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Parliament of New South Wales

The Parliament of New South Wales, formally the Legislature of New South Wales, is the bicameral legislative body of the Australian state of New South Wales (NSW). It consists of the monarch, the New South Wales Legislative Assembly (lower house) and the New South Wales Legislative Council (upper house). Each house is directly elected by the people of New South Wales at elections held approximately every four years. The legislative authority of the parliament derives from section 5 of the Constitution Act 1902 (NSW). The power to make laws that apply to New South Wales is shared with the Federal (or Commonwealth) Parliament. The houses of the New South Wales Parliament follow the Westminster parliamentary traditions of dress, Green–Red chamber colours and protocols. The houses of the legislature are located in Parliament House on Macquarie Street, Sydney.

History
The Parliament of New South Wales was the first of the Australian colonial legislatures, with its formation in the 1850s. At the time, New South Wales was a British colony under the control of the Governor. A small, appointed Legislative Council began meeting in 1824 to advise the Governor on legislative matters. By 1843, this had been enlarged, with two-thirds of its members elected by adult males who met certain property requirements.

In 1850, the Australian Colonies Government Act was passed by the Imperial Parliament, which expanded the New South Wales Legislative Council so that by 1851 there were 54 members – again, with two-thirds elected. In 1853, a select committee chaired by William Wentworth began drawing up a constitution for responsible self-government in the colony. While many of the provisions in the committee's proposed constitution were accepted when placed before the Legislative Council in August that year, a proposal to create a colonial nobility was subject to heavy criticism and later withdrawn.

The approved bicameral structure included a fully elected Legislative Assembly, as well as a Legislative Council whose members were appointed for life. A government assumed most of the Governor's legislative powers. The new constitution was sent to the Imperial Parliament and passed into law on 16 July 1855. On 22 May 1856, the newly constituted New South Wales Parliament opened and sat for the first time. With the new 54-member Legislative Assembly taking over the council chamber, a second meeting chamber for the 21 member upper house had to be added to the Parliament building on Macquarie Street.

The Electoral Act of 1858 made additional changes. The right to vote was extended to most males over 21 years of age. However, men "in the receipt of aid from any charitable institution" were ineligible. This was deemed to include all people living on Aboriginal stations and reserves. Other men not able to vote included those "of unsound mind", incarcerated individuals, and members of the military or the police.

In 1859 Queensland was made a colony separate from New South Wales. The Legislative Assembly was reduced from 80 to 72 members by the loss of the Queensland seats. In 1901, New South Wales became a state of the Commonwealth of Australia, and many government functions were transferred to the new Commonwealth government. In 1902, the current constitution of New South Wales was adopted.

Women gained the right to vote in Commonwealth elections in April 1902, and in New South Wales state elections in August 1902. In 1918, reforms permitted women to be members of Parliament, although no woman was elected until 1925 when Millicent Preston-Stanley was elected to represent the Eastern Suburbs. That same year, a proportional representation system was introduced for the Legislative Assembly with multiple representatives from each electorate; this system lasted until it was abolished in 1926. Women were not able to be appointed to the Legislative Council until 1926; Premier John Storey attempted to appoint Kate Dwyer to the Legislative Council in 1921, but the appointment was ruled out of order. The first two women appointed to the Legislative Council were both Australian Labor Party members proposed on 23 November 1931: Catherine Green, who took her seat the following day, and Ellen Webster, who joined her two days later.

In 1925, 1926, and 1929, Premier Jack Lang made unsuccessful attempts to abolish the Legislative Council, following the example of the Queensland Legislative Council in 1922. These attempts led to further reform, and in 1933 the law was changed so that a quarter of the Legislative Council would be elected every three years by members of the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council, rather than being appointed by the Governor.

From 1926, people receiving aid could again be on the electoral roll. Compulsory voting was introduced in 1928.

In 1978, the Council became a directly elected body in a program of electoral reform introduced by the Wran Labor government. The number of members was reduced to 45, although transitional arrangements meant that there were 43 members from 1978 to 1981, and 44 from 1981 to 1984. Further reform in 1991 by the Greiner Liberal–National government saw the size of the Legislative Council cut to 42 members, with half being elected every 4 years. In 1991, the Legislative Assembly was reduced from 109 to 99 Members and then to 93 members in 1999.

Parliament House
The Parliament building was originally built on the orders of Governor Lachlan Macquarie, to be Sydney's second major hospital. In 1810, he awarded the contract to Garnham Blaxcell, Alexander Riley and D'Arcy Wentworth. The contract gave the builders the right to import 45,000 gallons of rum, for which they paid a duty of 3 shillings a gallon. They were able to sell it for a huge profit and in turn the government refunded them the duty as a payment for their work, thereby gaining for their construction the title of the 'Rum Hospital'. Originally consisting of three buildings, the central main building was demolished in 1879 to make way for the new Sydney Hospital, which was completed in 1885. The first building, now known as the Sydney Mint, was given to the Royal Mint in 1851 to become the Australian branch of its operations; it remained a mint until 1927.

The second building, originally built as the Chief Surgeon's quarters, was given to the government in 1829 for the purposes of a Parliament chamber. This chamber was added to following the growth of the legislature in 1843, and again in 1856. The last major renovation to the building was undertaken between 1974 and 1985, which saw a jumble of buildings that had become the parliamentary chambers demolished and replaced by a 12-story block linked by a fountain court to the original Parliament House. The building was also restored to its 1908 appearance.

Composition and powers
The legislative authority, the King-in-Parliament, has three separate elements: the monarch; the Legislative Assembly; and the Legislative Council. This authority is granted by section 5 of the Constitution Act 1902 (NSW); an act that itself was passed by the NSW Parliament under the authority granted to it from the Constitution Act 1855 . This was an act originating from a bill from the pre-responsible government Legislative Council, that was slightly modified and given the force of law by an act of the UK parliament.

All 93 members of the Legislative Assembly are elected at each general election from single-member districts using optional preferential voting to terms of up to four years. The 42 Legislative Council members are elected for two terms (a maximum of eight years), with half elected at each general election. Elections for the Legislative Council are conducted on a statewide, at-large basis (meaning all members represent the entire state) using the single transferable vote system similar to that used for elections to the federal Senate.

In the running of Parliament, the two presiding officers have a role that is similar to Ministers and their departments. The Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and the President of the Legislative Council are responsible for the employing of staff. In consultation with the parliamentary clerks, the presiding officers determine policy for the operation of their respective chambers and jointly for the Parliament.

The final step for a bill passed by the houses of parliament to become a law is the granting of royal assent by the governor on behalf of the King. Other powers of the governor in relation to Parliament include the power to prorogue, summon and dissolve the houses, issue writs for elections and administer oaths to new members of parliament. These powers are in almost all circumstances exercised on the advice of the premier of New South Wales. The premier and government are directly accountable to Parliament through its control of public finances and the need for its confidence, and to the public through members of Parliament.

The governor chooses the premier, usually depending on the results of the general election, who then forms a government from members of the houses of Parliament. This must be someone who can command the confidence of a majority in the Legislative Assembly. This is usually a straightforward decision, though occasionally the governor has to make a judgment, as in August 1939 when the governor, Lord Wakehurst, handled a major political crisis brought about when the former deputy leader of the governing United Australia Party, Eric Spooner, brought down Premier Bertram Stevens in a motion of no confidence. Wakehurst asked the treasurer, Alexander Mair, to form a government.

The current premier of New South Wales is Chris Minns of the Labor Party.

Government ministers (including the premier) must regularly answer questions in the chambers and there are a number of select committees that scrutinise particular issues and the workings of the government. There are also mechanisms that allow members of Parliament to bring to the attention of the government particular issues affecting their constituents.

For a bill to become law, it must be passed by both the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly and be assented to by the governor. Under Section 5A of the New South Wales Constitution Act (1902), a bill appropriating revenue for the ordinary annual services of the government can be presented to the governor for assent even if the upper house has not agreed to it.

State opening and traditions

The state opening of Parliament is an annual event that marks the commencement of a session of the Parliament of New South Wales. It is held in the Legislative Council Chamber, usually in November or December, or in a general election year, when the new Parliament first assembles. It is an occasion for much pomp and ceremony, usually with a guard of honour and with dignitaries of the state attending. The New South Wales Parliament maintains many of the traditions of the original Parliament of the United Kingdom, from which the New South Wales Parliament was founded.

The governor, or occasionally the monarch, reads a prepared speech, known as the Speech from the Throne, outlining the government's agenda for the coming year. The speech is not written by the governor, but rather by the Cabinet, and reflects the legislative agenda for which they seek the agreement of both houses of Parliament.

Queen Elizabeth II opened the New South Wales Parliament on two occasions, on 4 February 1954, as part of her first visit to Australia, which was also the first occasion in which a monarch of Australia had opened a session of any Australian parliament. The other occasion was on 20 February 1992, during her visit to Sydney to celebrate the sesquicentenary of the incorporation of the City of Sydney, on which occasion she stated: This is my second opportunity to address this Parliament – a Parliament which I described on the previous occasion, in 1954, as the Mother Parliament of Australia. It is interesting to reflect that that was the first time on which the Sovereign had opened a Session of an Australian Parliament. I was also on my first visit to Australia as your Queen. I have returned to New South Wales eight times since then and am always delighted by the warm and generous hospitality accorded to Prince Philip and me by the people of this State. On this occasion I have come to join in commemorating Sydney's first one hundred and fifty years as a city.

Emblem
The official emblem of the New South Wales Parliament is a crowned circlet featuring the coat of arms of New South Wales taking the form of a Scottish crest badge. Crest badges, much like clan tartans, do not have a long history, and owe much to Victorian era romanticism, having only been worn on the bonnet since the mid-19th century when the buckled strap device commonly used by the Order of the Garter was adopted as a popular design to encircle monogram escutcheons and heraldic crests.

The crest badge came to be accepted in the mid-20th century as the emblem of both houses of Parliament. The emblem appears on official stationery, publications and papers, and is stamped on various items in use in the Parliament, such as cutlery, silverware and china.

title: Parliament of New South Wales


text:
Talk:Best... I

Two album titles
Sources, such as they are, seem to indicate The Smiths Best... I and The Smiths Best... II are the titles here. Previously they were inconsistently titled ...Best II, which evidently is unhelpful. In ictu oculi (talk) 01:45, 16 June 2014 (UTC)

Requested moves

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: no consensus. Effectively what we have here is a disagreement about the interpretation of the policy. Both sides make reasonable points that are based on the article titles policy and disambiguation guideline and the numbers on each side are roughly split, with the slight majority for the supporters. But I have considered this for a while and I don't think the slight numerical majority is enough for me to say there is a consensus. I dislike closing as 'no consensus' because it often means the issue will fester, but in this case I think it is the only reasonable conclusion. To make any other close would, I think, be a supervote – imposing my own opinion in place of the community's. Jenks24 (talk) 15:26, 23 July 2014 (UTC)

Amended proposal per Xoloz Best I to distinguish from Best 1 Aya Matsuura album and Best 1 Morning Musume album and to distinguish from Best 2 Ayumi Hamasaki album and others on Best 2 dab In ictu oculi (talk) 00:32, 17 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Best... I → Best I (The Smiths album)
 * ...Best II → Best II (The Smiths album)

 * The above was amended 7 July per alternative proposal below, Original RM proposal:

→ The Smiths Best I and → The Smiths Best II Another example of how the legalistic approach that we must always conceal band names if at all possible doesn't serve readers; evidently the name THE SMITHS BEST is part of the title here, this isn't the same as an album with a distinct authorial title, such as Meat Is Murder, The Queen Is Dead, or Strangeways, Here We Come etc., so when we delete the band THE SMITHS BEST... I, we're just making life difficult for everyone by over application of a guideline WP:SONGDAB against WP:AT policy which is that articles should be "recognizable". This is not recognizable, and no one benefits from removing the band name on a "Best of FOO" album no matter where the BEST is placed. For comparison see how we treat Aya Matsuura Best 1 and Best! Morning Musume 1. We don't have either of these albums at Best 1, why should The Smiths be? In ictu oculi (talk) 00:32, 17 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Oppose. We can't make up titles. The proposed targets are not the titles of these albums. Dohn joe (talk) 01:39, 17 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes they are. In ictu oculi (talk) 02:59, 17 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Please see The Encyclopedia of Popular Music, The Great Rock Discography, Meetings With Morrissey, Billboard, Cult Pop Culture, Rock Stars Encyclopedia etc. The stylization varies from publication to publication, but they all agree that "The Smiths" is the name of the band, not part of the album titles. Dohn joe (talk) 13:29, 17 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes in some of those it does talk about "The Smiths..... Best 1" but nevertheless in listings it's simply "The Smiths Best 1", Best 1 isn't a standalone title any more than for the following albums: In ictu oculi (talk) 00:33, 18 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Support per nom -- 65.94.171.126 (talk) 05:12, 17 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Support per nom —BarrelProof (talk) 22:34, 19 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Oppose per User:Dohn joe and WP:UCN. The albums charted as Best... I and ...Best II and these are common forms in sources.  Adding the band name in the title for "clarification" is borderline OR and the sources that do that are clearly departing from the title as on the cover and the label. (e.g. Allmusic, which calls Best... I "The Best of the Smiths, Vol. 1" which risks confusion with The Very Best of The Smiths).  —  AjaxSmack   02:30, 20 June 2014 (UTC)
 * I am not opposed to a disambiguator as suggested by User:Xoloz below. —  AjaxSmack  20:40, 20 June 2014 (UTC)
 * But I think the ellipses should be retained, i.e. Best I... (Smiths album), not Best I (Smiths album), as this is how they appear on music charts and in other secondary sources. —  AjaxSmack  02:05, 29 June 2014 (UTC)
 * To clarify in light of subsequent discussion, I still feel this is a solution in search of a problem but, if there have to be disambiguators, retain the ellipses that are in the titles. Thus, I oppose moves to Best I (The Smiths album)/Best II (The Smiths album). —  AjaxSmack   03:22, 13 July 2014 (UTC)

 * Support addition of disambiguating term "(The Smiths)". I agree with AjaxSmack that adding the Smiths as part of the natural title risks confusion with the album The Very Best of The Smiths.  However, these titles still require disambiguation by artist for the sake of reader recognizability.  The use of the parenthetical term avoids the confusion about which AjaxSmack is concerned. Xoloz (talk) 16:05, 20 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Oppose per Dohn joe. We don't make up titles; we use common names.  Calidum Talk To Me 04:32, 24 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Adjust proposal as proposer I'm fine with Xoloz' suggestion:
 * Best I (The Smiths album) to distinguish from Best 1 Aya Matsuura album and Best 1 Morning Musume album
 * Best II (The Smiths album) to distinguish from Best 2 Ayumi Hamasaki album and others on Best 2 dab
 * Consistent with Singles (The Smiths album) Complete (The Smiths album)
 * User:65.94.171.126 and BarrelProof would this affect your support? In ictu oculi (talk) 05:18, 24 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Seems OK to me. —BarrelProof (talk) 14:19, 24 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Support the adjusted proposal. Current titles are not recognisable (WP:AT of course). If current guidelines and policies leave any doubt as to these moves, then the guidelines etc need to change. Andrewa (talk) 00:42, 26 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Support amended proposal. I thought I was the best one... obviously not, but that's no reason to confuse us. --Richhoncho (talk) 13:43, 26 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The original proposal using a made up name fails WP:COMMONNAME, and the second proposal is over-precise unnecessary disambiguation. Best II already redirects to ...Best II, and Best I has almost always redirected to Best... I until In ictu started moving things around a few days ago. They appear to be the primary topics of the redirected terms. There are no other articles titled "Best I" or even "Best 1"; the two potentially confusing articles In ictu mentions are actually titled Aya Matsuura Best 1 and Best! Morning Musume 1, which aren't ambiguous. There are also no articles titled "Best II" (or "Best 2", etc.). There's the unambiguous A Best 2 by Ayumi Hamasaki, and nothing else at Best II (disambiguation) has an article or anything more than a mention on any other article. Barring any evidence that other coverage challenges the Smiths albums as WP:PRIMARYTOPIC of these terms, this appears to be another solution searching for a problem.--Cúchullain t/ c 14:25, 27 June 2014 (UTC)
 * ? excuse me but truly confused by this statement. Yes of course Aya Matsuura Best 1 isn't ambiguous, because it's fully titled per WP:RECOGNIZABILITY. If we deleted [ Aya Matsura Best 1] then it would just be Best 1, which we have redirecting to Best dab, while Best I redirects to The Smiths Best I, which we have titled [ The Smiths Best I]. So to state that the Best 1 compilation we haven't removed the artist isn't ambiguous is, undeniable, but logically because we have only removed the artist from the Smiths album doesn't therefore mean that "Best I" is unambiguously not Aya Matsura and must be Morrissey. In ictu oculi (talk) 04:50, 3 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Also "unambiguous A Best 2 by Ayumi Hamasaki", is only unambiguous because we haven't titled it " Ayumi Hamasaki Best 2", or BoA's album Best II (BoA album) isn't titled " BoA Best II", so this is a circular argument. Actually the symbol which occurs of A Best 2 is not an "A" it is the Ayumi Hamasaki >A< symbol (also here), like Prince (singer) used to have a symbol, it means Best 2 (Ayumi Hamasaki album). Like wise BoA's BoA Best II listed on Amazon as [ http://www.amazon.com/Boa-Best-2/dp/B004TWP4D8/ BoA Best 2] but the cover says "BoA Best II", and then Amazon [ http://www.amazon.com/Jpop-CD-BOA-Japan-SEALED/dp/B0094AKNXG/ lists the Korean edition as BoA Best II] and [ http://www.amazon.com/BOA-BEST-II-Japanese-Featured/dp/7799222654/ lists the Chinese edition as BoA Best 2] despite the cover saying BoA Best II. Sources for albums are just not consistent enough between "Best II" and "Best 2" for "Best II" to only mean the Smiths. The Smiths also gets called "Best 2 (The Smiths album), and we're doing this for a UK album which only reached British chart position #29, didn't chart in the States, while the various Japanese "Best II" albums seem to have all reached No.1 in Japan. In ictu oculi (talk) 06:55, 3 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Aya Matsuura Best 1 is presumably at that title that because that's the name of the subject (or at least it should be; if that's not the name it needs to move). It's clearly a different title than "Best I". I don't see how it challenges the Smiths album as primary topic of the term "Best I" (let alone "Best... I"), especially as the only source given isn't even in English. If the real issue is that we have a bunch of articles that aren't titled according to the available, English-language reliable sources, we've got a much bigger problem that's not going to be solved by moving around other, correctly titled articles.--Cúchullain t/ c 13:59, 3 July 2014 (UTC)
 * (1.) back to something Richhoncho and I think also BarrelProof keep mentioning WP:SONGDAB has no reference to WP:PRIMARYTOPIC, and WP:PRIMARYTOPIC is generally not applied in songs/albums (I can barely think of an example) because music genres are so partitioned; i.e. a "primary topic" to a reggae fan is unhelpful to a C&W, hip hop, drum & bass, Latin or R&B fan. Category:WikiProject Music genres. If we were to apply WP:PRIMARYTOPIC to songs and albums it would cause a massive upheaval and even worse recognizability across the song/album corpus. There are a few mega examples (I'm struggling to think where I have seen one), but it's unusual. Neither of these compilation albums is a mega example.
 * (2.) I would like to see precedent for disambiguation by 1/I as "Aya Matsura Best 1" different from "The Smiths Best I"? Or better still, which guideline states that we should disambiguate by the difference between "Best 1" and "Best I"? In ictu oculi (talk) 23:40, 4 July 2014 (UTC)
 * btw Cúchullain - I wish you hadn't removed Best II (BoA album) (redirect) from the Best II dab [ http://www.amazon.com/Boa-Best-2/dp/B004TWP4D8/ shows it with exactly the same artwork as the Japan version], as do similar editions on Amazon.jp and Amazon.cn The track-listing is also virtually identical. If Best II (BoA album) was retitled Best & USA for the CD+DVD issue that's perhaps to avoid confusion with the really big ko:Best II, Best II (Akina Nakamori album), that isn't a reason to remove something that clearly exists and we have an article on from the dab page. In ictu oculi (talk) 23:48, 4 July 2014 (UTC)
 * It is exactly the same album. According to sources on ko.wp it was released in Japan as BoA Best & USA and in Korea as BoA Best II. I don't know whether that's because of anti-US sentiment in Korea or because Boa Best I is Korean songs and wasn't big in Japan, but anyway, have fixed article info box to include both editions, I am now going, if you don't mind, to restore to Best II (disambiguation) dab page, ....which incidentally should move over Best II (The Smiths) after this RM concludes per WP:SONGDAB. In ictu oculi (talk) 00:18, 5 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Re: (1.): Lol @In ictu. WP:SONGDAB prominently references WP:DAB (which includes WP:PRIMARYTOPIC) in the first paragraph - and In ictu added the reference themself on May 19. With an accompanying post on the talkpage (section Addition_of_WP:DISAMBIGUATION): "Surprisingly the Dab section only listed WP:DABSONG not the main WP:DISAMBIGUATION. I have added it. That should not be controversial and cannot see any reason to be reversed." Dohn joe (talk) 01:54, 5 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Dohn joe, please don't "Lol" at other editors, it looks like what it looks like.
 * Yes I added the link from project guideline to the main policy guideline. As to your addition I see an actual song editor has already reverted it, and (are you listening?) that is not what song editors do. In the meantime, can you explain why you are opposing adding "Smiths" in any format to Best I and Best II. Are you arguing primary topic over the other Best I and Best II albums? Or are you arguing that "..." is sufficient to disambiguate? In ictu oculi (talk) 03:12, 5 July 2014 (UTC)
 * No offense meant by the lol. It doesn't actually mean "laughing at In ictu". The connotation is laughing out loud at the situation. It just made me chuckle.... :)
 * As for the substance, probably both. Definitely wp:primarytopic, and probably wp:diffcaps. Dohn joe (talk) 03:36, 5 July 2014 (UTC)
 * On WP:PRIMARYTOPIC, of course it applies to song articles, as with any articles. As Dohn joe says, WP:SONGDAB clearly references the WP:DISAMBIGUATION guideline, where PRIMARYTOPIC is found, thanks to you. Even before then, it didn't say to avoid PRIMARYTOPIC. But even if it did, it would be totally out of step with universally accepted practice, and in such cases it's the sub-guideline that needs to change to reflect the existing consensus.
 * One "1" vs. "I", as you know, WP:DIFFCAPS allows for "using minor details to naturally disambiguate articles"; there's also the matter that the Aya Matsura album includes "Aya Matsura" in the title.
 * Finally, on the Akina Nakamori album, I'd already restored it to the page pending sources establishing that it's the same as Best & USA (or that it's notable). You added "Best II" as the Korean title for Best & USA, but you still haven't given any sources. Even the Korean Wikipedia you mention has the album under the Latin letters "BEST&USA". Either (preferably English) sources exist attesting the album's alternative name is "Best II", in which case it should be added, or they don't, in which case it should be left off the article and the dab page. And please start formatting your dab page edits in accordance with MOS:DAB. This contained several frustrating errors.--Cúchullain t/ c 12:32, 6 July 2014 (UTC)
 * If anyone wants to have a discussion on whether the Japanese or Korean edition of Best II (BoA album) should be first in lead or title or how that be reflected on the dab then I suggest it be on the article talk page.
 * In the meantime however we have a proliferation of 3 x Best I and 3 x Best II albums. Per WP:SONGDAB then the Smiths albums should be titled with "Smiths" in one form or another. In ictu oculi (talk) 13:01, 7 July 2014 (UTC)
 * And WP:DIFFCAPS says nothing about distinguishing between Aya Matsuura Best 1 and The Smiths Best I which won't show up in some fonts anyway. In ictu oculi (talk) 13:02, 7 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Actually, what we have at Best II (disambiguation) is one article, another of a different title that supposedly was released as "Best II" (or actually "BoA Best II") in the Korean market (though there's still no reliable source for that, even in Korean) and three other entries that (1) have no article and (2) are only partial title matches for "Best II" anyway. And no evidence has been presented that any of them challenge the primary topic status of the Smiths album regarding the term "Best II".
 * WP:DIFFCAPS says that "Titles of distinct articles may differ only in their detail", as in the difference between "1" and "I" or "2" and "II", not to mention the "..." punctuation mark, punctuation being specifically mentioned in the policy.--Cúchullain t/ c 15:33, 7 July 2014 (UTC)
 * What does "supposedly" in your above post mean? In ictu oculi (talk) 16:03, 7 July 2014 (UTC)
 * That there appears to be a release called Best II that's somehow related to Best & USA, but the fact that it's the same album as it was released in Korea is attributed only to retail websites written largely in Korean. To me, it appears to be only the first disc of Best & USA and who knows if the title was exclusive to Korea. The fact that it's still so unclear makes it less likely that it challenges the Smiths album as primary topic.--Cúchullain t/ c 17:21, 7 July 2014 (UTC)
 * "Supposedly" means As a matter of supposition; in the beliefs or according to the claims of some people.
 * [ http://www.amazon.com/Boa-Best-2/dp/B004TWP4D8/ Amazon.com] (etc) is in English and shows BoA Best II/Best II (BoA album) being released by "SM Entertainment Kr" = Korea. Likewise [ http://www.amazon.com/Best-2-Akina-Nakamori/dp/B0086XFEMW/ Amazon.com] (etc) shows Best II (Akina Nakamori album) being released by WEA Japan. Therefore per WP:SONGDAB "multiple albums (or songs) of the same name exist". In ictu oculi (talk) 22:54, 7 July 2014 (UTC)
 * "Supposedly" as in "you claim that Best & USA was released as Best II in Korea but you haven't added any reliable sources and the claim seem off." It's off in that (1) it seems to have only some of the songs on Best & USA and (2) there's little indication this was that album's official name in South Korea, or was just used for some obscure alternate release in Korea or wherever. In which case it may not even be worth mentioning in the article, let alone moving around another unrelated article that's at its correct name.--Cúchullain t/ c 15:54, 8 July 2014 (UTC)
 * "Supposedly" as in I'm falsifying Korean sources? Did I also plant the 3 different versions of Best II (BoA album) on Amazon.com, and use Photoshop to fabricate the Amazon CD covers? What about Best II (Akina Nakamori album) which was No.1 for 2 weeks. Did I fabricate the Amazon.com cover for that too? In ictu oculi (talk) 19:53, 8 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Calm down. I'm saying your addition makes claims that are only attributed to commercial websites, not real sources, and even there it's dodgy. Do they really say Best IIis "the same album" as Best & USA, even though seems to have only some of the songs? Do they really say Best II is the official title of the Korean release of Best & USA, or is it, say, a non-notable alternate release featuring some of the songs, which may or may not even be worth mentioning in the article? Why are we even discussing this if there are no reliable sources for it?--Cúchullain t/ c 13:26, 9 July 2014 (UTC)
 * I'm perfectly calm, I was actually going to ask you to calm down. It's a Korean edition album by a Korean artist, those Korean sources are as good as any other Korean sources for any other Korean edition album on en.wp. I have no idea why you are discussing it. In ictu oculi (talk) 14:31, 10 July 2014 (UTC)
 * I think I've finally figured out the situation with BoA's Best II, based on real sources. As I suspected it seems to be a separate release containing only some of the songs from the Japanese album Best & USA (the Best half, the USA half being released as BoA (album)). No idea if this was released only in Korea or if it was available in Japan too, but in any case it's comparatively obscure. I've left a note at Talk:Best & USA and will be rewriting the article.--Cúchullain t/ c 14:59, 10 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Which is basically what the ko.wp article says. Thank you for having left Best II in the English article as it was in the ko.wp particle. In ictu oculi (talk) 01:06, 12 July 2014 (UTC)

 * Some would say that the dots are merely stylization and that these 2 album names are basically "Best I" and "Best II". Anthony Appleyard (talk) 07:16, 19 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes, WP:DIFFPUNCT In ictu oculi (talk) 15:20, 21 July 2014 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

What to do with Best I and Best II redirects
Whether the above RM stays at ...Best II or moves to Best II (The Smiths album) etc:
 * Best I should not be redirecting to Best... I but be redirecting to the same place as Best 1 (Best) which has the various Best 1 albums such as [Best 1 (Aya Matsura album)]
 * Best II (disambiguation) should be at Best II rather than Best II redirecting to ...Best II. In ictu oculi (talk) 00:57, 12 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Then this needs to go to redirects for discussion, seeing as the other albums actually are as the redirects, and the Smiths albums aren't... In ictu oculi (talk) 15:28, 24 July 2014 (UTC)
 * see Redirects for discussion/Log/2014 July 24 Best I. In ictu oculi (talk) 21:39, 24 July 2014 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Best... I


text:
Ad-Rock

Adam Keefe Horovitz (born October 31, 1966), popularly known as Ad-Rock, is an American rapper, guitarist, and actor. He was a member of the hip-hop group Beastie Boys. While Beastie Boys were active, Horovitz performed with a side project, BS 2000. After the group disbanded in 2012 following the death of member Adam Yauch, Horovitz has participated in a number of Beastie Boys-related projects, worked as a remixer, producer, and guest musician for other artists, and has acted in a number of films.

Early life and education
Horovitz was born on Halloween, 1966 and raised on Park Avenue, Manhattan, New York, the son of Doris (née Keefe) and playwright Israel Horovitz. His sister is film producer Rachael Horovitz. His father was Jewish, whereas his mother, who was of Irish descent, was Catholic. He had a secular upbringing.

Career
Horovitz began his music career with a stint in the punk rock band The Young and the Useless, who often performed with Beastie Boys. In 1982, Beastie Boys guitarist John Berry quit and Horovitz replaced him. He was only 16 at the time. After Horovitz joined the band, Beastie Boys changed their sound, evolving from a hardcore punk band to a more hip-hop oriented group. The band was signed to Def Jam, and released their debut album Licensed to Ill in 1986. The album was a huge commercial success, and spawned six singles; however, only one would reach the top twenty of the US Hot 100, "(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (To Party!)" (US #7). The album would eventually be certified diamond several years later. As that song was Beastie Boys' only top twenty US hit in their career, they would technically be a one-hit wonder in the US, however, with a diamond album. Several albums followed, with some attaining platinum or multi-platinum status, and by 2010, Beastie Boys had sold a total of 40 million albums worldwide, with 22 million of those in the US. In 2012, Beastie Boys were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

In addition to his work with Beastie Boys, Horovitz also remixes numerous tracks for other artists under the alias 41 Small Stars. He plays bass in The Tender Moments, the backing band of New York-based cabaret performer Bridget Everett.

Horovitz has acted in several motion pictures and television shows. Some of his roles include Tim 'Chino' Doolan in Lost Angels (1989), Sam in Roadside Prophets (1992), Repulski in Godspeed (2007), Fletcher in While We're Young (2014), and Nick in Golden Exits (2017).

In 2020, he was featured in the documentary Have a Good Trip.

Personal life
In the late 1980s, Horovitz was in a relationship with American actress Molly Ringwald. They met on the set of The Pick-up Artist.

Horovitz was married to actress Ione Skye from 1992 to 1999. She is mentioned in the song "Get It Together". They separated in 1995, got back together in 1996, but eventually separated again that same year and divorced in 1999, with the divorce being finalized in 2000.

After his separation in 1996, he entered into a relationship with riot grrrl artist Kathleen Hanna; they married in 2006. Horovitz appeared prominently in The Punk Singer, a 2013 documentary film about Hanna's life and career, and even shot some scenes. Horovitz and Hanna adopted son Julius Hanna Horovitz in 2013.

Horovitz began to wear a medical alert bracelet following the tonic–clonic seizure he experienced in 2003.

Horovitz has been close friends with actress Nadia Dajani since childhood; the two attended elementary school together.

Discography
with Beastie Boys
 * Licensed to Ill (1986)
 * Paul's Boutique (1989)
 * Check Your Head (1992)
 * Ill Communication (1994)
 * Hello Nasty (1998)
 * To the 5 Boroughs (2004)
 * The Mix-Up (2007)
 * Hot Sauce Committee Part Two (2011)

with BS 2000
 * BS 2000 (1997)
 * Simply Mortified (2000)

Filmography

 * Krush Groove (1985) as himself
 * Tougher Than Leather (1988) as himself
 * Lost Angels (1989) as Tim 'Chino' Doolan
 * A Kiss Before Dying (1991) as Jay Faraday
 * Roadside Prophets (1992) as Sam
 * Godspeed (2007) as Repulski
 * The Punk Singer (2013) as himself
 * While We're Young (2014) as Fletcher
 * 808 (2015) as himself
 * Golden Exits (2017) as Nick
 * Bad Reputation (2018) as himself
 * Beastie Boys Story (2020) as himself

title: Ad-Rock


text:
Methylamine

Methylamine is an organic compound with a formula of CH3NH2. This colorless gas is a derivative of ammonia, but with one hydrogen atom being replaced by a methyl group. It is the simplest primary amine.

Methylamine is sold as a solution in methanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, or water, or as the anhydrous gas in pressurized metal containers. Industrially, methylamine is transported in its anhydrous form in pressurized railcars and tank trailers. It has a strong odor similar to rotten fish. Methylamine is used as a building block for the synthesis of numerous other commercially available compounds.

Industrial production
Methylamine has been produced industrially since the 1920s (originally by Commercial Solvents Corporation for dehairing of animal skins). This was made possible by and his wife Eugenia who discovered amination of alcohols, including methanol, on alumina or kaolin catalyst after WWI, filed two patent applications in 1919 and published an article in 1921.

It is now prepared commercially by the reaction of ammonia with methanol in the presence of an aluminosilicate catalyst. Dimethylamine and trimethylamine are co-produced; the reaction kinetics and reactant ratios determine the ratio of the three products. The product most favored by the reaction kinetics is trimethylamine.
 * CH3OH + NH3 → CH3NH2 + H2O

In this way, an estimated 115,000 tons were produced in 2005.

Laboratory methods
Methylamine was first prepared in 1849 by Charles-Adolphe Wurtz via the hydrolysis of methyl isocyanate and related compounds. An example of this process includes the use of the Hofmann rearrangement, to yield methylamine from acetamide and bromine.

In the laboratory, methylamine hydrochloride is readily prepared by various other methods. One method entails treating formaldehyde with ammonium chloride.
 * [NH4]Cl + CH2O → [CH2\dNH2]Cl + H2O
 * [CH2\dNH2]Cl + CH2O + H2O → [CH3NH3]Cl + HCOOH

The colorless hydrochloride salt can be converted to an amine by the addition of a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH):
 * [CH3NH3]Cl + NaOH → CH3NH2 + NaCl + H2O

Another method entails reducing nitromethane with zinc and hydrochloric acid.

Another method of methylamine production is spontaneous decarboxylation of glycine with a strong base in water.

Reactivity and applications
Methylamine is a good nucleophile as it is an unhindered amine. As an amine it is considered a weak base. Its use in organic chemistry is pervasive. Some reactions involving simple reagents include: with phosgene to methyl isocyanate, with carbon disulfide and sodium hydroxide to the sodium methyldithiocarbamate, with chloroform and base to methyl isocyanide and with ethylene oxide to methylethanolamines. Liquid methylamine has solvent properties analogous to those of liquid ammonia.

Representative commercially significant chemicals produced from methylamine include the pharmaceuticals ephedrine and theophylline, the pesticides carbofuran, carbaryl, and metham sodium, and the solvents N-methylformamide and N-methylpyrrolidone. The preparation of some surfactants and photographic developers require methylamine as a building block.

Biological chemistry
Methylamine arises as a result of putrefaction and is a substrate for methanogenesis.

Additionally, methylamine is produced during PADI4-dependent arginine demethylation.

Safety
The LD50 (mouse, s.c.) is 2.5 g/kg.

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) have set occupational exposure limits at 10 ppm or 12 mg/m3 over an eight-hour time-weighted average.

Regulation
In the United States, methylamine is controlled as a List 1 precursor chemical by the Drug Enforcement Administration due to its use in the illicit production of methamphetamine.

In popular culture
Fictional characters Walter White and Jesse Pinkman use aqueous methylamine as part of a process to synthesize methamphetamine in the AMC series Breaking Bad.

title: Methylamine


text:
Parliament of Queensland

The Parliament of Queensland is the legislature of Queensland, Australia. As provided under the Constitution of Queensland, the Parliament consists of the King and the Legislative Assembly. It has been the only unicameral state legislature in the country since the upper chamber, the Legislative Council, was abolished in 1922. The Legislative Assembly sits in Parliament House in the state capital, Brisbane.

The Queensland Parliament retains plenary legislative power over Queensland, however Commonwealth laws apply to the extent of any inconsistency. Some laws passed by the NSW Parliament and the Imperial Parliament also remain in force.

Following the outcome of the 2015 election, four additional seats were added to the Legislative Assembly (to a total of 93), the voting system changed from optional preferential voting to full-preferential voting, and unfixed three-year terms were replaced with fixed four-year terms.

History
The Parliament was founded 22 May 1860, less than a year after the Colony of Queensland was created in June 1859. It was convened at military and convict barracks converted for the purpose located on Queen Street, Brisbane. Immigration was an important issue for the early Parliament. Population growth was encouraged with new settlers enticed by land ownership.

In 1915, Queensland became the first state to make voting compulsory at state elections.

Since 1 April 2003, live audio broadcasts have streamed through the internet from the Parliament while it is in session. In June 2007, the Parliament started broadcasting video of parliamentary proceedings. Nine in-house television cameras are used to record sessions.

The first female Speaker, Fiona Simpson was elected on 15 May 2012.

Membership
The Assembly has 93 members of Parliament (MPs). These are intended to represent approximately the same population in each electorate. Voting is by the full preferential voting system, with elections held approximately once every three years.

In April 2016, legislation was passed to increase the number of seats in the parliament by four to a total of 93. An amendment was also passed to abolish optional preferential voting. A referendum held the previous month was passed, supporting a bill to establish fixed four-year terms.

Royal assent
The role of the monarch in Parliament is to give royal assent to legislation. This function is in practice exercised by the governor of Queensland, who conventionally will never refuse assent to a bill that has passed the Legislative Assembly. The party or coalition with the most seats in the house is invited by the governor to form a government.

The leader of that party subsequently becomes the premier of Queensland, leading a Cabinet of ministers. In the Liberal National Party, the premier selects members of their party to act as ministers. In the Labor Party, the ministers are elected by party room ballot, with the leader then assigning ministerial portfolios to each one.

Operations
Once all winning candidates have been declared, the governor of Queensland proclaims a date for the start of the new Parliament. It is the role of the Clerk of the Parliament to call members to attendance.

According to the Constitution of Queensland, members of Parliament must swear an oath or affirmation to the king as well as an oath of office before signing a Roll of Members. This oath or affirmation must be made to the governor or someone authorised by him or her—typically the clerk of the Parliament. Sworn-in representatives are required to elect a Speaker to preside over the House's business. Before this occurs the Clerk may select and point to the next member who may speak. Once elected the Speaker is dragged to the chair and presented to the Governor at Government House. The symbol of the authority of the Parliament and its Speaker is the ceremonial mace. The sergeant-at-arms carries the mace into the chamber of parliament when the speaker enters at the start of each sitting day and removes it again when the speaker leaves at the end of the sitting day. During the sitting day, the mace rests on two raised brackets on the centre table with the head of the mace lying pointed towards the government's side. The current mace was designed and made in 1978 and is sterling silver with gold plating and is encrusted with 32 Queensland gemstones.

The ceremonial opening of the new Parliament is marked by a speech by the governor. Traditionally the speech is written by the new government and it may outline current activities, budget details, statistics and proposed lists of legislation which are intended to be introduced. A day in Parliament usually begins with housekeeping matters, including prayers, notifications and the tabling of any documents. An opportunity is then given to Ministers to make statements. During a period of no more than an hour, known as question time, any member may pose a question to a Minister.

Regional sittings
Starting in 2002, the Queensland Parliament has held regional sittings of parliament across the state. Originally being held every three years, the occurrence has become more sporadic, and, in 2023, the regional sitting took place in Cairns. It was the first sitting since the COVID-19 pandemic, and the second in twelve years.

Distribution of seats
As of 17 March 2024, the composition of Parliament is:

 * 47 votes as a majority are required to pass legislation.

title: Parliament of Queensland


text:
Parliament of Western Australia

The Parliament of Western Australia is the bicameral legislature of the Australian state of Western Australia, which constitutes the legislative branch of the state's political system. The parliament consists of the King (represented by the governor), the Legislative Council (the upper house) and the Legislative Assembly (the lower house). The two Houses of Parliament sit in Parliament House in the state capital, Perth.

For a bill to become law, it must be passed by both the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly, and receive royal assent from the Governor.

The party or coalition commanding the support of a majority of the members of the Legislative Assembly is invited by the governor to form government. The head of government holds the office of Premier of Western Australia.

Currently, the Legislative Council has 36 members elected for four-year terms from multi-member constituencies by proportional representation, and the Legislative Assembly has 59 members, elected for four-year terms from single-member constituencies, using preferential voting. As with all other Australian states and territories, enrolment to vote and voting for both Houses is compulsory for all resident Australian citizens—and eligible British citizens (i.e., those permanently resident and on the electoral roll prior to the passage of the Australia Act)—who are over the legal voting age of 18.

History
The Western Australian Legislative Council was created in 1832 as an appointed body. In 1870 the then colony was ruled by a governor and an advisory Legislative Council made up of appointed officials and elected members. The Western Australian Legislative Assembly was created in 1890 when the then colony attained self-government. The first premier was John Forrest, who held office until 1901.

On 3 November 2011, the government introduced fixed four-year terms for Parliament, with elections being held every four years on the second Saturday in March. The 2013 state election was the first election under the fixed date system.

title: Parliament of Western Australia


text:
Category:Lenape people

This is a category for individual Lenape people.

title: Category:Lenape people


text:
Parliament of South Australia

The Parliament of South Australia is the bicameral legislature of the Australian state of South Australia. It consists of the 47-seat House of Assembly (lower house) and the 22-seat Legislative Council (upper house). General elections are held every 4 years, with all of the lower house and half of the upper house filled at each election. It follows a Westminster system of parliamentary government with the executive branch required to both sit in parliament and hold the confidence of the House of Assembly. The parliament is based at Parliament House on North Terrace in the state capital of Adelaide.

Unlike the federal parliament and the parliaments of most other states, the South Australian Constitution does not define the parliament as including either the monarch or the governor of South Australia as one of its constituent parts. However, the constitution also vests legislative power in the state's governor acting with the advice and consent of both houses of parliament, making the role of the governor effectively the same as those of the other states.

The parliament may make laws for any matter within South Australia, subject to the Constitution of South Australia. Its power is further limited by the ability for the federal parliament to override it in some circumstances, subject to the Constitution of Australia. Similarly, the Supreme Court of South Australia, and ultimately the High Court of Australia, provides judicial oversight of parliament. The parliament is also vested with other powers, such as the means to investigate matters, conduct research and summon witnesses.

Early colonial period and establishment

At the founding of the Province of South Australia under the South Australia Act 1834, governance of the new colony was divided between the Governor of South Australia and a Resident Commissioner, who reported to a new body known as the South Australian Colonization Commission. Under this arrangement, there was also a governing Council comprising the Governor, the Judge or Chief Justice, the Colonial Secretary, the Advocate-General and the Resident Commissioner, with broad legislative and executive powers including the imposition of rates, duties, and taxes. This council was sometimes referred to as the "Legislative Council". Confusion and dispute about the division of power between the two roles led to the South Australia Government Act 1838, which combined the role of Resident Commissioner with that of the Governor.

In 1842, the South Australia Act 1842 was passed in order to replace the South Australian Colonisation Commission appointed in 1834 with a more standard British model of government, with a Governor advised by a Legislative Council. The 1842 Act gave the British Government, which was responsible for appointing a Governor and at least seven other officers to the Legislative Council, full control of South Australia as a Crown Colony, after financial mismanagement by the first administration had nearly bankrupted the colony. This new Legislative Council was the first true parliamentary body in South Australia. The Act also made provision for a commission to initiate the establishment of democratic government, electoral districts, requirements for voting rights, and terms of office. Although the old governing Council advising the Governor met at Government House, this new Legislative Council met at a new purpose built chamber on North Terrace. This chamber eventually grew into what is now known as "Old Parliament House".

The Australian Colonies Government Act 1850 was a landmark development which granted representative constitutions to New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania and the colonies enthusiastically set about writing constitutions which produced democratically progressive parliaments with the British monarch as the symbolic head of state. In 1851 elections for the Legislative Council were held. The new Council consisted of 24 members, four official (filling what would be today ministerial positions) and four non-official members, both nominated by the governor on behalf of the Crown, and 16 elected members chosen from single-member districts. The right to vote for these positions was not universal, however, being limited to propertied men. In addition, the reforms meant that the Governor no longer oversaw proceedings, with the role being filled by a Speaker who had been elected by the members.

In 1853 the Legislative Council sent London a Parliament Act 1853 that provided for a new constitution that established a bicameral parliament with an elected lower house and an upper house made up of members nominated for life. The colonists were mistakingly under the impression that only such a scheme would be acceptable to the British Government. The Governor, Sir Henry Young, had been advised that this was not the case but he kept this information to himself. The colonists were furious and 5,000 petitioned Westminster to give them two elected houses. The offending constitution was returned and in 1855, a new Legislative Council was elected with a mandate to establish something far more radical and democratic than had been seen in the British Empire before.

This was expressed by the Constitution Act 1856 (headed "1855–6: No. 2" and followed by the long title "An Act to establish a Constitution for South Australia, and to grant a Civil List to Her Majesty") establishing the constitution of the Parliament of the Province of South Australia.

Responsible government
This Constitution Act provided for a bicameral parliament with full authority to enact laws, apart from a few Acts requiring the monarch's personal Royal Assent. The 18-member Legislative Council was elected by property owners only, while the 36-member House of Assembly was elected by a full male franchise. The Act also provided for a system of responsible government, where the members of the executive branch must sit in parliament and, by convention, can only remain in office while they hold the confidence of a majority of the members of the House of Assembly. It was the first Constitution in the Australian colonies to provide "manhood" suffrage. The adoption of the "one man, one vote" principle also removed the ability of voters to vote in any electorate in which they owned property. The Act also defined the rules of tenure for the parliamentarians.

Later in 1856, in preparation for responsible government, the old Legislative Council passed an Electoral Act providing for the secret ballot system of voting to be used for the new parliament, also known as the Australian Ballot.

The first bicameral parliament of South Australia was elected on 9 March 1857, with Boyle Travers Finniss as the inaugural Premier of South Australia responsible to parliament. The parliament first sat on 22 April 1857.

Until 1887, membership of parliament was an unpaid position as members were expected to be able to support themselves through other means. This changed with the passage of the Payment of Members Act 1887 that set an annual salary of 200 pounds for members of both Houses who were not ministers. This rate has subsequently continued to evolve with the rate now set by an independent remuneration tribunal.

In 1889, the House of Assembly moved out of the original Parliament House and took up residence in a new building constructed next door. Due to costs, this "New Parliament House" would remain unfinished for 50 years while the Legislative Council continued to be housed in the original Parliament House.

Women gained the right to vote and stand for election in 1895, taking effect at the 1896 election. Once passed, South Australia become the fourth state in the world to give women the vote and the first to give women the right to be elected to parliament.

After federation
South Australia became a state of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, following a vote to federate with the other British colonies of Australia. One consequence of federation was that the powers of the Parliament of South Australia were limited by the provisions of the Constitution of Australia, with some powers transferred to the federal parliament. Another consequence was a bit of a "brain drain", with many of the parliament's most prominent members moving to the federal sphere.

From 1857 to 1933, the House of Assembly was elected from multi-member districts, commonly known as "seats," with each district returning between one and six members. The size of the Assembly grew during the colonial period—36 members from 1857 to 1875, 46 members from 1875 to 1884, 52 members from 1884 to 1890, 54 members from 1890 to 1902.

In response to the Federation of Australia, the House of Assembly was reduced to 42 members from 1902 to 1912 and 40 members from 1912 to 1915. From 1915 to 1938 the size was again increased to 46 members.

The Legislative Council half of the "New Parliament House" was finally completed in 1939, 50 years after the House of Assembly portion of the building.

Playmander years
One distinctive aspect of the history of the South Australian parliament was the "Playmander", a gerrymandering system that instituted a pro-rural electoral malapportionment introduced by the incumbent Liberal and Country League (LCL) government, and in place for 32 years from 1936 to 1968. The already entrenched rural overweighting was increased to a 2:1 ratio, the number of MPs was reduced to 39 and the multi-member seats were abandoned for single-member seats. The House of Assembly now consisted of 26 low-population rural seats, which due to population shifts, were holding up to a 10-to-1 advantage over the 13 high-population metropolitan seats, even though rural seats contained only a third of South Australia's population. At the peak of the malapportionment in 1968, the rural seat of Frome had 4,500 formal votes, while the metropolitan seat of Enfield had 42,000 formal votes.

Labor managed to win enough parliamentary seats to form government just once during the Playmander against the odds − in 1965. Labor won comprehensive majorities of the statewide two-party vote whilst failing to form government in 1944, 1953, 1962 and 1968.

More equitable boundaries were subsequently put in place following the 1968 (with the House increased to 47 members), 1975, and 1989 elections. Since 1975, the distribution of the 47 electoral boundaries has been set by the South Australian Electoral Districts Boundaries Commission, an independent body. Since a referendum in 1991, boundaries have been redistributed after each election. Previously they were redistributed after every third election. There are currently 34 in the Adelaide metropolitan area and 13 in rural areas. These seats are intended to represent approximately the same population in each electorate.

Evolution of the Legislative Council
The Legislative Council's numbers and electoral makeup have also varied over time. From the inception of responsible government to 1882, it had 18 members elected by a single colony-wide district, with the scheme originally set up so that 6 members would be elected every 4 years to serve a 12 year term. In 1882, the single colony-wide district was split into 4 electoral districts which were drawn with a heavy bias in favour of rural areas in place. The new scheme was set up so that half of the Council was being elected each election. Originally these electoral districts were the "Central District", the "Southern District", the "North-Eastern District" and the "Northern District", with each being represented by 6 members each. From 1902, the Central District continued to be represented by 6 members, while the rural districts were reduced to 4 members each. The North-Eastern District was replaced by the "Midland District" from the 1910 election and in 1915 the Central District was split in half and became the "Cantral District No. 1" and the "Central District No. 2", each being represented by 4 members.

As for the size of the Council as a whole, from 1882 until 1902 it had 24 members; until 1915, 18 members; and until 1975, 20 members.

From 1975, the Council size was increased to 22 members, with half (11) to be elected at each election by the entire state voting as one electorate.

Although the lower house had universal suffrage from 1895, the upper house, the Legislative Council, remained the domain of property owners until the Labor government of Don Dunstan managed to achieve reform of the chamber in 1973.

Under the original 1856 Constitution, the franchise was restricted to men, "having a freehold estate in possession, either legal or equitable, situate within the said Province, of the clear value of Fifty Pounds sterling money above all charges and encumbrances affecting the same, or having a leasehold estate in possession, situate within the said Province, the lease thereof having been registered in the General Registry Office, for the registration of deeds, and having three years to run at the time of voting, or containing a clause authorising the lessee to become the purchaser of the land thereby demised, or occupy a dwelling house of the clear annual value of Twenty-five Pounds sterling money."

In 1907, the right to vote was extended to any person occupying a dwelling house, or "dwelling house and premises appurtenant thereto", with an annual rent of at least 17 pounds per annum (excluding any payment of rent by a wife to her husband); to a registered proprietor of a leasehold on which there were improvements to the value of at least 50 pounds and which were the property of the proprietor. At the same time, the franchise was also extended to ministers of religion, school head teachers, postmasters, railway stationmasters, and the officer in charge of a police station.

A further extension of the franchise came in 1913, when the qualification of an occupier of a dwelling house was altered to include any inhabitant occupier, whether owner or tenant.

In 1918, the right to vote for members of the upper house was extended to all those who had served in armed forced in the First World War. This was subsequently extended to Second World War veterans in 1940 and in 1969, it was simplified to apply to all Australian war veterans regardless of the war they served in.

In 1969, the franchise was granted to any person who owned or rented property, regardless of the value of the property. Further, the franchise was extended to the wedded spouse of the owner or renter.

Finally in 1973, all property qualifications were removed and the Council became a body elected via proportional representation by a single state-wide electorate from the same universal franchise as the House of Assembly. Since the following 1975 South Australian state election, no one party has had control of the state's upper house with the balance of power controlled by a variety of minor parties and independents.

Electoral systems
Originally, the electoral system for both houses was a form of plurality voting, where each voter is given as many votes as there are candidates to be elected. From 1929, this was changed to instant-runoff voting, with multi-member districts using the preferential block voting variant of the system. In 1973, as part of the reforms to the upper house, the Legislative Council switched to using a party list form of proportional representation voting that was subsequently changed to the single transferable vote in 1982. From 1985 until 2017, the Legislative Council also used a form of Group voting tickets similar to that used in the Senate at the time. This enabled voters to choose between voting 'above the line' (for a single party preference ticket that ranked all candidates on the ballot paper in the party's preferred order) or 'below the line' and number all candidates in order of preference, on the ballot paper. In 2017 this was changed to a form of optional preferential voting − instructions for above the line votes are to mark '1' and then further preferences are optional as opposed to preference flows from simply '1' above the line being determined by group voting tickets, while instructions for voters who instead opt to vote below the line are to provide at least 12 preferences as opposed to having to number all candidates, and with a savings provision to admit ballot papers which indicate at least 6 below the line preferences.

Today, the House of Assembly continues to use instant-runoff voting with compulsory preferences.

Compulsory voting was introduced for the House of Assembly in 1942 and for the Legislative Council in 1985.

Elections were held every 3 years until 1985 (with a brief flirtation with 5 year terms for the House of Assembly in the 1933-1938 parliament ), when the parliament switched to 4 year terms, meaning 8 year terms for the upper house. Beginning in 2006, election dates have been fixed at the third Saturday in March of every fourth year.

House of Assembly

The House of Assembly (or "lower house") is made up of 47 members who are each elected by the full-preference instant-runoff voting system in single-member electorates. Each of the 47 electoral districts (electorates) contains approximately the same number of voters. Casual vacancies, when a member retires or dies in office mid-term, are filled by a by-election in that member's district.

Since 1975, the distribution of electoral boundaries has been set by the South Australian Electoral Districts Boundaries Commission, an independent body. Since a referendum in 1991, boundaries have been redistributed after each election. Previously they were redistributed after every third election.

Government is formed in the House of Assembly by the leader of the party or coalition who can demonstrate they have the support of the majority of the House, and is called upon by the Governor to form government. The leader of the government becomes the Premier. The House is presided over by a Speaker, who, as of the passage of the Constitution (Independent Speaker) Amendment Act 2021, is constitutionally banned from being a member of a registered political party outside of a "relevant election period".

While South Australia's total population is 1.7 million, Adelaide's population is 1.3 million − uniquely, over 75 percent of the state's population resides in the metropolitan area and has 72 percent of seats (34 of 47) alongside a lack of comparatively-sized rural population centres, therefore the metropolitan area tends to decide election outcomes. At the 2014 election for example, although the statewide two-party vote (2PP) was 47.0% Labor v 53.0% Liberal, the metropolitan area recorded a 2PP of 51.5% Labor v 48.5% Liberal.

The term for the House of Assembly is a fixed 4-year term but the state Constitution does allow the Governor to dissolve the House early and call for a fresh general election under certain circumstances. These are: If the House passes a motion of no confidence in the government, the House defeats a motion of confidence in the government, or if a bill that has been designated by the House as a "bill of special importance" is passed by the House of Assembly but is rejected by the Legislative Council. The House of Assembly can also be dissolved early together with the full Legislative Council in what is knows as a double dissolution in order to resolve deadlocks between the two Houses. The circumstances for such a double dissolution are outlined below.

Legislative Council

The Legislative Council (or "upper house") is made up of 22 councillors (MLCs) who are elected for the entire state by the Proportional Representation single transferable voting system (with optional preferential voting) to serve for a term that is usually 8 years. Elections for the Legislative Council are staggered so that 11 seats are up for re-election every 4 years, at the same time as House of Assembly elections. Legislative Councillors may serve shorter or longer terms than the usual 8 years in the event of an early dissolution of the House of Assembly. If half the chamber has served at least 6 years at the time of a dissolution, then they go up for election, but if all Legislative Councillors have served less than 6 years, only the House of Assembly faces the people.

In the event of a casual vacancy, members of the Legislative Council are filled by an assembly of the members of both houses of parliament. If the member whose seat has become vacant was elected as a member of a political party, the assembly must, if possible, replace them with a nominated member of that party.

The Legislative Council has almost equal powers to the House of Assembly. The only difference is that the upper house does not have the ability to initiate or amend bills that appropriate money or levy taxes. The Council may still request amendments to these bills and retains the right to reject money bills that it disagrees with.

The primary function of the Legislative Council is to review legislation which has been passed by the House of Assembly. This can cause tensions between the government and the Legislative Council, which may be viewed by the former as obstructionist if it rejects key legislation, as can happen at times when the electoral makeup of the two Houses are different. Another important function of the upper house is to scrutinise government activity, which it does both in the chamber and through committees. As Legislative Councillors have been elected using proportional representation since the mid-1970s, the chamber features a multitude of parties vying for power. A government or opposition majority in the upper house has been unachievable since the introduction of this system, with the balance of power being held by a number of minor parties and independents.

Resolution of deadlocks between the Houses
In the event that there is a conflict between the two Houses over legislation, the South Australian Constitution lays out a mechanism for how these deadlocks can be resolved.

Under section 41 of the South Australian Constitution, if a bill is passed by the House of Assembly during a session of parliament and in the following parliament after a general election for the lower house is rejected by the Legislative Council on both occasions, it is permitted for the Governor of South Australia to either issue a writ for the election of 2 additional members of the Legislative Council or to dissolve both Houses at the same time to elect an entirely new parliament. This procedure is known as a double dissolution. As the upper house consists of 22 members, with 11 elected statewide at each general election for an 8-year term at a quota of 8.33%, this would result in an election for all 22 members at a quota of 4.35%. In the event of a double dissolution election, the 11 Legislative Councillors that would not have won their seats under an ordinary election go up for re-election at the first general election after only serving 3 years, rather than the usual 6 years.

Although it has been threatened, this South Australian double dissolution procedure has never been used.

Although the practice has mostly fallen out of favour in other parliaments that use a bicameral Westminster system, the South Australian parliament still regularly appoints a "Conference of Managers" from each House to negotiate compromises on disputed bills in private. The Conference Managers then prepare a report of recommendations that is submitted to both Houses.

State First Nations Voice
As of the passage of the First Nations Voice Act 2023 in March 2023, South Australia also has an Indigenous Voice to Parliament able to represent South Australia's indigenous population to the state parliament and government. The Act was launched in a ceremony led by premier Peter Malinauskas, who acknowledged the work done by Attorney-General and Aboriginal Affairs Minister Kyam Maher, and First Nations Commissioner Dale Agius, to achieve the passing of the bill. A large crowd attended despite rainy weather, and Major "Moogy" Sumner spoke, danced, and performed the Welcome to Country.

The state is divided into six regions, whose Indigenous voters will, at each state election, elect a "Local Voice" with gender parity. These local voices then elect one male and one female member each to be their joint presiding officers and sit on the "State First Nations Voice". The State Voice then in turn elects its own male and female joint presiding officers who have the right to enter either house of parliament to make speeches on bills that are of interest to Indigenous peoples in South Australia. They do not have the ability to vote on legislation. The State Voice can also address state cabinet and government departments.

Location

The seat of the Parliament of South Australia is Parliament House in the state capital of Adelaide. Parliament House sits on the North-Western corner of the intersection of King William Street and North Terrace. It was built to replace the adjacent and overcrowded Parliament House, now referred to as "Old Parliament House", which dated from 1843 with extensions in 1857. Due to financial constraints, the current Parliament House was constructed in stages over 65 years from 1874 to 1939.

Following the completion of the New Parliament House in 1939, The Old Parliament House has been used for a variety of functions including as a Royal Australian Air Force recruiting office, offices for government departments and as a "Constitutional Museum." In 1995, the building reverted to use by the parliament and has been used as offices and committee rooms ever since.

title: Parliament of South Australia


text:
List of Romania county name etymologies

Many of the etymologies of Romanian counties are Romanian interpretations of Slavonic names (e.g.: Gorj and Dolj), as the administration documents in the Middle Ages Romanian Principalities (Wallachia and Moldavia) were written in this language.

title: List of Romania county name etymologies


text:
Kevin Yagher

Kevin Yagher (born June 23, 1962) is an American special effects technician, known for Freddy Krueger's makeup and The Crypt Keeper creature.

Career
His company, Kevin Yagher Productions, has created effects for A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy's Revenge, A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors, A Nightmare on Elm Street 4: The Dream Master, Face/Off, Enemy of the State, Volcano, Starship Troopers, Conspiracy Theory, Radio Flyer, Mission: Impossible 2, and Honey, I Blew Up the Kid. Yagher's other credits include Tales from the Crypt, and Child's Play, where he met his wife, Catherine Hicks.

He is the designer and executor of the Chucky doll. Yagher frequently collaborated with puppeteer Brock Winkless on his productions. For example, Winkless performed the puppetry for Chucky in Child's Play and several of its sequels. Yagher and Winkless also worked closely on the visual effects of Honey, I Blew Up the Kid (1992).

Yagher directed Hellraiser: Bloodline, but decided to be credited as Alan Smithee after Dimension Films re-edited the film. He heads Kevin Yagher Productions, Inc.

Yagher has worked with "Weird Al" Yankovic on a number of occasions. In 1988, Yagher created a fat suit and appliance makeup for Yankovic's "Fat" video, which Yankovic later wore in his concerts while performing the song. A year later, Yagher created prosthetics that gave Yankovic a hypermuscular upper body when parodying Rambo in his film UHF.

Personal life
He was married to actress Catherine Hicks on May 19, 1990. The two have a daughter, Caitlin, who was born in 1992. He is a diabetic. He has two brothers: actor Jeff Yagher and special makeup effects artist Chris Yagher.

Special makeup effects artist

 * The Spiderwick Chronicles (2008)
 * Æon Flux (2005)
 * Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events (2004)
 * 13 Going on 30 (2004)
 * Cradle 2 the Grave (2003)
 * Adaptation (2002)
 * The Master of Disguise (2002)
 * Windtalkers (2002)
 * Blow (2001)
 * Mission: Impossible 2 (2000)
 * Sleepy Hollow (1999)
 * Conspiracy Theory (1997)
 * Face/Off (1997)
 * Bordello of Blood (1996)
 * The Fan (1996)
 * The Dentist (1996)
 * Rumpelstiltskin (1996)
 * Hellraiser: Bloodline (1996)
 * Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde (1995)
 * Children of the Corn III: Urban Harvest (1995)
 * Honey, I Blew Up the Kid (1992)
 * Article 99 (1992)
 * Glory (1989)
 * The Phantom of the Opera (1989)
 * Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure (1989)
 * Freddy's Nightmares (1988)
 * A Nightmare on Elm Street 4: The Dream Master (1988)
 * Child's Play (1988)
 * The Seventh Sign (1988)
 * Cherry 2000 (1987)
 * The Hidden (1987)
 * A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors (1987)
 * Trick or Treat (1986)
 * A Nightmare on Elm Street Part 2: Freddy's Revenge (1985)
 * Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter (1984)
 * Bones (2005-2017)
 * Bill & Ted Face the Music (2020)
 * Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey (1991)
 * Child's Play 2 (1990)
 * Child's Play 3  (1991)
 * Bride Of Chucky (1998)
 * Tales From The Crypt (1989-1996)
 * Starship Troopers (1997)
 * Ghosted (2017)
 * Rizzoli & Isles (2010-2016)
 * The Finder (2012)
 * Xtreme Fakeovers (2005)
 * The Hulk (2003)
 * The Cat In The Hat (2003)
 * Anger Management (2003)
 * The Matrix Reloaded (2003)
 * The Matrix Revolutions (2003)
 * In Dreams (1999)
 * The Astronaut's Wife (1999)
 * Enemy Of The State (1998)
 * Getting Even With Dad (1994)
 * Man's Best Friend (1993)
 * Defenseless (1991)
 * The Borrower (1991)
 * Meet the Applegates  (1990)
 * The Seventh Sign (1988)
 * Aerosmith's "Pink" Music Video (1997)

title: Kevin Yagher


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Andrea Moda Formula

Andrea Moda Formula was a Formula One team that competed during the 1992 Formula One World Championship. The team was owned by Italian shoe designer Andrea Sassetti, who named the team after his company. The team contested nine races but managed to only qualify for one. Statistically, and by general perception, Andrea Moda is widely considered to be one of the poorest constructors to ever enter Formula One.

Origins
In September 1991, Sassetti bought the Coloni F1 team after it had failed to pre-qualify a car for every single race that year. Coloni's four-year history resulted in 14 starts in 82 attempts. The team had not qualified for a Grand Prix in over two years, having not competed in a race since Roberto Moreno started 15th at the 1989 Portuguese Grand Prix. Coloni's best finish was 8th place, scored by Gabriele Tarquini in the 1988 Canadian Grand Prix.

The team hired a number of ex-Coloni staff and a deal was sought with Simtek to run a car that had been designed in 1990 for BMW. Now named the Andrea Moda S921 the chassis was fitted with Judd V10 engines, but the cars were not ready for the start of the season.

1992 season
For the season-opening round in South Africa, Sassetti arrived with a modified Coloni C4B chassis for drivers Alex Caffi and Enrico Bertaggia. The team was excluded from the event for not having paid the $100,000 deposit for new teams in the World Championship, Sassetti arguing that it was not a new team as he had simply taken over the Coloni team and not formed a new one but, since Sassetti neglected to buy Coloni's entry to the Championship along with the team itself, the FIA were unmoved. Caffi performed a few reconnaissance laps in the Thursday familiarization session (arranged as the revised Kyalami circuit was new to all the teams) but did not participate in any official free practice or qualifying sessions. In Mexico, the team arrived with all its equipment but the cars were still being built and neither ran.

Following this both Caffi and Bertaggia were dropped for criticizing the team's preparation, with Andrea Moda arriving at the Brazilian Grand Prix with the experienced Roberto Moreno and Perry McCarthy (who had previously tested for Williams and would later gain fame as The Stig on the BBC's motoring show Top Gear) nominated as the drivers. While Moreno gave the S921 its first competitive run (failing to pre-qualify), McCarthy was refused a Super Licence and did not run. McCarthy finally received his Super Licence for the following round in Spain, but the car only made it a short distance down the pitlane before expiring. Moreno was again unable to pre-qualify. Around this time Bertaggia approached the team again, having found $1 million in sponsorship funds. Sassetti wanted him to return in place of McCarthy but the FIA blocked any further driver changes after the team's earlier shenanigans. Bitter at the loss of funding, Sassetti began to ignore McCarthy's entry and concentrated the team's resources on Moreno.

At the Monaco Grand Prix, McCarthy's car was eliminated in pre-qualifying with an official lap time of 17:05.924. Moreno, meanwhile, successfully navigated both pre-qualifying and then qualifying to start the Monaco Grand Prix from 26th on the grid with a 20th on the grid after the first qualifying session on Thursday, retiring after 11 laps with an engine failure. After this progress the team ran into problems which some thought were bad luck and others down to basic disorganisation. In Canada the team was without engines because Sassetti had failed to pay Judd. A motor was borrowed from Brabham allowing Moreno to perform a few laps but he failed to pre-qualify while McCarthy was once again unable to run. Many people had left the team by this stage and the operation missed the French Grand Prix entirely because its truck was stuck in one of the blockades by French truck drivers; every other team had successfully negotiated the blockades. At this point the few sponsors the team had withdrew, leaving Sassetti reluctantly funding the team himself. By now the second car nominally being used by McCarthy was effectively a spare for Moreno and the Brit was receiving ever poorer treatment from the team - at his home race he was sent out on wet weather tyres on a dry track and at the Hungaroring he was only allowed out of the pitlane 45 seconds from the end of the pre-qualifying session making it impossible for him to set a lap time. At this point, Andrea Moda was warned to make a meaningful attempt to run McCarthy's car as a second team entry, or its exclusion from the sport would be considered.

For the Belgian Grand Prix in late August, both Andrea Moda cars were guaranteed entry into qualifying, because Brabham had withdrawn. This reduced the entry list to 30 cars, eliminating the need for a pre-qualifying session. In qualifying, the Andrea Moda cars were the slowest two on track, with Moreno 13% slower than pole, and McCarthy, who suffered an accident in his session, 22% slower than pole; neither qualified to race. In the same weekend, Sassetti was arrested in the paddock for allegedly forging auto part invoices.

The FIA World Motor Sport Council expelled Andrea Moda Formula for the remainder of the 1992 season a week later, on September 8, on the regulatory grounds of "[failure to operate a] team in a manner compatible with the standards of the championship or in any way brings the championship into disrepute." Following the decision, the team was refused entry into Monza's paddock for the Italian Grand Prix.

The Andrea Moda name would later then move to CART, sponsoring Euromotorsport in 1993.

Docufilm
In October 2023, the docufilm, entitled Last and Furious - The true story of the Andrea Moda Formula, on the events of this team, was presented at the 80th Venice International Film Festival.

Complete Formula One results
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position)

title: Andrea Moda Formula


text:
Diazo

In organic chemistry, the diazo group is an organic moiety consisting of two linked nitrogen atoms at the terminal position. Overall charge-neutral organic compounds containing the diazo group bound to a carbon atom are called diazo compounds or diazoalkanes and are described by the general structural formula R2C\dN+\dN-. The simplest example of a diazo compound is diazomethane, CH2N2. Diazo compounds (R2C\dN2) should not be confused with azo compounds (R\sN\dN\sR) or with diazonium compounds (R\sN2+).

Structure
The electronic structure of diazo compounds is characterized by π electron density delocalized over the α-carbon and two nitrogen atoms, along with an orthogonal π system with electron density delocalized over only the terminal nitrogen atoms. Because all octet rule-satisfying resonance forms of diazo compounds have formal charges, they are members of a class of compounds known as 1,3-dipoles. Some of the most stable diazo compounds are α-diazo-β-diketones and α-diazo-β-diesters, in which the electron density is further delocalized into an electron-withdrawing carbonyl group. In contrast, most diazoalkanes without electron-withdrawing substituents, including diazomethane itself, are explosive. A commercially relevant diazo compound is ethyl diazoacetate (N2CHCOOEt). A group of isomeric compounds with only few similar properties are the diazirines, where the carbon and two nitrogens are linked as a ring.

Four resonance structures can be drawn:

 * Diazo resonance structures.svg

Compounds with the diazo moiety should be distinguished from diazonium compounds, which have the same terminal azo group but bear an overall positive charge, and azo compounds in which the azo group bridges two organic substituents.

History
Diazo compounds were first produced by Peter Griess who had discovered a versatile new chemical reaction, as detailed in his 1858 paper "Preliminary notice on the influence of nitrous acid on aminonitro- and aminodinitrophenol."

Synthesis
Several methods exist for the preparation of diazo compounds.

From amines
Alpha-acceptor-substituted primary aliphatic amines R-CH2-NH2 (R = COOR, CN, CHO, COR) react with nitrous acid to generate the diazo compound.

From diazomethyl compounds
An example of an electrophilic substitution using a diazomethyl compound is that of a reaction between an acyl halide and diazomethane, for example the first step in the Arndt-Eistert synthesis.

By diazo transfer
In diazo transfer certain carbon acids react with tosyl azide in the presence of a weak base like triethylamine or DBU. The byproduct is the corresponding tosylamide (p-toluenesulfonamide). This reaction is also called the Regitz diazo transfer. Examples are the synthesis of tert-butyl diazoacetate and diazomalonate. Methyl phenyldiazoacetate is generated in this way by treating methyl phenylacetate with p-acetamidobenzenesulfonyl azide in the presence of base.

The mechanism involves attack of the enolate at the terminal nitrogen, proton transfer, and expulsion of the anion of the sulfonamide. Use of the β-carbonyl aldehyde leads to a deformylative variant of the Regitz transfer, which is useful for the preparation of diazo compounds stabilized by only one carbonyl group.

From N-alkyl-N-nitroso compounds
Diazo compounds can be obtained in an elimination reaction of N-alkyl-N-nitroso compounds, such as in the synthesis of diazomethane from Diazald or MNNG:
 * Diazo Synthesis.svg

(The mechanism shown here is one possibility. For an alternative mechanism for the analogous formation of diazomethane from an N-nitrososulfonamide, see the page on Diazald.)

From hydrazones
Hydrazones are oxidized (dehydrogenation) for example with silver oxide or mercury oxide for example the synthesis of 2-diazopropane from acetone hydrazone. Other oxidizing reagents are lead tetraacetate, manganese dioxide and the Swern reagent. Tosyl hydrazones RRC=N-NHTs are reacted with base for example triethylamine in the synthesis of crotyl diazoacetate and in the synthesis of phenyldiazomethane from PhCHNHTs and sodium methoxide.

Reaction of a carbonyl group with the hydrazine 1,2-bis(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)hydrazine to form the hydrazone is followed by reaction with the iodane difluoroiodobenzene yields the diazo compound:
 * KinamycinCSynthesis.png

From azides
One method is described for the synthesis of diazo compounds from azides using phosphines:
 * AzidetoDiazo Myers 2009.svg

In cycloadditions
Diazo compounds react as 1,3-dipoles in diazoalkane 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions.

As carbene precursors
Diazo compounds are used as precursors to carbenes, which are generated by thermolysis or photolysis, for example in the Wolff rearrangement. (In this regard, they resemble diazirenes.) As such they are used in cyclopropanation for example in the reaction of ethyl diazoacetate with styrene. Certain diazo compounds can couple to form alkenes in a formal carbene dimerization reaction.

Diazo compounds are intermediates in the Bamford–Stevens reaction of tosylhydrazones to alkenes, again with a carbene intermediate:
 * Bamford-Stevens reaction mechanism.svg

In the Doyle–Kirmse reaction, certain diazo compounds react with allyl sulfides to the homoallyl sulfide. Intramolecular reactions of diazocarbonyl compounds provide access to cyclopropanes. In the Buchner ring expansion, diazo compounds react with aromatic rings with ring-expansion.

As nucleophile
The Buchner-Curtius-Schlotterbeck reaction yields ketones from aldehydes and aliphatic diazo compounds:
 * Buchner-Curtius-Schlotterbeck Reaction.svg

The reaction type is nucleophilic addition.

Occurrence in nature
Several families of naturally occurring products feature the diazo group. The kinamycins and lomaiviticin are DNA intercalation, with diazo functionality as their "warheads". In the presence of a reducing agent, loss of N2 occurs to generate a DNA-cleaving fluorenyl radical.

One biochemical process for diazo formation is the L -aspartate-nitro-succinate (ANS) pathway. It involves a sequence of enzyme-mediated redox reactions to generate nitrite by way of a nitrosuccinic acid intermediate. This pathway appears to be active in several different Streptomyces species, and homologous genes appear widespread in actinobacteria.

title: Diazo


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Bellasi

Bellasi is a Swiss-Italian motorsport company specialized in manufacturing composite parts for racing cars. From 1970 to 1971 it was a Formula One constructor. They participated in six grands prix, entering a total of six cars.

Guglielmo Bellasi was one of several car manufacturers to try to establish themselves in Italian Formula 3 circles in the late 1960s. The first Bellasi F3 car appeared in 1966, entered by Scuderia Inter Corse and driven by Guglielmo Bellasi himself. This Ford-engined machine clearly had some potential as it finished third in the Circuito del Lago di Garda race a month later. Bellasi F3 cars appeared again in 1967 with Bellasi and Sandro Angeleri driving on occasional outings, but there was a more concerted effort in 1968 with Scuderia Jolly Club running as many as four cars for Angeleri, Pino Mariella, Franco Conti and others. The best result was a fifth place for Mariella in the Coppa Autodromo at Monza. Similar cars continued to be seen in 1969 with Georges Ferreira, Pino Pica and Giorgio Pianta among the drivers. One odd feature of the 1969 car was a rear-mounted water radiator, with the coolant warmed by the exhaust.

For 1970 Swiss racer Silvio Moser commissioned Bellasi to design a Grand Prix car for him. This Cosworth-powered device (using some components from the Brabham BT24-3 Moser had raced for the Silvio Moser Racing Team SA) featured a simple riveted aluminium monocoque with tubular sub-frame carrying the radiator and front suspension. The Bellasi was ready for the Dutch Grand Prix in June but failed to qualify there and again in France. The team did not bother to go to Britain because there was no starting money and there was another failure to qualify in Germany before Moser finally made it onto the grid at the 1970 Austrian Grand Prix. The car lasted 13 laps before breaking down and at Monza it was back to non-qualification. The car reappeared for the non-championship Argentine Grand Prix in 1971, entered by the Jolly Club. In September the car was entered again at the 1971 Italian Grand Prix and qualified but retired after only five laps.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

title: Bellasi


text:
Boro

Boro may refer to:

People

 * Boro people, indigenous peoples of Amazonas, Brazil
 * A variant spelling for the Bodo people of northeast India
 * Charan Boro, Indian politician
 * Isaac Adaka Boro, a celebrated Niger Delta nationalist and Nigerian civil war hero
 * Sadun Boro (1928–2015), first Turkish global circumnavigator

Places

 * Boro, New South Wales, a locality in Australia
 * Boro, a division in Alego Usonga constituency, Siaya County in Kenya
 * Boro, Burkina Faso, a town in Burkina Faso
 * Boro, Togo is a village is the Kara region of Togo
 * A local nickname for the English town Middlesbrough and its football team Middlesbrough F.C.
 * Boro (River Boro), a distributary of River Slaney
 * Birsk, a town in Bashkortostan, Russia, known as Бөрө (Börö) in Bashkir
 * Boro, Purulia, a village, with a police station, in Purulia district, West Bengal, India
 * Boro, Botswana, a place in Botswana.

Sporting

 * Boro (Formula One), a Dutch Formula One constructor
 * "Boro" association football club nicknames, based in northern England:
 * Middlesbrough FC
 * Scarborough Athletic
 * Defunct Scarborough FC
 * Radcliffe F.C.

Other

 * Boro (textile), a class of Japanese textiles that have been mended or patched together
 * The BORO approach, a process for developing formal ontologies
 * Boro rice, an ecotype of rice used for the spring dry-season crop
 * Boro, short for borosilicate glass
 * Boro language (disambiguation)

title: Boro


text:
British Racing Partnership

British Racing Partnership (BRP) was a racing team, and latterly constructor, from the United Kingdom. It was established by Alfred Moss and Ken Gregory – Stirling Moss's father and former manager, respectively – in 1957 to run cars for Stirling, when not under contract with other firms, along with other up-and-coming drivers.

History
BRP ran a Cooper-Borgward Formula Two car and occasionally a BRM Formula One car in 1959, the latter being demolished in a spectacular crash at the Avus street circuit. BRP was the first Formula One team to sell the entire identity of the team in return for sponsorship income; they were sponsored by the Yeoman Credit Ltd. hire-purchase company from August 1959 and became Yeoman Credit Racing for the season. BRP was given a sum of £40,000 just to buy their equipment plus £20,000/year to operate the team. The team ran Coopers in both Formula One and Formula Two during 1960, with mixed success. During this time two of the team's drivers were killed while racing their cars, and the Yeoman Credit management became concerned that the team was not generating solely positive publicity for their company. The Yeoman Credit deal was passed to Reg Parnell Racing at the end of the year, and for the and  seasons BRP was renamed UDT Laystall Racing, as part of a new, similar sponsorship deal. UDT was United Dominions Trust, who among various holdings owned Laystall Engineering, the principal supplier of crankshafts to the British automotive and aviation industries.

For, the team reverted to its original name and became a true constructor; they had been running Lotus 24s and Cooper T51s for the previous few seasons, and had tried to acquire the more modern, monocoque Lotus 25 without success. This caused chief designer, Tony Robinson, to design his own monocoque car, patterned very closely after the Lotus 25, but with a thicker skin and running a BRM V8 rather than the typical Coventry Climax engine run in the Lotus 25. This car is commonly referred to as the BRP-BRM and was raced by Innes Ireland and Trevor Taylor.

As a constructor, BRP took part in 13 Grand Prix rounds, scoring a total of 11 championship points. After the team was forced to withdraw from F1 when BRP were denied membership of the Formula 1 Constructors Association  which effectively deprived them of start money, then a significant factor in a team's income. Instead, BRP was hired by Masten Gregory's stepfather George Bryant to build two cars for the 1965 Indianapolis 500, but enjoyed little success.

As a privateer
(key)

As a constructor
(key)

title: British Racing Partnership