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Battle of Ticinus

The Battle of Ticinus was fought between the Carthaginian forces of Hannibal and a Roman army under Publius Cornelius Scipio in late November 218 BC as part of the Second Punic War. It took place in the flat country on the right bank of the river Ticinus, to the west of modern Pavia in northern Italy. Hannibal led 6,000 Libyan and Iberian cavalry, while Scipio led 3,600 Roman, Italian and Gallic cavalry and a large but unknown number of light infantry javelinmen.

War had been declared early in 218 BC over perceived infringements of Roman prerogatives in Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal) by Hannibal. Hannibal had gathered a large army, marched out of Iberia, through Gaul (modern France) and over the Alps into Cisalpine Gaul (northern Italy), where many of the local tribes were opposed to Rome. The Romans were taken by surprise, but one of the consuls for the year, Scipio, led an army along the north bank of the Po with the intention of giving battle to Hannibal. The two commanding generals each led out strong forces to reconnoitre their opponents. Scipio mixed many javelinmen with his main cavalry force, anticipating a large-scale skirmish. Hannibal put his close-order cavalry in the centre of his line, with his light Numidian cavalry on the wings.

On sighting the Roman infantry the Carthaginian centre immediately charged and the javelinmen fled back through the ranks of their cavalry. A large cavalry melee ensued: many cavalry dismounted to fight on foot and some of the Roman javelinmen reinforced the fighting line. This continued indecisively until the Numidians swept round both ends of the line of battle. They then attacked the still disorganised javelinmen; the small Roman cavalry reserve, to which Scipio had attached himself; and the rear of the already engaged Roman cavalry. All three of these Roman forces were thrown into confusion and panic.

The Romans broke and fled, with heavy casualties. Scipio was wounded and only saved from death or capture by his 16-year-old son. That night Scipio broke camp and retreated over the Ticinus; the Carthaginians captured 600 of his rearguard the next day. After further manoeuvres Scipio established himself in a fortified camp to await reinforcements while Hannibal recruited among the local Gauls. When the Roman reinforcements arrived in December under Tiberius Longus, Hannibal heavily defeated him at the battle of the Trebia. The following spring, strongly reinforced by Gallic tribesmen, the Carthaginians moved south into Roman Italy. Hannibal campaigned in southern Italy for the next 12 years.

Iberia

The First Punic War was fought between Carthage and Rome, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the 3rd century BC. They struggled for supremacy primarily on the Mediterranean island of Sicily and its surrounding waters, and also in North Africa. The war lasted for 23 years, from 264 to 241 BC, until the Carthaginians were defeated. The Treaty of Lutatius was signed by which Carthage evacuated Sicily and paid an indemnity of 3,200 talents over ten years. Four years later, when Carthage was weakened by the mutiny of part of its army and the rebellion of many of its African possessions, Rome seized Sardinia and Corsica on a cynical pretence and imposed a further 1,200 talent indemnity. The annexation of Sardinia and Corsica by Rome and the additional financial imposition fuelled resentment in Carthage. The contemporary Greek historian Polybius considered this act of bad faith by the Romans to be the single greatest cause of war with Carthage breaking out again nineteen years later.

Shortly after Rome's breach of the treaty the leading Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca led many of his veterans on an expedition to expand Carthaginian holdings in south-east Iberia (today Iberia consists of Spain and Portugal); this was to become a quasi-monarchial, autonomous Barcid fiefdom. Carthage gained silver mines, agricultural wealth, manpower, military facilities such as shipyards, and territorial depth which encouraged it to stand up to future Roman demands. Hamilcar ruled as a viceroy and was succeeded by his son-in-law, Hasdrubal, in 229BC and then his son, Hannibal, eight years later. In 226 BC the Ebro Treaty was agreed with Rome, specifying the river Ebro as the northern boundary of the Carthaginian sphere of influence. A little later Rome made a separate treaty with the city of Saguntum, which was situated well south of the Ebro. In 218 BC a Carthaginian army under Hannibal besieged, captured and sacked Saguntum and early the following year Rome declared war on Carthage.

Cisalpine Gaul
Since the end of the First Punic War Rome had also been expanding, especially in the area of north Italy either side of the river Po known as Cisalpine Gaul. Roman attempts to establish towns and farms in the region from 232 BC led to repeated wars with the local Gallic tribes, who were finally defeated in 222BC. In 218BC the Romans pushed even further north, establishing two new towns, or "colonies", on the Po and appropriating large areas of the best land. Most of the Gauls simmered with resentment at this intrusion. The major Gallic tribes in Cisalpine Gaul attacked the Roman colonies there, causing the Romans to flee to their previously established colony of Mutina (modern Modena), where they were besieged. A Roman relief army broke through the siege, but was then ambushed and itself besieged in Tannetum.

It was the long-standing Roman procedure to elect two men each year, known as consuls, to each lead an army. In 218 BC the Romans raised an army to campaign in Iberia under the consul Publius Scipio, who was accompanied by his brother Gnaeus. The Roman Senate detached one Roman and one allied legion from the force intended for Iberia to reinforce the Roman position in northern Italy. The Scipios had to raise fresh troops to replace these and thus could not set out for Iberia until September. At the same time another Roman army in Sicily under the consul Sempronius Longus was preparing for an invasion of Carthaginian Africa.

Carthage invades Italy

Meanwhile, Hannibal assembled a Carthaginian army in New Carthage (modern Cartagena) over the winter, marching north in May 218 BC. He entered Gaul to the east of the Pyrenees, then took an inland route to avoid the Roman allies along the coast. Hannibal left his brother Hasdrubal Barca in charge of Carthaginian interests in Iberia. The Roman fleet carrying the Scipio brothers' army landed at Rome's ally Massalia (modern Marseille) at the mouth of the Rhone in September, at about the same time as Hannibal was fighting his way across the river against a force of local Gauls at the battle of Rhone Crossing. A Roman cavalry patrol scattered a force of Carthaginian cavalry, but Hannibal's main army evaded the Romans and Gnaeus Scipio continued to Iberia with the Roman force; Publius returned to northern Italy to coordinate the immediate Roman response there. The Carthaginians crossed the Alps with 38,000 infantry and 8,000 cavalry in October 218 BC, surmounting the difficulties of climate, terrain and the guerrilla tactics of the native tribes.

Hannibal arrived with 20,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry and 37 elephants in what is now Piedmont, northern Italy. The Romans had already withdrawn to their winter quarters and were astonished by Hannibal's appearance. His surprise entry into the Italian peninsula led to the cancellation of Rome's planned invasion of Africa by an army under Longus. The Carthaginians needed to obtain supplies of food, as they had exhausted their reserves. They also wished to obtain allies among the north-Italian Gallic tribes from which they could recruit, as Hannibal believed that he required a larger army if he were to effectively take on the Romans. The local tribe, the Taurini, were unwelcoming, so Hannibal promptly besieged their capital, (near the site of modern Turin) stormed it, massacred the population and seized the supplies there. The modern historian Richard Miles believes that with these brutal actions Hannibal was sending out a clear message to the other Gallic tribes as to the likely consequences of non-cooperation.

Hearing that Publius Scipio was operating in the region, he assumed the Roman army in Massala which he had believed en route to Iberia had returned to Italy and reinforced the army already based in the north. Believing he would therefore be facing a much larger Roman force than he had anticipated, Hannibal felt an even more pressing need to recruit strongly among the Cisalpine Gauls. He determined that a display of confidence was called for and advanced boldly down the valley of the Po. However, Scipio led his army equally boldly against the Carthaginians, causing the Gauls to remain neutral. Both commanders attempted to inspire the ardour of their men for the coming battle by making fiery speeches to their assembled armies. Hannibal is reported to have stressed to his troops that they had to win, whatever the cost, as there was no place they could retreat to.

After camping at Piacenza, a Roman colony founded earlier that year, the Romans created a pontoon bridge across the lower river Ticinus (the modern Ticino) and continued west. When his scouts reported the nearby presence of Carthaginians, Scipio ordered his army to encamp. The Carthaginians did the same. Next day each commander led out a strong force to personally reconnoitre the size and make up of the opposing army, about which they would have been almost completely ignorant.

Opposing forces

Anticipating an engagement as he closed with the Romans, Hannibal had recalled all of his scouts and raiding parties and took with him an exclusively cavalry force which included almost all of his 6,000-strong mounted contingent. Carthage usually recruited foreigners to make up its army. Many were from North Africa, and are usually referred to as Libyans; the region provided two main types of cavalry: close-order shock cavalry (also known as "heavy cavalry") carrying spears; and light cavalry skirmishers from Numidia who threw javelins from a distance and avoided close combat. Iberia also provided experienced cavalry: unarmoured close-order troops referred to by the ancient historian Livy as "steady", meaning that they were accustomed to sustained hand-to-hand combat rather than hit and run tactics. Hannibal's cavalry contingent would have consisted almost entirely of these three types, but the numbers of each are not known.

Most male Roman citizens were liable for military service and would serve as infantry, with a better-off minority providing a cavalry component. Traditionally, when at war the Romans would raise two or more legions, each of 4,200 infantry and 300 cavalry. Approximately 1,200 of the infantry in each legion, poorer or younger men unable to afford the armour and equipment of a standard legionary, served as javelin-armed skirmishers, known as velites. They carried several javelins, which would be thrown from a distance, a short sword, and a 40 cm shield. An army was usually formed by combining one or several Roman legions with the same number of similarly sized and equipped legions provided by their Latin allies; allied legions usually had a larger attached complement of cavalry than Roman ones. Scipio's army consisted of four legions, with approximately 16,000 infantry and 1,600 cavalry. A further 2,000 Gallic cavalry and many Gallic infantry were also serving with the Romans. Scipio led out all of his 3,600 cavalry and, anticipating that they would be outnumbered, supplemented them with a large but unknown number of the 4,500 or so available velites.

Battle
Neither the precise date nor the precise location of the battle are known: it took place in late November 218 BC on the flat country on the west bank of the Ticinus, not far from modern Pavia. The ancient historians Livy and Polybius both give accounts of the battle, which agree on the main events, but differ in some of the details. Formal battles were usually preceded by the two armies camping two to twelve kilometres (1–7 mi) apart for days or weeks; sometimes forming up in battle order each day. In such circumstances either commander could prevent a battle from occurring, and unless both commanders were willing to at least some degree to give battle the stand off would end with one army simply marching off without engaging. Many battles were decided when one side was partially or wholly enveloped and their infantry were attacked in the flank or rear. It was unusual, prior to Ticinus, for one side's more mobile cavalry to be similarly enveloped. During periods when armies were encamped in close proximity it was common for their light forces to skirmish with each other, attempting to gather information on each other's forces and achieve minor, morale-raising victories. These were typically fluid affairs and viewed as preliminaries to any subsequent battle.

Hannibal placed his cavalry in a line with the close-order formations in the centre. The more manoeuvrable Numidian cavalry were positioned on the flanks and possibly held back slightly. Scipio, who had gained a low opinion of the Carthaginian cavalry from the clash near the Rhone, expected an extended exchange of javelins and hoped that his velites, being smaller targets and better able to shelter behind their shields than the Carthaginian horses, would come off best. He arranged the 2,000 Gallic cavalry to the front of his formation – many or all of them would have carried a javelinman riding behind each of the cavalrymen, as was their tradition. Scipio positioned the velites in close support of the Gauls. On sighting the enemy, the velites sallied forward from behind their cavalry to advance within javelin-hurling range. On seeing this, the whole of the Carthaginian close-order cavalry promptly charged them. The Roman light infantry, realising they would be cut down if the Carthaginians came into contact with them, turned and fled, making no attempt to throw their missiles. The Roman cavalry, who were all close order attempted to counter charge the Carthaginians. They were obstructed by the large number of their infantry attempting to pass through their ranks to the rear, and in the case of the Gallic cavalry, possibly by still having a javelinman riding into battle behind each of the cavalrymen. The modern historian Philip Sabin comments that the Roman cavalry and infantry got into a "dreadful tangle".

The cavalry did not move into contact at speed, but at a fast walk or slow trot; any faster would have "ended in a growing pile of injured men and horses", according to the modern historian Sam Koon. Once in contact with the enemy, many of the cavalrymen dismounted to fight; this was a frequent occurrence in Punic War cavalry combat. There is debate among modern scholars as to the reasons for this common tactic. Certainly the second men on some, and possibly all, of the 2,000 Gallic cavalry's horses dismounted and joined the fight. Some of the Roman javelinmen also reinforced their cavalry comrades, but the extent to which this occurred is unclear. The ensuing melee is recorded as continuing for some time, with no clear advantage being gained by either side.

Then the Carthaginian light cavalry swept round both ends of the line of battle, attacking the still disorganised velites and the small Roman cavalry reserve, where Scipio had positioned himself. These Carthaginians also threatened, and threw javelins at, the rear of the already engaged Roman troops, throwing them into confusion and panic. The velites, still aware of their vulnerability to cavalry, immediately fled. The Roman reserve cavalry attempted to protect the rear of the fighting line, but were surrounded and Scipio was badly wounded. The main force of Roman cavalry, attacked from both sides, was routed and suffered heavy losses. In the confusion Scipio's 16-year-old son, also named Publicus Cornelius Scipio, cut his way through to his wounded father at the head of a small group; he escorted him away from the fight, saving him from being either captured or killed. The losses suffered by each side are not known, but the Roman casualties are believed to have been severe.

The surviving Roman forces regathered at their camp, still held by their heavy infantry. Aware the Carthaginians could now use their superiority in cavalry to isolate his camp, Scipio withdrew during the night back over the Ticinus. He left a force behind to dismantle the pontoon bridge so the Carthaginians would be unable to follow. Hannibal pursued the next day and captured 600 men from this rearguard, but not before the bridge had been rendered impassable.

Aftermath
The Romans withdrew as far as Piacenza. Two days after Ticinus the Carthaginians crossed the river Po, and then marched to Piacenza. They formed up outside the Roman camp and offered battle, which Scipio refused. The Carthaginians set up their own camp some 8 km away. That night 2,200 Gallic troops serving with the Roman army attacked the Romans closest to them in their tents, and deserted to the Carthaginians; taking the Romans' heads with them as a sign of good faith. Hannibal rewarded them and sent them back to their homes to enrol more recruits. Hannibal also made his first formal treaty with a Gallic tribe, and supplies and recruits started to come in. The Romans abandoned their camp and withdrew under cover of night. The next morning the Carthaginian cavalry bungled their pursuit and the Romans were able to set up camp on an area of high ground by the river Trebbia at what is now Rivergaro. Even so, they had to abandon much of their baggage and heavier gear, and many stragglers were killed or captured. Scipio waited for reinforcements while Hannibal camped at a distance on the plain below and gathered and trained the Gauls now flocking to his standard.

Shocked by Hannibal's arrival and Scipio's setback, the Roman Senate ordered the army commanded by Tiberius Longus in Sicily to march north to assist Scipio. When Longus arrived in December, Hannibal enticed him into attacking and heavily defeated him at the battle of the Trebia; only approximately 10,000 of the Roman army of 40,000 were able to fight their way off the battlefield. As a result the flow of Gallic support became a flood and the Carthaginian army grew to 60,000 men. Hannibal settled into winter quarters to rest and train his men, while the Romans drew up plans to prevent Hannibal from breaking into Roman Italy. In May 217BC the Carthaginians crossed the Apennines and provoked a Roman army into a hasty pursuit without proper reconnaissance. Hannibal set an ambush and in the battle of Lake Trasimene completely defeated the Roman force, killing 15,000 Romans and taking 15,000 prisoner. A cavalry force of 4,000 from another Roman army were also engaged and wiped out. Hannibal campaigned in Italy for the next 12 years.

In 204 BC Publius Cornelius Scipio, the same man who had fought as a youth at Ticinus, invaded the Carthaginian homeland in North Africa, defeated the Carthaginians in two major battles and won the allegiance of the Numidian kingdoms of North Africa. Hannibal and the remnants of his army were recalled from Italy to confront him. They met at the battle of Zama in October 202BC and Hannibal was decisively defeated. As a consequence Carthage agreed a peace treaty which stripped it of most of its territory and power.

title: Battle of Ticinus


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Jean-Jacques Henner

Jean-Jacques Henner (5 March 1829 – 23 July 1905) was a French painter, noted for his use of sfumato and chiaroscuro in painting nudes, religious subjects and portraits.

Biography
Henner was born at Bernwiller (Alsace). He began his studies in art as a pupil of Michel Martin Drolling and François-Édouard Picot. In 1848, he entered the École des Beaux Arts in Paris, and took the Prix de Rome with a painting of Adam and Eve finding the Body of Abel in 1858. In Rome, he was guided by Flandrin, and painted four pictures for the gallery at Colmar among other works.

He first exhibited Bather Asleep at the Salon in 1863 and subsequently contributed Chaste Susanna (1865), now in the Musée d'Orsay. Other noted works include: Byblis turned into a Spring (1867); The Magdalene (1878); Portrait of M. Hayem (1878); Christ Entombed (1879); Saint Jerome (1881); Bara (1882); Herodias (1887); A Study (1891); Christ in His Shroud and a Portrait of Carolus-Duran (1896); a Portrait of Mlle Fouquier (1897); and The Dream (1900).

The Levite of the Tribe of Ephraim (1898) was awarded a first-class medal. Among other professional distinctions, Henner also took a Grand Prix for painting at the Paris Exposition Universelle of 1900. He was made Chevalier of the Legion of Honour in 1873, Officer in 1878, and Commander in 1889. In 1889, he succeeded Cabanel in the Institut de France. Henner's most widely known work is his 1885 painting of Saint Fabiola. Although the original is now lost, it was copied by artists around the world for devotional purposes. Artist Francis Alÿs has collected over 500 copies of the painting in a variety of media. The collection is known as the "Fabiola Project".

Henner died at age 76 in Paris.

Pupils
Henner had numerous pupils; among them were the American painter Mathilde Mueden Leisenring and the Romanian artist Dimitrie Serafim. From 1874 to 1889 he taught at "the studio of the ladies", organized with Carolus-Duran, at a time when women were not allowed entry to the École des Beaux-Arts. Some of these students also served as his models. One of these was Dorothy Tennant, who later married Henry Morton Stanley. Another was Laura Leroux-Revault, daughter of his close friend Hector Leroux; Henner's full-length portrait of Laura Leroux now at the Musée d'Orsay was shown at the Paris Salon of 1898 and purchased by the French State.

Another pupil was Elizabeth Snowden Nichols Watrous (1858–1921), later the wife of artist Harry Watrous. Henner gave the couple a painting when they were married in 1887.

Suzanne Valadon (1865–1938) also worked as one of his models.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jean-Jacques Henner


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Luie Hond

Luie Hond (, "Lazy Dog") was a Dutch reggae and ska band from Leeuwarden, founded in the summer of 1997 and active until December 2007.

After being a regional success, the band became nationally known in 1999, when the popular pop singer Ilse DeLange discovered the group and invited them to do the opening act for her tour. Through the years, they released several singles, before finally releasing their debut album Hier Is... (Here is...) in 2004. In 2006, they released its successor Met Liefde (With Love).

Throughout their existence, the band achieved moderate popularity in the Netherlands, though never the mainstream success they hoped for. Their albums were generally well received, their tours were successful and they frequently appeared on several Dutch and Belgium music festivals, such as Lowlands and Appelpop. Nevertheless, the band quit in October 2007, mainly citing financial problems. Vocalist/Guitarist Joris Mous said in an interview with 3VOOR12/Friesland:

 * "All kinds of things are going on within a band, but the most important reason is: the money. It is financially very difficult to make ends meet. We tried everything to be able to live off of it, but if you have to conclude after 10 years that you can't, then you have to stop."

After playing three farewell concerts in December 2007, Luie Hond discontinued activities for good.

title: Luie Hond


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Talk:William Duer

I know that using birth and death dates is not the nomal way to disambihuate! However, both men were lawyers, both were from New York, and both were Congressmen. I ran out of reasonable options, so used the dates. See the article stubs for more info. Lou I 14:49, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:William Duer


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Hamamni Persian Baths

The Hamamni Persian Baths is located in a historical building of Stone Town, Zanzibar. The name Hamamni is also used to refer to the neighbourhood where the building is located.

The Baths were built between 1870 and 1888 for sultan Barghash bin Said for use as public baths, and maintained this function until 1920. They are referred to as "Persian" because their construction was commissioned to Shirazi architects. The word "Hamamni" means "the place of the baths".

The building had a complex structure with several rooms, including hot and cold baths, toilets, shaving areas, and a restaurant. Hot water was provided by underground aqueducts. Entrance was subject to a fee, so that only wealthy zanzibaris could use them regularly. They were open both to men and women, but with different hours of admittance.

The Baths are not working anymore, but they are open to visitors and are a major tourist attractions of Stone Town. They were restored in 2006 by volunteers from the CHAM association.

Visits are limited to some areas of the original complex because part of it (e.g., the restaurant) has since been adapted for private residences.

title: Hamamni Persian Baths


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William Duer (Continental congressman)

William Duer (March 18, 1743 – May 7, 1799) was a British-born American jurist, developer, and financial speculator from New York City. A Federalist, Duer wrote in support of ratifying the United States Constitution as "Philo-Publius". He had earlier served in the Continental Congress and the convention that framed the New York Constitution. In 1778, Duer signed the United States Articles of Confederation and is one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.

Duer owned 10 slaves.

Duer spent most of his life as a financial speculator. In 1792, following his involvement in one of the nation's first financial panics, Duer went bankrupt and was confined to debtors' prison, where he died seven years later.

Early life
Duer was born in Devonshire, Great Britain, in 1743. He was the son of John Duer, a planter in Antigua in the West Indies, who kept a villa in Devon, and Frances Frye. She was the daughter of Sir Frederick Frye, who held a command in the West Indies, where she met and married Duer.

Duer was educated at Eton College, and while still under age, was put into the army as ensign. He accompanied Robert Clive as aide-de-camp on his return to India as governor general in 1762. He suffered severely from the climate, so Lord Clive sent him back to England, where he remained five years until his father's death, upon which he inherited his father's estates in Dominica.

Career
Having left the army, Duer went to Antigua. He traveled to New York State for the first time in 1768, to arrange for a regular and constant supply of lumber for his plantations in Antigua and Dominica. As a planter, he traded extensively with Philip Schuyler, who persuaded him to move to New York early in the 1770s. On a previous trip to the area, Duer had purchased tracts of land on the upper Hudson River near Albany. The area, known as Fort Miller, served both as Duer's first residence and as the site of his early financial ventures. Duer set up sawmills, warehouses, and a store.

In 1773 he returned to England, where he obtained a contract to supply the Royal Navy with timber for masts and spars. By 1776, had built a moderately successful mercantile business based primarily on lumber production.

American Revolution
Duer was originally a moderate Whig, somewhat reluctant to become involved in active resistance to the British government. But he became a member of the Provincial Congress in 1775; he was one of the committee which drafted the original New York Constitution the next year.

Duer was a member of the 1st New York State Legislature, serving in the New York State Senate for the Eastern District from September 9, 1777 to June 30, 1778. He served as a member of the Continental Congress in 1778 and 1779. While in Congress, he reportedly impressed future president John Adams and financier Robert Morris from Philadelphia, with whom he served on the finance committees as well as the "Board of War," the precursor to the War Department.

In 1779, Duer returned to private business, in partnership with John Holker, the French commercial agent. He also did well in his business of supplying the American army, under contracts arranged for him by Robert Morris.

Later life
Duer became a prominent speculator after the war; he was also elected to the New York General Assembly in 1786. When Alexander Hamilton, Schuyler's son-in-law, became first Secretary of the Treasury in 1789, Duer became the first Assistant Secretary. He continued to speculate in American bonds, including the failed Scioto Company scheme to buy up the American debt to France at a discount.

Duer went bankrupt as a result of the Panic of 1792, and was held in debtors' prison for the rest of his life. His failure has been cited as a cause of the panic, reportedly the first in New York caused by speculation. The loss was estimated at 3 million dollars and impoverished many in all classes.

Personal life
In 1779, Duer married Lady Catherine Alexander (1755–1826), second daughter of Sarah (née Livingston) Alexander and Lord Stirling, a major general in the Continental Army. The marriage took place at Stirling's country seat, "The Buildings," near Basking Ridge, New Jersey. It was designed in the style of a residence of an English nobleman, with all the appointments of an English country seat. Catherine's paternal grandparents were New Jersey Attorney General James Alexander and merchant Mary Spratt Provoost Alexander, and her maternal grandparents were Catherine Van Brugh Livingston and Philip Livingston, 2nd Lord of Livingston Manor. She was, descended from the De Peysters, Livingstons, and Schuylers, and occupied a prominent place in the society of the period.

Together, they were the parents of eight children, including:
 * William Alexander Duer (1780–1858), who was a justice of the New York State Supreme Court, and for many years the President of Columbia University. He married Hannah Maria Denning (1782–1862), daughter of U.S. Representative William Denning.
 * John Duer (1782–1858), who was a noted lawyer and jurist of New York. He married Anna Bedford Bunner (1783–1864), sister of U.S. Representative Rudolph Bunner.
 * Frances Duer (1786–1869), who was married to Beverley Robinson (1779–1857), grandson of merchant Beverley Robinson.
 * Sarah Henrietta Duer (b. 1787), who married John Witherspoon Smith, son and grandson of Princeton Presidents Samuel Stanhope Smith and John Witherspoon.
 * Catherine Alexander Duer (1788–1882).
 * Maria Theodora Duer (1789–1837), who married Beverly Chew (1773–1851) in 1810.
 * Henrietta Elizabeth Duer (1790–1839), who married Morris Robinson (1784–1849), brother of Beverley Robinson and founder of the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York.
 * Alexander Duer (1793–1819), who married Ann Maria Westcott (1808–1897), daughter of Col. and New York State Senator David M. Westcott, in 1815.

Duer died in New York City on April 18, 1799 at age 57. He was buried in the family vault under the old church of St. Thomas and was later reinterred in Jamaica, Long Island, New York. After his death, his widow remarried to William Neilson on September 15, 1801.

Descendants
Through his eldest son William, he was the grandfather of Denning Duer, great-grandfather of James Gore King Duer, and the great-great-grandfather of Alice Duer Miller (1874–1942), the feminist poet and writer. Through his son John, he was the grandfather of William Duer (1805–1879) who served in the U.S. Congress representing New York.

title: William Duer (Continental congressman)


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Talk:Actinopterygii

Untitled
hello, this is a good web page!~ emily

The following information was moved out of the article page into the discussion page here. Whpq 01:39, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

your entry for Syngnathiformes is wrong. The order doesn't exist and the seahorses and relatives belong in the order Gasterosteiformes. Entry is based on the information in FishBase, which is incorrect. Although there's been some argument about splitting the sticklebacks and the seahorses up and putting sticklebacks in the Gasterosteiformes and the seahorses in the Syngnathiformes, the taxonomic consensus is that everyone is in the Gasterosteiformes. The embarrassing part is if you click on Syngnathiformes on the FishBase page, they give as their reference our textbook, even though we called them gasterosteiforms. I've written FishBase (5 minutes ago) to make the correction.* see below

Gene Helfman, Professor Institute of Ecology University of Georgia Athens, GA 3002 helfman@uga.edu

 * "pipefishes and seahorses and relatives are listed in FishBase in the order Syngnathiformes. Consensus is that they should be in the Gasterosteiformes (see Nelson 1994 and 2006, Fishes of the World, 3rd and 4th edition, also Names of Fishes of U.S. and Canada 6th edition).  I wouldn't make a big deal of this but you cite our textbook (Helfman et al. 1997, The Diversity of Fishes, Blackwell.) as the source for the information and we also put them in the Gasterosteiformes."

Helfman
I e-mailed Prof. Helfman on this a couple weeks ago, and got no response, BTW. Tkinias 14:34, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

Despite the veracity of Gene Helfman's comments, every phylogenetic analysis that has included both gasterosteiform and syngnathiform fishes during the last 14 years has recovered them as two distinct and unrelated groups. The gasterosteiforms being more closely related to the sculpins. The relationships of the syngnathinforms being more obscure. Regardless, it would be unwise to put them back together as he suggests.

alphabet
Is there any reason why the individual groups shouldn't be in alphabetical order. If not I'll sort this out.HappyVR 14:12, 30 June 2006 (UTC) Also the sub page Neopterygii contains far less families than mentioned on this page - I'm sure thats because it's a stub and will expand it eventually. Can someone confirm that the situation is not more complex.HappyVR 14:12, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Hola, HappyVR. Nice to see you helping out with the fishes pages.  Let's not reorder the groups here; I think they are in a phylogenetic ordering of some kind IIRC.  The tree of life Web site might help on that. Tkinias 14:31, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

 * (What's IIRC?) Thanks for your quick reply and the link - useful. But looking at say http://tolweb.org/Teleostei/15054 for the teleostei shows that the current page doesn't express the phylogenetic order that well really at the higher levels - it would really need some lines drawing in - raises the question of taxonomic vs. inferred evolutionary classification. I'll look to see if there is a separate page for fish phylogeny. Appreciate your point though and will leave the 'non-alphabet' order as it is then.HappyVR 14:51, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

 * IIRC = "If I Recall Correctly". See others at List of Internet slang phrases. -- Neil916 15:04, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Just verified that the order does in fact follow Tree of Life's basically cladistic ordering, but fitting it into the old-fashioned infraclass and superorder terms. So let's leave it alone.  An explanatory note might be good, though. Tkinias 15:07, 30 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, it does. thats right - but what I meant was that the tree lines are absent so for instance the page doesn't show the suggested common ancestry of stenopterygii, cyclosquamata, scopelomorpha and acanthomorpha or that this group have a common ancestor with the Protacanthopterygii. Did that make sense? Would it be worth creating a 'fish evolution' sub page to show the cladistics a bit more clearly? I could try this (or a list make a start) at some point. I'll at least add a link to the tree of life project. (it looks like this project is good enough in many areas to be linked to much more often in fish pages - I hadn't really noticed this resource before.)HappyVR 15:24, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately, Tree of Life is often quite out of date (ca. ten years, some times), and it has, for example, nothing for Perciformes, which are most of the fish I have worked on. But in the absence of anything else — FishBase doesn't give any info higher than family, and ITIS seems a bit iffy sometimes — it's all I have access to...  I'm curious what the new Nelson edition gives; I don't have access to a copy at the moment.  Oh, and a page on fish evolution is an interesting idea, but I'd want to have some source other than Tree of Life to go off of... Tkinias 23:48, 30 June 2006 (UTC)
 * There's http://www.palaeos.com] (which looks terrible by modern standards) and also http://www.fmnh.helsinki.fi/users/haaramo/index.htm (someone who has also contributed to paleos.com) that's the only other online sources I'm aware of - no idea how 'good' they are. I was pleased to see lots in Callichthys but the rest of the Siluriformes are almost empty - so it is a bit blotchy in coverage.HappyVR 00:12, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

Paraphyly
The text states that the 'The [Holostei] (are) paraphyletic and tend to be abandoned', but it seems that the Chondrostei are also paraphyletic? Should this sentence just be moved to the relevent sub class articles or altered? Feedback or edits please. Also added a chondrostei page - if anyone want to expand on it.HappyVR 14:35, 30 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Sorry, ignore that - I didn't get what was meant by 'tends to be abandsoned' silly me.HappyVR 14:59, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

ray-finned
How come there's no explanation of what "ray-finned" actually means?

(Above comment by anon with IP 0.112.223.203)

 * Heh. Good question.  Let's add it ;) Tkinias 11:32, 2 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I was wondering if this should be mentioned in Osteichthyes - correct me if I'm wrong - this includes the ray and lobe fin fishes - so the two types could be described here and the differences noted - with reference to what is actually meant by ray finned and lobe finned?

(One minor problem seems to be that the Osteichthyes article is quite difficult to find when just browsing via links - maybe including the Osteichthyes as a super-class in the taxobox would help - currently the next highest order shown in the Actinopterygii taxobox is Chordata - which misses the subdivision of that phylum.)

To make things worse Actinopterygii is labelled as a class in it's own page, but as an order in Osteichthyes? Maybe the Osteichthyes page should be clarified a bit and the Chordata page altered also to show more clearly that the lobe and ray finned fish are classes of the Osteichthyes.

(I hope I've got my facts straight).HappyVR 16:34, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

Taxonomy
If I remember correctly, the class is Osteichthyes, and the subclass is Antinopterygii. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.213.175.76 (talk) 22:17, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

In the Classification Section diagram Osteichthyes contains at least one lower classification (mammals) that does not belong. I am not an expert in the area, but I know that Mammals does not belong under Osteichthyes. L00k1tup (talk) 00:41, 7 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Except that mammals are tetrapods, and Tetrapoda is a daughter taxon of Sarcoptergii, which is, in turn, a daughter taxon of Osteichthyes: ergo, Mammalia is a subtaxon of Osteichthyes.--Mr Fink (talk) 01:48, 7 March 2017 (UTC)

Percomorphs?
Hi, I am curious why Percomorphs haven't been included here? —Preceding unsigned comment added by BlackPh0enix (talk • contribs) 10:04, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I think your talking about Percomorphi right? Well, they are an order under the Acanthopterygii superorder. --ojs (talk) 17:19, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

Why Actinopterygii?
Why couldn't they have named it something more easier to remember, like Pisces for example? I mean, all the other classes are. Mammalia, reptilia, amphibia, Aves, Insecta, etc. Then you have ACTINOPTERYGII...O.o? --TangoFett (talk) 08:43, 2 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Hmm, I guess because these are the ray-finned fishes as opposed to the fleshy-finned Sarcopterygii, all of which are of course Pisces in a broader sense. De728631 (talk) 22:53, 9 May 2010 (UTC)

how do these relate to the Tiktaalik fossil?
Tiktaalik 2605:A601:46C:4101:CABC:C8FF:FEA5:82F4 (talk) 01:33, 27 May 2014 (UTC)

Listing of Teleost subtaxa
Given that we have a separate article on the teleosts, why do we go into great detail on their complicated taxonomy here? I'd suggest we simply remove it, leaving a list or cladogram only down to a reasonable level (infraclass, perhaps superorder). Chiswick Chap (talk) 19:31, 1 January 2016 (UTC)

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Class level taxonomy
I started editing the list under classification to make it consistent with the stated source (Betancur-R et al 2017; Deepfin4), which has Osteichthys as a megaclass, Actinopterygii as a superclass, Cladistia and Actinopteri as classes, Chondrostei and Neopterygii as subclasses and Holostei and Teleostei as infraclasses. This contradicts the main classification in the taxobox which generally demotes these by a rank or doesn't use a Linnean rank. Fishes of the World is different still and uses Osteichthys at class, Actinopterygii at subclass, and Cladistia, Chondrostei and Holostei at infraclass, while Neopterygii is unranked and teleostei a division.

I thought the preferred classification was FotW5 and expected the taxoboxes to follow that unless specified. I think the taxoboxes should either follow FotW5 or, perhaps better now, switch to the Deepfin system, which is also used by Fish Tree of Life. I intend to change the taxoboxes and add some references to the taxonomy templates, but which system should be used? —  Jts1882 | talk 14:41, 23 April 2021 (UTC)
 * I have been sticking to FotW5, as that is what has the consensus at Wikiproject:Fishes. If Deepfin is to be used then you should propose it an see what the consensus is. At least Deepfin is open access, although I do have a e copy of FotW5.Quetzal1964 (talk) 18:28, 21 September 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 10:08, 5 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Knightia eocaena 033013.jpg

Date of 425 mya for Osteichthyes incompatible with same date for Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii!
Um, if Osteichthyes is 425 mya, how can Actinopterygii be the same age? Something wrong here. Actually, this article uses 425 mya in the infobox and 400 mya in the cited text, so something wrong there too. Same goes for Sarcopterygii, basically. Looks as if several dates need to be pushed back a bit. Anyone know how to sort this out? Chiswick Chap (talk) 12:07, 6 April 2022 (UTC)

 * That would work is Osteichthyes is a crown group and Actinopterygii/Sacropterygii stem groups, as for all three it's the same date of divergence. Chaotic Enby (talk) 16:42, 5 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Actinopterygii


text:
Minister of State at the Department of the Taoiseach

The Minister of State at the Department of the Taoiseach is a junior ministerial post in the Department of the Taoiseach of the Government of Ireland who performs duties and functions delegated by the Taoiseach.

The position was first created in 1922 as Parliamentary secretary to the President of the Executive Council. In 1937, following the adoption of the Constitution of Ireland, the position was changed to that of Parliamentary Secretary to the Taoiseach. In 1978, the position was superseded by the office of Minister of State at the Department of the Taoiseach.

One of the Ministers of State in this department is assigned the role of Government Chief Whip and is the most senior Minister of State in the government of Ireland. They attend cabinet meetings, but do not have a vote and are not one of fifteen members of the government. The role of the Whip is primarily that of the disciplinarian for all government parties, to ensure that all deputies, including ministers, attend for Dáil Business and follow the government line on all issues.

The incumbent Government Chief Whip is Hildegarde Naughton, TD, and the Deputy Chief Whip is Cormac Devlin.

Responsibilities of Government Chief Whip
The main responsibilities of the Chief Whip include:

Attendance at Government meetings
The Chief Whip is a Minister of State who attends Government meetings, but does not have a vote. The title is sometimes given as "Minister of State, attending Government". Other Ministers of state with the title "Minister of State, attending Government" are commonly known as Super Junior Ministers.

Preparation of weekly brief for Taoiseach on legislation in preparation
Before each Dáil Session letters are sent to all Ministers to see what legislation or other business their department expects to place before the Dáil. A weekly report on what stage Bills are at is given to the Taoiseach. During the Order of Business the Taoiseach is often queried about what legislation is promised. The weekly report shows what Bills are promised and gives an expected date of publication of the Bill.

Scheduling and monitoring of Dáil business
Once a Bill has been published and is placed on the Dáil Order Paper the staff in the Whip's Office keep in touch with Minister's Private Secretaries about when they wish to have their bill taken in the Dáil - sometimes the Whip's Office have to insist that a Bill is taken on a certain day, particularly when there is not much business for the House. Every Wednesday the Private Secretary prepares an agenda (called a schedule - see example) for each sitting day of the following week. This is discussed at a meeting of the Dáil Business Committee, which includes the Whips of the major parties, including the government (Fine Gael) chief whip; Fianna Fáil whip Michael Moynihan; Sinn Féin whip Aengus Ó Snodaigh and Labour Party whip Brendan Ryan.

Operation of the pairing system
A pair is an arrangement whereby a Government Deputy's name is linked with an Opposition Deputy in the event of a Vote arising. The practice is that under such an arrangement neither Deputy votes in any Division arising while the pairing agreement is valid. Because it is obviously so important for the Government to maintain its majority in the Dáil Chamber the pairing arrangements must be attended to very carefully. If a member cannot attend a notice explaining their absence must be sent to the Chief Whip as early as possible.

Leinster House accommodation for political parties
The Minister has to ensure that facilities and services in Leinster House are satisfactory for members and staff. The Opposition Whips liaise with him on matters such as office equipment which they may require.

Chairing Legislation Committee
The Chief Whip chairs the weekly meeting of the Legislation Committee. This Committee meets to discuss the progress of Bills in Departments and tries to ensure that there is always enough business for the Dáil and Seanad. The meeting is attended by the Attorney General, a Parliamentary Draftsman, Programme Manager to the Taoiseach, Programme Manager to the Tánaiste, Principal Officer in this Department (who looks after legislation) and the Chief Whip.

List of government chief whips
{| class="wikitable"
 * colspan="6"|
 * colspan="6"|

Parliamentary Secretary to the President 1922–1937
!Name !colspan="2"|Term of office !colspan="2"|Party !Executive Council
 * Daniel McCarthy
 * 6 December 1922
 * 31 March 1924
 * 1st • 2nd
 * James Dolan
 * 19 June 1924
 * 24 June 1927
 * 2nd
 * Eamonn Duggan
 * 24 June 1927
 * 9 March 1932
 * 3rd • 4th • 5th
 * Gerald Boland
 * 9 March 1932
 * 7 February 1933
 * 6th
 * Patrick Little
 * 8 February 1933
 * 29 December 1937
 * 7th • 8th
 * colspan="6"|
 * 7 February 1933
 * 6th
 * Patrick Little
 * 8 February 1933
 * 29 December 1937
 * 7th • 8th
 * colspan="6"|
 * 7th • 8th
 * colspan="6"|
 * colspan="6"|
 * colspan="6"|

Parliamentary Secretary to the Taoiseach 1937–1977
!Name !colspan="2"|Term of office !colspan="2"|Party !Government
 * Patrick Little
 * 29 December 1937
 * 26 September 1939
 * 1st • 2nd
 * Paddy Smith
 * 27 September 1939
 * 2 July 1943
 * 2nd
 * Eamon Kissane
 * 2 July 1943
 * 18 February 1948
 * 3rd • 4th
 * Liam Cosgrave
 * 18 February 1948
 * 13 June 1951
 * 5th
 * Donnchadh Ó Briain
 * 13 June 1951
 * 2 June 1954
 * 6th
 * Denis J. O'Sullivan
 * 2 June 1954
 * 20 March 1957
 * 7th
 * Donnchadh Ó Briain
 * 20 March 1957
 * 11 October 1961
 * 8th • 9th
 * Joseph Brennan
 * 11 October 1961
 * 21 April 1965
 * 10th
 * Michael Carty
 * 21 April 1965
 * 2 July 1969
 * 11th • 12th
 * Desmond O'Malley
 * 2 July 1969
 * 7 May 1970
 * 13th
 * David Andrews
 * 8 May 1970
 * 14 March 1973
 * 13th
 * John M. Kelly
 * 14 March 1973
 * 20 May 1977
 * 14th
 * Patrick Lalor
 * 5 July 1977
 * 1 January 1978
 * 15th
 * colspan="6"|
 * 11th • 12th
 * Desmond O'Malley
 * 2 July 1969
 * 7 May 1970
 * 13th
 * David Andrews
 * 8 May 1970
 * 14 March 1973
 * 13th
 * John M. Kelly
 * 14 March 1973
 * 20 May 1977
 * 14th
 * Patrick Lalor
 * 5 July 1977
 * 1 January 1978
 * 15th
 * colspan="6"|
 * 14th
 * Patrick Lalor
 * 5 July 1977
 * 1 January 1978
 * 15th
 * colspan="6"|
 * 15th
 * colspan="6"|
 * colspan="6"|

Ministers of State at the Department of the Taoiseach 1978–present
!Name !colspan="2"|Term of office !colspan="2"|Party !Government
 * Patrick Lalor
 * 1 January 1978
 * 1 July 1979
 * 15th
 * Michael Woods
 * 1 July 1979
 * 11 December 1979
 * 15th
 * Seán Moore
 * 13 December 1979
 * 30 June 1981
 * 16th
 * Gerry L'Estrange
 * 30 June 1981
 * 11 November 1981
 * 17th
 * Fergus O'Brien
 * 11 November 1981
 * 9 March 1982
 * 17th
 * Bertie Ahern
 * 9 March 1982
 * 14 December 1982
 * 18th
 * Seán Barrett
 * 14 December 1982
 * 13 February 1986
 * 19th
 * Fergus O'Brien
 * 13 February 1986
 * 10 March 1987
 * 19th
 * Vincent Brady
 * 10 March 1987
 * 14 November 1991
 * 20th • 21st
 * Dermot Ahern
 * 15 November 1991
 * 11 February 1992
 * 21st
 * Noel Dempsey
 * 11 February 1992
 * 15 December 1994
 * 22nd • 23rd
 * Seán Barrett
 * 15 December 1994
 * 23 May 1995
 * 24th
 * Jim Higgins
 * 24 May 1995
 * 26 June 1997
 * 24th
 * Séamus Brennan
 * 26 June 1997
 * 6 June 2002
 * 25th
 * Mary Hanafin
 * 6 June 2002
 * 29 September 2004
 * 26th
 * Tom Kitt
 * 29 September 2004
 * 7 May 2008
 * 26th • 27th
 * Pat Carey
 * 7 May 2008
 * 23 March 2010
 * 28th
 * John Curran
 * 23 March 2010
 * 9 March 2011
 * 28th
 * Paul Kehoe
 * 9 March 2011
 * 6 May 2016
 * 29th
 * Regina Doherty
 * 6 May 2016
 * 14 June 2017
 * 30th
 * Joe McHugh
 * 14 June 2017
 * 16 October 2018
 * 31st
 * Seán Kyne
 * 16 October 2018
 * 27 June 2020
 * 31st
 * Dara Calleary
 * 27 June 2020
 * 15 July 2020
 * 32nd
 * Jack Chambers
 * 15 July 2020
 * 17 December 2022
 * 32nd
 * Hildegarde Naughton
 * 17 December 2022
 * Incumbent
 * 33rd • 34th
 * }
 * 28th
 * John Curran
 * 23 March 2010
 * 9 March 2011
 * 28th
 * Paul Kehoe
 * 9 March 2011
 * 6 May 2016
 * 29th
 * Regina Doherty
 * 6 May 2016
 * 14 June 2017
 * 30th
 * Joe McHugh
 * 14 June 2017
 * 16 October 2018
 * 31st
 * Seán Kyne
 * 16 October 2018
 * 27 June 2020
 * 31st
 * Dara Calleary
 * 27 June 2020
 * 15 July 2020
 * 32nd
 * Jack Chambers
 * 15 July 2020
 * 17 December 2022
 * 32nd
 * Hildegarde Naughton
 * 17 December 2022
 * Incumbent
 * 33rd • 34th
 * }
 * 15 July 2020
 * 32nd
 * Jack Chambers
 * 15 July 2020
 * 17 December 2022
 * 32nd
 * Hildegarde Naughton
 * 17 December 2022
 * Incumbent
 * 33rd • 34th
 * }
 * 17 December 2022
 * Incumbent
 * 33rd • 34th
 * }
 * }


text:
William Duer (U.S. Congressman)

William Duer (March 25, 1805 – August 25, 1879) was an American lawyer and politician. In addition to serving in local offices in both California and New York, he represented New York in the United States House of Representatives from 1847 to 1851.

A native of New York City, Duer was a member of a family long prominent in New York politics and government. He graduated from Columbia College in 1824, studied law in New York City, and attained admission to the bar in 1828. After practicing in Oswego for two years, he returned to New York City, where he continued practicing law. After a brief residence in New Orleans, in 1835 he returned to Oswego, where he became active in politics and government as a Whig. He served in the New York State Assembly for two one-year terms (1840 and 1841) and was Oswego County's District Attorney from 1845 to 1847. In 1846, Duer was elected to the U.S. House. He was reelected in 1848 and served two terms, 1847 to 1851.

After leaving Congress, Duer served as U.S. Consul in Valparaíso, Chile for two years, then moved to San Francisco, where he practiced law and served as county clerk. In 1859 he returned to Oswego, where he was active in efforts to prevent the onset of the American Civil War. Once the conflict began, Duer supported the Union, but opposed the Republican Party and continued to advocate for concessions on the slavery and secession issues a way to end the war.

In retirement, Duer resided on Staten Island. He died there in 1879 and was buried at Silver Mount Cemetery.

Early life
William Duer was born in New York City on March 25, 1805, the son of John Duer (1782–1858) and Anna Bedford Bunner Duer (1783–1864). William Duer was the grandson of Continental Congressman William Duer (1747–1799) and great-grandson of General William Alexander. Rudolph Bunner was his uncle.

He graduated from Columbia College in 1824 and was the valedictorian of his class. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and began to practice in Oswego.

Start of career
In 1830, Duer moved to New York City. Later that year, Duer and Elijah Paine Jr. published a reference work in octavo format, Practice of the Courts of Common Law in the State of New York. In 1832, he ran unsuccessfully for the New York State Assembly. He lived in New Orleans from 1833 to 1835, then returned to Oswego, where he continued to practice law. Duer served in the Assembly in 1840 and 1841. In 1842 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress.

Duer was a Delegate to the 1844 Whig National Convention. He served as Oswego County District Attorney from 1845 to 1847.

Congressman
In 1846 Duer was elected to the United States House of Representatives as a Whig. He was reelected in 1848 and served in the 30th and 31st Congresses, March 4, 1847 to March 3, 1851.

In Congress, Duer pursued a moderate course on slavery and was willing to allow it to continue where it already existed, but not to expand to new territories unless approved by the voters. He supported both the Wilmot Proviso and the Compromise of 1850.

During the protracted struggle to elect a Speaker of the House in 1849, Duer's name was one of those brought forth as a compromise choice. During a discussion about the Speakership election, Duer stated that Richard Kidder Meade, a Virginia Democrat, was a dis-unionist who favored secession. Meade denied it, which prompted Duer to accuse him of lying. A near-riot ensued, with Democrats attacking Whig and Free Soil Party legislators, and the Sergeant at Arms unable to immediately restore order. Meade and Duer were separated by other House members, and the issue was resolved without further violence when Meade stated that he had not meant to impugn Duer's integrity in his reply to Duer's claim that Meade was a secessionist, and Duer withdrew the word "liar" to describe Meade's reply.

Later career
After leaving Congress Duer was appointed Consul in Valparaíso, Chile, and he served from 1851 to 1853.

In 1854, Duer began to reside in San Francisco, California and founded a law firm in partnership with Balie Peyton, Delos Lake, and Julius K. Rose. He served as San Francisco's County Clerk from October 1857 to October 1859.

In 1859, Duer returned to Oswego. During the 1860 presidential election, Duer was opposed to secession and civil war, so he attempted to rally support for a moderate course that made concessions on slavery in order to prevent the slave holding states from leaving the Union. To that end, he supported the Constitutional Union Party ticket of John Bell for president and Edward Everett for vice president. Later that year, Duer sent a widely reprinted letter to several newspapers in which he urged Bell and Everett supporters to switch their allegiance to Democrat Stephen A. Douglas as the best chance of preserving the Union. In addition, he was nominated for Congress by a convention that attempted to create a fusion of Bell, Douglas, and John C. Breckinridge supporters, but attracted little support in the 22nd District. In the general election, Republican William E. Lansing soundly defeated Douglas Democrat D. Franklin Chapman.

During the American Civil War, Duer remained a unionist, but affiliated with the Democratic Party; in 1861, he was elected as a delegate to the state Democratic convention. Duer continued to advocate concessions to the southern states in order to end the war. Among his proposals was one calling for the slave holding states to return to the Union so they could advocate for secession by means of a Constitutional amendment; in his view, if the southern states were determined to leave the Union, they were required to follow a legal process for doing so rather than engaging in armed rebellion.

Retirement and death
In retirement, Duer was a resident of Staten Island. He died in New Brighton on August 25, 1879. Duer was buried at Silver Mount Cemetery.

Family
In 1835, Duer married Lucy Chew (1816-1900), a distant cousin who was the daughter of Beverley Chew and Marie Theodosia (Duer) Chew of New Orleans. They were the parents of John, Beverley, Marie, Anne, Catharine, and Irving.

title: William Duer (U.S. Congressman)


text:
David Howell, Baron Howell of Guildford

David Arthur Russell Howell, Baron Howell of Guildford, (born 18 January 1936) is a British Conservative Party politician, journalist, and economic consultant. Having been successively Secretary of State for Energy and then for Transport under Margaret Thatcher, Howell has more recently been a Minister of State in the Foreign Office from the election in 2010 until the reshuffle of 2012. He has served as Chair of the House of Lords International Relations Committee since May 2016. Along with William Hague, Sir George Young and Kenneth Clarke, he is one of the few Cabinet ministers from the 1979–97 governments who continued to hold high office in the party, being its deputy leader in the House of Lords until 2010. His daughter, Frances, was married to the former Chancellor of the Exchequer, George Osborne.

Early life
Howell was educated at Eton College, before entering King's College, Cambridge, where he graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1959 with 1st Class honours in Economics. He proceeded to the degree of Master of Arts in 1963. He went to work in HM Treasury joining the Treasury Economic Section from 1959 to 1960. In 1960 he wrote the book Principles to Practice, published jointly, and spent four years as a journalist, leader writer and special correspondent on The Daily Telegraph. He succeeded Geoffrey Howe as editor of Crossbow (the journal of the Bow Group) from 1962 to 1964 before he unsuccessfully contested the constituency of Dudley in the 1964 general election.

Political career
Two years later, in 1966, Howell was elected MP for the safe seat of Guildford in Surrey, for the Conservative Party, a seat he held until retiring at the 1997 general election. On 6 June 1997 he was made a life peer as Baron Howell of Guildford, of Penton Mewsey, in the County of Hampshire.

When Margaret Thatcher was elected in 1979, she made Howell her first Secretary of State for Energy and then moved him to Transport in the reshuffle of September 1981 and until 1983. His time at the Ministry of Transport saw the commissioning and publication of the highly controversial Serpell Report into Britain's Railways. The report which emerged included proposals which would have greatly reduced the rail network in Britain and met with an extremely hostile reaction. Although these proposals were not pursued the episode caused considerable political problems for the Government and contributed to Thatcher dropping Howell from the Cabinet.

Howell wrote the book Freedom and Capital, published 1981. In 1979 he was also sworn into the Privy Council. He then wrote the book Blind Victory: a study in income, wealth and power, published 1986. In 1987 he became chairman of the Select committee on Foreign Affairs. He was president of the British Institute of Energy Economics from 2005 to 2014 and has been chairman of the Windsor Energy Group since 2003.

In the House of Lords, he was Deputy Leader of the Opposition from 2005 to 2010. On the election of the Coalition government he was quickly recommended to Foreign Secretary by the Prime Minister as an enthusiastic advocate of HS2, the only conservative in the government with the relevant ministerial experience. In the September 2012 reshuffle, having served two years as initially agreed, he was asked by the Prime Minister to stand down to provide a Foreign Office place for Baroness Warsi. Howell was Opposition Spokesperson for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs from 2000 to 2010. He is now Chairman of the new House of Lords International relations Committee. Lord Howell is also Chairman of The Commonwealth Societies Association.

From the election of May 2010 until the reshuffle of 2012, Lord Howell served as Minister of State in the Foreign Office in David Cameron's government, under William Hague as Foreign Secretary. From September 2012 to April 2013, he was personal adviser to the Foreign Secretary on Energy and Resource Security.

In November 2012, Greenpeace released secret film of an interview with Lord Howell about the advantages of natural gas over wind power, in which he said that David Cameron "is not familiar with these issues, doesn't understand them", but that George Osborne, his son-in-law, "is of course getting this message and is putting pressure on".

In May 2013, he was appointed president of the Energy Industries Council. In July 2013, he said, in a Lords' discussion on fracking, "there are large, uninhabited and desolate areas, certainly in parts of the north-east, where there is plenty of room for fracking, well away from anybody's residence, and where it could be conducted without any threat to the rural environment". There was much adverse reaction.

title: David Howell, Baron Howell of Guildford


text:
User talk:Francois Genolini

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 15:01, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
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Thanks for the tips François Génolini

Dictdef
Heya, please keep in mind Wikipedia is not a dictionary. I'm afraid Brain dump isn't really appropriate. Welcome to wikipedia nonetheless! --fvw *  09:52, 2004 Dec 20 (UTC)

More available now, although needs cleaning up / re-written. Francois Genolini

User talk in French

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Francois Genolini. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Francois Genolini~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:00, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

That does not make much sense. My account name (en and fr Wikipedia) is not Francois Genolini~enwiki but Francois Genolini. There is no other user called Francois Genolini that I can see. When I click on the link to pick a different name it does not mention Francois Genolini~enwiki but Francois Genolini. So you have succeeded in confusing me.

Nomination of Brain dump for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Brain dump is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Brain dump until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. shoy (reactions) 15:08, 6 November 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Francois Genolini


text:
User talk:Jayant56

Has anybody come across the book " Grammar of the Bengali Language" by Raja Ram Mohun Roy, printed in 1832?

title: User talk:Jayant56


text:
User talk:Loni~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 15:01, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Loni. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Loni~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:11, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 15:34, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Loni~enwiki


text:
YTL

YTL may refer to:

 * The IATA code for Big Trout Lake Airport.
 * The code for New Turkish lira.
 * YTL Corporation, a Malaysian firm.
 * A US Navy hull classification symbol: Small harbor tug (YTL)

title: YTL


text: User talk:81.10.235.11

title: User talk:81.10.235.11


text:
William Alexander Duer

William Alexander Duer (September 8, 1780 – May 30, 1858) was an American lawyer, jurist, and educator from New York City who served as the President of Columbia University from 1829 to 1842. He was also a slaveholder, owning numerous enslaved African Americans.

Early life
He was the son of William, a member of the Continental Congress and Catherine Alexander Duer. His brother John Duer was a New York lawyer and jurist. His nephew William Duer, the son of John Duer, also served in Congress. William A. Duer studied law in Philadelphia, and with Nathaniel Pendleton in New York.

Career
During the quasi-war with France in 1798 he obtained the appointment of midshipman in the navy, and served under Stephen Decatur. After the conflict with France ended, he resumed his studies with Pendleton, and was admitted to the bar in 1802.

He engaged in business with Edward Livingston, who was then district attorney and mayor of New York. After Livingston moved to New Orleans, Duer formed a professional partnership with his brother-in-law, Beverley Robinson. In addition to practicing law, he contributed to a partisan weekly paper called the Corrector, conducted by Peter Irving in support of Aaron Burr. Duer later moved to New Orleans to again form a law partnership with Livingston, and also made a study of Spanish civil law, which had governed New Orleans in its early years. Duer found the climate in New Orleans disagreeable to his health, and this factor coupled with his marriage with the daughter of William Denning, a prominent New York politician and businessman, convinced him to return to New York City.

In New York, he contributed literary articles to the Morning Chronicle, the newspaper of his friend Peter Irving. He next opened an office in Rhinebeck, and in 1814 was elected to the New York State Assembly, where he was appointed chairman of a committee on colleges and academies, and succeeded in passing a bill, which is the original of the existing law on the subject of the common-school income. He was also chairman of the committee that arranged the constitutionality of the state law vesting the right of navigation in Livingston and Robert Fulton, and throughout his service bore a prominent part in promoting canal legislation.

From 1822 until 1829, he was a judge of the New York Supreme Court. In 1829, he was elected president of Columbia College (now Columbia University), where he remained until failing health compelled him to resign in 1842. During his administration he delivered to the senior class a course of lectures on the constitutional jurisprudence of the United States (published in 1833; revised ed., 1856). He delivered a eulogy on President James Monroe from the portico of the city hall. After his retirement he resided in Morristown, New Jersey.

Works
After retiring, he wrote the life of his grandfather, Lord Stirling (published by the Historical Society of New Jersey). In 1847 he delivered an address in the college chapel before the literary societies of Columbia, and in 1848 an historical address before the St. Nicholas Society, which gives early reminiscences of New York, and describes the scenes connected with the inauguration of President Washington, both of which were published. He was the author of two pamphlets addressed to Cadwallader D. Colden on the "Steamboat Controversy," and the "Life of William Alexander, Earl of Stirling" (New York, 1847).

Personal life
He was married to Hannah Maria Denning (1782–1862), daughter of William Denning, a prominent whig of New York. Together they had:

 * Henrietta Amelia Duer (d. 1824)
 * Frances Maria Duer (1809–1905), who married Henry Sheaffe Hoyt, nephew of Jesse Hoyt, a Collector of the Port of New York who was known for his role in the Swartwout-Hoyt scandal.
 * Catherine Theodora Duer (1811–1877)
 * William Alexander Denning Duer (1812–1891), a banker with Prime, Ward & King who married Caroline King (1813–1863), daughter of James G. King
 * Eleanor Duer (1814–1892)
 * Edward Alexander Duer (1815–1831)
 * Sarah Henderson Duer (1817–1856)
 * John King Duer (1818–1859), who married Georgeanna Huyler (1818–1884)
 * Elizabeth Denning Duer (1821–1900), who married Archibald Gracie King (1821–1897), son of James G. King
 * Henrietta Duer (1828–1832), who died young.

Duer died on Staten Island on May 30, 1858; he was buried at First Presbyterian Churchyard, Morristown.

title: William Alexander Duer


text:
User talk:Mrzli37

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 15:03, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Mrzli37


text:
User talk:CsAlex

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 15:03, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
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Image:Cb128sht.gif listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Cb128sht.gif, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in its not being deleted. Thank you. —MetsBot 19:01, 9 December 2006 (UTC) Superm401 | Talk 19:46, May 22, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:CsAlex


text:
Always (Blink-182 song)

"Always" is a song by American rock band Blink-182, released on November 15, 2004 as the fourth and final single from the group's untitled fifth studio album. The song was the lowest charting single from the album, but the song's music video received extensive play on music video channels. Like much of the album, the song shows the band's 1980s influences, with the multiple-layered, heavily effected guitars and new wave synthesizers.

The song can also be found on the band's 2005 compilation Greatest Hits.

Background
All three of the band members associated the song with the music of the 1980s. Tom DeLonge, in an interview with MTV News, described the song as a "love song."

In another interview with MTV News, DeLonge explained the song and addressed the lyrics of the choruses, jokingly: The song is about wanting to hold a chick all night long and kiss her and touch her and taste her and feel her and all these great adjectives. Verbs actually, there's some adjectives in there, but mostly verbs and nouns. Some pronouns too, but not too many of those.

Composition
"Always" was written by bassist Mark Hoppus, drummer Travis Barker, and guitarist Tom DeLonge, while sung by DeLonge and Hoppus and produced by Jerry Finn. The song is composed in the key of B major and is set in time signature of common time with a tempo of 158 beats per minute. The vocal range spans from A3 to D7. Referred to as "the '80s song" during production, "Always" features an uptempo backbeat combined with a New Romantic-era keyboard, and pulls from new wave influences. Mike Rampton of Louder Sound described the song as "power-pop perfection". The song's outro features four separate bass guitars being played; Hoppus uses a Fender Bass VI, a Fender Precision Bass "doing two different things," and a Roland Synth Bass. Barker pulled from Missing Persons for inspiration whilst creating the song's percussion.

Journalist Joe Shooman pointed out that the song's central guitar riff is remescient of The Only Ones' "Another Girl, Another Planet" (1979). He called it "the thickest-textured Blink track of all-time," and acknowledged its tribute to 1980s synth-driven pop.

Chart success and live history
"Always" was announced as the fourth and final single from Blink-182 in August 2004. "It's gonna change people's lives and might actually change the world forever," guitarist Tom DeLonge jokingly predicted. It was first serviced to radio in mid-November 2004.

The song was only performed twice in its original release, prior to the band's "indefinite hiatus." It has nonetheless been performed regularly since the band's return.

Reception
A.D. Amorosi of The Philadelphia Inquirer, in his 2003 review of Blink-182, called the song "contagious." Consequence of Sound, in a 2015 top 10 of the band's best songs, ranked it as number four, calling it "far and away the best track on the album." Stereogum and Kerrang both named "Always" as Blink-182's eighth-best song.

Music video
The music video for "Always" was directed by Joseph Kahn. The group shot it while on tour in Australia in mid-2004, at the same studio space used by the Wiggles. It features Australian pop singer Sophie Monk. The video is displayed as three horizontal panels, in which Monk flirts with DeLonge, Hoppus and Barker. However, the panels sever the onscreen participants in three. Monk appears as a fractured whole, while parts of the band members combine to make one character. The trio's characters attempt to plead with Monk, trying to repair a damaged relationship, which are depicted through fights, arguments, and "the occasional making-up/making-out," which is handled by Barker. In reference to the video, DeLonge said "It's like doing an algebraic formulation on paper when you watch it. It's the same kind of feeling [...] but it's rad." Bassist Mark Hoppus called it the most technically complicated video the band ever had to shoot, as it required choreographed positioning in real time. The video was photographed by Brad Rushing and edited by David Blackburn who won the MVPA Best Editing Award for his work.

The song was a hit on music video channels, where it was among the most-played on Fuse, MTV2 and MuchMusic into January 2005.

Track listing

 * The two live tracks were originally broadcast live on The WB's Pepsi Smash concert series.

title: Always (Blink-182 song)


text:
CEPT

CEPT may refer to:

 * CEPT University (Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology University), an academic institution located in Ahmedabad, India
 * European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations, coordinating body for European state telecommunications and postal organizations
 * CEPT Recommendation T/CD 06-01, 1981 European Conference standard for display of videotex
 * Common Effective Preferential Tariff, an ASEAN tariff and trade scheme

title: CEPT


text:
User:Harry R

Since I've started a userpage (for the purpose of posting that public domain notice) I might as well take the opportunity to plug (snip)

My blog is at Heraclitean Fire; I also have a photoblog called Clouded Drab.

Harry

title: User:Harry R


text:
User talk:MikeMoghadam

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 15:07, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:MikeMoghadam


text:
User talk:Sceefy

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 15:07, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Sceefy


text:
User talk:Tbackstr

Hey visitor! I'm kind of out of the loop, logging on to Wikipedia sparsely (altough using it frequently), so don't expect any rapid answers... :) --Tbackstr (talk) 08:42, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 15:09, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
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 * Uh, after almost four years on Wikipedia I'm not exactly a newbie. Or are you implying that I should read those (again)? I've tried to be polite even when I've been sometimes confused. Well, perhapse I'll just assume that you've somehow taken me for somebody else. --Tbackstr 17:59, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * Well I've never had anyone take it like that before. When scanning Recent Changes (for vandalism, newbie tests, that kind of thing) if I see someone who has a username that doesn't have a discussion page attached to it my automatic assumption is that they are fairly new and being the overly nice person that I am I drop in and leave them a message.  And 99.9% of the time I am correct in assuming that person to be fairly new to wikipedia, and if you scan my user talk archive you'll see lots of people commenting on how helpful they found the message.  Please don't read any offense into my actions, and please assume best intentions because I can assure you if I thought you were doing something wrong I would tell you: I don't believe in hiding behind snide remarks and sarcasm. -- Graham  ☺ | Talk 13:58, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Main namespace cleanup
In an effort to clean up the main namespace, I've moved your old main namespace userpage to User:Tbackstr/old, as there's some edit history you might want to keep. Otherwise just delete it. --fvw *  12:28, 2004 Dec 31 (UTC)

Copied Work
Hey, dude. I just wanted to suggest, with response to your contributions to Levinson recursion, that you not copy academic papers verbatim -- even if they are your own.

The problem is that I had actually read the relevant part of your dissertation before I had stumbled across this Wikipedia article, and it left me with a ton of fuss and effort before I found out that the "plagiarized" dissertation material was, in fact, your own work from your dissertation. Also, in the future, please cite your sources. If you had at least cited your own dissertation in this regard, it would have meant a lot less hassle to find your dissertation again to verify whether or not the info was, in fact, copied verbatim; and if so, who copied it verbatim. It would have also been nice if you had included the cited sources from your dissertation, because, y'know, you had them right there at the time.

Thanks for hearing me out, Drostie 22:42, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the comment. I'll try not to do that again. --Tbackstr 08:02, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Merge discussion
Seeing as how you were involved w/ the Phoniatrics article, I thought you might be interested in the current merge discussion. Please join the discussion at Talk:Speech therapy.
 * -RJ1001 04:32, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

discrete hilbert transform
Hi, was just trying to prove the statement about discrete hilbert transforms given on the Hilbert_transform page. I noticed you originally added the discrete section, and so i was wondering if you could give me some reference? thank you very much! /Marmelad 17:56, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

Your user page
I found your old user page while checking out some old deleted contributions. I have history merged it, so that all edits are in one place. Hope you don't mind. Graham 87 12:03, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

Article "Choir"
Hi T! What's up? I'm about to finish editing of the choir article from wikipedia, but I'm still a little bit dubious about some parts. I checked the contributors and found you as the starter of the article. Here is that question:

Although many contemporary churches have replaced the choir with singers, some churches have choirs which are backing vocalists in contrary to front line singers, which are in the Alto, Soprano and Tenor range for both Males and Females.

Does it mean except for "Solo" singers, there's a choir also? Are front line singers the "solos"? After the phrase "in contrary..." I don't get it completely. Would you help me on this please?

Lots of thanks; Princilll (talk) 17:54, 15 July 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Invitation to join the Fifteen Year Society
Dear ,

I'd like to extend a cordial invitation to you to join the Fifteen Year Society, an informal group for editors who've been participating in the Wikipedia project for fifteen years or more.

Best regards, Urhixidur (talk) 19:48, 6 June 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tbackstr


text:
Talk:Advanced Encryption Standard/to do

None listed.

title: Talk:Advanced Encryption Standard/to do


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Talk:Asymmetric key algorithm/to do

None listed.

title: Talk:Asymmetric key algorithm/to do


text:
Talk:Alan Turing/to do

 * None listed.

title: Talk:Alan Turing/to do


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Talk:Claude E. Shannon/to do

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title: Talk:Claude E. Shannon/to do


text:
Talk:Code (cryptography)/to do

 * Illustrate

title: Talk:Code (cryptography)/to do


text:
Talk:Cryptographic protocol/to do

None listed.

title: Talk:Cryptographic protocol/to do


text:
Talk:Cryptography/to do

"Distinguish between the essential aspects and variations of"Science", "Engineering", "Philosophy", Application" and "Management" of cryptography because the language, contexts and perspectives are complicated and different.. Roy D. Follendore III (talk) 14:15, 16 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Give an overview of cryptography standards: at least, what they are and some important examples.
 * Wikilink to a few of the most popular protocols, e.g., Secure Sockets Layer in the "Cryptographic protocols" section.
 * Add a mention of the widespread uses of 'rot13' on Usenet postings and other places in the early computer era, explaining that it is a Caesar substitution with a displacement of 13, so that encryption is the same operation as decryption, and that it was widely used to transmit potentially offensive matter, spoilers, and other things meant not to be understood upon inspection.

title: Talk:Cryptography/to do


text:
Talk:Data Encryption Standard/to do

None listed.

title: Talk:Data Encryption Standard/to do


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Talk:Differential cryptanalysis/to do

None listed.

title: Talk:Differential cryptanalysis/to do


text:
Talk:Digital Signature Algorithm/to do

 * Describe initial criticism of the standard
 * Describe Schnoor's claims of patent infringement

title: Talk:Digital Signature Algorithm/to do


text:
Talk:Digital signature/to do

 * Describe cryptanalysis of digital signatures -- what are the various notions

title: Talk:Digital signature/to do


text:
Talk:Elliptic curve cryptography/to do

 * Please add a graph such as this one
 * please organize and add an example like RSA_algorithm

title: Talk:Elliptic curve cryptography/to do


text:
Talk:Encryption/to do

 * Revamp taxonomy diagram
 * Illustrate general process of both public and private-key encryption.

I believe that the first three words regarding cryptography have it backwards. Cryptographic protocols are a subset of encryption, not the other way around. Where, before computers, the distinction wasn't instructive, it is now. When I was provided the hyperbolic phrase, cryptographic encryption, it had a dissonance, because it was in the past redundant, and today, plain wrong. Encryption is the larger matter, various cryptographic schemes are a subset. But to simply re-write that, In encryption, cryptography etc etc does a huge injustice to clarity.

Perhaps, Cryptography is a manner of encryption which employs an express protocol intended to...

Maybe there can be a phrase to modify protocol, so we don't encrypt this revised definition. But this needs a discerning eye because physics and computer geeks are misusing this term by the second.

title: Talk:Encryption/to do


text:
Talk:Export of cryptography/to do

 * At the beginning of the article, Explain exactly what "Export of cryptography" is, as the article currently starts out explaining the reasons for its control. Done.
 * "internationalize" the article, i.e. include more information on the export of cryptography in other countries, or move this page to "Export of cryptography in the United States" (or a similar title) with some revisions moved to Export of cryptography in the United States on 19 January 2010
 * expand this page

title: Talk:Export of cryptography/to do