text:
Talk:Itavia Flight 870

film
I would like to add that there is a good Italian Movie about this subject. It is called Il Muro di Gomma. It is the history of 10 years after the disaster and it is inspired by the memories of the journalist that was writing about it in Il Corriere della Sera

Fabio

Article name
It's bizarre to title the article Aerolinee Itavia Flight 870 when the incident is known in Italy as "Ustica" or "The Ustica Disaster" or the "Ustica Affair" or "Ustica Tragedy" etc. No one calls it "Aerolinee Itavia Flight 870". See the corresponding it.wiki article for example which is titled "Strage di Ustica".
 * In English it is common to refer to such incidents by the flight code. For example, Flight 800, Flight 77, etc. In the UK, the Guardian Newspaper recently ran a story called "The mystery of flight 870", although its possible that the choice of title was influenced by this wikipedia article. Self-Described Seabhcán 11:16, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

added some info and removed some
I'm the original creator of this article, I would like to apoligise for the lack of sources and the confusion - I created this under a different account when I was still a new wikipedian. I removed some unecessary unformation and added some. Its not really much but it is much clearer now that before. --James Bond 06:35, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

Conspiracy theories and "connecting the dots"
"Connecting the dots" is not permitted under Wikipedia rules; it constitutes original research. As such, the conspiracy theory section violates Wikipedia policy. See  Morton devonshire 01:04, 23 July 2006 (UTC)
 * This information is not Original Research. It is taken directly form the sources and references listed. This includes the synthesis. Please see the sources and references before jumping to conclusions. Self-Described Seabhcán 09:40, 23 July 2006 (UTC)
 * The synthesis you point to is contained in a self-published website, which is not a reputable source under Wikipedia rules. See WP:RS.  Morton devonshire 18:25, 24 July 2006 (UTC)
 * The same information is contained in "Natos Secret Armies: Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Western Europe, by Daniele Ganser" Self-Described Seabhcán 18:39, 24 July 2006 (UTC)
 * What is the publication for that? Needs to be an objective media source with editorial oversight to qualify under Wikipedia sourcing rules.  Morton devonshire 19:18, 24 July 2006 (UTC)
 * "Nato's Secret Armies" is an acedemic work published by Routledge (formally "Franc Cass Publishers"). The author is Dr Daniele Ganser of the ETH Zurich. Self-Described Seabhcán 19:41, 24 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I'm not qualified to judge the reliability of that source. I'm not familiar with the publication or the publisher.  Morton devonshire 20:54, 24 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, as the wikipedia article on Routledge starts: "[It] is one of the most important European imprints for social sciences." I think it passes WP:RS. Dr. Ganser hasn't published anything else in English, however, his institution is extremely prestigious, having produced 20 Nobel Prize winners, including Einstein. Self-Described Seabhcán 23:22, 24 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I looked at the book's foreward again: the contents are actually an edited version of Dr. Ganser's PhD thesis. ETH Zurich awarded him a doctorate for this work, thus lending their considerable reputation to his conclusions. Self-Described Seabhcán 14:50, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

Flight Transcript
This part of the flight transcript is a reference to the fact that the navigational beacons in Italy were turned off that evening. I recall hearing at the time that turning off the beacons was standard procedure when military jets were dogfighting over Italy. The idea was to remove from the Libyan jets the opportunity to navigate by civilian beacons. Does anyone remember where this news report could be found online these days?

 * "F/O Yes...neither Ponza is working ? We've found a graveyard this evening; coming from Firenze we didn't find one beacon working properly.
 * Rome ACC In fact, everything is a bit out, Ponza too. What's your heading now?"

Reputable websites
The site that "confutes" (I think "refutes" would do just as nicely) the bomb theory/evidence is a self-published page on Geocities. My Italian is practically non-existant, but from what little I know it doesn't seem in that academic a tone - with plenty of rethorical questions, it reads like the average JFK conspiracy website. Perhaps a native Italian speaker, unbiased in the incident, can comment? Even so, if the page is self-published, according to the discussion above it shouldn't be included. --70.108.140.252 08:05, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I speak Italian and I am unbiased on the incident but I am not sure which website you are talking about? Andreapisauro (talk) 15:44, 7 April 2022 (UTC)

NTSB involvement?
According to the film "Il Muro di Gomma", at around 60:30 into the movie, there is a 2 minutes scene, where the reporter (at the BBC in London) is sitting through a dubbed version of a televised report from the NTSB regarding the matter of the DC-9's flight path, and the existence of another aircraft (a fighter jet) within the airspace. I'm just wondering if there is anyone who might be able to find any possible source of the original televised report. (*)

(*) I myself am actually skeptical as to whether this is a genuine occurrence, as certain events in the film seem to be fabricated (i.e. the journalist is actually only a character to the whole movie; he doesn't exist in real life). So I'm not sure if this video was just prepared for use in this movie.

Furthermore, it seems that in a speech read by Jim Hall, he had made reference (only one line) to the NTSB receiving the CVR from the stricken DC-9 by Italian investigators (http://www.ntsb.gov/Speeches/former/hall/jh960424.htm). However, I have not read/seen/heard anywhere of any involvement of the NTSB into the Ustica disaster, including the acquisition of the CVR. Would it be possible to get some sort of source to corroborate this?(Eug.galeotti (talk) 12:43, 16 May 2009 (UTC))

 * The footage is from BBC special report "Murder in the sky" (1982) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.21.194.198 (talk) 17:09, 29 June 2010 (UTC)

Libyan secret service archives – 2011
http://www.independent.com.mt/news.asp?newsitemid=132253

According to Italian media reports, confidential documents found in the archives of the Libyan secret service after the fall of Tripoli, which are now in the hands of Human Rights Watch, prove what led to the downing of an Itavia Dc-9 over the Mediterranean island of Ustica on 27 June 1980.

Eighty-one people on board the flight, which had been en route from Bologna to Palermo, died.

As has long been suspected, the cache of papers confirms that a missile had hit the plane after it was mistaken for a plane carrying then Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi.

According to the papers, two French jets first attacked the airplane and then engaged in a duel with a solitary Mig fighter aircraft, carrying the Jamahiriya insignia and thought to be accompanying Col Gaddafi, until they forced it to crash into the mountainous region of La Sila in southern Italy.

Colonel Gaddafi, informed in time of the attack, escaped to Malta where he landed in his Tupolev, according to the documents. It would seem, from the secret service papers found, that Gaddafi was informed by the Italian secret service (SISMI) that he was about to be attacked, and had sought refuge in Malta. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.151.25.37 (talk) 15:43, 18 September 2011 (UTC)

 * I found the same source and have added the information into the article. I believe we should look for fresh Italian sources and prepare to rewrite the article. -- Petri Krohn (talk) 18:27, 19 September 2011 (UTC)

A debunk of one part of the conspiracy theory.
Tonight's episode of "As it Happened" was about this event. On it he made the following point, which I relay without comment. One of the pieces of evidence supporting the alleged shootdown is that traces (minute traces, he said) of a military explosive was found on one of the seats. He then went to an interview with an Italian official (I can no longer remember who), who said that the retrieval of the wreckage was done by the navy (didn't say whose navy); and for one reason or another much of the wreckage was stored in the "room that houses shells and torpedoes" (which I'm guesssing would be a "magazine"). So a "normal" amount of "leakage" of explosives from these shells/torpedoes would be enough to explain the traces found. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Old wombat (talk • contribs) 11:03, 30 September 2011 (UTC)

Please, don't forget to sign your posts. Yes, I watched that episode as well. In particular, the official (was it Rosario Priore himself?) said that the explosive was T4, more commonly known as RDX, which is an extremely stable solid explosive(it doesn't blow up when on fire or if shot at), so I find it hard to imagine it leaking from torpedoes. On the other hand,IT IS generally used in castable mixtures, which are probably more "leakable". It should also be noted that this explosive has been used in Moscow Metro bombings, 1993 Bombay and 2006 Mumbai bombings, so it is not unlikely to be an ingredient in the unproven bomb, which lends more credence to the bomb theory.

P.S. Rosario Priore also said that one of the radar operators found hanged should not have died from it, because of the insufficient height (his feet and part of the leg were touching the ground.) Another thing I noted was the so-called radio exercise at the time of shootdown, during which time nothing was recorded. NATO spokesman present has declined to answer a simple question of how often this exercise is done. Then, phone conversations mention the aircraft carrier, which was proven by the method of elimination to be French. Lastly, the program even mentioned a fringe theory which believes that the plane was brought down by the MiG "quasi- collision". In the light of Tripoli documents, this is likely to be false, but nonetheless, it is worthy of inclusion.

My 2 cents for this article. Boron eye (talk) 07:41, 1 October 2011 (UTC)

Possible UFO involvement in Theories section
The end of the statement "Speculation at the time and in the years since has been fueled in part by media reports, military officials statements, and ATC recordings, including radar images and trails of debris; particularly, trails of objects moving at high speeds." suggests a possible ufo connection imv. Also this statement doesn't ring true imv "The media also reported that radar monitoring records released in 1997 by NATO showed that at least seven fighter aircraft were in the vicinity when the jet plunged into the sea off the island of Ustica. According to these sources, the radar shows that one or two Libyan MiG-23 had tried to evade detection by flying close to the airliner. Three Italian Air Force F-104S, one U.S. Navy A-7 Corsair II and a French fighter pursued the Libyan MiG-23 and a battle ensued." It sounds just as likely that at least 7 ufos were in the vacinity rather than it being comfirmed or assumed 100% that they were fighter aircraft. The dialogue from air-traffic control also supports this idea imv. 176.24.226.120 (talk) 21:36, 31 May 2013 (UTC) Alan Lowey

Disputed cause
If anyone happened to watch the Mayday/Air Crash Investigation episode about the disaster it is fairly clear that the last team of crash investigators assembled to examine the accident, who demanded the salvage of much more of the aircraft from the sea floor and were the only team able to report in detail on all of the available structure, were quite adamant in ruling out a missile strike. This is perhaps more of a question than anything but whose word do we take when defining the accident as an 'airliner shootdown'? The court which ruled last year apparently found the Defence and Transport ministry liable for the accident and suggested a missile as the most probable cause, but the last actual accident 'report' released did not, and indeed suggested that this was not the likely cause. Indeed, in his own analysis (available at http://www.airmanshiponline.com/spring2000/spring2000/05-isasdc9.htm) Frank Taylor states that his own contributions, ruling out a missile, were 'toned down' in the final document released, which in any case was not published conforming to the ICAO format for an official accident report. Even so, should we not pay some heed to the opinion of the last experts to actually examine the wreckage as an investigation team and, in the continued absence of a subsequent (or indeed any) accident investigation report stating a missile as a definitive cause and offering evidence for it, list the cause as 'disputed'? BroSwerve (talk) 22:22, 21 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Okay, if it was something other than a shootdown, then why frame the Italian military for something they didn't do?76.6.152.188 (talk) 23:54, 22 January 2014 (UTC)

I'm not debating personally what the cause was or whether there was or wasn't any cover up. My question is that basically with any accident we would normally trust the conclusions of investigators in the published accident report (or in this case the most recent accident report). However, as in this case no report has ever been released stating a definitive cause, and we have the last set of investigators to examine the aircraft ruling out a missile and a court ruling on accident liability suggesting that it was a missile, should we not state a disputed outcome? Neither thing is a definitive answer to the question (the court is not an accident investigation) but they do suggest conflict. If a final accident report is published containing irrefutable evidence of one thing or the other then surely you can say what the actual cause was. BroSwerve (talk) 00:52, 23 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Agreed BroSwerve, the third technical report's conclusions were quite succinct. In regards to the continuing court actions in Italy, don't rule out a mob groupthink mentality. I have expanded the section regarding the documentary to clarify the conclusion was of the third technical investigation's, not the tv show's, but I don't know how to use a reference that has already been listed - ie the 'Accident to Itavia DC-9 near Ustica' - can someone help with that reference? Also - while the section text has a hyperlink to the wiki page on this episode of the show, should a formal reference also be included in the references section? 10KittyKat01 (talk) 09:25, 24 January 2014 (UTC)

 * It occurs to me that considering the incident was of an Italian flight, and the court cases occurred in Italy, and the incident has international repercussions what with various countries being accused by the Italians of having filed the supposed missiles that the conclusions of the third technical commission would be of great interest and relevance to Italian readers. I also note that Wikipedia has an Italian language version, but I cannot see that either the (most importantly and of most relevance) conclusions of the third technical commission, or the criticism of the Italian judiciary for failing to accept their conclusions has been noted on that page. But then, I don't have any Italian linguistic skill. Are there any Italian speakers reading this who could check whether the Italian wiki's page has been updated appropriately with this most relevant information? 10KittyKat01 (talk) 09:40, 24 January 2014 (UTC)

 * There is no direct reference to Taylor (or his report), however they talk about the bomb hypothesis (with a link to an article in an italian newspaper which interviewed Taylor) and mostly show skepticism based on the fact that according to (another group of) British specialists no explosive residuals were ever found on the toilet seat nor the sink. Nova77 (talk) 22:44, 11 February 2014 (UTC)

 * I've added a new description that gives both the official and alternative theory (similar to Arrow Air 1285's description). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Piotr Strzyz (talk • contribs) 20:48, 20 June 2014 (UTC)

Dramatization section
In my humble opinion, the article there show bias towards Mr. Taylor opinion: there're enough evidences regarding major experts accident reports - I'm talking of the three commissions - that the plane didn't fall due to a structural failure, and that its integrity was therefore hampered by exogenous intervention. Beside this, I think there's no clear evidence to accepting the bomb hypotesis, nor the missile one. Actually, it should be noted that, in Italy, the investigations claimed, at first, that the plane was brought down by a "bomb in the rear toilet": it was shortly after considered to be a try to cover up a possible near-collision event or missile shot down. Fully reporting what resemble to be Taylor's personal opinions regarding italian authorities should be considered both unpolite and fruitless: he's not the only expert making similar statements, but others aren't given the same attention. I strongly suggest major editing on this topic, in order to delete it or merging in other experts' opinions. Lord Ics (talk) 08:51, 6 April 2017 (UTC)

Most of the sources are not wikipeida acceptable sources
I wont hack this article up, but it is one long conglomeration of bad sources and exemplifies tin foil conspiracy theories.

I don't know the name for the "everyone died suspiciously" fallacy but I am going to name it "Howard Carter Mummy's Curse fallacy." Adn it is present here.

Running google translate, some of the sources in this article postulate possible UFO involvement. That tells you about the credibility of the cites.108.18.75.161 (talk) 01:00, 19 July 2014 (UTC)

Cause
I remmed this because there has been NO evidence of anything other than a bomb:

The actuality of the bomb theory has never been truly determined, as the mysterious nature of the wreckage tells multiple tales. Parts of the discovered wreckage showed telltale signs of an outside explosion – some outer skin parts were shown to have blast residue on the outside with the metal curved inwards, uncharacteristic of a bomb (which would have curved the metal outwards as the force would have come from inside the plane outwards instead of out to in, like in the case of a missile). Other pieces – especially the area around the rear lavatory, showed many signs of a bomb that exploded inside, such as the deformities of the surrounding support beams situated around the lavatory in question.

None of the assertions in this paragraph are true and/or can be proven by the evidence recovered from the debris.--Petebutt (talk) 18:58, 5 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Taylor's bomb hypothesis was the only one formed after the recovery of considerably more of the aircraft structure than the earlier investigators had access to, and his conclusion was that a bomb exploded in the rear lavatory. As the aircraft was travelling at speed at the time then the resultant break up of the aircraft could have subjected parts of the structure to external wind forces sufficient to bend some thinner-gauge parts of them inwards in a manner reminiscent of an external explosion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.150.18.228 (talk) 17:46, 1 May 2017 (UTC)

No marks of flying debris or bomb fragments found stuck or scratched in the toilet remains. That is one, probably the main, reason why the bomb-in-the-toilet theory was rejected. Also, the toilet door was curved as if it had been blown in, not out. Plus other things. Taylor can huff and puff all he likes, but there were serious flaws in his findings. It didn't help that the inquiring magistrate found the members of the technical commission were being carefully monitored and wooed by the military high ranks under investigation, upon whcich finding they ( the technical commission) were dismissed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.0.238.55 (talk) 21:40, 3 July 2018 (UTC)

Major cleanup required.
This article needs a total rewrite, needs more citations and a general cleanup. MattChatt18 (talk) 09:09, 28 July 2016 (UTC)
 * Disagree about the first point, IMHO it just needs a few adjustments and more citations. Still, you are welcome to rewriting the article from the scratch in your sandbox and offering it for evaluation. Regards, Cavarrone 10:52, 21 August 2016 (UTC)

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Requested move 1 July 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Moved. (non-admin closure) Simplexity22 (talk) 18:45, 11 July 2018 (UTC)

– These two articles started off as Itavia Flight 870 and Itavia respectively. They were moved (rather messily) to the current titles in 2006 (here and here) with reason that "The official name of the company was Aerolinee Itavia, not just Itavia." That is at odds with WP:COMMONAME ("Wikipedia does not necessarily use the subject's "official" name as an article title; it generally prefers the name that is most commonly used"). The company's official name was in fact Aerolinee Itavia S.p.A., but it was always known simply as Itavia. I cannot recall many sources, if any, that use the full registered name. Indeed, in the corresponding articles on the Italian Wikipedia, the word 'Aerolinee' is either used only to give the full details, or is not used at all. Deeday-UK (talk) 11:23, 1 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Aerolinee Itavia Flight 870 → Itavia Flight 870
 * Aerolinee Itavia → Itavia
 * Agree - Seems a reasonable idea to move them. MilborneOne (talk) 14:45, 1 July 2018 (UTC)

 * Strongest possible support for both. Reversing undiscussed and contrary to policy move  05:32, 19 January 2006 Smoth 007 (talk | contribs | block) . . (41 bytes) (+41) . . (moved Itavia Flight 870 to Aerolinee Itavia Flight 870: The official name of the company was Aerolinee Itavia, not just Itavia.) and  05:24, 24 October 2009 Trevor MacInnis (talk | contribs | block) . . (30 bytes) (+30) . . (moved Itavia to Aerolinee Itavia: fix cut and paste move, merge edit histories) which is a bit more complex, but still provides no justification for the current title. Andrewa (talk) 11:51, 9 July 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Additional title change suggestion
I agree that the title should be changed from "Aerolinee Itavia Flight 870," but I would add the word "Airlines" to be consistent with other Wikipedia titles and articles about air disasters. The title would then be: "Itavia Airlines Flight 870." Cameo44 (talk) 17:56, 11 July 2018 (UTC)

Causes section problems
The breakdown of the terrorist bomb theory in the bulletpoints provided seems unsourced and entirely based on someone's personal logic/chain of thought. The grammar and syntax is poor, and deserves a clean-up at minimum. More importantly, it seems to violate neutral point of view entirely, ascribing value judgements about what is and is not "likely" or "unusual", with no sources or evidence. Wikipedia policy on undue weight, verifiability, and original research would suggest that these bulletpoints be removed, unless anyone has any sources they want to add - the only citation is regarding the delay in take-off, and nothing else. The section about the missile strike theory is sourced and references a real media discussion, so I'm not suggesting removing that, just removing the very strange logical analysis of the bomb theory that someone has put in without sources, and in awkward English. The editor who added the section has no page. I will remove the points, if anyone wants to add them back, I suggest a clean-up and additional sources. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Caracta (talk • contribs) 13:33, 25 January 2021 (UTC)

Conspiracy theories
You, bunch of idiots, how dare to liquidate a military attack as a conspiracy theory, ignoring the declarations and the dodgy deaths around the case (like the declaration of marshal Mario Alberto Dettori or the Ramstein crash in 1988), or also the falsified signature of president Pertini on the document to fire captain Mario Ciancarella (even the court of law, after calligraphic expertise, admitted that the signature had been falsified)? You are incredibly disrespectful towards the victims and their families. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.20.56.69 (talk) 14:32, 9 March 2021 (UTC)

Requested move 25 August 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Not moved. There is a clear consensus that the proposed title is not the subject's common name. (closed by non-admin page mover) Lennart97 (talk) 09:32, 1 September 2021 (UTC)

– I would like these two pages to be moved. Reason being is that according to the page of the airline itself, when it re-opened in 1962, the name was changed to Aerolinee Itavia. We must use the most recent name for airline pages and we must use the name that was used then for an aviation accident. In this case, the name for both is Aerolinee Itavia. Not saying Itavia is wrong but Aerolinee Itavia is the more recent name. We don't call US Airways Flight 1549 as USAir Flight 1549 because the name used then was US Airways. There was also a person after the move was created saying that we must name to Itavia Airlines Flight 870. That is downright incorrect. Nobody calls it Itavia Airlines Flight 870. Also, ASN and B3A both mention it as Aerolinee Itavia and not Itavia. The mayday season also says it to be Aerolinee Itavia Flight 870. Also, one thing to prove the earlier move was incorrect is because in the Italian page, it did say mention it as Aerolinee Itavia. The logo of the airline itself says its Aerolinee Itavia.Username006 (talk) (talk) 08:11, 25 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Itavia → Aerolinee Itavia
 * Itavia Flight 870 → Aerolinee Itavia Flight 870

 * Oppose No suitable rationale given. At odds with WP:COMMONNAME. The Banner  talk 09:54, 25 August 2021 (UTC)

 * oppose. one thing to prove the earlier move was incorrect is because in the Italian page, it did say mention it as Aerolinee Itavia Naming conventions are not necessarily the same in different Wikipedia projects, but it's worth mentioning that the it.wiki article corresponding to Itavia Flight 870 uses "Aerolinee Itavia" once in the infobox, and "Itavia" on its own more than 30 times in the text. The it.wiki article corresponding to Itavia has "Aerolinee Itavia" three times and just "Itavia" about 25 times. That is not very strange, since aerolinee simply means airlines in Italian, and although it is part of the full legal name of the company, it is clearly not part of the common name in Italian. That is also strongly supported by the sources for the it.wiki article!
 * A more relevant question is whether it is the WP:COMMONNAME in English, and sources overwhelmingly suggest that it is. Looking at the English-language sources for this article that are available online, almost all of them call it Itavia.The Guardian and the book by Cooper and Grandolini use "Itavia Airlines", a direct translation of "Aerolinee Itavia"; I can't access the Washington Post articles but New York Times, Malta Independent, airdisaster.com, and FLIGHT international all use "Itavia"; historicwings.com has "Aerolinee Itavia" in the lede and "Itavia" in all subsequent mentions. There are two aviation-safety.net links: "A Case History Involving Wreckage Analysis: Lessons from the Ustica investigations" uses "Itavia", the listing "ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC-9-15 I-TIGI Ustica, Italy" uses "Aerolinee Itavia". --bonadea contributions talk 10:00, 25 August 2021 (UTC)

Every name may not necessarily be a common name as you may think. The title also needs to be distinguishable between other pages unless it is unavoidable. I bet no one calls Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501 so. It's common name was AirAsia Flight 8501. But if it was called AirAsia Flight 8501, the operator would be mixed with the parent company. Itavia sounds rather similar to Alitalia. However, it is clearly avoidable if the name is changed to Aerolinee Itavia. Say Itavia and Alitalia yourself. They sound rather similar. Username006 (talk) 15:20, 26 August 2021 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose – Clear violation of WP:COMMONNAME, as eloquently explained by User:Bonadea above. The risk of confusion between Itavia and Alitalia is a non-issue. See also the discussion a few years ago about the move to the current titles. --Deeday-UK (talk) 09:30, 29 August 2021 (UTC)

Trying to clean the article up
I've tried to clean the article up by removing unsourced or irrelevant text. Arguments over how a TV series discussed the crash are not relevant to this page, but would be better suited to the Mayday page on Wikipedia. Also I've clarified the section about the "official" investigation, which isn't really official in the sense it was held by an office designed to investigate aviation crashes. I think the article needs further work. John Smith's (talk) 14:06, 22 January 2022 (UTC)

 * I've made some further revisions to try to make the article flow better. Really what is required is for someone to put in a chronology of the official investigations and explain what happened with each one, even if it only confirms no conclusive views of the crash could be produced. This should be kept separate from the litigation, because investigations are there to establish facts, whereas court cases are there to attribute liability. John Smith's (talk) 14:34, 22 January 2022 (UTC)

Can new editors please not make wholesale versions to the article without discussing them first, especially when I've tried to clean this article up. John Smith's (talk) 21:17, 23 January 2022 (UTC)

In response to User talk:Andreapisauro, I have the following observations.

The Smolensk Air disaster happened nearly two decades later. If there was a page about Taylor it would be fine to mention his views on different events there. But we mustn't draw inferences ourselves. Inserting a reference to Taylor's alleged views on Smolensk, even if well intentioned, would clearly be an attempt to paint him as a conspiracy theorist and discredit his views on Itavia Flight 870. Even if it were agreed that he was wrong on Smolensk, that doesn't mean he wasn't right on Itavia.

Regarding Judge Priore, as he authored a later report I agree that it's fine to refer to what he said. However, "stragi80" isn't an official source. Is there a more reliable source that quotes specifically what his problems with the Taylor report were? John Smith's (talk) 21:33, 24 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Hi,
 * I think the investigator's view on the Air Smolensk disaster is extremely relevant as it is a very similar situation. A plane which went down in somewhat unclear circumstances where Taylor supports a theory about a bomb as the main cause of the disaster. In both cases the events have geopolitical significance and in both cases the official investigation leads towards a different explanation of the events. While it is true that in the second case he did not have an official capacity, it is worth noticing that also in the case of Ustica Taylor went far beyond his role on the committee, giving frequent and highly politically sensitive comments to the press. Precisely the kind of comments he put forward in the case of the Smolensk disaster.
 * For the views of Priore on the Misiti/Taylor report I would refer to this link which is comprehensive: https://www.stragi80.it/ecco-come-il-collegio-misiti-inquino-le-indagini/ and link up the the part of Priore's "sentenza-ordinanza" where the judge harshly criticises the report: https://www.stragi80.it/documenti/gi/perizie/051.pdf. I take the point that "stragi80" isn't an official source but it's the largest archive on Ustica and the documents uploaded are all official. The Sentenza Ordinanza of Judge Priore is an official document. Andreapisauro (talk) 15:39, 7 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Also, stragi80 is referenced in other parts of this article... Andreapisauro (talk) 16:41, 8 April 2022 (UTC)

Full Cockpit Voice Recording
The complete audio recording was published at the end of 2023 and is 100% real because the original source is from an official Italian archives page. 186.15.124.52 (talk) 01:42, 14 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Itavia Flight 870


text:
Party City

Party City Holdco Inc, commonly referred to as Party City is an American publicly traded retail chain of party stores founded in 1986 by Steve Mandell in East Hanover, New Jersey. The companies headquarters are in Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey. The company is the largest retailer of party goods in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. The company operates over 850 company-owned and franchise outlets in over 70 countries around the world under the Party City, Halloween City, Toy City, Factory Card and Party Outlet brands.

1986–1993: Founding and franchising
Party City was founded by Steve Mandell in 1986. Mandell recognized that the market for party goods was highly fragmented with a lot of small mom-and-pop operations and noticed that a large number of retailers carried limited supplies. Additionally, he saw that many big players were trying to dominate the party goods market. Mandell decided to specialize in the business when he struck out on his own to realize his long-cherished goal of running his own retail operation.

After scraping together $125,000, he opened a 4,000 sqft store in East Hanover, New Jersey, naming it Party City. The operation was immediately successful and within a year Mandell started planning for a second location. He also began to hear from people asking to franchise the Party City concept, and as a result the company began its evolution into a national chain. After his first year in business Mandell also decided to concentrate on Halloween. In 1987, over a quarter of his store was turned into a "Halloween Costume Warehouse". The move proved highly successful and led to the company's ongoing focus on the holiday, and the major impact that the month of October would have on the company's bottom line. Year-round, the company stocked an inventory of Halloween costumes, if for no other reason than to make customers aware of the items for the next Halloween season. One quarter ($560 million) of the companies 2015 revenue came from Halloween; the company operates about 300 Halloween City pop-up stores.

Party City started franchising stores in 1989, with the first franchise store being located in Hazlet, New Jersey. By 1990, Mandell also owned four Party City stores. At this point he incorporated the business as a franchising operation, with his stores forming the core of the chain. By the end of 1990, Party City outlets numbered 11; five more franchised stores were added in 1991, 16 in 1992, and another 26 in 1993, bringing the total to 58. Party City was now a nationwide chain with store locations ranging from Hawaii to Puerto Rico. The company's annual revenues in 1993 topped $2.4 million and net profits approached $235,000. During these first four years of operation, Mandell refined the Party City concept, including store design, product mix, choice of suppliers, and the implementation of systems. With a successful store model in hand, Mandell in late 1993 decided to de-emphasize franchising in favor of opening company-owned stores, which would generate greater returns for the corporation than it could receive on fees and royalties from franchised outlets, as well as allow Mandell to better control the destiny of Party City. While franchisees might maintain a tighter control on inventory, Mandell was insistent that company-owned units would be amply stocked with a wide range of merchandise.

2005–2022: Acquisitions and developments

In 2005, the company was sold to a subsidiary of AAH Holdings Corporation, owner of Amscan, a designer, manufacturer and distributor of party goods in America. Amscan then went on to acquire the party retailers Party America in 2006 and Factory Card & Party Outlet in 2007. Both retail chains began to operate under the Party City network, thereby making Party City the largest party supplies retailer in the United States.

With Amscan's 2011 acquisition of American Greetings' Designware party division, Party City added licensing agreements with Nickelodeon, Sesame Workshop, and Hasbro. In 2011, Amscan became a licensee for MLB, NBA, NFL, NHL and NCAA party products and balloons, and Party City carries all teams in their respective markets and offers the entire assortment in larger stores and online.

In 2011, Party City expanded outside the United States with the acquisition of the Canadian retailer Party Packagers, making Party City the largest party goods retailer in North America. In 2012, these stores began to re-brand as Party City. In 2013, Party City bought iParty. In December 2017, Party City acquired MG Novelty Corporation for around $5.5 million, which operated seven retail stores under the name Party Galaxy in the Oklahoma City metropolitan area. In 2017, Party City purchased its franchised locations in the Carolinas.

Advent International, Berkshire Partners LLC and Weston Presidio in 2012 sold Thomas H. Lee Partners a majority stake in Party City. In 2015, Party City Holdco Inc went public with Thomas H. Lee Partners retaining 55% and Advent International owned 19 percent. In April 2017, the company was approached by a private equity firm to acquire the company. In response the company placed itself on the market. In June 2018, Party City announced that it would open around 50 Toy City pop-up stores beginning in September 2018, alongside its Halloween City stores. The stores operated through the conclusion of the holiday season, and was meant to capitalize upon the closure of the U.S. locations of Toys "R" Us. Some of its locations utilized vacancies created by the Toys "R" Us shutdown.

In May 2019, it was announced that the chain would be closing 45 locations "to help optimize our market-level performance, focus on the most profitable locations, and improve the overall health of our store portfolio".

Party City's Canadian operations were acquired by Canadian Tire in August 2019 for $174.4 million CAD. Party City’s parent organization is Party City Holdings Inc.

2023–present: Bankruptcy and restructuring
In early 2023, rumors surfaced the company had the intention to file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in the United States. Party City Holdco Inc. filed for bankruptcy on January 17, 2023, weighed down by a confluence of factors including the pandemic and changing consumer behavior. The move is part of an attempt to restructure and reduce the company's debt. The company secured $150 million in financing that would allow to keep its stores open and operations running. The move would help the company complete an "expedited restructuring" to reduce its debt that should be done by the second quarter of 2023. On September 6, 2023, Party City officially announced they had completed their bankruptcy reorganization after a US judge approved their bankruptcy plans. Party City was successfully able to slash over $1 billion of debt during the reorganization. The majority of its stores are expected to stay open for now, however a handful of its 800 stores had permanently shuttered throughout the rest of 2023, particularly underperforming and less productive locations, and stores that are located in underdeveloped and obsolete areas.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Party City


text:
Dōtanuki

Dōtanuki (同田貫) is a name of a Japanese school of swordsmiths from Higo province who produced swords in the Bizen tradition during the feudal period of Japan.

Dotanuki School
The Dotanuki school evolved in Higo Province with its ancestry going back to the famous "Enju Kunimura" (延寿 国村). Enju Kunimura founded the Higo Enju school in approximately 1305. Kunimura was born in Yamato province to the swordsmith Hiromura. He moved to Yamashiro province, became a student of Rai Kuniyuki, and later married Kuniyuki's daughter. Kunimura then moved to Higo and founded the Enju school. There are only six blades by Kunimura known to exist.

The Dotanuki school emerged in the small Higo village of Dotanuki in the mid-16th century, following the decline of the Higo Enju school in the latter part of the Koto period. The Dotanuki school founder is said to be Dotanuki Masakuni, he was called Oyama Kozuke no Suke and his original signature was Nobuyoshi. The famous general Katō Kiyomasa honored Masakuni with one character of his name, and from that point onward Nobuyoshi was known as Masakuni. However, the majority of his works are only signed "Dotanuki Kozuke no Suke".

Dotanuki swords quickly gained great popularity among the warrior class due to their superior cutting ability. The Dotanuki smiths cared little for aesthetics, but instead focused on strength, sharpness, and durability in the field. They were renowned for producing blades which would endure the harshest conditions, the most difficult battlefield situations and survive to return to battle day after day, year after year.

Fictional references
The dōtanuki has appeared in several entertainment outlets, featured as a blade wider and thicker than any normal build of katana. Ogami Ittō in the manga Lone Wolf and Cub had a dōtanuki (using the spelling 胴太貫 “torso–thick–penetrate”) as his principal weapon. The katana named Gassan in Soulcalibur II and Soulcalibur III is a dōtanuki. Gassan is wielded by Heishiro Mitsurugi in Soulcalibur II.

Many works of historical fiction write dōtanuki with different characters as 胴田貫 (roughly "torso–paddy–penetrate"), with a folk etymology claiming it is because when used to cut the torso of a cadaver lying down in a paddy, the sword would pierce right through it and into the field. This name and story apparently originated in fiction, as they are not found in any historical manuals or catalogues.

title: Dōtanuki


text:
Wikipedia:Archived articles for deletion discussions/November 2004

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text: User talk:67.119.241.178

title: User talk:67.119.241.178


text:
Talk:List of international auto racing colours

Untitled
- Not 100% certain of all of these, though it's a badly needed resource. Argentina in particular I've heard both blue/black and blue/yellow. South Africa I'm also unsure about it...the only example in F1 I can find is John Love in Kylami in '67, and his car was a dark blue or black! Kurohone 05:31, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm glad someone else agrees about these colors. As a fan of mid-century F1, it's nice to have a color reference!  --SFoskett 20:33, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * I've understood the national racing colour of Finland is black with blue numbers on white background. White with blue cross on bonnet is admittedly mentioned also. Moreover, I think orange belongs to New Zealand, not the Netherlands. Witness the orange pre-season McLarens in late 90s in honour of the team's original founder, a New Zealander Bruce McLaren.

 * No, Bruce McLaren's cars were originally in the New Zealand colours of green and silver. The team colour of orange came with sponsorship from Gulf, whose corporate colour that was. Orange is the national colour of the Netherlands. -- Ian Dalziel 14:22, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

Proposal
I am proposing to move this page to a new one called List of racing colors as instead of just listing colors by countries, it will list those by corporation (JPS) and manufacturers (red,blue and white of Nissan), also it will not just be limited to cars (eg Kawasaki green and Yamaha black on yellow or red on white speedblock) Willirennen 02:40 26 November 2006 (utc)

 * Provided the commercial colours are not mixed in the same list, I don't see why not. It could wind up a long article, though. -- Ian Dalziel 11:29, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Willirennen's proposition is obsolete since there is now a separate article on Formula One sponsorship liveries, don't you think? John Anderson   (talk) 11:10, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

Czech Republic = Czechoslovakia?
The colours as given to the Czech Republic here, shouldn't they be for Czechoslovakia? The Czech Republic did not exist in the time when national colours where used on race cars. E.G. 18:23, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Noone has commented on this. I change Czech Republic to Czechoslovakia now. E.G. 18:26, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I had to do the same again the other day. John Anderson   (talk) 11:11, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

New Zealand - black?
Some anonymos user has added the information to the list, that some (?) New Zealand teams used black, in stead of the green and silver which is noted above on this talk page. Was it really so in the days of natioanl racing colors, or is this a missunderstanding because New Zealand national sportsteams often use black? The A1 Team New Zealand seems to be using black, but that's a much later enterprise and is thus not eligile for adding to this list, I think. John Anderson 11:13, 13 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree with this decision as nowadays the general public associate NZ with black, for example, the most famous one being the rugby team, that's why the A1 team uses this color rather than the traditional color people forgot about. Willirennen 11:36, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

 * OK, but do you have any source that proves there were any NZ race cars pre-1970 which were painted black? That's the real question here. John Anderson 14:42, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

 * This looks distinctly like black and silver to me. The accompanying text states as much. Pyrope 15:42, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Nice. Where's that text, now? John Anderson 21:59, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

 * The text is here, fifth line down. Pyrope 08:27, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

 * It's also supported on page 73 of Doug Nye's "McLaren, The Grand Prix, Can-Am and Indy Cars": "This new Mark 1 McLaren ... The car was sprayed in New Zealand national colours of jet black with a silver stripe...". -- DH85868993 12:16, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Good, I added these as references to the article now. John Anderson 14:04, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

Green & Gold
Brabham's racing colours have been raised a couple of times on the Brabham talk page. From 1963 to 1969 the team ran its cars in green with gold trim round the nose. See the picture at Brabham BT19 for example (although that pic should probably be deleted....). This is referred to in a couple of sources (Brabham, Jack & Doug Nye (2004), The Jack Brabham Story, Motorbooks International, ISBN 0-7603-1590-6 p.147, for example) as racing in the Australian colours. As I understand it, technically they couldn't have done that, since the team was registered in the UK. user:DeafCom has identified this, which states that the green and gold were in general unofficial colours prior to 1984, and became 'Australia's official colours' after that date. Some questions therefore: Thanks for any light you can shed! 4u1e 15:58, 20 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Did teams really have to race in their national colours (Didn't Rob Walker's cars run in dark blue?)? (Not that I'm aware of and I dont think its ever been in the rules DeafCom 21:31, 03 Sept 2007 (UTC)))
 * Were Australia's colours in motor racing really green and gold at the time? (only one international team ran in the 1960's - Brabham. Nationally - Australians ran all combinations DeafCom 21:31, 03 Sept 2007 (UTC)))
 * If Green & Gold were Australia's colours, how come Team Lotus raced in a very similar livery to Brabham (Green with gold trim on nose)? (By choice? I think original national racing colours can be traced back to before WW2 - the 20/30's DeafCom 21:31, 03 Sept 2007 (UTC))

 * Navy blue with white stripes to match the Saint Andrew's cross of Scotland, Walker's ancestral home (of Johnnie Walker scotch whiskey fame). At some point the sky blue orange colour scheme later associted with Gulf oil sponsorship had been considered Australian racing colours, but I can't for the moment find a source to back that up. Lotus used yellow rather than gold for their nose, I imagine so this could distinguish their cars more easily from Cooper's at a guess which wore green with white stripes. All the British marques used some distinguishment from their fellows - I think BRM used orange. Often the Brabham gold stripe ran the length of of the car along its spine. --Falcadore (talk) 03:39, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

Correct Colours
British Racing Green is a deep shade of green and not simply green as listed and illustrated. Also, silver was never an "official" colour for Germany. The fact that Mercedes chose to run unpainted silver cars does not mean silver was officially the national colour as well as white. They merely got away with it because it was close enough to white i reckon. --Amedeo Félix (talk) 11:42, 22 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I think we acctually need more sources on any information like this, because there is much different opinions given on these questions around the Internet. I'd like to see an old official list from FIA giving the national colors as they acctually were stated in the 1960's and earlier, but I don't know where to get it. John Anderson   (talk) 11:14, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

Blue color for Peugeot, Ligier and Prost
Peugeot used blue color at 1913 Indianapolis 500, the event won by Jules Goux. Ligier and later Prost chose blue because of their French nationalities. The matter if this choise was made during the time when national colours were obligatory or not is irrelevant. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.80.191.190 (talk) 13:34, 15 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Oh no, that is highly relevant. National colors were mandatory for decades. If you use them after that regulation was lifted, you are just doing it for fun and it is more of a team livery than a national livery. John  Anderson   (talk) 14:08, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Mandatory when, and by what regulation? Colours were prescribed, but they were never mandatory in all Grands Prix - private teams used non-national colours from the early fifties. Nor do I see why blue should have ceased to be the French national colour or red the Italian because they were not compulsory. -- Ian Dalziel (talk) 23:43, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

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Romania in the National list
The entry for Romania is using the symbol image for France. You might want to check that. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:8388:6B87:D800:B56F:2078:22B:C8D7 (talk) 06:16, 16 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I've removed the offending image (there was no correct image with which to replace it). Thanks for pointing out the error. DH85868993 (talk) 08:28, 16 October 2023 (UTC)


text: Category:English singers

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text:
Jayhawker

Jayhawker and red leg are terms that came to prominence in Kansas Territory during the Bleeding Kansas period of the 1850s; they were adopted by militant bands affiliated with the free-state cause during the American Civil War. These gangs were guerrillas who often clashed with pro-slavery groups from Missouri, known at the time in Kansas Territory as "Border Ruffians" or "Bushwhackers". After the Civil War, the word "Jayhawker" became synonymous with the people of Kansas, or anybody born in Kansas. Today a modified version of the term, Jayhawk, is used as a nickname for a native-born Kansan.

Early usage
The term did not appear in the first American edition of Burtlett's Dictionary of Americanisms (1848), but was entered into the fourth improved and enlarged edition in 1877 as a cant name for a freebooting armed man in the western United States.

It was established that the term was adopted as a nickname by a group of emigrants from Illinois traveling to California in 1849, who got stuck in the Death Valley.

In 1858–59, the slang term "Jayhawking" became widely used as a synonym for stealing. Examples include:

"O'ive been over till Eph. Kepley's a-jayhawking."

"Men are now at Fort Scott, working by the day for a living as loyal as Gen. Blunt himself, who have had every hoof confiscated, or jayhawked, which is about the same thing, for all the benefit it is to the Government."

Missouri–Kansas border lexicon
The term became part of the lexicon of the Missouri–Kansas border in about 1858, during the Kansas territorial period. The term came to be used to describe militant bands nominally associated with the free-state cause. One early Kansas history contained this succinct characterization of the Jayhawkers: "Confederated at first for defense against pro-slavery outrages, but ultimately falling more or less completely into the vocation of robbers and assassins, they have received the name—whatever its origin may be—of jayhawkers."

Farmer's Americanisms, old and new (1889) linked the term with anti-slavery advocates of late 1850s in Kansas.

G. Murlin Welch, a historian of the territorial period described the Jayhawkers as bands of men that were willing to fight, kill, and rob for a variety of motives that included defense against pro-slavery "Border Ruffians", abolition, driving pro-slavery settlers from their claims of land, revenge, and/or plunder and personal profit.

While the "Bleeding Kansas" era is generally regarded as beginning in 1856, the earliest documented uses of the term "jayhawker" during the Kansas troubles were in the late 1850s, after the issue of slavery in Kansas had essentially been decided in favor of the Free State cause. The earliest dated mention of the name comes from the autobiography of August Bondi, who came to Kansas in 1855. Bondi said he observed General James Lane addressing his forces as Jayhawkers in December 1857.

Another early reference to the term (as applied to the Kansas troubles) emerging at that time is provided in the retrospective account of Kansas newspaperman John McReynolds. McReynolds reportedly picked up the term from Pat Devlin, a Free State partisan described as "nothing more nor less than a dangerous bully." In mid-1858, McReynolds asked Devlin where he had acquired two fine horses that he had recently brought into the town of Osawatomie. Devlin replied that he "got them as the Jayhawk gets its birds in Ireland", which he explained as follows: "In Ireland a bird, which is called the Jayhawk, flies about after dark, seeking the roosts and nests of smaller birds, and not only robs nests of eggs, but frequently kills the birds." McReynolds understood Devlin had acquired his horses in the same manner the Jayhawk got its prey, and used the term in a Southern Kansas Herald newspaper column to describe a case of theft in the ongoing partisan violence. The term was quickly picked up by other newspapers, and "Jayhawkers" soon came to denote the militants and thieves affiliated with the Free State cause.

Kansas Union troops
The meaning of the jayhawker term evolved in the opening year of the American Civil War. When Charles Jennison, one of the territorial-era jayhawkers, was authorized to raise a regiment of cavalry to serve in the Union army, he characterized the unit as the "Independent Kansas Jay-Hawkers" on a recruiting poster. The regiment was officially termed the 7th Regiment Kansas Volunteer Cavalry, but was popularly known as Jennison's Jayhawkers. Thus, the term became associated with Union troops from Kansas. After the regiment was banished from the Missouri–Kansas border in the spring of 1862, it went on to participate in several battles including Union victories of the Battle of Iuka and the Second Battle of Corinth. Late in the war, the regiment returned to Kansas and contributed to Union victory in one of the last major battles in the Missouri–Kansas theater, the Battle of Mine Creek.

The Jayhawker term was applied not only to Jennison and his command, but to any Kansas troops engaged in punitive operations against the civilian population of western Missouri, in which the plundering and arson that characterized the territorial struggles were repeated, but on a much larger scale. For example, the term "Jayhawkers" also encompassed Senator Jim Lane and his Kansas Brigade, which sacked and burned Osceola, Missouri, in the opening months of the war after their defeat by Sterling Price's Missouri State Guard in the Battle of Dry Wood Creek.

Jayhawking in western Missouri
Jayhawking was a prominent aspect of Union military operations in western Missouri during the first year of the war. In addition to Osceola, the smaller Missouri towns of Morristown, Papinsvile, Butler, Dayton, and Columbus and large numbers of rural homes were also pillaged by Kansas troops led by James Lane, Charles R. Jennison, Daniel Read Anthony, and James Montgomery, among others. Scores if not hundreds of Missouri families were burned out of their homes in the middle of the winter of 1862.

Union Major General Henry Halleck on January 18, 1862 in a letter to General Lorenzo Thomas described Jennison's regiment as "no better than a band of robbers; they cross the line, rob, steal, plunder, and burn whatever they can lay their hands upon. They disgrace the name and uniform of American soldiers and are driving good Union men into the ranks of the secession army." There were no charges against Lane, Jennison, or other officers under Lane's command for their role in the jayhawking raids of 1861–1862, but Union General David H. Hunter succeeded in curtailing Lane's military role, and units of Kansas troops such as the 7th Regiment Kansas Volunteer Cavalry were shuffled off to other theaters of the war.

Further compounding confusion over what the term Jayhawker meant along the Missouri–Kansas border was its use in describing outright criminals like Marshall Cleveland, a captain of Jennison's Regiment, who resigned and turned to jayhawking. Cleveland operated under cover of supposed Unionism, but was outside the Union military command.

A newspaper reporter traveling through Kansas in 1863 provided definitions of jayhawker and associated terms: "Jayhawkers, Red Legs, and Bushwhackers are everyday terms in Kansas and Western Missouri. A Jayhawker is a Unionist who professes to rob, burn out and murder only rebels in arms against the government. A Red Leg is a Jayhawker originally distinguished by the uniform of red leggings. A Red Leg, however, is regarded as more purely an indiscriminate thief and murderer than the Jayhawker or Bushwhacker. A Bushwhacker is a rebel Jayhawker, or a rebel who bands with others for the purpose of preying upon the lives and property of Union citizens. They are all lawless and indiscriminate in their iniquities."

Guerrilla fighting
The depredations of the Jayhawkers contributed to the descent of the Missouri–Kansas border region into some of the most vicious guerrilla fighting of the Civil War. In the first year of the war, much of the movable wealth in western Missouri had been transferred to Kansas, and large swaths of western Missouri had been laid waste, by an assortment of Kansas Jayhawkers ranging from outlaws and independent military bands to rogue federal troops such as Lane's Brigade and Jennison's Jayhawkers. In February 1862, the Union command instituted martial law due to "the crime of armed depredations or jay-hawking having reached a height dangerous to the peace and posterity to the whole State (Kansas) and seriously compromising the Union cause in the border counties of Missouri."

One expert on the Jayhawkers stated that the Border War would have been bad enough given the fighting between secessionist and unionist Missourians, "but it was basically Kansas craving for revenge and Kansas craving for loot that set the tone of the war. Nowhere else, with the grim exception of the East Kentucky and East Tennessee mountains, did the Civil War degenerate so completely into a squalid, murderous, slugging match as it did in Kansas and Missouri." The most infamous event in this war of raids and reprisals was Confederate leader William Quantrill's raid on Lawrence, Kansas, known as the Lawrence Massacre. In response to Quantrill's raid, the Union command issued General Order No. 11 (1863), the forced depopulation of specified Missouri border counties.

Intended to eliminate sanctuary and sustenance for pro-Confederate guerrilla fighters, it was enforced by troops from Kansas, and provided an excuse for a final round of plundering, arson, and summary execution perpetrated against the civilian population of western Missouri. In the words of one observer, "the Kansas–Missouri border was a disgrace even to barbarism."

Different meanings
As the war continued, the "Jayhawker" term came to be used by Confederates as a derogatory term for any troops from Kansas, but the term also had different meanings in different parts of the country. In Arkansas, the term was used by Confederate Arkansans as an epithet for any marauder, robber, or thief regardless of Union or Confederate affiliation. In Louisiana, the term was used to describe anti-Confederate guerrillas; in Texas, free-booting bands of draft dodgers and deserters.

Over time, proud of their state's contributions to the end of slavery and the preservation of the Union, Kansans embraced the "Jayhawker" term. The term came to be applied to people or items related to Kansas.

Relationship to the University of Kansas Jayhawk

When the University of Kansas fielded their first football team in 1890, the team was called the Jayhawkers. Over time, the name was gradually supplanted by its shorter variant, and KU's sports teams are now exclusively known as the Kansas Jayhawks.

Historic descriptions of the ornithological origin of the "Jayhawker" term have varied. Writing on the troubles in Kansas Territory in 1859, one journalist stated the jayhawk was a hawk that preys on the jay. One of the "Jayhawkers of '49" recalled that the name sprang from their observation of hawks gracefully sailing in the air until "the audience of jays and other small but jealous and vicious birds sail in and jab him until he gets tired of show life and slides out of trouble in the lower earth." In the Pat Devlin stories, the jayhawk is described more in terms of its behavior (bullying, robbing, and killing) than the type of bird it is.

The link between the term "Jayhawkers" and any specific kind of bird, if such an association ever existed, had been lost or at least obscured by the time KU's bird mascot was invented in 1912, which was meant to serve as a visual representation of the Jayhawker movement, an homage by the university to the state's history. The originator of the bird mascot, Henry Maloy, struggled for over two years to create a pictorial symbol for the team, until hitting upon the bird idea. As explained by Maloy, "the term 'jayhawk' in the school yell was a verb and the term 'Jayhawkers' was the noun."

In 2011, the city of Osceola, Missouri produced a declaration condemning what city leadership viewed as a connection between the Jayhawk mascot and the historical Jayhawkers who burned the town in 1861.

In 2017, the Kansas football team unveiled uniforms with an American flag on the helmet, blue jerseys, and red pants which featured the words "Kansas Jay-Hawkers" above a seal featuring a sword and a rifle. Kansas Athletics stated that the red pants was an homage to the term "Redlegs," another name for Jayhawkers.

Cultural influence

 * Plunderers and militant abolitionists were referred to as "Jayhawkers" or "Red Legs" and both were used as terms of derision towards those from Kansas after the Civil War. The term "Jayhawk" has evolved over the years to a term of pride used by some Kansans. The term "Red Leg" as applied to Kansans has disappeared from common lexicon.
 * Items stolen in raids into Missouri were frequently referred to as having been "Jayhawked."
 * The Jayhawkers are featured prominently in Lloyd Alexander's historical novel, "Border Hawk: August Bondi."
 * In the Gunsmoke radio show episode "Texas Cowboys" (1954 Radio), Jayhawkers follow a cattle drive and continue to stampede the herd. Marshal Matt Dillon allows the cowboys to "hurrah" Dodge. Jayhawkers were also the subject of the October 16, 1955 episode "Trouble in Kansas."
 * A cattle drive being held up by Jayhawkers is depicted in The Tall Men (1955).
 * In a 1959 Gunsmoke episode called "The Jayhawkers," men of that name try to extort money from cattle-drivers by threatening to scatter their herds unless paid off.
 * The movie The Jayhawkers! (1959) depicts a charismatic leader (Jeff Chandler) of a new independent Republic of Kansas in a showdown with an ex-renegade raider (Fess Parker), sent by the military governor to capture him and bring him to justice.
 * In a 1961 Rawhide episode called "Incident of the Phantom Bugler" a group referred to as Jayhawkers attempt to extort money from Gil Favor and crew to cross river.
 * Clint Eastwood's Missourian character in the film The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) took up the Confederate cause after Redleg Jayhawkers from Kansas killed his son and raped and murdered his wife.
 * Jayhawker Colonel James Montgomery was portrayed as a racist, vengeful, and larcenous commander of a black regiment in the 1989 film 'Glory', where he is referred to as "a real Jayhawker from Kansas."
 * The 1999 movie Ride With the Devil, directed by Ang Lee, and starring Tobey Maguire, Skeet Ulrich, and Jewel depicts Jayhawkers raiding Missouri homesteads.
 * The 2014 movie Jayhawkers, directed by Oscar-winning filmmaker Kevin Willmott, follows the college career of Wilt Chamberlain and the 1956 Kansas Jayhawks basketball team.
 * An alternative country/alternative rock band originating in the 1980s from Minneapolis, Minnesota is named The Jayhawks.
 * An unincorporated community in El Dorado County, California is named Jayhawk, California.
 * The Wichita, Kansas wing of the Commemorative Air Force is known as the Jayhawk Wing.
 * The VII Corps of the United States Army official nickname was The Jayhawk Corps.
 * The United States Army Company A of the 9th aviation battalion of the 9th Infantry Division official nickname was The Jayhawks.
 * The United States Coast Guard operates the medium range twin engine helicopter HH-60 Jayhawk in the roles of maritime patrol, interdiction, and search and rescue.
 * The United States Navy operates the AQM-37 Jayhawk high speed target drone.
 * The United States Air Force and the Japan Air Self-Defense Force operate the advanced pilot trainer T-1 Jayhawk for students selected to fly strategic/tactical airlift or tanker aircraft.
 * The 184th Intel Wing call sign is the Fighting Jayhawks, and previously the Flying Jayhawks for many years before losing assigned aircraft.

title: Jayhawker