text:
Gérard Encausse

Gérard Anaclet Vincent Encausse (13 July 1865 – 25 October 1916), whose esoteric pseudonyms were Papus and Tau Vincent, was a French physician, hypnotist, and popularizer of occultism, who founded the modern Martinist Order.

Early life
Gerard Encausse was born in A Coruña, Galicia, Spain on 13 July 1865 of a Spanish mother and a French father, Louis Encausse, a chemist. His family moved to Paris when he was four years old, and he received his education there.

As a young man, Encausse spent a great deal of time at the Bibliothèque Nationale studying the Kabbalah, occult tarot, magic and alchemy, and the writings of Eliphas Lévi. He joined the French Theosophical Society shortly after it was founded by Madame Blavatsky in 1884–1885, but he resigned soon after joining because he disliked the Society's emphasis on Eastern occultism.

Overview
In 1888, he co-founded his own group, the Kabbalistic Order of the Rose-Croix. That same year, he and his friend Lucien Chamuel founded the Librarie du Merveilleux and its monthly revue L'Initiation, which remained in publication until 1914.

Encausse was also a member of the Hermetic Brotherhood of Light and the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn temple in Paris, as well as Memphis-Misraim and probably other esoteric or paramasonic organizations, as well as being an author of several occult books. Outside of his paramasonic and Martinist activities he was also a spiritual student of the French spiritualist healer, Anthelme Nizier Philippe, "Maître Philippe de Lyon".

Despite his heavy involvement in occultism and occultist groups, Encausse managed to find time to pursue more conventional academic studies at the University of Paris. He received his Doctor of Medicine degree in 1894 upon submitting a dissertation on Philosophical Anatomy. He opened a clinic in the rue Rodin which was quite successful.

Encausse visited Russia three times, in 1901, 1905, and 1906, serving Tsar Nicholas II and Tsarina Alexandra both as physician and occult consultant. It has been incorrectly claimed that in October 1905, he conjured up the spirit of Alexander III (father of Tsar Nicholas), who prophesied that the Tsar would meet his downfall at the hands of revolutionaries. Encausse's followers allege that he informed the Tsar that he would be able to magically avert Alexander's prophesy so long as Encausse was alive. Nicholas kept his hold on the throne of Russia until 141 days after Papus' death.

Although Encausse seems to have served the Tsar and Tsarina in what was essentially the capacity of a mediumistic spiritual advisor, he was later curiously concerned about their heavy reliance on occultism to assist them in deciding questions of government. During their later correspondence, he warned them a number of times against the influence of Rasputin.

Lévi, Tarot, and the Kabbalah
Encausse's early readings in tarot and the lore of the Kabbalah in translation was inspired by the occult writings of Éliphas Lévi, whose translation of the Nuctemeron of Apollonius of Tyana" printed as a supplement to Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie (1855), provided Encausse with his pen name. "Papus" is the name of a Genius of the First Hour in the Nuctemeron, and is translated in the text as "physician."

1888 Kabbalistic Order of the Rose-Croix
Although Encausse claimed as his "spiritual master" the mysterious magician and healer known as "le Maitre Philippe" (Philippe Nizier), his first actual teacher in the intellectual aspects of occultism was the marquis Joseph Alexandre Saint-Yves d'Alveydre (1842 - 1910). Saint-Yves had inherited the papers of one of the great founders of French occultism, Antoine Fabre d'Olivet (1762 - 1825), and it was probably Saint-Yves who introduced Papus to the marquis Stanislas de Guaita (1861 - 1897).

In 1888, Encausse and de Guaita joined with Joséphin Péladan and Oswald Wirth to found the Rosicrucian Kabbalistic Order of the Rose-Cross.

1891 l'Ordre Martiniste
In 1891, Encausse claimed to have come into the possession of the original papers of Martinez Paschalis, or de Pasqually (c. 1700-1774), and therewith founded an Order of Martinists called l'Ordre des Supérieurs Inconnus. He claimed to have been given authority in the Rite of Saint-Martin by his friend Henri Vicomte de Laage, who claimed that his maternal grandfather had been initiated into the order by Saint-Martin himself, and who had attempted to revive the order in 1887. The Martinist Order was to become a primary focus for Encausse, and continues today as one of his most enduring legacies.

1893-1895 Bishop of l'Église Gnostique de France
In 1893, Encausse was consecrated a bishop of l'Église Gnostique de France by Jules Doinel, who had founded this Church as an attempt to revive the Cathar religion in 1890. In 1895, Doinel abdicated as Primate of the French Gnostic Church, leaving control of the Church to a synod of three of his former bishops, one of whom was Encausse.

1895 Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn
In March 1895, Encausse joined the Ahathoor Temple of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn in Paris.

1901 Anti-Semitic writings
In October 1901 Encausse collaborated with Jean Carrère in producing a series of articles in the Écho de Paris under the pseudonym Niet ("no" in Russian). In the articles Sergei Witte and Pyotr Rachkovsky were attacked, and it was suggested that there was a sinister financial syndicate trying to disrupt the Franco-Russian alliance. Encausse and Carrère predicted that this syndicate was a Jewish conspiracy, and the anti-Semitic nature of these articles, compounded by Encausse's known connection to the Tsar of Russia, may have contributed to the allegation that Papus was the author who forged The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.

1908 - 1913 Encausse, Reuss and paramasonry
Encausse never became a regular Freemason. Despite this, he organized what was announced as an "International Masonic Conference" in Paris on 24 June 1908, and at this conference he first met Theodor Reuss, and the two men apparently exchanged patents:

Reuss elevated Encausse as X° of Ordo Templi Orientis as well as giving him license to establish a "Supreme Grand Council General of the Unified Rites of Ancient and Primitive Masonry for the Grand Orient of France and its Dependencies at Paris." For his part, Encausse assisted Reuss in the formation of Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica as a child of l'Église Gnostique de France, thus forming the E.G.C. within the tradition of French neo-gnosticism.

When John Yarker died in 1913, Encausse was elected as his successor to the office of Grand Hierophant (international head) of the Antient and Primitive Rite of Memphis and Mizraim.

Death
When World War I broke out, Encausse joined the French army medical corps. While working in a military hospital, he contracted tuberculosis and died in Paris on 25 October 1916, at the age of 51.

Publications (translated in English)

 * The Tarot of the Bohemians, translated by A. P. Morton, London, George Redway 1896
 * The Divinatory Arts, The Three Luminaries, 2020.
 * Notebooks of the Order, The Three Luminaries, 2020.
 * Inauguration of the Martinist Lodge Velléda, The Three Luminaries, 2020.

title: Gérard Encausse


text:
User:Ta bu shi da yu/Math structure

Some thoughts on the structure of learning about Mathematics. May go into a Wikireader.

History

 * 1) History of Mathematics

Number

 * 1) Zero
 * 2) One
 * 3) Quantity
 * 4) Natural numbers
 * 5) Whole numbers
 * 6) Negative and non-negative numbers
 * 7) Number line
 * 8) Decimal
 * 9) Real numbers
 * 10) Rational number
 * 11) Irrational number
 * 12) Fraction
 * 13) Vulgar fraction
 * 14) Irreducible fraction
 * 15) Proper fraction
 * 16) Improper fraction
 * 17) Unit fraction
 * 18) Egyptian fraction
 * 19) Decimal fraction
 * 20) Dyadic rational
 * 21) Mixed fraction
 * 22) Continued fraction
 * 23) Compound fraction
 * 24) Partial fraction

Arithmetic

 * 1) Addition
 * 2) Counting
 * 3) Addition of natural numbers
 * 4) Commutative operation
 * 5) Associativity
 * 6) Absolute value
 * 7) Subtraction
 * 8) Plus and minus signs
 * 9) Multiplication
 * 10) Division
 * 11) Long division
 * 12) Division by zero
 * 13) Percent
 * 14) Square root
 * 15) Exponentiation
 * 16) Logarithm
 * 17) Order of operations

Elementary algebra

 * 1) Variable
 * 2) Equation
 * 3) Function (mathematics)
 * 4) Polynomial
 * 5) Linear equation / Linear function
 * 6) Quadratic equation
 * 7) Cubic equation

Naive set theory

 * 1) Set
 * 2) Element
 * 3) Empty set
 * 4) Cardinal number
 * 5) Subset
 * 6) Union
 * 7) Intersection
 * 8) Complement
 * 9) Russell's paradox
 * 10) Algebra of sets
 * 11) Relation

Functions

 * 1) Domain
 * 2) Codomain
 * 3) Range
 * 4) Multivalued function
 * 5) Partial function
 * 6) Types:
 * 7) Injective function
 * 8) Surjective function
 * 9) Bijective function
 * 10) Image & Preimage or Inverse image

Axiomatic set theory

 * 1) Axiom of extensionality
 * 2) Axiom of empty set
 * 3) Axiom of pairing
 * 4) Axiom of union
 * 5) Axiom of infinity
 * 6) Axiom schema of specification
 * 7) Axiom schema of replacement
 * 8) Axiom of power set
 * 9) Axiom of regularity
 * 10) Axiom of choice

Abstract algebra

 * 1) Algebraic structure

Graphing

 * 1) Coordinate system
 * 2) Coordinates (elementary mathematics)
 * 3) Cartesian coordinate system
 * 4) Polar coordinates
 * 5) Circular coordinates
 * 6) Cylindrical coordinates
 * 7) Spherical coordinates
 * 8) Graph of a function

Euclidean geometry

 * 1) Point
 * 2) Line
 * 3) Ray
 * 4) Line segment
 * 5) Curve
 * 6) Plane
 * 7) Angle
 * 8) Parallel
 * 9) Perpendicular
 * 10) Congruency
 * 11) Similarity
 * 12) Polygon
 * 13) Triangle
 * 14) Congruent triangles
 * 15) Similar triangles
 * 16) Pentagon
 * 17) Hexagon
 * 18) Heptagon
 * 19) Octagon
 * 20) Enneagon
 * 21) Decagon
 * 22) Hendecagon
 * 23) Dodecagon
 * 24) Quadrilateral
 * 25) Trapezoid
 * 26) Isosceles trapezium
 * 27) Parallelogram
 * 28) Rhombus
 * 29) Kite
 * 30) Rectangle
 * 31) Square
 * 32) Circle
 * 33) Circumference
 * 34) Diameter
 * 35) Radius
 * 36) Secant
 * 37) Chord
 * 38) Arc
 * 39) Tangent
 * 40) Segment

Two and three-dimensional geometry

 * 1) Perimeter
 * 2) Arclength
 * 3) Area
 * 4) Volume
 * 5) Pythagorean Theorem
 * 6) Ellipse
 * 7) Polyhedron
 * 8) Ellipsoid
 * 9) Sphere

Traditional geometry

 * 1) Topology
 * 2) Erlangen program
 * 3) Hyperbolic geometry
 * 4) Elliptic geometry
 * 5) Affine geometry
 * 6) Projective geometry
 * 7) Inversive geometry

Modern geometry

 * 1) Algebraic geometry
 * 2) Differential geometry
 * 3) Noncommutative geometry

Basic concepts

 * 1) Radian
 * 2) Degree
 * 3) Unit circle
 * 4) Trigonometric functions
 * 5) Sine wave
 * 6) Simple harmonic motion
 * 7) Exact trigonometric constants
 * 8) Generating trigonometric tables

Analytical trigonometry

 * 1) Trigonometric identity
 * 2) Sum and difference formula (trigonometry)

Other

 * 1) Law of sines
 * 2) Law of cosines

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Ta bu shi da yu/Math structure


text:
EMC E2

The EMC E2 was an American passenger-train diesel locomotive which as a single unit developed 1800 hp, from two (2) 900 hp prime movers. These locomotives were typically operated as a unit set (A - B - B) or (A - B - A); where the three unit lashup developed 5400 horsepower. This was almost the ideal horsepower required (6,000 hp) for the tonnage of a 15 - 18 car passenger train, operated over the ruling grades of virtually all of the mileage between major American cities. The units were of the A1A-A1A wheel arrangement, and manufactured by Electro-Motive Corporation (EMC), later Electro-Motive Diesel (EMD) of La Grange, Illinois.

Two sets (each of three units, A-B-B) (5400 hp) were produced in 1937 for named passenger trains; the first set (SF-1, SF-2, and SF-3) for the City of San Francisco. These motive-power sets were jointly owned and operated by the Union Pacific Railroad, the Chicago and North Western Railway, and the Southern Pacific Railroad. The second A-B-B set (LA-1, LA-2, and LA-3) was used for the City of Los Angeles; and, was jointly owned and operated by the UP and CNW only. The first locomotive power unit was the control cab, or "A" unit, while the other two were cabless boosters, or "B" units. The control cab and booster units were designed for multiple unit operation (the first in diesel motive power). A single engine crew in the cab, remotely monitored and controlled all three motive power units from a single control station in the cab. The locomotives were diesel-electrics with two 900 hp Winton 201-A engines each, with each engine driving its own generator to power the traction motors. In addition the locomotives contained steam generators for passenger car heating. An independent auxiliary diesel powered electric generator was housed in the first car of the train consist. This car was a combination power/baggage/post office, or crew dormitory. This car provided electric power for train-line "hotel" power for their named train set(s), to include the air conditioning, dining, lounge, and entertainment. The power cars were required for these train sets because of the electrical demand of their feature cars. The E2 was the third model in a long line of passenger diesels of similar design known as EMD E-units.

The E2, along with the more-or-less simultaneous EA/EB units for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and the E1 units for the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, represented an important step in the evolution of the passenger diesel locomotive. While the EA, E1 and E2 were each built for a specific railroad and train, they were largely identical mechanically and were a step further away from the concept of custom-built motive power, integrated into a particular streamliner; and towards mass-produced standardized locomotives. This transition was achieved with the E3, E4, E5, and E6, EMC (later EMD)'s next models.

Styling
The E2's profile was more aggressive than the sloping snouts of previous EMC passenger power, so they gained a "bulldog nose" nickname. Subsequent blunt-snouted passenger units are sometimes also called this, but the E2's nose is by far the most bulbous among the E and F series locomotives. The seven porthole windows on the sides were one less than its predecessors in Union Pacific's diesel streamliner fleet, the M-10003 to M-10006. One of the nicknames that these locomotives acquired, because of these portholes and prominent nose, was "Queen Mary," after the British Cunard liner had recently been put in service. The Union Pacific Railroad also referred to the schedule of the "City of San Francisco," a passenger train hauled by these locomotives, as sailings. Later E units for Union Pacific, including E7 locomotives, were ordered modified with extra porthole style windows. The units were painted in Union Pacific's Armour Yellow with Leaf Brown roofs and undersides, the same colors as UP's previous streamliners (the M-10000 etc.). Color photographs indicate that UP modified their color scheme with slate gray roofs around mid-1941. There was extensive stainless steel on the noses, upon which were displayed the owning railroads' heralds in color. The bulbous nose and stainless steel ornamentation of the E2 evoked the nose design of the UP's M-10003 to M-10006 streamliner locomotives, which were also bulbous, featuring a large stainless steel grille and pilot ornamentation. UP's advertising from that era often had renditions of their locomotives emphasizing their bulbous and shiny noses.

Replacement
All four "B" units (SF-2, SF-3, LA-2, LA-3) went to the Union Pacific; they were used until 1953, when they were "rebuilt" into E8 locomotives. These rebuilds utilised little of the previous locomotives and were effectively trade-ins. The driving "A" unit of the SF set, SF-1, (the "Queen Mary") went to the Southern Pacific; it was likewise "rebuilt" into EMD E7 #6017. The "A" unit of the LA set, LA-1, went to the Chicago and North Western (#5003A) and was scrapped in 1953 after it was destroyed in a head-on collision near Rhinelander, Wisconsin.

No E2 survives today. However the pair of Winton Model 201A V12 diesel engines from SF-1 (the lead unit of the City of San Francisco set, nicknamed "Queen Mary") were rescued from scrap and eventually became part of the collection of artifacts at the California State Railroad Museum at Sacramento. One of the engines has now (September 2009) been transferred to the Illinois Railway Museum at Union, Illinois.

title: EMC E2


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Douglas Wozniak

Douglas Wozniak
Not by much, but still not notable. Had he been the principal designer of the EPCOT Centre sphere it could have been argued he is notable, but it doesn't appear he is. No other claim to notability. --fvw *  05:30, 2004 Dec 19 (UTC)
 * Delete unless more notability can be established. -- Hoary 05:33, 2004 Dec 19 (UTC)
 * Delete. Else, I want to be included too after I graduate this April __earth 06:31, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn. Wyss 19:03, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn. I wrote it as a joke. i am sorry.


text:
R. C. Sherriff

Robert Cedric Sherriff, FSA, FRSL (6 June 1896 – 13 November 1975) was an English writer best known for his play Journey's End, which was based on his experiences as an army officer in the First World War. He wrote several plays, many novels, and multiple screenplays, and was nominated for an Academy Award and two BAFTA awards.

Early life
Sherriff was born in Hampton Wick, Middlesex, to insurance clerk Herbert Hankin Sherriff and Constance Winder. He was educated at Kingston Grammar School in Kingston upon Thames from 1905 to 1913. After he left school, Sherriff began working at an insurance office as a clerk in 1914.

Military service
Sherriff served as an officer in the 9th battalion of the East Surrey Regiment in the First World War, taking part in the fighting at Vimy Ridge and Loos. He was severely wounded at Passchendaele near Ypres in 1917.

Post war period
After recovering from his wounds, Sherriff worked as an insurance adjuster from 1918 to 1928 at Sun Insurance Company, London.

Sherriff read history at New College, Oxford, from 1931 to 1934. He was a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature and the Society of Antiquaries of London.

Playwright
Sherriff wrote his first play to help Kingston Rowing Club raise money to buy a new boat. Sherriff started writing his seventh play, Journey's End, probably his most famous, during the summer of 1927  in one of the railway carriage bungalows at Selsey. It was published in 1929 and was based on his experiences in the war. It was given a single Sunday performance, on 9 December 1928, by the Incorporated Stage Society at the Apollo Theatre, directed by James Whale and with the 21-year-old Laurence Olivier in the lead role. In the audience was Maurice Browne who produced it at the Savoy Theatre where it was performed for two years from 1929. The play was hugely successful and there was wide press coverage which reveals how audience responses provoked by this play shaped understanding of the First World War in the interwar years.

Novelist
Sherriff also wrote prose. A novelised version of Journey's End, co-written with Vernon Bartlett, was published in 1930. His 1939 novel, The Hopkins Manuscript is an H. G. Wells-influenced post-apocalyptic story about an earth devastated because of a collision with the Moon. Its sober language and realistic depiction of an average man coming to terms with a ruined England is said to have been an influence on later science fiction authors such as John Wyndham and Brian Aldiss. The Fortnight in September, an earlier novel, published in 1931, is a rather more plausible story about a Bognor holiday enjoyed by a lower-middle-class family from Dulwich. It was nominated by Kazuo Ishiguro as a book to 'inspire, uplift and offer escape' in a list compiled by The Guardian during the COVID-19 pandemic, describing it as "just about the most uplifting, life-affirming novel I can think of right now".

His 1936 novel Greengates is a realistic novel about a middle-aged couple, Tom and Edith Baldwin, moving from an established London suburb into the new suburbs of Metro-land.

Award nominations
Sherriff was nominated along with Eric Maschwitz and Claudine West for an Academy award for writing an adapted screenplay for Goodbye, Mr. Chips which was released in 1939. His 1955 screenplays, The Dam Busters and The Night My Number Came Up were nominated for best British screenplay BAFTA awards.

Plays

 * 1921: A Hitch in the Proceedings
 * 1922: The Woods of Meadowside
 * 1923: Profit and Loss
 * 1924: Cornlow-in-the-Downs
 * 1925: The Feudal System
 * 1926: Mr. Bridie's Finger
 * 1928: Journey's End - the 2007 Broadway revival won the Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival of a Play
 * 1930: Badger's Green
 * 1933: Windfall
 * 1934: Two Hearts Doubled
 * 1936: St Helena
 * 1948: Miss Mabel
 * 1950: Home at Seven
 * 1953: The White Carnation
 * 1955: The Long Sunset
 * 1957: The Telescope
 * 1960: A Shred of Evidence (or The Strip of Steel)

Film scripts

 * 1919: The Toilers
 * 1933: The Invisible Man
 * 1934: One More River
 * 1937: The Road Back
 * 1939: Goodbye, Mr. Chips – which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay along with his co-writers Claudine West, Eric Maschwitz
 * 1939: The Four Feathers
 * 1941: That Hamilton Woman
 * 1942: This Above All
 * 1942: Stand by for Action
 * 1947: Odd Man Out
 * 1948: Quartet
 * 1950: Trio
 * 1950: No Highway in the Sky
 * 1955: The Dam Busters – which was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best British Screenplay
 * 1955: The Night My Number Came Up – which was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best British Screenplay (NB: both films were nominated for the 1955 BAFTA awards.)
 * 1955:	Cards with Uncle Tom (TV)
 * 1963: The Ogburn Story (TV)

Books

 * (Reprinted in 2006 by Persephone Books);
 * (Reprinted in 2015 by Persephone Books)
 * (Revised and reissued as a Pan Paperback in 1958 under the title The Cataclysm; Reprinted in 2005 by Persephone Books under its original title.)
 * (Revised and reissued as a Pan Paperback in 1958 under the title The Cataclysm; Reprinted in 2005 by Persephone Books under its original title.)

title: R. C. Sherriff


text:
Talk:R. C. Sherriff/Sources

key: ; ; ;

 * full name: Robert Cedric Sherriff. [35] [38]
 * year born: 1896. [38]
 * date of birth: 1896-06-06. [38]
 * year died: 1975. [38]
 * date of death: 1975-11-13. [38]
 * English
 * (writer )
 * playwright and scriptwriter ???
 * best known for his play Journey's End ???

Infobox

 * full name: (sourced elsewhere)
 * date of birth: (sourced elsewhere)
 * date of death: (sourced elsewhere)
 * location of death: ???
 * playwright and scriptwriter ???
 * British ???
 * Writing period: 1929 - 1968
 * Notable work(s): ???

Early life

 * location of birth?
 * Kingston upon Thames.
 * Hampton Wick, Middlesex. [35]
 * Hampton Wick, Surrey, England. [38]
 * Esher, Surrey. [35]

 * parents:
 * He was the only child of Herbert Hankin Sherriff, insurance clerk, and his wife, Constance, daughter of Charles Winder, of Iver, Buckinghamshire. ???

 * education:
 * Kingston Grammar School.
 * Grammar school at Kingston on Thames. [38]

 * working in insurance before WW1 [38]
 * as claims adjuster in 1914

 * working in insurance after WW1
 * 1918 to 1928.
 * as insurance adjuster 1918-1928
 * as claims adjuster 1918-28
 * at Sun Insurance Company, London

 * served in WW1 [38]
 * 1915 to 1918,
 * as captain,  [38]
 * in the East Surrey Regiment,
 * 9th.
 * sered at Vimy and Loos ???
 * wounded at Passchendaele.
 * (Ypres)
 * severely ???
 * 1979 ???
 * decorated with Military Cross during the war ???

Early plays

 * first play to help Kingston Rowing Club raise money to buy a new boat.
 * Journey's End:
 * seventh play.
 * written: 1928
 * published: 1929
 * 1st 2 performances:
 * 1st 1928-12-09
 * Apollo Theatre.
 * directed by James Whale.
 * Laurence Olivier in the lead role,
 * who was then 21 years old.
 * 1st performance
 * 2nd performance
 * Maurice Brown in audience for possibly the 1st perf..
 * Browne produced it at Savoy,
 * from 1929,
 * where it ran for 2 years.

 * New College, Oxford.
 * 1931 to 1934
 * fellow of the Royal Society of Literature and the Society of Antiquaries.

Award nominations
Oscar nom. for Goodbye, Mr. Chips, BAFTA noms for The Dam Busters and The Night My Number Came Up.

title: Talk:R. C. Sherriff/Sources


text:
Talk:Equity market

Language
"Both Stock market's and bond markets." Really? Debt is NOT equity. - Jerryseinfeld 05:32, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Equity market


text:
PetroChina

PetroChina Company Limited is a Chinese oil and gas company and is the listed arm of state-owned China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), headquartered in Dongcheng District, Beijing. The company is currently Asia's largest oil and gas producer. Traded in Hong Kong and New York, the mainland enterprise announced its plans to issue stock in Shanghai in November 2007, and subsequently entered the constituent of SSE 50 Index. In the 2020 Forbes Global 2000, PetroChina was ranked as the 32nd-largest public company in the world.

History
PetroChina was established as a joint stock company with limited liabilities under the Company Law of the People's Republic of China (the PRC) on 5 November 1999, as part of the restructuring of CNPC. In the restructuring, CNPC injected into PetroChina most of the assets and liabilities of CNPC relating to its exploration and production, refining and marketing, chemicals and natural gas businesses. Because of Sinopec's link to Sudan through parent company China Petrochemical Corporation, several institutional investors such as Harvard and Yale decided, in 2005, to divest from Sinopec. Sudan divestment efforts have continued to be concentrated on PetroChina since then. Fidelity Investments, after pressure from activist groups, also announced in a filing in the US that it had sold 91 per cent of its American Depositary Receipts in PetroChina in the first quarter of 2007.

At the beginning of May 2007, the company announced it had made China's largest oil find in a decade off the country's northeast coast, in an oilfield named Jidong Nanpu oil field in Bohai Bay. In May 2008 these expectations were lowered.

On 7 November 2007, Hang Seng Indexes Company announced that PetroChina would be a Hang Seng Index Constituent Stock, effective 10 December 2007. PetroChina also came under scrutiny from international organizations for its part in trading with the Sudanese government as it undertook the war in Darfur.

On 19 August 2009, PetroChina signed an A$50 billion deal with ExxonMobil to purchase liquefied natural gas from the Gorgon field in Western Australia, considered the largest contract ever signed between China and Australia, which ensures China a steady supply of LNG fuel for 20 years, and also forms as China's largest supply of relatively "clean energy". This deal has been formally secured, despite relations between Australia and China being at their lowest point in years, following the Rio Tinto espionage case and the granting of visas to Rebiya Kadeer to visit Australia.

PetroChina's Dushanzi District refinery became fully operational on 24 September 2009. The refinery is China's largest refinery with annual capacity of 10 million tons of oil and 1 million tons of ethylene. The refinery is an integral part of China's ambitions to import oil from Kazakhstan.

In February 2011, PetroChina agreed to pay $5.4 billion for a 49% stake in Canada's Duvernay shale assets owned by Encana. It was China's biggest investment in shale gas to date. PetroChina's subsidiary in Canada is named PetroChina Canada and has an office in Calgary. It operates under the direction of Li Zhiming.

China signed a deal in 2016 with the Nepal Oil Corporation to sell 30% of the total Nepalese petroleum consumption. China plans to build a pipeline to Nepal's Panchkhal along with a storage depot.

In 2017, the shares of PetroChina upped after the rise of natural gas prices for commercial use.

In February 2019, as part of the Arrow Energy joint venture with Royal Dutch Shell, the company was granted leases for $10 billion (AUS) towards the Surat project in Queensland, Australia. Liaoyang Petrochemical Corp, a unit of PetroChina, in May 2019 exported to Europe for the first time. PetroChina posted a US$4 billion profit for 2019.

PetroChina was allowed to accelerate its renewable energy business in 2022, installing 5.36 gigawatts of wind and solar power plants and 11.2 million square meters of geothermal projects during the first half of the year. This came after the company posted a 55.3 percent year-on-year increase in interim earnings.

PetroChina Pipelines
PetroChina Pipelines is a subsidiary (72.26%) of PetroChina that managed the first three pipelines of the project.

History
The construction of the West–East Gas Pipeline started in 2002. The pipeline was put into trial operation on 1 October 2004, and the full commercial supply of natural gas commenced on 1 January 2005. The pipeline is owned and operated by PetroChina West–East Gas Pipeline Company, a subsidiary of PetroChina. Originally, it was agreed that PetroChina would have owned 50% of the pipeline, while Royal Dutch Shell, Gazprom, and ExxonMobil had been slated to hold 15% each, and Sinopec 5%. However, in August 2004, the Board of Directors of PetroChina announced that following good faith discussions with all parties to the Joint Venture Framework Agreement, the parties had not been able to reach an agreement, and the joint venture framework agreement was terminated.

Technical features
The 4000 km long pipeline runs from Lunnan in Xinjiang to Shanghai. The pipeline passes through 66 cities in the 10 provinces in China. Natural gas transported by the pipeline is used for electricity production in the Yangtze River Delta area. The capacity of the pipeline is 12 e9m3 of natural gas annually. The cost of the pipeline was US$5.7 billion. By the end of 2007, the capacity was planned to be upgraded to 17 e9m3. For this purpose, ten new gas compressor stations will be built and eight existing stations are to be upgraded.

Connections
The West–East Gas Pipeline is connected to the Shaan-Jing pipeline by three branch pipelines. The 886 km long Ji-Ning branch between the Qingshan Distributing Station and the Anping Distributing Station became operational on 30 December 2005.

Source of supply
The pipeline is supplied from the Tarim Basin oil and gas fields in Xinjiang province. The Changqing gas area in Shaanxi province is a secondary gas source. In the future, the planned Kazakhstan-China gas pipeline will be connected to the West–East Gas Pipeline.

Starting from 15 September 2009, the pipeline is also supplied with coalbed methane from the Qinshui Basin in Shanxi.

West–East Gas Pipeline II
Construction of the second West–East Gas Pipeline started on 22 February 2008. The pipeline with a total length of 9102 km, including 4843 km of the main line and eight sub-lines, will run from Khorgas in northwestern Xinjiang to Guangzhou in Guangdong. Up to Gansu, it will be parallel and interconnected with the first west–east pipeline. The western part of the pipeline is expected to be commissioned by 2009, and the eastern part by June 2011.

The capacity of the second pipeline is 30 e9m3 of natural gas per year. It is mainly supplied by the Central Asia-China gas pipeline. The pipeline is expected to cost US$20 billion. The project is developed by China National Oil and Gas Exploration and Development Corp. (CNODC), a joint venture of China National Petroleum Corporation and PetroChina.

West–East Gas Pipeline III
Construction of the third pipeline started in October 2012 and it is to be completed by 2015. The third pipeline will run from Horgos in western Xinjiang to Fuzhou in Fujian. It will cross Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces.

The total length of the third pipeline is 7378 km, including 5220 km trunkline and eight branches. In addition, the project includes three gas storages and a LNG plant. It will have a capacity of 30 e9m3 of natural gas per year with operating pressure of 10 - 12 MPa. The pipeline will be supplied from Central Asia–China gas pipeline's Line C supplemented by supplies from the Tarim basin and coalbed methane in Xinjiang. Compressors for the pipeline are supplied by Rolls-Royce.

Chemical spills
In November 2005, one of PetroChina's chemical plants exploded in Jilin, China, resulting in 100 tons of benzene, which is a carcinogen and toxic, pouring into the Songhua River. There was a slick of chemicals that spanned 80 kilometres. Harbin, which is another city along the Songhua River, had to cut the water supply from almost 4 million people, for 5 days. More than 60 people were injured, five died, and one person was missing due to the incident. The spill reached as far as Khabarovsk, Russia, where residents stocked up on bottled water. The Russian city tried filtering its water of toxic substances, but could not guarantee the water was safe. China's environmental agency fined the company one million yuan (approximately $125,000, £64,000) for its pollution, which was the maximum fine that can be handed out in China for breaking an environmental law. The Chinese government said that cleaning up the aftermath would require one billion US dollars. Li Zhaoxing, Chinese Foreign Minister at the time, issued a public apology to Russia due to the incident. The Chinese press responded harshly to the authorities' response to the disaster.

In 2014, Petrochina's subsidiary Lanzhou Petrochemical was responsible for ethylene and ammonia leaks, benzene contamination of water supplies, and air pollution in Lanzhou. City officials criticized the company and demanded an apology.

The "Western Gas to the East" Pipeline Project

PetroChina's development of gas reserves in Tarim Basin, Xinjiang has been the subject of controversy, as such a project could pose a threat to the environment.

Demonstration at Chengdu plant
In 2008, PetroChina began constructing a $5.5 billion petrochemical plant, expected to produce 800,000 tons of ethylene and refine 10 million tons of crude oil a year, in Chengdu, China. Although PetroChina claimed that $565 million of the total investment would be dedicated to environmental protection, residents of Chengdu believed it might bring pollution to the local area and took to the streets on 3 and 4 May 2008, to protest the petrochemical plant. The whole demonstration was peaceful, with little Chinese government intervention.

Trade anomalies
On 19 January 2022, Chinese authorities punished PetroChina's subsidiary "PetroChina Fuel Oil Co Ltd" for alleged oil trade inconsistencies that "severely disrupted oil products market order... facilitated blind development of outdated production capacity at independent refineries...caused losses in government tax revenue indirectly," said the National Development and Reform Commission.

Human rights
In 2011, Earthrights International accused PetroChina of complicity in serious human rights abuses in Burma, a country known for militarily furthering its economic interests through the use of forced labor.

Corruption
In September 2013, Jiang Jiemin, a former chairman of PetroChina, was abruptly removed from his role as director of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council and investigated for corruption and abuse of power, along with four other senior oil executives. Jiang was considered an ally of corrupt former security chief Zhou Yongkang, and part of a group of officials that had political ties with Zhou. On 12 October 2015, the court found Jiang guilty on all counts, including accepting bribes, possessing dark assets, and abusing his power. He was sentenced to 16 years in prison.

In January 2017, former vice chairman Liao Yongyuan was sentenced to 15 years in prison for abuse of power and accepting nearly $2 million worth of bribes.

In October 2021, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection announced that it was investigating former vice president Ling Xiao, for “serious disciplinary violations”.

Tax issues
In January 2014, the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists published research based on leaked financial records from the British Virgin Islands, implicating CNPC, PetroChina, Sinopec, and CNOOC in offshore tax evasion.

Ranking
PetroChina was ranked 30th in 2018 Forbes Global 2000, a list of top listed companies of the world. In 2019, PetroChina was ranked 22nd in Forbes Global 2000. In 2023, PetroChina was ranked #18 in Forbes' Global 2000 (World's Largest Public Companies).

Corporate bonds
PetroChina, on 24 October 2008 issued a series of medium-term corporate bonds worth 80 billion yuan ($11.7 billion), which was the biggest ever domestic issue by a listed company.

Logo
The logo of PetroChina has represented the company in plenary capacity since 2004. The logo's basic, abecedarian design consists of a rising sun, projected onto a petal-based graphic. The colors utilized in the graphic are red and yellow, auspicious in Chinese culture. Beneath the English-language version of the design is positioned the company's name in an emboldened, black typeset, "PetroChina".

PetroChina's current logo was adopted 26 December 2004. The contour of the logo is defined as a "petal graphic equally divided by ten in red and yellow colors", which, according to description, "are the basic colors of the national flag of the People's Republic of China, and which embody the characteristics of the oil and gas industry". The essentially spherical design of the logo, meant to exemplify PetroChina's global development stratagem. The ten equanimous petals are indicative of PetroChina's ten consolidated core businesses. The red substratum is intended to highlight "an angle of a square shape, not only demonstrating PetroChina's strong fundamentals, but also implicating the company's huge power of cohesion and creativity". The general floral connotations of the logo are designed to capture PetroChina's "social responsibility of creating harmony between energy and environment". Finally, the sun ascending over the horizon in the center of the logo epitomizes the prosperous future hoped to lie within the future of PetroChina.

title: PetroChina


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File:Heather Nova - Wonderlust.jpg

Cover for album Wonderlust by Heather Nova.

Fair use rationale for

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Talk:Columbia University School of General Studies

Evaluation of Columbia Mature College (GS)
For the record, in 2006 I wrote here that this article should include critiques of the GS as the "back door" to Columbia, since there are many sources referring to the widespread opinion that that's what the GS is (due to the GS having much lower standards than Columbia College, and having a student body that is just very different from Columbia College students). You can't just pretend the GS is identical to Columbia College. Otherwise, this page feels like puffery, not encyclopedic. In the thirteen years since then, editors (many unsigned, who I can only assume are GS students) have deleted my two or three posts on this Talk page about this issue. To me, that reinforces the idea that this page is being used by cheerleaders of the GS to promote it, rather than by WP editors trying to completely and accurately describe an important institution to a general audience. Aroundthewayboy (talk) 03:36, 12 May 2019 (UTC)

Sure, while we're at it, let's also discuss the disparities within CC. Let's include on Columbia College's page a section on athletic freshman and transfer admits who, as a general rule, are about as bright as a box of hammers. I mean, it's such a big controversy and this is an encyclopedia, right? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.242.6.231 (talk) 21:00, 14 August 2011 (UTC)

Aroundthewayboy 23:25, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

This isn't really an apt comparison. Typically, CC applicants are ineligible to apply to GS and vice-versa. The exception to this is JTS students and actor/ballerina types. While the admission rates are higher at GS than CC, they are not always higher than SEAS, and its entirely unclear that that "quality" of students is lower (supposedly GS has the highest average GPA). Considering that a huge number of GS students are transfers (with time off) from Columbia's peer institutions, its probably very unlikely that there is much disparity between SAT scores and such--at least for those who started college right out of high school. Coffeemilk 09:50, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

I am a current GS student and I'd like to add to this apples/oranges debate. CC students can be compared to well-oiled machines. They have been jumping through the hoops for so many years now that they usually just hit the ground running. GS students are, by nature, more rusty. I agree that some GS students are not up to par but I have also met many CC students who like, can't, like, understand why they have to take Art Hum. I've had several professors (notable ones) tell me they always enjoy papers written by GS students because they project more depth and experience than what their younger CC students can produce. Conversely, I have noticed that CC students do much better in the quantitative and hard science courses because they have been sharpened to a much higher extent than students who have not had to maintain the type of thinking required to excel in such fields.

CC students are top notch and deserve the opportunities they have worked so hard to attain. They are also the product of a life process that requires things such as access to good schools, strong parenting, money, and a greater capacity/opportunity for early maturity. The pressure is intense beyond belief. No argument there. There is probably a good argument in stating that CC students have made more sacrifices than GS students in order to attain their seat in class, too. Who knows? To make a case for CC being superior to GS due simply to a difference in application standards is to make a case for Darwinism, though. Higher education exists in order to empower anyone who seeks it out. To limit its opportunities to those who "survived the best" early in life condemns higher education to the same elitist myopia so often displayed in the worlds of business and politics. Higher education should be an exception to the institution of Darwinism and programs such as GS represent prime examples of such logic.

 * I've edited the page to address these issues to provide, as you say, "as full background information and context as possible." Finally, judging an entire school based on a single graduate—as you do with Kelly Bensimon—is somewhat peremptory. Elibrisomnia (talk) 20:43, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

Aroundthewayboy (talk) 03:24, 1 July 2009 (:::::Encyclopedias should cite credible sources, not just anyone who says something. And what’s cited shouldn’t be taken out of context—the full quote from the Spectator article is “There seems to be this minority
 * (http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/08/05/honorands.html).Elibrisomnia (talk) 21:34, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

 * If you really want to disparage GS, consider the fact that the average age of a GS student is around 28. From what I've read, GS graduates are hired comparably to CC graduates, ignoring certain life experience factors, but GS students exit around age 30 whereas CC students gain their first opportunity to really enter the workforce at 22. The way I, as a prospective GS student, view the matter is that GS offers a second chance to qualified applicants, but it remains a second chance to people who've hit the hoops the first time around.

 * Beyond that, if you consider that there is more to life than pure smarts (Harvard College undergraduates, for instance, have an average 136 IQ according to some studies, when 136 IQ represents a Z-score of a tiny bit above 2 and Harvard admissions rates for 2400 SAT corresponds to a Z-score of ~3.9 or higher), GS students may be qualified in other ways, and the wise CC student will take advantage of that by seeking to exploit GS students' life experience. After all, one of the biggest reasons to attend an Ivy is the other students; not only do you use them for networking opportunities, you can also exploit their unique experiences. In my readings, a small percentage of HC acceptees DO decide that they would prefer CC instead, and one of the reasons for that is the diversity of the student base, and for similar reasons, while Wharton grads are often hired preferentially to CC grads, some who get in choose to ditch University City for Morningside Heights instead. Why? Because Columbia is New York, and Columbia has a more diverse and interesting student body. GS students are part of the core Columbia experience, and you can't get that out at Penn. 76.101.249.145 (talk) 00:25, 21 February 2016 (UTC)

GS is the most diverse undergraduate college when it comes to nationality, age and family backgrounds. SAT scores are naturally lower for international applicants, older applicants and applicants from low-income homes -- thus, it is natural that GS does not publish these scores. Indeed, for all these three categories of students they are not deemed to accurately measure scholastic ability. If you are 45 years old, your life experiences will be more important in admission than SAT scores; it is simply not a very relevant variable -- unlike it is for say CC students, with 90% American students, applying straight out of high school. In the end, GS is the school with the highest GPA -- if CC was so much more difficult to get into, then how do you explain this fact? And, perhaps CC ought to be even more difficult to get into, as the quality of their applicants, with a 10 percent admission rate, does still not measure up to a GS student when it comes to performance. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.22.241.72 (talk) 20:32, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

Other
Major school of columbia university, page needs expansion. -- 05:35, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Sounds like the article is measuring inputs instead of outputs. While admission criteria is different between GS and CC (age apart, most CC students would not be admitted to GS), far more GS students attend top graduate schools than GS. The Post Bac program at GS alone places more students in top medical schools than any school in the country. Regardless, the fact remains that GS is the highest performing college at Columbia. This is evidenced in the percentage of students with GPA's of 3.85 and hight compared to CC, SEAS and Barnard. Considering GS students take the same classes alongside CC students, then GS must be doing something right. Moreover, GS is a fully integrated undergraduate college at Columbia. It is perfectly acceptable to say "I graduated from Columbia University" regardless of whether one is a SEAS, CC or GS student. Furthermore, many top graduate programs (Harvard Law for example) actually prefer GS students, and therefore accept far more GS students into their rank than CC students. Employers also seek out Columbia grads, and GS in specific. Any animosity between CC and GS originates in CC, and comes from CC students who are completely unaware and/or jealous about GS. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Christoven123 (talk • contribs) 01:08, 22 May 2012 (UTC)

Harvard Extension
I reverted the entry on Havard Extension because the school is different in nature to the Yale, Brown, and Columbia programs. The two main differences being (1) Admission to Harvard Extension is open enrollment, and admission to a degree program within H.E. is granted as a matter of course. This is not the case for the other three. (2) Harvard sets aside a separate faculty for extension courses. At Columbia GS, CC, and GSAS share a single faculty. Brown REUs are part of Brown College, and the same goes for Yale special students. Coffeemilk 01:50, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

 * the harvard extension school has open enrollment for people who want to just take a class or two but has a nominal admissions process including foundation courses for people who want to be what they call a degree candidate and recieve a bachelors or a masters. most of the extension faculty are full time harvard college profs who teach at the extension school as well as the college or the graduate school. most of the extension school classes are run from the same syllabi as the college or the graduate school. its close but not exactly the same as GS.

 * Penn also has a College of General Studies like columbia. students study during the day with the reg students.

>Penn does have a College of General Studies, but the students are not integrated into the curriculum the same way that GS students are at Columbia. Penn GS students have a separate faculty, and require special permission to take classes during the day within the traditional undergraduate college.

 * It should be noted that while the Extension School's open enrollment classes are what constitute its bread and butter, degree candidates who go through their admissions process are counted as Harvard University students as well as Harvard Extension students.Extension just becomes their affiliation i.e. 'College' or GSAS. People taking open enrollment classes do not have that privilage. The only difference between Harvard and Columbia GS is that a prospective student has to meet a certain GPA requirement by taking HARVARD classes. This process alone is rigorous and costly. Secondly, I emailed the Extension School regarding thier Bachelors program and they indicated to me that there is "no such thing as an Extension School degree and that all courses taken through the Extension School by degree candidates count toward a Harvard University degree". The professors are the same as Harvard College or GSAS professors, the school operates under the FAS umbrella, it has its own crest, and many courses are exactly the same as the College Courses. They also told me that if a student maintains a 3.33 GPA after two semesters (or after 32 credits), he or she can take a maximum of 2 Harvard College or GSAS courses during the day a semester. I am not trying to over promote the Extension School but I am trying to say that while Columbia GS and Harvard's ES operate in different ways, they still share the same mission. MORE so than Brown or Yale which fully integrate their students into the DAY program. And besides Columbia GS students aren't fully integrated as this article would make one think. GS students cannot even use the CC career services, they have to use their own. Atleast the Extension School allows a student to use the Harvard College Career Services and the Harvard University Alumni Association.

 * I'm impressioned that HES is less prestigious than CSGS, despite HES being Harvard and CSGS being Columbia. CSGS is way closer to a proper CC degree, in that CSGS students attend the exact same courses as CC students, barring 3 classes in the Core Curriculum for which they have equivalents. HES, on the other hand, provides separate classes for HES students and provides a degree in "Extension Studies" granted by Harvard University instead of Harvard College. Harvard knows how to protect its brand; a school where anyone can enroll and many can get in would greatly destroy the prestige of Harvard College itself if it were fully comparable, whereas Columbia takes more chances by having a program that, while being highly selective for non-traditional students, allows them to attend the same classes as Columbia College students and presents them with an essentially comparable degree.

 * I am also convinced that HES students often try to delude themselves that HES is real Harvard, when HES degree programs are closer to Harvard's Corporate Social Responsibility program, by allowing qualified community members, including non-teaching members of the staff (is faculty appropriate?), to obtain a Harvard-certified degree at a discount rate. From reports given, HES classes are definitely not identical in rigor to Harvard College, not simply because the student body is less selective and thus less competitive, but also because the instructors were told to adapt to the lesser abilities of the student base. Columbia is not at the same level as Harvard in terms of prestige and possibly quality of instruction, but it's the real thing, as opposed to something watered down. That said, both HES and Columbia provide important functions in the American tertiary education system. Both are oriented towards non-Trads, but HES offers a more flexible program, a better alumni network, as well as better continuing education options, while CSGS, in my view, offers the better degree. 76.101.249.145 (talk) 00:50, 21 February 2016 (UTC)

This last paragraph on Harvard misses the point. GS students education is identical--there is no day program. That is, the students are mixed into the same classes, which is not the case at Extension schools. The education at Harvard, et al, is not identical because of this reason. It doesn't matter what umbrella it operates under. They are also not the same mission; it is not extension. The school of continuing education at Columbia fulfills that mission. And "many courses are exactly the same" simply highlights that they are separate at Harvard. At Columbia, they are not separate. Finally, schools do not confer degrees, only the trustees do, at the recommendation of Deans of the schools/colleges. The schools recommend them. Therefore, of course, the degree is Harvard University, in the same way that a certificate would be. This point fails to address the issue at hand.

recent updates
The page was recently updated, and the two major changes are:
 * A new picture of the School’s logo.
 * a Notable Alumni and Attendees section.

I think that the picture that was added is outdated. If anything, we should add the current seal, not the sketch that was the basis for the current seal.

Also, I object to the addition of Notable Alumni and Attendees. This is going to make the article unecissaraly long (as future editors add who they consider to be famous). In additiona, we will also have editing wars over who is and who is not important enough to be included. Instead, I recommend manking this list into a category, so that the information is acceable, but not part of the main article. Before I make these changes, I wanted to see if there are objections or better suggerstions.

Best. Matan 14:42, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

I think we should keep Notable Alumni/Attendees. It should be cleaned up a bit. I'm not clear why the author of 1 novel need be included. I would remove:

Irma B. Jaffe Philippe I. Reines Max Aguilera-Hellweg Joe Connelly

Any objections? I think with these removals and you've got people of note and the top of their field. I'm ambivalent regarding Mac Borg.

-ws Wwsnyc 20:15, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Re: Recent updates

I am unable to find any recent logos freely available online, except for the logo that is the GS Student Council's. You can take off the one I added if you wish. With regards to Notable Alumni and Attendees, I am simply going with the wikipedia convention of adding an alumni section to any article about specific colleges. It is on the Wikipedia entries for Columbia University's undegraduate schools, Columbia College, SEAS and Barnard.

Adc
 * I changed the shield image. As for the Notable Alumni and Attendees, since no one else seems to mind, lets keep it for now. If it gets too much, we can re-open the issue. Best, Matan 04:01, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

Current Students
I wonder about the advisability of listing current students. If these students were listed without their knowledge, it's creepy (even if the information does come from items published on the GS or Columbia websites or in school newspapers such as the Spectator or the Record). If they listed themselves, it's a little sad. In either case, I wonder what the encyclopedic value of this section is. 160.39.247.200 19:57, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

Im the one who added the section. Looking at it now it doesnt seem to be beneficial. Any thoughts before I go ahead and delete it? 06:40, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I would remove the current students section. The alumni section can also use some trimming... Matan 15:51, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

links to "cu-wiki"
To the anonymous user who is adding links to the “cu wiki,” please read this section to understand why I removed it: External links

Best, Matan 20:06, 12 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Dear user 207.237.223.150. Usually, I would agree with you and ask to remove the "GS Lounge" link from this article. However, the GSSC made the "GS Lounge" into its official website (at least for the 2006-7 year). Feel free to visit www.columbia.edu/cu/gssc/, which redirects to the "GS Lounge." When www.columbia.edu/about_columbia/index.html will redirect to WikiCU, I will be the first person to include WikiCU in this article. Until then, good luck with your exams & papers, and have a nice day. Matan 01:13, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

Whatever. GS Lounge is not registered to the university. Your criteria is arbitrary. 207.237.223.150 03:43, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, you make a good point. So I am removing the direct link to the GS Lounge, and keeping only the link to the GSSC website (hosted on the CU server), which currently redirects to the GS Lounge page. I am also removing the link to WikiCU. Please try to comply with this policy. Thank you, Matan 14:26, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

The GS handbook?
It seems like a user pasted a lot of information from the GS handbook about requirements, policies, etc. This is problematic for two reasons: 1) It is plagiarism. 2) It is not encyclopedia-style info. We have a link to the GS homepage, and people can find out if they can fulfill the language requirement with an SAT II score by going to the source. I am planning on removing all this new information within the next two days, unless someone can show me that this 1) does not violate the school's copyright info, and 2) should be part of Wikipedia. Best, Matan 18:45, 4 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I removed the plagiarized info that was copied from GS’s Viewbook. We can’t have plagiarism on Wikipedia, see Copyright problems. In addition, if someone wants to read about which classes fulfill the literature requirement, or about the need to consulate with a GS advisor before declaring a major, she or he can read the most updated info on the GS website. This should not be part of an encyclopedia. Matan 01:50, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

Columbia Students for International Service
I am unfamiliar with this group, and I doubt that it is a "GS Group." Before removing it, I wanted to know if anyone can point to it qualifying as a "GS Group" and that it indeed exists. Matan 01:11, 30 April 2007 (UTC)
 * OK, no response, so I will remove it. Matan 23:13, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

Edward Klein
Although Edward Klein did attend Colgate, he graduated from the School of General Studies. See his New York Times wedding announcement (10/25/87, "Dolores Barrett Wed to Edward Klein"). http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE3DA1338F936A15753C1A961948260 128.59.207.9 19:55, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

Why is the GS compared to Yale and Brown?
Ok this article is a little bias. Columbia GS is nothing at all like Yale's Eli Whitney Program or Brown's Resumed Undergraduate Edcuation Program. Both of those programs are reserved for non-traditional students over 21 (Brown has it at over 25) with exceptional work or life experience that are returning to school. Those programs only allow about 5-10 people a year, they're not really non-traditional programs lile Columbia GS. At any rate, the comparison is flimsy because Yale and Brown's program fully integrate their students into the DAY program. Columbia GS's real counterparts, it's "peer" schools, are Penn College of General Studies, Harvard's Extension School, and Washington University's University College. There is also Georgetown's School of Liberal Studies that rightly mirror both Columbia and Harvard's program. This is in no way shape or form dismissing Columbia GS, in fact getting into any of these non-traditional programs at an ivy league caliber school is tough and costly. But it is disheartening to see that this article is trying to make Columbia GS look like its shares a different mission than that of Penn or Harvard.

 * GS also fully integrates its students into the day program. The school has largely done away with GS-only night classes. In fact, I think it is 2-3 classes tops at this point. Aatombomb (talk) 18:30, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

 * GS is similar to Penn and Harvard's program. Atleast more so than Brown or Yale's. Doesn't make the program any less prestigious. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.7.101.84 (talk) 01:12, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

A GS student can take the same classes with the same teachers that CC students can. A typical class is made up of GS, CC, and SEAS students. I just registered for my Fall classes at Columbia, and all my classes are during the day. There are no classes that a CC student can register for that a GS student can't. The only class that is purely GS students is University Writing, but it is the same coursework as the University Writing class CC students take. The schools separate GS and CC students for this class because every student must take it their first semester there, and it provides a nice transition for GS students to be with purely GS students. Besides that class, I am unaware of any classes that CC students can register that GS students can't. Also, I am pretty sure that I would be able to take University Writing with CC students if I requested it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 169.232.117.103 (talk) 23:07, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

"There are no classes that a CC student can register for that a GS student can't." This statement is wrong. Here is an example course where GS students are not allowed. http://www.columbia.edu/cu/bulletin/uwb/subj/HUMA/C1002-20111-001/

In fact, GS like Harvard Extension School because GS and Continuing Education students take the same course with the same faculty. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Zxcvpoiu (talk • contribs) 13:22, 29 June 2011 (UTC)

 * This Talk Page is a mess, and it is clearly made by inexperienced WP editors (who keep doing things against the spirit of WP, such as deleting other editors' comments without permission or notification. This contributes to my strong feeling that the GS page is full of misleading self-promotion (written by GS students), which is against the rules of WP. Aroundthewayboy (talk) 03:46, 12 May 2019 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:1950 shield72 large.jpg
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Non-free content review
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Talk:Attica (village), New York

I'm the WikiProject Cities assessor of this article; if you would like some commentary, give me a holler! --Starstriker7(Say hior see my works) 00:46, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

This is just part of the Village of Attica which is on the northern border of Wyoming County, New York. Most of the village is in that county, but the village is also in Genesee County, New York. Whoever originally organized the subunits of New York did not realize that Attica is one of the villages in New York that spans county borders. There was too much reliance on CSD information, which appears to be organized on a county level. A CSD is a temporary artifice to define a census tract, but the Village of Attica existed long before the census, and presumably will continue to do so. The two articles relating to one village should be merged, but can this be done without destroying the census data?

 * I believe that the article at Attica, Genesee County, New York represents all of census data for the village of Attica and was merely poorly named in a somewhat misguided attempt at disambiguation. I don't see how CSD played a role in this (perhaps you meant CDP, but even then there is no CDP defined for this place). However, the actual census data is confusing. The SF 4 Summary file says there was total population of 2,639. But the SF 1 Summary file says there was 2,597. I don't know where that discrepency comes from--there does not appear to be any sort of separate summary files for the village of Attica based on county. I think this can safely be merged with the Attica, Genesee County, New York article. older ≠ wiser 23:07, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)

Most of the village is in Wyoming County. It could be that the population counts refer to the population in each part of the village, even though villages are supposed to be enumerated as a unit. This whole census business has blurred the localities in the state. Stepp-Wulf 05:28, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC).

 * It could be that the population counts refer to the population in each part of the village, I don't think this is the case--both SF 1 and SF 4 files describe the entire village and not only a portion. As the majority of the village is in Wyoming County, it is highly unlikely that 2,597 out of 2,639 people live in the Genesee County portion. I don't have a good handle on the differences, but SF 1 appears to be the most reliable; SF 4 appears to be based on some sort of sampling, which the description says may introduce errors for small geographical areas. I am 99% certain that Attica, Genesee County, New York contains the census data for the entire village and was simply poorly named as a result of trying to disambiguate from the town of Attica.

 * The question now is which of these articles should be merged into which. That is, should we copy and paste the census data from Attica, Genesee County, New York into Attica (village), New York or vice versa? I think that ultimately we want to have the article at Attica (village), New York. There have been few substative edits other than categorization and rambot updates made to Attica, Genesee County, New York, so I think that is probably a better candidate for merging into the other.

 * BTW, I think that Attica, Wyoming County, New York should be moved to Attica (town), New York for consistency with other town/village pairs and to avoid confusion, since the village is mostly in Wyoming county. After looking at things more closely, I think these articles may have been created pretty early on in Ram-Man's city project since it appears that he created them manually. At some point he began using Rambot to create the articles, so perhaps that might help to explain the irregularities here. older ≠ wiser 18:30, Dec 31, 2004 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Attica (village), New York


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United States Army Aviation and Missile Command

The United States Army Aviation and Missile Command (AMCOM) develops, acquires, fields and sustains aviation, missile and unmanned aerial vehicles. AMCOM is primarily responsible for lifecycle management of army missile, helicopter, unmanned ground vehicle and unmanned aerial vehicle weapon system. The central part of AMCOM's mission involves ensuring readiness through acquisition and sustainment support for aviation systems, missile systems, and test, measurement, and diagnostic equipment (TMDE) throughout their life cycle. The command is headquartered at Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama, has a 2019 "budget of more $3.7 billion, and a global workforce of more than 15,000 military and civilian employees".

AMCOM works closely with The U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Aviation & Missile Center (AvMC) which operates simulation facilities to evaluate missile components, such as seekers, in a variety of flights and countermeasures environments. AMCOM also has access to several wind tunnels to test full-size helicopters, a vertical motion simulator for flight control evaluation and a crash-testing tower used to improve safety.

AMCOM's Test, Measurement and Diagnostic Equipment Activity provides worldwide command and control over a broad metrology and calibration program. AMCOM is also the leader in foreign military sales, accounting for over 50 percent of total army sales to Allied forces and friendly foreign nations. AMCOM's main organizations are organized into "centers":
 * Acquisition Center – responsible for contracting support.
 * AMCOM Logistics Center (ALC) – responsible for logistics support.

LCMC
U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Life Cycle Management Command is an LCMC. Thus it has an associated contracting center. This LCMC Aviation and Missile Life Cycle Management Command was formerly Aviation and Missile Command (1997). This LCMC "purchases about $1 billion worth of aircraft and missile parts each year."

Chronology
The U.S. Army Missile Command was formally established on 23 May 1962 at Redstone Arsenal to manage the army's missile systems.

 * October 1948: The Chief of Ordnance designates Redstone Arsenal as the center for ordnance research and development in the field of rockets.
 * 1 June 1949: The Chief of Ordnance officially activates the arsenal as the site of the Ordnance Rocket Center.
 * 28 October 1949: The Secretary of the Army approves the transfer of the Ordnance Research and Development Division Sub-Office (Rocket) at Fort Bliss, Texas, to Redstone Arsenal as the Ordnance Guided Missile Center.
 * 1 February 1956: The U.S. Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA) established at Redstone Arsenal.
 * March, 1958: Organizations placed under the new Army Ordnance Missile Command (AOMC) include the ABMA, Redstone Arsenal, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, White Sands Proving Grounds and the Army Rocket and Guided Missile Agency (ARGMA)
 * 1958: ABMA's scientific and engineering staff (Wernher von Braun et al.) transferred to the newly created NASA Marshall Space Flight Center at the southern half of Redstone Arsenal
 * 1958: The Pershing Project Manager's Office was created.
 * 23 May 1962: U.S. Army Missile Command (MICOM) officially established;, fully staffed and operational on 1 August 1962.
 * 28 February 1964: The U.S. Army Aviation and Surface Material Command redesignated as the U.S. Army Aviation Materiel Command (AVCOM).
 * 23 September 1968: AVCOM redesignated the U.S. Army Aviation Systems Command (AVSCOM).
 * 1 July 1977: AVSCOM discontinued and its readiness mission combined with that of the U.S. Army Troop Support Command (TROSCOM) to form the U.S. Army Troop Support and Aviation Materiel Readiness Command (TSARCOM). AVSCOM's aviation research and development mission assigned to the newly established U.S. Army Aviation Research and Development Command (AVRADCOM).
 * 1 March 1984: AVSCOM reestablished and all missions and activities of AVRADCOM and the aviation related missions and activities of the Troop Support and Aviation Materiel Readiness Command transferred to AVSCOM.
 * 1 October 1992: Army Aviation and Troop Command established, consolidating the existing missions of AVSCOM and TROSCOM less those missions and organizations transferred to other commands.
 * 8 September 1995: Congress approves the 1995 Base Realignment and Closure Commission list, disestablishing ATCOM and transfers its mission and organizations to Redstone Arsenal to merge with the Army Missile Command to form AMCOM.
 * 17 July 1997: Army Aviation and Missile Command is provisionally established.
 * 1 October 1997: AMCOM formally established at Redstone Arsenal with the merger of the U.S. Army Missile Command (MICOM) at Redstone Arsenal and the U.S. Army Aviation and Troop Command (ATCOM) at St. Louis, Missouri

List of commanding generals

 * Major General James R. Myles,
 * Major General James E. Rogers, 10 September 2010
 * Major General Lynn A. Collyar, 1 June 2012
 * Major General James M. Richardson, 12 June 2014
 * Major General Douglas Gabram, 18 February 2016
 * William Marriott, 14 February 2019 (acting)
 * Major General K. Todd Royar, 10 June 2019
 * Major General Thomas W. O'Connor Jr., 12 August 2022
 * Major General Lori L. Robinson, 10 July 2024


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Talk:Attica, Genesee County, New York

This is just part of the Village of Attica which is on the northern border of Wyoming County, New York. Most of the village is in that county, but the village is also in Genesee County, New York. Whoever originally organized the subunits of New York did not realize that Attica is one of the villages in New York that spans county borders. There was too much reliance on CSD information, which appears to be organized on a county level. A CSD is a temporary artifice to define a census tract, but the Village of Attica existed long before the census, and presumably will continue to do so. The two articles relating to one village should be merged, but can this be done without destroying the census data?

 * I believe that this article represents all of the village of Attica and was merely poorly named in a somewhat misguided attempt at disambiguation. I don't see how CSD played a role in this (perhaps you meant CDP, but even then there is no CDP defined for this place). However, the actual census data is confusing. The SF 4 Summary file says there was total population of 2,639. But the SF 1 Summary file says there was 2,597. I don't know where that discrepency comes from--there does not appear to be any sort of separate summary files for the village of Attica based on county. I think this can safely be merged with the Attica (village), New York. older ≠ wiser 23:08, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Attica, Genesee County, New York


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Template:Musician-stub

cs:Šablona:Pahýl - hudebník

title: Template:Musician-stub


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Wapno

Wapno is a village in Wągrowiec County, in the Greater Poland Voivodeship, close to the border with Żnin County. Wapno is Polish for lime and reflects the large gypsum deposits in the area, which can be processed to produce lime. There are also large deposits of rock salt that were mined extensively beginning in the nineteenth century.

Wapno lies in the so-called Gniezno Lake District, and is close to several lakes. The village is 20 km north of the town of Wągrowiec.

Municipal organization
The present municipality (gmina) of Wapno includes the following hamlets in addition to the central village of Wapno:
 * Aleksandrowo
 * Graboszewo
 * Komasin
 * Podolin
 * Rusiec
 * Srebrna Góra
 * Stołężyn

History
The town is first mentioned in 1299, in an entry in the Codex Diplomaticus Majoris Poloniae, which records the appearance of one Count Adam of Wapno at a trial in the court of one Count Rozal, concerning the rights of the Cistercian monastery in Łękno vis-a-vis the village of Dębogóra. At that time, Wapno was part of the Kuyavian principality headed by Duke Władyslaw I Łokietek (Vladislaus the Short), who became the second king of Poland upon his election in 1330.

Under Prussian rule, Wapno was part of South Prussia (1793–1807) and again of the Bromberg Region (1815–1919) in the Province of Posen (Prowincja Poznańska), interrupted only by it forming part of the Duchy of Warsaw. After World War I, it became part of the Second Polish Republic.

During the Invasion of Poland, the elementary school in Wapno served as the headquarters of the Polish 26th Infantry Division, a component of the Intervention Corps. Under the German Reichsgau Wartheland occupation (1939–1945), it was briefly (1944–1945) renamed Salzhof — "Saltyard." In 1945, Wapno once again became part of Poland.

Since mediaeval times, Wapno has been known for the quality of its gypsum, which was used in the construction of the cathedrals at Gniezno and Poznań. There are also large salt deposits, consisting of salt domes intruding through the gypsum layer in diapirism. The salt and gypsum deposits under Wapno were subject to increasingly intensive extraction from 1828 onward, when landowner Florian Wilkoński began exploratory surface mining.

Output increased from 200 tonnes per year at the beginning of modern mining, to over 5,000 tonnes per year in 1850, with the pace accelerating after the introduction of steam power in 1835. Output began increasing again in the 1950s, accompanied by the construction of housing for up to 3,000 workers. Gypsum was processed on site, whereas beginning in 1887, after the construction of a line connecting Wapno and Nakło to Gniezno, salt was transported by rail to Nakło for processing.

On September 28, 1977, the Tadeusz Koscziusko saltmine underneath the town center collapsed, forcing the evacuation of around 1,000 residents. Wapno has never recovered economically from the loss of mining jobs after the accident, which has never been fully explained. A 2014 study found that a likely cause of the accident was exploitation of resources at the tenth (and lowest) level of the mine, along with preparatory work at the eighth and ninth levels, which study authors called a "mistake," as room and pillar mining of rock salt tends to lead to the accumulation of fractures, fissures, and leaching of liquified sand and soil that lead to subsidence.

title: Wapno


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Wimund

Wimund was a bishop who became a seafaring warlord adventurer in the years after 1147. His story is passed down to us by 12th-century English historian William of Newburgh in his Historia rerum anglicarum, Book I, Chapter 24 entitled "Of bishop Wimund, his life unbecoming a bishop, and how he was deprived of his sight".

Wimund's origins
William records that Wimund was "born in the most obscure spot in England". He was educated at Furness Abbey, then in Lancashire, founded 1123–1127 by the future Stephen I of England. Wimund may have been a member of the party sent from Furness to found a house at Rushen on the Isle of Man by request of Amlaíb mac Gofraid, the King of the Isles, in 1134.

King Amlaíb granted the monks of Furness the right to elect the Bishop of the Isles, and it appears that Wimund was elected to the see during the time of Thurstan (II), Archbishop of York. Thurstan died in early 1140, so that Wimund became Bishop of the Isles in the period 1134–1140. This was a very rapid rise for a young man of apparently obscure origins.

However, as William of Newburgh relates, Wimund in time claimed to be the son of the mormaer of Moray. William, and some later writers, doubted Wimund's claims. Modern historians have been more inclined to take this claim seriously. Some have proposed that Wimund was a son of Óengus of Moray (died 1130), grandson of King Lulach mac Gille Coemgáin. However, his link with Cumbria has led to the supposition that Wimund was a son (possibly illegitimate) of William fitz Duncan, son of King Duncan II. William held extensive lands in Cumbria through his mother, Octreda, daughter of Cospatrick of Northumbria, and is believed to have been Mormaer or Earl of Moray between Óengus's death in 1130 and his own death in 1147.

Bishop Wimund
The following is a summary of William of Newburgh's account of the life of Bishop Wimund.

Wimund's bishopric of the Isles had its seat on the Isle of Skye. The ruins of Snizort Cathedral, dedicated to Columba, are still visible near Skeabost. William of Newburgh writes that Wimund, "[n]ot content with the dignity of his episcopal office, he next anticipated in his mind how he might accomplish great and wonderful things; for he possessed a haughty speaking mouth with the proudest heart."

However, Wimund's father, if he was indeed the son of William fitz Duncan, was alive for the first seven years at least of his time as a Bishop of the Isles. So long as his father was alive, Wimund need hardly "[feign] himself to be the son of the earl of Moray and that he was deprived of the inheritance of his fathers by the king of Scotland" as William says. But William may be anticipating himself; Wimund's first conflict was not with his uncle King David I, but with a fellow bishop, and there is no reason to suppose that these two conflicts were linked.

During Wimund's episcopate, or shortly before its beginning, Gille Aldan was consecrated Bishop of Whithorn, probably by the agreement of Fergus of Galloway and Archbishop Thurstan, and with the approval of Pope Honorius III. The lands of the recreated Bishopric of Whithorn had probably been subject to the Bishops of the Isles, and for rival bishops to employ armed force to drive off their rivals was hardly unknown. Thus, rather than to gain his inheritance, Wimund's struggle with Gille Aldan was apparently an attempt to prevent his bishopric being partitioned in favour of a rival.

After being captured, he was blinded and castrated and spent the rest of his life at the monastery at Byland Abbey in North Yorkshire.

title: Wimund


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Helping Hand

Helping Hand or Helping Hands may refer to:

Film and television

 * Helping Hands (film), a 1941 Our Gang short comedy film
 * Helping Hands (American Dad!), an episode of American Dad!
 * Helping Hand (Body of Proof), a 2011 episode of Body of Proof
 * "Helping Hand" an episode of Wizards of Waverly Place
 * The Helping Hand (1908 American film), a silent film
 * The Helping Hand (1908 French film), a silent film

Songs

 * "Helping Hand", a song by Billy Joe Royal, from his 1969 album Cherry Hill Park
 * "Helping Hand" (song), a song by Screaming Jets, from their 1992 album Tear of Thought
 * "Helping Hand", a song by Amy Grant, from her 1994 album House of Love
 * "Helping Hands", a song by Quiet Riot, from QR III

Other

 * Helping Hand, the mascot of Hamburger Helper
 * Solidarity Helping Hand, a welfare organisation affiliated with the South African trade union Solidarity
 * The Helping Hand (halfway house), a voluntary welfare organization in Singapore
 * Helping hand (tool), a type of jig used in soldering and craftwork
 * Helping Hand Party, a minor British Columbia political party
 * Wegmans employees that maintain the appearance and safety of the parking lot, vestibule and landscaped areas; gather shopping carts, and lend a “helping hand” by walking customers to their vehicles, and helping them load there groceries into the vehicle.

title: Helping Hand


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Danny Nalliah

Daniel "Danny" Nalliah (born 1964 ) is a Sri Lankan Australian evangelical Christian pastor and young earth creationist. He was the leader of the now-dissolved Rise Up Australia political party and is the president of Catch the Fire Ministries. Nalliah defended against a lawsuit brought by the Islamic Council of Victoria under Victoria's Racial and Religious Tolerance Act. In this case, Judge Michael Higgins found in favour of the Islamic Council of Victoria, which took the action against Catch the Fire, but his decision was overturned by the Victorian Court of Appeal.

Nalliah used to be associated with the Australian Christian Churches.

Early years
According to his biography published by the Catch the Fire Ministries, Daniel Nalliah was born in Sri Lanka to minority Sri Lankan Tamil parents who spoke English as their first language. However, he was schooled at the Nugegoda Tamil Mahavidyalaya in Colombo, where all teaching was in done in Tamil. He was introduced to the "ways of God" by an Australian missionary. In his youth, he played at a number of night clubs in Colombo as a drummer before turning to religion. He also worked as an underground missionary in Saudi Arabia before migrating to Australia in 1997.

After moving to Australia and founding Catch the Fire Ministries, Nalliah travelled extensively, preaching to congregations in a number of countries. He asserts that he witnessed the healing of blind, deaf and crippled people at his prayer sessions and also claims that a dead girl was resurrected after he prayed for her.

Vilification of Muslims lawsuit
On 9 March 2002, Daniel Scot spoke at a seminar regarding Islam, sponsored by Catch the Fire Ministries. The seminar was attended by three Australian Muslims; two of them were asked to attend by May Helou, an executive member of the Islamic Council of Victoria (ICV) and an employee of the Equal Opportunity Commission, Victoria. The third person was asked to attend by ICV members while he was at the ICV office. The three Muslims, along with the Islamic Council of Victoria, later launched action under the Racial and Religious Tolerance Act, claiming that the intent of the speech had been to vilify Muslims rather than to discuss Islam itself. After being considered by the Equal Opportunity Commission, the case was heard by the Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal (VCAT), becoming the first real test case under the act.

In a landmark ruling on 17 December 2004, the tribunal ruled that Nalliah, Scot and Catch the Fire Ministries had breached the law. Judge Higgins heard further submissions regarding "remedies" early in 2005. Nalliah publicly condemned the verdict and declared his intention to continue fighting the case, potentially as far as the High Court of Australia. The Age newspaper quoted him as stating, "We may have lost the battle, but the war is not over. The law has to be removed, there is no question."

On 22 June 2005, Judge Michael Higgins of the Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal delivered his final verdict on the religious vilification issue regarding remedies. He found that financial compensation would be inappropriate but ordered Nalliah and Scot to take out newspaper advertisements to the value of $68,690 that summarised the findings in the case. Nalliah criticised the ruling, comparing the legislation to "sharia law by stealth". He also said that he would rather go to jail than comply with the ruling. Lawyers for the defendants had previously appealed to the Supreme Court of Victoria, in an originating motion alleging that Higgins showed signs of bias, that there were errors in the decision and that the act itself was unconstitutional. Following the decision, an appeal was lodged with the Court of Appeal, and the originating motion was dropped. The appeal was heard in August 2006.

The Becket Fund for Religious Liberty, an interfaith public interest law firm based in Washington, D.C., had intervened on Scot's behalf, engaging in discussion with the Attorney General of Australia, providing legal representation with local counsel and providing legal arguments employed for the legal appeal. On 14 December 2006, the Court of Appeal of Victoria upheld the appeal and ordered that the matter be redecided without hearing new evidence by a judge (other than Judge Higgins) of the Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal. The Islamic Council of Victoria was ordered to pay half of Scot's and Nalliah's legal costs of the appeal.

The matter was eventually resolved without a VCAT hearing after mediation between the two parties. On 22 June 2007 VCAT published a statement agreed to by both parties which affirmed everyone's rights to "robustly debate religion including the right to criticise the religious belief of another, in a free, open and democratic society".

Controversies
In November 2004, Nalliah campaigned for a seat in the Australian Senate as a candidate of the Family First Party. He was slotted second on the party's Victorian Senate list but failed to be elected. Nevertheless, his candidacy caused considerable controversy when National Party Senate candidate Barnaby Joyce launched a heavily publicised attack on Family First and his own party's preference deal with them the day before the election. Joyce highlighted a quote from one of Nalliah's brochures that asked parishioners to pray that God would pull down "Satan's strongholds", which included brothels, gambling places, bottle shops, mosques and temples (including Freemason, Buddhist and Hindu temples). Joyce used Nalliah's derogatory statements about minority groups to describe Family First as "not the sort of people you do preference deals with."

In late October 2009, the Family First parliamentary leader, Senator Steve Fielding, noted that after the incident cited above Nalliah was asked to leave the party and did so. At the same time, Nalliah argued that the discovery of an adolescent "satanist" Black Mass site in Canberra's Mount Ainslie indicated that the federal parliament was "under attack" and referred to witchcraft, liberal abortion laws and legislation that supported LGBT rights in Australia as the "reason" behind an apparent spate of parliamentary marriage crises.

Black Saturday bushfires
In the wake of the Black Saturday bushfires, in which 173 died, Nalliah claimed he had received "prophetic dreams" on 21 October 2008 that these bushfires were a "consequence" of Victoria's decriminalisation of abortion in 2008, prompting criticism from a former Australian Treasurer, Peter Costello, that Nalliah's assertion was "beyond the bounds of decency".

Holsworthy Barracks terror plot
Nalliah planned to use the Holsworthy Barracks terror plot as an argument to explain that Christianity should be protected "as the core value of the nation" in his speech titled "Is the West being de-Christianised?" delivered at the Australian Christian Nation Association Annual National Conference held on 21 November 2009 at the Assyrian Sport and Cultural Club, Fairfield Heights, Sydney.

Queensland floods in 2010-2011
After the catastrophic 2010–11 Queensland floods, Nalliah declared on his website "at once I was reminded of Kevin Rudd speaking against Israel in Israel on 14 December 2010. It is very interesting that Kevin Rudd is from QLD. Is God trying to get our attention? Yes, I believe so."

Rise Up Australia Party
On 22 June 2011, Nalliah launched a new political party, Rise Up Australia, which he leads. The launch date was picked as it was the anniversary of Nalliah's successful case in the Supreme Court. Stated aims of the party include the protection of freedom of speech, freedom of religion and preserving Australia's "Judeo-Christian heritage".

In a 2011 interview with Perth's Out in Perth, Nalliah stated that homosexuals can be turned back to heterosexual relationships through education and through Christ. "As a political party, while we love the homosexual community and want to get to know them better, we also have a stand where we say, children need to be protected. We would love to see every man and woman come together, there's a time in life when you do things, and maybe you feel yes you are locked into an agenda... [our position] is that homosexuality is not OK." He also said that "Children should not be exposed to [public displays of homosexual affection] and other practices that go beyond morality."

Views on multiculturalism
"We also know that Stalin and his communist ideologies were responsible for the murder of millions of people. Although communist ideologies seemed to be very good to many millions of people, the end result was much death and destruction. In other words, 'One Word' becomes a gate way to lead to great disaster if we don't wake up in time. We have seen Nazism and Communism destroy many nations.

"So we need to take a good look at the word 'Multiculturalism'. Although this word seems to sound so good, in reality it is currently destroying the Judeo-Christian West and replacing it with an 'Interfaith' deceptive agenda led by the United Nations. It is Communism wearing a new uniform. It is also worth noting that the first few letters of this word is "Multicult"-uralism."

Books

 * Danny Nalliah: Worship Under the Sword: Melbourne: D&M Publications: 1998: ISBN 0-646-35577-5

title: Danny Nalliah