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Congenital hyperinsulinism

Congenital hyperinsulinism (HI or CHI) is a rare condition causing severe hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) in newborns due to the overproduction of insulin. There are various causes of HI, some of which are known to be the result of a genetic mutation. Sometimes HI occurs on its own (isolated) and more rarely associated with other medical conditions (as a syndrome).

Congenital forms of hyperinsulinism can be transient (short-term) or persistent (long-term) and mild or severe. It can be the result of a defect in the entire pancreas (diffuse HI) or in just part of the pancreas (focal HI). Irrespective of the form, cause, or type, HI is a medical emergency that must be managed from its onset. There is no other hypoglycemic condition in the newborn period as dangerous as HI. Left untreated, hypoglycemia from HI can cause developmental disorders, seizures, permanent brain damage, and even death.

For those with focal HI, there is the potential for a cure with surgery. For those with diffuse HI, diazoxide is the only approved medication to treat hypoglycemia. For those who do not respond to diazoxide, the condition is often managed with continuous carbohydrates delivered through a feeding pump and a gastrostomy tube, and off-label use of medications such as octreotide given by injection. In the most severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove most of the pancreas. New and more effective treatments are in development for those who continue to have hypoglycemia on existing therapies and treatments, and for those who experience adverse effects of current treatments.

The incidence of persistent HI has been found to range from 1:2,500 to 1:50,000 births depending on the region or country. The incidence of transient forms of HI has been estimated to be between 1:1200 and 1:2000.

Signs and symptoms
As HI is a congenital condition, an infant usually starts to show signs and symptoms within the first few days of life, although very occasionally symptoms may appear later in life. It is often difficult to identify signs and symptoms of HI because they are often confused with typical behaviours of new-borns and infants. About 60% of babies with HI develop hypoglycemia during the first month of life. An additional 30% will be diagnosed later in the first year and some later in life.

HI may present in several ways; common symptoms of hypoglycemia include:
 * Irritability
 * Lethargy (excessive sleepiness)
 * Jitteriness/tremors
 * Tachycardia or bradycardia
 * Abnormal breathing patterns/apnoea
 * Hypothermia
 * Abnormal feeding behaviour (not waking for feeds, not sucking effectively, appearing unsettled and demanding very frequent feeds especially after a period of feeding well)
 * High pitched cry
 * Hypotonia (Loose/floppy muscles)
 * Pale/pallor/cyanosis (bluish coloured skin)
 * Sweating

Older children and adults' symptoms may also include headaches, confusion and feeling dizzy.

Parents often describe initial concerns or symptoms such as their infants "not feeding well, being sleepy and jittery".

More severe symptoms, such as seizures (fits or convulsions), can occur with a prolonged or extremely low blood sugar level. If the blood sugar level is not corrected, it can lead to loss of consciousness and potential brain injury.

A simple blood sugar measurement is essential if there are any symptoms of hypoglycaemia.

Cause
Hyperinsulinism or congenital hyperinsulinism can be a genetic or acquired condition. Acquired HI may be secondary to factors around birth, such as growth restriction of the fetus, less oxygen to the baby or maternal diabetes. Together, these are often called perinatal stress induced HI. They are typically present in the first 24 hours of life but often resolve by two weeks of age.

In contrast to the resolving perinatal stress induced low blood sugars, HI can also be due to a genetic cause. Therefore, genetic testing should be considered in children in whom acquired HI is unlikely. This typically includes those not responding to first line medication diazoxide. A genetic cause is also possible in children responding to diazoxide but where low sugars persist beyond the first 4 months of life.

There are many different genetic forms of HI which can be present in isolation or as part of a wider condition, called a syndrome.

Isolated forms
Isolated hyperinsulinism occurs in the majority of individuals with HI. The most common genetic cause is a change in one or both copies of a gene that instructs the building of the potassium channel (ABCC8 and KCNJ11). This channel normally regulates insulin production from the β-cell in the pancreas in response to sugar levels in the blood. A change or fault in the channel leads to uncontrolled and excessive production of insulin. These changes in the ABCC8/KCNJ11 genes can be inherited in a dominant or recessive manner. In the dominant form, a single (monoallelic) change inherited from one parent (or arising spontaneously) causes diffuse HI. In diffuse HI, the whole pancreas is affected. Dominant HI may be mild and respond to diazoxide or severe and diazoxide unresponsive. Some changes in the ABCC8 and KCNJ11 genes are not inherited dominantly but are inherited recessively. In these families each parent carries one copy of a faulty gene, but are themselves unaffected. A child will develop HI if they inherit two copies of the faulty ABCC8/KCNJ11 gene, one from each parent. Recessively-inherited changes in the ABCC8/KCNJ11 genes cause diffuse HI which typically does not respond to diazoxide. In some cases, a paternal copy of the faulty gene is inherited by the child which occurs in combination with a loss of the mother's normal copy of the gene in the pancreas. This gives rise to focal HI where only one part of the pancreas (called a focal lesion) produces excess insulin.

If HI is severe and not responsive to medicines, rapid testing of the ABCC8 and KCNJ11 genes is recommended. This helps to identify the possibility of focal HI early in the course of the illness. Following a genetic finding, specialised positron emission tomography (PET) scanning using the radiotracer 18-fluoro-dopa can be used to localise the focal abnormality (lesion) for surgical removal. Genetic testing is also helpful to determine if two copies of faulty ABCC8/KCNJ11 genes are inherited – these indicate a diagnosis of diffuse HI that may not respond to diazoxide. Such cases require treatment with alternative medications such as octreotide and may need surgical removal of most of the pancreas. Therefore, early rapid genetic testing is important to guide the medical and surgical management of children with severe HI. Results from HI genetic testing are preferably analysed by molecular genetics laboratories experienced and specialised in HI.

Another common genetic cause of HI results from changes in the gene for the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). This genetic form of HI is also known as GDH-CHI or GLUD1-CHI. These gene changes are inherited dominantly but may also arise spontaneously. In this condition, ammonia levels in blood are mildly raised. Children and adults with GDH-CHI often respond to diazoxide. An excess of proteins in the diet can bring about low sugars, so a good carbohydrate to protein ratio is advisable. There are many other genetic causes of isolated HI. Examples include changes in the genes that make the enzymes hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase gene (SCHAD-CHI) and glucokinase (GCK-CHI). More recently, changes in hexokinase 1 (HK1), another enzyme similar to glucokinase has been identified to cause both mild and severe forms of illness.

Syndromic forms
Syndromic HI is less common than isolated HI. Data from patient registries suggest a prevalence of less than 1% among reported cases. In syndromic HI, genetic causes are common. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), an overgrowth syndrome is a well-recognized form of syndromic HI. Other syndromes that commonly feature HI include Kabuki syndrome and Turner syndrome. Most individuals with syndromic HI respond to treatment with diazoxide and HI may resolve over time. However, HI with BWS can be severe and be unresponsive to usual therapy.

Diagnosis
HI is due to dysregulation of secretion of the hormone insulin from beta-cells in the pancreas. Insulin is present in the blood at the time of hypoglycemia rather than being suppressed. This can be difficult to measure due to fluctuation in insulin levels. The diagnosis of HI is made on the basis of increased insulin action and/or inadequate suppression of plasma insulin during a time of hypoglycemia. Increased insulin action can be demonstrated by increased glucose requirement (e.g., > 8 mg/kg/minute in a newborn compared to normal of 4-6 mg/kg/minute. Another sign of excess insulin action is suppressed blood levels of free fatty acids and ketones (beta-hydroxybutyrate) during hypoglycemia. The clinical diagnosis is also supported by a large blood glucose rise after glucagon administration at the time of hypoglycemia.  Glucagon is another hormone secreted from the pancreas that opposes insulin action and stimulates the release of glucose from liver glycogen stores. Measurement of insulin, c-peptide (which is co-secreted with insulin) free fatty acids and ketones together with a glucagon stimulation test can be performed during the spontaneous time of hypoglycemia or during hypoglycemia induced by a period of supervised and monitored fasting. In newborn infants, there is a time of transitional hypoglycaemia due to hyperinsulinism for the first after birth 72 hours. Hence the clinical diagnosis is best established after 72 hours of age. Assessing blood ammonia and acylcarnitine profile, urinary metabolic profiles, in addition to provocative responses to protein and amino acids (leucine) may be helpful in defining the subtype of HI.

Treatment
The goal of treatment in hyperinsulinism is to prevent hypoglycemia-induced brain damage, thus, the goal of therapy is to maintain the blood sugar level in the normal range [>70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L)]. The first step is the restoration of blood sugar level to the normal range after acute hypoglycemia, followed by prevention of recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia, which is common in congenital hyperinsulinism. This is best accomplished with intravenous dextrose initially.

Once the diagnosis of HI has been established, including determination of the genotype and phenotype, whenever possible, specific treatment should be initiated. Some of the following measures are often tried:• Nutritional measures: continuous carbohydrate administration through the enteral route (nasogastric tube or gastrostomy), including continuous dextrose or formula feedings.

• Medications that inhibit insulin secretion: diazoxide, somatostatin analogues including octreotide and lanreotide

• Medications that oppose the effects of insulin: glucagon

• Surgery to remove part or almost all of the pancreas (pancreatectomy)

Diazoxide, a KATP channel opener, that inhibits insulin secretion by binding to the sulfonylurea 1 (SUR1) component of the KATP channel, is the only drug with regulatory approval for the treatment of HI and the first line of therapy for this condition. To prevent complications from diazoxide-induced fluid retention, diuretic therapy is typically initiated concomitantly with diazoxide. Dose selection and dose escalation should be carefully considered weighing the response and potential for side effects. Because of its long half-life it may take up to 5 days to achieve a full therapeutic effect. An important next step is the assessment of the responsiveness to diazoxide, which has important diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Responsiveness to diazoxide is defined by the demonstration that the cardinal feature of HI, hypoketotic hypoglycemia, is corrected by treatment. This is best assessed by a fasting test demonstrating that the child can fast for 12-18 hours with plasma glucose ≥ 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L) or that plasma betahydroxybutyrate increases to > 1.8 mmol/L before plasma glucose decreases below 50-60 mg/dL (2.8-3.3 mmol/L) during fasting. Lack of responsiveness to diazoxide suggests the possibility that the HI is due to inactivating mutation(s) in the genes encoding the KATP channels which accounts for up to 90% of cases of diazoxide-unresponsive HI. For these cases, rapid genetic testing of the genes ABCC8 and KCNJ11 is critical to determine the likelihood of focal HI.

Surgery is the treatment of choice for focal HI, but before surgery, it is important to localize the lesion. These lesions are not visible using conventional imaging techniques such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) scan, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) However, specialized imaging using 18-F-L 3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine (18F DOPA) positron emission tomography (PET) scan is almost 100% accurate in localizing a focal lesion. Expert assessment of the pancreatic histology during surgery using frozen biopsies and surgical expertise are key for the success of the surgery. The reported cure rate for focal HI is 97%.

For non-focal diazoxide-unresponsive cases, treatment options are limited. Off-label use of the somatostatin analogue octreotide has been the long-standing second line of treatment for HI, but its effectiveness is limited by the development of tachyphylaxis. It is important to note that in countries where diazoxide is not available, octreotide may be the first line of therapy. Because of its association with potentially fatal necrotizing enterocolitis, octreotide use in very young infants should be carefully considered weighting the risk versus the potential benefits. Octreotide is administrated as a subcutaneous injection typically every 6 hours but it can also be administrated continuously through a subcutaneous pump. Long-acting somatostatin analogues, octreotide LAR (administrated intramuscularly) and lanreotide (administered as a deep subcutaneous injection), are a convenient option for older children. An alternative treatment approach for diazoxide-unresponsive cases that are either not eligible or unresponsive to somatostatin analogues is the use of a continuous infusion of dextrose through a gastrostomy tube. Typically, dextrose 20% is used and because of tolerance, the maximal glucose infusion rate administrated through this route is 10 mg/kg/min. Continuous intragastric dextrose is also used in combination with octreotide, an approach that allows for the use of less frequent dosing of octreotide and avoidance of tachyphylaxis. Another option preferred by some centers includes the administration of carbohydrate supplemented formula feedings intermittently or continuously by a gastrostomy tube. A near-total pancreatectomy is indicated when medical therapy fails.

Ongoing monitoring of glycemic control, therapy-associated side effects, and of growth and development are part of the treatment plan. Children who have undergone ≥ 50% pancreatectomy are monitored for diabetes and pancreatic insufficiency.

Multiple new therapies for HI are under development and promise to make possible a personalized approach to treatment of children with HI in an effort to improve their long-term outcome. Therapies currently in clinical trials include: a peptide antagonist of the GLP-1 receptor, a short-acting soluble glucagon analogue, a long-acting glucagon analogue, a selective non-peptide somatostatin receptor 5 agonist, and an allosteric inhibitor of the insulin receptor.

Prognosis
The outcomes of individuals with HI are affected by the disease process itself, including consequences of delayed diagnosis, the side effects of therapy, and the effectiveness of treatment.

Side effects of therapy are common in children treated with diazoxide and somatostatin analogues, affecting up to 50% of treated patients with various degree of severity. Surgical outcomes are excellent for children with the focal form of HI with a cure rate of 97%. However, up to 50% of children with the diffuse form of the disease that undergo a near-total pancreatectomy continue to have hypoglycemia after surgery requiring additional therapy. Over time, these children developed insulin dependent diabetes and pancreatic insufficiency. Ninety-one percent of children who had undergone a near-total pancreatectomy require insulin by age 14 years.

The frequency of neurodevelopmental and neurobehavioral problems in children with hyperinsulinism is as high as 40-50% across different patient types and countries. Therefore neurodevelopmental assessments should be performed throughout childhood, even in those children who have outgrown or have undergone surgical cure of the disease.

Epidemiology
The incidence of HI is variable. It ranges from 1:2500 in people where cousin marriages are common to 1:50,000 in other people. These numbers may be inaccurate as they are based on small numbers of children with HI admitted to hospitals. The incidence of persistent forms of HI have been reported in the UK to be 1:28,389. In Finland, the incidence has been reported to be 1:13,500. The incidence of transient forms of HI has been reported at 1:7400. However, perinatal stress induced hyperinsulinism is relatively common and so the figure is predicted to be higher. The true incidence of HI will not be known until newborn screening services are developed for HI.

The natural history of HI varies with the severity of illness and whether or not HI is transient. Children with severe HI are often unresponsive to medical treatment and may require pancreatic surgery. Although surgery is more likely in those with genetic forms of HI, there appears to be reduction in severity over time, encouraging some clinicians to maintain normal glucose levels by a combination of medications such as octreotide and carbohydrate rich feeds. Similarly, some children with changes in genes making up the potassium channel (ABCC8/KCNJ11) showed a reduction in severity.

Changes in single copy of the ABCC8/KCNJ11 genes can be inherited by dominant transmission, i.e., transmission from an affected parent to the child. In such children, remission can happen, although variably. In this group, some children and adults may also develop high blood sugar and diabetes in later life. Similarly, a change from low to high blood sugar can also be seen in those with changes in HNF1A and HNF4A genes.

The natural history of HI goes beyond the problem of hypoglycemia. An important consequence of early life hypoglycemia is brain injury. Delays in childhood development have been reported in up to 50%, particularly in those with severe HI. Feeding problems are also reported commonly by parents. Feeding problems appear to be more frequent in children with severe HI and may continue over long periods.

The natural history of HI includes the onset and progress of treatment related side effects. In the short term, diazoxide may cause life threatening pulmonary hypertension but this happens only in a minority of cases. More commonly, many on diazoxide develop excess body hair or a change in facial features over a long time. Children with focal forms of HI treated by limited surgery to the pancreas are usually cured and have no residual pancreas problems. By contrast, those having more extensive surgery, for example subtotal pancreatectomy, invariably develop diabetes requiring insulin by late childhood or adolescence. In the period after pancreatic surgery, they often have a combination of low and high sugars before frank diabetes. About half of such individuals develop the need for pancreatic enzyme supplements.

History
Congenital hyperinsulinism (HI) has been referred to by a variety of names; nesidioblastosis and islet cell adenomatosis were favored in the 1970s, beta cell dysregulation syndrome or dysmaturation syndrome in the 1980s, and persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PHHI) in the 1990s.

Symptomatic hypoglycemia caused by insulin was first recognized in 1922 when one of the first diabetes patients ever treated with insulin was found "climbing the walls" due to hypoglycemia induced by insulin. The first description of children with congenital hyperinsulinism was made in 1954 by Dr Irvin McQuarrie in his presidential address to the American Pediatric Society. McQuarrie termed the disorder "idiopathic hypoglycemia of infancy" and several of his patients required removal of most of their pancreas to control their hypoglycemia. McQuarrie suggested the disorder might be genetic, since hypoglycemia ran in families of some of his patients; however, he incorrectly believed that insulin was not the cause, since no insulin-producing tumors were found in the pancreas of patients. The following year, Cochrane and colleagues in Toronto reported that hypoglycemia in some, but not all, cases of idiopathic hypoglycemia could be provoked by protein or by certain individual amino acids, especially leucine. "Leucine-sensitive" hypoglycemia provided the first indication that amino acids, as well as glucose, could be important stimulators of insulin release.

HI is sometimes incorrectly referred to as "nesidioblastosis", based on the appearance of the pancreatic tissue showing insulin cells arising from ductal structures. However, the term was discarded when it was shown that nesidioblastosis was merely a common feature of the pancreas in early infancy. It is now well recognised that HI is a disorder of beta-cell insulin regulation due to genetic mutations.

In 1964, Drash and colleagues reported that diazoxide, an antihypertensive that suppresses insulin secretion, controlled hypoglycemia in some children with HI; currently, this is the only FDA-approved drug for treatment of hyperinsulinism.

In 1996, mutations causing HI were discovered in the genes (ABCC8, KCNJ11) that encode the K-ATP channel which serves a key role in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Shortly thereafter, mutations in glucokinase (GCK) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD1) were also identified to cause HI. The list of HI genes has now grown to over 30. Rapid genetic testing for the most common HI genes has become part of standard diagnosis and can be helpful in identifying infants likely to have a focal form of HI that can be cured by surgical removal. In 2003, it was shown that radioactive 18-fluoro-DOPA PET scans could assist surgeons locate and resect focal HI tumors.

Patient advocacy organizations
Patient advocacy organizations dedicated to improving the lives of people born with congenital hyperinsulinism play an important role in supporting people with the disease and their families, participating in and funding research on HI, and raising awareness of the condition. For example Congenital Hyperinsulinism International is a globally focused patient advocacy organization dedicated to improving the lives of people born with congenital hyperinsulinism. They are a member of the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative's Rare as One Network, which is a group of patient led organizations that have launched collaborative research networks.

Country specific patient advocacy organizations include:
 * Austria: Lobby4kids
 * Argentina: Hiperinsulinismo Congénito (HICA)
 * Brazil: Associação Hiperinsulinismo Congênito
 * France: Association des Hyperinsulinismes
 * Germany: Kongenitaler Hyperinsulinismus e.V.
 * Italy: Vivere con C.H.I.
 * Spain: Hiperinsulinismo Congenito
 * Turkey: Konjenital Hiperinsülinizmli Hasta Aileleri Derneği
 * United Kingdom: The Children's Hyperinsulinism Charity

Patient registries
People with congenital hyperinsulinism can participate in a patient reported registry called the HI Global Registry. By submitting a survey on their experiences to the registry, people with HI can help research on the condition.

Centers of Excellence
Since 2021, centers that provide the highest quality of care for people with congenital hyperinsulinism (HI) are designated as Centers of Excellence (COE) by the Congenital Hyperinsulinism International (CHI). Being a COE also involves a commitment to research and collaboration.

The CHI Center of Excellence are:
 * Congenital Hyperinsulinism Center at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, United States
 * The Hyperinsulinism Center at Cook Children's Medical Center in Fort Worth, TX, United States
 * Congenital Hyperinsulinism Service at the Great Ormond Street Hospital in London, United Kingdom
 * Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin and the University Children's Hospital Duesseldorf partnership in Germany
 * Collaborative Alliance on Congenital Hyperinsulinism (COACH) headquartered in Magdeburg, Germany
 * Northern Congenital Hyperinsulinism Service (NORCHI) in Manchester and Liverpool, in the United Kingdom

title: Congenital hyperinsulinism


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OMX Helsinki 25

OMX Helsinki 25 (, formerly HEX25) is a stock market index for the Helsinki Stock Exchange. It is a market value weighted index that consists of the 25 most-traded stock classes. The maximum weight for a single stock is limited to 10%. This is mainly to limit Nokia's weight in the index, although Fortum and Sampo Group were also capped in a February 2009 reshuffle.

Components

As of October 2023, the following 25 companies make up the index:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: OMX Helsinki 25


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User talk:Averykrouse

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Meelar (talk) 15:06, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)

Archives and Subpages
Talk:Jesus Conflict of 2006

Mind Benders
Hello! I've noticed your past interest in Mind Benders and wanted to share the following announcement with you! I've taken over the responsibilities of Mind Benders, and the page will now be regularly updated. Right now, the pre-round is open (it's more of a creative artistic competition), and round one will open soon (the questions are done, we just need to wait for the pre-round to begin/finish)! So why not check it out? I'll keep you updated! Thanks, Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 01:33, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to pass this news on to other Wikipedians.

Mind Benders
Hello! I've noticed your past interest in Mind Benders and wanted to let you know that round one is now officially open! Consisting of ten challenging, puzzling questions, it is sure to be tons of WikiFun! In addition, take a look at all 9 of our great artistic entries and vote for one of them! Hope to see you there! Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 16:15, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Deleted page
Hey Avery. Just wanted to mention I deleted Username:Averykrouse/Desk - as I assume you accidentally created it while trying to post to User:Averykrouse/Desk. FCYTravis 05:45, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

Jesus
Check out the Jesus article and edit it to keep it focused on Jesus and a biographical account of Him. Watch the Jesus page to keep it focused on Him. Thank you. Scifiintel 21:37, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

Barnstar
Thank you! (Now I'll have to find some stuff to fill my "Misc" section with). Arch O. La 05:39, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

Thank you
Thanks for the kind words. KHM03 11:29, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

Cleanup Taskforce
New Formalism (a poetry movement) has been added to your desk because you expressed an interest in literature. (No one has listed poetry as a field of interest). Please look at it or pass it along (or let me know and I'll pass it for you). This appears to currently be a stub but it may have been longer at a prior point in the editing history. Thank you. RJFJR 14:41, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

New Formalism
Just so you know, adding the protected tag to an article actually doesn't do anything. You have to request protection here. I was going to protect the page but I am not sure of the circumstances. Explain at RfPP please. I'm going to remove the tag for now. --Woohookitty(cat scratches) 11:02, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

Hi, thanks for your help on the New Formalism article. Your interest and others' encouraged me to add a little more material. Are you planning any more work on the page? I've tried to simply document verifiable historical facts, but the vandalism worries me ... perhaps I am missing something, and am only presenting one side??? Who would have thought an article on a U.S. poetry movement of the 1980's would be contentious!? Anyhow, thanks again & of course any further help you could give would be greatly appreciated. — Stumps 09:08, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

Steven Levitt AfD Discussion
Your presence is requested at the Steven Levitt deletion discussion. Wikipedia needs to be streamlined, and we can't possibly document every godless crackpot who comes up with some inane "theory". By creating articles on people who are out of touch with American values, we only give them a platform to preach their otherwise non-notable message from. Thanks for your time. :)

Peace in Christ

Xanth characters
I have added a slew of Xanth characters recently and created various pages of Xanth characters which need help. One or two more pages may be needed for Xanth character organization, and then the page List of Xanth characaters will more than likely become an index. I hope you are liking what I am doing. - Lady Aleena / talk

Theistic Ironies & Metaphysical Poker
I love this section! It kind of reminds me of the metaphysical Poker game I have going on my user page. Arch O. La 05:57, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for playing. I found your submission to be...mostly harmless. But, we apologise for the inconvenience. Arch O. La 07:03, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Okay, I'll add it. Interesting what the third largest religion is--considering that most of those people say they have no religion! Arch O. La 05:59, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

French Wikibook
Quite a while ago, you mentioned that you wanted to help write the French Wikibook. Over the last week, I have updated and reorganized the book because Serge's reorganization proposal has gone unanswered for several months and the book has been in the same state for over two years. I would greatly appreciate your help in the book's development. My reorganization structure is by no means set in stone, so feel free to implement your ideas. --Hagindaz 02:29, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

Official Statement
Please understand, while I retracted my statement on this talk page, I have no intention of issuing an apology of any nature. Just because I have taken the words back does not mean the sentiment has disappeared as well. I have thought since the beginning of this that Rob's presence on Wikipedia is detrimental, nothing less, nothing more. It has been all I could do to not shout "I TOLD YOU SO!" when the sockpuppetry mess went down.

But go ahead, imagine what you want about me and my thoughts. Mark my words, there will come a day, much sooner than you think, when I will once again say, "I told you so!" (how's that for an unending strain of clauses, eh?).

And by the way, people, lighten up. The Cabal, much like everything that has ever been said about it in the past, is a joke. --Avery W. Krouse 16:50, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

 * That's not a joke. This is a joke. Arch O. LaTalk TCF  04:55, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

Signpost
Sorry it took so long to reply to your message. If you'd like to write for the Signpost, look at some of the tips at WP:SIGN/N (click "Tip Line"), and write a few brief blurbs about the important ones (I've put the general format of the page at User:Averykrouse/Signpost). News and notes is pretty collaborative anyway, so we'll add some tips, and help you out where needed. Deadline is Monday at 1700 UTC. If you can't do it this week, that's fine. Ral315 (talk) 19:15, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

 * No problem; thanks for offering originally. I understand how time concerns go :)  Ral315 (talk) 10:58, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

The bar exam
Hey, thanks for submitting the box. However, if we're going to include the cross we're going to need Atheist and Agnostic symbols as well.

Not only do we have two Lutherans, but the Agnostic (Jim62sch) is a former Lutheran. For that matter, the Atheist (SOPHIA) grew up a Christian...not sure which denomination.

Plenty of beer to go around! Arch O. LaTalk TCF  04:52, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

Well, the picture is tiny, so it's easy to confuse the plus symbol with the cross.

Care to join the debate over John 3:16? Arch O. LaTalk TCF 07:25, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

PS: Arrows pointing to the center might work better than a cross. Arch O. LaTalk TCF 07:27, 5 March 2006 (UTC)
 * That's actually what I was thinking, but I haven't had the time to Photoshop it up yet. --Avery W. Krouse 07:28, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

Christian Cabal
His Imposingness, the Grand Moff Deskana reminds His Imperialness, the Grand Poobah Krouse that if he wishes for the subpage to be deleted, he can add the tag to the page and an admin shall delete it for him! -- His Imposingness, the Grand Moff Deskana (talk) 16:38, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

An athiest an agnostic and...
We may not see eye to eye sometimes but I like your sense of humour. SOPHIA 14:09, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Wikiethics
Hi,

We started a proposal Wikiethics to state the existing policies coherently and make suggestions on improving the editorial standards in Wiki. I thought you might be interested in contributing to that proposal.

Unfortunately, a pro-porn and pro-offense lobby is trying to make this proposal a failure. They unilaterally started an approval poll although almost no one including me believe that it is time for a vote, simply because the policy is not ready. It is not even written completely.

Editors who thinks that the policy needs to be improved rather than killed by an unfair poll at the beginning of the proposal, started another poll ('Do we really need a poll at this stage?') at the same time. The poll is vandalized for a while but it is stable now. A NO vote on this ('Do we really need a poll now?') poll will strengthen the position of the editors who are willing to improve the ethics policy further.

If you have concerns about the ethics and editorial standards in Wiki, please visit the page Wikiethics with your suggestions on the policy. We have two subpages: Arguments and Sections. You might want to consider reviewing these pages as well...

Thanks in advance. Resid Gulerdem 00:07, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

I would love your help.
Hi,

I know you are interested in christianity, and I recently started a new wiki over at wikicities which is on the subject of christianity. Christian Knowledge Base is the site.

The goal is to have a knowledgebase on christianity from a distinctly "C(hristian)POV" rather than the NPOV. It is not meant to be a mere Christian Encyclopedia, but to foster a real sense of community. I'd like to include things like current events, news, stories, and anything that would add to both an understanding of Christianity, but also its enjoyment. I'm looking for help to build a resource that could really enrich the lives of Christians.

I know you are busy but I am actively seeking new sysops/admins to help me build this site up, and I would be positively thrilled if you could contribute in any capacity whatsoever. nsandwich 01:13, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

The CKB has been vandalized by an anon IP and a bot named Aquinus. See here. Grigory Deepdelver AKA Arch O. LaTalk TCF 17:45, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

Cleanup Taskforce
The article Spiritual marriage has been added to User:Averykrouse/Desk your desk. This is has been open for a long time and may be ready to be closed. Please look at it and see what work it needs or pass it (or let me know and I'll reassign it). RJFJR 19:20, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

Not a quorum call, so please don't shoot the messenger ;)
Since you first proposed the idea a while ago, I thought I'd let you know that CTSWyneken is now up for an RfA: Requests_for_adminship/CTSWyneken. Grigory Deepdelver of BrockenboringTalk TCF 15:23, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

Your input on this matter would be greatly appreciated
Dear Avery, please look at this and consider giving your counsel and opinion. Cordially, David--Drboisclair 00:42, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

Been a while
It's been a while. How have you been? Arch O. La  Grigory Deepdelver  02:25, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

Invitation: Christian Knowlege Base. Care to return? Arch O. La  Grigory Deepdelver  01:15, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

WelcomeBot
Is this a good idea? What are your thought? Check it out. Cheers FrummerThanThou 07:08, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

Greetings. You are receiving this boilerplate notice because you have a task on your Cleanup Taskforce desk that has not been updated for over 30 days. If you do not wish to complete this task please assign it to another active Cleanup Taskforce member who has space on their desk. If you do not wish to receive cleanup requests on your desk any more, you may remove yourself from the membership list. If you or someone else has completed the task, you can close it by adding to the article's talk page and removing it from Cleanup Taskforce. If you have a status update (e.g. you intend to work on it in the future) or need help, you can update the collaboration page (which is linked from your desk). Also feel free to reply to the person who left you this message. -- Otheus 21:56, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

Jesus
Thanks for the words and insight - hopefully as someone perceived to be uninvolved you will be able to bring this to a close. I personally don't care what we do as long as it's stable. Let's keep our fingers crossed for a peaceful end! Sophia 16:40, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

Jesus
Hi Avery, I responded to JS before reading your laest comments. But I generally agree with your most recent interventions on the Jesus page and I will not add anything more on that topic to the talk page. But, just to be clear, while I don't mind people disagreeing with me, I cannot stand people misrepresenting me. I know I have misunderstood and misrepresented others in the past, but when they tell me that they did not say what I thought they said I usually (I mean, I try - but maybe I don't remembe every instance) apologize and accept that they mean what they say. Personaly, I think Smith's stepped over the line when, after I told him that was not what I said, he persisted in repeating it. I'm telling you this because I care about your views. As for arguments on the Jesus talk page, like I said, I'm dropping it. Slrubenstein  |  Talk 13:28, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

Please re-register
 Hello, ! You are receiving this notice because the Cleanup Taskforce has been inactive, as a result of this all active taskforce members are being asked to re-register.

For more information see: Cleanup Taskforce/Not Dead Yet

If you do not re-register here within 15 days of receiving this notice your name will be removed from the membership list (if you were unable to reply to this notice in time, you can just add you name back).

RJFJR 01:10, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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Please claim your upload(s): File:Redirect Icon.gif
Hi, This image was seemingly uploaded prior to current image polices, Thank you.

However, as part of ongoing efforts to ensure all media on English Wikipedia is correctly licensed and attributed it would be appreciated if you were able to confirm, that it was your own work, by marking it as own, amending the information added by a third party, and by changing the license to an appropriate "self" variant. You can also add  to the Media by uploader or Presumed self tag(s) if  present to indicate that you've acknowledged the image, and license shown (and updated the information where appropriate).

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This will assist those reviewing the many many "free" images on commons that have not yet been transferred to Commons. ShakespeareFan00 (talk) 18:35, 17 March 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Averykrouse


text:
Castlerigg stone circle

Castlerigg Stone Circle (alternatively Keswick Carles, or Carles) is situated on a prominent hill to the east of Keswick, in the Lake District National Park, North West England. It is one of around 1,300 stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany, constructed as a part of a megalithic tradition that lasted from approximately 3,200 BC to 2500 BC, during the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Ages.

Various archaeologists have mentioned the beauty and romance of Castlerigg and its surrounding landscape. In his study of the stone circles of Cumbria, archaeologist John Waterhouse commented that the site was "one of the most visually impressive prehistoric monuments in Britain."

Every year, thousands of tourists travel to the site, making it the most visited stone circle in Cumbria. This plateau forms the raised centre of a natural amphitheatre created by the surrounding fells and from within the circle it is possible to see some of the highest peaks in Cumbria: Helvellyn, Skiddaw, Grasmoor and Blencathra.

Description
The stones are glacial erratic boulders composed of volcanic rock from the Borrowdale Volcanic Group. Both andesitic lavas and tuffs (volcanic ashes) are represented. Castle Rigg sits on a deposit of glacial till, and it is likely that the boulders were originally part of this deposit. The stones are set in a flattened circle, measuring 32.6 m at its widest and 29.5 m at its narrowest. The heaviest stone has been estimated to weigh around 16 tons and the tallest stone measures approximately 2.3m high. There is a 3.3m wide gap in its northern edge, which may have been an entrance. Within the circle, abutting its eastern quadrant, is a roughly rectangular setting of a further 10 stones. The circle was probably constructed around 3200 BC (Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age), making it one of the earliest stone circles in Britain and possibly in Europe. It is important to archaeoastronomers who have noted that the sunrise during the September equinox (Autumn equinox) appears over the top of Threlkeld Knott, a hill 3.5 km to the east.

There is a tradition, as with other stone circles in Britain, that it is impossible to count the number of stones within Castlerigg; every attempt will result in a different answer. This tradition, however, may not be far from the truth. Due to erosion of the soil around the stones, caused by the large number of visitors to the monument, several smaller stones have 'appeared' next to some of the larger stones. Because these stones are so small, they are likely to have been packing stones used to support the larger stones when the circle was constructed and would originally have been buried. Differences in opinion as to the exact number of stones within Castlerigg are usually down to whether the observer counts these small packing stones, or not; some count 38 and others, 42. The 'official' number of stones, as represented on the National Trust information board at the monument, is 40.

In the early 20th century, a single outlying stone was erected by a farmer approximately 90m to the south west of Castlerigg. This stone has many linear 'scars' along its side from being repeatedly struck by a plough, suggesting that it was once buried below the surface and also why the farmer dug it up. It is not possible to say whether this stone was originally part of the circle, or a naturally-deposited boulder.

Archaeological speculation

The original motives behind the construction of Castlerigg, its subsequent uses, and how these may have changed over time are not known. Current thinking has linked Castlerigg with the Neolithic Langdale axe industry in the nearby Langdale fells: the circle may have been a meeting place where these axes were traded or exchanged. Ritually deposited stone axes have been found all over Britain, suggesting that their uses went far beyond their practical capabilities. Exchange or trading of stone axes may not have been possible without first taking part in a ritual or ceremony. Recent dating of the notable 'axe factory' at Pike o' Stickle, Great Langdale, indicates that production here likely ceased by 3300 BC, which predates proposed date for Castlerigg by at least 100 years.

Antiquarian study of Castlerigg

Two of Britain's earliest antiquarians, John Aubrey (1626–97) and William Camden (1551–1623), visited Cumbria with an interest in studying the area's megalithic monuments. Both described Long Meg and Her Daughters, another large stone circle to the northeast of Penrith, and recounted local legend and folklore associated with this monument, but neither writers mentions a visit to Castlerigg or the area around Keswick. John Aubrey was also the first writer to erroneously connect Neolithic and Bronze Age megalithic monuments with the Iron Age Druids.

It was not until the early 18th century that Castlerigg came to the attention of the wider public, when William Stukeley (1687–1765) visited the site, in 1725.

Stukeley's account of his visit to Castlerigg is brief and was published in his Itinerarium Curiosum in 1776, 11 years after his death. Stukeley's visit is important, as it is the earliest written record of the stone circle at Castlerigg:

...for a mile before we came to Keswick, on an eminence in the middle of a great concavity of those rude hills, and not far from the banks of the river Greata, I observed another Celtic work, very intire: it is 100 foot in diameter, and consists of forty stones, some very large. At the east end of it is a grave, made of such other stones, in number about ten: this is placed in the very east point of the circle, and within it: there is not a stone wanting, though some are removed a little out of their first station: they call it the Carsles, and, corruptly I suppose, Castle-rig. There seemed to be another larger circle in the next pasture toward the town. (Stukeley 1969 Vol. II, 48).

Stukeley could be describing the circle as it stands today, as it has changed little in the three centuries since his visit. The rectangular enclosure within the circle, that Stukeley took to be a grave, still consists of 10 stones. It is not clear, however, why Stukeley believed the circle was not missing a single stone. Today there are several large gaps in the circle, suggesting that a number of stones may have indeed been either moved into a different position (possibly after the stone had fallen or been removed completely). Of course, there is no certainty today as to the original appearance of the circle, or how much it may have changed in the preceding millennia, prior to Stukeley's visit. It is believed, however, that the circle survives today in a relatively intact state, changed certainly, but not so far from its original design.

Stukeley's observation of a second circle in the next field is a great revelation that places the stones at Castlerigg in a whole new light; that he fails to deliver a description demonstrates well the frustration felt by modern researchers when dealing with the works of antiquarians. This account could easily be dismissed today as pure fancy or it could be thought that he had mistakenly described a natural feature, as there is no evidence of it today, either above ground or in the observations of later scholars.

The 19th century

The apparently unspoilt and seemingly timeless landscape setting of Castlerigg stone circle provided inspiration for the poets, painters and writers of the 19th-century Romantic movement. In John Keats' Hyperion, the passage "Scarce images of life, one here, one there,/Lay vast and edgeways; like a dismal cirque/Of Druid stones, upon a forlorn moor…" is alleged to have been inspired by his visit to the stones; a visit, it seems, with which he was less than impressed. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, in 1799, visited Castlerigg with fellow poet William Wordsworth and wrote of it, that a mile and a half from Keswick stands "…a Druidical circle [where] the mountains stand one behind the other, in orderly array as if evoked by and attentive to the assembly of white-vested wizards".

An early description of Castlerigg stone circle can be found in the 1843 book The Wonders of the World in Nature, Art and Mind, by Robert Sears. In the passage quoted below, Sears also quotes an earlier description of the circle by Ann Radcliffe (Mrs. Radcliffe).

The Druidical Circle, represented in the accompanying plate, is to be found on the summit of a bold and commanding eminence called Castle-Rigg, about a mile and a half on the old road, leading from Keswick, over the hills to Penrith,—a situation so wild, vast, and beautiful, that one cannot, perhaps, find better terms to convey an idea of it than by adopting the language of a celebrated female writer, (Mrs. Radclifle,) who, travelling over the same ground years ago, thus described the scene: "Whether our judgment," she says, ''" was influenced by the authority of a Druid's choice, or that the place itself commanded the opinion, we thought this situation the most severely grand of any hitherto passed. There is, perhaps, not a single object in the scene that interrupts the solemn tone of feeling impressed by its general character of profound solitude, greatness, and awful wildness. Castle-Rigg is the centre point of three valleys that dart immediately under it from the eye, and whose mountains form part of an amphitheatre, which is completed by those of Borrowdale on the west, and by the precipices of Skiddaw and Saddleback, close on the north. The hue which pervades all these mountains is that of dark heath or rock; they are thrown into every form and direction that fancy would suggest, and are at that distance which allows all their grandeur to prevail. Such seclusion and sublimity were indeed well suited to the dark and wild mysteries of the Druids."''

Sears then continues his description:

The one here represented is of the first, or simple class, and consists, at present, of about forty stones of different sizes, all, or most of them, of dark granite,— the highest about seven feet, several about four, and others considerably less; the few fir-trees in the centre are, of course, of very modern growth. The form may, with more propriety, be called an oval, being thirty-five yards in one direction, and thirty-three yards in another, in which respect it assimilates exactly to that of Rollrich; but what distinguishes this from all other Druidical remains of a similar nature, is the rectangular enclosure on the eastward side of the circle, including a space of about eight feet by four. The object of this is a matter of conjecture;—by some it is supposed to have been a sort of Holy of Holies where the Druids met, separated from the vulgar, to perform their rites, their divinations, or sit in council to determine controversies; others consider it to have been for the purposes of burial; probably it might have been intended for both.

The later 19th century saw an increase in research into Castlerigg stone circle. C W Dymond visited the circle in 1878 and 1881, from which visits he produced the first accurate plan of the stones. He marked the position of one of the internal cairns, showing that it was clearly visible at that time, but missed the other two cairns observed by Benjamin Williams in 1856 showing that these two features have never been clearly defined.

The only known archaeological excavation at Castlerigg was carried out by W K Dover in 1882, one year before the site was scheduled. His excavation targeted the internal rectangular enclosure at the eastern side of the circle and his account of his excavation is brief and hidden within details of a day trip to the circle on 5 October 1882, by members of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, which was published in 1883:

Prior to the visit of the Society some excavations had been made under the superintendence of Mr. W Kinsey Dover, with the view of finding whether the subsoil would disclose anything that might lead to some conclusion as to the age or object of the circle. The following is Mr. Dover's report: Length of inclosure within the Keswick stone circle, 22 feet, east and west; breadth, 11 feet, north and south. Length opened out, 18 feet to 19 feet; breadth, 3 feet 3 inches, with two cross cuts of about 2 feet. Depth of dark superficial soil to where the yellow undisturbed soil appears, 14 inches, with the exception of a small portion at the west end where the black soil mixed with stones continued to a depth of 3 feet. Near the bottom here, I found what I think to be a few small pieces of burned wood or charcoal, also some dark unctuous sort of earth, a sample of both I brought away. (Dover 1883, 505).

What subsequently happened to the samples of 'burned wood or charcoal' and the 'dark unctuous sort of earth' is unknown, other than they are now likely to be lost or, if not, too contaminated to be worth modern scientific analysis. Nevertheless, Dover's excavation is the only one to have been carried out at Castlerigg. It is, however, believed by some, based on the dimensions given by Dover, that if any stratigraphy exists within the rectangular enclosure it would not have been completely destroyed and the potential to create a relative sequence between the circle and the enclosure should still be possible. It is unlikely that further excavation around the stones would be permitted today as it is neither threatened by farming or development and erosion of the ground surface by the many visitors to the site is kept in check and is not sufficient to affect the integrity of the stones.

Recent research
Much of our knowledge and understanding of Castlerigg stone circle has been passed down to us by the work of 18th-century antiquarians and 19th-century amateurs. Considering that the stone circles of Cumbria in general are of such antiquity, being among the earliest stone circles in the whole of Europe, it is surprising that so little work has been carried out here under modern conditions, and that none of the stone circles of Cumbria have so far been scientifically dated.

Since the 1960s, the names Aubrey Burl and Alexander Thom have become synonymous with stone circles and both men have contributed significantly to the literature on this subject, whilst taking opposing sides regarding their purpose and significance. The works of Burl strongly support the idea that any geometry within the circle, or astronomical alignments, are either purely coincidental or symbolic in nature. Thom, on the other hand, is a proponent of the circle builders being adept astronomers and mathematicians and suggests that these skills can be seen in all stone circles, everywhere. While neither Burl's nor Thom's works deal with Castlerigg exclusively, they do attempt to place all the stone circles of Britain in context to each other and to explain their purpose.

English Heritage subjected the scheduled area and the field to its immediate west to a geophysical survey in 1985 in order to improve our understanding of the stone circle and to provide a better interpretation for visitors. A full report of the findings from 1985 has still to be published.

In 2004, Margarita Díaz-Andreu, of the Department of Archaeology at Durham University, commissioned a survey of the stones at Castlerigg in response to claims that a "spiral carving" had been discovered there. A laser-scanning survey was used to record three-dimensional images of the stones. Only graffiti from more recent times was discovered and no trace of the alleged spiral was found.

Pagan connections
Castlerigg has no discernible solar alignments. Nevertheless, it remains a popular site to visit during solstice celebrations. In recent years this has seen damage caused to the site, and illegal pits, from fires or cremation deposits, are often visible within the centre of the circle.

There remains no link between the on-site archaeology at Castlerigg, and the modern New-Age religious movements that appropriate it.

Conservation history
Castlerigg stone circle was one of the monuments included in the Ancient Monuments Protection Act 1882, which included a 'Schedule' of 68 sites in Great Britain and Ireland. It thus became one of the first scheduled ancient monuments. The following year the stone circle was 'taken in to state care'. Under the 1882 act a deed of guardianship could be entered into by a landowner, in which the monument, but not the land it stands on, becomes the property of the state. As one of the first such sites to enter into such an agreement it occupies a small place in the history of archaeological conservation. In 1913, Canon Hardwicke Rawnsley, one of the founders of the National Trust, was among the prime organisers of a public subscription which bought the field in which the stone circle stands, which he then donated to the National Trust. Responsibility for the stone circle remains with English Heritage, the successor body to the Ministry of Works, whilst ownership of the site is retained by the National Trust.

title: Castlerigg stone circle


text:
User:Supercool Dude

All about Supercool Dude of the Bronx

Supercool Dude is a single 60 year old Italian-American heterosexual man (Born January 25th 1955) who was born in Dr Leff's Central Maternity Hospital The Bronx, New York. When he was three his parents relocated from Baychester, Bronx to City Island, Bronx, where he lives presently.

His hobbies include Electronics, Computers, and is writing a comedic autobiography that has the funniest moments of his life in a book.

He spent 9 years in Public School 17 at 190 Fordham Street, attended Saint Thomas More High School, and Christopher Columbus High School, but got a GED Diploma instead and attended the University of Arizona for a semester. He also went to Broadcasting School.

He was a Crane Operator/Oiler, and member of the International Union Of Operating Engineers as crane operator / Oiler and Boatyard Manager and a Medical Assistant to a Surgeon, Dr S.A. Suriano MD.

In November 2001 he saw an ITN World News broadcast on WLIW TV Channel 21 and saw Kylie Minogue sing "I Can't Get You Out Of My Head" at the European MTV Awards in Berlin, Germany and wrote to Jay Leno of The Tonight Show asking to have her on and she appeared on February 4th 2002.

He wrote Carson Daly and had her sister Dannii Minogue on Last Call in November 2003.

He also invented the Radiolamp, and the Bronx Dental Bridge amongst other things. The Radiolamp is a Free Energy Device that glows 24 hours a day and The Bronx Bridge is a prosthetic tooth that is held in place by tension and snaps in and out for cleaning and uses no bonding cement.

His latest invention is a orbital Satellite device to stop Global Warming. It is a giant Solar Parasol 4000 miles wide to be deployed at the L1 Lagrange point in Outer Space. It would be made of Carbon Fiber and Aluminised Mylar and work much like Venetian Blinds to moderate the amount of Sunlight that strikes the Earth. It could also stop the Polar Caps from melting. It can also de-energize Hurricanes and change their course.

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/supercooldudescoolpage/

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Supercools_Webcams/

Here are only a few of the Wikipedia Articles that I have authored.

I am very proud of them.

An island in the Mediterranean Sea

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponza%2C_Italy

A great Pop Jazz Rock Group, My Favorite!

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_Out_Sister

The official NYPD outdoor gun range and bomb detonation range

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYPD_Rodman%27s_Neck_Firing_Range

A battlefield in the Bronx, NYC

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pell%27s_Point

A pair of lighthouses

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_Rocks_Lighthouse

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepping_Stones_Lighthouse

An odd rock formation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yardang

An Arizona Air Force Base

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Air_Force_Base

A group of islands in Long Island Sound

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pelham_Islands

Biographies!

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_M._Wolfe

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_E._Faller

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CACTUS

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuPont_Aerospace_DP-2

I have begun a new project that points out Wikipedia's nonsense to the News Services.

The Bell Ringing Swans Of Wells, England.

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Bell_Ringing_Swans/

How to tell your real friends from False Friends.

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Real_and_False/

My favorite Websites with lots of 3D stuff!

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/supercooldudescoolpage/

My Favorite World Wide Webcams! Free! Kid Safe Site!

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/SupercoolsWebcams/

Deparalysis

http://health.groups.yahoo.com/group/DeParalysis/

A Speaking Mute Swan!

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/AudreyHepburnSwan/

Supercool Dude's Screenname
Everyone keeps asking Supercool Dude, how he got his screenname. One day in 1963, his father bought their family their very first Air Conditioner. That Summer it was very hot outside and he walked up to the huge A/C and turned the machine on super cool and he stood there cooling off and said out loud, "I am one super cool dude!".

Please note, I have shut down my older emails, because I am switching ISP's!

 * City Island Gallery

Swing Out Sister Video, "Where the Hell Did I Go Wrong?"

http://youtube.com/watch?v=rS3ou_dt6bc

Supercool was at this Candy Dulfer concert!

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ebFkyopRajE

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RRpZb3XPrXw

Fed up with creepy Wikipedians, who don't know jack, I turned over control of this Wikipedia article over to the City Island Historical Society for correction!

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Island,_Bronx

Muuuaaaahhhhhhhhh! LOL!

http://www.cityislandmuseum.org/

I go Ant-Drugs
I started this article about Combined Drug Intoxication to educate and warn children and young people about the dangers of dying by accident, even though these medicines are used as directed.

I am also going Anti-Cocaine in my Anti-Dangerous Drug Drive and I appreciate all your help.

Many of you are young and innocent of the evil that Cocaine is.

It is made by mashing Coca leaves with diesel or kerosene.

They also add Sulfuric Acid and other dangerous stuff.

This evil drug has actually destroyed some of my friends minds and has killed off others.

Here in this video, Cocaine makers in Columbia South America use children to mash the stuff.

After seeing this horrible video, would you still want to snort or smoke this evil drug?

Not me! It is a waste of money! This will make you sick and kill you off quick!

I made 56 years old this January, because I avoided this dangerous drug!

PLEASE! DO NOT USE!

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mz5jnwItGmQ

http://www.vidivodo.com/video.php?myvideo_id=2357

The young people need us to help us and them.

Supercool Dude (talk) 03:02, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

In December 20011 SCD was diagnosed with Melanoma Carcinoma. It was excised, but grew back. SCD faces more surgery. It was caused by Sunburn at the age of 3 years old.

All emails may be sent to supercooldude1955@gmail.com

title: User:Supercool Dude


text:
Letter to Brezhnev

Letter to Brezhnev is a 1985 British romantic comedy film about working-class life in Liverpool, written by Frank Clarke and directed by Chris Bernard. It starred Alexandra Pigg, Margi Clarke, Alfred Molina, Peter Firth and Tracy Marshak-Nash (credited as Tracy Lea). Letter to Brezhnev presents Margaret Thatcher's high-unemployment Liverpool as a depressed and tough city fallen on hard times.

Plot and themes
Two young women from Kirkby, a rough suburb of Liverpool, Teresa and Elaine, meet two Russian sailors, Sergei and Peter, and hook up for a night of fun and frolics. Teresa is looking for sex and a smile, Elaine wants love, romance and the dream of a life far away from the grime of Liverpool.

Amongst other themes, it reflects the constraints on working class women's dreams. It also shows that many people do not get the chance to aspire to anything other than the humdrum lives they find before them as they walk away from school. Some of the characters worked in what they called "the chicken factory", a slaughterhouse. It also reflects hope and ambition as despite awful odds, the protagonists pursue their dreams.

Cast

 * Alexandra Pigg – Elaine
 * Margi Clarke – Teresa
 * Peter Firth – Peter
 * Alfred Molina – Sergei
 * Tracy Lea – Tracy
 * Iggy Navarro – President of Soviet Union
 * Ken Campbell – Newspaper reporter
 * Angela Clarke – Josie (Elaine's sister)
 * Ted Wood – Mick
 * Sharon Power – Charlie's Girl

Production
The film was shot in three weeks on a small budget with fees deferred to those involved. Scenes were filmed in the State Nightclub, a prominent Liverpool venue in the 1980s. It assisted Liverpool in becoming the second most filmed city in the UK after London. For the soundtrack, Sandie Shaw re-recorded the song "Always Something There to Remind Me", and Bronski Beat's "Hit That Perfect Beat" was also used.

Reception
Los Angeles Times critic Kevin Thomas described Letter to Brezhnev as "a winner, [and] further evidence of the enduring renewal of the British film industry". Walter Goodman of The New York Times wrote: "The zesty script by Frank Clarke is at once shamelessly romantic ('You look to the star and think of me') and unromantically streetwise ('Talk about Russian hands and roamin' fingers')." Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times concluded: Letter to Brezhnev is strong because it is simple. It is not really about romance at all. It is about how idealism can be a way of escaping from the rat race. It is about a young woman with the courage to try something dramatic to break out of the trap she's in. It is also about a brave new tradition in British filmmaking, in which the heroes are ordinary people, seen with love. Kate Muir, writing for The Times in 2017, said the film "creaks a little with age and its crew of young actors sometimes seems stagey. Yet it has ebullient energy". The reviewer for the BFI's Screenonline website described it as having "done more than perhaps any other film before or since in putting Liverpool on the cinematic map".

The film opened at the top of the UK box office where it remained for two weeks.

Letter to Brezhnev holds a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on six reviews.

title: Letter to Brezhnev


text:
File:Sergeant Benton (Doctor Who character).jpg

Non-free use rationale
The above image is believed to qualify as fair use as it is an image of: a web resolution, and of a lower quality then broadcast/verbatim media releases. The image provides critical commentary in describing the subject of the article. Furthermore it is believed that this image will not impede the copyright owners' ability to profit.


text: User talk:204.210.122.91

title: User talk:204.210.122.91


text:
Odious debt

In international law, odious debt, also known as illegitimate debt, is a legal theory that says that the national debt incurred by a despotic regime should not be enforceable. Such debts are, thus, considered by this doctrine to be personal debts of the government that incurred them and not debts of the state. In some respects, the concept is analogous to the invalidity of contracts signed under coercion. Whether or not it is possible to discharge debts in this manner is a matter of dispute.

History
The concept has antecedents dating back to the 1800s and support from diverse fields such as economics, philosophy, political science, history, and law.

The concept of odious debt was formalized in a 1927 treatise by Alexander Nahum Sack, a Russian émigré legal theorist. It was based on two 19th-century precedents—Mexico's repudiation of debts incurred by Emperor Maximilian, and the denial by the United States of Cuban liability for debts incurred by the Spanish colonial regime.

Sack wrote:

When a despotic regime contracts a debt, not for the needs or in the state's interests, but rather to strengthen itself, to suppress a popular insurrection, etc, this debt is odious for the people of the entire state. This debt does not bind the nation; it is a debt of the regime, a personal debt contracted by the ruler, and consequently, it falls with the regime's demise. The reason why these odious debts cannot attach to the territory of the state is that they do not fulfill one of the conditions determining the lawfulness of State debts, namely that State debts must be incurred, and the proceeds used, for the needs and in the interests of the State. Odious debts, contracted and utilized for purposes which, to the lenders' knowledge, are contrary to the needs and the interests of the nation, are not binding on the nation – when it succeeds in overthrowing the government that contracted them – unless the debt is within the limits of real advantages that these debts might have afforded. The lenders have committed a hostile act against the people, they cannot expect a nation that has freed itself of a despotic regime to assume these odious debts, which are the personal debts of the ruler.

Sack theorized that such debts are not enforceable when (1) the lender should have known that (2) the debt was incurred without the consent and (3) without benefit to the populace. There are many examples of similar debt repudiation.

Chief Justice William Howard Taft, acting as an arbiter, used the doctrine in 1923 to find that Costa Rica did not have to pay the United Kingdom debts incurred by the Federico Tinoco Granados regime.

Despite such rulings, Mitu Gulati argues that odious debt is not part of international law because "[n]o national or international tribunal has ever cited Odious Debt as grounds for invalidating a sovereign obligation."

Reception
Patricia Adams, executive director of Probe International, a Canadian environmental and public policy advocacy organization and author of Odious Debts: Loose Lending, Corruption, and the Third World's Environmental Legacy, stated: "by giving creditors an incentive to lend only for purposes that are transparent and of public benefit, future tyrants will lose their ability to finance their armies, and thus the war on terror and the cause of world peace will be better served." In a Cato Institute policy analysis, Adams suggested that debts incurred by Iraq during Saddam Hussein's reign were odious because the money was spent on weapons, instruments of repression, and palaces.

A 2002 article by economists Seema Jayachandran and Michael Kremer renewed interest in this topic. They propose that the idea can be used to create a new type of economic sanction to block further borrowing by dictators. Jayachandran proposed new recommendations in November 2010 at the 10th anniversary of the Jubilee movement at the Center for Global Development in Washington, D.C. Subsequently, the loan sanctions model has been adopted by the Centre for Global Developments and has been the base for a number of further suggestions. Some think the doctrine could aid international development. Others think that the doctrine should allow even more kinds of debt to be canceled.

Application
After acquiring Puerto Rico through the Spanish–American War, the United States refused to pay the colony's creditors, asserting they held odious debt.

In December 2008, Ecuadorian President Rafael Correa attempted to default on Ecuador's national debt, calling it illegitimate odious debt, because corrupt and despotic prior regimes contracted it. He succeeded in reducing the price of the debt letters before continuing paying the debt.

After the overthrow of Haiti's Jean-Claude Duvalier in 1986, there were calls to cancel Haiti's debt owed to multilateral institutions, calling it unjust odious debt, and Haiti could better use the funds for education, health care, and basic infrastructure. As of February 2008, the Haiti Debt Cancellation Resolution had 66 co-sponsors in the U.S. House of Representatives. Several organizations in the United States issued action alerts around the Haiti Debt Cancellation Resolution, and a Congressional letter to the U.S. Treasury, including Jubilee USA, the Institute for Justice & Democracy in Haiti and Pax Christi USA.

title: Odious debt


text:
Triceps

The triceps, or triceps brachii (Latin for "three-headed muscle of the arm"), is a large muscle on the back of the upper limb of many vertebrates. It consists of 3 parts: the medial, lateral, and long head. It is the muscle principally responsible for extension of the elbow joint (straightening of the arm).

Structure
The long head arises from the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula. It extends distally anterior to the teres minor and posterior to the teres major. The medial head arises proximally in the humerus, just inferior to the groove of the radial nerve; from the dorsal (back) surface of the humerus; from the medial intermuscular septum; and its distal part also arises from the lateral intermuscular septum. The medial head is mostly covered by the lateral and long heads, and is only visible distally on the humerus.

The lateral head arises from the dorsal surface of the humerus, lateral and proximal to the groove of the radial nerve, from the greater tubercle down to the region of the lateral intermuscular septum.

Each of the three fascicles has its own motorneuron subnucleus in the motor column in the spinal cord. The medial head is formed predominantly by small type I fibers and motor units, the lateral head of large type IIb fibers and motor units and the long head of a mixture of fiber types and motor units. It has been suggested that each fascicle "may be considered an independent muscle with specific functional roles."

The fibers converge to a single tendon to insert onto the olecranon process of the ulna (though some research indicates that there may be more than one tendon) and to the posterior wall of the capsule of the elbow joint where bursae (cushion sacks) are often found. Parts of the common tendon radiates into the fascia of the forearm and can almost cover the anconeus muscle.

Innervation
All three heads of the triceps brachii are classically believed to be innervated by the radial nerve. However, more recent studies observed that in around 14% of individuals the long head of the triceps brachii was innervated by the axillary nerve, and in 3% it received dual innervation from both the radial nerve and axillary nerve.

Variation
A tendinous arch is frequently the origin of the long head and the tendon of latissimus dorsi. In rare cases, the long head can originate from the lateral margin of the scapula and from the capsule of the shoulder joint.

Function
The triceps is an extensor muscle of the elbow joint and an antagonist of the biceps and brachialis muscles. It can also fixate the elbow joint when the forearm and hand are used for fine movements, e.g., when writing. It has been suggested that the long head fascicle is employed when sustained force generation is demanded, or when there is a need for a synergistic control of the shoulder and elbow or both. The lateral head is used for movements requiring occasional high-intensity force, while the medial fascicle enables more precise, low-force movements.

With its origin on the scapula, the long head also acts on the shoulder joint and is also involved in retroversion and adduction of the arm. It helps stabilise the shoulder joint at the top of the humerus.

Training
The triceps can be worked through either isolation or compound elbow extension movements and can contract statically to keep the arm straightened against resistance.

Isolation movements include cable push-downs, lying triceps extensions and arm extensions behind the back. Examples of compound elbow extension include pressing movements like the push up, bench press, close grip bench press (flat, incline or decline), military press and dips. A closer grip targets the triceps more than wider grip movements.

Static contraction movements include pullovers, straight-arm pulldowns and bent-over lateral raises, which are also used to build the deltoids and latissimus dorsi.

Ruptures of the triceps muscle are rare, and typically only occur in anabolic steroid users.

Clinical significance
The triceps reflex, elicited by hitting the triceps, is often used to test the function of the nerves of the arm. This tests spinal nerves C6 and C7, predominantly C7.

Etymology
It is sometimes called a three-headed muscle (Latin literally three-headed, tri - three, and ceps, from caput - head), because there are three bundles of muscles, each of different origins, joining at the elbow. Though a similarly named muscle, the triceps surae, is found on the lower leg, the triceps brachii is commonly called the triceps.

Historically, the plural form of triceps was tricipites, a form not in general use today; instead, triceps is both singular and plural (i.e., when referring to both arms).

Other animals
In the horse, 84%, 15%, and 3% of the total triceps muscle weight correspond to the long, lateral and medial heads, respectively.

Many mammals, such as dogs, cattle, and pigs, have a fourth head, the accessory head. It lies between the lateral and medial heads. In humans, the anconeus is sometimes loosely called "the fourth head of the triceps brachii".

title: Triceps


text:
User talk:Fanboy~enwiki

Apparently you can reach me by using the discussion page if I'm actively looking to update anything on Wikipedia, which unfortunately has been a while. If you've got a question - leave a message/method to contact you here and I'll get back to you...

FanboyElric (talk) 19:57, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

Fanboy - first off i sincerely apologize for graffiti'ing your page like this. I am a complete idiot when it comes to wikipedia. Your user page says to contact you directly with any questions, but i dont see the "Email this user" link on the left sidebar. So im posting this here. How do I reach you? I can't even find my own inbox on this thing. I guess post a reply on my "talk" page and ill contact you with whatever info you provide. Sorry again. - User: KRR820  —Preceding unsigned comment added by KRR820 (talk • contribs) 04:24, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

[[User:Sam Spade|Sam]] Spade wishes you a merry Christmas! 15:08, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Fanboy. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Fanboy~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 12:47, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fanboy~enwiki


text:
Ron Carroll

Ronald Michael Carroll is an American DJ, singer, songwriter and producer. He is primarily known in the house music circuit.

Carroll has worked with many of house's most famous producers, including E-Smoove, Maurice Joshua and Bob Sinclar. He has also produced, usually with partner Spero Pagos, for other vocalists or his own songs.

Musical career
Carroll was born in Chicago in 1968. As a boy, he learned to sing while a member of his church choir. As a teenager, he was a fan of rock band Kiss, but became interested in house music when he attended a high school dance and spent time watching the DJ perform. Carroll started performing as a DJ in the late 1980s in a club he himself opened. He released his first official record, "My Prayer", in 1993, a track produced by local producers Hula (from the Outhere Brothers), Kay Fingers and Ron Trent. Because of his style of singing like a preacher, he received the nickname "The Minister of Sound".

In 1994, he got his first big break when he attended the Winter Music Conference in Miami. Still an unknown outside Chicago, Carroll walked up to Louie Vega, who gave him a chance to write the lyrics to Barbara Tucker's "I Get Lifted". This allowed the opportunity to join Mike Dunn and Byron Stingily, also from the Chicago house scene, in the Deep Soul production company as singer, songwriter and producer. He wrote the lyrics for six tracks in Stingily's album The Purist and also wrote and produced the anthem "The Sermon". In 1996 he met Greek-American producer Spero Pagos, and the two created MOS Productions (for Ministers Of Sound), for the UC/Afterhours label.

On the label, he also met Mazi Namvar, who introduced him to the European house scene. This allowed him to take part in the French house classics "My Love" (produced by Kluster) and "Lucky Star" (produced by Superfunk), both released in 2000. The following year, he opened his own label, Body Music Records. Carroll's activities as a singer in Europe brought him into contact with Dutch producers Hardsoul in 2003, for whom he wrote and sang in "Back Together", followed in 2004 by "What a Wonderful World" for Bob Sinclar and Axwell, a track that appeared on Sinclar's 2004 album Enjoy.

Albums

 * 2006 Chicago

Singles
Ron Carroll
 * 1993 "My Prayer" (with Hula, Kay Fingers and Ron Trent)
 * 1993 "A New Day" (with Hula and Kay Fingers)
 * 1995 "Pressing On"
 * 1999 "Gimme Love" (with Spero Pagos)
 * 1999 "Soundz" (with Spero Pagos)
 * 1999 "Stronger" (with Mazi)
 * 2001 "Angel"
 * 2001 "Get With Him" (with Church Is One Foundation)
 * 2001 "Take Me Up" (with E-Smoove)
 * 2002 "Live in Me"
 * 2002 "Natural"
 * 2002 "Can't Give Up" (with Shawn Christopher)
 * 2003 "Sexy Thing"
 * 2004 "Come Into My Life" (with Richard Grey)
 * 2004 "World of Love" ( With Bob Sinclar)
 * 2005 "Classical Moments In Time" (with Derrick May)
 * 2005 "The Only Way Is Up" (with Disco Darlings)
 * 2006 "Just Got Paid"
 * 2006 "Weak", with Jjah
 * 2007 "Come Into My Life 2007" (with Richard Grey)
 * 2007 "All My Life" (with Jazmina)
 * 2007 "The Nike Song"
 * 2010 "Lucky Star"
 * 2010 "In Love with a DJ" (with CeCe Peniston)
 * 2010 "Freak E.P."
 * 2013 "Bang Bang (Explode 3)" (with DS&F & Ceresia)
 * 2018 "It's You" (with Julien Scalzo)

RC Groove/RC Groove Project
 * 1998 "Sermon One EP", as RC Groove Project (with Mike Dunn)
 * 2000 "The Sermon", as RC Groove Project
 * 2001 "Nothin' But Funk", as RC Groove
 * 2001 "Brighter Day", as 'RC Groove Project
 * 2001 "The RC Groove Project #2", as RC Groove Project
 * 2002 "Strings", as RC Groove
 * 2002 "High Again", as RC Groove (with Lady D)
 * 2003 "Believe", as RC Groove Project (with Dawn Tallman)
 * 2003 "Spirit Of The Dance", as RC Groove
 * 2003 "Superfreaque Music", as RC Groove (with Dino Vulpitta)

Testament
 * 1999 "It Is Well"
 * 2000 "Work It Out" (with Spero Pagos)
 * 2000 "We Need Love" (with Robert Collado)
 * 2003 "Sun Is Shining"
 * 2005 "World Harmony"

Other aliases
 * 1998 "My Way", as Subculture (with Rick Garcia and Lejuan)
 * 1998 "Feel It, Move It, Shout It", as Ron Carroll's Black Pearl (with Paul Walton)
 * 2000 "Beautiful", as Ground Level (with Spero Pagos and Rheji)
 * 2000 "Got to Hold On", as Ministers Of Sound (with Spero Pagos and Paul Walton)
 * 2001 "Someday", as Ground Level (with Spero Pagos and Rheji)
 * 2001 "Can You Feel It", as Subculture (with Rick Garcia)
 * 2001 "Wait", as The RC Connection (with Mazi and Jackie Haywood)
 * 2002 "Deep in My Soul", as Shay Coco Butta (with Josh Collins)

Production
 * 2000 Rochele Fleming - "It's Not Over"
 * 2001 Curtis Harman - "Call Me", with Josh Collins
 * 2001 CeCe Peniston - "My Boo"
 * 2005 Sunny Larican - "Always"
 * 2005 Trina Tru Luv - "True Love"
 * 2005 Vicki B - "Something Must Change"
 * 2005 Shawn Christopher - "You Can Make It"
 * 2005 Melba Moore - "My Heart Belongs To You"
 * 2006 Mona Lisa - "Dancin'"
 * 2007 Ce Ce Peniston - "I'm Feelin' U", with DJ Fudge

Appears on
 * 1993 House Culture - "Let The Music Set U Free"
 * 1996 Blak Beat Niks - "Ooohhh"
 * 1997 Michi Lange - "The Only Way Is Up"
 * 1998 DJ Pope - "Waymaker"
 * 1999 Rick Garcia - "Dancefloor"
 * 2000 Superfunk - "Lucky Star"
 * 2000 Kluster - "My Love"
 * 2000 Rick Garcia - "Dancefloor"
 * 2000 DJ Bam Bam - "Soundz"
 * 2002 Audio Soul Project - "Community"
 * 2002 Mazi - "This Feeling" (with Josh Collins)
 * 2003 Peter Presta - "Changes"
 * 2003 Hardsoul - "Back Together"
 * 2004 Bob Sinclar - "Wonderful World"
 * 2004 Superfunk Inc. - "Promised Land"
 * 2004 Superfunk Inc. - "Lover"
 * 2004 Bob Sinclar - "World of Love"
 * 2005 Abstract Beating System - "Vibes"
 * 2006 Hardsoul - "My Life" (with Sven Vigee)
 * 2007 Bob Sinclar - "Everybody Movin'" (with Mz Toni)
 * 2007 Audio Soul Project - "Community 2007"
 * 2008 Bob Sinclar & Axwell - "What a Wonderfull World"
 * 2015 Dimitri Vangelis & Wyman - "Running"
 * 2016 Felicity - "Heaven"

title: Ron Carroll


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Maxine

Maxine was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Vanity—Trevor Caira 15:09, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy material, IMHO. Grue 15:29, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It's dangerous to consider vanity a cause for speedy deletion, I think—Trevor Caira 15:46, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Speedy delete. Very short article with absolutely no context. Of course it can be VfD as vanity as well.--Wikimol 16:48, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Maxine


text:
River Cary

The River Cary is a river in Somerset, England. It is sourced from the Park Pond in Castle Cary and flows towards the southwest.

Etymology
The origin of the name Cary is uncertain. It may be derived from pre-Celtic kar-, meaning "stony, hard", or the Celtic element car meaning dear, pleasant (c.f. Welsh cari, "love").

Course
The River Cary has its source at Park Pond in Castle Cary, and then flows southwest through Cary Moor to Babcary, where there is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest at Babcary Meadows and Cary Fitzpaine. It then flows northwest through Charlton Mackrell to the north of Somerton, passing under the Somerton Viaduct. Here the river channel has been straightened and drains the surrounding wetland as it heads north to Kings Sedge Moor. The Cary passes through King's Sedgemoor continuing west across the moors south of the Polden Hills. At Henley it joins the artificial channels of the Sutton Moor Rhyne and the King's Sedgemoor Drain, both of which drain the wetland. Much of the water is now diverted into King's Sedgemoor Drain, which continues across the moors to join the estuary of the River Parrett at Dunball.

Pollution
In 1995 a major pollution incident occurred when lindane and mercury seed dressing were poured down a drain which leads into the river near Somerton.

title: River Cary


text:
Brian Blain

Brian Donald Blain (13 September 1936 – 2 July 1994) was an Australian actor, best known for his roles in numerous TV series and films starting from the early 1970s.

Career
Blain is best remembered for his role in the Seven Network soap opera Sons and Daughters from 1982 to 1987 as Gordon Hamilton and his role as Captain Jacob Hilliard in the film sequel Return to the Blue Lagoon (1991). In that same year, he also starred opposite Anne Haddy playing Michael Daniels, a love interest of her character Helen Daniels in the Network Ten soap opera Neighbours. Only a few years previously Haddy had played his housekeeper Rosie in Sons and Daughters.

Blain, apart from television and film roles, also worked in theatre, notably The National Theatre in Perth, Western Australia and the Queensland Theatre Company

Blain was injured in a motorcycle accident in 1990. He died from a heart attack in July 1994, at the age of 57.

title: Brian Blain