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Gerlachovský štít

Gerlachovský štít (, translated into English as Gerlachov Peak, German: Gerlsdorfer Spitze, Hungarian: Gerlachfalvi-csúcs), informally referred to as Gerlach, is the highest peak in the High Tatras, in Slovakia, and in the Carpathian Mountains. Its elevation is usually listed at 2654.4 m above mean sea level. The mountain features a vertical rise of approximately 2,000 m above the valley floor.

Mistaken for an average mountain in the rugged High Tatras range in the more distant past, it has since played a symbolic role in the eyes of the rulers and populations of several Central European nations, to the point that between the 19th and mid-20th century, it had four different names with six name reversals. Due to geopolitical changes, it was successively the highest mountain of the Kingdom of Hungary, and of Czechoslovakia, Slovakia and then Czechoslovakia again within the span of less than three decades of the 20th century.

Gerlachovský štít shares its geology and ecology with the rest of the High Tatras. With the travel restrictions imposed by the Eastern Bloc, the mountain was particularly treasured by Czechs, East Germans, Hungarians, Poles, and Slovaks as a high mountain available for them to climb. Although local authorities have since restricted access to the peak, it continues to attract its share of visitors.

Present
Gerlachovský štít means the "Peak (of the village) of Gerlachov". The Slovak colloquial (unofficial) name is Gerlach. The Polish official names are Gerlach or Gierlach, while its Polish colloquial names are Girlach and Garłuch. The name of the village of Gerlachov itself is of German origin, because the Spiš region around the High Tatra Mountains in Slovakia used to be inhabited by German settlers for several centuries.

Past
The peak's earliest recorded name was the Szepes-German Kösselberg (Cauldron Mountain) on a map from 1762. The Slovak name of the mountain was first recorded as Kotol, also meaning "Cauldron", in 1821. Both names referred to the peak's characteristic cauldron-like cirque.

Its current name became widely used in the 19th century, and links the mountain to the village of Gerlachov (Carpathian German: Gerlsdorf)) at its foot. The name Gerlsdorfer Spitze (Gerlachov Peak) was used by the first person to identify the mountain as the highest peak in the Tatras in 1838; this was rendered as gerlachovský chochol (Gerlach crest) in a Slovak version of his report in 1851. Several other mountains in the High Tatras have acquired their names from villages in the foothills.

Once it was determined that the mountain was the highest point in the region, the succession of the authorities that held control over it took an interest in its name and changed it periodically for symbolic reasons. In 1896, as part of Austria-Hungary, it was named after state Emperor Francis Joseph I. After the dissolution of the monarchy in 1918, the mountain continued to be known simply as Gerlachovský štít because it belonged to the village of Gerlachov. The Polish government, claiming the territory of the High Tatras for Poland, simultaneously called the mountain Szczyt Polski (Polish Peak), but never gained control over it. The new Czechoslovak government changed the name to Štít legionárov (Legionnaires Peak) in honor of the Czechoslovak Legions in 1923, but the name was dropped in favor of the earlier Gerlachovský štít in 1932. As a result of the Communist coup d'état in 1948, the mountain was renamed once more − to Stalinov štít (Stalin Peak) in 1949. Its traditional name Gerlachovský štít was restored yet again a decade later and has remained unchanged through the present.

History
Gerlachovský štít was not always considered the highest mountain in the Tatras. After the first official measurement of peaks in the Tatras during the period of the Habsburg monarchy in the 18th century, Kriváň (2,494 m) was considered the highest. Other candidate peaks for the status of the highest mountain at that time were Lomnický štít (2,633 m) and Ľadový štít (2,627 m). The first person to accurately name Gerlachovský štít as the highest peak was the forester Ľudovít (Ludwig) Greiner in 1838. Greiner's measurement was formally confirmed by an Austrian Army survey party in 1868. However, it was generally accepted only after the Vienna Military Institute for Geography issued a new, authoritative collection of maps of Central Europe in c. 1875.

The first confirmed ascent was made by Ján (Johann) Still from the village of Nová Lesná in 1834. In 1880, the routes through the Velická próba (Velická Challenge) and Batizovská próba (Batizovská Challenge) were secured by chains.

Access

Only members of a national Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA) club are allowed to climb the peak on their own. Other visitors have to take a certified mountain guide. The two easiest routes, usually up the Velická próba and down the Batizovská próba named after their respective valleys, are protected by chains. Because of an exposed section along the Velická próba and tricky orientation especially on the ridge, both are among the more difficult scrambling routes in the High Tatras. With no snow, guidebooks grade the routes as a II or III climb (UIAA scale) or lower. The route named Martinkova begins at Poľský hrebeň and leads to the summit along the ridge. The Martinkova route has two main variants; a short version starts at Litvorové sedlo and is considered easier, because it skips a section from Velický štít which requires abseiling.

The total elevation gain is about 1000 m for those who spend the night at the Sliezsky Dom Hotel or are driven there by a mountain guide, and about 1665 m for those who hike from Tatranská Polianka. In winter, Gerlachovský štít offers a challenging alpine climb, with mixed climbing and a risk of avalanches.

Two multi-pitch routes for technical climbing are on the eastern and south-western walls. Both are exceptionally long and situated on solid granite walls.

The route to Gerlachovský štít falls under the Tatra National Park ordinance, according to which hikers who depart from marked trails may be subject to fines unless they are UIAA members, or are led by a certified mountain guide. Camping is subject to similar restrictions. Rangers and some mountain guides are authorized to collect fines on the spot. Cairns that hikers build to mark the trail are periodically taken apart.

Weather
The effects of high-altitude weather on those who ascend Gerlachovský štít may be more pronounced than its altitude alone. The temperature gradient between the Tatra mountain resorts (900 - 1,350 m) and the summit can be steep. Low air temperature higher up can be masked by high insolation under clear skies, but will take its effect with increased cloud cover. Combined with windy conditions, the impact may be considerably detrimental even without rain or snow. The summit disappears in the clouds for periods of time on most days, which translates to fog at that elevation and a risk of disorientation.

While temperatures are somewhat lower on Gerlachovský štít because of its elevation, the weather and its potential impact on visitors is little different from other summits in the High Tatras both with and without marked trails. The typical daily weather pattern in the summer is a clear morning, clouds gathering by around noon, and occasional showers and storms in the afternoon. The chance of rain is lowest between 9–10 am and peaks between 2–3 pm, with a drop-off after 6 pm. The frequency of storms with lightning (as opposed to rainstorms) on Gerlach's summit and on the other highest ridges is little different from lower elevations.

title: Gerlachovský štít


text:
Arminio Fraga

Armínio Fraga Neto (born 20 July 1957, in Rio de Janeiro) is a Brazilian economist who was president of the Central Bank of Brazil from 1999 to 2003. From 1993 until his appointment to the Central Bank, he was Managing Director of Soros Fund Management in New York. Since 2001, he has been a member of the influential Washington-based financial advisory body, the Group of Thirty.

Education
Fraga received his PhD in economics from Princeton University in 1985.

Career
In 2003, he founded the Rio de Janeiro based investment company, Gávea Investimentos.

Fraga has been called the Alan Greenspan of Latin America for his skillful handling of Brazilian monetary policy during his tenure as CBB president.

Fraga worked for both Fernando Henrique Cardoso governments.

In 2009, Fraga served on the High Level Commission on the Modernization of World Bank Group Governance, which – under the leadership of Ernesto Zedillo – conducted an external review of the World Bank Group's governance.

In October 2010, Gávea Investimentos was acquired by Highbridge Capital Management, a subsidiary of J.P. Morgan Asset Management.

Corporate boards

 * China Investment Corporation, member of the international advisory council (since 2009)

Non-profit organizations

 * Council on Foreign Relations, member
 * Group of Thirty (G30), member
 * Columbia Global Center Rio de Janeiro, member of the advisory board (since 2013)
 * Princeton University, member of the board of trustees (2018–2019)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Arminio Fraga


text:
Gustavo Franco

Gustavo Henrique de Barroso Franco (born April 10, 1956, in Rio de Janeiro) is a Brazilian economist. Former Governor of the Brazilian Central Bank, is best known for being one of the "fathers" of the Real Plan, the 1994 monetary reform that ended hyperinflation in Brazil. He teaches economics at the Catholic University in Rio de Janeiro since 1986. He is also a businessman, consultant and has served on many boards. He founded Rio Bravo Investimentos where he works as Senior Advisor. He has written several books, academic papers and contributes regularly to newspapers and magazines.

Early life and studies
Franco was born in Rio de Janeiro on April 10, 1956. His mother Maria Isabel Barbosa de Barroso Franco, was from Teófilo Otoni, state of Minas Gerais, and his father, Guilherme Arinos Lima Verde de Barroso Franco, was born in Itacoatiara, at the backlands of the state of Amazonas. Guilherme Arinos made a career at Banco do Brasil and during the war started a lifelong friendship and association to President Getúlio Vargas. Arinos was a member of the first board of directors of the Brazilian National Development Bank, BNDES, and later, at the private sector, was a high ranked executive of Volkswagen do Brasil and one of the founders of Banco Garantia.

Gustavo Franco attended Colégio São Vicente de Paulo in Rio de Janeiro and Colégio Notre Dame de Sion in 1960/1974. He obtained a bachelor's (1975–1979) and master's (1983) degree in economics at the Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), where he developed interests in economic history and macroeconomics. At PUC-Rio he had his first job as teaching assistant working with Edmar Bacha, then preparing a macroeconomic textbook, self-defined as of a neo-structuralist approach, and later to become very popular in Brazil, with several editions

Winston Fritsch was his advisor in his M. A. thesis on the topic of financial euphoria and crash in the early years of the Brazilian Republic (1889-1890) and the attempts at monetary reform in connection either adhering to the gold standard or, alternatively to experience with fiat currency models, as proposed by Ruy Barbosa. His M. A. thesis was approved cum landae in 1982 and in 1983 won the prestigious "Prêmio BNDES de Economia" for the M. A. thesis in Brazil. This work was published as a book titled Monetary reform and instability during the republican transition ("Reforma monetária e instabilidade durante a transição republicana"") and became a reference to the period it covers.

In sequence, Franco was accepted in Ph.D programs in the universities of Chicago, Yale and Harvard, for which he headed. There he chose as fields of specialization, international economics under Jeffrey Sachs and economic history under Barry Eichengreen. He had brief fellowships at the CFIA (Center for International Affairs), CES (Centre for European Studies) and National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER).

Sachs and Eichengreen were his supervisors, and along with MIT professor Lance Taylor, formed his thesis committee. Franco earned his Ph.D Degree at Harvard in 1986, with a dissertation titled Aspects of the Economics of Hyperinflations: Theoretical Issues and Historical Studies of Four European Hyperinflations of the 1920s. His original thesis had four theoretical chapters on topics as the adoption of indexation in contracts, inflation (stabilization) as public good problem, plagued by free rider issues, the inflation tax as motivation to the process and the dynamics of dollarization, distributive tensions and external balance. The applied chapters were case studies for Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Poland, also including some common themes like the relation between external imbalances, dollarization and fiscal reforms in the context of specific stabilization experiences.

This work was nominated to the David Wells Prize in Harvard and was awarded a national prize ("Prêmio Haralambos Simionides") in 1987, for the best Ph.D. thesis or book in economics, given by the National Association of Graduate Studies in Economics (ANPEC, Associação Nacional de Centros de Pós Graduação em Economia).

Teaching and research
Returning to Brazil in 1986, as a faculty member at the Economics Department at PUC-Rio, Franco worked as teacher, researcher and consultant from 1986 to 1993 when he was called to work with Fernando Henrique Cardoso, the newly nominated Finance Minister then starting his tenure.

He had an intense academic activity during these years; his research interests had three key themes: (i) on high inflation and on the basis of topics and issues raised in his doctoral dissertation; (ii) on Brazil's economic history, mostly in connection with macroeconomic and monetary issues; and (iii) on trade policies, multinational enterprises and economic development, in collaboration with Winston Fritsch.

Hyperinflation
Two papers out of specific chapters of his doctoral dissertation were published in peer reviewed journals and had some relevant repercussion on his later work of fighting hyperinflation in Brazil:

"Fiscal Reforms and Stabilization: four hyperinflation cases examined" was published in The Economic Journal (vol. 100, no. 399, March 1990) disputed Thomas Sargent's popular explanation to the sudden end of hyperinflation as result of a wide-ranging fiscal "regime change". The role of dollarization and of currency reforms were wrongly downplayed by Sargent, as argued by Franco.

"The Rentenmark Miracle" published by Rivista di Storia Economica (Second Series, Volume 4, 1987), then republished in Barry Eichengreen (ed.) Monetary Regime Transformations London, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 1991, was an account of the unique experience in Germany of Wertbestandiges Notgeld - that is, emergency monies of private issuance and with "stable value" as they had indexation clauses -, and the way this led to the rentenmark experience. As argued by Franco the rentenmark was a crucial step in the German stabilization, and not a "cosmetic measure", as put by Thomas Sargent. In fact, the rentenmark model was very relevant for the design of the Brazilian 1994 monetary reform, known as "Real Plan", in which a similar quasi-currency, under the name o URV (acronym for Unidade Real de Valor) played a vital role for the ending of Brazilian hyperinflation.

Much later, in 1995, Thomas Sargent wrote an article on the Brazilian URV, evoking the German experience with the rentenmark and arguing, as per the mathematician David Hilbert, that one could not solve the hyperinflation problem by "changing the name of the independent variable". The URV, argued Sargent, would have been "a sideshow that hasn't touched the fundamental causes of inflation", and again Franco took issue with that, writing in 2017, but this time on the back of the successful adoption of the URV mechanism. According to Franco: "Understandably", Brazilians "did not take these observations seriously" as "the country was enchanted by the URV mechanism in view of practical problems it solved elegantly, efficiently and voluntarily, so that they received with blunt indifference a thesis from an outside observer claiming that the mechanism had no utility".

Economic history
In sequence to the work on monetary reforms in the early years of the Republic, Franco published several pieces on the Brazilian monetary experience in the years prior to the Great Depression. All this work is in Portuguese except "Aspects of the Brazilian Experience with the Gold Standard", in Pablo Matín Aceña and Jaime Reis (orgs.) Monetary standards in the periphery: paper, silver and gold, 1854-1933 (London, Macmillan Press. 2000). Later, his research on the early years of the Republic would communicate well with his work of Machado de Assis newspapers articles as per his selection of chronicles under the title "O olhar obliquo do acionista" ( "Shareholders oblique look", as literal translation).

Foreign trade and multinational companies
Franco worked in collaboration with Winston Fritsch in a series of projects supported by the OECD Development Center. One publication was Foreign direct investment and industrial restructuring: issues and trends (Development Centre Studies, OECD Development Centre, OECD, Paris, 1991), another was "Efficient Industrialization in a Technologically Dependent Economy: The Current Brazilian Debate" in Competition and Economic Development Committee of Competition Law and Policy, OECD, 1991.

In sequence, Franco and Fritsch worked in two projects directed by Gerry Helleiner for WIDER (World Institute for Development Economics Research) of the United Nations University during 1990 and 1991. The first was on the influence of trade orientation on development models and was published as "Foreign Direct investment and patterns of trade and industrialization in developing countries: notes with reference to the Brazilian experience" in G. K. Helleiner (org.) Trade Policy, Industrialization and Development: a reconsideration. (Oxford, Clarendon Press for UNU-Wider, 1992 ISBN 0-19-828359-8). The second, on the same issues but focused on trade and industrial policies was published as "Import repression, productivity slowdown, and manufactured export dynamism: Brazil,1975-1990" in Gerry Helleiner (org.) Trade policy and industrialization in turbulent times (London: Routledge for UNU-Wider, 1993, ISBN 0-415-10711-3).

Franco and Fritsch also worked in projects for UNCTAD and ECLA, and published in the academic circuit on these same issues. Franco would return to these themes only after 1995 when, as deputy governor of the Central Bank responsible for international affairs organized a Census on foreign direct investment into Brazil that has been conducted and published each five years since 1995.

Public service
Between 1993 and 1999, Franco was active in public service. He started in May 1993 as Deputy Secretary of Economic Policy at the Finance Ministry up to October 1993 when he moved to the Central Bank of Brazil in the position of Deputy Governor responsible for International Affairs, position he occupied until 1997, and only interrupted by a brief tenure as governor of the Central Bank of Brazil between December 1994 and January 1995. On August 20, 1997 he was confirmed governor of the Central Bank of Brazil, until leaving on January 9, 1999, and briefly returning in March 1999 to transfer his functions to his successor Arminio Fraga.

Economic Policy Secretary
Franco served as Deputy Economic Policy Secretary at the Finance Ministry from May to October 1993 by invitation from the newly appointed Minister, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, the fourth Finance Minister of president Itamar Franco, who had become president in December 1992 after the resignation of Fernando Collor de Mello. The other economists in the group were Winston Fristch, as Secretary of Economic Policy and Edmar Bacha as special adviser. In his memoir, Cardoso recollects that “with a small team facing a gigantic challenge, as a Brancaleone's Army, ... we started to work, under a very discouraging political atmosphere”. This team faced a paradoxical pressure: not to repeat economic shocks and to produce some solution to inflation, then approaching 30% per month. The team's first major announcement was described by Franco, as a “non-package” or rather “an ambitious collection of medium term fundamentalists agendas”, curiously named as PAI (acronym for Plano de Ação Imediata, Plan of Immediate Action), released on June 13, 1993. In sharp contrast with previous stabilization attempts, this document seemed to point that the Real Plan would start by the end offering “some sort of strategic planning of actions in issues associated with the so-called fiscal and monetary fundamentals to stabilization”.

Deputy Governor for International Affairs at the Central Bank
Franco was appointed Deputy Governor for International Affairs at the Central Bank on September 8, 1993, when Pedro Malan was appointed Governor. Simultaneously, Pérsio Arida was designated president of BNDES, and André Lara Rezende replaced Malan was chief negotiator of then pending Brazilian external debt. With this enlarged composition, the economic team around minister Cardoso started preparations towards the Real Plan.

In parallel, Franco had executive responsibilities in International Affairs at the Central Bank related to operational aspects of external debt restructuring under the Brady Plan, then at decisive moments, the administrative structures in charge of exchange controls, bound to be transformed by an ambitious deregulation process, the FOREX trading desk and international reserves management.

External debt, Brady Plan and new bond issues
At the moment Franco and Malan started working together at the Central Bank, the debt negotiation process was around the precise form of exchange of Brazilian currency denominated deposits owned by creditors (under the MYDFAs, Multi Year Deposit Facility Agreement) for newly issued bonds according to the Brady plan's menu. In the final sequence of this process, Franco was in charge of the composition of the collateral guaranties for the new bonds under the Brady scheme. These guaranties would take the form of US Treasury Zero Coupon bonds with certain features, with a face value of approximately US$ 18 billion (and market value of US$ 2,8 billion) to be acquired with funds provided by the IMF under a stand-by agreement.

However, IMF representatives did not feel comfortable with the drafts of the Real Plan shown during the negotiations of the stand-by agreement and refused to go on with the loan, forcing the Brazilian authorities to develop some alternative strategy to acquire the US Treasury bonds in the secondary market using Brazil's international reserves. The deal was described in detail in Guilherme Fiuza's book in the chapter titled Sorry, Mr. Fagenbaum.

Right next to completing Brazil's Brady Pla n version, simultaneously with the Real Plan, Franco dealt with Paris Club debt and the Dart family, who did not wish to adhere to the Brady exchange. With these issues sorted out the challenge for the Republic was to return to international markets with new bonds and proceed with the building of a yield curve. The new program coordinated and executed by Franco comprised 16 new issues in 10 different currencies, between 1995 and 1998, totaling US$ 8,2 billion, including the issuance of the so called "BR-27" (the first 30-year bond voluntarily issued in decades, falling due in 2027) in exchange for cash and for Brady bonds, thus recovering the previously offered collateral in US Treasury bonds.

Forex deregulation and phasing out exchange controls
Exchange controls deregulation was one of the greatest challenges of the International Affairs section of the Brazilian Central Bank, a modernization imperative and an essential condition for the prevalence of supply and demand as determinants of the exchange rate.

The architecture of liberalization was based on the creation of new and segregated market for US Dollars in which rates were determined by supply and demand in parallel to the official market and to compete upfront with the “black market”. Initially fed only by Dollars sold by tourists, the scope of transactions was gradually extended, while, liberalization in the official market, along with a better balance of payments stance, resulted in gradually eliminating the spread between official and free markets.

From 1988 to 2006, when all legal markets were unified, deregulation consisted in expanding the nature of transactions that could take place in the free market, including gold related arbitrages, and remittances from non-resident local currency accounts, though always preserving full identification of players.

After 1995, under Franco's direction, the Central Bank introduced several new rules for leads and lags in foreign trade, portfolio investment and turned “registry” of foreign capital inflows into a statistical event, and no longer dependent on authorization. Interestingly, however, one key innovation introduced along with liberalization of outflows was the selective restriction applied on certain types of inflows, mostly of a short-term nature. Capital surges had been producing restrictive measures in many countries, most visibly (for Brazilians) Chile, where restrictions took the form of a “quarantine”, or a minimum stay for foreign capital. In Brazil, instead, restrictions were implemented mostly as a tax of foreign exchange inflows, and without any “quarantine”. The formula was used many times over in later moments of foreign exchange abundance in order to reduce appreciation and/or the extend maturities of foreign liabilities.

Plano Real
The Real Plan had as central element a monetary reform effected through three successive measures: the first and more important introduced on February 28, 1994, created the URV (Unidade Real de Valor) mechanism, that is, a "money of account" to be freely used in contracts and obligations in order to realign relative prices and coordinate price fixing around the exchange rate. It was also established that at some point in the near future, the URV would become the national legal tender to replace then circulating cruzeiros reais. Just like the German rentenmark, and reflected also previous models of monetary reform conceived by André Lara Rezende and Persio Arida. At this moment, the new national currency, the URV would have its denomination conveniently changed to real. The second, launched at July 1, 1994, complemented the reform, demonetizing cruzeiros reais and actually issuing the real. Also, this second instrument introduced some very important institutional changes in monetary governance, with a major reform in the National Monetary Council, and monetary policy. The third, closing the cycle of monetary reform, was a detailed statute for indexation practices that was implemented exactly one year after the real was first issued.

The URV existed as legal tender, though only as unit of account, during four months: its initial quote with respect to cruzeiro real was CR$647,50, more or less equivalent to one Dollar, as it was its final quote as CR$2.750,00, on July 1, 1994, when the cruzeiro real was demonetized and the URV was turned into the national currency and renamed as real. In consequence of this unusual parity it was not possible to stamp old cruzeiros reais notes, so that one entirely new family of notes was issued at once, a remarkably difficult logistics effort

At the day of the first issues of the new currency, in an unprecedented move, the Central Bank abstained from intervening in the foreign exchange market and let the new currency float. In consequence, the exchange rate between the URV (now the real) and the Dollar, fell below R$1,00 (i. e. it appreciated) with a great positive impact on expectations and marking the successful conclusion of the stabilization process first phase.

The combination of tight monetary policy with floating exchange rates, later under a "target zone regime", or "exchange rate bands", resulted immensely successful to eliminate hyperinflation, but remained one of the more controversial aspects of the Brazilian stabilization experience, and one generally addressed to Franco.

The results of the Real Plan on inflation, as measured by national cost of living index, IPCA - published by the National Statistics Bureau - IBGE, were as follows:inflation was running at 43,1% monthly (on average for he first semester of 1994), or 7.260% annually, up to July 1994, the first month of existence of the new currency. In July alone prices rose 6,8%, but the accumulated inflation for the next twelve months was only 33,0%. From this level onward, inflation goes on declining slowly: measured by IPCA, inflation fell below 20%, on a 12 months accumulated basis, only in April 1996, 22nd month after the introduction of the new currency; below 10% only in December, 30th month of the real. Within the calendar year of 1997, the rate of inflation was 5,2%, and in 1998 inflation was finally reduced to 1,6%, the lowest rate on record since the creation of the Brazilian Central Bank in 1964.

Institutional aspects and "fundamentals"
Before the Real Plan, five stabilization attempts failed between 1986 and 1991 all of which involving price freezes, all but one creating a new currency and one, the so-called Collor Plan in 1990, with an asset freeze much like monetary reforms in Europe following World War II. These failed experiments were called "heterodox shocks" not only because of direct intervention in prices and intrusive currency reforms, but also for their practical disregard of fiscal "fundamentals" and monetary policies. The Real Plan followed a different path opening several reforms agendas attacking fundamental disequilibria at the core of the hyperinflation process.

The first was related to the institutional organization of the monetary system. the National Monetary Council was recaptured and reduced to three members (ministers of Finance and Planning and the Governor of the Central Bank), recomposing the commitment of top level decision making to price stability. Sometime later a Monetary Policy Committee (known as COPOM - acronym of Comitê de Política Monetária) was created securing Central Bank's independence in fixing the interest rate.

Next, federal banks, and especially Banco do Brasil, had to recognize previous losses, be recapitalized, abide by "Basle Rules" and cease to have unrestricted accommodation at the Central Bank. Provincial banks entered a severe adjustment program through which several liquidations and privatizations reduced their size to almost negligible. Some private banks in trouble entered a program through which the Central Bank financed liquidations, resolutions and changes in control of banking activities. It was a heavy agenda with the banking system, public and private, to reorder the monetary system and its governance.

There were numerous fiscal adjustment initiatives, starting with several rounds of debt refinancing with adjustment programs with the states during 1993–1998. The Federal Government gave accommodation to states in exchange for orthodox fiscal programs and several limitations as to their fiscal policies. These programs templates provided a framework to a new Public Finances Law, proposed in 1999, creating benchmarks and limitations for indebtedness and wages expenses, later approved under the designation "Fiscal Responsibility Law", held to be a major progress in securing fiscal balance in the public sector in Brazil.

Another important initiative was the 1993 Constitutional Amendment known as Social Emergency Fund (Fundo Social de Emergência, approved during the constitutional revision in March, 1993) which removed most of earmarking in the budget, and allowing the National Treasury to regain control of budgeted expenses. Even so, primary fiscal results were weak during the first few years after 1994. Due to the advancement of reforms, these weak fiscal numbers did not become an issue until the Asian crisis in 1997 and especially in 1998 with the Russian crisis, when Brazil entered an agreement with the IMF and started a decade long period of primary surpluses at the level of 3% of GDP.

Franco left the Central Bank after the IMF Agreement and after the reelection of Fernando Henrique Cardoso for a second term in 1998. Franco received late in 1998 Euromoney's prize “Central Banker of the year, 1998”.

Shortly after, Brazil moved into what was known as the "tripoid" policy: floating exchange rates, primary fiscal surplus and inflation targets. Brazil was ready, at this point, to switch from the exchange rate "anchor" into the inflation targets regime. Franco's account of controversies around the use of the exchange rate in the stabilization effort and of the dialogue between short term policies and long term reform goals was laid out in several of his writings, some in English.

Rio Bravo Investimentos
After a sabbatical year back at the Catholic University as full-time professor, Franco founded an investment company named Rio Bravo Investimentos, based in São Paulo, to manage mutual funds, structured products, and private equity, in association with Swiss Re. In August 2001 Rio Bravo acquired a broker dealer called Mercurio DTVM and started to manage REITs (Real Estate Investment Trusts) and also with the public distribution of securities. Rio Bravo developed investment banking activities from 2003, when it acquired the local operation of Dresdner Kleinworth Benson, until 2007 when these activities were transferred to Lehman Brothers.

Rio Bravo was active in private equity first through Rio Bravo Nordeste I FMIEE (focused on SMEs in the Northeast region), later, in 2007, with Rio Bravo Nordeste II, the largest regional private equity fund in the country. In February 2006 Rio Bravo acquired MVP Mercatto Venture Partners Ltda., renamed as Rio Bravo Venture Partners Ltda., a venture capital management company based in Rio de Janeiro. Later, in October 2010, Rio Bravo raised its first private equity fund dedicated to investments in renewable energy.

In 2005 a Rio Bravo started Rio Bravo Project Finance Ltd to advise clients in infrastructure projects and also Rio Bravo Fundamental, a value driven listed equity mutual fund.

In May 2008 Rio Bravo spun off its real estate based securitization business into a new company called RB Capital, with no shareholding from Rio Bravo partners. In 2016 RB Capital had its control bought by Orix Group from Japan. In August 2016, Rio Bravo's control was acquired by Fosun International, one of the largest private groups in China.

Franco has been a member of several boards. He is now active as board member of Banco Daycoval, Seguradora Pottencial and as Chairman of Instituto Millenium, a Brazilian think tank.

title: Gustavo Franco


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Pavel Telička

Pavel Telička (born 21 August 1965) is a Czech lobbyist, politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from the Czech Republic. He previously served as European Commissioner for Health and Consumer Protection from May 2004 to November 2004. He was a member of ANO 2011, part of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe, until 2017 when he quit amid disagreements with leader Andrej Babiš.

He served as a Vice President of the European Parliament from January 2017 until 2019.

Early life
Telička was born in Washington, D.C. in 1965, the son of a communist diplomat. As a young man, he was a member of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. He graduated from the Faculty of Law, Charles University in Prague, in 1986, and began working at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In the following years, he held various positions in the ministry, including as Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, and in the Czech Mission to the European Union in Brussels. From 1998 onwards, he served as chief negotiator for the accession of the Czech Republic to the European Union.

European Union
In February 2004, the Czech government nominated Miloš Kužvart, the former Czech Environment Minister, as a candidate for the EU commissioner. Kužvart, however, stepped down after his first visit as a candidate to Brussels, and Telička was drafted in to replace him.

When the Czech Republic entered the EU on 1 May 2004, Telička became a commissioner in the Prodi Commission, sharing the portfolio of Health and Consumer Protection with David Byrne. He held this post only until November 2004, and did not continue in the following Barroso Commission due to a Czech government crisis in summer 2004. He was succeeded as the Czech Republic's commissioner by Vladimír Špidla, the former Prime Minister who resigned during the crisis.

In December 2004, Telička co-founded BXL Consulting with offices in Prague and Brussels, providing consultancy in EU affairs. As of 2014, the company is no longer active. In 2013, he supported ANO 2011, led by Andrej Babiš, in the Czech parliament elections; he was the party's candidate in the 2014 European Parliament election. Since his election in July 2014, he was a vice-chair of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe until the 2019 European Parliament election. In June 2019, he was elected the first leader of the HLAS party.

He was also elected president of the Czech Rugby Union in November 2009.

title: Pavel Telička


text: Talk:John Grisham

title: Talk:John Grisham


text:
Bill McKinney

William Denison McKinney (September 12, 1931 – December 1, 2011) was an American character actor. He played the sadistic mountain man in John Boorman's 1972 film Deliverance and appeared in seven Clint Eastwood films, most notably as Captain Terrill, the commander pursuing the last rebels to "hold out" against surrendering to the Union forces in The Outlaw Josey Wales.

Early life
William Denison McKinney was born September 12, 1931, in Chattanooga, Tennessee. He had an unsettled life as a child, moving 12 times. At the age of 19, he joined the Navy during the Korean War. He served two years on a mine sweeper in Korean waters, and was stationed at Port Hueneme in Ventura County, California. Upon his discharge in 1954, he settled in California, attending acting school at the famous Pasadena Playhouse in 1957. His classmates included Dustin Hoffman and Mako Iwamatsu. During this time, McKinney supported himself by working as an arborist, trimming and taking down trees. He continued working in this field until the mid-1970s, by which time he was appearing in major films.

Career
After the Pasadena Playhouse he moved on to Lee Strasberg's Actors Studio, making his movie debut in exploitation pic She Freak (1967). For 10 years he was a teacher at Cave Spring Middle School. He made his television debut in 1968 on an episode of The Monkees and attracted attention as Lobo in Alias Smith and Jones. The film Deliverance (1972) proved to be his breakthrough, playing the backwoods mountain man who violently rapes Ned Beatty's character.

McKinney's other films in the early 1970s included appearances in Junior Bonner (1972), The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean (1972) and The Parallax View (1974).

It was with Clint Eastwood that McKinney would become most associated, becoming part of Eastwood's stock company after they worked together in Michael Cimino's Thunderbolt and Lightfoot (1974).

He appeared in The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) under Eastwood's direction. He appeared in six more Eastwood films including The Gauntlet (1977), Every Which Way but Loose (1978), Any Which Way You Can (1980) and Pink Cadillac (1989).

Other memorable roles include Jay Cobb, who is done in by John Wayne in Wayne's final film The Shootist (1976). He also appeared in such later films as First Blood (1982), Back to the Future Part III (1990) and The Green Mile (1999). He appeared in the TV movie The Execution of Private Slovik (1974) and guest-starred on such television shows as Sara, The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, Starsky & Hutch, The A-Team, Hunter, Murder, She Wrote, Columbo: Swan Song and In The Heat of The Night.

McKinney took up singing in the late 1990s, eventually releasing an album of standards and country and western songs appropriately titled Love Songs from Antri, reflecting Don Job's pronunciation of the infamous town featured in Deliverance. One of his songs featured in the film Undertow, directed by David Gordon Green. He voiced Jonah Hex in an episode of Batman: The Animated Series called "Showdown". He appeared in a cameo in 2001 Maniacs (2005) and had a role in the Robin Hood–inspired horror film Sherwood Horror (2010).

Death
On December 1, 2011, McKinney died from esophageal cancer at his home in San Fernando, California. He was 80. McKinney's death was announced on his Facebook page on the same day. The announcement read: "Today our dear Bill McKinney passed away at Valley Presbyterian Hospice. An avid smoker for 25 years of his younger life, he died of cancer of the esophagus. He was 80 and still strong enough to have filmed a Dorito's commercial 2 weeks prior to his passing, and he continued to work on his biography with his writing partner. Hopefully 2012 will bring a publisher for the wild ride his life was. He is survived by son Clinton, along with several ex-wives. R.I.P. Bill sept.12 1931 – dec. 1 2011 [sic]."

Selected filmography

 * She Freak (1967) – Steve St. John
 * Firecreek (1968) – Bearded Gunfighter (uncredited)
 * The Road Hustlers (1968) – Hays
 * Angel Unchained (1970) – Shotgun
 * Deliverance (1972) – Mountain Man
 * Junior Bonner (1972) – Red Terwiliger
 * Kansas City Bomber (1972) – Buddy Taylor (uncredited)
 * The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean (1972) – Fermel Parlee
 * Cleopatra Jones (1973) – Purdy
 * The Outfit (1973) – Buck Cherney
 * Thunderbolt and Lightfoot (1974) – Crazy Driver
 * The Parallax View (1974) – Parallax Assassin
 * For Pete's Sake (1974) – Rocky – Cattle Rustler (uncredited)
 * Breakheart Pass (1975) – Rev. Peabody
 * The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) – Captain Terrill
 * Cannonball (1976) – Cade Redman
 * The Shootist (1976) – Cobb
 * Valentino (1977) – Policeman
 * The Gauntlet (1977) – Constable
 * Every Which Way but Loose (1978) – Dallas (Black Widow)
 * When You Comin' Back, Red Ryder? (1979) – Tommy Clark
 * Carny (1980) – Marvin Dill
 * Bronco Billy (1980) – Lefty LeBow
 * Any Which Way You Can (1980) – Dallas (Black Widow)
 * St. Helens (1981) – Kilpatrick
 * Tex (1982) – Pop McCormick
 * First Blood (1982) – Captain Dave Kern
 * Heart Like a Wheel (1983) – Don 'Big Daddy' Garlits
 * Against All Odds (1984) – Head Coach
 * Final Justice (1985) – Chief Wilson
 * The Highwayman (1987, TV Series) – Deputy Stephan
 * Under the Gun (1988) – Miller
 * War Party (1988) – The Mayor
 * Kinjite: Forbidden Subjects (1989) – Father Burke
 * Pink Cadillac (1989) – Coltersville Bartender
 * Back to the Future Part III (1990) – Engineer
 * Love, Cheat & Steal (1993) – Kolchak
 * City Slickers II: The Legend of Curly's Gold (1994) – Matt
 * Lone Justice 2 (1995) – Verlon Borges
 * Walker Texas Ranger (1995) - Sheriff Bridges (Episode:Point After)
 * Where's Marlowe? (1998) – Uncle Bill
 * The Green Mile (1999) – Jack Van Hay
 * Paradise (2000) – Kerr
 * Hellborn (2003) – Gas Station Attendant
 * The Commission (2003) – Roy S.Truly
 * Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003) – Acme VP, Nitpicking
 * True Legends of the West (2003) – The Mayor
 * Undertow (2004) – Grandfather
 * 2001 Maniacs (2005) – The Chef
 * The Garage (2006) – Bernie
 * The Devil Wears Spurs (2006) – Barkepper
 * The Bliss (2006) – Mr. Hill
 * Take (2007) – Benjamin Gregor
 * Lucky You (2007) – Satellite Cashier
 * Ghost Town (2007) – Victor Burnett
 * Pride and Glory (2008) – Crime Scene Cop
 * Fuel (2009) – Jake
 * How Do You Know (2010) – Maitre d'
 * The Custom Mary (2011) – The Silent Boss (final film role)

title: Bill McKinney


text: File:St. Francis monastery in Ispica.jpg


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Trailokya

Trailokya (त्रैलोक्य; ತ್ರೈಲೋಕ್ಯ; tiloka, Tibetan: khams gsum; 三界; Tam Giới) literally means "three worlds". It can also refer to "three spheres," "three planes of existence," and "three realms".

Conceptions of three worlds (tri-loka) appear in Hinduism and Jainism, as well as early Buddhist texts.

Hindu cosmology
The concept of three worlds has a number of different interpretations in Hindu cosmology.

 * Traditionally, the three worlds refer to either the earth (Bhuloka), heaven (Svarga), and hell (Naraka), or the earth (Bhuloka), heaven (Svarga), and the netherworld (Patala)
 * The Brahmanda Purana conceives them to be Bhūta (past), Bhavya (future), and Bhavat (present)
 * In Vaishnavism, the three worlds are often described to be bhūr, bhuvaḥ, and svaḥ (the gross region, the subtle region, and the celestial region)
 * In the Nilanamatapurana, Vamana covers his second step on the three worlds of Maharloka, Janaloka, and Tapoloka, all of which are regarded to be a part of the seven heavens

Buddhist cosmology
In Buddhism, the three worlds refer to the following destinations for karmic rebirth: Together, they make up all of existence.
 * Kāmaloka the world of desire, typified by base desires, populated by hell beings, preta (hungry ghosts), animals, humans and lower demi-gods.
 * Rūpaloka is the world of form, predominantly free of baser desires, populated by dhyāna-dwelling gods, possible rebirth destination for those well practiced in dhyāna.
 * Arūpaloka is the world of formlessness, a noncorporeal realm populated with four heavens, possible rebirth destination for practitioners of the four formlessness stages.

Jain cosmology
The early Jain contemplated the nature of the earth and universe and developed a detailed hypothesis on the various aspects of astronomy and cosmology. According to the Jain texts, the universe is divided into 3 parts:

 * Urdhva Loka – the realms of the gods or heavens
 * Madhya Loka – the realms of the humans, animals and plants
 * Adho Loka – the realms of the hellish beings or the infernal regions

title: Trailokya


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/William Sandall

William Sandall was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

William Sandall
Vanity article of a 12 year old. Cute, but not encyclopedic. Thue | talk 16:42, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I think that can be speedied for obvious vanity, but let's try to get the user to sign up so we can move it to his user page first. If that isn't happening soon. Delete. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 17:02, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete but I think he is highly notable :) Wyss 18:12, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep for a while. He's created Incendary bombs now merged, and added to Erraid. Although he did vandalise Potassium nitrate I'm prepared to give him the benfit of the doubt and asssume it was a mistake. Someone should post (I'll do it) on the discussion page that he should create a user page - let's hope he comes back! Martin TB 18:30, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity.  --Randy 19:54, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Vanity. "He sits writing his autobiography for Wikipedia" means that he knows that he's writing autobiography. Geogre 21:28, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Wait for him to register, if he doesn't then delete. I am wagering this is Wikipedia's youngest contributor? Ashibaka tlk 02:51, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * No, we've got a 7-year-old. (Oh, and delete)DS 02:45, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Move to a holding location so that he can recover it for his user page if/when he creates a login. [[User:GeorgeStepanek|GeorgeStepanek\talk ]] 00:58, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Comcat

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Phèdre

Phèdre (originally Phèdre et Hippolyte) is a French dramatic tragedy in five acts written in alexandrine verse by Jean Racine, first performed in 1677 at the theatre of the Hôtel de Bourgogne in Paris.

Composition and premiere
With Phèdre, Racine chose once more a subject from Greek mythology, already treated by Greek and Roman tragic poets, notably by Euripides in Hippolytus and Seneca in Phaedra.

As a result of an intrigue by the Duchess of Bouillon and other friends of the aging Pierre Corneille, the play was not a success at its première on 1 January 1677 at the Hôtel de Bourgogne, home of the royal troupe of actors in Paris. Indeed, a rival group staged a play by the now forgotten playwright Nicolas Pradon on an almost identical theme. After Phèdre, Racine ceased writing plays on secular themes and devoted himself to the service of religion and the king until 1689, when he was commissioned to write Esther by Madame de Maintenon, the morganatic second wife of Louis XIV.

Characters

Names of characters in French, with their equivalents in English:
 * Thésée, or Theseus, King of Athens
 * Phèdre, or Phaedra, wife of Thésée, daughter of Minos and Pasiphaë and sister of Ariadne
 * Hippolyte, or Hippolytus, son of Thésée and Antiope, Queen of the Amazons
 * Aricie, or Aricia, princess of the royal blood of Athens
 * Œnone, or Oenone, nurse and confidante of Phèdre
 * Théramène, or Theramenes, tutor of Hippolyte
 * Ismène, confidante of Aricie
 * Panope, lady-in-waiting to Phèdre

Synopsis
The play is set at the royal court in Troezen, on the Peloponnesus coast in Southern Greece. In the absence of her royal husband Thésée, Phèdre ends by declaring her love to Hippolyte, Thésée's son from a previous marriage. Act 1. Following Theseus's six-month absence, his son Hippolytus tells his tutor Theramenes of his intention to leave Troezen in search of his father. When pressed by Theramenes, he reveals that the real motive is his forbidden love for Aricia, sole survivor of the royal house supplanted by Theseus and under a vow of chastity against her will. During her husband's absence, Phèdre has become consumed by an illicit but overpowering passion for her stepson Hippolytus, which she has kept as a dark secret. Close to death and reeling about half-dementedly, under pressure from her old nurse Oenone she explains her state, on condition that she be permitted to die rather than face dishonour. The death of Theseus is announced with the news that his succession is in dispute. Oenone urges her mistress that, since her love for her stepson is now legitimate, she should form an alliance with him, if only for the future benefit of the infant son of her own flesh.

Act 2. With fresh hope for her liberty, Aricia reveals to her maidservant Ismène her feelings towards Hippolytus, who promptly appears to declare his love for her. Their discourse is interrupted by Phèdre, who distraughtly pleads for the rights of her infant son, explaining her coldness and personal despair. Suddenly entering a trance-like state overcome by emotion, she involuntarily confesses her hidden passions to her horrified dumb-struck stepson. Sensing rejection, she leaves in a wild frenzy, demanding Hippolytus' sword to end her torment. Theramenes brings news to Hippolytus that Theseus might still be alive.

Act 3. In desperation Phèdre sends word to Hippolytus inviting him to share the crown of Athens. However, Oenone brings her the devastating news that Theseus has returned in perfect health. To avert Phèdre's deathwish and her possible betrayal by Hippolytus, Oenone urges that a story should be concocted around his abandoned sword. Seeing Hippolytus by Theseus' side, Phèdre grants Oenone free rein. After his long period in captivity, Theseus is surprised by the cold reception from his wife and son, each anxious to conceal their passions: Phèdre, consumed by guilt; and Hippolytus, anxious to distance himself from his stepmother's advances, but unable to tell his father of his love for Aricia.

Act 4. Theseus has just been told by Oenone that Hippolytus has attempted to take Phèdre by force. Overcome by rage, Theseus banishes Hippolytus and invokes the god Neptune, who has promised to grant any wish of Theseus, to avenge him by his son's death. Protesting his innocence, Hippolytus discloses his secret love for Aricia to his incredulous father and leaves in despair. Fearing that she might be guilty for Hippolytus' death, Phèdre determines to reveal the truth to her husband, until she is told of Hippolytus' love for Aricia. Consumed by jealousy, she refuses to defend Hippolytus further, leaving his father's curse to run its course. When Oenone tries to make light of her mistress's illicit love, Phèdre in a towering rage accuses her of being a poisonous scheming monster and banishes her from her presence.

Act 5. Hippolytus takes his leave of Aricia, promising to marry her in a temple outside Troezen. On witnessing the tenderness of their parting, Theseus begins to have doubts about his son's guilt. He decides to question Oenone, but it is too late: Oenone has thrown herself to the waves. Theramenes brings news of his son's death: Hippolytus' departing chariot has been interrupted by a terrifying horned monster rising from the waves; mortally wounded by Hippolytus, its death throes drive his horses into a wild frenzy; in their flight, the chariot is dashed against the rocks and their master dragged helplessly to his death. In the closing scene, Phèdre, now calm, appears before Theseus to confess her guilt and to confirm Hippolytus's innocence. She finally succumbs to the effects of a self-administered draught of Medean poison, taken to rid the world of her impurity. As an act of atonement and in respect for his son's parting promise, Theseus pardons Aricia and adopts her as his daughter.

Phèdre's ancestry and its curse
The genealogy of Phèdre gives a number of indications as to her character's destiny. Descended from Helios, god of the Sun, and Pasiphaë, she nevertheless avoids being in the judgmental presence of the sun throughout the play. The simultaneous absence of a god-figure combined with the continual presence of one has been extensively explored in Lucien Goldmann's Le Dieu caché. This sense of patriarchal judgment is extended to Phèdre's father, Minos, who is responsible for weighing the souls of the dead upon their arrival in Hades.

Phèdre is right to fear judgment; she is driven to an incestual love for her stepson Hippolytus, much like the other women in her family, who tended to experience desires generally considered taboo. Her mother, Pasiphaë was cursed by Aphrodite to fall in love and mate with a white bull, giving rise to the legendary Minotaur. Phèdre meets Theseus, her future husband, when he arrives on the Minoan scene to kill the monstrous Minotaur; by doing so, he is killing her half-brother.

Reception
Phèdre has been widely regarded as masterly, due to its tragic construction, deeply observed characters, richness of the verse, as well as the interpretation of the title role by Marie Champmeslé. Voltaire called it "the masterpiece of the human mind." Contrary to Euripides, Racine has Phèdre die on stage at the end of the play; she thus has had time to learn of the death of Hippolyte. The character of Phèdre is considered one of the most remarkable in Racine's tragic oeuvre. The instrument of others' suffering, she is also the victim of her own impulses, a figure that inspires both terror and pity.

Certain lines from the play, such as "la fille de Minos et de Pasiphaé" ("the daughter of Minos and Pasiphaë"), have become classics in the French language; but despite the celebrated musicality of the alexandrine, Racine never wrote poetry just for the sake of beauty of sound. In the character of Phèdre, he could combine the consuming desire inherited from her mother with the mortal fear of her father, Minos, judge of the dead in Hades. Despite its author's silence from 1677 to 1689, as time progressed Phèdre became one of the most famous of his plays. It is now one of the most frequently staged tragedies from the seventeenth century.

In his work Le Dieu caché, the 20th century author Lucien Goldmann extrapolates social theories of the role of the divine in French consciousness from thematic elements in Phèdre. Although Phèdre is perhaps less often studied at high school level in France than Britannicus or Andromaque, it is still frequently performed, and the eponymous role has been played by actresses such as Sarah Bernhardt and Isabelle Huppert.

Stage
The French baroque composer Jean-Philippe Rameau's first opera Hippolyte et Aricie (1733) was based on Racine's Phèdre, as was Simon Mayr's 1820 opera Fedra.

The British poet laureate Ted Hughes produced a highly regarded free verse translation of Phèdre. This version was staged shortly before his death with Diana Rigg playing the title role. Another English production of the Hughes translation premiered at the Royal National Theatre in June 2009, with a cast including Helen Mirren as Phèdre, Dominic Cooper as Hippolytus, and Margaret Tyzack as Oenone. This production was digitally telecast live to cinemas around the world.

A new translation by Timberlake Wertenbaker premiered at the Stratford Shakespeare Festival in Autumn 2009.

The Polish composer Krzysztof Penderecki announced that he was working on an opera of Phèdre for 2014.

Novels
In the nineteenth century, Émile Zola loosely based La Curée, one of his books from the Rougon-Macquart series (an exploration of genealogical and environmental influences upon characters), on Racine's Phèdre. Marcel Proust devotes 20 pages of In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower to his experience of the Sarah Bernhardt Phèdre at the Opéra-Comique in Paris.

Translations
Robert Lowell's English translation Phaedra was published in 1961.

Robert David MacDonald's English translation, titled Phedra, was produced at The Old Vic in November 1984, designed and directed by Philip Prowse and with Glenda Jackson in the title role and Robert Eddison as Theramenes.

Phèdre was translated by Scottish poet Edwin Morgan (1920–2010) into Scots in 2000, and won the 2001 Oxford-Weidenfeld Translation Prize.

Musical settings
François Mensonguée (1806-1877), the French Romantic composer, set a section of the second act to music for choir and organ in 1829 as his first published work.

Selected editions

 * (English translation by J. Cairncross)
 * (English translation by Wallace Fowlie)
 * (English translation by Charles Sisson)
 * (English translation by Julie Rose)
 * (translated into English verse by Richard Wilbur)
 * (translated into English verse by Harold Anthony Lloyd)
 * (translated into English verse by Harold Anthony Lloyd)

title: Phèdre


text:
User talk:Knightt

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

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Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 16:45, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * The THEOSOPHICAL UNIVERSITY PRESS has granted reprint in Wakipedia under the terms that the source is identified. Please see the talk page for further information. .Knightt 21:17, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Hello Knightt, thanks for that information and your effort. I think this information and the Glossary itself should be better known (as it seems to be a very useful resource), that's why I wrote an article about the Theosophical Glossary. See Theosophical Glossary and its talk page. (Still, I wonder if he only gave you the permission to do so or to other wikipedians as well. Maybe I'm just paranoid about copyrights.) Best wishes. --Loa 23:24, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Cayce
Welcome to wiki, please see my reply.--Jondel 08:58, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Steiner
Thanks for your contributions. Arbitration proceedings determined that quotes from Steiner should not be used in this and related articles; peer-reviewed and independently (non-anthroposophically) published sources should rather be drawn upon. I took the liberty of modifying the page accordingly. Hgilbert (talk) 16:41, 17 March 2008 (UTC)
 * See here for the very clear guideline we were given by the arbitrators]; we can look at what quotes are actually still allowable. We've been using a strict interpretation to avoid running afoul of the arbitrators again. Hgilbert (talk) 16:58, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

Articles for deletion nomination of Eidolon (astral double)
I have nominated Eidolon (astral double), an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Eidolon (astral double). Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. Ash (talk) 13:05, 17 September 2009 (UTC)

Nomination of Eidolon (apparition) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Eidolon (apparition) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Eidolon (apparition) until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. LuckyLouie (talk) 02:02, 27 April 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Knightt


text: User talk:194.213.41.12

title: User talk:194.213.41.12


text: User talk:81.79.81.130

title: User talk:81.79.81.130


text:
German Airways

German Airways Fluggesellschaft GmbH, operating as German Airways and formerly named Luftfahrtgesellschaft Walter or LGW for short, was a German regional airline headquartered in Düsseldorf.

Originally LGW was an independent provider of scheduled and chartered low-volume passenger flights. After years of cooperation with Air Berlin, it eventually became a subsidiary of Air Berlin in 2017. After the collapse of Air Berlin it was purchased by Lufthansa in October 2017 and became a unit of the group's low-cost carrier Eurowings. Zeitfracht Group completed the purchase of LGW from Lufthansa on 1 April 2019 and renamed it in early 2020. The contract with Eurowings was terminated in April 2020 and LGW filed for insolvency.

In 2022 Summer, KLM wet-leased Germany Airways' airplanes to provide extra capacity on its network. In 2023 the agreement with KLM was extended.

Independent company
Luftfahrtgesellschaft Walter was founded in 1980 by Bernd Walter, the owner of a flying school at Dortmund Airport. Initially, LGW offered on-demand charter and air taxi services. During the 1990s, the airline grew a network of scheduled domestic flights. At that time, it had 25 employees and the Dornier 228, with its capacity of 19 passengers, was the largest airliner in its fleet.

Partnership with Air Berlin
In 2007, LGW entered into a partnership with Air Berlin, which at the time was the second largest German airline. Effective 12 October of that year, LGW flights to Düsseldorf Airport and Berlin Tegel Airport were sold via the Air Berlin booking engine. In 2008, Air Berlin added the De Havilland Dash 8-400 to its fleet. The ten aircraft of that type were leased to LGW and operated on regional routes.

Subsequently, LGW discontinued its independent corporate identity. It no longer offered any chartered services, but operated scheduled flights on behalf of Air Berlin, using Air Berlin flight numbers and branding. The website lgw.de was shut down and replaced with a redirect to airberlin.com. On 2 March 2009, Air Berlin notified the Federal Cartel Office that it would become the controlling shareholder of LGW.

As LGW staff did not have a collective agreement, salaries were considerably lower than at Air Berlin. To cut costs, Air Berlin transferred a large number of its staff to LGW (especially those whose fixed-term contracts had expired). By the end of 2011, LGW had 110 employees. By early 2013, they had grown to 480. Since that year, LGW also employed jet pilots, as a number of Embraer 190 aircraft were transferred to the airline from Niki (another Air Berlin subsidiary), the first of which arrived on 14 March and left the fleet in November 2013.

By spring 2015, LGW increased their fleet of De Havilland Dash 8-400s from 12 to 17.

In May 2017, Air Berlin announced plans to buy Luftfahrtgesellschaft Walter outright, having held a controlling stake since 2009.

Sale to Lufthansa
Lufthansa bought LGW in 2017 as part of Air Berlin's bankruptcy proceedings. After Air Berlin ceased operations on 27 October 2017, LGW started wetlease operations for Eurowings, taking over parts of the wetlease agreement previously provided by its parent for the Lufthansa subsidiary. In addition to its existing fleet of Dash 8-Q400 aircraft, it received 13 Airbus A320-family aircraft and started hiring crews in November 2017. The acquisition was closed in January 2018 after receiving approval from the European Commission on 21 December 2017.

In late 2018, all LGW Airbus A320 family aircraft were moved to other companies within the Eurowings network.

Sale to Zeitfracht Group and rebranding
In January 2019, it was reported that Lufthansa planned to sell LGW to Zeitfracht, which already owns German ACMI and charter airline German Airways (formerly branded WDL Aviation). Zeitfracht had already purchased parts of Air Berlin's maintenance division. The deal was completed on 1 April 2019, following the approval of supervisory authorities and the fulfillment of customary conditions. The takeover also marked the beginning of a longer-term lease agreement between LGW and Eurowings.

In May 2019, LGW announced it would replace all of its De Havilland Dash 8-400s with newer Embraer 190s from late 2019. These aircraft will be operated for Eurowings as part of a long-term lease.

In March 2020, Zeitfracht announced a rebranding for LGW which became German Airways operating within the German Airways branding alongside sister company WDL Aviation. In April 2020, the company filed for insolvency with plans to restructure due to the cancellation of Eurowings' wetlease contract for their entire Bombardier DHC-8-400 fleet in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Destinations
As of January 2019, German Airways operated European routes on behalf of Eurowings with a focus on Düsseldorf Airport, where most aircraft were based. This contract was terminated in April 2020.

Current fleet
As of July 2023, the joint German Airways fleet consists of the following aircraft:

Historical fleet
Previously, LGW operated the following aircraft types under its own brand or on behalf of other airlines:

title: German Airways


text:
User talk:Oliver Grzimek

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 16:46, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)

Do 228
Hi Oliver, and thanks for the superb article on the Do 228! When you created the article, however, you followed an out-of-date version of the aircraft page layout - I've updated it to the current standard. You can find out more about this here. I hope we'll be seeing many more articles from you! Cheers --Rlandmann 06:53, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Oliver Grzimek


text:
User talk:Aardark

Some business about the "finance office" being "moved" somewhere else "a couple months ago"

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August 2019
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title: User talk:Aardark


text:
Chocapic

Chocapic (also known as Koko Krunch in Asia and most of the Middle East) is a chocolate-flavored whole-grain breakfast cereal distributed by Nestlé in most of Europe, Asia, the Middle-East and Latin America. The cereal was introduced in 1984. It has since been available to consumers in Portugal since 1986.

Overview
The cereal consists of cocoa flavored wheat flakes. Chocapic is available in 30 grams, and 375 grams packages. The cereal's mascot is Pico (Koko the Koala in Asia), a dog that loves chocolate, and is always referring to the fact that Chocapic has a strong chocolate flavour. In later advertisements he is seen with a child preventing several thieves from stealing the cereal and explaining the origin of Chocapic (the most usual explanation being that a balloon filled with chocolate burst and landed in a field, creating the choco petals). A new product related to this cereal, Chocapic Duo, has been recently created, which features the usual chocolate petals, as well as white chocolate flavored petals.

Similar products
Similar in flavor and texture to Chocos by Kellogg's. Somewhat similar to other chocolate-flavored cereals like Cocoa Krispies (also known as Coco Pops or Choco Krispies outside North America) and Cocoa Puffs (Nesquik outside North America).

title: Chocapic


text:
Exchange Place

Exchange Place may refer to:
 * Exchange Place, New Orleans, a pedestrian mall in Louisiana
 * Exchange Place (Boston), an office building complex in Massachusetts
 * Exchange Place (Jersey City), a district and neighborhood in New Jersey
 * Exchange Place (PATH station)
 * Exchange Place (PRR station), a former railroad station
 * Exchange Place (HBLR station)
 * Exchange Place (Manhattan), a street in New York City
 * Exchange Place Historic District, a historic district in Salt Lake City, Utah

title: Exchange Place


text: Talk:Exchange Place

title: Talk:Exchange Place


text:
Babushka

Babushka or baboushka or babooshka (from ба́бушка, meaning "grandmother" or "elderly woman") may refer to:

Arts and media

 * "Babooshka" (song), a 1980 song by Kate Bush
 * Babushka (game show), a British game show presented by Rylan Clark-Neal
 * Babushka (about 1935), a painting by Gladys Goldstein

People

 * Babushka Lady, an unknown woman who might have photographed the events of the President John F. Kennedy assassination
 * Catherine Breshkovsky nicknamed Babushka (1844–1934), Russian revolutionary

Other uses

 * Babushka (headscarf), indicating a headscarf tied below the chin, as commonly worn in rural parts of Europe
 * Babushka doll, a type of wooden dolls placed one inside another
 * Babushka Adoption Foundation, a charitable non-governmental organization based in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan

title: Babushka


text:
Sony Channel

Sony Channel is a brand of general entertainment television channels, owned by Sony Pictures Television. It was previously known as Sony Entertainment Television (SET), but many of the channels, except the Indian television channel Sony Entertainment Television, were rebranded as Sony Channel.

title: Sony Channel


text: Template:Chem-stub

title: Template:Chem-stub


text:
Category:Chemistry stubs

If possible, please use one of the sub-categories below.

Related stub categories
Instead of, consider a more specific stub tag from the list below:

 * analytical-chemistry-stub - analytical chemistry
 * biochemistry-stub – biochemistry
 * chem-process-stub – chemical processes
 * chemist-stub – biographical articles about chemists
 * biochemist-stub – biochemists
 * chemistry-journal-stub – chemistry journals
 * biochemistry-journal-stub – biochemistry journals
 * chem-hist-stub - history of chemistry
 * electrochem-stub - electrochemistry
 * explosive-stub – explosives
 * geochem-stub – geochemistry
 * inorganic-compound-stub – inorganic compounds
 * isotope-stub – isotopes
 * material-stub – chemistry and properties of solids
 * alloy-stub – stubs concerning an alloy
 * polymer-stub – polymers and articles about polymer science
 * textile-stub – stubs concerning textiles
 * medicinal-chem-stub - medicinal chemistry
 * metal-stub - metals
 * organic-chem-stub – organic chemistry
 * organic-compound-stub – organic compounds
 * alcohol-stub – alcohols
 * alkene-stub – alkenes
 * alkaloid-stub – alkaloids
 * amine-stub – amines
 * aromatic-stub – aromatic compounds
 * ester-stub – esters
 * heterocyclic-stub – heterocyclic compounds
 * hydrocarbon-stub – hydrocarbons
 * ketone-stub – ketones
 * organohalide-stub – organic halides
 * steroid-stub – steroids
 * pharma-stub – pharmaceuticals
 * see WikiProject Pharmacology/Templates for pharmaceutical sub-categories
 * physical-chemistry-stub – physical chemistry
 * reaction-stub – chemical reactions
 * stereochemistry-stub – stereochemistry
 * theoretical-chem-stub – theoretical chemistry
 * quantum-chemistry-stub – quantum chemistry

title: Category:Chemistry stubs


text:
Hostile Waters

Hostile Waters may refer to:
 * Hostile Waters (book), a 1997 book by Peter Huchthausen that describes the 1986 loss of Soviet submarine K-219 off Bermuda
 * Hostile Waters (film), a 1997 television movie based on the book
 * Hostile Waters: Antaeus Rising, a hybrid vehicle and strategy PC game

title: Hostile Waters


text:
The Final Rip Off

The Final Rip Off is a compilation double album by Monty Python, released in 1987. It was the team's first release on Virgin Records, after the label acquired the rights to their back catalogue previously released on Charisma. The set contains material from those six albums, but not from the Life of Brian or The Meaning of Life soundtracks, which were released on other labels. Michael Palin added some new linking material while all the songs were remixed by producer Andre Jacquemin including one, "Henry Kissinger", which featured a previously unreleased section. Contrastingly, the selections from Another Monty Python Record and Live at Drury Lane were mixed from stereo into mono. The cover art, with its graphic image of spilling guts, was illustrated by Les Edwards.

Side one

 * 1) Introduction
 * 2) Constitutional Peasant
 * 3) Fish Licence
 * 4) Eric the Half-a-Bee Song (remix)
 * 5) Finland Song (remix)
 * 6) Travel Agent
 * 7) Are You Embarrassed Easily?
 * 8) Australian Table Wines
 * 9) Argument
 * 10) Henry Kissinger Song (extended remix)
 * 11) Parrot (Oh, Not Again) (mono mix)

Side two

 * 1) Sit On My Face (remix)
 * 2) Undertaker (mono mix)
 * 3) Novel Writing (Live From Wessex)
 * 4) Announcement (unlisted)
 * 5) String
 * 6) Bells
 * 7) Traffic Lights
 * 8) Cocktail Bar (mono mix)
 * 9) Four Yorkshiremen (mono mix)
 * 10) Election Special (mono mix)
 * 11) Lumberjack Song (mono mix)

Side three

 * 1) I Like Chinese (remix)
 * 2) Spanish Inquisition Part 1 (mono mix)
 * 3) Cheese Shop (remix)
 * 4) Cherry Orchard (mono mix)
 * 5) Architects Sketch (mono mix)
 * 6) Spanish Inquisition Part 2 (mono mix)
 * 7) Spam (mono mix)
 * 8) Spanish Inquisition Part 3 (mono mix)
 * 9) Comfy Chair (mono mix)
 * 10) Famous Person Quiz (mono mix)
 * 11) You Be the Actor (mono mix)
 * 12) Nudge Nudge (mono mix)
 * 13) Cannibalism (mono mix)
 * 14) Spanish Inquisition Revisited (mono mix)

Side four

 * 1) I Bet You They Won't Play This Song on the Radio (remix)
 * 2) Bruces
 * 3) Bookshop
 * 4) Do Wot John (remix)
 * 5) Rock Notes
 * 6) I'm So Worried (remix)
 * 7) Crocodile
 * 8) French Taunter
 * 9) Marilyn Monroe
 * 10) Swamp Castle
 * 11) French Taunter Part 2
 * 12) Last Word

title: The Final Rip Off


text: Template:Aomori

title: Template:Aomori