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List of oilfield service companies

This is a list of oilfield service companies – which provide services to the petroleum exploration and production industry but do not typically produce petroleum. In the list, notable subsidiary companies and divisions are listed as sub-lists of their current parent companies.

Definition
Oilfield service companies may produce, maintain, and repair equipment used in oil extraction and oil transportation. In 2019, the global oilfield services market was US $ 267.8 billion.

List
• 2M Oilfield Group

• ABB

• Abbot Group

• Acteon

• Aibel

• Aker Solutions

• Baker Hughes

• Baker Tubulars

• BGR Energy Systems

• Calfrac Well Services

• Canary (formerly Frontier Energy Group)

• CGG

• Challenger

• China Oilfield Services

• Clough Group

• Core Laboratories

• Cyntech

• DCP Midstream Partners

• Diamond Offshore Drilling

• DOF Subsea

• Engineers India

• ESG Solutions

• Eversource Energy

• Expro

• Fairfield Geotechnologies

• Fern Communications

• Flowserve

• Fluor Corporation

• Fugro

• Gaia Earth Sciences

• Geokinetics

• Geophysical Service

• Gibson Energy

• GlobaLogix

• Grant Prideco

• Grup Servicii Petroliere

• Gyrodata

• Halliburton

• Helix Energy Solutions Group

• Helmerich & Payne

• Hill International

• Hunting

• Hytera

• ION Geophysical

• J&L Supply

• Jacobs Solutions

• Key Energy Services

• Larsen & Toubro

• McDermott International

• MODEC

• Nabors Industries

• Nalco Champion

• National Oilwell Varco

• Neuman & Esser

• Newpark Resources

• Noble Corporation

• Oceaneering International

• Odfjell Drilling

• OneSubsea

• Petrofac

• Petroleum Geo-Services

• PJP4

• Polarcus

• Precision Drilling

• Rosneft

• Saipem

• Sapura Energy

• SBM Offshore

• Schlumberger

• Schoeller-Bleckmann Oilfield Equipment

• Scomi

• Seaboard International

• Seadrill

• Shawcor

• Siemens

• Stewart & Stevenson

• Subsea 7

• Superior Energy Services

• Swire

• TAM International

• TechnipFMC

• Tecnicas Reunidas

• Tracerco

• Transocean

• Trican Well Service

• Trinidad Drilling

• Valaris

• Wasco Energy

• Weatherford International

• Weir Group

• Welltec

• Wood Group

• Worley

Companies connected with oilfield services

 * DeepOcean
 * International Logging
 * Kongsberg Gruppen
 * Petrolink
 * Rolls-Royce Holdings
 * Teledyne Technologies
 * Wärtsilä

title: List of oilfield service companies


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Senor Cardgage

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was - redirected

This has pretty much the same information as Creepy comb-over Strong Bad. -- [[User:Bobdoe|Bobdoe (Talk)]] 00:44, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep or at worst redirect for now. Senor Cardgage is a reocurring character (albeit only twice).  I expect he will come up more in the future, definitely warranting an article as much as Trogdor, for example.  User:Phieferboy 1:00, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: A character from a fiction.  Redirect only to the fiction.  Geogre 01:45, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Strong Bad. -Sean Curtin 01:47, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: DCEdwards1966 01:54, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect as above. No merge. -R. fiend 01:55, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and Redirect to the general homestar runner characters page. --G3pro 02:24, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to prevent recreation. Otherwise delete. Overgranular fan trivia is the Homestar Runner Wiki's job. -- Cyrius|✎ 02:36, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete minor trivia Cdc 04:29, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to the page for minor HR characters. -- Antaeus Feldspar 08:43, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I decided to be emboldened and made this a redirect to Homestar Runner characters, which had plenty of information on Cardgage already. No need to merge in minute details. -R. fiend 22:17, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. —tregoweth 21:13, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Doze Ribeiras

Doze Ribeiras is a civil parish in the municipality of Angra do Heroísmo on the island of Terceira in Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. The population in 2011 was 513, in an area of 10.41 km².

Architecture
The traditional architecture of Doze Ribeiras resembles much of the rural homes of the western Terceira region, generally constructed around a single floor, many white-washed homes, bordered by multi-coloured trim at the corners, doors and windows.
 * Church of São Jorge (Igreja Paroquial de Doze Ribeiras/Igreja de São Jorge)
 * Império of Holy Spirit of Terreiro Império do Espírito Santo das Doze Ribeiras/Império do Terreiro

title: Doze Ribeiras


text:
Battle of Rancagua

The Battle of Rancagua, also known in Chile as the Disaster of Rancagua, occurred on October 1, 1814, to October 2, 1814, when the Spanish Army under the command of Mariano Osorio defeated the rebel Chilean forces led by Bernardo O’Higgins. This put an end to the Chilean Patria Vieja and it was the decisive step of the Spanish military Reconquest of Chile.

Background
When Spain heard about the Patriot revolt in Chile, they sent an army of Spanish soldiers and royalists to defeat the rebellion. When O'Higgins heard about the besieged army in Rancagua, he went with his army of 1,000 patriots, to reinforce Juan Carrera's army in Rancagua. Outnumbered and with barely enough supplies, O'Higgins did not retreat and sealed the fate of his army.

The Battle
The battle occurred on the morning of October 1, 1814, outside the town of Rancagua. The Chilean forces had occupied the town prior to this confrontation and ultimately were surrounded by Osorio’s forces who advanced towards the town. The reason for occupying the town was its strategic importance in the defense of the Chilean capital, Santiago. The battle was fierce and the Spanish had an elite force of soldiers known as “Talaveras” who were veterans from the Napoleonic Wars in Europe. As the fighting continued onward to the evening, the Spanish forces decided to set fire to the town. With casualties growing, the Chilean forces requested reinforcements from the capital city of Santiago, which was 87 Kilometers north of Rancagua. Ultimately the request failed, which forced the Chilean army to disperse and flee to the countryside and wilderness. After this victory, the Spanish army continued on to Santiago, crushed the Chilean Government and instituted their brutal Reconquista of Chile.

Aftermath
After the Battle of Rancagua, the Spanish captured Santiago within a few days, which marked the beginning of the Reconquista of South America. This battle became a stain on Chile's national memory as it was a time when the nation was lost and the people feared that their struggle for independence was in vain. The people fled elsewhere in South America as refugees to escape the violence the Spanish would have meted out to the rebels.

title: Battle of Rancagua


text:
Siege of Nara

Following the 1180 Battle of Uji, in which Minamoto no Yorimasa fought a small Taira army with the help of monks from the Mii-dera and other temples, the victorious Taira sought revenge. They burned the Miidera temple, before moving on to Nara, where they "set fire to the monastic complexes of Kōfuku-ji and Tōdai-ji."

The Taira were opposed by warrior monks from nearly every major monastery and temple in Nara. Taira no Shigehira and Tomomori, both sons of Kiyomori, head of the clan, commanded the siege.

The monks dug ditches in the roads, and built many forms of improvised defenses. They fought primarily with bow & arrow, and naginata, while the Taira were on horseback, giving them a great advantage. Despite the monks' superior numbers, and their strategic defenses, their enemy succeeded in destroying nearly every temple in the city, including the Kōfuku-ji and Tōdai-ji. Only the Shōsōin survived.

The Heike Monogatari laments the destruction of the Tōdai-ji's Daibutsu (Great Buddha statue): The colossal statue of Vairocana Buddha of copper and gold, whose domed head towered up into the clouds, from which gleamed the sacred jewel of his lofty forehead, fused with the heat, so that its fullmoon features fell to the pavement below, while its body melted into a shapeless mass...

In all, 3,500 people died in the burning of Nara.

title: Siege of Nara


text:
Talk:Cars (film)

There’s a spelling error
“A VHS was released on February 19, 2007, to members of Disney's home video clubs.” The word “club” shouldn’t be pluralised. CleverFox2 (talk) 23:49, 25 April 2023 (UTC)

 * I've taken the liberty of making the correction. For future reference, changes like these can be made without any discussion. :) milladrive (talk) 00:03, 26 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Oh sorry about that, and thank you :’) CleverFox2 (talk) 00:07, 26 April 2023 (UTC)
 * xc 92.4.227.33 (talk) 16:43, 20 March 2024 (UTC)

Why there isn't humans
why aren't there humans in the film because cars https://uk.movies.yahoo.com/movies/cars-creative-director-chilling-theory-theres-no-humans-155155251.html Baratiiman (talk) 18:08, 11 August 2023 (UTC)

So the cars rose up against the humans and ate their flesh. MightyArms (talk) 00:39, 30 September 2023 (UTC)

A problem with the wording on the opening sentence of the plot.
"In a world where vehicles take on anthropomorphic traits..." The phrase "take on" doesn't sound right, like it implies they acquire them later on. I think the something to the effect of "In a world where vehicles have anthropomorphic traits" would be more appropriate. Ehh123 (talk) 20:36, 30 August 2023 (UTC)

 * I agree. It should be reworded. LancedSoul (talk) 20:40, 30 August 2023 (UTC)

Nomination of Radiator Springs for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Radiator Springs is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Radiator Springs (2nd nomination) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. InfiniteNexus (talk) 00:38, 29 September 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 22 October 2023
The following paragraph is a run-on sentence:

Set in a world populated entirely by anthropomorphic talking cars and other vehicles, it follows an overconfident, conceited rookie race car named Lightning McQueen (Wilson) who, on his way to the biggest race of his life, discovers in the rundown town of Radiator Springs when he gets stranded, where he learns humility and friendship from the residents.

Change it to:

Cars is set in a world populated entirely by anthropomorphic talking cars and other vehicles. The film follows an overconfident, conceited rookie race car named Lightning McQueen (Wilson) who, on his way to the biggest race of his life, is stranded in the rundown town of Radiator Springs, where he learns humility and friendship from the town's residents. Kfeder21190 (talk) 19:24, 22 October 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ — Sirdog (talk) 22:35, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

Fernando Alonso voice cast
In the spanish release of cars the car portrayed as Mario Andreti is Fernando Alonso who he voiced himself Teefiddy (talk) 11:22, 3 January 2024 (UTC)

Guido incorrect link
On the cast list, when you click the link for the actor for Guido Quaroni, it links this article instead: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SolidThinking SSmulligan (talk) 19:03, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cars (film)


text:
Talk:Tindersticks (1993 album)

For a December 2004 deletion debate over this page see Votes for deletion/Tindersticks (first album)

title: Talk:Tindersticks (1993 album)


text: Category:Tindersticks albums

title: Category:Tindersticks albums


text:
219 Days

219 Days is the debut album of Canadian Idol winner Kalan Porter. The album was released on November 23, 2004 through Sony Music Canada. The album title refers to the number of days from his first audition to the release of his debut CD. The album debuted at #4 on the Canadian Albums Chart and was certified double platinum by the CRIA months later with an excess of 200,000 copies.

Singles

 * "Awake in a Dream"
 * "Single"
 * "In Spite of It All"

title: 219 Days


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bandie

Bandie
Could this be expanded? With the excess trimmed, it's basically saying that a bandie is a member of a band, and that some feel the term is derogatory. Although a Google search turned up a couple pages using "bandie" in this sense, none could offer me more information to expand this stub, so I am not sure what else could be said. — [[User:Knowledge Seeker|Knowledge Seeker দ (talk)]] 00:56, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Bandie deserves its own page, as it is not the same thing as saying "You're in marching band." When someone says "bandie" it usually refers to someone not just in marching band, but other musical ensembles as well, and it deserves its own page. This article is quite short, it does need its own page.  People who have ideas should expand on this page as well.  It's kinda short but worthwhile.  Don't delete this page.  I'm a bandie and this page is cool and shouldn't be deleted. from BandKID Whoever wants this page deleted is weird!  So eventually it'll be expanded; this doesn't prevent stubs from being deleted!!  This article is just as important as any of the other random stubs- since when is band less important than Star Wars or something like that?  peace out, dude From LEfantHPlvr584
 * All from the same IP adress that deleted the inital VFD posting. -- [[User:Bobdoe|Bobdoe (Talk)]] 01:21, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, it appears 68.36.32.250 did not take kindly to my listing this on VFD—removed the VFD tag from the article, then removed my comment above and added several of their own; after Geogre added his vote and Bobdoe restored my comment, again removed all of them. Oh and also removed all the delete votes at Votes for deletion/List of songs with brackets in their titles by the way. I warned them on their user page. — [[User:Knowledge Seeker|Knowledge Seeker দ (talk)]] 01:41, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: I'm weird.  Wikipedia is weird, too.  It's an encyclopedia, rather than a dictionary.  Dictdef of a slang term, and not a very universal one.  Geogre
 * Delete: DCEdwards1966 01:51, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. It would be interesting to have an article on the reality and perception of secondary school marching band culture in the United States.  This isn't it though.  Postdlf 02:37, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. In general I despise stubs unless is already more than I would really call a stub. Its a let-down to click on a non-red link and see that its just a stub that gives you basically the same information as you were just reading in the source of the link.   Wikipedia has too many of them.  The red links are invitation enough to write an article.  Delete, but if someone wants to write a good article on marching band culture, I'm OK with it.   But not a stub for this, please.   --BM 04:10, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Move to wiktionary, otherwise, delete for containing non-information. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 08:46, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. P Ingerson 18:25, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Wyss 21:11, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. No transwiki because I don't believe Wiktionary encourages the inclusion of this kind of slang. Rossami (talk) 23:52, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Gamaliel 23:55, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Turned into a redirect to a synonym, band geek, which says it all and some more. (please notice that "band geek" safely survived VfD.) Mikkalai 03:17, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * This isn't UrbanDictionary. Delete. —tregoweth 22:29, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Never mind. :) —tregoweth 22:31, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bandie


text:
Union of South American Nations

The Union of South American Nations (USAN), sometimes also referred to as the South American Union, abbreviated in Spanish as UNASUR and in Portuguese as UNASUL, is an intergovernmental regional organization set up by Hugo Chavez to counteract the influence of the United States in the region. It once comprised twelve South American countries; as of 2019, most have withdrawn.

The UNASUR Constitutive Treaty was signed on 23 May 2008, at the Third Summit of Heads of State, held in Brasília, Brazil. According to the Constitutive Treaty, the Union's headquarters will be located in Quito, Ecuador. On 1 December 2010, Uruguay became the ninth state to ratify the UNASUR treaty, thus giving the union full legality. As the Constitutive Treaty entered into force on 11 March 2011, UNASUR became a legal entity during a meeting of Foreign Ministers in Mitad del Mundo, Ecuador, where they had laid the foundation stone for the Secretariat Headquarters.

In April 2018, six countries—Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay and Peru —suspended their membership, and in August of the same year, Colombia announced its withdrawal from the organization. In March 2019, Brazil's president Jair Bolsonaro announced his country's intention to withdraw from the organization. On 13 March 2019, Ecuador announced that it would withdraw from the organization. The president of the country, Lenin Moreno, also asked the bloc to return the headquarters building of the organization, based in Quito. On 10 March 2020, Uruguay officially announced its withdrawal from the organization. Brazil rejoined on 5 May 2023.

In January 2019, amid growing concern about Venezuela's Nicolás Maduro, a new group, PROSUL/PROSUR, was advanced to counteract the influence of what countries in the region call a dictatorship in Venezuela. A Chilean summit to organize PROSUL was held on 22 March 2019, and excluded Venezuela. Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador, Uruguay, Paraguay, Peru, Guyana and Suriname were invited to join the new regional bloc.

Overview
At the Third South American Summit on 8 December 2004, presidents or representatives from 12 South American nations signed the Cusco Declaration, a two-page statement of intent announcing the foundation of the South American Community. Panama and Mexico attended the signing ceremony as observers in Brazil.

The mechanics of the new entity came out of the First South American Community of Nations Heads of State Summit, which was held in Brasília on 29–30 September 2005. An important operating condition of UNASUR is that no new institutions will be created in the first phase, so as not to increase bureaucracy, and the community will use the existing institutions belonging to the previous trade blocs.

Background
Between the 15th and 19th centuries, the Spanish and Portuguese colonization brought about the establishment and development of colonial empires in the Americas that integrated politically, economically and culturally vast extensions of the continent each with their respective metropolis.

Since the Spanish American wars of independence a trend towards the political integration of the newly born republics of Hispanic America became strong in the thinking of several independence leaders, influenced in turn by the Spanish Enlightenment and the French and American revolutions. A notable early exponent of this trend was Francisco de Miranda, who envisioned a federated republic encompassing all of Hispanic America, which he called "Colombia".

The independence war efforts saw the concurrence of integrated armies composed by Spanish Americans of diverse regions on both sides of the conflict (v.g. Patriots and Royalists), and fighting all over the territories of many future nations. For example, the Army of the Andes which was gathered in the United Provinces of the River Plate fought in Chile, Peru and Ecuador, and later integrated with Simón Bolívar's Army (which itself included troops of future Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador) to further fight in Peru and the Upper Peru.

By the 1820s, the main proponent of a federation of the newly born republics was Simón Bolívar, although this idea was shared by many notable contemporaries, including José de San Martín and Bernardo de Monteagudo, under either republican or constitutional monarchical governments. In 1826, Bolívar summoned a conference to be held in Panama, which was to be known as the "Amphictyonic" Congress of Panama because of the parallelism with the Hellenic Amphictyonic League. The Congress was attended by Gran Colombia (including present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Panama and Ecuador), the Federal Republic of Central America (including present-day Costa Rica, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduras and Guatemala), the United Mexican States, and Peru. The ostensible intention was to form a defensive league that could prevent foreign expansionism and foster the interests of the Spanish American republics. The Congress' conclusions, however, were not ratified by the participants, except for Gran Colombia. Soon after, both Gran Colombia and the United Provinces of Central America fell apart and the whole of Hispanic America was balkanized by competing national governments.

By the 1990s, however, Brazil had consolidated as the most powerful country in South America (accounting for half of the regional GDP) and began to promote the notion of a united South America (a new regional framing) where Brasilia would be pivotal. The project did not take hold until the United States' foreign policy priorities turned to other regions in the 2000s.

Formation
The complete integration between the Andean Community and the Mercosur nations was formalized during the meeting of South American heads of state that took place on 23 May 2008 in Brasília.

In the 2004 South American Summit, representatives of twelve South American nations signed the Cuzco Declaration, a two-page letter of intent announcing the establishment of the then-named "South American Community of Nations". Panama and Mexico were present as observers. The leaders announced the intention of modeling the new community in the mold of the European Union, including a unified passport, a parliament and, eventually, a single currency. The then Secretary General of the Andean Community Allan Wagner speculated that an advanced union such as the EU should be possible within the next fifteen years.

After Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela, Uruguay became the ninth nation to ratify the constitutive treaty of the organization on 1 December 2010, thus completing the minimum number of ratifications Necessary for the entry into force of the Treaty, on 11 March 2011 With the entry into force of the Treaty, UNASUR became a legal entity during the Summit Ministers of Foreign Affairs, in Mitad del Mundo, Ecuador, where the cornerstone was laid for the headquarters of the General Secretariat of the Union.

Naming
On 28 December 2005, Chilean former foreign minister Ignacio Walker proposed that the Union's former designation, the South American Community of Nations, abbreviated as CSN, be changed to South American Union; nevertheless, many members responded that that proposal had already been rejected to prevent confusion since its acronym of U.S.A. (Spanish: Unión Sudamericana) would be easily confused for the United States of America. In the press, the phrase "United States of South America" was bandied about as an analogy to the United States to reflect the economic and political power that the union would have on the world stage.

The name was finally changed on 16 April 2007 to Union of South American Nations. The new name was jointly agreed by all member states during the first day of meeting at the First South American Energy Summit, held at Isla Margarita, Venezuela.

Leadership crisis
After Colombian Ernesto Samper completed his term as Secretary General in January 2017, the UNASUR governments have been unable to reach consensus on the organization's future leadership. Venezuela, with the support of Bolivia and Suriname, has blocked the nomination of Argentine diplomat José Octavio Bordón.

In August 2017, six members of UNASUR—Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay and Peru—joined in forming the Lima Group, a coalition of Western Hemisphere nations that repudiates the Venezuela government of Nicolás Maduro as antidemocratic. In February 2018, Maduro was disinvited from the Summit of the Americas hosted by Peru (held in Lima in April 2018). In response, Bolivia's president Evo Morales urged UNASUR to defend Venezuela, stating "UNASUR should call an emergency meeting and enforce the sovereignty of a brotherly people." Morales acceded to the rotating role of president pro tempore of UNASUR on 17 April 2018.

On 20 April 2018, six countries—Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay and Peru—announced that they would suspend their own membership for a year until the regional group became more organized. Chilean Foreign Minister Roberto Ampuero stated that the organization "isn't getting anywhere, there is no integration" and that "We can't be throwing this money to an institution that doesn't work." A briefing sent to the Brazilian cabinet stated that the countries share the view that Bolivia's leadership of the block has been ineffective. Paraguayan Foreign Minister stated that his country's objection concerned the failure to put a new Secretary General in place, and the need to make the organization less ideological, but did not reflect negatively on Bolivia's leadership. Bolivian Foreign Minister Fernando Huanacuni called an emergency meeting for May 2018 to attempt to resolve the crisis.

Colombia
On 28 August 2018, Colombian president Iván Duque announced that foreign minister Carlos Holmes had officially notified UNASUR of their intention to leave the bloc within the next 6 months, denouncing it as an institution created by Hugo Chávez to sideline existing international treaties and referring to it as an accomplice to what they referred to as the dictatorship in Venezuela. However, in 2023 the country announced that it would rejoin UNASUR.

Brazil
On 7 March 2019 Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro announced that Brazil would withdraw from UNASUR and join the newly created PROSUR. Following the 2022 Brazilian general election, newly elected president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva signalled his intention to rejoin UNASUR. It rejoined effective 5 May 2023.

Ecuador
On 13 March 2019 Ecuadorian president Lenin Moreno announced that Ecuador would withdraw from UNASUR and join the newly created PROSUR. Moreno also asked the bloc to return the headquarters building of the organization, based in Quito.

Argentina
On 12 April 2019 Argentine president Mauricio Macri announced that Argentina would withdraw from UNASUR and join the newly created PROSUR. However, the country rejoined UNASUR in April 2023. Following the 2023 Argentine general election, new president Javier Milei raised the possibility of Argentina withdrawing again.

Uruguay
On 11 March 2020 Uruguayan president Luis Lacalle Pou announced that Uruguay would withdraw from UNASUR.

Structure

The presidents of each member nation had an annual meeting, which was the top political mandate. The first meeting was held in Brasilia on 29 and 30 September 2005. The second meeting was held in Cochabamba, Bolivia, on 8 and 9 December 2006. The third meeting was held in Brasília – this meeting should have taken place in Cartagena (Colombia), but was postponed because of tension between Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela. It was at this meeting that UNASUR was formalized and in which the Constitutive Treaty of the organization was signed.

The foreign ministers of each country met once every six months. They made concrete proposals for action and executive decision. The Permanent Representative Committee of the President of Mercosur and the Director of the Mercosur Department, the Secretary General of the Andean Community, the Secretary General of ALADI and the Permanent Secretaries of any institution for regional cooperation and integration, Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization, among others, also attended these meetings.

On 9 December 2005, the Strategic Reflection Commission on the South American Integration Process was created. It consists of 12 members, whose function is to elaborate proposals that will help in the process of integration among the South American nations. These proposals were to be made at the 2nd UNASUR Meeting (2006).

The South American Parliament will be located in Cochabamba, Bolivia.

The executive committee, created at the 2nd UNASUR Meeting, was transformed into the Political Commission or Council of Deputies, in accordance with the Decisions of the Political Dialogue. The text prepared by heads of state to form UNASUR was approved at the 3rd UNASUR Meeting in Brasília on 23 May 2008. This meeting was scheduled to take place in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, on 24–28 January 2008, but was postponed because of tensions between Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela.

Secretary General
A Secretary General is the legal representative of the Secretariat in Quito, Ecuador. Former Ecuadorian president Rodrigo Borja was nominated to this position but resigned a few days before the formation of the USAN in May 2008. On 4 May, Néstor Kirchner of Argentina was appointed as the first Secretary General, despite resistance from Colombia, Uruguay, and Peru. After the death of Néstor Kirchner in 2010, there was a period of time when the position went unfilled, which eventually ended when María Emma Mejía Vélez was elected in March 2011. After Ernesto Samper completed his term in January 2017, UNASUR members have been unable to come to consensus on a successor.

Presidency pro tempore
The temporary presidency will be governed by a year and will be rotating among the member countries between each UNASUR meeting. According to the document "Decisions of the Political Dialogue", which was signed during the 1st South American Energy Meeting, a permanent general cabinet will be created and headquartered in Quito, Ecuador.

Councils and bodies
The organisations of UNASUR are:
 * Council of Heads of State and of Government of Unasur
 * President Pro Tempore of UNASUR
 * Council of Minister of External Relationships of Unasur
 * Council of Delegates of Unasur
 * Secretary General of UNASUR

Ministerial Councils
There were twelve Ministerial Councils of the USAN.
 * Council of South American Defense
 * Electoral Council
 * South American Energy Council
 * South American Council of Health
 * South American Council of Social Development
 * South American Council of Infrastructure and Planning
 * South American Council of fight against the drug traffic
 * South American Council of Economy and Finances
 * South American Council of Education
 * South American Council of Culture
 * South American Council of Science, Technology and Innovation
 * South American Council of Citizen Security, Justice and Coordination of Action against Transnational Organized Crime

Other institutions

 * South American Parliament
 * Bank of the South
 * South American Institute of Government in Health

Council of Economy and Finance
The Economic and Financial Council of Unasur was established on 12 August 2011, in Buenos Aires, during a meeting of Finance Ministers and representatives of the Central Banks of the twelve countries of the region. Argentine Deputy Economy Minister Roberto Feletti said that the council would study measures to strengthen regional trade in national currencies without the use of dollar. "We have reached an agreement on three axes of work and one of them is to move forward with multilateral payment mechanisms, to sustain trade and protect the volumes of reserves," Feletti said, noting that trade between countries in the region moves 120 billion dollars annually. "The use of national currencies, excluding the dollar, protects reserves and increases trade because there are lower transaction rates." He also detailed plans of the technical groups focused on the development and strengthening of Development Banks, such as CAF – Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean and the Bank of the South. He explained that the technicians will review the Latin American Reserve Fund (FLAR), aiming at in order to give greater capacity to intervene to the governments of the bloc in case of speculative attacks against currency or sovereign debt.

Council of South American Defense
The creation of a Council of South American Defense was proposed by Brazil and discussed for the first time at a summit of the South American presidents in April 2008. The project was extensively discussed throughout 2008. The then Brazilian Defense Minister, Nelson Jobim, said in April 2008 that the council would be formed after the "political" decision of the presidents who participated in the launch of the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) on 23 May 2008.

On 15 December 2008, at the extraordinary UNASUR summit, the creation of the South American Defense Council was finally approved. This was composed of defense ministers of Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Guyana, Suriname and Venezuela. The Defense Council is responsible for developing joint defense policies, promoting the exchange of personnel among the Armed Forces of each country, conducting joint military exercises, participating in United Nations peace operations, promoting the exchange of analyzes on the world defense scenarios and the integration of industrial bases of military equipment.

South American Council of Health
The South American Council of Health is a UNASUR body established and approved on 16 December 2008, which brings together health ministers of the member states to develop regional programs in the region. Area of public health to be jointly financed by the South American bloc, to coordinate the energy policy of Unasur. It was created by decision of the Heads of State and Government of UNASUR, meeting extraordinarily in the Coast of Sauipe, Bahia, Brazil in December 2008. It was finally constituted on 21 April 2009 in Santiago, Chile.

It is a permanent council composed of Ministers from UNASUR member countries. This body was created in order to constitute a space of integration concerning health, incorporating efforts and improvements from other mechanisms of regional integration, such as MERCOSUR, ORAS CONHU and ACTO, to promote common policies and coordinated activities among member countries. It is also a consultation and consensus body concerning health, which intends to delve deeply into relevant themes and strengthen public policies aimed at improving the living conditions of the inhabitants of the South American continent.

Since health is an essential right to all human beings and all societies, and it is also a vital component for the development of mankind, the Health Council seeks political and social acceptance regarding the issue, proposing health to be seen as an important booster of cooperation and integration of the bloc's nations, intensifying the coordination of such nations and respecting diversity and interculturalism in the region.

The Health Council aims to strengthen, by establishing a South American political institution with expertise in sanitary issues, the development of solutions to challenges that transcend national borders, developing values and mutual interests among the neighboring countries, thus facilitating the interaction of the Member States health authorities through the exchange of knowledge and technology in the region. The South American Health Council (SHC) is composed of the Health Ministries of Unasur Member States. In order to achieve the council's goals, the Coordinating Committee – responsible for preparing propositions of Agreements and Resolutions – was created. The Presidency of the Health Council is held by the Minister of Health of the country nominated for the Pro Tempore Presidency (PTP) of Unasur. It is in charge of coordinating the activities of all its bodies and managing the Technical Secretary. The Pro Tempore President has a two-year term that may be extended for another two years, being unconditionally succeeded by a president from a different country. The SHC is supported by the Technical Secretary in charge of the Pro Tempore Presidency (PTP) and two countries of the previous and following PTP, in order to ensure the continuity of works. It is technically supported by the South American Institute for Government in Health (ISAGS). Additionally, it is composed of five Technical Groups 1- Health Surveillance and Response; 2- Development of Universal Health Systems; 3- Health Promotion and Action on Social Determinants; 4- Universal Access to Medicines; 5- Human Resources Development and Management) and six Structuring Networks (1- Network of National Institutes of Health (RINS); 2- Network of Health Technical Schools of UNASUR (RETS), 3- Network of National Institutions and Institutes of Cancer (RINC); 4- Network of Public Health Schools of Unasur (RESP); 5- Network of Disasters Risk Management; 6- Network of International Offices and International Cooperation in Health (REDSSUR-ORIS)

The South American Institute of Government in Health (ISAGS) of UNASUR is an intergovernmental entity of public character that has as main objective to promote the exchange, the critical reflection, the knowledge management and the generation of innovations in the field of Health policy and governance.

Summits
The first Union summit was held in Brasilia on 23 May 2008, in which the Constitutive Treaty was signed. Due to the political crisis that Bolivia faced, pro-tempore president Michelle Bachelet convened an emergency summit in Santiago, Chile, on 15 September 2008. The leaders of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Brazil took part in this summit, in addition to President Michelle Bachelet, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela and the Secretary General of the OAS, José Miguel Insulza. After a six-hour meeting between the leaders in the Palacio de La Moneda, they finally declared their support for President Evo Morales's government and gave "its absolute support to Bolivia."

 * A special UNASUR/BRICS leaders summit was held in Fortaleza, Brazil, in July 2014.
 * The 9th Summit, scheduled for 23 April 2016 in Quito, was canceled due to the Ecuador earthquake.

There have been other presidential extraordinary meetings, such as:
 * May 2010: Buenos Aires, Argentina. Election of Néstor Kirchner as Secretary General.
 * September 2010: Buenos Aires, Argentina. Discussion of the 2010 Ecuador crisis.
 * December 2010: Mar del Plata, Argentina. Kirchner's successor after his death. (Concurring with the 20th Ibero-American Summit)
 * June 2012: Mendoza, Argentina. Discussion on the Impeachment of Fernando Lugo and suspension of Paraguay. (Concurring with the XLIII Mercosur presidential summit)
 * April 2013: Lima, Peru. Recognition of contested Venezuelan presidential elections results.
 * July 2013: Cochabamba, Bolivia. Discussion on the Evo Morales "kidnapping" incident in Europe (due to European/US suspicions that the Bolivian Presidential aircraft carried US fugitive Edward Snowden.)

Demographics
At its peak of membership, UNASUR had a total population of 410 million inhabitants and a rate of population growth of about 0.6% per year. There were several different ecological regions such as tropical forests, the Atacama Desert and the icy portions of Patagonia. On the other hand, the continent presents regions of high population density, such as the great urban centers. The population is formed by descendants of Europeans (mainly Spaniards, Portuguese and Italians), Africans and indigenous. There is a high percentage of mestizos that vary greatly in composition according to each place. There is also a minor population of Asians, especially in Brazil. The two main languages are by far Spanish and Portuguese, followed by French, English and Dutch in smaller numbers. Economically, Brazil, Argentina and Colombia are the wealthiest and most developed nations in the continent.

Languages
Portuguese, Spanish, English and Dutch are the official languages of UNASUR. Spanish is the official language of Bolivia and Venezuela. Dutch is the official language of Suriname; English is the official language of Guyana.

Indigenous languages of UNASUR include Wayuunaiki in northwestern Venezuela (Zulia) and Guaraní, Quechua and Aymara in Bolivia. At least three South American indigenous languages (Quechua, Aymara, and Guarani) are recognized along with Spanish as national languages.

Other languages found in UNASUR include, Hindustani and Javanese in Suriname; Italian in Venezuela. Arabic speakers, often of Lebanese, Syrian, or Palestinian descent, can be found in Arab communities in Venezuela.

Religion
An estimated 87% of South Americans are Christians (69% Roman Catholic, 18% other Christian denominations mainly Traditional Protestants and Evangelicals but also Orthodoxy), accounting for 20% of Christians worldwide.

Due to the immigration of Indonesian workers, Suriname and Guyana have a large Hindu and Muslim community. Also Kardecist Spiritism can be found in several countries along with Afro-American religions.

Economy

The economy of UNASUR is divided between the mineral extractivism in the Amazon region and the agriculture present in practically all its States. Industrialization is of medium level to high in diverse regions, although very strong the presence of local industries of origin Foreign (multinational). The extraction and export of oil is notable in Venezuela, which owns the largest world reserves. Bolivia stands out for the production of natural gas, with important reserves of this matter that in recent years have led to what has been known as the "Gas War."

The highest nominal GDP in 2018 was Venezuela (62nd worldwide) with 96,328 billion dollars, followed by Bolivia (92nd at the global level) with 41,833 billion dollars.

The highest GDP in 2018 was in Venezuela (52nd worldwide) with 330,984 billion dollars, and Bolivia (88th worldwide) with 88,866 billion dollars.

The highest GDP per capita in 2018 was held by Suriname with 13,876, followed by Venezuela with 12,388. In terms of nominal per capita GDP, the ranking was headed by Venezuela with US$6,890, and Suriname with US$5,869.

Common Market
One of the initiatives of Unasur is the creation of a common market, starting with the elimination of tariffs for products considered non-sensitive until 2014 and for sensitive products until 2019.

The Initiative for the Integration of the Regional Infrastructure of South America is currently underway, with investments estimated at US$38 billion from the Inter-American Development Bank, the Andean Development Corporation, the National Bank for Economic and Social Development and the Financial Fund for Development of the Plata Basin.

The initial integration plans through the infrastructure cooperation of UNASUR came with the construction of the Bioceanic Corridor and the Interoceanic Highway. The Pacific Highway, between Peru and Brazil, began to be built in September 2005, financed 60% by Brazil and 40% by Peru, and was completed in December 2010.

Economic development
Presidents of the seven founding countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Paraguay, Venezuela and Uruguay) officially launched the South American Bank in Buenos Aires in December 2007. The heads of all the founding countries were at the ceremony, with the exception of President Tabaré Vázquez of Uruguay. The capital will be US$7b, with Venezuela responsible for US$3b and Brazil US$2b. The headquarters will be located in Caracas with offices in Buenos Aires and La Paz.

The Bank of the South will finance economic development projects to improve local competitiveness and to promote the scientific and technological development of the member states. Its founding charter affirms that the bank will promote projects in a "stable and equal" manner and priorities will be oriented towards reinforcing South American integration, reducing asymmetries, and promoting an egalitarian distribution of investments.

The Brazilian Minister, Guido Mantega, stated that the bank is not similar to the International Monetary Fund; it will be a credit institution similar to the World Bank.

Monetary policy
The Bank of the South (Portuguese: Banco do Sul, Spanish: Banco del Sur, Dutch: Bank van het Zuiden, English: Bank of the South) will establish monetary policy and finance development projects. One of the objectives of monetary union is to establish a Single South American currency. Support for the creation of this currency was provided in January 2007 by Peruvian President Alan García, and other South American authorities expressed themselves in favor, as Bolivian President Evo Morales in April of that year, who proposed that the currency Only one denominated "Pacha" ("earth" in Quechua language), however, except for the right of each country to suggest a name for the common currency.

Defense policy

The South American Defense Council (CDS) was proposed by Venezuela and Brazil to serve as a mechanism for regional security, promoting military co-operation. From the beginning Brazil, Argentina and Chile, the countries that took the leadership of the project, made clear that they did not intend to form a NATO-like alliance, but a cooperative security arrangement, enhancing multilateral military cooperation, promoting confidence and security building measures and fostering defense industry exchange. Colombia initially refused to join the defense council due to the strong military ties it has with the United States through the Plan Colombia. However, after reviewing the proposal they decided to join on 20 July 2008.

Shortly following the signing by Colombia's president, President of Chile Michelle Bachelet appointed a working group to investigate and draft a plan for the new council. Finally, on 10 March 2009, the 12 nation members held, in Chile, the first meeting of the newly formed council.

In mid-2010, UNASUR played a key role in mediating the 2010 Colombia–Venezuela diplomatic crisis. On 1 September 2010, the agency "UnasurHaití" was created to provide US$100 million in help to Haiti.

Democracy
On 26 November 2010, the Additional Protocol on Commitment to Democracy was signed in the city of Georgetown, Cooperative Republic of Guyana. The protocol derives from the mandate established in the Buenos Aires Declaration of 1 October 2010, which affirms that member states will not tolerate a challenge to institutional authority, nor attempt to strike a legitimately constituted civilian power, adopting concrete and immediate measures in case of breach of constitutional order. It is applicable "in the event of a breach or threat of a breach of the democratic order, of a violation of the constitutional order or in any situation that endangers the legitimate exercise of power and the observance of democratic values and principles."

In the event of such a situation, the Council of Heads of State and Government or the Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs may be convened extraordinarily by the Pro-Tempore Presidency of the Union, ex officio or at the request of the affected State or another member of UNASUR, to deliberate on the application of sanctions to the affected state. Among the political and diplomatic sanctions envisaged by the Protocol, the following stand out:
 * Suspension of the right to participate in the different organs and instances of Unasur
 * Partial or total closure of land borders with the affected State, including suspension or limitation of trade, air and sea transportation, communications, energy supply, services and supply.

Free movement of people
Visits by citizens of UNASUR to any other UNASUR member state of up to 90 days only require an identification document issued by the traveler's country. In November 2006, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, and Uruguay agreed to abolish visa requirements for tourists between any of those nations.

Mercosur, along with its Associate members of Bolivia, Chile, Colombia and Ecuador established that their territories together form an "area of free residence with the right to work" to all its citizens, with no additional requirements other than nationality. The Free Movement and Residence Agreement was established in the Brasília summit based in a previous document signed on 6 December 2002.

Citizens of any Mercosur countries will have a simplified process in temporary residence visa of up to two years in any other member countries, with the requirements of a valid passport, birth certificate, and no criminal record. Temporary residence can become permanent if a licit means of living can be verified.

Electoral monitors
UNASUR intended to create electoral monitor teams that would replace the monitors from the Organization of American States.

Participating nation states

 * Participating members of the Andean Community of Nations (CAN): 1 L
 * M
 * Participating members of Mercosur: 2 L
 * S
 * Other members:
 * C
 * C

1 These countries are also considered to be associate members of Mercosur.

2 These countries are also considered to be associate members of the Andean Community.

C Caribbean Community (CARICOM) member state

L Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) member state

M Accessing member to Mercosur

S Suspended
 * Observers:

Participating non-South American territories
The following territories situated outside South America are part of member states and therefore participate:
 * Isla Aves, a Venezuelan territory situated in the Antilles.

Non-participating South American states and territories
The following parts of South America are or were territories of non-South American states and therefore do not participate:

 * Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao are parts of the Kingdom of the Netherlands near the Venezuelan coastline.
 * French Guiana, which is an overseas department of France and is therefore part of the European Union.
 * The Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which are overseas territories of the United Kingdom; they are also claimed by Argentina.
 * Trinidad and Tobago, although not a member, this sovereign state had been a dependency of the United Kingdom and was invited to join the Union of South American Nations by President of Venezuela, Nicolas Maduro in July 2013.

title: Union of South American Nations


text:
Talk:Robert May, Baron May of Oxford

Title
Why is this not under Robert May as per Wikipedia convention?

 * it's a good question, and i think it should be moved there. clarkk 01:12, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * unfortunately there is a redirect at Robert May, which means a sysop needs to delete the redirect before it can be moved back. clarkk 01:23, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I have moved it back. --Lexor|Talk 13:42, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

Knighthood and Peerage
As his knighthood was "Knight Bachelor", it was not one within the sovereign's personal gift, but one involving the British government. The Australian government ceased recommending Australians for Imperial awards some years prior to 1996, and also announced (not sure exactly when) that Australians would no longer be receiving knighthoods. So I'm wondering:
 * did May's knighthood require the approval of the Australian government? If so, why did they go against their announced policy?
 * does May hold dual British-Australian citizenship? (that might explain why the Aust govt's permission was irrelevant - if it was)
 * how did an Australian citizen get to be appointed to the British House of Lords? How did he get to be eligible?  would dual-citizenship be the answer here, too?  JackofOz 09:07, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

afaik any commonwealth citizen can be a member of the House of lords or house of commons, and can vote in uk elections.
 * The House of Lords is at least partly appointed by the UK government. Any Commonwealth citizen can be appointed as long as their own government gives approval.  This was the issue that caused Conrad Black to renounce his Canadian citizenship, and take out UK citizenship, in order to become Lord Black of Crossharbour.  The Canadian government invoked the Nickle Resolution and refused him permission to accept a British award.  The Australian government has had a similar policy for some 15-odd years.  How come that policy did not prevent May from receiving a peerage?
 * I'd be very surprised if a non-British Commonwealth citizen would be eligible to stand for the House of Commons. That used to be the case, but I think the Statute of Westminster put paid to such things decades ago.  JackofOz 00:04, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * What about Bryan Gould? He was born in New Zealand and came to the UK as a Rhodes Scholar. He sat in the House of Commons in the 1980s/90s and then went back to New Zealand to be a university Vice-Chancellor. To the best of my knowledge anyone can be created a peer (what the governments of non-UK citizens think of that is another matter, of course, and in practice I don't suppose a non-Commonwealth citizen would ever be created a peer) but only Commonwealth and Irish citizens can sit in the House of Lords; I think any Commonwealth or Irish citizen can sit in the House of Commons as well (unless disqualified for some other reason of course). I may be wrong. However, I think the case of Bryan Gould suggests that I'm not, unless he became a UK citizen at some point. In short, I don't think you have to be British to sit in the Westminster Parliament. I could be wrong. I'm not an expert.--Oxonian2006 00:01, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
 * No argument with your last point. My main interest now is how an Australian citizen (and not, afaik, a dual British citizen) can be given a knighthood by the British government, without, afaik, any consultation with the Australian government.  Such appointments that are not in the monarch's personal gift require the recommendation or at least the agreement of the Australian government, but for at least the past 12 years it has been government policy under both Liberal and Labor governments not to permit Australians to receive Imperial honours and awards, including knighthoods.  That's why, for example, Australia has instituted its own, separate, Victoria Cross.  Maybe the Aust govt of the day was consulted, and agreed, but I assume there must have been some public announcement explaining why an exception was made in May's case.  Or maybe that would have raised too many questions.  I'm groping in the dark here.  JackofOz 00:19, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

 * All I can imagine is that he must have UK citizenship as well. Presumably he is still an Australian citizen? - or was one as recently as 1998, when he became a Companion of the Order of Australia. If he is a dual Australian/UK citizen does he still need permission from the Australian Government to receive a UK honour? Perhaps it was an honest mistake, like, for example, the one made with Paul Reeves (former Primate and Governor General of New Zealand). As a clergyman, he should not have received the accolade and hence should not be called "Sir Paul", but the person presiding at the ceremony (the Governor General maybe?) didn't know this and gave him the accolade anyway and it was afterwards thought that it would be too complicated to take away the knighthood and give it to him again (but just giving him the badge or whatever). At least that's the version of the story I was told. Maybe nobody realised that he was Australian, or they did but didn't realise that they shouldn't be giving him a knighthood? Wasn't Elton John was presented to the Queen as "John Elton"? These people are not infallible.--Oxonian2006 11:42, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Have a look at my latest edit to the article. The Oz authorities were certainly involved in his peerage, vetoing his initial choice of title - "Baron May of Woollahra".  --  JackofOz 04:06, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

 * This all seems similar to the case of Lord Conrad Black, where there were problems caused by the fact that he was also a Canadian citizen. Apparently the Australian government didn't try to stop Robert May from taking up a peerage. The Australian government is (theoretically) not against all knighthoods (like the Canadian govt. is), only against awarding Imperial ones. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.49.167.131 (talk) 10:25, 6 January 2012 (UTC)

Declare an interest
I restored the Kt and added Martin Nowak as a notable student. I think these are entirely NPOV, but since both Bob and Martin are friends of mine I should declare an interest. NBeale (talk) 21:10, 19 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Martin Nowak was not a student of May; he received his PhD from Vienna, working with Sigmund and Schuster. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.97.131.73 (talk) 04:15, 17 September 2011 (UTC)

Right Honourable?
Where does this come from? There's no mention of his being a Privy Counsellor. --  Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  02:30, 24 March 2014 (UTC)
 * All barons, viscounts and earls are automatically Right Honourable. Proteus (Talk) 17:20, 24 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I feel I ought to have known that.  --   Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  11:53, 26 March 2014 (UTC)

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Princeton professorship
Bob held the Class of 1877 Chair of Zoo (I was one of his students), not 1977 as stated - there was and is no such thing c.f. https://dof.princeton.edu/about/faculty/professorships. Also the link to his Oxford bio is dead. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.198.217.61 (talk) 23:01, 4 June 2019 (UTC)

Princeton professorship
Bob held the Class of 1877 Chair of Zoo (I was one of his students), not 1977 as stated - there was and is no such thing c.f. https://dof.princeton.edu/about/faculty/professorships. Also the link to his Oxford bio is dead. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.198.217.61 (talk) 23:12, 4 June 2019 (UTC)

The man has just passed away
Add death details Juan Pedro Mariano (talk) 21:52, 28 April 2020 (UTC)

 * Do you have a source for this? Guettarda (talk) 04:28, 29 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Robert May, Baron May of Oxford


text:
Committee of safety (American Revolution)

In the American Revolution, committees of correspondence, committees of inspection, also known as committees of observation and committees of safety, were different local committees of Patriots that became a shadow government; they took control of the Thirteen Colonies away from royal officials, who became increasingly helpless.

In the Province of Massachusetts Bay, as affairs drew toward a crisis, it became usual for towns to appoint three committees: of correspondence, of inspection, and of safety. The first was to keep the community informed of dangers either legislative or executive, and concert measures of public good; the second to watch for violations of, or attempts of loyalists to evade them; the third to act as general executive while the legal authority was in abeyance. In February 1776 these were regularly legalized by the Massachusetts General Court but consolidated into one called the "Committee of Correspondence, Inspection, and Safety" to be elected annually by the towns.

Committees of correspondence
Committees of correspondence were public functionaries, and first existed in England, created by the parliamentary party of the 17th century in their struggles with the Stuarts. In 1763, when the English government attempted to enforce the trade and navigation acts on the American colonies after the Peace of Paris, the colonial leaders advised the merchants to hold meetings and appoint committees to memorialize the legislature and correspond with each other to forward a union of interests. This was done in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New York 1763–64.

On November 21, 1772, a town meeting at Faneuil Hall in Boston, appointed a correspondence committee of 21 to communicate with other Massachusetts towns concerning infringements of popular rights. Until late in 1774, the committee remained the real executive body of Boston and largely of the province. The Boston committee, by legal town meeting, was made the executive of Boston. Under its direction the tea was thrown into the harbor, and the Tea Act of 1773 roused the remaining colonies: Georgia in September, Maryland and Delaware in October, North Carolina in December, New York and New Jersey in February, chose legislative committees of correspondence. New municipalities later joined the movement, including several in New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and New York City.

After the Boston Port Bill came into effect the Boston committee invited those of eight other towns to meet in Faneuil Hall, and the meeting sent circulars to the other colonies recommending suspension of trade with Great Britain, while the legislative committee was directed by the House to send copies of the Port Bill to other colonies, and call attention to it as an attempt to suppress American liberty. The organization of the committees was at once enormously extended; almost every town, city, or county had one. In the middle and southern colonies the committees were empowered, by the terms of their appointment, to elect deputies to meet with those of other committees, to consult on measures for the public good.

Committees of inspection
Resolution 11, passed by the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia, established Committees of Inspection in every county, city, and town to enforce the Continental Association. Hundreds of committees of inspection were formed following the First Continental Congress's declaration of the Continental Association, a boycott of British goods, in October 1774. In New York City, it was called the Committee of Observation or Committee of Sixty.

The focus of the committees was initially on enforcing the Non-importation Agreements, which aimed to hinder the import of British manufactured goods. However, as the revolutionary crisis continued, the committees rapidly took on greater powers, filling the vacuum left by the colonial governments; the committees began to collect taxes and recruit soldiers. Kathleen Burk writes, "It is significant that the Committees believed that they derived their authority from the Continental Congress, not from the provincial assemblies or congresses."

Committees of safety
Committees of Safety were a later outcome of the committees of correspondence. Committees of safety were executive bodies that governed during adjournments of, were created by, and derived their authority from, provincial assemblies or congresses, like those of the New York Provincial Congress. The Committees of safety were emergency panels of leading citizens, who passed laws, handed down regulations, enacted statutes, and did other fundamental business prior to the Declaration of Independence in July 1776 and the passage of individual state constitutions. As they assumed power to govern, however, they generally chose to observe rough legal procedures, warning and shaming enemies rather than killing them. Two examples of the rough legal proceedings were forced public confessions and apologies for slander or more violently, roughing up an individual for voting against giving the poorer Bostonians supplies. Many of the men that had served on their individual states' Committees of safety were later delegates for the Continental Congress.

Importance
T. H. Breen writes that "proliferation of local committees represented a development of paramount importance in the achievement of independence," because the committees were the first step in the creation of "a formal structure capable not only of policing the revolution on the ground but also of solidifying ties with other communities." The network of committees were also vital for reinforcing "a shared sense of purpose," speaking to "an imagined collectivity—a country of the mind" of Americans.

"For ordinary people, they were community forums where personal loyalties were revealed, tested, and occasionally punished. ... Serving on committees of safety ... was certainly not an activity for the faint of heart. The members of these groups exposed ideological dissenters, usually people well-known in the communities in which they lived. Although the committees attempted as best they could to avoid physical violence, they administered revolutionary justice as they alone defined it. They worked out their own investigative procedures, interrogated people suspected of undermining the American cause, and meted out punishments they deemed appropriate to the crimes. By mid-1775 the committees increasingly busied themselves with identifying, denouncing, and shunning political offenders. By demanding that enemies receive "civil excommunication" – the chilling words of a North Carolina committee – these groups silenced critics without sparking the kind of bloodbath that has characterized so many other insurgencies throughout the world."

The strengthening of the committees of correspondence in the 1770s also marked the creation of what Gordon S. Wood terms "a new kind of popular politics in America." Wood writes that "the rhetoric of liberty now brought to the surface long-latent political tendencies. Ordinary people were no longer willing to trust only wealthy and learned gentlemen to represent them ... various artisan, religious, and ethnic groups now felt that their particular interests were so distinct that only people of their kind could speak for them. In 1774 radicals in Philadelphia demanded that seven artisans and six Germans be added to the revolutionary committee of the city."

The development of coalition and interest-group politics greatly alarmed both royal officials and more conservative Patriots. For example, William Henry Drayton, the prominent South Carolina planter who had studied at Oxford University, complained about the participation of cobblers and butchers, stating that "Nature never intended that such men should be profound politicians, or able statesmen. In 1775, the royal governor of Georgia "noted in astonishment that the committee in control of Savannah consisted of 'a Parcel of the Lowest People, chiefly carpenters, shoemakers, Blacksmiths etc with a Jew at their head."

Very few records of committees of safety survive. Committee activities are attested to primarily through newspapers and published material.

By 1775, the committees had become counter-governments that gradually replaced royal authority and took control of local governments. They regulated the economy, politics, morality, and militia of their individual communities. In North Carolina in December 1776, they came under the control of a more powerful central authority, the Council of Safety.

Eighteen years later, at the height of the French Revolution, France was ruled by its own Committee of Public Safety. The French revolutionaries were familiar with the American struggle — for them, the most recent and significant precedent of a Republican revolution.


text:
Saint Catherine Parish

Saint Catherine (Sent Cyatrine) is a parish in the south east of Jamaica. It is located in the county of Middlesex, and is one of the island's largest and most economically valued parishes because of its many resources. It includes the first capital of Jamaica, Spanish Town, originally known as San Jago de la Vega or Santiago de la Vega (St. James of the Plain).

History
The modern boundaries of St. Catherine were decided in 1867 when four smaller parishes were amalgamated. The historic parishes of Saint Dorothy Parish, Saint John Parish and Saint Thomas in the Vale Parish, Jamaica were merged with the historic parish of Saint Catherine.

Geography and People

St Catherine is located at 18°N, -77°W. It is bordered by St Andrew in the east, Clarendon in the west, and by St Mary and St Ann in the north. It has an area of 1,192 km2, making it one of Jamaica's largest parishes and it is one of the fastest growing parishes in the nation and has the largest economy out of all fourteen parishes. Except for the Hellshire Hills near the coast, the south of the parish is virtually flat. The central and northern sections are very mountainous, however; the northern border is on Mount Rosser, which crosses over into St Ann, the highest point being 686 m.

A plain of approximately 57000 acre occupies the southern part of the Rio Cobre basin. The Rio Cobre is the only river that runs along the southern plain. It provides water to irrigate over 18000 acre on the plain.

Development
Out of all the parishes (with the exception of Kingston Parish and Saint Andrew Parish) Saint Catherine shows the most potential for urban development. With its good water resources, virtually flat landscape, and nearness to the capital, it could possibly be one of the Caribbean's major urban areas in the next few years.

Agriculture
Agriculture remains the main source of employment in the parish. There are many small farmers who practice mixed farming; crops such as bananas, coconuts, pineapple, citrus, pumpkins, peppers, coffee and callaloo are planted for both domestic and commercial purposes. The larger properties produce sugar cane, bananas and citrus mainly for export. Dairy farms are also found in the parish. One of these is a 1000 acre farm in Old Harbour. The Salt Ponds District between Spanish Town, Port Henderson and Passage Fort is noted for the fine fish especially calipera.

Manufacturing
St Catherine is second only to Kingston as an industrial center. Industrial plants are some of the biggest employers in the parish. Spanish Town has the largest salt producing plant in the Caribbean, while Jamaica Milk Products, an affiliate of the Nestlé organization, has a factory in Bog Walk, another major town in the parish. The largest power plant in the island and several factories are located in Old Harbour. Twickenham Park, near Spanish Town, is another industrial estate with mainly light industries including cigarettes, carpets, batteries, ackee,

plastic items, medical and pharmaceutical products.

Tourist sites

 * Jamaica's emancipation Square can be found in Spanish Town. This is the only Georgian square in Jamaica. Kings House and the House of Assembly on the west and east sides, respectively, were erected in 1762. The Courthouse was built in 1819 and used as a chapel and armory with the Town Hall upstairs.
 * The Rio Cobre River and Gorge is one of the largest in the island. Sinking at a place called River Sink at Worthy Park, it runs underground for nearly six kilometres, then surfaces at River Head Grand Cave in St Thomas-in-the-Vale. Before entering the gorge it is joined by a number of tributaries, such as the Thomas River, the Rio D'Oro and the Rio Pedro. In the early 1770s, a road was opened through the gorge. The Flat Bridge was originally constructed of logs, which were washed away in a flood. The present bridge was built and it has withstood countless floods. A marker can be found, which shows where the water rose to over 25 ft above the bridge in 1933. An apocryphal story is that at noon, on every Good Friday, for a short period of time the ghosts of all the slaves who drowned in the river can be seen.
 * Caymanas Race Track, Jamaica's most famous race track, is in St Catherine.
 * St Clair Cave, one of Jamaica's more famous caves, is found in the parish. This large, complex cave contains one of the most notable bat roosts on the island, and is one of the few known historical sites for the possibly extinct bat, Phyllonycteris aphylla. Because of the biological importance of the system, and the inherent dangers involved in exploring it (i.e. noxious gases, histoplasmosis, Cutaneous larva migrans, difficult footing), casual visitation is discouraged.
 * Hellshire Beach is located on the south coast of Jamaica in St. Catherine Parish about 20 minutes away from Kingston. Not a tourist spot due to its distance from major hotels.

Government and infrastructure
The Rio Cobre Correctional Centre of the Department of Correctional Services, Jamaica is located in Spanish Town, Saint Catherine Parish.

Politics
Saint Catherine Parish is represented in the Parliament of Jamaica by eleven single-member constituencies:

 * Saint Catherine Central
 * Saint Catherine East Central
 * Saint Catherine Eastern
 * Saint Catherine North Central
 * Saint Catherine North Eastern
 * Saint Catherine North Western
 * Saint Catherine South Central
 * Saint Catherine South Eastern
 * Saint Catherine South Western
 * Saint Catherine Southern
 * Saint Catherine West Central

title: Saint Catherine Parish


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Freeport Tortuga

Freeport Tortuga was a free port project by Dupont Caribbean Inc. of Texas, which began construction in 1971 based upon a 99-year contract with the government of Haiti. The location of the freeport was the old buccaneer stronghold of Tortuga island located some 10 miles off the north coast of the main Haitian island of Hispaniola, which is also shared by the Dominican Republic. Freeport Tortuga ended with its expropriation by the Haitian government in 1974.

Origin of the freeport
In 1967, during the time that Don Pierson of Eastland, Texas was attempting to lease a radio broadcasting ship that had been the former homes of Swinging Radio England and Britain Radio off the coast of England, he received a response from the Ambassador for Haiti in Washington, DC. Don Pierson's original plan was to lease or sell the ship to the government of Haiti for it to establish two powerful 50 kW commercial radio stations.

Dupont Caribbean Inc.
This offer emerged into a plan to develop the island of Tortuga as a freeport and he was asked to assist the government of Haiti to encourage business investment in that poverty-stricken land. This privately financed, privately managed free enterprise zone became a reality in 1971 when Haitian dictator François Duvalier (known as "Papa Doc") and the Haitian government entered into a 99-year contract with Don Pierson's company called Dupont Caribbean Inc. This contract provided for the establishment of Freeport Tortuga.

Construction
Within 18 months Don Pierson succeeded in building the island's first airport, a loading dock for seagoing vessels, a rudimentary water and sewer system, an electricity generating facility, and six miles of paved road. Of equal importance, the project created jobs for some 400 previously unemployed Haitians and resulted in the establishment of a small school to teach various job skills. During this period he also became Honorary Consul of the Republic of Haiti to Texas from 1969 through 1974.

Expropriation
The project came to abrupt end in 1974 when, after it was announced that Gulf Oil Corporation was contemplating investing more than $300 million to build a resort on the island, the government of Jean-Claude Duvalier (known as "Baby Doc"), summarily expropriated the project, resulting in its collapse.

title: Freeport Tortuga


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Booth

Booth may refer to:

People

 * Booth (surname)
 * Booth (given name)

Fictional characters

 * August Wayne Booth, from the television series Once Upon A Time
 * Cliff Booth, a character in the 2019 film Once Upon a Time in Hollywood, played by Brad Pitt
 * Frank Booth (Blue Velvet), villain of the 1986 film, played by Dennis Hopper
 * Missy Booth, a character on the television series Ackley Bridge, played by Poppy Lee Friar
 * Seeley Booth, a character on the television series Bones, played by David Boreanaz

Antarctica

 * Mount Booth
 * Booth Spur
 * Booth Island

Canada

 * Booth Island (Nunavut)

England

 * Booth, East Riding of Yorkshire, a small village
 * Booth Park, a cricket ground in Toft, Cheshire

United States

 * Booth, Alabama, an unincorporated community
 * Booth, Missouri, a ghost town
 * Booth, Texas, an unincorporated community
 * Booth Farm, Pennsylvania, on the National Register of Historic Places
 * Booth Homestead, Ohio, on the National Register of Historic Places
 * Booth State Scenic Corridor, a state park in Oregon

Outer space

 * 13825 Booth, an asteroid

Schools

 * Booth School of Business, University of Chicago
 * Booth University College, Winnipeg, Canada

Buildings

 * Booth House (disambiguation), several buildings
 * Booth Mansion, Chester, Cheshire, England
 * Booth Theatre, Manhattan, New York City, named for actor Edwin Booth
 * Booth Theater (Independence, Kansas)
 * Booth Library, Eastern Illinois University
 * Booth Memorial Hospital, several hospitals

In business

 * Booths, UK supermarket chain
 * Booth Newspapers, a newspaper publishing company
 * Booth's Gin

Other uses

 * Booth (novel), 2022 novel by Karen Joy Fowler
 * Booth baronets, three baronetcies
 * Booth Museum of Natural History, Brighton and Hove, England
 * Booth Western Art Museum, Cartersville, Georgia, United States
 * USS Booth (DE-170), a United States Navy destroyer escort which served in World War II
 * Booth, a play by Austin Pendleton
 * A synonym for market stall
 * The Booth, a 2005 Japanese horror film

title: Booth


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User talk:Mover4u

Please do not add commercial links to Wikipedia. Wikipedia is not a vehicle for advertising or a mere collection of external links. See the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. David Johnson 01:07, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mover4u


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Morgan Academy

Morgan Academy is a secondary school in the Stobswell area of Dundee, Scotland. Morgan Academy was founded in 1889 and is the second oldest state school in Dundee behind Harris Academy.

History
The building was designed in 1862 by the Edinburgh architects John Dick Peddie and Charles Kinnear, opening in 1866 as the Morgan Hospital, a charitable institution providing accommodation and education for "sons of tradesmen and persons of the working class generally whose parents stand in the need of assistance".

In 1888, Morgan Hospital closed and a year later in 1889, the school opened as Morgan Academy, often referred to by alumni as "The Morgan" or simply "Morgan", with various alterations, including roofing over the courtyard as a hall. The architecture is designated as a Category 'A' listing by Historic Scotland.

Its benefactor was John Morgan, the son of a Dundee maltman, who emigrated to India at the age of 20 where, with his brother, he became a wealthy indigo farmer. Upon his death in 1850 he bequeathed much of his fortune to establish a residential institution. The hospital closed in 1888 and was bought by the members of the Dundee Burgh School Board, who re-opened it as a school.

Until the advent of comprehensive education in the late 1960s and early 1970s, there were mainly two types of high school in Scotland: junior secondaries where students left school at 16 and began preparation for one of the trades or entered the workforce, and academies where students remained until the end of fifth or sixth year and took highers before normally going to college or university. Morgan functioned in the latter category.

Morgan Academy later became a comprehensive school in 1972, although the school was still called an academy rather than a high school.

The school suffered a fire on 21 March 2001 which destroyed much of the building. It was rebuilt using the original facade and much of the internal appearance. The newly rebuilt Morgan Academy was re-opened in November 2004, by then Minister for Education and Young People Peter Peacock MSP. A portrait of John Morgan, found in the basement of the McManus Galleries, was unveiled at newly rebuilt school and placed on show in the Great Hall of the school.

Houses
The school consists of three houses, named after three Scottish castles: Airlie, Cortachy and Mains which compete annually in the House Championship and also elect House Captains, formerly one male and one female but now three of any gender combination, from Sixth Year. Originally four houses, the three aforementioned plus Glamis, which was dissolved in 2011.

title: Morgan Academy


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British Rail Class 413

The British Rail Class 413 (or 4-CAP) units were formed from 1982 by permanently coupling two Class 414 2-HAP units together.

History
The British Rail Class 413 (or 4-CAP) units were formed from 1982 by permanently coupling two Class 414 2-HAP units together, initially for East and West Coastway services from Brighton. There were two sub-classes of units: class 413/2, units 3201–3213, converted in 1982 from phase 1 2 HAP units 6001-6049. These units were formed DTCsoL - MBSO - MBSO - DTCsoL, with the former driving equipment of the DMBSO decommissioned, giving the new designation; and class 413/3, converted from the later phase 2 build units 6050–6173, units 3301–3311 (formed 1982, again with the MBSOs innermost) and 3321–3325 (formed 1991, with the DMBSO outermost giving the formation, DMBSO - TCsoL - TCsoL - DMBSO. The centre vehicles again had their driving equipment decommissioned.

Fleet list
Eleven Class 413/3 unit were converted in 1982 from 'Phase 2' 2-HAP units (6043-6173, later reclassified as Class 414/3). Units were marshalled with the driving motor vehicles in the centre.

In 1991 a further five units (3321–3325) were converted from 'Phase 2' 2-HAP units (by now renumbered into the range 4301–4322). These units had the driving motors marshalled outermost.

Withdrawal
The final units were withdrawn in 1994/95. None survived into preservation.

title: British Rail Class 413