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Yuanyang County, Yunnan

Yuanyang County (Hani: Yeiqyaq) is located in Honghe Prefecture in southeastern Yunnan province, China, along the Red River. It is well known for its spectacular rice-paddy terracing. In 2013, part of the county formed the Honghe Hani Rice Terraces World Heritage Site, the 45th World Heritage Site in China.

Overview
It covers an area of 2200 km2 and has a population of approximately 365,000 (2002), of which 88% belong to ethnic minorities and 95% is associated with agriculture. The majority of the inhabitants of the county are from the Hani ethnic group. The GDP of Yuanyang county in 2021 was 9,312 million Yuan. The administrative seat of the county is the town of Nansha (a.k.a. New Yuanyang) down in the Red River valley at an elevation of 240 meters. It is situated 12 km towards the north-east of the former administrative seat Xinjie (a.k.a. Old Yuanyang or just Yuanyang) to which it is connected by a 27 km long twisting mountain road. To the south of Old Yuanyang, the town of Panzhihua is positioned near the top of another major valley of rice-terraces. There are a total of 928 settlements in Yuanyang county, 826 of them being inhabited by only one single ethnic group.

The town of Old Yuanyang is a Hani minority settlement atop a ridge of the Ailao mountain range at an elevation of around 1570 metres. It is a popular destination with photographers due to the vast areas of nearby mountains which have been cultivated into terraced rice paddies for at least the past 1300 years by the Hani people. Despite its scenic and cultural attractions, mass tourism has not developed in this region, mainly due to its remote location, lack of a nearby airport and road conditions.

The terraced areas of interest to visitors are mainly found between 1000 and 2000 metres above sea level. The winter temperatures here, although never freezing, are such that they only support one rice crop a year. After the harvest, from mid-September till mid-November depending on the elevation, the terraces are filled with water until April, when planting begins.

The vast majority of the ethnic minority women in Yuanyang county still wear traditional clothes as their daily attire. The main ethnic group is the Hani who share the region with several other minorities such as the Yi and Miao. Market days in the villages tend to be very colourful when the different minority groups in the vicinity, each in their own traditional costume, come together to trade and socialise.

Administrative divisions
Yuanyang County currently has 3 towns and 11 townships.
 * 3 towns
 * Nansha (南沙镇)
 * Xinjie (新街镇)
 * Niujiaozhai (牛角寨镇)

 * 11 townships

Geography
Yuanyang county lies at an altitude ranging from 140 along the Red River up to nearly 3000 metres above sea level in the Ailao mountains and is situated about 50 km north of the border with Vietnam.

The climate of Yuanyang county is mainly central sub-tropical monsoon with wet summers and dry winters. Average temperatures range from 26 Celsius down in the Red river valley to 4 Celsius in the upper reaches of the mountains.

The closest large towns to the west of Yuanyang county are Shiping and Yuanjiang. Gejiu is the major town to the north-east and also the capital of Honghe prefecture. 70 km directly to the north of Yuanyang lies Jianshui, a small city with interesting monuments. A few hours to the south-east of Yuanyang is Luchun, another major Hani minority settlement turned modern city.

Due to recent highway construction, Old Yuanyang can now be reached in about seven hours by direct bus from Yunnan's capital Kunming, situated 300 km to the north of the county, a trip which only a few years ago, would take 10 hours or more. Buses also connect Yuanyang with the town of Hekou and the border crossing with Vietnam (6 hours).

Climate
Yuanyang a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen Aw). Adjacent to hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh),and humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa).

Ethnic groups

 * Hani people
 * Miao people
 * Yao people
 * Dai people
 * Zhuang people
 * Yi people
 * Han Chinese

Vertical distribution of the various ethnic minority groups

The Hani and Yi, the creators of the monumental rice terraced mountains which have made Yuanyang famous, are the original inhabitants of these regions. Both their languages belong to the Tibeto-Burman group. Their villages can mainly be found between 1300 and 1600 metres above sea level.

The Dai moved here 700 years ago, and the Zhuang 400 years ago. Both their languages belong to the Tai–Kadai language group. Their villages are situated in the warmer areas below 700 metres elevation, near and along the rivers. Their main crop is rice grown in paddy fields.

The Miao and Yao (of the Hmong–Mien language group) are fairly recent arrivals to the region, only settling here 200 and 270 years ago. Their villages are in the cooler and drier upland areas, between 1600 and 1800 metres above sea level, where they grow maize.

The Yuanyang County Gazetteer (1990:625, 633) lists the following ethnic groups and subgroups.
 * Hani
 * Luobi 罗碧
 * Luomian 罗缅
 * Awu 阿邬
 * Haoni 豪尼
 * Guohong 郭宏
 * Duoni 多尼/堕尼
 * Baihong 白宏
 * Asong 阿松
 * Yi
 * Nisu 尼苏
 * Bula 卜拉 (Phula)
 * Alu 阿鲁
 * Muji 姆基
 * Miao
 * Yao
 * Zhuang
 * Dai

Hani ethnic subgroups are located in the following townships of Yuanyang County.
 * Gouhouzhi 苟厚支: in Zhongjiaozhai 中角寨, Shalatuo 沙拉托, Ezha 俄扎, Majie 马街, Huangcaoling 黄草岭; Malizhai 麻栗寨; Guangpingzhai in Tuanjie Township 团结乡广平寨
 * Alou 阿楼: in Duoyishu 多衣树, Xinjie 新街
 * Loubi 楼比 and Loumei 楼美: in Ganiang 嘎娘, Xincheng 新城, Xinjie 新街, Fengshuling 逢树岭, Daping 大坪
 * Asu 阿苏: in Zha'e 扎俄, Huangcaoling 黄草岭, Huangmaoling 黄茅岭
 * Duoni 多尼: in Niujiaozhai 牛角寨; Zha'e 扎俄

Transportation
There is no train or plane available in Yuanyang. Taking a long-distance bus is the best way to get to Yuanyang. Normally there are three buses travelling from Kunming to Yuanyang every day. The buses depart from Kunming South Bus Station and arrive at Yuanyang Bus Station which take about 6 hours. There are also buses travelling to Yuanyang from Gejiu, Mengzi, Jianshui. For tourists who would like to transfer from Jianshui, they could take a train from Kunming to Jianshu and then take a long-distance bus from Jianshui to Yuanyang.

title: Yuanyang County, Yunnan


text:
Category:David Bowie

__NOGALLERY__

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:David Bowie


text: User talk:138.88.89.186

title: User talk:138.88.89.186


text:
WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Party Games!

WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Party Game$! is a party video game for the GameCube. A remake of WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Microgames!, and the second installment in the WarioWare series, the game translates the "microgame" gameplay of Mega Microgames! to be playable in a multiplayer environment. It comes with eight special multiplayer modes for up to four players that all involve the known microgames in some way.

Gameplay
The gameplay in Mega Party Games! shares elements with other WarioWare titles, emphasizing quick consecutive minigames for the player to complete (dubbed by the game as "microgames"); it includes all of the microgames from the original WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Microgames!. However, the game places a heavier emphasis on multiplayer than other series entries. In addition to a basic single-player mode, the game features several multiplayer variations, each of which has utilizes the microgames in different ways. Some of these include "Survival Fever", in which players are eliminated after failing three microgames; "Balloon Bang" in which players attempt to not be actively playing a microgame when a balloon inflated by the other players bursts; "Listen to the Doctor", in which players must perform a given action while completing a microgame and are rated by their opponents; and "Wobbly Bobbly", in which players must keep a stack of turtles balanced, with another turtle being added after each microgame.

Development
The game was developed by Intelligent Systems and Nintendo Research & Development 1, and published worldwide by Nintendo in October 2003 in Japan, and a year later in April for North America and in September for Europe. The game was produced by Takehiro Izushi and Ryoichi Kitanishi, directed by Goro Abe and Osamu Yamauchi and composed by Masanobu Matsunaga and Kenichi Nishimaki.

Reception
Mega Party Games! received generally favorable reviews upon release, with reviewers commonly citing the game's multiplayer appeal as a positive, but its copied material from Mega Microgames! as a negative. GameRankings gave the game an aggregated score of 77% based on 53 reviews. The game is the first in the series to introduce a focus of multiplayer, a theme that would not be re-visited by the series until the console sequel WarioWare: Smooth Moves on the Wii in 2006. During the 8th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Party Games! received a nomination for "Console Family Game of the Year" by the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences.

title: WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Party Games!


text:
Sklodowska

Sklodowska may refer to:
 * The maiden name of Marie Curie, a Polish chemist
 * Sklodowska (lunar crater), a crater on the Moon
 * Sklodowska (Martian crater), a crater on Mars

title: Sklodowska


text: User talk:210.54.120.42

title: User talk:210.54.120.42


text:
Wikipedia:Footnote2

Please note: The style of footnotes described on this page no longer functions, and the auto-numbering method described on Footnote is now recommended, with the manual numbering of Footnote3 still available for specific purposes only.

 * Note: Discussion continued from Footnotes

Footnotes, endnotes and bibliographies are an essential and largely missing aspect of Wikipedia. They provide authority, and enhance the project's philosophy of Wikipedia as a secondary and tertiary source. In addition, they imbue the encyclopedia with a sense of professionalism and repute. Sources within the encyclopedia firmly suggest that contributors cite their sources, however it has not been made a status quo, and large amounts of leniency on this policy are provided. In fact, many featured articles have absolutely no citations. With none of their points immediately and easily verifiable, it is difficult for end users to determine the veracity of the text they are reading-.

Our goal is to encourage Wikipedians to use footnotes/endnotes in the same way they are used in some books and research papers; to make it possible for the reader to validate what the writer is saying at every turn, and to allow the writer to expand upon important points without interrupting the flow of the work. We hope to create articles that are so well backed up by footnotes and sources that Wikipedia articles might be afforded the same degree of trust that readers now give to Journal articles and books.

Technical issues
In January 2004, a Wikipedian submitted a page and a bug report asking for votes on a footnote implementation. However, this has largely gone stale in the meantime, a year having now passed. Part of the resistance to using footnotes has been that up until currently, the implementation of footnotes was cumbersome, and required the user to type a whole line of html code in order to add a footnote. The implementation we are proposing would simplify this process greatly.

How to use
The new approach requires the user only to type   at the footnote location: follows from the theories of Carl Jung as laid out in his work Psychological Types.

The user then places   in the list of notes (replace "1" with the number intended): ==References== * Jung, Carl Gustav (August 1, 1971). Psychological Types (Collected Works of C.G. Jung, Volume 6). Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691097704.

Further, the implementation is already live on the site, and has been shown to work on large, citation-heavy articles.

Proposed future enhancements - autogeneration
In order to prevent Wikipedians from spending valuable time organizing and arranging footnotes and endnotes at the end of the article, or alphabetizing bibliographies, we suggest that this process be automated. The simplest solutions seems to be the use of the following template:. However, while very easy to implement, this is fraught with the possibility that if the number of footnotes in the article and at the of the article end do not match up, all the footnotes will be misnumbered. So, in order to make footnoting as simple as possible we believe this feature should be expanded so that the footnote is carried inline with the text, using a template command, such as. MediaWiki would then automatically create a notes section at the end of the article after a tag.

Plea for help
Further discussion is needed to develop the intricacies of what is needed for a feasible footnote system on Wikipedia. We wanted to present a working system that is rather simple, along with a suggestion as to what seems to be the easiest, most user-friendly implementation. If you are a Mediawiki developer interested in helping us implement this feature in a future version of Mediawiki, please poke either Alterego or soren9580 in the discussion page of this article.

Keeping your notes separate from your sources
One valuable feature of the two implementations we've proposed (the one you see here and the inline footnotes implementation we need help with) is that you can reference a source multiple times. So if i'm talking about the Supreme Court opinion Lawrence v. Texas, and I want to direct your attention to the opinion written in that important case, i can send you to a footnote here. However, if i want to direct your attention to the amazing concurrence by Justice Kennedy in that same case, I can send you to a footnote here, at the same source. Because we have a separate Bibliography section that lists all the sources used for writing the article in alphabetical order, we can keep our notes separate from our sources.

title: Wikipedia:Footnote2


text: User talk:64.231.247.91

title: User talk:64.231.247.91


text:
User:G&

G& 03:27, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User:G&


text: User talk:68.21.174.114

title: User talk:68.21.174.114


text: User talk:24.229.144.197

title: User talk:24.229.144.197


text: Category:Michael Jackson songs

title: Category:Michael Jackson songs


text:
William Willis (physician)

William Willis (1 May 1837 – 14 February 1894) was an Irish medical doctor who joined the British mission in Japan in 1861.

Biography
Willis was born in Maguiresbridge, County Fermanagh, Ireland in 1837. In 1855 he was enrolled at the faculty of medicine in the University of Glasgow (Scotland), where he completed his pre-medical and pre-clinical studies. He then transferred to the University of Edinburgh. After his graduation in May 1859 with the thesis "Theory of ulceration" he became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh and received the degree of Doctor of Medicine of the University with a thesis on the "Theory of Ulceration". He then worked at the Middlesex Hospital located in London. In 1861 he was accepted for a medical post with the British legation in Japan. He reached Edo in May 1862 to begin his duties as medical officer and clerk under Sir Harry Smith Parkes. Between 1862 and 1867 he worked mainly in Yokohama. Being there on the day of Charles Lennox Richardson's death at the hands of retainers of daimyō Shimazu Hisamitsu (otherwise Shimazu Saburō), Willis performed the autopsy.

Among his students was Takaki Kanehiro, the first scientist-physician to prove that beriberi was connected to malnutrition, and the founder of Japan's first private medical college. During the unsettled years at the end of the Tokugawa bakufu and the early Meiji Restoration, Willis treated the British nationals wounded in the Namamugi Incident and the Bombardment of Kagoshima.

Willis later participated to the Boshin War as the head of medical operations for the Satsuma Domain. During the Battle of Toba–Fushimi, he set up a military hospital in the temple of Shōkokuji (相国寺 ) in Kyoto, not far from the front line. He continued to support the medical operations of the Satsuma side throughout the Boshin War.

Willis was later appointed professor and clinical chief of the Igakko (later the faculty of medicine of Tokyo Imperial University).

In 1870, Willis resigned to become head of the hospital and medical school in Kagoshima at the invitation of Saigō Takamori. The institution later became the medical department of Kagoshima University. Willis married a Japanese woman in Kagoshima, Enatsu Yae (1850-1931), the daughter of a former retainer of Shimazu Nariakira, with whom he had a son, Albert (1873-1943). With the outbreak of the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877, Willis returned to Tokyo.

Willis returned to England in 1881, and became a Fellow of the Royal Surgical Medical Association (F.R.C.S.).

In 1885, Willis was appointed, on the recommendation of his good friend Ernest Satow, as a doctor with the British Consulate General in Bangkok. In addition to public hospitals, he established a large-scale private hospital in Bangkok, and treated King Rama V and the king's brother, returning to England in 1892.

According to Satow, Willis was unusually tall at 190.5 cm, and weighed 127 kg.

title: William Willis (physician)


text:
Talk:Earl of Dunbar

Creation and order
There is an inconsistency with the numbering of the Earls. Articles exist on the 7th, 8th, and 9th; are they really the 6th, 7th, and 8th? Compare the list of Dunbars in the Earl of March article.

The Clan Cleary seems to have done its research -- they used Clans and Tartans of Scotland and Burke's Peerage -- and I've changed the article accordingly. I'd link to it, but there are these damnable frames that pop up even if you enter the URL for a specific page; you'll have to search the site for "Dunbar" or "Gospatric" to find the information I used. Madame Sosostris 03:30, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Hmm, that's what happens when you use secondary (and tertiary, etc.) sources for this kind of stuff... thanks :-P ugen64 00:38, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Gospatric, the first Earl of Northumberland, fled England for Scotland in 1072 after losing his title for ... But the Earl of Northumberland page has that title only from 1377. So which page is right?

 * They're both correct. Gospatric was a feudal earl of Northumberland, which is to say that his "earldom" was not a peerage. Mackensen (talk) 07:48, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Northumbria, surely: Northumberland is a later county name?

title: Talk:Earl of Dunbar


text: User talk:69.139.253.190

title: User talk:69.139.253.190


text:
Angel of Retribution

Angel of Retribution is the fifteenth studio album by English heavy metal band Judas Priest, released in 2005. It is the band's first album since 1990's Painkiller to feature Rob Halford. The album debuted at on the US Billboard 200 chart, which makes it the fourth highest charting Judas Priest album in the US. The album was produced by Roy Z, who co-wrote the song "Deal with the Devil". It won a 2005 Metal Hammer award for Best Album. In the 2005 Burrn! magazine Readers' Pop Poll, it was voted Best Album of the Year and Best Album Cover.

Album information
Angel of Retribution was originally scheduled to be released in late 2004, but the label changed the release date to early 2005, hoping for better sales. Early pressings have the year 2004 printed on the covers. In a descriptive detail about the album, Glenn Tipton explains, "We've got a lot of energy. We're firing on all cylinders and it's obvious on this album. I think it's the most natural JUDAS PRIEST album. A lot of people who have listened to it have said it's timeless. You couldn't really date it." Rob Halford adds, "That decade that we were out of each other's company just seems to have vanished in smoke. When we got together to begin writing the new material for 'Angel of Retribution', it was really a continuation of where we would have been had we made the next record after 'Painkiller'. All the pieces were already in place."

Six of the album's songs have been performed live, with "Hellrider", "Deal With the Devil", "Worth Fighting For" and "Revolution" only appearing on 2005 setlists. "Judas Rising" was also performed in 2005 and returned for the 2011–12 and 2019 tours, and "Angel" being added to the setlist in 2008-9 and then reappearing for a few shows in 2018.

Lyrical references
Within the album, nods to the sound of past albums and songs are found, as well as lyrics that apparently reference earlier songs. The song "Demonizer" references both "The Hellion" from Screaming for Vengeance, as well as "Painkiller" from Painkiller. "Hellrider" mentions the title track of Ram It Down, and "Tyrant" from Sad Wings of Destiny. "Eulogy" references "Stained Class" and "The Sentinel" from the albums Stained Class and Defenders of the Faith, respectively. Finally, "Worth Fighting For" acts as a sequel/prequel to "Desert Plains" from Point of Entry.

The song "Deal With the Devil" can be viewed as an autobiography of Judas Priest, telling their origins from the Black Country of England's West Midlands, mentioning their transitory days gigging around England and practising at the Church of Holy Joseph in Walsall, which is where Judas Priest was effectively born. "Deal With the Devil" also mentions the song "Blood Red Skies" from Ram It Down and "Take on the World" from Killing Machine.

Reception
The album generally received favourable reviews from critics and fans. However, Classic Rock Magazine reviewer Geoff Barton awarded the album three out of five stars in March 2005, dropping the overall score solely due to his dislike of the track '"Lochness". Barton claimed that the track sends 'the entire record crashing down in flames... Lochness is so ill-conceived, so long-drawn out, droning and dismal, that is single-handedly destroys what would otherwise have been a triumphant Halford-led return.' The song, however, has since been reappraised by many fans as underrated.

DualDisc
The album was released on the DualDisc format which had traditional CD content on one side and DVD content on the other side. The DVD side of this album featured a documentary entitled "Reunited" as well as the entire album in an enhanced audio format. It was released as a 2-disc set containing Compact Disc audio and DVD video in Europe, Japan and USA.

Personnel
Credits adapted from liner notes:

title: Angel of Retribution


text:
Talk:Angel of Retribution

Genre
Just to be clear, Judas Priest is clear cut heavy metal. Not speed or power. I edited the article to reflect this. -Teh aar0n

 * "Painkiller" IS a prime example of Speed Metal. "Angel" does have something in common with it, no? Echad (talk) 07:11, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Judas priest-angel of retribution cover.jpg
Image:Judas priest-angel of retribution cover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 06:05, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Lyrical References
Since most of those references are in Deal With the Devil, do they belong in the article about the album? Me, I say no. I'll try to rework it, but bewarned, I may just delete the section, since I don't think it really belongs. Howa0082 21:29, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

WTF?
WTF with the statement of "Most fans critisized the last song from the album, Lochness, for being too long and 'filler'-like."? Even if it wasn't the best song of the album, rivaling the numbers from Sad Wings of Destiny, this statement would be biased and pure POV! Please - shom me your "most" fans... =\ I'm deleting this BS - FFS! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Echad (talk • contribs) 03:16, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

Bad Charts section
There seems to be a recurring problem on Judas Priest's album pages... THE CHARTS ARE MISSING! A greater list of the charts are on Judas Priest's discography page, and someone needs to fix the problem —  Tha† emo over †here (talk)  03:17, 25 June 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20071002120510/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/judaspriest/albums/album/6847707/review/7045810/angel_of_retribution to http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/judaspriest/albums/album/6847707/review/7045810/angel_of_retribution

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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Angel of Retribution. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20050212034922/http://www.angelofretribution.com:80/ to http://www.angelofretribution.com/

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Assessment comment
Substituted at 07:48, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Angel of Retribution


text: User talk:68.235.250.105

title: User talk:68.235.250.105


text:
Talk:Cochabamba Water War

Citations?
Where are the citations?

Subsidary of Bechtel
I removed wholly-owned from the phrase " International Waters Limited (IWL) of London (a wholly-owned subsidiary of Bechtel Corporation" because at the time 50% of the company was owned by Edison. Also, Aguas de Tunari was not solely operated by IWL but I did not edit that.

http://www.bechtel.com/newsarticles/162.asp http://www.nadir.org/nadir/initiativ/agp/free/imf/bolivia/txt/2000/0410water_privatization_contract.txt Jimmyj 00:01, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

Privatize water
I was under the impression that the water company was given control not only of the municipal water system, but all water, including rain water (streams, rivers) so that people were forced to buy water from the company. That is what made the Declaration of rights so significant: 2) Water is a fundamental human right and a public trust to be guarded by all levels of government, therefore, it should not be commodified, privatized or traded for commercial purposes.. Is this true, was all water (even water in streams and rain) privitized in Cochabamba? -- Stbalbach 03:32, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Furthermore it was required that citizens of Cochabamba, terminate or handover all autonomous water access (read wells) they might have at their disposal. (PK)

This page should be linked from...
This page should be linked on the following pages in the specific section I linked here. I dont know how to...

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechtel_Corporation#1980s_and_beyond

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia#Social_Crisis_and_the_nationalization_of_hydrocarbon_resources_.282001-2005.29

 * Has been done.--Patrick (talk) 22:40, 17 May 2011 (UTC)

This Article Needs a Major Revision
As the first poster stated "where are the citations". All of this seems to be written from word of mouth (though I am not saying it is entirely inaccurate). Considering the recent changes in Bolivia, I think it is important to come back to this article and make it better. I will add some citations right now and fix up the text of the article when I have time. If anyone is interested in the events I would suggest you watch the "Bolivia-Leasing the Rain" video I added to the external links (you can watch it with Real Player). It was made in co-production between NOW and Frontline/World and accurately shows how the events occurred. Also, while I am doing this major revision I ask that people not just add information from external links which are not in anyway reputatble. I see it consistantly done in many Wikipedia articles, particulary those with radical left elements, where geocities, blogs, and random "leftist" sites are used and it really hurts the legitimacy of the article-Jersey Devil 22:26, 11 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Exactly. This is absurdly POV.  Some citations, including the actual contract, are badly needed.  --Descendall 07:28, 23 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually much of the article is copied verbatim from the New Yorker article. Thus there is a source, but inappropriately used, and often not cited appropriately. Fred Bauder 00:53, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

NPOV?
This article doesn't sound very NPOV to me. Though it outlines the events in question - and I'm not necessarily claiming any of this is inaccurate - it also seems to be a little biased towards a free market or neoliberal view of these events, particularly by it's continued reference (maybe even deference?) to Fredrik Segerfeldt's book. Since the book's author is associated with the Cato Institute, which is on the more extreme end of the neoliberal, libertarian scale when it comes to economic policy, shouldn't this be balanced by alternative views? I wonder if Joseph Stiglitz, for example, has written on this issue. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 62.232.221.61 (talk • contribs).

I added a pov sign. --CyberAran 09:37, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

 * The above concerns were already addressed. -- Stbalbach 18:34, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

On the call to merge.
This article covers the same topic as Bolivian Water Wars of 2000, I made that page because there was no links here from either the Banzer, Morales, Reyes Villa, or Quispe pages. Also the name here is odd as under naming conventions since everyone was calling the event Water Wars that really should have been in the title. When I searched for that name there was nothing so I began the new page. It seems most of the information here is already at the other page, but this has more external links. Please review the contents of both pages.--Wowaconia 23:17, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

 * My only comment is that both articles seem to be un-balanced. There are no other views presented other than those that are generally anti-globalization in character. I think CATO has published some material on this that takes a different view, and I'm sure Bechtel and others have their own version of events. Other than that Bolivian Water Wars of 2000 seems to be the better article - this one has languished for a long time without much support so I doubt there would be much love loss if it got redirected. -- Stbalbach 16:31, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Merge. This article and Bolivian Water Wars of 2000 cover the same topics. It seems that this event is usually referred to as the Bolivian Water Wars. The other article seems to, on the whole, provide more information and references. I'd recommend incorporating any missing detail from this article into the other.  Gobonobo 18:12, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Merge here. They are the same events, but they are more correctly referred to as Cochabamba protests, or, if you want, Cochabamba Water Wars. "Bolivian Water Wars" is a creation from English-speaking medias, on the model of Bolivian Gas War. But if the latter is the name popularly used in South America and Spanish-speaking world, it is not true of "Bolivian Water Wars" (I think Google doesn't even give more hits for "Bolivian Water Wars" if you don't forget to put the brackets). The reason for the current name is simply Spanish use, and it is more correct. Beside, "Water War" and "Gas War" tend to imply that they are similar events, which is simply wrong (both had long-standing causes, but one was started by a state-program of selling gas to California via Chile - and the protests were thus against Goni (de Losada), while the others protests were directed against Bechtel and were much more localized, and not nation-wide). Giving the same word is simply mediatic stuff, and not the best.
 * Concerning Stalblach's notice, wasn't Bechtel's reaction something around the lines of suing the Bolivian state in the ICSID? What was the outcome? Not that forcing the Bolivian state to pay a few billion dollars to Bechtel a very popular idea in South America, to the least, but it would be an interesting fact to know? Honestly enough, it is very difficult not to have an alter-globalization view on these events, if by that you mean an "anti-IMF" and "anti-World Bank" and "anti-Bechtel" POV. The management of the water was just so bad, as Suez in Argentina, that they've all retreated. They thought it was a good plan to invest there to make easy money, and were amazed that the local population could kick them out... I remember reading some stuff by the World Bank concerning Bolivia. The official said that Bolivian peasants in the Altiplano (which is quite desertic) didn't consume enough water, and that they should wash their car more often. I'm serious - I don't know if the guy thought Bolivia was a serious matter though, not to speak about people living in Bolivia. I would be pleased to find this old reference, for an "alternate POV." Sorry for this low irony, but these international agencies really did nothing at all to justify Bechtel's poor care of the water network, a deliberate strategy followed by these firms which have since changed ideas, and are negotiating a new kind of contracts (which they think will allow them to make more money without taking such risks, which they had not thought off - mainly, the fact that people protests, sometimes). Tazmaniacs 23:23, 13 March 2007 (UTC)
 * ICSID: Bechtel requested 50 billion US dollars from the Bolivian state before the ICSID, but finally renounced its complaint, following a world campaign against it. It recognized that the money which it would have taken from Bolivia would have hurt its international image too much (so Bechtel's brand is worth more than 50 billion dollars??? advertisement is just so, so unreal). Bechtel vs. Bolivia Tazmaniacs 23:29, 13 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Merge both to Cochabamba Water Wars I agree with Tazmaniacs.  Both the locality ("cochabamba") and the nature of the event ("Water Wars") need to be in the title.  Fredwerner 14:25, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/americas/04/10/bolivia.protests/index.html
 * In 2000 Cochabamba protests on 2011-05-25 06:58:41, 404 Not Found
 * In 2000 Cochabamba protests on 2011-06-10 05:13:47, 404 Not Found

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Dead link 2
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR180022000?open&of=ENG-394
 * In 2000 Cochabamba protests on 2011-05-25 06:58:44, 404 Not Found
 * In 2000 Cochabamba protests on 2011-06-10 05:13:56, 404 Not Found

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Dead link 3
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4196/is_20000409/ai_n10596553
 * In 2000 Cochabamba protests on 2011-05-25 06:58:46, 404 This requested article does not exist.
 * In 2000 Cochabamba protests on 2011-06-10 05:14:06, 404 This requested article does not exist.

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Dead link 4
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-93819-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html
 * In 2000 Cochabamba protests on 2011-05-25 06:58:41, 404 Not Found
 * In 2000 Cochabamba protests on 2011-06-10 05:14:16, 404 Not Found

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Dead link 5
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.bechtel.com/newsarticles/487.asp
 * In 2000 Cochabamba protests on 2011-05-25 06:58:43, 401 Unauthorized
 * In 2000 Cochabamba protests on 2011-06-10 05:14:26, 401 Unauthorized

--JeffGBot (talk) 05:14, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

Dead link 6
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/business/story_fdh210700.shtml
 * In 2000 Cochabamba protests on 2011-05-25 06:58:46, 404 Not Found
 * In 2000 Cochabamba protests on 2011-06-10 05:14:36, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 05:14, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

Bolivia declares state of siege
The link you have is dead. I want to update it with this: http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2000/04/08/world/main181853.shtml But I don't know how, so I will leave it to a proper editor.

And is that 'citation' for Quantum of Solace a trustworthy source? Sure doesn't look like it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 164.47.132.254 (talk) 17:44, 6 July 2011 (UTC)

Article and Infobox contradict each other
The infobox puts the number of casualties at 1, but it appears that they were way more (the text states that both protesters and police officers were killed during some of the riots). Also, the number of arrests made seems to be much higher than 20. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.126.135.229 (talk) 20:17, 16 April 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Cochabamba Water War


text:
Emperor An

Emperor An (安帝) is the posthumous name of several Chinese emperors. It may refer to:
 * Emperor An of Han (r. 106–125)
 * Emperor An of Jin (382–419) (r. 396–403, 404–418)

title: Emperor An


text:
2004 United States presidential election in New Jersey

The 2004 United States presidential election in New Jersey took place on November 2, 2004, and was part of the 2004 United States presidential election. Voters chose 15 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

New Jersey was won by Democratic nominee John Kerry by a 6.68% margin of victory. Prior to the election, most news organizations considered it as a state Kerry would win, or a blue state. Due to the impact of the September 11, 2001 attacks, however, and Governor James McGreevey's resignation amidst scandal, the state was considered a potentially closer than usual race. Polls showed Senator John F. Kerry with a slim lead throughout the campaign and the Republicans invested some campaign funds in the state. In the end, Kerry carried New Jersey by a comfortable margin, albeit narrower than usual for a 21st-century Democrat.

This remains the only election since 1880 in which the Republican nominee won the popular vote without New Jersey, and the only time it voted for the popular vote loser since 1976. , this is the last election in which the Democratic margin of victory was in single digits, or that the Republican won Somerset County.

Primaries

 * 2004 New Jersey Democratic presidential primary

Predictions
There were 12 news organizations who made state-by-state predictions of the election. Here are their last predictions before election day.

Polling
Kerry won most of the pre-election polls taken in this state, but mostly by small margins. The final 3 polling average showed the Democratic leading 49% to 42%.

Fundraising
Bush raised $5,934,011. Kerry raised $6,513,274.

Advertising and visits
President George W. Bush visited Marlton, New Jersey, in Burlington County for a rally on October 18, 2004.

Analysis
Generally, Kerry was very dominant in the urban centers of the state, particularly in Essex, Hudson, and Camden Counties. However, Bush made inroads in Bergen County, where many wealthy residents reside, and in other South Jersey counties. Bush controlled largely rural parts of the state, such as the Northwest (Hunterdon, Somerset, and Morris are also among the 10 wealthiest counties in America) and Salem County. Monmouth County's wealthy population and Ocean and Cape May Counties' older population also contributed to Bush's relative success in this largely Democratic state.

This would also be the first election in which a Northern Democrat carried New Jersey since 1960 when fellow Massachusetts Democrat John F. Kennedy did so. The previous three Democratic presidential candidates to carry the state were all from the South (Lyndon B. Johnson was from Texas, Bill Clinton from Arkansas, and Al Gore from Tennessee), even though New Jersey is a northern state. This is the only time a president was elected twice without ever carrying any of the state's electoral votes either time, and only the second occasion (after 1864) that any president won two terms without ever carrying the state's popular vote either time.

By county
2004 NJ presidential results by muni graduated.svg, darker colors indicate higher win percentage:

-Blue municipalities won by Kerry

-Red municipalities won by Bush]]

[[File:New Jersey County Flips 2004.svg|thumb|County Flips:

Democratic {{legend|#92c5de|Hold}}

Republican {{legend|#f48882|Hold}} {{legend|#ca0120|Gain from Democratic}} ]]

Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

 * Salem (largest municipality: Pennsville Township)
 * Monmouth (largest municipality: Middletown Township)

By congressional district
Kerry won 7 of 13 congressional districts.

Electors
Technically the voters of NJ cast their ballots for electors: representatives to the Electoral College. NJ is allocated 15 electors because it has 13 congressional districts and 2 senators. All candidates who appear on the ballot or qualify to receive write-in votes must submit a list of 15 electors, who pledge to vote for their candidate and his or her running mate. Whoever wins the majority of votes in the state is awarded all 15 electoral votes. Their chosen electors then vote for president and vice president. Although electors are pledged to their candidate and running mate, they are not obligated to vote for them. An elector who votes for someone other than his or her candidate is known as a faithless elector.

The electors of each state and the District of Columbia met on December 13, 2004, to cast their votes for president and vice president. The Electoral College itself never meets as one body. Instead the electors from each state and the District of Columbia met in their respective capitols.

The following were the members of the Electoral College from the state. All 15 were pledged for Kerry/Edwards.
 * 1) Warren Wallace
 * 2) Wilfredo Caraballo
 * 3) Tom Canzanella
 * 4) Carolyn Walch
 * 5) Peggy Anastos
 * 6) Bernard Kenny
 * 7) Ronald Rice
 * 8) Abed Awad
 * 9) Jack McGreevey – (Father of former Gov. James McGreevey)
 * 10) Wendy Benchle
 * 11) Loni Kaplan
 * 12) Carolyn Wade
 * 13) Riletta L. Cream
 * 14) Bernadette McPherson
 * 15) Upendra Chivukula


text:
Dynes

Dynes is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Ernest Dynes (1903–1968), cricketer
 * Kieran Dynes (born 1970), racing driver
 * Robert C. Dynes (born 1942), physicist
 * Wayne R. Dynes (1934–2021), art historian
 * William Dynes (1849–1935), politician

title: Dynes


text: User talk:68.4.199.144

title: User talk:68.4.199.144


text:
Sett

A sett or set is a badger's den. It usually consists of a network of tunnels and numerous entrances. The largest setts are spacious enough to accommodate 15 or more animals with up to 300 m of tunnels and as many as 40 openings. Such elaborate setts with extensive tunneling take many years for badgers to complete. One sett in Southern England spreads over an estimated area in excess of 2,000 square metres – precise measurement has not been attempted. Another sett, in north-eastern Germany, has been shown to have been in use for over ten thousand years. Setts are typically excavated in soil that is well drained and easy to dig, such as sand, and situated on sloping ground where there is some cover.

Sett tunnels are usually between 0.5 and 2 m beneath the ground, and they incorporate larger chambers used for sleeping or rearing young. These chambers are lined with dry bedding material such as grass, straw, dead leaves or bracken. Tunnels are wider than they are high, typically around 30 cm wide by 25 cm high, which matches a badger's wide and stocky build.

The material excavated by the badgers forms large heaps on the slope below the sett. Among this material may be found old bedding material, stones with characteristic heavy scratch-marks, and sometimes even the bones of long-dead badgers cleared out by later generations. Most setts have several active entrances, several more that are used rarely, and some that have fallen into disuse.

Setts are not always excavated entirely in soil. Sometimes they are under the shelter of a shed, or in a pile of timber or rocks. Badgers also excavate them under man-made structures like building foundations, concrete sidewalks, and paved roadways. This can lead to subsidence, and other damage to such structures.

Badger colonies often use several setts: a large main sett in the center of a colony's territory and occupied by most of a colony's members, and one or more smaller outlier setts. Outlier setts may have only two or three entrances and may be used by a small number of colony members when nearby food sources are in season or in autumn when the main sett is crowded with the year's young.

Badgers typically retreat to their setts at daybreak and come out at dusk. In cold regions, setts are dug below the level at which the ground freezes, and all members of the clan sleep in the same chamber, possibly to share body heat.

Sometimes setts or parts of setts that are not being used by badgers are occupied by rabbits or foxes.

Legal protections
In the United Kingdom, badger setts are protected from disturbance or destruction under the Protection of Badgers Act 1992.

title: Sett


text:
User talk:Edgar Mullins

Grammar nazi, artist, and apathetic ignoramus.

ha ha ha I have a entry how neat

title: User talk:Edgar Mullins


text:
2004 United States presidential election in Wisconsin

The 2004 United States presidential election in Wisconsin took place on November 2, 2004, and was part of the 2004 United States presidential election. Voters chose 10 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Wisconsin was won by Democratic nominee John Kerry by a 0.38% margin of victory. Although no Republican carried this state in a presidential election since Ronald Reagan in 1984, early polling showed the race was a toss-up, thus was considered as a possible target for the Republicans. Prior to the election, most news organizations considered this a toss-up, or a crucial swing state, and faced similar political scrutiny to neighboring Michigan, Minnesota, and Iowa. On election day, Kerry barely carried the state over President George W. Bush. The results in Wisconsin were nearly identical to the results from four years earlier, when Al Gore squeaked by Bush, and the 2020 presidential election when Joe Biden had a similarly narrow victory in Wisconsin against Donald Trump.

As of 2020, this is the most recent election to date in which Wisconsin would vote for the losing candidate, thus the state is tied with Michigan and Pennsylvania for the longest bellwether streak in the nation. This was also only the third time since 1960 (after 2000 and 1988) that it would vote for the losing candidate. Bush is to date the only presidential candidate to win two terms in office without carrying Wisconsin at least once, as well as the most recent Republican to win without the state.

As of 2022, this is the last time that Wisconsin voted to the left of New Mexico.

Until 2020, this was the last time Wisconsin voted for a different candidate than neighboring Iowa; in both cases Iowa voted Republican while Wisconsin voted Democratic.

Primaries

 * 2004 Wisconsin Democratic presidential primary
 * 2004 Wisconsin Republican presidential primary

Predictions
There were 12 news organizations that made state-by-state predictions of the election. Here are their last predictions before election day.

Polling
Pre-election polling had Bush and Kerry winning polls, with neither candidate grasping a strong lead. The last 3 poll averages showed Bush leading 49% to 46%.

Fundraising
Bush raised $1,993,040. Kerry raised $1,130,602.

Advertising and visits
Bush visited the state 12 times. Kerry visited the state 14 times. A total of between $1.3 million to $3.6 million was spent each week.

Analysis
Wisconsin has voted for the Democratic presidential nominee in the last four elections before the fifth time in 2004. The urban centers of Milwaukee and Madison tend to vote strongly Democratic. The suburbs of those cities are politically diverse but tend to vote Republican. Counties in the western part of the state tend to be liberal, a tradition passed down from Scandinavian immigrants. The rural areas in the northern and eastern part of the state are the most solidly Republican areas in Wisconsin.

The CNN exit polls showed a dead heat between the two. However, the deciding factor for Kerry's victory was union members who voted for him with 62%, while non-members (83% of the population) voted for Bush with just 52% of the vote.

By county
[[File:Wisconsin County Flips 2004.svg|thumb|County flips

Democratic {{legend|#92c5de|Hold}} {{legend|#0671b0|Gain from Republican}}

Republican {{legend|#f48882|Hold}} {{legend|#ca0120|Gain from Democratic}} ]]

Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

 * Iron (Largest city: Hurley)
 * Price (Largest city: Park Falls)

Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

 * Columbia (Largest city: Portage)

By congressional district
Bush and Kerry each won four congressional districts.

Electors
Technically the voters of Wisconsin cast their ballots for electors: representatives to the Electoral College. Wisconsin is allocated 10 electors because it has 8 congressional districts and 2 senators. All candidates who appear on the ballot or qualify to receive write-in votes must submit a list of 10 electors, who pledge to vote for their candidate and his or her running mate. Whoever wins the majority of votes in the state is awarded all 10 electoral votes. Their chosen electors then vote for president and vice president. Although electors are pledged to their candidate and running mate, they are not obligated to vote for them. An elector who votes for someone other than his or her candidate is known as a faithless elector.

The electors of each state and the District of Columbia met on December 13, 2004, to cast their votes for president and vice president. The Electoral College itself never meets as one body. Instead the electors from each state and the District of Columbia met in their respective capitols.

The following were the members of the Electoral College from the state. All 10 were pledged for Kerry/Edwards.
 * 1) Gail Gabrelian
 * 2) Margaret McEntire
 * 3) Jordan Franklin
 * 4) Martha Toran
 * 5) Jim Shinners
 * 6) Jan Banicki
 * 7) Daniel Hannula
 * 8) Steve Mellenthin
 * 9) Glenn Carlson
 * 10) Linda Honold


text: User talk:64.172.24.129

title: User talk:64.172.24.129


text:
Yiwu, Mengla County

Yiwu is a town in Mengla County, Xishuangbanna prefecture, Yunnan province, China, bordering Laos's Phôngsali to the east.

Yiwu was established as a township in 1988. It merged Manla Township (曼腊彝族瑶族乡) on 30 September 2004, and was re-organized as a town in January 2015.

title: Yiwu, Mengla County


text: User talk:67.84.195.139

title: User talk:67.84.195.139


text:
Twin Peaks (fictional town)

Twin Peaks, Washington is a fictional town in the U.S. state of Washington, serving as the primary setting of the television series Twin Peaks, created by Mark Frost and David Lynch, and the 2017 revival Twin Peaks: The Return. It was also featured in scenes in the 1992 movie Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me and the feature-length deleted scenes compilation, Twin Peaks: The Missing Pieces. Places commonly shown within the series include the Double R Diner, The Great Northern Hotel, The Black Lodge, and The White Lodge.

FBI Special Agent Dale Cooper states, in the pilot episode, that the town of Twin Peaks is "five miles south of the Canadian border, and twelve miles west of the state line". This places it in the Salmo-Priest Wilderness. Lynch and Frost started their location search in Snoqualmie, Washington, on the recommendation of a friend of Frost. They found all of the locations that they had written into the pilot episode. The towns of Snoqualmie, North Bend and Fall City – which became the primary filming locations for stock Twin Peaks exterior footage – are about an hour's drive from the town of Roslyn, Washington, the town used for the series Northern Exposure. Many exterior scenes were filmed in wooded areas of Malibu, California. Most of the interior scenes were shot on standing sets in a San Fernando Valley warehouse.

Double R Diner

The frequently seen Double R Diner is owned and managed by the character Norma Jennings, portrayed by actress Peggy Lipton. Twin Peaks character Shelly Johnson, portrayed by actress Mädchen Amick, works there as a waitress, alongside Heidi portrayed by Andrea Hays.

When filming began on the original Twin Peaks series in 1989, the Mar-T Cafe located in North Bend, Washington was used as the Double R Diner location in the series pilot and the prequel film Fire Walk With Me and served as the model for the Hollywood sound stage set where all other Double R Diner interior scenes were filmed. The restaurant was sold in 1998 to Kyle Twede, who renamed it Twede's Cafe.

A fire gutted Twede's Cafe in July 2000 and was the result of arson. News of the incident described the perpetrators as burglars who had set the cafe ablaze to cover up their theft of $450. In an interview from May 2015, Kyle Twede described the arsonists as kids who had broken into the cafe to mess around and drink wine coolers and, fearing they would get in trouble, chose to set the place on fire. The interior was destroyed, while the exterior neon sign and the structure remained; Twede’s Cafe reopened in 2001 with a new interior that looked nothing like the Double R Diner.

As of September 2015, as part of the production of the 2017 season of Twin Peaks, the series production company restored the interior of Twede’s Cafe to the original Double R Diner interior. The renovations were reportedly permanent and remained in place after filming wrapped.

The Great Northern Hotel
Much of the series takes place in The Great Northern Hotel. The lead character, FBI Agent Dale Cooper, is a resident of the hotel for the length of the original series. The exterior of The Great Northern Hotel is the Salish Lodge in Snoqualmie, WA. (In 1988, the building was completely remodeled and reopened as the Salish Lodge.) The lodge that inspired The Great Northern Hotel is the Kiana Lodge in Poulsbo, Washington. The Kiana Lodge was built in the late 1920s and is furnished with alder bentwood pieces dating from that era.

The hotel is owned by Ben Horne, a business associate of Leland Palmer; the death of his daughter Laura Palmer is the catalyst for the series.

Black and White Lodges
The Black Lodge is an extradimensional place that seems to include, primarily, the "Red Room" first seen by Agent Cooper in a dream early in the series. As events in the series unfold, it becomes apparent that the characters from the Red Room, the Black Lodge, and the White Lodge, are connected.

At first, it is revealed that there is a mysterious dark presence in the woods that the town's Bookhouse Boys have been combatting for generations. Although they do not know what it is, Native American policeman Deputy Hawk says that the Black Lodge is from the mythology of his people, describing it as: The shadow-self of the White Lodge. The legend says that every spirit must pass through there on the way to perfection. There, you will meet your own shadow self. My people call it 'the Dweller on the Threshold' ... But it is said, if you confront the Black Lodge with imperfect courage, it will utterly annihilate your soul.

During the second season, Windom Earle relates a story about the White Lodge: Once upon a time, there was a place of great goodness, called the White Lodge. Gentle fawns gamboled there amidst happy, laughing spirits. The sounds of innocence and joy filled the air. And when it rained, it rained sweet nectar that infused one's heart with a desire to live life in truth and beauty. Generally speaking, a ghastly place, reeking of virtue's sour smell. Engorged with the whispered prayers of kneeling mothers, mewling newborns, and fools, young and old, compelled to do good without reason ... But, I am happy to point out that our story does not end in this wretched place of saccharine excess. For there's another place, its opposite: a place of almost unimaginable power, chock full of dark forces and vicious secrets. No prayers dare enter this frightful maw. The spirits there care not for good deeds or priestly invocations, they're as likely to rip the flesh from your bone as greet you with a happy "good day". And if harnessed, these spirits in this hidden land of unmuffled screams and broken hearts would offer up a power so vast that its bearer might reorder the Earth itself to his liking.

As the Black and White Lodges become more prominent in the story, Major Briggs claims that during one or more of his disappearances, he had visited the White Lodge and goes on to offer advice regarding it. There is no clear evidence of him being affected by the Black Lodge, and it is not clear how he arrives there - aside from a bright flash of light - or what the purpose of his trips were.

Location
Although the Red Room began exclusively as a location within Agent Dale Cooper's dreams, the inhabitants began appearing in other locations in the town, inciting other elements in the plot, to the point where the Red Room and White/Black Lodge stories became one. After discovering a mysterious map in Owl Cave, it becomes evident to Earle and Cooper—both independently and with different motivations for wanting to visit it—that the entrance to the Black Lodge is located in Ghostwood Forest which surrounds the town of Twin Peaks, at a pool of a substance that smells like scorched engine oil and surrounded by 12 young sycamore trees. This area is known as Glastonbury Grove.

It is said that the key to gain entrance to the Black Lodge is fear—usually an act of brutal murder. This is in contrast to the key to the White Lodge, which is love. Another requirement to enter the Black Lodge through the entrance in Glastonbury Grove is that it may only be entered "...when Jupiter and Saturn meet..." When the above requirements are met and one approaches the pool in Glastonbury Grove, red curtains appear, which the person walks between before the curtains vanish once again.

Interior
There is little furniture in the Red Room aside from a few armchairs, a wheeled table and a couple of floor lamps. There is also a statue of the Venus de Medici, easily mistaken for the Venus de Milo (the Venus de Milo can be seen in the hallway). There are no doors to speak of; movement from room to room is accomplished by crossing through another set of red curtains that lead to a narrow hallway. The floor is a chevron pattern of brown and white, and all sides of any room and all walls of any hallway encountered are covered by identical red curtains. In the final episode, a second room in the Lodge is seen, identical to the first. Between the two rooms is a narrow corridor which has the same floor and "walls" as the other two rooms.

Although the Lodge inhabitants speak English, their voices are warped and strangely clipped and their movements are unnatural (this effect is accomplished by the actors performing in reverse and the footage is then played backwards). Residents often speak in riddles and non-sequiturs. The main inhabitants of the Lodge are The Man from Another Place, The Giant and Killer Bob.

In the final episode of Twin Peaks, Cooper meets The Man from Another Place, who refers to the Red Room as the "waiting room". This echoes Hawk's claim that every spirit must pass through the Black Lodge on the way to perfection and that the Red Room leads to the White Lodge as well.

The red curtains, zig-zag floors and bright spotlights of the White and Black Lodges have also appeared in several of David Lynch's other films, suggesting that Lynch may view their influences as ongoing in his narrative worlds. As the Masonic historian archeologist David Harrison notes in his article on Twin Peaks, the floor resembles a zig-zag version of the Mosaic Pavement in a Masonic lodge, hence the names Black Lodge and White Lodge, which consists of squares in the middle, but of triangles at the borders. As the focus of the series is on how to pass through from one surreal realm into the other, or how to transcend from one level of fear of this metaphysical realm to the one associated with love and that both are a way to come to a cumulative, final interpretation on the matter of reality itself, reachable from both sides of the medal, the condensation and reduction of the symbolism to a zig-zag floor makes sense in context of the series' themes.

Inhabitants
The Black Lodge and White Lodge are home to many spirits and people alike, including Bob, Mike, the Man from Another Place, the Giant, Laura Palmer (passing through the Red Room before ascending to the White Lodge), and Dale Cooper.

The spirits can possess humans if they are let in: Bob possesses Leland Palmer but not Laura, who refuses to let him in. Later, Bob possesses Dale Cooper's doppelganger (not Cooper himself); The Giant and an elderly waiter from the Great Northern Hotel were "one and the same". Mike and The Man From Another Place (Mike's arm) possess Phillip Gerard.

References in popular culture
In the two-part Simpsons episode, "Who Shot Mr. Burns?", Chief Clancy Wiggum has trouble solving the case and falls into a dream sequence in which he sits in the Red Room with Lisa Simpson, who speaks backwards. She gives him clues in reverse-speak, but Wiggum is unable to understand her until she gives up in frustration and speaks normally. As with Twin Peaks, while recording Lisa's lines for the segment, Yeardley Smith recorded the part backwards and it was reversed. Several other parts in the segment are direct references to Twin Peaks, including a moving shadow on the curtain, and Wiggum's hair standing straight up after waking.

In the manga series Soul Eater, the Red Room is used as a motif when Soul Eater and Maka Albarn are infected with Black Blood. A demon who dances backward (similar to The Man from Another Place) to a skipping jazz record attempts to convince them to give in to the Black Blood's madness.

The Red Room is also parodied as "The Sitting Room" in multiple episodes of Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated, first accessed by Scooby-Doo in a dream and later accessed by all of Mystery, Inc. under mass hypnosis. A helper figure similar to The Man from Another Place appears there, and, like the original Man, is played by Michael J. Anderson. The Sitting Room appears to be a spirit realm where both helpful and malicious entities can dwell, as well as pieces of the souls of those tainted by the Treasure of Crystal Cove.

A parody of the Red Room is featured as "The Club" in Gravity Falls, Season 1, Episode 4 "The Hand That Rocks the Mabel".

In an interview, Atlus co-founder Kazuma Kaneko confirmed that the Black Lodge was the main source of inspiration for the Velvet Room's design in the Persona video game series, though the color of the room was altered to blue in reference to David Lynch's film Blue Velvet.

The cult classic video game Deadly Premonition, that was heavily influenced by Twin Peaks, also has a Red Room of sorts that the protagonist Agent York Morgan visits on his dreams.

The video game The Evil Within 2 frequently uses the Red Room motif, in association with one of the primary antagonists, Stefano Valentini.

On an episode of The Late Late Show with James Corden in September 2017, the opening segment featured actor Kyle MacLachlan having turned his dressing room into the Red Room, including speaking in the warped backwards manner.

It is also referenced in All Hail King Julien in the third episode of season three "Dance, Dance, Resolution" in which Mort speaks backwards to King Julien in the black lodge, you can see the mythical pineapple shadow on the red curtains and King Julien's parents there, to which King Julian asks "Mort why are you talking backwards!?", Mort then does a strange forward walk that also seems somewhat backwards to which King Julien's parents clap, King Julien then tries to please his parents which then turns into Maurice, then King Julien awakes.

"Black Lodge" (song)
Twin Peaks' score conductor Angelo Badalamenti helped write the song "Black Lodge" on the 1993 Sound of White Noise album by Anthrax. The song was released as the album's third single on August 19, 1993.

The sound of the song differs greatly from the band's earlier thrash metal tracks, with AllMusic's Dave Connolly describing it as "cooled-down".

Music video
A music video was created for the song, being directed by past filmmaker Mark Pellington.

The video centers on a man and his wife, with the latter appearing to be a paraplegic. The man bathes, feeds, and dresses his wife, puts her in the backseat of a car and drives down Hollywood Boulevard. The man picks up a woman off of the street, Daphne (played by Jenna Elfman ), with his assistant drugging her and taking her to an empty building. The assistant dresses Daphne up to look like the wife then straps her into a chair and places electrodes on her, while the wife sits across from her in a similar chair. The man tries to stimulate Daphne by rubbing her legs and having a puppy lick her face while the wife seems to feel what the woman does. The wife quickly returns to a catatonic state, while the assistant carries Daphne off and takes her picture in front of a backdrop that resembles the Red Room. As the video ends, the camera cuts to a shot of a board with several dozen pictures of other women who went through the same ordeal that Daphne did.

The band members briefly appear in the video, showing up in quick shots in the Red Room.

Personnel

 * Anthrax
 * John Bush – lead vocals
 * Dan Spitz – lead guitar
 * Scott Ian – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
 * Frank Bello – bass
 * Charlie Benante – drums

 * Additional
 * Vincent Bell – tremolo guitar parts
 * Angelo Badalamenti – synthesizers, orchestration and arrangement of synthesizers and additional guitars

title: Twin Peaks (fictional town)


text:
Young Sherlock Holmes

Young Sherlock Holmes (also known with the title card name of Young Sherlock Holmes and the Pyramid of Fear) is a 1985 American mystery adventure film directed by Barry Levinson and written by Chris Columbus, based on the characters created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. The film depicts a young Sherlock Holmes and John Watson meeting and solving a mystery together at a boarding school.

The film is notable for being the first full-length movie to feature a completely computer-generated character, created by Lucasfilm's Graphics Group. This was a historical landmark in special effects history and influenced other CGI future films such as Pixar's Toy Story.

At the 58th Academy Awards for films produced in 1985, the film was nominated for Best Visual Effects (Dennis Muren, Kit West, John R. Ellis, and David W. Allen).

Plot
Following the closure of his school in the country, a young John Watson enrolls at London’s Brompton Academy, where Sherlock Holmes befriends him immediately. Holmes’ mentors there include Rupert Waxflatter, an eccentric retired professor to whom the school has given a large attic space for his inventions, which include a flying machine. Waxflatter's niece, Elizabeth, and Holmes, are in love.

Elsewhere in the city, a hooded figure with a blowgun shoots two men with thorns that induce nightmarish hallucinations, causing their apparent suicides. Holmes brings his suspicions of foul play to Scotland Yard detective Lestrade, who rebuffs him.

After a school rival frames him for misconduct, Holmes is expelled. He has one last duel with Professor Rathe, the fencing instructor. While Holmes says goodbye to Watson, Waxflatter is shot with a thorn and stabs himself. Dying, he whispers the word "Eh-Tar" to Holmes.

Holmes, Watson and Elizabeth secretly investigate the murders, uncovering the existence of Rame-Tep, an ancient Egyptian cult of Osiris worshippers. The trio track the cult to a London paraffin warehouse and a secret underground wooden pyramid, where they interrupt the sacrifice of a young girl. The Rame-Tep wound them with thorns and they escape to a cemetery to endure the hallucinations.

Back in Waxflatter's loft, Holmes and Watson find a drawing of six men, including the three victims and a fourth man, Chester Cragwitch, who is still alive. That night, Holmes and Watson go to see Cragwitch, who explains that in his youth, he and the other five men were in Egypt, where they looted an underground pyramid containing the tombs of five Egyptian princesses. The resulting protest was violently put down by the British Army. A local boy named Eh-Tar and his sister vowed to seek revenge and replace the bodies of the five princesses. As they return to the school, a chance remark by Watson causes Holmes to realize that Eh-Tar is none other than Professor Rathe.

Rathe and his sister Mrs. Dribb abduct Elizabeth, planning to use her as the final sacrifice. Using Waxflatter's flying machine, Holmes and Watson reach the warehouse just in time to rescue Elizabeth and destroy the temple. When Rathe tries to shoot Holmes, Elizabeth shields Holmes with her body and is mortally wounded. Rathe falls into the frozen River Thames.

Holmes transfers to another school and Watson gives him an antique pipe that he bought during the investigations as a Christmas/farewell present.

An ending credits scene reveals that Rathe escaped. Checking in to a hotel in Switzerland, he signs in as "Moriarty".

Production
While the film is based on characters created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the story is an original one penned by Chris Columbus. Though he admitted that he was "very worried about offending some of the Holmes purists", Columbus used the original Doyle stories as his guide. Of the creation of the film, Columbus stated:

"'The thing that was most important to me was why Holmes became so cold and calculating, and why he was alone for the rest of his life,' Mr. Columbus explains. 'That's why he is so emotional in the film; as a youngster, he was ruled by emotion, he fell in love with the love of his life, and as a result of what happens in this film, he becomes the person he was later.'"

When Steven Spielberg came aboard the project he wanted to make certain the script had the proper tone and captured the Victorian era. He first had noted Sherlockian John Bennett Shaw read the screenplay and provide notes. He then had English novelist Jeffrey Archer act as script doctor to anglicize the script and ensure authenticity.

The cast includes actors with previous associations to Sherlock Holmes. Nigel Stock, who played Professor Waxflatter, portrayed Dr. Watson alongside both Douglas Wilmer and Peter Cushing in the BBC series of the 1960s. Patrick Newell, who played Bentley Bobster, played both PC Benson in 1965's A Study in Terror as well as Inspector Lestrade in 1979's Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson. As well, cast member Alan Cox's father, actor Brian Cox, would later have a connection: he would play Dr. Joseph Bell, the inspiration for Holmes, in the television film The Strange Case of Sherlock Holmes & Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.

The film is notable for including the first fully computer-generated photorealistic animated character, a knight composed of elements from a stained glass window. This effect was the first CG character to be scanned and painted directly onto film using a RGB laser. The effect was created by Lucasfilm's Industrial Light & Magic and John Lasseter

The fencing scenes were shot at Penshurst Place in Kent.

In the United Kingdom and Australia, the film was titled Young Sherlock Holmes and the Pyramid of Fear; while in Italy —"Pyramid of fear" (Piramide di paura)— and in Spain —"The secret of the pyramid" (El secreto de la pirámide)— there were no mention to Sherlock Holmes.

Music
The film music was composed and conducted by Bruce Broughton, who has a long-standing history of scoring orchestral film soundtracks.

MCA track listing:
 * 1) Main Title (1:58)
 * 2) Solving the Crime (4:53)
 * 3) Library Love/Waxflatter's First Flight (2:23)
 * 4) Pastries & Crypts (5:44)
 * 5) Waxing Elizabeth (3:35)
 * 6) Holmes and Elizabeth – Love Theme (1:54)
 * 7) Ehtar's Escape (4:02)
 * 8) The Final Duel (3:51)
 * 9) Final Farewell (1:53)
 * 10) The Riddle Solved/End Credits (6:25)

Intrada track listing, with tracks on the original release in bold:

Disc 1
 * 1) The First Victim (2:57)
 * 2) The Old Hat Trick (1:45)
 * 3) Main Title (2:01)
 * 4) Watson's Arrival (1:03)
 * 5) The Bear Riddle (:46)
 * 6) Library Love/Waxflatter's First Flight (2:54)
 * 7) Fencing With Rathe (1:07)
 * 8) The Glass Soldier (3:22)
 * 9) Solving The Crime (4:54)
 * 10) Second Attempt (1:11)
 * 11) Cold Revenge (4:08)
 * 12) Waxflatter's Death (3:38)
 * 13) The Hat (1:21)
 * 14) Holmes And Elizabeth – Love Theme (1:58)

Disc 2
 * 1) Getting The Point (6:25)
 * 2) Rame Tep (3:06)
 * 3) Pastries And Crypts (6:44)
 * 4) Discovered By Rathe (5:05)
 * 5) To Cragwitch's (1:32)
 * 6) The Explanation (1:48)
 * 7) Cragwitch Goes Again (1:23)
 * 8) It's You! (6:17)
 * 9) Waxing Elizabeth (3:37)
 * 10) Temple Fire (3:24)
 * 11) Ehtar's Escape (Revised Version) (4:04)
 * 12) Duel And Final Farewell (5:41)
 * 13) The Riddles Solved And End Credits (6:27)
 * 14) Ytrairom Spelled Backwards (:48)
 * 15) Main Title (Film Version) (1:42)
 * 16) Belly Dancer (1:02)
 * 17) Waxing Elizabeth (Chorus) (3:01)
 * 18) Waxing Elizabeth (Orchestra) (3:37)
 * 19) Ehtar's Escape (Original Version) (4:03)
 * 20) God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen (arr. Bruce Broughton) (01:06)

Box office
The film was a box-office disappointment, grossing $19.7 million in the United States and Canada against an $18 million budget and ranking 46th for the year at the box office. Internationally it performed better, grossing $44 million for a worldwide total of $63.7 million.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 64% based on reviews from 22 critics. The site's consensus states: "Young Sherlock Holmes is a charming, if unnecessarily flashy, take on the master sleuth." On Metacritic the film has a score of 65% based on reviews from 15 critics.

Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, and wrote: "The elaborate special effects also seem a little out of place in a Sherlock Holmes movie, although I'm willing to forgive them because they were fun." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune wrote: "The production is first-rate in all technical ways imaginable, but the villain that Holmes and Watson chase is not worth their intellect or time or ours." Christopher Null of Filmcritic.com called the film "great fun". Reviewing the film for The New York Times, Leslie Bennetts called it "a lighthearted murder mystery that weds Sir Arthur Conan Doyle to the kind of rollicking action-adventure that has made Steven Spielberg the most successful movie maker in the world".

Colin Greenland reviewed Young Sherlock Holmes for White Dwarf #77, and stated that "Conan Doyle's creation is reduced to an irritating sequence of in-jokes about deerstalkers, violins and pipes. Instead of sleuthing we get swashbuckling in the blazing temple and swordplay on the frozen Thames; creditable acting, but a crass production from start to finish."

Pauline Kael wrote, "This sounds like a funnier, zestier picture than it turns out to be. ... As long as the movie stays within the conceits of the Holmesian legends, it's mildly, blandly amusing. But when one of the imperilled old men gives an elaborate account of the background of the villainy ... your mind drifts and you lose the plot threads. And when the picture forsakes fog and coziness and the keenness of Holmes' intellect – when it starts turning him into a dashing action-adventure hero – the jig is up. ... the movie lets you down with a thump when Holmes and his companions enter a wooden pyramid-temple hidden under the London streets. ... There's a resounding hollowness at the center of this picture – Levinson's temple of doom".

R.L. Shaffer writing for IGN in 2010, felt the film "doesn't hold up all that well" and that ultimately "the film shall remain a cult classic – loved by some, but forgotten by most." DVD Verdict stated that the film was both "a reimagining of the detective's origin story, but it is also respectful of Arthur Conan Doyle's work" and "a joy from beginning to end."

Awards

 * 1985 – Academy Award For Visual Effects (nominated)
 * 1985 – Saturn Award for Best Music - Bruce Broughton (won)

Video game
A video game based on the movie was released in 1987 for the MSX called Young Sherlock: The Legacy of Doyle released exclusively in Japan by Pack-In-Video. Although the game is based on the film, the plot of the game had little to do with the film's story.

title: Young Sherlock Holmes


text:
Big Sugar (band)

Big Sugar is a band formed in Toronto in 1988 by Gordie Johnson, the band's lead singer, lead guitarist and main songwriter. Between 1996 and 2016, Big Sugar was among the top 25 best-selling Canadian bands in Canada. They are still active today, releasing new music, vinyl re-releases and touring.

History
Big Sugar originally consisted of Johnson, bassist Terry Wilkins, and drummer Al Cross. The three musicians had already played together for several years as a supporting band for Molly Johnson's jazz performances, and as an informal jam band with members of the Bourbon Tabernacle Choir. When Molly Johnson returned to rock music with Infidels, she helped her former bandmates secure a record deal, leading to the eponymous debut album released in 1991 on Hypnotic Records.

Success
Wilkins left the band in 1993. Big Sugar recorded the album Five Hundred Pounds with the help of guest musicians, including harmonica and tenor saxophonist Kelly Hoppe, a.k.a. Mr. Chill. Hoppe and Johnson were longtime friends from the same home town; Hoppe had given Johnson his first gig as a guitarist. He brought a blues and old-school R'n'B influence into the band's sound and later added keyboards and melodica. He became a regular member of the band in September 1994, while bassist Garry Lowe had joined the band that July.

Lowe moved to Toronto in the mid-1970s from Kingston, Jamaica, became a bass player for touring reggae recording artists, and was a founding member of Culture Shock, a popular Toronto reggae band. Johnson had long admired Lowe; his was the bass sound that Johnson had been looking for. Johnson told The Globe & Mail, "His bass sound became how I envisioned Big Sugar's sound—a blend of blues and rock anchored by his reggae groove." Johnson told Artsfile Ottawa of their unique musical language, "...so much of our connection was unspoken. We didn't work things through musically. If I played a little something, he would play a little something back. It was a very symbiotic relationship."

In 1993, Big Sugar released the album Five Hundred Pounds, which had little publicity or radio airplay but sold 10,000 copies in Canada on the strength of their live shows. In 1995, Johnson also recorded an album under the name Don't Talk Dance, with Tyler Stewart of Barenaked Ladies and Chris Brown of the Bourbon Tabernacle Choir.

In 1995, Big Sugar released two EPs, Dear M.F. (which featured a cover version of Traffic's "Dear Mr. Fantasy") and Ride Like Hell. Drummer Stich Wynston, who had taken over from Al Cross, was replaced by Walter "Crash" Morgan. During a show in Iowa, Morgan suffered a heart attack and died on stage. Tyler Stewart flew in to help finish the tour, followed by Tony Rabalao. Lowe's musical partner Tony 'Raffa' White was enlisted for recording and other live performances, becoming Johnson's favorite studio drummer and appearing on many Big Sugar albums. Former Odds member Paul Brennan subsequently joined as the band's new drummer, playing on one of their most commercially successful albums, 1996's Hemi-Vision. In May 1997, Brennan left the band; Al Cross returned in 1998.

A French version of Hemi-Vision's single " Up Baby" was recorded, titled "Ouvres-Toi Bébé", for radio stations in Quebec. The song gained widespread airplay in the province, and for their next album, 1998's platinum-selling Heated, the band recorded a French version of each single they released; the French songs were collected on the 1999 EP Chauffe à bloc. Also that year, Johnson and Hoppe began to perform acoustic shows as a duo, billed as "Big Sugar Acoustic—Two Fools on Stools".

In 1999, Big Sugar added a new rhythm guitarist, Lloyd 'Mojah' Benn. In February that year they opened for The Rolling Stones at the Air Canada Centre, and in July, performed at Woodstock 1999.

In 2000, the band released a dub album, Extra Long Life, under the stage name AlKaline, which toured as an eight-piece band, complete with horn section. In 2001, Big Sugar released Brothers and Sisters, Are You Ready?; a complete track-for-track French version, Brothers and Sisters, Êtes Vous Ready?, was released the same year. The English album concluded with a blistering rendition of "O Canada" that became their signature version and was included on the 2017 Universal Music box set Canada 150: A Celebration of Music, released as part of the 150th anniversary of Canada.

Hit And Run: The Best Of Big Sugar
The two-CD compilation Hit & Run, that included a special edition, limited-run live concert performance disc, was released in 2003. The live performance disc, Run, sold out on release day, with the two-disc set becoming a collector's item.

Hiatus
Johnson moved to Austin, Texas, where, in 2003, he had co-founded the band Grady with "Whipper" Chris Layton on drums and Big Ben Richardson on bass. Described as 'cowboy metal', Grady recordings included some alternate versions of Big Sugar songs and was signed to the Jello Biafra label Alternative Tentacles as well as the Norwegian metal label Voices of Wonder. Stricken with carpal tunnel syndrome Johnson had surgery not knowing if he would be able to play guitar again. While recovering he taught himself to play triple neck steel guitar. Pairing that with Moog bass pedals, Johnson formed the duo Sit Down, Servant!!, first with drummer Stephane Beaudin, who was replaced by Brannen Temple. Sit Down, Servant!! toured the world, opening for Joe Satriani and George Thorogood. Kelly Hoppe formed Mr. Chill and The Witnesses, a roots music group. Mojah and Garry Lowe formed the reggae band Truth and Rights Revue, releasing one album. Johnson also formed the group Snakes of Central Texas, which is still active when Johnson is not on tour.

Reunion
Big Sugar reunited at the Telus World Ski & Snowboard Festival in Whistler, B.C. on April 23, 2010, with tour dates through that summer. In June 2011, they released the album Revolution Per Minute, which included keyboard player and rapper DJ Friendlyness. Revolution Per Minute was released on CD and vinyl, with the vinyl album containing Alkaline dub remixes and bonus songs. This album contained the number one radio hit "Roads Ahead". In 2012, Big Sugar released ''Eliminate Ya! Live!'', a double CD/DVD set that included a new single covering Al Tuck's "Eliminate Ya!", recorded at the Burton Cummings Theatre in Winnipeg, Canada.

In 2012, the band welcomed special guest reggae legend Willi Williams on their national tour.

In 2014, Big Sugar released the album Yard Style, which contains unplugged versions of nine of their original songs, plus four previously unreleased songs. The album was recorded live off the floor with the large group of musicians, most on hand drums, sitting in a circle 'yard style'. This release was followed by a three-month national theatre tour with the ensemble of musicians from the studio recording, resulting in 10–12 musicians on stage nightly. In June 2014, Raffa died of cancer.

Their next studio album, Calling All The Youth, was released in 2015 and distributed by eOne Records. The next two years were spent touring, including Big Sugar European tours, the North American acoustic tour, and summer festival dates. In 2015, Johnson's wife, Alex Johnson, who had been Big Sugar's manager since the '90s, joined the band on percussion and backing vocals.

In May 2017, Hoppe retired from touring and the band. DJ Friendlyness left to focus on his band, The Human Rights. Austin-based Rey Arteaga, master of Afro-Cuban Congas, joined Big Sugar, which had become a percussion-heavy, guitar-based band as it no longer had keyboards, harmonica or horns. On July 7, 2018, Garry Lowe died of cancer. Big Ben Richardson, Johnson's partner in Grady who played bass in Big Sugar briefly before Lowe joined the band, returned to the stage and Chris Colepaugh joined on drums.

On December 28, 2018, the date of Garry Lowe's birthday, Big Sugar played a tribute concert in Toronto of the Big Sugar song catalogue. Joining them were members of Barenaked Ladies, Bedouin Soundclash, Broken Social Scene, Sloan, Danko Jones, Dream Warriors, The Road Hammers, The Human Rights, I Mother Earth, The New Deal, Culture Shock, and Wide Mouth Mason, plus Tom Wilson, Isax Injah, Maestro Fresh Wes, Julian Taylor, Willi Williams, Errol Blackwood, Mojah Benn, Adrian Sheriff Miller, and Leroy Sibbles.

In 2018, Universal Music's ICON album series released a Big Sugar ICON album. In 2020, Universal released the first album of new music in 5 years, the Big Sugar album Eternity Now. Recorded and mixed at the Johnsons' studio, The Sound Shack, it features Alex Lifeson of Rush playing guitar on the title track. With the world going into lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the release show and tour was cancelled and Johnson performed a record release show online, singing and playing live, accompanied by the recorded bedtracks. He then performed a record release show for the Deluxe Anniversary Hemi-Vision 25th Anniversary album, this time re-recording all parts himself and performing guitar and vocals live along with Warren Haynes, Chris Robinson, Rich Robinson, Colin James and Jason McCoy. A rendition of "If I Had My Way" saw hundreds of fans videos edited into the performance. It was such a feat that the record release show had to be delayed a day as Johnson put it all together in his studio. During the lockdown, Johnson also produced a one-season weekly series on YouTube called "GJ in the SoundShack", in which he talked about songwriting, recording and the equipment he uses.

In 2021, Johnson launched the tour "One Man Big Sugar Show—The Acoustical Sounds of Gordie Johnson", which is an acoustic performance of his songbook along with a showcase of his comedic skills.

In the years of pandemic shutdown, Gordie Johnson reimagined the band as a power trio. Resuming touring in 2022 he welcomed Garry Lowe's son, bassist Ben Lowe, to the band. The new band also included drummer Joe Magistro (of The Black Crowes and The B-52's). Universal Music Group released a deluxe 25th anniversary edition of the Big Sugar platinum album Heated, which featured "An Evening With" concert format of two sets, with the first being the album played live in its entirety for the first time, followed by hit songs and rarities after an intermission. Big Sugar's much-anticipated “Heated 25th Anniversary Tour” continued through 2023 as Gordie Johnson returned to the stage with new bassist and fellow Austinite Anders Drerup and 22-year-old phenom drummer Root Valach. “Our music has always been about roots and culture and this is a perfect piece of that evolution."

2024 started with a Third Man Records vinyl deluxe release of Five Hundred Pounds, which sold out when announced, before the official release day. A second pressing of the album has gone into production. Label owner Jack White is a fan of the band, and has stated that Five Hundred Pounds is "the best blues-based record to ever come out of Canada." White performed "Ride Like Hell" live during his concert in Toronto in 2022.

Big Sugar is touring with the "500 Pounds Theatre Tour" through 2024, which sees the entire album played live in the first set followed by hits and favorites in the second set.

Awards and recognition
Gordie Johnson has earned numerous gold and platinum records with his band Big Sugar and as producer or musician with Govt Mule, Joel Plaskett, The Trews and Default.

Big Sugar received five Juno Award nominations: as Best New Group in 1995, Rock Album of the Year (Hemi-Vision) in 1997, Group of the Year in 1998, Best Video ("The Scene") in 2000 and, in 2002, Best Rock Album (Brothers and Sisters, Are You Ready?).

In 1995, Big Sugar won the Edison Award, one of the oldest music awards in the world.

In 1998, the SOCAN awarded Big Sugar the songwriting award for "The Scene".

In 2003, Gibson guitar released a special edition limited-run Gordie Johnson Signature Series SGJ guitar with a hardshell case and Hugo Boss neckstrap. In 2013, the Hard Rock Café Hotel & Casino in Vancouver created a Gordie Johnson display that featured the SGJ.

In 2007, the Canadian Organization of Campus Activities (COCA) inducted Big Sugar into its Hall of Fame.

In 2010, Gordie Johnson was inducted into the Canada South Blues Society Hall of Fame.

Johnson received nominations by the WCMA as Producer of the Year in 2012, and Engineer of the Year in 2013.

In 2017, the Canadian Independent Music Association awarded Big Sugar its Road Gold Award.

Live albums

 * Eliminate Ya! Live! – 2012
 * El Seven Nite Club Featuring Big Sugar - 1993

DVDs

 * Eliminate Ya! Live! – 2012

EPs

 * Dear M.F. – 1995
 * Ride Like Hell – 1995
 * Chauffe à bloc – 1999

Compilations

 * Hit & Run - 2003

As AlKaline

 * Extra Long Life – 2000

title: Big Sugar (band)


text: Category:Romanian people by occupation

title: Category:Romanian people by occupation


text:
Devarim

Devarim may refer to:

 * The Hebrew title of the biblical Book of Deuteronomy
 * Devarim (parsha), the 44th weekly parsha in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah readings
 * Devarim (film), a 1995 film by Amos Gitai

title: Devarim


text:
Magnolia guatemalensis

Magnolia guatemalensis is a tree found in the highlands and mountains of Guatemala, Chiapas, El Salvador, and Honduras. It is considered an indicator species of the cloud forest.

It is known locally as mamey, a common name that is also used for the unrelated species Pouteria sapota from Cuba and the fruit tree Mammea americana from Central and South America.

Description
Magnolia guatemalensis is an attractive tree, growing up to 15 meters high. It has tough glossy leaves, with red shiny stipules and sepals. The species is polymorphic, with leaves varying in size and shape, and sometimes lacking pubescence on the lower surface. It flowers from late February to late May. The species' flower petals are also polymorphic, varying in size and shape.

Range and habitat
Magnolia guatemalensis is found in Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador. Its exact range is not well known. The type specimen was collected in Tactic, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, where it is locally abundant in the marshes. It is also found in Guatemala's Sierra de las Minas Biosphere Reserve. It is found in El Salvador's Cerro de Montecristo National Park, and in the Opalaca, Montecillos, and Guajiquiro cordilleras of Honduras. Its estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is 45,000 km2.

It is native to humid cloud forests and moist mixed forests between 1,300 and 2,600 meters elevation.

The species is threatened with habitat loss and deforestation across parts of its range, including illegal logging, human-caused fires, and clearing forests for cattle pasture and agriculture.

Subspecies
There are two subspecies: M. guatemalensis subsp. guatemalensis, endemic to Guatemala; and M. guatemalensis subsp. hondurensis, commonly known as the Honduran magnolia, native to El Salvador and Honduras. Both subspecies have been assessed as endangered by the IUCN.

Cultivation
This species has been successfully hybridized with the Southern magnolia (M. grandiflora).

title: Magnolia guatemalensis


text: Category:Romanian artists

title: Category:Romanian artists


text:
Australian garden orb weaver spider

The Australian garden orb weaver spider (Hortophora transmarina) is a very common species of spider with many variants in size, shape, and colour across the coastal and northern regions of Australia. They have very large abdomens when well-fed and exhibit a tremendous colour-range from off-white through tan, brown to almost black. They have a roughly leaf-shaped pattern on the top of their abdomen with a complex outline that is darker than the surrounding area. There may also be several whitish spots or one or more stripes. The spiders' cephalothoraxes (heads) and proximal (closer to the body) leg segments are usually darker, mostly reddish or reddish brown. They are able to change their colour with each moult to better match the background upon which they rest during the day.

The spiders are notable for the often large and intricate webs which they weave at night. They are usually nocturnal feeders, resting head down in their webs waiting to catch flying insects. They make their sticky rounded orb webs near lights and between trees where insects are likely to fly. During the day the spider will often rest somewhere near the web, usually under a leaf or twig, or in a crevice in bark or rock. They are commonly found around human habitation so may be found resting under leaves and in similar places. When disturbed they will retreat towards this rest area, although under imminent danger the spider will drop to the ground and "play dead". Occasionally individual spiders will remain on the web during the day, possibly when prey has not been caught for a while, but this makes them more vulnerable to predation by birds.

Their bite is not dangerous to humans but may induce mild, local pain, redness, and occasionally swelling for a period of 30 minutes up to three to four hours.

The female is larger than the male, having a body length of 20 – 25 mm compared with 15 – 17 mm for the males. Females may also be distinguished by a needle-like epigynum protruding in the direction of the spinnerets.

title: Australian garden orb weaver spider