite affinities with both the SOCIAL REALISM of Jack Levine and the MAGIC REALISM of Philip Evergood and George Tooker. Nevertheless, Browning developed and maintains a wry, multi-hued personal stamp to her painting which for almost four decades has set it apart from prevailing fashion.

Collections

 * Detroit Institute of Arts
 * Kalamazoo Institute of Arts
 * The Milwaukee Art Center
 * The Seattle Art Museum
 * The St. Louis Art Museum
 * The New York State Art Museum
 * The National Museum of Women in the Arts
 * Southern Alleghenies Museum of Art
 * The National Academy of Design

title: Colleen Browning


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Train track (mathematics)

In the mathematical area of topology, a train track is a family of curves embedded on a surface, meeting the following conditions:
 * 1) The curves meet at a finite set of vertices called switches.
 * 2) Away from the switches, the curves are smooth and do not touch each other.
 * 3) At each switch, three curves meet with the same tangent line, with two curves entering from one direction and one from the other.

The main application of train tracks in mathematics is to study laminations of surfaces, that is, partitions of closed subsets of surfaces into unions of smooth curves. Train tracks have also been used in graph drawing.

Train tracks and laminations
A lamination of a surface is a partition of a closed subset of the surface into smooth curves. The study of train tracks was originally motivated by the following observation: If a generic lamination on a surface is looked at from a distance by a myopic person, it will look like a train track.

A switch in a train track models a point where two families of parallel curves in the lamination merge to become a single family, as shown in the illustration. Although the switch consists of three curves ending in and intersecting at a single point, the curves in the lamination do not have endpoints and do not intersect each other.

For this application of train tracks to laminations, it is often important to constrain the shapes that can be formed by connected components of the surface between the curves of the track. For instance, Penner and Harer require that each such component, when glued to a copy of itself along its boundary to form a smooth surface with cusps, have negative cusped Euler characteristic.

A train track with weights, or weighted train track or measured train track, consists of a train track with a non-negative real number, called a weight, assigned to each branch. The weights can be used to model which of the curves in a parallel family of curves from a lamination are split to which sides of the switch. Weights must satisfy the following switch condition: The weight assigned to the ingoing branch at a switch should equal the sum of the weights assigned to the branches outgoing from that switch. Weights are closely related to the notion of carrying. A train track is said to carry a lamination if there is a train track neighborhood such that every leaf of the lamination is contained in the neighborhood and intersects each vertical fiber transversely. If each vertical fiber has nontrivial intersection with some leaf, then the lamination is fully carried by the train track.

title: Train track (mathematics)