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Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology

Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology (ශ්‍රී ලංකා තොරතුරු තා‌ක්ෂණ ආයතනය; இலங்கை தகவல் தொழில்நுட்ப நிறுவனம்; also known as SLIIT) is a private university located in Malabe and Colombo, Sri Lanka. It specialises in various fields like technology and management.

SLIIT has three campuses. The main campus being based in Malabe, Metropolitan Campus in Colombo and the new Kandy Campus based on Pallekele. There are also four regional centers around the island. SLIIT is associated with several world class universities such as University of Queensland, Curtin University and Liverpool John Moores University. SLIIT offers more the 75 undergraduate and postgraduate degrees on a vast field ranging from Computer Science to Education. These degrees are either affiliated with a foreign university or offered by the SLIIT themselves under the approval from the UGC.

SLIIT is one of the few Sri Lankan universities on the QS Asia University Rankings and Times Higher Education World University Rankings. It is the only non-state university to be named on both of the lists.

Foundation
In the early 1990s with the rise of IT sector Prof. Lalith Gamage, who would eventually be the first president of SLIIT recognized the necessity of generating a substantial number of IT professionals in Sri Lanka to fulfill the increasing demand for such expertise. At the time, Prof. Gamage held the position of Senior Lecturer and was also the Director of the Computing Services Centre at the University of Moratuwa. He drafted a proposal for creating an institute of information technology within UoM and forwarded it to Hon. Kingsley T. Wickramaratne, who was the Minister of Internal and International Commerce and Food at that time. In June 1998, the Ministry of Education and Higher Education and the Ministry of Internal and International Commerce and Food jointly brought a proposal to the Cabinet to have the Malabe institute funded by the Mahapola Trust Fund and provided with land. The Chairman of the MTF, who was always the Chief Justice, was consulted on this matter. Although the Cabinet agreed to the project in principle, the Ministry of Finance expressed concerns about the lack of qualified academics to teach at the new institute and the financial burden it would place on the Consolidated Fund.

In 1999, Prof. Gamage requested a meeting with Mr. Wickramarathne, the Minister of Internal and International Commerce and Food, to discuss the creation of an institute. The meeting involved Ministry officials, professionals, and academics, and it was proposed to form a company limited by guarantee as an interim measure. This would allow for the project to move forward until cabinet approval was obtained, at which point the Government could take over the Institute and attach it to the University of Moratuwa.

Establishment of the Institute
Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology was established in 1999 at BOC Merchant tower, Colombo as a nonprofit company by guarantee with the ability to award Bachelor of Science degrees following amendments to the Universities Act the same year, thus gaining recognition from the Minister of Higher Education. SLIIT was established primarily to educate and train information technology professionals. SLIIT was established as an independent institution, as the initial guarantors did not represent any organization and the government or MTF did not have any ownership in it.

In September 1999, SLIIT commenced its operations by offering a two-year Diploma Programme at a leased space situated in its Colombo campus. The institute received a staggering 3,150 applications, out of which only 400 were granted admission.

Expansion in to the Malabe Campus
SLIIT approached the Mahapola Trust Fund to develop the Malabe Campus due to increasing demand for their programmes. Unlike before, this time SLIIT approached MTF as an independent entity rather than a part of UoM. In September 2000, MTF agreed to provide LKR 500 million for construction work and allocated the land in Malabe. Construction started the following year in 2001.

After a change in government in 2001, promised funding from the MTF for the construction of the Malabe Campus stopped abruptly, leaving the MD/CEO to finance the completion of the first phase with his own personal resources. Negotiations with the MTF eventually led to an agreement in 2005 for SLIIT to lease the land and operate independently as a separate legal entity. In exchange, SLIIT would provide board seats for MTF nominees and pay 20% of financial surpluses generated only from the Malabe Campus to the MTF. This agreement remained in effect until another change of government in 2015.

In 2015, the Mahapola Trust Fund requested to review and amend their agreement with the Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology (SLIIT), asking for the return of all funds originally contributed, including interest. SLIIT had invested over LKR 2 billion into the Malabe Campus between 2005 and 2015. A new agreement was signed in which SLIIT paid LKR 408.5 million to the MTF, which included the initial funding plus interest. The MTF renewed the lease of the land to SLIIT for 60 years, with a lease rental of LKR 20 million per annum, and increasing every five years up to LKR 45 million. The MTF withdrew its members from the board of SLIIT after receiving full payment. The ownership of the land remained with the MTF, and they earn lease rental income from it.

Further Expansion of the University
In 2007, SLIIT started expanding into new fields of study. These include electronic engineering and business management in collaboration with Sheffield Hallam University. SLIIT also expanded its presence from Colombo and its suburbs to other parts of the country, by establishing centres in Kandy and Matara, making SLIIT accessible in six locations.

In 2011, SLIIT established its Faculty of Business after it was accredited by the UGC to award Bachelor of Business Administration degrees in Human Capital Management, Accounting and Finance, Marketing Management, Quality management and Management Information Systems.

This was followed in 2012, with the establishment of the Colombo Academy of Hospitality Management (CAHM). The project is a joint venture of SLIIT, Colombo Academy of Hospitality Management (CAHM), and William Angliss Institute of Australia. It has been developed in line with international standards, housing a training kitchen, banqueting facility, training restaurant, model bedrooms, an IT training centre, and team rooms for students' practical training to prepare students for the degree of Bachelor of Tourism and Hospitality Management.

The Faculty of Engineering was formed in 2013, with it awarding its own Bachelor of Science in Engineering degrees and master's degrees from partner universities such as Curtin University and Sheffield Hallam University. The SLIIT Computing was established as a privately managed subsidiary of SLIIT in Kollupitiya to further expand undergraduate studies.

In 2015, SLIIT established its School of Architecture, offering a three-year degree in architecture. In 2016, introducing 16 new research-based degrees including PhD and MPhil degrees approved by the Ministry of Higher Education, Technology and Innovation of Sri Lanka.

In 2017, the Faculty of Humanities and Sciences was established as the newest division that provides the most extensive assortment of programs offered by any faculty on the campus. This faculty offers programs in diverse areas, including Biotechnology, Education, Law, Mathematics, Nursing, and Psychology.

Campuses
SLIIT has three main campuses. Two in the Western Province, a Metropolitan campus in central Colombo, and a flagship suburban campus at Malabe. The new Kandy campus is currently under construction. The institute also has regional centres in Kandy, Matara, Jaffna, and Kurunegala.

Malabe
The Malabe campus spans 25 acres of land close to Malabe city, and provides a broad range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs. Its contemporary buildings are includes a fourteen-story structure for Administration and Examinations, a ten-story building for the Computing Faculty and the main library, a seven-story building for the Engineering Faculty, and a two-story building with a spacious auditorium. The building complex covers more than 200,000 square feet, and comprises lecture halls, laboratories, auditoriums, communication facilities, a library, administrative and service facilities, and common areas for students, including several canteens.

Colombo City
The Metropolitan campus is located within the Bank of Ceylon Merchant Tower at Kollupitiya. Metropolitan campus only offer undergraduate degrees from the Faculty of Business and Faculty of Computing. After completing their first 2 years of study, students are transferred to the Malabe campus for further specialized education. Additionally, the campus has in-house facilities for conducting Professional Development and Research and Development programs.

Kandy
The Kandy Campus is situated next to the Pallekele International Cricket Stadium and is scheduled to begin operating in March 2023. The Campus comprises a seven-storey academic building and a ten-storey hostel building, which can accommodate up to 8,000 students upon full completion and 2,000 students during the first phase. The Campus boasts modern facilities such as state-of-the-art classrooms, laboratories, a hostel that can house up to 600 students, libraries, research and development facilities, a conference hall, a medical and wellbeing center, indoor and outdoor sports facilities, as well as communal spaces. All degree programmes currently available at the SLIIT Malabe Campus are expected to be offered at the Kandy Campus.

Governance
The university is governed by a board of directors headed by a chairman; the current chairman is Professor L. Rathnayake, who succeeded founding chairman Professor Sam Karunaratne. The Board delegates power over academic and administrative affairs of the institute to the President, who also acts as CEO of the institute. Professor Lalith Gamage is the current President.

Current Board

 * Prof. Lakshman L. Ratnayake
 * Prof. Lalith Gamage
 * Prof. Nimal Rajapakse
 * Mr. Thilan M. Wijesinghe
 * Mr. Reshan Dewapura
 * Mr. Jehan Amaratunga
 * Dr. Harsha Cabral

Faculty of Computing
The origins of the Faculty of Computing goes back to the formation of SLIIT in 1999, when it introduced degrees in Information technology. SLIIT offers a 4-year Honours degree in Information technology. Students can choose to specialise on 7 different fields. They are Information Technology, Computer Systems and Network Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Systems Engineering, Cyber Security, Interactive Media and Data Science. Students choose the specialise from the 2nd year onwards and some specialisations are restricted by a particular CGPA threshold.

The faculty offers an array of academic programs that encompass diverse domains within the information technology sector. These programs are structured to enable students to select a specialization. SLIIT Faculty of Computing is bolstered by an around 150 academics, who are complemented by computer laboratories.

The degrees conferred by the Faculty of Computing are accredited by SLIIT and have received approval from the University Grants Commission pursuant to the Universities Act of Sri Lanka. Additionally, SLIIT is a member of the Association of Commonwealth Universities as well as the International Association of Universities.

In 2022, Bsc (Hons) in Computer Science degree and a Bsc (Hons) in Computer Systems Engineering degree was introduced.

SLIIT Business School
SLIIT Business School, which was formally known as the Faculty of Business was established in 2011, offering BBA degree programs. The BBA Honours Degree, offered by SLIIT, is structured to facilitate students in assimilating theoretical constructs and effectively applying them to pragmatic contexts.

SLIIT business degrees are accredited by the University Grants Commission as per the stipulations of the Universities Act. Additionally, SLIIT holds memberships in the Association of Commonwealth Universities and International Association of Universities. The institute is also affiliated with the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business. In recognition of potential constraints that may arise for students, the program permits enrollees to temporarily discontinue their studies. However, re-entry into the program is contingent upon adherence to registration protocols and securing approval from SLIIT.

Students enrolled in the BBA Honours Degree program have the option to complete the entire four-year course under the auspices of SLIIT, as sanctioned by the University Grants Commission and the Ministry of Higher Education in Sri Lanka. Alternatively, students have the option to pursue offshore programs from Liverpool John Moores University and Manchester Metropolitan University in Sri Lanka through SLIIT.

SLIIT business school has also established a collaborative alliance with the University of Queensland, which is among the top 50 universities globally. This collaboration offers students an unparalleled opportunity to undertake the initial academic year in Sri Lanka and subsequently transfer to the University of Queensland for the remaining duration of the program. Additionally, students have the flexibility to complete their degree at one of SLIIT's affiliated institutions in the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, or Australia.

Faculty of Engineering
Established in 2013, the Faculty of Engineering offers BSc programs in Engineering degree programs. All engineering degrees conferred by SLIIT have been sanctioned by the Ministry of Higher Education of Sri Lanka under the purview of the Universities Act. Additionally, SLIIT Quantity Surveying program is offered through a partnership with the Liverpool John Moores University in the United Kingdom. The engineering curricula at the undergraduate level are developed in compliance with the Washington Accord Accreditation criteria via the Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka, and are in the process of acquiring recognition by IESL. The Quantity Surveying program is also in the pursuit of accreditation from the Institute of Quantity Surveyors, Sri Lanka, and the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors for domestic instruction at SLIIT.

The Faculty of Engineering at SLIIT has also collaborated with the University of Queensland. This partnership avails students of the opportunity to undertake the initial two years of their studies in Sri Lanka and culminate their degree at the University of Queensland.

The Faculty of Engineering has introduced Master of Philosophy and Doctor of Philosophy programs in engineering, which have received approval from the Ministry of Higher Education, Sri Lanka. These programs offer students the possibility to compete for full or partial scholarships, which include stipends.

Faculty of Humanities and Sciences
The Faculty of Science and Education was established in 2017, with the introduction of a degree programs in Biotechnology, natural sciences, law, education, psychology and nursing. The Faculty of Humanities & Sciences is an academic division. To facilitate the academic programs, significant investments have been made in developing the needed infrastructure. This includes laboratories, classrooms, moot courts for legal training, and access to electronic repositories as well as a collection of reference books.

The Faculty is an ever-growing body of over 45 full-time members. Among these, 12 hold PhD degrees and 5 hold the rank of Professor.

Faculty of Graduate Studies
The Faculty of Graduate Studies is a graduate school that conducts taught and research postgraduate degree programs in the fields of engineering and computing.

William Angliss Institute @ SLIIT
The William Angliss Institute was started as Colombo Academy of Hospitality Management 2012 as a joint venture with SLIIT and William Angliss Institute of TAFE, offering degrees in tourism and hospitality management.

School of Architecture
The School of Architecture was established in 2015 offering BSc and MSc degree programs in architecture. Currently, the SLIIT School of Architecture offers two primary degree programs: the Bachelor of Science with Honors in Architecture, and the Master of Science (MSc) in Architecture. These programs are delivered in partnership with Liverpool John Moores University, located in the United Kingdom.

SLIIT Academy
SLIIT Academy was established to provide educational opportunities to a wider range of students who wish to progress their higher education with an industrial oriented learning experience. SLIIT Academy offers Foundation Programs & Degrees in IT, Business, Engineering & Health and Life Sciences and Post-Graduate Program in MSc in PM.

Affiliations
Partnerships with foreign universities allow students to finish their degree in Sri Lanka.

Research
SLIIT holds various research symposiums annually. SLIIT Business School, has recently initiated the International Conference on Sustainable & Digital Business (ICSDB) in 2022. ICSDB is expected to make significant strides and innovations in the realm of international academic conferences.

SLIIT conducts IT and computer-related research and is a partner of ConceptNursery, Sri Lanka's technology incubator.

Professional courses
SLIIT conducts the Cisco Network Academy courses (CCNA, CCNP and CCSP) under the regional Cisco Network Academy in Sri Lanka. SLIIT is also one of the Microsoft Academies in Sri Lanka offering Certification Courses.

Ownership
The Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology (SLIIT) was established as a government owned but privately managed institute and was built on a property that belonged to the Mahapola Higher Education Scholarship Trust Fund. In 2015 SLIIT Board of Directors had transferred the assets of SLIIT to a company limited by guarantee, which was set up to manage SLIIT. The government auditor department said such a transfer was in contravention of the law and resulted in Mahapola not getting the correct amount of funds from SLIIT. In September 2018, Dr. Rajapakshe submitted a Cabinet paper, attempting to establish SLIIT as a fee-levying institution under the Government, but this has so far been unsuccessful.

In 2021, SLIIT has been asked to appear before the Committee On Public Enterprises (Sri Lanka) for the investigations but SLIIT refused to appear before the Committee citing it was not state-owned and COPE expressed its displeasure. In 2020, the Sri Lankan parliament appointed a committee to investigate the misuse of public funds by the SLIIT; this committee included 22 members of the Sri Lankan parliament, and its final report was released in April 2021. According to this report, the top management of the SLIIT has taken a series of informal steps to vest state resources in private ownership. Hence, this committee recommends that legal action be taken under the Public Property Act against parties who alienated state ownership and management of the Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology without proper authority.

Sport
The Malabe campus has a range of sporting facilities including cricket, rugby, basketball, netball, volleyball, tennis, table tennis, badminton, chess and carrom. SLIIT sporting teams compete in a range of local and national competitions.


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Charles N. Haskell

Charles Nathaniel Haskell (March 13, 1860 – July 5, 1933) was an American lawyer, oilman, and politician who was the first governor of Oklahoma. As a delegate to Oklahoma's constitutional convention in 1906, he played a crucial role in drafting the Oklahoma Constitution and gaining Oklahoma's admission into the United States as the 46th state in 1907. A prominent businessman in Muskogee, he helped the city grow in importance. He represented the city as a delegate in both the 1906 Oklahoma convention and an earlier convention in 1905 that was a failed attempt to create a U.S. state of Sequoyah.

During Oklahoma's constitutional convention, Haskell succeeded in pushing for the inclusion of prohibition and blocking the inclusion of women's suffrage in the Oklahoma Constitution. As governor, he was responsible for moving the state capital to Oklahoma City, establishing schools and state agencies, reforming the territorial prison system, and enforcing prohibition. The constitution prohibited persons from having successive terms in the governor's office. Lee Cruce succeeded Haskell, who returned to his law practice and related business activities. Haskell died of a stroke in 1933.

Early life and education
Born in West Leipsic, Ohio on March 13, 1860, Charles Haskell was the son of George R. Haskell, a cooper, who died when the boy was three years old. His widowed mother, Jane H. Haskell ( Reeves), worked for the local Methodist church as a bell ringer and custodian to support her six children.

At the age of 10, Haskell started working as a farm boy for a farmer named Miller in Putnam County, Ohio. He lived and worked there for eight years as he grew into adulthood. Miller was a school teacher, but the young Haskell did not have time to attend school because of his work. Instead, Miller's wife taught him at home, and Haskell earned a teaching certificate at age 17.

Private career
Haskell became a schoolteacher at age 18 and taught for three years in Putnam County. After "reading the law" as an apprentice with an established firm, on December 6, 1880, he passed the bar exam. He became a practicing attorney at age 20, setting up his practice in the village of Ottawa, Ohio. In his work as an attorney in Ottawa, he became one of the most successful lawyers in the county seat. He also became prominent in the Democratic Party in northwestern Ohio. In 1888, Haskell started work as a general contractor; for the next 16 years, his business career gave him an understanding of American industrialism. During this time, he lived part of the time in New York City and in San Antonio, Texas.

Marriage and family
Haskell married Lucie Pomeroy, daughter of a prominent Ottawa family, on October 11, 1881. Their children were Norman, who became a lawyer in Muskogee, Oklahoma (where the family moved in 1901); Murray, who worked as a bank cashier; and daughter Lucie.

Lucie Pomeroy Haskell died in March 1888. Her widower remarried in 1889, to Lillie Elizabeth Gallup. They also had three children together: Frances, Jane and Joseph.

Move to Muskogee
Following the Land Run of 1889 and passage of the Organic Act in 1890, migration of European Americans to Oklahoma Territory increased dramatically, raising the territory's status on the national scene. Haskell moved his family to Muskogee, the capital of the Creek Nation, in March 1901. When he arrived, Haskell found Muskogee a "dry", sleepy village of some 4,500 people. He built the first five-story business block in the town and in Indian Territory.

Haskell organized and built most of the railroads running into Muskogee. He is said to have built and owned 14 brick buildings in the city. Through his influence, Muskogee developed as a center of business and industry, and its population grew to more than 20,000 inhabitants. He often recounted that he hoped Muskogee would become the "Queen City of the Southwest".

Haskell gained increasing influence in the politics of Indian Territory and drew the attention of the leaders of the Creek Nation. During this time, the Native American nations in Indian Territory were talking of creating a state and joining the Union under the name of the State of Sequoyah. The Creek selected Haskell as their official representative to the conventions, in the position of vice-president for the Five Civilized Tribes, held in Eufaula, Oklahoma in 1902 and Muskogee in 1905.

Of the six delegates at the Muskogee convention, only Haskell and William H. Murray were not of Native American descent. U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt blocked the attempt to create Sequoyah, as he opposed the potential of another Democratic-majority state.

Haskell wrote a large portion of the proposed state's constitution. Although he had publicly worked for a separate state for Indian Territory, privately, he was thrilled to see the Sequoyah proposal defeated. Haskell believed it would force the Indian leaders to join in statehood with Oklahoma Territory.

The United States Congress and President Roosevelt agreed that the Oklahoma and Indian territories had to combine to enter the Union as one state, the State of Oklahoma. After congressional passage of the Enabling Act in 1906, Haskell was elected as a delegate by the largest margin in the new state, representing the seventy-sixth district, which included Muskogee. Traveling to Guthrie and the Oklahoma Constitutional convention on November 20, 1906, Haskell would meet William H. Murray from the Muskogee convention and Robert L. Williams. Due to their presence at both conventions, Haskell and Murray became lifelong friends.

The delegates to the Guthrie convention included many who had served in the Sequoyah convention. Numerous elements proposed for the new constitution were based upon the Sequoyah constitution. Haskell owned the New State Tribune, and through its editorial columns advocated for the elements he wanted in the new constitution. Most were incorporated, in substance if not in form. While Murray served as the convention's president, delegates recognized Haskell's power in the body. A local newspaper during the time, the Guthrie Report, called Haskell "the power behind the throne".

Haskell had a perfect attendance and voting record during the session. He advocated for provisions that affected both territories’ labor problems, and advocated for representatives of organized labor. Haskell also drafted a report drawing up county boundaries, led the crusade for state prohibition, introduced Jim Crow laws, as were prevalent among Southern states to restrict African Americans to second-class status; and successfully kept female suffrage out of the state constitution.

Gubernatorial campaign
At Tulsa on March 26, 1907, during the recess before the final adoption of the constitution by the convention, Haskell held a large Democratic Party banquet at the Brady Hotel, attended by between 500 and 600 of the leading Democrats of the new state. During this banquet, the first campaigns for governor were formally inaugurated. During this evening, his friends proposed Haskell for the Democratic gubernatorial candidacy. Among the other potential candidates were Thomas Doyle of Perry and Lee Cruce of Ardmore. Haskell, like other prominent Democrats at the time, had the strong support of labor and agriculture leaders.

The party primaries for governor were set for June 8, and Doyle and Cruce had already been campaigning; Haskell had little time. During his campaign, Haskell made 88 speeches in 45 days, and reached nearly every county. The lieutenants of the respective candidates were vigorously working in the school districts and securing support in every community. Haskell's hard-working nature led him to win the Democratic nomination. Haskell won the Democratic primary by a more than 4,000-vote majority. Frank Frantz, the Republican territorial governor, was nominated as the Republican candidate at their caucus at Tulsa.

Frantz was a former Rough Rider and a friend of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, who had appointed him. He was a very strong candidate for the Republican party. Haskell challenged Frantz to joint public discussions throughout the state; they discussed every problem facing administration of the new state during the campaign.

In addition, two nationally prominent figures spoke at various locations: Republican presidential nominee William Howard Taft and Democratic presidential nominee William Jennings Bryan. Taft's disapproval of Oklahoma's proposed constitution and his recommendation that the people vote against it seemed to increase support for the Democrats. Haskell won the gubernatorial race by more than 30,000 votes on September 17, 1907. On the same day, the voters ratified the new Oklahoma Constitution.

Governor of Oklahoma
On November 16, 1907, five minutes after it was known that Oklahoma had officially become a state, Guthrie Leader editor Leslie G. Niblack administered the oath of office to Haskell. The ceremony took place privately in Haskell's hotel apartments in the presence of his immediate family, Robert Latham Owen, United States Senator-elect, and Thomas Owen of Muskogee, Haskell's former political manager. Haskell's inaugural address at Guthrie, delivered on the south steps of the Carnegie Library, quickly lifted him into national prominence.

Haskell's old friends William H. Murray and Robert L. Williams also came into power with the state's founding; with Murray as the state's first Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives and Williams appointed, by Haskell, as the first Oklahoma Supreme Court chief justice. Haskell set the precedents for the use of executive power.

During the 1st Oklahoma Legislature, Haskell delivered a message creating a commission charged with sending a message to the U.S. Congress: amending the United States Constitution to provide for the election of U.S. senators by a direct vote of the people. Although it did not occur until after he left office, his efforts, as well as the works of the Progressive-era leaders, provided for the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1912.

Though Guthrie was the official capital of the state, Haskell set up his administration from Oklahoma City. Oklahoma City quickly grew in industry and prominence, with a booming population of 64,000, shadowing the smaller city of Guthrie, which was located just miles from the growing city. Haskell personally led the move to change the capital from Guthrie to Oklahoma City. First, he moved the official home of the Great Seal of Oklahoma and Oklahoma Constitution. Slowly, all government functions moved to the Oklahoma City area.

In the state legislature's first session, under Haskell's leadership, Oklahoma adopted laws regulating banking in the state, reformed the old territorial prison system, and protected the public from exploitative railroads, public utilities, trusts and monopolies. Haskell also initiated a law insuring deposits in case of a bank failure, a landmark piece of legislation in the nation. Haskell also rigidly enforced prohibition through the Alcohol Control Act. Though following progressive dogma at every turn, such as the introduction of child labor laws, factory inspection codes, safety codes for mines, health and sanitary laws, and employer's liability for workers, Haskell's legislative schedule also included Jim Crow laws for Oklahoma. Haskell's other significant contributions while governor included establishing the Oklahoma Geological Survey, the Oklahoma School for the Blind, the Oklahoma College for Women and the Oklahoma State Department of Health. In addition, he helped to create the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals in 1908. Haskell selected the first judges of the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals.

Prior to statehood, Kansas officials imprisoned individuals convicted of crimes in Oklahoma Territory. Oklahoma Commissioner of Charities and Corrections Kate Barnard, Oklahoma's first female state official, visited the Kansas prisons and reported to Governor Haskell on the horrible conditions. In response, in 1908, Haskell pushed a bill through the state legislature that transferred 50 Oklahoma prisoners detained in the Kansas penitentiary at Lansing to McAlester, Oklahoma. When the Oklahoma state militia marched the prisoners down to McAlester, they found no prison. Under military supervision, the prisoners built Oklahoma State Penitentiary, the state's first correctional facility (still in use today). The militia housed the prisoners in a tent city and were authorized by Haskell to use lethal force against any prisoner that tried to escape.

A grandfather clause was also enacted by the 2nd Oklahoma Legislature by the state's Democratic leaders, effectively excluding blacks from voting. Haskell would spend the remainder of his term enforcing prohibition, regulation of railroads and other trusts, and the moving of the state capital to Oklahoma City. Haskell's dream came true on June 11, 1910, when Oklahoma City became the state's official capital.

Throughout his term as governor, Haskell remained free from corruption. Though he was the leader in the deliberations of the committee on county lines and county seats, when hundreds of towns had committees attending the sessions with heavy purses, he left these deliberations lean and poor, and by the time he retired from the governor's office he had become utterly impoverished. In debate he ignored the graces of oratory and instead marshaled facts, arrayed statistics and piled up figures, using his cutting wit and grim humor to carry his point.

At the end of his term as governor in 1911, Haskell stepped down from the governorship, happy to see his 1907 Democratic primary challenger Lee Cruce inaugurated as the second governor of Oklahoma. In 1912, Haskell unsuccessfully challenged incumbent U.S. Senator Robert Latham Owen in a hard-fought Democratic primary for his U.S. Senate seat.

National politics
Not only a powerful figure in Oklahoma politics, Haskell's progressive roots and populist nature granted him national clout. In 1908, Haskell headed the Oklahoma delegation to the National Democratic Convention at Denver where he was appointed treasurer of the Democratic National Committee. He was the spokesman for William Jennings Bryan in writing the platform of the convention. Two months later, he was forced to resign his treasurer position after allegations were leveled against him of taking illegal contributions from the Standard Oil Company. In 1920, he again headed the Oklahoma delegation at the National Convention, which in that year met at San Francisco, and was committed to and faithfully labored for United States Senator Robert Latham Owen, of Oklahoma, for the United States presidential nomination. Haskell would serve in this post two more times: a third in 1928 to the National Democratic Convention at Houston, and a fourth time in 1932 to the National Democratic Convention at Chicago.

At each convention and in his speeches and in articles appearing in the public press he disclosed an intimate understanding of the big money masters of America and ruthlessly exposed many of their venal practices and their corrupt usage of the public funds in their own interest to the detriment of the people.

Later life, death and legacy
Haskell entered the oil business after finishing his term as governor, a profession he would stay in until the end of his life. In 1933, Haskell suffered a major stroke, from which he would never recover. Three months later Haskell would die from pneumonia. Haskell lost consciousness on July 4, and died the next day, in the Skirvin Hotel in Oklahoma City at the age of 73. He is buried in Muskogee, Oklahoma.

As Oklahoma's first governor, one of his most significant achievements as governor was moving the state capital from Guthrie to Oklahoma City.

Charles Haskell Elementary in Edmond, Oklahoma, and Charles N. Haskell Middle School in Broken Arrow, Oklahoma are named in his honor. Haskell County, Oklahoma and the city of Haskell, Oklahoma are also named for him.

In 2007, Oklahoma celebrated 100 years of statehood. Many descendants of Charles Nathaniel Haskell were in attendance.

State of the State Speeches

 * First State of the State
 * Second State of the State
 * Third State of the State
 * Fourth and final State of the State

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Charles N. Haskell


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Horno

Horno is a mud adobe-built outdoor oven used by the Native Americans and the early settlers of North America. Originally introduced to the Iberian Peninsula by the Moors, it was quickly adopted and carried to all Spanish-occupied lands. The horno has a beehive shape and uses wood as the heat source. The procedure, still used in parts of New Mexico and Arizona, is to build a fire inside the horno and, when the proper amount of time has passed, remove the embers and ashes and insert the bread to be cooked. In the case of corn, the embers are doused with water and the corn is then inserted into the horno to be steam-cooked. When cooking meats, the oven is fired to a "white hot" temperature (approximately 650 F), the coals are moved to the back of the oven, and the meats are placed inside. The smoke hole and door are sealed with mud. A twenty-one-pound turkey takes 2$1/2$ to 3 hours to be cooked.

Horno is the usual Spanish word for 'oven' or 'furnace', and is derived from the Latin word furnus.

"Young women must master the art of using the oven to bake piki, a tasty, delicate paper-thin bread made of cornmeal, before they are considered fit for marriage."

title: Horno


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Descartes Prize

The Descartes Prize was an annual award in science given by the European Union, named in honour of the French mathematician and philosopher, René Descartes.

The prizes recognized Outstanding Scientific and Technological Achievements Resulting from European Collaborative Research. The research prize was first awarded in 2000 and was discontinued in 2007.

The research prize was awarded to teams of researchers who had "achieved outstanding scientific or technological results through collaborative research in any field of science, including the economic, social science and humanities." Nominations were submitted by the research teams themselves or by suitable national bodies.

A science communication prize was also started in 2004 as part of the Descartes Prize but in 2007 was separated to the Science Communication Prize.

Proposals (also referred to as submissions) received were judged and a shortlist of nominees were announced, from which five Laureates (finalists) and five Winners were announced at a prize ceremony in December each year.

Laureates
Where a project coordinator was named, only that person was included here and none of the team members who are also "winners" or "laureates". (Full project members are included on the Descartes Prize website individual award pages.) Where no project "coordinator" was named, the team members are individually named.

 * 2000 Winners: "Chemistry close to the absolute zero" (Ian Smith project coordinator); "The XPD gene: one gene, two functions, three diseases" (Alan Lehmann, project coordinator); "Plastic transistors operating at 50 kHz for low-end high-volume electronic circuits" (Dago de Leeuw, project coordinator)
 * 2001 Winners: "Development of novel drugs against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)" (Jan Balzarini, project coordinator); "Development of new asymmetric catalysts for chemical manufacturing" (Michael North, project coordinator)
 * 2002 Winners: "Towards new drugs for Multiple Sclerosis patients" (Lars Fugger, Rikard Holmdahl, Yvonne Jones); "The universe's biggest explosions since the Big Bang" (Ed van den Heuvel, project coordinator)
 * 2003 Winners: "Pinpoint positioning in a wobbly world" (Veronique Dehant, project coordinator); "Paving the way for roll-up screens and switch-on wallpaper" (Richard Friend, project coordinator)
 * 2004 Winners: "Project MBAD" (Howard Trevor Jacobs, project coordinator); "Project IST-QuComm", Anders Karlsson)
 * 2005 Winners: the EXEL (DALHM) team for "Extending electromagnetism through novel artificial methods" (Costas Soukoulis, Eleftherios Economou, Ekmel Ozbay, John Brian Pendry, Martin Wegener, David R. Smith, project members); the CECA (="Climate and environmental change in the Arctic") team for "breakthrough findings on climate and environmental change in the Arctic" (Ola M. Johannessen, Lennart Bengtsson, Leonid Bobylev, project members); the PULSE team for "demonstrating the impact of European pulsar science on modern physics" (Andrew Lyne, Nicolo D'amico, Axel Jessner, Ben Stappers, John Seiradakis); the ESS (European Social Survey) project, for "radical innovations in cross-national surveys; and the EURO-PID project for cutting-edge research on a group of over 130 rare genetically determined diseases known as primary immunodeficiencies".
 * 2007 Winners:
 * ""H.E.S.S. project": High Energy Stereoscopic System of telescopes for very-high-energy gamma-ray cosmic source detection" (Werner Hofmann, Michael Punch, Paula Chadwick, Thomas Lohse, Philippe Goret, Goetz Heinzelmann, Stefan Wagner, Helene Sol, Reinhard Schlickeiser, Luke O'Connor Drury, Ladislav Rob, Ocker Cornelis de Jager, Christian Stegmann, Andrea Santangelo, Michael Ostrowski, Rudak Bronislaw, Ashot Akhperjanian)
 * "SynNanoMotors – The realisation of some of the world's first working synthetic molecular motors and mechanical nanomachines" (David Leigh, project coordinator, François Kajzar, Fabio Biscarini, Francesco Zerbetto, Wybren Jan Buma and Petra Rudolf)
 * "EPICA – European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica" (Hubertus Fischer, Jean-Louis Tison, Thomas Stocker, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, Valerie Masson-Delmotte, Massimo Frezzotti, Gérard Jugle, Valter Maggi, Michiel van den Broeke, Elisabeth Isaksson, Margareta Hansson, Eric Wolff)

title: Descartes Prize


text:
HMS Active

Twelve ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Active or HMS Actif, with a thirteenth currently under construction:

 * HMS Active (1758) was a 28-gun sixth rate launched in 1758 and captured in 1778 by two French frigates off San Domingo.
 * HMS Active (1776) was a 14-gun brig-sloop launched in 1776 and captured in 1780 by the American privateer General Pickering off New York.
 * HMS Active (1779) was a 12-gun cutter that entered service in 1779 and surrendered that same year to the French cutter FRENCH CUTTER Mutin when Active encountered and was unable to escape the combined Franco-Spanish fleet in the English Channel. The French took her into service as Actif and later Activ No.1 (1782). She was paid off at Brest in December 1782 and broken up there early the next year.
 * HMS Active (1780) was a 32-gun fifth rate launched in 1780 and wrecked in 1796 on Anticosti Island at the mouth of the Saint Lawrence River.
 * HMS Active (1782) was a 14-gun brig-sloop listed in 1782.
 * HMS Actif (1794) was a 16-gun privateer that HMS Iphigenia (1780) captured from the French on 16 March 1794; she foundered on 26 November, although all her crew were saved.
 * HMS Active (1799) was a 38-gun fifth rate launched in 1799. She was placed on harbour service in 1826, renamed HMS Argo in 1833, and was broken up in 1860.
 * HMS Active (1845) was a 36-gun fifth rate launched in 1845, becoming a training ship and being renamed HMS Tyne in 1867 and HMS Durham in 1867. She was sold in 1908.
 * HMS Active (1869) was a Volage-class corvette iron screw corvette launched in 1869 and sold in 1906.
 * HMS Active (1911) was an Active-class cruiser scout cruiser launched in 1911 and scrapped in 1920.
 * HMS Active (H14) was an A-class destroyer (1929) destroyer launched in 1928 and broken up in 1947.
 * HMS Active (F171) was a Type 21 frigate launched in 1972. She was sold to the Pakistan Navy in 1994 and was renamed PNS Shah Jahan.
 * HMS Active (Type 31 frigate) is a Type 31 frigate that is currently under construction.

Battle honours
Ships named Active have earned the following battle honours:
 * Lagos, 1759
 * Trincomalee, 1782
 * Camperdown, 1797
 * Egypt, 1801
 * Lissa, 1811
 * Pelagosa, 1811
 * Ashantee, 1873−74
 * Jutland, 1916
 * Atlantic, 1939−44
 * Bismarck, 1941
 * Diego Suarez, 1942
 * Arctic, 1944
 * Falkland Islands, 1982

title: HMS Active


text:
Cagliostro-Walzer

Cagliostro-Walzer op.370 is a waltz by Johann Strauss II composed in 1875 based on themes from his operetta, Cagliostro in Wien which premiered on 27 February 1875 at the famous Theater an der Wien.

The waltz principal melody was based on the waltz duet "Könnt' ich mit Ihnen fliegen durchs Leben" or 'Could I but fly with you through life' sung in Act 2 of the operetta. The operetta itself was a success at its first performance and Strauss long adopted the practice of opera composers to draft melodies from their successful stage works to be arranged as a new piece to boost sales of sheet music, thus he composed this 'Cagliostro-Walzer'.

The entire waltz consists of just 3 two-part waltz sections which is also a new Strauss development from the previous 5 two-part sections heard in his earlier works. The piece began with a loud march melody in the C major key before progressing into waltz time. The principal waltz theme in C major is also in the style of The Blue Danube, where three notes in rising melody starts off the waltz proper. Waltz 2A carries the principal key in C major as well but quickly interpolates with a more thoughtful passage in E-flat major. Waltz 3A starts off in F major in a hesitant mood, proceeding into a climax with cymbals. A brief coda enters and the entire Waltz 2B is repeated. After a short chorded passage, the swirling Waltz 1A recurs and Strauss signs off the waltz with a strong chord and long snare-drumroll.

title: Cagliostro-Walzer


text: User talk:128.135.103.150

title: User talk:128.135.103.150


text: File:HMS Alacrity (F174).jpg

title: File:HMS Alacrity (F174).jpg


text:
Live at the Fillmore (Cypress Hill album)

Live at the Fillmore is a live album by American band Cypress Hill. It was recorded at The Fillmore in San Francisco on August 16, 2000 and released on December 12, 2000 through Ruffhouse/Columbia Records. Production was handled by member DJ Muggs. It contains several songs performed from the group's previous studio albums: Cypress Hill, Black Sunday, IV and Skull & Bones with the exception for the songs from III: Temples of Boom. It features contributions from members of SX-10. In the United States, the album peaked at No. 119 on the Billboard 200 and No. 72 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. It also reached No. 47 in Austria and No. 82 in Switzerland.

Reception

 * Rolling Stone - 3.5 stars out of 5 - "B-Real, Sen Dog, Bobo and DJ Muggs are in top form here."
 * Q magazine - 3 out of 5 stars - "Captures [them] in somewhat ebullient mood…on the pumped and primed beats…they sound at their most relaxed and…their most potent."
 * Melody Maker - 4 stars out of 5 - "Intense lunacy and sonic dementia.… It must've been mad - absolutely insane."
 * NME - 7 out of 10 - "The frenzy of the crowd feeds back into the immediacy of the performance and - Boom Shanka! And there are moments of such delicious madness here."

Track listing

 * Sample credits
 * Track 3 contains a sample of "Tramp" composed by Louis Fulson and Jimmy McCracklin

Personnel

 * Louis "B-Real" Freese – vocals
 * Senen "Sen Dog" Reyes – vocals
 * Lawrence "DJ Muggs" Muggerud – arranger, producer, mixing
 * Eric "Bobo" Correa – drums
 * Andy Zambrano – guitar (tracks: 6-12, 16, 17)
 * Jeremy Fleener – guitar (tracks: 6-12, 16, 17)
 * Frank Mercurio – bass (tracks: 6-12, 16, 17)
 * Troy Staton – mixing, live mobile recording
 * Richard McKernan – live mobile recording
 * Doug Field – live mobile recording assistant
 * Jay Resnick – live mobile recording assistant
 * Phil Kneebone – live mobile recording assistant
 * Mike Gonzales – live board engineer
 * Westwood One – mobile recording
 * Brian "Big Bass" Gardner – mastering
 * Arlene Owseichik – art direction
 * Estevan "Scandalous" Oriol – design, photography
 * Mark "Mr. Cartoon" Machado – design
 * Sonny Gerasimowicz – design
 * D. Sean MacDonald – artwork
 * Gerard Babitts – A&R
 * Paul D. Rosenberg – management
 * Cara Lewis – booking
 * Scott Thomas – booking
 * Jim Halogen – booking
 * Theo Sedlmayr – legal
 * Paul Furedi – editing


text:
Free Republic of Schwarzenberg

The Free Republic of Schwarzenberg (Freie Republik Schwarzenberg) is a term applied to portions of western Saxony that were briefly not occupied by the Allies after the surrender of Nazi Germany on May 8, 1945. These districts of Saxony were thus self-governing for several weeks before occupation under the Soviet Union.

After the surrender of Nazi Germany, the Saxony districts of Schwarzenberg, Stollberg, and Aue in the Ore Mountains were left unoccupied by Allies for unknown reasons. This led to anti-fascist groups forming local governments in those towns and villages, ending with the area's occupation by Soviet troops on June 24, 1945.

There has been speculation as to why neither American nor Soviet troops immediately occupied the area. One explanation is that the Soviets and Americans agreed to halt on the banks of the Mulde river. Because there are several rivers with this name, and the Schwarzenberg area lies between them, there may have been some misunderstanding over the agreed boundaries. Another possible explanation is that the Allies simply overlooked the area until the lack of occupation was noticed.

Government and organisation
The authority of the newly generated anti-fascist councils was still subject to democratic structures, though they were never intended to build a nation-state. The councils dealt with humanitarian issues since the unoccupied county of Schwarzenberg was not supported by any military force at the time. Issues the council dealt with included the maintenance of law and order, as well as dealing with scattered German soldiers fleeing west to avoid Soviet imprisonment.

After the Soviet occupation in June 1945, the councils were dismissed. However, their work was appreciated by the Soviets, and some councilmen kept their positions in similar Soviet-initiated councils for several years even after the German Democratic Republic was founded in 1949.

Popular culture
The name "Free Republic of Schwarzenberg" is derived from the 1984 novel Schwarzenberg by Stefan Heym. As the novel is based on actual events, the name has become a convenient descriptor, although the book is primarily a work of fiction rather than a historical record.

The Haus Schwarzenberg structure in Berlin is named after the Free Republic of Schwarzenberg. The place contains street art, galleries, shops, and a center named after diarist and Holocaust victim Anne Frank.

title: Free Republic of Schwarzenberg


text:
HeliOS

Helios is a discontinued Unix-like operating system for parallel computers. It was developed and published by Perihelion Software. Its primary architecture is the Inmos Transputer. Helios' microkernel implements a distributed namespace and messaging protocol, through which services are accessed. A POSIX compatibility library enables the use of Unix application software, and the system provides most of the usual Unix utilities.

Work on Helios began in the autumn of 1986. Its success was limited by the commercial failure of the Transputer, and efforts to move to other architectures met with limited success. Perihelion ceased trading in 1998.

The name of the product was Helios. In the materials they produced, Perihelion Software never referred to the operating system as HeliOS.

Development
In the early 1980s, Tim King joined MetaComCo from the University of Bath, bringing with him some rights to the TRIPOS operating system. MetaComCo secured a contract from Commodore to work on AmigaOS, with the AmigaDOS component being derived from TRIPOS. In 1986, King left MetaComCo to found Perihelion Software, and began development of a parallel operating system, initially targeted at the INMOS Transputer series of processors. Helios extended TRIPOS' use of a light-weight message passing architecture to networked parallel machines.

Helios 1.0 was the first commercial release in the summer of 1988, followed by version 1.1 in autumn 1989, 1.1a in early 1990, 1.2 in December 1990 followed by 1.2.1 and 1.2.2 updates. Version 1.3 was a significant upgrade with numerous utility, library, server and driver improvements. The last commercial release was 1.3.1. Later Tim King and Nick Garnett gave permission to release the sources under the GNU General Public License v3. Helios 1.4 Alpha was planned to include support for OpenLook, OpenMotif, KDE, Gnome, and X11R6 support for the Transputer, Linux, Solaris, and Windows. This release was not completed.

Kernel and nucleus
Helios was designed for a network of multiple nodes, connected by multiple high-bandwidth communications links. Nodes can be dedicated processing nodes, or processors with attached I/O devices. Small systems might consist of a host PC or workstation connected to a set of several processing nodes, while larger systems might have hundreds of processing nodes supported by dedicated nodes for storage, graphics, or user terminals.

A Helios network requires at least one I/O Server node that is able to provide a file system server, console server and reset control for the processing nodes. At power on, the Helios nucleus is bootstrapped from the I/O server into the network. Each node is booted using a small first-stage loader that then downloads and initialises the nucleus proper. Once running, a node communicates with its neighbours, booting them in turn, if required.

The Helios nucleus is composed of the kernel, libraries, loader service and the processor manager service.

Kernel
The Helios kernel is effectively a microkernel, providing a minimal abstraction above the hardware with most services implemented as non-privileged server processes. It provides memory allocation, process management, message passing and synchronisation primitives.

Libraries
The Helios nucleus contains three libraries: the system, server and utility libraries. The utility library provides some basic library routines for C programming that are shared by the other libraries. The system library provides the basic kernel interface, converting C function calls into messages sent to and from the kernel. It implements an abstraction that allows communication between processes regardless of their location in the network. The server library provides name space support functions for writing Helios servers, as described below.

Loader and processor manager
The remaining components of the nucleus are the loader and processor manager servers. Once the kernel is loaded, these processes are bootstrapped, and they integrate the newly running node into the Helios network.

Naming and servers
A key feature in Helios is its distributed name system. A Helios network implements a single unified name space, with a virtual root node, optional virtual network structuring nodes, nodes for each processor, and sub-processor name spaces provided by services. Names are similar to those in Unix, using a forward slash separating character and textual naming elements.

The name space is managed by the network server, which is started by the I/O server once the nucleus is booted on its first attached node. The network server uses a provided network map to allocate processor names and initialise drivers for hardware devices at specific nodes in the network. The kernel includes a name resolver, and manages a local cache of routes to previously resolved names.

Servers are Helios processes that implement the General Server Protocol, typically with the support of the server library. The server protocol is conceptually similar to the Unix VFS API, and more closely to Plan 9's 9P. It requires that servers represent their resources as files, with standardised open/read/write/close-style operations. Similar to facilities such as /proc in Plan 9 and other Unix-like operating systems, resources such as files, I/O devices, users, and processes are all represented as virtual files in the namespace served by their managing process.

Key servers in Helios are the previously mentioned loader, processor manager and network server, together with the session manager, the window server and the file server. Others include the keyboard, mouse, RS-232 and Centronics servers (built into the host I/O server), the null server (like Unix's /dev/null), and the logger server (like Unix's syslog).

Programming and utilities
From a user's perspective, Helios is quite similar to Unix. Most of the usual utility programs are provided, some with extensions to reflect the availability of multiple machines.

What is not immediately apparent is that Helios extends the notion of Unix pipes into a language called Component Distribution Language (CDL). In CDL, a typical Unix shell pipeline such as ls is called a task force, and is transparently distributed by the Task Force Manager server across the available CPUs. CDL extends traditional Unix syntax with additional operators for bi-directional pipes, sequential and parallel process farm operators, load balancing and resource management.

Helios applications can be written using C, C++, FORTRAN and Modula-2. The POSIX library assists in porting existing Unix software, and provides a familiar environment for programmers. Helios does not support programs written in the occam programming language.

Hardware
Helios was predominantly intended to be used with Transputer systems. It is compatible with products from various manufacturers including INMOS' TRAM systems, the Meiko CS, Parsytec MultiCluster and SuperCluster, and the Telmat T.Node. The Atari Transputer Workstation was perhaps the highest profile Helios hardware, at least outside academia.

Helios can run on T4xx and T8xx, 32-bit Transputers (but not the T2xx 16-bit models) and includes device drivers for various SCSI, Ethernet and graphics hardware from Inmos, Transtech, and others.

In its later versions, Helios was ported to the TI TMS320C40 DSP and to the ARM architecture, the latter used by the Active Book tablet device.

title: HeliOS


text:
Battle of Pell's Point

The Battle of Pell's Point (October 18, 1776), also known as the Battle of Pelham, was a skirmish fought between British and American troops during the New York and New Jersey campaign of the American Revolutionary War. The conflict took place in what is now part of Pelham Bay Park (namely the Split Rock Golf Course and Pelham Bay Golf Course) in the Bronx, New York City and the villages of Pelham Manor and Pelham in Westchester County, New York.

On October 12, British forces landed at Throgs Neck in order to execute a flanking maneuver that would trap Gen. George Washington, commander-in-chief of the American revolutionary forces, and the main body of the Continental Army on the island of Manhattan. The Americans thwarted the landing, and Gen. Sir William Howe, commander-in-chief of British forces in North America, looked for another location along Long Island Sound to disembark his troops. On October 18, he landed 4,000 men at Pelham, 3 mi north of Throgs Neck. Inland were 750 men of a brigade under the command of the American Col. John Glover. Glover positioned his troops behind a series of stone walls and attacked the British advance units. As the British overran each position, the American troops fell back and reorganized behind the next wall. After several such attacks, the British broke off, and the Americans retreated.

The battle delayed British movements long enough for Washington to move the main army to White Plains and avoid being surrounded on Manhattan. After losing to the British in a battle at White Plains, and losing Fort Washington, Washington retreated across New Jersey to Pennsylvania.

Background
After a victory at the Battle of Long Island in late August, the commander-in-chief of British forces in North America, Gen. Sir William Howe landed his troops at Kip's Bay, on the eastern shore of present-day Manhattan, on September 15. George Washington and his army retreated to Harlem Heights, a plateau situated on the north end of Manhattan Island. Washington was in a good defensive position, with his rear guarded on two sides by rocky heights and the Hudson and Harlem Rivers, and with more rocky heights to the south between his forces and the British. The next day, the British attacked the Americans and were defeated at the Battle of Harlem Heights. There was very little action for the next month, while the two forces remained in their fortified positions, each unable to decide upon their next move. The Americans believed Howe would either attack Fort Washington or attempt to flank the Americans with a landing at some point on Long Island Sound. A council-of-war decided to guard against both possibilities; Washington kept 10,000 men to defend Harlem Heights and Fort Washington, while Maj. Gen. William Heath took 10,000 troops to defend Kingsbridge, and Maj. Gen. Nathanael Greene was given 5,000 troops to defend the other side of the Hudson River, near Fort Constitution.

After 26 days of contemplation, Howe decided against a frontal attack on Harlem Heights and Fort Washington, and chose instead to attempt a flanking maneuver. On October 12, leaving behind three brigades under the command of Lord Hugh Percy on Manhattan Island, Howe embarked his main army in 80 vessels and proceeded up the East River, through Hell Gate, and landed at Throgs Neck. Throgs Neck—originally known as Throckmorton's, and also known as Throck's, Frog's Neck, and Frog's Point —is a narrow spit of land that sits between the East River and Long Island Sound. Conveniently for Howe, there was a road running from Throgs Neck to Kingsbridge, directly behind the American forces. Howe hoped to use this road to flank the Americans and pin them against the Hudson River.

Under the cover of fog, an advance force of 4,000 men under the command of General Henry Clinton was landed on Throgs Neck. To their dismay, they found they were not on a peninsula, but on an island, separated from the mainland by a creek and a marsh. There were two ways to get to the mainland: a causeway and bridge at the lower end, and a ford at the other. The Americans were guarding both. Col. Edward Hand and a detachment of 25 men from the 1st Pennsylvania Regiment positioned themselves behind a length of cordwood along the causeway, after having removed the planks of wood from the bridge. They surprised the British troops, who fell back and made an attempt to cross at the ford, which was guarded by another detachment. The Americans guarding both positions were quickly reinforced, and the defenders soon numbered over 1,800 men. Howe decided it would be better to retreat and land somewhere else. He made camp on Throgs Neck and remained there for six days while supplies and reinforcements, including 7,000 Hessian soldiers under the command of Gen. Wilhelm von Knyphausen, were brought up from New York. Just after midnight on October 18, Howe embarked his army again and decided to land at Pell's Point near the town of Pelham, a few miles to the north.

After hearing of the landing on Throgs Neck, Washington knew he risked entrapment on Manhattan. He made the decision to move his army to White Plains, where he believed they would be safe. By October 17, the Continental Army was on its way to White Plains, leaving behind 2,000 men to garrison Fort Washington.

Battle
At dawn, the British began to land on the shore, Clinton's advance guard of 4,000 British light infantry and Hessian jägers landing first. Inland, opposing them, was a brigade of some 750 men under the command of John Glover. Glover was atop a hill with a telescope when he noticed the British ships. (hill on the west side of the Hutchinson River Parkway and the Hutchinson River on East Sanford Blvd. In Mount Vernon, NY on the opposite side of the Hutchinson River Parkway and Pelham Memorial High School) Glover sent an officer, Major William Lee, to report to Charles Lee, Washington's second in command, and ask for orders. However, Lee did not give any orders, and in the absence of orders Glover chose to attack. Glover turned out his brigade, which consisted of the 14th, 13th, 3rd and the 26th Continental Regiments. Glover left the 150 men of the 14th Continentals behind in reserve. Glover had not closed half the distance when he ran into approximately 30 skirmishers. Glover ordered a Captain and his 40-man company forward as an advance guard to hold the British in check, while Glover organized the rest of the force.

Glover prepared an ambush by placing the main body in staggered positions behind the stone walls that lined either side of the laneway leading from the beachhead to the interior. Glover instructed each of the regiments to hold their position as long as they could and then to fall back to a position in the rear, while the next unit took up the fighting. Glover then rode up to take command of the advance guard. The advance guard and the British began to engage each other, both sides taking casualties. After a little while the British were reinforced, and Glover ordered a retreat, which was done without confusion. The British troops began to advance at the retreating Americans. However, the 200 troops of the 13th Continentals that Glover had stationed behind the stone wall stood up and fired at the British when there were only 30 yards away. The ambush worked, and the column of British troops took heavy losses and fell back to the main body of the invading army. The British waited half an hour before attacking again. This time when they attacked, they attacked with all 4,000 men and seven cannon. The British bombarded the American position behind the stone wall as their infantry advanced. The cannon fire was ineffective, and when the British were 50 yards away the Americans fired a volley which stopped the British infantry. The British returned fire, and musket and rifle fire ensued for 20 minutes, the British supported by cannon, at which point the lead American regiment fell back under cover of the next reserve regiment. The 3rd Continental Regiment was stationed behind the stone wall on the opposite side of the road.

The British attacked the position of the 3rd Continentals, and an engagement ensued. Both sides kept up constant fire, the Americans breaking the British lines several times. However, after 17 volleys, the British numbers began to overwhelm the Americans, and Glover ordered a withdrawal to another stone wall on the crest of a hill while the next regiment in line, the 26th Continentals, engaged the British.

A reconnaissance party of 30 men was sent out from behind the third stone wall to see if the British would try and flank the American position. The party ran into the British, who had continued to advance, and they fell back to the stone wall. The Americans behind the wall fired one volley before Glover gave the order to retreat. The Americans retreated across a bridge over the Hutchinson stream, their retreat covered by the 150 men of the 14th Continentals who engaged in an artillery duel with the British. Howe camped on a hill on the opposite side of the stream but made no attempt to cross the stream.

Aftermath
The next day, Glover and his force retreated to the town of Yonkers. American casualties were 8 killed and 13 wounded. British and Hessian casualties are not known. Howe's official dispatch listed British casualties as 3 killed and 20 wounded, although the report did not include Hessian casualties. As the Hessians made up the majority of the landing force, it is reasonable to expect they made up the majority of the casualties. Over the next few days, from knowledge collected from British deserters, the Americans estimated that the British lost between 800 and 1,000 killed or wounded, likely an exaggeration. Colonel Loammi Baldwin, (an officer and fruit fancier whose fame came in the Baldwin apple) who was present at the battle, estimated that the Americans had killed 200 British and Hessians, but historian David McCullough says this was "undoubtedly an exaggeration." Historian George Athan Billias argues in support of Baldwin's estimates, due in part to the corroborating admission of another British deserter. Regardless, the combined British and Hessian casualties were almost certainly larger than those of the Americans.

With the British advance delayed, the main American army under Washington was able to safely evacuate from Harlem (on the island of Manhattan) to White Plains. Howe slowly moved his army through New Rochelle and Scarsdale. On October 28, he sent 13,000 men to attack the Americans, resulting in a victory over Washington at the Battle of White Plains. Fort Washington, the last American stronghold on Manhattan, fell on November 16. With these defeats, Washington and his army retreated across New Jersey and into Pennsylvania, paving the way for the Battles of Trenton and Princeton.

title: Battle of Pell's Point


text: File:Cypress Hill Live at the Fillmore.jpg


text:
Talk:Apetalous

Joy made a good move here. KristianM needs to read: What Wikipedia is not (esp. not a dictionary) and note that Wikitionary is available for creating such pages - Marshman 18:35, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC).

title: Talk:Apetalous


text:
User:Ryan Anderson

Ryan Anderson once punched a hungry mother bear square in the jaw, rendering it unconscious. A humble man from humble roots, he shies away from often telling this story. He is an obscure Wikipedia contributor. He's been a member since December 6, 2004, and his plan of operation is to work in "projects": that is, creating or performing a major overhaul of an exisiting page in an area of the encyclopedia that is underdeveloped. In the course of working on the main article, he eliminates all the red links he generates, thus producing a large (for him) body of work. Eventually a Featured Article emerges. That's the theory, anyway.

Factz

 * Ryan Anderson's middle name for many years was thought to be Ryan Anderson. Cutting edge acoustic sciences prove that this phenomenon is merely the result of a previously unknown characteristic of the universe.

 * Ryan Anderson's unofficial biography, 'Broken Bears: A Grizzly Tale', became subject to a PETA sponsored boycott, forcing its ultimate departure from the New York Times Best Seller list.

Future projects
Considering taking up a project on the evolutionary origin of frogs after I finish this TZ one up.

title: User:Ryan Anderson


text:
Steve White (drummer)

Steven Douglas White (born 31 May 1965) is an English drummer who has worked extensively with Paul Weller and the Style Council among others.

Musical career
White was given a small drum as a child by his uncle and upon joining his local Boys' Brigade he began to learn his craft. As with White's bandmate Paul Weller, he was given full support from his parents who went out of their way to help their son develop. White spent his youth having lessons from the late George Scott of Wanstead and learning from recordings of Buddy Rich and Louis Bellson. White later took lessons with drumming teacher Bob Armstrong at Bob's Masterclass studio, then in Hornchurch, Essex. White complemented his work gigging with local bands with part-time work, spending any spare cash on updating his collection of jazz records.

In 1983, White auditioned for an unnamed band which turned out to be Paul Weller's new group, the Style Council. Weller was impressed with the 17-year-old drummer's jazz background and asked White to come back the following day. White stayed with the band for some years but was never actually invited to join, even though he appeared in most of their videos and on all but a few recordings. He became the youngest drummer on stage at Live Aid at Wembley Stadium in 1985. He also performed at Live 8 with the Who at Hyde Park in 2005, when their regular drummer, Zak Starkey, had left to join Oasis on their tours and recording sessions.

White left the Style Council in 1989 to pursue other projects and went on to play with many well known acts, such as Ian Dury, the James Taylor Quartet, the Redskins and the Jazz Renegades. When the Style Council reformed for a one-off gig for Japanese TV in 1990, Paul Weller invited White to his studio to hear a few demo tracks. White was soon back full-time behind the kit for Weller's solo projects. His brother, Alan White, is also a drummer, who played for Oasis for 9 years (1995–2004).

White also became a member of the group named the Players with ex-Style Council keyboardist Mick Talbot and ex-Ocean Colour Scene bassist Damon Minchella.

White took a break from recording with Paul Weller. He played in Trio Valore with Damon Minchella and Seamus Beaghan. He has played with Jon Lord and also featured on the last La Roux album.

Alongside Damon Minchella and Matt Deighton, White plays in the Family Silver, which released their debut album on Privilege records in 2015.

White plays Yamaha drums, Zildjian cymbals, Vic Firth sticks, Remo drum heads, and endorses Porter and Davis monitoring products. and Keo percussion products.

White formerly managed artist Sam Gray and teaches for both Trinity Laban Conservatoire in Greenwich and Goldsmiths in New Cross. White played drums on two releases by the UK group the Family Silver featuring Matt Deighton and Damon Minchella, he is currently drumming for Sheffield-based band Hague and White and recording and teaching from his base in Hextable Kent. In 2018 White presented and consulted on Sky Arts' series 'The Art of Drumming,' which won in the Documentary category at the 2019 Royal Television Society Awards.

Personal life
White's first marriage was to Hayley Marsh, with whom he had two children, Kristabel and Curtis. In 2013, he married former Coronation Street actress Sally Lindsay. The couple have twin boys, Vic and Louie.

White is a supporter of Charlton Athletic F.C. He is the older brother of the former Oasis drummer Alan White.

Albums

 * Get Organised (1989)

Albums

 * Paul Weller (1992) – No. 8 UK
 * Wild Wood (1993) – No. 2 UK
 * Live Wood (1994) – No. 13 UK
 * Stanley Road (1995) – No. 1 UK
 * Heavy Soul (1997) – No. 2 UK
 * Modern Classics – The Greatest Hits (1998) – No. 7 UK
 * Heliocentric (2000) – No. 2 UK
 * Days of Speed (2001) – No. 3 UK
 * Illumination (2002) – No. 1 UK
 * Fly on the Wall: B Sides & Rarities (2003) – No. 22 UK
 * Studio 150 (2004) – No. 2 UK
 * Stanley Road (10th Anniversary Edition) (2005) – No. 51 UK
 * As Is Now (2005) – No. 4 UK
 * Catch-Flame! (2006)

Albums

 * Café Bleu (1984) – UK No. 2
 * Our Favourite Shop (1985) – UK No. 1 (Internationalists in US)
 * Home and Abroad (1986)
 * Cost of Loving (1987) – UK No. 2
 * Confessions of a Pop Group (1988) – UK No. 14
 * Modernism: A New Decade (1989)

With The Players

 * Clear the Decks (2003)
 * From the Six Corners (2005)

With Trio Valore
Liars and cheater EP
 * Return of the Iron Monkey (2008)

Sample CD

 * On The Beaten Track

With The Family Silver

 * Electric Blend (2015)
 * Hague and White - the Eleventh hour.

title: Steve White (drummer)


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Hinton Battle

Hinton Govorn Battle Jr. (November 29, 1956 – January 30, 2024) was an American actor, singer, dancer, and choreographer. He won three Tony Awards, all in the category of Featured Actor in a Musical. He was the first to portray the Scarecrow in the stage version of The Wiz (a role then taken on by Michael Jackson in the 1978 film adaptation).

Early life
Hinton Govorn Battle Jr. was born in Neubrücke, Hoppstädten-Weiersbach, West Germany, part of the Baumholder Army Military Community, and raised in Washington, D.C., and New York City. His mother was a homemaker and his father a U.S. Army officer. Battle's talent became apparent at the age of nine. After three years of studying ballet at the Jones-Haywood School of Ballet, he received a scholarship to The School of American Ballet where he studied until the age of fifteen under George Balanchine.

Career
On October 21, 1974, the new musical The Wiz opened at the Morris A. Mechanic Theatre in Baltimore, Maryland, and then moved to Broadway's Majestic Theatre with a new cast on January 5, 1975. This is where Battle made his Broadway debut starring as the Scarecrow.

Battle appeared in 15 films and television programs, including Quantum Leap, Dreamgirls, and Touched by an Angel. On Quantum Leap, he played Thames, the evil Observer from the future, in the final installment of the Evil Leaper trilogy of episodes. Battle played the role of the Cat in the first U.S. pilot for science-fiction sitcom Red Dwarf, based on the British show of the same name. Notably, he guest-starred as Sweet the jazz demon, in "Once More, with Feeling", Buffy The Vampire Slayer's musical episode in which his spell forces the characters to sing their biggest secrets and fears.

Battle's other Broadway starring roles included Dancin', Dreamgirls, Sophisticated Ladies for which he won his first Tony Award, Chicago (Billy Flynn), and Ragtime (Coalhouse Walker Jr.), which garnered rave reviews from the Chicago press and earned him an Ira Aldridge Award. His role in The Tap Dance Kid earned Hinton a second Tony Award as well as the NAACP Award and the Fred Astaire Award. He won his third Tony Award for Miss Saigon (1991) playing the role of John Thomas. He sang the riveting "Bui Doi", one of the feature songs.

Battle's long list of television credits included Shine, his one-man show presented at the HBO Aspen Comedy Arts Festival; The Kennedy Center's 25th Anniversary; These Old Broads, co-starring Shirley MacLaine, Joan Collins, Debbie Reynolds, and Elizabeth Taylor; and ABC/Disney's Child Star: The Shirley Temple Story where Hinton served as a choreographer and co-star playing Bill 'Bojangles' Robinson.

As a choreographer, Battle's work has been seen on the musical episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, "Once More, with Feeling", These Old Broads, Foreign Student (with Charles Dutton), The Golden Globe Awards, Dance in America; the sitcoms Fired Up, Sister, Sister, The Trouble with Normal, and The Boys. Hinton has choreographed promos for Warner Brothers, commercials for Coca-Cola, Chicago the musical, and New York Top Appliances. He served as Associate Choreographer on the 65th and 66th Annual Academy Awards with Debbie Allen.

Off-Broadway, Battle served as co-director and choreographer for Evil Dead The Musical. Having finished choreographing the movie musical Idlewild, he joined with Wynton Marsalis for The Buddy Bolden Story, a feature film about one of the originators of jazz in the United States. He then directed the stage musical Respect, a musical journey of women from the 1900s to 2007. Battle's most recent creation, a dance form called Swop that combines swing and hip-hop, was performed on the highly rated Dancing with the Stars in 2006. In 2014, Battle starred in the off-Broadway production Cindy: The Musical.

In 2017, Battle founded the Hinton Battle Dance Academy in Japan, which closed in 2022.

Music
In addition to his prolific dancing career, Battle briefly drifted into singing in the mid-1980s. His song "Think We're Gonna Make It" was featured on the soundtrack to the 1986 movie Playing for Keeps, and he released his lone solo album, Untapped, that same year.

Writing
Battle had written a children's book and had been working on an autobiography at the time of his death.

Death
Battle died after a lengthy illness at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles on January 30, 2024, at the age of 67. In honor of Battle, the Broadway League announced all 41 Broadway theaters would dim their marquee lights on March 12, 2024. Dimming the lights of Broadway theaters is a tradition reflecting the honoree's influence and career.

title: Hinton Battle


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Chris Hovan

Christopher James Hovan (born May 12, 1978) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Boston College, and was a National Football League (NFL) defensive tackle from 2000 to 2010. He was selected by the Minnesota Vikings in the first round of 2000 NFL draft.

Hovan also played for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and St. Louis Rams.

Early years
Hovan grew up in Rocky River, Ohio, a suburb of Cleveland. He is the youngest of 3 children. played his high school football at St. Ignatius High School in Cleveland. During his career he earned many honors and awards including an honorable mention All-American by USA Today, and All-City and All-State by The Plain Dealer. He finished his high school career with a school record 28 career sacks. He also played lacrosse, earning All-State recognition.

College career
Hovan played his college football at Boston College. As a senior, he was an All-American and was a semi-finalist for the Lombardi Award. He also became the first player in Boston College history to be named All-Big East three times. He finished his career starting 43 of 45 games, recording 20.5 sacks.

Minnesota Vikings
Hovan was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings with the 25th overall pick in the 2000 NFL draft. He would go on to play five years for the Vikings, playing in 77 games, recording 192 tackles and 17 sacks.

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
On April 1, 2005, Hovan signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He had a good first season with the Bucs, helping them win the NFC South and finish as the number one ranked defense. Hovan was released on April 26, 2010.

St. Louis Rams
On June 9, 2010, Hovan signed with the St. Louis Rams. On August 6, 2010, Hovan was placed on injured reserve due to a back injury, ending his 2010 season.

Coaching
Hovan was named assistant strength & conditioning coach for the South Florida Bulls in 2011.

Hovan was signed by the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League as their defensive line coach on January 9, 2013. He was the defensive line coach for the Tampa Bay Storm of the AFL for the 2013 season.

Hovan coached in the AFL with the Tampa Bay Storm for three seasons.

From 2017-2018, Hovan was the co-defensive coordinator for the Warriors football team at Steinbrenner High School in Lutz, Florida.

title: Chris Hovan


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Deep Fork National Wildlife Refuge

The Deep Fork National Wildlife Refuge (DFNWR) is part of the United States system of National Wildlife Refuges, and is a critical resource for wildfowl that migrate along the Central Flyway in Spring and Fall. It is located in Eastern Oklahoma, near the city of Okmulgee. The preserve runs along both banks of the Deep Fork River for about 20 miles. According to TravelOK, DFNWR receives about 45,000 visitors every year.

Description
The refuge was established in June 1993 and dedicated in February 1995. The land within its legal boundaries is 18359 acres of which about 9748 acres were publicly owned in 2015. Additional land will be purchased from willing sellers as funds are available, and until the refuge reaches its legal limit in size.

The refugee is a narrow ribbon of wetlands, oxbow lakes, swamps, and upland forests along the meandering Deep Fork River. More than 80 percent of the refuge floods annually, thus providing excellent habitat for waterfowl and a wide variety of other animals, including white-tailed deer, bald eagles, and wild turkey. 254 species of birds and 51 species of mammals have been recorded in the refuge. Four wildlife species of special concern abound here (the river otter, Bell’s vireo, alligator snapping turtle, and the northern scarlet snake). Beavers are so numerous as to be considered pests, as are feral hogs.

Most of the vegetation in the refuge is bottomland forests of oak, pecan, elm, hickory, ash, sugarberry, walnut, riverbirch, and willow. The area has been logged in the past and most of the forest is still relatively young, although a few patches of mature forests can be found. New hardwood growth sprouts near the river, then spreads more widely in the refuge when the floods come.

Recreation
Most of the refuge is open to the public year-round. Several parking areas scattered around the refuge give access to visitors for bird watching, hunting, fishing, hiking, and boating. A fishing area is maintained on Montezuma Creek. Near the headquarters the Cussetah Bottoms Boardwalk leads through forests, swamps, and beaver ponds for about one-half mile. In the southernmost part of the refuge a trail through forests follows an old railroad grade, thus elevating it above the frequently-flooded land. Deer, rabbits, squirrel, turkey, and ducks can also be hunted. The Deep Fork River is noted for large Flathead catfish and also has other species. Kayaking is popular in the refuge. The refuge has 22 parking lots connected to the hunting and wildlife observation areas by 25 miles of trails and unimproved roads. Off-road vehicles are prohibited.

The Deep Fork National Wildlife Refuge is bordered on the north by the Okmulgee Wildlife Management area (OWMA) of 10900 acres. Deep Fork River runs for 6 miles through the OWMA, which is mostly upland and hilly rather than flat and swampy, as the refuge is. Adjoining the refuge on the south is the Eufaula Wildlife Management area which preserves another 7 miles of the Deep Fork River to its mouth at Eufaula Lake. Land in Eufaula WMA is similar in character to the refuge. The three areas together preserve in a near natural state more than 25000 acres and 30 miles of the Deep Fork River.

title: Deep Fork National Wildlife Refuge


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Wikipedia talk:1911 Encyclopedia topics/9

This list appears so complete, but I couldn't find Sir Ewen Cameron of Lochiel anywhere (although he has an entry in the 1911 Britannica). Why?  18:46, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * I got the index from http://www.1911encyclopedia.org which does not appear to have an entry on Ewen Cameron of Lochiel. Bogdan | Talk 19:07, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh I see. The biography in question is at the bottom of the same page as Verney Lovett Cameron. See http://87.1911encyclopedia.org/C/CA/CAMERON_VERNEY_LOVETT.htm . Thanks for answering so fast, and all the best,  20:37, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)


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Gross-Wien

Gross-Wien Op. 440 is a waltz by Johann Strauss II written in 1891 and was a choral waltz for the Wiener Männergesang-Verein (Vienna Men's Choral Association) during the Vienna Fasching (Carnival) of the same year. The text for the choral version of the waltz was by Franz von Gernerth.

The waltz's title was a chronicle of events in and around Vienna as the Imperial City underwent vast development through the years. Although the waltz was intended as a choral work for the association, its first performance was actually at the Vienna Prater, on 10 May 1891 for a 'Monster Concert' of over 500 musicians from the combined military orchestras of Vienna under Strauss' baton. The premiere of the waltz in its orchestral version was also without chorus, as the planned performance with chorus had been delayed until 4 October of the same year, taking place at the Sängerhalle under the direction of chorus-master Eduard Kremser.

The first performance at the Prater was also attended by the Austrian ruling family, as well as the King and Queen of Denmark and the Duke and Duchess of Cumberland. Strauss' waltz brims with a confidence typical of his maturity, containing musical ideas that are never trite, although he wrote waltzes at a prodigious rate.

title: Gross-Wien


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Enrique Wilson

Enrique Wilson Martes (born July 27, 1973) is a Dominican former professional baseball player. In his eight-season Major League Baseball career, Wilson played with the Cleveland Indians (1997–2000), Pittsburgh Pirates (2000–01), New York Yankees (2001–04), and the Chicago Cubs (2005) as a utility infielder. He batted switch and threw right-handed.

Wilson was a career .244 hitter with 22 home runs, with three grand slams, and 141 RBI in 555 games. Versatile around the diamond, Wilson had a rather mobile career playing (mostly as a backup) at second base, third and shortstop. Wilson was known to play hitters well and with a strong arm, had some pop in his bat, and would run occasionally, but did not to try to steal very often.

In 2001, he was scheduled to be on American Airlines Flight 587 that crashed in a New York City neighborhood. However, when the Yankees lost the 2001 World Series to the Arizona Diamondbacks, Wilson flew home a few days earlier and was not on the flight.

In 2003, Wilson was involved in an incident where Manny Ramirez missed a game claiming to have a sore throat, but was later found to actually have been partying in a hotel room with Wilson. At the time, Wilson played for the rival New York Yankees.

During Wilson's time with the Yankees, he was often placed in the lineup over superior players when the team faced Boston Red Sox ace Pedro Martínez. This was due to his inexplicable ability to hit Martinez well over his career. In 35 at bats including the postseason, Wilson batted .364 vs Martinez.

Wilson was signed by the Baltimore Orioles to a minor-league contract before the 2005 season. He was released in May, and subsequently signed with the Cubs. After appearing in fifteen games with the Cubs, he was released a second time. In 2006, Wilson played for the Boston Red Sox's Triple-A team, the Pawtucket Red Sox, and retired in August.

title: Enrique Wilson


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Hor-Aha

Hor-Aha (or Aha or Horus Aha; fl. c. 3050 BC) is considered the second pharaoh of the First Dynasty of Egypt by some Egyptologists, while others consider him the first one and corresponding to Menes. He lived around the 31st century BC and is thought to have had a long reign.

Name
The commonly used name Hor-Aha is a rendering of the pharaoh's Horus-name, an element of the royal titulary associated with the god Horus, and is more fully given as Horus-Aha meaning Horus the Fighter.

Manetho's record Aegyptiaca (translating to History of Egypt) lists his Greek name as Athothis, or "Athotís".

For the Early Dynastic Period, the archaeological record refers to the pharaohs by their Horus-names, while the historical record, as evidenced in the Turin and Abydos king lists, uses an alternative royal titulary, the nebty-name. The different titular elements of a pharaoh's name were often used in isolation, for brevity's sake, although the choice varied according to circumstance and period.

Mainstream Egyptological consensus follows the findings of Flinders Petrie in reconciling the two records and connects Hor-Aha (archaeological) with the nebty-name Ity (historical).

The same process has led to the identification of the historical Menes (a nebty-name) with Narmer (a Horus-name) evidenced in the archaeological record (both figures are credited with the unification of Egypt and as the first pharaoh of Dynasty I) as the predecessor of Hor-Aha (the second pharaoh).

Theories
There has been some controversy about Hor-Aha. Some believe him to be the same individual as the legendary Menes and that he was the one to unify all of Egypt. Others claim he was the son of Narmer, the pharaoh who unified Egypt. Narmer and Menes may have been one pharaoh, referred to with more than one name. Regardless, considerable historical evidence from the period points to Narmer as the pharaoh who first unified Egypt (see Narmer Palette) and to Hor-Aha as his son and heir.

Successor to Narmer
Seal impressions discovered by Günter Dreyer in the Umm El Qa'ab from Den and Qa'a burials identify Hor-Aha as the second pharaoh of the first dynasty. His predecessor Narmer had united Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt into a single kingdom, Upper and Lower Egypt. Hor-Aha probably ascended the throne in the mid 31st century BC.

Interior policy
Hor-Aha seems to have conducted many religious activities. A visit to a shrine of the goddess Neith is recorded on several tablets from his reign. The sanctuary of Neith he visited was located in the north-west of the Nile Delta at Sais. Furthermore, the first known representation of the sacred Henu-barque of the god Seker- was found engraved on a year tablet dating from his reign.

Vessel inscriptions, labels and sealings from the graves of Hor-Aha and Queen Neithhotep suggest that this queen died during the reign of Aha. He arranged for her burial in a magnificent mastaba excavated by Jacques de Morgan. Queen Neithhotep is plausibly Aha's mother The selection of the cemetery of Naqada as the resting place of Neithhotep is a strong indication that she came from this province. This, in turn, supports the view that Narmer married a member of the ancient royal line of Naqada to strengthen the domination of the Thinite kings over the region. However, in January 2016, a rock inscription demonstrated that Neithhotep was actually a queen regent early during the reign of Djer, Hor-Aha's successor. Therefore, the cemetery evidence only proves that Neithhotep did live during the reign of Hor-Aha but succeeded him into Djer's reign.

Most importantly, the oldest mastaba at the North Saqqara necropolis of Memphis dates to his reign. The mastaba belongs to an elite member of the administration who may have been a relative of Hor-Aha, as was customary at the time. This is a strong indication of the growing importance of Memphis during Aha's reign.

Economic development
Few artifacts remain of Hor-Aha's reign. However, the finely executed copper-axe heads, faience vessel fragments, ivory box and inscribed white marbles all testify to the flourishing of craftsmanship during Aha's time in power.

Activities outside Egypt
Inscription on an ivory tablet from Abydos suggests that Hor-Aha led an expedition against the Nubians. On a year tablet, a year is explicitly called 'Year of smiting of Ta-Sety' (i.e. Nubia).

During Hor-Aha's reign, trade with the Southern Levant seems to have been on the decline. Contrary to his predecessor Narmer, Hor-Aha is not attested outside of the Nile Valley. This may point to a gradual replacement of long-distance trade between Egypt and its eastern neighbors by a more direct exploitation of the local resources by the Egyptians. Vessel fragment analysis from an Egyptian outpost at En Besor suggests that it was active during Hor-Aha's reign. Other Egyptian settlements are known to have been active at the time as well (Byblos and along the Lebanese coast). Finally, Hor-Aha's tomb yielded vessel fragments from the Southern Levant.

Manetho
According to the Egyptian priest Manetho (who lived over 2,600 years after Hor-Aha's reign), Aha built a palace in Memphis and was a skilled physician who wrote multiple books on anatomy.

Family

Hor-Aha's chief wife was Benerib, whose name was "written alongside his on a number of [historical] pieces, in particular, from tomb B14 at Abydos, Egypt". Tomb B14 is located directly adjacent to Hor-Aha's sepulchre. Hor-Aha also had another wife, Khenthap, with whom he became father of Djer. She is mentioned as Djer's mother on the Cairo Annals Stone.

Hor-Aha's mother is believed to be Neithhotep. She is also believed to be wife of the late Narmer and possibly remarried one of Hor-Aha's top three Grand Viziers by the name of Rekhit after the death of Narmer. The massive Naqada tomb Neithhotep was believed to be buried has 10 inscriptions of her in it. The same tomb also has 15 inscriptions to Rekhit.

Tomb

The tomb of Hor-Aha is located in the necropolis of the kings of the 1st Dynasty at Abydos, known as the Umm el-Qa'ab. It comprises three large chambers (designated B10, B15, and B19), which are directly adjacent to Narmer's tomb. The chambers are rectangular, directly dug in the desert floor, their walls lined with mud bricks. The tombs of Narmer and Ka had only two adjacent chambers, while the tomb of Hor-Aha comprises three substantially larger yet separated chambers. The reason for this architecture is that it was difficult at that time to build large ceilings above the chambers, as timber for these structures often had to be imported from Canaan.

A striking innovation of Hor-Aha's tomb is that members of the royal household were buried with the pharaoh, the earliest known retainer sacrifices in Egypt. It is unclear if they were killed or committed suicide. Among those buried were servants, dwarfs, women and even dogs. A total of 36 subsidiary burials were laid out in three parallel rows north-east of Hor-Aha's main chambers. As a symbol of royalty Hor-Aha was even given a group of young lions.

In popular culture

 * Episode 1 of season 4 of Franklin & Bash, "The Curse of Hor-Aha" revolves around a rare Egyptian artifact and the protagonists trying to find it to get their boss back.
 * Murder by the Gods: An Ancient Egyptian Mystery by William G. Collins is a thriller about Prince Aha (later king Hor-Aha), with Narmer as a supporting character.

title: Hor-Aha