text:
User talk:Primalchaos

S-mine picture
Hey,

I saw the s-mine article you nominated for peer review, and i decided to nominate a diagram from the article as a featured picture canidate. You can check out and comment about that here.-- ZeWrestler  Talk 12:29, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Marcus Aurelius bust
I am writing to inform you that unfortunately the bust of Marcus Aurelius you are using in your page was wrongly attributed. It is infact a bust of Septimius Severus (see image talk). --Panairjdde 08:13, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

DYK

 * And the article, by the way, is very well done. Nice job. 152.17.63.85 03:12, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:Robert anton wilson.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Robert anton wilson.jpg. I notice the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this file yourself, then there needs to be a justification explaining why we have the right to use it on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you did not create the file yourself, then you need to specify where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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Image:M1897shotgun.jpg
This image needs a source and a proper license. Rmhermen 16:30, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

Image:Ww2marineshotgun.jpg
This image needs a source to support its current license. Rmhermen 16:30, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

Image tagging for Image:Space_rogue_cover.jpg
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B-2 image on United States
Hi Primal chaos! I was curious as to why you removed the B-2 image from the US article; I thought it fit in well. Feel free to respond on my talk page. Thanks! | A ndonic O  Talk 01:51, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

Oh, okay. Thanks for explaining. | A ndonic O  Talk 02:03, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

Re:
Thanks for your message, but they deleted the article anyway, even though it could have been "no consensus". It is difficult for me to keep my cool when people who themselves have strong POVs are attacking me for the same thing. Thats frustrating. Look at the bunch of articles on Islam, for example - why aren't these same people screaming about the anti-Islam POV and unreliable sources there?? You see this is what it comes down to, delete this, delete that. It's their fear and their hatred. Instead of adding a counter POV, they only know how to delete and attack and defame. Is unfortunate that Wikipedia works better in theory than in practice, but this is the human nature. Khodavand 05:45, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

Democratic Party
Trying for a NPOV on the Democratic Party article. Center-Left should describe Democrats and Center-Right Republicans. Which party is more "Centrist" is a POV I think. Oleanna1104 01:32, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

Thanx for adding that citation about Beautiful Day. Interesting:) Oleanna1104 22:52, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

Response to Primalchaos concerning use of the phrase "also known as The Democrat Party". I understand what you are saying, but is WIKI about accuracy or about political correctness? Regardless of the positive or negative connotation some choose to place on the noun 'Democrat' or the adjective 'Democratic', the issue here is not one of spin. The specific issue is whether the 'subject' of the Wiki article, the American political party commonly known as 'The Democratic Party' is 'also known as' -- or known by -- other words. And also whether those words are ones commonly applied to the subject, and commonly understood to mean the subject. If the answer is yes, then incorporating the words that the subject is 'also known as' is a valid and appropriate usage, and that includes whether or not one chooses to interpret those 'other words' in positive or negative light. I will also post this message on the article's discussion page. Fungible 09:40, 05 January 2008 (UTC)

300 Edits
You need to reference your contributions to Wikipedia. Your recent additions tot he 300 article are very likely going to be reverted by the first editor that comes along. Considering how many people are reading too much into the movie as it is, the only material that will be allowed to remain is that which is cited from a reliable source. If you cannot cite your addition, you would be doing everyone a service by removing it yourself until you can cite the information properly.Arcayne 14:11, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Not toput words into Bignole's mouth, but I think he's referring to the fact that, while the info you cited is solid stuff, its connection to the film (ie, the perception that Thermoplylae is the turning point in the war and not Salamis) needs to be made by someone more authoritative (referentially-speaking) than yourself - someone whose opinion can be cited. I know you are making good faith edits, and I don't want you to lose heart that your edits aren't being appreciated. Trust me, they are. :)
 * Perhaps you can find a source that ties the two together?Arcayne 15:15, 12 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Just added it.--Primal Chaos 15:16, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

Edit Summaries
Please do not leave edit summaries like this one again as they can be interpreted as hostile. Thank you.--Jersey Devil 05:57, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

A late thank you
For the Barnstar. Settler 08:12, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

Shotguns
Hello, the term "Zombie Wacker" is used as slang for shotgun. As it is slang, I am having difficulty finding an academic citation. As you can see at the forums at Shotgun World the term "Zombie Wacker" or "Zombie ammo" etc. is common.BirdHunters 15:23, 11 May 2007 (UTC)
 * If you can find a more scholarly source and a better source of 'real' slang rather than just Internet forums, put it up there. Shotty and Pump, for instance, are very widespread and can be found in slang dictionaries compared to the other.--Primal Chaos 16:47, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

Republican Party
Quite a little ruckus indeed. Thanks for letting me know; it's appreciated. -- Cielomobile talk / contribs 19:59, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:OCP Robocop.jpg)
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Question regarding a source you provided
I've posted a question regarding a source you provided at Talk:Republican Party (United States). A clarification would be appreciated. Thank you. --Tim4christ17 talk 20:02, 24 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your prompt and thorough response. [[Image:smile.png]] --Tim4christ17 talk 12:57, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

Democratic Party (United States) Introduction
Congratulations on finding such a good source for this edit; hopefully this will solve the problem, and will last longer than the first edit I made to the introduction, which struck a similar note. With the new reference though, I think you've raised the standard to a level that would be hard to justify altering in future. Beneficientor 07:04, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

Bootleg Turn In SVG
You Might be interested to know that I created an SVG version of you Image:bootlegturn.png. You Can find it here Image:bootleg-turn.svg. Cheers --Inkiwna 01:25, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

When The Nightingale Sings
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shotgun revert
OMG thank you for reverting my change, my internet sucks and hasnt been letting me connect to revert it. Thanks for doing it. Bones Brigade 02:16, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Genies compared.png
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Image source problem with Image:Shotgun-skeet.jpg
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Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Primalchaos! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to insure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. if you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 19:45, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
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File permission problem with File:Lorax rover.jpg
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Cosmological Argument
I noticed your comments about "Evangelists" in the CA. I seem to be fighting the same sort of dogmatic thinking and religious vandalism. Willing to take up the cause with me, once more? GESICC (talk) 20:22, 18 March 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Primalchaos


text:
Anne Marie DeCicco-Best

Anne Marie DeCicco-Best (born April 1964) was the 60th and longest-serving mayor of London, Ontario, Canada.

Early life and family
DeCicco graduated from Fanshawe College's broadcast journalism program in 1986 and worked for CHYR in Leamington, Ontario, before returning in 1987 to work at CJBK and CJBX, a country music station in London as a reporter covering city hall. From 1994 to 1997, while serving on city council, she was a part-time instructor in a communications course at Fanshawe College.

Career
DeCicco was first elected to London City Council in 1991 as a councillor in Ward Five, becoming the youngest person ever to serve there, after former Ward Five councillor Grant Hopcroft made the jump to the Board of Control.

In 1996 she was an avid supporter of London's bid for the 2001 Canada Summer Games, which were subsequently awarded to London. In 1997, after two, three-year terms as a ward councillor, she topped the polls when she was elected to the London Board of Control and acted as deputy mayor and budget chief to Dianne Haskett, whom she succeeded as mayor in the 2000 election. She was re-elected to a second term in 2003.

She also serves on the board of governors of the University of Western Ontario (UWO) and the London Police Services Board.

On June 17, 2006, DeCicco married Tim Best, a 44-year-old native Londoner who'd previously lived in Texas, that she first met at the John Labatt Centre in downtown London during the 2005 Memorial Cup hockey championship.

On November 13, 2006, DeCicco-Best was re-elected for a third consecutive term as the mayor of London in the 2006 municipal election. Her main opponent was former London North Centre Liberal Member of Parliament Joe Fontana. Her victory in this election, with its four-year term mandated by the province of Ontario, made DeCicco-Best the longest-serving mayor in London's history, in office for 10 consecutive years.

On October 25, 2010, Fontana defeated DeCicco-Best in the 2010 municipal election to become the mayor of London.

DeCicco-Best currently works for Fanshawe College assisting with public relations.

Criticisms
DeCicco-Best was heavily criticized for the actions of her husband, who opened up a "for profit" check-cashing business outside the city's welfare office, was charged with six criminal counts, including impaired driving causing bodily harm, sentenced to six months in jail.

Jewish National Fund
The Jewish National Fund of London honoured Anne Marie DeCicco-Best as its 2011 London Negev Dinner Honouree. As London's longest-serving Mayor (2000-2010) and member of London City Council for 19 years, DeCicco-Best was recognized for her dedicated contributions to the community throughout her many years of public service, and her unwavering support of the Jewish community.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Anne Marie DeCicco-Best


text:
Rugal Bernstein

Rugal Bernstein (ルガール・バーンシュタイン) is a video game character created by SNK. First introduced in The King of Fighters '94, he is a recurring boss in The King of Fighters fighting game series, appearing in some titles as an enhanced version called Omega Rugal (オメガ・ルガール). As the host of the tournaments from The King of Fighters '94 and '95, Rugal plans to turn all the competitors from the tournament into stone statues as part of his collection. Despite his death in '95, Rugal is still featured in The King of Fighters titles which do not contain a storyline (nicknamed "Dream Matches"). He has also been featured in the Capcom vs. SNK series as a boss character.

His character has also appeared in other media related to The King of Fighters franchise, including comic adaptations and The King of Fighters live-action film, and portrayed by British martial arts actor Ray Park. As the first boss character from The King of Fighters, the SNK staff created him to be one of the most difficult characters to defeat. His Omega Rugal form from '95 has been noted by the staff to be their favorite boss to the point they added him in the Dream Match titles. Publications for video games and other media have provided praise and criticism for Rugal's character.

Conception and design
During development of The King of Fighters '94, several final boss designs were considered, including a masked dominatrix with a spiked whip, a long haired gentleman in a formal suit, and an early sketch of a muscular man wearing a mask and checkerboard sash around his waist. The concept for making Rugal was to make "the biggest, baddest, most evil villain imaginable," due to the planning team's love of villains, and as his character evolved a planned in-game team consisting of series bosses Geese Howard and Wolfgang Krauser was scrapped to further highlight him. The stage you fight him in was meant to reflect his personality, and at one point they considered it to be a giant mecha modeled after his appearance, before switching to an aircraft carrier. Rugal has been described by developers as "He's the only character who truly represents the ultimate KOF boss" and has become the boss character with the biggest number of appearances in The King of Fighters series, becoming a favorite character among both the developers and series artist Falcoon. The character's popularity has continued even to his appearance in The King of Fighters XV, with artist Tomohiro Nakata surprised by how acclaimed the decision to include Rugal was. Due to his multiple "deaths" in the series, developers joking added the hobby "resurrection" to his official profile.

Standing 1.97 m (6ft 5in) tall, Rugal is a blonde muscular man with a thin mustache, with his right eye missing. His normal outfit consists of a red formal tailcoat suit with black accents, fingerless gloves, a black cummerbund and ribbon tie, and a white shirt underneath. This outfit has been used for most of his casual appearances, including crossover titles such as Capcom vs. SNK: Millennium Fight 2000 and its sequel. In The King of Fighters '94, when he is defeated the first time he will toss away most of his upper clothes, now wearing a black sleeveless undershirt with his suspenders dangling loose while, and fighting more seriously.

In The King of Fighters '95, though other options were considered Rugal returned as the game's final boss with a modified design. Many ideas were considered for this version, including having him fight shirtless with a tattoo of a leopard covering his left arm and pectoral, a design with armor embedded into his flesh, and another featuring heavy cybernetic implants, with goggles covering his eyes and wires extending from his arms into his chest. A more outlandish design, called "Rugal Infinity", would have featured his body merged with Geese and Krauser, appearing as a six armed naked man with the other two men's faces sticking out of the sides of his head, akin to depictions of the god Ashura. Dubbing him "Omega Rugal", they ultimately settled on an appearance similar to his King of Fighters '94 counterpart, but with his upper body having burst from his clothing, wild white hair, cybernetic prosthetics replacing his right hand and eye, and the Greek letter "Ω" tattooed on his back. Omega Rugal later returned in King of Fighters '98, his design changed with the developers focusing on using his secondary 'serious' appearance in '94 as a base, while retaining the cybernetic red eye. This served as Omega Rugal's look from that game onwards with minimal modifications and additions, such as a costume variant adding a red longcoat and armored shoulderpads in XV as an unlockable reward for defeating him as a boss.

In video games
Rugal was introduced in the 1994 game The King of Fighters '94, as a megalomaniac arms dealer inviting fighters from all over the world to fight in his martial arts tournament, seeking worthy opponents and turning those he defeats into stone statues for his throne room. Protagonist Kyo Kusanagi and his teammates make it to the finals, where he finds his father Saisyu has already fought against Rugal and suffered a mortal blow. Angered, Kyo defeats him, but Rugal activates a self destruct sequence in an attempt to kill him. In The King of Fighters '95, Rugal organizes a new King of Fighters tournament to take revenge on Kyo. To this end, Rugal revives and brainwashes Kyo's father to kill him. After Saisyu is knocked unconscious, Rugal fights them in an enhanced form named Omega Rugal. Once defeated, his body is unable to handle the stress, and as his body disintegrates declares he will return. Omega Rugal later returns in "dream match" King of Fighters titles, non-canon entries in the series, serving as the final boss for both The King of Fighters '98 and The King of Fighters 2002, and appearing as an optional boss in their subsequent remakes. In The King of Fighters 2000, Rugal appears as a non-playable assistant character (dubbed a "striker") to Kula Diamond. After the events of The King of Fighters XIV, Rugal is revived and returns as a playable character and optional boss in downloadable content for King of Fighters XV.

In pachinslot games including The King of Fighters Pachinslot and KOF Fatal Fury pachinko games, Rugal appears.

In other fighting games, Rugal appears as the final boss of King of Fighters R-2 for the NeoGeo Pocket Color, a chibi parody of King of Fighters '98 in which he is creating clones of other fighters, and upon defeat self-destructs his aircraft carrier with a cartoon bomb. In crossover titles, Rugal appears in both Capcom vs. SNK titles, and as an optional boss fight. In it, a cutscene shows Rugal and Street Fighter character Akuma fighting, with the former defeating the latter and absorbing his essence before casting him aside. This version of Rugal, dubbed "God Rugal" ("Ultimate Rugal" in western releases), appears in a disheveled version of his suit with darkened skin, both his eyes and right hand glowing a bright red, and gains access to several of Akuma's attacks. When defeated, Rugal tries to continue to fight but the stolen essence overtakes him much to his shock, transforming him into a being resembling Akuma before vanishing.

Outside of fighting games, he appears on cards for SNK vs. Capcom: Card Fighters Clash and its sequels, as well as VersusTCG, a physical trading card game based on the first game. In mobile games, he appears as a boss in a King of Fighters themed event for Puzzle & Dragons.

Gameplay
When designing his gameplay, flagship director Toyohisa Tanabe stated that his fighting style was created to emphasize Rugal's strength as the series' first boss character. He also comments "going a bit overboard" with his Genocide Cutter technique damage ratio in The King of Fighters '94. His Dead-End Screamer special move was originally a technique in which Rugal breaks the neck of his opponent and crushes it. However, it was seen as lacking drama, so it evolved into a move in which he breaks his victim's neck, crushes the victim, and then further spins the victim around to do more damage, striking a pose at the end of the move. In addition an idea was planned for him to be able to instantly learn and utilize any attack used against him. However this feature was abandoned due to memory restraints, and his use of Kaiser Wave and Reppuken, moves belonging to Krauser and Geese respectively, is a remnant of this concept. His The King of Fighters '98 move set was noted to be strongest of all his appearances, and was carried forward to XV with his playable version having slightly different moves to balance the character.

In other media
Aside from the main series, Rugal has also appeared in other media from the King of Fighters series. Rugal appears in the first chapter from the spin-off manga The King of Fighters: Kyo, showing his fight against Kyo Kusanagi from King of Fighters '95. In 1995, the character was voiced by Banjō Ginga in the Dengeki Bunko-produced CD drama The King of Fighters - King of Fighters '94, a retelling of the story from the video games. In the manhua The King of Fighters: Zillion, one of the stories is based on King of Fighters 2002, in which Rugal confronts another lead character from the series, K'.

In the 2010 live-action film adaptation of The King of Fighters, Rugal is played by veteran actor Ray Park.

Reception and cultural impact
Rugal's high difficulty in King of Fighters '94, notably during his second phase, led to fighting game fans coining the term "SNK Boss syndrome", in reference to when a computer-controlled opponent in a fighting game is extremely difficult to play against to the point of feeling "outright broken". Retro Gamer cited that his attacks copied from other fighters gave him a "formidable foundation", and that his own suite of attacks coupled with his lore of killing defeated opponents by turning them into statues them made him "the ultimate boss". Darren Bonthuys of GameSpot called him "the boss of bosses", stating that he played like a culmination of every previous boss in other SNK fighting games, "but better". 1UP.com described his Omega Rugal design as "one of the most stylish boss designs in fighting history, although more than a few gamers grew to hate the sight of him," and praised his absence in King of Fighters '96. However, the magazine RetroManiac called him "one of the most charismatic bosses in the saga", and praised his inclusion in even handheld versions of King of Fighters. Eliot Lefebvre of Dualshockers in turn named him one of fighting game's most iconic characters, stating that his high difficulty coupled with his lore made him an exception amongst fighting game villains in that he was as memorable as the player characters themselves. He further added that even in cases where Rugal was playable, "Rugal is remembered as a boss."

Gavin Jasper of Den of Geek praised Rugal's character as a villain, comparing him to Capcom's Street Fighter antagonists with "He’s what M. Bison wishes he could be," and "he proves that as great as Akuma is, his power is better wielded by a megalomaniac with the gift of style and swagger." Going into more detail with the latter, he added that while other crossover fighting games such as Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite would routinely feature a "merged" villain from their respective franchises, Rugal's approach of stealing Akuma's techniques and how he utilized them with his own style set him apart. He further praised Rugal by stating despite all incarnations of the character being incredibly difficult to fight, "the dude has so much swagger and radiates such coolness that I can’t hate him. He’s Rugal Goddamn Bernstein and we’re better for knowing him." Jasper noted that while Rugal returned for "dream match" games in the series, in his eyes solidifying himself as "THE villain of King of Fighters", he felt the character didn't wear out his welcome. Instead he stated Rugal was defined as much by his weakness as his strengths, namely in regards to his deaths in the King of Fighters and Capcom vs. SNK titles due to absorbing too much power, describing it as "classic villainy".

In Mexico where the King of Fighters franchise is extremely popular, Rugal's presence as a playable character has led to his picture being plastered on arcade cabinets with a statement not to select him, specifically stating "Prohibido jugar con Rugal" (lit. "Forbidden to play with Rugal"). A Spanish scholarly paper discussing human nature and the social norms of sportsmanlike conduct also mentioned Rugal in this context, and political figure Jaime Rodríguez Calderón specifically asked people not to use him when suggesting they play The King of Fighters among other video games during a "Game Day" celebration. However Brazilian anthropology researcher Deyse Brandão in a dissertation cited Rugal as an example of a popular nickname amongst young students in her country, in the same vein as "Stark" or "Naruto", with the students applying the character's symbolism towards themselves as a form of identity.

title: Rugal Bernstein


text:
John Leyton

John Dudley Leyton (born 17 February 1936) is an English retired actor and singer.

Leyton as a singer is best known for his hit song "Johnny Remember Me" (written by Geoff Goddard and produced by Joe Meek), which reached number one in the UK Singles Chart in August 1961 despite being banned by the BBC for its death references. His follow-up single, "Wild Wind", reached number two in the same chart.

Alongside singing, Leyton's acting career saw him appearing in television and films throughout the 1960s. His films included The Great Escape, Guns at Batasi, Von Ryan's Express and Krakatoa, East of Java. In 2009 he also had a small role in the film Telstar, a biopic based on Joe Meek's life in which Leyton himself was portrayed by Callum Dixon.

Career
Leyton went to Highgate School and after completing his national service with the Royal Army Service Corps, he studied drama, paying his way through drama school with bit-part roles in films and on television. His first major acting role was his portrayal of Ginger in a 1960 Granada TV adaptation of Biggles, which earned him a large following of young female fans and led to the formation of a John Leyton fan club.

Singer-actor
Following the success of Biggles, Leyton was persuaded by his manager, Robert Stigwood, to audition as a singer for record producer Joe Meek, and subsequently recorded a cover version of "Tell Laura I Love Her", which was released on the Top Rank label. In 1961 though, the Top Rank label was taken over by EMI who then issued Leyton's records on their HMV label. EMI had already released Ricky Valance's version of the same song. Leyton's recording was withdrawn from sale, whilst Valance's version reached number one in the UK chart.

A second single, "The Girl on the Floor Above", was released on the HMV label, but was not a success. His first big hit, "Johnny Remember Me", coincided with his appearance as an actor in the popular ATV television series Harpers West One, in which he played a singer named Johnny Saint Cyr. Leyton performed "Johnny Remember Me" during the show (backed by the Outlaws), and the single subsequently charted at Number 1. His next single, "Wild Wind", reached number two in the UK Singles Chart, and later singles also achieved lower chart positions.

On 15 April 1962, Leyton performed at the NME Poll-Winners Concert at London's Wembley Pool. But in 1963, Meek and Goddard's association with Leyton ended; that circumstance, combined with the British beat boom, cast Leyton adrift immediately, although he found a lot of acting work in television and film to keep him busy. Despite trying to give Leyton's music more of a 'group' sound by giving him a backing group, The LeRoys, his chart career faded out by the beginning of 1964. In that same year, according to the music journalist Bob Stanley, 'Leyton headlined a tour with up and coming support act the Rolling Stones. Very quickly, it became apparent that the Stones were more popular than the headline act and Leyton, with great dignity, abandoned his pop career on the spot to concentrate on acting.'

Heyday as an actor
Leyton was a familiar face in film and television during the 1960s. He played himself in the 1962 Dick Lester film It's Trad, Dad!, performing his latest single "Lonely City" in a radio studio. In The Great Escape (1963) he played tunnel designer Willie Dickes, one of the only three characters to reach freedom. Leyton also cut a single with lyrics to Elmer Bernstein's theme to the film. He also appeared in Guns at Batasi in 1964; Every Day's a Holiday (aka Seaside Swingers in the United States) and Von Ryan's Express starring Frank Sinatra and Trevor Howard in 1965. In Krakatoa, East of Java, in 1969 he played the designer of a diving bell. From 1966 to 1967, Leyton played the lead role as Special Operations Executive (SOE) Royal Navy Lieutenant Nicholas Gage, an expert in demolitions, in Jericho, an American TV series about espionage in the Second World War.

Later career
Leyton returned to Britain in the early 1970s and tried to re-launch his singing career, signing to the York record label in 1973. A single, "Dancing in the Graveyard" c/w. "Riversong" (York SYK 551) and an album, John Leyton (York FYK 416) was released that year. A year later, Leyton's cover version of the Kevin Johnson hit, "Rock and Roll (I Gave You the Best Years of My Life)", (York YR 210) was issued in the UK but without success. In the mid 1970s, Leyton starred in the ITV television series, The Nearly Man. Acting roles became fewer and farther between during the 1970s, and by the early 1980s, he was no longer active in show business.

In the 1990s, Leyton began performing in the Solid Gold Rock'n'Roll Show, appearing with artists such as Marty Wilde and Joe Brown. The 2004 tour featured Leyton, Showaddywaddy, Freddy Cannon and Craig Douglas. Leyton has also returned to acting, with a cameo appearance in the 2005 film, Colour Me Kubrick starring John Malkovich.

In May 2006, Leyton released "Hi Ho, Come On England", a re-working of Jeff Beck's "Hi Ho Silver Lining", to coincide with the World Cup in Germany. During the summer of 2007 he filmed a cameo appearance for the Nick Moran film, Telstar. Leyton also topped the bill at the Theatre Royal, Windsor, along with 1960s stars Jess Conrad and Craig Douglas at a concert named '60s Icons'.

Leyton continues to tour the UK and Scandinavia performing his hits (sometimes backed by the Rapiers) and can boast an internet following with his official website. In 2014, he continued to tour with his band, the Flames, featuring John Burleigh on guitar, Ray Royal on drums and Charlie Gardner on bass guitar and Jeff Jeffereys on rhythm guitar.

Leyton married his wife Diana in 1967 and they had a son, Dominic and daughter, Lara.

Albums

 * 1961 – The Two Sides of John Leyton (His Master's Voice CLP497)
 * 1963 – Always Yours (His Master's Voice CLP1664)
 * 1973 – John Leyton (York Records FYK416)
 * 1997 – John Leyton Is Back

Extended plays

 * 1962 – John Leyton (Top Rank JKP3016) – "Wild Wind" / "You Took My Love for Granted" / "Johnny Remember Me" / "There Must Be"
 * 1962 – The John Leyton Hit Parade (His Master's Voice 7EG8747) – "Lone Rider" / "Son This Is She" / "Lonely City" / "It Would Be Easy"
 * 1964 – Beautiful Dreamer  (His Master's Voice 7EG8843) – "Beautiful Dreamer" / "On Lovers Hill" / "I'll Cut Your Tail Off" / "Lovers Lane"
 * 1964 – Tell Laura I Love Her (His Master's Voice 7EG8854) – "Tell Laura I Love Her" / "The Girl on the Floor Above" / "Johnny Remember Me" / "Wild Wind"
 * 1977 – John Leyton (EMI 2699) – "Johnny Remember Me" / "Son This Is She" / "Wild Wind" / "Cupboard Love"

Selected filmography

 * Danger Within (1959) – Prisoner (uncredited)
 * I'm All Right Jack (1959) – Recruit to Detto (uncredited)
 * The Johnny Leyton Touch (1961) (short) - Himself
 * It's Trad, Dad! (1962) – Himself
 * The Great Escape (1963) – Flt. Lt. William Dickes "The Tunnel King"
 * Guns at Batasi (1964) – Private Wilkes
 * Every Day's a Holiday (1964) – Gerry Pullman
 * Von Ryan's Express (1965) – Lieutenant Orde
 * The Idol (1966) – Timothy
 * The Legend of Silent Night (TVM, 1968) - Pastor Josef Mohr
 * Krakatoa, East of Java (1969) – Rigby
 * Fern the Red Deer (1976) – Mr. Gordon
 * Schizo (1976) – Alan Falconer
 * Dangerous Davies – The Last Detective (TVM, 1981) – Dave Boot
 * Colour Me Kubrick (2005) – Lord Charles Benson
 * Telstar: The Joe Meek Story (2008) – Sir Edward

title: John Leyton


text:
Category:Lists of people by nationality and occupation

Each subcategory listed here corresponds to a nationality, broken down by occupation.


text:
F. C. D. Wyneken

Friedrich Conrad Dietrich Wyneken (May 13, 1810, in Verden an der Aller – May 4, 1876, in San Francisco, California) was a missionary pastor in the United States. He also served for fourteen years as the second president of the Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod, and helped found Concordia Theological Seminary.

One hundred years after fellow Hanoverian Henry Muhlenberg brought together the pastors and congregations of colonial America, Wyneken worked with C. F. W. Walther to gather scattered German Protestants into confessional Lutheran congregations and forge them into a closely knit family of churches. Wyneken's missionary experience, method, and plan influenced American Lutheran missions for many years to come. His appeals to Wilhelm Loehe and other German friends brought many German pastors, including Wilhelm Sihler, from Germany to America. He has been called the "thunder after the lightning." He is commemorated on the Calendar of Saints of the Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod on May 4.

Considered a "tireless" church worker by others, Wyneken confessed, rather, that he "suffered horribly from melancholy".

Early life and family and education
Wyneken was born to Pastor Heinrich Christoph Wyneken and Anne Catherine Louise Wyneken Meyer on May 13, 1810, in Verden an der Aller in the Kingdom of Westphalia. Some of the earlier Wynekens and their relatives were minor government officials in the Duchy of Bremen-Verden when it was under Swedish control. The Wyneken family had an established Lutheran heritage long before Friedrich arrived in America. Heinrich Wyneken's father, grandfather, and one brother were pastors in Hanover. Two of Friedrich Wyneken's older brothers also became pastors. Significant numbers of more distant relatives and in-laws were also Lutheran clergy members, such as Superintendent Hans Heinrich Justus Phillip Ruperti, (1833–1899), who was Friedrich's nephew.

Other Wyneken relatives had military careers in the Electorate of Hanover and others would serve in army of the Kingdom of Hanover. Friedrich Wyneken's maternal grandfather was a Rittmeister stationed in Verden. Wyneken's second cousin Christian Wilhelm August Johann Ernst Wyneken (1783–1853) fought in the King's German Legion in Spain and at the Battle of Waterloo and later became a Lieutenant General in the Hanoverian Army and led a German contingent in the First Schleswig War. Much later a third cousin, Hans Kannengiesser (1880–1970), would fight at Gallipoli and later become a generalleutnant.

Wyneken was baptized on May 22, 1810, by his father at St. Andreas Church in Verden. Heinrich Wyneken died five years later, leaving eleven children and a widow behind. Friedrich attended the gymnasium in Verden. At the age of 17 he went to the University of Göttingen but soon enrolled at the University of Halle. Neither of these institutions had a reputation for the dogmatic Lutheran orthodoxy which Wyneken was later to embrace; rather they both promoted strong rationalistic viewpoints. At Halle, Wyneken became a student of August Tholuck, a skilled linguist and a believer in the personal religious experience.

After graduation, Wyneken worked as a private instructor in Lesum (now a locality of Bremen) at the home of Consistorial Counsellor Georg von Henfstengel, himself an "Awakened" pastor. During this time Wyneken became more influenced by the Erweckungsbewegung ("Awakening" movement) led by August Tholuck. He was ordained in Stade along with his fellow theology student E. W. Wolff on May 8, 1837, and soon the pair secured free passage to America from an "Awakened" sea-captain, Stuerge, and the blessing of the Stade Bible and Mission Society.

Emigration to America
In early 1838, Wyneken sailed across the Atlantic Ocean and arrived in Baltimore, Maryland. He noted that the following year, 5000 fellow Germans arrived weekly in the relatively nearby port of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, alone, most fleeing economic hardship, warfare, and political repression in the various German states—and that emigration would continue until the American Civil War. Wyneken worked in Baltimore helping the ailing Rev. Johann Heaesbaert and a mixed congregation of Lutherans and Reformed (Moravians) for about a year.

Then, as his mentor recovered, the Pennsylvania Ministerium of Lutherans sent Wyneken westward to serve the many Protestant German farmers who had moved into Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan. In Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, he met C. F. Schmidt, editor of Lutherische Kirchenzeitung, who would become a friend and supporter, but continued his evangelism westward. In Putnam and Allen counties in Ohio, Wyneken found Lutherans who had not heard a sermon in years, so he baptized many children, and decided to tell his fellow ministers still in Germany about the massive need for their ministry in the New World. However, first he ministered to Germans in Fort Wayne, Indiana, and the nearby settlement of Friedheim, Preble Township, in northwest Adams County, whose pastor, Jesse Hoover, had died in May 1838. Then he made Fort Wayne, a portage and canal town, his base, and traveled among the isolated settlements on the Michigan Road to the north as well as in central Indiana and western Ohio.

He joined the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of the West (despite misgivings about its ecumenical stance), and also appealed to the Evangelical Lutheran General Synod of the United States of North America for more clergy, especially for the frustrating missionary survey work, when the isolated German protestants wanted to establish their own church communities. While the General Synod did not have resources, various missionary societies in Germany did. Already in 1840, the Bremen (missionary) Society for Protestant Germans had sent two missionary pastors to America, and they sent another five in 1842.

On August 31, 1841, he married Sophia Marie Wilhelmine Buuch (1824–1891), daughter of the first settler in Friedheim. That same year, the Stade missionary society sent G. Jensen to cover Wyneken's pastoral responsibilities at St. Paul's Evangelical Lutheran Church in Fort Wayne while he and his wife returned to Germany for medical treatment of a throat ailment. There, Wyneken published Die Noth der deutschen Lutheraner in Nordamerika (English translation: The Distress of the German Lutherans in North America ). This, together with his personal contacts and correspondence with Wilhelm Loehe as well as mission societies in Hanover, Bremen, Erlangen, Breslau, Leipzig, and Berlin over the next year while he received medical treatment (and began raising his first child), inspired many German ministers and theology students (22 trained by Loehe himself) to emigrate to America.

While Wyneken returned to the United States in May 1843 with Adolf Biewend (who soon accepted a call from a congregation near Washington, D.C.), Loehe and Rev. Johann Friedrich Wucherer worked in Germany to send missionaries to North America, publishing Kirchliche Mitteilungen aus und ueber Nord-Amerika. In 1845, Wyneken became the delegate of the Synod of the West to the General Synod. He then accepted a call of a Baltimore congregation, where he served for five years, then moved to St. Louis for four years.

Wyneken worked with C. F. W. Walther, who had founded Concordia Seminary in St. Louis and had become the first president of the Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod. Wyneken succeeded Walther and served as the Missouri Synod's second president for 14 years.

Later life and death
When Wyneken's health declined, he moved to Cleveland and assisted his son, who was also a pastor, for a decade. He then traveled to California, where his daughter lived and where he hoped the climate would help his health. Friedrich Conrad Dietrich Wyneken died in San Francisco on May 4, 1876. His son-in-law, Pastor Buehler, preached at the emotional funeral.

title: F. C. D. Wyneken


text:
Talk:Canada Line

External links modified (January 2018)
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Discussion at Talk:SkyTrain (Vancouver)
You are invited to join the discussion at Talk:SkyTrain (Vancouver). Joeyconnick (talk) 01:26, 27 May 2018 (UTC) —Joeyconnick (talk) 01:26, 27 May 2018 (UTC)

Ridership
Regarding this article, as far as I know, the Daily Hive is a reputable publication for Vancouver news, thus WP:RSOPINION applies for opinion pieces. I have clearly attributed the author in my edit. feminist (talk) 03:12, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Chan is an editor at DailyHive, so it amounts to a self-published source. As Chan is an editor of a news website and not someone who works in public transportation or who studies it (in the formal sense), the inclusion here of his opinion is inappropriate and WP:UNDUE. Not that I actually disagree with the overarching point, but that is just my, and apparently his, personal opinion, and the inclusion of his opinion would be just as inappropriate as the inclusion of mine. Now if DailyHive published an actual journalism piece citing experts or research presenting the same point(s), that would be fine to include. —Joeyconnick (talk) 06:29, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
 * What? How does being an editor at the Daily Hive make writing about the Canada Line a WP:SPS? I'll restore the content until you can actually support that claim. Walter Görlitz (talk) 07:14, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Now that I've skimmed the article, Chan supports the statements with claim. If TransLink has an issue with it, they can approach the publication for a correction or retraction. I doubt that's going to happen. Walter Görlitz (talk) 07:17, 22 February 2021 (UTC)

"SkyTrain (Canada Line)" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect SkyTrain (Canada Line). The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 November 3 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. feminist (+) 08:27, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Canada Line


text:
National recreation area

A national recreation area (NRA) is a protected area in the United States established by an Act of Congress to preserve enhanced recreational opportunities in places with significant natural and scenic resources. There are 40 NRAs, which emphasize a variety of activities for visitors, including hiking, camping, boating, fishing, swimming, biking, horseback riding, and wildlife viewing, in areas that include multiple-use management for both conservation and limited utilization of natural resources. They have diverse features and contexts, being established around reservoirs, in urban areas, and within forests. Due to their size, diversity of activities, and proximity to population centers, NRAs are among the most visited units of the National Park System, with six among the thirty most visited sites.

The first NRA was Lake Mead National Recreation Area, which was created by a 1936 agreement between the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR), which had built Hoover Dam, and the National Park Service (NPS), which had experience in managing visitors in the outdoors. Because the reservoir had disturbed the natural state of the environment, a new designation was devised that allowed for more intensive land use while maintaining the NPS's role in conservation and historic preservation. The system of NRAs grew as the USBR constructed more dams near urban areas where there was a need for outdoor recreation.

NRAs are managed by the NPS, the United States Forest Service (USFS), and the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). Of the NPS's 18 sites, 12 are based around large reservoirs emphasizing water recreation, 5 are near urban areas and include both historic preservation and outdoor recreation, and the last is at a river where a reservoir was planned but not built. Of the USFS's 22 sites, 5 are at or near reservoirs, and the rest are other exemplary recreation sites within national forests.

The 40 NRAs are located in 26 states; California and Washington have the most, each with four. NRAs of the USFS have a total area of 3,261,818 acres, and those of the NPS total 3,714,735 acres. The BLM's one NRA is approximately 1,000,000 acre.

Origin
The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation was planning the construction of Boulder Dam (now Hoover Dam) on the Colorado River in the late 1920s and saw the potential for recreation at the scenic area in Nevada and Arizona around the future Lake Mead, to then be the world's largest reservoir. The car was expanding access to travel in the growing Southwest and the USBR wanted to bring about the outdoor activities that would be enabled by its enormous project, but it lacked the experience and desire to provide facilities and services for recreation. Following the controversy of the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir that flooded a scenic valley in Yosemite National Park, the National Park Service sought to balance its conservation and recreation efforts with dams, and it could provide the expertise for such visitor infrastructure at the Boulder Canyon Project.

A proposed 8,000 mi2 Virgin National Park in that region promoted by Secretary of the Interior Ray Lyman Wilbur was praised for its scenic and historic resources but rejected in 1930 by NPS Director Horace M. Albright due to a reservoir's inherent lack of a natural landscape expected for a national park. The political leaders at the Department of the Interior nevertheless wanted to manage the significant lands for tourism and recreation. Farming interests in the Arizona Strip area also wanted to keep their grazing access to the public lands. A 1932 study by Yellowstone National Park superintendent Roger Toll evaluated the region and recognized some sites of interest but again dismissed it as inconsistent with national parks' and monuments' standards and purpose of preservation. Separately that year the secretary's advisor Louis C. Cramton led further studies of the area between the dam site and Grand Canyon National Park and recommended the creation of Grand Canyon National Monument (II) for the pristine upstream eastern section; it would later be incorporated into the park. Cramton proposed that the western section, which had less spectacular scenery, the dam and reservoir, livestock grazing, and mining, but nationally important recreational importance, be designated as the "Boulder Canyon National Reservation", consistent with terminology used in the National Park Service Organic Act. A bill to establish it was introduced in Congress in 1933 with mixed support and failed to advance, while Albright reluctantly agreed to support the USBR with visitor services.

As part of the New Deal, President Franklin D. Roosevelt strongly promoted tourism to a growing NPS, with increased emphasis on recreation at facilities constructed by the job-creating Civilian Conservation Corps. The Park Service, now under Director Arno B. Cammerer, took advantage of federal funds to claim the reservoir area and highlight natural features and development needs. Despite the lack of legislation establishing the reservation, the USBR's inability to manage the influx of tourists at the newly finished Lake Mead led Interior Secretary Harold L. Ickes to direct for negotiation of a memorandum of agreement that gave the NPS responsibility for the reserved lands and surface of the lake, but not Boulder Dam itself, maintaining mining and grazing so long as they did not disrupt recreation. Ickes signed it on October 13, 1936, establishing the Boulder Dam Recreation Area, and the NPS quickly built significant infrastructure for sightseeing visitors and contracted with concessionaires. This was a major compromise and precedent that expanded the Park Service's mission beyond the strict conservation of national parks and monuments to include broader outdoor recreation that coexists with other land uses.

Further development
The Park, Parkway, and Recreation Area Study Act of 1936 had the NPS analyze the needs for outdoor recreation and collaborate with state and local governments, officially expanding its mission beyond national parks. With skepticism remaining among agency veterans, planning at the area still emphasized scenery and preservation. The Act's mandates and provision for interagency cooperation however resulted in more versatile land acquisition as the NPS defined its mission. In the 1940s, under the leadership of associate director Conrad L. Wirth, the NPS prepared a National Recreation Plan and conducted a number of studies with the USBR and the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) assessing the natural impact, recreational opportunities, and significance of proposed reservoirs.

In 1947 the Boulder Dam Recreation Area was renamed Lake Mead National Recreation Area and expanded to include Lake Mohave above the USBR's new Davis Dam. This interagency partnership was successful in creating many recreation areas at reservoirs: nine more were created by agreement with USBR and two more with other dam agencies in the next two decades under the leadership of Wirth as director. However, it contributed to the controversial proposals of Echo Park Dam and Bridge Canyon Dam in existing NPS areas that were canceled after considerable opposition from environmentalists.

These new sites were mainly designated as just "recreation areas" since they did not necessarily have national significance. Several would be transferred to the United States Forest Service and other agencies, being more efficient for management. USFS took over Shasta Lake Recreation Area in Shasta National Forest in 1948 as its first. The Forest Service had traditionally focused on forestry for timber and custodial management, and the 1950s saw debate among the agencies, extraction interests, and conservationists as demand for recreation increased the need for multiple-use planning. The Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act of 1960 for the first time established recreation as well as wildlife as an equal priority for the Forest Service with range, timber, and watershed oversight.

The Park Service took a utilitarian approach to its recreation areas, acknowledging their less-than-national significance and focused on providing useful facilities and allowing a wider range of activities. Through the 1950s, many traditionalists at the NPS saw recreation areas championed by Wirth as distractions with open questions of how to manage and square them with the broader aims of the agency. As increased visitation forced answers to these, Lake Mead served as a model for administration at other recreational units, experiencing changing demands of the public, with more day-use visitors. Wirth advocated for changing the Lake Mead's designation to "national recreation park," which would emphasize its importance with autonomy from the USBR. His Mission 66 vision provided capital investment for construction of visitor services and infrastructure across the park system.

Standardization and expansion
In 1963, the Recreation Advisory Council, created by executive order of President John F. Kennedy and composed of five major government officials, issued a policy that recognized the need for and established criteria for establishing NRAs. The council recommended that NRAs should focus on growing "recreation demand" more than preservation, conservation, or development; have significant natural and recreational quality greater than that of state lands, even if not as unique as other parts of the National Park System; and provide opportunity for recreation consistent with other federal public lands programs. It outlined seven mandatory criteria and six secondary criteria for establishing NRAs, including a minimum size, ability to attract a significant number of visitors from nearby and beyond its state, and filling a regional need with recreation as the dominant purpose. The policy also called for national recreation areas to be established by acts of Congress and for them to be able to be managed by multiple agencies as necessary, including as partnerships with states. The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation (rather than the NPS) was charged with studying proposals and referring them to the council for recommendation. This process gave flexibility to the NPS and USFS to develop their own guidelines for unmet future recreational needs.

In response Congress made Lake Mead National Recreation Area the first such area to be established by statute in October 1964, finally resolving the complicated co-management of USBR land as sole NPS jurisdiction. It eventually codified most of the existing recreation areas under the new national designation (Lake Roosevelt and Curecanti NRAs are the only NPS areas that have not been permanently established by Congress or the president ). Lake Mead is still the largest NRA and is the most visited among those at reservoirs. The first new NRA under USFS administration was Spruce Knob–Seneca Rocks National Recreation Area, established in 1965. Congress initially authorized Delaware Water Gap NRA in 1965 with the expectation that the Tocks Island Reservoir would serve the New York and Philadelphia areas as the first NRA east of the Mississippi River, but local and environmental opposition led to the dam's cancellation. The NRA remains as the forested area intended to be flooded by the Delaware River. Mount Rogers NRA was also delayed and downsized, losing a planned reservoir and ski area.

A 1968 NPS publication outlined policies for administration of recreational areas, which were distinct from its natural and historical areas. This included not only NRAs but also national lakeshores and seashores, national parkways, and some national scenic riverways; at that time there were 22 such areas, and recreation would be the dominant resource objective, but with multiple intensive uses allowed. But because most units contained a combination of natural, historic, and recreational lands, the General Authorities Act of 1970 made all areas equal within the National Park System; separate policy manuals for each were replaced in 1975 with one that would tailor policies in each park respective to the purpose of zones within.

In 1972 Congress established two NRAs in urban areas as the first urban national parks: Golden Gate NRA in the San Francisco area and Gateway NRA in New York City, both with beaches, historic military sites, and natural conservation areas. Spearheaded by Director George Hartzog, this controversially expanded the Park Service's responsibilities into local urban recreation (in addition to the National Capital Parks), and after he left, the NPS opposed the creation of Cuyahoga Valley NRA south of Cleveland and Santa Monica Mountains NRA west of Los Angeles. The former was redesignated a national park in 2000. Chattahoochee River NRA north of Atlanta was created in 1978 and Boston Harbor Islands NRA in 1996. The Santa Monica Mountains and Boston Harbor Islands are partnerships with state parks and local agencies.

Mount Hood is the newest NRA, designated in 2009. The Land and Water Conservation Fund provided funding for the purchase of land at several NRAs.

Management
Three federal agencies manage the 40 NRAs. The National Park Service, in the Department of the Interior, manages 18, the U.S. Forest Service, in the Department of Agriculture, manages 22, and the Bureau of Land Management, in the Department of the Interior, manages one. One NRA, Whiskeytown–Shasta–Trinity, comprises three units, two of which are Forest Service and one is National Park Service. The NPS sites are stand-alone units of the National Park System, while the USFS sites are all part of national forests except Land Between the Lakes. Several of the larger USFS NRAs are managed equivalent to a ranger district, but most are designated areas within one. The Green Mountain National Forest is the only one with two NRAs. The Forest Service manages its NRAs as "showcases" of its management standards so that their programs, services, and facilities should be better than and models for its other recreation sites. The USBR operates dams in the West, with eleven NRAs built around them, while the USACE primarily operates dams in the East, with reservoirs or areas near four part of NRAs; three more are based around reservoirs operated by other agencies.

As the primary focus of land management is recreation (rather than conservation), limited land use such as grazing, logging, and mineral leasing is permitted only if it does not interfere with the recreational use of the land. The establishing legislation of each NRA usually specifies multiple purposes of the designation. Hunting is by default banned in areas of the National Park Service unless explicitly permitted by law; 15 of 18 NRAs of the NPS allow hunting – and it is generally permitted in National Forest lands – in accordance with local rules.

List of national recreation areas
The Mississippi National River and Recreation Area and Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area share many features with the NRAs but are classified by the NPS with the national rivers and are not listed here. The USFS has four additional designated "recreation areas" that have similar management practices but are not listed here. The USFS and BLM do not collect visitor data for most sites, marked with an asterisk.

title: National recreation area


text:
Talk:Eastern Hemisphere

Map caption is incorrect
the caption under the map of the Eastern hemisphere at 1200 ad is incorrect. The 12th century runs from 1101AD to 1200AD. Since the title of the map indicates the year 1200, it is actually the last year of the 12th century, nit the beginning. One might argue that it is the dawn of the 13th century, but not the 12th. Jbiscuit1 (talk) 17:15, 11 November 2023 (UTC)

the flag list is confusing
The description for the flag list seems very confused. "The following countries and territories lie outside Europe, Asia, Africa, and Oceania yet are entirely, mostly, or partially within the Western Hemisphere:" I think changing "yet" to "and" will mostly fix it, but it's still a weird way to frame it? Irtapil (talk) 09:55, 10 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Or the better fix is maybe to keep the "yet" and change "Western Hemisphere" to "Eastern Hemisphere"? A series of editors seems to have got each other quite literally disoriented in that end section? But I think I can maybe turn that weird list into something meaningful. Irtapil (talk) 10:45, 10 February 2024 (UTC)

Demographics
The population of the Western Hemisphere is still lower than one billion. Drsruli (talk) 22:11, 7 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eastern Hemisphere


text:
Shechita

In Judaism, shechita (anglicized: ; ; ; also transliterated shehitah, shechitah, shehita) is ritual slaughtering of certain mammals and birds for food according to kashrut.

Biblical sources
states that sheep and cattle should be slaughtered "as I have instructed you", but nowhere in the Torah are any of the practices of shechita described. Instead, they have been handed down in Rabbinic Judaism's Oral Torah, and codified in halakha.

Species
The animal must be of a permitted species. For mammals, this is restricted to ruminants which have split hooves. For birds, although biblically any species of bird not specifically excluded in would be permitted, doubts as to the identity and scope of the species on the biblical list led to rabbinical law permitting only birds with a tradition of being permissible.

Fish do not require kosher slaughter to be considered kosher, but are subject to other laws found in which determine whether or not they are kosher (having both fins and scales).

Shochet
A shochet (שוחט, "slaughterer", plural shochtim) is a person who performs shechita. To become a shochet, one must study which slaughtered animals are kosher, what disqualifies them from being kosher, and how to prepare animals according to the laws of shechita. Subjects of study include the preparation of slaughtering tools, ways to interpret which foods follow the laws of shechita, and types of terefot (deformities which make an animal non-kosher).

In the Talmudic era (beginning in 200 CE with the Jerusalem Talmud and 300 CE with the Babylonian Talmud and extending through the Middle Ages), rabbis started to debate and define kosher laws. As the laws increased in number and complexity, following ritual slaughter laws became difficult for Jews who were not trained in those laws. This resulted in the need for a shochet (someone who has studied shechita extensively) to perform the slaughtering in the communities. Shochtim studied under rabbis to learn the laws of shechita. Rabbis acted as the academics who, among themselves, debated how to apply laws from the Torah to the preparation of animals. Rabbis also conducted experiments to determine under which terefot animals were no longer kosher. Shochtim studied under these rabbis, as rabbis were the officials who first interpret, debate, and determine the laws of shechita.

Shochtim are essential to every Jewish community, so they earn elevated social status. In the Middle Ages, the shochtim were treated as second in social status, just underneath rabbis. Shochtim were respected for committing their time to studying and for their importance to their communities.

An inspection (Heb. bedikah) of the animal is required for it to be declared kosher, and a shochet has a double title: Shochet u'bodek (slaughterer and inspector), for which qualification considerable study as well as practical training is required.

Procedure
The shechita procedure, which must be performed by a shochet, is described in the Yoreh De'ah section of the Shulchan Aruch only as severing the wind pipe and food pipe (trachea and esophagus). Nothing is mentioned about veins or arteries.

However, in practice, as a very long sharp knife is used, in cattle the soft tissues in the neck are sliced through without the knife touching the spinal cord, in the course of which four major blood vessels, two of which transport oxygenated blood to the brain (the carotid arteries) the other two transporting blood back to the heart (jugular veins) are severed. The vagus nerve is also cut in this operation. With fowl, the same procedure is followed, but a smaller knife is used.

A special knife is used, that is very long; and no undue pressure may be applied to the knife, which must be very sharp. The procedure may be performed with the animal either lying on its back (שחיטה מונחת, shechita munachat) or standing (שחיטה מעומדת, shechita me'umedet).

In the case of fowl (with the exception of large fowl like turkey) the bird is held in the non-dominant hand in such a way that the head is pulled back and the neck exposed, while the cut made with the dominant hand.

The procedure is done with the intention of causing a rapid drop in blood pressure in the brain and loss of consciousness, to render the animal insensitive to pain and to exsanguinate in a prompt and precise action.

It has been suggested that eliminating blood flow through the carotid arteries does not cut blood flow to the brain of a bovine because the brain is also supplied with blood by vertebral arteries, but other authorities note the distinction between severing the carotid versus merely blocking it.

If one did not sever the entirety of both the trachea and esophagus then an animal may still be considered kosher as long as one severed the majority of the trachea and esophagus (windpipe and food pipe) of a mammal, or the majority of either one of these in the case of birds. The cut must be incised with a back-and-forth motion without employing any of the five major prohibited techniques, or various other detailed rules.

Forbidden techniques

 * Shehiyah (delay or pausing) – Pausing during the incision and then starting to cut again makes the animal's flesh unkosher. The knife must be moved across the neck in an uninterrupted motion until the trachea and esophagus are sufficiently severed to avoid this. There is some disagreement among legal sources as to the exact length of time needed to constitute shehiyah, but today the normative practice is to disqualify a kosher cut as a result of any length of pausing.
 * Derasah (pressing/chopping) – The knife must be drawn across the throat by a back and forth movement, not by chopping, hacking, or pressing without moving the knife back and forth. There are those who assert that it is forbidden to have the animal in an upright position during shechita due to the prohibition of derasah. They maintain that the animal must be on its back or lying on its side, and some also allow for the animal to be suspended upside down. However, the Rambam explicitly permits upright slaughter, and the Orthodox Union as well as all other major kosher certifiers in the United States accept upright slaughter.
 * Haladah (covering, digging, or burying) – The knife must be drawn over the throat so that the back of the knife is at all times visible while shechita is being performed. It must not be stabbed into the neck or buried by fur, hide, feathers, the wound itself, or a foreign object (such as a scarf) which may cover the knife.
 * Hagramah (cutting in the wrong location) – Hagramah refers to the location on the neck on which a kosher cut may be performed; cutting outside this location will in most cases disqualify a kosher cut. According to today's normative Orthodox practice, any cutting outside this area will in all cases disqualify a kosher cut. The limits within which the knife may be applied are from the large ring in the windpipe to the top of the upper lobe of the lung when it is inflated, and corresponding to the length of the pharynx. Slaughtering above or below these limits renders the meat non-kosher.
 * Iqqur (tearing) – If either the esophagus or the trachea is torn during the shechita incision, the carcass is rendered non-kosher. Iqqur can occur if one tears out the esophagus or trachea while handling an animal's neck or if the esophagus or trachea is torn by a knife with imperfections on the blade, such as nicks or serration.  In order to avoid tearing, the kosher slaughter knife is expertly maintained and regularly checked with the shochet's fingernail to ensure that no nicks are present.

Breaching any of these five rules renders the animal nevelah; the animal is regarded in Jewish law as if it were carrion.

Temple Grandin has observed that "if the rules (of the five forbidden techniques) are disobeyed, the animal will struggle. If these rules are obeyed, the animal has little reaction."

The knife
The knife used for shechita is called a sakin, or alternatively a chalaf by Ashkenazi Jews. By biblical law the knife may be made from anything not attached directly or indirectly to the ground and capable of being sharpened and polished to the necessary level of sharpness and smoothness required for shechita. The tradition nowadays is to use a very sharp metal knife.

The knife must be at least slightly longer than the neck width but preferably at least twice as long as the animal's neck is wide, but not so long that the weight of the knife is deemed excessive. If the knife is too large, it is assumed to cause derasah, excessive pressing. Kosher knife makers sell knives of differing sizes depending on the animal. Shorter blades may technically be used depending on the number of strokes employed to slaughter the animal, but the normative practice today is that shorter blades are not used. The knife must not have a point. It is feared a point may slip into the wound during slaughter and cause haladah, covering, of the blade. The blade may also not be serrated, as serrations cause iqqur, tearing.

The blade cannot have imperfections in it. All blades are assumed by Jewish law to be imperfect, so the knife must be checked before each session. In the past the knife was checked through a variety of means. Today the common practice is for the shochet to run their fingernail up and down both sides of the blade and on the cutting edge to determine if they can feel any imperfections. They then use a number of increasingly fine abrasive stones to sharpen and polish the blade until it is perfectly sharp and smooth.

After the slaughter, the shochet must check the knife again in the same way to be certain the first inspection was properly done, and to ensure the blade was not damaged during shechita. If the blade is found to be damaged, the meat may not be eaten by Jews. If the blade falls or is lost before the second check is done, the first inspection is relied on and the meat is permitted.

In previous centuries, the chalaf  was made of forged steel, which was not reflective and was difficult to make both smooth and sharp. Shneur Zalman of Liadi, fearing that Sabbateans were scratching the knives in a way not detectable by normal people, introduced the Hasidic hallaf (hasidishe hallaf). It differs from the previously used knife design because it is made of molten steel and polished to a mirror gloss in which scratches could be seen as well as felt. The new knife was controversial and one of the reasons for the 1772 excommunication of the Hasidim. As of present time, the "Hassidic hallef" is universally accepted and is the only permitted blade allowed in religious communities.

Other rules
The animal may not be stunned prior to the procedure, as is common practice in non-kosher modern animal slaughter since the early 20th century.

It is forbidden to slaughter an animal and its young on the same day. An animal's "young" is defined as either its own offspring, or another animal that follows it around.

The animal's blood may not be collected in a bowl, a pit, or a body of water, as these resemble ancient forms of idol worship.

If the shochet accidentally slaughters with a knife dedicated to idol worship, he must remove an amount of meat equivalent to the value of the knife and destroy it. If he slaughtered with such a knife on purpose, the animal is forbidden as not kosher.

Bedikah
The carcass must be checked to see if the animal had any of a specific list of internal injuries that would have rendered the animal a treifah before the slaughter. These injuries were established by the Talmudic rabbis as being likely to cause the animal to die within 12 months time.

Today all mammals are inspected for lung adhesions (bedikat ha-reah "examination of the lung") and other disqualifying signs of the lungs, and most kosher birds will have their intestines inspected for infections.

Further inspection of other parts of the body may be performed depending on the stringency applied and also depending on whether any signs of sickness were detected before slaughter or during the processing of the animal.

Glatt
Glatt (גלאַט) and halak (חלק) both mean "smooth". In the context of kosher meat, they refer to the "smoothness" (lack of blemish) in the internal organs of the animal. In the case of an adhesion on cattle's lungs specifically, there is debate between Ashkenazic customs and Sephardic customs. While there are certain areas of the lung where an adhesion is allowed, the debate revolves around adhesions which do not occur in these areas.

Ashkenazic Jews rule that if the adhesion can be removed (there are various methods of removing the adhesion, and not all of them are acceptable even according to the Ashkenazic custom) and the lungs are still airtight (a process that is tested by filling the lungs with air and then submerging them in water and looking for escaping air), then the animal is still kosher but not glatt.

If, in addition, there were two or fewer adhesions, and they were small and easily removable, then these adhesions are considered a lesser type of adhesion, and the animal is considered glatt. Ashkenazi custom permits eating non-glatt kosher meat, but it is often considered praiseworthy to only eat glatt kosher meat.

Sephardic Jews rule that if there is any sort of adhesion on the forbidden areas of the lungs, then the animal is not kosher. This standard is commonly known as halak Beit Yosef. It is the strictest in terms of which adhesions are allowed.

The Rema (an Ashkenazi authority) had an additional stringency, of checking adhesions on additional parts of the lung which Sephardi practice does not require. Some Ashkenazi Jews keep this stringency.

Nikkur
Porging refers to the halakhic requirement to remove the carcass's veins, chelev (caul fat and suet) and sinews. The Torah prohibits the eating of certain fats, so they must be removed from the animal. These fats are typically known as chelev. There is also a biblical prohibition against eating the sciatic nerve (gid hanasheh), so that, too, is removed.

The removal of the chelev and the gid hanasheh, called nikkur, is considered complicated and tedious, and hence labor-intensive, and even more specialized training is necessary to perform the act properly.

While the small amounts of chelev in the front half of the animal are relatively easy to remove, the back half of the animal is far more complicated, and it is where the sciatic nerve is located.

In countries such as the United States, where there exists a large non-kosher meat market, the hindquarters of the animal (where many of these forbidden meats are located) is often sold to non-Jews, rather than trouble with the process.

This tradition goes back for centuries where local Muslims accept meat slaughtered by Jews as consumable; however, the custom was not universal throughout the Muslim world, and some Muslims (particularly on the Indian subcontinent) did not accept these hindquarters as halal. In Israel, on the other hand, specially trained men are hired to prepare the hindquarters for sale as kosher.

Kashering
Because of the biblical prohibition of eating blood, all blood must be promptly removed from the carcass.

All large arteries and veins are removed, as well as any bruised meat or coagulated blood. Then the meat is kashered, a process of soaking and salting the meat to draw out all the blood. A special large-grained salt, called kosher salt, is used for the kashering process.

If this procedure is not performed promptly, the blood is considered to have "set" in the meat, and the meat is no longer considered kosher except when prepared through broiling with appropriate drainage.

Giving of the Gifts
The Torah requires a shochet to give the foreleg, cheeks and maw to a kohen even though he does not own the meat. Thus, it is desirable that the shochet refuse to perform the shechita unless the animal's owner expresses their agreement to give the gifts. Rabbinical courts have the authority to excommunicate a shochet who refuses to perform this commandment.

The Rishonim pointed out that the shochet cannot claim that, since the animal does not belong to him, he cannot give the gifts without the owner's consent. On the contrary, since the average shochet is reputed to be well versed and knowledgeable in the laws of shechitah ("Dinnei Shechita"), the rabbinical court relies on him to withhold his shechita so long as the owner refuses to give the gifts.

Covering of the blood
It is a positive commandment incumbent upon the shochet to cover the blood of chayot (non-domesticated animals) and ufot (birds) but not b'heimot (domesticated animals).

The shochet is required to place dirt on the ground before the slaughter, and then to perform the cut over that dirt, in order to drop some of the blood on to the prepared dirt. When the shechita is complete, the shochet grabs a handful of dirt, says a blessing and then covers the blood.

The meat is still kosher if the blood does not get covered; covering the blood is a separate mitzvah which does not affect the kosher status of the meat.

Animal welfare controversies
"Opposition to the Jewish methods of slaughter has a long history, starting at least as far back as the mid-Victoria era."

The Gutachten (expert reports)
When shechita came under attack in the 19th century, Jewish communities resorted to expert scientific opinions which were published in pamphlets called  Gutachten. Among these authorities was Joseph Lister, who introduced the concept of sterility in surgery.

General description of controversy
The practices of handling, restraining, and unstunned slaughter have been criticized by, among others, animal welfare organizations such as Compassion in World Farming. The UK Farm Animal Welfare Council said that the method by which kosher and halal meat is produced causes "significant pain and distress" to animals and should be banned.

According to FAWC it can take up to two minutes after the incision for cattle to become insensible. Compassion in World Farming also supported the recommendation saying "We believe that the law must be changed to require all animals to be stunned before slaughter."

Mr Bradshaw said the Government had maintained its position in not accepting FAWC's recommendation that slaughter without prior stunning should be banned, as they respected the rights of communities in Britain to slaughter animals in accordance with the requirements of their religion.

The Federation of Veterinarians of Europe has issued a position paper on slaughter without prior stunning, calling it "unacceptable."

The American Veterinary Medical Association has no such qualms, as leading US meat scientists support shechita as a humane slaughtering method as defined by the Humane Slaughter Act.

A 1978 study at the University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover indicates that shechita gave results which proved "pain and suffering to the extent as has since long been generally associated in public with this kind of slaughter cannot be registered" and that "[a complete loss of consciousness] occurred generally within considerably less time than during the slaughter method after captive bolt stunning." However, the lead of the study William Schulze warned in his report that the results may have been due to the captive bolt device they used being defective.

Nick Cohen, writing for the New Statesman, discusses research papers collected by Compassion in World Farming which indicate that the animal suffers pain during the process. In 2009, Craig Johnson and colleagues showed that calves that have not been stunned feel pain from the cut in their necks, and they may take at least 10–30 seconds to lose consciousness.

Temple Grandin says that the experiment needs to be repeated using a qualified shochet and knives of the correct size sharpened in the proper way.

Jewish and Muslim commentators cite studies that show shechita is humane and that criticism is at least partially motivated by antisemitism. A Knesset committee announced (January, 2012) that it would call on European parliaments and the European Union to put a stop to attempts to outlaw kosher slaughter. "The pretext [for this legislation] is preventing cruelty to animals or animal rights—but there is sometimes an element of anti-Semitism and there is a hidden message that Jews are cruel to animals," said Committee Chair MK Danny Danon (Likud).

Studies done in 1994 by Temple Grandin, and another in 1992 by Flemming Bager, showed that when the animals were slaughtered in a comfortable position they appeared to give no resistance and none of the animals attempted to pull away their head. The studies concluded that a shechita cut "probably results in minimal discomfort" because the cattle stand still and do not resist a comfortable head restraint device.

Temple Grandin gives various times for loss of consciousness via kosher ritual slaughter, ranging from 15 to 90 seconds depending on measurement type and individual kosher slaughterhouse. She elaborates on what parts of the process she finds may or may not be cause for concern. In 2018, Grandin stated that kosher slaughter, no matter how well it is done, is not instantaneous, whereas stunning properly with a captive bolt is instantaneous.

Efforts to improve conditions in shechita slaughterhouses
Temple Grandin is opposed to shackling and hoisting as a method of handling animals and wrote, on visiting a shechita slaughterhouse, "I will never forget having nightmares after visiting the now defunct Spencer Foods plant in Spencer, Iowa, fifteen years ago. Employees wearing football helmets attached a nose tong to the nose of a writhing beast suspended by a chain wrapped around one back leg. Each terrified animal was forced with an electric prod to run into a small stall which had a slick floor on a forty-five-degree angle. This caused the animal to slip and fall so that workers could attach the chain to its rear leg [in order to raise it into the air]. As I watched this nightmare, I thought, 'This should not be happening in a civilized society.' In my diary I wrote, 'If hell exists, I am in it.' I vowed that I would replace the plant from hell with a kinder and gentler system."

Efforts are made to improve the techniques used in slaughterhouses. Temple Grandin has worked closely with Jewish slaughterers to design handling systems for cattle, and has said: "When the cut is done correctly, the animal appears not to feel it. From an animal-welfare standpoint, the major concern during ritual slaughter are the stressful and cruel methods of restraint (holding) that are used in some plants."

When shackling and hoisting is used, it is recommended that cattle not be hoisted clear of the floor until they have had time to bleed out.

Agriprocessors controversy
The prohibition of stunning and the treatment of the slaughtered animal expressed in shechita law limit the extent to which Jewish slaughterhouses can industrialize their procedures.

The most industrialized attempt at a kosher slaughterhouse, Agriprocessors of Postville, Iowa, became the center of controversy in 2004, after People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals released a gruesome undercover video of cattle struggling to their feet with their tracheas and esophagi ripped out after shechita. Some of the cattle actually got up and stood for a minute or so after being dumped from the rotating pen.

The OU's condonation of Agriprocessors as a possibly inhumane, yet appropriately glatt kosher company has led to discussion as to whether or not industrialized agriculture has undermined the place of halakha (Jewish law) in shechita as well as whether or not halakha has any place at all in Jewish ritual slaughter.

Jonathan Safran Foer, a Jewish vegetarian, narrated the short documentary film If This Is Kosher..., which records what he considers abuses within the kosher meat industry.

Forums surrounding the ethical treatment of workers and animals in kosher slaughterhouses have inspired a revival of the small-scale, kosher-certified farms and slaughterhouses, which are gradually appearing throughout the United States.

title: Shechita


text:
Kadampara

Kadampara is a village situated on a river island in the Cuttack district, in the state of Odisha, India. The island is called 42 Mouza, meaning Group of 42 Villages. The other neighbourly villages of Kadampara are Aitalanga, Dadhibamanpur, Baulakuda and Jhinkiria.

Facilities
Kadampara is one of the unique villages with facilities like a high school, Sudarshan Mahavidyalaya college, a cold store which is the biggest in eastern India, and its own youth club. The literacy rate of this village is nearly 74 percent.

A small canal called 'Malia' (now, a stagnant water body) is the lifeline of the agrarian village. Inhabitants of the village use the canal water for irrigation, pisciculture and bathing purposes. River 'Sidhua' (a tributary of Kathajodi) flows with a sweet murmur on the westernside of the village.

Religion
Krishna, or Lord Viswanath, is worshipped as the village deity. Kadampara celebrates 'Dolyatra' with much pomp and victory in mid-March beforeHoli. The village also houses a 'Satsang Kendra'.

title: Kadampara