text:
Mendip transmitting station

The Mendip transmitting station is a broadcasting and telecommunications facility on the summit of Pen Hill, part of the Mendip Hills range in Somerset, England, at 305 m above sea level. The station is in St Cuthbert Out civil parish, approximately 2 mi north-east of Wells. Its mast, 293 m high, was built in 1967 and is the tallest structure in South West England. The mast broadcasts digital television, FM analogue radio and DAB digital radio, and had broadcast analogue colour television from 1967 until 2010.

Description
The station is owned and operated by Arqiva (which acquired National Grid Wireless, previously Crown Castle).

Until 2008 a GRP aerial cylinder, containing the analogue television transmitting antennas, was mounted at the top of the mast, bringing the total height of the structure to 305 m. With a mean height of 596 m above sea level, these antennas were among the highest in the UK. They were removed in 2010, the antenna cylinder being replaced with a new antenna assembly, ready for digital switchover later that year. The present assembly is slightly shorter than the previous cylinder, causing the overall mast height to be reduced from 305 m to 293 m.

There are red aircraft warning lamps (six sets of two lights) on the mast and two lights on top. The lights were upgraded in February 2007 to comply with CAA 2000 Air Navigation Order, designed to prevent low flying aircraft from hitting the mast. The mast was repainted during 2007.

The mast can be seen from as far away as Puriton during the day and the red aircraft warning lights make it visible at night from most of the Somerset Levels and from areas of South Wales, such as the high ground near the Wenvoe transmitting station.

Television
Mendip was configured as a C/D group transmitter when it entered service with analogue PAL transmissions. In July 2007, Ofcom confirmed that it would remain a C/D group transmitter at digital switchover. The mast broadcasts digital television over a large area of the west of England, including Somerset, Wiltshire, Bristol, southern Gloucestershire, and northern Dorset. Northern Gloucestershire – such as most of Cheltenham and Tewkesbury – is outside the coverage area, instead receiving signals from the Ridge Hill transmitter in Herefordshire.

Cardiff and other parts of southeast Wales were also able to receive the analogue TV transmissions from Mendip, and many households used it in preference to their more local Wenvoe transmitter which carries the Wales variations of BBC One, BBC Two, and ITV. This was originally because the Wenvoe transmitter broadcast S4C (with programmes in Welsh and some prime-time English programmes from Channel 4 scheduled at much later times) rather than Channel 4 itself. Even after digital switchover when transmitters in Wales also began to broadcast Channel 4 in addition to S4C, some households continued with their preference for the West variations of BBC One, BBC Two, and ITV, and having Channel 4 (not S4C) as number 4 on the electronic programme guide.

Power on analogue transmissions was 500 kW (ERP) for BBC 1, BBC2, HTV West, Channel 4, and 126 kW (ERP) for Channel 5. The latter was transmitted outside of the original C/D grouping of the transmitter but most homes in reasonable signal areas for the C/D group could receive it with their C/D group aerial. All six digital multiplexes were transmitted at 10 kW until switchover in 2010 when the power on the "BBC A", "BBC B/HD" and "D3&4" multiplexes was boosted to 100 kW. In 2011, SDN was boosted to 50 kW and in 2012 the remaining two Arqiva multiplexes were boosted to 50 kW too.

In June 2019, as part of the 700MHz clearance programme, Mendip became K group (excluding muxes 7 and 8, which are due to be switched off between 2020 and 2022). This means that homes in poor signal areas which still have a C/D group aerial may have difficulty in receiving all multiplexes.

Mendip's population coverage is around 1.5 million, although some homes in the immediate vicinity, such as those in Cheddar, are unable to receive a signal due to being in the shadow of the Mendip Hills and therefore depend on local relays.

Radio
Mendip broadcasts FM (analogue VHF) radio for BBC Radio Somerset and the Severn Estuary regional service Kiss 101. Mendip also transmits high power Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) signals for the Digital One, Sound Digital and BBC National DAB multiplexes. An additional DAB multiplex, MuxCo Somerset, was awarded a licence in 2008 to broadcast local and national services to Somerset, and began transmission in 2014. After the closure of the Severn Estuary digital radio multiplex, the equipment from Mendip was reused to improve coverage on the Welsh coastline for the Cardiff & Newport, now South East Wales, multiplex.

15 November 1998 – 24 March 2010
Digital terrestrial television was first transmitted from the Mendip mast from 15 November 1998 using the frequency gaps between the analogue TV broadcasts. To limit interference to the analogue transmissions, power output on the digital multiplexes was low.

24 March 2010 – 7 April 2010
On 24 March 2010 BBC2 was switched off on UHF 64 and HTV West was switched from UHF 61 for its final weeks of service. Multiplex 1 on UHF 59+ was closed and replaced by BBC A on UHF 61 (which had just been vacated by analogue HTV West). BBC A was transmitted at full power (100 kW) and in 64QAM, 8k carriers mode from the start.

7 April 2010 – 28 September 2011
Following the completion of analogue TV shutdown on 7 April 2010, Mendip transmitted all of its higher powered multiplexes at 100 kW. From this date until the second-stage switchover of 28 September 2011 the frequency allocation was:

28 September 2011 – 28 March 2012
With the completion of digital switchover at Oxford, all multiplexes could be moved to their final channel allocations with the exception of Arqiva A. SDN increased to half its full power output (50 kW).

28 March 2012 – 26 March 2013
On 28 March 2012 Arqiva A moved to its final channel allocation at UHF 56, after the completion of digital switchover at Salisbury. Arqiva A and B and SDN also increased to full power (100 kW) on this date.

27 March 2013 – 27 February 2018
BBC A moved from UHF 61 to UHF 49 to allow for the clearance of the 800 MHz band for 4G LTE mobile services.

27 February 2018 - 4 April 2019
Arqiva A has moved from UHF 56 to UHF 33 for the start of the 700MHz clearance programme at Mendip.

4 April 2019 – 5 June 2019
BBC A has moved from UHF 49 to UHF 32 as part of the 700MHz clearance programme at Mendip.

5 June 2019 - Present
Digital 3&4 has moved from UHF 54 to UHF 34, and BBC B have moved as well from UHF 58 to UHF 35 as part of the 700MHz clearance programme at Mendip. Many Welsh residents also prefer Mendip's service to the Wenvoe service as it provides a stronger signal to the coastline and areas in the shadow of the Wenvoe mast.

title: Mendip transmitting station


text:
Talk:Queen Beryl

Changes
68.200.81.62, the article is in a very good state right now. If you think there is something that needs changing, please bring up that matter here rather than engaging in a full-scale all-at-once mass revision which leaves the article littered with spelling and grammar mistakes which then have to be cleaned up. If someone has a good idea for improving the article, but spelling and grammar isn't their forte, I'm more than willing to step in and do some cleanup. But I don't know what you're trying to accomplish with your recent edits. I don't see how it makes the article better-organized or more comprehensible or anything like that -- I can't tell what effect you're aiming for, only the side effects that are showing up. -- Antaeus Feldspar 17:21, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I see, I only converted the existing text & split it up into three chapters...Beryl as shown in the manga (Her death is different from the anime{She died before the sailors went to her palace}, & this pretty much mentions her past life & her relationship to Endymion), the anime chapter, & the live-action chapter{Which details how she was in the series, the relationship with her minions, & how she died}. But I would be glad if you check my work out & fix any problem with it.

Mio Kuroki merged here
See Articles for deletion/Mio Kuroki. Johnleemk | Talk 16:57, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

from the Silver Millennium to the present time (thousand years)
in the mana Queen Serenity said that when sealed negaverse she was still in shock of her daughter's death that the seal was incomplete, so it might have taken her about a thousand years to escape the seal.

Mio Kuroki suggestion
Having that name redirect here is a massive spoiler. I suggest having a snippet about her on the PGSM article, and redirecting there instead. --Masamage 19:54, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Queen Beryl


text:
Walsh matrix

In mathematics, a Walsh matrix is a specific square matrix of dimensions 2$n$, where n is some particular natural number. The entries of the matrix are either +1 or −1 and its rows as well as columns are orthogonal. The Walsh matrix was proposed by Joseph L. Walsh in 1923. Each row of a Walsh matrix corresponds to a Walsh function.

The Walsh matrices are a special case of Hadamard matrices where the rows are rearranged so that the number of sign changes in a row is in increasing order. In short, a Hadamard matrix is defined by the recursive formula below and is naturally ordered, whereas a Walsh matrix is sequency-ordered. Confusingly, different sources refer to either matrix as the Walsh matrix.

The Walsh matrix (and Walsh functions) are used in computing the Walsh transform and have applications in the efficient implementation of certain signal processing operations.

Formula
The Hadamard matrices of dimension $$2^k$$ for $$k \in \mathbb{N}$$ are given by the recursive formula (the lowest order of Hadamard matrix is 2):
 * $$\begin{align}

H\left(2^1\right) &= \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 \\    1 & -1  \end{bmatrix}, \\ H\left(2^2\right) &= \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 &  1 &  1 \\    1 & -1 &  1 & -1 \\    1 &  1 & -1 & -1 \\    1 & -1 & -1 &  1 \\  \end{bmatrix}, \end{align}$$

and in general
 * $$H\left(2^k\right) = \begin{bmatrix}

H\left(2^{k-1}\right) & H\left(2^{k-1}\right) \\ H\left(2^{k-1}\right) & -H\left(2^{k-1}\right) \end{bmatrix} = H(2) \otimes H\left(2^{k-1}\right), $$

for 2 ≤ k ∈ N, where ⊗ denotes the Kronecker product.

Permutation
We can obtain a Walsh matrix from a Hadamard matrix. For that, we first generate the Hadamard matrix for a given dimension. Then, we count the number of sign changes of each row. Finally, we re-order the rows of the matrix according to the number of sign changes in ascending order.

For example, let us assume that we have a Hadamard matrix of dimension $$2^2$$

 * $$H(4) = \begin{bmatrix}

1 & 1 &  1 &  1 \\  1 & -1 &  1 & -1 \\  1 &  1 & -1 & -1 \\  1 & -1 & -1 &  1 \\ \end{bmatrix}$$,

where the successive rows have 0, 3, 1, and 2 sign changes (we count the number of times we switch from a positive 1 to a negative 1, and vice versa). If we rearrange the rows in sequency ordering, we obtain:

 * $$W(4) = \begin{bmatrix}

1 & 1 &  1 &  1 \\  1 &  1 & -1 & -1 \\  1 & -1 & -1 &  1 \\  1 & -1 &  1 & -1 \\ \end{bmatrix},$$

where the successive rows have 0, 1, 2, and 3 sign changes.

Sequency ordering
The sequency ordering of the rows of the Walsh matrix can be derived from the ordering of the Hadamard matrix by first applying the bit-reversal permutation and then the Gray-code permutation:

 * $$W(8) = \begin{bmatrix}

1 & 1 &  1 &  1 &  1 &  1 &  1 &  1 \\  1 &  1 &  1 &  1 & -1 & -1 & -1 & -1 \\  1 &  1 & -1 & -1 & -1 & -1 &  1 &  1 \\  1 &  1 & -1 & -1 &  1 &  1 & -1 & -1 \\  1 & -1 & -1 &  1 &  1 & -1 & -1 &  1 \\  1 & -1 & -1 &  1 & -1 &  1 &  1 & -1 \\  1 & -1 &  1 & -1 & -1 &  1 & -1 &  1 \\  1 & -1 &  1 & -1 &  1 & -1 &  1 & -1 \\ \end{bmatrix},$$

where the successive rows have 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 sign changes.

Dyadic ordering

 * $$W(8) = \begin{bmatrix}

1 & 1 &  1 &  1 &  1 &  1 &  1 &  1 \\  1 &  1 &  1 &  1 & -1 & -1 & -1 & -1 \\  1 &  1 & -1 & -1 &  1 &  1 & -1 & -1 \\  1 &  1 & -1 & -1 & -1 & -1 &  1 &  1 \\  1 & -1 &  1 & -1 &  1 & -1 &  1 & -1 \\  1 & -1 &  1 & -1 & -1 &  1 & -1 &  1 \\  1 & -1 & -1 &  1 &  1 & -1 & -1 &  1 \\  1 & -1 & -1 &  1 & -1 &  1 &  1 & -1 \\ \end{bmatrix},$$

where the successive rows have 0, 1, 3, 2, 7, 6, 4, and 5 sign changes.

Natural ordering

 * $$H (8) = \begin{bmatrix}

1 & 1 &  1 &  1 &  1 &  1 &  1 &  1 \\  1 & -1 &  1 & -1 &  1 & -1 &  1 & -1 \\  1 &  1 & -1 & -1 &  1 &  1 & -1 & -1 \\  1 & -1 & -1 &  1 &  1 & -1 & -1 &  1 \\  1 &  1 &  1 &  1 & -1 & -1 & -1 & -1 \\  1 & -1 &  1 & -1 & -1 &  1 & -1 &  1 \\  1 &  1 & -1 & -1 & -1 & -1 &  1 &  1 \\  1 & -1 & -1 &  1 & -1 &  1 &  1 & -1 \\ \end{bmatrix},$$

where the successive rows have 0, 7, 3, 4, 1, 6, 2, and 5 sign changes (Hadamard matrix).

title: Walsh matrix


text:
Talk:Tramping (disambiguation)

I have removed the redirect to the hiking page. The term tramping or "to tramp" is a commonly used description of a popular activity so it does warrant its own page. Alan Liefting 21:46, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Why should we have two articles on the same activity? We do not usually encourage multiple articles just because of regional variations in English usage. Rmhermen 22:40, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * I am of the same opinion. Wikipedia is not a dictionary; it does not care for multiple words that represent the same thing.  You could make a case that this should be a disambig between hiking and backpacking, but no more.  The reasoning that would maintain an article at this location would also have us maintain separate articles on backpacks and rucksacks, trucks and lorries, aluminium and aluminum. --Smack 04:16, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * As Wikipedia matures I see no reason for having articles on words that are different have the same meaning. It would of course depends on whether more than one line or so can be written about the word. There will also be a little blurring between Wikipedia and Wiktionary.
 * Yes, although you could have an article about "Hiking in New Zealand", and then you could put it at "Tramping" since it's unambiguous. So although I previously redirect tramping to hiking and backpacking, because it was only a stub, I'm not completely against the concept. Tangerine Cossack 22:53, 7 May 2005 (UTC)

Justification for retaining the Tramping article.

 * Tramping is a common term used in New Zealand.
 * There are numerous article that link to this page.
 * There are articles that include tramping in their title.
 * It serves as a useful "disambiguation" page for pointing to related topics.
 * I see no point in attempting to use the more common hiking term. Might does not have right when it comes to the use of particular words!  Alan Liefting 02:15, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Fifty articles isn't really numerous. That can be fixed in an hour.
 * I found only two. One of them is the Devil's Tramping Grounds, in North Carolina, which doesn't relate to hiking.  The other is New Zealand tramping tracks, which can stay because it's an explicitly regional article.
 * This page doesn't disambiguate between anything.
 * We don't have to force "hiking" down people's gullets, but we have redirects for that.
 * I understand that some readers will be interested to know that "hiking" is called by a different name in New Zealand, and that that name is being replaced, but we don't need a separate article to tell them that. A separate article makes it seem as though, once you cross the ocean from Australia, the familiar activity of "hiking" becomes a new and mysterious activity called "tramping".  It doesn't.  They're one and the same thing.
 * Also, we seem to have a reversion war on our hands. Since you represent the minority opinion, I ask you to desist.  I've put up a Request for comment. --Smack (talk) 04:25, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

This should redirect to Backpacking instead of Hiking
Sorry to raise this again, but I think it needs some more consideration. I notice that Tramping presently redirects to Hiking, and apparently there's been some controversy. The Hiking article states in its introduction that Tramping typically refers to overnight hiking, and then goes on to say that overnight hiking is called Backpacking (wilderness). I don't dispute any of this, and to be honest the Hiking article doesn't at all resemble what I think of as tramping -- when I read the content of the Hiking article, I think of what I call a day walk. (For one thing, the people in the photos aren't carrying anything.) Given the explicit definitions at the beginning of the hiking article which already seem to spell it out, I wonder if it'd make more sense for Tramping to redirect to Backpacking (wilderness) instead of Hiking. Izogi 08:35, 26 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Perhaps it would but does tramping ever refer to simple "day hiking"? Rmhermen 17:42, 26 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Not in my experience, but to be fair that might be localised to my corner of New Zealand, and I'd be interested to hear if anyone's had different experiences. The tramping clubs certainly seem to distinguish between overnight tramping and daywalks when laying out schedules, etc. Izogi 00:43, 27 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Just to add to this, even if the term sometimes is used to refer to daywalking, it seems mis-representative to redirect to hiking (given the content in the hiking article). It'd be a bit redundant (I think) to give Tramping its own article, but at the very least, I think it'd be better as a disambiguation page.

The Backpacking article is too US-focused for a redirect from tramping (campfires? animals?), yet Hiking has a lot of information in it that would be useful for both. It seems to me that the US vs UK dialects are obscuring the common elements to both, which are walking in the wilderness for long periods. I think there's an argument to merge them all together. Meanwhile I'll try and add a more international flavour to the Backpacking page. --Tirana 22:13, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tramping (disambiguation)


text: Category:Sony products

title: Category:Sony products


text:
2001 in rail transport

January events

 * January 17 – Groundbreaking ceremonies are held for the Hiawatha Line in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

February events

 * February 8 – Section of the Rinkai Line between Tennozu Isle and Tokyo Teleport stations in Tokyo opens for service.
 * February 12 – Construction begins on KCR Ma On Shan Rail in Hong Kong.

March events

 * March 21 – An EMD JT42CWR (Series 66) becomes the first American-built diesel locomotive to cross the Germany-Switzerland border as it leads a container train from Cologne to Mutenz.
 * March 28 – Saitama Rapid Railway Line, Akabane-Iwabuchi to Urawa-Misono route officially completed, with Urawa-Misono via Tokyo Metro Nanboku Line to Tokyu Meguro Line Musashi-Kosugi route direct commuter train service to start in Japan.

April events

 * April 3 – The European Union approves Bombardier's acquisition of Adtranz.

May events

 * May – Varshavsky railway station in Saint Petersburg, Russia, is closed and facilities transferred elsewhere.
 * May 16 – The 43.5 km stretch of railway between Murska Sobota, Slovenia, and Zalalövő, Hungary, is opened, in part following the route originally opened in 1907 and dismantled in 1968.
 * May 26 – SNCF sets a new speed record in France when TGV train number 531 travels the 1067.2 km between Calais and Marseilles in 3 hours and 29 minutes at an average speed of 317.46 km/h (197.26 mph).

June events

 * June 7 – SNCF opens the LGV Méditerranée in France, including the new Avignon TGV station.

July events

 * July 1 – Elipsos – a joint-venture company established by the Spanish and French rail companies SNCF and Renfe to run night-time passenger connections from Spain to France, Switzerland, and Italy – begins operations.
 * July 7 – Kobe Municipal Subway Kaigan Line, Sannomiya-Hanadokeimae Station, via Wadamisaki Station to Shin-Nagata Station route, officially completed in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan.
 * July 12 – The Maitry Express passenger train begins regular revenue service between India and Bangladesh.
 * July 20 – The Portland Streetcar, a new modern tram system, is opened.

August events

 * August 16 – After a complete restoration, Canadian Pacific 2816, a 4-6-4 steam locomotive, operates under its own power for the first time in nearly 40 years.
 * August 25 – The El Reno Heritage Express heritage trolley commences service in El Reno, Oklahoma.
 * August 31 – 66% interest in Eesti Raudtee, the state railway of Estonia, is sold to a private holding company with international investors "Baltic Rail Services".

September events

 * September 5 – The extension of Minsk Metro's Avtozavodskaya Line connecting Avtozavodskaya to Mogilevskaya opens.
 * September 10 – The Red Line of Portland, Oregon's MAX Light Rail system, serving the airport, opens.
 * September – Remaining rail traffic in Nicaragua suspended.

October events

 * October – Ferrocarriles de Cuba purchases its first six-axle GE diesel locomotives (mostly GE C30-7 models) secondhand from Mexican railroads.
 * October 3 – Canadian Pacific Corporation divests itself of its five major subsidiaries, spinning off Canadian Pacific as an independent company.
 * October 7 – Railtrack, in England, is placed under legal administration by Stephen Byers, Secretary of State for Transport, effectively renationalizing the system.
 * October 9 – Canadian National (CN) purchases Wisconsin Central for US$1.2 billion, giving CN a direct rail link to Chicago, Illinois.

November events

 * November 19 – The Surface Transportation Board releases the final Environmental Impact Statement on Dakota, Minnesota & Eastern Railroad's plan to expand into Wyoming's Powder River Basin.

December events

 * December 11 – Seven members of the Communauté des chemins de fer européens leave to form European Rail Infrastructure Managers.
 * December 15 – The Downeaster, a passenger train operated by Amtrak, begins regularly scheduled passenger service between Boston, Massachusetts and Portland, Maine.
 * December 17 – MARC extends passenger service to Frederick, Maryland.

Accidents

 * January 27 – The Gerogery level crossing accident occurred in Gerogery, Australia and killed five people in a car.
 * February 28 – Selby rail crash – A rail accident in Selby, England, leaves 10 dead and 82 injured.
 * March 27 – The Pécrot rail crash was a rail accident in the village of Pécrot, Belgium, that killed 8 people.
 * July 18 – Howard Street Tunnel fire in Baltimore, Maryland in the United States
 * July 21 – Four passenger cars on the Mangalore Mail commuter train heading for Chennai derail while crossing the Kadalundi River near Calicut, India, killing 57 people. See: Kadalundi River rail disaster.
 * August 10 – The 2001 Angola train attack killed 252 when UNITA rebels derailed a train in Dondo, Angola.
 * August 19 – The Udarata Menike express passenger service from Kurunegala to Alawwa, Sri Lanka, derails on newly installed track, killing 15 passengers in what has come to be known as the Kurunegala train crash.
 * October 31 – A broken rail on the SNCF in France derails a TGV train travelling at 130 km/h (80.8 mph), but only six minor injuries result.
 * November 15 – Two Canadian National trains collide head-on in Andersonville, Michigan (northwest of Detroit).
 * December 23 – An incorrect brake application on a CSX local train that had stopped to perform switching at Kodak Park (Charlotte, New York) causes the train to run away and derail five miles (8 km) later, destroying homes and businesses in the area.

January deaths

 * January 30 – O Winston Link, American photographer who documented the end of steam locomotive use on the Norfolk and Western Railway in the 1950s (b. 1914).

Japan

 * Awards presented by Japan Railfan Club
 * 2001 Blue Ribbon Award: JR Kyushu 885 series Shiroi Kamome EMU
 * 2001 Laurel Prize:
 * Nagoya Railroad Mo 800 tramcar
 * Kintetsu 3220/5820/9020 series "Series-21" EMU

North America

 * 2001 E. H. Harriman Awards

 * Awards presented by Railway Age magazine
 * 2001 Railroader of the Year: Mike Haverty (ATSF, KCS)
 * 2001 Regional Railroad of the Year: Wisconsin & Southern Railroad
 * 2001 Short Line Railroad of the Year: South Buffalo Railway

United Kingdom

 * Train Operator of the Year
 * 2001:

title: 2001 in rail transport


text:
List of settlements in Phthiotis

This is a list of settlements in Phthiotis, Greece:

A

 * Achinos
 * Achladi
 * Achladia
 * Agia Marina, Stylida
 * Agia Marina, Tithorea
 * Agia Paraskevi, Lamia
 * Agia Paraskevi, Tithorea
 * Agia Triada
 * Agios Charalampos
 * Agios Georgios Domokou
 * Agios Georgios Tymfristou
 * Agios Konstantinos
 * Agios Serafeim
 * Agios Sostis
 * Agios Stefanos
 * Agnanti
 * Agrapidia
 * Amfikleia
 * Amouri
 * Anatoli
 * Anavra
 * Anthili
 * Anydro
 * Archani
 * Argyria
 * Argyrochori
 * Arkitsa
 * Asvesti
 * Atalanti
 * Avlaki

B

 * Bralos

D

 * Dafni
 * Damasta
 * Delfino
 * Dikastro
 * Divri
 * Domokos
 * Drymaia
 * Dyo Vouna

E

 * Ekkara
 * Elateia
 * Eleftherochori
 * Exarchos

F

 * Frantzis
 * Fteri
 * Fyliadon

G

 * Gardiki
 * Gavrakia
 * Gerakli
 * Giannitsou
 * Glyfa
 * Gorgopotamos
 * Goulemi
 * Goura
 * Grammeni

I

 * Irakleia

K

 * Kainourgio
 * Kalamaki
 * Kalapodi
 * Kallidromo
 * Kallithea
 * Kamena Vourla
 * Kampia
 * Kanalia
 * Karavomylos
 * Karyes
 * Kastanea
 * Kastri
 * Kato Tithorea
 * Kloni
 * Kolokythia
 * Komma
 * Komnina
 * Kompotades
 * Koromili
 * Kostalexis
 * Koumaritsi
 * Kyparissi
 * Kyriakochori
 * Kyrtoni

L

 * Ladikou
 * Lamia
 * Larymna
 * Lefka
 * Lefkas
 * Lefkochori
 * Leianokladi
 * Litoselo
 * Livanates
 * Longitsi
 * Loutra Ypatis
 * Lychnos
 * Lygaria

M

 * Makrakomi
 * Makri
 * Makrolivado
 * Makryrrachi
 * Malesina
 * Mantasia
 * Marmara
 * Martino
 * Mavrilo
 * Megali Kapsi
 * Megali Vrysi
 * Megaplatanos
 * Melitaia
 * Mendenitsa
 * Merkada
 * Mesaia Kapsi
 * Mesochori
 * Mesopotamia
 * Mexiates
 * Modi
 * Molos
 * Moschochori
 * Moschokarya
 * Myloi

N

 * Nea Makrisi
 * Neo Krikello
 * Neo Monastiri
 * Neochori, Domokos
 * Neochori Tymfristou
 * Neochori Ypatis
 * Neraida
 * Nikolitsi

O

 * Oiti
 * Omvriaki

P

 * Palaia Giannitsou
 * Palaiochori Dorieon
 * Palaiochori Tymfristou
 * Palaiokastro
 * Palaiokerasia
 * Palaiovracha
 * Palamas
 * Panagia
 * Panagitsa
 * Pappa
 * Pavliani
 * Pelasgia
 * Peristeri
 * Perivlepto
 * Perivoli
 * Perivoli Domokou
 * Petroto
 * Pitsi
 * Pitsiota
 * Platanos
 * Platystomo
 * Polydendri
 * Pougkakia
 * Pournari
 * Proskynas
 * Ptelea
 * Pyrgos

R

 * Raches
 * Regkinio
 * Roditsa
 * Rodonia
 * Rovoliari

S

 * Sfaka
 * Skarfeia
 * Sofiada
 * Spartia
 * Spercheiada
 * Stavros
 * Stirfaka
 * Stylida
 * Syka

T

 * Thavmako
 * Thermopyles
 * Tithorea
 * Tithroni
 * Tragana
 * Trilofo
 * Tsoukka
 * Tymfristos

V

 * Vardali
 * Vardates
 * Vasilika
 * Vathykoilo
 * Velesiotes
 * Vitoli
 * Vouzi

X

 * Xylikoi
 * Xyniada

Y

 * Ypati

Z

 * Zeli
 * Zilefto

title: List of settlements in Phthiotis


text:
Rugby League Ireland

Rugby League Ireland (RLI) is the internationally recognised governing body for the development of rugby league football in Ireland, having secured official recognition from the RLIF in 2000. It is recognised within the Irish Sports Council and took over the running of the Irish international team entirely in 2008 for the World Cup. Prior to 2001 RLI was known as Ireland Rugby League.

In 2024, the body was downgraded to affiliate member due to noncompliance with the full membership criteria.

Flag
The Irish rugby league team draws its players from across the Island of Ireland. At the 2013 Rugby League World Cup, the Ireland team entered the field of play at the beginning of their matches with the Four Provinces Flag of Ireland.

National team
The Ireland national rugby league team, known as the 'Wolfhounds', represents Ireland in rugby league football. The team is organised by Rugby League Ireland. The representative team is dominated by players from the Super League and sometimes includes players from the Australasian National Rugby League. Ireland is also represented by Ireland A, an amateur side which is made up of players from the domestic Irish competition.

Since Ireland began competing in international rugby league in 1995, it has participated in the 1995 Rugby League Emerging Nations Tournament, the 1996 Super League World Nines, and four Rugby League World Cups – 2000, 2008. 2013, and 2017. They have also competed in the Rugby League European Nations Cup and Victory Cup. Ireland A compete annually in the St Patrick's Day Challenge in the Amateur Four Nations.

Competitions
As of 2024 Rugby League Ireland run two domestic club competitions:
 * RLI Premiership (men's first tier)
 * RLI Women's premiership (women's first tier)

The RLI Championship (men's second tier) is not currently in operation.

title: Rugby League Ireland


text: File:How Bears and other Beasts may be caught with a Dart Fac simile of a Miniature in the Manuscript of Phoebus Fifteenth Century.png


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N-Acyl homoserine lactone

N-Acyl homoserine lactones (Abbreviated as AHLs or N-AHLs) are a class of signaling molecules involved in bacterial quorum sensing, a means of communication between bacteria enabling  behaviors based on population density.

The first AHL (N-3-(oxo-hexanoyl)-homoserine lactone) was found as the natural inducer of bioluminescence in the bacterium Vibrio fischeri. Quorum sensing by the means of AHLs contributes to regulate the transcription of specific genes and therefore expression of specific phenotypes, including growth, virulence, biofilm formation, bioluminescence, production of exopolysaccharide (EPS). Over 50 gram-negative bacteria species (including several pathogenic species) use AHLs as autoinducers and the means of their communication in quorum sensing. In one study, AHL was shown to interact with eukaryotic cells, and mitigate an immune response and facilitates infection. AHLs are one of the major groups of the autoinducer (AI) molecules which are found primarily in gram-negative proteobacteria but also in some bacteriodetes, cyanobacteria, and archaea. The other two major groups are oligopeptides AIs in gram-positive bacteria; and autoinducer-2 (AI-2), as a universal signal for interspecies communications.

Formation
It arises by the reaction of acyl carrier proteins react with S-adenosylmethionine. The latter donates the equivalent of 4-aminobutyrolactone. Methylthioadenosine is a coproduct.

Homoserine lactone is also a product of the proteolytic reaction of cyanogen bromide (CNBr) with a methionine residue. This reaction is important for chemical sequencing of proteins.

Structure
AHLs have hydrophobic and hydrophilic sections. The hydrophilic section consists of the homoserine lactone ring and the amide group. The hydrophobic section has a strain-specific hydrocarbon chain with varieties in length and level of oxygenation with a 3-oxo group. The length of the acyl chain generally ranges from 4 to 18 carbons. The length of R-group side-chain variable. Chain lengths vary from 4 to 18 carbon atoms and in the substitution of a carbonyl at the third carbon. The hydrophilic sections form a hydrogen bonded network within the receptor binding site, while the hydrophobic sites contribute to diffusional and binding properties within the hydrophobic pocket. Studies have not yet demonstrated a correlation between the AHL synthase enzymes and AHL type. LuxI protein synthesizes an acylated homoserin-lactone molecule. The LuxI gene is highly conserved, which indicates that although diverse, there are a limited number of AHL-type signals that are produced by bacteria. However, in the AHL synthase enzyme family, the C-terminal region, which determines the type of substrates the synthetase can recognize and the subsequent acyl-chain length, is not conserved. Moreover, there is no evidence as of now that the distribution of AHL synthase and the species are correlated. Contrary to LuxI genes, the receptors of AHLs, LuxR protein and their genes, are highly variable among species.

Mechanism
Bacterial quorum signalling begins with the N-AHLs secreted into the environment.

In the process of quorum sensing, first the LuxI protein synthesizes an acylated homoserin-lactone molecule which can pass through cell membrane along the gradient through diffusion to the environmental space. When the concentration of these autoinducers in the environment is lower than inside the cell, they will move down the gradient and will leave the cell, therefore, they will not attach to their receptor, LuxR, which is in the cytoplasm. When the population of bacteria reaches a threshold, and the concentration of the autoinducers in the environment is higher than inside the cell, they will move along the gradient into the cell and will attach to the receptor. Thus, the LuxR-AHL complex will be formed. This complex will bind to a 20 base pair (bp) section of DNA, called the lux box. This region is in or near the lux promoter region, which is located ~40 bp upstream of the regulated gene. Because LuxR is bound to the promoter, RNA polymerase is recruited to this promoter region and the gene expression is induced. Moreover, the LuxR-AHL complex will upregulate the transcription of LuxI protein which will increase the production of AHLs (positive feedback loop). The transcription of the target genes will be regulated, and as gene expression of an entire population will be coordinated. Several studies have been investigating on the potential AHLs effective in infection and resistance to antibiotics. The LuxR–LuxI system mediated by AHLs is the best screened QS system in multi-drug resistant bacteria species.

Quorum Quenching
As opposed to quorum sensing, quorum quenching, prevents bacterial communication and influences their gene expression. Targets of the quorum quenching are the signal molecules, the biosynthetic machinery of signal molecules, and the regulatory proteins that perceive these signal molecules with the AHL degradation via AHL degrading enzymes and limiting signal accumulation being the main mechanism. The AHLs are degraded by enzymes through three mechanisms: lactone hydrolysis, amide bond hydrolysis, and acyl chain modification. Lactone hydrolysis occurs when AHL Lactonase hydrolyzes homoserine lactone rings. This process was first observed in Bacillus species. AHL acylases catalyze the complete and irreversible destruction of AHLs through the hydrolysis of amide bonds. AHL oxidase and reductase, first discovered in Rhodococcus erythropolis, catalyze a change in the chemical structure of signals, which affects AHL signal recognition and interferes with quorum sensing regulated processes. The second AHLase is a Bacillus megaterium P450 monooxygenase that oxidizes fatty acids and N-fatty acyl amino acids. Lactonases and acylases are the two pioneers of quorum quenching mechanisms. Lactonases break down the lactone bonds in autoinducers, making them unable to bind to target transcriptional regulators and thereby increasing disease resistance.

Impacts of AHLs on Plants
Plants have a critical role in shaping our world and their relationship with microorganisms is of significant importance. Over the long history of coevolution of plants and microbes, plants have evolved to respond to the symbiotic or pathogenic microbes in appropriate ways with an adapted gene expression profile such as cooperation with bacterial saprotrophs leading to an endophytic life or defense responses against pathogens. AHLs play an important role in the symbiosis of rhizobium and legumes which will result in the formation of nodules. Experiments have reported that application of AHLs activates the auxin-responsible GH3 promoter (upregulate auxin-related genes), and down-regulates the genes related to cytokinin (the change in the ratio between auxin and cytokinin can promote growth). Also, followed by applying AHL, the nodulation in roots has been enhanced. Moreover, the water and mineral flow through the plant was higher as stomata opening increased, and therefore the overall transpiration rate changed. Aside from AHL-mediated bacteria-plant beneficial interactions, QS-signaling AHL compounds were shown to function as important communication signal in tripartite symbiotic bacteria-fungus-plant interactions. The endophytic bacterium with AHL-autoinduction and produces a variety of long side-chain AHLs seems to assist the fungus to interact in a symbiotic manner with the colonized host plants. The fungus Serendipita indica, which was isolated from the rhizosphere of plants, is associated with stress tolerance and plant growth promotion. It was shown that this fungus harbors an endofungal bacterium, Rhizobium radiobacter F4, which genes of AHL-autoinduction. When R. radiobacter F4 was inoculated to Arabidopsis or wheat (Triticum aestivum), it conferred similar stimulation of growth and yield, as well as priming of the defense responses and increasing environmental fitness. Interestingly, when the AHL-compounds were depleted, root colonization, growth promotion and resistance-inducing activities diminished. These findings suggest that whenever the fungus S. indica is applied to support growth vigor of diverse plants, the endofungal AHL-producing R. radiobacter are colonizing the host plant and participate to steer the coordination of microbe-plant interaction.

AHLs and Nitrogen Cycle
Microbes are a key player in charge of the fate of nitrogen in soil and water. AHL-mediated quorum sensing has an important role in Nitrogen cycle. All nitrifying bacteria and some denitrifying bacteria use AHL as their signal molecules. AHLs influence the efficiency of and regulate the functions involved in nitrification and denitrification. Some bacterial species of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, like Nitrosomonas europaea, Nitrosospira multiformis, Nitrosospira briensis, use C6- to C14- AHLs. Nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB), such as Nitrobacter winogradskyi, Nitrobacter vulgaris, and Nitrospira moscoviensis, also use C8- or C10- AHLs. Candidatus Jettenia caeni with anaerobic ammonium oxidation (annamox) mode uses C6- and C8- AHLs. Moreover, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Paracoccus denitrificans as denitrifying bacteria also use C4-HSL and C16-AHL, respectively. In some of the nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria like Nitrobacter hamburgensis AHLs were not found although putative AHL synthetase and receptor proteins were.

title: N-Acyl homoserine lactone


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Sylvania Electric Products explosion

On the morning of July 2, 1956, three explosions involving scrap thorium occurred at the Sylvania Electric Products' Metallurgical Laboratory in Bayside, (now Bay Terrace) Queens, New York. Nine people were injured, some severely. One 28 year old employee, Oliver Blaber died on August 6, 1956. Workers described three fireballs.

Sylvania was experimenting with large-scale production of thorium metal from thorium dioxide. Part of the process of shutting down this experiment was the reprocessing and burning of thorium metal powder sludges that went unprocessed during the experiment. It was during the incineration of this material that the explosion occurred. At the time the metallurgical properties of thorium were not well understood.

The plant's medical director stated to the press at the time that the employee who died as a result, Oliver Blaber, had succumbed to "complications caused by third-degree burns". Blaber's son would later cite the death certificate, which listed "thorium poisoning". Victims of the explosions were treated at Flushing Hospital, where both Blaber's mother and wife worked. Blaber died a month after the incident, on August 6, 1956.

Three hundred people – 225 employees, 50 firefighters, and 25 police officers – were tested for radiation. The role of radiation was downplayed, especially to assuage fears that a nuclear explosion had occurred. The debris from the explosion was ultimately disposed of in the ocean.

title: Sylvania Electric Products explosion


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Talk:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney

→Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, 1740-1825, distinguished as a patriot, soldier and diplomatist, was born in South Carolina in 1740. His education was received in England, where he passed through Westminster school and the University of Oxford with a high reputation for ability and industry. After reading law at the Temple, he returned to Carolina in 1769, but was not able to practice his profession for any length of time, the commencement of the Revolution obliging him to exchange the gown for the sword. He was first appointed a captain in the continental line, and, soon afterward, commander of the first regiment of Carolina infantry. When the South had been freed, for a period, from invasion, by Moultrie's gallant defense of the fort on Sullivan's Island, Colonel Pinckney joined the northern army, and was made aid-de-camp to Washington. In that capacity he was present at the battles of Brandywine and Germantown. When the South was again menaced with danger, he returned to Carolina, and displayed great resolution and intrepidity, on the rapid and harassing march which saved that city from General Provost, and on the subsequent invasion of Georgia, and the assault on the lines of Savannah.

→Some time after the return of peace, Colonel Pinckney was placed in command of the militia of the lower division of the State, but was very soon appointed by Washington, whose confidence and friendship he enjoyed in a high degree, minister plenipotentiary to France. he returned home, having been named a major-general by Washington, who had been placed at the head of the forces raised for the protection of the American shores. Superior rank, however, was accorded to General Hamilton, who had been his junior during the Revolution. Some one spoke to General Pinckney of this preference as unjust, but he briefly answered, that he was satisfied that General Washington had sufficient reasons for it. "Let us," he continued, "first dispose of our enemies; we shall then have leisure to settle the question of rank."

→Previously to his going to France, General Pinckney had been offered by President Washington several places under government of the highest importance, all of which, however, private considerations obliged him to decline. The first was that of judge of the supreme court; the next that of secretary of war, on the resignation of General Knox; and then that of secretary of state, when Randolph had been removed. He was a member of the convention which framed the constitution of the United States, and afterward, in the convention of South Carolina, assembled for deliberating upon the instrument, he contributed greatly to its adoption. He died in August, 1825. As a lawyer, General Pinckney was distinguished for profound and accurate learning, and strength and ingenuity of reasoning, without having much pretension to eloquence. In his practice he was high-minded and liberal.

Law partner
When Edward Rutledge, a signer of the Declaration of Independence from South Carolina, returned to Charleston after his law education in England, the law firm where he became partner was that of Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, who became his brother-in-law. Town of Mount Pleasant, South Carolina: Our history: Founding Fathers: Edward Rutledge /& Charles Coatsworth Pinkney http://sc-mountpleasant.civicplus.com/index.aspx?NID=291 http://sc-mountpleasant.civicplus.com/index.aspx?NID=289 Thank you, Wordreader (talk) 19:34, 17 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Edward Rutledge, John Rutledge, and Charles Cotesworth Pinkney are also mentioned in this article: Middleton-Rutledge-Pinckney family. Overkill? I think the way that article is formatted misrepresents some of the relationships. Wordreader (talk) 04:49, 18 August 2013 (UTC)

Family relationship
The disambiguation page on Charles Pinckney gives the family relationship between Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and Charles Pinckney (governor) as second cousins, but here they are listed as first cousins once removed. Which is correct? — Dodiad (talk) 10:29, 8 September 2018 (UTC)

Liberty Ship Honors -
Possibly a ship was named for Charles Pinckney for the US Coast Guard as a Merchant Ship and destroyed. My father served on the Thomas Pinckney Liberty Ship during WWII. Charles Pinckney ship is not listed in the Naval lists. Savelakepeigneur (talk) 16:31, 12 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney


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Pico Duarte

Pico Duarte is the highest peak in the Dominican Republic, on the island of Hispaniola and in all the Caribbean. At 3101 m above sea level, it gives Hispaniola the 16th-highest maximum elevation of any island in the world. Additionally, it is only 53 mi northeast of the region's lowest point, Lake Enriquillo, 46 m (151 ft) below sea level. It is part of the Cordillera Central range, which extends from the plains between San Cristóbal and Baní to the northwestern peninsula of Haiti, where it is known as the Massif du Nord. The highest elevations of the Cordillera Central are found in the Pico Duarte and Valle Nuevo massifs.

History
The first reported climb was made in 1851 by a German who was British consul: Sir Robert Hermann Schomburgk. He named the mountain "Monte Tina" and estimated its height at 3140 m. In 1912, Father Miguel Fuertes dismissed Schomburgk's calculations after climbing La Rucilla and judging it to be the tallest summit of the island. A year later, Swedish botanist Erik Leonard Ekman sided with Schomburgk's estimate, and called the sister summits "Pelona Grande" and "Pelona Chica" ("Big Bald One" and "Small Bald One", respectively). During the Rafael Trujillo Molina regime, the taller of the two was called "Pico Trujillo". After the dictator's death, it was renamed Pico Duarte, in honor of Juan Pablo Duarte, one of the Dominican Republic's founding fathers. At the summit is an east-facing bronze bust of Duarte atop a stone pedestal, next to a flagpole that flies the Dominican flag and a cross.

Geography

The mountain's elevation was debated for decades, up until the mid-1990s, when it was still held to be 3,175 m high. In 2003, it was measured by a researcher using GPS technology, and it was found to be 3,098 m tall. The official elevation as recorded by Dominican government agencies is 3,087 m, a measurement that has been confirmed by several groups of hikers using personal GPS consoles (the most recent verified one in January 2005). In 2021 a team of researchers using GSSM technology found that its altitude is 3,101.1 m with a margin of error of 0.3 m.

It is only a few meters taller than La Pelona, its twin, which stands at 3,097 m, and from which it is separated by a col between summits that is approximately 1.5 km wide, and is officially named Valle del Baíto, but unofficially called Valle de Lilís. The col's mean elevation is 2,950 m.

Ecology
The area has an oceanic climate that very few would associate as typical of a Caribbean island, with cool temperatures all year round, going several degrees below freezing during winter nights.

The mountain and the surrounding landscape are covered in pino de cuaba (Pinus occidentalis) forests. The pines frequently host the epiphytes guajaca (Tillandsia spp.) and the parasitic Dendropemon pycnophyllus. Some areas, like the Valle de Lilís, are treeless meadows of tussock-like pajones (Danthonia domingensis). The understory is composed of shrub such as Lyonia heptamera, Myrica picardae, Myrsine coriacea, Ilex tuerkheimii, Garrya fadyenii and Baccharis myrsinites. All of these species are adapted to the acidic soil of the area. Reptiles in the area include the endemic Panolopus marcanoi. Birds seen in the area include the endemic Hispaniolan palm crow (Corvus palmarum palmarum), Antillean siskin (Carduelis dominicensis), rufous-throated solitaire (Myadestes genibarbis), Hispaniolan crossbill (Loxia megaplaga) (whose abundance is directly related to the Hispaniolan pine cone crop), and Hispaniolan trogon (Priotelus roseigaster); at lower elevations the Hispaniolan amazon (Amazona ventralis), scaly-naped pigeon (Patagioenas squamosa) and golden swallow (Tachycineta euchrysea) can be seen. There are two extant mammals endemic to Hispaniola whose remaining range includes the broadleaf forests of lower elevations: the primarily nocturnal Hispaniolan solenodon (Solenodon paradoxus) and the Hispaniolan hutia (Plagiodontia aedium). Both are rarely seen, with the latter considered Endangered. Wild boar, descendants of animals introduced to the island during the colonial period, have been reported.

A wildfire in 2003 altered the landscape of a large section of the eastern side of the mountain. As of 2008, the hillside of charred trees is now a new-growth forest. While thousands of charred trees are still standing, a large variety of indigenous grasses and small plants are now growing.

Climbing information
There is a system of trails leading up to the summit, with trailheads at several locations (their final stretches to the summit are seen on the topographic map). The easiest access is from the town of La Ciénaga, near Jarabacoa. The trail is 23.1 km to the summit, with a total elevation change of 1,977 m, and a shelter 5 km away from the summit at La Comparticion. Tourist-friendly travel agencies can help arrange trips from this trailhead, using mules in their employ to help lug food, sleeping bags and supplies for the overnight stay in the shelter.

A few fresh water springs labeled "potable" are along the trail, but water filters or purifying tablets are recommended. The majority of hikers travel by this route.

A trailhead northwest of the town of San Juan de la Maguana is the starting point for four-day (three-night) trips that end at the Ciénaga trailhead (or, for an extra day of hiking, back at the starting location), which are run entirely by local Dominicans who cook the food provided, and help campers along the way. Each night is spent in shelters, and due to the distance traveled, riding by mule-back is strongly encouraged. Far off the beaten path, it is highly unlikely that anyone else can be seen on the trail until the merge with the trail from La Ciénaga.

According to Dominican Park Service representatives in La Cienaga, while approximately 1,000 hikers visit Pico Duarte during each of the months of December and January; only about 10 to 15 people a day hike the mountain during off-season months.

title: Pico Duarte


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Indo-Persian culture

Indo-Persian culture refers to a cultural synthesis present on the Indian subcontinent. It is characterised by the absorption or integration of Persian aspects into the various cultures of modern-day republics of Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan. The earliest introduction of Persian influence and culture to the subcontinent was by various Muslim Turko-Persian rulers, such as the 11th-century Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi, rapidly pushed for the heavy Persianization of conquered territories in northwestern Indian subcontinent, where Islamic influence was also firmly established. This socio-cultural synthesis arose steadily through the Delhi Sultanate from the 13th to 16th centuries, and the Mughal Empire from then onwards until the 19th century. Various dynasties of Turkic, local Indian and Afghan origin patronized the Persian language and contributed to the development of a Persian culture in India. The Delhi Sultanate developed their own cultural and political identity which built upon Persian and Indic languages, literature and arts, which formed the basis of an Indo-Muslim civilization.

Persian was the official language of most Muslim dynasties in the Indian subcontinent, such as the Delhi Sultanate, the Bengal Sultanate, the Mughal Empire and their successor states, and the Sikh Empire. It was also the dominant cultured language of poetry and literature. Many of the Sultans and nobility in the Sultanate period were Persianised Turks from Central Asia who spoke Turkic languages as their mother tongues. The Mughals were also culturally Persianised Central Asians (of Turko-Mongol origin on their paternal side), but spoke Chagatai Turkic as their first language at the beginning, before eventually adopting Persian. Persian became the preferred language of the Muslim elite of northern India. Muzaffar Alam, a noted scholar of Mughal and Indo-Persian history, suggests that Persian became the official lingua franca of the Mughal Empire under Akbar for various political and social factors due to its non-sectarian and fluid nature. The influence of these languages led to a vernacular called Hindustani that is the direct ancestor language of today's Hindi–Urdu varieties.

The Persianisation of the Indian subcontinent resulted in its incorporation into the cosmopolitan Persianate world of Ajam, known today academically as Greater Iran, which historically gave many inhabitants a secular, Persian identity.

History
With the presence of Islamic culture in the region in the Ghaznavid period, Lahore and Uch were established as centres of Persian literature. Abu-al-Faraj Runi and Masud Sa'd Salman (d. 1121) were the two earliest major Indo-Persian poets based in Lahore. The earliest of the "great" Indo-Persian poets was Amir Khusrow (d. 1325) of Delhi, who has since attained iconic status within the Urdu speakers of the Indian subcontinent as, among other things, the "father" of Urdu literature.

Delhi sultanate and the Mughal era
Indo-Persian culture flourished during the period of the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526). The invasion of Babur in 1526, the end of the Delhi Sultanate and the establishment of what would become the Mughal Empire would usher the golden age of Indo-Persian culture with particular reference to the art and architecture of the Mughal era.

During the Mughal era, Persian persisted as the language of the Mughals up to and including the year 1707 which marked the death of the Emperor Aurangzeb, generally considered the last of the "Great Mughals". Thereafter, with the decline of the Mughal empire, the 1739 invasion of Delhi by Nader Shah and the gradual growth initially of the Hindu Marathas and later the European power within the Indian subcontinent, Persian or Persian culture commenced a period of decline although it nevertheless enjoyed patronage and may even have flourished within the many regional empires or kingdoms of the Indian subcontinent including that of the Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh (r. 1799–1837).

Persian as a language of governance and education was abolished in 1839 by the British East India Company and the last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar, even if his rule was purely symbolic or ceremonial, was dethroned in 1857 by the British.

Further, C.E. Bosworth writes about the significance of Persian culture that developed a mark within Muslim sultans in this era that: "The sultans were generous patrons of the Persian literary traditions of Khorasan, and latterly fulfilled a valuable role as transmitters of this heritage to the newly conquered lands of northern India, laying the foundations for the essentially Persian culture which was to prevail in Muslim India until the 19th century."

Deccan
The Deccan region's integration into the Indo-Persian culture of the north began in the early 14th century, when the Delhi Sultanate made political movements towards the south, and the Deccan was brought into the Sultanate under the conquests of the Tughluq dynasty. Due to the Sultan Muhammad Shah policy of ordering a migration of the North Indian Muslim population of Delhi to the Deccan city of Daulatabad in 1327, in order to build a large Muslim urban centre in the Deccan. This led to a formal introduction of Indo-Persian culture in the Deccan, extending beyond the realm of the court.

In the middle of the 14th century, the Urdu-speaking immigrant population of Daulatabad staged a revolt breaking off from the Delhi Sultanate, but Indo-Persian culture lived on in the region. The breakaway Bahmani Sultanate was established in 1347, by Hasan Gangu. Its rulers were greatly influenced by Persian culture, they were well-versed in the language and its literature, and promoted Persian language education throughout their empire. The Persianised nature of the court is reflected in the fact that the Bahmanis celebrated festivals like Nowruz. The architecture cultivated by them had significant Iranian influences, even more than that of the Muslims in the north.

The Bahmani Sultans actively recruited Persian or Persianised men in their administration, and such foreigners were in fact favoured over Indians who were known as the Dakhani. Sultan Firuz Shah (1397-1422) sent ships from his ports in Goa and Chaul to the Persian Gulf to bring back talented men of letters, administrators, jurists, soldiers and artisans. This included the high-born Iranian Mahmud Gawan (1411-1481) who rose to become a powerful minister of that state during the reign of another Bahmani Sultan.

This led to factional strife between the Dakhanis, the ruling indigenous Muslim elite of the Bahmanid dynasty, being descendants of Sunni immigrants from Northern India, and the foreign newcomers like Mahmud Gawan who were called the Afaqis(Cosmopolitans or Travellers). According to Richard Eaton, Dakhanis believed that the privileges, patronage and positions of power in the Sultanate should have been reserved solely for them, based on their ethnic origin and their sense of pride of having launched the Bahmanid dynasty. Eaton also cites a linguistic divide where the Dakhanis spoke the Dakhni dialect of the Urdu language while the Afaqis favored the Persian language. In 1481, the Dakhanis poisoned the ears of the Sultan, leading to the execution of Mahmud Gawan. What followed was a wholescale massacre of the Iranian Georgian and Turkmen population in the urban centres by Nizam-ul-Mulk Bahri, who lead the Deccani faction. Factional strife between the Afaqis and Dakhanis resulted in pitched battles with the Afaqis usually being victims of violence due to the Deccanis' greater ties to local military networks. This frequently resulted in indiscriminate violence towards people of Iranian origin including learned men, pilgrims, petty merchants, nobles and servants, such the massacres of foreigners of Chakan in 1450, Bidar in 1481, and Ahmadnagar in 1591 by the Deccan Muslims. According to Eaton, the Dakhanis and Afaqis represented more than just two competing factions jostling for influence in the court; they stood for differing conceptions of state and society. If the Dakhanis manifested a colonial idea, namely, a society composed of transplanted settler-founders and their descendants, the Afaqis or Cosmopolitans represented a cultural idea, a refined style of comportment, an eminent tradition of statescraft, a prestigious language. Since each class was legitimate in its own way, neither could be fully disloged from the Bahmanid political system or the Deccan Sultanates. However, the activity of the Afaqis, unlike the Dakhani Muslim nobles, were solely dependent on the patronization of their host Dakhani Sultans, so that whenever there was a change or instability in the court, the Afaqis would leave altogether. Sebouh Aslanian described this mobile community as a "circulation society". According to Roy Fischel, more than any other group, the Dakhani Muslims were the social group that were most associated with the Deccan Sultanates, and the most dominant political group when it comes to determining the direction of the Sultanates.

According to Richard Eaton, even the Hindu Vijayanagara empire from the same period was highly Persianised in its culture. The royal quarters of the capital had many Persian architectural elements such as domes and vaulted arches.

The Bahmani Sultanate disintegrated into five Deccan Sultanates, similar in culture. Hyderabad, built by the Golconda Sultanate in the 16th century, was inspired by Isfahan. The use of Persian as a court language in Hyderabad continued under the Nizams of Hyderabad, and was only replaced by Urdu in 1886.

The court language during the Deccan sultanate period was Persian or Arabic, however, Marathi was widely used during the period especially by the Adil Shahis of Bijapur and the Ahmadnagar Sultanate. Although the rulers were Muslims, the local feudal landlords and the revenue collectors were Hindus and so was the majority of the population. Political expediency made it important for the sultans to make use of Marathi. Nevertheless, Marathi in official documents from the era is totally Persianised in its vocabulary. The Persian influence continues to this day with many Persian derived words used in everyday speech such as bāg (Garden), kārkhānā (factory), shahar (city), bāzār (market), dukān (shop), hushār (clever), kāgad (paper), khurchi (chair), zamīn (land), zāhirāt (advertisement), and hazār (thousand).

Bengal
Bengal was the easternmost frontier of the Persian cultural sphere. For over 600 years (1204-1837), the Persian language was an official language in Bengal, including during the provincial period of the Delhi Sultanate; the independent period of the Bengal Sultanate; the dominion period of the Bengal Subah in the Mughal Empire; and the quasi-independent Nawabi period. Bengal was the subcontinent's wealthiest region for centuries, where Persian people, as well as Persianate Turks, settled in the Ganges delta to work as teachers, lawyers, poets, administrators, soldiers and aristocrats. The Bengali language continues to have a significant amount of Persian loanwords. A popular literary dialect called Dobhashi emerged which mixed Persian and Bengali words as a writing format. Several Bengali cities were once centres of Persian prose and poetry. Hafez, one of the masters of Persian poetry, kept a notable correspondence with Sultan Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah and they composed a poem together. The Mughal period saw the zenith of Persian cultural expression in Bengal.

During the Bengali Renaissance, Persian was studied by not only Bengali Muslims but even Hindu scholars, including Raja Ram Mohan Roy. From the mid-eighteenth century towards the 19th century, five to six daily magazines were published in Calcutta, most notably the Durbin and the Sultan al-Akhbar.

The use of Persian as an official language was prohibited by Act no. XXIX of 1837 passed by the President of the Council of India in Council on 20 November 1837.

During the British colonial era

Given that the Mughals had historically symbolised Indo-Persian culture to one degree or another, the dethroning of Bahadur Shah Zafar and the institution of the direct control of the British Crown in 1858 may be considered as marking the end of the Indo-Persian era, even if, after the Indian Rebellion, Persian would still retain an audience and even produce commendable literature such as the philosophical poetry of Muhammad Iqbal (d. 1938). The British would absorb elements of the culture's architectural style into the buildings of the Raj, producing Indo-Saracenic architecture. For 20th century Indian Muslims, and Urdu poets in particular, learning the Persian language was viewed as necessary for a full understanding of Urdu and central to the comportment of an educated North Indian Muslim man.

Adab
In Indo-Persian cultures in North India, Adab, which could simply be understood as a form of virtue ethnic, is a code of values determining social behavior that forms the defining characteristic in Indo-Muslim culture.

Cuisine
The Indo-Persian synthesis led to the development of cuisine that combined indigenous foods and ingredients with the tastes and methods of the Turko-Persians. This was especially under the Mughals, who invited cooks (bawarchis) from various parts of the Islamic world. This resultant cuisine is referred to as Mughlai cuisine, and has left a great impact on the regional eating habits of South Asia. It was further developed in the kitchens of regional Islamic powers, leading to distinctive styles such as the Awadhi and Hyderabadi cuisines.

Due to this synthesis, the Indian subcontinent shares Central and West Asian food, such as naan and kebab, and is home to unique dishes such as biryani.

Architecture
The Indian subcontinent's Islamic period produced architecture that drew stylistically from Persianate culture, using features such as domes, iwans, minars, and baghs. Early Islamic rulers tended to use spolia from Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain buildings, resulting in an Indianised style which would be refined by later kingdoms. Hence monuments came to feature uniquely Indian architectural elements, such as corbelled arches and jali. The main buildings produced were mosques, forts, and tombs. These still stand today and are well-represented in the architecture of cities such as Lahore, Delhi, and Hyderabad, to name a few.

Indo-Persian architecture was not exclusive to Islamic power, as the members and rulers of other religions incorporated it in their monuments. Sikh architecture is a notable example of this. The Hindu Vijayanagara Empire used Indo-Persian architecture in courtly monuments.

Music

Prior to Islamic conquest, the Indian subcontinent had a history of musical practice that drew from Sanskritic culture. The subsequent Indo-Persian synthesis resulted in an influx of Iranian musical elements, leading to further developments in the region's musical culture through the patronage of new Persianate rulers. This appears to have been the impetus for divergence in indigenous music, leading to the divergence of Hindustani classical music from Carnatic Music. Some of the main instruments used in this style, such as the sitar and sarod, are thought to have close historical ties with Persian instruments (for an example, see setar). Musical genres such as khyal and tarana, and the musical performance of ghazals, are examples of the Indo-Persian musical confluence. Notably, the Sufi devotional music of qawwali bears evident impact from Persian influence, such as the frequent usage of Persian poems.

The creation of many of these practices is credited to 13th-century poet, scholar, and musician Amir Khusrau.

title: Indo-Persian culture


text:
Bolesław Leśmian

Bolesław Leśmian (born Bolesław Lesman; 22 January 1877 – 5 November 1937) was a Polish poet, artist, and member of the Polish Academy of Literature, one of the first poets to introduce Symbolism and Expressionism to Polish verse.

Though largely a marginal figure in his lifetime, Leśmian is now considered one of Poland's greatest poets. He is, however, little known outside Poland, mostly on account of his neologism-rich idiosyncratic style, dubbed "almost untranslatable" by Czesław Miłosz and "the ultimate and overwhelming proof for the untranslatability of poetry" by noted Polish Shakespearean translator, Stanisław Barańczak.

Life
Bolesław Leśmian was born 22 January 1877 in Warsaw, Congress Poland, Russian Empire, to a Polonized Jewish family. He spent his childhood and youth in Kyiv, where he graduated from the law faculty of Saint Vladimir University. In 1901 he returned to Warsaw. From there, he visited various European cities, including Munich and Paris, where he married painter Zofia Chylińska. Heavily influenced by French modernists, Leśmian returned to Warsaw, where he became cofounder of an experimental Artistic Theatre. There he also met one of his closest friends, Zenon Przesmycki, with whom he became involved in the publication of Chimera, an art newspaper.

Although he made his debut in 1895 (a series of poems published in Wędrowiec magazine), his works initially went unnoticed. To sound "more Polish", Leśmian adopted a slightly modified version of his surname which included typically Polish sounds (previously it had been Lesman). According to various conflicting sources, the author of the pen-name which eventually became his official surname was either the known poet and poet's uncle Antoni Lange, or a renowned bon-vivant of Warsaw, Franc Fiszer. The first booklet issued in Warsaw in 1912 (Sad Rozstajny) did not bring him much publicity either, and in 1912 Leśmian moved back to France. He returned in 1914.

From 1918 until 1934, he worked as a notary of large landed estates in Hrubieszów and then as a lawyer in Zamość. At the same time he published the best known of his books: Łąka (The Meadow, 1920) and Napój cienisty (Shadowy Drink, 1936). In 1933, he was accepted as a permanent member of the Polish Academy of Literature. In 1935, he moved back to Warsaw, where he died two years later. He is buried in Powązki Cemetery, in the Alley of the Meritorious, among other notable Polish writers, politicians and military men.

Leśmian and Chylińska had two daughters, one of who, Wanda "Dunia" Leśmianówna, would later marry British adventurer and traveller Denis Hills. Actress and singer Gillian Hills - famous for her brief appearances in Antonioni's Blowup and Kubrick's A Clockwork Orange in two similar scenes - was born of this marriage in 1944. Leśmian was also nephew of the famous poet and writer of the Young Poland movement, Antoni Lange, and the cousin of another notable poet of the epoch, Jan Brzechwa.

Work
To Polish readers, Leśmian's style is unique and easily recognizable, intuitively accessible despite its idiosyncrasy. In his poems, in a fantastical, mythical and fabulous environment - often inhabited with creatures taken from the Polish folklore and traditions - Leśmian expounds his life philosophy, revolving around his equally deep and personal fascinations with God and death. The protagonists of his works are usually "handicapped humans", struggling between Culture and Nature, unable to accept their in-between positions. For Leśmian, the only ones who can do this - the only ones able to live with both Culture and Nature simultaneously - are poets, the last examples of "the primitive mankind."

Relying heavily on "the vertiginous word-formation potential of Polish," Leśmian's style is especially notable for its numerous neologisms, many of which are still in use in everyday Polish language (as opposed to, say, Cyprian Norwid's similar experiments). Referred to as "leśmianisms" by subsequent scholars, these neologisms are usually the product of the versatile "prefix+verb/noun(+suffix)" formula natural to most Slavic languages, but peculiar to many other languages, rendering Leśmian's poetry "almost untranslatable" into English.

Some of Leśmian's favourite prefixes include those who imply a lack of certain qualities (like bez- or nie-, loosely, "without," or "non-"), leading certain scholars to dub him "the Dante of non-being." Considered one of the greatest Polish poets in history, Leśmian is certainly one of the most interesting artists of the interwar period, creator of a uniquely stylised Polish folk ballad and profoundly personal - and, nevertheless, popular - metaphysical lyrics. In addition, he is frequently mentioned as the most notable poet of erotic verses in the history of the Polish language.

title: Bolesław Leśmian


text:
Making Fiends (web series)

Making Fiends is a Flash-animated cartoon series by Amy Winfrey. It follows the interactions between Vendetta, a villainous tomboy that regularly makes terrible creatures called "fiends", and Charlotte, a cheerful and gullible girly-girl who thinks that Vendetta is her best friend. Charlotte unintentionally irritates and annoys Vendetta. As a result, Vendetta attempts to assassinate her with fiends, but she always fails due to Charlotte's luck.

The site was first put up on June 3, 2003, and the series debuted with its first episode on July 14, 2003. In 2004, the series was licensed by Nickelodeon, and eventually the episodes were broadcast on TurboNick. The series would later be uploaded to Amy Winfrey's YouTube page in 2012 in remastered HD quality. A 30-minute animated horror comedy cartoon television series was greenlit in 2008 on Nicktoons, which aired only 6 episodes each before being cancelled. Nickelodeon Animation Studio, Cyber Chicken Animation Studio and DQ Entertainment Limited all televised the TV show.

Characters
Vendetta: (Voiced by Aglaia Mortcheva) Vendetta is a sociopathic, narcissistic and histrionic young tomboy with the power to create "fiends" with a book of recipes. She is moss green and wears pigtails that tend to fly up when she yells. She constantly squints her eyes for emphasis. She spends her time reading magazines and tormenting the other children in her school with her monstrous creations. She uses her dangerous fiends to get what she wants, such as her constant assistant Grudge who helps her give out physical punishment. She develops a one-sided rivalry with Charlotte, and often attempts to kill her. Vendetta almost always uses fiends for her attempts, but she has also done methods like tricking Charlotte into wearing concrete shoes and walking off the edge of a pier. She despises music, to the point of being hurt by it. Her diet consists of almost entirely beef jerky, clams, and grape punch. She speaks in a thick Bulgarian accent and has somewhat broken English. Vendetta appeared in every episode except for episode 14.

Charlotte: (Voiced by Amy Winfrey) A light-blue, optimistic girly-girl from Vermont. She has curly hair and wears a hairbow. Charlotte believes that all creatures are cute and harmless, and everybody is a potential friend. She tries to find the best in any person or situation, and ignores anything she finds strange. She is convinced that Vendetta is her new best friend, much to Vendetta's chagrin. Charlotte's naivete and oblivious invulnerability results in many of Vendetta's plans for torment to backfire. Vendetta seeks to kill Charlotte, but is never successful. A running gag is that Charlotte sees projectiles thrown at her as gifts. Almost every episode includes her singing a song that she makes up on the spot. Charlotte has the uncanny ability to hold her breath for nine hours. She has a pet hamster named Buttons. Charlotte is the only character present in every web episode.

Grudge: (Voiced by Peter Merryman) Vendetta's giant hamster fiend, mistaken for a bear by Charlotte and a dog by Mrs. Minty. Grudge does not speak, but rather grunts and growls, and is Vendetta's constant sidekick. He assists Vendetta in making fiends and giving threats to those who defy her. Vendetta almost never refers to him by name, simply calling him "hamster". Unlike most other fiends, he seems to actually care for Vendetta and her safety, despite her harsh treatment of him. Like Rubella and the cat fiend, he is also capable of eating inedible objects. In episode 18, Grudge is replaced by Rubella. In episode 20, Vendetta takes Grudge back after he protects her from rogue fiends.

Mr. Milk: (Voiced by Peter Merryman) The teacher of Charlotte's and Vendetta's class. He is a beige, nearly bald man with a tie and glasses whose few remaining hairs stick up when he is scared or surprised. He speaks in a nervous, disjointed monotone due to Vendetta's domination, and is forced to do Vendetta's bidding out of fear of her. He is also afraid of the fanged red bird fiend that is constantly glaring at him. Mr. Milk is probably inspired by Caspar Milquetoast, a comic book character remarkably similar to him. He also physically resembles the South Park character Herbert Garrison, notable because Amy Winfrey worked on the first few episodes of South Park. He has a tenor singing voice.

Marion: (Voiced by Amy Winfrey) A pale blue, overweight girl who sits next to Charlotte and speaks in a nasal whisper. She has a collection of glass animals, and has many allergies. A cowardly girl, she was the first student to talk to Charlotte and warn her about Vendetta. She appears to be friends with Malachi, and her DVD commentary implies that she has a crush on Marvin.

Malachi: (Voiced by Peter Merryman) A grey boy who follows Charlotte around school, giving her dire cautions about Vendetta and her fiends, which Charlotte does not understand and ignores. He is Marion's friend. He is a Puritan; he speaks in complicated, archaic English and refuses to sing because it is blasphemous.

Marvin: (Voiced by Peter Merryman) A taller, dark green boy who almost always starts his sentences with "my", usually because his belongings are always stolen from him, but also as a verbal tic. Once an episode, he will exclaim "My [possession]!". He is very unlucky, slow and weak. According to Marion's commentary, he brought a banana to show and tell because his father works at the banana factory.

Maggie: (Voiced by Amy Winfrey) A grey girl who sits next to Marvin and doesn't speak until episode 14, when she cogently remarks, "Charlotte's dumb". In the background, she is seen writing.

Rubella: (Voiced by Elissa Calfin) Vendetta's replacement fiend sidekick. She is a giant doll who resembles Frankenstein's monster. She eats non-edible food (like wood, glass and plaster) and talks in one- and two-word sentences. She is named after the disease Rubella. She thinks of Vendetta as her friend rather than boss, and gave her a musical toy bear, which angered Vendetta and let her to abandonment.

Giant Kitty: (Voiced by Amy Winfrey) Also called "Hellcat". A giant red cat fiend, and the first fiend to appear in the web cartoon. He often attacks the students when they're outside, and has an immense appetite, able to eat anything that will fit in his stomach. He is temporarily tamed by Charlotte, where Charlotte brushes and cares for him, although he gets angry again when Charlotte says he needs a bath.

Buttons: Charlotte's pet hamster, her "favorite hamster in the whole world", first seen in episode 2. He is known for making a high-pitched noise at the sign of any danger.

Scissor fiend: A fiend Vendetta made for Charlotte that resembles a bird and can cut things with its scissorlike beak. Charlotte thinks it's a puppy, and it ends up being her friend instead of killing her. It has a talent for making Valentines gifts. It tries to rescue Charlotte even in the most dangerous situations. In the TV series, Charlotte names it Buttons 2.

Mrs. Minty: (Voiced by Peter Merryman) A substitute teacher. She is an elderly woman who, true to her name, is mint green. She refers to the classmates as "buttercups", "ducklings", and other diminutive terms of endearment. She seems to be unaware of Vendetta's reputation and abilities, not unlike Charlotte. Her main debut is in episode 9, and she is also seen in episodes 20 and 21, but does not talk.

Mort: A blue boy with glasses that was seen in episode 19, being picked up by an ice cream fiend. He is added as another student in Mr. Milk's classroom in the TV series.

Other recurring characters include the Mrs. Millet the lunch lady, and her pet red frog-like fiend on the lunch counter that controls her. There are also other grey, unnamed students, a girl with clips in her hair that is often seen screaming and waving her arms in the episode "Vegetables", and a boy with a baseball cap, both of which are in the classroom next to Vendetta's.

Games
A flash game that is put on the website on Halloween (web series style.) Unlike the Christmas Bonus and Thanksgiving Treat, its URL is not available on the official website year-round, although it can be played here (renamed Pumpkin Plunkin on Nick.com). At the beginning of the game, the rules are explained by both Charlotte and Vendetta. The overall objective is to throw pumpkins at Charlotte while she moves around the screen in various costumes. The maximum is 30 and there are different end screens depending on how any pumpkins you throw at Charlotte.
 * Halloween Treat (Released October 25th, 2004)

DVD Releases
The Season One DVD was first shipped out on December 10, 2004. The Season Two DVD was first shipped out on December 14, 2005.

In 2006, 2008, 2009 and 2010, a message was posted on the front page saying that a fiend was to be temporarily placed in charge of the site. On April Fool's Day, the main menu had a bite taken out of it, and the fiend was there to explain that he got hungry and ate some episodes, but fixed them. As a result, the episodes 4, 6, 11, 18, 19, and 20 were replaced with their alternate DVD versions as an April Fool's joke.

Broadcast on TurboNick
Nickelodeon bought the series and did a successful test run of Making Fiends on its Web-based TurboNick. Few restrictions were made by the network execs when they made the deal, they told Amy Winfrey, "Just don't mention Hitler, and don't hit people on the head".

Winfrey conceded to a few small changes. For example, a classroom poster that read "A is for Alimony" had to be changed. She was stumped for a while on what A should be for. Aglaia would pop into Winfrey's office and suggest things, such as Alcoholism. They settled on "A is for Abomination". .

title: Making Fiends (web series)


text:
Householder

Householder may refer to:

 * Householder, a person who is the head of a household
 * Householder (Buddhism), a Buddhist term most broadly referring to any layperson
 * Householder (surname), notable people with the surname
 * The Householder, a 1963 Indian English/Hindi language film
 * The Householder (novel), a 1960 novel by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala; basis for the film
 * Householder transformation, an algorithm in numerical linear algebra
 * Grihastha, the second phase of an individual's life in the Hindu ashrama system

title: Householder


text:
Talk:Grand Prix motor racing

Merge with F1
Can't help but notice that besides this article on Grand Prix motor racing there is one on Formula one. Is a merge in order?Gzuckier 22:04, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Indulging in Necromancy to answer this - Formula One is only one kind of Grand Prix motor racing. This article has a wider remit, majoring on pre-WWII (and therefore pre-F1) Grand Prix racing. 4u1e 15:45, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

Malcolm Campbell
When did Malcolm Campbell race in GP? Did I miss something? --squadfifteen, 17/10/05

Class B
Assessed as Class B - seems like good content, but no inline citations. 4u1e 15:45, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

No mention of 1931 and '32 European Champions
There's no mention of the 1931 and 1932 AIACR European Champions, while there is of the 1934-1939 Champions. I reckon this should be added. Lustigson 19:48, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

Nomenclature
The post-WWII section seems to speak exclusively of F1, but where does that leave other series that refer to their races as Grands Prix? Champ Car World Series races such as the San Jose Grand Prix or Grand Prix of Cleveland come to mind. I'm sure GP2 and A1GP do this as well. Is there a piece of information I'm missing? Mustang6172 07:24, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

Import Rating
As the direct predecessor to modern Formula One Grand Prix racing, I rated the article as highly important to motorsports history. It could possibly even merit a Top rating, if others support the notion. --Chr.K. 20:34, 4 December 2007 (UTC)
 * After five minutes of deliberation, I've decided to make it just that, regardless; the avatar image on the "cover" of the Motorsports History taskforce tag is a freakin' Grand Prix car to begin with. --Chr.K. 20:39, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:BrooklandsPoster.jpg
The image Image:BrooklandsPoster.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --23:48, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

Racecourse Development
In the article we have the following text:

"In 1922, Italy became the first country outside France to host an automobile race using the name Grand Prix (or Gran Premio), run at Monza."

This is not true. Whilst not a Grande Épreuve, the American Grand Prize first ran in 1908. See the articles 1908 Grand Prix season and United States Grand Prix for evidence, along with citations.

Grand Prize has the same meaning as Grand Prix and Gran Premio, so I am going to be bold and modify this sentence in the article Paddyslacker (talk) 03:24, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

Other Series
Grand Prix motorsport racing isn't Formula One only. Champ Car and Indy Car and other series use this term too. I think that the article must be completed with this series. They are very important series of motorsport. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.220.149.150 (talk) 10:24, 18 June 2012 (UTC)
 * The main focus of this article is Grand Prix motor racing before the introduction of Formula One. And while I agree that Champ Car and IndyCar are important series, and that the names of their races include the term "Grand Prix", I don't think they are/were referred to as "Grand Prix racing" in the way that Formula One sometimes is. DH85868993 (talk) 12:22, 25 June 2012 (UTC)

Pronunciation
Could someone please add the proper pronunciation? (I know what it is but I'm not familiar enough with phonetic spelling to do so.) Just to make clear it's not pronounced as 'grand pricks'... The Seventh Taylor (talk) 07:07, 23 September 2012 (UTC)

Why is there a "See also" here?
Why is there is a sub-heading "See also" when there is nothing under it? I expected this to refer to a list of Grand Prix winners - is that in Wikipedia? ACEOREVIVED (talk) 21:16, 24 October 2012 (UTC)

 * The little box on the right-hand side of the page containing the link to "Book: Formula racing" is actually in the "See also" section (the section just appears empty because the box "hangs out the bottom" of the section). In answer to your second question, there is no single list of "Grand Prix winners" in Wikipedia. However:
 * List of Formula One Grand Prix winners contains a list of all the drivers who have won races which have been rounds of the Formula One World Championship (which started in 1950)
 * Each " Grand Prix" article contains a list of all the winners of that particular race, e.g. Italian Grand Prix contains a list of all the winners of that race
 * For the period before 1950, the "YYYY Grand Prix season" articles contain details of all the race winners from that season, e.g. 1922 Grand Prix season contains a list of the winners of all the Grand Prix races held in 1922
 * For the period from 1950 onwards, the "YYYY Formula One season" articles contain a list of all the Formula One race winners from the season, e.g. 1975 Formula One season contains a list of the winners of all the Formula One races held in that season
 * I hope that answers your question. DH85868993 (talk) 01:11, 25 October 2012 (UTC)

Article Never Defines Grand Prix
The article starts out that a Grand Prix is a type of motor racing that started in france at a given time, but never defines what type of racing it is! I am sure this is in part because there doesn't appear to be any consistent definition, but we could at least include some etymology here. Why was it called Grand Prix originally, what is does Prix mean? etc. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 136.49.157.39 (talk) 12:20, 26 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Grand Prix motor racing


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dux, CA

Dux, CA was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Probable hoax by the same anon user who contributed Amos Farquhar (which was nominated for deletion above). The reasons I suspect this of being a hoax are listed in the article's talk page. Rossami (talk) 22:04, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete, prank, hoax (never mind it's well-written). Wyss 22:50, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Hoaxes are not speedy candidates.
 * That comment by Rossami. Please sign your posts. Andrewa 23:20, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Hoaxes, IMO, are the same as vandalism. This is the latest in a long line of nonsense from an anon who should be banned outright.  Speedy delete. - Lucky 6.9 23:19, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It's not a hoax, it's simply a fabrication. I'm speedy deleting under criteria 1 and 4. It's patent nonsense in that it is not information, and the opposite of information is noise. It also lacks any context as it does not have any existence in the real world, or in any shared virtual world either. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 23:26, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Regarding rule 1, patent nonsense defines it as "1) Total nonsense, i.e., text or random characters that has no assignable meaning at all; or 2. Stuff that, while apparently meaningful after a fashion, is so completely and irremediably confused that no intelligent person can be expected to try to make head or tail of it." So total bullshit does not qualify as patent nonsense by either definition. I believe you might be looking at proposed case 4 (total fabrication); these cases should be adopted sez me, but they haven't yet. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 02:15, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not sure about the speedy, we need to walk a fine line sometimes, although I agree there were valid grounds under existing policy. We need to avoid feeding trolls, but we also need to avoid destroying the evidence that allows us to respond to vandalism. In particular, once an article is deleted it no longer shows on the list of the user's contributions, which can be very revealing in cases like this one. Andrewa 23:59, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dux, CA


text: User talk:69.140.99.128

title: User talk:69.140.99.128


text:
Bee pollen

Bee pollen, also known as bee bread and ambrosia, is a ball or pellet of field-gathered flower pollen packed by worker honeybees, and used as the primary food source for the hive. It consists of simple sugars, protein, minerals and vitamins, fatty acids, and a small percentage of other components. Bee pollen is stored in brood cells, mixed with saliva, and sealed with a drop of honey. Bee pollen is harvested as food for humans and marketed as having various, but yet unproven, health benefits.

Details
In honeybees (Apis species) pollen is stored in the chambers of the hives. It differs from field-gathered pollen as honeybee secretions induce a fermentation process, where biochemical transformations break down the walls of flower pollen grains and render the nutrients more readily available.

Forager bees that gather pollen do not eat it themselves, since they stop producing the proteolytic enzymes necessary to digest it when they transition to foraging. The foragers unload the pollen they gather directly into open cells located at the interface between the brood and stored honey, creating a typical band of what is called bee bread – the substance which is the main food source for honeybee larvae and workers.

Foraging bees bring pollen back to the hive, where they pass it off to other worker bees, who pack the pollen into cells with their heads. During collection and possibly packing, the pollen is mixed with nectar and bee salivary secretions, signalling the start of the lactic fermentation process. Bee pollen is the primary source of protein for the hive.

Bees other than Apis typically form pollen into balls; these are primarily ground-nesting bees or twig-nesting bees, most of which are solitary, such as leafcutter bees. With the leafcutter bee, as in most such bees, when the pollen ball is complete, the female lays an egg on top of the pollen ball, and seals the brood cell. The egg hatches and the larva consumes the pollen directly; the pollen is not stored separately from the brood. This method of pollen usage can also be seen in the wood-nesting bee species Xylocopa sulcatipes and Xylocopa sonorina.

Composition
Like honey and propolis, other well-known honeybee products that are gathered rather than secreted (i.e., in contrast to royal jelly and beeswax), the exact chemical composition depends on the plants from which the worker bees gather the pollen, and can vary from hour to hour, day to day, week to week, colony to colony, even in the same apiary, with no two samples of bee pollen being exactly identical. Accordingly, chemical and nutritional analyses of bee pollen apply only to the specific samples being tested and cannot be extrapolated to samples gathered in other places or other times.

Although there is no specific chemical composition, the average composition is said to be 40–60% simple sugars (fructose and glucose), 20–60% proteins, 3% minerals and vitamins, 1–32% fatty acids, and 5% diverse other components. Bee bread is a niche for yeasts and bacteria, including lactic acid bacteria, Bifidobacterium, Bacillus spp., and others. A study of bee pollen samples showed that they may contain 188 kinds of fungi and 29 kinds of bacteria. Despite this microbial diversity, stored pollen is a preservation environment similar to honey, and contains consistently low microbial biomass.

Use as a health supplement
Bee pollen has been touted by herbalists as a treatment for a variety of medical conditions. Bee bread is rich in micronutrients, minerals, and phenolic compounds.

Potential risks of consuming bee pollen include contamination by fungal mycotoxins, pesticides, or toxic metals. Bee pollen is safe for short term use, but for those with pollen allergies, allergic reactions may occur (shortness of breath, hives, swelling, and anaphylaxis). Bee pollen is not safe for pregnant women and should not be used during breastfeeding. The Food and Drug Administration has warned against the use of some bee pollen products because they are adulterated with unapproved drugs including sibutramine and phenolphthalein.

Alternative diets for honeybees
There are several artificial pollen diets available for honeybees that incorporate a variety of ingredients like soy, corn gluten, yeast, egg, or milk protein, but they often fail to provide the essential macronutrients (such as lipids and proteins), micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), and antioxidants needed by honeybees to thrive.

title: Bee pollen