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Halter

A halter or headcollar is headgear placed on animals used to lead or tie up livestock and, occasionally, other animals; it fits behind the ears (behind the poll), and around the muzzle. To handle the animal, usually a lead rope is attached. On smaller animals, such as dogs, a leash is attached to the halter.

History
Halters may be as old as the early domestication of animals, and their history is not as well studied as that of the bridle or hackamore. The word "halter" derives from the Germanic words meaning "that by which anything is held."

One halter design was patented in the United States by Henry Wagner of Toledo, Iowa February 13, 1894.

Uses
A halter is used to control an animal when leading on the ground, and as a restraint when tying them up. It is used on many different types of livestock. Halters are most closely associated with Equidae such as horses, donkeys, and mules. However, they are also used on farm animals such as cattle and goats and other working animals such as camels, llamas, and yaks. Halters generally are not used on elephants or on predators, though there are halters made for dogs.

Halters are often plain in design, used as working equipment on a daily basis. In addition to the halter, a lead line, lead shank or lead rope is required to actually lead or tie the animal. It is most often attached to the halter at a point under the jaw, or less often, at the cheek, usually with a snap, but occasionally spliced directly onto the halter. A standard working lead rope is approximately 9 to 12 ft long.

Specially designed halters, sometimes highly decorated, are used for in-hand or "halter" classes at horse shows and in other livestock shows. When an animal is shown in an exhibition, the show halter is fitted more closely than a working halter and may have a lead shank that tightens on the head so that commands from the handler may be more discreetly transmitted by means of the leadline. A shank that tightens on the animal's head when pulled is not used for tying the animal.

Halters are designed to catch, hold, lead and tie animals, and nothing else. However, some people ride horses using a halter instead of a bridle. In most cases, it is not safe to ride in an ordinary stable halter because it fits loosely and provides no leverage to the rider should a horse panic or bolt. It is particularly unsafe if the lead rope is used as a single rein, attached to the leading ring under the jaw. In some cases, mecate-style reins may be added to a rope halter, creating a modified form of hackamore, and equipment called a "sidepull" has a heavier noseband and two reins added on cheek rings placed each side to provide control.

Designs

Halters may be classified into two broad categories, depending on whether the material used is flat or round. Materials used include leather, rawhide, rope, and many different fibers, including nylon, polyester, cotton, and jute. Fibers may be woven into flat webbing or twisted into round rope. Flat or round dictates the construction method: flat materials normally are sewn to buckles and rings at attachment points;  round materials are knotted or spliced. Knotted halters often are made from a single piece of rope.

The rope halter, occasionally called a "cowboy halter", is associated with the western riding tradition, popularized with the wave of interest in natural horsemanship. It is called an "American halter" in France. or an "ethological halter" licol éthologique, literally a "halter with knots". In German, it is called a knotenhalfter.

Show halters may be flat or round, but are generally made of leather or a similar synthetic and are designed to enhance the attractiveness of an animal's head as well as to exert precise control.

Horse halters

Horse halters are sometimes confused with a bridle or a hackamore. The primary difference between a halter and a bridle is that a halter is used by a handler on the ground to lead or tie up an animal, but a bridle or hackamore is generally used by a person who is riding or driving an animal that has been trained in this use. A halter is safer for tying, as the bit of a bridle or the heavier noseband of a hackamore may injure the horse if the horse sets back while tied. In addition, bridles and hackamores are usually made of lighter materials and will break. In some cases, a bridle or hackamore may be used when handling an equine on the ground in order to exert more precision and control.

One common halter design is made of either flat nylon webbing or flat leather, has a noseband that passes around the muzzle with one ring under the jaw, usually used to attach a lead rope, and two rings on either side of the head. The noseband is usually adjusted to lie about halfway between the end of the cheekbones and the corners of the mouth, crossing over the strong, bony part of the face. The noseband connects to a cheekpiece on either side that go up next to the cheekbone to meet with a ring on either side that usually is placed just above the level of the eye. These rings meet the throatlatch and the crownpiece. The crownpiece is a long strap on the right-hand side of the halter that goes up behind the ears, over the poll and is buckled to a shorter strap coming up from the left. The throatlatch goes under the throat, and sometimes has a snap or clip that allows the halter to be removed in a manner similar to the bridle. Many halters have another short strap connecting the noseband and the throatlatch.

The halter design made of rope also has the same basic sections, but usually is joined by knots instead of sewn into rings. Most designs have no metal parts, other than, in some cases, a metal ring under the jaw where the lead rope snaps, or, occasionally, a recessed hook attachment where the crownpiece can be connected. However, in many cases, a loop is formed in the left side of the crownpiece and the right side of the crownpiece simply is brought over the horse's head, through the loop and tied with a sheet bend.

Accessories
To lead or tie an animal a lead rope or leash is used. The lead is attached to the halter most often at a point under the jaw, less often at the cheek, and less often, over the nose. On horses, a lighter version of a headcollar or headstall is also used to attach a fly veil of waxed cotton strands or light leather strips onto a browband. Some fly masks are also made in a similar pattern to a headcollar and are often fastened with velcro tabs. These masks may also have ear and nose protection added to them. On both horses and dogs, halters may be used to attach a muzzle.

Safety and security issues

For tying, it is disputed if a halter should be made strong enough not to break under stress, or if it should give way when tension reaches a certain point in order to prevent injury to the animal. Usually the issue is of minimal concern if a tied animal is attended and the lead rope is tied with a slip knot that can be quickly released if the animal panics. However, in cases where a non-slip knot is tied, or if a soft rope is drawn tight and the knot cannot be released, or if the animal is left unsupervised, an animal panicking and attempting to escape can be seriously injured. Those who argue that the risk of injury is more of a concern than the risk of escape recommend halter designs that incorporate breakaway elements, such as a leather crownpiece, breakaway buckles, or easily detachable lead rope. Those who believe that escape is the greater danger, either due to concerns about escape or creating a recurring bad habit in an animal that learns to break loose that could become unable to be kept tied at all, recommend sturdy designs that will not break unless the handler deliberately releases a slipknot or cuts the lead rope. Between the two camps are those who recommend sturdy halters that will not break under normal pressure from a momentarily recalcitrant or frightened animal, but ultimately will break in a true panic situation, such as a fall.

Some users have the animal wear a halter at all times, even when stalled or turned out. Others have the animal wear a halter only when being led, held, or tied. The advantages of leaving a halter on are that the animal is often easier to catch. The disadvantages are that an animal may catch the halter on an object and become trapped or injured in some fashion. While experts advise leaving halters off when animals are turned out, if halters are left on unattended animals, breakaway designs that still will hold for everyday leading are recommended.

title: Halter


text:
Ice resurfacer

An ice resurfacer is a vehicle or hand-pushed device for cleaning and smoothing the surface of a sheet of ice, usually in an ice rink. The first ice resurfacer was developed by American inventor and engineer Frank Zamboni in 1949 in Paramount, California. As such, an ice resurfacer is often referred to as a "Zamboni" as a genericized trademark.

History
The first ice resurfacer was invented by Frank Zamboni, who was originally in the refrigeration business. He created a plant for making ice blocks that could be used in refrigeration applications. As the demand for ice blocks waned with the spread of compressor-based refrigeration, he looked for another way to capitalize on his expertise in ice production.

In 1939 Zamboni built the Iceland skating rink in Paramount, California. To resurface the skating rink, three or four workers had to scrape, wash, and squeegee the ice. A thin layer of water was then added for the fresh ice. This process was extremely time-consuming, and Zamboni wanted to find a more efficient way to resurface the ice.

From 1942 to 1947 he worked on developing a vehicle that could cut down on resurfacing time. In 1947 he built a machine that could shave, wash and squeegee the ice. This machine was mounted on an army surplus Willys jeep chassis. A blade was mounted on the machine, which shaved the ice; the ice then received a thin layer of water, creating a smooth sheet of ice. The prototype had a tank that held the ice shavings, which were carried to the tank via a conveyor belt. Zamboni abandoned this model in late 1947 because of deficiencies with the blade and handling.

A new machine was developed using another army surplus vehicle chassis. This machine had four-wheel drive and all-wheel steering. By 1949 the Model A Zamboni Ice Resurfacer was developed. Further modification to the Model A included the addition of a wash water tank and a cover for the snow-holding tank (for ice shavings). The all-wheel steering feature was reduced to only front-wheel steering because the machine constantly got wedged against the boards. The Zamboni ice-resurfacer was patented in 1953. The Model B was the next ice resurfacer made by Zamboni. The Zamboni Model C was also built on the same frame, but more design changes were applied. The driver's position was raised for better visibility, and the capacity of the snow-holding tank was increased. From the late 1950s to 1964, there were minimal changes in how the ice-resurfacers were designed. The introduction of the HD series in 1964 saw a shift in the design of the Zamboni ice resurfacers. Instead of relying on a conveyor belt system to move the ice shavings into the snow-holding tank, a vertical screw conveyor system was installed, and a new hydraulic snow-dumping system was adopted. This design has been the industry standard since it was first adopted.

In 1967, an Elmira, Ontario-based welder named Andrew Schlupp founded the Resurfice Corporation and began producing competing models of resurfacers, including their popular Olympia line. In 1980 an Italian company, Engo Ice Arena Equipment, began producing ice resurfacers.

Technology
Ice resurfacers are generally composed of a snow container, hot water tanks, a wash water tank, the conditioner, and a board brush. An internal combustion engine or electric motor of the vehicle is responsible both for propelling the resurfacer and also powering the hydraulics that control the various functions, such as lowering the conditioner or raising the snow dump.

Most of the actual resurfacing components are contained in a heavy device at the rear of the machine, known as the "conditioner". The conditioner is hydraulically lowered to the ice surface, its weight providing the friction necessary for a large, sharp blade (similar to those used in industrial paper cutters) to shave off the top layer of ice. A horizontal auger conveyor collects these ice shavings, or snow, and funnels them to a vertical auger at the center of the conditioner. The shavings are then carried upward and sprayed into a large snow container, which takes up most of the volume of the resurfacer.

The height of the blade can be adjusted by the driver, allowing deeper or shallower cuts. This is useful for keeping the ice sheet level, improving the quality of the cut, and preventing the snow container from overflowing.

Wash water can be used to further improve the quality of the ice by removing debris and snow from deep skate-blade cuts. Located directly in front of the blade, nozzles forcefully spray water into the ice surface, loosening deep debris. Runners on either side of the conditioner contain the spray, while a rubber squeegee at the rear of the conditioner allows a vacuum nozzle to pick up excess water. This water is then filtered through a screen and recirculated.

Finally, a layer of water is laid down to fill in the remaining grooves in the ice. The ice-making water is released through a sprinkler pipe at the rear of the conditioner, which wets the cloth towel that is dragged behind the resurfacer. The towel ensures a smooth, controlled deposition of water.

Traditionally, hot water has been used because it slightly melts the layer of ice below it, leading some operators to believe it forms a stronger bond during the freezing process because heating the water releases dissolved gases thus allowing the ice to freeze in a clearer state. It is also sometimes believed that warm water reduces the freezing time of the water due to the unproven Mpemba effect. The water used in some rinks is also filtered and treated before being used in the ice resurfacer to remove any minerals or chemicals in the water. These impurities can otherwise make the ice brittle, soft, give it undesirable odors, or change the color and clarity.

Many ice resurfacers are fitted with a "board brush", a rotary brush powered by a hydraulic motor. The board brush is extended and retracted on the left side of the machine by a hydraulic arm. This allows the operator to collect ice shavings and debris that accumulate along the edge of the rink (along the kick plates below the dasher boards of the rink) where the conditioner cannot easily reach. The brush sweeps the accumulations into the path of the conditioner, which removes them from the ice. The use of a board brush can dramatically reduce the need for edging of the rink. After resurfacing the entire sheet, also known as an "ice cut" or "flood", the snow container must be emptied. Hydraulics raise one end of the container, causing the snow to spill out.

Smaller, cheaper machines have also been designed to provide a smooth ice surface in a manner similar to a traditional resurfacer. These can be either self-propelled or pushed/pulled by the operator. Self-propelled vehicles typically incorporate the main components of full-size ice resurfacer, including a blade and water tank, but on a smaller scale. These are usually mounted to an ATV or golf cart-like vehicle.

Ice edgers
The ice around the edges of a rink has a tendency to build up because the conditioner blade does not extend all the way to the outer edges of the conditioner and it is unwise to "ride" (drive with the conditioner touching) the dasher boards. An ice edger is a small device similar to a rotary lawn mower that is used to shave down the edges of the ice surface that the ice resurfacer cannot cut. An ice edger cannot shave ice that has an overall bowl or mushroom shape. Drivers using latest model ice resurfacing equipment can effectively cut ice edges within millimeters of the dasher board.

Driving under the influence
Jurisdictions differ over whether operating an ice resurfacer while drunk counts as illegal driving under the influence. A Zamboni driver in North Dakota has served jail time for driving a Zamboni drunk, but a New Jersey judge ruled that driving a Zamboni does not count as DUI.

In popular culture

 * Starting in 1980, Charles M. Schulz incorporated Zambonis into his Peanuts comic strip as well as into the 1980 television special She's a Good Skate, Charlie Brown, increasing public awareness of them.
 * In the 1981 James Bond film For Your Eyes Only, Bond uses a Zamboni to dispatch an attacker during a fight on an ice rink.
 * In the sitcom Cheers, the character Eddie LeBec (Jay Thomas) is killed by a Zamboni in the episode "Death Takes a Holiday on Ice" (1989). Ken Levine, who co-wrote the episode, recalled, "We were worried that we wouldn't be able to use the name Zamboni but the company loved it."
 * The term "Zamboni" got a further boost in popular recognition from the 1992 Winter Olympics, when skater Laëtitia Hubert fell so many times she was nicknamed the "Human Zamboni", and the usage of the term "Zamboni" in its general sense subsequently expanded by an order of magnitude.
 * The 2009 video game Plants vs. Zombies features a zombie opponent called "Zomboni" (a portmanteau of zombie and Zamboni) which pilots a Zamboni to destroy plants on contact, leaving an ice trail that prevents further planting and allows for Bobsled Zombies to slide onto the lawn.
 * On January 16, 2013, in honor of Frank Zamboni's 112th birthday, Google published a Google Doodle dedicated to him. The doodle is a game where the player can clean the surface of a virtual ice rink using an ice resurfacer.
 * In the 2014 film Dumb and Dumber To, the protagonists, Harry (Jeff Daniels) and Lloyd (Jim Carrey), reach El Paso on a Zamboni that they stole from an ice rink.
 * In the 2016 film Deadpool, the titular character uses a Zamboni to run over a heavily injured opponent as an act of vengeance.
 * On February 22, 2020, David Ayres, the operations manager at the Mattamy Athletic Centre, entered the game as the emergency backup goalie for the NHL's Carolina Hurricanes, leading them to a 6-3 victory over the Toronto Maple Leafs and consequently becoming the first and only emergency backup goaltender (EBUG) to record a win in National Hockey League history. Ayres was referred to as a "Zamboni driver" in news articles about his NHL debut.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ice resurfacer


text:
Prince of Antioch

Prince of Antioch was the title given during the Middle Ages to Norman rulers of the Principality of Antioch, a region surrounding the city of Antioch, now known as Antakya in Turkey. The Princes originally came from the County of Sicily in Southern Italy. After 1130 and until 1816 this county was known as the Kingdom of Sicily. Prince Bohemond IV of Antioch additionally came into possession of the County of Tripoli, combining these two Crusader states for the rest of their histories.

Antioch had been the chief city of the region since the time of the Roman Empire. When the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt drove out the knights in 1268, they largely destroyed the city to deny access to the region in case the Crusaders returned.

Lords of Saône
The Lordship of Saône was centered on the castle of Saône, but included the towns of Sarmada (lost in 1134) and Balatanos. Saône was captured by Saladin from the last lord, Matthew, in 1188.

 * Robert "the Leprous" (d. 1119)
 * William (1119–1132)
 * Matthew (1978-present)

Great Officers of Antioch
Like Jerusalem, Antioch had its share of great officers, including Constable, Marshal, Seneschal, Duc, Vicomte, Butler, Chamberlain, and Chancellor.

title: Prince of Antioch


text:
User talk:Quase

Please leave your message after the tone.
 * Tone

Brazilian Portal
Thank you for your offer! The portal can certainly use all the help we can muster. If you'd like to help improve it, there are a couple of things I've not yet gotten around to doing: First, while creating the portal, I found out that there are no WikiProjects concerning Brazil;  I've been meaning to get one started, but have not had the time yet. I even have a place holder template, just waiting for us to get one project going and then link it to the portal. The layout was inspired in the Australian portal, so you can check it out for inspiration if needed. Second, we are trying to get at least one article on Brazil featured, for the "Featured article" section. Amazingly enough, there are no articles on Brazil in that category, except for Portuguese language, but that's only partly about Brazil, since it is an article about the language and all the countries that speak it. Since you mentioned automated task, let me ask you: is there any way that we could keep up with the number of articles about or that mention Brazil in Wikipedia? That would be an interesting data to display in the portal, but I have no idea if that's possible or how to do it... Finally, you may also consider joining the "Members" or the "Maintainers" section of the portal info. Regards, Redux 29 June 2005 13:44 (UTC)
 * Hey again. Thanks for your answer, I look forward to your feedback.  I'm thinking we can include the information in the "Did you know" section.  I'm from Cidade Maravilhosa.  Regards, Redux 29 June 2005 16:01 (UTC)

Celebrating
Hi! I've just crossed a symbolic milestone. Three thousand edits! I feel like celebrating. Have a cigar! Don't worry, I don't smoke them either, but it's all good :)! Cheers, Redux 15:04, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Simple English Wikipedia
Oi. Vejo que você é brasileiro também. Por acaso você não teria vontade de contribuir também no Simple English Wikipedia em artigos relacionados ao Brazil? Obrigado. --Paulistanum 21:45, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

noticed your comments at Flora Purim
There's been a lot of work there - perhaps you can contribute some?--Smkolins 17:38, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

Translation wanted
Dear Quase, I would like you to have a look at the article about the Alois Kottmann Award as we are looking for a Portuguese translation of it. The article actually is also available in German (original), French, Japanese, and Swedish. You'll find these links on the left. If you need any further informations don't hesitate to contact me. Many thanks in advance. ArcCan (talk) 15:50, 31 October 2010 (UTC)

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
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Thank you for your understanding and happy editing :) Editing on behalf of User:Jarry1250, LivingBot (talk) 20:23, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

pedido:
sou um brasileiro e gostaria que traduzisse o artigo Caio Blinder do português,já que ele grava um programa em Nova Yorky.abs:Coma-andante (talk) 20:27, 19 August 2012 (UTC)

Portuguese translation
Hello. I was on Wikipedia:Translators available and notice that you were on the list for Portuguese to English translators and wondered if you could translate Prince Peter of Saxe-Coburg-Kohary? Thank you or obrigado.The Emperor's New Spy (talk) 13:36, 9 October 2012 (UTC)

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Tradução
Teria como terminar de traduzir essa página? Grato. 189.101.40.134 (talk) 11:49, 20 June 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:55, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Please
Is it possible you translate this article? Gratefull. 2804:14C:5BB6:802D:E269:95FF:FE51:FF80 (talk) 16:46, 15 April 2016 (UTC)

Pedir um favor
Será que poderias traduzir este artigo do português para o inglês? Att (Saudações Brasileiras). 187.104.25.153 (talk) 05:14, 24 September 2016 (UTC)

/* Bom dia */
Poderias traduzir o artigo pt:Batalha da Praça da Sé por favor? Agradeço desde já pela paciência. 2804:14C:5BB5:8B2F:40D3:7B13:E99C:59B1 (talk) 14:41, 24 July 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Quase


text:
Talk:Hodge (cat)

from VfD:

Just an excerpt from Boswell's Life of Johnson. I don't think wikisource wants small excerpts like this, and I doubt wikiquote is interested. Maybe a real article can be written on this, but it should be called Hodge the cat, or, probably better, Hodge (cat). And it should be completely different from this. So delete. -R. fiend 01:32, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep and Cleanup. Being that this mere feline is a subject discussed considerably in the canon of Western Civilization, providing several platforms for biographical and literary analysis of Johnson, and presented through the praise of odes and and the witty ridicule of satire, the subject of the article is notable.  However, what this article needs is a cleanup and expansion to discuss this minutiae of literature, not to be a victim of deletion. —ExplorerCDT 01:36, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Note: If I can find sometime in the next day or two, I'll take a swing at it. —ExplorerCDT 01:38, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Anyone should feel free to clean this up, by which I mean "write an entirely new article from scratch" (not really cleanup per se). That is not what would happen at cleanup though, and that's why there is no point in sending it there. Since it needs a new title anyway, we'd be keeping basically zero content. But if you can take a swing at it please do. It'll be here for a week anyway. -R. fiend 01:49, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Purrfectly good title, and encyclopedic subject. Were we to insist that the people we honour with articles be similarly notable, our biography project would be decimated. Andrewa 02:16, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Rid us of this litcruft. Delete.Dr Zen 02:26, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Heh. As if "fancruft" wasn't a ridiculous enough term...  What's next, listing polynomial as mathcruft? Factitious 07:45, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Just noting that the same people who dismiss what others are interested in as "fancruft" are here defending the same thing in different clothes. Polynomials may not be "mathcruft" but do you doubt that there are arcana here even in maths?Dr Zen 23:53, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Question: Are they?  Seems like one of the people against "fancruft" nominated this.  For the most part, the "keep" votes have come from the "OMG!!!! Keep this valuable information (from a single episode of a webcomic)" people or from people who have only voted keep for the rewrite.  Geogre 13:28, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, yes, they are, Geogre. Perhaps we should raise a glass to the cruft that united Wikipedia! Dr Zen 06:57, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Abstaining for the time being. Curious to see how this article develops.  —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 03:03, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Extreme keep. Excellent work on the rewrite.  —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 02:40, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete: There's no way to really develop anything on Hodge. The sum of our knowledge of the cat is contained in the "article."  This is biographical trivia, incidentally, and not "lit cruft."  Apparently, our DWEM literature folks don't generate cruft to the same degree as our TV fans do.  Go figure.  There isn't much of a need to merge the material, either, to the Samuel Johnson article, as SJ's cat isn't a huge part of the man as he comes to us in history.  Further note that Boswell is a highly, highly, highly unreliable source. Geogre 05:21, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Impressive rewrites, but my feelings are unchanged: It's a detail that can only be made interesting by, essentially, contextualizing outward to "literary cats."  ("How unpleasant to meet Mr. Eliot/ With a wopsical hat and a porcupine cat.")  Geogre 16:36, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The title needs to be fixed, as R. fiend pointed out above.  I think that we can and should have a real article about Hodge, and since ExplorerCDT plans to work on it, deleting it would show a lack of faith in the wiki process.  The article's on my watchlist, and I encourage others who are interested in it to put it on theirs as well. Factitious 07:45, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, I liked it. Fix the title, though. Everyking 07:47, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge any interesting details into Samuel Johnson. GWO
 * Keep, notable (Bosie often is, you know) and cute, but needs expansion. Wyss 10:56, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Move to somewhere like list of notable cats and merge other semi-notable (but non-fictional) felines there, like Humphrey. Gdr 12:37, 2004 Dec 16 (UTC)
 * Either merge into an article on Literary cats or Cats in literature, or keep and move to Hodge (cat). chocolateboy 12:47, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep (epsecially with all the re-writes). But then, I'm a cat lover so I'll always vote to keep any felinecruft!  P Ingerson 13:06, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Good job on rewrite. Changing my vote to keep. But still move to Hodge (cat). -R. fiend 17:04, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Excellent job. I still have a few things I can add, but someone took the wind out of my sails. —ExplorerCDT 18:29, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * FUI, actually there are List of historical cats and List of fictional cats. Mikkalai 21:36, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Amazing rewrite: Keep. Samaritan 03:26, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * A clear keep in its present form. -- Jmabel | Talk 06:23, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep in present form. Good article on borderline topic. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 16:01, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. If there's a statue dedicated to this cat, then an encyclopedia article seems reasonable too. Bryan 06:29, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. - Nunh-huh 06:57, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

Explanation for article class change
I've changed the class of this article from Start to B.  This is an awfully good article about an esoteric subject; it's properly sourced, and over the years, different editors have added what precious few shards of info there are about this cat. The article has probably gone as far as it can, given the paucity of information available. I don't know about its importance - probably not very - but anyone wishing to suggest what else could be done to get this article to GA should by all means do so here. Thanks. Seduisant (talk) 15:07, 3 October 2009 (UTC)

Antipathy
In the quoted passage, I'm curious whether antipathy means dislike (as is the normal definition), or whether the author means he is allergic to cats. People now use allergy to mean antipathy, so it's not unreasonable that the reverse might be true. --70.194.73.183 (talk) 17:09, 8 November 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Hodge (cat). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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title: Talk:Hodge (cat)


text:
Republicanism in Canada

Canadian republicanism is a movement for the replacement of the monarchy of Canada and a monarch as head of state with a parliamentary republic and a democratically-selected Canadian as head of state. Republicans are driven by various factors, such as a perception of inequality in the concept of excluding all but members of the royal family from the position or the argument that Canadian independence will not be achieved until Canadians can choose their own head of state independently and democratically.

As with monarchism in Canada, strong republicanism is not a prevalent element of contemporary Canadian society. The movement's roots precede Canadian Confederation and it has emerged from time to time in Canadian politics, but has not been an influential force since the Rebellions of 1837, which some Canadian republicans consider their efforts to be a continuation of.

National identity
Republicans in Canada assert that because of its hereditary aspects, the monarchy is inherently contrary to egalitarianism and multiculturalism. Further, though it diverges from both the official position of the Canadian government and the opinions of some judges, legal scholars,   and members of the royal family themselves,   republicans deem the King or Queen of Canada to be either a solely British or English individual representing a British institution foreign to Canada. Founded on this perception is the republican assertion that national pride is diminished by the monarchy, and it "prolongs a sense that Canada "is a colony" and is "subservient to Britain."

This questioning of the monarchy's role in Canadian identity arose as a part of wider cultural changes that followed the evolution of the British Empire into the Commonwealth of Nations, the rise of anti-establishmentism, the creation of multiculturalism as an official policy in Canada, and the blossoming of Quebec separatism; the latter becoming the major impetus of political controversy around the Crown. Quebec nationalists agitated for an independent Quebec republic and the monarchy was targeted as a symbol of anti-Anglophone demonstration,  notably Quebecers turned their backs on her procession when she toured Quebec City that year. In a 1970 speech to the Empire Club of Canada, Governor General Roland Michener summed up the contemporary arguments against the Crown: From its opponents, he said, came the claims that monarchies are unfashionable, republics—other than those with oppressive regimes—offer more freedom, people are given greater dignity from choosing their head of state, the monarchy is foreign and incompatible with Canada's multicultural society, and that there should be change for the sake of change alone. This fits into the argument that the monarchy is not representative of the people of its countries. This has been argued to be the case with Canada having a head of state that is of a foreign nationality and living in another country.

However, though it was later thought the Quiet Revolution and the period beyond should have inspired more republicanism amongst Canadians, they did not. Reg Whitaker blamed this on a combination of Quebec nationalists having no interest in the monarchy (as full sovereignty and their own form of government was their ultimate goal) with the remainder of the population simultaneously struggling with "bilingualism, dualism, special status, distinct society, asymmetrical federalism, sovereignty-association, partnership, and so on." Even the rise in multi-ethnic immigration to Canada in the 1970s did not inspire any desires to alter or remove the role of the Crown in Canada, the ethno-cultural groups not wanting to push constitutional change over a matter they had little concern for.

Instead, until the appointment of Stephen Harper as prime minister, successive governments made subtle efforts to diminish the stature of the Canadian monarchy —as David Smith said: "the historic Crown with its anthem, emblems, and symbolism made accessible a past the government of the day rejected" —though never, since the reaction to some of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau's proposals for alterations to the monarchy and its role in Canada, publicly revealing their stances on the Crown. Following Elizabeth II's death in September 2022, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau publicly expressed support for the monarchy's continued status in Canada.

Democratic principles and governmental role
Canadian republicans view their country's monarchy as "outdated and irrelevant" and an undemocratic institution because the incumbent sovereign is neither elected, nor a citizen once on the throne; republicans will phrase this argument as "no Canadian citizen can become head of state."

In contrast to monarchist arguments, those against the Crown assert that it is possible to have an elected head of state be an apolitical individual and there would be no possibility of a clash with the prime minister over differences in political persuasion, though some republicans do desire an empowered chief executive who could hold the Cabinet in check for political reasons. Others feel an appointed Canadian president would be more democratic than the Crown. The range of often contradictory proposals highlights the fact that Canadian republicans are not fully united on what sort of republican form of government they believe the nation should adopt. The Westminster-style parliamentary republican model, which is advocated by other Commonwealth republican movements, has been embraced by Citizens for a Canadian Republic as the preferred model for Canada.

Towards that end, Citizens for a Canadian Republic proposed in March 2004 that the federal viceroy be made an elected position as a first step towards some form of republic. As the normal channels of appointment would follow after the election, no constitutional reform would be necessary. However, as monarchists point out, the scheme does not take into consideration any provincial input, especially concerning the relationship between the provincial and federal crowns and thus the lieutenant governors; an issue that would weigh heavily in any constitutional debate on the Crown, regardless of the selection process of the governor general. Further, a 2013 ruling by the Supreme Court of Canada disallowed similar consultative elections for senators, stating that such would be a change to how senators are selected and would thus require a constitutional amendment.

Colonial era and Confederation
Reformists began to emerge in the Canadian colonies during the early 19th century and by two decades into that century had begun to cohere into organized groups, such as the Upper Canada Central Political Union. The idea of political party was viewed by a number of British North Americans as an innovation of the United States, being "anti-British and of a republican tendency." Colonists were warned about "a few individuals, who unfortunately, are led by those, whose hostility to the British constitution is such, that they would sacrifice any and every thing to pull it down, in order that they might build up a Republic on its ruins." It was believed that the persons agitating for republican change and their supporters were of American origin and had been taught to admire republican government as the best in the world and ridicule monarchism.

The first open uprisings in Canada against the monarchical system came in 1837, with the Lower Canada Rebellion—led by Louis Joseph Papineau and his Parti Patriote—and the Upper Canada Rebellion—led by William Lyon Mackenzie. Though their main motives were for more representative government in their respective colonies, Mackenzie was inspired by the American model and wished to establish the same in Canada. Papineau originally expressed loyalty to the Crown in his Ninety-Two Resolutions, but turned when the British parliament instead adopted the Earl Russell's Ten Resolutions, which ignored all 92 of the requests from the Parti Patriote. Most colonists, however, did not espouse a break with the Crown and the rebellions ultimately failed. Mackenzie fled Toronto with 200 supporters and established, with the help of American sympathizers, the short-lived and never recognized Republic of Canada on Navy Island, while Papineau and other insurgents fled to the United States and proclaimed the Republic of Lower Canada.

After living in the US in order to avoid arrest in Canada, Mackenzie eventually became dissatisfied with the American republican system and gave up plans for revolution in the British North American provinces, though he theorized, near the end of his life, on Canadian annexation into the United States, should enough people in the former country become disillusioned with responsible government. Similarly, by 1849, Papineau was advocating the absorption of the Province of Canada (formed in 1840) into the American republic to the south. He echoed a significant minority of conservatives in Upper Canada who critiqued Canada's imitation of the British parliamentary constitutional monarchy as both too democratic and too tyrannical, theorizing that it simultaneously destroyed the independence of the appointed governor and legislative council and further concentrated power in the Cabinet. Instead, these "republican conservatives" preferred the American federal-state system and the US constitution, seeing the American model of checks and balances as offering Canada a more fair and conservative form of democracy. They debated constitutional changes that included an elected governor, an elected legislative council, and a possible union with the US, within this republican framework.

Some decades later, in 1869, a rebellion in the Red River area of Rupert's Land erupted under the leadership of Louis Riel, who established in the Red River settlement a provisional government under John Bruce as president, with the intent of negotiating a provincial relationship with the federal government of Canada. As negotiations proceeded, Riel was eventually elected as president by the provisional government's council. His delegation to Ottawa was eventually successful in having the federal Crown-in-Council in 1870 found the province of Manitoba with the same parliamentary constitutional monarchy as existed in the other provinces.

Post-Quebec sovereignty movement
The Parti Québécois rose to power in Quebec on the support of nationalists, with views towards the monarchy that ranged from hostility to indifference. In February 1968, during a constitutional conference in Ottawa, delegates from the Union Nationale-governed Quebec indicated that a provincial president might suit the province better than the appointed viceroy. Two years later, Parti Québécois (PQ) members of the National Assembly refused to recite the constitutionally mandated Oath of Allegiance to the sovereign before taking their seats in the legislature. Sovereignists protested against the Queen's role in officially opening the 1976 Montreal Olympics, with René Lévesque asking Elizabeth to refuse the advice from Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and not open the games. Republican options were discussed following the election of the sovereigntist Parti Québécois to government in Quebec, but only specifically in relation to the province.

Continuing talks of constitutional reform led to the role of the monarchy in Canada coming under scrutiny in the lead up to the patriation of the Canadian constitution in 1982. However, proposals for change were thwarted by the provinces, including Quebec.

The notion of a republic was raised publicly in the early 1990s, when Peter C. Newman wrote in Maclean's that the monarchy should be abolished in favour of a head of state "who would reflect our own, instead of imported, values." Then, in 1997, Deputy Prime Minister John Manley echoed Newman when he expressed at the end of a television interview his opinion that Canada should abolish its monarchy, citing Australia's contemporary discussions around the Australian Crown. Then, in December of the following year, the Prime Minister's press secretary, Peter Donolo, who also complained that the monarch made Canada appear as a "colonial outpost", unaccountably announced through a media story that the Prime Minister's Office was considering the abolition of the monarchy as a millennium project, though no definitive plans had been made. Donolo later supported Manley when, on Victoria Day 2001, Manley said on CBC Radio that he believed that hereditary succession was outdated, and that the country's head of state should be elected. Then, just prior to the Queen's pan-country tour to celebrate her Golden Jubilee the following year, Manley (at that point the designated minister in attendance for the sovereign's arrival in Ottawa) again stated his preference for a "wholly Canadian" institution to replace the present monarchy after the reign of Queen Elizabeth II; he was rebuked by other Cabinet members, a former prime minister, and the Leader of the Opposition, as well as a number of prominent journalists.

In 2002, the group Citizens for a Canadian Republic was established to promote the abolition of the Canadian monarchy in favour of a republic, at approximately the same time The Globe and Mail newspaper began a campaign against the monarchy, with three republican journalists on staff – Margaret Wente, Jeffrey Simpson, and Lawrence Martin – though the editorial board argued Canada could dispose of its monarchy without becoming a republic. Tom Freda, chairman and co-founder of Citizens for a Canadian Republic, called for simply replacing the monarchy with the governor general, saying that he's not in favour of destroying Canada's identity or cultural institutions: "All we're advocating is that the link to the monarchy, in our Constitution, be severed. Our governor general for the past 60 years has performed all the duties of a head of state, and there's no reason we shouldn't make our governor general our official head of state." Freda also, however, called the governor general and lieutenant governors "redundant".

At approximately the same time, the editors of The Globe and Mail began calling for the governor general to be made head of state under the guise of "patriating the monarchy", and arguing that Canada could rid itself of its Crown without becoming a republic, and backing their journalist Jeffrey Simpson's preference for the Companions of the Order of Canada to choose the head of state in a Canadian republic.

Lawrence Martin called for Canada to become a republic in order to re-brand the nation and better its standings in the international market, he cited Sweden – a constitutional monarchy – as an example to be followed.

In 2007, Quebec sovereignty again collided with the monarchy, when Quebec separatists threatened to mount demonstrations should the Queen be in attendance at the ceremonies for the 400th anniversary of Quebec City; Mario Beaulieu, then Vice-President of the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society announced that the Queen's presence would be a catalyst for action, saying: "You can be sure that people will demonstrate in protest... We are celebrating the foundation of New France, not its conquest. The monarchy remains a symbol of imperialism and colonialism. Her presence will not be welcomed", and Gérald Larose, president of the Quebec Sovereignty Council, stated that the monarchy was "the most despicable, appalling, anti-democratic, imperial, colonial symbol against which all social and individuals rights were obtained through the course of history."

At the Liberal Party of Canada convention in January 2012, its members debated on a motion to include severing ties with the monarchy as a party platform. The proposed motion was rejected by 67 per cent.

On October 26, 2022, Bloc Québécois (BQ) Leader Yves-François Blanchet moved a motion calling for the severing of "ties between the Canadian State and the British monarchy" in the Federal House of Commons, It was rejected 44 to 266.

Activities
As abolition of the monarchy would require a constitutional amendment made only after the achievement of unanimous consent amongst the federal parliament and all ten provincial legislatures, republicans face difficulty in achieving their goal. Further, though republicans have pointed to Ireland and India as models that could be adapted to Canada, no specific form of republic or selection method for a president has been decided on, and the Canadian populace remains largely indifferent to the issue.

Up until 2010, most republican action had taken the form of protests on Victoria Day – the Canadian sovereign's official birthday – in Toronto, lobbying of the federal and provincial governments to eliminate Canadian royal symbols, and legal action against the Crown, specifically in relation to the Oath of Citizenship and the Act of Settlement 1701.

Today, most of Citizens for a Canadian Republic's activities are educational, providing commentators to the media and networking with supporters in all political parties.

In 2013, several former members of Citizens for a Canadian Republic formed Republic Now, led by Ashok Charles, which has a more activist approach in advocating for a republic.

Ted McWhinney has argued that Canada can become a republic upon the demise of the current monarch by not proclaiming a successor; according to McWhinney, this would be a way for the constitution to evolve "more subtly and by indirection, through creating new glosses on the Law of the Constitution as written, without formally amending it." However, Ian Holloway, Dean of Law at the University of Western Ontario, criticized this proposal for its ignorance of provincial input, and opined that its implementation "would be contrary to the plain purpose of those who framed our system of government."

Opinion polling
Polls conducted on the subject of abolition of the Canadian Crown in 2022 and 2023, following the accession of Charles III, stated that 58% of Canadians think there should be a referendum on the future of the monarchy and between 40% and 54% of Canadians favour becoming a republic. However, pollster Michael Ashcroft cautioned that "for change to happen in Canada, the issue would have to find its way to the top of the political agenda. It’s hard to see what could be the catalyst for that to happen.”

title: Republicanism in Canada


text:
Mikheil

Mikheil (მიხეილ) is a masculine Georgian given name. It may refer to:
 * Mikheil of Georgia, Georgian royal prince, son of King George XII
 * Mikheil Saakashvili, Georgian politician, former President of Georgia
 * Mikheil Janelidze, Georgian politician, former Foreign Minister of Georgia
 * Mikheil Korkia, Georgian basketball player
 * Mikheil Gelovani, Georgian actor
 * Mikheil Mchedlishvili, Georgian chess grandmaster
 * Mikheil Jishkariani, Georgian football player
 * Mikheil Javakhishvili, Georgian writer
 * Mikheil Kavelashvili, Georgian politician, former football player
 * Mikheil Giorgadze, Georgian water polo player
 * Mikheil Khutsishvili, Georgian football player
 * Mikheil Kobakhidze, Georgian film director
 * Mikheil Meskhi, Georgian football player
 * Mikheil Meskhi, Georgian football player
 * Mikheil Ashvetia, Georgian football player
 * Mikheil Chiaureli, Georgian actor
 * Mikheil Baghaturia, Georgian water polo player
 * Mikheil Gachechiladze, Georgian rugby union player
 * Mikheil Kalatozishvili, Georgian film director
 * Mikheil Tsinamdzghvrishvili, Georgian academic
 * Mikheil Bakhtidze, Georgian boxer
 * Mikheil Potskhveria, Georgian football player
 * Mikheil Kurdiani, Georgian linguist
 * Mikheil Makharadze, Georgian politician
 * Mikheil Kajaia, Georgian wrestler
 * Mikheil Asatiani, Georgian psychiatrist
 * Mikheil Batiashvili, Georgian politician
 * Mikheil Berishvili, Georgian basketball player
 * Mikheil Tsereteli, Georgian historian
 * Mikheil Kakhiani, Georgian politician
 * Mikheil Tsiklauri, Georgian rugby union player
 * Mikheil Machavariani, Georgian politician
 * Mikheil Tumanishvili, Georgian theater director
 * Mikheil Alania, Georgian rugby union player
 * Mikheil Makhviladze, Georgian football player
 * Mikheil Bobokhidze, Georgian football player
 * Mikheil Vashakidze, Georgian astronomer

title: Mikheil


text:
F (programming language)

F is a modular, compiled, numeric programming language, designed for scientific programming and scientific computation. F was developed as a modern Fortran, thus making it a subset of Fortran 95. It combines both numerical and data abstraction features from these languages. F is also backwards compatible with Fortran 77, allowing calls to Fortran 77 programs. F was implemented on top of compilers from NAG, Fujitsu, Salford Software and Absoft. It was later included in the g95 compiler.

Overview
F is designed to be a minimal subset of Fortran, with only about one hundred intrinsic procedures. Language keywords and intrinsic function names are reserved keywords in F and no other names may take this exact form. F contains the same character set used in Fortran 90/95 with a limit of 132 characters. Reserved words are always written in lowercase. Any uppercase letter may appear in a character constant. Variable names do not have restriction and can include upper and lowercase characters.

Operators
F supports many of the standard operators used in Fortran. The operators supported by F are:
 * Arithmetic operators:,  ,  ,  ,
 * Relational operators:,  ,  ,  ,  ,
 * Logical operators:,  ,  ,  ,
 * character concatenation:

The assignment operator is denoted by the equal sign. In addition, pointer assignment is denoted by. Comments are denoted by the  symbol:

Data types
Similar to Fortran, the type specification is made up of a type, a list of attributes for the declared variables, and the variable list. F provides the same types as Fortran, except that double precision floating point variables must be declared as real with a kind with a kind parameter:

F does not have intrinsic support for object-oriented programming, but it does allow for records:

Variable declarations are followed by an attribute list. The attributes allowed are,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,   and. The attribute list is followed by, which is part of the syntax. F also allows for optional initialization in the list of objects. All items in a list will have the same attributes in a given type declaration statement. In addition, declarations are attribute oriented instead of entity oriented.

Statement and control flow
F supports 3 statements for control flow:, a basic conditional,  , a switch statement, and  , a conditional while loop. The,  ,  , and   statements from Fortran may be used to break control flow.

F places a heavy emphasis on modular programming.

Placing procedures outside of a module is prohibited. F supports most of the functions and subroutines found in the Fortran 95 standard library. All functions in F are external by default and require a result clause that returns the value of a function. F supports recursion.

All of the intrinsic procedures found in Fortran 95 may be used in F, with the exceptions of,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  , and.

title: F (programming language)