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Māngere

Māngere is a major suburb in South Auckland, New Zealand, located on mainly flat land on the northeastern shore of the Manukau Harbour, to the northwest of Manukau City Centre and 15 kilometres south of the Auckland city centre. It is the location of Auckland Airport, which lies close to the harbour's edge to the south of the suburb.

The area has been inhabited by Tāmaki Māori since early periods of Māori history, including large-scale agricultural stonefields, such as Ihumātao, and Māngere Mountain, which was home to a fortified pā. Te Ākitai Waiohua communities in Māngere thrived in the 1840s and 1850s after the establishment of a Wesleyan Mission and extensive wheat farms, until the Invasion of the Waikato in 1863. Māngere remained a rural community until the mid-20th Century, when Māngere became one of the largest state housing developments in Auckland.

Etymology
The name Māngere is a shortened form of the Māori language name Ngā Hau Māngere, a name given to the area by Taikehu, one of the rangatira of the Tainui canoe, referring to the gentle breezes in the area. The spelling of the area was inconsistent in English in the 19th century, with Māngere variously spelt Mangere, Mangerei or Mangare. The spelling Mangere became more consistently used after 1897, when the post office began using this spelling. In 2019, the name of the suburb was officially gazetted as Māngere, with a macron.

Central Māngere was traditionally known by the name Taotaoroa, or "The Extensive Plains".

Geography

Māngere is a peninsula of the Manukau Harbour, south of the Auckland isthmus. Many features of the Auckland volcanic field can be found around Māngere, most visibly Māngere Mountain, an 106-metre volcanic cone to the north-west. The oldest known feature is the Boggust Park Crater, which erupted an estimated 130,000 years ago, while the most recent feature is Waitomokia, which erupted around 20,300 years before the present. The low-lying volcanic features of the area, such as the Māngere Lagoon, Crater Hill, and Pukaki Lagoon were collectively known by the name Nga Tapuwae a Mataoho ("The Sacred Footprints of Mataoho") to Tāmaki Māori peoples, referring to the deity who was involved in their creation.

A number of waterways are found in the area, including the Tararata Creek and Harania Creek which drain into the Māngere Inlet in the north, and the Pūkaki Creek and Waokauri Creek in the south.

Māori history

The first evidence of Tāmaki Māori in the coastal Māngere area comes from the 14th century, with evidence of the first settlements later in the 15th century. The Pūkaki Creek formed an important part of the Waokauri / Pūkaki portage, connecting the Manukau Harbour and Tāmaki River via Papatoetoe, and was often used by Tāmaki Māori to avoid the Te Tō Waka and Karetu portages, controlled by the people who lived at Ōtāhuhu / Mount Richmond. Much of the coastal Manukau Harbour area was farmed using Polynesian stonefield agricultural techniques, such as the Ōtuataua Stonefields at Ihumātao.

In the early 18th century, Te Pane o Mataaho / Māngere Mountain was a major pā for the Waiohua, a confederacy of Tāmaki Māori iwi. The mountain complex may have been home to thousands of people, with the mountain acting as a central place for rua (food storage pits). Paramount chief Kiwi Tāmaki stayed at Māngere seasonally, when it was the time of year to hunt sharks in the Manukau Harbour. The southern slopes of Te Pane o Mataaho / Māngere Mountain were known as Taotaoroa, an extensive garden that sat between wetlands, and fed by the waters of three streams: Te Ararata (Tararata Creek), the Harania Creek and the Ōtaki Creek, a tributary of the Tāmaki River.

In the early 1740s, Kiwi Tāmaki was slain in battle by the Te Taoū hapū of Ngāti Whātua. After the battle, most Waiohua fled the region, although many of the remaining Waiohua warriors regrouped at Te Pane o Mataaho. The warriors strew pipi shells around the base of the mountain to warn against attacks, but Te Taoū warriors covered the pipi shells with dogskin cloaks to muffle the sound, and raided the pā at dawn. An alternate name for the mountain, Te Ara Pueru ("the dogskin cloak path"), references this event.

After the events of this war, Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei, a hapū created by the members of Te Taoū who remained near the Tāmaki isthmus, who intermarried with defeated members of Waiohua, settled the region. Originally the iwi were based on Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill, but after the death of paramount chief Tūperiri (circa 1795), the Māngere Bridge area and Onehunga became permanent kāinga (settlements) for Ngāti Whātua. The location was chosen because of the good quality soils for gardening, resources from the Manukau Harbour, and the area acting as a junction for surrounding trade routes. Māngere-Onehunga remained the principal residence of Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei until the 1840s, before the iwi moved to Ōrākei.

When the Waiohua people began to re-establish themselves in the Tāmaki Makaurau area in the latter 18th century, most settled around the Manukau Harbour and South Auckland. A major iwi who formed in the area from these people was Te Ākitai Waiohua. By the 19th Century, most Tāmaki Māori peoples moved away from fortified pā and favoured kāinga closer to resources and transport routes. A kāinga called Te Ararata was found near modern central Māngere along the banks of the Tararata Creek, and the central Māngere area was used as an area for growing food, medicine and plants for weaving.

In the 1820s and early 1830s, the threat of Ngāpuhi raiders from the north during the Musket Wars caused most of the Tāmaki Makaurau area to become deserted. During this period, a peace accord between Ngāpuhi and Waikato Tainui was reached through the marriage of Matire Toha, daughter of Ngāpuhi chief Rewa was married to Kati Takiwaru, the younger brother of Tainui chief Pōtatau Te Wherowhero, and they settled together on the slopes of Māngere Mountain. Ngāti Whātua returned to the Māngere-Onehunga area by the mid-1830s, re-establishing a pā on Māngere Mountain called Whakarongo.

Colonial period and land confiscation

In January 1836 missionary William Thomas Fairburn brokered a land sale between Tāmaki Māori chiefs, Pōtatau Te Wherowhero and Turia of Ngāti Te Rau, covering the majority of modern-day South Auckland between Ōtāhuhu and Papakura. The sale was envisioned as a way to end hostilities in the area, but it is unclear what the chiefs understood or consented to. Māori continued to live in South Auckland, unchanged by this sale. Fairburn was criticised for the sheer size of the purchase, and in 1842 the Crown significantly reduced the size of his land holdings, and the Crown partitioned much of the land for European settlers.

On 20 March 1840, Ngāti Whātua chief Apihai Te Kawau signed the Treaty of Waitangi at Orua Bay on the Manukau Harbour, inviting Lieutenant-Governor William Hobson to settle in Auckland, hoping this would protect the land and people living in Tāmaki Makaurau. In the winter of 1840, Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei moved the majority of the iwi to the Waitematā Harbour, with most iwi members resettling to the Remuera-Ōrākei area, closer to the new European settlement at Waihorotiu (modern-day Auckland CBD). A smaller Ngāti Whātua presence remained at Māngere-Onehunga, as well as members of Te Uringutu, and the western banks of the Waokauri Creek were reserved by the Crown as a native settlement in the 1850s, around the Te Ākitai Waiohua kāinga.

In the late 1840s, a Wesleyan Mission was established at Ihumātao. The area flourished as a farming area primarily for wheat and oat crops, which were processed at a mill at Ihumātao. Until the 1860s, the Māori population of the Manukau Harbour and Waikato areas produced goods to sell or barter at the port of Onehunga. During this period, the Māori population of Māngere was significantly larger than the European population.

On 9 July 1863, due to fears of the Māori King Movement, Governor Grey proclaimed that all Māori living in the South Auckland area needed to swear loyalty to the Queen and give up their weapons. Most people refused due to strong links to Tainui, leaving for the south before the Government's Invasion of the Waikato. Six men remained in the Māngere area, in order to tend to the farms and for ahi kā (land rights through continued occupation). Lieutenant-Colonel Marmaduke Nixon, who settled on the shores of the Pūkaki Creek in the 1850s, arrested his neighbour, the Te Ākitai Waiohua rangatira Ihaka Takanini, who later died on Rakino Island.

European settlers continued to live in the area, often looting the abandoned settlements. In 1867, the Native Compensation Court returned 144 of the original 485 acres that had been seized by the crown. The remaining land was kept by the crown as reserves, or sold on to British immigrant farmers. Te Ākitai Waiohua began returning to the area in 1866, settling to the west of Pūkaki Creek and at Ihumātao.

Farming community

In 1862, the first local government was established in the area, with the formation of the Mangerei Highway Board. The first school, Mangere Central School, opened in 1859, and churches were built in central Māngere in 1874 and 1894. Māngere had become known as a wheat-producing area, and by the 1880s became known for dairy farming. In October 1887, Ambury and English Ltd opened a dairy factory in the area, supplying milk from the dairy farms (which includes modern day Ambury Regional Park, and farms along Wallace Road and Creamery Road) to their stores on Karangahape Road and Ponsonby Road. The creamery closed in 1937, and in 1943 operations were sold to the New Zealand Co-operative Dairy Company. By 1915, Chinese New Zealand market garden were established around Māngere.

The Māngere area was primarily rural for the first half of the 20th century, except for the Māngere Bridge area, where the first suburban housing developed in 1875 after the construction of the first Māngere Bridge. Māngere East began to develop as a suburban area after the opening of the Otahuhu Railway Workshops in the late 1920s. The Pukaki Lagoon was drained and used as a speedway from 1928 until World War II, and by the 1950s Croatian immigrant Andrew Fistonich established the first vineyards in the area, which later grew to become Villa Maria Estates.

In the 1950s, Chinese New Zealand gardeners Fay Gock and Joe Gock began cultivating kūmara (sweet potatoes) at their farm beside the Pūkaki Creek, using plants donated to them by their neighbours at Pūkaki Marae. The Gocks developed a disease-resistant variety of kūmara that became the modern Owairaka Red variety.

State housing and suburban development

In 1958, the Mangere Aerodrome was chosen by the New Zealand Government as the site of a new purpose-built airport, to replace the RNZAF Base Auckland at Whenuapai served as the civilian airport for Auckland. The Auckland Airport opened in 1966. In 1962, central Māngere was chosen as a location for a large-scale state housing development. This followed Glen Innes and Ōtara as the third large-scale state housing development in Auckland aimed a low-income families, centred around a retail and community centre. By the 1980s, central Māngere had become one of the more economically deprived areas in New Zealand. By the early 2000s, Māngere had become a multicultural area of Auckland.

In 1997, State Highway 20 (commonly known as the Southwestern Motorway) extended south to Massey Road. The entire Western Ring Route project, connecting the Northwestern Motorway to the Southern Motorway was completed in 2017. In the 2010s, discussions began to create a light rail connection between the Auckland city centre to Māngere. After the 2023 New Zealand general election, plans for light rail to Māngere were placed on hold.

Demographics
Māngere covers 9.04 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Māngere had a population of 21,363 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 2,067 people (10.7%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 2,613 people (13.9%) since the 2006 census. There were 4,317 households, comprising 10,407 males and 10,950 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.95 males per female, with 5,997 people (28.1%) aged under 15 years, 5,703 (26.7%) aged 15 to 29, 8,010 (37.5%) aged 30 to 64, and 1,650 (7.7%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 11.6% European/Pākehā, 16.1% Māori, 68.1% Pacific peoples, 17.5% Asian, and 1.0% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 39.7, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 14.4% had no religion, 64.7% were Christian, 2.3% had Māori religious beliefs, 4.9% were Hindu, 7.7% were Muslim, 0.7% were Buddhist and 0.7% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 1,452 (9.4%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 3,582 (23.3%) people had no formal qualifications. 939 people (6.1%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 7,236 (47.1%) people were employed full-time, 1,647 (10.7%) were part-time, and 975 (6.3%) were unemployed.

Local government
The first local government in the area was the Mangerei Highway Board, which formed in 1862. Māngere for the 19th and early 20th Centuries, Māngere was a rural area within the Manukau County. Māngere Bridge and Māngere East were established as town districts in 1954 and 1955. In 1965, the area became a part of the Manukau City, In November 2010, all cities and districts of the Auckland Region were amalgamated into a single body, governed by the Auckland Council.

Māngere is a part of the Māngere-Ōtāhuhu local board area. The residents of Māngere elect members of the Māngere-Ōtāhuhu Local Board, as well as two councillors from the Manukau ward to sit on the Auckland Council.

Sport and recreation

The Māngere Arts Centre Ngā Tohu o Uenuku is an Auckland Council owned and operated performing arts venue and gallery space.

The Mangere East Hawks rugby league club is based in Māngere at the Walter Massey Park.

The Manukau Rovers RFC rugby union club is also based in Māngere and competes in the Auckland Premier Competition.

The Mangere United football club is also based in Māngere and competes in the Auckland Football and NZ Football National League Competitions.

Marae
Māngere has three marae:

 * Makaurau Marae and its Tāmaki Makaurau meeting house are affiliated with the Waikato Tainui hapū of Ngāti Paretaua, Te Ākitai and Ngāti Te Ata.
 * Pūkaki Marae and Te Kāhu Pokere o Tāmaki Mākaurau meeting house are affiliated with the hapū of Ngāti Pare Waiohua from Te Ākitai Waiohua, and the hapū of Te Ākitai, Ngāti Te Ata and Ngāti Paretaua from Waikato Tainui.
 * Mātaatua Marae and its Awanuiarangi meeting house are affiliated with the Ngāti Awa hapū of Ngāti Awa ki Tāmaki Makaurau.

Transport
The original Māngere Bridge was built to link Mangere with Onehunga to its north while the isthmus of Auckland reaches its narrowest point, further to the east at Ōtāhuhu. Later, it provided a more direct route for traffic to and from Auckland Airport. Construction of a new bridge was the subject of one of New Zealand's longest-running industrial disputes, from 1978 until 1980. The bridge was finally completed in 1983. The Southwestern Motorway (State Highway 20), one of the two motorways running south from the isthmus, runs across the bridge and through Māngere.

Passenger train Southern and Eastern Line services run along the eastern edge of Māngere, stopping at Middlemore railway station. Further north at Massey Road is Māngere railway station, closed in 2011.

Frequent bus services (15 mins schedules) connect Māngere Town Centre to Sylvia Park via Ōtāhuhu railway station (route 32) and to Botany Town Centre via Papatoetoe railway station and Ōtara (route 31). Connections can be made with Onehunga, Auckland Airport and Manukau Bus Station on (route 380) Note: The 313 runs on a more direct route between Onehunga, Māngere, Papatoetoe and Manukau but services are at 30 min frequencies.

Education
Māngere College is a secondary school (years 9–13) with a roll of  students.

Sir Douglas Bader Intermediate School is an intermediate school (years 7–8) with a roll of students.

Mangere Central School and Viscount School are full primary schools (years 1–8) with rolls of and  students, respectively.

Jean Batten School and Nga Iwi School are contributing primary schools (years 1–6) with rolls of and  students, respectively. Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Māngere is a Māori-language area school (years 1–13) with a roll of students.

Al-Madinah School is an area school (years 1–13) and Zayed College for Girls is a secondary school (years 7–13) with rolls of  and  students, respectively. They are state-integrated Islamic schools on adjacent sites.

All these schools except for Zayed College are coeducational. Rolls are as of

Notable people

 * Valerie Adams – Olympic shot put champion
 * Frank Bunce – rugby union
 * Mark Hunt – mixed martial artist
 * David Lange – former Prime Minister
 * Jonah Lomu – rugby union
 * Colin Moyle – politician
 * Joseph Parker – boxer
 * Pene and Amitai Pati – tenors Sol3 Mio
 * Jason Taumalolo – rugby league
 * David Tua – heavyweight boxer
 * Roger Tuivasa-Sheck – rugby league
 * Kween Kong – drag performer

title: Māngere


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Great Tottington

Great Tottington is a moated manor farm near Maidstone in the English county of Kent. It is also the site of a spring, around which are scattered numerous sarsen stones which may be the remains of a Neolithic monument and part of the Medway megaliths. Further stones lie around the farmyard. Rather than being genuine megaliths, they may be a recent collection of natural stones brought to the site by eighteenth century farmers clearing the surrounding land. The destruction visited on the megalithic sites of the Medway valley during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries makes conclusive diagnosis difficult.

In 1872 James Fergusson visited the area and noted:

"...nearer the village [Aylesford] exists or existed, a line of great stones, extending from a place called Spring Farm, in a north-easterly direction, for a distance of three quarters of a mile, to another spot known as Hale Farm  passing through Tollington [sic], where the greater number of the  stones are now found. In front of the line near the centre at Tollington lie two obelisks, known to the country people as the coffin stones – probably from  their shape. They are 12 feet long by 4 to 6 broad, and about 2 to 3 feet thick.  They appear to be partially hewn, or at least shaped, so as to resemble one  another."

A footnote records that one stone was almost completely underground, and the other partially buried, and that the dimensions were obtained by probing underground.

Theories that the stones are the remains of a stone circle or avenue have been suggested. If the stones are prehistoric however, it is more likely that they were brought from the nearby site of the chambered long barrow known as the Coffin Stone.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Great Tottington


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Kurokawa

Kurokawa may refer to:

Places

 * Kurokawa, Niigata
 * Kurokawa District, Miyagi
 * Kurokawa Domain

Other uses

 * Kurokawa (surname)
 * Kurokawa (publisher), a manga publisher in France
 * Siege of Kurokawa
 * Kurokawa Station (disambiguation)
 * 10365 Kurokawa
 * Kurokawa Dam
 * Ogisai Kurokawa Noh

title: Kurokawa


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St. Clair National Wildlife Area

The St. Clair National Wildlife Area is a nature reserve located in the southwestern part of the Canadian province of Ontario, on eastern Lake St. Clair, west of Chatham. It consists of two properties: St. Clair (244 ha) and Bear Creek (111 ha), about 16 km apart.

The cattail marshes and small ponds along the lake shore here are an important stopover location for migrating waterfowl, including large numbers of tundra swans. The marshes also provide habitat for This area also provides habitat for several turtle species including the eastern spiny softshell turtle and Blanding's turtle.
 * Yellow-headed blackbird
 * King rail
 * Black tern
 * Least bittern

This site has been recognized as a Wetland of International Significance under the Ramsar Convention, and is classified as a National Wildlife Area.

title: St. Clair National Wildlife Area


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Dennis Moore

Dennis Moore may refer to:

 * Dennis Moore (actor) (1908–1964), American actor who appeared in many Western films between 1936 and 1957
 * Dennis Moore (politician) (1945–2021), member of the United States House of Representatives from Kansas
 * "Dennis Moore", an episode of the British television programme Monty Python's Flying Circus, as well as a character in that episode

title: Dennis Moore


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Shanghai Surprise

Shanghai Surprise is a 1986 adventure comedy film directed by Jim Goddard and starring then-newlyweds Sean Penn and Madonna. The screenplay was adapted by John Kohn and Robert Bentley from Tony Kenrick's 1978 novel Faraday's Flowers. Produced by George Harrison's HandMade Films and distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Harrison himself appears in the film as a night club singer, and he wrote and recorded five original songs for the soundtrack: "Shanghai Surprise", "Someplace Else", "Breath Away from Heaven", "Zig Zag", and "Hottest Gong in Town". The film was a critical and commercial failure, and an official soundtrack album was never released.

Plot summary
Glendon Wasey is a sleazy, down-on-his-luck con man struggling to sell glow-in-the-dark neckties in Shanghai. When he encounters the lovely Gloria Tatlock, a missionary nurse who wants to obtain a supply of opium to ease the suffering of her patients, he decides to help her get hold of a stolen supply of the valuable drug. The only problem is that a lot of other people want to secure the stolen opium as well—gangsters, smugglers, thugs and a host of upstanding air force recruits.

Production
In November 1985 it was announced Madonna and then newlywed husband Sean Penn had signed to do Shanghai Surprise with principal photography set to begin in Macau and Hong Kong by January 1986. Due to the high profile status of the stars real life relationship, by the second day of filming the production of the film was often inundated with photographers to the point Penn demanded the film's publicist be fired and replaced. According to co-star Richard Griffiths, "Sean Penn always had an ace of trumps up his sleeve. He'd play his ace of trumps, win the trick and then put it back up his sleeve and then when the next drama was played, he'd pull out his ace of trumps again. And the ace of trumps was this: in Madonna's contract, and Penn was very sore about this because he saw himself as the star of the movie, there was a clause and it said Madonna shall have the casting approval of her leading man. In other words, if you don't do what I say, says Sean Penn, I quit and, if I quit, she won't agree with any other guy playing my part because, hey, she's my wife, and you don't have a movie, so go and f*ck yourselves. Do as I say or I'm out of here. Boy, did he know how to manipulate that situation with Madonna."

George Harrison even reluctantly flew to Hong Kong to try and smooth things over between the cast and press. Jim Goddard's initial cut of the film was rejected by executives at MGM, and Goddard’s attempts to find alternative distribution were fruitless resulting in his return to MGM. Prior to release both Madonna and Penn attempted to distance themselves from the film with the two insisting their likenesses be removed from the tie-in novel from Viking Press a few days before it was set to hit printers.

Marketing
Shanghai Surprise debuted following a "great deal of hype and promotion" in the United Kingdom, including being hyped on the music television programme The Tube. In the United States, however, as The Atlanta Journal-Constitution reported in October 1986, "The movie opened so poorly in its first wave of playdates (late August in the Northeast and Midwest) that MGM has made severe cuts in its marketing budget. One MGM exec was quoted in the trades as saying this was necessary because 'the interest in the film has been non-existent.'"

Soundtrack
While an official soundtrack album for the film was never released, the title track was issued as a promotional single in 1986, new versions of both "Breath Away from Heaven" and "Someplace Else" were recorded for inclusion on Harrison's 1987 album Cloud Nine, an alternate mix of "Zig Zag" (with the notable addition of backing vocals) was released as the B-side of Harrison's "When We Was Fab" single in early 1988, and "Hottest Gong in Town" was included on the EP that came with the 1992 book Songs by George Harrison 2. The title song and the single mix of "Zig Zag" were also added to the 2004 re-release of Cloud Nine as "additional tracks".

Critical reception
The film received mixed critical response during its pre-release. Shanghai Surprise currently holds a 20% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 10 reviews, indicating generally negative responses.

Bill Cosford of The Miami Herald, granting it 1 star out of 4, wrote, "In Shanghai Surprise, as you may have heard, almost everything is just a bit off. Though widely anticipated as a musical, Shanghai Surprise is actually a kind of miniaturization of Raiders of the Lost Ark / Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, with a feisty heroine (Madonna) in the vain [sic] of Rita Hayworth in The Lady From Shanghai, and a roguish adventure hero (Sean Penn) as well as a pop-sprinkled score (partly the work of George Harrison)... There's a plot here, involving Madonna's quest to find a load of hijacked opium for conversion to morphine to help the troops fighting the Japanese. Penn, though he spends his big scene panting in a brothel, will save the day. But the film was conceived and executed as a star vehicle. Wrong stars, wrong roles, not much happening here. And for George Harrison and his Handmade Films, the first big bust." The Philadelphia Inquirer also gave it only 1 star: "Shanghai Surprise is so dismally scripted and directed that no one could redeem it... an atmospheric, handsomely shot and, sadly, utterly empty piece of work." The Lexington Herald-Leader called it "a turkey": "This film is bad. The acting is terrible. The hackneyed screenplay traffics in stereotype and yuk-yuk jokes. And the point is non-existent." The San Diego Union said, "In its campy nostalgia for old adventure films, Shanghai Surprise is cloddish. There's something rotten at the core about a movie that would recycle lines like "That's mighty white of you." Even sadder is the realization that some of the old cornball movies are still fresher, more alive, than this regurgitation."

The Philadelphia Daily News faulted the casting as well as the script: "The ever-important spirit is missing as Mr. and Mrs. Penn wrestle with old gags that are beyond their ken. It's not entirely their fault though: They've been given no characters to play. Much of Shanghai Surprise might have worked if they at least were permitted to play themselves — a punk rocker and punk actor at large in an alien movie world." The Chicago Sun-Times, awarding the movie half a star, complained of its "warped attitudes toward women," adding, "It's hard to know for whom this wretch of a film was made. Idiotic dialogue should turn off the adults, teens will be disappointed by their rock heroine and kids shouldn't even be watching." Film professor Michal Conford, of Ryerson University, reviewed the film for the San Jose Mercury News with another half-star rating, saying sardonically, "Shanghai Surprise stars Madonna and Sean Penn together for the first time and has songs by George Harrison. That is the most positive sentence that can be written about the film, now playing locally. MGM must have suspected – the company tried to open the film in places like Iowa to avoid getting slaughtered. Nice try... The film is supposed to be a shaggy dog adventure... Shaggy, no. Dog, yes."

Home media
The home video was released by Vestron Video. The company paid $5 million for distribution rights. The VHS debuted on Billboard's Top Videocassette Sales at number 28 and peaked at number 25 in the issue dated April 4, 1987. With a retail price of $79.98, the videocassette sold only 100,000 copies in the United States as of 1987, causing Vestron a $1 million loss.

title: Shanghai Surprise


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Teresa

Teresa (also Theresa, Therese; Thérèse) is a feminine given name.

It originates in the Iberian Peninsula in late antiquity. Its derivation is uncertain, it may be derived from  Greek   θερίζω (therízō)  "to harvest or reap", or from  θέρος (theros) "summer". It is first recorded in the form Therasia, the name of Therasia of Nola, an aristocrat of the 4th century. Its popularity outside of Iberia increased because of saint Teresa of Ávila, and more recently Thérèse of Lisieux and Mother Teresa.

In the United States it was ranked as the 852nd most popular name for girls born in 2008, down from 226th in 1992 (it ranked 65th in 1950, and 102nd in 1900). Spelled "Teresa," it was the 580th most popular name for girls born in 2008, down from 206th in 1992 (it ranked 81st in 1950, and 220th in 1900).

Aristocracy

 * Teresa of Portugal (disambiguation)
 * Theresa, Countess of Portugal (1080–1130), mother of Afonso Henriques, the first King of Portugal
 * Theresa of Portugal, Countess of Flanders (1157–1218), daughter of Afonso Henriques and wife of Philip, Count of Flanders
 * Theresa of Portugal, Queen of León (1181–1250), daughter of Sancho I of Portugal and wife of Alfonso IX of León
 * Infanta Maria Teresa of Braganza (1793–1874), firstborn child of John VI of Portugal
 * Teresa Lubomirska, Polish noble lady
 * Teresa of the Two Sicilies, Empress-consort of Brazil
 * Teresa, Contessa Guiccioli (1800–1873), the married lover of Lord Byron in Ravenna

Arts

 * Teresa Berganza, Spanish opera singer
 * Teresa Brewer, American pop and jazz singer
 * Teresa Carpenter, Pulitzer Prize-winning American author
 * Teresa Carpio, Cantopop singer and actress
 * Teresa Carreño, Venezuelan musician
 * Teresa Cheung Siu-wai, Canadian actress and producer
 * Teresa Cheung Tak-lan, Hong Kong singer
 * Teresa Cheung (socialite), Hong Kong socialite and actress
 * Theresa Chromati, American painter
 * Teresa De Sio, Italian folk singer-songwriter
 * Teresa Edgerton, American author of fantasy novels and short stories
 * Theresa Fu, Hong Kong singer and actress
 * Teresa Gallagher, British actress
 * Therese Grankvist, Swedish singer
 * Teresa Graves, American actress and singer
 * Teresa Ha, former Chinese television and film actress
 * Theresa Harris, American actress, dancer and singer
 * Theresa Ikoko, British playwright
 * Tereza Kesovija, ex Yugoslav and Croatian singer
 * Theresa Lee, Hong Kong-born Canadian actress
 * Teresa Mak, Hong Kong actress
 * Teresa Medeiros, American romance novelist
 * Teresa Mo, Hong Kong actress
 * Teresa Nielsen Hayden, American writer and teacher
 * Teresa Palmer, Australian actress
 * Teresa Parente, American actress
 * Theresa Randle, American actress
 * Teresa Reichlen, American ballet dancer
 * Theresa Russell, American actress
 * Theresa Saldana, American actress
 * Teresa Salgueiro, Portuguese singer
 * Theresa Sokyrka, Canadian singer-songwriter
 * Teresa Stratas, Canadian soprano
 * Teresa Teng, Taiwanese queen of pop
 * Teresa Villaverde, Portuguese film director
 * Lady Teresa Waugh, British novelist and translator
 * Teresa Wright, Academy Award-winning American actress
 * Teresa Żarnowerówna, Polish avant-garde artist

Politics

 * Theresa Ahearn (1951–2000), Irish Member of Parliament
 * Theresa Berg Andersen (born 1979), Danish politician
 * Teresa Aquino-Oreta (1944–2020), Filipino politician
 * Teresa Bellanova, Italian Minister of Agriculture
 * Teresa Cheng (politician), Hong Kong Justice Minister
 * Teresa Heinz (born 1938), former widow of U.S. Senator H. John Heinz III; wife of Senator John Kerry
 * Teresa Isaac, American politician, former mayor of Lexington, Kentucky
 * Teresa Kok, Malaysian Member of Parliament
 * Theresa May, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party; UK Member of Parliament
 * Teresa Mosqueda, American politician
 * Teresa Pearce, former UK Member of Parliament
 * Teresa Reyes Sahagún, Mexican politician
 * Teresa Ribera (born 1969), Spanish jurist, university professor and politician
 * Teresa Riera (born 1950), Spanish politician
 * Teresa Rodríguez, Spanish politician
 * Teresa Tomlinson, American politician
 * Theresa Villiers, UK Member of Parliament
 * Teresa Wat, Canadian member of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia
 * Theresa Wood, American politician in Vermont

Religion

 * List of saints named Teresa
 * Teresa Chikaba, Ghanaian princess declared Venerable by the Catholic Church
 * Teresa Demjanovich, American nun of the Sisters of Charity

Sports

 * Teresa Abelleira, Spanish footballer
 * Teresa Ciepły, Polish sprinter
 * Teresa Earnhardt, widow of racing legend Dale Earnhardt
 * Teresa Edwards, American basketball player
 * Tereza Kmochová, Czech alpine skier
 * Teresa Machado, Portuguese athlete
 * Teresa Piccini, Mexican ten-pin bowler
 * Teresa Rivera, Mexican swimmer
 * Teresa Rohmann, German medley swimmer
 * Teresa Ruiz, American State Senator from New Jersey
 * Theresa Schafzahl (born 2000), Austrian ice hockey player
 * Teresa Vaill, American racewalker
 * Theresa Zabell, Spanish sailor

Other

 * Teresa Ciceri Castiglioni (1750–1821) Italian inventor, agronomist
 * Teresa Cormack, murder victim from New Zealand
 * Teresa Abi-Nader Dahlberg (born 1961), academic administrator and engineering professor
 * Teresa Grodzińska, Polish wartime nurse, the first woman in the Second Polish Republic to receive Poland's highest military decoration Virtuti Militari
 * Theresa Lawson (1951–2014), Australian convicted of embezzlement
 * Teresa Lewis, American convicted murderer
 * Teresa Magbanua, Filipino schoolteacher and revolutionary
 * Teresa Manera, Argentine paleontologist
 * Teresa Merz (1879 – 1958), English social worker, philanthropist and magistrate
 * Theresa A. Powell (1952–2023), academic administrator
 * Teresa Meana Suárez (born 1952), Spanish feminist activist, teacher, and philologist
 * Teresa Rodrigo (1956–2020), Spanish scientist
 * Teresa Sampsonia, Persian noblewoman, diplomat, adventuress
 * Teresa Webber, British palaeographer, medievalist, and academic
 * Teresa Sickles, wife of Daniel Edgar Sickles, who stood trial for killing her lover

Fictional characters

 * Teresa Tracy Bond (née Di Vicenzo), Bond girl and wife of James Bond in the film On Her Majesty's Secret Service
 * Teresa Bryant, on the British soap opera Coronation Street
 * Theresa Burke, wife of main character Ethan Burke on the American TV series Wayward Pines
 * Teresa Cammeniti, on the Australian soap opera Neighbours
 * Theresa Rourke Cassidy, alter-ego of the Marvel Comics heroine Siryn
 * Teresa Chávez, protagonist and villain from the TV series Teresa
 * Theresa "Tess" Durbeyfield, title character of Thomas Hardy's novel Tess of the d'Urbervilles
 * Theresa Fowler, from the animated TV series Randy Cunningham: 9th Grade Ninja
 * Theresa "Tessa" Gray, protagonist and main character of The Infernal Devices novel series by Cassandra Clare
 * Tessie (Teresa) Hutchinson, the only character to protest the village tradition of stoning in Shirley Jackson's The Lottery
 * Teresa Lisbon, one of the main characters in the drama The Mentalist
 * Theresa Lopez-Fitzgerald, a main character in the soap opera Passions
 * Theresa Terri McGreggor, in Degrassi: The Next Generation
 * Theresa McQueen, from the British soap opera Hollyoaks
 * Teresa Moreno, wife of Richard Sharpe in Bernard Cornwell's Sharpe series of historical fiction
 * Teresa Parker, long lost younger sister of Peter Parker / Spider-Man from Marvel Comics.
 * Theresa Russo, from Wizards of Waverly Place
 * Theresa Spencer, girlfriend and research partner of the character Daniel Faraday from the TV series Lost
 * Teresa Wisemail, from the PlayStation role-playing game Suikoden II
 * Theresa, an immortal seeress, one of the main characters in the Fable video game series
 * Teresa (Barbie), a fashion doll and Barbie's best friend
 * Teresa Agnes, from James Dashner's book series The Maze Runner
 * Tereza, from Milan Kundera's novel The Unbearable Lightness of Being
 * Theresa (a.k.a. The Fighter), one of the main characters from the Canadian animated series Class of the Titans
 * Teresa of Telezart, important character from the second series of the long-running space opera franchise Space Battleship Yamato
 * Teresa of the Faint Smile, in Claymore
 * Boos, known in Japan as Teresa, are ghosts from the Mario and Yoshi series of video games.
 * Teresa Mendoza, protagonist and drug cartel leader from Queen of the South
 * Theresa Keller, a new girl from the children's program Heidi (2015 TV series)
 * Theresa Servopoulos, from The Last of Us
 * Theresa Apocalypse, from Honkai Impact 3rd

title: Teresa


text:
Talk:Airstream mechanism

disputed
"No known languages use pulmonic ingressive sounds,"
 * What about gasping, sniffing, snorting, whiffing, snoring, and snickering? lysdexia 12:07, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Much as English-speakers use certain clicks, such as the dental click to show disapproval, and the lateral click to call a horse, we don't assert that clicks are a part of English phonology because we don't use them to produce words. Much as clicks are what we call "extra-linguistic" sounds in English, gasps, sniffs, etc., are extra-linguistic sounds in all languages because they don't form a part of any languge's phonology. Nohat 21:19, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

-

North-West dialects of English use ejectives (glottalically initiated) word finaly.

Finnish demonstrates use of pulmonic ingressive sounds as an interactional device to show that they are coming to the end of their turn: marking a TRP. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.105.197.70 (talk) 17:26, 21 November 2010 (UTC)

Ingressive "yeah" in Newfoundland, Canada
I've often heard people from Newfoundland (and other parts of the maritimes) give an affirmative "yeah" with an inhalation.

I originally misunderstood this as a gasp, and took it for an indication of alarm. It was the first "inhaled" word I ever heard, and had to do quite a bit of digging to find the term "pulmonic ingressive."

So, I disagree with the comment that the only known use of ingressives is Damin.

 * That should be understood to mean in "normal" (non-interjective) vocab. Lots of langs have ingressive interjections, including Ewe and Swedish. But then lots of languages have interjective clicks, such as English, but these aren't considered to be click languages. Interjections frequently violate the norms of a lang's phonology. Consider Eng. "shhh", when it cannot otherwise have fricative-only words. kwami 17:38, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

intro
I wasn't happy when 'airstream mechanism' was merged into this article, and the result seemed a bit inaccessible, so I moved Nohat's original explanation into the introduction, and addressed the concerns about interjections. Also redefined 'velaric' somewhat so as to be consistant with recent work on Khoisan, which has found that for some languages at least this initiation isn't velaric at all. kwami 08:08, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

move?
Should this be moved to 'airstream mechanism', where Nohat made his contributions? That's the term I'm familiar with from SOWL and other texts, whereas 'initiation' doesn't even make it into the index. kwami (talk) 09:48, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Okay, moved. kwami (talk) 19:38, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

Linguistics Assessment
I gave this article a start class assessment. My suggestions for improvement are below:
 * 1) A good amount of information regarding this topic is missing. There is no discussion of the aerodynamic constrains that arise from the airstream mechanism such as frication and voicing. This is an important topic to cover when talking about the airstream mechanism as it has implications for in voiced fricatives, as well as how implosives come about in languages in the first place. Further it really only talks about the initiation rather than the airstream mechanism as a whole making this article in need of a lot more work to adequately cover the topic.
 * 2) References are lacking. There are few if any inline citations, and as the banner at the top says, it relies largely on a single source.
 * 3) The article can be brought into better compliance with the  Manual of Style as there are some minor things that could be copy edited out (I'm not a great copy editor though so someone else should give it a once over). What struck me most were the use of bold for emphasis of new topics and I'm unsure if a  bulleted list is necessary. A once over on the prose may help. Wugapodes (talk) 04:04, 12 April 2015 (UTC)

Percussives
I've added a ref to Pike for percussives. Just after this bit of his book, he also refers to scrapives. Is it worth mentioning these? I think percussive noises may play a role in speech communication (e.g. the sound of lips coming together could signal an emphatic end to a turn in conversation, and I have heard speakers clash their teeth together as a signal for sympathy for someone's pain), but I'd struggle to think of any speech-related function for scrapives. RoachPeter (talk) 08:06, 11 August 2015 (UTC)

diaphragm
The section on "pulmonic" perpetuates the myth that the diaphragm is used to expel air from the lungs. The diaphragm is used to inhale, but it cannot force air out of the lungs. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1000:B01D:36DF:AD48:A85:CE2C:88ED (talk) 17:12, 20 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Airstream mechanism


text: Category:719 deaths

title: Category:719 deaths


text:
Günther Maleuda

Günther Maleuda (20 January 1931 – 18 July 2012) was an East German politician. From November 1989 to April 1990 he was the President of the People's Chamber (East German Parliament).

Early years
He was born in Alt Beelitz, (today Stare Bielice, Poland). In 1950 he joined the Democratic Farmers' Party of Germany (Demokratische Bauernpartei Deutschlands). From 1952 to 1955 he studied Economics.

Career
From 1958 to 1967 Maleuda was a member of the district council of Königs Wusterhausen, from 1967 to 1976 a member of the district council of Potsdam and from 1976 to 1982 he was a member of the district council of Halle. In 1981 he was elected as a member of the People's Chamber.

From 1977 to 1990 he was a member of the Presidium of the Democratic Farmers' Party of Germany (DBD). On 27 March 1987 Maleuda became chairman of the DBD and at the same time a deputy chairman of the Council of State.

On 13 November 1989 he was the successor of Horst Sindermann as President of the People's Chamber (until March 1990). Maleuda supported the reforms and took part in the round table negotiations.

Although his party merged with the CDU in October 1990, Maleuda refused to be a member of the Christian Democratic Union.

In 1994 he was elected as a (non-party) member of the Bundestag (German Parliament) on the PDS list. He remained a member until 1998.

title: Günther Maleuda


text:
Mindaugas Murza

Mindaugas Gervaldas (né Murza; born 16 December, 1973) is a Lithuanian radical nationalist and a Neo-Nazi. He was a member of the Lithuanian National Defence Volunteer Forces (a Lithuanian government-sponsored paramilitary organization). He has been a member, founder, and chairman of several different Neo-Nazi political parties. Only one party, the National Democratic Party of Lithuania, was officially registered and participated in the 2003 municipal elections. Murza and three others were elected to the council of the Šiauliai City Municipality.

Political ventures
In 1993, members of the Lithuanian National Defence Volunteer Forces (SKAT) founded the underground Lithuanian National Independence Union (Lietuvių nacionalinės nepriklausomybės sajunga or LNNS). Murza, then a SKAT sergeant, became leader of LNNS in December 1993. The organization established a combat group and sought to collect weapons for about 30 men who would be "efficient fighters" and "not afraid to die". Murza's home was searched in 1995 and in February 1996 he was sentenced to 18 months of correctional labor without imprisonment for illegal possession of small caliber ammunition.

In November 1996, Murza became chairman of the newly established Lithuanian Alliance of Nationalist-Socialist Unity (Lietuvių nacionalsocialinės vienybės sąjunga or LNSVS). It was the first Neo-Nazi organization in Lithuania. In 1998, Murza and other members of LNSVS in their publications Voice of the Nation (Nacijos balsas) attacked Lithuania's minorities of Jews, Poles and Russians, and demanded that conditions for these minorities be made so unbearable so that they would leave Lithuania. In total, 17 issues of Voice of the Nation were published. LNSVS attempted to register as a political party twice and as a non-governmental organization ten times, but was rejected by the Ministry of Justice due to its propagation of hate. In October 1999, LNSVS was reorganized into the Lithuanian National Labor Union (Lietuvių tautinio darbo sąjunga or LTDS). It was officially registered not as a political party but as a non-governmental organization.

Murza continued to search for ways to legalize his political activities. In May 2000, Murza became chairman of the newly established Lithuanian National Socialist Party (Lietuvių nacionalsocialinė partija or LNSP). In 2001, he attempted to revive the moribund Life Logic Party of Lithuania (Gyvenimo logikos partija) when the registration for LNSP was refused. In May 2001, LNSP merged into the legal National Democratic Party of Lithuania (Lietuvos nacionaldemokratų partija or LNDP) then chaired by Kazimieras Uoka. It was a moderately nationalist party with no great political prospects that was the first to adopt Euroscepticism as its platform. Murza became chairman of LNSP. Murza and three other members of LNSP were elected to the council of the Šiauliai City Municipality in the 2003 municipal elections. Another member of LNSP was elected to the council of the Alytus City Municipality.

In April 2005, Murza presented plans to establish a new political party, the Unified Lithuanian National Workers Movement (Vieningasis lietuvių nacionaldarbininkų sąjūdis or VLNDS). At the meeting of the new party, Murza made openly anti-Semitic statements calling Jews "the most cruel and crafty enemy of the European race" which led to Lithuanian prosecutors launching an investigation against him for preaching hatred. Murza resigned from LNDP in December 2006 and established VLNDS in February 2007. VLNDS adopted a stylized swastika as its symbol and openly promoted the Neo-Nazi platform – anti-Semitism, anti-immigration, anti-gay rights.

In March 2011, Murza established a new party, the Lithuanian National Union (Lietuvių tautos sąjunga or LITAS). In 2012, Murza officially changed his last name to Gervaldas (from geras [good] and valdyti [to rule]). It describes the new ideal political system that was added to the political program of VLNDS. In 2014, Murza organized a 19-member Public Electoral Committee "Against Corruption" that ran in the municipal elections in the Šiauliai City Municipality and received only 324 votes.

Murza and his supporters organize various small protests. In 2001, he organized a protest against mayor of Šiauliai without a permit. When he refused to pay the fine, his car (Volkswagen Golf) was confiscated by the government. In November 2006, Murza and six others were found guilty of interrupting a religious ceremony when they harassed Jews lighting a menorah in December 2003. Murza was fined 5,000 litas. In 2010, Murza participated in a protest against the Baltic Pride parade in Vilnius.

Personal life
On 19 November 2011, he married Russian citizen Zlata Rapova who claims to be a descendant of Count Jean Rapp, French general during the Napoleonic Wars. The marriage ceremony was conducted according to neo-pagan traditions.

title: Mindaugas Murza


text: Category:Kansas culture

title: Category:Kansas culture


text:
6th South African Armoured Division

The 6th South African Armoured Division was the second armoured division of the South African Army and was formed during World War II. Established in early 1943, it was based on a nucleus of men from the former 1st South African Infantry Division who had returned to South Africa after the Second Battle of El Alamein in late 1942. The division was initially transferred to Egypt for training, after which it served in the Allied campaign in Italy during 1944 and 1945. In Italy, the division was initially deployed as part of the British Eighth Army, under command of Lieutenant-General Oliver Leese, and was then transferred to the U.S. Fifth Army, under Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark, for the remainder of the Italian Campaign. The division operated as a strongly reinforced division and was frequently used to spearhead the advance of the Corps and Army to which it was attached. They returned home after the end of the war in Italy and were disbanded in 1946. The division was also briefly active after the war from 1 July 1948 to 1 November 1949.

Founding
The possibility of forming a South African armoured division was discussed as early as April 1941 between Major-General George Brink, Commander of the 1st South African Infantry Division and Prime Minister (Field Marshal) Smuts. At this time, South Africa was struggling to maintain the manpower levels needed to sustain two infantry divisions in the field. The 3rd Division was based in South Africa and was to provide the pool from which reinforcements were drawn to supplement the 1st and 2nd Divisions. All South Africans serving outside of South Africa were volunteers and far fewer men than expected volunteered their services and the view was held that if this trend continued, it would be necessary to convert one infantry division to an armoured division, as an armoured division would require fewer men. Later, the vision was to establish two armoured divisions, as lower manpower levels became more pronounced.

After the Second Battle of El Alamein, the 1st Infantry Division was withdrawn to Quassasin with the understanding that its 1st Brigade would return to South Africa to regroup with the 7th Infantry Brigade (at this time the 7th Infantry Brigade was in Madagascar) to form the 1st South African Armoured Division. 1st Infantry Division's 2nd and 3rd Brigades would remain in Egypt to form the 6th South African Armoured Division which would replace the 2nd Infantry Division which had been captured at Tobruk in June 1942.

By January 1943, the Allied leaders had decided at the Casablanca Conference to pursue the war by invading Sicily, reducing the need for the number of armoured divisions as compared to those needed in the Western Desert. This, together with further manpower shortages led to the plans for a 1st South African Armoured Division being abandoned, with only the 6th Division being considered viable. All of the 1st South African Infantry Division brigades were returned to South Africa for re-training and amalgamation with other units to form the nucleus of the armoured division. The division was officially formed in South Africa on 1 February 1943 with Major-General W.H.E. Poole as commander and sailed for Port Tewfik in Suez on 30 April 1943 as a two brigade division, comprising 11th Armoured Brigade and 12th Motorised Brigade.

Egypt
Training began in the desert at Khataba, north west of Cairo and was focused on tank operations and integrating the Rhodesian elements into the division. In addition, the lack of manpower had forced the merging of numerous units and much of the training time was spent on marrying up drills between the new composite units. The period of training was finally concluded by a series of training exercises, Exercise Cape Town being the first from 1 to 3 December for the 11th Armoured Brigade (11th Armd Bde) and Exercise Durban from 5 to 7 December for the 12th Motorised Brigade (12th Mot Bde). Training was concluded with Exercise Tussle as a British III Corps operation finishing on 21 January 1944 and on 23 January the division moved to Helwan. By now, the division had been in Egypt for months due to indecision related to its role.

On 3 March 1944, the division was instructed to move to Palestine and the advance parties left on 7 March. On 12 March however, this movement order was countermanded and the division was instructed to move to Italy. One year after arriving in the Middle East, the division embarked from Alexandria between 14 and 16 April to arrive in Taranto, Italy on 20 and 21 April 1944.

Detachment of 12th Motorised Brigade
Regrouping was still in progress after arrival in Italy, when the 12th Motorised Brigade with artillery and support elements was ordered to move to the area of Isernia to prepare to relieve the 11th Canadian Infantry Brigade in the Cassino area and to come under command of the 2nd New Zealand Division in the British X Corps. These were the first division troops to enter combat in Italy. The South African Brigade held these positions until after the fall of Monte Cassino and the breakout from the Anzio beachhead, when they were withdrawn and reunited with the division.

Initial advance after the fall of Rome
Having formed part of British Eighth Army's reserve, the division was moved forward and attached to the Canadian I Corps after the Canadians and Polish II Corps had breached the Hitler Line north of Cassino. After Rome had been taken by the Allies in early June 1944, the division was ordered to move up the Via Casalina to take over the spearhead of the Eighth Army's British XIII Corps. To bring the division up to a full complement of three brigades, the British 24th Guards Brigade was placed under command, an association which lasted to the spring of 1945. The division advanced with the Tiber River to the east and Lake Bolsena to the west at a rate of 10 mi per day, outstripping their flanking units. On 10 June the Armoured Brigade which was leading the advance, came up against the anti-tank screen of the newly arrived German 365th Infantry Division south of Celleno. For the first (and only) time Brigadier Furstenburg was able to deploy all three of his armoured regiments and his motorised infantry battalion in battle to gain an important victory. Lieutenant-Colonel Papa Brits (Special Service Battalion [SSB]) and Lieutenant-Colonel Bob Reeves-Moore (Imperial Light Horse / Kimberley Regiment [ILH/KR]) received DSOs for their leadership in the defeat of elements of the 365th Division. 11th Armd Bde's success permeated the whole division and on 12 June the division took Orvieto, having advanced 75 mi in ten days. However, their daily rate of advance had been slowed considerably by consistently being in contact with the enemy.

By 17 June, the Imperial Light Horse of the 11th Armd Bde had been stopped by the parachutists of the Hermann Göring Division on their first attempt to enter Chiusi but by 23 June, the town had been taken by the Cape Town Highlanders. During this attack on Chiusi, "A" Company of First City/Cape Town Highlanders was leading the attack up the terraces around the town. During the night of 21–22 June, the company was surrounded by strong German infantry elements closely supported by tanks and its surviving members were forced to surrender by noon on 22 June. Since the disaster of the surrender of the 2nd Infantry Division at Tobruk two years previously, the surrender of South African troops in the field had become a sensitive matter. This prompted Prime Minister Smuts, who had been meeting the British Chiefs of Staff on 21 June, to divert his aircraft to Orvieto airfield on his way back to South Africa to discuss the political and military consequences of this event with the division command.

Crossing the Albert Line
By 28 June, after stiff fighting, the Albert Line (referred to as the Trasimene Line by the Allies) had been broken and the Allies streamed north with the 24th Guards Brigade reaching Chianciano and the 11th Armd Bde pushing north of Lake Montepulciano. The Eighth Army's XIII Corps advance on Florence was led by the British 6th Armoured Division on the right, British 4th Infantry Division in the centre and the South African 6th Armoured Division on the left. The division advanced in two columns through Rapolano and Palazzuolo until they encountered the LXXVI Panzer Corps on the Georg Line, a delaying position on the north side of Route 73.

The strength of the Panzer Corps was not known initially and the leading elements of XIII Corps continued to probe forward expecting the German line to crumble under pressure without the need to launch a full-scale attack. The Corps fed in more battalions in an attempt to secure the Monte Lignano high ground and fighting for the hill continued on 6 and 7 July, but the 15th Panzer Grenadier Division continued to hold the heights. The South African Division had been stopped on the left flank with the two Infantry Brigades spread over a 10 mi front, the armour having been withdrawn into reserve because of the difficult terrain. On 7 July, 2 New Zealand Division was brought forward from reserve and their attack together with the British 6th Armoured Division eventually took the high ground and caused the German Corps to withdraw towards the Heinrich Line behind the River Arno on 15 July. The South African Division could then continue their advance, directed on an axis towards Radda-Greve on the western side of the Chianti Mountains.

The division made good progress, advancing with two brigades leading the advance: the 12th Mot Bde astride the road defining the division's axis of advance and the Guards Bde on the right flank, on the slopes of the Chianti highlands. Radda was secured on the night of 17 July and orders were then received for the division to secure the heights of the Chianti Highlands. The Guards Bde took Mt. Maione by a night attack on the night of 18/19 July supported by the tanks of the Pretoria Regiment while 12th Mot Bde attacked to take Mt. St. Michele (Pt 892) on 20 July. The division now held the heights of the Chianti range, dominating the Arno Valley and the advances to Florence.

Florence
On 20 July General Kirkman, XIII Corps commander, issued orders for a "...powerful thrust to seize all crossings across the River Arno to the west of Florence." This effort was to be concentrated on the 6th South African Armoured Division front. The advance was to be led by the South African Division with the 4th Infantry Division to its right, supported on the flanks by the 6th British Armoured Division and the 8th Indian Infantry Division. The division's advance was slowed at the approaches to Greve due to heavy mining, where a number of tanks were lost but eventually the 11th Armd Bde succeeded in capturing Mercatale, which was defended by the German 356th Infantry Division supported by Tiger tanks. The division advanced through Greve and were again stopped by the German 4th Parachute Division on the River Greve on 24 July. The division had, however, outflanked the German Parachute Division, who then withdrew during the night of 24/25 July, allowing the South African, New Zealand and Indian Divisions to advance to the Paula Line which was reached on 28 July.

Kirkman again placed the South African and New Zealand Divisions as the spearhead of his Corps advance, this time to break the Paula Line and to take Florence. The New Zealand Division would carry out the main assault and the South African Division would neutralise the enemy on the high ground west of Impruneta and then clear Route 2 into Florence. The attack was scheduled for 30 July 1944. General Harold Alexander, commander of Allied Armies in Italy, had indicated that he had no intention of fighting in Florence and so Kirkman gave orders for the by-passing of the city. On 31 July the heavy artillery support for the attack had resulted in an ammunition shortage and Kirkman ordered a 24-hour pause for fresh supplies to arrive. The Desert Air Force flew over 100 sorties per day on 31 July and 1 August in support of the attack and by 3 August columns of South African, New Zealand and 4th Infantry Divisions were advancing towards Florence. By 4 August, advance parties were exploring the outskirts of Florence to find that all bridges across the Arno River viable for military transport had been destroyed. An Imperial Light Horse / Kimberley Regiment patrol however found the smaller Ponte Vecchio bridge intact and crossed it under heavy shelling, entering into the centre of the city at 4 am, to be the first allied troops to enter Florence.

After reaching Florence, General Pool recorded in a Special Order of the Day, that the division had "... covered 601 mi since leaving its concentration area at Taranto, its artillery had fired 201,500 rounds, the Divisional Engineers had built sixty five bridges (one a day!) and had made 196 major deviations necessitated by 'blows' and demolitions. The signallers had laid 3752 mi of telephone cable." The division was then withdrawn into Eighth Army reserve for rest and maintenance in the Siena / Castelnuovo area until 17 August, when orders were issued for the division to be transferred from British XIII Corps to U.S. IV Corps to partially replace divisions withdrawn to the U.S. Seventh Army for the assault of southern France. The 6th South African Armoured Division was assigned to their new Corps in the U.S. Fifth Army as from 22 August 1944 and was replaced in XIII Corps by the British 6th Armoured Division.

Crossing the Arno River
To continue the main Allied thrust north from Florence, the Arno River first had to be crossed. Reconnaissance patrols from the First City/Cape Town Highlanders [FC/CTH] found suitable crossing points close to Le Piagge allowing the 12th Mot Bde to cross during the night of 28/29 August under light enemy artillery fire. Reports from prisoners indicated that the German forces in front of the division were withdrawing, and this was confirmed by the sound of demolitions ahead of them. The 12th Brigade, as well as the Guards Brigade were tasked to send fighting patrols forward to determine the extent of the withdrawal. Reports indicated that the Germans had withdrawn across a wide front to what was to later become known as the Gothic Line. The division crossed the river thanks to Bailey bridges erected between the damaged abutments by the South African Engineers. Under sporadic shelling and some units encountering light resistance, the operation was completed by 3 September. General Pool, observing the lack of resistance ahead of the division, encouraged a rapid advance, but this was countermanded in order not to compromise the surprise of the main 5th Army attack north of Florence. The order to wait and hold the Albano Massif until further notice was deeply resented by the division command and was considered representative of the persistent inflexibility displayed by the Fifth Army leadership.

Apennines
The Eighth Army offensive on the German held Gothic Line was assigned the codename and had commenced on 25 August 1944. intercepts had shown that the Allies had a significant numerical superiority in manpower, armour, air and artillery, although there were concerns regarding the relative inferiority of Allied tank armour and gun power as compared to German equipment. The U.S. Fifth Army attack was launched on 10 September against the mountain bastions south of Bologna and was led by U.S. II Corps. As part of the plan, the 6th SA Armoured Division was ordered to advance along Route 64 leading to Vergato and Bologna and to capture the twin peaks of Monte Sole and Caprara di Marzabotto. The division's 24th Guards Brigade were first to encounter the Gothic Line defences when the Brigade met strong resistance from two battalions of the Lehr Brigade as well as two battalions of the 362nd Infantry Division, fighting from strongly fortified positions which had been prepared throughout the previous winter.

After being ordered to hold the Albano Massif, the 11th Armd Bde was forced due to the terrain to operate dismounted from their tanks in order to contain the German 362nd Infantry Division. By 22 September, demolitions were again heard and it became evident that the Germans had started withdrawing to Green Line II, the next layer of the Gothic Line defences. Operation officially ended on 21 September 1944.

Gothic Line battles
The South African advance re-commenced with the division heading north on Route 64 with US II Corps to their right and U.S. 34th Infantry Division on the left. Reports had been received that the 16th SS Panzer Grenadier Division had taken over from the German 362nd Infantry Division and that they were now defending the front ahead of the South African Division. By 28 September, the division was advancing on three widely separated axis, retreating German forces were demolishing bridges, culverts and roads and this, with traffic congestion on limited roads made passage extremely slow. It was then decided to hand over Route 66 to Task Force 92, as the South African Engineers were not able to maintain the three parallel routes simultaneously. This permitted the Guards Brigade to re-unite with the 11th Armd Bde in protecting the US II Corps western flank. Monte Vigese dominated the division's main line of advance. Two days of extended fighting in drenching rain against elements of the 36th SS Panzer Grenadier Regiment brought no break through and Poole then decided to pause and prepare a divisional attack on the mountain, to be led by 12th Mot Bde with 11th Armd and Guards Brigades in support. After an extremely heavy artillery bombardment of more than 10,000 shells, the attack succeeded.

After this battle, the division was withdrawn for rest and maintenance. It was reassigned from U.S. IV Corps to direct command by the U.S. Fifth Army to enable the Army commander, Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark, to coordinate the division's advance more closely with that of U.S. II Corps. In addition, the division was heavily reinforced with artillery and taking Combat Command B, an armoured brigade from U.S. 1st Armored Division, under command. The division's major task became that of thrusting north towards Bologna covering the flank of the U.S. 34th Division. Combat Command B was to advance on Route 64, the 24th Guards Brigade along the Setta Valley road, with 11th and 12th Bdes covering the high ground between the two. Opposing the advance was the 16th SS Panzer Grenadier Division. By 25 October the division had waded the Setta Creek and taken Hill 501 below Mt. Sole, but the Guards Bde attack on Mt. Sole was halted by torrential rains. The following day the continuing rains had turned to floods, isolating the division elements on Hill 501 and suspending all air support from U.S. XXII Tactical Air Command. Mt. Sole was not attacked again and the division was returned to U.S. IV Corps command on 4 November. As winter set in, the U.S. Fifth Army entered a period of static winter campaigning patrolling from fixed defensive positions until February 1945.

Spring Offensive
On 18 February the 24th Guards Brigade was transferred from the division to the British 56th Infantry Division in the British Eighth Army. This ended an enduring relationship, particularly between the armoured Pretoria Regiment and the three Guards battalions. The division was relieved by the U.S. 1st Armored Division's Combat command 'A' (which took over from 12 Mot Bde) and U.S. Combat Command 'B' (relieving the 11th Armd Bde) and was withdrawn to Lucca.

The final Italian offensive (codenamed ) plan was based on the use of three phase lines, "Green," "Brown" and "Black". The U.S. Fifth Army, now under Lucian K. Truscott, operating on the left and coordinated with the British Eighth Army, now commanded by Richard L. McCreery, on the right, were to initiate the "Green" phase with primary attacks by the U.S. 1st Armored and U.S. 10th Mountain Divisions. In the "Brown" phase, the South African Division would assault the two peaks of Monte Sole and Monte Caprara in the centre of the U.S. II Corps (and thus Fifth Army) advance. If all progressed well, "Black" phase would signal the start of the break-out attempt by the armoured divisions into the Po Valley. The U.S. 1st Armored Division was to wheel westwards and the South African Division was to drive north west of Bologna to link-up with the Eighth Army. Intelligence had shown that the peaks the South Africans were to attack were defended by the German 8th Mountain Division.

Operations related to Phase Line "Green" progressed largely to plan and Phase "Brown" was initiated on 15 April. That night the South African Division was the first of the U.S. II Corps divisions to secure their objectives, taking Mount Sole in a series of well coordinated night attacks, assisted by the heaviest tactical bombing support they had received to date in the campaign. This was also the first combat experienced by the new 13th South African Motorised Brigade (13th Mot Bde) which had been sent from South Africa to replace the 24th Guards Brigade. The battle had been fierce for all the division's troops involved and in the succeeding successful exploitation of Monte Caprara heavy losses were incurred. On 21 April, 11th Armd Brigade, who were supporting the U.S. 349th Engineering Regiment, converged on the centre of the town of San Matteo della Decima. Soon furious house-to-house fighting erupted which continued until nightfall and resulted in several tanks being destroyed by fire from German Panzerfaust rockets. Poole committed all available South African troops to flush out German snipers and anti-tank positions and by 22 April all resistance had ceased.

These victories had created the opportunity for the armour to break through to Bologna as part of Phase "Black" and the South Africans linked up with the British 6th Armoured Division on 23 April and in the process cut the lines of retreat of the German 14th Panzer and 1st Parachute Corps between them. In addition, in their advance to the link-up, the South African Division had destroyed the German 65th Infantry Division. After advancing through the Po River Valley, the division was assembled southwest of Treviso on 29 April and were instructed to move far to the west to garrison the city of Milan.

General Mark Clark, the 15th Army Group commander, commented on the division's achievements during the Spring Offensive, stating: Mark Clark.jpgIt was a battle-wise outfit, bold and aggressive against the enemy, and willing to do whatever job was necessary. In fact, after a period of severe day and night fighting, the 6th had in an emergency gone into the line as infantrymen. When the snow stalled their armour they dug in their tanks and used them as artillery to make up for our shortage in heavy guns. Whenever I saw them, I was impressed by the large number of decorations and honours they had earned the hard way. Their attacks against strongly organised German positions were made with great élan and without regard for casualties. Despite their comparatively small numbers, they never complained about losses. Neither did Smuts, who made it clear that the Union of South Africa intended to do its part in the War – and it most certainly did. General Mark W. Clark, Calculated Risk. p. 391

Axis surrender
Early on 2 May the German Theatre commander, Field Marshal Albert Kesselring, agreed to Field Marshal Alexander's surrender terms and broadcast orders to cease fire. The South African Division was north east of Milan by 3 May, when General Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin delivered the surrender of the German forces in Italy to General Clark in Florence. This was followed by Winston Churchill's announcement of the end of the war in Europe on 8 May 1945. The division held a major victory parade at the Monza motor racing circuit on 14 July 1945 attended by Generals Clark (15th Army Group) and Truscott (5th Army) as well as commanders of numerous formations in the region. During this parade, numerous US awards were made to men within the division, including the rank of Commander of the Legion of Merit being awarded to General Poole.

South African brigades were then deployed to the Swiss and French borders for frontier duties with 11 SA Armd Bde along the Swiss border, 13 Mot Bde around Turin, and 12 Mot Bde in the Aosta Valley contiguous to the Franco-Italian border which was drawn on the high ground separating the two countries. On 16 July, the Italian Cremona and Mantova Battle Groups were placed under command of the division to assist in these duties, allowing some of the battalions to be withdrawn for repatriation to South Africa. The two motorised brigades were amalgamated and remained responsible for guarding duties in the province of Imperia until 18 August while the armoured brigade was amalgamated with the division artillery.

Riots during demobilisation
By the beginning of April 1945, it had become obvious that the war was coming to a close and that the division as well as many other South African troops serving as divisional, corps or army troops with other formations would require repatriation back to South Africa for demobilisation. On 1 May, the Union Defence Force realised that no plans had yet been made to get all men back and instructions were prepared to move 5,000 troops per month by air commencing 1 July 1945 and 15,000 men by sea during the second half of the year, resulting in the repatriation of 45,000 troops by the end of the year. In addition to the 6th South African Armoured Division and other troops in Italy, there were thousands of recently released South African prisoners of war who had been held in Italy from the 2nd South African Infantry Division since the Sidi Rezegh and Tobruk battles in the western desert. Their numbers had not been factored into the demobilisation plans.

The staging depot at Helwan north of Cairo was soon overcrowded and the number of troops being flown back to South Africa were substantially lower than had been planned. In addition, the expected shipping had been delayed. Food was in short supply and the standard of discipline deteriorated further as men arriving at the depot were split up alphabetically and were not retained in their unit structures. A protest meeting was held on 20 August and as the size of the crowd increased, the meeting became more violent eventually resulting in the troops trashing, looting and burning numerous Egyptian premises, blocks of shops, motor cars, bungalows and book stalls as well as one of their own messes, and broke down and looted the NAAFI store. General Poole flew in from Italy to address the troops, promising that immediate steps were to be taken to speed up the rate of repatriation. Weeks later, the subsequent court of enquiry assessed the total cost of the damages at £22,768,431.

By 25 January 1946, 101,676 men had been ferried back to South Africa and the last aircraft left Egypt on 26 February 1946, carrying Major General Evered Poole who arrived in Durban on 2 March 1946.

Casualties
General Poole gave the campaign statistics for South African casualties as follows: Killed: 711; Wounded: 2,675; Missing: 157; Total: 3,543.

Order of battle
Order of battle as at the dates the division arrived in Italy and the end of hostilities.

Theatres of operation
Main theatres of operation:

Battles, actions and engagements
The division colours record the following actions:

title: 6th South African Armoured Division


text: User talk:213.4.106.165

title: User talk:213.4.106.165


text:
Rondeau Provincial Park

Rondeau Provincial Park is the second oldest provincial park in Ontario, Canada, having been established with an order in council on 8 September 1894. The park is located in Southwestern Ontario,  on an 8 km long crescentic sand spit extending into Lake Erie. Rondeau is home to the largest area of Carolinian forest in Canada, a long sand beach, a large marsh, approximately half of Rondeau Bay, campgrounds and a cottage community. The name of the park comes from the French words "ronde eau" or "round water" which describes the shape of the harbour sheltered by the peninsula.

The park is an important stopover for birds during migration and has been identified as a Canadian Important Bird Area. Its Carolinian woods also provide nesting habitat for the prothonotary warbler and many other rare or endangered species. The park is a popular recreation area. The presence of private cottages in the park has been controversial, as have been efforts to control white-tailed deer populations.

Geography
The park is located on Pointe aux Pins, a peninsula extending into Lake Erie. The sandspit has formed in the last 12,000 years as currents in the lake deposit sandbars. The shape of the peninsula continues to evolve. For instance, the barrier beach has receded 650 m in the past 150 years. In a 1930 soil survey most of the spit was mapped as Berrien sand, which is imperfectly drained.

Rondeau Provincial Park includes most of the peninsula (excepting the very base), and much of Rondeau Bay. The peninsula is occupied by a series of low ridges and sloughs. A narrow sand spit extends west, sheltering the marshes and bay, and nearly reaching the town of Erieau.

History
Prior to European Settlement, the area was used by the Neutral Nation. The peninsula was largely bypassed by settlers given the infertile, sandy soil. However, the forests of Point aux Pins were valuable, and heavy logging was underway as early as 1844. Through the 1870s and 1880s, the area became increasingly popular for recreation, and although only very limited use of the peninsula was permitted, pressures from fishing, grazing, forestry and other uses became increasingly important. Shortly following the establishment of Ontario's first Provincial Park in 1893 (Algonquin), pressure from local councils led to the establishment of Rondeau Provincial Park in 1894.

The initial regulations governing Rondeau prohibited settlement, grazing, and most logging, and allowed for camping under permit and a renewable lease policy for cottages. In a general sense, all these regulations remain in place today.

Rondeau is one of only two Ontario provincial parks with private cottage leases on publicly owned land. Several other parks, such as Presqu'ile Provincial Park, do have cottages on private land surrounded by the publicly owned park. At Rondeau, the cottage leases were first created between 1894 and 1950. As of 2022 there are 278 private cottages within Rondeau Provincial Park.

The future of cottages at Rondeau has been controversial. In 1986, the Provincial Parks Council recommended the extension of all cottage leases to 2017 after which they would be terminated, and in 2017, the leases were extended for a further two years to December 31, 2019. Since 1954, the Rondeau Cottagers Association has been lobbying for recognition and preservation of the Rondeau cottage community. In 2014, Chatham-Kent Council voted to have Rondeau's cottage community placed on the municipality's Heritage Register and be designated as a heritage district; the designation was later repealed by an order from the Ontario Municipal Board but the community remains on the Heritage Register.

A formerly popular site in the park was the government pier on Rondeau Bay. In 2014, the pier was severely damaged by thick ice on Rondeau Bay and later removed. Despite community pressure, the pier has not been replaced.

The Rondeau Yacht Club, located within the park, was founded in 1932. The club continues to operate during July and August teaching sailing, windsurfing, canoeing, and swimming to area children.

Natural environment

Rondeau has a variety of habitats, including sandy beach, dunes, prairie, oak savannah, Carolinian forest, woodlands sloughs, a large marsh, and productive shallow bay. The park is recognised as one of Ontario's most important natural areas. Many of the plant species found here are typical of areas further south. Prominent among them is tuliptree, whose leaf forms the basis for the Friends of Rondeau Provincial Park logo. A variety of nationally and provincially threatened or endangered species are found in the park, such as eastern spiny softshell and nodding pogonia. The park is home to the largest population of breeding prothonotary warblers in Canada. Other endangered birds nesting in the park include king rail and Acadian flycatcher. The park is also an important stopover for migrating birds in spring and fall. During the first Atlas of Breeding Birds of Ontario, the Rondeau Area had the highest breeding bird diversity in the province.

Overpopulation of white-tailed deer, and their effect on forest vegetation, has been an ongoing concern. Although controversial, culls to control deer numbers are held on a regular basis, in recent years involving members of the Delaware Nation at Moraviantown.

Recreation

In 2011, Rondeau received nearly 160,000 visitors. Park facilities include 262 developed campsites, six hiking trails, picnic areas, a boat launch, and a visitor centre with interpretive displays and programming. Popular recreational activities include hiking, cycling, fishing, hunting, birding, windsurfing. Birding is especially popular in May as migrant songbirds heading north stopover in the park. Windsurfing is popular on Rondeau Bay on days with strong southwest winds. Waterfowl hunting is popular in the marsh in fall; recreational hunting is otherwise prohibited.

title: Rondeau Provincial Park


text:
A1 highway (Lithuania)

The A1 highway is a highway in Lithuania, connecting the three largest cities in the country: Vilnius, Kaunas, and Klaipėda. The highway is 311.4 km long, making it the longest highway route in Lithuania.

Highway is indicated as motorway between municipal borders of Vilnius and Klaipėda. This excludes sections that crosses Vievis, Kaunas and Sujainiai (which has one-level junction that is used by agricultural vehicles at times). The highway has two carriageways with two lanes each for the entire section. This excludes section near Kaunas between junctions with A5 and A6 highways. It's now undergoing reconstruction where the road will be widened to have four carriageways with two lanes each with one short section with four lanes which is already refurbished. Two outer carriageways will be used for connecting densely located local junctions with speed limit of 90 km/h, while two inner carriageways will avoid connections with local junctions and the speed limit will be higher with 110 km/h. Inner carriageways will be connected via slip roads from outer carriageways. The main reason why the road is now under construction is that the section has highest AADT in Lithuania of all roads outside urban areas.

Before 2021, only section Kaunas-Klaipėda was considered to be a motorway while section Kaunas-Vilnius was considered to be an expressway from 2006. Kaunas-Vilnius had too many substandard features for receiving motorway status. Reconstruction took place in 2020 on which many minor elements of the highway were renovated to fulfil the standards for safe 130 km/h traffic. This includes reconstruction of lanes near junctions, reducing amount of some slipways, removing possibility of pedestrian crossing at grade, building pedestrian underpasses and overpasses. New motorway will remain not completely grade separated since there are some points where the highway can be accessed via right ins and outs whom doesn't form parts of grade-separated junctions. This is not usual for motorway in Europe, since most motorways here are accessed via grade separated junction.

The highway follows E85 for its entire length with the relatively short section of E67 northwest of Kaunas also known as the Via Baltica.

The Vilnius–Kaunas highway was completed on 3 November 1970 and Kaunas–Klaipėda was completed on 1 September 1987. It replaced the first 40 kilometers of the 1930s-built Samogitian Highway stretching from Kaunas.

title: A1 highway (Lithuania)


text:
User:Timc/House of Fraser

The House of Fraser was a house originally built in 1797 for monkeys under the name House of Monkey. It housed all kinds of monkeys and a few baboons too. Though due to excessive baboonery, the baboons were forced out on their ear. Naughty baboons.

As the monkeys grew, so too did House of Monkey, until one day the monkey heirachy was forced to appoint a 'king of monkeys'. The monkey appointed king and heir to the banana stash was a monkey named 'Fraser'. It was henceforth known as 'House of Fraser'.

During the 'great banana shortage of London' in 1869, many of the monkeys were forced to find work elsewhere. Most moving north to become miners and tea bag guardians. Thus the term 'northern monkeys' came into fruition and monkeys have been associated with tea bags ever since.

In 1910, Fraser's ill health led to the appointment of a Gary the porcupine taking over the shop and he turned the house into a shop selling perfume and designer goods. He started with just porcupine merchandise, but due to the small population of porcupines in the UK, he was forced into selling goods to a wider market and not just spiky animals.

In 1923, after much success, Gary or 'G-baby' as he was affectionately known, decided to float the shop on the Thames. It subsequently sank due to poor buoyancy. He should have hired beavers to do the job if you ask me. After re-buildong a year later, he floated the shop on the stock market, where it stayed afloat.

In 1959 'G-baby' bought Harrods because he was feeling a bit flush and wanted to impress his mates. What a character.

Ever since House of Fraser has been selling goods to the public and that is why they have a stag on their logo, because Fraser the monkey liked 'em, he did.

 * Contributed by: 195.194.89.6
 * Date: November 29, 2004

title: User:Timc/House of Fraser


text: Category:Museums in Missouri

title: Category:Museums in Missouri


text: User talk:61.95.208.155

title: User talk:61.95.208.155


text:
BR Standard Class 5

The British Railways Standard Class 5MT is one of the 12 BR standard classes of steam locomotive built by British Railways in the 1950s. It was essentially a development of the LMS Stanier Class 5 4-6-0 ("Black Five"). A total of 172 were built between 1951 and 1957.

Background
William Stanier's Black Five had been the most successful mixed-traffic type in Great Britain. Construction of the Black Fives had started in 1934 and continued past nationalisation to 1951. A new set of 'standard' locomotives was to be built by British Railways, based on LMS designs and incorporating modern ideas.

In particular, the Standard design incorporated features designed to make disposal of the engine after a working "turn" easier: a self-cleaning smokebox and a rocking grate removed the necessity for crews to undertake dirty and strenuous duties at the end of a long shift. This was a necessary investment with the ever-increasing costs of labour following the Second World War.

The original design proposal for the class 5 locomotive had a wheel arrangement, similar in concept to the Bulleid Light Pacifics that performed impressively during the 1948 Locomotive Exchanges. However this was deemed unnecessarily large and costly for a class 5 power requirement, so the successful LMS Class 5 design was used as the basis instead. The pacific design went on to be enlarged and used for the BR Standard Class 6.

Design and construction

The design work was done at the ex-LNER Doncaster Works but the bulk of the construction was done at Derby Works. The locomotive featured a BR standard boiler very similar in dimensions to the Stanier Type 3B fitted to the Black Fives, but made from manganese steel instead of nickel steel. The most obvious visible changes were a higher running plate, slightly enlarged driving wheels (from 6 ft to 6 ft), increased cylinder bore (from 18½ in (457 mm) to 19 in(483 mm)), a standard cab with external pipework and the regulator gland on the driver's side of the boiler below the dome. Many of these changes were to reduce maintenance or to incorporate standard components that could be shared between other standard classes.

The first of the class, 73000, was outshopped from Derby in April 1951 and 30 were in service by January 1952. There was then a gap in construction before Derby resumed building its remaining 100 engines. 42 were built at Doncaster, starting in August 1955 and finishing in May 1957, with Derby's last engine following a month later.

Thirty engines, numbers 73125 to 73154, were built with Caprotti valve gear and poppet valves.

In service
These locomotives had a trouble-free introduction in comparison to several of the other Standard classes and were used interchangeably with the pre-nationalisation class 5 engines they supplemented. They were utilised as the haulage power on duties varying from fast passenger trains to slow unfitted freight trains, displaying their versatility.

Different regional allocations had differing tender designs, with locomotives assigned to the Southern Region having tenders with high water capacity to make up for the lack of water troughs.

Like the "Clan" class locomotives, the Standard 5s, with their high-stepped running board, were partly conceived to be more economical and serviceable replacements for the Bulleid Pacific. The Standard 5s were also quite the speedy engines, they could really fly when fired hard, with many engine men claiming they could easily reach just under 100 mph. Like the Clans, which could only manage one more carriage on an express than a 'Five' the Standard Fives took a long time to shake down, and only started to really pull when different firing techniques, which allowed them to steam using poor quality coal were developed. They pulled much of the traffic on the last express lines for steam in the mid and late 1960s: Edinburgh-Aberdeen, London- Southampton-Bournemouth- Weymouth and local express traffic in the North and Midlands around Sheffield and Leeds. They were also used on the locals between Liverpool, Manchester and Blackpool, some steam hauled to the last day of steam in 1968.

Naming
In 1959, 20 of the Southern Region locomotives were named, the names being transferred from SR King Arthur class locos that were then being withdrawn. These were: • 73080 Merlin

• 73081 Excalibur

• 73082 Camelot

• 73083 Pendragon

• 73084 Tintagel

• 73085 Melisande

• 73086 The Green Knight

• 73087 Linette

• 73088 Joyous Gard

• 73089 Maid of Astolat

• 73110 The Red Knight

• 73111 King Uther

• 73112 Morgan Le Fay

• 73113 Lyonnesse

• 73114 Etarre

• 73115 King Pellinore

• 73116 Iseult

• 73117 Vivien

• 73118 King Leodegrance

• 73119 Elaine

Accidents and incidents

 * On 25 August 1958, locomotive No. 73042 was hauling a sleeper car train which overran a signal and was in a head-on collision with a train formed from two electric multiple units at Eastbourne, East Sussex. Five people were killed and 40 were injured.
 * In 1958, locomotive No. 73111 was hauling a passenger train that derailed at Millbrook, Hampshire due to a faulty point motor moving a set of points under the train.

Variations & proposed changes
The main variation across the class was the valve gear, with 142 using Walschaerts valve gear and the remaining 30 using British Caprotti valve gear. There was little difference in performance between the two groups, but the Caprotti fitted engines had a reputation for being good performers at higher speeds. There was potential for more BR standard locomotives to have Caprotti valve gear fitted as it allowed for longer periods between inspections, offsetting the higher initial cost of this valve gear.

Doncaster had designed double chimneys for the class, similar to the ones used on several of the BR Standard Class 4 4-6-0. If applied, this would have improved the draughting and increased the efficiency of the locomotives. With the Modernisation Plan of 1955 and the good performance of the class from the outset, these plans were shelved permanently.

Another proposal was to produce freight locomotives based from this design in response to criticism by the Western Region on the BR Standard Class 9F. The management believed that the 9Fs were too large and powerful for most heavy freight traffic, along with being far more expensive to build and operate than the older 2-8-0 locomotives they supplemented. In response to this, the British Transport Commission drew a 2-8-0 Class 8F based on the Standard Class 5, like the LMS class 5 and 8Fs. Changes included a higher boiler pressure of 250 psi and driving wheels 5 ft in diameter to increase tractive effort. Preparations were made for series production to begin, but the work ceased after the Modernisation Plan was published.

Preservation
Five members of the class survive and all have steamed in preservation with examples from both builders. 73050 was purchased directly from British Railways for preservation while the other four engines were rescued from Woodham Brothers scrapyard at Barry Island. To date 73096 has been the only member of the class to operate on the main line hauling railtours but in 2018 no. 73082 was moved by rail from its home at the Bluebell Railway to the West Somerset Railway.

title: BR Standard Class 5