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Talk:Yamabushi

Could someone with the requisite knowledge please rewrite this article? I found some references to this group in a 16th century Latin text, and having already written Nanguinata, which refers to them, it would be nice to do a full article on this subject. Unfortunately I don't know the first thing about Yamabushi, and what little info I've found so far on google has not been terribly helpful. There is a brief description under Shugendo. Anyone willing to help me? --Iustinus/128.135.96.203 19:01, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Start Assessment
BusterD, I am curious what major improvements you think could be added to this page? It has pictures, a Buddhism nav-box, references, and a fair bit of text covering pretty much everything that I've been able to find on the yamabushi. I'm sure it's not long enough or detailed enough for A-class or so, but, well I'd just like some suggestions and guidance. Thank you. LordAmeth 19:35, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Shugendō
The article seems to only focus on the Yamabushi as a warrior monk and not on the follower of shugendō. Rewrite or addition possible? Zackariah 20:21, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

Masakari
Masakari was used by Yamabushi. Any references confirming this? Zerokitsune 03:43, 21 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Seems not unreasonable, as yamabushi were essentially loners, and each individual one might use different weapons, do different things... I don't have any solid references at all; I'm just guessing based on what it sounds like a masakari was. In the end, I wouldn't rule it out entirely that some yamabushi might have used it, but it's nothing standard I'm sure, and overall I'd be wary of slipping from the concept of real historical yamabushi into the more fanciful fictionalized conceptions. (Much like the case with ninja, yamabushi tend to get misrepresented in any variety of fictional accts.)LordAmeth 10:32, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

Translation of "Yamabushi"
The article currently translates "yamabushi" as "Those who hide in the mountains." However, the article on shugendō translates it as "One who lies in the mountains." I think the "lies" definition is more accurate and would like to change it in this article. Any objections? -Sarfa 00:00, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Sounds good to me. jisho.org gives "stoop; bend down; crouch; lie down; prostrate oneself; fall prostrate; hide; yield to; submit to", so that meaning of 'hiding' is definitely present, but consistency across articles is always a pleasant thing. LordAmeth 07:57, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

Thanks for the support. Done and done. -Sarfa 16:23, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

Sound good 20lauchiha (talk) 15:57, 6 November 2014 (UTC)

traslation
on babelfish the tranlation for 山伏 is Mountain ascetic —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.220.102.253 (talk) 19:41, 5 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Which is pretty much what yamabushi were. LordAmeth 23:01, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

Sohei isn't Yamabushi
Sohei, Monk solivers are private bodyguard of Buddhist temple who received some form of ordination. Yamabushi is not that part of tradition. Worryingly, the second photo in the article is not a Sohei but attributed as Yamabushi. I have checked the source and found that the original book which has expired copyright is the one which make this misatribution. Please be careful with the sources. Vapour (talk) 15:47, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

What's "Konsha"?
Is Konsha "講社"(kousha)?IsaacDragonBlack (talk) 17:02, 24 August 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yamabushi


text: Category:Glass

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Glass


text: User talk:64.171.167.202

title: User talk:64.171.167.202


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Moziak

MožiÄk
A short text in a Slavic language. I have no idea what it is about, machine translation doesn't give comprehensible results. Anyway, it has been on Pages needing translation for two weeks and it is going nowhere. Delete, I think. Sietse 16:23, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: this is a copy of Votes for deletion/MožiÄk. I can't include that page on VFD, presumably because of the non-standard characters. Sietse 19:03, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to the correct wikipedia or wiktionary if used language can be determined within the VfD lag time. Otherwise delete [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 21:38, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Just to note, it sounds as a poem I think and I think it is in Czekish. Might be Slovak too, but afak Czekish is the only Slavic language using ž, š and č characters. DeirYassin 22:21, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Or Croat or Sorbish. The Slav languages are near enough to each other for an educated Russian or Pole to likely make some sense of it. "Czekish" = Czech. Anthony Appleyard 22:50, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The lack of diacritics other than č/š/ž makes me think it's Slovenian, and Google searches of individual words confirm it. I haven't the foggiest what it says though. Transwiki to the Slovenian wiki and let them decide what to do with it. [[User:Livajo|力伟|☺]] 23:07, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I have a basic understanding of Czech, and this does not appear to be in either Czech or Slovak. Agree thattranswiki to the Slovenian wiki is probably the best idea. [[User:GeorgeStepanek|GeorgeStepanek\talk ]] 01:07, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Shouldn't we try to figure out what it is before we send it there? Abstain pending learning WTF this is. --Improv 22:09, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Doesn't look like West Slavic nor East Slavic language. Therefore it must be South Slavic language, thus Slovenian looks like best bet. Przepla 21:50, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Perhaps, if its language can be discovered, it can be sent to the Wikipedia for that language. Won't help people on the English one.
 * I posted on the "needs translation" page. YixilTesiphon
 * ...And was then rebuked. Apparently it had been there before. Oopsy.
 * Wasn't this deleted for a while? Let's just transwiki it already. --YixilTesiphon 04:54, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Moziak


text:
Induced metric

In mathematics and theoretical physics, the induced metric is the metric tensor defined on a submanifold that is induced from the metric tensor on a manifold into which the submanifold is embedded, through the pullback. It may be determined using the following formula (using the Einstein summation convention), which is the component form of the pullback operation:

 * $$g_{ab} = \partial_a X^\mu \partial_b X^\nu g_{\mu\nu}\ $$

Here $$a$$, $$b$$ describe the indices of coordinates $$\xi^a$$ of the submanifold while the functions $$X^\mu(\xi^a)$$ encode the embedding into the higher-dimensional manifold whose tangent indices are denoted $$\mu$$, $$\nu$$.

Example – Curve in 3D
Let

\Pi\colon \mathcal{C} \to \mathbb{R}^3,\ \tau \mapsto \begin{cases}\begin{align}x^1&= (a+b\cos(n\cdot \tau))\cos(m\cdot \tau)\\x^2&=(a+b\cos(n\cdot \tau))\sin(m\cdot \tau)\\x^3&=b\sin(n\cdot \tau).\end{align} \end{cases}$$

be a map from the domain of the curve $$\mathcal{C}$$ with parameter $$\tau$$ into the Euclidean manifold $$\mathbb{R}^3$$. Here $$a,b,m,n\in\mathbb{R}$$ are constants.

Then there is a metric given on $$\mathbb{R}^3$$ as

 * $$g=\sum\limits_{\mu,\nu}g_{\mu\nu}\mathrm{d}x^\mu\otimes \mathrm{d}x^\nu\quad\text{with}\quad

g_{\mu\nu} = \begin{pmatrix}1 & 0 & 0\\0 & 1 & 0\\0 & 0 & 1\end{pmatrix} $$.

and we compute

 * $$g_{\tau\tau}=\sum\limits_{\mu,\nu}\frac{\partial x^\mu}{\partial \tau}\frac{\partial x^\nu}{\partial \tau}\underbrace{g_{\mu\nu}}_{\delta_{\mu\nu}} = \sum\limits_\mu\left(\frac{\partial x^\mu}{\partial \tau}\right)^2=m^2 a^2+2m^2ab\cos(n\cdot \tau)+m^2b^2\cos^2(n\cdot \tau)+b^2n^2

$$

Therefore $$g_\mathcal{C}=(m^2 a^2+2m^2ab\cos(n\cdot \tau)+m^2b^2\cos^2(n\cdot \tau)+b^2n^2) \, \mathrm{d}\tau\otimes \mathrm{d}\tau$$

title: Induced metric


text:
Wheeler–DeWitt equation

The Wheeler–DeWitt equation for theoretical physics and applied mathematics, is a field equation attributed to John Archibald Wheeler and Bryce DeWitt. The equation attempts to mathematically combine the ideas of quantum mechanics and general relativity, a step towards a theory of quantum gravity.

In this approach, time plays a role different from what it does in non-relativistic quantum mechanics, leading to the so-called 'problem of time'. More specifically, the equation describes the quantum version of the Hamiltonian constraint using metric variables. Its commutation relations with the diffeomorphism constraints generate the Bergman–Komar "group" (which is the diffeomorphism group on-shell).

Motivation and background
In canonical gravity, spacetime is foliated into spacelike submanifolds. The three-metric (i.e., metric on the hypersurface) is $$\gamma_{ij}$$ and given by
 * $$g_{\mu\nu}\,\mathrm{d}x^{\mu}\,\mathrm{d}x^{\nu}=(-\,N^2+\beta_k\beta^k)\,\mathrm{d}t^2+2\beta_k\,\mathrm{d}x^k\,\mathrm{d}t+\gamma_{ij}\,\mathrm{d}x^i\,\mathrm{d}x^j.$$

In that equation the Latin indices run over the values 1, 2, 3 and the Greek indices run over the values 1, 2, 3, 4. The three-metric $$\gamma_{ij}$$ is the field, and we denote its conjugate momenta as $$\pi^{ij}$$. The Hamiltonian is a constraint (characteristic of most relativistic systems)
 * $$\mathcal{H}=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{\gamma}}G_{ijkl}\pi^{ij}\pi^{kl}-\sqrt{\gamma}\,{}^{(3)}\!R=0$$

where $$\gamma=\det(\gamma_{ij})$$ and $$G_{ijkl}=(\gamma_{ik}\gamma_{jl}+\gamma_{il}\gamma_{jk}-\gamma_{ij}\gamma_{kl})$$ is the Wheeler–DeWitt metric. In index-free notation, the Wheeler–DeWitt metric on the space of positive definite quadratic forms g in three dimensions is
 * $$\operatorname{tr}((g^{-1}dg)^2)-(\operatorname{tr}(g^{-1}dg))^2.$$

Quantization "puts hats" on the momenta and field variables; that is, the functions of numbers in the classical case become operators that modify the state function in the quantum case. Thus we obtain the operator
 * $$\widehat{\mathcal{H}}=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{\gamma}}\widehat{G}_{ijkl}\widehat{\pi}^{ij}\widehat{\pi}^{kl}-\sqrt{\gamma}\,{}^{(3)}\!\widehat{R}.$$

Working in "position space", these operators are
 * $$ \hat{\gamma}_{ij}(t,x^k) \to \gamma_{ij}(t,x^k)$$
 * $$ \hat{\pi}^{ij}(t,x^k) \to -i \frac{\delta}{\delta \gamma_{ij}(t,x^k)}. $$

One can apply the operator to a general wave functional of the metric $$\widehat{\mathcal{H}} \Psi[\gamma] =0 $$ where:

 * $$ \Psi[\gamma] = a + \int \psi(x) \gamma(x) dx^3+ \int\int \psi(x,y)\gamma(x)\gamma(y) dx^3 dy^3 +... $$

which would give a set of constraints amongst the coefficients $$\psi(x,y,...)$$. This means the amplitudes for $$N$$ gravitons at certain positions is related to the amplitudes for a different number of gravitons at different positions. Or, one could use the two-field formalism, treating $$\omega(g)$$ as an independent field so that the wave function is $$\Psi[\gamma,\omega]$$.

Mathematical formalism
The Wheeler–DeWitt equation is a functional differential equation. It is ill-defined in the general case, but very important in theoretical physics, especially in quantum gravity. It is a functional differential equation on the space of three dimensional spatial metrics. The Wheeler–DeWitt equation has the form of an operator acting on a wave functional; the functional reduces to a function in cosmology. Contrary to the general case, the Wheeler–DeWitt equation is well defined in minisuperspaces like the configuration space of cosmological theories. An example of such a wave function is the Hartle–Hawking state. Bryce DeWitt first published this equation in 1967 under the name "Einstein–Schrödinger equation"; it was later renamed the "Wheeler–DeWitt equation".

Hamiltonian constraint
Simply speaking, the Wheeler–DeWitt equation says

where $$\hat{H}(x)$$ is the Hamiltonian constraint in quantized general relativity and $$|\psi\rangle$$ stands for the wave function of the universe. Unlike ordinary quantum field theory or quantum mechanics, the Hamiltonian is a first class constraint on physical states. We also have an independent constraint for each point in space.

Although the symbols $$\hat{H}$$ and $$|\psi\rangle$$ may appear familiar, their interpretation in the Wheeler–DeWitt equation is substantially different from non-relativistic quantum mechanics. $$|\psi\rangle$$ is no longer a spatial wave function in the traditional sense of a complex-valued function that is defined on a 3-dimensional space-like surface and normalized to unity. Instead it is a functional of field configurations on all of spacetime. This wave function contains all of the information about the geometry and matter content of the universe. $$\hat{H}$$ is still an operator that acts on the Hilbert space of wave functions, but it is not the same Hilbert space as in the nonrelativistic case, and the Hamiltonian no longer determines the evolution of the system, so the Schrödinger equation $$\hat{H} |\psi\rangle = i \hbar \partial / \partial t |\psi\rangle $$ no longer applies. This property is known as timelessness. Various attempts to incorporate time in a fully quantum framework have been made, starting with the "Page and Wootters mechanism" and other subsequent proposals. The reemergence of time was also proposed as arising from quantum correlations between an evolving system and a reference quantum clock system, the concept of system-time entanglement is introduced as a quantifier of the actual distinguishable evolution undergone by the system.

Momentum constraint
We also need to augment the Hamiltonian constraint with momentum constraints
 * $$\vec{\mathcal{P}}(x) \left| \psi \right\rangle = 0$$

associated with spatial diffeomorphism invariance.

In minisuperspace approximations, we only have one Hamiltonian constraint (instead of infinitely many of them).

In fact, the principle of general covariance in general relativity implies that global evolution per se does not exist; the time $$t$$ is just a label we assign to one of the coordinate axes. Thus, what we think about as time evolution of any physical system is just a gauge transformation, similar to that of QED induced by U(1) local gauge transformation $$ \psi \rightarrow e^{i\theta(\vec{r} )} \psi$$ where $$\theta(\vec{r})$$ plays the role of local time. The role of a Hamiltonian is simply to restrict the space of the "kinematic" states of the Universe to that of "physical" states—the ones that follow gauge orbits. For this reason we call it a "Hamiltonian constraint." Upon quantization, physical states become wave functions that lie in the kernel of the Hamiltonian operator.

In general, the Hamiltonian vanishes for a theory with general covariance or time-scaling invariance.

title: Wheeler–DeWitt equation


text:
Helen Svedin

Helene Svedin (born 21 October 1974) is a Swedish model known as the face of H&M. She is married to former Portuguese footballer Luís Figo. They met in 1996 at a Joaquín Cortés show in Barcelona. They have three children together: Daniela (born 1999), Martina (born 2002) and Stella (born 2004). They live in Madrid.

Svedin has been in advertisements of Ana Sousa, Arena, Don Algodón, Friday's Project, Giorgio Armani, Guess, Isdin, Kia Motors, Land Rover, L'Oréal, Luciano Padovan, Nike, Vista Alegre, and Schwarzkopf. She has appeared on the covers of GQ, Elle, Telva, Marie Claire, and Woman.

title: Helen Svedin


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dennis Kan

This looks like a misplaced user page to me. Average Earthman 19:06, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text: User talk:216.45.165.77

title: User talk:216.45.165.77


text:
Émile Delahaye

Émile Delahaye (16 October 1843 – 1 June 1905) was a French automotive pioneer who founded Delahaye Automobiles.

Émile Delahaye was born in Tours, Indre-et-Loire. He studied engineering at Arts et Métiers Paris Technical trade school in Angers, the same educational institution later attended by Louis Delâge, another French automobile pioneer.

For a time, Delahaye worked in Belgium, at the Crail Engineering works, a company known for making steam locomotives. He returned to Tours following the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871, where he went to work for Monsieur Berthon, the proprietor of the Berthon Foundry And Machineworks, as his administrative assistant and senior engineer.

Delahaye married in 1873 but the couple were not young enough to conceive any children. In 1879 Delahaye assumed control of the Brethon Foundry and Machine-works, a business manufacturing brick kilns and related equipment for the ceramics trade. Delahaye experimented with steam and internal combustion engines, eventually converting part of the company's production to manufacturing stationary petrol engines for pumps.

In 1894, he displayed his first automobile at the inaugural Paris Motor Show, held in a large Paris art gallery. Aside from the myriad motorized bicycles and tricycles, Delahaye's was one of only two automobiles entered.

To publicize his product, Delahaye raced one of his cars in the 1896 Paris–Marseille–Paris road race. Faced with health problems, and realizing the need for additional invested capital, better machine tools, and larger assembly space, Delahaye partnered with two Paris industrialists, brothers-in-law Leon Desmarais and Georges Morane. By 1898 the newly incorporated owners relocated their automobile production from Tours to the industrial building in the Gobelin district of Paris that Desmarais and Morane inherited. By 1901 Delahaye's rapidly deteriorating health forced him to step down as President. He sold his shares to his partners, and retired to the French Riviera where he died in 1905.

The company Delahaye founded survived until 31 December 1954.

title: Émile Delahaye


text:
Ruslan and Lyudmila (opera)

Ruslan and Lyudmila (Руслан и Людмила ) is an opera in five acts (eight tableaux) composed by Mikhail Glinka between 1837 and 1842.

The libretto was written in Russian by Valerian Shirkov, with minor contributions by Mykola Markevych, Nestor Kukolnik, and the composer based on the 1820 narrative poem of the same name by Alexander Pushkin. Pushkin's death in the famous duel prevented him from writing the libretto himself as planned.

Today, the best-known music from the opera is its overture.

Performance history
The premiere took place in Saint Petersburg on 27 November(Old Style) 1842 at the Bolshoi Kamenniy Teatr. The initial lack of enthusiasm for this Russian-inspired production has been attributed to the Saint Petersburg's audience's growing taste at the time for Italian opera, which was so pronounced that in 1843, Tsar Nicholas I established an Italian opera company in the Bolshoi Kamenniy Teatr, and the Russian opera company lost its home. Four years later, the opera was given its Moscow premiere at the Bolshoi Theatre in 1846. The opera has been a mainstay of the Bolshoi, having staged over 700 performances in 9 different productions over the past 165 years.

The opera was first performed in the UK on 4 June 1931 at the Lyceum Theatre in London and in the US as a concert version in New York on 26 December 1942. It was given its first staged performance in the US by Sarah Caldwell's Opera Company of Boston on 5 March 1977.

Synopsis
Time: The time of Kievan Rus' (9th to 13th centuries)

Place: Kiev; various imaginary and fantastic locations

Act 1
In Svetozar's banquet hall, the wedding feast for Ruslan and Lyudmila is taking place. The guests listen to Bayan sing a song foretelling misfortune for the bride and groom, followed by happiness from true love. Lyudmila, saddened by the prospect of leaving her father, offers words of comfort to her unsuccessful suitors, Farlaf and Ratmir, and then pledges herself to Ruslan. Svetozar blesses the couple. All of a sudden everything goes dark and there is a crash of thunder. The people are paralysed by a spell while two monsters carry Lyudmila away. When light returns and everyone recovers, they panic over Lyudmila's disappearance. Svetozar promises half his kingdom and Lyudmila's hand to the man who brings her back. The three suitors ready themselves for the journey to find Lyudmila.

Act 2
Tableau 1

Ruslan comes upon the cave of the kindly wizard Finn, who tells him that the evil sorcerer Chernomor has absconded with Lyudmila and that Ruslan is the man who will destroy him. Ruslan asks Finn why he lives in this deserted place, and Finn relates the story of many years ago, when he was a shepherd in his distant homeland (he says he is "a Finn") and fell in love with a beautiful girl named Naina. When she rejected his declaration of love, he went off to do battle with enemies for booty. Returning with this booty, he presented it to Naina, but she yet again spurned him. Then he resolved to study magic to win her; many years went by, and through sorcery he finally summoned an old, grey-haired, humpbacked woman – it was Naina, who now was mad with passion for him. He ran away from her and has been hiding from her ever since. For abandoning her, Naina is consumed by vengeful hatred, which will likewise fall upon Ruslan. Assuring him that Lyudmila will not be harmed, Finn instructs Ruslan to head north, and the two of them exit in opposite directions.

Tableau 2

In a deserted place, the cowardly Farlaf wonders whether he should continue searching for Lyudmila, when the decrepit Naina approaches him. She promises to get Lyudmila for him and send Ruslan far away. She disappears, and Farlaf rejoices in his triumph.

Tableau 3

Ruslan, having come upon a foggy desert strewn with weapons and bones from a past battle, wonders at the cause of this scene and whether he, too, may end up the same way. He chooses a new shield and spear from the ground to replace his broken weaponry, but cannot find a sword heavy enough to complete his new set of armor. When the fog lifts, a giant Head is revealed and blows through its lips to bring up a storm so as to drive Ruslan away. When Ruslan strikes the head with his spear, the Head falls back and reveals a sword underneath. He takes it and asks the Head whence it came. As it is dying, the Head explains that it once was a giant, and his dwarf brother is the evil sorcerer Chernomor. The sword was destined to kill both of them; so, in order to forestall fate, Chernomor tricked the giant, beheaded him, and flew his live head away to the distant desert to keep the sword protected underneath it. With the sword now in Ruslan's hands, the Head calls for vengeance on Chernomor.

Act 3
Young maidens are luring passing travelers to enter Naina's magical castle. Gorislava appears, looking for Ratmir, who had taken her captive and then abandoned her. After she goes away for a moment, Ratmir himself comes on the scene and falls under the spell of the maidens, who seduce him with dance. The final guest attracted to the castle is Ruslan, who finds himself forgetting Lyudmila upon seeing Gorislava. Suddenly Finn appears; and, after pronouncing a happy fate for Ratmir with Gorislava, and for Ruslan with Lyudmila, the castle turns into a forest as they resolve to rescue Lyudmila.

Act 4
Within Chernomor's magical gardens, Lyudmila longs for Ruslan and resists the influence of the enchanted surroundings. Chernomor with his retinue arrives; dances are performed. A trumpet call signals a challenge from Ruslan. Chernomor puts Lyudmila under a sleeping spell and goes off to fight Ruslan, who shortly comes on the scene triumphantly wearing Chernomor's beard around his helmet. Although he is disheartened by Lyudmila's condition, Ruslan, along with Ratmir and Gorislava, resolve to return to Kiev with Lyudmila to seek the aid of the magicians there. Chernomor's former slaves freely come along.

Act 5
Tableau 1

In a moonlit valley, Ruslan, Ratmir, and Gorislava, with Lyudmila, have camped for the night. Ratmir, who is standing guard, worries about Ruslan, and then expresses his happiness at his reunion with Gorislava. Suddenly the slaves report that Lyudmila once again has been abducted and that Ruslan has left in search of her. Finn appears, gives a magic ring to Ratmir that will awaken Lyudmila when she is brought back to Kiev.

Tableau 2

Lyudmila lies asleep in Svetozar's banquet hall. It turns out that Farlaf, with Naina's assistance, kidnapped Lyudmila and brought her to Kiev so as to appear to have been her rescuer. However, he cannot waken her. Horses approach, and Ruslan, Ratmir, and Gorislava arrive. Ruslan brings the magic ring to Lyudmila, and she awakens. As the tableau opens onto a view of Kiev, the people rejoice in their gods, their motherland, and the young couple.

Principal arias and numbers
Overture Act 1
 * Aria: Cavatina "I'm sad, dear father!", Каватина «Грустно мне, родитель дорогой!» (Lyudmila)

Act 2
 * Aria: Ballad "Welcome, my son", Баллада «Добро пожаловать, мой сын» (Finn, Ruslan)
 * Aria: Rondo "The hour of my triumph is near", Рондо «Близок уж час торжества моего» (Farlaf)
 * Aria: "O field, field, who has strewn you with dead men's bones", «О поле, поле, кто тебя усеял мертвыми костями» (Ruslan)

Act 3
 * Aria: "Night shadow's followed the ardent heat", «И жар и зной сменила ночи тень» (Ratmir)
 * Dances

Act 4
 * Aria: Aria (Lyudmila)
 * March: Chernomor's March, «Марш Черномора» (orchestra)
 * Oriental Dances, «Восточные танцы» (orchestra)
 * Turkish Dance, «турецкий танец»
 * Arabian Dance, «арабский танец»
 * Lezginka, «лезгинка»

Structure

 * Overture

Act 1
 * No. 1: Introduction
 * No. 2: Cavatina (Lyudmila)
 * No. 3: Finale

Act 2
 * No. 4: Entr'acte
 * No. 5: Ballad (Finn)
 * No. 6: Duettino (Ruslan, Finn)
 * No. 7: Scene and Rondo (Farlaf)
 * No. 8: Aria (Ruslan)
 * No. 9: Scene with the Head
 * No. 10: Finale – Tale of the Head

Act 3
 * No. 11: Entr'acte
 * No. 12: Persian Chorus
 * No. 13: Cavatina (Gorislava)
 * No. 14: Aria (Ratmir)
 * No. 15: Dances
 * Allegro moderato
 * Adagio
 * Grazioso
 * Coda
 * No. 16: Finale

Act 4
 * No. 17: Entr'acte
 * No. 18: Scene and Aria (Lyudmila)
 * No. 19: March of Chernomor
 * No. 20: Oriental Dances
 * No. 21: Chorus
 * No. 22: Finale

Act 5
 * No. 23: Entr'acte
 * No. 24: Romance (Ratmir)
 * No. 25: Recitative and Chorus
 * No. 26: Duet (Finn, Ratmir)
 * No. 27: Finale

Analysis
As with A Life for the Tsar, Ruslan employs some aspects of Russian folk music; it is also noted for imaginative use of dissonance, chromaticism, and Eastern elements. Of particular consequence is the use of the whole tone scale for the first time in Russian music. It is particularly associated thematically with Chernomor and, as a result, became so popular among Russian composers for suggesting evil or ominous personages or situations, that even today Russian musicians refer to the whole tone scale as gamma Chernomora, or "Chernomor's scale".

The rollicking overture is one of the best known orchestral showpieces in the West and known for being a nightmare for bassists. An orchestral feature of act 1 is the use of piano and harp to suggest the timbre of the gusli. Glinka's debt to Western operatic models is abundantly apparent in Farlaf's Rondo, a Russian emulation of Figaro's "Largo al factotum" from Rossini's The Barber of Seville.

Glinka's variation treatment of folk melody crystallized in Ruslan into what has been called his influential "changing background technique", used, for example, in Finn's ballad and the Head's narrative, but seen to best advantage in the Persian Chorus that opens act 3, where the tune remains intact through five statements while the orchestral background is changed completely on each repetition.

Along with its counterpart A Life for the Tsar, this second opera by Glinka confirmed a Russian national operatic foundation that was to be built upon by the next generation of Russian composers. In particular, Ruslan served as the model for Russian operatic fairy tales, particularly those of Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov.

Recordings

 * 1938: Samuil Samosud (conductor), Bolshoi Theatre Orchestra and Chorus, Maksim Mikhaylov (Svetozar), Valeria Barsova (Lyudmila), Mark Reizen (Ruslan), Yelizaveta Antonova (Ratmir), Vasiliy Lubenchov (Farlaf), Yelena Slivinskaya (Gorislava), Nikander Khanayev (Finn), Lyudmila Stavrovskaya (Naina), Solomon Khromchenko (Bayan).
 * 1952: Kirill Kondrashin (conductor), Bolshoi Theatre Orchestra and Chorus, Vladimir Gavriushov (Svetozar), Vera Firsova (Lyudmila), Ivan Petrov (Ruslan), Eugenia Verbitskaya (Ratmir), Alexei Krivchenya (Farlaf), Nina Pokrovskaya (Gorislava), Georgi Nelepp (Finn), Elena Korneyeva (Naina), Sergei Lemeshev (Bayan).
 * 1979: Yuri Simonov (conductor), Bolshoi Theatre Orchestra and Chorus, Valeri Yaroslavtsev (Svetozar), Bela Rudenko (Lyudmila), Evgeny Nesterenko (Ruslan), Tamara Sinyavskaya (Ratmir), Boris Morozov (Farlaf), Nina Fomina (Gorislava), Aleksei Maslennikov (Finn), Galina Borisova (Naina), Alexander Arkhipov (Bayan).
 * 1995: (DVD) Valery Gergiev (conductor), Kirov Orchestra, Opera Chorus and Ballet, St. Petersburg, in association with San Francisco Opera, Mikhail Kit (Svetozar), Anna Netrebko (Lyudmila), Vladimir Ognovenko (Ruslan), Larissa Diadkova (Ratmir), Gennady Bezzubenkov (Farlaf), Galina Gorchakova (Gorislava), Konstantin Pluzhnikov (Finn), Irena Bogachova (Naina), Yuri Marusin (Bayan).
 * 2011: (DVD) Vladimir Jurowski (conductor), Orchestra and Choir of the Bolshoi Theatre, Albina Shagimuratova (Lyudmila), Mikhail Petrenko (Ruslan), Yuriy Mynenko (Ratmir), Almas Svilpa (Farlaf), Alexandrina Pendatchanska (Gorislava), Charles Workman (tenor) (Finn/Bayan), Vladimir Ognovenko (Svetozar), Elena Zaremba (Naina).

In popular culture
The 1992 video game Tetris Classic incorporated the opera's overture as its title theme, and arranged selections of the opera are featured throughout the game. The overture was also used as the theme tune for the TV series Mom, the children's TV series Oscar's Orchestra, and the BBC Radio 4 sitcom Cabin Pressure.

title: Ruslan and Lyudmila (opera)


text:
Ronald Pelton

Ronald William Pelton (November 18, 1941 – September 6, 2022) was a National Security Agency (NSA) intelligence analyst who was convicted in 1986 of spying for and selling secrets to the Soviet Union. One such top secret operation he compromised was Operation Ivy Bells.

Pelton was born in Benton Harbor, Michigan, and graduated in 1960 in the upper 25 percent of his high school class.

Prior to his employment by the NSA, Pelton served in the United States Air Force. He was taught the Russian language by the Air Force and served for a time in the early 1960s in Peshawar, Pakistan, as a voice intercept processing specialist. After that 15-month tour, he was transferred to the National Security Agency, where he continued as a civilian employee upon discharge.

Pelton filed for personal bankruptcy in 1979 and resigned from his $24,500-a-year job ($ today) with the NSA A Group. From 1980 to 1984 he held several jobs, none within the intelligence community. In 1984, Pelton faced financial difficulties due to increasing homeowners' taxes and a mounting series of necessary repairs on his private residence.

Pelton contacted the Soviet Embassy in Washington, D.C., on January 14, 1980, and arranged for a meeting at the embassy. The FBI had surveillance on the embassy and had tapped the phone. Therefore, it anticipated the arrival of the caller but was unable to observe him in time to determine his identity. He was debriefed by KGB officer Vitaly Yurchenko and disclosed Operation Ivy Bells, an NSA and United States Navy program to surreptitiously wiretap undersea communication cables to monitor Soviet military communications and track Soviet submarines.

On trips to Vienna in 1980 and 1983, Pelton stayed at the residence of the Soviet Ambassador to Austria and underwent debriefing sessions that sometimes lasted eight hours a day with KGB officer Anatoly Slavnov. Even though Pelton had left the NSA, he may have continued to be valuable to the Soviets as an intelligence consultant, helping them interpret data obtained from other sources. Pelton had no classified documents to offer but relied on his memory to provide information. He was paid about $37,000 by the Soviets.

In 1985, Vitaly Yurchenko defected to the United States and, among other things, recalled that he had met with a former NSA analyst in 1980 and described him as red-haired. The FBI scoured NSA personnel files until it had a pool of red-haired male analysts. They were thus able to identify Pelton's voice and began surveillance on him in October 1985. Despite bugging his car and his home, they were unable to find any incriminating evidence against Pelton.

Therefore, the FBI decided to confront Pelton directly, playing the tape of his conversation with the Soviet embassy. Eventually Pelton revealed that he had provided answers to questions from the Soviets in return for $35,000. Pelton was tried and convicted of espionage in 1986 and sentenced to three concurrent life sentences plus ten years. He was also fined $100.

Pelton was federal inmate number 22914-037, incarcerated at the Federal Correctional Institution, Allenwood, a medium-security facility in Pennsylvania. Because the federal government still had parole at the time, he had the opportunity for release. Pelton was released from prison on November 24, 2015.

Pelton died in Frederick, Maryland, on September 6, 2022, at the age of 80.

title: Ronald Pelton


text:
Talk:Tire/Archive 1

Rewrite
I rewrote this to reorganize into a form consistent with structure and terminology customary in the tire industry. These former sections were treated as noted" 1. Tire maintenance and safety - moved to a new page Tire maintenance 2. Railway tires - relocated to a new page Railway tires 3. Tire Physics - distributed across several entries 4. Notable tire makers - re-ordered as a tabel List of Tire Companies - PLEASE add to this list as it only inludes the top25 tire makers out of over 400 worldwide. 5.History - was redone in a list format by date.

I recommend those wanting to add highly descriptve content do so by making new secialized pages with attention to thir fix in the Tire category page.

Zengineerwerks 22:46, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

Somebody please fix
The last line of the HISTORY section is profane, and does not appear in the EDIT page.

 * Never mind, the offending line was gone when I went back to the article. It was a sentence fragment mentioning an artificial phallus and one's mother.

 * You can fix that yourself just as easily as you can comment about it here - and the problem goes away much faster that way. SteveBaker 04:56, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

Part of tire that grips the road
What do you call the part of the weel that grips the road? Is it tract? Joel M. 19:09, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)

 * Tread. —Morven 19:59, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Thank you Joel M. 02:14, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)

Some nits...
I noticed a couple of statements that seem odd. First:

 * In this form, AAA is the width of the tire, measured in millimeters. 200 is a common figure, but the range can be quite wide. The 2000 Honda Insight uses 165mm wide tires, while the rear tires of the 2000 Dodge Viper fit 335mm tires.

Tread widths ending in '5' are far more common, in my experience, than those ending in '0'. 185, 195, 205, 215, etc. Is 200 actually a common size anywhere? Second:

 * Local legislation may specify minimum tread depths, typically at least 1/8".

Are requirements actually "typically at least 1/8""?  The wear bars are 2/32" (or 1/16"), which I would have thought is the most widespread requirement, and in California (where I live) it's only 1/32". (I would also tend to write 4/32" instead of 1/8", because inch-calibrated depth gauges read in 1/32", and new-tire specifications are also written as unreduced 1/32" fractions.)

Do others agree with my comments, or are my experiences non-standard (either because of cars I've owned or places I've lived)? -- Coneslayer 21:51, 2005 Apr 11 (UTC)
 * don't know about the tread wear, but now that you mention it, I've never heard of a 200 mm tire either.Gzuckier 05:54, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I've edited the tread depth thing - I don't know where that 1/8" figure is coming from, here in the UK it's 1.6 mm (i.e. 1/16"). So I've fudged it. :) Haeleth 23:38, August 10, 2005 (UTC)

Tire speed and load ratings
In order for this article to be complete, I think speed and load ratings should be included directly in the article. As it stands now, the user is directed to an external site via a link embedded/hidden in the 5th paragraph of the "Automobile tires" section. Understanding what Z, R, W, etc means is as important to a tire purchase as the width, profile and diameter. My problem with external links are that they can be unreliable. Future dead links contribute nothing to an article.

Tire/tyre consistency
This article is confusingly inconsistent on spelling. It should state the two spellings upfront and use a single spelling throughout. I suggest "tire" since that is the original spelling, and is more widespread among English speakers. However, I understand that this suggestion will be met with the usual British/American spelling hysterics. Whatever the choice, we cannot have both spellings used interchangeably in a single article. Thoughts? --216.49.153.98 20:41, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

Although I prefer 'Tire', either spelling is preferable to both haphazardly thrown about. I focus more on the change in spelling rather than the actual text. Also, if the title is going to be spelled one way, that should be the consistent use throughout. - Davidmayberry

 * I changed all spellings to tire, where appropriate, as that is the title of the article. ~ MDD4696 (talk • contribs) 00:45, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

I am trying to type tire, but being English I have been typing tyre for a long time. Sorry, I will try harder. User:G4sxe

Isn't the spelling "tyre" far more common because it is UK English which most english languages are based on? I thought "tire" was only North-American spelling.

 * I doubt it. Let's try an entirely unscientific "google test".  There are 75 million Google entries containing 'Tire' (admittedly some of these will be the verb relating to being tired as in "exhausted")  but I looked through the first 100 links for 'tire' and 99 were about car tyres - so it's probably a fair test.  There are only 13 million entries for 'Tyre' and amongst even the first 10 entries, the city of Tyre in Lebanon comes up several times - so it's reasonable to assume that a fair number of those 13 million entries are not the British spelling  for car tyres.  Therefore I think it's hard to claim that "tyre" is the most common spelling (Note: that's how I spell it because I'm a Brit - so there is no bias here!).  I believe you underestimate the spread of what Americans so fondly believe is "English". SteveBaker 18:36, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Don't forget NASCAR country, where it's spelled tar, or more properly taaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaar. Gzuckier 19:59, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

 * tire is only N.American, tyre is rest of the world (notably UK, Ireland, Australia, NZ, India, South Africa, International) although N.American does have a habit of spreading. Widefox 10:21, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

Yes I think Tyre would be much more preferable as this is a long article and we don't want readers to tire. Plus Tyre is the original spelling not Tire as mentioned above. Tire only came into use in the 17c. (Elephant53 13:59, 7 February 2007 (UTC))

 * There are very, very clear rules about this in the WP:MOS - we can't have people continually switching articles back and forth between UK and US spelling. This is an exceedingly well-trodden path - this argument comes up time and time again - and the answer (in this case) is always that there is no strong national background to the article - so we stick with the language the article was first written in.  Hence it will stay as tire (and I'm British - so no genetic spelling bias here!). Please note that my 'Google test' above suggests that 'Tire' is preferred over 'Tyre' by about five to one.  In any case, we explain the linguistic issue right there in the very first sentence of the article.  Our readers from either side of the pond are unlikely to be confused. SteveBaker 17:04, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

In reaction to the argument that "tire" is only used by speakers of North America while "tyre" is used by many other countries I quote the Wikipedia article on American English, "It is estimated that approximately two thirds of native speakers of English live in the United States.[1]" Seems like many more people who use this site would use the spelling "tire." Maganac98 15:50, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

Why not use týre? It's the old Anglo-Saxon spelling. :) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.183.117.17 (talk) 08:42, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

 * We have had a long (and often acrymonious) debate about this - followed by consensus voting. The conclusion was that per WP:MOS, we will follow the rule that when an article is started in one English varient (US english in this case), it should be kept in that varient unless there are overwhelming reasons not to.  Historical spelling is not compelling enough to override that decision - and we knew about the historical issues when we visited this question the last time.  Unless there is some sort of startling new evidence, we're not likely to be changing the title of the article.  Note also that 'Tyre' is a rather important city in Lebanon (and is also the names of US towns in New York and Michigan) - so even if this article could be renamed, it would have to be called "Tyre (mechanical component)" (or something equally ugly) - so you'd STILL have to go through a redirect or disambiguation page to get here.  At least this way, 'Tire' isn't a redirect or a dab - so we keep some people happy at the expense of nobody.  What we have is not ever likely to change.  (And just so you know that there is no bias in my position - I am a British-English native speaker who writes 'tyre'.) SteveBaker (talk) 05:03, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Well said SteveBaker. Your comments above should be "pinned" to the top of this Talk page, as a specialized version of the preface templates I see on other Talk pages. It is definately in the interest of every Wikipedian to move beyond this well concluded issue to more constructive efforts. --Charles Gaudette ([[User talk:Charles

Gaudette|talk]]) 17:14, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Yep - there is a case for doing that. There are at least three instances of people asking that question within this talk page.  I think perhaps I'll archive this page (there are really no recent discussion in play) and start afresh with a statement in a pretty pink box that says exactly that.

butadiene or polybutadiene ?
In the sentence "This was due to the development of butadiene with a regular structure, thanks to the use of stereo-specific catalysts.", shouldn't butadiene be changed to polybutadiene ? H Padleckas 17:35, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

butadiene is the monomer from which the poylmer is made. Thank you for pointing out the mistake. I will correct it to read polybutadiene User:G4sxe

This article is getting kinda long
This article is getting too long and rambling. I took the liberty of moving the section on tire codes (which was essentially duplicated and poorly worded) and moved it into a separate article. I think some other sections could also be moved out. I would put the entire locomotive tire section into a separate article and make a disambiguation page for 'Tire' that would point to automotive tires and railroad tires as separate articles. SteveBaker 05:31, 3 January 2006 (UTC)
 * When articles reach about 30 - 32 kB, then I think about limiting the length of the article. Up to about 30 kB is fine.  H Padleckas 15:19, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

Manufacturing section
I don't like the current placement of the 'Manufacturing' section.

EITHER: It's supposed to be about manufacturing all kinds of tires (steel train tires, pneumatic tires, etc) - in which case, the section looks out of place in what is otherwise a list of tire types (wagon tires, pneumatic tires, automotive tires, train tires). If this is the intended content of that section then it should either be before all of those other sections or after all of them.

OR: It's supposed to be ONLY about manufacturing automotive tires - in which case it should be a SUBSECTION of automotive tires - and NOT promoted to the same level as the other tire types.

One or the other - you choose.

Meanwhile, I think it's a subsection of automotive tires - so I'm putting it back inside that section.

SteveBaker 04:49, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

Using boldface as sub-sub-section headings
What is wrong with using '====XXXXX====' for these? If you just make them boldfaced text, they don't show up in the index. If someone came to this page in order to find out about (say) calendaring - that would be a shame. Furthermore, it's MUCH harder to edit the page if they are in boldface because you don't get an [Edit] button next to each one.

SteveBaker 04:52, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

 * In a long article, it often makes sense to use such sub-sub-section headings. H Padleckas 15:10, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

Split 'Tire Manufacturing'
After offline discussions with G4sxe, I split the 'manufacturing' section out onto a separate article. G4sxe has a ton of great information on the subject - but it was getting too much for this article.

SteveBaker 03:37, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

Can redirect be added
For people who are used to tyre as spelling, can a redirect be added

Types
The types of tires section is missing something, what do you call a "normal" tire? Not a winter nor a performance tire?

Can a tyre (or tyre tread) be considered "anisotropic" if the tyre is designed for a specified direction of rolling? And then, if it is not designed for a specified rolling drection, is it "isotropic"? Or, would (an)isotropic dscribe if the tyre has different factors (traction etc) in side-wise and rotation-wise motion?

 * There certainly are tyres that are designed to roll in one direction most of the time. My car (a MINI Cooper'S) has tyres like that - they have arrows on them showing which way they are supposed to rotate.  But the term 'isotropic' means 'the same in all directions' or something like that.  No tyre with treads is truly isotropic because lateral motion is different from fore/aft motion.  So I wouldn't use the terms 'isotropic' or 'anisotropic' for car tyres under any circumstances. SteveBaker 16:39, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Considering that the tyre is primarily designed for fore/aft rolling motion, the use of "anisotropic" would make sense to me at least when talking about tyres that have a designed rollind direction. "Anisotropic" carries the meaning that the described object was somewhat 'direction dependent'. In this sense, the winter tyres I have under my Toyota Carina model 1991, would be "isotropic," because they have no marked rolling direction, and the texture of the tread is rotation-wise symmetric. The summer tyres I bought the car with, would then be "anisotropic" because they have a marked direction. They were put on the wrong way, and even on dry weather, it made a big difference to turn them the right way. Anyway, the traction of any tyre is somewhat anisotropic. If the tyre had a circular, round contact surface with the road at all times, then it just might have "isotropic traction", regardless of the direction of motion. But as these direction-sensitive tyres behave very differently depending on the rolling direction, it makes the traction really "anisotropic".

 * I came to the tire page myself just now, hoping to answer this same question--the significance of the "summer" tire type designation. Is "summer" the same as "high performance"?  If that is the case, it might warrant adding that term to the "high-performance" sub-sub section.Fagiolonero 07:43, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

History
It is not clear to me when the pneumatic tire was first used in a automobile, can someone figure that out and add it to the history section?

Aircraft tires
What about aircraft tires? Are they belong to Pneumatic tire category? Is there any tire, which won't burst while driving? Penguin s 09:35, 24 May 2006 (UTC)SJ. May 24, 2006

Lego a tire manufacturer?
Please watch for jokers.--Matthead 00:40, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

bias, radial, belted, etc.
these types of construction should probably be included. Gzuckier 19:44, 9 June 2006 (UTC)
 * What i mean, now that i've found it, is that it should probably be merged. Gzuckier 19:45, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I found radial tire but nothing about belted tire (which I created to redirect here for now). What makes for a belted tire? —Ben FrantzDale 20:02, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

 * It looks like beltedness is defined on radial tire. That could do with cleanup. —Ben FrantzDale 20:03, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Merge?

 * Oppose -- There's enough to talk about vis-a-vis radial tires to justify a free-standing article. Atlant 22:01, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Etymology seems rather POV
Perhaps someone can directly quote the Oxford Nfitz 21:42, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

 * agreed, added info from Widefox 10:53, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

Tyre
To better support the article Tire for non-US/Canadian English speakers (British English, Australian etc), the article about the Lebanese city Tyre has moved to Tyre (Lebanon) and Tyre now redirects to Tire. To continue support for readers accessing the Lebanese city, this is explicitly disambiguated at the top of Tire. I've added a comment in the article markup. Please do NOT remove this, due to the number of links and readers wanting Tyre (Lebanon), especially given this recent change.Widefox 15:49, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

Please see the current discussion at Talk:Tyre Widefox 10:40, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

Railroad
Railroad car and diesel locomotive steel wheels are not fitted with tires. Steam locomotive driving wheels were usually fitted with steel tires, which were heated, mounted, and permitted to shrink onto the wheel. LorenzoB 20:18, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

Tire and tread wear
I have some concerns about the factual accuracy of the last half of the second paragraph. I participate in sanctioned drag racing during the summer months and racers using slicks (racing tires) do a burnout to heat up the tires to increase the adhesiveness. While I can't speak for other forms of racing, it would seem to be counterproductive to use a race tire with a softer rubber compound (more adhesive) and then freeze it which would reduce the adhesiveness.

Secondly, I live in central Canada and I have never come across at winter driving guide that recommends airing down your tires in the snow. They all state to keep them properly inflated (as do the tire manufacturers). If the original author was not referring to daily driving, then that needs to be clarified so that readers who don't even know how to check their oil (let alone change it) don't go out and let all the air out of their tires the next time it snows.

While I will concede that you can increase the tire's contact patch by decreasing the tire pressure (which is probably how the myth originated), you can also decrease the contact patch when the tire cups from being too under inflated. By deflating the tire you also decrease the stiffness of the sidewall which has a negative affect on handling. There's a reason why those of us drag racing on street tires air down our tires at the track and then inflate them to manufacturer's recommendations before leaving the track.

Just my two cents.

Merge from Tire Physics
Tire Physics is too shotr (and a mess) and would be better merged here in my opinion.--NHSavage 18:52, 11 November 2006 (UTC)
 * done mege now.--NHSavage 19:47, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

Inner tube redirect
Why, exactly is inner tube redirected to tire? There's even a section further in the article that links to inner tube, so in essence, the article is a self-redirect. Anthony Rupert 06:16, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I've removed the link to inner tube in the history section of the article. It seems unlikely that anyone will write an article about inner tubes - and in the absence of such and article, if someone types in "inner tube", the best thing we can do is to redirect here.  If want to write about inner tubes - feel free to get rid of the redirect and put back the link. SteveBaker 14:58, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

Howto
There are many instances of the word "should" which clearly indicate howto type information. -- Beland 04:21, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
 * If so, the tag should be on the main article page, not the talk page. Anthony Rupert 04:50, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Please don't add how-to tags to talk pages... this is rather confusing for wikibooks administrators! -- SB_Johnny |talk|books 22:41, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

I placed this tag because everyone seems to be changing this page every day, so it's getting hard to tell what's accurate any more. Anthony Rupert 03:29, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Quite a few experts do indeed frequent this page (I'm not one of them) - if you look carefully at the majority of edits, they aren't any kind of fundamental content dispute that an expert might intervene to fix. The editing pattern is mostly one where some expert adds some really good content - but it's poorly written - or in the wrong place - or just needs organising.  So you tend to see alternating new content then more expert Wikipedians move in and cleanup then we get more content then more cleanup.  When you add in a good dose of vandalism, the page is indeed changing every day.  But I don't think we need any kind of expert that we don't already have - and the tag on the article gives people the false impression that this article is some kind of horrible mess.  We're just in a growth phase.  So, I'm going to remove your tag - and I don't think you should replace it until/unless you've spent some time working with the rest of us on this effort.  Adding a tag to the actual article should be a measure of last resort...by all means tag the Talk page if you feel you must.  Thanks.  SteveBaker 03:54, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Um...what exactly is your problem? The fact that I explained why I placed the tag should show everyone that I wasn't trying to start trouble. Anthony Rupert 14:34, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I certainly appreciate your leaving an explanation - without which I would have deleted the tag without explanation! But I disagree with your reason for doing so. The mere fact of frequent edits doesn't necessarily mean that everyone here is inexpert in the subject material - in this case it means that a formerly inadequate article is under active development.  The changes are not contradicting each other - they are amplifying points - adding missing material - cleaning up the language and so forth.  There most definitely are experts here - so sticking in a tag asking for expert help is ugly, unecessary and somewhat insulting to the experts who already edit this page (of which I readily admit I am not one - I'm part of the cleanup crew).  If you had been editing here for long enough to see what's happening, I'd have been more understanding - but the only edit you've ever made to the article has been to add the tag - so with all due respect, I don't think you know enough about the people who are contributing (and in what ways) to know whether we have enough experts or not...and that's why I removed your tag and left a polite explanation as to why I thought it was inappropriate. SteveBaker 15:15, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Funny, I don't see any of the experts complaining. Maybe it's because they realize that I wasn't trying to be disruptive?
 * You know what? Let's just leave it at that. Anthony Rupert 03:33, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I want to make it clear that I'm not accusing you of being disruptive - only that you havn't been around this article long enough to make that call. SteveBaker 05:53, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

Latex
As seen in rubber natural rubber is made from latex and is still used in tires, though more synthetic rubber is used per year. Jim.henderson 18:52, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

Re: Tyre versus Tire
Someone made the point that, doing the Google test on both, you get far more hits for Tire - for a start, quite a lot may well have been to do with feeling tired - like I tire really easily, you get the point. Also, the use of the spelling Tire happens to be incorrect, only the American education system is too stupid to notice a glaring spelling mistake like that. - Vox Humana 8' 17:04, 2 April 2007 (UTC)
 * As an American, I might argue that " the use of the spelling Tyre happens to be incorrect, only education systems with European ties are too stupid to notice a glaring spelling mistake" ;-)   ;however, The US vs non-US(UK, etc.. )  spelling issue has been debated to death, and the best resolution seems to be to agree to disagree. The Wikipedia conventions are covered in WP:ENGVAR. --Versageek 17:34, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Locale-specific spellings should be an option in MediWiki, like date formatting. :-) —Ben FrantzDale 19:55, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Obviously, it should be spelled as "tyre" to distinguish it from the verb "to tire." How do the USA cope? Same spelling for "to check" and "a cheque," the list goes on. For the clarity (and as a favour) of Wiki users, the words should be distinguishable. Remember, it is only really the USA (and Canada to a certain extent) that use tire. the UK, and other old British Empire countries uses the UK spelling. Yes, I know that if the article is spelt the US way at the beginning it should be carried through, but this is not a question of "my spellings are better than yours," but "this spelling is more helpful to Wiki users." I would have thought that this would be more important than Wiki policy. Dewarw 20:51, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

 * It is not obvious and there has been extensive discussion on it. See, in particular, Talk:Tyre, Lebanon.  And there are many more noun articles than verb. . .  I have just reverted a tire->tyre spelling change in the article.  (John User:Jwy talk) 18:35, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

 * This matter was debated and decided long ago. Unless the underlying facts driving that debate have changed (they haven't), there is nothing to be gained by re-opening it. SteveBaker 11:48, 21 September 2007 (UTC)
 * And the underlying facts won't change until the Manual_of_Style changes, which says that the article should stay in AmE since it was written in AmE. Mbelisle (talk) 05:08, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tire/Archive 1


text: File:Mcgarrigle-love.jpg

title: File:Mcgarrigle-love.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rockatansky

Rockatansky
Band vanity. See also the VfD for Rockatansky disambiguation. -R. fiend 19:10, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Why should it be deleted? And the disambiguation page should also exist. Rockatansky was after all Mad Max's real name (Max Rockatansky). drange_net
 * Then let Rockatansky be a redirect to Mad Max. -R. fiend 21:05, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Band vanity. This is what the hammer was invented for.  (The hammer-on, I've always understood, is using the little finger to press and release on a chord extension.  I think the critic was hallucinating.)  Unsigned, undistributed band.  Nothing against them -- there are a lot of hard working bands out there -- but not encyclopedic content.  Geogre 19:59, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. When the PoV is removed nothing's left and besides, using a pic taken at the Cavern Club tourist trap is leeg. Wyss 20:35, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Gtabary 17:39, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
John Brown (architect)

John Brown (1805–1876) was a 19th-century architect working in Norwich, in the county of Norfolk, England. His buildings include churches and workhouses.

Life
He was the pupil of the architect William Brown of Ipswich, a close relative. He was, along with his two sons, the surveyor for Norwich Cathedral, where his work there included a restoration of the crossing tower, undertaken during the 1830s. He was appointed county surveyor for Norfolk in 1835.

Works
Brown's works include:
 * St Peter: Lowestoft, Suffolk; built 1833; white brick with no tower, Carpenter's Gothic style; demolished circa 1974
 * St Michael's (St Michael the Greater): Stamford, Lincolnshire; built 1835–36; Early English style; by 2002 no longer used as a church
 * Sudbury workhouse: Sudbury, Suffolk; built 1836(–37?) after enactment of the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834.
 * The Norwich Yarn Factory (St James Mill): Norwich; built 1836–37.
 * Workhouse at Lingwood, Norfolk; built 1837. Later called "Homelea". and since demolished.
 * Workhouse at Great Yarmouth, Norfolk; built 1838. Later the Northgate Hospital. Described by Nikolaus Pevsner as "Red brick and still classical in its proportions and its details".
 * All Saints, Hainford, Norfolk; 1838–40. Flint with red brick dressings; lancet windows.
 * Christ Church: East Greenwich in south-east London; built 1847–49; Robert Kerr, co-architect
 * St Margaret: Lee, London; built 1839–41
 * Christchurch: New Catton, Norwich; built 1841.
 * St Mark: New Lakenham, Norwich; built 1844; modified perpendicular style.
 * St Matthew: Thorpe Hamlet, Norwich; built 1851; Neo-Norman style; Robert Kerr, co-architect; by 2002 offices.
 * Corn Exchange, Fakenham, Norfolk; built 1855.
 * St Peter & St Paul Bergh Apton, Norfolk; 1838. Major internal re-ordering for Revd John Thomas Pelham.
 * Swaffham, Norfolk: The Shirehall; built 1839.

title: John Brown (architect)


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Chemical-mechanical polishing

Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) (also called chemical mechanical planarization) is a process of smoothing surfaces with the combination of chemical and mechanical forces. It can be thought of as a hybrid of chemical etching and free abrasive polishing. It is used in the semiconductor industry to polish semiconductor wafers as part of the integrated circuit manufacturing process.

Description
The process uses an abrasive and corrosive chemical slurry (commonly a colloid) in conjunction with a polishing pad and retaining ring, typically of a greater diameter than the wafer. The pad and wafer are pressed together by a dynamic polishing head and held in place by a plastic retaining ring. The dynamic polishing head is rotated with different axes of rotation (i.e., not concentric). This removes material and tends to even out any irregular topography, making the wafer flat or planar. This may be necessary to set up the wafer for the formation of additional circuit elements. For example, CMP can bring the entire surface within the depth of field of a photolithography system, or selectively remove material based on its position. Typical depth-of-field requirements are down to Angstrom levels for the latest 22 nm technology.

Physical action
Typical CMP tools, such as the ones seen on the right, consist of rotating an extremely flat plate which is covered by a pad. The wafer that is being polished is mounted upside-down in a carrier/spindle on a backing film. The retaining ring (Figure 1) keeps the wafer in the correct horizontal position. During the process of loading and unloading the wafer onto the tool, the wafer is held by vacuum by the carrier to prevent unwanted particles from building up on the wafer surface. A slurry introduction mechanism deposits the slurry on the pad, represented by the slurry supply in Figure 1. Both the plate and the carrier are then rotated and the carrier is kept oscillating; this can be better seen in the top view of Figure 2. A downward pressure/down force is applied to the carrier, pushing it against the pad; typically the down force is an average force, but local pressure is needed for the removal mechanisms. Down force depends on the contact area which, in turn, is dependent on the structures of both the wafer and the pad. Typically the pads have a roughness of 50 μm; contact is made by asperities (which typically are the high points on the wafer) and, as a result, the contact area is only a fraction of the wafer area. In CMP, the mechanical properties of the wafer itself must be considered too. If the wafer has a slightly bowed structure, the pressure will be greater on the edges than it would on the center, which causes non-uniform polishing. In order to compensate for the wafer bow, pressure can be applied to the wafer's backside which, in turn, will equalize the centre-edge differences. The pads used in the CMP tool should be rigid in order to uniformly polish the wafer surface. However, these rigid pads must be kept in alignment with the wafer at all times. Therefore, real pads are often just stacks of soft and hard materials that conform to wafer topography to some extent. Generally, these pads are made from porous polymeric materials with a pore size between 30-50 μm, and because they are consumed in the process, they must be regularly reconditioned. In most cases the pads are very much proprietary, and are usually referred to by their trademark names rather than their chemical or other properties.

Chemical action
Chemical mechanical polishing or planarization is a process of smoothing surfaces with the combination of chemical and mechanical forces. It can be thought of as a hybrid of chemical etching and free abrasive polishing.

Usage in semiconductor fabrication
Before about 1990 CMP was viewed as too "dirty" to be included in high-precision fabrication processes, since abrasion tends to create particles and the abrasives themselves are not without impurities. Since that time, the integrated circuit industry has moved from aluminum to copper conductors. This required the development of an additive patterning process, which relies on the unique abilities of CMP to remove material in a planar and uniform fashion and to stop repeatably at the interface between copper and oxide insulating layers (see Copper interconnects for details). Adoption of this process has made CMP processing much more widespread. In addition to aluminum and copper, CMP processes have been developed for polishing tungsten, silicon dioxide, and (recently) carbon nanotubes.

Limitations
There are currently several limitations of CMP that appear during the polishing process requiring optimization of a new technology. In particular, an improvement in wafer metrology is required. In addition, it was discovered that the CMP process has several potential defects including stress cracking, delaminating at weak interfaces, and corrosive attacks from slurry chemicals. The oxide polishing process, which is the oldest and most used in today's industry, has one problem: a lack of end points requires blind polishing, making it hard to determine when the desired amount of material has been removed or the desired degree of planarization has been obtained. If the oxide layer has not been sufficiently thinned and/or the desired degree of planarity has not been achieved during this process, then (theoretically) the wafer can be repolished, but in a practical sense this is unattractive in production and is to be avoided if at all possible. If the oxide thickness is too thin or too non-uniform, then the wafer must be reworked, an even less attractive process and one that is likely to fail. Obviously, this method is time-consuming and costly since technicians have to be more attentive while performing this process.

Application
Shallow trench isolation (STI), a process used to fabricate semiconductor devices, is a technique used to enhance the isolation between devices and active areas. Moreover, STI has a higher degree of planarity making it essential in photolithographic applications, depth of focus budget by decreasing minimum line width. To planarize shallow trenches, a common method should be used such as the combination of resist etching-back (REB) and chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). This process comes in a sequence pattern as follows. First, the isolation trench pattern is transferred to the silicon wafer. Oxide is deposited on the wafer in the shape of trenches. A photo mask, composed of silicon nitride, is patterned on the top of this sacrificial oxide. A second layer is added to the wafer to create a planar surface. After that, the silicon is thermally oxidized, so the oxide grows in regions where there is no Si3N4 and the growth is between 0.5 and 1.0 μm thick. Since the oxidizing species such as water or oxygen are unable to diffuse through the mask, the nitride prevents the oxidation. Next, the etching process is used to etch the wafer and leave a small amount of oxide in the active areas. In the end, CMP is used to polish the SiO2 overburden with an oxide on the active area.

Books

 * Silicon processing for the VLSI Era — Vol. IV Deep-submicron Process Technology — S Wolf, 2002, ISBN 978-0-9616721-7-1, Chapter 8 "Chemical mechanical polishing" pp. 313–432

title: Chemical-mechanical polishing


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Royal Military Canal

The Royal Military Canal is a canal running for 28 mi between Seabrook near Folkestone and Cliff End near Hastings, following the old cliff line bordering Romney Marsh, which was constructed as a defence against the possible invasion of England during the Napoleonic Wars.

Origin and construction
The canal was conceived by Lieutenant-Colonel John Brown of the Royal Staff Corps of field engineers in 1804, during anti-invasion preparations, as a defensible barrier to ensure that a French force could not use the Romney Marsh as a bridgehead. It had previously been assumed that the marsh could be inundated in the event of an invasion, but Brown argued that this would take ten days to implement and would cause massive disruption in the event of a false alarm. At a meeting on 26 September 1804, the Prime Minister, William Pitt the Younger, and the Commander-in-Chief of the Forces, the Duke of York, both enthusiastically endorsed the scheme. John Rennie was appointed consultant engineer, and Pitt personally persuaded the local landowners to agree to the new canal.

Construction was started at Seabrook, near Hythe in Kent on 30 October 1804. By May 1805 only six miles of the canal had been completed; William Pitt intervened and the contractors and Rennie were dismissed. The work was resumed by the Quartermaster-General’s department with Lt-Col. Brown in command. Civilian navvies dug the canal itself, while soldiers built the ramparts. It was constructed in two sections: the longer section starts at Hythe and ends at Iden Lock in East Sussex; the second, smaller section, runs from the foot of Winchelsea Hill to Cliff End. The two sections are linked by the River Rother (Eastern) and River Brede. Artillery batteries were generally located every 500 yard, where the canal was staggered to create a salient, allowing the guns to enfilade the next stretch of water. A military road was built on the inland side of the canal, and crossings consisted of moveable wooden bridges. Any troops stationed or moving along the military road would have been protected by the earthen bank of the parapet, which was piled up with excavated soil. The canal was completed in April 1809 at a total cost of £234,000; it was hoped that tolls for use of the waterway and road would help to defray the cost. In addition to these works, a number of Martello towers were built to protect the vulnerable sluices that controlled the water level in the canal, being towers numbers 22 to 27 and 30, three of which are still standing.

Peacetime use
Despite the fact that the canal never saw military action, it was used to try to control smuggling from Romney Marsh. Guard houses were constructed at each bridge along its length. This met with limited success because of corrupt guards. Although a barge service was established from Hythe to Rye, the canal was abandoned in 1877 and leased to the Lords of the Level of Romney Marsh.

World War II
During the early stages of World War II, during preparations for a threatened German invasion, the canal was manned by 31st Independent Brigade Group, who fortified each salient with a concrete pillbox and barbed wire entanglements; numerous pillboxes survive today. In the German invasion plan, codenamed Operation Sea Lion, the paratroopers of the 7th Flieger-Division were tasked with a parachute landing to secure crossing points across the Royal Military Canal on the first day of the invasion.

The canal today
A public path runs alongside the entire length of the canal, forming part of the longer 163 mi Saxon Shore Way. Aside from being historically significant in its own right, the path passes by numerous WW II pillboxes and the unusual acoustic mirrors, the historic cinque port towns of Hythe, Winchelsea, and Rye, the 12th century St Rumwold's church, and Lympne and Camber castles.

The canal is an important environmental site, and passes through several Sites of Special Scientific Interest. The Environment Agency is the navigation authority and uses the waterway to manage water levels on Romney Marsh and Walland Marsh. It is important for fish and other wildlife, including kingfishers, dragonflies, and marsh frogs.

title: Royal Military Canal