text:
William Allen (English Quaker)

William Allen (29 August 1770 – 30 September 1843) was an English scientist and philanthropist who opposed slavery and engaged in schemes of social and penal improvement in early 19th-century England.

Early life
Allen was born in 1770, the eldest son in the Quaker family of Job Allen (1734–1800), a silk manufacturer, and his wife Margaret Stafford (died 1830). He was educated at a Quaker school in Rochester, Kent, and then went into his father's business. As a young man in the 1790s, he became interested in science. He attended meetings of scientific societies, including lectures at St. Thomas's Hospital and Guy's Hospital, becoming a member of the Chemical Society of the latter establishment. On Job Allen's death, the family silk firm was taken over by his father's assistant.

Allen had concentrated on his own career in the field of pharmacy, taking over the Plough Court chemical business of Joseph Gurney Bevan who retired in 1795. In 1802, he was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society and lectured on chemistry at Guy's Hospital. A year later he was made president of the Physical Society at Guy's, and on the advice of Humphry Davy and John Dalton also accepted an invitation from the Royal Institution to become one of its lecturers.

In 1807, Allen's original research (on carbon) enabled him to be successfully proposed for election to Fellowship of the Royal Society, bringing him into contact with those who were publishing much of the original scientific research of the day. This strengthened his ties with the eminent Humphry Davy, and in due course with his long-standing friend Luke Howard, who was likewise elected to Fellowship of the Royal Society, though some years later.

Pharmacist
Allen was known in commerce for his pharmaceutical company at 2 Plough Court, trading in 1795 as Mildred & Allen while he was in partnership with Samuel Mildred. It was situated off Lombard Street in London. In 1797, Allen brought in Luke Howard as a partner. A later partner was Daniel Bell Hanbury, father of the botanist Daniel Hanbury. By 1856, the company had become Allen & Hanburys. It was acquired in 1958 by Glaxo Laboratories, who retained the Allen & Hanburys name as a separate marque within the GSK group.

Allen strengthened the company's links with medical institutions, particularly Guy's Hospital, where he was elected to its Physical Society. Using Plough Court for meetings, he also co-founded the Askesian Society. There new ideas for research and experimentation could be discussed with others such as Luke Howard, Joseph Fox, William Hasledine Pepys, William Babington, and the surgeon Astley Cooper. A second laboratory was opened for the development of new chemicals, a few miles away in Plaistow.

In 1841, Jacob Bell pressed for a professional body for pharmacists. Allen co-founded The Pharmaceutical Society, which later became The Royal Pharmaceutical Society. He was its first president.

Abolitionist
As a teenager, under the influence of Quaker abolitionists, Allen gave up sugar as a reaction to the Atlantic slave trade and abstained from it until 1834. He became interested in the politics of abolitionism in 1790/1, and in 1792, made a speech on the topic at the Worshipful Company of Coachmaker's Hall. The speech was published as a pamphlet by Martha Gurney, which was influenced by writer William Fox. In 1794, he befriended Thomas Clarkson.

In 1805, after some years of assisting the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, William Allen was elected to its committee. The group had always been strongly influenced by Quakers, and particularly by those based in or near London. All the members of its predecessor committee (1783–1787) had been Quakers, and nine of the twelve founders of the subsequent non-denominational Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade were Quakers, including two – Samuel Hoare Jr and Joseph Woods Sr (father of the botanist Joseph Woods Jr) – who lived close to William Allen in Stoke Newington, the village near London where Allen had family interests after his second marriage in 1806.

Perhaps the best known committee member of the new non-denominational abolition society, founded in 1787, was William Wilberforce, who, unlike its Quaker members, was eligible as an Anglican to be elected to, and sit in, the House of Commons. Wilberforce visited William Allen at his experimental gardens on several occasions in his role as the Society's parliamentary representative. He had long been familiar with the village, owing to family connections. His sister Sarah had married the lawyer James Stephens, whose family home was the Summerhouse, a large house adjoining Abney Park in the very grounds of the mansion that later, in the 1820s, was to become Allen's novel girls' school.

William Allen was also a founder member and a Director of the African Institution, the successor body to the Sierra Leone Company, sponsored by philanthropists to establish a colony in West Africa for slaves freed on a voluntary basis, through the abolitionists' efforts, in America. The work of the successor body began in 1808, when the colony had been handed to the Crown in return for the British Parliament passing legislation for its protection at about the same time as the passing in 1807 of the Act for the abolition of the slave trade.

Allen's active interest in the abolitionist cause continued until his death. In the mid-1830s he was passionate about abolition of the apprenticeship clause, and achieving the complete freedom of African-Caribbean people on 1 August 1838. His biographer, James Sherman, records, "the apprenticeship clause in the Bill... had been greatly abused by the planters. Mr Allen was indefatigable in his efforts, by interviews with Ministers and official persons.. His account of the spirit-stirring time is graphic:"
 * The cruelty and oppression of the planters of Jamaica, as exercised on those poor sufferers, whose redemption from slavery we have paid twenty millions, has been exposed in the face of day. The West Indies in 1837, the result of personal investigation by our friend Joseph Sturge, has created a great sensation... The Anti Slavery Associations in all quarters are in a high degree of excitement, and petitions are loading the tables of both Houses of Parliament, begging for the abolition of the apprenticeship clause, and the complete establishment of freedom...on the 1st of Eight Month, 1838.

In 1838, the Friends sent a party to France. Allen went with Elizabeth Fry and her husband, Lydia Irving, and Josiah Forster. They were there on other business but despite the language barrier Fry and Irving visited French prisons.

In 1839, Allen became a founding Committee Member of the British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society for the Abolition of Slavery and the Slave-trade Throughout the World, which is today known as Anti-Slavery International. In this role he was an organiser of, and delegate to, the world's first anti-slavery convention, which was held in London in 1840 – an event depicted in a large painting by Benjamin Haydon that hangs in the National Portrait Gallery, London.

Pacifist
Allen made an approving note in his diary, during 1798, on a pacifist tract, The Lawfulness of Defensive War upon Christian Principles Impartially Considered. It was by "A Clergyman of the Church of England", on the basis of a later publication thought to be J. Bradley Rhŷs, but not further identified. > In 1811, with the support of James Mill, he started a publication entitled The Philanthropist. It published articles by Mill and by Jeremy Bentham. At the end of the Napoleonic Wars, it printed peace petitions.

In 1814, about a month after Napoleon was exiled to Elba, a Peace Committee met at Allen's house in Plough Court. A leading activist who attended was Joseph Tregelles Price. The idea of a "peace association" was in the air, supported by pseudonymous writers. One of those, certainly known to Allen, was the Unitarian William Pitt Scargill, associated also with Richard Phillips of The Monthly Magazine. In 1816, Allen became a founding member of the Society for the Promotion of Permanent and Universal Peace, after another meeting in his home. By 1823, however, his earlier trust in the Holy Alliance, and in particular Alexander I of Russia, to uphold peace in Europe, had given way to disillusionment.

Other philanthropic works and interests
Allen's philanthropic work was closely allied to his religious beliefs, and began at an early age. In 1814 he became a partner in New Lanark. In the area of penal reform, prompted by Basil Montagu, he founded a Society for the Diffusion of Knowledge Respecting the Punishment of Death and the Improvement of Prison Discipline, in 1808.

Nutrition and self-sufficiency
In 1798 Allen set up a Soup Society in Spitalfields. His later interest in agricultural experiments was also aimed improving the nutrition and diet of ordinary people. Using only small plots, he carried out trials at Lordship Lane in Stoke Newington, and later put into practice some of his findings at the model agricultural settlement of Lindfield that he helped establish.

Allen's self-sufficient settlement was described in detail in his pamphlet Colonies at Home, where he stated "instead of encouraging emigration at enormous expense per head let the money be applied to the establishment of Colonies at Home and the increase of our national strength". At the time (1820s) the familiar colonies were in the Americas so the whole area became known as "America". This identity remains in the local street names and people's memories of the cottages in what is now America Lane.

Education
Allen was approached to help fund the ideas of Joseph Lancaster and his monitorial system, under which one teacher supervised several senior pupils, who in turn instructed many junior ones. In 1808 Allen, Joseph Fox and Samuel Whitbread co-founded the Society for Promoting the Lancasterian System for the Education of the Poor, from 1814 the British and Foreign School Society. In 1810 Allen became treasurer of the Society, whose aim was to open progressive schools in England and abroad.

In 1824 Allen founded the Newington Academy for Girls, also known as the Newington College for Girls, a Quaker school. The headmistress was Susanna Corder. Quaker views on women had from the beginning tended towards equality, with women allowed to minister, but still, at the time, girls' educational opportunities were limited. His school offered a wide range of subjects "on a plan in degree differing from any hitherto adopted", according to the prospectus. Here Allen was able to ensure that the new sciences were covered (he taught astronomy, physics, and chemistry himself ), as well as many languages. Allen hired Ugo Foscolo, a revolutionary and poet, to teach Italian. The school was situated at Fleetwood House and made much use of Abney Park, the grounds in which it sat. It was also innovative in commissioning the world's first school bus, designed by George Shillibeer, to transport the pupils to Gracechurch Street meeting house on Sundays. The school was the subject of a poem by Joseph Pease, a railway pioneer who later became the first Quaker MP.

Evangelism and travel
From 1818 to 1820 Allen toured Europe with the Quaker evangelist Stephen Grellet. In 1818 they were in Norway. After his third wife's death, Allen travelled extensively. In 1840, for example, he spent five months in Europe with Elizabeth Fry and Samuel Gurney.

Family life
William Allen married Mary Hamilton in 1796. They had a daughter, who bore the same name. The mother did not recover from the childbirth, and died just two days later.

In 1806, Allen married for the second time. His new wife, Charlotte Hanbury was born in 1762. The couple visited the continent in 1816, but Charlotte died during their travels, leaving him to bring up his adolescent daughter Mary. In 1823, Mary, who married another Cornelius Hanbury, gave birth to a son, but she died nine days later.

William Allen married for the third time in 1827. Grizell was the eldest sister of another family of well-off Stoke Newington Quakers, of whom the best-known is Samuel Hoare Jr (1751–1825), one of the twelve founding members of the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade. She had been nurse and companion to her father, a merchant in the City of London, and then married Wilson Birkbeck in 1801. As a wealthy widow, she contributed to the 1824 foundation of Newington Academy for Girls, and three years later she and William Allen, both co-founders of this novel educational establishment, married. She was 72, and the marriage was greeted by a satirical cartoon entitled "Sweet William & Grizzell-or- Newington nunnery in an uproar!!!" by Robert Cruikshank.

Grizell Allen died in 1835.

Death and memorial
William Allen died on 30 December 1843 and was buried in Stoke Newington, London, in the grounds of the Yoakley Road Quaker Meeting House. Today this has been replaced by a Seventh-Day Adventist chapel, the other half of its grounds becoming a small Council-maintained park for the nearby public housing estate.

Sources and further reading

 * Doncaster, Hugh (1965) 'Friends of Humanity: with special reference to the Quaker William Allen', London: Dr William's Trust
 * Doncaster, Hugh (1965) 'Friends of Humanity: with special reference to the Quaker William Allen', London: Dr William's Trust
 * Doncaster, Hugh (1965) 'Friends of Humanity: with special reference to the Quaker William Allen', London: Dr William's Trust
 * Doncaster, Hugh (1965) 'Friends of Humanity: with special reference to the Quaker William Allen', London: Dr William's Trust

title: William Allen (English Quaker)


text: Category:Hungarian physicists

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Hungarian physicists


text:
Luke Howard

Luke Howard (28 November 1772 – 21 March 1864) was a British manufacturing chemist and an amateur meteorologist with broad interests in science. His lasting contribution to science is a nomenclature system for clouds, which he proposed in an 1802 presentation to the Askesian Society. Because of this, Howard is referred to as "The Godfather of Clouds", the "namer of the clouds", and the "father of meteorology".

Personal life
Luke Howard was born on 28 November 1772 in London to tin-plate manufacturer Robert Howard (1738–1812) and Elizabeth née Leatham (1742–1816). Howard attended a Quaker grammar school in Burford, Oxfordshire where the headteacher was renowned for his flogging of slow-to-learn pupils. In 1796 Howard married and They had two sons, Robert Howard and John Eliot Howard, who were ultimately to take over their father's chemical manufacturing business, Howards and Sons. Their daughter Elizabeth married John Hodgkin, a barrister.

Although a Quaker, he quit the Society in 1825 after a dispute concerning apocryphal texts. A larger rift in the Society, the members being known as Beaconites being followers of Isaac Crewdson's A Beacon to the Society of Friends, led to Howard's final resignation from the Society in 1836. Howard was subsequently baptized into the Plymouth Brethren in 1837 by Crewdson.

Howard died on 21 March 1864 at 7 Bruce Grove, Tottenham and is buried at Winchmore Hill Quaker Meeting House in Enfield, north London.

Career
Luke Howard became a pharmacist by profession. After serving an apprenticeship with a pharmacist in Stockport, Cheshire, he worked at a druggist's in Bishopsgate before setting up his own pharmacy in Fleet Street. In 1798, he began a partnership with fellow Quaker William Allen to form the pharmaceutical company of Allen and Howard. Howard operated the partnership's factory built on the marshes at Plaistow, to the east of London. The partnership was ended in 1807 and Howard relocated his operations to Stratford East London. This factory soon became the successful industrial chemicals and pharmaceuticals company later, 1856, known as Howards and Sons.

Howard was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1821. In July 1838 Howard became an honorary member of the Societe Francaise de Statistique Universelle, the society founded by M Cesar Moreau, of which the Royal Society was a member, and became French Consul to London. Howard spent the years 1824 to 1852 in Ackworth, Yorkshire.

Background
Luke Howard has been called "the father of meteorology" for his comprehensive recordings of weather in the London area from 1801 to 1841 and his writings, which transformed the science of meteorology. Howard had an earlier interest in botany, presenting a paper "Account of a Microscopical Investigation of several Species of Pollen, ..." that was published in the Linnaean Society's Transactions for 1802, but wrote to Goethe that his passion was for meteorology.

Howard's On the modification of clouds
In his late twenties, Luke Howard wrote the Essay on the Modification of Clouds, which was published in 1803. Howard's system was similar to the recently popularized Linnaean classification system developed by taxonomist Carl von Linne. Howard named the three principal categories of clouds – cumulus, stratus, and cirrus, as well as a series of intermediate and compound modifications, such as cirrostratus and cirrocumulus, in order to accommodate the transitions occurring between the forms. Howard's classification system applied the recently popularized Linnean principles of natural history classification. By applying these principles to phenomena as short-lived as clouds, Howard arrived at an elegant solution to the problem of naming transitional forms in nature.

In his 1803 Essay, Howard included detailed cloud drawings to supplement the written descriptions of his classifications. The drawings of clouds were Howard's own, taken from the rigorous notes and watercolor sketches in Howard's sketchbook. However, the landscapes were done by painter Edward Kennion, as Howard had no formal artistic training. The engravings done by Thomas Milton for the publishing of Howard's essay slightly altered the depictions of the clouds.

Howard also emphasized the importance of clouds in meteorology:

"'Clouds are subject to certain distinct modifications, produced by the general causes which affect all the variations of the atmosphere; they are commonly as good visible indicators of the operation of these causes, as is the countenance of the state of a person's mind or body.'"

Howard strongly believed that "cloud formation and destruction were visible signs of atmospheric processes and were based on the laws of physics." Howard referred to cloud formation as "nubification", a term that was never popularized. Howard had the same elementary knowledge of cloud physics as many other researchers at the time, including his close friend and chemist John Dalton. Some of this knowledge was generally correct, like Howard and Dalton's belief that clouds were formations of water particles, that the slow speed of the particles' descension was due to air resistance, and that they evaporated right below the cloud base. Howard, however, held some incorrect beliefs about cloud physics. Primarily Howard gave electricity too large a role in the formation of clouds. The knowledge Howard had about cloud physics partially formed his motives for creating a classification system.

Other cloud classification systems
Howard was not the first to attempt a classification of clouds—biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829) proposed a list of descriptive terms in French the same year that Howard presented his essay, containing five terms, four of which overlapped with Howard's system. The two were not known to have any contact, Lamarck working independently in France, and Howard working independently in England. Despite being presented in the same year, Howard's system gained popularity quickly and became far more widespread than Lamarck's. Howard's system's success has been said to be due to Howard's use of universal Latin, the Linnaean classification system, and his emphasis on the mutability of clouds. Lamarck's system, however, used French terms and opted for descriptive terms as opposed to a classification system like Linnaeus'. Lamarck's essay proposing his system contained no pictures and was published in an obscure academic journal. Additionally, Napoleon publicly denounced Lamarck's meteorological work, and Lamarck's system was never well known within his own country.

Later meteorological work
In addition to his seminal work on clouds, Howard contributed numerous papers on other meteorological topics. He was also a pioneer in urban climate studies, publishing the earliest scientific book on urban climatology, The Climate of London in 1818–20, a 700-page book including continuous daily observations of wind direction, atmospheric pressure, maximum temperature, and rainfall; it also demolished James Hutton's theory of rain, though without suggesting a definitive alternative. In it, Howard was first to note the urban heat island effect, showing that temperatures in London, compared to those simultaneously measured in the surrounding countryside, were 3.7 °F (2.1 °C) warmer at night, and cooler during the day, and to attribute the concentration of smog (which he called 'city fog') to this phenomenon. For Rees's Cyclopædia he contributed articles on meteorology, but the titles are not known.

Luke Howard also published the first textbook in meteorology in 1837, Seven Lectures in Meteorology. In the fifth lecture, Howard included the same classification scheme he proposed in 1802, slightly changing his descriptions. Howard notes again the importance of cloud studies for meteorology in the introduction of his work, claiming clouds to be "the subjects of grave theory and practical research...shewn to be governed, in their production, suspension, and destruction, by... fixed Laws."

Legacy
Howard's classification of clouds was later adopted by Ralph Abercromby and Hugo Hildebrand Hildebrandsson, who further developed and popularised the system laid out by Howard. Abercromby noted in a paper on the naming of clouds that to the Quaker Howard "any name connected with heathen mythology was specially distasteful". Howard's cloud classification had a major influence on the arts as well as on science. His original essay, On the Modification of Clouds, was translated into German and French in 1815. This allowed German writer and scholar Goethe to access the text. Goethe was entranced by Howard's system, and he later wrote a series of poems in gratitude to him, including the lines (note: English translation):

Goethe also wrote to Howard (via one of Goethe's English friends), requesting Howard's autobiography and process in developing his classification system. Goethe also attempted to commission German painter Caspar David Friedrich for cloud studies based on Howard's system, but Friedrich declined. However, Friedrich did begin a series of cloud studies later that year. Howard's classification system, along with Goethe's interest, resulted in a great artistic interest in clouds. Howard's work is also rumored to have inspired Shelley's poem "The Cloud" and informed John Constable's paintings and studies of skies, in addition to the writings and art of John Ruskin, who used Howard's cloud classification in his criticisms of landscape paintings in Modern Painters.

Howard appears in a novel by French writer Stéphane Audeguy titled, La théorie des nuages, winner of the 2005 Prix de l'Académie. Published in the US in 2007 as The Theory of Clouds.

An English Heritage blue plaque dedicated to Howard at 7 Bruce Grove, Tottenham (the house in which he died, aged 91), states simply his fame as "Namer of Clouds". Howard was actively involved in the development of a Tottenham religious meeting house with his son, John Eliot Howard. Originally known as Brook Street Meeting House, it is now the Brook Street Chapel found on Tottenham High Road.

Whilst Howard's factory was located in Plaistow, he resided at The River House, 3, Blaker Road, Stratford. Howard's observations of the changing skyscape as he travelled between his home and factory facilitated his recording and categorization of clouds and his other observations of nature. Town Planning consent for this property's redevelopment was submitted in 2015.

His daughter Rachel founded a school in Ackworth, West Yorkshire, which also contains a Plymouth Brethren burial ground.

In 2018 Tottenham Hotspur FC club, located near his house in Bruce Grove, named viewing areas in honour of his cloud names at the top of its east and west stands of its new stadium. These, with panoramic views of the pitch and across London, were named 'Stratus East' and 'Stratus West' in recognition of Howard's classifications of cloud formations.

title: Luke Howard


text:
Talk:Subclass (computer science)

Merge proposal
This entry is basically an alternative statement of things that are already on the wiki. See subclasses and superclasses or inheritance in object-oriented programming.

Perhaps this page should be deleted and redirected to one of those? (But which one?) I feel there should be an entry for subclass (computer science) that explains what it means, but if you want to kill this page off to clean up the wiki, please do! Quagmire — Preceding unsigned comment added by User: (talk • contribs) 03:31, 21 December 2004

 * This page should just be deleted and redirected. The two pages Quagmire mentions both deal with this area sufficiently, and the example given about cats is in fact the exact opposite of reality. (if cats are specified as having tails, then an animal without a tail is not a subclass in the OO sense.)  There's probably no point improving this page, since the topic is already dealt with elsewhere
 * 203.143.164.249 (talk) 06:42, 16 November 2010 (UTC)

 * I think Inheritance (object-oriented programming) is an appropriate merge target. --Pnm (talk) 00:51, 7 December 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Subclass (computer science)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Deaf Beats, The

Deaf Beats, The
Looks rather non-notable to me...a sum total of 52 Google hits for the band name, some of which aren't even relevant, searching for "jacob kraft" "dead beats" gets a sum total of 2 results. And if kept, the article should definitely be renamed to either Deaf Beats or The Deaf Beats, whichever is correct -- Ferkelparade π 08:32, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Neither notable nor particularly verifiable. Delete. --Slowking Man 08:56, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not Notable. utcursch 09:09, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Just another band. - 81.70.91.207 09:48, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Sorry, anon's can't vote. But I agree. Delete. Alphax (talk) 04:19, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Anons are allowed to vote on VFD and elsewhere. There is no policy that says that anons can't vote or that their votes don't count. Admins can, however, discount anon votes if there is strong evidence of bad faith. For the relevant policy see: Deletion guidelines for administrators. Also, it is helpful to keep in mind that decisions are made in Wikipedia by "rough consensus".  Voting takes place only to help determine whether such a consensus exists. Paul August  ☎ 17:50, Dec 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Give it two months. tdb 12:31, Dec 24, 2004 (UTC) Note: anon vote with no other edits
 * Keep. I wrote this article, but I am not the one who deemed the band notable. Apparently it was added to the list of notable industrial artists in early May by a different user and was not challenged at that time.  I was simply contributing the absent information. Xanny 12:51, Dec 24, 2004 (UTC) Note: anon vote with no other edits
 * Keep It should be preserved because, in fact, it refers not only to a particular band but a style of music as well pioneered by The Deaf Beats. Note: anon vote with no other edits
 * Keep. Take a decision only if participation on this poll exceeds 1.5% of active wikipedia population . (Active population are legitimate users that have cast at least one vote in the last 33 days). Keep this poll active for 14 days then archive it. If the participation threshold is bypassed, implement the best rated poll option regardless the percentage this first poll option got. If the poll decision is not a final delete decision, then whatever else the decision is it should be valid for 1 month then we should reconsider.Iasson 09:10, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. No red tape, just delete it. Xezbeth  09:19, Dec 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * keep. Not everything of value is online yet.   Tranquilized  09:23, Dec 24, 2004 (UTC) Note: user has no other edits.
 * keep.it works for me, so "keep it that way"
 * Invalid, no signature. -- user:zanimum
 * Delete. Rather a lot of sockpuppets here, it seems. --Carnildo 09:44, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * delete No all music entry (though there is one for The Dead Beats), kill the sockpuppets. Dunc|☺ 12:13, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete -Ld | talk 19:02, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, they aren't on Amazon, my benchmark for authors and recording musicians. They aren't mentioned in any of the scanned books on the site, they aren't on a compilation album, They aren't worth it. --  user:zanimum


text:
Talk:Airline (1998 TV series)

British version?
I might be wrong, but I remember reading that this was one of the many reality series that originated elsewhere and was Americanized - in this case, the original version was British and followed easyJet. Hedgey42 08:32, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Indeed, there was a British version but Ihave no idea which one came first-- "Antonio And I wont! and I need! Martin 6:36, 21 Dec (MST)

 * IMDb doesn't have much information on the [British version], but it's listed as having started in 1999, and [easyJet's site] confirms it. Also, [this article] (which looks like an A&E press release with a byline slapped on it) says the U.S. version actually started airing at the very beginning of 2004 (but was taped in 2003). --Hedgey42 18:48, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The series started in 1998, following the lives of staff and passengers of Britannia Airways based at Manchester Airport in north west England. Since series 2, the show has follwed EasyJet.Dashwood2 20:57, 6 November 2006 (UTC)Dashwood2

Page Layout
The layout of the page needs sorting to make it more clear to understand and a article adding showing a comparison of all the opening sequences --pday2387 (talk) 20:35, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

Monarch
Was there a searson that folowed the airline Monarch, or am I hinking of something else? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.25.244.14 (talk) 19:23, 13 October 2010 (UTC)

Is it still on?
Can I just ask is Airline still available to watch in 2017? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.24.249.154 (talk) 20:50, 16 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Airline (1998 TV series)


text:
Vassøy

Vassøy is an island in Stavanger municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The 0.73 km2 island lies in the Storhaug borough, about 3.5 km northeast of the centre of the city of Stavanger in an archipelago. The islands of Roaldsøy, Bjørnøy, and Langøy lie to the west and the island of Lindøy lies to the southeast. Vassøy had 702 inhabitants (in 2016) who all live along the western shore of the island; the eastern side is more rugged and wooded. The island has a primary school with around 60 pupils.

The only access to the island is by private boats or the regular ferry route administered by Kolumbus that goes from Vassøy to the city centre. A bridge or tunnel connecting Vassøy to either Bjørnøy or Roaldsøy has been heavily debated, but a conclusion has not been set. Kolumbus has said that if this were to finish construction, then they will cease to continue their services available to the Vassøy population like they have already to other islands who have gotten bridges.

title: Vassøy


text:
Allen's test

In medicine, Allen's test or the Allen test is a medical sign used in physical examination of arterial blood flow to the hands. It was named for Edgar Van Nuys Allen, who described the original version of the test in 1942.

An altered test, first suggested by Irving S Wright in 1952, has almost universally replaced the original method in contemporary medical practice. The alternative method is often referred to as the modified Allen's test or modified Allen test.

Original test
The original test proposed by Allen is performed as follows:
 * 1) The patient is asked to clench both fists tightly for 1 minute at the same time.
 * 2) Pressure is applied over the radial and ulnar arteries simultaneously so as to occlude them.
 * 3) The patient then opens the fingers of both hands rapidly, and the examiner compares the colour of both. The initial pallor should be replaced quickly by rubor.
 * 4) The test may be repeated, this time occluding the ulnar arteries.

Modified test
In the modified Allen test, one hand is examined at a time:
 * 1) The hand is elevated and the patient is asked to clench their fist for about 30 seconds.
 * 2) Pressure is applied over the ulnar and the radial arteries so as to occlude both of them.
 * 3) Still elevated, the hand is then opened. It should appear blanched (pallor may be observed at the finger nails).
 * 4) Ulnar pressure is released while radial pressure is maintained, and the colour should return within 5 to 15 seconds.

If color returns as described, Allen's test is considered to be normal. If color fails to return, the test is considered abnormal and it suggests that the ulnar artery supply to the hand is not sufficient.

Significance
The modified Allen's test is also performed prior to heart bypass surgery. The radial artery is occasionally used as a conduit for bypass surgery, and its patency lasts longer in comparison to the saphenous veins. Prior to heart bypass surgery, the test is performed to assess the suitability of the radial artery to be used as a conduit. A result of less than 3 seconds is considered as good and suitable. A result of between 3–5 seconds is equivocal, whereas the radial artery will not be considered for grafting if the result is longer than 5 seconds.

The utility of the modified Allen's test is questionable, and no direct correlation with reduced ischemic complications of radial artery cannulation have ever been proven. In 1983, Slogoff and colleagues reviewed 1,782 radial artery cannulations and found that 25% of them resulted in complete radial artery occlusion, without apparent adverse effects. A number of reports have been published in which permanent ischemic sequelae occurred even in the presence of a normal Allen's test. In addition, the results of Allen's tests do not appear to correlate with distal blood flow as demonstrated by fluorescein dye injections.

Further modifications to the test have been proposed to improve reliability.

title: Allen's test


text:
Gary/Chicago International Airport

Gary/Chicago International Airport is a joint civil-military public airport in Gary, in Lake County, Indiana, United States. It is three miles northwest of the city center of Gary, and 25 miles southeast of the Chicago Loop. It is operated by the Gary/Chicago International Airport Authority, which was created by an interstate compact between Gary, Chicago, and Indiana. Nearby highway connections include I-90, I-80, I-94, I-65 and the Chicago Skyway.

Federal Aviation Administration records say the airport had 4,353 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 1,633 in 2009 and 2,143 in 2010. It is in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which called it a non-primary commercial service airport based on enplanements in 2008 (between 2,500 and 10,000 per year) but would be categorized as general aviation based on enplanements in 2010.

History
Gary/Chicago bills itself as the "third airport" for the Chicago metropolitan area, supplementing Chicago's major airports, O'Hare and Midway. Gary/Chicago Airport has been designed with an eye towards growth and the administration is courting airlines aggressively. Numerous businesses, including Boeing, Menards and White Lodging Services, base their corporate aircraft here. A National Guard installation has been built.

Federal funds were secured in January 2006 to move railroad tracks away from the northwest corner to allow extension of the main runway to 9,000 feet, as well as add gates to the existing passenger terminal building. The recent creation of the Northwest Indiana Regional Development Authority is expected to draw more state and local dollars for infrastructure improvements and additions.

Expanding Gary/Chicago Airport is an alternative to constructing a new airport near Peotone, Illinois, 30 miles south of Chicago. One advantage of expanding the Gary airport is its proximity to downtown Chicago. This plan is backed by the mayors of Gary and Chicago, while the Illinois state government is in favor of construction at Peotone. Tax revenues from a new airport at Peotone would go to the Illinois state government, while those from an expanded Gary airport would go to a regional airport authority and thus to the cities of Chicago and Gary.

A long-standing proposal to turn the Gary/Chicago International Airport into Chicago's third major airport received a boost in early 2006 with the approval of $48 million in federal funding over the next ten years. Expansion plans include a new multi-level Intermodal Terminal combining three modes of transit – passenger rail, passenger vehicles and air travel. The rail system is designed to combine both commuter and high-speed lines.

High tension power lines along the west end of the airport are buried. A definitive agreement has been reached with the railroads that will allow relocation of elevated tracks currently blocking the west end of runway 30. Completion of these projects was required to make way for a lengthening of the main runway.

On the afternoon of March 22, 2013, the FAA threatened to close the airport's control tower, along with other airports in Illinois as a part of Federal Budget sequestration in 2013. However, Allegiant Air planned to keep flying to Gary, resuming in May. The closure did not happen as planned.

The construction of the northwest extension of runway 12/30 from 7,003 to 8,859 feet was finally completed and opened for service on June 25, 2015.

Facilities and aircraft
Gary/Chicago International Airport covers 763 acres (309 ha) at an elevation of 597 feet (180 m) above mean sea level. It has two asphalt runways: 12/30 is 8,859 by 150 feet (2,700 x 46 m) and 2/20 is 3,604 by 100 feet.

In the year ending December 31, 2022, there were 114 aircraft based at this airport: 39 single-engine, 9 multi-engine, 53 jet, 6 helicopter, and 7 military.

The airport is also home to an Army Aviation Support Facility supporting UH-60 Blackhawk helicopter operations of the Indiana Army National Guard as well as an additional collocated Army National Guard Armory supporting additional Indiana ARNG units and personnel. The installation is located on the site of a former Cold War-era Army Nike missile battery.

An ex-US Airways Boeing 737-400 is stored at the airport. It is owned by the Ivy Tech College and used for various types of training.

Service
The airport was once served by Pan Am, Southeast Airlines, SkyValue Airlines, Skybus Airlines and Hooters Air, with flights to cities such as Hartford, Connecticut; St. Petersburg, Florida; Greensboro, North Carolina and Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. Prior to its bankruptcy in 2008, ATA Airlines planned turboprop service to several Indiana cities by its subsidiary, Chicago Express/ATA Connection, but the service was never started as Chicago Express Airlines was grounded in March 2005. Before ultimately choosing to serve Chicago O'Hare International Airport in 2006, JetBlue Airways considered flights to Gary/Chicago.

Gary/Chicago was the hub for seasonal carrier SkyValue Airlines from December 2006 to April 2007.

Skybus Airlines served the airport until the airline folded on April 4, 2008. Between then and 2011, there were no scheduled passenger flights out of the Gary/Chicago Airport, but charter airlines frequently flew casino guests to Atlantic City, Harrah's Tunica, and Beau Rivage Biloxi.

On December 12, 2011, Allegiant Air announced it would begin service to Orlando Sanford International Airport two days a week beginning February 15, 2012. Allegiant Air had considered Gary/Chicago International Airport before, but aircraft operational limits resulted in the airline deciding against Gary until the runway expansion was completed.

On May 24, 2013, Allegiant Air reported it was cancelling air service out of Gary because of low demand for the flights. Airport officials said that passenger loads were consistently more than Allegiant Air's minimums, but Allegiant Air said that the flights did not meet its revenue model. Allegiant Air's final scheduled flight from Gary was on August 10, 2013. Since Allegiant Air ended scheduled flights, there has been no scheduled commercial airline service out of Gary Airport.

On May 13, 2020, UPS Airlines announced it was adding its express parcel services to Gary/Chicago International Airport using the Airbus A300 and Boeing 757 to and from Louisville International Airport, home to UPS WorldPort. Flights commenced on November 2, 2020.

On September 14, 2022, the airport authority hired the consulting firm Mead & Hunt to perform the necessary steps to re-attract passenger service. On July 18, 2023, the airport's executive director released plans for bringing back passenger service. Commercial flights are expected to resume in late 2023 or early 2024.

Activity
Chicago-based Boeing selected the airport to permanently base its Midwest corporate jet fleet.

For many years airplanes seen in the Chicago Air & Water Show have flown from here, including the U.S. Air Force's C-5 Galaxy and the F-16 flight demonstration aircraft of the U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds. Since 1999, the Gary Air Show has based its operations here as well.

Ground transportation
The South Shore Line commuter rail train serves the Gary/Chicago International Airport. The station, which is known as Gary Airport/Clark Road, is located near Second Avenue, approximately 1 mi south of the terminal. Service runs to downtown Chicago.

title: Gary/Chicago International Airport


text:
Beck's triad (cardiology)

Beck's triad is a collection of three medical signs associated with acute cardiac tamponade, a medical emergency when excessive fluid accumulates in the pericardial sac around the heart and impairs its ability to pump blood. The signs are low arterial blood pressure, distended neck veins, and distant, muffled heart sounds.

Narrowed pulse pressure might also be observed. The concept was developed in 1935 by Claude Beck, a resident and later Professor of Cardiovascular Surgery at Case Western Reserve University.

Components
The components are:
 * 1) Hypotension with a narrowed pulse pressure
 * 2) Jugular venous distention (JVD)
 * 3) Muffled heart sounds

Physiology
The fall in arterial blood pressure results from pericardial fluid accumulation inside the pericardial sac, which decreases the maximum size of the ventricles. This limits diastolic expansion (filling) which results in a lower EDV (End Diastolic Volume) which reduces stroke volume, a major determinant of systolic blood pressure. This is in accordance with the Frank-Starling law of the heart, which explains that as the ventricles fill with larger volumes of blood, they stretch further, and their contractile force increases, thus causing a related increase in systolic blood pressure.

The rising central venous pressure is evidenced by distended jugular veins while in a non-supine position. It is caused by reduced diastolic filling of the right ventricle, due to pressure from the adjacent expanding pericardial sac. This results in a backup of fluid into the veins draining into the heart, most notably, the jugular veins. In severe hypovolemia, the neck veins may not be distended.

The suppressed heart sounds occur due to the muffling effects of the fluid surrounding the heart.

Clinical use
Although the full triad is present only in a minority of cases of acute cardiac tamponade, presence of the triad is considered pathognomonic for the condition.

title: Beck's triad (cardiology)


text:
Talk:Defect tracking

I have rewritten the section on 'Defect Prevention'. It's a little easier to read now. --Dazzla 10:52, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

Defect tracking doesn't include 'finding' defects
My understanding was always that defect tracking did not cover the finding part (which would be V&V), nor the actual fixing of the product. Am I mistaken, or is the definition here incorrect? --Mattsheppard 03:55, 24 October 2006 (UTC) Hi, my writing on defect tracking was exactly to the specific topic. Not sure why it was removed. Please reconsider. CH Thanks 68.34.70.218 (talk) 17:25, 3 October 2008 (UTC)

Merge with Bug tracking systems?
This little stub seems like it could easily be included as a sub-section in Bug tracking system. I think the explanation probably isn't big enough to warrant it's own article but is well served there. AliveFreeHappy (talk) 19:53, 12 March 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Defect tracking


text: File:Sorcar.jpg

title: File:Sorcar.jpg


text:
User:Caligula~enwiki

Hi I'm Caligula, named after the Roman Emperor, I'm not as unpleasant as he, unless I am crossed unjustly. Then I can be very unpleasant indeed.

fr:Utilisateur:Caligula nl:Gebruiker:Caligula

title: User:Caligula~enwiki


text:
User talk:Shimeru

Welcome to my talk page. If you leave me a message here, I will respond here. If I leave a message on your talk page, you may respond there; I'll be watching it. I prefer to have the entire conversation in one place; it makes it easier to follow. Also, if you leave a message here, please do not subsequently edit it except for grammar, spelling, link correction, and similar technical aspects. Thank you.

Somenath Biswas
Page Deleted The wikipedia entry on Somenath Biswas, a professor of computer science at IIT Kanpur, doctoral adviser of Manindra Agarwal, inventor of Agrawal-Biswas Identity Testing, NP Creative Sets and Solution Preserving Universal Relations along with several other papers was deleted. His interests are theoretical Computer science and mathematical logic. I think a page is warranted by his important contributions to the field and hence the page must be restored. A wikipedia request has been made on the Computer Science People section. As you were the one responsible for the deletion of the page, I am reporting this here.

New page for author Anushka wirasinha
can you please look at the new page for this writer. we have done considerable work on it. we would appreciate if it can be put on wiki now.

Good article reassessment for Inari Ōkami
Inari Ōkami has been nominated for a good article reassessment. If you are interested in the discussion, please participate by adding your comments to the reassessment page. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, the good article status may be removed from the article. Spinixster  (chat!)  00:52, 15 December 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Shimeru


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tristan tzara (band)

Tristan tzara (band)
If this is not band vanity and self-admitted non-notability, I don't knwo what it is... -- Ferkelparade π 08:54, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Fails. Delete. --Slowking Man 08:55, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. utcursch 09:11, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Their one record is self-released. - 81.70.91.207 09:49, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete—Trevor Caira 15:07, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Guess their shift key is busted. Oh, and they're releasing a 7" single on "some Italian label."  Vanity and no-name bands just go together well, I guess. Arrivederci. - Lucky 6.9 21:50, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. Jayjg 22:40, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Rustic Overtones

Rustic Overtones is an American rock band from Maine, United States, active between 1993 and 2002 and from 2007 to the present. They were the first group to perform live on XM Satellite Radio, and their 2007 album Light at the End was the fastest-selling local disc ever in the state of Maine.

Early years: 1993–2002
Rustic Overtones started in the early 1990s as a three-piece cover band known as Aces Wild with Dave Gutter, Jon Roods, and then-drummer and close friend Matthew Esty, playing small bars. This lineup produced the very rare Smile album. Rustic Overtones gained popularity during the mid to late 1990s in the Portland, Maine, music scene, although it had many self-financed tours throughout the country, mostly the northeastern states. After the release of the band's 1998 album Rooms by the Hour, major record label Arista signed the band spurred on by then-president Clive Davis. The signing led to "Hardest Way Possible," a song from Rooms By The Hour, being featured on the soundtrack of the Rob Schneider film The Animal. Arista hired legendary producer Tony Visconti to produce what became the band's 2001 release, ¡Viva Nueva! However, after disagreements with the label, and a shakeup at Arista that saw the band's primary supporter, Clive Davis, depart, the record deal fell through. The band was shortly picked up afterward by Tommy Boy and released the album in 2001, which featured guest appearances by Funkmaster Flex, Imogen Heap, and David Bowie. However, Tommy Boy's deal with Warner Bros. Records ended in 2002, which once again left the band without a record label. The disappointment of two major record deals falling through proved too much for the band members, and they went their separate ways in 2002. Its final performance was a three-hour show at the State Theatre on May 11, 2002.

Break-up and solo careers: 2002–2007
During the five years that the Rustic Overtones went their separate ways, most of the band members pursued a side project. Dave Gutter and Jon Roods met up with one-time Overtones drummer Marc Boisvert, and formed Paranoid Social Club, another band that enjoyed success, with its single "Wasted" appearing in the soundtrack to the movie Beerfest. Spencer Albee joined with other local musicians including guitarist Zach Jones, drummer Brian Higgins, and bassist Haché and formed Rocktopus (later As Fast As, replacing Higgins with drummer Andrew Hodgkins), whose album Open Letter to the Damned received a 4.5/5 rating from music critic giant Allmusic. Tony McNaboe served as a touring drummer for Ray LaMontagne, and released an R&B solo album in 2003 entitled Destination. In addition, saxophonist Ryan Zoidis split his time between Lettuce and Soulive, baritone saxophonist Jason Ward played with several local bands, and trombonist Dave Noyes joined local group Seekonk.

Reunion and Light at the End: 2007–2008
In early spring of 2007, drummer Tony McNaboe began the process of reuniting the band, calling each former member separately, and telling them that everyone else had already agreed to a reunion. In May 2007, Tony McNaboe, Spencer Albee, and Jon Roods made a surprise announcement on Portland's WCYY that the entire band did indeed plan to reunite, and were in the process of scheduling local reunion shows. On May 29, they announced that they would play two reunion shows at Portland club The Asylum, on July 28 and 29, 2007. In addition, after a month of rumors and gossip, the band also announced that they had been working on a new album of previously unreleased material and newly written music, eventually titled Light at the End, which was released independently in late July 2007 coinciding with the two reunion shows.

Although the band originally made it clear that the reunion would only last for the summer, and the members would turn their attention back to their post-Overtones projects after the two shows and the release of the album, Gutter confirmed in an article for the Portland Press Herald that "reunions will become a regular thing" and that the band is "here to stay." Furthermore, during one of the band's reunion shows, Spencer Albee proclaimed, "we're never going to leave you again, we're sorry". Also, during an interview on a local news station on July 18, 2007, with Gutter and Albee, the two were asked what the future plans are with the band. Gutter responded with "we've got a couple more huge endeavors planned for Rustic Overtones" and Albee stated that "there's no reason to not be together".

On September 8, 2007, the band announced on their MySpace page that they were in the process of filming a "feature film documentary," though they did not announce a release date or filming timetable. On November 24, 2007, Spencer Albee announced to the crowd at an Asylum concert that the band would soon re-release the albums Long Division and Light At The End on a national record label to get the albums out to the masses. Two days later, the band announced on MySpace that the label they had signed with was Velour Records, and hinted that their entire back catalog of albums would soon be released.

Spencer Albee's departure and The New Way Out: 2008–2009
On September 17, 2008, the band unexpectedly announced on Myspace that Spencer Albee, their keyboardist since 1995's Long Division, had left the band. Drummer Tony McNaboe explained that Spencer was parting ways on good terms, and that work on a new album would continue as planned with multi-instrumentalist Nigel Hall from Lettuce filling in on keyboards. Hall toured as a normal member of the band until he became too busy with other projects to continue as a full-fledged member, still contributing to the recording of the album. On tour the band began to alternate between Hall and Tyler Quist as keyboardists, playing some shows without a keyboardist at all, or having Ryan Zoidis and Dave Noyes take over keyboardist duties on certain songs. The band continued work on their album in their self-built studio, Limited Productions Limited, throughout 2008 and 2009, and on November 11, 2009, The New Way Out was released.

Death of Noyes and Self Titled: 2019
On February 23, 2019, the band posted a short clip of a song titled "Black Shirt" to their Instagram account with an announcement of their forthcoming album. On March 7, trombonist Dave Noyes died unexpectedly. Hailed as an essential member of the band, he was called the "glue that held the band together." Multiple benefit shows were performed in his honor, as well as to raise funds for his bereaved pregnant wife and young child. On November 29, 2019, they released a self-titled album based on what Noyes had recorded before he died.

Styles and influences
In its earliest days, Rustic Overtones was mostly classified as a rock and soul band, citing as their heaviest influences artists such as Earth, Wind, and Fire and Tom Waits, and playing with a raw sound. However, by Rooms by the Hour, the band refined and diversified its sound, with much more of a jazz influence on songs such as "Pink Belly" and "Machine Maker," and an alternative rock feel on songs such as "The Heist" and "Kicking and Screaming". By the late '90s and into the early 2000s, the band had become heavily influenced by hip hop, leading to the heavy production of the entire album, a collaboration with hip-hop veterans Naughty by Nature that appeared on the rap group's 1999 album, and the ''¡Viva Nueva! song "Smoke", which when played sometimes featured a guest rapper friend of the band who rapped over an extended outro to the song. Many believe that this radical switch of style contributed to the band's fallout with their Arista record deal, as the company apparently believed that the band's sound on the album would be similar to that of their older material. The album Light at the End sounds most similar to the production and style of Rooms by the Hour, although the album draws from various other phases of the band's musical evolution as well.

Members
Current
 * Dave Gutter —  Vocals, electric guitar (1993–2002, 2007–present)
 * Jon Roods —  Bass (1993–2002, 2007–present)
 * Jason Ward —  Baritone Saxophone (1995–2002, 2007–present)
 * Gary Gemmiti —  Drums (2015–present)
 * Lucas Desmond —  Alto Saxophone, Tenor Saxophone (2019–present)
 * Jamie Colpoys — Trombone, Backing Vocals (2019–present)

Past
 * Matthew Esty —  Drums (1993)
 * Tony McNaboe —  Drums (1993–2002, 2007–2010)
 * Dave Noyes —  Trombone (1994–2002, 2007–2019; died 2019)
 * Spencer Albee —  Hammond B2 Organ, Fender Rhodes, Synth (1995–2002, 2007–2008)
 * Ryan Zoidis —  Alto Saxophone, Tenor Saxophone (1995–2002, 2007–2008)
 * Nigel Hall —  Keyboard (2014)
 * Mike Taylor —  Fender Rhodes, Keyboards (2015–2019)
 * Kyle Hardy — Alto Saxophone
 * Marc Boisvert —  Drums

Albums

 * Shish Boom Bam (1994)
 * Long Division (1995)
 * Rooms by the Hour (1998)
 * ¡Viva Nueva! (2001)
 * Light At The End (2007)
 * The New Way Out (2009)
 * Let's Start a Cult (2012)
 * Let's Start a Cult Part 2 (2013)
 * Rustic Overtones (2019)

EPs

 * My Dirt (1996)
 * Check/Girl Germs (1997)
 * Volume Up (1999)

Singles

 * "Check" (1997)
 * "Combustible" (2001)
 * "C'Mon" (2001)
 * "Light at the End" (2008)
 * "Downside of Looking Up" (2009)
 * "Martyrs" feat. Eric krasno (2014)
 * "The Show Must go on" featuring Sara Hallie Richardson (2014)
 * "Black Shirt" (2019)

Promotional recordings
(This is only a partial listing)
 * This Is Rock N' Roll (promo tape) (2000)
 * Viva Nueva! Album Advance (2001)
 * Live on XM Satellite Radio (2001)
 * Promotional Pre Release Viva Nueva! (Date Unknown —  boilerplate Tommy Boy inserts are labeled 1997 and 1998, although they were with another label in '97/'98)
 * Selections from the Album Viva Nueva! (2001)

Live recordings

 * Rustic Overtones collection at the Internet Archive's live music archive

title: Rustic Overtones


text:
X-Statix

X-Statix are a team of mutant superheroes appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The team was specifically designed to be media superstars. The team, created by Peter Milligan and Mike Allred, first appears in X-Force #116 and originally assumed the moniker X-Force, taking the name of the more traditional superhero team, who appear in #117 (June 2001) claiming to be "the real X-Force".

Publication history
In 2001, the X-Men family of titles were being revamped by the newly appointed Marvel Comics editor-in-chief Joe Quesada. The aim was to make the titles more critically and commercially successful. Former Vertigo editor Axel Alonso hired writer Peter Milligan, best known for his surreal, post-modernist comics such as Rogan Gosh and Shade, the Changing Man, and Madman artist Mike Allred, as the new creative team for X-Force, starting with issue #116. Prior to Milligan and Allred's first issue, X-Force sold well, but had not been the critical success Quesada wanted.

Milligan and Allred completely revamped the series, designing a team more akin to popstars or reality TV contestants than the gritty, violent paramilitary group originally portrayed in the series. The title was laced with Milligan's satirical take on the superhero team as well as general cynicism toward the entire genre. Milligan wrote that he saw the characters' super powers as "vehicles for exploring our celebrity and fame-obsessed society."

"My mutants all have agents, negotiate fees for image rights, open megastores and live the dream. People die in my comic. We even have a character called Dead Girl."

Milligan and Allred would regularly play with killing off the title characters: In their first issue, they wiped out the entire team, with only two exceptions. This dramatic revision of the series was not universally accepted. Many readers wanted "their" X-Force back, a complaint Milligan later parodied in the pages of the title. Alonso described the series as "a hostile takeover of the X-Men paradigm." However, the title was receiving mainstream media coverage in titles like Rolling Stone.

X-Force #116 was the first Marvel Comics title since The Amazing Spider-Man #96–98 in 1971 to not have the Comics Code Authority (CCA) approval seal, due to the violence depicted in the issue. The CCA, which governed the content of American comic books, rejected the issue, requiring that changes be made. Instead, Marvel simply stopped submitting comics to the CCA.

X-Force was canceled with issue #129 in 2002 and renamed X-Statix; it restarted with a new issue #1. X-Statix carried on the same themes as X-Force, but with an increasingly satirical tone. Milligan planned to deploy Princess Diana as a character in a story-arc beginning in X-Statix #13: she was slated to return from the dead as a mutant superhero. However, when news of this leaked out to the media, a series of objections followed, most notably from the British tabloid newspaper The Daily Mail. A spokesperson for the British royal family called the planned story "appalling." Milligan responded to the controversy, writing in the British daily newspaper The Guardian that Diana fit in well with X-Statix as someone "famous for being famous" and that he would like to write a story where David Beckham joined the team, if he could convince Marvel to let him. On July 10, 2003, Marvel announced that they would remove Princess Diana from the story, replacing her with a fictional pop star named Henrietta Hunter.

Although sales of the title during this time were moderate, they soon began to decline drastically. After a story-arc that pitted X-Statix against The Avengers, low sales prompted the title's cancellation with issue #26, published in 2004. In the last issue Milligan and Allred killed off the entire team, serving up one last parody of the superhero genre, while tying up the remaining plot threads.

In 2006, Marvel Comics published the five-issue miniseries X-Statix Presents: Dead Girl, which featured Dead Girl teaming up with Doctor Strange to combat a group of villains who have returned from the dead. The series is written by Milligan, with covers by Allred. The storyline (which features the returns of the Anarchist, the Orphan, and U-Go Girl) parodies the manner in which creators in the industry handle death in comic books, with popular characters often brought back from the dead.

In 2019, Giant Sized X-Statix was published and written by Peter Milligan and Mike Allred the original creators of X-Statix. The title showcased a new version of the team consisting of the new U Go-Girl, Doop, Vivisector, Mister Sensitive, The A, and Phatty as well as a new team the X-Cellent with its members being Zeitgeist, Hurt John, Mirror Girl, and Uno and alumni/former members of X-Force like Plazm, the Anarchist, La Nuit, Battering Ram, and Gin Genie. In 2020, The X-Cellent was announced as a successor to X-Statix.

Members
X-Statix is a team of colorfully dressed and emotionally immature young mutants. They are assembled and marketed as superstars, first by the mysterious Coach, and later by media mogul Spike Freeman.

Team

 * Anarchist / Tike Alicar, the team's self-proclaimed "token" Black Canadian, whose acidic sweat enables him to fire energy bolts.
 * Bloke / Mickey Tork, a mutant with the ability to change the color of his skin, like a chameleon.
 * Dead Girl / Moonbeam, a mixture of ghost and zombie. Her civilian name has never been fully revealed, but she admitted after some cajoling that her first name is/was "Moonbeam". Dead Girl's mutant gene allows her to return to semi-life after dying; she is also able to become intangible and communicate with other dead people.
 * Doop, a green, floating spheroid creature of unknown origin, who speaks in a "language" all his own (represented in text by a special font), and serves as the team's cameraman.
 * Katie Sawyer / U-Go Girl II / Gone Gal, daughter of U-Go Girl and has the power of teleportation.
 * El Guapo / Roberto "Robbie" Rodriguez, a sexy male mutant with a sentient flying skateboard.
 * Henrietta Hunter, a female pop star who is inexplicably reanimated with enhanced physical abilities and empathy (This character was originally written as Diana, Princess of Wales, but Marvel decided to rewrite her when news of this plan caused controversy.)
 * Mysterious Fan Boy / Arnie Lundberg, the self-proclaimed greatest fan of the X-Statix team. He is placed on the team so that his reality-warping powers and unstable personality can be monitored and controlled.
 * Orphan / Mister Sensitive / Guy Smith, the team's de facto leader, and a mutant with purple skin and two antennae protruding from his forehead. He possesses heightened senses, superhuman speed, and the ability to levitate, and must wear a special suit to protect his highly irritated skin.
 * Phat / William Robert Reilly, a gay white man who can harden, soften, and increase the size of any part of his body by expanding his subcutaneous fat layer.
 * Saint Anna, an Irish-Argentinian mutant with the ability to levitate and control the motion of objects as well as physically and mentally heal others.
 * The Spike / Darian Elliot, an African American character who is capable of extending thin spikes from his body or launching them as projectiles.
 * U-Go Girl / Edith Sawyer, a blue-skinned, redheaded, narcoleptic teleporter who was once romantically linked to Zeitgeist and then to Orphan.
 * Venus Dee Milo / De Milo, whose body was made entirely of crackling red energy that allowed her to teleport, project concussive blasts of energy, and heal minor wounds.
 * Vivisector / Myles Alfred, a bookish, gay scholar who can transform himself into a wolf-like creature with enhanced senses, speed, agility, and razor-sharp fangs and claws.

Mentors

 * Coach, the manipulative mentor of the team while it was still operating as X-Force. He has only one arm and red eyes, hence nickname "The Arm". Coach has the second X-Force team eradicated in order to start a new one.
 * Spike Freeman, an amoral, 34 year old thrill-seeking billionaire/trillionaire, he assists the team by auditioning new members, and by managing its public relations.

Allies

 * Lacuna / Woodstock Schumaker, a young girl named Woodstock who seeks to join the team, she has the power of time manipulation.
 * Professor X, the mentor of the X-Men who assists X-Statix on some occasions. He constructs special suits to accommodate Orphan and Venus Dee Milo's mutations.
 * Wolverine, an old friend of Doop's who helps Orphan take down Coach and his back-up team.
 * O-Force, a mutant superhero team. Consisting of Overkill, Obituary, Ocean, Ocelot, Ooze and Orbit. Candidates include Ozone, Orchid, Optoman, Oink, Oracle and Orifice.

X-Force
In Milligan and Allred's first issue of X-Force, nearly the entire team is killed off in an incident called the Boyz R Us Massacre. This precursory team, of which only U-Go Girl, Doop, and Anarchist survive, also included:

 * Battering Ram, who has superhuman strength and durability as well as a thick skull which sported two ram-like horns and purple skin.
 * Gin Genie / Beckah Parker, who can direct seismic energy from her body if she had consumed alcohol.
 * La Nuit, a Frenchman who can generate a cloak of dark energy around him that disperses light and controls objects.
 * Plazm, a living, lighter-than-air, liquid man who can control metabolic functions upon contact with another or through a spray from his hands.
 * Sluk / Byron Spencer, who has a face composed of tentacles.
 * Zeitgeist / Axel Cluney, the team leader, who can vomit acidic ooze from his mouth. He conspires with Coach to have his teammates killed, but is caught in the crossfire and killed as well. He previously had a one-night stand with U-Go Girl.

X-Cellent

 * Rosa Lemper, East German mutant made of concrete.
 * Jenny Spiegel / The Mirror Girl, a blue skinned mutant.
 * Whoosh / Billy McMullen, teleporter but killed by Zeitgeist.
 * Fluff, capable of creating clouds of chest hair. Killed by Zeitgeist.
 * Hurt John, able to read people's worst fears.
 * Uno, giant eyeball capable of blasts.
 * Toodle Pip / Artemis Boleyn blogger/teleporter, forced by Zeitgeist to join after killing Whoosh.
 * Joe Bomb, explosion creating mutant, died by his own power.

Collected editions
X-Statix's appearances have been collected into the following trade paperbacks:

 * X-Force: Famous, Mutant & Mortal (hardcover, 288 pages, July 2003, ISBN 0-7851-1023-2) collects:
 * Volume 1: New Beginnings (collects X-Force #116–120, 128 pages, November 2001, ISBN 0-7851-0819-X)
 * Volume 2: Final Chapter (collects X-Force #121–129, 224 pages, November 2002, ISBN 0-7851-1088-7)
 * X-Statix:
 * Volume 1: Good Omens (collects X-Statix #1–5, Marvel, 2002, ISBN 0-7851-1059-3)
 * Volume 2: Good Guys & Bad Guys (collects X-Statix #6–10, Wolverine/Doop #1–2 and X-Men Unlimited #41, Marvel, 2003, ISBN 0-7851-1139-5)
 * Volume 3: Back From the Dead (collects X-Statix #11–18, Marvel, 2004, ISBN 0-7851-1140-9)
 * Volume 4: X-Statix vs. The Avengers (collects X-Statix #19–26, Marvel, 2004, ISBN 0-7851-1537-4)
 * X-Statix Presents: Dead Girl (collects 5-issue limited series, Marvel, 2006, ISBN 0-7851-2031-9)

The entire run of X-Statix is collected in a hardcover Marvel Omnibus, which collects: X-Force #116–129; Brotherhood #9; X-Statix #1–26; Dead Girl #1–5; Wolverine/Doop #1–2; and material from X-Men Unlimited #41; I ♥ Marvel: My Mutant Heart and Nation X #4. (Marvel, 2011, ISBN 0-7851-5844-8)

Reception
Despite receiving condemnation from the British royal family, X-Statix received critical acclaim, if not high popularity among readers. In naming X-Statix as one of "5 Marvel Properties That, Even After ‘Guardians of the Galaxy,’ Are Still Too Weird for the Big Screen", IndieWire wrote that X-Statix "viciously deconstructed every phony bit of comic-book artifice", put "fame-whoring media culture on trial", and confronted issues of race, class, and sexuality. IGN wrote that the frequency with which characters were killed off "lent the book an air of danger and unpredictability rare to mainstream superhero titles." In 2012, Entertainment Weekly included X-Statix in a list of "15 Comic Books We Want to See as Movies", saying that the work "has never looked more timely." Previously, in 2003, the magazine had given the series an A rating, calling it a "razor-sharp media critique with hyperbolic dialogue." Fumettologica praised the subtlety of the metatextuality in its satire, mentioning the character Anarchist's fear that people won't support adding a second African American to the team.

In other media

 * Phat appears in X-Men: The Last Stand, portrayed by Via Saleaumua in his "large mode" and Richard Yee in his "small mode". This version is a member of the Omegas, who join the Brotherhood of Mutants in opposing a mutant cure, only to be killed by Iceman. Furthermore, he is naturally large and has the ability to shrink in size.
 * Zeitgeist appears in Deadpool 2, portrayed by Bill Skarsgård. This version is a member of X-Force who is killed on his first mission after crosswinds blow him into a woodchipper.

title: X-Statix


text:
Chrysler Sigma

The Chrysler Sigma is a version of the Mitsubishi Galant automobile that was built by Chrysler Australia in Adelaide, South Australia from 1977. When Mitsubishi Motors Australia (MMAL) took over Chrysler Australia's manufacturing facilities in 1980, they renamed the vehicle the Mitsubishi Sigma. The range was progressively discontinued and replaced by the Mitsubishi Magna, starting with the sedan in 1985 and the wagon in 1987.

GE (1977–1980)
Chrysler launched the GE series Sigma in October 1977 to replace the outgoing GD Galant. Assembly occurred at the Tonsley Park, Adelaide plant.

The GE series Sigma was the first to introduce the Australian market to the Astron engine range. The 1.6-litre Saturn engine with four-speed manual transmission was also available in the base model, badged Sigma Galant. The Saturn engine was good for 56 kW of power and 117 Nm of torque. The mid-range model, the Sigma GL, came standard with the 1.85-litre Astron and four-speed manual, providing 60 kW and 145 Nm. Both Galant and GL had an upgrade option to the 2.0-litre Astron engine—standard with four-speed manual or optional five-speed manual or three-speed automatic. Outputs for the 2.0-litre were 64 kW and 145 Nm. The top-line model, the Sigma SE, offered the 2.0-litre and five-speed standard—automatic remained an option. The Astron engines were initially imported, with the Lonsdale, South Australia engine plant producing the Astron from October 1979.

Sigma SE offered equipment including five-position, reclining rear seats. An interior boot lid release, roof console (incorporating dome lamp, map reading lamp, seat belt and door ajar warning lamps), steel belt radial ply tyres, laminated windscreen, distinctive grille, smoked glass on all instrument dials, front seat back pockets, and Ivanhoe cloth trim were also standard with the SE (with leather optional). The SE was further distinguished by its body-coloured hubcaps with silver trim.

From launch, Chrysler also offered a "Sportspack" option for the GL 2.0-litre. This included exterior striping, quartz-halogen high-beam headlights, a sports steering wheel, low-fuel warning light, tachometer and steel belted radial tyres.

In March 1978, a Japanese-made, two-door coupé version called the "Sigma Scorpion" was released—based on the Mitsubishi Galant Lambda. Although the Sigma Scorpion shared many common engine and mechanical components with the sedan, all body panels and most interior features were unique to the coupe. On 12 October 1978, a station wagon body variant of the Sigma was released—available in Galant, GL, and SE trims.

On 1 November 1979, Chrysler announced and commenced sales of the enlarged, 2.6-litre Astron engined Sigma GL and SE. At the same time, the 1.85-litre engine was dropped. Paired only with the automatic gearbox, 2.6-litre was believed to be the biggest four-cylinder engine sold internationally at the time. The 2.6 came further equipped a new braking system with larger front discs and a 56 percent increase in pad area. 14-inch cast alloy wheels were also made available as a further option for the 2.6. The 2.6 was noted for its smoothness and refinement, although less so than its 2.0-litre counterpart. Its large displacement made it competitive with six-cylinder rivals. Chrysler claimed 73 kW of power and torque of 188 Nm. According to Chrysler, this made it the most powerful four-cylinder engine sold in Australia at the time.

GH (1980–1982)
On 28 April 1980, Chrysler unveiled the GH Sigma in Brisbane. Then on 30 April, Mitsubishi Corporation and Mitsubishi Motors jointly acquired Chrysler's remaining 65 percent share of Chrysler Australia (bringing the dual Mitsubishi ownership to 98.9 percent). On 1 October 1980, the GH range was rebadged from Chrysler Sigma to Mitsubishi Sigma, due to the renaming of Chrysler Australia to Mitsubishi Motors Australia (MMAL) following the buy-out.

Released to the market on 12 May, the GH series saw a considerable facelift on both front and rear ends. While it was only introduced to Australia in 1980, the facelift actually appeared on the Japanese home market Galant models and on New Zealand assembled Mitsubishi Sigma models in 1979.

The mechanical layout was as before except for addition of a five-speed manual for the 2.6-litre model (with automatic exiled to the options list). The base model was now simply called "Sigma" instead of "Sigma Galant".

A GLX model was placed between GL and SE level and was advertised as a "sports pack". A limited run of 1,016 "Peter Wherrett" editions of the GLX were built (option A05), named after Australian motoring journalist Peter Wherrett who was given the task of improving the handling of the Sigma by MMAL after complaining about it. The improvements included 15-inch Globe "Montego" alloy wheels fitted with Pirelli P6 tyres, Recaro seats, Momo steering wheel, Sonic extractors, as well as lowered coil springs and Bilstein shock absorbers.

Mitsubishi released a limited edition, GL-based Sigma Satellite in c. April 1981, adding two-tone paint (available in three combinations), unique hubcaps, a soft grip sports steering wheel, cloth upholstery, full tinted glass including laminated windscreen. In September 1981, in partnership with turbocharger specialists Normalair-Garrett, Mitsubishi produced a limited run of 500 Sigma Turbos, the first Australian-built turbocharged production car. The forced-induction 2.0-litre Astron powerplant produced 116 kW and 235 Nm. Mitsubishi discontinued the GH series in February 1982.

GJ (1982–1984)

The redesigned GJ Sigma was released in March 1982, based on the 1980 Japanese domestic market Mitsubishi Galant. While a complete redevelopment was done for the sedan models, the wagon models in fact were new only from the firewall forward—the rest of the bodyshell was still GH based. Engine and transmission offerings remained as before, but received power and torque boosts; the 2.0-litre now produced 70 kW and 152 Nm and the 2.6-litre 76 kW and 192 Nm.

In February 1983, Mitsubishi launched a special edition Sigma GL Satellite. Priced $1,000 below the GL luxury level, the Satellite was built in sedan and wagon versions, with air conditioning, five-speed manual or automatic transmission all as options. However, two-tone paintwork, a laminated windscreen, AM/FM radio, adjustable steering column, intermittent windscreen wipers and a heated rear window were fitted as standard equipment.

The SE model featured cut pile carpets, a tachometer, overhead reading lamps, door step lamps, rear footwell lamps, four-speaker AM/FM/MPX stereo radio/cassette system, remote boot and fuel cap releases, adjustable lumbar support and tilt for the driver seat, and tinted side windows.

A sporting model, the Sigma GSR, was also released with either 2.0 or 2.6-litre engines offered with either automatic or manual transmissions. Features included alloy wheels, four-wheel disc brakes, a sports steering wheel and blackouts, particularly on the window frames and doorhandles.

June 1983 saw the entry-level Sigma rebadged as the Sigma XL, to coincide with the trim level designations on MMAL's small car, the Colt.

October 1983 saw the release of the luxurious, Sigma Super Saloon. Produced as a limited edition of 500 cars and placed above the SE trim level from which it derives, it came only with the 2.6-litre in either five-speed manual or three-speed automatic. The five-speed manual fitted was of Japanese origin, rather than the BorgWarner Australia unit previously fitted to Sigmas, and the suspension received a re-tune. The Super Saloon featured two-tone metallic paint and crushed velour upholstery for the interior. Two paint and trim combinations were offered—blue upper body with silver lower body and blue interior—or dark brown/light brown exterior with a bronze interior. The Super Saloon introduced standard power steering, power windows and central locking—features that also became optional on Sigma GL, SE, and GSR trims. The central floor console was also revised to accommodate the power window and central door locking switches. Other equipment fitted to the Super Saloon included air conditioning, alloy wheels, and four-wheel disc brakes.

The GJ series Sigma had the distinction of being the only Australian car during the 1980s to be exported to Europe (Chrysler previously did this with the Australian Valiant). The car was sold in the United Kingdom, in both sedan and wagon models, under the marque Lonsdale.

GK (1984–1985)

The GK Series was released in March 1984. It was a comprehensive facelift, both outside and in. Externally the GK was changed by having a new bonnet and a shallower grille, while at the rear new taillight clusters (which had actually appeared in certain overseas markets in 1982) and rear valance were fitted, the registration plate being relocated below the bumper. Internally the specifications and trim of the models had changed. Seats were different in certain models, particularly the GL, and all models had the option of power windows (although rare), an option not available in most previous models.

The Sigma XL was the entry-level model of the range and came with either the 1.6 or 2.0-litre engines. In the SE, velour seats with lumbar control, adjustable headrests and a fold-down rear seat armrest with boot access were fitted. Reading lights incorporated into the roof-mounted dome light and built into the rear pillars were now a stock feature on the SE model Sigma. Power assisted steering was also an option along with electric windows. The SE model Sigma had stock dual line striping around the car, with chrome bonnet indicators.

Chrome detailing (around gauges and air vents, which often had a tendency to peel off) was replaced by black painting, and the door trim was now two-tone in certain models. A few other slight changes were included in the GK Sigma, for example, the boot was fully lined with carpet and also featured a plastic protector for the lights. A painted boot with only base carpet was used in the GN Sigma, with no plastic light protector. Also, red courtesy lights were built into the bottom of the doors on the SE model.

As for the mechanics of the car, the GK was unchanged from the GJ, while the SE model featured rear disc brakes as standard. The GSR received a sportier front air dam, rear spoiler and 15-inch alloy wheels and was only available with the 2.6-litre engine and five-speed manual transmission. The GSR Sigma also had a sports steering wheel, black door frames and door handles and came standard with rear disc brakes.

In July 1984, Mitsubishi reintroduced the Super Saloon trim level, again based on the Sigma SE sedan and incorporating luxury items normally offered as options. The GK Super Saloon generally followed the GJ's structure, although changes included new corduroy trim and stereo system with Compact Cassette facility, AM/FM scan tuning, and digital display. Mitsubishi also introduced a limited edition GK Sigma Satellite in late 1984, based on the XL but with the 2.6-litre engine and five-speed manual (or automatic optional), side stripes with Satellite badge identification, cloth-trimmed upholstery, AM/FM/MPX radio with dual speakers, distinguished wheel trim, additional silencing, tinted windscreen, and heated rear window.

GN (1985–1987)
Released in July 1985, the GN was an update, but also a rationalization of the previous Sigma range due to only being offered in GL trim. The range was rationalized due to the April 1985 release of the Mitsubishi Magna front-wheel drive range, which was developed eventually to replace the Sigma in Australia.

The GN range had a number of external trim changes over its predecessors, notably a black trim line around the base of the body, and the deletion of the wrap-round chrome strip seen on the previous model. The grille was remodelled, resembling the SE grille of the previous model, and new hubcaps were used with alloy wheels from the previous SE models optional. The largest change however, concerned the wagon models. To freshen the model before the impending release of the Magna wagon (which was being developed at that time, for a 1987 release), a new higher roof (dubbed "high roof") was developed for the car, which helped to improve the car's overall cabin space. It gave the wagon a unique appearance from its predecessors, particularly as it incorporated a roof-mounted spoiler.

Engine-wise, the GN Sigma was offered either with the Astron 2.0-litre (70 kW at 5600 rpm and 152 Nm at 2400 rpm) or the Astron II 2.6-litre (83 kW at 5200 rpm and 200 Nm at 2400 rpm) units. The Astron II had a few changes over the previous models, notably a newly designed head with hydraulic tappets (replacing the manual tappets in previous Astrons) and flat-top pistons. The oil pressure switch was now located at the rear of the cylinder block. In December 1985, the 2.0-litre versions were dropped, as Mitsubishi did not believe it warranted the conversion to unleaded fuel. Unleaded was introduced in Australia in January 1986.

Mitsubishi launched GL Satellite limited editions of the GN series in c. October 1986, adding air conditioning, unique striping, headlamp protectors, front and rear mudflaps, tilt adjustable steering column, remote control tailgate (for wagons) and side mirrors.

The "high roof" Sigma wagon was an export model for MMAL. During 1986–1987 station wagons were shipped to New Zealand, due to that market's demand for wagon models. Although they were of a previous generation to the front-wheel drive Mitsubishi Sigma sedan (which was similar, but of a narrower bodyshell to the Magna, and fitted with smaller engines) range being sold in New Zealand, they proved popular, particularly with fleets.

This final generation of the Sigma ceased production in early 1987, due to the release of the Magna wagon models, completing the overall Magna range.

title: Chrysler Sigma


text:
Talk:Gaza City

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 24 February 2024
GAZA IS STILL THE LARGEST CITY OF PALESTINE. BEFORE HAMAS-ISRAEL WAR IT IS STILL THE LARGEST CITY OF PALESTINE. 38.253.8.42 (talk) 03:40, 24 February 2024 (UTC)

 * The thing is right now Rafah is inundated by refugees and so has more people in it, so Gaza City isn't really currently most populous. I've reworded now by saying most populous instead of largest, since it's physical size hasn't changed. Em3rgent0rdr (talk) 08:06, 24 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Jamedeus (talk) 22:30, 24 February 2024 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 25 March 2024
Image of destruction should be moved and a general image of the city should be used per Recentism 172.99.147.181 (talk) 00:49, 25 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. The request needs to be more specific. Shadow311 (talk) 14:41, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

Ancient Egyptian Name
The article currently states: According to Shahin, the Ancient Egyptians called it gḏt, "Ghazzat" ("prized city")... (originally added in this edit in 2009.)

As far as I understand, Mariam Shahin is not an academic researcher (she is a filmmaker and a journalist, without a Wikipedia article about her); neither ancient Egypt or etymology are her areas of expertise, and the book "Palestine: A Guide" is not an academic research. I don't think this is a reliable source on the subject. 2A0D:6FC2:6C71:6C00:749F:EA20:5036:E5E7 (talk) 20:19, 4 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Provide a better book then. Iskandar323 (talk) 20:23, 4 May 2024 (UTC)

Twinned with Tel Aviv
I have been unable to verify citation 187, and in general the fact that Gaza City and Tel Aviv are sister cities. Furthermore, this was added to the article during the 2008-2009 Palestine-Israel conflict. The only thing that makes me trust that it was added in good faith is that it was added by a well-respected editor of Palestinian ancestry (Al Ameer son). GiggyMantis (talk) 22:05, 31 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Not sure what "unable to verify" means, do you have a source that contradicts the Haaretz source? Or some actual evidence that the Haaretz source is in error. Selfstudier (talk) 09:07, 29 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gaza City


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fredika M. Robertson

Fredika M. Robertson
Another contribution from the author of David M. Baker. Resume, probably copyvio. I say Delete. utcursch 09:00, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * 23 google hits leads me to vote delete. --Spangineer ∞ 16:22, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - just a CV. Cdc 17:02, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete I agree.-[[User:Ld|Ld | talk]] 05:53, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kobra khan (band)

Kobra khan (band)
Looks like today is band vanity day...sounds pretty non-notable, band members are not verifiable -- Ferkelparade π 09:09, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete--ZayZayEM 09:27, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. utcursch 10:04, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete as the uncapitalized companion article to Tristan tzara (band). Someone might want to look out for some of the red links on these articles suddenly turning blue. - Lucky 6.9 21:51, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, look out for that. And those monkeys flying out of your butt.  Delete.  Edeans 07:29, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * We've had the B-Movie Bandit... what now, the Garage Band Gremlin? Delete. Alphax (talk) 04:09, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Indian national calendar

The Indian national calendar, called the Shaka calendar or Śaka calendar, is a solar calendar that is used alongside the Gregorian calendar by The Gazette of India, in news broadcasts by All India Radio, and in calendars and official communications issued by the Government of India. Śaka Samvat is generally 78 years behind the Gregorian calendar, except from January to March, when it is behind by 79 years.

Through historical Indian influence, the Śaka calendar is also used in Java and Bali among Indonesian Hindus. Nyepi, the "Day of Silence", is a celebration of the Śaka new year in Bali. Nepal's Nepal Sambat evolved from the Śaka calendar. The Śaka calendar was also used in several areas in the modern-day Philippines as written in the Laguna copperplate inscription. In India, Yugabda is also used with corresponding months of Śaka/Nepal Sambat. Yugabda is based on Kaliyuga Sankhya preserved by Indian astrology. The Kali Yuga began 0 years ago and has NaN years left as of 2024 CE.   Kali Yuga will end in the year 428,899 CE.

Calendar structure
The calendar months follow the signs of the tropical zodiac rather than the sidereal zodiac normally used with the Hindu and Buddhist calendars.

Chaitra is the first month of the calendar and begins on the March equinox, similar to Farvardin, the first month of the Iranian Solar Hijri calendar. Chaitra has 30 days and starts on 22 March, except in leap years, when it has 31 days and starts on 21 March. The months in the first half of the year all have 31 days, to take into account the slower movement of the sun across the ecliptic at this time.

The names of the months are derived from the older Hindu lunisolar calendar, so variations in spellings exist, and there is a possible source of confusion as to what calendar a date belongs to.

The names of the weekdays are derived from the seven classical planets (see Navagraha). The first day of the week is Ravivāra (Sunday). The official calendar reckoned by the government of India has Sunday as the first and Saturday as the last day of the week.

Years are counted in the Shaka era, which starts its year 0 in the year 78 CE of the Common Era. To determine leap years, add 78 to the Shaka year – if the result is a leap year in the Gregorian calendar, then the Shaka year is a leap year as well.

Śaka Period
According to the Indian government sources, the Satavahana king Shalivahana is believed to have created the calendar that came to be known as the Śaka Calendar after he defeated Śaka rulers. But the origin of the Shaka era is highly controversial. According to scholars, the beginning of the Shaka era is widely equated to the ascension of Indo-Scythian king Chashtana in 78 CE.

Adoption
Senior Indian Astrophysicist Meghnad Saha was the head of the Calendar Reform Committee under the aegis of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. Other members of the committee were: A. C. Banerjee, K. L. Daftari, J. S. Karandikar, Gorakh Prasad, R. V. Vaidya and N. C. Lahiri. It was Saha's effort, which led to the formation of the committee. The task before the committee was to prepare an accurate calendar based on scientific study, which could be adopted uniformly throughout India. The committee had to undertake a detailed study of thirty different calendars prevalent in different parts of the country. The task was further complicated by the integration of those calendars with religion and local sentiments. India's first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, in his preface to the Report of the committee, published in 1955, wrote: "They (different calendars) represent past political divisions in the country ... . Now that we have attained Independence, it is obviously desirable that there should be a certain uniformity in the calendar for our civic, social, and other purposes, and this should be done on a scientific approach to this problem." Usage started officially at 1 Chaitra 1879, Shaka Era, or 22 March 1957.

India has adopted pie Ephemeris Time in the Indian Ephemeris from 1960 onwards in pursuance of the resolution passed by the International Astronomical Union in 1955 to adopt the Ephemeris Time in all national ephemendes, in order to have uniformity with other nations in indicating the position of the planets in the Epheirteris A statement is laid on the table giving technical reasons. The Greenwich Mean Time, lately called Universal Time, had so long been the basic measure of time in terms of which the positions of the sun, moon and planets were calculated and shown in the Ephemera. It has been observed for some years that the rotation of the Earth, by which the Universal Time and in fact all mean solar times are determined, is not uniform. It has got a gradual retardation as well as fluctuations for various reasons, as a result of which the Universal Time does not increase uniformly. As a uniformly increasing time-scale is the independent argument necessary in dynamical astronomy, it has been decided in accordance with a resolution of the International Astronomical Union held at Dublin in 1955 that the positions of the sun, moon and planets would be given in all the national ephemendes with effect from the issue of 1960, not in terms of the Universal Time but of Ephemeris Time defined by resolution of 1952 meeting of the International Astronomical Union. This has been done in all the national ephemendes from the 1960 issue, and India have also adopted the same. Due to the existence of the fluctuation factor in the rotation of the Earth and consequently in the expression of Ephemera Time, it is not possible to give a definite value of Ephemeris Time in advance. It is possible only to estimate an approximate value by extrapolation. The difference between the ephemeris time and Greenwich Mean Time is now very small: the estimated value of the difference for 1960 is 35 seconds of time, so that at time (hh:mm:ss) 00:00:00 GMT, the ephemeris time is 00:00:35

title: Indian national calendar


text:
Kipling station

Kipling is the western terminus station of Line 2 Bloor–Danforth of the Toronto subway system. The station is served by buses and subway trains operated by the Toronto Transit Commission and is adjacent to the Kipling GO Station on the Milton line of GO Transit and the Kipling Bus Terminal, where passengers can connect with MiWay and GO Transit bus services. It is located in the Islington–City Centre West neighbourhood on St. Albans Road at Aukland Road, west of the overpass of Kipling Avenue, after which the station is named. The 900 Airport Express bus route connects Kipling to the Toronto Pearson International Airport.

History
An official opening ceremony for Kipling and Kennedy stations, in what was then the Borough of Etobicoke, was held on November 21, 1980. This pair of one-stop extensions at opposite ends of the Bloor–Danforth line were opened to the public the following day. Kipling and Kennedy were designed similarly, with both stations having an island platform that is typical of terminal stations. The outer platform walls at Kipling were originally two rows of vertical yellow vinyl slats separated by a black strip showing the station's name in Univers font. This wall treatment was replaced by off-white fitted enamelled panels using the traditional Toronto Subway font with black trim with smaller lettering along the top in a 2017 renovation, evoking the older stations along the line.

In 1999, this station became accessible with the addition of elevators, one of the first accessible stations in the city.

As a result of the initial lack of density near the station, and its location near a hydro substation, it was originally designed around commuter travel, with a large amount of parking spaces (over 1,300) and a roughed-in platform for a future light rail or light metro line, like the Scarborough RT at Kennedy.

In the early 2020s, a new regional bus terminal was built on the site of the Kipling North commuter parking lot. Serving both MiWay and GO Transit, the bus terminal opened in 2021. An underground tunnel links the subway station to the regional bus terminal, and an accessible link bridge connects to the Kipling GO Station. , 1,067 commuter parking spaces remain, located south of the station in the hydro corridor.

Facilities
The main entrance is located at the west end of the station, with access to the GO station, commuter parking lots, and a kiss and ride area for passenger drop-off. An entrance at the east end makes the bus platform level accessible by way of a ramp, with an elevator providing a connection with the train platform below. Fares can be paid for at this station by using tokens, tickets, passes, as well as the Presto card. Currently it serves the high density residential and commercial developments that are being built, while acting as a hub for commuter travel.

Above the subway tracks on the south side of the station, opposite the bus bays on the same level, is an unfinished platform for a proposed but never-built Etobicoke RT line similar to Line 3 Scarborough.

East of the station towards, the line continues on the surface alongside the railway right-of-way which parallels Dundas Street at a distance. It crosses over Bloor Street to the north side alongside the railway tracks, then dives underground below the tracks and turns parallel to Bloor.

Kipling Yard
Currently the tail end tracks west of the station can be used to store 2 cars sets.

There were plans to establish a yard to replace Greenwood Yard (and allow Greenwood to be dedicated to the since-abandoned Relief Line) and potential exists for Metrolinx and the TTC to purchase land on the former CPR Obico Yard bounded by Shorncliffe Road and North Queen Street for a shared storage facility for subway cars and GO trains. Most of the former CPR intermodal yard, an open area not occupied by structures, is now owned by the City of Toronto and been partially used to store TTC buses since 2019 as North Queen Yard and other yards were leased out.

Surface connections

The TTC bus platform is in the fare-paid zone, allowing passengers to quickly transfer between the subway and the following TTC bus routes:

 * Some 300 Bloor–Danforth trips do not enter the bus terminal, but can be accessed at Aukland Road at Dundas Street.
 * A courtesy bus used to be operated by IKEA between Kipling station and the IKEA Etobicoke store. However, service was discontinued due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

title: Kipling station


text: Category:Canadian diplomats

title: Category:Canadian diplomats