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Talk:André Gide

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The article may be improved by following the WikiProject Biography 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article. -- Yamara 17:01, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

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Pederasty
How about mentioning Gide's pederasty, i.e. sexual desire for male teenagers? David.Monniaux 19:00, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Go for it, if you have the info. Though I'd caution you to include references (which should be included all the time anyway) when you deal with touchy subjects like this.  -Seth Mahoney 01:33, Apr 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Very simple, first Marc Allégret was only 16 in 1916 when they became lovers, so Marc was clearly a male teenager. Then you take the Souvenirs et voyage volume in Bibliothèque de la Pléiade and the section about the Voyage in Congo, and he is very open about the good times he had with the African kids (same thing about his companion and lover Marc Allégret). It is smoothed out in the final text, but when since Pléiade is a critical edition you get the manuscript and it's extremely explicit. I couldn't believe he was so open about it. His interest is also in little girls as well.Hektor 07:34, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

 * ...Un peu plus tard, l'enfant, appelé par Adoum sur mon invite, aidait celui-ci à dresser nos lits. Je l'avais pris contre moi, ému de le sentir si confiant et si tendre.
 * ...Ils me rejoignent et j'emmène celui qui, quelques heures plus tôt, répondait déjà à mes avances. Il me suit dans ma chambre vide et je ne sais si j'ai jamais rencontré compagnon de lit plus charmant.
 * ...le marmiton ramène une charmante fillette, si pudique, si jeune, si craintive que l'on ne comprend pas comment elle a pu se décider à le suivre. La scène a lieu sur le sac de couchage, devant mon lit, éclairé par un photophore. Marc ne parvient pas à triompher, ou que bien peu, des résistances de la fillette, sur laquelle il s'obstine, désireux aussi de s'instruire, car on lui a dit que toutes les femmes étaient excisées. De mon lit, de derrière la moustiquaire, qui me rend invisible à demi, j'assiste à ce travail. On dirait l'effort pour ouvrir une boîte de conserve dont on aurait perdu la clef. Et cela dure, cela dure...
 * There is a section of one of the biographies I've read of Oscar Wilde that also deals with his interest in boys, specifically related to the time Wilde and Gide spent in Algiers. I can't remember which text it is exactly, but I will look it up this evening and may make a suggestions adding some content. Ljpmn79 20:31, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

He wrote a famous defence of paederasty, and it is well-documented, his relationships with boys, so why is there so little mention of this? He also ridiculed men who were attracted to men, so to include him as an LGBT author is simply charlatanry. Especially since the LGBT movement has thrown NAMBLA out of their gay respectability movement, it is entirely hypocritical. Actually, this is done with many paederasts like Oscar Wilde and Lord Alfred Douglas, not to mention the Rennaissance artists and so on. Ah, well. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.10.210.178 (talk) 07:53, 18 August 2015 (UTC)

Daugther... factual accuracy questioned.

 * "In 1923 he conceived a daughter named Catherine with another woman, Maria Van Rysselberghe."

This is probably wrong. I think it should actually be replaced by
 * "In 1923 he conceived a daughter named Catherine with Elisabeth van Rysselberghe, daugther of Maria van Rysselberghe and the painter Théo van Rysselberghe, a couple of Gide's friends.

Can anybody confirm this? I am not very sure about these things. Thanks. --Edcolins 12:12, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Catherine was the extramarital daughter of André Gide and Elisabeth van Rysselberghe. As Théo van Rysselberghe (and his wife Maria) were very good friends with André Gide (and his wife Madeleine), the birth of his granddaughter, fathered by his best friend, incurred his displeasure. But in the end his accepted this birth. JoJan 19:55, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

' he sired a daughter' this would look and sound better if it said...he had a relationship with **** and she gave birth to**** no-one says 'sired' in everyday language.... it sounds a little pompous! Veryscarymary (talk) 15:04, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

Perhaps a misleading introductory statement
After finishing the four volumes of The Journals of Andre Gide, I turned to Wilkepedia for some dates and background. I find Gide introduced as simply a French author and a "spokesman named Gide for gay rights." Although certainly in the journals (excellent) there is homosexual reference in terms of Alex's friendship with Proust, etc., and Gide's somewhat mysterious lovers, those references are certainly side ones and the depth and breadth of Alex's achievement, in terms of his grappling with literary achievement and form, religion, the subconscious, and so many other areas, are what really come acros in the journals (and novels). Certainly reference to Alex's obscured homosexuality might find a prominent place in your discussion of his life and achievement, but "spokesman for gay rights" seems rather absurd, if only because "gay rights" surely was not a championed cause, by that name, in either France or the English speaking world during Gide's long lifetime. I am by no means a Gide specialist, but I know enough of his life and work to understand that Wilkepedia's article on him is both oddly skewed and surely guilty of reading the terminology of our recent gender discourse into a complicated life that, I suspect, deserves more complexity than such a label suggests. Yes, the four volumes of the journals touch on a universe of issues, and homosexuality (although not "gay rights") is one of them. Give that subject and important place in your essay here, but encourage someone with a greater sense of Gide's life and work to deepen the essay and also complicate the essay's "introduction." [by anonymous contributor]

 * Thank you very much for your remark. I have added a note in the article to highlight that the statement "spokesman for gay rights" might not be correct and accurate enough, as you have pointed it out. Let's wait the reply of other contributors, otherwise, the statement "spokesman for gay rights" will be removed or rewritten. --Edcolins 19:31, August 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * You can write that he is very open in his books about his homosexuality, for instance in his souvenirs in North Africa, see Si le grain ne meurt.

In the Wikified article there are the sentences : "In 1893 and 1894 Gide traveled in northern Africa. He befriended Oscar Wilde in Algiers and there clearly recognized his own pederastic orientation." It strikes me that there is no evidence for the implication caused by the wording of these, namely that meeting Oscar Wilde was somehow connected with Gide's recognition of his 'pederastic orientation. The concept of 'pederasty' is itself problematic without all kinds of link exploration. (What is the term for adolescents who are attracted to older persons?) At any rate it would seem that Gide was often violating various French laws and would have needed to make deals to stay out of prison. How come his diary entries are accepted so readily when it comes to Herschel Grynszpan's relationship with Ernst vom Rath? Sounds like Gide was attracted to Herschel Grynszpan. Oldcitycat 00:46, 6 March 2006 (UTC)oldcitycat March 5, 2006

 * "It was Oscar Wilde and Alfred Douglas who introduced André Gide (1869-1951) to pederasty in Algeria," is from The Knitting Circle, a generally reliable website. I seem to remember the same, perhaps from "Si le Grain ne Meurt"? I am not sure what to make of the rest of your post. Haiduc 01:13, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

You say:"I am not sure what to make of the rest of your post."If you look at the article on Herschel Grynszpan this will be clearer. Gide had an entry in his diaries that has been used as evidence of a homosexual relationship between Grynszpan and vom Rath beginning in the late summer of 1938. Gide claimed to have seen the two around in bars..and expresses an attraction to Grynszpan's eyes. Most probably Gide helped French authorities to spread this and other rumors in the gay community of Paris immediately after the shooting at the German embassy became known. Most probably he liked the photographs of Grynszpan that appeared in all the newspapers. Either he put it in his diaries so as not to forget what he had said..or he forgot that he had never seen the pair together````oldcitycat. March 6,2006.

 * Very interesting. But why do you question Gide's veracity? Does anyone have info on where to find this in the diaries? Haiduc 12:26, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

list of works
Shouldn't the titles be in English? Zigzig20s 01:09, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

personally, i think it's better when titles are given in the original language. but for those works available in english, translations should probably be provided as well.--ponyboy 00:57, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Perhaps the list should be in English, and then on each specific page the original title should be mentioned? Zigzig20s 02:43, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

The 1919 symphonie pastorale was noted as related to the story of the lost son, with reference 30 from the back cover of a book, probably containing both, the 1907 return of the lost son, and the 1919 story. Thus, I removed this part. Rainglasz (talk) 12:51, 21 June 2015 (UTC)

Article Needs More Treatment of his Literary Work
Here we have an individual who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, yet there is hardly any serious discussion of his literary work with the article heavily focusing on his sex life. Either this article is deficient or the Nobel was undeserved. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.28.241.5 (talk) 06:51, 6 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I came here looking for information on which work he got the Nobel Prize for and couldn't find it.--Snowgrouse (talk) 12:05, 3 August 2011 (UTC)

Victor Serge
Apparently Gide played a quite sigificant role in getting him out of the Gulag. AnonMoos (talk) 18:21, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

Gide scholar
Much of David Walker's work has been on Gide; that publications page may provide some leads for adding more info here. Noticed via the gay icons project. Jodi.a.schneider (talk) 08:17, 3 October 2010 (UTC)

Russia and Gide's reactions to actual communism
The article, in the Russia section, contains this:
 * ...and after his visit to the Soviet Union:
 * "It is impermissible under any circumstances for morals to sink as low as communism has done. No one can begin to imagine the tragedy of humanity, of morality, of religion and of freedoms in the land of communism, where man has been debased beyond belief"

- André Gide

Gide's conclusions and passion are plain enough in this quote, but I think it might be helpful to give just a few examples of what he was exposed to or observed during his visit to Russia. Can anyone fill in a little on this – add something to the article?Joel Russ (talk) 15:35, 10 September 2013 (UTC)
 * The following sentence appears in the Russia section of the article: "In my opinion, in no country today, not even in Hitler’s Germany, is the spirit more suppressed, more timid, more servile than in the Soviet Union."
 * Please provide, in the article, a couple of examples of why he wrote this.Joel Russ (talk) 01:26, 1 October 2015 (UTC)

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WTO Dispute with US
I think this may be appropriate to add to this page, if anyone knows much about it Mr Weeble  Talk Brit tv 16:35, 27 December 2007 (UTC)

I agree. The remark on the current page "International disputes: none" is quite misleading. The Internet gambling dispute with the USA has also made news because Antigua has, in retribution, opened its economy up to many software and internet ventures that other nations (USA included) dislike. Case in point, SlySoft DVD and BluRay DRM & regional encoding circumvention. Out where I live (in Asia), Antigua is ONLY known for these controversies, not for anything currently mentioned on this or the main Antigua-and-Barbuda pageSethnessatwikipedia (talk) 08:43, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

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 * In Michael Jackson, can backlink anti-Semitic: ... caused quite a controversy when it was released due to the anti-Semitic slurs "kike" and "Jew me" in the song's lyrics. This cause...
 * In November 9, can backlink anti-Jewish: ...cht]], Nazi Germany's first large-scale act of physical anti-Jewish violence, begins....
 * In Professor Griff, can backlink anti-Semitism: ...mber of the music group Public Enemy. He was accused of anti-Semitism around 1990; according to Rap Attack 2, he "suggested that ...
 * In Pope Pius XII, can backlink anti-semitism: ...ry of State . The remaining dispute should not rest on his anti-semitism during his Papacy but more rightly on his initial involveme...
 * In Public relations, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...e world. The "Protocols" were a major factor in whipping up anti-Semitic fervor in Germany.)...
 * In Presbyterian Church USA, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...statement recognized that one sided criticism of Israel was anti-Semitic in nature and that anti-Zionism was equal to anti-Semitism....
 * In Religious pluralism, can backlink anti-Jewish: ...Synagogue, emphasizing Christian repentance, the purging of anti-Jewish attitudes and the false 'Replacement' theology rampant thro...
 * In Second Vatican Council, can backlink anti-Semitism: ...s spiritual love, decries hatred, persecutions, displays of anti-Semitism, directed against Jews at any time and by anyone. More on ...
 * In Saint Cyril, can backlink anti-Jewish: ...m had become more sharply marked. The Vita connects his anti-Jewish polemics with his mission to the Chazars, a Fin...
 * In Talmud, can backlink anti-Jewish: ...f the Synagogue. This edict, dictated by Christian zeal and anti-Jewish feeling, was the prelude to attacks on the Talmud, conceive...
 * In USS Liberty incident, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...lained that these materials are often used as a pretext for anti-Semitic declarations and acts. They claim that these reviews often ...
 * In Jews in the New Testament, can backlink anti-Semitism: ...* "the Church ... decries hatred, persecutions, displays of anti-Semitism, directed against Jews at any time and by anyone"....
 * In 1936, can backlink Anti-Jewish: ...ounded in Albany, New York * Oswald Mosley leads an Anti-Jewish march through London's East End, whe...
 * In Carol II of Romania, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...h manipulation of the rival Peasant and Liberal parties and anti-Semitic factions, and subsequently (January 1938) through a...
 * In Ion Antonescu, can backlink anti-Semitic: ... important oil reserves. Antonescu approached the Fascist, anti-Semitic Iron Guard party and offered them seats in the Governme...
 * In Bessarabia, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...mobs were incited by Pavolachi Krusheven, the editor of the anti-Semitic Newspaper "Bessarabetz", and the vice-governor Ustrugov. T...
 * In U.S. presidential election, 1968, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...r Richard J. Daley, who was seen on TV angrily mouthing anti-Semitic epithets at Senator Abraham Ribicoff of Connecticut, wh...
 * In Gentleman's Agreement, can backlink anti-semitism: ...out a journalist who disguises himself as a Jew to research anti-semitism in the affluent community of Darien, Connecticut. The ...
 * In Edith Stein, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...me a lecturer at the Institute for Pedagogy at Münster, but anti-Semitic legislation passed by the Nazi government forced her to res...
 * In José Saramago, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...ivil-rights group, has characterized these remarks as being anti-Semitic . To wit, Abraham Foxman, director of the ADL stated, "J...
 * In Russian Revolution of 1905, can backlink anti-Jewish: ...her rather than the government. Some nationalists undertook anti-Jewish pogroms, possibly with government aid....
 * In Henri Poincaré, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...a Jewish officer in the French army charged with treason by anti-Semitic colleagues....
 * In Gene Ray, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...ay has made comments on his sites which some people view as anti-Semitic or racist; however, Ray denies any such sentiments. He does...
 * In Pope Paul IV, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...dinals he disliked could be imprisoned. Paul IV had rather anti-Semitic views, and he acted on those views, as well. He considered ...
 * In Ulysses (novel), can backlink anti-Semitic: ...] and begins berating Bloom. The atmosphere quickly becomes anti-Semitic and Bloom escapes upon Cunningham's arrival. The chapter is...
 * In List of terrorist incidents, can backlink anti-Jewish: ... (Narodnaya volya) terrorist. * 1881-1884 Waves of anti-Jewish pogroms sweep southern Russia. The word pogrom beco...
 * In The Great Dictator, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...ims to settle a deal with a Jewish firm. Hynkel relaxes the anti-Semitic policy in order to aid the cogwheels of the deal, however t...
 * In Peter Lorre, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...ilm were re-used by the Nazi propaganda agencies in the anti-Semitic movie Der ewige Jude. None of his films were in [[H...
 * In Friedrich Schiller, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...rsial Lyndon LaRouche organization, was labeled a far-right anti-Semitic cult in a British inquest into the death in Germany of [[Je...
 * In Vyacheslav Molotov, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...ted for treason in 1948 during what some have termed an anti-Semitic campaign against "rootless cosmopolitans", which follow...
 * In August Hlond, can backlink Anti-Jewish: ...the Catholic church give religious legitimacy to extremists Anti-Jewish groups. Jewish citizens were directly harmed by Cardinal H...
 * In David Irving, can backlink anti-Jewish: ... Hungary]], which Irving mis-characterized as "primarily an anti-Jewish uprising" because he believed the Communist regime was cont...
 * In Kenneth Clarke, can backlink anti-semitism: ...Howard]]) to resign in protest at the seeming acceptance of anti-semitism . Clarke was defeated for the presidency of the [[Cambridge ...
 * In List of historians, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...lter Frank]], (1905&ndash;1945), Nazi historian and anti-Semitic writer....
 * In King David Hotel bombing, can backlink anti-semitic: ...der was rescinded two weeks later after much outrage at its anti-semitic nature....
 * In Moloch, can backlink anti-Jewish: ... quoted Flaubert's descriptions as factual in her notorious anti-Jewish The Plot Aagainst Christianity re-released under the ti...
 * In Samson Raphael Hirsch, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...''", 1884 (a defense of Talmudic literature against anti-Semitic slanders in Russia)...
 * In Racial policy of Nazi Germany, can backlink anti-Jewish: ...cht|Wehrmacht (Army)]], and in the summer of the same year, anti-Jewish propaganda appeared in Nazi-German shops and restaurants. T...
 * In Tomás Masaryk, can backlink anti-semitic: ... supposed history taught before then(which included several anti-semitic tracts used to underpin Czech nationalism) and opposed raci...
 * In Battle of Cable Street, can backlink Anti-semitism: ...End with 52% of those living in the Borough of Stepney. Anti-semitism increased in line with the deteriorating social conditions ...
 * In Religion and religious freedom in Georgia, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...group refused to comply and began a publicity campaign with anti-Semitic overtones to justify its continued occupation of the buildi...
 * In Peter I of Castile, can backlink anti-Jewish: ... the populace. He instigated pogroms, beginning a period of anti-Jewish riots and forced conversions in Spain that lasted approxima...
 * In Mikis Theodorakis, can backlink anti-Semitism: ... lambs, troubled them deeply." * "I don't believe there is anti-Semitism in Europe. There is a reaction against the policy of Sharon...
 * In Alexander Lukashenko, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...ish leaders accused Belarus' Education Ministry of pursuing anti-Semitic policies after officials shut down an institute offering a ...
 * In Leopold and Loeb, can backlink anti-Semitic: ..."a relief that the victim, too, had been Jewish." Although anti-Semitic ministers such as Gene Scott have cited this case in th...
 * In Michael Howard, can backlink anti-semitic: ...is Romanian ancestry, and was interpreted by some as having anti-semitic tones, given Howard's Jewish faith....
 * In Menachem Mendel Schneerson, can backlink anti-Semitic: ... God for his miraculous recovery. In 1991, he faced an anti-Semitic riot in his neighborhood of Crown Heights which became know...
 * In Alf Garnett, can backlink anti-semitic: ...tures. He is cowardly, mean-spirited, racist, misogynistic, anti-semitic (despite evidence that he has Jewish blood), and blames all...
 * In The Bible and history, can backlink anti-Semitism: ...istoricity of a recognisable Exodus, can lead to charges of anti-Semitism, for example from Hershel Shanks, editor of ''Biblical ...
 * In Anne Morrow Lindbergh, can backlink anti-semitic: ...usly articulated isolationist, pro-German, anti-British and anti-semitic feelings....
 * In University of Pennsylvania Law School, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...til well into the 20th century, and Yale's dean made openly anti-Semitic remarks.) Curiously, the student body became more insular, ...
 * In George Soros, can backlink anti-Semitism: ... City]], Soros reportedly attributed a recent resurgence of anti-Semitism to the policies of Israel and the United States, and to suc...
 * In Jewish views of religious pluralism, can backlink anti-Semitic: ... (c) they are of high moral character, and (d) they are not anti-Semitic . As such, some Jews argue that not only does God have a rel...
 * In Saul Lieberman, can backlink anti-Jewish: ... painstakingly pieced together by deriving its text from an anti-Jewish polemic written by Justin Martyr, the church father, an...
 * In Norman Finkelstein, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...t denial|Holocaust denier]]" and accused him of pursuing an anti-Semitic agenda. Finkelstein has called the ADL's accusations agains...
 * In Walter Winchell, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...'', Winchell becomes a leading opponent of the increasingly anti-Semitic and isolationist 1940s administration of [[President of the...
 * In Islamic Association of Palestine, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...ges of the Palestinians."
 * In Dennis Bernstein, can backlink anti-Semite: ...rutalities of its illegal occupation will be vilified as an anti-Semite ."...
 * In Amin al-Husayni, can backlink anti-Jewish: ...eneral, near the Dead Sea and expressed his approval of the anti-Jewish boycott in Germany and asked him not to send any Jews to Pa...
 * In Lawrence Summers, can backlink anti-Semitic: ... changed the family name from Samuelson to Summers to avoid anti-Semitic prejudice) and Kenneth Arrow (his mother's sibling). He...
 * In Luís Carlos Prestes, can backlink anti-Semitism: ...led by fascist thug Plínio Salgado, tolerated a tide of anti-Semitism, and might have targeted Prestes' wife to appease his new s...
 * In Jewish history in the United States (pre-20th century), can backlink anti-Jewish: ...ng the succeeding decade, it was not until the pogroms, anti-Jewish uprisings in Russia, of the early eighties, that the emigra...
 * In L'Âge d'Or, can backlink Anti-Semitic: ...group of incensed members of the League of Patriots and the Anti-Semitic League threw ink at the screen, assaulted members of the au...
 * In Brazilian Integralism, can backlink anti-semitism: ...ons within integralist leaders - Plinio Salgado was against anti-semitism, while Gustavo Barroso, the chief of Integralist Milita (a ...
 * In Shavuot, can backlink anti-Semitism: ... Judaism == In an effort to encourage assimilation and end anti-Semitism, many Reform Jews in Europe in the 1800s promoted ending ma...
 * In Usury, can backlink anti-Semitism: ...ing a perception of usury, and contributing to a climate of anti-Semitism : Forceful confiscations of property, and discrimination tow...
 * In Jon Stewart, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...ld in his town, and he says now that he was subject to much anti-Semitic harassment from some of his classmates....
 * In List of political parties in Germany, can backlink anti-semitic: ...d until 1933) * German Racialist Freedom Party (DVFP) - anti-semitic (early Weimar period)...
 * In Paul Celan, can backlink Antisemitism: ...ne]] and Soviet activities variably tolerating and inciting Antisemitism, in 1945 Celan left Soviet occupied territory for [[Buchare...
 * In Laszlo Biro, can backlink anti-Jewish: ... patented the invention in Paris in 1938, after fleeing anti-Jewish laws in Hungary....
 * In World Summit on the Information Society, can backlink anti-semite: ...i and fascist groups use U.S.-based servers to spread their anti-semite and nationalistic propaganda. This controversy is a conseq...
 * In Uganda Proposal, can backlink anti-Semitism: ...in the world faced fresh persecutions. (It was the roaring anti-Semitism that erupted in France during the Dreyfus affair th...
 * In Rhinoplasty, can backlink anti-semitic: ...Joseph was himself of Jewish descent and his reason was not anti-semitic but a reflection of his time and culture....
 * In Google bomb, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...://www.google.com/search?q=jew&btnI Jew] - JewWatch, an anti-Semitic group, was for a long time the number one hit when searchin...
 * In Nationalism and resistance in Algeria, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...lgeria. The Algerian administration vigorously enforced the anti-Semitic laws imposed by Vichy, which stripped Algerian Jews of thei...
 * In Communist Romania, can backlink anti-Semitic: ... Stalin|Stalin]]'s backing, and probably due in part to the anti-Semitic policies of late Stalinism (Pauker was Jewish), Gheorghiu-D...
 * In Marcionism, can backlink anti-Jewish: ...own. Sometimes the word Marcionism is used to refer to anti-Jewish tendencies in Christian churches, especially when such tend...
 * In Roman Catholicism's links with political authorities, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...In 1938 Pope Pius XI spoke with "bitter sadness" of Italy's anti-Semitic laws, the harrying of Italian Catholic Action groups and th...
 * In Nestor Makhno, can backlink anti-semitic: ...Russian Civil War)|Whites]]'' (counter-revolutionaries) and anti-semitic pogromists. In areas where the RIAU drove out opposing arm...
 * In January 2004, can backlink anti-Jewish: ...is exhibit was the culmination of dozens of anti-Israel and anti-Jewish events in Sweden." [http://www.guardian.co.uk/worldlatest/s...
 * In Christian-Jewish reconciliation, can backlink anti-Semitism: ... == In many nations there has been a remarkable decline in anti-Semitism after the horrors of the Holocaust were made public to ...
 * In Greville Janner, can backlink Anti-Semitism: ...s a member of the All-Party Parliamentary Group against Anti-Semitism, and the Israel APPG....
 * In Didache, can backlink anti-Jewish: ...ame for the Jews is "the hypocrites", and in the vehemently anti-Jewish Barnabas still more. The whole base of this theory is d...
 * In Independence of Poland Regained, can backlink Anti-semitism: ...ernment to fulfill treaty obligations of minority autonomy. Anti-semitism rose palpably in the general population. Nevertheless, inte...
 * In Bruno Kreisky, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...esenthal was "living from telling the world that Austria is anti-Semitic . What else can he do?" Wiesenthal retorted that "Kreisky ha...
 * In Edgardo Mortara, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...m whose exercise was allowed. Its enforcement reflected the anti-Semitic views of the 19th century Catholic Church in general and Pi...
 * In History of Poland (1939-1945), can backlink anti-Semitism: ...t. There were also political forces in Poland which opposed anti-Semitism, but in the later 1930s reactionary and anti-Semitic forces...
 * In Eberhard Taubert, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...07]], Kassel, Germany - 1976, Cologne) was a lawyer and anti-Semitic Nazi propagandist. Since 1933 he was a member of the Nazi '...
 * In Auschwitz cross, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...the land on which the cross stood, distributed inflammatory anti-Semitic leaflets opposing the removal of the cross....
 * In Zofia Kossak-Szczucka, can backlink anti-Semite: ...nd she is described as a Polish Catholic nationalist and an anti-Semite, something she did not in fact deny. On the other other han...
 * In Pierre Mendès-France, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...amese Catholics to Communism. A tirade of abuse, much of it anti-Semitic, was directed at Mend&egrave;s France. [[Jean-Marie Le Pen]...
 * In Nicolae Iorga, can backlink anti-Semite: ...e Democratic Nationalist Party was A.C. Cuza, a violent anti-Semite who split off in 1920 to found the [[National Democrati...
 * In Christian Dietrich Grabbe, can backlink anti-Semitism: ...n". The Nazis idolized Grabbe mainly because of his blatant anti-Semitism . Brecht also wrote the play "Baal" as an answer to Hanns Jo...
 * In Elephantine papyri, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...in Elephantine, which had recently been badly damaged by an anti-Semitic rampage on the part of a segment of the Elephantine communi...
 * In Martin Hohmann, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...ose of the Nazis. This was widely criticised for being anti-Semitic .  The CDU Bundestag fraction voted to expel him on [[No...
 * In Division of the field, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...eraldry is called the fylfot and obviously predates any anti-Semitic associations) pattern, this is called ''quarterly en equerr...
 * In Emilio G. Segrè, can backlink anti-Semitic: ... in 1938, Mussolini's Fascist government passed anti-Semitic laws barring Jews from university positions. As a Jew, ...
 * In Siouxsie Sioux, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...iate the panorama of implications. "The Nazis were not only anti-Semitic but anti-anyone different, anti-anyone like me." The regali...
 * In Satu Mare, can backlink Anti-Semitic: ...mes and deportations performed by the Hungarian government. Anti-Semitic and anti-Romanian activities were a daily reality in the li...
 * In Klodzko, can backlink anti-Semitism: ...1936 the Jewish community of Glatz was targeted by waves of anti-Semitism and the authorities sanctioned the acts of violence. After ...
 * In Michaud Affair, can backlink anti-semitic: ...01]], was not listed in B'nai Brith's annual compilation of anti-semitic events. ...
 * In Timeline of the Second World War, can backlink anti-Jewish: ... Frank]] Governor General of Poland and begins accelerating anti-Jewish programs there....
 * In America First, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...g that his words had been misunderstood and that he was not anti-Semitic, the AFC was rendered largely ineffective because it had ne...
 * In Law of Return, can backlink anti-Semitic: ... as the only viable option for Jews seeking refuge from anti-Semitic persecution. While other states had denied the mass immigra...
 * In Pierre Gemayel, can backlink anti-semitic: ...a party that initially drew inspiration from the virulently anti-semitic Nazi movement in Germany (although it never stood for Nazi ...
 * In Symon Petliura, can backlink Anti-Semite: ...sponsibility for the Pogroms, is that he himself was not an Anti-Semite and he tried to stop them, introducing capital punishment f...
 * In Helen Darville, can backlink anti-Semitism: ...the exclusion of Jewish victims led later to accusations of anti-Semitism, particularly from right wing members of Australia's Jewish...
 * In The Shooting Star, can backlink Anti-Semitism: .... Since Blumenstein is a Jewish name, some accused Hergé of Anti-Semitism, prompting him to change it. In later editions the financie...
 * In Investigation and the arrest of Dreyfus, can backlink Antisemitism: ..., which, for many of his equals, meant revenge on Germany. Antisemitism appears to have been behind the idea that he was a traitor....
 * In Picquart's Investigations of the Dreyfus Affair, can backlink anti-Jewish: ...escape brought the case abruptly back to public notice. The anti-Jewish press inveighed against the accomplices, the protectors of ...
 * In Jim Moran, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...support for Rosenberg while claiming that Moran had made an anti-Semitic remark during a private meeting....
 * In Irwin Cotler, can backlink anti-Semitism: ...ort of Israel. Irwin Cotler separated six categories of anti-Semitism and find thirteen indices of discrimination against Jews th...
 * In Political colour, can backlink anti-semites: ...sociated with Judaism. In the nineteenth century in Europe, anti-semites sometimes referred to Jews collectively as the Yellow Inter...
 * In Zvi Mazel, can backlink Anti-Semitic: ...ade an attack and claimed "Sweden is one of the most severe Anti-Semitic places" and "There are daily agitations in Swedish media to...
 * In Yevsektsiya, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...tionary history was ostracized.  When Stalin initiated anti-Semitic campaign in 1948, Yiddish fell out of favor. (See [[Sol...
 * In Free City of Danzig, can backlink anti-Jewish: ...ty's constitution. The government introduced laws that were anti-Jewish and anti-Catholic....
 * In White Nationalist Party, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...ating activism and publicity stunts, the WNP are virulently anti-Semitic and neo-Nazi (and almost reminiscent of what [[Nick Griffin...
 * In Elijah (oratorio), can backlink anti-Semitism: ...ion must be interpreted in light of that composer's extreme anti-Semitism ; see Richard Wagner for details.)...
 * In Anti-Judaism, can backlink Anti-Semitism: ...Judaism in Christian Theology is a phenomenon distinct from Anti-Semitism . The rejection of Jesus Christ as the Messiah by the Jewish...
 * In Black Book, can backlink anti-Jewish: ...nd members of the American Jewish community to document the anti-Jewish crimes of the Holocaust and the participation of Jews i...
 * In Itzik Feffer, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...hoels]] and other prominent Jews were victims of the latest anti-Semitic purge by Stalin. They had been hosted b...
 * In John Gamble, can backlink anti-Semites: ... Stewart-Smith as "largely a collection of Nazis, Fascists, anti-Semites, sellers of forgeries, vicious racialists, and corrupt self...
 * In Jewish humour, can backlink Anti-Semitic: ...dn't he find a nice jewish boy?" == Anti-Semitism == While Anti-Semitic jokes have been around for a while, they are mostly made ag...
 * In Alois Hitler, can backlink anti-Semitism: ...ibility, however, if true, is historically earthshaking, as anti-Semitism was fundamental to Hitler's beliefs, life, and politics....
 * In RSHA, can backlink anti-semitic: ...for "ideological" tasks, by which was meant the creation of anti-semitic and anti-masonic propaganda....
 * In Marguerite Steinheil, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...vernment tried to make political capital of the affair, the anti-Semitic Libre Parole even charging her with having poisoned Pre...
 * In New Guard, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...] after WWII, which remains to this day Australia's leading anti-Semitic far-right political organisation....
 * In List of notable U.S. presidential relatives, can backlink anti-semitism: ... P. Kennedy]] - father and U.S. ambassador **Was accused of anti-semitism . [http://www.time.com/tim...
 * In Canadian Union of Fascists, can backlink anti-semitic: ...l Canadian Navy. The party though not officially racist or anti-semitic had strong connections to Adrienne Arcand's [[Canadian Unit...
 * In June 1922 in the United Kingdom, can backlink anti-Semite: ...sly given to the Arab king, Hussein. Denying that he was an anti-Semite, he declared that the burden of his complaint was the way i...
 * In Million Man March, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...f the Nation of Islam, criticized as racist, sexist and anti-Semitic ) and many considered the male-only event sexist. [[Mum...
 * In Gene Scott, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...phy of Education, and has written 20 books. He is ardently anti-Semitic in his radio sermons (see Nazi)....
 * In Revisionist Zionism, can backlink anti-Semitism: ...hat Hitler was on the right track except for his excessive anti-Semitism . Revisionism's favourable attitude towards fascism receded ...
 * In Ignatz Bubis, can backlink antisemitism: ...9. In this capacity he led a public campaign against German antisemitism, real and perceived. Bubis's high profile both in Frankfurt...
 * In British League of Rights, can backlink antisemitism: ...h allegedly left due to the Anti-Communist League's growing antisemitism.
 * In Aleppo Codex, can backlink anti-Jewish: ... leaf has turned up and been brought to Jerusalem since the anti-Jewish riots in 1947....
 * In Warsaw University, can backlink anti-semitic: ... universities and the rightist students started to organize anti-semitic demonstrations and riots. The government was forced to back...
 * In Karaite Judaism, can backlink anti-Semitic: ... spread many myths externally which freed them from various anti-Semitic laws that affected other Jews. Avraham Firkovitch helped es...
 * In Justice bomb, can backlink anti-semitic: ... in 2004 was carried out in order to oust Jew Watch, an anti-semitic site, from its status as the #1 Google result for the word ...
 * In Wilhelm Stuckart, can backlink anti-Jewish: ...in the early Nazi approach towards Jews, co-writing the anti-Jewish "Nuremberg Laws" imposed by the Nazi-controlled [[Reich...
 * In Pál Teleki, can backlink anti-Jewish: ...pporters on the other side, however, warn that he issued 12 anti-Jewish laws: first of all, the numerus clausus in 1920, he...
 * In Corpus Christianum, can backlink anti-Jewish: ...Ummah]]. The concept also justified the Inquisition and anti-Jewish pogroms, to root out divergent elements and create a re...
 * In Hayyim Nahman Bialik, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...ion of the Jews. Bialik's condemnation of passivity against anti-Semitic violence is said to have influenced the founding Jewish sel...
 * In Walter Darré, can backlink anti-Semitic: ... up the SS Race and Resettlement Office, a fiercely racist, anti-Semitic organization. He developed a plan for "Rasse und Raum" (rac...
 * In Helga Zepp-LaRouche, can backlink anti-Semitic: ... inquest heard that the Schiller Institute was a "dangerous anti-Semitic cult" that may have used mind-control techniques on a Briti...
 * In Mizrahi Jew, can backlink anti-Jewish: ...tinian]] brethren turned into refugees as a result. Further anti-Jewish actions by Arab governments in the 1950s and 1960s, incudin...
 * In Walter Wolf, can backlink anti-Jewish: ...ort, "...And Justice For Slappy", was heavily criticized by anti-Jewish defamation groups, as Walter is obviously Jewish and is com...
 * In Heeb Magazine, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...ctual Jews. The name of the magazine is a variation of the anti-Semitic ethnic slur hebe.  However, in this case, the word ...
 * In The resolution of the Dreyfus Affair, can backlink anti-Semites: ...mber, his nomination awakened the fury of the Nationalists, anti-Semites, and reactionists. On different sides conspirators tried to...
 * In Albert Jay Nock, can backlink anti-Semitism: ...m in America", which some critics argue betrayed a virulent anti-Semitism . Nock equivocated: "Someone asked me years ago if it were ...
 * In Umberto Cassuto, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...uage|Hebrew]] at the University of Rome. When the 1938 anti-Semitic laws forced him from this position, he moved to the [[Hebre...
 * In Human rights in Russia, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...eir religion. High-ranking federal officials have condemned anti-Semitic hate crimes, but law enforcement bodies have not effectivel...
 * In James Clark McReynolds, can backlink anti-Semite: ...ery Act]], and the Social Security Act. McReynolds, an anti-Semite who refused to sit near Louis Brandeis during Court pro...
 * In Weimar political parties, can backlink anti-semitic: ...ard a conservative-Christian authoritarian state. It had an anti-semitic message which had more success amongst the middle class....
 * In Anti-Slavism, can backlink Anti-semitism: ...ent that existed throughout the WWII, parallel with the Anti-semitism . It was directed against the people of [[Slavic peoples|Sla...
 * In Nazi mysticism, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...ture". ==Early influences==  In 1912 a group of highly anti-Semitic German mystics formed the Germanenorden (Order of the T...
 * In Anti-Semitism/Draft, can backlink anti-Semitism: ...describe attitudes and action that are often referred to as anti-Semitism, ranging from mild individual criticism on up through theol...
 * In Russian history, 1855-1892, can backlink anti-Semitism: ...rsecuted non-Orthodox and non-Russian populations, fostered anti-Semitism, and suppressed the autonomy of the universities. Their att...
 * In Kishinev pogrom, can backlink anti-Jewish: The Kishinev pogrom was an anti-Jewish riot that took place in Kishinev (Bessarabia), currentl...
 * In Béla Imrédy, can backlink anti-Jewish: ...hen, after becoming Prime Minister, Imrédy became extremely anti-Jewish . Like many other Hungarian politicians who were active befo...
 * In List of British Jews, can backlink anti-semitic: ...he late 19th century there was mass Jewish immigration from anti-semitic Russia, and the 1930s saw an influx of refugees fro...
 * In Ferenc Szálasi, can backlink Anti-Semite: ...rmans on the treatment of Hungarian Jews. Although a rabid Anti-Semite, Szálasi was against the mass extermination of Jews and ini...
 * In John G. Schmitz, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...would be best if he not come back. Some of his remarks had anti-Semitic overtones.  In 1978, he advocated a military coup, ...
 * In American Jewish Committee, can backlink anti-Semitism: ... of pluralism around the world, as the best defense against anti-Semitism and other forms of bigotry; and to enhance the quality of A...
 * In Canadian Jewish Congress, can backlink anti-Semitism: ...yance and was inactive until 1934 when a rising tide of anti-Semitism internationally provoked Jewish leaders to call the Congres...
 * In Eugen Barbu, can backlink anti-Semitic: ... that he plagiarized in his novel Incognito and for his anti-Semitic campaigns in the newspapers S&#259;pt&#259;mâna (''The ...
 * In Zionist Federation, can backlink Anti-Semitism: ...il's Island to live out the sentence of his court marshal. Anti-Semitism in Europe in the late 1800's and prior was not a new concep...
 * In Znak, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...land#The Failure of Reform Communism (1956-70)|March 1968]] anti-Semitic and anti-inteligentsia campaign of [[Wladyslaw Gomulka|...
 * In The Sneetches and Other Stories, can backlink anti-Semitism: ...alized the story may wrongfully be taken as an allegory for anti-Semitism, and the stars on the birds' bellies might be taken as the ...
 * In The Apprentice 2 Candidates, can backlink anti-Semitic: ...o ignore the faults of her allies. She made some seemingly anti-Semitic remarks in the fourth episode when she referred to the two ...
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title: User:LinkBot/suggestions/Anti-Semitism


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User:LinkBot/suggestions/Apartheid

An automated Wikipedia link suggester has suggested 30 possible wiki links for the Apartheid article:

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title: User:LinkBot/suggestions/Apartheid


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User:LinkBot/suggestions/Geography of American Samoa

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User:LinkBot/suggestions/Politics of American Samoa

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Talk:Politics of American Samoa

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I added the links that made sense. Edward 22:37, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Parties
This article claims that it is a a pluriform multi-party system but List of political parties in American Samoa has been turned into a redirect because it was empty. Please sort things out. -- RHaworth 19:24, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

Important notice
The government section of the "Outline of American Samoa" needs to be checked, corrected, and completed -- especially the subsections for the government branches.

When the country outlines were created, temporary data (that matched most of the countries but not all) was used to speed up the process. Those countries for which the temporary data does not match must be replaced with the correct information.

Please check that this country's outline is not in error.

If you have any questions or comments, please contact The Transhumanist.

Thank you.

United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories
I think mention should be made of the status of American Samoa vis-a-vis the United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories; have their been referendums, etc.

title: Talk:Politics of American Samoa


text:
Optimal experimental design

In the design of experiments, optimal experimental designs (or optimum designs ) are a class of experimental designs that are optimal with respect to some statistical criterion. The creation of this field of statistics has been credited to Danish statistician Kirstine Smith.

In the design of experiments for estimating statistical models, optimal designs allow parameters to be estimated without bias and with minimum variance. A non-optimal design requires a greater number of experimental runs to estimate the parameters with the same precision as an optimal design. In practical terms, optimal experiments can reduce the costs of experimentation.

The optimality of a design depends on the statistical model and is assessed with respect to a statistical criterion, which is related to the variance-matrix of the estimator. Specifying an appropriate model and specifying a suitable criterion function both require understanding of statistical theory and practical knowledge with designing experiments.

Advantages
Optimal designs offer three advantages over sub-optimal experimental designs:
 * 1) Optimal designs reduce the costs of experimentation by allowing statistical models to be estimated with fewer experimental runs.
 * 2) Optimal designs can accommodate multiple types of factors, such as process, mixture, and discrete factors.
 * 3) Designs can be optimized when the design-space is constrained, for example, when the mathematical process-space contains factor-settings that are practically infeasible (e.g. due to safety concerns).

Minimizing the variance of estimators
Experimental designs are evaluated using statistical criteria.

It is known that the least squares estimator minimizes the variance of mean-unbiased estimators (under the conditions of the Gauss–Markov theorem). In the estimation theory for statistical models with one real parameter, the reciprocal of the variance of an ("efficient") estimator is called the "Fisher information" for that estimator. Because of this reciprocity, minimizing the variance corresponds to maximizing the information.

When the statistical model has several parameters, however, the mean of the parameter-estimator is a vector and its variance is a matrix. The inverse matrix of the variance-matrix is called the "information matrix". Because the variance of the estimator of a parameter vector is a matrix, the problem of "minimizing the variance" is complicated. Using statistical theory, statisticians compress the information-matrix using real-valued summary statistics; being real-valued functions, these "information criteria" can be maximized. The traditional optimality-criteria are invariants of the information matrix; algebraically, the traditional optimality-criteria are functionals of the eigenvalues of the information matrix.

 * A-optimality ("average" or trace)
 * One criterion is A-optimality, which seeks to minimize the trace of the inverse of the information matrix. This criterion results in minimizing the average variance of the estimates of the regression coefficients.
 * C-optimality
 * This criterion minimizes the variance of a best linear unbiased estimator of a predetermined linear combination of model parameters.
 * D-optimality (determinant)
 * A popular criterion is D-optimality, which seeks to minimize |(X'X)−1|, or equivalently maximize the determinant of the information matrix X'X of the design. This criterion results in maximizing the differential Shannon information content of the parameter estimates.
 * E-optimality (eigenvalue)
 * Another design is E-optimality, which maximizes the minimum eigenvalue of the information matrix.
 * S-optimality
 * This criterion maximizes a quantity measuring the mutual column orthogonality of X and the determinant of the information matrix.
 * T-optimality
 * This criterion maximizes the discrepancy between two proposed models at the design locations.

Other optimality-criteria are concerned with the variance of predictions:
 * G-optimality
 * A popular criterion is G-optimality, which seeks to minimize the maximum entry in the diagonal of the hat matrix X(X'X)−1X'. This has the effect of minimizing the maximum variance of the predicted values.
 * I-optimality (integrated)
 * A second criterion on prediction variance is I-optimality, which seeks to minimize the average prediction variance over the design space.
 * V-optimality (variance)
 * A third criterion on prediction variance is V-optimality, which seeks to minimize the average prediction variance over a set of m specific points.

Contrasts
In many applications, the statistician is most concerned with a "parameter of interest" rather than with "nuisance parameters". More generally, statisticians consider linear combinations of parameters, which are estimated via linear combinations of treatment-means in the design of experiments and in the analysis of variance; such linear combinations are called contrasts. Statisticians can use appropriate optimality-criteria for such parameters of interest and for contrasts.

Implementation
Catalogs of optimal designs occur in books and in software libraries.

In addition, major statistical systems like SAS and R have procedures for optimizing a design according to a user's specification. The experimenter must specify a model for the design and an optimality-criterion before the method can compute an optimal design.

Practical considerations
Some advanced topics in optimal design require more statistical theory and practical knowledge in designing experiments.

Model dependence and robustness
Since the optimality criterion of most optimal designs is based on some function of the information matrix, the 'optimality' of a given design is model dependent: While an optimal design is best for that model, its performance may deteriorate on other models. On other models, an optimal design can be either better or worse than a non-optimal design. Therefore, it is important to benchmark the performance of designs under alternative models.

Choosing an optimality criterion and robustness
The choice of an appropriate optimality criterion requires some thought, and it is useful to benchmark the performance of designs with respect to several optimality criteria. Cornell writes that

"since the [traditional optimality] criteria . . . are variance-minimizing criteria, . . . a design that is optimal for a given model using one of the . . . criteria is usually near-optimal for the same model with respect to the other criteria."

Indeed, there are several classes of designs for which all the traditional optimality-criteria agree, according to the theory of "universal optimality" of Kiefer. The experience of practitioners like Cornell and the "universal optimality" theory of Kiefer suggest that robustness with respect to changes in the optimality-criterion is much greater than is robustness with respect to changes in the model.

Flexible optimality criteria and convex analysis
High-quality statistical software provide a combination of libraries of optimal designs or iterative methods for constructing approximately optimal designs, depending on the model specified and the optimality criterion. Users may use a standard optimality-criterion or may program a custom-made criterion.

All of the traditional optimality-criteria are convex (or concave) functions, and therefore optimal-designs are amenable to the mathematical theory of convex analysis and their computation can use specialized methods of convex minimization. The practitioner need not select exactly one traditional, optimality-criterion, but can specify a custom criterion. In particular, the practitioner can specify a convex criterion using the maxima of convex optimality-criteria and nonnegative combinations of optimality criteria (since these operations preserve convex functions). For convex optimality criteria, the Kiefer-Wolfowitz equivalence theorem allows the practitioner to verify that a given design is globally optimal. The Kiefer-Wolfowitz equivalence theorem is related with the Legendre-Fenchel conjugacy for convex functions.

If an optimality-criterion lacks convexity, then finding a global optimum and verifying its optimality often are difficult.

Model selection
When scientists wish to test several theories, then a statistician can design an experiment that allows optimal tests between specified models. Such "discrimination experiments" are especially important in the biostatistics supporting pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, following the work of Cox and Atkinson.

Bayesian experimental design
When practitioners need to consider multiple models, they can specify a probability-measure on the models and then select any design maximizing the expected value of such an experiment. Such probability-based optimal-designs are called optimal Bayesian designs. Such Bayesian designs are used especially for generalized linear models (where the response follows an exponential-family distribution).

The use of a Bayesian design does not force statisticians to use Bayesian methods to analyze the data, however. Indeed, the "Bayesian" label for probability-based experimental-designs is disliked by some researchers. Alternative terminology for "Bayesian" optimality includes "on-average" optimality or "population" optimality.

Iterative experimentation
Scientific experimentation is an iterative process, and statisticians have developed several approaches to the optimal design of sequential experiments.

Sequential analysis
Sequential analysis was pioneered by Abraham Wald. In 1972, Herman Chernoff wrote an overview of optimal sequential designs, while adaptive designs were surveyed later by S. Zacks. Of course, much work on the optimal design of experiments is related to the theory of optimal decisions, especially the statistical decision theory of Abraham Wald.

Response-surface methodology
Optimal designs for response-surface models are discussed in the textbook by Atkinson, Donev and Tobias, and in the survey of Gaffke and Heiligers and in the mathematical text of Pukelsheim. The blocking of optimal designs is discussed in the textbook of Atkinson, Donev and Tobias and also in the monograph by Goos.

The earliest optimal designs were developed to estimate the parameters of regression models with continuous variables, for example, by J. D. Gergonne in 1815 (Stigler). In English, two early contributions were made by Charles S. Peirce and Kirstine Smith.

Pioneering designs for multivariate response-surfaces were proposed by George E. P. Box. However, Box's designs have few optimality properties. Indeed, the Box–Behnken design requires excessive experimental runs when the number of variables exceeds three. Box's "central-composite" designs require more experimental runs than do the optimal designs of Kôno.

System identification and stochastic approximation
The optimization of sequential experimentation is studied also in stochastic programming and in systems and control. Popular methods include stochastic approximation and other methods of stochastic optimization. Much of this research has been associated with the subdiscipline of system identification. In computational optimal control, D. Judin & A. Nemirovskii and Boris Polyak has described methods that are more efficient than the (Armijo-style) step-size rules introduced by G. E. P. Box in response-surface methodology.

Adaptive designs are used in clinical trials, and optimal adaptive designs are surveyed in the Handbook of Experimental Designs chapter by Shelemyahu Zacks.

Using a computer to find a good design
There are several methods of finding an optimal design, given an a priori restriction on the number of experimental runs or replications. Some of these methods are discussed by Atkinson, Donev and Tobias and in the paper by Hardin and Sloane. Of course, fixing the number of experimental runs a priori would be impractical. Prudent statisticians examine the other optimal designs, whose number of experimental runs differ.

Discretizing probability-measure designs
In the mathematical theory on optimal experiments, an optimal design can be a probability measure that is supported on an infinite set of observation-locations. Such optimal probability-measure designs solve a mathematical problem that neglected to specify the cost of observations and experimental runs. Nonetheless, such optimal probability-measure designs can be discretized to furnish approximately optimal designs.

In some cases, a finite set of observation-locations suffices to support an optimal design. Such a result was proved by Kôno and Kiefer in their works on response-surface designs for quadratic models. The Kôno–Kiefer analysis explains why optimal designs for response-surfaces can have discrete supports, which are very similar as do the less efficient designs that have been traditional in response surface methodology.

History
In 1815, an article on optimal designs for polynomial regression was published by Joseph Diaz Gergonne, according to Stigler.

Charles S. Peirce proposed an economic theory of scientific experimentation in 1876, which sought to maximize the precision of the estimates. Peirce's optimal allocation immediately improved the accuracy of gravitational experiments and was used for decades by Peirce and his colleagues. In his 1882 published lecture at Johns Hopkins University, Peirce introduced experimental design with these words: Logic will not undertake to inform you what kind of experiments you ought to make in order best to determine the acceleration of gravity, or the value of the Ohm; but it will tell you how to proceed to form a plan of experimentation.

[....] Unfortunately practice generally precedes theory, and it is the usual fate of mankind to get things done in some boggling way first, and find out afterward how they could have been done much more easily and perfectly.

Kirstine Smith proposed optimal designs for polynomial models in 1918. (Kirstine Smith had been a student of the Danish statistician Thorvald N. Thiele and was working with Karl Pearson in London.)

Textbooks emphasizing regression and response-surface methodology
The textbook by Atkinson, Donev and Tobias has been used for short courses for industrial practitioners as well as university courses.

Textbooks emphasizing block designs
Optimal block designs are discussed by Bailey and by Bapat. The first chapter of Bapat's book reviews the linear algebra used by Bailey (or the advanced books below). Bailey's exercises and discussion of randomization both emphasize statistical concepts (rather than algebraic computations).

Optimal block designs are discussed in the advanced monograph by Shah and Sinha and in the survey-articles by Cheng and by Majumdar.
 * Draft available on-line. (Especially Chapter 11.8 "Optimality")
 * (Chapter 5 "Block designs and optimality", pages 99–111)

Books for professional statisticians and researchers

 * Republication with errata-list and new preface of Wiley (0-471-61971-X) 1993
 * Republication with errata-list and new preface of Wiley (0-471-61971-X) 1993
 * Republication with errata-list and new preface of Wiley (0-471-61971-X) 1993
 * Republication with errata-list and new preface of Wiley (0-471-61971-X) 1993
 * Republication with errata-list and new preface of Wiley (0-471-61971-X) 1993
 * Republication with errata-list and new preface of Wiley (0-471-61971-X) 1993
 * Republication with errata-list and new preface of Wiley (0-471-61971-X) 1993

Historical

 * (Appendix No. 14). NOAA PDF Eprint. Reprinted in paragraphs 139–157, and in
 * (Appendix No. 14). NOAA PDF Eprint. Reprinted in paragraphs 139–157, and in
 * (Appendix No. 14). NOAA PDF Eprint. Reprinted in paragraphs 139–157, and in

title: Optimal experimental design


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User:LinkBot/suggestions/Economy of American Samoa

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Talk:Economy of American Samoa

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Tourism in Lead
"Tourism, a developing sector, may be held back by the current financial difficulties in East Asia." The above statement no longer applies. It needs to be removed.--212.158.201.11 13:05, 14 May 2007 (UTC)
 * ✅. This whole article is out of date, but as far as that particular line goes, even if it was true when added in 2006(!), it's unsourced and unclear exactly what it's referring to. So sure, IP from the distant past, I've removed it. Hope you weren't waiting long. MarginalCost (talk) 05:34, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Economy of American Samoa


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User:LinkBot/suggestions/Communications in American Samoa

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domestic: good telex, telegraph, facsimile and cellular telephone services; domestic satellite system with 1 Comsat earth...
 * Can link country code: ...stem with 1 Comsat earth station
international: country code - 1 684; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat ([[Pacifi...
 * Can link satellite earth station: ... earth station
international: country code - 1 684; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)...