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Metal-halide lamp

A metal-halide lamp is an electrical lamp that produces light by an electric arc through a gaseous mixture of vaporized mercury and metal halides (compounds of metals with bromine or iodine). It is a type of high-intensity discharge (HID) gas discharge lamp. Developed in the 1960s, they are similar to mercury vapor lamps, but contain additional metal halide compounds in the quartz arc tube, which improve the efficiency and color rendition of the light. The most common metal halide compound used is sodium iodide. Once the arc tube reaches its running temperature, the sodium dissociates from the iodine, adding orange and reds to the lamp's spectrum from the sodium D line as the metal ionizes. As a result, metal-halide lamps have high luminous efficacy of around 75–100 lumens per watt, which is about twice that of mercury vapor lights and 3 to 5 times that of incandescent lights and produce an intense white light. Lamp life is 6,000 to 15,000 hours. As one of the most efficient sources of high CRI white light, metal halides were the fastest growing segment of the lighting industry. They are used for wide area overhead lighting of commercial, industrial, and public places, such as parking lots, sports arenas, factories, and retail stores, as well as residential security lighting, automotive headlamps (Often generically known as "xenon headlights") and indoor cannabis grow operations.

The lamps consist of a small fused quartz or ceramic arc tube which contains the gases and the arc, enclosed inside a larger glass bulb which has a coating to filter out the ultraviolet light produced. They operate at a pressure between 4 and 20 atmospheres, and require special fixtures to operate safely, as well as an electrical ballast. Metal atoms produce most of the light output. They require a warm-up period of several minutes to reach full light output.

Uses
Metal-halide lamps are used for general lighting purposes both indoors and outdoors, such as commercial, industrial, and public spaces, parking lots, sports arenas, factories, and retail stores, as well as residential security lighting; automotive and specialty applications are further fields of usage. Metal-halide lamps are used in automobile headlights, where they are commonly generically called "xenon headlamps" due to the use of xenon gas in the bulb, to provide minimal light upon turning on before the lamp warms up, instead of the argon typically used in other halide lamps.

Another widespread use for such lamps is in photographic lighting and stage lighting fixtures, where they are commonly generically known as MSD or HMI lamps and are generally used in 150, 250, 400, 575 and 1,200 watt ratings, especially intelligent lighting.

Because of their wide spectrum and good efficiency they were used for indoor growing applications, specifically cannabis, and were quite popular with reef aquarists who needed a high intensity light source for their corals. However LEDs have almost entirely replaced metal halide in both applications, with just a handful of purists still holding on.

Operation
Like other gas-discharge lamps such as the very-similar mercury-vapor lamps, metal-halide lamps produce light by ionizing a mixture of gases in an electric arc. In a metal-halide lamp, the compact arc tube contains a mixture of argon or xenon, mercury, and a variety of metal halides, such as sodium iodide and scandium iodide. The particular mixture of metal halides influences the correlated color temperature and intensity (making the light more blue or red, for example). When started, the argon gas in the lamp is ionized first, which helps to maintain the arc across the two electrodes with the applied starting voltage. The heat generated by the arc and electrodes then ionizes the mercury and metal halides into a plasma, which produces an increasingly brighter white light as the temperature and pressure increases to operating conditions.

The arc-tube operates at anywhere from 5–50 atm or more (70–700 psi or 500–5000 kPa) and 1000–3000 °C. Like all other gas-discharge lamps, metal-halide lamps have negative resistance (with the rare exception of self-ballasted lamps with a filament), and so require a ballast to provide proper starting and operating voltages while regulating the current flow through the lamp. About 24% of the energy used by metal-halide lamps produces light (an efficacy of 65–115 lm/W), making them substantially more efficient than incandescent bulbs, which typically have efficiencies in the range 2–4%.

Components
Metal-halide lamps consist of an arc tube with electrodes, an outer bulb, and a base.

Arc tube
Inside the fused quartz arc tube, two tungsten electrodes doped with thorium are sealed into each end and an AC voltage is applied to them through molybdenum foil seals fused in silica. It is the arc between the two electrodes where the light is actually created.

Besides mercury vapor, the lamp contains iodides or bromides of different metals. Iodine and bromine are of the halogen group of the periodic table, and so are termed "halides" when ionized. Scandium and sodium are also used in some types, with thallium, indium, and sodium in European Tri-Salt models. Dysprosium used for high color temperature and tin for lower color temperature. Holmium and thulium are used in very high power movie lighting models and in daylight colored metal halide lamps for area floodlighting, compact low wattage metal halide lamps, as well as stadium lighting in Europe. Gallium or lead are used in special high UV-A models for printing purposes. The mixture of the metals used defines the color of the lamp. Some types, for festive or theatrical effect, use almost pure iodides of thallium, for green lamps, and indium, for blue lamps. An alkali metal, (sodium or potassium), is almost always added to reduce the arc impedance, allowing the arc tube to be made sufficiently long and simple electrical ballasts to be used. A noble gas, usually argon, is cold filled into the arc tube at a pressure of about 2 kPa to facilitate starting of the discharge. Argon filled lamps are typically quite slow to start up, taking several minutes to reach full light intensity; xenon fill, as used in automotive headlamps, start up relatively faster.

The ends of the arc tube are often externally coated with white infrared–reflective zirconium silicate or zirconium oxide to reflect heat back onto the electrodes to keep them hot and thermionically emitting. Some bulbs have a phosphor coating on the inner side of the outer bulb to improve the spectrum and diffuse the light.

In the mid-1980s a new type of metal-halide lamp was developed, which, instead of a quartz (fused silica) arc tube as used in mercury vapor lamps and previous metal-halide lamp designs, use a sintered alumina arc tube similar to those used in the high pressure sodium lamp. This development reduces the effects of ion creep that plagues fused silica arc tubes. During their life, sodium and other elements tend to migrate into the quartz tube and because of high UV radiation and gas ionization, will result in erosion of the electrodes therefore causing cycling of the lamp. The sintered alumina arc tube does not allow the ions to creep through, maintaining a more constant color over the life of the lamp. These are usually referred as ceramic metal-halide lamps or CMH lamps.

The concept of adding metallic iodides for spectral modification (specifically: sodium - yellow, lithium - red, indium - blue, potassium and rubidium - deep red, and thallium - green) of a mercury arc discharge to create the first metal-halide lamp can be traced to patent US1025932 in 1912 by Charles Proteus Steinmetz, the "Wizard of General Electric".

The amount of mercury used has lessened over years of progress.

Outer bulb
Most types are fitted with an outer glass bulb to protect the inner components and prevent heat loss. The outer bulb can also be used to block some or all of the UV light generated by the mercury vapor discharge, and can be composed of specially doped "UV stop" fused silica. Ultraviolet protection is commonly employed in single ended (single base) models and double ended models that provide illumination for nearby human use. Some high-powered models, particularly the lead-gallium UV printing models and models used for some types of sports stadium lighting do not have an outer bulb. The use of a bare arc tube can allow transmission of UV or precise positioning within the optical system of a luminaire. The cover glass of the luminaire can be used to block the UV, and can also protect people or equipment if the lamp should fail by exploding.

Base
Some types have an Edison screw  metal base, for various power ratings between 10 and 18,000 watts. Other types are double-ended, as depicted above, with R7s-24 bases composed of ceramic, along with metal connections between the interior of the arc tube and the exterior. These are made of various alloys (such as iron-cobalt-nickel) that have a thermal coefficient of expansion that matches that of the arc tube.

Ballasts
The electric arc in metal-halide lamps, as in all gas discharge lamps has a negative resistance property; meaning that as the current through the bulb increases, the voltage across it decreases. If the bulb is powered from a constant voltage source such as directly from the AC wiring, the current will increase until the bulb destroys itself; therefore, halide bulbs require electrical ballasts to limit the arc's current. There are two types:
 * 1) Inductive ballast - Many fixtures use an inductive ballast, also known as a magnetic ballast, similar to those used with fluorescent lamps. This consists of an iron-core inductor. The inductor presents an impedance to AC current. If the current through the lamp increases, the inductor reduces the voltage to keep the current limited.
 * 2) Electronic ballast - These are lighter and more compact. They consist of an electronic oscillator which generates high frequency which is then converted to a low frequency square wave current to drive the lamp. Because they have lower resistive losses than an inductive ballast, they are more energy efficient. However, high-frequency operation does not increase lamp efficiency as for fluorescent lamps. It may cause acoustic resonance in the arc, shortening the lamp life.

Pulse-start metal-halide bulbs don't contain a starting electrode which strikes the arc, and require an ignitor to generate a high-voltage (1–5 kV on cold strike, over 30 kV on hot restrike) pulse to start the arc. Electronic ballasts include the igniter circuit in one package. American National Standards Institute (ANSI) lamp-ballast system standards establish parameters for all metal-halide components (with the exception of some newer products).

Color temperature
Because of the whiter and more natural light generated, metal-halide lamps were initially preferred to the bluish mercury vapor lamps. With the introduction of specialized metal-halide mixtures, metal-halide lamps are now available with a correlated color temperature from 3,000 K to over 20,000 K. Color temperature can vary slightly from lamp to lamp, and this effect is noticeable in places where many lamps are used. Because the lamp's color characteristics tend to change during lamp's life, color is measured after the bulb has been burned for 100 hours (seasoned) according to ANSI standards. Pulse start metal halide lamps have improved color rendering and provided a more controlled kelvin variance (±100 to 200 kelvins) because of better arctube shapes compared to probe start metal halide lamp, which don't requires a starting electrode to be present and allow higher pressure and temperature of the halides.

The color temperature of a metal-halide lamp can also be affected by the electrical characteristics of the electrical system powering the bulb and manufacturing variances in the bulb itself. If a metal-halide bulb is underpowered, because of the lower operating temperature, its light output will be bluish because of the evaporation of mercury alone. This phenomenon can be seen during warmup, when the arc tube has not yet reached full operating temperature and the halides have not fully vaporized. It is also very apparent with dimming ballasts. The inverse is true for an overpowered bulb, but this condition can be hazardous, leading possibly to arc-tube explosion because of overheating and overpressure.

Starting and warm up
A cold metal-halide lamp cannot immediately begin producing its full light capacity because the temperature and pressure in the inner arc chamber require time to reach full operating levels. Starting the initial argon arc (or xenon in automotive) sometimes takes a few seconds, and the warm up period can be as long as five minutes (depending upon lamp type). During this time the lamp exhibits different colors as the various metal halides vaporize in the arc chamber.

If power is interrupted, the lamp's arc will extinguish, and the high pressure that exists in the hot arc tube will prevent restriking the arc; with a normal ignitor a cool-down period of 5–10 minutes will be required before the lamp can be restarted, but with special ignitors and specially designed lamps, the arc can be immediately re-established. On fixtures without instant restrike capability, a momentary loss of power can mean no light for several minutes. For safety reasons, some metal-halide fixtures have a backup tungsten-halogen incandescent lamp that operates during cool-down and restrike. Once the metal halide restrikes and warms up, the incandescent safety light is switched off. A warm lamp also tends to take more time to reach its full brightness than a lamp that is started completely cold.

Most hanging ceiling lamps tend to be passively cooled, with a combined ballast and lamp fixture.

End of life behaviour
Metal halide lamps, usually lose their output or change color due to the loss of halides and arctube blackening. They stop working at the end of life that is similar to mercury lamps. In rare cases, they can also cycle on/off. Some can exhibit major color shift, and in rare cases, explode.

Risk of lamp explosion
All metal halide arc tubes deteriorate in strength over their lifetime due to chemical attack, thermal stress and mechanical vibration. As the lamp ages the arc tube becomes discolored (often obtaining a dark grey shade), absorbing light and getting hotter. The tube will continue to become weaker until it eventually fails, causing the breakup of the tube.

Early failure of the arc tube may occur due to manufacturing defects. Manufacturers may "season" new lamps to check for such defects before sale.

Since a metal-halide lamp contains gases at a significant high pressure (up to 3.4 atmospheres), failure of the arc tube is inevitably a violent event. Fragments of arc tube will break the outer bulb, and hot glass fragments may fall on people or objects below. Hot fragments may present a fire hazard. Fixtures are designed to contain hot fragments with a hard glass cover, or may be designed for lamps with a quartz tube surrounding the arc tube to prevent breakage.

Shattering of the arc tube may be avoided by replacing the lamp if there is an excessive blackening of the arc tube, the arc tube begins to swell, there is a sudden changing of the light color, or the lamp begins to cycle on and off.

title: Metal-halide lamp


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Indoor percussion ensemble

An indoor percussion ensemble or indoor drumline is a type of marching ensemble consisting of battery and front ensemble instruments. It differs itself from a traditional percussion ensemble by not only on musical performance, but on theatrics and marching. Although most indoor percussion ensembles are affiliated with high schools (also known as scholastic groups), there are also many independent groups that draw participants from a large area and are independently funded. Independent groups typically start rehearsing in October, while high school groups typically start after their fall marching band season ends. Because of this, the activity is often called winter percussion or winterline.

History
The athletic arts were looking for a new intriguing sport that could challenge and excite skilled musicians, so they started creating their own styles all over the world. Since then, marching percussion has advanced and moved into auditoriums and gymnasiums as percussion ensembles looked for ways to maintain their skills during the winter months when performing outdoors on football fields was not practical. Following in the footsteps of indoor guard ensembles, indoor percussion ensembles arrange music and motion appropriate for a more intimate setting. The activity is enjoyed throughout the United States and Japan, as Winter Guard International (WGI) provides many regional and national opportunities to compete. Percussion ensembles first appeared in WGI shows in 1992, and the theatrics, sets, and music selection has advanced throughout the activity's history. There are many organizations unaffiliated with WGI that hold smaller regional shows all over the world.

As the number of ensembles that competed in WGI competitions grew, different skill level divisions ranging from A class to World class.

Competitive groups are held to specific times and judged on criteria that change every season as technology and creativity blossom. These ensembles compete, but traditionally, the musical sport is treated as a place to grow together as a community, learn new techniques, and enjoy the work done by peers from across the country and locally.

Competition became international when Color Guard Netherlands (CGN) introduced indoor percussion in Europe. In 2008 CGN hosted the first WGI Regional for percussion outside of North America. Since then, WGI has expanded even further to parts of Asia and Africa.

Music
Music is arranged based on original works as well as recreations of movie themes, popular music, classical music, and more. Instrumentation is anything that would or could be used under the percussion category of any musical group. This includes instruments such as snare drums, tenors, bass drums, cymbals, xylophones, marimbas, vibraphones, tambourines, chimes, timpani, drum kits, and other similar instruments. Electronic instruments such as guitars, bass guitars, theremins, and synthesizers are also allowed in most competitive circuits. Some groups will also use prerecorded sound samples such as a short jingle or a cappella singing which is typically accompanied by the front ensemble. Spoken word via microphone or a recording on a sampler is used on occasion as well. In many cases, percussion groups will use unconventional instruments including trash cans, barrels, pipes, brooms, and other objects to output desired sound effects.

Concert vs. marching
There are two types of indoor percussion ensembles. A concert percussion group consists of only a front ensemble. With these groups there is very little movement other than the motion needed for playing the instruments. The other type of indoor percussion group is known as marching percussion. These groups also include a front ensemble but add a marching ensemble for more movement. The marching ensembles have a much more visual aspect to their performances which includes marching, visual theatrics, and much more depending on the show theme.

Marching
A notable difference with marching in indoor percussion is the use of toe-down marching instead of roll stepping. Marching within indoor percussion is much more fluid in contrast with corps style marching. Due to the fact that the activity is being performed in a gymnasium means the performers are closer to the audience and requires a more fluid approach to convey the type of energy needed for a more personal performer-crowd interaction. Since each group has their own tarp with a specific design, called a floor, most groups use some type of grid to set their positions, or dots. The ensemble member is also required to 'guide' to the others, meaning to use the other marchers as a reference point and keep with formation using peripheral vision. Indoor ensembles may even incorporate dance moves and choreography into their shows for a more dramatic effect.

Set designs
Depending on the financial situation and the creativity of the design team, sets can be created to help the audience engage the performance to a greater depth. Painted floor coverings and backdrops are used to portray a story as the group performs the music in and around the props. Most upper-level groups have large nylon-vinyl tarps that cover an entire gym floor.

Sets must also be designed to function within the space provided. If a performance is in a gym, the materials must be able to enter the gym. If the performance is in a stadium type gym, then doors and openings are easier to access.

There are strict rules on the area sets that can be placed on and the time a group is allowed to set them up. Violations of these rules result in score deductions.

Uniforms
At first, indoor percussion ensembles wore traditional marching band uniforms. As shows and concepts increased in detail, uniforms were left behind, and theatrical costumes took their place. Uniforms could be as simple as jeans and T-shirts for a rendition of West Side Story or as complicated as special jumpsuits with chains and feathers to portray a show like Cirque Du Soleil, though many groups use more modern uniforms.

Winter marching ensembles
A more recent development in the indoor percussion ensemble genre has been the introduction of mixed-group ensembles, combining winter guard with indoor percussion ensembles, sometimes referred to as winter marching ensemble.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Indoor percussion ensemble


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User talk:Starman 1976

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 13:47, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
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Thank you for your understanding and happy editing :) Editing on behalf of User:Jarry1250, LivingBot (talk) 20:23, 13 March 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Starman 1976


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Randy California

Randy Craig Wolfe (February 20, 1951 – January 2, 1997), known as Randy California, was an American guitarist, singer and songwriter, and one of the original members of the rock group Spirit, formed in 1967.

Life and career
California was born as Randy Craig Wolfe into a musical Jewish family in Los Angeles and spent his early years studying varied styles at the family's Los Angeles folk club, the Ash Grove, which was founded by his uncle, Ed Pearl. He was 15 years old when his mother Bernice Pearl and new stepfather, Ed Cassidy (later to become a founding member of the band Spirit, with Randy), moved to New York City in the summer of 1966 because Cassidy had a number of jazz gigs lined up. It was there, at Manny's Music, that he met Jimi Hendrix.

He played in Hendrix's band Jimmy James and the Blue Flames that summer. California, Cassidy and Pearl lived in an apartment building in Forest Hills, Queens called the Balfour, whose other residents included future Steely Dan co-founder Walter Becker, who cited California's blues-based guitar style as an influence on his own playing.

The stage name "Randy California" was given to him by Hendrix to distinguish him from another Randy in the band, Randy Palmer, whom Hendrix dubbed "Randy Texas". When Hendrix and California were invited to come to England by Chas Chandler, former bassist of British Invasion band the Animals—who became Hendrix's manager and producer—Randy's parents refused to allow him to go, insisting the 15-year-old stay and finish high school. By some accounts, Chandler wanted Hendrix as the only guitarist for the band and nixed California's going to England.

Together with Cassidy, songwriter/front man Jay Ferguson, bassist Mark Andes (with whom California and Cassidy had initially formed a band called the Red Roosters) and keyboardist John Locke, California founded the band Spirit. Their first, self-titled album was released in January 1968, a month before California's 17th birthday.

He then wrote the band's biggest hit, 1968's "I Got a Line on You" for Spirit's second album, The Family That Plays Together. He also wrote the single "1984", inspired by George Orwell's novel of the same name. Released in early 1970, "the song was so pointed against the U.S. government that it was banned from many radio stations, although it was a huge hit in Germany." In Canada the song reached #66. California also wrote Spirit's other hit, "Nature's Way", for the band's best-selling album, Twelve Dreams of Dr. Sardonicus.

Career
Spirit was invited to open for Jimi Hendrix at Woodstock. However, band manager/producer Lou Adler—who had been one of the founders of the rock festival movement two years earlier, as a partner (with Mamas & Papas frontman John Phillips) in the Monterey Pop Festival, where Hendrix premiered in the U.S.—opposed it because the band was busy promoting their latest album, Clear.

When Ferguson and Andes left Spirit to form Jo Jo Gunne due to the slow sales of Sardonicus, and then his dear friend Hendrix died, a depressed California left Spirit. He recorded ''Kapt. Kopter & The Fabulous Twirly Birds'', which included California and Cassidy's version of Paul Simon's "Mother and Child Reunion" plus a slew of Hendrix-inspired tracks (also featuring former Experience bassist Noel Redding, AKA 'Clit McTorius'). In 1972 the album was released at virtually the same moment as Jo Jo Gunne's first, eponymous album that featured "Run, Run Run" and a Spirit album called Feedback that was recorded by Cassidy and Locke (who were Spirit's jazz influences) and guitarist/bassist brother duo Al and John Staehely, who wrote and sang most of the material on the LP.

Stairway to Heaven copyright dispute
In writing Led Zeppelin's "Stairway to Heaven", Jimmy Page allegedly lifted California's guitar riff from "Taurus", an instrumental song from the first Spirit album. Led Zeppelin was on the same bill as Spirit on two American music festival dates in 1969. In the liner notes for the 1996 reissue of Spirit's first album, California stated: "people always ask me why 'Stairway to Heaven' sounds exactly like 'Taurus,' which was released two years earlier. I know Led Zeppelin also played 'Fresh Garbage' in their live set. They opened up for us on their first American tour". The fact that "Fresh Garbage" was a track from the same album that includes the song "Taurus" further suggested that Led Zeppelin was likely aware of the song enough to lead to a belated 2014 copyright infringement and injunction lawsuit against the reissue of Led Zeppelin IV, with the lawyer stating, "The idea behind this is to make sure that Randy California is given a writing credit on 'Stairway to Heaven'."

In June 2016, after a trial that included audio recordings of several versions of both songs but not the Spirit and Led Zeppelin recordings, and also featured testimony from Page and bandmate Robert Plant explaining the songwriting process for "Stairway", a jury ruled that Page and Plant had not copied "Taurus". The decision came under appeal because the judge did not permit the two sound recordings to be played and instead allowed only sheet music. Copyright law had been expanded to include sound recordings in 1974. In September 2018, this decision was overturned. A new trial was unanimously ordered by a three-judge panel of the Ninth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco on the basis that U.S. District Judge R. Gary Klausner gave jurors erroneous information about copyright law. The panel's decision was subsequently vacated when the Ninth Circuit voted to rehear the case en banc. In September 2019 the appeals court heard introductory arguments and began deliberations as to whether a new trial is in fact warranted. The main issue is that the recording of "Stairway to Heaven" resembles "Taurus" much more than does the printed sheet music, and comments by the court have indicated a possible inclination to hold that only the sheet music pertains to the copyright. On March 9, 2020, the Ninth Circuit ruled against California's estate and re-instated the June 2016 jury verdict. This ruling effectively eliminated the "inverse ratio" rule and could have tremendous impact on future copyright law in the recording industry. In October 2020, the Supreme Court of the United States refused to hear the case, leaving the Ninth Circuit's decision in place and effectively ending the dispute.

Death
California drowned in the Pacific Ocean in 1997 at the age of 45 while rescuing his 12-year-old son Quinn from a rip current near his mother's home at Molokai, Hawaii. He managed to push Quinn (who survived) toward the shore.

The Randy Craig Wolfe Trust was established after his death and, using royalties from California's recording contracts, financially supports the Randy California Project, an after-school music education program for underprivileged elementary school children in Ventura County.

Solo albums

 * Kapt. Kopter and the (Fabulous) Twirly Birds (1972)
 * Euro-American (1982)
 * Restless (1985)
 * Shattered Dreams (1986)
 * The Euro-American Years, 1979–1983 (2007) 4-CD set

Videotaped performances

 * Night of the Guitar, Hammersmith Odeon, London, November 26, 1988, CD: (IRSD-83000)
 * Live at La Paloma Theatre, Encinitas, CA, MTV Video for the song "Hey Joe"

title: Randy California


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Palm Treo

The Palm Treo (stylized as Trēo) is a discontinued line of smartphones originally developed by Handspring, which was bought by Palm, Inc. They were then manufactured and maintained by Palm, Inc. Treos had a number of integrated features such as the ability to check the calendar while talking on the phone, dial directly from a list of contacts, and send email messages. The final models included a built-in camera. Treos ran Palm OS, but later models also ran Windows Mobile. The Palm Pre, released in June 2009, replaced the Treo series.

Treo devices
A total of nineteen Treo models were released, listed below in reverse chronological order. Treos through the 680 series used Palm OS. Beginning with the 700 series, Treos ran both Palm OS and Windows Mobile. The Treo 700w was the first of the 700 line, and the first Treo to use Windows Mobile. On August 19, 2008, Palm released the last Treo device, the Treo Pro on GSM. The Treo Pro on CDMA began sales in March 2009.

 * Officially announced models:

title: Palm Treo


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File:Poster for pollitical meeting.jpg

Poster for political meeting UK

Picture taken by --JK the unwise

title: File:Poster for pollitical meeting.jpg


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Talk:Alessandro Mazzinghi

Untitled
Alessandro Mazzinghi, conosciuto come Sandro (nato a Pontedera, PI, il 3 ottobre 1938) è un pugile professionista italiano.

Diviene professionista nel 1961 per la categoria Superwelter. Campione d'Europa e del Mondo, ha disputato 69 incrontri, vincendone 42 per K.O. prima del limite; ha subìto 2 sconfitte ed 1 no contest.

Ha disputato 5 titoli d'Europa e 8 titoli Mondiali.

Rimagono nella memoria degli appassionati gli incontri con Ralph Dupas, Tony Montano, Nino Benvenuti, Joseph Gonzales e Kim Soo Kim, quest'ultimo tenutosi a Milano presso lo stadio S.Siro e passato alla storia per la spettacolarità, la grande affluenza di pubblico e lo stoicismo di Mazzinghi nel riconquistare il titolo di Campione del Mondo.

Nel 1970 cessa l'attività per sei anni, riprenderà poi dal 1976 al 1979 anno in cui lascia definitivamente la boxe link title —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 82.52.62.163 (talk • contribs).

Matches list
I'm not sure that there should be a list of matches. From what I've seen, most articles don't have them. 66.229.160.94 02:35, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alessandro Mazzinghi


text: File:Noble Automotive (logo).png

title: File:Noble Automotive (logo).png


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Debt crisis

Debt crisis was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Some kind of POV-filled political conjecture. The events are covered in sufficient detail elsewhere (Third World debt, 1973 oil crisis). --Gene s 13:53, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Interesting but I don't have the subject knowledge to know whether it's accurate, could be stubified by someone who does know but just as easy to start again IMO, so the content isn't really useful. Also interesting that this IP has gone on to make many good edits like this little format fix (the blank added after Angles). Andrewa 16:20, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Accurate in some parts, though I believe it's a stretch to blame "Arab aggression" (paraphrase) for the third-world debt crisis. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 17:31, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete; POV with one or two factual points that are probably made or will be made otherwise in relevant articles. 284k google hits for "debt crisis" as a string suggests a redirect to Public debt. Samaritan 19:05, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Original research/POV essay. P Ingerson 20:15, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, ugly PoV rant Wyss 23:08, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, OrRes, PoV. --fvw *  23:32, 2004 Dec 17 (UTC
 * DONT DELETE. The author of this article makes valid and well researched conjectures. [--User:62.0.69.97 ]

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Basis point

A basis point (often abbreviated as bp, often pronounced as "bip" or "beep" ) is one hundredth of 1 percentage point. Changes of interest rates are often stated in basis points. For example, if an existing interest rate of 10 percent is increased by 1 basis point, the new interest rate would be 10.01 percent.

The related term permyriad means one thousandth of 1 percentage point.

Definition

 * 1 basis point (bp) = 1‱, 0.1‰, 0.01%, 10−4, $1⁄10,000$, or 0.0001.
 * 10 bp = 10‱, 1‰, 0.1%, 10−3, $1⁄1,000$, or 0.001.
 * 100 bp = 100‱, 10‰, 1%, 10−2, $1⁄100$, or 0.01.

Basis points are used as a convenient unit of measurement in contexts where percentage differences of less than 1% are discussed. The most common example is interest rates, where differences in interest rates of less than 1% per year are usually meaningful to talk about. For example, a difference of 0.10 percentage points is equivalent to a change of 10 basis points (e.g., a 4.67% rate increases by 10 basis points to 4.77%). In other words, an increase of 100 basis points means a rise by 1 percentage point.

Like percentage points, basis points avoid the ambiguity between relative and absolute discussions about interest rates by dealing only with the absolute change in numeric value of a rate. For example, if a report says there has been a "1% increase" from a 10% interest rate, this could refer to an increase either from 10% to 10.1% (relative, 1% of 10%), or from 10% to 11% (absolute, 1% plus 10%). However, if the report says there has been a "100 basis point increase" from a 10% interest rate, then the interest rate of 10% has increased by 1.00% (the absolute change) to an 11% rate.

It is common practice in the financial industry to use basis points to denote a rate change in a financial instrument, or the difference (spread) between two interest rates, including the yields of fixed-income securities.

Since certain loans and bonds may commonly be quoted in relation to some index or underlying security, they will often be quoted as a spread over (or under) the index. For example, a loan that bears interest of 0.50% per annum above the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) is said to be 50 basis points over SOFR, which is commonly expressed as "S+50bps" or simply "S+50".

The term "basis point" has its origins in trading the "basis" or the spread between two interest rates. Since the basis is usually small, these are quoted multiplied up by 10,000, and hence a "full point" movement in the "basis" is a basis point. Contrast with pips in FX forward markets.

Expense ratios of investment funds are often quoted in basis points.

Permyriad
A related concept is one part per ten thousand, $1⁄10,000$. The same unit is also (rarely) called a permyriad, literally meaning "for (every) myriad (ten thousand)". If used interchangeably with basis point, the permyriad is potentially confusing because an increase of one basis point to a 10 basis point value is generally understood to mean an increase to 11 basis points; not an increase of one part in ten thousand, meaning an increase to 10.001 basis points. This is akin to the difference between percentage and percentage point.

Unicode
A permyriad is written with which looks like a percent sign % with three zeroes to the right of the slash. (It can be regarded as a stylized form of the four zeros in the denominator of "$1⁄10,000$", although it originates as a natural extension of the percent % and permille ‰ signs.)

Related units

 * Percentage point difference of 1 part in 100
 * Percentage (%) 1 part in 100
 * Per mille (‰) 1 part in 1,000
 * Per cent mille (pcm) 1 part in 100,000
 * Parts per million (ppm) 1 part in 1,000,000

title: Basis point


text: User talk:83.90.199.230

title: User talk:83.90.199.230


text:
Llanos

The Llanos (Spanish Los Llanos, "The Plains"; ) is a vast tropical grassland plain situated to the east of the Andes in Colombia and Venezuela, in northwestern South America. It is an ecoregion of the tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome.

Geography
The Llanos occupy a lowland that extends mostly east and west. The Llanos are bounded on the west and northwest by the Andes, and on the north by the Venezuelan Coastal Range. The Guiana Highlands are to the southeast, and the Negro-Branco moist forests are to the southwest. To the east the Orinoco wetlands and Orinoco Delta swamp forests occupy the Orinoco Delta.

The Llanos' main river is the Orinoco, which runs from west to east through the ecoregion and forms part of the border between Colombia and Venezuela. The Orinoco is the major river system of Venezuela.

Climate
The ecoregion has a tropical savanna climate that grades into a tropical monsoon climate in the Colombian Llanos. Rainfall is highly seasonal, with a rainy season from April to November, and a dry season between December and March. The wettest months are typically June and July. Rainfall varies across the ecoregion, from up to 3000 mm per year in the southwest, 1200 to 1600 mm in Apure State, and 800 to 1200 mm per year in the Llanos of Monagas State in the northeast. Mean annual temperature is 27 °C, and the average monthly temperature varies little throughout the year; the lowest-temperature months (June, July, December, and January) are only 2 C-change cooler than the hottest months.

Flora
The plant communities in the Llanos include open grasslands, savannas with scattered trees or clumps of trees, and small areas of forest, typically gallery forests along rivers and streams. There are seasonally flooded grasslands and savannas (llano bajo) and grasslands and savannas that remain dry throughout the year (llano alto).

The llano alto grasslands and savannas are characterized by grasses and shrubs 30–100 cm high, forming tussocks 10 to 30 cm apart. Soils are typically sandy and nutrient-poor. Llano alto covers approximately two-thirds of the Venezuelan llanos, and is also widespread in the Colombian llanos. Grasses of genus Trachypogon are predominant, and species include Trachypogon plumosus, T. vestitus, Axonopus canescens, A. anceps, Andropogon selloanus, Aristida spp., Leptocoryphium lanatum, Paspalum carinatum, Sporobolus indicus, and S. cubensis, and sedges in the genera Rhynchospora and Bulbostylis. Shrubs and herbs are most commonly legumes in the genera Mimosa, Cassia, Desmodium, Eriosema, Galactia, Indigofera, Phaseolus, Stylosanthes, Tephrosia, and Zornia. The trees manteco (Byrsonima crassifolia), chaparro (Curatella americana), and alcornoque (Bowdichia virgilioides) are the most common, growing either as scattered trees or in woodland patches known as matas which range in area from 12 meters in diameter up to a hectare.

During the rainy season from May to October, parts of the Llanos can flood up to a meter. This turns some savannass and grasslands into temporary wetlands, comparable to the Pantanal of central South America. This flooding also creates habitat for water birds and other wildlife. These seasonally flooded grasslands and savannas, known as llano bajo, typically have richer soils. They are characterized by the grass Paspalum fasciculatum. Trees include the palm Copernicia tectorum and gallery forest species.

Gallery forests include evergreen seasonally flooded forests, and semi-deciduous forests on higher ground. Morichales are seasonally flooded forests characterized by the moriche palm (Mauritia flexuosa). Vegas are seasonally flooded evergreen forests found along the Orinoco and its tributaries. Trees form a canopy 8 to 20 meters high, and include Inga spp., Combretum frangulifolium, Gustavia augusta, Pterocarpus sp., Pterocarpus dubius, Spondias mombin, and Copaifera pubiflora.

Semi-deciduous forests occur above flood level, and form a canopy 12 to 15 meters high. Common trees include Tabebuia billbergii, Godmania aesculifolia, Cassia moschata, Spondias mombin, Copaifera pubiflora, Bourreria cumanensis, Cordia spp., Bursera simaruba, Cochlospermum vitifolium, Hura crepitans, and Acacia glomerosa.

"Matorrales" are deciduous and semi-deciduous shrublands 5 to 8 meters high which cover large areas in the central Venezuelan llanos, and may be a form of secondary vegetation in areas that were formerly dry deciduous forest. Typical shrubs are Bourreria cumanensis, Randia aculeata, Godmania aesculifolia, Pereskia guamacho, Prosopis spp., Xylosma benthamii, Erytroxylum sp., and Cereus hexagonus.

Fauna
Mammals of the grassland and savanna include white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), giant armadillo (Priodontes maximus), Eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus), Alston's cotton rat (Sigmodon alstoni), Hispid cotton rat (S. hispidus), Zygodontomys brevicauda, and Oecomys bicolor.

The gallery forests are home to more diverse large and medium-sized mammals, including collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu), white-lipped peccary (T. pecari), South American tapir (Tapirus terrestris), white-tailed deer, red brocket (Mazama americana), wedge-capped capuchin (Cebus olivaceus), Venezuelan red howler (Alouatta seniculus), large rodents like the lowland paca (Cuniculus paca), agoutis (Dasyprocta spp.), and Brazilian porcupine (Coendou prehensilis), and large cats like the puma (Puma concolor), jaguar (Panthera onca), and ocelot (Leopardus pardalis). The endangered giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) lives along the Orinoco and its tributaries.

Some of the largest jaguars in the world are found in the Llanos, with average weights of over 100 kg for males.

The Llanos long-nosed armadillo (Dasypus sabanicola) and the short-tailed opossum Monodelphis orinoci are endemic to the Llanos.

The Llanos' wetlands supports around 70 species of water birds, including the scarlet ibis. A large portion of the distribution of the sharp-tailed ibis (Cerbibis oxycerca) and white-bearded flycatcher (Phelpsia inornata) is in the Llanos.

Native reptiles include the Orinoco crocodile (Crocodylus intermedius), spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus), Green anaconda (Eunectes murinus), and Arrau turtle (Podocnemis expansa), which live in the ecoregion's wetlands.

Indigenous peoples
Indigenous peoples of the Llanos include the Guahibo in the western Llanos of Colombia and Venezuela, and the Yaruro in the eastern Llanos in Venezuela.

Cattle raising and farming
The primary economic activity in the Llanos since the Spanish colonial era is the herding of millions of cattle. An 1856 watercolor by Manuel María Paz depicts sparsely populated open grazing lands with cattle and palm trees. The term llanero ("plainsman") became synonymous with the cowhands that took care of the herds, and had some cultural similarities with the gauchos of the Pampas or the vaqueros of Spanish and Mexican Texas.

Decades of extensive cattle raising has altered the ecology of the Llanos. Grasslands and savannas are frequently burned to make them more suitable for grazing and eliminate trees and shrubs. Non-native grasses have been introduced for cattle fodder, including the African grass Melinis minutiflora, and now cover large areas.

Agriculture, particularly rice and maize, now cover extensive areas, including rice fields in former seasonal wetlands.

Oil and gas
In Los Llanos, the governments of Venezuela and Colombia had developed a strong oil and gas industry in the zones of Arauca, Casanare, Guárico, Anzoátegui, Apure and Monagas. The Orinoco Belt, entirely in Venezuelan territory, consists of large deposits of extra heavy crude (oil sands). The Orinoco belt oil sands are known to be one of the largest, behind that of the Athabasca Oil Sands in Alberta, Canada. Venezuela's non-conventional oil deposits of about 1200 Goilbbl, found primarily in the Orinoco oil sands, are estimated to approximately equal the world's reserves of conventional oil.

Protected areas
A 2017 assessment found that 105,323 km², or 28%, of the ecoregion, is in protected areas. Protected areas include Aguaro-Guariquito National Park (5,857.5 km²), Cinaruco-Capanaparo National Park (5,843.68 km²), Tortuga Arrau Reserve (98.56 km²), and Caño Guaritico Wildlife Refuge (93.0 km²) in Venezuela, and El Tuparro National Natural Park (5,549.08 km²) in Colombia.

In Colombia

 * Acacías
 * Arauca, Arauca
 * Gaviotas
 * Maní, Casanare
 * Orocué
 * Paz de Ariporo
 * Puerto Carreño
 * Inírida
 * Puerto López, Meta
 * San José del Guaviare
 * Saravena
 * Tame
 * Villavicencio
 * Yopal
 * Fortul

In Venezuela

 * Acarigua
 * Araure
 * Barinas
 * Calabozo
 * Caripito
 * El Tigre
 * Guanare
 * Maturín
 * Puerto Ayacucho
 * Sabaneta
 * San Carlos
 * San Fernando de Apure
 * Tucupita
 * Valle de la Pascua

title: Llanos


text:
Elverson Road DLR station

Elverson Road is a Docklands Light Railway (DLR) station in the St John's area of Lewisham in south east London, and situated in a residential neighbourhood. Opening in 1999 as part of the Lewisham extension, Elverson road station is one of the newer stations of the DLR network situated between Lewisham and Deptford Bridge.

Upon opening, the station was one of the most lightly used on the DLR network, but traffic has increased significantly following the construction of several new apartment complexes in the area.

The station is located between Deptford Bridge and Lewisham stations, and is on the boundary of Travelcard Zone 2 and Zone 3.

The station site straddles the boundary between the boroughs of Lewisham and Greenwich, and passengers must briefly cross into Greenwich when walking over the footbridge to reach the opposite platform.

Selective Door Operation is in use at this station as it cannot accommodate 3-car trains. Passengers wishing to alight at Elverson road must move towards the centre of the train (like Cutty Sark DLR) to alight.

Services
The typical off-peak service in trains per hour from Elverson Road is:
 * 12 tph to Bank
 * 12 tph to Lewisham

Additional services call at the station during the peak hours, increasing the service to up to 22 tph in each direction, with up to 8 tph during the peak hours running to and from Stratford instead of Bank.

title: Elverson Road DLR station


text:
Fistulina hepatica

Fistulina hepatica, commonly known as the beefsteak fungus, beefsteak polypore, poor man’s steak, ox tongue, or tongue mushroom, is an unusual  bracket fungus classified in the Agaricales, that is commonly seen in Britain  and the rest of Europe, but which can be found in North America, Australia, North Africa, and Southern Africa. As its name suggests, it looks remarkably similar to a slab of raw meat. It has been used as a meat substitute in the past, and can still be found in some French markets. It has a sour, slightly acidic taste. For eating, it must be collected young and it may be tough and need to be cooked for a long time.

Details
The cap is 7–30 cm wide and 2–6 cm thick. Its shape resembles a large tongue, and it is rough-surfaced with a reddish-brown colour. The spores are pink and released from minute pores on the creamy-white underside of the fruit body. A younger Fistulina hepatica is a pinkish-red colour, and it darkens with age. It bleeds a dull red juice when cut, which can cause stains, and the cut flesh further resembles meat. It is sour in taste, edible and considered choice by some, although older specimens should be soaked overnight, as their juice can cause gastric upset.

The underside of the fruiting body, from which the spores are ejected, is a mass of tubules. The genus name is a diminutive of the Latin word fistula and means "small tube", whilst the species name hepatica means "liver-like", referring to the consistency of the flesh.

The species is fairly common, and can often be found on oaks and sweet chestnut, from August to the end of autumn, on either living or dead wood. It has a tendency to impart a reddish-brown stain to the living wood of oaks, creating a desirable timber type. In Australia, it can be found growing from wounds on Eucalyptus trees. It causes a brown rot on the trees which it infects.

Relationship to other fungi
Fistulina is classified in the family Fistulinaceae; molecular studies suggest close relations to the agaric mushroom Schizophyllum in the Schizophyllaceae (in the schizophylloid clade), but in the separate sister fistulinoid clade. Fistulina is a cyphelloid genus, meaning that it is closely related to gilled fungi, but its fertile surface consists of smooth cup-shaped elements instead of gills. The underside (the hymenium) is a mass of tubules which represent a "reduced" form of the ancestral gills.

title: Fistulina hepatica


text: Category:American police chiefs

title: Category:American police chiefs


text:
Lambton Worm

The Lambton Worm is a legend from County Durham in North-East England in the United Kingdom. The story takes place around the River Wear, and is one of the area's most famous pieces of folklore, having been adapted from written and oral tradition into pantomime and song formats.

The legend
The story revolves around John Lambton, an heir of the Lambton Estate, County Durham (in ceremonial Tyne and Wear), and his battle with a giant worm (dragon) that had been terrorising the local villages.

Origin of the worm
The story states that the young John Lambton was a rebellious character who missed church one Sunday to go fishing in the River Wear. In many versions of the story, while walking to the river, or setting up his equipment, John receives warnings from an old man (or a witch – depending on who tells the story) that no good can come from missing church.

John Lambton does not catch anything until the church service finishes, at which point he fishes out a small eel- or lamprey-like creature with nine holes on each side of its salamander-like head. Depending on the version of the story, the worm is no bigger than a thumb, or about 3 ft long. In some renditions it has legs, while in others it is said to more closely resemble a snake.

At this point, the old man returns, although in some versions it is a different character. John declares that he has "catched [caught] the devil" and decides to dispose of his catch by discarding it down a nearby well. The old man then issues further warnings about the nature of the beast.

John then forgets about the creature and eventually grows up. As a penance for his rebellious early years, he joins the Crusades.

The worm's wrath
Eventually, the worm grows extremely large and the well becomes poisonous. The villagers start to notice livestock going missing and discover that the fully-grown worm has emerged from the well and coiled itself around a local hill.

Earlier, and local, versions of the legend associate the hill with Worm Hill, in Fatfield. In most versions of the story, the worm is large enough to wrap itself around the hill seven times. It is said that one can still see the marks of the worm on Worm Hill. However, in the later song the hill is Penshaw Hill on which the Penshaw Monument now stands.

The worm terrorises the nearby villages, eating sheep, preventing cows from producing milk, and snatching away small children. It then heads towards Lambton Castle, where the Lord (John Lambton's aged father) manages to sedate the creature in what becomes a daily ritual of offering the worm the milk of nine good cows – twenty gallons, or a filled trough.

A number of brave villagers try to kill the beast, but are quickly dispatched. When a chunk is cut off the worm, it simply reattaches the missing piece. Visiting knights also try to assault the beast, but none survive. When annoyed, the worm uproots trees by coiling its tail around them, then creates devastation by waving around the uprooted trees like a club.

The vanquishing of the worm in the story
After seven years, John Lambton returns from the Crusades to find his father's estates almost destitute because of the worm. John decides to fight it, but first seeks the guidance of a wise woman or witch near Durham.

The witch hardens John's resolve to kill the beast by explaining his responsibility for the worm. She tells him to cover his armour in spearheads and fight the worm in the River Wear, where it now spends its days wrapped around a great rock. The witch also tells John that after killing the worm he must then kill the first living thing he sees, or else his family will be cursed for nine generations and will not die in their beds.

John prepares his armour according to the witch's instructions and arranges with his father that, when he has killed the worm, he will sound his hunting horn three times. On this signal, his father is to release his favourite hound so that it will run to John, who can then kill the dog and thus avoid the curse.

John Lambton then fights the worm by the river. The worm tries to crush him, wrapping him in its coils, but it cuts itself on his armour's spikes; the pieces of the worm fall into the river, and are washed away before they can join up again. Eventually, the worm is dead and John sounds his hunting horn three times.

The Lambton curse
Unfortunately, John's father is so excited that the beast is dead that he forgets to release the hound and rushes out to congratulate his son. John cannot bear to kill his father and so, after they meet, the hound is released and dutifully dispatched. But it is too late and nine generations of Lambtons are cursed so they shall not die peacefully in their beds. Thus, the story ends.

This curse seems to have held true for at least three generations, possibly helping to contribute to the popularity of the story.
 * 1st generation: Robert Lambton, drowned at Newrig.
 * 2nd: Sir William Lambton, a Colonel of Foot, killed at Marston Moor.
 * 3rd: William Lambton, died in battle at Wakefield.
 * 9th: Henry Lambton, died in his carriage crossing Lambton Bridge on 26 June 1761.

(One of Henry Lambton's brothers, described as "[h]is succeeding brother, the General", is said to have kept a horse whip by his bedside to ward off violent assaults. He died in his bed at an old age. )

Song
The story was made into a song (Roud #2337), written in 1867 by C. M. Leumane, which passed into oral tradition and has several slightly different variants (most notably the use of "goggly" or "googly" eyes meaning bulging and searching, a term formerly widely used on Wearside). It features several words only found in Northumbrian dialect.

Tune from Tyne Pantomime 1867

Comics and literature

 * Bram Stoker's 1911 novel The Lair of the White Worm and Ian Watson's 1988 novel The Fire Worm draw heavily on the Lambton Worm legend.
 * This myth, along with many others originating from the North East, is retold in the graphic novel Alice in Sunderland by Bryan Talbot.
 * Jeff Smith's graphic novel Rose has the title character following the same instructions to order to defeat a dragon.
 * The Lambton Worm legend, including the subsequent death of Henry Lambton, is referred to in Thomas Pynchon's novel Mason and Dixon; typically, given the themes of mythology and historiography within the novel, Pynchon alters some details of the legend (for instance, moving to Transylvania the location of the "wise woman" who gives advice given to John Lambton on how to defeat the worm).
 * A version of the tale was published by Joseph Jacobs, using William Henderson's text in Folk-Lore of Northern Counties as a source.
 * "Jabberwocky" may have been partly inspired by the legend of the Lambton Worm.
 * Willam Mayne's children's novel The Worm in the Well, published in 2002, is an adapted retelling of the Lambton Worm legend.
 * Sarah Hindmarsh's "The Worm," a short story published in The Forgotten and the Fantastical 2, edited by Teika Bellamy, is based on the Lambton Worm story.
 * The modern fantasy novel The Green Man's Heir (2018) by Juliet E. McKenna features a surviving juvenile specimen and the urgent need to counter the threat it presents.
 * In 2018, Mike Mignola & Ben Steinbeck produced a short comic titled "Return of the Lambton Worm," which features a confrontation between the monster and Hellboy.

Opera
The Lambton Worm (1978) is an opera in two acts by the composer Robert Sherlaw Johnson with a libretto by the Oxford poet Anne Ridler. There are eleven solo roles (four of them major), a chorus and orchestra.

Film

 * The 1988 film The Lair of the White Worm is based on Stoker's novel. Leumane's song is recast in the film as the "d'Ampton Worm", arranged by Emilio Perez Machado and Stephan Powys, and performed by them and Louise Newman.
 * In 1989, screenwriter Anthony Shaffer wrote a film treatment for The Loathsome Lambton Worm, a direct sequel to his 1973 film The Wicker Man. The sequel would have involved the original film's protagonist, a Scottish police officer, battling the Lambton Worm. However, it was never officially produced.
 * A fan-made full-cast audio drama adaptation of Shaffer's The Loathsome Lambton Worm treatment was eventually released in 2020.

title: Lambton Worm


text:
Laetare Sunday

Laetare Sunday (Church Latin: ; Classical Latin: ; English: ) is the fourth Sunday in the season of Lent, in the Western Christian liturgical calendar. Traditionally, this Sunday has been a day of celebration within the austere period of Lent. This Sunday gets its name from the first few words (incipit) of the traditional Latin entrance verse (Introit) for the Mass of the day. "Laetare Jerusalem" ("Rejoice, O Jerusalem") is Latin from Isaiah 66:10.

History
The term "Laetare Sunday" is used by most Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Anglican churches. The Latin laetare is an imperative: "rejoice!"

The full Introit reads: Laetare Jerusalem et conventum facite omnes qui diligitis eam; gaudete cum laetitia, qui in tristitia fuistis, ut exsultetis et satiemini ab uberibus consolationis vestrae. Psalm: Laetatus sum in his quae dicta sunt mihi: in domum Domini ibimus. "Rejoice ye with Jerusalem; and be ye glad for her, all ye that delight in her: exult and sing for joy with her, all ye that in sadness mourn for her; that ye may suck, and be satisfied with the breasts of her consolations. Psalm: I was glad when they said unto me, We will go into the house of the Lord."

Alternative names
This Sunday is currently also known as Mothering Sunday, Refreshment Sunday, mid-Lent Sunday (in French mi-carême) and Rose Sunday (either because the golden rose sent by Popes to Catholic sovereigns used to be blessed at this time, or because the use of rose-colored rather than violet vestments was permitted on this day).

Historically, the day was also known as "the Sunday of the Five Loaves," from the story of the miracle of the loaves and fishes. Before the adoption of the modern "common lectionaries", this narrative was the traditional Gospel reading for this Sunday in Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican, and Old Catholic churches.

The station church at Rome for this day was Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, one of the seven chief basilicas; the Golden Rose, sent by Popes to Catholic sovereigns, used to be blessed at this time and for this reason the day was sometimes called Dominica de Rosa.

Customs
On Mothering Sunday, Christians have historically visited their mother church—the church in which they received the sacrament of baptism.

In Roman Catholic, Anglican, Lutheran and Old Catholic churches flowers may appear on the high altar and the organ may be played as a solo instrument. Priests are given the option to wear rose-colored vestments at Mass held on this day in place of the violet vestments normally worn during Lent. The term "rose" is used to describe this lighter shade of the color violet in the Roman Rite.

The Sunday is considered a day of relaxation from normal Lenten rigours; a day of hope with Easter at last within sight. Traditionally, weddings (otherwise banned during Lent) could be performed on this day, and servants were released from service for the day to visit their mother church, the place in which they received the sacrament of baptism (hence 'Mothering Sunday').

Laetare Sunday is the date on which the recipient of University of Notre Dame's Laetare Medal is announced.

Date
Laetare Sunday is exactly 21 days before Easter Sunday, a moveable feast based on the cycles of the moon. The date can be any between 1 March and 4 April inclusive; occurrence in April is considered to be uncommon; the last occurrence was on 3 April 2011 and the next will be on 4 April 2038, after which it will not occur again until 1 April 2057 – occurrences in April are printed in the below list in . The earliest occurrence of Laetare Sunday in the twenty-first century was on 2 March 2008, and the latest will be on 4 April 2038.

Laetare Sunday occurs on these dates:

 * 2019 – 31 March
 * 2020 – 22 March
 * 2021 – 14 March
 * 2022 – 27 March
 * 2023 – 19 March
 * 2024 – 10 March
 * 2025 – 30 March
 * 2026 – 15 March
 * 2027 – 7 March
 * 2028 – 26 March
 * 2029 – 11 March
 * 2030 – 31 March
 * 2031 – 23 March
 * 2032 – 7 March
 * 2033 – 27 March
 * 2034 – 19 March
 * 2035 – 4 March
 * 2036 – 23 March
 * 2037 – 15 March
 * 2038 –
 * 2039 – 20 March
 * 2040 – 11 March
 * 2041 – 31 March
 * 2042 – 16 March
 * 2043 – 8 March
 * 2044 – 27 March
 * 2045 – 19 March
 * 2046 – 4 March
 * 2047 – 24 March
 * 2048 – 15 March
 * 2049 – 28 March
 * 2050 – 20 March
 * 2051 – 12 March
 * 2052 – 31 March
 * 2053 – 16 March
 * 2054 – 8 March
 * 2055 – 28 March
 * 2056 – 12 March
 * 2057 –
 * 2058 – 24 March
 * 2059 – 9 March
 * 2060 – 28 March
 * 2061 – 20 March
 * 2062 – 5 March
 * 2063 – 25 March
 * 2064 – 16 March
 * 2065 – 8 March
 * 2066 – 21 March
 * 2067 – 13 March
 * 2068 –
 * 2069 – 24 March
 * 2070 – 9 March
 * 2071 – 29 March
 * 2072 – 20 March
 * 2073 – 5 March
 * 2074 – 25 March
 * 2075 – 17 March
 * 2076 – 29 March
 * 2077 – 21 March
 * 2078 – 13 March
 * 2079 –
 * 2080 – 17 March
 * 2081 – 9 March
 * 2082 – 29 March
 * 2083 – 14 March
 * 2084 – 5 March
 * 2085 – 25 March
 * 2086 – 10 March
 * 2087 – 30 March
 * 2088 – 21 March
 * 2089 – 13 March
 * 2090 – 26 March
 * 2091 – 18 March
 * 2092 – 9 March
 * 2093 – 22 March
 * 2094 – 14 March
 * 2095 –
 * 2096 – 25 March
 * 2097 – 10 March
 * 2098 – 30 March
 * 2099 – 22 March
 * 2100 – 7 March

title: Laetare Sunday


text:
Multiple units of Ireland

A wide variety of diesel and electric multiple units have been used on Ireland's railways. This page lists all those that have been used. Except with the NIR Class 3000, the numbers given by each class in the lists below are those allocated to the coaches that make up the units in that class, otherwise, unit numbers are not used in Ireland.

Republic of Ireland
Córas Iompair Éireann (CIÉ), which controlled the Republic's railways between 1945 and 1987, mainly used locomotives and hauled stock for its passenger trains. What diesel multiple unit cars it did have were numbered in the 26xx series. Since 1987, Iarnród Éireann (IÉ) has been increasing the use of this type of train, to replace older locomotives and carriages. The only electrified railway network in Ireland is the Dublin Area Rapid Transit (DART) system, in addition to the Luas which runs on a separate network. Its fleet of electric multiple units are numbered in the 8xxx series.

Despite appearing to be a DMU (especially the Driving Van-Trailer end), the Dublin Cork service Mark 4 is an 8-car Push–pull train.

Northern Ireland
The majority of passenger services in Northern Ireland have been operated by diesel multiple units since the mid-1950s (the major exception being the locomotive-hauled Enterprise service between Belfast and Dublin), under the tenure of both the Ulster Transport Authority (1948–1966) and Northern Ireland Railways (since 1967). From 2001, all items of rolling stock in use on NIR had 8000 added to their number so as to be part of the Translink number series, which incorporates their road vehicles. The 3000 Class stock are the first multiple units to be numbered from new in the Translink series. NIR purchased an additional 20 Class 4000 DMUs which entered service in 2011 and 2012.

NIR purchased a Windhoff Multi-Purpose Vehicle for use as the Rail Head Treatment Train, equipped to lay sandite and high-pressure water. The MPV was procured to replace a converted Class 80 unit.

Great Northern Railway (Ireland)
The Great Northern Railway (Ireland) straddled the border between the Republic and Northern Ireland, and so was not incorporated in either the CIE or UTA. However, mounting losses saw the network purchased jointly by the Irish and British governments on Tuesday 1 September 1953. It was run as a joint board, independent of the CIE and UTA, until Tuesday 30 September 1958 when it was dissolved and the remaining stock split equally between the 2 railways.
 * AEC Class
 * BUT Class

title: Multiple units of Ireland


text:
Talk:Spinlock

errors
There are many errors in this page:

 * The example code:
 * the global variable needs a "volatile"
 * there is no lock! This code demonstrates polling, not a spinlock.
 * The drawn conclusions are wrong.
 * The code does not work (or only by pure chance). You cannot do spinlocks in C (or any other higher language)! The update must be atomic, special assembler instructions must be used for this. (otherwise, you get a race condition)
 * If you are using pthreads anyway, use pthreads_spinlock, since they have the same effect but are implemented in a useful way (see below; no, they are not really spinlocks).
 * Spinlocks are not useful in User-space.
 * In Kernels, they do have an application for SMP-System (on single CPU systems they are never useful). However, the art of kernel design is to avoid spinlock as far as possible (by using per-cpu data, for example).
 * the alternatives for spinlocks are.... strange. Yielding (instead of busy waiting) per cpu/thread data, more complex synchronization mechanisms are better examples.
 * the problem of atomic updating of the lock is not touched at all.
 * even though many synchronization libraries offer something called spin lock, this is implemented in a different way. One example is the pthread library.
 * spinlock are only used if the updating of the data is a bit more complex. A simple increment, decrement, setting, etc. of a single word is done with atomic updates (if available on the particular architecture).
 * the reason to wait for the release of a spinlock is not (or to be more realistic: should never) be to avoid rescheduling, since that would take a long time. Rather, only use spinlock if you are sure that other holders will hold it for a (short) maximum time (rather in terms of nanoseconds than in number of instructions) AND you cannot do rescheduling (in a "normal" way). You also better make sure, that the holder gets not preempted, etc.
 * The dangers of spinlocks are not stated (and how to avoid it):
 * memory bus usage
 * cache trashing
 * pipeline bubbles

(plus some more...) Don't have time right now, will correct it soon, however... --Uvatter 14:02, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Need for disambiguation
Should create a disambiguation page to a stub for nuclear magnetic resonance spinlock pulse sequence. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 140.254.233.9 (talk) 15:18, 29 April 2009 (UTC)

Busy waiting page redirects here.
A lot of people, textbooks, and several of the papers cited at the bottom of this article use spinlocks and busy waiting interchangeably. Somebody else set up a redirect for the Busy Waiting page to route here, so that might be where the confusion comes from.

However, it sounds like you're not down with that, and I hate arguing about semantics. I'll undo the redirect for the busy waiting page, and copy my code there. I suggest you use this page to talk about the particular OS kernel spinlocks you interested in. Does that work for you?

--Waxmop 22:29, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Spinlocks are an application of busy waiting, but a very specific one. I've written up new details in line with some of the suggestions above, although I haven't gone into quite that much depth.

Can somebody check my example code? Not quite sure I've got that right. JulesH 23:44, 9 July 2005 (UTC)

--

Spinlocks apply to OPERATING SYSTEMS-- not software engineering!

Merge with busy waiting
I say no. While spin locks are a form of busy waiting, there are also lots of other ways you can busy wait and spin locks are an important enough concept on their own to merit their own page. --NJM 03:42, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

I agree (unsigned comment by 72.136.48.238, 17 December 2005 -- attribution corrected JulesH 17:31, 20 December 2005 (UTC))

Absolutely should not be merged. I came to look for an article on spinlocks, not busy waiting. The concepts are related, but they merit two separate articles.

This has been up here for months now, and nobody has come up with a reason to perform the merge. I suggest removing the template suggesting it. JulesH 14:42, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

I've gone ahead and removed it. JulesH 13:25, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

Should the "significant optimizations" section be here?
The example is here just to give an idea of what a spinlock does and happens to be in x86 asm because that's relatively common. However, the opimizations section goes into great detail with x86 minutiae that isn't really relevant to the article and probably just confuses the issue. I think it should be removed and replaced with a note that the example was written to be easy to understand and isn't the most optimal solution. --NJM 06:44, 28 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure. While some of the details are probably irrelevant, some of them are useful to know about.  It may not be an ideal situation, but most of the world's general-purpose computers are based on the x86 architecture, so optimising things for it is important.  And the information about cache protocols preventing bus traffic is unexpected; I think most people would expect a spinlock to generate a lot of bus traffic and therefore be inefficient because of that, so this is quite important and not x86-specific.  All the information presented may be useful to spinlock implementors, so it should perhaps stay. JulesH 07:57, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

"Memory ordering" vs "Memory operation ordering"
I've reverted a change from "memory ordering" to "memory operation ordering".

My reason for doing this is that while "memory operation ordering" is a clearer phrase that is likely to be more meaningful to someone not familiar with it, "memory ordering" is the phrase used by most people when discussing it (see, e.g., Intel's description of memory ordering on the Itanium ). JulesH 13:52, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

Dijkstra Spinlocks
Currently the article says

 * Generally this is only possible with special assembly language instructions, such as atomic test-and-set operations, and cannot be implemented from high level languages like C.

I'm not sure what the author means by "generally", since it's definitely possible using the spinlock mechanisms described by Dikstra and Peterson in the 1960s. The main reason their mechanism is not used is that it's O(n) in time and space on the number of threads. I've used Dijkstra spinlocks in real commercial projects (written in C) where the hardware didn't have "compare and exchange" or "test and set" instructions. In fact, see Peterson's algorithm. RPTB1 13:08, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I'll admit, I've never heard this class of algorithm called by the name "spinlock", so never considered it necessary to mention them on this page, which is about an entirely different approach to mutual exclusion. Also, it isn't *generally* possible to use such an algorithm from C, as is noted in the article you linked to:
 * Implementation of Peterson's and related algorithms on an out-of-order processor generally require use of [memory barrier] operations to work correctly to keep sequential operations from happening in an incorrect order.
 * C does not provide any means of guaranteeing a memory barrier (although I'll grant that there are a variety of add-on libraries for it in most platforms that do, these are typically implemented in assembly language).
 * A few other high level languages do include explicit memory barrier support (Java springs to mind; there is a memory barrier on entry and exit from a synchronized block, IIRC) but these tend to be combined with higher level synchronization measures that make this kind of approach pointless, except perhaps for educational purposes.
 * It is worth noting that this class of algorithm can be used on architectures that lack atomic operations, though. JulesH 13:28, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

Source required
I've added this sentence:
 * But note that such an implementation may require more memory than a spinlock, be slower to allow progress after unlocking, and may not be implementable in a high-level language if out-of-order execution is in use.

While I'm confident that it's true, I could do with a source that confirms it. My primary reference for such things describes the algorithm, but fails to mention its lack of efficiency or any possible out-of-order problems. The closest it comes is describing the use of an atomic operation as "simpler". Any suggestions? JulesH 13:45, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

New section needed on "the dangers of spinlocks" as Uvatter mentioned above

 * Deadlock/Livelock. In a real-time OS that obeys thread priorities, spinlocks can lead to deadlocks if used by threads with different priorities. The workaround is to never access spin-locks from threads of different priorities. Example: low-prio thread locks spin lock. High prio thread then tries to lock the spin lock. Deadlock, because the high-prio thread is spinning on the lock, and never allows the low-prio thread to unlock.

 * I guess this is part of the motivation for so-called "hybrid" spinlocks as used by solaris: if you don't spin unless you know the process that owns the lock is scheduled to another processor, this situation can never arise. It's an interesting point, and I can certainly see it would be useful to discuss it.  Do you know of any books and/or papers that discuss the issue, that we can use as a reference? JulesH 21:25, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

 * While that is one workaround, there are several other ways to avoid that kind of deadlock -- any of the solutions to priority inversion would also work. --DavidCary (talk) 17:46, 21 March 2022 (UTC)

Getting read of atomic operation in unlock is not necessarily a "significant optimization"
The article says

 * On later implementations of the x86 architecture, spin_unlock can safely use an unlocked MOV instead of the locked XCHG, which is much faster.

While it's much faster for the cpu that does the unlock, it can be actually slower overall, because the write to the spinlock to unlock it will tend to stay in the CPU's store buffer instead of going directly to memory/cache, meaning that other CPUs will see the update later, and will spin for a longer period of time.

For this reason, I don't think this qualifies as a "significant optimization". —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 67.188.127.3 (talk) 09:01, 22 December 2006 (UTC).

 * I believe MESI or other cache coherency systems would take care of this issue in most architectures. Unless somebody knows otherwise? JulesH 21:29, 12 June 2007 (UTC)
 * In fact, reading the description of MESI linked above, it definitely prevents the issue. When it modifies the item, it is stored into the CPU's cache and other processors' copies are invalidated.  When they next read the item, they read it directly out of the modifying processor's cache, not out of main memory.  JulesH 21:33, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

What about this code: db F0H ;LOCK prefix, used when you want to modify shared memory between processors mov [lock], 0 Uses only one instruction and should have the same effect —Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.19.6.198 (talk) 17:03, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Sadly, "lock mov" is an illegal instruction. The lock prefix only applies to a dozen or so instructions: see the list.  "lock sub [locked],1" would work, but would be less clear.Olawlor (talk) 05:04, 3 October 2012 (UTC)

adding PAUSE informations..
it could be good adding some informations about PAUSE instruction and its effects on p4, xeon and other intel processors...or only a little notify that link on a PAUSE_(x86) like wiki page , with the complete description of this instruction. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.16.98.203 (talk) 19:29, 11 August 2009 (UTC)

logical error in first sentence
I read : "... a spinlock is a lock where the thread simply waits ... until the lock becomes available. " So, the first term lock must mean something different than the second one, if not it would mean A waits until A is true. If A waits, it will never change and thus never become true. From my bit of understanding, what is called lock in the second place might be a token, a semaphore or just a certain state, while in the first place it is the code or algorithm performing the active waiting. While many terms in IT are overloaden, we should pay some attention to point to their particular meaning, especially if used close by. Thus, IMHO it should read: "... a spinlock is an algorithm implemented in a single thread which simply waits ... until a certain lock becomes available. "

As the same wording is used in the lock article, same applies for that one.

--Ufalke (talk) 16:32, 5 October 2011 (UTC)

 * I think what the first sentence is trying to say is that the lock causes the thread to wait for the lock. So A (the thread) waits until B (the lock) is true. But I'll try make it more clear. Jfmantis (talk) 03:12, 14 December 2012 (UTC)

sleeplock vs raw lock
After a quick googling, it doesn't seem that "sleeplock" has much traction. So I remove it while introducing the notion of "raw lock". ale (talk) 11:09, 15 May 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Spinlock


text:
Penshaw

The village of Penshaw, formerly known as Painshaw or Pensher, is an area of the metropolitan district of the City of Sunderland, in Tyne and Wear, England. Historically, Penshaw was located in County Durham.

Name and etymology
The name Penshaw was recorded in the 1190s as Pencher and is of Cumbric origin.< The first element is pen, meaning 'hill' or 'summit' and the second *cerr/*carr - 'stone, hard surface'.

Features

Penshaw is well known locally for Penshaw Monument, a prominent landmark built in 1844 atop Penshaw Hill, which is a half-scale replica of the Temple of Hephaestus in Athens. Owing to its proximity to Durham City, the area was allocated a Durham postcode, DH4, which forms part of the Houghton-le-Spring post town. It lies about three miles north of Houghton-le-Spring, just over the River Wear from Washington. It borders Herrington Country Park and is surrounded by a series of villages: Herrington, Shiney Row, Biddick, Coxgreen and Offerton.

Leisure facilities include the easily accessible Herrington Country Park, which contains a play area, amphitheatre, skateboard park, lake with extensive wildlife and a memorial site to Herrington Colliery which once mined the site for coal. The site hosts public events such as the county show which includes dog shows, face painting and bouncy castles. There are three public houses, The Prospect (original name recently restored), The Monument (formerly The Ship) and The Grey Horse. Though no working men's club remains, a Catholic club is situated on Station Rd. Community facilities include Penshaw Community Centre and All Saints' Church Hall; both organise regular spring and summer events. In the village, at the foot of Penshaw Hill, is Penshaw Equestrian Centre. At the centre of Barnwell is an extensive playing field and young person's play area. Penshaw also has three primary schools within walking distance of one other: Barnwell, New Penshaw and Our Lady Queen of Peace Roman Catholic.

There are two annual events for children, an easter egg rolling competition on Penshaw Hill and a scarecrow hunt Scarecrow Trail Event organised by the village community.

An annual cross-country event takes place in May or June each year when Sunderland Harriers stage the Penshaw Hill Race with a presentation to the winner and runners up in The Monument public house after the race.

There are extensive views from the top of Penshaw Hill on a clear day: Durham Cathedral to the South West, the coast of Roker and Seaburn to the East and the Cheviot Hills to the North.

The Hill, as it is known locally, also overlooks Wearside Golf Club, a long-established golf club originating in 1892 and Sunderland AFC's Stadium of Light can also be seen clearly from here.

title: Penshaw


text: Category:American sheriffs

title: Category:American sheriffs


text: Category:American police detectives

title: Category:American police detectives


text:
Anatomy of the Ship series

The Anatomy of the Ship series of books are comprehensive treatments of the design and construction of individual ships. They have been published by Conway Maritime Press (now Conway Publishing) since the 1980s, and republished in the US by the Naval Institute Press.

About the series
Each volume begins with a general history of the vessel, as preface to a set of detailed scale drawings showing every part of the interior and exterior, from keel to masthead. Black-and-white photographs and engravings, including of ship models for older types, round out the description. Since 1998, each volume has carried a large-scale plan on the reverse of the fold-off dust jacket.

According to its producers, the series ‘aims to provide the finest documentation of individual ships and ship types ever published. What makes the series unique is a complete set of superbly executed line drawings, both the conventional type of plan as well as explanatory views, with fully descriptive keys. These are supported by technical details and a record of the ship’s service.’

The ships chosen are a mix of famous vessels, such as HMS Victory and Yamato, and less-famous ships that are well-documented representatives of their class (HMS Bellona (1760), Lawhill).

Classification
The series is divided into two distinct – yet broadly encompassing – categories, identified by colour coding. Firstly, those presented in a yellow-and-silver themed dust jacket relate to ‘non-motor-propelled’ ships. This group tracks the development of ship design from The Ships of Christopher Columbus, through to the end of the age of sail (those designed or constructed approximately up until the 1860s), such as the HMS Beagle: Survey Ship Extraordinaire, 1820–70, by Karl Heinz Marquardt.

Ships thereafter, powered by steam and screw propulsion, are represented in silver-and-blue themed dust jackets. These include submarines, the Japanese World War II vessel, The Battleship Yamato, by Janusz Skulski, and The Aircraft Carrier Victorious, by Ross Watton.

title: Anatomy of the Ship series


text:
FISH (cipher)

The FISH (FIbonacci SHrinking) stream cipher is a fast software based stream cipher using Lagged Fibonacci generators, plus a concept from the shrinking generator cipher. It was published by Siemens in 1993. FISH is quite fast in software and has a huge key length. However, in the same paper where he proposed Pike, Ross Anderson showed that FISH can be broken with just a few thousand bits of known plaintext.

title: FISH (cipher)


text: User talk:204.108.193.171

title: User talk:204.108.193.171


text:
Ed Cassidy

Edward Claude Cassidy (May 4, 1923 – December 6, 2012) was an American jazz and rock drummer who was one of the founders of the rock group Spirit in 1967.

Biography
Cassidy was born in Harvey, Illinois, a south suburb of Chicago on May 4, 1923. His family moved to Bakersfield, California in 1931. Cassidy began his career as a professional musician in 1937. He served in the U.S. Navy during World War II, and after his discharge held many jobs before becoming a full-time musician again. At one time in the late 1940s, Cassidy played 282 consecutive one-nighters in 17 states. He worked in show bands, Dixieland, and country and western bands, and on film soundtracks, as well as having a brief stint with the San Francisco Opera.

In 1950, Cassidy enrolled at college to get a musical teaching credential. However, after a year, he decided to move to Southern California to meet more jazz musicians and perhaps form a group of his own. During this period, Cassidy performed together with many leading jazz musicians including Art Pepper, Cannonball Adderley, Roland Kirk, Lee Konitz and Gerry Mulligan.

With Taj Mahal and Ry Cooder, Cassidy formed the Rising Sons in 1964. After that, he formed the Red Roosters in 1965, with his fourteen year-old stepson Randy California, Jay Ferguson and Mark Andes. Adding John Locke, they became Spirit in 1967. Cassidy sported a shaved head, which was unusual at that time, and he always wore black. He used a single bass drum, and two large parade bass drums as floor toms. Because California stepped out of the group for a period of time in 1972, following the death of Jimi Hendrix, Cassidy was the only member who played with all various line-ups of Spirit on almost 20 albums over almost 30 years. Spirit finally disbanded following California's death in 1997. Cassidy later performed with Merrell Fankhauser in the Fankhauser Cassidy Band.

From the mid-1970s, Cassidy also worked as an actor, including live improvisation.

Personal life and death
Cassidy had a wife, Beverly; a daughter, Carol Ann Griffith; a son Christian Padriack Cassidy; and several stepchildren and grandchildren. He wrote, studied history, and continued to correspond with fans from his residence in Southern California until his death. He died of cancer in San Jose at the age of 89 on 6 December 2012.

title: Ed Cassidy


text:
T&T

T&T may refer to:

 * Bangladesh Telegraph and Telephone Board, a state-owned telecommunication company
 * T&T Supermarket, a supermarket chain in Canada
 * Tackey & Tsubasa, a duo of Japanese pop singers
 * Tonkin + Taylor, an environmental and engineering consultancy in New Zealand
 * Trinidad and Tobago, a country in the Caribbean, consisting of the islands of Trinidad, Tobago and various smaller islands
 * Tunnels & Trolls, a fantasy role-playing game
 * Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney − Trials and Tribulations, a visual novel adventure game by Capcom
 * T. and T., a 1987 Canadian television show starring Mr. T
 * Another name for TNT (professional wrestling), a professional wrestling tag team

title: T&T


text:
Themes (Vangelis album)

Themes is a compilation album of works by Greek electronic composer and artist Vangelis released in July 1989. It featured some previously released tracks from Vangelis's other albums, as well as some pieces from movie soundtracks that had not previously been released.

The album is notable because it marked the first official appearances of Vangelis' music from the films Blade Runner, The Bounty, and Missing. Of these three film scores, only the Blade Runner soundtrack has since received an official release.

title: Themes (Vangelis album)


text:
1856 in rail transport

January events

 * January – Opening throughout of first railroad in Africa and the Middle East, from Alexandria to Cairo, Egypt (208 km).
 * January 29 – The 223-mile North Carolina Railroad is completed from Goldsboro through Raleigh and Salisbury to Charlotte.

March events

 * March 23 or 26 – Cambridge Railroad street railway opens in Boston (United States), giving the city the world's oldest continuously working streetcar system.

April events

 * April 19 – Death of American locomotive builder Thomas Rogers, following which his son, Jacob S. Rogers, reorganizes Rogers, Ketchum and Grosvenor as Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works.
 * April 21 – The first railroad bridge across the Mississippi River opens between Rock Island, Illinois, and Davenport, Iowa.

May events

 * May 1 – First section of Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway opens, between Ankleshwar and Utran.
 * May 6 – The newly constructed sidewheeler Effie Afton runs into one of the supports for the first railroad bridge across the Mississippi River, causing a fire that destroys the bridge just two weeks after it had opened.

June events

 * June 21 – The Illinois Central Railroad opens its Great Central Station in Chicago.

July events

 * July 14 – The Rome and Frascati Rail Road opens for service.
 * July 17 – The Great Train Wreck (the worst railroad calamity in the world up to this date) occurs near Philadelphia in the United States.

September events

 * September 16 – Tarragona–Reus line in Spain opens.
 * September 21 – The Illinois Central Railroad connects Chicago to Cairo, Illinois, completing 700 miles (1,126 km) of track to become the longest railway in the United States.
 * September 22 – The Oriental Railway Company is granted the concession to build the first railway in Turkey, from İzmir to Aydın.

October events

 * October 23 – The line that is now Belgian railway line 161 is completed and opened connecting Brussels-North and Namur stations.
 * October 28 – Opening of first railway in Portugal, from Lisbon to Carregado (37 km).

December events

 * December 1 – Opening of first steam-operated passenger railways in Sweden, from Gothenburg to Jonsered (15 km) and Malmö to Lund (17 km).

February births

 * February 2 – Frederick William Vanderbilt, director of the New York Central system (d. 1938).

December births

 * December 30 – Sam Fay, General manager of the Great Central Railway of England, 1902–1922 (d. 1953).

January deaths

 * January 8 – Charles "Joe" Baldwin, conductor on the Wilmington and Manchester Railroad

March deaths

 * March 11 – James Beatty, Irish engineer who was involved in building the European and North American Railway and the Grand Crimean Central Railway (b. 1820).

April deaths

 * April 19 – Thomas Rogers, American steam locomotive builder, dies in New York (b. 1792).
 * April 20 – Robert L. Stevens, president of Camden and Amboy Railroad (b. 1787).

November deaths

 * November 1 - John Urpeth Rastrick, English steam locomotive builder and partner in Foster, Rastrick and Company (b. 1780).

title: 1856 in rail transport


text: Category:American law enforcement officials


text:
Trumbull

Trumbull may refer to:

United States

 * Trumbull County, Ohio
 * Trumbull Township, Ashtabula County, Ohio
 * Trumbull, Connecticut
 * Trumbull, Nebraska
 * Fort Trumbull, Connecticut
 * Mount Trumbull Wilderness in Arizona

Surname

 * Donald Trumbull (1909–2004), American motion picture special effects artist
 * Douglas Trumbull (1942–2022), American film director
 * Henry Clay Trumbull (1830-1903), American clergyman and author
 * James Hammond Trumbull (1821-1897), American philologist
 * J. Gunnar Trumbull, American economist
 * John Trumbull (1756-1843), American painter
 * John Trumbull (poet) (1750-1831), American poet
 * John H. Trumbull (1873-1961), Governor of Connecticut
 * Jonathan Trumbull (1710-1785), Governor of both the Colony and State of Connecticut
 * Jonathan Trumbull Jr. (1740-1809), second Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, and Governor of Connecticut
 * Joseph Trumbull (commissary general) (1737–1778), of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War
 * Joseph Trumbull (governor) (1782-1861), American lawyer and Governor of Connecticut
 * Lyman Trumbull (1813-1896), American jurist and politician
 * Pennie Lane Trumbull (born 1954), American philanthropist and entrepreneur
 * Stephen Trumbull (1898-1970), American reporter
 * William Trumbull (diplomat) (c. 1575 – 1635), English diplomat, administrator and politician
 * William Trumbull (1639-1716), English statesman

Given name

 * Trumbull Cary (1787-1869), American banker, lawyer and politician
 * Trumbull Stickney (1874–1904), American classical scholar and poet

Fictional characters

 * Thomas Trumbull, a member of the Black Widowers, a fictional men-only dining club created by Isaac Asimov
 * Allan Trumbull, president of United States of Has Fallen series

Other uses

 * Trumbull College, a residential college of Yale University

title: Trumbull