text:
Talk:OpenType

Comment
several unique options which enhance the fonts typographical abilities and fonts can have advanced typographic features, which allow proper typographic treatment of complex languages, and advanced typographic effects for simpler languages Is this an anecdote or an article with information?

"math" script tag
Section Script tag says that the math script tag has not yet been standardized. Yet the 2009 revision of the ISO spec (downloaded from the link in the references section) does mention that tag. Doesn't that mean it has been standardized?

Para 1 correction?
 there are over 7,000 fonts available in OpenType format, with Adobe's library making up for about 1/3 of the total.

I believe you mean "making up about one third"--comprising--rather than "making up for..."--compensating.

 * I think you are correct. I deleted the extraneous word "for". In the future, you are welcome to be bold and make such changes yourself. JDLH  | Talk 23:26, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

Link to www.fontshop.com - drop or keep?
On November 21, 2005, 194.208.119.18 made this change: "removed link to fontshop.com: nothing opentype-specific here, just general font-topic and custom made fonts (ad?)". The text they removed was under External Links:
 * FontShop — Experts in OpenType conversions and custom OpenType fonts: http://www.fontshop.com

Is this deletion appropriate, or should the link be restored?

Arguments for the deletion being appropriate:
 * Fontshop.com is a font vending site
 * this is the most commercial link of the External Links set

Arguments for restoring the link:
 * Fontshop.com does have a category of OpenType fonts, letting you see a wide selection of OpenType examples
 * By this argument, we should also put in a link to http://www.adobe.com/type/ and other font vendors with OpenType products and information about their characteristics
 * this link has been in the page for a fairly long time; it was added on 2005-08-31 11:57:28 by User:Schawel
 * this link is definitely relevant to the page, and definitely not blatant link-farming

Your thoughts?
 * If there's no further comments in a week or so, I think I'll restore the link. Unfortunately, I can't get through to the person who made the change, since they didn't have a user ID. JDLH | Talk 17:37, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

 * The link wasn't restored, but it shouldn't be. FontShop is not among the leading makers or sellers of OpenType fonts, either in volume or involvement in the OpenType community. They were not particularly early adopters, and there is little to distinguish them from at least a dozen other font makers as far as OpenType is concerned. There are many other commercial links that would make more sense, and those links aren't here either. The FontShop people are nice folks, they make some good fonts, and I wish them well - but there's little logic to having a FontShop link here. Thomas Phinney 6:15, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

Adobe products
I am one of the senior technical support team at Monotype. Twice I have written that Adobe CS products and above are the only adobe products compatible with opentype and twice its been removed, can some one explain why this is? sailor iain 08:30, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

____

Because your statement is incorrect. InDesign, for example, supported OpenType fonts and features from its first version.

Strebe 05:08, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

____

First, if you want to know which Adobe applications are not compatible with OpenType, it's listed in Adobe's OpenType readme, here: http://store.adobe.com/type/browser/OTReadMe.html#Anchor-22064.

Besides the fact that it's wrong either way, this is a common misrepresentation, to say that an application is only "compatible with OpenType" when it takes advantage of the additional features of OpenType. There's a big difference between a font not working, and it not having automatic ligatures and easily-accessed small caps. If you want to know which Adobe applications support which OpenType layout features, see the chart on the last page of Adobe's OpenType User Guide, here: http://store.adobe.com/type/browser/pdfs/OTGuide.pdf (you'll see that the list includes InDesign 1 and 2 and Photoshop 6 and 7, all before the CS products).

Thomas Phinney 07:21, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

 * in my view, "OpenType support" should mean "full OpenType support". Anything else is "partial support". I am frustrated by applications touting OT support, and then failing to support the feature I happen to need. Right now, I am interested in proper diacritics handling (mark, mkmk) and vertical kerning. I don't know a single word processor who does that, even Mellel (which has above average OT support). Are there any applications that fully support the OT standard, at all? which ones? It seems incredibly annoying to have such a standard in place for 10 years(!) without a single implementation. dab (ᛏ) 07:49, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

"Flavors" of OpenType?
Can someone add some info about "flavors" of OpenType. Using Linotype FontExplorer X, when I do a get info on a typeface, some display "Opentype (PostScript flavor)". What does this mean? --24.249.108.133 16:28, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

 * As the article says, "An OpenType font can include either TrueType outlines or PostScript-style outlines (the latter stored in the Compact Font Format with Type 2 charstrings (CFF)." PostScript flavor probably refers to the font having PostScript-style outlines.  TrueType flavor probably refers to a font having TrueType outlines. I'll revise the wording of the article to make this clearer. --Jdlh  | Talk 20:13, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

The section on Mac OS X support
This section seems to me to be too general and dated.. It seems to only be talking about low level Mac OS X APIs and not the Cocoa Text System that most new applications interact with. Apple’s AAT and ATSUI are only small part of the Mac OS "X text handling classes. My experience with the Cocoa text system is that iit is far more advanced than anything else I've seen for text. I'm thinking of adding something to clarify this, but I wanted to see if the original authors are still here and can provide some clarification. Indexheavy 09:01, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

Agree with previous poster. In addition a general update according to Mac OS X 10.5 (Leopard) is needed. Mlewan (talk) 22:48, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

Note that search is not supported for intelligent font model substitution in Apple system PDF services. For instance, if the annual accounts of Apple Incorporated are composed in tabular numbers that correctly align through the column, the accounts will not be searchable after saving through Apple system PDF services. This is true whether Apple Advanced Typography or Microsoft OpenType is composed in Apple iWork or Apple TextEdit. Glyph substitution allows glyphs to be drawn even if their glyph codes are not directly depicted onto character codes in a coded character set, that is, glyph substitution protectively separates processing in the domain of character information from processing in the domain of imageable composition. In the intelligent font model of the Unicode Consortium, the CMAP Character Map transforms public and font-independent character codes to private and font-dependent glyph codes. Apple's supplements support substitution through the MORX Metamorphosis Extended tags and Microsoft's supplements support substitution through the GSUB Glyph Substitution tags. Thus reshaping for an English typographic ligature is not done by drawing in character space, but is done by drawing in glyph space such that the private glyph codes for e.g. letter f and letter t are substituted for the private glyph code for ligature ft (13 April 2010, HenrikHolmegaard@GMail.com).

Large List
Much of the article is made up of long lists of tags. Does anyone think it would make sense to give the tags their own article? The lists make the article really long.

Besides, I feel the list of tags doesn't really fit with the article. The article is there to give people an overview of the Open Type format - the list is more specific then that. It disrupts the overview with very technical information. If we moved the lists to a new page, we could unify the topic of this article, while giving the list of tags a place where it can be more organized. Nlm1515 22:07, 8 September 2007 (UTC)
 * My rough guess is that the tags lists make up 1/3 of the vertical height of the article. I don't think that's excessive. One intermediate option is to add markup to put the tags lists into two columns.  Now, on the other hand, I've had experience where taking a list out of the main article and making it a separate "List of" article really helped the list improve. So I won't fight against making a "List of" article. Note there are really two lists: list of layout tags in OpenType spec, and lists of tags supported and not supported by OS X. I could imagine that someday someone would want to add the list of tags supported and not supported by other text layout engines, such as those in Windows Vista, or Adobe InDesign, or FreeType. --Jdlh  | Talk 22:30, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

Script tags
Are script tags compatible to ISO 15924? Christoph Päper (talk) 11:29, 19 January 2008 (UTC)
 * No. VasileGaburici (talk) 10:58, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

Restructuring/deletion of tags list
There were some additions of detail and some substantial restructuring on July 20, 2008 to this article. The list of OpenType feature tags was moved to a new article List_of_typographic_features, which is a list of OpenType features (names only, not tags) along with a list of AAT features. The list of OpenType features, with tags, was moved to a new article OpenType feature tag list; other editors immediately tagged this list as being inappropriate for Wikipedia per WP:NOTTEXTBOOK, and proposed moving the content to Wikibooks. I'd like to suggest that those who follow the OpenType article look at these changes and the consequences, and consider if there's a better way to restructure the article. I'm not persuaded that the restructuring was a good idea, and I'm tempted to undo it (restoring the list of tags to this article). Other opinions? --Jdlh | Talk 06:46, 21 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I found the gigantic lists in the middle of the article really distracting. I did not expect they'd get tagger for deletion as a separate article. I proposed some solutions on the talk page of the new list page for those that care about having this list. See Talk:OpenType_feature_tag_list. VasileGaburici (talk) 10:57, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

OpenType on Mac OS X / AAT question
I've been doing some work on the article Mapping of Unicode characters, filling in the various special-purpose characters that are integral to the modern Unicode text processing model. In doing so I created a section on the "FRACTION SLASH" character (U+2044) and was researching how rendering is supposed to be handled and how it is actually handled. I found that most fonts—even those that do a fairly decent job with single digit numerators and denominators—do not render according to Unicode expectations. Apple Chancery was the one font I found that was an exception, which nicely renders the string literal “4 221⁄225” in plain text as:

So since I found so few fonts capable of rendering this correctly I was wondering if this is a limitation of the OpentType font format when compared to the AAT font format? Or, alternatively, is this due to Mac OS X's limited support for some specialized OpenType font features where the same font on Windows would work correctly? I asked about this on the AAT talk page, though I thought some here might know the answer too. I want to be able to perhaps say something about this in the Unicode related article(s) Thanks in advance for any replies. Indexheavy (talk) 10:17, 11 February 2009 (UTC)
 * This is a function of the OpenType font's GPOS/GSUB tables and the order they, and the look-ups they specify, are applied. Bickham Script Pro, Adobe Caslon Pro, Chapparel Pro, for example, nicely creates the full fraction. Many OpenType fonts, on the other hand (Warnock Pro, Trajan Pro, Caflisch Script Pro), end up interpreting 221/225 as 22½25. (I tried these on InDesign, which does not use OS services for font rendering.) If you are finding the same fonts to behave differently on Windows, then it would be because the order that the look-ups were applied differed. There is some ambiguity in the OpenType specification in this matter. But I tried different fractions, ones that could not be confused with interspersed simple fractional ligatures, and still found no fractions generated. This suggests not a look-up order problem, but simply that the fonts don't include support for such fractions in their GPOS tables. I conclude from this that you're not trying the same fonts on Mac and Windows. Strebe (talk) 20:08, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Actually I need to clarify. I didn't actually try the fonts on Windows. I was just asking whether there would be a difference since, for example, an OpenType font supporting Devanagari will not be used completely with Mac OS X's default OS text rendering (due to missing support for some OpenType features). Likewise a font that has AAT (GX) tables will exhibit features on Mac OS X that will not be apparent on Windows (since Windows and perhaps even InDesign cross-platform won't even recognize the AAT features).

 * However, it sounds to me from your answer that you're seeing the same types of errant rendering in fonts on Windows (such as 22½25). So I'm convinced this is likely font errors and not a limitation in OpenType itself. If Bickham Script Pro, Adobe Caslon Pro, Chapparel Pro on Windows are producing the correct rendering, then that suggests to me that OpenType (within a full OpenType text rendering environment) is capable of correctly rendering Unicode fractions correctly (in contrast to AAT/GX text rendering environment where I know the capabilities exist and all of the rendering resides in the font and not much rendering logic is required in the host rendering environment). Still this is an area beyond my expertise, so I'm still trying to make sense of it all. My tests are mostly on the default install fonts (on Mac OS X) since I don't really have any pro fonts installed. Indexheavy (talk) 21:30, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I wouldn't call the fonts' behavior "errant" and "errors". The font designers, for whatever reason, constructed the fonts that way. How many digits are you willing to allow for fractions? The font sets the limit. It takes work to design a font to handle fractions like that, and any font has a limit to the number of digits it is willing to have participate in fraction creation. Not many people care about double-digit fractions, let alone 3-digit/3-digit.

 * To clarify, I did not try the fonts on Windows; I tried them on InDesign on Mac OS X. InDesign does not use the OS font facilities. Its behavior would be the same whether on Mac or Windows. For the same reason, InDesign does not recognize AAT features; they will not work on InDesign even on Macintosh. And again, for the same reason, the OS's handling of Devanagari is irrelevant to InDesign. Perhaps Mac OS X does not support Devanagari well, but I don't know and cannot comment on that. That would certainly be an implementation problem, rather than an OpenType specification deficiency.

 * Please note, as I mentioned, that some look-up order dependencies are not defined in the OpenType specification, and so there will be differences in rendering between font engines even if they support the same features. And yes, OpenType is perfectly capable of specifying fraction behavior. Strebe (talk) 02:54, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

I'm learning a lot from your responses, thank you. But I think we're not on the same page at all. When I was referring to AAT I meant specifically the AAT font format and related AAT font features (not merely the AAT text rendering environment if there is such a thing, I'm not sure). My original speculation is that AAT font features may be allowing font designers to design fonts for fraction handling in a way that is more sophisticated than OpenType and is not merely substituting glyphs for all the imaginable characters iterated around the fraction slash. Its clear to me that Apple Chancery is using a much more generalized mechanism that is not burdened with the number of digits supported as you suggest. Your intimation that font designers need to be allowed to decide how many digits support around a fraction slash tends to confirm that.

Mac OS X supports Devanagari just fine. However, it does it through AAT font features and not OpenType font features (Mac OS X is missing the necessary support for OpenType in this area). The advantage of the AAT font features is that it means Mac OS X basically supports any rendering without updating the underlying text system (the flip-side is that it supposedly makes font design very difficult since all the responsibilities for rendering lie with the font design and none of the particulars are in the text rendering system).

Also, yes I understand InDesign uses the same text rending cross platform, but if indeed InDesign renders those without AAT font features then it still answers the question. Since all the fonts you tested were not using AAT and perhaps not using AAT font features, then it seems that OpenType might not be limited to merely glyph substitution around a fraction slash but something more sophisticated (also like AAT). Are you finding these fonts only handle a set number of digits around the fraction slash? For Apple Chancery it seems to go above and beyond the call by supporting any number of non-whitespace characters (which is actually quite nice and maybe even easier to support). Or is it more generalized than that? The reason I call it an error or errant in any event is that these other renderings are not conforming to Unicode. I suppose if the font maker never intended to b conforming to Unicode than it is not an error. Then my criticism (and disappointment) would be why aren't more fonts conforming to Unicode? I'd love to find some documentation somewhere that described exactly what font properties are involved with achieving this result in apple chancery or any of the other fonts (I don't have access to any font editing tools). Anyway, this thread's probably getting way to long for a wikipedia talk page. Thanks for your responses. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Indexheavy (talk • contribs) 04:19, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

 * You wrote, "The reason I call it an error or errant in any event is that these other renderings are not conforming to Unicode." Unicode does not specify that arbitrary fractions are the font's responsibility. It gives directions for the use of code point U+2044 as the fractional character, but (a) The division of labor between font and layout engine is not specified; and (b) In any event the Unicode specification states, "If the displaying software is incapable of mapping the fraction to a unit, then it can also be displayed as a simple linear sequence as a fallback (for example, 3/4)." I do not think you have a case for "not conforming to Unicode."

 * Anyway, I tried some of the OpenType fonts again. There was no limit to the number of digits I could put in the fractions. I only said before that it is limited because I do not recall a GPOS look-up that is open-ended in look-ahead and look-behind. But some of them are very complicated, so I simply mis-remembered or may not have even realized the implications when I wrote code for it. I'm too tired to look it up. I have heard AAT allows for even more flexibility because of their state tables. I doubt it matters. In practical terms OpenType is extremely flexible. I have not met up with a real-world example it was unable to accommodate, but there are probably people who have. In this example, there is no need for the fractional behavior to be limited to digits at all; it could be whatever glyphs or categories of glyphs the font designer decided made sense.

 * It is certainly true InDesign makes no use of AAT extensions. It is also certainly true that OpenType is capable of far more sophistication than "merely substituting glyphs for all the imaginable characters iterated around the fraction slash". You might read over the specification if you intend to hold a strong opinion. That way you won't fall victim to the foibles of people like me. ;^) Strebe (talk) 08:53, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

I think you're completely misunderstanding me. I'm not taking a strong opinion against OpenType. I'm trying to ask questions about its capabilities. You implied to me that the number of digits handled was difficult for OpenTYpe. I had assumed it might be as simple as AAT, but that perhaps the OpenType features were not supported on the Mac OS X core services like the Devanagari example I gave (which is a limitation of Mac OS X and not OpenType or AAT).

As for your contention that this is not a Unicode error, the parts you quote are not convincing. Those quotations are directed at systems where the rendering cannot be achieved. And the part about the division of labor between "font and layout engine" is clearly directed at not assuming either an OpenType or an AAT style approach. However, if both AAT and OpenType based systems are capable of displaying a fraction correctly, then it is non-conforming of the font maker to not do so. So the passages you quote would support a non-OpenType and non-AAT font maker who was deploying a font in a text rendering system that simply had no such capabilities. That font maker could then turn to those sections of Unicode to claim the font was still compliant. Indexheavy (talk) 09:09, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

 * It did not occur to me that you might be taking a strong opinion "against" OpenType, so I'm bemused by your response. I am saying you should refer to the specifications of both AAT and OpenType if you intend to hold a strong opinions about their respective capabilities.

 * There is no such thing as a "Unicode-compliant" font by any recognized definition. The closest you could come is that the font contains one or more of the de facto Unicode 'cmap' tables — which says nothing whatever about whether it even contains glyphs for the Arabic digits, let alone whether the font itself makes any decisions about how they are rendered in the presence of the fraction slash character. Unicode is a character encoding specification. It happens to give instructions for how certain glyphs should be rendered in certain contexts, but it says nothing about whose job that is. You have chosen to interpret an obscure and elective layout behavior as a requirement for a font to be Unicode-compliant. I think if you go ask the Unicode Consortium, they will explain that they are not in the business of dictating conditions for Unicode compliance in fonts. They will state that there needs to be some way to map Unicode code points to glyphs from the font, and... that's about it. That could even happen external to the font by means of CMap tables, for example.

 * In particular, I do not understand your belief that just because a particular font format is capable of something, fonts in that format are thereby obliged to expose every functionality in order to be compliant with Unicode. By that reasoning, every font should contain 65,534 glyphs and should include all positioning and substitution combinations required for every language described by Unicode. A lot of other absurdities fall out that reasoning.

 * In any case, this doesn't really seem like the sort of discussion that belongs on a Wikipedia talk page. I am done. Thanks. Strebe (talk) 20:26, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

Well thanks for you complete lack of assistance. Maybe if you only want to pick a fight you should just refrain from editing. Indexheavy (talk) 00:21, 13 February 2009 (UTC)

Opentype-TT/Truetype distinction unclear here
Generally, "*.ttf" fonts that are available on the web are called "Truetype" fonts. This article is confusing for anybody wondering about the distinction between Opentype and Truetype, and in particular, the "Opentype-TT" fonts. Are "Opentype-TT" and "Truetype" fonts identical?

The following somewhat unclear sentence suggests that Opentype (and therefore Opentype-TT) have an extra feature called "smartfont options" (ill-defined in Wikipedia), implying that they would not be backward compatible with Truetype: OpenType uses the general "sfnt" structure of a TrueType font, but it adds several smartfont options that enhance the font's typographic and language support capabilities. The glyph outline data in an OpenType font may be in one of two formats: either TrueType format outlines in a 'glyf' table...

But this says that Opentype-TT are backward compatible -- presumably with Truetype given the .TTF in brackets: Amongst Microsoft's operating systems, OpenType-TT fonts (.TTF) are backward compatible and therefore supported by all Windows versions starting with Windows 3.1. --Farry (talk) 10:11, 10 June 2009 (UTC)

 * The distinction is unclear because, well, the distinction is unclear. If the OpenType font carries a 'glyf' table, along with the other tables that are mandatory in the presence of a 'glyf' table, then the OpenType font is a superset of a TrueType font and likely would function well even in font systems that do not process any of OpenType's Advanced Typographic Tables present in the font. (Kerning may be problematic, though, since most OpenType fonts elect to define their kerning in OpenType's 'GPOS' table rather than TrueType's 'kern' table. Some OpenType fonts carry both tables.) If instead of a 'glyf' table the font carries a 'CFF ' table, then the OpenType font is not TrueType. Theoretically the font could carry both 'glyf' and 'CFF ' tables, but the OpenType specification recommends against this.

 * In summary, an OpenType font MAY be backward-compatible with TrueType, or it may not, and this compatibility is in degrees, not incisive. The verbiage you quote from the article refers to the specification, not any given OpenType font, when it says things like OpenType... adds several smartfont structures... The "smartfont" tables are all optional. Indeed, that is why the distinction between OpenType and TrueType is blurry: all of the OpenType-specific tables are optional. Strebe (talk) 18:17, 10 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Well put, old chum. Though I would say that an OpenType TT font is pretty much always backwards compatible with TrueType. Maybe the kerning won't be recognized, but the font still works.... Thomas Phinney (talk) 04:06, 11 June 2009 (UTC)

OpenType mimetype?
Does OpenType have a specific mimetype? I haven't found a particular answer by searching the net. If there is one, and someone knows it, please add the info to the article. Quillaja (talk) 11:58, 9 October 2009 (UTC)

Support on Classic Mac OS?
Does any version of Mac OS 9.2.2 or older support OpenType? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.232.94.33 (talk) 09:53, 11 March 2010 (UTC)
 * No--DieBuche (talk) 10:08, 14 March 2012 (UTC)

Lackluster Linux support (Openoffice, Scribus, Mozilla et c.)
Sorry if I'm ranting, but most of the open source applications, under linux, that the article claim to have Opentype support just don't support it usefully, or haven't supported it for as a long period as the article (and software developers) claim (which means that the older versions used in most linux distros don't).

I use Ubuntu 10.10 and to many essential Opentype features are amiss in to many applications. Basic features like kerning is missing in Openoffice (and Scribus, until Ubuntu 10.4 or something, it seems to work now, but that means it doesn't work in any of the LTS releases), which make documents using most OT-fonts look butt ugly (kerning works in the Windows versions of OpenOffice since many years) [I have turned on kerning in the Openoffice preferences, it is really not working]. The applications don't understand the proper tables for kerning in Openfont. Sometimes you can hack a font to work by adding old style, deprecated, TTF tables to it, but such a font confuses a lot of other applications, especially in Windows and OS X (at least until a few years ago, you could make both OS crash spectaculary with such a font). Support for many tables in CFF fonts is also missing, or is very buggy.

Applications native to linux (not Openoffice and Scribus, they may have started as native Linux applications, but are now multiplatform and Windows seem to be the preferred developer platform), have since a couple of years excellent Opentype support, as they use native standard libraries directly and not some cross-platform hack. So, Opentype kerning and CFF fonts work excellent with almost every simple text editor, just not with the most popular group of word processors used in Linux systems (OpenOffice and relatives), if you use the Firefox version that come with most Linux distributions, you are also out of luck. Since FreeType nowadays render TTF fonts using the hinting instructions within the font and that usually gives uglier shapes(*) then the previous work-around code to avoid (now expired) Apple patents, now Opentype CFF-fonts (as well as PS-fonts) usually look prettier then Opentype TTF-fonts when rendered by FreeType (and of course, it looks prettier then any font rendering in Windows too).

(*) Microsoft is the only large source of fonts that have hinting instructions better (for most computer screens), then Freetypes hack-around auto-kerning, that I know of, but the licenses for those fonts don't allow installation on other systems then MS Windows. A small number of fonts where TTF hints are generated automatically by FontForge, where the Fontforge hints is made correct (made manually, similar to Postscript hints) also have good TTF hint instruction, but only if they don't have a to different look (from how the glyphs looks in most fonts), and are properly hinted by the font creator (there are subtle differences on how to do this, from Postscript hinting best practices, so most font maker don't know how to do handle Fontforges generationed TTF hinting instructions well). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Se mj (talk • contribs) 14:44, 25 October 2011 (UTC)

 * The usual solution would be to fix the article. Please fix it! Strebe (talk) 18:36, 25 October 2011 (UTC)

Does the OpenType font format have support for hinting like TrueType does?
It doesn't seem to; Adobe's new Source Code Pro fonts look visibly different on my Win7 Pro computer on both my LCD monitors Both monitors are running at their full, native resolution and one is connected via DVI and the other via 15 pin "VGA". 12.202.74.87 (talk) 18:34, 13 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Whether a font gets hinted is up to the font developer. Both TrueType and CFF flavors of OpenType support hinting, though the mechanisms are quite different. Why would you suppose the fonts would look the same with hinting? Most likely you are seeing sub-pixel rendering on the digital connection and not on the analogue. Strebe (talk) 21:20, 13 February 2013 (UTC)

 * I expected the 2 file formats of the same professionally deveoloped font to either look identical or for the newer format to look slightly better, but neither was the case. I should take a screenshot and post it somewhere for illustration.  And you misunderstood me; I was trying to say that the results were the same on both my analog-connected monitor and my digitally-connected monitor.

12.202.74.87 (talk) 16:20, 16 February 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.136.109.74 (talk)

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List of Mathematical OpenType Typefaces
There exists at least one new mathematical OpenType typeface: https://github.com/khaledhosny/libertinus Simon.schaelli (talk) 11:09, 20 October 2016 (UTC)

Update to describe OT Font Variation
Recently I have notices OpenType specification introduced font variation techonology when I seen from this article, but I still have no idea how to describe even if I saw the who specification. Who can do it? -- Great Brightstar (talk) 16:53, 4 November 2016 (UTC)

 * I added a section on this within the History section. (This may eventually need to be a topic on its own.) Pconstable (talk) 21:21, 22 April 2017 (UTC)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140512223958/http://kikaku.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/open/29view/29n6929t.doc to http://kikaku.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/open/29view/29n6929t.doc

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:40, 30 March 2017 (UTC)

Digital typography
There is a discussion at Talk:Typography that may interest editors. The present redirect target of Digital typography is being debated. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 12:52, 24 March 2021 (UTC)

MATH table and variations
This insertion is not evidently supported by the citation. Please clarify or remove. Strebe (talk) 18:47, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

Revised. Pconstable (talk) 17:18, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

Request for non-technical information
I have a request or suggestion. This article is technically excellent, but I'd be interested in a bit more NON-technical information. I have questions like: How widely-used is Open Type ... is it now a universal de facto standard? What is its "market share" among competing technologies? Are there other, rival technologies that have strengths that make them better choices for particular applications? Who maintains the specification? is there a consortium? etc. etc. Thanks. Stephen.R.Ferg (talk) 19:10, 18 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:OpenType


text:
DPM

DPM may refer to:

Science and technology

 * Damp-proof membrane, a membrane material applied to prevent moisture transmission
 * Defects per million opportunities in manufacturing
 * Diesel particulate matter, an occupational hazard due to diesel exhaust
 * Di(propylene glycol) methyl ether, chemical compound
 * Discrete particle method, any of a family of numerical methods
 * Disintegrations per minute, a measure of the activity of the source of radioactivity
 * Disappearing Positive Methodology, state-sponsored subversion of drug testing processes in Russian doping programme

Computing

 * Data position measurement
 * Digital Postmarks

 * System Center Data Protection Manager, by Microsoft

Business

 * Direct part marking, a barcode methodology used in many industries
 * Diversified Project Management

Profession

 * Deputy Prime Minister
 * Diploma in Psychological Medicine
 * Doctor of Podiatric Medicine
 * Doctor of Project Management
 * Doctor of Plant Medicine
 * Doctor of Pastoral Music, in Doctor of Musical Arts

Other uses

 * DPM. a variant of the Soviet Degtyaryov machine gun
 * Detroit People Mover, an automated people mover system
 * Democratic Party of Macedonians (Demokratska partija Makedonaca), a political party in Serbia
 * Disappearing Positive Methodology, in the McLaren Report
 * Direct part marking, permanently marking parts with product information
 * Disruptive Pattern Material, a camouflage pattern used by the British Armed Forces and others
 * German Tank Museum, (German: Deutsches Panzermuseum Munster)
 * Daniel Patrick Moynihan, American politician

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: DPM


text:
Ditto (drive)

The Ditto drive series was a proprietary magnetic tape data storage system released by Iomega during the 1990s. It was marketed as a backup device for personal computers.

They were released in several capacities ranging from the original Ditto 250 drive (250MB compressed capacity per cartridge) to the DittoMAX drive, a compatible format with compressed capacities up to 10GB per cartridge. This was accomplished by increasing the physical size of the cartridge (making it longer). Some versions of the drive were also able to read Travan-type tapes.

Technical aspects
Ditto internal drives were connected through the floppy drive channel and used MFM encoding to store data (the same method as on older floppy drives). An ISA accelerator card called the Ditto Dash, providing higher speed than a stock floppy controller, was also available.

Ditto external drives were connected to the parallel port and offered a print-through port which allowed a printer to operate while daisy-chained to the Ditto drive. This is a feature also commonly found on an Iomega ZIP drive. Usage of the parallel port allowed for transfer speeds (in EPP mode) of a maximum 1 MB/s.

Discontinuation
In 1999, Iomega sold the Ditto brand and technology to Tecmar and exited the tape drive business.

The Ditto series has been discontinued. The need for higher capacities has made the Ditto series obsolete. The slow bandwidth of the Ditto also limited its usefulness compared to the Iomega REV or the older (and discontinued) Iomega Jaz.

Models

 * Tape 250 - Released in 1992. Compatible with Irwin's EZTape

Compatibility between tapes and drives
Notes:
 * R - read capable
 * W - write capable
 * F - format capable

 * The capacity figures used in the product names above are double the actual (native) capacity. Iomega and other manufacturers assume 2:1 data compression.
 * Ditto Max requires version 3.2 Pro of the Iomega backup software to support the Ditto Max 10GB tape cartridge.
 * Above data gathered from.

title: Ditto (drive)


text:
Eugen Varga

Eugen Samuilovich "Jenő" Varga (born as Eugen Weisz, November 6, 1879 – October 7, 1964) was a Soviet economist of Hungarian origin.

Early years
He was born as Jenő Weiß (Hungarian orthography: Weisz) in a poor Jewish family, as a child of Samuel Weisz - who was a teacher in the primary school of Nagytétény - and Julianna Singer. Eugen "Jenő" Varga studied philosophy and economic geography at the University of Budapest. In 1906, he started writing in socialist and academic journals, mainly on economic subjects. Before World War I he gained some fame by discussing with Otto Bauer about the origins of inflation in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In this period he belonged to the Marxist Centrists, of whom Karl Kautsky and Rudolf Hilferding were the most prominent spokesmen.

Hungarian revolution
In February 1919, Varga joined the newly created Hungarian Communist Party. During the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919, led by Béla Kun, he was People's Commissar for Finance, and then Chairman of the Supreme Council of National Economy. After the overthrow of the Soviet Republic he fled to Vienna.

Soviet emigration
In 1920 he went to the Soviet Union with Arthur Holitscher. Here he started working for the Comintern, specializing in international economic problems and agrarian questions. In years 1922-1927 he was working at the department of trade in the Soviet embassy in Berlin. In 1927-47, he was director of the Institute of World Economy and World Politics. In the 1930s he became an economic adviser to Joseph Stalin. He survived the purges of the 1930s, during which Bela Kun and other Hungarians were executed.

During World War II he advised the Soviet Government in matters of post-war reparations. He attended the Potsdam Conference of 1945 as an expert. Like most of his compatriots living and working in Moscow, he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, but he also remained active in the Hungarian Communist Party.

He authored the economic reports the congresses of the Comintern discussed between 1921 and 1935. A large number of his writings were studies of the international economic conjuncture, in which he made great effort to assess quantitative trends in output, investment and employment using official economic data from numerous countries. He also extensively studied German imperialism.

Personality
In 1922, Alexander Barmine, a Soviet diplomat who later defected to the west, travelled by train to Moscow with delegates to the Fourth Congress of Comintern, including Varga, who "showed the most revolting lack of consideration" by demanding a private railway compartment. Barmine considered that he should have content with a berth in a first class carriage. He wrote: "The little luxuries of power go to men's heads."

Another Soviet defector Abdurakhman Avtorkhanov, writing under the pseudonym Alexander Uralov, left a humorous description of Varga, whom he described as having "the pedantry of a German official, the obstinacy of a Russian accountant, and the suppleness of an Oriental fakir", and of his institute, where "share fluctuations were followed more attentively than in any London or New York bank. The most brilliant member of the Stock Exchange would have envied the way in which Varga was kept informed."

Post-War Controversy
In 1946, Varga published The Economic Transformation of Capitalism at the End of the Second World War, in which he argued that during the war, western governments had accumulated great power over the management of capitalist economies, which brought them closer to socialist economies and more likely to last. He was praised by Kremlin watchers in the west as a 'person with a Western orientation' and a 'defender' of the Marshall Plan, but "these implications were highly distasteful to Soviet conservatives" who believed that capitalism was heading for an extreme and possibly terminal crisis. During a closed meeting of economists called by USSR Academy of Sciences and Moscow University, in May 1947, "Varga was attacked for his writings by most, if not all, of the participants."

He was also attacked by Nikolai Voznesensky, then a powerful figure as Chairman of Gosplan and a member of the Politburo, who wrote a book in which he accused 'certain theoreticians' of having 'empty opinions which deserve no consideration'. Varga's book was condemned at a meeting of economists and political experts in May 1947, and the institute he headed was closed and subsumed into Gosplan. Though he remained a leading academic economist, his prestige had diminished - in the second edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia he was qualified as a "bourgeois economist" - but the fact that he was not dismissed or arrested implies that he had powerful protectors. In March 1949, Voznesensky was arrested, and two days later, on 15 March, Varga published a self-critical letter in Pravda.

Years after Stalin
After Stalin's death in 1953, Varga reappeared on the scene. In February 1956, he wrote the article in Pravda that rehabilitated Bela Kun. The new leaders in the Kremlin, believing in the virtues of peaceful co-existence, were not interested in Varga's predictions of the outbreak of a "necessary" economic crisis in the United States. After his death, his selected works in three volumes were published in the Soviet Union, Hungary, and East Germany.

Varga never returned to living in his native Hungary. Because he was very close to Mátyás Rákosi, he was several times invited as an economic advisor to Hungary. In this period (1945-1950) he had specialized in economic planning, pricing and monetary reforms, i.e. reforms the Hungarian Communists now in power were carrying out. After the fall of Rákosi caused by the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and the take-over by the Kádár team, Varga's advisory work was no longer fashionable.

Awards

 * Three Orders of Lenin (1944, 1953, 1959)
 * Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1945)
 * Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" (1945)
 * Lenin Prize (1963)

title: Eugen Varga


text: Category:Inca deities

title: Category:Inca deities


text:
Edgard Potier

Dominique Edgard Antoine Potier (2 November 1903 – 11 January 1944) was a Belgian airforce officer during World War II who organised an MI9 escape and evasion network, known as Mission Martin in Belgium and the Possum Line in France. Captured and tortured by the Germans, Potier committed suicide.

World War II service
In May 1940, Potier was Capitaine-Commandant in the Belgian airforce. With the outbreak of World War II, Potier travelled across France, Spain and Portugal and arrived in England in March 1942. At age 39, he was rejected by the RAF as too old for active flying duties. He then joined MI9 and in July 1943 was parachuted into southeast Belgium (Province of Luxembourg) near Suxy, accompanied by a Canadian radio operator Conrad Lafleur. At this time, many allied aircrew, on bombing raids to Germany, were being shot down over the Belgian Ardennes. Potier's mission, known as Mission Martin in Belgium and the Possum Line in France, was to organise the recovery of these airmen and shelter, feed and provide them with false identity documents, before moving them to safe houses in and around Reims in Northern France. Unlike the Ardennes, this area was suitable for evacuation by air, using Lysander aircraft.

Between August and December 1943, three successful operations took place repatriating eleven airmen and one SOE agent. The organisation also provided for and escorted airmen to the Brittany coast, in November 1943, for rescue by sea; an operation organised by the Jade-Fitzroy network. Possum operated safehouses in Paris, allowing evaders to be passed on to the Comète organisation. The two organisations in many ways supplemented each other's activities. There are no records, but it is estimated some 60–70 airmen had passed through or were being sheltered by Possum.

After returning to England for a period, Potier was parachuted back into France on 20 December. On 28 December, Lafleur was transmitting messages to London, when he was surprised by the Germans. He escaped, but it was the start of a sequence of events that eventually led to the arrest of Potier. Initially he was taken to Fresnes prison in Paris, then returned to Reims, where after being subjected to considerable torture, he committed suicide on 11 January 1944. As more arrests followed, the organisation around Reims effectively collapsed. Of the 70 network members arrested in the French sector of Possum, some 60 were deported. Less than half returned.

Reburial
Potier's remains were exhumed from Reims and, on 18 September 1950, he was reburied with full military honours in the Pelouse d'Honneur Aérienne, Cimetière Communal de B-1140 Bruxelles-Evère.

title: Edgard Potier


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Computers in postmodernity

This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - no consensus

Computers in postmodernity
Appears to be original research, unencyclopedic. -- Babomb 16:36, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Keep Needs work but I can see an article there. The au. does quote a number of sources, so it's more than original research. --LeeHunter 18:10, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, yes it quotes some other sources (the author should read Citing Wikipedia by the way), but it's still original literature research. --fvw *  18:17, 2004 Dec 18 (UTC)
 * Delete, original research, essay, codswallop. Wyss 23:30, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, parody of a term paper, complete with ritual kowtowing to eminent obscurantists. -- Hoary 02:13, 2004 Dec 19 (UTC)
 * del Mikkalai 02:30, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Essay. I don't have time to evaluate it. I suggest we move it (without redirect) to something like Talk:postmodernism/donated essay, link from Talk:postmodernism, and see if anyone can usefully mine it. -- Jmabel | Talk 05:50, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Do we have a place to transwiki this kind of stuff? - Andre Engels 22:10, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: essay. I doubt if other wikis would be happy for us to dump this on their doorsteps. Wile E. Heresiarch 05:49, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Many of these are standard points that come up in postmodernism. Computers are often given as an example of postmodernism for the reasons presented in the article.  If it's common knowledge among those who study postmodernism, it's not original research.  (Could use clean up though, which IMO would fix that its suggestive of an essay)--Nectarflowed 06:05, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Needs wikification. Masterhomer 17:45, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Tongue piercing

I
I'm kind of concerned that many of these piercing pages may be republishing aftercare instructions that would constitute medical advice. Would this make Wikipedia, or the poster responsible for medical issues that arise from someone following that advice?

There are many different schools of thought about piercing aftercare, and as body piercing is not a regulated industry, nor is it part of te medical profession, there is a fine line between body piercing and surgical procedure. Is it proper for an encyclopedia to give specific medical advice on care, rather than to generally discuss the issue? User: Glowimperial

 * I agree. We should provide general, non-specific information and allow piercers to do their jobs. Exploding Boy 18:34, Apr 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't think there should be any mention of aftercare at all, would an article on rhinoplasty have a breakdown of the procedure and the aftercare? I'm going to stick my hand in and see If I can come up with a less how-to version of the pageGlowimperial 18:35, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

This page is missing some things
After looking at the page, I feel that it's missing Template:Body Piercing and Category:Body piercing. Can I add these two missing items to be put in this page since it's about a certain type of body piercing?--Hundred-Man 01:39, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Trends and Psychology
Tongue Piercing is obviously very big right now, but I'd like to know just how big and more particularly, why? What type of message does a pierced tongue project? Did some famous star begin the trend? Is it supposed to be sexy? Just curious about the point of it. If you can shed some light on it, I'd be interested to know. user: 71.4.51.150

 * I'll try and throw in some history.Glowimperial 18:35, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

History
I reverted the history section to re-include the more lengthy description regarding the popular culture role of tongue piercings and their relation to oral sex. The edit that removed the lengthy version seemed more of a reaction than a legitimate attempt to clarify the issue, and left out the key factor that the popular belief that tongue piercings provide an enhancement during oral sex played a large role in the popularity of this piercing in the 90's. I had a tongue piercing for about 4 years and I was asked questions related to it's role in oral sex on a constant basis (which was incredibly annoying, BTW), which is a common experience for persons with tongue piercings. Unless there is a reason to remove it, I say the content stays. Glowimperial 06:53, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

I didn't see this in the article and I consider it to be a major omission. At a club a girl will commonly flaunt her pierced tongue to a man implicitly showing off her talent for this sexual act. A girl high on ecstacy shows off her pierced tongue to the man she's dancing with and is he supposed to think "Wow! She has an interest in ancient Mayan culture."? This is important to anyone thinking of getting a tongue piercing. My 14 year old boy was begging me for one and I had to inform him of the common public view of someone with a tongue piercing. If he had only read this page, with no other information, he would have assumed that this piercing was only to be cool and honor the Aztecs or some crap like that. Please don't lie by omission. Please include this common public perception. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.203.237.62 (talk) 04:31, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

I agree, how could this not be mentioned?? A HUGE omission that needs to be edited. 72.75.215.83 (talk) 12:25, 26 June 2009 (UTC)

Famous people with tongue piercings
I don't think we need to busy up every article about a "thing which can be had/worn/owned" with a list of celebrities who are the "posessors/owners/wearers" of the subject of the article? Glowimperial 17:28, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

More pictures
I think more pictures are needed to show the differnent types of piercings Eevo 16:18, 31 May 2006 (UTC) i agree i mean there is not much to show

atypical trigeminal Neuralgia
I'm reqesting this article be edited to state that the case of atypical trieminal neuralgia, was not conclusively proven to be caused by a tongue piercing, was and isolated incident, and was atypical, not typical. I would like to cite this article by the Medical Liaison for the Association of professional piercers: http://www.bmezine.com/news/app/20061105.html

More pictures in the article
I think the article definitely needs at least one more picture. The one that is there right now shows a very, in my opionion, unattractive picture of a pierced tongue that has not accommodated for swelling. Should there not be a picture of a fully healed tongue piercing? If there is need of a picture I can provide you with one of my own tongue.83.233.58.55 21:47, 31 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I put one up of mine... and a few of my friends'. -  hmwith  talk   22:45, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

Aside From All That
How is this page anything more than some random persons half knowledge of something added to their misinformed opinion? Seriously this article would be better to just not be on wikipedia. I know it isn't cited but at least the author could have excluded their own opinions and it is very evidently not professional. It tries very hard to be funny...but its like the only person laughing is the person that wrote it. Honestly, I hope the general public is wise enough to not take this article seriously although somehow...I doubt it. -Hazel Sparrow —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.183.34.44 (talk) 09:36, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree. The tone of the article as well as the language used, definitely does not read like an encyclopedic article, but more like something out of a blog. I am not really an expert in the subject of piercings else I'd have helped out.

 * 220.244.219.25 (talk) 15:06, 11 August 2008 (UTC)Bodhi

The Reasons?
This article doesn't say why people pierce their tongues - to give better blowjobs.--217.203.151.157 (talk) 20:51, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

I was wondering about this as well. Seems like a huge omission on this page. How could it not even be mentioned?? 72.75.215.83 (talk) 12:22, 26 June 2009 (UTC)

Wikiproject Body Modification
I'm trying to start a Wikiproject on Body Modification, if anyone wants to join go here http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Council/Proposals/Body_Modification ScarTissueBloodBlister (talk) 01:51, 16 July 2009 (UTC)

You guys have got to be kidding! You guys are stupid
I thought that tongue piercings were purely for the use in sexual stimulation through oral sex and I firmly believe that this should be included in the article as this is the reason why most, if not all, people choose to get a tongue piercing. Any guy who hasn't had a girl swallow his dick with her tongue sticking out (of which I've been told helps them breathe, for some reason or in some mysterious way that of which I just cannot understand or comprehend) with a tongue ring through it, is missing out. And also girls seem to like it as well (I'm talking about licking them out, although I have been told that they enjoy giving head also, "otherwise why else would (they) do it" - I have also been told that this only applies to big dicks...not sure on those last two (unreliable source of information = girl giving head at the time, could have just been saying it...but when your told the same thing by a number of girls, it could quite possibly just add up to the truth)).

P.S. The whole thing about the girl sticking her tongue out while down on her knees, giving head...it reduces contact with those pretty little (sharp and (medi)evil looking) teeth and also feels really really good...for the person recieving.

P.S.S. Not sure if any citations/references can be found but I suggest just leaving it at common-sense or common-knowledge. And any-persons who wish to argue with or dispute it should have to provide strong evidence for proof of false information.

P.S.S.S. I should also note that I am currently writing a book which should will definitely provide references, if none can be found else where(but it is a work in progress and sadly it most probably won't be finished for about maybe another 20 years...who knows).

The Sharminator (talk) 03:57, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

Risks Section
The "Risks" section vastly down-plays the risks associated with tongue piercing, and in fact contains no references. The 3.2% of surveyed individuals with dental damage is not cited. Possible sources to consider: The ADA's Position Paper on tongue piercing (against): http://www.ada.org/1891.aspx. The British Dental Journal's 2005 article on bifid tongue: http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v198/n5/full/4812117a.html (to read the full article online you do need to make a payment but it is a common journal in hospital and academic libraries). BDJ on Ludwig's Angina following tongue piercing: http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v182/n4/abs/4809327a.html (again, an abstract). BDJ on hypotensive collapse following a piercing done by an experienced piercer: http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/Tongue_Piercing_Resulting_in_Hypotensive_Collapse.pdf (full article). This article archived at the BBC notes that problems are not widespread, but piercing can nonetheless be fatal: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/399218.stm. 74.75.144.163 (talk) 01:44, 26 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Further clarification is definitely needed, as the Risks and Adverse effects sections are now directly in contradiction with each other. 173.56.90.38 (talk) 02:26, 14 January 2012 (UTC)Tiktok

Insert verb here
"The reason for the central Aboriginal Australian holy man's practice of piercing the tongue was to enable the holy man to his tongue"

To what his tongue?!?

Do I even want to know?? Test35965 (talk) 19:52, 26 May 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Vibrating tongue piercing
I miss the vibrating tongue piercing. Falkmart (talk) 18:05, 3 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tongue piercing


text:
Alfred von Arneth

Alfred Ritter von Arneth (10 July 1819 – 30 July 1897) was an Austrian historian. His principal scholarly work is a ten-volume biography of the Habsburg Empress Maria Theresa, first published in installments from 1863 to 1879 and still regarded as the standard work on the subject. Born at Vienna, he was the son of Joseph Calasanza von Arneth (1791–1863), a well-known historian and archaeologist, who wrote a history of the Austrian Empire (Vienna, 1827) and several works on numismatics and brother of Doctor Franz Hektor von Arneth (1818–1907).

Life
Alfred Arneth studied law, and became an official of the Austrian state archives, of which in 1868 he was appointed keeper. He was a moderate liberal in politics and a supporter of German unity. As such he was elected to the Frankfurt parliament in 1848. In 1861 he became a member of the Lower Austrian diet and in 1869 was nominated to the Upper House of the Austrian Reichsrat. In 1879 he was appointed president of the Kaiserliche Academie der Wissenschaften (Academy of Sciences) at Vienna, and in 1896 succeeded von Sybel as chairman of the historical commission at Munich.

Von Arneth was an indefatigable worker, and, as director of the archives, his willingness to listen to the advice of experts, as well as his own sound sense, reportedly helped to promote the more scientific treatment and use of public records in most of the archives of Europe. He was noted for his scientific temper and for drawing from original sources.

Publications

 * Leben des Feldmarschalls Grafen Guido Starhemberg (Vienna, 1863)
 * Prinz Eugen von Savoyen (3 vols, ib. 1864)
 * Geschichte Maria Theresias (10 vols, ib. 1863–1879)
 * Maria Theresa u. Marie Antoinette, ihr Briefwechsel (ib. 1866)
 * Marie Antoinette, Joseph II. and Leopold II., ihr Briefwechsel (1866)
 * Maria Theresa and Joseph II., ihre Korrespondenz samt Briefen Josephs an seinen Bruder Leopold (3 vols, 1867)
 * Beaumarchais and Sonnenfels (1868)
 * Joseph II. and Katharina von Russland, ihr Briefwechsel (1869)
 * Johann Christian Barthenstein and seine Zeit (1871)
 * Joseph II. und Leopold von Toskana, ihr Briefwechsel (2 vols, 1872)
 * Briefe der Kaiserin Maria Theresa an ihre Kinder and Freunde (4 vols, 1881)
 * Marie Antoinette: Correspondance secrète entre Marie-Thérése et le comte de Mercy-Argenteau (3 vols, Paris, 1875), in collaboration with Auguste Geoffroy
 * Graf Philipp Cobenzl and seine Memoiren (1885)
 * Correspondance secrète du comte de Mercy-Argenteau avec l'empereur Joseph IL et Kaunitz (2 vols, 1889–1891), in collaboration with Jules Flammermont
 * Anton Ritter von Schmerling. Episoden aus seinem Leben 1835, 1848–1849 (1895)
 * Johann Freiherr von Wessenberg, ein österreichischer Staatsmann des 19. Jahrh. (2 vols, 1898).

Arneth also published in 1893 two volumes of early reminiscences under the title Aus meinem Leben.

His works online

 * Arneth, A. / Maria Theresia und der Hofrath von Greiner. 1859. In: Die vorgebliche Tochter der Kaiserin Elisabeth Petrowna : nach den Akten des Kaiserlich Russischen Reichsarchiv's. Berlin: Carl Duncker, 1867. 70 p. – available at University Library in Bratislava Digital Library
 * Arneth, Alfred / Maria Theresia: I. Wien: Jacob & Holzhausen, 1863. 425 p. – available at University Library in Bratislava Digital Library
 * Arneth, Alfred / Maria Theresia und Marie Antoinette: ihr Briefwechsel während der Jahre 1770–1780. Wien: Wilhelm Braumüller, 1865. 373 p. – available at University Library in Bratislava Digital Library
 * Arneth, Alfred / Briefe der Kaiserin Maria Theresia an ihre Kinder und Freunde: Band 1. Wien: Wilhelm Braumüller, 1881. 438 p. – available at University Library in Bratislava Digital Library
 * Arneth, Alfred / Briefe der Kaiserin Maria Theresia an ihre Kinder und Freunde : Band 2. Wien: Wilhelm Braumüller, 1881. 524 p. – available at University Library in Bratislava Digital Library
 * Arneth, Alfred / Briefe der Kaiserin Maria Theresia an ihre Kinder und Freunde : Band 3. Wien: Wilhelm Braumüller, 1881. 490 p. – available at University Library in Bratislava Digital Library
 * Arneth, Alfred / Briefe der Kaiserin Maria Theresia an ihre Kinder und Freunde : Band 4. Wien: Wilhelm Braumüller, 1881. 631 p. – available at University Library in Bratislava Digital Library
 * Arneth, Alfred / Maria Theresia und Joseph II. : ihre Correspondenz sammt Briefen Joseph's an seinen Bruder Leopold : 1. Band : 1761–1772. Wien: Carl Gerold's Sohn, 1867. 418 p. – available at University Library in Bratislava Digital Library
 * Arneth, Alfred / Maria Theresia und Joseph II. : ihre Correspondenz sammt Briefen Joseph's an seinen Bruder Leopold : 2. Band : 1773 – Juli 1778. Wien: Carl Gerold's Sohn, 1867. 410 p. – available at University Library in Bratislava Digital Library
 * Arneth, Alfred / Maria Theresia und Joseph II. : ihre Correspondenz sammt Briefen Joseph's an seinen Bruder Leopold : 3. Band : August 1778–1780. Wien: Carl Gerold's Sohn, 1868. 411 p. – available at University Library in Bratislava Digital Library
 * Fromageot / Jahrbücher der Regierung Marien Theresiens, verwittibten Kaiserinn, Königinn zu Ungarn und Böhmen, Erzherzoginn zu Oesterreich, u. u. : aus dem Französischen ... – Wien: Leipzig: Joseph Kurzböck, 1776. 374 p. – available at University Library in Bratislava Digital Library
 * Das goldene Jahrhundert oder Maria Theresia und Friedrich. Augsburg: bey Albert Friedrich Bartholomäi, 1779. 190 p. – available at University Library in Bratislava Digital Library
 * Mariae II. Ungariae regis quadragesimi octavi Decretum Tertium. Posonii: [s.n.], 1764. 12 p. – available at University Library in Bratislava Digital Library
 * Mária Terézia / Constitutio criminalis Theresiana : aneb Ržímské Cýsařske w Uhřich a w Cžechách etc. etc. Králowské Aposstolské Milosti Marye Terezye Arcý-Kněžny Rakauské, etc. etc, hrdelní Práwní Ržád. W Wídni : Wytisstěný u Jána Tomásse urozeného z Trattnern, 1769. 374 p. – available at University Library in Bratislava Digital Library
 * de BROGLIE, Albert le duc / Marie-Thérese impératrice : 1744–1746 : 1. Paris: Calmann Lévy, 1890. 466 p. – available at University Library in Bratislava Digital Library
 * Transaction mit dem Erz-Stift Salzburg : Güttenbergische Berg-Gerichts Jurisdiction ; Maria Theresia, Erz-Herzogin zu Österreich ; Index alphabeticus ; Mariae Theresiae, Erz-Herzogin zu Österreich ; Index Alphabeticus ; Index Alphabeticus ; Mariae Theresia, ... Wien: Leopold Johann Kalivoda, 1759. 289 p. – available at University Library in Bratislava Digital Library

title: Alfred von Arneth


text: User talk:69.250.37.207

title: User talk:69.250.37.207


text: User talk:69.149.50.221

title: User talk:69.149.50.221


text:
National Right to Life Committee

The National Right to Life Committee (NRLC) is the oldest and largest national anti-abortion organization in the United States with affiliates in all 50 states and more than 3,000 local chapters nationwide.

Since the 1980s, NRLC has influenced anti-abortion policy at national and state levels through campaign financing of anti-abortion and almost exclusively Republican candidates and writing model legislation that would restrict or ban abortion.

Organization
The national organization of National Right to Life comprises the:

 * National Right to Life Committee, Inc. (NRLC), 501c(4), EIN: 52–0986196;
 * National Right to Life Committee Educational Trust Fund, 501c(3), EIN: 52–1241126;
 * National Right to Life Educational Foundation, Inc., 501c(3), EIN: 73–1010913;
 * National Right to Life Conventions, Inc., 501c(4), EIN: 52–1257773;
 * National Right to Life Political Action Committee (NRLPAC); and
 * National Right to Life Victory Fund, an independent expenditure political action committee, i. e., a "SuperPAC".

National Conference of Catholic Bishops: 1968–73
In 1966 the National Conference of Catholic Bishops (NCCB) asked James T. McHugh to begin observing trends in the reform of policy on abortion. At the time then McHugh was Director of the United States Catholic Conference (USCC) Family Life Bureau, and later became the Bishop of Camden and then of Rockville Centre. The NCCB asked McHugh during its annual conference in April 1967 to organize the National Right to Life Committee (NRLC) and fund the established NRLC with $50,000 to "initiate and coordinate a program of information" with state affiliates that would inform stakeholders of the wave of proposed state legislation to liberalize statutes prohibiting abortion.

The National Right to Life Committee was formalized in 1968. McHugh hired executive assistant Michael Taylor to help with the day-to-day needs of the organization. In October 1968, they published the first NRLC newsletter formally introducing the organization and providing information on the efforts to change abortion laws. On the state level, independent right to life organizations were beginning to form and began to rely on NRLC for direction and information. The newsletter lasted until 1971.

NRLC held its first meeting of nationwide anti-abortion leaders in Chicago, Illinois in 1970 at Barat College. New Jersey attorney Juan Ryan served as the first President of NRLC. In the following year NRLC held its first convention at Macalester College in Saint Paul, Minnesota.

"The only reason that we have a pro-life movement in this country is because of the Catholic people and the Catholic Church", stated the executive director of NRLC James T. McHugh in 1973.

Incorporation and Human Life Amendment
The NRLC was formally incorporated in May 1973, in response to the Roe v. Wade ruling of the US Supreme Court and the desire to gain autonomy apart from the Catholic Church, to attract more Protestants to the organization. The National Conference of Catholic Bishops launched a campaign to amend the United States Constitution by enacting a Human Life Amendment that not only invalidated Roe v. Wade but also prohibited both the US Congress and the States from legalizing abortion in the United States. Its first convention as an incorporated organization was held the following month in Detroit, Michigan. At the concurrent meeting of NRLC's Board, Ed Golden of New York was elected president. Among the founding members was Mildred Jefferson, the first African-American woman to graduate from Harvard Medical School. Jefferson subsequently served as president in 1975.

Schisms
Erma Clardy Craven spoke out against the increasing alignment of anti-abortion groups and the American right.

In 1978, NRLC found itself $100,000 in debt after Jefferson's presidency. Rather than acknowledge her record, she left the organization to form the Right to Life Crusade. On April 1, 1979, the American Life League (ALL) was founded by Judie Brown, former public relations director of NRLC, and 9 others after a schism within the NRLC.

Media publicity
Since its incorporation, the NRLC prioritized its politics over getting publicity due to its concern of being portrayed in a poor light and lack of funds. By 1980 NRLC's annual budget increased to $1,600,000 and retained a membership of 11 million, allowing the organization to invest in media strategy and establish its media department in 1984. By 1985, the organization had a communications department that produced and distributed a radio program, media campaigns, and maintained press connections. Its media strategy worked to create a public image that differentiated the NRLC from allies by using medical professionals, including its president and primary spokesperson John Willke. One hallmark of their media campaign was utilizing the slogan "Love them Both" which embraces claims of women's rights and welfare through compassion to gain the support of those ambivalent on the issue.

In 1995, the NRLC coined the term "partial-birth abortion" to describe a new medical procedure also known as "dilation and extraction," or D&X, and "intact D&E" in which the fetus is removed intact from the uterus after 20 weeks gestation. The organization illustrated and published drawings of the procedure in booklets and paid newspaper advertisements to generate public opposition to both the procedure and abortion in general. The NRLC criticized Bill Clinton's 1995 veto of a bill that would ban the procedure. The phrase was used by Congress in the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003.

In 1992 and 1998, Fortune magazine recognized the NRLC as the most publicly recognized and politically effective anti-abortion organization. In 1999, Fortune ranked them as the 8th most influential public policy group working in Washington, DC.

The Silent Scream
In 1984 the Committee co-produced the documentary The Silent Scream on abortion with Bernard Nathanson. In 1985, following 2 years of a boycott of a product of the Upjohn Company that NRLC coordinated, the Company ceased all research on abortifacient drugs. Three years later, NRLC joined other anti-abortion organizations in saying that if any company sold an abortifacient drug, the millions of Americans who opposed abortion would boycott all the products of that company.

NRLC boycott of Hoechst Marion Roussel and Altace
In the 1990s the NRLC began a nationwide grassroots lobbying campaign against the Freedom of Choice Act, and announced a boycott of the French pharmaceutical company Roussel Uclaf and its American affiliates for permitting its abortion drug, mifepristone, into the United States. The U.S. National Right to Life Committee announced a 1994 U.S. boycott of all Hoechst pharmaceutical products including Altace, targeting the abortion pill RU-486.

According to Keri Folmar, the lawyer responsible for the language of the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, the term "partial-birth abortion" was developed in early 1995 at a meeting of herself, Charles T. Canady, and NRLC lobbyist Douglas Johnson. The phrase elicited strong negative reactions from a focus group and became a key phrase in NRLC's attack on abortion.

Campaign financing
In 1978, James Bopp was hired to serve as legal counsel and the NRLC became more involved in elections to further influence state and federal legislation to advance their anti-abortion position. In 1980, the National Right to Life Political Action Committee (NRL PAC) was founded to support anti-abortion candidates, mostly Republicans. Also that year, Bopp led a walkout of conservative delegates from a White House Conference on Families and defended the NRLC's 1980 presidential election voter guides from legal challenges of improper electioneering by a nonprofit.

By the 1990s, the NRLC became a major player in campaign financing through its $2 million campaign contributions in the 1996 presidential election. In 1999, the NRLC aggressively lobbied against the 1999 Shays-Meehan bill, which later became the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (BCRA), because it would reclassify many of its and other nonpartisan groups' ads as campaign contributions. A bipartisan group of legislators including John McCain, Ronnie Shows, and Zach Wamp criticized the organization for getting involved in issues that did not affect the unborn. Legislative Director Douglas Johnson defended the NRLC's involvement in campaign financing, saying that the bill "would cripple the prolife movement."

In 2003, Bopp filed a lawsuit on behalf of the NRLC against the Federal Election Commission about whether BCRA violates the First Amendment in its prohibition of the use of "soft money" in campaign financing. On May 1, 2003, the district court issued judgment on the case and the NRLC appeals to the Supreme Court. Later that year, the case was consolidated along with eleven other lawsuits into McConnell v. FEC. In the ruling, the Supreme Court upheld the control of soft money and the regulation of electioneering communications in BCRA.

The death of Justice William Rehnquist and retirement of Justice Sandra Day O’Connor changed the Supreme Court to a conservative majority, and in 2007 NRLC's affiliate Wisconsin Right to Life brought a case against the FEC again challenging BCRA provisions. In FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc., the justices held that issue ads may not be banned from the months preceding a primary or general election.

Model legislation strategy
At the national and state level, NRLC writes model legislation that lawmakers can utilize in bills to restrict or ban abortion. Their legislation is written with the composition of the Supreme Court in mind, so that the court would be less likely to block it afterwards. For instance, when Justice Anthony Kennedy was on the bench, bills were introduced that would ban abortion after 20 weeks. After the conservative Gorsuch, Barrett and Kavanaugh were appointed, legislations began to pass trigger laws.

Prior to the ruling on Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, NRLC released model legislation that bans all abortions unless "necessary to prevent the death of the pregnant woman". Enforcement strategies of the legislation include criminal penalties for anyone aiding or abetting a person seeking an abortion, selling or distributing of abortifacients, and transporting a pregnant minor to obtain an abortion.

In cases of rape
In 2022, responding to reports that a 10-year-old rape victim obtained an abortion, the group's general counsel James Bopp said that the group's proposed legislation would have banned that abortion; he also said that they believed she should have carried the baby, and "as many women who have had babies as a result of rape, we would hope that she would understand the reason and ultimately the benefit of having the child."

Affiliates
NRLC has affiliates in all fifty states and over 3,000 local chapters.

Its Virginia affiliate, the Virginia Society for Human Life, was founded in 1967 as the first state right to life organization. Other early affiliates include Georgia Right to Life.

Past presidents

 * 1968–1973 – Juan Ryan, New Jersey
 * 1973–1974 – Edward Golden, New York
 * 1974–1975 – Kenneth VanDerHoef, Washington
 * 1975–1978 – Mildred Jefferson, Massachusetts
 * 1978–1980 – Carolyn Gerster, Arizona
 * 1980–1983 – John C. Willke, Ohio
 * 1983–1984 – Jean Doyle, Florida
 * 1984–1991 – John C. Willke, Ohio
 * 1991–2005 – Wanda Franz, West Virginia
 * 2005–present – Carol Tobias, North Dakota

title: National Right to Life Committee


text:
FPR

FPR may refer to:

Companies

 * FPR Connectivity, a Chinese company focusing on consumer electronics
 * Fidelity Printers and Refinery, a Zimbabwean security printer

Law

 * Family Procedure Rules, in English and Welsh family courts
 * Fichier des personnes recherchées, a French database of wanted people
 * Freiwillige Polizei-Reserve, former Berlin police

Politics and military

 * Rwandan Patriotic Front (French: Front patriotique rwandais)
 * Popular Front for Recovery (French: Front Populaire pour le Redressement), a militia in Chad and the CAR

Sports

 * Ford Performance Racing, Australia

Technology

 * Film-type patterned retarder
 * Floating-point register
 * Filter performance rating
 * False positive rate

Other uses

 * Final proposal revision, a form of response to a request for proposal
 * Focal point review, for employee evaluation
 * Formyl peptide receptor
 * Foundation for Psychocultural Research, Los Angeles, US
 * Treasure Coast International Airport, Florida, US, IATA Code
 * First Philippine Republic, Former country get Independence from Spain

title: FPR


text: User talk:81.156.44.214

title: User talk:81.156.44.214


text:
Family Procedure Rules

The Family Procedure Rules (previously Family Proceedings Rules), often abbreviated FPR, govern the procedures used in family courts in England and Wales. The Family Procedure Rules 2010 were introduced by Statutory Instrument and are effective 6 April 2011.

Part 7 (Paragraph 75) of the Courts Act 2003 states that "Family Procedure Rules are to be made by a committee known as the Family Procedure Rule Committee", and specifies who should be on that committee. The Courts Act also states, "Family Procedure Rules may modify the rules of evidence as they apply to family proceedings in any court within the scope of the rules".

The Family Procedure Rules 2010 are split into 36 parts, together with the Practice Directions, certain Pre Action Protocols and a complete set of Forms. They are intended to modernise and standardise family court practice across the High Court, County Court and Magistrates’ Court.

title: Family Procedure Rules


text:
Pressure-fed engine

The pressure-fed engine is a class of rocket engine designs. A separate gas supply, usually helium, pressurizes the propellant tanks to force fuel and oxidizer to the combustion chamber. To maintain adequate flow, the tank pressures must exceed the combustion chamber pressure.

Pressure fed engines have simple plumbing and have no need for complex and occasionally unreliable turbopumps. A typical startup procedure begins with opening a valve, often a one-shot pyrotechnic device, to allow the pressurizing gas to flow through check valves into the propellant tanks. Then the propellant valves in the engine itself are opened. If the fuel and oxidizer are hypergolic, they burn on contact; non-hypergolic fuels require an igniter. Multiple burns can be conducted by merely opening and closing the propellant valves as needed. If the pressurization system also has activating valves, they can be operated electrically, or by gas pressure controlled by smaller electrically operated valves.

Care must be taken, especially during long burns, to avoid excessive cooling of the pressurizing gas due to adiabatic expansion. Cold helium won't liquify, but it could freeze a propellant, decrease tank pressures, or damage components not designed for low temperatures. The Apollo Lunar Module Descent Propulsion System was unusual in storing its helium in a supercritical but very cold state. It was warmed as it was withdrawn through a heat exchanger from the ambient temperature fuel.

Spacecraft attitude control and orbital maneuvering thrusters are almost universally pressure-fed designs. Examples include the Reaction Control (RCS) and the Orbital Maneuvering (OMS) engines of the Space Shuttle orbiter; the RCS and Service Propulsion System (SPS) engines on the Apollo Command/Service Module; the SuperDraco (in-flight abort) and Draco (RCS) engines on the SpaceX Dragon 2; and the RCS, ascent and descent engines on the Apollo Lunar Module.

Some launcher upper stages also use pressure-fed engines. These include the Aerojet AJ10 and TRW TR-201 used in the second stage of Delta II launch vehicle, and the Kestrel engine of the Falcon 1 by SpaceX.

The 1960s Sea Dragon concept by Robert Truax for a big dumb booster would have used pressure-fed engines.

Pressure-fed engines have practical limits on propellant pressure, which in turn limits combustion chamber pressure. High pressure propellant tanks require thicker walls and stronger materials which make the vehicle tanks heavier, thereby reducing performance and payload capacity. The lower stages of launch vehicles often use either solid fuel or pump-fed liquid fuel engines instead, where high pressure ratio nozzles are considered desirable.

Other vehicles or companies using pressure-fed engine:
 * OTRAG (rocket)
 * Quad (rocket) of Armadillo Aerospace
 * XCOR EZ-Rocket of XCOR Aerospace
 * Masten Space Systems
 * Aquarius Launch Vehicle
 * NASA's Project Morpheus prototype lander
 * NASA Mighty Eagle mini lunar lander
 * CONAE's Tronador II upper stage
 * Copenhagen Suborbitals' Spica

title: Pressure-fed engine


text:
Dini

Dini may refer to:

Organizations

 * National Directorate of Intelligence (Peru), the primary intelligence agency in Peru

Places in Iran

 * Ala ol Dini-ye Olya, a village in Eslamabad Rural District, in the Central District of Jiroft County, Kerman Province
 * Nur ol Dini,a village in Kheyrgu Rural District, Alamarvdasht District, Lamerd County, Fars Province
 * Tang-e Baha ol Dini, a village in Howmeh Rural District, in the Central District of Larestan County, Fars Province
 * Tolombeh-ye Rokn ol Dini, a village in Arzuiyeh Rural District, in the Central District of Arzuiyeh County, Kerman Province
 * Zeyn ol Dini, a village in Kal Rural District, Eshkanan District, Lamerd County, Fars Province

People

 * Abdi Dini (born 1981), professional Canadian wheelchair basketball player
 * Abdulkadir Sheikh Dini, Somali politician and military official
 * Ahmed Dini Ahmed (1932–2004), Djiboutian politician
 * Andrea Dini (born 1996), Italian football player
 * Antonio Dini (1918–1940), New Zealand flying ace of the Second World War
 * Dino Dini, English games developer
 * Joe Dini (1929–2014), Nevada state assemblyman and casino owner
 * Lamberto Dini, Italian politician
 * Lorenzo Dini (born 1994), Italian long-distance runner
 * Mohamed Dini Farah, Djiboutian politician
 * Muguette Dini, French politician
 * Nh. Dini, Indonesian novelist
 * Nick Dini, American baseball player
 * Paul Dini, American animation and comic writer
 * Pietro Dini (died 1625), Roman Catholic Archbishop of Fermo
 * Putu Dini Jasita Utami (born 1994), Indonesian beach volleyball player
 * Sandra Dini, Italian high jumper
 * Ulisse Dini, Italian mathematician, after which are named:
 * Dini derivative
 * Dini test
 * Dini's theorem
 * Dini criterion
 * Dini's surface
 * Dini continuity
 * Dini–Lipschitz criterion
 * Umar Said Salim Al Dini, Yemeni held in extrajudicial detention in the United States Guantanamo Bay detention camps, in Cuba
 * Dini Haryati (1978–1998), Indonesian student, victim of an unsolved rape-murder case in Singapore
 * Dini Petty (born 1945), Canadian television and radio host

Other uses

 * Dini Ya Msambwa, African traditional religion, labeled as an anti-colonial
 * DinI-like protein family
 * Pernikahan Dini, a soap opera that aired on RCTI in 2001

title: Dini


text: Category:Peninsulas of Ukraine

title: Category:Peninsulas of Ukraine


text:
Talk:UN/LOCODE

For easier linking from outside to WP there have been established redirects. They have the form UN/LOCODE/XXXXX e.g. UN/LOCODE:USNYC.
 * lists of redirects
 * Category:Redirects_from_UN/LOCODE (may be incomplete)
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Allpages&from=UN/LOCODE
 * country specific, e.g. SE, see http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Allpages&from=UN/LOCODE:SE
 * list export: Special:Export add articles from category "Redirects from UN/LOCODE"
 * related talk
 * Template_talk:Infobox_Settlement

People who worked on the two proposals:

Tobias Conradi, Ram-Man

Users that add UN/LOCODEs

 * User:Ram-Man with Rambot for US articles
 * User:Thunderboltz Kochi, India
 * User:Ganeshk with Bots/Requests for approval/Ganeshbot 3

Proposal 1: UN/LOCODE on city pages
Where to put it?
 * if there is a table put it in the table.

Put a shortcut sign on every page?
 * people could think this is ugly
 * people that know UN/LOCODE will maybe try typing the UN/LOCODE, they do not need shortcut hint

Proposal 2: Redirect from UN/LOCODE-standard-link to city page

 * with standardized links, other pages from outside can easier link to wikipedia
 * with shortcuts people that know the UN/LOCODE can faster get to an article

Design of standard links
see also: Geocode

Which locations to standard-link / shortcut

 * Check http://www.unece.org/cefact/locode/unlocode_manual.pdf
 * section 3.6 function -
 * section 3.7 status - everything with A-status except AQ should be fine
 * Naming conflicts

Templates

 * Template:R from UN/LOCODE

Progress
Start with
 * US cities,
 * wikipedia-naming for US should be unambigous
 * only link what is in Rambot-Database
 * Cities of english speaking countries
 * less problem to find the right redirect target
 * Capital cities

Credit to Consumerium
If I checked the facts correctly (please bash me if I didn't), the article moved from Consumerium to WP consisted of one paragraph, and the main substance of the WP article has been added after that. I would not say, therefore, that the article "is" adapted, but that it once "was" adapted, and modified since. Moreover, I feel that crediting Consumerium with a phrase about as long as the content originally moved is less about giving due credit that about promoting Consumerium and its POV. Therefore, I propose to modify or eliminate this phrase. What does the community feel about this? --DrTorstenHenning 08:50, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Consumerium can only be two sentences: I removed the credit. Tobias Conradi (Talk) 08:41, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

2007 marked for deletion
X	CA	TOQ	Toquart Bay	Toquart Bay	BC	1---	XX	0701			Does not qualify X	CL	CAL	Caleta Patillos	Caleta Patillos	TA	1---	XX	0701		2045S 07011W	cf CL PTI X	CL	GUR	Isla Guarello	Isla Guarello	MA	1---	XX	0701		5240S 07341W	cf CL ISG X	CM	VCC	Victoria	Victoria		1---	XX	0701			Cf CM LIM X	CY	MPB	Morphou Bay	Morphou Bay		1---	XX	0701			Does not qualify X	CZ	KLY	Klatovy	Klatovy		--3-	XX	0701		4923N 01317E	Cf CZ KTV X	CZ	OVO	Ostrov nad Ohri	Ostrov nad Ohri		--3-	XX	0701		5017N 01256E	Cf CZ ONO X	CZ	SLN	Slaný	Slany		--3-	XX	0701		5013N 01405E	Cf CZ SLY X	DE	PRS	Prisdorf	Prisdorf	BE	--3-	XX	0701 X	FJ	ELL	Ellington	Ellington		1---	XX	0701 X	FJ	VUD	Vuda	Vuda		1---	XX	0701 X	FR	SAG	St Aignan	St Aignan		--3-	XX	0701 X	FR	JAG	St Jean-d'Angély	St Jean-d'Angely	17	--3-	XX	0701		4557N 00031W	cf FR SJY X	IQ	ABL	Arbil	Arbil		0---	XX	0701		3611N 04401E X	JP	NGY	Nagoya, Oita	Nagoya, Oita	44	1---	XX	0701 X	KR	ANS	Ansung	Ansung	41	--3-	XX	0701			cf KR ASG X	NI	PSZ	Puerto Somoza	Puerto Somoza		1-3--6--	XX	0701		1211N 08645W	Cf NI PSN X	NL	HE	Hengevelde	Hengevelde		--3-	XX	0701		5212N 00638E	Cf NL HEV X	PK	WAG	Wagha	Wagha		--3-	XX	0701		2917N 06744E X	PL	NFW	Neufahrwasser	Neufahrwasser		1---	XX	0701			Cf PL NOW X	PL	WMA	Wysokie Mazowieckie	Wysokie Mazowieckie		--3-	XX	0701		5254N 02230E	duplicate entry cf PL WYM X	SE	MLY	Moelnlycke	Moelnlycke	O	--3--6--	XX	0701		5738N 01209E	Duplicates SE MOE X	US	PVS	Port Everglades	Port Everglades	FL	--34	XX	0701		2605N 08007W	duplicate cf US PEF X	US	PSY	Port Sulphur	Port Sulphur	LA	123-	XX	0701		2928N 08941W	Duplicate entry with USSUL —Preceding unsigned comment added by UnLoCode (talk • contribs) 22:15, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

Copyright status/Licensing of UN/LOCODE
Is the UN/LOCODE in the public domain? If not, how is it licensed?

Examples - how is function determined?
In the examples, we have Berlin (DE BER) and New York (US NYC) both with function value of "12345---". Yet Paris (FR PAR) has a function value of "123-5---". Why is air (4) omitted from the function value? What is the rule that determines a location's function value? In this case, is it because CDG airport lies outside Paris city limits, while TXL and JFK fall within their respective city limits? It seems odd that Paris would not be listed as having air function, because CDG's IATA city code is PAR. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.189.187.103 (talk) 18:55, 21 October 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:UN/LOCODE


text:
Georges Henri Halphen

Georges-Henri Halphen (30 October 1844, Rouen – 23 May 1889, Versailles) was a French mathematician. He was known for his work in geometry, particularly in enumerative geometry and the singularity theory of algebraic curves, in algebraic geometry. He also worked on invariant theory and projective differential geometry.

Biography
He did his studies at École Polytechnique (X 1862), where he graduated in 1866. He continued his education at École d'Application de l'Artillerie et du Génie de Metz. As a lieutenant of Artillery he was sent Auxonne first and then to Strasbourg. In 1872, Halphen settled in Paris, where he became a lecturer at the École Polytechnique and began his scientific studies. He completed his dissertation in 1878. In 1872 he married Rose Marguerite Aron, with whom he had eight children, four sons and four daughters. Of the four sons, three joined the military and two of them died in World War I. Louis Halphen (1880-1950) was a French historian specialized in medivial times; Charles Halphen (1885-1915), was deputy secretary of the Société mathématique de France. One of his grandsons was Étienne Halphen (1911–1954), who did significant work in applied statistics.

Awards
Georges-Henri Halphen received in the Steiner prize of the Prussian Academy of Sciences in 1880 along with Max Noether. In 1881 Halphen received the Grand Prix of the Académie des sciences for his work on linear differential equations: Mémoire sur la Reduction des Equations Différentielles Linéaires aux Formes Intégrales. He received the Prix Poncelet in 1883 and the Prix Petit d'Ormoy in 1885. He was elected to the Académie des sciences in 1886 in the Section de Géométrie, replacing the deceased Jean Claude Bouquet. In 1887 Halphen was elected to the Accademia dei Lincei in Rome.

Works

 * Oeuvres de G.H. Halphen, in 4 vols. edited by Camille Jordan, Henri Poincaré, Charles Émile Picard with assistance from Ernest Vessiot, 1916, 1918, 1921, 1924, Paris, France: Gauthier-Villars
 * Traité des fonctions elliptiques et de leurs applications, 3 vols., 1886, 1888, 1891 (in vol. 2 applications to physics, geometry, the theory of integrals, and geodesy; in vol. 3 applications to algebra, especially the quintic equation, number theory — vol. 3 consists merely of fragments)

An overview of Halphen's work is provided by Laurent Gruson and a complete list of the works was compiled by Camille Jordan as part of Halphen's obituary in Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées.

title: Georges Henri Halphen


text:
Halphen

Halphen is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
 * Éric Halphen (born 1959), French judge
 * Étienne Halphen (1911–1954), French mathematician
 * Eugène Halphen (1820–1912), French historian, poet and book editor
 * Fernand Halphen (1872–1917), French composer
 * Georges Henri Halphen (1844–1889), French mathematician
 * Gustave Halphen (d. 1872), French diplomat
 * Louis Halphen (1880–1950), French medieval-historian
 * Baroness Noémie de Rothschild (1888–1968), born Noémie Halphen, French philanthropist

title: Halphen


text:
Jurassic Park III: Island Attack

Jurassic Park III: Island Attack (known as Jurassic Park III: Advanced Action in Japan and Jurassic Park III: Dino Attack in Europe; originally known as Jurassic Park III: Primal Fear ) is a video game for the Game Boy Advance, and is loosely based on the 2001 film Jurassic Park III. It is the third and final game, under the title Jurassic Park III, for the Game Boy Advance title games after The DNA Factor and Park Builder, both released in the same year.

Gameplay
After crash-landing on Isla Sorna, Dr. Alan Grant contacts the coast guard and is told to reach the island's coast to be rescued. Playing as Grant, the player's goal is to travel through eight areas of Isla Sorna to reach the coast.

There are two types of levels: freeroam, and forward only. Every level uses freeroam, with the exception of three. These three levels also use cross-section camera angles, while the rest of the levels use an overview camera.

Reception
On Metacritic, the game has a score of 57, indicating "Mixed or average reviews". Charlie Cummins of Gamezilla! rated the game 50 out of 100, and criticized its "poor" controls, its sound effects and music, its "difficult" viewpoint, and its graphics for being "very pixelated and difficult to discern". Cummins felt that the game's audio and graphics would be much better if the game had been released on a home video game console. Cummins offered praise for the game's motorcycle level, calling it "somewhat fun and enjoyable".

Jennifer Beam of AllGame rated the game two and a half stars out of five and wrote: "Dr. Grant's character, though easily controlled, can essentially do one of two things: tirelessly fire his stun gun upon the dinos who in turn inflict ten times the damage on his health meter, or run like heck. Running is usually the best option, if you could even call it an option. Yet, he won't be winning any marathons since he usually escapes by only a hair". Beam praised the game's "fairly realistic" dinosaurs, but criticized their dull color schemes. Beam also wrote: "Not much excitement is generated from the background music and sound effects are lacking".

William Cassidy of GameSpy rated the game 69 out of 100, and praised the graphics, music, and diverse gameplay styles and perspectives, but criticized the game for its difficulty and repetitive gameplay, and noted that some of its graphics were too dark, a factor which made gameplay more difficult. Cassidy wrote that "for all its faults, occasionally Island Attack will surprise you with an area that feels like a challenge and not a trial. These rare levels strike a better balance between puzzles and action. You may even be able to relax and enjoy the level instead of worrying that you'll die and have to do it all over again. Unfortunately, there's not enough of that to be found in this game".

title: Jurassic Park III: Island Attack