text:
Talk:St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.)

Suggestions 2015
I would consider changing the format of the graduation years of the notable alumni to their four digit versions because there are currently conflicts as to whether the alumni graduated in the 20th or 21st centureies. The amount of these conflicts will of course highten as time goes on. Should the alumni be split into 20th century graduates and 21st century graduates, or shall they be enumerated with four digits? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cmrmaria109 (talk • contribs) 01:54, 24 November 2015 (UTC)

Maximilian Schellinger
To 209.116.77.254 and 68.50.248.36:

If you want to explain why Maximilian Schellinger should be added to this article, that would be helpful. Otherwise, this is a very short article for an important school, and it would be appreciated if you could help make it a much better article. gK [[User talk:GK|¿?]] 16:28, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Suggestions
Donbas 00:34, 22 November 2005 (UTC) David Pierce 06:22, 27 September 2005 (UTC) May I suggest that the tone of the athletics section be changed to something a little more neutral? Many of the statements (such as that the IAC is the best lacrosse league in the country) are a bit exaggerated and, even if true, ought to be supported by some data. For example, the statement that STA is one of the strongest athletic programs in the area could be supported by a documented number of Founder's Cup wins. Statements about specific sports teams should be backed up by specific data such as Washington Post rankings (dated) or specific numbers of IAC championships (give years). I don't personally have the data to make the required corrections. A2a2a2 01:06, 25 July 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) The article contains imprecise unjustified claims, like "considered one of the finest schools in the United States." What does "finest" mean?  Who thinks St Albans is one of the finest?  I think such claims should be supported with citations, or removed.  In the present case, it ought to be possible to cite some organization's ranking of independent schools.  Likewise, what does "excel academically and athletically" mean?  (Also, if such a claim is going to be made about NCS, shouldn't it be made in the NCS article?)  Because famous alumni and college destinations are given, the reader should be able to infer something about the quality of the school without being told.
 * 2) *This was already addressed. Donbas 00:34, 22 November 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) *It should not be difficult to find and link to a source for this. It's regularly ranked in the top 10 by various private school guides.  From what I can tell no source is provided right now.
 * 4) What exactly is the relation between St Albans, NCS, and the Protestant Episcopal Cathedral Foundation? The two schools have their own governing boards, right?  Could this be explained?
 * 5) *I addressed this. Donbas 00:34, 22 November 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Why not list all of the headmasters? I don't think the list is very long.
 * 7) * IMO, good idea, but this needs research. Donbas 00:34, 22 November 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) Should current faculty members be named, if they don't have their own Wikipedia articles?
 * 9) * IMO, a select few of the faculty should, just in case they are selected, and also to give perspective on the teaching standards.
 * 10) * Might I suggest at least one past faculty member who ought to be noted, influential English teacher Ferdinand Ruge.
 * 11) The writer-in-residence program might be mentioned, if that is still going on. The first of those writers, Mary Kay Zuravleff, has published two novels, although she did sue the School and does not name the School in the biography at her website.
 * 12) * Interesting - perhaps this should stay off to prevent conflict for now, although the WIR is now there.
 * 13) The Eisenstein fellowship might be mentioned.
 * 14) *There are four fellowhips offered by the school, but research needs to be done about this before it goes in.
 * 1) Is is public verifiable knowledge that Al Gore has cut his ties with St Albans? If not, perhaps it should not be mentioned.
 * 2) * I do not know where one could find this information, but the school does quietly aknowledge this fact. Donbas 00:34, 22 November 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Why not list the most popular college choices of, say, the ten most recent classes? One class is not much of a sample.
 * 4) * IMO, this is obnoxious and snobby and does not need to be on the website.
 * 5) I thought the School motto was "Pro Ecclesia et pro patria", which would translate "For church and country", not "God". Did somebody change this?
 * 6) *You are totally correct, and I explained this Donbas 00:34, 22 November 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) What exactly is the role of religion at the School?
 * 8) *This is addressed Donbas 00:34, 22 November 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) Some curiosities might not be out of place in the article. Is there still a Glastonbury Thorn?
 * 10) *Perhaps this can go in. Donbas 00:34, 22 November 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) I realize this is trivial, but if you add people to the alumni list could you please alphabetize them properly. - graball

 * I agree. The section is constantly "improved" to be more boostering for the school's athletics. However, I think you may have to do some searching to get everything you need to make it more accurate. Irrespective of that, it needs to be made into a paragraph, instead of unrelated factoids. Stakhanov

Moving
This is to give notice that I intend moving this article. It is absurd that this school is at St. Albans School while St. Albans School (Hertfordshire) is qualified. I have not yet decided whether to move the other school here and dab at the top, or make a separate dab page.

The reason it is absurd is that St. Albans School (Hertfordshire) is well over a thousand years old (founded 948), claims the Venerable Bede as a benefactor, is the only school in the English-speaking world that has a former Pope as an alumnus, and is the alma mater of, among others, Stephen Hawking. It isolder than the Norman cathedral in the ancient city whose name it shares. With no disrespect for the Washington school I really do think it defies sense to have the two this way round.
 * How can it have as a benefactor the Venerable Bede who died circa 735? I agree, however, that this article on the Washington school has an inappopriate NPOV tone, a Wikipedia article should not come across like promotional material that goes so far as to sanctimoniously claim the mantle of Jesus Christ. Tom Cod 22:09, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

Declaration of interest: I went to St. Albans School (Hertfordshire). So if any other admins feel like putting the brakes on they should comment here or at my talk page, but I think the above argument is pretty powerful :-) - Just zis Guy, you know? [T]/[C] AfD? 00:34, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The Hertfordshire school is also reached on Wikipedia by typing "St Albans School" alone (without the dot after the "St"). This is in agreement with the School's own website.  The Washington school spells its name with a dot after the "St".  So St Albans School and St. Albans School can stand together as different articles on Wikipedia, each article providing a link to the other.  It's not clear why St Albans School redirects to St. Albans School (Hertfordshire), and not the other way around; it could be the other way around, it seems to me.
 * —David Pierce 16:28, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

From User Talk:JzG
So, you St. Albans is older, has more illustrious graduates, and is more prestigious; huzzah. My feeling is that the American St. Albans has the unqualified name because it has been around on Wikipedia for much longer - almost a year. Also, Wikipedia stared as a primarily American project, so it makes a little sense that it would go first. So I guess I'm saying in a complicated and sarcastic way that I support the move, with a disambiguation page. After all, both schools have a good relationship and participate in an exchange.

PS, There is also high school in St. Albans, Vermont, although I'm not sure after whom it is named. Donbas 17:36, 22 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Indeed, at least according to legend, the venue of the northernmost action of the American Civil War, where a Southern gentleman in residence took a number of townspeople hostage in order to effectuate the raising of the Confederate flag over the place, striking a blow against insufferable Yankee snobbery.Tom Cod (talk) 22:15, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

 * That's called "squatter's rights" ;-) I think a dab page is the best answer, especially if there is a third candidate. - Just zis Guy, you know? [T]/[C] [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px| ]] AfD? 10:43, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

 * User: David Pierce suggested that St. Albans in DC remain "St. Albans School", and the St Albans in Hertfordshire be known as the school prefers, as "St Albans School" without a period. This seem like a plan, but St. Albans School (Hertfordhire) should redirect to St Albans School, not the other way around. In this case then I think that a dab is unnecessary. Donbas 18:42, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The problem with that is that the other school also does not usually use the period (it is not the school of St. Alban, it is the school in St Albans -note no period), and in any case the use or otherwise is somewhat arbitrary.  A dab page is safer, I think. - Just zis Guy, you know? [T]/[C] [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px|  ]] AfD? 20:00, 21 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm gonna take this public on the Talk: St. Albans School page so other people interested in the subject can comment. Sound good? I think that a dab is better, but the English public school should retitled as "St Albans School", even if we keep the "(Hertfordshire)" after that. The American private school should be "St. Albans School", even if we add the "(Washington, DC)" as well. Donbas 18:15, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

 * There is a school called "St. Albans City School" in St. Albans, Vermont (city). There is also a "St. Albans Consoldated High School" in St. Albans, Maine . It is the name of New York City's PS36 . There is a St. Albans South Primary School in Victoria . Whether any of these schools are notable, or at least should be mentioned in their respective townships is another issue, debated at WikiProject Schools and at Schools. I think they should be looked over, especially for the naming conventions. I like the idea of having the two articles split by country - since all the other ones have more complicated names. I'd love to hear yours and everyone's thoughts.

 * I think the case for a dab page is made by this point. - Just zis Guy, you know? [T]/[C] [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px| ]] AfD? 18:55, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Naming Solution?
I propose
 * That St. Albans School automatically redirect to St. Albans School (Washington, DC);
 * That St Albans School and St. Albans School (Hertfordshire) automatically redirect to St Albans School (Hertfordshire) -NOTE THE LACK OF A PERIOD;
 * That the schools continue to have links to one another;
 * And that both contain links to St. Albans School (disambiguation), or something like that.

Here is my idea for the dab page.

Please comment. Donbas 23:30, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

 * As far as we seem to know, there is one St Albans School, and there is one St. Albans School. So far then, there is no need to qualify the names of their articles on Wikipedia with (Hertfordshire) and (Washington) respectively.

 * The problem is that there are other schools with "St Albans" or "St. Albans" in their names. All such schools should be listed on a disambiguation page.  What to call this page?  If it is "St Albans School" or "St. Albans School", then the article for the school with this precise name must be changed; and then the other should be changed for symmetry.

 * Yes, "St. Albans School (disambiguation)" can be used as suggested; but why not just use the existing disambiguation page St. Albans to list St. Albans schools? Or, the name "St. Albans schools" (in the plural) could be used.  It seems better to avoid parenthetical qualifications to article titles, unless they are really needed.

 * In any case, it seems right that St Albans School should link to St. Albans school, and vice versa, and that each should also link to a disambiguation page.
 * —David Pierce 13:37, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

 * See above; St Albans School Hertfordshire is the school of the city of St Albans (no period) - look here and you will also see no period.  I think the period thing is simply too arbitrary to be used as the distinction, I have seen examples with and without from both institutions.  I strongly suggest a dab page at St Albans School, which is the name by which all of them usually refer to themselves, a redirect at St. Albans School to the dab page, a St Albans School (Hertfordshire) and St Albans School (Washington, DC), and links to the various others including the one in New Zealand.  All can then link back to the dab page (alone) without further qualification. I will further reiterate my comment that the Hertfordshire school is over a thousand years old and is the only school in the English speaking world to have educated a Pope, so the simple claim of "squatter's rights" on St Albans School (unqualified) is problematic.  I'm sure the one in DC is a fine school (and my education at the other one left much to be desired) but as a simple matter of historical fact, the Hertfordshire one is the more significant. - Just zis Guy, you know? [T]/[C] [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px|  ]] AfD? 14:02, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I think I see the problem here. St. Albans School never, ever refers to itself without a period. Ever. Any time you have seen it withought, it is an error or a technical issue. That would not be proper American English, and most people don't even get why there is no apostrophe before the "s". The only place I can find a no-period spelling is in URLs and HTML headers. I believe you misunderstood me at some point about this. I'm sorry if I'm not clear sometimes.
 * Furthermore, the issue of significance is irrelevant, since the names are, in fact, spelled differently. I will address it, however. The English one is 10.5 times older, and has graduated a number of highly influential and important people - far, far, far more than are listed on the article - however, the American one has many more links to it and has graduates that are more likely to be searched, since there are more that are currently active, especially in the American Government. Thus, more people are likely to want to see it, even with a redirect to an appropriately qualified article. You give the people what they most likely want, so they most likely do not have to sort through a bajillion dab pages. This is common practice in other areas of Wikipedia, which is why I used it as the basis of my system. If someone accidentally types a period in, they will immediately realize that something is wrong, and the cross-link will work, or the dab. The other "St(.) Albans Schools" are almost invariably small, non-notable, or have other words in the name. I still think that both names should be qualified, with appropriate redirects from the most likely searches. This is in keeping with the Wikiproject:Schools policy on similarly-named schools.
 * JzG, I thought we were getting along amiably. I stand by my original proposal, and I hope this cleared things up. Donbas 18:16, 24 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I think you will find on investigation that 1 << 1 bajillion. I stand by the above: the name "St. Albans School" with or without a period is ambiguous, there being at least one school on each of three continents by that name.  Normal practice is to place the dab page at the root level unless one is so clearly more notable than the others as to make this redundant, which is clearly not the case here - I call your "several people in Washington" and raise you Tim Rice and Stephen Hawking ;-)  I could have just done this boldly.  I could use my Super Powers to force my opinion.  But I don't work that way.  I will look around the project space a bit, but do be aware that the schools project is not the 'pedia, and I do not usually get involved with it. Whether there is a dab at school or schools is immaterial to me, but "St Albans School" is, in usual Wikipedia terms, ambiguous and should be handled as such with proper deference to the much older and much more objectively notable institution.  And I hated the place, even if I do have the Old Albanian tie some place.  It is easy to get along amiably, just agree with me :-)  - Just zis Guy, you know? [T]/[C] [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px|  ]] AfD? 23:26, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

Ok, how about this. I have decided that a dab page is the best option, as we had agreed many years ago. However, this is conditional. That is that my St. Albans articel got vandalized a while back when the intended target was yours. The vandal did correct himself and find his way to the other. I had forgotten this and only our feud reminded me, something a good debate is supposed to do. However this was not a good debate at all. I will only agree if you admit that that last post was extremely condescending. The way you have treated me is not the way to deal with me, someone who is trying to collaborate with you and reach an agreement. Your opening line was just rude and you talked to me like I was a newbie. You may not have meant this, but please consider how you may be percieved.

The WP:Schools/Wikischools thing was actually just to suggest naming based on country/state/city, depending on the notability of the other schools. Also do not mistake what I was saying about notability. I was not saying that either school is more notable, I was merely indicating that because of the schools prominence in academic circles and the influence of alumni in the world right now, it seemed like both deserved equal footing, with both having frontal pages linking to qualified ones. I think that arguing about which school is more notable is not for us to do alone with each other. I feel that both deserved equal standing from the beginnig, because there is no way, despite whether one is more historical than the other, that one is strictly subordinate to the other. In terms of their effect on the world they are definitely peers. In terms of legacy, your St Albans will almost certainly end up with long-term influence because of Hawking and Renfrew.

So, all this to say, I do not want to be your enemy; that's pointless and I leave that job to other people you're having fun with. Just agree to these conditions: you're sorry; St. Albans School (Washington, DC) is always spelled with a period, whereas St Albans School (Hertfordshire) is not usually; that the aformentioned articles will be the names used, for the sake of further clarity; finally, that St Albans School (Hertfordshire) badly needs expanding, since it is an important school with an anemic article in need of a good medievalist.

This is also the first real fight I have ever gotten into on the ol' 'pedia. I'm still really confused about how it happened and got sillyDonbas 02:45, 25 January 2006 (UTC) PS. Graduating Tim Rice is not something to be proud of.

 * Fight? I wasn't aware we were having a fight, and I'm sorry you thought so.  Maybe I was a bit more pushy than usual, I don't know (I was in a hurry perhaps, usually I choose my words with care).  There were some smileys in there, after all.  Ah well, two great nations divided by a common language, eh?  You might miss the cultural reference in my wikisig, my use of language is heavily influenced by people like Douglas Adams (he of "impossibly huge yellow somethings that hang in the air exactly the way bricks don't"), it wouldn't be the first time someone has interpreted a wry aside as ann insult, I suppose, but mostly people get it.  Anyway, there was no intention ot insult or condescend.
 * And I certainly won't dispute that the article on my old school needs expanding. I don't think there's anything in there about the Hat Factory, for example, or the benefactors, or the old house names I sort-of-remember.  Or the fact that you ahve to be barred from over thirty pubs before you have to walk too far for a lunchtime pint.  No, maybe that should not go in...
 * And the thing about the periods really isn't a big deal, all I'm saying is that whatever the school might prefer, use of the period by others is largely arbitrary, depending on classical education, I'm guessing, since St. is an abbreviation of Saint and would therefore carry a period if thought of as such. And if I carry on in that vein much longer I'm going to end up having a circular argument with myself, which is unlikely to be terribly productive.  Oh well. What was the question again? - Just zis Guy, you know? [T]/[C] [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px|  ]] AfD? 11:24, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

Ok. Thank you. You're a good guy, guy. - Oh I do get the reference. I never thought it was mean-spirited, just sorta arrogant. I'ma go write Philip Frohman, if I finish my Rousseau... see Core Curriculum. I'm sorry I'm being such a stickler about periods - I wasn't sure you understood - just someting in the comments seemed vague. But - we've settled on an idea of how to fix it, let's get the names perfect, so it doesn't have to happen again. Donbas 14:48, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

Requested move
I'm requesting this page be moved to St. Albans School (Washington) (again), and this be made a disambig page (linking to St Albans School (Hertfordshire)). Only an admin can do the move. --Rob 04:58, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Two months is not enough time for an important decision. I suggest a straw poll. :0 -Will Beback 07:00, 10 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, I tried moving it before, but it gave me an error message (as I'm not an admin, and I tried moving back to a previous name). --Rob 07:10, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

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text:
Środa

Środa is the Polish word for Wednesday. It appears in the names of Polish towns holding Wednesday weekly fairs.

There are two towns in Poland called Środa:

 * Środa Śląska, in south-west Poland (Lower Silesian Voivodeship)
 * Środa Wielkopolska, in west-central Poland (Greater Poland Voivodeship)

Środa is also a reservoir lake on the Maskawa River, near Środa Wielkopolska.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Środa


text:
Alstonite

Alstonite, also known as bromlite, is a low temperature hydrothermal mineral that is a rare double carbonate of calcium and barium with the formula, sometimes with some strontium. Barytocalcite and paralstonite have the same formula but different structures, so these three minerals are said to be trimorphous. Alstonite is triclinic but barytocalcite is monoclinic and paralstonite is trigonal. The species was named Bromlite by Thomas Thomson in 1837 after the Bromley-Hill mine, and alstonite by August Breithaupt of the Freiberg Mining Academy in 1841, after Alston, Cumbria, the base of operations of the mineral dealer from whom the first samples were obtained by Thomson in 1834. Both of these names have been in common use.

Structure
Alstonite is triclinic, but appears pseudo-orthorhombic because of twinning. The space group is P1 or P$\overline{1}$. Alstonite appears to have a superstructure based on paralstonite without long range order of the metal cations or the CO3 groups. The structure of paralstonite is similar to that of other double carbonates.

Unit cell
The number of formula units, Z, in the triclinic unit cell is given as 10 or 12, and the unit cell parameters are a = 17.38 Å, b = 14.40 Å, c = 6.123 Å, α = 90.35°, β = 90.12°, γ = 120.08°. The Handbook of Mineralogy, however, describes the mineral in terms of a pseudo-orthorhombic unit cell, with space group C1 or C$\overline{1}$, Z = 24, and unit cell parameters a = 30.14 Å, b = 17.40 Å, c = 6.12 Å, α = β = γ = 90°.

Appearance
Simple crystals of alstonite are not known. The crystals are invariably complex twins formed by repeated twinning, and have the form of doubly terminated pseudo-hexagonal pyramids, like those of witherite but more acute. The faces are horizontally striated perpendicular to the pseudohexagonal c crystal axis and they are divided vertically by a medial, slightly reentrant twinning line parallel to the pseudohexagonal c axis.

Crystals are colourless to snow white, yellow-gray, pale gray, pale cream, pink, or pale rose-red, but the colour may fade on exposure to light. They are transparent to translucent with a white streak and vitreous lustre. The examination in polarized light of a transverse section shows that each compound crystal is built up of six differently oriented individuals arranged in twelve segments.

Optical properties
Alstonite is a biaxial (−) mineral with refractive indices nα =1.526, nβ = 1.671, nγ = 1.672. The maximum birefringence (the difference in refractive index between light travelling through the crystal with different polarizations) is δ = 0.146.

The optic angle 2V is the angle between the two optic axes in a biaxial crystal. The measured values of 2V for this mineral is 6°. It is also possible to calculate a theoretical value of 2V from the measured values of the refractive indices. The calculated value for alstonite is 8°. If the colour of the incident light is changed, then the refractive indices are modified, and the value of 2V changes. This is known as dispersion of the optic axes. For alstonite the effect is weak, with 2V larger for red light than for violet light (r > v).

The optical directions X, Y, and Z are the directions of travel of light with refractive indices nα, nβ, and nγ respectively. In general they are not the same as the directions a, b, and c of the crystallographic axes. For alstonite X, Y, and Z are parallel to the c, a, and b crystal axes respectively.

Alstonite fluoresces weak yellow under shortwave and longwave ultraviolet light.

Physical properties
Twinning in alstonite is ubiquitous, forming pseudohexagonal groups. The mineral has one imperfect cleavage and it breaks with an uneven fracture. It is not very hard, with a Mohs hardness of just 4 to $\overline{1}$, a little harder than fluorite, and its specific gravity is 3.70. It is soluble in dilute HCl and it is not radioactive. The trimorphs alstonite, paralstonite, and barytocalcite all have similar physical properties.

Type locality

There are two type localities, both in the north of England. One is the Bromley Hill Mine (Bloomsberry Horse Level), Nenthead, Alston Moor District, North Pennines, Cumbria, and the other is the Fallowfield Mine, Acomb, Hexham, Tyne Valley, Northumberland. The type material is held at the Freiberg Mining Academy, Germany, 15818.

At the type locality at Brownley Hill, alstonite occurs in low-temperature lead–zinc hydrothermal deposits associated with witherite, calcite, and baryte. The crystals are white to colourless or faintly pink acute pseudohexagonal pyramids or dipyramids up to 6 mm long. In some specimens the alstonite is intergrown with very thin hexagonal platy crystals of nailhead calcite. Alstonite commonly encrusts compact crystalline white to pale pink baryte. Similar crystals have been found at Fallowfield. It occurs typically in low-temperature hydrothermal lead–zinc ore deposits, as is the case at the type localities, and it has also been reported as a rare phase in carbonatites. It occurs associated with calcite, baryte, ankerite, siderite, benstonite, galena, sphalerite, pyrite, and quartz.

Other localities

 * USA: Tiny sharp pseudohexagonal dipyramids of alstonite with benstonite and more commonly with witherite are found at the Minerva Mine, Cave-In-Rock, Illinois.
 * England: Alstonite has been found in veins at New Brancepeth, near Durham.
 * England: At Nentsberry Haggs Mine, which, like the Brownley Hill Mine, is on Alston Moor, Cumbria, baryte has been found as pseudomorphs after alstonite up to 2.5 cm long, associated with sphalerite, galena, and witherite.

title: Alstonite


text:
Bulmer Hobson

John Bulmer Hobson (14 January 1883 – 8 August 1969) was an Irish republican. He was a leading member of the Irish Volunteers and the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) before the Easter Rising in 1916. Hobson swore Patrick Pearse into membership of the IRB in late 1913. He opposed and attempted to prevent the Easter Rising. Hobson was also chief of staff of Fianna Éireann, which he helped to found.

Early life
Hobson was born at 5 Magdala Street, Belfast, to Benjamin Hobson, a grocer originally from County Armagh, and Mary Ann Bulmer, who was from England. However, numerous sources erroneously cite his place of birth as Holywood, County Down.

In 1901, the family was living in Hopefield Avenue in Belfast, before moving to the townland of Ballycultra, outside Holywood, by 1911.

Hobson had a "fairly strict" Quaker upbringing, according to Charles Townshend, possibly intensified by being sent to a Friends' boarding school in Lisburn. Hobson later resigned on principle from the Quakers soon after the 1914 Howth gun-running, as the Quakers are opposed to all forms of violence.

Bulmer's father was born in Armagh, although he later lived in Monasterevin, County Kildare, and was said to be a Gladstonian Home Ruler in politics, while his mother was an English-born radical. In 1911 she was reported to be on a suffragist procession in London and was long involved in Belfast cultural activities. She gave a lecture, entitled "Some Ulster Souterrains" as the Belfast Naturalists' Field Club's representative in 1901 at the British Association's annual meeting in Leicester. With the poet Alice Milligan, she organised the Irishwomen's Association, whose home reading circle met in the Hobsons' house. Hobson began at 13 to subscribe to a nationalist journal, Shan Van Vocht, published by Milligan. Soon after he joined the Gaelic League and the Gaelic Athletic Association.

IRB and the Volunteers
Hobson was sworn into the IRB in 1904 by Denis McCullough, their head in Belfast. Together they founded the Dungannon Clubs, whose object was to celebrate the victory of Volunteers of 1782 in restoring to Ireland her own Parliament, although they were additionally an "open front" for the IRB. The Volunteers of 1782 were an armed militia whose success, they suggested, could offer instructive lessons. The first Dungannon Club manifesto read: “The Ireland we seek to build is not an Ireland for the Catholic or the Protestant, but an Ireland for every Irishman Irrespective of his creed or class." Under the direction of Denis McCullough, Hobson became one of the key figures in the ongoing revitalisation of the IRB in Ulster, along with Seán Mac Diarmada, Patrick McCartan and Ernest Blythe.

Hobson moved to Dublin in 1907, and soon became a close friend of veteran Fenian Tom Clarke, with whom he had a very close relationship until 1914. In August 1909, with Constance Markievicz, he founded Na Fianna Éireann as a Republican scouting movement. In 1911 the republican newspaper Irish Freedom was founded, to which Hobson was an early contributor, and later that year he took over the editorship of it from Patrick McCartan.

Hobson was elevated to the IRB's Supreme Council in 1911, which coincided with the resignations of P.T. Daly, Fred Allen and Sean O'Hanlon, opening the way for Tom Clarke and the younger men to take control of the IRB. In 1913 he was elevated to the chairman of the Dublin Centres Board of the IRB, and later that year was one of the founding organisers of the Irish Volunteers, remaining a primary connection between the Volunteers and the IRB. He put together the plan to bring sufficient Volunteers and their supporters, discreetly to Howth on Sunday, 26 July 1914, to unload and distribute the arms being landed from the Asgard at Howth.

As secretary and a member of the Volunteers provisional council, Hobson was instrumental in allowing Parliamentary leader John Redmond to gain control of the Volunteers organisation. He reluctantly gave in to Home Rule supporters' demands for control, believing that defying Redmond, who was popular with most rank-and-file Volunteers, would cause a split and would lead to the demise of the Volunteers. Clarke, steadfastly opposed to this action, never forgave him or spoke to him informally again. Hobson resigned as a member of the Supreme Council of the IRB, and was fired from his job as Dublin correspondent for the Gaelic American newspaper.

Hobson remained a member of the IRB, but, like the Volunteers' chief-of-staff Eoin MacNeill, he was kept unaware of the plans for the Rising. Though he could detect underground preparations, he had no certain evidence. He was later informed that volunteers had received orders for the Rising, timed for Easter Sunday, and he subsequently alerted MacNeill about what the IRB had planned. MacNeill issued a countermanding order, which served to delay the Rising by a day, and kept most of the Volunteers from participating. Hobson was kidnapped by Séamus O'Doherty on the orders of the organisers of the rising to stop him from spreading news of MacNeill's order, and held at gunpoint at O'Doherty's house in Phibsborough until the Rising was well underway. After the Rising, Hobson went to Eoin MacNeil's home of Woodtown Park to avoid arrest, an action which hurt his future political prospects and led to rumours that he was a traitor to the Volunteers and the IRB.

MacNeill later served in the Irish Free State government but Hobson was confined to a civil service job in the Department of Post and Telegraphs after Independence. Although he had been one of the most active members of the IRB for years, and was instrumental in the founding of the Volunteers, Hobson took no major role in politics after the Rising, or the subsequent Irish War of Independence (although he was later an occasional adviser to Clann na Poblachta). In 1922 he was appointed Chief of the Revenue Commissioners Stamp Department, the first of the departments that the IRB had infiltrated to any depth.

In 1947 he criticised the Rising and its leader saying the military council had "no plans.....which could seriously be called military" and that the Rising consisted of "locking a body of men up in two or three buildings to stay there until they were shot or burned out."

Later years
Hobson penned many economic works, writing from a Keynesian perspective. He believed that an economic resurgence was necessary to convince unionists to be a part of a United Ireland. Hobson hoped to eradicate poverty and founded the 'League for Social Justice'.

After his retirement in 1948, Hobson built a house near Roundstone, Connemara. His wife Claire (née Gregan), from whom he had separated in the late 1930s, died in 1958. After suffering a heart attack in the 1960s, Hobson lived with his daughter and son-in-law, Camilla and John Mitchell, in Castleconnell, County Limerick, where he finished his account of his life, titled Ireland, Yesterday and Tomorrow (Anvil Books, Ireland, 1968).

Death and legacy
He died on 8 August 1969, aged 86, in Castleconnell, County Limerick and is buried at Gurteen Cemetery near Roundstone in Connemara, County Galway.

The novelist Brian Moore was a family friend. Moore's last published work before his death in 1999 was an essay entitled "Going Home". It was a reflection inspired by a visit he made to Hobson's grave. The essay was commissioned by Granta and published in The New York Times on 7 February 1999. Despite Moore's often conflicted attitude to Ireland and his Irishness, his concluding reflection in the piece was "The past is buried until, in Connemara, the sight of Bulmer Hobson's grave brings back those faces, those scenes, those sounds and smells which now live only in my memory. And in that moment I know that when I die I would like to come home at last to be buried here in this quiet place among the grazing cows."

Published works

 * A short history of the Irish volunteers (1918)
 * (as editor) The letters of Wolfe Tone (1920)
 * (as editor)The life of Wolfe Tone (1921)
 * The New Querist: containing several queries, proposed to the consideration of the public (1933), Dublin: Candle Press
 * Ireland, Yesterday and Tomorrow (1968), Anvil Books

title: Bulmer Hobson


text:
Talk:Life of Samuel Johnson

Untitled
For an important topic like this, surely a stub is better than a speedy? Securiger 16:32, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Definately; This is a fine stub (good work!) However speedy deletion was better than having the original float around. Feel free to remove CSD notices when you improve articles like this. They're just not meant to be removed by the original author without significantly changing the article, as often happens with vandalism. --fvw * † 16:41, 2004 Nov 29 (UTC)

More, or, not enough?"
This is a slim article for a very thick book. Dugong.is.good.tucker (talk) 23:01, 20 August 2008 (UTC)
 * We are busy finishing the Samuel Johnson page. :) Ottava Rima (talk) 23:18, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

Johnson Template
I wanted to note that this is a discussion about the template at Template talk:Samuel Johnson. Ottava Rima (talk) 15:56, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

superfluous word
'However is a superfluous word, i would recommend you remove them to get your GA level. Buzzzsherman (talk) 04:02, 30 October 2009 (UTC)
 * "However" is a very standard word and has an important rhetorical purpose. What would you have in its place? Ottava Rima (talk) 04:39, 30 October 2009 (UTC)

 * it should not be replaced but re-phrased Words to avoid

However, although, whereas, despite.... are words that should never be used in a encyclopedia.

These words can imply that one alternative is less favored than another. Structures where two alternatives are contrasted are more likely to have this problem than situations where the word is used to emphasize a notable change.

Are you saying your getting GA level   with words like this??? Also i see you have passed articles to GAlevel. Do they have this words in them??/ Please read the  guideline on words to avoid. Buzzzsherman (talk) 05:44, 30 October 2009 (UTC)

 * update i have asked a question here Wikipedia talk:Good article nominations I see many people are using the word again

 * Buzzzsherman, I've been writing encyclopedic material for a -very- long time, and that is completely incorrect. "These words can imply that one alternative is less favored than another." Yes, they are -supposed- to imply that. Furthermore, the guideline says "or used with care are listed here". Ottava Rima (talk) 13:49, 30 October 2009 (UTC)

Shouldn't the article title be "THE Life of Samuel Johnson"?
The book title includes The. I don't see why Wikipedia would remove a word from the book title. You don't do it with film titles. Equinox ◑ 23:58, 27 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Life of Samuel Johnson


text:
Illinois Route 171

Illinois Route 171 (IL 171) is a 38.61 mi north–south state highway in northeastern Illinois. It runs from U.S. Route 6 (US 6) in Joliet north to Illinois Route 72 at the Chicago–Park Ridge border. The section of IL 171 on Archer Avenue from Joliet to Summit is historically significant, originating as a Native American trail, and later serving for a time as part of the first numbered highway between St. Louis and Chicago.

The current Illinois Route 171 incorporates part or all of previous IL 4, IL 4A, and IL 213.

Route description
IL 171 is mostly two lanes wide from Joliet to Willow Springs, and then four lanes wide to its northern endpoint in Chicago. It is a four-lane freeway for about 2 mi, from its intersection with West 55th Street and Archer Avenue in Summit, to its intersection with West 44th Place in Lyons.

Joliet to Lockport
IL 171 begins in Joliet as Collins Street, at an intersection with US 6 which is East Jackson Street. On its way out of town, it passes the historic Joliet Correctional Center, used as a location in several television shows and movies including The Blues Brothers. From Joliet to Lockport, it parallels the Des Plaines River, and IL 53 (which had formerly been US 66) on the other side of the river. It passes through historic Downtown Lockport as State Street, intersecting IL 7 at 9th Street.

Lockport to Summit

On the north side of Lockport, IL 171 bends northeast onto Archer Avenue. It intersects Interstate 355 (I-355, Veterans Memorial Tollway) just south of Lemont. At the community of Sag Bridge, it is joined by IL 83, and the two routes run concurrently for about 1 mi to cross the Calumet Sag Channel on the Archer Avenue Bridge. The two routes split again immediately north of the bridge, as IL 83 continues north while IL 171 resumes its northeastward course, passing St. James at Sag Bridge Church and Cemetery, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It then makes a scenic passage through the Palos Division of the Forest Preserve District of Cook County, a very large natural preserve. Leaving the forest preserve, it passes through the village of Willow Springs which was built strung out along the road. IL 171 has a complex interchange with US 12/US 20/US 45 (LaGrange Road) and I-294 (Tri-State Tollway) on the border between Willow Springs and Justice. At this point, it begins to parallel two roads to the east, Illinois Route 43 and Illinois Route 50. It will parallel these two roads for the rest of its route. It continues northeastward through Justice, passing Bethania and Resurrection Cemeteries. It then passes through small sections of Bridgeview and Bedford Park on its way into Summit.

Summit to Chicago

At an intersection with West 55th Street in Summit, IL 171 bends sharply to the north, becoming a freeway for about 2 mi, crossing the Illinois and Michigan Canal, the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, the Stevenson Expressway (I-55), and the Des Plaines River at a cloverleaf interchange whose ramps had to be built as bridges over these watercourses due to their close proximity to I-55. It then enters McCook and has interchanges with Joliet Road (Historic US 66), and West 47th Street at the border between McCook and Lyons, before the freeway ends at West 44th Place in Lyons. Continuing as First Avenue, IL 171 intersects US 34 at Ogden Avenue, and passes to the east of Brookfield Zoo in Brookfield. Continuing north into Maywood, it passes Loyola University Medical Center before intersecting I-290 (Eisenhower Expressway). It continues north through Melrose Park where it intersects IL 64 at North Avenue, and River Grove, where its name changes to Thatcher Avenue. At West Belmont Avenue, it enters the City of Chicago, becoming North Cumberland Avenue, at 8400 West in the Chicago address system. It intersects IL 19 at Irving Park Road. A half-mile further north, it enters the village of Norridge for just over one mile. It then has a cloverleaf interchange with I-90 (Kennedy Expressway) before ending at IL 72 (Higgins Road), at the border between Chicago and Park Ridge, near O'Hare Airport.

Before automobiles
The route followed by IL 171 from Joliet to Summit was originally a Native American trail. It can be found on a map from 1837. This original trail continued northeast beyond Summit around the southern shore of historic Mud Lake as a dry land route past the marshy Chicago Portage, ending where Downtown Chicago is now. This ancient trail is known today as Archer Avenue.

Original S.B.I. 171
Illinois State Bond Issue Route 171 (S.B.I. 171) was established in 1924 in the northwestern part of the state, and ran from Thomson to S.B.I. 78, along what is now called the Argo-Fay Route. This first IL 171 appeared on maps starting in 1929, but was gone by 1931 and never reappeared on this alignment.

Original S.B.I. 4
The first road from Joliet to Chicago was shown as "Lone Star Route" on early road maps. In 1924 S.B.I. 4 was designated as the first numbered route from Saint Louis to Chicago. From Joliet to Lyons, the original S.B.I 4 followed the route of modern IL 171, along Archer Avenue, except for a jog through Lemont on State and Main streets to bypass an unpaved section of Archer Avenue. It then rejoined Archer Avenue at Sag Bridge. At Summit, the original S.B.I. 4 continued along the modern alignment of IL 171 north to Lyons, where S.B.I. 4 turned east on Ogden Avenue towards Chicago.

Routes 4A and 213
In 1926, a new alignment for the Saint Louis to Chicago through highway was opened as IL 4 on the northwest side of the Des Plaines River from Joliet to Lyons. This new alignment would later become US 66 and then I-55. Its previous alignment on Archer Avenue was renumbered as IL 4A. By 1932, Archer Avenue was completely paved, so IL 4A no longer detoured through Lemont.

In 1934, IL 4A was extended east into Chicago along 55th Street and Garfield Boulevard to South Park Boulevard (now called Martin Luther King Jr. Drive), where it turned north to end at Leif Erickson Drive (now called Lake Shore Drive), which was US 12/US 20/US 41 at the time. This 1934 endpoint was roughly at the site of today's McCormick Place.

The next year, the 1935 map shows that the section of former IL 4A from Summit to Lyons had been designated as IL 213. It also shows IL 4A truncated to the intersection of Garfield Boulevard and South Park Boulevard, which had been designated US 330. By 1939 IL 4A had been rerouted from 55th Street, more directly into Downtown Chicago on Archer Avenue. In 1935, IL 4, IL 4A's parent route, was truncated to end at Springfield, having been replaced by US 66 from Springfield to Chicago. This left IL 4A from Joliet to Chicago as an odd remote orphan of its Downstate parent route until it was eliminated in 1967.

Modern Route 171
In 1946, IL 213 was renumbered IL 171, still connecting IL 4A in Summit to US 34 in Lyons. This is the first appearance of the modern IL 171. In the mid-1960s, as part of the construction of the new Stevenson Expressway, IL 171 was upgraded to a freeway between Summit and Lyons, including its interchange with I-55. In 1967, IL 4A was eliminated, and its section between Joliet and Summit became a southern extension of IL 171. In 1998, IL 171 was extended northward through several suburban communities and the Northwest Side of Chicago, crossing I-290 and I-90, to end at IL 72 (Higgins Road) on the border between Chicago and Park Ridge near O'Hare Airport.

Claims of supernatural occurrences
The section of IL 171 on Archer Avenue between Sag Bridge and Justice is reputed to be haunted. There have been reports of ghostly monks in the cemetery at St. James at Sag Bridge Church since the mid-1800s; in 1977 police are said to have chased a group of them into the cemetery. A vanishing hitchhiker known as Resurrection Mary is said to ask for rides between the Willowbrook Ballroom in Willow Springs and Resurrection Cemetery in Justice - and then disappear into the cemetery.

title: Illinois Route 171


text:
Talk:Patowmack Canal

National Park Service text
The text for the original version of this page came directly from the National Park Service page for the Patowmack Canal here http://www.nps.gov/gwmp/grfa/canal/pato.htm. This text is identical to that found here http://scienceviews.com/parks/patowmackcanal.html. On the NPS page, the link to "Disclaimer and Ownership" goes to http://www.nps.gov/disclaimer.htm which says (among other things) "Information presented on this website, unless otherwise indicated, is considered in the public domain." Since the page in question does not "otherwise indicate" ownership, I posted it to wikipedia in good faith.

It seems likely to me that the folks at scienceviews.com are claiming authorship inappropriately. I have attempted to contact them and will report back here if and when they respond. If the current situation is too uncertain for wikipedia then let me know and I will write another version of this page from scratch. If this documentation is adequate, then please reinstate the original. Thanks.

Henryhartley 16:32, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)

I have also contacted the National Park Service. If final deletion could be held off a few days until I hear from one or the other, it would be appreciated.

Henryhartley 18:46, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)

I heard back from the US National Park Service today. They verified that the text in question does indeed originate with them and that we are free to use it here. Below is the entire email (less phone numbers and email addresses which I hold back for Jesse's sake) I received from Jesse Reynolds, Supervisory Park Ranger, Great Falls Park:

 * Thank you for your question regarding the Great Falls Park web-site and information pertaining to the Patowmack Canal.

 * Until your message arrived, we were unaware of the ScienceViews.com information regarding the park. Based on your question, we looked at the ScienceViews web-site information about the park and discovered they have apparently used a great deal of information (word-for-word) written by our staff and volunteers.

 * The text you wish to use about the Canal was written by our staff and is based on several books and other documents regarding the Patowmack Canal. We, of course, do not have any problem with you using the information from our web-site.

 * If you receive a response from ScienceViews regarding where they obtained the information and why they have copyrighted it, we would be interested in seeing what they had to say.

 * Please feel free to contact me if you have any additional questions. Thanks again for bringing this situation to our attention!

 * Jesse Reynolds
 * Supervisory Park Ranger
 * Great Falls Park

I believe this gives us the verifications we need to revert to the posted version of the article. I'm not sure what the procedure is here so I'm hoping that posting this here is enough. Someone please let me know if it is not. Thanks.

Henryhartley 17:41, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

Citation
"An average of seven deaths occur each year in the Park area." - that comes from National Park Service signs posted at the falls, I'm not sure the proper way to cite that. Kmusser 15:55, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Patowmack Canal


text:
Adam Michna z Otradovic

Adam Michna z Otradovic, or also Adam Václav Michna z Otradovic – literally Adam Michna of Otradovice (c. 1600 – 2 November 1676, Jindřichův Hradec), was a Czech Catholic poet, composer, hymn writer, organist and choir leader of the early Baroque era. He is also known in simplified form as Adam Michna and during his life as Adamus Wenceslaus Michna de Ottradowicz. He was the most important Czech composer and poet of the early Baroque who initiated the development of Czech art in that era and became a significant inspiration for Czech artists of future generations.

Life
Michna was descended from the noble and musical family of Michna z Otradovic in Jindřichův Hradec in South Bohemia, bearing the title of Knight. His father was the organist and trumpeter Michael Michna (many of his other relatives were also trumpeters). In the 1620s the literary fraternity in the town was restored by the highest Lord Chancellor of the Kingdom of Bohemia Vilém Slavata and that act, together with the activities of the Jesuit College, founded in 1594, contributed greatly to the development of cultural life in the town. Adam Michna became the first student at the Jesuit College, where he studied in 1611–1612 and 1615–1617 at the gymnasium. In the 17th and 18th centuries the Order of Jesuits was a great influence on musical life in the Czech lands. Many of Michna's compositions were later printed and published by Prague Jesuits.

Little is known about his later life. He became a member of the Literary Society and the organist and choir director in 1633 at the provost church in Jindřichův Hradec. He helped to improve the musical life in the town, was a respected and wealthy citizen of Jindřichův Hradec and also the owner of the tap-room. He was twice married, but no record exists of any children. In 1673 he established a foundation for the education of needy young musicians. He died on 2 November 1676.

Work
Adam Michna was prolific, but not all of his works were preserved and known today. There are 230 of his compositions from three Czech and two Latin collections. The majority of his creative effort was dedicated to sacred music. The best known are his three hymn cycles, Česká mariánská muzika (Czech Marian music), Loutna česká (Czech Lute) and Svatoroční muzika (Holy year music).

He composed vocal as well as vocal-instrumental music to his own lyrics. He wrote many Czech sacred songs; some are still well known and popular, such as the carol Vánoční noc (Christmas Night), better known as Chtíc, aby spal, which is commonly sung today at Christmas in the Czech Republic. It is possible that Michna was familiar with early Italian Baroque compositional techniques.

Sacred music
Michna's sacred music (on liturgical texts, in Latin), is melodically rich, with polyphonic sound, in particular using brass instruments (trumpets, trombones), strings and organ. Vocal parts are based on the timbre contrast between solo vocals and choir.
 * Obsequium Marianum (1642)
 * Officium vespertinum, Psalmi (1648)
 * Magnificat I. toni (1654)
 * Sacra et litaniae – containing five masses, two litanies, a Te Deum, and a Requiem
 * Missa Sancti Wenceslai

Songs and hymns
Michna musically arranged homophonic songs from his own texts:
 * Česká mariánská muzyka (1647)
 * Loutna česká (1653)
 * Svatoroční muzyka (1661)

Poetry
Michna's poetry is based on emphasizing the use of word sounds, rhymes and rich metaphorical phrases. His verbal pictures are very vivid and aim to influence the senses. His favourite themes can be described as the inner fight between good and evil in man, moving from lovely images of paradise to the terrible torments of hell, but with specific noble, philosophical insight (however, he sometimes used colloquial language too), enriched on occasion by modest humour, arising from a critical view of human society. Among his other main themes is the imaginative depiction of nature. He was the first Czech poet to create the phenomenon of spiritual-romantic poetry.

The list of poems is practically identical to the collections of songs.

Recordings

 * Sacra Et Litaniae à 5, 6, 7 & 8 Vocum Cum Instrumentis – Václav Smetáček, Josef Veselka, Symphonisches Orchester Des Rundfunks von Bratislava, Moravan, Schwann, 1966
 * Missa à 7, Cantiones, Requiem – Capella Regia Musicalis, Robert Hugo; Studio Matouš, 1992
 * Missa Sancti Wenceslai, Svatoroční Muzika – Capella Regia Musicalis, Robert Hugo; Popron Music, 1994
 * Officium Vespertinum Capella Regia Musicalis, Robert Hugo; Arta Records, 2001
 * The Czech Lute (Loutna česká) – Prague Chamber Choir, Musica Bohemica, Jaroslav Krček; Supraphon, 2002. Musica Pro Sancta Cecilia, 2008
 * Messe de Saint-Wenceslas & Requiem – Chorale Franco-Allemande de Paris, Direction Bernard Lallement: Wild Palms Music, 2006. Also released in 1992 by Harmonia Mundi and BNL Productions

title: Adam Michna z Otradovic


text:
Ostrów

Ostrów (Polish for "river island") may refer to:

Poland

 * Greater Poland Voivodeship
 * Ostrów Wielkopolski, a town in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
 * Ostrów, Greater Poland Voivodeship in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)

 * Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Ostrów, Brodnica County in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)
 * Ostrów, Tuchola County in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)

 * Lesser Poland Voivodeship
 * Ostrów, Proszowice County in Lesser Poland Voivodeship (south Poland)
 * Ostrów, Tarnów County in Lesser Poland Voivodeship (south Poland)

 * Lublin Voivodship
 * Ostrów Lubelski, a town in Lublin Voivodship (east Poland)
 * Ostrów, Biała Podlaska County in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
 * Ostrów, Gmina Dorohusk in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
 * Ostrów, Gmina Wojsławice in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
 * Ostrów, Kraśnik County in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
 * Ostrów, Tomaszów Lubelski County in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
 * Ostrów, Lubartów County in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)

 * Lubusz Voivodeship
 * Ostrów, Lubusz Voivodeship in Lubusz Voivodeship (west Poland)

 * Łódź Voivodeship
 * Ostrów, Łask County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
 * Ostrów, Łowicz County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
 * Ostrów, Opoczno County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
 * Ostrów, Gmina Aleksandrów in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
 * Ostrów, Gmina Grabica in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
 * Ostrów, Sieradz County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
 * Ostrów, Gmina Ozorków in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
 * Ostrów, Gmina Zgierz in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)

 * Masovian Voivodeship
 * Ostrów, Garwolin County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
 * Ostrów, Kozienice County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
 * Ostrów, Mława County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
 * Ostrów, Otwock County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
 * Ostrów, Sierpc County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
 * Ostrów Mazowiecka, a town in Masovian Voivodship (east-central Poland)

 * Podlaskie Voivodeship
 * Ostrów, Gmina Poświętne in Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)
 * Ostrów, Gmina Suraż in Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)

 * Silesian Voivodeship
 * Ostrów, Lubliniec County in Silesian Voivodeship (south Poland)
 * Ostrów, Myszków County in Silesian Voivodeship (south Poland)

 * Subcarpathian Voivodeship
 * Ostrów, Przemyśl County in Subcarpathian Voivodeship (south-east Poland)
 * Ostrów, Jarosław County in Subcarpathian Voivodeship (south-east Poland)
 * Ostrów, Przeworsk County in Subcarpathian Voivodeship (south-east Poland)
 * Ostrów, Ropczyce-Sędziszów County in Subcarpathian Voivodeship (south-east Poland)

 * Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
 * Ostrów, Busko County in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (south-central Poland)
 * Ostrów, Opatów County in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (south-central Poland)
 * Ostrów, Kielce County in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (south-central Poland)
 * Ostrów, Włoszczowa County in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (south-central Poland)

 * Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
 * Ostrów, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland)

 * West Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Ostrów, West Pomeranian Voivodeship West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)

Belarus

 * Astraviec, town in Belarus
 * Vostrava, village in Belarus where the Astrava Treaty was signed

Lithuania

 * Astravas, suburb of Biržai, Lithuania

Islands

 * Ostrów Island, in Gdańsk
 * Ostrów Lednicki, on Lednica Lake
 * Ostrów Tumski, Głogów
 * Ostrów Tumski, Poznań
 * Ostrów Tumski, Wrocław

title: Ostrów


text:
David Octavius Hill

David Octavius Hill (20 May 1802 – 17 May 1870) was a Scottish painter, photographer and arts activist. He formed Hill & Adamson studio with the engineer and photographer Robert Adamson between 1843 and 1847 to pioneer many aspects of photography in Scotland.

Early life

David Octavius Hill was born in 1802 in Perth. His father, a bookseller and publisher, helped to re-establish Perth Academy and David was educated there as were his brothers. When his older brother Alexander joined the publishers Blackwood's in Edinburgh, Hill went there to study at the School of Design. He learned lithography and produced Sketches of Scenery in Perthshire which was published as an album of views. His landscape paintings were shown in the Institution for the Promotion of the Fine Arts in Scotland, and he was among the artists dissatisfied with the Institution who established a separate Scottish Academy in 1829 with the assistance of his close friend Henry Cockburn. A year later Hill took on unpaid secretarial duties. He sought commissions in book illustration, with four sketches being used to illustrate The Glasgow and Garnkirk Railway Prospectus in 1832, and went on to provide illustrations for editions of Walter Scott and Robert Burns.

In the 1830s he is listed as living at 24 Queen Street, in Edinburgh's New Town. In 1836 the Royal Scottish Academy began to pay him a salary as secretary, and with this security he married his fiancée Ann Macdonald the following year. After the birth of their daughter, Charlotte Hill, Ann was invalided, and died on 5 October 1841, aged 36, and was buried with her family in Greyfriars Churchyard in Perth. Charlotte Hill went on to marry the author Walter Scott Dalgleish LLD and is buried in Grange Cemetery, The Grange, Edinburgh.

He continued to produce illustrations and to paint landscapes on commission. During this period he lived at 28 Inverleith Row in Edinburgh's northern suburbs.

Free Church of Scotland

Hill was present at the Disruption Assembly in 1843 when over 450 ministers walked out of the Church of Scotland assembly and down to another assembly hall to found the Free Church of Scotland. He decided to record the dramatic scene with the encouragement of his friend Lord Cockburn and another spectator, the physicist Sir David Brewster who suggested using the new invention, photography, to get likenesses of all the ministers present. Brewster was himself experimenting with this technology which only dated back to 1839, and he introduced Hill to another enthusiast, Robert Adamson. Hill and Adamson took a series of photographs of those who had been present and of the setting. The 5 ft x 11.4 ft painting was eventually completed in 1866.

Photography studio
Hill moved to "Calton Hill Stairs" in 1850.

Their collaboration, with Hill providing skill in composition and lighting, and Adamson considerable sensitivity and dexterity in handling the camera, proved extremely successful, and they soon broadened their subject matter. Adamson's studio, "Rock House", on Calton Hill in Edinburgh became the centre of their photographic experiments. Using the calotype process, they produced a wide range of portraits depicting well-known Scottish luminaries of the time, including Hugh Miller, both in the studio and outdoors, often amongst the elaborate tombs in Greyfriars Kirkyard.

They photographed local and Fife landscapes and urban scenes, including images of the Scott Monument under construction in Edinburgh. As well as the great and the good, they photographed ordinary working folk, particularly the fishermen of Newhaven, and the fishwives who carried the fish in creels the 3 miles (5 km) uphill to the city of Edinburgh to sell them round the doors, with their cry of "Caller herrin" (fresh herring). They produced several groundbreaking "action" photographs of soldiers and – perhaps their most famous photograph – two priests walking side by side.

Their partnership produced around 3,000 prints, but was cut short after only four years due to the ill health and death of Adamson in 1848. The calotypes faded under sunlight, so had to be kept in albums, and though Hill continued the studio for some months, he became less active and abandoned the studio, though he continued to sell prints of the photographs and to use them as an aid for composing paintings. In 1862 he remarried, to the sculptor Amelia Robertson Paton, 20 years his junior, and around that time took up photography again, but the results were more static and less successful than his collaboration with Adamson. He was badly affected by the death of his daughter and his work slowed. In 1866 he finished the Disruption picture which received wide acclaim, though many of the participants had died by then. The photographer F.C. Annan produced fine reduced facsimiles of the painting for sale throughout the Free Church, and a group of subscribers raised £1,200 to buy the painting for the church. In 1869 illness forced him to give up his post as secretary to the RSA, and he died in May 1870.

Hill is buried in Dean Cemetery, Edinburgh – one of the finest Victorian cemeteries in Scotland. He is portrayed in a bust sculpted by his second wife, Amelia, who is buried alongside him.

Exhibitions
Some of his photographs were put on show in Glasgow in 1954 but the first major exhibition of his work was in 1963 in Essen, Germany.

title: David Octavius Hill


text:
Talk:Tunis

Tunis & Carthage
It is not clear why Tunis supplanted Carthage after both were destroyed. Is this not known?Sylvain1972 (talk) 14:41, 1 April 2010 (UTC)

disambig
tunis is also an operating system written in 1983 by rick holt
 * Is there a Tunis disambiguation page? Manytexts (talk) 08:24, 28 October 2012 (UTC)

Question
What does this sentence mean: "The historical city of Carthage was located across from the center of modern Tunis" ?
 * Who knows. Carthage is nearby. Anyway, I deleted that sentence. Sbwoodside 01:28, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

History references
In editing the early history I used these references. Some might be useful for beefing up other parts of the article. Sbwoodside 01:28, 9 November 2005 (UTC)
 * http://www.tunisie.com/culture/sites.html#Tunis
 * http://www.planetware.com/tunisia/tunis-tun-tc-t.htm
 * http://www.thisistravel.co.uk/travel/guides/city.html/Tunis-history--culture_article.html?in_article_id=25594&in_page_id=1
 * http://i-cias.com/e.o/tunis.htm

Alot to do *Sigh*
This page is incomplete and needs alot of work ahead of it. Lauckily ill take it on myself to do some of that work look forward to major changes Kara Umi 14:53, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

It also seems a well known Vandal has followed me to this page. He goes by the name of Vedexent. Tsk tsk hounding Wiki members are we veny. In any case theres little that an be done about this disgruntled user who enjoys abusing the rights of other editors and has a history of doing so be on the look out, thanks :) Kara Umi 21:26, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Yep - either I'm a horrid vandal, or I have little tolerance for "historical revisionism" to fit some perverse national pride by editors who try and win by shouting the longest and loudest. I'll let the discussions and archives for Talk:Carthage speak for themselves. Anyone who cares (and frankly why would you), can judge for themselves. You might also want to check Spam before you make accusations as well. You don't check anything before you speak, do you? - Vedexent (talk • contribs • blog) 21:45, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Thats funny because up until know youv been going under the shroud that you were simply there to uphold honorable wiki rules and guidlines (lol), but now you seem to show your true colors and your real motives for harrassing the Carthage article. Sorta leaves your character in question doesent it? And ill let the archives speak for themselves as well. As it seems to me that page is filled with graco-roman apologists and Historical Revinists (or just sock puppets.) with an axe to grind against carthage and you veny have clearly shown us your motives right here now could you go and do the same in the carthage talk :) Kara Umi 10:37, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

stay on topic
why is there a recount of the entire punic wars in this article? mention the parts that effect the history of tunis directly, sure, but if i want to read a synopsis history of the entire series of wars, i'll go read that. most of the 'early history' has nothing to do with tunis, nor is tunis even mentioned past the second sentence! stay on topic. you don't see an entire history of the roman empire recounted in the article on pompei do you? 70.52.197.210 08:24, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

Religion
Is there a famous Judge in Tunis having a mansion on a hill with a surrounding vineyard? Please respond to r3ct@yahoo.com. Is the Judge reverent? 66.248.87.111 05:40, 17 August 2006 (UTC)Rod Thornton

Where's the part about Jews not being allowed to live in Tunisia? They were forced to leave when Israel became it's own country, just as many other Arab countries forced the Jews out then. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.107.141.219 (talk) 13:29, 7 July 2010 (UTC)

At least they were not massacared similar to what the Zionists did to the indigenous Palestinians in their homeland of Palestine. You forget to mention that "when Israel became it's own country" that there were already people living on the land knowns as Palestinian Arabs who where Muslim, Christian, and Jewish. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.151.143.2 (talk) 19:15, 28 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Hello,
 * Please refrain from useless comments that are irrelevant to the topic in question, 209.151.143.2.
 * If there is any document of your claim, 70.107.141.219, please link it appropriately, and it would be considered.
 * Regards
 * E3 (talk) 10:39, 14 June 2013 (UTC)

Removed second info box.
I removed this infobox from the article. Typically, articles contain one info box summarizing the article. Alan.ca 23:31, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

Seal-resizing
Is there any way to get the seal into the infobox without having it blown up to the point of being useless? As it is right now it's covering part of the table of contents instead, which isn't so great either. -Bbik 01:49, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Tunis armoirie.png
Image:Tunis armoirie.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 05:12, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

IAF Attack in 1985
Modern history

The Arab League was headquartered in Tunis from 1947 to 1996. The Palestine Liberation Organization also had its headquarters in Tunis, from 1870s to 2003. In 1985, the PLO's headquarters was bombed by the Israeli Air Force, killing more than 6100 people

Is 6100 correct?

I've seen figures in the 60 to 100 range:

http://www.palestinefacts.org/pf_1967to1991_plo_tunisia.php

http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/hangar/2848/operate7.htm

http://books.google.com/books?id=FkyMsycbemEC&pg=PA454&lpg=PA454&dq=iaf+attack+on+plo+headquarters&source=web&ots=nmcdlrTHHg&sig=L41AEZ5BOBvLV_pr2VlbyEc3Nak

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1987/SGC.htm —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.59.197.236 (talk) 01:14, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

REMOVAL: "Growth since independence"
removed this:

 * Deletion: "Growth since independence"

Was all of this information wrong?

- 4.240.159.55 (talk) 20:24, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

No it is correct. It was an act of stupid vandalism unfortunately. Dr. Blofeld      White cat 10:49, 1 February 2009 (UTC)

Too many pictures
The pictures in this article just seem to swarm the place! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.30.64.138 (talk) 23:29, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

He

I helped improving the article, because (according to Failing States, Noam Chomsky) the Israeli bombing on Tunis killed 57 people, and not 70, as the writer mentioned. Just helping, nice article by the way!

Grtz Na5ty —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.127.64.155 (talk) 19:51, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

Re. picture captions: "Hannibal Barca, still considered to be the greatest stratege [sic] of all time in the universe." made me giggle, but I'm not sure hyperbole like this belongs in an encyclopedia article. 82.16.64.194 (talk) 19:51, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

please please make a Gallery :)) and put back yesterday or 2 days ago's picture —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.226.71.247 (talk) 21:44, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

Middle ages Confusion
--189.102.200.171 (talk) 02:04, 23 April 2009 (UTC)
 * The events of the first paragraph are repeated in the third paragraph and part of the fourth. (These paragraphs should be merged, with preference given to the section that was first added per the history of the page)
 * The second paragraph needs to chronologically be after the current fourth paragraph.
 * In the sub-section title, ages should be capitalized.

A new file for the seal
I propose this file to replace the seal in the article. Habib.mhenni (talk) 00:23, 11 May 2010 (UTC)

languages
I can't seem to find anything on what Tunis' official language is - a website says Arabic, then French for business, but it might be more complicated than that.Manytexts (talk) 08:21, 28 October 2012 (UTC)

Population
I don't know who checked the pop., but in the NIS-Tunisia site the Governorate's population is 1.077.750 as of July 1st 2012. Tunis municipality's population was 728.453 at the 2004 Census.

Where do the numbers now on the page (2.256.320 for the City and 4.002.500 for the Metro area) come from? Irinor (talk • contribs) 10:52, 16 December 2013 (UTC)

Possible copyright problem
This article has been revised as part of a large-scale clean-up project of multiple article copyright infringement. (See the investigation subpage) Earlier text must not be restored, unless it can be verified to be free of infringement. For legal reasons, Wikipedia cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material; such additions must be deleted. Contributors may use sources as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously. Diannaa (talk) 00:57, 15 March 2014 (UTC)

Broken Link
Link 40 does not lead anywhere. Also, the information listed under 40b includes Tunis spending 32,516 million dinars, should the comma be a decimal? 73.5.180.159 (talk) 23:02, 11 January 2015 (UTC)

Timeline of Tunis
What is missing from the recently created city timeline article? Please add relevant content. Contributions welcome. Thank you. -- M2545 (talk) 13:59, 19 May 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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GA review
The article, has reached a consequent level of information, also I nominated it for GA, anyone who wants, can review it to accept the motion.Tounsimentounes (talk) 19:59, 18 November 2015 (UTC)
 * User:Tounsimentounes, I'd be willing to review this article, but there are two cleanup banners in it and it will not pass unless those issues are resolved. I also note that there are several sections of the article without any inline citations – this too needs to be addressed. Please make sure you're familiar with Good article criteria and have checked the article against it. Cobblet (talk) 06:29, 15 December 2015 (UTC)

Tunis Governorate vs. Tunis Municipality
Can it be made more clear in the article if there is a difference between Tunis Governor and a Tunis municipality? In the "Georgraphy" section is lists in the subsection "suburbs" some delegations in Tunish governorate and those in others. In the "Politics" section and tne in the "Administrative divisions" is lists 15 municipal districts which make up the municipality. Are these "municipal districts" just another name fro delegations, and if so, are they all within the Tunis governorate? Again, the article is a bit jumbled as it relates to the municipal governance of Tunis, as I imagine it's probably a special case within the country of a city municipality composed of multiple delegations. --Criticalthinker (talk) 11:36, 29 November 2015 (UTC)

Early history
This section (besides being chronologically out of order) has a lot to say about Messina and the First Punic War, but almost nothing about the early history of Tunis itself. Shouldn't most of that stuff be removed? -165.234.252.11 (talk) 20:42, 9 March 2016 (UTC)

 * I went ahead and removed the stuff about the First Punic War; what's left still needs a lot of work but that was just out of place. -165.234.252.11 (talk) 19:11, 15 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Beanie Babies
'This caused many of the locals to stage protests by hanging beanie babies by nooses from the recently added traffic lights. The protests finally ended when the crowd ran out of beanie babies.' There's no source for this addition to the Infrastructure section and it looks like total nonsense. The only similar things I can find online seem to be copied verbatim from this article. If there's an actual source for it, I'm happy for it to go back.Mccapra (talk) 22:13, 12 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Noting that the preceding sentence about the number of traffic signals was added immediately beforehand from the same IP (in August 2011), so may also be suspect.—Odysseus 1 4 7  9  00:00, 13 June 2017 (UTC)

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'confirmed by its name'
Hello can you please provide a quote and page number from the source you added? Regards - Swazzo (talk) 07:36, 6 January 2018 (UTC)

January 2018
I have added a reliable source and removed the Paul Sebag's one because it's not needed anymore. All it tells us is that Paul Sebag, having rejected a punic origin, agrees with Charles-Joseph Tissot and Jules Toutain about the Berber origin of the settlement (see French quote).

M.Bitton (talk) 00:26, 10 January 2018 (UTC)

April 2020
Regarding this revert: Your claim that your reinterpretation of the sources are as per sources, yet the statement attributed to Fromherz is clearly not. Could you please provide quotations of the relevant portions from Sebag's book to justify your changes? M.Bitton (talk) 22:58, 4 April 2020 (UTC)

"تونس" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect تونس. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 November 7 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Sun8908  Talk 13:46, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

Question (CLIMATE)
When will the climate data be updated, following a 1991-2020 reference? 86.32.50.59 (talk) 19:50, 2 December 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:49, 23 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Tunisian Republic location map Topographic.png

title: Talk:Tunis


text:
Romas Kalanta

Romas Kalanta (22 February 1953 – 14 May 1972) was a 19-year-old Lithuanian high school student who killed himself by self-immolation in an act of protest against the Soviet regime in Lithuania. His death provoked the largest post-war riots in Lithuania and inspired similar self-immolations. In 1972, 13 more people committed suicide by self-immolation.

Kalanta became a symbol of the Lithuanian resistance throughout the 1970s and 1980s. In 2000, he was posthumously awarded the Order of the Cross of Vytis.

Life and death
Kalanta was religious; in a school essay he indicated that he would like to become a Catholic priest, which caused him some troubles with the authorities. He attended an evening school while working at a factory. Kalanta played the guitar and made a few drawings; he had long hair and sympathised with the hippies. These sympathies were later exploited by the Soviets to discredit Kalanta among the older population.

At noon on 14 May 1972, Kalanta poured three litres of petroleum on himself and set himself on fire in the square adjoining the Laisvės Alėja in front of the Kaunas State Musical Theatre where, in 1940, the puppet legislature People's Seimas had declared the establishment of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic and petitioned the Soviet Union to admit Lithuania as one of the soviet socialist republics. He died about 14 hours later in hospital. Before the suicide, Kalanta left his notebook with a brief note on a bench. Its content became known only after the declaration of independence in 1990 and opening up of secret KGB archives. The note read "blame only the regime for my death" (Lithuanian: Dėl mano mirties kaltinkite tik santvarką). No other notes were found to explain in more detail what had provoked the suicide.

After his death, rumours spread that a few of his classmates had formed a patriot group, and that they had held a lottery to determine which of them would have to carry out the mission. Official Soviet propaganda claimed that Kalanta was mentally ill.

Riots and aftermath
The Soviet government tried to cover up the event, but its witnesses spread the news by word of mouth. On 18 May, the Soviet authorities hastened Kalanta's burial by several hours to prevent publicity. His funeral procession touched off two full days of rebellion in which thousands of people took to the streets shouting: "Freedom for Lithuania!". They attacked a police station and the party offices. The people gathered, mostly high school students and young workers, broke into a politically charged riot, which was forcibly dispersed by the KGB, militsiya, and Internal Troops. The next day, about 3,000 people marched along the Laisvės Alėja of which 402 were arrested. The New York Times reported numerous injuries and one death among Soviet troops.

The public agitation was felt throughout 1972 and 1973 as the KGB registered various anti-Soviet incidents to even greater degrees. Lithuania recorded 13 other suicides by fire in 1972, including 24-year-old V. Stonys in Varėna on 29 May, 60-year-old A. Andriuškevičius in Kaunas on 3 June, 62-year-old Zališauskas on 10 June, and 40-year-old Juozapas Baracevičius in Šiauliai on 22 June.

title: Romas Kalanta


text:
Talk:E. U. Essien-Udom

E. U.
I think this article should be deleted because it's irrelevant. Does anybody know how to delete this article?

 * The article is of 'importance' as providing background history to Nigerian political scientists. Essien Udom was, I think, the first black professor in Political Science at the University of Ibadan, setting the scene for Nigerian explorations of aspects of Nigerian political thought. In addition he is mentioned on three other Wiki pages (Malcolm X; Amy Jacques Garvey; and Harlem), so that having some background to him would be useful. 82.46.20.84 21:23, 7 February 2007 (UTC) Jeremy Dudley

title: Talk:E. U. Essien-Udom


text:
Alfred Carpenter

Vice-Admiral Alfred Francis Blakeney Carpenter, VC (17 September 1881 – 27 December 1955) was a Royal Navy officer who was selected by his fellow officers and men to receive the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Family
Carpenter was born in Barnes, the son of Henrietta Maud née Shadwell (1858-1889) and Captain Alfred Carpenter RN, and grandson of Commander Charles Carpenter. He attended Bedales School founded by his Uncle Edward Carpenter's close friend John Haden Badley. In 1903 married to Emily Maud Mary Tordiffe (1881-1923) and after her death married Hilda Margaret Allison née Smith (1891-1958) in 1927.

Career
Carpenter joined the Royal Navy and saw naval service as a midshipman in Crete in 1898 and during the Boxer Rebellion of 1900–01. He was acting sub-lieutenant from 15 May 1901. In August 1902 he was temporarily posted to the torpedo boat destroyer HMS Havock for service during the Coronation Fleet review. From late October that year he was posted to the corvette HMS Cleopatra, used as a training cruiser in home waters, and confirmed in the rank of sub-lieutenant. He specialised in navigation from 1903 and received the thanks of the Admiralty for several inventions, and a Humane Society medal for saving life at sea. During World War I he served on Admiral Jellicoe's staff 1914–15. He was promoted to Commander in 1915 and served as navigating officer of HMS Emperor of India 1915–17.

On 22/23 April 1918, Captain Carpenter was in command of HMS Vindictive which was to land a force of 200 Royal Marines on the mole at Zeebrugge at the start of the Zeebrugge Raid. For his conduct during this action he was awarded the VC: "For most conspicuous gallantry. This officer was in command of "Vindictive." He set a magnificent example to all those under his command by his calm composure when navigating mined waters, bringing his ship alongside the mole in darkness. When "Vindictive" was within a few yards of the mole the enemy started and maintained a heavy fire from batteries, machine guns and rifles on to the bridge. He showed most conspicuous bravery, and did much to encourage similar behaviour on the part of the crew, supervising the landing from the "Vindictive" on to the mole, and walking round the decks directing operations and encouraging the men in the most dangerous and exposed positions. By his encouragement to those under him, his power of command and personal bearing, he undoubtedly contributed greatly to the success of the operation. Capt. Carpenter was selected by the officers of the "Vindictive," "Iris II.," and "Daffodil," and of the naval assaulting force to receive the Victoria Cross under Rule 13 of the Royal Warrant, dated 29 January 1856."

(Rule 13 of the Royal Warrant provides that after an action in which all are equally brave and distinguished, where no special selection can be made, the officer in overall command may direct that one officer may be selected for the award by the officers and men who took part in the action.)

Carpenter was also made an Officer of the Legion of Honour and awarded the Croix de Guerre with palm. He was sent on a lecturing tour through the US and Canada, 1918–19.

After the war, Carpenter was in command of HMS Carysfort in the Atlantic Fleet 1921–23, Captain of Chatham Dockyard 1924–26, in command of HMS Benbow in 1926 and of HMS Marlborough 1927–28. He was a naval aide-de-camp to the King (an honorary position) in 1929, and promoted rear-admiral and placed on the retired list in the same year. He was promoted to vice-admiral (retired) in 1934. During World War II he commanded the Wye Valley section of the Gloucestershire Home Guard.

His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Imperial War Museum, London, England.

Publications

 * The blocking of Zeebrugge, Herbert Jenkins, London, 1925, translated into French as L'embouteillage de Zeebrugge, Payot, Paris, 1924
 * De Raid op Zeebrugge door Carl Decaluwé en Tomas Termoteis (gebaseerd op 80 glasplaten van de kapitein van de Vindictive, Captain Alfred Carpenter, die in WO I de aanval op Zeebrugge leidde), ROULARTA MEDIA GROUP, ISBN 9789086794966, 15 April 2015

title: Alfred Carpenter