text:
Trojan–Tauranac Racing

Trojan was an automobile manufacturer and a Formula One constructor, in conjunction with Australian Ron Tauranac, from the United Kingdom.

The car producer Trojan Limited was founded by Leslie Hounsfield in 1914 in Clapham, South London, and later in Purley Way, Croydon, Surrey. It produced cars and especially delivery vans until 1964.

Around 1960, the Trojan business was sold to Peter Agg who imported Lambretta scooters for the British market. In 1962, the rights to manufacture the Heinkel microcar were acquired and the production line was moved from Dundalk, Ireland to Croydon. Production then commenced, renaming the bubble car as Trojan Cabin Cruiser. Production continued until 1965, when some 6,000 cars had been produced. Speaking to Motor Cycle magazine in 1965 after cessation of production, Peter Agg confirmed that a 1962 British government reduction in purchase tax from 50% to 25% aligning car taxation with three-wheelers and motorbikes, had given a big boost to the cheaper end of the car market, adversely affecting sales of the economy-sector three-wheeler, making continued production uneconomical.

Also in 1962, Trojan acquired the Elva sports car business and started to make the Mk IV Elva Courier. This in turn led to the manufacturing of McLaren racing cars until vehicle production finally ceased in the early 1970s. Trojan Limited still exists as an independent company though the factory was sold in the 1970s.

The Trojan T101 Formula 5000 model met with success when Jody Scheckter won the 1973 SCCA L&M Championship driving a T101 and a Lola T330.

They participated in eight grands prix, entering a total of eight cars. In 1974, David Purley won the Brighton Speed Trials driving a Trojan-Chevrolet T101. While Formula One remained the major series, sports cars were also fashionable on either side of the Atlantic. The McLaren M1 was put into production by Peter Agg's Lambretta Trojan Group in Rye, Sussex. They would make 200 McLarens during ten years.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

title: Trojan–Tauranac Racing


text:
Poetic diction

Poetic diction is the term used to refer to the linguistic style, the vocabulary, and the metaphors used in the writing of poetry. In the Western tradition, all these elements were thought of as properly different in poetry and prose up to the time of the Romantic revolution, when William Wordsworth challenged the distinction in his Romantic manifesto, the Preface to the second (1800) edition of Lyrical Ballads (1798). Wordsworth proposed that a "language near to the language of men" was as appropriate for poetry as it was for prose. This idea was very influential, though more in theory than practice: a special "poetic" vocabulary and mode of metaphor persisted in 19th century poetry. It was deplored by the Modernist poets of the 20th century, who again proposed that there is no such thing as a "prosaic" word unsuitable for poetry.

Greece and Rome
In some languages, "poetic diction" is quite a literal dialect use. In Classical Greek literature, for example, certain linguistic dialects were seen as appropriate for certain types of poetry. Thus, tragedy and history would employ different Greek dialects. In Latin, poetic diction involved not only a vocabulary somewhat uncommon in everyday speech, but syntax and inflections rarely seen elsewhere. Thus, the diction employed by Horace and Ovid will differ from that used by Julius Caesar, both in terms of word choice and in terms of word form.

The first writer to discuss poetic diction in the Western tradition was Aristotle (384 BC—322 BC). In his Poetics, he stated that the perfect style for writing poetry was one that was clear without meanness. He went on to define meanness of style as the deliberate avoidance of unusual words. He also warned against over-reliance on strange words:

"The perfection of Diction is for it to be at once clear and not mean. The clearest indeed is that made up of the ordinary words for things, but it is mean... A certain admixture, accordingly, of unfamiliar terms is necessary. These, the strange word, the metaphor, the ornamental equivalent, etc., will save the language from seeming mean and prosaic, while the ordinary words in it will secure the requisite clearness. What helps most, however, to render the Diction at once clear and non-prosaic is the use of the lengthened, curtailed, and altered forms of words."

Germanic languages
Germanic languages developed their own form of poetic diction. In Anglo-Saxon and Old Norse, poetry often involved exceptionally compressed metaphors called "kennings", such as whale-road for "the sea", or sword-weather for "battle". Also, poetry often contained riddles (e.g. the Gnomic Verses in Anglo-Saxon). Therefore, the order of words for poetry as well as the choice of words reflected a greater tendency to combine words to form metaphor.

In Iceland, Snorri Sturluson wrote the Prose Edda, a.k.a. the Younger Edda around 1200 A.D., partially to explain the older Edda and poetic diction. Half of the Prose Edda, the Skáldskaparmál ("language of poetry creation" or "creative language of poets"), is a manual of traditional Icelandic poetic diction, containing a list of kennings. The list is systematized so as to function as a practical thesaurus for the use of poets wishing to write in the genuine old manner, and structured as an FAQ. Snorri gives traditional examples and also opens the way for creating correct new kennings:

"How should man be periphrased? By his works, by that which he gives or receives or does; he may also be periphrased in terms of his property, those things which he possesses, and, if he be liberal, of his liberality; likewise in terms of the families from which he descended, as well as of those which have sprung from him. How is one to periphrase him in terms of these things? Thus, by calling him accomplisher or performer of his goings or his conduct, of his battles or sea-voyages or huntings or weapons or ships.... Woman should be periphrased with reference to all female garments, gold and jewels, ale or wine or any other drink, or to that which she dispenses or gives; likewise with reference to ale-vessels, and to all those things which it becomes her to perform or to give. It is correct to periphrase her thus: by calling her giver or user of that of which she partakes. But the words for 'giver' and 'user' are also names of trees; therefore woman is called in metaphorical speech by all feminine tree-names."

In Britain the distinctively Germanic spirit of Anglo Saxon prosody placed particular emphasis on elaborate, decorative and controlled use of strongly ornate language, such as in consistent and sustained alliteration, as exemplified by the anonymous Pearl Poet of North-West England. In Scotland this spirit continued through to the renaissance so that in Middle Scots diction the 15th and 16th century Makars achieved a rich and varied blend of characteristically Germanic Anglic features with newer Latinate and aureate language and principles.

Asia
In Japanese poetry, the rules for writing traditional haiku require that each poem include a reference to a specific season. For the renga linked-verse form from which haiku derived, the rules specify that certain stanzas should have seasonal references. In both cases, such references are achieved by inclusion of a kigo (season word). Japanese poets regularly use a Saijiki, a kigo dictionary that contains lists of season words, organized by season, together with examples of haiku using those kigo.

In English
In English, poetic diction has taken multiple forms, but it generally mirrors the habits of Classical literature. Highly metaphoric adjective use, for example, can, through catachresis, become a common "poetic" word (e.g. the "rosy-fingered dawn" found in Homer, when translated into English, allows the "rose fingered" to be taken from its Homeric context and used generally to refer not to fingers, but to a person as being dawn-like). In the 16th century, Edmund Spenser (and, later, others) sought to find an appropriate language for the Epic in English, a language that would be as separate from commonplace English as Homeric Greek was from koine. Spenser found it in the intentional use of archaisms. (This approach was rejected by John Milton, who sought to make his epic out of blank verse, feeling that common language in blank verse was more majestic than difficult words in complex rhymes.) William Wordsworth also believed in using the language of the common man to portray a certain image and display his message. In the Preface to the Lyrical Ballads, Wordsworth says "I have proposed to myself to imitate, and as far as possible, to adopt, the very language of men."

In the 18th century, pastoral and lyric poetry both developed a somewhat specialized vocabulary and poetic diction. The common elision within words ("howe'er" and "howsome," e.g.) were not merely graphical. As Paul Fussell and others have pointed out, these elisions were intended to be read aloud exactly as printed. Therefore, these elisions effectively created words that existed only in poetry. Further, the 18th century saw a renewed interest in Classical poetry, and thus poets began to test language for decorum. A word in a poem needed to be not merely accurate, but also fitting for the given poetic form. Pastoral, lyric, and philosophical poetry was scrutinized for the right type of vocabulary as well as the most meaningful. Joseph Addison and Richard Steele discussed poetic diction in The Spectator, and Alexander Pope satirized inappropriate poetic diction in his 1727 Peri Bathos.

The Romantics explicitly rejected the use of poetic diction, a term which William Wordsworth uses pejoratively in the 1802 "Preface to Lyrical Ballads": "There will also be found in these volumes little of what is usually called poetic diction; I have taken as much pains to avoid it as others ordinarily take to produce it; this I have done for the reason already alleged, to bring my language near to the language of men, and further, because the pleasure which I have proposed to myself to impart is of a kind very different from that which is supposed by many persons to be the proper object of poetry."

In an appendix, "By what is usually called poetic diction", Wordsworth goes on to define the poetic diction he rejects as above all characterized by heightened and unusual words and especially by "a mechanical adoption of... figures of speech, ...  sometimes with propriety, but much more frequently applied... to feelings and ideas with which they had no natural connection whatsoever". The reason that a special poetic diction remote from prose usage gives pleasure to readers, suggests Wordsworth, is "its influence in impressing a notion of the peculiarity and exaltation of the Poet's character, and in flattering the Reader's self-love by bringing him nearer to a sympathy with that character." As an extreme example of the mechanical use of conventionally "poetic" metaphors, Wordsworth quotes an 18th-century metrical paraphrase of a passage from the Old Testament:

"From this hubbub of words", comments Wordsworth, "pass to the original... 'How long wilt thou sleep, O Sluggard? when wilt thou arise out of thy sleep? Yet a little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to sleep. So shall thy poverty come as one that travaileth, and thy want as an armed man.'" (Proverbs, vii, 6)

At the same time, Wordsworth with Coleridge had an interest in the archaisms found in the border regions of England and introduced dialect into their poetry. While such language was "unnatural" to the London readership, Wordsworth was careful to point out that he was using it not for an exotic or elevated effect, but as a sample of the contemporary "language of men", specifically the language of poor, uneducated country folk. On the other hand, the later Romantic poet John Keats had a new interest in the poetry of Spenser and in the "ancient English" bards, and so his language was often quite elevated and archaic.

Modernism, on the other hand, rejected specialized poetic diction altogether and without reservation. Ezra Pound, in his Imagist essay/manifesto A Few Don'ts (1913) warned against using superfluous words, especially adjectives (compare the use of adjectives in the 18th-century poem quoted above) and also advised the avoidance of abstractions, stating his belief that 'the natural object is always the adequate symbol'. Since the Modernists, poetry has approached all words as inherently interesting, and some schools of poetry after the Modernists (Minimalism and Plain language, in particular) have insisted on making diction itself the subject of poetry.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Poetic diction


text:
Guilherme Tâmega

Guilherme Tâmega is a Brazilian bodyboarding champion.

Born 3 September 1972, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Tamega won the Shark Island Challenge bodyboarding event three times in a row. He competed in the international bodyboarding World Tour. Tâmega won six world titles, plus six runner-up places, and was twice crowned ISA World Bodyboarding Games champion.

title: Guilherme Tâmega


text:
Scarab (constructor)

Scarab was an all-American sports car and open-wheel race car constructor from the United States featuring cars designed and built by Tom Barnes and Dick Troutman for Reventlow Automobiles Inc, owned by Lance Reventlow. The Chevrolet 283 CI V-8 engines were built by Traco Engineering (Jim Travers and Frank Coon, nicknamed "The Whiz Kids").

History
Troutman and Barnes built sports cars for amateur road racing in the USA in the 1950s. Chuck Daigh drove the Scarab sports car to victory in the 1958 Riverside International Grand Prix, beating a field of international factory teams including famous race car driver Phil Hill and the Ferrari Team. The Scarabs won the SCCA National Championship in 1958 and two of the cars were sold in 1959 while Reventlow's race car (the only left hand drive car) was converted for his personal use on the street. Carroll Shelby drove one of the Scarab sports cars to victory at Continental Divide Raceways in Castle Rock, Colorado, setting a new course record.

Scarab made an ill-fated entry into Formula One during the 1960 season with front-engined cars which by then were nearly obsolete. The engines in these front-engined cars were 4-cylinder units similar in layout to the Offenhauser, but entirely of Scarab's own design penned by Leo Goossen of Offenhauser, and later Meyer-Drake fame. They featured desmodromic valve gear similar in design to that found on the Mercedes F1 engine of the 1950s and were built and maintained by Travers and Coon. The engines were the shortcoming of the team as the desmodromic gear could not cope with the large amount of movement in the engine block and would consistently pull the valves too far closed resulting in valve failure. Scarab participated in five Grands Prix, entering a total of nine cars. Reventlow and his chief mechanic Chuck Daigh drove the blue and white liveried cars. Both Scarabs were entered in the Grands Prix of Monaco (where they suffered hydraulic brake fluid aeration problems and did not qualify for the race), Holland, Belgium, and France (where both Daigh and Ginther experienced oil starvation issues resulting in burnt bearings), while only Daigh's car was entered in the final race of the 1960 F1 season, the American Grand Prix at Riverside, California (the Scarabs' home track). Daigh finished because he had to keep the engine RPMs under 6000 to prevent fuel delivery problems (vapor lock) on the hot southern California day and, in doing so, did not encounter the mysterious oil starvation issue that occurred closer to 7000 RPM that had plagued the Scarabs previously. Daigh, while entered in the Dutch Grand Prix, did not race due to qualification/appearance payment issues.

International Formula Racing
The following year Chuck Daigh went on to pilot one of the Scarabs in International Formula racing in Europe powered by the Offenhauser, Indy style, engine where he finished eighth, at Goodwood vying for the Lavant Cup, and finished seventh in a bid for the International Trophy. This was a third front engine car, originally built for the F1 effort. Before the season was out Daigh crashed badly at a race in England where the car was destroyed and left in Europe.

Scarab built one rear engine car for the 1962 season, powered by a Buick aluminum V-8 with Phil Remington fabricated intake and exhaust manifolds. However, the final FIA engine rules made the necessary engine modifications illegal and the car was never raced in Europe. Daigh raced this car only once, in the 1962 Sandown International Cup, a Formula Libre race at Sandown Park in Australia. He finished fourth after an epic battle with Stirling Moss where the Buick-engined Scarab was faster on the straights and Moss's car would overtake in the corners. The Buick engine was sold by the team (Warren Olsen team manager) before returning to the USA.

The last Scarab car
Finally, a mid-engined two-seat sports car was built. They put another Buick V8 engine in this car and Reventlow wanted to test it on the streets of Los Angeles. So, he went to the California Department of Motor Vehicles and (after installing a muffler) managed to get license plates for this all-out racing car. He personally raced the car (without muffler) three times and his best finish was second at Santa Barbara.

Reventlow was planning on closing down the Scarab operation so he sold this little sports racing car to John Mecom Jr. of Houston, Texas. Mecom installed a Traco-built 327 Chevy engine and put A.J. Foyt in the car. Foyt's best result was winning a pair of races at Nassau, Bahamas during 1963. Walt Hansgen won the 1964 Bridgehampton 500 in the car while it was Chevrolet powered. Augie Pabst purchased the car and was still the owner as of 2013.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

title: Scarab (constructor)


text:
Aston Butterworth

Aston Butterworth was a Formula Two constructor from the United Kingdom, which competed in the seasons and  when the World Drivers' Championship was run to Formula Two regulations. The team participated in four World Championship Grands Prix.

The project was instigated by Bill Aston, who decided to build a car for Formula Two. The chassis was a copy of a Formula Two Cooper, fitted with a flat-four engine devised by Archie Butterworth. The car made its debut in April 1952 in the Lavant Cup at Goodwood, finishing eighth with Aston at the wheel. In May, a second car was added, driven by Robin Montgomerie-Charrington, who achieved the team's best finish, a third place at Chimay in June. This car was designated NB42 and as of May 2015 was in its original specification.

Aston entered the car, fitted with Allard-Steyr cylinder heads and a new carburettor, in the 1952 German Grand Prix. He withdrew on lap two after losing oil pressure. Aston continued to appear in races throughout the 1953 season, but there was never enough money to develop the program properly. A major problem was the supply of fuel - the Aston Butterworth sometimes had fuel starvation, and sometimes caught on fire. When the new F1 regulations came in, Aston-Butterworth ceased participating.

Complete World Championship results
(key)

title: Aston Butterworth


text:
User:Pwelleman

Peter Welleman (born October 7,1969) is a Dutch illustrator, primarily of magazines and books for young audiences. His favorite subject is technology, explained in a simple but colorful way, sometimes in the form of a cutaway.

In 1989 Welleman began studing Industrial Design and Engineering at the Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands. After graduation and working for several companies as an engineer Peter Welleman returned to his true passion: creating illustrations en cartoons. These are some of the magazines that frequently publish Peter Welleman's work: De Ingenieur (Veen Magazines BV), Hurriyet (Turkish Newpaper), Adfo Web Magazine (Kluwer BV), Answer (Symbiose Press Dept), Sign+ (Sign branch organisation), Agrio Magazine, VSN Magazine, Gay&Night Magazine, Tennis&Coach (FNV Sport), Probiblio, Financials Only.

Peter Welleman also created a long series of background illustrations for the web game Club_Penguin until it was purchased by The Walt Disney Company in August 2007

Externe links

 * Site with illustration of Peter Welleman
 * Site with (political) cartoons of Peter Welleman
 * Site with gay cartoons of Peter Welleman

title: User:Pwelleman


text:
Talk:Novi, Michigan

Twelve Oaks Mall
The article currently states that the Nordstrom in Twelve Oaks Mall is still under development. Nordstrom actually opened on 09/28/07. Kipp 18:53, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

Railroad
Online reference to Railroad construction. Wixom was once part of Novi Township.

http://www.ci.wixom.mi.us/YourCommunity/history.html

Time period of railroad construction:

http://www.michiganrailroads.com/RRHX/Timeline/1870s/TimeLine1870sBackUp.htm

Parkland dates
The city was awarded a grant in 2005. The projects that included donations of parkland were approved in 2004 although the land was not officially donated until 2005/2006.

Census
The City is undertaking a special census that will be completed in 2006. There was no census in 2005. When the special census totals are available, it should be referenced separately. The 2000 numbers should be retained for comparative purposes.

Schools
Novi includes all or part of 4 school districts, not just Novi Schools. Information about the schools should go into their own article.

So-Called Similar Cities
I removed this section of the article due to the fact that I can hardly think of something more subjective than what city is more or less similar to Novi than another. If you want to look at how much money the residents make, check out Michigan locations by per capita income, where Novi ranks 32nd in Michigan. Segelflugzeugwettbewerber 03:21, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Naming of Novi
Person seeking citations, please note that citations for several of these items are already provided.

SunGodMTU added: This depot was the sixth stop on the line (No. VI), which is how the city received it's name. However this differs from recorded accounts. The name existed before the railroad came to the area. I suspect the account relating it to the depot number is a folk etymology. In History of Oakland County Michigan a narrative account of its historic progress, its people, its principal interests / compiled from the official records of the county, the newspapers and data of personal interviews, under the editorial supervision of Thaddeus D. Seeley. (1912) the account is as follows: the residents of what in now Novi met in the autumn of 1830 to discuss detaching from Farmingham Township to form a separate township. "Dr. J.C. Emory, at the suggestion of his wife, proposed 'Novi.'" No mention is made of a railroad depot number, only that there was some ridicule about the name in Lating meaning "unknown", "not known" or "forgotten". Essentially the same version is presented in the History of Oakland County, Michigan., Durant, Samuel W. 1877  (although the scanned page image is barely legible here) older ≠ wiser 14:12, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

As was noted in the article, neither the railroad or the toll road existed when the Township was named.

The claim about Novi being named after Northville is historically impossible since Novi was named 40 years before the creation of Northville Township. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.226.74.221 (talk) 23:35, 15 October 2011 (UTC)

Japanese bookstores, etc.
This seems to be heading a bit far afield for the topic. I've consolidated this to remove the non-Novi specific information. If there's a Japantown topic, it would be more appropriate to link to that instead of using this topic to cover the entire Japantown topic.

 * Well there had been an article at Japantown, Novi, Michigan, which seemed at the very least misnamed. I tagged it with Template:Prod, but that was removed by another editor so I nominated it for deletion. The result was to merge. And so, although User:Tyrenius did about as good a job as could be expected with paring the article down before merging it, there is still quite a lot of unsourced content (which may also perhaps be entirely irrelevant to Novi as well). Go ahead and be bold. older ≠ wiser 02:41, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

Urban sprawl
I've added the NPOV-section tag to this section, as it seems to be heavily biased.

While I don't disagree with most of the facts presented, the phrasing is clearly outside the realm of a neutral point of view, and should be cleaned up.

Kevin 04:12, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

It hardly seems accurate to "blame" or "credit" 12 Oaks Mall for the surrounding suburban sprawl when every adjacent community, which don't have retail on the scale of 12 Oaks Mall, have seen as much or more sprawl. Plus, 12 Oaks doesn't even provide the best example of sprawl. Across the street from the Mall is the 160 acre Toll Gate Farm and just down the road is over 600 acres of parkland, hardly examples of sprawl.

Thinking about this some more, an article on urban sprawl in Novi shouldn't focus on the mall. And the intro. already discusses the loss of open space and farmland in the city.

There was a paragraph on oversaturation that was removed along with the sprawl paragarph -- I didn't write it, and don't know whether it's accurate, but I thought I'd copy it here for someone else to edit/re-add:

The City of Novi is thought now to be experiencing an oversaturization of retail space, as can be witnessed in several retail developments that have relatively high vacancy rates, such as Novi Town Center (nearly 50% vacant) and the bankrupt "Main Street" project (never completed). At one point, developers of the Fountain Walk Mall had also filed bankruptcy. Furthermore, recent plans published in The Detroit News call for nearly 90,000sq. ft. of Fountain Walk to be demolished to be made more "pedestrian friendly". Most of the space slated for demolition never held a single tenant since completion in 2002. It remains to be seen if the additional retail floorspace at Twelve Oaks will be quickly occupied.

Tlogmer ( talk / contributions ) 04:23, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

 * There's a fair amount of research that would need to be completed before that paragraph could be put back, as well as NPOV rewording, and some weasel words would need to be fixed. For instance:
 * Who thinks that Novi is oversaturated? (some kind of published study would need to reflect this sentiment as being widely held among residents or urban engineers / other relevant professionals)
 * "Nearly 50% vacant" is not acceptable. The Mervyn's section is largely abandoned, but the rest of the Town Center has few vacancies. Again, this has to be verified somewhere.
 * Claiming the Fountain Walk developers filed for bankruptcy needs to be substantiated (e.g. )
 * The mention of "additional retail floorspace at Twelve Oaks" is somewhat ambiguous. There doesn't appear to be an abundance of available space at Twelve Oaks currently, and it naturally "remains to be seen" if the Nordstrom addition will be occupied, as it hasn't been built yet. So if we take the phrasing as current, it needs to be substantiated. If we take it to mean the new addition, then it's crystal balling. Kevin 07:04, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

October 21st Reversion
An anonymous Wikipedian made some minor changes to the phrasing of Novi's government. I'm reasonably sure that the person was well-intentioned, as "weak mayor" may appear offensive / POV. However, the delegations of authority in Novi do suggest that the mayor is "weak" in terms of authority prescribed by the city's charter. Thus, the mayoral office is "weak" because appointments and other matters have to be approved by the city council, rather than the mayor having unilateral authority.

Perhaps someone with a better understanding of Novi's charter could re-write this? Kevin 05:11, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

"Weak mayor" is neither offensive or POV. It's a standard description for Novi's form of government. In Novi, the mayor doesn't exercise additional powers outside those of the other council members. It's clearly different than a strong mayor system. Someone could try working in the links to explain the differences.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_mayor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council-manager_government

 * I don't disagree at all. I'm just willing to believe that people who are less familiar with different political systems may misinterpret it. The fact that it makes sense to you and me doesn't necessarily mean that it makes sense to everyone. Kevin 05:13, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

That's why I suggested incorporating the links for those unfamiliar with the concept. I'm not sure how you would otherwise describe the differences without writing an extended explanation that would be out of place in this article.

Famous People
Quite a few athletes live in Novi including Nick Lidstrom among others:

http://www.freep.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070123/SPORTS14/701230385/1048/BUSINESS05

What's the criteria for including them?

 * The criteria can be found at WP:Notability (people), though I would be careful about how complete the list is, as it may be seen as arbitrary. Personally, I'd use their articles as a lithmus. If they have their own article on Wikipedia and it is more than a stub, they pass the notability test pretty well. Kevin 09:12, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

Paved Over
Describing farms and open spaces as "paved over" accurately describes what has happened to those places. "Development" white-washes that by using something so generic in description that it could mean just about anything. Claiming that language is NPOV and "paved over" is not reflects the bias of those undoing the edit. "Paved over" is a fact, not a viewpoint. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.216.129.247 (talk) 00:10, 2 October 2007 (UTC)
 * One of the inherent problems with using the term "paved over" is that it would literally need to be true. You could describe a farm as being "paved over" if it had, in fact, been turned in to a parking lot. However, suggesting that all farms in Novi and all open spaces in Novi have been "paved over" is patently false, and is clearly phrased to convey a specific point of view.

 * Perhaps more importantly, it would need to be true and documented by trusted sources. If you can find a Detroit News article (for example) that says "The City of Novi used to have a vast expanse of farms and open spaces, all of which have now been replaced by concrete and asphalt," we'd have something here.

 * Consider your own statement, in saying that "development" is a term that "white-washes". Your agenda seems fairly obvious. Kevin 05:30, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

Your comments ignore the context of the description. The section discussed parks and natural areas. Those places are notable today because of the scarcity of such sites in the city and the unique quality of resources that they contain. In that context, explaining why they are so unique is relevant to the understanding of such places. That's why the original language that talked about those places being lost to development was appropriate. The term "paved over" is likely to be viewed by some as inflammatory but it is nevertheless a statement of fact. Would the statement "largely paved over" meet your objections? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.222.66.164 (talk) 02:46, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

 * As you can see in previous discussions, parks and undeveloped land in Novi are not scarce. When considering this type of statement, we have to take the entire city as a whole. If you were making reference to the Grand River / Novi Road corridor, I'm sure you could easily find consensus for your point of view. However, when you take in to consideration the stretches of open land between 10 Mile and 8 Mile from Beck to the Wixom / Lyon Township borders, it is clear that the majority of the city is not "paved over". -- Kevin 15:10, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

The area that you describe does not constitute a majority of the area of the city and is hardly representative of Novi as a whole. Also, these statistics from Oakland County show that in fact, over 50% of the land in the city, a majority of land, has been converted from open space and farmland into roads and developed land.

http://www.oakgov.com/peds/assets/docs/luz_docs/sum2006_50.pdf —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.216.127.190 (talk) 04:40, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately, I get a server error when I try to click that link. However, for the sake of argument, I'll accept that over 50% of the available land in Novi has been developed. That's still a very far cry from "paved over", and is statistically meaningless unless you compare it to every other city in southeast Michigan. -- Kevin 05:21, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

Mattp13 edits
Why is this user being allowed to do wholesale editing of the article? Is this a Wiki entry or a marketing opportunity for the city of novi? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.216.106.51 (talk) 22:41, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Those edits were nonconstructive, and I have notified the user. He/she is new to wikipedia, and hopefully will become an experienced editor with practice.  Thank you for reverting the edits, as there were quite a lot.  Tealwisp (talk) 02:35, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

Shopping section
The section about shopping centers is largely useless. It needs to be rewritten to cover things that are notable, such as the effect of Twelve Oaks on the population growth, or the prominence of Rock Financial Showplace. I'll delete it in a few days, unless someone can give a reasonable reason not to. Tealwisp (talk) 21:52, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

Sanjay Gupta
Gupta hasn't even been nominated for the Surgeon General's position. Do not list his as Surgeon General unless and until he's nominated and approved for the position. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.216.127.248 (talk) 04:17, 14 February 2009 (UTC)
 * He has been nominated (see these) and is awaiting only the Senate's confirmation. Show us something that says he has not been nominated.  Tealwisp (talk) 06:08, 14 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Neither of the sources you link to say he has been nominated yet. He has been offered the position and he has indicated he would accept, but he will not be formally nominated until he has been vetted. Look at the Sanjay Gupta article. older ≠ wiser 12:10, 14 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I don't see anything in the article that says he hasn't been nominated, but would you agree to compromise, with the addition of content saying the position was offered?

 * The last sentence of the intro in Sanjay Gupta states: In January 2009, it was reported that he accepted an offer to serve as Surgeon General in the Obama administration; nomination would follow completion of the final vetting process, which is sourced to the Washington Post. The current version of Surgeon General of the United States says the same. His nomination has not been presented for consideration to the Senate, which is what is meant by formally nominated. Similar phrasing could be included here. older ≠ wiser 11:19, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

Is this a tabloid or an encyclopedia? What is the purpose of including speculative information? When he is formally nominated, it can be updated to note that. What's the point otherwise? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.213.86.70 (talk) 04:35, 19 February 2009 (UTC)

 * It's not speculative, he has been selected by Obama, and is awaiting the completion of the vetting process. I'll grab some refs.  Tealwisp (talk) 01:06, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Gupta has declined the nomination, just for anyone curious. Tealwisp (talk) 05:40, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

Historical Facts
Why is the request for citation placed on historical facts that are verified by the links provided? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.216.105.36 (talk) 05:28, 12 June 2009 (UTC)

Well, it helps to have a reference right next to the fact, rather than finding it at the bottom. Simply use the links provided and convert them into a citation. Thanks,  Ishwasafishclick here!!! 15:18, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

To do that, simply add " " on the ends of the link. Tealwisp (talk) 17:41, 28 July 2009 (UTC)

The library information was removed due to numerous errors. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.130.69.39 (talk) 02:17, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

City Incorporation
The vote totals on the city web page are incorrect. See Michigan Public Acts of 1969 for correct totals. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.111.163.209 (talk) 17:09, 31 March 2010 (UTC)

Why nothing about Novi engine?
Why isn't there anything said about the Novi engine ? It is, after all, either named after or was built in Novi. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.179.162.142 (talk) 23:13, 3 June 2011 (UTC)

 * That's a really good question. The Novi engine was built in Novi. Would you mind adding it? There's a history about it in the Novi Library.  Ishwasafishclick here!!!  23:44, 3 June 2011 (UTC)

Village of Novi
Does anyone know where I can find a map of the previously incorporated Village of Novi showing the village boundaries? I'm intersted in where it was located within the current City of Novi before the village and most of the township merged. --Criticalthinker (talk) 07:30, 17 February 2013 (UTC)
 * I'm not certain but maybe old U.S. Census records may have the answer? If we know what year they merged, maybe somebody can go to the National Archives in Washington, D.C. and try to find the old Census records? Alternatively old records may be in the libraries in Lansing or Detroit. WhisperToMe (talk) 20:24, 9 January 2015 (UTC)

Classification of Sundai Michigan International Academy
I put it in miscellaneous education since it doesn't seem to be a full-on school, and according to the enrollment statistics it had a total of three students: http://nces.ed.gov/globallocator/sch_info_popup.asp?Type=Private&ID=A0104565 - It is not accredited.

A full list of the schools in Novi is here: http://nces.ed.gov/globallocator/index.asp?search=1&city=Novi&state=MI&zipcode=48377&miles=10&itemname=&sortby=name&School=1&PrivSchool=1&College=1&Library=1&CS=FC78A8BC WhisperToMe (talk) 00:20, 4 March 2014 (UTC)

Lotus Bank (Asian Indian issue)
I don't know if this belongs in the article, but here is something on Lotus Bank: This Novi bank opened in 2007. Its mission statement was that it was "with the intent to serve the Indian and Asian communities in Southeast Michigan." - In 2013 two Indians, one resident in Oakland County, filed a lawsuit claiming the bank employees were racially insensitive to them WhisperToMe (talk) 10:06, 9 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Phillips, Dave. "Novi's Lotus Bank accused of racial insensitivity in business dealings." Oakland Press. March 26, 2013.

Maps
WhisperToMe (talk) 01:21, 10 March 2014 (UTC)
 * http://www.cityofnovi.org/Community/PDFMaps/PrivateDevelopment.pdf - http://www.webcitation.org/6NxRngRqY

Little Tokyo in Novi article
I checked to make sure the version of the Little Tokyo in Novi article at the Northern Equities Group was identical to record number det-129398628 of The Detroit News. In the RX archives of January 2015 it was confirmed to be identical: WikiProject_Resource_Exchange/Resource_Request WhisperToMe (talk) 20:23, 9 January 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 6 one external links on Novi, Michigan. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20121115232718/http://www.census.gov:80/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt to http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20140714101205/http://www.theoaklandpress.com/articles/2011/09/28/news/local_news/doc4e83c217cb809003434715.txt to http://www.theoaklandpress.com/articles/2011/09/28/news/local_news/doc4e83c217cb809003434715.txt
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20140718090757/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=16000US3714700&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US37%7C16000US3714700&_street=&_county=novi&_cityTown=novi&_state=04000US26&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=160&_submenuId=factsheet_1&ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_SAFF&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null&reg=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry= to http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=16000US3714700&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US37%7C16000US3714700&_street=&_county=novi&_cityTown=novi&_state=04000US26&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=160&_submenuId=factsheet_1&ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_SAFF&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null&reg=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry=
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20140718153630/http://www.sportingnews.com/exclusives/20080528/1039285-p.html to http://www.sportingnews.com/exclusives/20080528/1039285-p.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20140718084550/http://www.cityofnovi.org/government/Mayor/Proclamations.asp to http://www.cityofnovi.org/government/Mayor/Proclamations.asp#Lidstrom
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20140825153539/http://in.news.yahoo.com/video/detroitwxyz-20910802/lidstrom-honored-by-street-sign-named-after-him-24648208.html to http://in.news.yahoo.com/video/detroitwxyz-20910802/lidstrom-honored-by-street-sign-named-after-him-24648208.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 15:44, 29 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Novi, Michigan. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6C2DNkV2z to http://www.slcs.us/Land%20Graphics%20Maps/dolsen%20new.pdf
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6C2DdmMUs to http://www.slcs.us/Land%20Graphics%20Maps/hardy%20new.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 10:52, 4 July 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Novi, Michigan. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6C2DNkV2z to http://www.slcs.us/Land%20Graphics%20Maps/dolsen%20new.pdf
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6C2DdmMUs to http://www.slcs.us/Land%20Graphics%20Maps/hardy%20new.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 20:31, 10 July 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 8 one external links on Novi, Michigan. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov to http://factfinder2.census.gov
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.noreq.com/inner.asp?bid=10&area_2=pages/news/neg_news.dat&ml_index=6&norelay_place=here&objectid=C6AB6170&articletitle=Little
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fwww%2Fdecennial.html to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.freep.com/article/20130531/NEWS05/305310017/Hindu-temple-opens-in-Novi
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://cityofnovi.org/Community/PDFMaps/ElementaryAttendanceAreas.pdf
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.cityofnovi.org/Community/PDFMaps/ElementaryAttendanceAreas.pdf
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://cityofnovi.org/Community/PDFMaps/ElementaryAttendanceAreas.pdf
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://novilibrary.org/aboutnovi.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:47, 14 September 2016 (UTC)

Toll roads in Michigan
Yes, there were in the middle of the 19th Century. Wooden plank roads. 7&6=thirteen (☎) 21:11, 30 September 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 5 external links on Novi, Michigan. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://factfinder2.census.gov/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.noreq.com/inner.asp?bid=10&area_2=pages%2Fnews%2Fneg_news.dat&ml_index=6&norelay_place=here&objectid=C6AB6170&articletitle=Little%20Tokyo%20thrives%20in%20Novi%20as%20Japanese%20population%20expands&norelay_ai=F6D8184B5D6248DBBAC0FAD57E13A85C&norelay_reset=fal
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131109050601/http://www.cus.wayne.edu/content/publications/Asians7.pdf to http://www.cus.wayne.edu/content/publications/Asians7.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 12:37, 27 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Novi, Michigan


text:
File:Closer movie poster.jpg

Summary
Movie poster of Closer

Fair use in Closer (2004 film)
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the artwork/image.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image  is significant because it was used to promoted a notable film.

title: File:Closer movie poster.jpg


text: Talk:The Very Best of The Smiths

title: Talk:The Very Best of The Smiths


text:
Talk:Poetic diction

English Section Lacks Examples
The section on English poetic diction mostly just talks about how poetic diction has been rejected by this and that great author, it doesn't describe the characteristics of English poetic diction. Furthermore the only example given is an example of the bad aspects of English poetic diction. Is English poetic diction really that lame? I guess after Old Norse (or Anglo-Saxon) comes up with phrases like "sword-weather", all else pales by comparison.Fema (talk) 03:01, 14 January 2011 (UTC)

Concept not introduced
The introduction doesn't introduce the phenomenon of poetic language. It only describes the status of poetic language in Western society, which isn't helpful, because the idea is that it doesn't exist. ᛭ LokiClock (talk) 17:37, 27 April 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Poetic diction


text:
File:SOCOG org structure 1998.gif

. TGH The Olympics were very fun and exiting.

Milly UIOYL

title: File:SOCOG org structure 1998.gif


text:
Slavkov u Brna

Slavkov u Brna (Austerlitz) is a town in Vyškov District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 7,200 inhabitants. The town gave its name to the Battle of Austerlitz, which took place several kilometres west of the town. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone.

Etymology
The German name Austerlitz (and the former Czech name Novosedlice) is derived from Latin Nova sedes (i.e. "new settlement"), which has gradually evolved over history through the names Novosedeliz (1237), Nausedlicz (1322), Neusserlicz (1343), Nausterlitz (1460) and Austerlitz (1611). The current Czech name Slavkov is derived from Slávek (colloquial name of Bohuslav), who probably owned a manor house here. This name was first documented in 1361. In 1918, Slavkov was renamed Slavkov u Brna ("Slavkov near Brno") to distinguish from other places with the same name.

Geography
Slavkov u Brna is located about 16 km east of Brno. It is situated on the border of three geomorphological regions: the northeastern part of the municipal territory lies in the Litenčice Hills, the northwestern part lies in the Dyje–Svratka Valley and the southern part extends into the Ždánice Forest. The highest point is the hill Urban at 361 m above sea level. The Litava River flows through the town.

History
At the end of the 12th century, Margrave Vladislaus III gave the area to the Teutonic Order. The first written mention of Slavkov is from 1237 in a deed of Wenceslaus I. It was originally a market village with a fortified stronghold and a church, located at the crossroads of trade routes. The Teutonic Order founded a commandery here.

From 1396 to 1407, Slavkov was held by Jobst of Moravia. In 1407, it was returned to the Teutonic Order, but after the defeat of the Order in the Battle of Grunwald, Slavkov was confiscated from them in 1411.

In the 14th century, a Jewish ghetto was established near the commandery. The merger of the Christian and Jewish communities created a strong economic agglomeration, which was promoted to a town by King Wenceslaus IV in 1416. The town was strongly fortified and had four gates.

The town often changed owners until 1509, when the noble family of Kaunitz assumed control for more than 400 years. They made it the main seat of the family.

Transport
The I/50 road (part of the European route E50), which connects the D1 motorway near Brno with Uherské Hradiště and the Czech-Slovak border, passes through the town.

Slavkov u Brna is located on the railway line Brno–Uherské Hradiště.

Sights
On the site of the old fortress was built a Renaissance residence at the end of the 16th century. The Slavkov Castle was rebuilt to the current Baroque form by Italian architect Domenico Martinelli in the 1680s. It belongs to the oldest preserved noble residences in Moravia. In its historic salon, an armistice was signed between Austria and France after the Battle of Austerlitz on 2 December 1805. There is a small museum and a multimedia presentation about the battle. The castle includes a French formal garden, part of which was simplified into an English park.

The landmarks of the town square are the late Renaissance town hall from 1592 and a mansion. Remains of the town walls from the 14th and 15th centuries have been preserved to this day. They are about 4 m high.

The parish Church of the Resurrection of the Lord is a late Baroque and Neoclassical building, built in 1786–1789. It has three pulpits. The church was designed by Johann Ferdinand Hetzendorf of Hohenberg.

The cemetery Chapel of Saint John the Baptist is located on the site of a hospital from the 13th century. Its current appearance is from 1743. Beneath the church is a vault with the Kaunitz family tomb.

Chapel of Saint Urban on the Urban Hill was built by design of Domenico Martinelli in 1712. It was badly damaged during the Battle of Austerlitz and had to be rebuilt in 1858–1861.

Only the synagogue built in 1858 remains from the Jewish ghetto. There is also a Jewish cemetery.

Legacy
Much in the same way that in London, the English have named Waterloo Station to commemorate their victory at Waterloo, the French gave the name of Austerlitz to one of the major Parisian train stations, the Gare d'Austerlitz, the neighbouring bridge Pont d'Austerlitz, and the waterfront Quai d'Austerlitz. In the Netherlands, a village named Austerlitz was founded in commemoration of the battle, as was a small town of Austerlitz, New York.

Notable people

 * Abraham Aberle (1811–1841), poet and translator
 * František Koláček (1851–1913), physicist
 * Peregrin Obdržálek (1825–1891), Catholic priest, writer and humorist
 * Lubomír Tesáček (1957–2011), athlete

Austerlitz is a Jewish family name, of which the bearers are nowadays spread worldwide but which indicate and ultimate family origin in the town. The dancer Fred Astaire was born Fred Austerlitz, and thus it could be assumed that his ancestors lived in this town.

Twin towns – sister cities
Slavkov u Brna is twinned with:
 * 🇫🇷 Darney, France
 * 🇦🇹 Horn, Austria
 * Pag, Croatia
 * 🇵🇱 Sławków, Poland
 * Zeist, Netherlands

title: Slavkov u Brna


text: Category:1218 births

title: Category:1218 births


text: Category:1234 deaths

title: Category:1234 deaths


text:
Adam Kuhn

Adam Kuhn (28 November 1741 – 5 July 1817) was an American physician and naturalist, and one of the earliest professors of medicine in a North American university.

Formative years
Kuhn was born in Germantown, Province of Pennsylvania, a son of German immigrant parents. He studied medicine under his father, Dr. Adam Simon Kuhn. Then he went to Sweden and studied medicine and natural history 1761–1764 at Uppsala University, where he studied with Carl Linnaeus. Linnaeus named a flower in Kuhn's honor: Kuhnia eupatoriodes. He continued his studies at the University of Edinburgh, where he graduated as M.D. in June 1767, and published his thesis, De Lavatione frigida ('About cold baths').

Medical career
Returning to America, he practiced as a physician in Philadelphia and was 1768–1789 professor of Materia medica and 1789–1797 of the Theory and Practice of Medicine at the Medical School of the College of Philadelphia (later the University of Pennsylvania), founded in 1765 as the first faculty of Medicine in the thirteen colonies. Concurrently, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1768 where he served as its curator from 1769-1770 and 1771-1772.

Kuhn was a physician of the Pennsylvania Hospital from May 1775, until January 1798. He was one of the founders of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia in 1787, and was its president from July 1808 until his death. His students included Valentine Seaman, who mapped yellow fever mortality patterns in New York and introduced the smallpox vaccine to the United States in 1799.

Benjamin Rush wrote in his autobiography that Kuhn, after the death of Dr John Jones in June 1791, was considered the leading physician in Philadelphia and the one favored by "the principal officers of the general government". He treated "Washington Custes" (George Washington Custis, the son of Washington's stepson, see Martha Washington) and functioned as the family physician of George Washington. There is, however, no evidence that he actually treated the President.

title: Adam Kuhn


text: File:SOCOG org structure 1999.gif

title: File:SOCOG org structure 1999.gif


text:
Talk:Chelsey

oh yeah! me too!

title: Talk:Chelsey


text: Category:Irish laws

title: Category:Irish laws


text: User:CXI/SOTD

title: User:CXI/SOTD


text:
Paris Marathon

The Paris Marathon (Marathon de Paris) is an annual marathon hosted by the city of Paris, France. It is the largest running event in France in terms of finishers and the marathon with the second-most finishers in the world, behind the New York City Marathon.

The marathon begins along the Champs-Élysées, runs southeast through the city to the Bois de Vincennes, heads back through the city along the River Seine, and finishes on Avenue Foch.

Tour de Paris era
The first Paris Marathon, the Tour de Paris Marathon, took place in 1896. A big crowd gathered to watch 191 participants. It was run over a course of 40 km from Paris to Conflans-Sainte-Honorine via Versailles, and the organisers decided to award a commemorative medal to all runners who finished the race in less than 4 hours.

The distance of 40 km was chosen as it was the distance separating Marathon from Athens. The current distance of the race is 42.195 km, which the IAAF established in 1921 as the standard length of a marathon, following the 1908 Olympic race in London.

This first race was won by Len Hurst from England who crossed the finishing line in 2 hours, 31 minutes and 30 seconds. His prize money was 200 francs.

Some sources, including the Association of Road Racing Statisticians, consider Frenchwoman Marie-Louise Ledru as the first female to race the now-defined marathon distance of 42.195 km, as she set a time of 5 hours and 40 minutes during the 1918 edition of the Tour de Paris, while other sources, including the International Association of Athletics Federations, credits Violet Piercy as the first to do so.

Current era
The present Paris Marathon dates from 1976. It is normally held on a Sunday in April and is limited to 50,000 runners. It is organised by the Amaury Sport Organisation. It is notable for the attractive route through the heart of the city of Paris.

Unlike most other marathons, but like all races in France, the Paris Marathon requires a doctor's note no more than a year old, stating that there is "no contraindication to competitive running".

Course
The race starts on the Avenue des Champs-Élysées going downhill to circle round the Place de la Concorde before turning right onto Rue de Rivoli. The route passes the Louvre, then goes round the Place de la Bastille, and down Boulevard Soult to the Bois de Vincennes. A long loop of the Bois de Vincennes returns the route into the heart of Paris. The halfway point is reached at Rue de Charenton. The route now follows the course of the Seine, passing Île de la Cité and going under the Pont Neuf, then a series of tunnels. There is a large drinks station and foot massage site at Trocadéro, opposite the Eiffel Tower. The route continues along the Seine, before branching off east to eventually pass through Bois de Boulogne, emerging for the final 200 metres and the finish on the Avenue Foch.

2023
The race was held on April 2, 2023. Abeje Ayana won the men's event in his first marathon with a time of 2:07:15. Helah Kiprop overcame a 1 minute + deficit to win the women's race in 2:23:19

2021
The 2021 edition of the race was postponed to 2021.10.17 due to the pandemic, before registration opened.

2020
The 2020 edition of the race was originally postponed due to the coronavirus pandemic, rescheduled for the autumn on 15 November 2020, before being cancelled in August. Registrants were given the option of transferring their entry to 2021, obtaining a voucher of equivalent value, or obtaining a refund after 18 months.

2019
The race took place on Sunday, April 14, 2019. Abraha Milaw took the men's title in 2 h 07 min 05 sec, a personal best. He prevented Paul Lonyangata, who finished in third place, from claiming a third successive title. Gelete Burka took the women's title with a time of 2 h 22 min 47 sec, leading home an all Ethiopian podium.

2018
The race was run on April 8, 2018. Paul Lonyangata became the first men's runner in 28 years to claim back-to-back Paris marathon titles after he successfully defended his crown in a time of 2 h 06 min 25 sec. Kenya retained the women's title too, as Betsy Saina raced to victory in 2 h 22 min 56 sec, just three seconds ahead of countrywoman and silver medalist, Ruth Chepngetich.

2017
The race was run on April 9, 2017. The top male finisher was Kenyan Paul Lonyangata in a time of 2 h 06 min 10 sec. The top female finisher was Kenyan Purity Rionoripoe with a time of 2 h 20 min 55 sec. 42483 participants started the race, 41736 finished it.

2016
On April 3, 2016, the men's race was won by Cyprian Kotut, who stopped the clock at 2:07:11 for his first marathon win. The top four finishers in the men's race were Kenyan. In the women's race, Visiline Jepkesho, again from Kenya, came home first in 2:25:53.

2015
The race was run on April 12, 2015. The top male finisher was Kenyan Mark Korir in a time of 2 h 05 min 48 sec. The top female finisher was Ethiopian's Meseret Mengistu with a time of 2 h 23 min 26 sec.

2014
The race was run on April 6, 2014. The top male finisher, Ethiopian Kenenisa Bekele, broke the course record with a debut time of 2 h 05 min 04 sec. Bekele's winning time is the sixth-fastest debut in history on a record eligible course, and it was also the fastest ever debut by someone older than 30. The top female finisher was Kenya's Flomena Cheyech, finishing in a time of 2 h 22 min 44 sec.

2008
The race was run on April 6, 2008. The top male finisher, Ethiopian Tsegaye Kebede, just missed the course record with a time of 2 h 06 min 40 sec. The top female finisher was Kenya's Martha Komu finishing in a time of 2 h 25 min 33 sec. Her partner, Frenchman Simon Munyutu, qualified for this year's Olympics with a time of 2 h 09 min 24 sec. The handisport race was won was by Mexico's Saul Mendoza in a time of 1 h 32 min 27 sec over France's Denis Lemeunier and Heinz Frei of Switzerland. 29,706 competitors started the race.

2007
The race was run on April 15, 2007. The top male finisher was Shami Mubarak from Qatar in a time of 2:07:19 narrowly beating Frenchman Paul Astin who was trained by the legendary "Mursalese" (despite his short stature, Mursalese was a renowned long-distance runner having broken the Bangladeshi marathon record in 1993). The top female finisher was Tafa Magarsa from Ethiopia in a time of 2:25:08. Handisport race was won by Kurt Fearnley in 1:30:45.A runner who also ran in London's British 10K that year. 28,261 competitors started the race.

2006
The race was run on April 9, 2006. The top male finisher was Gashaw Melese from Ethiopia in a time of 2:08:03. The top female finisher was Irina Timofeyeva from Russia in a time of 2:27:02.She also ran later in the British 10K. South African Ernst Van Dyck won the Handisport race in 1:33:58.

2005
The 29th Paris Marathon was run on 10 April 2005. The top male finisher was Kenyan runner Salim Kipsang with a time of 2h08'02, followed in by fellow Kenyan Paul Biwott 13 seconds later. The top female finisher was Lydiya Grigoryeva in 2h27'00. Ernst Van Dyck won the Handisport race in a time of 1h23’17.

2004
The top male finisher was newcomer Ethiopian Ambesse Tolossa in a time of 2:08:56. This was the Ethiopian's 9th ever marathon and he beat the race favourite - Kenya's Raymond Kipkoech who came in at 2:10:08. The fastest female was Kenyan runner Salina Kosgei (also a newcomer on the event) in 2:24:32, ahead of Ethiopian Asha Gigi and France's Corrine Raux. Switzerland's Heinz Frei won the wheelchair event in 1h37'43. 30,430 competitors started the race.

2003
The top male finisher was Kenyan Mike Rotich with a time of 2:06:33, setting a new record for this event. Coming in second, France's Benoît Zwierzchiewski equalled the existing European record, at 2:06:33. The fastest female was Kenyan runner Béatrice Omwanza in 2:27:41, ahead of Italy's Rosaria Console.

France's Joel Jeannot won the wheelchair event.

Winners
Key:
 * Course record
 * French championship race

title: Paris Marathon


text:
User:Stanislas~enwiki

Hi - my name is stanislas, and i am reading form Poland

title: User:Stanislas~enwiki


text:
Talk:Ledo Road

Untitled
I cleaned up some unbalanced quotes (and a typo) in the last para of the long quotations at the end of the article. But the very last sentence of the quotations (beginning "If it had been left to me, on military grounds...") was marked with three quotes (the opening pair of quotes never having been closed). Since there was no notation of 'emphasis added' or 'emphasis in original', I removed the triple quotes, leaving the entire block in italics. Mwanner 14:34, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

Many lives of the Burma Road
The first historical records are about pilgrimage of Chinese monks going to India and back home with biddhist texts, then came  the smugglers and pirates. The WWII Burma Road has been made for heavier transportation over this ancient trails, as the Ho Chi Minh Highway is the second life of the Ho Chi Minh trail.

Takima 04:42, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

The travel situation
I've rewritten parts of the article dealing with the travel situation in the area. Yes, people have traveled the road recently. But the situation was different years ago and its still different today for journalists. If you greese the right wheels in the country, make the right assurances about what you will say about the country and have no political ties to groups the government doesn't like, you can go anywhere and do anything. You can also bribe your way in over closed borders and get away with all kinds of stuff. But remember, its usually the local people you come in contact with that are going to be held responsible and punished for whatever you do.

24-zig in Guizhou
http://www.cbiexpeditions.com/html_pages/article2.htm

--77.130.23.187 (talk) 00:06, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Road signs filmed by Gyles Mackrell
I added External media to link to Gyles Mackrell's film Making the road from Ledo (Stilwell Road); Pangsau Pass linked from. Here is a list of the road signs found: I have copied the above from Talk:Gyles Mackrell. -84user (talk) 18:49, 1 November 2010 (UTC)
 * at 07:32 sign depicting Bugs Bunny saying: "Listen Doc fun is fun. But Speedin here just isn't done"; and text below: "SPEED LIMIT 25MPH"; a figure resembling Elmer Fudd appears on the left
 * at 07:38 a sign depicting a scantily clad woman with text: "HO YOU CAN'T GET THAT ANY MORE! UNLESS YOU DRIVE CAREFULLY AROUND THESE CURVES";
 * at 08:08 a sign depicting a short-skirted woman with text (unreadable, start might be "SLOW DOWN")
 * at 08:10 a sign depicting a posing seated woman with text starting "YOU MIGHT" (rest very unclear, maybe "USE YOUR HEAD", ends "25 MPH")
 * at 08:14 a sign with text starting "MILES/STEEP GRADE WITH SHARP CURVES REDUCE SPEED AND USE LOW GEAR"
 * at 08:16 a sign with unreadable text and tower icon below
 * at 08:26 a sign with text "STILWELL ROAD LEDO . ASSAM 0.00" flanked by two shields and above two columns of five black bars each with unreadable text; this is possibly the mile sign mentioned in Ledo Road

Recently added material that needs to be cleaned-up
The following material was recently added to the article by User:DIP 1031. Since the material was not properly formatted and not integrated into the existing article, I've moved it here instead. Please feel free to use this material in the article as is appropriate (with credit to DIP 1031). Kaldari (talk) 05:54, 15 January 2014 (UTC)

History behind the birth of Stillwell Road
One would be amazed to see the birth of the Stillwell road in Assam. Come see the true story behind its rebirth.

On 14th to 17th August of the year 1999 this road was declared AS THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE ROUTE in a meeting held between India, China, Bangladesh and Myanmar. Above all boarder trading was allowed in Pangsau pass between Indian – Burma border; twice in a month. On 3rd October 1999 a park was inaugurated at Zero point of Stillwell Road.

In the earlier year of 1942 Japan succeeded in taking control over Burma from Britain. Britain, USA and China allied and formed South East Asiatic Command (SEAC) to fight against Japan. Allied force unable to survive against Japan fled to Assam.

Worth mentioning that during the formation of the SEAC US President Roosevelt provided war like materials and support to the Nationalist Forces of China under Major General Issimo well known as Chiang- Kai-Sak at wartime. Therefore Roosevelt selected Joseph W Stillwell as the Deputy Supreme Commander of SEAC and General of India-China-Burma battlefield. He was also made responsible for supplying war support to China. He was made the sole communication media between China and USA.

His front office was based in Taipha, a place behind Patkai, in Hukong valley’s north of Chindwin River where in Chindwin and river Tarung River meets. His back office was based in Shillong. This Chindwin River was the boarder between Japan and SEAC during that time. Main office during the war time was in Delhi for Burma – India battlefield.

After Japan captured Burma Road between China and Burma was blocked. And China was isolated from the rest of the world. This was the only road through which war like materials and support was provided to China. Now that China was totally isolated therefore the need for an emergency road was very much felt by the allied force. As such the responsibility of this urgent need for the emergency road was place on the shoulders of General Joseph W Stillwell. As per a 1942 plan, a road was proposed to be constructed to connect Misina railway of Burma, Morgaon town. Kumon Bung, Chowkan pass (8000 ft height) of the Patkai range to Ledo in Assam. During this time a branch of Dibru - Sadia railways already ran toward Ledo. This was the only source for military support to Ledo. Not depending solely on railways a road parallel to the planed railway was also decided to be constructed from Ledo to Makum (in Assam).

On the other hand in Burma, a road already existed from the Lachio railway end to Kunming of China. This road was an emergency road constructed in 1938 after Japanese invasion in 1937 where the Japanese were just about to reach Beijing. There also existed a railway from Kunming to Chungking in China. Under General Joseph W Stillwell in July 1942 a force was formed of the US army and people of Khachin from Assam and named it American – Khachin Rangers (AK Rangers). The AK Rangers chased the Japanese army to Mandalay and recaptured the Burma – Kunming road. Similarly under Brigadier Ordey Wingte of Britain, formed a force named Sinding (name of the Dragon of Burmese temple) by the British army, Burmese, and the Gurkas, who captured Misina airport in 1944. A post of Political Officer on Special duty was created for six month in the year 1942 and Air Raid Precaution officer (ARP) – E.T. D. Lambert of Jorhat airport was appointed for the same. He surveyed via air as well as land and made three probable road maps. They three road possibilities are as follows:-

•	First possibility was for a road running from Ledo to Meow via Numsic road, then from North or South of Deiun River to Chowkan pass. •	Second one was from Ledo to Nampong and passing Masum then north of Patkai to South of Duein river to Chowkan pass •	The Third from Ledo-Nampong to Wangkhap via Masum then to Patkia to Chowkan pass then to Kubanboom Mountain in the south of Chowkan pass to Mowgoan town.

Seeing the lack of time and circumstances, the ARP officer forwarded a fourth proposal. According to this 4th proposal, a road from Shindbwiyang of Hukong valley crossing Pangsu pass (1200 ft) to Ledo which was the existing walkway (108 miles in length) was planed to renovate. From the three proposals the 1st one was sanctioned adding therewith to broaden the road by 6” breath so that American jeep could run on it.

Therefore Meow was made the center point where all materials and manpower was just started to gather. Just at this time an order was place for renovation of the existing walkway (mentioned in the 4th point) to be the main road. As such work started immediately from both China and Assam end.

Summary of the Road construction:
1.	Ten thousand Chinese labor, Nung tribals and Kachin workers started work from Kunming to Burma where the railway line existed. 2.	At Assam’s end a road was constructed from Makun rail junction upto the bridge of the Dehing river at Margherita by the PWD 3.	From the Bridge above the Dehing river up to Lakhaphani was supposed be be constructed by the army but was actually constructed by the labors of the Ledo tea estate and Makum Namdang tea estate under the guidance of Assam Railways and Trading company (AR&T). 4.	Road from Lakhapani upto Tirup river and via Namsic road to Namsic river was built by Tangsa tribes of Changlang District, this tribe was originally from Rungpung under the guidance of Late Chandradhar Gogoi. 5.	The remaining area that covers from Namsic river to Namgoi, Nampong, then passing Pangsu Pass upto Chimbuing was constructed by 1115 labors which included labors from Abor tribe, Sema Naga’s, Garo tribes, Miso- Misimi, Pungi, Galong and many mores, under the guidance of Ratna Bahadur Linbu of the IX th Platoon Assam  Rifles. This new road born from the walkway in Assam-Burma region and the existing road at China which was blocked by Japan that covers Misana – Lachio – Kungming was completed within 2 and half years. The Political Officer on Special duty- E.T. D. Lambert was helped by Assamese IPS officer Md. Imdad Alie. Later after Independence Md. Imdad Alie was the ambassador of Yemen. From October 1944 the trucks of the Allied Force started to run over this road. Worth mentioning that much before this the Japanese were chased away to Mandalay before trucks moved toward the battlefield. Stillwell road was named after the name of General Joseph W.Stillwell. This road was built during World War II to connect Ledo in Assam, India to Kunming of China. Originally this road was known as the Ledo road. It was renamed as the Stillwell road by Ching Kai Sheik in 1945 after General Joseph Warren Stillwell (1883-1946). The total cost in constructing this road was $137 million. This was constructed by the Americans. General Stillwell was the commander of troops in the CBI (China-Burma –India). A total of 63,000 people were employed who constructed 478 miles road.

The total length of the road is 1122 km, 350 km shorter than the original one. A transport team composed of Chinese and Americans chipped more than 50,000 tones of materials through the road for Chinese troops fighting against the Japanese Intruders for 8 months in 1945. Since then the road sank in oblivion and became little known to outsiders.

It winds up the passage of 9000 feet Patkai range and emerges at Chindbwiyang and then Myitkyian. Chief of staff to allied force in China – Burma- India theatre known as Burma road in China, Ledo road in Burma and Stillwell road in India. The course was composed of around in 57km in India, 1040km in Burma and 139 km in China.

The India part of the road has been closed since 1961.

Total length = 1079 mile, 36 mile in India, 646 mile in Burma, 397 mile in China. Although the road from Makum to Ledo was constructed at the same time yet this was not included in the Stillwell road.

HOW TO REACH:

10, 20, and 30th Day of every month visitors can enter Burma border.

DOCUMENTS REQUIRED:
FOR INDIANS:

Inner Line Permit is necessary.

FOR FOREIGNER:

Inner Line Permit & RAP is necessary.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 14 external links on Ledo Road. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081013005441/http://www.tinsukia.nic.in/subpages/stilwell.html to http://tinsukia.nic.in/subpages/stilwell.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070212063023/http://www.tinsukia.nic.in/index.asp to http://tinsukia.nic.in/index.asp
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070519100609/http://ledoroad.home.comcast.net/Ledo_Signs.html to http://ledoroad.home.comcast.net/Ledo_Signs.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080509060125/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/Pacific06b.html to http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/Pacific06b.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070831075234/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=1522 to http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=1522
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081224143113/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/questions/topic.asp?id=1366 to http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/questions/topic.asp?id=1366
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081013005441/http://www.tinsukia.nic.in/subpages/stilwell.html to http://tinsukia.nic.in/subpages/stilwell.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070212063023/http://www.tinsukia.nic.in/index.asp to http://tinsukia.nic.in/index.asp
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070831075234/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=1522 to http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=1522
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070730080254/http://ledoroad.home.comcast.net/Ledo_About.html to http://ledoroad.home.comcast.net/Ledo_About.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070519100609/http://ledoroad.home.comcast.net/Ledo_Signs.html to http://ledoroad.home.comcast.net/Ledo_Signs.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100919001158/http://outsideonline.com/outside/toc/200310.html to http://outsideonline.com/outside/toc/200310.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20040928090002/http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/myanmartimes/no99/myanmartimes5-99/Timeouts/2.htm to http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/myanmartimes/no99/myanmartimes5-99/Timeouts/2.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050215154329/http://www.cbiexpeditions.com/html_pages/Ledo%20Road/index.htm to http://www.cbiexpeditions.com/html_pages/Ledo%20Road/index.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:30, 19 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ledo Road


text:
William Wilson Corcoran

William Wilson Corcoran (December 27, 1798 – February 24, 1888) was an American banker, philanthropist, and art collector. He founded the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.

Early life and education
Corcoran was born on December 27, 1798, in Georgetown in Washington, D.C., one of 12 children (six boys and six girls), six of whom survived to maturity. His father was Thomas Corcoran, a well-to-do merchant twice elected as mayor of Georgetown, and his mother was Hannah Lemmon. Thomas was born in Ireland, settled in Georgetown in 1788, and established a leather business.

William Corcoran was raised in Georgetown, where he studied classics and mathematics at local private schools run by Alexander Kirk and the Reverend Addison Belt. He attended classes for a year at Georgetown College, and then joined the family business.

Career
Corcoran entered business at age 17, working in dry goods store owned by two brothers and opened his own branch store two years later. The Corcoran brothers established a wholesale auction and commission business, but their ventures failed after the Panic of 1819.

He worked in another family business, and in 1828, he took control of a large amount of real estate from his father.

Corcoran was employed as a clerk at the Bank of Columbia at Georgetown branch, and then as a real estate and loan manager at the Second Bank of the United States in Washington.

In 1837, Corcoran established a brokerage firm on Pennsylvania Avenue at 15th Street. He was successful and in 1840 entered into a partnership with George Washington Riggs, a son of Elisha Riggs. The Corcoran and Riggs private banking firm enjoyed the patronage of Treasury Secretary Levi Woodbury and prospered after it re-sold to investors $5 million (~$ in ) of US Treasury notes in 1843. In 1845, it purchased the former Second Bank of the United States building located on 15th Street at New York Avenue.

In Spring 1847, Corcoran and Riggs sold to investors at home and abroad the bulk of two issues of the US Treasury Mexican War bonds; Corcoran's earnings were $1 million. In 1854, Corcoran retired from Corcoran and Riggs to focus on his investments in real estate, land grants, armaments, railroads, as well as pursue pleasure and philanthropic endeavors.

Art
In contrast to many contemporary art patrons, Corcoran was not exclusively interested in European works, and he assembled one of the first important collections of American art.

In 1851 Corcoran purchased the second marble version of American sculptor Hiram Powers scandalous statue "The Greek Slave" and considered it his most prized acquisition. By the mid-1850s his pictures and sculpture were overflowing his mansion on Lafayette Square and in 1859 he hired the foremost architect of the day, James Renwick, to build a picture gallery in the Second Empire style on Pennsylvania Avenue.

Before the gallery was ready, however, the Civil War began, and Corcoran, a Southern sympathizer, left Washington for Paris, where his son-in-law, George Eustis Jr., was a representative of the Confederacy. The half-finished building designed by Renwick was taken over by the US government and used as a supply depot.

When the war was over, Corcoran returned to Washington. The building was finished in 1869. The Corcoran Gallery of Art opened in 1874, but the structure was soon outgrown. A new building for the Corcoran Gallery of Art and its nascent school of art (now the Corcoran College of Art + Design) was designed by American architect Ernest Flagg in the Beaux-Arts style and completed in 1897, nine years after Corcoran's death. The façade of the building reflects the "Neo-Grec," an offshoot of Beaux-Arts that attempted to reflect the functions of the building by revealing detailed and decorative accents on the exterior. The Corcoran Gallery's first home is now the Renwick Gallery, a Smithsonian museum.

Philanthropy
In 1854, after his retirement, he devoted himself and his substantial fortune to art and philanthropy. In 1848, Corcoran had purchased 15 acres (6 ha) of land for Oak Hill Cemetery, which overlooks Rock Creek Park. He organized the Oak Hill Cemetery Company to oversee the cemetery, which was formally incorporated by Act of Congress on March 3, 1849. Corcoran paid for the construction of a Gothic Revival chapel in Oak Hill Cemetery, commonly known as the Renwick Chapel. It is the only building designed by Renwick in Washington other than Corcoran's original museum (see below), the first ("Castle") building on the Washington Mall of the Smithsonian Institution, and St. Mary's Church in Foggy Bottom (see below).

Corcoran also established a $10,000 fund, administered by the Benevolent Society, to purchase firewood for the poor in Georgetown. Corcoran also gave many gifts to several universities, including The George Washington University, the Maryland Agricultural College, the College of William and Mary, and Washington and Lee University. Corcoran also contributed to a fund to purchase George Washington's Mount Vernon estate, after his family could no longer keep it up, and the federal government refused to purchase it. One of William Wilson Corcoran's longtime business associate and friend was the renowned George Peabody.

Corcoran made many other important bequests to the people of Washington, including several departments of the Columbian University (now the George Washington University), and the land and half the construction costs for what is now the Church of the Ascension and Saint Agnes. Corcoran was also the President of the Corporation of Columbian (George Washington) University. Early in 1883, Corcoran arranged to have the body of John Howard Payne returned to the United States, an expense he personally bore. Payne, actor, poet, and author of "Home! Sweet Home!" had been the United States Consul to the Bey of Tunis in 1852 and had died there. Payne had been good friends of Corcoran and his business partner, George W. Riggs, in 1850, prior to Payne's second appointment as Consul to Tunis.

Corcoran also established in 1869 the Louise Home for Women—named in memory of his deceased wife—to help support and maintain impoverished women. The home opened in 1871 on Massachusetts Ave. NW, between 15th and 16th Streets, in Washington, D.C., where it operated until 1947; the original building was razed in 1949. The Louise Home moved to the Codman House at Decatur Place and 22nd Street NW and in 1976 merged operations with the Abraham and Laura Lisner Home for Aged Women. the Louise Home continues to operate as part of the Lisner-Louise-Dickson-Hurt Home.

Slavery
Corcoran held at least one person, Mary, as a slave. In the 1930s, George Peabody referred to Corcoran as being involved in the slave trade. However, in at least one letter to his wife, Corcoran expressed sympathy for abolitionists, and in 1845 he manumated Mary and her four young children. In 1851, Corcoran provided funds to help buy the freedom of an enslaved person who had been recaptured eight years after first escaping slavery.

Personal life
At the age of 35, he fell in love with Louise Morris, who was the daughter of Commodore Charles Morris (1784–1856) and the older sister of Robert Murray Morris (1824–1896), then "barely in her teens". In 1835, Corcoran eloped and married Louise, born in 1818. Before his wife's early death from tuberculosis on November 21, 1840, they had three children, however, only one survived into adulthood:
 * Harriet Louise Corcoran (1836–1837), who died in infancy.
 * Louise Morris Corcoran (1838–1867), who married George Eustis, Jr. (1828–1872) in 1859.
 * Charles Morris Corcoran (1840–1841), who also died in infancy.

Corcoran joined the Potomac Lodge No. 5 of Free and Accepted Masons in Georgetown and was raised as a Master Mason on July 26, 1827.

Death
After his wife died in 1840, Corcoran chose not to marry again. He died on February 24, 1888, in Washington, D.C., and is buried in Oak Hill Cemetery.

Descendants
Through his surviving daughter Louise, he was the grandfather of William Corcoran Eustis (1862–1921) and Louise Marie Eustis Hitchcock (1867–1934), who married Thomas Hitchcock (1860–1941), in 1891.

Corcoran's niece, Mrs. S. Charles Hill, founded the Washington Home for Incurables.

Legacy
The bank Corcoran co-founded in 1840 existed as Riggs Bank up until 2005, when it was taken over by PNC Bank. The Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington D.C. was one of the oldest American private museums focusing on American art until it was dissolved in 2014 with its art collections given to the National Gallery of Art and the building (including art school) transferred to George Washington University in Washington, DC. Corcoran has a street named after him in the Dupont Circle neighborhood in the District of Columbia between Q street and R street NW, one block away from Riggs Street. Furthermore, he has a street in northeast Washington, DC in the Ivy City neighborhood. As well, the Corcoran neighborhood in Minneapolis, Minnesota which is bounded by East Lake Street to the north, East 36th Street to the south, Hiawatha Avenue to the east, and Cedar Avenue to the west, is named for William Corcoran. Mount Corcoran in the Sierra Nevada mountain range of California is named in his honor.

title: William Wilson Corcoran


text:
User:Carsten.Schermuly~enwiki

Carsten Schermuly Hauptstraße 24 Ludolfstraße 14 37581 Bad Gandersheim Germany http://www.sn-serv.ath.cx/htmbibel/

de:Benutzer:Carsten.Schermuly

title: User:Carsten.Schermuly~enwiki


text: Category:722 deaths

title: Category:722 deaths


text:
Emblems of the Soviet Republics

The emblems of the constituent republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics all featured predominantly the hammer and sickle and the red star that symbolized communism, as well as a rising sun (although in the case of the Latvian SSR, since the Baltic Sea is west of Latvia, it could be interpreted as a setting sun), surrounded by a wreath of wheat (except the Karelo-Finnish SSR with a wreath of rye). The USSR State motto, Workers of the world, unite!, in both the republic's language and Russian was also placed on each one of them. In addition to those repetitive motifs, emblems of many Soviet republics also included features that were characteristic of their local landscapes, economies or cultures.

The emblems are often called coats of arms, but since they (deliberately) did not follow the rules of heraldry, most of them cannot be considered coats of arms. However, they all did follow the same basic pattern, a pattern which sometimes has led to the use of the term "socialist heraldry".

The table below presents final versions of the renderings of the Soviet republics' emblems prior to the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, as well as the arms of two republics that ceased to exist before that time. For comparison, national arms of present-day successor states of the Soviet republics are also shown. As can be seen, most Asian post-Soviet republics use arms based on or reminiscent of the Soviet-era emblems, with Tajikistan and Uzbekistan have present-day arms nearly identical to the Soviet one. Most European republics, on the other hand, reverted to their traditional pre-Soviet heraldic arms. Belarus used the traditional Pahonia as its coat of arms from 1991 to 1995 when it was replaced by a new emblem closely resembling the Soviet-era design. Additionally, the secessionist Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (Transnistria), internationally recognised as part of Moldova, uses an emblem based on the emblem of the Moldavian SSR (see Coat of arms of Transnistria) and the self-proclaimed Luhansk People's Republic, controlling part of the Luhansk Oblast in Ukraine, created the similar emblem.

title: Emblems of the Soviet Republics


text:
Andong National University

Andong National University is a government-operated university in Andong City, North Gyeongsang province, South Korea. It enrolls roughly 6500 students. It contains undergraduate colleges of Humanities, Social Sciences, Education, Natural Sciences, Engineering, Human Ecology, and Arts and Physical Education, as well as graduate schools of Education, Management, and General Studies. The undergraduate students of March 2006 numbered 10,274, representing a steady upward trend in recent years, according to the school website.

History
The university was established as Andong Normal School in 1947. Briefly reorganized as Andong Provincial Agricultural Junior College in 1962, it was reorganized again as Andong College of Education in 1965. Management was transferred to the national university system in the school's redesignation as Andong National Junior College in 1978. Its status was raised to Andong National College the following year. The graduate school was established in 1988. The school gained its present title, Andong National University, in 1991.

Dormitories
There are three dormitories on campus. There is one co-ed dormitory, one for men, and one for women. The co-ed dormitory is the newest building. The co-ed dorm has double rooms. The all-women dormitory has 4 people per room. The all-male dorm has one room with two people.

Language Center
Andong National University Language Center was built to promote the language ability of ANU students. With the assistance of the specialized language facilities, it provides various language programs, special language lectures, and camp programs. It also publishes its own journal, offers translation services, and supports many other academic activities related to foreign language development.

title: Andong National University


text:
Talk:Andong National University

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 one external links on Andong National University. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20041213031710/http://www3.andong.ac.kr:80/ to http://www.andong.ac.kr/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141019065558/http://eng.andong.ac.kr:80/ to http://eng.andong.ac.kr/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141021023538/http://lc.andong.ac.kr:80/ to http://lc.andong.ac.kr/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:22, 12 October 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Andong National University


text: User talk:69.174.150.224

title: User talk:69.174.150.224