text:
Talk:Japanese nuclear weapons program

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 25 January 2021 and 7 May 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Aquariusshadow.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 01:06, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

"RUSSIA" vs "SOVIET UNION"
I corrected errors in this article where the words "Russia" and "Russians" were written where "Soviets" and "Soviet Union" was intended. Please people - LEARN THE DIFFERENCE. There's been enough discussion here to know that plenty of eyes, including plenty of historically educated eyes, have looked over this subject. Why the heck do your eyes not see an error as blatant as saying "English" where "British" is meant? YES IT DOES MATTER AND YES "RUSSIAN" IS HISTORICALLY 100% AND TOTALLY WRONG AND JUST BECAUSE SOME OTHER IGNORAMUS or even historical figure USED IT AS A SHORTHAND DOES NOT MAKE IT RIGHT FOR YOU TO ACCEPT IT. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.26.12.110 (talk) 16:05, 8 October 2012 (UTC)

Edits
I am new to editing Wikipedia and I do not know if I have breached rules but I simply deleted from the main page a quotation and reference to David Irving for a German atomic programme. Firstly it is not relevant to this article and secondly Irving is a completely discredited author whose books on Hitler's War and the Bombing of Dresden were exposed for their misquotations and distortions in a famous British Court Case. David Irving has also spent time in an Austrian prison for denying the Holocaust. Such an author should not be quoted or taken seriously by anyone. (User oasisdrinker May 18, 2008)
 * oasisdrinker's edit simple removed the statement: "The author David Irving in his book "Virus House" records that the Nazi codename for Uranium oxide was "Preparation 38."" which, regardless of source, hardly seems relevant to the article. -- 119.31.126.69 (talk) 00:59, 20 February 2011 (UTC)

Well Done
Personally I thought this article was quite well done given the sensitive and controversial nature.

I was wondering if anyone knew answers to the following questions?

What % of spending Japan, Germany or anyone else actually had committed to atomic bombs compared to our effort?'''

Is there is any information that we knew the enemy programs were more toward nuclear power plants to reduce dependency on oil, rather than weapon?

Did we actually know how advanced the enemy atomic bombs were?

Or info that it was we, and no-one else, who started the atomic-bomb race and was maybe unnecessary?

To those who choose to believe these self-justifying Snell tales even Truman and his cadre didn't refer to when criticized even from within, for the controversial Hiroshima and Nagasaki decisions, a sometimes smart;) friend of mine wrote this...

''What happened to American common-sense? You seriously want us to believe:

A. that we were so far behind the Nazi atom bomb program, that we needed the EXCESS uranium Hitler sent to Japan for our 2 atom bombs?

B. that with 10,000 times less investment, the Japanese tied us in the atom bomb race & detonated 1 maybe 2 bombs of their own even without this German uranium?

C. that Hitler wouldn’t have used this uranium to build AND USE his own atom bombs to save himself?

Anything to sell a book I suppose. ''

My apologies, I believe I got the "10,000 times" number from the recent British/Norwegian documentary on the study of the sunken ferry shipping 'heavy-water', I'd still like to know any numbers that can be better or more accurately, properly ethically 'sourced'. Historians are changing their tunes with each unsealed 'secrecy act' series of documents and records. Is it any wonder we're confused what is right and what is wrong?

IMHO well written article.

TheBalderdasher (talk) 08:08, 9 August 2008 (UTC)

The idea that WWII Japan was close to a nuclear weapon is believable only if you ignore their lack of top physicists, lack of raw materials, and lack of the necessary physical infrastructure. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 170.37.244.9 (talk) 21:29, 18 July 2012 (UTC)

Credibility and Questions
I'm afraid I don't trust the neutrality of the Yale Avalon Project, under Derek deSolla Price you say? as much anymore. Like others I've read about, I wrote them asking for proof, by scan of actual signed document in their own language, (like I've seen in Slavinsky's and Juke's books when presenting evidence of actual verified pacts), of their supposed English translation of the actual 'Axis Pact', not Tripartite Pact, or Pact of Steel or Anticomintern, but actual alliance title 'axis'. Now I believe those others because my own request has gone unresponded let alone no direction or providing of proof after several months.

When our latest dictionaries from Oxford removed Japan from the definition 'Axis' of ww2, at a convention, their representative said it was because 'upon review and further fact checking' they could find no evidence Japan ever signed, let alone activated, any treaty or pact titled 'axis'. That's why, she said, Japan should be removed from the definition of 'axis' regarding ww2.

So you'll forgive me if I change my mind and not trust the Avalon Project that much anymore.

Is it little wonder that even my own students, let alone much of he world, don't trust what we say since the latest Iraq invasion let alone historical record.

Snell and Wilcox and such people only seem to be trying to edit, even completely make-up, information to fit how they want history to be recorded, rather than the truth, however inconvenient.

I have an expansive question maybe someone better-read can answer please?

Why did the Japanese lie to the Germans about their atomic bomb program? They must have known that cooperation with the Germans would've greatly advanced both atomic bomb programs. That even if Germany got it before Japan, that it could have ended the war without Japan's Unconditional Surrender.

It just seems so odd that the Japanese did not want the Germans to even know that Japan thought the bomb feasible.

AthabascaCree (talk) 02:43, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

This article probably ought to be deleted
I'm disturbed that the archive of this talk page has been delinked. I will, if I can find the time, investigate the talk-page history and relink it, but please do so yourself if you get to it before I do. Strange claims about Irene Joliot-Curie have crept into the intro paragraph. The article has yet to be cross-linked to articles about the same topic in any other language (of which Japanese would be far and away the most edifying). I proposed that this article be deleted a long time ago, on the ground that it really would be better to start over from scratch. --arkuat (talk) 04:50, 1 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I restored the link to the archived discussions - but I do not agree that this article should be deleted. Please work to improve any issue but it looks like a good start to me. Rmhermen (talk) 14:01, 29 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I just restored it again -- it was lost both times when the article was moved. -- ToET 10:57, 21 February 2011 (UTC)
 * No I do not agree that it should be deleted. Just propose how you would like to improve it?Friend2008 (talk) 05:50, 26 March 2011 (UTC)

Current Nuclear Activities, et cetera
One of the technical problems preventing Japan from being a "screwdriver turn" form having nuclear weapons is that its plutonium is derived from reprocessing nuclear fuel. Therefore, most of it is probably the wrong isotope. Ray Van De Walker (talk) 21:22, 3 October 2009 (UTC) --

Quote from this section: Some analysts, however, fear that Japan may abandon its anti-nuclear arms stance in the face of North Korea's development of nuclear weapons as part of a wider nuclear arms race in eastern Asia, especially after that nation's nuclear test on October 9, 2006.[citation needed] Others note that despite the U.S.-Japan alliance, there could be the eventuality the Americans refused to retaliate with nuclear weapons even after an enemy attack with an atom bomb on Japan.[citation needed] Somebody else has already rightfully gone through and put up the "citation needed" tags. Sufficed to say, this is old news and these "analyses" are basically irrelevant now. Japan hasn't gone on to develop nuclear weapons in response to North Korea. I propose removing this particular quoted block all together.

Additionally, in the header, this statement appears: "On the other hand, this policy may be revised on account to the threat of a North Korean nuclear attack." With this kind of statement in there, one could add another statement that says, "However, given that Japan remains the sole victim of a nuclear attack historically, it is also possible the Japanese public would be strongly against the country developing a weapon."

Personally, I don't think either statement belongs in the article. I also think the "Current nuclear activities in Japan" section adequately covers the facts (sans the block of it I quoted above). Mjatucla (talk) 00:43, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

Nomenclature
Could we review some of the terms... as is common in many articles about this subject, this article continually uses the term "nuclear weapons" when in fact they were "atomic weapons." While they are similar in concept, an illustration of the difference is that an atomic detonation is essentially required as the fuse of a nuclear detonation. Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.145.59.94 (talk • contribs)

 * "Atomic weapons" is an old term long since superceded by "nuclear weapons", which is more accurate. Salmanazar (talk) 20:10, 23 August 2010 (UTC)

Japan exploded a atomic bomb before the U.S. Atomic bombing.
According to a History Channel documentary, which showed actual footage of U.S. soldiers destroying a cycletron at wars end and interviews with Japanese scientists who admitted to the bombs existence and successful explosion on an island off the North Korean coast. 173.80.0.108 (talk) 01:17, 18 January 2011 (UTC)

felt
Regarding; "He felt no qualms about this because he saw no possibility of producing nuclear weapons in Japan before the end of the war.[12]" We know what people claim to have felt. We cannot state as objective fact what they did, in fact, feel. --Ryan W (talk) 06:15, 30 September 2011 (UTC)

Current Japanese active nuclear weapon program
When I was being interviewed for 2008 New Yorker article about me, I mentioned to the author that I felt there was sufficient evidence to at least draw the conclusion Japan was currently working toward the Bomb. He cut me off and said, “They already have it.” In addition to writing article on Japan, the author is a Japan Fellow and has traveled extensively in Japan. He then elaborated a little and told me a high ranking former member of their government told him to his face they have their own nuclear weapon. Several months passed and I queried him by email about the subject since I wanted to broach that issue with a contact I had at the IAEA HQ in Vienna. Here is his reply. “The person who confirmed that the Japanese have an active nuke program is a former high-ranking Japanese [deleted]. I would obviously be very leery of giving his name to the IAEA because it could cause a major [deleted] incident and result in the destruction of the man's career and his life. But it was a very interesting conversation, and it did take place. . ..” A few months before my University of Chicago Enrico Fermi Institute talk, I had dinner with Pulitzer winning author Richard Rhodes. I told him the story and asked him what he knew on the topic. He responded that he once asked the Japanese how long it would take for them to create a nuclear weapon and they replied, “Under six months!” If that is true, then it obviously means Japan has successfully performed all the preliminary work necessary except for possibly the final fabrication of fissile material along with final assembly of the weapon itself. If it is in a disassembled condition, it is not a "real" nuclear weapon and they could therefore maintain their “plausible deniability” claim. Japan does after all, live in a very dangerous neighborhood with North Korea, Russia, China, Pakistan, and India having increasing nuclear weapon stockpiles. It would be in Japan’s own self-interest to also have a defensive stockpile. The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists has run at least one article over the years mentioning that the Japanese government has requested (and received) technical expertise from our DOE in how to create weapons-grade plutonium. Again, if all this is true, then their government callously allows the annual kabuki theater handwringing victimization farce at Hiroshima and Nagasaki to continue since it serves their purpose.Atomicjohn (talk) 06:50, 8 October 2011 (UTC)

Emperor and atomic bomb section
The "Emperor and atomic bomb" section doesn't have a reference in English (see footnote 16). The passage seems suspect. Mcboozerilla (talk) 07:50, 12 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Thanks for pointing this out. This was taken care of by another editor. And thanks to him, as well! Student7 (talk) 13:12, 16 March 2012 (UTC)

Potential RS
This source maybe of interest to those who are active in editing this article. It is from the Korea Times: Hope someone can use this.--RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 14:41, 20 August 2012 (UTC)

Politically correct un-edits
Given the recent investigations including the original documentation, to whitewash such an important issue in Wiki for the sake of some sense that it's better to forget the past than be embarrassed is not only wrong, but it's dangerous.

This article seems to be very closely watched for edits and anything that even remotely smacks of the truth where such edits are almost immediately deleted.

In my opinion (if it survives) this is a dangerous trend that the Japanese people have come to be all too comfortable with. Again in my opinion this article should go to committee to be permanently flagged as both controversial and potentially biased. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Renner95634 (talk • contribs) 13:27, 9 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Not following you. If there's something that should be discussed here, please do so. Wikipedia is not censored. But neither does it try to publish WP:FRINGE material.
 * It seems to me that Japan simply did not throw in the resources required to build an atomic weapon during WWII. It did not possess those resources. Unlike Germany, which tried everything including atomic weapons, jet planes, V2s, etc., Japan did not because it could not. This is why Germany was targeted as "first priority" for the Allies to beat. Japan initially went to war because it lacked resources. The country went downhill from 1942 on. Germany was still firing V2s into 1945! And flying jets! Using radar, and creating fuel out of vegetables. Japan's "answer" was kamikaze, and arming civilians with pitchforks, a rather bottom of the barrel approach.
 * In the meantime, Germany, US, Britain, and the Russians (having skipped a bunch of steps through stealing Allied research) all had thousands of employees, if not tens of thousands, working on the development of atomic weapons. Centifuging uranium is not a trivial operation. Just look at Iran's progress after many years of trying. Student7 (talk) 23:25, 13 August 2013 (UTC)

Weapons grade Plutonium
Why do we exclusively focus on reactor grade and ignore the weapons grade stuff that the Americans provided?

 * http://thediplomat.com/2014/02/japans-plutonium-problem/
 * http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/17/us-china-japan-idUSBREA1G0DW20140217

Hcobb (talk) 15:36, 22 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Some of this is already in the article. If you want to try to improve it further, go ahead. Notice that this should be non-political. We did not force the Japanese to accept the plutonium. The capability is obviously directed at their powerful neighbors, China, Russia, and North Korea. The question Japan has answered is do they want to idly stand by and be a victim? Since they have not actually produced weapons, they do not want to be perceived as aggressors either. Student7 (talk) 22:06, 28 February 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Japanese nuclear weapon program. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20090429180628/http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us:80/webdocs/Chem-History/Frisch-Fission-1939.html to http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Frisch-Fission-1939.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 01:48, 21 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Japanese nuclear weapon program. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Frisch-Fission-1939.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120829084118/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ201208250014 to http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ201208250014

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 12:10, 19 April 2017 (UTC)

Removing some nonsense
I removed a section relating to the 2018 re-release of Wilcox's book, which appeared to privilege Wilcox's (ridiculed by all experts) position in a way that violated WP:NPOV and WP:FRINGE. I also removed the following line:

 * In 1946 talking about his wartime efforts Arakatsu said he was making "tremendous strides" towards making an atomic bomb and that the Soviet Union probably already had one.

For one thing, WP:NOR prohibits simply posting primary sources as facts without contextualization (at least in the case of controversial sources). Second, the citation itself is inadequate and incorrect. I presume the actual citation is to: "Russians believed near atom secret," New York Times (15 October 1945), 1. (Note the year is entirely different!)

The article says that Arakatsu "told Mr. Tighe that Japan could perfect an atomic bomb of her own within five to ten years and that he had already made tremendous strides in that direction when the United States military forces cut off the electric power in his laboratory." Note how different this is in context: not a direct quote (a paraphrase), and in the context of making an atomic bomb in the far future, not something immediate. Furthermore, Arakatsu is quoted in the article later as indicating that the progress in question was made after Hiroshima. The entire article is not about their wartime work, it is about the fact that trying to keep the atomic bomb a "secret" from anybody in the postwar, notably the Russians, was futile.

Anyway, I just elaborate on that to point out why a) using random quotes from primary sources is easily misleading and at the very least requires contextualization of the source, and b) exactly how shady the people who try to push the "Japan had a bomb/was close to a bomb" line are about being misleading with their sourcing. This is one of the many, many reasons why actual historians consider this stuff to be crank history. NuclearSecrets (talk) 22:55, 11 February 2023 (UTC)

Interesting Source
Today Journalist Peter Hadfield published a recording of a 1995 talk by Tatsusaburo Suzuki, the last surviving member of the Army nuclear program. You can find it on his Youtube channel potholer54, or search for Suzuki's name. --84.132.157.63 (talk) 11:45, 13 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I'll give it a listen at some point. The press conference was covered at the time. My sense from that article is that it doesn't do more than confirm what other sources already say — that the Japanese program was nowhere close to making a bomb. NuclearSecrets (talk) 16:51, 13 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Japanese nuclear weapons program


text:
Symbol of Chaos

The Symbol of Chaos (also known as the Chaos Star) originates from Michael Moorcock's Elric of Melniboné stories and their dichotomy of Law and Chaos. In them, the Symbol of Chaos comprises eight arrows in a radial pattern.

The symbol has been adopted in role-playing games such as Warhammer and Dungeons & Dragons, as well as modern occult traditions, where it represents chaos magic, and also as a part of punk rock subculture and branches of modern anarchism.

History
Michael Moorcock conceived this symbol while writing the first Elric of Melniboné stories in the 1960s. It later became common in popular culture, appearing in occult traditions and role-playing games. In an interview, Moorcock described how he designed the symbol: "I drew a straightforward geographical quadrant (which often has arrows, too!) – N, S, E, W – and then added another four directions and that was that – eight arrows representing all possibilities, one arrow representing the single, certain road of Law. I have since been told to my face that it is an "ancient symbol of Chaos"."

In the 1970s, the Chaos Star become the main symbol of chaos magic, a British occult tradition. It is the official symbol of the Illuminates of Thanateros, a magical organization dedicated to chaos magic.

The symbol's first appearance in a commercial role-playing game was in the Dungeons & Dragons supplement Deities & Demigods, which featured gods and monsters from Moorcock's books. It was later adopted in Stormbringer (a role playing game based on Moorcock's Elric stories), Warhammer, and Warhammer 40,000, among other games.

Political uses
The Chaos Star in its original form has been adopted by multiple Eastern European and North and Latin American activist groups affiliated with post-leftism, insurrectionary anarchism and nihilist anarchism. The symbol likely came into modern anarchism movements from punk artwork and zines fulfilling the need for a unified symbol. A contributing factor to its adoption may be that Moorcock himself identifies as an anarchist.

According to Anton Shekhovtsov, Aleksandr Dugin has used a modified version of the symbol to represent his idea of Neo-Eurasianism, and it can be seen on the logo of his Eurasia Party and the cover of his book ''Foundations of Geopolitics. ''

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Symbol of Chaos


text: Category:Sports in insular areas of the United States


text:
Cassiobury

The Cassiobury Estate is a suburban residential area of Watford in Hertfordshire, England. It is bounded to the south by Cassiobury Park, the main public park in the town, to the west by playing fields next to the River Gade, and to the northeast by Hempstead Road. It is mostly characterised by 1930s Mock Tudor houses.

To the northwest of Cassiobury, outside the Borough of Watford in the Three Rivers District, is The Grove, the former estate and house of the Earls of Clarendon. This has been converted into a luxury hotel and with extensive grounds.

History
The suburban streets of Cassiobury were laid out in the early 1930s on land that was formerly part of the estate of Cassiobury House, the ancestral seat of the Earls of Essex. The house, which originally dated from the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, contained lavishly decorated interiors and a substantial art collection and was surrounded by landscaped park land. Parts of the Cassiobury estate were sold for development land in 1908, and following the death of the 7th Earl of Essex in 1916, the family put the rest of estate up for sale in order to pay for death duties. Unable to find a buyer for the house, they had Cassiobury House demolished in 1927 and the estate was partly sold to Watford Borough Council to be used as a public park, with the remaining land sold to developers such as William King & Co and Charles Brightman for housing development.

With the extension of the Metropolitan Railway to Watford in 1926, residential development around the new Watford tube station grew rapidly as the homes of Metro-land were constructed over the site of the former Essex mansion, and Humphry Repton's landscaped vistas gave way to suburban lawns. The area of land once occupied by Cassiobury House is now where Temple Close sits, close to the Cassiobury Tennis Club.

Although the Essex mansion house no longer exists, traces of the area's noble past remain; the Cassiobury House stable block (built c. 1805–1815) still stands on Richmond Drive; now called Cassiobury Court, the buildings have been Grade II listed and are now used as a drug rehabilitation centre. Several residential street names recall former Earls of Essex; Coningesby Drive, Devereux Drive, De Vere Walk and Capelvere Walk all bear names of former Lords of Cassiobury House.

Transport
The area is currently served by a London Underground station, Watford tube station, on Cassiobury Park Avenue, which is the terminus of the Metropolitan line's Watford branch. This station is planned to close in the future when the line is diverted to terminate at Watford Junction as part of the Croxley Rail Link project; after this, Cassiobury will be served by a new Cassiobridge tube station instead, approximately 870 m south of the current station.

title: Cassiobury


text: User talk:129.177.44.213

title: User talk:129.177.44.213


text: User talk:213.106.248.45

title: User talk:213.106.248.45


text: User:Wyatts/Draft article C

title: User:Wyatts/Draft article C


text:
Janet Kear

Janet Kear (13 January 1933 – 24 November 2004) was an English ornithologist and conservationist who worked extensively on waterfowl and wrote several major works on ducks. She was the first woman to become president of the British Ornithologists' Union (BOU).

Early life and education
Kear was born in Middlesex, the younger daughter of clerk Harold Kear and Constance May née Betteridge. Her brother David became a director-general of the New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. She was educated at Walthamstow Hall, Sevenoaks, Caspar Junior College, Wyoming, King's College London and then from 1956 Girton College, Cambridge, where she obtained her PhD on the feeding ecology of finches in 1959 under Robert A. Hinde.

Career
In 1959 Kear joined the staff of Peter Scott's Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust at Slimbridge, Gloucestershire. Her work included studies to breed Hawaiian goose and the reintroduction captive bred geese into the wild. She examined behaviour and development and made studies on geese grazing. She studied the health of waterfowl and methods for assessing them. From 1974 to 1977 she was the avicultural coordinator at WWT. She married Geoffrey Vernon Townsend Matthews, another researcher at the WWT, in 1964. They separated in 1978.

In 1977 she became curator of the trust's new regional center at Martin Mere, Lancashire. She met John Victor Turner, a volunteer ornithologist, whom she married in New Zealand in 1993. She was also known for having a lot of intercorrelations with many men.

Kear was the first woman to become vice-president (1989–91), then president (1991–95) of the British Ornithologists' Union, and edited their Ibis magazine from 1980 to 1988. She authored more than 90 scientific papers. Her books included The Mute Swan (1989), Man And Wildfowl (1990) and Ducks of the World (1991). Kear was made a fellow of Liverpool University (1978–92) and an honorary doctorate with the title of professor from John Moores University in 1990. She received the British Ornithologists' Union's medal in 1998. She was awarded the Order of the British Empire in 1993.

Death and legacy
Kear died in 2004. At the time of her death, she was working on a biography of the early medieval saint Werburgh, who had an affinity with geese and is famous for bringing a goose back from the dead.

From 2019, the BOU's redesigned Union Medal was renamed the "Janet Kear Union Medal", in her honour.

Awards
Source:

 * Honorary Fellow of the American Ornithologists' Union
 * Honorary Doctorate of Liverpool John Moores University
 * British Ornithologists' Union's medal
 * Order of the British Empire (OBE)

title: Janet Kear


text: Category:Symbolism

title: Category:Symbolism


text:
JoAnn Hackos

JoAnn T. Hackos is a lecturer, consultant, and author of a number of books about technical communication. Now retired, Hackos is the founder of the Center for Information-Development Management (CIDM) and the president emeritus of Comtech Services in Denver, Colorado. She is also a fellow and past president of the Society for Technical Communication. She is a member of the IEEE Standards Association and active in the ISO SC7 Working Groups that is developing standards for information developers. She is the co-author of the standards on content management and information-development management.

Hackos is considered an expert in the fields of content management and information design, with some of her work in the fields being described as "groundbreaking."

Hackos was also an early and vocal advocate of the single source publishing idea. She was instrumental in founding the OASIS DITA Standards Committee.

Works

 * A Practical Guide to XLIFF with Bryan Schnabel and Rodolfo Raya (XML Press, 2015)
 * Information Development, Managing your Documentation Projects, Portfolio, and People (Wiley 2006)
 * Content Management for Dynamic Web Delivery (Wiley 2002)
 * Managing Your Documentation Projects (Wiley 1994)
 * Standards for Online Communication (Wiley 1997)
 * User and Task Analysis for Interface Design (Wiley 1998)
 * Introduction to DITA: Second Edition' (Comtech Services 2011)

Honors and awards

 * 2013 - Horace Hockley Award, Institute of Scientific and Technical Communicators (United Kingdom)
 * 2003 - Rigo Award, Association for Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group on the Design of Communication
 * 2000 - Alfred N. Goldsmith Award for Distinguished Contributions to Engineering Communication Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Professional Communication Society

title: JoAnn Hackos


text:
Talk:Ozarks

Map
I've put a picture on the main article showing where they are in the USA. The current picture isn't very helpful to anyone not familiar with where those states are! If anyone has a similar picture to the one I've added on there (lifted from lower down this discussion page), but with just the Ozarks on then I think that would more desirable Cxk271 (talk) 21:09, 24 November 2010 (UTC)

origin of name
Removed from article for confirmatin.
 * According to King Lambird, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, the name is derived from the early French colonists of Kaskaskia description of the area as Italic textTerre Auz ArcsItalic text or "Land of the Hills."

The English version of the name becoming "The Ozarks."--146.163.200.200 18:46, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)King Lambird.

Vsmith 19:00, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I have updated this section with some information from a 1996 article by Lynn Morrow (see citation) that seems to generally agree with most of the (online) reliable information I could find. – GeoGreg 08:54, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

"The Ozarks", not "Ozark"
The title of this page needs to be changed to "The Ozarks" or at least "Ozarks." The geographic region can be called the "Ozark Plateu," although culturally the Ozarks probably does not align perfectly with the borders of the plateau. Culturally, it is not correct to talk about the region as "Ozark" without the "s." — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tewilliams (talk • contribs) 06:01, 31 March 2005 (UTC)

I agree. I grew up in the Ozarks (in Rolla), and I never heard it called the "Ozark" until I saw the edits made by 73.96.44.53 today (September 1, 2022). 128.187.112.28 (talk) 16:35, 1 September 2022 (UTC)

Copyright Violation
Some text deleted because it was copied, with extremely minor changes, from the Columbia Encyclopedia. Ssterns 20:03, 26 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Hmm... the deleted text has been there since at least mid 2004 before I first viewed/edited the article. Your deletion left a bit of a hole so I filled it in off the top of my head - which is not copyrighted, guess I need to find a backup source (hey, I'm an Ozark hillbilly :-) - Vsmith 00:02, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

Yes, the copied material has been up for a while (and really should be deleted from the "history" pages as well), but we deal with instances of copied material as we find them. Ssterns 14:32, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Hunting and fishing
I live in the Ozarks and I've gotta say that I have never been forced to supplement my diet with hunting or fishing. Neither does anyone I know. Also, what is the source for the statement in the article?

 * Fixed that bit. The statement was factual for the early 1900s. When I was growing up in the Ozarks back in the 50s hunting and fishing were essential activities of many of the families I knew. We could add moonshining as a traditional activity also. But I'd have to find some refs to back up my original research :-) Cheers, Vsmith 12:26, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Local Names
On this bit of the article: "One of the attributes of this cultural and dialectic area is that the people have local names for the areas not well-known outside the region. People outside of the Ozarks typically do not refer to areas such as: Boston Mountains in the Arkansas Ozarks. White River Hills along the Missouri-Arkansas border; Shepherd of the Hills Country around Branson, Missouri; Irish Wilderness located in south central Missouri; Boston Mountains of Arkansas; and Cookson Hills in Oklahoma."

I'm not sure I understand. All these names are on USGS maps and seems pretty established. It sounds like the article is saying that these places have local names different from those used outside the region. That doesn't seem be to true. If the article is saying that there are names for regions of the Ozarks that are not well known outside the Ozarks, well, that is true of every region in the world. How many people from the Ozarks have heard of Dark Divide mountains of Washington State, for example? And anyway, the Boston Mountains, especially, are not exactly unheard of outside the region. Doesn't everyone know they are where the Ozarks reach their highest elevations? (or at least those with some interest in mountains and geography) Pfly 16:40, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

SOmething needs to be said about Wal-Mart.They are headquartered in Bentonville, Arkansas, centrally located in the Ozarks.

I have lived in the Ozarks all my life, and I have never heard this distinct "accent" mentioned in the article...The only accent I have heard is a Southern drawl. I can't really separate the dialect from the Ozarks from anywhere else in the South; I mean people sound the same here as in Tennessee or Mississippi or wherever; I've never noticed a difference.ArkSoutherner 17:36, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

ArkSoutherner, I moved to Southwest Missouri from the upper Midwest and I can definitely tell the difference. Have some friends that live in Tennessee and Kentucky and I'd say that the Ozark accent definitely different. It's something of an amalgamation of the sort of flat Midwest/ St. Louis speech (which I myself speak) and the more stereotypically "Southern" Kentucky/ Tennessee/ Mississippi drawl. I noticed right away that it wasn't quite "Southern". Although, maybe it's different in Arkansas than Missouri because the culture there is more entrenched as being "Southern"? I.E., your major city in Arkansas is Little Rock, which shares more with Memphis and other Southern cities than does St. Louis, which is pretty darned Midwestern, so people tend to sound more like people in St. Louis in Missouri and more like people from Little Rock in Arkansas. I dunno, just a thought. Is there any research done on this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.2.164.32 (talk) 08:54, 29 March 2010 (UTC)

Is there any chance/source that "Ozarks" could be derived from name of native "Osage" Nation? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osage_Nation and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osage_River Bigshotnews 08:27, 5 December 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bigshotnews (talk • contribs)

Geology
Shouldn't there be a section about the geology/origin of the mountains? 72.75.22.31 18:05, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Go for it. Cardsplayer4life 20:41, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

Ozarks Mountain Country
This is a term used to describe the region in media. The spelling is often corrupted to "Ozark Mountain Country", but this is incorrect because when used as an adjective, "Ozarks" is proper. Place names using "Ozark" such as "Ozark Mountains" are correct. There may be exceptions that I am unaware of. Snafflekid 01:15, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

ADS-L as reference
This newly added reference,, links to an unmoderated email forum (described here ), which doesn't seem to satisfy Reliable sources, no? Pfly 23:55, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

I am not certain about whether or not Wikipedia considers it a reliable source. It would seem to pass the no original research and NPOV test, and the statements are made by people who should be within a linguistics community, and their email addresses are included. I don't know when someone should or should not be considered an expert. Maybe it is simply an obvious fact that the etymology of Ozarks is in dispute, and needs no source. I intend to cite the rest of the section, i ran short on time. Snafflekid 02:14, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Yea, I agree that it is a debated thing. Just being a wiki-pedant. :) Reliable sources/examples seems to nix the ADS-L mailing list. I'll look for a better source; I'm sure there are some out there! Pfly 02:38, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

concerning the translation of aux arks
When referring to direction, á in French is the correct translation of to or into in English. Also, there is a fair amount of comingling of English and French usage of the phrase aux Arks during the period and the argument of proper grammar or article-noun agreement is not necessarily appropriate to the meaning. Even the spelling of Arkansas was not standardized, nor is it plural, but the usage of aux was followed, regardless. Fur trappers were not linguists. Remember, aux provides the liaison for Arks as well.Snafflekid 01:50, 22 May 2007 (UTC) I believe that the proper derivation of "Ozarks" would come from a corruption of the french words Aux Arcs meaning with bows similar to the Lakhota Sans Arcs meaning without bows. So the name may not have been in reference to "Toward Arkansas" but meaning that the Indians in the region had bows and arrows. Therefore aux arcs being corrupted to O-Zarks--Ozarks.69.29.64.176 (talk) 21:48, 8 July 2008 (UTC)kit parrish 1647 8 July 2008.

I grew up in the Ozarks and my grandparents were from Ozark, Arkansas, a place I have visited often. I've never heard that Ozark stood for "toward Arkansas" and believe this is incorrect. In the case of Ozark, Arkansas, at least, the "aux arc" referred to the "bend" or "bow" in the river that the town was formed around. With respect to the general region, I suspect that the the term may have referred to the shape of the hills themselves, that is, "in/at/among the arcs (hills)". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.190.75.173 (talk) 04:54, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

Only (major/extensive) (highland/mountainous) region between Appalachians and Rockies?
This article initially made the statement that the Ozarks were the only major highland region between the Appalachians and the Rocky Mountains. That statement is similar to the statement made by the Online Encyclopedia Britannica where it says "...the Ozarks are the only extensive elevated area between the Appalachian and Rocky mountain ranges." http://secure.britannica.com/ebi/article-9276237 At the following link the U.S. Forest Service states that "Together, the Ouachita and Ozark Mountains form an area known as the Interior Highlands, the only major mountainous region between the Appalachians and the Rockies." http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/4106/about/HotSpringsOffice.htm

Later this Wikipedia article on the Ozarks was qualified by the addition of the Black Hills. Then the Ouachita Mountains were added to the list. And most recently the Sawtooth Mountains of Minnesota have been added, citing these four areas the only major highland areas between the Appalachians and the Rockies. At this rate, no doubt more local hills, mountains, and upland areas will be added to the list (e.g. Mesabi Range and Vermillion Range of Minnesota, Barron Hills and Baraboo Range of Wisconsin, Wichita Mtns of Oklahoma, Texas Hill Country, etc., etc., etc). The unique area size characteristic of the Ozarks that the original statement was designed to make has been diluted with each qualifying addition.

While the Ozarks are clearly not the only upland area or mountains between the Appalachians and Rockies, they are by a wide margin the most extensive. Calculating the areas comprising the 4 areas currently mentioned in the article from EPA Ecoregion IV definitions shows that the Ozarks cover 46,552 square miles, the Ouachitas 10,384 square miles, the Black Hills 5,381 square miles, and the Sawtooths of Minnesota (North Shore Highlands) 1,139 square miles (the Sawtooths area barely visible in the accompanying map).

So, is it inaccurate to say that the Ozarks are the only major/extensive highland or mountainous region between the Appalachians and the Rockies? It depends on one's definition of "major" or "extensive." In a relative sense, such a statement is true....the Ozarks cover 5 times as much area as the Ouachitas, 10 times as much as the Black Hills, and 41 times as much area as the Sawtooths. In an absolute sense it is not as clear. Are the 5,381 square miles of the Black Hills a major or extensive area?...possibly. Are the 1,139 square miles of the Sawtooths major or extensive?...probably not.

The forgoing has led me to edit the article with the following statement: "The Ozark Highlands area, covering nearly 47,000 square miles, is by far the most extensive mountainous region between the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains." Further discussion is invited.

Tosborn 02:47, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

Sounds good to me. Grey Wanderer | Talk 16:24, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

Sounds like an improvement to me too, except it's worth noting that most of the Ozarks region is upland but not especially mountainous--local relief over much of the region is limited to hills that rise only 50 to 150 feet above the nearby land. 65.213.77.129 (talk) 18:39, 21 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Good change, and I agree on changing "mountainous" to "upland". Some o.r. not suited for the article -- I recently overheard two soldiers stationed at Ft. Leonard Wood, one saying to the other, "They're called the Ozark Mountains, but they're more like the Ozark Hills."  He must have been from someplace where the mountains are more majestic.  That's not to say that there aren't abrupt and dramatic changes in elevation, not least among which is the Devil's Bend area adjacent to FLW.  I once read an online journal of a cross-country bicycle trek in which the rider/author cursed the Ozark roads as being steeper than anything he'd encountered in the Appalachians even though they don't rise nearly as high.  --Kbh3rd talk  03:21, 22 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Uh, we just agreed with a two-year old change. I guess time passes slowly in these hills. ;-) --Kbh3rd talk  03:32, 22 July 2009 (UTC)

I think...
This is a well covered topic but hard to understand... they should work on that. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.224.214.209 (talk) 04:52, 19 February 2013 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was moved. --BDD (talk) 18:59, 8 March 2013 (UTC)

The Ozarks → Ozarks – "The Ozarks" implies that "The" is part of the name of the mountains. It's not, not any more than "The Alps" is of the Alps (note The Alps redirects there). The correct name of the area is the Ozarks, not The Ozarks, and the name of the article shouldn't imply otherwise. The Bushranger One ping only 02:13, 1 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Rename per nom and per WP:THE. This is an example of where the "The" can simply be dropped from the encyclopedia name. Good Ol’factory (talk) 02:20, 1 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Support per nom and WP:THE. I would add the Andes, Himalayas, and Pyrenees to the supporting example of the Alps.  —  AjaxSmack   04:43, 3 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Support per WP:THE. Now if only some folks in the move discussion over at Talk:Americas could be made to understand this rather simple guideline. Deor (talk) 14:03, 3 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Not to mention Talk:The Bahamas. Good Ol’factory (talk) 01:22, 4 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Well, to be fair, "The Bahamas" is the official name of the country, I believe. - The Bushranger One ping only 21:18, 6 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Yeah, but who capitalizes "The" in running prose about the Bahamas? Pretty much nobody. Russia's official name is "Russian Federation", but the name of the article is Russia. The fact that WP:THE applies as much to the Bahamas as it does to the Ozarks or the United States is something that editors can't seem to "get". Good Ol’factory (talk) 05:57, 7 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Support for reasons given by others. --Orlady (talk) 16:36, 6 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Support pretty cut and dry. Grey Wanderer (talk) 21:22, 6 March 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Request for something to go in table at side of the article
The article on the Appalachian Mountains has a table in the top right hand article mentioning the states the mountains are in; could this article have a similar table? ACEOREVIVED (talk) 15:10, 22 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Good idea. I added one.  Brandonrush   Woo pig sooie!  18:50, 26 May 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 9 one external links on Ozarks. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110720120721/http://www.biology.wustl.edu/faculty/chase/personal_pages/jon/ozark_glades_jon.htm to http://www.biology.wustl.edu/faculty/chase/personal_pages/jon/ozark_glades_jon.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100527133625/http://www.mdc.mo.gov/nathis/endangered/endanger/cavefish/ to http://mdc.mo.gov/nathis/endangered/endanger/cavefish/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110930142247/http://www.rivers.gov/wsr-eleven-point.html to http://www.rivers.gov/wsr-eleven-point.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100527084554/http://www.mdc.mo.gov/areas/hatchery/ to http://mdc.mo.gov/areas/hatchery/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090612081804/http://www.encyclopedia.com:80/doc/1G1-53288731.html to http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-53288731.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20121120220815/http://www.firelookout.org/towers/ar/ar.htm to http://www.firelookout.org/towers/ar/ar.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20121120220746/http://www.firelookout.org/towers/mo/mo.htm to http://www.firelookout.org/towers/mo/mo.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20150204152346/http://open.salon.com/blog/aunt_shelle_stormoe/2008/10/23/how_to_spot_a_genuine_ozark_hillbilly to http://open.salon.com/blog/aunt_shelle_stormoe/2008/10/23/how_to_spot_a_genuine_ozark_hillbilly
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080413054454/http://www.news.missouristate.edu:80/releases/42884.htm to http://www.news.missouristate.edu/releases/42884.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 04:16, 8 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 8 one external links on Ozarks. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20080509132048/http://www.mospeleo.org/docs/pr6000.htm to http://www.mospeleo.org/docs/pr6000.htm
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20160128132807/http://byways.org/explore/byways/2155/ to http://www.byways.org/explore/byways/2155/
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20160128130053/http://byways.org/explore/byways/2157/ to http://www.byways.org/explore/byways/2157/
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20160128052550/http://www.byways.org/explore/byways/2156/ to http://www.byways.org/explore/byways/2156/
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20160128132301/http://byways.org/explore/byways/2159/ to http://www.byways.org/explore/byways/2159/
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20160128011209/http://www.byways.org/explore/byways/2295/ to http://www.byways.org/explore/byways/2295/
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20160128024748/http://www.byways.org/explore/byways/2294/ to http://www.byways.org/explore/byways/2294/
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20160128043348/http://www.byways.org/explore/byways/2296/ to http://www.byways.org/explore/byways/2296/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at Sourcecheck).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 03:52, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Ozarks. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://www.joplinglobe.com/siteSearch/apstorysection/local_story_172200204.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110928200449/http://www.ndpublishing.com/books/GanderAsaFriend.html to http://www.ndpublishing.com/books/GanderAsaFriend.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 12:14, 24 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Ozarks. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150204151758/http://www.theozarkschronicle.com/archives/sciencefeb07.htm to http://www.theozarkschronicle.com/archives/sciencefeb07.htm
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20130111021950/http://www.joplinglobe.com/local/local_story_197230731.html to http://www.joplinglobe.com/local/local_story_197230731.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230304/http://web.missouri.edu/~campbellr/Book/heartland.pdf to http://web.missouri.edu/~campbellr/Book/heartland.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:25, 3 September 2017 (UTC)

Page rename undone
The article was recently moved/renamed Ozark plateaus with no discussion. I have returned it to Ozarks as that is what the region is known as. Please discuss. Vsmith (talk) 13:55, 3 December 2017 (UTC)

Weather
What’s the weather like in the Ozarks 47.155.241.12 (talk) 19:09, 22 January 2022 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Ozark (TV series) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 08:20, 5 February 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Media and Culture Theory - MDC 254
— Assignment last updated by Miasav03 (talk) 14:15, 30 November 2022 (UTC)

Native American influence and culture
I expected some discussion about the Native American people's of the Ozark region to be included. Im sure there were Native American peoples there as most of the names used are from Native American origin. What tribes, were there anything unique about them, etc. 2601:981:4301:43E0:C554:8E3:E688:894F (talk) 13:15, 9 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ozarks


text:
McLaughlin (surname)

M(a)cLaughlin is the most common Anglicized form of Mac Lochlainn, a masculine surname of Irish origin. The feminine form of the surname is Nic Lochlainn. The literal meaning of the name is "son of Lochlann". Note that Mc is simply a contraction of Mac, which is also (albeit rarely) truncated to M' . Thus, MacLaughlin, McLaughlin and M'Laughlin are the same Anglicism, the latter two merely contractions of the first.

The original surname Mac/Nic Lochlainn was borne by a family of Cenél nEógain, a branch of the historic northern O'Neill dynasty, reputedly founded by Niall Noígíallach. This family expanded across the North Channel into Scotland, where it became the Clan MacLachlan.

M(a)cLaughlin is sometimes used as a modern form of O'Melaghlin/Melaghlin, which is more commonly modernised McLoughlin, M'Loughlin, and O'Loughlin (among other spellings). O'Melaghlin was a phonetic rendering into Anglo-Norman and Middle English of ó Mǽilsheáchlainn. That family is part of the historic Clann Cholmáin, a branch of the Southern Uí Néill, cousins to the Northern Uí Néill. Ó/Ní M(h)ǽilsheáchlainn was the surname chosen by the descendants of Máel Sechnaill II, King of Meath, 976–1022, and High King of Ireland, 979–1002 & 1014–1022.

M(a)cLaughlin and M(a)cLoughlin are rarely English forms of the surname ó/ní Lachtna, a phonetic corruption of the much more common Loughney or M(a)cLoughney.

Unlike Irish surnames that have only one Gaelic source for their English form, it is not possible to tell by the spelling McLaughlin and other English spellings whether the person bearing the name is descended from the Mac/Nic Lochlainn family, the Ó/Ní M(h)ǽilsheáchlainn family, or the Ó/Ní Lachtna family.

People

 * Alan C. McLaughlin, Scottish cinematographer.
 * Alana McLaughlin, American, US Army special forces, Mixed Martial Arts athlete, Transgender woman
 * Alden McLaughlin, Premier, second elected member for the district George Town, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands
 * Alford L. McLaughlin, American, USMC, (1928–1977), Medal of Honor recipient
 * Andrew C. McLaughlin, American historian of Scottish immigrant parents
 * Ann McLaughlin Korologos, (formerly known as Ann Dore McLaughlin) was United States Secretary of Labor from 1987 to 1989
 * Anneisha McLaughlin, a Jamaican sprinter who specializes in the 200 metres
 * Anthony McLaughlin, Canadian, a farmer and political figure in Prince Edward Island
 * Audrey McLaughlin, former leader of Canada's New Democratic Party
 * Barry McLaughlin, a Scottish former professional footballer
 * Benny McLaughlin, a former U.S. soccer forward who starred in the American Soccer League
 * Bernard "Bernie" McLaughlin, Irish-American gangster from Charlestown, Massachusetts and leader of "The McLaughlin Brothers" gang
 * Bernard Joseph McLaughlin, American Bishop of the Roman Catholic Church
 * Betsy McLaughlin, American, the current CEO of Hot Topic, Inc. and founder of Torrid
 * Bill McLaughlin, Australian Rugby Union player and President of the Australian Rugby Union
 * Billy McLaughlin, new age acoustic guitarist, composer and producer from Minnesota, United States
 * Bo McLaughlin, American, a Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Brian McLaughlin (footballer born 1954), Scottish footballer, whose clubs include Celtic and Motherwell
 * Brian McLaughlin (footballer born 1974), Scottish footballer, whose clubs include Celtic and Wigan Athletic
 * Brian McLaughlin (politician), former American Democratic politician from Flushing, Queens
 * Bruce McLaughlin, Canadian politician who served as a Member of the Northwest Territories Legislature
 * Byron McLaughlin, American, a former professional baseball player
 * Caleb McLaughlin, American, an actor, mainly known for playing Lucas Sinclair in Stranger Things
 * Charles Borromeo McLaughlin, American, the first bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint Petersburg
 * Charles F. McLaughlin, American, Nebraska Democratic politician
 * Chase McLaughlin (born 1996), American football player
 * Chester B. McLaughlin (1856–1929), New York lawyer and politician
 * Chris McLaughlin (journalist), British journalist, who since 2004 has been editor of the Labour Party-supporting weekly UK magazine Tribune
 * Christian McLaughlin (television writer), American, a television writer, producer, and author
 * Claire McLaughlin, Northern Ireland rugby union player
 * Corinne McLaughlin, Scottish, author and a leader in the intentional communities movement
 * Dan McLaughlin, American, a professional sports broadcaster who currently works on both St. Louis Cardinals and St. Louis Blues telecasts
 * David McLaughlin (disambiguation), several people
 * Dean Benjamin McLaughlin, American astronomer
 * Dean McLaughlin (writer), American science fiction writer, and son of Dean B. McLaughlin
 * Denis McLaughlin, Irish footballer currently playing for RS Gimnástica de Torrelavega as a striker
 * Dennis McLaughlin, American engineer
 * Donal McLaughlin, American architect and designer of the Flag of the United Nations
 * Dylan McLaughlin, American film and television actor
 * Earle McLaughlin, a Canadian banker
 * Edward F. McLaughlin, Jr., American politician who served as Lieutenant Governor for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts
 * Edward McLaughlin (gangster), American, a former boxer and a member of the "McLaughlin Brothers" gang of Charlestown, Massachusetts
 * Elizabeth McLaughlin, American actress
 * Ellen McLaughlin, American playwright and actor for stage and film
 * Emily McLaughlin, American soap opera actress
 * Emma McLaughlin, American novelist
 * Frank McLaughlin (disambiguation), several people
 * Frederic McLaughlin, American, the first owner of the Chicago Black Hawks
 * Gayle McLaughlin, American, the Green Party mayor of the city of Richmond, California and a member of Richmond's City Council
 * George Vincent McLaughlin, President of the Brooklyn Trust Company; New York City Police Commissioner; State Superintendent of Banks; and Vice Chairman of the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority
 * Gibb McLaughlin, English film actor
 * Grace McLaughlin, U.S artistic gymnast
 * Hugh McLaughlin (footballer), Australian rules footballer who played with South Melbourne and Footscray in the VFL during the 1930s
 * Hugh McLaughlin (politician) (1827–1904), American politician and political boss
 * Hugh McLaughlin (publisher) (1918–2006), Irish publisher and inventor
 * Jake McLaughlin, American military and actor
 * Jaleel McLaughlin (born 2000), American football player
 * James McLaughlin (Indian agent) (1842–1923), U.S. Indian Service Agent & Inspector, ordered the 1890 arrest of Sitting Bull
 * James C. McLaughlin (1858–1932), U.S. Representative from Michigan
 * Janice McLaughlin (1942–2021), American nun, missionary, and human rights activist
 * James "Kid" McLaughlin (1888–1914), 20th-century baseball player (1914 Cincinnati Reds)
 * James Wellington McLaughlin, Canadian, Ontario doctor and political figure
 * Jason McLaughlin (American soccer), American soccer player, currently plays both midfielder and forward for the Atlanta Silverbacks of the USL First Division
 * Jason McLaughlin, American perpetrator of the 2003 Rocori High School shooting
 * Jim McLaughlin (coach), American volleyball coach
 * Jim McLaughlin (footballer), a former Northern Irish footballer
 * Jim McLaughlin (jockey), an American thoroughbred race horse jockey
 * Joe McLaughlin (footballer), Scottish, a retired professional footballer who played for Chelsea
 * Joey McLaughlin, American, a right-handed relief pitcher who played for the Atlanta Braves, Toronto Blue Jays, and Texas Rangers
 * John McLaughlin (disambiguation), several people
 * Jon McLaughlin, American pop/rock singer-songwriter
 * Joseph McLaughlin (disambiguation), several people
 * Jud McLaughlin, American, a relief pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the Boston Red Sox
 * Keauna McLaughlin, American pair skater
 * Kevin McLaughlin (rugby player), a professional rugby union player from Ireland
 * Kiaran McLaughlin, American Thoroughbred racehorse trainer
 * Leo D. McLaughlin, Canadian author, Royal Canadian Air Force Officer
 * Leon McLaughlin, American, offensive lineman who played five seasons in the NFL
 * Leslie McLaughlin, Canadian author, Pursuit Writer
 * Louisa McLaughlin (1836–1921) British Red Cross nurse in the Franco-Prussian War: Joseph Lister used her nursing home
 * Marc McLaughlin (born 1999), American ice hockey player
 * Marie McLaughlin, a Scottish operatic soprano
 * Mark McLaughlin, Scottish footballer currently playing for Scottish Premier League club Hamilton Academical
 * Martin McLaughlin, professor of Italian and Fiat-Serena Professor of Italian Studies at the University of Oxford
 * Mary A. McLaughlin, (born 1946), American federal judge
 * Mary A. McLaughlin, known more commonly as Mary A. Clem, American mathematician, and a human computer.
 * Mary Ann McLaughlin, American cardiologist
 * Mary C. McLaughlin (died 2014), American public health official
 * Mary Louise McLaughlin, American ceramic painter and studio potter from Cincinnati, Ohio
 * Marya McLaughlin (1928–1998), American television journalist
 * Mel McLaughlin, Australian television presenter
 * Melvin E. McLaughlin American California Politician Major of Wasco, Ca
 * Melvin O. McLaughlin, American, a Nebraska republican politician
 * Michael McLaughlin (disambiguation), several people, including Mike McLaughlin
 * Michelle McLaughlin, American, was Playboy's Playmate of the Month for February 2008
 * Mignon McLaughlin, American journalist, Glamour Magazine editor and author born in 1913
 * Mitchel McLaughlin, Northern Ireland, the former General Secretary of Sinn Féin and an MLA
 * Moses A. McLaughlin, Irish born, Union Army officer, farmer, later a doctor; known for his role in the Keyesville Massacre, and victorious campaign in the Owens Valley Indian War
 * Pádraig Mac Lochlainn, Irish member of parliament (TD) for Donegal North East, Sinn Féin spokesperson on Foreign Affairs and Trade
 * Pat McLaughlin, American, a successful singer/songwriter in Nashville, TN
 * Patricia McLaughlin, a unionist politician in Northern Ireland and one of the earliest female Members of Parliament from the region
 * Patrick McLaughlin (disambiguation), several people
 * Paul McLaughlin (disambiguation), several people
 * Peter McLaughlin (Minnesota politician), American politician
 * Rhett McLaughlin, American internet personality, part of the comedy duo Rhett and Link
 * Robert E. McLaughlin, TIME Magazine editor, author and playwright, born in 1908
 * Robert McLaughlin (industrialist), Canadian, a manufacturer who founded the McLaughlin Carriage and McLaughlin Motor Car companies which later became part of General Motors
 * Ryan McLaughlin, Northern Irish footballer
 * Samuel McLaughlin, a Canadian businessman
 * Sara Agnes Mclaughlin Conboy (born Sara Agnes Mclaughlin), a labor organizer in the United States
 * Scott McLaughlin (racing driver), New Zealand professional racing driver currently competing in the IndyCar Series
 * Scott McLaughlin (footballer), Scottish footballer
 * Sean McLaughlin (disambiguation), several people
 * Seán William McLoughlin, Irish YouTuber
 * Seth McLaughlin, American college football player
 * Steve McLaughlin (disambiguation), several people
 * Sydney McLaughlin, American athlete specialized in the 400m hurdles and world record holder.
 * Theresa Marie Korn née McLaughlin (1926–2020), American engineer, daughter-in-law of Arthur Korn
 * Warren McLaughlin, American left-handed pitcher with the Philadelphia Phillies and Pittsburgh Pirates from 1900 to 1903
 * William F. McLaughlin (Michigan), American politician from the State of Michigan

title: McLaughlin (surname)


text: User talk:212.219.250.5

title: User talk:212.219.250.5


text: User talk:24.72.1.18

title: User talk:24.72.1.18


text:
Lesotho national football team

The Lesotho national football team, also known as LNFT, represents Lesotho in men's international association football and is governed by the Lesotho Football Association.

History
Following Lesotho's independence from the United Kingdom in 1966, the Lesotho Football Association was created, and later, the Lesotho national football team, which played its first match on 7 August 1970 against Malawi, where Lesotho won 2-1.

Lesotho participated in its first World Cup qualifiers, for the 1974 tournament, drawing 0–0 against Zambia at home before losing 1–6 in the second leg and getting eliminated. Lesotho was also eliminated in the first round of qualifying for the 1974 AFCON, losing 1–5 to Mauritius after a 0–0 draw in the first leg. Lesotho faced Mauritius again in their next attempt to qualify for 1980 AFCON, losing on away goals. In qualifying for the 1982 tournament, Lesotho lost 3–7 on aggregate to Mozambique. Lesotho then faced Guinea in the 1982 World Cup first qualification round, losing 4–2 on aggregate.

Lesotho won their first ever qualification tie during the 1994 AFCON qualifiers, beating Botswana 4–0 on aggregate, with all four goals coming in the second leg in Botswana. With this victory they entered the group stage of qualifying, managing to draw against Kenya (2–2), Zaire (1–1), and Mozambique (1–1) at home, but losing all three away fixtures to finish bottom of the group.

Lesotho withdrew from the 1996 AFCON qualification and was subsequently banned from the next tournament therefore next entered the 2000 AFCON qualifiers, losing in the first round to Mauritius. Lesotho qualified for the 1999 COSAFA Cup after beating Namibia 1–0, but lost to eventual winners Angola 0–1 in the quarter-finals. The following year Lesotho produced their best ever finish at the 2000 COSAFA Cup, only qualifying for the tournament via disciplinary record. They beat Zambia 3–1 on penalties before scoring two late goals against Angola in the semi-finals to win 2–1. In the final they lost 3–0 twice across two legs to Zimbabwe to finish as runners-up.

Results and fixtures
The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

Managers

 * Caretaker manager are listed in italics.

 * April Phumo (1979–1995)
 * Lefa Ramakau (2000–??)
 * Monaheng Monyane (2003–2004)
 * 🇩🇪 Antoine Hey (2004–2006)
 * Motheo Mohapi (2006–2007)
 * 🇷🇸 Zaviša Milosavljević (2007–2009)
 * Leslie Notši (2009)
 * Leslie Notši (2011–2013)
 * Adam Siddorn (2013)
 * Seephephe Matete (2014–2015)
 * Moses Maliehe (2015–2019)
 * Mpitsa Marai (2019)
 * Thabo Senong (2019–2021)
 * Leslie Notši (2021–2022)
 * 🇷🇸 Veselin Jelušić (2022–2023)
 * Leslie Notši (2023)
 * 🇷🇸 Veselin Jelušić (2024)
 * Leslie Notsi (2024-present)

Current squad
The following players were selected for the 2024 COSAFA Cup.

Caps and goals correct as of 28 June 2024, after the match against Seychelles.

Recent call-ups
The following players have also been called up to the Lesotho squad within the last twelve months.

INJ Withdrew due to injury PRE Preliminary squad / standby RET Retired from the national team SUS Serving suspension WD Player withdrew from the squad due to non-injury issue.

Player records

 * Players in bold are still active with Lesotho.

Head-to-head record
As of 3 July 2024 after match against

Kit suppliers

 * 🇩🇪 Uhlsport (2000)
 * 🇬🇧 Umbro (2002, 2006)
 * 🇩🇪 Uhlsport (2007)
 * 🇩🇪 Adidas (2008–2011)
 * 🇱🇸 Basutoland Ink (2012–2019)
 * 🇬🇧 Umbro (2019–)

title: Lesotho national football team


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Mississauga Blob

The_Mississauga_Blob
May well be made up. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk, automation script)]] 15:09, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Spinboy 16:39, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, after some research I verified this. It was covered in some detail by the Globe and Mail back in 1979. - SimonP 16:41, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Hang on. Why are we talking about it?  Does anyone think it's not a Frisbee?  If neighbors admitted to chunking a lit Frisbee, then why do we have an article on it?  How is it notable?  Unless there is some reason to believe that it really is a rock from above, delete for being just a random prank that some people want to believe was otherwise.  Geogre 18:00, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, if it attracted "worldwide attention" as claimed. And the author does cite references. It is an interesting story, after all. What happened to the thing? If it wasn't a flaming Frisbee, but really a moonrock or something, I'd think an analysis could determine that pretty easily. Everyking 18:21, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Hoping the automation script isn't responsible for all these questionable VfD listings. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 19:13, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment - if it helps, this is a story I remember hearing about from my parents when I was a kid, along with the story about the train that derailed or exploded or something in Mississauga in the same year. I guess it was a "weird things that happened in Mississauga" story. It was notable enough that I knew exactly what it was when I saw it on the VFD list, before reading the article or the votes here; I suppose anyone older than me who lived in the Toronto area at the time would also know what it is. (Which is not to say it is notable enough to keep, which is why this is a comment :)) Adam Bishop 20:02, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Or older than you and lived nowhere near Toronto at the time (raises hand), or older than you and didn't even live in Canada (raises the hands of at least two friends who have never lived in Canada in their lives, know of the story, and didn't hear it from me.) Bearcat 05:48, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Delete: Google show around 1100 hits. Most of those appear to be Wikipedia mirrors. DCEdwards1966 20:45, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - So someone set fire to a frisbee and tossed it in his neighbour's yard, and we're saying that an encyclopedia should have an article on this? HistoryBA 21:00, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Only if it garners the same degree of worldwide attention. Otherwise, no, sorry. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 22:19, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - It seems to have been a Frisbee, which removes its "gee whiz" factor. And just because a newspaper article said it received "worldwide attention" doesn't mean it really did.  (I can say this, because I'm a newspaper reporter.)  Maybe it went out over the newswires and got reprinted one day in a bunch of random newspapers -- including those in other countries -- but if it wasn't anything more than that, does it really deserve an entry?  Katefan0 22:51, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep I totally rewrote this article about a week ago. The reason why it's useful is that people who readily believe in paranormal or alien visitation events might happen by wiki to get more info, and learn that it was a frickin' frisbee. This incident got lots of publicity 25 years ago. Wyss 23:23, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep as long as it's categorised under Ufology (at which point it will be rapidly edit warred). "To Forteans, this city is best known as the site of the 'Mississauga Blob' case" suggests that Ufologists at least take it seriously. Given that the thing actually exists, and has clearly been identified as a fake, then it's a significant event in the context of the debate. [[User:GeorgeStepanek|GeorgeStepanek\talk ]] 00:20, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. -Sean Curtin 00:36, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Wile E. Heresiarch 01:35, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep it. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 04:48, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. My God, people, it's a frisbee. Gamaliel 04:55, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, yeah, but the fact that people inexplicably fell for it and propagated the story years after that obvious fact came out makes it noteworthy. -Sean Curtin 01:48, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. --JuntungWu 11:20, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. -[[User:Rhymeless|Rhymeless | (Methyl Remiss)]] 21:00, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep per SimonP, Adam Bishop, Bearcat and Wyss above. Samaritan 07:55, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Not just any frisbee, Gamaliel, but The Frisbee of the Gods! Delete.  --Edeans 02:59, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep hey, we're talking about it and it happened a quarter of a century ago. Pedant 00:37, 2004 Dec 11 (UTC)
 * So the discussion about deleting it in itself justifies keeping it? HistoryBA 00:49, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Surface micromachining

Surface micromachining builds microstructures by deposition and etching structural layers over a substrate. This is different from Bulk micromachining, in which a silicon substrate wafer is selectively etched to produce structures.

Layers
Generally, polysilicon is used as one of the substrate layers while silicon dioxide is used as a sacrificial layer. The sacrificial layer is removed or etched out to create any necessary void in the thickness direction. Added layers tend to vary in size from 2-5 micrometres. The main advantage of this machining process is the ability to build electronic and mechanical components (functions) on the same substrate. Surface micro-machined components are smaller compared to their bulk micro-machined counterparts.

As the structures are built on top of the substrate and not inside it, the substrate's properties are not as important as in bulk micro-machining. Expensive silicon wafers can be replaced by cheaper substrates, such as glass or plastic. The size of the substrates may be larger than a silicon wafer, and surface micro-machining is used to produce thin-film transistors on large area glass substrates for flat panel displays. This technology can also be used for the manufacture of thin film solar cells, which can be deposited on glass, polyethylene terepthalate substrates or other non-rigid materials.

Fabrication process
Micro-machining starts with a silicon wafer or other substrate upon which new layers are grown. These layers are selectively etched by photo-lithography; either a wet etch involving an acid, or a dry etch involving an ionized gas (or plasma). Dry etching can combine chemical etching with physical etching or ion bombardment. Surface micro-machining involves as many layers as are needed with a different mask (producing a different pattern) on each layer. Modern integrated circuit fabrication uses this technique and can use as many as 100 layers. Micro-machining is a younger technology and usually uses no more than 5 or 6 layers. Surface micro-machining uses developed technology (although sometimes not enough for demanding applications) which is easily repeatable for volume production.

Sacrificial layers
A sacrificial layer is used to build complicated components, such as movable parts. For example, a suspended cantilever can be built by depositing and structuring a sacrificial layer, which is then selectively removed at the locations where the future beams must be attached to the substrate (i.e. the anchor points). A structural layer is then deposited on top of the polymer and structured to define the beams. Finally, the sacrificial layer is removed to release the beams, using a selective etch process that does not damage the structural layer.

Many combinations of structural and sacrificial layers are possible. The combination chosen depends on the process. For example, it is important for the structural layer not to be damaged by the process used to remove the sacrificial layer.

Examples
Surface Micro-machining can be seen in action in the following MEMS (Microelectromechanical) products:

 * Surface Micro-machined accelerometers
 * 3D Flexible Multichannel Neural Probe array
 * Nanoelectromechanical relays

title: Surface micromachining


text:
Congo Craton

The Congo Craton, covered by the Palaeozoic-to-recent Congo Basin, is an ancient Precambrian craton that with four others (the Kaapvaal, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, and West African cratons) makes up the modern continent of Africa. These cratons were formed between about 3.6 and 2.0 billion years ago and have been tectonically stable since that time. All of these cratons are bounded by younger fold belts formed between 2.0 billion and 300 million years ago.

The Congo Craton occupies a large part of central southern Africa, extending from the Kasai region of the DRC into Sudan and Angola. It forms parts of the countries of Gabon, Cameroon, and the Central African Republic. A small portion extends into Zambia as well, where it is called the Bangweulu Block.

Congo–São Francisco
The Congo Craton and the São Francisco Craton are stable Archaean blocks that formed a coherent landmass until the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean during the break-up of Gondwana (c. 2000–130 Ma). They stabilised during the Transamazonian orogeny and Eburnean Orogeny and have been affected by a long series of orogens since resulting in similar sequences on both blocks.

Congo–São Francisco experienced three large igneous province (LIP) events at 1380–1370 Ma, c. 1505 Ma, and c.  1110 Ma. The relative position of Congo–São Francisco within the supercontinent Nuna/Columbia can be reconstructed because these LIP events also affected other Precambrian continental blocks. Within Nuna the northern part of Siberia was located adjacent to western São Francisco. 1110 Ma dyke swarms in Angola are absent in Siberia but coincide with the Umkondo LIP on the Kalahari Craton and magmatic event in the Bundelkhand Craton in India, the Amazonian Craton in South America, and the Keweenawan Rift in Laurentia (although the latter was located far from the other continental blocks). A series of 1500 Ma dyke swarms also support the close relation between Congo–São Francisco and Siberia: Kuonamka in Siberia and Curaçá and Chapada Diamantina in São Francisco and Angola. These dyke swarms radiate from a mantle plume centre located in what is now north-eastern Siberia. Magmatic events in Congo (Kunene) and Siberia (Chieress) at 1384 Ma also corroborate the closeness of these two continents during at least 120 million years.

It is possible that the 1110 Ma LIP in Congo–São Francisco, Amazonia, and India was part of a much larger event that also involved West Africa and Kalahari (with a possible but unlikely link to the 1075 Ma Warakurna LIP in Australia). However, while the palaeo-latitudes of India and Kalahari are well constrained, those of Amazonia and Congo–São Francisco are not, making any plate tectonic reconstruction speculative.

At the time for the formation of the supercontinent Gondwana at c. 550 Ma the Congo Craton formed the already amalgamated central African landmass. The southern and eastern margins (modern coordinates) of this landmass was made of the Archaean Angola-Kasai block and Tanzanian Craton. These proto-Congo blocks were deformed in the Palaeoproterozoic Eburnean orogeny but later stabilised.

West Congo Belt
Before the opening of the South Atlantic the São Francisco and Congo cratons were connected by a "cratonic" bridge, the Bahia–Gabon Bridge. The most recent orogenic event on this bridge occurred at 2 Ga, so the connection between São Francisco and Congo must have formed during the Palaeoproterozoic. South of this cratonic bridge the Araçuaí–West Congo orogen evolved in the Neoproterozoic in a sea basin made of oceanic crust, an embayment in the São Francisco–Congo continent.

The West Congo Pan-African Belt includes major magmatic events at c. 1000 and 910 Ma. In the Early Neoproterozoic, the western edge of Congo Craton was the location for the initial rifting of Rodinia before its break-up. During the Neoproterozoic, Central Congo or Bas-Congo became a passive margin on which was deposited 4000 m sediments. At the end of the Neoproterozoic, Bas-Congo was only affected by the Pan-African orogeny at 566 Ma to a limited extent protected by this passive margin and by the thickness of the craton. At 1000 Ma peralkaline magmatism initiated an early transtensional setting along the western edge of the Congo Craton. An LIP at c. 930–920 Ma was followed by felsic magmatism between c.  920–910 Ma which had a short emplacement interval and resulted in a 3000 - 4000 m thick sequence. Mafic-felsic magma sequences (6000 m thick) on the western edge of the Congo Craton are similar to those of the Paraná and Deccan LIPs, but in the Congo Craton the magma source became shallower with time. There was no geodynamic activity along the western Congo margin during the Mesoproterozoic.

title: Congo Craton


text:
Zug Island

Zug Island is a heavily industrialized island within the city of River Rouge at the southern city limits of Detroit in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is located where the mouth of the River Rouge spills into the Detroit River. Zug Island is not a natural island in the river; it was formed when a shipping canal was dug along the southwestern side of the island, allowing ships to bypass several hundred yards of twisting waterway near the mouth of the natural course of the lowest portions of the River Rouge.

History
Originally a marsh-filled peninsula at the mouth of the River Rouge, it served as an uninhabited Native American burial ground for thousands of years. Upon European arrival, the land was incorporated into Ecorse Township, making up the very northeast corner of the township. The beginning of interest in developing the land came when Samuel Zug, one of the founders of the Republican Party and a staunch abolitionist, came to Detroit from Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, in 1836 to make his fortune in the furniture industry with the money he earned as a bookkeeper. Shortly after, Marcus Stevenson, a Detroit financier, went into business with him.

The Stevenson & Zug Furniture Company flourished until 1859 when Samuel Zug, by then a rich man, dissolved the partnership. He decided to invest in real estate to provide security for his wife, Anna. Envisioning a luxurious estate on the Detroit River, Zug bought 325 acre of marshy land below Fort Wayne from the town of Delray in 1876. But the dampness was too much for the Zugs, and after 10 years they abandoned their home.

In 1888, Zug allowed the River Rouge Improvement Company to cut a small canal through the south section of his property to more directly connect the Rouge River to the Detroit River. This Short Cut Canal, as it came to be known, was enlarged in the early 1920s by Henry Ford to allow large ships to more easily navigate to the Ford River Rouge Complex. In 1891, Zug completed the largest real estate transaction of the decade: he sold his island for $300,000 to industries that wanted it as a dumping ground.

Zug became interested in politics and served as Wayne County Auditor under Gov. John J. Bagley. He died in 1896 when he was 80.

Steel mill
The Detroit Iron Works brought ironmaking to Zug Island in 1901 with the commissioning of a blast furnace built in 1902. In 1904 the works was purchased by the M.A. Hanna Company of Cleveland, Ohio, which built a second blast furnace in 1909. At this time the island's two furnaces were reportedly the largest of their kind in the world, producing pig iron for foundry companies. The plant expanded and became part of the Great Lakes Steel Corporation in late 1931, becoming a key component of a fully integrated steel mill and a division of the larger National Steel Corporation. A third blast furnace was added in early 1938 while the existing furnaces were rebuilt and enlarged.

When National Steel became insolvent in 2003 most of the island's facilities were purchased, along with the rest of what is now called the Great Lakes Works, by United States Steel, which currently operates the mill. The island is home to the mill's ironmaking facilities (the rest of the mill's facilities, primarily steelmaking and processing, are located at the main plant a couple miles south in the city of Ecorse) which includes 3 blast furnaces ("A", "B" and "D") and raw materials storage areas. Ships supply large ore docks along the north ("1 Dock") and east ("3 Dock") shores of the island and large coal/coke/ore storage fields along the south and west ("B Area") shores. Number 5 Coke Battery located there, once an integral part of the mill, is independently owned and operated by EES Coke LLC, a DTE Energy company. Delray Connecting Railroad, a subsidiary of U.S. Steel company, also operates some rail facilities on the island. A "2-way" vehicle/rail bridge is the main access to the island. Secondary vehicle and rail bridges (the "Swing Bridge") at the southwestern corner of the island also allow mainland access.

Iron produced at Zug Island was transported in bottle cars via rail to steelmaking at the main plant while DTE's coke is shipped via rail to supply consumers, chiefly ISG/Mittal, in the merchant metallurgical market. During the industry's peak, thousands of workers were employed on the island with a large percentage of the downriver community supported by the local steel producer. Recently a few hundred people worked on the island with the hourly workers at U.S. Steel represented by United Steelworkers Local 1299. In fall of 2008 U.S. Steel halted its production due to the economic downturn, but restarted it in fall of 2009.

U.S. Steel announced in December 2019 that it would idle most of its operations in the area, including all of its operations on Zug Island, by April 2020. Primary steelmaking activities shut down in April 2020, and the hot strip mill shut down in June of the same year, but in January 2021, the Detroit Free Press reported that there remained 500 employees working at the plant, and that "a few operations [were] ongoing — as long as demand will support them".

Wildlife
Despite the island's extremely developed industrial landscape, areas along the south and west shores are left undeveloped to provide habitat for wildlife. Foxes and once-endangered peregrine falcons, which frequent large outdoor structures such as the gantry cranes at the ore docks, thrive on the island and offshore. At the bottom of the Detroit River is a man-made bed of coal cinders which serves as a rare spawning site for lake sturgeon, a threatened species. Less desirable are the sizable and sometimes troublesome populations of gulls, feral cats and rats.

Environmental impact
One of the most pressing problems in the neighborhoods surrounding Zug Island is poor air quality. According to an article in the January 20, 2010, edition of the Detroit Free Press, the neighborhoods around the area compose six of the ten most polluted zip codes in Michigan. In the article, residents cite air quality samples containing lead and high levels of methyl ethyl ketone, large numbers of cancer and asthma cases, and foul smells with "sparkly" dust that must be removed with toilet cleaner. Interviewed separately, residents of the area say the foul smells are strong enough to cause dry heaves.

Noise and vibration
In 2011, the Zug Island area was identified by Canadian scientists and Ontario's Ministry of Natural Resources as the source of mysterious rumblings and vibrations, known as "The Hum", that plagued hundreds of area residents with cyclical vibrations, reportedly being felt in the ground up to fifty miles (eighty kilometres) away.

The city of River Rouge reported in the Star that it cannot afford to spend any more money on investigating the hum. They claim the City Council had already spent over $1 million to help Windsor and Ontario find the source of the noise. However, they say it likely comes from the steel mill facilities on the island.

In April 2013, a Canadian scientist used sound-level meters and a portable "pentangular array" of cameras and microphones to try to accurately identify the source of the sound, in order to know whom exactly to ask to fix it.

The results of the 2013 study were released on May 23, 2014. Although contemporaneous news reports claim the study confirmed that Zug Island was the source of the Hum, the report's findings actually stated "the most probable source of the Hum points well to the South of Zug Island. The bulk of our observations from both stations do not support the hypothesis that the source of the Hum emanates from Zug Island."

Reports of the Hum ceased after the US Steel plant on Zug Island ceased operations in April 2020.

In popular culture
The island is mostly off-limits to the public. Cameras are prohibited on the premises, so pictures of the island's interior are rare. Due to its location and relative security, many urban legends exist regarding the island. One popular legend claims that the island is home to a correctional facility or prison, but no such facility exists on the island. Another popular claim is that parts of the movie RoboCop were filmed there. The island is mentioned by name in the movie, but the steel mill shots in RoboCop were actually filmed at the Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel Corp.'s Monessen Works in Pennsylvania.

The SS Edmund Fitzgerald of Great Lakes shipwreck fame was laden with taconite destined for Zug Island on her fateful voyage in 1975.

In 2011, Detroit based author Gregory Fournier published his novel, Zug Island: A Detroit Riot Novel.

Zug Izland, a Detroit-based rock band in association with Insane Clown Posse, named themselves after the island and self describe their sound as "Juggalo Rock". ICP themselves have made references to Zug Island in their songs "The Shaggy Show", "In the Haughhh!" "Cotton Candy & Popsicles" and "Toxic Love". This is likely due to its proximity to the Delray/River Rouge area, where the members spent some of their youth. In fact, part of the island can be seen in the background of the cover photo for Insane Clown Posse (at the time, Inner City Posse)'s EP, Dog Beats.

title: Zug Island


text: Category:Supermarkets of Puerto Rico

title: Category:Supermarkets of Puerto Rico