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Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Pages to be rated

By popular demand, more or less ... This is begun December 4, 2004, to be a list of maybe about 100 core subjects that would go in a "release" version of Wikipedia. It is small to be tightly focused.

Articles on individual countries are core topics, but beyond the scope of this list because there are so many and their value is clear.

At least as a rule of thumb, biographies are beyond the scope of this list, because there are multitudes and their value when considered individually is too subjective.

Other contenders for core articles include articles on the English language, timelines, maps and any reference material. This is a work in progress. And the list started out closer to 150 than 100, but I hope it will at least not go past 200.
 * Maybe we should start sorting these into if they meet the Wikipedia 1.0 or 0.5 Standard or not. If you want me to get started on that, I can soon.  --Randy 02:00, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Also see: List of articles all languages should have, List of articles all languages should have, simple:Wikipedia:List of articles all languages should have - which are the same thing with about a thousand. The second of those is bolded for every article that's a Featured Article on en: - David Gerard 21:33, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

List
Important: All articles already rated by the 1.0 and 0.5 Standards are in bold text.

 * 1) Advertising
 * 2) Africa
 * 3) Agriculture
 * 4) Airplane or Flight
 * 5) Algebra
 * 6) Analysis
 * 7) Animation
 * 8) Antarctica
 * 9) Animal or Zoology
 * 10) Anthropology
 * 11) Applied science
 * 12) Archeology
 * 13) Architecture
 * 14) Arithmetic
 * 15) Art
 * 16) Arts
 * 17) Asia
 * 18) Astronomy
 * 19) Australia
 * 20) Automobile
 * 21) Biology
 * 22) Biotechnology
 * 23) Buddhism
 * 24) Business
 * 25) Chemistry
 * 26) Christianity
 * 27) Civilization
 * 28) Climate
 * 29) Clothing
 * 30) Communication
 * 31) Community
 * 32) Computer, Computer science, or Computing
 * 33) Countries
 * 34) Crafts
 * 35) Crime
 * 36) Culture
 * 37) Dance
 * 38) Demographics
 * 39) Drama
 * 40) Drawing
 * 41) Earth sciences
 * 42) Ecology
 * 43) Economics
 * 44) Education
 * 45) Electronics
 * 46) English language
 * 47) Engineering
 * 48) Entertainment
 * 49) Environment
 * 50) Equation
 * 51) Ethnic groups
 * 52) Europe
 * 53) Family
 * 54) Festivals
 * 55) Fiction
 * 56) Film
 * 57) Finance
 * 58) Food and drink
 * 59) Game
 * 60) Gambling
 * 61) Gender
 * 62) Geography
 * 63) Geometry
 * 64) Government
 * 65) Health
 * 66) Heuristics
 * 67) Historiography
 * 68) History
 * 69) Human history
 * 70) Hobbies
 * 71) Home
 * 72) Housing
 * 73) Human
 * 74) Humanities
 * 75) Humour
 * 76) Industry
 * 77) Industries
 * 78) Information science
 * 79) Internet
 * 80) Islam
 * 81) Judaism
 * 82) Landforms
 * 83) Language
 * 84) Law
 * 85) Leisure
 * 86) Linguistics
 * 87) Literature
 * 88) Logic
 * 89) Manufacturing
 * 90) Maps
 * 91) Mass media
 * 92) Mathematics
 * 93) Measurement
 * 94) Medicine
 * 95) Mind
 * 96) Mineral
 * 97) Movements
 * 98) Municipality
 * 99) Museums
 * 100) Music
 * 101) Mythology
 * 102) Nanotechnology
 * 103) Natural disaster
 * 104) North America
 * 105) Nuclear technology
 * 106) Numbers
 * 107) Oceania
 * 108) Optics
 * 109) Organizations
 * 110) Painting
 * 111) Park
 * 112) Parties
 * 113) Personal finance
 * 114) Performing arts
 * 115) Personal life
 * 116) Pet
 * 117) Philosophy
 * 118) Physics
 * 119) Plant or Botany
 * 120) Poetry
 * 121) Politics
 * 122) Popular culture
 * 123) Proof
 * 124) Protoscience
 * 125) Publication
 * 126) Psychology
 * 127) Radio
 * 128) Rail
 * 129) Recreation
 * 130) Reference
 * 131) Religion
 * 132) Science
 * 133) Sculpture
 * 134) Sex
 * 135) Soccer
 * 136) Social science
 * 137) Society
 * 138) Sociology
 * 139) Sound or Acoustics
 * 140) South America
 * 141) Space
 * 142) Sports
 * 143) Statistics
 * 144) Technology
 * 145) Telecommunications
 * 146) Television
 * 147) Theorem
 * 148) Timelines
 * 149) Tools
 * 150) Tourism or Travel
 * 151) Toy
 * 152) Tradition
 * 153) Transportation
 * 154) Trigonometry
 * 155) Vehicles
 * 156) Visual arts
 * 157) Weather
 * 158) Western civilization
 * 159) War
 * 160) Watercraft
 * 161) Work


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Focas

Focas may refer to:

 * Focas (lunar crater), a crater on the Moon
 * Focas (Martian crater), a crater on Mars
 * Jean Focas (1909–1969), Greek-French astronomer
 * Spiros Focás (born 1937), Greek actor

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Focas


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User:Maaf

Hello. This is the page I'll use in Wikipedia to tell a little about myself.

I work with Electronics, but I'm also very interested in Astronomy and Astrophysics. At the moment I'm particularly interested about the similarities and differences between the degenerate matter found in the interior of white dwarfs and ordinary metals (this subject is in the intersection of Astrophysics and Condensed Matter Physics).

I'll add more stuff to this page later. Here's some fast facts about myself and how you can contact me.

Fast Facts about me:
 * Name: Marcio A. A. Fialho
 * Born: 1980 Brazil.
 * Occupation: Electronic Engineer
 * Education: Electronic Engineer, Astrophysics.

Contributions to Wikipedia
 * Updated an article about ellipses.

title: User:Maaf


text: Category:Waltz dance moves

title: Category:Waltz dance moves


text: Category:Waltz

title: Category:Waltz


text: Category:1975 singles

title: Category:1975 singles


text: User talk:128.101.201.198

title: User talk:128.101.201.198


text:
Heated

Heated may refer to:

 * Heated (Big Sugar album), a 1998 rock album
 * Heated (Sean T album), a 2000 hip hop album
 * "Heated" (Beyoncé song), a song by Beyoncé from Renaissance, 2022

title: Heated


text:
Günzburg

Günzburg (Swabian: Genzburg) is a town in Bavaria, Germany. It is a Große Kreisstadt and the capital of the Swabian district Günzburg. This district was constituted in 1972 by combining the city of Günzburg – which had not previously been assigned to a Kreis (district) – with the district of Günzburg and the district of Krumbach.

Günzburg lies where the river Günz enters the Danube, and has a population of about 20,350.

Legoland Germany is located in Günzburg.

History
Günzburg was founded in about 70 BC by the Romans to defend the borders of their land along the Danube; it was known as Castellum Guntia, Gontia or Contia. The name comes from that of the Celtic goddess Gontia. It consisted of a fort, later replaced by at least one other on the same site, a fairly large civilian settlement and most likely an important bridge over the Danube.

After the Romans left in the fifth century, the Alamanni tribe settled there. In around 700 the nearby castle of Ricinis was mentioned by the Cartographer of Ravenna as one of the five most important castles of Alemannia. In 1065 first documentary evidence appears of the town itself as Gunceburch.

In 1301 the town became part of the Habsburg house and was developed into the centre of the Margraviate of Burgau; for a time (1803–1805) it was even the capital of all Further Austria.

Very near Günzburg is the site where the "Leipheim Horde" was defeated by the Swabian army in 1525 during the German Peasants' War. The same site saw the first flight by a Messerschmitt Me 262 in 1942.

In 1770 the city was visited by French queen Marie Antoinette. She broke her journey towards France for two days and was joined by her father’s sister, Princess Anne Charlotte of Lorraine. Together, they made a pilgrimage to the church of Maria Königin Bild, near Limbach.

On 9 October 1805, elements of the Sixth Corps of Napoléon's Grande Armée assaulted Austrian positions in Günzburg. The first assault was initiated by the 25th Light Infantry and the 27th and 50th Infantry Regiments of the Line (under Pierre-Louis Binet de Marcognet), while the second consisted of only the 59th Infantry Regiment of the Line, under Mathieu de la Bassé; around one thousand Austrian prisoners were taken, and six guns captured. In 1806, through the Franco-Bavarian alliance, Günzburg was integrated into the Kingdom of Bavaria.

In April 1945, near the end of the Second World War, the city of Günzburg was bombed by the allies. Among other targets that were severely damaged or destroyed were the nearby town of Denzingen, the castle, and a munitions train that was in the train station.

Günzburg has flourished, boasting a thriving downtown shopping area, scenic views of the nearby historic castle, and one of the top five Legoland theme parks in Germany. It is also home of the football player Stefano Celozzi, who moved to Günzburg in 2016.

Main sights

The attractions of Günzburg include the Church of Our Lady (Frauenkirche) built by Dominikus Zimmermann, the margraves' castle (the only Habsburg castle built in Germany), the Reisensburg fort, today the congress centre of the University of Ulm and the nearly-intact old town centre.

In 2002 Legoland built a theme park near the town.

Notable people

 * Fred Benninger (1917–2004), executive of several companies in the United States
 * Stefano Celozzi, (born 1988), footballer for VfL Bochum
 * Diana Damrau (born 1971), opera singer, soprano
 * Johann Eck (1494–1554), Reformation theologian
 * Johann Eberlin von Günzburg (died 1533), reformist preacher and author, was born in the town around 1470
 * Erhard Keller (born 1944), speed skater
 * Petra Kelly (1947–1992), politician, peace activist and founding member of the party Greens
 * Josef Mengele (1911–1979), a German doctor, the SS officer and Auschwitz concentration camp physician was born in Günzburg. On 8 March 2005 a monument to his victims was erected in the town.
 * Karl Mengele (1884–1959), father of German doctor Josef Mengele, temporarily owner of the Mengele agricultural Engineering company, in the 1950s, with 2,000 employees the largest employer in the region
 * Franz Xaver Schwarz (1875–1947), Nazi politician, Reichsschatzmeister
 * Tina Stöckle (1948–1982), activist in humanistic anti-psychiatry
 * Zenon Andrusyshyn (born 1947), former professional football player athlete
 * Ute Schmid (born 1965), computer scientist

Literature

 * Wüst, Wolfgang: Historische Einleitung, in: Klaus Kraft: Landkreis Günzburg, Bd. 1: Stadt Günzburg (Die Kunstdenkmäler von Bayern, Teil Schwaben IX), München 1993, p. 1–49.
 * Wüst, Wolfgang: Günzburg. Historischer Atlas von Bayern, Teil Schwaben, Reihe I, Bd. 13, München 1983, ISBN 3-7696-9933-5.
 * Keller, Sven: Günzburg und der Fall Josef Mengele – Die Heimatstadt und die Jagd nach dem NS-Verbrecher. Oldenbourg Verlag, München 2003, ISBN 978-3-486-64587-3.

title: Günzburg


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User talk:Johnissoevil

Proposed deletion of Bargain Hunters

The article Bargain Hunters has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Zero sourcing found. You know your show isn't notable when TV Tropes is the first hit on Google."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Ten Pound Hammer • (What did I screw up now?) 01:30, 22 April 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Johnissoevil


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Carols by Candlelight

Carols by Candlelight  is an annual Australian Christmas tradition that was popularised in Melbourne in 1938. The tradition has since spread around the world. It involves people gathering, usually outdoors in a park, to sing carols by candlelight, featuring live performances by both national and international celebrities accompanied by a symphony orchestra.

Vision Australia's Carols by Candlelight
Vision Australia's Carols by Candlelight is the oldest Carols by Candlelight event in Australia.

History
Carols by Candlelight, held in Melbourne, Victoria, was introduced in 1938 by radio announcer Norman Banks, of Melbourne radio station 3KZ. Whilst walking home from his night-time radio shift on Christmas Eve in 1937, he passed a window and saw an elderly woman sitting up in bed inside listening to Away in a Manger being played on the radio and singing along with her face being lit by candlelight. Wondering how many others spent Christmas alone, he had the idea to gather a large group of people to all sing Christmas carols together by candlelight. The first ever event was held in Alexandra Gardens the following Christmas in 1938, and was attended by around 10,000 people.

Following World War II, the Carols became so well patronised that the decision was made to move it to the neighbouring park in Kings Domain. In 1959, the newly constructed Sidney Myer Music Bowl provided a permanent venue, where they are still held more than 60 years on as of 2023.

Funds raised from donations, ticket, and candle sales are given to Vision Australia (formerly the Royal Victorian Institute for the Blind, (RVIB)). However, originally, all profits went to the Austin Hospital. During World War II the Red Cross and the Australian Comforts Fund joined the Austin Hospital as co-recipients, and in the immediate post-war era the RVIB received funds, as did the Austin Hospital.

In recent years, the dress rehearsal on 23 December has become open to the public. Tickets to the event are cheaper than the main event, while funds raised still go towards Vision Australia. The event has become almost as popular as the main event in recent years.

Due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, there were no crowds for the 2020 event; it was the first time no crowds were allowed since its 1938 inception. Crowds were allowed in 2021, but all attendees (10,000 people) needed to have had the COVID vaccination.

Hosts and broadcast
The event was originally hosted by its founder Melbourne sports broadcaster Norman Banks and broadcast live over radio station 3KZ.

The 1956 Carols By Candlelight was the first to be broadcast on television, as part of GTV9's pre-launch test transmission, with 3KZ maintaining a separate radio broadcast of the event.

When Banks left 3KZ in 1952, Philip Gibbs became host. During the time that Gibbs was hosting, the program became a radio/TV simulcast on 3KZ and ATV-0, with ATV-0's first telecast in 1969, extending to other stations across the 0-10 Network (now Network Ten). From 1979 it was telecast nationally through the Nine Network. Later radio broadcast partners included 3MP, 3AW and 3EE and across the Macquarie Radio Network as well as Vision Australia's own national radio network. The event was also previously linked to Ray Martin, who hosted the carols for 18 years. The event is also broadcast and telecast live to eastern Asia, many Pacific Islands and New Zealand.

Performers
Performers for the event vary from year to year. Regular performers include David Hobson, Marina Prior, Silvie Paladino, Denis Walter and Anthony Callea. Australian children's band Hi-5 headlined children's segments from 1999 to 2019. Nine Network stars have starred in the event in recent years. Contestants from The Voice Australia have also starred in the event from 2012 to 2020.

The Vision Australia's Carols by Candlelight Choir, Australian Girls Choir and National Boys Choir of Australia appear on the show each year as supporting acts in numerous of the performances.

In 1938, the massed choirs were led by Horace Stevens, who was followed in the position by Max Balderson. Since 1988, Douglas Heywood has held the position of Choral Director.

The long-serving musical director from 1984 to 2002 was Geoff Harvey. Since 2003, John Foreman has filled the position.

In earlier years, Carols by Candlelight had a strong classical music theme, and a noticeable religious influence. The Sun Aria winner for each year was automatically invited to sing at Carols by Candlelight. However, since the 1960s, the program has certainly moved toward popular culture.

Ray Martin holds the record for hosting the most Carols by Candlelight shows, from 1988 to 2007. He sang at only one show, in 1996, when he sang Harry Connick Jr's "When My Heart Finds Christmas".

Other carols events
Most cities and towns in Australia hold a night-time carols event in the lead-up to Christmas.

Sydney
Carols in the Domain have been held annually since 1983, originally on the last Saturday evening before Christmas Eve, and on the last Sunday evening before Christmas Eve since 2016. They are televised in Australia and sometimes in other countries.

Brisbane
Carols in the City is held on Riverstage in the Brisbane Botanic Gardens and on television throughout Queensland.

Perth
In Perth, Carols by Candlelight are held in mid-December at the Supreme Court Gardens, while other events are held at Fremantle, Scarborough and Rockingham. In 2012, Suzie Mathers performed during the IGA Carols by Candlelight in Perth

Adelaide
In Adelaide, Carols by Candlelight is held in the weeks before Christmas in Elder Park on the banks of the River Torrens. In 2012, 30,000 people witnessed the event.

In the Adelaide suburb of Modbury, the annual Civic Park Carols attracts the second biggest crowd of its type (community) in Australia, with about 40,000 people attending the seventh edition in 2018.

Hobart
In Hobart, due to the urban nature of the city, there are three main carols services. One each in Clarence, Glenorchy and the main ceremony is held in the Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens by Variety - the Children's Charity of Tasmania.

Canberra
In Canberra the annual Carols by Candlelight is held in Commonwealth Park on Stage 88. 2019 will be its 75th occurrence. This is the second longest-running Carols in a capital city. It is a traditional Carols with community singing of carols led by Woden Valley Youth Choir and one of the local bands such as Canberra City Band. Guest Artists are featured - usually drawn from the local community. Donations are collected for a local charity with $14,180 raised in 2012 for the Snowy Hydro Southcare Helicopter service. In 2011 Auslan interpreters started to provide interpretation for members of the regional deaf community

Darwin
Carols by Candlelight is held at the George Brown Darwin Botanic Gardens each year, raising money for charity.

Around Victoria

 * Carols in the Park is held annually in North Balwyn. In 2011 it moved to Macleay Park, North Balwyn. In 2012, 10,000 people attended the celebration in Victoria.
 * Carols at Como Park is held annually in South Yarra by the City of Stonnington.
 * Denis Walter's Carols by the Bay is held on the first Saturday of December in Geelong. It is held at Eastern Beach and is a free event.
 * The City of Monash organises the large annual Carols by Candlelight event in Jells Park, hosted by Pete Smith. It has attracted up to 25,000 people and has been running for over 25 years.
 * In the City of Yarra a large Carols by Candlelight event has recently been held in the Abbotsford Convent gardens.
 * In the City of Manningham a large Carols by Candlelight event is held annually in Ruffey Lake Park.
 * In Werribee, there is the annual City of Wyndham Carols held on the lawns at the historic Werribee Park Mansion. This event takes place on the second week of December.

Other

 * In Newcastle, New South Wales, Carols by Candlelight are held in mid-December at King Edward Park in the city near the beach.
 * In the City of Lake Macquarie, Carols are held each year at Speers Point Park in mid-December on the edge of Lake Macquarie.

title: Carols by Candlelight


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Heinsberg

Heinsberg (Hinsberg ) is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is the seat of the district Heinsberg. It is situated near the border with the Netherlands, on the river Wurm, approx. 20 km north-east of Sittard and 30 km south-west of Mönchengladbach.

Geography
Wassenberg is the town to the north of Heinsberg, Hückelhoven to the east, Waldfeucht and Gangelt to the west, and Geilenkirchen to the south. Two rivers flow through Heinsberg, the Wurm and the Rur. The Wurm flows into the Rur near to Rurkempen, a village of Heinsberg municipality.

Economy
Due to its proximity to the Benelux countries, sufficient industrial park areas, low trade tax and good traffic connections, Heinsberg has good prerequisites for development. Companies include:
 * Enka Gmbh & Co KG
 * Hazet (tool company)
 * Sera Aquaristic

Sights
The city of Heinsberg has just a few ancient structures. Most of the city was destroyed in 1944 during World War II. The main sights are:
 * St. Gangolf church
 * Castle ruins
 * Old district court
 * Building assembly of Propstei, Torbogenhaus (former seat of the Amtmann of the Duchy of Jülich) and the former Haus Lennartz.

Railway
The railway from Heinsberg to Lindern, on the Aachen–Mönchengladbach railway, was reopened for passenger traffic in December 2013. Passenger traffic had been suspended in 1980. , there is an hourly service from Heinsberg station to Lindern, which continues to Aachen Hbf.

Bus
The main bus station of Heinsberg is next to the train station. It is served by buses to several towns and villages in the district, including Erkelenz, Geilenkirchen, Wegberg, Gangelt, Waldfeucht and Selfkant-Tüddern. There is one swift bus, the SB 1 from Erkelenz to Geilenkirchen via Heinsberg.

Road
Heinsberg has two exits on the motorway A46 to Düsseldorf. The Bundesstraße 221 (Alsdorf–Straelen) passes through the town.

Public facilities

 * office of the district Heinsberg
 * police (district)
 * the district court
 * health office
 * jail

Education and training
Heinsberg possesses many elementary schools and kindergartens. The secondary education facilities include a high school (Gymnasium). Since 2007 there is a school for disabled persons in the building of the former vocational school (Berufsschule).

Media

 * Heinsberger newspaper
 * Hs-Woche, a free weekly newspaper
 * "Lokalzeit aus Aachen", a news broadcast from the WDR about Aachen and also Heinsberg
 * HS TV, a television transmitter
 * The radio transmitter Welle West was closed in 2007. Other radio stations, which include 100.5 and 107.8, provide news and weather reports for Heinsberg.

Heinsberg COVID-19 study
Heinsberg was an early centre for the COVID19 pandemic and was selected for an intensive study of the disease and its transmission characteristics in lateMarch 2020.

Twin towns – sister cities
Heinsberg is twinned with:
 * 🇵🇱 Ozimek, Poland

title: Heinsberg


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Charles Blondin

Charles Blondin (born Jean François Gravelet, 28 February 1824 – 22 February 1897) was a French tightrope walker and acrobat. He toured the United States and was known for crossing the 1100 ft Niagara Gorge on a tightrope.

During an event in Dublin in 1860, the rope on which he was walking broke and two workers were killed, although Blondin was not injured.

He married three times and had eight children. His name became synonymous with tightrope walking.

Early life
Blondin was born on 28 February 1824 in Hesdin, Pas-de-Calais, France. His birth name was Jean-François Gravelet, though he was known by many other names and nicknames: Charles Blondin, Jean-François Blondin, Chevalier Blondin, and The Great Blondin. At the age of five, he was sent to the École de Gymnase in Lyon and, after six months of training as an acrobat, made his first public appearance as "The Boy Wonder". His superior skill and grace, as well as the originality of the settings of his acts, made him a popular favourite.

North America
Blondin went to the United States in 1855. He was encouraged by William Niblo to perform with the Ravel troupe in New York City and was subsequently part proprietor of a circus. He especially owed his celebrity and fortune to his idea to cross the Niagara Gorge (on the Canada–U.S. border) on a tightrope, 1100 ft long, 3.25 in in diameter and 160 ft above the water, near the location of the current Rainbow Bridge. This he did on 30 June 1859, and a number of times thereafter, often with different theatrical variations: blindfolded, in a sack, trundling a wheelbarrow, on stilts, carrying a man (his manager, Harry Colcord) on his back, sitting down midway while he cooked and ate an omelette, or standing on a chair with only one of its legs balanced on the rope.

Britain and Ireland
On 23 August 1860, he performed at the Royal Portobello Gardens, on South Circular Road, Portobello, Dublin, on a rope 50 ft feet above the ground. While he was performing, the rope broke, which led to the collapse of the scaffolding. Blondin was not injured, but two workers who were on the scaffolding fell to their deaths. An investigation was held, and the broken rope (reportedly 2 in in diameter and 5 in in circumference) examined. No blame was attributed at the time to either Blondin or his manager; the judge said that the rope manufacturer had a lot to answer for. The organiser of the event, a Mr. Kirby, said he would never have another one like it. A bench warrant for the arrest of Blondin and his manager was issued when they did not appear at a further trial, having returned to the US.

In 1861, Blondin first appeared in London, at the Crystal Palace, turning somersaults on stilts on a rope stretched across the central transept 70 ft from the ground. He performed in September 1861 in Edinburgh, Scotland, at the Royal Botanic Gardens (then called the Experimental Gardens) on Inverleith Row.

The following year, Blondin was back at the same venue in Dublin, this time performing 100 ft above the ground. He gave a series of other performances in 1862, as well, again at the Crystal Palace, and elsewhere in England and Europe. On 6 September 1873, Blondin crossed Edgbaston Reservoir in Birmingham. A statue built in 1992 on the nearby Ladywood Middleway marks his feat.

In October 1869, Blondin appeared in London at The Crystal Palace Harvest Fete. He traversed the long rope on a bicycle expressly made for the occasion. The bicycle was manufactured by Messrs. Gardiner and Mackintosh, engineers at New Cross and had no weights or attachments of any kind. The bicycle was a replica of a normal bicycle with the exception of the wheels which were deeply grooved to hold the rope.

On 3 August 1896, at the age of 71, Blondin walked on a tightrope across Waterloo Lake in Roundhay Park Leeds, several times. On one crossing he was blindfolded and on another he stopped to cook himself an omelette and eat it.

Later years and death

After a period of retirement, Blondin reappeared in 1880 and starred in the 1893–94 season of the pantomime Jack and the Beanstalk at the Crystal Palace, organised by Oscar Barrett. His final performance was in Belfast, Ireland in 1896.

Blondin died from complications of diabetes at his "Niagara House" in Ealing, London, on 22 February 1897, at age 72 and was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery. His estate at death was valued at £1,832 (£ as of ).

Personal life
Charles Blondin married Marie Blancherie on 6 August 1846, legitimising their son Aime Leopold, after which they had two more children. It is not known what happened to his French family after he went to the United States.

While in the U.S. he married a second wife, Charlotte Lawrence in Boston, Massachusetts in 1852. Together they had five children: Adele (b. 1854), Edward (b. 1855), Iris (b. 1861), Henry Coleman (b. 1862), and Charlotte (b. 1866). In 1895, Blondin married again, this time in the United Kingdom. His third wife, Katherine James, had nursed him through a back injury earlier that year. Although much younger, Katherine survived him by only four years, dying of cancer in 1901 at the age of 36.

Legacy

During his lifetime, Blondin's name became so synonymous with tightrope walking that many employed the name "Blondin" to describe others in the sport. For example, there were at least five people working with variations of the Blondin name in Sydney in the 1880s, the most famous of whom was Henri L'Estrange—"the Australian Blondin". So popular had tightrope walking become, that one Sydney resident wrote to the Sydney Morning Herald to complain of "the Blondin business" that saw people walking on high wires wherever the opportunity arose. He noted that he had seen one walking on a wire in Liverpool Street in the city with a child strapped to his back. The practice which had become so popular was both dangerous and, the correspondent thought, likely to be unlawful, particularly in the risk of harming others. In reporting on the fall of a woman from a tightrope at an 1869 performance of Pablo Fanque's Circus in Bolton, the Illustrated London News described the tightrope walker, Madame Caroline, as a "female Blondin".

Two streets in Northfields, London, are named in his honour: Blondin Avenue and Niagara Avenue; they were formerly the site of part of Hugh Ronalds' renowned nursery. Blondin Park in the same area is also named after him.

During the run-up to the 1864 United States presidential election, Abraham Lincoln compared himself to "Blondin on the tightrope, with all that was valuable to America in the wheelbarrow he was pushing before him." A political cartoon in  Frank Leslie's Budget of Fun took up this quotation on 1 September 1864 depicting Lincoln on a tightrope, pushing a wheelbarrow and carrying two men on his back—Navy Secretary Gideon Welles and War Secretary Edwin Stanton—while "John Bull", Napoleon III, Jefferson Davis (representing England, France, and the Confederacy, respectively), and Generals Grant, Lee and Sherman (representing the military) looked on, among others.

title: Charles Blondin


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nuiv

Nuiv
Vanity. Unpublished (and unwritten!) fantasy trilogy written by a 13-year-old. See. --Korath会話 02:35, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Strong delete. Pure vanity. --Szyslak 03:02, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Strong delete Vanity page.  Johntex 04:28, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Del --Wikimol 09:04, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. utcursch 10:00, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nuiv


text:
User talk:Patrice Létourneau

Hello !

''I mainly contribute on fr.wikipedia.org. So, if you want to leave me a message, please leave it on my Talk Page on fr.wikipedia.org, that I consult much more regularly.

If you prefer, you can communicate with me by e-mail, the address is registered on my principal User page.

Patrice Létourneau 02:35, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC) --

User Categorisation
You were listed on the Wikipedians/Quebec page as living in or being associated with Quebec. As part of the User categorisation project, these lists are being replaced with user categories. If you would like to add yourself to the category that is replacing the page, please visit Category:Wikipedians in Quebec for instructions.--Rmky87 02:17, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Patrice Létourneau


text:
Black Flash

The Black Flash is a fictional comic book character from DC Comics. Created by writers Grant Morrison and Mark Millar, and artist Ron Wagner, the character had cameos in The Flash vol. 2 #138 (June 1998), before appearing in full in The Flash vol. 2 #141 (September 1998).

Original depiction
The Black Flash essentially fulfills the same role as Death for those who possess super-speed in the DC Universe, returning the speedster to their power source: the Speed Force. It is reportedly seen before the deaths of Barry Allen and Johnny Quick. Max Mercury has also seen the Black Flash while having had several near-death experiences.

The specter speedster came for Wally West to draw back to the Speed Force, but instead took Linda Park. Having seen portents of Wally's death, Max Mercury and Jesse Quick intercepted Wally before reaching the museum where Linda was waiting, with Linda thus being struck by the lightning that was meant to kill Wally. It later returns to try to take Wally again, freezing time except for those who possess a connection to the Speed Force. Max Mercury, Jay Garrick, and Jesse Quick all attempt to assist Wally by distracting the Black Flash; Wally finally defeats the Black Flash by racing the creature to the end of time, to a point where Death would have no meaning, causing the creature to dissipate.

The Black Flash appears to Bart Allen when the Flash loses his powers while battling the Rogues at the Getty Center. Despite a clash with Inertia (another possible candidate for the Black Flash), Bart is killed shortly thereafter by the panicked Rogues when it appears Bart would win, even without powers.

Most recently, the Black Flash is revealed to represent the Speed Force's dark aspect which is responsible for the empowerment of Wally's children. His connection to death is limited to those connected to the Speed Force. While an issue of Captain Atom suggests Death of the Endless, the Black Racer, and Nekron are all aspects of the same force, Neil Gaiman (creator of Death of the Endless) disagrees with this idea, stating that his creation is the ultimate personification of Death.

During the Final Crisis, Wally theorizes that the Black Racer pursuing himself and Barry is in fact the Black Flash.

A charred corpse, appearing to be the Black Flash, was found in Iowa by two boys in The Flash: Rebirth.

When the Force Barrier was destroyed and the other forces were unleashed, the Black Flash was sent to hunt down Psych, Fuerza and Steadfast. The Black Flash killed Psych arrives within the Flash Museum and attacks Steadfast. The cosmically enhanced Hunter Zolomon takes Barry into the "Forever Force" (timestream) built by the Speed Force to which the Black Flash chases the two speedsters in order to kill (hoping to heal the Speed Force). Zolomon later sacrifices himself to the Force Barrier in order to finally heal the Speed Force, trapping the Black Flash.

Barry Allen
The second Black Flash is Barry Allen due to Professor Zoom altering the Speed Force for a time.

Eobard Thawne
The third Black Flash is the reanimated corpse of Eobard Thawne equipped with a power ring as a member of the Black Lantern Corps for a time.

Other versions
The Ame-Comi Girls universe version of Black Flash is Jesse Quick.

Television
An original incarnation of the Black Flash appears in TV series set in the Arrowverse. This version was originally Hunter Zolomon / Zoom transformed by the Time Wraiths and made to serve as the Speed Force's enforcer by hunting down speedsters who attempt to change the timeline and erase targets from existence.

Video games

 * The original Black Flash appears in Justice League Heroes: The Flash. Wally West / Flash is chased by the Black Flash when the player dies. Escaping the Black Flash is increasingly difficult after each death.
 * The original Black Flash appears in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.
 * The Eobard Thawne incarnation of the Black Flash appears as an alternate skin for Barry Allen / Flash in Injustice: Gods Among Us.
 * The original Black Flash appears in DC Legends.

Miscellaneous
A demonic version of the Black Flash (also known as the Speed Demon and Black Racer) appears in Smallville Season 11 #12. It seeks out Impulse and Jay Garrick's souls, but comes into conflict with the former and Superman. As the fastest of the two speedsters, the Black Flash primarily focuses its attention on Impulse until the latter sacrifices himself to destroy the demonic speedster, which goes on to inspire Garrick to come out of retirement and form the Teen Titans.

title: Black Flash


text:
Micromys

Micromys is a genus of small rodents in the subfamily Murinae. The genus contains two living species: the widespread Eurasian harvest mouse (Micromys minutus) of much of Europe and Asia; and the more restricted Indochinese harvest mouse (Micromys erythrotis) of Vietnam, southern China, and perhaps nearby regions. Fossils of Micromys date back to the Late Miocene and include at least 10 extinct species, which form several lineages.

Taxonomy
Micromys is not closely related to any other murine genus, which has made elucidating its phylogenetic relationships difficult. Previously, it was placed in a distinct murine clade also containing Hapalomys, Chiropodomys, and Vandeleuria, but studies have since found this clade to be polyphyletic, and instead found Micromys to belong to a division of its own that forms a sister group to the tribe Rattini, which contains the true rats among many other genera. It has been debated over whether Micromys belongs in its own tribe (Micromyini) or is a basal member of the Rattini, but the American Society of Mammalogists presently classifies it in Rattini.

Geographic range
M. minutus lives throughout Europe and northern Asia. Distribution ranges from northwest Spain through most of Europe, across Siberia to Korea, north to about 65 degrees in Russia, south to the northern edge of Mongolia. There are also isolated populations in southern China west through Yunnan.

Habitat
M. minutus prefers habitats characterized by tall grasses. These would include high meadows, reed grass plots, bushland interspersed with grasses and grain fields. In Italy and East Asia, they also make a home in rice fields. Population density may be very high in favorable environments. Originally, these mice lived in humid regions with high, long-lasting grasses growing near rivers, ponds, and lakes. With the advent of human encroachment, however, M. minutus has been forced to live along roadsides and in crop fields. When land is cleared or crops harvested, this mouse is left homeless. The problem is solved by the mouse either forming a shallow burrow in the soil, or finding shelter in the barn or silo. Not all mice are so lucky, however, and many mice die after being rendered homeless.

Physical description
M. minutus is a small mouse, ranging in size from 55 to(-) long, with a tail that is usually 50 to(-) long. It has large eyes and ears, which permits it to see the slightest motions and hear the faintest sounds in the darkness. It has a small, blunt nose encircled by vibrissae. The fur is soft and thick, with the upper parts of the body a brownish color with a yellowish or reddish tinge, and the under parts white to buffy colored. The prehensile tail is bicolored and lacks fur at the very tip, and the feet are fairly broad. The feet are specially adapted for climbing, with the outer of the five toes on each foot being large and more-or-less opposable. This mouse can grip a stem with each hindfoot and its tail, leaving the forepaws free for collecting food. It can also use its tail for balance as it scurries along long grass stems. The fur is somewhat thicker and longer in the winter than in the summer. As with other members of its subfamily, M. minutus has moderately low crowned teeth with rounded cusps on the biting surface arranged in three longitudinal rows. The masseter muscle, as well as the lateral muscle of the jaw, are moved forward on the maxillary, providing very efficient, effective gnawing action. The auditory bullae are large, and it is thought that the size of these resonating chambers enables the mouse to detect low frequency sounds carried over great distances, and thus be better able to escape predation.

title: Micromys


text: Category:Square dance

title: Category:Square dance


text:
Kamenz

Kamenz or Kamjenc (Sorbian, ) is a town (Große Kreisstadt) in the district of Bautzen in Saxony, Germany. Until 2008 it was the administrative seat of Kamenz District. The town is known as the birthplace of the philosopher and poet Gotthold Ephraim Lessing and Bruno Hauptmann, convicted kidnapper of the Lindbergh baby (though his guilt is questionable). It lies north-east of the major city of Dresden.

Geography
This small town is located in the west of the Upper Lusatia historic region (West Lusatia), about 40 km northeast of Dresden and about 30 km northwest of Bautzen. Situated on the Black Elster river, between the West Lusatian Hills and the Lusatian Highlands rising in the south, the town was built on greywacke and granite rocks which were mined here for centuries. Kamenz railway station is the terminus of Lübbenau–Kamenz and Kamenz–Pirna railway lines. It is served by Regionalbahn trains from Dresden Hauptbahnhof, operated by the Städtebahn Sachsen. The Hutberg hill west of the town centre, at an elevation of 293 m, is the site of an extended landscape park laid out in 1893. It is known for its major rhododendron and azalea collections flowering at Pentecost. In 1864 the Lessing Tower was erected on the hilltop, offering a panoramic view over the West Lusatian lands and the Upper Lusatian Heath and Pond Landscape in the north. About 32% of the nature in former Kamenz District is under protection, including a network of routes for riding by bicycle and hiking.

Divisions
The town Kamenz consists of Thale Kamenz and the following Ortschaften or municipal divisions:

 * Bernbruch
 * Biehla
 * Brauna (incl. Liebenau, Petershain, Rohrbach and Schwosdorf)
 * Cunnersdorf (incl. Hausdorf and Schönbach)
 * Deutschbaselitz/Němske Pazlicy
 * Jesau/Jěžow
 * Lückersdorf-Gelenau (Lückersdorf, Gelenau and Hennersdorf)
 * Thonberg/Hlinowc
 * Wiesa/Brěznja
 * Zschornau-Schiedel (Zschornau/Čornow and Schiedel)

History
The settlement arose in the late 12th century, when a fortress was erected at the location of today's old town, in order to secure the junction of the medieval Via Regia trade route with the Black Elster river. From here, the Via Regia offered important transport links from the Low Countries up to Silesia.

In 1225, written records first mentioned the town; Kamenz became an independent city in 1319, when Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV enfeoffed the West Lusatian lands to the Luxembourg king John of Bohemia. In 1346, the citizens joined the Lusatian League for protection against robber barons and to maintain public peace (Landfrieden). The town was nevertheless besieged and finally occupied by Hussite forces in 1429, who also devastated the nearby town of Wittichenau before they marched against Bautzen. In 1469, along with the Lusatian League, the town recognized the rule of King Matthias Corvinus and passed to Hungary, and in 1490 it returned to the Czech Crown, then under the rule of Polish Prince Vladislaus II. In 1493, King Vladislaus II of Bohemia had a Franciscan monastery established north of the Kamenz town walls, dedicated to Saint Anne in 1512.

Kamenz citizens officially turned Protestant in 1536. In the Schmalkaldic War of 1546/47, the Upper Lusatian towns refused to support the troops of the Habsburg emperor Ferdinand I against the Protestant princes and were penalised with the loss of numerous privileges. The Franciscan convent finally dissolved in 1564.

With the 1635 Peace of Prague, the Lusatias passed from the Bohemian Crown to the Electorate of Saxony. Several witch-hunts are documented in the 17th century. In 1707 a fire destroyed large parts of the old town. A second major fire on 4 and 5 August 1842 destroyed much of the city.

In 1896, Kamenz became garrison town of the ''Königlich Sächsisches Reserve-Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 242'', part of the German 53rd Reserve Division. During World War II a subcamp of Gross-Rosen concentration camp was located in the town from 1944 to 1945, where forced labourers worked for a Daimler-Benz aircraft engine factory. The airfield northeast of the town was used by Luftwaffe Schlachtgeschwader 2 and Sturzkampfgeschwader 77 units.

After the war, the town became part of the Soviet occupation zone and East Germany. Until 1990, an officer candidate school of the East German Air Force Staff (Offiziershochschule Franz Mehring) was located at the Kamenz Airfield. The former municipality Schönteichen was merged into Kamenz in January 2019.

Politics
Seats in the city council (Stadtrat) as of 2014 local elections:
 * Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU): 7
 * The Left: 7
 * Wählervereinigung Kamenz und Ortsteile (Independent): 3
 * Wir für Kamenz (Independent): 2
 * National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD): 1
 * Free Democratic Party: 1
 * Alliance '90/The Greens: 1

Twin towns — sister cities
Kamenz is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Alzey, Germany
 * 🇨🇿 Kolín, Czech Republic
 * 🇵🇱 Karpacz, Poland

Theatre

 * The municipal theatre (Stadttheater) was re-opened in 1999; it is also used for Kabarett and concert performances
 * Within the Hutberg landscape park, an open-air stage for up to 10,000 visitors was built in 1934/35 as a Thingplatz; it is today used for music events.

Museums

 * Lessing Museum, opened in 1931, memorial site and library
 * St Anna abbey church and sacred museum (Klosterkirche und Sakralmuseum St. Annen), part of the former Franciscan convent, exhibits sacred art of the Kamenz churches - a collection of 16th century carved timber painted altarpieces
 * Museum of West Lusatia (Museum der Westlausitz): various collections on cultural history, archaeology, geology, zoology, and botany of the region.

Buildings

 * Town hall, built in 1848/49, in an Italian Neo-Renaissance style
 * Marketplace with Mannerist Andreas Fountain, erected in 1570
 * Roter Turm (red tower), Mönchsmauer (monk wall), and Pichschuppen, all remnants of the medieval town fortification
 * The Protestant main church of St Mary was built from 1275 to 1479, in a Late Gothic hall church style; it is the only church built from granite rocks north of the Alps
 * The nearby Catechism Church at the town wall was first mentioned in 1358; it was later used for religious services held in the Sorbian language
 * The St Anne Abbey Church was finished in 1510, now a museum whose collections include five 16th century carved wood altarpieces
 * The St Just Church on the historic Via Regia road, first mentioned in 1377, contains several mural paintings from about 1400
 * The Lessing memorial marks the place of the poet's birth house.

Events

 * Blütenlauf auf dem Hutberg (Run on the Hutberg)
 * Lessing Days (every year, January and February)
 * Fête de la Musique every year on June 21
 * Forstfest (Forest Festival), every year in the week of August 24 on St Bartholomew's Day
 * Kamenzer Nasenfest (Nose Festival), Festival with the so-called nose market every year on October 3
 * Carnival
 * Popular German band Silbermond, originally from the nearby town of Bautzen, have made it a personal tradition to play the final concert of their album tours at Kamenz's Hutbergbühne stadium.

Notable people

 * Andreas Dressler (1530–1604), a highly skilled local artist
 * Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729–1781), philosopher and poet.
 * Gottfried von Erdmannsdorff (1893–1946), German Nazi officer executed for war crimes
 * Richard Hauptmann (1899–1936), convicted kidnapper of the Lindbergh baby
 * Hans Thamm (1921–2007), choral conductor
 * Georg Baselitz (born 1938), painter, born in Deutschbaselitz
 * Wolfgang Mager (born 1952), rower, two-time Olympic gold medalist

title: Kamenz


text: User talk:69.22.250.211

title: User talk:69.22.250.211


text:
Talk:Cosumnes River

comments
I added an "External links" section and six links to geographical, hydrological, resource management, environmental and Land Use data on the Cosumnes River watershed for those who might want to further expand on the article, including myself.

I am working on sections for this article and the draft is in my sandbox. Please take a look and add comments/suggestions on how to best develop the article. --scupper 02:43, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

assessment
importance could be mid or high. what do others think? Anlace 17:59, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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title: Talk:Cosumnes River


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Kodama

Kodama may refer to:

 * Kodama (spirit), a spirit in Japanese folklore
 * Kodama (surname), a Japanese surname
 * Kodama (train), a Japanese bullet train service
 * Kodama, Saitama, a town located in Kodama District, Saitama, Japan
 * Kodama Station, a train station located in Honjō, Saitama, Japan
 * Kodama (album), a 2016 album by Alcest
 * Kodama (squid), a squid genus in the family Idiosepiidae

title: Kodama