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Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (TV special)

Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer is a 1964 stop motion Christmas animated television special produced by Videocraft International, Ltd. It first aired December 6, 1964, on the NBC television network in the United States and was sponsored by General Electric under the umbrella title of The General Electric Fantasy Hour. The special was based on the 1949 Johnny Marks song "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" which was itself based on the poem of the same name written in 1939 by Marks's brother-in-law, Robert L. May. Since 1972, the special has aired on CBS. The network unveiled a high-definition, digitally remastered version of the program in 2005, re-scanned frame-by-frame from the original 35 mm film elements.

As with A Charlie Brown Christmas and How the Grinch Stole Christmas, Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer no longer airs merely once annually, but several times during the Christmas and holiday season. It has been telecast every year since 1964, making it the longest continuously running Christmas TV special in the United States. The 50th anniversary of the television special was marked in 2014, and a series of postage stamps featuring Rudolph was issued by the United States Postal Service on November 6, 2014. A special exhibit was also mounted at the Masterworks Museum in Bermuda, where the original puppets are held. In 2019, Freeform (formerly ABC Family) started airing the special as part of its 25 Days of Christmas/Rankin-Bass Christmas holiday programming block.

Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer was initially met with a positive reception among critics, who praised the voice acting, soundtrack, animation style, characters, and sets. Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer is often regarded as one of the best Christmas films ever made, being featured on numerous "top ten" lists. It has become widely popular among both young children and adults familiar with the Christmas season, and has garnered a large cult following since its initial debut.

Plot
Donner, Santa's lead reindeer, and his wife have a new fawn named Rudolph. They are surprised to find out he was born with a glowing red nose. Donner attempts to first cover Rudolph's nose with mud, and later uses a fake nose, so Rudolph will fit in with the other reindeer. The following spring, Rudolph goes out for the reindeer games, where the new fawns learn to fly and are scouted by Santa for future sleigh duty. Rudolph meets a doe named Clarice, who tells him he is cute, making Rudolph fly. While he celebrates with the other bucks, Rudolph's fake nose pops off, causing the other reindeer to mock him and Coach Comet to expel him.

Rudolph meets and joins Hermey, a misfit elf who left Santa's workshop to follow his dream to become a dentist, and Yukon Cornelius, a prospector who has spent his life searching for silver and gold. After escaping the Abominable Snow Monster, all three land on the Island of Misfit Toys. It is a place where unloved or unwanted toys reside with their ruler, a winged lion named King Moonracer, who brings the toys to the island until he can find homes and children who will love them. The king allows them to stay one night on the island and asks them to ask Santa to find homes for them. Rudolph leaves on his own that night, worried that his nose will endanger his friends.

Time passes and Rudolph, now a young stag, returns home to find that his parents and Clarice have been searching for him. He then travels to the Abominable's cave, where they are being held captive. Rudolph attempts to rescue Clarice until the monster knocks him down with a stalactite. Hermey and Yukon eventually show up with a plan to help out Rudolph. Hermey lures the monster out of the cave by imitating the sound of a pig and pulls out the Abominable's teeth after Yukon knocks him out. Yukon drives the toothless monster back over a cliff and falls with it.

Rudolph, Hermey, Clarice, and the Donners return home where everyone apologizes to them. Yukon returns with a tamed Abominable, now trained to trim a Christmas tree, explaining that the monster's bouncing ability saved both of their lives. Christmas Eve comes and while everybody is celebrating, Santa announces that a big snowstorm is approaching, forcing him to cancel Christmas. Blinded by Rudolph's bright nose, he changes his mind and asks Rudolph to lead the sleigh. Rudolph accepts, and their first stop is the Island of Misfit Toys, where Santa delivers the toys to children.

Cast

 * Burl Ives as Sam the Snowman
 * Larry Mann as Yukon Cornelius
 * Billie Mae Richards as Rudolph
 * Paul Soles as Hermey
 * Stan Francis as Santa Claus and King Moonracer
 * Alfie Scopp as Fireball, Charlie-in-the-Box, and various male elves
 * Janis Orenstein as Clarice
 * Paul Kligman as Donner and Coach Comet
 * Carl Banas as Head Elf and various Misfit Toys
 * Corinne Conley as Mrs. Donner and Dolly for Sue
 * Peg Dixon as Mama Claus and various female elves
 * Bernard Cowan as Bumble the Abominable snow monster of the North, the Spotted Elephant, and Clarice's father (uncredited)

Production
The special, with the teleplay by Romeo Muller, introduced several new characters inspired by the song's lyrics. Muller told an interviewer shortly before his death that he would have preferred to base the teleplay on May's original book, but could not find a copy. Other than Burl Ives, all characters were portrayed by Canadian actors recorded at RCA studios in Toronto under the supervision of Bernard Cowan.

Rankin and Bass chose Canadian voice actors for two reasons. First, while the last radio dramas in the U.S. had ended production a few years previously, many were still being produced in Canada, giving the producers a large talent pool to choose from. Second, Rankin and Bass, financially stretched while making Tales of the Wizard of Oz a few years earlier, had been able to complete that series only due to the lower labor costs in Canada.

Ives' parts were recorded later. He and his character were added to the cast just before the end of production, after NBC and General Electric, the show's sponsor, asked Rankin and Bass to add a name familiar to audiences to the cast. Character designer Antony Peters intentionally made the Sam the Snowman character resemble Ives.

After the script, concept designs and storyboards for Rudolph were done by Arthur Rankin Jr. and his staff of artists at Rankin/Bass in New York City. The company's trademark stop motion animation process, known as "Animagic", was filmed at MOM Productions in Tokyo with supervision by Tadahito Mochinaga and associate direction by Kizo Nagashima. Besides Rudolph, Mochinaga and the rest of the Japanese puppet animation staff are also known for their partnership with Rankin/Bass on their other Animagic productions almost throughout the 1960s, from The New Adventures of Pinocchio, to Willy McBean and his Magic Machine, to The Daydreamer and Mad Monster Party?

In the original production, Billie Mae Richards, who voiced Rudolph, was credited as "Billy Richards" since Rankin and Bass did not want to disclose that a woman had done the part. Antony Peters' name was also misspelled, as was the year of the copyright notice (which used Roman numerals), listing it as MCLXIV (year 1164) and not MCMLXIV, potentially weakening the copyright.

The dolls for Rudolph and Santa cost $5,000 to make.

Aftermath
Since those involved with the production had no idea of the future value of the stop-motion puppet figures used in the production, many were not preserved. Rankin claimed in 2007 to be in possession of an original Rudolph figure. Nine other puppets—including Santa and young Rudolph—were given to a secretary, who gave them to family members, which were eventually damaged over time due to poor storage. In 2005, the remaining two puppets of Rudolph and Santa were appraised on Antiques Roadshow; the episode aired in 2006 on PBS. At that time, their appraised value was between $8,000 and $10,000. The puppets had been damaged through years of rough handling by children and storage in an attic. Toy aficionado Kevin Kriess bought Santa and Rudolph in 2005; in 2007, he had both puppets restored by Screen Novelties, a Los Angeles-based collective of film directors specializing in stop-motion animation, with puppet fabricator Robin Walsh leading the project. The figures have been shown at conventions since then. They were sold at auction on November 13, 2020. netting a $368,000 sale price, doubling the expected return. On December 22, 2020, they were donated to the Center for Puppetry Arts in Atlanta, Georgia.

In May 2023, it was revealed by Rankin-Bass historian Rick Goldschmidt that the restored puppets of Santa and Rudolph were actually “publicity” copies, used for photography and other purposes rather than being screen used copies from Japan where the animation was done. These puppets were displayed at the NBC headquarters in New York before eventually given back to Rankin-Bass, whose secretary Barbara Adams took them home for her children.

Ives, and his estate since his 1995 death, received annual residuals from the show, the only actor in it to do so. "This business of residuals was new to our union, which was not quite as strong as SAG or others in the States", Soles recalled in 2014. He, Richards and the other main cast voices received only a thousand dollars over the three years after the special's original airing; it has in some years since made $100 million. While Richards said in 2000 that her compensation was a "sore subject" for her, she had no complaints about the work itself. "I feel so lucky to have something that has made such an impact on people, and it's because of the story first and foremost."

Songs

 * 1) "Jingle, Jingle, Jingle" - Santa Claus
 * 2) "We Are Santa's Elves" - Elves
 * 3) "There's Always Tomorrow" - Clarice
 * 4) "We're a Couple of Misfits" - Rudolph and Hermey
 * 5) "Fame and Fortune" - Rudolph and Hermey
 * 6) "Silver and Gold" - Sam the Snowman
 * 7) "The Most Wonderful Day of the Year" - Misfit Toys
 * 8) "A Holly Jolly Christmas" - Sam the Snowman
 * 9) "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" - Sam the Snowman

Original 1964 NBC broadcast edit
This version has the NBC "living color" peacock at the introduction. It includes the original end credits, in which an elf drops presents that list all the technical credits. It also includes commercials that were exclusively for GE small appliances, with some of the same animated elves from the main program introducing each of the products, and closing NBC network bumpers, including promos for the following week's episodes of GE College Bowl and Meet the Press, which were presumably preempted that Sunday for the inaugural 5:30 p.m. (EST) telecast. The College Bowl quiz show was also sponsored by GE. The original does not include Santa traveling to the Island of Misfit Toys, but does include a scene near the end of the special in which Yukon Cornelius discovers a peppermint mine near Santa's workshop. He can be seen throughout the special tossing his pickax into the air, sniffing, then licking the end that contacts the snow or ice. Deletion of the peppermint segment in 1965, to make room for Santa traveling to the Island of Misfit Toys, leaves the audience to assume that Cornelius was attempting to find either silver or gold by taste alone.

1965–1997 telecasts
The 1965 broadcast also included a new duet between Rudolph and Hermey called "Fame and Fortune", which replaced a scene in which the same characters sang "We're a Couple of Misfits". Viewers of the 1964 special complained that Santa was not shown fulfilling his promise to the Misfit Toys to include them in his annual toy delivery. In reaction, a new scene for subsequent rebroadcasts was produced with Santa making his first stop at the Island to pick up the toys. This is the ending that has been shown on all telecasts and video releases ever since. Until sometime in the 1970s, the special aired without additional cuts, but eventually more commercial time was required by the network. In 1978, several sequences were deleted to make room for more advertising: the instrumental bridge from "We Are Santa's Elves" featuring the elf orchestra, additional dialogue by Burl Ives, and the "Peppermint Mine" scene resolving the fate of Yukon Cornelius. The special's 1993 restoration saw "Misfits" returned to its original film context, and the subsequent DVD releases showcase "Fame and Fortune" as a separate musical number.

1998–2004 CBS telecasts
Most of the 1965 deletions were restored in 1998, and "Fame and Fortune" was replaced with the original "We're a Couple of Misfits" reprise. A short slide reading "Rankin/Bass Present" was inserted at the beginning of the special to reflect the company's name change.

Post-2005 telecasts
Starting in 2005, CBS re-inserted the "Fame and Fortune" scene, albeit with the soundtrack replaced by a rather roughly edited version of "We're a Couple of Misfits". The special has also been edited to make more time for commercial advertising.

2019–present Freeform broadcast edit
In May 2019, it was announced that Freeform would air the special as part of their annual 25 Days of Christmas line-up for the first time, alongside Frosty the Snowman. The agreement was later revealed to be an exclusive rights agreement, as CBS continues to broadcast the special over-the-air each November and December, but not on Paramount+ nor, in an unusual case of blackout, virtual mutichannel video program distributors such as Youtube TV and Hulu + Live TV, which have traditionally carried all network programming in the same fashion as cable and satellite providers; CBS parent company Paramount claimed, copyright ambiguity notwithstanding, that it did not have streaming rights to the special.

CBS still shows the version they have had since 2005, while Freeform's airings reinsert much of the material deleted or changed from CBS's broadcasts, such as the original version of "We're a Couple of Misfits" as well as the "Peppermint Mine" scene, making it the first time that the latter scene has been seen on television since the original broadcast.

Home media
When Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer was first released on VHS and LaserDisc by Family Home Entertainment and Broadway Video from 1989 to 1996 under the Christmas Classics Series label, the 1965 rebroadcast print described above was used. It got re-released in 1997 by Family Home Entertainment and Golden Books Family Entertainment. It used the same print, but with the GBFE logo at the end instead of the Broadway Video logo. All current video prints of Rudolph by Classic Media are a compendium of the two previous telecast versions of the special. All the footage in the current versions follow the original 1964 NBC broadcast (without the original GE commercials) up until the "Peppermint Mine" scene, followed by the final act of the 1965 edit (with the Island of Misfit Toys finale and the 1965 alternate credits in place of the original end credit sequence).

In 1998, the special was re-released on VHS by Sony Wonder and Golden Books Family Entertainment. In 1999, the special was released for the first time on DVD by the two companies. In 2010, the special was released for the first time on Blu-ray by Vivendi Entertainment. This edit has been made available in original color form by former rights holders Classic Media, (which in 2012 became the DreamWorks Classics division of DreamWorks Animation, and finally in 2016, part of Universal Pictures) As previously mentioned, this is also the version that had previously aired on CBS, albeit in edited form to accommodate more commercial time. On November 4, 2014, they re-released the special on a 50th anniversary edition on Blu-ray and DVD. The same 50th anniversary Blu-ray edition was released with an exclusive storybook; this was only sold at Walmart. Universal Pictures Home Entertainment re-released the special again on DVD and Blu-ray in 2018. Universal re-released the special on 4K UHD Blu-ray as part of The Classic Christmas Specials Collection (with Frosty the Snowman and Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town) in 2022.

Soundtrack
The songs were written by Johnny Marks, with musical director Maury Laws composing the incidental score. In addition to songs written specifically for the film, several of Marks' other holiday standards populate the instrumental score, among them "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree" and "I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day". Many of the songs are utilized in the score as musical themes for recurring characters and ideas, such as "Silver and Gold" (for Yukon Cornelius, sung by Burl Ives), "Jingle, Jingle, Jingle" (Santa, sung by Stan Francis) and "There's Always Tomorrow" (Clarice, sung by Janis Orenstein). Some of these themes are modified for dramatic purposes, particularly those of the Abominable Snow Monster, who has several interwoven themes; a primary motif, indicated by brass and an F minor key; a modulating chase theme led by tack piano; a tritonal attack theme combining the latter two; and finally the deleted song "The Abominable Snow Monster", which is alluded to melodically during a scene in the Abominable's cave. None of the film's original score has ever been released.

In 1964, an LP record of the soundtrack was released on Decca Records. It contained different mixes of the original songs performed as they are in the special, with the exception of Burl Ives' material, which has been re-recorded. MCA Special Products released the soundtrack on CD in June 1995. It is an exact duplication of the original LP released in 1964. Tracks 1-9 are the remixed soundtrack selections while tracks 10-19 are the same songs performed by the Decca Concert Orchestra. The song "Fame and Fortune" is not contained on either release. On November 30, 2004, the soundtrack was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for selling over 500,000 copies.

Ives re-recorded "A Holly Jolly Christmas", with different arrangements, for the song's 1964 single release. This version, along with a similarly newly recorded version of "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer", was released the following year on his 1965 album Have a Holly Jolly Christmas.

Merchandise
Books and other items related to the show have in some cases misspelled "Hermey" as "Herbie". Rick Goldschmidt, who wrote Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Making of the Rankin/Bass Holiday Classic, says the scripts by Romeo Muller show the spelling to be "Hermey".

A Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer video game was released on November 9, 2010. The adaptation was published by Red Wagon Games for the Wii and Nintendo DS, and was developed by High Voltage Software and Glyphic Entertainment respectively. The Wii version was received poorly, and garnered extremely negative reviews from sites such as IGN giving it a 1.5/10.

Reception
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer received an approval rating of 95% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on thirteen reviews, with an average rating of 9.37/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer is a yule-tide gem that bursts with eye-popping iconography, a spirited soundtrack, and a heart-warming celebration of difference." Contemporary reports rated the special highly, with a 1970 survey from Clarke Williamson noting that viewers gave the special above-average reviews, only slightly lower than two other 1960s classics, A Charlie Brown Christmas and The Little Drummer Boy, and ahead of other specials of the era. In December 2018, a Hollywood Reporter/Morning Consult poll which surveyed 2,200 adults from Nov. 15–18, 2018, named Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer the most beloved holiday film, with 83 percent of respondents having a generally favorable response to the title.

Sequels
The Rankin/Bass special inspired numerous television sequels made by the same studio:
 * Rudolph's Shiny New Year (1976), a special that first aired on ABC and is still aired annually on both ABC and Freeform.
 * Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in July (1979), a feature-length special that paired Rudolph with the song-inspired character Frosty the Snowman.
 * Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys (2001), a direct-to-video animated film. Released by a team that produced an unrelated Rudolph movie in 1998, neither Rankin/Bass or its descendant companies had any involvement in its production.
 * Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer - 4D Attraction (2016), 10-minute stop motion story adaptation in the form of a 4D film for SimEx-Iwerks; produced by Bent Image Lab and directed by Chel White.
 * T.E.A.M. Rudolph and the Reindeer Games (2018), a short film adaptation of the book of the same name was featured on the original film's 2018 Blu-ray release.

In popular culture
The television special's familiarity to American audiences through its annual rebroadcasts, along with its stop-motion animation that is easy to recreate with modern technology and the special's ambiguous copyright status, has lent itself to numerous parodies and homages over the years.

Films by Corky Quakenbush
Animator Corky Quakenbush has produced parodies of Rudolph for several American television shows:
 * In its December 16, 1995 episode, the Fox Network's comedy series MADtv aired "Raging Rudolph", which also parodied Martin Scorsese's films. In it, Sam the Snowman narrates in a Joe Pesci-like voice how Rudolph and Hermey got violent Mafia-style revenge on Santa Claus and their tormentors (with assistance from Yukon Corneleone, "the greatest hitman of all"). This was followed by two sequels: "The Reinfather", spoofing The Godfather trilogy and "A Pack of Gifts Now", spoofing Apocalypse Now.
 * A 2001 episode of That '70s Show, titled "An Eric Forman Christmas", featured a subplot where Kelso was taunted by his friends for still watching "kiddie shows" like Rudolph even though he was in high school. A dream sequence produced and directed by Quakenbush, Kelso himself appears in stop-motion form with Rudolph and Santa who encourage him to continue watching their show.
 * In December 2005, the George Lopez show featured an animated segment in which Lopez sees a stop-motion version of himself on television in a Rudolph-style special mirroring the theme of the holiday episode.
 * In the stop-motion animated film The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993), Jack looks through a book version of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer to find a logical answer to explain Christmas to the other citizens of Halloween Town. Later, Zero, the ghost dog, has a magnificently glowing pumpkin nose, which is bright enough to break through the fog that Sally has conjured up. Jack lets Zero go to the head of his skeleton reindeer team and light the way for him.
 * Chel White, of Bent Image Lab, directed two parodies that played on Saturday Night Live, on Robert Smigel's TV Funhouse:
 * In a 2001 TV Funhouse episode, Sam the Snowman refuses to narrate the story because of the September 11, 2001 attacks (even finding the fear of Bumble to be trivial in comparison to America fighting a war in Afghanistan). He then takes two children to Ground Zero in New York City, but Santa Claus convinces him to narrate the story, because people need comforting stories like Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer. Sam decides to narrate the tale but is almost immediately interrupted by a special news report. The sketch ends with a silently furious Sam smashing his banjo over his head.
 * In 2004, TV Funhouse referenced the Red state-blue state divide. In the segment, Santa hangs out with liberal celebrities Natalie Merchant, Margaret Cho, Al Franken, and Moby while skipping over the Red states ("screw the red states, voting for that dumbass president just because of that moral values crap. I don't want any part of them!"). Rudolph's red nose turns blue.
 * In 2004, for Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer's 40th anniversary, CBS produced stop motion promos for their programming line-up, done in the style of Rankin/Bass animation. Appearing as elves in the CBS promos were puppet versions of CBS stars Jeff Probst from Survivor, Ray Romano and Doris Roberts from Everybody Loves Raymond, William Petersen and Marg Helgenberger from CSI, Charlie Sheen from Two and a Half Men, Phil Simms and Greg Gumbel from The NFL on CBS, and late-night talk show host David Letterman. A new stop-motion animation featuring Rudolph and Santa meeting even more CBS network stars was also aired in 2005.

Uses in advertising

 * In 1964, Rankin & Bass produced several commercials for the General Electric-sponsored broadcast.
 * In November 2007, the Aflac insurance company released a commercial that featured Rudolph, who has a cold but does not want to miss work. All his friends say he will be unable to pay for his expenses. Santa then tells them about Aflac. Charlie wonders what will happen if Rudolph is not better by Christmas, but Rudolph thinks the Aflac duck can do the work. Rudolph gets better in a week, but Blitzen is sick, so the Aflac duck fills in for him.
 * In 2009, Verizon began showing a commercial of the Misfit Toys with an AT&T phone. The characters wonder why it is there with all of its features but soon discover why, when the phone shows a map of where it has 3G coverage. (Verizon's ad campaign touts its much wider 3G coverage compared to AT&T's.) The toy airplane replies: "You're gonna fit right in here!" and falls on the ground laughing.
 * Starting in 2011, there have been several Bing.com commercials, filmed to look like the same stop-motion style as the special, which feature several characters including Rudolph, Yukon Cornelius, Hermey, the Bumble, and the Misfit Toys.
 * A 2012 commercial for Windows phone features Bumble the Abominable Snowman (with his full set of teeth), speed-dating and getting advice from friends through Live Tiles. A follow-up features Bumble at Santa's North Pole pool party, and Santa using Live Tiles on his new Windows Phone to help him give his elves the holiday-season toy production directives.
 * A 2013 commercial for Nissan shows a woman in a dealership briefly entering a fantasy, wherein Santa's Elves, including Boss Elf and Hermey, have expanded their manufacturing line to include Nissan cars. Furthermore, the Bumble makes an appearance test driving one to his obvious approval.
 * CBS celebrated the special's 50th anniversary in 2014 with Rudolph and Sam the Snowman celebrating with cast members from The Big Bang Theory and NCIS while passing by their studio lots.
 * In 2014, the United States Postal Service used four characters (Rudolph, Hermey, Yukon Cornelius, and Bumble) for the year's "Contemporary Christmas" stamp issue.
 * In 2015, the Rudolph characters began appearing in commercials for AT&T with a stop-motion version of spokes-character Lily Adams.

Other references

 * Dolly for Sue, a supporting character from the special, has sparked speculation since her debut. Being a seemingly normal-looking rag doll, there is no clear reason for Dolly being on the Island of Misfit Toys. For some time, it was debated that it had to do with her physical appearance, particularly her missing a nose. Other speculations were raised, and many believed Dolly was only created because the rest of the toys on the island were "boys", so they created a "girl" toy to balance the cast. In the early 2000s, during an interview with Television Academy, Arthur Rankin Jr. revealed that the reason she stands out from all the other misfit toys is because she was a last-minute addition to the cast, and hinted at the possibly of it being due to psychological reasons. On December 8, 2007, during a trivia game on Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!, the mystery was seemingly put to rest as Rankin himself admitted in a recent interview: "she was cast off by her mistress and was clinically depressed."
 * Mystery Science Theater 3000 made numerous references to the special in their movie hecklings, such as Rudolph's line "I'm cute!! I'm cuute!! She said I'm cuuuuuutte!!!!". In episode 321, which screened Santa Claus Conquers the Martians, the MST3K cast had their own ideas for potential residents on the Island of Misfit Toys including Toaster Dolls, Patrick Swayze's Roadhouse board game, the EZ Bake Foundry, and Mr. Mashed Potato Head.
 * The 2003 live-action Will Ferrell comedy Elf pays homage to the Rudolph special with similar stop-motion animation characters interacting with live actors, with Leon (Leon Redbone) appearing in place of Sam the Snowman. The elves also wear the same distinctive red, blue, and green costume design with cone-shaped hats.
 * In 2010, the comedy website CollegeHumor made a short parody video called "Rudolph the Regular Reindeer", depicting what the special would've been like if Rudolph's nose had been surgically fixed as an infant.
 * In 2017, the American science fiction comedy-drama The Orville featured the special in a critical plot element of the first-season episode About a Girl, which convinces the titular ship's Second Officer, Bortus, to not go through with a gender-reassignment procedure common to the Moclan species when a female is born to this all-male species.


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William McFadzean

William Frederick McFadzean VC (9 October 1895 – 1 July 1916) was a British recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was posthumously awarded the VC for his actions on the opening day of the Battle of the Somme.

Early life
William Frederick McFadzean was born in Lurgan in County Armagh, Ireland on 9 October 1895. His parents, William McFadzean and his wife Annie Pedlow Bowden, were from Belfast and lived in the suburb of Cregagh. Known as "Billy", he was educated at Mountpottinger National School and then the Trade Preparatory School of the Municipal Technical Institute.

A keen sportsman and standing 6 ft tall, McFadzean played rugby union for Collegians RFC. After completing his schooling, McFadzean worked for a manufacturer of linen. He was also interested in the military, and was a member of the East Belfast Regiment of the Ulster Volunteers and the Young Citizens Volunteers.

First World War
Shortly after the outbreak of the First World War, members of the Ulster division were urged to join the British Army to form an infantry division. McFadzean enlisted in the 14th Battalion of The Royal Irish Rifles as a private. The regiment was to form part of the 36th (Ulster) Division. After completing training, firstly at Finner Camp in Ireland and then Seaforth in England, McFadzean and his regiment embarked for the Western Front in October 1915.

The 36th Division was stationed near Thiepval Wood from March 1916 and would be involved in the upcoming Battle of the Somme, for which it was tasked with advancing to Grandcourt. In the early hours of 1 July 1916, McFadzean's battalion was assembled in Thiepval Wood in preparation for the advance. While an artillery barrage on the opposing German trenches was in progress, he was one of the bombardiers priming supplies of hand grenades. In handling a box of grenades, the box fell into a crowded trench and two of the grenades' safety pins were dislodged. McFadzean threw himself on top of them before they exploded, killing him but injuring only one other. For his action, he was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross (VC). The VC, instituted in 1856, was the highest award for valour that could be bestowed on a soldier of the British Empire. The citation, published in the London Gazette read: "No. 14/18278 Pte. William Frederick McFadzean, late R. Ir. Rif. For most conspicuous bravery. While in a concentration trench and opening a box of bombs for distribution prior to an attack, the box slipped down into the trench, which was crowded with men, and two of the safety pins fell out. Private McFadzean, instantly realising the danger to his comrades, with heroic courage threw himself on the top of the Bombs. The bombs exploded blowing him to pieces, but only one other man was injured. He well knew his danger, being himself a bomber, but without a moment's hesitation he gave his life for his comrades."

- London Gazette, 8 September 1916

Letters of condolences were written to McFadzean's father by the commander of the Ulster Volunteers, Lieutenant Colonel Spencer Chichester, and Colonel F. O. Bowen, the commander of 14th Battalion. King George V also wrote to the family and provided train tickets to travel to the VC investiture at Buckingham Palace. McFadzean was buried in Thiepval Wood; his grave was later lost. He is remembered on the Thiepval Memorial.

Medal and legacy
McFadzean's father was presented with his son's VC by the King in a ceremony at Buckingham Palace on 28 February 1917. The VC is held by the Royal Ulster Rifles Museum, in Belfast.

There are a number of memorials and remembrances of McFadzean, who is the best known of the Ulster Division VC recipients. There is a plaque to him at Newtownbreda Presbyterian Church in Belfast, which also hosted his memorial service on the one year anniversary of his death, and at his parents' house in Cregagh. There is also a mural depicting him in Cregagh and several in Belfast. His name is one of those listed on the memorial stone at the Thiepval Memorial for the VC recipients of the Ulster Division and he is also listed on the memorial tablet for the Royal Irish Rifles at St. Anne's Cathedral at Belfast. On the 13th October 2018 the Ancre Somme Association Charity unveiled a bronze bust in Lurgan. He is commemorated in t-shirts, mugs and death scrolls, while the Ballad of Billy McFadzean is a well-known Loyalist song which appears in Nothing Personal, a 1995 film about The Troubles.

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Illinois Route 60

Illinois Route 60 (IL 60) is a 17.22 mi east–west state highway in Lake County, in northeastern Illinois. It connects the village of Volo at Illinois Route 120 (Belvidere Road) just east of Illinois Route 59 with the city of Lake Forest at U.S. Highway 41 (Skokie Highway).

Route description

Illinois 60's northern terminus is at a T-intersection in Volo with Illinois 120. It runs southeast as a 2-lane road serving a mixture of farmland and suburban neighborhoods in Grayslake and Round Lake. Running south through Mundelein, the roadbed begins to carry Illinois 83 just north of an intersection with Illinois 176.

Illinois 60 overlaps with Illinois Route 83 south of Ivanhoe where Illinois 83 curves around U.S. Route 45. It is called Town Line Road east of Illinois 83 and west of the Tri-State Tollway (Interstate 94), because Illinois 60 straddles the line separating Vernon and Libertyville Townships for most of its length.

Through Vernon Hills, Illinois 60 serves as a major arterial route for traffic from Interstate 94 to access the village's expansive retail and residential areas. Through Lake Forest to the east, Route 60 is called Kennedy Road.

Route 60, especially the portion between Milwaukee Avenue and Interstate 94 in Mettawa, experiences unusually heavy traffic for an arterial road, although less so in recent years.

History
SBI Route 60 ran from the original alignment of US 12 in Richmond to Chicago via the present alignment of US 12, Rand Road/Northwest Highway, Touhy Avenue, and US 14. This was removed in 1938 to accommodate the realignment of US 12 and US 14 as well as the addition of US 12 City. In February 1967, IL 60 was brought back to replace IL 59A as part of replacing some superfluous designations. In 1972, IL 60 was removed east of US 41 due to the decommissioning of IL 42.

title: Illinois Route 60


text:
User talk:Rekenner

AfD nomination of EPSXe
An editor has nominated one or more articles which you have created or worked on, for deletion. The nominated article is EPSXe. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also Notability and "What Wikipedia is not").

Your opinions on whether the article meets inclusion criteria and what should be done with the article are welcome; please participate in the discussion(s) by adding your comments to Articles for deletion/EPSXe. Please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ).

You may also edit the article during the discussion to improve it but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate.

Please note: This is an automatic notification by a bot. I have nothing to do with this article or the deletion nomination, and can't do anything about it. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 01:06, 27 November 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rekenner


text:
Eisregen

Eisregen is a German Gothic/death metal/black metal band formed in 1995. The members are from Tambach-Dietharz, a village in Thuringia. Four of the band's albums are banned in Germany, with different restriction levels.

History
In English, Eisregen translates to "ice rain". The band received scrutiny from the German authorities due to their morbid lyrics, causing three of their albums to be banned in Germany by the Federal Department for Media Harmful to Young Persons.

Eisregen originally planned to disband after releasing a final album called Menschenmaterial (in direct translation means "human resources", a dehumanizing reference towards humans being "spendable" like mineral or natural resources), but announced that they will continue to work together.

Musical style
Eisregen's old albums were more black metal-influenced than the newer ones. Their gothic influences which includes violin sections first came with 1998's Krebskolonie ("cancer colony"), which is also considered the band's best album by many of their fans, is now a typical addition to the band's discography.

Censorship
Unlike regular banning (referred to as "indexing"), which prohibits playing the songs in public, selling to minors and any kind of advertisement, Krebskolonie is not allowed to be sold at all in Germany. The reason given by the Federal Department for Media Harmful to Young Persons were the lyrics, which were described as cruel, inhuman, misogynistic and violent. The band could not fight the ban as their label Last Episode (which they left afterwards) did not inform them.

Interviews show the reasons giving for the ban differ from lyricist Michael Roth's intentions. As an example, an excerpt from the ban report referring to the song "Futter für die Schweine" ("food for the pigs"):

 * "Dieses Lied weist daneben auch Bezüge zur Frauenfeindlichkeit auf. So ist der Sänger der Meinung, dass das Leben einer Prostituierten so gering zu schätzen sei, dass sie nur als Schweinefutter tauge" (translates to: "This song also contains misogynistic references. In the singer's opinion, a prostitute's life has so little value that she is only fit to be pig food.")

Roth himself stated:

 * "Die Menschheit nimmt sich prinzipiell immer viel zu wichtig und stellt sich eben immer an die Spitze der Nahrungskette […]. Es war einfach ganz interessant, daß man mal ein Wesen darüberstellt. Den Mensch eben auch mal zum Futter degradiert […]. Das Thema hab ich auch wieder bei 'Futter für die Schweine' aufgegriffen, daß sich die Nahrungskette eben mal anders darstellt, als sie gemeinhin aufgefaßt wird. Die Geschichte ist aus einer ziemlich kranken und zynischen Sicht geschrieben." (translates to: "Mankind normally takes itself far too serious and sees itself as the top of the food chain [...]. It was interesting to put another creature there [...]. I used that topic for 'Futter für die Schweine' and showed the food chain in different way than it is generally seen. The story is told from a quite sick and cynical view." )

The ban of the 2001 album Farbenfinsternis ("color darkness"), which along with Krebskolonie was one of their most important releases, inflicted financial damages to Eisregen. The album Menschenmaterial, originally thought to be their sixth and last album, was not released. The band announced to release one more album called Blutbahnen ("bloodlines") before, as they found new motivation to make music.

On 1 February 2007, their release Wundwasser ("water from wounds") was banned due to "youth endangering and condemnable contents".

In order to circumvent the banning rules, Eisregen retitle songs when playing them live. "Meine tote Russische Freundin" and "Futter für die Schweine" became "Meine schwedische Freundin" and "Nonnen für die Schweine". "Krebskolonie" is often played as "Leprakolonie" ("leper colony").

Reception
Although Eisregen were criticized for their morbid horror and splatter-influenced lyrics, their songs also have some humorous undertones and sometimes even deal with social or historical topics (e.g. "Schwarze Rose", "vom Muttermord", "Ripper von Rostow", "Eisenkreuzkrieger", "17 Kerzen am Dom") in a fictional way.

Band members

 * Current
 * Michael "Blutkehle" Roth – vocals
 * Michael "Bursche" Lenz – guitars, bass
 * Franzi "Dr. Franzenstein" – keyboard
 * Ronny "Yantit" Fimmel – drums, electronics

 * Former
 * K. Matthes – bass (1997–1998)
 * Michael "Der Hölzer" Brill – bass (1999–2000)
 * Sebastian "Berg" Morbach – bass (1996–1997, 2000–2005)
 * Theresa "2T" Trenks – violin (1997–2006)
 * Daniel "DF" Fröbing – keyboard (1995–1999 and 2007)
 * Birgit Lages – bass (2005–2006)
 * Jan-Vincent Simmen on Demo '95

Discography

 * Promo 96 (demo, 1996)
 * Das Ende des Weges (The End of the Path) demo (1996) (limited to 333 copies)
 * Fleischhaus (Butcher's Hall, lit. House of Flesh) (vinyl, 1997) (limited to 1,000 copies)
 * Zerfall (Decay) (1998)
 * Krebskolonie (Cancer Colony) (1998)
 * Leichenlager (Morgue, lit. Corpse Store) (2000)
 * Fleischfestival (Festival of Flesh) (EP, 2000)
 * Farbenfinsternis (Darkened Colours, lit. Colour Darkness) (2001)
 * Lager Leipzig (Camp Leipzig) video (2001)
 * Zerfall re-release (2004) (bonus: Das Ende des Weges demo) (remastered)
 * Wundwasser (lit. Wound Water) (2004)
 * Hexenhaus (Witch's Cottage) (EP + DVD, 2005)
 * Blutbahnen (Blood Trails) (2007)
 * Eine Erhalten (Give It to Me, lit. Receive One) (EP, 2007)
 * Knochenkult (Bone Cult) (2008)
 * Bühnenblut (Stage Blood) (live CD, 2009)
 * Schlangensonne (lit. Snake Sun) (2010)
 * Madenreich – Ein Stück Rostrot (Kingdom of Maggots – A Little Rust-red) (EP, 2011)
 * Rostrot (Rust-red) (2011)
 * Krebskollektion (Cancer Collection) (compilation, 2012)
 * Todestage (Dates of Death) (2013)
 * Flötenfreunde (Friends of Flutes) (EP, 2014)
 * Brummbär (Brummbär) (EP, 2015)
 * Marschmusik (March Music) (2015)
 * Fleischfilm (Meat Movie) (2017)
 * Satan liebt dich (Satan Loves You) (EP, 2018)
 * Fegefeuer (Purgatory) (2018)
 * Leblos (Lifeless) (2020)
 * Bitterböse (Vicious, lit. bitterly evil) (Split, 2021)
 * Wiedergänger (Revenant) (EP, 2022)
 * Grenzgänger (Border crosser) (2023)

Side projects
Ronny Fimmel founded a gothic metal band called Ewigheim in 1999 (Michael Roth and Theresa Trenks were featured as session musicians). Michael Roth and Michael Lenz play in a melodic death metal band called Eisblut since 2004, and Ronny Fimmel and Theresa Trenks founded Transilvanian Beat Club in 2005.

title: Eisregen


text:
Talk:Engel (song)

Untitled

 * Previous deletion debate

Why is the article still a stub? I think it's preety complete.

This page was written to be the single, not the song; I　ｍａｄｅ　ｔｈｅ　ｓｏｎｇ　ａ　ｒｅｄｉｒｅｃｔ　ａｎｄ　ｔｈｅ　ｓｉｎｇｌｅ　ｔｈｅ　ｒｅａｌ　ｐａｇｅ． —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dramamoose (talk • contribs) 22:46, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

Subject of the song
The subject of the song should be added. I am German and understand the lyrics. The singer raises the question why one cannot see the angels. The angels sing that they have fear and are alone, whereupon the singer states that he does not want to be an angel. The lyrics question the Christian dogma that you will be an angel when you lead a pious life. --Doovele (talk) 22:06, 12 June 2020 (UTC)
 * No it shouldn't. WikiProject_Songs: "Do not include original research such as opinions about a song, or interpretations of the lyrics or even statements about what the song is about". SolarFlashDiscussion 00:30, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Engel (song)


text:
Talk:Bück Dich

 * Previous deletion debate

title: Talk:Bück Dich


text:
Volkswagen New Beetle

The Volkswagen New Beetle is a compact car, introduced by Volkswagen in 1997, drawing heavy inspiration from the exterior design of the original Beetle. Unlike the original Beetle, the New Beetle has its engine in the front, driving the front wheels, with luggage storage in the rear. It received a facelift in 2005 and was in production until 2011, almost fourteen years since its introduction.

In the 2012 model year, a new Beetle model, the Beetle (A5), replaced the New Beetle. Various versions of this model continued to be produced in Puebla, Mexico, until the final car left the assembly line on 10 July 2019.

History
At the 1994 North American International Auto Show, Volkswagen unveiled the Concept One, a "retro"-themed concept car with a resemblance to the original Volkswagen Beetle. Designed by J Mays and Freeman Thomas at the company's California design studio, the concept car was based on the platform of the Volkswagen Polo. A red cabriolet concept was featured at the Geneva Motor Show, also in 1994.

Production design approval was reached in mid-1995, with a design freeze resulting in 22 months of development time for production. In October 1995, the Volkswagen Concept Two was shown at the Tokyo Motor Show, essentially an early preview of the production model due in early 1998.

Strong public reaction to the Concept One convinced the company that it should develop a production version which was launched as the New Beetle in 1997 for the 1998 model-year, based on the Golf IV's larger PQ34 platform. The New Beetle is related to the original only in name and appearance (including the absence of a car emblem script with the exception of the VW logo). For the 1998 model year, only the TDI compression-ignition engine was turbocharged; the spark-ignition engines were only naturally aspirated. In June 1999, Volkswagen introduced the 1.8T, which was the first turbocharged spark-ignition engine offered for the New Beetle. Volkswagen created a web site dedicated specifically to the 1.8T. A convertible was added for the 2003 model-year to replace the Volkswagen Cabrio. However, the New Beetle Convertible was never offered with a compression-ignition engine in North America. The third-generation Beetle Convertible, the successor to the New Beetle Convertible, was offered with the TDI compression-ignition engine in the USA but not in Canada, though, making it possibly the only diesel convertible car offered in North America.

The New Beetle carries many design similarities with the original VW Beetle: separate fenders, vestigial running boards, sloping headlamps, and large round taillights, as well as a high rounded roofline. It was assembled in VW's Puebla factory in Mexico.

In June 2005, Volkswagen announced a facelift of the New Beetle featuring revised bumpers, wheels, lamps, VW emblems, sharper lines and a different interior. In the USA it went on sale for the 2006 model year.

Specifications

 * Dimension:
 * Length: 4081-4129 mm
 * Width: 1721 mm
 * Height: 1498 mm
 * Wheelbase: 2515 mm
 * Curb weight: 1230 kg
 * Luggage volume: 12 cuft
 * Luggage volume with rear seat folded: 27.1 cuft
 * Max speed: 161–225 km/h (110-140 mph)
 * Acceleration (0–100 km/h | 0-62.5 mph): 6.7-14.6 sec

Safety
The New Beetle achieved five stars in the 2011 Euro NCAP tests compared to four stars in the 2000 Euro NCAP tests scoring 25 points (33 to reach five stars).

The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) gave the New Beetle a Good overall score in their frontal crash test. 2004 models come standard with side airbags; however, the IIHS rated the Beetle Poor in their side impact test.

United States models
Engine choices include the 115 hp 2.0 L inline-four for the base model, the 100 hp 1.9 L TDI turbodiesel inline-four (discontinued after the 2006 model year due to more stringent emissions requirements), and the 150 hp 1.8 L turbo inline-four for the Turbo and Sport models.

The Turbo S model (sold 2002–2004) included the 1.8 L turbo but with 180 hp. It also included a sport suspension, six-speed manual transmission, aluminum interior trim, revised front/rear fascias, and bigger wheels and tires. A close relative of the Turbo S was the 2002–2004 Color Concept. This limited edition variant was available in limited exterior colors, with interior door panel inserts, seat inserts, floor mat piping, and wheel opening inserts color-matched to the exterior paint. Wheel color inserts, diameter, and style varied with model year. It came standard with the 150 hp 1.8 turbo gasoline engine, 5-speed manual gearbox, speed-activated rear spoiler, power windows/sunroof/door locks, heated leather seats, and fog lamps.

All 1.8L Turbo and Turbo S inline-four models were equipped with a retractable rear spoiler which was not available on the 1.9 L TDI inline-4, 2.0 L inline-four and 2.5 L inline-five models.

For the 2006 model, the exterior was slightly redesigned with more angular bumpers and wheel wells, and these models were fitted with the 2.5 L 5-cylinder engine with 150 hp which was also fitted on the Rabbit and Jetta, later becoming the sole engine option. The New Beetle would not be given the upgraded 2.5 L engine (engine code CBTA/CBUA) that 2008 and later Jettas and Rabbits received.

Beetle RSi (2001–2003)
The RSi is a limited 250 unit version of the New Beetle. It included a 224 PS 3.2-litre VR6 engine, a 6-speed gearbox, and Volkswagen's four-wheel drive system 4motion, Remus twin-pipe exhaust. It was rumored Porsche tuned the suspension but the suspension tuning was actually carried out in-house at VW Individual. The suspension was greatly altered at the rear, with geometry more geared to the race track and a rear cross brace behind the rear seats, 80 mm wider fenders, unique front and rear bumpers, a rear diffuser, large rear wing, and 18x9 OZ Superturismo wheels with 235/40ZR-18 tires. Inside, it was trimmed in carbon fiber, billet aluminum, and bright orange leather. The front seats were Recaro racing buckets.

Ragster concept (2005)
At the 2005 North American International Auto Show, the Volkswagen New Beetle Ragster concept car was introduced. It was supposed to be a preview of the future design of the New Beetle. The base of the Ragster (the name denoting a cross between a "ragtop" and a speedster) was a New Beetle Convertible modified with a new roof, giving it a much lower roofline, and a unique paint job with silver double stripes. The interior differs from the original New Beetle, being a 2+2, and having distinctive control dials. The Ragster's rear-view mirror is mounted on its dashboard, a retro feature, reminiscent of the first Type 1s.

Anniversary Edition (2008)
The anniversary edition was released in 2008 for the Mexican and Australian markets, and celebrated the 10th anniversary of the New Beetle. Based on the Beetle Miami, the car featured the exclusive body colour of "Campanella white", with a black roof and door mirrors, and featured a '10' logo stripe on the side. The interior was also modified, featuring black and white leather seats with a '10' logo on the headrest and in the footwells, with a decoration showing the production number of the Beetle. The car had a 1.6 litre petrol engine. 310 New Beetle Anniversary Editions were produced.

Blush (2009)
The Blush is a limited New Beetle convertible with a special "white gold" exterior paint and "Bordeaux red" convertible top, with burgundy leather seats matching the convertible top color. Neither the white gold exterior nor interior colors were available on other 2009 New Beetle convertibles. 1500 New Beetle Blush convertibles were produced.

Final edition (2010)
Announced at the 2009 Los Angeles Auto Show, the 2010 Final Edition New Beetle featured Aquarius Blue paintwork, with the hardtop receiving a black painted roof and the convertible sporting Campanella White painted side panels. In addition to unique 17-inch wheels, both models were powered by a 2.5-liter engine mated to an automatic "Tiptronic" transmission. Other additions included sports suspension and "Final Edition" badging inside and out. Both models arrived with integrated fog lights and Electronic Stability Programme (ESP) as standard.

The "Final Edition" marked the end of production of the New Beetle. It was succeeded in 2011 by the Beetle (A5).

BlackOrange Edition (2010)
In 2010, Volkswagen Australia offered a final limited edition variant named as BlackOrange Edition. Two-color combinations were available: Black gloss exterior with silver mirrors, silver alloy wheels and silver decals for the lower flanks of the body, or Red Rock metallic exterior with black roof/mirrors, black alloy wheels and black decals for the lower flanks. All BlackOrange Editions came with 17-inch alloy wheels, sports suspension, leatherette seat upholstery, cruise control, front fog lights, tinted rear side/rear windows, aluminium pedals and leather-bound steering wheel/gear knob.

Awards
The Volkswagen New Beetle was Motor Trend's "Import Car of the Year" for 1999.

title: Volkswagen New Beetle


text:
Caerellius Priscus

Caerellius Priscus is the name given to the man on an inscription recovered at Mogontiacum (Mainz), set up by a governor of Germania Superior who was afterwards governor of Roman Britain in the late 170s.

The name of his son in the inscription implies that his gentilicium was "Caerellius", which is how Anthony Birley refers to him. Edmund Groag suggested the dedicant might be Asellius Aemilianus proconsul of 192–193, but Birley disagrees. Birley also admits "Caerellius" might be identical with Gaius Caerellius Sabinus, legate of Legio XIII Gemina and afterwards governor of Raetia, but finds several objections to this, most notably that Sabinus' wife was Fufidia Pollitta and the wife of the man in this inscription was named Modestiana. Birley concludes by stating the "most likely" identification of "Caerellius" is with Caerellius Priscus, praetor tutelaris under Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, between the years 161 through 169. This is the same identification that Géza Alföldy makes.

Career
The Mainz inscription lists the provinces Caerellius was governor of in a problematic order: Thracia, Moesia Superior, Raetia, Germania Superior then Britain. According to Birley, Raetia, typically a province governed by an ex-praetor, is out of place "between two consular provinces". Although Birley argues that Moesia Superior might have been downgraded to praetorian status, it is possible these provinces were not listed in chronological order. Alföldy, following Birley, provides the following dates for Caerellius' governorships: Thracia c. 167 - c. 170, Moesia Superior c. 170 - c. 172, suffect consul around 172, Germania Superior c. 174 - c. 177, and likely governor of Roman Britain c. 177–180.

Dio Cassius notes that at the beginning of Commodus' sole rule, "tribes" crossed the Antonine Wall and defeated a general (στρατηγόν) and his soldiers in Britain. Birley admits there is some disagreement whether by "general" Dio means a legionary legate or provincial governor, but argues that Dio consistently uses that word to indicate a governor. Although it would appear the governor slain was Caerellius, Birley argues that "he was one of the low-quality governors appointed by Commodus soon after his ascension, rather than ... an experienced commander such as 'Caerellius'." In response to this disaster, the Praetorian prefect Tigidius Perennis immediately sent Ulpius Marcellus to replace him, who proceeded to ruthlessly crush the rebellion.

If Caerellius was not the governor killed in battle, he nevertheless vanishes from history after concluding his term as governor of Britain.

Family
The Mainz inscription attests Caerellius had a wife, Modestiana, a daughter, Germanilla, and a son, Marcianus. Birley suggests Marcianus may be identified with a C(a)erellius Macrinus the Historia Augusta (Severus 13.6) listed as executed by order of the Emperor Septimius Severus, presumably because he had supported his rival Clodius Albinus. Birley also admits Caerellius was likely a kinsman to the above-mentioned Sabinus.

title: Caerellius Priscus


text:
Forensic toxicology

Forensic toxicology is a multidisciplinary field that combines the principles of toxicology with expertise in disciplines such as analytical chemistry, pharmacology and clinical chemistry to aid medical or legal investigation of death, poisoning, and drug use. The paramount focus for forensic toxicology is not the legal implications of the toxicological investigation or the methodologies employed, but rather the acquisition and accurate interpretation of results. Toxicological analyses can encompass a wide array of samples. In the course of an investigation, a forensic toxicologist must consider the context of an investigation, in particular any physical symptoms recorded, and any evidence collected at a crime scene that may narrow the search, such as pill bottles, powders, trace residue, and any available chemicals. Armed with this contextual information and samples to examine, the forensic toxicologist is tasked with identifying the specific toxic substances present, quantifying their concentrations, and assessing their likely impact on the individual involved.

In the United States, forensic toxicology compromises three distinct disciplines: Postmortem toxicology, Human Performance toxicology, and Forensic Drug Testing (FDT). Postmortem toxicology involves analyzing biological specimens obtained during an autopsy to identify the impact of drugs, alcohol, and poisons. A broad array of biological specimens, including blood, urine, gastric contents, oral fluids, hair, and tissues, may undergo analysis. Forensic toxicologists collaborate with pathologists, medical examiners, and coroners to ascertain the cause and manner of death. Human Performance toxicology examines the dose-response relationship between drugs present in the body and their effects. This field plays a pivotal role in shaping and implementing laws related to activities such as driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Lastly, Forensic Drug Testing (FDT) pertains to detecting drug use in contexts such as the workplace, sport doping, drug-related probation, and screenings for new job applicants.

Identifying the ingested substance ingested is frequently challenging due to the body's natural processes (as outlined in ADME). It is uncommon for a chemical to persist in its original form once inside the body. For instance, heroin rapidly undergoes metabolism, ultimately converting to morphine. Consequently, a thorough examination of factors such as injection marks and chemical purity becomes imperative for an accurate diagnosis. Additionally, the substance might undergo dilution as it disperses throughout the body. Unlike a regulated dose of a drug, which may contain grams or milligrams of the active constituent, an individual sample under investigation may only consist of micrograms or nanograms.

Alcohol
Alcohol gains access to the central nervous system by entering the blood stream through the lining of the stomach and small intestine. Subsequently, it transverses the blood brain barrier via the circulatory system. The absorbed alcohol can diminish reflexes, disrupt nerve impulses, prolong muscle responses, and impact various other physiological functions throughout the body.

Marijuana
Similar to alcohol, marijuana is absorbed into the bloodstream and crosses the blood brain barrier. Notably, the THC released from marijuana binds to the CB-1 cannabinoid receptors, inducing various effects. These effects encompass mood changes, altered perception of time, and heightened sensitivity, among others.

Cocaine
Cocaine, in contrast to marijuana or alcohol, is a powerful stimulant. Upon entering the bloodstream, it rapidly reaches the brain within minutes, causing a significant surge in dopamine levels. The effects of cocaine are intense but short-lived, typically lasting about 30 minutes. The primary method of administration is through nasal insufflation (snorting), although it can also be smoked in crystal rock form. The rapid increase in dopamine levels during use contributes to a pronounced and challenging comedown, often prompting individuals to seek higher doses in subsequent use to achieve the same effects as experienced previously. This pattern can contribute to the development of addiction. The effects of cocaine use include increased energy and euphoria, accompanied by potential negative effects such as paranoia, rapid heart rate, and anxiety, among others.

Urine
A urine sample, originating from the bladder, is obtainable both voluntarily and taken post-mortem. Notably, urine is less prone to viral infections such as HIV or Hepatitis B in comparison to blood samples. Many drugs exhibit higher concentrations and more prolonged detection in urine compared to blood. The collection of urine samples is a non-invasive process that doesn't necessitate professional assistance. While urine is commonly used for qualitative analysis, it does not provide indications of impairment since the presence of drugs in urine merely signifies prior exposure. The duration of drug detection in urine varies; for instance, alcohol is detectable for 7–12 hours, cocaine metabolites for 2–4 days, and morphine for 48–74 hours. Marijuana, a substance with variable detection times depending on usage patterns, can be detected for 3 days after a single use, 5–7 days for moderate use (four times per week), 10–15 days for daily use, and less than 30 days for long-term heavy use, contingent upon frequency and intensity of consumption.

Blood
A blood sample of approximately 10 ml is usually sufficient to screen and confirm most common toxic substances. A blood sample provides the toxicologist with a profile of the substance that the subject was influenced by at the time of collection; for this reason, it is the sample of choice for measuring blood alcohol content in drunk driving cases.

Hair
Hair is capable of recording medium to long-term or high dosage substance abuse. Chemicals in the bloodstream may be transferred to the growing hair and stored in the follicle, providing a rough timeline of drug intake events. Head hair grows at rate of approximately 1 to 1.5 cm a month, and so cross sections from different sections of the follicle can give estimates as to when a substance was ingested. Testing for drugs in hair is not standard throughout the population. The darker and coarser the hair the more drug that will be found in the hair. If two people consumed the same amount of drugs, the person with the darker and coarser hair will have more drug in their hair than the lighter haired person when tested. This raises issues of possible racial bias in substance tests with hair samples. Hair samples are analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In ELISA, an antigen must be immobilized to a solid surface and then complexed with an antibody that is linked to an enzyme.

Bone Marrow
Bone marrow can be used for testing but that depends on the quality and availability of the bones. So far there is no proof that says that certain bones are better than others when it comes to testing. Extracting bone marrow from larger bones is easier than smaller bones. Forensic toxicologists often use bone marrow to find what type poisons used, which can include cocaine or ethanol. Ethanol specifically is one of the most abused drugs worldwide, be it through alcohol consumption and abuse being a leading cause in death. Suicides, car crashes, and a variety of crimes are often performed under severe alcohol influence. The process of ethanol determination allows forensic toxicologists to utilize bone marrow post-mortem and isolate the ethanol level a person had been, and the metabolic speed of breakdown at which can be traced back to time of death.

Other
Other bodily fluids and organs may provide samples, particularly samples collected during an autopsy. A common autopsy sample is the gastric contents of the deceased, which can be useful for detecting undigested pills or liquids that were ingested prior to death. In highly decomposed bodies, traditional samples may no longer be available. The vitreous humour from the eye may be used, as the fibrous layer of the eyeball and the eye socket of the skull protects the sample from trauma and adulteration. Other common organs used for toxicology are the brain, liver, and spleen.

Detection and classification
Detection of drugs and pharmaceuticals in biological samples is usually done by an initial screening and then a confirmation of the compound(s), which may include a quantitation of the compound(s). The screening and confirmation are usually, but not necessarily, done with different analytical methods. Every analytical method used in forensic toxicology should be carefully tested by performing a validation of the method to ensure correct and indisputable results at all times. The choice of method for testing is highly dependent on what kind of substance one expects to find and the material on which the testing is performed. Customarily, a classification scheme is utilized that places poisons in categories such as: corrosive agents, gases and volatile agents, metallic poisons, non-volatile organic agents, and miscellaneous.

Immunoassays
Immunoassays require drawing blood and using the antibodies to find a reaction with substances such as drugs. The substances must be specific. It is the most common drug screening technique. Using the targeted drug the test will tell you if it is positive or negative to that drug. There can be 4 results when taking the test. Those results can be a true-positive, a false-negative, a false-positive, and a true-negative.

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is a widely used analytical technique for the detection of volatile compounds. Ionization techniques most frequently used in forensic toxicology include electron ionization (EI) or chemical ionization (CI), with EI being preferred in forensic analysis due to its detailed mass spectra and its large library of spectra. However, chemical ionization can provide greater sensitivity for certain compounds that have high electron affinity functional groups.

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has the capability to analyze compounds that are polar and less volatile. Derivatization is not required for these analytes as it would be in GC-MS, which simplifies sample preparation. As an alternative to immunoassay screening which generally requires confirmation with another technique, LC-MS offers greater selectivity and sensitivity. This subsequently reduces the possibility of a false negative result that has been recorded in immunoassay drug screening with synthetic cathinones and cannabinoids. A disadvantage of LC-MS on comparison to other analytical techniques such as GC-MS, is the high instrumentation cost. However, recent advances in LC-MS have led to higher resolution and sensitivity which assists in the evaluation of spectra to identify forensic analytes.

Detection of metals
The compounds suspected of containing a metal are traditionally analyzed by the destruction of the organic matrix by chemical or thermal oxidation. This leaves the metal to be identified and quantified in the inorganic residue, and it can be detected using such methods as the Reinsch test, emission spectroscopy or X-ray diffraction. Unfortunately, while this identifies the metals present it removes the original compound, and so hinders efforts to determine what may have been ingested. The toxic effects of various metallic compounds can vary considerably.

title: Forensic toxicology


text: Template:Temporarily undeleted

title: Template:Temporarily undeleted


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User talk:Stygian23

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

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Be Bold!

[[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Arb Com election]] 19:22, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Article titling
Please see my question about your titling of Sativa Afghani Genetic Equilibrium (SAGE). --TreyHarris 22:59, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Stygian23


text:
File:Furia-2.jpg

Fair-use rationale

 * 1) obtained from the club website
 * 2) low resolution image
 * 3) no non-copyright version available, by definition
 * 4) the logo is only being used for informational purposes
 * 5) its inclusion in the article adds significantly to the article because it is the primary means of identifying the subject of this article

title: File:Furia-2.jpg


text:
Talk:Resignations after the 2004 US presidential elections

Please add to this article any other resignations in after the 2004 US presidential elections. --Jpkoester1 19:23, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)

This article should be merged with George W. Bush's first term as president of the United States as most of this information can already be found there as well as at United States Cabinet. Merge date ought to be 20 Jan 05 since that is inauguration day and additions after that would be a matter of Bush's second term. MPS 20:58, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Agree. This ought to be merged - doesn't really merit its own article. Laguna72 22:34, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

When I wrote the article I was under the impression that resignation of almost half the cabinet was somewhat unusual (even considering that there had just been an election) and might be a sign of a certain level of diverging political points of view among the cabinet. Also I was under the impression that there was an unusually high number of resignations of other US-officials during the last few weeks/months (which IMO also supports this impression of diverging opinions). In Germany (where I am from) resignations are usually a sign of failure or misconsent and are not usually used in a restructuring of the cabinet or replacing other officials. Those were the primary reasons why I thought that this subject might merit its own article. If my assessment of the situation was right I think the article should be expanded to include reasons for the resignations (would need some help for that). If however you tell me I'm totaly wrong in that assesment and these resignations are perfectly normal in the US-political system I agree to merging this article. So plese go ahead and let me know. --Jpkoester1 00:53, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)

Such a resignation is not unusual in the turn-over between two presidential terms. Previous presidents have gone so far as to mandate the complete resignation of all members of the cabinet and a reappointment of those he choses to keep. The most publicized divisions within the cabinet were those over the road to war in Iraq, which basically ended up being a feud between Powell and Rumsfeld / Wolfowitz. 'Failure,' in that context, would not be publically mentioned in this administration (which seems to have a complete inability to acknowledge any shortcomings it may have). The president will stick by his former cabinet officers, and in general (Paul O'Neill seems an exception) they will stick by their president. That's not to say that discontent doesn't exist, but it certainly (in these cases, at least) won't be published beyond the general comments about Powell's dissapointment with the way the administration went to war. Any reasoning as to the impetus for the resignations included in the article would be pure speculation - with a possible exception in Powell's case: he has said in the past that he only intended to serve one term. In the end, this may end up being a slightly higher-than-average turn-over for a second term transition, but it's definitely not uncommon in the American political system, and not unexpected with this administration. For these reasons, I maintain that this ought to be merged with George W. Bush's first term as president of the United States for turn-overs up to 20 January 2005, when his second term begins. Laguna72 05:51, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

George W. Bush's first term as president of the United States covers the topic adequitely now, this article has been directed to redirect to that subarticle. Laguna72 19:10, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Seems like the redirect isn't working properly (at least I think it's supposed to open the correct article direclty which it doesn't - at least for me). Not sure how to fix it though. --Jpkoester1 21:38, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)


text:
David Gauntlett

David Gauntlett (born 15 March 1971) is a British sociologist and media theorist, and the author of several books including Making is Connecting.

His earlier work concerned contemporary media audiences, and has moved towards a focus on the everyday making and sharing of digital media and social media and the role of these activities in self-identity and building creative cultures.

Career
Gauntlett graduated from the University of York in Sociology in 1992. He completed an MA in Women's Studies at Lancaster University, then took his PhD. Afterwards, he taught at the University of Leeds from 1993 to 2002. Subsequently, he was appointed Professor of Media and Audiences at Bournemouth University. In 2006 he joined the School of Media, Arts and Design at University of Westminster as Professor of Media and Communications, becoming Co-Director of the Communications and Media Research Institute (CAMRI), from 2010 to 2015. From 2015 to 2017 he was Professor of Creativity and Design, and the Director of Research for Westminster School of Media, Arts and Design.

In 2018, he took up a role as a Canada Research Chair in the Faculty of Communication and Design at Ryerson University, Toronto.

Gauntlett's critique of media 'effects' studies sparked controversy in 1995, and since then he has published a number of books and research on the role of popular media in people's lives. In particular he has focused on the way in which digital media is changing the experience of media in general.

In 2007, he was shortlisted for the 'Young Academic Author of the Year' award in the Times Higher awards.

In the 2008 book, Reading Media Theory, Barlow & Mills state: "David Gauntlett is a prominent, public academic, who has spent his career engaging in research activities which have deliberately involved the public, and have crossed the traditional divide between the academic community and the outside world."

New creative research methods
This approach asks participants to make something as part of the research process. Gauntlett's work of this kind began with Video Critical (1997), in which children were asked to make videos about the environment, and then in a number of projects which are discussed in Creative Explorations (2007). As well as studies in which participants have been invited to make video, diaries, collage, and drawings, Gauntlett has explored the use of Lego Serious Play as a tool in sociology and social research. This approach makes use of metaphor and invites participants to build metaphorical models of their identities. The process of making something, and then reflecting upon it, aims to give a more nuanced insight into participants' feelings or experiences.

This work has been supported by awards from the Arts and Humanities Research Council.

Media Studies 2.0
In 2007, Gauntlett published online the article Media Studies 2.0, which created some discussion amongst media studies educators. The article argues that the traditional form of media studies teaching and research fails to recognise the changing media landscape in which the categories of 'audiences' and 'producers' blur together, and in which new research methods and approaches are needed. Andy Ruddock has written that Gauntlett's "ironic polemic" includes "much to value", and acknowledges that the argument "is more strategy than creed", but argues that audiences still exist, and experience mass media specifically as audience, and so it would be premature to dispose of the notion of 'audience' altogether. In other areas there has been less acceptance: Andy Medhurst at Sussex University wrote of Media Studies 2.0, 'Isn't it odd that whenever someone purportedly identifies a new paradigm, they see themselves as already a leading practitioner of it?'

Making is Connecting
In 2008 Gauntlett proposed 'the Make and Connect Agenda', an attempt to rethink audience studies in the context of media users as producers as well as consumers of media material. This argues that there is a shift from a 'sit-back-and-be-told culture' to a 'making-and-doing culture', and that harnessing creativity in both Web 2.0 and in other everyday creative activities will play a role in tackling environmental problems.

These ideas are developed further in his best-known book 'Making is Connecting: The social meaning of creativity, from DIY and knitting to YouTube and Web 2.0'.

The Second Edition of 'Making is Connecting' was published in 2018, and included additional sections on the creative process.

Books

 * Making is Connecting: Second Expanded Edition (Polity, 2018).
 * Making Media Studies: The Creativity Turn in Media and Communications Studies (Peter Lang, 2015).
 * Making is Connecting: The social meaning of creativity, from DIY and knitting to YouTube and Web 2.0 (Polity, 2011).
 * Media Studies 2.0, and Other Battles around the Future of Media Research (Kindle, 2011).
 * Creative Explorations: New approaches to identities and audiences (London: Routledge, 2007).
 * Media, Gender and Identity (Routledge, 2002; second edition, 2008).
 * Web.Studies (edited collection, Arnold & Oxford Univ Press, 2000; second edition, co-edited with Ross Horsley, 2004).
 * TV Living: Television, Culture and Everyday Life (Routledge, 1999). Written with Annette Hill.
 * Video Critical: Children, The Environment and Media Power (John Libbey, 1997).
 * Moving Experiences (John Libbey, 1995; second edition, 2005).

title: David Gauntlett


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VFA-82

VFA-82, Strike Fighter Squadron 82, known as the Marauders was a U.S. Navy strike fighter squadron formerly based at MCAS Beaufort, South Carolina, established in 1967 and deactivated in 2005. Its radio callsign was Streetcar.

History
Attack Squadron 82 (VA-82) was established on 1 May 1967 as a light attack squadron flying the Vought A-7A Corsair II.

The Marauders made their first deployment aboard USS America (CV-66) during her maiden cruise to the waters off North Vietnam in April 1968. They returned to Southeast Asia in September 1969 aboard USS Coral Sea (CV-43).

The Marauders transitioned to the A-7E in August 1970, but in late spring of 1972, VA-82 was forced to revert to the A-7C due to unexpected problems with the A-7E's TF-41 engines. The Marauders then deployed from June 1972 to March 1973 aboard USS America for a ten-month combat cruise.

On that deployment, VA-82 played a role in the attack that destroyed the Thanh Hoa Bridge, a vital link in the North Vietnamese Army supply lines and a target that seemed indestructible during the Vietnam War. Four A-7Cs from VA-82 successfully delivered 16,000 lb of high explosives with two planes carrying two 2,000 lb Walleyes, while two other carried two, 2,000 lb Mk 84 bombs. In a simultaneous attack, the centre piling on the bridge was hit, and the span broke in half. After this, the Thanh Hoa bridge was considered permanently destroyed and removed from the target list.

The squadron made several deployments to the Mediterranean during the 1970s, and while doing so received many of the Navy's most prestigious awards including the Wade McClusky Award as most outstanding attack squadron and Battle "E" in 1976. In 1975 the Marauders deployed aboard USS Nimitz (CVN-68) on her maiden cruise.

The squadron completed its last cruise with the A-7E Corsair II in June 1987. On 13 July 1987, VA-82 was redesignated Strike Fighter Squadron 82 (VFA-82). With the delivery of the first aircraft in November 1987, VFA-82 became the first F/A-18C squadron.

In 1990, VFA-82 escorted USS Constellation (CV-64) around the horn of South America on its way to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania for modernization. December 1990 found VFA-82 once again aboard USS America, participating in Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm. The Marauders flew 597 combat sorties, 1308.9 combat hours and delivered over 1.2 million pounds of ordnance over Iraq. In December 1993, the Marauders returned to USS America for a six-month deployment during which VFA-82 participated in Operation Southern Watch in Iraq, Operation Deny Flight and Operation Sharp Guard in Bosnia and Operation Restore Hope in Somalia.

From August 1995 to February 1996, the Marauders joined USS America for her last cruise. From October 1997 through April 1998, the squadron deployed on board USS George Washington (CVN-73) to the Mediterranean Sea and Persian Gulf in support of Operation Southern Watch. During 1998 the Marauders operated from the decks of three U.S. aircraft carriers and visited seven countries. In August 1999, the Marauders bid farewell to NAS Cecil Field and relocated to NAS Jacksonville for the two months prior to deployment. In September 1999, the Marauders deployed on board USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67) in support of Operation Southern Watch. Upon completion of the six-month deployment on board "Big John," the Marauders relocated to their new home, MCAS Beaufort, South Carolina in March 2000.

Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, the Marauders deployed on 18 September, steaming for the Arabian Sea and Afghanistan. During four months of combat operations, VFA-82 delivered over 440,000 lb of ordnance and totaled over 3000 hours in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. The Marauders returned to Beaufort on 28 March 2002. The squadron had logged an unprecedented 159 days continuously deployed, the majority of which were combat operations.

During the latter half of 2002, the squadron trained against F-16 Falcons in Burlington, Vermont, and at one point were detached to Roosevelt Roads Naval Station, Puerto Rico; NAS Fallon; and NAS Key West. During the NAS Key West detachment, Marauders pilots had the opportunity to fly against German Air Force MiG-29s. VFA-82 was disestablished effective 30 September 2005 in accordance with a directive issued on 5 July 2005.

title: VFA-82


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File talk:WWI US hospital train.jpg

http://www.gwpda.org/photos/use.htm requests a notification when images are used from the site, but the only address listed on the usage page, atominfo@aol.com, bounces as unknown. The usage page states: "The bulk of these photos have been scanned, in good faith, from publications with elapsed copyrights, which, for the purpose of this archive, will mean that a period of at least 70 years has passed from the original copyright date. Other photos are taken from government sources and are therefore already public property." so the image should be valid for use here. slambo 19:24, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)

title: File talk:WWI US hospital train.jpg


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Barrhaven

Barrhaven is a suburb of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is located about 17 km southwest of the city's downtown core. Prior to amalgamation with Ottawa in 2001, Barrhaven was part of the City of Nepean. Its population as of the Canada 2021 Census was 103,234.

Geography
Barrhaven is approximately bounded to the north by the Greenbelt, to the east by the Rideau River, to the west by Highway 416, and to the south by the new Half Moon Bay development along Cambrian Road south of the Jock River. The area is diagonally bisected by CN rail tracks. Barrhaven is surrounded by rural areas and farmland, with the exception of the growing Riverside South area across the Rideau River. Directly south of Barrhaven is Manotick, a commuter town of the city.

Barrhaven is divided into several areas: Barrhaven proper or Old Barrhaven is the westernmost part of the neighbourhood, lying between Cedarview Road and Greenbank Road. New residential development is expanding the west side of Old Barrhaven between Cedarview and Strandherd Drive. Also included in this area is a triangle of land east of Greenbank between Fallowfield Road and the railway tracks known as Knollsbrook or The Triangle. South of this is the area known as Longfields, which stretches south to Strandherd and east to Woodroffe Avenue. Sandwiched between the railway tracks, Jockvale Road, Greenbank and Strandherd is the neighbourhood of Barrhaven on the Green. East of Woodroffe, next to the Rideau River, is the neighbourhood of Davidson Heights. South of Strandherd and east of Greenbank is a new community known as Chapman Mills. As Prince of Wales Drive approaches Jockvale, there is a thriving community known as Stonebridge that is located beside the Stonebridge Golf & Country Club.

History
The Barrhaven area was long inhabited by First Nations peoples, and the modern Jockvale Road follows an ancient path that was originally a trail through the wilderness. In the 19th century the area became populated by European farmers as the area was divided into a number of rural homesteads.

The old Barrhaven School House located at Jockvale and Strandherd was in built in 1906. Today, the school stands as a historic site. In 1911, the Canadian Northern Railway built a rail line from Ottawa to Toronto through the area. Fast passenger service was offered for many years from Fallowfield Station (near the intersection of Strandherd Dr and Cedarview Rd) to Ottawa and beyond After many years of absence, passenger rail service was reintroduced to the area by Via Rail in the fall of 2002 through a new Fallowfield Station located at the intersection of Fallowfield Road and Woodroffe Avenue.

Modern Barrhaven was established in the 1960s, one of a group of new suburbs built outside the Greenbelt from the main city of Ottawa. Building in the area was begun by Mel Barr, for whom the community is named. Barr had originally purchased a 200 acre farm with the intent of constructing a horse racing track. However the Rideau Carleton Raceway was built further to the east, and Barr instead decided to develop his land for housing. In 1968-69 Barrhaven Public School was built as the very first public school in Barrhaven.

Barrhaven was incorporated into the City of Nepean in 1978 and subsequently grew rapidly into a community of several tens of thousands of people. Commercial centres were slower to arrive. In 1990 the area was served by a single grocery store, had no movie theatre, and not even a bar. This has changed with the opening in 1991 of the vast Barrhaven Town Centre complex of big box stores and smaller commercial establishments, as well as a few smaller shopping malls. The 1990s also saw the influx of high-tech companies into the area (such as JDS Uniphase and Nortel), and the growth of the Public Service in the National Capital Region. The area got its first high school in 1998 when Mother Teresa High School (Catholic) opened, followed by John McCrae Secondary School (public) in 1999. Barrhaven gained its third high school in 2002 when St. Joseph High School (Catholic) opened. In September 2009, Longfields-Davidson Heights Secondary School (Public) opened. In 2011 École secondaire catholique Pierre-Savard opened.

In 2024, Barrhaven was the site of the city's worst mass killing in its history when six people were killed with a knife-like weapon.

Character
Like most North American suburbs built so quickly and so recently, Barrhaven has a very uniform feel, especially considering how big it is. Almost every street consists of town houses with some streets having comparatively large suburban houses. In the older parts of Barrhaven, the streets are curvilinear, never forming a grid as they do in older parts of Ottawa. The area is very suburban and tends to attract families.

Neighbourhoods
Barrhaven is divided into many neighbourhoods. The names are generally selected by developers.
 * Barrhaven (also known as Old Barrhaven) west of Greenbank, south of Fallowfield, north of the rail tracks, and east northeast of Jockvale
 * Strandherd Meadows, the infill development extending Old Barrhaven to Strandherd Drive
 * Longfields, east of Greenbank Road, west of Woodroffe Avenue, south of Fallowfield Road and north of Strandherd Drive
 * Davidson Heights, east of Woodroffe Avenue
 * Havenlea, bounded by Crestway Drive, Leikin Drive, Prince of Wales and Cresthaven Drive
 * Chapman Mills, bounded by Prince of Wales Dr to the south/east, Woodroffe Ave to the west, and Stoneway Dr to the north.
 * Rideau Glen, along Prince of Wales Dr, Holborn Avenue, and Rideau Glen Drive, north of Winding Way
 * Winding Way, east of Prince of Wales Drive
 * Stonebridge, located between Jockvale Rd and Prince of Wales
 * Half Moon Bay, new neighbourhood under development along Cambrian Road, west of Greenbank, east of Highway 416, south of the Jock River and north of Barnsdale Road
 * Quinn's Pointe, new community under development along Cambrian Road, west of Greenbank, north of Barnsdale Road
 * Barrhaven Mews, new community under construction between Strandherd Road and the Jock River and west of Jockvale/Greenbank Roads
 * Barrhaven On The Green, located between Jockvale Road, Greenbank Road, Strandherd Road, and the Rail tracks
 * Heart's Desire, located along the Jock River, in between Jockvale Road and Woodroffe Ave.
 * West Pointe Village, located between Cedarview Rd., Fallowfield Rd., Strandherd Rd., and the Rail tracks
 * Pheasant Run, west of Larkin Drive, south of Fallowfield, north of Jockvale and east of Cedarview Road
 * Fraservale, south and west of Jockvale, east of Cedarview and north of rail tracks
 * Knollsbrook, west and north of rail tracks, south of Fallowfield and east of Greenbank.
 * Havencourt, across from South Nepean Park, east of Greenbank between the transitway and Longfields Drive.
 * Havencrest, East of the intersection of Strandherd and Fallowfield and North of Jockvale Road.

Features and amenities
Barrhaven contains several public and Catholic schools and numerous parks and playgrounds, mainly built in since 2000. It is also home to the Walter Baker Sports Centre which contains a library and other facilities. The main commercial district surrounds the intersection of Strandherd Drive and Greenbank Road, with a seven-screen cinema, Loblaws, Wal-Mart, Indigo Books and Music, Staples, Winners, Homesense, Farmboy, Sport Chek, Starbucks, Your Independent Grocer, and Best Buy, among others. The Minto Recreation Complex, a new multi-use community centre at the corner of Cambrian and Greenbank, opened in 2014. A major employment district was established in 2015 in the area west of Strandherd Drive adjacent to Highway 416, known as the CitiGate corporate campus. A Costco store has opened in fall of 2016, including several other retail establishments.

Transportation
Barrhaven is served by seven local bus routes: 80, 170, 171, 173, 175, and 176. These routes serve the local streets of Barrhaven as well as serving several stations on the Transitway network where a transfer can be made to Ottawa's Rapid Transit system with Route 75, 74 and 99. There are six express bus routes, 270, 271, 272, 273, 277, and 278 that provide direct service to downtown Ottawa during the morning rush hour and from downtown during the afternoon rush hour; travel time is approximately 30 minutes. Previously, these routes were numbered 70, 71, 72 (previously 76), 73 and 77, but were changed in 2017 as part the 2018 On Track LRT project. Route 176 runs from the Fallowfield Station to Manotick, stopping in the growing Stonebridge community before travelling on the lower half of Jockvale before connecting with Prince of Wales Drive.

Intercity Via Rail connections can be made at Fallowfield railway station to Montreal and Toronto. Until 2006, it had been planned that the north-south light-rail O-Train (today's Trillium Line) would be extended to the centre of Barrhaven near Riocan Marketplace via Riverside South. The project was cancelled on December 14, 2006, by Ottawa City Council, which decided to focus on building rail-based rapid transit lines in the inner city instead. Rail-based rapid transit to Barrhaven is not expected to be introduced until after 2031, when the three lines in the inner city are expected to be completed.

On January 2, 2007, OC Transpo opened the Strandherd Transitway Station and Park & Ride lot in Barrhaven. Directly across from the Riocan/Barrhaven Shopping Centre's Wal-Mart & TD Bank, the facility has parking space for about 330 cars. It was built to help with overcrowding at the Fallowfield Station and meet the increased demand for park and ride spaces in the community. Rapid transit route 75 takes approximately 10 minutes to travel between Fallowfield Station and Strandherd Station, and 2 minutes between Strandherd Station and Barrhaven Centre Station. The Province of Ontario funded one-third of the $5 million cost.

In April 2011, the transitway (BRT) network was expanded in Barrhaven. One feature was the extension of Route 94 (now Route 74) to the intersection of Woodroffe and Strandherd. A new stretch of BRT was also constructed between Fallowfield and Strandherd to reduce travel times on Route 95 (Route 75 since 2019). In September 2014, a new BRT route was established on Chapman Mills Drive, using a graveyard median from the canceled south-western LRT route. Route 99 starts at Barrhaven Centre and using new Beatrice Station proceeds to Greenboro Station, the O-Train Line 2 terminus, at non-peak hours, via Riverside South (Vimy Memorial Bridge) and Leitrim Station. At peak hours, the 99 goes all the way to Hurdman Station via the Southeast Transitway, connecting to the O-Train Line 1.

Education
{|
 * width="75"|
 * valign="top" |

Elementary

 * Adrienne Clarkson Elementary School
 * Barrhaven Public School (first school opened in Barrhaven in 1968)
 * Berrigan Elementary School
 * Chapman Mills Public School
 * Farley Mowat Public School
 * Half Moon Bay Public School (Opened September 2016.)
 * Jockvale Elementary School
 * Mary Honeywell Elementary School
 * École Michaëlle Jean (French)

Intermediate

 * Cedarview Middle School

Secondary

 * John McCrae Secondary School
 * Longfields-Davidson Heights Secondary School
 * École Pierre-De-Blois
 * width="75"|
 * valign="top"|

Elementary

 * L'école élémentaire catholique Jean-Robert Gauthier (French)
 * L'école élémentaire catholique Pierre Elliot Trudeau (French)
 * L'école élémentaire catholique Sainte-Kateri (French)
 * Monsignor Paul Baxter Catholic elementary school
 * St. Elizabeth Ann Seton Catholic elementary school (opened February 1987)
 * St. Cecilia Catholic Elementary School
 * St. Emily Catholic elementary school
 * St. Luke Catholic elementary school
 * St. Patrick Catholic elementary school (opened November 1978)
 * St. Andrew Catholic elementary school
 * St. Benedict Catholic elementary school
 * St. Juan Diego Catholic elementary school

Secondary

 * Mother Teresa High School
 * St. Joseph High School
 * École Secondaire Catholique Pierre-Savard (French)
 * width="40"|
 * valign="top"|

Preschools

 * Educara Montessori Child Care

Private schools

 * Educara Montessori Child Care
 * Little Scholars Montessori
 * Ottawa Christian School

 * }

title: Barrhaven