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Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas

Syed Muhammad al Naquib bin Ali al-Attas (سيد محمد نقيب العطاس ; born 5 September 1931) is a Malaysian Muslim philosopher. He is one of the few contemporary scholars who is thoroughly rooted in the traditional Islamic sciences and studies theology, philosophy, metaphysics, history, and literature. He pioneered the concept of Islamisation of knowledge. Al-Attas' philosophy and methodology of education have one goal: Islamisation of the mind, body and soul and its effects on the personal and collective life on Muslims as well as others, including the spiritual and physical non-human environment.

He is the author of 27 works on various aspects of Islamic thought and civilisation, particularly on Sufism, cosmology, metaphysics, philosophy and Malay language and literature.

Early life and education
Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas was born in Bogor, Java, Dutch East Indies into a family with a history of illustrious ancestors, saints. Some sources states his genealogical tree can be traced over a thousand years through the Ba' Alawi sayyids of Hadramaut. He was the second of three sons; his older brother, Syed Hussein Alatas later became an academian and politician. He is the cousin of the academic Ungku Abdul Aziz.

After World War II, in 1946 he returned to Johor to complete his secondary education. He was exposed to Malay literature, history, religion, and western classics in English.

After al-Attas finished secondary school in 1951, he entered the Malay Regiment as a cadet officer. There he was selected to study at Eaton Hall, Chester, England and later at the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst, UK (1952–1955). During this time he became interested in metaphysics of the Sufis, especially the works of Jami. He travelled to Spain and North Africa where the Islamic heritage had a profound influence on him. Al-Attas felt the need to study, and voluntarily resigned from the King's Commission to serve in the Royal Malay Regiment, to pursue studies at the University of Malaya in Singapore (1957–1959).

While an undergraduate at University of Malaya, he wrote Rangkaian Ruba'iyat, a literary work, and Some Aspects of Sufism as Understood and Practised among the Malays. He was awarded the Canada Council Fellowship for three years of study at the Institute of Islamic Studies at McGill University in Montreal. He received the M.A. degree with distinction in Islamic philosophy in 1962, with his thesis Raniri and the Wujudiyyah of 17th Century Acheh. Al-Attas went on to the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London where he worked with Professor A.J. Arberry of Cambridge and Martin Lings. His doctoral thesis (1962) was a two-volume work on the mysticism of Hamzah Fansuri.

In 1965, al-Attas returned to Malaysia and became Head of the Division of Literature in the Department of Malay Studies at the University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. He was Dean of the Faculty of Arts from 1968 until 1970, where he instituted more consultative reforms. Thereafter he moved to the new National University of Malaysia, as Head of the Department of Malay Language and Literature and then Dean of the Faculty of Arts. He advocated the use of Malay as the language of instruction in the university. He founded and directed the Institute of Malay Language, Literature, and Culture (IBKKM) at the National University of Malaysia in 1973.

In 1987, with al-Attas as founder and director, the International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilisation (ISTAC) was established in Kuala Lumpur. The institution was made to increase the consciousness of Islam to its students and faculty. Al-Attas incorporated Islamic artistic and architectural principles throughout the campus and grounds.

Malay literature and Sufism
He authored Rangkaian Ruba'iyyat a literary work that was among the first ever published in 1959 and the classic work, Some Aspects of Sufism as Understood and Practised Among the Malays, in 1963. His two-volume doctoral thesis on The Mysticism of Hamzah Fansuri, which is the most important and comprehensive work to date on one of the greatest and perhaps the most controversial Sufi scholars in the Malay world earned him the PhD in the UK in 1965.

Al-Attas engaged in polemics on the subjects of Islamic history, philology, and Malay literary history and Sha'ir. He established that Hamzah Fansuri was the originator of the Malay Sha'ir. He has also set forth his ideas on the categorisation of Malay literature and periodisation of its literary history. He contributed to the history and origin of the modern Malay language.

His commentaries on the ideas of Fansuri and al-Raniri are the first definitive ones on early Malay Sufis based on 16th- and 17th-century manuscripts. In fact he discovered and published his meticulous research on the oldest extant Malay manuscript, wherein among other important matters, he also solved the issue on arrangements of the Malay-Islamic cyclical calendar. He was also responsible for the formulation and conceptualisation of the role of the Malay language in nation building during debates with political leaders in 1968. This formulation and conceptualisation was one of the important factors that led to the consolidation of Malay as the national language of Malaysia. As the Dean of the Faculty of Arts, University of Malaya, he implemented a more systematic implementation of Malay as an intellectual and academic language in the university.

Islam and Metaphysics
Al-Attas maintains that modern science sees things as mere things, and that it has reduced the study of the phenomenal world to an end in itself. Certainly this has brought material benefits, however it is accompanied by an uncontrollable and insatiable propensity to destroy nature itself. Al-Attas maintains a firm critique that to study and use nature without a higher spiritual end has brought mankind to the state of thinking that men are gods or His co-partners. "Devoid of real purpose, the pursuit of knowledge becomes a deviation from the truth, which necessarily puts into question the validity of such knowledge." [Islam and Secularism, p. 36]

Al-Attas views Western civilisation as constantly changing and 'becoming' without ever achieving 'being'. He analyses that many institutions and nations are influenced by this spirit of the West and they continually revise and change their basic developmental goals and educational objectives to follow the trends from the West. He points to Islamic metaphysics which shows that Reality is composed of both permanence and change; the underlying permanent aspects of the external world are perpetually undergoing change [Islam and Secularism, p. 82]

For al-Attas, Islamic metaphysics is a unified system that discloses the ultimate nature of Reality in positive terms, integrating reason and experience with other higher orders in the suprarational and transempirical levels of human consciousness. He sees this from the perspective of philosophical Sufism. Al-Attas also says that the Essentialist and the Existentialists schools of the Islamic tradition address the nature of reality. The first is represented by philosophers and theologians, and the latter by Sufis. The Essentialists cling to the principle of mahiyyah (quiddity), whereas the Existentialists are rooted in wujud (the fundamental reality of existence) which is direct intuitive experience, not merely based on rational analysis or discursive reasoning. This has undoubtedly led philosophical and scientific speculations to be preoccupied with things and their essences at the expense of existence itself, thereby making the study of nature an end in itself. Al-Attas maintains that in the extra-mental reality, it is wujud (Existence) that is the real "essences" of things and that what is conceptually posited as mahiyyah ("essences" or "quiddities") are in reality accidents of existence.

The process of creation or bringing into existence and annihilation or returning to non-existence, and recreation of similars is a dynamic existential movement. There is a principle of unity and a principle of diversity in creation. "The multiplicity of existents that results is not in the one reality of existence, but in the manifold aspects of the recipients of existence in the various degrees, each according to its strength or weakness, perfection or imperfection, and priority or posteriority. Thus the multiplicity of existents does not impair the unity of existence, for each existent is a mode of existence and does not have a separate ontological status". He clarifies that the Essence of God is absolutely transcendent and is unknown and unknowable, except to Himself, whereas the essence or reality of a thing consists of a mode of existence providing the permanent aspect of the thing, and its quiddity, endowing it with its changing qualities.

Awards and achievements
Al-Attas developed a style and precise vocabulary that uniquely characterised his Malay writings and language. He has also studied Islamic and Malay civilisations. In 1975, he was conferred Fellow of the Imperial Iranian Academy of Philosophy for his contribution in the field of comparative philosophy. He was also a speaker and an active participant at the First World Conference on Islamic Education held at Mecca in 1977, where he chaired the Committee on Aims and Definitions of Islamic Education. From 1976 to 1977, he was a visiting professor of Islamic at Temple University, Philadelphia, United States. In 1978. He chaired the UNESCO meeting of experts on Islamic history held at Aleppo, Syria.

He is the first holder of the Chair of Malay Language and Literature at the National University of Malaysia (1970–84), and as the first holder of the Tun Abdul Razak Chair of Southeast Asian Studies at Ohio University (1980–82) and as the Founder-Director of the International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilisation (ISTAC) at the International Islamic University Malaysia (since 1987). He has delivered more than 400 lectures throughout Europe, the United States, Japan, the Far East and the Muslim world. Anwar Ibrahim in 1993, appointed him as the first holder of the Abu Hamid al-Ghazali Chair of Islamic Thought at ISTAC. King Hussein of Jordan made him a Member of the Royal Academy of Jordan in 1994, and in June 1995 the University of Khartoum conferred upon him the Degree of Honorary Doctorate of Arts (D.Litt.).

He was also a calligrapher, his work was exhibited at the Tropenmuseum in Amsterdam in 1954. He planned and designed the: ISTAC building; the unique scroll of the al-Ghazali Chair (1993); the auditorium and mosque of ISTAC (1994); as well as their landscaping and interior decor.

Honour of Malaysia

 * : Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (P.S.M.) (2011)

Ancestry
Syed Naquib is of mixed ancestry; His father, Syed Ali al-Attas, was the son of a Hadhrami Arab preacher and a Circassian noblewoman. On his father's side, Syed Naquib was the son of a Hadhrami Arab and a Sundanese noblewoman.

Books and monographs

 * (1959) Rangkaian Ruba'iyat (Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka).
 * (1963) Some Aspects of Sufism as Understood and Practised among the Malays (Singapore: Malaysian Sociological Research Institute).
 * (1968) The Origin of The Malay Sha'ir (Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka).
 * (1969) Raniri and the Wujudiyyah of the 17th Century Acheh (Kuala Lumpur: Monographs of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society).
 * (1969) Preliminary Statement On A General Theory of The Islamization of The Malay-Indonesian Archipelago (Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka).
 * (1970) The Mysticism of Hamzah Fansuri (Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press).
 * (1970) The Correct Date of the Terengganu Inscription (Kuala Lumpur: Museum Department).
 * (1971) Concluding Postscript to The Origin of The Malay Sha'ir (Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka).
 * (1972) Islam dalam Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Melayu (Kuala Lumpur: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia).
 * (1975) Comments on the Re-Examination of Al-Raniri's Hujjatu’l Siddiq: A Refutation (Kuala Lumpur: Museum Department).
 * (1977) Islām: Faham Agama dan Asas Akhlak (Kuala Lumpur: Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia (ABIM))
 * (1978) Islam and Secularism (Kuala Lumpur: Muslim Youth Movement of Malaysia (ABIM); reprint, Kuala Lumpur: International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilisation (ISTAC), 1993).
 * (1980) The Concept of Education in Islam (Kuala Lumpur: Muslim Youth Movement of Malaysia (ABIM); reprint, Kuala Lumpur: International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilisation (ISTAC)).
 * (1986) A Commentary on the Hujjat al-Siddiq of Nur al-Din al-Raniri: Being an Exposition the Salient Points of Distinction between the Positions of the Theologians, the Philosophers, the Sufis and the Pseudo-Sufis on the Ontological Relationship between God and the World and Related Questions (Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Ministry of Culture).
 * (1988) The Oldest Known Malay Manuscript: A 16th Century Malay Translation of the `Aqa’id of al-Nasafi (Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya).
 * (1989) Islam and the Philosophy of Science (Kuala Lumpur: International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilisation (ISTAC)) (tr. into German by Christoph Marcinkowski as Islam und die Grundlagen von Wissenschaft, Kuala Lumpur: ISTAC, 2001)
 * (1990) The Nature of Man and the Psychology of the Human Soul (Kuala Lumpur: International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilisation (ISTAC)).
 * (1990) On Quiddity and Essence (Kuala Lumpur: International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilisation (ISTAC)).
 * (1990) The Intuition of Existence (Kuala Lumpur: International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilisation (ISTAC)).
 * (1992) Islam: The Concept of Religion and the Foundation of Ethics and Morality (Kuala Lumpur: International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilisation (ISTAC)).
 * (1993) The Meaning and Experience of Happiness in Islam (tr. into Malay by Muhammad Zainiy 'Uthman as Ma'na Kebahagiaan dan Pengalamannya dalam Islam, Kuala Lumpur: ISTAC; and into German by Christoph Marcinkowski as Die Bedeutung und das Erleben von Glückseligkeit im Islam, Kuala Lumpur: ISTAC, 1998)
 * (1994) The Degrees of Existence
 * (1995) Prolegomena to the Metaphysics of Islam: An Exposition of the Fundamental Elements of the Worldview of Islam (Kuala Lumpur: International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization (ISTAC)).
 * (2001) Risalah untuk Kaum Muslimin (Kuala Lumpur: International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization (ISTAC)).
 * (2007) Tinjauan Ringkas Peri Ilmu dan Pandangan Alam (Penang, Malaysia: Universiti Sains Malaysia).
 * (2011) Historical Fact and Fiction (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: UTM Press).
 * (2015) On Justice and the Nature of Man (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: IBFIM).
 * (2023) Islam: The Covenants Fulfilled (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Ta'dib International).

General references

 * M. Ismail Marcinkowski, "Dr. Marcinkowski explains what ISTAC has to offer". Education Quarterly (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) no. 7 (November–December 1999): 28–29.
 * Wan Mohd Nor Wan Daud (1998), The Educational Philosophy and Practice of Syed Muhammad Naquib Al-Attas: An Exposition of the Original Concept of Islamisation, ISTAC, Kuala Lumpur.

title: Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas


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Provincial Archives of Saskatchewan

The Provincial Archives of Saskatchewan (formerly the Saskatchewan Archives Board) is an arms-length government agency with offices in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. The archives holds public and private records which include audio tapes, video, photographs, maps, publications and other material.

History
A.S. Morton, a history professor at the University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon was a leading figure in heritage preservation in Saskatchewan. He became head of the department of history at the university as well as university librarian in 1914, just prior to the outbreak of World War I. During the war, he travelled throughout Saskatchewan, teaching university extension classes to rural communities. It was during these travels that he became aware of the urgent need to acquire and preserve Saskatchewan's documentary heritage.

Efforts were made by a number of professors at the University of Saskatchewan to develop an archival program. Government inaction and limited support stymied most of the efforts. During World War I, a provision was made for an archives branch of the Legislative Library, but the position of archivist was allowed to lapse after the death of Assistant Librarian and archivist William Trant in 1924. Meanwhile, the Legislature was overflowing with inactive government records. The solution to the overflow was to feed the records to the fires of the powerhouse nearby. The first statute to deal with the retention or disposal of archival records, the Preservation of Public Documents Act of 1920, did little to transfer documents of historic significance to the archives.

The Historical Public Records Office (HPRO) set up at the University of Saskatchewan in 1937 was the precursor to the present day Provincial Archives of Saskatchewan. Morton modelled the HPRO on the English Public Record Office. He felt it was important to make a distinction between government archives and archives containing general historic material. He was solely concerned with the preservation of government records in the early years. He spent the next seven years pursuing inactive federal government records and records of farm organizations with the aim of developing a leading research facility for prairie history. He pushed for an archives Act to create a public records policy for the province.

In March 1945, the Archives Act was passed and the Saskatchewan Archives Board was formed. Morton was not alive to see the passing of the act – he had died in January 1945. The Archives Act formalized the relationship between the University of Saskatchewan and the provincial government. A board of five was created, two members appointed by the Lieutenant Governor, two by the Board of Governors of the university. The fifth member was to be the Legislative librarian, while the Provincial Archivist sat as Secretary of the Board.

In 2004, a revised Archives Act was passed, updating the legislative framework and ensuring Saskatchewan's legislation is in line with that of other Canadian provinces.

On 24 August 2015, The Archives and Public Records Management Act was passed. As part of this act, the name of the institution was changed to the Provincial Archives of Saskatchewan.

About the Archives
The Provincial Archives of Saskatchewan holds government records, private records, business records, maps, audio tapes, photographs, moving images, architectural drawings, newspapers, and microfilm. Some archival records date back to the mid 19th century. The archival holdings document the lives of all residents of Saskatchewan – from the political, social and economic elite to the ordinary citizen.

The archives offers reference services to individuals wishing to use the archives in person or from a distance. While genealogists comprise nearly half of the users of the archives, students, professors, historians, lawyers, journalists, artists and government organizations also utilize the facilities.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Provincial Archives of Saskatchewan


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Category:Phantasy Star

Article relating to the Phantasy Star series.

title: Category:Phantasy Star


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Farallon Islands

The Farallon Islands, or Farallones, are a group of islands and sea stacks in the Gulf of the Farallones, off the coast of San Francisco, California, United States. The islands are also sometimes referred to by mariners as the Devil's Teeth Islands, in reference to the many treacherous underwater shoals in their vicinity. The islands lie 30 mi outside the Golden Gate and 20 mi south of Point Reyes, and are visible from the mainland on clear days. The islands are part of the City and County of San Francisco. The only inhabited portion of the islands is on Southeast Farallon Island (SEFI), where researchers from Point Blue Conservation Science and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service stay. The islands are closed to the public.

The Farallon Islands National Wildlife Refuge is one of 63 national wildlife refuges that have congressionally designated wilderness status. In 1974, the Farallon Wilderness was established (Public Law 93-550) and includes all islands except the Southeast Island for a total of 141 acre. Additionally, waters surrounding the islands are protected as part of the Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary.

History
The peaks of the Farallon Islands are visible from coastal areas of San Francisco and Marin County, so the Native Americans who lived in the San Francisco area were aware of them, and believed them to be an abode of the spirits of the dead. They are not believed to have traveled to the islands.

The first Europeans to see these islands were most probably the members of the Juan Cabrillo expedition of 1542, which sailed as far north as Point Reyes, but no source record of the Cabrillo expedition's actual sighting of these islands has survived. The first European to create a record of the islands that has survived was the English privateer and explorer Sir Francis Drake, on July 24, 1579. On that day, Drake landed on the islands to collect seal meat and bird eggs for his ship. He named them the Islands of Saint James because the day after his arrival was the feast day of St James the Great. The name of St James is now applied to only one of the rocky islets of the North Farallons.

The islands were apparently first given their names "Farallones" (literally, "cliffs") by Friar Antonio de la Ascencion, aboard the Spanish explorer Sebastián Vizcaíno's 1603 expedition. De la Ascension wrote in his diary, "Six leagues before reaching Punta de los Reyes (Point Reyes) is a large island, two leagues from land and three leagues northwest of this are . . . seven farallones close together." It is believed that probably for the next two centuries after Drake first recorded their existence, their rather ominous appearance, lying just off the entrance to San Francisco Bay, most likely caused the earlier mariners to prefer to skirt far to the west and offshore from the entrance to the bay, thus leading to the much later discovery of the San Francisco Bay by land over two centuries after the 1542 discovery of the islands. In 1769, the bay inlet was finally discovered soon after an overland sighting of the bay was made from what is now the Pacifica area.

In the years following the discovery of the islands, during the maritime fur trade era, the islands were exploited by seal hunters, first from New England and later from Russia. The Russians maintained a sealing station in the Farallones from 1812 to 1840, taking 1,200 to 1,500 fur seals annually, though American ships had already exploited the islands. The Albatross, captained by Nathan Winship, and the O'Cain, captained by his brother Jonathan Winship, were the first American ships sent from Boston in 1809 to establish a settlement on the Columbia River. In 1810, they met with two other American ships at the Farallon Islands, the Mercury and the Isabella, and at least 30,000 seal skins were taken. By 1818, the seals diminished rapidly until only about 500 could be taken annually and within the next few years, the fur seal was extirpated from the islands. Whether the northern fur seal or the Guadalupe fur seal were the islands' native fur seal is unknown, although the northern fur seal is the species that began to recolonize the islands in 1996.

On July 17, 1827, French sea captain Auguste Duhaut-Cilly sailed by the southernmost Farallon Island and counted the "crude dwellings of about a hundred Kodiaks stationed there by the Russians of Bodega...the Kodiaks, in their light boats, slip into San Francisco Bay by night, moving along the coast opposite the fort, and once inside this great basin, they station themselves temporarily on some of the inner islands, from where they catch the sea otter without hindrance."

After Alta California was ceded by Mexico to the United States in 1848 with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the islands' environment became linked to the growth of the city of San Francisco. Beginning in 1853, a lighthouse was constructed on SEFI. As the city grew, the seabird colonies came under severe threat as eggs were collected in the millions for San Francisco markets. The trade, which in its heyday could yield 500,000 eggs a month, was the source of conflict between the egg-collecting companies and the lighthouse keepers. This conflict turned violent in a confrontation between rival companies in 1863. The clash between two rival companies, known as the Egg War, left two men dead and marked the end of private companies on the islands, although the lighthouse keepers continued egging..

From 1902 to 1913, the former U.S. Weather Bureau maintained a weather station on the southeast island, which was connected with the mainland by cable. The results of the meteorological study were later published in a book on California's climate. Temperatures during those years never exceeded 90 °F or dropped to 32 °F. Years later, the National Weather Service provided some weather observations from the lighthouse on its local radio station.

The islands have also been mentioned in connection with the schooner Malahat as one possible site for Rum Row during Prohibition.

A high-frequency direction finding (HFDF) station was established here by the Navy during World War II. These radio intercept sites along the coast could track Japanese warships and merchant marine vessels as far away as the Western Pacific. The other stations in California were at Point Arguello, Point Saint George, and San Diego. Bainbridge Island, Washington also hosted a station. The United States Coast Guard maintained a staffed lighthouse until 1972, when it was automated.

Nuclear waste dump

From 1946 to 1970, the sea around the Farallones was used as a dump site for radioactive waste under the authority of the Atomic Energy Commission at a site known as the Farallon Island Nuclear Waste Dump. Most of the dumping took place before 1960, and all dumping of radioactive wastes by the United States was terminated in 1970. By then, 47,500 containers (55-gallon steel drums) had been dumped in the vicinity, with a total estimated radioactive activity of 14,500 Ci. The materials dumped were mostly laboratory materials containing traces of contamination. By 1980, most of the radiation had decayed.

Waste containers were shipped to Hunters Point Shipyard, then loaded onto barges for transportation to the Farallones. Containers were weighted with concrete. Those that floated were sometimes shot with rifles to sink them. Forty-four thousand containers were dumped at 37.61667°N, -123.28333°W, and another 3,500 at 37.63333°N, -123.13333°W.

In January 1951, the highly radioactive hull of USS Independence, which was used in Operation Crossroads nuclear weapons testing and then loaded with barrels of radioactive waste, was scuttled in the area. Its wreck was rediscovered in 2015.

The exact current location of the containers and the potential hazard the containers pose to the environment are unknown. According to the EPA, attempts to remove the barrels would likely produce greater risk than leaving them undisturbed.

Shipwrecks
The islands are the site of many shipwrecks. The liberty ship SS Henry Bergh, a converted troop carrier, hit West End in 1944 (all hands were saved). The USS Conestoga, a US Navy tugboat that disappeared with its 56 crew members in 1921, was found in 2009 and positively identified in 2016. (The Conestoga had sailed from nearby San Francisco, but the waters of the Farallones were never searched because the vessel was assumed to have traveled far out into the Pacific.)

On the morning of August 5, 1941, a United States Coast Guard Douglas Dolphin, V-126, likely struck a rock pinnacle on the southeast Farallon island, causing the aircraft to burst into flames. All 3 crewmen aboard were killed.

Computer scientist Jim Gray was lost at sea after setting out on a solo sailing trip from San Francisco to the Farallones on January 28, 2007. Despite an unusually thorough search, neither his body nor his boat was ever found. On April 14, 2012, the sailing yacht Low Speed Chase capsized during a race at Maintop Island, killing 5 of the 8 crew aboard.

Swimming records
Three people have successfully swum from the Farallones to the Golden Gate, with two more swimming to points north of the gate. The first, Ted Erikson, made the swim in September 1967, with the second, Joseph Locke, swimming to the Golden Gate on July 12, 2014, in 14 hours. The third person, and the first woman to complete the distance, Kimberley Chambers, made it in just over 17 hours on August 7, 2015.

On May 11th 2024, Amy Appelhans Gruber became the first and only person to have swum in the outbound direction, from the Golden Gate to SE Farralone, in just over 17 hours.

Protected area
The collecting of eggs, along with the threat of oil spills from San Francisco's shipping lanes, prompted President Theodore Roosevelt to sign Executive Order No. 1043 in 1909, creating the Farallon Reservation to protect the chain's northern islands. This was expanded to the other islands in 1969 when it became a national wildlife refuge. In 1981, Congress designated the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary, which spanned 1,279 square miles (3,313 square kilometers; 966 square nautical miles) of water surrounding the islands. This sanctuary protected open ocean, nearshore tidal flats, rocky intertidal areas, estuarine wetlands, subtidal reefs, and coastal beaches within its boundaries. In 2015, the sanctuary was enlarged north and west of the original boundary, partially surrounding Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary, to encompass 3,295 square miles (8,534 square kilometers; 2,488 square nautical miles), and the name was changed to Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary. The sanctuary is contiguous with both the Cordell Bank sanctuary and another sanctuary to the south, Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. The islands are managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, in conjunction with the Marin-based Point Blue Conservation Science (formerly Point Reyes Bird Observatory). The islands are currently the subject of long term ecological research. The Farallones are closed to the public, although birders and wildlife enthusiasts can approach them on whale watching boats, shark and marine policy education with the non profit Shark Stewards and the sail-training vessel Seaward out of Sausalito.

Geology
The Farallon Islands are outcroppings of the Salinian Block, a vast geologic province of granitic continental crust sharing its origins with the core of the Sierra Nevada. The block was rifted off far to the south of its present position and moved north with the Pacific Plate on which the islands rest. Other nearby examples of the Salinian Block include the Point Reyes Peninsula and Bodega Head. The San Andreas Fault, marking a boundary zone between the Pacific and North American Plates, passes a few miles east of the islands.

The ancient Farallon Plate is named after the islands.

Overview
The islands string northwestward from Southeast Farallon Island for 5 mi. Their total land area is 0.16 sqmi. The islands were initially exploited for bird eggs and fur seal skins, then used as a lighthouse station and a radio station. They have been protected in the Farallon Islands National Wildlife Refuge, first established in 1909 with the Southeast Farallons added in 1969, and contain the largest seabird colony in the U.S. outside of Alaska and Hawaii. The islands are part of the City and County of San Francisco, in Supervisorial District 4, mainly covering The Sunset District. They were formerly part of District 1 (Northwest), also called The Richmond District.

South Farallon Islands

 * Southeast Farallon Island (SEFI) is the largest island, with an area of 95.79 acres or 0.14970 sqmi, and is the only inhabited one. The island is pyramidal in shape and 357 ft high. The peak, Tower Hill (actually a double peak consisting of Lighthouse Hill and Little Lighthouse Hill), is the location of a lighthouse, the Farallon Island Light. The large flat area in the southeast of the island is called Marine Terrace. Immediately south of it is Mussel Flat, about 100 ft by 400 ft, which is cut off from the main island only during high tide.
 * Seal Rock (Saddle Rock), about 800 ft south of SEFI, is about 350 ft by 800 ft in size and 80 ft high.
 * Albert_Bierstadt_-_Farallon_Islands_(1872).jpg, Farallon Islands, 1872]]Maintop Island (West End) is immediately to the west of SEFI, separated by a narrow impassable gorge, The Jordan (Jordan Channel), which connects Mirounga Bay in the south to Maintop Bay in the north. It is the second largest island, and 220 ft high at Main Top hill in its eastern part. The Great West Arch, or Aulon Arch, is a rock formation in the west of the island, and Indian Head is in the south.
 * The Drunk Uncle Islets are a group of small rocks just northwest of Maintop Island.
 * Cordell Bank NMS map.jpg Island and smaller Great Arch Rock (Arch Rock) are immediately north of the northern tip of SEFI, and together about 200 ft by 350 ft in size. They are barely separated by a narrow gorge. Great Arch Rock is not to be confused with Great West Arch, a rock formation in the west of Maintop Island.
 * Sugarloaf Island (usually just referred to as Sugarloaf) is northeast of Great Arch Rock, and just slightly larger in size, with a height of 80 ft. Southwest of Aulon Island, Great Arch Rock and Sugarloaf Island, and in the northeast of SEFI, is protected Fisherman Bay.
 * Sea Lion Rock is just northwest of Aulon Island, diameter approximately 130 ft.
 * Hurst Shoal is located about one kilometer southeast of the southeastern corner of SEFI. It has a least depth of 20 ft.

Middle Farallon Island
Middle Farallon Island, 2 mi northwest of SEFI, is a 20 ft high guano-covered black rock about 65 meters in diameter, with an area of 3,362 m2. This island is informally known as "the pimple."

North Farallon Islands
North Farallon Islands, about 7 km further northwest, consist of two clusters of bare precipitous islets and rocks 31 to 85 meters high, with an aggregate area of 28,270 m2 Some of those unnamed rocks, however, have Spanish names, such as Piedra Guadalupe, Peñasco Quebrado and Farallón Vizcaíno.
 * North Farallon Island, 31 meters high, about 150 meters long north–south, 9,260 m237.7717°N, -123.10712°W
 * Island of St. James, 47 meters high, about 125 meters in diameter, 12,380 m237.76722°N, -123.10027°W
 * unnamed rock, about 85 meters in diameter, and 5,640 m2 in area37.76769°N, -123.09916°W
 * four smaller unnamed rocks, diameter 20 meters and less

Fanny Shoal
5 km WNW of the North Farallones is Fanny Shoal, a bank 3 km in extent, with depth less than 55 meters, marking the northernmost and westernmost feature of the group, albeit entirely submerged. Noonday Rock, which rises abruptly from a depth of 37 meters, with a least depth of 4 m over it at low tide, is the shallowest point of Fanny Shoal. There is a lighted bell buoy about 1 km west of Noonday Rock. Noonday Rock, formerly known as Fanny Rock, derives its name from that of the clipper ship that struck it on January 1, 1863, and sank within one hour.

Banks northwest of Fanny Shoal
The banks northwest of Fanny Shoal are not considered part of the Farallon Islands anymore, and they are outside of U.S. territorial waters. About 25 km northwest of Fanny Shoal is Cordell Bank, a significant marine habitat (38.01667°N, -123.41667°W). About halfway between Fanny Shoal and Cordell Bank is Rittenburg Bank, with depths of less than 80 meters (37.88333°N, -123.3°W).

Climate
Although Farallon Islands don't have an official weather station, satellite measurements indicate a very mild mediterranean climate due to its offshore position in the midst of the very cold California Current. The cold waters also makes it rather chilly during most of the year for a piece of land on the 37°N latitude. During the San Francisco's and Oakland's above 100 F record heat wave of 1 September 2017, the aggregate weather around Farallon Islands remained below 68 F. The islands are also subject to occasional heavy offshore winds in winter. Due to the absence of a warming nearby landmass and the cold water, winters remain mild but often cooler than San Francisco also during that time of year. Winter lows beneath 50 F are very rare in the area. Summer highs seldom rise far above 60 F.

Seabirds
The Farallon Islands are an important reserve protecting a huge seabird colony. The islands' position in the highly productive California Current and eastern Pacific upwelling region, as well as the absence of other large islands that would provide suitable nesting grounds, result in a seabird population of over 250,000. Twelve species of seabird and shorebird nest on the islands; western gull, Brandt's cormorant, pelagic cormorant, double-crested cormorant, pigeon guillemot, common murre, Cassin's auklet, tufted puffin, black oystercatcher, rhinoceros auklet, ashy storm-petrel, and Leach's storm-petrel. Since the islands were protected, common murres, which once numbered nearly 500,000 pairs but suffered from the egg collecting, oil spills and other disturbances that had greatly reduced their numbers, recovered and climbed from 6,000 birds to 160,000. Additionally, since protection, the locally extinct rhinoceros auklet has begun to breed on the islands again. The island has the world's largest colonies of western gulls and ashy storm petrels, the latter species being considered endangered and a conservation priority. The island also is the wintering ground of several species of migrants, and regularly attracts vagrant birds (about 430 species of bird have been recorded on or around the island).

Seals
Five species of pinniped come to shore on the islands, and in some cases breed. These are the northern elephant seal, harbor seal, Steller's sea lion, California sea lion, and the northern fur seal (the last of which, like the rhinoceros auklet, began to return to the island again after protection).

Sealers took 150,000 northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) from the Farallons between 1810 and 1813, followed by Russian fur hunters who lived on the Farallons and extirpated the pinnipeds from the islands. In 1996 West End Island became the fourth American northern fur seal rookery when a pup was born. The recolonizers bore tags from San Miguel Island in the Channel Islands, which had been itself recolonized in 1968. By 2006, nearly 100 pups were born. The fur seals are aggressive and have displaced larger sea lions from their territory. The high count for 2011 was 476 individuals, a 69 percent increase from the year before. By 2016, the pup count alone was 1,126, reflecting a 21% average (but highly variable) annual increase in new pups over the 21 years since recolonization. If the South Farallon Islands population reaches its estimated historical size of 100,000 individuals, it could account for approximately one-fifth of the world's northern fur seal population.

Northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) recolonized the refuge in 1959 with a confirmed pup in 1972. The elephant seal rookery on Southeast Farallon has probably reached carrying capacity.

Whales
Several species of cetaceans are found near the Farallon Islands, most frequently gray whales, blue whales, and humpback whales. Blue whales and humpback whales are most frequently found near the islands in the summer and fall, when strong upwelling may support a rich pelagic food web. Orca whales are also found around the islands. Gray whales are reliably found near the Farallones during their spring migration north and the fall and winter migration south. Some gray whales may also be found during the summer, when a few whales skip the trip north to Alaska and spend the summer months off the coast of Canada and the continental United States.

In December 2005, one humpback was rescued from netting entanglement east of the Farallones by staff of The Marine Mammal Center. The last sighting of another humpback, Humphrey, was near the Farallones in 1991. The islands are in the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary, which protects the feeding grounds of the wildlife of the refuge.

Sharks
The elephant seal population attracts a population of great white sharks to the islands. In 1970, Farallon biologists witnessed their first shark attack, on a Steller's sea lion. During the next fifteen years, more than one hundred attacks on seals and sea lions were observed at close range. By the year 2000, biologists were logging almost eighty attacks in a single season.

While the males return annually, the females return only every other year, often with fresh, deep bites around their heads. The seasonal shark population at the Farallones is unclear, with estimates from thirty to one hundred. The Farallones are unique in the size of the great whites that are attracted. The average length of a full-grown great white shark is 4 to 4.8 m, with a weight of 680 to 1,100 kg, females generally being larger than males. Farallon great whites range between the "smaller" males at 13 ft to the females, which generally range between 17 and 19 ft. (For comparison, the largest accurately measured great white shark was a female caught in August 1988 at Prince Edward Island off the North Atlantic coast and measured 20.3 ft.) A killer whale was recorded killing a great white near the Farallones in 1997. Over the decades of study, many of the individual white sharks visiting the Farallones have been nicknamed, often based on their scars and appearances, such as Gouge, The Hunchback, The Jester, and Stumpy. Stumpy, an 18-foot female great white, in particular was well known for her appearance in the BBC documentary "Great White Shark" narrated by David Attenborough and stock footage of her attacks on decoys is often utilized in more recent documentaries, and another example, Tom Johnson, a 16-foot male white shark that was featured in an episode of the 2012 season of Shark Week called "Great White Highway," is believed to be the oldest living white shark so far documented returning to the Farallones, estimated at 25–30 years old.

Some individual sharks have been tagged and found to roam the Pacific as far as Hawaii and Guadalupe Island off Baja California, returning regularly to the Farallones every year in the autumn. Satellite tracking has revealed the majority of great white sharks from the Farallones (and from other parts of California, Hawaii and the west coast of Mexico) migrate to an area of ocean dubbed the White Shark Café, 1,500 mi west of Ensenada, Baja California. The peak of activity at this location is from mid-April to Mid-July, but some sharks spend up to eight months of the year there. This island has many migratory sharks return to its waters every year.

Rodents
The islands have tens of thousands of invasive house mice that are wreaking havoc on the native ecosystem. An average of 500 Eurasian house mice occupy each of its 120 acres, with an approximate total population of 60,000.

In literature and the arts
The Farallones are briefly mentioned in Chapter 2 of Jack London's 1904 novel The Sea-Wolf as the location of the schooner Ghost. Mr Johnson gives this position of the ship to Humphrey Van Weyden.

Abby Geni's 2016 novel The Lightkeepers is set on the Farallon Islands.

The Farallon Islands and their role in the Egg War of the Gold Rush era are documented in the 2017 The Kitchen Sisters Present podcast episode "Egg Wars", in the 2019 episode "The Egg Wars" on the comedy podcast The Dollop, and in the 2020 Behind the Bastards podcast episode "The War of the Eggs".

title: Farallon Islands


text:
Scott Robinson and Charlene Mitchell

Scott Robinson and Charlene Mitchell are fictional characters and a supercouple from the Australian soap opera Neighbours. Scott was portrayed by Jason Donovan, and Charlene was portrayed by Kylie Minogue.

Development
Scott Robinson is one of Neighbours' twelve original characters conceived by Reg Watson. He was originally played by Darius Perkins, but following his dismissal from the role, it was recast to Jason Donovan, who made his debut in January 1986, as the serial moved to Network Ten. In April of that year, Kylie Minogue was introduced as Charlene Mitchell, daughter of established character Madge Ramsay (Anne Charleston). Her arrival coincided with Ten's efforts to publicise and revamp the serial to appeal to its strong teen demographic. Scott was the first character to interact with Charlene, as he mistakes her for a burglar and confronts her. Charlene then punches Scott in the mouth. Minogue ended up punching Donovan for real during the filming of the scene. Producers soon created a relationship story arc for the characters. Andrew Mercado, author of Super Aussie Soaps, wrote that Neighbours would have been "dead in the water" if it had not capitalised on the popularity of Donovan and Minogue. Their characters' relationship helped boost ratings, and the show's publicist Brian Walsh used their rumoured off-screen romance to continue the rating success.

Minogue thought the romance between Scott and Charlene also helped them become fan favourites. She explained, "In the storyline, they break up and get back together. People like Scott and Charlene being a couple. It's probably the most normal relationship in the show." TV Week's Kelly Bourne also noted that Scott and Charlene had struck a chord with fans, who felt that they could identify with them and share their "joys, the pain of their fights and their fears of breaking up." Bourne also observed that viewers were "keenly" following the development of how a scripted romance led to Minogue and Donovan's real-life relationship. On-screen, as their romance progresses, Charlene's mother tries to persuade her to date other boys, while Scott repeats his final year of school. He realises that he wants to be with Charlene and the characters were seen declaring their love for each other. Scott also declares that they will move in together and buys Charlene a gold friendship ring. Minogue said Charlene is flattered by the gesture, while Donovan thought it settled the matter that they are not going to break up. Various characters voice their shock and disapproval at how serious the couple have become in 12 months.

In May 1987, Australian television magazine TV Week ran a competition asking for reader's opinions on the controversial issue of whether the teen couple should live together. The publication thought the plot development would provoke a heated response from fans of the show, and wanted to know if they felt strongly for or against the idea. The magazine received thousands of responses and 70 per cent were in favour of seeing the couple live together. But there was concern about Scott and Charlene's ages, which, at the time, were seventeen and eighteen respectively. A critic suggested that their parents should give them "a firm smack on the backside with orders to grow up." Minogue thought the characters were a bit young to be living together, but she did not see anything morally wrong with it. She explained, "Viewers should not see the live-in relationship as sinful because we are really trying to prove how difficult life is for teenagers when they leave the security of their parents' home." Donovan had friends who were living together, and he thought it was "a very true picture of today's teenagers." After "stuffier viewers" expressed their outrage about the young, unwed couple moving in together, producers decided the couple would marry instead.

The wedding allowed a discussion about teenage sexuality, and Donovan pointed out that since AIDS, there had been "a swing back" to romance and institutionalised relationships. Minogue thought the marriage would bring controversial subjects, such as pre-marital sex and AIDS, into focus. Scott and Charlene's wedding episode was broadcast on 1 July 1987 to two million Australian viewers. The episode aired in the UK on 8 November 1988, and was watched by 20 million viewers. Minogue said the wedding was what Scott and Charlene's romance had been building up to. While Donovan said the producers thought a wedding would be "the perfect climax" to the character's relationship, as well as an instant ratings winner. As the couple went away on honeymoon, Donovan and Minogue toured Australia to promote the wedding and Neighbours. Their appearances caused riots among fans.

In 2014, Scott and Charlene's son, Daniel Robinson (Tim Phillipps), was introduced to Neighbours. Phillipps confirmed that Scott and Charlene are still together and living in Brisbane. He said they were "really loving, supportive parents" to Daniel and his sister, Madison Robinson (Sarah Ellen), who was introduced in 2016. To prepare for the role, Ellen watched footage of Scott and Charlene, and thought her character shared a number of similarities to her mother.

Following the planned cancellation of Neighbours in March 2022, both Donovan and Minogue reprised their roles as Scott and Charlene for what was then thought to be the serial's finale. They filmed their guest appearance on Pin Oak Court, which is the outdoor location for Ramsay Street. Of their return, executive producer Jason Herbison stated: "Scott and Charlene are the ultimate Neighbours couple and it would not feel right to end the show without them. We are thrilled that Jason and Kylie have come home to play a very special part in our series finale. It has been an emotional experience for them, for us and I'm sure it will be for our viewers."

Storylines
Scott meets Charlene when he mistakes her for an intruder at his neighbour Madge Ramsay's house. He soon remembers that Charlene is Madge's daughter, who has just arrived from Queensland. After an initially rocky start, the two develop a relationship despite the respective opposition of their two families, the Ramsays and the Robinsons, who have been feuding for years. The two get engaged and marry. Their marriage is tested by financial struggles and infidelity. Charlene is offered a mechanic apprenticeship in Brisbane, and her grandfather Dan Ramsay (Syd Conabere) buys the couple a house there. Charlene is forced to leave without Scott, who has to stay behind and wait for a job transfer. He joins her ten months later. They later two have children; a son, Daniel and a daughter, Madison, respectively and return to Erinsborough themselves more than thirty years later for a street party following the wedding of Toadfish Rebecchi (Ryan Moloney) and Melanie Pearson (Lucinda Cowden). They visit their old marital home, Number 24 Ramsay street, reunite with old friends Mike Young (Guy Pearce) and Jane Harris (Annie Jones) and also reconnect with Charlene's stepfather, Harold Bishop (Ian Smith) and Scott's brother, Paul (Stefan Dennis).

Reception and impact
The couple were hugely popular with Neighbours fans in both Australian and the United Kingdom, helping the show to gain high ratings after an initial rocky start. Melissa Field of TV Week said their "teenage love story captured hearts across the world" and she noted that viewers in Australia and the UK "couldn't get enough of their wholesome love". Eleanor Sprawson and Robert Fidgeon of the Herald Sun included Scott and Charlene in their list of the Top 50 TV characters. They stated "Acid-wash jeans and mullet cut did not stop Neighbours' feisty mechanic-next-door from winning Scott's heart in the definitive soapie love match of the '80s."

Scott and Charlene have been named one of television's best couples by a number of media outlets. Keith Shar of Stuff.co.nz called Scott and Charlene "the show's most famous couple". A reporter for The Daily Telegraph branded them "a supercouple and a bit of a Romeo and Juliet as their two families had an ongoing feud." Heart Radio placed them at number one on their list of Iconic TV Soap Couples, saying "Everyone's favourite teenage sweethearts had us rooting for them throughout their time together in the Australian soap. Heartthrob Scott Robinson and the gorgeous Charlene Mitchell go through their fair share of teething problems as any young couple do, but go on to get hitched and going on to having two kids together."

Writing for BBC Online, Fraser McAlpine included Scott and Charlene in his feature on 30 years of much-loved TV couples, written shortly after Minogue and Donovan sang their duet "Especially for You" at 2018 Radio 2 Live in Hyde Park. McAlpine called them "one of television's most iconic romantic pairings". He also wrote: "They were too young to handle their feelings, the archetypal teenage couple who found it hard to control the avalanche of emotions they were exposed to. Scott had to fend off pressure from his family to put his education first, while Charlene was a trainee mechanic with a short fuse and very little patience. Their arguments were frequent, the bickering constant, but through it all they formed a lasting bond."

The couple inspired the name of Australian indie rock band Scott & Charlene's Wedding. Singer-songwriter Craig Dermody explained: "I remember sitting down and watching it with my mum. I just watched it as a kid and then stopped watching it. I remember [the wedding] being massive, it was as if it was a real wedding. Like a royal wedding, but in Australia." In 2014, the couple's wedding came first in a poll to find 50 unforgettable moments in Network Ten's history. Siobhan Duck of the Herald Sun wrote "No moment in Network Ten's 50-year history has made more of an impact on Australia than the 1987 wedding of a pair of teenage bogans. To the strains of Angry Anderson's Suddenly, a young Charlene (Kylie Minogue) clad in the laciest gown that the 1980s had to offer, married her golden mullet-haired groom, Scott (Jason Donovan) before a riveted nation."

In 2020, the couple's wedding was voted 5th "most unforgettable moment in Australian TV history" by readers of The Guardian. Writing for the same newspaper, Anna Spargo-Ryan included the couple in her list of the 10 best characters, admitting that she felt some "peer pressure" to have them on the list. She also stated "Scott and Charlene are the beating heart of Neighbours! They are the reason Erinsborough exists! No woman had ever been a mechanic before Kylie Minogue arrived on the street. Here's my proposition: Scott and Charlene only work as a couple. They're your co-dependent Facebook friend with a name like 'BenAnd SarahJones'. Yes, adorable teenagers in love, but we have Baz Luhrmann for that. More drama, please."

title: Scott Robinson and Charlene Mitchell


text:
1949 New Zealand general election

The 1949 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliament's 29th term. It saw the governing Labour Party defeated by the opposition National Party. This marked the end of the 14-year First Labour government and the beginning of the First National government.

Background
The Labour Party had formed its first ministry after winning the 1935 election, and had remained in power (with gradually decreasing majorities) since then. The National Party, formed by a merger of the parties which Labour had originally ousted, gradually increased its power in Parliament; the ineffectual Adam Hamilton was replaced by Sidney Holland, and internal disputes were gradually resolved. The Prime Minister, Peter Fraser, was increasingly weary. Ongoing shortages after World War II also eroded public support for the government. The National Party's decision not to repeal Labour's social welfare policies also increased its appeal.

MPs retiring in 1949
Two Labour MPs and one National MP intended to retire at the end of the Parliament.

The election
The date for the main elections was a Wednesday 30 November. Elections to the four Māori electorates were held the day before—the 1949 elections were the last in which Māori voted on a different day. 1,113,852 people were registered to vote, although rolls for the Māori electorates were "woefully inadequate." Voter turnout for the elections is disputed, given the problems with the Māori roll—some sources place it at 93.5 percent, while others estimate 92.9 percent. Regardless, the turnout was relatively high for the time. The number of seats being contested was 80, a number which had been fixed since 1902.

Party standings
The 1949 election saw the governing Labour Party defeated by a twelve-seat margin. It has previously held a four-seat majority. Labour won a total of 34 seats, as opposed to National's 46. The popular vote was considerably closer—Labour won 47.2 percent to National's 51.9 percent. No seats were won by minor party candidates or by independents.

John A. Lee stood for as the sole Democratic Labour candidate and got 2,627 votes, coming third.

Initial MPs
The table below shows the results of the 1949 general election:

Key

|colspan=8 style="background-color:#FFDEAD" | General electorates

| Hauraki | style="background-color:;" | | colspan=3 style="text-align:center;background-color:;" | Andy Sutherland | style="text-align:right;" | 3,944 | style="background-color:;" | | style="text-align:center;" | Percival Peacock

|colspan=8 style="background-color:#FFDEAD" | Māori electorates

 * }

Table footnotes:

title: 1949 New Zealand general election


text:
MuchFACT

MuchFACT was a Canadian fund that provided grants to Canadian recording artists to help them produce music videos. FACT stands for Foundation To Assist Canadian Talent. MuchFACT was funded entirely by television cable channel Much (formerly MuchMusic) who committed a percentage of their gross annual revenues to the fund. It was previously funded by M3 (formerly MuchMore) but stopped after the channel was relaunched as Gusto.

History
VideoFACT (as it was originally known) was created in 1984 with the launch of MuchMusic as a condition of its licence applied by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC). Two years later with the launch of MusiquePlus, it also became a sponsor, as did MuchMoreMusic when it launched in 1998.

Along with the launch of MuchMoreMusic in 1998, a new fund in conjunction with VideoFACT was created called PromoFACT, to help assist in the creation of Electronic Press Kits (EPK) and website productions for Canadian artists, independent record labels and artist management companies. PromoFACT is funded exclusively by MuchMoreMusic.

Many of Canada's most influential recording artists received VideoFACT funding for their early recordings, including Sam Roberts, K-os, Céline Dion, k.d. lang, Matthew Good, The Pursuit of Happiness, Bran Van 3000, Lara Fabian, Blue Rodeo, Rascalz, Sloan, Jean Leloup, Great Big Sea, Sarah McLachlan, Death From Above 1979, Carly Rae Jepsen, Dubmatique, Aspektz and Ashley MacIsaac among others.

The approach of monetary distribution used by VideoFACT and non-associated Canadian record funding organization (FACTOR) is not without critics. In 2008, the federally commissioned Wicks Report, instigated by then Prime Minister Stephen Harper, investigated VideoFACT and its granting apparatus. Chaired by the now defunct Burlington based melodic aggressive punk band The Tirekickers, the Wicks Report identified systemic bias against several specific musical genres, including hip-hop, trip-hop, and melodic aggressive punk rock. The Wicks Report's 28 recommendations have yet to be implemented by the federal government.

In 2009, the organizations came under public scrutiny when a letter written by Unfamiliar Records founder Greg Ipp was republished on the internet - in turn promoting the idea that bigger image-based bands shouldn’t be getting such a huge amount of those finite funds as it leaves relatively little, if any, funding for the smaller up-and-coming bands. MuchFACT's executive director publicly disagreed with Ipp however, and went on record to clarify that the foundation's mandate was to support both new and existing talent.

In 2009, MusiquePlus discontinued its funding of VideoFACT, instead to focus funding on a similar French-language fund, MaxFACT. In September 2009, VideoFACT was later renamed MuchFACT.

In May 2017, the CRTC dropped the requirement for Bell Media to continue funding the program. MuchFACT was discontinued on September 26, 2017.

title: MuchFACT


text:
Louise Wischermann

Louise Wischermann (born February 25, 1974) is a former actress best known for her appearance in the science-fiction television series LEXX.

Louise Wischermann was born in Salvador, Brazil on 25 February 1974. At the age of 18, she went to Germany to study at the Gmelin München acting studio and then went on to act professionally. She is best known for her role as Lyekka, a flesh-eating plant life-form, in the science-fiction television series LEXX. Since giving up acting she has explored several business ventures.

Wischermann spends most of her time in Toronto. She is 169 cm tall and enjoys such activities as skydiving, hang gliding, swimming, horse riding and volleyball. She is fluent in English, Portuguese and Spanish and speaks some German. Her favorite music genres are jazz and percussion. In 2005, she was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis.

Filmography

 * 1986–1989: Xou Da Xuxa (Pituxa)
 * 1991: Filhos do Sol
 * 1992: Marienhof
 * 1998: Mallorca – Suche nach dem Paradies (Carmen Diaz)
 * 1998-2001: Lexx: The Series (Lyekka, Lulu)
 * 2000: Aquarela do Brasil
 * 2000: Die Wache
 * 2002: O Redentor
 * 2002: This is Hollywood/Everything About Entertainment
 * 2002: Luca's World Travel Show

title: Louise Wischermann


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mutation (cockatiel)

Mutation (cockatiel) was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

Mutation (cockatiel)
This is a very trivial item briefly describing color mutation in domesticated cockatiels. Mutation is a much bigger subject and is well covered in the article Mutation. The material in this particular article is far less technical and in my opinion is best merged into Cockatiel.

The disambiguation entry for this entry under Mutation (disambiguation) in my opinion wastes the reader's time by making an unnecessary detour (all life is subject to mutations; cockatiels are not special in this regard). --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 02:46, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I already took the liberty of removing the disambiguation entry. I have also unwikied the link to that article from Cockatiel and substituted some useful information about mutations in captive-bred cockatiels. Very pretty.  --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 14:40, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I was meaning to list this for VfD, but you got here first. Delete. [[User:Premeditated Chaos| P M  C ]] 03:10, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Essentially an orphan. Delete. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 03:15, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: DCEdwards1966 04:11, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Seems to be making things more complicated than they need to be. [[User:Mo0|Mo0 [ talk ] ]] 04:28, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. AtonX 09:00, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Paul August 21:14, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. CO GDEN  18:37, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete [[User:Squash|Squash (Talk)]] 01:07, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Johannes Widmann

Johannes Widmann (c. 1460 – after 1498) was a German mathematician. The + and - symbols first appeared in print in his book Mercantile Arithmetic or Behende und hüpsche Rechenung auff allen Kauffmanschafft published in Leipzig in 1489 in reference to surpluses and deficits in business problems.

Born in Eger, Bohemia, Widmann attended the University of Leipzig in the 1480s. In 1482 he earned his "Baccalaureus" (Bachelor of Art degree) and in 1485 his "Magister" (doctorate).

Widman published Behende und hübsche Rechenung auff allen Kauffmanschafft (German; i.e. Nimble and neat calculation in all trades), his work making use of the signs, in Leipzig in 1489. Further editions were published in Pforzheim, Hagenau, and Augsburg. Handwritten entries in a surviving collection show that after earning his "Magister" Widman announced holding lectures on e.g. calculating on the lines of a calculating board and on algebra. There is evidence that the lecture on algebra actually took place, making it the first known university lecture on this topic.

Around 1495 Widmann published the Latin writings Algorithmus integrorum cum probis annexis, Algorithmus linealis, Algorithmus minutiarum phisicarum, Algorithmus minutiarum vulgarium, Regula falsi apud philosophantes augmenti et decrementi appellata und Tractatus proportionum plusquam aureus.

He died in Leipzig.

When Adam Ries was in Erfurt between 1518 and 1522 he got to know Widmann's algebra lecture script (today in the Saxon State Library) wherefrom he took examples for his own writings.

title: Johannes Widmann


text:
Joan Puigcercós

Joan Puigcercós (born 2 December 1966 in Ripoll, Spain) is a Spanish Catalan politician who had served as president of the Republican Left of Catalonia (2008–2011). He studied philosophy and political science at the UAB.

Civic background
He was a member of the Sports and Wealth Club in Ripoll, where he acted as president of youth area between 1986 and 1988.

Political background
Joan Puigcercós was affiliated with Independentistes dels Països Catalans (Independentists of the Catalan Countries) between 1983 and 1985, and with Crida a la Solidaritat (Call to Solidarity) between 1985 and 1987. He was member of the Assemblea d’Estudiants Independentistes d’Universitat (Assembly of Independentist University Students) (1984–1989).

Puigcercós joined Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (ERC) in 1987, joining the National Executive. He also was secretary-general of the JERC between 1987 and 1994, and president of the regional division of ERC in Girona (1993–1996). From 1996 to 2001, he served as vice secretary-general of ERC. In the 24th National Congress, held in Lleida 3 and 4 July 2004, he was elected secretary-general of ERC. On 7 June 2008, he was elected president of the party, succeeding Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira. He was succeeded as secretary general by Joan Ridao i Martín.

Joan Puigcercós is a member of the Josep Irla Foundation Patronate.

Institutional background
Councillor in Ripoll Town Council (1987–1991). Deputy of the Catalan Parliament (1992–2000). He represented Barcelona in the Spanish Congress from 2000 until 2004. Since 2004, he has been the spokesperson of his parliamentary group and president of the environmental commission.

title: Joan Puigcercós


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aaron Giambattista

Aaron Giambattista was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

Aaron Giambattista
A vanity article made by the author of the marshball article, currently on VfD; was blanked by a anon who also vandalized the aforsaid VfD page. Delete JesseW 02:48, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Marginal speedy, it's hard to see this as in good faith regardless of what you assume, so it's arguably pure vandalism. Andrewa 03:26, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. the world hailed his arrival. ?? Well, I didn't. The article looks like a joke. --Gtabary 10:01, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: DCEdwards1966 15:12, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Blowin' up stuff in the woods, eh? I enjoy blowin' up vanity articles.  Could be a speedy delete, given editor's history.  Geogre 15:21, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. --MPerel 09:23, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * I must've been under a rock back in 1987. Somehow, I managed to miss this gentleman's heralded(?) arrival.  Delete. - Lucky 6.9 22:56, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:Boxing referees

title: Category:Boxing referees


text:
Ryan Longwell

Ryan Walker Longwell (born August 16, 1974 ) is an American former professional football player who was a placekicker in the National Football League (NFL). After playing college football for the California Golden Bears, he started his professional career with the San Francisco 49ers, but never played a game for the franchise. He then played for the Green Bay Packers from 1997 to 2005. He played for the Minnesota Vikings from 2006 to 2011. He also played briefly for the Seattle Seahawks during the 2012 playoffs.

Early life
Longwell attended high school in Bend, Oregon, where he played high school football for Bend High School's Lava Bears. A three-year letter winner in football as a kicker, Longwell also was the team's backup quarterback. He also played baseball as a third baseman, earning three letters in that sport. He earned all-conference honors in both sports.

In 1993, he started college at the University of California, Berkeley where he played football and earned four varsity letters. At California he served as both a punter and placekicker for the team, earning all-conference honors in the Pac-10 his senior year as a punter and second team honors as a kicker. Longwell graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English.

Green Bay Packers
Longwell was acquired by the Green Bay Packers off waivers from the San Francisco 49ers in 1997. With the Packers, Longwell played in Super Bowl XXXII, where he kicked one field goal and three extra points in their 31-24 loss to the Denver Broncos. He spent his first 9 seasons playing for the Packers, and scored over 120 points during 6 of those seasons. By the end of his 7th season in Green Bay, Longwell had passed Hall of Famer Don Hutson to become the Packers all-time leading scorer. And while Mason Crosby has since passed him, Longwell remains second on Green Bay’s all-time scoring list.

Minnesota Vikings
Longwell signed a free agent contract with the Vikings in the 2006 offseason. In his second game with the Minnesota Vikings, Longwell had one of the best performances of his career. He was responsible for all 16 of the Vikings points in a 16-13 win over the Carolina Panthers, kicking three field goals (including the game-winning field goal in overtime) and throwing a 16-yard touchdown pass on a fake field goal play in the fourth quarter. In the 2008 season finale against the New York Giants, he kicked a 50-yard field goal as time expired to help the Vikings clinch the division in a 20-19 victory.

During the 2010 offseason, Longwell, a close friend of Brett Favre, became a sort of unofficial spokesman for Favre, as the media frequently questioned him on whether Favre would return to the Vikings or retire. When Longwell picked Favre up at the airport in Minnesota on August 17, 2010, TV station helicopters followed Longwell's SUV all the way to Vikings headquarters. In 2018, he was inducted into the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame.

Seattle Seahawks and retirement
On January 8, 2013, Longwell was signed by the Seattle Seahawks after Steven Hauschka suffered a calf injury. On August 12, 2013, the Green Bay Packers announced that Longwell would retire as a Packer.

Records

 * Second leading scorer in Green Bay Packers history with 1054 points.
 * Has the second-most field goals in Green Bay Packers history with 226.
 * Kicked third-longest field goal in Green Bay Packers history (54 yards - tied with Chris Jacke and Dave Rayner)
 * Second most points by a player who never made a pro bowl (1,687) (Mason Crosby - 1,806).

Career regular season statistics
Career high/best bolded

Family and personal life
Longwell is the cousin of 1992 and 1996 Olympic athlete Michael Orr. He is married to Sarah Longwell, and they have two children, Shaye and Reece.

In 2023, Longwell joined his alma mater, California, under head coach Justin Wilcox as a senior analyst.

title: Ryan Longwell


text:
User:Saumendra

Saumendra Swain is the Software Architect from Orissa, India. Saumendra has his own Website at http://www.saumendra.com, and he regularly writes about his day to day works on his online blog http://www.saumendra.blogspot.com. Apart form the Software He does other activities on the Govt of India Projects on the Rural Develomennt and the Awareness of Technology for Crop and Farm Lands.Doing Agricultural Practice and testing different varieties and Techniques in the Cultivation of Crops like Potato, Tomatoes, OKRA or Lady's Finger, Rice, Cabbage and green leaf seedlings in Odisha. The SoftWare Developer from the Country INDIA.Cuttack,Orissa.(eLearning, WebDevelopment, Analysis)
 * Featured websites .http://www.saumendra.blogspot.com
 * Favorite Movie : TITANIC,ANAND,SHOLEY,SHINDLER's LIST,FOREST GUMP, CAST AWAY,TROY,Jurasic Park, Pirates of the Silicon Valley,
 * Favorite Actor : Aamir Khan,Tom Hanks, Bruce Lee, Jacky Chan, Pierce Bosman,Rajesh Khanna, Amitab Bachan
 * Favorite Actress : Julian Moore, Drew Barrymore, Kajol, Madhu Bala, Sridevi,
 * Favorite Place : My Village Kadampara.
 * Favorite Timepass : Sleeping ...zzzzzzzzzzz,lazy Sunday afternoons, Jumping From High, TT.
 * Favorite Food : Plain Rice and Dal in my HOME.
 * Favorite Quotes : " I am not discouraged, because every wrong attempt discarded is another step forward.---Thomas A. Edison"
 * Favorite Quest : " When Will we create Wireless Electricity..!!!!"

CategoryHomePage

title: User:Saumendra


text:
Noshaq

Noshaq, also called Noshak or Nowshak, is the second highest peak in the Hindu Kush Range after Tirich Mir at 7492 m. It lies on the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan. The north and west sides of the mountain are in Afghanistan whereas the south and eastern sides are in Pakistan. Noshaq is Afghanistan's highest mountain and is located in the northeastern corner of the country along the border with Pakistan. It is the westernmost 7000 m peak in the world. Easiest access to Noshaq is from Wakhan Afghanistan.

Climbing history
Noshaq main was first climbed by a Japanese expedition in 1960 led by Prof. Yajiro Sakato. Other members of the expedition were Goro Iwatsubo and Toshiaki Sakai. The climb followed the normal Afghanistan approach, the West ridge from the Qadzi Deh Glacier. The normal Afghanistan approach route is by the west ridge.

Noshaq East, Noshaq Central and Noshaq West were first climbed in 1963 by Austrians Dr. Gerald Gruber and Rudolf Pischenger.

The Tiroler Hindukusch-Ski-Expedition of Akademischer Alpenklub Innsbruck (Austria) made the first ski descent from the summit of Noshaq in 1970. The famous meteorologist Karl Gabl was a member of the team.

The first winter ascent was 13 February 1973 by Tadeusz Piotrowski and Andrzej Zawada, members of a Polish expedition, via the north face. It was the world's first winter climb of any 7000 m peak. Until now it is the only winter ascent of this mountain.

Between the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 and the fall of the Taliban in 2001, the mountain was very difficult to access because of political turmoil in the region. In 2011, National Geographic noted that the trail to the summit was again accessible to climbers, with hopes of opening the area up for tourism.

title: Noshaq


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Criticisms of Fox News

Fox News Bias
The article on FOX News already has a lengthy section entitled "Allegations of Bias". This page, meanwhile, is a one-sided hit piece. I'm no fan of Fox, but this is clearly not neutral, and, since the content is already covered far better elsewhere, should be deleted. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 02:56, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * Comment: The latest shot in one of our perpetual edit wars I'm afraid, see the FOX News talk page. No vote as yet. Andrewa 03:21, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Apparently, Fox News Bias has identical content to the section "Allegations of Bias". That section needs to be made neutral, and this article deleted. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 03:24, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * There aren't really any edit wars. An anon moved the content to a new page without discussion, and I moved it back. I mentioned it on the talk page, pointing out past discussions which had decided against a criticism article, and he agreed. There was no real disagreement on the subject. Rdsmith4— Dan | Talk 14:16, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I downloaded both the section FOX News and this article Fox News Bias and ran them through the diff program. They are letter-for-letter identical.  Looking at Talk:FOX News I see that the person who did the move wanted to remove what he regarded as strong POV from the main article.  I happen to disagree; the "Allegations of bias" section is for the most part a factual catalog rather than polemic, and if it appears POV to some this may be because Fox News defenders haven't got their act together and found factual information that counters the "Fox is biased" evidence.  The guy who did the move didn't find any supporters and his edit was reverted thirty minutes after it was made.  This new article is redundant, the Allegations of Bias section is well placed at present.  Delete. --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 03:26, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep but change title to "Allegiations of bias in FOX News reports" or something similar. The article on FOX News is very very long in my view and can be shortened by breaking into a separate article. --JuntungWu 05:37, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * What Juntung said. [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality/talk]] 05:43, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Improve appropriate section in Fox News.  GWO 11:38, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Even when all the POV is combed out, this is a lot of information to cram into a subsection of another article. There seems to be enough to say about this topic for its own separate entry, so I would like to see it left as such. [[User:Livajo|力伟|☺]] 13:09, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Inherently POV, given the existence of the Fox News article. Also redundant article. Geogre 15:18, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. NPOV it, merge in appropriate info from the Fox News article, and give that article a short summary of what's here. At the very least it should be redirected. - Lifefeed 15:42, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. People above argue that FOX's article should be trimmed, and this subject deserves its own mention. I'll agree to a compromise "Keep," if you're going to remove the bias section from the main article. Otherwise this is redundant nonsense. Cribcage 00:07, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, original article section serves the purpose just fine. Shane King 01:36, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The subject is noteworthy and should be discussed at length (but not so as to overwhelm the original article). I live in New Zealand and even I've heard of this issue. It is worthwhile splitting out this material into a separate article. I've added the NPOV tag to reflect the POV allegations. Will someone who's bitching about the "inherent POV" please add arguments for the opposing POV. Don't VfD to get rid of POV material - fix it! [[User:GeorgeStepanek|GeorgeStepanek\talk ]] 02:24, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Shouldn't someone who has a substantive rebuttal to any of the allegations simply edit to insert the rebuttal, or at least make a substantive comment on the talk page? The exact text in the article appears in the Fox News article and opposition has been expressed for the attempt to move the information out to another article (the link was reverted in just over 30 minutes and not restored).  I am removing the NPOV tag solely because you have not made any comment on the talk page; please feel free to restore it if and when you have a substantive POV allegation to make. --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 04:44, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I should have read Talk:FOX News in addition to the articles themselves. Please excuse my cluelessness. It's probably best to delete this page, at least until consensus is reached amongst the Fox News editors. [[User:GeorgeStepanek|GeorgeStepanek\talk ]] 21:17, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. This content was moved from FOX News without discussion, and several discussions on Talk:FOX News have decided that a criticism article would be misplaced and would breed POV. I replaced the content at the FOX News article a while ago. This is a non-issue, and the criticism article (now orphaned and obsolete) should be speedy-deleted. Rdsmith4— Dan | Talk 14:16, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Does anyone else appreciate the irony that those individuals who go out of their way like this to criticize the bias on Fox News are only making the network more famous and giving it an inflated level of importance? Fox News is a television station watched by a great many people and the subject of more than a little controversy, so it certainly deserves an article, but it is really just a small footnote in the grannd scheme of human history and does not deserve an overly long main article or extensions through ancillary articles such as this one.  Indrian 04:52, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. What this issue needs is some serious editorial scrutiny on the FOX News page and only on the FOX News page.  In our culture, speaking about Fox News inevitably results in a conversation or polemic about the bias or lack thereof in the network, making a major part of the information needed to understand such a network.  To take a major part of a topic and move it just because no one can agree on how to write it is absurd.--The[[User Talk:TheGrza| Grza ]] 08:41, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, this content should be covered in the main FOX News page. - SimonP 08:44, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - Not only is the subject already brought up in the Fox News article, this is completely POV. -- Crevaner 21:33, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, wikipedia is not for partisan propaganda! -- Old Right 23:30, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Mark Richards 01:44, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Worth Keeping provided NPOV can be maintained, but duplication with the FOX News article is unnecessary. Either Merge this piece with the main FOX News article, or alternately remove the "Allegations of Bias" content from the main article and merge that with the "Criticisms of Fox News" article and link to it.23skidoo 06:14, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge --- An NPOV way of describing FOX would probably be as "the most biased news source in the westen world", but I guess that wouldn't fly. ;-) // Liftarn

 * Comment: The parent article and the child article seem to be pretty stable; nobody seems to be keen on altering them. I suggest that this may be because a consensus has been reached by those currently editing that the section belongs in that article and the content is acceptable. --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 06:24, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. I think we should respect the collective judgement of the editors of Fox News that this content reside for now there. Paul August 21:00, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Fox is biased. In fact, you couldn't describe everything in one webpage.
 * keep The real story is at Fox News Bias, meaning there is more bias than news on Fox. The fact that they sued to protect their use of the phrase 'fair and balanced' and were literally (and I mean that literally, in the literal sense) laughed out of court is very telling. There's more material for Fox News Bias than for Fox News. the Fox News bias section can be reduced to a simple summary and the Fox News Bias article can be renamed to Fox News bias or Fox News alleged bias and expanded. Pedant 02:40, 2004 Dec 7 (UTC)
 * Keep. Xtreme! 01:21, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Note that this user made his first edit about 2 hours before this one, and seems to have had keen interest in the VfD page for a newbie. [[User:Livajo|力伟|☺]] 01:24, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Khoy

Population
In case we find that the reference I give is not adequate, here's what the previous population figure said:
 * As of 1996, the city had a population of 148,944.

However, there was no reference for this. I want to point out that the reference I have shows a 1996 figure for Khoy of 148,900, which is pretty close. --Ricky81682 02:58, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)

The World Gazetteer'' shows the following figures: --Bejnar (talk) 16:02, 29 April 2008 (UTC)
 * 1986	115 343	census	secondary
 * 1991	137 885	census	secondary
 * 1996	148 944	census	secondary
 * 2006	178 708	census	official
 * 2008	184 409	calculation

To Anon
Please keep things academic and neutral. Also, please try to edit constructively and correctly.Azerbaijani 20:17, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

Ethnic makeup
Getting information on the ethnicity of places in Iran is a real problem. Obviously there is disagreement over the ethnic makeup of Khoy. One editor said: "The city's population is mostly Azeri. Some (e.g. Ahmad Kasravi) feel that the name of Khoy is an indication that more Kurds once lived there, since Khoy is a Kurdish word meaning salt, referring to the salt mines in the region." 213.156.52.96 changed it to "The city's population is mostly [Azari].the name of city is an armanian word meaning salt, referring to the salt mines in the region." 83.254.3.12 then changed it to read: "The city's population is mostly Kurdish. The name of city is a Kurdish word meaning salt," However, the Kurdish word for salt is "xwé" or "khwé" according to an English-Kurdish Dictionary, so it is only possibly related. The Armenian word for salt "աղ" pronounced "ad" is unrelated. --Bejnar (talk) 16:02, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

http://www.mongabay.com/reference/country_studies/iran/all.html This paper based upon the US Army Country Studies, states the city of Khoy is a major Azari center within Iran. I located this after my team of native Iranian geographers stated that Khoy was indeed an Azari city.Miglewis (talk) 18:38, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

Khvoy
Please look at references before deleting them. The World Gazetteer does in fact list Khvoy as a spelling. As noted above, that would be closer to the Kurdish word for salt. --Bejnar (talk) 06:35, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

Famous people
Before adding famous people, please read Wikipedia:Notability (people). Each entry must either link to a Wikipedia article for that person, or it must have a footnote to a reliable, verifiable source. Entries that do not, will be deleted. --Bejnar (talk) 14:00, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Please only list people who qualify as notable under Wikipedia criteria. In general, either the person is already the subject of a Wikipedia article, or they are prominently named in an article (for example, as a member of a band), or you are getting started on writing that article. If the person's connection to Khoy is not mentioned in their Wikipedia article please include a source citation for that connection. If they are notable, have no article, but are prominently named in a Wikipedia article, please use a piped link to that article (and section) from their name. If you are inserting a name prefatory to writing the article about a notable person, please cite a source here in the article for that notability and for their connection to Khoy.  Thanks.  See in particular Wikipedia:Notability (people).  The listings for people who cannot be verified as to notability and connection to Khoy are subject to deletion.   --Bejnar (talk) 22:23, 15 February 2013 (UTC)

 * The names of four individuals without articles or citation to reliable sources were deleted from the "Famous people" section in the article, today. --Bejnar (talk) 22:29, 15 February 2013 (UTC)

Economy
On 15 February 2010, editor Kamranmirza aka Babakexorramdin removed the section on the economy, including the citation to an article about the lack of markets for their pumpkin seed and sunflower seeds due to cheap imports, which article also covered the acreage in production. I can see no reason to remove this information. If there is a valid reason, please open it for discussion. --Bejnar (talk) 17:40, 15 February 2010 (UTC)
 * You can put it back there but do not add Cyrilic or Latin Alphabets.--Babakexorramdin (talk) 17:51, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

Armenian population
There are a number of sources that in passing mention Armenian people living in Khoy before 1920. The article would benefit from citation to reliable sources for some explicit information. In the same vein, an IP editor has recently deleted the fully sourced information about pre-Seljuq Armenian rule in the area. It has been restored. Given that edits about ethnicity cause some people difficulty, please discuss them here before making changes to the article. --Bejnar (talk) 00:18, 9 April 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140703101259/http://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/2/pdf/jamiat_shahrestan_keshvar3.pdf to http://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/2/pdf/jamiat_shahrestan_keshvar3.pdf
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-106&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&geo=462730497

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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Khoy. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100227094239/http://www.xoy.ir/ to http://xoy.ir/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130223020745/http://www.americanbridge.net/Experience/experience_detail.php?prj_ab_id=GhotGhot04082004093855700 to http://www.americanbridge.net/Experience/experience_detail.php?prj_ab_id=GhotGhot04082004093855700
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150407030029/http://tehrantimes.com/arts-and-culture/3268-rumi-remembered-in-birth-place-of-shams to http://tehrantimes.com/arts-and-culture/3268-rumi-remembered-in-birth-place-of-shams
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090206045924/http://khoynegar.com/ to http://www.khoynegar.com/

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Can you please give the quotation of this ref please. Couldn't find on internet. Beshogur (talk) 13:43, 27 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I've added an accessible reference instead and merged the demographics section with the intro since it was repetition. The two references for an Azeri majority needs to be verified though. I can't seem to access any of them. --Semsûrî (talk) 15:12, 27 August 2020 (UTC)

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussions at the nomination pages linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 08:11, 30 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Khoy airport.jpg (discussion)
 * Khoy city Logo.jpg (discussion)
 * Khoy city.iran.jpg (discussion)
 * Plane & airport of khoy.JPG (discussion)
 * Tran yolu.JPG (discussion)

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 17:08, 11 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Fanaie.JPG
 * Khoy airport.jpg
 * Khoy havalimani.jpg
 * Khoy towers.jpg
 * Khoy views.JPG
 * Road of khoy.JPG
 * Tran yolu.JPG
 * فرودگاه خوی.jpg

title: Talk:Khoy


text:
Talk:Noshaq

"Westernmost"
I reverted the deletion of "westernmost 7,000 metre peak" since that is, in fact, a meaningful statement, in the same way that saying "Maine is the easternmost of the United States" is meaningful. Since the 7000m peaks are concentrated in one relatively small region of the globe, spanning far less than 180 degrees of longitude, there is a well-defined westernmost (and a well-defined easternmost) peak. If you think that the statement needs further amplification in the article, please discuss here. -- Spireguy (talk) 21:19, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

BBC News
I removed a copy and paste from the bbc news website about a british expedition. If you want to add this please write the article properly and reference the bbc article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.62.5.158 (talk) 11:09, 2 August 2010 (UTC)

No evidence that Fatima Sultani climbed Noshaq
I deleted sentence that Fatima Sultani climbed Noshaq. There is no evidence (no pictures from the summit, no GPS tracks, etc.) that she did and that anyone from that expedition in 2019 managed to reach the summit. It was first published by BBC and later copy/paste approach without any verification. 62.66.194.183 (talk) 21:28, 12 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Noshaq


text: Category:Grammatical number

title: Category:Grammatical number


text:
Christoph Badelt

Christoph Badelt (born 26 February 1951) is the current director of the Austrian Institute of Economic Research and professor at the Vienna University of Economics and Business. He was the Vienna University of Economics and Business's vice-chancellor from March 2002 until September 2015.

He is an economist specializing in social policy. He has done notable work in the economics of nonprofit organizations.

In 1998, Badelt, among others, was commissioned by the Austrian Government to study the state of the family in Austria. He was elected Austrian Scientist of the Year in 1999.

title: Christoph Badelt