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Audience analysis

Audience analysis is a task that is often performed by technical writers in a project's early stages. It consists of assessing the audience to make sure the information provided to them is at the appropriate level. The audience is often referred to as the end-user, and all communications need to be targeted towards the defined audience. Defining an audience requires the consideration of many factors, such as age, culture and knowledge of the subject. After considering all the known factors, a profile of the intended audience can be created, allowing writers to write in a manner that is understood by the intended audience.

Process
Audience analysis involves gathering and interpreting information about the recipients of oral, written, or visual communication.

There are numerous methods that a technical communicator can use to conduct the analysis. Because the task of completing an audience analysis can be overwhelming, using a multi-pronged approach to conduct the analysis is recommended by most professionals, often yielding improved accuracy and efficiency. Michael Albers suggests that an analysis use several independent strategies that work together, such as reader knowledge of the topic and reader cognitive comprehension.

Writers can also use conversations, in-depth interviews or focus groups to help them to complete an audience analysis. Conversation as well as other qualitative research techniques will allow the communicator to consider the multiple cultural, disciplinary, and institutional contexts of their target audience, producing a valuable audience analysis.

David L. Carson of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute asserted that technical communicators most often perform their jobs with little or no knowledge about their audience. Carson states that the analysis should include a reader's level of comprehension of the technical vocabulary and motivation, as well as reading level. Indicators of a reader's high level of motivation include high interest in the subject matter, relatively high knowledge of the content, and high personal stakes in mastering the information.

Another technique used to conduct an audience analysis is the "bottom-up" approach. Leon de Stadler and Sarah van der Land explore this type of approach in reference to a document produced by an organization that develops different kinds of interventions in the field of HIV/AIDS education. This particular document focused on the use of contraception and targeted the black youth of South Africa. The initial document was created by document designers in the United States who did not base their design on an extensive audience analysis. As a result, the document, which used the informal slang of black South African youth, did not effectively communicate with its target audience. After the dissemination of the document, Van der Land used focus groups and interviews of a sample of the target audience to discover what improvements should be made. Upon considering the audience's perspective, she found that the initial document's use of the hip-style language backfired. The interviewees indicated that the use of the popular language was not effective because it was not used correctly or consistently throughout the document. Additionally, to the target audience, the informal language did not fit the seriousness of the topic being discussed. The suggested "bottom-up" approach should have incorporated the target audience during the design process instead of as an afterthought.

Marjorie Rush Hovde provides even more tactics that can be implemented in the process of an audience analysis in relation to one's organization. She suggests talking with users during phone support calls, interacting with users face-to-face, drawing on the writer's own experiences with the software and documentation, interacting with people within the organization, studying responses sent from users after the documentation is released, and conducting internal user testing. Like Michael Albers, Hovde asserts that the use of a combination of tactics produces a more accurate audience analysis than using one tactic alone.

Karen D. Holl discusses what writers should consider when writing papers that address an international audience. She focuses on those writers who attempt to publish studies in publications that are circulated abroad. She suggests that these writers consider the following questions when framing their papers:

 * What conclusions from my study would be relevant and novel to land managers and scientists working in other ecosystems and socio-economic contexts?
 * What is the geographic scope of the literature I am citing?
 * To which ecological and socio-economic systems do my world view and results apply?
 * Is my study sufficiently well replicated to generalize my results?
 * Are my conclusions supported by my data and, conversely, are all my data necessary to support my conclusions?

Although she focuses her suggestions on scientific studies, she acknowledges that "what is critical to effectively communicate the results of any study is to consider what conclusions will be of most interest to the target audience." Holl concludes that knowing how to address an international audience is a vital skill that successful scientists, as well as technical communicators, must possess.

Depth of analysis
There are often a large number of factors to consider, thus making it hard for the writer to completely assess the target audience within a reasonable amount of time. Therefore, an attempt to reach the most accurate and effective audience analysis, in a timely manner, is vital to the technical communication process. The depth of the audience analysis also depends on the size of the intended audience.

Because people constantly change in terms of technological exposure, the audience to be analyzed constantly changes. As a result, the technical communicator must consider the possibility that their audience changes over time. An article in the European Journal of Communication examined the changes experienced by audience research due to the growing range of information and communication technologies. The article pointed out that there are three main challenges that drive the search for methodological rigor: the difference between what people say they do and what they do in practice, the interpretation of the text by the reader, and why the received meanings of television matter in everyday life. An absolutely perfect audience analysis is generally impossible to create, and it is similarly difficult to create an analysis that is relevant for a long period of time. Revising and rewriting an audience analysis is often required in order to maintain the relevance of the analysis.

Specific applications of audience analysis
R. C. Goldworthy, C. B. Mayhorn and A. W. Meade, dealt with the hazard mitigation, including warning development, validation, and dissemination as an important aspect of product safety and workplace and consumer protection in their article "Warnings in Manufacturing: Improving Hazard-Mitigation Messaging through Audience Analysis". In this study, they focused on the potential role of latent class analysis in regards to the audience analysis performed in hazard communication and warning messages. Their qualitative study involved 700 adult and adolescent participants who answered a structured questionnaire about prescription medication history and behaviors. The identification of latent classes based on behaviors of interest facilitated tailoring hazard-mitigation efforts to specific groups. Although their study is limited, in that all participants were between the ages of 12 and 44 and were from heavily populated urban areas (so the generalizability of the data to rural settings has not been generated), this study establishes that latent class analysis can play a vital role. They conclude that latent analysis is a worthwhile addition to the analytical toolbox because it allows, in this case, risk reduction and hazard-mitigation efforts to tailor interventions to a diverse target audience. For the technical writer, analyzing latent classes would enable them to better identify homogeneous groups within the broader population of readers and across many variables to tailor messages to these better-specified groups.

The population of older adults is growing, and Gail Lippincott asserts that technical communicators have not accounted for the needs of these audiences, nor drawn from the wide range of research on aging. In her article "Gray Matters: Where are the Technical Communicator in Research and Design for Aging Audiences?", Lippincott suggests four challenges that practitioners, educators, and researchers must undertake to accommodate older adults' physical, cognitive, and emotional needs: They must refine the demographic variable of age, operationalize age to enrich current methods of audience analysis, investigate multidisciplinary sources of aging research, and participate in research on aging by offering our expertise in document design and communication strategies. Lippincott acknowledges that there is so much more research that must be done in this area, for "the body of literature on older adults and computer use is relatively small." Lippincott provides insight into an often overlooked audience that technical communicators must learn to address.

Teresa Lipus argues that devoting company resources to produce adequate instructions for international users is both practical and ethical. She also provides a brief overview of the consumer protection measures that leading U.S. trade partners have implemented. She also presents the following guidelines for developing adequate instructions for international audiences:

 * 1) Define the scope of the instructions
 * 2) Identify the audience
 * 3) Describe the product's functions and limitations
 * 4) Identify the constraints
 * 5) Use durable materials

She offers tips for getting and keeping the attention of the audience:

 * 1) Organize the information
 * 2) Structure the information
 * 3) Design the page layout

For aiding the comprehension of the readers, Lipus suggests that technical communicators write readable texts and design effective graphics. In an effort to motivate compliance, she recommend making the instructions relevant and credible and to improve information recall by organizing the information into small meaningful groups and providing concise summaries and on-product reminders. When presenting safety information, Lipus says to not only include the necessary safety messages but to also design effective safety messages. Before distributing instructions, they must be evaluated. She recommends testing the product and the accuracy of the instructions, communicating using means that reach users, and continuing to test and to inform users even after marketing. She explains that because the potential for making subtle but offensive errors is so high in international dealings, a language-sensitive native speaker from the target culture should always review the instructions before they are distributed to consumers. Although Lipus provides information in analyzing and writing for an international audience regarding consumer protection, the strategies offered can be applied to document preparation in general.

Jenni Swenson, Helen Constantinides, and Laura Gurak, in their case study, address the problem of defining medical web site credibility and identifying the gap in web design research that fails to recognize or address specific audience needs in web site design. The information they gathered assisted the researchers in identifying and fulfilling specific audience needs, describing a framework, and presenting a case study in audience-driven Web design. The researchers used the qualitative method of conducting a survey to find the audience of the Algenix, Inc. Web site. Algenix is a biomedical liver disease management company. The study showed that an audience-driven design would do more to reassure the audience that personal information would not be collected without consent as well as provide clear policies of security, privacy, and data collection. The survey informed the researchers that the audience would also like to experience a site with minimal graphics and short download times and one that is intuitive and easy to navigate. This study illustrates how an audience analysis should not only address what the users are able to do but also what they, as the users, would prefer.

In the article "Real Readers, Implied Readers, and Professional Writers: Suggested Research", Charlotte Thralls, Nancy Ror, and Helen Rothschild Ewald of Iowa State University define "real readers" versus "implied readers". The real reader is a concrete reality and determines the writer's purpose and persona. A writer who perceives an audience as real tends to conceive of readers as living persons with specific attitudes and demographic characteristics. Therefore, the writer's task is to accommodate the real reader by analyzing this reader's needs and deferring to them. The implied reader, on the other hand, is a mental construct or role which the actual reader is invited to enter, even though the characteristics embodied in that role may not perfectly fit his or her attitudes or reactions. When the reader is implied, the writer invents and determines the audience within the text. The researchers assert that writers must appreciate the complex interplay that may take place between the real and implied representations of the reader in every document. The researchers discuss how their study was conducted for the sole purpose of developing a hypothesis for further study: Are professional writers aware of real and implied readers; does a writer's way of perceiving a reader affect contextual development; do shifts occur in writers' conceptions of readers; are writers' perceptions of readers linked to a sense of genre and explained by principles of cognitive processing?

title: Audience analysis


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Mammy stereotype

A mammy is a U.S. historical stereotype depicting black women, usually enslaved, who did domestic work, including nursing children. The fictionalized mammy character is often visualized as a dark-skinned woman with a motherly personality. The origin of the mammy figure stereotype is rooted in the history of slavery in the United States, as slave women were often tasked with domestic and childcare work in American slave-holding households. The mammy caricature was used to create a narrative of black women being happy within slavery or within a role of servitude. The mammy stereotype associates black women with domestic roles and it has been argued that it, combined with segregation and discrimination, limited job opportunities for black women during the Jim Crow era, approximately 1877 to 1966.

History
The mammy caricature was first seen in the 1830s in antebellum proslavery literature as a way to oppose the description of slavery given by abolitionists. One of the earliest fictionalized versions of the mammy figure is Aunt Chloe in Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, first published in 1852.

Some scholars see the mammy figure as rooted in the history of slavery in the United States. Enslaved African American women were tasked with the duties of domestic workers in white American households. Their duties included preparing meals, cleaning homes, and nursing and rearing their owners' children. Out of these circumstances arose the image of the mammy.

Segregation era and National Mall monument
While originating in the slavery period, the mammy figure rose to prominence during the Reconstruction Era. Some scholars feel that in the Southern United States, the mammy played a role in historical revisionism efforts to reinterpret and legitimize their legacy of chattel slavery and racial oppression. The mammy image became especially prominent in the era of racial segregation, and reproductions of it persisted into the 21st century.

In 1923, the United Daughters of the Confederacy proposed the erection of a mammy statue on the National Mall. The proposed statue would have been dedicated to "The Black Mammy of the South". The bill received a standing ovation in the Senate, where it passed with bipartisan consensus, but died in committee in the House following written protests from thousands of black women.

Historical criticism
The historicity of the mammy figure is questionable. Historical accounts point to the identity of most female domestic servants as teenagers and young adults, not "grandmotherly types" such as the mammy. Melissa Harris-Perry has argued that the mammy was a creation of the imagination of the white supremacy, which reimagined the powerless, coerced slave girls as soothing, comfortable, and consenting women. This contradicts other historically accurate accounts of enslaved women fearing for their lives at the hands of abusive masters. In 1981, Andy Warhol included the mammy in his Myths series, alongside other mythological and folklore characters such as Santa Claus, Mickey Mouse, and Superman.

In Mammy: A Century of Race, Gender, and Southern Memory (2008), Kimberly Wallace-Sanders argued that the mammy's stereotypical attributes point to the source of her inspiration: "a long lasting and troubled marriage of racial and gender essentialism, mythology, and southern nostalgia."

The romanticized mammy image survives in the popular imagination of the modern United States. Psychologist Chanequa Walker-Barnes argues that political correctness has led to the mammy figure being less prevalent in the 21st-century culture, but the mammy archetype still influences the portrayal of African-American women in fiction, as good caretakers, nurturing, selfless, strong, and supportive, the supporting characters to white protagonists. She cites as examples Miranda Bailey, Mercedes Jones, and Ivy Wentz.

Fictional characteristics
The mammy is usually portrayed as an older woman, overweight, and dark skinned. She is an idealized figure of a caregiver: amiable, loyal, maternal, non-threatening, obedient, and submissive. The mammy figure demonstrates deference to white authority. On occasion, the mammy is also depicted as a sassy woman. She is devoted to her owners/employers and her primary goal in life is to care for their needs. In some portrayals, the mammy has a family of her own. But her caregiving duties always come first, leading to the mammy being portrayed as a neglectful parent or grandparent. And while the mammy is devoted to her white family, she often treats her own family poorly. Moreover, she has no black friends.

Melissa Harris-Perry describes the relationship between the mammy and other African Americans in Sister Citizen: Shame, Stereotypes, and Black Women in America (2011) by summarizing that "Mammy was not a protector or defender of black children or communities. She represented a maternal ideal, but not in caring for her own children. Her love, doting, advice, correction, and supervision were reserved exclusively for white women and children."

This stereotype contrasts with the Jezebel stereotype, which depicts younger African-American women as conniving and promiscuous. The mammy is occasionally depicted as a religious woman. More often than not, the mammy is an asexual figure, "devoid of any personal desires that might tempt her to sin". This helps the mammy serve as both a confidante and a moral guide to her young charges, capable of keeping them in line.

Kimberly Wallace-Sanders includes other characteristics of the mammy in ''Mammy. A Century of Race, Gender, and Southern Memory'' (2008): A large dark body, a round smiling face, a deeply sonorous and effortlessly soothing voice, a raucous laugh. Her personal attributes include infinite patience, self-deprecating wit, an implicit understanding and acceptance of her own inferiority, and her devotion to whites. The mammy was also large-breasted, desexualized, and potentially hostile towards black men. Many of these characteristics were denied to African-American female slaves but were generally attributed to the mammy.

Clothing
The dress often reflects the status of her owner. The mammy is usually neat and clean and wears attire that is suitable for her domestic duties. Sometimes a mammy considers herself to be dressed up, but that is usually just an addition of a bonnet and a silk velvet mantle, which probably belonged to her owner.

Education
The stereotypical mammy is often illiterate, though intelligent in her own way. However, as intelligent as she is, most of her intelligence is a result of past experiences and conflicts. In particular, a mammy of an aristocratic family can be identified by her air of refinement.

Living conditions
When the mammy does not stay in the house of her owner or is not busy attending to the needs of the owner's children, she usually lives with her husband and children in a cabin that is distinguished from the cabins of the other enslaved people in either size or structure. Her cabin stands near the owner's house, but at a distance from the cabins of the other enslaved people.

Although her duties are far less tiring and strenuous than those of the other slaves, her hours are often long, leaving little time for her own leisure. Not until the mammy becomes too old for these duties does she enjoy any home life of her own, since she is always preoccupied with the home life of her owner. There is a flexibility about the mammy's duties that distinguishes her from just being an ordinary nurse or a wet nurse, even though there is a possibility that she can perform either of these tasks. In some of the wealthier households, the fictional mammy has assistants who would help her take care of the household's children. These women are often much younger than the mammy herself.

The mammy, unlike other slaves, is usually not up for sale, and the children of the mammy are kept in the same family for as long as possible, retaining the same relationships that the mammy has with the owner. There are oftentimes when a mammy is forced to leave her own children behind in order to care for the owner's children. In many cases mammies choose to even have their own children taken away because they need to be able to fully provide nutrition to their owner's children, and there is a fear that if they are feeding their own children as well there may not be enough milk for the owner's children.

Roles in plantation households
The fictional role of the mammy in plantation households grows out of the roles of enslaved African-Americans on the plantation. African-American slaves played vital roles in the plantation household. For the mammy, the majority of these duties generally are related to caring for the children of the owner's family, thus relieving the mistress of the house of all the drudgery work that is associated with child care. When the children have grown up and were able to take care of themselves properly, the mammy's main role is to help the mistress with household tasks. As her years of service with the family increase, the mammy's sphere of influence increases as well. She is next to the mistress in authority and has the ability to give orders to everybody in the house.

The mammy is often considered to be part of the slaveholding family as much as its blood members were considered. Although she is considered of a lower status, she is still included in the inner circle. She has often been referred to as a "unique type of foster motherhood". Aside from just tending to the needs of the children, the mammy is also responsible for teaching the proper etiquette to them, such as addressing the elders on the plantation as "aunt" or "uncle", as well as what was best to say on a particular occasion and what was not. The mammy is able to discipline her charges whenever they do something undesirable, and is able to retain their respect towards her, even after the children have grown to adults.

Advertising

The mammy caricature has been used as advertisements for corporations, especially within the food industry. In 2020, the brand Aunt Jemima came under criticism for its branding after receiving public criticism about the company using a mammy caricature as its logo. The character of Aunt Jemima was not a real person and was portrayed by several people, beginning with freed slave Nancy Green from 1893 to 1923, followed by others including Anna Robinson (1923–1951), Edith Wilson (1948–1966), and Ethel Ernestine Harper (the 1950s). One of the founders of Aunt Jemima came up with the name and branding after hearing a minstrel song called "Old Aunt Jemima". Subsequently, other companies who profited from using images of black caricatures received criticism as well. Uncle Ben's, Mrs. Butterworth's, and Cream of Wheat are some of the companies that were spotlighted. In 2021, Quaker Oats, the owners of the Aunt Jemima brand, decided to rebrand it as The Pearl Milling Company and changed its logo from the mammy caricature to an image of a traditional milling building.

Aunt Priscilla's Recipes was a food and recipe column published in the Baltimore Sun during the 1930s. Aunt Priscilla was a mammy caricature who was the stereotypical good southern cook who spoke in a broken and exaggerated dialect. The alias of Aunt Priscilla was actually a white woman named Eleanor Purcell. Purcell also released several cookbooks under the alias. Purcell also took up the person of Aunt Ada in a column for The Evening Sun named "Ask Aunt Ada". Black women were often the faces of these food or housekeeping columns because of the stereotypes like the mammy which associated them with servant and domestic roles.

Images such as Aunt Jemima and Aunt Priscilla were mammy caricatures that created a negative and limiting representation as servant roles for white families.

Cinema
In the early 20th century, the mammy character was common in many films. Hattie McDaniel became the first African American to win an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress with her performance as "Mammy" in Gone with the Wind in 1939. In 1940, shortly after the win, the NAACP scrutinized McDaniel's role, and criticized Hollywood for the lack of diverse Black roles and characters outside of servitude. McDaniel responded to backlash by saying, "Why should I complain about making $7,000 playing a maid? If I didn't, I'd be making $7 a week actually being one."

Some of the contemporary media portrayals of the mammy caricature have been acted out by black men (Henson, 2013). A contemporary portrayal of the mammy caricature is seen in the film Big Momma's House directed by Raja Gosnell and starring Martin Lawrence. In the movie Martin Lawrence plays an FBI agent, Malcolm Turner, who goes undercover as "Big Momma" Hattie Mae Pierce, who exhibits the stereotypical mannerisms and appearance of a mammy caricature. The character of Big Momma is a plus-size older black matriarch and homemaker with overtly religious beliefs and a nurturing demeanor. Another mammy stereotype that the movie displays is the one of midwifery and domestic work. This originates from the history of older Black women serving as midwives on plantations.

The Help is a movie based on a novel by Kathryn Stockett about Black maids of white families in Jackson, Mississippi during the 1960s. The novel and film center around the experience of Black domestic workers, influenced by the writer and director both having Black nannies growing up. The story is positive from the perspective of the main character Skeeter, who has also been raised by a Black nanny. During the movie, Skeeter convinces several Black maids to share their stories and grievances, which causes an uproar. The movie came under criticism for several reasons. One being that both the novel and film were written and executed by white people, whose portrayals of Black maids were derived from the limited perspectives of people who did not share the life experiences of the people being depicted. The Association of Black Historians released a statement saying, "The Help distorts, ignores and trivializes the experiences of black domestic workers." When asked about her role in the movie, Viola Davis expressed her concern with playing the role because of the stereotype. However, she argued that the mammy remains a caricature because she is never humanized in the writings or portrayals. Davis' mother and grandmother also worked as maids, so she was familiar with the experience and lives of black women within domestic work. Davis also challenged filmmakers to explore the lives of these women outside of the kitchen and to not limit their identity to that of maids.

Comics

 * Rachel, Bobby's Make-Believe, 1919, Gasoline Alley, 1921.
 * Opal, Edgar Martin's Boots and Her Buddies

Dolls and ceramics

Mammy imagery can be found in the form of several objects including dolls, ceramics, cookie jars, salt and pepper shakers, and other household items. The mammy caricature was part of post Civil War propaganda that spread negative and false stereotypes about African Americans. These mammy ceramics and dolls had similar effects as the false representations created by minstrel shows. These figurines often had exaggerated features and tried to falsely portray African Americans as "docile, dumb and animated". Despite their racist meaning, these items have been passed down and seen as memorabilia. Although these mammy dolls and ceramics dehumanize Black people, some of them are still valued and sold for hundreds of dollars.

In Natchez, Mississippi, there is a roadside restaurant called Mammy's Cupboard that was founded in 1940. The building is shaped like a mammy caricature along with a head-wrap and long red skirt. Similar to Aunt Jemima, Mammy's Cupboard uses the imagery and the stereotype of Black women to promote a business. The restaurant's use of a mammy caricature to portray Black servitude is reminiscent of how it was portrayed in the Old South. The character Beloved Belindy was designed by Raggedy Ann creator Johnny Gruelle. This character was sold as a doll and featured in books.

Novels

 * Beloved Belindy Johnny Gruelle

Television
Televisions did not become common in US household until around the mid to late 1940s, making radio shows popular forms of entertainment for the American family. In 1939, Beulah Brown debuted as a character on the radio show Homeward Unincorporated. Beulah, as a character, was highly stereotypical and was the quintessential mammy figure auditorily. The character was originally played by white actor Marlin Hurt. The character was well taken to and added to several other radio shows. Over time, the creators and producers of these shows wanted to have an actual Black women as the voice of the character. Hattie McDaniel was given the role on the radio version in 1947, as she was famous for her multiple other award-winning performances portraying the mammy stereotype. The radio show was taken to television in the early 1950s and went on to run for three seasons. The first of season of the show starred Ethel Waters, who later left the series due to not wanting to portray the mammy stereotype any longer. McDaniel took over the role for the second season, filming a total of six episodes before becoming ill. McDaniel has been noted to have chosen to play these mammy roles time and time again as they were the only accessible roles for black actress during this time. Similar to how she was given the role on the radio, McDaniel was the epitome of what a mammy looked like as well as being big in size, large mouth, and dark skin that contrasts from white teeth and big eyes. The role on television was also portrayed by Louise Beavers. Aside from the actress that portrayed her, Beulah, as a character, had all the characteristics of a mammy. She always made sure her "family", the family she worked for, was well taken care of. Helping them at any cost and putting their needs above her own can be seen in multiple episodes of the show. The NAACP, and other critics, did not like the image of African-American women the show represented, as it supported the mammy stereotype.

Over time, the image of the mammy was given a contemporary makeover. Some of the more contemporary features that the mammy received were that her head rag was removed and she became smaller, as well as lighter in complexion. In addition, her owner was not always white.

Some contemporary television sitcoms which featured mammies include Maude, where the character Florida, played by Esther Rolle, worked as a domestic for a white family. A spin-off titled Good Times was made, where Rolle's character became the center of the series; the show focused on her family, which lived generally happy lives in a low-income housing project. Other television series that featured mammies as characters include That's My Mama, Gimme a Break! and What's Happening!!.

When other contemporary mammies emerged, they usually retained their occupation as domestic workers and exhibited these physical feature changes; however, their emotional qualities remained the same. These contemporary mammies continued to be quick-witted and remained highly opinionated. A new twist in the outlook of the contemporary mammy occurred in the sitcom The Jeffersons, where Florence, a maid played by Marla Gibbs, works for an affluent African-American family.

A Different World was a 1980s sitcom that featured students at Hillman, a fictional historically black college. In an episode titled "Mammy Dearest", the mammy stereotype was discussed. The episode centered on an exhibition planned by the character Whitley Gilbert. In the exhibition, Gilbert included images of a "mammy". The character of Charnele Brown is upset and wants it removed from the exhibition. Gilbert and others argue that they must reclaim the image and separate it from its racist history. Later in the episode Brown reveals a childhood story in which she dressed up a Nubian princess for a costume contest at school. When she won, she was referred to as "Aunt Jemima". The incident was traumatic for her because she felt that was how people saw her.

Legacy
Nowadays, stereotypical or controlling images of Black women reflect the economic, legal, and social changes that have occurred to Black people over the past 50-60 years. The images are also reflective of a society as a whole – a global economy, unprecedented media reach and transitional racial inequality – and are class specific. Working class Black women are depicted as the  “Bad Black Mother”/”Welfare Queen” and the “Bitch” (materialistic and hyper sexual Black women within “hip-hop” culture), Middle class Black women are depicted as “Black Ladies” with allegedly un-restrainable sexual desire, and an educated Black woman is often depicted as an “Educated Black Bitch” who is portrayed as manipulative and controlling. Black women in positions of power are often seen as the “Modern-day Mammy”, now which refers to a well-educated and successful Black woman within the upper/upper middle class who “uphold[s] white-dominated structures, institutions, or bosses at the expense of [her] personal [life].” This is a derivative of the original “Mammy” stereotype in which the Black woman was not only subservient but often happy to serve her white master.

General references

 * Bernstein, Robin, Racial Innocence: Performing American Childhood from Slavery to Civil Rights (New York: New York University Press, 2011), 157, 174–176, 180–181.
 * Bogle, Donald, Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, & Bucks: An Interpretive History of Blacks in American Films (New York: Continuum, 1973/1994), 57.
 * Camacho, Roseanne V., "Race, Region, and Gender in a Reassessment of Lillian Smith." Southern Women: Histories and Identities. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1992. p. 168.
 * Clinton, Catherine, The Plantation Mistress: Woman's World in the Old South (New York: Pantheon Books, 1982), 201–202.
 * Jewel, K. Sue, From Mammy to Miss America and Beyond: Cultural Images and the Shaping of US Social Policy, 1993.
 * Parkhurst, Jessie W., "The Role of the Black Mammy in the Plantation Household", The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 23, No. 3, July 1938
 * Smith, Lillian, Killers of the Dream. New York: W.W. Norton, 1949. p. 123-4.
 * Thurber, Cheryl, "The Development of the Mammy Image and Mythology." Southern Women: Histories and Identities, Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1992. p. 96.
 * Turner, Patricia A., Ceramic Uncles & Celluloid Mammies: Black Images and Their Influence on Culture (New York: Anchor Books, 1994), 44.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mammy stereotype


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Talk:San Francisco International Airport

"舊金山國際機場" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect 舊金山國際機場. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 June 28 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. feminist (+) 14:13, 28 June 2021 (UTC)

Map of international destinations outdated
Hi all, I noticed that the map of international destinations served from SFO is outdated. I don't know how to correct it, but I figured someone would. If one of you could update it, it should include Vietnam, Qatar and Costa Rica. Many thanks! -MB — Preceding unsigned comment added by Maxbillick (talk • contribs) 02:45, 5 March 2022 (UTC)

I like the coordinates of the VOR antenna at the center of the runway intersections better
I like the coordinates of https://www.openstreetmap.org/node/7173049284 as a better coordinate for this article. Alas they are not as official. Jidanni (talk) 09:31, 9 April 2023 (UTC)

FAA Airport Diagram
An FAA airport diagram is available for SFO but I'm not sure how to add it to the maps. Mariwlqs (talk) 16:05, 29 July 2023 (UTC)

Job hiring
Excuse me sir/mam i am very interested to do job in airport, i am searching for job hiring Biraj ji (talk) 02:44, 10 February 2024 (UTC)


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Thrush Aircraft

Thrush Aircraft, Inc. is an American aircraft manufacturer based in Albany, Georgia. It currently manufactures the Thrush series of agricultural aircraft.

History
Rockwell International originally built the facility in 1965 and operated it until it was purchased by Ayres Corporation on 23 November 1977. In July 2001, Ayres filed for bankruptcy and the rights to the S-2 aircraft were passed to Quality Aerospace. In 2003, the factory was purchased by Larry Bays and Payne Hughes, and one month later Quality Aerospace transferred the type certificates of the S-2 to Thrush Aircraft. In 2005, the company had 150 employees. By 2013, this had increased to 185.

The 510 was introduced in 2009. The first two examples of the 510G Switchback, a variant designed for firefighting were delivered to the Georgia Forestry Commission in 2017.

The company entered bankruptcy protection in September 2019 for the second time, intending to restructure and emerge in a better financial position. The company laid-off 113 employees as part of the process. As a result of the restructuring, Mark McDonald was named CEO.

title: Thrush Aircraft


text:
2005 British Columbia general election

The 2005 British Columbia general election was held on May 17, 2005, to elect members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) of the Province of British Columbia (BC), Canada. The British Columbia Liberal Party (BC Liberals) formed the government of the province prior to this general election under the leadership of Premier Gordon Campbell. The main opposition was the British Columbia New Democratic Party (BC NDP), whose electoral representation was reduced to two MLAs in the previous provincial election in 2001.

The BC Liberals retained power, with a reduced majority of 46 out of 79 seats, down from the record 77 out of 79 in 2001. Voter turnout was 58.2 per cent.

Under amendments to the BC Constitution Act passed in 2001, BC elections are now held on fixed dates: the second Tuesday in May every four years. This was the first provincial election for which elector data in the provincial elector list was synchronised with the National Register of Electors.

Coincidental with the general election, BC voters also voted on whether or not to change the province's electoral system.

Electoral reform referendum
The BC electoral reform referendum was held in conjunction with this election. This referendum asked voters whether or not they support the proposed electoral reforms of the Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform, which included switching to a single transferable vote (STV) system. Had it been approved by 60% of voters in 60% of ridings), the new electoral system would have been implemented for the general election in 2009. Although the proposed reform attracted a clear majority (58% of the popular vote in favour, with 77 out of 79 ridings showing majority support), the level of support was just short of that required for mandatory implementation. A new vote on a revamped version of STV was held in conjunction with the 2009 British Columbia general election.

MLAs elected
{{legend|#A51B12|Abbotsford-Clayburn: John van Dongen}} {{legend|#A51B12|Abbotsford-Mount Lehman: Mike de Jong}} {{legend|#F4A460|Alberni-Qualicum: Scott Fraser}} {{legend|#A51B12|Bulkley Valley-Stikine: Dennis MacKay}} {{legend|#F4A460|Burnaby-Edmonds: Raj Chouhan}} {{legend|#A51B12|Burnaby North: Richard Lee}} {{legend|#A51B12|Burnaby-Willingdon: John Nuraney}} {{legend|#A51B12|Burquitlam: Harry Bloy}} {{legend|#F4A460|Cariboo North: Bob Simpson}} {{legend|#F4A460|Cariboo South: Charlie Wyse}} {{legend|#A51B12|Chilliwack-Kent: Barry Penner}} {{legend|#A51B12|Chilliwack-Sumas: John Les}} {{legend|#F4A460|Columbia River-Revelstoke: Norm Macdonald}} {{legend|#A51B12|Comox Valley: Stan Hagen}} {{legend|#F4A460|Coquitlam-Maillardville: Diane Thorne}} {{legend|#F4A460|Cowichan-Ladysmith: Doug Routley}} {{legend|#F4A460|Delta North: Guy Gentner}} {{legend|#A51B12|Delta South: Val Roddick}} {{legend|#A51B12|East Kootenay: Bill Bennett}} {{legend|#F4A460|Esquimalt-Metchosin: Maurine Karagianis}} {{legend|#A51B12|Fort Langley-Aldergrove: Rich Coleman}} {{legend|#A51B12|Kamloops: Claude Richmond}} {{legend|#A51B12|Kamloops-North Thompson: Kevin Krueger}} {{legend|#A51B12|Kelowna-Lake Country: Al Horning}} {{legend|#A51B12|Kelowna-Mission: Sindi Hawkins}} {{legend|#A51B12|Langley: Mary Polak}} {{legend|#F4A460|Malahat-Juan de Fuca: John Horgan}}

{{legend|#A51B12|Maple Ridge-Mission: Randy Hawes}} {{legend|#F4A460|Maple Ridge-Pitt Meadows: Michael Sather}} {{legend|#F4A460|Nanaimo: Leonard Krog}} {{legend|#A51B12|Nanaimo-Parksville: Ron Cantelon}} {{legend|#F4A460|Nelson-Creston: Corky Evans}} {{legend|#F4A460|New Westminster: Chuck Puchmayr}} {{legend|#F4A460|North Coast: Gary Coons}} {{legend|#F4A460|North Island: Claire Trevena}} {{legend|#A51B12|North Vancouver-Lonsdale: Katherine Whittred}} {{legend|#A51B12|North Vancouver-Seymour: Daniel Jarvis}} {{legend|#A51B12|Oak Bay-Gordon Head: Ida Chong}} {{legend|#A51B12|Okanagan-Vernon: Tom Christensen}} {{legend|#A51B12|Okanagan-Westside: Rick Thorpe}} {{legend|#A51B12|Peace River North: Richard Neufeld}} {{legend|#A51B12|Peace River South: Blair Lekstrom}} {{legend|#A51B12|Penticton-Okanagan Valley: Bill Barisoff}} {{legend|#F4A460|Port Coquitlam-Burke Mountain: Mike Farnworth}} {{legend|#A51B12|Port Moody-Westwood: Iain Black}} {{legend|#F4A460|Powell River-Sunshine Coast: Nicholas Simons}} {{legend|#A51B12|Prince George-Mount Robson: Shirley Bond}} {{legend|#A51B12|Prince George North: Pat Bell}} {{legend|#A51B12|Prince George-Omineca: John Rustad}} {{legend|#A51B12|Richmond Centre: Olga Ilich}} {{legend|#A51B12|Richmond East: Linda Reid}} {{legend|#A51B12|Richmond-Steveston: John Yap}}

{{legend|#A51B12|Saanich North and the Islands: Murray Coell}} {{legend|#F4A460|Saanich South: David Cubberley}} {{legend|#A51B12|Shuswap: George Abbott}} {{legend|#F4A460|Skeena: Robin Austin}} {{legend|#A51B12|Surrey-Cloverdale: Kevin Falcon}} {{legend|#F4A460|Surrey-Green Timbers: Sue Hammell}} {{legend|#F4A460|Surrey-Newton: Harry Bains}} {{legend|#F4A460|Surrey-Panorama Ridge: Jagrup Brar}} {{legend|#A51B12|Surrey-Tynehead: Dave Hayer}} {{legend|#F4A460|Surrey-Whalley: Bruce Ralston}} {{legend|#A51B12|Surrey-White Rock: Gordon Hogg}} {{legend|#A51B12|Vancouver-Burrard: Spencer Chandra Herbert}} {{legend|#F4A460|Vancouver-Fairview: Jenn McGinn}} {{legend|#A51B12|Vancouver-Fraserview: Wally Oppal}} {{legend|#F4A460|Vancouver-Hastings: Shane Simpson}} {{legend|#F4A460|Vancouver-Kensington: David Chudnovsky}} {{legend|#F4A460|Vancouver-Kingsway: Adrian Dix}} {{legend|#A51B12|Vancouver-Langara: Val Anderson}} {{legend|#F4A460|Vancouver-Mount Pleasant: Jenny Kwan}} {{legend|#A51B12|Vancouver-Point Grey: Gordon Campbell}} {{legend|#A51B12|Vancouver-Quilchena: Colin Hansen}} {{legend|#F4A460|Victoria-Beacon Hill: Carole James}} {{legend|#F4A460|Victoria-Hillside: Rob Fleming}} {{legend|#F4A460|West Kootenay-Boundary: Katrine Conroy}} {{legend|#A51B12|West Vancouver-Capilano: Ralph Sultan}} {{legend|#A51B12|West Vancouver-Garibaldi: Joan McIntyre}} {{legend|#F4A460|Yale-Lillooet: Harry Lali}}

Synopsis of results

 * = Open seat
 * = turnout is above provincial average
 * = winning candidate was in previous Legislature
 * = Incumbent had switched allegiance
 * = Previously incumbent in another riding
 * = Not incumbent; was previously elected to the Legislature
 * = Incumbency arose from by-election gain
 * = other incumbents renominated
 * = previously an MP in the House of Commons of Canada
 * = Multiple candidates

Results by region
xx Denotes party received less than 0.1%

Pre-campaign period

 * August 30, 2001 - Bill 7, Constitution Amendment Act is passed, fixing the date of the election at May 17, 2005.
 * November 13, 2002 - Liberal MLA Paul Nettleton accuses the government of a secret plan to privatize BC Rail as well the BC Hydro electric utility. He is removed from caucus several days later and sits as an Independent Liberal until the 2005 election, when he unsuccessfully ran in Prince George-Mount Robson against Shirley Bond.  BC Rail was subsequently sold to CN in what other bidders have described as a corrupted process, and BC Hydro's administrative arm was sold to Accenture.
 * January 9, 2003 - Premier Gordon Campbell is arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol on Maui. Because drunk driving is not a criminal offence in the state of Hawaii, but only a misdemeanour, Campbell did not resign his seat as he would have had to in Canada, and due to pressure from Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) he attended Alcoholics Anonymous meetings and a series of speaking engagements condemning drinking and driving.
 * November 23, 2003 - Carole James is elected as leader of the New Democratic Party of British Columbia.
 * December 28, 2003 - the RCMP execute search warrants on various locations in the Lower Mainland and Greater Victoria, including offices in the Parliament Buildings in Victoria, in relation to suspicious dealings in relation to the bidding process for the sale of BC Rail (see BC Legislature Raids).
 * March 22, 2004 - Liberal MLA Elayne Brenzinger quits the caucus citing a "secret agenda" being undertaken by Premier Campbell in relation to the sale of BC Rail.
 * September 17, 2004 - Deputy Premier Christy Clark, whose house had been searched under warrant by the RCMP in connection with the BC Legislature Raids investigation, quits politics saying she wanted to spend more time with her family.
 * October 22, 2004 - New Democrat Jagrup Brar wins a by-election in Surrey-Panorama Ridge with 53.6% of the vote, a swing of 33.7% to the NDP from the 2001 result. One of Brar's competitors was Green leader Adriane Carr who captured 8.4% of the vote.
 * December 14, 2004 - In the wake of revelations he had been under surveillance by the RCMP in connection with dealings concerning the sale of BC Rail, Liberal Finance Minister Gary Farrell-Collins abruptly resigns from cabinet and the legislature despite having been named co-chair of the Liberal re-election campaign a month earlier. The move requires Premier Campbell to undertake a minor cabinet shuffle.
 * January 15, 2005 - The Democratic Reform British Columbia party is created out of a merger of the British Columbia Democratic Coalition and the All Nations Party of British Columbia. The party also boasts the support of key elements of the Reform Party of British Columbia.  Prior to the official creation of this party, the Democratic Coalition and Reform BC jointly nominated a candidate for the Surrey-Panorama Ridge by-election.
 * January 19, 2005 - Independent MLA Elayne Brenzinger joins DRBC, adding a third party to the Legislative Assembly for the first time since Gordon Wilson folded his Progressive Democratic Alliance party and joined the NDP.
 * January 31, 2005 - Liberal MLA and then-cabinet minister Sandy Santori resigns from his seat in the Legislature in a dispute over the deletion of emails by Premier Gordon Campbell's Deputy Minister to the Premier, Ken Dobell.
 * February 15, 2005 - New Liberal Finance Minister Colin Hansen introduces what is widely viewed as an "election budget" which promised $1.3 billion in new spending, tax cuts and an economic surplus.
 * March 11, 2005 - Attorney-General Geoff Plant announces that he will not seek re-election.
 * March 15, 2005 - Canadian Broadcasting Corporation board chair Carole Taylor announces that she will run for the Liberals in the riding of Vancouver-Langara. Premier Gordon Campbell endorses Taylor's candidacy.
 * March 29, 2005 - The consortium of television stations organizing the leaders' debate announces that the leaders of the Liberal, New Democratic, and Green parties will be invited to participate in the debate.
 * April 13, 2005 - The NDP and Green Party release their platforms in Victoria.

Campaign period

 * April 19, 2005 - The writ of election is issued (not "dropped" as in past elections), dissolving the Legislature and beginning the official campaign period.
 * April 20, 2005 - The NDP becomes the first party to complete a province-wide nomination slate.
 * April 22, 2005 - NDP candidate Rollie Keith withdraws his candidacy in Chilliwack-Kent after telling the Vancouver Province that he was "impressed" when he met Slobodan Milošević and that he did not believe there had been war crimes committed in Kosovo.
 * May 3, 2005 - The leaders of the Liberal, NDP and Green parties meet in a televised debate. Commentators indicate the debate was either a draw or a win for Green leader Adriane Carr.  An Ipsos-Reid poll conducted online following the debate showed that 33% of debate views thought the debate produced no clear winner, 31% felt NDP leader Carole James won, 23% felt Liberal leader Gordon Campbell won while only 12% saw Carr as the winner.
 * May 17, 2005 - CBC projects a BC Liberal majority government at 9:05 p.m. local time.
 * June 22, 2005 - Tim Stevenson, who lost to Lorne Mayencourt by 11 votes, asks the Supreme Court of British Columbia to order a new election in Vancouver-Burrard due to 70 ballots that could not be counted because they had not been initialed by election officials.

Voter intention polling

Besides the usual public polling by market research firms, other organizations have been attempting to predict the results of the upcoming election using alternate methods. Results suggest that all three projections below underestimated NDP seats and overestimated Liberal seats:

UBC's Election Stock Market tracks the prices of contracts whose value depend on election results:

Popular vote: Lib 44.5%, NDP 35.9%, Green 13.9%, Other 5.3%

Seats: Lib 48.6 (61.5), NDP 29.4 (37.2), Other 1.6 (2.0) (values in parentheses are values of actual contracts, in cents)

The Election Prediction Project aggregates submissions from the Internet and subjectively predicts winners based on the submissions (see methodology):

Seats: Lib 50, NDP 29, Other 0

Will McMartin at the progressive online newspaper The Tyee makes his predictions by looking at "historic election results and selected demographics, as well as public opinion polls, regional sources and input from Election Central readers" (see details):

Seats: Lib 51, NDP 28, Other 0.

Political parties
British Columbia has Canada's least restrictive elections laws with regard to political party registration, and consequently there are currently nearly 50 parties registered with Elections BC, by far the most of any jurisdiction in the country. Twenty-five parties contested the 2005 election, also a considerably greater number than anywhere else in Canada.

title: 2005 British Columbia general election


text:
Thomas

Thomas may refer to:

People

 * List of people with given name Thomas
 * Thomas (name)
 * Thomas (surname)
 * Saint Thomas (disambiguation)
 * Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, and Doctor of the Church
 * Thomas the Apostle
 * Thomas (bishop of the East Angles) (fl. 640s–650s), medieval Bishop of the East Angles
 * Thomas (Archdeacon of Barnstaple) (fl. 1203), Archdeacon of Barnstaple
 * Thomas, Count of Perche (1195–1217), Count of Perche
 * Thomas (bishop of Finland) (1248), first known Bishop of Finland
 * Thomas, Earl of Mar (1330–1377), 14th-century Earl, Aberdeen, Scotland

Places in the United States

 * Thomas, Idaho
 * Thomas, Illinois
 * Thomas, Indiana
 * Thomas, Oklahoma
 * Thomas, Oregon
 * Thomas, South Dakota
 * Thomas, Virginia
 * Thomas, Washington
 * Thomas, West Virginia
 * Thomas County (disambiguation)
 * Thomas Township (disambiguation)

Elsewhere

 * Thomas Glacier (Greenland)

Arts and entertainment

 * Thomas (Burton novel), a 1969 novel by Hester Burton, published in the US under the title Beyond the Weir Bridge
 * Thomas (Jarvis novel), 1995 novel in the Deptford Histories Trilogy by Robin Jarvis
 * Thomas (2001 film) or Gli amici di Gesù - Tommaso, a 2001 Italian film
 * Thomas (opera), 1985 Finnish-language opera by Einojuhani Rautavaara
 * "Thomas," a song from the 2000 album Mer de Noms by A Perfect Circle
 * Thomas & Friends, British television series
 * Thomas & Friends: All Engines Go, animated television series that acts as a reboot to Thomas & Friends

Companies and brands

 * Thomas', a brand of English muffins and bagels in North America
 * Thomas Built Buses, an American bus manufacturer
 * Thomas Cook Group, a former British, global travel giant
 * Thomas Motor Company, a former US manufacturer of motorcycles and automobiles
 * Thomas's of York, a pub in England
 * Thomas & Betts, a designer and manufacturer of connectors and components for electrical and communication markets
 * Thomas-Detroit (automobile), a former U.S. automobile manufacturer

Religion

 * Gospel of Thomas, a New Testament-era apocryphon
 * Infancy Gospel of Thomas, an infancy gospel
 * Book of Thomas the Contender, a gnostic book discovered in the Nag Hammadi library
 * Acts of Thomas, another gnostic text
 * Apocalypse of Thomas, a Christian gnostic apocalypse

Other uses

 * Thomas algorithm, a numerical algorithm to solve a tridiagonal system of equations
 * Thomas theorem, a theory of belief and their consequences
 * THOMAS, the U.S. Library of Congress's first online database

title: Thomas


text:
Talk:Thomas

List
Listing people who had the surname Thomas is futile enough, we don't need to start listing all the people with the same first name, too.

I did, however, notice that a few people were called Thomas of something, including Aquinas, so these could be included in the list of those known by one name... --Joy [shallot]   13:49, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I disagree, people may be interested in the origin of their name 1:09 November 25 2005

Moved all the personal names into the "Thomas" list of names
Since the article already described the other list List_of_people_by_name:_Tho, I moved all the personal names there.

Religious
However, in recent centuries the name has lost what religious sense that it held.
 * Ok, which was the religious sense that this name held? Moreover, which name used by religious figures along history has kept its religious sense? The quotation above seems to me to be unprecise and irrelevant. 201.6.119.5 15:00, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

Thomas genealogy
I would like to see the Thomas family geneology added to this article. What do you think? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Agthoma (talk • contribs) 03:24, 8 January 2007 (UTC).

 * I don't believe there is a single 'Thomas' family; I think there are many, many families called Thomas. Thus, a 'Thomas family genealogy' would be impractical and meaningless to add to this article. Skittle 14:37, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

Aramaic/ Hebrew
It says that it "originated from the Aramaic designation תום or Tôm." I can read Hebrew and תום is Tom in Hebrew. Is it supposed to say that Tom is Aramaic, or does Aramaic use the same characters as Hebrew? Just curious. Sir Akroy 00:56, 9 July 2007 (UTC)
 * The Aramaic alphabet is the source of the Hebrew 'square script', and many varieties of Aramaic are written in this script. It's just better known as Hebrew. — Gareth Hughes 11:22, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

The name Thomas can also be Greek.

Other abbreviations
What about the abbreviation Thos? I think it's still valid even though it's a bit antiquated.

Companies
Is the German tableware company Thomas significant enough to warrant an encyclopaedia entry? I think so (which is why I looked for one)16:24, 5 September 2022 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Truthordare (talk • contribs)

Requested move 20 February 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. |Thomas_(surname)|Thomas_(name)|Thomas_the_Apostle Page views shows that Thomas the Apostle is remotely close. –wbm1058 (talk) 02:40, 28 February 2024 (UTC)

– The given name is the primary topic. Nothing else is even remotely close. Clarityfiend (talk) 11:57, 20 February 2024 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Thomas → Thomas (disambiguation)
 * Thomas (name) → Thomas
 * Oppose, Thomas the Apostle, Thomas (surname), and List of people with given name Thomas are all likely for "Thomas". 162 etc. (talk) 17:25, 21 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I'd say anthroponymy is the primary topic, but it's not necessarily clear where to go from there. Do we consider the spread of clicks towards the various split anthroponymy topics an indication that we need a broad concept article? --Joy (talk) 08:25, 23 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thomas


text:
Benešov

Benešov (Beneschau) is a town in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 17,000 inhabitants. The town is known for the Konopiště Castle.

Administrative parts
The villages of Baba, Bedrč, Boušice, Buková Lhota, Červený Dvůr, Chvojen, Dlouhé Pole, Konopiště, Mariánovice, Okrouhlice, Pomněnice, Radíkovice, Úročnice and Vidlákova Lhota are administrative parts of Benešov.

Geography
Benešov is located about 32 km southeast of Prague. It lies in the Benešov Uplands. The highest point is the hill U Vlčí jámy at 493 m above sea level. The stream Benešovský potok flows through the town. In the western part of the municipal territory are situated the fishponds Konopišťský and Jarkovický.

History
The area of Benešov began to be settled in the 11th century. The first settlers are believed to have arrived on Karlov Hill in around 1050 during the Přemyslid dynasty. The first written verified mention of Benešov is from 1219–1222, however there are unverified mentions from 1048 and 1070.

Benešov was seat of Lords of Benešov until 1317, when they moved to nearby Konopiště Castle. In 1327, Benešov became a market town. In 1420, the town was conquered and burned by the Hussites. However, Benešov recovered and at the end of the 15th century, it belonged among the most important towns in Bohemia. It was the centre of several political negotiations, such as the 1451 and 1473 meetings of the Bohemian Diet. In the 15th and 16th centuries the town experienced an economic boom, especially thanks to its location on the trade route from Prague to Linz. In 1512, Benešov became a town.

After the end of the 16th century, there were several changes in ownership. During the Thirty Years' War, the population had suffered because of passing Polish and Swedish troops. To promote the reintroduction of Catholicism and improving the education, a Priory college with a high school was founded in 1703. After 1803, the town developed as a centre of national rebirth for Slavic Bohemians.

In 1871, the town was connected to Prague by rail and by 1895, it was an important regional hub.

By World War I Benešov was an important garrison town of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. There were the ''II. Bataillon des Böhmischen Infanterie-Regiments Nr. 102 (Second Battalion of the Bohemian Infantry Regiment No. 102) and the II. Bataillon des k.k. Landwehr-Infanterie-Regiments Nr. 28'' (Second Battalion of the Imperial Landwehr Infantry Regiment No. 28). Because of fears of possible political unrest in 1916 by Czech nationalists, the 2nd Regiment of the Tiroler Kaiserjäger with a reserve unit part from Bolzano was stationed here to 1918.

Early during World War II, the town was evacuated temporarily as the SS-Truppenübungsplatz Böhmen of the Waffen SS was stationed here.

A significant measure of industrialization began after 1945 with the establishment of a machinery factory and the food industry.

Transport
The I/3 road (part of the European route E55), which connects the D1 motorway with Tábor and further continues as the D3 motorway, passes through the town.

The Benešov u Prahy railway station is located on the lines Prague–České Budějovice and Benešov–Vlašim.

Sights
The most significant monument is the Konopiště Castle. As of 2019, it was the 7th most visited castle in the country with 147,000 visitors. It was built in 1294 as a copy of French fortresses. Around 1500, it was modified to the late Gothic style, and in 1605 to the Renaissance style. After 1725, it was rebuilt in the Baroque style.

The Church of Saint Nicholas is the oldest preserved monument in Benešov. It was built in early Gothic style in the second half of the 13th century. After a fire in 1420, it was rebuilt in the Renaissance style in 1583, and later once again in the Baroque style. The church includes a Gothic bell from 1322, one of the oldest preserved bells in the Czech Republic.

Another important religious monument are the former Priory college with the Church of Saint Anne, which was built at the beginning of the 18th century according to plans submitted by the Italian architect Giovanni Battista Alliprandi.

The town centre with Masarykovo Square include Baroque and Art Nouveau houses and the architecturally awarded building of the new town hall.

Notable people

 * Josef Suk (1874–1935), composer and violinist; lived and died here
 * Karel Nový (1890–1980), writer
 * Princess Sophie of Hohenberg (1901–1990), Austrian princess
 * Prince Ernst of Hohenberg (1904–1954), Austrian prince
 * Miroslav Beránek (born 1957), football player and manager
 * Michal Hocek (born 1969), chemist
 * Monika Absolonová (born 1976), singer and actress
 * Jitka Bartoničková (born 1985), athlete
 * Aneta Langerová (born 1986), pop singer
 * Martin Macík (born 1989), rally raid truck driver

Twin towns – sister cities
Benešov is twinned with:
 * 🇸🇰 Partizánske, Slovakia
 * 🇫🇷 Sainte-Agnès, France

title: Benešov


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mudgee High School

Mudgee High School was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep

Mudgee High School
Nothing on the page suggest this school is notable. Edward 00:47, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Someone verify that it even exists, then what city and state, and then you still don't have an article. You have a fact.  A fact is not an article.  I need to be the first voter so that I'm not accused of following anyone. Geogre 01:16, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Ahem. It exists in Mudgee, New South Wales, Australia. If you want confirmation, google is a good place to get it. However, see . - Ta bu shi da yu 08:43, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable.  --Randy 01:26, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: This article appears questionable at best. Abstaining for now.  —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 01:43, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, it exists. See above. - Ta bu shi da yu 08:45, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Changing to an eleventh hour keep. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 11:25, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Completely lacking in context.  I agree with Geogre.  A fact is not an article. - Lucky 6.9 03:11, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. A school is not inherently notable! [[User:Premeditated Chaos| P M  C ]] 04:20, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't believe these people even exist. Delete. Cool Hand Luke  06:22, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Sigh. They do. - Ta bu shi da yu 08:45, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, reinsert facts, and expand. Cool Hand Luke  22:32, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Mudgee High School is in Mudgee, NSW. A fact can be the beginning of an article. Dr Zen 07:02, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. --Improv 07:35, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Begin an article about Mudgee, New South Wales, merge and delete. A fact can be inserted into an article. - Skysmith 09:10, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Edited the information noting that it was in Mudgee. Corrected the street location according to the NSW Department of Education page. Deleted the bogus alumni but the article is definitely a substub. We already have an article on Mudgee containing this link. The article also contains blue links for St. Matthews Central School, Mudgee and the Woolpack Hotel, Mudgee which might also warrant consideration on this page. When I have time I will work on the Mudgee article including information on notable Australian author Henry Lawson. I will vote delete unless we have information that establishes notability such as genuinely famous alumni or other distinguishing features. Capitalistroadster 11:34, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete and change the reference in the Mudgee article from a link, so people are less likely to recreate. Average Earthman 12:07, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge into [[Mudgee, New South Wales -- Jmabel | Talk 02:05, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable. --ShaunMacPherson 08:05, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I suppose this school might be notable, but you would never know it by reading the article itself. Indrian 05:27, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - notability is not a listed criterion - David Gerard 10:14, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. could be turned into a useful article. Feelingscarfy 10:20, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-encyclopedic. Gamaliel 20:23, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Encyclopedic. Intrigue 23:31, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep (and list on WP:ACOTW). - Ta bu shi da yu 08:45, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Del. An article that stays on VfD this long without improving beyond this point should be deleted if only bcz it makes Random article a less valuable tool. --Jerzy(t) 02:08, 2004 Dec 5 (UTC)
 * Keep - I don't see the harm in stubs. JesseW 02:23, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - In an online encyclopedia that won't reach the physical space limit in the foreseeable future, the more info, the merrier. --zenohockey 02:28, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Nothing gained by deletion.  --L33tminion | (talk) 08:05, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep School listings of this type are encyclopedic IMHO. Wyss 12:02, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete A fact, not worth to be in Wikipedia. -- Computerjoe 12:45, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep A fact, worth to be in Wikipedia. The Recycling Troll 17:25, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:Jrquinlisk

Hi Jrquinlisk, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are a few helpful links to start you off: Avoiding common mistakes, How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style, Policies and guidelines, Help, Merging pages.

If you need help or are curious about something, feel free to ask on my talk page or the village pump. You can sign your name and a date stamp on comments using four tildes ( ~ ). If you have any further questions, feel free to ask, and I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian!

Andre ( talk )A| 00:48, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for your work on Ace Combat 5. Cheers. CryptoDerk 00:36, Jan 23, 2005 (UTC)

On the Catholic Church of Wikipedia
As you have described yourself as a Catholic, I thought I would alert you as a co-religionist to your opportunity to delete the particularly offensive article, Catholic Church of Wikipedia.--Thomas Aquinas 21:50, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Firstly, I'm not an admin. Secondly, I really don't care to get involved in internal politics.  Kinda ruins the whole experience.  I will give the article a look and vote accordingly on the VfD page, though. Jrquinlisk 14:57, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

New user box
Hello Jrquinlisk, It's SWD316. Im giving you the user box for your user page called Template:User Member. It's a user box that says your a member of the AWWDMBJ.... Hope you like it! — M o e   ε  04:21, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Featured article candidacy for an Hugo Chavez subarticle
I noticed you have listed yourself in Category:Leftist Wikipedians. That said, you will probably be interested in an Hugo Chávez Featured Article Candidacy (FAC). Chavez himself happens to be a socialist politician. As usual, please use your own higher judgment in deciding how to vote on this FAC, if you should decide to devote a few seconds to the matter. Regards, ← S ARAVASK —  01:52, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

drug free wikipedians
The category is in danger of getting deleted, so please vote here, thanks. BlueShirts 01:16, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

Deletion of 'left wing wikipedians' category
Hi. I saw you're (like me) listed in this category which is up for deletion. Hoped you'd like to vote in favor of keeping it... Thanks! Larix 02:41, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

CAoW
Since you are listed as a Roman Catholic, I figured I'd send you this. Catholic Alliance of wikipedia has been nominated for Deletion. Please vote and/or tell other people to vote to keep this organization on wikipedia. The link to the voting page is here: Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikipedia:Catholic Alliance of wikipedia --Shanedidona 03:03, 25 December 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject Missouri
Dear Jrquinlisk, I am beginning the process to create a wikiproject for Missouri. in order to do so i'm required to show that there is a base of at least 5-10 people who would be interested in contributing to such a project. the project would serve to aid in the creation and editing of articles related to the U.S. State Missouri, its cities, counties, geography, transportation, culture, history, education, and so on. It aims to expand Wikipedia's resources on Missouri in a fair and accurate manner. Since you're stated as being a wikipedian in missouri, i wanted to see if you were interested. if you are, please add your username at Wikiproject/List_of_proposed_projects and User:Preschooler.at.heart/Missouri. thanks for your consideration. -- preschooler. at  .heart   my talk  -  contribs  16:04, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

Spaceflight portals
Hello! As an member editor of one or more of the Spaceflight, Human spaceflight, Unmanned spaceflight, Timeline of spaceflight or Space colonisation WikiProjects, I'd like to draw to your attention a proposal I have made with regards to the future of the spaceflight-related portals, which can be found at Portal talk:Spaceflight. I'd very much appreciate any suggestions or feedback you'd be able to offer! Many thanks,

Delivered by MessageDeliveryBot on behalf of WikiProject Human spaceflight at 08:46, 9 November 2010 (UTC).

WikiProject Timeline of Spaceflight activity
Hello there! As part of an effort to determine how many active editors are present in the spaceflight-related WikiProjects, I have made some changes to the list of members of WikiProject Human spaceflight. If you still consider yourself to be an active editor in this project, I would be grateful if you would please edit the list so that your name is not struck out - thus a clearer idea of the critical mass of editors can be determined. Many thanks in advance!

Delivered by MessageDeliveryBot on behalf of WikiProject Timeline of spaceflight at 07:06, 19 November 2010 (UTC).

WikiProject Spaceflight reboot
Hello there! As you may or may not be aware, a recent discussion on the future of the Space-related WikiProjects has concluded, leading to the abolition of WP:SPACE and leading to a major reorganisation of WP:SPACEFLIGHT. It would be much appreciated if you would like to participate in the various ongoing discussions at the reorganisation page and the WikiProject Spaceflight talk page. If you are a member of one of WP:SPACEFLIGHT's child projects but not WP:SPACEFLIGHT itself, it would also be very useful if you could please add your name to the member list here. Many thanks!

Delivered by MessageDeliveryBot on behalf of WikiProject Spaceflight at 00:11, 6 December 2010 (UTC).

The Downlink: Issue 0

 * You have recieved this newsletter because you are currently listed as a member of WikiProject Spaceflight, or because you are not a member but have requested it. If you do not wish to receive future issues, please add your name to the opt-out list.

Delivered by MessageDeliveryBot on behalf of WikiProject Spaceflight at 16:16, 16 December 2010 (UTC).

The Downlink: Issue 1

 * You have recieved this newsletter because you are currently listed as a member of WikiProject Spaceflight, or because you are not a member but have requested it. If you do not wish to receive future issues, please add your name to the opt-out list.

Delivered by MessageDeliveryBot on behalf of WikiProject Spaceflight at 15:01, 1 January 2011 (UTC).

The Downlink: Issue 2

 * You have recieved this newsletter because you are currently listed as a member of WikiProject Spaceflight, or because you are not a member but have requested it. If you do not wish to receive future issues, please add your name to the opt-out list.

Delivered by MessageDeliveryBot on behalf of WikiProject Spaceflight at 00:36, 2 February 2011 (UTC).

The Downlink: Issue 3

 * You have recieved this newsletter because you are currently listed as a member of WikiProject Spaceflight, or because you are not a member but have requested it. If you do not wish to receive future issues, please add your name to the opt-out list.

Delivered by MessageDeliveryBot on behalf of Spaceflight at 09:25, 3 March 2011 (UTC).

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
Hello there. This is an automated message to tell you about the gradual phasing out of the preference entitled "Mark all edits minor by default", which you currently have (or very recently had) enabled.

On 13 March 2011, this preference was hidden from the user preferences screen as part of efforts to prevent its accidental misuse (consensus discussion). This had the effect of locking users in to their existing preference, which, in your case, was. To complete the process, your preference will automatically be changed to  in the next few days. This does not require any intervention on your part and you will still be able to manually mark your edits as being 'minor'. The only thing that's changed is that you will no longer have them marked as minor by default.

For established users such as yourself there is a workaround available involving custom JavaScript. If you are familiar with the contents of WP:MINOR, and believe that it is still beneficial to the encyclopedia to have all your edits marked as such by default, then this discussion will give you the details you need to continue with this functionality indefinitely. If you have any problems, feel free to drop me a note.

Thank you for your understanding and happy editing :) Editing on behalf of User:Jarry1250, LivingBot (talk) 19:57, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

Upcoming Wikimedia events in Missouri and Kansas!
You're invited to 3 exciting events Wikipedians are planning in your region this June—a tour and meetup at the National Archives in Kansas City, and Wiknics in Wichita and St. Louis:

Talkback
Slashme (talk) 09:09, 10 August 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:14, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jrquinlisk


text:
Ayres Corporation

Ayres Corporation was an American aircraft manufacturer owned and run by Fred Ayres.

History
In 1977, Ayres bought the Albany, Georgia division of Rockwell International, which made the S2R Thrush Commander agricultural aircraft. Before this, Ayres had been a distributor of Thrush Commanders. After the acquisition, Ayres developed two-seat and turboprop-powered versions of the Thrust Commander.

By 1981, the company was operating a crop-dusting training school. A special V-1-A Vigilante version of the Thrust Commander was developed in 1989 for anti-drug operations in South America. The company attempted to sell 10 Turbo Thrush aircraft to Iran in 1993, but was unable to receive an exemption from U.S. government sanctions.

In 1996, urged on by Federal Express, development was begun on the Ayres LM200 Loadmaster, designed to carry 7,500 pounds of cargo. The aircraft was to be powered by two 1350 hp LHTEC TP800 driving a single five-bladed Hamilton-Standard propeller through a combining gearbox. To support this development effort, Ayres acquired the LET aircraft manufacturing company in the Czech Republic in September 1998.

In 2001, the company was forced into bankruptcy when creditors foreclosed on it and the Loadmaster program was terminated.

In 2003, the company's assets were bought by Thrush Aircraft.

title: Ayres Corporation


text:
Rod Smith (politician)

Rodney Warren Smith (born November 15, 1949) is an American politician from the U.S. state of Florida. A Democrat, Smith was a member of the Florida Senate from Gainesville from 2001 until 2006. Smith ran for the Democratic nomination for Governor of Florida in the 2006 election but lost to Congressman Jim Davis. In 2010, Smith was the Democratic nominee for Lieutenant Governor of Florida as the running mate of Alex Sink in her campaign for Governor of Florida. From November 2010 through January 2013 Smith served as chairman of the Florida Democratic Party. In 2016, Smith again ran for a seat in the Florida Senate but was ultimately defeated by Keith Perry, a Republican and former state representative.

Early life and education
Smith was born on November 15, 1949, in Southwest City, Missouri, just across the state line from his family's home in Oklahoma. Before he reached the age of two, Smith's family moved to Florida, where they grew eggplant and green peppers. Smith attended public schools. He attended the University of Tulsa, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1971. While at the University of Tulsa, he was a member of the Sigma Nu fraternity. He then attended the University of Florida College of Law graduating with a J.D. degree in 1975.

Legal and political career
Following his admission to The Florida Bar, Smith worked for the Florida Public Employees Relations Commission for two years, representing the state in cases relating to labor law. After two years in Tallahassee, Smith returned to Alachua County and spent the next 15 years in private practice. The St. Petersburg Times later wrote that, since that time, Smith has "crisscrossed Florida, representing an array of labor unions–police officers and firefighters, electrical workers, carpenters, painters and pipe fitters. He argued on behalf of large vegetable farmers and dairies and nurserymen. He won settlements against the likes of DuPont and, occasionally, represented criminal defendants...He established himself as a skillful litigator."

In 1992, Smith was recruited by a group of county sheriffs to seek the office of State Attorney for the Eighth Judicial Circuit of Florida. Smith defeated incumbent Len Register that same year and, during his first term, successfully prosecuted serial killer Danny Rolling, the "Gainesville Ripper." Re-elected in 1996, Smith created the circuit's first special prosecutions unit, which dealt with crimes against women and children, and created an environmental crime unit. He was succeeded by Bill Cervone to be State Attorney.

In 2000, Smith was elected to the Florida Senate as a Democrat. He represented the 14th Senate district, which included nine counties in northern Florida, centered around Gainesville and Ocala. While in the Senate, Smith served as chair of the Agriculture Committee, as vice chair of the Criminal Justice and Justice Appropriations Committees, and as a member of the Communications and Public Utilities, Environmental Preservation, Rules and Calendar, and Ways and Means Committees, as well as the Legislative Budget Commission.

During his term in the Florida Senate, Smith was noted for his work on issues related to criminal justice. He strengthened the state's child abuse laws, fought discrimination in housing and worked to protect the privacy of crime victims. He also improved the state's crime prevention and homeland security initiatives. Smith "sponsored, and passed, legislation to prevent mentally retarded persons from being executed." In 2006, he led the coalition that defeated Governor Jeb Bush's plan to weaken Florida's voter-approved class size amendment and create a school voucher program.

Smith is a partner with the law firm of Avera & Smith and also serves as an adjunct professor at the University of Florida's Levin College of Law where he teaches constitutional law and trial practice and supervises the prosecution clinic. He has also taught at Santa Fe Community College.

The Miami Herald summed up Smith's biography in this way, "He comes from a line of struggling farmers and saw public school as a way out. While in law school at the University of Florida, he juggled going to class with helping to run the family's cattle operation. He won respect from unions as a labor lawyer, got elected state attorney and went on to leadership posts in the Florida Senate."

2006 election
In January 2005, Smith announced his candidacy for the Democratic nomination for governor in the 2006 election. Smith ran against Tampa Congressman Jim Davis. A statewide poll by the Florida Chamber of Commerce, released on August 28, 2006, showed Smith eight points down against Davis. A poll from earlier in the year showed Davis ahead 25 to 9 percent. Conversely, a July 27 Quinnipiac University poll showed Smith trailing Davis by 28%. However, this poll also revealed that 33% of Democrats were still undecided.

Late in May 2006, U.S. Representatives Kendrick Meek and Allen Boyd broke with their fellow Florida Democratic House members to endorse Smith. Smith has also been endorsed by former Florida Attorney General Bob Butterworth and former state Sen. Tom Rossin, the 2002 Democratic candidate for lieutenant governor; state Sen. Dave Aronberg of Greenacres; the Palm Beach County State Attorney, Barry Krischer; and county Commissioner Addie Greene, among others.. The co-chair of his campaign was former governor Wayne Mixson.

In August 2006, the St. Petersburg Times endorsed Smith, stating that his opponent, "Davis has a solid record as an ethical, thoughtful state legislator and congressman who understands the challenges facing Florida. Smith combines the same grasp of those challenges with a more dynamic leadership style and a clearer, fresher record of building mainstream coalitions that can successfully carry the day on tough issues. That is what it will take for a Democrat to win in November and successfully govern in Tallahassee."

At the same time, the Palm Beach Post endorsed Senator Smith, saying, "Rep. Davis would return to Tallahassee with good intentions. Sen. Smith would take office knowing how to get good things done." In addition, the Lakeland Ledger endorsed Smith stating, "We believe Smith can appeal to a broader segment of the electorate -- that he can muster greater support in the Republican-leaning northern part of the state while still generating strong support in the urban areas of Central and South Florida."

Later in the month, the South Florida Sun-Sentinel endorsed the Senator, noting that between Smith and Davis, "Smith's record is the more impressive of the two, and his familiarity with the Legislature and state government gives him the edge over Davis. Smith could literally win the November election and hit the ground running."

The Gainesville Sun also endorsed Smith saying, "Rod Smith is a superb orator, a skilled negotiator and ...a razor-sharp intellectual and a constitutional scholar who immerses himself in minutia of public policy making .... We think Rod Smith is the Democrat in this race who has the political capital to undo some of the damage that's been done to public education these past eight years, find the right balance between environmental protection and economic growth, protect Florida's fragile water resources and get a handle on the state's runaway health care costs without restricting access to quality care."

On August 27, the Miami Herald endorsed Senator Smith, noting his record of bipartisanship and stating, "In 2006, the Democratic Party has its best chance since the days of the late Lawton Chiles to recapture the governor's office."

Smith was criticized by media outlets for his allegedly-passive attitude toward Florida's sugar lobby and their attacks on his primary opponent. In August 2006, the Miami Herald wrote: "Sen. Smith has been the beneficiary of a million-dollar anti-Davis ad campaign by U.S. Sugar Inc. Senator Smith vows to remain independent. But it could prove difficult to keep a respectable distance from special interests if he becomes beholden to them for outsized political contributions." The Daytona Beach News-Journal, which had endorsed Smith, added further criticism. "What we find most disturbing is the response by state Sen. Rod Smith. Smith, who railed against smear tactics by third-party groups during his state senate campaigns, has consistently failed to rebuke Florida's Working Families (a notable front for Big Sugar interests) for the ads and, when asked, only repeats some of the allegations against Davis. Smith should denounce them."

On September 5, 2006, Rod Smith lost his bid for the Democratic nomination to Jim Davis. Davis subsequently lost the election to then Republican Charlie Crist.

2010 Election
On August 17, 2010, Rod Smith was announced as the running mate for Alex Sink on the Democratic ticket for the race to succeed Crist, who chose to run for election to the U.S. Senate rather than for re-election as governor. On November 2, the Sink/Smith ticket lost to the Republican Scott/Carroll ticket by a 1% margin.

2016 Election
When the Florida Supreme Court ordered the drawing of new state senate districts in December 2015, District 8, a newly formed district comprising Alachua County, Putnam County, and the northern half of Marion County opened up. On March 1, 2016, Smith announced his campaign for the seat against the then third-term Republican state representative Keith Perry. On November 8, Smith lost to Perry with 47.4% of the vote, a 5.2% margin.

Florida Democratic Party
In November 2010 Smith was elected chairman of the Florida Democratic Party (FDP), succeeding Karen Thurman who resigned on November 12, 2010, following the midterm elections. Smith's term expired in January 2013 when he was succeeded by Allison Tant.

Awards and honors

 * Florida Police Chiefs Association's Legislative Achievement Award (2002)–for efforts to improve public safety and fight crime
 * Voices of Children Foundation's MVP Leadership Award (2004)–for efforts on behalf of abused, abandoned and neglected children.
 * Florida AFL-CIO "Legislator of the Year"–efforts on behalf of organized labor

Smith was also named the "most effective Democrat in the Florida Senate" by the Miami Herald in 2003.

Beliefs
Senator Smith is generally regarded as a political moderate and has traditionally taken stances more conservative than the average Democrat. For example, he has received an "A" rating from the National Rifle Association (NRA). Still, during the first televised debate of the 2006 Democratic primary, Smith stated that he had "no problem with a carefully defined assault weapons ban. We want to make sure we don't have weapons in the hands of people who aren't supposed to have them and we have tough laws to prevent that." Smith has stated that he supports, and is a principal architect of, legislation requiring parental notification for minors seeking an abortion but would "leave an exception for the health and life of the mother." Smith describes himself as pro-choice and his official website promised to, "veto any legislation that would allow the government more influence over a woman's personal and private decisions regarding her own body."

Over the course of the 2006 gubernatorial primary, both Smith and his Democratic primary opponent took many positions not generally associated with the Democratic Party. The latter (Davis) voted for the Iraq War and "also voted to ban flag-burning." Both men agreed on capital punishment and both agreed on having only, as Davis put it, "some restrictions on assault weapons."

Personal life
Smith and his wife, DeeDee, live on their farm in Alachua County. As reported in Tampa Bay Online Smith, "married Deidra 'DeeDee' Painter, a lawyer .... They have three kids, one together and one each from previous marriages." DeeDee Smith graduated from law school at age 39 and is an attorney and advocate for child abuse victims.

Smith has 1 daughter, Alison Glover, and 2 sons, Jesse Smith and Dylan Smith. He also has, as of January 2018, four grandchildren. Two from Alison and her husband, Graham Glover, named Hannah Grace and Graham, Jr., and two from Jesse and his wife, Jan, named Norah Lucille and Charlotte Warren.

title: Rod Smith (politician)


text:
Flux of Pink Indians

Flux of Pink Indians was an English punk rock band from Bishop's Stortford, Hertfordshire, England, active between 1980 and 1986.

Biography

The band formed in Hertfordshire, England in 1980 from the remaining members of The Epileptics (who during the first half of 1979 changed their name to Epi-X, owing to letters of complaint from The British Epilepsy Association) by Colsk Latter (vocals) and Derek Birkett (bass guitar) with guitarists Andy Smith, Neil Puncher, and drummer Sid Ation (who was also a member of Rubella Ballet).

The group signed with the Crass Records label in 1981. Their debut EP Neu Smell was released on Crass in 1981; it featured indie hit "Tube Disaster". Flux of Pink Indians continued in 1982 with the album Strive to Survive Causing Least Suffering Possible released on their own label, Spiderleg.

They released a second album in 1983, The Fucking Cunts Treat Us Like Pricks; this was banned by many British retailers, and copies were seized by Greater Manchester Police from the Eastern Bloc record shop, which was charged with displaying "Obscene Articles For Publication For Gain".

Ation left the group to work full-time with his other band Rubella Ballet, and was soon replaced by Bambi, formerly of Discharge, while Smith was replaced by Simon Middlehurst. However, both departed quickly for their original band, The Insane. While auditioning for their replacements, Puncher also left; the line-up was completed by former Darlex and Epileptics guitarist Kev Hunter, and drummer Martin Wilson. An extensive interview with the band appeared in No Class fanzine.

By 1986, the band had shortened their name to Flux; in that year they released their third album, Uncarved Block, which was produced by Adrian Sherwood and featured several members of the On-U Sound Records label.

Flux disbanded in 1987.

Birkett, making use of his experiences with Spiderleg, set up One Little Indian Records. Latter went on to form the dance-influenced Hotalacio, and was joined by drummer Wilson and guitarist Middlehurst.

In 2007, the band re-formed for an intended one-off gig supporting ex-Crass vocalist Steve Ignorant for his "The Feeding of the 5000" gig at London's Shepherd's Bush Empire in November of that year. The Strive To Survive-era line-up (Latter, Hunter and Wilson) was joined by ex-Decadence Within bass player Ian Glasper, replacing Birkett, and as a result of their well-received set the band played another three gigs in 2008, in Bradford, Dijon and London.

The band and their album Uncarved Block were mentioned in the 2013 book Taoism for Dummies, under the sidebar titled "An uncarved Flux of Pink anarchy".

Legacy
In an interview with The Guardian in 2016, the band was cited along with a number of other British anarcho-punk bands of the early '80s as being an influence to the American avant-garde metal group Neurosis.

Original lineup

 * Colin Latter (vocals)
 * Derek Birkett (bass guitar)
 * Andy Smith (guitar)
 * Neil Puncher (guitar)
 * Sid Ation (drums)

Later members

 * Dave "Bambi" Ellesmere (drums)
 * Simon Middlehurst (guitar)
 * Kev Hunter (guitar)
 * Martin Wilson (drums)
 * Louise Bell (guitar)
 * Tim Kelly (guitar)

Discography
Chart placings shown are from the UK Independent Chart unless stated otherwise.

LPs

 * Strive to Survive Causing Least Suffering Possible (1983, Spiderleg Records, LP, SDL8) No. 1 (UK Albums Chart No. 79) (reissued 1987 on One Little Indian)
 * The Fucking Cunts Treat Us Like Pricks (1984, Spiderleg Records) No. 2 (reissued 1987 on One Little Indian)
 * Uncarved Block (1986, as 'Flux' – One Little Indian) No. 16

Singles and EPs

 * Neu Smell (1981, Crass Records, 7", No. 2 – re-released in 1987 credited to 'Flux', One Little Indian, 12", No. 30)
 * "Taking a Liberty" (7" – Spiderleg Records – 1984)

Compilations

 * Neu Smell / Taking a Liberty EP (12" – One Little Indian – 1987)
 * Strive to Survive & Neu Smell (LP – One Little Indian – 1989)
 * The Fucking Cunts Treat Us Like Pricks / Taking a Liberty (LP – One Little Indian – 1989)
 * Not So Brave (LP – Overground Records – 1997)
 * Live Statement (LP – Overground Records – 2002)
 * Fits and Starts (CD – Dr. Strange Records – 2003)

The Licks
Tracks: "1970s Have Been Made in Hong Kong" / "System Rejects" / "Hitler's Still a Nazi" / "War Crimes"
 * 1970's E.P. (1979, Stortbeat Records, 7", BEAT8)

The Epileptics

 * Last Bus to Debden EP (1981, Spiderleg, 7", SDL2) No. 17
 * 1970's E.P. (1982, Spiderleg, 7", SDL1) (re-recording of The Licks EP with Penny Rimbaud of Crass on drums) No. 21

title: Flux of Pink Indians


text:
Talk:Mexican cuisine

UNESCO world heritage infobox add?
should the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity (UNESCO) status be added to an infobox at the beginning of the article. Kinda what the spanish version of this article has and any other monument that is protected by unesco also has on wikipedia. Mochatbh (talk) 16:02, 29 April 2024 (UTC)
 * you're right, maybe I'll take care of it, maybe; Mexican cuisine is my second/third favourite cuisine (I'm on the other side of the globe, so I can eat Mexican food a few times). JacktheBrown (talk) 00:04, 1 July 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅. JacktheBrown (talk) 17:10, 1 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mexican cuisine