text:
User talk:John5008

 ''Please post new messages at the bottom of my talk page. Please use headlines when starting new talk topics. Thank you.''

Welcome
Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

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-- utcursch | talk

Image:Abrokenframe.jpg
I'm terribly sorry, but the album cover which you added to your userpage falls under Fair use, and is therefore not likely to be of any 'use' at your userpage and should be removed. Could you please take care of it? Sorry for the inconvenience. -- SoothingR(pour) 19:01, 3 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Not a problem, I completely forgot about that part of the fair use qualifications. My apologies, I have taken care of it.  Thanks for pointing that out.John5008 21:39, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

No, no. Thank you for your cooperation. -- SoothingR(pour) 08:23, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

Depeche Mode
Thank you for your comment; I have seen the article Depeche Mode discography and it's ok.--Daniel bg 13:36, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

Alan Wilder Wiki
John,

I see you reverted the additions I made to the Alan Wilder wiki entry. Just curious, since the biography was lifted straight from Recoil.co.uk, why revert it? I'm not trying to be a dick or anything, it's just the best, most thorough, and most accurate bio of the man I've seen, so I thought it would be uniquely suited for reproduction here.

Michael —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Fueledbyhatred (talk • contribs).

Rangers info
hey thanks for that link for the saleries for the rangers but i had already looked at it. The big problem is the amount players make isnt necesserally the amount charged against the cap. For example Jagr makes the maximum amount yet washington picks up a considerable amount of that. Essentially I need to find a list of what each players cap number is or what the total team number is Caleb rosenberg 18:18, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

"Master and Servant"
Hi,

I think Wikipedia's information about "Master and Servant" reaching #6 is incorrect and that it in fact peaked at #9. See,. Acegikmo1 01:00, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

"Depeche Mode Early History"
hey

i am 100% sure that andy was in french look, before Martin, because Martin was in Norman and the Worms, when Andy first spotted him. I believe that's what was said in Depeche Mode: Some Great Reward, but I'll check to make sure. I do remember that Robert Marlow said that in an interview, and I'll post the reference, once I find it. I mean, exactly, how much info can you find on Robert Marlow. In English, mind you.

I understand your faith in allmusic.com, but I've noticed that it is occasionally flawed. Not to nit-pick or anything, but if you read the Yazoo biography, it refers to once of Vince's Depeche hits (guess which one) as "I Just Can't Get Enough." But I'll leave it were it's at, until I find the interview.

- Human historian (Talk Back)

That was my point. I think you misread the comment. I know the name of the single and of its acronym. (Human historian 00:36, 29 May 2006 (UTC))

YES I certainly did. I mistook "Yazoo biography" for "Yahoo biography,' meanining Yahoo music's bio of DM. Sorry. Jackbox1971 02:45, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

no worries. (Human historian 19:39, 29 May 2006 (UTC))

LOL
Oi. Wyatt Gallagher 22:56, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

Please Reconsider the Following Mergers
I respectfully submit that merging "Everything Counts" with "Everything Counts (Live)" and "Enjoy the Silence" with "Enjoy the Silence 04" was a mistake. I believe it is reductionistic.

1.) I believe that if the overall history of DM is taken into consideration, it is important that the discrete singles be given their own articles. These are four separate singles with their own catalog numbers and release histories; they are not reissues (like "Strangelove" 1987 and "Strangelove 88" - different mixes but same catalog number).

2.) All four singles deserve their own article not only because they have distinct catalog numbers, but also because they are representative of milestones in the band's history:

a> "Everything Counts" (1983): the band's first serious  excursion into industrial style (i.e. Einstuerzende Neubauten)sampling. It is a precursor to the work they would do on Some Great Reward and Black Celebration.

b> "Everything Counts Live" (1989): this single represents the band's moment of arrival in the American pop consciousness, the Rose Bowl concert of 1988. From this point onwards, Depeche Mode would be major players in the US music scene. The single marks the shift in the band's fortunes from cult to popular status.

c> "Enjoy the Silence" (1990): the band's biggest US hit should be considered on its own terms. It is indicative of a hugely successful promotion.

d> "Enjoy the Silence 04" (2004): the remix project was essentially a tribute album and not really indicative of Depeche Mode per se. In addition, "ETS04" is a project unto itself (there is no song called "Enjoy the Silence o4" and some of the BONG 34 releases do not include a version of "ETS" at all).

The motivation for merging these four singles is unclear to me and seems to be based mostly on desire for singles with similar titles to be culled in one place. However, given that every other electronic DM source of merit (www.depmod.com, depechemode.com, etc.) treat these singles as four separate items, I feel that wiki should do the same and include distinct articles for all four singles. They each have their own history. For these reasons, I humbly request that you give these singles the individualized treatment they deserve. --Jackbox1971 23:35, 27 May 2006 (UTC) - Thank you for responding to my Wiki comment regarding your entries. I wish to humbly disagree with the following assertion:

"the articles are supposed to be about the songs and not the singles. For that reason, throughout Wikipedia, remixes, covers, alternate releases, and the like are always covered within the same article as the original release. Think of it as a "one composition, one page" type thing"

WIki has no such rule. The "rule" is arbitrary. If it is the "convention" then the perameters need to be reconsidered. A "single" is a discrete unit, and discrete unit should receive individual attention. The reason being that the items, though similar, express very different historical assertions regarding the band at a given place and at a given time.

If the rule is "one composition, one entry" then cover versions would not be sep. articles. I noticed "John the Revelator" is given a sep. entry for DM despite the fact that it is a cover tune.

More to the point, articles about a particular release would be more helpful than those about a particular song to those doing research. Think about them as individual promotions rather than identical songs.

Not seperating the four singles fails to recognize the decision, made by the band and record company, to promote what are historically distinct songs.

It is not the end of the world if you decide not to parse out the distinctions. But I feel my position is the correct one from a research standpoint.

I should add that, content-wise, your articles are extremely helpful to those of us doing research on this important band.

Thanks again, Jackbox1971 02:56, 29 May 2006 (UTC) - Hello - Just read your response to me on my Talk page. Thanks. I suppose we will have to agree to disagree on this topic. At the end of the day, a researcher can always find what he or she is looking for if they are willing to scroll down the page. That's what it really comes down to. With this new-fangled "inter-net" thingy, an old fart like me can always find what they need (except foriegn chart archives... but that's my deal).

I look forward to reading your future contributions. Jackbox1971 02:53, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Table MOS
Hey john, where's the MOS about the tables? i looked at both the usage of wikilinking and tables, and couldn't find what you referenced at all? (this is in reference to the depeche mode singles/albums) Negative1

Improper Reversion
I think you should see Vandalism regarding your revert on Tubthumping.

--Andrew Ross-Parker 14:25, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, on a second glance, I should not have reverted in that manner (though, what was there could not be kept the way it was written). My apologies in the way it was handled. John5008 | talk to me 22:08, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

Precious (song)
Hey John. You removed my contribution of "23:42, 5 June 2006 216.145.49.15" from DM's Precious page, regarding one of the samples used in the song, with the comment "prove it?" I'm not offended, I sort of expected that reaction. I did, prior to posting, scour the web for some big of collaborative evidence, to no avail. Still, I know that sound well, having worked with it before; and there's no doubt whatsoever in my mind that the sound I cited is the sound they sampled. Of course, I'm not asking you to take my word for it. I suppose what I'm asking is, how on Earth can I prove such a thing beyond doubt? I can provide a sample cut from the song and a sample cut from the television show for people to listen to side-by-side. How far must I go before people will accept it as fact? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 208.106.19.78 (talk • contribs).

 * As this comment was left by an anonymous editor, I'm posting my response both here and on the anon's talk page.

 * Hello there and thank you for the comment. I'm glad you weren't offended by the reversion (while I personally probably would've taken offense to the way I phrased the comment...haha...had your edit not been made anonymously, I probably would've been less skeptical, since most vandals tend to be anons, and a lot of times anons add unsourced nonsense to some articles), I believe I did try to leave ample time for you to find a citation before removing the comment.  The thing is, you make a great point, it is very difficult to prove a statement along the lines of the one you made, and I hope you understand that a rationale like "I know that sound well...there's no doubt whatsoever in my mind that the sound I cited is the sound they sampled" is not enough as "proof" in an encyclopedia article.

 * That being said, in attempting to prove the claim as fact...the easy way would be to find a link to a reputable source or an interview making the claim, but as you said, you tried this and it led to nothing. Unfortunately, the other way would be to provide the two samples side-by-side, but this could easily be coincidence as well (unless it's blatant, I'm not sure).  Unless the samples prove your point beyond a shadow of a doubt, then I think the only true way to have the statement be accepted as fact is to find an external citation.  John5008 | talk to me 23:05, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

Re: That grammar thing
Don't worry about it. It's just a minor detail. Anyone could have made that mistake. --[ ka z i k a m e ] 17:23, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:DepecheModeRemixes81-04.jpg
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Wikimedia Pennsylvania
Hello there!

I'm writing to inform you that we are now forming the first local Wikimedia Chapter in the United States: Wikimedia Pennsylvania. Our goals are to perform outreach and fundraising activities on behalf of the various Wikimedia projects. If you're interested in being a part of the chapter, or just want to know more, you can:
 * Contact us on IRC at #wikimedia-pa
 * Join our mailing list
 * Visit our blog at http://wmfpa.blogspot.com

Thanks and I hope you join up!  Cbrown1023   talk   03:35, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:CatchingUpWithDepecheMode.jpg
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Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:54, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:John5008


text:
Hearts of Fire

Hearts of Fire is a 1987 American musical drama film starring Bob Dylan, Fiona Flanagan (billed only as "Fiona") and Rupert Everett. The film was essentially a vehicle for Dylan based on his success as a rock musician. It received poor reviews, a limited theatrical release, and was later written off by Dylan himself.

Cast

 * Fiona Flanagan as Molly McGuire
 * Bob Dylan as Billy Parker
 * Rupert Everett as James Colt
 * Richie Havens as Pepper Ward
 * Julian Glover as Alfred
 * Suzanne Bertish as Anne Ashton
 * Larry Lamb as Jack Rosner
 * Maury Chaykin as Charlie Kelso
 * Lesleh Donaldson as Penny
 * Jeremy Ratchford as Jimbo
 * Mark Rylance as Fizz
 * Ian Dury as Bones

Origin and filming
Originally written by Scott Richardson, the screenplay was rewritten by future Basic Instinct writer Joe Eszterhas because Lorimar Productions felt that Richardson was a "baby writer" and not experienced enough to take on the responsibility of a starring vehicle for a rock icon of Dylan's stature. Hearts of Fire is also regarded as the film that "killed Richard Marquand", director of Return of the Jedi, who would die of a stroke later the same year.

The film was shot in Canada (Hamilton and Toronto) at the defunct Davenport Works of the Canadian General Electric Company and the United Kingdom (Southerndown and Coney Beach at Porthcawl).Also Cardiff airport substituting for Heathrow The film's concert scenes were shot at the Colston Hall in Bristol, and Camden, North London (UK). Concert scenes filmed at Copps Coliseum in Hamilton, Ontario.

Release
Hearts of Fire did poorly in theaters. It was first released in the UK in 1987 and was pulled from the theaters after approximately two weeks. As a result, the film was released to a very few theaters in the United States for one week only. All plans to set to release the film nationwide, which was planned for release by Lorimar Motion Pictures, but the film was set to limbo, citing the negative reviews of the feature film.

Home media
In the United States, the film was released directly to video by Warner Home Video in 1990 after a very short theatrical run. The film was re-released on VHS by Warner Brothers on December 6, 1993.

The film was released digitally for purchase through iTunes and Vudu.

Reception
Variety lamented that it was "unfortunate that the last film of helmer Richard Marquand, who died shortly after completing it, should be Hearts of Fire" and that the film failed "to fire on all cylinders despite a nimble performance by the enigmatic Bob Dylan typecast as a reclusive rock star." Channel 4 deemed the film a "blunt instrument of 80s vacuity." DVDLaser stated that it is "a really bad movie," but also that the viewer's opinion of Bob Dylan is "the key to liking or disliking the film."

Time Out London said that Dylan "hovers enigmatically on the sidelines, offering jaundiced comments."

Soundtrack
In 1987, Columbia Records released the soundtrack to the film. Dylan was apparently originally contracted to write and contribute four new original recordings to the album but only turned in two original songs and one cover song. The tracks included a cover of John Hiatt's "The Usual", along with the Dylan originals "Night After Night" and "Had a Dream About You Baby". Dylan later released an alternate version of "Had a Dream About You Baby" on the 1988 album Down in the Groove.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hearts of Fire


text:
User talk:Mediahound

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (for eg. on talk pages) use 	 ~  (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * For help, see Where to ask a question.
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Five pillars, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * You can contribute in many ways: write a great article, fight vandalism, upload pictures, perform maintainance tasks, contribute to existing projects...

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop us a note at New user log.

-- utcursch | talk

Speedy deletion of Bido
A tag has been placed on Bido requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for web content.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. — LinguistAtLarge • Talk  01:02, 11 March 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mediahound


text:
User:Michaelnickarz

Hard working 9th grade highschool student in King Drew Magnet Highschool.

Conservative and a Bush supporter surrounded by democrates (and communist leftusnuts).

title: User:Michaelnickarz


text:
Peter H. Raven

Peter Hamilton Raven (born June 13, 1936) is an American botanist and environmentalist, notable as the longtime director, now President Emeritus, of the Missouri Botanical Garden.

Early life
On June 13, 1936, Raven was born in Shanghai, China, to American parents, Walter Francis Raven and Isabelle Marion Breen. His father's uncle Frank Jay Raven was, for a time, one of the wealthiest Americans in China but was later jailed in a banking scandal. That incident and Japanese aggression in China led the Raven family to return to San Francisco, California, in the late 1930s.

After becoming a member of the California Academy of Sciences while still a youth, Raven went on to graduate with a BSc in biology from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1957 and a Ph.D. in botany from the University of California, Los Angeles, in 1960.

Career
After teaching at Stanford University, Raven went on to become Director of the Missouri Botanical Garden in 1971. In 2006, his position was renamed President and Director. Raven announced his plans to retire in 2011, to coincide with his 75th birthday and his 40th year at the garden. Peter Wyse Jackson was appointed as Raven's successor at the Missouri Botanical Garden in September 2010.

Raven is possibly best known for his work "Butterflies and Plants: A Study in Coevolution", published in the journal Evolution in 1964, which he coauthored with Paul R. Ehrlich. Since then he has authored numerous scientific and popular papers, many on the evening primrose family, Onagraceae. Raven is also an author of the widely used textbook Biology of Plants, now in its eighth edition, coauthored with Ray F. Evert and Susan E. Eichhorn (both of University of Wisconsin, Madison).

He is a frequent speaker on the need for biodiversity and species conservation.

In 2000, the American Society of Plant Taxonomists established the Peter Raven Award in his honor to be conferred to authors with outstanding contributions to plant taxonomy and "for exceptional efforts at outreach to non-scientists".

He serves on the advisory council of CRDF Global. He served on the board of trustees for Science Service, now known as Society for Science & the Public, from 1993 to 1996.

Research
Raven has published more than 700 articles, books, and monographs covering topics in Evolution, Taxonomy and Systematics, Biogeography, Coevolution, Plant Conservation, Ethnobotany, and Public Policy, including several text books.

During his early years he was associated with and led Sierra Club outings for several weeks at a time, after which he published "Base Camp Reports." Published from 1950 to 1956, these reports covered a wide range of subjects, including plant lists, insects, and ecology. His first such report, at the age of 14, summarized 506 plant collections representing 337 species collected in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in Inyo and Fresno Counties. G. Ledyard Stebbins was a counselor on this particular trip, identified by Raven as Prof. G. L. "Led" Stebbins.

During this time he also published on new weed species and other plants found in and around San Francisco as well as the Sierra Nevada Mountains.

In 1950 Raven, at the age of 14, had collected a plant called C. rubicunda. In the early 1950s, in the course of revising the genus Clarkia Harlan Lewis and his wife Margaret Lewis discovered the herbarium specimen collected by Raven. They visited him in 1952 when he was 16, and wanted to know where the collection was made. Lewis eventually located the new species, and in 1958 Lewis and Raven published a botanical description of this plant, called C. franciscana, which was morphologically very closely related to C. rubicunda and C. amoena.

Evolution
While a graduate student at the University of California, Los Angeles, Raven and Harlan Lewis published a major paper in 1958 on the evolution of C. franciscana, and generalized to what was by then a general a pattern of speciation in Clarkia. They concluded that C. franciscana had evolved from Clarkia rubicunda; and they asserted that C. franciscana's origin mirrored a recurring theme in Clarkia of a derived species showing a close morphological similarity to a parental species, the derived species being geographically proximal, but differing from the parent by chromosomal differences and showing interspecific sterility. Further, they hypothesized that such speciation in Clarkia was rapid, and perhaps occurred within the last 12,000 years.

Additionally, they hypothesized that this rapid mode of speciation seen in Clarkia was analogous to a mode of speciation known as quantum evolution.

Following his early publication in 1958 on evolution of C. franciscana, Raven went on to publish many papers on evolutionary topics. While at Stanford University, with Paul R. Ehrlich, he coined the term coevolution after a 1964 review of butterflies and their food plants.

In a 1969 paper Ehrlich and Raven were also critical of the idea that the definition of species as advocated by Ernst Mayr, Theodosius Dobzhansky, and G. Ledyard Stebbins had very little meaning for plants.

In 1978 Sussman and Raven advanced the idea that nonflying mammals, such as primates and marsupials, could have been significant pollinators but were outcompeted by nectar-feeding birds and bats. Any coevolved relationships between flowering plant species and non-flying mammal pollinators that persist at the present would appear to be "living fossils, which have a great deal to tell us about the evolution of both the mammals, including some of our antecedents, and of the flowering plants."

Raven wrote a review of the plant population data as of 1979, and identified several themes that he felt had potential for future research, including the above theme of the species problem. He went on to assert that developmental biology would be more important in the future He advocated another theme, that being that funding should be provided for study on a few species rather than spread amongst many in order to solve population biology problems:

In 1980 Raven continued discussing problems associated with defining species in plants. He discussed the widespread ability of plant species to hybridize, especially in perennial plants, and the historical observations of such back to 1717. He used as examples of perennial plants in the genera Epilobium, Scaevola, Bidens, and Ceanothus as examples of plants that appeared to use hybridization as a means to adapting to new environments. He stated "If the hybrids are particularly favored in specific ecological situations, asexual reproduction, polyploidy, or simply autogamy may favor the perpetuation of specific genotypes through a narrowing of the spectrum of genetic recombination characteristic of the population. No general conclusions about the most appropriate way to treat these populations taxonomically appear to be possible." In annual plants, using examples from Clarkia, he asserted that several species of Clarkia often occur sympatrically, yet hybrids are very rare in the wild," and that much of the sterility is due to chromosomal repatterning between species."

In 1980 Raven and coauthors reviewed the literature concerning fungal symbiosis in vascular plants. They reviewed two kinds of fungal-plant associations: ectomycorrhizal and endomycorrhizal. They reported that endomycorrhizal fungi, which penetrate plant cells, are found in 80% of all vascular plants, including ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms, and are found in forests of high species richness. On the other hand, ectomycorrhizal fungi, which do not penetrate plant cells, occur in forests of low species richness, are usually in temperate forests, or infertile soils of the tropics. Further, they hypothesized that ectomycorrhizal forests have expanded through the Middle Cretaceous at the expense of endomycorrhizal forests.

Raven's Ph.D. thesis was on a genus within the Onagraceae, and his interest on the evolution of plants within this family as well as the Myrtales runs through his entire career. In 1988 he published a review of the Onagraceae, covering its taxonomy, evolution, cytogenetics, anatomy, breeding systems, and geographic distribution. He asserted that the family was the best known plant family of its size, and proposed that further studies of the family would be useful in understanding of "variation and evolution of plants in the future."

Biogeography
Raven showed an early interest in plant disjunctions prior to the wide acceptance of plate tectonic theory of the late 1960s, and was an early adopter of plate tectonics in explaining plant disjunctions by the early 1970s.

In 1963 Raven published a review of amphitropical distributions of plant species in North and South America. He divided species into three groups: biopolar or high-latitude species, temperate species, and desert species.

In 1974, with Daniel I. Axelrod, Raven published an extensive article on plant and animal biogeography in the context of plate tectonics. They stated that the new plate tectonic theory "did not require any new modifications of previously established major principles of evolution...however there were new principles of biogeography..."

In 1978, again with Axelrod, they published on the origin and complexity of Californian flora. They reviewed that the flora of California consisted of "northern, temperate elements and xeric, southern elements, and is characterized by a high degree of endemism." They proposed that the reasons for the large number of species in the state as well as the endemics is due to the favorable climate that has prevailed in California for most of the Tertiary, as well as the recent elevation of the Sierra Nevada and other ranges, together with: "The concomitant development of a cold off-shore current which ultimately resulted in the development of a mediterranean, summer-dry climate during the past million years...The endemics of California are a mixture of relicts and newly produced species...and it is the latter that have contributed most to the size of the flora and to the high proportion of endemism in it."

Raven and Axelrod wrote a paper in 1985 on the origin of the Cordilleran flora, a region bounded by the east slope of the Sierra Nevada and Transverse Ranges and Peninsular Ranges of California to the eastern front of the Rocky Mountains, north to the Snake River Plain-western Wyoming, and south to central Arizona-New Mexico.

In 1996 Raven, Axelrod, and Al-Shehbaz wrote a paper on the history of the modern flora of China, Europe, and the continental United States. They said that the three regions have approximately the same geographic area, yet China has two times the number of species as the United States, and three times as many as Europe. They asserted that all three regions had essentially the same flora as of 15 million years ago, but China came to possess the most species because of three reasons. First, China has a tropical rain forest. Second, there is an unbroken gradient of vegetation from the tropical rain forest to "boreal coniferous forests that has persisted and afforded habitats characterized by equable climates during the last 15 million years, when massive extinctions were taking place elsewhere in the Northern Hemisphere...such continuity is interrupted in North America by the Gulf of Mexico and in Europe by the Alps, the Mediterranean, and the Sahara Desert." The third reason was due to the impact of the Indian subcontinent with Asia starting 50 million years ago, making a "highly dissected, elevated geography."

Taxonomy/Systematics/Floras
Raven has produced a wide variety of works in the area of plant systematics. Most of them are related to the plant family Onagraceae. In 1969 he published a 235-page report on Camissonia; In 1976 he, along with his wife at the time Tamara Engelhorn, published a 321-page monograph on Epilobium in Australasia; an embryological analysis of species in the Myrtales; In 1992 a 209-page monograph on the systematics of Epilobium in China; in 1997 a 234-page monograph on the systematics of Oenothera; and in 2007 a 240-page monograph on a reclassification of the Onagraceae. And in 1981 he published a 1,049 page monograph on the systematics of Legumes.

He has also published a number of books (Floras) devoted to the systematics of plants found in particular regions. These include a 1966 book on the native shrubs of Southern California; a 1966 flora on the Santa Monica Mountains in California; and, with various editors and authors, an ongoing 33 volume set (to date) on the flora of China, organized by plant family.

Ethnobotany
Raven (along with Dennis E. Breedlove) was a collaborator on a team led by Brent Berlin that published a seminal work on the classification of plants by the Tzeltal Mayan-speaking people of Highland Chiapas. They concluded that plant, as well as animal, descriptions could be grouped into five different hierarchical "taxonomic ethnobiological categories"; these included 1.) "unique beginner," such as plants and animals, 2.) "life form", such as tree, vine, bird, grass, mammal, etc.; 3.) the largest category, consisting usually of ~500 taxa, is "generic", and consists of names such as oak, pine, catfish, perch, and robin. Further, some "generics" were not included with in the classification of "life forms", and were called "aberrant".  These included names such as cactus, bamboo, pineapple, platypus, etc., and were often of economic value—Agave, bean, and corn as examples. Two other taxa were called "specific" and "varietal," and were generally less numerous. Examples of "specific" include blue spruce, white fir, and post oak, and examples of "varietal" included baby beans, button beans, etc.

Berlin, Breedlove and Raven later extended their analysis of plants and animals to other indigenous peoples including the Hanunoo speaking people of the island of Mindoro, Philippines; the Karam of Papua New Guinea; the Cantonese speaking boat people of Castle Peak Bay, Hong Kong; the Navajo of the Southwestern United States; the Fore people of Papua New Guinea; the Guaraní people of South America; and the Nahuatl speaking people of Mexico, and concluded that their five to six taxonomic ethnobiological categories were generalizable.

Awards and honors

 * American Society of Plant Biologists Leadership in Science Public Service Award, 2012
 * William L. Brown Award for Excellence in Genetic Resource Conservation, 2010
 * Arthur Hoyt Scott Medal 2009, awarded by the Scott Arboretum of Swarthmore College
 * ANZAAS Medal, 2004
 * International Cosmos Prize, 2003
 * Veitch Memorial Medal, 2003
 * U.S. National Medal of Science recipient, 2000
 * Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement, 2000
 * Induction into the St. Louis Walk of Fame, 1995
 * Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement, 1994
 * Volvo Environment Prize winner, 1992
 * The Delmer S. Fahrney Medal in 1989
 * Member of the American Philosophical Society, 1988
 * International Prize for Biology winner, 1986
 * Catharine T. MacArthur Foundation Fellowship, 1985
 * Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences, 1977
 * Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1977
 * Foreign Member of the Linnean Society of London (FMLS)
 * Honorary Member of the American Society of Landscape Architects
 * Elected as a Corresponding Fellow to the Australian Academy of Science
 * Member of President Bill Clinton's Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology
 * Former Home Secretary of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences
 * Former President of Sigma Xi
 * Engler Medal winner
 * Former President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
 * Named a Hero for the Planet by TIME magazine
 * Member of National Geographic Society board of trustees
 * Honorary Doctor of Science Harvard University May 29, 2014
 * Megacorax is a genus of flowering plants from Mexico, belonging to the family Onagraceae was published in his honour, in 2002.
 * the lichen species Ocellularia raveniana was named in his honour

Works

 * Paul R. Ehrlich and Peter H. Raven (1964), "Butterflies and Plants: A Study in Coevolution", Evolution, 18: 586–608.
 * Peter H. Raven and Helena Curtis (1970), Biology of Plants, New York: Worth Publishing.  [Early presentation of five-kingdom system.]

title: Peter H. Raven


text:
Talk:Duncan Gordon Boyes

Untitled
As the person who began this page (originally it was migrated from the Victoria Cross Reference website with permission, as part of an ongoing project) I should like to make one or two observations.

1) I do not know what needs cleaning up. Perhaps someone could kindly enlighten me, or even do it. (I am fairly new to wikipedia.)

2) I originally created the "Duncan Gordon Boyes" page, but then moved the data to this page "Duncan Gordon Boyes V.C." because in the case of this man the only thing to discuss is how he won the Victoria Cross. He died young and in tragic circumstances without achieving anything more. But I would not be against a move back to "Duncan Gordon Boyes" if there was a consensus for that.

3) I see that the neutrality of the article is not necessarily disputed. That's good, because I don't see what should be reworded to make the article more neutral. As it happens I have my own views on the Boyes case, but I don't think you can guess them from the way this page is written. Indeed the text of the page was not written by me, but perhaps lightly edited.

--Historian 07:11, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * I've moved this talk page across to sit next to the article because it's a lot less confusing this way. What the naming convention is on letters that follow people's names I don't know however there are plenty of articles on wikipedia for people with the Order of the British Empire where the letters are not placed after their name so I don't dispute the move.  As for neutrality I can see one or two places where the prose is not entirely written from the neutral point of view but there are far worse articles for POV on wikipedia that I don't think we need to worry about this one too much. -- Graham  ☺ | Talk 17:12, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Duncan Gordon Boyes


text: User talk:84.65.100.96

title: User talk:84.65.100.96


text:
User:Albamuth

"albamuth" is a misspelling of "albemuth" from the Philip K. Dick novel ''Radio Free Albemuth

Though it was a misspelling, the user decided to keep it for purposes of identity.

History
The moniker was created in 1998 when joining the Yahoo Internet Club The Anarchist Commune. Since then, User:albamuth has posted on Zmag Forums, slashdot, plastic, Infoshop, and various other forums.

Albamuth is the founder of two sourceforge projects: Totality and Electronic Fair Currency, both of which have fallen into neglect.

The person has appeared as "Albamuth" for a few real-world events, most notably the Permanent Autonomous Zone Conference in 2001 in Louisville, hosting workshops on "Shadow Economies" and "Alternative Currency Systems".

Professional Background

 * Bike messenger
 * Carpenter
 * Engineering - Flight simulation
 * Programmer / Analyst - Distance learning
 * Unix Production Helpdesk Manager

Biases and Influences
Acknowledging bias is the key to differentiating beliefs from ideas. Here's some ideas I like:

 * Anarchism
 * Buddhism
 * Coherentism
 * Environmentalism
 * Evolutionary epistemology
 * Falsifiability
 * Fecundity
 * Feminism
 * Freedom of information
 * General Semantics
 * Historical materialism
 * Nonlinearity
 * Scientific realism
 * Technophilia
 * Uniformitarianism (science)
 * Working class culture

And here are some things I don't like:

 * Capitalism
 * Fascism
 * Neoliberalism
 * Objectivist philosophy
 * Pathological skepticism
 * Racism
 * Scientism

title: User:Albamuth


text:
Edmund Morgan (historian)

Edmund Sears Morgan (January 17, 1916 – July 8, 2013) was an American historian and an authority on early American history. He was the Sterling Professor of History at Yale University, where he taught from 1955 to 1986. He specialized in American colonial history, with some attention to English history. Thomas S. Kidd says he was noted for his incisive writing style, "simply one of the best academic prose stylists America has ever produced." He covered many topics, including Puritanism, political ideas, the American Revolution, slavery, historiography, family life, and numerous notables such as Benjamin Franklin.

Early life and education
Morgan was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the second child of Edmund Morris Morgan and Elsie Smith Morgan. His mother was from a Yankee family that practiced Christian Science, though she distanced herself from that faith. His father, descended from Welsh coal miners, taught law at the University of Minnesota. His sister was Roberta Mary Morgan (later Wohlstetter), also a historian and, like Edmund, a winner of the Bancroft Prize.

In 1925, the family moved from Washington, D.C., to Arlington, Massachusetts, when their father was appointed a professor at Harvard Law School.

Morgan attended Belmont Hill School in Belmont, Massachusetts, and then enrolled at Harvard College, where he initially intended to study English history and literature. But after taking a course in American literature with F. O. Matthiessen, he switched to the new major of American civilization (history and literature), with Perry Miller as his tutor. He received his bachelor's degree from Harvard in 1937. Then, at the urging of the jurist and family friend Felix Frankfurter, Morgan began attending lectures at the London School of Economics.

In 1942, Morgan earned his Ph.D. in the History of American Civilization from Harvard University with Miller as his adviser.

Military service
Although a pacifist, Morgan became convinced after the fall of France in June 1940 that only military force could stop Hitler, and he withdrew his application for conscientious objector status. During World War II, he trained as a machinist at the MIT Radiation Laboratory, where he turned out parts for radar installations.

Personal life and death
In 1939, he married Helen Theresa Mayer, who died in 1982.

Morgan died in New Haven, Connecticut on July 8, 2013, at the age of 97. His cause of death was pneumonia. He was survived by two daughters—Penelope Aubin and Pamela Packard—from his first marriage; his second wife, Marie (née Carpenter) Caskey Morgan, a historian; six grandchildren; and seven great-grandchildren.

Career
In 1946–55, Morgan taught history at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island before becoming a professor at Yale University, where he directed some 60 PhD dissertations in colonial history before retiring in 1986.

As an undergraduate at Harvard, Morgan was profoundly influenced by historian Perry Miller, who became a lifelong friend. Although both were atheists, they had a deep understanding and respect for Puritan religion. From Miller, Morgan learned to appreciate:

"The intellectual rigor and elegance of a system of ideas that made sense of human life in a way no longer palatable to most of us. Certainly not palatable to me... He left me with a habit of taking what people have said at face value unless I find compelling reasons to discount it... What Americans said from the beginning about taxation and just government deserved to be taken as seriously as the Puritans' ideas about God and man."

Morgan's many books and articles covered a range of topics in the history of the colonial and Revolutionary periods, using intellectual, social history, biographical, and political history approaches. Two of his early books, The Birth of the Republic (1956) and The Puritan Dilemma (1958), have for decades been required reading in many undergraduate history courses. His works include American Slavery, American Freedom (1975), which won the Society of American Historians' Francis Parkman Prize, the Southern Historical Association's Charles S. Sydnor Prize and the American Historical Association's Albert J. Beveridge Award, and Inventing the People: The Rise of Popular Sovereignty in England and America (1988), which won Columbia University's Bancroft Prize in American History in 1989. Morgan has written a biography of Benjamin Franklin of which he made extensive use of The Papers of Benjamin Franklin and has written about at length. He has also written biographies on Ezra Stiles and Roger Williams.

Puritans
Morgan's trio The Puritan Family: Religion and Domestic Relations in 17th-Century New England (1944), The Puritan Dilemma (1958), and Visible Saints: The History of a Puritan Idea (1963) restored the intellectual respectability of the Puritans, and exposed their appetite for healthy sex, causing a renaissance in Puritan studies, partly because both Morgan and his mentor Miller were Ivy League atheist professors, which added to their credibility. Visible Saints, dedicated to Miller, was a reinterpretation of the Puritan ideal of the "Church of the Elect." Morgan argued that the criterion for church membership was not fixed in England. Soon after their arrival, the Puritans changed membership to a gathered church composed exclusively of tested Saints.

Morgan's 1958 book The Puritan Dilemma raised his notability, and the book became the most assigned textbook in U.S. history survey courses, documenting the change in understanding among Puritans of what it means to be a member of a church. Morgan described the Puritan as "doing right in a world that does wrong...Caught between the ideals of God's Law and the practical needs of the people, John Winthrop walked a line few could tread."

American Revolution
In The Stamp Act Crisis (1953) and The Birth of the Republic (1956) Morgan rejected the Progressive interpretation of the American Revolution and its assumption that the rhetoric of the Patriots was mere claptrap. Instead Morgan returned to the interpretation first set out by George Bancroft a century before that the patriots were deeply motivated by a commitment to liberty. Historian Mark Egnal argues that:

"The leading neo-Whig historians, Edmund Morgan and Bernard Bailyn, underscore this dedication to whiggish principles, although with variant readings. For Morgan, the development of the patriots' beliefs was a rational, clearly defined process."

Slavery
In his 1975 book American Slavery, American Freedom, Morgan explored "the American paradox, the marriage of slavery and freedom":

"Human relations among us still suffer from the former enslavement of a large portion of our predecessors. The freedom of the free, the growth of freedom experienced in the American Revolution depended more than we like to admit on the enslavement of more than 20 percent of us at that time. How republican freedom came to be supported, at least in large part, by its opposite, slavery, is the subject of this book." Morgan claimed that large Virginia plantation owners exerted an outsized influence on poorer white Virginians and their attitude toward the racial divide (color line) which made it possible for Virginian white men as a group to become more politically equal: ("Aristocrats could more safely preach equality in a slave society than in a free one").

In a controversial passage, Morgan suggests Virginia's poor whites felt no racial superiority to poor blacks. He does this by providing evidence that, in 17th-century Virginia, poor white indentured servants and black slaves frequently cooperated with each other and worked together. Morgan cites the 1676 Bacon's Rebellion as evidence of a surprising racial egalitarianism among the poor, since Bacon incorporated runaway black slaves into his army.

Despite the assertions of such writers as Michelle Alexander, however, Morgan does not state that Bacon's Rebellion was the reason that rich landowners stopped purchasing white indentured servants and started increasing their purchase of black slaves; rather, regional changes in labor economics was the reason black slaves began to replace white servants: during the early 1600s, white servants cost less per unit labor than black slaves did; but by the latter 1600s, the situation reversed itself, and black slaves became the more economical investment. And, as Morgan states, "The planters who bought slaves instead of servants did not do so with any apparent consciousness of the social stability to be gained thereby. Indeed, insofar as Virginians expressed themselves on the subject of slavery, they feared that it would magnify the danger of insurrection in the colony." As events evolved, however, the rising number of black slaves and the virtual end to the importation of indentured servants did stabilize Virginia society. And as time went on, according to Morgan, Virginia politicians learned to further pacify poor whites by fostering a sense of white superiority. "Racism made it possible for white Virginians to develop a devotion to the equality that English republicans had declared to be the soul of liberty. " That is, according to Morgan, white men in Virginia were able to become much more politically equal and cohesive than would have been possible without a population of low-status black slaves.

Anthony S. Parent commented: "American historians of our generation admire Edmund Morgan's American Slavery, American Freedom more than any other monograph. Morgan resuscitated American history by placing black slavery and white freedom as its central paradox."

In 2002 Morgan published a surprise New York Times Bestseller, Benjamin Franklin, which dispels the myth of "a comfortable old gentleman staring out at the world over his half-glasses with benevolent comprehension of everything in it", revealing his true mental makeup.

"With a wisdom about himself that comes only to the great of heart, Franklin knew how to value himself and what he did without mistaking himself for something more than one man among many. His special brand of self-respect required him to honor his fellow men and women no less than himself."

Legacy and impact
After examining his writings, University of North Florida historian wrote David T. Courtwright wrote that:

"They are based on exhaustive research in primary sources; emphasize human agency as against historicist forces; and are written in precise and graceful prose. This combination of rigor, empathy, and lucidity is intended for, and has succeeded in capturing, a broad audience. Morgan is read by secondary school students, undergraduates, and graduate students, as well as by his specialist peers – some sixty of whom were trained in his seminars."

Massachusetts Institute of Technology American history professor Pauline Maier wrote:

"As a historian of colonial and revolutionary America, he was one of the giants of his generation, and a writer who could well have commanded a larger nonacademic audience than I suspect he received. He characteristically took on big issues and had a knack for conveying complex, sophisticated truths in a way that made them seem, if not simple, at least easily understandable."

Brooklyn College history professor Benjamin L. Carp describes Morgan as "one of the great historians of early America, with a formidable influence on academic and popular audiences." Jill Lepore called Morgan "one of the most influential American historians of the 20th century." According to Joseph Ellis, Morgan was "revered" by other members of the profession.

Historian and author William Hogeland affirms Morgan's success in enshrining a "consensus approach" to U.S. history, where colonists' ideas, rather than their possible economic interests, were worthy of inspection by 20th century historians. "He was out to define something essential in the American character and thereby create a new master narrative, and to achieve that end, he concocted a false portrayal of the colonists’ petitions," Hogeland wrote.

The essayist Ta-Nehisi Coates credits Morgan with greatly influencing his own views about race in American history.

Awards and honors
Morgan was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1964 and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1966. In 1971 Morgan was awarded the Yale chapter of Phi Beta Kappa's William Clyde DeVane Medal for outstanding teaching and scholarship, considered one of the most prestigious teaching prizes for Yale faculty. In 1971–1972 Morgan served as president of the Organization of American Historians. In 1972, he became the first recipient of the Douglass Adair Memorial Award for scholarship in early American history, and in 1986 he received the Distinguished Scholar Award of the American Historical Association. He has also won numerous fellowships and garnered a number of honorary degrees and named lectureships. In 1965 he became a Sterling Professor, one of Yale's highest distinctions. Morgan was awarded the 2000 National Humanities Medal by U.S. President Bill Clinton at a ceremony for "extraordinary contributions to American cultural life and thought." In 2006 he received a special Pulitzer Prize "for a creative and deeply influential body of work as an American historian that spans the last half century." In 2008 the American Academy of Arts and Letters honored him with a gold medal for lifetime achievement.

Books

 * The Puritan Family: Religion and Domestic Relations in 17th-Century New England (1944) read online
 * Virginians at Home: Family Life in the Eighteenth Century (1952)
 * The Stamp Act Crisis: Prologue to Revolution (1953), with Helen M. Morgan
 * The Birth of the Republic, 1763–89 (1956; 4th ed. 2012) read online
 * The Puritan Dilemma: The Story of John Winthrop (1958) read online
 * The American Revolution: A Review of Changing Interpretations (1958)
 * The Mirror of the Indian (1958)
 * Editor, Prologue to the Revolution: Sources and Documents on the Stamp Act Crisis, 1764–1766 (1959)
 * The Gentle Puritan: A Life of Ezra Stiles, 1727–1795 (1962) read online
 * The National Experience: A History of the United States (1963) coauthor of textbook; several editions
 * Visible Saints: The History of a Puritan Idea (1963)
 * Editor, The Founding of Massachusetts: Historians and the Sources (1964)
 * The American Revolution: Two Centuries of Interpretation (1965)
 * Puritan Political Ideas, 1558–1794 (1965) read online
 * The Diary of Michael Wigglesworth, 1653–1657: The Conscience of a Puritan (1965)
 * The Puritan Family ([1944] 1966)
 * Roger Williams: The Church and the State (1967) read online
 * So What About History? (1969)
 * American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia (1975)
 * The Meaning of Independence: John Adams, George Washington, and Thomas Jefferson (1976, reprint with new foreword, 2004)
 * The Genius of George Washington (1980)
 * Inventing the People: The Rise of Popular Sovereignty in England and America (1988)
 * Benjamin Franklin (Yale University Press, 2002) read online
 * The Genuine Article: A Historian Looks at Early America (2004), selected review essays from New York Review of Books read online
 * American Heroes: Profiles of Men and Women Who Shaped Early America (2009), biographical essays read online

title: Edmund Morgan (historian)


text:
User:Jengod/List of U.S. counties named after trees

Indirectly

 * Cottonwood County, Minnesota is named after the Cottonwood River, which flows through the county.

 * Box Elder County, Utah
 * Lonoke County, Arkansas
 * Pine County, Minnesota is named after the giant forests of Eastern White Pine and Red (Norway) Pine that flourish in the county.
 * Alameda County, California: Alameda is named for the Spanish word for an avenue shaded by trees or a cottonwood grove.
 * Fresno County, California: Fresno is named for the Spanish word meaning ash tree.


text:
Allington, Kent

Allington is an almost entirely modern village situated alongside the sides of the A20 road west of Maidstone in Kent, England. It is part of the built-up area of Maidstone.

History
The name Allington, which is shared by a hamlet near Lenham, is derived from the Old English tun farmstead; it comes via eleventh-century Elentun and was connected with a man called Ælla.

Allington Castle was originally built in the 11th century. In 1281 the present stone castle was built, which was converted to a mansion in the 15th century. In 1492 the castle came into the possession of the Wyatt family. By the mid-19th century it was derelict, but was restored in 1905; in 1951 it was taken over by the Carmelite order. Today it is owned by Sir Robert Worcester as a private residence and is not open to the public.

The few dwellings around the castle had a population of 49 in 1841. There was a church dedicated to St Laurence which closed in 1969. In the modern village is a modern parish church dedicated to St Nicholas, the second to be built on the site. Furnishings from St Laurence's are used here.

In 1931 the civil parish had a population of 114. On 1 April 1932 the parish was abolished and merged with Maidstone and Boxley. It is now in the unparished area of Maidstone.

Amenities
It has two primary schools, Allington Primary and Palace Wood. The Mid Kent Shopping Centre opened in 1969 and includes a Waitrose supermarket and smaller shops.

Down the hill from St Laurence's Church is the River Medway, Allington Lock and Allington Sluice. There is a footpath over the lock. Below the lock, the Medway becomes tidal. On the other bank is the Malta Inn, and Kent Life museum. A footpath runs from here to Teston. A Park and Sail service (claimed to be the only one in England) operates on the weekends leading up to Christmas. Using the car park and boarding by the Malta Inn, the MV Kentish Lady carries shoppers to Maidstone and back.

The nearby 20/20 industrial park, named after the adjacent M20/A20 junction, includes Allington Quarry Waste Management Facility.

At Poplar Park residents have use of football pitches, tennis courts and a children's play area.

Sports
Castle Colts along with the affiliate club Castle Wanderers are the local football teams. Both play their home games at the ACA. Jon Harley played for Castle Colts in his youth before being scouted by Chelsea.

title: Allington, Kent


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Billy Wagner

William Edward Wagner (born July 25, 1971), nicknamed "Billy the Kid", is an American former professional baseball pitcher who played 16 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB). He pitched for the Houston Astros (1995–2003), Philadelphia Phillies (2004–2005), New York Mets (2006–2009), Boston Red Sox (2009), and Atlanta Braves (2010). Wagner is one of only eight major league relief pitchers to accumulate at least 400 career saves. A left-handed batter and thrower, Wagner stands 5 ft tall and weighs 180 lb.

A natural-born right-hander, Wagner learned to throw left-handed after fracturing his arm twice in his youth. His 11.9 strikeouts per 9 innings pitched ratio (K/9) is the second highest of any major league pitcher with at least 800 innings pitched. He was a seven-time All-Star and the 1999 National League (NL) Rolaids Relief Man Award winner. He finished in the top ten in saves in the NL ten times, and in the top ten in games finished nine times.

Early life
Wagner was born to 16-year-old Yvonne and 18-year-old William “Hotrod” Wagner in Marion, Virginia on July 25, 1971. Wagner's parents divorced in 1976 when he was five years old. Wagner and his younger sister, Chasity, spent the following ten years living with various combinations of their parents, their stepparents, and their grandparents in the general Marion area. During this time, Wagner and his family often relied on food stamps. Wagner described a typical breakfast as a "few crackers with peanut butter and a glass of water."

At seven years old, Wagner's right arm was broken while playing football. Shortly after having the cast removed, he broke the arm again. During this time, Wagner, a natural right-hander, began throwing a baseball left-handed.

At 14 years old, Wagner moved in with his aunt, uncle, and cousins, who lived in the Tannersville/Tazewell area about 25 mi away from Marion. Despite having fallen behind a year in school due to the instability in his home life, Wagner was socially promoted to Tazewell High School because administrators feared he threw hard enough to injure his middle school classmates.

Amateur career
Wagner graduated from Tazewell High School in Tazewell, Virginia, compiling a .451 batting average, 23 stolen bases, 29 runs batted in, 116 strikeouts in 46 innings, a 7-1 pitching record, and a 1.52 ERA in his senior season of baseball. As a senior in high school, Wagner grew to only 5 ft tall and 135 lb and, as a result, could not get attention from Major League Baseball scouts or Division I schools.

Wagner chose to follow his cousin to Ferrum College, a small liberal arts college in Ferrum, Virginia, where they both played baseball and football. Coaches at Ferrum encouraged Wagner to focus on baseball and he would eventually take their advice and stop playing football.

Wagner set single-season NCAA records for strikeouts per nine innings, with $19 1/3$ in 1992, and the fewest hits allowed per nine innings, with 1.88. After the 1992 season, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Brewster Whitecaps of the Cape Cod Baseball League (CCBL), was named the league's outstanding pro prospect, and is a member of the CCBL Hall of Fame class of 2022.

In 2012, Wagner was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame.

Minor leagues and early major league career: 1993−97
Wagner was selected in the first round of the Major League Baseball draft in June 1993 by the Houston Astros. He pitched exclusively as a starting pitcher in Minor League Baseball for the Quad Cities River Bandits, until his major league debut. In 1994, Wagner led all North American minor league pitchers in strikeouts, with 204. Wagner made his first Major League appearance with the Astros, as a late-season promotion from AAA baseball, on September 12, 1995, pitching against one batter late in a 10–5 defeat by the New York Mets. This was his only opportunity to pitch for the Astros that season.

Wagner began in 1996, once again in the minor leagues as a starting pitcher, but he finished the season by becoming a relief pitcher for the Astros. He accumulated a 6–2 record with a 3.28 ERA, in twelve starts for the AAA Tucson Toros. His baseball contract was purchased by the Astros on June 2, 1996, and Wagner was then assigned exclusively as a short-relief pitcher by the Astros manager. He finished the Major League season with nine saves in 13 opportunities, allowed 28 hits, and he struck out 67 hitters in $51 2/3$ innings – giving him a rate of 11.7 strikeouts per nine innings pitched. His opponents had a batting average of .165 against him.

In 1997, Wagner played his first full season in the Major Leagues. He accumulated 23 saves from 29 save opportunities, and he struck out 106 batters in $66 1/3$ innings. This set a Major League record of 14.4 strikeouts per nine innings, which broke the old record of 14.1 set by the former Cincinnati Reds relief pitcher Rob Dibble in 1992 (with 110 strikeouts in $70 1/3$ innings).

Wagner struck out the side 13 times in his 66 innings pitched, and his season total of 106 strikeouts set a Houston Astros record for relief pitchers.

1998−99
In 1998, Wagner posted a 4–3 record with a 2.70 ERA and 97 strikeouts in 60 innings pitched. He saved 30 games, which was the third-best single season in team history. He converted 19 consecutive save chances between his first blown save against the Los Angeles Dodgers, on April 12, and then his second one facing the St. Louis Cardinals on July 11.

On July 15, 1998, while protecting an 8–7 lead over the Arizona Diamondbacks, Wagner was struck by a batted ball on the left side of his head behind his ear. Wagner was alert and conscious on the ground, and his vital signs remained good. He was carried off the baseball diamond on a stretcher, and it was found that he had suffered a concussion. He spent the night in the hospital. On the next day, he flew home to Houston, and he was also immediately placed on baseball's 15-day disabled list. Wagner worked on his balance and coordination for weeks before he was cleared by the team physicians to embark on a rehabilitation assignment with a minor-league team. After pitching there in three games, Wagner was recalled to the Astros on August 6, and he completed the rest of the baseball season there without incident. The Astros won a franchise-best 102 games while winning the National League Central division title and leading the league in runs scored. Their season ended with a defeat at the hands of the San Diego Padres in the National League Division Series.

Wagner captured the 1999 Relief Man of the Year Award in the National League. He saved 39 games and struck out 124 in 74 innings (15 strikeouts per 9 innings). Wagner posted a 4–1 record with an ERA of 1.57 and had more saves than hits allowed (in $74 2/3$ innings, he allowed 35 hits).

2000−03
The 2000 season started off in typical fashion for Wagner, who saved three of the Astros' first four wins while retiring 16 of the first 20 batters he faced. However, after recording a save on May 4 against the Chicago Cubs, he suffered back-to-back blown saves on May 12–13 against the Reds. While he was still occasionally throwing 100 m.p.h. as measured by radar, he was not throwing his slider at 85–90 m.p.h. as often as he had been previously. Wagner continued to struggle before going on the disabled list with a torn flexor tendon in his pitching arm and would miss the final three and a half months of the season. He finished with a 2–4 record, a 6.18 ERA, and six saves in 15 opportunities, striking out 28 and walking 18 in $7 2/3$ innings. He would rebound in 2001. Coming off elbow surgery, he posted a record of 2–5 with 39 saves in 41 chances and an ERA of 2.73. He was one of the leading candidates for The Sporting News Comeback Player of the Year Award in the National League. In $62 2/3$ innings, he struck out 79 hitters.

In 2002, Wagner went 4–2 with a 2.52 ERA, 88 strikeouts, and 35 saves in 75 innings. Then, he enjoyed his best season in 2003, when he reached career-highs in saves (44), innings pitched (86) and games (78), and got 105 strikeouts while leading the league in games finished. In that year, he also cemented his status as the hardest-throwing man in baseball by leading the major leagues with 159 pitches at 100 mph or above. Second on the list was starter Bartolo Colón with 12.

On June 11, 2003, Wagner closed out a no-hitter thrown by a record six pitchers against the New York Yankees.

Following the World Series, Wagner criticized the Astros front office for not building a playoff worthy team. On November 3, Billy Wagner was informed that he had been traded to the Philadelphia Phillies.

Philadelphia Phillies

Wagner was traded to Philadelphia before the 2004 season, only to have his season shortened by a strain in his hand. He had the best ERA of his career in 2005 and again led the league in games finished. Wagner became a free agent after the 2005 season and signed a four-year, $43 million contract and a one-year club option with the New York Mets.

In a May 7, 2006 interview, Wagner stated that he was confronted by all of his former Phillies teammates in September 2005 after he had criticized their performance in the media by repeatedly saying that the Phillies had "no chance" of making the playoffs (which proved accurate, as the Phillies lost out on the playoffs by one game); Phillies left fielder Pat Burrell reported called Wagner a "rat." The confrontation reportedly was one of several factors that drove Wagner from Philadelphia in the 2005–2006 offseason.

New York Mets
Wagner finished 2006 with 40 saves and a 2.24 ERA and recorded his milestone 300th career save. His performance contributed to the Mets' first division championship in 18 years. However, he did not have a good post-season: he recorded three saves, but he lost one game and allowed six runs in the $5 2/3$ innings that he pitched – an ERA of 10.40.

Wagner had a good first half of the season in 2007. He was successful in 17 out of 18 save chances, and his ERA was 1.94. July was his best month, when he recorded eight saves in eight chances; did not allow a run scored; and he won the D.H.L. "Delivery Man of the Month" Award. During that month, Wagner's ERA was 0.00, he gave up two hits, and he pitched enough innings to be equivalent to a complete game pitched. His performance earned him a slot on the National League All-Star Team.

The second half of Wagner's baseball season was not nearly as successful. He converted 13 out of 17 save chances, and his ERA was 3.90. Wagner's pitching performance declined during the final two months of the season. On August 30, Wagner failed to save the crucial fourth game of a four-game series between the Phillies and Mets. The final result was four-game sweep by the Phillies. This sweep turned out to be the difference in the season: the Mets finished one game behind the Phillies at the end of the regular season, completing a seven-game collapse. One more win against the Phillies would have allowed the Mets to win the division that year.

Wagner had an ERA of 6.23 in August of that season, and he suffered from back spasms during September.

On May 15, 2008, Wagner issued a tirade full of profanity against his teammates and coaches following the Mets' 1–0 loss in a game against the Washington Nationals. Some people have speculated that this was directed in particular toward his teammates Carlos Beltrán and Carlos Delgado about their not being available for interviews with the press following games. However, Wagner's pitching performance in April, May, and June was good enough to find him chosen by the All-Star Game's National League manager for his pitching staff.

During this All-Star Game, Wagner, pitching late in the game, surrendered a game-tying double to the American league's third baseman, Evan Longoria, and then the National League lost the ballgame in 15 innings.

In September 2008, the Mets announced that Wagner had torn the ulnar collateral ligament of his left elbow and also his flexor pronator tendon. These injuries required Tommy John surgery. This surgery, and its recovery, put Wagner out of play for a calendar year.

Wagner had a guaranteed-payment baseball contract, and he was paid a total of $10.5 million by the Mets in 2009. For the baseball year 2010, his contract gave the Mets an option to pay him $8 million for the season, or else to pay him $1 million to terminate the contract.

In the news conference following the announcement of his major elbow injury, Wagner vowed that he would return to playing Major League Baseball. Although he had previously stated that he would not pitch anymore following 2009, Wagner amended this by saying that he did not wish to end his baseball career in this fashion – ending it on a major injury. He also said that he had dreams of winning a World Series, and also of reaching a total of about 420 saves in his career.

However, Wagner stated furthermore that he had "played his last [baseball] game as a Met". Wagner explained that it would not make good business sense for the Mets to guarantee him $8 million for 2009, pitching or not pitching.

Despite these statements, Wagner remained on the Mets' 40-man roster on the disabled list at the beginning of the season in 2009, and still drawing his salary. He pitched for the first time in 2009 for the Mets late in the season on August 20, in a game against the Atlanta Braves. He pitched one inning with two strikeouts and giving up no hits or walks.

Boston Red Sox

On August 21, 2009, it was reported that the Boston Red Sox claimed Wagner off waivers from the Mets. After initial reports suggested Wagner would invoke his no-trade clause to veto a trade, he agreed to be traded on August 25 for Chris Carter and Eddie Lora, with the added stipulation that the Red Sox could not exercise his $8 million option for 2010, but could offer him salary arbitration. The Red Sox did offer Wagner arbitration, but he declined so the Red Sox received the first-round draft pick from the team that signed Wagner (Atlanta Braves) and a sandwich pick in the 2010 rookie draft. His only victory in a Red Sox uniform came on September 9, against the Orioles.

Atlanta Braves
On December 2, 2009, Wagner and the Atlanta Braves agreed on a one-year contract worth $7 million that included a $6.5 million vesting option for the 2011 season. On April 30, 2010, Wagner revealed that he would retire at the end of the 2010 season to spend more time with his family. In a game against the Detroit Tigers on June 25, Wagner achieved his 400th career save. After the game, he told reporters that he still planned to retire after the 2010 season. On July 11, Wagner was selected as an injury replacement to the 2010 National League All-Star roster, which he declined due to an ankle injury.

He played his final regular season game on October 3, 2010, and struck out the final four batters he faced – the last three of whom struck out looking. He concluded his final major league regular season with a career-best 1.43 ERA. Wagner made his final major league appearance on October 8 in Game 2 of the 2010 National League Division Series against the San Francisco Giants. Wagner suffered an injury to his left oblique and left the game after facing just two batters. The Braves eventually lost the series before Wagner could recover.

Post-playing career
Wagner retired to Crozet, Virginia, following the 2010 season.

On February 12, 2011, Wagner reiterated his intention to retire, stating, "I'm totally content with not playing baseball," Wagner said. "I love watching it, I love talking about it. If I miss anything, it would be some of the guys I played with and actually competing on the field, but other than that, you can keep it."

On March 30, 2011, the Braves officially released Wagner. Billy Wagner is currently the Baseball Coach for The Miller School of Albemarle in Virginia. He coached against his high school alma mater and his own high school coach on April 6, 2013. The Mavericks won the 2017 and 2018 Virginia Independent Schools Athletic Association Division II championship.

Career perspective
Of all pitchers with at least 800 innings pitched, Wagner's 11.9 K/9 and 33.2% strikeout rate total batters faced are both the highest in major league history. Opposing batters hit for only a .187 average against him, lowest in MLB history with 800+ innings pitched. Wagner also has the lowest hits per nine innings ratio (H/9) in history, for pitchers with 800+ innings, allowing 5.99 hits per nine innings. In 2019, Wagner was inducted into the National College Baseball Hall of Fame.

National Baseball Hall of Fame consideration
Wagner has appeared on balloting for the National Baseball Hall of Fame since 2016 when he received 10.5% of the vote, well short of the 75% required for election, but above the 5% minimum required to remain on the ballot. His support has increased from 46.4% on the 2021 ballot to 51.0% on the 2022 ballot and 68.1% of the 2023 ballot. On the 2024 ballot, Wagner's ninth and penultimate year on the ballot, he received 73.8% of the vote, falling just five votes shy of the threshold.

title: Billy Wagner


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Category:American jurists

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title: Category:American jurists