text:
Talk:Ishmael (Quinn novel)

Untitled
This article needs to offer page numbers where the quotes are pulled from. This would be very helpful. 150.243.32.195 00:05, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

I feel that this article needs more than just a summary of the book and how it arrives at the final conclusion—perhaps someone could write a "controversy" or "objections" section at the end. I remember reading this book and being quite disgusted by it. This article, I feel, is not NPOV. Benji 17:03, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Out of curiosity: what in the book did you find disgusting? Was it the manner of story telling or was it the story itself? I've been a very satisfied reader of the story, but that's probably because it fits my world-view nicely, which, I should warn, makes it impossible for me to present a really neutral point of view. --BigSmoke 00:38, 13 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * It was mostly the manner in which the story was told that got to me. It seemed painfully slow to me for some reason.  The real problem I have with the article is that it makes the book out to have arrived at correct conclusions.  I hold a more cynical/pessemistic view of the world I guess.  However, it's been way too long since I've read it, so I don't really consider myself qualified to rewrite. Benji 11:21, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * I to feel this article needs a controversy section, I just recently read the book and while a lot of the main points where interesting the supporting arguments it often used were either weak or entirely false. It states that humans are the only animals that kill our competitors, that seek to eat the same food we do.  It also states we are the only beings that deny our competitors access to food(that we have made). It also was extremely misleading as to the cause of certain civilizations disappearances, such as the Maya or the Hohokam.  In the case of both of these the book strongly implies or outright suggest these people left agriculture and irrigation in favor of hunting and gathering willingly.  In the case of the Maya's they had a collapse of central government that caused a separation of power but they remained until they were destroyed by invaders from across the sea's.  The Hohokam most likely disappeared as a result of a long drought forcing them to abandon irrigation.  It also implies that everyone living in this civilization believes this universe was made exclusively for them to rule and that man is somehow not an animal but something better, no longer evolving.  I hope this is not representative of the general populations opinion but it very well be.  This last fact made the book somewhat difficult for me to read being that I consider humans just another animal, who happened to evolve a highly adaptive brain, which gives us no special position in the universe different from any other being.  One last thought, this book suggests if we were to live the life of the hunter gather, being one with nature, we could survive this way indefinitely, this is not true, if we are still on this planet in several hundred million years we will be consumed by the sun(as the sun enters its final death throws), just like every other living thing here. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 70.56.104.196 (talk • contribs).
 * In several hundred million years, "we" as a species will definitely not be here anymore. Best case scenario: we will have evolved into something totally different. Just think about it, several hundred million years ago there weren't even any mammals. It's just what Mother Culture is saying: "creation has ended with the birth of Man". —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 86.106.43.93 (talk) 22:27, 5 December 2006 (UTC).

Someone who's read the book...
I removed this from the first of the summary paragraph:

"By this time the reader they will find themselfs sleeping or realizing how bad of a book ishmael is. one might want to put the book down or cry because our world has come to this. forget creation, captivity, diversity, and laws, the only thing you have ot realize is this book sucks. its a talking GORILLIA!"

Now I haven't read the book, but this is clearly in gross violation of NPOV, and sloppy to boot. Can someone who's read the book check if anything needs adding between these first two paragraphs of the summary section?

 * Yeah, I did that, the first two paragraphs are fine. I cleaned them up a bit since they were really confusing, so now they are good.  And don't believe what that guy wrote, Ishmael is a wonderful book, you just need to have an open mind regarding the whole gorilla thing.

 * you just need to have an open mind

 * Which explains why a lot of people won't like it. They're "takers", not "leavers", and they'd rather not be called on their actions. I'm starting to think that Wiki needs a template tag for "Articles that will annoy Americans by describing truthfully what Americans do and how they think about the rest of the world". (And yes, before anyone asks, I'm an American.)
 * That's a very insulting viewpoint to have. Have you maybe thought about the fact there might be other reasons not to like the novel?  Like the fact it really gives no solution, or even a good framework to arrive at one.  Or that it is basically dead wrong about many aspects of indigenous life.  Personally, having read this book and a lot of others like it, I feel a lot like the protagonist thought he would feel after talking to the teacher.  Somewhat annoyed, and having heard most of this before, not surprised that after all that meandering to get to the point there's not even a real proposal here.  That's not to say the book is completely wrong and horrible.  It's just that really the ideas proposed are nowhere near so radical and enlightened as some people seem to think they are.  I think that the book is a good starting point if you haven't previously been exposed to similar ideas, and it does have some nice thoughts and the vocabulary/metaphors might be useful to begin a discussion of how to fix our current problems, but I am really disappointed that wikipedia doesn't have a section for critiques on this one.  First off, the book probably isn't meant to be perfect and any argument is only strengthened by response to critiques.  If your love of the ideas presented in the book is so great that you cannot bear to see them assailed, then you have become another of Ishmael's failed students, because by *not* engaging in discussion/critique of its ideas you're not following the one direction that the book even gives you, which is to spread and improve the knowledge and to formulate with your fellow humans a plan for enacting a new story that does not have the nasty ending for which we are currently headed at warp speed. Rifter0x0000 (talk) 04:15, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Atlant 11:18, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I am the one who said the have an open mind thing and unfortunately I agree with you--most people will not have an open mind about radical ideas like Quinn's. As an anarchist I was pretty willing to look critically at power structures and society, so to me it was mainly just stating a lot of things I had already thought (plus a lot of new ones). And I too am American, at least by birth. I hate calling myself an American though, probably because of the same reasons you allude to. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 63.205.10.56 (talk • contribs).

 * So you claim to know the opinion of all Americans? Before being ashamed of your birth, do a little traveling.  It is certainly true that America has more than its share of ignorant, bigoted, close-minded imperialists.  However, it is also true that America is by far the most diverse country on the planet.  See a connection?  People have never had an open mind to radical ideas.  That is what a radical idea is.  t requires temperment to be accpeted by the general populace.  Either that, or it remains a cult thing.

 * 02:00, 11 January 2006 (UTC)Anon 68.158.43.192
 * Quinn makes some good points, but conversely, his Platonic style is designed to shoehorn the reader into his conclusions without allowing an honest discussion. People who are inclined to agree with him will find the book brilliant, and those who are inclined to disagree will be overwhelmed by its fallacies and errors (even when the actual issue no more weakens his argument than the fact it is presented by a telepathic gorilla).  Neither of these is an example of critical thought.  In any case, I think this entire section is a good example of why the article needs a Controversy element, which is much more the reason I post here than to resurrect a years-old argument.  Is anyone aware of any scholarly sources to support such an addition?  While you're at it, you might consider archiving most of this Talk page.

LOL, so you either accept the book's premise of a wise talking gorilla handing down sage advice--in which case you are an open-minded person willing to look critically at the world around him--or you're a closed-minded Taker bastard hell-bent on killing every nonhuman species. Maybe it's not just the book's opponents who have "open-mindedness" problems. As the above discussion indicates, if you swallow everything Quinn says with that open mind of yours, you may be accepting many baldly false assertions. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.145.126.104 (talk • contribs).

I definitely agree with the poster above.

Please say I'm not the only one who thought Ishmael was insanely over-hyped. It lacked pretty much any unique thought and was full of historical inaccuracies. There is no scientific consensus that the Hohokam said, "To hell with it," concerning their agricultural system. The Maya never decided, "Wow, having an agricultural society is suicidal," and simply abandoned their lives. After an incredible amount of research, it was found that both were found to be a mixture of political and environmental issues. There are very little remains of hunter-gathering societies, for obvious reasons, and we don't know nearly as much as Quinn is claiming. So, why is a man with no degree in history, anthropology, or biology writing a book on the anthropological and biological faults humanity is making? He has no authority in the sciences he's commenting on. Why are people believing him when he writes all of this without any citation or bibliography?

This book has as much factual credit as the Bible, Torah, and Koran. Daniel Quinn gives the reader no logical reason to believe him. All he provides are 250 pages of fallacies. Humans aren't nearly as savage as Quinn depicts them.. The reason why farmers go out and hunt foxes is because they are capable of doing so. The hyenas would go attack the lions if they were physically capable of being assured victory, like the farmer is. Animals (especially other primates) divide into tribes and attack each with little provocation. Humans aren't the only ones who behave in such a way.

Humans are the only animal on the planet that actually mourn over their kill. Whether it be fellow human or animal, we are the only species that have ever shown deep respect for our prey (though we rarely do that now) or for killing another human in battle.

Feel free to research any of these statements. I'd be glad to know that I'm wrong on some of them, because I'm having the hardest time swallowing the near unanimous respect this novel appears to be garnishing. There seriously needs to be a section about how inaccurate this book is. Antisthenex 13:34, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Antisthenex, allow me to respond to your points in order - please forgive if I summarize for bevity.
 * I have no information on the Maya or Hohokam civilizations, but simply because Quinn isn't an authority per se in the sciences doesn't mean his ideas aren't worth considering. I agree he takes a lot of liberties with some of the presentation, and that can be off-putting to some readers. Attacking him for his lack of college degrees is a fallacy itself - ad hominem

 * Farmers hunt foxes because it makes business sense. Why continue farming with the understanding that 15% of your chickens will be eaten every year? Quinn's point was all animals serve to balance the environment except humans. Humans spread and adapt even in the face of predators, disease, drought, etc. Humans are the only animal not bound by geography, not limited by nearby food or water, and who value self-preservation above balance. I'm not passing judgement on the practice, I think humans are superior to all other creatures. Monkeys might fight in a small area for little provocation, but they don't guarantee a food supply to monkeys on other mountains in times of trouble - they don't actively attempt to increase their numbers beyond what their limited area will support.

 * Mourn their kill? Define your terms. Most animals that hunt in packs will celebrate their kills. Numerous animals appear to have emotional connections to other members of their group and mourn the loss of their own kind (ducks, elephants, wolves, etc). It's kind of a loaded question, though. You can't expect "human" emotions from non-human creatures. Even if observation supports the claim, we have almost no way to communicate with animals and get meaningful results - again because language and abstract thought is believed to be a completely human or higher function type of process.

I'm not without my criticism for the book. I do, especially, like the idea of not sending food to countries with prolonged shortages. My background (and degree) is in applied math. There *is* a definitive limit on how much food the world can produce. I have no idea what that number is, but it exists - for all levels of technology. We can improve our techniques, but the max output remains unchanged. Continuing to feed countries incapable of feeding themselves ensures another (larger) generation needing assistance until the time when we reach max production and people *have* to die. By then so many generations will have passed that instead of allowing 50,000,000 to die, we have no choice but to watch a huge multiple of that number starve.--Legomancer (talk) 23:12, 4 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I have to disagree when you say that "Humans are the only animal not bound by geography, not limited by nearby food or water, and who value self-preservation above balance." For one thing, many of the historical human migrations, such as some of those which helped populate North America, were cases of humans following animals.  No animal seems to be so completely restricted by geography as they might be by climate and habitat encroachment (a tiger travelling from India to Thailand would have many obstacles in its path, many of which are human), and there are lots of other animals which travel great distances and may even settle in new places if the environment is suitable enough for their purposes.  As for your question on mourning your kills, in some indigenous cultures at least (I haven't studied this aspect of very many of them unfortunately) the concept is that the animals that you hunt are dying (actually in some cultures willingly sacrificing themselves and/or chosen by the other animals) so that you can live.  There is often a ceremony associated with this which designates the animal as a sacrifice; it often includes aspects of a funeral.  I think this is probably what the previous poster meant by "mourning the kill" that we actually will regret having to kill something and will either take pains to reduce how much killing is required and how the animal dies. In many cultures, and this kind of seems to be carried on in traditions like Shechita, it is the human's duty to give the animal a "good death" or reduce its suffering in death.  It doesn't seem to me that lions are aware of this or really concerned about how their kills die, just so they do.  It is true that in the natural world animals usually only take what they need -- they don't slaughter all the buffalo in the area just because -- but I'm having a hard time believing lions go around in a complex over all the buffalo and zebra they have killed as is the case with some humans. Rifter0x0000 (talk) 04:38, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

Category
I am just wondering if this book fits in the "Alternative History" category. It doesn't really provide an alternative history it simply gives one person (gorilla's?) interpretation of history. Jhawk1024 07:48, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Plot summary?
The "plot summary" section is a hash of both items that are (a)plot, as in events that move the action forward and (b)items that are ideas or philosophy. I know the plot is not the most compelling part of the book but it deserves to treated separately from the exposition.

If anyone seconds the motion, I'll work on this right away. Kwarizmi 17:59, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I second the motion. Look forward to how you'll improve it. —Erik (talk • contrib) - 21:07, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I Third. Jhawk1024 05:10, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Makes sense. Heck, the plot could fit on one page of the book. A man has a telepathic gorilla tell him stuff. Telepathic gorilla dies from being in the rain. Bada bing, bada, boom.  Ungovernable Force  Got something to say? 07:00, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

Thanks for the support. I'm reworking the article using the following organization:
 * Plot summary (reworked plot summary goes here)
 * Major themes
 * Ishmael's view of human history (existing text gets reorganized into this section)
 * Takers and Leavers
 * Enacting the story

... leaving as much of the original text as possible. Much of the narration in the current text ("Ishmael says that", "Ishmael makes the point that", etc) will be removed. Comments/suggestions please? Kwarizmi 15:45, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

 * There should be a mountain of information at http://www.ishmael.org/welcome.cfm. However, if possible, you should seek third-party sources to make the article's information more balanced.  Maybe you can find something about the book in Google Scholar or another database. —Erik (talk • contrib) - 15:47, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

Something should be mentioned about the conclusions drawn by Alan at the end of the book. Something along the lines of: humans should see a greater potetial and act as stewards/shepards for other species as they evolve...Wewantutopia 03:18, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

Mother Culture
Does anyone like the idea of having a separate section for the "Mother Culture" idea? I found it an interesting notion, but I'm not sure it's unique to Ishmael. Can anyone help with a possible source/referrence? Kwarizmi 15:45, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I think that there should be a whole new article about Mother Culture and the entire world view that Quinn proposes. Because... it's not all about this book, there are several others and articles, essays, interviews that bring a lot of clarity into the matter. 86.106.43.93 14:08, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I too think that there should be a whole new article about the world view that Quinn proposes. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.127.186.205 (talk) 14:19, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:DanielQuinn Ishmael.jpg
Image:DanielQuinn Ishmael.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 22:31, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

tetrology?
not that it's that big of a deal, but i don't think beyond civilization goes with the other three books in the series. the three in the series all have similar cover designs and are..yknow...fiction. quinn writes about similar ideas in all his books, this doesn't make them all the same series. --74.97.142.249 20:46, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:DanielQuinn Ishmael.jpg
Image:DanielQuinn Ishmael.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 21:51, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Does Quinn Have Any Citations?
Since much of Daniel Quinn's work is fiction, he doesn't cite sources, and my cursory investigation yielded no evidence that he even has source material. While I certainly don't believe that his work can only be valuable if there are "legitimate" scholarly sources for his interesting theories, I do think that for the sake of academic or artistic integrity, we should be clear about it. Daniel Quinn's books present themselves with an air of authority that seems to imply that though they are technically fiction, they are actually non-fiction wrapped in a narrative story. I think that because of the implied authority of the Ishmael character, the article should be clear about whether anything Ishmael says is actually backed up by real evidence.

For example, a significant chunk of the book centers around Ishmael's interpretation of the Genesis story. Is this interpretation something that Quinn concocted for the purposes of making a point, or is there actual historical evidence that this interpretation might be accurate? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.14.58.108 (talk) 17:44, 24 March 2009 (UTC)

Is there a way to verify interpretations? -JRV —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.163.57.234 (talk) 09:15, 25 March 2010 (UTC)

 * In which way "accurate"? Genesis story isn't accurate in factual or historical sense so you can only interpret it in some way or another. Ishmael is clearly non-fiction written in a form of fictional story, a Socratic dialogue. Quinn's interpretation is obviously based on Jungian psychology and views of Mircea Eliade and others but since we haven't any academic work (at least not that I know of) on his book, we can't elaborate on that. JJohannes (talk) 21:23, 10 October 2014 (UTC)

I too was skeptical about the historical accuracy of Quinn's interpretation of Genesis. But even if it's false, I think that it still holds metaphorical value.

Quinn does refer to Marshall Sahlins's Stone Age Economics to back up his assertion that man in the state of nature is healthier and has more leisure than agrarian man.1Halpo1 (talk) 22:29, 10 October 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Ishmael (novel). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110629132957/http://www.vh1.com/news/articles/1535383/20060629/story.jhtml to http://www.vh1.com/news/articles/1535383/20060629/story.jhtml

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:04, 15 April 2017 (UTC)

problematic paragraph
I just watched the movie, havent read the book. This paragraph seems mostly wrong:

"Daniel Quinn did not approve of the script or movie before transferring the rights, which were transferred as part of the Turner Award. The movie and book share no common story elements, and the philosophical connection to the book is reduced to some pictorial format and a few seconds of on-screen dialogue."

The second sentence can't be right. I read this page after seeing the movie, and the majority of it was already familiar to me, from the movie. The bit about "some pictorial format and a few seconds of dialogue" is apparently referring to the map Powell draws on the wall in one short scene, but it's just silly to talk as if that is the only part of the book retained in the movie. Judging by this page, a lot of the themes and specific content of the book are retained in the movie. It even seems wrong to say there are no shared story elements. There are some, literally and metaphorically.

Also, getting "movie options" with the award, means that you automatically give away the rights? That doesnt sound right.

I wanted to delete this whole paragraph, but as a first-time visitor I thought that may be going too far, so I Left it alone. It does seem all wrong though. 110.20.157.59 (talk) 22:30, 30 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Fortuitously, I only know the novel. Can you tell me what story parts (i.e. plot points) you suspect are shared in common? Wolfdog (talk) 22:51, 30 October 2017 (UTC)

References in popular culture
This entire paragraph was recently added to the Ishmael section:
 * Among the growing number of works unofficially influenced by Quinn the one likely influenced that itself has been the most influential is THE MATRIX, which reminded so many early readers of Ishmael that their comments drove the Quinns to the theater for the first time in a decade to see for themselves (search the Q&A on Ishmael.org for “the matrix” for Quinn’s exact claim as to the resemblance and (likely) influence). This writer, Destry Griffith, an as-yet-unpublished Quinn scholar who specializes in the relationship between Quinn’s ideas and those of linguist Noam Chomsky, has also observed many seemingly Quinnian themes in a growing number of books and movies, such as INCEPTION and HAPPY FEET, both quite demonstrably influenced by My Ishmael. Besides easily establishable thematic and character similarities (Ellen Page “plays” Julie Gerchak, Leo is more-or-less Ishmael, and the plot revolves around what Quinn described as “changing minds” and does so in a distinctly Quinnian way), there is also a My Ishmael Easter Egg in Inception. As if to wink at us, the movie makers had Leo—for no discernible better reason—make a unique drawing for Ellen virtually identical to the “give support, get support” diagram in the book. Happy Feet is even more demonstrably affected by My Ishmael, complete with the Dancers of Terpsichore metaphore, the obvious themes of tribalism, the cultural and natural devastation when tribes encounter our civilization (the helicopter scene) and the Ishmaelian sense of ourselves as wild animals incarcerated by the invisible bars of our civilization (when the protagonist wakes up in the enclosure and begins running into the walls he cannot see).
 * There are a number of problems from unsourced claims and original research to incorrect Wikipedia formatting to an unencyclopedic writing-style. Let's start with the first problem: can you verify any of these statements with an outside source? Wolfdog (talk) 11:20, 16 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ishmael (Quinn novel)


text:
Gunnel

Gunnel may refer to:

People with the given name Gunnel:
 * Gunnel (fish), a family of elongated fish
 * Gunnel (ship element), also known as "gunwale", the top edge of the side of a boat
 * USS Gunnel (SS-253), a Gato-class submarine
 * Gunnel Channel, Antarctica

 * Gunnel André (born 1946), Swedish theologian
 * Gunnel Fred (born 1955), Swedish actress
 * Gunnel Gummeson (born 1930), Swedish teacher, central figure in a famous case of disappearance
 * Gunnel Johansson (1922–2013), Swedish gymnast who competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics
 * Gunnel Jonäng (1921–2008), Swedish politician
 * Gunnel Lindblom (born 1931), Swedish actress
 * Gunnel Linde (1924–2014), Swedish writer
 * Gunnel Pettersson (born 1960), Swedish artist
 * Gunnel Vallquist (1918–2016), Swedish writer

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gunnel


text:
Patriarch Job of Moscow

Job (Иов, Iov), also known as Job of Moscow (d. 19 June 1607), was the first Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia. He is venerated as a saint by the Russian Orthodox Church. He was the Metropolitan of Moscow and all Rus' from 1587 to 1589. He was the seventeenth Metropolitan in Moscow to be appointed without the approval of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople as had been the norm. In 1589, Jeremias II, the Patriarch of Constantinople, regularized Job's canonical status and raised him to the status of patriarch.

Early life
His birth name was Ioann (Иоанн, a form of John). As a teenager, Ioann knew most of the biblical texts by heart and strove to become a monk. His father, however, insisted that he marry. Once, Ioann asked his father's permission to see his confessor in the Uspensky Monastery in their native town of Staritsa (Tver Oblast). Upon his arrival in 1551, Ioann immediately took monastic vows and assumed the religious name of Job.

Career
Job spent fifteen years in the cloister and finally became its abbot in 1566 with the help of Ivan the Terrible, who had made Staritsa his residence during the time of the Oprichnina. According to Debra A. Coulter, "Job was known as a humble man of impeccable morals, learned for his times, who worked for the good of the church and the promotion of Orthodox Christianity."

In 1571, Job was transferred to Moscow and appointed abbot of the Simonov Monastery. In 1575, he became the abbot of the Novospassky Monastery. In 1581, Job was consecrated as Bishop of Kolomna.

Though a person of mediocre mental abilities, he nevertheless managed to draw the attention of Boris Godunov by his talent for reading the longest of prayers by heart in a very expressive manner. During the reign of Feodor I (whose government was controlled by Boris Godunov), Job was appointed archbishop of Rostov and Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia in 1587.

Patriarchate
Realizing the necessity of strengthening the ecclesiastic authority in Russia, Godunov managed to persuade the Patriarch of Constantinople Jeremias II to establish a patriarchate in Russia. On 5 February 1589 (26 January, J.C.) Job was elected the first Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia. He exercised all his influence and played a major part in Boris Godunov's ascending to the Russian throne.

Job did not approve, however, of Godunov's proposal to open a university in Moscow staffed with foreign professors because he believed their influence and non-Orthodox faith would spread heterodoxy and endanger the purity of the Russian Church. Under Job's supervision, the Russians corrected books for the divine services and prepared them for publication.

He assisted in the glorification (canonization) of some of the Russian saints, ordering the celebration of the memory of Basil Fool for Christ in 1588, as well as that of Joseph Volotsky and others. Patriarch Job also favored the construction of new cathedrals and monasteries and Christian missionary activities in the recently conquered Astrakhan Khanate and Siberia. He also corresponded with Catholicos Nicholas V of Georgia and exchanged gifts with him. After the mysterious death of tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich in 1591, Job accepted the non-criminal version of his demise, supporting Boris Godunov every step of the way.

In 1591, he headed the official enquiry into the death of Tsarevich Dmitry in Uglich. After consulting with the church council and the duma of boyars, the patriarch announced his verdict – the tsarevich had accidentally stabbed himself and not been murdered. In that year he also founded the Donskoy Monastery in Moscow.

Civil career
After the death of Tsar Feodor I and the refusal of his wife, Irina Godunova, to accept the throne, Patriarch Job became the head of state in 1598. As he was much obliged to Boris Godunov for his promotion to the post of patriarch, Job offered his candidature as tsar to the Land Assembly (Zemsky sobor). On 21 February 1598, he headed a religious procession to Boris Godunov at the Novodevichy Convent, imploring him to accept the throne.

Job was known as a harsh critic of False Dmitry I and he tried to persuade the people of Moscow to remain loyal to the deceased tsar. The armed supporters of the impostor burst into the Cathedral of the Dormition and a boyar named P. F. Basmanov declared Job a traitor. Job's formal removal from office was on 24 June 1605, when the council announced his retirement because of old age and ill health. The same council announced the grant of the dignity to the Patriarch Ignatius. Job was sent into exile to his monastery in Staritsa, where he went completely blind. Job was succeeded by Archbishop Ignatius of Ryazan and only returned to Moscow following the murder of False Dmitry I, the imprisonment of Patriarch Ignatius at the Monastery of the Miracle and the accession of Vasili IV of Russia. On 20 February 1607, at the request of Tsar Vasili Shuisky, Patriarchs Hermogen and Job jointly celebrated the Holy Liturgy at the Dormition Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin, where he forgave the people of Moscow and gave them his blessing.

Death
He died a very sick man in 1607. In 1652, Job's relics were transferred to the Cathedral of the Dormition of the Moscow Kremlin, where they remain to this day. Patriarch Job was glorified as a saint by the Russian Orthodox Church in 1989.

title: Patriarch Job of Moscow


text:
CIÉ 113 Class

The Córas Iompair Éireann 113 class locomotives were the first mainline diesel locomotives used in Ireland, being built in January 1950 and October 1951 by CIÉ at their Inchicore Works. They were fitted with Sulzer 6LDA28 engines of 915 hp (uprated to 960 hp in 1956), with four Metropolitan-Vickers MV157 traction motors. They were of Bo-Bo wheel arrangement, weighed 80 tonnes and had a maximum speed of 90 km/h. They were initially numbered 1100–1101 in the steam locomotive number series (and designated class C2a), but were subsequently renumbered B113–B114 in 1957.

History
They were intended for mixed traffic duties, hauling both freight and passenger trains. When they were first introduced, they were used on some of the express passenger duties between Dublin and Cork. However, with the arrival of production diesel locomotives (the 001 and 101 Classes) from 1955, these two locomotives were used more for freight work, mostly in the area around Dublin.

They suffered from a recurring brake fault and following a serious incident in August 1971 when 114 ran away while working a goods train, both locomotives were withdrawn for modifications to be made to their brakes. In fact, 114 was never reinstated and 113 only worked for a few months at the end of 1974 before it too was stored again. Both were then used at Inchicore Works as part of a sound barrier with 101 Class locomotives. B113 was presented to the Ulster Folk and Transport Museum in May 2011, but 114 was not so lucky and was scrapped in March 1995.

Preservation
B113 was preserved by Iarnród Éireann at Inchicore works, Dublin, and received a cosmetic restoration there. It was then transferred to the RPSI's depot in Whitehead, County Antrim and later taken to the Ulster Folk and Transport Museum for static display in January 2012, along with NIR 101 Class No. 102. The two locos are currently incapable of running under their own power, and so NIR 111 class locomotives 112 and 113 provided motive power for the move.

title: CIÉ 113 Class


text:
Pratiwi Sudarmono

Pratiwi Pujilestari Sudarmono (born 31 July 1952) is an Indonesian scientist. She is currently a professor of microbiology at the University of Indonesia, Jakarta.

Early life and education
Pratiwi Sudarmono received a master's degree from the University of Indonesia in 1977, and the Ph.D. in Molecular Biology from the University of Osaka, Japan, in 1984.

Career
She then started her scientific career as WHO grantee researching the molecular biology of Salmonella typhi. From 1994 to 2000, she was head of the Department of Microbiology of the Medical Faculty of the University of Indonesia. From 2001 to 2002, she was a scholar in the Fulbright New Century Scholars Program.

Space Shuttle Mission STS-61-H
In October 1985, she was selected to take part in the NASA Space Shuttle mission STS-61-H as a Payload Specialist. Taufik Akbar was her backup on the mission. However, after the Challenger disaster the deployment of commercial satellites like the Indonesian Palapa B-3 planned for the STS-61-H mission was canceled, thus the mission never took place. The satellite was later launched with a Delta rocket.

Awards and honors
In 2019, Sudarmono was the recipient of the GE Indonesia Recognition for Inspiring Women in STEM award.

title: Pratiwi Sudarmono


text:
Finn Harps F.C.

Finn Harps Football Club (Cumann Peile Chláirsigh na Finne) is an Irish football club that play in the First Division of the League of Ireland, as of 2023. The club was founded in 1954 and elected to the league in 1969. They hail from Ballybofey, County Donegal and play their home matches at Finn Park in Ballybofey. The club's colours are blue and white, and they go by the nickname Harps. The main successes of the club include winning an FAI Cup in 1973–74 and the First Division title in 2004. They also contested the 1999 FAI Cup Final, a second replay of which ended in a narrow defeat, the first replay having been lost to a draw with 30 seconds left to play.

Finn Harps share a local rivalry with Derry City with whom they contest the Northwest Derby.

Early years
Finn Harps was formed in 1954 as a junior club. The club's name derives from the river that runs through Ballybofey – the River Finn – and a traditional Irish symbol – the harp. They first came to national prominence by winning the 1968 FAI Junior Cup. This enabled them to compete in the 1969 FAI Intermediate Cup. After they were knocked out of that competition, club directors Fran Fields and Patsy McGowan decided to apply to the League of Ireland for membership. The club was admitted into the senior ranks in May 1969 and played their first senior game against Shamrock Rovers on 17 August 1969. They lost the game 10–2. After initial worries that the club were not of sufficient standard, the club became a considerable force during the 1970s.

1970s: A decade of dominance
Finn Harps won their first senior trophy, the Dublin City Cup, in 1971–72, after a goal from club legend and all-time League of Ireland record goalscorer Brendan Bradley defeated Cork Hibernians at Dalymount Park. This was significant as before others had dismissed the idea of Finn Harps in the league. Two years later, Dalymount Park was again the scene as the club secured its first and only FAI Cup win. Two goals from Brendan Bradley and one from Charlie Ferry saw off the challenge of St Patrick's Athletic. Finn Harps qualified for European competitions on four occasions during the 1970s. They appeared in the UEFA Cup three times against Aberdeen, Derby County and Everton respectively, after finishing as runners-up in the league. They appeared once in the European Cup Winners Cup, playing Turkish Cup winners Bursaspor. The club was again runner-up in the League of Ireland Cup finals of 1974 and 1975 to Waterford and Bohemians respectively. Through the 1970s, the club never once finished in the bottom half of the table and were widely respected for their attractive and attacking football style. The 1974 final was the first to be broadcast in colour.

Slow decline
The 1980s saw a gradual decline of the club when it came to competing against the best in Ireland. An FAI Cup semi-final in 1981 and a League of Ireland First Division Shield final defeat by EMFA were the highlights of the decade for them and by 1985 the club had been relegated to the newly formed First Division. A series of managerial changes occurred over the following few years in an attempt to raise the club's status, but signs of improvement did not appear until the early 1990s. Patsy McGowan took over as manager for the third time at the start of the 1992–93 season. The next three seasons saw the club finish in the play-off position twice, though they were beaten both times (once by Cobh Ramblers and once by Athlone Town). The club let McGowan go before his aim of promotion could be completed. Following this the club's fortunes improved.

Nevertheless, Finn Harps won promotion at the end of the 1995–96 season, thus bringing an end to end their 11-season spell in the First Division. During the summer of 1996, a consortium of businessmen offered to take control of the club, but - when their offer was rejected - the manager and certain members of the club committee resigned. The club appointed Charlie McGeever as manager and, despite time being against him, he managed to assemble a squad for the opening of the 1996–97 season. By the season's conclusion, he had ensured that the club's Premier Division status was retained. Off the field, the remaining committee members set the club up as a co-operative society, selling shares to the ordinary supporters, to ensure that the club would be owned and run by the people whom they felt would truly care about it. A long-term blueprint for the future was put in place.

In 1998–99, Finn Harps finished fourth in the Premier Division; one point behind Shelbourne in third position and just missed out on Europe. They made it to the 1999 FAI Cup Final but lost to Bray Wanderers after a number of replays, leaving themselves with nothing to show (bar the Irish News Cup) for what is considered to be one of their most impressive seasons. After a very poor start to the 1999–00 season, and with the team having won one point from a possible 21, McGeever resigned as manager. The club appointed Gavin Dykes as manager and, though he managed to retain the club's Premier Division status, they were forced to go public company due to financial difficulties and debts amounting to £280,000. The following season, and after an abysmal run of results, Dykes resigned. Fan-favourite Jonathan Speak took his place as new financial structures were put into place and a newly appointed fund-raising committee established along with numerous supporter clubs around the country. However, after a run of 14 games undefeated and a late-season fightback, Finn Harps were ultimately relegated to the First Division on the last day of the season. This ended a five-year run in the top flight.

The yo-yo years
Speak's first full season in charge saw the club finish second to Drogheda United in the First Division, thus securing them a play-off place for promotion. Longford Town beat them on penalties. The following season saw the club finish third and lose at the play-off semi-final stage to Galway United. Speak managed to hold most of the squad together, despite their top-scorer Kevin McHugh (who formed a successful forward partnership with English striker Damien Whitehead) attracting the interest of several Premier Division clubs. Considered bookmaker's favourites to lift the 2003 title and win promotion, Finn Harps began well but fell to fourth position after having gone without a win for a month by mid-September. This poor run included a home-loss to the neighbouring northwest club Sligo Rovers and a home-draw against league leaders Dublin City, the latter game billed as a must-win match. Despite losing only two games for the entire season, the nine draws cost Speak his job. Speak's assistant, Sean McGowan, took temporary charge until a suitable placement was found and steadied the club with two wins from two. Approaching the final third of the season, the club appointed Noel King as manager. They were rejuvenated and stormed back to the top of the First Division table with a club record-equalling six wins on the trot. With only four games remaining, Finn Harps led the table by a point but losses away to Bray Wanderers and Dublin City handed the title to Dublin City and left Finn Harps in the now-dreaded playoffs once again. They disposed of Bray Wanderers in the semi-finals but lost in the final to local rivals Derry City, who had finished ninth in that season's Premier Division.

Noel King lasted six games into the 2004 season before leaving the club by mutual consent, with the amount of travelling the Dubliner had to endure being cited as one of the main reasons for his departure. Sean McGowan, his assistant, once again took charge for two games but within ten days the club announced a shock replacement. Felix Healy, the former Derry City player and manager who had won all domestic major honours with his home-town club, would be the new manager. Fans viewed this as a bold move by the Finn Harps board of directors, considering Healy's history with the club's fiercest rivals. However, Healy - in the club's golden jubilee year - won the club's first First Division title and achieved the promotion to the Premier Division that had eluded so many managers before him. However, the following season saw the club struggle in the Premier Division and Harps sacked Healy in July. Anthony Gorman agreed to become player-manager until the end of the season. However, at the season's end and with Finn Harps relegated again, Gorman agreed to take the position on a full-time basis only to leave following the 2006 season as his efforts to lead the club to promotion failed. In 2007, after Paul Hegarty took charge of managing the team, financial difficulties that had nearly bankrupted the club some seasons earlier became more prevalent so the club - struggling in the lower half of the First Division - put all players on sale. The 2007 season started sluggishly with a number of defeats and "bore draws" (notably against Monaghan United), but a lengthy unbeaten run left the club in second place in the league, only one point behind Cobh Ramblers. They emerged as victors over Dundalk from the first round of the First Division play-off, with a 2–0 win. The first leg of the final play-off round against Waterford United ended at Finn Park with Harps taking a 3–0 advantage to the Waterford RSC ahead of the return leg, which ended 3–3. Thus, Harps secured promoted to the Premier Division 6–3 on aggregate.

In 2008, Harps began the conversion from a semi-professional, part-time club to a full-time setup over the off-season, with 16 full-time players on the books as of the opening day of the season. The conversion succeeded but relegation beckoned once again for the club, this time on the final day. Though they won their game, Galway United's win sealed the fate of Harps. In 2009, Finn Harps played in the FAI First Division, on a semi-professional basis once again. On 11 May 2009, Paul Hegarty left the club, citing "personal reasons". James Gallagher replaced Hegarty as manager. On 3 May 2011, Peter Hutton took over as manager, while former Northern Ireland international and fellow former Derry City player Felix Healy also arrived to take the role of club director of football. Following the final home game of the 2013 season (a 3–2 win against champions Athlone Town), Hutton announced his resignation as manager.

Rejuvenation and the 'Ollie Years'
On 25 November 2013, the club named Galway native and former Fanad United manager Ollie Horgan as manager for the 2014 season.

In his first season in charge, Horgan led the club to an FAI Cup semi final for the first time in 15 years, before being beaten by Premier Division side St. Patrick's Athletic in Richmond Park. The 2015 season concluded with Finn Harps securing promotion to the League of Ireland Premier Division by beating Limerick 2–1 on aggregate in a famous relegation/promotion playoff, the second leg of which occurred on 6 November 2015. Against all the odds, Horgan managed to keep Finn Harps in the Premier Division in 2016, however, in their second season back in the top flight they were relegated once again. They spent 2018 in the First Division, achieving immediate promotion - again at the expense of Limerick in the relegation/promotion play-off, though this time on a 3-0 aggregate score.

2019 saw another relegation battle, as Harps defeated Drogheda United in the relegation play-off game in Finn Park to retain their Premier Division status for 2020.

2019-20 marks Harps's fiftieth season in the League of Ireland.

In a COVID-19 disrupted 2020 season, Harps again managed to avoid the drop, with a last day of the season win against Waterford F.C. securing their place in the Premier Division again under Horgan, in what was his seventh season in charge of Harps.

The 2021 season got off to a good start with Adam Foley securing a win over Bohemians. May 2021 would see Finn Harps get their first ever away success over Derry City at league level.

The end of the Horgan era for Finn Harps came at the end of the 2022 season, with the departure of manager Ollie Horgan and relegation from the Premier Division. This ended a long spell of years in the Premier Division, with six out of seven seasons spent at the top tier of Irish football for the club.

New beginnings
On 2 December 2022, Finn Harps unveiled Dave Rogers as their new manager, on a full-time four-year contract. Ten days later, Darren Murphy was announced as Rogers new full time assistant manager. After a disastrous 2023 season on the pitch, Finn Harps parted company with Dave Rogers on 23 September, with assistant manager Darren Murphy placed as interim manager until the end of the season, himself assisted by Tommy Canning and Kevin McHugh.

On 3 November 2023, Harps announced the appointment of Darren Murphy to become the Head Coach for the upcoming season. In his first pre-season match, Harps secured a 2–2 draw in front of the home crowd against Derry City

Stadium
Finn Harps play at Finn Park in Ballybofey, County Donegal. Finn Park is formed mainly of open terracing surrounding the football pitch. In 2005, the terraces were renovated for health and safety reasons as new concrete surfaces replaced the old viewing slopes. In total, the ground's capacity accommodates approximately 6,000 spectators. The stadium has one covered stand, which also caters for 350 seated supporters. The area allocated to supporters of visiting teams is the terrace opposite the seated stand (situated in the Shed End). The pitch dimensions measure 110 yards in length by 80 yards in width. Sitting on the banks of the River Finn, Finn Park is prone to waterlogging in times of wet weather.

New stadium
The club planned to move to a new covered 6,600 all-seater stadium just across the River Finn in Stranorlar. The proposal would also feature an FAI Regional Development Centre. Club shareholders gave the club's board a mandate in 2005 to proceed with the stadium plans. Planning permission was obtained in mid-2005. Approval to proceed to tender was obtained from the Football Association of Ireland in early 2006 and local developers, Joseph McMenamin and Sons, won the tender process and had their tender approved a year later. Finn Harps received funding of €750,000 in 2007 to commence works at the new stadium. They hoped to be in the new stadium for the 2013 season. Work ceased on the new stadium due to the recession and lack of funds. Work was expected to resume on the stadium in early 2011 but in the end it did not restart until late 2014.

Revised plans were unveiled in May 2022, showing a 6,130 capacity ground, with all four sides covered, and a seating capacity of 3,330.

Colours and crests
The traditional colours of Finn Harps are blue and white. The club played in white jerseys and blue shorts upon entry into the League of Ireland. Their away strip was all green. Since that time Harps have played in either white or blue jerseys as their primary colour and used green, yellow or white as their away colours. In the 1975/76 and 1976/77 Harps wore blue and white stripes and repeated this during 1983/84 and 1984/85.

Harps kits and training gear is currently manufactured by Joma Sports, and the club's jerseys are sponsored by the KN Group, with Superior Group and Joey O'Leary sponsoring the back and sleeves respectively. The current home strip is made up of a blue jersey with white sleeves, white shorts and blue socks with the home goalkeeping kit being pretty similar except with a light green jersey with black shorts and black socks. The current away strip consists of a luminous yellow jersey with navy trim, navy shorts and navy socks, the away goalkeeping kit is made up of a black jersey, black shorts and black socks. Harps current third kit is made up of a dark silver/grey jersey with blue trim, with matching shorts and socks, the third goalkeeping kit consists of a yellow jersey with black shorts and black socks.

Finn Harps have sported various crests throughout their history. All, largely circular in composition, have featured a harp and new designs have essentially been modernised updates of the previous crest. The harp has traditionally been a symbol of Ireland. Footballs have also been a common feature.

The modern stylised crests contain the club's name in a Gaelic-style font, similar to the Gandalf typeface.

For the club's golden jubilee year, 2004, they introduced a new golden crest which was very similar to their early crest. Bar this crest, blue, green and white have been common colours used.

In 2010, Finn Harps decided to play in an all-white kit due to demand from supporters after they wore an all-white kit against Shelbourne to celebrate 40 years in the League of Ireland in 2009. They reverted to blue home kits in 2011.

For the 2021 season, Joma sport has been announced as the jersey partner.

Supporters
Finn Harps supporters share a rivalry with their north-west neighbours, Derry City. The most exciting encounter between the two sides was perhaps the 2003 relegation play-off between the two sides. A Brandywell Stadium packed with both sets of fans witnessed a Finn Harps side managed by Noel King (a former Derry City manager) lose a highly charged affair that finished 2–1 to Derry after an extra-time goal from Derry City favourite, Liam Coyle. A rivalry is maintained between the two clubs, yet both have encountered times of trouble in recent years. One team has often been helped by the other in this regard. Harps' other main derby is with southern neighbours Sligo Rovers. Harps have a good relationship with Shamrock Rovers. The clubs have provided financial assistance to each other in the past and both sets of supporters socialise together when the clubs play one another. The club's anthem "The Finn Harps song" can often be heard being sung by the club's supporters and its lyrics "they follow them in Donegal, Derry and Tyrone" illustrates that the main core of the Harps support comes from the North West of Ireland.

Rivalries
Finn Harps and Derry City share what is called the Northwest Rivalry. It has been hotly contested since Derry entered the League in 1985. The close proximity of the two Ulster clubs, being only 30 miles apart, has contributed to the rivalry. The strong contrast between the two clubs, Rural/Urban and the gulf in success, has aided the rivalry. Both sets of fans can be frequently heard singing songs about each other. Many players have played for both clubs, the most notable of whom is Kevin McHugh. Finn Harps also share a rivalry with Sligo Rovers due to the proximity of the clubs. Although this rivalry is viewed as important, the Derry rivalry is seen as more important by Harps fans.

Honours

 * FAI Cup
 * Winners: 1973–74
 * League of Ireland First Division
 * Winners: 2004
 * Runners-up: 2015, 2018
 * Dublin City Cup
 * Winners: 1971–72
 * Irish News Cup
 * Winners: 1998–99
 * FAI Junior Cup
 * Winners: 1967–68
 * First Division Cup
 * Winners: 2002–03

Source:

title: Finn Harps F.C.


text:
Palestinian Broadcasting Corporation

The Palestinian Broadcasting Corporation (PBC; هيئة الإذاعة والتلفزيون الفلسطينية) or Palestine Public Broadcasting Corporation (الهيئة العامة للإذاعة والتلفزيون الفلسطينية al-Hayʾa l-ʿĀmma li-l-ʾIḏāʿa wa-t-Tilifizyūn al-Filasṭīniyya), also known as Palestine TV, was established on 1 July 1994 and is within the jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority.

PBC has a subsidiary radio station known as the Voice of Palestine and a satellite channel known as Palestinian Satellite Channel. Palestine TV first began broadcasting in 1996 in Gaza.

History
The first head of the PBC was Fatah activist and Arafat loyalist Radwan Abu Ayyash, former head of the Arab Journalists' Association.

On 19 January 2002, the Israel Defense Forces used explosives to destroy the five-story main building and transmission tower of the PBC in Ramallah claiming retaliation for the killing of six people by a Palestinian gunman linked to Fatah. The Israeli Government later singled out PBC for broadcasting material deemed to be anti-Semitic or that incited violence.

The broadcasting corporation is a former European Broadcasting Union associate member, and was alleged to have held negotiations with the European Broadcasting Union to become a full active members. However, Palestine is not a member of the required organisations, and thus does not comply with the criteria. Currently, the broadcaster is a member of the Arab States Broadcasting Union (ABSU).

Financing
The PBC was funded partially by the US government until 1998. In 2010, the President of the State of Palestine Mahmoud Abbas issued a decree converting the PBC into a public institution.

title: Palestinian Broadcasting Corporation


text:
Exton

Exton may refer to:

People

 * Exton (surname)

Places

 * Exton, Somerset, UK
 * Exton, Devon, UK
 * Exton railway station, in Exton, Devon, England
 * Exton, Hampshire, UK
 * Exton, Rutland, UK
 * Exton, Pennsylvania
 * Exton Square Mall, a shopping mall in Exton, Pennsylvania
 * Main Street at Exton, an open-air shopping mall in Exton, Pennsylvania
 * Exton station (Pennsylvania), a train station in Exton, Pennsylvania
 * Exton Transportation Center, a bus terminal in Exton, Pennsylvania
 * Exton, Tasmania, Australia

title: Exton


text:
File:Leo Sayer - Endless Flight.jpg

Album cover for Endless Flight by Leo Sayer

Fair use rationale for

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright

title: File:Leo Sayer - Endless Flight.jpg


text:
User talk:Jablan~enwiki

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * Featured pictures
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

[[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Arb Com election]] 17:15, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Wikipedians in SCG
Took the liberty of adding you to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedians_in_Serbia_and_Montenegro --estavisti 05:29, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

Serbia and Montegro articles
Hi, I see you're in the category for those Wikipedians from Serbia & Montenegro. I'm trying to create a project whereby seperate articles for just Serbia OR Montenegro are written to an acceptable level, especially considering the possibility that 2006 may see the two nations seperate and become independent states. If that were to occur Wikipedia should have articles written to the standard of other national articles. It would be useful to have the input of Wikipedians living in the area. Please post any views here, not at my talk page. Thank You Grunners 18:24, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

Article Improvement Belgrade
You may wish to vote for Belgrade at the Article Improvement Drive page, here. --estavisti 21:17, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

Invitation
Hello! I invite you to join the WikiProject Serbia. All the best, -- serbiana -  talk  02:41, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Jablan. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Jablan~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:35, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 14:10, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jablan~enwiki


text:
James M. Jenness

James M. Jenness (born 1946) is the chairman of the board and former CEO of the Kellogg Company, succeeding Carlos Gutierrez after President George W. Bush nominated Gutierrez to become Secretary of Commerce on November 29, 2004. Jenness was CEO until December 31, 2006, when he was succeeded by David MacKay.

A native of Chicago, Illinois, Jenness received a bachelor's degree in marketing and an MBA from DePaul University. He was a long-time employee of the Leo Burnett advertising agency, eventually becoming vice-chairman and chief operating officer. In 1997, Jenness left Leo Burnett to become CEO of the retail consultancy Integrated Merchandising Systems in Chicago. He resigned as its CEO upon being named CEO at Kellogg.

Although regarded by some as an outsider to Kellogg, Jenness has had a long association with the company. His first assignment at Leo Burnett in 1974 was an advertising campaign for the Special K brand of cereal. Since then, he worked on campaigns for most of Kellogg's brands. He was named to Kellogg's board of directors in July 2000.

title: James M. Jenness


text:
Batfish

Batfish may refer to:

Fish

 * California batfish or bat ray (Myliobatis californicus), an eagle ray from the East Pacific
 * Red lipped batfish or the galapagos batfish
 * Ogcocephalidae, a family of anglerfish found in oceans worldwide
 * Platax, a spadefish genus from the Indian and Pacific Oceans, and sometimes kept in aquariums
 * Freshwater batfish (Myxocyprinus asiaticus), better known as the Chinese high fin banded shark, a catostomid sometimes kept in aquariums and aquaculture
 * Members of the genus Halieutaea

Other uses

 * The Batfish Boys, a UK rock group who later shortened their name to Batfish
 * USS Batfish, two submarines of the US Navy

title: Batfish


text:
Endless Flight

Endless Flight is the fourth album by English singer-songwriter Leo Sayer, which was released in 1976. It was released in the US and Canada by Warner Bros. Records and in the UK by Chrysalis Records.

The album consolidated his international popularity, reaching No. 4 in the UK and No. 10 in the US; it also charted strongly in other countries including Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands, Australia and New Zealand, and was certified as a platinum album in both the UK and the US, and double-platinum in Canada. The peak of his career came in 1977, when he scored two consecutive US number one hits, first with the disco-styled "You Make Me Feel Like Dancing" (a Grammy Award winner for the year's best Rhythm and Blues Song), followed by the romantic ballad, "When I Need You" (1977), which reached number one in both the UK and US. Written by Albert Hammond and Carole Bayer Sager, it was Sayer's first UK No. 1 single (after three number two hits). It was also the first of two UK chart-toppers in a row for producer Richard Perry.

Reception
This album received critical acclaim upon release, and won a Grammy Award for the hit single "You Make Me Feel Like Dancing."

Side one

 * 1) "Hold On to My Love" (Barry Mann, Cynthia Weil, Sayer) – 3:08
 * 2) "You Make Me Feel Like Dancing" (Vini Poncia, Sayer) – 3:40
 * 3) "Reflections" (Holland-Dozier-Holland) – 3:07
 * 4) "When I Need You" (Albert Hammond, Carole Bayer Sager) – 4:08
 * 5) "No Business Like Love Business" (Brad Shapiro, Clarence Reid, Steve Alaimo, Willie Clarke) – 3:50

Side two

 * 1) "I Hear the Laughter" (Johnny Vastano, Sayer) – 3:13
 * 2) "Magdalena" (Danny O'Keefe) – 4:20
 * 3) "How Much Love" (Barry Mann, Sayer) – 3:35
 * 4) "I Think We Fell in Love Too Fast" (Johnny Vastano, Vini Poncia, Sayer) – 3:05
 * 5) "Endless Flight" (Andrew Gold) – 4:38

Musicians

 * Leo Sayer – guitar, harmonica, vocals
 * John Barnes – piano, clavinet
 * Bill Bodine – bass
 * Paul Buckmaster – synthesizer, cello, string arrangement, conductor
 * Auburn Burrell – guitar
 * Larry Carlton – rhythm guitar
 * Steve Gadd – drums
 * Bob Glaub – guitar, bass guitar
 * Ed Greene – drums
 * Bobbye Hall – percussion
 * David Hungate – bass guitar
 * John Barlow Jarvis – piano
 * Mark T. Jordan – electric piano
 * Clydie King – backing vocals
 * Trevor Lawrence – horn
 * Bobby Keys – saxophone on "When I Need You"
 * Becky Lewis – backing vocals
 * Steve Madaio – horn
 * Sherlie Matthews – backing vocals
 * Andy Muson – bass guitar
 * Danny O'Keefe – performer
 * Nigel Olsson – drums
 * Michael Omartian – electric piano
 * Ray Parker Jr. – guitar
 * Dean Parks – Dobro, guitar, electric guitar
 * Bill Payne – electric piano
 * Jimmy Phillips – synthesizer, Mellotron
 * Jeff Porcaro – drums
 * Chuck Rainey – bass guitar
 * Lee Ritenour – guitar
 * Rick Shlosser – drums
 * Earl Slick – guitar on "Reflections", acoustic guitar on "I Hear the Laughter"
 * Leland Sklar – bass guitar
 * John Vastano – guitar
 * Willie Weeks – bass guitar
 * Richard Tee – piano
 * James Newton Howard – synthesizer
 * Gene Page – string arrangements, conductor

Production

 * Record producer: Richard Perry
 * Engineers: Bill Schnee, Howard Steele
 * Photography: Elliot Gilbert

title: Endless Flight


text:
Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani

Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad bin Abdullah bin Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani  (خليفة بن حمد آل ثاني; 17 September 1932  – 23 October 2016) was the Emir of Qatar from 27 February 1972 until he was deposed by his son Hamad bin Khalifa in a coup on 27 June 1995.

He died during the reign of his grandson, the current Emir, Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani.

Early years
Sheikh Khalifa was born in Doha in 1932. He was the son of Sheikh Hamad bin Abdullah Al Thani and grandson of Emir Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani.

Career
In 1957, Khalifa was appointed Minister of Education. Then, he was appointed Deputy Emir. He was named as the heir apparent on 24 October 1960. In the 1960s, he also served as Prime Minister and Minister of Finance.

On 22 February 1972, Sheikh Khalifa became the Emir of Qatar, seizing power from his cousin, Emir Ahmad bin Ali Al Thani in a bloodless coup d'état. While many Western news outlets referred to it as an overthrow, the Qatari population merely considered it to be a succession of power. His initial activity was the process of the reorganization of the government. He also limited the financial privileges of members of the ruling family. Next, he appointed a foreign minister and an adviser to himself regarding the day-to-day affairs. On 19 April 1972, he amended the Constitution and expanded the Cabinet by appointing more ministers. Diplomatic relations were also established with a number of foreign countries at the ambassadorial level.

Khalifa's reorganization of the system of government saw a dramatic shift in the hierarchy of authority. He immensely reduced the traditional powers afforded to the heir-apparent while projecting all of the power onto himself.

On 18 July 1989, the cabinet was reshuffled for the first time, replacing most of the previous ministers and making it consist of 15 ministers. The Cabinet was again reshuffled under his premiership on 1 September 1992, expanding it to 17 members.

The state revenue from the oil sector had increased as the result of the rising of a number of production sharing agreements with foreign oil companies. Two production-sharing agreements were signed with the Standard Oil Company of Ohio in January 1985 and Amoco in February 1986. In January 1989, another production sharing agreement was signed between Qatar and the French state-owned oil company Elf Aquitaine. In the middle of 1991, production of gas in the Qatar North Field, the world's largest single field of non-associated gas (proven gas reserves of around 250 trillion cubic feet and probable reserves of 500 trillion cubic feet), commenced. While the search for finding more oil deposits in Qatar continued, Qatar built an industrial base in order to reduce dependence on the oil sector.

Dethronement and death
While Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani was staying in Geneva, Switzerland, in June 1995, his son Hamad bin Khalifa seized power in another bloodless coup d'état. The son accused his father of treason and demanded that Interpol arrest him. The former Emir charged his father with 4 counts that include his execution. Khalifa lived in France until he returned to Qatar in 2004. He died on 23 October 2016 at the age of 84.

Marriages and children
Sheikh Khalifa had five sons and twelve daughters from four wives.

 * Sheikha Amna bint Hassan bin Abdullah Al Thani
 * Sheikh Abdelaziz bin Khalifa, Petroleum and finance minister (1972–1992)
 * Sheikha Maryem Bint Khalifa
 * Sheikha Noora bint Khalifa
 * Sheikha Hissa bint Khalifa
 * Sheikha Jafla bint Khalifa
 * Sheikha Moza bint Khalifa
 * Sheikha Aisha bint Hamad Al Attiyah
 * Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa, Emir of Qatar from 1995 to 2013.
 * Sheikha Rudha bint Jassim bin Jabr Al Thani
 * Sheikha Aisha Bint Khalifa
 * Sheikha Sheikha bint Khalifa
 * Sheikh Abdullah Bin Khalifa
 * Sheikha Amna Bint Khalifa
 * Sheikha Muna bint Khalifa
 * Sheikh Mohammed bin Khalifa
 * Sheikha Lolwa Bint Khalifa
 * Sheikha Amal Bint Khalifa
 * Sheikha Al Anoud bint Khalifa
 * Sheikha Moza bint Ali bin Saud Al Thani
 * Sheikh Jassim bin Khalifa
 * Sheikha Nouf bint Khalifa

title: Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani


text:
Bleach bypass

 Bleach bypass, also known as skip bleach or silver retention, is a chemical effect which entails either the partial or complete skipping of the bleaching function during the processing of a color film. By doing this, the silver is retained in the emulsion along with the color dyes. The result is a black-and-white image over a color image. The images usually have reduced saturation and exposure latitude, along with increased contrast and graininess. It usually is used to maximum effect in conjunction with a one-stop underexposure.

Technique
Bleach bypass can be done to any photochemical step in the process, be it original camera negative, interpositive, internegative or release print. For motion pictures, it is usually applied at the internegative stage, as insurance companies usually are reluctant to have the camera negative bleach bypassed, or the interpositive (a "protection"/"preservation" element), in the event that the look is agreed to be too extreme, and the cost of the process for each individual release print is most often cost-prohibitive. The effect, however, will render slightly differently at each stage, especially between the camera negative and interpositive stages.

Bleach bypass generally refers to a complete circumvention of the bleach stage of development, and is the most commonly offered service among laboratories. Technicolor's ENR and OZ and Deluxe Labs' ACE and CCE processes are proprietary variants which allow the film to be only partially bleached, giving the cinematographer a more finely tuned control over the effect rendered by the process.

While originally a laboratory technique, a similar effect can also be achieved digitally through digital intermediate color grading.

Use in film and television
"Bleach bypass", as used in this context, was first used in Kon Ichikawa's film Her Brother (1960). Kazuo Miyagawa, as Daiei Film's cameraman, invented bleach bypass for Ichikawa's film,  inspired by the color rendition in the original release of Moby-Dick (1956), printed using dye-transfer Technicolor, and was achieved through the use of an additional black-and-white overlay. Actually, this is a throw-back to pre-1944 Technicolor, which incorporated a silver-containing "blank receiver" with the silver image printed from the green separation negative, but at 50% density, upon which the color dyes were imprinted by utilizing "imbibition"; this concept may have been employed here, but at a different density.

Despite this early foray into the technique, it remained overlooked for the most part until its use by Roger Deakins for the movie Nineteen Eighty-Four.

The effect has subsequently become a regular development tool in laboratory work, and has remained in widespread use. Practitioners include cinematographers Rodrigo Prieto, Remi Adefarasin, Darius Khondji, Dariusz Wolski, Walter Carvalho, Oliver Stapleton, Newton Thomas Sigel, Park Gok-ji, Shane Hurlbut, Steven Soderbergh (as "Peter Andrews"), Tom Stern, Vittorio Storaro, and Janusz Kamiński (notably on Steven Spielberg's Saving Private Ryan and Minority Report).

title: Bleach bypass


text:
BCH

BCH or BCh may refer to:

Science and technology

 * BCH code (Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem code), a code in coding theory
 * Bachelor of Surgery, a component of some undergraduate medical degrees
 * Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff formula, in mathematics and Lie group theory
 * Biosafety Clearing-House, an international mechanism that exchanges information about the movement of genetically modified organisms
 * Birdsell Clover Huller, an agricultural machine
 * Bitcoin Cash, a fork of the cryptocurrency Bitcoin
 * Bean chitinase, a defensive enzyme

Organisations

 * Birmingham Children's Hospital, a hospital in England
 * Boston Children’s Hospital, a hospital in Boston, Massachusetts
 * Blue Castle Holdings, developer of nuclear power stations in the US
 * British and Commonwealth Holdings, a defunct UK financial services company
 * Briefmarken-Club_Hannover_von_1886, a German stamp collectors club founded 1886
 * Bataliony Chłopskie, a Polish resistance movement in World War II
 * Belfast City Hospital, a hospital in Northern Ireland
 * Central Bank of Honduras (Spanish: Banco Central de Honduras)

Transportation

 * Baucau Airport (IATA code), East Timor
 * Belarusian Railway (BCh), (Belarusian: Беларуская чыгунка), the state railway company of Belarus
 * Birchington-on-Sea railway station, England
 * British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority (railway reporting mark)
 * Bch, short for "Beach"; a Street suffix as used in the US

Other uses

 * Barclays Cycle Hire, former name of a public bicycle sharing scheme in London, England

title: BCH


text: Talk:Endless Flight

title: Talk:Endless Flight


text:
Shipper

shipper may refer to:
 * Someone who provides or sends goods for shipment, by packaging, labeling, and arranging for transit, or who coordinates the transport of goods
 * Shipping (fandom), someone who supports a romantic relationship between two real or fictional people, usually on the Internet

title: Shipper


text:
Settling Accounts: Drive to the East

Drive to the East is the second book in Harry Turtledove's Settling Accounts series of alternate history novels.

It is set in an analog of World War II known as the Second Great War in North America, fought between the United States and Confederate States. It was released in August 2005. It follows Return Engagement and precedes The Grapple in the tetralogy. It takes the Southern Victory Earth from 1942 to 1943.

Plot summary
As the title suggests, the novel contains analogues of historical 1942 battles, such as the German drive to, and the Battle of Stalingrad. In the novel, Confederate armies in occupied Ohio drive into Pennsylvania with Pittsburgh as their objective, codenamed Operation Coalscuttle. It also involves analogues of the Battle of Midway, the Manhattan Project, and the Holocaust.

By the summer of 1942, the U.S. push under General Daniel MacArthur into northern Virginia has stalled in the face of fierce opposition. This allows General George Patton to concentrate his forces in Ohio for a renewed push into western Pennsylvania. Aided by improved armor and assault tactics, his troops quickly advance across eastern Ohio to Pittsburgh's outskirts. However Brigadier General Irving Morrell, who now commands the U.S. defense of the Ohio Front, prevents the CSA from enveloping Pittsburgh as planned and forces them into a street to street fight.

Meanwhile, Jefferson Davis Pinkard enjoys rapid advancement through the Freedom Party hierarchy as he begins to develop the machinery required to implement Jake Featherston's Final Solution to the "Negro problem". His Camp Determination is now so efficient that it is able to swallow and extinguish the entire Negro population of Jackson, Mississippi (including Richard Wright) as reprisals against local insurgents. In Augusta, Georgia's now ghettoized Negro district, Scipio, a former slave and Marxist rebel during the Great War, manages for a time to skirt the ever increasing terror descending across the CSA's Negro population. Eventually, he too is swallowed up and finds himself in a cattle car heading towards a bleak future. Elsewhere in Georgia, captured U.S. fighter pilot Jonathan Moss escapes from a POW camp and joins a small band of Negro rebels.

At sea, Lt. Sam Carsten's ship, USS Remembrance, is sunk by an Imperial Japanese carrier attack and the Sandwich Islands (our universe's Hawaii) are threatened with capture. Nevertheless, he finds himself promoted and placed in charge of a destroyer escort, where he spends time patrolling Atlantic sea lanes and engaging in special operations. George Enos Jr.'s destroyer is nearly sunk in an engagement near Japanese-held Midway due to lack of sea-borne air power. However, when two escort carriers manage to reach Oahu, the tide begins to turn. In a climactic battle, George's fleet sinks a Japanese carrier guarding Midway.

In this history, the Pacific War against Japan is treated as essentially a sideshow, getting only a trickle of resources - since the US are facing a dangerous invasion of their industrial heartland. Strategic aims in the Pacific are confined to recapturing Midway to remove the threat to the Sandwich Islands, and characters consider the idea of conducting an island-hopping war all the way to the Japanese home islands (as the US did in World War II) as an unrealistic fantasy. Also, in this history, the Philippines and Guam are long-standing and recognized possessions of the Japanese, which they had wrested from Spain during the Hispano-Japanese War between the late 1800s and early 1900s and to which the US laid no claim.

The CSA have pressured their weak ally, Emperor Francisco José II of Mexico, into reluctantly providing troops to reinforce the Coalscuttle attack. Under cover of an early November storm, General Morrell leads an armored breakthrough against the poorly equipped Mexicans protecting Patton's flank. Joining up with another salient coming out of West Virginia, he traps the bulk of Patton's army, and drives deep into Ohio. Featherston, beginning an apparent descent into madness, gives the trapped army maniacal orders to hold its ground rather than attempt a breakout. When the promised resupply by air fails, Patton is ordered to escape by air and CSA resistance near Pittsburgh collapses. The sequence of events is similar to that which led to the destruction of the German Sixth Army in Battle of Stalingrad during our timeline's World War II.

Jonathan Moss spends most of the book as a frustrated POW held at Andersonville, Georgia, under conditions unpleasant but far more tolerable than of the infamous War of Secession POW camp of the same location. He and others manage to escape after a tornado blows down the camp's fences. He and another escaped POW join a black guerrilla band whose capable leader took up the nom de guerre Spartacus. During a raid on Plains, Georgia, Moss kills Jimmy Carter, a young Confederate naval officer on leave, in front of his mother as he tries to rally the townspeople against the raiding blacks.

General Abner Dowling is transferred from the Virginia front to take up command of the 11th Army and open a new front by invading Texas, in order to prevent the Confederates from moving forces from there to reinforce the main front around Pittsburgh. By February 1943, his forces are approaching Lubbock, Texas, and - still unknown to him, but highly alarming for Pinkard and the Freedom Party High Command - threatening to capture Camp Determination and expose its litany of horrors. Both sides are working desperately to develop a nuclear weapon, although the US is slightly in the lead. Featherston's increasingly irrational conduct of the war raises suspicions and leads Generals Clarence Potter and Nathan Bedford Forrest III to consider a plot to overthrow him.

Reception
Publishers Weekly gave the book a moderately good review, stating that "As in the previous volume, Turtledove comes up with convincing analogues to events during WWII, such as the Confederate army's Stalingrad-like defeat around Pittsburgh. On the other hand, his portrait of the führer-like Featherstone is less persuasive". SF Site also gave the book praise mixed with some criticism, saying that "Unfortunately, Drive to the East is very much a middle book in a series" but also that the book was "a worthy sequel".

title: Settling Accounts: Drive to the East