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Slate (writing)

A slate is a thin piece of hard flat material, historically slate stone, which is used as a medium for writing.

Composition
The writing slate consisted of a piece of slate, typically either 4x6 inches or 7x10 inches, encased in a wooden frame.

A slate pencil was used to write on the slate board. It was made from a softer and lighter coloured stone such as shale or chalk.

Usually, a piece of cloth or slate sponge was used to clean it and this was sometimes attached with a string to the bottom of the writing slate.

History
The exact origins of the writing slate remain unclear. References to its use can be found in the fourteenth century and evidence suggests that it was used in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The central time period for the writing slate, however, "appears to begin in the later eighteenth century, when developments in sea and land transport permitted the gradual expansion of slate quarrying in Wales and the growth of a substantial slate workshop industry."

By the nineteenth century, writing slates were used around the world in nearly every school and were a central part of the slate industry. At the dawn of the twentieth century, writing slates were the primary tool in the classroom for students. In the 1930s (or later) writing slates began to be replaced by more modern methods. However, writing slates did not become obsolete. They are still made in the twenty-first century, though in small quantities.

The writing slate was sometimes used by industry workers to track goods and by sailors to calculate their geographical location at sea. Sometimes multiple pieces of slate were bound together into a "book" and horizontal lines were etched onto the slate surface as a guide for neat handwriting.

title: Slate (writing)


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Nazca culture

The Nazca culture (also Nasca) was the archaeological culture that flourished from c. 100 BC to 800 AD beside the arid, southern coast of Peru in the river valleys of the Rio Grande de Nazca drainage and the Ica Valley. Strongly influenced by the preceding Paracas culture, which was known for extremely complex textiles, the Nazca produced an array of crafts and technologies such as ceramics, textiles, and geoglyphs.

They are known for two extensive construction projects that would have required the coordination of large groups of laborers: the Nazca Lines, immense designs in the desert whose purpose is unknown, and puquios, underground aqueducts for providing water for irrigation and domestic purposes in the arid environment. Several dozen still function today. The Nazca Province in the Ica Region was named for this people.

Time frame
Nazca society developed during the Early Intermediate Period and is generally divided into the Proto Nazca (phase 1, 100 BC – 1 AD), the Early Nazca (phases 2–4, 1–450 AD), Middle Nazca (phase 5, 450–550 AD) and Late Nazca (phases 6–7, 550–750 AD) cultures.

Decline and fall of the civilization
From 500 AD, the civilization started to decline and by 750 AD the civilization had fallen completely. This is thought to have occurred when an El Niño triggered widespread and destructive flooding. Evidence also suggests that the Nazca people may have exacerbated the effects of these floods by gradually cutting down Prosopis pallida trees to make room for maize and cotton agriculture. These trees play an extremely important role as the ecological keystone of this landscape: in particular preventing river and wind erosion. Gradual removal of trees would have exposed the landscape to the effects of climate perturbations such as El Niño, leading to erosion and leaving irrigation systems high and dry.

Social structure
Early Nazca society was made up of local chiefdoms and regional centers of power that developed around Cahuachi, a non-urban ceremonial site of earthwork mounds and plazas. Scholars have developed theories resulting from various excavations at Cahuachi. They suggest that this site was the center for rituals and feasting relating to agriculture, water, and fertility.

Cahuachi lies in the lower portion of the Nazca Valley and was initially occupied during the late Paracas phase. It is unique among all other Nazca sites in the region, and it is the most important site for the study of ancient Nazca culture. The people modified the natural huacas (hills) into pyramid mounds for ceremonial and religious purposes.

Excavations at Cahuachi have given archaeologists key insights into the culture. The material remains found at the site included large amounts of polychrome pottery, plain and fancy textiles, trace amounts of gold and spondylus shells, and an array of ritual paraphernalia. The remains of pottery found at Cahuachi led archaeologists to believe that the site was specifically non-urban and ceremonial in nature. The ratio of plain, utilitarian pottery to fine, polychrome pottery was 30% to 70%. If it was an urban center, the proportion of utilitarian ceramics would have probably been higher. Among the foodstuffs found were the Three Sisters: maize, squash, and beans; as well as peanuts, and some fish.

Construction at Cahuachi ceased. It appears that Cahuachi was abandoned at the very end of Nazca 3/early Nazca 4. Although there are many possible reasons for the collapse of Cahuachi, most scholars believe that the cessation of ceremonial use of the site is associated with the pan-Andean drought. Later (post-Cahuachi) Nazca society was structured in a similar fashion as before, but there was less emphasis on constructing large architectural complexes such as those at Cahuachi.

Religion
Likely related to the arid and extreme nature of the environment, Nazca religious beliefs were based upon agriculture and fertility. Much of Nazca art depicts powerful nature gods, such as the killer whale, the harvesters, the mythical spotted cat, the serpentine creature and, the most prevalent of worshiped figures, the anthropomorphic mythical being. Much as in the contemporary Moche culture based in northwest Peru. Shamans apparently used hallucinogenic drugs, such as extractions from the 'San Pedro cactus' (Echinopsis pachanoi), to induce visions. The use of such substances is also depicted in art found on pottery related to the Nazca. Religious events and ceremonies took place in Cahuachi. The people worshiped the nature gods to aid in the growth of agriculture.

During this time, all members of the society in surrounding villages would migrate to the center and participate in feasting as well. Non-elites could obtain highly valued goods, such as fancy polychrome pottery, through feasting. In exchange, the elites could enhance their political power and status while co-opting the commoners into labor and construction of the site.

Trophy heads
The Nazca used severed heads, known as trophy heads, in various religious rituals and appear as a motif in ceramic iconography. Visual depictions of decapitations often associate the decapitators with weapons and military-like dress, but such garments could have been worn in purely ceremonial circumstances as well.

The term 'trophy head' was coined by archaeologist Max Uhle, who considered the depiction of severed heads in ancient Peruvian art to correspond to trophies of warfare. Researchers noted that all the heads had one modification in common- a hole in the forehead through which a rope could be affixed, presumably so that the severed head can be displayed or carried. This detail contributed to the consensus that these were trophy heads. Other common modifications were the base of the skull being broken and thorns closing the mouth. Over 100 of the heads that have been discovered were mummified, which is unique to the Nazca and the preceding Paracas Culture.

Many burials of Nazca individuals are what is known as 'partial burials'. Partial burials typically include bundles of limbs, caches of severed heads, or bodies that are missing several parts. Several burials have been discovered in which the head of the skeleton is missing and is replaced with what is most commonly referred to as a 'head jar'. The head jar is a ceramic vessel with a human head painted on it, along with trees and plants sprouting from the head which is known as the Sprouting Head motif. The actual appearance of the head jars can vary majorly with some having the appearance of trophy heads and others potentially be a portrait of the person buried there.

Early Nazca period ceramics indicate that the initial purpose of trophy heads may have been related to agriculture, with iconography, such as the Sprouting Head, showing trophy heads and plants growing and some of the plants were in the shape of the trophy heads. The burial of the heads suggests that the trophy heads may have been from Nazca people and not from other people. During the Middle Nazca period, the number of severed heads appeared to have increased, this may be due to the pan-Andean drought. In the late Nazca period, the number of trophy heads reaches its peak with the skulls having an increase in damage to the skull when compared to previous periods. During the Middle Nazca period, the number of severed heads appeared to have increased dramatically, judging from the remains. In the late Nazca period, the number tapered off, although the practice of decapitation remained popular in this period. Late Nazca iconography suggests that the prestige of the leaders of Late Nazca society was enhanced by successful headhunting.

Economy

Nazca subsistence was based largely on agriculture. Iconography on ceramics and excavated remains indicate that the Nazca people had a varied diet, composed of maize, squash, sweet potato, manioc and achira, and a small trace of various fish. They also used several non-food crops, such as cotton for textiles, coca, San Pedro cactus, and gourds. The latter were decorated to illustrate activities in daily life.

The evidence of coca in society can be seen through remains but also in designs on ceramics. Similarly, the hallucinogenic San Pedro cactus has been illustrated in ceremonies on several polychrome pots and bowls. In terms of animal resources, the Nazca made sacrifices of llamas and guinea pigs at Cahuachi. Llamas were also commonly exploited as pack animals, shorn for their wool, and consumed as a source of meat.

Based on archaeological evidence, sometime during the Middle Nazca period, the Nazca people created an aqueduct system to sustain life in the exceedingly arid environment. The exact date of construction of the puquios has been debated for some time. Dating of the puquios is quite difficult because of the materials involved in their construction. Attempts at dating the trenches have also been difficult as the puquios were found by excavation. This destroyed the early context by which their dates might have been interpreted.

The most promising techniques used to date them thus far has been the AMS (accelerator mass spectrometry) analysis of varnish that has collected on the rocks inside the puquios, as well as the study of settlement patterns in the area. These techniques have placed the original construction of the puquios at the Middle Nazca period, as indicated above.

The irrigation system was made up of underground channels, known as puquios, which tapped into the subsurface water. The channels were dug into the mountainside until they reached the aquifers under the surface. The channels were lined with river rocks. They did not use any mortar so that the water would pass into the channels. The water was transported to irrigation canals (acequias) in order to directly supply water for agricultural purposes, or the water was deposited into small reservoirs (kochas) for later domestic use. Numerous access holes or ojos (eyes) were placed along the surface of the underground channels and operated much in the same way that modern manholes do. People would descend into the puquios in order to clear obstructions or make repairs.

It is difficult to tell how long these underground channels are because extant puquios have been altered. Many of the puquios are too dangerous to explore underground. The length of the puquios are estimated by measuring the distances covered between the related ojos.

Many of the channels remain in use to this day. This also testifies to their importance to generations of ancient people in the arid environment. With modern use, people have altered the puquios to be used more efficiently, including installing motorized pumps. In some cases, the kochas have been lined with concrete in order to hold the water better. Some of the best-preserved channels are those located in Cantalloc.

Pottery
The Nazca culture is characterized by its polychrome pottery, painted with at least 12 distinct colors. The shift from post-fire resin painting to pre-fire slip painting marked the end of Paracas-style pottery and the beginning of Nazca-style pottery. The amount of pottery produced by the Nazca people is greater when compared to the preceding Paracas culture. A potential reason for this is due to the relatively lesser amount of time required to produce pottery when compared to textiles, which the Paracas favored.

The use of pre-fire slip painting meant that artisans experimented to learn which slips produced certain colors. Major pottery shapes include double-spout bottles, bowls, cups, vases, effigy forms, and mythical creatures. Archaeologists have excavated highly valued polychrome pottery among all classes of Nazca society, illustrating that it was not just the elite that had access to them. Commoners were able to obtain these goods through feasting and pilgrimages to Cahuachi. This distribution of pottery was useful in spreading the ruling class's culture. In addition, clays matching the chemical signature of polychrome pottery found all over the Southern Nazca Region have been found near Cahuachi. However, there is no substantial evidence of pottery production at Cahuachi. The site was most likely a redistribution center for ceramics.

The Nazca pottery sequence has been divided into nine phases. Visual depictions found on pottery from Phase 1 (also called Proto-Nazca) incorporated realistic subject matter such as fruits, plants, people, and animals. An indicator of the phase is the pottery having motifs cut into the pottery, much like the preceding Paracas-style pottery, but using slip painting instead of resin painting. Realism increased in importance in the following three phases (2, 3, 4) referred to as the Monumental phases. The pottery from these phases include renditions of their main subject matter against a bold red, black, or white background.

In the next phase, Nazca 5, considerable experimentation occurred, including the addition of rays, volutes, and other "proliferous" attachments to the supernatural motifs on the vessels. Phase 5 is called Transitional, since it bridges the change in style between the naturalism of Phases 2-4 and the proliferous elements added to the motifs in Phases 6 and 7. Nazca 5 also sees militaristic motifs becoming more common due to a drought causing conflict.

Nazca 6, and 7 include some of the earlier motifs but also emphasizes militaristic ones, suggesting a shift in social organization. The motifs in these phases include abstract elements as part of the design. Large numbers of rays and tassels are appended to many of the designs, particularly those depicting mythical subjects, producing a visual impression of almost infinitely multiplied elements, an impression which accounts for the use of the term 'proliferous'. Pottery art of Nazca phases 6 and 7 also displays influence from the Moche culture of north coastal Peru.

Finally, during Nazca 8 disjointed figures and a geometric iconography was introduced that has been difficult to decipher. Phases 8 and 9 are now believed to date to the Middle Horizon. This period was one of a shift in power from the coast to the highlands with the advent of the Wari culture about 650 CE.

The Nazca, like all other Pre-Columbian societies in South America including the Inca, had no writing system, in contrast to the contemporary Maya of Mesoamerica. The iconography or symbols on their ceramics served as a means of communication. The motifs depicted on Nazca pottery fall into two major categories: sacred and profane. The Nazca believed in powerful nature spirits who were thought to control most aspects of life. The Nazca visualized these nature spirits in the form of mythical beings, creatures having a combination of human and animal/bird/fish characteristics, and painted them onto their pottery. These Mythical Beings include such varieties as the Anthropomorphic Mythical Being, Horrible Bird, Mythical Killer Whale, Spotted Cat, Feline Man and Rayed Face.

Scenes of warfare, decapitation, and the ritual use of human trophy heads by shamans were common motifs in Nazca pottery.

Textiles

The Nazca are also known for their technically complex textiles. The textiles were most likely woven by women at habitation sites from spun cotton and wool. The textiles would have been made using a backstrap loom. This is similar to the way textiles are woven in the region today. Textiles were woven with the common motifs earlier than they appeared painted on pottery. The dry desert has preserved the textiles of both the Nazca and Paracas cultures, which comprise most of what is known about early textiles in the region. Shawls, dresses, tunics, belts, and bags have been found through excavations at Cahuachi and elsewhere. Many textiles associated with the Nazca culture are garments that were included with grave goods found at burial sites. Almost every body found is wrapped (sometimes partially) in a textile as a part of burial ritual. These textiles are found with partial burials as well. Often piles of bones are found wrapped in a textile garment. The deposits of dresses and shawls contained both high-status garments (with feathers, painting, embroidery) and plain garments, suggesting different social roles or responsibilities.

The "Paracas Textile" a beautifully preserved textile from the Early Intermediate period (300BC-100AD) is one of the finest textiles known. This textile, also known as BMT (Brooklyn Museum Textile), is in the collection of the Brooklyn Museum. The mantle measures 62x148 cm and it is worked in cotton and camelid fibers with several different techniques. The middle part is a very fine gauze weave, most probably woven on a back-strap loom in a typical four-selvage web with both warp and weft made of cotton. This central web is patterned with 32 repeating rayed heads in six different colors. The coloring was achieved by the painstaking warp wrapping method, where the warp is covered in sections with dyed camelid fleece. The plain weave over the wrapped areas create a double faced cloth, which are perfectly mirroring each other. The absolute symmetry of the design is broken on the long edges, where one side has extra spiral motifs and the other finished with stepped triangles. Folding the semitransparent cloth lengthwise would bring these edges together forming the stepped fret design, widely used element in both Andean and Meso-American designs. The three-dimensional edging is a colorful procession of 90 highly detailed colorful characters. The edging is worked in camelid yarn using the cross-knit looping method. Warriors or lords with war paraphernalia, women and shamans with the addition of two llamas are walking around the edge on a red band, which is attached to the central woven web with rhythmically repeated colored flowers. The backs and the fronts of the figures are mirror images, except for three figures. Besides the figures there is an abundance of vegetation represented, which is characteristic in Nasca textile works. The three-dimensional edging attached to the light weight midsection suggests that this mantel was never hang and most likely used laid out on the ground serving as a field for divination. Lois Martin who studied the mantel extensively suggests that perhaps it was used as a calendar to track the timing of rituals.

Mary Frame's extensive analysis of textiles from Cahuachi has revealed more about Nazca women. She noted that although the women are rarely recognized in the archaeological record, they had ready access to high-status materials and the right to wear sacred or potent imagery on their garments. This gave an indication of their status. A large portion of dresses were found portraying birds with speckled bodies, double-headed serpentine figures, and anthropomorphic figures.

Nazca Lines
The geoglyphs of Nazca or "Nazca Lines" are a series of geometric shapes, miles of lines, and large drawings of animal figures (some as large as a football field) constructed on the desert floor in the Nazca region. Many theories have arisen about the great geoglyphs. They are believed to have been constructed by large, coordinated work groups of numerous people over an extended period of time, indicating a complex culture that could organize such projects. Researchers have demonstrated techniques to explore how this was done.

By extending a rope between two posts and removing the red pebbles on the desert surface along the rope, the lines could be constructed. The contrast of the red desert pebbles and the lighter earth beneath would make the lines visible from a high altitude. Due to the simplistic construction of the geoglyphs, regular amounts of rainfall would have easily eroded the drawings, but the dry desert environment has preserved the lines for hundreds of years.

The purpose of the lines continues to be debated. Some researchers theorize they were created for the gods to look upon them from above, while others suggest they were some sort of calendar with astronomical alignments that would aid in planting and harvesting of crops. Others have thought the lines were the pathways for important ceremonial processions. The lines have been studied by experts from several disciplines. Anthropologists, archaeologists, and astronomers have all studied the lines, but have not found conclusive evidence for any of the theories as to purpose.

Trephination and cranial manipulation
Trephination was a primitive skull surgery used by the Nazca that relieved pressure on the brain from battle wounds or for ritual purposes. It entails the removal of one or more sections of bone from the skull (while the person is still alive). Evidence of trephination has been seen through the analysis of excavated skulls. Some of the skulls show signs of healing, evidence that the person had survived the operation.

Elongated skulls, as a result of skull manipulation, were also seen in the excavations from Cahuachi. This effect was achieved by binding a cushion to an infant's forehead and a board to the back of the head. Archaeologists can only speculate as to why this was done to some of the skulls. Several theories suggest skull manipulation created an ethnic identity, formed the individual into a social being, or may have illustrated social status.

Some historic Native American cultures in North America also practiced such shaping of skulls, such as the Snake, Cowlitz and Chinook peoples, most of whom lived west of the Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest. They were informally known as the Flathead peoples.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Turning Point Presentations
This session's goal is to share successful techniques for introducing technology in the classroom. Teachers, Sheila Cowing and Jay Bowks, of John D. Perkins Elementary School in Marlow, New Hampshire, partnered under the Southwestern NH Tech Partners Project to develop classroom lessons that would introduce technology to the students.

A key to using technology in the classroom they found was for their students to make the "Turning Point", the point where students feel involved and engaged in their own learning and strive to succeed, this makes them motivated to keep making progress.

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Dan Popik

Dan Popik (born March 23, 1979, in Syosset, New York) is a retired American soccer goalkeeper who is currently coaching at CASL for the U14, U15, and U16 teams, representing all three in Region 3 play. He has previously served as an assistant with the Carolina RailHawks of the USL First Division and two Division I men's teams, NC State and Furman. Popik last played goalkeeper for the Columbus Crew of Major League Soccer.

A highly touted prospect who spent time with the Under-20 United States national team, Popik played college soccer at St. John's University, but left after two seasons. He did not get into MLS right away; instead, he signed with the A-League's Milwaukee Rampage in 2000. Popik would play three years for the club, leading them to the league championship in 2002.

Popik signed with the Los Angeles Galaxy prior to the 2003 MLS season as backup to Kevin Hartman. In two seasons, he only appeared in two league games, neither of them starts. The Galaxy released Popik after the 2004 season. He was the lone player who ended the 2004 season on an MLS roster to attempt to become a replacement player for the U.S. national team during the labor dispute in early 2005.

He is currently the assistant coach/goalkeeper coach at North Carolina State University. In 2006, he joined the Columbus Crew as an injury replacement and played one game. He remained at NC State until 2009 when he became the goalkeeper coach with the Carolina RailHawks of the USL First Division. In 2011, he became associate head coach at Furman University, and took his position at Green Bay in 2013. He stepped down from Green Bay prior to the 2014 season.

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Portal:Current events/November 2004

November 2004 was the eleventh month of that leap year. The month, which began on a Monday, ended on a Tuesday after 30 days.

Portal:Current events
This is an archived version of Wikipedia's Current events Portal from November 2004.

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Hot Press

Hot Press is a monthly music and politics magazine based in Dublin, Ireland, founded in June 1977. The magazine has been edited since its inception by Niall Stokes.

History
Hot Press was founded in June 1977 by Niall Stokes, who continues to be its editor to the present day. Since then, the magazine has featured stories in the music world, both in Ireland and internationally.

The first issue of Hot Press featured Irish blues rock musician Rory Gallagher ahead of his headlining performance at Ireland's first open air rock festival, the Macroom Mountain Dew Festival, in 1977. The magazine has covered the career of U2 since the late 1970s. Sinéad O'Connor first talked to Hot Press about her lesbianism.

The magazine has been at the centre of several controversies: for example, Hot Press writer Stuart Clark was interviewing Oasis band member and songwriter Noel Gallagher when Gallagher found out that his brother Liam would not take the stage for that evening's performance, and the band came close to splitting up.

Hot Press was at the centre of a legal dispute over the copyright of the term De Dannan in 2009 after it featured an advertisement using the term to promote a new tour by the traditional group.

In September 2009, an interview conducted by Olaf Tyaransen with the comedian Tommy Tiernan at Electric Picnic 2009 proved controversial when Tiernan made some remarks which were later perceived as antisemitic. The comments were reported in the Irish and international media; however, both Tyaransen and Hot Press editor Niall Stokes, as well as Tiernan himself, defended them as being taken out of context.

In 2020, in reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic lock down in Ireland, Hot Press held a set of online music sessions called the Lockdown Sessions featuring artists such as Celaviedmai, Doppler, and Tebi Rex.

Contributors
Past writers for Hot Press have included ninth President of Ireland Michael D. Higgins, the authors of BAFTA award-winning Father Ted, Graham Linehan and Arthur Mathews, Sunday Times television reviewer Liam Fay, author and Daily Telegraph columnist Neil McCormick, Bill Graham, The Sunday Business Post US correspondent Niall Stanage, Irish Examiner soccer correspondent Liam Mackey, author Damian Corless, the former The Irish Times columnist John Waters and film critic Tara Brady, food writer John McKenna, Sunday Independent journalist Declan Lynch and The Guardian football writer, Football Weekly regular Barry Glendenning, Daily Mail writer Jason O'Toole and Olaf Tyaransen.

Current writers include Peter Murphy, Jackie Hayden, and Pat Carty.

Politics
Hot Press has had a centrist stance on politics and social issues. During the 2007 general election it supported many smaller left wing parties such as the Green Party and Labour. It was critical of the then Fianna Fáil government, pro-Seanad reform and was opposed to the June 2007 decision of the Irish Film Censor's Office to ban the videogame Manhunt 2 This is the first time a video game has been refused certification by the IFCO.

The magazine has interviewed several politicians, including Sinn Féin's Gerry Adams, DUP's Ian Paisley Jr. MLA, leader of the Green Party, John Gormley and Minister for Finance, Brian Cowen.

"The sort of smug know-all commentator... I suppose if anything annoys me, that annoys me... I could instance a load of fuckers whose throat I'd cut, and push over the nearest cliff, but there's no percentage in that. – Former Taoiseach Charles Haughey speaking to Hot Press writer John Waters in 1984."

In his May 2007 interview with Jason O'Toole, former Minister for Health Cowen admitted to smoking marijuana, saying,

"Anyone who went to the UCD bar in the '70s that didn't get a whiff of marijuana would be telling you a lie. I would say there were a couple of occasions when it was passed around – and, unlike President Clinton, I did inhale! There wasn't a whole lot in it really – (it was like) a Sweet Afton, as a 10-year-old, under a railway bridge on a rainy day, in small town Ireland in the late '60s. I certainly got more enjoyment out of a few pints."

This confession later provoked much criticism from opposition parties in the Dáil. Ministers Willie O'Dea and Brian Lenihan Jnr played down the controversy, denying Cowen was "setting a bad example". Mr. Cowen later became Taoiseach following the resignation of Bertie Ahern.

In June 2007, DUP's Ian Paisley Jr. MLA caused uproar in an interview with Jason O'Toole by publicly denouncing acts associated with homosexuality. This was the year before Iris Robinson, wife of First Minister, Peter Robinson made her thoughts on the issue.

Hotpress.com
Hotpress.com is the magazine's website which as of this writing offers free articles to readers. It was launched in 2002, initially promising a free archive with 25 years of content.

Hot Press Yearbook
The Hot Press Yearbook is released annually.

Books
Hot Press has published several books:
 * A Man In A Woman's World by Jackie Hayden, general manager of Hot Press (co-published in Nov 2007 with Killynon House Books.)
 * Diary Of A Man, by Dermod Moore, 2005. A collection of essays by the magazine's columnist aka Bootboy.
 * The Rooms, by Declan Lynch, 2005. The third novel by Declan Lynch.
 * The Palace of Wisdom (Sex Lines & The Story of O), by Olaf Tyaransen (2004, 2002, 2000) (all of Olaf Tyaransen's books have covers featuring paintings by Irish Artist Graham Knuttel
 * McCann: War & Peace in Northern Ireland, by Eamonn McCann, 1998.
 * My Boy, by Philomena Lynott with Jackie Hayden, 1996 Synopsis: The story of Phil Lynott as told by his mother. It is also her story, from the days as a single mother bringing up a young black child in Manchester and Dublin, through the heady success of Thin Lizzy, to the tragic chain of events which ended her son's life and plunged her into depression.
 * Crime Ink, by Jason O'Toole, 2009 (a collection of O'Toole's Hot Press pieces published by Merlin Publishing). Top ten in the Irish Bestsellers Chart.
 * Why Can't We? – The Story Of The Cranberries And The Band's Iconic Frontwoman Dolores O'Riordan by Niall Stokes and Stuart Clark, 2021. Available in two formats, including a limited Deluxe Platinum Limited Edition autographed by the band members.

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Utility player

In sports, a utility player is one who can play several positions competently. Sports in which the term is often used include association football, basketball, American football, baseball, rugby union, rugby league, softball, ice hockey, and water polo.

The term has gained prominence in all sports due to its use in fantasy leagues, but in rugby union and rugby league, it is commonly used by commentators to recognize a player's versatility.

The use of this term to describe a player may in some circumstances be a backhanded compliment, as it suggests the player is not good enough to be considered a specialist in one position.

Association football
In association football, like other sports, a utility player can play in several positions in the outfield.

The most common dual role is when a central defender is played in the left or right full-back position. This often occurs due to injuries to starting full-backs. As central defenders are usually taller, slower, and less technically adept in crossing and attacking play, such a change in position is often accompanied by a tactical shift designed to ensure the player remains in a more defensive posture than regular full-backs would be in. Another common dual role is for faster attacking players to be used as a forward, winger, or a combination of the two roles – known as a "wing-forward".

Examples include Frenchman Eduardo Camavinga of Real Madrid, a midfielder who can also function as a left-sided full-back or winger. Spaniard Sergi Roberto played in seven different positions, including full-back, centre-back, midfielder and winger, at Barcelona between 2016 and 2018. Manchester United's Phil Jones has been used as a right-back and centre-back while also taking up midfield roles at times. Another defender, Bjørn Paulsen from Denmark, is also adept on the wing or in the centre of midfield and has also successfully taken the role of striker, especially when his teams were losing. James Milner, who made over 200 league appearances for Liverpool, has played in central midfield, full-back, winger and even striker. Chinese international Yu Dabao started his career as a striker, but has transitioned between defence and attack ever since Roger Schmidt took charge of his club Beijing Guoan.

In decades past, Ivaylo Yordanov, Lee McCulloch, Magnus Erlingmark and especially Ruud Gullit had played in many outfield roles, with the Dutchman in particular having the ability to change positions within a single game to fill in gaps caused by substitutions. Even further back in time, before the term gained popular usage, some footballers had a high degree of versatility: Bill Lacey, who played his top-flight football with Everton and Liverpool during the pre-war and inter-war periods, played in all eleven traditional positions (10 outfield plus goalkeeper) in his career; John Charles, a legendary figure both in his native Wales and Juventus of Italy, was both a striker and centre-back in his playing days; and 1966 FIFA World Cup winner Martin Peters, who played in every position, including goalkeeper in particularly dire situations, for West Ham United.

In the women's game, notable examples are China's Wang Shanshan and the United States' Crystal Dunn, as well as Germans Simone Laudehr and Linda Bresonik.

Some outfield players have also made competent substitute goalkeepers, for example Phil Jagielka, Jan Koller (originally trained as a goalkeeper before converting into a striker) and Cosmin Moți. But in the case of goalkeepers playing as outfield players, it is extremely rare; David James for Manchester City in 2005 match against Middlesbrough for one instance. Some may be free kick and penalty specialists (Rogério Ceni, José Luis Chilavert, Jorge Campos, etc.), but they do not hold a proper outfield role. Former Irish international John O'Shea is known for playing in all positions in his tenure with Manchester United.

Baseball
In baseball, a utility player is a player who can play several different positions. In general, each Major League Baseball team has at least one player who can be described as a utility player.

Most professional teams have two types of utility players. There are "utility infielders", who usually play all of the infield positions (plus occasionally catcher). Utility outfielders or "fourth outfielders" tend to play all three outfield positions at various times. Occasionally, there will be players who perform a combination of the two duties. Utility players tend to be players who come off the bench, though this is not absolute. Often, players who do not have high prospects to be a major league star will learn additional positions so they can look more attractive to major league clubs as bench talent.

A third type of utility player is often seen in youth baseball, and occasionally in college baseball—a player talented enough as a pitcher and position player to play in both roles. The term "utility player" is not typically used to describe such an individual, with "two-way player" used instead.

Even more rarely, a player can have the talent to play both roles at the top professional level. Babe Ruth began his career as a pitcher, but proved to be such a strong hitter that he briefly alternated in the two roles until becoming a full-time position player. A current example is Shohei Ohtani, who made the Best Nine of Japan's Pacific League as both a pitcher and a hitter in 2016, and is a designated hitter / starting pitcher who formerly played for the Los Angeles Angels and currently plays for the Los Angeles Dodgers.

Basketball
The term "utility player" is rarely used in basketball outside of fantasy basketball leagues. Instead; basketball uses the terms tweener and swingman to refer to a player who can play two or three different positions, with more specific terms being combo guard, point forward, forward-center, and stretch four.

American football
In American football, the utility player is often capable of playing multiple positions, and often they may play both offense and defense. The concept was far more common in the early days of football, when pro teams used their best athletes in as many ways as possible, and substitutions were far more restricted, meaning players had to stay on the field for offense, defense, and "special teams". This was known as the one-platoon system.

The triple threat man, who could run, pass, and kick, was particularly popular during the early days of football from the time the forward pass was invented to the World War II era (see, for instance, Bradbury Robinson, Tommy Hughitt, Sammy Baugh, and, during his college years, Johnny Unitas). Most levels of football lifted the substitution restrictions during the post-World War II era in the late 1940s, beginning with "platooning" (use of different offensive and defensive units) and eventually transitioning to complete free substitution. Chuck Bednarik, a center and linebacker, was the last full-time two way player in the NFL, having retired in 1962. Despite this, the American Football League of the 1960s frequently used players at multiple positions, particularly kickers and punters (e.g. George Blanda, Paul Maguire, Cookie Gilchrist, Gino Cappelletti, and Gene Mingo, a running back who became the first black placekicker in modern professional football, among others). Because of increased injury risk awareness, since the AFL-NFL merger these types of players are increasingly rare, and true utility players usually end up specializing in one position (for example, Lane Johnson played quarterback, tight end, defensive end and offensive tackle through college but was tagged specifically at offensive tackle when drafted into the NFL, and Lorenzo Alexander, who earned a reputation as a "one-man gang" for his ability to play multiple positions, had settled in as a linebacker for most of his career in the NFL ). Those that do play multiple positions for any extended period of time are mostly backups (e.g. Guido Merkens and Brad Smith) or career minor-league players (e.g. Don Jonas, Eric Crouch, and Charles Puleri). It is still very common in smaller high schools to see top players play two or even three ways (offense, defense, and special teams), in multiple positions, but in college and pro ball, where rosters are larger and the talent pool is more elite, the injury risk outweighs potential benefits.

In the National Football League, Bill Belichick former coach of the New England Patriots uses the utility player frequently. Belichick has used his linebackers, including Bryan Cox and Mike Vrabel, as H-backs on offense, and Belichick has doubled his wide receivers (e.g. Troy Brown and Randy Moss) as cornerbacks and safeties. Former Arizona Cardinals and Houston Texans defensive end J. J. Watt has also been utilized in multiple positions. Watt lined up at tight end in special goal-line packages in 2014, catching three touchdown passes. The 6' 5" Watt played tight end in high school and his first year of college at Central Michigan before becoming a full-time defensive player. Likewise, Buffalo Bills defensive tackle Kyle Williams played sparingly as a fullback in the last two years of his career, catching a pass, rushing for a touchdown, and blocking for another. William "The Refrigerator" Perry, a defensive tackle for the Chicago Bears, famously played as a fullback to score a touchdown in Super Bowl XX.

The tackle eligible is a special form of utility player. Examples of those who used this play notably include Jason Peters, Warren Sapp, Jumbo Elliott, Mitch Frerotte, Anthony Muñoz, Joe Staley, and Donald Penn. In such a situation, a player who is lined up in the offensive tackle position is eligible to catch a forward pass. Another example of a type of utility player is the halfback option play, in which a running back performs the passing duties of a quarterback. Walter Payton, LaDainian Tomlinson, and, most recently, Derrick Henry have used this play multiple times, and this type of play has spawned an entire offensive scheme. Note that generally, a player who plays one regular position as well as special teams is usually not considered a utility player, nor are hybrid running back/wide receivers such as Reggie Bush; only those who play two distinct offensive and/or defensive positions are considered such, as are those who play an offensive or defensive position and in addition kick or punt.

The "offense/offensive weapon" (also known as OW) is an offensive player that can play multiple offensive positions. The OW role contains, but is not limited to, players that can play quarterback, running back, tight end, and wide receiver. Kordell Stewart was the first player to be used in this role back in the 1990s, but it became popular in the early 2010s. Back when Stewart played this role, it was known as the "Slash" role. The Jacksonville Jaguars' OW Denard Robinson was the first to be officially an OW. Recent examples of the OW position include former New York Giants quarterback Joe Webb, Atlanta Falcons running back Cordarrelle Patterson, and New Orleans Saints quarterback Taysom Hill. Webb has also played wide receiver throughout his career, while Hill has lined up at every offensive position with the exception of offensive lineman. Hill also plays special teams as a gunner and kick returner.

The Arena Football League, for many years, made almost all of its players, with the exception of two players on each side (always a quarterback, a kicker (the quarterback and kicker were never on the field at the same time) and usually a wide receiver and two defensive backs), play both sides of the ball; this was known as "ironman". The "ironman" concept was dropped in 2007.

With the exception of the now defunct NFL Europe, almost all European American Football leagues have players that play offense, defense, and special teams. Especially when the number of "American" players is limited, they are often on the field for as many snaps as possible, both on offense and defense.

Ice hockey
In Ice hockey, it is common for centres and wingers to play either position in certain situations. Depending on need, a team may use a natural centreman on the wing if they have too many centres or, conversely, a winger may be pressed to play centre because of a lack of suitable players in that area. Because of the frequency of forwards playing both positions, the term utility player tends to refer not to a player that plays more than one forward position, but to a player that can play both defence and forward. Teams may use a defenceman as a forward, or vice versa, for a variety of reasons.

Sometimes a natural defenceman who struggles on the defensive side of the game but possesses strong offensive qualities may be used as a winger. Marc-Andre Bergeron and Kurtis Foster, for example, have proven to be quality offensive defencemen who struggle in defending their own zone. As such, they have dressed as forwards so their teams can continue to use their offensive abilities on the powerplay while still using the standard six defencemen during even strength.

An extra defenceman may also be pressed to play forward in an emergency situation, where a team has a rash of injuries to their forwards and do not have time to summon a replacement player from a farm team.

It is very common for teams to use a forward on "the point" during the powerplay to provide a greater offensive threat. Though the forward is playing defence in this situation, they are not necessarily seen as true utility players.

Along with Bergeron and Foster, other notable defencemen that have played forward at some point in their careers include Phil Housley, Brent Burns, Mark Streit, Christoph Schubert, Ian White and Chris Campoli. Notable forwards who have played defence include Sergei Fedorov, Mathieu Dandenault, Brooks Laich and Sami Kapanen.

In some cases a player has made a full-time conversion from one position to the other and experienced success. Hockey Hall of Famer Red Kelly spent the first half of his career as an offensive defenceman for the Detroit Red Wings before finishing his career as a strong two-way centreman for the Toronto Maple Leafs. Wendel Clark was a star defenceman in junior before converting to left wing and scoring over 300 goals and 500 points in 15 NHL seasons. (Some junior hockey teams have a tendency to put their best offensive players on defence instead of as forwards, since defencemen generally have more time on the ice.) Dustin Byfuglien is an example of a current player who has made the switch from forward to defence full-time. Jonathan Ericsson of the Detroit Red Wings is another example of a player who converted from forward to defense.

It is extremely rare for goaltenders to play any position other than goaltender; likewise, it is just as rare for non-goaltenders to suit up in goal, because of the significant difference in skills and equipment required for the position.

Rugby league
The use of utility in rugby league is more expansive because not only would a player play only at backs' (or forwards') positions, some may play in forward and back positions with similar roles (e.g. halfback/hooker), or even play so many different positions as injury cover. Lance Hohaia is a prime example of this as he played in six different positions in his NRL career.

Rugby union
Utility player is a term used mostly in New Zealand. In rugby union, it comes in a form of utility back. It is mostly a back who can cover at least two positions. Notable examples in New Zealand include Daniel Bowden, Luke McAlister and Cory Jane, but Australia also has many utility backs like Adam Ashley-Cooper, Kurtley Beale, Matt Giteau and James O'Connor. South African examples are François Steyn and Johan Goosen. Example of English utility backs include Austin Healey, who played for England as a scrum-half, fly-half, wing and full back, and Mike Catt, who was capped as a fly-half, centre and full back. French Thomas Ramos, Jérémy Sinzelle and Damien Traille are known for their versatility too.

Despite that, there are forwards who are capable of covering multiple positions. Many players in the back row of the scrum (flankers and number eights) will frequently switch between the two positions, like Grégory Alldritt, David Pocock or Kieran Read. Notable players in English rugby have made the transition between back row to the back line as they possess transferable skills and are usually the quicker and more mobile of the pack, more often a player may also be capable of playing lock as well as a back row position, with several modern examples being Sébastien Chabal, Maro Itoje, Courtney Lawes, Steven Luatua and Cameron Woki, all with international caps in both rows of the scrum. However, this description never applies to props who can play both ends of the front row (i.e. Numbers 1 & 3), unless the player has the ability to cover as a hooker (e.g. John Afoa, a prop who could cover as a hooker, or John Smit, primarily a hooker but also capped internationally at both prop positions).

Fantasy sports
In fantasy baseball and basketball, a utility player is a player (specifically a batter in baseball) who accumulates statistics without being assigned to a particular position. The batter can play any position; he need not actually be a utility player (for example, if a fantasy manager has two first baseman, he can assign one to the first base position and one to a utility slot). Similarly, a person assigned a utility slot in fantasy basketball need not be a tweener or swingman.

title: Utility player


text:
St. Michael's Church, Cluj-Napoca

The St. Michael's Church (Biserica Sfântul Mihail, Szent Mihály-templom, Michaelskirche) is a Gothic-style Roman Catholic church in Cluj-Napoca. It is the second largest church (after the Biserica Neagră of Brașov) in the geographical region of Transylvania, Romania. The nave is 50 meters long and 24 meters wide, the apse is 20×10 m. The tower with its height of 76 meter (80 meter including the cross) is the highest one in Transylvania.

History
The construction was begun probably in place of the Saint James Chapel. The financing of the church was partly done by the citizens, partly from the income of indulgences. The first related document, dating back to 1349 and signed by the archbishop of Avignon and fifteen other bishops, grants the indulgence for those contributing to the illumination and furniture of the Saint Michael Church. The construction was completed between 1442 and 1447, the old tower being built between 1511 and 1545. The tower that stands today was erected in 1862.

The church was converted, along with the local population, to Lutheran Protestantism between 1545 and 1566. Then the more radical Unitarian party took it over in the period 1566–1716. At last, it was confiscated in the counter reformation by the Catholic Church with the support of the Habsburg government.

The Baroque clock tower was replaced in the 19th century by a new one, built in the Gothic Revival style (1837–1862).

Events
Some important historical events that took place in the church:
 * 26 July 1551: Queen Isabella of Hungary gives the Hungarian Crown to General Castaldo, the deputy of Ferdinand I., and cedes with that Hungary and Transylvania
 * 23 October 1556: Queen Isabella returns and takes back the reign of Transylvania, in the name of her son, the child John II Sigismund Zápolya
 * 27 March 1601: the third investiture of Sigismund Báthory as Prince of Transylvania
 * 12 February 1607: election of Sigismund Rákóczi as Prince of Transylvania
 * 7 March 1608: election of Gabriel Báthory as Prince of Transylvania
 * 13 October 1613: election of Gabriel Bethlen as Prince of Transylvania
 * 18 May 1944: the speech of Áron Márton, bishop of the Roman Catholic Church in Transylvania in which he strongly condemned the deportation of Jews.

Description
The west portal is decorated with the three coats of arms of Sigismund as King of Hungary, as King of Bohemia and as Holy Roman Emperor.

The oldest of its sections is the altar, inaugurated in 1390, while the newest part is the Gothic Revival-style clock tower, which was built in 1837–1862 and replaced a Baroque predecessor.

title: St. Michael's Church, Cluj-Napoca


text:
Talk:Timeline of Asimov's Foundation Series

Timeline
It would be great if this tim line could be expanded to include events in all the others novels included in the Foundation's universe. Live the robot & empire series.

GE x FE
This timeline assumes a Year Zero, which is nonsense: if FE starts in GE 12,068, that THAT is Year One; GE 12,067 is Year Minus One; GE 12,069 is Year Two et.c. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.130.42.219 (talk) 08:12, 25 December 2010 (UTC)

The timeline is wrong. Year 1FE corresponds to Year 12069GE. Albmont 01:00, 24 September 2006 (UTC)
 * It's fixed. --Againme (talk) 22:04, 21 July 2010 (UTC)

Battle of Quoriston
My 1982 copy of the Foundation Series lists it as taking place in 11.692 GE. This is obviously impossible--that's 296 years before seldon's death! When was the series edited for the new date? Citizen Premier (talk) 02:32, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

-FE Dates
Correct me if I am wrong but I was of the opinion that there was only one years difference between -1 F.E and 1 F.E and not two, because there is no "0 F.E". The beginning of foundation says "the dates are more commonly given...(as a negative)...to the year 1 F.E" not 0 F.E as maths would have it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.178.44.173 (talk) 14:44, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

Merge discussion
See Talk:Foundation_series--Milowent • talkblp-r 18:48, 26 May 2011 (UTC)

RfC: merging as outcome of Articles for deletion/Timeline of Asimov's Foundation Series
Per the outcome at Articles for deletion/Timeline of Asimov's Foundation Series and per WP:BOLD, I would like to merge the content of the article Timeline of Asimov's Foundation Series within the article Foundation series in a section called Fictional timeline, while adding tags about its content, such as in-universe and Unreferenced section, and making Timeline of Asimov's Foundation Series a redirect. I want to do this because the AfD was clear in that the article should not be kept and the no consensus was between deleting or merging the article. In my experience, merge discussion rarely advance when editors do not believe that the topic merits being merged (which is the case of editors with deletion arguments) or when they are not interested in the topic (which I believe is the current situation), and I believe that discussing the merge will only stall the actual merge and will allow the article Timeline of Asimov's Foundation Series to be kept even though that was not supported in the AfD.

I contacted the closing administrator and he suggested a content based RfC. I would like to know if the action that I suggest would be in accordance with the AfD outcome, because I'd rather merge the content like this and replace Timeline of Asimov's Foundation Series with a redirect than leave the article around while a merge discussion takes place. I do not believe that the article Timeline of Asimov's Foundation Series should be kept because that was not supported in the AfD. At the same time, I do not believe that anything from that article merits to be merged because all text is unreferenced and it's mostly WP:SYNTH, but, as a compromise, I'm willing to merge the whole timeline so that other editors weight the merit of it.

So, is merging the content of the article Timeline of Asimov's Foundation Series within the article Foundation series in the terms that I expressed above supported by the AfD outcome? Jfgslo (talk) 22:11, 26 May 2011 (UTC)

 * WP:Requests for comment diffs:, | ,  Flatscan (talk) 04:09, 29 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Redirect: Personally, I think the AFD is pretty clear in a consensus that this article is not appropriate for Wikipedia. If deletion is off the table, the only other options are to redirect or merge. I boldly redirected this article. But I won't object if someone wants to add dates and such to the merge target, so long as it complies with WP:NOT. Shooterwalker (talk) 23:11, 26 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Agree with merge/redirect. Andrevan@ 23:28, 26 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Merge is fine, but a redirect to the section would be okay. I am pretty sure that's what I voted for at the AfD. We can easily include whatever important information is in this article in the main article. Crisco 1492 (talk) 23:56, 26 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Comment: Here is a partial list of fictional timelines that have been deleted or redirected. I have not found any that have been kept, except in the past when Wikipedia had lower standards, which have since been renominated and deleted/redirected.

 * Articles for deletion/Batman's career timeline
 * Articles for deletion/Wing Commander timeline
 * Articles for deletion/Alien and Predator timeline (2nd nomination)
 * Articles for deletion/Timeline of the Ultima Universe
 * Articles for deletion/Timeline of fictional historical events prior to the 20th century
 * Articles for deletion/Timeline of fictional historical events, Timeline of fictional future events
 * Articles for deletion/Timeline and alternate timelines for the Warcraft lore
 * Articles for deletion/World of Greyhawk timeline
 * Articles for deletion/Legacy of Kain timeline
 * Articles for deletion/A story timeline of Another World
 * Articles for deletion/Lost island timeline
 * Articles for deletion/Metal Gear timeline
 * Articles for deletion/Silent Möbius timeline
 * Articles for deletion/Metal gear solid timeline
 * Articles for deletion/Shadowrun timeline (3rd nomination)
 * Articles for deletion/Age of Worms Timeline
 * Articles for deletion/The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen timeline (3rd nomination)
 * Articles for deletion/Beyblade timeline (2nd nomination)
 * Articles for deletion/The X-Files Timeline
 * Articles for deletion/Hellboy fictional timeline
 * Articles for deletion/Dragon Ball alternate timelines
 * Articles for deletion/Neon Genesis Evangelion timeline (2nd nomination)
 * Articles for deletion/The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen timeline (3rd nomination)
 * Articles for deletion/Star Fleet Universe timeline
 * Articles for deletion/Timeline of fictional future events
 * Articles for deletion/Timeline of Command & Conquer
 * Articles for deletion/Timeline of fictional historical events
 * Articles for deletion/Timeline of Grand Theft Auto III canon
 * Articles for deletion/Timeline of the Valiant Universe
 * Articles for deletion/Timeline of the Warhammer 40,000 universe
 * Articles for deletion/Timeline of the Phantasy Star series
 * Articles for deletion/Timeline of Harry Potter fan fiction
 * Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Timeline of Faerûn: Present
 * Articles for deletion/EverQuest timeline (3rd nomination)
 * Articles for deletion/Carlesean Timeline
 * Articles for deletion/Honorverse timeline
 * Articles for deletion/Beyblade timeline (2nd nomination)
 * Articles for deletion/Zork timeline
 * Articles for deletion/Terminator timeline
 * Articles for deletion/Shannara timeline
 * Articles for deletion/Sonic timeline
 * Articles for deletion/Bionicle timeline
 * Articles for deletion/Nosgoth timeline
 * Articles for deletion/Xanth timeline
 * Articles for deletion/Transformers timeline
 * Articles for deletion/The Sopranos timeline
 * Articles for deletion/Timeline of Stargate
 * Articles for deletion/Timeline of Futurama
 * Articles for deletion/Timeline of Batman
 * Articles for deletion/Smallville timeline
 * Articles for deletion/Shadowrun timeline (3rd nomination)
 * Articles for deletion/Dragonlance timeline (2nd nomination)
 * Articles for deletion/Degrassi timeline
 * Articles for deletion/Pirate Timeline
 * Articles for deletion/Highlander Timelines
 * Articles for deletion/Castlevania timeline
 * I would include more. But I think 50 AFDs with the same content and same result would persuade most reasonable editors. Shooterwalker (talk) 00:16, 27 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Just to provide some more perspective: [Chronology of Star Wars] has been put up for deletion 3 times so far and it has been no consensus each time. Crisco 1492 (talk) 00:37, 27 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Not including this article, there's about 8 fictional timelines that haven't been deleted. Two of them are star trek/star wars, two are doctor who, and one is tolkien. Basically, the tiny minority (less than 10%) of these timelines that are most likely to end in "no consensus to delete" are the series with the most rabid fanbases. Shooterwalker (talk) 00:45, 27 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Exactly. Almost all timelines don't survive, and those that do are the ones that have huge fanbases. Crisco 1492 (talk) 03:48, 27 May 2011 (UTC)

 * The Foundation series is perhaps the best and most lauded science fiction series of all time. Comparing it to shit like Futurama, or even crap like Star Wars, is ridiculous!  How would deletion of the timeline improve wikipedia?--Milowent • talkblp-r  03:53, 27 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Obviously, then, my !vote is to Keep: We have Timeline of Arda from that Tolkien wanker, the Foundation is far more important.--Milowent • talkblp-r  11:31, 28 May 2011 (UTC)
 * No. This is not a prolongation of the AfD, which already ended on a merge/delete decision. Besides, you don't give us valid enough arguments, we're building an encyclopedia here, this is not a contest between Tolkien's and Asimov's fans. On the contrary many good reasons not to keep this article have been given in the AfD.Folken de Fanel (talk) 10:11, 31 May 2011 (UTC)
 * When someone tells me how elimination of this article improves the project, I'll be interested. I write articles, so I do understand we are building an encyclopedia.--Milowent • talkblp-r  10:36, 31 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Merge to Foundation series. While this is not an appropriate stand alone article, it would be appropriate section of the article once the material within it is verified. Anthem 07:18, 27 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Redirect but I would not terribly mind if it gets merged since it's so short - just as long as the timeline doesn't have a separate article. That's the consensus for most timeline AfDs per Shooterwalker. – sgeureka t•c 07:48, 27 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Merge or just keep it. All of the examples of retained fictional timelines you've cited are clearly both popular and studied by scholars (albeit scholars of pop culture in a couple of cases).  There is no particularly good reason to lose the content.  Unlike all the others, though, this particular "franchise" is primarily the result of a single author's output, which isn't the case in any of the others mentioned. Jclemens (talk) 20:23, 27 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Tolkien? (Arda) Beyond My Ken (talk) 18:58, 10 June 2011 (UTC)
 * As per the result of the AfD, we can't "just keep it", you know...Folken de Fanel (talk) 10:11, 31 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Actually, yes you can. An AfD is a discussion about deletion, which cannot happen unless there is a consensus to do so. If there's no consensus to delete, the default decision is to maintain the status quo, that is, to keep.  Any other decision arrived at -- to merge, for instance -- is purely advisory, and has no force.  So, actually, you have it precisely wrong -- your only choices here are to keep the article as is, or to merge the content into another article, preserving it in that way.  Any other choice (deletion or redirecting, which is deletion is all but name) imposes a decision on a no-consensus discussion.  Can't do that.  If you want it deleted, start up another AfD. Beyond My Ken (talk) 01:58, 10 June 2011 (UTC)
 * This is a reply to your two comments above and below.
 * A no consensus close means no action pending additional discussion, not a consensus to keep. In my opinion, WP:Articles for deletion/Timeline of Asimov's Foundation Series has an obvious consensus against keeping as a separate article, but no consensus on the content itself. (I think it was closed incorrectly, but that's a separate issue.)
 * Per WT:Articles for deletion/Archive 61, merge and redirect are valid AfD outcomes that deserve some consideration. As content decisions, they may be overridden by a later discussion that demonstrates a sufficient consensus.
 * Redirecting is not deletion – since the delete button isn't pushed, no admin tools are required. See WP:Guide to deletion. The most important distinction here is that redirecting leaves the page history visible for a potential merge. Redirecting is a content decision that may be decided by normal, non-AfD discussion such as this RfC. Insisting on another AfD here is WP:BURO that doesn't follow practice.
 * I'm open to discussing these points further, but they're somewhat tangential to the content discussion. Flatscan (talk) 04:23, 11 June 2011 (UTC)
 * You are correct that a no-consensus close is not a consensus to keep, however it does mean that the discussion has not arrived at a decision to overturn the status quo ante, and that effectively means that the article is kept. You are incorrect in saying that a redirect is not tantamount to a deletion.  The article is a thing which is a title and content, a redirect keeps the title, but loses the content, which is true identity of the article.  An RfC cannot take the place of an AfD, so effectively deleting the content of the article through a redirect is not allowable as it creates a huge loophole around a no-consensus AfD. (Don't like that the article you nominated wasn't deleted at AfD?  Just redirect the title elsewhere and tell everyone "No, I didn't delete it.") Only a merge into another artice (with an associated redirect, of course) or leaving things as they are keeps the content, so they are the only options available in an RfC which follows a non-consensus AfD. Let's please deal with the real world and not rely on legalistic hand-waving like "the delete button isn't pushed".  A redirect without merging article content is' a deletion. The discussion is not tangential, because if I am correct, than the "redirect" !votes must be ignored. Beyond My Ken (talk) 17:53, 11 June 2011 (UTC)
 * "This article, having survived its AfD with a no consensus outcome, must not be redirected without another AfD" – is this an accurate restatement of your central point? At least one of these is required: a) this article has some special status, perhaps due to the AfD, or b) no article may be redirected without an AfD. I don't understand why no consensus should confer a special status to the AfD'd article. After a no consensus close, normal editing and dispute resolution resumes, including WP:BRD. I prefer discussion over WP:BOLD redirections following AfDs closed as no consensus or even keep, but they are allowed and are sometimes not reverted. Any editor who disagrees may revert or merge without admin assistance, and reverting is exactly what happened here (history). The strict process of AfD is mainly due to admin tools being required to delete (and also undo/restore). My mention of the "delete button" was not intentional wikilawyering; I couldn't find a policy or guideline page that states this outright, but I can find a variety of comments (with diffs) if you want them.
 * Why is this RfC insufficient compared to AfD?
 * Visibility: A WP:Requests for comment listing and notification of the AfD participants is not at all sneaky (an infrequent complaint about talk page merge discussions).
 * Adequate time for discussion: AfD is normally 7 days, and the default RfC listing period is 30 days. This discussion has been open over two weeks.
 * Consensus evaluated and closed by admin: User:Shooterwalker requested an admin close at WP:Administrators' noticeboard. It seems like it will be declined, but a new request may be submitted when appropriate.
 * Flatscan (talk) 04:57, 12 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Merge as per Jfgslo's proposition. I don't really mind what happens to the content, as long as there is no separate article for this. If it's the best compromise, then I have no problem with a merge of the timeline in the main article.Folken de Fanel (talk) 10:11, 31 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Comment I'd like to point out that the article just survived an AfD, as there was no consensus to delete it. Turning it into a redirect loses the content of the article, so it is simply a deletion by another name.  Therefore, the only options available here (absent another AfD which arrives at a consensus) is to keep the article seperate, or to merge the content into another article. An RfC is not a legitimate substitute for an AfD, an a redirect cannot be used as a way to get around a lack of consensus to delete. Beyond My Ken (talk) 01:50, 10 June 2011 (UTC)
 * See my reply above. Flatscan (talk) 04:23, 11 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Do not merge Timelines as spinout articles have been felt to run afoul of WP:PLOT in the past, but I find that to be a fairly silly reading of WP:PLOT. If the topic is so large that a spinout article of the timeline is the best way to handle it, we should have the spinout article if other inclusion guidelines are met.  Also do not close early, let's let the RfC finish. Hobit (talk) 04:07, 10 June 2011 (UTC)
 * I've notified WP:SCIFI and WP:BOOKS about this merge discussion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hobit  (talk • contribs)  04:14, 10 June 2011 (UTC)


text:
National Marine Sanctuary

A U.S. National Marine Sanctuary is a zone within United States waters where the marine environment enjoys special protection. The program was established in 1972 by the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act and is currently administered by the National Ocean Service through the National Marine Sanctuaries Act (NMSA).

A U.S. National Marine Sanctuary is a federally designated area within United States waters that protects areas of the marine environment with special conservation, recreational, ecological, historical, cultural, archeological, scientific, educational, or aesthetic qualities. While National Marine Sanctuaries are multiple-use areas, the NMSA emphasizes that one of the express purposes of a sanctuary is to “maintain the natural biological communities” and to “protect and, where appropriate, restore and enhance natural habitats, populations, and ecological processes.” The National Marine Sanctuary System consists of 15 marine protected areas that encompass more than 783000 sqmi. Individual areas range from less than 1 to 583,000 sqmi.

The Office of National Marine Sanctuaries (ONMS), a division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), administers the 15 national marine sanctuaries. The program began after the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill off the coast of California brought the plight of marine ecosystems to national attention. The United States Congress responded in 1972 with the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act which allowed for the creation of marine sanctuaries. The resources protected by U.S. national marine sanctuaries range from coral reef ecosystems in American Samoa, Florida, Hawaii, and Texas, to shipwrecks in the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean.

The NMSP also is involved in the administration of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument and the Rose Atoll Marine National Monument, although they are not U.S. national marine sanctuaries. The NMSP jointly administers the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument in conjunction with the United States Fish and Wildlife Service and the State of Hawaii, and it jointly administers the Rose Atoll Marine National Monument with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Scope of protection
Designation as a National Marine Sanctuary does not automatically prohibit fishing and other activities. Recreational and commercial fishing is allowed in some sanctuaries. It is possible to restrict consumptive or destructive activities through the initial designation process and NMSP actions. There are restrictions in some sanctuaries that are enforced by other governing agencies. For example, current regulations restricting fishing in Stellwagen Bank were not issued by the NMSP, but rather by National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA Fisheries) and the New England Fishery Management Council, which have jurisdiction in federal waters off the New England coast generally. The private nonprofit organization Marine Conservation Institute has compiled fact sheets for each sanctuary listing activities which are directly regulated by the NMSP.

Designating Sanctuary Sites
Site selection is done under the auspices of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Regional teams of marine scientists identify geographically representative sites for potential marine sanctuaries. NOAA then selects candidate sites and meets with state or territorial resource managers and/or the state or territorial governor's staff to determine the local level of interest in establishing a sanctuary. If there is mutually satisfactory interest, the candidate sites are evaluated through a process of public and legislative review and validated by the United States Congress and state or territorial governments. NOAA initiates the designation by the preparation of a Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) and a proposed management plan, then publishes a notice of its plans in the Federal Register. NOAA sponors regional meetings and public hearings to gather comments. The U.S. Congress receives the draft statements and may conduct its own hearings. NOAA prepares a Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) that addresses the concerns raised in the DEIS process and distributes it for comment. Finally, upon approval of the President of the United States, the United States Secretary of Commerce, who oversees NOAA, designates the area as a National Marine Sanctuary. The U.S. Congress and the governor of the state or territory then may formally object to or appeal the designation.

President Biden's America the Beautiful Initiative supports local-led conservation efforts throughout the United States which has a goal to restore 30% of US lands and waters before the year 2030. The NOAA proposes the Chumash Heritage National Marine Sanctuary which would add a sanctuary designation covering 134 miles of Southern California coastline, and around 5,600 square miles of water off the coast of Central California. This would span from Cambria to Santa Barbara, and connect two already existing Marine Sanctuaries being the Monterey Bay and the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuaries.

List of U.S. National Marine Sanctuaries

 * Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary (Pacific)
 * Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary (Pacific)
 * National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa (formerly Fagatele Bay) (Pacific)
 * Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico)
 * Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary (Gulf of Mexico)
 * Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary (Atlantic)
 * Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary (formerly Gulf of the Farallones) (Pacific)
 * Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary (Pacific)
 * Mallows Bay National Marine Sanctuary (Atlantic)
 * Monitor National Marine Sanctuary (Atlantic)
 * Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (Pacific)
 * Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary (Pacific)
 * Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary (Atlantic)
 * Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary (Great Lakes)
 * Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary (Great Lakes)

In Designation

 * Lake Ontario National Marine Sanctuary (Great Lakes)
 * Chumash Heritage National Marine Sanctuary (Pacific)
 * Lake Erie National Marine Sanctuary
 * Hudson Canyon National Marine Sanctuary
 * Pacific Remote Islands National Marine Sanctuary
 * Papahanamokuakea National Marine Sanctuary

title: National Marine Sanctuary


text:
Crowfoot

Crowfoot (c. 1830 – 25 April 1890) or Isapo-Muxika (Issapóómahksika; syllabics: ᖱᓭᑲᒉᖽᐧᖿᖷ) was a chief of the Siksika. His father, (Packs a Knife), and mother,  (Attacked Towards Home), were Kainai. He was five years old when was killed during a raid on the Crow tribe, and, a year later, his mother remarried to  (Many Names) of the Siksika people among whom he was brought up. Crowfoot was a warrior who fought in as many as nineteen battles and sustained many injuries, but he tried to obtain peace instead of warfare. Crowfoot is well known for his involvement in Treaty Number 7 and did much negotiating for his people. While many believe Chief Crowfoot had no part in the North-West Rebellion, he did in fact participate to an extent due to his son's connection to the conflict. Crowfoot died of tuberculosis at Blackfoot Crossing on April 25, 1890. Eight hundred of his tribe attended his funeral, along with government dignitaries. In 2008, Chief Crowfoot was inducted into the North America Railway Hall of Fame where he was recognized for his contributions to the railway industry. Crowfoot is well known for his contributions to the Blackfoot nation, and has many memorials to signify his accomplishments.

Early life
Chief Crowfoot was born in 1830 to the Kainai, known to traders and settlers as the Bloods, one of the tribes of the Blackfoot Confederacy. His father was (Packs a Knife) and his mother was  (Attacked Towards Home). He was first known as Shot-Close. Later as a boy, he was given the name Bear Ghost and then his father’s name Packs a Knife, after he had been killed by members of the Crow tribe. These different names came at different times in his life as he proved himself a skilled Blackfoot warrior and, later, chief. A year after his father died, his mother remarried a member of the Siksika tribe, (Many Names), who eventually brought his new wife back to his tribe. Crowfoot followed his new father and mother to the Siksika on foot for several hours, eventually causing the two to turn around and bring both the young Crowfoot and his grandfather Scabby Bull with them to the Blackfoot tribe. It was with this tribe where Crowfoot proved himself as a warrior and leader.

Leadership of the Siksika Nation
Crowfoot’s bravery and determination earned him respect from fellow Blackfoot, but it was his skills as a voice of peace and reason that made him one of the most respected Canadian natives when he rose to become one of the leaders of the Blackfoot nation. Crowfoot was often called, which means 'father of the people', because of his caring nature in regards to his tribe members. He was known to provide food to those who needed it in his tribe.

Crowfoot worked hard to build relations between the Blackfoot and the agents of different organizations that came into their lands, such as the Hudson’s Bay Company and the North-West Mounted Police (NWMP). This effort by Crowfoot sometimes led him to come into conflict with other members of his nation, such as when he stopped a group of Blackfoot warriors from raiding a Hudson’s Bay caravan.

Late in 1866 he prevented a number of Blackfoot warriors from looting a train of Hudson’s Bay Company carts and killing its Métis drivers. Then, defying a number of warrior chiefs, he provided a safe escort for the Métis back to Fort Edmonton. He also became a good friend of HBC trader Richard Charles Hardisty who was in charge of Rocky Mountain House.

Crowfoot had interactions with another famous chief, Sitting Bull. These interactions occurred when the Blackfoot moved south following the disappearing bison herds. When the Blackfoot arrived in Sioux territory, Sitting Bull invited Crowfoot to combine their strength and fight against both the United States and the NWMP. Crowfoot refused this offer, understanding that his people and the Sioux together were not strong enough to stand for long against the strength of the United States military and the Canadian government. Eventually, Crowfoot led the Blackfoot back into Canadian territory, leaving on bad terms with Sitting Bull. When the Sioux came into Canada, fleeing pursuing American forces, Crowfoot made peace with Sitting Bull and his tribe. This helped protect the Sioux from pursuing American forces for a time, but eventually economic factors forced the Blackfoot to push the police to force the Sioux back into the United States.

Family
Crowfoot had a total of 10 wives throughout his life, but never more than four at a time. His first wife was named Cutting Woman, and she was favoured over the other wives. Crowfoot had many children with his wives, but only four of them lived to adulthood: one son, who was blind, and three daughters. At one point Crowfoot had a son that showed potential as a warrior and leader but he was killed in his early teenage years in a battle against the Cree. Crowfoot vowed to avenge the death of his son and personally led a raid against a nearby Cree camp to kill one Cree tribe member. During the raid, the Blackfoot captured a young Cree man, who bore a resemblance to Crowfoot's dead son. Crowfoot adopted the young man. Later this Cree man returned to his people and became the chief Poundmaker.

North-West Rebellion
In 1885 Louis Riel returned to Canada after spending several years in the United States in exile. In what is now Saskatchewan, he created a Métis provisional government after rising tensions between the West and Ottawa. The creation of this provisional government and their demands for a Métis land is what eventually led to the North-West Rebellion. This rebellion was composed primarily of Métis supporters, but it also had some support from local tribes who had grown resentful of the incursions by settlers onto their lands and who feared that their people would be swallowed by the influx of people from the East. These rebels hoped to gain the support of the powerful Blackfoot nation to defeat the settlers and the coming Canadian Militia.

During the North-West Rebellion Crowfoot removed himself and his people from the fighting for as long as possible. He knew that the rebel fighters were fighting a losing battle, but on the other hand his adopted son Poundmaker was deeply involved in the conflict. Crowfoot was also aware of the fact that the Blackfoot were not treated much better by the Métis who were then fighting the Canadian government.

While the rebellion was ongoing, agents from both sides of the conflict sought to gain the support of the Blackfoot nation. It was mainly due to the respect the warriors of the nation gave Crowfoot that they followed his instruction to not become involved in the fighting.

However, after much debate Crowfoot did choose to back the Crown, though he continued to remain as removed as he could. Despite his agreement with the Crown he allowed Cree refugees into his camp during the rebellion. Due to Crowfoot's hesitancy to be involved in the rebellion, the loyalty of the Blackfoot nation was questioned. Crowfoot's involvement in the rebellion was centred entirely on his loyalty to the Blackfoot tribe.

After the rebellion
At the end of the rebellion Poundmaker was in jail and set to go to trial in Regina. Crowfoot sent Lieutenant Governor Edgar Dewdney a letter asking him to grant Poundmaker a pardon. Crowfoot's request was denied, and Poundmaker was found guilty and sentenced to serve three years in a penitentiary. He ended up serving only six months and was released at the request of Dewdney. Upon being released Poundmaker returned to visit Crowfoot to reconnect with his adopted father. During this visit he died, potentially as a result of his deteriorating health from his prison stay. This devastated Crowfoot as his only healthy son was dead.

The refusal by Crowfoot to provide aid to the rebellion made the Canadian government regard him as a potentially useful ally for negotiating treaties with the Blackfoot and other First Nations. The treaty that was the most important for Crowfoot and the Blackfoot was called Treaty 7.

Treaty 7
The main purpose of the treaty from the perspective of the Canadian government was to gain control of the western prairie land and to prevent themselves from being antagonized. They falsely considered Crowfoot to be the leader of the entire Blackfoot Confederation, including the Blood and Northern Piegan, much to the anger of those nations’ respective leaders. Crowfoot thus had a greater reputation as a diplomat than these chiefs and though he always made sure they were consulted in making decisions, he did not feel at all uncomfortable playing the role of supreme commander. Commissioner David Laird promised rations of flour, tea, sugar, tobacco and beef to be provided during negotiations, but Crowfoot, skeptical of their intentions, refused them until he had all the terms of the treaty. In return for allowing White settlers to live on their land, they were offered a secured plot of the land, farming implements, cattle, potatoes, five dollars annually and ammunition.

Crowfoot was levelheaded in his consideration of the offerings in the treaty. He did not want to give up land only to see the white man and the Métis force out and kill the bison. But he was aware that the bison were disappearing and that more settlers from the east were going to inevitably settle, with or without a treaty. As long as the bison were there he knew that farming would not even be an option to his people, but he also knew that they would soon be gone. Overall, he had thought that the terms were generally favourable to his people.

However, there was conflict amongst the band chiefs–One wanted to immediately accept, many were vehemently against signing, and others were still unsure. Before making his executive decision, Crowfoot wanted to talk with Red Crow, leader of the Kainai Nation, who was not yet at the negotiations. While waiting, Crowfoot was pressured heavily from within his circle. Some were desperately in need of the items offered in the treaty and pressed for its immediate signing. Others grew restless and upset with the terms and wanted to launch an attack on the councilmen. When Red Crow finally came, he spent the night with Crowfoot who relayed the terms being offered. He left the next morning to council with the other Blood chiefs.

During his time waiting, Crowfoot counselled with an old medicine man named Pemmican. On his visit with him, he offered the following advice:

"'I want to hold you back because I am at the edge of a bank. My life is at its end. I hold you back because your life henceforth will be very different from what it has been. Buffalo makes your body strong. What you will eat from this money will have your people buried all over these hills. You will be tied down, you will not wander the plains; the whites will take over your land and fill it. You won’t have your own free will; the whites will lead you by a halter. That is why I say don’t sign. But my life is old, so sign if you want to. Go ahead and make the treaty.'"

These prophetic words disturbed Crowfoot. Later that same morning, Red Crow returned with his decision on behalf of the Bloods: he would sign if Crowfoot would sign, and since he had been in negotiations longer the final decision was up to him.

That afternoon, on October 21, Crowfoot delivered this speech to his people:

"'While I speak, be kind and patient. I have to speak for my people, who are numerous, and who rely upon me to follow that course which in the future will tend to their good. The plains are large and wide. We are the children of the plains, it is our home, and the buffalo has been our food always. I hope you look upon the Blackfeet, Bloods and Sarcees as your children now, and that you will be indulgent and charitable to them. They all expect me to speak now for them, and I trust the Great Spirit will put into their breasts to be a good people – into the minds of the men, women and children, and their future generations."

"'The advice given me and my people has proved to be very good. If the police had not come to the country, where would we all be now? Bad men and whisky were killing us so fast that very few, indeed, of us would have been left today. The police have protected us as the feathers of the bird protect it from the frosts of winter. I wish them all good, and trust that all our hearts will increase in goodness from this time forward. I am satisfied. I will sign the treaty.'"

After the treaty
As time went on, disputes would occur between the First Nations members and Canadian officials over the terms of the treaty. During the fall of 1881, government employees from I. G. Baker Company, who were in charge of supplying the Blackfoot with food, began reducing rations. On two occasions, they ran out of flour and beef, causing starvation. Even when supplies were adequate, they barely satisfied the people's hunger, leading to discontent and complaints. As fall began to change to winter, these feelings grew to anger and discontent. Feeling the plight of his people, Crowfoot led two delegations to the farm instructor to plead for more generous rations. Their pleas were not taken seriously, so they resorted to intimidation, threatening the government employees and firing a gun in the direction of the rations house. On another occasion in January 1882, Crowfoot intervened to defend a secondary chief named Bull Elk, who was being wrongly arrested for stealing a steer head from I.G. Baker that he had actually paid for. At this point, Crowfoot denounced the government employees for their mistreatment of the Blackfoot people. He declared that he would turn Bull Elk over when he would receive a fair trial. The I.G. Baker employees had no choice but to agree. But Bull Elk was arbitrarily arrested a second time, enraging the Blackfoot warriors. Crowfoot was also furious, and led these men to confront Superintendent Leif Newry Fitzroy Crozier, the commanding NWMP officer for this area. Crowfoot resisted his temptations to unleash his men on the outnumbered Canadians. He knew that vengeance would be only a temporary satisfaction that would soon turn to despair as the Canadians would return in greater numbers looking to spill blood, just as they done to the Métis under Louis Riel. He sent the men home, and Bull Elk was tried and found not guilty of theft.

Crowfoot's decision to refrain from battle proved to be a success, as the scare was enough to prompt Dewdney to make changes. He knew that the Blackfoot people's patience could not be tested for much longer, and if no changes were made then bloodshed was inevitable. He oversaw the resignation of Norman Macleod, the agent in charge of the tribes of Treaty 7, and replaced him with Cecil Denny, an NWMP officer stationed at Fort Walsh. Crowfoot was familiar with Denny and knew him as a good man, welcoming the news of his appointment. In February Denny met with Crowfoot and other Blackfoot chiefs to reassess what would be given to the Blackfoot people. He made certain that food supplies were adequate, prohibited the sale of animal parts and meat, and commissioned for farm tools and implements to be brought in and the ploughing of fields once spring came. This initiative by the Canadian government failed to achieve its intended results, as the government agencies responsible did not provide the native communities with the support they needed in the way of tools and supplies to properly feed themselves. The failure of this program was a disaster for the native communities of the plains as it increased their decline as a population due to famine and disease. For Crowfoot specifically, the failure of this program resulted in the deaths of most of his children.

Legacy of Chief Crowfoot
Across Canada, there are museums and historical sites like Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump and Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park which commemorate both the Blackfoot nation and specifically Chief Crowfoot. There are also special memorials dedicated to just Crowfoot and his accomplishments. In 2014 at the Blackfoot Historical Crossing Park, a project brought back several artifacts of Chief Crowfoot’s including a deerskin jacket, bow and arrow and pipe. The artifacts were in England at the Royal Albert Memorial Museum in Exeter and were brought back to Calgary to complete the Crowfoot exhibit.

In 2020, Crowfoot was one of eight finalists for the $5 polymer bills in Canada.

The Ballad of Crowfoot
Crowfoot was the subject of a ten-minute 1968 National Film Board of Canada documentary The Ballad of Crowfoot, directed by Willie Dunn. The film explores the situation of aboriginal people in North America through the story of Crowfoot, featuring a montage of archival photographs, etchings, and newspaper clippings, set against a ballad by Dunn, a Mi'kmaq singer and songwriter. Produced through the Indian Film Crew program, it was the first NFB film by an Indigenous director, and received several awards including a Gold Hugo for best short film at the 1969 Chicago International Film Festival.

The Ballad of Crowfoot has sometimes been credited as the first known Canadian music video.

title: Crowfoot


text:
Portal:Current events/December 2004

December 2004 was the twelfth and final month of that leap year. The month, which began on a Wednesday, ended on a Friday after 31 days.

Portal:Current events
This is an archived version of Wikipedia's Current events Portal from December 2004.

title: Portal:Current events/December 2004


text:
Highwayman (disambiguation)

A highwayman was a criminal who robbed travelers on the road.

Highwayman, highwaymen, or highway men may also refer to:

People

 * The Highwaymen (country supergroup), a 1985–1995 country music supergroup
 * The Highwaymen (folk band), a 1960s collegiate folk band
 * The Highwaymen (landscape artists), a group of 20th-century African-American landscape painters from Florida

Films

 * Highwaymen (film), a 2004 film
 * The Highwayman (1951 film), a 1951 film
 * The Highwaymen (film), a 2019 film

Literature

 * The Highway Men (MacLeod novel), a 2006 novella by Ken MacLeod
 * "The Highwayman" (poem), a 1906 poem by Alfred Noyes
 * "The Highwayman", a short story by Lord Dunsany later made into a short film
 * The Highwayman, a 1962 novel by Sylvia Thorpe
 * The Highwayman, a 1955 novel by Noel Gerson
 * The Highwayman, a 1955 novel by Frank Gruber (writer)
 * The Highwayman, a 1996 novel by Madeline Harper
 * The Highwayman (novel), a 2004 novel by R. A. Salvatore

Comics

 * The Highwayman, a comic book adaptation of Salvatore's novel by Matthew Hansen
 * The Highwaymen, a limited series comic book by Lee Garbett

Albums

 * Highwayman (The Highwaymen album) (aka Highwayman 1), 1985, from the country music supergroup; including a cover of the Jimmy Webb song
 * Highwayman 2 (The Highwaymen album), 1990; from the country music supergroup
 * Highwayman (Glen Campbell album), including a cover of the Jimmy Webb song
 * The Highwayman, 1960, from the folk music group The Highwaymen

Songs

 * "Highway Man", a song by Hoffmaestro & Chraa
 * "Highwayman" (song), a song by Jimmy Webb
 * "Highwayman", a song by Brotherhood of Man from Images
 * The Highwayman, an operetta by Reginald De Koven and Harry B. Smith
 * "The Highwayman", a song by Loreena McKennitt from The Book of Secrets, based on the Noyes poem (see above)
 * "The Highwayman", a song by Phil Ochs from I Ain't Marching Anymore, based on the Noyes poem
 * "The Highwayman", a song by Stevie Nicks from Bella Donna
 * "The Highwayman", a song by The White Buffalo from The Highwayman Single

Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media

 * Highwayman, a vehicle in the video game Fallout 2
 * The Highwayman (musical), an Australian musical comedy by Edmond Samuels
 * The Highwayman (TV series), a short-lived (1987–1988) American action-adventure series starring Sam J. Jones

Other uses

 * B5470 road, in Cheshire, England; referred to as The Highwayman after a roadside pub
 * Highwaymen Motorcycle Club, an American motorcycle club
 * Highwayman's hitch, a type of quick-release knot

title: Highwayman (disambiguation)