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Wikipedia:Request directory

The following is a list of interactive forums and inquiry pages for English Wikipedia. Please select the noticeboard or request page most closely connected to the query you have as described below.

For a listing of ongoing discussions and current requests, see the dashboard. For other useful directories and indexes, see the directory page.

General

 * Help desk – for asking questions about how to use or edit Wikipedia.
 * Teahouse – for new editors to become accustomed to and ask questions about editing.
 * Edit requests – where editors can request for edits they cannot or should not make themselves to be made to a page.

Copyright

 * Copyright assistance – a page that serves as a directory of copyright resources on Wikipedia.
 * Requesting copyright permission – a guide for asking permission to use other people's work in Wikipedia.
 * Media copyright questions – the places for help with image copyrights, tagging, non-free content, and related questions

Other

 * Scalable vector graphics help – a page to ask questions about SVG formatting.

General knowledge questions

 * Reference desks – provides a central compilation of the boards as listed below where you can ask questions about any topic except Wikipedia itself. The editors there will try to answer your questions, or point you in the direction of the information you need.
 * Computing – to ask about computing, information technology, electronics, software and hardware.
 * Entertainment – to ask about sports, popular culture, movies, music, video games, and TV shows.
 * Humanities – to ask about history, politics, literature, religion, philosophy, law, finance, economics, art, and society.
 * Language – to ask about spelling, grammar, word etymology, language usage, and translations.
 * Mathematics – to ask about mathematics, geometry, probability, and statistics.
 * Science – to ask about biology, chemistry, physics, medicine, geology, engineering and technology.
 * (Miscellaneous) – to ask about anything that is not listed above.

Content creation

 * Requested articles – a page that explains how to request an article.
 * Requested lists – a page that explains how to request a list style article.
 * Requested templates – a page that explains how to request the creation of a template.
 * Requested redirects – a page that explains how to request a page redirect.
 * Requested categories – a page that explains how to request a category.

Media

 * Requested recordings – a page that explains how to request all types of recordings.
 * Requested pictures – a page that explains how to request still images.

Feedback

 * Peer reviews – a page that explains how to request comprehensive review of articles.

Renaming of pages (Moves)

 * Requested page moves – a page that explains how to request page renaming.
 * Move review – a page for contesting page moves/ move requests that have already been closed.

Other

 * Bot assistance – a page that explains how to request assistance with automated bots.
 * Translations – a page that explains how to request translations of articles.
 * Page importation – a page that explains how to request information for sister projects.
 * History merge – a page that explains how to request a history merge.
 * Resource Requests – a page dedicated to organizing and sharing the vast resources available to Wikipedians, to aid in verification.
 * Feedback request service – a voluntary service to increase awareness of Requests for Comments (RFCs) and other discussions on Wikipedia.

User accounts and user rights related

 * Requesting an account – a place where users who cannot create an account themselves may request an account be created for them.
 * Renaming your account – a place where users may request an account renaming.
 * Usurping another account – a place where users may request to take over a dormant username.
 * User permissions – a page for requesting rollback, reviewer, file mover, account creator, confirmed, and autopatrolled rights.

Dispute related

 * Dispute resolution – provides a central compilation of the boards as listed below to help resolve conflicts.
 * Third opinion – for disputes between two editors to receive an outside opinion.
 * Requests for comment – the place to go to get outside input on issues from a broad number of users.
 * Dispute resolution noticeboard – used as a "first step" in solving content issues.
 * Arbitration – the "last resort" for conduct issues when all other avenues are exhausted, issues binding rulings.
 * Noticeboards – Wikipedia noticeboards are pages where editors can ask questions and request assistance from people who are familiar with the policies and guidelines covered by each individual board.
 * Conflict of interest – for determining whether a specific editor has a conflict of interest.
 * External links – reporting possible breaches of the external links policy.
 * Neutrality – for reporting issues regarding whether article content is compliant with the Neutral Point of View policy.
 * Original research – for requesting input on possible problems of original research.
 * Sources – for posting questions regarding whether particular sources are reliable in context.

Disruptive editing

 * Administrators – for posting information and issues that affect administrators.
 * Edit warring – for reporting active edit warriors and recent violations of the three-revert rule.
 * Incidents – for reporting and discussing incidents that require the intervention of administrators and experienced editors.
 * Vandalism – for reporting about obvious and persistent vandals and spammers.

Technical and procedural

 * Village pump – main directory divided into boards by topic as seen below, to discuss the technical issues, policies, and operations of Wikipedia.
 * Policy – to discuss changes to existing and proposed policies.
 * Proposals – to discuss new proposals that are not policy-related.
 * Technical – to discuss technical issues. For bug reports and feature requests of MediaWiki, please use phabricator.wikimedia.org
 * Idea lab – to discuss ideas before proposing them to the community and attempt to find solutions to common issues.
 * Miscellaneous – to post messages that do not fit into any other categories listed above.
 * Lua requests – a page to request help from Lua developers in writing a Lua module.
 * Database query – a page to request database queries for certain criteria.

Administration related

 * Adminship – a page that explains how to apply to become an administrator.
 * Nomination – a page that explains how to get help with the administrator application process.
 * Administrator attention – a listing of all the pages where administrators can be made aware of ongoing problems.
 * Active sanctions – a page lists the currently active sanctions imposed through the arbitration process.
 * CheckUser – a page that explains how to get help with users using multiple accounts.
 * Oversight – a page for urgent, enhanced deletion process for removing edits that breach privacy or defame somebody.
 * Page protection – a page for asking for article protection.
 * Undeletion – a page that describes the process for restoring pages or files that were uncontroversially deleted via proposed deletion.

Special services
In addition to the pages listed above alternative interactive help services are available as described below.
 * and a volunteer will visit you there. Or place  then your question  on a talk page, preferably your talk page, a volunteer will assist you there! (Helpers can find you at Category:Wikipedians looking for help.)
 * If your help request specifically requires administrator assistance, use the  template on a talk page. (Administrators can find you at Wikipedians looking for help from administrators.)
 * You can join the #wikipedia-en-help IRC chat room for live assistance.
 * Adopt-a-User is where you can find experienced editors that "adopt" new users and mentor them.
 * Contact Wikipedia is a page that describes how and where to contact Wikipedia directly for a variety of reasons.

title: Wikipedia:Request directory


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Jay Greenberg (composer)

Jay "Bluejay" Greenberg (born December 13, 1991) is an American composer and former child prodigy who entered the Juilliard School in 2002 at age 10.

Life and work
Greenberg was born in New Haven, Connecticut. He caught the attention of the American media through the sponsorship of Juilliard instructor Samuel Zyman during a CBS News 60 Minutes broadcast on November 28, 2004, when Greenberg was 12, and again in November 2006. Zyman told 60 Minutes, "We are talking about a prodigy of the level of the greatest prodigies in history, when it comes to composition. I am talking about the likes of Mozart, and Mendelssohn, and Saint-Saëns."

Greenberg's primary composition instructor was Samuel Adler.

He composes primarily on his computer using a music notation program and is mostly known for his work Overture to 9-11 about the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, which was featured on PRI's From the Top. On 9/11, he was living in Republic of Macedonia but has since returned to the United States. Neither his father, Robert Greenberg, a professor of Slavic languages at Yale University nor his Israeli-born mother have musical backgrounds, but Greenberg found himself attracted to music from an early age, having begun playing the cello when he was two years old.

Greenberg has said he hears the music performed inside his head, like many composers, and often several musical pieces simultaneously, and he is then able to simply notate what he has listened to, and rarely needs to make corrections to what he has notated.

The Sony Classical label released his first CD on August 15, 2006; it includes his Symphony No. 5 and String Quintet as performed by the London Symphony Orchestra under the direction of José Serebrier and by the Juilliard String Quartet with cellist Darrett Adkins respectively.

On October 28, 2007, Joshua Bell gave the premiere of Greenberg's Violin Concerto at Carnegie Hall, performing with the Orchestra of St. Luke's.

The 2011 contemporary classical album Troika includes Jay Greenberg's song "I still keep mute", setting a poem by Vladimir Nabokov.

Greenberg's works are published by G. Schirmer.

As of 2012 Greenberg was majoring in music at Peterhouse, Cambridge.

As of 2016 he was pursuing a DMus degree at the University of Auckland, New Zealand, under the supervision of Eve de Castro-Robinson.

Compositions
Greenberg's compositions include the following:

Orchestral

 * Symphony No. 5 (2005)
 * Intelligent Life (2006)
 * Skyline Dances - A Terpsichorean Couplet (2009) (commissioned by a consortium of youth orchestras)

Concertante

 * Concerto for Piano Trio and Orchestra (2007)
 * Violin Concerto (2007), commissioned by Joshua Bell

Chamber works

 * String Quintet (2004)
 * Sonata for violoncello and piano (2004)
 * Hexalogue for wind quintet and piano (2005)
 * Four Scenes for double string quartet (2008)
 * Quintet for Brass, op. 25 (2012)

Stage works

 * Neon Refracted: Ballet for chamber orchestra (2009), commissioned by New York City Ballet

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jay Greenberg (composer)


text: Category:Colonial government in America

title: Category:Colonial government in America


text: User talk:66.191.53.199

title: User talk:66.191.53.199


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Limited war

A limited war is one in which the belligerents do not expend all of the resources at their disposal, whether human, industrial, agricultural, military, natural, technological, or otherwise in a specific conflict. This may be to preserve those resources for other purposes, or because it might be more difficult for the participants to use all of an area's resources rather than part of them. Limited war is the opposite concept to total war.

American Indians
Many American Indians practiced limited warfare or similar behaviors. Eastern groups at the time of contact with Europeans often would not kill all enemies but would capture many for adoption to replenish their own populations. That is related to mourning wars. The Aztec did flower wars to keep subordinate nations symbolically defeated and capture sacrificial victims, who were symbolically adopted. The wars left noncombatants and materials without risk of physical harm.

Crimean War
For the Crimean War, British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston decided to fight a limited war against Russia since waging a total war would have required massive reform of the armed forces.

Korean War
At the beginning of the Korean War, US President Harry S. Truman and General Douglas MacArthur strongly disagreed with each other. Truman believed in the containment of North Korea north of the 38th parallel. MacArthur pressed for the destroying and routing (rollback) of North Korea. The disagreement escalated to the end of MacArthur's command and career after he had exasperated and frustrated Truman's limited war policy. Truman gave the following reasons for the policy:

"The Kremlin [Soviet Union] is trying, and has been trying for a long time, to drive a wedge between us and the other nations. It wants to see us isolated. It wants to see us distrusted. It wants to see us feared and hated by our allies. Our allies agree with us in the course we are following. They do not believe that we should take the initiative to widen the conflict in the Far East. If the United States were to widen the conflict, we might well have to go it alone.... If we go it alone in Asia, we may destroy the unity of the free nations against aggression. Our European allies are nearer Russia than we are. They are in far greater danger.... Going it alone brought the world to the disaster of World War II.... I do not propose to strip this country of its allies in the face of Soviet danger. The path of collected security is our only sure defense against the dangers that threaten us."

Vietnam War
The concept of limited war was also used in the Vietnam War by the United States under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson as part of a strategy to contain the spread of communism without provoking a wider confrontation with the Soviet Union. Richard Barnet, who quit the State Department in 1963 after because he disagreed with Kennedy's incremental Vietnam escalation, described his misgivings in 1968: "The President had rejected major military intervention as a conscious policy, but he had set in force the bureaucratic momentum that would make it a certainty."

War of Attrition
The War of Attrition, fought between Israel and Egypt from 1967 to 1970, mostly consisted of artillery shelling, aerial warfare, and small-scale raids.

Falklands War
Often seen as a "textbook example of a limited war - limited in time, in location, in objectives and in means," the Falklands War was fought over the course of 10 weeks and ended with just over 1000 casualties on both sides.

NATO bombing of Yugoslavia
The NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, part of the Kosovo War, was a limited war for NATO, which predominantly used a large-scale air campaign to destroy Yugoslav military infrastructure from high altitudes.

Second Sino Indian War
The Second Sino-Indian War was fought in 1967 between China and India in the Sikkim sector of the Line of Actual Control. It is also known as the 1967 Nathu La and Cho La clashes.

title: Limited war


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Teymur Bakhtiar

Teymur Bakhtiar (1914 – 12 August 1970) was an Iranian general and the founder and head of SAVAK from 1956 to 1961 when he was dismissed by the Shah. In 1970, SAVAK agents assassinated him in Iraq.

He was an asset in the British military network in Iran.

Early life
Bakhtiar was born in 1914 to Sardar Moazzam Bakhtiari, a chieftain of the eminent Bakhtiari tribe. He studied at a French school in Beirut (many Iranians were Francophiles at the time: e. g. Amir Abbas Hoveyda and General Hassan Pakravan) from 1928 to 1933, whereupon he was accepted to the renowned Saint-Cyr military academy. After returning to Iran, he graduated from Tehran's Military Academy. His cousin, Shapour Bakhtiar, and he went together to both Beirut and Paris for higher education.

Then he was made a first lieutenant and dispatched to Zahedan. Bakhtiar's first wife was Iran Khanom, the daughter of the Bakhtiari chieftain Sardar-e Zafar. Their daughter, Golnar, married Kambiz Yazdanpanah, the son of Morteza Yazdanpanah, in Tehran in 1960. At that time, the Bakhtiaris were extremely influential; Muhammad Reza Shah's second wife, Soraya Esfandiary Bakhtiari, and the Shah's last prime minister, Shapour Bakhtiar, were both related to Teymour Bakhtiar.

Military career
After World War II when the USSR refused to withdraw its troops from Iran, the separatist movement intensified in a number of regions of the country. In 1946, having received the relevant order of the Shah's government, Teymur took part in pacifying the Khamseh region. He organized a kind of guerrilla struggle against soldiers of the Red Army and the separatist movement, as a result of which many separatist fighters were killed in clashes with pro-Shah forces. Suppressing the armed resistance of the nomadic Khamseh tribes, the government sent him as governor to Zahedan.

Bakhtiar rose rapidly in Iran's military after the fall of Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadeq in 1953. A close associate of Prime Minister Fazlollah Zahedi, he was promoted to military governor of Tehran. One of his first major successes was the capture and trial of Mossadeq's minister of foreign affairs, Hossein Fatemi, who had actively fought the military government that succeeded Mossadegh's period in office.

Bakhtiar waged an extensive campaign against the communist Tudeh party; he arrested and had 24 Tudeh leaders summarily tried and executed, including Khalil Tahmasebi, the assassin of former Prime Minister Ali Razmara. For these accomplishments, he was appointed modern Iran's youngest three-star general in 1954.

From August 1953 to Autumn 1954, about 660 of the most ardent supporters of the ousted prime minister were arrested. Of these, 130 were former employees of the oil enterprises in Abadan. A significant part of the arrested officers were members of the Tudeh party. All those who escaped execution were sentenced to various years in prison. On 19 October 1954, the death sentence of the first group of officers from Tudeh was carried out. On 30 October, the second group of Tudeh officers consisting of 6 people were shot. On 8 November, the third group of 5 people were shot, and on 10 November, by the verdict of a military tribunal, Hossein Fatemi was executed. Before being executed, he was brutally tortured.

With the full support of the Shah's court and the West, the new government brought down brutal repressions against members of the pro-Mossadegh and leftist organizations, figures known for their anti-monarchist views. The government managed to break almost all the military and political resistance of the opposition. Throughout 1953, minor scattered armed protests by opposition representatives against the military government continued. In the spring of 1954, ayatollah Abol-Ghasem Kashani, publicist Seyyed Hossein Makki, and other opposition leaders made an attempt to organize mass protests against the Zahedi government. However, the demonstrations that began at their call did not lead to a change in the existing situation. By that time, the court and the government had become masters of the situation, having established full control over the army, police and gendarmerie, strengthening the Shah's imperial guard.

Head of SAVAK
Bakhtiar was made head of the newly formed intelligence and security service SAVAK in February 1956. He ruthlessly crushed any opposition to the regime, including communists, socialists, and Islamists.

Under the General Bakhtiar, SAVAK turned into an effective secret agency of internal security to combat the enemies of the monarchical regime of the Pahlavi dynasty.

After Prime Minister Jafar Sharif-Emami was forced to resign in May 1961 due to ongoing demonstrations against large-scale rigging in the parliamentary elections, Teymur Bakhtiar hoped to become the new Prime Minister. Shah made a bet on Ali Amini. General Bakhtiar then contacted the US Embassy in order to enlist their support for a "coup" against Amini. A surprised American ambassador informed the Shah about Bakhtiar's plans. Soon Bakhtiar was removed from his post as head of SAVAK and was sent abroad.

Fall
With the appointment of Ali Amini as prime minister in 1961, the Shah began to distrust Bakhtiar. Amini warned the Shah of Bakhtiar's contacts with John F. Kennedy, and Bakhtiar was dismissed in 1961. Amini was a Kennedy supporter and was dismissed in 1962 partly because of the Shah's growing distrust of Kennedy.

Initially from his self chosen exile in Geneva, Bakhtiar retaliated by establishing contacts with Iranian dissidents in Europe, Iraq, and Lebanon, using the contacts he had built during his time at SAVAK.

Bakhtiar arrived in Lebanon on 12 April 1968, and was arrested in May for "arms smuggling". Lebanese officials then informed the Iranian embassy in Beirut. As Iranian courts harassed Bakhtiar on charges of high treason, the Iranian government asked the Lebanese government on 13 May to transfer Bakhtiar to Iranian judicial authorities. The Iranian request was based on the principle of cooperation between the judiciary and the Lebanese criminal code regarding extradition of criminals. But Bakhtiar managed to get out of prison and emigrate to Iraq. In 1969, the Iranian parliament passed a law under which Teymur Bakhtiar was deprived of all military ranks, and all his movable and immovable property were confiscated.

He met not only Ayatollah Khomeini but also Reza Radmanesh, the General Secretary of the Tudeh Party, and Mahmud Panahian, the "War Minister" of autonomy-seeking state Azerbaijan People's Government, that had emerged briefly after the Soviet forces withdrew from Iran, following World War II. The Shah issued a warrant for Bakhtiar's arrest, but the general sought refuge in Iraq.

On 12 August 1970, during a hunting party, he was shot and killed by an Iranian Savak agent, feigning to be a sympathizer. As a cover for the plot, the assassin and a colleague had hijacked an Iranian passenger plane, forcing it to land in Baghdad. Disguised as dissidents of the Iranian government, the two assassins duped the Iraqi regime and gained access to Teymur Bakhtiar and his entourage. The truth behind these circumstances emerged only years later. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi himself has been quoted as claiming the assassination a personal success. In an Interview with the French author and biographer, Gérard de Villiers, the Shah publicly made a statement to this effect.

Bahktiar's would be assassin was a trusted person, living on the premises of Bakhtiar mansion in Baghdad and could have had the General assassinated at a much earlier time. However, the chances for escape were slim, as Teymur Bakhtiar was a VIP guest of the Iraqi government and was both watched and protected by Iraqi bodyguards.

Bakhtiar's murder was investigated at the highest level. There was only one assassin. Once out hunting in the field, the assassin fired a shot at him with a pistol, hitting him in the shoulder, thus making Bakhtiar drop his rifle. Immediately, Bakhtiar's Iraqi bodyguard attempted to shoot the assassin with an AK-47, but was shot in the forehead first. The general reached for his revolver with his left hand, but was shot 5 times in the torso and left hand by the assassin. Bakhtiar was taken to hospital and underwent surgery, but died shortly thereafter from massive internal bleeding.

The assassin quickly left the scene, heading towards the Iranian border. He fell unconscious several kilometers before reaching the border crossing, due to the heat. He was captured by an Iraqi border patrol and taken to Baghdad alive. His fate remains unknown. It is also not known where he obtained his small-arms training as well as the pistol used.

title: Teymur Bakhtiar


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Toastmaster (songwriter)

Toastmaster (songwriter) was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

Toastmaster (songwriter)
Stumbled across this while creating the George Jessel article. Seems of quite marginal notability. 107 Google hits for the name "Grant Huling". -- Decumanus 03:15, 2004 Nov 30 (UTC)
 * Delete: (We have an article on Georgie Jessel?)  There is an additional problem with this article, aside from lack of notability of the person in question, and that's that the term "toastmaster" was used in the ska music scene for the person called an "MC" in rap.  The reason that's a problem is that "Toastmaster (musician)" would logically discuss the term and its development and personnel (Ranking Roger, e.g.), and "Toastmaster (songwriter)" is both too narrow and too misleading.  However, the reason for deletion is vanity. Geogre 16:02, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I'm usually rather generous with my tolerant votes for articles about little-known artists, but this one reeks more of vanity than artistic expression. Wyss 12:19, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:68.39.181.120

title: User talk:68.39.181.120


text:
User:Tom.~enwiki

Hi there,

I will be back for more later.

Thanks.

Tom.

title: User:Tom.~enwiki


text:
Hiroaki Hirata

Hiroaki Hirata (平田 広明) is a Japanese actor, voice actor and narrator. He is the founder of Hirata Production Japan.

He is best known for voicing Vinsmoke Sanji in One Piece. His other known roles include Sha Gojyo in Saiyuki, Kotetsu T. Kaburagi in Tiger & Bunny, Klein in Sword Art Online, Vergil in the Devil May Cry series, Mutta Nanba in Space Brothers, Leomon in Digimon Adventure, George Kodama in Kaze no Yojimbo and Mr. Kondo in After the Rain. He is also the official Japanese dub-over artist for Johnny Depp, Matt Damon, Noah Wyle and Matt LeBlanc. In addition, he dubbed many roles of Jude Law, Ewan McGregor, and Josh Hartnett.

Career
After graduating from Toshima High School, Hirata attended the Subaru Theater School and then joined Theatre Company Subaru. His first stage performance was in A Midsummer Night's Dream in 1986. While he was working as a stage actor, his manager at the time asked him if he was interested in becoming a voice actor, and he auditioned. Since then, he has dubbed for many Western movies and has worked in animation.

In 2011, he played the main character Kotetsu T. Kaburagi in the anime Tiger & Bunny and won the 11th Tokyo Anime Award for Best Voice Actor and the 6th Seiyu Awards for Best Actor in leading role. In the same year, he left Theater Company Subaru, where he had worked for 27 years, and started a new company, Hirata Production Japan.

On January 9, 2017, Hirata was chosen 25th in the 3-hour voice actor general election special that broadcast on TV Asahi, where 200 popular voice actors were ranked.

Original video animation (OVA)

 * 2001 - Zaion: I Wish You Were Here (Changpuek)
 * 2006 - Hellsing Ultimate OVA (Pip Bernadotte)
 * 2007 - Strait Jacket (????) (Falk)
 * 2007 - Saiyuki Reload: Burial, Sha Gojyo
 * 2011 - Saiyuki Gaiden, General Kenren
 * 2013 - Saiyuki Gaiden: Kouga no Shou, General Kenren

Film animation

 * Digimon Adventure (2000) (TV announcer, Adult Takeru "T.K." Takaishi)
 * One Piece series (2001–) (Vinsmoke Sanji)
 * Saiyuki: Requiem (2001) (Sha Gojyo)
 * WXIII: Patlabor the Movie 3 (2002) (Shinichiro Hata)
 * Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence (2004) (Koga)
 * Asura (2012) (Shichiro)
 * Tiger & Bunny: The Beginning (2012) (Kotetsu T. Kaburagi / Wild Tiger)
 * Tiger & Bunny: The Rising (2013) (Kotetsu T. Kaburagi / Wild Tiger)
 * New Initial D: Legend 1 - Awakening (2014) (Bunta Fujiwara)
 * Saint Seiya: Legend of Sanctuary (2014) (Cancer Deathmask)
 * Crayon Shin-Chan: My Moving Story! Cactus Large Attack! (2015) (Mayor of Mexico)
 * Digimon Adventure tri. (2015) (Narrator, Leomon, Gennai)
 * Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale (2017) (Klein / Ryōtarō Tsuboi)
 * Maquia: When the Promised Flower Blooms (2018) (Baro)
 * Pretty Cure Miracle Leap: A Strange Day with Everyone (2020) (Refrain)
 * Burn the Witch (2020) (Billy Banx Jr.)
 * Crayon Shin-chan: Crash! Rakuga Kingdom and Almost Four Heroes (2020) (Court painter)
 * Kono Sekai no Tanoshimikata: Secret Story Film (2020) (Tamagoro Someya)

Tokusatsu

 * 2011
 * Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger (2011-2012) (Engine Machalcon (eps. 35 - 39, 41 - 44, 46 - 47, 49 - 50))
 * 2012
 * Unofficial Sentai Akibaranger (Delu Knight (eps. 10 - 12), Senmotorishimayaku Delu Knight (ep. 10))
 * Kamen Rider Wizard (Narration)
 * 2013
 * Unofficial Sentai Akibaranger: Season Tsuu (Delu Knight (eps. 10 - 11))

Video games

 * Ace Combat 5: The Unsung War (2004-10-21) (Albert Genette)
 * Namco × Capcom (2005-05-26) (Bruce McGivern, Kamuz)
 * Kingdom Hearts II (2005-12-22) (Captain Jack Sparrow)
 * Final Fantasy XII (2006-03-16) (Balthier)
 * Sonic and the Black Knight (2009-03-03) (Caliburn/Excalibur)
 * God Eater (2010-02-04) (Lindow Amamiya)
 * The 3rd Birthday (2010-12-22) (Kunihiko Maeda)
 * Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy (2011-03-03) (Laguna Loire)
 * Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 (2011-11-15) (Vergil)
 * Project X Zone (2012-10-11) (Lindow Amamiya)
 * God Eater 2 (2013-11-14) (Lindow Amamiya)
 * Sword Art Online: Infinity Moment (2013) as Klein
 * Granblue Fantasy (2014) (Rackam)
 * Sword Art Online: Hollow Fragment as Klein
 * Devil May Cry 4: Special Edition (2015-06-18) (Vergil)
 * Project X Zone 2 (2015-11-12) (Vergil)
 * World of Final Fantasy (2016-10-27) (Balthier)
 * Dissidia Final Fantasy Opera Omnia (2017-02-01) (Laguna Loire, Balthier)
 * God Eater Resonant Ops (2018-04-04) (Lindow Amamiya)
 * Kingdom Hearts III (2019-01-25) (Captain Jack Sparrow)
 * Devil May Cry 5 (2019-03-08) (Vergil)
 * Tokyo Afterschool Summoners (2019) (Tsukuyomi)
 * Return to Shironagasu Island (2022) (Norman North)
 * Teppen (2023-01-12) (Vergil)
 * Sword Art Online: Last Recollection (2023) (Klein)

Unknown date
 * Catherine (Orlando Haddick)
 * Chaos Rings Omega (Veig/Olgar)
 * Granado Espada (Raven)
 * Heavy Rain (Norman Jayden)
 * Jeanne d'Arc (video game) (Gilles de Rais)
 * JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: All-Star Battle (Jean Pierre Polnareff)
 * Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance (Samuel Rodrigues)
 * Naruto series (Genma Shiranui)
 * Ninja Gaiden 3 (Cliff Higgins)
 * One Piece series (Vinsmoke Sanji)
 * Spyro x Sparx: Tondemo Tours (Hunter the Cheetah (Gregg Berger))
 * Tales of Innocence (Ricardo Soldato, Hypnos)
 * Time Travelers (Kyugo Shindo)
 * Xenosaga series (Allen Ridgeley).
 * Live a Hero (Vulpecula)

Television drama

 * Daddy Sister (2016)
 * The 13 Lords of the Shogun (2022), Satake Yoshimasa
 * The Old Dog, New Tricks? (2022), Minato
 * Ishiko and Haneo: You're Suing Me? (2022), Riichiro Hyuga
 * The Tiger and Her Wings (2024), Takei

title: Hiroaki Hirata


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CSS Drewry

CSS Drewry was a gunboat of the Confederate States Navy during the American Civil War. This wooden gunboat had a foredeck protected by an iron V-shaped shield. Classed as a tender, she was attached to Flag Officer French Forrest's James River Squadron sometime in 1863 with Master Lewis Parrish, CSN, in command.

In addition to transporting troops and other routine service, she took part in several engagements along the river prior to January 24, 1865, when, in Trent's Reach, she was destroyed by two shots from a 100-pounder rifle in a battery of the 1st Connecticut Artillery. The second hit exploded her magazine as she assisted CSS Richmond to get afloat; all but two of her crew had reached safety before the explosion. The wreck of the CSS Drewry was found by Clive Cussler in 1985, buried under the silt in upper reach of the old channel tidal flat about two hundred yards from south shore.

Commanders
The commanders of the CSS Drewry were:

 * William Harwar Parker (May-fall 1862)
 * Master Lewis Parrish (around October 1863-May 1864)
 * Lieutenant William B. Hall (May 19-May 21, 1864)
 * Lieutenant William H. Wall (June 1864-January 23, 1865)

title: CSS Drewry


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Category talk:Jazz musicians

Two-level solution
I intend to restore the links to the Jazz musicians category which were removed and replaced with a link to an instrumental subcategory. I think that there is a need for a general category – if you're reading an article about a jazz organist, for example, you may well want to read about players of other instruments, so having a general category saves a step. My impression of the value of a general category may well be coloured by my having supplied hundreds (sic) of links to the general category. If you think the general links should be removed, please let me know. John FitzGerald 03:21, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * It would be nice if links from subcategories would automagically show up in the parent category, but for some reason that doesn't happen. It's a good idea to have a general list for the reason you mention, but there should be an easy way to do it. -- mako 06:43, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * And why does Miles have his own category to himself? -- mako 06:56, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Jazz musicians


text:
Bellesrad

Bellesrad (Беллесрад) is a short name for the State Institution for Radiation Monitoring and Radiation Safety (Государственное учреждение радиационного контроля и радиационной безопасности «Беллесрад») of the Republic of Belarus. It is subordinated to the State Forestry Committee of the Council of Ministers of Republic of Belarus. It was created to address the impact of the Chernobyl disaster on Belarus.

The institution monitors and investigates radioactive contamination, usage and rehabilitation of vegetation resources. It also controls radioactive contamination of food products.

In particular, Bellesrad posts warning signs and gives safety recommendations about wild plants and animals, e.g., about mushroom picking. It also oversees the breeding and monitoring of cattle and other agricultural practices in the Polesie State Radioecological Reserve.

title: Bellesrad


text:
User talk:Ottseetotsee

Welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page or how to format them visit our manual of style. Experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. Also, feel free to ask anything you like at my talk page. Happy editing!!! Joyous 03:22, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Ottseetotsee


text:
Papo-de-anjo

Papo de anjo or papo-de-anjo, roughly translated as "angel's double chin", is a traditional Portuguese dessert made chiefly from whipped egg yolks, baked and then boiled in sugar syrup.

Like fios de ovos and several other classical Portuguese sweets based on egg yolks, papo de anjo is believed to have been created by Portuguese nuns around the 14th or 15th centuries. Laundry was a common service performed by convents and monasteries, and their use of egg whites for "starching" clothes created a large surplus of yolks.

According to most recipes, the yolks must be whipped until they swell to double their original volume. Some recipes also call for egg whites (1--2 whites for each 10 yolks), beaten separately to stiff peaks consistency and gently mixed into the yolks. The mixture is then poured into greased muffin forms (about 1/2 tablespoon each) and baked until they are firm but still without crust. The pieces are then boiled lightly in the syrup, which may be flavored with rum, vanilla, or orange peel.

title: Papo-de-anjo


text:
Talk:Karelian question

Old talk
It's incorrect to say Finnish politicians generally do not want to speak about Karelia. For all the main parties the issue of the ceded territories was closed with Paris peace treaty. It is only being kept alive by small single-issue groups (not non-governmental organisations) like Pro Karelia, and a handful of fairly marginal right-wing parties.

 * When asking about Karelia, Finnish politicians answers are not straight. For example Seppo Kääriäinen said "everybody can think about things by own way" = "jokainen voi sisimmässään näistä asioista ajatella mitä mielii". Issue may be closed, but there are hopes for re-open it. Eg. Anneli Jäätteenmäki said "if it (return) is possible by negotiations, I have nothing against it." = "jos se (palautus) on mahdollista neuvotteluteitse, minulla ei ole mitään sitä vastaan". And not only "small groups" but also Karjalan liitto and 2 million of Finns want Karelia back. Kahkonen 17:54, 2004 Dec 5 (UTC)

What about the opinions of the people living in the terrorities? Morwen - Talk 18:06, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

 * If you can Finnish, see Karjala-kysymys. Kahkonen 17:56, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I can’t, could you summarise please? (—Felix the Cassowary (User talk:Cassowary) )

 * Felix, here it comes: "Tammikuussa 1999 Viipurissa MTV3:n teettämässä mittauksessa palautusta kannatti 34 % ja vastusti 57 %, jos nykyasukkaat saisivat Suomen kansalaisuuden. Jos taas palautus vaatisi alueelta muuttamisen, luvut olivat 17 % ja 77 %." In English: "In January 1999 MTV3 (a commercial Finnish broadcasting company, my note) made a survey in Vyborg. 34 % of the people in Vyborg supported the merging of Karelia to Finland — if they would receive Finnish nationality. 57 % were against it. If people would need to travel away from where they lived at the moment, the numbers were 17 % and 77 %." 81.175.195.69 05:36, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

Indecypherable English?
The article says:
 * Finland's official opinion is that borders can be changed peacefully, but as Russia has there is no need for it while Russia has showed that it does not have any purposes to accept returning negotiations.

which doesn't make sense to me. I gather that Finnland's official opinion is that they want it if it could be done peacefully, but from after the first comma there, I have no idea how Russia relates. As Russia has what? etc. Any clarification would be most welcome!

—Felix the Cassowary (User talk:Cassowary) 07:54, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Simply remove "as Russia has". Kahkonen 21:38, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

GDP(PPP) per capita disparity claim
I removed the following claim from the article:
 * That [the GDP(PPP) per capita difference between Finland and Russia] is the greatest difference between two neighbouring countries in the world after that of USA and Mexico.

 * USA 39,496 - Mexico 9,666
 * Finland 29,305 - Russia 10,179

As can be easily checked at the list of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita, such disparities are not very rare, and indeed it is easy to find even greater disparities, such as:

South Korea 21,419 - North Korea 1,400 Israel 22,077 - Egypt 4,072 Hong Kong 30,558 - People's Republic of China 5,642 South Africa 10,798 - Mozambique 1,247 Indonesia 3,703 - East Timor 400 Greece 20,362 - Albania 4,937 Hungary 15,546 - Serbia and Montenegro 4858

I thought maybe the claim could be true if you qualified the statement in some way, but could think of no meaningful way to do so, so I'm removing it entirely. --Iceager 10:50, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

 * If you check GDP in Finland side and in Russian side (in this ceded territory) of border, you can get the thing. Can't now find just right values, but it is some 29000 - 2000 (EUR). Kahkonen 13:34, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Right, my mistake. Thanks for correcting it. --Hathaldir

Below is a list of the differences ordered by the ratio of the GDP values. As you can see, of those listed, Finland - Russia is the smallest difference. The difference between the two Koreas is by far the largest. — J I P  | Talk 09:15, 13 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) South Korea - North Korea: 15.30
 * 2) Indonesia - East Timor: 9.258
 * 3) South Africa - Mozambique: 8.659
 * 4) Israel - Egypt: 5.422
 * 5) Hong Kong - People's Republic of China: 5.416
 * 6) Greece - Albania: 4.124
 * 7) USA - Mexico: 4.086
 * 8) Hungary - Serbia and Montenegro: 3.200
 * 9) Finland - Russia: 2.879

Name of the article
That's fun. When I first started this article, I named it just Karelian question in Finland. :-) Kahkonen 21:39, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Restored name "Karelian question in Finnish politics". The name "Karelian question in Finland" is bad:
 * It is bad English.
 * It seems that the editor ML wanted to point out that the "Karelian question" only exists on the fringes of Finnish politics. The name change has the opposite effect; it gives te issue more prominance, almost making it an international irredentist issue.
 * For the earlier discusion on the name see Talk:Winter_War.
 * Petri Krohn 01:37, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

 * "various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union, but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands" - CIA Kahkonen 19:43, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Don't even understand how name "Karelian question" could be non-NPOV... A bit weird interpreting. Kahkonen 18:39, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

Revisiting the title
More than twelve years later, we should revisit the article title yet again. How commonly is the phrase "Karelian question" used to refer to this matter? Is it universally understood to mean this? Even if the similar Finnnish-language phrase Karjala-kysymys is well-recognized to refer to this matter, that does not mean that its English-language equivalent has received similar treatment. If this is not a predominate phrase used to refer to this matter in the English-language, then it seems ill-suited to be the title of this article. I have already initiated a similar discussion about the name of the article currently entitled "Kaliningrad question" (the outcomes of that discussion may differ from the outcomes of this discussion, it is possible that it might be decided to change that article's title whilst retaining the current title of this article). SecretName101 (talk) 21:30, 26 November 2018 (UTC)

 * The current article title has the advantage of being a recognised English-language name for the topic. I do not know of any other recognised names for the topic. Wikipedia policy is that we should follow usage, and not invent new terms.  Toddy1 (talk) 10:28, 4 December 2018 (UTC)

Rants & raves
Here's my little rant about karelian question, following text is no way NPOV so feel free to disregard completely. Following text also might contain racistic views, of which I apologise. As a young finn, I find the discussions about returning karelia completely ridiculous. Simple glance at maths explains the situation easily. Karelia currently has population of almost 1 million, compared to finlands 5.1 million. Forget forcibly relocating people, it isn't an option, you cannot evict people from their homes, think israel, do we want suicide bombers taking revenge on us in future? If karelia would be joined to finland, total population would rise to over 6 million, and every 6th "finn" would speak russian as their native tongue. Such large number would likely grant russian language status of official language in finland. Meaning, every public servant would have to be able to speak russian in order to be qualified to work in public offices. Infrastructure in roads, seweage, health care, electricity etc are far inferior in karelia, and below finnish standards. It would cost billions of dollars to repair the infrastructure. Age group of people living in karelian area consists mostly of older age groups. The amount of retired persons would rise alot, increasing pension expenses. Shortly put, it's not economically feasible to pursue the return of karelia. 85.77.62.77 00:52, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

 * "Karelia currently has population of almost 1 million," - You are writing about Republic of Karelia when return debat is about ceded territories. You can join Karelia question in other forums, Wikipedia is not a correct place for discuss about it. 81.197.3.89 13:47, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

Relevance of article
The issue of the ceded territories in Karelia is undoubtedly of great importance to some Finns, but even in their own country they are a very marginal group. A quick check of the various irrendentist websites will show that only some half a dozen people actively take part in the debate.

It is therefore questionnable if the issue is worth an article of its own in Wikipedia. A better solution might to refer to the irrendentists in a sentence or two in the article proper about Karelia.

It may also be worth noting the there has been calls on irrendentist websites of using Wikipedia more actively to further their cause. 81.131.65.196 11:17, 3 February 2006

 * Funny comment :-) Laughed at it. See polls, where some 30 percent of Finns support returning. It's important to provide npov information in the Internet. 81.197.3.89 13:44, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree (on questionnability of article). This material is mainly irredentist and revanchist POV pushing. I still think it is a good idea to have a separate article on this. If this article did not exist, the same POV material would start poping up on other pages, and lead to constant edit wars. -- Petri Krohn 14:00, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Don't forget the history of question. President Kekkonen tried several discuss with Soviet leaders. Of course there should be an article about it. But what did you mean with this: "It may also be worth noting the there has been calls on irrendentist websites of using Wikipedia more actively to further their cause."? Where? I can't agree on Krohn's "revanchist". I have not seen pro-war comments among returners (ok, let's don't count lunatics like Seppo Lehti). I think every "returner" agree that two wars are enough. Kahkonen 19:40, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

 * As I see, in this discussion NPOV is not disputed. If 195.148.27.121 or anyone issues "Relevance of article" you can add VfD template, not NPOV. A quick look to fi-wiki's article shows that result may be keep. Kahkonen 11:56, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

 * "See polls, where some 30 percent of Finns support returning." I laughed at that. You should have read the polls even further. A couple of next words in the same sentence would have told you that over a half of all Finns are against returning.

 * No need for laugh. If 30 % Finns support it, there is some relevancy for article, isn't it? Kahkonen 15:15, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

Swedish article on Karelia purchase
Is important enough to be mentioned here? (Stefan2 10:52, 15 August 2007 (UTC))

Kuusamo
The municipality of Kuusamo lost some 1.700 km2 after the Winter War. The area included the villages of Paanajärvi, Tavajärvi, Vatajärvi, Enojärvi, Pukari and Kenttikylä, totalling 2.100 inhabitants. Therefore, it is prudent to mention that the ceded area includes parts of Salla and Kuusamo. --MPorciusCato 13:27, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

Some questions over ambiguous wordings
I'm trying to give this article a once-over in English style and grammar, and would be grateful if someone could check the wordings listed here just to make sure I have not changed the meanings of the sentences.

- However, all evacuee families had a right to receive a small farm, and/or a plot for a detached house or a flat. (should this be "and" or "or"? the original sentence had neither but the stylistic needs in the English language called for a conjunction. Also it seems that either the family was given a farm, or they were given a house or flat, not both.)

- Compensation is ALWAYS singular in English.

- Karjalan Liitto is an interest group of Karelian evacuees which hopes that Karelia will be restored to Finland at some point (changed from "some day" - colloquial, not formal style)

- Removed word "extremists" because that could be considered POV. Does anyone have a source as to who has suggested this so that a more accurate description can be entered?

Lstanley1979 (talk) 16:18, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

Prize or price?
From the article:
 * The group counted a prize of returning Karelia to Finland, 15000 million dollars.

Is this a prize (money that you get) or a price (money that you pay)? Many Finns confuse the English words, because the sound z does not occur natively in Finnish. I suspect it's a price, but I have not read the article thoroughly enough to know for sure. J I P | Talk 18:38, 1 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Fixed that. It's rather unlikely that Russia would want to award Finland 15B$ just to get rid of Karelia... ;-) Meh, the whole article is too overblown, IMO. After all, it's just a weird idea on the fringes of the Finnish society. Anyways, it's kind of reassuring that there are people who want go to war with Russia and ethnically cleanse the place in order to get it: The amount of wackos appears to be pretty consistent among the nations... :-) --Illythr (talk) 22:01, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Funny article :)

 * Yeah right. I must be crazy to want stolen property back. Even if that theft included a violent battery on an international scale it doesnt mean its right. -LT —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.85.154.229 (talk) 14:10, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

Fringe or mainstream?
Some years ago I insisted that the article clearly states that the Karelian question is on the fringes of Finnish politics. I am no longer convinced of this. Have irredentist demands for the "return" of Karelia entered the mainstream? -- Petri Krohn (talk) 01:29, 11 April 2009 (UTC)
 * No new polls have been published. No politicians have recently or non-recently accounced they support the return of areas annexed by the Soviet Union. Unless that happens, there is no reason to change the article. --Pudeo⺮ 18:56, 11 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Silence speaks for itself. Has any politican or group stated their objection to the irredentist project or the irredentist groups? If so, should that be mentionend in the article? -- Petri Krohn (talk) 20:59, 11 April 2009 (UTC)
 * All presidental candidates in the 2006 elections, except non-aligned Arto Lahti and Timo Soini, said they do not support the concept. Including Halonen, who just answered "no" to the Helsingin Sanomat election quiz (vaalikone). That is covered in the article already though. Before 1999 parliamentary elections all party leaders were asked the same. Finnish Wikipedia covers the opinions of politicians quite nicely: here.  Simply, there are more important and prominent things than 60 year old politics with Soviet Union that doesn't even exist anymore? --Pudeo' 21:28, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Karelian question


text:
Catenane

In macromolecular chemistry, a catenane is a mechanically interlocked molecular architecture consisting of two or more interlocked macrocycles, i.e. a molecule containing two or more intertwined rings. The interlocked rings cannot be separated without breaking the covalent bonds of the macrocycles. They are conceptually related to other mechanically interlocked molecular architectures, such as rotaxanes, molecular knots or molecular Borromean rings. Recently the terminology "mechanical bond" has been coined that describes the connection between the macrocycles of a catenane. Catenanes have been synthesised in two different ways: statistical synthesis and template-directed synthesis.

Synthesis
There are two primary approaches to the organic synthesis of catenanes. The first is to simply perform a ring-closing reaction with the hope that some of the rings will form around other rings giving the desired catenane product. This so-called "statistical approach" led to the first synthesis of a catenane; however, the method is highly inefficient, requiring high dilution of the "closing" ring and a large excess of the pre-formed ring, and is rarely used.

The second approach relies on supramolecular preorganization of the macrocyclic precursors utilizing hydrogen bonding, metal coordination, hydrophobic effect, or coulombic interactions. These non-covalent interactions offset some of the entropic cost of association and help position the components to form the desired catenane upon the final ring-closing. This "template-directed" approach, together with the use of high-pressure conditions, can provide yields of over 90%, thus improving the potential of catenanes for applications. An example of this approach used bis-bipyridinium salts which form strong complexes threaded through crown ether bis(para-phenylene)-34-crown-10.

Template directed syntheses are mostly performed under kinetic control, when the macrocyclization (catenation) reaction is irreversible. More recently, the groups of Sanders and Otto have shown that dynamic combinatorial approaches using reversible chemistry can be particularly successful in preparing new catenanes of unpredictable structure. The thermodynamically controlled synthesis provides an error correction mechanism; even if a macrocycle closes without forming a catenane it can re-open and yield the desired interlocked structure later. The approach also provides information on the affinity constants between different macrocycles thanks to the equilibrium between the individual components and the catenanes, allowing a titration-like experiment.

Properties and applications
A particularly interesting property of many catenanes is the ability of the rings to rotate with respect to one another. This motion can often be detected and measured by NMR spectroscopy, among other methods. When molecular recognition motifs exist in the finished catenane (usually those that were used to synthesize the catenane), the catenane can have one or more thermodynamically preferred positions of the rings with respect to each other (recognition sites). In the case where one recognition site is a switchable moiety, a mechanical molecular switch results. When a catenane is synthesized by coordination of the macrocycles around a metal ion, then removal and re-insertion of the metal ion can switch the free motion of the rings on and off.

If there are more than one recognition sites it is possible to observe different colors depending on the recognition site the ring occupies and thus it is possible to change the color of the catenane solution by changing the preferred recognition site. Switching between the two sites may be achieved by the use of chemical, electrochemical or even visible light based methods.

Catenanes have been synthesized incorporating many functional units, including redox-active groups (e.g. viologen, TTF=tetrathiafulvalene), photoisomerizable groups (e.g. azobenzene), fluorescent groups and chiral groups. Some such units have been used to create molecular switches as described above, as well as for the fabrication of molecular electronic devices and molecular sensors.

Families
There are a number of distinct methods of holding the precursors together prior to the ultimate ring-closing reaction in a template-directed catenane synthesis. Each noncovalent approach to catenane formation results in what can be considered different families of catenanes.

Another family of catenanes are called pretzelanes or bridged [2]catenanes after their likeness to pretzels with a spacer linking the two macrocycles. In one such system one macrocycle is an electron deficient oligo Bis-bipyridinium ring and the other cycle is crown ether cyclophane based on para phenylene or naphthalene. X-ray diffraction shows that due to pi-pi interactions the aromatic group of the cyclophane is held firmly inside the pyridinium ring. A limited number of (rapidly interchanging) conformers exist for this type of compound.

In handcuff-shaped catenanes, two connected rings are threaded through the same ring. The bis-macrocycle (red) contains two phenanthroline units in a crown ether chain. The interlocking ring is self-assembled when two more phenanthroline units with alkene arms coordinate through a copper(I) complex followed by a metathesis ring closing step.

Nomenclature
In catenane nomenclature, a number in square brackets precedes the word "catenane" in order to indicate how many rings are involved. Discrete catenanes up to a [7]catenane have been synthesised.

title: Catenane


text: User talk:24.46.119.78

title: User talk:24.46.119.78


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User talk:Walabio/Archive

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title: User talk:Walabio/Archive


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ABIT BP6

The ABIT BP6 was an ATX motherboard released by ABIT in 1999. It was the first motherboard to allow the use of two unmodified Intel Celeron processors in dual Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) configuration. This combined with its overclocking capabilities made it a popular option among computer enthusiasts. The BP6 has been credited as the product that made multi-processor systems affordable for mainstream users, because prior to its release the expense of any multi-processor configuration made it a feature only to be considered for workstation-class systems.

The BP6 was based on the Intel Seattle 440BX chipset, consisting of the 82443BX Northbridge and the 82371AB Southbridge.

Processors that were supported by the BP6 in SMP configuration were the PPGA Socket 370 Celeron processors (300–533 MHz). Later Pentium III and Celeron Coppermine models could also operate on the BP6, albeit only in single processor configuration with the use of aftermarket socket adaptors. Intel never intended the Celeron to be able to operate in SMP, and later-generation Celeron processors had their SMP interface disabled, restricting the feature to the higher-end Pentium III and Xeon product lines.

The motherboard also featured two extra HDD ports, one with the HPT366 Ultra DMA/66 adapter fitted on the mainboard itself. This allowed up to eight IDE compatible drives to operate at the interface's maximum speed.

The motherboard featured ABIT SoftMenu BIOS extension which allowed for jumper-less adjustment of system parameters such as system bus speed, CPU & AGP bridge multipliers, voltages from inside the BIOS and PC-99 coloring.

The BP6, and many other of ABIT's motherboards produced between 1999 and 2005, were victims of the capacitor plague.

title: ABIT BP6


text:
Theodred

Theodred is a male name, taken from the Anglo-Saxon words þeod ("folk", "people", "nation") and ræd ("counsel"). It can refer to:

In people:
 * Theodred (Bishop of London) (fl. 915 – 955), Bishop of London
 * Theodred I (fl. 964 – 979), Bishop of Elmham
 * Theodred II (fl. 979 – 995), Bishop of Elmham

In fiction:
 * Théodred, son of Théoden, characters in The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien

title: Theodred


text: User talk:68.118.69.249

title: User talk:68.118.69.249


text:
User talk:Patrick Lucas

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title: User talk:Patrick Lucas


text:
Performance art in China

Performance art in China has grown since the 1970s as a response to the very traditional nature of Chinese state-run art schools. It has become more popular in spite of the fact that it is currently outlawed. In 1999, the importance of contemporary Chinese art was recognized by the inclusion of 19 contemporary Chinese artists in the Venice Biennale. In recent years, many of these artists have made performances specifically for photography or film.

Examples
Some of the more extreme examples of Chinese performance art have become notorious in the West. In 2000, Zhu Yu, a painter and performance artist from Cheng Du, created a scandal by taking a number of photographs of himself, supposedly eating a fetus as a protest against state abortions as a means of population control. Peng Yu and Sun Yuan have also worked with human body parts as well as with live animals and are equally notorious. Some younger performance artists who have exhibited widely in the west in 2005-6 are Shu Yang, the organiser of the Dadao Live Art Festival in Beijing, Yang Zhichao, famous for having his identity card number branded on his back and Wang Chuyu who went on hunger strike as part of an exhibition called Fuck Off that took place in Shanghai in 2000 in opposition to the Shanghai Biennale. They acknowledge a debt to older performance artist and curator Ai Weiwei. Other well-known artists are Ma Liuming, Zhu Ming, and He Yunchang.

The 1996 film Frozen (Chinese title: Jidu Hanleng; 极度寒冷) by Chinese director Wang Xiaoshuai, made under the pseudonym Wu Ming, has as its protagonists a group of Chinese performance artists, who are shown engaging in several street performances in the film.

Chinese performance artists

 * Ai Weiwei
 * Chen Shaoxiong
 * He Yunchang
 * Ma Liuming
 * Sun Yuan & Peng Yu
 * Shu Yang
 * Wang Chuyu
 * Wang Xiaoshuai
 * Yang Zhichao
 * Yuan Cai and Jian Jun Xi
 * Xie Deqing
 * Zheng Lianjie
 * Zhu Yu
 * Zhang Huan
 * Zhang Shengquan
 * Zhou Chengzhou

Chinese performance artist collectives

 * Concept 21

List of performing art

 * Chinese martial arts
 * Chinese variety art
 * Dance in China
 * Chinese traditional music
 * Dragon dance
 * Lion dance

title: Performance art in China


text:
Topoisomer

Topoisomers or topological isomers are molecules with the same chemical formula and stereochemical bond connectivities but different topologies. Examples of molecules for which there exist topoisomers include DNA, which can form knots, and catenanes. Each topoisomer of a given DNA molecule possesses a different linking number associated with it. DNA topoisomers can be interchanged by enzymes called topoisomerases. Using a topoisomerase along with an intercalator, topoisomers with different linking number may be separated on an agarose gel via gel electrophoresis.

title: Topoisomer


text:
Sharku

Sharku may mean:
 * Saruman, a character in J. R. R. Tolkien's novel The Lord of the Rings, called Sharkû by the Orcs
 * Sharku, warg-rider chief orc in Peter Jackson's film The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers and the game The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II

title: Sharku


text:
Gemma Frisius (crater)

Gemma Frisius is a lunar impact crater that is located in the rugged southern highlands of the Moon. It was named after Dutch physician Gemma Frisius. It lies to the north of the walled plain Maurolycus, and southeast of the smaller crater Poisson. The crater Goodacre is attached to the northeast rim.

The outer wall of this crater has been heavily damaged by impacts, particularly along the north and west sides. The smaller satellite craters D, G, and H are attached to this damaged crater. As some observers have noted, this crater formation bears a certain resemblance to a paw print with these craters forming three of the toes and the crater Goodacre the fourth.

The southeastern rim of the crater is also worn, and the inner wall has slumped nearly a third of the distance across the interior floor. The remainder of the floor is relatively level and deep, with a central peak that is offset to the northwest of the midpoint.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Gemma Frisius.

title: Gemma Frisius (crater)


text:
Zarephath

Zarephath may refer to the following :

 * Places
 * Alternative name for Ancient Phoenician city Sarepta, now Sarafand, Lebanon
 * Zarephath, New Jersey in the United States

 * Other
 * Raising of the son of the widow of Zarephath
 * Zarephath Wines

title: Zarephath


text: Talk:Transport in the Czech Republic

title: Talk:Transport in the Czech Republic


text:
Henry DeWolf Smyth

Henry DeWolf "Harry" Smyth (May 1, 1898 –September 11, 1986) was an American physicist, diplomat, and bureaucrat. He played a number of key roles in the early development of nuclear energy, as a participant in the Manhattan Project, a member of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), and U.S. ambassador to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

Educated at Princeton University and the University of Cambridge, he was a faculty member in Princeton's Department of Physics from 1924 to 1966. He chaired the department from 1935 to 1949. His early research was on the ionization of gases, but his interests shifted toward nuclear physics beginning in the mid-1930s.

During World War II he was a member of the National Defense Research Committee's Uranium Committee and a consultant on the Manhattan Project. He wrote the Manhattan Project's first public official history, which came to be known as the Smyth Report.

On the AEC from 1949 to 1954, Smyth initially argued unsuccessfully against a crash course to develop the hydrogen bomb and in favor of international control of nuclear weapons, before switching to support of the weapon. Following the 1954 Oppenheimer security hearing, Smyth was the sole member of the commission to vote against stripping J. Robert Oppenheimer's security clearance. As IAEA ambassador from 1961 to 1970 he played an important role in the realization of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

He received the Atoms for Peace Award in 1968 and the U.S. State Department's Distinguished Honor Award in 1970. The American Nuclear Society's award for "nuclear statesmanship", of which he was the first recipient, is named in his honor.

Personal life
Smyth was born May 1, 1898, in Clinton, New York, to Ruth Anne Phelps and Charles Henry Smyth, Jr., a professor of geology at Hamilton College. Woodrow Wilson, then President of Princeton University, convinced Smyth père to join the faculty at Princeton, and in 1905 the family moved to Princeton, New Jersey.

Henry DeWolf Smyth's elder brother, Charles Phelps Smyth, attended the same primary and secondary schools as Henry. The elder brother also received undergraduate and master's degrees from Princeton, but in chemistry. He earned his PhD at Harvard University but like Henry and their father became a faculty member at Princeton. Both brothers served in the Chemical Warfare Service in World War I and on the Manhattan Project.

Henry DeWolf Smyth married Mary de Coningh on June 30, 1936. He was a member of the Democratic Party.

Education
In Princeton, Smyth attended Miss Fine's School, which later became the Princeton Day School, and the Lawrenceville School. After graduating from Lawrenceville in 1914, he entered Princeton University, where he received a classical education and graduated first in his class in 1918. He was elected to Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi.

Smyth remained at Princeton to do graduate work; he and Allen Shenstone were the only graduate students in the Department of Physics. Smyth earned a master's degree and PhD in physics from Princeton in 1920 and 1921, respectively, studying under Karl Taylor Compton. The U.S. National Research Council awarded Smyth a fellowship, and he joined the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge. There he studied under Ernest Rutherford and earned a second PhD in 1923. At Cambridge he was affiliated with Caius College and formed a friendship with Pyotr Kapitsa, a Soviet physicist who would go on to win the Nobel Prize in Physics and work briefly on the Soviet atomic bomb project.

Early career
During World War I, Smyth worked in the Chemical Warfare Service, and at the Aberdeen Proving Ground. After earning his second PhD, he returned to Princeton for the last year of his NRC fellowship. During his early years on the Princeton faculty he lived in the Graduate College west of the main campus. He was appointed an instructor in 1924, an assistant professor in 1925, an associate professor in 1929, and a full professor in 1936. In 1935 he became chairman of the Department of Physics, a position he held until 1949. During 1931–32 he was a Guggenheim Fellow at the University of Göttingen, where he studied the spectra of triatomic molecules, particularly carbon dioxide, with James Franck.

Smyth's early research was in spectroscopy, focusing on ionization of gases by impact with electrons as a means to study the gases' critical energy levels. He published his first research article, on the radiating potentials of nitrogen gas, in 1919; this became the basis of his first dissertation. In a 1922 article, he described a method for determining the ionization energy of a molecule using anode rays and demonstrated the method on mercury vapor. In the following year he used this same method to study nitrogen. He also published on the ionization of hydrogen, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, nitrogen dioxide, water vapor, sulfur dioxide, and carbon disulfide. As Robert H. Dicke, Val Logsdon Fitch, and Rubby Sherr wrote in 1989, "By 1935 his 30 published papers established him as a leading experimentalist" in the field. In 1929 Kenneth Bainbridge completed his PhD dissertation at Princeton working under Smyth, using anode rays to search for element 87.

In the mid-1930s, Smyth began to shift his interest to nuclear physics, inspired by James Chadwick's discovery of the neutron, John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton splitting the atom, and Ernest Lawrence's invention of the cyclotron. Three of his last research articles concerned detection of triatomic hydrogen and helium-3. His appointment as department chair forced him to devote more time to administrative work, at the expense of research. Richard Feynman had achieved an unprecedented perfect score on the Princeton University entrance exams, and applied for admission. While department chair, Smyth questioned his admission, writing to Philip M. Morse to ask: "Is Feynman Jewish? We have no definite rule against Jews but like to keep their proportion in our department reasonably small". Morse conceded that Feynman was indeed Jewish, but reassured Smyth that Feynman's "physiognomy and manner, however, show no trace of this characteristic". As department chair, he had two cyclotrons built at Princeton, one in 1935 and the other in 1946.

He was a member of the subcommittee on physics of the National Research Council from 1928 to 1935. In 1936 Smyth responded to media criticism of basic science research as "useless" by suggesting that seemingly useless research could turn out to be very useful later.

World War II
During World War II, Smyth was involved in helping the United States build the atomic bomb. From 1941 to 1943 he was a member of the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC)'s Uranium Committee charged with producing fissile material for the bomb. Smyth proposed the electromagnetic methods that were used to enrich the first large U-235 samples for the project. He also oversaw a nuclear fission-related project for the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD). During 1943–45 he was a consultant to the Manhattan Project, which built and tested the weapon, and associate director of the University of Chicago's Metallurgical Laboratory, which contributed to the Manhattan Project. At the Metallurgical Laboratory he headed research on heavy water. He remained chairman of Princeton's physics department throughout the war, and the attendant obligations forced him to participate less actively in the project's later stages.

In August 1944 General Leslie Groves, director of the Manhattan Project, appointed Smyth to the Postwar Policy Committee, which was charged with proposing government policy for research and development of atomic energy after the war was over. The committee recommended that a national commission modeled on the OSRD fund and oversee continued production and fundamental research in government laboratories, universities, and the private sector.

Smyth Report
Smyth advocated within the NDRC for a comprehensive report to be released to the public following the weapon's first use. Vannevar Bush, who as civilian director of the OSRD oversaw the NDRC, agreed, and selected Smyth to write the report following the recommendation of NDRC chairman James Bryant Conant. Groves granted Smyth unlimited access, waiving his usual security-minded insistence on compartmentalization. Smyth wrote what became known as the Smyth Report in his office in Princeton's Palmer Laboratory, which later became the Frist Campus Center.

The report was first released to the press on August 12, 1945, days after the attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The Government Printing Office could not print enough copies to meet demand, so Smyth persuaded the director of the Princeton University Press to print more. By the end of the Press's 1946 fiscal year it had printed 103,000 copies. Smyth held the copyright to the work to prevent others from claiming it, but he permitted widespread reproduction, essentially releasing it into the public domain. He later reported that "my financial balance from the Smyth Report is minus two dollars, the copyright fee."

In the report, Smyth called it "a semi-technical report which it is hoped men of science in this country can use to help their fellow citizens in reaching wise decisions" in the new Atomic Age. At the urging of his superiors, he removed several discussions of the bomb's moral implications and its creators' unease. Rebecca Schwartz argued that Smyth's academic background and his report's security-driven focus on physics at the expense of engineering caused the Smyth Report to promote a public perception of the Manhattan Project as primarily an achievement of physicists.

Postwar
Following the war, Smyth returned full-time to his duties at Princeton. He continued to chair the Physics Department and was named the Joseph Henry Professor of Physics in 1946. During this time he spoke and wrote regularly about nuclear energy and science policy and worked to expand the physics department.

In early 1949, physicist Robert Bacher stepped down from the Atomic Energy Commission. He and AEC Chairman David Lilienthal wanted a physicist to replace Bacher, and they ultimately recommended Smyth for the position. President Harry Truman nominated Smyth to the AEC later that year, prompting Smyth to resign as Physics Department chairman. (His old colleague Allen Shenstone took up the post.) Smyth was the commission's only scientist. He spent his first weeks in the position attending hearings of the U.S. Congress's Joint Committee on Atomic Energy. Led by Senator Bourke Hickenlooper, the hearings inquired into a small amount of uranium that was alleged to be unaccounted for in AEC labs. Smyth later condemned the hearings as grounded in misconceptions about the work of nuclear scientists.

Following the Soviet Union's successful atomic bomb test in August 1949, the United States was considering a crash course to develop a hydrogen bomb. The AEC's nine-member General Advisory Committee, chaired by J. Robert Oppenheimer, recommended unanimously in October 1949 against such a course. Although Smyth did not think that committee's report was well-constructed, he also initially opposed an H-bomb program. In early November he became one of three of the five AEC commissioners to take a stance in opposition. After looking at how the proposed weapon might be used and at what the domestic and international reaction would be to any use, Smyth felt that the H-bomb would be of little utility, and instead favored reopening discussions towards the international control of nuclear weapons.

But by late January 1950, Smyth's position on the question was wavering towards being in favor of moving forward with development. In any case, on January 31, 1950, Truman decided to authorize a hydrogen bomb program. Smyth became a supporter of the weapon, and in February 1950, endorsed a specific program for the future production of H-bombs. In his autobiography, Smyth's Princeton colleague John Archibald Wheeler recalled that Smyth recruited him to the hydrogen bomb project and expressed support for the project in response to the Soviet test. Indeed, by the time of that test Smyth was looking for ways to use a successful thermonuclear explosion's psychological impact to benefit American foreign policy aims. Urged by a journal editor to publish his recollections of the H-bomb decision, Smyth drafted several attempts at an article but eventually abandoned it. Nonetheless, in subsequent years Smyth became defensive about his shift in position on the hydrogen bomb, saying that he had maintained a consistent thought process regarding it and that once his questions about the utility of the weapon had been resolved, his conclusion about the question changed accordingly.

In 1953 Smyth and John A. Hall served as principal advisors to President Dwight Eisenhower in preparing his Atoms for Peace speech to the United Nations. The IAEA traces its origins to this speech.

The 1954 Oppenheimer security hearing consisted of a panel considering whether to rescind Oppenheimer's security clearance on suspicion that he was disloyal or a security risk, with the result that the panel decided to do so. Smyth was still the only scientist on the commission. Despite his personal dislike of Oppenheimer and pressure from the commission's new chairman, Lewis Strauss, in confirmation of the panel's decision Smyth was the sole commissioner to vote against stripping Oppenheimer's clearance on June 29, 1954. Smyth's rationale for what McGeorge Bundy has called his "lonely but powerful dissent" was that the evidence against Oppenheimer was weak and even contrived and was easily outweighed by Oppenheimer's contributions to U.S. nuclear weapons efforts. Smyth resigned from the AEC on September 30 of that year out of frustration with Strauss. Eulogizing Oppenheimer in 1967, Smyth said of Oppenheimer's treatment, "Such a wrong can never be righted; such a blot on our history never erased.... We regret that his great work for his country was repaid so shabbily".

Smyth returned to Princeton and served on several high-level administrative committees. This work included advising on the construction of a particle accelerator built jointly with the University of Pennsylvania and overseeing Project Matterhorn, which became the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. He chaired the committee that chose Robert F. Goheen to succeed Harold W. Dodds as President of Princeton. He also served as a consultant on nuclear power to Congress, the AEC, and private industry. He retired from Princeton in 1966.

Smyth was a fellow of the American Physical Society and served as its vice president in 1956 and its president in 1957. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1947 and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1956. He was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.

IAEA representative

President John F. Kennedy appointed Smyth as the representative of the United States to the IAEA, a position with the rank of Ambassador. Smyth assumed the position on June 13, 1961, following confirmation by the U.S. Senate. Smyth shared the organization's stated goal of developing nuclear technology for peaceful purposes. He helped develop what Glenn Seaborg later called "an unprecedented atmosphere of rapport" at the IAEA and played a crucial role in the adoption of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1970. He retired from the IAEA on August 31, 1970.

In September 1961, Harlan Cleveland, then Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs, appointed Smyth to chair a committee to review U.S. policy toward the IAEA. The committee's report affirmed the importance of civilian uses of nuclear energy. In 1962 Cleveland again tapped Smyth, this time as an adviser to the State Department on the IAEA. In this position Smyth advocated for a transfer of national nuclear safeguards to the IAEA.

In December 1965, Smyth was elected Chairman of the Board of the Universities Research Association. During Smyth's tenure, the URA signed a contract with the U.S. government to construct and operate the National Accelerator Laboratory, which later became known as Fermilab. Construction began, and research programs were planned. Smyth stepped down as chairman in 1970 but remained on the board. He also served on the board of Associated Universities, Inc., which operated the Brookhaven National Laboratory and National Radio Astronomy Observatory.

Smyth received the Atoms for Peace Award in 1968 (with Sigvard Eklund and Abdus Salam) and the State Department's Distinguished Honor Award in 1970. In 1972 he became the first recipient of an award for nuclear statesmanship given jointly by the American Nuclear Society and the Nuclear Energy Institute. By 1974, when the award was next given, it had been named the Henry DeWolf Smyth Nuclear Statesman Award.

Later life and legacy
After retiring from the IAEA, Smyth remained active. On the 40th anniversary of the Trinity test in 1985, he denounced President Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative and called for joint arms reductions between the United States and the Soviet Union.

He died September 11, 1986, in Princeton. The immediate cause was cardiac arrest, though he had long battled cancer.

Smyth endowed a chair in the Physics Department in his will. The sitting Henry DeWolf Smyth Professor of Physics is Suzanne Staggs.

The Smyth Report has remained the most significant release of technical details regarding atomic weapons ever made. Smyth was known for having a careful, judicious manner, and viewed less favorably people who he said became too "emotional" during a decision-making process. At Smyth's memorial service, physicist Isidor Isaac Rabi spoke in praise of Smyth's dissent in the Oppenheimer security hearings, saying that "one thinks of a supreme moment in a person's life when he stood against odds and did the right thing. That was Harry Smyth's fortune and Harry Smyth's greatness".

title: Henry DeWolf Smyth