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Shuttle roller coaster

A shuttle roller coaster is any roller coaster that ultimately does not make a complete circuit, but rather reverses at some point throughout its course and traverses the same track backwards. These are sometimes referred to as boomerang roller coasters, due to the ubiquity of Vekoma's Boomerang coaster model.

Early history
The first shuttle coasters were in fact the first roller coasters ever built. Inspired by the so-called "Russian Mountains," these wheeled cars built on tracks found popularity in the early 19th century in Paris.

In 1884, Switchback Railway opened at Coney Island, and consisted of a car that traveled on two tracks between two towers. It was the first roller coaster designed as an amusement ride in America. The next shuttle roller coaster to be built was Backety-Back Scenic Railway, built in 1909.

First launched shuttle coasters
The first two launched shuttle coaster designs were introduced in 1977 by competitors Arrow Development and Anton Schwarzkopf. Arrow built and opened three that year including Black Widow (now defunct) at Riverside Park, Screamin' Demon (also defunct) at Kings Island, and Zoomerang at Circus World (now located to Fun Spot Amusement Park & Zoo). Arrow's models used an electric motor to launch the train. Anton Schwarzkopf went with a different design using a dropped weight as a launch mechanism. This design was known as the Shuttle Loop. The first three built by that company were King Kobra at Kings Dominion (now located at Hopi Hari in Brazil), White Lightnin' at Carowinds (now located at Gold Reef City in South Africa), and Tidal Wave at California's Great America.

Schwarzkopf later upgraded its launch mechanism to a flywheel design. The first two roller coasters based on this new design were both released in 1978 - Montezooma's Revenge at Knott's Berry Farm and Greezed Lightnin' at Six Flags AstroWorld, currently in storage in Plainview, Texas for Cliff's Amusement Park in New Mexico. The first flywheel launched roller coaster that opened in Europe was Sirocco at Walibi Wavre in 1982.

In 1982, Schwarzkopf debuted variant model "Wiener loop" at Wiener Prater. Wiener loop use tire propelled launch, pulls to the top and dropping forward through the station, turn right and pass the vertical loop that cross the station, and turn left traveled up opposite side hill, through the curve and loop, into the station.

Japanese shuttle coasters
In 1979 Meisho Amusement Machines debuted "The loop coaster" at Tojoko land. After debuted improved type model built named "Loop the loop" built at few amusement park in Japan, and variant model:"Moonsault Scramble". Meisho's model used catch car lift, pulls to the top and dropping backward through the station into the single vertical loop and traveled up opposite side hill, through the loop, and into the station.

In 1980 Senyo Kogyo debuted "Atomic coaster" at Mitsui green land, after same model built at few amusement park in Japan. Senyo model used chain lift, pulls to the flat top and dropping backward through the station and second downhill , through the low single vertical loop.

Vekoma's Boomerang
In 1984 Vekoma debuted its Boomerang shuttle coaster, which features a lift hill rather than a launched train. In addition to the original Boomerang, Vekoma also designed the Invertigo and the Giant Inverted Boomerang. As of 2018, 55 Boomerangs and its variants are currently in operation around the world.

Linear motor launched shuttle coasters
In 1996 Premier Rides debuted the first coasters ever to use linear induction motors, and in 1997 opened Batman & Robin: The Chiller at Six Flags Great Adventure, a pair of dueling launched shuttle coasters.

Intamin introduced its reverse freefall coaster in 1997. In these models, the train is accelerated out of the station along a long, level track using linear synchronous motors, rises straight up a vertical tower, then free falls back down to return to the station. Only two reverse freefall coasters were built: Tower of Terror II at Dreamworld, and Superman: Escape from Krypton at Six Flags Magic Mountain, both of which first broke the 300 foot and 400 foot barriers. Tower of Terror II, however, discontinued in 2019. In 1998, Intamin introduced its first impulse coaster, Linear Gale at Korakuen Amusement Park in Japan, which featured inverted trains traversing two vertical towers. In 2000, Intamin introduced Superman Ultimate Escape with a spiral tower and one vertical tower. Intamin introduced Wicked Twister in 2002, a variation with two spiral towers. With each pass through the station the train accelerates faster and travels further up the towers.

The modern shuttle coasters
The first modern wooden shuttle coaster, Switchback, opened at ZDT's Amusement Park in 2015. Manufactured by The Gravity Group, the ride utilizes a traditional lift hill like most wooden coasters but ends on a tower before traversing the course backwards and returning to the station via a switch track.

Vekoma introduced their Super Boomerang model in 2023, which utilizes a vertical lift and rotating platform to drop riders through four inversions and ten airtime moments.

title: Shuttle roller coaster


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Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/James Niggemeyer

But I would argue that James Niggemeyer is as central to this story as the shoorter Nathan Gale, for without his fast action, the situation would have been much worse.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Category:Types of roller coaster

title: Category:Types of roller coaster


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Diversi-Dial

Diversi-Dial, or DDial was an online chat server that was popular during the mid-1980s. It was a specialized type of bulletin board system that allowed all callers to send lines of text to each other in real-time, often operating at 300 baud. In some ways, it was a sociological forerunner to IRC, and was a cheap, local alternative to CompuServe chat, which was expensive and billed by the minute. At its peak, at least 35 major DDial systems existed across the United States, many of them in large cities. During the evening when telephone rates were low, the biggest DDial systems would link together using Telenet or PC Pursuit connections, forming regional chat networks.

History
Diversi-Dial was written by Bill Basham, a computer hobbyist who ran a company known as Diversified Software Research in Farmington Hills, Michigan. The software was written while he was a resident of Rockford, Illinois. Bill Basham ran a copy of the system himself in Rockford at the time. Kim Kirkpatrick, "Hubcap" also in Rockford, ran DDial#2 and a lot of early testing was done between Bill and Kim. Another early Rockford site was owned by Dale Wishop (GOD) named "Heaven and Hell - The World that GOD Rulz Over!". The phone company had to run miles of new cable just to accommodate the additional phone lines. When "Heaven and Hell" shutdown, Dale sold some of his 1200 baud Applecat modems to Scott and Terri Johnson (Megabucks and Spender), and DDial #12 “Spenderz Never Inn” started up in its place, running on two Apple //e computers and 12 phone lines. All of Bill's software followed the same naming scheme as "Diversi-[something]".

Organization
Customers typically paid the local DDial owner a flat rate of about $5 to $20 per month. Open access to anonymous visitors (called nons, r0s JAMFs or m0es) was an effective hook to draw in paid registrations. Nons typically had a five-minute connect time limit unless they were "validated" by an assistant sysop, and were shut out of the system during peak usage hours.

A typical DDial system ran on a small cluster of Apple II computers, with seven connections per computer. In 1989, a DDial-like clone, Synergy Teleconferencing System AKA STS was developed for the IBM PC, but by this time it was outpaced by alternatives like GEnie. By the mid-1990s, DDials had been bypassed by the Internet and IRC, although Chicago's God's Country, kept an incredibly loyal following between 1985–87 and 1989-1998. Many of its users are still close to this day.

Many client software programs existed for BBS connections back then, but one in particular for the Commodore 64 was optimized just for DDial, call Eagleterm 6a. Written by Jungle Jim (Jj), aka Jim Sanders, and released as freeware and saw widespread use among Ddialers. EagleTerm6a took full advantage of Commodore 64 pulse dial modem technology, heavily optimized to find the max pulse speed of the user's local phone connection, and rapid fire re-dial back in to beat the other callers when reconnecting, easily beating the newer tone dial modems just coming to market. During peak times, the DDial system was jam packed with callers far exceeding the number of available lines, and a super fast dialer was a plus. Later versions of Eagleterm6a were protected against reverse engineering (not de-compilable using unBlitz.)

Major DDials
One DDial owner went on to become the founder and CEO of Honesty.com, the first web-based third-party Internet application corporation, focused on E-Commerce sites such as eBay, Amazon.com, and Yahoo! Auctions, by utilizing the knowledge gleaned from having run a social and community based computer system for a decade prior to initial popularity of the Web.

Point Zer0 was the other long-term Chicago-area Ddial, along with Jokertown. Other Chicago-area Ddials of Note included God's Country, Kaleidoscope, General Modem (DDial #13), Tangled Web, Twilight Zone, Spinnaker's Pub, The Bunker (DDial #4), Cloud Nine (DDial #38), Black Magic and others. At one period of time, the Chicago area hosted over 10 DDial or clone systems, possibly due to its relative proximity to the Rockford origins of Basham's DD #1.

ENTchat, an Internet-based DDial look-alike, was somewhat active in the mid- to late 1990s but also went offline.

In 2006, The Late Night BBS went online, utilizing the original DDial software running on an Apple IIe, but was accessible from the Internet via telnet. The system provided an authentic 1980s ddial experience, including the traditional 300 bit/s connection speed. Late Night BBS has since gone offline.

As of 2012, there are only two known DDial stations in operation:
 * The Savage Frontier, DDial Station #28, has been modified to run under emulation and is therefore Internet accessible. This system served the Philadelphia metropolitan area in the 1980s and 1990s, at times under other names.

 * RMAC (aka Rover's Multiuser Active Conference), DDial Station #34, runs on original Apple IIe hardware with modems and has been constructed in an Internet-accessible manner. This system served the Dallas / Fort Worth metroplex in the late 1980s.  Today, the system uses authentic DDial software with TASC/Paradise mods, and can be reached via telnet at rmac.d-dial.com.

Retro-Dial, a Linux-based chat server with the look and feel of DDial, currently has multiple stations in operation which are usually linked with each other as well as The Savage Frontier. The home station for Retro-Dial can be reached via telnet at carriersync.com.

In late June, 2013, several members of Rockford, IL area DDials held a spontaneous reunion online, connected to each other via RMAC DDial #34.

title: Diversi-Dial


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STPP

STPP may refer to:

 * Sodium tripolyphosphate, a sodium salt of triphosphoric acid
 * Singareni Thermal Power Project, located at Jaipur, Mancherial District, in Telangana, India
 * Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy, an intensive form of psychotherapy
 * Subject to planning permission
 * Saint Paul and Pacific Northwest Railroad

title: STPP


text:
Talk:Coconut

Semi-protected edit request on 18 April 2023
Common Uses of Coconut

1. The main use that most people think is you can eat the fruit of a coconut tree. It can be eaten raw or cooked, rich in minerals, vitamins, and powerful antioxidants. Before eating a coconut, the fruit’s white flesh needs to be separated from the hard outer shell. Then, you can use Coconut in your recipes.

2. When you break the fruit’s hard shell to open it, you’ll find mildly sweet water within with a long list of health advantages. During the summer, this excellent natural drink is highly popular. The water from fresh coconuts has the most fantastic flavor and is sweeter.

3. Coconut oil has become popular in recent years as a result of its distinct and appealing flavor. It’s even utilized as a butter substitute in a lot of recipes. Because this oil has a more significant saturated fat content than olive or canola oil, its health effects are debatable. However, the Lauric acid in coconut oil is beneficial for health because it increases immunity and protects against various ailments.

4. It produces good quality paper pulp. It is used in fruit trays, fans, bags, wastebaskets, hats & mats, and beautiful midrib decors.

5. The hard shell of the coconut fruit is also very useful. It is traditionally used to steam food in homes. Shells are a popular craft material as well. Coconut shells are used to make a variety of beautiful crafts. The shells are simple to color and carve into beautiful art pieces. They’re also used by kids to play with.

6. Its flowers have lots of medicinal uses. They are used as an ingredient in many traditional remedies, especially medicines for new mothers.

7. Coconut husks, leaves, leaf stems, shells, and flower stems are used for fires in many traditional kitchens. In places with many coconut trees, finding the wood for the fire is an easy and inexpensive task.

8. Its leaves have thick sticks which are used to make brooms for houses. It is easy to assemble the sticks and tie them with a thread to make the broom. Many people make coconut brooms for both domestic and commercial use. In this blog, we have explained all the uses of coconut tree and their uses in daily biases. Siddusingh (talk) 07:31, 18 April 2023 (UTC)

 * @Siddusingh Where did you get this information? We can't put it in the article without a reliable source. CaptainEek Edits Ho Cap'n!⚓ 07:51, 18 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I got this information from this blog https://infoabouttrees.com/all-about-coconut-tree-images-benefits-uses-and-types/ Siddusingh (talk) 08:08, 18 April 2023 (UTC)
 * @Siddusingh Well we can't just republish that, because that would be a copyright violation. Also, blogs are not generally considered to be reliable sources. If you want to change content, please suggest it in a "change X to Y" format, and provide a reliable source. CaptainEek Edits Ho Cap'n!⚓ 08:40, 18 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: The proposed text violates applicable copyright policy; please ensure that the suggestions you make are your own work. I'd also direct you to the Manual of Style. Articles are written in an encyclopedic tone. Remember that every contentious claim you make in-text needs to have a  reliable source accompanying it.  Actualcpscm (talk) 10:02, 18 April 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 28 December 2023
Lokeswaran Kaliyappan (talk) 09:21, 28 December 2023 (UTC) Image https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cocos_nucifera_tree.loki.jpg
 * Can you specify where you want this image added and elaborate on your reasoning? Note that the article is quite full of illustrations right now, so adding this image would probably require taking out one that's currently present. Liu1126 (talk) 11:07, 28 December 2023 (UTC)

Protein
change ((protein)) to ((Protein (nutrient)|protein)) 2601:540:C701:C010:70ED:BA15:F651:4C53 (talk) 09:13, 30 May 2024 (UTC)

 * ✅ ABG (Talk/Report any mistakes here) 09:38, 30 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Coconut


text:
Talk:Jason White (American football)

Untitled
I'm changing Jason's sport from "American football" back to "football", which is how the original poster had put it, as per status quo rules involving British/American English on Wikipedia. "The University of Oklahoma American football team" just sounds ridiculous.

I agree

Deleted Sentence
I deleted the sentence that read, "Jason White's career was characterized by his inability to win big games." This sentence is clearly opinion. The original poster may characterize him by that, but it's unfair to say this without mentioning the fact that he won big games such as the Big XII championship in 2004, and the Red River Rivalry (Texas Longhorns) twice.

If you want to say that Jason lead his team to two national championships, but lost them both, then say that specifically. Trying to "characterize" a player is wrong. Give the facts, let people draw conclusions for themselves.

Current status
Athlete's Foot Shoe Store? I doubt thats real.

Any word on what he does now? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.109.220.10 (talk • contribs)
 * I could be wrong, but he might work for Steven Owens' company. But he also does a lot of charitable work in and around Oklahoma City. I constantly hear that he's gonna be at some golf tournament/poker tournament/etc for local charities.--NMajdan •talk 12:50, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

Jason White is advertising for businesses http://www.athletepromotions.com/athletes/Jason-White-appearance-booking-agent.php —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sooners10 (talk • contribs) 20:06, 4 October 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Jason White (American football). Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080311182605/http://www.touchdownclubofcolumbus.com:80/PastHonorees.htm to http://www.touchdownclubofcolumbus.com/PastHonorees.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080229063440/http://www.soonersports.com/sports/m-footbl/archive/aa-jason-white-2003.html to http://www.soonersports.com/sports/m-footbl/archive/aa-jason-white-2003.html

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Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 11:14, 18 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 3 one external links on Jason White (American football). Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080106085827/http://www.soonersports.com:80/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/010505aad.html to http://www.soonersports.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/010505aad.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080106090011/http://www.soonersports.com:80/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/061805aaa.html to http://www.soonersports.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/061805aaa.html
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.kffl.com/player/9048/nfl/news/jason-white

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 17:35, 19 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jason White (American football)


text:
Sonogashira coupling

The Sonogashira reaction is a cross-coupling reaction used in organic synthesis to form carbon–carbon bonds. It employs a palladium catalyst as well as copper co-catalyst to form a carbon–carbon bond between a terminal alkyne and an aryl or vinyl halide.

 * R1 : aryl or vinyl
 * R2 : arbitrary
 * X: I, Br, Cl or OTf

The Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction has been employed in a wide variety of areas, due to its usefulness in the formation of carbon–carbon bonds. The reaction can be carried out under mild conditions, such as at room temperature, in aqueous media, and with a mild base, which has allowed for the use of the Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction in the synthesis of complex molecules. Its applications include pharmaceuticals, natural products, organic materials, and nanomaterials. Specific examples include its use in the synthesis of tazarotene, which is a treatment for psoriasis and acne, and in the preparation of SIB-1508Y, also known as Altinicline, a nicotinic receptor agonist.

History
The alkynylation reaction of aryl halides using aromatic acetylenes was reported in 1975 in three independent contributions by Cassar, Dieck and Heck as well as Sonogashira, Tohda and Hagihara. All of the reactions employ palladium catalysts to afford the same reaction products. However, the protocols of Cassar and Heck are performed solely by the use of palladium and require harsh reaction conditions (i.e. high reaction temperatures). The use of copper-cocatalyst in addition to palladium complexes in Sonogashira's procedure enabled the reactions to be carried under mild reaction conditions in excellent yields. A rapid development of the Pd/Cu systems followed and enabled myriad synthetic applications, while Cassar-Heck conditions were left, maybe unjustly, all but forgotten. The reaction's remarkable utility can be evidenced by the amount of research still being done on understanding and optimizing its synthetic capabilities as well as employing the procedures to prepare various compounds of synthetic, medicinal or material/industrial importance. Among the cross-coupling reactions it follows in the number of publications right after Suzuki and Heck reaction and a search for the term "Sonogashira" in SciFinder provides over 1500 references for journal publications between 2007 and 2010.

The Sonogashira reaction has become so well known that often all reactions that use modern organometallic catalyst to couple alkyne motifs are termed some variant of "Sonogashira reaction", despite the fact that these reactions are not carried out under true Sonogashira reaction conditions.

Mechanism
The reaction mechanism is not clearly understood, but the textbook mechanism revolves around a palladium cycle which is in agreement with the "classical" cross-coupling mechanism, and a copper cycle, which is less well known.

The palladium cycle

 * Palladium precatalyst species are activated under reaction conditions to form a reactive Pd0 compound, A. The exact identity of the catalytic species depends strongly upon reaction conditions. With simple phosphines, such as PPh3 (n=2), and in case of bulky phosphines (i.e., ) it was demonstrated that monoligated species (n=1) are formed. Furthermore, some results point to the formation of anionic palladium species, [L2Pd0Cl]−, which could be the real catalysts in the presence of anions and halides.
 * The active Pd0 catalyst is involved in the oxidative addition step with the aryl or vinyl halide substrate to produce PdII species B. Similar to the above discussion, its structure depends on the employed ligands. This step is believed to be the rate-limiting step of the reaction.
 * Complex B reacts with copper acetylide, complex F, in a transmetallation step, yielding complex C and regenerating the copper catalyst.
 * The structure of complex C depends on the properties of the ligands. For the facile reductive elimination to occur, the substrate motifs need to be in close vicinity, i.e. cis-orientation, so there can be trans-cis isomerisation involved. In reductive elimination the product tolane is expelled from the complex and the active Pd catalytic species is regenerated.

The copper cycle

 * The copper cycle is not entirely well described. It is suggested that the presence of a base results in the formation of a π-alkyne complex E. This increases the acidity of the terminal proton and leads to the formation of copper acetylide, complex F, upon deprotonation.
 * Acetylide F is then involved in the transmetallation reaction with palladium intermediate B.

The mechanism of a copper-free Sonogashira variant
Although beneficial for the effectiveness of the reaction, the use of copper salts in "classical" Sonogashira reaction is accompanied with several drawbacks, such as the application of environmentally unfriendly reagents, the formation of undesirable alkyne homocoupling (Glaser side products), and the necessity of strict oxygen exclusion in the reaction mixture. Thus, with the aim of excluding copper from the reaction, a lot of effort was undertaken in the developments of Cu-free Sonogashira reaction. Along the development of new reaction conditions, many experimental and computational studies focused on elucidation of reaction mechanism. Until recently, the exact mechanism by which the Cu-free reaction occurs was under debate, with critical mechanistic questions unanswered. It was shown in 2018 by Košmrlj et al. that the reaction proceeds along the two interconnected Pd0/PdII catalytic cycles.

 * Similar to the original mechanism, the Pd0 cycle begins with the oxidative addition of the aryl halide or triflate to the Pd0 catalyst, forming complex B and activating aryl halide substrate for the reaction.
 * Acetylene is activated in the second, PdII mediated cycle. Phenylacetylene was proven to form Pd monoacetylide complex D as well as Pd bisacetylide complex F under mild reaction conditions.
 * Both activated species, namely complexes B and F, are involved in the transmetallation step, forming complex C and regenerating D.
 * The resulting products of reductive elimination, disubstituted alkyne product as well as regenerated Pd0 catalytic species, complete the Pd0 catalytic cycle.

It was demonstrated that amines are competitive to the phosphines and can also participate as ligands L in the described reaction species. Depending on the rate of the competition between amine and phosphines, a dynamic and complex interplay is expected when using different coordinative bases.

Reaction conditions
The Sonogashira reaction is typically run under mild conditions. The cross-coupling is carried out at room temperature with a base, typically an amine, such as diethylamine, that also acts as the solvent. The reaction medium must be basic to neutralize the hydrogen halide produced as the byproduct of this coupling reaction, so alkylamine compounds such as triethylamine and diethylamine are sometimes used as solvents, but also DMF or ether can be used as solvent. Other bases such as potassium carbonate or cesium carbonate are occasionally used. In addition, deaerated conditions are formally needed for Sonogashira coupling reactions because the palladium(0) complexes are unstable in the air, and oxygen promotes the formation of homocoupled acetylenes. Recently, development of air-stable organopalladium catalysts enable this reaction to be conducted in the ambient atmosphere. In addition, R.M Al-Zoubi and co-workers successfully developed a method with high regioselectivity for 1,2,3-trihaloarene derivatives in good to high yields under ambient conditions.

Catalysts
Typically, two catalysts are needed for this reaction: a zerovalent palladium complex and a copper(I) halide salt. Common examples of palladium catalysts include those containing phosphine ligands such as [Pd(PPh3)4]. Another commonly used palladium source is [Pd(PPh3)2Cl2], but complexes containing bidentate phosphine ligands, such as [Pd(dppe)Cl2], [Pd(dppp)Cl2], and [Pd(dppf)Cl2] have also been used. The drawback to such catalysts is the need for high loadings of palladium (up to 5 mol %), along with a larger amount of a copper co-catalyst. PdII complexes are in fact pre-catalysts since they must be reduced to Pd0 before catalysis can begin. PdII complexes generally exhibit greater stability than Pd0 complexes and can be stored under normal laboratory conditions for months. PdII catalysts are reduced to Pd0 in the reaction mixture by an amine, a phosphine ligand, or another reactant in the mixture allowing the reaction to proceed. For instance, oxidation of triphenylphosphine to triphenylphosphine oxide can lead to the formation of Pd0 in situ when [Pd(PPh3)2Cl2] is used.

Copper(I) salts, such as CuI, react with the terminal alkyne and produce a copper(I) acetylide, which acts as an activated species for the coupling reactions. Cu(I) is a co-catalyst in the reaction, and is used to increase the rate of the reaction.

Aryl halides and pseudohalides
The choice of aryl halide or pseudohalide substrate (sp2-carbon) is one of the factors that mainly influence the reactivity of the Sonogashira catalytic system. The reactivity of halides is higher towards iodine, and vinyl halides are more reactive than analogous aryl halides. The coupling of aryl iodides proceeds at room temperature, while aryl bromides require heating. This difference in reactivity can be exploited to selectively couple an aryl iodide but not an aryl bromide, by performing the reaction at room temperature. An example is the symmetrical Sonogashira coupling of two equivalents of 1-bromo-4-iodobenzene with trimethylsilylacetylene (with the trimethylsilyl group removed in-situ) to form bis(4-bromophenyl)acetylene.

Aryl triflates can also be employed instead of aryl halides.

Arenediazonium precursors
Arenediazonium salts have been reported as an alternative to aryl halides for the Sonogashira coupling reaction. Gold(I) chloride has been used as co-catalyst combined with palladium(II) chloride in the coupling of arenediazonium salts with terminal alkynes, a process carried out in the presence of bis-2,6-diisopropylphenyl dihydroimidazolium chloride (IPr NHC) (5 mol%) to in situ generate a NHC–palladium complex, and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylpyridine (DBMP) as base in acetonitrile as solvent at room temperature. This coupling can be carried out starting from anilines by formation of the diazonium salt followed by in situ Sonogashira coupling, where anilines are transformed into diazonium salt and furtherly converted into alkyne by coupling with phenylacetylene.

Alkynes
Various aromatic alkynes can be employed to yield desired disubstituted products with satisfactory yields. Aliphatic alkynes are generally less reactive.

Bases
Due to the crucial role of base, specific amines must be added in excess or as solvent for the reaction to proceed. It has been discovered that secondary amines such as piperidine, morpholine, or diisopropylamine in particular can react efficiently and reversibly with trans–RPdX(PPh3)2 complexes by substituting one PPh3 ligand. The equilibrium constant of this reaction is dependent on R, X, a factor for basicity, and the amine's steric hindrance. The result is competition between the amine and the alkyne group for this ligand exchange, which is why the amine is generally added in excess to promote preferential substitution.

Protecting groups
Trimethylsilylacetylene is a commonly used reagent in Sonogashira couplings. Being a liquid it is a more convenient reagent than the gaseous acetylene, and the trimethylsilyl group prevents addition onto the other end of the acetylene group. The trimethylsilyl group can then be removed using TBAF, yielding a monosubstituted acetylene. It may also be removed using DBU in situ, allowing the monosubstituted acetylene to react further with another aryl halide to form diphenylacetylene and derivatives.

Copper-free Sonogashira coupling
While a copper co-catalyst is added to the reaction to increase reactivity, the presence of copper can result in the formation of alkyne dimers. This leads to what is known as the Glaser coupling reaction, which is an undesired formation of homocoupling products of acetylene derivatives upon oxidation. As a result, when running a Sonogashira reaction with a copper co-catalyst, it is necessary to run the reaction in an inert atmosphere to avoid the unwanted dimerization. Copper-free variations to the Sonogashira reaction have been developed to avoid the formation of the homocoupling products. There are other cases when the use of copper should be avoided, such as coupling reactions involving substrates which potential copper ligands, for instance free-base porphyrins.

Inverse Sonogashira coupling
In an inverse Sonogashira coupling the reactants are an aryl or vinyl compound and an alkynyl halide.

Silver co-catalysis
In some cases stoichiometric amounts of silver oxide can be used in place of CuI for copper-free Sonogashira couplings.

Nickel catalysts
Recently, a nickel-catalyzed Sonogashira coupling has been developed which allows for the coupling of non-activated alkyl halides to acetylene without the use of palladium, although a copper co-catalyst is still needed. It has also been reported that gold can be used as a heterogeneous catalyst, which was demonstrated in the coupling of phenylacetylene and iodobenzene with an Au/CeO2 catalyst. In this case, catalysis occurs heterogeneously on the Au nanoparticles, with Au(0) as the active site. Selectivity to the desirable cross coupling product was also found to be enhanced by supports such as CeO2 and La2O3. Additionally, iron-catalyzed Sonogashira couplings have been investigated as relatively cheap and non-toxic alternatives to palladium. Here, FeCl3 is proposed to act as the transition-metal catalyst and Cs2CO3 as the base, thus theoretically proceeding through a palladium-free and copper-free mechanism.

While the copper-free mechanism has been shown to be viable, attempts to incorporate the various transition metals mentioned above as less expensive alternatives to palladium catalysts have shown a poor track record of success due to contamination of the reagents with trace amounts of palladium, suggesting that these theorized pathways are extremely unlikely, if not impossible, to achieve.

Studies have shown that organic and inorganic starting materials can also contain enough (ppb level) palladium for the coupling.

Gold and palladium co-catalysis
A highly efficient gold and palladium combined methodology for the Sonogashira coupling of a wide array of electronically and structurally diverse aryl and heteroaryl halides has been reported. The orthogonal reactivity of the two metals shows high selectivity and extreme functional group tolerance in Sonogashira coupling. A brief mechanistic study reveals that the gold-acetylide intermediate enters into palladium catalytic cycle at the transmetalation step.

Dendrimeric palladium complexes
The issues dealing with recovery of the often expensive catalyst after product formation poses a serious drawback for large-scale applications of homogeneous catalysis. Structures known as metallodendrimers combine the advantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, as they are soluble and well defined on the molecular level, and yet they can be recovered by precipitation, ultrafiltration, or ultracentrifugation. Some recent examples can be found about the use of dendritic palladium complex catalysts for the copper-free Sonogashira reaction. Thus, several generations of bidentate phosphine palladium(II) polyamino dendritic catalysts have been used solubilized in triethylamine for the coupling of aryl iodides and bromides at 25-120 °C, and of aryl chlorides, but in very low yields. The dendrimeric catalysts could usually be recovered by simple precipitation and filtration and reused up to five times, with diminished activity produced by dendrimer decomposition and not by palladium leaching being observed. These dendrimeric catalysts showed a negative dendritic effect; that is, the catalyst efficiency decreases as the dendrimer generation increases. A recyclable polymeric phosphine ligand is obtained from ring-opening metathesis polymerization of a norbornene derivative, and has been used in the copper co-catalyzed Sonogashira reaction of methyl p-iodobenzoate and phenylacetylene using Pd(dba)2*CHCl3 as a palladium source. Despite recovery by filtration, polymer catalytic activity decreased by approximately 4-8% in each recycle experiment.

Nitrogen ligands
Pyridines and pyrimidines have shown good complexation properties for palladium and have been employed in the formation of catalysts suitable for Sonogashira couplings. The dipyrimidyl-palladium complex shown below has been employed in the copper-free coupling of iodo-, bromo-, and chlorobenzene with phenylacetylene using N-butylamine as base in THF solvent at 65 °C. Furthermore, all structural features of this complex have been characterized by extensive X-ray analysis, verifying the observed reactivity.

More recently, the dipyridylpalladium complex has been obtained and has been used in the copper-free Sonogashira coupling reaction of aryl iodides and bromides in N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP) using tetra-n-butylammonium acetate (TBAA) as base at room temperature. This complex has also been used for the coupling of aryl iodides and bromides in refluxing water as solvent and in the presence of air, using pyrrolidine as base and TBAB as additive, although its efficiency was higher in N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP) as solvent.

N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) palladium complexes
N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have become one of the most important ligands in transition-metal catalysis. The success of normal NHCs is greatly attributed to their superior σ-donating capabilities as compared to phosphines, which is even greater in abnormal NHC counterparts. Employed as ligands in palladium complexes, NHCs contributed greatly to the stabilization and activation of precatalysts and have therefore found application in many areas of organometallic homogeneous catalysis, including Sonogashira couplings.

Interesting examples of abnormal NHCs are based on the mesoionic 1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene structure. An efficient, cationic palladium catalyst of PEPPSI type, i.e., iPEPPSI (internal pyridine-enhanced precatalyst preparation stabilization and initiation) was demonstrated to efficiently catalyse the copper-free Sonogashira reaction in water as the only solvent, under aerobic conditions, in the absence of copper, amines, phosphines and other additives.

Metal oxide catalysts
Recent developments in heterogeneous catalysis enabled the use of metal oxide materials such as cuprous oxide nanocatalysts in flow processing technologies, which can enable the economical production of active pharmaceutical ingredients and various other fine chemicals.

Applications in synthesis
Sonogashira couplings are employed in a wide array of synthetic reactions, primarily due to their success in facilitating the following challenging transformations:

Alkynylation reactions
The coupling of a terminal alkyne and an aromatic ring is the pivotal reaction when talking about applications of the copper-promoted or copper-free Sonogashira reaction. The list of cases where the typical Sonogashira reaction using aryl halides has been employed is large, and choosing illustrative examples is difficult. A recent use of this methodology is shown below for the coupling of iodinated phenylalanine with a terminal alkyne derived from d-biotin using an in situ generated Pd0 species as catalyst, which allowed the preparation of alkyne-linked phenylalanine derivative for bioanalytical applications. There are also examples of the coupling partners both being attached to allyl resins, with the Pd0 catalyst effecting cleavage of the substrates and subsequent Sonogashira coupling in solution.

Natural products
Many metabolites found in nature contain alkyne or enyne moieties, and therefore, the Sonogashira reaction has found frequent utility in their syntheses. Several of the most recent and promising applications of this coupling methodology toward the total synthesis of natural products exclusively employed the typical copper-cocatalyzed reaction.

An example of the coupling of an aryl iodide to an aryl acetylene can be seen in the reaction of an iodinated alcohol and tris(isopropyl)silylacetylene, which gave an alkyne, an intermediate in the total synthesis of the benzindenoazepine alkaloid bulgaramine.

There are other recent examples of the use of aryl iodides for the preparation of intermediates under typical Sonogashira conditions, which, after cyclization, yield natural products such as benzylisoquinoline or indole alkaloids An example is the synthesis of the benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (+)-(S)-laudanosine and (–)-(S)-xylopinine. The synthesis of these natural products involved the use of Sonogashira cross-coupling to build the carbon backbone of each molecule.

Enynes and enediynes
The 1,3-enyne moiety is an important structural unit for biologically active and natural compounds. It can be derived from vinylic systems and terminal acetylenes by using a configuration-retention stereospecific procedure such as the Sonogashira reaction. Vinyl iodides are the most reactive vinyl halides to Pd0 oxidative addition, and their use is therefore most frequent for Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions due to the usually milder conditions employed. Some examples include:

 * The coupling of 2-iodoprop-2-en-1-ol with a wide range of acetylenes.
 * The preparation of alk-2-ynylbuta-1,3-dienes from the cross-coupling of a diiodide and phenylacetylene, as shown below.

Pharmaceuticals
The versatility of the Sonogashira reaction makes it a widely used reaction in the synthesis of a variety of compounds. One such pharmaceutical application is in the synthesis of SIB-1508Y, which is more commonly known as Altinicline. Altinicline is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist that has shown potential in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Tourette's syndrome, schizophrenia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). As of 2008, Altinicline has undergone Phase II clinical trials.

The Sonogashira cross coupling reaction can be used in the synthesis of imidazopyridine derivatives.

Related reactions

 * Cross-coupling reactions
 * Castro-Stephens coupling
 * Heck reaction
 * Stille reaction
 * Suzuki reaction
 * Negishi coupling
 * Kumada coupling
 * Transmetalation

title: Sonogashira coupling


text: Category:1700s books

title: Category:1700s books


text:
Talk:Reis telephone

Clarification
Would someone be able to more precisely describe the "platinu brick" and "platinum rmod" mentioned in the article? Corvus 01:50, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Good information. Seems that Reis really invented the first ever electrical telephone! Sea diver 07:31, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

indistinct speech?
But mentioned article of BBC says that telephone of Reis could transmit speech very well. Tests performed in 1937 confirmed it.Sea diver (talk) 01:38, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

Stolen from Bell?
Could someone please remove the statement "Although, it has been proven he stole the idea a few years earlier from Alexander Graham Bell - as he was the real inventor." from the first paragraph? First of all it is utterly wrong, that Reis has stolen the invention, because Bell was only 15 years old (born 1847)when Reis showed his invention in public (1862) and begann his own works in the 1870s. The second thing is that you should proof such a statement with a proper source when you put it online. Thank you.131.220.99.58 (talk) 10:31, 29 September 2011 (UTC)

German
The German phrase "the horse does not eat cucumber salad" is in fact reportedly the first sentence ever spoken on a telefone. However it was not chosen because in German it is  difficult to  understand (which  it isn't), but because it is utterly unforseeable and nonsensical and would it thus make impossible to  be merely guessed. Discovery Channel which is quoted  as the source for the above-mentioned false statement got that definitely wrong. In a book about Philipp Reis that I read as a boy, called "Der sprechende Draht" (The Talking Wire) it said that Reis came up with that sentence on the spur of a moment when at the moment of putting  his machine to the test, and fearing  he might be accused of having foul-played, he saw a horse out of the window and remembered that he had  had cucumber-salad for lunch. But the sentence itself is clearly and easily intellegible in German. Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.58.132.68 (talk) 22:46, 14 June 2013 (UTC)

German invention
I see that various editors have tried to add the category German inventions to this article, each time being reverted, however. What is the objection here, and the reason for removing the category? It appears perfectly acceptable and correct to label it as such. Reis even had a patent on his device that prevented the Bell System from obtaining a patent there later. But even without politics about patents, it can't be denied that he invented something and it should be listed in the category. Reis is furthermore listed in List of German inventors and discoverers, so whatever he invented must have been a German invention. Kbrose (talk) 17:12, 31 January 2015 (UTC)
 * It's not really "various editors", but instances of Sockpuppet investigations/Europefan. It's entirely possible that some of the bulk-reverted changes are legit, but this person's long-term pattern of disruptive editing requires WP:RBI. Regrettably, the bulk-revert script I use doesn't let me provide a rationale. Favonian (talk) 17:19, 31 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Then perhaps bulk-revert scripts should not be used. They appear as vandalous as the accused action. Kbrose (talk) 17:22, 31 January 2015 (UTC)

Broken Link
Link to an item on the Discovery Channel site (first footnote) redirects to Discovery Channel homepage. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 132.76.61.52 (talk) 15:24, 10 November 2016 (UTC)

Needs a section on the microphone
Wihout which the article is incomplete. Ttocserp 19:00, 2 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Reis telephone


text:
Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia

Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia (Ирина Александровна; 15 July 1895 – 26 February 1970) was the only daughter and eldest child of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich and Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia. She was the first grandchild of Tsar Alexander III and the only biological niece of Tsar Nicholas II. Irina was married to the wealthiest man in Imperial Russia, Prince Felix Felixovich Yusupov. Her husband was one of the men who in 1916 murdered Grigori Rasputin, "holy healer" to Irina's hemophiliac cousin, Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich.

Early life
Before her marriage on 22 February 1914, Irina, the eldest child and only daughter in a family of seven children, was considered one of the most elegant women in Imperial Russia. Her family had spent long periods living in the south of France beginning in about 1906 because of her father's political disagreements with the Tsar.

Irina's father, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich, was carrying on an affair with a woman in the south of France and often asked her mother for a divorce, which she refused to grant him. Her mother, Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna, enjoyed extramarital affairs as well. Irina's parents tried to hide their unhappy marriage from their seven children, and Irina had a happy childhood. Irina was often called Irène, the French version of her name, or Irene, the English version. Her mother sometimes nicknamed her "Baby Rina." The Romanovs, heavily influenced by the French and English, spoke French better than Russian and often used the foreign versions of their first names to refer to each other.

Marriage
Her husband-to-be, Felix Yusupov, was a man from a very wealthy family who enjoyed dressing in women's clothing and had sexual relationships with both men and women, scandalizing society, but he was also genuinely religious and willing to help others even when his own financial circumstances were reduced. At one point, in a fit of enthusiasm, he planned to give all his riches to the poor in imitation of his mentor, Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna. "Felix's ideas are absolutely revolutionary," a disapproving Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna once said. He was persuaded not to do so by his mother, Zenaida, who said he had a duty to marry and continue the family line because he was her only surviving son. The future murderer of Rasputin also had a horror of the bloodshed and violence of war.

Felix, being bisexual, was not certain if he was "fit for marriage." Still, he was drawn to Irina and her icon-like beauty when he first encountered her. "One day when I was out riding I met a very beautiful girl accompanied by an elderly lady. Our eyes met and she made such an impression on me that I reined in my horse to gaze at her as she walked on," he wrote in his memoirs. One day in 1910, he was paid a visit by Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich and Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna and was happy to discover the girl he had seen on the riding trail was their only daughter, Irina. "This time I had plenty of time to admire the wondrous beauty of the girl who was eventually to become my wife and lifelong companion. She had beautiful features, clear-cut as a cameo, and looked very like her father." He renewed his acquaintance with Irina in 1913 and was even more drawn to her. "She was very shy and reserved, which added a certain mystery to her charm.... Little by little, Irina became less timid. At first her eyes were more eloquent than her conversation but, as she became more expansive, I learned to admire the keenness of her intelligence and her sound judgment. I concealed nothing in my past life from her, and, far from being perturbed by what I told her, she showed great tolerance and comprehension." Yusupov wrote that Irina, perhaps because she had grown up with so many brothers, showed none of the artifice or lack of honesty that had put him off relations with other women.

Although Irina was understanding about Yusupov's wild past, her parents were not. When her parents and maternal grandmother Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna heard the rumours about Felix, they wanted to call off the wedding. Most of the stories that they heard had originated from Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia, Irina's first cousin once removed, who had been one of Felix's friends and, it has been speculated, might have been involved in a romantic relationship with Felix. Dmitri told Felix he was also interested in marrying Irina, but Irina said she preferred Felix. Felix was able to persuade Irina's reluctant family to relent and allow the ceremony to go forward.

However, neither he nor Irina appeared to have objected to the morganatic terms of the marriage: "All members of the dynasty who married someone not of royal blood were obliged to sign a document renouncing their rights to the throne. Although Irina was very distant in the line of succession, she had to comply with this regulation before marrying me; but it did not seem to worry her very much." It was the society wedding of the year and the last such occasion in Russian society before World War I. Irina wore a 20th-century dress rather than the traditional court dress in which other Romanov brides had married, as she was a princess of the Imperial House, not a Grand Duchess. She wore a diamond and rock-crystal tiara that had been commissioned from Cartier and a lace veil that had belonged to Marie Antoinette. Guests at the wedding commented on what an attractive couple Felix and Irina made: "What an amazing couple–they were so attractive. What bearing! What breeding!" said one guest.

Irina was given away by her uncle, Nicholas II, and his wedding present to her was a bag of 29 uncut diamonds, ranging from three to seven carats. Irina and Felix also received a large assortment of precious gems from other wedding guests. They later managed to take many of these gems out of the country following the Russian Revolution of 1917 to use them to provide a living in exile.

World War I
The Yusupovs were on their honeymoon in Europe and the Middle East when World War I broke out. They were briefly detained in Berlin after the outbreak of hostilities. Irina asked her first cousin, Crown Princess Cecilie of Prussia to intervene with her father-in-law, Kaiser Wilhelm II, who refused to permit them to leave, but offered them a choice of three country estates to live in for the duration of the war. Felix's father appealed to the Spanish ambassador and won permission for them to return to Russia via neutral Denmark to Finland and from there to Petrograd. Upon leaving they were belittled by the German people who called them "Russian pigs" and other names.

Felix converted a wing of his Moika Palace into a hospital for wounded soldiers but avoided entering military service himself by taking advantage of a law exempting only-sons from serving in the war. He entered the Cadet Corps and took an officer's training course but had no intention of joining a regiment. Irina's first cousin, Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna, to whom she had been close when they were girls, was disdainful of Felix: "Felix is a 'downright civilian,' dressed all in brown, walked to and fro about the room, searching in some bookcases with magazines and virtually doing nothing; an utterly unpleasant impression he makes—a man idling in such times," Olga wrote to her father, Tsar Nicholas II, on 5 March 1915 after paying a visit to the Yusupovs.

Felix and Irina's only daughter, Princess Irina Felixovna Yusupova, nicknamed "Bebé", was born on 21 March 1915. "I shall never forget my happiness when I heard the child's first cry," her father wrote. Irina liked her name and wanted to pass it on to her first child. Her mother Xenia was so worried over the delivery that Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna said it was almost like Xenia was giving birth instead of Irina.

Killing of Rasputin
Both Felix and Irina were aware of salacious rumors regarding Rasputin and his association with the worsening political situation that brought rioting, protests and violence. Yusupov and his co-conspirators, Vladimir Purishkevich and Dmitri Pavlovich, decided that Rasputin was destroying the country and must be killed. Felix started paying visits to Rasputin in an attempt to gain his trust. It has been speculated that Felix told the healer that he needed assistance to overcome his homosexual impulses and enjoy a satisfactory marriage to Irina or, alternatively, that it was Irina who needed Rasputin's "cure."

On the night of the murder, 16/17 December 1916, Rasputin was invited to Felix's apartment at the Moika Palace. He was told that Irina would be in residence and Rasputin would have an opportunity to meet her. Rasputin had often expressed interest in meeting the beautiful 21-year-old princess. Irina, however, was on a visit to the Crimea. Irina had been aware that Felix had talked about eliminating Rasputin and it was originally intended that she participate in the murder. "You too must take part in it," Felix wrote to her before the murder. "Dm(itri) Pavl(ovich) knows all about it and is helping. It will all take place in the middle of December, when Dm(itri) comes back." In late November 1916, Irina wrote to Felix: "Thanks for your insane letter. I didn't understand the half of it. I see that you're planning to do something wild. Please take care and do not get mixed up in any shady business. The dirtiest thing is that you have decided to do it all without me. I don't see how I can take part in it now, since it's all arranged... In a word, be careful. I see from your letter that you're in a state of wild enthusiasm and ready to climb a wall... I'll be in Petrograd on the 12th or 13th, so don't dare do anything without me, or else I won't come at all."

Felix responded on 27 November 1916: "Your presence by the middle of December is essential. The plan I'm writing you about has been worked out in detail and is three-quarters done, and only the finale is left, and for that your arrival is awaited. It (the murder) is the only way of saving a situation that is almost hopeless.... You will serve as the lure.... Of course, not a word to anyone." A frightened Irina suddenly backed out of the plan on 3 December 1916: "I know that if I come, I shall certainly get sick... You don't know how things are with me. I want to cry all the time. My mood is terrible. I've never had one like it before... I don't know myself what's happening to me. Don't drag me to Petrograd. Come down here instead. Forgive me, my dear one, for writing such things to you. But I can't go on any more, I don't know what's the matter with me. Neurasthenia, I think. Don't be angry with me, please don't be angry. I love you terribly. I can't live without you. May the Lord protect you."

Again, on 9 December 1916, she warned Felix, reporting a foreboding conversation she had had with their 21-month-old daughter: "Something unbelievable's been going on with Baby. A couple of nights ago she didn't sleep well and kept repeating, "War, nanny, war!" The next day she was asked, "War or peace?" And Baby answered, "War!" The next day I said, "Say, 'peace.' " And she looked right at me and answered, "War!" It's very strange."

Irina's pleas were in vain. Her husband and his co-conspirators went forward with the plan without her. After the killing, Nicolas exiled both Yusupov and Dmitri Pavlovich. Felix was exiled to Rakitnoye, a remote country estate in the Rakityansky District that had been owned by the family since 1729. Dmitri was exiled to the Persian front with the army. Sixteen members of the family signed a letter asking the Tsar to reconsider his decision due to Dmitri's weak health, but Nicholas II refused to consider the petition. "Nobody has the right to kill on his own private judgment," wrote Nicholas II. "I know that there are many others besides Dmitri Pavlovich whose consciences give them no rest, because they are compromised. I am astonished that you should have applied to me." Irina's father, "Sandro", visited the couple at Rakitnoye in February 1917 and found their mood "buoyant, but militant."

Felix still hoped that Nicholas and the Russian government would respond to Rasputin's death by taking steps to address the increasing political unrest. Felix refused to permit Irina to leave Rakitnoye to join her mother in Petrograd because he felt it was too dangerous. The Tsar abdicated on 2 March, OS, and he and his family were arrested by the Bolsheviks. They were eventually murdered at Yekaterinburg on 17 July 1918. His decision to exile Felix and Dmitri meant that they were among the few members of the Romanov family to escape execution during the Bolshevik Revolution that followed.

Exile
Following the abdication of the Tsar, the Yusupovs returned to the Moika Palace before going to Crimea. They later returned to the Palace to retrieve jewellery and two paintings by Rembrandt, the sale proceeds of which helped sustain the family in exile. In Crimea, the family boarded a British warship, HMS Marlborough (1912), which took them from Yalta to Malta. Felix enjoyed boasting about killing Rasputin while he was on the ship. One of the British officers noted that Irina "appeared shy and retiring at first, but it was only necessary to take a little notice of her pretty, small daughter to break through her reserve and discover that she was also very charming and spoke fluent English". From there, they traveled to Italy and by train to Paris. In Italy, lacking a visa, Felix bribed the officials with diamonds. In Paris, they stayed a few days in Hôtel de Vendôme before they went on to London.

In 1920, they returned to Paris and bought a house on the Rue Gutenberg in Boulogne-sur-Seine, where they lived most of their lives. Early in the year a disagreement between Dmitri Pavlovich and Felix brought to light Felix's feelings towards his role in the murder of Rasputin. "You talked about it, you almost boast about it, that you did it with your own hand" said a distraught Dmitri in a letter trying to end his friendship with Felix. In 1924, they founded a short-lived couture house called Irfé, which took its name from the first two letters of the names Irina and Felix. Irina modeled some of the dresses. Irfé was later relaunched by Olga Sorokina in 2008. The Yusupovs became renowned in the Russian émigré community for their financial generosity. This philanthropy and their continued high living and poor financial management extinguished what remained of the family fortune. Their daughter was largely raised (and spoiled) by her paternal grandparents until she was nine. Her unstable upbringing caused her to become "capricious," according to Felix. Felix and Irina, raised mainly by nannies themselves, were ill-suited to take on the day-to-day burdens of child-rearing. Irina's daughter adored her father but had a more distant relationship with her mother.

Later the family lived from the proceeds of a lawsuit they won against MGM for making a 1932 movie called Rasputin and the Empress. The lecherous Rasputin seduces the Tsar's only niece, called "Princess Natasha", in the film. Irina was the Czar's only niece by blood, but not his only niece, as he had three nieces from his wife's siblings. In 1934, the Yusupovs won a large judgment against the movie studio. Felix also sued CBS in a New York court in 1965 for televising a play based upon the Rasputin killing. The claim was that some events were fictionalized, and under a New York statute, Felix's commercial rights in his story had been misappropriated. The last reported judicial opinion in the case was a ruling by New York's second highest court that the case could not be resolved upon briefs and affidavits but must go to trial. According to an obituary of CBS's lawyer, CBS eventually won the case.

Felix also wrote his memoirs and continued to be both celebrated and infamous as the man who murdered Rasputin. For the rest of his life, he was haunted by the killing and suffered from nightmares. However, he also had a reputation as a faith healer.

Irina and Felix, close to one another as they were distant from their daughter, enjoyed a happy and successful marriage for more than 50 years. When Felix died in 1967, Irina was stricken by grief and died three years later.

Descendants

Descendants of Felix and Irina are:
 * Princess Irina Felixovna Yusupova, (21 March 1915, Saint Petersburg, Russia – 30 August 1983, Cormeilles-en-Parisis, France), married Count Nikolai Dmitrievich Sheremetev (28 October 1904, Moscow, Russia – 5 February 1979, Paris, France), son of Count Dmitry Sergeevich Sheremetev and wife Countess Irina Ilarionovna Vorontzova-Dachkova and a descendant of Boris Petrovich Sheremetev; had issue:
 * Countess Xenia Nikolaevna Sheremeteva (born 1 March 1942, Rome, Italy), married on 20 June 1965 in Athens, Greece, to Ilias Sfiris (born 20 August 1932, Athens, Greece); had issue:
 * Tatiana Sfiris (born 28 August 1968, Athens, Greece), married in May 1996 in Athens to Alexis Giannakoupoulos (born 1963), divorced, no issue; married Anthony Vamvakidis and has issue:
 * Marilia Vamvakidis (born 7 July 2004)
 * Yasmine Xenia Vamvakidis (born 17 May 2006)

title: Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia


text:
List of census-designated places in Maryland

This article lists the census-designated places (CDPs) in the state of Maryland, their population, and the county(ies) they reside in. The only county which doesn't contain a CDP is Cecil County.


text:
Paul Dudley White

Paul Dudley White (June 6, 1886 – October 31, 1973) was an American physician and cardiologist. He was considered one of the leading cardiologists of his day, and a prominent advocate of preventive medicine.

Early life and education
White was born in Roxbury, Massachusetts, the son of Herbert Warren White and Elizabeth Abigail Dudley. White's interest in medicine was sparked early in life, when he accompanied his father, a family practitioner, on rounds and house calls in a horse and buggy. A 1903 graduate of the Roxbury Latin School, his undergraduate education at Harvard College encompassed history and forestry as well as pre-medical courses. He graduated with a B.A. with honors in 1908 and went on to Harvard Medical School, from which he received his M.D. in 1911.

He then began his long association with the Massachusetts General Hospital through an internship in pediatrics and internal medicine. During that time he co-authored his first scientific paper, on the coagulation of blood, with Roger I. Lee. The Lee-White coagulation time is still used today as a method of measuring the speed of blood coagulation. In 1913, White was offered a Harvard traveling fellowship to study cardiovascular physiology with the eminent cardiologist, Thomas Lewis, in London. This experience, perhaps coupled with the earlier death of his sister from rheumatic heart disease and his father's death from coronary artery disease at age seventy-one, was to shape the rest of his medical career.

World War I
In World War I, White served as a medical officer with the British Expeditionary Force in 1916 and the American Expeditionary Force from 1917 to 1919. He returned to the Massachusetts General Hospital and worked as a resident in 1919, and a year later became Chief of the Medical Out-Patient Department.

Academic career
White was appointed to the Harvard faculty as a clinical instructor in 1921 and quickly rose through the academic ranks to become assistant professor in 1933, clinical professor in 1946, and emeritus professor in 1949. He continued on the faculty of Harvard until 1956, although he had resigned his position as Chief of the Cardiac Service at the Massachusetts General Hospital in 1948 to devote time to the development of the National Heart Institute, following adoption of the National Heart Act, which was signed into law by President Truman in 1948.

White was recognized as a superb teacher and compassionate bedside physician. He published twelve books and more than 700 scientific articles. His most noted textbook, Heart Disease, was first published in 1931 and became a classic in the field. His interest in the electrophysiology of the heart would eventually pair him with Drs. Louis Wolff and John Parkinson, who together described the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, a condition of uncontrolled rapid heartbeat. In 1935 he described the electrocardiographic changes of pulmonary embolism.

Advocacy work

White is viewed by most medical authorities as the founder of preventive cardiology. Appointed as President Dwight D. Eisenhower's physician following his heart attack in 1955, White very publicly prescribed cycling for his famous patient, giving the bicycle industry a welcome boost. White was a staunch advocate of exercise, diet, and weight control in the prevention of heart disease. In 1924, he was one of the founders of the American Heart Association and became the organization's president in 1941. In the 1950s, White collaborated with Ancel Keys in developing the diet-heart hypothesis. White authored the Foreword to Ancel Key's 1959 book Eat Well and Stay Well.

He was a moving force in the creation of the International Association of Cardiology, and later the International Cardiology Foundation. In 1949, he was named executive director of the National Advisory Heart Council. He was the chief consultant to the National Heart Institute from 1948 to 1955 and was a major impetus in the Framingham Heart Study, which was the first major epidemiologic work to identify risk factors in coronary artery disease. He influential in establishing the National Institutes of Health.

White received many international honors and was instrumental in establishing cardiology organizations throughout the world, even in the People's Republic of China which he was one of the first American physicians to visit. He also established a connection with Alexander Filipovich Samoilov, a Soviet physiologist who shared White's interest in the electrophysiology of the heart. White was one of the founders of the International Society of Cardiology in 1946, helped to organize its first World Congress of Cardiology four years later in Paris, and presided over the second World Congress in Washington in 1954.

White was a staunch advocate of the belief that lifestyle affected coronary artery disease. He was one of the first authorities to recognize that coronary artery disease could occur in young men, writing several papers on the subject. In keeping with his beliefs, he was a vigorous walker and bicycle rider and walked, on one occasion, from Washington National Airport to the White House to consult with President Eisenhower. Reportedly, his positive approach inspired Lyndon B. Johnson to return to the Senate in 1955 after his heart attack and later to become Vice President.

In his later years, White continued to travel and to speak about heart disease and, increasingly, about his concern for world peace.

Awards
White was elected an Associate Fellow of the National Academy of Kinesiology (née American Academy of Physical Education) in 1961, and delivered the academy's R. Tait McKenzie Memorial Lecture the year before at their 1960 meeting in Miami Beach, Florida. His presentation was titled, "Health and Sickness in Middle Age". Also in 1961, NYU awarded White the prestigious University Medal. Three years later, on September 14, 1964, President Johnson presented White with the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Personal life
On June 28, 1924, White married Ina Helen Reid, a social worker whom he met while giving a lecture at the Smith College Training School for Social Work. They later adopted two children. White spent many summers at Camp Becket in Becket, MA, where the dining hall is named after him.

Death and memorials
White died in Boston following a second stroke. He was to have received the Herrick Award from the American Heart Association, but died before that honor could be bestowed. A memorial service was held in the Harvard Memorial Church the next month; there, J. Willis Hurst, M.D., a former student of White's, delivered a eulogy entitled "I'm Not Through Yet".

The United States Postal Service honored White with a 3¢ Great Americans series postage stamp on September 15, 1986. A 17-mile section of the Charles River Bike Path around the Charles River in Boston bears his name.

General references

 * "Paul Dudley White". Dictionary of American Biography, Supplement 9: 1971-1975. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1994.
 * Herman A. Snellen, "Birth and Growth of the European Society of Cardiology". European Heart Journal, vol. 1, no. 1, pp 5–7.

title: Paul Dudley White


text:
Fluffy

Fluffy may refer to:

Characters

 * Fluffy (Harry Potter), a giant three-headed dog in the novel Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
 * Fluffy, a beast in a crate that features in a segment of the 1982 film, Creepshow
 * Fluffy, a fictional cat character in the Disney comics series Darkwing Duck
 * Fluffy, a one-shot character in the episode, "Puppy Love" on the Pajanimals
 * Fluffy, a fictional pet elephant belonging to the character Oscar the Grouch on the TV series Sesame Street
 * Fluffy, a fictional pet pig belonging to the character Eric Cartman on the TV series South Park

Films

 * Fluffy (1965 film), a 1965 film starring Tony Randall and Shirley Jones
 * Fluffy, a 2003 short film starring Fred Ewanuick
 * Fluffy (2016 film), a 2016 short film

Music

 * Fluffy (band), a 1990s UK punk band
 * Fluffy, a 1990s band associated with the band Breakfast with Amy
 * "Fluffy" (song), a 2013 song by Wolf Alice

Other uses

 * Fluffy, nickname for stand-up comedian Gabriel Iglesias
 * Fluffy (comics), a 2003 graphic novel by Simone Lia
 * Fluffy (footwear), a form of fashion accessory
 * Fluffy (UAV), an unmanned aerial vehicle
 * Fluffy, a common name for a pet cat
 * Fluffy transcription factor, a gene of the mold Neurospora crassa

title: Fluffy


text:
File:International Workers Order (logo).jpg

Licensing
Original logo of the International Workers Order (IWO), 1930-39. Taken from an IWO membership certificate as reproduced in the book Red Scare in Court by Arthur J. Sabin. The openly Communist imagery of this seal was used as evidence against the Order in court. The organization's post-1940 logo was a lithograph by Rockwell Kent.


text:
The Spamhaus Project

The Spamhaus Project is an international organisation based in the Principality of Andorra, founded in 1998 by Steve Linford to take action against what they allege to be spammers. The correctness of this assessment by Spamhaus is regularly disputed. If the assessment is based on objective characteristics or on standards set by Spamhaus itself is disputed. The name spamhaus, a pseudo-German expression, was coined by Linford to refer to an internet service provider, or other firm, which spams or knowingly provides service to spammers. Spamhaus has been criticized to purposely hide all direct methods of contact from its webpages to avoid transparency, while asking transparency from others

Anti-spam lists
The Spamhaus Project is responsible for compiling several widely used anti-spam lists. Many internet service providers and email servers use the lists to reduce the amount of spam that reaches their users. In 2006, the Spamhaus services protected 650 million email users, including the European Parliament, US Army, the White House and Microsoft, from billions of spam emails a day.

Spamhaus distributes the lists in the form of DNS-based blacklists (DNSBLs) and whitelists (DNSWLs). The lists are offered as a free public service to low-volume mail server operators on the internet. Commercial spam filtering services and other sites doing large numbers of queries must instead sign up for an rsync-based feed of these DNSBLs, which is called the "Datafeed Service." Spamhaus outlines the way its DNSBL technology works in a document called "Understanding DNSBL Filtering."

The Spamhaus Block List targets "verified spam sources (including spammers, spam gangs and spam support services)." Its goal is to list IP addresses belonging to, by Spamahaus' internal standards, alleged "spammers, spam operations, and spam-support services. The SBL's listings are partially based on the ROKSO index of known spammers.

The Exploits Block List  targets "illegal 3rd party exploits, including open proxies, worms/viruses with built-in spam engines, virus-infected PCs & servers and other types of trojan-horse exploits." That is to say it is a list of known open proxies and exploited computers being used to send spam and viruses. The XBL includes information gathered by Spamhaus as well as by other contributing DNSBL operations such as the Composite Blocking List (CBL).

The Policy Block List is similar to a Dialup Users List. It lists not only dynamic IP addresses but also static addresses that should not be sending email directly to third-party servers. Examples of such are an ISP's core routers, corporate users required by policy to send their email via company servers, and unassigned IP addresses. Much of the data is provided to Spamhaus by the organizations that control the IP address space, typically ISPs.

The Domain Block List was released in March 2010 and is a list of domain names, which is both a domain URI blocklist and RHSBL. It lists spam domains including spam payload URLs, spam sources and senders ("right-hand side"), known spammers and spam gangs, and phish, virus and malware-related sites. It later added a zone of "abused URL shorteners", a common way spammers insert links into spam emails.

The Botnet Controller List was released in June 2012 and is a list of IP addresses. It lists IP addresses of which Spamhaus personnel believe to be operated by cybercriminals for the exclusive purpose of hosting botnet Command&Control infrastructure. Such infrastructure is commonly used by cybercriminals to control malware infected computers.

The Composite SnowShoe List is an automatically produced dataset of IP addresses that are involved in sending low-reputation email. Listings can be based on HELO greetings without an A record, generic looking rDNS or use of fake domains, which could indicate spambots or server misconfiguration. CSS is part of SBL.

The Spamhaus white list was released in October 2010 and was a whitelist of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses. This list was intended to allow mail servers to separate incoming email traffic into 3 categories: good, bad, and unknown. Only verified legitimate senders with clean reputations were approved for whitelisting and there were strict terms to keeping a Spamhaus Whitelist account.

The domain white list was released in October 2010 and was a whitelist of domain names. This list enables automatic certification of domains with DKIM signatures. Only verified legitimate senders with clean reputations were approved for whitelisting and there are strict terms to keeping a whitelist account.

Spamhaus also provides two combined lists. One is the SBL+XBL and the second is called "zen" and stylized in all caps, which combines all the Spamhaus IP address-based lists.

Register of known spam operations
The Spamhaus register of known spam operations is a database of spammers and spam operations who have been terminated from three or more ISPs due to spamming. It contains publicly sourced information about these persons and their domains, addresses and aliases.

This database allows ISPs to screen new customers, ensuring that listed spammers find it difficult to get hosting.

There is a special version available to law enforcement agencies, containing data on hundreds of spam gangs, with evidence, logs and information on illegal activities of these gangs considered too sensitive to publish in the public part of ROKSO.

Don't route or peer list
The Spamhaus DROP ("Don't Route Or Peer") lists are JSON files delineating CIDR blocks and ASNs that have been stolen or are otherwise "totally controlled by spammers or 100% spam hosting operations". They are intended to be incorporated in firewalls and routing equipment to drop all network traffic to and from the listed blocks. Spamhaus claims that additions to the lists are made only after investigation has determined that the network blocks or ASNs are controlled by cybercrime groups or hosting providers which either ignore abuse reports, or assist their customers in evading them. Because of the dynamic nature of allocations, the lists can change on a daily basis. Due to the threat posed to Internet users by traffic coming from these networks, the DROP lists are free for all to download and use.

Companies
The Spamhaus Group consists of a number of independent companies which focus on different aspects of Spamhaus anti-spam technology or provide services based around it. At the core is the Spamhaus Project SLU, a not-for-profit company based in Andorra which tracks spam sources and cyber threats such as phishing, malware and botnets and publishes free DNSBLs. Commercial services are managed by a British data delivery company Spamhaus Technology Ltd., based in London UK which manages data distribution services for large scale spam filter systems.

Awards

 * National Cyber Forensics Training Alliance 2008 Cyber Crime Fighter Award
 * Internet Service Providers Association's Internet Hero of 2003 Award
 * Greatest Contribution to anti-spam in the last 10 years presented to Spamhaus by Virus Bulletin Magazine.

e360 lawsuit
In September 2006, David Linhardt, the owner-operator of American bulk-emailing company "e360 Insight LLC", filed a lawsuit in Illinois USA against Spamhaus in the UK for blacklisting his bulk mailings. Spamhaus being a British organisation with no ties to Illinois or the U.S. had the case moved from the state court to the U.S. Federal District Court for the Northern District of Illinois and asked to have the case dismissed for obvious lack of jurisdiction. The Illinois court however, presided over by Judge Charles Kocoras, ignored the request for dismissal and proceeded with the case against British-based Spamhaus without considering the jurisdiction issue, prompting British MP Derek Wyatt to call for the judge to be suspended from office. Not having had its objection to jurisdiction examined, Spamhaus refused to participate in the U.S. case any further and withdrew its counsel. Judge Kocoras however, angry at Spamhaus having ‘walked out’ of his court, deemed British-based Spamhaus to have "technically accepted jurisdiction" by having initially responded at all, and awarded e360 a Default Judgement totalling US$11,715,000 in damages. Spamhaus subsequently announced that it would ignore the judgement because default judgements issued by U.S. courts without a trial "have no validity in the U.K. and cannot be enforced under the British legal system".

Following the default ruling in its favour, e360 filed a motion to attempt to force ICANN to remove the domain records of Spamhaus until the default judgement had been satisfied. This raised international issues regarding ICANN's unusual position as an American organization with worldwide responsibility for domain names, and ICANN protested that they had neither the ability nor the authority to remove the domain records of Spamhaus, which is a UK-based company. On 20 October 2006, Judge Kocoras issued a ruling denying e360's motion against ICANN, stating in his opinion that "there has been no indication that ICANN [is] not [an] independent entit[y] [from Spamhaus], thus preventing a conclusion that [it] is acting in concert" with Spamhaus and that the court had no authority over ICANN in this matter. The court further ruled that removing Spamhaus's domain name registration was a remedy that was "too broad to be warranted in this case", because it would "cut off all lawful online activities of Spamhaus via its existing domain name, not just those that are in contravention" of the default judgment. Kocoras concluded, "[w]hile we will not condone or tolerate noncompliance with a valid order of this court [i.e., Spamhaus' refusal to satisfy the default judgement] neither will we impose a sanction that does not correspond to the gravity of the offending conduct".

In 2007, Chicago law firm Jenner & Block LLP took up Spamhaus's case pro bono publico and successfully appealed the default ruling. The U.S. federal Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit vacated the damages award and remanded the matter back to the district court for a more extensive inquiry to determine damages.

Following the successful Appeal by Jenner & Block LLP in 2010 Judge Kocoras reduced the $11.7 million damages award to $27,002 —$1 for tortious interference with prospective economic advantage, $1 for claims of defamation, and $27,000 for "existing contracts".

Both parties appealed, but e360's case for increasing the damages was sharply criticized by Judge Richard Posner of the Seventh Circuit: "I have never seen such an incompetent presentation of a damages case," Posner said. "It's not only incompetent, it's grotesque. You've got damages jumping around from $11 million to $130 million to $122 million to $33 million. In fact, the damages are probably zero." and for a second time the Court of Appeals vacated the damages award.

Finally, on 2 September 2011 the Illinois court reduced the damages award to just $3 (three dollars) total, and ordered the plaintiff e360 to pay to Spamhaus the costs of the appeal for the defence.

In the course of these proceedings, in January 2008 e360 Insight LLC filed for bankruptcy and closed down, citing astronomical legal bills associated with this court case as the reason for its demise.

Spamhaus versus nic.at
In June 2007, Spamhaus requested the national domain registry of Austria, nic.at, to suspend a number of domains, claiming they were registered anonymously by phishing gangs for illegal bank phishing purposes. The registry nic.at rejected the request and argued that they would break Austrian law by suspending domains, even though the domains were used for criminal purposes, and demanded proof that the domains were registered under false identities. For some time the domains continued to phish holders of accounts at European banks. Finally, Spamhaus put the mail server of nic.at on their SBL spam blacklist under the SBL's policy "Knowingly Providing a Spam Support Service for Profit" for several days which caused interference of mail traffic at nic.at. All of the phishing domains in question have been since deleted or suspended by their DNS providers.

Blocking of Google Docs IPs
In August 2010, Spamhaus added some Google-controlled IP addresses used by Google Docs to its SBL spam list, due to Google Docs being a large source of uncontrolled spam. Google quickly fixed the problem and Spamhaus removed the listing. Though initially wrongly reported by some press to be IPs used by Gmail, later it was clarified that only Google Docs was blocked.

CyberBunker dispute and DDoS attack

In March 2013, CyberBunker, an internet provider named after its former headquarters in a surplus NATO bunker in the Netherlands that "offers anonymous hosting of anything except child porn and anything related to terrorism" was added to the Spamhaus blacklist used by email providers to weed out spam. Shortly afterwards, beginning on March 18, Spamhaus was the target of a distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack exploiting a long-known vulnerability in the Domain Name System (DNS) which permits origination of massive quantities of messages at devices owned by others using IP address spoofing. Devices exploited in the attack may be as simple as a cable converter box connected to the internet. The attack was of a previously unreported scale (peaking at 300 Gbit/s; an average large-scale attack might reach 50 Gbit/s, and the largest previous publicly reported attack was 100 Gbit/s) was launched against Spamhaus's DNS servers; the effects of the attack had lasted for over a week. Steve Linford, chief executive for Spamhaus, said that they had withstood the attack, using the assistance of other internet companies such as Google to absorb the excess traffic. Linford also claimed that the attack was being investigated by five different national cyber-police-forces around the world, later confirmed in news reports as being the FBI, Europol, the British National Crime Agency (NCA), the Dutch Police National High Tech Crime Unit (NHTCU), and the Spanish National Police. Spamhaus also hired Cloudflare, a DDoS mitigation company, to assist them by distributing their internet services across Cloudflare's worldwide network, after which the focus of the attack was redirected to the companies that provide Cloudflare's network connections.

Spamhaus alleged that CyberBunker, in cooperation with "criminal gangs" from Eastern Europe and Russia, was behind the attack; CyberBunker did not respond to the BBC's request for comment on the allegation; however, Sven Olaf Kamphuis, the owner of CyberBunker, posted to his Facebook account on 23 March "Yo anons, we could use a little help in shutting down illegal slander and blackmail censorship project 'spamhaus.org,' which thinks it can dictate its views on what should and should not be on the Internet." According to The New York Times Kamphuis also claimed to be the spokesman of the attackers, and said in a message "We are aware that this is one of the largest DDoS attacks the world had publicly seen", and that CyberBunker was retaliating against Spamhaus for "abusing their influence". The NYT added that security researcher Dan Kaminsky said "You can’t stop a DNS flood ... The only way to deal with this problem is to find the people doing it and arrest them".

The attack was attributed by network engineers to an anonymous group unhappy with Spamhaus, later identified by the victims of the attack as Stophaus, a loosely organized group of "bulletproof spam and malware hosters".

On 26 April 2013, the owner of CyberBunker, Sven Olaf Kamphuis, was arrested in Spain for his part in the attack on Spamhaus. He was held in jail for 55 days pending extradition to the Netherlands, was released pending trial, and was ultimately found guilty and sentenced to 240 days in jail, with the remaining days suspended.

The arrest of ‘Narko’: The British National Cyber Crime Unit revealed that a London schoolboy had been secretly arrested as part of a suspected organised crime gang responsible for the DDoS attacks. A briefing document giving details of the schoolboy's alleged involvement states: "The suspect was found with his computer systems open and logged on to various virtual systems and forums. The subject has a significant amount of money flowing through his bank account. Financial investigators are in the process of restraining monies."

Ames v. The Spamhaus Project Ltd
In 2014, Spamhaus was sued by California-based entrepreneurs Craig Ames and Rob McGee, who were involved with a bulk email marketing services business, initially through a US corporation called Blackstar Media LLC, and later as employees of Blackstar Marketing, a subsidiary of the English company Adconion Media Group Limited, which bought Blackstar Media in April 2011. Although an initial motion by Spamhaus to strike out the claims failed, they ultimately prevailed when the claimants dropped their case and paid Spamhaus' legal costs.

title: The Spamhaus Project


text: User talk:62.253.247.65

title: User talk:62.253.247.65


text: File:Cork tree.jpg

title: File:Cork tree.jpg


text:
Talk:Mask (1985 film)

The "In Popular Culture" thing on the real Rocky's page
Some of it should be moved to here, but I'm not sure which ones.

Wonder
Any resemblance with "Wonder", the book? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.243.229.35 (talk) 23:41, 9 August 2014 (UTC)

Rusty's so-called depression?
I don't know that it was chronic depression that was the root of Rusty Dennis' drug addiction; where did that assertion come from? Should be amended unless there is proof within the film that she was clinically depressed. Evixir (talk) 03:57, 3 May 2009 (UTC)

Artistic license
The article should have a section about the differences in the film version versus the actual life situation. Thanks. Joseph A. Spadaro (talk) 20:30, 3 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Why ? We know it's a movie. We paid to see it. It never pretends to be a documentary. Most of us are aware that Cher is not your average mom and most teenagers don't ride to school on the back of a shovelhead. It is general knowledge that MOVIES ARE NOT REAL LIFE !! 116.231.74.1 (talk) 12:17, 14 January 2017 (UTC)

Trojan Horse
I haven't seen the film so cannot comment on how the topic is dealt with there, but this article currently says that the myth of the Trojan Horse is the start point of the Trojan War. The Trojan Horse was actually the deception by which the Greeks gained entry to Troy, sacked the city and ended the war after ten years of bitter fighting. The Trojan Horse ended the war, not started it.  Cottonshirt  τ   10:02, 6 October 2014 (UTC)

 * The plot description was wrong. I just corrected it somewhat. The question asked was "tell us about the start of the trojan war" which Rocky does. He ends up by jumping to the horse episode, which was wrong, but the story about the start was probably to give him the chance to say, "face that launched a thousand ships" ... and I'm thinking that the writer made him screw up on purpose. Otherwise he was likely to appear too brilliant, saintly, perfect, adorable, ideal. As it was, the character verged on too much wonderfulness. But the acting was so good he never went over that edge ...

 * As an aside, this habit of minutely detailing every moment of a plot is mentally retarded. It reminds me of people in the sixth grade who could not write a book review so they just wrote a synopsis of the story. A looong synopsis ... "and then Billy went home and he washed his hands and he took off his socks and brushed his teeth then he went to bed and ..."  but I don't have the energy to cut this thing down to a reasonable size. Maybe someone else will ...

title: Talk:Mask (1985 film)


text:
Royal Belgian Football Association

The Royal Belgian Football Association (RBFA; Koninklijke Belgische Voetbalbond; Union royale belge des sociétés de football association; Königlicher Belgischer Fußballverband) is the governing body of football in Belgium. It was a founding member of FIFA in 1904 and UEFA in 1954 and was based in Brussels, not far from the King Baudouin Stadium. Since October 2021, the headquarters of the RBFA are located in Tubize, next to its technical centre. Its chairman is Robert Huygens.

Teams and competitions
The Association organizes the Belgium men's, women's, youth national teams, and national eSports team for FIFA. It also runs the Belgian football league system, which includes the following competitions:
 * First division A
 * First division B
 * National Division 1
 * Division 2
 * Division 3
 * Provincial leagues
 * Cup
 * Supercup
 * Futsal competitions
 * Women's competitions:
 * Super League
 * First Division
 * Second Division
 * Third Division
 * Cup
 * From the 2012–13 through 2014–15 seasons, the federation partnered with its Dutch counterpart to operate a joint national league, the BeNe League. The two federations dissolved the joint league and reestablished their own top-level women's leagues.

Chairpersons

 * 1895–1924: Baron Edouard de Laveleye
 * 1924–1929: Count Joseph d'Oultremont
 * 1929–1937: Rodolphe William Seeldrayers
 * 1937–1943: Oscar van Kesbeeck
 * 1945–1951: Francis Dessain
 * 1951–1967: Georges Hermesse
 * 1967–1987: Louis Wouters
 * 1987–2001: Baron Michel D'Hooghe
 * 2001–2005: Jan Peeters
 * 2006–2017: François De Keersmaecker
 * 2017–2019: Gérard Linard
 * 2019–2021: Mehdi Bayat
 * 2021–2022: Robert Huygens
 * 2022–2023: Paul Van den Bulck
 * 2023–present: Pascale Van Damme

Association awards
Each year, the executive committee of the Belgian FA honours deserving people with awards.

These include (highest award first):
 * Grand Order of the Baron de Laveleye, as of 2015 only given to five people (including former chairmen)
 * Gold Medal, for honorary members serving 10 years
 * Honorary Member, to certain international referees and chairmen (typically 40 years of service)
 * Emeritus Member, to certain referees and chairmen (typically 30 years of service)
 * Association Medal of Honour, to certain referees and chairmen (typically 20 years of service)
 * Medal of Recognition, mostly given to national football team players with 35 caps, but also to players with 20 caps whose career stopped after injury and people who have performed an exceptional service to the RBFA.

Received awards

 * In 1992, the FIFA awarded the Belgian Football Association the FIFA Fair Play Award.

Charity
In the summer of 1986, when the national men's A-selection reached the semifinals of the World Cup in Mexico, the football team started the project Casa Hogar under impulse of RBFA delegation responsible Michel D'Hooghe. This is a home for street children in the industrial Mexican city Toluca, to which the football players donated part of their tournament bonuses. During 25 years, the RBFA stayed committed with this project and helped 500 children to meals and education.

Current sponsorships

 * Adidas
 * BMW
 * Carrefour
 * Coca-Cola
 * ERGO
 * GLS
 * ING Group
 * Jupiler
 * Luminus
 * PricewaterhouseCoopers
 * Proximus
 * RTBF
 * Sporza

title: Royal Belgian Football Association


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject New York City

WikiProject New York City is a project to better organize information in articles related to New York City. This page and its subpages contain the suggestions and opinions of interested contributors; it is hoped that this project will help to focus and coordinate the efforts of all. To help, please inquire on the discussion page and see the to-do list there.

Some suggestions for NYC-specific sources can be found at /Sources.

The parents of this WikiProject are WikiProject Cities, and WikiProject United States whose relevance is somewhat limited vis-a-vis documenting a single very large city and the many communities within it. At a state level, the parent of this project is WikiProject New York (state).

Descendant WikiProjects
The descendants of this WikiProject are:
 * WikiProject New York City Public Transportation
 * WikiProject New York City/Theatre
 * WikiProject Chinese in New York City
 * WikiProject Columbia University
 * WikiProject City University of New York

Task Forces

 * 400th Anniversary Task Force
 * Environment of New York City Task Force
 * Housing and Tenant Rights Task Force

Members
Anyone who is interested in improving any New York City-related articles can join this project. Please feel free to add your name to the project here.

Naming conventions

 * subway stations - see the subway WikiProject

Goals
Tentative:
 * 1) Standardization, building and consensus nomenclature for neighborhood articles.
 * 2) Standardization of articles relating to the New York City Subway.

General strategy and discussion forums

 * WT:NYC

Article assessment
In an effort to assess NYC articles for possible inclusion in 1.0, an assessment page was started for this project. Details about how to assess an article and how to request an assessment are on the /Assessment page. Information on articles is tabulated by a bot, resulting in a worklist and the table we see at the right.

Templates

 * NYC-stub for use at stubby NYC-related articles.

 * NYC-struct-stub for use at New York City building and structure stubs.

 * NYC-transport-stub for New York City transportation stubs.

 * NewYork-geo-stub, for stubs relating to the geography of NY State in general (including the city).

 * Bronx-geo-stub, BrooklynNY-geo-stub, Manhattan-geo-stub, QueensNY-geo-stub, StatenIsland-geo-stub. New York City geography stubs are being sorted into categories by county if possible, following this pattern. See Category:New York City geography stubs for a full list of new stub templates.

 * Project Banner, WikiProject New York City, with shortcut WPNYC. To be placed on article talk pages.

Userboxen, WP:NYC/userbox, User WPNYC or User:Roosterrulez/Wikiproject New York City. If they wish, users may add a userbox to their userpage to identify themselves as members of this Wikiproject. Adding the userbox will automatically add your userpage to Category:WikiProject New York City participants.

Requested photos
If you have an article about a NYC subject that needs a photo, and you think one of our members may be able to take that photo themselves, add a request to the list of wanted photos here. Note that this is not for all NYC articles needing photos, but requests that need someone local who may be able to take the picture.

Collaboration of the Month
Starting in June 2021, WikiProject New York City and Wikimedia New York City have selected articles or topics for focused monthly collaborations. Learn more about past outcomes and suggest future topics at the monthly collaboration page.

The collaboration for February 2023 is: Anthony Janszoon van Salee

Similar WikiProjects
Other WikiProjects covering individual cities can be a good source of mutual inspiration:

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject New York City


text:
Drägerman

A Drägerman or Drägerwoman, also spelled Draegerman or Draegerwoman, is a common name for a rescue worker in mines.

The name originates from Alexander Bernhard Dräger, a German scientist who invented the combination of a gas mask and an oxygen inhalator as a breathing apparatus for underground rescue workers.

In 1937, Warner Bros. released the film Draegerman Courage about Drägerman rescuing people trapped in a mine.

title: Drägerman