text: User talk:69.248.42.182

title: User talk:69.248.42.182


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Hotline (The J. Geils Band album)

Hotline is the sixth studio album by American rock band The J. Geils Band. The album was released on September 9, 1975, by Atlantic Records.

The intro of "Believe in Me" also became the intro tune to the German Rockpalast rock events.

Personnel

 * Peter Wolf – lead vocals
 * J. Geils – guitar
 * Magic Dick – harmonica
 * Seth Justman – keyboards, vocals
 * Danny Klein – bass
 * Stephen Jo Bladd – drums, vocals

Production

 * Producers: Bill Szymczyk, Allan Blazek, Seth Justman
 * Engineers: Allan Blazek, Bill Szymczyk, David Thoener
 * Mastering: Alex Sadkin
 * Digital mastering: Zal Schreiber
 * Arranger: J. Geils Band
 * Special assistance: Juke Joint Jimmy
 * Design: Peter Corriston
 * Cover design: Louis Brooks
 * Cover art concept: Peter Corriston
 * Photography: Juke Joint Jimmy

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hotline (The J. Geils Band album)


text: Talk:Hotline (The J. Geils Band album)

title: Talk:Hotline (The J. Geils Band album)


text:
Peel Cathedral

The Cathedral Church of Saint German or Peel Cathedral, renamed Cathedral Isle of Man, is located in Peel, Isle of Man. The cathedral is also one of the parish churches in the parish of the West Coast, which includes the town of Peel. Built in 1879–84, it was made the cathedral by Act of Tynwald in 1980.

It is the cathedral church of the Church of England Diocese of Sodor and Man.

History
The patron of the cathedral, St German of Man (not to be confused with Germanus of Auxerre), was a Celtic missionary and holy man who lived from about 410 to 474. St German's Day is celebrated each year on 13 July.

The original cathedral of St German was inside the walls of Peel Castle and was built sometime in the 12th century when St Patrick's Isle was in the possession of Norse kings. At that time the church followed the Sarum Rite, prevalent throughout much of the British Isles. Around 1333 the Lords of Man refortified St Patrick's Isle and occupied the church as a fortress. In 1392 William Le Scroop repaired the cathedral.

The building fell into ruin in the 18th century. After a considerable period of debate over who owned the ruins and site, it was decided not to rebuild that cathedral. The present building was constructed in 1879–84 to replace St Peter's Church in Peel's market place. Although the building of the New Church was intended to become the diocesan cathedral, Bishop Rowley Hill’s Cathedral Bill didn’t make its final reading in Tynwald before he died. His successor abandoned the proposed Bill. In 1895, Bishop Straton consecrated his chapel at Bishopscourt, his official residence, as a pro-cathedral and instituted a chapter of canons with himself as dean; by 1960, St Nicholas' Chapel was still a pro-cathedral (or "Cathedral Chapel"). Bishopscourt's sale in 1979 left the diocese without a cathedral, and forced the issue of choosing a new cathedral; after public consultation, Kirk German Parish Church was so designated, and officially made the cathedral in a service on All Saints' Day (1 November 1980). The arrangement (bishop as dean) persisted even after the consecration of the new cathedral. The bishop was later described by John Betjeman as "that luckless Bishop whose cathedral is a beautiful ruin of green slate and red sandstone on an islet overlooking Peel".

The cathedral has a dean and chapter. Until 15 October 2011, the Bishop of Sodor and Man was dean ex officio, but on that date the vicar of the parish became dean ex officio; this is thought to have been the historical arrangement from the 12th century until the late 19th century. The chapter consists of the Archdeacon of Man ex officio and four canons who are all parochial clergy in the diocese.

St German's Cathedral is the mother church of the Diocese of Sodor and Man, which today consists of only the Isle of Man.

In July 2015, Anne, Princess Royal, attended a thanksgiving service at Peel Cathedral as patron of the development campaign; the service also marked the rebranding of Peel Cathedral as "Cathedral Isle of Man". In 2016, following the mass shooting at Pulse, a nightclub in Orlando, Florida, the cathedral displayed a rainbow flag at a candlelit vigil for the victims to "show solidarity with the LGBT community."

Deans of St German

 * 1895 – 15 October 2011: The Bishop of Sodor and Man
 * 15 October 2011 – present: Nigel Godfrey, Vicar of the West Coast (Dalby, Kirk Michael, Patrick, Peel, and St Johns) since 2012

Chapter
As of 30 December 2020:
 * Archdeacon of Man and Vicar of Douglas (St George & All Saints) — vacant
 * Vicar of Douglas (St Ninian's), Diocesan Communications Officer and Canon of St Patrick — John Coldwell (canon since 2016)
 * Vicar of Rushen and Canon of St German — Joe Heaton (canon since 2016)
 * Vicar of Marown and Canon of St Columba — Janice Ward (canon since 2016)

Music
Bishop Hildesley established a children's choir at his private chapel at Bishopscourt as early as 1755. At the opening of Peel New Church in 1884, Ms ML Wood ARCO was appointed the first organist and directed a large choir. The Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, first established at Truro Cathedral in 1880, made its first appearance in Peel in 1885.

However, the modern Cathedral Choir was re-established in 2012 and includes a mixed boy and girl treble line (aged 7–14 years) drawn from island schools, in addition to a large adult voluntary choir (SATB). Choral services are sung on Sundays and consist of a Choral Eucharist and Choral Evensong.

There is a developing programme of choral scholarships for secondary school students.

The cathedral has a large two-manual Brindley & Foster organ in the chancel. It is planned that the pipe organ will be rebuilt, re-ordered and significantly enlarged over the next five years, to meet the demands of the cathedral's developing choral programme.

Organists and choirmasters

 * 1983 Mike Porter
 * 1986 Bernard Clark
 * 1992 Stephen Dutton
 * 1995 Harvey Easton
 * 2001 Mike Porter

Organists and directors of music

 * 2008 Donald Roworth
 * 2012 Peter Litman

Organ scholars

 * 2015–2016 Jack Oades
 * 2016–2017 Max Smith
 * 2017–2018 Max Smith
 * 2018–2019 Christopher Beaumont
 * 2019–2020 Harry Sullivan

Associate organist

 * from 2018 Stuart Corrie

title: Peel Cathedral


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Publishers Weekly

Publishers Weekly (PW) is an American weekly trade news magazine targeted at publishers, librarians, booksellers, and literary agents. Published continuously since 1872, it has carried the tagline, "The International News Magazine of Book Publishing and Bookselling". With 51 issues a year, the emphasis today is on book reviews.

19th century
The magazine was founded by bibliographer Frederick Leypoldt in the late 1860s, and had various titles until Leypoldt settled on the name The Publishers' Weekly (with an apostrophe) in 1872. The publication was a compilation of information about newly published books, collected from publishers and from other sources by Leypoldt, for an audience of booksellers. By 1876, The Publishers' Weekly was being read by nine tenths of the booksellers in the country.

In 1878, Leypoldt sold The Publishers' Weekly to his friend Richard Rogers Bowker, in order to free up time for his other bibliographic endeavors. Augusta Garrigue Leypoldt, wife of Frederick Leypoldt, stayed with the publication for thirty years. The publication eventually expanded to include features and articles.

Harry Thurston Peck was the first editor-in-chief of The Bookman, which began in 1895. Peck worked on its staff from 1895 to 1906, and in 1895, he created the world's first bestseller list for its pages.

20th century
In 1912, Publishers Weekly began to publish its own bestseller lists, patterned after the lists in The Bookman. These were not separated into fiction and non-fiction until 1917, when World War I brought an increased interest in non-fiction by the reading public.

For much of the 20th century, Publishers Weekly was guided and developed by Frederic Gershom Melcher (1879–1963), who was editor and co-editor of Publishers' Weekly and chairman of the magazine's publisher, R. R. Bowker, over four decades. Born April 12, 1879, in Malden, Massachusetts, Melcher began at age 16 in Boston's Estes & Lauriat Bookstore, where he developed an interest in children's books. He moved to Indianapolis in 1913 for another bookstore job. In 1918, he read in Publishers' Weekly that the magazine's editorship was vacant. He applied to Richard Rogers Bowker for the job, was hired, and moved with his family to Montclair, New Jersey. He remained with R. R. Bowker for 45 years.

While at Publishers Weekly, Melcher began creating space in the publication and a number of issues dedicated solely to books for children. In 1919, he teamed with Franklin K. Mathiews, librarian for the Boy Scouts of America, and Anne Carroll Moore, a librarian at the New York Public Library, to create Children's Book Week.

When Bowker died in 1933, Melcher succeeded him as president of the company; he resigned in 1959 to become chairman of the board of directors.

In 1943, Publishers Weekly created the Carey–Thomas Award for creative publishing, naming it in honor of Mathew Carey and Isaiah Thomas.

For most of its history, Publishers Weekly, along with the Library Journal-related titles, were owned by founding publisher R. R. Bowker. When Reed Publishing purchased Bowker from Xerox in 1985, it placed Publishers Weekly under the management of its Boston-based Cahners Publishing Company, the trade publishing empire founded by Norman Cahners, which Reed Publishing had purchased in 1977.

The merger of Reed with the Netherlands-based Elsevier in 1993 led to many Cahners cutbacks amid takeover turmoil. Nora Rawlinson, who once headed a $4 million book selection budget at the Baltimore County Library System, edited Library Journal for four years prior to becoming editor-in-chief of Publishers Weekly in 1992, where he served until 2005.

21st century
In 2005, the magazine came under the direction of a new editor-in-chief, veteran book reviewer Sara Nelson, known for publishing columns in the New York Post and The New York Observer. Nelson began to modernize Publishers Weekly with new features and a makeover by illustrator and graphic designer Jean-Claude Suares. The switch to a simple abbreviated logo of initials effectively changed the name of the magazine to PW, the name long used for the magazine within the book industry.

She also introduced the magazine's short-lived Quill Awards, with nominees in 19 categories selected by a nominating board of 6,000 booksellers and librarians. Winners were determined by the reading public, who could vote at kiosks in Borders stores or online at the Quills site. Reed Business dropped the Quill Awards in 2008.

Since 1872, the front covers of Publishers Weekly were used to display advertisements by book publishers. PW editorial covers now feature illustrations and author photographs tied to interior articles, these covers follow the front cover advertisement. The visual motif of each cover is sometimes repeated on the contents page.

The Nelson years were marked by turbulence within the industry as well as a continuing trend away from serious writing and towards pop culture. Publishers Weekly has enjoyed a near monopoly over the past decades, but now with vigorous competition from Internet sites, e-mail newsletters, and daily newspapers.

In 2008, faced with a decline in advertising support, Reed's management sought a new direction. In January 2009, Sara Nelson was dismissed along with executive editor Daisy Maryles, who had been with PW for more than four decades. Stepping in as editorial director was Brian Kenney, editorial director of School Library Journal and Library Journal. The dismissals, which sent shockwaves through the industry, were widely covered in newspapers.

In April 2010, George W. Slowik Jr., a former publisher of the magazine, purchased Publishers Weekly from Reed Business Information, under the company PWxyz, LLC. Cevin Bryerman remained as publisher along with co-editors Jim Milliot and Michael Coffey.

On September 22, 2011, PW began a series of weekly podcasts: "Beyond the Book: PW's Week Ahead".

In 2019, The Millions was acquired by PWxyz.

PW maintains an online archive of past book reviews from January 1991 to the present. The earliest articles posted in PW's online archive date back to November 1995. A redesigned website was unveiled on May 10, 2010.

Writers and readers
In 2008, the magazine's circulation was 25,000. In 2004, the breakdown of those 25,000 readers was given as 6000 publishers; 5500 public libraries and public library systems; 3800 booksellers; 1600 authors and writers; 1500 college and university libraries; 950 print, film and broad media; and 750 literary and rights agents, among others.

Subject areas covered by Publishers Weekly include publishing, bookselling, marketing, merchandising and trade news, along with author interviews and regular columns on rights, people in publishing, and bestsellers. It attempts to serve all involved in the creation, production, marketing and sale of the written word in book, audio, video and electronic formats. The magazine increases the page count considerably for four annual special issues: Spring Adult Announcements, Fall Adult Announcements, Spring Children's Announcements, and Fall Children's Announcements.

Book reviews
The book review section of Publishers Weekly was added in the early 1940s and grew in importance during the 20th century and through the present day. It currently offers prepublication reviews of 9,000 new trade books each year, in a comprehensive range of genres and including audiobooks and ebooks, with a digitized archive of 200,000 reviews. Reviews appear two to four months prior to the publication date of a book, and until 2014, when PW launched BookLife.com, a website for self-published books, books already in print were seldom reviewed.

These anonymous reviews are short, averaging 200–250 words, and it is not unusual for the review section to run as long as 40 pages, filling the second half of the magazine. In the past, a book review editorial staff of eight editors assigned books to more than 100 freelance reviewers. Some are published authors, and others are experts in specific genres or subjects. Although it might take a week or more to read and analyze some books, reviewers were paid $45 per review until June 2008, when the magazine introduced a reduction in payment to $25 a review. In a further policy change that month, reviewers received credit as contributors in issues carrying their reviews. Currently, there are nine reviews editors listed in the masthead. Now titled "Reviews", the review section began life as "Forecasts". For several years, that title was taken literally; reviews were followed with italicized comments that attempted to predict a book's sales success. Genevieve Stuttaford, who greatly expanded the number of reviews during her tenure as the nonfiction "Forecasts" editor, joined the PW staff in 1975. Previously, she was a Saturday Review associate editor, reviewer for Kirkus Reviews and for 12 years on the staff of the San Francisco Chronicle. During the 23 years Stuttaford was with Publishers Weekly, book reviewing was increased from an average of 3,800 titles a year in the 1970s to well over 6,500 titles in 1997. She retired in 1998.

Several notable PW editors stand out for making their mark on the magazine. Barbara Bannon was the head fiction reviewer during the 1970s and early 1980s, becoming the magazine's executive editor during that time and retiring in 1983. She was, notably, the first reviewer to insist that her name be appended to any blurb of her reviews, thus drawing attention to herself, to the review and to the influence of the magazine in predicting a book's popularity and salability.

Sybil Steinberg came to Publishers Weekly in the mid-1970s and served as a reviews editor for 30 years, taking over after Barbara Bannon retired. Under Steinberg, PW instituted the starred review, a first in the industry, to indicate books of exceptional merit. She also called out particular books of merit by starting the practice of boxed reviews, a precursor to the PW "signature reviews," boxed reviews that are attributed to the reviewer. The "Best Books" lists were also Steinberg's brainchild, and these lists are still published annually, usually in November ahead of "Best Books" lists from The New York Times and other prominent review venues. Steinberg edited the magazine's author interviews, and beginning in 1992 put together four anthologies of them in book form, published by the Pushcart Press. Formerly of InStyle magazine, novelist Louisa Ermelino took the reins of the PW review section in 2005. Under her watch, the number of reviews grew once again, to nearly 9,000 per year from 6,500.

In a sea change for the magazine, Ermelino oversaw the integration of self-published book reviews into the main review section of the magazine. Review editors vet and assign self-published books for review, which reviews are then published alongside the reviews of traditionally published books each week in the magazine. Publishers Weekly does not charge for self-published book reviews, bucking a trend within the industry led by Kirkus Reviews and Foreword's Clarion fee-for-review service, both of which offer independent book reviews in exchange for fees in the hundreds of dollars.

Publishers Weekly does syndicate its reviews to a variety of online retail venues such as Amazon, Apple Books, Powell's Books, Books-a-Million, and others. The reviews are also carried by library database services such as Baker and Taylor, ProQuest, Bowker, Cengage, EBSCO, and others.

title: Publishers Weekly


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100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd

100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd is a television sitcom created for Nickelodeon by Steven H. Berman, Mitchel Katlin, and Nat Bernstein. The series ran for three seasons, premiering on October 16, 1999, and airing its final episode on April 21, 2002.

Plot
"I'm Eddie McDowd, I'm a dog, and I talk. I used to be a kid, a bad kid, but then I mess with the wrong guy. ... He turned me into a dog. Can you believe this? That freak turned me into a dog! To be a kid again I have to do 100 good deeds, and the only person who can hear me talk is the last person I picked on. Now I'm living with this kid in this family, they love me! but they treat me like a dog." Eddie McDowd (Jason Dohring) is considered to be a schoolyard bully by his peers. McDowd considers himself very attractive and powerful and so he bullies others without mercy. One day, while bullying a kid after school, he is caught by a kind of mystical man. He tells McDowd that due to his bullying he will be punished for his wrongdoings by living life as a dog, and that in order to be restored as a human, he has to do 100 good deeds for others. Besides The Drifter, the only one who can hear him talk is Justin Taylor, the last kid he bullied. At first, the two are firmly against the idea, but McDowd realizes that he must work alongside Justin and his family to finish his good deeds. Every time Eddie performs a good deed, the Drifter appears with a creatively presented number stating the remaining deeds he has left. Occasionally, when Eddie misbehaves the Drifter takes away one of his deeds. The series was cancelled before the 100th deed, so it is unknown if he changed back.

Main

 * Edward "Eddie" McDowd (played by Jason Dohring as a human and John Allan at 12; played "Rowdy" as a dog; voiced by Seth Green in season 1, and Jason Hervey in seasons 2–3) – Eddie is a 17-year-old bully from the southwest who was turned into an Australian Shepherd/Siberian Husky mix by the Drifter for his wrongdoings and can only be restored to human form if he does 100 good deeds. Besides the Drifter, the only other person who can hear him talk is Justin Taylor (who was the last kid that he bullied). It is explained by the Drifter in a later episode that should this happen, neither Justin nor Eddie's family will outright remember their experiences (though Eddie will still be a better person for it).
 * Justin Taylor (played by Brandon Gilberstadt) – The last kid Eddie had picked on and the only one who can hear him talk in his dog form. He assists Eddie into doing the good deeds to restore Eddie to human.
 * Gwen Taylor (played by Morgan Kibby) – Justin's sister. She's very vain and popular all the boys like her especially her next door neighbor Spike Cipriano who she constantly rejects.
 * Tori Sloan (played by Melanee Murray) – Foreign exchange student from England who switched families with Gwen in season 2
 * Lisa Taylor (played by Catherine MacNeal) – Justin's mother who works as a party planner.
 * Doug Taylor (played by William Francis McGuire) – Justin's father who works as a mailman.

Supporting

 * Sariffa Chung (played by Brenda Song) – Justin's best friend
 * The Drifter (played by Richard Moll) – A mystical person who was responsible for casting the spell that transformed Eddie into an Australian Shepherd/Siberian Husky mix and will only change him back if he does 100 good deeds. He describes himself to be the embodiment of love, compassion, and tenderness and can do actions that are able to override and break the laws of nature. The Drifter speaks in rhymes and is able to take the form of different living things. He often appears in different forms to give Eddie advice on how to do good deeds. It was widely believed to be the Drifter was a stand-in for God.
 * Spike Cipriano (played by Danny Tamberelli) The Taylor's next-door neighbor who goes to the same school as Justin and Gwen. He has a huge crush on Gwen and tries to get her to be his girlfriend.
 * Flaco (played by Josh Hammond) – Eddie's old bullying buddy who also picks on Justin
 * Agt. Elizabeth Marcus/Dog Catcher (played by Julie Marcus)
 * Caesar – (voiced by David Lander) – A dog that befriends Eddie
 * Salvatore/Sal (voiced by Joe Piscopo) – A pug that's Eddie's friend and next-door neighbor; Piscopo also portrays Salvatore's owner Mr. Watt.
 * Gigi (voiced by Alyson Hannigan) – A Pomeranian that Eddie is often smitten with. She speaks with a French accent.

Cancellation
The series was cancelled in the United States due to declining ratings in the spring of 2002 after only 40 episodes with 60 deeds left.

title: 100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd


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Paolo Boselli

Paolo Boselli (8 June 1838 – 10 March 1932) was an Italian politician who served as the 34th prime minister of Italy during World War I.

Biography
Boselli was born in Savona, Liguria. Boselli was the first professor of science at the University of Rome prior to entering politics. He served for 51 years as a liberal rightist parliamentary deputy, and as a senator from 1921. Appointed Minister of Education in 1888, Boselli reorganised the Bank of Italy with his next portfolio, as Minister of the Treasury in 1899. He also served in Sidney Sonnino's 1906 government.

In June 1916, he was a relatively undistinguished center-right politician and one of the oldest members of the Italian parliament, when he was appointed Prime Minister, following the collapse of the Salandra government as a result of military defeats. His government fell in October 1917 as a result of the military defeat in the Battle of Caporetto, in which Italy lost some 800,000 men, all of the conquest made so far in World War I, as well as Friuli and parts of the Veneto. Boselli had been a strong supporter of commander-in-chief Luigi Cadorna, who was also fired in the aftermath of Caporetto.

During Boselli's time as prime minister, a decree of August 1917 extended the principle of compulsory insurance against accidents to agricultural workers generally. He died in Rome on 10 March 1932, and was buried in Turin.

title: Paolo Boselli


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Members of the Australian House of Representatives, 1983–1984

This is a list of members of the Australian House of Representatives from 1983 to 1984, as elected at the 1983 federal election. They were together known as the 33rd Parliament.

 * The Liberal member for Wannon (VIC), Malcolm Fraser, resigned on 31 March 1983; Liberal candidate David Hawker won the resulting by-election on 7 May 1983.
 * The Liberal member for Bruce (VIC), Sir Billy Snedden, resigned on 21 April 1983; Liberal candidate Ken Aldred won the resulting by-election on 28 May 1983.
 * The Liberal member for Moreton (Qld), Sir James Killen, resigned on 15 August 1983; Liberal candidate Don Cameron won the resulting by-election on 5 November 1983.
 * The Labor member for Hughes (NSW), Les Johnson, resigned in January 1984; Labor candidate Robert Tickner won the resulting by-election on 18 February 1984.
 * The Liberal member for Corangamite, Tony Street, resigned on 18 January 1984; Liberal candidate Stewart McArthur won the resulting by-election on 18 February 1984.
 * The National member for Richmond (NSW), Doug Anthony, resigned on 18 January 1984; National candidate Charles Blunt won the resulting by-election on 18 February 1984.


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Category talk:Populated coastal places in Canada

I don't understand the definition of "coastal" here. There are a number of Ontario cities located on lakeshores, not pelagic coasts; but then, Toronto isn't included. I would prefer that only towns that face seacoasts be included. - Montréalais 03:28, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree - a coast is defined in dictionary.com as "Land next to the sea; the seashore". Any community that is on the St. Lawrence River is technically on a river bank.  Any community that is on a lake is on a lakeshore, etc.  I wonder what the point is in even having such a category? Cheers,Plasma east 00:26, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The definitions used for this list are the same for the other lists of similat nature. Communities under 100,000 on the great lakes or on the actual ocean coasts. Earl Andrew 02:09, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * The problem is that the definition on Category talk:Coastal cities is inconsistent with the definition found on the article for Coast, nor in any dictionary or geoscience publication. That being said, I'm all for a "Port towns of Canada" category - as it stands now, coastal is misleading as there's a heck of a difference between a lake vs. an ocean. Plasma east 19:55, 28 November 2005 (UTC)


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User talk:Aut1221

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Whosyourjudas (talk) 03:30, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aut1221


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For Real

For Real is an American R&B and soul quartet, that formed in 1990. In the latter part of that decade they were nominated for a Billboard Music Award and a Soul Train Music Award. The ladies have now reunited and are touring.

Biography
For Real secured their recording contract by accident. "We were picking up our manager from the airport. So we decided to greet him with an acappella song. Someone from A&M Records just happened to be in the airport and heard us perform. Not long after, we were signed," said Latanyia Baldwin.

The band released their debut album, It's a Natural Thang, with production from Brian McKnight on A&M Records in 1994, and it became a critical success, including a rare four stars from Rolling Stone magazine. Their first single, "You Don't Wanna Miss" hit #28 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart; the group's second single, "Easy to Love", peaked at #65 on the same chart. The third single, "You Don't Know Nothin'", peaked at #88 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song also peaked at #54 in the UK Singles Chart in July 1995. The album sold over one million copies worldwide, and peaked at #80 on the Billboard 200.

In 1995, the band appeared in Italian Vogue, modeling men's suits. They toured alongside Stevie Wonder, and lent their voices to the Martin Scorsese film project Grace of My Heart. The foursome also forayed into acting with appearances in the film Shake, Rattle and Rock! starring Renée Zellweger and Howie Mandel on Showtime.

They also hit the US Top 20 with the single "Freedom (Theme from Panther)" featuring Aaliyah, TLC, En Vogue, BlackGirl, SWV, and Vanessa Williams from the film Panther. They also recorded a duet with Stevie Wonder called "Stubborn Kind of Fellow", which appeared on the Marvin Gaye tribute album, Inner City Blues: The Music of Marvin Gaye. For Real also recorded songs for the soundtracks of the films Waiting to Exhale and Fled.

Paying homage to the Motown sound with "Like I Do", The Marvelettes-inspired first single and video from their second album, Free (their first for Rowdy Records), they call their sound an answer to "counterfeit R&B". "During the Motown era, artists sang with passion," says Josina, who founded the group back in 1986 in Los Angeles. "That's what's missing from a lot of today's music. But don't worry, we're bringing it back!"

After a label change from A&M to Dallas Austin's Arista imprint Rowdy Records in 1996, For Real released their second album Free. The first two singles were "Like I Do" and "The Saddest Song I Ever Heard". The band also recorded three songs ("I Do", "Born to Love That Boy" and "Unwanted Number") and appeared in the critically acclaimed film Grace of My Heart. The film's soundtrack won a Satellite Award in 1997.

In January 1997, the band won an American Music Award for their work on the Waiting to Exhale soundtrack, with their featured song,"Love Will Be Waiting at Home". In Summer 1997, the group earned a Soul Train Award nomination for Album of the Year (By a Group, Band or Duo) for Free.

In 1999, Wendi Williams lent her voice to the Emmy-winning film Introducing Dorothy Dandridge with Halle Berry, in which Berry plays a singer but Williams is behind her singing voice.

In 2007, Josina Elder-Epps began work on a solo album and released two songs "Watcha Gonna Do" and "Doing It On My Own" to her MySpace page. She began work with producer CoryLavel on an album in 2009.

In 2010, Necia Bray-Gates released her debut solo album "Love Letters" on an independent label.

On July 25, 2018, all four members reunited for a special “Unplugged” show in Los Angeles.

Discography

 * It's a Natural Thang (1994)
 * Free (1996)

title: For Real


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File:J. Geils Band - Blow Your Face Out.jpg

Cover for album Blow Your Face Out by The J. Geils Band.

Fair use rationale for

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright


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Bethany College (Kansas)

Bethany College is a private Christian college in Lindsborg, Kansas. It was founded in 1881, making it one of the oldest colleges in Kansas.

History

Bethany College, established by Swedish Lutheran immigrants in 1881, is a college of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA). Swedish-Lutheran settlers worked with the Rev. Carl Aaron Swensson, pastor of Bethany Lutheran Church, to establish Bethany Academy on October 15, 1881, in the sacristy of the church in Lindsborg, Kansas, with ten students. The first building erected contained classrooms and a dormitory for men. A separate dormitory for women was built next. J. A. Udden was the first teacher. In 1882, the Smoky Valley district of the Kansas conference of the Augustana Synod took responsibility for the college; a board of directors was appointed and a state charter was received.

In 1883, a large dormitory for men was constructed, and in 1885, a main hall with classrooms, a chapel museum, and library and science departments opened. The Kansas conference itself took responsibility for the school in the spring of 1885 and the name was changed to Bethany College and Normal Institute. By 1889, its present name, Bethany College, had been assumed and it had been granted permission to award academic degrees.

Notable Bethany presidents in the 20th century include Rev. Ernst Frederick Wilhelm Pihlblad (1873–1943), who was a professor from 1895 to 1904 and president from 1905 to 1941. Under Pihlblad, Bethany was accredited and became a member of the National Association of Schools of Music. Under the watch of Emory K. Lindquist (1908–1992), who took office of president in 1943, Bethany survived war troubles, grew in post-war America, and improved its reputation. He was the author of Bethany in Kansas: The History of a College (1975).

The Bethany College Board of Directors announced the appointment of Elizabeth Mauch as Bethany College President in 2020.

Academics
Bethany College has 14 academic departments. The school offers majors focused in education, humanities, fine arts, sciences, and social sciences; minors ranging from business and sacred music to theater and art; teaching endorsements for all majors in education; and six pre-professional studies including medicine, law and, physical therapy.

Athletics
The Bethany athletic teams are called the Swedes (or Terrible Swedes). The college is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference (KCAC) since the 1902–03 academic year.

Bethany competes in 22 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, soccer, tennis, track & field (indoor and outdoor) and wrestling; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, tennis, track & field (indoor and outdoor) and volleyball; and co-ed sports include cheerleading, dance and eSports.

Traditions

 * Since 1903, students and alumni have rallied Bethany athletic competition with the "Rockar! Stockar!" cheer.
 * Every year since 1882, Bethany Oratorio Society has presented Handel's Messiah at the college, one of the longest-running annual performances in North America.
 * The walk from Bethany Lutheran Church. In honor of its founding in the sacristy of Bethany Lutheran Church, students traditionally walk to the church for a welcome service on their first day at Bethany as freshmen. Then, before the baccalaureate services on the day of their commencement, Bethany seniors line up in front of Bethany Lutheran Church for a traditional procession to Presser Hall on campus.
 * The ringing of the bell. When a Swedes athletics team wins conference, they gather in front of Hahn Gymnasium to ring the bell and spread the news to the rest of the campus, regardless of what time of day—or night—it may be.
 * Lift High the Cross. Each year during Homecoming week, Bethany students celebrate the college’s heritage of faith by lifting high a wooden cross in the gazebo. Students sign up for shifts so that the cross is held high during every hour of the week.
 * The number of feet out that the fence is for a home run in Anderson Stadium is 352, and it is also the place all Swedes baseball fans gather to cheer.

Notable alumni and faculty

 * Randy W. Berry, United States Ambassador to Namibia
 * John Frykman, Lutheran minister and psychotherapist
 * Oscar Jacobson, B.A., Ph.D., painter and director of the University of Oklahoma School of Art, now known as the Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art
 * Harrison Keller, violinist and professor
 * Ted Kessinger, football coach and College Football Hall of Fame inductee
 * Emory Lindquist, 1930 Rhodes Scholar, Swedish-American historian, President of Bethany College, President of Wichita State University
 * Carl Lotave, art instructor and portraitist
 * Bruce Montgomery, composer, performer, painter, conductor, director
 * Wade Moore, baseball manager and college football coach
 * Bennie Owen, football coach and College Football Hall of Fame inductee
 * John Pfeiffer, classical music producer
 * Norman Reedus, actor (attended a semester)
 * Birger Sandzen, artist, art professor at Bethany College
 * Carl Aaron Swensson, Lutheran minister and President of Bethany College
 * Norma Wendelburg, composer
 * Evelyn Wilson, Justice of the Kansas Supreme Court

title: Bethany College (Kansas)


text:
Talk:Saint Boniface Cathedral

[Untitled]
Should have either the hyphen (as in French) or the period (as in English), but not both. - Montréalais 03:32, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The Saint Boniface Cathedral is not a basilica. The earlier building destroyed by fire in 1968 was designated as a basilica. However, the designation of basilica did not automatically transfer to the new building. njesson 07:25, 6 Feb 2011 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.11.126.96 (talk)

Pierre La Vérendrye
Was Pierre La Vérendrye actually buried in the St. Boniface cemetery? Can't find a reference. Maybe just his statue is located there or nearby.-- Kayoty (talk) 06:02, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

First photo
Why is this particular photo placed at the head of the article? Perhaps just because it might be the first view of the site a tourist could get from a distance?

Unfortunately it gives - to me anyway - the impression that someone was embarrassed to display what the real St. Boniface Cathedral of today looks like. I admit that it's a great photo of the old façade; it just seems as if it ought to belong under "History" or "Gallery" or whatever. TooManyFingers (talk) 21:24, 28 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Saint Boniface Cathedral


text:
Jon St. John

Jon St. John is an American voice actor, former radio personality and ordained minister. He is best known for his voice roles such as Duke Nukem in the Duke Nukem video game series and Big the Cat and E-123 Omega in the Sonic the Hedgehog video game franchise.

Career
He started his career in voice work in 1975, when he was a Top 40 radio DJ in North Carolina. Because of his vocal talent and technical skills, he was hired as a production director for several US radio stations in cities including: New Orleans, Philadelphia, Phoenix, San Diego, and Los Angeles. St. John was a radio personality for many years most recently on K-EARTH 101 in Los Angeles.

He has provided the voice for numerous video game characters, such as the voice for the drill instructor Dwight T. Barnes as well as various other Marines in Half-Life: Opposing Force. He has done the voices for Big the Cat in Sonic Adventure and Sonic Heroes, Trash Man, General Warthog and other characters in Twisted Metal 4, E-102 Gamma in Sonic Battle, the announcer in Sonic Advance 3, E-123 Omega in Sonic Heroes, Bolt Logan in Chrome and Chrome: SpecForce and Agent Michael Ford in Conduit 2. He also voiced the "Postal Dude“ in Postal 4: No Regerts.

St. John is best known for being the voice of Duke Nukem in the Duke Nukem video game series from 1996 onwards, starting with Duke Nukem 3D with re-casting of Joe Siegler and Todd Replogle of Apogee Software. He stated in an interview that the voice of Duke Nukem was based upon Clint Eastwood's voice with a lower pitch.

He dubs the voice of professor Simon and Archibald in Runaway 2: The Dream of the Turtle. He provided the narrator's voice in Forsaken. He voiced Jack Boyd in the video games This Is The Police and its sequel. St. John voices characters for rides and attractions at the Legoland theme park in Carlsbad, CA. and at Dollywood theme park in Tennessee, he's the voice of Buzz the Buzzard, an audio animatronic character who introduces riders to the Mystery Mine ride.

He was also the crew chief in NASCAR Racing 2003 Season, NASCAR Racing 2002 Season, and NASCAR Racing 4. In 2011, he voiced for an exclusive Heroes of Newerth announcer pack and also a special sound pack for the TeamSpeak voice communication software. He is currently working on voicing for Dudebro II and Dota 2, as well as providing PvP voiceovers for Guild Wars 2.

In 2019, he took on the role of the Postal Dude for Postal 4: No Regerts, stepping in to replace Rick Hunter, the previous voice actor, due to unavailability.

In August 2019, St. John announced he was now an Ordained Minister.

title: Jon St. John


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Tkinias

Tkinias
final (18/0/0) ending 03:21, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I have been a Wikipedia contributor since April 2003 (user number 9855), although I have gone for periods of time without activity until recently. Beyond normal copyediting and NPOV policing, I am working on starting Wikipedia:WikiProject Fishes to clean up and standardize ichthyological articles; I am also working on biographical articles for modern French "notables" (primarily aristocracy and political figures), which is allied to my professional field. I also try to keep an eye out for potentially unfree images and work to bring the ones I find into compliance or to have them removed. —Tkinias 03:33, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Support Oppose
 * 1) A cursory scan of his/her edits seems to indicate a good user. Support. ugen64 04:58, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Strong support. 172 08:42, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Everyking 12:55, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Support.  It's important that admins have aproject they work on regularly, see Wikipedia:WikiProject Fishes -- and also important for admins to be able to work calmly in the midst of controvers: see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Binational_solution for an example of his style in a conroversial discussion Pedant 02:18, 2004 Dec 7 (UTC)
 * 5) Support. Danny 03:37, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) Support. Edwin 09:31, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) Support. Keeps a cool head under duress Micahmn 09:56, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 8) Support. He's been working with me to resolve our differences over citation formats in the fish articles.  The very fact that he references his work should mean something! -- Ram-Man (comment| talk) 17:50, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * 9) I'll support this. Andre ( talk )A| 17:55, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * 10) Lst27 ( t a l k )  23:46, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 11) Looks good to me. Deb 17:53, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 12) Strong support, Good editor and a nice guy. GeneralPatton 06:27, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 13) What General Patton said. Arminius 06:34, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 14) Support. Jayjg 18:14, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 15) Cribcage 21:58, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 16) Support. ffirehorse 01:26, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 17) A. D. Hair 02:05, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * 18) [[User:Aranel|Aranel (" Sarah  ")]] 20:00, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Neutral

Comments
 * User has 1885 edits as of 04:58, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC), for those who care. ugen64 04:58, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Questions for the candidate

A few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:
 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? (Please read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.)
 * A. Of course, I would continue to work to fight vandalism and similar problems, for which sysop rights would be helpful. I could also help with the task of deleting unfree images and with category cleanup; my contributions are limited now to nomination and discussion.
 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
 * A. I'm pleased with the work I've done on organizing some aristocratic families (the ducs de Noailles and de Broglie), and with what I've done on Wikipedia:WikiProject Fishes, although the last is still embryonic.
 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and will deal with it in the future?
 * A. I would like to mention two examples, one of which I am pleased with and one not.
 * I responded in anger to Neutrality when he reverted a page move of mine, calling it "ridiculous"; I have been was for some time unable to get him to discuss the disagreement. I regret that I was not more diplomatic from the outset and also that we have been unable to resolve the disagreement, but I have left his revert to stand for now rather than getting into a move war.
 * On the other hand, I have been working with Ram-Man to resolve our differences over citation format for FishBase and ITIS references in fish articles. I took the initiative of creating templates for the citations so that I can continue to work on the articles in question while we find a compromise citation format, which can then be applied uniformly by editing the template.
 * I highly value civility in discourse, and I intend not to allow myself to respond in anger in the future.


text:
Antonio Salandra

Antonio Salandra (13 August 1853 – 9 December 1931) was a conservative Italian politician, journalist, and writer, who served as the 21st prime minister of Italy between 1914 and 1916. He ensured the entry of Italy in World War I on the side of the Triple Entente (the United Kingdom, France, and the Russian Empire) to fulfil Italy’s irredentist claims.

Early life and political career
Born in Troia (Province of Foggia, Apulia), he graduated from the University of Naples in 1875 and then became instructor and later professor of administrative law at the University of Rome.

He was Minister of Agriculture (1899–1900) in the conservative government of Luigi Pelloux and subsequently Minister of the Treasury (1906) and Italian Minister of Finance (1909–1910) in the governments of Sidney Sonnino.

Prime Minister
In March 1914, the conservative Salandra was brought into the national cabinet upon the fall of the government of Giovanni Giolitti, as the choice of Giolitti himself, who still commanded the support of most Italian parliamentarians. Salandra's government was the most conservative one that Italy had seen for a long time. Salandra soon fell out with Giolitti over the question of Italian participation in World War I.

At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, Salandra declared that Italy would not commit its troops, maintaining that the Triple Alliance had only a defensive stance and Austria-Hungary had been the aggressor. In reality, both Salandra and his ministers of Foreign Affairs, Antonino Paternò Castello, who was succeeded by Sidney Sonnino in November 1914, began to probe which side would grant the best reward for Italy's entrance in the war and to fulfil Italy’s irredentist claims.

Entering World War I
Salandra used the term "sacred egoism" (sacro egoismo) to define Italy's outlook on which side Italy would enter the war. Expecting the war would be short – over by the late summer of 1915 – there was some pressure on the decision to make.

Negotiations had been started between Sonnino, the British Foreign Secretary Edward Grey and the French Foreign Minister Jules Cambon. "On February 16, 1915, despite concurrent negotiations with Austria, a courier was dispatched in great secrecy to London with the suggestion that Italy was open to a good offer from the Entente. [ ...] The final choice was aided by the arrival of news in March of Russian victories in the Carpathians. Salandra began to think that victory for the Entente was in sight, and was so anxious not to arrive too late for a share in the profits that he instructed his envoy in London to drop some demands and reach agreement quickly. [...] The Treaty of London was concluded on April 26 binding Italy to fight within one month. [...] Not until May 4 did Salandra denounce the Triple Alliance in a private note to its signatories." The secret pact, the Treaty of London or London Pact (Patto di Londra), was signed between the Triple Entente (the United Kingdom, France, and the Russian Empire) and the Kingdom of Italy. According to the pact, Italy was to leave the Triple Alliance and join the Triple Entente. Italy was to declare war against Germany and Austria-Hungary within a month in return for territorial concessions at the end of the war.

While Giolitti supported neutrality, Salandra and Sonnino, supported intervention on the side of the Entente, and secured Italy's entrance into the war despite the opposition of the majority in parliament. On 3 May 1915, Italy officially revoked the Triple Alliance. In the following days Giolitti and the neutralist majority of the Parliament opposed declaring war, while nationalist crowds demonstrated in public areas for entering the war. On 13 May 1915, Salandra offered his resignation, but Giolitti, fearful of nationalist disorder that might break into open rebellion, declined to succeed him as prime minister and Salandra's resignation was not accepted. On 23 May 1915, Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary. Salandra had expected that Italy's entrance on the allied side would bring the war to a quick solution. However the stalemated bloody war lasted far longer than anticipated. This weakened Salandra's ministry, especially when he refused to appoint neutralists to important positions. Five unsuccessful Italian offensives on the Isonzo and the Austro-Hungarian Trentino Offensive in May to July 1916 contributed to a military crisis that led to the collapse of Salandra's government on 10 June 1916, due to a combination of neutralist deputies and those who believed that Salandra had not been effective enough in the war effort. He played no further role in the war but was a member of the Italian delegation to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919.

After World War I, Salandra moved further to the right, and supported Mussolini's accession to power in 1922. Nine years later he died in Rome.

He was awarded Order of Karađorđe's Star.

Works
He is the author of a considerable number of works on economics, finance, history, law, and politics (New International Encyclopedia). These include:

 * Tratto della giustizia amministrativo (1904)
 * La politica nazionale e il partito liberale (1912)
 * Lezioni di diritto amministrativo (two volumes, 1912)
 * Politica e legislazione : saggi, raccolti da Giustino Fortunato (1915)
 * Il discorso contro la malafede tedesca (1915)
 * Italy and the Great War: From Neutrality to Intervention (London: Edward Arnold, 1932),

title: Antonio Salandra


text:
Talk:RAF Manston

Untitled
I have undone the redirect here, for the sake of categories. If we don't do this then 'Kent International Airport' shows up in the 'Royal Air Force bases' category with no explanation. Until we can override the text that appears in the category, I suggest that this is the least confusing approach. DJ Clayworth 03:33, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Restoration of Article
I have restored the RAF Manston article, splitting relevant information from Kent International Airport, as they are clearly different things! The history of the RAF airbase is of only passing relevance to the commercial operation, and having a separate article will allow the addition of new information (RAF Manston crest for instance)

Apart from this, there is still a military base here (FSCTE Manston), which has been in continuous operation as part of the RAF operation since 1959! This article allows successful linking between articles, and is of historical relevance

Thanks Owain.davies 16:37, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

Thanet Landing Strip Location?
This article (and the one on Kent International Airport) states the Thanet airfield was

a small and precarious landing strip for aircraft at Westgate, above the cliffs at the foot of the sea where a seaplane had been based at the end of the promenade.

This doesn't make sense, but I do not know enough about Thanet to correct it Arjayay (talk) 08:23, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

 * You're right, the wording doesn't make sense. The strip was at St. Mildreds bay, on top of the cliff, with several planes overshooting!  OwainDavies (about)(talk) edited at 15:56, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

USAF usage after 1960
The article says that USAF withdraw from the airport in 1960, but I distinctly remember, when visiting my grandparents in St Peter's under Manston's flight path in the 1970s, regularly seeing USAF KC-135 refuelling aircraft operating from Manston. It would obviously be original research for me to add my own reminiscences to the article, and I don't have time to look for sources at the moment, but anyone interested in this article may want to follow this lead. Phil Bridger (talk) 18:14, 25 September 2009 (UTC)

Ramsgate aerodrome
While I'm in a reminiscing mood, I remember there being a Ramsgate Aerodrome through which, in the 1960s, I used to walk when going from my grandparents' house in St. Peter's and my great-aunt and great-grandmother's house in Ramsgate. It was a grass airfield catering for light aircraft with no hard runway, and, from looking at a map, I think it may have been where Pyson's Road Industrial Estate now stands. I'm posting this here because this seems the most likely place that I would find someone with a knowledge of the history of aviation in Thanet. Is there any such person watching this page? Phil Bridger (talk) 18:50, 25 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Try here: http://oldramsgate.blogspot.com/2007/02/out-of-town-and-miscellaneous.html.

 * It appears it was known as Ramsgate Municipal Airport.
 * Wow! I really wasn't expecting anyone to reply to this, and I'm pretty pleased with myself that I got the location right - those memories must be from when I was about six or seven years old, before my great-grandmother died. And to think I can't remember where I put my glasses down five minutes ago... Phil Bridger (talk) 23:20, 28 September 2009 (UTC)

 * LOL! - I'd never heard of the one at Ramsgate, but then my only experience of Manston was flying in a Chipmunk from there, back in about 1975 when I was in the ATC.

 * There's some more pictures here: and here:

 * There's now an article on Ramsgate Airport. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.4.57.101 (talk) 15:10, 22 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Here's a 1952 Flight news item on Ramsgate Airport re-opening after the war:  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.7.147.13 (talk) 16:43, 29 May 2012 (UTC)

Removing yacht rescue
There's so much to write about Manston, that I thought we really couldn't justify the following which has only a tenuous link - but might be worth a brief mention in the Ramsgate or Goodwin Sands articles?

 * An item of some interest and great curiosity relating to the inter-war history of Manston and its personnel, is one of the long list of inspired rescues off the Thanet coast. A link between the airfield and the Goodwin Sands is revealed in the pages of: The History of R.A.F Manston by Flt. Lt. Rocky Stockman RAF, and is told by Wing Commander Bryson who recalled an adventure at sea involving the high speed launches stationed at Ramsgate Harbour in 1936 for duty with the no. 48 (gr) Squadron.

 * He reports: "we had two of these launches, equipped with old aero engines by a firm in Cowes - they had never run for more than 15 minutes without conking out. One afternoon the Royal Temple Yacht Club had a race from Ramsgate. A squall blew up and the yachts ran aground on the treacherous quicksands. With trepidation I ordered out the two high speed rescue launches, which, miraculously, managed to keep going and rescued the boats - as if old Culmer White had been watching over them!" Le Deluge (talk) 13:38, 4 September 2010 (UTC)

Battle of Britain (film)
There is no mention that Manston was a base for filming, and probably had the unique honour of hosting a large collection of German aircraft on UK soil? I cycled up to see them from St Lawrence Ramsgate in the summer of 1968(approx) and watched filming overhead Ramsgate and local sea area.PeterPEarl (talk) 11:13, 20 January 2013 (UTC)

The what?
which for the fortunate pilot had been on its inward tide

Why is this fortunate? And what is an inward tide? Rising tide? Why is that fortunate? Maury Markowitz (talk) 13:06, 2 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Because the inward tide washes the pilot towards the shore and safety, rather than out to sea.

 * Downed airmen are at the mercy of the winds and tides as their Mae Wests or inflatable dinghies are mere flotation devices intended to keep them afloat long enough for rescue to arrive. In other words, they have no navigation capability, i.e., no way of propelling themselves any distance. So an outward tide will wash them further out to sea and away from safety.

 * This problem was why the airborne lifeboat was developed, as it could be sailed considerable distances. IIRC, one was sailed by a downed crew back to the UK from the Bay of Biscay. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.7.147.13 (talk) 11:20, 21 April 2014 (UTC)

Balance of info in article
There is a lot of info about the various squadrons and numbers of planes which the USAF had there during the Cold War period. In contrast, the info about the squadrons and numbers of planes and even the various planes themselves that were stationed there during WWII is relatively scanty, IMO. Boscaswell  talk  18:42, 25 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:RAF Manston


text: User talk:172.201.162.247

title: User talk:172.201.162.247


text:
Rama II

Phra Bat Somdet Phra Phutthaloetla Naphalai (พระบาทสมเด็จพระพุทธเลิศหล้านภาลัย, 24 February 1767 or 1768 – 21 July 1824), personal name Chim (ฉิม), also styled as Rama II, was the second king of Siam from the Chakri dynasty, ruling from 1809 to 1824. In 1809, Itsarasunthon succeeded his father Rama I, the founder of the Chakri dynasty, as Loetlanaphalai the King of Siam. His reign was largely peaceful, devoid of major conflicts. His reign was known as the "Golden Age of Rattanakosin Literature" as Loetlanaphalai was patron to a number of poets in his court and the King himself was a renowned poet and artist. The most notable poet in his employ was the illustrious Sunthorn Phu, the author of Phra Aphai Mani. The rapid growth of the number of his descendants was outstanding: he is believed to have had over 240 grandchildren.

Early life
Chim was born in 1767 during the Ayutthaya Kingdom in Amphawa District, Samut Songkram. Chim was a son of Luang Yokkrabat of Ratchaburi and Nak of Samut Sakorn, as his father and mother were then known. They would later become King Rama I and Queen Amarindra, respectively.

In 1767, Ayutthaya fell to Konbaung Burmese invaders. His father, Phraya Ratchaburi, joined Taksin's forces to recapture the city. Under King Taksin, Chim's father rose rapidly to high rank as a military leader and was assigned with the campaigns to subjugate Laos and Cambodia. In 1782, his father crowned himself King of Siam (later named Rama I) and Chim himself was raised to the title of Prince Itsarasunthon of Siam.

Loetlanaphalai with his concubine Riam (later elevated to Princess Mother Sri Sulalai by her own son), fathered Prince Tub (ทับ – later Rama III) in 1787. Prince Itsarasunthon then had a secret affair with his own cousin, Princess Bunrod. In 1801, Rama I then found out that Princess Bunrod had been pregnant for four months and banished her out of the palace to live with her brother. Itsarasunthon, however begged his father to forgive him and the princess was reinstated and became his consort through the negotiation by concubine Khamwaen. Unfortunately, the baby died just after its birth. With Princess Bunrod, Loetlanaphalai also fathered Mongkut (1804) and Pinklao (1808). His another concubine namely Prang Yai, gave birth to Prince Nuam in 1808.

He also married his agnatic half sister, Princess Kunthon Thipphayawadi. They had three sons: Prince Abhorn (1816), Prince Klang (1819), and Prince Piu (1822). Later, Prince Klang would be known as Prince Mahamala. He was granted the title of Krom Khun Bumraap Porapuksa, the 4th level of Krom ranks by Mongkut then elevated to Krom Phraya by Chulalongkorn.

Prince Itsarasunthon was appointed to the Front Palace as Lord of the Front Palace or Uparaja in 1807 to succeed his uncle Maha Sura Singhanat who had died in 1803, though he continued to stay at the Thonburi Palace. Among his many other children was Prince Wongsa Dhiraj Snid (born Prince Nuam), who was a royal physician for many years as well as a field commander and diplomat.

Ascension
As the eldest surviving legitimate son of Rama I, Prince Itsarasunthon succeeded to the throne when Buddha Yotfa Chulaloke died in 1809. No royal naming system was established at the time Rama II was crowned. He was later named by his son Nangklao as Loetlasulalai but changed to Loetlanaphalai by his other son Mongkut and by the Rama convention, called Rama II. His consort, Princess Bunrod, was raised to Queen Sri Suriyendra.

As soon as Loetlanaphalai ascended the throne, Prince Kshatranichit, the surviving son of Taksin, rebelled as pretender to the throne. Loetlanaphalai's son, Prince Tub, effectively crushed the rebellion, proving himself to be competent, thus gaining his father's favor. Prince Tub was raised to Kromma Muen, given the Sanskrit-derived name Jessadabodindra, and made Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Countering the last major Burmese invasions
The Konbaung king Bodawpaya, seeing that Rama I was dead, marched an army into Chumphon and conquered Thalang (Phuket City) in the same year. Loetlanaphalai sent his brother Maha Senanurak the Front Palace to recapture Thalang, which had been razed to the ground. This "Thalang campaign" was the last invasion by the Burmese into Thai territory.

In 1820, fearing an imminent attack by the Burmese on Siam, Rama II ordered his staff to collect all information in regards to potential Burmese invading routes into Siam.

Culture and literature

It was said that during Rama II's reign, if one could write a refined piece of poetry, then one would be able to become a royal favorite, as Loetlanaphalai himself was a poet. The reign was a cultural renaissance after the massive wars that plagued the First Reign; particularly in the fields of arts and literature. Poets employed by Rama II included Sunthorn Phu the drunken writer (Phra Aphai Mani) and Narin Dhibet (Nirat Narin). His sons, Jessadabodindra and Paramanuchitchinorot, were encouraged to excel in poetry. Poramanuchit later became a Sangharaj (Buddhist hierophant) and was well known for his religious works.

Rama II's reign saw the reconstruction of Thai culture and royal traditions. In 1811, the grand royal funeral was held for King Rama I. In the same year, a cholera epidemic broke out in Bangkok. Loetlanaphalai ordered Apat Pinat or sickness-repelling ceremonies to be performed. He also established the education and the examination system of Buddhism by dividing it into nine levels. In 1817, the Vesak festival was restored.

Foreign relations

In 1810, the first Rattanakosin-to-China mission was sent to the Jiaqing Emperor.

Since the Siamese revolution of 1688, Western presence had been reduced to a small scale as the Thai Kings ceased to encourage foreign influence. This, coupled with the Napoleonic Wars, meant there was little contact between Thailand and foreigners.

However, the wars caused many subsequent changes, which were observed in Southeast Asia. The British interest in Malaya increased as their trade with China increased. The Sultan of Kedah, a Siamese vassal, gave Penang off to the British without consulting Siam in 1786, followed by the British acquisition of Seberang Perai. Soon the British replaced the Dutch as the dominating naval power south of Siam.

The mission of the Portuguese governor of Macau in 1818 was the first formal Western contact in Siam since the Ayutthaya times. The British founded Singapore in 1819 and Jaslis, a missionary from Yangon, introduced the printing press in the same year. The Portuguese established the first western consulate in 1820. The first renewed formal British visit was made by John Crawfurd in 1822.

Death and succession
In July 1824, he died "very suddenly". It was said to be caused by strangury, but rumours were not without strong suspicions of his being poisoned. According to the succession rule then theoretically in force, the throne would go to the son of Queen Sri Suriyendra, Prince Mongkut; however, his elder half-brother Jessadabodindra succeeded the same day. Though only the son of a concubine, he had served their father in putting down a revolt and then as Kromma Tha (Ministry of Trade and Foreign Relations.) The elder brother's experience counted for more than the theoretical claim of the much younger and inexperienced brother, who nevertheless did succeed his elder brother much later, and sired many sons but raised none of their mothers to the rank of queen, thus technically none of his sons had claim to the throne over their half-uncle whose mother was a Rama II's principal consort.

title: Rama II


text:
Talk:Gravity loss

Example section
I hope I have not started an edit war by re-deleting the example. Personally I found it not only unnecessary (because the text of the article explains the concept quite well), but also confusing because its relation to the topic of gravity drag was never explained. --Doradus 03:36, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * It says

 * When applying delta-v against gravity to increase specific orbital energy, it is advantageous to spend the delta-v as early as possible, rather than spending some, being decelerated by gravity, then spending some more.

 * This is demonstrated with the simple concrete example.--Patrick 09:55, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry chief, you're the victim of your own clear explanation. Looking at the example again, I just can't imagine someone not understanding the concept, then reading the example and saying "oh! NOW I get it!".  --Doradus 21:42, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * More importantly, it claimed to be an example of gravity drag, yet the words "gravity drag" never appeared in the example, which makes it a poor example by inspection, but is also symptomatic of the example's lack of clarity and precision. A person who doesn't "get" gravity drag from your perfectly adequate explanation is going to need some serious hand-holding.  Crafting a good example will take some work, but if you think it's important, we can give it a try.  --Doradus 04:35, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)

Relativity
Are we sure "gravity drag" is a real term from relativity? I think we need a better source for this than a single geocities page. Also, the relativistic effect is unrelated to the astrodynamical one (which is purely classical), so this article should be restructured to reflect this. --Doradus 21:40, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * seems to me they're the same -- help me out if i don't understand it fully -- i'll clarify to show that it's not strictly relativistic ... just describes the phenomenon.  Ungtss 22:40, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Firstly, why are you linking to a shadow of Wikipedia, when you could just go to Gravity? :-)
 * Secondly, I think you're confusing 'gravity drag' with frame-dragging. the text on the link says that the term is the author's invention: "I call this effect gravity drag". He's not a reliable source. He's certainly wrong about the tidal locking of moons to their primaries, which was understood without any need for relativity. I think he's also wrong about Mercury, which is precessing but not losing energy. Double stars rotating fast enough to emit gravitational radiation could be said to be experiencing drag, but I don't recall anyone doing so. In sum, this section should be cut.
 * —wwoods 00:53, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * well alright then, i'll yield to the more educated mind -- cut away:). Ungtss 02:18, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Bogosity?
"It might be expected that the gravity losses would up to 9.8 m/s per second of thrusting. However, by thrusting at an angle wherever possible, the overall losses are reduced by Pythagorus."

Um no. If you thrust at, say, 4g diagonally at the right angle so that you get 1g vertical component, do the maths and you get 3.87g horizontal component. So it's more efficient to thrust diagonally than to have two engines, one vertical and one horizontal. It really is due to pythagorus, and it really does reduce the gravity losses.

 * Ok, I see what you mean. You're just reminding us that forces are a vector quantity.  That's a good point that was missing from the article.  I don't think an unexplained reference to Pythagoras is sufficient, though...  I'll see if I can think of anything better.  --Doradus 20:52, Jun 17, 2005 (UTC)

Centrifugal Force
A may be pedantic, but centrifugal force is ficticious. Second, the reason we want horizontal speed is never explained. I am guessing that it is due to the fact that at a sufficiently high velocity you enter a state of constant freefall, but this is just a guess.

 * It's not really ficticious in a rotating frame of reference, such as an object rotating around the center of the Earth. Or if you think it is ficticious, many other everyday forces in physics are also ficticious.WolfKeeper 02:24, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

This article says: "horizontal speed... provides a centrifugal force". Speed providing force is a very poor thing to say without a large amount of explanation about the reference frame in use and real vs. ficticious forces. Also, it is stated as a given when it also depends upon the location of the object! There are better ways to describe this effect without adding to the confusion.

 * "Fictitious force" doesn't mean "bogus term", it's merely indication that the apparent force comes from the frame of reference being non-inertial, but it still serves a perfectly valid tool for calculations. The article on Coriolis force is doing pretty fine; one could similarly protest the imaginary number. Gravity drag is fictitious, because it's "tainted" by centrifugal force component due to the "horizontal" speed being in fact circular motion above (round) planet's surface. It absolutely doesn't make it "bogus" though, merely classifying it as a specific class of forces. Sharpfang (talk) 08:13, 9 February 2017 (UTC)

Vector Considerations
The comment about directing the thrust downwards to increase acceleration would presuppose either a really weak surface or that the rocket is already airborne. Since gravity drag seems to be concerned with getting up higher, this example seems silly and confusing (gravity generally tends to make it easy to accelerate downwards.) 128.151.161.49 Iain Marcuson

 * I removed that.--Patrick 06:39, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I've restored it, hopefully in a way that highlights that the downward thrust is absurd. I also removed the remark about GEO versus escape velocity, because that has little to do with gravity drag.  It is a general statement about Hohmann transfer orbits.  --Doradus 23:52, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

Numerical examples
It would really help me as a reader if the article included a few real-world examples with actual numbers for specific spacecraft launch trajectories. Is data available for the gravity drag penalty incurred by the Space Shuttle on a launch to the ISS? Would other vehicles (e.g. Soyuz with Progress or Ariane with ATV or H-IIB with HTV) pay a lower penalty because (without humans aboard) they can accelerate more rapidly? Also, this would help make clear what units (is it meters per second squared ?) would be appropriate for measures of gravity drag. (P.S.: I don't mean the article needs to show how these values are derived -- just a table of the results would be fine. ;-) (sdsds - talk) 05:18, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

New equation
In the new section Formal expression the formula

 * $$ \frac{d p_r}{d t} = - \nabla (p_v \cdot g) - \frac{1}{m} \nabla (p_v \cdot A) \,.$$

is quoted from the paper General Theory of Optimal Trajectory for Rocket Flight in a Resisting Medium, with the explanation:

 * "The first term on the right hand side is the part of the force which may be called "gravity drag".

I am struggling to see the relevance of this equation to "gravity drag" because: Can anyone provide a clearer explanation of the relevance of this equation ? Gandalf61 (talk) 08:48, 12 September 2008 (UTC)
 * 1) The paper makes no mention of the terms "gravity drag" or "gravity losses" in relation to this equation (or anywhere else that I can see).
 * 2) In the equation quoted, the vector A is identified as "aerodynamic force" i.e. lift (see Figure 1 in the paper). As there is no lift in space, this term will be 0 for a spacecraft in orbit.
 * 3) The vectors pr and pv appear from context to be momentum vectors, but their connectrion to physical characteristics of the spacecraft is not made clear.

 * 1. It does not surprise me that the paper does not name the term since it does not require lengthy discussion in the text as some other terms do, e.g. the aerodynamic lift and drag. Its appearance in the equation is sufficient for defining the theory. However, I agree that this reference does not support my identification of that particular term (rather than something else in the theory) as the "gravity drag".
 * 2. The vector A is the whole aerodynamic force including both aerodynamic lift and aerodynamic drag. Unfortunately, the reference seems to omit the effect of the Earth's rotation on the atmosphere. So in the equations (3) for the lift and drag, one should replace V by V-Vatm with $$\mathbf{V}_{atm} = \mathbf{\omega}_\oplus \times \mathbf{r} \,.$$ Even in outer space where the atmosphere is negligible, this theory should apply. Simply replace the density of the atmosphere by zero and many of the equations should be simplified.
 * 3. At the end of section 2 of the reference, it says "The solution is obtained by integrating the systems of Eqs. (7) and (9), subject to specified end-conditions, and selecting the control T and A in their bounded spaces such that at each instant the Hamiltonian defined by (8) is an absolute maximum.". Thus the relationship of the "momentum" vectors to the coordinates is quite complicated. Actually, since this is a optimal control problem rather than a purely physical phenomenon, the Hamiltonian refers to the utility of the trajectory rather than the action. Thus the "momenta" are really more analogous to prices, that is, the marginal utility of an increase in the corresponding coordinate at that time.
 * I hope I can give you more information later after I have studied this more. JRSpriggs (talk) 06:36, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

I too am concerned that the Vinh 1973 reference is not directly discussing the "gravity drag" concept. The Vinh paper is about vehicles that are powered by a rocket engines but that rely on aerodynamic lift for flight. That puts their flights outside the discipline of astrodynamics, which is the scope for the article as specified in its lead section. (sdsds - talk) 07:40, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Agreed. To properly explain the relevance of this equation I think the article needs to include a couple of extra things:
 * A full explanation of the meaning of its variables, especially A, pr and pv.
 * A version of the equation that applies to outer space - ideally, to avoid OR, I guess this should come from a reference that deals with the dynamics of space travel rather than atmospheric flight.
 * Also, I am now confused by two other issues:
 * The term $$ - \nabla (\mathbf{p}_v \cdot \mathbf{g})$$ that is identified with "gravity drag" is a vector quantity, whereas "gravity drag" appears to be a scalar quantity (like delta-v). Should "gravity drag" actually be the magnitude of $$ - \nabla (\mathbf{p}_v \cdot \mathbf{g})$$ ?
 * I think from the definition of pv in the paper that it has dimensions L. In which case the dimensions of $$\mathbf{p}_v \cdot \mathbf{g}$$ are L2T-2 and the dimensions of $$ - \nabla (\mathbf{p}_v \cdot \mathbf{g})$$ are LT-2. But surely "gravity drag", like delta-v, has dimensions LT-1 ? The dimensions don't seem to match, do they ?
 * Hoping JRSpriggs or someone else can shed some more light on this. Gandalf61 (talk) 08:12, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

Formal expression
According to the General Theory of Optimal Trajectory for Rocket Flight in a Resisting Medium (see equation 30 at the external link below),
 * $$ \frac{d \mathbf{p}_r}{d t} = - \nabla (\mathbf{p}_v \cdot \mathbf{g}) - \frac{1}{m} \nabla (\mathbf{p}_v \cdot \mathbf{A}) \,$$

where $$ \mathbf{p}_r \,$$ is the amount of fuel that would be saved in the portion of the flight so far per unit change in the current position (kilograms per meter), $$ \mathbf{p}_v \,$$ is the amount of fuel that would be saved in the portion of the flight so far per unit change in the current velocity (kilogram seconds per meter), $$ p_m \,$$ is the amount of fuel that would be saved in the portion of the flight so far per unit change in the current mass (1), t is the current time (units seconds), $$ \mathbf{g} \,$$ is the acceleration of gravity at the current location (units meters per second squared), and $$ \mathbf{A} \,$$ is the current aerodynamic force (lift plus drag) on the rocket (units kilogram meters per second squared).

The first term on the right hand side is the part of the "force" which may be called "gravity drag". I moved the above section here from the article because Gandalf61 has raised questions which I cannot answer presently. Thus it appears that it may be incorrect in some significant respects. JRSpriggs (talk) 20:15, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

 * There's several things here. There's the instantaneous gravity drag, and there's the overall effect on the delta-v that the vehicle needs which is the integral over time for a particular launch. Both are not uncommonly referred to as gravity drag. The thing is that the gravity drag is an acceleration due to gravity which is independent of the weight of the vehicle, hence you can divide through the expression by the mass to get an acceleration, which when you integrate up over a mission, you get a velocity (the velocity vector delta-v (physics) due to gravity drag). There's also the extra delta-v that the vehicle needs to expend to oppose the gravity drag. That's very much a scalar, it's a measure of fuel burnt.- (User) Wolfkeeper (Talk) 22:36, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm sure it all seems hopelessly complex, ill thought-out, poorly referenced, obscure etc. etc. to people who haven't thought about these issues much, and at first blush it seems to violate most of the rules of physics. But it's more that rockets have that awkward exhaust where plenty of momentum and energy end up, and so, for example, you have bizarre behaviours like the Oberth effect where the same rocket almost magically gains extra speed in some situations. But really it's the exhaust making the books balance. I guess this is why it's called 'rocket science' sometimes. Gravity drag is another one of those oddities. And yeah, gravity drag is negative when the rocket points down too, check out the dot product(!)- (User) Wolfkeeper (Talk) 22:36, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Let me try to make sure I understand this clearly. Are you saying:
 * One definition of "gravity drag" is a velocity vector, and is the integral of the acceleration due to gravity (i.e. weight/mass) over a mission (or perhaps over a phase of a mission).
 * The other definition of "gravity drag" is a scalar which is the additional delta-v that the rocket needs to expend to oppose gravity.
 * Have I got that right ? How are the vector and scalar definitions connected - is the scalar "gravity drag" equal to the magnitude of the vector "gravity drag" ? Gandalf61 (talk) 08:22, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Let's clarify this. Gravity drag is a force, and thus, a vector.. It's the difference between weight and centrifugal force (making it a fictitious force, applicable in non-inertial frame of reference of an accelerating spacecraft in flight over (round) planet. Its frame of reference is bound to the planet's surface at craft's nadir and moves as the craft moves, rotating with planet's curvature.

 * It bears many similarities to atmospheric drag. It's relation to velocity is quadratic (although the respective "immobile" is in circular orbit). It's relation to local gravitational acceleration is linear similarly to air drag's relation to air density (think "density of gravity"). It degrades to weight (as understood in aviation) at low speeds; substituting it for weight in aviation equations allows graceful adaptation of them for calculations concerning spaceplanes - gravity drag counteracts lift, while atmospheric drag counteracts thrust, comprising the four fundamental forces acting on an airplane.

 * The expression causing worst confusion is "gravitational losses". It can be understood momentarily, as a scalar proportional to magnitude of gravitational drag, magnitude of gravitational acceleration as experienced by craft in given conditions (m/s^2); or it can be integrated over ascent time through adapting F=ma, v=at; the result is gravitational loss to delta-V in m/s. - or even as energy spent to produce thrust needed to produce given delta-V, in Joules, or momentary power output needed to counteract it, in Watts. The term "gravitational losses" is poorly defined. Well-defined gravitational drag is a helpful expression that allows you to find "gravitational losses" in whatever terms you desire, being the neutral, fundamental quantity behind all of the many forms of "gravitational losses".

 * this answer presents a simple overview of mathematics behind gravity drag, although obviously I can't submit this - "original research". Sharpfang (talk) 09:00, 9 February 2017 (UTC)

 * The vectors pr and pv in the Vinh paper are not momentum vectors. The pv vector is the "primer vector".  this paper gives an overview of primer vector theory.  The primer vector points in the direction of thrust (forwards). It has a magnitude which is typically close to 1, and its interpretation is that if its magnitude exceeds 1 your rocket should be firing at full thrust, while if it is below 1 you should insert a coast phase, and is an example of Bang-bang control.  In equation 37 on page 199 Vinh has the equations for rocket flight in free space which eliminates the aerodynamic forces.

 * $$ \frac{d \vec p_r}{d t} = - \nabla (\vec p_v \cdot \vec g), \frac{d \vec p_v}{dt} = - \vec p_r, \frac{d p_m}{dt} = \frac{1}{m^2} \left \Vert p_v \right \| T$$

 * $$ \frac{d^2 \vec p_v}{d t^2} = \nabla ( \vec g \cdot \vec p_v )$$

 * While that formulation is very elegant and you can read off "thrust vector dotted into gravity vector" so it becomes obvious that it is zero when thrust is horizontal to the gravity field, I'm not sure if you can usefully include that since it requires a background in primer vector theory to really be able to "read" it. Lamontcg (talk) 01:20, 31 October 2017 (UTC)

Original research
This article has no citations at all, and thus no proof is given that anyone in the real world uses the word drag to refer to the gravitational resistance on a space vehicle. Does it need to be moved to a new title? I don't think so; it seems to actually fit the intended meaning of WP:Original research: someone's presentation of a subject, and probably should be deleted. The topic is covered in Flight dynamics (spacecraft). After powered flight (i.e. achieving orbit or greater), it's generally just considered gravity, not drag. It has nothing at all to do with Drag (physics). JustinTime55 (talk) 16:49, 21 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Gravity drag is a term in common use in the space community though. A search for phrase "gravity drag" through KSP forum produces 373 hits. ("gravitational drag", another variant of the same, yields additional 30.) space.stackexchange.com yields 30+4. I'm yet to see it in any scientific papers (doesn't mean it's absent there) but it definitely deserves an article, to serve as aid for people who encounter it for the first time - even if actual, peer-reviewed materials are hard to come by. Sharpfang (talk) 08:02, 9 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Gravity "drag" is a term in common misuse in the KSP community. In the scientific community is known as "gravity loss", while aerodynamics drag produces "drag loss", there is also "steering loss" for when the thrust angle is not collinear with the orbital velocity forward velocity vector.  Lamontcg (talk) 01:46, 3 May 2019 (UTC)
 * A space simulation video game "community" does not count as part of the astrodynamics or rocketry scientific community, no matter how much NASA "endorses" it. The professional term is gravity loss, and the page was moved there. JustinTime55 (talk) 01:22, 6 March 2021 (UTC)

Better References
Logsdon, Tom, "Orbital Mechanics: Theory and Applications" ISBN-13: 978-0471146360. See the discussion on page 119 that may be accessible through google books. Curtis, Howard D. "Orbital Mechanics for Engineering Students", 3rd ed. also has an appendix D with code samples at the publisher site -- Under "D.40 Calculation of a gravity-turn trajectory" there is a matlab script which integrates an ascent and calculates gravity loss and drag loss. And note that the term used in these references is "gravity loss" not "gravity drag" and "drag loss" is consistently used across both for atmospheric drag. I believe the KSP and stackexchange community are likely misusing terminology (and the article title should get updated). The Vinh reference also is going to be useless to understand this concept and should be dropped. The section in the Logsdon book is vastly clearer. I'd update the article myself, but I don't have the patience to deal with the wikipedia process (and the poor quality of this article as it is just frustrates me) Lamontcg (talk) 03:46, 14 July 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gravity loss


text:
WWE Classics on Demand

WWE Classics On Demand was an American subscription video on demand television service provided by WWE. It featured footage from WWE's vast archive of wrestling footage, including classic WWE, World Championship Wrestling (WCW), Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) and more. It offered around 40 hours of rotating programming per month, arranged into four (previously six) "programming buckets", often centered on a specific theme. It was originally called WWE 24/7 On Demand. In September 2008, it was changed to WWE 24/7 Classics on Demand. In April 2009, it was changed again to WWE Classics On Demand.

WWE Classics was presented only on digital cable. Among the services carrying it were Comcast, AT&T U-Verse (discontinued in 2012), Verizon FiOS, Mediacom, Charter Communications, Cox Communications, Rogers Cable, EastLink, Seaside Communications, Cogeco, Armstrong, Cablevision, Sky Italia and not long ago, Astro. Some of its programming was packaged as Madison Square Garden Classics and began airing on MSG Network in the summer of 2006. In November 2007, the service had around 115,000 subscribers.

The service closed on January 31, 2014 to make way for their new video-streaming and subscription service WWE Network.

Programming buckets and programs
The programming buckets and the programs which usually or occasionally appear on them:
 * WWE Legends–focuses on "narrative, retrospective and thematic programs" dealing with "legendary" wrestlers.
 * Hall of Fame–"Mean Gene" Okerlund hosts an original profile of a specific WWE Hall of Famer.
 * Throughout the rest of the month a selection of matches featuring that star are featured, changing every two weeks.
 * WWE Old School - Archival house shows from the 1970s to the 1990s. These shows mostly took place in New York, Boston, Toronto, and Philadelphia.
 * Legends of Wrestling–A round table discussion. An occasional program.
 * The Film Room with Gordon Solie–Jim Ross introduces classic footage documenting the career of a specific wrestler or tracing a specific event/feud as called by and featuring interviews with Gordon Solie. An occasional program.
 * This section also contains DVD and video releases.
 * The Big Events
 * Vintage pay-per-views and "super show" events from WWF/WWE, WCW, NWA, and AWA. These events could be a few months to years old.
 * WWE U-Choose (formerly Pick Your Big One) - Every month three "Big One" events, based on the next months theme, are offered up to be voted on at WWE's Classics subsite, with the winning event offered for viewing amongst the next months "Big Ones" selections.
 * Usually, a WWE pay-per-view that aired about a few months prior will be shown. This is shown in its entirety, but had also been broken down match by match as an additional option.
 * TV Classics–The history of professional wrestling is shown through re-airings of wrestling television shows.
 * Extreme Championship Wrestling - Hosted by Joey Styles, Tazz was the original host of the show until he left WWE in April 2009. Tommy Dreamer took over for Tazz as co-host until he left WWE in January 2010.
 * WWF Championship Wrestling - Without a Host
 * AWA All-Star Wrestling - without a host
 * AWA Championship Wrestling - Hosted by Larry Nelson
 * Championship Wrestling from Florida - Hosted by Mike Graham (discontinued in 2008)
 * Smoky Mountain Wrestling - without a host
 * World Class Championship Wrestling - Hosted by Michael "P. S." Hayes and Kevin Von Erich, Jimmy Garvin fills in for Von Erich from time to time.
 * World Championship Wrestling - without a host
 * Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling - without a host
 * WWF Prime Time Wrestling - without a host
 * Originally alternated with Tuesday Night Titans in the programming schedule until the final TNT aired in February 2009.
 * The Monday Night War - Hosted by Jim Ross, formerly hosted by Michael Cole, chronological re-airings of the week to week competition between WWF Monday Night Raw and WCW Monday Nitro. Airs as two separate programs. It originally aired as one program until January 2008.
 * Monday Night War: The Beginning - Hosted by Michael Cole, alternating with the "original" Monday Night War programs, The Beginning focuses on the start of the "war" in 1995. It airs as one program like the "original" show did. When this show debuted, Michael Cole was seen sitting behind the RAW announce position inside an empty arena explaining the programming change. This lasted a few episodes until the show began airing without the interlude.
 * Additional programming, sometimes but not always, related to the months theme, is also put into this section.
 * Shorties
 * Matches and/or memorable moments centered on the month's theme are hosted by a particular superstar (e.g. moments or matches involving food for Thanksgiving).

Previous buckets
When the service debuted it did so with six, more specialized, buckets. Around April 4, 2007 they were combined and pruned into a more broad set of four. This was done, according to the free "Month Preview" show hosted by Jack Korpela to make things easier for Classics viewers.

The original six buckets and their programming were:
 * Hall of Fame - Featuring only the Okerlund hosted biography and matches of a particular Hall of Famer.
 * Big Ones - Past pay-per-views
 * Specials - Home video releases and network specials
 * ECW - The History of ECW show (then hosted by Tazz alone)
 * Prime Time - Any past wrestling programming that would have originally aired in or around "prime time", including Monday Night Wars, which aired as one program.
 * Old School - Recorded house shows

Over time the "ECW" bucket was expanded to "Territories - ECW" and began to incorporate shows from the "territorial days" of the business. Later still the name was changed to its current "TV Classics" when it started housing the programming found in the "Prime Time" bucket, which was removed altogether. The "Old School" and "Big Ones" buckets were combined, keeping the "Big Ones" name, and becoming a bucket for any and all larger shows. "Hall of Fame" was renamed to the less restrictive "WWE Legends" and began to house material from the "Specials" bucket, which was also removed.

Legends of Wrestling
Legends of Wrestling is an original series made specifically for the Classics service. The program features various "legends" of the business, for their work in and out of the ring, having a roundtable discussion about specific topics, persons, or occurrences in the history of wrestling. The show was originally hosted by WWE commentator Jim Ross–with former interviewer Gene Okerlund filling in for him on a few occasions –until Okerlund took over hosting duties completely with the shows fourth panel.

The series was divided into unofficial "seasons" of hour-long episodes (each with a short intermission) featuring the same panels.

In January 2009, a DVD box set of three episodes: Sgt. Slaughter/Ric Flair, Jerry Lawler/the Junkyard Dog, and "Heatseekers"—about wrestlers who have a reputation of "causing trouble" backstage—along with bonus matches involving the stars. Best Buy exclusives episodes Bob Backlund/Hulk Hogan, The Iron Sheik/André the Giant, and "Rowdy" Roddy Piper/Terry Funk were also released. The episodes come from the first season, with the exception of "Heatseekers", which is a second-season episode.

Extra material

 * Before some selections begin there are short "promos" and clips shown featuring either memorable moments in the history of wrestling or a selection of highlights of a particular superstar before that star announces "You're watching WWE 24/7".
 * Early in the service's existence, it included an on-screen crawl during some content detailing historical moments—title changes, important matches, birthdays—in the history of wrestling for the month. The crawl was later changed to only featuring title changes.
 * Other times a lower third will appear on screen to provide supplemental information to what's going on on screen. Often it is tied into the month's theme.
 * On Monday Night Wars, an occasional segment called "War Stories" follows a key moment in the Monday Night War, where stars involved in the moment discuss the immediate reactions to the segment, but can also give insights into why a particular segment happened.

WWE Video Library
The WWE Video Library is the largest professional wrestling tape library anywhere in the world, with well over 100,000 hours of content. It not only consists of World Wrestling Entertainment footage (dating back to 1970), but WWE has aggressively purchased regional and national competitors, through time amassing a gargantuan library of television programs, pay-per-view recordings, video productions, and recordings of wrestling matches dating back to the 1950s and representing a very significant portion of the visual history of modern professional wrestling and sports entertainment.

Editing
Since World Wrestling Entertainment is no longer allowed to use the "WWF" initialism or their 1998–2002 logo except for "specified circumstances", instances of both were edited and/or removed from pertinent programming. In late July 2012, WWE reached a settlement with the World Wide Fund for Nature which once again allows them to use the "WWF" initials and scratch logo on archive footage. Unedited footage first appeared on the 1000th episode of Monday Night Raw and since then has appeared in full length matches shown on the WWE website and on Classics on Demand. In addition, previously licensed music to which the rights have expired are removed or replaced with alternate songs. Additionally, some formerly live events are censored for language and/or nudity. Ring announcer Michael Buffer is also edited out of any programming due to his trademarked phrase, "Let's Get Ready to Rumble".

In the wake of the Chris Benoit double murder-suicide a number of wrestling websites reported that the likeness of and references to both Chris and Nancy Benoit were being removed from pertinent programming. Eventually Nancy's image was allowed to return to programming, though over six years later Benoit's continued to be excised. Most notably both his wrestling and mention of his name was removed from episodes of Monday Night Wars airings of WCW Monday Nitro, as well as match segments from other shows, though he is occasionally mentioned and shown in brief non-wrestling roles. His image eventually returned in a wrestling role during a rebroadcast of World War 3 from 1997. In early January 2014, WWE issued a memo stating that footage involving Chris Benoit would air on the WWE Network with the following advisory: "The following program is presented in its original form. It may contain some content that does not reflect WWE's corporate views and may not be suitable for all viewers. WWE characters are fictitious and do not reflect the personal lives of the actors portraying them. Viewer discretion is advised."

title: WWE Classics on Demand