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Talk:Kevin MacDonald (evolutionary psychologist)

"A New Protocols: Kevin MacDonald's Reconceptualization of Antisemitic Conspiracy Theory"
A JSTOR article.Antisemitism Studies Vol. 5, No. 1 (Spring 2021), pp. 4-43 (40 pages). If anyone wants it, just ask me. Doug Weller talk 16:31, 17 November 2021 (UTC)

 * If there is a consensus among scholarly sources/reliable sources, that support the current lead"Kevin B. MacDonald (born January 24, 1944) is an American anti-semitic conspiracy theorist, white supremacist, and a retired professor of evolutionary psychology at California State University, Long Beach (CSULB).[1][2][3]"then it should stay the way it is, if not, then it should be changed. Right now I see the Russian as well as the German Wikipedia leads are very different from the lede here and I'd note that in general, the entry in the Russian Wikipedia has a much more objectine tone than the one here has, which you can easily check by using Google Translate.

 * Activist groups' like the SPLC and ADF opinions in the lede are clearly not sufficient. --Polska jest Najważniejsza (talk) 17:31, 17 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Experts in antisemitism are the right groups to provide views on antisemitism. What the German or Russian Wikipedia articles say is absolutely irrelevant to what is in our article, and "much more objective tone" seems like a personal opinion. Additional sources could include:
 * Anti-semitism: A History and Psychoanalysis of Contemporary Hatred, Avner Falk, ABC-CLIO, 2008, pp 103-104
 * David Isador Lieberman "Evolutionary Psychology" in Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution, Volume 1 (Richard S. Levy, Dean Phillip Bell eds.), 2008, pp 215-216
 * Antisemitism: Exploring the Issue, Steven Leonard Jacobs, ABC-CLIO, 2020 p 113
 * "American Racist", David Samuels, Tablet Magazine, June 11, 2020
 * This appears to be the academic consensus. Jayjg (talk) 19:20, 17 November 2021 (UTC)
 * You might realise that there can be no such thing as an academic consensus on what is anti-semitic or racist, anymore than there is an academic consensus on what being a good person entails. It is quite literally unfalsifiable. Unless you think somehow you can falsify whether someone is racist or a moral person, I urge you to publish your data that is sure to send ripples throughout nearly every scientific field. 126.166.149.176 (talk) 04:37, 14 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Well, if a random person on the internet says there can be no such thing, then that is how it is. Case closed, huh?
 * We follow the reliable sources. If you have reliable sources backing your claims, bring them. If not, there is no point in discussing. --Hob Gadling (talk) 06:23, 14 June 2022 (UTC)

Please discuss here
IP is of course welcome to discuss their preferred edits here rather than edit warring. As should be clear from the fact that they've been reverted by three other editors (not to mention the discussions above which hinge on similar issues), consensus appears to be strongly against the changes they wish to make. While it's true that statements by the ADL and SPLC usually need to be attributed, in this case they are far from the only sources making the same claims. In cases such as this one, where there are abundant reliable sources stating the same thing, the reader is not served by equivocation. Generalrelative (talk) 23:34, 1 January 2022 (UTC)

 * The only thing of note for Kevin MacDonald is that he is an antisemitic conspiracy theorist. Without that, there would be no article about him. If you edit the article so as to avoid saying this, the article is not being truthful about him.
 * It is wrong to describe his work on the subject as scholarly, since he has no training or background in Jewish history or culture. He is writing well outside his field of expertise, and cannot claim to be a scholar in the area. Bob Gollum (talk) 19:00, 12 April 2024 (UTC)


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AAJ

AAJ or Aaj may refer to:

 * Aaj (film), a 1987 Indian Hindi-language film directed by Mahesh Bhatt
 * AAJ TV, a news television channel in Pakistan
 * Daily Aaj, an Urdu newspaper in Pakistani
 * American Alpine Journal, a publication of the American Alpine Club
 * Australian Army Journal, a publication of the Australian Army
 * American Association for Justice, a U.S. legal organization (formerly Association of Trial Lawyers of America, ATLA)
 * Cayana Airstrip (IATA code), Suriname

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: AAJ


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nogard

Nogard
Delete. A non-notable MMORPG in development (lacking an intended release date) by Atomic Corporation (an article deleted in August). Its website has few details and a counter that reports 1384 visitors. Mrwojo 20:47, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree, delete as it sounds extremely hypothetical at this point and the page for the "company" itself has an even weaker counter. Once it's released and popular, gets funding from a major source, or otherwise raises itself above merely wishful thinking, then it can have an article. Also it's a little disturbing that they are taking the name from a hoax April Fool's publication from an old Dragon (spelled backwards is...) magazine issue, so fear this could be a hoax too. DreamGuy 21:33, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - seems to me the bar for notability of un-released software should be very high. - Cdc 01:25, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Spam and promises. Geogre 05:07, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nogard


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Michele Santoro

Michele Santoro (born 2 July 1951) is an Italian journalist, television host and presenter.

He also served till October 2005 as Member of the European Parliament for Southern Italy with the United in the Olive Tree list, part of the Socialist Group and sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs, being a substitute for the Committee on Culture and Education, a member of the Delegation to the EU-Russia Parliamentary Cooperation Committee and a substitute for the Delegation to the EU-Croatia Joint Parliamentary Committee.

Education and career
Santoro was born in Salerno.

A graduate in philosophy, he made a successful debut in the Italian media as editor-in-chief on the regional newspaper La Voce della Campania ("Voice of Campania") and collaborating with some other national newspapers and magazines like Il Mattino, L'Unità and Epoca.

Before being hired by RAI, he had had some experience with a number of radio stations. He started his RAI career in TG3, the Rai 3 news division, first as a foreign correspondent, then creating and producing TV specials and weekly TV magazines, and finally working as chief culture correspondent, again for TG3.

News shows
Santoro's popularity was essentially based on being the author and anchorman for TV journalism broadcasts like Samarcanda, Il rosso e il nero and Temporeale, all strongly left-wing oriented, the broadcasts took place during a period of political turmoil in Italy, such as Mani pulite. These often involved debates with politicians, along with ground-breaking reports and questions from the audience. Santoro's shows were seen as places where the Italian people confronted their politicians, often perceived to be corrupt or inept. His shows have always been criticized for the leftism and lack of impartiality like in the last years with attacks against Berlusconi and other right wing Italian MPs.

Santoro left RAI in 1996, because of disagreements with the public television's direction, and briefly worked in Silvio Berlusconi's networks; he left Mediaset because of Berlusconi's continuing political role that he felt to be in conflict with his influence as the country's main media entrepreneur. After his return, he led two shows, Circus, on Rai 1, and Sciuscià, on Rai 2. The latter was often made up of a series of reportages, narrated in movie style.

In recent years he has been continually accused of partisanship by the right-wing coalition House of Freedoms led by Berlusconi, whose family holding company controls Mediaset, who installed a new board in the state-owned RAI after their electoral victory in the 2001 Italian general election. Sciuscià remained on the air until May 2002.

Attacks from Berlusconi
The new RAI board installed by the centre-right government decided not to renew Santoro's contract. This followed a declaration by Silvio Berlusconi, then prime minister of Italy, at a press conference in Sofia, Bulgaria, where he stated: "Santoro, Biagi and Luttazzi used the public TV, paid by all, in a manner which is criminal. I believe it to be a specific duty of the new RAI board not to allow this to happen again."

Soon after, neither Santoro nor the two others obtained any more work for RAI, and working for Berlusconi's own TV networks (the other half of the TV system) was obviously unviable. A legal dispute has been ongoing, since Santoro contested a violation of his contract by RAI. He was supported by a court decision that should have forced RAI to give him the direction of a news magazine, but in the end Santoro was omitted.

European Parliament candidate
In the 2004 European elections, Santoro accepted the offer of candidacy proposed by the centre-left confederation called United in the Olive Tree. He was elected as MEP with a great poll success, obtaining a total of more 700,000 votes in Italy as a whole. In the southern-Italian mandate, Santoro defeated Silvio Berlusconi himself with 526,535 votes against 452,326.

Michele Santoro resigned as an MEP on 19 October 2005, basing his decision on his desire to go back to his work on RAI, citing a judicial verdict which obliged the Italian national television to reinstate him. Contemporarily he announced his participation on RockPolitik, a controversial and long-awaited TV show on Rai 1, hosted by singer Adriano Celentano, to talk about issues of media censorship, after Luttazzi and Biagi refused to be guests on the show.

Return to RAI and later years
Following his resignation from the European Parliament, he started working on a new TV news magazine called AnnoZero (Year Zero) broadcast on Rai 2 and Rai Extra and initially scheduled to be aired first on 27 April 2006; its debut was however delayed and it started on 14 September. The show's regular commentators consist of the journalist Marco Travaglio and the cartoonist Vauro. The episode of the show aired on 8 March 2007, which featured Italian Minister of Justice Clemente Mastella as special guest, caused controversy for his strong position on the DiCo issue. Mastella walked out of the programme in protest during its live broadcast.

At the end of 2011, Santoro did not renew his agreement with RAI and LA7 and decided to establish a TV magazine with distribution on local TV channels and live internet streaming. Later, he signed an agreement with Sky TG24.

In 2012, he returned to LA7 with a new political talk show named Servizio Pubblico. On 10 January 2013, together with Marco Travaglio, he hosted Silvio Berlusconi in an episode of his show that became the most viewed emission in the history of LA7. He hosted the show until 2015.

In 2016, Santoro briefly returned to RAI with a new talk show titled Italia for six episodes.

European election of 2024
In 2024, after having organized a number of "peace-related" events in support of Italy reducing its political involvement in the Russo-Ukrainian War, Santoro presented a new political list named Peace Land Dignity, composed of several minor left-wing parties and independent members. The list participated in the 2024 European Parliament election in Italy but failed to win any seats.

title: Michele Santoro


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Lloyd Gardner

Lloyd C. Gardner (born 1934) is an American historian, a member of the "Wisconsin School" of diplomatic history along with Walter LaFeber and Thomas J. McCormick. He was educated at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

Gardner was the Charles and Mary Beard Professor of History at Rutgers University, where he taught since 1963. A specialist in 20th century History of U.S. foreign policy, Gardner has held several national fellowships, including two Fulbright Professorships in England and Finland, and a Guggenheim Fellowship. He is author or editor of 16 books on American foreign policy.

The Lloyd C. Gardner Fellowship Program in Leadership and Social Policy at Rutgers was established in his honor.

title: Lloyd Gardner


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Independent Spirit Awards

The Independent Spirit Awards, originally known as the FINDIE or Friends of Independents Awards, and later as the Film Independent Spirit Awards, are awards presented annually in Santa Monica, California, to independent filmmakers. Founded in 1984, the event was renamed the Independent Spirit Awards in 1986. The ceremony is produced by Film Independent, a not-for-profit arts organization that used to produce the LA Film Festival. Film Independent members vote to determine the winners of the Spirit Awards.

The awards show is held inside a tent at a parking lot of the beach in Santa Monica,, usually on the day before the Academy Awards (since 1999; originally the Saturday before). The show was previously broadcast live on the IFC network in the US from 1997 until 2023, when it was moved to YouTube, as well as Hollywood Suite in Canada and A&E Latin America. Winners were previously presented with acrylic glass pyramids containing suspended shoestrings representing the bare budgets of independent films. Since 2006, winners receive a metal trophy depicting a bird with its wings spread sitting atop of a pole with the shoestrings from the previous design wrapped around the pole.

In 2020, new categories were announced for the 36th Independent Spirit Awards, which would honor the best in television productions and performances. These categories included Best New Scripted Series, Best New Non-Scripted or Documentary Series, Best Male Performance, Best Female Performance, and Best Ensemble Cast. In 2022, it was announced that gender neutral acting categories would be implemented and that the previous gendered film categories — Male Lead, Female Lead, Male Supporting and Female Supporting — would be retired in favor of a Best Lead Performance and a Best Supporting Performance categories, which would feature 10 nominees each. Other new categories added included Best Breakthrough Performance and Best Lead and Supporting Performance in the TV section.

Categories
Current categories • Best Feature Film

• Best Director

• Best First Feature

• Best Lead Performance

• Best Supporting Performance

• Best Breakthrough Performance

• Best Screenplay

• Best First Screenplay

• Best International Feature Film

• Best Documentary Feature Film

• Best Cinematography

• Best Editing

• Best New Scripted Series

• Best Lead Performance in a New Scripted Series

• Best Supporting Performance in a New Scripted Series

• Best New Non-Scripted or Documentary Series

• Best Ensemble Cast in a New Scripted Series

• John Cassavetes Award

• Piaget Producers Award

• Robert Altman Award

• Someone to Watch Award

• Truer than Fiction Award

Retired categories • Best Female Lead

• Best Male Lead

• Best Supporting Female

• Best Supporting Male

• Best Female Performance in a New Scripted Series

• Best Male Performance in a New Scripted Series

• Bonnie Award

History
The Independent Features Project/West was founded by Gregory Nava and Anna Thomas.

In 1984 the FINDIE Awards (Friends of Independents) were conceived by Independent Features Project/West board member Jeanne Lucas and Independent Features Project/West President Anne Kimmel and director/writer Sam O'Brien was an event producer. The awards are voted on by a nominating committee.

In 1985, Peter Coyote and Jamie Lee Curtis presented winners with a Plexiglas pyramid designed by Carol Bosselman, which contain a suspended shoestring, printed with sprocket holes, representing the shoestring budgets of independent films. The Reel Gold Award, also designed by Bosselman, was given to Steve Wachtel for allowing Independent Features Project/West continuing free use of his screening room. It was associated with Filmex. In 1986, Bosselman designed and sculpted the Independent Spirit Award statue that is still given out today, using a lost wax bronze casting method.

Independent Features Project/West eventually became Film Independent.

Dawn Hudson was director of Independent Features Project/West in 1995.

Barbara Boyle was Independent Features Project/West president from 1994 to 1999.

Independent Features Project eventually became Independent Filmmaker Project.

title: Independent Spirit Awards


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Matrix unit

In linear algebra, a matrix unit is a matrix with only one nonzero entry with value 1. The matrix unit with a 1 in the ith row and jth column is denoted as $$E_{ij}$$. For example, the 3 by 3 matrix unit with i = 1 and j = 2 is $$E_{12} = \begin{bmatrix}0 & 1 & 0 \\0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix}$$A vector unit is a standard unit vector.

A single-entry matrix generalizes the matrix unit for matrices with only one nonzero entry of any value, not necessarily of value 1.

Properties
The set of m by n matrix units is a basis of the space of m by n matrices.

The product of two matrix units of the same square shape $$n \times n$$ satisfies the relation $$E_{ij}E_{kl} = \delta_{jk}E_{il},$$ where $$\delta_{jk}$$ is the Kronecker delta.

The group of scalar n-by-n matrices over a ring R is the centralizer of the subset of n-by-n matrix units in the set of n-by-n matrices over R.

The matrix norm (induced by the same two vector norms) of a matrix unit is equal to 1.

When multiplied by another matrix, it isolates a specific row or column in arbitrary position. For example, for any 3-by-3 matrix A:

E_{23}A = \left[ \begin{matrix} 0 & 0& 0 \\ a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33} \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \end{matrix}\right]. $$

AE_{23} = \left[ \begin{matrix} 0 & 0 & a_{12} \\ 0 & 0 & a_{22} \\ 0 & 0 & a_{32} \end{matrix}\right]. $$

title: Matrix unit


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Category:Type 21 frigates

This is the category of Type 21 frigates of the Royal Navy.

title: Category:Type 21 frigates


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Uzbekistani sum

The sum (ISO code: UZS) is the official currency of Uzbekistan. Uzbekistan replaced the ruble with the sum at par in on 16 July 1994. No subdivisions of this sum were issued and only banknotes were produced, in denominations of 1, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1,000, 5,000, and 10,000 sum. Because it was meant to be a transitional currency, the design was rather simplistic.

Etymology
The official name of the Soviet currency in Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tajik, and Uzbek was som, and this name appeared written on the back of banknotes, among the texts for the value of the note in all 15 official languages of the USSR. The word sum (alternatively transliterated "som" or "soum") means "pure" in Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Uyghur and Uzbek, as well as in many other Turkic languages. The word implies "pure" silver or gold.

History
Like other republics of the former Soviet Union, Uzbekistan continued using the Soviet/Russian ruble after independence. On 26 July 1993, a new series of Russian ruble was issued and the old Soviet/Russian ruble ceased to be legal tender in Russia. Some successor states had their national currencies before the change, some chose to continue using the pre-1993 Soviet/Russian ruble, and some chose to use both the pre-1993 and the new Russian ruble. Tables of modern monetary history: Asia implies that both old and new rubles were used in Uzbekistan.

Uzbekistan replaced the ruble with the sum at par in on 15 November 1993. No subdivisions of this sum were issued and only banknotes were produced, in denominations of 1, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1,000, 5,000, and 10,000 sum. Because it was meant to be a transitional currency, the design was rather simplistic. All notes had the Coat of arms on the obverse, and Sher-Dor Madrasah of the Registan in Samarkand on the reverse.

Coins
No coins were issued for the first sum.

Banknotes
The first banknotes were issued by the State Bank of Uzbekistan in 1993. All of the denominations share the same designs: the Coat of arms of Uzbekistan on the front and the madrasahs on Registan Square in Samarkand.

History
On 1 July 1994, a second sum was introduced at a rate of 1 new sum = 1,000 old sum. This sum is subdivided into 100 tiyin.

Inflation
Until 2013, the largest denomination of Uzbek currency was the 1,000 sum banknote, then worth US$0.60, requiring Uzbeks to carry large bundles of notes for routine transactions.

Since 2019, the largest denomination is the 100,000 sum banknote (as of October 2019 worth US$10.55), which made the situation easier. The smallest denomination, the 1 tiyin, is worth less than $1/undefined$ of a US cent making it the "world's most worthless coin" that was still legal tender until 1 March 2020. However, coins and banknotes smaller than 50 sum are rare now.

The rampant inflation situation is considered a politically sensitive issue in Uzbekistan, which is why the Uzbek government is slow to acclimate the currency to its current value by issuing higher coin and note denominations. As a result, the current highest coin denomination in circulation is the 500 sum while the highest banknote denomination is the 200,000 sum. Official state figures put inflation as of the first half of 2011 at 3.6%, however accurate numbers are pinned far higher. Coins and banknotes below 50 sum are practically worthless now.

Coins
Three series of coins have been issued for the second sum. They can be easily distinguished by the script used for the Uzbek language. The first series was written in Cyrillic script, while the second and third series is written in Latin script.

Third series (2018–2022)
In May 2018 the introduction of new coins valued 50, 100, 200 and 500 sum was announced. All previously issued banknotes and coins of those denominations are to be withdrawn from circulation by 1 July 2020. In 2022, the Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan introduced a 1,000 sum coin into circulation, notable as it is the first bi-metallic coin issued for circulation since the introduction of the Uzbek sum in 1994.

Banknotes
The second and current series, issued by the Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan, was released in 1994 in denominations of 1, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 sum. A 200 sum banknote was issued in 1997, the 500 sum in 1999, the 1,000 sum in 2001, the 5,000 sum in 2013, the 10,000 sum on 10 March 2017, the 50,000 sum on 22 August 2017 and the 100,000 sum on 25 February 2019. The latter four denominations feature inscriptions in Latin-based Uzbek as opposed to Uzbek Cyrillic in banknotes of 1 to 1,000 Uzbek sum. On 14 June 2021, the Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan issued the 2,000 and 20,000 sum banknotes to help bridge the gap between 1,000 and 5,000 sum as well as 10,000 and 50,000 sum. On 18 June 2021, the Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan issued new 5,000 and 10,000 sum banknotes, utilizing the design templates of the 2,000 and 20,000 sum banknotes. In that same year, the Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan issued new 50,000 and 100,000 sum banknotes as part of a new series of banknotes first introduced with the 2,000 and 20,000 sum banknotes. An entirely new 200,000 sum banknote was issued on 15 July 2022.

Exchange rates
At its introduction on 1 July 1994, 1 US dollar was equal to 25 sum.

2017 reform
On 2 September 2017, President of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev issued a decree "On priority measures of liberalizing foreign exchange policy". The reform took effect on 5 September 2017. The currency was untethered from its US dollar peg and started to float. As a result the sum's exchange rate to the US dollar increased from 4,210 Uzbek sum to 8,100 Uzbek sum. The new rate was even weaker than the sum's black-market convertibility of about 7,700 to the dollar. Restrictions on the amount of foreign currencies individuals and companies could buy were also abolished on the same day.

title: Uzbekistani sum


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The Other Half (game show)

The Other Half was a dating game show on BBC One, which ran from 7 June 1997 to 2 February 2002. It was hosted by Dale Winton.

title: The Other Half (game show)


text:
Category:Type 23 frigates

This is the category of Type 23 frigates.

title: Category:Type 23 frigates


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Military advisor

Military advisors or combat advisors are military personnel deployed to advise on military matters. The term is often used for soldiers sent to foreign countries to aid such countries' militaries with their military education and training, organization, and other various military tasks. The foreign powers or organizations may send such soldiers to support countries or insurgencies while minimizing the risks of potential casualties and avoiding the political ramifications of overtly mobilizing military forces to aid an ally.

European advisors during the American Revolution
The French Marquis de Lafayette and the Prussian Baron von Steuben offered key assistance to the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War of 1775–1783.

Soviet military advisors
The Soviet Union deployed military advisors in (for example) Spain, China and Angola, where "The 1976 treaty of friendship and cooperation provided for Soviet-Angolan military cooperation in strengthening the mutual defense capacity. Moscow immediately provided weaponry and supplies, and some 500 military advisors."

In China, the "Soviet Union ..sent about 1500 military advisors ..during this period [1937-39]. Included were some of the red Army's best officers [...] Georgii Zhukov [...] Vasilii I. Chuikov [...] P.F. Batitsky [...] Andrey A. Vlasov [...]. Like Spain, China served as a training ground for Soviet officers."

Nationalist Spain
During the Spanish Civil War, Germany deployed a large number of 'volunteers', also known as the Condor Legion, to serve as mercenaries and pilots to assist the nationalist forces. Approximately 300 out of a total of 16,000 German citizens fighting in the war were killed.

Republic of China
During the Interwar Period, German Military advisors under Alexander von Falkenhausen were involved in modernising the National Revolutionary Army.

Ottoman Empire
the German Empire sent advisors to the Ottoman Empire, notably generals such as Otto Liman Von Sanders and Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz

United Kingdom military advisors
T. E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia") became arguably the archetypal British military advisor due to his guerrilla role (1916–1918) in the Arab Revolt.

United States military advisors
Developing capabilities and increasing capacity through advising is an operation the U.S. Army has conducted for more than one hundred years. The Army has performed advisory missions to increase the capability and capacity of foreign militaries from the Philippine Insurrection at the beginning of the 20th century to more recent conflicts in Vietnam, Iraq and Afghanistan.

U.S. advisors in Vietnam
In the early 1960s elements of the U.S. Army Special Forces and Echo 31 went to South Vietnam as military advisors to train and assist the South Vietnamese Army (ARVN) for impending actions against the North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN). United States Marines also filled a significant role as advisors to Vietnamese forces.

U.S. advisors during the War on Terror
Combat advisors served during the U.S. war on terror. They were designated as Embedded Training Teams (ETTs) in Afghanistan and as Military Transition Teams (MTTs) in Iraq. These soldiers and Marines live with their Afghan and Iraqi counterparts (often in very austere and stoic conditions) in remote combat outposts often a great distance away from any U.S. or coalition support.

ETTs and MTTs are composed primarily of United States Army, National Guard, and Marine Corps personnel with a combat-arms background. United States Army Reserve, United States Air Force and United States Navy personnel serve as advisors in logistics and other support roles. The advisors on the ground in infantry or commando units of the ANA (Afghan National Army) or the Iraqi Army are soldiers or Marines with combat-arms experience. Special Forces and Navy SEALS also work with ANA/ASF or with the Iraqi Army, but the bulk of combat advisors are infantry and combat-arms soldiers and Marines.

The Combat Advisor Mission Defined. The combat advisor mission requires US officers and NCOs to teach, coach and mentor host nation (HN) security force counterparts. This enables the rapid development of our counterparts' leadership capabilities; helps develop command and control (C2) and operational capabilities at every echelon; allows direct access to Coalition Forces (CF) enablers to enhance HN security force counterinsurgency (COIN) operations; and incorporates CF lethal and nonlethal effects on the battlefield.

Security Forces Assistance (SFA) defines a more in-depth method of embedded mentorship. MTTs have fallen into disuse with shifts in focus and doctrine. Specifically, previous MTTs were drawn from soldiers from separate units, often on an ad hoc basis. SFATs, on the other hand, provide all personnel from organic, modular Brigade Combat Teams rather than supplying personnel piece-meal from various Army units. By design, these teams are manned by a company command team and selected leaders from one command. This SFAT concept has been in place since 2012, with a "by, with and through" method of combat advising. Current Advisory Teams are trained at Fort Polk, Louisiana at the Advisor Academy, "Tigerland".

title: Military advisor


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HMS Allington Castle

HMS Allington Castle was one of 44 Castle-class corvette built for the Royal Navy during the Second World War. She was named after Allington Castle in Kent. Completed in 1944, she served as a convoy escort during the war and on fishery patrol duties in 1945–1947, being sold for scrap in 1958.

Design and description
The Castle-class corvette was a stretched version of the preceding Flower class, enlarged to improve seakeeping and to accommodate modern weapons. The ships displaced 1010 LT at standard load and 1510 LT at deep load. They had an overall length of 252 ft, a beam of 36 ft and a deep draught of 14 ft. They were powered by a pair of triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one propeller shaft using steam provided by two Admiralty three-drum boilers. The engines developed a total of 2880 ihp and gave a maximum speed of 16.5 kn. The Castles carried enough fuel oil to give them a range of 6500 nmi at 15 kn. The ships' complement was 99 officers and ratings.

The Castle-class ships were equipped with a single QF 4 in Mk XVI gun forward, but their primary weapon was their single three-barrel Squid anti-submarine mortar. This was backed up by one depth charge rail and two throwers for 15 depth charges. The ships were fitted with two twin and a pair of single mounts for 20 mm Oerlikon light AA guns. Provision was made for a further four single mounts if needed. They were equipped with Type 145Q and Type 147B ASDIC sets to detect submarines by reflections from sound waves beamed into the water. A Type 277 search radar and a HF/DF radio direction finder rounded out the Castles' sensor suite.

Construction and career
Allington Castle was laid down by Fleming and Ferguson at their shipyard at Paisley, Scotland, on 22 July 1943 and launched on 29 February 1944. She was completed on 19 June and served as a convoy escort until the end of the Second World War in May 1945. The ship was placed in reserve on 25 May. Allington Castle was reactivated in November and assigned to the Fishery Protection Flotilla based at Fleetwood. In 1947 she returned to reserve. The ship was sold and arrived at Sunderland on 20 December 1958 to be broken up.

title: HMS Allington Castle


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Alparslan Türkeş

Alparslan Türkeş (25 November 1917 – 4 April 1997) was a Turkish politician, who was the founder and president of the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) and the Grey Wolves (Ülkü Ocakları). He ran the Grey Wolves training camps from 1968 to 1978. More than 600 people are said to have fallen victim of political murders by the Grey Wolves between 1968 and 1980. He represented the far-right of the Turkish political spectrum. He was and still is called Başbuğ ("Leader") by his devotees.

Early life
Türkeş was born in Nicosia, British Cyprus, to a Turkish Cypriot family in 1917. His birth name is disputed, some claiming that it is Hüseyin Feyzullah, while MHP claims it is Ali Arslan. His paternal great-grandfather had emigrated to Cyprus from Kayseri, Central Anatolia, Ottoman Empire, in the 1860s. His father, Ahmet Hamdi Bey, was from Tuzla, near Famagusta, and his mother, Fatma Zehra Hanım, was from Larnaca. However, in an interview with the scholar Fatma Müge Göçek the journalist Hrant Dink claimed that Türkeş was of Armenian descent, an orphan originally from Sivas who was later adopted by a Muslim couple from Cyprus. In 1932, with fifteen years of age, Türkeş emigrated to Istanbul, Turkey with his family. He was enrolled into the military lycée in Istanbul in 1933 and completed his secondary education in 1936. In 1938, he joined the army and his military career began.

Racism-Turanism trials
Along with other nationalists like Nihal Atsız and Nejdet Sançar, Türkeş was court-martialed on charges of "fascist and racist activities" in 1945. He spent 10 months in prison before he was released the same year. The charges were eventually dismissed in 1947. The trial would become known as the Racism-Turanism trials.

Political career
He attained fame as the spokesman of the 27 May 1960 coup d'état against the government of Prime Minister Adnan Menderes, who was later executed after the Yassiada trial. He assumed a position as an undersecretary of the Prime Minister. However Türkeş, together with, declared their opposition to returning the power back to civilians and therefor were expelled by an internal coup within the junta (National Unity Committee). Türkeş was sent into exile to the Turkish embassy in New Delhi. He returned in February 1963 and together with others of the fourteen, he later joined the Republican Villager Nation Party (Cumhuriyetçi Köylü Millet Partisi, CKMP). Türkeş was elected as its chairman on 1 August 1965. In 1969 the CKMP was renamed the Nationalist Movement Party (Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi, MHP). As leader of the MHP he was also the de facto leader of the Grey Wolves. This far-right movement executed political murders, which began in 1968. More than 600 people are said to have fallen victim between 1968 and 1980.

Türkeş served as Deputy Prime Minister in right-wing National Front (Milliyetçi Cephe) cabinets in the 1970s. After the Military coup of 1980, he was imprisoned for more than four years and the Government demanded the death sentence for him as well as other Turkish nationalists. But in a turn of events he was released on the 9 April 1985. He rejoined the political arena within the (MÇP) in 1987 and was elected to parliament representing the province of Yozgat on a ticket of the Welfare Party (RP) in 1991. In 1992 the name Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) was relaunched in exchange of the name of the MÇP and the party logo of the three crescents was presented to the public.

Ideology
Through the far-right MHP, Türkeş took the rightist views of his predecessors like Nihal Atsız, and transformed them into a powerful political force. In 1965, Türkeş released a political pamphlet titled Nine Lights Doctrine (9 Işık Doktrini), which formed the basis of the nationalist ideology of the CKMP. This text listed nine basic principles which were: nationalism; idealism; moralism; scientism; societalism; ruralism; libertism and personalism; progressivism and populism; industrialism and technologism.

Hans-Lukas Kieser notes that although Türkeş openly identified with pan-Turkism and sympathised with National Socialism as well as Adolf Hitler, he was still allowed to rise through the ranks of the Turkish Army and was even allowed to move to the United States in order to pursue military education and cooperation within NATO. Türkeş led the vanguard of anti-communism in Turkey; he was a founding member of the Counter-Guerrilla, the Turkish Gladio.

He has been the spiritual leader of the Idealism Schools Foundation of Culture and Art (Ülkü Ocakları Kültür ve Sanat Vakfı). His followers consider him to be one of the leading icons of the Turkish nationalist movement.

International politics
The wellbeing of the greater Turkish nation living in a so called Turan, which according to him included Turks wherever they lived, be it in Greece, Cyprus or elsewhere, was key concern of his political views. On 28 April 1978 he was received by Franz Josef Strauss, former minister for defense and finance in Germany and acting president of the CSU party. In 1992, Alparslan Türkeş visited Baku to support Abulfaz Elchibey during the Azerbaijan presidential election. He also had a meeting with Levon Ter-Petrosyan, the President of Armenia in the 1990s.

Personal life
Türkeş was married twice and had seven children. He married Muzaffer Hanım in 1940 and had four daughters (Ayzit, Umay, Selcen and Çağrı) and one son (Tuğrul) with her. Their marriage lasted until his wife's death in 1974. By 1976 Türkeş married Seval Hanım and had one daughter (Ayyüce) and one son (Ahmet Kutalmış).

Türkeş died of a heart attack at the age of 80 on 4 April 1997. The announcement of his death was delayed for five hours while nationwide security measures were implemented; thereafter, thousands of his supporters went to the Bayindir Hospital chanting "Leaders never die". His funeral was held in Kocatepe Mosque in Ankara.

Türkeş's youngest son, Ahmet Kutalmış Türkeş, is a member of the Justice and Development Party and was elected as an Istanbul deputy in 2011. However, he resigned several days before the June 2015 elections, protesting the party's plans to transform the parliamentary system into a presidential one.

In 2015, Türkeş's eldest son, Tuğrul Türkeş, became the first person of Turkish Cypriot origin to be Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey. In September 2015, Türkeş made his first official visit to Northern Cyprus. As an independent parliamentarian, Türkeş has criticized the Nationalist Movement Party (founded by his father) and the Republican People's Party for their unwillingness to compromise, which led to the November 2015 elections.

Legacy

Türkeş was a key figure in shaping Turkish nationalism and reviving Pan-Turkism from the 1940s onwards. Soon after his death in 1997, Turkish President Süleyman Demirel stated that his passing had been a "great loss to the political life of Turkey". Similarly, Turkey's first female Prime Minister Tansu Çiller described him as a "historic individual".

Controversies
When he died, it was revealed that he had embezzled 2 trillion lira from the European Turkish Federation. The pan-Turkist group had created a secret slush fund to support the Second Chechen War and help Abulfaz Elchibey succeed in Azerbaijan. The money was formerly administered by Enver Altaylı, who had been part of the Azerbaijan coup plot. His daughters, Ayzıt and Umay Günay, quarreled over who was the rightful owner despite the fact that it was neither of them. The two appeared before the Ankara 7th High Penal Court for fraud. The indictment said that Türkeş' account in a U.K. branch of the Deutsche Bank held 575,000 DM, US$845,000, and 367,000 GBP. The court concluded that Ayzıt had withdrawn 200,000 GBP while Umay Günay had withdrawn 42,000 GBP. Ayzıt said that she had been living in the UK since 1975, and that her father opened the account in 1988, giving her complete access to it. She said that her father had instructed her to fulfill his financial obligations in support of "the cause of Turkishness" upon his death by making certain payments. Türkeş' second wife, Seval, refuted Ayzıt's claim that she had not kept the money to herself. Seval claims that she and her sons' Ayyüce and Ahmet Kutalmış share of the withdrawn 242,000 GBP is 112,355 GBP.

The MHP's chairman, Devlet Bahçeli, instructed his deputies to keep mum, fearing that the scandal could lead to the dissolution of the party.

The case was closed due to the statute of limitations.

Works

 * 1) Ülkücülük; Hamle Yayınevi; İstanbul, 1995.
 * 2) 12 Eylül Adaleti (!) : Savunma; Hamle Yayınevi; İstanbul, 1994.
 * 3) 1944 Milliyetçilik Olayı; Hamle Yayınevi;
 * 4) Türkeş'li Yıllar; Hasan Sami BOLAK
 * 5) Modern Türkiye; İstanbul.
 * 6) Milliyetçilik Olayları; Berikan Elektronik Basım Yayım.
 * 7) 27 Mayıs ve Gerçekler; Berikan Elektronik Basım Yayım.
 * 8) 27 Mayıs, 13 Kasım, 21 Mayıs ve Gerçekler; İstanbul, 1996.
 * 9) Ahlakçılık; Berikan Elektronik Basım Yayım.
 * 10) Etik (Ahlak Felsefesi), Etik.; Bunalımdan Çıkış Yolu; Kamer Yayınları.
 * 11) Türk Edebiyatında Anılar, İncelemeler, Tenkidler, Anı-Günce-Mektup; İstanbul, 1994.
 * 12) Bunalımdan Çıkış Yolu; Hamle Yayınevi; İstanbul, 1996.
 * 13) Dış Meselemiz; Berikan Elektronik Basım Yayım.
 * 14) İlimcilik; Berikan Elektronik Basım Yayım.
 * 15) Kahramanlık Ruhu; İstanbul, 1996.
 * 16) Temel Görüşler; Kamer Yayınları.
 * 17) Sistemler ve Öğretiler; İstanbul, 1994.
 * 18) Türkiye'nin Meseleleri; Hamle Yayınevi; İstanbul, 1996.
 * 19) Yeni Ufuklara Doğru; Kamer Yayınları.
 * 20) Sistemler ve Öğretiler; İstanbul, 1995

title: Alparslan Türkeş


text:
Jay London

Jay London (born September 12, 1966) is an American stand-up comic, whose one-liner jokes made him a favorite on NBC's Last Comic Standing. Although he did not win either of the two seasons in which he appeared (Seasons 2 and 3, both in 2004), his humble personality and clean comedy made him a favorite among the show's fans.

London was born in The Bronx, but grew up in Flushing, Queens, before moving to Los Angeles in his adult years. He was a boxer and a taxicab driver, among other occupations, before becoming a stand-up comic in the 1980s.

Comedy style
London is known for his long curly hair and bib overalls. His signature line is "You might recognize me, I'm the fourth guy from the left on the evolutionary chart," referring to his slouching posture and unkempt appearance. His comedy is usually self-deprecating and laden with quips such as "0 for 1", "This is death!" and his trademark line, "It's almost over." During his run on Last Comic Standing, he made a guest appearance on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno.

After Last Comic Standing, London joined fellow Season 2 competitors Gary Gulman and Alonzo Bodden as part of the "I'm Still Standing" comedy tour. He has also done shows for cancer patients and small comedy clubs. In 2004, Jay made an appearance on the game show Street Smarts; in 2005, he appeared on the CBS sitcom The King of Queens, on the TBS reality show Minding the Store and Bravo's All-Star Reality Reunion.

On August 1, 2006, Mr. London made a return appearance on Last Comic Standing. The pilot to his television show, "The Jay London Show", debuted on his official website in January 2007 (costarring his real-life sister Melanie).

London served as the opening act on Louis C.K.'s 2015 stand up special, Live At The Comedy Store.

title: Jay London


text:
Diyarbekir vilayet

The Vilayet of Diyâr-ı Bekr (Տիգրանակերտի նահանգ, ولايت دياربكر, Vilâyet-i Diyarbakır) was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire, wholly located within what is now modern Turkey. The vilayet extended south from Palu on the Euphrates to Mardin and Nusaybin on the edge of the Mesopotamian plain. After the establishment of Republic of Turkey in 1923, the region was incorporated into the newly created state.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Diyarbekir Vilayet reportedly had an area of 18074 sqmi, while the preliminary results of the first Ottoman census of 1885 (published in 1908) gave the population as 471,462. The accuracy of the population figures ranges from "approximate" to "merely conjectural" depending on the region from which they were gathered.

History
The Vilayet of Diyarbakir was created in 1867. In 1867 or 1868 Mamuret-ul-Aziz and the Kurdistan Eyalet merged with and joined the Vilayet of Diyarbakir. In 1879–80 Mamuret-ul-Aziz was separated again from the Vilayet of Diyarbakir, and turned into the Vilayet of Mamuret-ul-Aziz. It was one of the six Armenian Vilayets of the Empire.

Administrative divisions
Sanjaks of the vilayet:
 * 1) Diyarbekir Sanjak (Diyarbakır, Lice, Silvan, Derik, Beşiri)
 * 2) Mardin Sanjak (Mardin, Cizre, Midyat, Savur, Nusaybin and maybe Silopi)
 * 3) Ergani Sanjak (Maden, Palu)
 * 4) Siverek Sanjak (Split from Diyarbekir in 1907) (Siverek, Çermik, Viranşehir)

Demographics
The Vilayet was a place in which the Christian population was systematically massacred during World War I during the 1915 genocide in Diyarbekir.

title: Diyarbekir vilayet


text:
Talk:Lance corporal

Middle Ages reference
Ive restored the reference to the Middle Ages rank origin. I have read this in numerous military history textbooks. Note, the article does not say this is 100 percent confirmed, but rather it is a possible origin of the rank. The other origin with the Italian rank could be just as correct. -Husnock 21:49, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

Royal Marines: appointment or rank?
Is Lance Corporal still an appointment rather than a substantive rank in the Royal Marines? Two pages which suggest this:
 * UK Regular Forces: Strength of Other Ranks by Rank and Service
 * NATO Rank Codes and UK Service Designations

The former states that 'Neither the Naval Service nor the Royal Air Force has any personnel at OR-3'. OR-3 is the NATO rank code for Lance Corporal, and the Naval Service includes the Royal Marines.

The latter has no RM rank corresponding to the Army's Lance Corporal.

Anyone know for sure? — Franey 10:32, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Lance Corporal is, in fact, an OR-3 rank. While the Naval Service itself doesn't have one, the RMs use a completely separate rank structure, similar to the US Navy and Marine Corps. You should be able to find a more complete list of NATO rank codes that includes individual listings for RM ranks.
 * Fox1 15:00, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

 * We know that, but actually check the links that Franey gives. You will notice that in the first link the listing is Naval Service and not Royal Navy - this includes the Royal Marines (and it says the Naval Service has no OR-3 ranks). In the second link, the Royal Marines ranks are actually listed separately from both the RN and the Army with no OR-3 rank listed. These are both official MoD sites. So his question still stands. It's one that's been puzzling me too. -- Necrothesp 15:37, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

 * This link clearly states that Lance Corporal is a promotional rank within the Royal Marines. *Officers & Other Ranks of the Royal Marines --Panzer71 (talk) 21:02, 1 March 2011 (UTC)

Redundancy
Most of the opening paragraph refers specifically to UK usage. Most of that info appears under the UK heading also. Remove it from the first paragraph? –Maxrandom777 17:37, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

Lance Jack
The entries for Australia and the United Kingdom both state that a common nickname is "Lance Jack". That's not in dispute, e.g. this page on the British MOD's website has it right at the top. But it would probably be best to delete the duplicates, and move the information into the introduction, and say something along the lines of "in Commonwealth nations, and others which have had links with British military tradition, a common nickname for Lance Corporal is "Lance Jack"". The problem is that (a) which nations use Lance Jack? and (b) where does it come from? I assume Jack is generic, as in Jack Tar. It seems to also be used in Canada, as per this website, albeit that it is also a Wiki. -Ashley Pomeroy (talk) 01:30, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Military history/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2008
Article reassessed and graded as start class. --dashiellx (talk) 18:29, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

In the late Middle Ages...
...the Lance was the smallest fighting unit, for instance a knight, a sergeant (man-at-arms) and a page, and perhaps with some mounted archers, crossbowmen and harquebushiers. It was a tiny group of men under a knight. In Italy the leader of a 'lancia' was called 'capo lancia' o 'caporale', that is to say, corporal. See Condottieri. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.8.98.118 (talk) 11:14, 16 December 2009 (UTC) Subsequently edited by the same IP address on 12:29, 17 December 2009 (UTC), the next day.

 * Yes. The article Lances fournies discusses this usage of "lance" for what today is commonly called a "squad." Given the earlier hoopla some years back about citing this as a possible alternate origin for "lance corporal," I'm just going to add a See Also section with that reference. --Eliyahu S Talk 16:56, 18 April 2012 (UTC)

France
In France, the equivalent of a Lance Corporal is a Caporal not 1st class private, which is given to a private as distinction and not a rank and doesn't give any particular authority over another private, whereas a Caporal is team leader in a fireteam. Blastwizard (talk) 13:18, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

In the French armies of the 16th-18th centuries the rank “anspessade“ was given to noblemen enlisted as soldiers in the infantry, coming from a poor family and not able to own a horse or to buy an officer commission, but the authorities wanted them to feel somewhat superior to other privates. French sources relate it to the French wars in Italy of the late 15th and early 16th C., originally former cavalrymen, “broken lances“ because they could not afford to fight mounted. Pat22 (talk) 11:22, 8 July 2023 (UTC)

US Army Lance Corporal Rank
The rank of lance corporal has existed in the US Army since at least 1802, as the US Army Institute of Heraldry documents its first occurrence in an “unofficial journal” dated in that year. The first official use of the rank of lance corporal is documented in the General Regulations for the Army, or, Military Institutes, (Articles 18 and 20), authorized by an Act of Congress on March 2, 1821 and published by the War Department in July 1821 and again on March 1, 1825.

In the General Regulations for the Army of the United States (Article XVI, Paragraph 64), published on January 25, 1841, and again in the 1847 edition (Article XIII, Paragraph 121; Article XIV, Paragraph 134; and Article XLIX, Paragraph 818) the rank of lance corporal and lance sergeant are authorized. (Lance corporals were to serve as assistant squad leaders.) Again, in the Revised Army Regulations of 1861 published on August 10, 1861 and in the 1863 edition “With An Appendix Containing the Changes and Laws Affecting Army Regulations And Articles Of War To June 25, 1863” in Article 40, Paragraph 971, lance corporal and lance sergeant are authorized. Lance corporal and lance sergeant ranks are authorized in Regulations of the Army of the United States and General Orders In Force on the 17th of February 1881 in Article LV, Paragraph 812 and in Regulations of the Army of the United States 1895 Article XXXII, Paragraph 257.

In the edition of 1901 “With Appendix Separately Indexed And Showing Changes to January 1, 1901”, in the Appendix, page 331, in Headquarters of the Army, General Orders, No. 42, June 30, 1897, Part II, the lance corporal is authorized to wear “…a chevron having one bar…”. In Regulations for the Army of the United States 1904, Article XXX, Paragraph 263, “…no company shall have more than one lance corporal at a time, unless there are noncommissioned officers absent by authority, during which absences there may be one for each absentee.” This proscription appears again in Article XXX, Paragraph 272 of Regulations for the Army of the United States 1910, and the editions of 1913, and 1917 “Corrected to April 15, 1917 (Changes, Nos. 1 to 55)”.

In 1920 the former lance corporal insignia of rank was assigned to private first class in War Department Circular No. 303, dated 3 August 1920. However, the Institute of Heraldry states that some US Army Tables of Organization and Equipment (TOEs) still authorized lance corporals until circa 1940. In February 1965 the US Army announced that effective September 1, 1965 that pay grade E-3 would be re-designated as lance corporal. The rank insignia was the pre-World War II specialist grade 6 insignia of one chevron above one arc or “rocker.”

Apparently, (admittedly based on conjecture and anecdotal evidence) due to a presumed shortage of general availability of the “new” rank insignia as well as a general dislike in the Army of the “new” rank title, partially because it may have been viewed as a “Marine Corps” rank, most commands and installations did not use the title. It appears that in practice, the Army (in some units and locales) had both E-3s and E-2s wearing a single chevron with both being called private first class (PFC) until 1968 when the “old” PFC insignia of one chevron became private E-2 (PV2) and E-3 became PFC using the “old/new” specialist grade 6/lance corporal insignia.

As the US Army was heavily involved in combat operations in Southeast Asia during the 1965-1968 time period, it is very odd that there appears to be no award citation or casualty listings (i.e., KIA or MIA) for Army lance corporals. Also, I have researched the list of Medal of Honor (MOH) recipients from 1866 through 1920 (there are so many for the Civil War that I have not completed it) and I cannot find a single Army lance corporal mentioned. (Perhaps any lance corporals, or lance sergeants, for that matter, so recognized were automatically meritoriously/ posthumously promoted to full corporal or sergeant, respectively, concurrent with the award of the MOH. According to an email I received from the Institute of Heraldry re an inquiry on the history of the US Army lance corporal rank, I was told that the Institutes History of U.S. Army Enlisted Ranks page is “not all inclusive” and that “we do not have a lot” in regards to historical files on the rank. The Institute provided me with a copy of illustrations of US Army Enlisted Rank insignia from THE PENTAGRAM (sic) NEWS, Washington, D.C., Page 13, entitled “Army Changes Enlisted Insignia” dated February 25, 1965 that shows PFC (E-2) with one chevron, Lance Corporal (E-3) with one chevron over one arc, and two Army E-9 ranks that are different than the current ones. The current Sergeant Major insignia (for a short while known as Staff Sergeant Major) is listed as Chief Master Sergeant (same as the current USAF E-9 rank) and the current Command Sergeant Major (with a slightly different star and wreath pattern) is simply Sergeant Major. Additionally, the Institute provided a copy of an article from the ARMY TIMES, Page 22, entitled “All About That ‘New’ Lance Corporal Rank” dated March 3, 1965, which corroborates the existence of the US Army lance corporal rank. This article includes citations in Farrow’s Military Encyclopedia of 1885 (page 174) and The Encyclopedia Americana (Volume 8, Page 1, 1829-1953 and 1963).

If anyone has any definitive information to add to the above, please share it. The history of US Army enlisted rank insignia is extremely complex and rather confusing, and even the Army’s Institute of Heraldry admits that its information is somewhat sparse and not “all inclusive.”CobraDragoon (talk) 05:11, 21 June 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Marine
the article has forgotten that the word Marine(s) is to be capitalized 192.55.60.34 (talk) 00:34, 9 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Nope. This has been discussed ad infinitem and it has been decided that "marine" should not be capitalised on Wikipedia, any more than soldier, sailor or airman should be capitalised. It's merely an affectation. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:35, 13 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lance corporal


text:
Steerage

Steerage is a term for the lowest category of passenger accommodation in a ship. In the nineteenth and early twentieth century, considerable numbers of persons travelled from their homeland to seek a new life elsewhere, in many cases North America and Australia. Many of those people were destitute in their homeland and had the minimum of resources to procure transportation. The term later widened to imply the lowest category of accommodation on a passenger vessel.

Steerage class travel
Steerage refers to the lowest possible category of long-distance steamer travel. It was available to very poor people, usually emigrants seeking a new life in the New World, chiefly North America and Australia. In many cases, these people had no financial resources and were attempting to escape destitution at home. Consequently, they needed transportation at an absolute minimum cost. In many cases they provided their own bedding and food. Steerage was very cramped and there was hardly any room for fresh air to get there. Many people died in steerage. The term steerage was used to refer to the lowest category of accommodation, usually not including proper sleeping accommodation. In the United Kingdom, it was often referred to as third class, but there were instances where steerage was effectively fourth-class. In time, the designation came to refer to the lowest category in general, and in modern times is sometimes used sarcastically to refer to any uncomfortable accommodation in an airliner, ship or train.

Beds were often long rows of large shared bunks with straw mattresses and no bed linens.

A commentator described conditions in steerage aboard the SS Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1906:

"900 steerage passengers [are] crowded into the hold of ... the Kaiser Wilhelm II, of the North German Lloyd line[. They] are positively packed like cattle, making a walk on deck when the weather is good, absolutely impossible, while to breathe clean air below in rough weather, when the hatches are down is an equal impossibility. The stenches become unbearable... [and the] division between the sexes is not carefully looked after, and the young women who are quartered among the married passengers have neither the privacy to which they are entitled nor are they much more protected than if they were living promiscuously. The food, which is miserable, is dealt out of huge kettles into the dinner pails provided by the steamship company."

title: Steerage


text:
User talk:TheSunTheSea

Iranian Revolution
I've read a handful of books on the revolution, and I don't remember any of them mentioning Arafat or the PLO. At best his involvement was peripheral to the revolution and does not belong in our fairly brief summary the events in Iran. The content might be more appropriate for the article on Yasir Arafat. - SimonP 19:06, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)

Image:Myer hall mines.jpg Has been listed on WP:IFD as it is unused and has no information on the source. Feel free to object if you feel this was an error.  — Zeimusu | Talk 01:35, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Type 22 frigates

This is the category of Type 22 frigates.

title: Category:Type 22 frigates


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File:CaOmelt1.jpg

Calcium oxide melting

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Electric arc

An electric arc (or arc discharge) is an electrical breakdown of a gas that produces a prolonged electrical discharge. The current through a normally nonconductive medium such as air produces a plasma, which may produce visible light. An arc discharge is initiated either by thermionic emission or by field emission. After initiation, the arc relies on thermionic emission of electrons from the electrodes supporting the arc. An arc discharge is characterized by a lower voltage than a glow discharge. An archaic term is voltaic arc, as used in the phrase "voltaic arc lamp".

Techniques for arc suppression can be used to reduce the duration or likelihood of arc formation.

In the late 19th century, electric arc lighting was in wide use for public lighting. Some low-pressure electric arcs are used in many applications. For example, fluorescent tubes, mercury, sodium, and metal-halide lamps are used for lighting; xenon arc lamps have been used for movie projectors. Electric arcs can be utilized for manufacturing processes, such as electric arc welding, and electric arc furnaces for steel recycling.

History
Sir Humphry Davy discovered the short-pulse electrical arc in 1800. In 1801, he described the phenomenon in a paper published in William Nicholson's Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts. According to modern science, Davy's description was a spark rather than an arc. In the same year Davy publicly demonstrated the effect, before the Royal Society, by transmitting an electric current through two carbon rods that touched, and then pulling them a short distance apart. The demonstration produced a "feeble" arc, not readily distinguished from a sustained spark, between charcoal points. The Society subscribed for a more powerful battery of 1,000 plates, and in 1808 he demonstrated the large-scale arc. He is credited with naming the arc. He called it an arc because it assumes the shape of an upward bow when the distance between the electrodes is not small. This is due to the buoyant force on the hot gas.

The first continuous arc was discovered independently in 1802 and described in 1803 as a "special fluid with electrical properties", by Vasily V. Petrov, a Russian scientist experimenting with a copper-zinc battery consisting of 4200 discs.

In the late nineteenth century, electric arc lighting was in wide use for public lighting. The tendency of electric arcs to flicker and hiss was a major problem. In 1895, Hertha Marks Ayrton wrote a series of articles for the Electrician, explaining that these phenomena were the result of oxygen coming into contact with the carbon rods used to create the arc. In 1899, she was the first woman ever to read her own paper before the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE). Her paper was entitled "The Hissing of the Electric Arc". Shortly thereafter, Ayrton was elected the first female member of the IEE; the next woman to be admitted to the IEE was in 1958. She petitioned to present a paper before the Royal Society, but she was not allowed because of her gender, and "The Mechanism of the Electric Arc" was read by John Perry in her stead in 1901.

Overview
An electric arc is the form of electric discharge with the highest current density. The maximum current through an arc is limited only by the external circuit, not by the arc itself.

An arc between two electrodes can be initiated by ionization and glow discharge, when the current through the electrodes is increased. The breakdown voltage of the electrode gap is a combined function of the pressure, distance between electrodes and type of gas surrounding the electrodes. When an arc starts, its terminal voltage is much less than a glow discharge, and current is higher. An arc in gases near atmospheric pressure is characterized by visible light emission, high current density, and high temperature. An arc is distinguished from a glow discharge partly by the similar temperatures of the electrons and the positive ions; in a glow discharge, the ions are much colder than the electrons.

A drawn arc can be initiated by two electrodes initially in contact and drawn apart; this can initiate an arc without the high-voltage glow discharge. This is the way a welder starts to weld a joint, momentarily touching the welding electrode against the workpiece then withdrawing it until a stable arc is formed. Another example is separation of electrical contacts in switches, relays or circuit breakers; in high-energy circuits arc suppression may be required to prevent damage to contacts.

Electrical resistance along the continuous electric arc creates heat, which ionizes more gas molecules (where the degree of ionization is determined by temperature), and as per this sequence: solid-liquid-gas-plasma; the gas is gradually turned into a thermal plasma. A thermal plasma is in thermal equilibrium; the temperature is relatively homogeneous throughout the atoms, molecules, ions, and electrons. The energy given to electrons is dispersed rapidly to the heavier particles by elastic collisions, due to their great mobility and large numbers.

Current in the arc is sustained by thermionic emission and field emission of electrons at the cathode. The current may be concentrated in a very small hot spot on the cathode; current densities on the order of one million amperes per square centimeter can be found. Unlike a glow discharge, an arc has little discernible structure, since the positive column is quite bright and extends nearly to the electrodes on both ends. The cathode fall and anode fall of a few volts occur within a fraction of a millimeter of each electrode. The positive column has a lower voltage gradient and may be absent in very short arcs.

A low-frequency (less than 100 Hz) alternating current arc resembles a direct current arc; on each cycle, the arc is initiated by breakdown, and the electrodes interchange roles, as anode or cathode, when current reverses. As the frequency of the current increases, there is not enough time for all ionization to disperse on each half cycle, and the breakdown is no longer needed to sustain the arc; the voltage vs. current characteristic becomes more nearly ohmic.

The various shapes of electric arcs are emergent properties of non-linear patterns of current and electric field. The arc occurs in the gas-filled space between two conductive electrodes (often made of tungsten or carbon) and it results in a very high temperature, capable of melting or vaporizing most materials. An electric arc is a continuous discharge, while the similar electric spark discharge is momentary. An electric arc may occur either in direct current (DC) circuits or in alternating current (AC) circuits. In the latter case, the arc may re-strike on each half cycle of the current. An electric arc differs from a glow discharge in that the current density is quite high, and the voltage drop within the arc is low; at the cathode, the current density can be as high as one megaampere per square centimeter.

An electric arc has a non-linear relationship between current and voltage. Once the arc is established (either by progression from a glow discharge or by momentarily touching the electrodes then separating them), increased current results in a lower voltage between the arc terminals. This negative resistance effect requires that some positive form of impedance (as an electrical ballast) be placed in the circuit to maintain a stable arc. This property is the reason uncontrolled electrical arcs in apparatus become so destructive, since once initiated an arc will draw more and more current from a fixed-voltage supply until the apparatus is destroyed.

Uses
Industrially, electric arcs are used for welding, plasma cutting, for electrical discharge machining, as an arc lamp in movie projectors, and spotlights in stage lighting. Electric arc furnaces are used to produce steel and other substances. Calcium carbide is made in this way as it requires a large amount of energy to promote an endothermic reaction (at temperatures of 2500 °C).

Carbon arc lights were the first electric lights. They were used for street lights in the 19th century and for specialized applications such as searchlights until World War II. Today, electric arcs are used in many applications. For example, fluorescent tubes, mercury, sodium, and metal halide lamps are used for lighting; xenon arc lamps are used for movie projectors and theatrical spotlights.

Formation of an intense electric arc, similar to a small-scale arc flash, is the foundation of exploding-bridgewire detonators.

Electric arcs have been studied for electric propulsion of spacecraft.

They are used in the laboratory for spectroscopy to create spectral emissions by intense heating of a sample of matter.

Protection of electrical equipment
Arc is still being used in high voltage switchgear for protection of extra high voltage transmission networks. To protect a unit (e. g., a series capacitor in a transmission line) against overvoltage, an arc-inducing device, so called spark gap, is connected in parallel to the unit. Once the voltage reaches the air-breakdown threshold, an arc ignites across the spark plug and short-circuits the terminals of the unit, thus protecting the latter from the overvoltage. For the reinsertion of a unit, the arc needs to be extinguished, this can be achieved in multiple ways. For example, a spark gap can be fitted with arcing horns − two wires, approximately vertical but gradually diverging from each other towards the top in a narrow V shape. Once ignited, the arc will move upwards along the wires and will break down when the distance between the wires will become too large. If the arc is extinguished and the original trigger condition no longer exists (a fault has been resolved or a bypass switch engaged), the arc will not reignite. The arc can be also broken by a blast of compressed air or another gas.

An undesirable arc can also occur when a high-voltage switch is opened and is extinguished in similar ways. Modern devices use sulphur hexafluoride at high pressure in a nozzle flow between separated electrodes within a pressurized vessel. The arc current is interrupted at the moment within an AC cycle when the current goes to zero and the highly electronegative SF6 ions quickly absorb free electrons from the decaying plasma. The SF6 technology mostly displaced the similar air-based one because many noisy air-blast units in series were required to prevent the arc inside the switch from re-igniting.

Visual entertainment

A Jacob's ladder (more formally, a high voltage travelling arc) is a device for producing a continuous train of electric arcs that rise upwards. The device is named for the Jacob's Ladder leading to heaven as described in the Bible. Similarly to the arcing horns, the spark gap is formed by two wires diverging from the base to the top.

When high voltage is applied to the gap, a spark forms across the bottom of the wires where they are nearest each other, rapidly changing to an electric arc. Air breaks down at about 30 kV/cm, depending on humidity, temperature, etc. Apart from the anode and cathode voltage drops, the arc behaves almost as a short circuit, drawing as much current as the electrical power supply can deliver, and the heavy load dramatically reduces the voltage across the gap.

The heated ionized air rises, carrying the current path with it. As the trail of ionization gets longer, it becomes more and more unstable, finally breaking. The voltage across the electrodes then rises and the spark re-forms at the bottom of the device.

This cycle leads to an exotic-looking display of electric white, yellow, blue or purple arcs, which is often seen in horror films and films about mad scientists. The device was a staple in schools and science fairs of the 1950s and 1960s, typically constructed out of a Model T spark coil or any other source of high voltage in the 10,000–30,000-volt range, such as a neon sign transformer (5–15 kV) or a television picture tube circuit (flyback transformer) (10–28 kV), and two coat hangers or rods built into a V shape. For larger ladders, microwave oven transformers connected in series, voltage multipliers and utility pole transformers (pole pigs) run in reverse (step-up) are commonly used.

Guiding the arc
Scientists have discovered a method to control the path of an arc between two electrodes by firing laser beams at the gas between the electrodes. The gas becomes a plasma and guides the arc. By constructing the plasma path between the electrodes with different laser beams, the arc can be formed into curved and S-shaped paths. The arc could also hit an obstacle and reform on the other side of the obstacle. The laser-guided arc technology could be useful in applications to deliver a spark of electricity to a precise spot.

Undesired arcing
Undesired or unintended electric arcing can have detrimental effects on electric power transmission, distribution systems and electronic equipment. Devices which may cause arcing include switches, circuit breakers, relay contacts, fuses and poor cable terminations. When an inductive circuit is switched off, the current cannot instantaneously jump to zero: a transient arc will be formed across the separating contacts. Switching devices susceptible to arcing are normally designed to contain and extinguish an arc, and snubber circuits can supply a path for transient currents, preventing arcing. If a circuit has enough current and voltage to sustain an arc formed outside of a switching device, the arc can cause damage to equipment such as melting of conductors, destruction of insulation, and fire. An arc flash describes an explosive electrical event that presents a hazard to people and equipment.

Undesired arcing in electrical contacts of contactors, relays and switches can be reduced by devices such as contact arc suppressors and RC snubbers or through techniques including:
 * immersion in transformer oil, dielectric gas or vacuum
 * arc chutes
 * magnetic blowouts
 * pneumatic blowouts
 * sacrificial ("arcing") contacts
 * damping materials to absorb arc energy, either thermally or through chemical decomposition

Arcing can also occur when a low resistance channel (foreign object, conductive dust, moisture...) forms between places with different voltage. The conductive channel then can facilitate formation of an electric arc. The ionized air has high electrical conductivity approaching that of metals, and it can conduct extremely high currents, causing a short circuit and tripping protective devices (fuses and circuit breakers). A similar situation may occur when a lightbulb burns out and the fragments of the filament pull an electric arc between the leads inside the bulb, leading to overcurrent that trips the breakers.

An electric arc over the surface of plastics causes their degradation. A conductive carbon-rich track tends to form in the arc path, called "carbon tracking", negatively influencing their insulation properties. The arc susceptibility, or "track resistance", is tested according to ASTM D495, by point electrodes and continuous and intermittent arcs; it is measured in seconds required to form a track that is conductive under high-voltage low-current conditions. Some materials are less susceptible to degradation than others. For example, polytetrafluoroethylene has arc resistance of about 200 seconds (3.3 minutes). From thermosetting plastics, alkyds and melamine resins are better than phenolic resins. Polyethylenes have arc resistance of about 150 seconds; polystyrenes and polyvinyl chlorides have relatively low resistance of about 70 seconds. Plastics can be formulated to emit gases with arc-extinguishing properties; these are known as arc-extinguishing plastics.

Arcing over some types of printed circuit boards, possibly due to cracks of the traces or the failure of a solder joint, renders the affected insulating layer conductive as the dielectric is combusted due to the high temperatures involved. This conductivity prolongs the arcing due to cascading failure of the surface.

Arc suppression
Arc suppression is a method of attempting to reduce or eliminate an electrical arc. There are several possible areas of use of arc suppression methods, among them metal film deposition and sputtering, arc flash protection, electrostatic processes where electrical arcs are not desired (such as powder painting, air purification, PVDF film poling) and contact current arc suppression. In industrial, military and consumer electronic design, the latter method generally applies to devices such as electromechanical power switches, relays and contactors. In this context, arc suppression uses contact protection.

Part of the energy of an electrical arc forms new chemical compounds from the air surrounding the arc: these include oxides of nitrogen and ozone, the second of which can be detected by its distinctive sharp smell. These chemicals can be produced by high-power contacts in relays and motor commutators, and they are corrosive to nearby metal surfaces. Arcing also erodes the surfaces of the contacts, wearing them down and creating high contact resistance when closed.

Health hazards
Exposure to an arc-producing device can pose health hazards. An arc formed in air will ionize oxygen and nitrogen, which then can re-form into reactive molecules such as ozone and nitric oxide. These products can be damaging to the mucous membranes. Plants are also susceptible to ozone poisoning. These hazards are greatest when the arc is continuous and in an enclosed space such as a room. An arc that occurs outside is less of a hazard because the heated ionized gases will rise up into the air and dissipate into the atmosphere. Spark gaps which only intermittently produce short spark bursts are also minimally hazardous because the volume of ions generated is very small.

Arcs can also produce a broad spectrum of wavelengths spanning the visible light and the invisible ultraviolet and infrared spectrum. Very intense arcs generated by means such as arc welding can produce significant amounts of ultraviolet radiation which is damaging to the cornea of the observer. These arcs should only be observed through special dark filters which reduce the arc intensity and shield the observer's eyes from the ultraviolet rays.

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House of Bush, House of Saud

House of Bush, House of Saud: The Secret Relationship Between the World's Two Most Powerful Dynasties is a 2004 book by Craig Unger that explores the relationship between the Saudi Royal Family and the Bush extended political family. Unger asserts that the groundwork for today's terrorist movements and the modern wars that have sprung up about them was unintentionally laid more than 30 years ago with a series of business deals between the ruling Saudis and the powerful Bush family. The Saudis received investments and military protection in exchange for cooperation on lucrative oil deals. The author claims that the result has been a shady alliance between "the world's two most powerful dynasties." Unger writes, "Never before has an American president been so closely tied to a foreign power that harbors and supports our country's mortal enemies."

Unger reportedly traced $1.4 billion in investments by the Saudis to friends and business organizations closely associated with the Bush family. Newsweek's Michael Isikoff had harsh criticism of the $1.4 billion figure, the Saudi connection, and the flights out of the U.S. According to Isikoff: "Nearly 90 percent of that amount, $1.18 billion, comes from just one source: contracts in the early to mid-1990s that the Saudi Arabian government awarded to a U.S. defense contractor, BDM, for training the country's military and National Guard." According to Newsweek, George W. Bush could not have been involved with the Carlyle Group, which owned BDM, when the $1.18 billion deal was made, because "former president Bush didn't join the Carlyle advisory board until April, 1998—five months after Carlyle had already sold BDM to another defense firm."

On his website, Unger replied that Isikoff wrongly suggests that the Bush family and its allies had little or no relationship with the Carlyle Group until 1998. "If that were true, he might have a point.""But in fact, the Bush-Carlyle relationship began eight years earlier when the Carlyle Group put George W. Bush on the board of one of its subsidiaries, Caterair, in 1990. In 1993, after the Bush-Quayle administration left office and George H. W. Bush and James Baker were free to join the private sector, the Bush family's relationship with the Carlyle Group began to become substantive. By the end of that year, key figures at the Carlyle Group included such powerful Bush colleagues as James Baker, Frank Carlucci, and Richard Darman. Because George W. Bush's role at Carlyle had been marginal, the $1.4 billion figure includes no contracts that predated the arrival of Baker, Carlucci and Darman at Carlyle. With former Secretary of Defense Carlucci guiding the acquisition of defense companies, Carlyle finally began making real money from the Saudis, both through investments from the royal family, the bin Ladens and other members of the Saudi elite, and through lucrative defense investments."Isikoff also argued there was nothing extraordinary about the evacuation of the Saudis because Tampa International Airport had reopened. Unger disagreed, noting, "Commercial aviation slowly resumed on September 13, but at 10:57 am that day, the Federal Aviation Administration issued a Notice to Airmen stating that private aviation was still banned. Three planes violated that order and were forced down by American military aircraft that day. Yet the Saudis were allowed to fly on the ten passenger Learjet. ... The Tampa to Lexington flight is vital because it required permission from the highest levels of our government. If it were just another normal flight, why would anyone go to a crisis-stricken White House to get permission for the Saudis to fly?"

Research conducted for this book backs up claims made in controversial documentary filmmaker Michael Moore's 2004 picture Fahrenheit 9/11.

title: House of Bush, House of Saud