text:
Talk:Railroad classes

Could moving some information around help the article?
The article looks pretty messy right now, maybe if we moved around the tables of info to a separate, independent page it would clean it up somewhat. I'm primarily talking about the "Class III Railroads by state" portion. Cheers, --Ozkwa (talk) 05:56, 14 May 2014 (UTC)

Moved from the article (table by year)
I removed this from the article because it's incomplete, if it were complete it would be unwieldy, and it would ideally belong in list of Class I railroads as a simple parenthetical range of years after each railroad, with changes listed in timeline of Class I railroads (1910-1929) and family. --NE2 09:31, 20 April 2009 (UTC)

History of Class Migration
Would it be useful for me to add a section describing the history of the Class 1s? Many of the contemporary Class 1 rail companies have been purchased, consolidated, broken-up, re-merged with other rail companies over the past 5 decades, to the point where many Class 2s and 3s and some of the older Class 1s are now combined in to the current Class 1s.

I wonder if a history of how that all took place would be useful. There are such histories provided for the major banking institutions in the United States, maybe it would be informative and useful here... Or is that all pretty irrelevant now? Thanks! Damotclese (talk) 18:52, 31 July 2013 (UTC)

Amtrak
Amtrak needs to be removed from the list of Class 1 railroads, it is not classed as such by the Association of American Railroads. Although it meets the revenue criteria it is not a freight line. See link https://www.aar.org/aboutus/Pages/Industry-Information.aspx#.UgTclpLVCZg

Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Zxcoleman (talk • contribs) 12:22, 9 August 2013 (UTC)

Why?
The article fails to explain the motive to this classification. The question is simple:

Why are North American railroads classified? 90.229.34.175 (talk) 09:26, 9 October 2013 (UTC)

I would amend this question slightly: "Why are North American railroads classified by gross revenue?"SeanStreiff (talk) 18:01, 28 April 2015 (UTC)

From a public relations point of view, it could be advantageous for a railroad to be able to claim, "We are a First Class railroad". However, regulatory costs would be higher, more than offsetting this.

Inflation factor seems incorrectly high
> having annual carrier operating revenues of $250 million or more in 1991 dollars", which adjusted for inflation was $452,653,248 in 2012.

If my math is correct, was the level of cumulative inflation just over 80% from 1991 to 2012? Was that based on CPI (consumer price index) or some kind of industry based price increase measure? — Preceding unsigned comment added by L d allan (talk • contribs) 21:01, 28 May 2016 (UTC)

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Canadian Pacific and Kansas City Southern have merged...
...so this article now out of date as of 04-08-23. Perhaps someone with some editing knowledge could update it? Rpaege (talk) 20:09, 8 April 2023 (UTC)

 * The merger is authorized for on or after April 14 . So your statement is incorrect. Trainsandotherthings (talk) 22:12, 8 April 2023 (UTC)

Is it worth it to keep passenger railroads on here?
The Metropolitan Transportation Authority's Long Island Rail Road would have qualified for Class I status by revenue specifications listed on this article (due to making $509 Million in 2022 according to Zippia ), but due to the changing income scale (which is recalculated semi-regularly according income scale) requiring Class I carriers to make a minimum of $943,898,958 according to current Surface Transportation Board standards as of 2021, this would no longer be applicible. This leads me to believe that it may not be the best idea to leave passenger carriers (such as Amtrak or VIA) on this article if the income specifications change so regularly, as the list may need to be changed annually to keep up with current income reports. As a result, I am not sure it remains appropriate to list passenger carriers on the page at all if a freight component is required, especially as the current US carriers appear to be more volatile with income at present. Pokemonred200 (talk) 17:48, 14 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Agreed, it doesn't seem appropriate to list passenger carriers since a freight component is required. -- RickyCourtney (talk) 21:14, 14 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Railroad classes


text:
Reverse tape effects

Reverse tape effects are special effects created by recording sound onto magnetic tape and then physically reversing the tape so that when the tape is played back, the sounds recorded on it are heard in reverse. Backmasking is a type of reverse tape effect.

History
In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, a device allowing sound to be recorded and reproduced on a rotating cylinder with a stylus (or "needle") attached to a diaphragm mounted at the narrow end of a horn. Emile Berliner invented the familiar lateral-cut disc phonograph record in 1888. In addition to recreating recorded sounds by placing the stylus on the cylinder or disc and rotating it in the same direction as during the recording, one could hear different sounds by rotating the cylinder or disc backwards. In 1878, Edison noted that, when played backwards, "the song is still melodious in many cases, and some of the strains are sweet and novel, but altogether different from the song reproduced in the right way".

Reverse effects were regarded largely as a curiosity and were little used until the 1950s. The 1950s saw two new developments in audio technology: the development of musique concrète, an avant-garde form of electronic music, which involves editing together fragments of natural and industrial sounds, and the concurrent spread of the use of tape recorders in recording studios. These two trends led to tape music compositions, composed on tape using techniques including reverse tape effects.

The reverse tape technique became especially popular during the psychedelic music era of the mid-to-late 1960s when musicians and producers exploited a vast range of special audio effects.

Examples
One of the best-known examples of music featuring reverse tape effects is the Doctor Who theme (1963), composed by Ron Grainer and realised electronically by Delia Derbyshire of the BBC Radiophonic Workshop.

Several Beatles songs of the period — including Revolver (1966) tracks "I'm Only Sleeping" and "Tomorrow Never Knows" — also feature recordings of electric guitars, sitars and "birds" which have been reversed. Another famous example of the use of reverse tape effects is their 1967 single "Strawberry Fields Forever." During the verses, Lennon's voice is accompanied by a series of rapid "swooshing" sounds; these are actually the sounds of Ringo Starr's drum and cymbal accompaniment. These patterns were carefully pre-recorded, the tape reversed and the reversed percussion effects meticulously edited into the master tape to synchronise with the music.

Around the same time, Jimi Hendrix recorded backward guitar for tracks such as "Are You Experienced?" and "Castles Made of Sand," both released 1967. Stephen Stills, a close friend of Jimi Hendrix, used the effect on Graham Nash's song "Pre-Road Downs" from Crosby, Stills & Nash's debut album.

Occasionally, record labels would use a reverse tape song on the B-side of a single, to ensure that only the A side got radio play. One example is "Noolab Wolley" by the US group The Yellow Balloon; A-side “Yellow Balloon” was a big cheery harmony-drenched slice of sunshine pop that went to #25 in Billboard in the spring of 1967. The flip side of the single reversed the tape to create a surprisingly listenable off-kilter bit of shoopy drums and near-psychedelic "lyrics" that worked pretty well. In the year prior, there was "Aaah-ah, Yawa Em Ekat Ot Gnimoc Er’yeht" by Napoleon XIV (Jerry Samuels). In the original song "They’re Coming To Take Me Away, Ha-Haaa!", Samuels created one of the most bizarre one-hit oddities of the 1960s, going to #1 in Cashbox, #3 in Billboard, #4 in the UK, and #2 in Canada in the summer of 1966. The reverse version fared reasonably well on the flip side, since the martial drumming of the A side remained more or less intact, and the lyrics were only slightly less warped.

An example of the use of reverse tape effects is the song "Roundabout" (1972) by the British progressive rock group Yes. The song begins with a sound which gradually fades in, and then ends suddenly, changing abruptly into guitar music, performed by guitarist Steve Howe. The "fade-in" sound is a minor chord (played on a grand piano by keyboardist Rick Wakeman) that was sounded and allowed to fade to silence. The tape of this piano chord was then reversed by producer Eddy Offord and carefully edited into the track. With the fading piano sound is thus reversed, it slowly builds up in volume before ending suddenly, at which point Offord edited it seamlessly into the first notes of Howe's guitar introduction. This distinctive effect is heard several times during the introduction and its reprise.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Reverse tape effects


text:
User talk:Lasix

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title: User talk:Lasix


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Talk:Baron Lucas

Untitled
Are recipients of a writ of acceleration counted in the numbering if they do not succeed their fathers? Donald, 0100 hrs, 6th December 2004 (GMT) I think not, sir. --Anglius 21:28, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

Numbering
This is a discussion, moved from the respective userpages:

Hello. I see that you disagree with me over the present Baron Lucas of Crudwell. Who's Who (2003 edition) and dodonline.co.uk lists Ralph Matthew Palmer as the 11th Baron. Also, Debrett's (1990 edition) lists his mother as the tenth holder and does not include Anthony Grey (Earl of Harold) in the numbering. Unfortunately, I don’t have access to Burke's or The Complete Peerage, so I don’t know if they disagree with Debrett's (also don’t know which of the three is considered the most authoritative). What are you sources for the present Baron being the twelfth holder? Hopefully we can sort this out. Regards Tryde 17:23, 3 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Hello. I have access to Burke's which lists the present baron as the 12th (as does Cracroft's, which I admit is a bit of a carbon copy of Burke's anyway) but unfortunately I haven't got access to Cockayne's either. He's rightly listed with the 12th ordinal due to Anthony, Earl of Harold being called up the Lords in 1718, thus making him the 3rd baron (I assume you're familiar with writs of acceleration, so won't go into them). The Marchioness Grey was thus the 4th baroness and the Countess de Grey the 5th baroness and so on and so on. Interestingly, on Lord Harold's death in 1723, the barony passed back to his father, the Duke of Kent and wasn't inherited by Lord Harold's neice (later the Marchioness Grey) until the duke's own death in 1740 - due to the slight complexity of writs of acceleration combined with the even more complex nature of the terms of the barony's patent, this totally confuses me as to why it didn't just pass to the duke's eldest daughter, the Countess of Breadalbane and Holland (mother of Lady Grey). That aside, I believe we can definately count Lord Harold as the third baron simply by the fact that every other eldest son of peers that were called up and didn't succeeded to their father's higher peerage, have also been given an ordinal. Thanks, Craigy (talk) 17:54, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

User:Proteus has access to Cokayne's. I suggest you alert him. - Kittybrewster 18:15, 3 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Hello. I had a discussion with User:Craigy144 regarding the intricate history of the barony of Lucas of Crudwell and user:Kittybrewster suggested I should contact you as you supposedly have access to The Complete Peerage. The question is whether the present baron is the 11th or 12th holder of the title. This depends on whether Anthony Grey, Earl of Harold (son of the second Baron, the first Duke of Kent) should be included in the numbering or not. Lord Harold was summoned to the House of Lords through a writ of acceleration as Lord Lucas of Crudwell, but predeceased his father. Debrett's does not include him in the numbering and lists the present Baron as the 11th Baron (he is also listed as the 11th holder on dodonline.co.uk). Burke's and Cracroft's apparently disagrees and includes Lord Harold in the numbering, and consequently lists the present Baron as the 12th holder. What does Cokayne say on the subject and what are your thoughts? Regards Tryde 19:23, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

The CP calls him the 3rd Baron (well, technically, it puts the numeral "III" next to his entry, and the numeral "IV" next to the Marchioness Grey's entry, and so on, since it doesn't use the same numbering system as most other works). However, there does seem to be some variation here: William Howard, Lord Howard of Effingham, eldest son of Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham, was summoned to Parliament as Baron Howard of Effingham and died childless in his father's lifetime, the Barony reverting to his father, and is not included in the numbering of the Barony of Howard of Effingham, whilst Oliver St John, 5th Baron St John of Bletso, eldest son of Oliver St John, 1st Earl of Bolingbroke, who was similarly summoned to Parliament as Baron St John of Bletso and died childless in his father's lifetime, the Barony reverting to his father, does seem to be included in the numbering of the Barony of St John of Bletso. Forced to choose (which of course we are), I'd be inclined to go with "12th" here, since my instinct says that the Howards are wrong and the St Johns right. Proteus (Talk) 20:04, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Baron Lucas


text: Category:Geography of Turkey

title: Category:Geography of Turkey


text:
Gimli (electoral district)

Gimli was a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba. It was created by redistribution in 1899, and existed continuously until the 2019 election. Following this, it was redistributed into the Interlake-Gimli electoral district.

Gimli was located to the immediate north of the City of Winnipeg. It was bordered to the north by Interlake, to the west by Interlake and Lakeside, and to the east by Lake Winnipeg and Selkirk.

Communities in the riding included Gimli, Winnipeg Beach, Petersfield, Clandeboye and Matlock.

The riding's population in 1996 was 19,700. In 1999, the average family income was $58,790, and the unemployment rate was 7.90%. The service sector accounts for 15% of industry in the riding, with a further 11% each in manufacturing and the retail trade. There is also a significant fishing and tourism economy in the riding.

Gimli is home to the largest Icelandic community in the world outside Iceland, and many of its MLAs have been from this background. It also has significant Ukrainian and German communities, at 12% and 6% respectively.

Gimli was a "bellwether" riding, and has elected a candidate from a governing party in all but five elections since its establishment (the exceptions were 1907, 1920, 1922, 1936 and 1999).

title: Gimli (electoral district)


text:
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title: User:Antaeus Feldspar/Cults and NRMs


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Line E (Buenos Aires Underground)

Line E of the Buenos Aires Underground runs from Retiro to Plaza de los Virreyes, a total distance of 12 km. Opened in 1944, the Line E was the last completely new line to be added to the Buenos Aires Underground, until 2007 when Line H was opened. The line has a history of being re-routed and extended due to having been historically the line with the lowest passenger numbers on the network.

History
Line E was opened on 20 June 1944, after construction began in 1938, with an original route that ran from Constitución railway station to General Urquiza. Soon after, it was decided to abandon the terminus at Constitución (which also served as the connection with Line C) and instead reroute the line towards the Plaza de Mayo.

Work began in 1957, and in 1966 the San José, Independencia, Belgrano and Plaza de Mayo (now Bolívar) stations were opened to the public by president Arturo Umberto Illia. For many years, the two stations that had been closed as a result of the Line E re-route remained unused until the mid-1990s when one was converted into a workshop to service the rolling stock of the line.

The line was further extended in 1973 to José María Moreno and then again in 1985 to Plaza de los Virreyes. The PreMetro E2 tramway was completed in 1987 and was linked to Line E with the intention of connecting a larger Premetro network to the line, although this never materialised following privatisation.

Under the private operation of the Subte by Metrovías, the colour of the line was changed from yellow to purple during the 1990s. Purple had previously been used for Line C, while yellow is now used for Line H.

Extension to Retiro
As part of a general effort to extend the Buenos Aires Underground, it was decided to extend Line E from Bolívar to Retiro railway station (with intermediate stations at Catalinas and Correo Central) where it would re-connect with Line C and the Mitre Line, and eventually Line H when its extension was completed. By 2014, all the major structural works had been completed on the three new stations with the tracks and signalling systems still to be completed.

In July 2015, the City of Buenos Aires confirmed that, despite the advanced state of the works, the extension would not be opened until 2019 citing delays that came about as a result of the transfer of the works from the National Government to the City Government in 2012. The city completed the additional work required by the new deadline. On Monday 3 June 2019 the extension to Retiro was completed. The extension was expected to increase ridership on the line by 25%.

Rolling stock
The line originally used Siemens-Schuckert Orenstein & Koppel rolling stock during its inauguration and for many years after. However, this was later replaced by similar CAF-GEE rolling stock purchased in 1968 which still serves on the line today. In 2006, 64 of the CAF-GEE cars were to be refurbished, but this was ultimately abandoned.

It is expected that with the line's extension to Retiro completed in 2019, the CAF GEE rolling stock will be retired and replaced by Fiat-Materfer cars, and possibly 50 Siemens O&K cars refurbished by the Emepa Group and Alstom.

Ghost stations
There are two ghost stations on the line – San José vieja and Constitución. These formed part of the line's original Line E route towards Constitución railway station until the line was re-routed in 1966. Both stations have been used as workshops and storage areas for the line's rolling stock. It has also been evaluated using the two stations and their corresponding tunnels as the southern part of Line F since that line's projected route in that area overlaps with the former Line E route.

San José vieja was used as a set for the 1996 Argentine film Moebius and served as the fictional Dock Sud and Parque stations.

title: Line E (Buenos Aires Underground)


text: Template:Government of Catalonia

title: Template:Government of Catalonia


text:
File:Mission of Burma-Vs-cover.jpg

Summary
Mission of Burma - Vs. LP cover

Scan of Mission of Burma's Vs LP cover, fair use.

title: File:Mission of Burma-Vs-cover.jpg


text:
Line G (Buenos Aires Underground)

Line G is a planned addition to the Buenos Aires Underground which has been on the drawing board in numerous forms since the 1930s. After a failed attempt at financing and building the line in 2009, its most recent proposal was put forward in 2015 by the government of Buenos Aires.

History

The history of Line G dates back to 1930 when the Hispano-Argentine Company for Public Works and Finances (CHADOPyF) was tasked with expanding the network following the construction of Line A by the Anglo-Argentine Tramways Company. The company had been tasked with building four new lines, with Line 3 running from Plaza de Mayo to the intersections of San Martín and Gaona Avenues, the current location of the Sid Campeador monument, which would be built in 1935. By 1932, the original plans had been revised twice and the number of projected lines was reduced to three, with parts of lines 3 and 4 being merged into a new Line 3 (today known as Line D), and the western section of Line 3 being left on the drawing board, later to re-emerge as the planned Line G.

Law 670
On 8 November 2001, the government of the City of Buenos Aires established a law outlining the future expansion of the Underground network, which included three new lines; F, G and I, as well measures for the advancement of Line H. Line G would start at Retiro Mitre railway station and then head west, terminating at the Cid Campeador monument, near Parque Centenario in the Caballito neighborhood.

The Retiro - Cid Campeador line, which was to stretch 7.3km and have 11 station, was then planned as follows:
 * Retiro
 * Cerrito
 * Uruguay
 * Callao
 * Pueyrredón
 * Jean Juares
 * Mario Bravo
 * Gascón
 * Estado de Israel
 * Parque Centenario
 * Cid Campeador

By December 2009, the City of Buenos Aires had made significant advances in negotiating financing and construction equipment from Exim Bank of China and China Railway Group Limited (CREC). The construction of the line was to be done with tunnel boring machines, allowing for the tunnel to advance an average of 15 metres per day and the CREC would be in charge of all aspects of construction and sourcing of materials as well as rolling stock. By early 2011, it was announced that the government had obtained financing for $1.4 billion for the line and was to begin construction in 2012, concluding in 2016. The line was to be 12.5km long and terminate further west at Villa del Parque, continuing on from the Sid Campeador terminus envisioned in Law 670. However, once the project had reached the Buenos Aires City Legislature for consideration, many aspects of the deal were questioned, including the cost of the line which was estimated to be significantly cheaper ($1 billion) if built directly by the city. Following these concerns and questions, construction was postponed indefinitely later that year.

PETERS Plan
In 2015 new plans for the Underground were published by the City of Buenos Aires. As part of this new plan, Line G was re-designed completely, running through the financial district of the city in between Line F and Line C before running westwards towards Palermo, proximately parallel to and just north of Line D. It was proposed that construction on the line was to begin sometime after construction began on the proposed Line F.

title: Line G (Buenos Aires Underground)


text:
Mike Alstott

Michael Joseph Alstott (born December 21, 1973) is an American former professional football player who was a fullback in the National Football League (NFL) for 12 seasons with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Nicknamed "A-Train", he played college football for the Purdue Boilermakers and was selected by the Buccaneers in the second round of the 1996 NFL draft. Alstott received six Pro Bowl and three first-team All-Pro honors during his career, in addition to being part of the Buccaneers team that won the franchise's first Super Bowl title in Super Bowl XXXVII. For his accomplishments in Tampa Bay, he was inducted to the Buccaneers Ring of Honor in 2015. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest fullbacks of all time. One of the NFL's YouTube channels called Alstott "the last legendary fullback".

College career
Alstott attended Purdue University for four years, where he became the first player in school history named MVP in three consecutive seasons. Alstott scored 12 touchdowns as a sophomore, 14 as a junior, and 11 as a senior, and held the Purdue rushing touchdown record with 39 until Kory Sheets broke it in 2008. He averaged 5.6 yards per attempt during his Purdue career before graduating in 1995 with a bachelor's degree in business. He finished as Purdue's all-time leading rusher with 3,635 yards, including a school-best 1,436 yards in 1995.

Professional career
Alstott was selected in the second round (35th overall) of the 1996 NFL draft by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The Buccaneers utilized Alstott primarily as a running fullback as opposed to a blocking fullback that teams were starting to switch to at the time. He was a member of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers team that won Super Bowl XXXVII (2002), played at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego, California. Alstott rushed for 15 yards and the first Super Bowl touchdown in Tampa Bay Buccaneers history. He also caught five passes for 43 yards. Alstott signed a one-year contract to stay in Tampa Bay for the 2005 season, and signed a similar contract at the conclusion of the 2006 season after contemplating retirement. However, he spent all of the 2007 season on injured reserve because of neck problems, leading to his retirement on January 24, 2008.

In the summer of 2007, shortly before he suffered his season-ending and ultimately career-ending neck injury, Alstott appeared in a television commercial for ESPN Fantasy Football along with former teammate Warrick Dunn, who was later signed by the Falcons.

He was ranked No. 10 on the NFL Network's "Top Ten Power Backs".

With 71 total touchdowns as a Buccaneer, Alstott broke the previous franchise record of 46 by running back James Wilder when he scored his 47th career TD on November 26, 2001. Alstott remained the Buccaneers' all-time leading touchdown scorer until November 22, 2021, when wide receiver Mike Evans scored his 72nd TD as a Buccaneer.

NFL career statistics
Rushing statistics

Receiving statistics

Personal life
Alstott and his ex-wife, Nicole Alstott, have three children. His son Griffin was a quarterback at Western Michigan from 2018 to 2020, after spending the 2017 season at Purdue.

title: Mike Alstott


text:
Caulobacter

Caulobacter is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria in the class Alphaproteobacteria. Its best-known member is Caulobacter crescentus, an organism ubiquitous in freshwater lakes and rivers; many members of the genus are specialized to oligotrophic environments.

Pathogenicity
Although Caulobacter is not commonly appreciated as a cause of human diseases, Caulobacter isolates have been implicated in a number of cases of recurrent peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. One study has identified the species C. crescentus and C. mirare as the cause of a disease of the moth Galleria mellonella; the absence of identified distinct virulence factors in C. mirare may suggest that other Caulobacter species have pathogenic potential.

title: Caulobacter


text:
List of Florida state parks

There are 175 state parks and 9 state trails in the U.S. state of Florida which encompass more than 800,000 acre, providing recreational opportunities for both residents and tourists.

Almost half of the state parks have an associated local 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation, often styled, "Friends of {park name} State Park, Inc.". In 2015, some 29,356 volunteers donated nearly 1.3 million hours to enhance the parks for approximately 31 million visitors. There is a mostly nominal admission to nearly all Florida's state parks, although separate fees are charged for the use of cabins, marinas, campsites, etc. Florida's state parks offer 3,613 family campsites, 186 cabins, thousands of picnic tables, 100 mi of beaches, and over 2600 miles of trails.

The Florida Park Service is the division of the Florida Department of Environmental Protection responsible for the operation of Florida State Parks, and won the Gold Medal honoring the best state park system in the country in 1999 and 2005 from the National Recreation and Park Association. They were also finalists in the 1997 and 2011 competitions. The Park Service was awarded the gold medal again in October 2013, making it the only three-time winner. In 2019, they received the gold medal award again, resulting in them being the first four-time winner. The parks are open year-round and offer diverse activities beyond fishing, hiking and camping. Many parks offer facilities for birding or horseback riding; there are several battle reenactments; and freshwater springs and beaches are Florida's gems. According to the Florida Park Service website, their goal "is to help create a sense of place by showing park visitors the best of Florida's diverse natural and cultural sites. Florida's state parks are managed and preserved for enjoyment by this and future generations through providing appropriate resource-based recreational opportunities, interpretation and education that help visitors connect to the Real Florida."

Several state parks were formerly private tourist attractions purchased by the state of Florida to preserve their natural environment. These parks include the Silver Springs State Park, Homosassa Springs Wildlife State Park, Rainbow Springs State Park, and Weeki Wachee Springs. There are state parks in 58 of Florida's 67 counties. Nine of the 175 parks do not have "State Park" in their name. Four are "conservation areas" (reserve, preserve, or wildlife refuge); three are "Historical/Archaeological sites"; one is a fishing pier and one is a recreation area. Seven parks are mostly undeveloped with few or no facilities; 10 parks are accessible only by private boat or ferry;         and 13 parks contain National Natural Landmarks. Additionally, there are eleven national parks and service sites in Florida locations under control of the National Park Service.

Florida State Parks are supported by tax dollars (document stamps), user fees, and to a much smaller extent charitable contributions. Many state parks have an associated local non-profit corporation. Most parks charge an entrance fee. Residents can purchase an annual entrance pass that is valid at any of the parks. Camping is available in campsites in some of the parks. All reservations for park facilities are handled through the private corporation ReserveAmerica. The Florida State Parks website (floridastateparks.org) provides an updated online guide to all parks.

Florida state parks and reserves
Note: The table of contents only applies when the list is sorted by park name.
 * "Year" refers to the year the park was opened. If that date is not available, the year the state acquired the property will be used.
 * Left mouse click on the up/down arrows to sort the list by that column. Photo and remarks are unsortable.

title: List of Florida state parks


text:
Jane Margaret O'Brien

Jane Margaret O'Brien is a professor of chemistry and president emerita of St. Mary's College of Maryland. She served as president from 1996 to 2009. "Maggie", as she was called by students at St. Mary's, received her BS in biochemistry at Vassar College in 1975, and her PhD in chemistry at the University of Delaware in 1981.

title: Jane Margaret O'Brien


text:
Deep Springs

Deep Springs may refer to:

 * Deep Springs, California, unincorporated community in Inyo County
 * Deep Springs College, nontraditional two-year institution located in Deep Springs Valley
 * Deep Springs International, sponsor of the Gayden Dlo point of use water treatment program
 * Deep Springs Plantation, a mansion in Stoneville, North Carolina
 * Deep Springs Valley, valley in the Inyo-White mountain range of California

title: Deep Springs


text:
Eustace

Eustace, also rendered Eustis, is the rendition in English of two phonetically similar Greek given names:
 * Εὔσταχυς (Eústachys) meaning "fruitful", "fecund"; literally "abundant in grain"; its Latin equivalents are Fæcundus/Fecundus
 * Εὐστάθιος (Eustáthios) meaning "steadfast", "stable"; literally "possessing good stability"; its exact Latin equivalents are Constans and its derivatives, Constantius and Constantinus.

Equivalents in other languages include Ostap (Ukrainian, Russian), Eustachy (Polish, Russian), Yevstaphiy (Russian), Eustachio (Italian), Eustache or Eustathe (French), Eustaquio (Spanish), Eustáquio (Portuguese), Eustàquio (Valencian), Ustes (Guyanese) and Eustice (English). The originally Hebrew name Ethan or Eitan can also mean "steadfast" or "stable".

The Greek Eústachys is no longer used; Eustáthios/Ευστάθιος (usually transliterated Efstáthios) on the other hand is still popular and often used in the informal or diminutive Στάθης (Státhis).

Ancient era

 * Saint Eustace (died 118), Christian martyr
 * Eustace or Eustathius of Mtskheta (died c. 550), Orthodox Christian saint
 * Eustace of Luxeuil (Eustasius) (c. 560 – c. 629), saint and Abbot of Luxeuil

Medieval era

 * Eustace I of Boulogne (died 1049), father of Eustace II
 * Eustace II of Boulogne (c.  1015–1020 – c. 1087), companion of William the Conqueror, fought at the Battle of Hastings
 * Eustace III of Boulogne (before 1060 – c. 1125), rebelled against King William II of England, son of Eustace II
 * Eustace IV of Boulogne (c. 1129 – 1153), eldest son of King Stephen of England
 * Eustace (Bishop of Ely) (died 1215), Lord Chancellor of England
 * Eustace de Balliol (died c. 1209), Lord of Balliol
 * Eustace Chapuys (c. 1490/2 – 1556), Ambassador for the Holy Roman Empire in the English Court during the reign of Henry VIII
 * Eustace of Fauconberg (died 1228), Bishop of London and Lord High Treasurer
 * Eustace Folville (died 1346), English outlaw
 * Eustace fitz John (died 1157), magnate in northern England
 * Eustace Grenier (died 1123), crusader lord and Constable of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
 * Eustace the Monk (c. 1170–1217), mercenary and pirate
 * Eustace de Vesci (1169–1216), English lord of Alnwick Castle, leader of the First Baron's War against King John I of England
 * Eustace of Vilnius (died 1347), saint and martyr of the Russian Orthodox Church
 * Eustathius of Ethiopia (1273-1352), Ethiopian saint who advocated for Sabbath observance

Modern era

 * Eustace Akwei, Ghanaian doctor and politician
 * Lord Eustace Cecil (1834–1921), British politician
 * Eustace Conway, American naturalist
 * Eustace John, Governor-General of Nevis
 * Eustace Lycett (1914–2006), British special effects artist
 * Eustace Miles (1868–1948), British real tennis player
 * Eustace Mullins, American writer
 * Eustace George Willis, British politician

Surname
Eustace is a Dalcassian surname.

 * Adam Eustace (born 1979), English rugby union player
 * Alan Eustace, American computer scientist, record holder for a Stratosphere Jump
 * Arnhim Eustace (born 1944), Vincentian politician, Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 * Arthur Eustace (1926–2018), New Zealand former sprinter, athletics coach and administrator
 * Bartholomew J. Eustace (1887–1956), American Roman Catholic bishop
 * Cristina Eustace (born 1979), Mexican singer
 * Dudley Eustace, English businessman, director of Dutch companies
 * Frank Eustace (1873–1932), American baseball player
 * James Eustace, 3rd Viscount Baltinglass (1530–1585), Anglo-Irish Catholic noble rebel
 * Jean Eustache (1938–1981), French filmmaker
 * John Chetwode Eustace (c.1762–1815), Anglo-Irish Catholic priest and antiquary
 * John Eustace (born 1979), English football player
 * John Thomas Eustace (1825-1919), politician of the Cape Colony
 * Sir Joseph Lambert Eustace (1908–1996), Vincentian educator, businessman and politician
 * Katharine Eustace (born 1975), New Zealand skeleton racer
 * Mary Jo Eustace (born 1962), Canadian actress, singer and sous chef
 * Peter Eustace (born 1944), English football player
 * Robert Eustace, pen name of Eustace Robert Barton (1854–1943), English doctor and author
 * Rowland Eustace, 2nd Viscount Baltinglass (1505–1578), Anglo-Irish Catholic noble
 * Scott Eustace (born 1975), English footballer
 * Stuart Eustace (born 1979), English cricketer
 * Thomas Eustace, 1st Viscount Baltinglass (c.1480–1549), Anglo-Irish Catholic noble loyalist
 * Tim Eustace (born 1956), American chiropractor and politician

Fictional characters

 * Eustace Bagge, the farmer from the 1999 TV series Courage the Cowardly Dog
 * Sir Eustace Brackenstall, The Adventure of the Abbey Grange by Arthur Conan Doyle

 * Commissioner Eustace Dolan, The Spirit 1940s comic strip character
 * Ethne Eustace, The Four Feathers
 * Eustace Clarence Scrubb, from The Chronicles of Narnia
 * Eustace Strytch, from The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius
 * Eustace Tilley, The New Yorker magazine character
 * Eustace Wooster, cousin of Bertie Wooster, in P.G. Wodehouse's The Inimitable Jeeves

title: Eustace


text:
Elk Township

Elk Township may refer to the following places in the United States:

 * Elk Township, Jackson County, Illinois
 * Elk Township, Buena Vista County, Iowa
 * Elk Township, Clayton County, Iowa
 * Elk Township, Lake County, Michigan
 * Elk Township, Sanilac County, Michigan
 * Elk Township, Minnesota
 * Elk Township, Stoddard County, Missouri
 * Elk Township, Saunders County, Nebraska
 * Elk Township, New Jersey
 * Elk Township, Ashe County, North Carolina
 * Elk Township, Noble County, Ohio
 * Elk Township, Vinton County, Ohio
 * Elk Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania
 * Elk Township, Clarion County, Pennsylvania
 * Elk Township, Tioga County, Pennsylvania
 * Elk Township, Warren County, Pennsylvania

title: Elk Township


text:
Fictitious

Fictitious may refer to:
 * Fictitious defendants
 * Fictitious business name
 * Feigned action
 * Ejectment, an action to recover land
 * John Doe, commonly named as a fictitious defendant

title: Fictitious


text:
Giant (magazine)

Giant (stylized as GIANT) was a men's magazine based in New York City geared to the urban music market. It began in October 2004 as a bimonthly publication catering to the interests of 20-something men, focusing on pop culture including reviews of video games, movies, fine tobacco, music, everyday happenings and celebrity interviews.

In August 2006, the magazine had a makeover under new editor-in-chief Smokey Fontaine, formerly of the hip hop magazine America. Under his leadership, the magazine began to focus on music, lifestyle, and entertainment for the urban reader. Later, Emil Wilbekin served as the standing Editor-In-Chief.

Covers included Beyoncé, Pharrell, Diddy, The Killers, Ciara, Jennifer Hudson, Janet Jackson, and Eve. The June/July issue offered two covers: one of R&B artist Robin Thicke and one of Rihanna. Chris Brown and Prince have also appeared on the cover. Along with the magazine, Giant's website serves as a blog for readers to get additional information on artists that have been featured in the magazine, as well as contests and giveaways.

Radio One, the radio empire started by Cathy Hughes and now presided over by her son, Alfred Liggins, purchased the magazine in January 2007 for a reported $270,000. Giant was Radio One's first foray into the print media market. The magazine was closed in December 2009.

title: Giant (magazine)


text:
Derrick Brooks

Derrick Dewan Brooks (born April 18, 1973) is an American former football linebacker who played for his entire 14-year career in the National Football League (NFL) with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Brooks played college football for the Florida State Seminoles, earning consensus All-American honors twice. He was selected by the Buccaneers in the first round of the 1995 NFL draft. An 11-time Pro Bowl selection and five-time first-team All-Pro, Brooks was the NFL Defensive Player of the Year in 2002 en route to winning the franchise's first Super Bowl title in Super Bowl XXXVII. Following his retirement, Brooks served as co-owner and president of the Tampa Bay Storm in the Arena Football League (AFL) from 2011 to 2017. He was inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2014 and the College Football Hall of Fame in 2016.

Early life
Brooks attended Washington High School in Pensacola, Florida. In his senior season in 1991, Brooks carried Pensacola to the state playoff semifinals, where they lost to the eventual champion Manatee Hurricanes of Bradenton, Florida. In 2007, he was named to the Florida High School Athletic Association All-Century Team, which selected the Top 33 players in the 100-year history of high school football in the state of Florida's history.

College career
While attending Florida State University, he played for the Seminoles from 1991 to 1994. He was a four-year letterman, a consensus first-team All-American his junior and senior years, and a three-time first-team All-Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) selection. After playing as safety as a freshman he switched to linebacker as a sophomore. He was a member of the 1993 Seminoles National Championship team. He finished his career with 274 tackles, five interceptions, 8.5 sacks, 13 passes defensed, four forced fumbles, and three fumble recoveries.

In November 2010, Florida State retired Seminoles jersey number 10 in honor of Brooks.

Awards and honors

 * 3× First-team All-Atlantic Coast Conference (1992, 1993, 1994)
 * ACC Defensive Player of the Year (1993)
 * 2× Consensus first-team All-American (1993, 1994)
 * 2× Vince Lombardi Award finalist (1993, 1994)
 * Bowl Coalition National Championship (1993)

Early career (1995–2001)
The Tampa Bay Buccaneers selected Brooks in the first round (28th overall) of the 1995 NFL draft. The Buccaneers traded both of their second-round picks (46th overall and 63rd overall) to the Dallas Cowboys for their first-round pick (28th overall) and used the pick to draft Brooks. Brooks was the second linebacker drafted in 1995 NFL Draft, behind Washington State's Mark Fields (13th overall).

Brooks played 14 years for the Buccaneers and is widely considered one of the best players in franchise history and one of the best linebackers in NFL history. From 1995 to 2008, Brooks started 221 of 224 games, recording 1,698 tackles, 13.5 sacks, 25 interceptions, and six touchdowns (tied for the most in NFL history by a linebacker with Bobby Bell). He was selected to the Pro Bowl 11 times, including 10 straight from 1997 to 2006, was an All-Pro nine times, was the AP NFL Defensive Player of the Year in 2002, and led the team to the franchise's first Super Bowl win in Super Bowl XXXVII.

As a rookie in 1995, Brooks started 13 of 16 games. He finished the season with 78 tackles with a sack and earned first-team all-rookie honors from Pro Football Weekly and Pro Football Writers Association. During his second season 1996, he started all 16 games and finished with a team-leading 132 tackles and his first career interception. In 1997, Brooks earned his first trip to the Pro Bowl after recording 144 tackles, 1.5 sacks, and two interceptions in 16 games. In 1998, Brooks had another Pro Bowl season after recording 156 tackles and an interception.

In 1999, Brooks made the Pro Bowl for the third time and was a first-team All-Pro selection for the first time in his career. For the season, he had 153 tackles, two sacks, and four interceptions. In 2000, Brooks earned his fourth consecutive trip to the Pro Bowl and his second consecutive first-team All-Pro selection. He finished the season with 140 tackles, a sack, and had his first career touchdown on a 34-yard interception from Minnesota Vikings quarterback Daunte Culpepper. Brooks was also, along with Jim Flanigan of the Chicago Bears, the winner of the Walter Payton Man of the Year Award, given to a National Football League player for his community service activities as well as his excellence on the field. Brooks made his fifth consecutive Pro Bowl in 2001 after recording 112 tackles and three interceptions.

Continued success and Super Bowl victory (2002–2008)
Brooks' best season came in 2002. During that year he was named NFL Defensive Player of the Year by the Associated Press and helped the Buccaneers win the franchise's first Super Bowl. He also made his sixth consecutive Pro Bowl and was a first-team All-Pro selection for the third time. For the season he had 117 tackles, a sack, five interceptions, and returned an NFL record, for a linebacker, four touchdowns (one off a fumble and three off interceptions). During the Buccaneers 48–21 victory over the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XXXVII, he returned an interception off of Raiders quarterback Rich Gannon 44 yards for the clinching touchdown.

In 2003, Brooks broke Lee Roy Selmon's team record for most consecutive Pro Bowl appearances with seven. He finished the season with 101 tackles, a sack, two interceptions, and returned an interception for a touchdown. In 2004, Brooks made his eighth consecutive Pro Bowl and fifth- first-team All-Pro selection after recording 137 tackles, three sacks, and an interception. In 2005, Brooks made his ninth consecutive Pro Bowl and earned his sixth first-team All-Pro selection. He finished the season with 125 tackles, three sacks, and an interception.

In Brooks' 10th consecutive Pro Bowl in 2006, he was named the MVP after returning a Trent Green interception 59 yards for a touchdown to secure the victory for the NFC. During the regular season he had 121 tackles, three interceptions and a touchdown. In 2007, Brooks had 109 tackles and was not voted to the Pro Bowl for the first time since 1996. In Brooks' last year with the Buccaneers in 2008, he recorded 73 tackles and an interception and was selected to his 11th Pro Bowl. The 11 Pro Bowls are tied for second-most by a linebacker in NFL history.

Tampa Bay exit and retirement
On February 25, 2009, the Buccaneers released Brooks. He was one of five veterans that the Bucs released on that day. The others were wide receivers Joey Galloway and Ike Hilliard, running back Warrick Dunn and linebacker Cato June. The Bucs had previously fired Head Coach Jon Gruden and General Manager Bruce Allen and were looking to build a younger team under the likes of Raheem Morris and Mark Dominik. Brooks never missed a game in his 14 years in Tampa Bay, a total of 224 consecutive games. He was the starting weakside linebacker for the last 208 of those games, an NFL record for that position and the second-longest consecutive start streak for any linebacker in NFL history.

After spending all of the 2009 season as a free agent, Brooks officially announced his retirement on August 11, 2010.

On January 10, 2014, Brooks was named among the 15 modern-era Pro Football Hall of Fame finalists. Former Buccaneers safety John Lynch (who was Brooks' teammate from 1995 to 2003) and former Buccaneers head coach Tony Dungy (who coached Brooks from 1996 to 2001) were also finalists. On February 1, Brooks was elected to the Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility. He is the third Hall of Famer to have earned his credentials primarily as a Buc, the others being Lee Roy Selmon and Warren Sapp (Brooks' teammate from 1995 to 2003).

Broadcast and executive career
Brooks previously was a football analyst for ESPN and co-host of The Red Zone on Sirius NFL Radio and as an analyst on ESPN First Take.

In 2011, Brooks became a part owner and the team president for the Tampa Bay Storm of the Arena Football League. The team folded in December 2017.

Since 2014, Brooks has served as a jointly-appointed appeals officer for the NFL and NFL Players Association, charged with reviewing discipline for in-game misconduct.

Personal life
Brooks is married and has four children. Brooks is a Christian.

Derrick Brooks is the founder of Derrick Brooks Charities. He has taken local youth across the nation and South Africa with the objective of presenting a first-hand experience, or a "mobile classroom," this group is known as the Brooks Bunch. Brooks also headed the founding of the Brooks-DeBartolo Collegiate High School in Tampa with fellow Pro Football Hall of Fame member Edward J. DeBartolo Jr.

Brooks is well known for his charity work and his advocacy of the importance of education. He was the co-recipient of the 2000 Walter Payton Man of the Year Award and was named to the Florida State University Board of Trustees in 2003 by Governor Jeb Bush.

title: Derrick Brooks


text:
Jeff Garlin

Jeffrey Garlin (born June 5, 1962) is an American stand-up comedian and actor. He is best known for playing Murray Goldberg, patriarch of the eponymous family in the ABC sitcom The Goldbergs, and Jeff Greene on the HBO sitcom Curb Your Enthusiasm. He also played Marvin on Mad About You and Mort Meyers on Arrested Development for Fox and Netflix.

Garlin has also appeared in ParaNorman, WALL-E, Toy Story 3, and Safety Not Guaranteed, among other films.

Early life
Garlin was born in Chicago, Illinois, to Gene and Carole (née Crafton) Garlin. He grew up in Morton Grove, Illinois, where his father owned a plumbing supply business called Bilko and his mother was active in community theater. He has a younger brother, Michael. Garlin is Jewish and attended Hebrew school.

Garlin has said he wanted to be a comedian since he was eight, when he saw Jimmy Durante perform in Chicago. Garlin attended Melzer Elementary School in Morton Grove. He enjoyed playing sports at school, but had to stop after being diagnosed with Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome, a heart ailment.

When Garlin was in sixth grade, his father sold his supply business and the family relocated to South Florida. He graduated from Nova High School in Davie, Florida, in 1980. He attended Broward Community College, followed by a stint studying film at the University of Miami, where he first began to perform stand-up comedy.

Standup
In 1984, aged 22, Garlin moved back to Chicago to pursue a stand-up comedy career. He performed with the comedy troupe The Second City. He worked in the box office with Stephen Colbert.

While living in Wrigleyville, Chicago during the 1980s, Garlin was briefly roommates with Conan O'Brien, who was then a comedy writer. He remains close to O'Brien, and after O'Brien was removed as host of The Tonight Show in 2010 so that Jay Leno could return, Garlin said he would not be a guest on the show again.

Garlin was hired by comedians Denis Leary and Jon Stewart to help develop their specials. He worked as a stage director for their shows and edited the scripts. He worked with Larry David in this same way. He continues to do standup, where he says he improvises a lot on stage, and feels very relaxed, "maybe too relaxed."

Film and television
Garlin has a variety of television and film appearances to his credit, as an actor and a stand up, including Dr. Katz, Arrested Development, Everybody Loves Raymond, Late Show with David Letterman, Tom Goes to the Mayor, The Life and Times of Tim, The Daily Show, Late Night with Conan O'Brien, and Entourage. From 1997 to 1999, Garlin spent three seasons on NBC's Mad About You in the role of Marvin. He co-stars in and executive produces the HBO series Curb Your Enthusiasm. He had a recurring role on the series Wizards of Waverly Place as Uncle Kelbo, appearing in three episodes over the first three seasons.

After making an uncredited début as Gut Gut in Spring Break (1983), Garlin earned his first film credit in Dolly Parton's 1992 comedy Straight Talk. He had a small role in RoboCop 3 as "Donut Jerk" after a member of the casting crew saw him eat a doughnut while leaving Krispy Kreme with an additional two dozen doughnuts. He also had a cameo appearance in Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me in 1999.

Other cameo appearances include Run Ronnie Run!, After the Sunset, Fat Albert, and Sleepover. He appeared in Steven Soderbergh's Full Frontal (2002) and in Daddy Day Care (2003). In 2005, he had a small role in Fun with Dick and Jane.

In 2008, Garlin appeared in The Rocker as Stan, and played Ed Lawson in Strange Wilderness. He lent his voice to the Disney/Pixar films Toy Story 3 and Toy Story 4, as Buttercup. He appeared as Sid, alongside Jennifer Aniston and Gerard Butler, in the 2010 comedy action film The Bounty Hunter. He played Ed Burch in Laggies, released in 2014.

His feature directorial debut, I Want Someone to Eat Cheese With (which he also wrote), premiered to favorable reviews at the 2006 Tribeca Film Festival. It opened in September 2007. The film co-starred Sarah Silverman and Bonnie Hunt.

In 2006, Garlin directed This Filthy World, a one-man show performed by director John Waters. He was a voice actor in WALL-E (2008), as B. McCrea, the captain of the Axiom spaceship. Garlin executive produced the documentary Finding Vivian Maier (2013).

In 2013, Garlin signed onto the ABC sitcom The Goldbergs, which premiered on September 24, 2013. He played Murray Goldberg, the father of the title family. In December 2021, as shooting of the show's ninth season neared completion, Garlin left the series following misconduct allegations and investigations by the show's human resources department, initially reported in November 2019. For the rest of the season, Garlin's character continued to appear on the show via outtakes, a stand-in, and CGI.

In July 2013, Garlin directed his second film, Dealin' with Idiots, inspired by his experiences with his sons in Little League. The entire film was improvised.

In October 2019, Garlin revealed he would have a role in Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker, the final installment of the Star Wars saga, which was released on December 20, 2019. He played Junn Gobint.

Misconduct allegations
On December 3, 2021, Vanity Fair published an article detailing that Garlin had been under investigation for three years for "allegedly engag[ing] in a pattern of verbal and physical conduct on [the set of The Goldbergs] that made people uncomfortable". The report found that he had used "inappropriate language" and engaged in "unwanted physical contact" on set such as hugging or touching others without their consent. On December 15, 2021, it was announced that Garlin would not return to the show. His departure was said to be a mutual decision.

Writing
In 2010, Garlin published a book, My Footprint: Carrying the Weight of the World, a memoir that documents his journey to lessen his carbon footprint.

Podcast
On the comedy podcast network Earwolf Garlin hosted By the Way, In Conversation with Jeff Garlin, which consisted of unscripted talks rather than formal interviews. The debut episode featured Garlin's Curb Your Enthusiasm co-star Larry David. The twice monthly installments were recorded in front of a live audience at Largo at the Coronet in Los Angeles. The podcast's last episode was released in February 2015.

Other works
In March 2018, Garlin was one of the actors who voiced the audiobook A Day in the Life of Marlon Bundo.

In August 2020, Garlin was a guest DJ on SiriusXM's Tom Petty Radio.

Influences
Katie Puckrik in The Guardian wrote, "British comedy is a touchstone for Garlin". Garlin has said: "Monty Python changed my life. I watched the original Office. I love The Mighty Boosh and The Goon Show. I'm a fanatic about Ealing comedies. And Fawlty Towers is probably my favorite thing that I've ever seen come out of England."

Personal life
Garlin married Marla Beth Cahan on July 24, 1994. They have two sons. In September 2018, they announced their intention to divorce. In March 2020, Garlin said that he and Cahan were at the end of their divorce proceedings. He has been dating Sari Tracht, an editor, since early 2021.

Garlin is a fan of the Chicago Cubs. Every year on his birthday, he attends a game with his friend Kevin Cronin, lead singer of REO Speedwagon.

According to his book, Garlin voted for Barack Obama in the 2008 election.

Garlin practices transcendental meditation, which he does twice a day. He says it has helped him with symptoms of ADHD.

For a few years, Garlin lived with talk-show host Conan O'Brien. O'Brien has said that sometimes Garlin woke him up in the middle of the night and made him perform skits.

Garlin's dog on the television show The Goldbergs lives with him in real life.

On September 20, 2022, Garlin announced that he has been struggling with bipolar disorder, writing: "Bipolar is a motherfucker. Sometimes it's just too much to deal with. I'm doing the best I can. This the first time that I've opened up about this."

Health
In his late 20s, Garlin had surgery in Oklahoma City to correct the heart condition Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome, a defect in an accessory electrical conduction pathway in the heart that results in tachycardia. Garlin said he was an early recipient (#72) of the surgery, which millions of people have undergone.

In February 2000, before filming began on Curb Your Enthusiasm, he had a stroke at the age of 37. During the early episodes of season one, he had noticeably slurred speech that later improved. In addition to epilepsy and attention deficit disorder, he has type II diabetes, which he controls with diet and exercise. Garlin has written about his problems with food and discussed his weight problems publicly. In a 2011 interview, he said: "I think people look at fat people as having a lack of willpower when willpower has nothing to do with it. I didn't change my life until I approached everything like an addict. I haven't had sweets in almost three years because I know if I have one cookie, just like if an alcoholic has his first drink, I'm off to the races and I'm back eating sugar again."

Works and publications

 * Garlin, Jeff, and John Ficarra. The MAD Bathroom Companion: The Gushing Fourth Edition. New York: MAD Books, 2004.
 * Garlin, Jeff. My Footprint: Carrying the Weight of the World. New York: Gallery Books, 2010; ISBN 978-1-439-15010-8
 * Republished as: Garlin, Jeff. Curbing It. New York: Gallery Books, 2010; ISBN 978-1-439-15012-2

title: Jeff Garlin


text:
User talk:Hadfield

Unverified image
Thanks for uploading the image I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the image and I'll tag it for you. Thanks, Kbh3rd 01:12, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Image:Karnak02.jpg

title: User talk:Hadfield


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Jugular vein

The jugular veins are veins that take blood from the head back to the heart via the superior vena cava. The internal jugular vein descends next to the internal carotid artery and continues posteriorly to the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

Structure and function
There are two sets of jugular veins: external and internal. The left and right external jugular veins drain into the subclavian veins. The internal jugular veins join with the subclavian veins more medially to form the brachiocephalic veins. Finally, the left and right brachiocephalic veins join to form the superior vena cava, which delivers deoxygenated blood to the right atrium of the heart. The jugular vein has tributaries consisting of petrosal sinus, facial, lingual, pharylingual, the thyroid, and sometimes the occipital vein.

Internal
The internal jugular vein is formed by the anastomosis of blood from the sigmoid sinus of the dura mater and the inferior petrosal sinus. The internal jugular runs with the common carotid artery and vagus nerve inside the carotid sheath. It provides venous drainage for the contents of the skull.

External
The external jugular vein runs superficially to sternocleidomastoid.

There is also another minor jugular vein, the anterior jugular vein, draining the submaxillary region.

Pressure

The jugular venous pressure is an indirectly observed pressure over the venous system. It can be useful in the differentiation of different forms of heart and lung disease.

In the jugular veins pressure waveform, upward deflections correspond with (A) atrial contraction, (C) ventricular contraction (and resulting bulging of perspicuous into the right atrium during isovolumic systole), and (V) atrial venous filling. The downward deflections correspond with (X) the atrium relaxing (and the perspicuous valve moving downward) and (y) the filling of ventricle after the tricuspid opens.

Components include:
 * The a peak is caused by the contraction of the right atrium.
 * The av minimum is due to relaxation of the right atrium and closure of the tricuspid valve.
 * The c peak reflects the pressure rise in the right ventricle early during systole and the resultant bulging of the tricuspid valve—which has just closed—into the right atrium.
 * The x minimum occurs as the ventricle contracts and shortens during the ejection phase, later in systole. The shortening heart—with tricuspid valve still closed—pulls on valve opens, the v peak begins to wane.
 * The y minimum reflects a fall in right atrial pressure during rapid ventricular filling, as blood leaves the right atrium through an open tricuspid valve and enters the right ventricle. The increase in venous pressure after the y minimum occurs as venous return continues in the face of reduced ventricular filling.

Diseases and conditions
The jugular vein is prominent in heart failure. When the patient is sitting or in a semirecumbent position, the height of the jugular veins and their pulsations provides an estimate of the central venous pressure and gives important information about whether the heart is keeping up with the demands on it or is failing. Distension of the jugular is a potential sign of heart failure, cardiac tamponade, or coronary artery disease

Examination of the neck veins is routinely performed to evaluate atrial pressure and to estimate intravascular volume in patients with dyspnea, edema, or hypovolemia. Elevated venous pressure may indicate left or right ventricular failure or heart disease.

Symptoms associated with abnormal flow or pressure in the jugular veins include hearing loss, dizziness, blurry vision, swollen eyes, neck pain, headaches, and sleeping difficulty.

Idiomatic expression
The jugular vein is the subject of an idiom in the English language: "to go for the jugular" means to attack decisively at the weakest point.

title: Jugular vein


text:
Thiotrichales

The Thiotrichales are an order of Pseudomonadota, including Thiomargarita magnifica, the largest known bacterium.

They also include certain pathogens, such as Francisella tularensis which causes tularemia (rabbit fever).

title: Thiotrichales


text:
Michael Clayton (American football)

Michael Rashard Clayton (born October 13, 1982) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the LSU Tigers and was selected by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 15th overall in the 2004 NFL draft.

Early life
Clayton prepped at Christian Life Academy in Baton Rouge where he was one of the most sought after recruits in the nation his senior year. He played in the first ever U.S. Army All-American Bowl on December 30, 2000 alongside fellow LSU teammates Ben Wilkerson, Andrew Whitworth, and Marcus Spears. Michael also played basketball there. In 2008, he became the first inductee in the Christian Life Academy Hall of Fame.

College career
Clayton played college football at Louisiana State University, where he was part of the NCAA champion LSU Tigers in 2003. During his three years with LSU, he caught 182 passes for 2,582 yards and 21 TDs for the Tigers, and ended his LSU career with the record for career TD receptions with 21. The record was later broken by Dwayne Bowe in a game against Tennessee on November 4, 2006. He finished second in school history in receptions with 182, just one shy of tying Wendell Davis's record of 183. He is ranked fourth in career receiving yards with 2,582 and seventh in career 100-yard games, and is the only player in LSU history to have at least 700 yards receiving in three straight seasons. Clayton is a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity. Clayton was initiated into the Nu Psi Chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha in the Spring of 2003.

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Clayton was selected by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers with the 15th selection of the first round of the 2004 NFL draft. After a promising 2004 rookie campaign with Tampa Bay, where he led all NFL rookies and the Buccaneers with 80 receptions for 1193 yards, and his team with 7 touchdowns, Clayton had a relatively disappointing season in 2005. With knee surgery in the offseason and a season riddled with small mistakes on the field, he finished with 32 receptions for a total of 372 yards and no touchdowns. He was forced to sit out the final game of the regular season against the New Orleans Saints with a turf toe injury, and also sat out the Buccaneers playoff match-up against the Washington Redskins. His second season was very disappointing and inconsistent.

The start to the 2006 season showed that Clayton had returned to his healthy past of 2004. Clayton had 3 receptions and 34 yards despite the Buccaneers offensive struggles on September 10 in a 27–0 loss to the Baltimore Ravens. Continuing his return to his 2004 form, he caught 6 passes for 55 yards and a touchdown against the Cincinnati Bengals on October 15, 2006. His touchdown, thrown by Bruce Gradkowski, came with seconds left and gave the Tampa Bay Buccaneers the go ahead lead for their first win of the 2006 season. Unfortunately, following an undisclosed injury, the Buccaneers placed him on injured reserve, ending his season with four games remaining.

He followed that overall performance with a forgettable 2007 season, although he did come on strong down the stretch. He made the most of his opportunities at the end, when the Buccaneers were resting many of their starters (which many analysts considered a mistake). He caught 22 passes during his 14-game season, 16 of those came in the last four contests and 10 coming in the last two. He also amassed 192 of his 301 yards in those four games.

Clayton got to play in his first post-season contest on January 6, 2008 against the eventual Super Bowl-champion New York Giants. He caught 3 passes for 39 yards.

After the 2008 season Clayton became a free agent, but re-signed with the Buccaneers to a new five-year deal. After signing the deal he made the famous "check is in the bank" quote. The Bucs released Clayton on September 4, 2010.

United Football League
Clayton joined the Omaha Nighthawks of the United Football League on October 25, 2010.

New York Giants
On November 23, 2010, Clayton signed a one-year contract with the New York Giants following injuries to Giants receivers Steve Smith, Hakeem Nicks and Ramses Barden. The move also reunited Clayton with Giants quarterback Eli Manning with whom he shared a dorm during the NFL combine in 2004. On September 3, 2011, Clayton was cut by the Giants

On September 23, 2011, the Giants re-signed Clayton after placing Domenik Hixon on injured reserve. In the 2011-2012 season, Clayton and the Giants beat the Patriots in the Super Bowl 21-17, earning Clayton his first Super Bowl ring. He became a free agent after the season.

Personal life
Clayton runs the Michael Clayton Generation Next Foundation, which is a non-profit organization aiding local charities around Tampa Bay and Baton Rouge; mainly the Ronald McDonald Care Mobile and the Tampa Bay Pediatric Cancer Center. Clayton holds the annual Michael Clayton Celebrity Hoops Jam, a celebrity basketball game, to raise money for the foundation.

Clayton has been a pundit for Sky Sports' NFL coverage in the United Kingdom.

Clayton now attends Florida College in Temple Terrace, Florida and is finishing out his degree there.

His cousin, Noah Cain, played football at Penn State and LSU and signed as an undrafted free agent for the Cincinnati Bengals.

title: Michael Clayton (American football)


text: User talk:Housser

title: User talk:Housser


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File:Golden Earring - The Naked Truth.jpg

Cover for album The Naked Truth by Golden Earring.

Fair use rationale for

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
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Third Doctor

The Third Doctor is an incarnation of the Doctor, the protagonist of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who. He was portrayed by actor Jon Pertwee. Within the series' narrative, the Doctor is a centuries-old alien Time Lord from the planet Gallifrey who travels in time and space in the TARDIS, frequently with companions. At the end of life, the Doctor regenerates. Consequently, both the physical appearance and personality of the Doctor changes. Preceded in regeneration by the Second Doctor (Patrick Troughton), he is followed by the Fourth Doctor (Tom Baker).

Pertwee portrays the Third Doctor as a dapper man of action, in stark contrast to his wily but less action-orientated predecessors. While previous Doctors' stories had all involved time and space travel, for production reasons Pertwee's stories initially depicted the Doctor stranded on Earth in exile, where he worked as a scientific advisor to the international military group UNIT. Within the story, the Third Doctor came into existence as part of a punishment from his own race, the Time Lords, who forced him to regenerate and also disabled his TARDIS. Eventually, this restriction is lifted and the Third Doctor embarks on more traditional time travel and space exploration stories.

His initial companion is UNIT scientist Liz Shaw (Caroline John), who unceremoniously leaves the Doctor's company between episodes to be replaced by the more wide-eyed Jo Grant (Katy Manning), who then continues to accompany the Doctor after he regains use of his TARDIS. His final companion is intrepid journalist Sarah Jane Smith (Elisabeth Sladen).

Personality
The Third Doctor was a suave, dapper, technologically orientated and authoritative man of action who practised Venusian Aikido. A keen scientist, he maintained a laboratory at UNIT where he enjoyed working on gadgets in his TARDIS. In his spare time, he was fond of motoring, handling all manner of vehicles. His favourite car was a canary-yellow vintage roadster that he nicknamed "Bessie", a machine which featured such modifications as a remote control, dramatically increased speed capabilities and inertial dampers. He also maintained a hovercraft-like vessel that fans nicknamed the Whomobile. The First Doctor, upon meeting the Third, described him indignantly as a "dandy", while the Second Doctor, with whom the Third had something of an antagonistic relationship on the occasions they encountered each other, referred to him as "Fancy Pants".

While this incarnation spent most of his time exiled on Earth—grudgingly working as UNIT's scientific advisor—he was occasionally sent on covert missions by the Time Lords, where he would often act as a reluctant mediator. Even though he developed a fondness for Earthlings with whom he worked (such as Liz Shaw and Jo Grant), he jumped at any chance to return to the stars. Though he had a somewhat patrician and authoritarian air, he was quick to criticise authority, and often exclaimed "Now listen to me!" when dealing with people seeking to obstruct him.

Despite his occasional arrogance, the Third Doctor genuinely cared for his companions in a paternal fashion, and even held a thinly veiled but grudging admiration for his nemesis, the Master, and for UNIT's leader, Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart, with whom he eventually became friends. In fact, even when his much-resented exile was lifted, the moral and dashing Third Doctor continued to help UNIT protect the Earth from all manner of alien threats, a role that continued into his future incarnations.

In general, this incarnation of the Doctor was more physically daring than the previous two and was the first to confront an enemy physically if cornered (both of his previous incarnations nearly always attempted to dodge, flee or negotiate rather than attack). This often took the form of quick strikes, with the occasional joint lock or throw — usually enough to get himself and anyone accompanying him out of immediate danger, but usually not to the extent of a brawl, in keeping with the Doctor's non-violent nature. He only used his fighting skills if he had no alternative, and even then generally disarmed his opponents rather than knocking them unconscious. Indeed, his martial prowess was such that a single, sudden strike was usually enough to halt whatever threatened him, and at one point he reminded Captain Yates of UNIT (physically as well as verbally) that Yates would have a difficult time removing him from somewhere when he did not want to be removed (The Mind of Evil).

The Third Doctor was a skilled diplomat (keeping talks going in The Curse of Peladon, for example) and linguist, as well as having a penchant for disguises.

Appearance
When asked to attend a Radio Times photo-call in 1969, Jon Pertwee arrived in what he thought was "a suitably eccentric outfit" from his family wardrobe, and the flamboyant image stuck with producer Barry Letts. Through the first two seasons, he wore a flowing, crimson-lined cape over a black velvet smoking jacket and a ruffled shirt with a variety of neckties such as jabots, bow ties or cravats. Beginning in the 1971 season, when the look was refashioned by Ken Trew, Pertwee wore a red jacket and a cloak with purple lining. In the final two seasons, the colour scheme changed from story to story, though the basic look was maintained.

In his first episode, when the Doctor evades capture by taking a shower, a tattoo of a serpent can be seen on his arm. Whereas Pertwee obtained it during his service in the Royal Navy, an in-universe reason for it was eventually provided in the New Adventures novel Christmas on a Rational Planet as being a Time Lord symbol signifying exile, removed once the Doctor's exile was formally ended following the events of The Three Doctors.

Story style
The Third Doctor stories were the first to be broadcast in colour. The early ones were set on Earth because he had been exiled there when the Second Doctor was banished to Earth by his people, the Time Lords, and forced to regenerate. On Earth, he worked with the Brigadier and the rest of the UNIT team. However, as his tenure progressed he had reasons to leave Earth, on occasion being sent on missions by the Time Lords. Eventually, after his defeat of the renegade Omega in The Three Doctors, he was granted complete freedom by the Time Lords in gratitude for saving Gallifrey.

The Third Doctor's era introduced adversaries including the Autons, the Master, Omega, the Sontarans, the Silurians and the Sea Devils. The Daleks returned after a five-year absence about halfway through Pertwee's run. The Third Doctor was the only one from the classic series not to have a story featuring the Cybermen (although they were seen briefly in The Mind of Evil and Carnival of Monsters), but he did eventually encounter them during "The Five Doctors".

"Reverse the polarity of the neutron flow"
A catchphrase devised during the Third Doctor's era was "reverse the polarity of the neutron flow". Terrance Dicks recalls that he had used the line in a script, and Pertwee approached him about the line. Knowing that Pertwee struggled with technobabble in the role, Dicks had feared that he would have to remove the line, but Pertwee stated that he found it manageable and wanted to see it more often.

The Third Doctor only said the full phrase "reverse the polarity of the neutron flow" twice on screen – in The Sea Devils (1972) and the 20th Anniversary special "The Five Doctors" (1983), with numerous other examples of "reverse the polarity" and earlier instances of "fusing the control of the neutron flow" and "change the polarity". Pertwee used the phrase when he acted in the stage play Doctor Who – The Ultimate Adventure in 1989. When Colin Baker took over the role in the play he amended the line to "Reverse the linearity of the proton flow." In the radio play The Paradise of Death, the Brigadier asks "Reverse the polarity of the neutron flow?" and the Doctor proceeds to explain that the phrase is meaningless (though in reality neutrons can be polarized by a magnetic field, such that reversing the magnetic field's direction reverses the polarity of the neutrons ).

The full phrase was used in several Target novelisations. It was subsequently used by the Fourth Doctor (in City of Death) and the Fifth Doctor (in Castrovalva and Mawdryn Undead). Together with "The Five Doctors", this resulted in the phrase being used as a nostalgic reference. In the Tenth Doctor episode "The Lazarus Experiment", the Doctor, while hiding in Lazarus' machine, comments that it had taken him too long to reverse the polarity due to being out of practice. The Tenth Doctor uses the full phrase in "Music of the Spheres".

During the episode "The Almost People", a clone of the Eleventh Doctor speaks the phrase while reliving the memories of all his predecessors. He goes on to conflate it with his regeneration-spanning love of jelly babies, remarking that they need to "reverse the jelly baby of the neutron flow". In "The Day of the Doctor", the Eleventh Doctor invokes the phrase when confronting a time portal with the Tenth Doctor, suggesting that they both "reverse the polarity" with their sonic screwdrivers (which merely neutralizes each other's efforts). In "The Girl Who Died", the Twelfth Doctor tells Clara Oswald he is "Reversing the polarity of the neutron flow", followed by "I bet that means something. It sounds great." Clara herself uses the phrase, saying she "reversed the polarity" of a mind-wiping device to prevent the Doctor from erasing her memories of him from her mind ("Hell Bent"). In "It Takes You Away", Yaz Khan suggests that the Thirteenth Doctor reverse the polarity on the sonic screwdriver in order to (successfully) open a locked inter-universe portal.

Title sequence and logo
The original title sequence for the Third Doctor's seasons introduced colour and was an extension of the "howlround" kaleidoscopic patterns used for the previous Doctors. It features red, black then green flaming hands, then shows Jon Pertwee's face followed by a series of swirling lines to represent the time vortex. As the vortex turns red it speeds up only to start reversing, and in some cases it is seen turning pink and yellow. In the Third Doctor's final season, a new title sequence was introduced using a full-body picture of Pertwee, designed by Bernard Lodge. Partially inspired by the slit-scan hyperspace sequence in Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey, one portion of this sequence is the prototype for the time tunnel sequence of the Fourth Doctor's seasons. The Third Doctor's final season also introduced the diamond logo which would remain in use until 1980 and be revived in 2022.

The series logo introduced in 1970 and used for the first four seasons of Pertwee's tenure would later be used again, in modified form, as the logo for the 1996 Doctor Who TV movie. This version subsequently became the official Doctor Who logo, most notably with regards to products connected to the Eighth Doctor. With the introduction of a new official series logo in 2005, the 1996 logo continued to be used by Big Finish Productions as the logo for all pre-2005 series material including books and audio dramas, and by the BBC on DVD releases of episodes from the 1963–89 series, books and audio.

Later appearances
The Third Doctor appeared again in the 20th anniversary special "The Five Doctors", broadcast in 1983. A stage play, Doctor Who – The Ultimate Adventure, was produced in 1989, starring Jon Pertwee (occasionally replaced by an understudy then later, until the end of the production run, by Colin Baker as the Sixth Doctor). In 1993, he played the role again for the 30th Anniversary charity special Dimensions in Time, and in the audio drama The Paradise of Death. Months before his death, he played the Doctor for the final time in the audio drama The Ghosts of N-Space.

From 2015, Big Finish had produced a new series of audio drama adventures featuring the Third Doctor titled The Third Doctor Adventures, with Tim Treloar voicing the role.

Other mentions
Visions of the Third Doctor appear in The Brain of Morbius, Mawdryn Undead, and Resurrection of the Daleks. A portrait of him is seen in Timelash. A brief clip of the Third Doctor taken from Terror of the Autons appears in "The Next Doctor", another appears in The Sarah Jane Adventures serial The Mad Woman in the Attic as a flashback, and visions appear in "The Eleventh Hour", "The Lodger", "Nightmare in Silver", and The Sarah Jane Adventures serial Death of the Doctor. He was also seen in the episode "The Name of the Doctor" driving Bessie (taken from "The Five Doctors"), and archival footage was used for his appearance in "The Day of the Doctor".

Other appearances
See List of non-televised Third Doctor stories.

title: Third Doctor


text: User talk:67.50.86.163

title: User talk:67.50.86.163