text:
American Century

The American Century is a characterization of the period since the middle of the 20th century as being largely dominated by the United States in political, economic, and cultural terms. It is comparable to the description of the period 1815–1914 as Britain's Imperial Century. The United States' influence grew throughout the 20th century, but became especially dominant after the end of World War II, when only two superpowers remained, the United States and the Soviet Union. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the United States remained the world's only superpower, and became the hegemon, or what some have termed a hyperpower.

Origin of the phrase
The term was coined by Time publisher Henry Luce to describe what he thought the role of the United States would be and should be during the 20th century. Luce, the son of a missionary, in a February 17, 1941 Life magazine editorial urged the United States to forsake isolationism for a missionary's role, acting as the world's Good Samaritan and spreading democracy. He called upon the US to enter World War II to defend democratic values: "Throughout the 17th century and the 18th century and the 19th century, this continent teemed with manifold projects and magnificent purposes. Above them all and weaving them all together into the most exciting flag of all the world and of all history was the triumphal purpose of freedom. It is in this spirit that all of us are called, each to his own measure of capacity, and each in the widest horizon of his vision, to create the first great American Century." Democracy and other American ideals would "do their mysterious work of lifting the life of mankind from the level of the beasts to what the Psalmist called a little lower than the angels". Only under the American Century can the world "come to life in any nobility of health and vigor".

According to David Harvey, Luce believed "the power conferred was global and universal rather than territorially specific, so Luce preferred to talk of an American century rather than an empire". In the same article he called upon United States "to exert upon the world the full impact of our influence, for such purposes as we see fit and by such means as we see fit".

Early characteristics
Beginning at the end of the 19th century, with the Spanish–American War in 1898 and the Boxer Rebellion, the United States began to play a more prominent role in the world beyond the North American continent. The government adopted protectionism after the Spanish–American War to develop its native industry and built up the navy, the "Great White Fleet". When Theodore Roosevelt became president in 1901, he accelerated a foreign policy shift away from isolationism and towards foreign involvement, a process which had begun under his predecessor William McKinley.

For instance, the United States fought the Philippine–American War against the First Philippine Republic to solidify its control over the newly acquired Philippines. In 1904, Roosevelt committed the United States to building the Panama Canal, creating the Panama Canal Zone. Interventionism found its formal articulation in the 1904 Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, proclaiming a right for the United States to intervene anywhere in the Americas, a moment that underlined the emergent US regional hegemony.

After the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the United States pursued a policy of non-intervention, avoiding conflict while trying to broker a peace. President Woodrow Wilson later argued that the war was so important that the US had to have a voice in the peace conference. The United States was never formally a member of the Allies but entered the war in 1917 as a self-styled "Associated Power". Initially the United States had a small army, but, after the passage of the Selective Service Act, it drafted 2.8 million men, and, by summer 1918, was sending 10,000 fresh soldiers to France every day. The war ended in 1919 with the Treaty of Versailles. The United States then adopted a policy of isolationism, having refused to endorse the 1919 Versailles Treaty or formally enter the League of Nations.

During the interwar period, economic protectionism took hold in the United States, particularly as a result of the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act which is credited by economists with the prolonging and worldwide propagation of the Great Depression. From 1934, trade liberalization began to take place through the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act.

With the onset of World War II in 1939, Congress loosened the Neutrality Acts of 1930s but remained opposed to entering the European war. In 1940, the United States ranked 18th in terms of military power. The Neutrality Patrol had US destroyers fighting at sea, but no state of war had been declared by Congress. American public opinion remained isolationist. The 800,000-member America First Committee vehemently opposed any American intervention in the European conflict, even as the US sold military aid to the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union through the Lend-Lease program.

In the 1941 State of the Union address, known as the Four Freedoms speech, President Franklin D. Roosevelt made a break with the tradition of non-interventionism. He outlined the US role in helping allies already engaged in warfare. By August, President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill had drafted the Atlantic Charter to define goals for the post-war world. In December 1941, Japan attacked American and British territories with near-simultaneous offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific including an attack on the US fleet at Pearl Harbor. These attacks led the United States and United Kingdom to declare war on Japan. Three days later, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States, which the United States reciprocated.

During the War, the Big Four powers (the United States, United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and China) met to plan the post-war world. In an effort to maintain peace, the Allies formed the United Nations, which came into existence on October 24, 1945, and adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, as a common standard for all member states. The United States worked closely with the United Kingdom to establish the IMF, World Bank and NATO.

Pax Americana
Pax Americana represents the relative peace in the Western world, resulting in part from the preponderance of power enjoyed by the United States of America starting around the middle of the 20th century. Although the term finds its primary utility in the late 20th century, it has been used in other times in the 20th century. Its modern connotations concern the peace established after the end of World War II in 1945.

Post-1945 characteristics
The American Century existed through the Cold War and demonstrated the status of the United States as the foremost of the world's two superpowers. After the Cold War, the most common belief held that only the United States fulfilled the criteria to be considered a superpower. Its geographic area composed the fourth-largest state in the world, with an area of approximately 9.37 million km2. The population of the US was 248.7 million in 1990, at that time the fourth-largest nation.

In the mid-to-late 20th century, the political status of the US was defined as a strongly capitalist federation and constitutional republic. It had a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council plus two allies with permanent seats, the United Kingdom and France. The US had strong ties with capitalist Western Europe, Latin America, British Commonwealth, Francophonie (the French Commonwealth), and several East Asian countries (Korea, Taiwan, Japan). It allied itself with both right-wing dictatorships and capitalist democracies.

The American Century includes the political influence of the United States but also its economic influence. Many states around the world would, over the course of the 20th century, adopt the economic policies of the Washington Consensus, sometimes against the wishes of their populations. The economic force of the US was powerful at the end of the century due to it being by far the largest economy in the world. The US had large resources of minerals, energy resources, metals, and timber, a large and modernized farming industry and large industrial base. The United States dollar is the dominant world reserve currency under the Bretton Woods system. US systems were rooted in capitalist economic theory based on supply and demand, that is, production determined by customers' demands. The US was allied with the G7 major economies. US economic policy prescriptions were the "standard" reform packages promoted for crisis-wracked developing countries by Washington, DC-based international institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, as well as the US Treasury Department.

The military of the United States was a naval-based advanced military with by far the highest military expenditure in the world. The United States Navy is the world's largest navy, with the largest number of aircraft carriers, bases all over the world (particularly in an incomplete "ring" bordering the Warsaw Pact states to the west, south and east). The US had the largest nuclear arsenal in the world during the first half of the Cold War, one of the largest armies in the world and one of the two largest air forces in the world. Its powerful military allies in Western Europe (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization states) had their own nuclear capabilities. The US also possessed a powerful global intelligence network in the Central Intelligence Agency.

The cultural effect of the US, often known as Americanization, is seen in the influence on other countries of US music, TV, films, art, and fashion, as well as the desire for freedom of speech and other guaranteed rights its residents enjoy. US pop stars such as Elvis Presley, Michael Jackson, and Madonna have become global celebrities.

Criticism and usage
Critics have condemned Luce's "jingoistic missionary zeal". Others have noted the end of the 20th century and the American Century, most famously the late gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson who titled his 2003 autobiography Kingdom of Fear: Loathsome Secrets of a Star Crossed Child in the Last Days of the American Century.

With the advent of the new millennium, critics from the University of Illinois stated that it was a matter of debate whether the US was losing its superpower status, especially in relation to China's rise. Other analysts have made the case for the "American Century" fitting neatly between the US's late entry into World War I in 1917 and the inauguration of its 45th President in 2017.

Other scholars, such as George Friedman, stipulate that the 21st century will be the U.S. century: "The twenty-first century will be the American century."

title: American Century


text:
CSS Georgia (1863)

CSS Georgia, also known as State of Georgia and Ladies' Ram, was an ironclad warship built in Savannah, Georgia in 1862 during the American Civil War. The Ladies' Gunboat Association raised $115,000 for her construction to defend the port city of Savannah.

Service history
Commanded by Lieutenant Washington Gwathmey, CSN, the new warship was employed to defend the river channels below Savannah, using her cannons to prevent a Union advance on the city from the sea. When her steam engines turned out to lack sufficient power for offensive use, Georgia was anchored in the Savannah River as a floating battery, protecting both the city and Fort Jackson. Georgia had been in service about 20 months, when Sherman's March to the Sea captured Savannah by land on December 21, 1864. Her Confederate crew scuttled the ship to prevent her capture and use against the South.

Wreck
In 1866, the ship's railroad track iron rail armor was partially salvaged and the wooden hull was shattered by the underwater charges used to remove it. The wreck was then left alone and forgotten. In 1968 Georgia was rediscovered during a dredging operation of the Savannah River. The wreck was left untouched, although accidental impacts from dredging equipment and the anchors marking the site location may have damaged what remained. By 1992, all that was survived were portions of her forward and aft casemates and parts of her engines, including the boilers, shafts, propellers, and condensers. Several of her cannon were located nearby, along with assorted ordnance.

In May 2012 the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) budgeted $14 million to raise the remains of the ironclad to allow for further dredging. Archeologists working for the USACE Savannah District, assisted by teams from the United States Navy, raised a 64 ft2 section of Georgia on November 12, 2013.

Further relics are being recovered during an ongoing nine-month salvage operation in 2015, as an initiative to upgrade waterway access for deep sea vessels requires its dredging to 47 ft. As of April 2015, USACE, with archaeologists from Texas A&M University, had recovered over 1000 artifacts. The removal of ordnance and the lifting of the major remains of the casemates and machinery occurred in June–August 2015.

In the 1980s, a photograph was discovered that allegedly shows the Georgia, but it was later discovered to be fake.

Georgia was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: CSS Georgia (1863)


text:
Talk:Surrealism/Archive 5

Topic
The topic of Talk:Surrealism is the wikipedia Surrealism article, and how we can improve it. This is not the place to copy and paste lengthy texts or engage in arguments about non-wikipedia topics. Thank you for cooperating.

Wikipedia Policy
Wikipedia Policy does stipulate that a consensus is not binding.24.168.66.27 00:20, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Please link to the policy you are referring to. Of course, the 6/1 consensus in the informal poll could always be overridden by a larger consensus in another poll (and I have encouraged you to start a new poll if you are not satisfied with the old one), but until such a time that there is a consensus apparent here that differs from the one on Talk:Surrealism/Archive 04 promotion of Keith Wigdor should not be re-inserted in this article. Please do not revert on this issue again.  ~leif ☺ HELO 03:22, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Sir, you appear to be very intent on refusing my right to edit. The Wikipedia Policy regarding consensus can be found here on Wikipedia. Why don't you know about it?24.168.66.27 03:32, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I replied at User talk:24.168.66.27 because this thread is now more about users and policy than about this article.  ~leif ☺ HELO 04:11, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The Keith Wigdor paragraph is about Surrealism, why do you want to have me banned, instead of just polite disagreement?24.168.66.27 19:06, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Surrealist film and television
I propose that the Surrealist film section should be merged with the brief TV section. The film section could also be cleaned up a bit, and one film that I doubt anyone would object to adding is Waking Life. ~leif ☺ HELO 22:48, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

In what context to you wish to place the film and tv information within the surrealism article? Any information on Bunuel and Dali's film collaborations is perfect for this article, so that can stay. I do not object to the TV show, "The Prisoner" because that was a show with strong surrealist influences, plus I really liked the show too. Leif, it appears that your interest in surrealism is very limited to material that exists outside the surrealist project, why don't you try to find a picture of Andre Breton with Franklin Rosemont, or how about trying to validate much of the information already within this article.63.169.104.2 21:11, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I love the TV show, "The Prisoner". It is very surreal.24.168.66.27 18:40, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Surreal Films

This is probably the best version of this article
This is probably the best version of this article now, thanks to the new recent revisions and additions by this user Sterling. It is certainly good to see different people inputting information into this article that has been dominated by too much vague information by Daniel C.Boyer. Way too many references to the likes of his friends have ruined this article as well as surrealism. That book by Franklin Rosemont, "What is Surrealism" is the most blantant misrepresentation of facts regarding surrealism and how it should be researched.

 * Why do you say this? Can you support even one single thing you are writing?  --Daniel C. Boyer 20:25, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Rosemont dominates way too much of his own likes and dislikes and here Boyer has been trying to monopolize this article with the terrible versions as well as the other pages. Well done, Sterling! It's good to see fresh input! I love the third paragraph on Dali in this article! There is way too much Dali-bashing by this bogus, "surrealists"! There really should be more information on Salvador Dali and how he saved Surrealism!24.168.66.27 20:30, 30 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Modernism template
I've added a template feel free to add new articles to it. Stirling Newberry 00:32, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Artistic Movement
Stirling Newberry's POV that surrealism is an artistic movement is not borne out by facts yet he persists on reinserting it. --Daniel C. Boyer 16:29, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Facts, it is the most common usage of the word. Wiki rules clearly state that articles must represent in proportion to presence of points of view. This article does not, yet, meet that standard. You can complain all you like, but acting in bad faith is not going to help your cause. Stirling Newberry 16:56, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * If you are implying that I am acting in bad faith there is a certain irony here as you are the one who is acting in bad faith (pointedly ignoring every single primary source on the subject). Moreover, the cited standard certainly couldn't be true across the board.  The man on the street, when pressed, would probably not have the POV that Stalin was born in Gori, Georgia, but might well have had him born in Russia.  Should we acknowledge this as the primary POV?  If people in general used the word "communism" to refer to an artistic movement, despite the fact that no such artistic movement exists or has existed, how should this be dealt with in Wikipedia?  --Daniel C. Boyer 17:48, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)

The second paragraph by Stirling in, "Impact on Surrealism" has nothing to do with Breton
Dear Stirling, you are really new to this article and I do welcome any edits made by you and anyone else. However, you will definitely cause a severe scandal and outrage when you start making references to, "brainstorming" and the writing process that takes place in all those capitalist prisons that you mention: the business world and universities, etc. as being somewhat influenced by Breton's automatic writing and thought at the beginning of this century. Now, that I think about it, Daniel C.Boyer's input was more credible to the facts regarding Breton. Sterling, you need to read the book, "What is Surrealism" by Andre Breton and Edited and Introduced by Franklin Rosemont and decide whether it is a misrepresentation of facts or the most credible book on the subject, but you need to read it! You also need to denounce everything that surrealism seeks to destroy, in order to show that your edits are sincere to the article topic. Stirling, surrealism is a weapon and form of social revolt.24.168.66.27 18:14, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * That's one POV, there are others. Wikipedia is here to document them, not to be an annex for any particular organization or POV.  Stirling Newberry 18:32, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * What you are saying is true so far as it goes, but a POV that says that surrealism is not (amongst other things, not including "an artistic movement") "a weapon and form of social revolt" is a novel POV not espoused by surrealism itself, merely imposed upon it by the confused and those deliberately misrepresenting the movement. --Daniel C. Boyer 18:41, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Why do you insist on vomiting on your keyboard? Stirling Newberry 20:23, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Stirling, this should help you understand, look for the interview Andre Breton gave to Rene Belance that appeared in the Haiti-Journal(Dec.12 and 13, 1945) and also in Entretiens. This will enable you to have a more clear understanding of the aims of surrealism and its use of automatism to maintain and achieve total human freedom, which you will never find in the business world (CEO's and staff, "brainstorming sessions) and universities. Also, try to get a hold of the essay by Breton, "Words without Wrinkles", and one of the main sources of influence on surrealist theory on automatism, FWH Meyer's, "Human Personality and its Survival After Bodily Death" which should be mentioned in this article.24.168.66.27 20:48, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)

You can push your POV all you like, it won't change the mountain of documentary evidence treating surrealism as an artistic movement that had broad impact out side of Bretonisme. Stirling Newberry 21:06, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Dear Stirling,
 * You can push your POV all you like, but supporting it by lies is really questionable. www.surrealcoconut.com is not a group, and right on it it says "How many times must it be reiterated that surrealism is not an art movement?"  So calling www.surrealcoconut.com a group of "self-identified" surrealist artists is either a knowing lie, or you can't be bothered to read the websites you reference.  --65.174.34.14 17:24, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Stirling, "surrealcoconut" website is a total fraud and is run by the above user, obviously. It is the worst website on surrealism that I have ever seen.63.169.104.2 18:14, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Whether or not "surrealcoconut" is a "total fraud" (whatever that means) is irrelevant to my objection that in saying (apparently) that those who participate in it thus "self-identify" "as surrealist artists" when right on the home page it says that surrealism is not an artistic movement. --Daniel C. Boyer 19:54, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Dear Stirling, Stirling, I must kindly disagree with you on your above statement that I am trying to, "push" my point of view. I am not disagreeing with you on the aspects of surrealism as an artistic movement, Stirling, that I do fully support your edit addition there, but your input into the second paragraph regarding the automatic process, I do kindly disagree. If you feel so strong about it, then please explain in more detail the consequences of how, "brainstorming" sessions in the business world relate to the extreme revolutionary impact that surrealism and its use of automatism had on the world, then and now. I can tell you are a little upset and I do want to work with you, so I am awaiting your response. I do feel that it is vital to this article's integrity that everyone must focus on the foundation set forth by Andre Breton, and those who followed. I do wish that there was more EMPHASIS on Salvador Dali's IMMENSE impact and contribution to Surrealism.24.168.66.27 21:23, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Stirling, about the website, "surrealcoconut"....
Stirling, the website, surrealcoconut.com that user 65.174.34.14 is talking about is a total scam and completely full of bogus information. Stirling, please do not let the self-promotion of a scam hack artist, Eric W.Bragg, (a fugazi self-appointed surrealist) attempt to influence your right to edit the Surrealism article. Your information is very helpful to students and researchers who study surrealism. This website, "surrealcoconut" is one of those do-it-yourself free websites that is so no-budget and sophmoric(and full of lies), plus it has nothing to do with the true aspects of surrealism, that its only more of the blantant self-promotion that you see online. Surrealcoconut is a site run by a marginal nobody, Eric W.Bragg, who is trying to influence the public that he and his very small number of friends are the real surrealists. Stirling, please keep on editing this article and obtaining more of the good information that you have uploaded. Surrealcoconut is a fraud.63.169.104.2 18:01, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * It has both traffic and google hits, and therefore isn't "nobody". However, it is perfectly reasonable to include critiques - so long as they have documentable currency. There's nothing wrong with reporting the down side of what people are doing.  For example, what could be wrong with

 * The commercialization of the word surrealism has lead (Fill in the blank who) to criticize such "do it yourself" efforts as being amateurish, ungrounded in the fundamentals of the surrealist movement as outlined in (fill in the blank) and the result of being "crass self-promotion" that debases the meaning of the word. Stirling Newberry 20:06, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Or some such. Stirling Newberry 20:06, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Dear Stirling, your edits have really...
Dear Stirling, your edits have really distorted this article. You literally saturated this article with SO many art references that are really not completely true to the aims and principles of surrealism. With all due respect, you are editing this article like some kind of art critic or museum curator. I do understand that you have the right to add information, but you completely leave out ALL the most important facts and details regarding the true aims and principles of surrealism. Also, you saturated this article page with so many links to paintings, it is beyond me that you would deny any links to any collage artworks by Breton or anything by Toyen. Stirling, plus, I doubt that you even care about mentioning the MOST important figure in all of surrealism, Lautremont! Stirling, do you know who Gerome Kamrowski is? If you can add any art links on him to this article that would be nice. Or E.F.Granell.24.168.66.27 01:30, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

If you want to add more material, by all means do so. However, it must be balanced and NPOV. The anonymous pove vandalism, so far, has not been either.Stirling Newberry 01:42, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Stirling, yes, the article should be NPOV, so please help this article by uploading the necessary facts with the integrity that the aims and principles of surrealism stands for which has been established in its history to now, and is also documented in depth. Also, when someone removes or reverts your art paragraphs, it is not vandalism. Why do you even mention Pop Art in the surrealism article? This is killing it.24.168.66.27 02:22, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Dear Pov Troll
So? Stirling Newberry 02:29, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

What. Stirling Newberry 02:30, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Stirling, you know absolutely NOTHING about Surrealism! You are real lame. The article was better with Daniel Boyer's edits.24.168.66.27 18:13, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Proper surrealism was a political movement
In fact, Dali was kicked out of it... and nicknamed "Amida Dollars" (anagram) for selling out. I think he favoured the fascists in Spain.

The proper surrealists were linked with socialism and communism, although they got alienated from Stalinism proper, but there isn't much mention of this in the article.

 * Do you have a reference or citation to back up these two claims? See Cite sources. Hyacinth 18:25, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * The problem here is that the poves want the ability to "excommunicate" different usages of the word. It's like the argument between different groups as to what constitutes "real" socialism. Dali was expelled from Breton's Surrealist movement in 1937. He himself argued that in the 1950's he was not a "surrealist", but, look up his work from the 1950's in Hughes and others, and it is still listed as surrealism. The argument is over who "owns" the world surrealism. Wikipedia is dedicated to documenting all commonly used versions of a term. Stirling Newberry 18:32, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * And the article as I edited it did document that. But the article as you edit it does not document the use of surrealism to mean surrealism, rather than some non-existent "artistic movement".  --Daniel C. Boyer 20:27, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Dear Anonymous Pove Troll
That POV is already documented. Stirling Newberry 14:10, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

It's also already been trolled. Stirling Newberry 14:33, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Where? Hyacinth 19:08, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Stirling, your spelling is wrong and also..
You spelled Tanguy wrong in the article, you wrote, Targuy, and also Ernst Max!!! Also, it's Avida Dollars, not Amida Dollars, you idiot!!! Now go back and listen to your lame classical music.24.168.66.27 18:10, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * User:24.168.66.27, Please see below regarding personal attacks. Hyacinth 19:07, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Stirling's other addition, "Surrealism as an Artistic Movement" is awful and not reliable
Stirling, you and your edits are so LAME! This whole section that you added is like reading some awful art catalogue. Please let a surrealist ADD the CORRECT information!!!! More information on surrealists like ELT Mesens and Toyen, etc, etc, etc. You are real lame, Stirling, go away!!!!24.168.66.27 18:24, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * User:24.168.66.27, please see No personal attacks: "Do not make personal attacks anywhere in Wikipedia. Comment on content, not on the contributor....Discuss the facts and how to express them, not the attributes of the other party". If you continue to make personal attacks you may be temporarily blocked from Wikipedia. Thanks. Hyacinth 19:04, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Comment on Comments
You can see that I am upset as anyone LOYAL to Surrealism would be, so with all due respect, the namecalling goes on the path of a two-way street. I don't like being called a Troll either, Stirling. So, in order to prevent me from being blocked by Hyacinth, I will refrain from lashing out, but do not do it to me either. Calling someone or anyone a troll is also a personal attack.24.168.66.27 17:02, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Clearly your tactic is to provoke and to make it unpleasant for me to deal with you to the point I will go away. This is a serious breach, and indicates not merely that you can't be trusted to edit this page, but that you can't be trusted. Stirling Newberry 17:33, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Now, for Comments on Article
This article needs to be precise in its presentation of the facts regarding surrealism. Let us FOCUS and ANALYZE what perspective we can engage, so that the article can stay coherent and factual. The best source on Surrealist Art is, "Surrealism and Painting" by Andre Breton. You need to research and reference that before you decide to write a POV dominated article passage like the one on Surrealist Art. The Pop Art reference MUST GO! There is no colleration nor any adherence to any, "influence" or, "effect", or, "impression" that Surrealism had on Pop Art, becuase it just does not exist, nor should Pop Art even be mentioned in the article. There are way too many essential surrealist artists being overlooked by Stirling's additions of artists to this article as well. Stirling tells us all about the usual suspects, like Miro, Picasso, Dali, Tanguy, etc,etc, which we can all reference from any common art catalogue or book, but remember the ESSENTIAL SURREALIST ARTISTS, that you overlook to serve the dominant art world bias, and they are TOYEN (who is probably one of the most important Surrealists and Surrealist Artists ever, in my opinion), RAOUL UBAC, JINDRICH STYRSKY(who is also another MAJOR SURREALIST and SURREALIST ARTIST),WILHEIM FREDDIE(who is just as technically brilliant as Dali!!!),WILFREDO LAM, JACQUES HEROLD, CLOVIS TROUILLE, GEORGES MALKINE, etc, etc. This is just one point that I bring up. Now, how about an article passage on SURREALIST POETS? Where is there any mention of LOUIS ARAGON or RED FRONT by the way?24.168.66.27 17:20, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

"The Usual Suspects" are what most references mean by "Surrealism". The purpose of this article is to document the uses of the word which individuals are likely to encounter. The overwhelmingly likely uses include the artistic movement. Your attitude is unwiki, despotic, dishonest and trollish. It is clear that you have no intent in acting in good faith. This article is not your personal web page, that you treat it as such indicates that you have contempt for wikimedia foundation, the wikipedia project and the other editors. Stirling Newberry 17:31, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

"Your attitude is unwiki". Stirling, that is a classic!24.168.66.27 19:11, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

You might consider removing the "!" from your keyboard it would improve the quality of your writing tremendously. Stirling Newberry 19:52, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Seriously, now Stirling, this article can improve
Seriously, now Stirling, this article can improve. I will abide by all the advice given to me by Hyacinth and try to understand your edits more comprehensively. Please try to understand my position as well. This can get better. A clear distinction must be made in regards to the context of Surrealism and how it is to be documented for others to research. It must be accepted to acknowledge the foundation set by Breton and even after his passing as well. We all know that many facets of modern life have been affected by Surrealism in one way or another, but we are focusing on the true aspects of Surrealism here when we document the facts. Also, it is a fact, (most overlooked by the followers of Breton, and even Breton himself) that he, Andre Breton, was NOT the first person to stake claim to founding Surrealism, and publishing the first surrealist publication. Do we all know who Yvan Goll is?24.168.66.27 21:11, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I would also suggest not personally addressing headers to people on talk pages. Headers should be used to facilitate discussion by indicating and limiting topics related to the article. For instance, you could make a header whose title describes in a few words one problem you have with the article. This will make it easy for people to address that issue, work towards consensus, and eventually resolve the issue or dispute and improve the article. Hyacinth 21:41, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

This article can improve, however statements such as "We all know that many facets of modern life have been affected by Surrealism in one way or another, but we are focusing on the true aspects of Surrealism here when we document the facts. " show that you have no interest in "improving" the article, but in imPOVing the article. Once more: you can talk about how a group condemns others, you cannot censor documented information because you don't like it. You should also be writing to present all of the documentable POVs, not merely your particular POV. You should be balancing the presentation by the available sources. In your talk posts, Mr. 24.168.66.27 (incidentally creating an account would do wonders for your credibility), you have admited 1. My edits have are backed by sources, 2. That the contention of surrealism's wider influence is correct 3. That you do not like the state of the literature about surrealism. There means what you want to do is original work, which you should be doing under your own name, in a publication or web page. Stirling Newberry 22:04, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Hyacinth, I will follow your advice. Stirling, as regards to the issue of credibility, it really does not make any difference at all if I log in or not, just read what is presented. I have no idea if, "Stirling Newberry" is your real name and it would not make a difference if you came in here under the four octet IP. It is the article that is most important. Now, I will refrain from the remarks towards you, Hyacinth was right and I apologize if I hurt your feelings. I hope that you will not think that I am being unwiki after all. Now, as for the sources that you are referring to, Stirling, those are art sources mainly, not from books on Surrealism, or I am wrong? Please prove me wrong. I used to ask that of Daniel C.Boyer as well. Please prove me wrong. I want to be proven wrong on any issue, as long as the article is improved, that is most important. However, Stirling, I am not here to push or force my point of view, please believe me and again I apologize for my nasty remarks to you in the above posts. I was being unwiki. Now, I propose that any consensus can be reached with an open discussion on the CONTEXT of Surrealism, first, especially considering that it is beyond argument that the revolutionary aspects of surrealism and its intention to transform life by desire is the main goal of all surrealism, even those who do not follow all the guidelines set forth by Breton. For example, I completely agree with ALL of the First Manifesto of Surrealism, but I have issues with the 2nd and 3rd. I would love to know Boyer's feedback on this point, as well as yours.24.168.66.27 23:52, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Outline
First, when writing articles that have multiple documented stable points of view, it is important to be precise with language. As with many "isms" the word "Surrealism" is applied to multiple related groups of people, and as a result must have each context defined correctly, and used consistently in the article. You keep referring to "surrealism" as if it is a monolithic term or group. This is not the documentable usage: surrealism means different things in different contexts. There are numerous monographs and books on "surrealism" that mean surrealism in the visual arts, which consider the philosophical movement the same way a book on musical impressionism would consider the movement in the visual arts: a background. This is not uncommon (symbolism, classicism, romanticism, minimalism, modernism - all apply to varying, but related, movements). The article should explain clearly to a reader which is which, so that they can understand whatever it is made them look it up.

As far as I can see the material wants to be divided into the following sections:

 * 1) Surrealism as a political movement, which would focus the evolution from Dada to surrealism, on Breton manifesti and the movement formed around them, and how that movement, as a coherent movement exists today.
 * 2) Surrealism as a philosophical and literary movement. On the techniques used by surrealists to produce surrealist work.
 * 3) Surrealism as an artistic movement - which would focus on the movement in the visual arts.
 * 4) Surrealism as a genre - it's use beyond specific movements, including its influence in film, popular culture and so on, particularly in reference to those who describe their work as surreal but who have no direct connection to the various surrealist traditions/movements.

When you say "true principles of surrealism" what you mean is "not part of surrealism the political or philosophical movement." There is absolutely no reason why this should not be documented in an NPOV manner. However, Surrealism is not owned by anyone as a trade mark, it is not up to this article or its authors to determine who is, and who is not, a surrealist. Our job is to document who identifies or is labelled a surrealist, what that means in context, and what connections are to be drawn, and what controversies surround that identification. NPOV does not mean saying only nice things, it does mean attributing precisely who is saying what.

There is sufficient information in the article already - let alone what needs to be added - to take it and break it up into several sections (as postmodernism was) with a descriptive section on each, and then a reference to a main article which will be devoted specifically to that particular idea or thread in surrealism. This will also reduce the need for semantic apparatus - once a person is directed to a page on "Surrealism (visual arts)", then the introduction to that article can say "This article refers to the movement in the visual arts, (See also Surrealism (Literature))" Or whatever the other topic articles are named.

Remember the reason I bounced to this page is because I created a modernism template, and put Surrealism on it, and am working on upgrading the cultural movements categories and articles on wiki. Part of the point is to get people who are looking up "surrealism" to realize the breadth and importance of this movement. However, that means both within itself, and also in other movements as well.

Let us work together to get this article to its best form. (But yes, having a wiki account would improve your credibility).Stirling Newberry 07:59, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Stirling is right, this article can be worked out. This maybe an issue of semantics afterall. I think user 24. gets too deep into the political and philosophical aspects of the movement. Really the movement ended after Breton, we need to move on. Go for it Stirling.63.169.104.2 20:50, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Here's where I'd like to stand up for 24: documenting the movement after Breton is certainly in the range of the article, and should be, just as documenting artists who say they are surrealists should be.

I'd like to propse that we

 * 1) Agree for the time being to turn the discussion page into a sandbox. That is put a version of the article here, rework it until everyone is reasonably content with it going to the front page.
 * 2) Ask the article to be unprotected
 * 3) Create 3 subsidiary articles Surrealism (visual arts), Surrealism (genre) and Surrealism (movement).
 * 4) Move text to these articles and create tight summaries on this page.  Provide cross linking so that all 4 articles reference each other.
 * 5) Continue consultations in the belief that what is most important is to these articles up to a high level of quality.

Thoughts? Stirling Newberry 06:02, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I will support your suggestions above, they are very good. Stirling, I also suggest that it be stated as a fact that the, "official" Surrealist Movement ended in 1969 when Jean Schuster disbanded what was left of Breton's group(as documented in the books, "Revolution of the Mind" and "What is Surrealism?"). Surrealism, then became recognized as an artistic movement, which it is today. There is no proof that it is anything else. If you decide to create a section or paragraph on Contemporary Surrealism, I will support that as long as Wigdor is mentioned as a surrealist, which he is and author of Surrealism in 2004. Stirling, just to let you know that I am not reponsible for the edit war on the Surrealism article.24.168.66.27 15:04, 13 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I removed the harrassment because...
"For this reason, Wigdor is like a ghost, especially like an ugly, twinkie-eating ghost." this is an exact quote by the user, Bleedy and that is just one of many constant attacks and lies that this person has made. Stirling, I suggest that all attacks be permanently removed from this page, even the stupid, "lame" remark that I foolishly made towards you. I was real stupid for attacking you and I apologize. This user, Bleedy is out of control and beyond reason. You have to see that attacks and lies he has written over at the Keith Wigdor article, but that is old news. I want to move on and work with you and get the Surrealism article fixed for the benefit of us all. Bleedy keeps on making constant attacks and that will be a problem. Stirling, I do support your suggestions.24.168.66.27 17:08, 13 Jan 2005 (UTC)

The issue of personal attacks on this surrealism discussion page..
The issue of personal attacks on this surrealism discussion page must stop. The user Bleedy refuses to be civil, polite, understanding and willing to reach any form of compromise as you can see by the above multiple attacks.24.168.66.27 20:25, 13 Jan 2005 (UTC)

The attacks should be deleted to help this move on
Stirling, I need to hear back from you so I can delete all the attacks on this page. All of them, all around, or if you want to, is good as well. Either way, we have to get this surrealism article back on track, unprotected and working according to the suggestions that you made.24.168.66.27 00:11, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Another suggestion for compromise and to move forward
Stirling, I also suggest that we place emphasis on surrealism as an art movement, because after all, it is an art movement and the art is what stands out.24.168.66.27 00:13, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * It is hardly a compromise to give everything to one party in the conflict when that party persists in adding nonfactual information to the article. --Daniel C. Boyer 20:15, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Temporary block
I have just put a 48 hour block on both User:Bleedy and User:24.168.66.27, in response to Bleedy's personal attacks and 24.168.66.27's deleting discussion from talk pages. Both users have repeatedly been warned to follow Wikipedia guidelines and Civility and have previously been blocked for edit/revert wars. (To add my personal opinion comment: they seem to generate much noise and little signal here. ) -- Infrogmation 18:16, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Surrealism and Anarchism
I am working out an angle on the very strong bond between surrealism and anarchism as it is historically documented (fact), which you can see from this fantastic website, http://flag.blackened.net/af/org/issue44/surr.html which documents when Breton contributed to the publication Le Libertaire. I need to find the best section paragraph in the surrealism article here on Wikipedia to place the information on surrealism and anarchism, probably a whole section.24.168.66.27 02:19, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * You surely mean after Breton broke withe the Communist Party, right? Ejrrjs | What? 16:40, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

The article version by Stirling is more....
The article version by Stirling is more informative and factual than Daniel C.Boyer's point of view. My only disagreement is with the paragraph on brainstorming, but that is it. I denounce all my past remarks against Stirling and his edits. Let the record show that I support Stirling Newberry's current version today. I also would like to state that I was never responsible for the past edit war prior to this article being protected by KingTurtle, which was way too long. Stirling, I do apologize to you for all the past stupid remarks that I made towards you and I would like to see MORE SURREALIST ART information on here, so that the public and college students around the world can research this great movement. By the way, the current surrealist movement today in 2005 is an ART MOVEMENT!

 * The "current surrealist movement," which is Keith Wigdor alone, who for some reason is surrealist even though he has redefined surrealism to be everything surrealism opposes. I get it.  --Daniel C. Boyer 20:19, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Whether Boyer and his small number of friends like it or not!

 * Wigdor and his even smaller number of friends have spoken. --Daniel C. Boyer 20:19, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)

24.168.66.27 17:09, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)

A question
On the opening of this article, there is the following statement around the second paragraph (if I am correct), "Surrealist activity extends beyond traditional artforms to include utopian political ideas and actions". My question to you all: IS this statement true? Shouldn't it read, ""Surrealist activity extends beyond traditional artforms to include the overthrow of capitalist society and the total liberation of man"?24.168.66.27 06:25, 23 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Well, no. Unless you can point to where some Surrealist managed to overthrow capitalism, etc.

 * The sentence should be redone to say that this is the aim of surrealism. --Daniel C. Boyer 17:55, 23 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I'm a non-involved party just looking at the article for the first time today. My 2¢: the ongoing influence of Surrealist work and Surrealist ideas is widely recognized by art historians, cultural critics, professional artists and other relevant experts.

 * As surrealism is not and never was an artistic movement you should write, "other irrelevant experts." A man may be an expert plumber, but does that mean we should consult him about astrophysics?  --Daniel C. Boyer 17:54, 23 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I gather this has been hashed out here before, but I'd like to understand your POV. How can you claim that it never was an artistic movement (literary and across media)?  What sort of movement is it?

The idea that the Surrealist movement is still an active force in cultural life is not widely recognized. And like it or not, when preparing an encyclopedia article, expert opinion matters. Surrealism is understood, as other historic movements are, as linked to a particular place and time: boundaries of such categories are fuzzy, but the idea that ongoing "Surrealist" societies are a significant expansion or otherwise an important part of the historic Surrealist movement has not been demonstrated to the satisfaction of even a significant minority of the critical community. Because of the distance beween our world and Breton's world, if some of the contemporary "Surrealists" actually do compel the attention of critical audiences or historians--even if they manage to overthrow capitalism and liberate "man"--historians will almost certainly treat their activities as a new chapter in history, derived from Surrealism, perhaps, but nonetheless distinct. Neo-surrealism, maybe.

 * But given that there is an uninterrupted line from the past until today, how is it "neo"? And you are neglecting to mention that the Czechoslavkian group was founded back in the "historically approved" period and continues uninterrupted to the present day.  So what does this do for your analysis?  --Daniel C. Boyer 17:54, 23 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * It's "neo" because the historic impact of the original surrealist movement is clearly in the past at this point-which is not to say that it has stopped being an important cultural current. If there is a new and significant flourishing of self-declared surrealists now, historians would surely cook up a way to distinguish between the two.  Rightly so, because of the changed context, and the fact that the current flowering has to be seen in relationship to the well-established history. Look, for example, at the Theory of the Avant-Garde by Peter Berger. He talks about the early twentieth century avant-gardes, and the reappearnce of similar strategies and gestures by the mid-century artists like Yves Klein and Warhol.  The latter flourishing is dubbed "neo-avant garde."  Historians (and they are the ones who make the calls about what constitutes historic movement, like it or not) see the social context in which ideas are received as being an essential part of the definition of a movement.  Your "unbroken line" doesn't change anything.  R. Crumb is still going strong; The underground comix movement had effectively ended by 1980.  The ideas and gestures may look the same, but the context changes, and that effectively changes the meaning of those ideas and gestures. --69.3.129.29 00:38, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

But while one can claim to be a surrealist today--and I am aware that some do--and for that matter they could call themselves "romanticists" or "impressionists" or part of any other historic group, movement or tendency, the claim just isn't sufficient to make them count as part of the movement that did something worthy of writing about. Each generation has to force it's own way into the history books. --68.164.132.125 06:58, 23 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * "Jose Pierre, Andre Breton's assistant and member of the Paris Surrealist Group documented this group, which was historic fact. Please do not remove this fact."

I won't get in an edit war, but the question is, of all the things that could appear in a short article about the large topic of surrealism, is this an important fact? I'd say no, clearly not. The version you reverted included the gist of the sentence that mentioned this West Coast group, the inclusion of which at all seems marginal.

Read, "L'Univers Surrealiste" (editions Somogy, 1983) and please do not remove it again, thank you.24.168.66.27 01:03, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

The fact that this very tenous connection to Andre Breton seems so important to you would sem to support the idea that there's not much basis for including them here. There were substantial west coast art movements that had a great deal to do with surrealism that I don't think are mentioned in the article at all--the "Dynaton" group, for example. --68.164.132.125 07:17, 23 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Just out of curiousity...
Who wrote this, "A few American managers have been quick to see the interest of such a technique at the level of employee relations: those who can express themselves can have more. "Organize brainstorming sessions for us!" they tell the specialists: "this will show our employees that we care about their ideas, because we're asking them what they think!" The technique is rapidly becoming a vaccine against the revolutionary virus."?

and why?24.168.66.27 00:57, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I included the material to document the POV that creativity techniques are drawn from surrealism. The article dates from the late 1950's and documents this POV. I am not endorsing the text or its conclusions, but after repeated challenges from others on the link between "brainstorming" and "surrealism", particularly Breton's techniques of writing, it seemed necessary to provide more extensive citation and context. As for who, the original was unsigned in the journal that published it. Stirling Newberry 03:01, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I cut down the brainstorming material as in my view (though I am open to arguments otherwise) it is far too extensive for an article on surrealism, not about brainstorming; on second thought, I think this should be acknowledged. --65.174.35.65 17:19, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

An idea for the second paragraph in the introduction
I propose that the word, "utopian" should be changed to, "revolutionary", that is all for the second paragraph. Other than that the, "employee relations" paragraph later on in the article should really be removed and maybe (just to help), some information that researchers could be really impressed with, but I really am having much difficulty in accepting the, "employee relations" paragraph, I think it really kills the article. Stirling, is there another alternative to this addition?24.168.66.27 01:22, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

It's a documentable POV on Surrealism's influence. I chose this particular reference because it seemed to also encapsulate the hostility that many surrealists feel towards the relationship. Stirling Newberry 03:03, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Dear Daniel C.Boyer...
Daniel, when you read the following introduction from the article that, "Surrealism is an art movement", and then this statement on the Talk page, "And like it or not, when preparing an encyclopedia article, expert opinion matters", what do you think?

 * I think that the expertise has to be relevant to the subject in question. An expert in basket-making's expert opinion on planetary orbits doesn't matter.  --Daniel C. Boyer 17:26, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Daniel, you have to admit that this is inevitable, unless you can prove your case that surrealism is not an art movement.

 * It has already been exhaustively proven. To start with, read the Manifesto of Surrealism.  Where in this do you get the idea that surrealism is an art movement?  --Daniel C. Boyer 17:26, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Remember Daniel, you are one of the surrealists who contributed to the, "Surrealist Subversions" book and I think that there is a burden of proof on your part to prove your case that surrealism is not an art movement. Daniel, surrealism is an art movement and will always be remembered as an art movement, even your friends stage Surrealist Art Shows, and even they cannot escape the inevitable that surrealism is an art movement and it is the ART that stands out most of all.65.174.35.65 01:31, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Saying that "it is the ART that stands out most of all" is POV. Edit the article to express this POV, but as POV.  --Daniel C. Boyer 18:56, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Please do not personally address headers on article talk pages (Talk:Surrealism). Article talk pages are for discussion the articles. If you need to reach another user please go to their user talk page (User talk:Daniel C. Boyer). Hyacinth 01:25, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Stirling's version is much better than Boyer's
Stirling's version is much better than Boyer's. Also, Daniel C.Boyer reverted this article 4 times today, thus he violated the Wiki 3 revert policy. I think he should be temporarily banned for his blantant actions today.63.169.104.2 22:31, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I did not revert the article 4 times today. I edited it.  --Daniel C. Boyer 02:59, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Let's just work on the article. There are also numerous sublinks that are also stubs. There is also a great deal of history, from the interwar period forward, that needs to be detailed. Stirling Newberry 00:45, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Surrealism/Archive 5


text:
User talk:Jg325

Leonard Schrader
Tahnks for your contribution to the article. I had left it out originally because I felt it was covered in the filmography but it really does improve the article-FateSmiled&DestinyLaughed 13:19, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

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Ordinals
Hello Jg325, please check 2010 Redistricting of French Legislative Constituencies about English numerals. I don't know if you typed the Number correct or the suffixes, in Pas-de-Calais' 3th constituency and some more. --Diwas (talk) 20:39, 19 September 2011 (UTC)

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Susan and God plot details
Sorry to bug you, but part of the plot details you added for the movie Susan and God back in January cuts off mid-sentence, to wit: "While they all blow off Susan's musings, it sticks with them and" ...and what? I'd also check into the matching of the plural "musings" with the singular "it". Suggest changing "musings" to something in the singular, perhaps "advice". 108.1.70.36 (talk) 10:03, 8 August 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Jg325


text:
American Lutheran Church

The American Lutheran Church (ALC) was a Christian Protestant denomination in the United States and Canada that existed from 1960 to 1987. Its headquarters were in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Upon its formation in 1960, The ALC designated Augsburg Publishing House, also located in Minneapolis, as the church publisher. The Lutheran Standard was the official magazine of The ALC.

The ALC's immigrant heritage came mostly from Germany, Norway, and Denmark, and its demographic center was in the Upper Midwest (with especially large numbers in Minnesota). Theologically, the church was influenced by pietism. It was slightly more conservative than the Lutheran Church in America (LCA), with which it would eventually merge. While officially it taught biblical inerrancy in its constitution, this was seldom enforced by such means as heresy trials.

The ALC was a founding member of the "Lutheran Council in the United States of America", which began on January 1, 1967. The ALC cooperated with the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod in many ventures, but the ties came to an end when talks concerning a merger of The ALC with the Lutheran Church in America began.

After six years, in 1966, Canadian congregations of the ALC formed the autonomous Evangelical Lutheran Church of Canada (ELCC), which in 1986 joined with the Lutheran Church in America – Canada Section (LCA-CS) (former LCA congregations in separate regional synods in Canada) to form the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada (ELCIC).

Formation
The American Lutheran Church was formed in 1960 out of the following Lutheran church bodies:

American Lutheran Church (1930–1960)
The first American Lutheran Church was formed in 1930 by a merger of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Iowa and Other States (est. 1854), the Lutheran Synod of Buffalo (est. 1845), and the Evangelical Lutheran Joint Synod of Ohio and Other States (established 1818 from Ministerium of Pennsylvania), with headquarters in Columbus, Ohio. After the merger of 1960, this body was informally referred to as the "old American Lutheran Church" or the "first American Lutheran Church" to distinguish it from the later body into which it had been absorbed. The merged body was named "The American Lutheran Church" (with "The" as part of the official title and therefore capitalized), which was abbreviated "TALC." Hence "ALC" designates the 1930-1960 body while "TALC" designates the 1960-1987 body.

Evangelical Lutheran Church
The Evangelical Lutheran Church, established in 1917 and known from its founding until 1946 as the Norwegian Lutheran Church of America (NLCA). The NLCA had itself been formed from a merger of the Hauge Synod (established 1876), the Norwegian Synod (established 1853), and the United Norwegian Lutheran Church of America (established 1890).

United Evangelical Lutheran Church
The United Evangelical Lutheran Church, founded in 1896, and known until 1946 as the United Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church. The UDELC had been formed from a merger of the Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church Association in America (the "Blair Church", established 1884) and the Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church in North America (the "North Church", established 1894).

Lutheran Free Church
The Lutheran Free Church, which had broken away from the United Norwegian Lutheran Church in 1897, joined the ALC on February 1, 1963. Forty Lutheran Free Church congregations chose not to participate in the merger, and instead formed the Association of Free Lutheran Congregations, today the sixth-largest Lutheran denomination in the U.S. with over 250 congregations.

Ordination of women
The ALC began ordaining women as ministers/pastors in December 1970, when the Rev. Barbara Andrews became the second woman ordained as a Lutheran minister in the United States. In 1970, a survey of 4,745 Lutheran adults by Strommen et al., found that 66% of ALC Lutherans surveyed agreed that women should be ordained, compared with 75% of LCA Lutherans and 45% of LCMS Lutherans. The first Native American woman to become a Lutheran minister in the United States, the Rev. Marlene Whiterabbit Helgemo, was ordained by the ALC in July 1987.

ELCA Merger
On January 1, 1988, The American Lutheran Church ceased to exist when it, along with the Lutheran Church in America and the Association of Evangelical Lutheran Churches, joined to form the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with its new headquarters in the Lutheran Center on West Higgins Road in suburban Chicago, Illinois. At the time of the merger, The ALC was the third largest Lutheran church body in the United States, behind the Lutheran Church in America and Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod.

In 1986, just before its merger into the ELCA, The ALC had 7,671 pastors, 4,959 congregations, and 2,319,443 members. The ALC brought approximately 2.25 million members into the ELCA. Twelve conservative ALC congregations that did not want to participate in the merger formed the American Association of Lutheran Churches, which has since grown to 87 congregations.

Presidents/presiding bishops

 * 1960–1970 Fredrik A. Schiotz
 * 1971–1973 Kent S. Knutson
 * 1973–1987 David W. Preus

Use of the term presiding bishop as an alternative for the term general president was approved in 1980.

Colleges

 * Augsburg University, Minneapolis, Minnesota
 * Augustana University, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
 * California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, California
 * Capital University, Columbus, Ohio
 * Concordia College, Moorhead, Minnesota
 * Dana College, Blair, Nebraska
 * Luther College, Decorah, Iowa
 * Pacific Lutheran University, Parkland, Washington
 * St. Olaf College, Northfield, Minnesota
 * Texas Lutheran University, Seguin, Texas
 * Wartburg College, Waverly, Iowa
 * Waldorf Jr. College, Forest City, Iowa, now a four-year college

Seminaries

 * The Evangelical Lutheran Theological Seminary, Columbus, Ohio (shared with LCA after 1978 due to its merger with the Hamma Divinity School of Wittenberg University)
 * Luther Theological Seminary, Saint Paul, Minnesota (shared with the LCA after merger with Northwestern Theological Seminary in 1982)
 * Wartburg Theological Seminary, Dubuque, Iowa
 * Pacific Lutheran Theological Seminary, Berkeley, California (shared with the LCA)

National General Conventions

 * 1960 The ALC Constituting/General Convention, Minneapolis, Minnesota
 * 1962 1st, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
 * 1964 2nd, Columbus, Ohio
 * 1966 3rd, Minneapolis, Minnesota
 * 1968 4th, Omaha, Nebraska
 * 1970 5th, San Antonio, Texas
 * 1972 6th, Minneapolis, Minnesota
 * 1974 7th, Detroit, Michigan
 * 1976 8th, Washington, D.C.
 * 1978 9th, Moorhead, Minnesota
 * 1980 10th, Minneapolis, Minnesota
 * 1982 11th, San Diego, California
 * 1984 12th, Fargo, North Dakota and Moorhead, Minnesota
 * 1986 13th, Minneapolis, Minnesota
 * 1987 Closing convention, Columbus, Ohio

title: American Lutheran Church


text:
Hearst, Ontario

Hearst is a town in the district of Cochrane, Ontario, Canada. It is located on the Mattawishkwia River in Northern Ontario, approximately 92 km west of Kapuskasing, approximately 520 km east of Thunder Bay along Highway 11. At Hearst, Highway 583 extends northward to Lac-Sainte-Thérèse and southward to Jogues, Coppell and Mead.

Hearst is well-known for its prevalent French-Canadian culture. Just over 96% of the town's residents speak French as their mother language, the highest proportion in Ontario, and the dialect of French in Hearst is particularly known for being nearly indistinguishable from the French spoken in Québec.

History
The town was established as a divisional point of the National Transcontinental Railway in 1913, 208 km west of Cochrane and 201 km east of the divisional point of Grant. There is some indeterminacy with the name Grant as the original site of Hearst was also called Grant and was changed to Hearst in 1911.

Hearst was named to honour William Howard Hearst, then Ontario Minister of Forests and Mines and later Premier of Ontario. It was incorporated in 1922. Many settlers to the town originally came from the province of Quebec. Many also came from Europe and other regions in Canada and the USA.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Hearst had a population of $4,794$ living in $2,254$ of its $2,373$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $5,070$. With a land area of 98.06 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Economy
Hearst has a long tradition of being a "lumber town". Currently the major employers include a Greenfirst hardwood and softwood facility as well as a plywood mill operated by Columbia Forest Products.

Arts and culture
93.7% of Hearst's population is francophone. Different cultures can be found in Hearst such as Finn, Slovak, Bulgarian, Chinese, Portuguese, Greek, Ukrainian, First Nations and also Black Canadians.

The town is home to the Université de Hearst, formerly a federated school of Laurentian University in Sudbury. The Hearst Public Library was founded on December 17, 1974. In its beginning, the library was situated in the basement of the Hearst High School where it shared its space with the school library. On June 4, 1984, the library moved to its present location, 801 George Street (formerly Stedman's). Hearst is a four-season destination. Many years ago, the town proclaimed itself the Moose Capital of Canada. Local outdoor activities include fishing, hunting, snowmobiling, cross-country skiing, camping, swimming, canoeing, and golf.

Transportation
Hearst is served by Hearst (René Fontaine) Municipal Airport.

Hearst was the northern terminus for a Canadian National Railways-operated passenger train service from Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, running over the tracks of the former Algoma Central Railway. Hearst is the northern terminus for Ontario Northland's coach service.

Education

Hearst has both elementary and high schools (public and Catholic). It also has the Université de Hearst, a post-secondary institution that was formerly federated with Laurentian University in Sudbury. Education can also be sought at the collegiate level with the Collège Boréal.

Radio
Hearst's only local radio service is provided by CINN-FM, a community radio station. All other radio stations available in the community are rebroadcasters of stations from Kapuskasing, Timmins or Sudbury.

Television
Hearst used to be served by CBCC-TV and CBLFT-TV-5, rebroadcasters of the Toronto-based CBLT-DT (CBC Television) and CBLFT-DT (Ici Radio-Canada Télé) respectively, but the transmitters were shut down in 2012 due to budget cuts at the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.

Notable people

 * Réginald Bélair, politician
 * René Fontaine, politician. Hearst (René Fontaine) Municipal Airport is named in his honour.
 * Doric Germain, writer whose books centre on Franco-Ontarian heritage
 * Claude Giroux, professional hockey player
 * Claude Larose, professional hockey player
 * Rumun Ndur, professional hockey player
 * Eric Sorensen, journalist
 * Pierre LeBrun, journalist

title: Hearst, Ontario


text:
Drop registrar

A drop registrar is a domain name registrar who registers expiring Internet domain names immediately after they expire and are deleted by the domain name registry. A drop registrar will typically use automated software to send up to 250 simultaneous domain name registration requests in an attempt to register the domain name first. In recognition of the potential abuse of such a "domain land rush", ICANN and VeriSign limited the number of simultaneous requests to 250 since July 17, 2001.

Drop registrars usually work for a domain back-order service, and receive a percentage of the final auction price.

title: Drop registrar


text:
File:Kansas - Monolith.jpg

Cover for album Monolith by Kansas.

Fair use rationale for

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright

title: File:Kansas - Monolith.jpg


text: User talk:4.4.210.246

title: User talk:4.4.210.246


text:
Monolith (Kansas album)

Monolith is the sixth studio album by American progressive rock band Kansas, released in 1979 (see 1979 in music). The album reached No. 10 on the Billboard album charts, marking their third straight (and last) studio album to reach the top ten.

Overview
Their first studio album to be produced by the band themselves, Monolith would be the third studio album release by Kansas to rank in the Top Ten of the Billboard album chart. However, Monolith would prove to be a commercial disappointment in the face of bad reviews and the lack of a high-impact hit single. The lead single "People of the South Wind" stalled in the Top 30 of the Billboard Hot 100 in August 1979, causing the rush release of "Reason to Be" as the second single: much-likened to Kansas' signature hit "Dust in the Wind",   "Reason to Be" would nowhere near approximate that 1978 Top Ten hit's success, the Hot 100 peak of "Reason to Be" being #52.

On their 80-city US tour, the band's set list featured the entire album early in the tour, though by the time the tour ended, about half the songs had been cut from the live set in favor of older numbers. A national broadcast of their show at Alpine Valley, Wisconsin on this tour featured the entire album and is one of the most popular unissued live recordings of the band. Believing that fans didn't like Monolith, they did not perform any of the songs again until the mid-1990s, when they revived "People of the South Wind" and "Reason to Be" briefly. The opening track, "On the Other Side", has since been featured in performances on and off on tours, including for the Device – Voice – Drum DVD, although not appearing on the DVD itself. With the arrival of a revamped lineup over the past 5 years, songs such as "Reason to Be" and "People of the South Wind" have been added to the setlist at various times.

Following the US Monolith tour, the band had its first tour of Japan, in January 1980. The band performed four songs from Monolith on their Japanese tour: "People of the South Wind," "Stay Out of Trouble," "How My Soul Cries Out for You" (the set closer featuring a dramatic performance including a body dropping from the ceiling), and "On the Other Side" (which was released as an edited picture sleeve single in Japan). A special promotional album entitled Kansas Monolith Tour 1980 in Japan was issued to radio stations there to publicize the dates and featured three songs from Monolith and five of their earlier popular songs.

Monolith initially sold about 800,000 copies, obtaining gold status, but ultimately went platinum in the early 1990s. Kerry Livgren donated his platinum record to the Kansas State Historical Society. The album stayed on the Billboard album chart for a total of 24 weeks, and was one of the Top 100 charting albums (#100) for the calendar year 1979.

Even though MTV was still two years away, promotional music videos were produced for four tracks on Monolith: "On the Other Side", "People of the South Wind", "Away from You", and "Reason to Be".

Livgren's lyrics on Monolith were partly influenced by The Urantia Book, of which he was a devotee before his conversion to Christianity.

Cover art
As Phil Ehart, drummer for the band Kansas, shared with Jeb Wright (a legendary rock radio and print interviewer) in a Goldmine interview called "Behind the Paintbrush", Ehart told stories about the artwork for Kansas album covers, including Monolith:

"Bruce Wolfe, an artist that did a Levi’s commercial, did that album cover. He had done one of the first animated commercials on television. By the time CBS approached him, he had been doing some album covers. We had sent him the song “People of the South Wind” and he sent back this fricking painting … it was huge. It was not a drawing; it was a real painting of this Indian whose headdress was a space helmet. There were all of these overpasses that were broken and there were a bunch of Indians on the back that looked like they were at a Boy Scout camp or something. He did an incredible job. He took our logo and made it work. It was always a challenge to take that logo and make it look cool. He used the features on it and it really worked. Again, what an icon … it was a 9-foot-tall Native American chief wearing some sort of buffalo robe and a space helmet with horns. The guy must have done a lot of drugs, but we thought it was really cool."

Release history
The album was remastered and reissued in 2011, as a Japanese import vinyl-replica Blu-spec CD (Epic EICP 20078) including the rarity live version of "On the Other Side" previously available only on the 1994 Legacy-issued Box Set. A domestic version of the remaster was released in standard CD format in the US as part of Legacy Recordings' Classic Album Collection series which included all of their Kirshner/CBS studio releases. A Dutch-issued "Music on CD" series released the album on CD in 2016. It was last of the albums with the original lineup to be re-released on vinyl. Three different colored vinyl versions appeared in 2018 and 2019.

Reception
The album received negative reviews. John Swenson of Rolling Stone, who had previously reviewed Point of Know Return, was far less pleased with Monolith, particularly criticizing the album's pretentiousness ("this band is just an American version of the Moody Blues and Emerson, Lake and Palmer: "serious" music that turns up its nose at rock & roll's expressiveness and substitutes bombast for emotion.") and the awkward hemming and hawing lyrics (citing "And if I seem too inconclusive/It's just because it's so elusive" as an example).

Steve Bond in the Los Angeles Times opined that while Kansas had fulfilled its inaugural promise as heir apparent to prog rock veterans Yes and Emerson Lake & Palmer with their 1977 breakout hit "Carry On Wayward Son", Monolith would indicate that "success [has] bred complacency", the album lacking the "variety and spice" of the band's precedent output: "[Although Kansas'] six members are all solid musicians who can dish out reasonably inventive, attractively textured rock & roll [they] apparently can't resist the temptation to recreate the overblown, showy instrumentals and ponderously empty lyrics symptomatic of those [prog rock veterans] at their worst."

Robert Taylor of AllMusic retrospectively awarded the album two stars out of five, commending the band's fine playing while criticizing an exhaustion of their musical style and an overall lack of direction. He particularly criticized the "juvenile" lyrics and a shifting focus towards mainstream radio.

Record World said of the single "Reason to Be" that "Dramatic vocals and extravagantly produced instrumental colors make a moving statement."

Personnel

 * Kansas
 * Steve Walsh – keyboards, lead and backing vocals
 * Kerry Livgren – guitars, keyboards
 * Rich Williams – guitars
 * Robby Steinhardt – violin, backing vocals, lead vocals on "Angels Have Fallen," "How My Soul Cries Out for You," and "Stay Out of Trouble," anvil
 * Dave Hope – bass
 * Phil Ehart – drums

 * Additional musicians
 * The O. K. Chorale – background vocals on "Angels Have Fallen"

 * Production
 * Kansas – producer, cover concept
 * Brad Aaron, Davey Moiré – engineers, mixing at Capricorn Studios, Macon, Georgia
 * Les Horn, Steve Tillisch, David Pinkston – assistant engineers
 * Tom Drennon – art direction and design
 * Bruce Wolfe – illustration
 * Neal Preston – photography

title: Monolith (Kansas album)


text:
Talk:Monolith (Kansas album)

The album cover features an indian in a space helmet with horns on it standing in front of what appears to be the World Trade Center Twin Towers rendered in stone behind which is a lunar scene featuring what appears to be ruins of some sort of built habitation. THe term Monolith in the album title therefore refers to the black monolith from Kubricks "2001 - A Space Odyssey" implies the album cover is telling us there is something on the moon and it has to do with human history/spirituality and our present period. That the band is known to have esoteric influences underscores this interpretation. The song "On THe Other Side" therefore refers to the "other side" of the astral veil, or the state of in-between lives. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.113.204.238 (talk) 01:09, 21 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Monolith (Kansas album)


text:
Logansport

Logansport is the name of some places in the United States:
 * Logansport, Indiana
 * Logansport, Louisiana
 * Logansport, West Virginia

title: Logansport


title: File:Quixote03.jpg