text:
Hamilton Township

Hamilton Township may refer to:

Canada

 * Hamilton Township, Ontario

Arkansas

 * Hamilton Township, Lonoke County, Arkansas

Illinois

 * Hamilton Township, Lee County, Illinois

Indiana

 * Hamilton Township, Delaware County, Indiana
 * Hamilton Township, Jackson County, Indiana
 * Hamilton Township, Sullivan County, Indiana

Iowa

 * Hamilton Township, Decatur County, Iowa
 * Hamilton Township, Franklin County, Iowa
 * Hamilton Township, Hamilton County, Iowa

Michigan

 * Hamilton Township, Clare County, Michigan
 * Hamilton Township, Gratiot County, Michigan
 * Hamilton Township, Van Buren County, Michigan

Missouri

 * Hamilton Township, Caldwell County, Missouri
 * Hamilton Township, Harrison County, Missouri, in Harrison County, Missouri

Nebraska

 * Hamilton Township, Fillmore County, Nebraska

New Jersey

 * Hamilton Township, Atlantic County, New Jersey
 * Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey

North Carolina

 * Hamilton Township, Martin County, North Carolina, in Martin County, North Carolina

North Dakota

 * Hamilton Township, Pembina County, North Dakota, in Pembina County, North Dakota

Ohio

 * Hamilton Township, Butler County, Ohio, defunct
 * Hamilton Township, Franklin County, Ohio
 * Hamilton Township, Jackson County, Ohio
 * Hamilton Township, Lawrence County, Ohio
 * Hamilton Township, Warren County, Ohio

Pennsylvania

 * Hamilton Township, Adams County, Pennsylvania
 * Hamilton Township, Franklin County, Pennsylvania
 * Hamilton Township, McKean County, Pennsylvania
 * Hamilton Township, Monroe County, Pennsylvania
 * Hamilton Township, Tioga County, Pennsylvania
 * Hamilton Village, Philadelphia

South Dakota

 * Hamilton Township, Charles Mix County, South Dakota, in Charles Mix County, South Dakota
 * Hamilton Township, Marshall County, South Dakota, in Marshall County, South Dakota

title: Hamilton Township


text:
Joseph Rock

Joseph Francis Charles Rock (1884 – 1962) was an Austrian-American botanist, explorer, geographer, linguist, ethnographer and photographer.

Life
Josef Franz Karl Rock was born in Vienna, Austria, the son of a steward of a Polish count. As a result of a generally unhappy childhood and his father's determination that he become a priest, Rock set off on a wandering life in late adolescence. After a few precarious years traveling around Europe, he emigrated to the United States in 1905. He eventually ended up in Honolulu, Hawaii, in 1907, where he would remain for 13 years. Although Rock had no tertiary education, a fact about which he was sensitive and often dissembled, he had a remarkable capability for foreign languages; by the time he reached Hawaii he had a reasonable command of more than half a dozen, including Chinese.

Hawaii (1907-1920)
Initially Rock taught Latin and natural history at Mills College (now known as Mid-Pacific Institute). With little formal background in the latter subject, he quickly trained himself as a botanist and became the leading authority on Hawaiian flora. Despite his lack of credentials, in 1908 he talked himself into a job to develop the first herbarium in Hawaii for the U.S. Department of Agriculture, collecting enormous numbers of plants from his explorations around the islands. In 1911, the herbarium was transferred to the College of Hawaii (later the University of Hawaii) with Rock as its first curator and the Territory of Hawaii's first official botanist. During his time in Hawaii, Rock produced dozens of scholarly articles and five books, among which Indigenous Trees of the Hawaiian Islands (1913), in particular, is considered a classic work in its field. In 1913 Rock was part of a small expedition to the remote Palmyra Atoll, which resulted in the publication of a comprehensive description of its flora.

Botanical Expeditions in China (1920-1933)
In 1920 Rock left Hawaii for what would prove to be decades of residence and expeditions in Asia, mostly in Western China. The U.S. Department of Agriculture employed him as an agricultural explorer, sending him to Southeast Asia in search of seeds of the Chaulamoogra tree (Hydnocarpus wightianus), which was used in the treatment of leprosy. This success led to further expeditions in southwest China, and in 1922 Rock first arrived in Lijiang in the northwest of Yunnan province, the center of the Nakhi (Naxi) people. The valley of Lijiang is dominated by the Yulong range, at whose foot Rock established a residence in the village of Nguluko. This would be his primary base for the next 27 years, as he organized botanical expeditions throughout much of western China along the eastern borderlands of Tibet, a large, remote and very rugged area with numerous non-Han peoples for the most part only nominally governed by the Chinese government. Throughout the period Rock was in China, the country was wracked by warlordism, civil war, the war with Japan and finally the triumph of Mao Zedong's communist forces. Western China was parceled out into a colorful array of petty states and tribal territories, and infested with banditry, a well established way of life throughout these areas.

Nevertheless, Rock managed to collect and send back to his sponsors in the U.S. large quantities of plant and bird specimens, as well as many thousands of photographs of geographical, botanical, ethnographic and historical interest. Working with a group of Nakhi assistants, many of whom remained with him for decades, Rock was a superb collector, both in the quantity and quality of his seed and plant specimens. Since he came relatively late in terms of botanical exploration to one of the most bio-diverse regions of the world, he discovered relatively few new plant species, but many superior specimens to what had previously been available in the West. His style of expeditions typically involved large caravans, which besides the necessary provisions and equipment for storing his specimens and photography, included a personal cook, table with complete dinner setting, a portable bathtub and a phonograph. Usually an armed escort was a necessary addition against bandits or hostile tribes and had to be arranged for with each local authority. These expeditions were carried out over the course of the 1920s, financed by various prestigious institutions.

For the first few years based in Lijiang, Rock carried out expeditions mostly in the northern regions of Yunnan sponsored by the National Geographic Society and the Smithsonian Institution. Beginning in Dec. 1924, Rock set off on his most ambitious expedition lasting over three years sponsored by Harvard's Arnold Arboretum. The primary purpose was to collect plant and bird specimens in Gansu province, around Kokonor (Qinghai Lake) and in the Amnye Machen mountain range. For much of this time he based himself in Choni (Jonê County), Gansu as the guest of the prince or chieftain (tusi) of this small Tibetan kingdom, and his explorations included visits to the great Kumbum, Labrang and Rakya Tibetan monasteries. The entire region was wracked by warlordism and ferocious Tibetan-Muslim conflicts. Rock witnessed some of the brutal consequences of the Golok rebellions when the Warlord general Ma Q i's Chinese Muslim army campaigned against the fiercely independent nomadic Goloks and ravaged the Labrang Monastery. Rock finally left Choni in March 1927, but not before acquiring from Choni's famous printing press complete sets of the Kanjur and Tanjur canon of Tibetan Buddhist scriptures, 317 volumes in total, printed from 18th century wood blocks considered among the very finest quality. The following year Choni was sacked, the monastery and its ancient press burnt to the ground in the Muslim conflict in Gansu (1927–1930) by a Muslim army. This was the most important of a number of significant Tibetan texts Rock acquired for the Library of Congress collection.

When the Arnold Arboretum declined to finance a return expedition, Rock found sponsorship from the National Geographic Society to make a number of trips to southwest Sichuan to explore both the Konkaling range and Minya Konka (Mount Gongga). The latter is among the highest mountains outside of the Himalayas and was particularly difficult of access, not least because of the purported hostility of the local tribes. Rock approached closer to Minya Konka than any other Westerner and with characteristic romantic exaggeration declared it to be higher than Everest, although at the time he was not alone in this wishful miscalculation. During these explorations, Rock based himself in the lama kingdom of Muli, which he had first visited in 1924. Another small kingdom that he often visited, also in southwest Sichuan, was Yongning on the beautiful Lugu Lake, center of the Mosuo people. These explorations produced a series of articles for the National Geographic magazine, although the editors were hard pressed to reshape them, much to his annoyance, for their more popular readership and to off-set Rock's propensity for accumulative detail over coherent presentation. Nonetheless, he published a significant number of articles on little known areas and exotic peoples and customs of Western China accompanied by his excellent photographs.

Studies of the Nakhi
Despite the scale of his botanical collecting, for which he primarily received his funding, Rock published nothing on the flora of China (although later he did work on a large phytogeographical study, partially published posthumously ). By the end of the 1920s, his attention turned decisively to the culture of the Nakhi people. He wrote a two volume cultural history of the Nakhi and many studies of the texts and ritual ceremonies of the Dongba, a term that refers to both the religious texts and the shaman priests who composed them. The Nakhi Dongba were prolific composers of recitation texts using a unique script typically described as pictographic, although it is better understood as a rebus-like mnemonic device that complexly combines iconic and phonetic elements. The script required intensive training to be read or interpreted, and therefore was strictly for religious purposes and largely comprehensible only by the Dongba themselves. Rock worked with a number of dongba priests to produce transcriptions and detailed readings of the most important ceremonial texts, as well as a dictionary-encyclopedia. While not the first to study the dongba script and rituals, his work is still considered the foundation of subsequent scholarship. He also collected numerous manuscripts or "books" and is responsible for the large majority (over 7,000) of the Nakhi works that exist outside of China, a third of all surviving Nakhi texts, huge numbers of which were destroyed particularly during the Cultural Revolution.

With onset of World War II, Japanese aggression forced the Nationalist government of China to retreat to the far interior and Yunnan became a central supply point. During the war years, Rock was in and out of Lijiang, often undecided whether to stay and continue his Nakhi research or to leave. He spent a year in southern Vietnam, which gave him a relatively stable circumstance for writing until further Japanese advances forced him out. In 1944 the U.S. Army Map Service employed him for his geographic expertise on the Yunnan section of the exceptionally hazardous route designated "The Hump," over which the Allies flew in supplies from India to Chiang Kai-shek's forces in western China. Rock shipped his manuscripts prepared for publication and much of his collection to safety in Europe, but all were lost when the ship was torpedoed in the Arabian Sea. Fortunately the Harvard-Yenching Institute offered him support to return to Lijiang and reconstruct his work on the Nakhi. Working furiously despite serious medical problems, he was able to recreate and augment his lost work. However, in the aftermath of the defeat of Japan, communist forces soon took control of Lijiang (which had not been reached by the Japanese), making life increasingly difficult for the few foreigners residing there, and Rock left with his collections and manuscripts for the last time in August 1949.

Last Years (1949-1962)
Initially he based himself in Kalimpong, India hoping the situation would settle down and allow him to return to Lijiang. Once he realized that China was closed to him for good, he characteristically spent his last years wandering between Europe, the U.S. and Hawaii, often selling his considerable personal library and collections to support himself and to see his work into print. Finally settling in Honolulu, he continued his extensive Nakhi researches and renewed his enthusiasm for Hawaiian flora. He completed his monumental A Nakhi-English Dictionary Encyclopedia, both a dictionary of the Dongba script and an encyclopedia of Nakhi culture, and arranged for its publication in the year of his death in 1962. He died in Honolulu where he is buried.

Character
Rock never married, and there is no clear evidence that he ever had an intimate relationship of any kind. He kept detailed diaries and journals throughout much of his life, which frequently express his sense of loneliness—hardly surprising given his choice to live in remote, alien environments; but he clearly prized his independence and individual self-esteem above personal relations. Emotionally volatile and autocratic in manner, he had a well-deserved reputation as a difficult character, which was counter-balanced by his effectiveness in carrying out extremely challenging and often dangerous projects and the high quality of his work as collector, photographer and scholar. He generally viewed the Chinese harshly and temperamentally sided with the non-Han peoples among whom he lived and explored, who had been pushed into these remote areas by Chinese's insatiable need for all good cultivatable land. Nonetheless, he viewed these tribal peoples as primitive, hopelessly mired in filthy social habits and medieval, usually cruel and corrupt social structures. There is a frequent pattern of declaring he wished to leave China for good, but usually a few weeks back in the West, living in luxury hotels, was enough for him to escape from what he disparagingly referred to as "civilization." Similarly, there were many times when he decided to invite another Westerner to assist and accompany him on his expeditions (in one instance a young Edgar Snow), but usually they only lasted days before Rock sent them back in exasperation, swearing never to repeat the experiment. However, Rock developed a real affection and admiration for the Nakhi, who he tended to see as a comparatively unspoiled people, and in the later years of his time in China repeatedly declared his wish to live out his life in Lijiang.

Legacy
In 1913, botanist Anton Heimerl published Rockia,which is a genus of flowering plants from Hawaii belonging to the family Nyctaginaceae, it was named in Joseph Rock's honour.

Also, a number of plant species are named after Rock, including the Hawaiian endemic species Brighamia rockii of Molokai and Peperomia rockii; at Palmyra Atoll, the Pandanus Rockii Martelli, the spectacular Rock's Tree Peony, Paeonia rockii, from the Gansu mountains, and the yellow-berried mountain ash Sorbus rockii P.D.Sell.

In March 2009, the University of Hawaii at Manoa named its herbarium, which he had founded and developed, in his honor.

Rock's former residence at Nguluko (Yuhu) village has been made into a museum in his memory.

The American poet Ezra Pound (1885-1972) discovered Rock's work on the Nakhi in the 1950s and incorporated various details into the late sections of his enormous long poem, The Cantos, as well as mentioning Rock himself: "And over Li Chiang, the snow range is turquoise / Rock's world that he saved us for memory / a thin trace in high air."

Works
For a complete bibliography of Rock's published works (during his lifetime), see Chock (1963). Major writings include:

Hawaiian flora:

 * The	Indigenous Trees of the Hawaiian Islands (1913). Honolulu.
 * The Ornamental Trees of Hawaii (1917). Honolulu.
 * The	Leguminous Plants of Hawaii (1920). Honolulu.

Expeditions	in Western China and National	Geographic Magazine articles:
 * "Hunting the Chaulmoogra Tree" (1922)	3: 242–276.
 * "Banishing the Devil of Disease Among the Nashi: Weird Ceremonies Performed by		an Aboriginal Tribe in the Heart of Yunnan Province" (1924)		46: 473–499.
 * "Land	of the Yellow Lama: National Geographic Society Explorer Visits the		Strange Kingdom of Muli, Beyond the Likiang Snow Range of Yunnan,		China" (1924) 47: 447–491.
 * "Experiences of a Lone Geographer: An American Agricultural Explorer Makes His		Way through Brigand-Infested Central China En Route to the Amne Machin Range, Tibet" (1925) 48: 331–347.
 * "Through the Great River Trenches of Asia: National Geographic Society		Explorer Follows the Yangtze, Mekong, and Salwin Through Mighty		Gorges" (1926) 50: 133–186.
 * "Life		among the Lamas of Choni:		Describing the Mystery Plays and Butter Festival in the Monastery		of an Almost Unknown Tibetan Principality in Kansu Province, China"		(1928): 569–619.
 * "Butter as a Medium of Religious Art" (1929). Illustrated London News		175 (4721): 636–639.
 * "Choni, the Place of Strange Festivals" (1929). Illustrated London News	175 (4718): 520, 1929.
 * "Seeking the Mountains of Mystery: An Expedition on the China-Tibet Frontier to the Unexplored Amnyi Machen range, One of Whole Peaks Rivals		Everest" (1930) 57: 131–185.
 * "Glories of the Minya Konka: Magnificent Snow Peaks of the China-Tibetan Border are Photographed at Close Range by a National Geographic		Society Expedition" (1930) 58: 385–437.
 * "Konka Risumgongba, Holy Mountain of the Outlaws" (1931) 60: 1-65.
 * "The Land of the Tebbus" (1933). The Geographical Journal 81		(2): 108–127.
 * "Sungmas,	the Living Oracles of the Tibetan Church" (1935) 68: 475–486.
 * The	Amnye Ma-Chhen Range and Adjacent Regions: A Monographic Study (1956). Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente.

Nakhi Studies:

 * "Studies in Na-khi Literature: I. The Birth and Origin of Dto-mba Shi-lo, the	Founder of the Mo-so Shamanism, according to Mo-so Manuscripts. II.	The Na-khi Ha zhi P'i, or the Road the gods decide" (1937).	Bulletin de l'École française	d'Extréme-Orient 37 (1): 1–119.
 * "Romance of K'a-mä-gyu-mi-gkyi:	a Na-khi Tribal Love Story Translated from Na-khi Pictographic	Manuscripts" (1939). Bulletin de l'École française	d'Extréme-Orient 39 (1): 1–152.
 * "The	Muan	Bpö	Ceremony or the Sacrifice to Heaven as Practiced by the Na-khi"	(1948).	Monumenta	Serica 13: 1–160.
 * The	Ancient Na-khi Kingdom of Southwest China. 2 vols. (1948). Harvard Univ. Press.
 * The	Na-khi Nagag Cult and Related Ceremonies, 2 vols. (1952). Serie Orientale Roma 4 (1, 2), Rome.
 * "The D'a Nv Funeral Ceremony with Special Reference of the Origin of Na-khi Weapons" (1955). Anthropos 50: 1-31.
 * "The Zhi-ma Funeral Ceremony of the Na-khi of Southwest China" (1955). Anthropos 9: i-xvi, 1–230.
 * "Contributions to the Shamanism of the Tibetan-Chinese Borderland" (1959). Anthropos 54 (5/6): 796–818.
 * A Na-khi-English Encyclopedic Dictionary, 2	vols. (1963, 1972). Serie Orientale Roma	38, 39.
 * Na-Khi Manuscripts (1965), comp. Rock, ed. Klaus L. Janert. F. Steiner.

Collections and Papers:

 * See Aris (1992) for a list of major holdings of Rock's papers and collections scattered throughout the U.S. and Europe, including manuscripts, diaries, journals, field notes and letters, photographs, Nakhi manuscripts and other artifacts. Aris also includes an excellent selection of Rock's photographs.
 * Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University (1991). Joseph Francis Charles Rock (1884-1962) papers, 1922-2005: Guide [finding list of extensive papers and letters held by Harvard, a selection of which have been digitalized and transcriptions of 67 pages from Rock's diaries]. Harvard also holds more than 1200 of Rock's photographs that can be viewed online at HOLLIS Images.
 * The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh archive holds most of Rock's diaries.
 * The University & Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley archives hold four of his field books from the 1932 expedition to western China and Tibet, sponsored by The University of California Botanical Garden at Berkeley.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Joseph Rock


text:
Palmer

Palmer may refer to:

People and fictional characters

 * Palmer (pilgrim), a medieval European pilgrim to the Holy Land
 * Palmer (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters
 * Palmer (surname), including a list of people and fictional characters

Arts and entertainment

 * Palmer (film), a 2021 American drama film
 * Palmer Museum of Art, the art museum of Pennsylvania State University

Places

 * Palmer River (disambiguation)
 * Mount Palmer (disambiguation)

Antarctica

 * Palmer Inlet, Palmer Land
 * Palmer Land, a portion of the Antarctic Peninsula
 * Palmer Peninsula, former American name of the Antarctic Peninsula

Australia

 * Palmer, Queensland, a locality
 * Palmer, South Australia, a town
 * Palmer, Western Australia, a locality in the Shire of Collie
 * Palmer River (Northern Territory), a tributary of the Finke River
 * Palmer River, Queensland

Canada

 * Palmer, Ontario, Canada, a community in Burlington
 * Palmer, Saskatchewan, an unorganized hamlet
 * Palmer Township, Algoma District, Ontario
 * Palmer, British Columbia, site of former Fort Victoria (British Columbia)

United Kingdom

 * Palmer Park, Reading, England, a public park

United States

 * Palmer, Alaska, a city
 * Palmer, Illinois, a village
 * Palmer, Indiana, an unincorporated community
 * Palmer, Iowa, a city
 * Palmer, Kansas, a city
 * Palmer, Massachusetts, a city
 * Palmer (CDP), Massachusetts, a former census-designated place in the town
 * Palmer, Michigan, an unincorporated community
 * Palmer, Missouri, a ghost town
 * Palmer, Nebraska, a village
 * Palmer, Tennessee, a town
 * Palmer, Texas, a town in Ellis County
 * Palmer, Cameron County, Texas, a census-designated place
 * Palmer, Washington, an unincorporated community
 * Palmer, West Virginia, a ghost town
 * Palmer, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
 * Palmer Creek (Turnagain Arm), Alaska
 * Palmer Creek (Yamhill River), Oregon
 * Palmer Divide, Colorado, a ridge
 * Palmer Glacier, Oregon
 * Palmer Park (Chicago), Illinois, a public park
 * Palmer Park (Detroit), Michigan, a public park
 * Palmer Park, Colorado Springs, Colorado, a public park
 * Palmer River (Massachusetts – Rhode Island)
 * Palmer Township (disambiguation)

Businesses

 * C. F. Palmer, Ltd, a British scientific instrument maker
 * Château Palmer, a Bordeaux wine producer
 * Palmer Bus Service, a bus company in Minnesota and Wisconsin
 * Palmer Candy Company, a candy manufacturer in Sioux City, Iowa
 * Palmer National Bank of Washington, D.C., from 1983 to 1995
 * William Eastman Palmer & Sons, a British partnership of photographers based in Devon

Schools

 * Palmer High School (disambiguation)
 * Palmer Memorial Institute, Sedalia, North Carolina, a former school for upper class African-Americans
 * Palmer College of Chiropractic, Davenport, Iowa
 * Palmer's College, Thurrock, Essex, England
 * Palmer School, founded 1972, merged with Trinity Episcopal School to form Palmer Trinity School, Palmetto Bay, Florida
 * Palmer Theological Seminary, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
 * The Palmer Catholic Academy, a Roman Catholic secondary school in Ilford in London, England

Sports

 * Palmer Field, a sports stadium in Middletown, Connecticut
 * Palmer Stadium, a former sports stadium of Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey

Other uses

 * USS Palmer, two US Navy vessels
 * Palmer (mango), a commercial mango variety originating in south Florida
 * Palmer railway station, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
 * Palmer Road (disambiguation)
 * Palmer Station, an American research station in Antarctica

title: Palmer


text:
Talk:Equidistributed sequence

Sound
This sounds like the same thing as a uniform distribution. Can we just redirect this page there? —Caesura 12:38, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * NO! Uniform distribution is about random variables.  This is about non-random sequences!  (The first paragraph was incredibly confusing about just that point, but I've fixed it.)  Michael Hardy 18:56, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

merge suggestion - go for it
Hi Mike,

I'm thinking that equidistribution mod 1 should be made into a sbsection of this article ... is taht what you have in mind? linas 23:54, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

I agree with this. Go ahead and do it. --12.222.158.49 05:53, 6 February 2006 (UTC) (Not mike.)

cleanup
After merge cleanup for redundancy, and expert attention. Ste4k 06:12, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

Discrepancy
The discrepancy needs to be defined in this article, and some work done conjointly on Discrepancy theory. Richard Pinch (talk) 07:11, 16 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I've made a start. Richard Pinch (talk) 10:49, 16 August 2008 (UTC)

Another merger
Should Equidistribution theorem be merged into this article? Richard Pinch (talk) 10:49, 16 August 2008 (UTC)

Explanation needed for |...| in the definition
Let (s1, s2, s3, …) be a bounded sequence of real numbers. What is
 * {s1, s2, s3, …}|?

TomyDuby (talk) 01:56, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Do you mean $$\{ s_1,\ldots,s_n \} \cap [c.d]$$? That's the number of elenments in the intersection of the first n elements of the sequence and the closed interval from c to d.  Richard Pinch (talk) 06:33, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, I meant exactly that. Thanks for explanation!
 * TomyDuby (talk) 07:16, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

Problematic Example
I don't think that the following makes sense:

The sequence {αn} is equidistributed mod 1 for almost all values of α.

Clearly all you need do is take any α with modulus less than 1 to see that you get a convergent sequence which doesn't have the equidistributed property? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Thudso (talk • contribs) 09:37, 26 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Almost all provided that α > 1. The result was proven by Koksma in 1935. Spacepotato (talk) 19:17, 28 August 2010 (UTC)

Cleaned up
Hi, I cleaned up this page (the headings were really confusing and unrelated - things related to equidistribution mod 1 were not under equidistribution mod 1, for instance) and added some content. Also, I decided to be bold and merge the article on Weyl's criterion into this page. This is my first serious edit in Wikipedia, any feedback is welcome :) Yoni (talk) 17:16, 21 February 2014 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 14:34, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Equidistributed sequence


text:
Archimedean

Archimedean means of or pertaining to or named in honor of the Greek mathematician Archimedes and may refer to:

Mathematics

 * Archimedean absolute value
 * Archimedean circle
 * Archimedean constant
 * Archimedean copula
 * Archimedean field
 * Archimedean group
 * Archimedean point
 * Archimedean property
 * Archimedean solid
 * Archimedean spiral
 * Archimedean tiling

Other uses

 * Archimedean screw
 * Claw of Archimedes
 * The Archimedeans, the mathematical society of the University of Cambridge
 * Archimedean Dynasty
 * Archimedean Upper Conservatory

title: Archimedean


text:
KWL table

A KWL table, or KWL chart, is a graphical organizer designed to help in learning. The letters KWL are an acronym, for what students, in the course of a lesson, already know, want to know, and ultimately learn. It is a part of the constructivist teaching method where students move away from what are considered traditional methods of teaching and learning. In this particular methodology the students are given the space to learn by constructing their own learning pace and their own style of understanding a given topic or idea. The KWL chart or table was developed within this methodology and is a form of instructional reading strategy that is used to guide students taking them through the idea and the text. A KWL table is typically divided into three columns titled Know, Want and Learned. The table comes in various forms as some have modified it to include or exclude information.

It may be useful in research projects and to organize information to help study for tests.

Classroom introduction
The KWL chart was created by Donna Ogle in 1986. A KWL chart can be used for all subjects in a whole group or small group atmosphere. The chart is a comprehension strategy used to activate background knowledge prior to reading and is completely student centered. The teacher divides a piece of chart paper into three columns. The first column, 'K', is for what the students already know about a topic. This step is to be completed before the reading. The next column, 'W', is for students to list what they want to learn about the topic during the reading. This step is also to be completed before the reading. The third column, 'L', is for what the students learned from the reading. This step, of course, is done after finishing the reading. The KWL chart can also be used in reading instruction at the beginning of a new unit.

Here is what the KWL chart can look like:

Things to keep in mind
Materials required can vary on the type of classroom activity the teacher intends to carry. For a classroom activity if the teacher divides the class for a particular topic then 1 paper with KWL chart per group shall be given. But if the teacher wants every individual child to brainstorm on the given topic then every individual shall have their own student paper copy.

In the 'K' column, the teacher has to make sure that she or he has all the questions ready for the students to brainstorm on the particular idea that needs to be taken care in that class. The questions help the students to be prompted to think in specific directions that will lead them to the first step of brainstorming. Also ask the students the reason of their answers. By this the teacher makes them aware of their associations to the answers. The questions like "what made you think like that?" shall guide them well. In the 'W' column, ask associating questions or liking questions to make them come to the thinking. questions like, "what would you like to learn more about this idea?" can help them to analyze and think more. The teacher here has to come prepared with her/his own set of questions that will link the students' questions to the idea in the text. This is done so that the student shall not lose the flow of the text as well as not lose the purpose of the activity. In the last column 'L', help the students to come out with their own creative ideas and analysis. Also in this particular column, the teacher shall ask the students to differentiate between the answers to their questions and ideas in other columns and the idea they found interesting. At last, the teacher shall help the students to consult other sources which would answer their questions which are not mentioned in the text.

A KWL chart can be used to drive instruction in the classroom. The teacher can create lesson plans based upon the interests and inquiries of the students and their needs. Using this strategy can increase motivation and attention by activating the students' prior knowledge. This allows the teacher to understand the students' prior knowledge and the students' interests in the topic.

Purpose
A teacher has many reasons for using KWL charts in the classroom. First, a KWL chart activates students' prior knowledge of the text or topic to be studied. By asking students what they already know, students are thinking about prior experiences or knowledge about the topic. Next, KWL charts set a purpose for the unit. Students can add their input to the topic by asking them what they want to know. Students then have a purpose for participating and engaging in the topic. Also, using a KWL chart allows students to expand their ideas beyond the text used in the classroom. By being aware of students' interests, the teacher has the ability to create projects and assignments that the students will enjoy. A KWL chart is a tool that can be used to drive instruction as well as guide student learning. KWL charts are used by elementary teachers from literature to science. They are also used to teach historical content at the elementary level.

Study tool
A KWL chart can be used as a study tool for an individual, group, or entire class. It is a way to synthesize information into a visual aid. The students are also able to keep track of what they have done and what they still would like, or need to do.

Required materials
Materials required can vary on the type of classroom activity the teacher intends to carry. For a classroom activity if the teacher divides the class for a particular topic then one paper with a KWL chart per group shall be given. But if the teacher wants every child to brainstorm on the given topic, they shall have their own student paper copy.

Specific learners
KWL charts can be used with all students, however, there are specific groups of students that lend themselves quite well to this strategy, including visual learners, young learners, or ESL learners. As the chart is a graphic organizer it can aid visual learners. The information is presented in a user-friendly way that is visually accessible. Due to the visual nature of the KWL chart it can also be beneficial for young learners such as preschoolers. Words may not be necessary, and pictures can be used to express the chart's ideas. As pictures can be used alone or in conjunction with words, the KWL chart may assist students learning a second language.

Adaptations
There are various adaptations of KWL charts that can be used within the classroom.

Hill
One adaptation as created by Hill is an extension of the traditional KWL chart to include a column for "Further Wonderings" at the end of the table. This allows for the students' knowledge to continue beyond what they have learned within the classroom. The idea behind this extra column is to encourage the students to continue to learn.

KLEW
Another adaptation of the KWL chart is the KLEW chart. The KLEW chart was developed by a group of people with various backgrounds including an elementary school teacher, a professor and a professional development specialist. Within this chart, the "K" stands for what students know of a topic, the "L" for what is being learned, the "E" for evidence that supports the learning previously described, and the "W" for wondering, which leaves room for further questions. This table differs from the traditional KWL chart as it places an emphasis on observation and examination of evidence that supports what they see.

Mooney
Margaret Mooney suggested a variation to the KWL chart by adding a fifth column to the traditional chart. This column would be located between the "W" and the "L". Its purpose is to answer the question "How". This encourages the students to develop their own means of how they will discover more information. This can be quite useful in the sciences for experimentation purposes.

Assessment and evaluation
The KWL chart is useful to complete formative assessment in the classroom. It allows the teacher to find out the students prior knowledge on a particular topic. From this knowledge the teacher is then able to gear their lessons based upon this information. The KWL chart can be completed when starting a new topic and be added to throughout the unit. Further, the teacher is able to find out what the students have learned by the end of their lessons.

KWL charts work well in order to examine the individual student or the entire class in order to understand their thinking and learning.

Advantages
According to Jared and Jared (1997), KWL was established with the motive to enhance the comprehensive reading skills of the students. This was done by designing the three levels of the activity focusing on the different learning styles of the individuals. According to Glazer(1998), students fail to enjoy the text or content because they fail to understand it. Hence, KWL increases their comprehension skills as the activity goes through each topic step by step. According to Szabo(2006), a KWL table uses a strategy of before-during-after for the students to enhance their comprehension skills. The students start by brainstorming the prior knowledge about the topic and then eventually develop curiosity about the topic. This builds their interest in the topic and they would want to learn more about the topic. KWL chart gives an opportunity to the individual to build up self-motivation regarding the topic. Through KWL table, the students go through self-evaluation as they know what they intend to learn and what they really understood. Hence, KWL gives the students some space to explore the topic through other sources and build up their knowledge.

title: KWL table


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Slapjoy and Monkfish

Slapjoy and Monkfish was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Looks like hoax:
 * 1) Google search returns 2 links both from Urban Dictionary.
 * 2) Director is one of main characters.
 * 3) Films are claimed to be recent.
 * 4) Article claims: Certain characters were the inspiration for other characters in major motion pictures, including Dectective Ohls as the model for Johnny Depp's portrayal of Jack Sparrow in Pirates of the Carribean., yet neither of the links is related to PotC nor can this be verified by another source than the article.

[[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 12:41, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * If it's not on IMDB it's not a notable film, delete. --fvw *  12:48, 2004 Dec 17 (UTC)
 * Delete, and look seriously at the linked jokes at Ben Stubbs, Alex Partridge and Ian Kimpton. Andrewa 16:48, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Good catch; I've tagged them all for speedy. Samaritan 19:31, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Really, given the ridiculous articles for each of those three, Slapjoy and Monkfish should be speedied as an obvious hoax/falsity too. Samaritan 19:33, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete for the reasons above. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 17:58, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, hoaxy Wyss 23:19, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Was blanked by some anon, is now speedied, for non-verifiability and linking to hoaxes. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 08:29, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Neither "nonverifiability" nor "linking to hoaxes", or even being a hoax, is a reason for speedy deletion. Dr Zen 06:07, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

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text:
Monroe Township

Monroe Township may refer to:

Arkansas

 * Monroe Township, Mississippi County, Arkansas, in Mississippi County, Arkansas
 * Monroe Township, Sevier County, Arkansas, in Sevier County, Arkansas

Illinois

 * Monroe Township, Ogle County, Illinois

Indiana

 * Monroe Township, Adams County, Indiana
 * Monroe Township, Allen County, Indiana
 * Monroe Township, Carroll County, Indiana
 * Monroe Township, Clark County, Indiana
 * Monroe Township, Delaware County, Indiana
 * Monroe Township, Grant County, Indiana
 * Monroe Township, Howard County, Indiana
 * Monroe Township, Jefferson County, Indiana
 * Monroe Township, Kosciusko County, Indiana
 * Monroe Township, Madison County, Indiana
 * Monroe Township, Morgan County, Indiana
 * Monroe Township, Pike County, Indiana
 * Monroe Township, Pulaski County, Indiana
 * Monroe Township, Putnam County, Indiana
 * Monroe Township, Randolph County, Indiana
 * Monroe Township, Washington County, Indiana

Iowa

 * Monroe Township, Benton County, Iowa
 * Monroe Township, Butler County, Iowa
 * Monroe Township, Fremont County, Iowa
 * Monroe Township, Johnson County, Iowa
 * Monroe Township, Linn County, Iowa
 * Monroe Township, Madison County, Iowa
 * Monroe Township, Mahaska County, Iowa
 * Monroe Township, Monroe County, Iowa
 * Monroe Township, Ringgold County, Iowa
 * Monroe Township, Shelby County, Iowa, in Shelby County, Iowa
 * Monroe Township, Wayne County, Iowa

Kansas

 * Monroe Township, Anderson County, Kansas

Michigan

 * Monroe Township, Michigan, in Newaygo County
 * Monroe Charter Township, Michigan, in Monroe County
 * Munro Township, Michigan, in Cheboygan County

Minnesota

 * Monroe Township, Lyon County, Minnesota

Missouri

 * Monroe Township, Andrew County, Missouri
 * Monroe Township, Daviess County, Missouri
 * Monroe Township, Lincoln County, Missouri
 * Monroe Township, Livingston County, Missouri
 * Monroe Township, Monroe County, Missouri
 * Monroe Township, Nodaway County, Missouri

Nebraska

 * Monroe Township, Platte County, Nebraska

New Jersey

 * Monroe Township, Gloucester County, New Jersey
 * Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey

North Carolina

 * Monroe Township, Guilford County, North Carolina, in Guilford County, North Carolina
 * Monroe Township, Union County, North Carolina, in Union County, North Carolina

North Dakota

 * Monroe Township, Towner County, North Dakota, in Towner County, North Dakota

Ohio

 * Monroe Township, Adams County, Ohio
 * Monroe Township, Allen County, Ohio
 * Monroe Township, Ashtabula County, Ohio
 * Monroe Township, Carroll County, Ohio
 * Monroe Township, Clermont County, Ohio
 * Monroe Township, Coshocton County, Ohio
 * Monroe Township, Darke County, Ohio
 * Monroe Township, Guernsey County, Ohio
 * Monroe Township, Harrison County, Ohio
 * Monroe Township, Henry County, Ohio
 * Monroe Township, Holmes County, Ohio
 * Monroe Township, Knox County, Ohio
 * Monroe Township, Licking County, Ohio
 * Monroe Township, Logan County, Ohio
 * Monroe Township, Madison County, Ohio
 * Monroe Township, Miami County, Ohio
 * Monroe Township, Muskingum County, Ohio
 * Monroe Township, Perry County, Ohio
 * Monroe Township, Pickaway County, Ohio
 * Monroe Township, Preble County, Ohio
 * Monroe Township, Putnam County, Ohio
 * Monroe Township, Richland County, Ohio

Pennsylvania

 * Monroe Township, Bedford County, Pennsylvania
 * Monroe Township, Bradford County, Pennsylvania
 * Monroe Township, Clarion County, Pennsylvania
 * Monroe Township, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania
 * Monroe Township, Juniata County, Pennsylvania
 * Monroe Township, Snyder County, Pennsylvania
 * Monroe Township, Wyoming County, Pennsylvania

South Dakota

 * Monroe Township, Turner County, South Dakota, in Turner County, South Dakota

title: Monroe Township


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Supagroup

Supagroup was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP

This is a vanity page, it should be deleted. Edward 12:42, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep Seems notable to me. They have a CD selling on Amazon and every other major site. Mdchachi|Talk 14:52, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Strong keep. Hardly vanity.  The group is verifiable; it has several albums selling on Amazon and is worthy of note on Wikipedia.  Stop wasting our time with the notability game.  [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 17:42, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep as notable. Here it is discussed in major media in Denver, Detroit and, heck, here they are reviewed in the print Rolling Stone. Samaritan 19:39, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. They've got a lot of Google hits. P Ingerson 19:50, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Supakeep, this was never even a suitable VfD IMO Wyss 23:14, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * weak Keep, weakly notable. --fvw *  23:30, 2004 Dec 17 (UTC)
 * Keep it. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 04:28, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Queen Caroline

Queen Caroline may refer to:
 * Caroline of Ansbach (1683–1737), queen consort of Great Britain and Ireland
 * Caroline Matilda of Great Britain (1751–1775), queen consort of Denmark and Norway
 * Maria Carolina of Austria (1752–1814), queen consort of Naples
 * Caroline of Brunswick (1768–1821), queen consort of the United Kingdom and Hanover
 * Caroline of Baden (1776–1841), queen consort of Bavaria
 * Caroline Bonaparte (1782–1839), queen consort of Naples
 * Caroline Augusta of Bavaria (1792–1873), queen consort of Hungary and Bohemia
 * Caroline Amalie of Augustenburg (1796–1881), queen consort of Denmark
 * Carola of Vasa (1833–1907), queen consort of Saxony
 * Queen Caroline Estate, a council housing development in Hammersmith & Fulham, London

title: Queen Caroline


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/David Essner Mathematics Competition (1st nomination)

David Essner was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP

Vanity from beyond the grave. --fvw *  12:44, 2004 Dec 17 (UTC)

 * Keep (or rename to David Essner Mathematics Competition) - he's got a regional mathematics competition named after him that's been running for 20 years. Seems notable to me. Mdchachi|Talk 15:11, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Borderline IMO but I think it just scrapes in. Certainly not vanity! Andrewa 16:33, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I don't think that he is sufficiently notable. Jacob1207 16:38, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I fail to see how this could possible be contrived as vanity. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 17:35, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. We need more (non-vanity) articles about people like him. P Ingerson 19:53, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The founder of a notable organization or someone who has something notable named after them spicifically is almost always notable.  --L33tminion | (talk) 21:30, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment. "Vanity from beyond the grave". Nice. Glad to know people care so warmly about Wikipedia. Also glad I can't vote. 82.92.119.11 21:35, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, obviously. Wyss 23:13, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * keep Yuckfoo 01:55, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * KEEP. Maybe David Essner is not sufficiently notable, but the competition is.--AAAAA 04:12, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Duh, keep. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 04:28, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * As per User:Mdchachi, I just renamed the article as David Essner Mathematics Competition, and added some more info about the competition.--AAAAA 04:30, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * WFM, I'm fine with keeping the redirect. --fvw *  18:01, 2004 Dec 18 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is not vanity, but it is an article about a person who is no more notable than any other graduate student and would not even be remembered by anyone outside of family, friends, and collegues if he had not happened to be killed.  Furthermore, this math compeition named after him is a secondary school compeition held in a single county and therefore not the least bit notable, as mathematics competitions are held all over the United States and this one has no special qualities of note.  It is a shame he was killed, but if that were enough to establish notability, then everyone who has died in an accident in the history of the world is similarly notable, which seems a ridiculous proposition.  True, fewer accident victims have had something named after them, but there are still thousands who have been memorialized in this manner and as stated above the math competition is trivial.  I understand that some people feel that any verifiable information is worth including in wikipedia, and I can comprehend this viewpoint even as I thouroughly disagree with it, but I am shocked that anyone would argue for inclusion of this article on grounds of notability.  Indrian 06:46, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Re: Indrian, you could say the same of all the articles of small towns, freeways, etc., in the United States. You could just as easily say they are not notable... Joshk 03:08, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Accession of Turkey to the European Union/Archive 1

Untitled
Messages dated before 16 December were moved here from Talk:Enlargement of the European Union when the section on Turkey was exported.

Democracy, secular state as preconditions to join!
Certain persons apparently object against information that Turkey has problems fulfilling the criteria for joining the EU, more specifically that Turkey still privileges Islam en musliums over other religions. Someone made a comparison with Greece. However, both for Greece, then, as for Turkey, now and tomorrow, the seperation of chutch and state is a clear, expliciet and important condition. This conditions must be met BEFORE talks can open. Greece, contrary to Turkey, knew only minor issues that since have been removed. This is: situation was already quite good for Greece and improved since. In Turkey, situation of treatment of religious minoritoes by the state is horribly bad a,d even deteriorating in cetain aspects!
 * Apparently, according to Mr. Katsaris, the situation in Greece has not improved, and major discriminations would still exist. Can anybody else confirm this? can Mr. Katsaris put forward objective and athoritative evidence. Thanks in advance,  --Rudi Dierick 09:33, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

So, please respect this requirement! Otherwise, you are going squarely against the explicite rules of the Wikipedia project! --Rudi Dierick 10:31, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * You have a quite huge problem figuring out the distinction between "secular state"  and "full separation of church and state". You are arguing that Turkey still "privileges" Islam -- Greece still privileges the Greek Orthodox Church. Ireland for a very long time privileged the Catholic Church - perhaps it still does. The United Kingdom privileges the Anglican church. But Ireland and Greece and the United Kingdom are still secular states.
 * So, for you it is OK that Turkey continues sending out its imams on missionary missions, and to pay for missionaries, and have state-paid imams consacrate polygamous mariages, forbide the Greek-orthodox church to re-open training schools for its Turkish clerics etc.! Moreover, you comparethe PAST for Ireland and Greece, with the TODAY for Turkey. Also in Greece and ireland, as soon as there are others then catholics and greek-Orthodox n the typcal minimal numbers for a religion to et recognised, those states will recognise them.  The privileges the fomer state religion enjoyed there have been removed! In the meanwhile, theer is no songle reason that can justify for Turkey not paying clerics of the Greek-Orthodox Church when the state does fund clerics from the Islam. After all, the Greek-orthodox church was present overthere from even long before the islam! Also, the UK does recognoise and funding other religous organisations then just the Anglican church!  Apparently, you are unaware from that!--Rudi Dierick 21:21, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Um, no, I was comparing TODAY for Greece with TODAY for Turkey. TODAY Greece privileges the Greek Orthodox Church. Today the United Kingdom privileges the Anglican church. It privileges e.g. by allowing its heads of state to be a part of only that religion.
 * Come on. This is trivial! Do you really mean to say that Turkey payin thousands of imams and nothing at all can be set at an equal footting as the UK having only Anglican's for hed of state? Anywa, this is not at all meant by the COE's Framework Convention for the Protection of national Minorities, (1) --Rudi Dierick 22:13, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * YOU think the one trivial and the other important, which is why I'm calling it blatant POV. And the Council of Europe has nothing to do with the European Union, btw. Aris Katsaris 01:10, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Looks like this gives 1 black hole and 1 inaccuacy:
 * 1. You avoid discussing my arguments, you don't add any evidence for your point of view of reality. So, if I would have to apply your logic, I should have to cut anything you wrote and that I don't like. I won't, as that would be arrogant censorship, even after contrary evidence was provided!--Rudi Dierick 22:13, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 2. The EU Commission explicitely refers to the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (2), agreed in the Council of Europe as one of the guiding documents concerning the standards both current and any new member state will be judged! In a course on European integration, prof.Koen Lenaerts 3, explained there is a fair deal of cooperation between EU and non-EU institutions, including the COE. Is he wrong? Or will you again pretend to know it much better then, in this case, a distinguished professor of law?--Rudi Dierick 09:33, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * TODAY Greece has no legally recognized Mosques in Athens even if hundreds of thousands of Muslims exist in Athens. But that's quite irrelevant actually, since my main point is you've not provided the references I've asked for you. Aris Katsaris 22:06, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * True, but is the fact that Greece still continues discriminating (you're correct in this), altough it promised to improve things some years ago, any reason why the European union should as from now lower its requirements and accept any state that also maintains such discrimination? If I kill my neighbour, is that a justification for you that you should be able to do so to? --Rudi Dierick 22:13, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * You say "lower its requirements" when you've never proven that such requirements ever existed. The EU isn't forcing United Kingdom to allow Roman Catholic monarchs. The EU isn't forcing Greece to abolish the Greek Orthodox Church's position as dominant religion. Aris Katsaris 01:07, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 1. Don't you have any answer on my argument that one past error does not justify making the same error again? --Rudi Dierick 22:13, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 2. I did put forward the argument that the religious quality of a monarch is NOT relevant to how well a state respects the religious freedoms of its people. That that is irrelevant, and never mentionned in the officiel documents as the Framework Convention ... But apparently, that is a source you prefer not to know, or to discard. Well, I fear that such a personnal judgement where you feel mandated to discard the COE's conventions, makes any discussion very difficult. --Rudi Dierick 22:13, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 2. You insist that I should put forward evidence for anything you don't agree with. So, how about you putting forward evidence for your disputed claims? Why not start giving the good example yourself? For your claims in religious discrimination in 3 countries, you should, according to your own rules, put forward evidence for all thee! I'm waiting! --Rudi Dierick 09:33, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * And still waiting!--Rudi Dierick 22:13, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * You might object that, while agreeing, it remains unfair that in the meanwhile, Greece is in. However, hitting a stone once is enough, otherwise we would be worse then donkey's. Isn't it? I don' see at all why the EU, having made this error with Greece once, should now repeat it once more! And for the UK and Ireland, please check public expenditure for religious training and salaries for clerics of minority religions in those countries.  I've once met myself students at a Britisch university training to become a rabbi and a roman catholic priest (alongside some going for Anglican minister)! --Rudi Dierick 23:05, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * You still don't get it. You still think this is an argument between us about whether Turkey should join. You think this is an argument about what EU requirement *should* be. It is not. It is an argument about truth and falsehood. If you imply that EU requirement say that member-state must not favour a specific religion, that's false. Aris Katsaris 01:07, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * And what evidence do you have for that? When anybody reads the latest draft constitution of the EU, and the COE's Framework Convention on Minorities, then one finds very explict requriements on the mandatory non-discrimination between religions! Or don't you like the EU's constitution? --Rudi Dierick 09:33, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * And Mr. Katsaris, before wielding the axe and censoring again, you didn't find the time to read the draft EU constitution? Nor the COE's Framework Convention on Minorities?--Rudi Dierick 22:13, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Get a grip, get some sanity, and get your facts straight. If you say that "seperation of chutch and state is a clear, expliciet and important condition", and you mean that as *full* and absolute separation between the two, then please do provide the reference to the EU decision that declared such a clear and explicit condition, because I've very definitely disputing the FACTUAL accuracy of your words -- aka I think you are dead dead wrong. Aris Katsaris 16:51, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, if yo still need being informed or convincced that a secular state with a seperation from chruch and state is a pre-condition, that again disqualifies one person as rather incompetent to say something about this! It is plainly stupid that you still insist on this! You are making an idiot out of yourself by pretending you don't know. --Rudi Dierick 21:21, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * You aren't being coherent. There are specific conditions and preconditions -- if you claim that full separation of church and state is one of them, then I definitely want to see some references, or I'm gonna keep deleting misinformation you add. Your comments on my person are irrelevant. Aris Katsaris 22:06, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * So, let's start a war between censorship and free speech! Is that what you want? It is plainly stuupid that I should have to provide detail information to anybody who first handles the axe -cutting away everything he does not like . If you wpoud be sincerely interested yo find out more abou this, the frst things to do is ask, and not start behaving like a brute!
 * It's not a war between censorship and free speech, it's a censorship between truth and falsehood. You support falsehood, I support truth. You make claims you can't factually support, I then removed your errors, falsehoods and lies. Aris Katsaris 00:57, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * And God has given, you the supreme right to be the judge? You arrogant bastard!  --Rudi Dierick 09:33, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Moreover you keep on adding POV attitudes. You claim that Armenia did nothing to warrant such a painful economic embargo? Says who? You? Many would also say that Armenia is currenly illegally occupying part of Azerbaijan.
 * Aha, you admit that Turkey embargoes Armenia because of its war with Azerbaijdian! Have a look in international, neutral fora, and you'll see international mediation efforts were going on between Armenia and Azerbajdian, but that Turkey side-stepped these, and then unilaterally started an economic war out of solidarity with its ISLAMIC neighbour! Well, that again proves that Turkey feels that islamic solidarity goes ABOVE international rule of law! So, one reason more why Turkey is UNFIT and UNCAPABLE to join the EU!--Rudi Dierick 21:21, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * It is not mine or yours to either "admit" or "not admit". It's not mine or yours to input arguments about whether Armenia deserves or doesn't deserve an embargo. It *does* fall on you to indicate WHO ever said that the embargo on Armenia consistutes a problem for Turkey's entry on EU. The Wikipedia article is not a place to state opinions shares only by *you*. Aris Katsaris 21:54, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, I haven't seen any evidence from yoyr side either, so why should you be so much better then me that you don't have to provide any evidence to justify your axe-wielding?

 * What side? How can I prove the non-existence of people using the Armenia embargo as an argument against Turkey's entry? I've already proven the falsehood of your false claim about Turkey not claiming a connection between war and embargo.Aris Katsaris 00:57, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Haha, you're now turning the scientific method upside down. Copernicus and Galilei also had such arguments against them. Well, just do a search on Google, and see what you can find!  I did this in French and in Dutch already, and found several mentions, including from, not wonder, organised Armenian group in EU-countries AND from members of the European Parliament (you do know that the Eur. Parliament has officially recognised the genocide by Turkish state on Armenian civilians?). --Rudi Dierick 09:33, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * By the way, the existence of that economic embargo is quite clearly mentionned in officiel EU-documents (see ref's on this page). But, of course, you don't like this evidence, isn't?

 * The only ref you claimed to have about the Armenian embargo I saw failed to contain any mention of Armenia at all. Aris Katsaris 18:55, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * But either way, no single European of importance seems to have ever used the embargo on Armenia as an argument against Turkey's entry. Nor have they ever used the funding of imams as such an argument. Please do stop using the words "critics" to refer to your own opinion alone. Aris Katsaris 17:07, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Aha, Mr. katsaris -your real name or just an alias for a Turkish militarist?- is the one deciding on which European voice comamnds respect, and which voices can e neglected! Just note that in a democracy, EVERYBODY's opinion counts, yours just as well as mine, so stop applying censorshop on people with oher opinions then yours! That's called censorshop!--Rudi Dierick 21:21, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm Greek, you idiot. And I'm quite tired of little Nazis using wimp-out language to push their POV. I note you failed to find a single reference to such "criticisms", other than your own beliefs. Which means that your plural reference in the text to "critics of Turkey's entry" is actually a reference to the many voices in your own head. Sorry, but I won't allow corruption of the article by mixing the *actual* issues as named by those that actually know the EU's requirements or hold national mandates, versus the illiterate and ignorant ramblings of idiots suffering by multiple personality disorder. Aris Katsaris 21:54, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Their are no property rights on articles in Wikipedia, and you don't have any superior right to judge on whta's good enough and what not. --Rudi Dierick 22:13, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * As for some links to external references on the very dubious state of Turkish democracy and secular state:

AI report on Turkey, 2003 Human Rights Watch overviewHuman Righrs Watch on torture in Turkey --Rudi Dierick 22:13, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * So? No interest in evidence anymore?--Rudi Dierick 22:13, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * If I had ever disputed the dubious state of Turkish democracy or secular state, you'd be first to know. I disputed very specific facts, which you've not yet been able to support. Aris Katsaris 18:55, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

More factual mistakes in your additions: "Concurrent with the border closure, Turkey instituted an economic embargo against Armenia, saying the ban on trade would not be lifted until a lasting Karabakh peace settlement was negotiated and Armenia withdrew its forces from occupied Azerbaijani territory." So you seem to have either lied or erred when you claimed that Turkey ever states that the war with Azerbaijan had nothing to do with this. Aris Katsaris 22:03, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Well well, so this report admits that it applies open economic pressure against one neighbour in order to force it to make peace with another one. Whether you like it or not, but from EU member states, it is expected that they submit dispues to international arbitrage, and that they do not start with unprovoked hostilities! So, again one reason the more why Turkey is rather not fit for joining the EU! --Rudi Dierick 23:05, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * YOU STILL DON'T FUCKING GET IT. Whether *you* think Turkey is fit or not fit is irrelevant. For your information I *also* think that Turkey is currently unfit for membership. But that's IRRELEVANT. My opinion about Turkey is as irrelevant as yours.
 * Oh yes, and God said so. I'm just a fucking irrelevant idiot, and M. Katsakis is wasting precious time tryoing to shed some heavenly light on me. Thanks the Lord! Let's pray for all those ignorants idiots!

 * Yes, you are a fucking irrelevant idiot. Couldn't have said it better myself. Aris Katsaris 18:55, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * The only things relevant are the factual accuracy and NPOV stance of the article. And you've violated both -- intentionally I think. Your point about Armenia is FACTUALLY wrong. Your claim about the need to fully separate church from state is FACTUALLY wrong. Your belief that states are "expected to submit disputes to international arbitrage" is blatant POV. Your argument about polygamy as related to gender-equality is likewise POV. Your claims about the importance of various preconditions you invented are likewise insane POV since you can't actually make actual references to such preconditions for membership being real -- you simply *believe* such preconditions should exist. If you keep on adding your babble, I ask that we resolve this through mediation. But it would be best if you came to your own senses. Aris Katsaris 00:53, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * So what is not factually correct in what I stated? Did you ever read articles on non-discrimination in the draft EU constitution? Or don't you like that document? And what's wrong about my facts on Armenia? Was the border open while I said it was closed? And since when is international arbitrage not the norm anymore? Since when can every state immediately ressort to military and economic force? No references? And since when is polygamy acceptable in a democracy respecting the equal rights of men and women? You didn't read any of the references I listed? or you dont't like them? --Rudi Dierick 22:13, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Your so-called "facts" on the Armenian situation was that Turkey claimed it had nothing to do with the war on Azerbaijan. That was a lie as I showed you with my link. Aris Katsaris 18:55, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * As if a state would ever admit to something like that. For as far as an appreciation of the nature of the responsibilities in slving this unilateral Turkish border closure, see the explicite wordings in the EU reports I referred to! --Rudi Dierick 22:13, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

More factual mistakes: "This recommendation and eventual accession now faces democratic approval processes in European and member states legislative procedures."
 * Well, if you understand Dutch, I can send you copy of an email from a certain Jean-Luc Dehaene on this. He explicitely states that during this process there will be a tight monitoring of Turkey's behaviour, more even so given that Turkey has more things to improve then ALL other members states who recently joined (at the tim of their opening of negotiations)! or is Mr. dehaene also an irrelevant idiot for you, somebody who's meaning doesn't count in the eyes of our greek self-declared supreme judge!--Rudi Dierick 09:33, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * This article is in english and you clearly stated that "this recommendation" "now faces democratic approval processes in European and member states legislative procedures". That's WRONG. Aris Katsaris 14:21, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh so silly. I clearly mentionned something more general "recommendation and eventual accession", and not just the 'recommendation' as you ripped this out of a whole. Buy the way, in Belgium, parliament has the right to vote NO on both questions separately! --Rudi Dierick 18:37, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Study on the meaning of the word "and", idiot boy. Aris Katsaris 18:55, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

The eventual accession *will* face democratic approval processes in European and member states legislative procedures (same as all countries' accession will), but the recommendation is just a recommendation, and doesn't need to be approved by any legislative procedure at all. That's just wrong, and another thing that needs be removed. Aris Katsaris 00:59, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * You really believe this yourself? That there won't have to be no majority votes in the parliaments of ALL current members states -including Cyprus!- as well as referendums in many member states before Turkey will be able to join? --Rudi Dierick 22:13, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)--Rudi Dierick 22:13, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * And don't pretend I said other things then what I said: I clearly said that the it is the accession that requires democratic approval, not this current state of discussions and recommandations. As far as I know, but I might be wrong, this recommandation requiries only a democratic OK vote from the European Parliament.

 * You clearly said that "this recommendation" will now face democratic approval processes. You can't even read the stuff you write, and you expect to comprehend the stuff *I* write. And ofcourse the accesion of Turkey will face democratic approval processes SAME AS EVERY OTHER ACCEDING COUNTRY. Aris Katsaris 14:21, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * yes, indeed, both the recommendation+opening f negotiations, andf the later, eventuel accession will gace democratic approval! Here in Belgium, there is quite some debate and eventual voting o this stage (recommendation) of the discussions, whether the national governement should inist on a more 'average' or even a more strict interpretation of the Copenhagen criteria; later, of course, there might be another round of debates and possibly a vote of confidence on the opening of negotiations, and then on in a third stage, if it goes that far, another round of debate and then certainly voting of accession. Evidence is in Ducth (and probably some in French).  --Rudi Dierick 18:37, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * And be sure there will be +/- 30 different majorities needed, 25 in national parliaments and then some more in decisive referendums (some are only consultative; thers are constitutionally required). So, 30 majorities needed, isn't that a beautifill democratic approval process for the accession? --Rudi Dierick 09:33, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * You are either insane or English-illiterate or a blatant liar. I'm done talking with you. I'll keep on revising the article, deleting your lies, accepting only facts you've adequately referenced as you've proven utterly utterly untrustworthy in your input, having gone as far as revising both your text and that of others -- you even excised after-the-fact my name from your first post in this thread -- Why? Would you hate people to see how you invited me in this thread by naming me? Aris Katsaris 14:21, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * No comments on the 30-somewhat necessary yes-votes? Is yelling and shouting the only thing you're able to? And of course, I forget that this self-declared 'Uebermensch' feels that he has a superior right to decide what's good enough!

 * Why should I comment on something that I already commented on many posts ago when I said "The eventual accession *will* face democratic approval processes in European"? Study on the meaning of the word "and", idiot boy. Aris Katsaris 18:55, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

By the way, there is some good reading overhere at x

Other issues hindering Turkey's accssion
The EU itself requires a general alignment of any new member state on the so-called 'acquis communautaire' (or acquis' in short). From 1 several failures are explicitely noted for Turkey, p. 16: "Turkey remains in the black list of the secretariat of the Paris Memorandum of Understanding on Port State controls. Cypriot vessels or vessels having landed in Cyprus are still not allowed in Turkish ports"   --Rudi Dierick 22:13, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

On the EU's desire that Turkey stops its conflict w. Armenia, following implicit quote: "The accession of Turkey would extend the EU’s borders to Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. Through Turkey the EU could have a stabilizing influence in Southern Caucasus, provided that Turkey is willing to try to solve conflicts with its neighbours already before its accession (p. . As Turkey has no conflicts with Azerbaidjan, nor with Georgia, this can ONLY refer to the open conflict with Armenia. And indeed; it continues: "In particular, its relations with Armenia will need to be improved with the establishment of diplomatic relations and the opening of the land border which is currently closed."  --Rudi Dierick 22:13, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Looks like this quote comes from a related document 'ISSUES ARISING FROM TURKEY’S MEMBERSHIP PERSPECTIVE', to be found on 2

So, who claimed that it was just me or only other irrelevant persons who advocated that Turkey should end its conflict with Armenia? Well, as from you, Mr. Katsakis, you should be informed that is is exactly the European Commission itself who asks Turkey to stop its hostilities against Armenia! --Rudi Dierick 22:13, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

On the 'acquis communautaire' in the area of justice and home affairs, the recommendation says: "progress is required in important areas such as the reform of the judiciary and the fight against corruption.--81.82.136.43 09:58, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Nevertheless, the relevant section on Turkey on this page should be condensed and summarised, with a link to a more expansive page on Accession of Turkey to the European Union. Turkish issues cannot dominate a page about so many countries and their accession prospects/status. zoney ♣ talk 10:15, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Sounds a good suggestion to me. maybe all country specific sections shuld be moved towards dedicated Wikipedia entries. --Rudi Dierick 19:07, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I do remember saying that it was a blatant falsehood when you either erred or lied claiming that Turkey puts no connection between her embargo on Armenia and the Nagorn Karabakh conflict. But even though I provided the reference that proved you wrong, you keep on adding what has now definitely become a knowing lie on your part. Aris Katsaris 14:32, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * In the 'Issues ...' document, an official EU document, more specifically a 'COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT', ref. Brussels, 6.10.2004, SEC(2004) 1202, it mentions Armenia. In this report, the EU also suggests, as far as I understand it, that Turkey should start doing something it has failed to do untill now, being "contribute to easing tensions between Azerbaijan and Armenia in the dispute concerning Nagorno-Karabakh". Indeed, contribute to easing tensions is something rather different from participating in the conflict trough applying economic pressure. --Rudi Dierick 19:07, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * You know I've just downloaded the link you provided, and a search through the text shows no single mention of the word "Armenia", let alone mention of opening of land borders or establishing democratic relations. So, unless you are referring to some other PDF file, sorry but I'll have to assume you are blatantly lying again: There's the quote about the Paris Memorandum, but none of the quotes about Armenia. A liar again?Aris Katsaris 14:39, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Looks like references got mixed up. Just have a look at the equally official EU report 'Issues arising from Turkey's membership perspective'. It mentions Armenia six times. Have a good reading! Anyway, looks also like your 'general understanding on, and knowledge of' tensions between Turkey and Armenia is massively out-of-dated given that everything I said is mentionned in these official EU reports, while none of your assertions on this got confirmed!

 * So, now it's your turn to start providing evidence for your claims and supporting the cuts you made! --Rudi Dierick 19:07, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Does noone else see a problem with POV here?
Am I the only one who will have to keep on removing blatant POV like Rudi's so-bad-it's-funny "This line of reasoning is quite bizar, but very revealing; as the EU defines itself very explicitely as a secular club, even removing a historic references towards christianity from its consitution-being-written, then why shoud Turkish governement and protagonists of Turkey joiningthe EU insist on seeing the EU as a christian club?"? Does noone else care about removing such crap from Wikipedia?

How about the POV of "The tight economic embargo against Armenia, although this country didn't commit an hostility of any scale warranting such a painfull economic embargo"? Am I the only one seeing this as unacceptable POV, utterly unbecoming of Wikipedia? Is Wikipedia now taking positions on what warrants painful economic embargos and what doesn't?

How about Rudi's several exclamation marks in the text? Am I the only one who sees both a stylistic and POV problem with these?

If none of you can bother with removing the POV, atleast do help him improve the numerous spelling and grammar mistakes. Aris Katsaris 14:32, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * There indeed are still issues with the content (IMO), but I have left all points intact (though removing detail too in-depth for this page that is not just about Turkey). If there is disagreement on my version, please rework, not revert. I have been considering protecting the page, but I figured that getting involved might help more. If the revert war continues, I shall ask another admin to protect the page (their decision as to which version). Rest assured that the page history shows clearly the party at greatest fault in this dispute. Wikipedia is not a soapbox. zoney ♣ talk 18:23, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Your "compromise" version would be fine with me. You are much better at reworking stuff than I am, who am unfortunately more prone to deleting offensively-unWikipedian content. Aris Katsaris 21:04, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Doubtful contents for which the contributor after request can not provide references within one one or two weeks can and should be deleted if it can not be reworked into something acceptable. We should keep this encyclopedia free from nonsense, esp. for such an important subject such as this one. I have the impression that Rudi does not supply sufficient references for his assertions but that is a mere impression and I do not have time to study the evidence. Andries 20:31, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Pardon? Not sufficient evidence? For most of the items disputed by Mr. katsakis, I've provided officiel reports from Eu and COE that confirmed one by one those items. the number of statements I wrote, that Mr. katsaris hotly and o so diplomatically disputed, and that then were EXACTLy confirmed by the official reports, it's a long list. For none, Mr. Katsaris was able to provide authoritative evidence that said the oppsosite of what I wrote! Moreover, ALL the references in the article as it is today were added by me, that makes up 100%.  Sofar, Mr. katsaris has not been able to provide anything close to that. Verify the references and in the article and the discussion yourself. So, I'm really very surprised by your statement that I consider wholly erronuus, unfair and indeed, superficial (as, you somehow honestly acknowledged by saying you had no "time to study the evidence").   Moreover, I don't consider it according to the sipirit and the guidelines for somebody who did not (yet) had the time the study, already to propose deleting!
 * Furthermore, also have a look at the totally different approaches by Mr. katsaris and Zoney.
 * In short: I feel, also in the absence of any clarfication or explication from your side on exactly what you consider dubious, that your comment is really misplaced and grosly disrespectfull.
 * Rudi, I empasized that is was a mere impression and I will refrain from making more comments before I have studied the evidence. I may have been totally wrong. Andries 22:01, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The problem is more about POV than it is about factual accuracy -- Rudy did manage eventually to back *one* statement he made (the one about Armenia) and I accepted it in the reworking of the article. The problem of the blatant POV however remains as Rudy readded it after Zoney's edit -- such statements like "Altough Turkey pretends being in favour of a secular state and respecting gender equality, thousands of state-paid imams still consacrate polygamous mariages" or "The recent 'recognition' of the Kurdish language by Turkish authorities appears to be a cosmetic operation"
 * So do you pretend taht Kurdish is now used more or less ion large scale in theeducatuion and public services in the Kurdish-speaking areas? if not, then my statements are perfectlu accurate: Kurdisch is still banned for 99%.

 * If those polygamous marriages aren't recognized by the state, I don't see what it has to do with the state's secularism. In fact it's a POV idea (even if one I tend to agree with) that polygamy (regardless whether recognized by the state or not) necessarily implies gender inequality. Likewise POV is the characterization of the recognition of Kurdish as "cosmetic". As judged by whom? Aris Katsaris 22:43, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * As said already earlier, those mariages are consecrated by state-paid imams. For all pruposes, that represents at least implicit recognition. --Rudi Dierick 21:28, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Use of Language
In the section about Turkey, it is written "bogus" without a "totally" in front. This is clearly bad form. GWC Autumn 55 2004 22.20 EST

--Rudi Dierick 21:30, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)== Appalling standard of the Turkey section hopefully improved ==

I hope the section on Turkey is now significantly better than it was. It was quite dreadful that the content remained in its current state for so long - but it was a nasty piece of work to tackle. I do suggest that the main body of the section will need moved to a sub-article, with only a short summary remaining, consisting of three/four short paragraphs on:
 * History (as is)
 * EU concerns (brief - mention areas but do not detail)
 * Turkey progress (brief - general direction and general obstacles still)
 * EU plans (brief - no unnecessary speculation)

This article here (Enlargement of the European Union) is not solely about Turkey.

zoney ♣ talk 22:56, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Good suggestion. Would you like to do that moving, or do you prefer that I try?


text:
Jacques Duphly

Jacques Duphly (also Dufly, Du Phly; 12 January 1715 – 15 July 1789) was a French harpsichordist and composer.

Early career as an organist
He was born in Rouen, France, the son of Jacques-Agathe Duphly and Marie-Louise Boivin. As a boy, he studied the harpsichord and organ, and was employed as organist at the cathedral in Évreux. He obtained his first position at the cathedral of St. Eloi at the age of nineteen. In 1740 he added a second position at the church of Notre Dame de la Ronde, which he maintained with the help of his sister Marie-Anne-Agathe, who substituted for him. His teachers were François d'Agincourt and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Later, Rousseau would ask him to contribute to his dictionary, for articles relating to the art of playing the harpsichord.

Career as harpsichordist
In 1742, after the death of his father, Duphly decided to move to Paris, where he abandoned playing the organ altogether and devoted himself to the harpsichord. He became famous as a performer and teacher. According to Louis-Claude Daquin: ''For some time he was organist at Rouen, but doubtless finding that he had a greater gift for the harpsichord, he abandoned his first instrument. One may suppose that he did well, for he passes in Paris for a very good harpsichordist. He has much lightness of touch and a certain softness, which, sustained by ornaments, marvelously render the character of his pieces. According to Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg he devoted himself to the harpsichord in order not to spoil his hand with the organ''.

He published four volumes of harpsichord music in 1744, 1748, 1756 and 1768. The last book contained La Pothouin. He was considered by Pascal Taskin, the harpsichord maker, to be one of the best teachers in Paris.

Later life
Some time after publishing his fourth volume of works, Duphly effectively disappeared from public life, for reasons which are not known. In 1788, an advertisement in the Journal Général de la France asked: ''We want to know what happened to M. du Phly, previously harpsichord master in Paris, where he was in 1767. If he does not exist any more, we would like to meet his heirs, to whom we have a communication to make.''

He died on 15 July 1789, the day after the storming of the Bastille, in an apartment in the Hôtel de Juigné, without a harpsichord. Duphly left his possessions to his servant, who was with him for 30 years.

Only fifty-two works by Duphly are known, most of which were published during his lifetime in the four volumes of harpsichord music mentioned above. The titles of the work refer to well-known protectors of art (e.g. La Victoire, la de Sartine) or other composers (e.g. La Forqueray). His late music contains elements typical of the early classical movement - e.g. the use of Alberti bass, quite dissimilar to Jean-Philippe Rameau or François Couperin.

title: Jacques Duphly


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Critical Dump

Critical Dump was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was to keep.

Vanity page. Edward

 * Delete. Vanity page. Jacob1207 16:40, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, appears to be an interesting footnote of history in relationship to Supagroup. A merge of this information into the main Supagroup article would also be acceptable.  [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 17:44, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree. Samaritan 19:34, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree too. Merge and redirect. P Ingerson 19:55, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Wyss 23:12, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, --fvw *  23:31, 2004 Dec 17 (UTC)
 * del Mikkalai 01:05, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stone Grether

Stone Grether was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Vanity page. Edward 12:46, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity page. Jacob1207 16:40, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree. Delete.
 * Delete, almost, but not quite. Wyss 23:11, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Another one, delete. --fvw *  23:32, 2004 Dec 17 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Superstar in a Housedress

Plot
It turns out this is almost exactly the same text as the plot summary at IMDB which was written by the film's writer, director, producer Craig Highberger. This is the first possible copyright violation that I've found and am not sure what to do, but I think that I did it properly. gK ¿? 12:48, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Superstar in a Housedress


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Barnraiser

Barnraiser was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Are these folks notable? Google suggests no. --fvw *  12:51, 2004 Dec 17 (UTC)
 * Delete unless expanded by end of VfD period. Jacob1207 16:41, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree. Delete unless expanded.  P Ingerson 20:13, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn, and their website isn't even coded to open standards. Wyss 23:09, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to barn raising. -Sean Curtin 00:28, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Murchison

Murchison may refer to:

Geographical features

 * Lake Murchison, Tasmania, Australia
 * Mount Murchison (Tasmania), Australia
 * Murchison bioregion, a bioregion in Western Australia
 * Murchison Falls, Uganda
 * Murchison Glacier, New Zealand
 * Murchison Island, an island in Lake Nipigon, Ontario, Canada
 * Murchison Promontory, Canada
 * Murchison Range, Stauning Alps, Greenland
 * Murchison River (disambiguation)
 * Murchison Sound, Greenland

National parks

 * Iytwelepenty / Davenport Ranges National Park in Australia
 * Murchison Falls National Park in Uganda
 * Murchison Mountains, Fiordland National Park, New Zealand

Australia

 * Electoral district of Murchison-Eyre, a former state electorate of Western Australia
 * Electoral division of Murchison, an electorate in the Tasmanian Legislative Council
 * Murchison County, New South Wales
 * Murchison, Victoria
 * Shire of Murchison, a local government area in Western Australia
 * Murchison Settlement, within the Shire

South Africa

 * Murchison, KwaZulu-Natal
 * Murchison, Limpopo

Other places

 * Murchison, New Zealand
 * Murchison, Texas, United States

Science

 * Murchison Award, awarded by the Royal Geographical Society
 * The Murchison Fund, awarded by the Geological Society of London
 * Murchison Medal, awarded by the Geological Society of London
 * Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory, a designated radio quiet zone in Western Australia.
 * Murchison Widefield Array, a radio telescope in Western Australia

Other uses

 * Murchison (crater), a crater on the Moon
 * Murchison Building in Wilmington, North Carolina
 * Murchison Highway, a road in Tasmania
 * Murchison letter, a political scandal in 1888 in U.S.
 * Murchison meteorite, which fell in 1969 near Murchison, Victoria, Australia
 * The Murchison Murders which occurred in the 1930s in the Murchison region of Western Australia
 * HMAS Murchison (K442), a warship of the Royal Australian Navy
 * In re Murchison, a 1955 U.S. Supreme Court case during the Warren Court

People with the surname

 * Alice Lynne Murchison, maiden name of Lindy Chamberlain-Creighton
 * Carl Murchison (1887–1961), American psychologist
 * Charles Murchison (politician) (1872–1952), British politician
 * Charles Murchison (physician) (1830–1879), British physician
 * Charlotte Murchison (1788–1869), Scottish geologist
 * Christian Murchison (b. 1980), Singaporean racing driver
 * Clint Murchison Jr. (1923–1987), Texas businessman
 * Clint Murchison Sr. (1895–1969), Texas businessman
 * Ira Murchison (1933–1994), American athlete
 * Kenneth Murchison (1794–1854), British diplomat
 * Kenneth MacKenzie Murchison (1872–1938), American architect
 * Larrell Murchison (b. 1997), American football player
 * Loren Murchison (1898–1979), American athlete
 * Lucia Murchison (1900–1983), American social worker
 * Michael Murchison, Australian music producer
 * Roderick Murchison (1792–1871), Scottish geologist for whom most of the geographical features above are directly or indirectly named
 * Sally Fletcher-Murchison (b. 1933), American/Hawaiian ceramicist
 * Tim Murchison (1896–1962), American baseball player
 * William Murchison, American political columnist

title: Murchison


text:
User talk:Warholiness

To user Warholiness: I just marked your article at Superstar in a Housedress for possible copyright violation since it is almost exactly the same text as the plot summary for the documentary at IMDB. gK [[User talk:GK|¿?]] 12:52, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Warholiness


text:
Washburn (disambiguation)

Washburn and Washburne are surnames.

Washburn or Washburne may also refer to:

Canada

 * Washburn, Ontario, a rural community

United States

 * Washburn, Illinois, a village
 * Washburn, Iowa, an unincorporated town and census-designated place
 * Washburn, Maine, a town
 * Washburn (CDP), Maine, a census-designated place and village within the town
 * Washburn, Missouri, a city
 * Washburn, North Dakota, a city
 * Washburn, Tennessee, an unincorporated community
 * Washburn, Texas, an unincorporated community
 * Washburn, West Virginia, an unincorporated community
 * Washburn, Wisconsin, a city
 * Washburn, Bayfield County, Wisconsin, a town adjacent to the city
 * Washburn, Clark County, Wisconsin, a town
 * Washburn County, Wisconsin

Canada

 * Mount Washburn (British Columbia)
 * Washburn Bay, Ontario
 * Washburn Island, Ontario
 * Washburn Beach, New Brunswick
 * Washburn Brook, New Brunswick
 * Washburns Island, New Brunswick
 * Washburn Lake (Nunavut)
 * Washburn Creek, Quebec

England

 * River Washburn, North Yorkshire, England

United States

 * Mount Washburn, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming
 * Washburn Island, Massachusetts
 * Washburn Lake, Minnesota

Schools in the United States

 * Washburn University, a liberal arts university in Topeka, Kansas
 * Washburn Institute of Technology, formerly Kaw Area Technical School in Topeka, Kansas
 * Washburn Rural High School, Topeka, Kansas
 * Washburn High School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
 * Washburn School, Washburn, Tennessee
 * Washburn Preparatory School (1894–1911), San Jose, California
 * Carleton W. Washburne Middle School, Winnetka, Illinois

Other uses

 * Washburn House (disambiguation), various places
 * Washburne Historic District, Springfield, Oregon, United States
 * Carl G. Washburne Memorial State Park, Oregon
 * Washburn Tunnel, in the suburbs of Houston, Texas, United States
 * Elihu Benjamin Washburne House, Galena, Illinois, on the National Register of Historic Places
 * Washburn Field, Colorado Springs, Colorado, the stadium of Colorado College and the now-defunct Colorado Springs Blizzard soccer team
 * USS Washburn (AKA-108), a United States Navy attack cargo ship
 * Camp Washburn, on Washburn Island, Massachusetts, a World War II United States Army camp
 * Washburn Guitars, a manufacturer of guitars

title: Washburn (disambiguation)


text:
West Union

West Union may refer to several places in the United States:

 * West Union, Illinois
 * West Union, Indiana, Parke County
 * West Union (Busro), Indiana, an abandoned Shaker community in Knox County
 * West Union, Iowa
 * West Union, Minnesota
 * West Union, Missouri
 * West Union, New York
 * West Union, Ohio
 * West Union, Oregon
 * West Union, South Carolina
 * West Union, West Virginia, Doddridge County
 * West Union, Pocahontas County, West Virginia
 * Dallas, West Virginia, Marshall County, also known as West Union
 * West Union Creek, a stream in San Mateo County, California

title: West Union


text:
Carl

Carl may refer to:
 * Carl, Georgia, city in USA
 * Carl, West Virginia, an unincorporated community
 * Carl (name), includes info about the name, variations of the name, and a list of people with the name
 * Carl², a TV series
 * "Carl", an episode of television series Aqua Teen Hunger Force
 * An informal nickname for a student or alum of Carleton College

CARL may refer to:
 * Canadian Association of Research Libraries
 * Colorado Alliance of Research Libraries

title: Carl


text:
Carteret

Carteret is a location in Normandy, France, and most if not all uses derive from there. Carteret may refer to:

Places

 * Carteret, New Jersey, a borough in Middlesex County, New Jersey, U.S.A., named after George Carteret
 * Carteret High School, a four-year comprehensive public high school, the lone secondary school in Carteret School District
 * Carteret School District, a comprehensive community public school district in Carteret, New Jersey
 * West Carteret, New Jersey, an unincorporated community located within Carteret, New Jersey
 * Yeshiva Gedola of Carteret, a Jewish institution based in Carteret, New Jersey
 * , a former commune, since 1964 part of Barneville-Carteret, Normandy, France
 * , a peninsula near Carteret, Normandy
 * , located on Cape Carteret, Normandy
 * Carteret County, North Carolina, named after either George Carteret or John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville
 * Cape Carteret, North Carolina, a town within Carteret County
 * Carteret Community College, a community college within Carteret County
 * Carteret County Home, a historic poorhouse located at Beaufort, Carteret County, North Carolina
 * Carteret County News-Times, a newspaper based in Carteret County
 * Carteret County Public Schools, a PK–12 graded school district serving Carteret County
 * Carteret General Hospital, Morehead City, North Carolina
 * National Register of Historic Places listings in Carteret County, North Carolina
 * West Carteret High School, a public secondary school located in Morehead City, North Carolina
 * Carteret County, a former county in South Carolina 1684–1708; see List of former United States counties
 * Carteret Islands, Papua New Guinea, named after Philip Carteret

People

 * Carteret (name)

Other uses

 * USS Carteret (APA-70) (1944–46), a Gilliam-class attack transport which served with the U.S. Navy during World War II, named after Carteret County, North Carolina

title: Carteret