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Max Merritt

Maxwell James Merritt (30 April 1941 – 24 September 2020) was a New Zealand-born singer-songwriter and guitarist who was renowned as an interpreter of soul music and R&B. As leader of Max Merritt & The Meteors, his best known hits are "Slippin' Away", which reached No. 2 on the 1976 Australian singles charts, and "Hey, Western Union Man" which reached No. 13. Merritt rose to prominence in New Zealand from 1958 and relocated to Sydney, Australia, in December 1964. Merritt was acknowledged as one of the best local performers of the 1960s and 1970s and his influence did much to popularise soul music / R&B and rock in New Zealand and Australia.

Merritt was a venerable pioneer of rock in Australasia who produced crowd-pleasing shows for over 50 years. He engendered respect and affection over generations of performers. This was evident at the 2007 Concert for Max which was organised to provide financial support for him after it was announced he had Goodpasture's syndrome, a rare autoimmune disease. The Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) recognised Merritt's iconic status on 1 July 2008 when he was inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame. In 2020, Merritt was inducted into the New Zealand Music Hall of Fame.

1956–1962: Early career in Christchurch
Born in Christchurch, New Zealand, Merritt was interested in music from an early age and started guitar lessons at 12. By 1955 he encountered the rock and roll of Bill Haley and Elvis Presley. After leaving school in 1956, aged 15, Merritt formed the Meteors with friends Ross Clancy (sax), Peter Patonai (piano), Ian Glass (bass) and Pete Sowden (drums). Initially a part-time group, they played dances and local charity concerts, Merritt continuing his day job as an apprentice bricklayer in his father's business. When his parents, together with local Odeon theatre manager Trevor King, developed the Christchurch Railway Hall into a music venue, The Teenage Club, they hired Merritt and the Meteors. The Teenage Club drew hundreds of locals and increased their popularity in the city when most businesses and public venues closed until late on Sunday afternoon.

Clancy was replaced by Willi Schneider during 1958, the band released their debut single, "Get a Haircut", in June on HMV Records. By 1959, the Meteors had become a top youth attraction, regularly pulling crowds of 500 or more. Merritt borrowed players from other bands if a Meteors' member was unavailable, one such band was Ray Columbus & the Invaders fronted by vocalist Columbus. From this band Merritt recruited guitarist Dave Russell and bass guitarist / keyboardist Billy Karaitiana (a.k.a. Billy Kristian). In January 1959, New Zealand's top rocker, Johnny Devlin, played in Christchurch. Devlin later saw Merritt at a "Rock'n'Roll Jamboree" charity concert where Devlin's manager Graham Dent was impressed enough to praise their performance to Auckland promoter Harry M. Miller. Miller added the Meteors to Australian rocker Johnny O'Keefe's 1959 tour of New Zealand.

Christchurch had been chosen as the site for a United States paramilitary base to access Antarctica. Code-named "Operation Deep Freeze", it had the only airfield large enough to handle the huge transport planes. The US presence provided a greater influence of rock and roll music – young servicemen discovered The Teenage Club and the gravel-voiced young Kiwi singer, Merritt. More rock and roll and R&B records entered local jukeboxes and were on radio. From their US connections, both the Meteors and the Invaders were able to equip themselves with Fender guitars and basses, which were still rare in Australia and the UK due to import restrictions. By 1959 the line-up for the Meteors had become Rod Gibson (saxophone), Ian Glass (bass guitar), Bernie Jones (drums) and Billy Kristian (piano). Early in 1960, HMV released their debut album, C'mon Let's Go. Follow up singles were "Kiss Curl" and "C'Mon Let's Go" in 1960 and "Mr Loneliness" in 1961. They had local support but were almost unknown beyond the South Island. In an effort to break into the more lucrative North Island market, both Max Merritt & The Meteors and Ray Columbus & the Invaders relocated to Auckland in November 1962.

1963–1964: Auckland and Invaders & Max Merritt's Meteors
After reaching Auckland, Merritt's band became the second most popular band in New Zealand behind the Invaders which played a beat pop style while the Meteors tackled rock and roll, soul and R&B. Max Merrit & The Meteors backed Dinah Lee on recordings. Her best known single, "Reet Petite", from September 1964 reached No. 1 on the New Zealand charts and No. 6 in Melbourne, Australia. The Meteors' line-up of Merritt, Peter Williams (guitar), Teddy Toi (bass) and Johnny Dick (drums) recorded material for their second album, Max Merritt's Meteors. They relocated to Sydney in December 1964.

1965–1967: Sydney and Shake
In Sydney, the Meteors made their first Australian television appearance on Johnny O'Keefe's Sing Sing Sing. By April 1965, the second Meteors' album was finally released on RCA Records and contained a range of styles, including the single "So Long Babe". Other singles followed but Toi and Dick left to join Billy Thorpe & The Aztecs and were eventually replaced by former member Kristian on bass and Bruno Lawrence on drums. During February 1966, visiting UK acts the Rolling Stones and the Searchers were supported on tour by Max Merritt and The Meteors. After a cruise ship gig to New Zealand (during which Lawrence abruptly left the group), Merritt heard Otis Redding's version of "Try a Little Tenderness" and recorded his own cover in 1967. Turmoil within the Meteors saw a rapid turnover of members and by May, Merritt with Bob Bertles on saxophone, Stewart "Stewie" Speer on drums and John "Yuk" Harrison on bass guitar, decided to relocate to Melbourne.

1967–1971: Melbourne and Max Merritt and the Meteors
In Melbourne, Merritt and his band initially found it difficult obtaining regular gigs and so travelled widely through the state. On 24 June 1967 the van they were travelling in to Morwell collided head-on with a car near Bunyip, Bertles suffered a broken leg, Speer had both legs crushed, broke both arms and lost the tops off several fingers. Merrit lost his right eye and had his face scarred. It took the band nearly a year to recover. By July 1968 they competed in Hoadley's Battle of the Sounds, finishing behind winners the Groove, the Masters Apprentices and Doug Parkinson.

In 1969 the group were re-signed by RCA and they released their first single for over two years, a cover of Jerry Butler's "Hey, Western Union Man", which reached No. 13 on the Australian singles charts. In early 1970 their third album, Max Merritt and the Meteors, was released with six original tracks and five covers. It reached No. 8 on the national albums chart. Dave Russell (ex-Ray Columbus & the Invaders) replaced Harrison on bass and Merritt's band were asked by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) to provide a four-part TV series called Max Merritt and the Meteors in Concert. In late 1970 they released Stray Cats and followed with the singles "Good Feelin'" and "Hello LA, Bye Bye Birmingham" in 1971 and "Let it Slide" in 1972. Neither the album nor the singles charted well. By that time, Merritt had relocated again – this time to England.

1971–1976: United Kingdom
In London from early 1971, the group played the UK pub circuit, initially with little success but their popularity slowly grew and they supported Slade and the Moody Blues on their tours. In 1974, however, the Meteors fell apart again, leaving Merritt and Speer to recruit John Gourd on guitar, slide guitar and piano; Howard Deniz on bass and Barry Duggan on sax and flute. This line-up were signed by US-based Arista Records for their newly established UK label and released A Little Easier with the title single "A Little Easier" in 1975. "Slippin' Away" was their second single from the album and captured the attention of radio listeners in both Australia and New Zealand, reaching No. 2 in Australia and No. 5 in New Zealand. Their best performed single drove the sales of A Little Easier which reached No. 4 on the Australian album charts. Another album, Out of the Blue (No. 13, 1976), was released with a renewed version of "Let it Slide" (No. 29) as a single in Australia. During this time the group played regular gigs at the White Hart in Willesden Green, the Nashville Rooms in West Kensington, the Windsor Castle on the Harrow Road and in 1976 played a memorable gig at Alexandra Palace where Merritt got to the gig on the day after travelling back from New Zealand to visit his dying mother, who died while he was en route. By 1977, with the advent of punk rock the band's popularity on the UK pub circuit had declined and they effectively disbanded. Merritt then relocated to the US.

1977–1999: Based in United States
Merritt relocated to Nashville, Tennessee, in 1977 and signed as a solo artist with Polydor Records, which released Keeping in Touch in 1979. He then moved to Los Angeles, where he continued to reside. He toured Australia in 1979 and 1980. On the second tour he put together a band with Stewie Speer on drums, Paul Grant on guitar, John Williams on keyboards, Martin Jenner on guitar and Phil Lawson on bass. This was Merritt and Speer's last major tour together: Speer died of a heart attack on 16 September 1986. Merritt released singles "Growing Pains" in 1982 and "Mean Green Fighting Machine" in 1986, the second was a promotional single for the Canberra Raiders Rugby League team. He toured Australia in 1991 with Brian Cadd (ex-The Groop, Axiom, solo) in the Brian Cadd and Max Merritt Band, which comprised Merritt, Cadd (vocals, piano), John Dallimore (guitar; ex-Redhouse, Dallimore, Jon English Band), Craig Reeves (keyboards), Des Scott (bass) and Dave Stewart (drums; ex-Daniel). In late 1996, Merritt returned to Australia to tour the club and pub circuit.

2000–2020: Resurgence and death
Merritt toured Australia on a short club circuit in April 2001 along with Doug Parkinson, a fellow veteran rocker from the 1960s. This marked a resurgence of interest for Merritt and April and May were spent touring Australia under the banner "The Heart & Soul of Rock & Roll" with Parkinson; August and September 2002 was the Long Way To The Top concert tour. After that, whenever Merritt returned to Australia, a reformed Max Merritt & The Meteors were in demand for special events and music festivals such as the Melbourne Music & Blues Festival, the Perth Moonlight Festival, the Veterans Games in Alice Springs, the Queenscliff Festival and the Toyota Muster in Gympie. In April 2006, the group appeared at the Byron Bay Blues Festival and the Gladstone Harbour Festival.

In mid-April 2007, Merritt was admitted to a Los Angeles hospital with symptoms of kidney failure. He was diagnosed with Goodpasture syndrome, a rare autoimmune disorder that affects the kidneys and lungs. Merritt was struggling with his health and finances, so his manager Wal Bishop and Australian music industry friends, organised a Concert for Max benefit held at the Palais Theatre, St Kilda, Victoria, on 21 October 2007 which raised $200,000. On 1 July 2008, Merritt was inducted by Glenn A. Baker into the ARIA Hall of Fame. Merritt was joined on stage by Kasey Chambers and Bill Chambers to perform "Slipping Away". "The lively appearance of New Zealand-born veteran Max Merritt, who has been struggling with illness at his home in Los Angeles, was another highlight ... He sounded terrific last night, aided by the Australian country star Kasey Chambers and her father, Bill, on "Slipping Away". Merritt was moved to tears by the tribute and his speech was high on emotion."

- Andrew Murfett

Merritt died in Los Angeles, California, on 24 September 2020, at age 79, 13-years after being diagnosed with Goodpasture syndrome.

Prior to his death, Merritt had recorded a new album, titled I Can Dream. The album was released on 27 November 2020.

ARIA Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987. In 2008, Max Merritt was inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame.

 * 2008 || Max Merritt || ARIA Hall of Fame || inductee
 * 2008 || Max Merritt || ARIA Hall of Fame || inductee

Aotearoa Music Awards
The Aotearoa Music Awards (previously known as New Zealand Music Awards (NZMA)) are an annual awards night celebrating excellence in New Zealand music and have been presented annually since 1965. The New Zealand Music Hall of Fame is a figurative hall of fame dedicated to noteworthy New Zealand musicians. It was established in 2007. In 2020, Max Merritt was inducted into it.

 * 2020 || Max Merritt || New Zealand Music Hall of Fame || inductee
 * 2020 || Max Merritt || New Zealand Music Hall of Fame || inductee

Band members
Members of Max Merritt & The Meteors, Max Merritt's Meteors or The Meteors; arranged chronologically:

 * Max Merritt (1956–2020) — guitar, vocals, drums
 * Ross Clancy (1956–1958) — saxophone
 * Ian Glass (1956–1960) — bass
 * Peter Patonai (1956–1959) — piano
 * Pete Sowden (1956–1959, 1960–1963) — drums
 * Willi Schneider (1958–1959) — saxophone
 * Rod Gibson (1959–1960) — saxophone
 * Bernie Jones (1959–1960) — drums
 * Billy Kristian (Billy Karaitiana) (1959–1963, 1965–1967) — bass guitar, piano, keyboards
 * Maurice Cook (1960) — guitar
 * Geoff Cox (1961–1962) — guitar
 * Peter Williams (1962–1967) — lead guitar, rhythm guitar, vocals
 * Mike Angland (1963–1964) — bass
 * Johnny Dick (1963, 1965) — drums
 * Teddy Toi (1964–65) — bass
 * John Blake (1965) — bass
 * Jimmy Hill (1965) — drums

 * Bill Flemming (1965–1966) — drums
 * David "Bruno" Lawrence (1966–1967) — drums
 * John Charles (1967) — keyboards
 * Mike Gibbs (1967) — brass instruments
 * Bob Bertles (1967–1974) — tenor saxophone
 * Stewie Speer (1967–1976, 1980) — drums
 * John "Yuk" Harrison (1967–69) — bass
 * Dave Russell (1969–1974) — bass
 * Howard "Fuzz" Deniz (1974–1977) — bass
 * Barry Duggan (1974–1975) — sax, flute
 * John Gourd (1974–1977) — guitar, slide guitar, piano
 * Lance Dixon (1975–1977) — keyboards, saxophone
 * Paul Grant (1980) — guitar
 * Martin Jenner (1980) — guitar
 * Phil Lawson (1980) — bass
 * John Williams (1980) — keyboards

title: Max Merritt


text: Category:Racism

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Racism


text:
Talk:Comiket

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 14 January 2020 and 1 May 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): DriftWrench2k.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 18:07, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Name

 * The event run by Comiket, Inc. seems to be most preferentially called Comic Market. According to the schedule for the venue, Tokyo Big Sight, the event is Comic Market. Comiket, Inc. itself has registered three trademarks, "Comic Market," "Comiket," and "Comike."  Colloquially to a Japanese speaker, the three syllable "Comike" comes out most easily.  It's probably the most difficult for an English speaker to pronounce.  I shouldn't say never, but "CM" isn't one of the common ways to refer to Comic Market.  Is this an anglicism that Comic Market itself is oblivious to?  A more common shorthand is "C67" to refer to the 67th Comic Market.
 * I agree that "CM" is not commonly used to refer to Comic Market. In fact, if you use this term when speaking to a person living in Japan, it would cause confusion as "CM" (said as a word, sounds like "shi-emu") means "Commercial Message" in Japanese vernacular. (as in those advertisements seen on television) I think this should be removed from the entry. I don't mind referring to Comic Market as "CM" throughout the entry, just the stating of it being a common abbreviation. --202.216.127.39 04:50, 2 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Comic Market is not a convention in the American sense. If a convention is about the gathering of people to:
 * Discuss common interests
 * Meet famous people
 * Get autographs
 * Participate in scheduled events
 * Then Comic Market offers none of them. Comic Market is just a gather to buy and sell dojinshi, or a huge swap meet in other words.

 * There's been no counting of how many people attend Comic Market for all 2-3 days, but remember that attendance figure is estimate given in attendee-days. It's not by unique headcount, not that it may matter that much.
 * In recent years, summer Comic Market has mostly been a 3-day event, while winter Comic Market has been 2 or 3 days, going onto 3 full days (Winter Comic Market 2004 is 2 days). Comic Market is not full a 3-day event, for now.
 * Up until recent years when Comic Market made it a high profile agenda to educate its participants, tax evasions by major and minor dojinshi publishers was rampant. When you consider that some major dojinshi publishers were counting on Comic Market sales to finance their livelihood, you do realize that for some, Comic Market was all about selling massive amounts of dojinshi for profit.
 * While the vast majority of Comic Market staffers are volunteers, there is a handful of Comiket, Inc. people who make their living off Comic Market. This does not negate the fan nature of Comic Market, but it also shows that the need for a profitable Comic Market is also there.
 * In a not-at-all-secret effort to create de facto legitimacy from the anime, manga, and game industries ("dojinshi = illegitimate exploitation of intellectual property"), Comic Market started to solicit for corporate booths a few years ago. It's been a resounding success, and companies now voraciously market and sell merchandise at Comic Market. The notion that corporate manga publishers are not allowed to participate in Comic Market is obsolete by at least 5 years.
 * The ban on cosplay photo taking going into effect in 2005 should be for unregistered cameras.--Outis 11:41, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * What is the source on the cosplay photo ban? The official website doesn't have any mention of it.
 * Comic Market's official website doesn't say much compared to the rules spelled out in the catalog. The rules in the catalog is but a subset of the rules listed in the cosplayer's handbook and the photographer's handbook they distribute at site. That's still not everything compared to the things a staffer will tell you orally.--Outis 08:35, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * どう考えてもコミックマーケットが正式名称でコミケットは愛称でしょうが. 常軌を逸しているわ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 123.221.16.58 (talk • contribs) 16:22, 9 April 2012 (UTC)
 * ^頑なに同人即売会を「fan convention(ファンが有名人や互いと合うためのイベント)」と書いてるし、正式名称であるコミックマーケットを認めようとしないし、ソースは全部欧米の無知な連中が書いたクソ記事な上、これらを修正しようとすると「英語ではこうなってるから」「POVだ」「日本のソースは信用できないからこのクソサイトを使う」って言ってくる. CrunchyrollだのANNだの白人の遊び場のクソ記事を読んだだけで同人活動歴15年の俺より詳しいつもりだぞこいつら. 末期だわここ. 2404:2D00:5000:701:C9DC:9734:2BA1:C3C5 (talk) 23:38, 1 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Rough translation: They stubbornly refer to sokubaikai as a "fan convention" (an event for fans to meet celebrities and each other), refuse to acknowledge the Comic Market by its official name, all of their sources are shitty articles written by ignorant people in the West, and when you try to correct them they say "that's how it is in English", "it's POV", "Japanese sources are unreliable so we use this shitty site". They think they know more than me with 15 years of doujin experience just by reading shit on Crunchyroll, ANN and other white people's playgrounds. That's it for me here/This place is dying (not sure how to translate that last one). --Thibaut (talk) 02:49, 2 January 2022 (UTC)
 * What I am saying is, Wikipedia has learned nothing from the Scots Wikipedia fiasco. This "community" continues to drive away people who actually know things about topics, refusing to allow them to make any meaningful change, while indulging nonsense rules and guidelines which just let ignorant people spread their ignorance. In the Scots Wikipedia the users who did not understand the language at all reverted changes made by actual Scots and kept adding nonsense and that is the exact same pattern seen in Japanese topics all over English Wikipedia. https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_comment/Large_scale_language_inaccuracies_on_the_Scots_Wikipedia 2404:2D00:5000:701:1C95:F47C:7CF3:5132 (talk) 09:45, 5 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia maintains a policy of naming articles after their most commonly recognized name. This article is listed at "Comiket" and not "Comic Market" for the same reason the 42nd president is listed at "Bill Clinton" and not "William Jefferson Clinton". Separately, the English Wikipedia maintains a policy of naming articles based on how reliable English-language sources refer to the article's subject, where "Comiket" is overwhelmingly used as the shorthand for this event over "Comike". It would be one thing if English sources commonly referred to this event with a mistranslated or misattributed name like "Comic Land" or whatever, or if this was a yaoi/boys' love situation where the crux of the issue is that common use of the term has evolved separately in English and Japanese use, but "Comiket" is a name commonly used to describe this event in both English and Japanese use. Morgan695 (talk) 16:56, 5 January 2022 (UTC)
 * "Comiket" is not commonly used in Japanese. As I pointed out before: "コミックマーケット has 10 million hits, コミケ has 30 million, コミケット has less than 300K". And most of the Comiket hits are not even examples of people using the word to refer to Comic Market, they are referring to Comiket Special which is its own separate event where Comiket is part of the official name. Anyone who understands Japanese and knows even the slightest bit about the topic knows this. That is why Japanese users bring it up, and why 123.221.16.58 comments on how ridiculous the situation is. The approach you are taking, not limited to you or limited to this article, is precisely the sort of problematic behavior I mentioned before, in which editors of Japanese topics who do not understand Japanese or even have a basic amount of knowledge about the topic constantly dismiss everything Japanese users who actually do know things about the topic bring up. I want to point out that for factual accuracy I edited the opening statement to read "also known as Comike (コミケ, Komike) in Japanese, and Comiket (コミケット, Komiketto) in English" and this too was reverted by someone claiming "POV". 2404:2D00:5000:701:C501:6495:5BC:9072 (talk) 02:28, 6 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Like I said below, search comparisons are typically not considered accurate, especially for a generic term like "comic market" which is inevitably going to pick up false drops; per WP:DIVIDEDUSE, Search-engine hits are generally considered unreliable for testing whether one term is more common than another, even when they suggest that no single term is predominant in English. I didn't revert the edit you referenced, but the phrasing you've provided implies that "Comike" is never used in English and "Comiket" is never used in Japanese, which is plainly not accurate. I see no problem with the current phrasing of the lead, which indicates that "Comic Market" is the official name for the event while "Comiket" and "Comike" are the more commonly-used shorthand for the event, with "Comiket" taking precedence as the name that is most generally common in English. Morgan695 (talk) 02:45, 6 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Sockpuppeting using mobile IP addresses won’t help your case.
 * About the name, even the Comic Market itself uses “Comiket” and コミケット in its logo so I don’t see what the problem is. コミケット/Comiket was also used on the cover of the official catalogs in the 80s.
 * In Japanese, most people refer to the event as コミックマーケット (“Comic Market”) or コミケ (“Comike”), while コミケット (“Comiket”) is less common today, it is still used (Yahoo! News;  (NSFW) ) and it’s mentioned in the Daijisen, Daijirin and Encyclopedia Nipponica, as for the English-speaking world, most people refer to it as “Comiket”, probably because “comic market” is too generic, that’s why per WP:COMMONNAME, the article is called “Comiket”.
 * As for コミケット, given the sources above (especially the Nipponica), I don’t see any reason to remove it from the lead. --Thibaut (talk) 16:35, 28 January 2022 (UTC)
 * I gave up on any form of discourse on this topic a long time ago. I am only commenting to respond to Thibaut's baseless accusation of sockpuppeting. I did no such thing, and, given how this is an extremely serious accusation, consider this to be a personal attack. I am posting this comment to bring attention to this, just in case this is recurring behavior on their part with other victims. 2404:2D00:5000:701:654D:B89E:48C6:F644 (talk) 12:34, 3 February 2022 (UTC)

Curiosity Question
Why is the print directory a "Not-to-bring" item? Where did this...practice come from? Trent Arms 06:29, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

My answer: When I originally wrote the beginning portions of the CM FAQ (before contributing the condensed version to Wikipedia) I had a few Comikes under my belt. My feeling was that adequate preparation should be done ahead of time using the catalog at home to make maps, etc. to avoid lugging it around the convension (in addition to the doujinshi one would presumably purchase.) Obviously, there is no right or wrong to attending a convention - but having done both, I felt this was an appropriate decision. Ben Her 09:14, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

Lining up
Just wondering...the article references the supposed ban on lining up for the convention is forbidden, but is this actually enforced? I only have 2 Comike under my belt, both in 2004, but while we were all aware that our lining up like that was technically against the law, there was no enforcement (hell, if anything, there was full co-operation) of that by the police or by the convention staff. Or is this ban just on lining up on the days before the event, as suggested later on in the article? That much I suppose would make sense, seeing that the lines didn't seem to build or get organised until around midnight on either event. --Mukashi 03:30, 4 August 2006 (UTC)
 * According to a staffer I talked to at this year's event, "It's a big island." They have security guards who will shoo people away from Big Sight itself until about 6:30AM, but as far as the rest of Odaiba, they can't stop people from lying in wait.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.102.39.179 (talk) 02:13, August 28, 2007 (UTC)

Genshiken?
Given that Comiket features heavily in the manga/anime series Genshiken, does it deserve a mention under a heading of "Comiket in Popular Culture"? David Bailey (talk) 13:42, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

 * No. Because such section are nothing more then a collection of crap. --Farix (Talk) 16:38, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

eytomology
The eytomology of the word should be explainedCurb Chain (talk) 02:12, 13 February 2012 (UTC)
 * I believe the etymology is just a shortening of "komikku maaketo". 惑乱 Wakuran (talk) 23:59, 10 January 2013 (UTC)

Date
The article mentions a date for the upcoming comiket, but I can't find it on the official site. Where does this date come from? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.195.66.217 (talk) 08:21, 8 January 2013 (UTC)
 * The dates are listed here. —HigherFive (t | c) 09:38, 8 January 2013 (UTC)

Venue
What was the original venue? And how long has it been at the current venue (Tokyo Big Sight)? Dread Lord CyberSkull ✎☠ 16:01, 27 November 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Comiket's Goals
Should a section be added to describe what Comiket's stated goals/purpose are? — Preceding unsigned comment added by DriftWrench2k (talk • contribs) 19:05, 8 February 2020 (UTC)

Further Reading links
"Ticktank's English Guide to Comiket" and "The Road to Comiket" seem to be ancient blog posts by some random anonymous people, should they really be there? "Swarm Effect" is a Youtube video likewise uploaded by some anonymous user, that claims it is a video of "Black Friday in Japan". These seem highly inappropriate for Wikipedia. 2404:2D00:5000:701:FCA2:DD7:6AAA:86AE (talk) 19:58, 31 December 2021 (UTC)
 * It's safe to say neither "Ticktank's English Guide to Comiket" nor "The Road to Comiket" qualify as a reliable sources, but per WP:ELMAYBE, "Sites that fail to meet criteria for reliable sources yet still contain information about the subject of the article from knowledgeable sources" are permissible to include as external links. Anecdotal, but when I attended Comiket a few years ago I discovered Ticktank's guide through this article, and it proved to be extremely useful in planning my trip; when I cleaned up the article a few years ago, I pruned the external links but decided to keep both of those guides. I do agree that the "Swarm Effect" video is not useful due to the misattribution you've noted, and should be replaced by a video that correctly identifies the phenomenon as occurring at Comiket. Morgan695 (talk) 20:33, 31 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure what you mean by "phenomenon" here: This is not something naturally occurring, the Comic Market staff manage the queues meticulously. This is not swarm behaviour. If that is the sort of misconception the link is perpetuating then it should definitely be removed. 2404:2D00:5000:701:2CA6:8376:22F9:67D8 (talk) 02:02, 1 January 2022 (UTC)
 * I meant moreso a video showing crowd control/crowd logistics at Comiket. Also re: Comiket/Comike, it's not strictly accurate to do a hits comparison, since a search for "Comic Market" is inevitably going to pick up other comic book conventions/events that have nothing to do with the subject of this article. This event is overwhelmingly referred to as "Comiket" in English-language sources, and barring any sudden shift in language use, is how it should be referred to in the article. Morgan695 (talk) 18:46, 1 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Comiket


text:
Broadlands

Broadlands is a country house located in the civil parish of Romsey Extra, near the town of Romsey in the Test Valley district of Hampshire, England. Its formal gardens and historic landscape are Grade II* listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens. The house itself is Grade I listed.

History
The original manor and area known as Broadlands belonged to Romsey Abbey since before the Norman Conquest.

In 1547, after the dissolution of the monasteries, Broadlands was sold to Sir Francis Fleming. His granddaughter married Edward St Barbe, and the manor remained the property of the St Barbe family for the next 117 years. Sir John St Barbe, 1st Baronet (c. 1655–1723) made many improvements to the property but died without children, bequeathing his estate to his cousin Humphrey Sydenham of Combe, Dulverton. In the chancel of Ashington Church, Somerset, is a monument of grey and white marble, inscribed:

"Here lies Sir John St. Barbe, Bart. possessed of those amiable qualities, which birth, education, travel, greatness of spirit, and goodness of heart, produce. Interred in the same vault lies his second wife Alice Fiennes, aunt to the present Lord Say and Sele. His first was Honour, daughter of Colonel Norton. He died at his seat of Broadlands in Hampshire Sept. 7, 1723, leaving for his only heir and executor Humphrey Sydenham, esq., of Combe in Somersetshire, who ordered this marble to his memory." Having been ruined by the 18th-century South Sea Bubble, Sydenham sold Broadlands in 1736, with its Tudor and Jacobean manor house, to Henry Temple, 1st Viscount Palmerston, for £26,500. The Viscount began the deformalisation of the gardens between the river and the house and produced the broad-lands, a "gentle descent to the river". In 1767, a major architectural "transformation" of the house and garden was begun by Capability Brown, the celebrated architect and landscape designer, and completed by the architect Henry Holland, which made Broadlands the Palladian-style country house seen today. Henry Temple, 2nd Viscount Palmerston had requested that Brown go there and seize upon the "capabilities" of the earlier manor house. Between 1767 and 1780, William Kent's earlier "deformalising work" was completed, as well as further landscaping, planting, clearing and riverside work.

Broadlands was the country estate of the 19th-century British prime minister Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston. After his death, the estate was inherited by his step-son, William Cowper-Temple, 1st Baron Mount Temple (1811–1888). A devout Christian, he held public prayer meetings in the grounds and also banned all blood-sports on the property. On his death, the estate passed to a great-nephew, Evelyn Ashley (1836-1907), a younger son of Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury (1801-1885). Subsequently, Broadlands passed to Evelyn Ashley's son Wilfrid Ashley, 1st Baron Mount Temple, who died in 1939 and left it to his daughter Edwina Ashley, the wife of Lord Louis Mountbatten.

Elizabeth II (then Princess Elizabeth) and Prince Philip spent their honeymoon at Broadlands in November 1947; the first Earl Mountbatten of Burma, whose home Broadlands was at the time, was Philip's uncle. In 1981, the newly married Prince (later Charles III) and Princess of Wales also spent the first three days of their honeymoon at Broadlands, travelling to the estate by train from London Waterloo.

The present
Broadlands is the home of the Earl and Countess Mountbatten of Burma. The house is open to the public for guided tours on weekday afternoons in summer.

On 1 August 2004, Irish vocal pop band Westlife held a concert at Broadlands as part of their Turnaround Tour promoting their album Turnaround.

title: Broadlands


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Porirua Harbour

Te Awarua-o-Porirua Harbour, commonly known as Porirua Harbour, is a natural inlet in the south-western coast of the North Island of New Zealand.

The harbour is within the main urban area of the Wellington Region, and is surrounded by the city of Porirua, with the city centre to the south of the harbour.

Geography
The harbour has an entrance only a few hundred metres in width, close to the suburb of Plimmerton. It opens up into two arms, Onepoto Arm to the south and Pauatahanui Arm to the north-east. Each arm is around three kilometres in length.

The Pauatahanui Inlet arm extends eastward to the settlement of Pāuatahanui. The wetland there where the Pauatahanui Stream enters the Pauatahanui Inlet, is the largest remaining estuarine wetland in the lower North Island, and the Pauatahanui Wildlife Reserve was established in the 1980s to protect the inlet's environment and to restore damaged areas.

History
The Porirua Harbour formed when westward flowing rivers were drowned by rising postglacial sea levels approximately 10000–14000 years ago. There is a tradition that the 1855 Wairarapa Earthquake caused tectonic uplift in the Pauatahanui Arm of the inlet, changing the shoreline and reducing its navigability. However, according to George Eiby, the inlet always had limited accessibility, and the earthquake didn't significantly change the shoreline, with any changes likely coming from more recent sedimentation.

Part of the Porirua Inlet was reclaimed for a causeway carrying the North Island Main Trunk railway when the section between Porirua and Mana was straightened and double tracked. The new section of the Kapiti Line was opened on 7 November 1960. A new Paremata Railway Station and bridge over the entrance to the Pauatahanui Inlet were required.

The line no longer followed the curves of the shoreline bays north of Porirua, and three shallow lagoons on the land side of the new causeway were created. When State Highway 1 was re-aligned and straightened in the 1970s to run alongside the rail line, these lagoons were partially filled in. Aotea Lagoon was developed into a recreational area, albeit very polluted.

The name of the harbour was officially altered to Te Awarua-o-Porirua Harbour in August 2014.

Recreation
The Pauatahanui Inlet is used for windsurfing, but is not recommended for swimming.

North of Paremata are the swimming beaches of Plimmerton and Karehana Bay. The southern end of Plimmerton Beach is also exposed to northwesterly winds for windsurfing.

There are also fishing spots at Tokaapapa Reef (or Grandfather rocks) off Plimmerton, Mana Island and Hunters Bank. However, weather conditions can change quickly and can be hazardous.

Guardians of Pāuatahanui Inlet
A community group, the Guardians of Pāuatahanui Inlet, was set up in 1991 as a registered charity, to undertake tasks such as cleaning up around the inlet. They also run photographic competitions.

title: Porirua Harbour


text:
User talk:Jimmy page

Jimmy page is one of the greatest lead rock guitarists in one of the greatest rock bands of all time, Led Zeppelin!

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Hi, Jim. It's quite okay for you to create a user page of your own and make it a nonsense page. However, it's not okay to create nonsense articles. Check out the guidance above and note the difference between the two concepts. Deb 13:05, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jimmy page


text:
Talk:Last stone game

This is a duplicate article with Nim. I don't have time right now to attempt a merge, but at some point anything in this article which would make the Nim article better should be added there, and then this page should probably be made into a redirect to Nim (which is the English name of the game). For the time being I'll just add a note. Onebyone 11:46, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Last stone game


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Word metric

In group theory, a word metric on a discrete group $$ G $$ is a way to measure distance between any two elements of $$ G $$. As the name suggests, the word metric is a metric on $$ G $$, assigning to any two elements $$ g $$, $$ h $$ of $$ G $$ a distance $$ d(g,h) $$ that measures how efficiently their difference $$ g^{-1} h $$ can be expressed as a word whose letters come from a generating set for the group. The word metric on G is very closely related to the Cayley graph of G: the word metric measures the length of the shortest path in the Cayley graph between two elements of G.

A generating set for $$G$$ must first be chosen before a word metric on $$G$$ is specified. Different choices of a generating set will typically yield different word metrics. While this seems at first to be a weakness in the concept of the word metric, it can be exploited to prove theorems about geometric properties of groups, as is done in geometric group theory.

The group of integers $$\mathbb{Z}$$
The group of integers $$\mathbb{Z}$$ is generated by the set {-1,+1}. The integer -3 can be expressed as -1-1-1+1-1, a word of length 5 in these generators. But the word that expresses -3 most efficiently is -1-1-1, a word of length 3. The distance between 0 and -3 in the word metric is therefore equal to 3. More generally, the distance between two integers m and n in the word metric is equal to |m-n|, because the shortest word representing the difference m-n has length equal to |m-n|.

The group $$\mathbb{Z} \oplus \mathbb{Z}$$
For a more illustrative example, the elements of the group $$\mathbb{Z}\oplus\mathbb{Z}$$ can be thought of as vectors in the Cartesian plane with integer coefficients. The group $$\mathbb{Z}\oplus\mathbb{Z}$$ is generated by the standard unit vectors $$e_1 = \langle1,0\rangle$$, $$e_2 = \langle0,1\rangle$$ and their inverses $$ -e_1=\langle-1,0\rangle $$, $$ -e_2=\langle0,-1\rangle $$. The Cayley graph of $$\mathbb{Z}\oplus\mathbb{Z}$$ is the so-called taxicab geometry. It can be pictured in the plane as an infinite square grid of city streets, where each horizontal and vertical line with integer coordinates is a street, and each point of $$\mathbb{Z}\oplus\mathbb{Z}$$ lies at the intersection of a horizontal and a vertical street. Each horizontal segment between two vertices represents the generating vector $$ e_1 $$ or $$ -e_1$$, depending on whether the segment is travelled in the forward or backward direction, and each vertical segment represents $$ e_2 $$ or $$ -e_2$$. A car starting from $$\langle1,2\rangle$$ and travelling along the streets to $$\langle-2,4\rangle$$ can make the trip by many different routes. But no matter what route is taken, the car must travel at least |1 - (-2)| = 3 horizontal blocks and at least |2 - 4| = 2 vertical blocks, for a total trip distance of at least 3 + 2 = 5. If the car goes out of its way the trip may be longer, but the minimal distance travelled by the car, equal in value to the word metric between $$\langle1,2\rangle$$ and $$\langle-2,4\rangle$$ is therefore equal to 5.

In general, given two elements $$ v = \langle i,j\rangle $$ and $$ w = \langle k,l\rangle $$ of $$\mathbb{Z}\oplus\mathbb{Z}$$, the distance between $$ v $$ and $$ w $$ in the word metric is equal to $$ |i-k| + |j-l| $$.

Definition
Let G be a group, let S be a generating set for G, and suppose that S is closed under the inverse operation on G. A word over the set S is just a finite sequence $$ w = s_1 \ldots s_L $$ whose entries $$s_1, \ldots, s_L$$ are elements of S. The integer L is called the length of the word $$w$$. Using the group operation in G, the entries of a word $$ w = s_1 \ldots s_L $$ can be multiplied in order, remembering that the entries are elements of G. The result of this multiplication is an element $$\bar w$$ in the group G, which is called the evaluation of the word w. As a special case, the empty word $$w = \emptyset$$ has length zero, and its evaluation is the identity element of G.

Given an element g of G, its word norm |g| with respect to the generating set S is defined to be the shortest length of a word $$w$$ over S whose evaluation $$\bar w$$ is equal to g. Given two elements g,h in G, the distance d(g,h) in the word metric with respect to S is defined to be $$|g^{-1} h|$$. Equivalently, d(g,h) is the shortest length of a word w over S such that $$g \bar w = h$$.

The word metric on G satisfies the axioms for a metric, and it is not hard to prove this. The proof of the symmetry axiom d(g,h) = d(h,g) for a metric uses the assumption that the generating set S is closed under inverse.

Variations
The word metric has an equivalent definition formulated in more geometric terms using the Cayley graph of G with respect to the generating set S. When each edge of the Cayley graph is assigned a metric of length 1, the distance between two group elements g,h in G is equal to the shortest length of a path in the Cayley graph from the vertex g to the vertex h.

The word metric on G can also be defined without assuming that the generating set S is closed under inverse. To do this, first symmetrize S, replacing it by a larger generating set consisting of each $$ s $$ in S as well as its inverse $$ s^{-1} $$. Then define the word metric with respect to S to be the word metric with respect to the symmetrization of S.

Example in a free group

Suppose that F is the free group on the two element set $$\{a,b\}$$. A word w in the symmetric generating set $$\{a,b,a^{-1},b^{-1}\}$$ is said to be reduced if the letters $$ a,a^{-1}$$ do not occur next to each other in w, nor do the letters $$b,b^{-1}$$. Every element $$g \in F$$ is represented by a unique reduced word, and this reduced word is the shortest word representing g. For example, since the word $$w = b^{-1} a$$ is reduced and has length 2, the word norm of $$w$$ equals 2, so the distance in the word norm between $$b$$ and $$a$$ equals 2. This can be visualized in terms of the Cayley graph, where the shortest path between b and a has length 2.

Isometry of the left action
The group G acts on itself by left multiplication: the action of each $$k \in G$$ takes each $$g \in G$$ to $$kg$$. This action is an isometry of the word metric. The proof is simple: the distance between $$kg$$ and $$kh$$ equals $$|(kg)^{-1} (kh)| = |g^{-1} h|$$, which equals the distance between $$g$$ and $$h$$.

Bilipschitz invariants of a group
In general, the word metric on a group G is not unique, because different symmetric generating sets give different word metrics. However, finitely generated word metrics are unique up to bilipschitz equivalence: if $$S$$, $$T$$ are two symmetric, finite generating sets for G with corresponding word metrics $$d_S$$, $$d_T$$, then there is a constant $$K \ge 1$$ such that for any $$g,h \in G$$,

 * $$ \frac{1}{K} \, d_T(g,h) \le d_S(g,h) \le K \, d_T(g,h) $$.

This constant K is just the maximum of the $$d_S$$ word norms of elements of $$T$$ and the $$d_T$$ word norms of elements of $$S$$. This proof is also easy: any word over S can be converted by substitution into a word over T, expanding the length of the word by a factor of at most K, and similarly for converting words over T into words over S.

The bilipschitz equivalence of word metrics implies in turn that the growth rate of a finitely generated group is a well-defined isomorphism invariant of the group, independent of the choice of a finite generating set. This implies in turn that various properties of growth, such as polynomial growth, the degree of polynomial growth, and exponential growth, are isomorphism invariants of groups. This topic is discussed further in the article on the growth rate of a group.

Quasi-isometry invariants of a group
In geometric group theory, groups are studied by their actions on metric spaces. A principle that generalizes the bilipschitz invariance of word metrics says that any finitely generated word metric on G is quasi-isometric to any proper, geodesic metric space on which G acts, properly discontinuously and cocompactly. Metric spaces on which G acts in this manner are called model spaces for G.

It follows in turn that any quasi-isometrically invariant property satisfied by the word metric of G or by any model space of G is an isomorphism invariant of G. Modern geometric group theory is in large part the study of quasi-isometry invariants.

title: Word metric


text: File:Schinkel's Neues Schauspielhaus, Berlin.JPG


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Siems

Siems is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Christa Siems (1916–1990), German film and television actress
 * Margarethe Siems (1879–1952), German operatic soprano and voice teacher
 * Ruth Siems (1931–2005), American home economist
 * Thomas F. Siems, American economist

title: Siems


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James Curtis Hepburn

James Curtis Hepburn (March 13, 1815 – September 21, 1911) was an American physician, educator, translator and lay Christian missionary. He is known for the Hepburn romanization system for transliteration of the Japanese language into the Latin alphabet, which he popularized in his Japanese–English dictionary.

Background and early life

Hepburn was born in Milton, Pennsylvania, on March 13, 1815. He attended Princeton University, earned a master's degree, after which he attended the University of Pennsylvania, where he received his M.D. degree in 1836, and became a physician. He decided to go to China as a medical missionary, but had to stay in Singapore for two years because the Opium War was under way and Chinese ports were closed to foreigners. After five years as a missionary, he returned to the United States in 1845 and opened a medical practice in New York City.

Missionary work in Japan
In 1859, Hepburn went to Japan as a medical missionary with the American Presbyterian Mission. After first arriving in Nagasaki in October 1859, Hepburn swiftly relocated to the newly opened treaty port of Yokohama, opening his first clinic in April 1861 at the Sokoji Temple. Initially residing at Jobutsuji in Kanagawa, a dilapidated temple formerly occupied by the Dutch consulate, Hepburn was the first Christian missionary to take up residence close to the newly opened treaty port. Hepburn's family shared accommodation at Jobutsuji with Dutch Reformed minister Rev. Samuel Robbins Brown and all were quickly absorbed into the local foreign community, Hepburn being appointed honorary physician to the US Consul, Townsend Harris.

Hepburn's first clinic failed as the Bakumatsu authorities, wanting the missionaries to relocate to Yokohama, put pressure on patients to stop going to it. In the spring of 1862 Hepburn and his family relocated to the house and compound at Kyoryuchi No. 39, in the heart of the foreigners residential district in the treaty port of Yokohama. There, in addition to his clinic, he and his wife Clara founded the Hepburn School, which eventually developed into Meiji Gakuin University. Hepburn's Japanese pupils included Furuya Sakuzaemon, Takahashi Korekiyo, and Numa Morikazu.

For his medical contributions to the city of Yokohama, Hepburn Hall was named in his honor on the campus of Yokohama City University School of Medicine.

In May 1867, with the collaboration of his long-time assistant Kishida Ginkō, Hepburn published a Japanese–English dictionary which rapidly became the standard reference work for prospective students of Japanese. In the dictionary's third edition, published in 1886, Hepburn adopted a new system for romanization of the Japanese language developed by the Society for the Romanization of the Japanese Alphabet (Rōmajikai). This system is widely known as the Hepburn romanization because Hepburn's dictionary popularized it. Hepburn also contributed to the translation of the Bible into Japanese.

Later years

Hepburn returned to the United States in 1892. On March 14, 1905, a day after Hepburn's 90th birthday, he was awarded the decoration of the Order of the Rising Sun, third class. Hepburn was the second foreigner to receive this honor.

He died on September 21, 1911, in East Orange, New Jersey, at the age of 96. He is interred in Orange's Rosedale Cemetery.

Publications

 * (first edition) 690pp
 * A Japanese and English dictionary: with and English and Japanese index (1867)
 * Japanese-English and English-Japanese Dictionary (1881)
 * (4th edition), 962pp (gives Japanese next to romaji)
 * A Japanese-English and English-Japanese dictionary (1903)
 * (2nd. ed. abridged), 1032pp (romaji only)

title: James Curtis Hepburn


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aroudme

aroudme was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Misspelled article for software package. Searching for "Barnraiser" "aroundme" gets a mere 131 google hits: non-notable. It looks like an ad to boost rankings. Delete [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 11:51, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Misspelled advertisement. Not likely to even be a useful redirect. Andrewa 17:04, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete, spam Wyss 23:21, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aroudme


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Antisexualism

Antisexualism is opposition or hostility towards sexual behavior and sexuality.

Terminology
Other terms whose meanings overlap or are synonymous or interchangeable with antisexualism include sex-negativism, sex-negative movement, sex-negativity, antisexuality, demonization of sex or as an adjective, anti-sex or sex-negative. In a broader scope, it may refer to a general opposition to sexuality, especially tending to reduce or eliminate the sex drive or sexual activity or a prudish and coitophobic force in society that suppresses sexual freedom and disseminates antisexual opinions. When such an aversion involves hatred, it is sometimes called miserotia or miserotism.

Religious
Some forms of early ascetic Gnosticism held all matter to be evil, and that unnecessary gratifications of the physical senses were to be avoided. Married couples were encouraged to be chaste. In the first century, Marcion of Sinope held an antisexual and ascetic outlook. The Skoptsys were a radical sect of the Russian Orthodox Church that practiced castration and amputation of sexual organs. The Skoptsy believed that Christ had been castrated during his crucifixion, and it was this castration that brought about salvation. Boston Corbett, who was involved in killing John Wilkes Booth, castrated himself after being mocked and tempted by prostitutes. Ann Lee was the founder of the Shakers, a radical Protestant sect that opposed procreation and all sexual activity. The Shakers were more opposed to pregnancy than anything else. Father Divine, founder of the International Peace Mission Movement, advocated religious abstinence from sex and marriage and taught that sexual objectification is a root cause of undesirable social and political conditions.

James Baldwin in The Fire Next Time refers to the United States as an antisexual country dominated by a white culture that regards sensual or soulful behavior by Black Americans as suspect. This contributes to a crisis of Baldwin's Christian faith because it shows that the world does not accept him, and that Christianity has not made white people accepting.

Non-religious
Philosopher Immanuel Kant viewed humans as being subject to the animalistic desires of self-preservation, species-preservation, and the preservation of enjoyment. He argued that humans have a duty to avoid maxims that harm or degrade themselves, including suicide, sexual degradation, and drunkenness. This led Kant to regard sexual intercourse as degrading because it "makes of the loved person an Object of appetite", rather than focusing on their inherent worth as rational beings, which violates Kant's second formulation of the categorical imperative, a philosophical concept he created to judge the morality of actions. He admitted sex only within marriage, which he regarded as "a merely animal union".

Feminist
Various feminist views on sexuality have been described as anti-sex or sex-negative. In particular, second-wave and radical feminist viewpoints and thinkers have been subject to this, including from other feminists.

Prior to the second wave of feminism, which introduced such slogans as "The personal is political" in the 1960s, the subject of women's sexuality had rarely been addressed as a politicized subject, although the subjugation of women by aspects of male sexuality had been discussed. Major feminist organizations, such as the National Organization for Women (NOW) in the United States, primarily focused on male supremacy in the public sphere. It was not until the earliest radical feminist groups began to form in the late 1960s that feminist analysis of women's sexuality started to become widespread.

According to radical feminist theory, sexuality is the primary sphere of patriarchy, with sexual activity, especially heterosexual sex, as the basis of women's oppression by men. Sexuality, according to radical feminists, only serves to revoke the agency of women. Radical feminists oppose the sexual objectification of women, for their sexual and reproductive labor, and hold the view that in a male-dominated society, heterosexual practices involve an imbalance of power and serves to sexualize the oppression of women. Ti-Grace Atkinson wrote of heterosexual sex as a social institution serving the needs of men, but not necessarily of women. This analysis lead some radical feminists to call for women to stop having sex with men altogether, with some advocating for celibacy and others advocating political lesbianism. This led to the second wave polarizing around two camps in what would become known as the feminist sex wars.

Radical feminist writer Julie Bindel describing female bisexuality as a "fashionable trend" pushing for sexual hedonism. She writes, "if bisexual women had an ounce of sexual politics, they would stop sleeping with men."

Multiple authors have objected to radical feminists on this front. Margaret Hunt criticized Sheila Jeffreys for praising women involved in the 19th-century social purity movement, whose "concern with women's victimization" Jeffreys admired.

Naomi Wolf identified a form of feminism she called victim feminism, which she described as "sexually judgmental, even antisexual".

Criticism
Friedrich Nietzsche has many criticisms of Jesus and Christianity. In Human, All Too Human, and Twilight of the Idols for example, Nietzsche accuses the Church's and Jesus' teachings as being anti-natural in their treatment of passions, in particularly sexuality: "There [In the Sermon on the Mount] it is said, for example, with particular reference to sexuality: 'If thy eye offend thee, pluck it out.' Fortunately, no Christian acts in accordance with this precept... the Christian who follows that advice and believes he has killed his sensuality is deceiving himself: it lives on in an uncanny vampire form and torments in repulsive disguises."

Antisexualism drew sharp criticism from Bertrand Russell in his Marriage and Morals:

"Westermarck gives many instances of what he calls 'the curious notion that there is something impure and sinful in ... sexual relations.' ... It should be said to begin with that it is useless to look to beliefs as the source of this kind of attitude. Beliefs of this sort must be in the first place inspired by a mood; it is true that when once they exist they may perpetuate the mood, or at any rate actions in accordance with the mood, but it is hardly likely that they will be the prime causes of an anti-sexual attitude. The two main causes of such an attitude are, I should say, jealousy and sexual fatigue."

According to Bertrand Russell, an anti-sexual attitude must be regarded as purely superstitious and those who first inculcated antisexualism must have suffered from a diseased condition of body or mind, or both.

Anaphrodisiacs
John Harvey Kellogg, the inventor of the "corn flakes" variety of breakfast cereal, was opposed to all forms of sexual activity, especially masturbation. The Road to Wellville satirized his life and practices. According to some sources, the early Christian theologian Origen castrated himself to avoid temptation and remain pure. Female circumcision may have been developed to discourage women from having sex or, alternatively, of removing or diminishing temptations which might lead to infidelity.

Fictional

 * The Junior Anti-Sex League, in George Orwell's dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, was a group of young adult Party members devoted to banning all sexual intercourse.
 * The film Demolition Man takes place in a future in which sexual intercourse is banned – reproduction is achieved clinically and the experience itself is simulated through virtual reality. These attitudes resulted from STD outbreaks that caused widespread fear.
 * The song "Samurai Abstinence Patrol" by comedy music duo Ninja Sex Party, is about a group known as the Samurai Abstinence Patrol who ban all sex in the future.

title: Antisexualism


text:
Hafsid dynasty

The Hafsids (الحفصيون al-Ḥafṣiyūn) were a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Berber descent who ruled Ifriqiya (modern day Tunisia, western Libya, and eastern Algeria) from 1229 to 1574.

Almohad Ifriqiya
The Hafsids were of Berber descent, although to further legitimize their rule, they claimed Arab ancestry from the second Rashidun caliph Omar. The ancestor of the dynasty (from whom their name is derived), was Abu Hafs Umar ibn Yahya al-Hintati, a Berber from the Hintata tribal confederation, which belonged to the greater Masmuda confederation in present-day Morocco. He was a member of the Council of Ten, one of the highest Almohad political bodies, and a close companion of Ibn Tumart, the Almohad movement's founder.

The son of Abu Hafs, Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid ibn Abi Hafs, was appointed by the Almohad caliph Muhammad al-Nasir as governor of Ifriqiya (generally present-day Tunisia, eastern Algeria, and western Libya) where he ruled from 1207 to 1221. He was established in Tunis, which the Almohads had chosen as the province's administrative capital. His appointment came in the wake of the defeat of Yahya Ibn Ghaniya, who had launched a serious attack against Almohad authority in the region. Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid was ultimately quite effective in keeping order. The caliph had granted him a significant degree of autonomy in governing, partly to help persuade him to accept this difficult position in the first place. This laid the groundwork for a future Hafsid state.

When Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid died in 1221, the Almohad chiefs in Ifriqiya initially elected his son, Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman, as the next governor. However, the Almohad caliph in Marrakesh, Yusuf II al-Mustansir, had not consented to this and was able to overrule this and appoint his own relative to the position. As Almohad authority weakened over the following years, local opposition to the Almohad governor compelled the Almohad caliph Abdallah al-Adil to appoint another Hafsid family member to the post in 1226. He chose Abu Muhammad Abdallah, a grandson of Abu Hafs. Abu Muhammad Abdallah's brother, Abu Zakariya Yahya, arrived in Tunis before him and began to reestablish order. When al-Ma'mun, the brother of Abdallah al-Adil, rebelled against the latter's authority from al-Andalus, Abu Zakariya sided with him, whereas Abu Muhammad Abdallah remained loyal to the caliph in Marrakesh. Al-Ma'mun's eventual victory resulted in Abu Zakariya being placed in charge of Ifriqiya in 1228.

Rise to power
A year later, in 1229, al-Ma'mun officially renounced Almohad doctrine. Abu Zakariya used this as a pretext to repudiate his authority and to declare himself independent. By this point, Al-Ma'mun did not have the means to stop him or to reassert control over Ifriqiya. Initially, Abu Zakariya had his name mentioned in the khutba (the sermon during Friday prayer) with the title of amir, but in 1236 or 1237 he began to adopt the caliphal title of Amir al-Mu'minin, in direct challenge to the Almohad caliph in Marrakesh.

Abu Zakariya annexed Constantine (Qusantina) and Béjaïa (Bijaya) in 1230. In 1234, he chased Yahya Ibn Ghaniya out of the countryside south of Constantine in 1234, ending this lingering threat. In 1235 he captured Algiers and then established his authority as far as the Chelif River to the west. In the following years he subdued various rural tribes, such as the Hawwara, but allowed some of the Banu Tujin tribes in the central Maghreb to govern themselves as small vassal states that secured his eastern borders. He welcomed many refugees and immigrants from al-Andalus who were fleeing the advance of the Reconquista. He appointed some of them to important political positions and recruited Andalusi military regiments as a way of counteracting the power and influence of traditional Almohad elites.

For a time, the Nasrid ruler of Granada in al-Andalus, Ibn al-Ahmar, briefly acknowledged Abu Zakariya's suzerainty in an attempt to enlist his help against Christian forces. Ultimately, Hafsid intervention on the Iberian Peninsula was limited to sending a fleet to Muslim Valencia's aid in 1238. Abu Zakariya showed more interest in trying to recreate some of the former authority of the Almohads over the Maghreb and he made attempts to extend his control further west. In 1242, he captured Tlemcen from the Zayyanids, but the Zayyanid leader Yaghmurasan evaded him. The two leaders eventually came to an agreement, with Yaghmurasan continuing to rule in Tlemcen but agreeing to formally recognize Abu Zakariya's authority. That same year, Sijilmasa and Ceuta (Sabta) also recognized his authority, though these would later fall under Marinid control. This policy of western expansion ended with Abu Zakariya's death (1249).

Consolidation and division
His successor, Muhammad I al-Mustansir (r. 1249–1277), focused on consolidating the Hafsid state in Ifriqiya. The state benefited from expanding trade with both Europe and the Sudan region (south of the Sahara). In the western Maghreb (present-day Morocco), the Marinids, who had not yet fully established their rule in the region, formally recognized his authority in 1258. With the fall of Baghdad, the home of the Abbasid caliphs, that same year, the Hafsids were briefly seen as the most important rulers of the Muslim world. The Sharif of Mecca, Abu Numayy, temporarily recognized him as caliph in 1259.

It was during his reign that the failed Eighth Crusade took place, led by Louis IX of France. After landing at Carthage, Louis died of dysentery in the middle of his army decimated by disease in 1270.

After al-Mustansir's death in 1277, the Hafsids were riven by internal conflict, aggravated by interference from Aragon. This resulted in a split in the dynasty: one branch ruled from Tunis in the east and another branch ruled from Béjaïa (Bijaya) and Constantine (Qusantina) in the west. This division continued to characterize Hafsid politics for much of its history, with the balance of power sometimes shifting from one side to another and with intermittent successes at unifying both branches under one rule. After the initial split, the first successful reunification took place under Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II ((r. 1318 – 1346)), the ruler of the western branch who managed to take control of Tunis.

Marinid invasions and internal crisis
Abu Yahya Abu Bakr's rule remained unstable and he resorted to making alliances with the Zayyanids and Marinids to the west. His agreement with the Marinid ruler, Abu al-Hasan ((r. 1331 – 1348)), included a marriage to his sister, who subsequently died during a failed Marinid expedition in Spain, followed by another marriage to his daughter. When Abu Yahya Abu Bakr died in 1346, his intended heir, Abu'l Abbas, was killed in Tunis by his brother, Umar, who seized power. Abu'l Abbas's chamberlain, Abu Muhammad Abdallah ibn Tafrajin, sent a letter to Abu al-Hasan urging him to intervene and invade Ifriqiya. Abu al-Hasan, having already conquered Tlemcen in 1337, seized the opportunity to further expand. He conquered Tunis in 1347 and the Hafsid governors in the region accepted his authority.

The invasion, however, disturbed the balance of power in favour of the Bedouin Arab tribes, whom the Marinids were unable to sway. Ibn Tafrajin, who had hoped to be placed in power by the Marinids, fled to Egypt. The situation in Ifriqiya devolved into further disorder and internal rivalries, and Abu al-Hasan was forced to return west in 1349, partly to deal with a coup d'état by his son, Abu Inan. Ibn Tafrajin returned to Ifriqiya and, with Bedouin support, installed another young son of Abu Yahya Abu Bakr, Abu Ishaq, as ruler. Abu Inan, having successfully taken the throne from his father, invaded Ifriqiya again and captured Tunis in August 1357, but he was soon forced by his own troops to abandon the region. He returned west, retaining control only of Constantine and the cities of the central Maghreb for a time.

During the mid-14th century, plague epidemics brought to Ifriqiya from Sicily caused a considerable fall in population, further weakening the Hafsid realm. To stop raids from southern tribes during plague epidemics, the Hafsids turned to the Banu Hilal to protect their rural population.

Apogee
After the Marinid threat ended, attempts to reunify the Hafsids failed until Abu al-Abbas Ahmad II ((r. 1370 – 1394)), the emir of Béjaïa and Constantine, conquered Tunis in 1370. A capable ruler and military leader, he reestablished Hafsid authority on stronger terms, centralizing power to a greater extent than ever before. Meanwhile, the Zayyanids and Marinids were occupied by internal matters.

Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II's reign ((r. 1394 – 1434)) was considered the apogee of Hafsid power and prosperity by contemporary writers. He further consolidated his dynasty's power in Ifriqiya and extended his influence over the Zayyanids and Marinids (and the Wattasids who succeeded the latter).

The beginning of his reign was not easy since the cities of the south revolted against him. However, the new sultan quickly regained control: he reoccupied Tozeur (1404), Gafsa (1401), and Biskra (1402), subdued tribal power in the regions of Constantine and Béjaïa (1397–1402), and appointed governors of these regions to be elected officers. He also intervened against his western and eastern neighbors. He annexed Tripoli (1401) and Algiers (1410–1411). In 1424, he defeated the Zayyanid sultan, Abu Malik Abd al-Wahid, and placed another Zayyanid, Abu Abdallah Muhammad IV, on the throne of Tlemcen as his vassal. In 1428, the latter became embroiled in another war with Abu Malik Abd al-Wahid – who had now won his own support from the Hafsids – and was eventually replaced by yet another Zayyanid relative with Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz's help in 1431. Around the same time (probably in 1426), Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz also helped to install Abd al-Haqq II on the Marinid throne in Fez – under the regency of Abu Zakariya Yahya al-Wattasi – and thus obtained from him a recognition of Hafsid suzerainty.

In 1429, the Hafsids attacked the island of Malta and took 3000 slaves, although they did not conquer the island. Kaid Ridavan was the military leader during the attack. The profits were used for a great building programme and to support art and culture. However, piracy also provoked retaliation from the Christians, which several times launched attacks and crusades against Hafsid coastal cities such as the Barbary crusade (1390), the Bona crusade (1399) and the capture of Djerba in 1423.

Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II died in 1434 during another expedition against Tlemcen. His successor, Abu 'Amr 'Uthman, had the longest reign of any Hafsid ((r. 1435 – 1488)). He largely continued the strong rule of his predecessors but he had to contend with greater challenges, including internal politics, restive Bedouin tribes in the south, and the Wattasids in the west.

Uthman conquered Tripolitania in 1458 and appointed a governor in Ouargla in 1463. He led two expeditions to Tlemcen in 1462 and 1466 and made the Zayyanids his vassals, while the Wattasid state in Morocco also formally accepted his authority. The entire Maghreb was thus briefly under Hafsid suzerainty.

Fall
In the 16th century the Hafsids became increasingly caught up in the power struggle between Spain and the Ottoman Empire-supported Corsairs. The Ottomans conquered Tunis in 1534 and held it for one year, driving out the Hafsid ruler Moulay Hassan. A year later the King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V seized Tunis, drove the Ottomans out and restored Muley Hassan as a Habsburg tributary. Due to the Ottoman threat, the Hafsids were vassals of Spain after 1535. The Ottomans again conquered Tunis in 1569 and held it for four years. Don Juan of Austria recaptured it in 1573. The Ottomans reconquered Tunis in 1574, and Muhammad VI, the last Caliph of the Hafsids, was brought to Constantinople and was subsequently executed due to his collaboration with Spain and the desire of the Ottoman Sultan to take the title of Caliph as he now controlled Mecca and Medina.

Economy
The Hafsids, with their location in Ifriqiya, was rich in agriculture and trade. Instead of placing the capital at inland cities such as Kairouan, Tunis was chosen as the capital due to its position on the coast as a port linking the Western and Eastern Mediterranean. Christian merchants from Europe were given their own enclaves in various cities on the Mediterranean coast, promoting trans-Mediterranean trade. Under the Hafsids, commerce and diplomatic relations with Christian Europe grew significantly, however piracy against Christian shipping grew as well, particularly during the rule of Abd al-Aziz II (1394–1434). By the mid-14th century, the population of Tunis had grown to 100,000. The Hafsids also had a large stake in trans-Saharan trade through the caravan routes from Tunis to Timbuktu and from Tripoli to sub-Saharan Africa.

Intellectual activity
The Hafsids were effective patrons of culture and education. They were the first to introduce madrasas to the Maghreb. Arabic literacy and religious education thus increased, with Kairouan, Tunis and Bijaya hosting famous university-mosques. Kairouan continued to serve as a center of the Maliki school of religious doctrine. As the political center of the country shifted to Tunis, the Great Mosque of al-Zaytuna, the city's main mosque, became the country's leading center of learning. Of great impact on culture were immigrants from al-Andalus, whom Abu Zakariya encouraged to come to his realm in the 13th century. Among the most important figures was the famous historian and intellectual, Ibn Khaldun.

Architecture
The Hafsids were significant builders, particularly under the reigns of successful leaders like Abu Zakariya (r. 1229–1249) and Abu Faris (r. 1394–1434), though not many of their monuments have survived intact to the present-day. While Kairouan remained an important religious center, Tunis was the capital and progressively replaced it as the main city of the region and the main center of architectural patronage. Unlike the architecture further west, Hafsid architecture was built primarily in stone (rather than brick or mudbrick) and appears to have featured much less decoration. In reviewing the history of architecture in the western Islamic world, scholar Jonathan Bloom remarks that Hafsid architecture seems to have "largely charted a course independent of the developments elsewhere in the Maghrib."

The Kasbah Mosque of Tunis was one of the first works of this period, built by Abu Zakariya (the first independent Hafsid ruler) at the beginning of his reign. Its floor plan had noticeable differences from previous Almohad-period mosques but the minaret, completed in 1233, bears very strong resemblance to the minaret of the earlier Almohad Kasbah Mosque in Marrakesh. Other foundations from the Hafsid period in Tunis include the Haliq Mosque (13th century) and the al-Hawa Mosque (1375). The Bardo Palace (today a national museum) was also begun by the Hafsids in the 15th century, and is mentioned in historical records for the first time during the reign of Abu Faris. The Hafsids also made significant renovations to the much older Great Mosque of Kairouan – renovating its ceiling, reinforcing its walls, and building or rebuilding two of its entrance gates in 1293 – as well as to the Great Mosque of al-Zaytuna in Tunis.

The Hafsids also introduced the first madrasas to the region, beginning with the Madrasa al-Shamma῾iyya built in Tunis in 1238 (or in 1249 according to some sources  ). This was followed by many others (almost all of them in Tunis) such as the Madrasa al-Hawa founded in the 1250s, the Madrasa al-Ma'ridiya (1282), and the Madrasa al-Unqiya (1341). Many of these early madrasas, however, have been poorly preserved or have been considerably modified in the centuries since their foundation. The Madrasa al-Muntasiriya, completed in 1437, is among the best preserved madrasas of the Hafsid period.

title: Hafsid dynasty


text: Category:UK Government

title: Category:UK Government


text:
2004 Pitcairnese general election

General elections were held in the Pitcairn Islands on 15 December 2004. Voters elected a mayor, a council chairman, and four councillors to sit on the island council.

Mayor
For the mayoralty, Jay Warren defeated Mike Warren and the incumbent Brenda Christian, who had held the office since 8 November in an interim capacity following Governor Richard Fell's dismissal of her brother, Steve Christian, on 29 October following his five rape convictions.

Council chairman
The chairmanship of the council was won by Mike Warren, who defeated Brenda Christian, Jay Warren and Pawl Warren.

Island council
The four ordinary councillors to be elected were Meralda Warren, Olive Christian, Carol Warren and Lea Brown. Unsuccessful candidates included Brenda Christian, Jay Warren, Mike Warren, Pawl Warren, Tom Christian, Charlene Warren, Darralyn Griffith, Vaine Peu, Daphe Warren and Nola Warren.

Reaction
Speaking from his British High Commission office in Wellington, New Zealand, Deputy Governor Matthew Forbes told Radio New Zealand that he welcomed Jay Warren's election as mayor. "We appointed Jay as chairman of the (island's) internal committee in the period after the trials and before this election," Forbes said. "He's very experienced and I'm sure he'll make a very good mayor."

title: 2004 Pitcairnese general election


text:
Hugh Gordon Porteus

Hugh Gordon Porteus (1906–1993) was an influential reviewer of art and literature in the London of the 1930s, and also a poet. He was an admirer of Wyndham Lewis and wrote the first critical book on him, published in 1932. Lewis portrayed Porteus as the character "Rotter" Parkinson in his novel Self Condemned.

Life
He trained as an artist, and had a particular interest in Chinese art. He dressed in an affected way, and sometimes in imitation of Wyndham Lewis, and was considered somewhat eccentric; but he was an engaging and interesting conversationalist. He was also a gossip, and the reason why George Orwell attacked Lewis as a Stalinist in Partisan Review: Lewis had joked with Roy Campbell (another gossip) about writing a book on Stalin, Campbell had mentioned this to Porteus, and Porteus told this to Orwell as factual. A Lewis disciple, he was indiscreet about his teacher.

As literary editor of The Twentieth Century, monthly magazine of the Promethean Society in the early 1930s, he boosted the career of George Barker, about whom he wrote for Scrutiny. The Twentieth Century was published from March 1931 to May 1933, and printed poetry by W. H. Auden, Stephen Spender and Michael Roberts. Porteus published a review there of Wyndham Lewis's Hitler (1931), that was "unqualified praise". Lewis gave a public reading of his One Way Song in 1933 in Kensington Gardens, to an audience of Porteus and a flock of sheep.

He was also a long-time supporter and friend of Lawrence Durrell, whom he in 1946 compared to James Joyce and T. S. Eliot. He wrote in a hostile way about Laura Riding; and he compared John Middleton Murry in 1933 to "a renegade freelance vicar", in Time and Tide.

He wrote on Barbara Hepworth, Patrick Heron and John Piper, amongst others. He was included in the Cairo poets World War II group, having been stationed with the RAF on the Suez Canal (miserably seasick on the journey out). At the end of the war Ezra Pound, held prisoner, asked for Porteus to be given the work of checking the ideograms in the Pisan Cantos. Porteus wrote a 1950 essay Ezra Pound and His Chinese Character: A Radical Examination.

Jeffrey Meyers interviewed Porteus at length while researching his (1980) biography of Wyndham Lewis and published in 2016 a memoir of Porteus.

Works

 * Wyndham Lewis: A Discursive Exposition (1932)
 * Background to Chinese Art (1935)

title: Hugh Gordon Porteus


text:
Shine–Dalgarno sequence

The Shine–Dalgarno (SD) sequence is a ribosomal binding site in bacterial and archaeal messenger RNA, generally located around 8 bases upstream of the start codon AUG. The RNA sequence helps recruit the ribosome to the messenger RNA (mRNA) to initiate protein synthesis by aligning the ribosome with the start codon. Once recruited, tRNA may add amino acids in sequence as dictated by the codons, moving downstream from the translational start site.

The Shine–Dalgarno sequence is common in bacteria, but rarer in archaea. It is also present in some chloroplast and mitochondrial transcripts. The six-base consensus sequence is AGGAGG; in Escherichia coli, for example, the sequence is AGGAGGU, while the shorter dominates in E. coli virus T4 early genes.

The Shine–Dalgarno sequence was proposed by Australian scientists John Shine and Lynn Dalgarno in 1973.

Translation start sites
Using a method developed by Hunt,  Shine and Dalgarno showed that the nucleotide tract at the 3' end of E. coli 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) (that is, the end where translation begins) is pyrimidine-rich and has the specific sequence. They proposed that these ribosomal nucleotides recognize the complementary purine-rich sequence, which is found upstream of the start codon AUG in a number of mRNAs found in viruses that affect E. coli. Many studies have confirmed that base pairing between the Shine–Dalgarno sequence in mRNA and the 3' end of 16S rRNA is of prime importance for initiation of translation by bacterial ribosomes.

Given the complementary relationship between rRNA and the Shine–Dalgarno sequence in mRNA, it was proposed that the sequence at the 3'-end of the rRNA determines the capacity of the prokaryotic ribosome to translate a particular gene in an mRNA. Base pairing between the 3'-end of the rRNA and the Shine–Dalgarno sequence in mRNA is a mechanism by which the cell can distinguish between initiator AUGs and internal and/or out-of-frame AUG sequences. The degree of base pairing also plays a role in determining the rate of initiation at different AUG initiator codons.

Translation termination
In 1973 Dalgarno and Shine proposed that in eukaryotes, the 3'-end of the small 18S rRNA may play a role in the termination of protein synthesis by complementary base pairing with termination codons. This came from their observation that the 3' terminal sequences of 18S rRNA from Drosophila melanogaster, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and rabbit cells are identical: GAUCAUUA -3'OH. The conservation of this sequence between such distantly related eukaryotes implied that this nucleotide tract played an important role in the cell. Since this conserved sequence contained the complement of each of the three eukaryotic termination codons (UAA, UAG and UGA) it was proposed to have a role in the termination of protein synthesis in eukaryotes. A similar role for the 3' end of 16S rRNA in recognising termination triplets in E.coli was proposed in 1974 by Shine and Dalgarno on the basis of complementarity relationships between the 3'-terminal UUA-OH in 16S rRNA and E.coli termination codons. In F1 phage, a class of viruses that infect bacteria, the sequence coding for the first few amino acids often contains termination triplets in the two unused reading frames. In a commentary on this paper, it was noted that complementary base pairing with the 3'-terminus of 16S rRNA might serve to abort peptide bond formation after out-of-phase initiation.

Sequence and protein expression
Mutations in the Shine–Dalgarno sequence can reduce or increase translation in prokaryotes. This change is due to a reduced or increased mRNA-ribosome pairing efficiency, as evidenced by the fact that compensatory mutations in the 3'-terminal 16S rRNA sequence can restore translation.

title: Shine–Dalgarno sequence


text:
All Our Yesterdays

All Our Yesterdays may refer to:

Television

 * All Our Yesterdays (TV series), a 1960 UK popular history programme
 * "All Our Yesterdays" (Star Trek: The Original Series), a 1969 episode of Star Trek: The Original Series

Literature

 * "Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow", a soliloquy from the 1623 play Macbeth, Act 5 Scene 5, and the origin of the phrase
 * All Our Yesterdays (book), a 1969 history of 1940s science fiction fandom, by Harry Warner, Jr.
 * All Our Yesterdays (novel), a 1994 novel by Robert B. Parker

Albums

 * All Our Yesterdays, a 1988 compilation album by Alien Sex Fiend
 * All Our Yesterdays (EP), a 2011 EP by Verah Falls
 * All Our Yesterdays (Blackmore's Night album), 2015

Songs

 * "All Our Yesterdays", a song by Allan Holdsworth from his 1986 album Atavachron
 * "All Our Yesterdays", a 2010 song by Alan Parsons
 * "All Our Yesterdays", a song by Mac Demarco from his 2019 album Here Comes the Cowboy

title: All Our Yesterdays


text:
Leif Segerstam

Leif Selim Segerstam (, ; born 2 March 1944) is a Finnish conductor, composer, violinist, violist and pianist, especially known for writing 371 symphonies (as of January 2024), along with other works in his extensive oeuvre.

Segerstam has conducted a variety of orchestras since 1963; mostly American, Australian and European. He is widely known through his recordings, which include the complete symphonies of Blomdahl, Brahms, Mahler, Nielsen, and Sibelius, as well as many works by contemporary composers, such as the American composers John Corigliano and Christopher Rouse, the Finnish composer Einojuhani Rautavaara, Swedish composer Allan Pettersson and the Russian composer Alfred Schnittke.

His contributions to the Finnish music scene, and his vibrant personality, have contributed to his fame. He is well known for his high energy during performances, contributing to the musicality of the orchestra as a whole.

Biography
Leif Segerstam was born on 2 March 1944 in Vaasa, to Selim Segerstam and Viola Maria Kronqvist, into a musical family. Selim made several song books as a living. The Segerstams then moved to Helsinki in 1947. In Leif's time in school, he played the violin and the viola in the Helsinki Youth Orchestra.

Segerstam's debut concert as a violinist was in 1962, and his conducting debut was in 1963, with Rossini's The Barber of Seville, in Tampere. Following the premiere, Segerstam was hired to conduct the Finnish National Opera, and a year later, he conducted the Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra. He conducted modern works, such as Stravinsky's Symphony of Psalms and Shostakovich's 1st symphony.

Segerstam studied violin, piano and conducting at the Sibelius Academy in Helsinki, and received a diploma in conducting in 1963. He studied conducting as well at the Juilliard School in New York with Jean Morel, and received his postgraduate diploma in 1965.

Segerstam became the conductor, and later on, artistic director of the Stockholm's Royal Opera in 1968 and began working with the German Opera in Berlin as well as the Finnish National Opera in the early 1970s. Segerstam served as chief conductor of the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra from 1995 to 2007, and now holds the title of Chief Conductor Emeritus with the orchestra. At the same time, he was chief conductor of the Stockholm's Royal Opera and the Savonlinna Opera Festival in Finland until 2000. He has held positions with numerous other orchestras, including the Danish National Radio Symphony and the Austrian Radio Symphony, and has guest-conducted many orchestras throughout the world including the Chicago Symphony, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the Toronto Symphony, the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra, and the Symphony Orchestra of the State of São Paulo. From autumn 1997 to spring 2013, he was Professor of Orchestra Conducting at the Sibelius Academy in Helsinki. His students include Susanna Mälkki, Mikk Murdvee, Sasha Mäkilä and Markku Laakso.

In 2004, he made a cameo appearance in the film Pelicanman.

Compositions
As a composer, he is especially known for his many symphonies, which number 371 as of March 2024. Most of his symphonies last for about 20 minutes, are formed of a single movement and are performed without a conductor. An example of this would be his 37th symphony which at its premiere featured Segerstam at the piano, leading the orchestra "in a relatively free form". This is partially inspired by Sibelius' 7th symphony. More than a hundred of Segerstam's symphonies have been performed.

Many of his compositions are influenced by nature, and he is often praised for his contributions to Nordic music. He developed a personal approach to aleatory composition through a style called "free pulsation" in which musical events interact flexibly in time, with his composition method persistent throughout his œuvre. His fifth string quartet, the 'Lemming' (1970), ushered in his new chapter of post-expressionistic writing of the 1960s. This composition approach proved to be a quick way of writing large blocks of sound (the temporal order of events being left to the performer) and permitted an exceptionally prolific output. Instead of constituting individual works, his music is more like a musical stream of consciousness (under the headings of Thoughts, Episode and Orchestral Diary Sheet). It also means that there are numerous scorings of the same piece. This method was first used in his 5th String Quartet, the "Lemming Quartet".

Among Segerstam's juvenilia (1960–1969) are four string quartets from 1962–1966, and the post-impressionist ballet Pandora from 1967. The quartets are usually labeled as from his "Post-Expressionist" period.

In 2015 Segerstam began work on an opera, Völvan, with a libretto by Elisabeth Wärnfeldt.

Personal life
He was married to the violinist Hannele Segerstam (concertmaster of the Finnish RSO), with whom he had two children, Jan and Pia. Pia is a professional cellist; Jan is a businessman. After Segerstam's divorce from Hannele, he married the Helsinki Philharmonic harpist Minnaleena Jankko in 2002, with whom he had three children: Violaelina (born 1997), Selimoskar (born 1998) and Iirisilona (born 1999). In 2009, it was announced that their marriage would end.

Works

 * 352 symphonies
 * 30 string quartets
 * 13 violin concertos
 * 8 cello concertos
 * 4 viola concertos
 * 4 piano concertos

Awards
In 1962, he won the Maj Lind Piano Competition. In 1999, he was awarded the Nordic Council Music Prize for his work as a "tireless champion of Scandinavian Music". In spring 2003, he received Svenska Kulturfonden’s prize for his meritorious action in the field of music. In 2014, the President of Finland granted Segerstam the title of Professor and he was awarded the annual State Prize for Music in Finland. In 2005, he was awarded the highly esteemed Sibelius Medal.

Selected discography
This is a list of selected orchestral recordings conducted by Segerstam.

title: Leif Segerstam


text:
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Hello, I don't mean to sound rude, but some people here don't like the name "troll" in a username.--198 23:29, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:TrollVandal


text:
Fox–North coalition

The Fox–North coalition was a government in Great Britain that held office during 1783. As the name suggests, the ministry was a coalition of the groups supporting Charles James Fox and Lord North. The official head was William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland, who took office on 2 April 1783.

Fox was a Whig by background, and North came from the nominal Tory Party; however, both had fallen out with the government of Lord Shelburne. They combined their forces in the House of Commons to throw out Shelburne's ministry and then form a government of their own.

King George III despised the government, and Fox in particular, but found that no other ministry could be formed at this stage despite several offers to William Pitt the Younger. Consequently, the King declined to provide the government with the normal tools of patronage, and it was forced to look elsewhere.

The Treaty of Paris was signed during this government on 3 September 1783, formally ending the American Revolutionary War. The government also came under strain when, from the opposition, Pitt introduced a proposal for electoral reform to tackle bribery and rotten boroughs. The proposal did not pass, but caused tensions within the coalition which contained both proponents and opponents of political reform.

The British East India Company was in trouble; Fox proposed nationalising it, thus providing the government with a new source of appointments so that it could reward and maintain support. The East India Bill was introduced and passed in the Commons, but the King remained deeply opposed. He informed the House of Lords that he would regard any peer who voted for the bill as his enemy. The bill was defeated on 17 December 1783 and the King immediately dismissed the coalition. It was succeeded by a government formed by William Pitt the Younger.

After being dismissed, Fox and North tried to force Pitt from power through defeat in the House of Commons, but he refused to resign. The response of opinion in the country, evidenced by petitions, resolutions of borough corporations and the actions of the London mobs, showed strong opposition to the coalition and support for Pitt. In March 1784 a general election was called in which Pitt's government made massive gains, especially in constituencies decided by popular votes.

title: Fox–North coalition