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Malatya

Malatya (Մալաթիա; Syriac ܡܠܝܛܝܢܐ Malīṭīná; Meletî; Ancient Greek: Μελιτηνή) is a large city in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey and the capital of Malatya Province. The city has been a human settlement for thousands of years.

In Hittite, melid or milit means "honey", offering a possible etymology for the name, which was mentioned in the contemporary sources of the time under several variations (e.g., Hittite: Malidiya and possibly also Midduwa; Akkadian: Meliddu; Urar̩tian: Meliṭeia ).

Strabo says that the city was known "to the ancients" as Melitene (Ancient Greek Μελιτηνή), a name adopted by the Romans following Roman expansion into the east. According to Strabo, the inhabitants of Melitene shared with the nearby Cappadocians and Cataonians the same language and culture.

The site of ancient Melitene lies a few kilometres from the modern city in what is now the village of Arslantepe and near the district center of Battalgazi (Byzantine to Ottoman Empire). Present-day Battalgazi was the location of the city of Malatya until the 19th century, when a gradual move of the city to the present third location began. Battalgazi's official name was Eskimalatya (Old Malatya); until recently, it was a name used locally. In Turkey the city is renowned for its apricots, as up to 80% of the Turkish apricot production is provided by Malatya, giving Malatya the name kayısı diyarı ("apricot realm").

In February 2023, the city suffered huge damage as a result of the Turkey–Syria earthquake.

Arslantepe

Arslantepe has been inhabited since the development of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent, nearly 6,000 years ago. From the Bronze Age, the site became an administrative center of a larger region in the kingdom of Isuwa. The city was heavily fortified. The Hittites conquered the city in the fourteenth century B.C. In the Hittite language, melid or milit means "honey." The name was mentioned in the contemporary sources under several variations (e.g., Hittite: Malidiya and possibly also Midduwa; Akkadian: Meliddu; Urar̩tian: Meliṭeia ).

After the end of the Hittite Empire, the city became the center of the Neo-Hittite state of Kammanu. The city continued old Hittite traditions and styles. Researchers have discovered a palace inside the city walls with statues and reliefs. A palace was erected with monumental stone sculptures of lions and the ruler. Kammanu was a vassal state of Urartu between 804 and 743.

According to Igor Diakonoff and John Greppin, there was likely an Armenian presence in Melid by 1200 BCE.

The Neo-Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser I (1115–1077 B.C.) forced the kingdom of Malidiya to pay tribute to Assyria. The Neo-Assyrian king Sargon II (722–705) sacked the city in 712 BC. At the same time, the Cimmerians and Scythians invaded Anatolia and the city declined. Some occupation continued on the site into the Hellenistic and Roman periods—a smithy with four ovens has been excavated from the Roman period. There was a long gap in occupation between the mid-7th century and renewed use of the site in the late 12th or early 13th century.

Archeologists first began to excavate the site of Arslantepe in the 1930s, led by French archaeologist Louis Delaporte. Since 1961 an Italian team of archaeologists, led by Marcella Frangipane in the early 21st century, has been working at the site.

From the 6th century BC, Melid was ruled by the Armenian Orontid Dynasty, who were subjects of the Achaemenid Empire. After periods of Achaemenid and Macedonian rule, Melid (Malatya) was part of the Kingdom of Lesser Armenia.

Melitene during the Roman Empire

Diodorus Siculus wrote that Ptolemaeus of Commagene attacked and captured Melitene from the Kingdom of Cappadocia, but couldn't keep it for long since Ariarathes V of Cappadocia marched against him with a strong army, and Ptolemaeus withdrew. The Kingdom of Cappadocia, ruled by the House of Ariobarzanes (95–36 BC), became a Roman client in 63 BC. After the Kingdom's annexation by the Roman Empire in 17 AD, the settlement was re-established as Melitene in 72 AD on a different site, as the base camp of Legio XII Fulminata (which continued to be based there until at least the early 5th century according to Notitia Dignitatum). The legionary base of Melitene controlled access to southern Armenia and the upper Tigris. It was the end point of the important highway running east from Caesarea (modern Kayseri). The camp attracted a civilian population and was probably granted city status by Trajan in the early 2nd century AD, with the rank of Municipium. It is known for being a prolific source of imperial coins minted from the 3rd to the early 5th centuries.

Procopius wrote admiringly of the temples, agoras and theatres of Melitene, but no evidence of them now remains. It was a major center in the province of Armenia Minor (Փոքր Հայք Pokr Hayk, ) created by Diocletian from territory separated from the province of Cappadocia. In 392 A.D., emperor Theodosius I divided Armenia Minor into two new provinces: First Armenia, with its capital at Sebasteia (modern Sivas); and Second Armenia, with its capital at Melitene.

Middle Ages and Ottoman rule
During the reign of the Emperor Justinian I (527–565), administrative reforms were carried out in this region: The province of Second Armenia was renamed Third Armenia (Armenia Tertia), with its territory unchanged and its capital still at Melitene. Melitene's city walls were constructed in the 6th century by the emperors Anastasius and Justinian. Those that still stand mostly date from the Arab period, perhaps of the 8th century, though retaining the layout of and some remnants from earlier building phases. The city was captured by the Rashidun Caliphate in 638. It then became a base for their raids deeper into the Byzantine Empire, a policy continued by the Abbasids. In the 9th century, under its semi-independent emir Umar al-Aqta, Malatya rose to become a major opponent of the Byzantine Empire until Umar was defeated and killed at the Battle of Lalakaon in 863. The Byzantines attacked the city many times, but did not finally take it until the campaigns of John Kourkouas in 927–934. After successively accepting and renouncing vassal status, the city was finally taken in May 934, its Muslim inhabitants driven out or forced to convert, and replaced by Greek and Armenian settlers.

The West Syrian diocese of Melitene has been established since the sixth century and was as well surrounded by other bishoprics belonging to nearby towns. In the tenth century the Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas convinced the Jacobite Patriarch of Antioch to move the head of the patriarchate into the region of Melitene. The city was attacked and devastated by the Seljuks in 1058.

In the period that followed the Turkish advance into the Byzantine Empire after the defeat at the Battle of Manzikert, Gabriel of Melitene, a Greek Orthodox Armenian who had risen from the ranks of the Byzantine army, governed the city. From 1086 to 1100 he preserved his independence with the aid of the Beylik of the Danishmends. After 1100, he invested heavily on the commanders of the First Crusade, especially Bohemond I of Antioch and Baldwin of Boulogne.

The Danishmends took over Malatya one year later in 1101 (see Battle of Melitene). With the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate based in Konya taking over the Beylik of Danishmend in the late 12th century, Malatya became part of their realm. Under Danishmend and Seljuk rule, Malatya became a centre of knowledge as many Persian and Arabic scholars took residence in the city. The Seljuk Sultanate also undertook an extensive development of the city. After being ruled by the Ilkhanids for around 50 years at the end of the 13th century, the Muslim population of the city invited the Mamluk Sultanate to Malatya in 1315. On 28 April 1315, the Mamluk army entered the city; this was followed by the looting of the city by the army. The Eretna Dynasty gained sovereignty over the city for some time, but from 1338 onwards the Mamluks secured its control. However, for the latter part of the 14th century, the control of the city fluctuated between the Mamluks and the Dulkadirids. The city was captured by the Ottoman army led by Yavuz Sultan Selim on 28 July 1516 and remained under Ottoman rule until the establishment of the Republic of Turkey. Under the Ottomans, the city lost the quality of being on the frontiers, as well as the allure it held in the Middle Ages. It was plagued between the 16th and 18th centuries by successive rebellions.

Modern period
The current city of Malatya was founded in 1838, with the old site of Militene now designated as Old Malatya. The reason behind the displacement of the city center was that the Ottoman army settled and stayed, probably by seizing from its settlers, in the previous city center, in the winter of 1838–39, before taking the road for Battle of Nezib in 1849. Because of this, citizens of the Malatya established the new city based on a near town called Aspuzu. The city saw rapid expansion in the 19th century, and by the end of the century it had around 5000 households, 50 mosques, six madrasas, nine inns and five Turkish baths. Ottoman sources also recorded ten churches. In 1889 and 1890, Malatya was struck by two large fires that destroyed thousands of shops. The city was then hit by the 1893 Malatya earthquake, which killed 1300, destroying 1200 houses and four mosques. A cholera outbreak that subsequently took place in 1893 killed 896 people. The destroyed buildings were rebuilt in 1894. Malatya was the scene of anti-Armenian violence during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. During the Hamidian Massacres of 1895–1896, 7,500 Armenian civilians were massacred and Armenian villages in the rural countryside of Malatya were destroyed. In the aftermath, a Red Cross team sent to Malatya and led by Julian B. Hubbell concluded that 1,500 Armenian houses had been pillaged and 375 burned to the ground. According to the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia, Malatya city was inhabited by 30,000 people with a clear ethnic Turkish majority, and an Armenian population of 3,000, of whom 800 were Catholics. Of the five churches in the city, three belonged to the Armenians. In the spring of 1915, the vast majority of the Armenians of the town were rounded up by Ottoman authorities and deported on death marches as part of the Armenian genocide. According to reports of the governor of the Malatya district, of the 6,935 registered Armenians in Malatya, 197 were left in the town as artisans. In the early Republican era, Malatya became the centre of Malatya Province and enjoyed a substantial growth in terms of population as well as covered area. This development was further accelerated by the construction of the Adana-Fevzipaşa-Malatya railroad in 1931, and a few years later in 1937, by the construction of the Sivas-Malatya railroad.

Until recently the city was home to departments of the Turkish Aeronautical Association, Turkish Hearths, and Turkish Red Crescent. In 2014 Malatya became a metropolitan municipality in Turkey, alongside 12 other cities, by a Turkish governmental law that was passed in 2012. Following the 2014 Turkish local elections the new municipality officially took office. Today the city is generally considered to be a notable trade and industrial hub, as well as a cultural centre point thanks to the İnönü University that was established on 28 January 1975.

Demographics
According to German geographers Georg Hassel and Adam Christian Gaspari, Malatya was composed of 1200 to 1500 houses in early 19th century, inhabited by Ottomans, Turkmens, Armenians, and Greeks. William Harrison Ainsworth visited the city of Malatya in 1837, noting a population of 8 thousand Muslims, chiefly Turkomans, and 3 thousand Armenians.

Climate
Malatya has a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSk) or a temperate continental climate (Trewartha climate classification: Dca), with hot, dry summers and cold, snowy winters.

Highest recorded temperature:42.7 C on 14 August 2019 Lowest recorded temperature:-22.2 C on 28 December 1953

Economy

The economy of the city of Malatya is dominated by agriculture, textile manufacturing, and construction. As with the general province, apricot production is important for subsistence in the central district. Malatya is the world leader in apricot production. The city has two organized industrial zones, where the chief industry is textile.

Historically, Malatya produced opium. The British, in 1920, described the opium from Malatya as having "the highest percentage of morphia".

Cuisine
Köfte (meatballs) are used in many meals from kebabs (meat broiled or roasted in small pieces) to desserts. There are over 70 kinds of köfte, usually made with wheat and other ingredients. Kağıt kebabı is a local specialty – a dish made of lamb and vegetables broiled in a wrapper, usually oily paper. Other important dishes are a variety of stuffed specialties, including stuffed mulberry leaves, cabbage, chard, lettuce wraps with olive oil, vine leaves, cherry leaves, bean leaves, grape leaves, beets, onions, and zucchini flowers.

The Malatya region is known for its apricot orchards. About 50% of the fresh apricot production and 95% of the dried apricot production in Turkey, the world's leading apricot producer, is provided by Malatya. Overall, about 10–15% of the worldwide crop of fresh apricots, and about 65–80% of the worldwide production of dried apricots comes out of Malatya. Malatya apricots are often sun-dried by family-run orchards using traditional methods before export.

Festivals

Malatya Fair and Apricot Festivities has been held since 1978, every year in July, to promote Malatya and apricots and to convene the producers to meet one another. During the festivities, sports activities, concerts and apricot contests are organized.

Near the Apricot Festivities, there are other annual activities in summer. Cherry Festivities at Yeşilyurt District of Malatya and Grape Festivities at Arapgir District are organized annually.

Sports
Malatya's initial team is Malatyaspor whose colors are red and yellow. Malatyaspor competes in Malatya First Amateur League. Malatyaspor plays their home games in Malatya İnönü Stadium in the city's center. Malatya's other team is Yeni Malatyaspor (formerly Malatya Belediyespor) whose colors are black and yellow (formerly green and orange). They compete in Süper Lig.

Administration and politics

Malatya is administered by a metropolitan municipality, which covers the whole province. There are two central districts, each with their own municipalities, that make up the city of Malatya: these are Battalgazi and Yeşilyurt. Battalgazi has a population of around 300,000 and covers 47 central neighbourhoods, three rural former municipalities and 28 villages. Yeşilyurt contains 36 central neighborhoods, three rural former municipalities and 16 villages, and has a population of around 250,000. The metropolitan municipality was won in 2014 by Ahmet Çakır of the ruling AK Party with 62.9% of the vote; the candidate of the CHP was in the second place with 16.7% of the vote. Battalgazi was won by Selahattin Gürkan of the AK Party with 63.1% of the vote and Yeşilyurt was won Hacı Uğur Polat of the AK Party with 62.4% of the vote. The two central districts voted overwhelmingly in favour of the AK Party in the June 2015 election with AK Party winning 66.2% of the vote in Battalgazi and 56.9% in Yeşilyurt. These percentages further increased in the November 2015 election to 74.7% and 66.2% respectively. In both elections, CHP had the second place in both districts with its votes remaining in the range of 10–18%.

Mayors of Malatya

 * 1977-1978 Hamit Fendoğlu Independent
 * 1984-1989 Erdem Seyhan Semercioğlu ANAP
 * 1989-1999 Ahmet Münir Erkal ANAP, Refah Party, FP
 * 1999-2004 Mehmet Yaşar Çerçi MHP
 * 2004-2009 Hüseyin Cemal Akın AK Party
 * 2009-2018 Ahmet Çakır AK Party
 * 2018-2019 Hacı Uğur Polat AK Party
 * 2019-2024 Selahattin Gürkan AK Party
 * 2024-present Sami Er AK Party

Education

İnönü University, one of the largest universities in eastern Turkey, is in Malatya. It was established on 28 January 1975 and has three institutions and nine faculties, with more than 2,500 faculty and 20,000 students. Its larger campus is in the eastern part of Malatya.

There are 162 high schools and some of the well-known, national high school entrance examination-based high schools in Malatya are; Fethi Gemuhluoglu High School of Science, Private Turgut Özal Anatolian High School, Malatya Science High School and Malatya Anatolian High School.

Landmarks

 * Great Mosque of Malatya
 * New Mosque

Transportation
By its relative advance in industrial growth, Malatya is a pole of attraction for its surrounding regions, in commercial and inward immigration. The city is at a key junction in Turkey's road and rail network. By rail, it serves as the junction for Aleppo through Syria–Samsun line. The bus terminal is 5 km west of the city center; there are regular intercity services to and from Ankara, Istanbul and Gaziantep. The railway station is 3 km west of the city center, and daily express trains run to Elazığ, Diyarbakır, Istanbul and Ankara. These stations are easily reached by taxis and dolmuş services.

Construction of a trolleybus line was under way in 2013, and the line opened in March 2015, operating under the name Trambus. It serves a route that is around 21.5 km in length and connects Maşti bus station (Maşti Otogar), in the west, with İnönü University (İnönü Üniversitesi), in the east.

Malatya's airport, Erhaç Airport, is 26 km west of the city center. There are daily domestic flights from Istanbul, Ankara and İzmir. Since 2007 there have been international flights during the summer months. These flights are especially from German cities to Malatya, and most of the passengers are Turkish citizens or their descendants who are living and working in Germany.

Sister cities

 * Seoul, South Korea

title: Malatya


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Pinus quadrifolia

Pinus quadrifolia, the Parry pinyon, is a pine in the pinyon pine group native to southernmost California in the United States and northern Baja California in Mexico, from 33° 30' N south to 30° 30' N. The Parry pinyon has a lifespan of around 200 to 500 years. It is usually found in rocky areas that often have thin soil. It occurs at moderate altitudes from 1300 m to 1800 m, rarely as low as 1200 m and as high as 2500 m. It is scarce and often scattered in this region, forming open woodlands, usually mixed with junipers. Other common names include nut pine and fourleaf pinyon pine.

Description
Pinus quadrifolia is a small to medium size tree, reaching 8 to 15 m tall and with a trunk diameter of up to 40 cm, rarely more. The bark is thick, rough and scaly. The leaves (needles) are in fascicles of 4–5, moderately stout, 2.5 - 5.5 cm long; glossy dark green with no stomata on the outer face, and a dense bright white band of stomata on the inner surfaces. The Parry pinyon begins to grow cones at around 10 to 20 years, and seed production is maximized at 50 or more years of age. The cones are globose, 4 - 5.5 cm long and broad when closed, green at first, ripening yellow to orange-buff when 18–20 months old, with only a small number of thick scales, with typically 5–10 fertile scales.

The cones open to 5 to 7 cm broad when mature, holding the seeds on the scales after opening. The seeds are 10 - 14 mm long, with a thin shell, a white endosperm, and a vestigial 1 - 2 mm wing; they are dispersed by the pinyon jay, which plucks the seeds out of the open cones. The jay, which uses the seeds as a food resource, stores many of the seeds for later use, and some of these stored seeds are not used and are able to grow into new trees. In addition to birds, rodents and other mammals can distribute its seeds.

Hybrids
The Parry pinyon frequently hybridises with single-leaf pinyon (P. monophylla) where their ranges meet in southern California and northern Baja California. Hybrids are distinguished by intermediate features, with needles usually fascicles of 2–3 with some stomata on the outer surface. It has been suggested by some botanists that the holotype specimen of P. quadrifolia is itself from a hybrid; presumed pure, non-hybrid specimens having been given the new name Pinus juarezensis, the Juárez pinyon, after the Sierra de Juárez of northern Baja California. However, there is no proof that these specimens are genetically 'purer' than the original type specimen, and few botanists accept P. juarezensis as other than a synonym of P. quadrifolia.

Despite the ease of hybridisation with single-leaf pinyon, Parry pinyon is genetically probably more closely related to the Johann's pinyon (P. johannis) and Potosí pinyon (P. culminicola), despite being separated from them by well over 1000 km.

Fire Ecology and Effects
The low density of organic material in areas where the Parry pinyon is found reduces the risk of fires spreading. However, due to low-hanging branches and thin bark, the Parry pinyon itself is susceptible to fire. Larger Parry pinyons can survive fires of low to moderate heat, but younger pinyons can be wiped out by fires. The Parry pinyon does not possess the ability to resprout after a fire.

Uses
The edible seeds, pine nuts, are collected throughout its range, though it is much less important than Colorado pinyon (P. edulis) for the crop. Parry pinyon is also occasionally planted as an ornamental tree and sometimes used as a Christmas tree. Due to the limited distribution of the species, the seeds of the Parry pinyon are not gathered commercially. They are more often consumed by birds, rodents (especially woodrats) and other mammals. The Cahuilla tribe of southern California used the resin to make a face cream commonly used by girls to prevent sunburn. The nuts were useful as well. For the Cahuilla, the nuts were given to the babies to eat as an alternative from breast milk and were also grounded then mixed with water as a beverage. The nuts were roasted and eaten whole or made into mush. They were important to the Cahuilla as a trade item with neighboring tribes. The pine needles and roots were used as material for basketry and the bark was a reliable substance for making the roofs of houses. The resin was a glue for mending pottery and reattaching arrowheads to the arrow shafts. The wood was burnt for firewood and incense, since it had high combustibility and it gave a pleasant smell.

The Diegueno also ate the nuts, but also the seeds as well.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pinus quadrifolia


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Talk:Music of Colorado

Dave Matthews? Sheryl Crow?
The list of bands from or associated with Colorado is ridiculous. Many of the artists listed here may have visited Colorado once or released a "Live at Red Rocks" album, but that doesn't mean they are from Colorado. This is a giant mess.76.224.82.210 01:49, 23 August 2007 (UTC)Drew

Agree with other comment
I agree with the other comment on this page about the lists of artists associated with Colorado. That list should be bands that are local to Colorado, or have a long history in Colorado).

I tried to add a couple of the bigger local bands yesterday, but it seems that someone else has already deleted them. But somehow bands like Sheryl Crow and Bob Seger are ok on there. But apparently locals aren't "notable" enough even though they do have something to do with Colorado.

Ok, got that out :-). I feel better

Another so called "Colorado Band"???
Why is the British band Soft Machine listed there, even with a copy of their first album's cover? I have removed the image in the process of providing a fair use rationale for Image:The_Soft_Machine-album.jpg BNutzer (talk) 23:23, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:FarewellAndromeda.jpg
Image:FarewellAndromeda.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 20:01, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Citations and sources are needed
Please be sure that all additions to the Music of Colorado article are verifiable. Any new items added to the article should have inline citations for each claim made. As a courtesy to editors who may have added unsourced claims previously, before Wikipedia citation policy is what it is today, many of the existing unsourced claims have been tagged citation needed to allow some time for sources to be added. N2e (talk) 17:11, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Realistically, if we are going to claim a venue for music, it will need to be sourced to establish whatever claims are made, including existence of the venue, AND notability will need to be established by some verifiable citation. Wikipedia is not an advertising listing for every bar that occasionally has a garage band or singer/songwriter playing on a weekend night.  N2e (talk) 04:04, 3 August 2010 (UTC)

Zoon Politikon
Hello, I think you should add Zoon Politikon as a Denver, Colorado band (indie). Zoon Politikon played in Denver from 1992 through 1998, and released Krap Factory (Cassette EP), Flesh Blanket (CD), and Popcycleschtick (EP). Zoon Politikon was formed at the original "Classroom" venue, where Kyle Carstens (Drummer) lived. Members included Pat Donovan (Original member, guitar, vocals), Joel Dallenbach (Bass on Krap Factory) and Carol Kilgore (bass on Flesh Blanket and Popcycleschtick). Here are a couple of reference pages.

These are Westword reviews: http://www.westword.com/music/feedback-5056393

http://www.westword.com/music/zooner-or-later-5055138

CD Baby Page:

http://www.cdbaby.com/Artist/ZoonPolitikon — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pdonovan01 2004 (talk • contribs) 23:00, 21 October 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Music of Colorado


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Hugh Lane Gallery

The Hugh Lane Gallery, officially Dublin City Gallery The Hugh Lane and originally the Municipal Gallery of Modern Art, is an art museum operated by Dublin City Council and its wholly-owned company, the Hugh Lane Gallery Trust. It is in Charlemont House (built 1763) on Parnell Square, Dublin, Ireland. Admission is free.

History

The gallery was founded by noted art collector Sir Hugh Lane on Harcourt Street on 20 January 1908, and is the first known public gallery of modern art in the world. Lane met the running costs, while seeking a more permanent home. New buildings were proposed in St. Stephens Green, and as a dramatic bridge-gallery over the River Liffey, both proposed designs by Sir Edwin Lutyens, both unrealised. Lane did not live to see his gallery permanently located as he died in 1915 during the sinking of the RMS Lusitania. Since 1933 it has been housed in Charlemont House.

Lane's will bequeathed his collection to London, but an unwitnessed codicil, written in the months prior to his death, bequeathed the 39 paintings to Dublin on the condition that a permanent gallery was secured within 5 years. London's National Gallery did not recognise the codicil, and all the paintings form the Lane Bequest in their collection. In 1938, the British put forward a suggestion from Sir Robert Witt: "...that these pictures should alternate between London and Dublin. We have had them in London for a considerable number of years, and it might now be the turn of the Dublin Galleries to have them for a number of years... Legally, the holders have a very strong case, but we are so wealthy in our treasures, while Ireland is so comparatively poor..."

This eventually led to a compromise agreement in 1959, announced by Taoiseach Seán Lemass, whereby half of the Lane Bequest would be lent and shown in Dublin every five years. In 1993, the agreement was changed so that 31 of the 39 paintings would stay in Ireland. The remaining 8 were divided into 2 groups, so that 4 would be lent for 6 years at a time to Dublin. These 8 include works by Manet, Monet, Pissarro, Renoir, Morisot, Vuillard and Degas. In 2008, The National Gallery in London arranged for the entire collection to be on display in Dublin together for the first time. There was a switch in May 2013 for a six-year period.

Building
Charlemont House is a mansion in Dublin, Ireland. The house was built in 1763 and designed by William Chambers for James Caulfeild, the 1st Earl of Charlemont. It is a brick-fronted mansion on Dublin's Parnell Square. According to the Hugh Lane Gallery, "in 1929 the gardens of the house were built upon to accommodate the Gallery". It was opened as a museum in 1933. The gallery was closed for reconstruction in 2004, and reopened in May 2006, with a new extension by Gilroy McMahon Architects. The gallery is completely wheelchair-accessible.

Collection
The museum has a permanent collection and hosts exhibitions, mostly by contemporary Irish artists. It has a dedicated Sean Scully room. Francis Bacon's studio was reconstructed in the gallery in 2001 after being dismantled and moved from London starting in 1998.

The Hugh Lane is notable for its collection of French art, the Lane Bequest pictures including works such as The Umbrellas (Les Parapluies) by Auguste Renoir; Portrait of Eva Gonzalès by Édouard Manet, Édouard Manet's Music in the Tuileries, Jour d’Été by Berthe Morisot and View of Louveciennes by Camille Pissarro.

There is a permanent display of stained glass at the museum which features The Eve of St. Agnes by Irish artist and illustrator Harry Clarke. As well as a previously banned, "scandalous" work of his, which was purchased in 2015 for £35,000.

In June 1992, the painting In The Omnibus by French artist Honore Daumier was stolen. The theft took place in the afternoon during the hours when the gallery was open to the public. The Criminal Assets Bureau (CAB) recovered the painting during an investigation in 2013, more than 20 years later. Director Barbara Dawson expressed her delight that the painting had been found. She said, "It was such a shock when it was stolen and we had messages of sympathy from galleries and museums in Ireland and around the world."

Selected past exhibitions
Offside was a 2005 project in The Hugh Lane curated by Pallas Projects and included works by Albano Afonso, Antistrot, Anna Boyle, Rhona Byrne, Mark Cullen, Brian Duggan, John Dummet, Brendan Earley, Andreas Gefeller, Niamh McCann, Alex McCullagh, Nina McGowan, Nathaniel Mellors, Clive Murphy, Adriette Myburgh, Cris Neumann, Paul O’Neill, Garrett Phelan, Abigail Reynolds, Mark Titchner, Rich Streitmatter-Tran.

The Golden Bough was a series of exhibitions curated by Michael Dempsey in 2010. It included solo shows by Ronnie Hughes, Corban Walker and Niamh McCann.

Sleepwalkers (2012–15) curated by Michael Dempsey and Logan Sisley was a two-year project in which six artists (Clodagh Emoe, Lee Welch, Sean Lynch, Linda Quinlan, Jim Ricks, and Gavin Murphy) were invited to use the museum's resources, reveal their artistic process, and to collaborate with each other in this "unusual experiment in exhibition production". This process culminated in each artist developing a solo exhibition at the Hugh Lane and a publication.

Kennedy Browne, consisting of Gareth Kennedy and Sarah Browne, exhibited 3 films as the Redaction Trilogy, 2019–20.

The largest Andy Warhol show to ever come to Ireland opened in October 2023 at The Hugh Lane. Tilted Andy Warhol Three Times Out, it is the first Warhol exhibit in the country in 25 years.

title: Hugh Lane Gallery


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User talk:Torah~enwiki

You have been temporarily blocked from editing for vandalism of Wikipedia. If you wish to make useful contributions, you may come back after the block expires. Gamaliel 00:04, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Torah~enwiki


text:
Charlie Weis

Charles Joseph Weis Sr. (born March 30, 1956) is a former American football coach. He was the head coach for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish from 2005 to 2009 and the Kansas Jayhawks from 2012 to 2014. He also served as an offensive coordinator in the National Football League (NFL) for the New York Jets, New England Patriots, and Kansas City Chiefs. Weis currently hosts "Airing It Out," along with Bob Papa, on Sirius XM NFL Radio.

Coaching career
After graduating from Notre Dame in 1978, Weis began his coaching career at Boonton High School in New Jersey. He spent the next five seasons at perennial powerhouse Morristown High School in New Jersey as a football assistant developing players such as Michael Landsberg. In 1985, he was hired by head coach Joe Morrison at the University of South Carolina, where he received his master's degree in education while working as a graduate assistant position coach and assistant recruiting coordinator. He served four seasons on the Gamecock staff until Morrison died in 1989. He then returned to New Jersey as the head coach at Franklin High School and directed Franklin Township to the New Jersey state championship while also assisting in the New York Giants' pro personnel department.

Early years
Weis launched his professional coaching career in 1990 when he was named offensive assistant and assistant special teams coach under Giants head coach Bill Parcells. The Giants went on to win Super Bowl XXV at the end of that season, beating the Buffalo Bills by a score of 20–19.

After Ray Handley took over as head coach in 1991, Weis stayed on as the running back coach for two seasons. In 1991, he helped guide 2nd year running back Rodney Hampton to 1,059 yards and 10 touchdowns on the ground. The Giants finished 6th in rushing yards and 7th in rushing touchdowns in the NFL. The next year, Weis utilized both Hampton (1,141 yards and 14 touchdowns) and Jarrod Bunch (501 yards and 3 touchdowns) to form a potent running back combination. The Giants finished 6th in rushing yards and 2nd in rushing touchdowns in the NFL.

After that he began a four-year stint with the New England Patriots. For the first two years (1993–1994), Weis served as the tight end coach. In 1995, he would switch to running back coach and finished 1996 as wide receiver coach. In 1993, he helped Ben Coates break out with 659 yards and 8 touchdowns. Marv Cook proved a reliable blocker as well. In 1994, Coates had one of the best seasons by a tight end ever with 96 catches, 1174 yards, and 7 touchdowns. In 1995, Weis helped turn rookie Curtis Martin's year into a Pro Bowl season with 1,487 yards and 14 touchdowns on the ground. Dave Meggett and Sam Gash proved to be reliable receivers out of the backfield as well with a combined 78 catches. Terry Glenn broke out with 90 catches for 1,132 yards and 6 touchdowns. Weis also helped wide receiver Shawn Jefferson put up 771 yards and 4 touchdowns along with developing Troy Brown into a solid role player with 21 catches for 222 yards.

In 1997, Weis became the offensive coordinator of the Jets, in addition to duties as the team's primary receivers coach. In his second year as offensive coordinator, the Jets finished fourth in the National Football League in offense. Weis served as the team's offensive coordinator from 1997 to 1999.

New England Patriots
Weis returned to New England Patriots following Parcells' announced retirement after the 1999 season. He served as offensive coordinator under head coach Bill Belichick from 2000 through 2004, installing the Erhardt-Perkins offensive system, and assisting the Patriots in three Super Bowl victories (XXXVI, XXXVIII, XXXIX).

Notre Dame
On November 30, 2004, after finishing its football season with a 6–5 record, Notre Dame released head coach Tyrone Willingham. After first choice Urban Meyer accepted the head coaching position at the University of Florida, Notre Dame hired Weis on December 12, 2004, as the 28th football coach in the school's history with a six-year contract worth a reported US$2 million per year. He was the first Notre Dame graduate to hold the position since Hugh Devore (a 1934 graduate) served as interim coach in 1945 and 1963, and the first alumnus to serve as the Irish football coach on a full-fledged basis since Joe Kuharich (a 1938 Notre Dame graduate), who coached in South Bend from 1959 to 1962.

 * 2005

In his first season as head coach of the Fighting Irish, Weis was widely quoted as telling his team that they would have a "decided schematic advantage" against their opponents, apparently in the belief that his schemes and strategies developed in the NFL were superior to the schemes being run by other college coaches. Indeed, the team's play, particularly that of junior quarterback Brady Quinn and junior wide receiver Jeff Samardzija, improved greatly. Samardzija, previously a little-used wide receiver, became Quinn's favorite target and a frequent game-breaker, and set school records for most touchdown receptions in a season (15), most receiving yardage in a season (1,249), and most consecutive games with a touchdown reception (8), after having no touchdown receptions in his previous two years at Notre Dame. Notre Dame lost to Michigan State in a dramatic overtime loss. Weis was quoted as saying they would never again lose to Michigan State on his watch. He went 2–3 against the Spartans over his career.

With a record of 9–2, his team finished the regular season ranked sixth in the Bowl Championship Series (BCS) standings, granting them a berth in the 2006 Fiesta Bowl in Tempe, Arizona, on January 2, 2006, which they lost to the Ohio State Buckeyes by a score of 34–20. The Irish finished ninth in the final AP Poll and eleventh in the Coaches Poll. His team's success on the field helped make Weis winner of the 2005 Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year Award, selected by the Football Writers Association of America.

On October 29, 2005, barely halfway through the first year of a six-year contract, and with a 5–2 record, Weis signed a contract extension with Notre Dame. The new 10-year deal, which began with the 2006 season, and which was to be worth a reported $30–40 million, would keep Weis at Notre Dame through 2015.

 * 2006

During the 2006 season, Weis led the Fighting Irish to a 10–2 regular season record, and a second straight BCS berth, this time losing 41–14 in the Sugar Bowl to the LSU Tigers. This loss was the second straight bowl loss under Weis and the ninth straight bowl loss for the Irish. The Irish finished No. 17 in the final AP poll, and No. 19 in the final Coaches' Poll. While this season could be considered a disappointment based on Notre Dame's No. 2 pre-season ranking, Weis led the Irish to its second straight season of nine wins or more, something not achieved since the 1992 and 1993 seasons under Lou Holtz. Also for the second straight year Weis put together a top 10 recruiting class, including national player of the year Jimmy Clausen.

 * 2007

In the 2007 season, Notre Dame went 3–9, with their only wins coming against UCLA, Duke and Stanford. Their loss to Navy on November 3 snapped an NCAA-record 43-game winning streak over the Midshipmen, dating back to the Heisman Trophy-winning tenure of Roger Staubach at the Naval Academy. The team ranked near the bottom of Division I FBS in both rushing yards per game and total yards per game. Along with being third from last in scoring per game, the team was shut out twice en route to its first nine-loss season ever. Weis attributed the team's downfall to his own mistakes, including his failure to use full-speed practices and to develop his players properly, his installation of two separate offensive systems, one for each potential starting quarterback, as well as to the graduation of star quarterback Brady Quinn. Despite the poor season, which was Notre Dame's worst ever (by losses), Weis nonetheless managed to recruit one of the top recruiting classes in the country.

 * 2008

In 2008, The Irish started 4–1, but completed the regular season with a 6–6 record, including a 24–23 loss to Syracuse, the first time that Notre Dame had fallen to an eight-loss team. The combined 15 losses from 2007 to 2008 marks the most losses for any two-year span. Despite speculation the university might fire Weis, Notre Dame retained Weis for the 2009 season. Weis's Notre Dame squad ended the season on a positive note, finally breaking the Irish's NCAA record nine-game bowl losing streak by beating Hawaii 49–21. In the process, Notre Dame scored its highest point total of the season, its highest point total ever in a bowl game, and broke 8 other bowl records. The bowl win also helped Notre Dame to a 7–6 final record, its 102nd winning season in 120 years of football and Weis' third in four years. Notre Dame ended the year with a top 15 recruiting class, including signing the top defensive player in the nation.

 * 2009

The Fighting Irish finished the 2009 regular season with a 6–6 record. A poor record for the season in addition to high preseason expectations for the team, including a preseason top 25 ranking, caused widespread speculation that Notre Dame would fire Weis. Weis was fired on November 30, 2009. He was succeeded by Brian Kelly.

Kansas City Chiefs
Weis was named offensive coordinator of the Kansas City Chiefs for 2010. In Weis's first year, the Chiefs improved from a record of 4–12 to 10–6 and returned to the playoffs after winning the AFC West Division. With Weis as offensive coordinator, the Chiefs had the NFL's best rushing attack, averaging an impressive 165 yards per game on the ground. Offensively the Chiefs ranked 9th in total offense, 11th in points per game, and 1st in rushing, but 28th in passing. However, the Chiefs also sent four players on offense (WR Dwayne Bowe, RB Jamaal Charles, QB Matt Cassel and OG Brian Waters) to the Pro Bowl. Cassel, Bowe and Charles made their first ever trip to the Pro Bowl. Weis has also been credited with the improvement of Cassel who had a career year throwing for 27 touchdowns and only 5 interceptions in 14 games.

Florida
On December 31, 2010, ESPN reported that Weis was targeted by the Florida Gators to become the next offensive coordinator under new head coach Will Muschamp. On January 2, 2011, Chiefs coach Todd Haley announced Weis would indeed be leaving for the Florida offensive coordinator position effective at the end of the season. Weis' tenure was broadly criticized after the team finished ranked 102nd nationally with just 334.17 yards per game.

Kansas
On December 8, 2011, Weis was named the head football coach for the University of Kansas replacing Turner Gill. He initially stated that he would not stay longer than the duration of his five-year contract, which would have run out in 2016, but school officials persuaded him to consider a longer stay. His 2012 team struggled to a 1–11 record in what was dubbed as a rebuilding year. Weis' 2013 team showed signs of improvement. Although they only compiled a 3–9 record, Weis' Jayhawks ended a 27-game Big 12 Conference losing streak with a 31–19 home victory over West Virginia in November 2013. Weis was fired on September 28, 2014, four games into the season. School officials did not believe the Jayhawks had made enough strides on the field during Weis' tenure. According to ESPN, they were also concerned about declining attendance. Despite pleas from Weis, only 36,900 people came to what would be his final game in Lawrence, against Texas.

Personal life
Weis and his wife, Maura, have two children, Charles Joseph "Charlie" and Hannah Margaret. Charlie Jr. is the co-offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach at the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss). In 2003, Weis and his wife established the Hannah & Friends Foundation, dedicated to children affected by developmental disorders and named after his daughter, who is autistic. In the spring of 2004, the inaugural Hannah & Friends Celebrity Golf Classic was held to benefit the foundation.

Weis told YES Network commentators at the New York Yankees and Detroit Tigers MLB game on Friday, July 17, 2009, that his favorite baseball team is the Yankees. He was there to celebrate the announcement of the Notre Dame and Army football game to be played at the new Yankee Stadium in November 2010.

Weis was born in Trenton, New Jersey, and grew up in Middlesex, New Jersey, where he graduated from Middlesex High School. Weis was inducted to Middlesex High School Athletics Hall of Fame- Class of 2024 on May 4, 2024. Weis played High School Football as the Center for the class of 1976. He has one older sister and three younger brothers, one of whom attended West Point. Charlie had another brother named Pete.

Health issues
In 2002, Weis underwent gastric bypass surgery, after which he lost 90 lb from his top weight of 350 lb. When asked why he underwent surgery, Weis stated he was afraid he would "drop dead" from obesity. Because of complications from the surgery, Weis spent two weeks in a coma and nearly died. Weis was so close to death that he reportedly received the Catholic last rites. Weis later sued the doctors who performed the surgery for malpractice and lost. A major reason cited for the jury's decision is that Weis ignored doctors' advice and pushed to have the operation done quickly, rather than going through a recommended six-week preoperative program.

During a game against Michigan on September 13, 2008, Notre Dame defensive end John Ryan accidentally collided with Weis on the sideline. Weis sustained tears to his anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament, for which he underwent surgery.

title: Charlie Weis


text:
Talk:Kenneth Rexroth/to do

--Trick 23:55, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Add some earlier Major Achievements
 * Mention and link to early Beat_Generation history
 * Clarify Early Life events
 * Add to Biographical Notes
 * Mention second wife and the iilegal marriage to third wife

title: Talk:Kenneth Rexroth/to do


text: Category:Danish mathematicians

title: Category:Danish mathematicians


text:
German Party

German Party may refer to:

 * German-Hanoverian Party, a regionalist party based in the old Kingdom of Hanover
 * German Party (1947), a regionalist and conservative political party and governing coalition party
 * German Party (1961), a minor defunct German conservative party
 * German Party (1993), a small right wing party active in Germany
 * German Party (Romania)
 * German Party (Slovakia)
 * German Party (Yugoslavia)
 * German Party of the Zips, a party of the First Czechoslovak Republic founded 1920

title: German Party


text:
Talk:Altimeter

74.140.133.110 (talk) 02:14, 7 May 2008 (UTC) =((Po/Psl)^0.19026-1)*288.15/-0.0065 what is this? It needs to be defined with a physics formula and explained.

Untitled
I brought in the altimetry/bathymetry reference because it is a prime in-reference for altimetry, which is referred here. Feel free to rearrange as you see fit.--Natcase 03:17, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

See also the hillwalking article linked under "See also", which has an explanation of the barometric equation in a purer form. Galltywenallt 22:18, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

an altimeter is an instrument that shows height above sea level, especially one mounted in an aircraft and incoporating an aneroid barometer that senses differences in pressure caused by changes in altitude.

New thread (Sept 2022): As a newcomer I found this entire article to be unbalanced. There is a heavy (excessive) emphasis on skydiving, which is an area which deserves a mention but not 25% of the whole article. There is a rather bizarre reference to ground effect vehicles. It is also light on other important aspects. I would suggest an article structure as follows:

- Definition

- Altimetric technologies: barometric, radar/Lidar, satellite receivers, ground-based technologies - the pros and cons of each type and when they are used

- Detail on the common aneroid barometric altimeter: its construction, operation, calibration and use. Mandated equipment for many aircraft types. Sources of measurement errors.

- The vertical datum: the various common reference levels and when they are used; QFE/QNH/QNE settings. The ISA standard atmosphere. Mean sea level definition for inland locations; the models in use for this

- Specific altimeter applications: air navigation; climbing and hiking; skydiving

- Related applications: the variometer; the airspeed indicator

- References and links

I could write this if there is agreement that it would be an improvement. However I don't want to jump in with a whole-article change. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Harcourt Stanton (talk • contribs) 11:12, 5 September 2022 (UTC)

False readings?
Does an altimeter ever give false readings?

If it is only a special kind of barometer, is it ever resynchronized in the middle of a flight? I am assuming that altimeters are initialized to a particular known state, usually at the time of takeoff. If the barometer is electronic in nature, would a power failure cause it to resynchronize to a patently false state, even in midflight? If lightning strikes a plane, how can you tell if the altimeter went through a reset sequence? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.99.219.134 (talk) 19:36, 20 August 2009 (UTC)

How to read?
The article didn't give any pictures depicting how to read an altimeter. This might get confusing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.219.120.5 (talk) 15:36, 23 August 2009 (UTC)

Related, The diagram at the upper left is incorrect. The text states it is indicating 10,180 ft, which is sort of true, with outside/3rd marker at 1 for 10,000 ft, and the "clock hands" showing 180ft. However, the diagonal lines at the bottom of the altimeter are still showing, which means the display is 180 feet. The diagonal lines turn black once over 10,000 ft to prevent pilots from misreading the 3rd indicator and flying into the ground. I'm unsure how to edit the picture. 8r455 (talk) 02:31, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

Calibration formula
Why calibration formula has been changed?

Modification of "10:11, 31 January 2010" introduce an error, correct formula is 1-(...), not (...)-1 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wbigger (talk • contribs)

Opening sentence
I think this opening sentence needs to be changed, because it is not quite accurate:

 * "An altimeter is an instrument used to measure the altitude of an object above a fixed level."

Typical altimeters in aircraft, measure to MSL (Mean Sea Level), so it is a misnomer to say "above a fixed level." That is because MSL is not a "fixed level."

"Mean sea level does not remain constant over the surface of the entire earth. Mean sea level at the Pacific end of the Panama Canal stands 20 cm higher than at the Atlantic end." here

My suggestion, then, is that the sentence be changed to read thus:

 * "An altimeter is an instrument used to measure the altitude of an object above Mean Sea Level."

Will appreciate further comments from other editors. 66.81.53.160 (talk) 11:26, 25 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Sounds like a reasonable argument, but it's original research until you find a ref to support this definition. Socrates2008 ( Talk ) 12:17, 25 October 2011 (UTC)

Temperature Correction
The section on altimeters in aircraft contains the statement "An altimeter cannot, however, be adjusted for variations in air temperature". Years ago an article in Summit Magazine (a climbing journal) carried an article on temperature correction. Some factoids I recall: the scale on an altimeter assumes an FAA standard adiabatic lapse rate, or change in pressure with altitude. It assumes a specific Tsea level. If the actual Tsea level is known, then (to the extent that an adiabat is appropriate) you can indeed correct for temperature. In effect, you have to correct for the fact that a column of air, say 300m high, weighs less when warm than when cold. As you ascend, the error is in delta-H; you can't fix it by using a single known elevation. A correction would no doubt be difficult for a mechanical altimeter, but surely it would be a piece of cake for a 21st century microchip? Is it done? Captain Puget (talk) 05:25, 30 November 2012 (UTC)

 * In Pilot School, the saying is "From High to Low or Hot to Cold, look out below."  Meaning if moving from a high temperature area to a lower temperature, the altimeter will indicate a higher altitude than the plane is actually at.   The same happens if flying into a low pressure area.  There is no automatic correction, but a rule of thumb is 100ft per 10 degrees of temperature change. 8r455 (talk) 02:35, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Altimeter


text:
Perfection (disambiguation)

Perfection is a philosophical concept related to idealism.

Perfection may also refer to:

Film and television

 * The Perfection, a 2018 American film
 * Perfection (game show), a 2011–2015 British quiz show
 * Perfection, a fictional locale in the Tremors franchise

Music

 * Perfection, an 1840 operetta by Stanisław Moniuszko

Albums

 * Perfection (album), an album by the Murray, Allen & Carrington Power Trio
 * Perfection, by Foesum, 1996
 * Perfection (Sandra Bernhard EP) or the title song, 2008
 * Perfection (Super Junior-M EP) or the title song, 2011

Songs

 * "Perfection" (Dannii Minogue song), 2005
 * "Perfection", by Badfinger from Straight Up, 1971
 * "Perfection", by Clint Mansell from Black Swan: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, 2010
 * "Perfection", by Oh Land from Oh Land, 2011
 * "Perfection", by Oli London, 2019

Other uses

 * Perfection (board game), a Hasbro board game
 * Perfection (comics), a Marvel Comics character
 * Perfection (law), a concept in property law
 * Perfection Pass, Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada
 * Perfection Racing, a Danish auto racing team
 * Christian perfection, a Christian doctrine

title: Perfection (disambiguation)


text:
Rebar (Taiwan)

The Rebar Group (Rebar; ) is a large corporation involved in domestic textiles, construction, hotel/real estate, retail services, vehicle/building insurance, banking, and media in Taiwan.

The company started out in the 1960s as a reinforcement bar manufacturer, hence its name.

The corporation recently gained large shares of the Taiwanese cable media as OmniMedia (東森) TV Corp and also mobile telephone business as Asia Pacific Telecom Group (亞太) in the late 1990s.

Towards the end of 2006 Rebar was encountering serious difficulties following years of allegedly hiding financial problems with bad loans from The Chinese Bank. The CEO and founder, Wang You-theng (王又曾) is alleged to have engaged in insider trading and embezzlement in connection to this, and fled Taiwan on 30 December 2006, days before prosecutors began their investigation. You-theng was detained in the U.S. and was wanted by Taiwanese prosecutors for allegedly embezzling NT$60 billion (US$1.8 billion) in corporate funds. He died in May 2016 in a traffic accident.

Branches
Branches include:

 * TV: OmniMedia (東森)
 * Finance: Chinese Bank, Union Insurance
 * Service: Rebar Realstate, Rebar Retail Chain, Rebar Hotel, Taipei Aquarium
 * Manufacturing: Rebar Construction, Rebar Foods (esp. cooking oil)
 * Telecommunications: Asia Pacific Telecom (亞太)

title: Rebar (Taiwan)


text: Category:Czech mathematicians

title: Category:Czech mathematicians


text:
Music of Connecticut

Connecticut is a state of the United States in the New England region.

Music institutions and venues
Following the Chicago Symphony, Boston Symphony and the New York Philharmonic, the New Haven Symphony Orchestra is the fourth-oldest orchestra in the country. It gave its first performance in January 1895.

The city of Hartford is home to Connecticut Opera (founded in 1942 and closed in 2009), the New Haven Symphony Orchestra (founded in 1934), The Hartford Chorale (founded in 1972) and the Hartford Conservatory, an institution of music education. The Yale Summer School of Music hosts the Norfolk Chamber Music Festival, a major music festival devoted to chamber music. There is also a Connecticut Early Music Festival. Norwalk is home to the Norwalk Youth Symphony.

Major performance venues in Connecticut include the Oakdale Theater in Wallingford, Westville Music Bowl in New Haven, The Ridgefield Playhouse, The El' N' Gee Club in New London, The Bushnell Center for the Performing Arts in Hartford, The Klein Memorial Auditorium in Bridgeport, Xfinity Theatre in Hartford (formerly known as The Meadows), the Palace Theater in Waterbury, the Regina A. Quick Center for the Arts at Fairfield University, the Jorgensen Center for the Performing Arts at the University of Connecticut in Storrs, Toad's Place in New Haven, The Cellar in Hamden (formerly known as The Space), The Ü Party in Downtown New Haven, and the Stamford Center for the Arts.

Musicians from Connecticut

 * The Alternate Routes, Bridgeport band signed to Vanguard Records
 * Apathy, rapper
 * A Will Away, Naugatuck alternative rock band signed to Triple Crown Records
 * Barefoot Truth, indie rock band, founded in Mystic
 * Michael Bolton, crooner, has 2 #1 Hot 100 hits, including "How Am I Supposed to Live Without You" in 1989.
 * Bronze Radio Return, indie/roots rock, revival rock sextet from Hartford
 * The Carpenters had 3 #1 Billboard Hot 100 hits, including "(They Long to Be) Close to You" in 1970
 * Chris Carrabba, lead singer and guitarist of the band Dashboard Confessional, raised in West Hartford
 * Bob Carter, jazz bassist and arranger, born in New Haven
 * Dick Cary, jazz musician, born in Hartford
 * Cassie, R&B singer
 * Currents (band), Progressive Metal/metalcore Band from Newtown.
 * Thomas Chapin, composer, saxophonist/multi-instrumentalist, born in Manchester
 * Ed Cherry, jazz guitarist, born in New Haven
 * Clint Conley, bassist/singer for Mission of Burma
 * Rivers Cuomo, lead singer and lead guitarist of Weezer, was raised in Pomfret Center and Storrs
 * Dead by Wednesday, New Haven Heavy Metal, Conbat Records
 * Deep Banana Blackout, funk band from Fairfield
 * Doozer, pop-punk band
 * Emmure, a metalcore band originally from New Fairfield
 * Eileen Farrell, singer
 * Fates Warning, progressive Metal Band
 * The Fifth Estate, rock and roll band, from Stamford, presently out of Wallingford
 * Roger Glover, songwriter and bassist for Deep Purple, lives in Greenwich
 * Tom Guerra, songwriter and guitarist, lives in Hartford
 * Hatebreed, hardcore band
 * Have a Nice Life, indie rock band
 * High Adventure, fan rock
 * Hot Rod Circuit, rock band
 * Christopher Houlihan, concert organist
 * Charles Ives, classical music composer and music innovator from Danbury
 * Bernard Jackson, singer and bassist for the 80's hit R&B group Surface, from Stamford
 * Joey Batts & Them, alternative hip hop
 * Hilton Jefferson, jazz alto saxophonist
 * Kimono Draggin', an indie rock band
 * Al Klink, swing jazz tenor saxophonist, born in Danbury
 * Landing, ambient rock
 * Bernie Leighton, jazz pianist, born in West Haven
 * Liege Lord, power metal
 * Life In Your Way, hardcore band
 * Mambo Sons, straight ahead rock and roll band from Hartford
 * Magik Markers, noise rock band from Hartford
 * Mates of State, formed in Lawrence, KS, the band members now live in Stratford
 * John Mayer, born in Bridgeport
 * Mark McGrath, lead singer of Sugar Ray, born in Hartford
 * Hal McIntyre, jazz artist, born in Cromwell
 * MGMT, indie rock & synthpop
 * Miracle Legion, alternative rock band, founded in New Haven
 * Moby, singer and electronic musician, was raised in Darien
 * Thurston Moore, singer and guitarist for Sonic Youth, raised in Bethel
 * Joe Morris, jazz guitarist, bassist, and composer
 * Obsession, power metal band
 * Liz Phair, singer/songwriter, born in New Haven
 * Derek Piotr, vocalist and producer
 * Rosa Ponselle, singer
 * Jeff Porcaro, drummer, songwriter, producer, best known for his work with Toto.
 * Quincy Porter, classical composer
 * Redhot & Blue, vocal jazz group
 * Sacred Oath, metal band
 * Saint Bernadette, indie rock, Exotic Recordings founders, based in Bridgeport
 * St. Johnny, alternative rock band from Hartford
 * Blues Saraceno, instrumental guitarist
 * John Scofield, jazz guitarist
 * Horace Silver, jazz pianist and composer, born in Norwalk
 * Paul Simon and his wife Edie Brickell live in New Canaan
 * The Skinny Boys, hip hop group during the Golden Age, from Bridgeport
 * Sorority Noise
 * Spring Heeled Jack U.S.A., third wave ska band
 * Steelheart, hard rock band from Norwalk
 * Al Tinney, jazz pianist, born in Ansonia
 * Ed Toth, drummer for Vertical Horizon, Doobie Brothers, raised in East Lyme
 * Peter Tork, bass, keyboards, & vocals for the Monkees, raised in Storrs
 * Tune-Yards
 * Vatican Commandos, hardcore band from Darien
 * Dick Wellstood, jazz stride pianist, born in Greenwich
 * The World Is a Beautiful Place & I Am No Longer Afraid to Die, indie rock band
 * Brian Yale, bassist for Matchbox 20, raised in Orange, attended high school in Woodbridge

title: Music of Connecticut


text:
Talk:Elliniko

Untitled
"The town hall is on the east side." -- of the airport? of the town? Who knows? Certainly not the person who is looking for basic information on Ellinikon. P0M 23:58, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Elliniko


text: Talk:Music of Connecticut

title: Talk:Music of Connecticut


text:
History of rail transport in Canada

 * This article is part of the history of rail transport by country series.

The history of rail transport in Canada began in the early 19th century. The Canadian railway system saw several expansion "booms" throughout history, as well as a major change from broad to standard gauge which occurred in the 1870s. An initially disconnected system was gradually integrated with the American railway network, as Canadian and American railway companies built lines and bought smaller companies in each other's country. The Intercolonial Railway, a product of Canadian Confederation, was Canada's first major experiment in railway nationalization, and following Confederation, several transcontinental railways were built.

Many Canadian railways were gradually brought together under large conglomerates, but by the end of the First World War, the sudden and decisive financial collapse of these conglomerates created a deep threat to Canadian infrastructure and economy, leading to their nationalization under the Dominion government. This nationalization and consolidation process produced the Canadian National Railways (CNR), which was owned by the Canadian federal government until 1995. The Great Depression led to a decline in rail traffic, and the sudden reversal of this during the Second World War left railways with overtaxed, aging, and poorly-maintained infrastructure. Toward the end of the 1950s, railways began to transition toward diesel trains. Ridership on passenger trains declined postwar, leading to railways to pursue their abandonment. Nationally, most passenger services were transferred to a new crown agency, Via Rail.

Early tramways
Canada coalesced into a state following millennia of First Nations habitation, as well as centuries of habitation by European settlers. Different parts of the country were settled at different times, with their transport systems laid out in reflection of the era. Early transport patterns of indigenous peoples and voyageurs followed large natural waterways such as the Great Lakes waterway system, the Saint Lawrence River, and the Ottawa River. This was suitable for the fur trade, which involved the transport of light, high-value commodities by boat early in its history.

The earliest recognizably railway-like system in recorded Canadian history was an industrial tramway on Cape Breton Island, which is said to have been built around 1720. The existence of a tramway, as opposed to simply a road, is poorly attested in written and archaeological records, but was present in local oral history in the early 20th century. This tramway has been cited in various sources as an example of a pre-steam railway in North America, despite a lack of evidence confirming its existence. Remaining physical evidence has led to the belief that it was used for transporting coal to the Fortress of Louisbourg from mines on the island, during a period when the island was under French control. There is also some speculation that it was used in the construction of the fortress.

Several other tramway systems were constructed before the 1830s. The first was a combined wagonway and incline tramway near Niagara Falls along what is now the American side of the Canada–United States border. It was built by the British in 1762 near the end of the French and Indian War. The challenging geography of the Niagara Peninsula meant that until the later construction of canals, there was no navigable water route between Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, so transport between the two required the use of a portage. The French had long sought to take control of the portage trail from the Seneca, who had taken control of it from the Neutral Nation in the mid-17th century, amidst the Beaver Wars. The French tried to control this key point with repeated military expeditions and fortifications throughout the 17th and early 18th centuries, including Fort Conti in 1679, Fort Denonville in 1687, and Fort Niagara in 1726. The British gained control of the portage by the 1760s, but their efforts to replace the system of Seneca porters with a tramway met with resistance from the Seneca. The situation erupted in violence with the Battle of Devil's Hole, a part of Pontiac's War. A warband of several hundred Seneca ambushed a British wagon train, massacring many of the teamsters and their soldier escorts. The British ultimately retained control of the portage and continued to use and maintain its tramway until their surrender of the land to the United States following the Treaty of Paris in 1783.

Another recorded incline tramway system was in Quebec City and was constructed in the 1820s, possibly as early as 1823. It marked several firsts in Canada: it was the first known double-track railway, the first steam-powered railway, and the first railway system known to have carried passengers regularly. It was built on Cap Diamant to haul stone and other construction materials for the Citadelle of Quebec up from a wharf below. The tramway was powered by a stationary steam engine and was a permanent structure that operated until the late 1840s, when it was shut down due to its inconvenient location. Throughout the construction of the citadel, the general public was allowed to ride it as passengers, making it technically one of the earliest railways in Canada to carry passengers. A similar system, the Old Quebec Funicular, was later built in 1879 in a different location in the city.

First railway boom

The first Canadian railway, the Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad, was opened in 1836 outside of Montreal, a seasonal portage railway to connect river traffic. It was followed by the Albion Railway in Stellarton, Nova Scotia in 1840, a collier railway connecting coal mines to a seaport.

Heavy expansion of the rail system did not get under way until the Railway Guarantee Act of 1849 that guaranteed bond returns on all railways over 75 miles. This led to rapid expansion of railway in the Canadas, sometimes excessive growth as uneconomic lines were built since the government guaranteed profits.

However, this proved disastrous for government finances, and the Canadas were all but bankrupted by the subsidies. The largest rail project of this period was also a disaster. The Grand Trunk Railway linking Montreal to Sarnia was finished in 1860, but was vastly mired in debt. In exchange for bailing out the company the government escaped its guarantee on the railway bonds.

Transcontinental expansion

Canadian Confederation was in part brought about by the railways. The local governments had all but emptied their treasuries building railways, and a new and more stable method of financing them was required. It was also believed that union would allow for the needed construction of railroads linking British North America. The Maritimes joined largely because of promises to build the Intercolonial Railway, and British Columbia only because of a promise to build a transcontinental railroad.

The government had learnt its lesson and these railways were not funded by guarantees. Rather, the construction of the Intercolonial was fully controlled by the government under the direction of Sandford Fleming.

The railway to the Pacific, the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), was financed by private funds and through massive land grants in the Canadian prairies, much of it of little value until the railway arrived, $25 million in cash and a guaranteed monopoly. The railway, then the longest in the world, was completed in 1885 to great fanfare.

The booming Canadian economy after 1900 led to plans to build two new transcontinental railways. The Canadian Northern, a successful system covering the northern part of the prairies, and the Grand Trunk (through its Grand Trunk Pacific subsidiary) both launched ambitious plans to expand. The government at first encouraged the two to come to some arrangement and only have one new line, but in the end no agreement was made and the government supported the expansion of both lines. The federal government itself built the National Transcontinental Railway, a line from Moncton to Winnipeg, passing through the vast and uninhabited hinterland of the Canadian Shield.

Nationalization effort
This aggressive expansion proved disastrous when immigration and supplies of capital all but disappeared with the outbreak of the First World War. The Canadian Northern, Grand Trunk Pacific, and Grand Trunk were nationalized by the federal government, which absorbed the debt of over two billion dollars. All three railways, along with the Canadian Government Railways (formed by the Intercolonial, National Transcontinental, and several smaller lines) were then merged into the Canadian National Railways in 1923.

The years after the First World War saw only moderate expansion of the rail network and the age of the great railways were over in Canada. The automobile provided strong competition by the 1920s, and after the Second World War most passenger service was lost to airlines.

The Canadian National Railways was one of the earliest diesel train operators in North America. The CNR experimented with self-propelled "oil-electric" cars starting in 1924. Diesels slowly became more prominent as yard switchers in the following decades. A prominent debut of diesel railway locomotion in Canada was in 1929, when CN No. 9000, built by the Canadian Locomotive Company using diesel engines imported from Britain, was used on the International Limited, the flagship train of the former Grand Trunk Railway.

Postwar period
The National Transportation Act of 1967 was an attempt at comprehensive transportation reform. It provided government subsidies for branch lines and passenger services, which at the time were still operated primarily by Canadian National and Canadian Pacific.

In 1978, Canadian National passenger services were transferred to a new federal agency, Via Rail. CN was privatized in November 1995.

title: History of rail transport in Canada


text:
Sandbox (computer security)

In computer security, a sandbox is a security mechanism for separating running programs, usually in an effort to mitigate system failures and/or software vulnerabilities from spreading. The sandbox metaphor derives from the concept of a child's sandbox—a play area where kids can build, destroy, and experiment without causing any real-world damage. It is often used to execute untested or untrusted programs or code, possibly from unverified or untrusted third parties, suppliers, users or websites, without risking harm to the host machine or operating system. A sandbox typically provides a tightly controlled set of resources for guest programs to run in, such as storage and memory scratch space. Network access, the ability to inspect the host system, or read from input devices are usually disallowed or heavily restricted.

In the sense of providing a highly controlled environment, sandboxes may be seen as a specific example of virtualization. Sandboxing is frequently used to test unverified programs that may contain a virus or other malicious code without allowing the software to harm the host device.

Implementations
A sandbox is implemented by executing the software in a restricted operating system environment, thus controlling the resources (e.g. file descriptors, memory, file system space, etc.) that a process may use.

Examples of sandbox implementations include the following: Some of the use cases for sandboxes include the following:
 * Linux application sandboxing, built on Seccomp, cgroups and Linux namespaces. Notably used by Systemd, Google Chrome, Firefox, Firejail.
 * Android was the first mainstream operating system to implement full application sandboxing, built by assigning each application its own Linux user ID.
 * Apple App Sandbox is required for apps distributed through Apple's Mac App Store and iOS/iPadOS App Store, and recommended for other signed apps.
 * Windows Vista and later editions include a "low" mode process running, known as "User Account Control" (UAC), which only allows writing in a specific directory and registry keys. Windows 10 Pro, from version 1903, provides a feature known as Windows Sandbox.
 * Google Sandboxed API.
 * Virtual machines emulate a complete host computer, on which a conventional operating system may boot and run as on actual hardware. The guest operating system runs sandboxed in the sense that it does not function natively on the host and can only access host resources through the emulator.
 * A jail: network-access restrictions, and a restricted file system namespace. Jails are most commonly used in virtual hosting.
 * Rule-based execution gives users full control over what processes are started, spawned (by other applications), or allowed to inject code into other applications and have access to the net, by having the system assign access levels for users or programs according to a set of determined rules. It also can control file/registry security (what programs can read and write to the file system/registry). In such an environment, viruses and Trojans have fewer opportunities for infecting a computer. The SELinux and Apparmor security frameworks are two such implementations for Linux.
 * Security researchers rely heavily on sandboxing technologies to analyse malware behavior. By creating an environment that mimics or replicates the targeted desktops, researchers can evaluate how malware infects and compromises a target host. Numerous malware analysis services are based on the sandboxing technology.
 * Google Native Client is a sandbox for running compiled C and C++ code in the browser efficiently and securely, independent of the user's operating system.
 * Capability systems can be thought of as a fine-grained sandboxing mechanism, in which programs are given opaque tokens when spawned and have the ability to do specific things based on what tokens they hold. Capability-based implementations can work at various levels, from kernel to user-space. An example of capability-based user-level sandboxing involves HTML rendering in a Web browser.
 * Secure Computing Mode (seccomp) strict mode, seccomp only allows the ,  ,  , and   system calls.
 * HTML5 has a "sandbox" attribute for use with iframes.
 * Java virtual machines include a sandbox to restrict the actions of untrusted code, such as a Java applet.
 * The .NET Common Language Runtime provides Code Access Security to enforce restrictions on untrusted code.
 * Software Fault Isolation (SFI), allows running untrusted native code by sandboxing all store, read and jump assembly instructions to isolated segments of memory.
 * Online judge systems to test programs in programming contests.
 * New-generation pastebins allowing users to execute pasted code snippets on the pastebin's server.

title: Sandbox (computer security)


text:
HMS Rose

HMS Rose and similar, is the name of several ships. These include:

Royal Navy ships designated "HMS"
Twenty ships of the British Royal Navy have been named Rose or HMS Rose after the rose:

 * ENGLISH SHIP Rose was a King's ship in 1222.
 * ENGLISH SHIP Rose was a Cinque Ports ship in 1300. She was captured by the French in 1338 but was retaken in 1340.
 * ENGLISH SHIP Rose was a ballinger acquired in 1419 and sold in 1425.
 * ENGLISH SHIP Rose was a galley listed from 1512 until 1521.
 * ENGLISH SHIP Rose was a 6-gun pink launched in 1657 and transferred in 1661 to the Irish Packet Service.
 * HMS Rose (1670) was a 4-gun fireship captured from the Algerians in 1670 and expended in 1671.
 * HMS Rose (1672) was a 6-gun dogger captured from the Dutch in 1672 and lost in 1673.
 * HMS Rose (1674) was a 28-gun fifth rate launched in 1674, converted into a fireship in 1689 and sold in 1698.
 * HMS Rose (1684) (also known as Sally Rose) was a 16-gun sixth rate, formerly a Salé pirate captured in 1684 and sold in 1696.
 * HMS Rose (1709) was a 20-gun sixth rate purchased in 1709 and sold in 1712.
 * HMS Rose (1712) was a 20-gun sixth rate launched in 1712, rebuilt in 1724, hulked in 1739 and sold in 1744.
 * HMS Rose (1740) was a 24-gun sixth rate launched in 1740 and sold in 1755.
 * HMS Rose (1757) was a 20-gun sixth rate launched in 1757 and sunk as a block ship in 1779.
 * HMS Rose (1783) was a 28-gun sixth rate launched in 1783 and wrecked in 1794.
 * HMS Rose (1805) was an 18-gun sloop launched in 1805 and sold in 1817 for breaking up.
 * HMS Rose (1821) was an 18-gun sloop launched in 1821 and broken up in 1851.
 * HMS Rose (1856) was an Albacore-class gunboat launched in 1856 and broken up in 1868.
 * HMS Rose (1857) was a survey cutter purchased in 1857. She was stranded in 1864 and the wreck later sold.
 * HMS Rose (1880) was a coastguard yawl launched in 1880 and sold in 1906.
 * HMS Rose (K102) was a Flower-class corvette launched in 1941. She was lent to the Royal Norwegian Navy and sank in 1944 after colliding with HMS Manners (K568).

Other vessels

 * HM HIRED CUTTER Rose – any one of five hired armed vessels that served the Royal Navy between 1799 and 1804
 * HMS Surprise (replica ship), a 1970 replica of the 1757 HMS Rose, now named HMS Surprise, originally launched as HMS Rose

title: HMS Rose


text:
Music of Delaware

Delaware is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. The Delaware Symphony Orchestra is the largest organization of professional performers in the state, and is more than seventy years old; the orchestra evolved out of the Wilmington Symphony Orchestra. The Delaware Music Festival is a prominent music festival. Other musical institutions include OperaDelaware, the Music School of Delaware, and the School of Contemporary Music.

Delaware is also home to the Firefly Music Festival and The Big Barrel Country Music Festival annual music festivals held at the Dover International Speedway.

The state song of Delaware is "Our Delaware", with words by George B. Hynson and Donn Devine and music by Will M. S. Brown.

Recent, local trends include a surge in popularity for the blues.

Notable Delaware musicians

 * Boysetsfire, post-hardcore punk band, Newark, Delaware.
 * David Bromberg lives in Wilmington.
 * Clifford Brown, jazz trumpeter from Wilmington.
 * Cab Calloway, jazz band leader, retired to Wilmington, and died in Hockessin, Delaware his song "Minnie the Moocher" was posthumously inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999.
 * The Caulfields from Newark, Delaware.
 * The Crash Motive from Newark, Delaware.
 * Bob Marley lived in Delaware for a brief time, during which he was employed at Chrysler.
 * Dorothy Rudd Moore, composer, from New Castle, Delaware.
 * Matthew Shipp, jazz pianist from Wilmington.
 * Smashing Orange from Wilmington.
 * Spindrift from Newark, Delaware.
 * The Spinto Band from Wilmington.
 * George Thorogood, blues/rock musician from Wilmington. Did "Bad to the Bone" in 1982. He attended the University of Delaware.
 * Tom Verlaine and Richard Hell of the band Television met attending school at Sanford.
 * Vinnie Moore, guitarist for UFO (band) from New Castle, Delaware

title: Music of Delaware


text:
Talk:Music of Delaware

List of state bands
There's a List of bands from Delaware that should be here instead. RobLinwood 22:57, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

Inital cleanup
Hi, I've tried to clean up and add to this page (adding The Spinto Band, Cab Calloway, Jade Tree Records, and Bob Marley), but I haven't lived in Delaware for several years so I don't really follow local acts until they reach the big time, like The Spinto Band have recently done. Please add to this if you can. DE Pride 4ever! RobLinwood 00:22, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

Cleanup of Band List?
I'm not sure if it's accurate to list bands that were signed to Jade Tree Records but not formed in Delaware or made up of Delawareans. For example: to the best of my knowledge Lifetime, The Promise Ring, and Jets to Brazil are not from Delaware, they don't currently live in Delaware, and their only connection to the state is through the label that distributes their albums. This is like saying that all bands that are signed to California based labels are California Bands. Socialproject 18:04, 14 March 2007 (UTC) Socialproject

I've added Omnisoul and The Caulfields and removed bands that were only tangentially associated with Delaware. I've also removed any bands that don't have a Wikipedia entry for lack of notability. (Omnisoul had an entry and was notable, so I added them). The-bus 22:08, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

I question the notability of many of the musicians listed; many are only regional or local groups. I've removed those that appear to have no notability after a Google search.Wkharrisjr (talk) 21:42, 9 December 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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text:
Thomas W. Harvey

Thomas Watson Harvey (November 27, 1893 – June 27, 1978) was President-General of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA) from 1956 to 1978.

Biography
Harvey was born in Douglas, Burke County, Georgia, the oldest of twelve children of Walker and Billie Harvey. His father was a farmer and both his grandparents were slaves. He was named after Thomas E. Watson, the leader of the Populist Party in Georgia who at the time was a champion of Georgia's dispossessed, both black and white.

Harvey left Douglas as a young man seeking employment. His travels led him to Waynesboro, Augusta, Atlanta and other towns in the rural area. He became increasingly agitated as he became aware of his plight of black Americans, and he travelled north in search of a better life. He arrived in Philadelphia in 1917 at the age of 22. In 1919 he was discharged from the U.S. Army. Soon afterwards he became involved with the UNIA and its founder, Marcus Garvey, and became one of the thirteen students taught by Garvey in the School of African philosophy.

He joined the Association in 1919 and became very active, rising from ordinary membership to the successive positions of lieutenant of the African Legions, commissioner of the State of New York, Commissioner of the State of Ohio, High Chancellor of the Parent Body (when the Parent Body was located in London, England), Confidante of Mr. Garvey, and division president. In 1938 he distanced himself from Senator Theodore Bilbo, following the latter's use of racist invective in promoting the repatriation of African Americans under the age of 40 as an amendment to the House Joint Resolution 679.

Finally, Harvey was elected President-General of the UNIA Rehabilitating Committee in Detroit in 1951. Shortly afterwards he established the Garvey's Voice newspaper. He was elected again to the post again in 1960, and was re-elected every four years until his death; his many years of service often included minor tasks such as painting a room, sweeping or preparing meals for visitors. He was known as a peacemaker, and as a spokesman who believed staunchly in Garvey's philosophy and opinions.

The rest of his association with the UNIA can be documented by members of the organization who knew him well. In his travels from Georgia to various cities, the Senate Chamber, university campuses, and offices of foreign and domestic government officials, he touched the lives of many people. He was renowned for his patience with and commitment to his fellow men.

One of the highpoints of Harvey's career was the creation and founding of the African Project in 1966 under the leadership of the late Reverend Clarence Harding, Jr. The project was located in Monrovia, Liberia, and included a fully accredited school under the Garvey Memorial Foundation, headed by the minister of education.

Harvey died in 1978 at the home of his daughter, Jean Slappy of Philadelphia. He was 84 years old. His funeral took place at Antioch Second Baptist Church, and he was interred at Mount Lawn Cemetery, Sharon Hill, Pennsylvania.

title: Thomas W. Harvey


text:
Filippo Parlatore

Filippo Parlatore (Palermo, 8 August 1816 – Florence, 9 September 1877) was an Italian botanist.

He studied medicine at Palermo, but practiced only for a short time, his chief activity being during the cholera epidemic of 1837. Although at that time he had been an assistant professor of anatomy, a subject on which he had already written (Treatise on the human retina), he soon gave up all other interests to devote his entire attention to botany. He first made a study of the flora of Sicily, publishing in 1838 Flora panormitana (Palermo); he also dealt with the Sicilian flora in later works. In 1840 he left home to begin his extended botanical expeditions. He travelled all through Italy, then into Switzerland (where he remained for a time at Geneva with De Candolle), to France (where he was at Paris with Webb, the Englishman) and to England, his longest stay being at Kew. His part in the Third Congress of Italian naturalists held at Florence in 1841 was of significance for him and for the development of botanical studies in Italy. At this congress, in his celebrated memoir Sulla botanica in Italia, he proposed, among other things, that a general herbarium be established at Florence. This proposal was adopted. Grand Duke Leopold sought his assistance for this herbarium, gave him the post of professor of botany at the museum of natural sciences (a chair which had been vacant for almost thirty years), and made him director of the botanical garden connected with the museum. For more than three decades Parlatore was most active in fulfilling the duties of these positions, one of his principal services being the contribution of Collections botaniques du musée royale de physique et d'histoire naturelle (Florence, 1874) to the great collection entitled Erbario centrale italiano. His own private herbarium is now a part of the central herbarium, containing about 1900-2500 fascicules. In 1849 he made an investigation of the flora of the Mont-Blanc chain of the Alps; in 1851 he explored those of Northern Europe, Lapland, and Finland; the reports of these two expeditions appeared respectively in 1850 and 1854.

He published numerous treatises on botanical subjects,---discussing questions of system, organography, physiology, plant geography, and paleontology---in various periodicals, chiefly in the Giornale botanico Italiano (1844-), which he founded. He also gave considerable attention to the history of botany in Italy. His lifework in botany, however, is Flora Italiana, of which five volumes appeared between 1848 and 1874; the next five were issued by Teodoro Caruel (to 1894) with the assistance of Parlatore's manuscript. This work stands in high repute among all botanists. Mention should also be made of Lezioni di botanica comparata (Florence, 1843) and Monographia delle fumarie (Florence, 1844). To the sixteenth volume of De Candolle's Prodromus, Parlatore contributed the accounts of the conifers and Gnetaceae; to Webb's Histoire naturelle des îles Canaries (Paris, 1836–50), the accounts of the Umbelliferae and Graminae.

In 1842, Pierre Edmond Boissier named a genus of plants from Middle Asia as Parlatoria (part of the Brassicaceae family).

title: Filippo Parlatore


text: User talk:203.110.14.212

title: User talk:203.110.14.212


text: User talk:69.65.154.213

title: User talk:69.65.154.213