text:
Talk:Ivan Kostov

Roma
Can you cite sources regarding his being a Roma/Gypsy?

Untitled
Why the original article was changed???

Why the image was removed?

The new text is manipulative. Ivan Kostov has nothing to do with Simeon II. Why you are associating his name with this person???

Why the official link to his party webpage was removed???

 * It seems that the subject of this article was covered in two parallel articles. What was Kostov now redirects to Ivan Kostov.  (The latter is the proper way to name the article.)  Maybe some of the changes you noticed are because of the differences in the two different articles?  The remedy, of course, is to edit this article to put in what you think is missing. (With a neutral point of view, of course.).

 * As for the image, there was an image on the "Kostov"-titled version of the article that appeared to be infringing, and so it was removed. It was posted again today, though not linked into the article, yet.  That has been tagged as a  possible copyright violation, too.  Whoever posted that picture, please follow the rules for resolving the problem – they're posted on the image page.  --Kbh3rd 03:57, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

There are many uncited and unverified claims about Ivan Kostov, please cite them or remove them —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.83.48.194 (talk) 10:54, 14 May 2010 (UTC)

Unsourced section
I've cut it and put it here:

Ivan Kostov, though a highly talented politician, has been inflexible in his political views which has prevented the creation of a strong alliance with the moderate right-wingers of the United Democratic Forces, now lead by the former President of the Republic, Petar Stoyanov. Above all (and rightly so, in hind sight), he has critisized heavily the former Tsar's son, Simeon Saxe-Coburg Gotha (a.k.a. Simeon), and the so-called "Tsar's Party" NMSII, which defeated UDF and Kostov in the 2001 elections and lost, in its turn, the next elections in 2005. He has actively networked with European politicians of the centre-right European People's Party, and has always kept to his uncompromising views of the Bulgarian political scene. His well-founded critisizm of the former Tsar's son, Simeon, his successor in the office of Prime Minister, as well as of the present (2006) President, Georgi Parvanov (who was shown to have worked with the former Communist secret service) and a number of other political figures, such as the populist Mayor of Sofia, Boyko Borisov (a former body guard of the former Bulgarian communist dictator, Todor Zhivkov), while on the whole objective, has had negative effect on the efforts of all Right and Centre Right forces to forge a winning common policy. For example, it was Kostov who proposed the President of the Constitutional Court, Nedelcho Beronov, a former UDF parliamentarian, as the common democratic challenger against the former communist Parvanov in the 2006 Bulgarian Presidential elections. In the event, Beronov failed to make the second round of the Presidential elections, letting Parvanov meet and easily defeat the leather-jacket wearing candidate of the extreme nationalists, Volen Siderov. As a result, Kostov's uncompromising position has ultimately diminished his own influence as a mainstream politician in Bulgaria.

However, as unfortunate as it is, Kostov was proven quite right about the lack of competence of Simeon as prime minister, whose major "accomplishment" was the return of land and property (some of which was used but did not really belong) to the former Tsar's family. Simeon, as it turned out during his time as a prime minister (2001-5), instead of a "messiah", became a grave disappointment and did not come in statesmanship even close to his father, the late Tsar Boris III, who is considered by all (except, of course, the former communists) as the shrewdest Bulgarian politician in the first half of the 20th century. (N.B. Boris III was instrumental, together with the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, in the saving of some fifty thousand Bulgarian Jews from the concentration camps of The third Reich, despite the fact that Bulgaria was an ally of Nazi Germany at the time. Moreover, Boris III did not allow the Bulgarian Army to get involved in WWII on the Nazi Germany side, for which, as many believe, he paid with his life in 1943.)

Kostov is a vociferous political figure, but recently his influence has been limited to those, who after abandoning the weakened UDF, grouped under his leadership and that of his close associates, Veselin Metodiev and Ekaterina Mikhailova. However, Kostov has not had his last word yet on the never easy Bulgarian political scene.

Biruitorul 13:30, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

June 2013 protests
I suggest that this page is locked for editing by unregistered members, due to the incredibly complex political situation in Bulgaria. I fear that history will be "touched up", for the purposes of forming a new political leader. Georgi Marinov. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 149.241.138.141 (talk) 11:42, 20 June 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Ivan Kostov. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130730031942/http://bnt.bg/bg/news/view/103350/radan_kynev_e_novijat_lider_na_dsb to http://bnt.bg/bg/news/view/103350/radan_kynev_e_novijat_lider_na_dsb
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20110706142903/http://sun450.government.bg/old/eng/prime_minister/ to http://sun450.government.bg/old/eng/prime_minister/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:04, 18 November 2017 (UTC)

Bias?
The way this article preemptively defends Mr. Kostov, without citing any sources, is not very encyclopedic. For example, what the heck is this?

Kostov's rule was characterized by media claims for massive mismanagement and corruption, none of which have been proven. A number of major Soviet era enterprises that were already bankrupt and in the process of liquidation were sold to the highest bidder below the price of their assets because of the tremendous debts these enterprises had. This was done to allow the new investor to save the jobs of the employees, who would otherwise have to immediately lose their job because these enterprises were in a procedure of liquidation to pay off their creditors. This sale under the book value of assets has been misused by critics of Kostov's government since in unfounded accusations of corruption.[citation needed] While successful in stabilizing the country, Bulgaria's current account balance started growing negative.[citation needed].

title: Talk:Ivan Kostov


text:
User:Totsean

Headline text
GAMERZ (.be) enculé?

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Totsean


text:
Talk:TOTSE/Archive 2

Temporary Replacement
This is NOT the place to promote your WEBSITES, there will soon be an IP ban on the any IPs from 142.177 --69.163.43.67 Posted on: 24 December 2005

 * Agreed. 142.177.... should have an IP ban.--XxNeXuSxX 20:46, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I severly dislike blocks of any more than 24 hours on IP blocks as vague as x.x. I semi-protected the page instead. This should be only temporary; 142.177 should give up in a couple days, and I'll unprotect then. —BorgHunter (talk) 06:37, 25 December 2005 (UTC)

I believe that the link is completely relevant. And I do not see how the site is time sensitive as it will be operational in any other time totse is down. (These Arms Are Snakes)

 * A replacement for TOTSE isn't TOTSE, and if it is, then it's not temporary. So a temporary replacement is not something that needs to be Preserved For The Ages To Come in an encyclopedia article. That kind of information is what Wikipedia is about. If it turns out that this other site becomes an important part of the overall TOTSE phenomenon, then it will eventually be included by other editors later. Right now, it isn't of importance except as information for coordinating the TOTSE community, and Wikipedia is decidedly not for that use. — Saxifrage | ☎ 22:12, 25 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I think "These Arms Are Snakes" also is solely promoting HIS or HIS FRIENDS site, TOTSE has no affiliation with your site, please shut up. --69.163.43.67 05:17, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

After an IP check, it is indeed correct that (These Arms Are Snakes) is posting from an IP from 142.177 ..., he is spammming his site off his account it looks like. --XxNeXuSxX 05:21, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

 * After looking at his site, he talks about spamming the link

I Quote, 'These Arms Are Snakes Site Admin Our link got taken down from wikipedia,. everyone please keep checking wikipedia and under "extenal links" in totse, plase make sure this link is in there, and if its not, put it on.

These Arms Are Snakes Site Admin PostPosted: Fri Dec 23, 2005 3:01 am Me and watchtower are now trying to discuss with the admin at wikipedia why he took the link down repeatedly and why he wont leave it up. he calls it spamming. I'll spam the bastard to show him what spamming really is. In any case, here's a link

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Marudubshinki#Stop_deleting_link'' --XxNeXuSxX 05:46, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

 * That's very serious. It sounds like we should bump up the semi-protection to a full fledged protection. -- SoothingR(pour) 09:31, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

 * The ironic thing is I've reverted that link less than half the time now, yet I'm apparently being singled out. --Maru (talk) Contribs 18:31, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

 * What's the policy on unapologetic spammers? I know spambots are blockable on sight, but what about regular users? — Saxifrage | ☎ 02:15, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Warn them though test-templates that reflect the severity of their abuse, and report them to admins in order to get them blocked if that doesn't help. -- SoothingR(pour) 06:33, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

Excuse me, sirs but DeadlyCindy, a mod on TOTSE is a member of that site. Many TOTSEusers are using that as a base. That should give it some officiality

-SWF

 * No, that makes it a different site that many users have migrated to. — Saxifrage | ☎ 21:15, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I was a Moderator at totse too, and guess what, IT doesn't belong HERE! I'm pretty sure Jeff Hunter would want no affiliation with your site in any way. --XxNeXuSxX 03:36, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Totse is a great site, that allows freedom of speech and disscussion with other people over the world without restrictions. If you do not like, and I realise people arent complaining about the actual site here but this needs to be said, the talk that goes on in there, by all means leave the site. It does not tell people to go out and do the things that are discussed on the site. But rather it an informative site. Do not go there if you dont like it.

New server
I talked to Warweed a while ago, and he says totse will be back as soon as Jeff acquires a new server to replace the dead one that was running for 5 years straight. Perhaps we should help fundraise for a new server? -- (Spam Man Sam)

I was told on the temporary totse site that Jeff doesn't plan to put the site back up until possibly sometime after the new year to get rid of some unwanted posters. (These Arms Are Snakes) There Arms are Snakes, please stop posting you fraud of totse. n080dy2
 * Stop promoting your site, no one cares --XxNeXuSxX 05:22, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

Thats an awsome idea. Hopefully the kiddiots will forget about it if totse is down for a month or so.-- (Spam Man Sam)

I haven't even heard of the user "These Arms Are Snakes" on Totse. Stop spamming your gay link, it sucks.-- (Stiffo)

No, do you really think Jeff Hunter cares about "NEWBS", he couldn't give any less of a sh** about ANY posters on totse. He is obviously telling the truth about the server. --69.163.43.67 05:16, 26 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll second that. I don't see any reason not to take the message at face value. --Crazygoatemonky 08:04, 29 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Take it at face value for your own purposes if you like, but remember that rumour and gossip doesn't belong in an encyclopedia article. — Saxifrage | ☎ 16:35, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

Note to These Arms Are Snakes
Please stop continually adding that link. You aren't getting anywhere with your vandalism. Please stop being a dick or else I may have to semi-protect the page again, which is A Bad Thing. I'd much rather the dispute get settled here rather than constant reversion and, potentially, semi-protection. Please. Stop. —BorgHunter (talk) 02:43, 30 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I've tried to reason with him on his forum, but he really appears to be to thick to understand.

 * He apparently has the intellect of a 6 or 7 year old. I think his name needs a ban from wikipedia as well.

 * Both of you, please read No personal attacks. Thanks. —BorgHunter (talk) 02:59, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

Yet he still continues his vandalism as soon as it's unprotected again... --XxNeXuSxX 04:51, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm still trying to reason with him at his forum. I don't want to protect the article for a third time. This is getting ridiculous. —BorgHunter (talk) 04:55, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

Totse is a pathetic charactior of it's passed glory and that reality is  made very obvious by Jeff Hunters & JC's lack of participation in their own forum, the inability to up date the software and lastly the failure to replace the server in a timely manner. TROUBLE^MAKER (talk)
 * Have a cry, servers are expensive. Comradeash 14:21, 11 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Whether User:TROUBLE^MAKER is correct in his assertion or not, that is NOT the point. Putting a statement such as that in the article would be highly POV, and thus should not be included. Furthermore, I think this article and User:These Arms Are Snakes's recent ations should have an RfC. Firestorm 21:31, 11 January 2006 (UTC)
 * That user has not been around since before the new year. Rather, he has simply tried to edit as an IP to get the link into the article. Which is to say, an RfC is unnecessary. — Saxifrage | ☎ 10:34, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

The Toolbox
What is up with these absolute tools stating, that every time totse goes down, Jeff has abandoned it for good? Can we just remove that rubbish on sight unless they actually have proof, because its turning out to be rubbish really. Comradeash 11:55, 26 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Let's get rid of it. Chriskelvie 02:22, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

I understand the "Jeff abandoning it for good" but TOTSE will eventually die, do not make that mistake. The U.S. GOv't will eventually shut it down for "terrorism" -SWF

 * Fuck yeah, Star Wars Fan! 69.218.183.135 05:38, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Um, thanks. You knew who I was (okay, I know it is simple finding out) -SWF

Clones
The clones list seems to be a magnet for cruft and vanity. Anyone else think we should remove it? --maru (talk) contribs 01:49, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, very. — Saxifrage ✎ 08:00, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yet more cruft today. Here's putting it more to the point: does anyone object if this section is removed? I think it's justified, as it's all non-notable. — Saxifrage ✎ 00:20, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

 * fine With it, make it go.--69.163.43.67 02:46, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

I decided to be bold and just went ahead and deleted it. the section, besides being non-notable, is a magnet for vandalism and vanity edits. Firestorm 15:23, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Text Files
I recently added this:

[i]"As been stated before, TOTSE (also commonly referred to as &TOTSE) hosts a plethora of text files ranging from "How to Dumpster Dive" all the way to "Telephone Phreaking and Fishing: A Beginners Guide". Most of TOTSE's traffic comes from people looking up "How to make a bomb" (or similar Anarchist Cookbook-type queries) on Google, the top hit being TOTSE.com. A word of warning, though: Many of the text files are outdated and wrong, or outright lies. On the other hand, there is relatively small portion of the articles written there worth one's time, but many of those shouldn't be taken seriously.[/i]

Since I am new to Wikipedia and am not yet proficient in the appropriate of Wiki's Writing style and NPOV in general, could someone clean that up? Before you make any deletions, please try to make it better as opposed to outright deleting it. It was an honest effort on my part to contribute; if you feel it needs to be deleted, please justify. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Absolutecaliber (talk • contribs).

 * I originally deleted it on the grounds that it read like a brochure, but at your suggestion I've taken a closer look at it and done a heavy copy edit for style, voice, and encyclopedic relevance. Specifically, I took out the warning because Wikipedia describes, never prescribes; and changed the language to a description of what Totse has to offer more generally rather than talking about specific text files. — Saxifrage ✎ 04:06, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

Lock editing
Can this page be restricted to edits please?

Someone keeps changing things around/vandalizing.

title: Talk:TOTSE/Archive 2


text:
Transmitter Hamburg-Billstedt

The Transmitter Hamburg-Billstedt is a broadcasting facility in Hamburg-Billstedt, established in 1934. It is owned and operated by the Norddeutscher Rundfunk public broadcasting service, but open to competitors, too.

History
From 1934 to 1949 it used as transmission aerial a wire hung up in a tower of wood. This tower had until 1941 a height of 145 metres. In 1941 its height was reduced to 84.5 metres and in 1949 it was demolished.

In 1940 a second aerial in form of a triangle area aerial was built. This aerial allowing transmitting on a wide frequency range was demolished in the Fifties. In 1949/50 a 198-metre-high guyed steelframework mast with a cage aerial and a transmission aerial for FM and TV on its top was erected. From this mast, which was partly destroyed by a storm during its erection in December 1949, between 1953 and 1962 the programme of the "Deutschen Langwellensender" (German longwave transmitter) was broadcast. This programme was transmitted in a special modulation mode, the compatible single sideband modulation, allowing smaller bandwidth and the possibility of reception with conventional AM receivers. Because this mast was under high voltage the aerials for FM and TV on its top were fed via a Goubau line.

In the first half of the 1960s this aerial mast was demounted and the current installation built. It consists of:

 * Guyed steel tube mast for FM and TV, built in 1960. This radio mast has a diameter of 2 metres. It was 255 metres high in 1960 and grew to 300 metres in the meantime.
 * Guyed tubular mast radiator for mediumwave. This mast, which is 184 metres tall, is insulated against ground. It is designed as double feedable fading-reducing aerial and therefore equipped with a separation insulator in a height of 101 metres
 * Guyed steel tube mast with a height of 120.9 metres and a diameter of 0.7 metres. This mast was built in 1939. It stood until 1963 at Osterloog transmitting station and was dismounted in this year and rebuilt in Hamburg-Billstedt. It is insulated against ground and used as back-up aerial for mediumwave.
 * Guyed steel framework mast with a height of 77 metres insulated against ground. This mast built in 1979 is used as reflector mast for the 184-metre-high medium wave transmission mast. Its construction was necessary because of the conditions of the waveplan of Geneva.

Since 1967, the University of Hamburg has been using the 304 m-mast as a six-level meteorological measurement platform, with thermometers, hygrometers, and anemometers mounted at various heights up to 280 m above ground. The atmospheric variables are sampled at a high temporal resolution to allow computation of boundary layer turbulent fluxes of heat and momentum. Live data and time series are also made available via the World Wide Web.

Hamburg's Light Miracle
In 1934, shortly after the inauguration of the facility, some owners of recreational gardens discovered that a light bulb connected to ground and a highly spun wire made the bulb light up brightly enough to illuminate a small house. Later many other did so. Transmission energy is taken from the transmitter, and induces electrical power in the wire. This effect was not discovered immediately. Later, technicians of the transmitter noticed, that in the houses of nearby gardens, lights went on and off depending on whether the transmitter was switched on or off. This phenomenon got the nickname "Hamburger Lichtwunder" (German: "Hamburg's light miracle"). After this was discovered, use of transmitting energy of radio transmitters for other purposes than radio reception was prohibited in Germany by law.

technic3d.com, Literature "Wunder der Wellen", Author: Eduard Rhein

Radio transmitter

 * http://skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?b45492
 * http://skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?b45494
 * http://skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?b45495
 * http://skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?b60444
 * http://www.skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=60443
 * http://www.skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=47079
 * Google Maps: Main Transmission Mast
 * http://skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?b45494
 * http://skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?b45495
 * http://skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?b60444
 * http://www.skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=60443
 * http://www.skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=47079
 * Google Maps: Main Transmission Mast

Meteorological observatory

 * https://web.archive.org/web/20060630195430/http://wettermast-hamburg.zmaw.de/

title: Transmitter Hamburg-Billstedt


text:
Jeff Briggs

Jeffery L. Briggs (born March 10, 1957) is the American founder and former President and CEO of Firaxis Games, a video game developer based in Hunt Valley, Maryland, United States. He was previously a game designer at MicroProse but left that company in 1996 along with Sid Meier and Brian Reynolds to form Firaxis Games.

Career
Briggs holds a Doctorate in Musical Composition and Theory from the University of Illinois. Briggs' composition teachers included Samuel Adler, Warren Benson, Joseph Schwantner, Donald Freund, and John Melby. His career began in New York City where he composed music for various events, including dance and theater groups. He took a job as game editor and designer at West End Games where he worked until 1987. He then joined MicroProse Software, where he served as designer, writer, composer and producer, becoming the company's Executive Producer and, finally, its Director of Product Development.

Briggs's music first appeared in a 1989 MicroProse release Sword of the Samurai. Following that, most MicroProse games featured his work. Before working in software entertainment, Briggs' music had already received performances by ensembles internationally in Paris' Pompidou Centre ("Ecliptic"), New York City's Avery Fisher Hall ("Comets"), and in the Krannert Center for the Performing Arts in Illinois ("Adjectives," "Firaxis", "Chimera," "Aurora," and others) as well as various smaller venues in New York and other cities throughout the United States. In 1996, he was awarded US Patent 5,496,962 for a "System for Real-Time Music Composition and Synthesis" used in a product called "CPU Bach".

Briggs left MicroProse in 1996 to co-found Firaxis Games. In a 2004 interview he commented his decision: "Civ II had just come out and MicroProse had been purchased by Spectrum HoloByte. [...] Things had gotten pretty bad. By that time I was director of product development and they were asking me to do things and tell people things that I just didn't like. I decided that I could do a lot better job running the company than they could, so I left." Briggs then led the design of Civilization III and oversaw the expansion of the company into a major developer of strategy computer games. He also co-designed Colonization and Civilization II, as well as composing much of the original music in Civilization IV. He negotiated the acquisition of Firaxis Games by Take Two Interactive in 2005, became its Chairman in spring of 2006, and left Firaxis in November of that year.

In 2009, the Westfield Symphony Orchestra presented the world premiere of his composition "Celebration for Orchestra".

Awards
In 2011,Jeffery Briggs was awarded the 2011 International Music Prize for Excellence in Composition by the National Academy of Music for two pace-setting works:  Celebration - for Orchestra and 3rd String Quartet. In 2003, Briggs was named software "Entrepreneur of the Year" by Ernst & Young, and in 2004 he was named "CEO of the Year" by Baltimore SmartCEO magazine.

He was awarded the Bernard and Rose Sernoffsky and Louis Lane Prizes for Music Composition at the Eastman School of Music (1978, 1979), the Haimsohm Prize for Musical Composition at the University of Memphis (1980),the ASCAP Award for Young Composers (1984), and a MacDowell Colony Fellowship (1986).

title: Jeff Briggs


text: Template:Super League

title: Template:Super League


text:
User talk:Reflog

Hey there. I just noticed that your latest article was imported from another source. If you own or have permission to use the copyright for this material, please indicate this on the talk page of your article. Otherwise, we can't accept it here. If you want to rewrite the article in your own words, please do so on the "/Temp" subpage of the article. Also, regardless of whether this article infringes on copyright, we welcome any other original contributions you may wish to make. Thanks! - Vague | Rant 11:13, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Reflog


text:
Talk:Daman and Diu

Untitled
How far is Diu from Bombay and what are the means to travel?
 * Pretty far. The only way is by rail/road. There's no sea travel. Air links to the nearest place is I think Rajkot? =Nichalp   «Talk»=  July 3, 2005 18:17 (UTC)

NPOV?

 * Goa, Daman, and Diu were liberated by the Republic of India on December 19, 1961

Is this NPOV? One might as well say that they were "invaded" by the Republic of India on December 19, 1961... FilipeS 20:29, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

The colonial Portugese came thousands of miles to occupy Daman and Diu and other territory of India. Indians (People of Daman and Diu and other part of the great Indian nation) liberated it from the Portugese colonial rule after a long freedom struggle.

The military option was the last one since Portugese was holding on to Indian territory using military means and the Portugese has no right to claim Indian land. Even the Portugese government has later admitted it.

Chanakyathegreat 03:33, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
 * All of which is irrelevant. The fact is that "liberated" is a value judgment, and as such has no place in Wikipedia.  Wikipedia presents the facts, it does not offer an opinion on whether something is right or not.  While it is not always easy to do so, we need to ensure that we use neutral language wherever possible.  For that reason, both "liberated" and "invasion" are unacceptable.  Skinsmoke (talk) 12:21, 21 December 2012 (UTC)

Stupid recording
it's a non-english place name yet it is said in english, so what's the benefit and point of the recording? it's not a 'pronunciation', and thus i am removing it. really all we have here is that an indian spoke it... lolz. Tuncrypt 05:50, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Hi, Tuncrypt,
 * Please, behave yourself, would you?
 * As a beginning, here you may find what Wikipedia is and is not.
 * Then, please kindly rearrange and express your ideas, if any, in comprehensible and polite manners.
 * None of us, not even you, have the whole of the thing, believe me.
 * This place is harworkingly beeing built and rebuilt with the help of many well-intentioned contributors.
 * Avoidance of swearwords and insults is additionally appreciated.
 * Thank you, Zack Holly Venturi (talk) 23:01, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

Official languages
According to "The Goa, Daman and Diu Official Language Act, 1987" and the "Commissioner Linguistic Minorities 42nd Report, 2003", the official languages in Daman and Diu are Gujarati, Marathi and English. No mention of Portuguese is made anymore. Regards, Zack Holly Venturi (talk) 12:18, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

Excellent, but there is no more a "Goa, Daman and Diu territory", to which this doicument makes reference. Today we have Goa state, and Daman and Diu territory. Besides that, ethnologue website says Portuguese is an official language in Goa:

http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=por

Emerson —Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.41.226.23 (talk) 17:36, 29 January 2010 (UTC)

WP:INDIA Banner/Daman and Diu Addition
Note: WP India Project Banner with Daman and Diu workgroup parameters was added to this article talk page because the article falls under Category:Daman and Diu or its subcategories. Should you feel this addition is inappropriate, please undo my changes and update/remove the relavent categories to the article -- Amartyabag   TALK2ME  05:56, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:24, 15 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu emblem.png

"Damaõ" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Damaõ. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 December 25 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Soumya-8974 (he) talk contribs subpages 18:28, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

history
દીવ મા વાઘેલા રાજપૂતો નૂ રાજ હતુ. 2405:205:C82D:5219:0:0:206C:58AC (talk) 16:31, 19 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Daman and Diu


text:
Talk:Swattenden

 * Does anyone ever read this page? Do you like it?

title: Talk:Swattenden


text:
Crowe River

The Crowe River is a river in the counties of Haliburton, Hastings, Northumberland and Peterborough in southern Ontario, Canada. It is in the Lake Ontario drainage basin and is a tributary of the Trent River.

Course
The river begins at Paudash Lake and exits southeast out of the lake under Ontario Highway 28 and over Paudash Lake Dam at the settlement of Paudash in Faraday township, Hastings County. It turns southwest and heads through the southeast corner of the township of Highlands East in Haliburton County, then south into the township of North Kawartha in Peterborough County. The Crowe River heads south-southeast back into Hastings County at the township of Wollaston, passes through a 230 m-long, 30 m-high and 5 to 10 m-wide gorge at The Gut Conservation Area, takes in the left tributary Green River, and reaches Tangamong Lake.

The river continues south out of the lake over a falls, takes in the left tributary Copeway Creek, passes into the township of Marmora and Lake at Mud Turtle Lake east of the settlement of Vansickle, heads back into Peterborough County at the township of Havelock-Belmont-Methuen, flows through Cordova Lake and out over Cordova Lake Dam, and reaches Belmont Lake where it takes in the major right tributary North River. It exits the lake from Crowe River Bay to the east over Belmont Dam to Crowe Lake, where it once again enters Marmora and Lake township, takes in the major left tributary Beaver Creek, and reaches the community of Marmora on Ontario Highway 7.

There, the Crowe River passes over Marmora Dam, heads southwest into the township of Stirling-Rawdon, passes over two one-metre (3 ft 3 in)-high and 40 to 60 m-wide falls at Callaghan's Rapids Conservation Area, enters the municipality of Trent Hills in Northumberland County, flows over Allan Mills dam, passes over several falls at Crow Bridge Conservation Area, and reaches its mouth at Crowe Bay on the Trent River, just upstream of the Trent–Severn Waterway Crowe Bay lock and dam. The Trent River flows to the Bay of Quinte on Lake Ontario at Trenton.

Watershed
The northern part of the watershed is sparsely inhabited Canadian Shield terrain. At Marmora, the watershed enters Paleozoic limestone-plain country, with unusual outcroppings of Canadian Shield through the limestone at Allan Mills and just above Crowe Bridge. The river drains an area of about 2000 km2.

Economy
At one time, the river was used to transport logs down to sawmills at Marmora. The river powers several small hydroelectric generating stations. The limestone-step falls at Callaghans Rapids Conservation Area and Crowe Bridge Conservation Area are popular sites for springtime kayakers and summertime swimmers.

Tributaries

 * Beaver Creek (left)
 * North River (right)
 * Copeway Creek (left)
 * Green River (left)

Communities

 * Marmora

title: Crowe River


text:
Talk:Helen Gurley Brown

Two birth dates
According to this article, and a Net search, she has two birth dates. I think it's most likely she was born just the once, on Feb 18, but I can't vouch for it.

 * The above unsigned comment by user 203.220.140.48, an IP. Andrewa 21:09, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Feminist
I regard HGB as a very significant feminist, but I guess that's politically incorrect so far as some other feminists are concerned! I've added her to the category as I think it will help others find the article, and a stub for Sex and the Single Girl for the same reason. SATSG is a bit like A Brief History of Time and Silent Spring?, most people who say they have read it obviously haven't. And it's a shame, they're all very educational, for different reasons. Andrewa 21:09, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Newsflash: Feminism is not a monolith and not all feminists agree on everything ;)  I agree that HGB was a kind of proto-feminist and can appreciate her pioneering of the sexual movement WRT to women, but some of her later attitudes were definitely problematic.  (To wit, the way she mocked discussion of the suddenly-relevant issue of sexual harassment in the workplace during the Clarence Thomas hearings.  It's great you don't think you experienced sexual harassment, Helen, and I'm glad you have fond memories of your time in the workplace during the '60s.  But personally if someone had chased ME in the office, thrown me down and pulled up my dress to see what color underwear I was wearing*, I would definitely feel violated.  Sexual harassment in the workplace was and is a problem and it's extremely poor form to dismiss other people's experiences.)

 * Mad Men actually referenced this practice in one episode. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.116.103.10 (talk) 19:46, 6 March 2013 (UTC)

Under the "quotes" section, someone credited HGB as say "Good Girls Go To Heaven But Bad Girls Go Everywhere." This is not entirely correct. While it is a favorite quote of HBG's, she did not coin the phrase. It was originally said by actress Mae West.

Gurley?
Is Gurley her middle name? What type of a name is that, I've never heard it before. Thanks, Maikel (talk) 14:08, 19 September 2008 (UTC)
 * It was her maiden name.--Rockfang (talk) 20:50, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

Mary?
In the first paragraph, the reference to "Mary" comes out of nowhere. Presumably this is her sister, but it never says so. 72.215.63.115 (talk) 23:17, 5 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Good catch. That was my fault. I'll fix it. It is her sister.--Rockfang (talk) 23:32, 5 November 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Helen Gurley Brown


text:
Pan-American (train)

The Pan-American was a passenger train operated by the Louisville and Nashville Railroad (L&N) between Cincinnati, Ohio and New Orleans, Louisiana. It operated from 1921 until 1971. From 1921 to 1965 a section served Memphis, Tennessee via Bowling Green, Kentucky. The Pan-American was the L&N's flagship train until the introduction of the Humming Bird in 1946. Its name honored the substantial traffic the L&N carried to and from the seaports on the Gulf of Mexico. The Pan-American was one of many trains discontinued when Amtrak began operations in 1971.

History
The L&N introduced the Pan-American on December 5, 1921. A section of the train diverged at Bowling Green, Kentucky to serve Memphis, Tennessee. At the outset the train carried both sleepers and coaches, and was noteworthy for its all-steel construction in an era when wood heavyweight coaches were still common. The name honored the substantial traffic the L&N carried to and from the seaports on the Gulf of Mexico. It covered the 921 mi from Cincinnati to New Orleans in 26 hours, soon shortened to exactly 24 hours.

The train proved popular with the traveling public, and in 1925 was re-equipped as an "All-Pullman" (no coaches) train. Its popularity contributed to businesses named after it; the Pan-American Lunch Room operated in Nashville, Tennessee in the 1920s. The economic pressures of the Great Depression forced the Pan-American to start carrying coaches again in 1933.

Like many L&N trains, the Pan-American experienced a surge in ridership during World War II, carrying four times its normal traffic. The Pan-American lost its title as the L&N's flagship train in 1946 with the introduction of faster Humming Bird over the same route. Although never fully streamlined, the Pan-American began receiving streamlined equipment in 1949. The southbound Pan-American carried through sleepers for Nashville, Tennessee, Louisville, Kentucky and Memphis from New York City conveyed by the Pennsylvania Railroad in Cincinnati. Further south in Montgomery, Alabama it received New York-New Orleans and Washington-New Orleans sleepers from the Southern Railway's Piedmont Limited.

In 1953 the Pan-American was one of several L&N trains to receive new lightweight "Pine"-series sleeping cars from Pullman-Standard. Throughout the 1960s, the decline of passenger railroading in the United States took its toll on ridership and amenities. A counter-lounge replaced the diner-lounge in 1965. The Pan-American began handling some of the South Wind's through traffic in 1970 after the Penn Central withdrew from joint operation. By 1970 the train's consist had shrunk dramatically: between Cincinnati and Louisville it might carry only a baggage car, coach, and dining car, with a sleeper for New Orleans added in Louisville. Amtrak did not retain service over the L&N route, and the Pan-American ended on April 30, 1971.

Cultural influence
In the words of Kincaid Herr, official historian of the L&N, the Pan-American "came to be the symbol of the L&N's passenger service." The train was made famous by WSM Radio's nightly broadcast of the passing train's whistle. Some Pan-American passengers were lucky enough to sit in comfortable lounge chairs and hear the sound of their own train's whistle from a wood-cabinet table radio tuned to WSM in the observation car. The broadcasts began on August 15, 1933.

The Pan-American inspired several songs:
 * "Pan-American Blues" (1926) by DeFord Bailey
 * "The Pan-American" (1948) by Hank Williams
 * "Pan-American Boogie" (1949) by the Delmore Brothers

"Pan-American Blues" was one of two railroad songs recorded by DeFord Bailey (the other being "Dixie Flyer Blues", so named for another L&N train. Bailey saw the Pan-American frequently at Nashville's Union Station in the 1920s, but the inspiration for name came from one of his foster sisters, who noted that "it was the fastest around." Bailey, with his harmonica, imitated the sound of the Pan-American's whistle and it quickly became one of his most-requested performances at the Grand Ole Opry and elsewhere.

title: Pan-American (train)


text:
Apalachicola Northern Railroad

The Apalachicola Northern Railroad was a short-line railroad which operated in the Florida Panhandle. It owned and operated a 96 mi between Port Saint Joe, Florida, and Chattahoochee, Florida, with a short spur to Apalachicola, Florida. It was founded in 1903 and ceased operating in 2002 when the St. Joe Company, its corporate parent, leased its line to the AN Railway.

History
The company was chartered on April 7, 1903. Construction began on March 21, 1905, and trains began running north from Apalachicola in 1907. The extension to Port St. Joe was completed on May 10, 1910.

The company operated in receivership on three separate occasions: July 1907 to October 1908, May 1914 to February 1916 and May 1932 to December 1936.

The company came under ownership of Alfred I. du Pont in 1933, along with the entire town of Port St. Joe. The railroad's largest customer, the St. Joe Paper Company mill in Port St. Joe, was owned by the Alfred I. duPont Testamentary Trust from 1936 to 1996. On September 30, 1940, Edward Ball, who managed the du Pont trust properties, transferred control of the railroad to the St. Joe Paper Company. When the paper company was sold in 1996, ownership of the railroad was returned to the St. Joe Company.

AN Railway, a subsidiary of the Rail Management Corporation, leased the line from the St. Joe Company on September 1, 2002 and acquired the railroad's locomotives, rolling stock, and railroad equipment. From that date the Apalachicola Northern ceased to operate as a railroad. The St. Joe Company continues to own the physical line.

title: Apalachicola Northern Railroad


text:
Defence of Outpost Snipe

The Defence of Outpost Snipe in Egypt was part of the Second Battle of El Alamein, part of the Western Desert campaign during the Second World War. On the night of 26/27 October 1942, the 2nd Battalion of the Rifle Brigade (part of the 7th Motor Brigade), with thirteen 6-pounder anti-tank guns and the 239th Battery, 76th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery, with six more 6-pounders, was ordered to occupy a desert feature known as Snipe, a small depression in the landscape 1.5 mi south-west of Kidney Ridge that was suitable for an outpost. Once consolidated, it could be used as a jumping-off point for an advance by the 24th Armoured Brigade.

From 26 to 27 October, the 2nd Rifle Brigade defeated numerous Axis armoured counter-attacks and withstood constant artillery bombardments and machine-gun fire, while knocking out 52–57 Axis armoured vehicles, with intermittent support from the tanks and artillery of the 1st Armoured Division. The defence of Outpost Snipe managed to spoil the biggest Axis counter-attack against the positions captured by the Eighth Army during Operation Lightfoot; the battalion suffered 72 casualties. The fighting at Outpost Snipe led Rommel to write that an armoured attack, on ground which the defenders had been able to prepare, was unlikely to succeed.

Operation Lightfoot
The Second Battle of El Alamein began with Operation Lightfoot, an Eighth Army plan for the main attack to be made in the north by XXX Corps (Lieutenant-General Willoughby Norrie) and a secondary attack in the south by XIII Corps (Lieutenant-General Oliver Leese), with X Corps (Lieutenant-General Herbert Lumsden) standing by to exploit success. Montgomery intended that two corridors were to be cut through the Axis minefields opposite the XXX Corps area. One corridor was to run south-west through the 2nd New Zealand Division (Lieutenant-General Bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg) sector, towards the centre of Miteirya Ridge and the second was to run westwards, passing 2 mi north of the west end of Miteirya Ridge and straddling the areas of the 9th Australian Division and the 51st (Highland) Division.

Tanks would pass through the gaps and defeat the German armoured divisions. Diversions at Ruweisat Ridge in the centre and in the south were intended to convince the Axis that the main British effort would be in the south and the 10th Armoured Division moved behind XIII Corps to add to the impression. In the north, four infantry divisions of XXX Corps were to advance on a 26 km front to the Oxalic Line, an objective beyond the forward Axis outposts. Engineers would then clear and mark the two lanes through the minefields and the armoured divisions of X Corps would pass through to gain the Pierson Line. The tanks would consolidate just west of the infantry positions, to intercept an armoured counter-attack against the infantry. The tanks would then advance to the next objective, Skinflint, deep inside the Axis defences and astride the Rahman track, to confront the Axis tanks. The Eighth Army infantry would continue to "crumble" the three lines of Axis fortifications and destroy any tanks that attacked them.

2nd Rifle Brigade
The 2nd Battalion of the Rifle Brigade (Lieutenant-Colonel Victor Turner) was one of two battalions in the 7th Motor Brigade of the 1st Armoured Division. The motor battalions did not have four rifle companies and various support platoons, like normal infantry battalions. The 2nd Rifle Brigade had an establishment of an anti-tank company of sixteen 6-pounder anti-tank guns, three rifle companies, a scout platoon riding in eleven Universal Carriers, a platoon of 3-inch mortars and a machine-gun platoon with Vickers medium machine-guns, a scale of equipment which could generate much more fire power than a normal infantry battalion. Losses during Operation Lightfoot had reduced the battalion to 22 carriers and 76 riflemen, who had been reinforced by two troops of the 239th Battery, 76th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery, with six more 6-pounders and 16 sappers from the 7th Field Squadron, which brought the battalion up to about 300 men.

Operation Supercharge
The course of Operation Lightfoot led Rommel to commit the 90th Light Division from reserve to the north of the front. The move of the division in the coastal sector suggested that Rommel expected the next Eighth Army attack there. Montgomery planned Operation Supercharge, an attack on a 4000 yd front south of Point 29, for the night of 31 October/1 November, as soon as the Eighth Army had completed a reorganisation to create reserves for the attack. To keep Axis attention on the coastal sector, Montgomery ordered the renewal of the 9th Australian Division attacks on the night of 28/29 October, as the rest of the infantry of XXX Corps consolidated the new line and tanks covered the Australian left flank. The Australian positions were taken over by a brigade of the 51st (Highland) Division and to the south, the 2nd New Zealand Division was withdrawn and replaced with the 1st South African Division by extending its right flank, as the 4th Indian Division further south did the same. In XIII Corps, the 7th Armoured Division was to conserve its strength, ready to move towards the coast as soon as the 21st Panzer Division was known to have moved north.

Major-General Raymond Briggs, the 1st Armoured Division commander, continued attempts to push forward the tanks to act as a shield for the infantry, by creating a firm base, despite the congestion caused by the division being superimposed on the 51st (Highland) Division. Arguments between the tank and infantry commanders as to the position of the front line had bedevilled co-operation, with the tank commanders insisting that their units were much further forward than the infantry commanders believed. The Eighth Army headquarters decided to end the bickering by having the troops light flares, which would be mapped from several locations to triangulate their positions but this took place too late to affect the operation. Two battalions of the 7th Motor Brigade (Brigadier Thomas Bosvile) were to advance either side of Kidney Ridge and occupy ground from which Axis anti-tank emplacements could be dominated and create a path for the 2nd and 24th Armoured brigades to advance. Woodcock was 1 mi north-west and Snipe the same distance south-west of the ridge.

Arguments about the location of infantry and tank units after Operation Lightfoot had not been resolved by a reconnaissance during the morning, as the flare-firing exercise had not begun, which left Turner in doubt about the battalion start line and the position of the objective. After the flares had been lit the confusion persisted, because the tanks units refused to accept the evidence that their map reading was even worse than that of the infantry. Late on 26 October, Turner referred this to the 7th Motor Brigade headquarters, who replied that it was too late to change plans. Turner ordered the battalion to follow the creeping barrage, which began at 10:55 p.m. on a bearing of 270°, rather than the 233° given by the battalion navigator, which delayed the infantry for ten minutes as they reassembled to follow it. The battalion passed through the 5th Black Watch and then the 1st Gordon Highlanders by 2:00 a.m. on the morning of 27 October.

26 October
The 2nd Rifle Brigade advanced on the new bearing at 11:10 p.m. and met little opposition apart from dust, which lay 18 in deep in the lanes through the minefields, for the first 1000 yd and then came upon barbed wire, which turned out to line a dummy minefield. Over the next 1000 yd, the battalion took twenty prisoners, scattered several parties of Axis infantry and moved for about 500 yd beyond a ridge, to what was thought to be Snipe, after a smoke shell was fired to mark the position by the British artillery. It was a similar depression to Snipe with an abandoned German engineer store, about 800 – south-east of the objective. Turner ordered the battalion to dig in at 12:15 a.m. and fired the rocket signal for the heavier weapons to be brought forward. The lorries and Chevrolet portées carrying the anti-tank guns, encountered long sandy ridges which slowed the journey but nineteen of the twenty-seven 6-pounders and the ammunition were unloaded and dug in by 3:45 a.m.

The guns in small dips had cover and were on soft sand, which could be excavated; the five guns of B Company were dug in to the south-east, facing from 90° to 225°. C Company had four guns which were to the south-west, covering the angles from 225° to 315° and A Company had four guns facing north-west and north. Six guns of 239/76th Anti-Tank Battery faced north and north east. The C Company carrier platoon patrolled to the west and found about 160 Axis soldiers ready to surrender but before infantry arrived to collect them, the platoon ran into a laager of about 35 Italian tanks (XII Armoured Battalion from the 133rd Armoured Division "Littorio") and German tanks, Panzerjäger (self-propelled anti-tank guns) and infantry (Kampfgruppe Stiffelmayer). The British opened fire and set three lorries on fire but lost a carrier while withdrawing. Most of the prisoners ran away but 35 remained from Pioneer Battalion 220 of the 164th Light Afrika Division Pioneer Battalion 33 of the 15th Panzer Division.

Camp fires showed that another laager with tanks of the 15th Panzer Division was 1000 yd to the north. Kampfgruppe Stiffelmayer broke camp and formed two columns, one moving towards the laager to the north and one straight towards the south-west part of Outpost Snipe, where C and B companies were placing their anti-tank guns. The column was led by a Panzer IV Special, which was knocked out and set on fire by a C Company 6-pounder at 30 yd range, as A Company hit a Panzerjäger, the column turning aside. The British Forward Observation Officer (FOO) went out to reconnoitre at 4:00 a.m. and disappeared. Just before dawn, the lorries returned to the east with the prisoners. The depression and scrub were good cover and the infantry, some of whom had been in the desert since 1940, dug in deep.

Morning
When dawn broke the battalion found that it was in scrubby desert, deployed in a north-east to south-west oval, about 1000 yd long and 500 yd wide. As movement was seen in the German laager, the gun-crews in the north-west face of Outpost Snipe prepared to receive an attack but the German tanks moved westwards, away from the front line, which exposed them broadside to the British guns. The gunners opened fire and for thirty minutes the north end of the outpost disappeared in smoke, flying sand and explosions as Axis artillery and tanks replied to the anti-tank fire, until the tanks were out of range. Part of Kampfgruppe Stiffelmeyer had spent the night in a dip, reappeared 800 yd to the south-west of Snipe and also moved with their sides exposed to the British 6-pounders. The gunners claimed six German, eight Italian tanks and two Semoventi self-propelled guns destroyed and two tanks damaged, for the loss of three anti-tank guns knocked out and one sunk into the sand. Axis return fire caused several casualties and daylight showed that some of the guns were too exposed and needed to be re-sited.

The armoured brigades had been intended to join the parties at Snipe and Woodcock but the failure at Woodcock caused confusion and hesitation among the British tank units. The 47th Royal Tank Regiment (47th RTR) of the 24th Armoured Brigade, was under command of the 10th Armoured Division and drove over a ridge at 7:30 a.m., saw a post surrounded by German tanks 2000 yd beyond, assumed it was a German laager and opened fire. Turner sent an officer back in a Bren Gun Carrier, who managed to get the most advanced tanks to stop after thirty minutes but the rest kept firing. As the British tanks moved forward, the Rifle Brigade gunners at the south end of Snipe saw about 25 German tanks with long-barrelled guns (Panzer III or Panzer IV Specials), heading behind a ridge 1500 yd away to ambush the British tanks.

The German tanks were broadside on again and the British gunners immediately hit and set three more on fire; the 47th RTR machine-gunned the crews as they tried to escape. By 8:30 a.m. the 47th RTR had arrived at Snipe, which attracted a storm of artillery-fire and the outpost disappeared again in smoke, fire, explosions and flying sand. German tanks fired smoke shells at the British tanks and then anti-tank and tank gunners aimed at the smoke, which was much easier to see than the camouflaged vehicles. Soon the 47th RTR was down to five Shermans and six Crusaders and at 9:00 a.m., the tanks were ordered to retire with the 41st (Oldham) Royal Tank Regiment (41st RTR), which had lost another twelve tanks, ending a plan for the 24th Armoured Brigade to pivot to the south of Outpost Snipe into open ground. As the tanks moved, they were engaged from about 2000 yd to the north, by tanks and anti-tank guns; a British gunner was persuaded to open fire despite the range and knocked out a Panzer IV, for a loss of two 6-pounders.

The battalion Medical Officer and the ambulances had been left behind at the start line on 26 October and had been unable to move forward in daylight; the loss of the FOO during the night, made it impossible to direct plunging fire on the Axis artillery and tanks hidden in dips around the post. Much of the British artillery-fire fell around the outpost instead, until the 2nd Rifle Brigade managed to stop the guns at 12:30 p.m.. The outpost was also running short of ammunition and three carriers were loaded with the most badly wounded men, dashed for the ridge to the east and reached safety. The battalion ambulances and supply lorries were behind the ridge ready to move, along with a replacement FOO but nothing could make the return journey through the Axis artillery and machine-gun fire, which began as soon as a vehicle appeared above the crest. Around 10:00 a.m., Italian infantry were seen assembling opposite the western face of the outpost and carriers from a scout platoon sallied from the post to disperse them, inflicting many casualties and destroying two vehicles towing captured 6-pounders. Two anti-tank guns were moved to the south-west perimeter from the north, despite the Bren Gun Carriers not having towing attachments and dust thrown up by the move being shelled by Axis artillery, which killed four men.

Just as the guns were readied, thirteen Italian M13/40 tanks from the XIII Battalion appeared over the ridge to the west and about twenty German tanks of Kampfgruppe Stiffelmeyer used the attack as cover to advance from the hull-down ambush position to counter-attack the 24th Armoured Brigade, which had retired to similar positions behind the ridge to the east. The anti-tank guns along the western flank of Snipe opened fire and hit four Italian tanks at once, causing the rest to return to cover. The German tanks came into the open and exposed their sides to the Rifle Brigade gunners and then half of the German tanks turned towards the outpost to suppress the fire from the anti-tank guns, only to present their sides to the British tanks behind the ridge. The gunners at Snipe and the tank gunners ignored the vehicles heading towards them and concentrated on those which were broadside on. Eight German tanks were set on fire, several more began attempts to tow them away and the rest retreated.

Afternoon
Conditions inside Snipe worsened in the midday heat as the number of casualties increased, with little more than shell-dressings and water to tend them. Just before noon, six Bren Gun Carriers were hit and caught fire; the heat and smoke drifting over the guns making the visibility even worse. Many of the gunners were among the casualties and guns were kept in action with improvised crews and by men moving from one to the other. Only thirteen guns were still operational to cover the 2500 yd perimeter and the guns along the south-west face became so short of ammunition that two men drove Jeeps back and forth to share out the remainder. Three of the remaining carriers took out more wounded but one was knocked out during the journey and at 1:00 p.m., Axis artillery and machine-gun fire increased. Eight Italian M13/40s, a self-propelled gun and infantry appeared over a ridge to the south-west, where only one 6-pounder was still in action. Turner and another officer joined the sergeant in command of the gun and waited until the tanks were within 600 yd, then knocked out five tanks and the self-propelled gun before the Italians had closed the range to 400 yd.

With only two rounds left and the last three M13/40s pressing on, Lieutenant Toms left the gun to drive a jeep to the nearest knocked-out gun for ammunition and arrived back at the gun through machine-gun fire, which set the jeep petrol tank alight. Turner and an NCO rushed over to help unload the jeep, by when the tanks were 200 yd away, firing machine-guns at the gun crew. Sergeant Calistan, the gun-layer, hit the three tanks and set them on fire, from which none of the crews escaped. After the attack there was a lull, apart from shelling which caused more casualties. Turner had been wounded unloading the jeep but visited the gun positions until the effects of his wounds became too serious; by 4:00 p.m. most of the officers were casualties and the guns were commanded by wounded NCOs. Briggs ordered forward the 2nd Armoured Brigade artillery, the 11th RHA and they drove their M7 Priests up the east side of the ridge to bombard Axis positions but managed only to hit Snipe again with 105 mm howitzer fire.

Rommel could see the fighting around Snipe from his headquarters and assembled the 90th Light Division and the 21st Panzer Division, which had been moved to the northern area of the battlefield overnight, with parts of the 15th Panzer Division, the 164th Light Afrika Division and a battlegroup of the 132nd Armoured Division "Ariete". About 70 Axis tanks and self-propelled guns in two waves, about 1200 yd west of Outpost Snipe, were to attack the British tanks beyond the ridge to the east, after a five-minute bombardment and a Junkers Ju 87 Stuka attack. As the formation of twenty Stukas, escorted by twenty Fiat CR.42s and twenty Bf 109s approached, it was intercepted by sixteen Curtiss P-40s of the 64th Fighter Squadron and the 65th Fighter Squadron, United States Army Air Forces (USAAF), which claimed six Axis fighters. The Axis formation was then attacked by 24 Hurricanes of 33 Squadron and 213 Squadron RAF, which claimed two Stukas, four CR-42s and three Bf 109s for a loss of three Hurricanes.

Part of the Axis tank force advanced against Australian positions near Point 29 to the north of Snipe; to the south about thirty German and ten Italian tanks advanced towards part of the 2nd Armoured Brigade. The force in the north was deluged by artillery-fire and then dispersed by bombing and the southern force passed by the 239th Battery, with seven of the tanks only 200 yd away. The anti-tank gunners knocked out nine tanks, damaged several and a 6-pounder crew from A Company claimed four more, after which the tanks withdrew to low ground near Kidney Ridge. The second wave of tanks attacked and fifteen Panzer IIIs turned towards the north-west perimeter of Snipe, where only two guns were operational. A third gun was hauled round in time to join in but there were only thirty armour-piercing rounds left. The tanks advanced cautiously along routes with cover and machine-gunned the 6-pounders as they came into view, driving the crews into slit trenches.

When three tanks were 100 yd away, a sergeant crawled 50 yd to one of the guns and operated it alone, hitting the leading tank twice, despite the machine-gun fire, then knocked out the next two, the third tank being hit by a shot which went through the second tank. The third tank drove into cover, about 800 yd back, where the rest of the force rallied, less six tanks knocked out. The tanks machine-gunned the position, without exposing themselves to return fire from the anti-tank guns, for the rest of the day. About seventy Axis armoured vehicles littered the area and the 2nd Rifle Brigade had lost sixteen Bren Gun Carriers and ten 6-pounders, with another five damaged; at 6:44 p.m. a signal was sent to the 7th Motor Brigade about the tanks; reinforcements were promised but no armoured counter-attack was made. The 2nd Rifle Brigade burnt their codes and soon after, the light began to fade; at 7:40 p.m., the German tanks drove to the north-east where some were silhouetted and the British fired their last anti-tank ammunition, hitting one tank. Survivors from the posts around the perimeter began to move towards the command post, dragging wounded with them, under streams of bullets from Axis machine-guns being fired horizontally across the outpost.

28 October
After checking the 6-pounders to make sure they were incapable of firing, the last unwounded troops prepared for the relief but no sign of a relief party or the battalion transport appeared and at 10:30 p.m., the survivors of A and C companies withdrew with one 6-pounder, which was carried out on a damaged Chevrolet portée; as both sides were out rescuing wounded and the party was not fired on. British artillery opened fire soon after the retirement began and bombarded accurately the area around Outpost Snipe for the first time, which led to German tanks moving from their laagers straight towards the outpost, at which, the battalion HQ with the remaining men retired for 2.5 mi on foot and under fire. A relief force of the 5th Royal Sussex from the fresh 133rd Lorried Infantry Brigade (Brigadier Alec Lee) had set out when the brigade began to take over from the 7th Motor Brigade and the British bombardment had been fired as the 5th Royal Sussex advanced. As the 2nd Rifle Brigade had retired they had passed unseen by the relieving battalion, which dug in before dawn about 1000 yd south-east of Outpost Snipe.

Analysis
The 2nd Rifle Brigade showed that with powerful anti-tank guns, dug in on well-chosen positions, British infantry could inflict disproportionate losses on tanks, knocking out German tanks at 2000 yd. Co-operation between the Rifle Brigade gunners and the tank gunners of the 24th Armoured Brigade on 27 October had been excellent but the imminence of Operation Supercharge and the fate of the tanks which reached Snipe on 27 October, left Briggs reluctant to risk more tanks. The attempt of the 1st Armoured Division to provide artillery support backfired, due to the chronic inability of the British commanders to agree where their units were (even after the location exercise with flares). Rommel had ordered a counter-attack by the Panzerarmee reserve, to restore the original German positions on a 6 mi front from El Wishka in the south to Point 29 in the north, which had been lost during Operation Lightfoot. Outpost Snipe was 1000 yd behind the German front line, across the route of the right flank of the counter-attack of 27 October; Rommel wrote later of the "murderous fire", which "struck into our ranks" and stopped the biggest Axis counter-attack against XXX Corps; an armoured attack on ground where the defender had been able to prepare, was unlikely to succeed.

Casualties
The 2nd Rifle Brigade suffered 72 casualties but a month later, a committee of investigation concluded that the battalion had managed to knock out 52 to 57 Axis vehicles, of which 22 German and 10 Italian tanks had been destroyed, along with five self-propelled guns. Axis human losses were unknown but believed to be more than the Rifle Brigade losses. In 2001, Barrie Pitt gave 34 tanks and self-propelled guns destroyed, plus an unknown number of armoured vehicles which had been recovered and in 2003 John Latimer recorded 21 German and 11 Italian tanks. In 1978, Matthew Cooper wrote that on 26 October, the fourth day of Operation Lightfoot, the tank strength of the Panzerarmee had fallen from 206 to 137 and on 27 October had been reduced to 114 operational tanks.

Victoria Cross
Lieutenant-Colonel Victor Turner was awarded the Victoria Cross for his part in the battle.

title: Defence of Outpost Snipe


text:
Droitwich Transmitting Station

The Droitwich transmitting station is a large broadcasting facility for long-wave and medium-wave transmissions, established in 1934 in the civil parish of Dodderhill, just outside the village of Wychbold, near Droitwich in Worcestershire, England. The site is the location of the British Broadcasting Corporation's most powerful long-wave transmitter, which together with the two Scottish long-wave transmitters at Burghead and Westerglen forms a network broadcasting on the same frequency. The masts can be seen to the east from the M5 motorway, between Droitwich and Bromsgrove, as well as to the west from the Herefordshire/Worcestershire border. At night, the two sets of aircraft warning lights are visible from a long distance. The station is owned and operated by Arqiva.

Technical specifications
The long-wave frequency used was 200 kilohertz (frequently referred to by the wavelength, 1,500 metres) until 1 February 1988 when it was changed to 198 kilohertz, and the power is currently 500 kilowatts. The carrier frequency is controlled by a rubidium atomic frequency standard in the transmitter building, enabling the transmission to be used as an off-air frequency standard. For long-wave, a T-aerial is used, which is suspended between two 213 m guyed steel lattice radio masts, which stand 180 m apart from each other. There are also two guyed mast radiators at the site. The northerly mast is actually the transmitting antenna whilst the southern mast is a passive reflector causing the rf signal to form a cardioid pattern tending in a NE direction so as not to interfere with the similar set up in Bristol. The smaller mast system transmits digital radio signals. The main large system is used for transmitting AM medium-wave radio programmes on 693 kilohertz, 1053 kilohertz and 1215 kilohertz.

Transmissions
BBC Radio 4 Longwave is transmitted on 198 kHz. This signal also carries radio data encoded using phase modulation, giving a time-of-day signal, and radio teleswitch control signals for Economy 7 electric-heating systems.

BBC Radio 5 Live is broadcast on 693 kHz medium wave (MW), providing coverage for most of the English Midlands and Wales at a signal strength (150 kW) which is one of the strongest for that station, equal to Brookmans Park and second only to Moorside Edge.

During World War II coded messages, which were read during normal programmed broadcasts, were sent to the French Resistance using the transmitter.

In 2011, as a result of budget cuts, the BBC announced that there would be no re-investment in long wave transmissions, which may mean an eventual end to BBC Radio 4 Longwave broadcasts. The same year, The Guardian reported that the transmitter relies upon a pair of glass valves, of which there are fewer than 10 left in the world, and the BBC did not believe it was safe enough to manufacture more, because "slightly faulty" replacements could cause catastrophic failure. In 2023, the BBC announced that it would close down longwave transmissions sometime in 2024 and would end separate programming for the longwave transmitter in March 2024.

It is expected that Radio 4 will end long wave transmissions in 2025. 30 June 2025 will see the cessation of the usage of Radio 4's long wave frequencies for the radio teleswitching service, and it is expected that BBC Radio 4 will switch off its long wave transmitters on, or shortly after, this date.

Reception
The Radio 4 LW signal from Droitwich covers most of England and Wales. There are supplementary long-wave transmitters in Scotland (Burghead and Westerglen, both 50 kW). The station can also be heard clearly in most of the Republic of Ireland, particularly along eastern and southern counties. Reception is also possible in Western Europe, including Italy and Sweden.

Services available
Formerly:

title: Droitwich Transmitting Station


text:
RailAmerica

RailAmerica, Inc., based in Jacksonville, Florida, was a holding company of a number of short-line railroads and regional railroads in the United States and Canada.

In 2007, RailAmerica was acquired by Fortress Investment Group. Before that, it traded on the New York Stock Exchange with the ticker symbol RRA. It was relisted in October 2009 with the ticker symbol RA.

On June 30, 2010, the company announced that it had acquired Atlas Railroad Construction, a construction and maintenance company operating in the Northeast and Midwest United States, for US$24 million.

In April 2011, RailAmerica made its first shortline purchase in over five years by initiating a deal with Gulf and Ohio Railways to acquire three Alabama shortlines for $12.7 million.

On July 23, 2012, Genesee & Wyoming Inc. announced that it intended to purchase RailAmerica in a deal valued at $1.39 billion. Approval of the purchase was granted by the U.S. Surface Transportation Board on December 19, 2012. While awaiting the decision, Genesee & Wyoming put RailAmerica control in the hands of a trust. They assumed control on December 28, 2012, and the company was in the process of integration to G&W.

Former subsidiaries
RailAmerica controlled the following railroads. It acquired some through purchase of other holding companies: RailLink Canada in July 1999, RailTex in February 2000, ParkSierra and StatesRail in January 2002, and the rail properties of Alcoa in September 2005.

In addition to those listed below, RailAmerica's prior owner, Fortress Investment Group, purchased the Florida East Coast Railway (FEC) in September 2007 from Florida East Coast Industries. Although Fortress maintained a level of common control between the two railroads, FEC was never made a formal part of the RailAmerica family, and Fortress did not include FEC in the RailAmerica spinoff.

RailAmerica was founded by Gary O. Marino and John H. Marino in 1986.

title: RailAmerica


text:
Burghead Transmitting Station

The Burghead transmitting station is a broadcasting facility near Burghead in Scotland for long wave and medium wave radio transmission that started service on 12 October 1936. The site is owned by Arqiva and houses a long wave radio transmitter on 198 kHz broadcasting BBC Radio 4 and two medium wave radio transmitters, broadcasting BBC Radio 5 Live on 693 kHz and BBC Radio Scotland on 810 kHz. The long wave transmitter is part of a network transmitting on the same frequency, the other transmitters being Droitwich and Westerglen.

The station has three masts, which are all lattice structures with triangular cross section and insulated against ground. The northern of the two large masts is 153.6 m, the southern large mast is 154.2 m tall, while the third one is significantly lower. One of the large masts is used for the medium wave transmissions and the other is used for the long wave transmitter. The third and smallest mast is the backup antenna.

The original building was demolished leaving a much smaller building for the more modern transmitters.

title: Burghead Transmitting Station