text:
Talk:Baritone horn

important players?
Where did it go? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.138.43.78 (talk) 03:10, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

confusing definitions?
Maybe it's me, but I find this passage confusing:

"The baritone horn - a saxhorn - is closer in relation to the trombone and trumpet with a cylindrical bore. The euphonium is closer in nature to the horn and tuba with its conical bore."

Isn't that backwards? A saxhorn has a conical bore. (The entry on the saxhorn says it has a "tapered bore". I am assuming that is the same as a "conical bore") Thus, if the baritone is a saxhorn, how can it be closer to instruments with a cylindrical bore? Also, if the euphonium has a conical bore, doesn't it become, by defintion, a saxhorn? Admittedly, even when I played them I never distinguished the terminology, and I understand that the British and US terms differ.
 * The first paragraph states that the baritone horn has a conical bore. However, later in the article, it says that "The baritone has a smaller and more cylindrical bore." To my knowledge, the baritone horn has a cylindrical bore, while the euphonium has a conical bore, and that is one of the main differences between the two. Andrewtoering (talk) 04:18, 22 October 2008 (UTC)

I took out the image request tag on this page because someone has added a photo to the article. Jeffmatt 07:22, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

"In the UK a baritone horn...is a bass Saxhorn in Bb....The baritone is a mellow instrument in concert pitch." Isn't there something wrong here - how can it be Bb and concert pitch? TKA
 * No: Two different concepts are involved. The "Bb" refers to the fact that the instrument is tuned in such a way that the fundamental tone you get when no valves are pressed is a Bb (the next two harmonics are then the fifth of the Bb scale, and then Bb an octave up from the original).  The "concert pitch" part refers to the fact that the baritone is not a transposing instrument (so an A on a baritone is an A in concert pitch).  Contrast this to the trumpet where a C played on the trumpet sounds as a Bb in concert pitch.  Anyway, the article could potentially clarified, but it's not incorrect. JPrice

Ancient times?

 * "It is one of the few saxhorns that was played in ancient times (...)"

According to Saxhorn, that instrument was invented in the 1830s, so one can hardly claim that they were used in "ancient times" (unless you use a perverse definition of the phrase). Can someone who knows about the subject fix this? Hairy Dude 01:09, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Euphonium/Baritone Horn similarities
I play what I believe to be a Euphonium but what I keep hearing called a Baritone Horn, so I was happy to find out that they are different.

I read the cornet article and it had a subhead dedicated to similarities to the trumpet: could this be done for baritone horn/euphonium?

Differences between Baritone Horn and Euphonium
As a baritone player in a British brass band, these are my views on the subject: When viewed with the flugel horn, tenor (E flat) horn, and the EE flat and BB flat tubas (or basses in brass band terminology), it is obvious that the baritone is more a horn and the euphonium more a tuba. In orchestral circles the euphonium is known as a tenor tuba. The sound produced by the baritone is similar to a horn, while the sound from a euphonium is more of a tuba sound.

Keith Eves, 21 March 2006.

Range question
The range as shown on the right-hand-side box appears to show a range of F1 through F5. Surely, this cannot be correct! I would put the common range of the three-valve non-compensating instrument shown at E2 through perhaps D5 (or a bit higher if the performer is up to the job). The E2 will usually be quite sharp on a non-compensating instrument, as will the F above it.

Chuck Guzis, 8 Feb. 2008 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.210.31.26 (talk) 19:36, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

You are in fact right, I play the baritone a bit, and most of my pieces include notes as high as a B, or even a Middle C. So yes, the range is incorrect. I will try to find another image to replace the current. 1bevingtonco (talk) 18:03, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

The range shown is correct; the notes may not be commonly played but most advanced players will be able to play them. The range is the same as that of a straight tenor trombone. Please don't alter this.Benny the wayfarer (talk) 00:16, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

I disagree, because most of my notes in pieces I play tend to waver around the higher pitches than the lower ones, but I won't altar the range. 1bevingtonco (talk) 20:19, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

Hey, do you mean that the notes themselves waver, they wobble in other words, or that that's where the notes are? i find higher notes hard, but i suppose it takes time and practise and the chops do get stronger eventually. listen to Don Drummond with the Skatalites for high range! what a trombonist.Benny the wayfarer (talk) 22:13, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

Higher notes are indeed harder, because they require faster air to execute the pitch, but I find that the notes are rather higher than lower, that's all. 1bevingtonco (talk) 18:00, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

I agree with Chuck, the low end should be E2. A normal, 3 valve baritone can only go down to that E (same as a straight, tenor trombone). Although Pedal tones are possible, they do not count as normal notes. There are 2 kinds of 4-valve baritones, one with the 4th valve next to the other 3, and one with the 4th valve on the bottom. I'm not sure exactly how much the 4th valve affects the range, but the range should be changed to show a normal baritone range and a note about 4-valve baritones and their range. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.36.79.10 (talk) 16:52, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

Overall, the Brass instrument pages are inconsistent how they denote the range. Look for example at the Tenor (Alto) Horn article.

Jwoehr (talk) 04:00, 16 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Some of the Brass instruments' ranges are given as the written range, with the transposition listed beneath
 * Other instruments' range diagrams are given in concert pitch, avoiding mentioning transposition
 * Some instruments' range diagrams include pedal tones and some do not

I add this purely as an amateur player, but the range for the baritone is ridiculously understated. A decent player can cover the same range as a trumpet, all the way up to the Bb above high C (double C in treble clef). As a lead player in a senior drum and bugle corps, our parts regularly sat above the treble clef staff, or an F above middle C and higher, not to mention the parts which I arranged for the horn. A decent, practiced baritone player should be able to easily cover two octaves, up to three for the pro-level folks. Then again, I could just be misinterpreting how it is that the range is stated in these articles. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.199.113.40 (talk) 21:11, 8 February 2010 (UTC)
 * While recognizing the problem with expressing the range of the Baritone, I respectfully disagree with removing the range image as was done in the most recent edit. It's better for the reader that we express some notion of range - certainly the fundamental at the low end of the range was correct - than to eliminate the range description with no substitution. Shall we put the old image back until someone provides something more accurate and well-sourced? JacquesDelaguerre (talk) 14:03, 10 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree that some notion is better than none, and restored the image, adding a fact tag. __ Just plain Bill (talk) 14:25, 10 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Thank you! JacquesDelaguerre (talk) 16:11, 10 February 2010 (UTC)
 * So "Completely wrong" is better than nothing? The range is ridiculous as the commenter noted on Feb 8 2010. The highest note on a baritone horn is at least double C, and then notes up to high G (right atop the staff) are easy to play for a high school baritone player. 99.98.221.223 (talk) 01:20, 15 May 2012 (UTC)
 * You have a point that this needs work. Firstly, the diagram, the double low F octavo a basso represents a fundamental. There are conventions in music typography for representing brass fundamentals below the main playing range. The way it's represented here is not in accordance with those conventions. Note that the range here is expressed in symphony concert pitch, not high school C transpositional notation.
 * Secondly, the range is never stated in the article! I believe the diagram is more or less correct about the top of the range. The Baritone second partial with no valves pressed is concert B♭ on the second line from the bottom of the bass clef. The eighth partial ditto is B♭ in the center of the treble clef. It should be easy, as you say, for a reasonably practiced amateur to reach a fifth above that ... i.e. the F at the top of the treble clef ... which is precisely what the diagram shows for the top of the range.
 * I will edit the range into the text. If anyone schooled in producing the diagrams can make one which makes it clearer that the low low low F is a fundamental, not a main playing range note, they should do so. JacquesDelaguerre (talk) 15:02, 15 May 2012 (UTC)

valves
i dont understand the difference in wich the valves change th sound —Preceding unsigned comment added by 149.254.200.215 (talk) 09:59, 17 February 2008 (UTC)
 * ok so the valves change the way the air flows, BUT to truly get into the upper and lower registers, you must tighten(to get higher) or loosen(to get lower) your lips.--24.216.121.135 (talk) 18:38, 18 January 2009 (UTC)

I don't understand this
"Within the high school and college marching band activity, marching baritones are nearly always present to facilitate concert baritone (and sometimes euphonium) players. In some ensembles, trombones are not used, in which case baritones also provide an alternative for trombonists who can't bring their instrument onto the marching field. Since many high school baritone and euphonium players migrate from the trumpet, the instruments of choice have always been in the key of B♭."

This last Marching Band section seems confusing to me. When are trombones not used? No citation. Do trombone players really have to double on baritone in some bands? How common is this? And do many high school players really migrate from trumpet? Not in my band during the 1960s. And how does that explain the Eb Alto horn? The paragraph has the sound of one person's personal experience. If I was going to be bold, I'd eliminate the whole paragraph, but I'm not a professional music educator, so I don't know the answers to my own questions for sure.

MarkBul (talk) 17:30, 29 June 2009 (UTC)

Yes, that is indeed pretty obscure. What really should have been said is that the Baritone is a valved and (in its marching-band version) nicely portable and playable-while-marching instrument that can substitute in marching bands both for fancier orchestral baritone horns (expensive) and for the trombone. Jwoehr (talk) 04:04, 16 August 2009 (UTC)

Quality of article
Overall, I find this article to be of poor quality. It dwells way too much on the naming issue, repeats itself on the Drum and Bugle Corps matter, states the range of the Baritone tendentiously and in a manner inconsistent with the description of the range of its sibling, the alto horn and gives the reader very little information about the instrument itself and its construction and technique. Jaxdelaguerre (talk) 14:03, 18 August 2009 (UTC)

Removed the following sentence: "Since many high school baritone and euphonium players migrate from the trumpet, the instruments of choice have always been in the key of B♭." It had been edited back and forth between "trumpet" and "trombone" and the last log message was effectively an argument to the issue. Since there is no citation supporting the assertion, and it adds nothing to the understanding of the Baritone (Sax)horn, it should stay out maybe? JacquesDelaguerre (talk) 16:57, 12 October 2009 (UTC)

 * One edit by an IP with no explanation, which was reverted, isn't quite a tendentious "back and forth." I'll grant that it's WP:OR as it is now; this is mostly me speaking as some with a music ed degree and as a former band teacher. It's common US practice to switch people from trumpet (which is usually easier to convince people to play in 5th grade as beginners so you have lots of them). It's also a good way to deal with a middle school trumpet player who just got braces; they often have an easier time with the bigger mouthpiece. I'll dig out some of my old issues of the Instrumentalist and textbooks and find a citation. I disagree with your assertion that how people learn an instrument is irrelevant to the article; common teaching practice seems quite relevant. WeisheitSuchen (talk) 18:00, 12 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Most esteemed WeisheitSuchen, I think you're correct and all danger of edit ping-pong will probably go away if you stick a citation in there as you say! Glad to have had a hand in spurring you onwards to encyclopedic research :) JacquesDelaguerre (talk) 18:31, 12 October 2009 (UTC)

Which is Which
I play the Baritone Horn in my school band. My friend has a baritone horn with the valves on the side, but mine are on the top. Is either one of these a euphonium, or are they both baritones? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.14.81.80 (talk) 22:24, 4 November 2009 (UTC)

 * They are probably both euphoniums, take note that the euphonium has a conical bore and a baritone horn has a cylindrical bore, not valve difference. Also schools these days normally don't use baritone horns as before.  A euphonium with the valve on the side is referred as a compensating euphonium which is a more professional model.   Antonio López  (talk) 04:40, 5 November 2009 (UTC)

 * The reality of modern instruments is that they are not purely baritone or euphonium in most cases. They are hybrids built to cost-effectively produce what the designer believes to be the characteristic sound of the name he or she is aiming for. The research of Renold Schilke and others into the physics of brass instrument tone production tell us that it is not just the purity of conical progression, or cylindrical extension, that define the timbre of an instrument but where such occurs along the length of the resonating tubing (nodal points] and the ductility of the metal. While a Euphonium is considered to be a conical bore (at least 2/3 in the vernacular understanding) and a baritone only 1/3 conical and mostly cylindrical, the only continuous 100% conical bore horn built was called a “conical bore baritone” by its maker, E.A. Couturier.
 * In general, a tenor horn has a long cylindrical OR only slightly conical bore that results in a very narrow diameter bell riser terminating in a small diameter bell flare. It is the closest descendent of its roman field horn ancestors. The baritone is the next variant, using mostly a cylindrical bore, step-changing up in places to a somewhat narrow bell riser that increases its rate of taper geometrically as it approaches a final fairly large diameter bell flare. Finally, the euphonium is a mostly conical bore that results in a fairly large diameter bell riser and a lesser expansion required at the end to produce a bell flare the same size as the baritone. These are the “ideal” structural differences. Valve number and hand placement is a design choice for comfort of the player, not a defining characteristic.
 * In terms of tone and style, there are two schools of playing that tend to be associated with the naming of the horn. The dominant one presently, which I would call the British euphonium school, is characterized by a dark, deep tone with suppression of the high frequency aspects of articulation resulting in bluntly rounded attack and even tones where energy is imparted from color and tonal progression. The other, which dominated a century ago and is associated with the bands of the time of brass virtuosos on cornet(Clarke) and trombone(Pryor) in the US, is what I would call the alpine baritone school, representative of the traditional style and timbre of town band baritones in Bohemia, Germany and Northern Italy. This sound is characterized by a brighter tone, strong articulation, greater dynamic contrast, a heavier vibrato, deriving its “passion” from dynamic contrast, the force of articulation, and dramatic use of resonance and vibrato variations. The current day British masters exemplify the sound most often associated with Euphonium, while Leonard Falcone and others who played in the other style are most often associated with the Baritone. (By physical characteristics Falcone’s horn was a baritone).
 * For the vast majority of students, the horns they will first play will be a hybrid, probably leaning toward euphonium (unlike the baritones those of us who played school horns in the 60s and 70s had). But it will be the style that they learn to play in that will define which instrument they play. When they reach a sufficient level of proficiency and musicianship to understand the voice and function of the separate euphonium (tenor tuba) and baritone (tenor horn) parts in older British Military Band repertoire, they may choose to buy a professional horn that is built to support the style in which they play. Only then will the structural distinctions really be significant.
 * (For any reader wondering, I play a custom Yamaha euphonium, in more the style of a baritone, as Leonard Falcone taught me). The difference between baritone and euphonium is which we choose to be as much as finding a horn that supports that. --Rwberndt (talk) 19:34, 14 January 2011 (UTC)

Size
There is no indication of its size, i think some physical dimensions would be helpful. 80.42.202.21 (talk) 19:14, 1 November 2012 (UTC)
 * The article states, "Although both baritone and euphonium produce partials of the B♭ harmonic series, and both have a nine-foot-long main tube ..." JacquesDelaguerre (talk) 01:57, 3 November 2012 (UTC)

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Playable keys
I looked at this page and found it very confusing. The fact I was looking for - the baritone is not chromatic, but capable of playing the notes C, Db, D, Eb, E, F, Gb, G, Ab, A and therefore has all the notes for the keys appearing two fifths either side of B flat. Namely C, F, Bb, Eb and Ab with decreasing numbers of notes in other keys. Tradimus (talk) 02:56, 17 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Although the article is less than clear on the topic, my understanding is that the baritone horn is capable of playing chromatically, like any other brass instrument with three valves. Can you go into further detail about the "decreasing numbers of notes in other keys"? Just plain Bill (talk) 10:38, 17 May 2019 (UTC)

I stand corrected. Versatility relies on skill of the player, rther than the instrument. please delete my comment Tradimus (talk) 16:23, 15 June 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Baritone horn


text: Talk:Seosan

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Seosan


text:
Malignant transformation

Malignant transformation is the process by which cells acquire the properties of cancer. This may occur as a primary process in normal tissue, or secondarily as malignant degeneration of a previously existing benign tumor.

Causes
There are many causes of primary malignant transformation, or tumorigenesis. Most human cancers in the United States are caused by external factors, and these factors are largely avoidable. These factors were summarized by Doll and Peto in 1981, and were still considered to be valid in 2015. These factors are listed in the table.

a Reproductive and sexual behaviors include: number of partners; age at first menstruation; zero versus one or more live births

Diet and colon cancer
Colon cancer provides one example of the mechanisms by which diet, the top factor listed in the table, is an external factor in cancer. The Western diet of African Americans in the United States is associated with a yearly colon cancer rate of 65 per 100,000 individuals, while the high fiber/low fat diet of rural Native Africans in South Africa is associated with a yearly colon cancer rate of <5 per 100,000. Feeding the Western diet for two weeks to Native Africans increased their secondary bile acids, including carcinogenic deoxycholic acid, by 400%, and also changed the colonic microbiota. Evidence reviewed by Sun and Kato indicates that differences in human colonic microbiota play an important role in the progression of colon cancer.

Diet and lung cancer
A second example, relating a dietary component to a cancer, is illustrated by lung cancer. Two large population-based studies were performed, one in Italy and one in the United States. In Italy, the study population consisted of two cohorts: the first, 1721 individuals diagnosed with lung cancer and no severe disease, and the second, 1918 control individuals with absence of lung cancer history or any advanced diseases. All individuals filled out a food frequency questionnaire including consumption of walnuts, hazelnuts, almonds, and peanuts, and indicating smoking status. In the United States, 495,785 members of AARP were questioned on consumption of peanuts, walnuts, seeds, or other nuts in addition to other foods and smoking status. In this U.S. study 18,533 incident lung cancer cases were identified during up to 16 years of follow-up. Overall, individuals in the highest quintile of frequency of nut consumption had a 26% lower risk of lung cancer in the Italian study and a 14% lower risk of lung cancer in the U.S. study. Similar results were obtained among individuals who were smokers.

Due to tobacco
The most important chemical compounds in smoked tobacco that are carcinogenic are those that produce DNA damage since such damage appears to be the primary underlying cause of cancer. Cunningham et al. combined the microgram weight of the compound in the smoke of one cigarette with the known genotoxic effect per microgram to identify the most carcinogenic compounds in cigarette smoke. These compounds and their genotoxic effects are listed in the article Cigarette. The top three compounds are acrolein, formaldehyde and acrylonitrile, all known carcinogens.

Viruses
In 2002 the World Health Organizations International Agency for Research on Cancer estimated that 11.9% of human cancers are caused by one of seven viruses (see Oncovirus overview table). These are Epstein-Barr virus (EBV or HHV4); Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV8); Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C viruses (HBV and HCV); Human T-lymphotrophic virus 1 (HTLV-1); Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV); and a group of alpha Human papillomaviruses (HPVs).

Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer
In 1995 epidemiologic evidence indicated that Helicobacter pylori infection increases the risk for gastric carcinoma. More recently, experimental evidence showed that infection with Helicobacter pylori cagA-positive bacterial strains results in severe degrees of inflammation and oxidative DNA damage, leading to progression to gastric cancer.

Other bacterial roles in carcinogenesis
Perera et al. referred to a number of articles pointing to roles of bacteria in other cancers. They pointed to single studies on the role of Chlamydia trachomatis in cervical cancer, Salmonella typhi in gallbladder cancer, and both Bacteroides fragilis and Fusobacterium nucleatum in colon cancer. Meurman has recently summarized evidence connecting oral microbiota with carcinogenesis. Although suggestive, these studies need further confirmation.

Mutations
One underlying commonality in cancers is genetic mutation, acquired either by inheritance, or, more commonly, by mutations in one's somatic DNA over time. The mutations considered important in cancers are those that alter protein coding genes (the exome). As Vogelstein et al. point out, a typical tumor contains two to eight exome "driver gene" mutations, and a larger number of exome mutations that are "passengers" that confer no selective growth advantage.

Cancers also generally have genome instability, that includes a high frequency of mutations in the noncoding DNA that makes up about 98% of the human genome. The average number of DNA sequence mutations in the entire genome of breast cancer tissue is about 20,000. In an average melanoma (where melanomas have a higher exome mutation frequency ) the total number of DNA sequence mutations is about 80,000.

Transcription silencing
A second underlying commonality in cancers is altered epigenetic regulation of transcription. In cancers, loss of gene expression occurs about 10 times more frequently by epigenetic transcription silencing (caused, for example, by promoter hypermethylation of CpG islands) than by mutations. As Vogelstein et al. point out, in a colorectal cancer there are usually about 3 to 6 driver mutations and 33 to 66 hitchhiker, or passenger, mutations. In contrast, the frequency of epigenetic alterations is much higher. In colon tumors compared to adjacent normal-appearing colonic mucosa, there are about 600 to 800 heavily methylated CpG islands in promoters of genes in the tumors while the corresponding CpG islands are not methylated in the adjacent mucosa. Such methylation turns off expression of a gene as completely as a mutation would. Around 60–70% of human genes have a CpG island in their promoter region. In colon cancers, in addition to hypermethylated genes, several hundred other genes have hypomethylated (under-methylated) promoters, thereby causing these genes to be turned on when they ordinarily would be turned off.

Post-transcriptional silencing
Epigenetic alterations are also carried out by another major regulatory element, that of microRNAs (miRNAs). In mammals, these small non-coding RNA molecules regulate about 60% of the transcriptional activity of protein-encoding genes. Epigenetic silencing or epigenetic over-expression of miRNA genes, caused by aberrant DNA methylation of the promoter regions controlling their expression, is a frequent event in cancer cells. Almost one third of miRNA promoters active in normal mammary cells were found to be hypermethylated in breast cancer cells, and that is a several fold greater proportion of promoters with altered methylation than is usually observed for protein coding genes. Other microRNA promoters are hypomethylated in breast cancers, and, as a result, these microRNAs are over-expressed. Several of these over-expressed microRNAs have a major influence in progression to breast cancer. BRCA1 is normally expressed in the cells of breast and other tissue, where it helps repair damaged DNA, or destroy cells if DNA cannot be repaired. BRCA1 is involved in the repair of chromosomal damage with an important role in the error-free repair of DNA double-strand breaks. BRCA1 expression is reduced or undetectable in the majority of high grade, ductal breast cancers. Only about 3–8% of all women with breast cancer carry a mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2. BRCA1 promoter hypermethylation was present in only 13% of unselected primary breast carcinomas. However, breast cancers were found to have an average of about 100-fold increase in miR-182, compared to normal breast tissue. In breast cancer cell lines, there is an inverse correlation of BRCA1 protein levels with miR-182 expression. Thus it appears that much of the reduction or absence of BRCA1 in high grade ductal breast cancers may be due to over-expressed miR-182. In addition to miR-182, a pair of almost identical microRNAs, miR-146a and miR-146b-5p, also repress BRCA1 expression. These two microRNAs are over-expressed in triple-negative tumors and their over-expression results in BRCA1 inactivation. Thus, miR-146a and/or miR-146b-5p may also contribute to reduced expression of BRCA1 in these triple-negative breast cancers.

Post-transcriptional regulation by microRNA occurs either through translational silencing of the target mRNA or through degradation of the target mRNA, via complementary binding, mostly to specific sequences in the three prime untranslated region of the target gene's mRNA. The mechanism of translational silencing or degradation of target mRNA is implemented through the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC).

DNA repair gene silencing
Silencing of a DNA repair gene by hypermethylation or other epigenetic alteration appears to be a frequent step in progression to cancer. As summarized in a review, promoter hypermethylation of DNA repair gene MGMT occurs in 93% of bladder cancers, 88% of stomach cancers, 74% of thyroid cancers, 40%-90% of colorectal cancers and 50% of brain cancers. In addition, promoter hypermethylation of DNA repair genes LIG4, NEIL1, ATM, MLH1 or FANCB occurs at frequencies of between 33% and 82% in one or more of head and neck cancers, non-small-cell lung cancers or non-small-cell lung cancer squamous cell carcinomas. Further, the article Werner syndrome ATP-dependent helicase indicates the DNA repair gene WRN has a promoter that is often hypermethylated in a variety of cancers, with WRN hypermethylation occurring in 11% to 38% of colorectal, head and neck, stomach, prostate, breast, thyroid, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, chondrosarcoma and osteosarcoma cancers.

Such silencing likely acts similarly to a germ-line mutation in a DNA repair gene, and predisposes the cell and its descendants to progression to cancer. Another review points out that when a gene necessary for DNA repair is epigenetically silenced, DNA repair would tend to be deficient and DNA damages can accumulate. Increased DNA damage can cause increased errors during DNA synthesis, leading to mutations that give rise to cancer.

Induced by heavy metals
The heavy metals cadmium, arsenic and nickel are all carcinogenic when present above certain levels.

Cadmium is known to be carcinogenic, possibly due to reduction of DNA repair. Lei et al. evaluated five DNA repair genes in rats after exposure of the rats to low levels of cadmium. They found that cadmium caused repression of three of the DNA repair genes: XRCC1 needed for base excision repair, OGG1 needed for base excision repair, and ERCC1 needed for nucleotide excision repair. Repression of these genes was not due to methylation of their promoters.

Arsenic carcinogenicity was reviewed by Bhattacharjee et al. They summarized the role of arsenic and its metabolites in generating oxidative stress, resulting in DNA damage. In addition to causing DNA damage, arsenic also causes repression of several DNA repair enzymes in both the base excision repair pathway and the nucleotide excision repair pathway. Bhattacharjee et al. further reviewed the role of arsenic in causing telomere dysfunction, mitotic arrest, defective apoptosis, as well as altered promoter methylation and miRNA expression. Each of these alterations could contribute to arsenic-induced carcinogenesis.

Nickel compounds are carcinogenic and occupational exposure to nickel is associated with an increased risk of lung and nasal cancers. Nickel compounds exhibit weak mutagenic activity, but they considerably alter the transcriptional landscape of the DNA of exposed individuals. Arita et al. examined the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of eight nickel-refinery workers and ten non-exposed workers. They found 2756 differentially expressed genes with 770 up-regulated genes and 1986 down-regulated genes. DNA repair genes were significantly over-represented among the differentially expressed genes, with 29 DNA repair genes repressed in the nickel-refinery workers and two over-expressed. The alterations in gene expression appear to be due to epigenetic alterations of histones, methylations of gene promoters, and hypermethylation of at least microRNA miR-152.

Clinical signs
Malignant transformation of cells in a benign tumor may be detected by pathologic examination of tissues. Often the clinical signs and symptoms are suggestive of a malignant tumor. The physician, during the medical history examination, can find that there have been changes in size or patient sensation and, upon direct examination, that there has been a change in the lesion itself.

Risk assessments can be done and are known for certain types of benign tumor which are known to undergo malignant transformation. One of the better-known examples of this phenomenon is the progression of a nevus to melanoma.

title: Malignant transformation


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Blue Sky with a White Sun

The Blue Sky with a White Sun is the national emblem of the Republic of China that covers the period of history in Mainland China and Taiwan.

In the "Blue Sky with a White Sun" symbol, the twelve rays of the white Sun representing the twelve months and the twelve traditional Chinese hours, each of which corresponds to two modern hours and symbolizes the spirit of progress.

Official description
The national emblem of the Republic of China is officially described in the National Emblem and National Flag of the Republic of China Act:

"The national emblem of the Republic of China is a blue sky with a white sun in the following form: The position, angle and ratio of each subparagraph of the previous article are as follows:
 * 1) A blue circle.
 * 2) A white sun in the middle, with 12 white rays with pointed angles.
 * 3) There is a blue ring between the white sun and the white rays with pointed angles.
 * 1) The center of the blue background circle is the center of the white sun.
 * 2) The ratio of the radius of the white sun to the radius of the surrounding blue circle is 1:3.
 * 3) The length from the center of the white sun to the top of a white ray with a pointed angle is twice the length of the radius of the white sun.
 * 4) The width of the blue ring between the white sun and the 12 white rays with pointed angles is equivalent to 1/15 of the diameter of the white sun.
 * 5) The top angle of each white ray with a pointed angle is 30 degrees, with the 12 rays totaling 360 degrees.
 * 6) The upper, lower, left and right sides of the white rays with pointed angles shall be facing north, south, east and west. The rest shall be evenly spread out."

History of the Blue Sky White Sun design
The "Blue Sky with a White Sun" flag was originally designed by Lu Hao-tung, a martyr of the Republican revolution. He presented his design to represent the revolutionary army at the inauguration of the Society for Regenerating China, an anti-Qing society in Hong Kong, on February 21, 1895.

During the Wuchang Uprising in 1911 that heralded the Republic of China, the various revolutionary armies had different flags. Lu Hao-tung's "Blue Sky with a White Sun" flag was used in the southern provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou, while the "18-Star Flag", "Five-Colored Flag", and other designs were used elsewhere.

When the government of the Republic of China was established on January 1, 1912, the "Five-Colored" flag was adopted as the national flag, but Sun Yat-sen did not consider its design appropriate, reasoning that horizontal order implied a hierarchy or class like that which existed during dynastic times. Thus, when he established a rival government in Guangzhou in 1917, he brought over the "Blue Sky with a White Sun" flag for the party and the "Blue Sky, White Sun, and a Wholly Red Earth" flag, which was then the naval ensign, for the nation. This officially became the national flag in 1928 while the "Blue Sky with a White Sun" flag was adopted as the naval jack.

The "Blue Sky, White Sun, and a Wholly Red Earth" flag has remained the flag of the Republic of China to this day.

Beiyang period

The national emblem of the Republic of China was derived from the Blue Sky with a White Sun flag. The emblem was designed by He Yingqin at Whampoa Military Academy in 1924 and was set as the national emblem by the Law of national flag and national emblem of the Republic of China in 1928.

On the national emblem rays of sun have some distance to the edge, symbolizing the broadness of the sky, while on Kuomintang emblem the rays reach the edge, symbolizing the spirit of revolution is as powerful as the sun.

The national emblem of the Republic of China from 1913 to 1928 is called Twelve Symbols national emblem, based on the traditional symbols on clothes of ancient Chinese emperors. It was designed by Lu Xun, Qian Daosun and Xu Shoushang on August 28, 1912, and was set as national emblem in February 1913. It remained as the national emblem during the Empire of China from 1915 to 1916. After the Northern Expedition it was replaced by the Blue Sky with a White Sun national emblem in 1928.

Nationalist period
Since 1928, under the KMT's political tutelage, the Blue Sky with a White Sun Flag shared the same prominence as the ROC flag. A common wall display consisted of the KMT flag perched on the left and the ROC flag perched on the right, each tilted at an angle with a portrait of National Father Sun Yat-sen displayed in the center. After the promulgation of the Constitution of the Republic of China, the party flag was removed from such a display and the national flag was moved to the center. To promote a sense of national identity, the design of the national emblem was freely available to use and was featured prominently in corporate logos, art during the era.

Taiwanese period
Since the ROC government moved to Taiwan and especially in the years since the end of martial law the KMT flag has lost some of its prominence. However, it is still frequently seen on KMT party buildings, in political rallies and other meetings of KMT and the pan-blue coalition.

The flag and the symbol made news during the ROC legislative elections of 2004, when President Chen Shui-bian suggested that the Kuomintang's flag and party emblem violated the ROC's National Emblem Law for being too similar to the national emblem of the Republic of China. Chen stated that the law forbids the ROC's emblem and flag from being used by non-governmental organizations and warned that the KMT would have three months to change its flag and emblem if his Democratic Progressive Party won a majority of seats in the legislature. The KMT responded by asking the government to change the national emblem, saying the KMT emblem existed first. However, the pan-green coalition failed to win a majority, and Chen took no action for the remainder of his presidency.

On 29 January 2021, the Legislative Yuan passed a resolution proposed by the New Power Party on 29 January instructing the Ministry of the Interior (MOI) to look into ways of addressing the issue of the similarity between the national emblem, in use since 1928 for all of China, and the KMT party flag. The MOI responded that through their analysis of the current situation, the change "should not be taken lightly," though suggesting that symbols of political parties could be changed.

Use in other countries
The design of "Blue Sky with a White Sun" was used in the unit insignia or coats of arms of some units of the United States Army that fought in World War II. The most famous unit was Merrill's Marauders (officially named the "5307th Composite Unit (Provisional)"), which has the "Blue Sky with a White Sun" as part of its badge. The usage by US troops was a result of cooperation between US and Chinese Expeditionary Force in the China Burma India Theater. Postwar US military units stationed in Taiwan, including the United States Taiwan Defense Command (USTDC) and the Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG), also used the design in their badges.

Up to now, the "Blue Sky with a White Sun" can still be seen in the emblem of the US Army 75th Ranger Regiment.

Historical Taiwanese emblems
Taiwan's earliest emblems were used during the European periods.

In 1895, Taiwan was annexed by Japan. The emblem was worn as an official clothing of the Governor's Office in Taiwan which featured a Daijishō with a Sycamore leaf and chrysanthemum branch in a brown circle.

After the end of Japanese period, Taiwan was transferred to the Republic of China which adopted the Blue Sky with a White Sun emblem. This symbol remains in use to this day in Taiwan and by the Kuomintang.

Chinese Taipei
After the People's Republic of China became an IOC member, the ROC began to use the name Chinese Taipei for its competitions. The crest of the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee includes symbols of the Olympic Committee and the Chinese Taipei team. At the periphery is a stylized plum blossom that symbolizes the National Flower of the Republic of China. The center of the emblem contains the Olympic rings and the Blue Sky with a White Sun (the proportion of the blue field is between that of the National Emblem of the Republic of China and the Party Emblem of the Kuomintang). The Olympic flag of Chinese Taipei depicts the emblem on a white field.

title: Blue Sky with a White Sun


text:
1979 in rail transport

January

 * January – An electrical fire erupts aboard a Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) train traveling in the transbay tube; the fire kills one firefighter and closes the system for more than two months.

February

 * February 1 – The Southern Railway's Southern Crescent becomes Amtrak's Crescent as Southern discontinues independent passenger train service.
 * February 10 – The Philippine National Railways opens its Dagupan Express service on the PNR North Main Line.
 * February 26 – The Superliner railcar enters revenue service with Amtrak.

March

 * March – Rio de Janeiro Metro in Brazil begins operation.
 * March 17 – Penmanshiel Tunnel on British Rail collapses during reconstruction, killing two workers.

April

 * April 16 – The Paisley Gilmour Street rail accident kills seven people in near Paisley Gilmour Street railway station in Scotland when an Inverclyde Line service from Glasgow Central to Wemyss Bay collided head-on with an Ayrshire Coast Line special service from Ayr. Seven people were killed.

May

 * May 1 – The Jubilee line on the London Underground opens between Stanmore and Charing Cross.

June

 * June 23 – New South Wales Premier Neville Wran officially opens the Eastern Suburbs Railway in Sydney. It operates as a shuttle between Central & Bondi Junction until full integration with the Illawarra Line during 1980.
 * June 30 – MARTA's rail transit system opens in Atlanta, Georgia as its first train operates on the East Line between Avondale and Five Points Station. It also marks the start of MARTA's combined bus and rail service.

July

 * July 1 – The former Nickey line junction with the Midland Main Line at Harpenden Junction is severed.

August

 * August 20 – San Diego's Metropolitan Transit Development Board (MTDB) purchases the San Diego and Arizona Eastern Railway Company in restored condition for $18.1 million.
 * August 20 – The East Coast Main Line rail route between England and Scotland is restored when the Penmanshiel Diversion opens.
 * August 29 – Bangor and Aroostook Railroad discontinues hauling potatoes; it was for this business that the railroad painted many of their boxcars in a distinctive red, white and blue "State of Maine" livery.

September

 * September 8 – Restored Nickel Plate 765 is unveiled.
 * September 27 – The Lenk branch of the metre gauge Montreux–Oberland Bernois railway in Switzerland is reopened after a complete rebuilding.

October

 * October 1
 * Hong Kong's first MTR line, the Kwun Tong line from Shek Kip Mei to Kwun Tong, is opened.
 * The permanent building at Amtrak's Dearborn, Michigan station opens.
 * October 22 – The Invergowrie rail crash, in Invergowrie, Scotland, occurs when a track signal fails to switch to a stop indication that would have protected a stalled passenger train; a second passenger train collides with the stalled train, resulting in 5 fatalities.
 * October 28
 * Amtrak opens Buffalo–Depew, replacing Buffalo Central Terminal.
 * Amtrak introduces double decker Superliner coaches on the Empire Builder passenger train.

November

 * November 10 – 1979 Mississauga train derailment: A CP Rail train develops a hot box and derails 24 cars carrying hazardous materials near Mississauga, Ontario; almost 250,000 people are evacuated for up to five days at a time while cleanup commences.
 * November 16 – The first line of the Bucharest Metro, Line M1, opens from Timpuri Noi to Semănătoarea in Bucharest, Romania.
 * November 16 – The ER200 begins test runs with passengers between Moscow and Leningrad, the first high-speed train in the Soviet Union, reaching 200 km/h.
 * November 17 – The first stage of Brisbane Suburban Electrification between Ferny Grove and Darra is commissioned by the Queensland Premier Joh Bjelke-Petersen. It is the first section of electrification in Australia to use 25,000 volts 50 Hz overhead power supply.

December

 * December 20 – The Tokyo Metro Chiyoda Line branch to Kita-Ayase station is opened.
 * December – Amtrak discontinues the Floridian, Lone Star and North Coast Hiawatha passenger trains.
 * December – Union Pacific 3985, a 4-6-6-4 steam locomotive, is moved from static display in Cheyenne, Wyoming, for inspection and eventual restoration for operations.
 * December – Nickel Plate 765, a 2-8-4 steam locomotive, operates under its own power after 21 years of static display.

Unknown date

 * Alan Furth succeeds Denman McNear as president of the Southern Pacific Company, parent company of the Southern Pacific Railroad.
 * The Federal Government of the United States relinquishes control of the Panama Railway, transferring the railway to the government of Panama.

May deaths

 * May 9 - Cyrus S. Eaton, president of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway in the 1950s (b. 1883).
 * May 16 - A. Philip Randolph, who organized the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters in 1925 (b. 1889).

title: 1979 in rail transport


text:
1890 in rail transport

January events

 * January 28 – Pittsburgh & Lake Erie Railroad acquires a section of the McKeesport and Belle Vernon Railroad around Belle Vernon, Pennsylvania.

February events

 * February 22 – Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St Louis Railway (the "Big Four Railroad") gains control of the Peoria & Eastern Railway in southern Illinois.

March events

 * March – Émile Zola's psychological novel with a railway setting, La Bête Humaine, is published in book form.
 * March 4 – The Forth Bridge across the Firth of Forth in Scotland is officially opened and its contractor, William Arrol, is knighted.

May events

 * May 9 – Boston & Maine Railroad ends its lease of the Eastern Railroad of Massachusetts by purchasing it.
 * May 20 – Wutach Valley Railway opened to provide a strategic route inside Germany without crossing the Swiss border.

July events

 * July 23 – Narrow gauge Kennebec Central Railroad opens to Togus, Maine.

August events

 * August 18 – The Kansas City Suburban Belt Railroad, a predecessor of Kansas City Southern Railway, begins operations between Kansas City and Argentine.
 * August 19 – Pennsylvania Railroad subsidiary Ohio Valley Railway reorganized as the Pittsburg, Ohio Valley and Cincinnati Railroad.
 * August 19 – In Quincy, Massachusetts, a jack used to level rails was left on the tracks. A passenger train then collided with it causing a derailment. Twenty-four people were killed due to the impact of the collision and through scalding.

November events

 * November 4 – Official opening of the City & South London Railway, earliest constituent of the Northern line of the London Underground and the first real deep-level electrified "tube" railway in the world.
 * November 9 – First section of metre gauge Chemin de fer du Vivarais in southern France opens, using Mallet locomotives.
 * November 10 – Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits begins to operate the Rome Express train from Calais Maritime station via Paris and the Fréjus Rail Tunnel.
 * November 26 – The Mito Line in Japan operates its first freight trains.

Unknown date events

 * First Class О 0-8-0 steam locomotive built for service in Russia. 9129 locomotives of this type will be built up to 1928, making it the country's most numerous.
 * Klien-Lindner axle patented.
 * Hugh J. Chisholm forms the Portland and Rumford Falls Railway to link Androscoggin River papermills to the Maine Central Railroad.
 * Leland Stanford begins his term as Chairman of the Executive Committee for Southern Pacific.
 * Charles Francis Adams, Jr. steps down from the presidency of the Union Pacific.

August births

 * August 16 – CP Couch, president of Kansas City Southern Railway 1939–1941 (d. 1955).

July deaths

 * July 15 – Silas Seymour, chief engineer and/or consulting engineer for several railroads in New York in the mid- to late 19th century (b. 1817).

September deaths

 * September 30 – Frederick Billings, president of Northern Pacific Railway 1879–1881 (b. 1823).

title: 1890 in rail transport


text:
Talk:Raidenovich

The character is named Ivan Raidenovich Raikov, not Ivan Raikov Raidenovich. So this article should be moved to a correctly-named one (or possibly merged with Raiden (Metal Gear Solid 2) - In my opinion the character isn't important enough to warrant a separate article, and since Raikov is one big spoof toward Raiden, it would make sense to place this there). --DoubleCross 03:27, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

Agreed, which is why I'm merging the two right now.

title: Talk:Raidenovich


text: File:They Might Be Giants film poster.jpg


text:
Talk:Bombing of Kassel in World War II

3/4 October suburbs
The source I used for the time line was http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/oct43.html It states:
 * 3/4 October 1943
 * Kassel: 547 aircraft - 223 Halifaxes, 204 Lancasters, 113 Stirlings, 7 Mosquitos. The H2S 'blind marker' aircraft overshot the aiming point badly and the 'visual markers' could not correct this because their view of the ground was restricted by thick haze. German decoy markers may also have been present. The main weight of the attack thus fell on the western suburbs and outlying towns and villages. 24 aircraft - 14 Halifaxes, 6 Stirlings, 4 Lancasters - lost, 4.4 per cent of the force.

 * A number of Mosquito operations took place; 10 aircraft on a diversion to Hannover, 12 Oboe aircraft to Knapsack power-station near Cologne and 4 on Mark II Oboe trials to Aachen. No losses.

Note: "The main weight of the attack thus fell on the western suburbs". At the moment the article says "eastern suburbs of Ihringshausen and Bettenhausen". I am going to change it to western suburbs. If this is wrong please provide a source. --Philip Baird Shearer 00:59, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yah, it´s wrong, since Ihringshausen lays to the northeast and Bettenhausen to the east of Kassel. Provided source: Any map you can find of Kassel and its region, or at least Google Maps. I´ll refix it. 84.138.10.94 (talk) 11:11, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

War crimes
As I already did at the Dresden bombing article, I again present sources for the claim that bombing civilians was a crime against humanity:,. Again I would like to point out that suppressing this information plays into the hand of sick people who say that the real bug crime of WWII was not the holocaust. 84.59.88.9 23:45, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

Putting sources in the Talk page does no good. Put them in the article. And they have to be reliable sources. User:Zoe|(talk) 23:46, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

 * All of those so-called sources are opinion pieces. Where is the documentation for the claims made on those pages?  User:Zoe|(talk) 23:48, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

And you decide what reliable is? There are thousands of them, and all I want to be stated in the article is that the killing of thousands of civilians can be seen as a war crime or crime against humanity, nothing more. It will always remain an opinion as there were no trials.84.59.88.9 23:50, 30 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Then provide reliable sources, not opinion pieces!--KrossTalk 00:13, 31 January 2006 (UTC)
 * It is an opinion that the bombings were war crimes as no trial has ever decided upon the question. As the opinion is widespread, as can be seen easily using google, it has to be noted. 84.59.88.9 00:17, 31 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Don't just point to a Google search. Document it.  Is there a book or a newspaper or magazine article which talks about the opinions that these actions were war crimes?  And don't give me neo-Nazi sites and other sites with an axe to grind, give me a neutral site.  User:Zoe|(talk) 00:46, 1 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Just look above. A fact does not become a fact because it is printed in a book. You can easily find books that say there was no holocaust. By the way, even if it were only Nazis who said this was a war crime - I doubt it because the Nazis used area bombing, too - it would still be noteworthy, as much as it is noteworthy that some lunatics deny the fact that millions were murdered in concentration camps. I have never read any book on that topic and I do not intend to do so. Get-back-world-respect 23:09, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Clearly a britsh war crime
the third attack was clearly a british war crime. the chosen target area was the medival city center. there was no industry, no military installations in these area. it was a planned and systematical massmurder on the civil population without any military justification. a clear violation of article 25 of the den hague landwar convention of 1907. only some fanatic nationalistic british lunatics deny these historical facts. systematical attacks on the civil population are always a war crime thats common sense. the nationality of the victims doesn´t change that fact.--131.173.252.9 13:19, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

Destroying Terror Weapons is not a War Crime
No mention is made that the giro/guidance for the V1 and V2 Terror Weapons was being produced at Philips Kassel with sub-workshops scattered/ dispersed throughout the city making it a class one military target. That was the origin of the last raid, and no war crime. Pity the poor guys who fell fighting the Nazis.86.46.147.159 (talk) 17:23, 14 January 2011 (UTC)

Fire
"The fire of the most severe air raid burned for seven days, at least 10,000 people died, 150,000 inhabitants were bombed-out, and the vast majority of the city center was destroyed." - (a) which was the most severe raid? Presumably October 1943, but it's not clear from the text, and (b) are the figures in the second half of the sentence for that raid in particular, or for the raids as a whole? -Ashley Pomeroy (talk) 13:36, 12 June 2011 (UTC)

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1941 bombing
In a book on the manuscripts of the Kassel state library, it says that there was a bombing raid on the night of the 8th-9th September 1941 which destroyed a significant part of the library's manuscript collection. Since the book is an official publication of the library and is based on local knowledge (and presumably local records), it seems that this source should be treated as authoritative and the raid should be added to the list. The publication in question is --Pfold (talk) 14:09, 30 December 2017 (UTC)
 * - the link is to the relevant page (in German)
 * Now found a reference to an article in The Times: "Kassel bombed by 100 aircraft. Great destruction and fires beyond counting were left by the R.A.F in Monday night's heavy attack on Kassel, in which nearly 100 aircraft took part." (September 10, 1941, p. 4, col. C) --Pfold (talk)

title: Talk:Bombing of Kassel in World War II


text:
Kenny Lofton

Kenneth Lofton (born May 31, 1967) is an American former Major League Baseball (MLB) center fielder. Lofton was a six-time All-Star (1994–1999), four-time Gold Glove Award winner (1993–1996), and at retirement, was ranked 15th among all-time stolen base leaders with 622. During his career, he played for the Houston Astros, Cleveland Indians, Atlanta Braves, Chicago White Sox, San Francisco Giants, Pittsburgh Pirates, Chicago Cubs, New York Yankees, Philadelphia Phillies, Los Angeles Dodgers, and Texas Rangers.

Lofton attended the University of Arizona on a basketball scholarship. The Wildcats made it to the Final Four in 1988. He did not join the school's baseball team until his junior year.

Lofton made 11 postseason appearances, including World Series appearances in 1995 and 2002 with the Indians and Giants, respectively. From 2001 to 2007, Lofton did not spend more than one consecutive season with a team. For his career, the Indians were the only team he played with for longer than one season and the only franchise he played for more than once. Lofton played $9 1/2$ seasons with the Indians, helping the organization win six division titles. In 2010, he was inducted into the Cleveland Indians Hall of Fame.

During his professional baseball career, Lofton's single-season stolen base count led the American League (AL) on five occasions and all of Major League Baseball (MLB) three times. In 1994, he led the American League in hits, and in 1995 he led the majors in triples. Lofton holds the all-time postseason stolen base record with 34, having broken Rickey Henderson's record in 2007. Of his base running, Frank White said, "Lofton has out-thought a lot of major-league players" and later, "a smart, complete baseball player."

Early life
Lofton was raised by his widowed grandmother, Rosie Person, in East Chicago, Indiana. His mother, Annie, had Lofton while she was in high school; he weighed just 3 lb at birth. His mother moved to Alabama after she graduated and lost contact with Lofton during his childhood. Of his father, Lofton said, "We, as a family, don't even talk about it." Person had glaucoma, and because of her failing eyesight was unemployed. She refused to go on welfare, but did collect Social Security as a result of her husband's death in 1960 (of bronchial pneumonia). When Lofton made the majors, he built a new home in East Chicago for his grandmother and other family members.

Lofton attended Washington High School in East Chicago and played on the school's baseball team as a pitcher and center fielder. He was an all-state basketball player.

Lofton is the uncle of the actor Cirroc Lofton, who played Jake Sisko in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine.

College basketball and baseball
Lofton accepted a scholarship from the University of Arizona to play college basketball for the Arizona Wildcats. For the Wildcats, Lofton was the backup point guard (to Craig McMillan and Steve Kerr) on a team that made it to the Final Four of the 1988 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament. He was the starting point guard the following year when the Wildcats made it to the Sweet Sixteen. Lofton is one of only two men to play in a college basketball Final Four (1988) and an MLB World Series. (The other is fellow East Chicago Washington High School alumnus Tim Stoddard.) He left as the Wildcats' leader in career steals (a record eventually broken). "In strength and agility drills, he just killed it. He's a guy who could have played pro football or basketball or baseball," said former Wildcats teammate Bruce Fraser.

Lofton decided to try out for the Arizona Wildcats baseball team during his junior year. He played in just five baseball games and recorded only one official at-bat while at Arizona, but his speed and potential were recognized by baseball scouts, including the Houston Astros' Clark Crist. The Astros later selected Lofton in the 17th round of the 1988 MLB draft. He played minor-league baseball during the summer while completing his basketball eligibility at Arizona. The Astros organization asked Lofton to play minor-league baseball in the Florida Instructional League, but Lofton declined, citing a promise he had made to his grandmother to obtain his degree.

Lofton earned a degree in studio production at the University of Arizona while playing minor-league baseball for the Houston Astros. He credits his post-MLB success, as owner of FilmPool, Inc., to that education. Lofton is also a member of Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity.

Minor league career

Lofton struggled early in his professional baseball career in the Astros' farm system. He hit .214 in 48 games as an outfielder for the Auburn Astros of the New York–Penn League, but recorded 26 stolen bases in 30 attempts. Lofton returned to Auburn in 1989 and hit .263 with 26 steals in 34 games. He then hit .329 with 14 steals in 22 games for the Asheville Tourists in the South Atlantic League. As his college basketball career came to an end, Lofton was able to concentrate on baseball and he improved rapidly, finishing second in the league in hitting at .331 while adding 62 steals for the Osceola Astros in the Florida State League. He also drew 61 walks and improved defensively (.974 fielding percentage) and played in 123 games with Osceola.

After spring training in 1991, he went directly to the Triple-A Tucson Toros of the Pacific Coast League. His 168 hits led the league. He hit .308 with 30 steals and 52 walks for Tucson with 19 doubles and a team-high 17 triples. The Toros won the PCL championship and Lofton made the league's All-Star team. On September 14, 1991, the Astros promoted Lofton to the majors.

MLB season debut
In his major league debut with the Houston Astros on September 14, 1991, he went 3-for-4 with a double and scored three runs against the Cincinnati Reds. He hit .203 in 20 games for the remainder of the Astros' regular season. With Steve Finley already entrenched as Houston's centerfielder, Lofton was traded during the off-season to the Cleveland Indians for catcher Eddie Taubensee and right-handed pitcher Willie Blair. "I know they gave up on me and now I'm glad they did. One man's trash is another man's treasure", Lofton said of the Astros trading him.

Cleveland Indians
During his first season with Cleveland, in 1992, Lofton hit .285. His 66 stolen bases broke the all-time record for an AL rookie and was the most by an MLB rookie since Vince Coleman stole 110 in 1985. His season's stolen-base count, which led the AL, also broke a franchise record (previously set by Miguel Diloné in 1980). Indians first base coach Dave Nelson helped Lofton refine his baserunning technique and helped him learn how to be successful with bunting. Over his career, Lofton became one of the best bunters in baseball history. Lofton finished second (to the Milwaukee Brewers' Pat Listach) in AL Rookie of the Year balloting. After one season with Cleveland, Lofton agreed to a four-year, $6.3 million contract. The following season, Lofton broke his own Cleveland single-season stolen bases record, recording 70 (which led MLB). Lofton was selected to his first career All-Star Game during the 1994 season.

His development and impact in the league led Brewers manager Phil Garner to say, "I remember how raw he was, and I've never seen anybody develop into that type of player that fast." Garner, who saw Lofton play in the minors, added, "He went from a guy who could hardly get the ball past the infield to a guy who could hit the ball consistently. He always had good speed, but got lousy jumps and didn't run the bases well. He has turned into a dominant player." The regular season was stopped abruptly with the MLB strike, which also led to the cancellation of the World Series. For the season, Lofton again led the AL with 60 stolen bases. His 160 hits on the season were highest in the AL and his .349 batting average was a career-best. He finished fourth in Most Valuable Player Award voting. When the strike began in August, the Indians were in second place by one game in the AL Central to the Chicago White Sox. Indians general manager John Hart said of Lofton, "What a representative for our team and our city. He has the opportunity to be a George Brett-type player here, someone who is synonymous with a franchise." Lofton joined fellow Indians Carlos Baerga, Albert Belle, and Jim Thome to form "the backbone of some Indians teams that were as dominant as any."

In 1995, Lofton was one of six Cleveland starters who batted .300 or higher (.310). He also had an MLB-best 13 triples. His 54 stolen bases led the AL for the third consecutive season. The Indians faced the Seattle Mariners in the 1995 ALCS. In the eighth inning of game six, Lofton had an infield bunt, stole second base, and scored from second on a passed ball between pitcher Randy Johnson and catcher Dan Wilson. The Indians won the game 4–0. It was described by The New York Times as "the run that demoralized the Mariners." Fifteen years after Lofton's crossing of home plate, the Plain Dealer recalled: "Of all the electrifying moments on the Kenny Lofton highlight reel, none captures the essence of the player any better than his 180-foot dash to glory on October 17, 1995." As a result of winning the game, the Indians had won the ALCS and in so doing, Lofton and the Indians had brought the AL pennant to Cleveland for the first time since the 1954 season. "I'm glad for the city of Cleveland to be able to experience this, because they haven't experienced this for a long time. The city of Cleveland has grown a lot, and it's improving, and we tried to do this for the city", Lofton said. The Indians lost the World Series to the Braves in six games despite finishing the regular season with a major league-best 100–44 record in the strike-shortened year. Lofton finished with a .200 batting average and six stolen bases in his first World Series appearance. In 2010, a few years into his retirement, Lofton stated he felt it was the toughest postseason loss of his 11 career playoff appearances, namely because he felt the umpires had favorable strike zones for Braves pitchers Tom Glavine and Greg Maddux.

The following season in 1996, the Indians again had the best record in baseball (99–62) and Lofton's stolen base total (75) led MLB for the second time in four years. He hit .317 and had a career-high 67 RBIs. The Indians lost in the 1996 ALDS to the Baltimore Orioles in four games. As an impending free agent, it was Lofton's last season with Cleveland before being traded near the end of spring training 1997 to the Atlanta Braves of the National League (NL). On trading Lofton, Hart said, "We had to make this trade based on the fact that Lofton could be a free agent at the end of this season. We went through it with Albert Belle last year, and Albert left and we had nothing in return. We were not prepared to do that again." Lofton, described as "an emotional and offensive catalyst" with the Indians, appeared in three consecutive All-Star games (1994–1996) and won four straight Gold Glove Awards (1993–1996) with the Indians. He led the AL in stolen bases for five straight seasons (1992–1996) and set the single-season Indians' franchise stolen base record (75).

Atlanta Braves
The Atlanta Braves' Marquis Grissom and slugger David Justice were part of a Braves roster that, heading into the 1997 season, was MLB's highest-paid. Grissom ($4.8 million annual salary) and Justice ($6 million) were traded to the Indians in return for Lofton ($4.75 million) and Alan Embree ($206,000). "This is a trade of enormous magnitude for two very, very good franchises. We're talking about franchise-type players", Hart said. For Lofton, considered "the centerpiece of the Indians' 1990s revival", it was a return to the National League. "The trade will be in the back of my mind for a long time, but it's baseball. It happens to nearly everybody. I'm [in Atlanta] to play every day. It's all Braves from now on", Lofton said. By April 19, the Braves were 13–3 and Lofton's hitting (.453 batting average) had won favor with his new Braves teammates. "If he keeps hitting .400 he'll fit in just fine", said Chipper Jones. For the season, Lofton's .333 batting average and 27 stolen bases were team highs (his stolen-base total was to that point a career low). He was caught stealing 20 times, an MLB high. Atlanta won the NL East division with an MLB-best 101–61 record. The Braves swept the Houston Astros in the 1997 National League Division Series (NLDS), three games to none. In the 1997 National League Championship Series (NLCS), the Braves lost to the Florida Marlins, four games to two (the Marlins later defeated the Cleveland Indians in the World Series). For the NLCS, Lofton batted .185 and was one of three Braves' hitters who recorded seven strikeouts in the series. For Lofton, who was eligible for free agency at the end of the season, it was his only season with the Braves.

Return to Cleveland
Lofton, who was considered the "most sought-after free agent" following the 1997 season, returned to the AL and Cleveland Indians when he signed a three-year, $24 million contract. Happy to return to Cleveland, Lofton said, "It's like I was a ghost for a year. But now I'm back." Lofton's .282 batting average was to that point the lowest of his MLB career, but his 87 walks were a career high. However, he had 64 RBIs, his second-highest RBI total, which had been 66 at that point in his career and doubled his stolen base count with 54 from the previous year's total of 27. The Indians won the AL Central with an 89–73 record and their match-up against the Boston Red Sox, three games to one, in the 1998 ALDS. In the series against the Red Sox, Lofton's .375 batting average led the Indians, as did his two stolen bases and six hits. The Indians lost the 1998 ALCS in six games to the New York Yankees, who had won 114 games in the regular season. Lofton tied for third-most number of hits and strikeouts and his 27 at-bats led the Indians. For the 1999 season, Lofton finished with a .301 batting average, the seventh time in eight MLB seasons hitting .300 or better. It was, however, the first season with Cleveland he did not record 50 or more stolen bases, finishing the season with 25. The AL Central-winning Indians (97–65) lost in the 1999 ALDS to the Boston Red Sox, three games to two. The Indians had led in the series two games to none before losing three games in a row and the series. Lofton and Roberto Alomar each had two stolen bases in the series, but Lofton recorded just two hits in 16 at-bats. In Game 5, Lofton dislocated his left shoulder and tore his rotator cuff while diving into first base.

On September 3, 2000, in a 12–11 win over the Baltimore Orioles, Lofton tied an MLB record previously held by Red Rolfe when he scored in 18 consecutive games. He tied an Indians' franchise single-game record with five stolen bases and won the game with a 13th-inning walk-off home run. He finished the 2000 season batting .278, recording 30 stolen bases and 107 runs (the sixth time crossing home plate 100 times or more in nine seasons) as well as a career-high 15 home runs and 73 runs batted in. The Indians finished the regular season 90–72 and one game out of the wild card. After missing the postseason in 2000, the Indians returned in 2001 after winning the AL Central with a 91–71 regular-season record. Before winning the division, however, Lofton scored the game-winning run during an August 5 game against the Seattle Mariners; the Indians were down by 12 runs, and became just the third team in MLB history to overcome such a deficit, winning 15–14 in 11 innings. Indians catcher Eddie Taubensee, who was involved in the trade which sent Lofton from Houston to Cleveland at the beginning of his MLB career, caught Lofton after he slid into home plate and jumped with excitement after discovering he had just scored the game-winning run. "I caught him and wasn't going to let him go", Taubensee said. Cleveland won that game against Seattle, but lost their match-up with the 116-win Mariners in the 2001 ALDS. He hit 66 RBIs on the regular season (second-most in his career), but failed to record 20 stolen bases for the first time in his major-league career and batted a career-low .261. Lofton had been treated for a rib cage problem that had affected his play before the All-Star break. His second stint with Cleveland lasted through 2001, in which his salary was for $8 million in his final contract year with the club. He became a free agent at the conclusion of the season.

World Series ring pursuit
A free agent in 2002, Lofton signed a one-year, $1.025 million contract with the Chicago White Sox. "I looked at the different opportunities that I had and this was a team that won 83 games last year while they were banged up. Cleveland lost four good players from last year's team, and that's going to be hard to replace. This was an easy decision", Lofton said on signing with the White Sox. White Sox general manager Kenny Williams had stated when Lofton was healthy, like he was during the second half of the 2001 season, Chicago had obtained one of the best leadoff hitters in the game. When the White Sox were paired against the Indians in April during a three-game series at Chicago, the Indians were on a 10-game winning streak and at 11–1, had the best record in the majors. The White Sox ended the streak and for the series, Lofton was 6-for-14 with six runs scored. "You can't say enough about him, his effort, his intensity. He's been simply amazing", said White Sox manager Jerry Manuel. Lofton appeared in 93 games with the White Sox and hit .259 with 42 RBIs and 22 stolen bases. On July 28, he was traded to the San Francisco Giants of the NL for minor leaguers Ryan Meaux and Félix Díaz.

In the Giants' match-up with the St. Louis Cardinals in the 2002 NLCS, Lofton delivered a key hit to help the Giants win their first pennant since 1989. In the ninth inning, Cardinals manager Tony La Russa summoned left-handed reliever Steve Kline to face Lofton, who had already notched two singles in the game. Giants manager Dusty Baker considered bringing a right-handed hitter to pinch-hit for Lofton, but decided against doing so on the advice of his 3-year-old son. Lofton hit a first-pitch single to the outfield, scoring David Bell from second base and creating a 2–1 Giants victory. After the game, Baker remarked, "I just knew Kenny was focused and I know you can't keep Kenny down for too long. That's why we got Kenny over here. He's a big-game player and he's been great in the playoffs." The Giants held a five-run lead in the seventh inning of game six of the World Series against the Anaheim Angels, but eight outs away from winning the World Series, the Angels rallied to win 6–5. The Angels took game seven the following night, with Lofton flying out to Darin Erstad in center to end that game and the World Series, and for the second time in his career, Lofton had lost a World Series.

The Pittsburgh Pirates signed Lofton to a one-year, $1.025 million contract to begin the 2003 season. With the Pirates, he hit .277 and stole 18 bases in 84 games before being traded to the Chicago Cubs, where he was reunited with manager Dusty Baker. When Lofton joined the Cubs in July, he was joining a team that just one season before had lost 95 games. "With Kenny Lofton, we got a quality lead-off man", said Cubs general manager Jim Hendry. In 56 regular-season appearances with the Cubs, Lofton stole 12 bases and hit .327. Lofton and the Cubs won the NL Central division (88–74). The Cubs' postseason berth was just the sixth time since the divisional series format was introduced (1969) that a team made the postseason after having lost 95 games or more the previous season. Chicago beat the Atlanta Braves three games to two in the 2003 NLDS. Lofton hit .286 in the series and led the Cubs with three stolen bases and 21 at-bats. The Cubs, who were up in the series three games to one, held a three-run lead in the eighth inning of game six of the 2003 NLCS. The Florida Marlins scored eight unanswered runs, all in the eighth inning, to win game six and won game seven the following night to eliminate the Cubs. Lofton's .323 against the Marlins led the Cubs' starting line-up, as did his 31 at-bats, and he had the team's only stolen base of the seven-game series.

Lofton was again on the move when on December 23, 2003, the New York Yankees signed him to a two-year, $6.2 million contract. During a Yankees' road game at Cleveland, Lofton recorded his 2,000th career hit. After Lofton's single, Indians fans began an ovation in honor of Lofton. "I didn't know what to expect. I figured I'd get a few claps. It was touching. I tipped my hat, but they just kept going. If there was a storybook way for me to get it, to get it in Cleveland, it was something to remember." New York finished the regular season with an AL-best record, 101–61. To begin the postseason, the Yankees defeated the Minnesota Twins, three games to one, in the 2004 ALDS. In the 2004 ALCS against the Boston Red Sox, the Yankees had built a 2–0 series lead when Lofton stated, "My ultimate goal is for me to try to win a championship. I'm at a point in my career – I've been here for 13 years, and gotten close. This is an opportunity for me to have a chance at it again." Then the Yankees went up in the series three games to none before becoming the first team in MLB history to lose a series after holding a 3–0 series lead.

Lofton, who appeared in 83 games with the Yankees, felt manager Joe Torre did not use his skills appropriately. Lofton finished the regular season with a .275 batting average and a career-low seven stolen bases. With the Yankees looking to reshape their roster and the Philadelphia Phillies looking for a player with postseason experience, Lofton was dealt on December 3, 2004, which as part of the deal also had the Yankees sending $1.525 million to Philadelphia and the Phillies giving up reliever Felix Rodríguez. After the trade, Lofton stated, "It's been very tough. I'm the kind of guy who likes to be settled down. It's been very tough the last three or four years. Everyone in New York understood I wanted to play. I just wanted an opportunity to perform and be a part of the team. I didn't feel as much of a part of the team."

With the Phillies, Lofton hit .335 in 110 appearances, his batting average a team high. He also recorded 22 stolen bases. The Phillies finished 88–74, two games from the NL East division winners and one game out of the wild card. Toward the end of his career, Lofton was featured in a DHL Express TV commercial, where the international shipper comically portrayed Lofton's frequent city changes and subsequent moves.

On December 12, 2006, the Texas Rangers signed Lofton to a one-year contract. By signing with the Rangers, Lofton tied Todd Zeile for most teams played for by a position player. In 84 games with the Rangers, he hit .303 with 16 doubles.

On July 27, 2007, Lofton was traded by the Rangers to the Indians in exchange for minor-league catcher Max Ramírez. "That's my biggest thing right now. I'm trying to get a World Series ring," Lofton said on joining the Indians for the third time in his career. The Jacobs Field crowd greeted Lofton with a standing ovation during his first at-bat for this tour of duty with the Indians. Lofton noted, "I missed being in Cleveland... I enjoy Cleveland. It's the city that got me going." In game one of the 2007 ALDS against the Yankees, he went 3-for-4 with four RBIs and one stolen base, which tied him with Rickey Henderson for MLB's all-time postseason stolen bases record (33). In game two, he went 2-for-3 with two walks and scored the winning run in the 11th inning. Then, in Game Three of the 2007 ALCS, the 40-year-old Lofton hit a two-run home run against the Boston Red Sox' Daisuke Matsuzaka, becoming the seventh-oldest player to hit a postseason home run. Lofton earned his 34th career postseason stolen base in game four of the 2007 ALCS, setting a new MLB record for playoff steals. The Indians, who at one point had a 3–1 game lead over the Red Sox, eventually lost the series. In Game Seven, Lofton was called out while attempting to steal second base, but the replay showed that he was safe. He was also held up at third base while attempting to tie the game, in a call that was criticized by Cleveland fans for years. Lofton became a free agent at the end of the season, but did not sign a contract with an MLB team. He expressed interest in playing before the 2009 season.

From 2002 to 2007, Lofton played for eight teams and made it to the postseason with four of them. Joe Torre said, after Lofton had been to the playoffs in 11 of the past 13 seasons and played for 11 clubs in his career, "He bounced around a lot of clubs for a reason: They felt he could help them. He did a hell of a job." As Rollie Fingers wrote, "On one hand, Lofton could be seen as a catalyst who magically sparked his teams into playoff contention, but others could say that it was simply a case of top playoff contenders repeatedly seeing him as the final piece of their puzzle."

Retirement and Indians Hall of Fame
His 622 stolen bases rank him 15th all-time. He holds the Indians' record for stolen bases with 452. Lofton had tallied a .299 career batting average with 130 home runs, 116 triples, and 1,528 runs in 2,103 games. He was also a three-time MLB Player of the Week. Lofton played in 95 postseason games. In the playoffs for his career, he hit .247 with seven home runs and 34 RBI. Baseball historian Bill James named Lofton the "fastest player" and "best bunter" of the 1990s.

On January 27, 2010, Lofton was announced as being selected as a member of the Cleveland Indians Hall of Fame. He was inducted on August 7.

Lofton was eligible for the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2013 and some have written his career numbers "will likely put him in the conversation of being Hall of Fame worthy". He did not receive the necessary number of votes to remain on the ballot for 2014 and beyond. In 2015, Pedro Martínez, one of the most dominant pitchers of Lofton's era, named Lofton as among the most difficult hitters to pitch against in his career. Lofton falling off the BBWAA ballot after one year despite his career stats, accolades, and relatively clean reputation during the steroid era has often been considered by baseball fans as one of the most egregious Hall of Fame exclusions in history, and has been used as an example of criticism towards the election process.

Post-playing career
Lofton has his own television production company, FilmPool, Inc. In 1997, he appeared as a guest star on The Wayans Bros., and in 2004, he appeared as a guest star on George Lopez. Lofton co-wrote the song "What If" on Ruben Studdard's 2006 album Soulful. In 2008, Lofton qualified for the American Century Celebrity Golf Classic. He played golf in the off season during his playing days. For the 2011 spring training season, Lofton was hired by the Indians to coach baserunning and outfield work. He also served as a commentator on the Fox Sports West postgame show for the Los Angeles Dodgers. Lofton considers himself a perfectionist. "I love cleaning. I clean up, wash dishes, and make a good bed. I'm pretty neat. I'm a perfectionist. People come to my house and they're like, 'Man, do you actually live here?'"

In August 2022, Lofton was sued by a former employee of Lofton's investment company who claimed that he was fired by Lofton for complaining that Lofton had sent sexually explicit photos of himself to women in the company. The former employee alleged that he was fired in retaliation for complaining about the photos to the company's in-house attorney, and the former employee also claimed that he was not paid for his work.

title: Kenny Lofton


text:
Talk:HMS Juno (F52)

Chicago visit
A local news report said HMS Juno and HMS Fife locked through the St Lawrence Seaway and visited Chicago in mid-May 1987. Was this the same ship? With no weaponry? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.136.29.223 (talk) 01:41, 3 March 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:HMS Juno (F52)


text:
1925 in rail transport

January events

 * January 1 – Government of India takes over East Indian Railway Company.

February events

 * February 3 – Great Indian Peninsular Railway inaugurates first section of Bombay suburban electrification out of Victoria Terminus.
 * February 16 – A new suspension bridge opens over Niagara Falls, replacing the previous span built in 1855.
 * February 28 – The Chicago, Lake Shore and South Bend Railroad enters receivership.

March events

 * March 14 – Groundbreaking ceremonies for construction of the Independent Subway System's Eighth Avenue Line are held at 123rd Street and St. Nicholas Avenue.
 * March 24 – The Gyokunan Electric Railway in Japan opens.

April events

 * April 24 – The first section of the Itsukaichi Railway opens between Haijima and Itsukaichi stations in Japan.

June events

 * June 23 – The Chicago South Shore and South Bend Railroad is incorporated and purchases the assets of the Chicago, Lake Shore and South Bend Railroad.

July events

 * July 1 – Government of India takes over Great Indian Peninsula Railway.
 * July 5 – Samuel Insull begins serving as president of Chicago South Shore and South Bend Railroad with the introduction of major reconstruction projects for the railroad.
 * July 10 – Tobu Tojo Line, Ikebukuro, Tokyo, to Yorii route officially completed in Japan.
 * July 17 – Japanese Government Railways introduce automatic couplers in a 24-hour changeover.

September events

 * September 8 – Hull Electric Railway discontinues through service to Queen's Park, Toronto: passengers must now transfer to trains running from Aylmer.
 * September 27 – The Ginza Line, the oldest subway line in Asia, begins construction in Tokyo, Japan between Asakusa and Ueno.

October events

 * October – Sir Henry Fowler succeeds George Hughes as Chief Mechanical Engineer of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway.
 * October 22 – Central Railroad of New Jersey 1000, the first commercial diesel-electric locomotive, enters service at the Bronx Terminal Yard.

November events

 * November 1 – Japan's Yamanote Line, which becomes one of Tokyo's busiest and most important commuter lines, opens.
 * November 4 – Opening of Khyber Pass Railway, from Peshawar to Landi Kotal.
 * November 21 – Seaboard Air Line introduces the “Orange Blossom Special”.

December events

 * December 15 – Long Island Rail Road 401, the first diesel-electric locomotive used in mainline service, is demonstrated for the first time.

Unknown date events

 * Rebuilding of Berlin Friedrichstraße station in Germany is completed.
 * Henry deForest succeeds Julius Kruttschnitt as chairman of the executive committee for the Southern Pacific Company, the parent company of the Southern Pacific Railroad.
 * Lima Locomotive Works builds the first 2-8-4 steam locomotives, their first "Super Power" types, for the Boston and Albany Railroad's routes through The Berkshires; also, the first production 2-10-4s, for the Texas and Pacific Railway.
 * Electro-Motive Engineering changes its name to Electro-Motive Corporation (a company that would later become General Motors Electro-Motive Division).
 * William W. Atterbury becomes president of the Pennsylvania Railroad.
 * American Car and Foundry acquires Fageol and Hall-Scott.
 * The New York Central Railroad establishes a new subsidiary, the Eastern Refrigerator Despatch. Operation of the ERD, along with its 2,100 reefers, is quickly absorbed by Merchants Despatch.

Unknown date births

 * H. Reid, prominent railroad photographer and historian (died 1992).

title: 1925 in rail transport