text:
Talk:Shiki-Jitsu

Name
Shouldn't we change this article to the widely-used 'Ritual'? I've no qualms with shiki-jitsu, but it seems inconsistent with other Wikipedia articles using Foreign Language Film's localised titles. VF01 (talk) 02:37, 30 September 2021 (UTC)

Untitled
65.27.239.28, thank you for a very valuable addition ! I will take and add a few screenshots of the film as soom as I have some time for this. Rama 17:39, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Images
Neilworms, do you think there were too many images before, or just that they impaired the formatting ? If the latter, can we try and work to make the page nice while retaining the other photos ? Rama 17:24, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I was looking at it on a 21 in monitor with a much higher resolution. At that resolution the images looked really bad, they were tiled diagonally across the screen interfering with the content of the article.

I later looked at the article on a 17 in monitor and noticed that at lower resolution they were all to the right on the screen not interfering with the article. Unless you can do the formatting in such a way to solve this problem at higher resolutions lets keep it like this so the article looks clean on both 17 in and 21 in monitors.

Btw, I think the images are great, the descriptions on them were a bit unclear so I had cleaned them up a bit to convey the same idea.

Neilworms 14:33, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

OK, I'll try to see wether I can find a way to force a proper layout. You certainly did well with the captions, I am much of unclear sometimes ! :) Thanks ! Rama 20:02, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:SJ umbrella bath.jpg
Image:SJ umbrella bath.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 09:55, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:SJ shadows.jpg
Image:SJ shadows.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 09:55, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:SJ raining.jpg
Image:SJ raining.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 09:55, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:SJ rails.jpg
Image:SJ rails.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 09:55, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shiki-Jitsu


text:
Zatzman Sportsplex

The Zatzman Sportsplex is an indoor sports and community centre in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, opened 1982 and known as the Dartmouth Sportsplex until 2019. It houses an arena, a gymnasium, two swimming pools, and other fitness, leisure and events facilities. It is managed by the Dartmouth Sportsplex Community Association, a non-profit organization which runs the facility on behalf of the Halifax Regional Council.

History
The site was formerly home to the Dartmouth Arena, which was built in 1950 and burned down on 16 May 1974. A sod-turning ceremony was held for the new Sportsplex in March 1981 by Dartmouth mayor Daniel Brownlow and Premier John Buchanan. It was constructed by Dineen Construction and cost $7 million. The Sportsplex opened in 1982. A management agreement between the municipality and the Dartmouth Sportsplex Community Association was signed in 1998, and has been renewed every year since.

The Dartmouth Sportsplex closed in early 2017 for a major renovation and expansion. A new double gymnasium and multi-purpose meeting rooms were added, while the fitness room was expanded. Most of the interior was revamped, except for the hockey arena. The project was designed by Diamond Schmitt Architects and local firm Abbott Brown. Estimated in 2016 to cost $20 million, it ended up costing about $28 million. The complex reopened in February 2019 as the Zatzman Sportsplex following a $750,000 donation from the Zatzman family in honour of the late Joseph Zatzman, businessman and former mayor of Dartmouth.

Facilities
The arena has a capacity of 3,000 for hockey and 3,500 for stage events. It has been home to various junior, senior and minor and high school hockey teams. It also hosts occasional trade shows and concerts. The complex also houses a 25-metre, eight lane swimming pool, home to the Dartmouth Whalers and Dartmouth Crusaders swim clubs, as well as a smaller teaching pool.

Other facilities include meeting and community rooms, a gymnasium, fitness and cardio rooms, racquetball and squash courts, a running track, water slides, and a canteen (not yet opened following renovations).

Clubs and events hosted

 * Dartmouth Crusaders Swim Club
 * Dartmouth Whalers Masters Swim Club
 * Canada Winter Games - men's and women's ice hockey, February 11-27, 2011
 * Dartmouth Major Midget 1982-
 * Dartmouth Whalers Major Bantam 2013-
 * Dartmouth High School (Nova Scotia) 2017-
 * Metro Marauders Junior A hockey team, 2010–2013 (now Valley Wildcats)
 * Nova Scotia Liberal Party leadership convention, April 2007
 * Dartmouth Destroyers, Canadian Elite Hockey League, 2005-2006
 * IIHF World Women's Championships, 2004 (co-hosted with Halifax Metro Centre)
 * Emergency shelter, Operation Yellow Ribbon, 2001
 * Dartmouth Oland Exports, Maritime Junior Hockey League, 1995–1998
 * Dartmouth Moosehead Mounties, 19??-????
 * Fred Page Cup, 1996,
 * Air Canada Cup, 1992
 * Annual SEDHMA minor hockey tournament
 * Various Musical Concerts

Transportation
The facility is adjacent to the Halifax Transit Bridge Terminal, the busiest public transport hub in the city serving 24 different transit routes.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Zatzman Sportsplex


text: User talk:69.133.109.231

title: User talk:69.133.109.231


text:
Category:Quebec law

This is a category for laws of the Province of Quebec, Canada passed by the provincial legislature or are part of the Civil code of Quebec.

title: Category:Quebec law


text:
Sevilla, Valle del Cauca

Sevilla is a town and municipality in the Valle del Cauca Department, Colombia. Widely recognized and famous as one of the best Colombian coffee producers. It is also known as the "Coffee Capital of Colombia" In 2003, the municipality had a population of approximately 60,000.

History
Founded as San Luis in 1903 by Heraclio Uribe Uribe, it was renamed for the city of Sevilla, Spain, when it became a municipality in 1914.

Geography and climate
Sevilla is located in the northeastern portion of the Valle del Cauca Department, about 90 miles northeast of Cali, the department capital. Sevilla lies on the western slope of the central mountain range, the Cordillera Central, out of the three main ones resting on the beautiful landscape of Colombia. The landscape is also appropriate for long walks and horseback riding. Its climate is widely varied because it is located 1650 metres above sea level.

Population
According to the National census taken in 1993, Sevilla municipality had a population of 47,283, distributed as follows: men: 26,128; women: 21,155; the municipal seat had a population of 19,311. This amount was considered low as the National Census taken in 1985 gave as a result a similar amount. We mustn't forget that on 1928 the town had a population of 22,000; then, according to National Census taken on 1961 the municipality had a population of 56,793 and was listed as the fourth most populous in the department. The last National Census, taken on 2005 gave a population of 41,632, which represented a diminished rate of growth population. In accordance with the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE), on 2010, Sevilla might have a population of 46,507.

Resources
There is a great variety of agricultural products as a result of its diversity on climate floors. Citrus fruits, banana, sugar cane, maize, yucca, and vegetables, among others, are abundantly produced. Cafe cultures surround the town, since the farms outside the population core are coffee producers. There are also gold, silver, and platinum mines nearby.

title: Sevilla, Valle del Cauca


text:
Talk:Court of record

Untitled
How do you call the place where the records are kept? "Record Office"? - Anon.

 * Generally, a court of record will have a court clerk who serves as the custodian of the court's records. The place where the records are kept is usually called the "clerk's office". Ellsworth 18:50, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Please, no cranks
Someone (or more than one person) keeps adding nonsense to this page. Please stop. The objectionable material -- and the reasons it should not be added -- are as follows:

 * Below are counter arguments to some incorrect assumptions made by people continuously editing this article.

 * The court must also have the power to fine or imprison for contempt -- this is not part of the definition, it is an occasional (and by no means universal or necessary) consequence of the definition. Many tribunals of record have no power to fine or imprison--for example, many of the specialized courts in New York and Pennsylvania are courts of record, but do not have the power to fine or imprison.  The cases cited by the cranks only say that in order to fine or imprison, a court must be a court of record.  That makes "court of record" part of the definition of courts that have power to fine or imprison, not that the power is part of the definition of court of record.

 * The court must proceed according to the course of common law -- this is not true. Equity courts and civil law courts can be courts of record.

 * Your going off topic, we are clearly talking about common law court of record and not equity courts and civil law courts. Consider the article starts off as "In common law jurisdictions, a court of record"

 * The court must have the magistrate independent of the tribunal -- what does this mean? It's gibberish.  It's not even wrong.

 * A magistrate is a person with power as a public civilian officer(judge)
 * The tribunal is either the sovereign(people), or a fully empowered jury empowered jury (not paid by the government)
 * The essential aspect of this is that if the judge is the tribunal and imposes punishment, it is not a court of record 24.25.133.158

 * You've made two errors here. First, your definition of "tribunal" is incorrect.  Black's Law Dictionary (7th Ed.) defines "tribunal" as "a court or other adjudicatory body."
 * A court is the person and suit(the paperwork) of the sovereign
 * A adjudication is "The giving or pronouncing a judgment in a cause; a judgment" [Bouvier's dictionary]
 * What is your definition of tribunal?

 * If you had paused one moment to think it through, you'd realize that your definition can't possibly be correct -- juries are paid! In my state, it's $40/day, but they're paid.  If your definition of "tribunal" were correct, then then no jury trial could be a "court of record" -- and thus after rendering a verdict, the court would have no power to fine or imprison!  Not a very rational, internally-consistent system, is it?  Maybe your understanding is wrong from beginning to end?
 * I was trying to differentiate that the magistrate is paid by the government for his duties, juries may receive compensation but are not paid as government employees.

 * You second error is not reading carefully enough to understand the difference between necessary and sufficient conditions.

 * These two errors are reflected in your third bullet.  Think about what judges do.  Almost all criminal punishments in the U.S. are handed down by judges.  For example, criminal sentences are almost always imposed by a judge--juries sometimes give advisory verdicts, but the judge issues the sentence, even when guilt or innocence was determined by the jury.  When a defendant waives jury trial, a judge determines guilt or innocence, and sentences punishment.  In all these cases, the judge and court that hands down the punishment is nonetheless a court of record.  73.38.59.62

 * People can waive their rights to a trial jury, and they can do that by contract. But it's a fraud, fiction, and a court not of record especially if the people don't realize the jurisdiction they bring themselves into willingly.

 * Its acts and judicial proceedings are enrolled, or recorded, for a perpetual memory and testimony. -- this part is correct (well, except the "perpetual" part). This is the entire definition of "court of record," beginning, middle, end, full stop.

 * This is not the entire definition of a court of record as you say, you cannot simply erase a definition by including only parts of it. And the common law is based on judicial precedent so statues cannot simply wipe away common law. 24.25.133.158

 * I'm sorry, I don't understand. Your own cases, including Thomas Fletcher, and the Blackstone commentary, say that a court of record is a court that makes a record, with no further condition.  I'm not erasing anything.  The question we're discussing is why you're adding additional limitations.
 * This is part of a court of record. Not the whole of it.

 * Also, you cited the New York Consititution § 14 -- I quote it below. It provides that the NY legislature, by statute, can wipe away common law.  Is there any respect in which your view is internally consistent?  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.9.220.36 (talk) 22:29, 20 July 2015 (UTC)
 * I am no idea where you get the notation that the NY legislature can wipe away common law. They have to power to make alterations but what you are saying is that the NY state legislature could go to admiralty tomorrow? It is the law of the state and has not been repealed. Where has it been repealed?

 * The New York Consititution § 14 says the new York legislature can, and they have. For example, in the 1850s, the New York legislature abolished the common law of civil procedure, and replaced it with the Field Code.  Then in the 1950s and 1960s, the New York legislature abolished the common law of contracts for sales of goods, negotiable instruments, letters of credit, and the like, and replaced them with the Uniform Commercial Code.  They can abolish, and have.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.229.147.75 (talk) 03:18, 20 February 2016 (UTC)

 * There is an optional fifth requirement which is that the court has a seal. -- irrelevant. If it's "optional," it has no relevance to a definition, true?

 * It generally has a seal, but does not need to, so I yield this point to you. 24.25.133.158

 * Thank you for conceding the point entirely. Most courts of record "generally" have a seal, but the seal is the consequence of being "of record," not a necessary condition.  Thank you for providing a perfect illustration to show your lack of understanding of the difference between necessary and sufficient conditions, and your inability to identify cause-and-effect relationships.  I trust this illustrates the issue so that even you see it clearly.  But it's troubling that it took this much to show you the logical fallacies in your conception.  Now that you see the error in your thinking, I hope you will go in peace, and sin no more. 73.38.59.62 (talk) 01:18, 14 November 2015 (UTC)

The cites given are either archaic or wrong:

 * Jones v. Jones, 188 Mo.App. 220, 175 S.W. 227, 229; Ex parte Gladhill, 8 Metc., Mass., 171, per Shaw, C. J. See,also, Ledwith v. Rosalsky, 244 N.Y. 406, 155 N.E. 688, 689; 3 Bl. Comm. 24; 3 Steph. Comm. 383; The Thomas Fletcher, C.C.Ga., 24 F. 481; Ex parte Thistleton, 52 Cal 225; Erwin v. U.S., D.C.Ga., 37 F. 488, 2 L.R.A. 229; Heininger v. Davis, 96 Ohio St. 205, 117 N.E. 229, 231.

The cites that I can locate prove the error in the cranked-up definition. To take one example, Gladhill, the question decided in that case was whether a police court in the city of Lowell had jurisdiction to hear an naturalization case--that is, whether a state court had jurisdiction to hear a question arising under federal law. The sentence from Gladhill that seems to be of interest to the cranks is:

 * The statute of the United States, passed April 14th 1802, 2 U. S. Laws, (Story's ed.) 850, after having conferred the power to receive declarations of aliens, and, on application, to admit them to become citizens, upon various courts of the United States, and of the several States and territories, including district courts, and after reciting doubts whether certain courts of record in some of the States are included within the description, enacts, § 3, that “every court of record, in any individual State, having common law jurisdiction, and a seal, and clerk or prothonotary, shall be considered as a district court, within the meaning of this act.”

That is, this sentence says that congress had extended jurisdiction over this issue to any court of record (federal or state) with the additional properties of "common law jurisdiction," "seal," and "clerk." Congress apparently felt that any court that had these formalities in place could serve as an immigration naturalization court (remember that in 1802, federal courts were few and far between, while every city of any size had a state court). These are not properties that define a court of record, they are properties that must exist in addition to being a court of record, in order for the court (federal or state) to entertain federal questions of naturalization. Because they are additional requirements, they cannot be part of the definition.

 * You are mixing statutory law with common law. They are clearly different. In the State of New York it clearly states in Article 1, Section 14 that the common law is in full effect and the right to common law is protected under the United States Constitution.

 * So statutes added a formal definition of a court of record. This does not change the definition from up above. 24.25.133.158

 * You are misreading the quote from your own Gladhill source. The statute says that courts that are (a) of record, (b) common law, (c) seal, and (d) with a clerk, may perform the naturalization function of a district court.  The statute does not change the common law definition of "court of record."  The statute, the Gladhill case, and I, are all keeping the two quite separate.  In what sense do you think I'm "mixing" them?  It certainly appears that you're making an error of logical inference, confusing a definition with a consequence, which leads you to mix up distinct things.

 * You've also rather remarkably misrepresented the New York Constitution. The NY Const. provides that common law can be overridden by statute, and some parts are "abrogated."  I don't understand your statement that the common law is in "full effect."  Here's the text of section 14, with the relevant parts highlighted:

 * §14. Such parts of the common law ... as together did form the law of the said colony, on the nineteenth day of April, one thousand seven hundred seventy-five, ... which have not since expired, or been repealed or altered; ... shall be and continue the law of this state, subject to such alterations as the legislature shall make concerning the same. But all such parts of the common law ... or parts thereof, as are repugnant to this constitution, are hereby abrogated.  73.38.59.62

 * No, common law cannot be overwritten by statutes. To alter does not mean to abolish.

The "power to fine or imprison" is not part of the definition; it is a consequence of keeping a record. Simple justice requires that a judge can't impose a criminal penalty on a person with no appellate review. Appellate review requires a record. Thus, if a court does not keep a record, the court cannot have the power to fine or imprison. But like any other proposition, the converse is not necessarily true. This part of the cranks' definition confuses necessary conditions with sufficient conditions -- something most of us were taught to avoid in middle school.

 * This is just wrong. I think you are confusing minutes as part of the record, which is not true. 1 Ohio R. 268. See 23 Pick. R. 184. 24.25.133.158

 * "Minutes," in the sense of a transcript of the proceedings, is the touchstone for modern "of record" hearing ("of record" requires other things as well, but if there is a transcript of the proceedings, then all those others tend to be satisfied as a matter of practical reality).

 * Where does this definition come from?

 * There is no "Ohio R." reporter listed in the Ohio section of the Blue Book. Likewise, what is "Pick. R.?"  Does it exist?  Do you look up anything you "cite" to verify that your understanding is accurate?  For about half the sources you "cite," I can't find the text.  This leads me to suspect that some of your "cites" are just plain made up.  Diligent double checking is one of the most important disciplines of anyone that purports to have competence in the law.

 * This is from Bouvier's dictionary

 * Without an accurate cite, I can't diagnose how you reached your erroneous notion. 73.38.59.62

In addition, the Gladhill case is from 1844, and thus all but irrelevant after the great changes in American courts from the 1930s to 1940s. The Jones case is unlocatable, but the cite suggests it's from 1915 or so, and likewise too old to be relevant. The Thomas Fletcher case is miscited, but I found it anyway--it's from 1884 (thus nearly irrelevant), and states the definition from the main article and the one correct bullet above--"Blackstone says that a court of record is ‘a court where the acts and proceedings are enrolled in parchment for a perpetual memorial and testimony.‘" Well, parchment has gone away, but the essence is that a court of record is one that makes a record. Neither the Jones nor the Ledwith case is readily available in any of the standard free databases, and neither has been cited for decades, so the cites to them are unverifiable. And so forth. The omission of the date from the cites suggests that whoever added this portion of the article knew that the information was archaic or unreliable, but did not want to disclose either the adverse fact or the fact that the author knew of the error.

 * I was clearly citing from Black's Law Dictionary Edition 4, so your assumptions are based on a false premise. 24.25.133.158

 * Your original text cited the cases, not Black's. The cases are the common law, that is, the source that has legal effect.  Black's is just collected thoughts of editors, with no precedential value at all.  For someone that purports to be such a fan of common law, it's striking that you would rely on a non-authoritative dictionary, and choose to walk away from the common law itself!  Is this as irrational as it appears at first glance?   73.38.59.62

Please, this stuff is nonsense. Whoever is adding it is a misinformed crank, and neglects the rules of logical inference. Just stop. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.38.59.62 (talk) 21:39, 16 March 2015 (UTC)

 * I do not understand how citing definitions and precedents are neglecting the rules of logical inference. I am open to continued discussion 24.25.133.158

 * No one has ever identified "citing definitions and precedents" as your problem. Your problem is misreading what you cite, particularly your frequent confusion of necessary vs. sufficient conditions. 73.38.59.62

 * I fully concur with your observations. Good catch. Any available admin, please track down whomever is adding that garbage and suspend or ban them as appropriate. --Coolcaesar (talk) 14:26, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Please explain the error in my logic within the context of common law. You have failed to do so with common law and have tried to use statutes to do so. 24.25.133.158

 * Jones v. Jones, 175 S.W. 227, 188 Mo. App. 220 (Mo. App., 1915) considered whether or not an attorney properly notified a trial court of a scheduling conflict under a rule that raised a question about whether or not a hearing before a referee constituted an appearance in a court of record (it didn't). In defining "court of record," the Kansas City Court of Appeals said, "A court of record is a judicial tribunal having attributes and exercising functions independently of the person of t[h]e magistrate designated generally to hold it and proceeding according to the course of the common law. Ex parte Thistleton, 52 Cal. 220[.]" That would appear to be the source of the gibberish you mentioned (my best guess as to its meaning is that the court conducts proceedings, issues orders, and so on, regardless of who the presiding judge is at any given time). I agree that all of that is misleading at best, wrong at worst, and that this isn't a complicated question: a court of record makes a transcript of the oral proceedings; courts that don't make them aren't courts of record. --Stevensrmiller (talk) 16:46, 11 April 2015 (UTC)

 * I greatly appreciate your research in an attempt to counter the claims that I laid. You definitely did a lot of research. I suggest you take a look here for some good information here for a better explanation of what I am trying to say. Look forward to your response. 24.25.133.158

 * Your gibberish demonstrates absence of ability to read carefully, far above my poor power to add or detract. I will let your comments be the perpetual memory and testimony to your competence.  You're a misinformed crank.  73.38.59.62 (talk) 03:58, 17 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Your comments will also be in perpetual memory as well. I hope common people will look into what I have to say and make their own judgement.

 * Concur again with 73.38.59.62. Whomever is posting that gibberish has no idea what is a court of record.  --Coolcaesar (talk) 04:40, 19 July 2015 (UTC)

 * I cited Black's Law Dictionary Edition 4 pg.425-426. There are citations and I have copied from them. So is Black's Law Dictionary gibberish?
 * Again, I appreciate the research you have done, I have learned quite a lot from you that would have taken me many hours. Many thanks!
 * I will be back with more comments and research in the near future.

 * The amount of craziness I'm seeing above is just amazing and borders on trolling. It's clear that that person is not interested in having a serious intellectual discussion. An editor acting in good faith would have already gone to a law library and read some basic textbooks on the structure of American law.  For example, every state with a reception statute has held that the legislature has the power to abrogate the common law. Go read up on how reception statutes work. --Coolcaesar (talk) 15:49, 21 July 2015 (UTC)

 * 24.25.133.158 --
 * There are so many problems with your view, your analysis, and your conclusion, that I barely know where to begin. But here are a few of them.
 * 1. Black's Dictionary is not authority.  Statutes are authority, cases are authority (especially if we're working on a common law topic!).  The editors of a dictionary simply aren't.  Your attempt at justification, "I cited Black's Law Dictionary" is only a concession that you screwed up.
 * 2. Dictionary editors make mistakes too.  Black's FOURTH edition is fifty years old.  The editors recognized the mistake, and in subsequent editions, corrected the mistake.  If you were in court and relied on a source that was fifty years old and the same source had since retracted, you'd be sanctioned.  Your attempt at justification, "I cited Black's Law Dictionary 4th Edition" is another concession that you screwed up.
 * 3. Your definition (at least as it was edited into the main article some months ago) misquotes Black's.  Even though all you did was change a little punctuation, those punctuation changes change the meaning.
 * 4. Black's 4th is not written carefully -- it doesn't accurately track the sources it purports to rely on.  Black's wording is ambiguous because it does not distinguish between necessary conditions (aspects that belong in the definition), and commentary on courts that meet the definition (but that are not part of the definition itself).  I can see how a non-expert could get suckered by the uncareful writing in Black's.  That much is honest error.
 * It's time to recognize that between Black's carelessness in the early 1960s and your carelessness in reading and paraphrasing, you've been led astray.
 * The difference between someone who's made an honest mistake and a total fool is that one who makes an honest mistake acknowledges it, and moves on.
 * I hope you will ask the original author of this gibberish to correct it at the web sites that started this silliness.
 * 204.9.220.36 (talk) 21:08, 22 July 2015 (UTC)

Citation Sources
The citation sources listed are from Black's Law Dictionary, Edition 4, pg 426. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.25.133.158 (talk) 03:00, 20 June 2015 (UTC)

Court of Record Definition

"Courts may be classified and divided according to several methods, the following being the more usual:

COURTS OF RECORD and COURTS NOT OF RECORD. The former being those whose acts and judicial proceedings are enrolled, or recorded, for a perpetual memory and testimony, and which have power to fine or imprison for contempt. Error lies to their judgments, and they generally possess a seal. Courts not of record are those of inferior dignity, which have no power to fine or imprison, and in which the proceedings are not enrolled or recorded. 3 Bl. Comm. 24; 3 Steph. Comm. 383; The Thomas Fletcher, C.C.Ga., 24 F. 481; Ex parte Thistleton, 52 Cal 225; Erwin v. U.S., D.C.Ga., 37 F. 488, 2 L.R.A. 229; Heininger v. Davis, 96 Ohio St. 205, 117 N.E. 229, 231."

"A "court of record" is a judicial tribunal having attributes and exercising functions independently of the person of the magistrate designated generally to hold it, and proceeding according to the course of common law, its acts and proceedings being enrolled for a perpetual memorial. Jones v. Jones, 188 Mo.App. 220, 175 S.W. 227, 229; Ex parte Gladhill, 8 Metc. Mass., 171, per Shaw, C.J.  See, also, Ledwith v. Rosalsky, 244 N.Y. 406, 155 N.E. 688, 689." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.25.133.158 (talk) 15:13, 20 June 2015 (UTC)

 * This is the gibberish definition that is to be excluded. Thanks for "making a record" of precisely the point that's at issue so we all know what we're talking about.  But each part of this "definition" -- where it's correct and useful, and where it isn't -- is discussed immediately above.  Is there any reaction?  Any basis to disagree with the showings of which parts are correct and which aren't?  Are you trying to move the ball forward? 204.9.220.36 (talk) 17:02, 22 June 2015 (UTC)

Additional Evidence

See 7 Cal Jur 571 for more info about courts of record

7 California Jurisprudence, Bancroft Whitney (1922), Page 580-581 Courts of Record.--Courts are divided generally into courts of record and those that are not of record. A court of record is a judidical tribunal having attributes and exercising functions independently of the person designated generally to hold it, and proceeding according to the course of the common law.4 In a court of record the acts and judicial proceedings are enrolled, whereas, in courts not of record, the proceedings are not enrolled. The privilege of having these enrolled memorials constitutes the great leading distinction between courts of record and courts not of record.5

4. Ex parte Thistleton, 52 Cal. 220. As to what are "courts of common-law jurisdiction" within the meaning of the federal naturalization act, see Alienage and Citizenship, Vol. 1, p. 911.

5. Hahn v. Kelly, 34 Cal. 391, 94 Am. Dec. 742, per Sawyer, J., concurring. See infra, §§ 26-28, as to records.

Under the constitutional revision of 1863, the district, county and probate courts were also courts of record. Caulfield v. stevens, 28 Cal. 118. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.25.133.158 (talk) 15:17, 20 June 2015 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your help -- thus proving the point. To the degree the cited sources exist, they are archaic and no longer meaningful, and even most of the archaic sources state the definition set forth in the main article and are being misquoted by the cranks (usually by rephrasing necessary conditions as sufficient conditions, or vice versa).  The definition of "Court of record" means "record" -- beginning, middle, end, full stop.  204.9.220.36 (talk) 16:27, 22 June 2015 (UTC)

 * Again, your misunderstanding of common law proves the point that you do not know the difference between common law and statutory law, which you assume are the same. Precedents such as these are meaningful in common law, and their has been no evidence presented by you that I had misquoted the definition in Black's Law Dictionary, Edition 4.

 * I see the problem. You're relying on Black's Dictionary 4th Edition.  Today we're at the Tenth.  Black's was rewritten in the late 1990s, with much more precise definitions.  The older Black's dictionaries are not given much credence today.  One explanation for the obsolescence of older Black's dictionaries is at the section of "common law" discussing how terms have changed over the decades, because of imprecision in earlier thought modes.  The definition pointed out to you is nearly word-for-word the same as the definition of the modern Black's.  I added a footnote to explain the contrast between your century-out-of-date view and the more precise, more correct, modern view.

 * Even your own sources prove you are wrong. For example, Hahn v. Kelly, 34 Cal. 39 (Cal. 1868) says it plainly (citations and quotations omitted):
 * "A Court of record is that where the acts and judicial proceedings are enrolled in parchment for a perpetual memorial and testimony, which rolls are called the records of the Court, and are of such high and supereminent authority that their truth is not to be called in question. In Courts not of record the proceedings are not enrolled. The privilege of having these enrolled memorials constitutes the great leading distinction in English and American law between Courts of record, and Courts not of record, or, as they are frequently designated, superior and inferior Courts."
 * You're fond of citing sources--do you read them?

 * I am puzzled at your comment, "you do not know the difference between common law and statutory law, which you assume are the same." I don't see any point at thsoe writing to you assert they are "the same."  The differences between, and compatibility between, and interactions among common law and statutory law is explained in the article on "common law"].  The explanation given to you above accords with that understanding.

 * I am also puzzled at your statement, "no evidence presented by you that I had misquoted the definition in Black's Law Dictionary, Edition 4." That's not correct.  I see that the accuracy of your quotation of punctuation is challenged, and that your misquotation of punctuation changes the meaning.  I'm puzzled that you'd try to divert attention to an issue that isn't in dispute.  I'll take your word for it, that Black's is your underlying source.

 * More importantly, the discussion above challenges the accuracy, truthfulness, and modern currency of Black's 4th edition. Several points of the discussion above point out that Black's 4th edition misquoted the sources it purports to rely on.  More importantly, Black's from the late 19th century and early 20th was not accurate or precise (see "common law").  You yourself conceded that Black's is in error on the issue of a "seal" -- why would the rest of Black's dictionary be above the same kind of error?

 * They also pointed out that Black's is just a dictionary, it has no force of law, and that it's completely amateurish to rely on a secondary source when that secondary source conflicts with primary sources.

 * I trust this resolves your concern. BostonBowTie (talk) 11:55, 21 May 2019 (UTC)

Court of record
Court of record 2405:205:C962:3E9E:38A8:B21D:867:1042 (talk) 09:31, 8 February 2022 (UTC)

Definition of a Court of Record
“A court of record proceeds with common law without the use of statutes" Corpus 6 Juris vol 15 pg 720 – 721 section 5 (1918); Corpus Juris Secundum 25 section 344 (1941); Black's Law Dictionary, 4th Ed. p 426;

The State of Florida Statute § 2.01 (2021) "Common law and certain statutes declared in force.—The common and statute laws of England which are of a general and not a local nature, with the exception hereinafter mentioned, down to the 4th day of July, 1776, are declared to be of force in this state; provided, the said statutes and common law be not inconsistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States and the acts of the Legislature of this state.”;

Giles Jacob A New Law Dictionary. [London]: Printed by E. and R. Nutt, and R. Gosling, 1729 MDCCXXIX page 140-143, reads “A Court of Record is that Court which hath power to hold Plea, according to the Course of Common Law”; 108.70.111.139 (talk) 22:37, 26 January 2023 (UTC)

Legal studies
What is legal studies? 103.14.88.155 (talk) 06:19, 23 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Legal studies is generally a subject involving the study of law and jurisprudence. I'm not sure where this is in the article? 12xii (talk) 10:55, 23 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Court of record


text:
John P. Cromwell

Captain John Philip Cromwell (September 11, 1901 – November 19, 1943) was the most senior submariner awarded the Medal of Honor in World War II and one of the three submarine officers who received it posthumously. In some ways similar to his fellow honoree, Howard Gilmore, Cromwell consciously chose to sacrifice his own life to safeguard the lives of others, in a combat action which took place in November 1943.

Early life and career
Cromwell was born in Henry, Illinois, on September 11, 1901. Appointed to the U.S. Naval Academy in 1920, he graduated in June 1924 and served initially in the battleship USS Maryland school and was assigned to USS S-24 (SS-129) during 1927–29. He next had three year's diesel engineering instruction, followed by further tours of duty in submarines.

Lieutenant Cromwell commanded USS S-20 (SS-125) in 1936–37, then served on the staff of Commander Submarine Division 4. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant commander in 1939 and spent two years in Washington, D.C., with the Bureau of Engineering and Bureau of Ships. In May 1941, he became engineer officer for the Pacific Fleet submarine force.

World War II
During 1942–43, Cromwell commanded Submarine Divisions 203, 44 and 43, flying his pennant in USS Sculpin (SS-191).

Following promotion to captain, he went to sea in USS Sculpin (SS-191) as prospective commander of a mid-Pacific submarine wolf pack. USS Sculpin (SS-191) was commanded by LCDR Fred Connaway, making his first war patrol. If conditions warranted, Cromwell would form a wolfpack with USS Searaven (SS-196) and either USS Spearfish (SS-190) or USS Apogon (SS-308) under his direction. As a senior officer, Cromwell was completely familiar with the plans for the upcoming Battle of Tarawa, Operation Galvanic, and knew a lot more about ULTRA – and its source – than anyone else on USS Sculpin (SS-191). It was Cromwell's first war patrol also.

While attacking a Japanese convoy on November 19, 1943, Sculpin was forced to the surface, fatally damaged in a gun battle and abandoned by her surviving crew members. Captain Cromwell, who knew secret details of the impending operation to capture the Gilbert Islands, deliberately remained on board as she sank. For his sacrificial heroism in preventing the enemy from obtaining this information, he posthumously received the Medal of Honor.

Medal of Honor action
After a brief overhaul, USS Sculpin (SS-191) left Pearl Harbor for her ninth war patrol on November 5, 1943. After refueling at Johnston Island on November 7, she departed for her assigned station northeast of Truk. On November 29, COMSUBPAC radioed USS Sculpin (SS-191) to order CAPT Cromwell to activate the wolfpack. When USS Sculpin (SS-191) failed to acknowledge the message, even after several repetitions, she was assumed – correctly – to have been lost at sea. It wasn't until after the war that the details of her loss – and that of John Cromwell – to enemy action became known from both Japanese sources and surviving crewmembers who had been prisoners of war.

USS Sculpin (SS-191) had actually arrived on station on November 16 and made radar contact with a large, high-speed convoy on the night of the 18th. After making a fast surface run to get ahead of the quarry, LCDR Connaway submerged for an attack at dawn. As he started his final approach, however, his periscope was spotted by the enemy, and Connaway was forced to take USS Sculpin (SS-191) deep and allow the convoy to pass overhead. Then, he surfaced again to attempt another end run in broad daylight. Unfortunately, the Japanese destroyer Yamagumo had lagged behind the convoy specifically to counter such a move and, after forcing Connaway to make a quick dive, dropped a pattern of depth charges that – unbeknownst to the crew – damaged the depth gauge. USS Sculpin (SS-191) went deep and laid low for several hours.

Around noon, Connaway attempted to bring USS Sculpin (SS-191) back to periscope depth, seeking another opportunity to attack. However, while coming up, the broken depth gauge stuck at 125 feet, confusing the diving officer, and causing the boat to broach the surface in full view of Yamagumo, which was still patrolling the area. As USS Sculpin (SS-191) crash-dived again, the Japanese destroyer dropped a string of 18 depth charges, severely damaging the boat and causing temporary loss of depth control. Numerous leaks developed in the hull, and so much water came on board that the submarine was forced to run at high speed to maintain depth. This invited a second Japanese attack that did even more damage.

At this point, Connaway concluded that the only chance of saving his crew was to come to the surface and fight it out there. USS Sculpin (SS-191) surfaced, and with decks awash, her crew manned the deck guns. The result of this uneven contest was hardly in doubt. Yamagumo's first salvo hit USS Sculpin (SS-191)'s conning tower, killing the entire bridge watch team, including Connaway and his executive and gunnery officers. The gun crew died almost instantly from shrapnel. The senior ship's officer surviving, a reserve lieutenant, ordered the boat scuttled and the crew to abandon ship.

This action left CAPT Cromwell facing a fateful choice. With his personal knowledge of both ULTRA and GALVANIC, he realized immediately that to abandon ship and become a prisoner of the Japanese would create a serious danger of compromising these vital secrets to the enemy under the influence of drugs or torture. For this reason, he refused to leave the stricken submarine and gave his life to avoid capture. He and 11 others went down with USS Sculpin (SS-191) as she sank.

After action summary
Forty-two members of Sculpin's crew – three officers and 39 enlisted men – were pulled from the sea by the Japanese, though one of the latter, badly wounded, was thrown back. The 41 survivors were taken to Truk and interrogated for ten days by Japanese intelligence officers. The group was divided in half for transport back to Japan on two escort carriers – 21 on Chuyo and 20 on JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Un'yō. Those on Unyo arrived in Japan in early December and spent the rest of the war working in the Ashio copper mines, after which they were repatriated to tell their story.

On the evening of December 3, 1943, 240 miles southeast of Yokosuka – with some help from ULTRA – USS Sailfish (SS-192) sank Chuyo, and only one of the USS Sculpin (SS-191) prisoners on board survived.

When the story of John Cromwell's heroic sacrifice was revealed in the accounts of the USS Sculpin (SS-191) survivors, COMSUBPAC VADM Charles Lockwood nominated him for the Medal of Honor. The award was approved and presented posthumously to Cromwell's widow after the war.

Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Captain, U.S. Navy. Born: September 11, 1901, Henry, Ill. Appointed from: Illinois. Other Navy award: Legion of Merit.

Citation "For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty as Commander of a Submarine Coordinated Attack Group with Flag in the U.S.S. Sculpin, during the Ninth War Patrol of that vessel in enemy-controlled waters off Truk Island, November 19, 1943. Undertaking this patrol prior to the launching of our first large-scale offensive in the Pacific, Captain Cromwell, alone of the entire Task Group, possessed secret intelligence information of our submarine strategy and tactics, scheduled Fleet movements and specific attack plans. Constantly vigilant and precise in carrying out his secret orders, he moved his underseas flotilla inexorably forward despite savage opposition and established a line of submarines to southeastward of the main Japanese stronghold at Truk. Cool and undaunted as the submarine, rocked and battered by Japanese depth-charges, sustained terrific battle damage and sank to an excessive depth, he authorized the Sculpin to surface and engage the enemy in a gun-fight, thereby providing an opportunity for the crew to abandon ship. Determined to sacrifice himself rather than risk capture and subsequent danger of revealing plans under Japanese torture or use of drugs, he stoically remained aboard the mortally wounded vessel as she plunged to her death. Preserving the security of his mission at the cost of his own life, he had served his country as he had served the Navy, with deep integrity and an uncompromising devotion to duty. His great moral courage in the face of certain death adds new luster to the traditions of the United States Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life for his country."

Other honors
In 1954, the destroyer escort USS Cromwell (DE-1014) was named in his honor.

Cromwell Hall, the Navy's Submarine Learning Center at the submarine base in Groton, Connecticut, was also named for him.

title: John P. Cromwell


text:
Fort Herkimer

Fort Herkimer was a colonial fort located on the south side of the Mohawk River, opposite the mouth of its tributary West Canada Creek, in German Flatts, New York, United States.

It should not be confused with Fort Dayton, which was located on the north side of the Mohawk River, in what is now Herkimer, New York.

History
The fort was first built in 1740 around the homestead of the Hercheimer (Herkimer) family. In 1757 during the Seven Years' War, young Captain Nicholas Herkimer (later to be a heroic general in the Revolutionary War) had his first military command of colonial forces here when the French attacked German Flatts in 1757 and 1758. It has originally known as Fort Kaouri (Fort Bear). During the American Revolutionary War, settlers rebuilt the fort as a defensive stone stockade around the Fort Herkimer Church. A joint British and Onondaga force attacked German Flatts and the forts on each side of the river in 1778. They captured some of the settlers who were outside the southern fort, including three children of the Demuth family: Catherine, George, and Samuel. After the two older children returned to their family during a prisoner exchange but Samuel, the youngest Demuth captive, had been adopted by the Onondaga and chose to stay with them, as he had become assimilated. He later settled with them on a reservation near Syracuse, from where he kept in touch with his family and acted as an interpreter for the Onondaga and settlers.

Both the old and new forts were destroyed in 1840 during expansion of the Erie Canal, as their stones were used for its construction. The Fort Herkimer Church still stands today. The church belongs to the regional Montgomery Classis of the Reformed Church in America.

The former site of Fort Herkimer is located in the current town of German Flatts, on the south side of the Mohawk River in Herkimer County, New York. Fort Herkimer is sometimes confused with nearby Fort Dayton on the north side of the river, around which the Village of Herkimer developed.

title: Fort Herkimer


text:
Percival Stockdale

Percival Stockdale (1736–1811) was an English poet, writer and reformer, active especially in opposing slavery.

Biography
Born 26 October 1736 (O. S.) at Branxton, Northumberland, he was the only child of Thomas Stockdale, vicar of the parish and perpetual curate of Cornhill-on-Tweed, and his wife, Dorothy Collingwood of Murton, Northumberland. After spending six years at Alnwick grammar school, he went in 1751 to the grammar school at Berwick-upon-Tweed. He became acquainted with the Greek and Latin classics, and acquired a taste for poetry.

In 1754 Stockdale entered the University of Aberdeen, with a bursary for the united colleges of St. Leonard and St. Salvador. The death of his father in 1755 left the family with money troubles, and he accepted the offer of a lieutenancy in the Royal Welsh Fusiliers. He joined Admiral John Byng 's fleet, which anchored in the Bay of Gibraltar in May 1756. Stockdale, with part of his regiment, was on board HMS Revenge, in the expedition sent, under the command of Byng and Temple West, to the relief of the besieged garrison of St. Philip on Menorca. He returned to England in October 1756, and in November 1757 he left the army with the pretext of poor health.

Introduced to Thomas Sharp (1693–1758), archdeacon of Northumberland, Stockdale was persuaded to take holy orders. At Michaelmas 1759 he was ordained deacon by Richard Trevor, bishop of Durham. Immediately afterwards he went to London as Sharp's substitute in the curacy and lectureship of Duke's Place, near Aldgate. He mixed with London literati, meeting David Garrick, Samuel Johnson, Sir William Browne, Oliver Goldsmith, John Hawkesworth, and Lord Lyttelton. In 1767, having no church employment, he visited Italy, and resided for two years at Villafranca, where he read and wrote. He returned to London in 1769.

Stockdale succeeded William Guthrie in editing The Critical Review, and edited the Universal Magazine in 1771. Lord Sandwich, First Lord of the Admiralty, appointed him chaplain of HMS Resolution, a guardship lying at Spithead; he was attached to the vessel for three years. In 1779 he contributed to the Public Advertiser political letters under the signature of "Agricola". According to his own account, he missed out on the work that became Samuel Johnson's Lives of the Poets (1779–81).

After a brief time as tutor to the eldest son of Lord Craven, Stockdale was presented in 1780 by Sir Adam Gordon to the rectory of Hinxworth, Hertfordshire; while there he took priest's orders. In 1783 Lord-chancellor Thurlow presented him to the vicarage of Lesbury, Northumberland, and to this the Duke of Northumberland added the vicarage of Long Houghton, in the same county. On 28 October 1784 Archbishop John Moore conferred on him the Lambeth degree of M.A.

After paying a visit to Tangier for the sake of his health, Stockdale returned to Lesbury in 1790. His reaction to the Haitian Revolution of 1792 put him among the radical abolitionists. With William Roscoe, he defended the violence with which slaves liberated themselves.

Stockdale died at Lesbury on 14 September 1811, and was buried at Cornhill-on-Tweed.

Works
Stockdale's major work was The Poet (1773), a poem. He wrote also:

 * ''A Poetical Address to the Supreme Being (Berwick [1764]),
 * The Constituents: a poem, London, 1765
 * A translation of Torquato Tasso's Amyntas, 1770
 * Life of Edmund Waller, prefixed to the poet's Works, 1772
 * Antiquities of Greece, translation from the Latin of Lambert Bos, 1772
 * Three Discourses: two against Luxury and Dissipation, one on Universal Benevolence, 1773
 * Institutions, Manners, and Customs of the Ancient Nations, translation of François Sabbathier, Les Mœurs, coutumes et usages des anciens peuples (3 vols. 1770–1)
 * Six Discourses, to which is prefixed an introduction containing a view of the genuine Ancient Philosophy, London, 1777
 * An Enquiry into the Nature and Genuine Laws of Poetry; including a particular defence of the Writings and Genius of Mr. Pope, 1778, against An Essay on the Writings and Genius of Pope (1756, 1782) by Joseph Warton.
 * Miscellanies in Prose and Verse, 1778
 * Letters from Lord Rivers to Sir C. Cardigan, 1778, translation from Marie Jeanne Riccoboni
 * An Examination of the Important Question whether Education at a Great School or by Private Tuition is preferable, London, 1782. The second part is an answer to Liberal Education, or a Practical Treatise on the Methods of acquiring Useful and Polite Learning (1781) by Vicesimus Knox.
 * Essay on Misanthropy, 1783
 * Sermons on Important and Interesting Subjects, 1784
 * Ximenes, verse tragedy in five acts, not acted, 1788
 * Thirteen Sermons to Seamen, preached on board H.M.S. Leander in the Bay of Gibraltar, 1791
 * Letter to Granville Sharp, suggested by the present Insurrection of the Negroes in the Island of St. Domingo, 1791. A defence of the St. Domingue Slave Revolt.
 * Observations on the Writings and Conduct of our present Political and Religious Reformers, 1792
 * Poetical Thoughts and Views on the Banks of the Wear, 1792
 * Letter to Mr. Bryant, occasioned by his late Remarks on Mr. Pope's Universal Prayer, 1793
 * Edition of James Thomson's Seasons, with biography, 1793
 * Letter to a Gentleman of the Philanthropic Society on the Liberty of the Press, 1794
 * The Invincible Island: a poem, with introductory Observations on the present War, 1797
 * Letters between the Honourable and Right Reverend Shute, by Divine Providence, Lord Bishop of Durham ... and Percival Stockdale, 1798
 * A Discourse on the Duties and Advantages of Old Age, Alnwick, 1801
 * A Remonstrance against Inhumanity to Animals, and particularly against the Savage Practice of Bull-Baiting, Alnwick, 1802
 * Verses on the abolition of the slave trade, 1804
 * Lectures on the truly eminent English Poets, 1807
 * Poems, a selection, 1808
 * Memoirs of his Life and Writings, containing many interesting Anecdotes of the Illustrious Men with whom he was connected, 2 vols. 1809.
 * A letter from Percival Stockdale to Granville Sharp, Esq., suggested to the authour by the present insurrection of the Negroes in the island of St. Domingo. , 1811

Stockdale famously eulogized Samuel Johnson's cat Hodge in his An Elegy on a Friend's Favourite Cat. The poem appeared in the Universal Magazine for May 1771.

title: Percival Stockdale


text:
Johannes Nikolaus Tetens

Johannes Nikolaus Tetens (also Johann; Johan Nicolai Tetens; 16 September 1736 – 17 August 1807) was a German-Danish philosopher, statistician and scientist.

He has been called the "German Locke," on the basis of a comparison of his major work Philosophische Versuche über die menschliche Natur und ihre Entwickelung (1777) with the work of John Locke. He is considered to have been an influence on Immanuel Kant.

Biography
Tetens was born 1736 in Tetenbüll/Tetenbøl in the Danish Duchy of Schleswig. He studied mathematics and physics at the University of Rostock and the University of Copenhagen. He acquired an MA in 1759 and his PhD in 1760. From 1760 to 1765, he taught philosophy and physics ("natural philosophy" at that time) at the (in Bützow, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania). During this decade, he wrote many treatises on various subjects, ranging from the color of the sky to the existence of God through the origins of languages (see e. g. references in Johann Christian Poggendorff, 1863). After this polygraphic formation period, Tetens goes back to more fundamental enquiries: after having read David Hume's work, he popularized it throughout the German-speaking world. Tetens is therefore supposed to have introduced Immanuel Kant to phenomenalistic thought and to the empiricism / transcendence dualism.

In 1776, Tetens became Professor of Philosophy at the University of Kiel. Nonetheless, in the years following 1789, Tetens began another career as a high-ranking Danish civil servant: member of the Finanzcollegium in Copenhagen, then (1791) counselor of state, and (1803) co-director of the state bank and director of the widow pension funds. By this time, he was interested in pure mathematics as well as in applications. His interest in polynomial algebra was influenced by his belonging to the German combinatorial school of Carl Friederich Hindenburg, Christian Kramp and others. His main applied work was concentrated on actuarial mathematics. He taught at Kiel until 1785.

The book Einleitung zur Berechnung der Leibrenten und Anwartschaften, published in Leipzig in 1785 (first part) and 1786 (second part) was a landmark of actuarial science. It contains an extensive synthesis of previous work on the subject, from Halley's mortality table to Richard Price's Observations on reversionary payments. It is recognized by actuaries for featuring the first risk measure ever (the Risico der Casse); moreover it offers some insights in mathematical statistics: by using an approximation of the binomial distribution, Tetens tried to compute the confidence level of a given sampling procedure.

Works

 * Gedanken von einigen Ursachen, warum in der Metaphysik nur wenige ausgemachte Wahrheiten sind (1760)
 * Abhandlungen von den Beweisen des Daseins Gottes (1761)
 * Ueber den Ursprung der Sprache und der Schrift (1772)
 * Ueber die allgemeine speculativische Philosophie (1775)
 * Philosophische Versuche über die menschliche Natur und ihre Entwickelung, Vol. 1 and Vol. 2 (1777)
 * Einleitung zur Berechnung der Leibrenten und Anwartschaften die vom Leben oder Tode einer oder mehrerer Personen abhangen mit Tabellen zum praktischen Gebrauch, Vol. 1 (1785) and Vol. 2 (1786)
 * Reisen in die Marschländer der Nordsee (1788)
 * Sprachphilosophische Versuche (posthum, 1971)

title: Johannes Nikolaus Tetens


text:
Tetens

Tetens may refer to:

People

 * Alfred Tetens (1835-1903), German explorer
 * Axel Tetens (1892–1961), Danish Olympic wrestler
 * Johannes Nikolaus Tetens (1736–1807), German-Danish philosopher and scientist
 * Otto Tetens (1865–1945), German scientist
 * T.H. Tetens (1899-1976), Jewish German journalist

Other uses

 * Tetens equation, calculates the saturation vapor pressure of water over liquid and ice

title: Tetens


text:
Penetrating oil

Penetrating oil, also known as penetrating fluid, is a low-viscosity oil. It can be used to free rusted mechanical parts (such as nuts and bolts) so that they can be removed, because it can penetrate into the narrow space between the threads of two parts. It can also be used as a cleaner; however, it should not be used as a general-purpose lubricant or a corrosion stopper. Using penetrating fluids as general-purpose lubricants is not advisable, because such oils are relatively volatile. As a result, much of the penetrating oil will evaporate in a short amount of time, leaving little residual lubricant. Examples include products such as WD-40.

Other uses include removing chewing gum and adhesive stickers, and lessening friction on metal-stringed musical instruments.

title: Penetrating oil


text:
Harding Tomb

The Harding Tomb is the burial location of the 29th President of the United States, Warren G. Harding and First Lady Florence Kling Harding. It is located in Marion, Ohio. Also known as the Harding Memorial, it was the last of the elaborate presidential tombs.

Construction
Shortly after Harding died in office, the Harding Memorial Association formed to raise money for a memorial site in honor of the late president. The association ultimately received $978,000 in donations from more than one million people across the country, as well as contributions from several European nations. Among the list of contributors from the United States were an estimated 200,000 school children, who donated pennies towards the memorial. The tomb is located in Marion, Ohio, at the southeast corner of Vernon Heights Boulevard and Delaware Avenue, just south of Marion Cemetery.

Architecture
Construction began in 1926 and finished in the early winter of 1927. It is designed in the style of a circular Greek temple with Doric order marble columns. The columns are built of Georgia white marble and are 28 ft high and 5 ft in diameter at the base. Designed by Henry Hornbostel, Eric Fisher Wood and Edward Mellon, the winners of a 1925 national design competition, the structure is 103 ft in diameter and 53 ft in height.

The structure is unroofed (peribolus), in the style of some Greek temples in which the center (Hypaethros) was open to the sky and without a roof (medium autem sub diva est sine tecto). The open design honors the Hardings' wishes that they be buried outside, and is covered in ivy and other plantings.

Burials
At their deaths, the bodies of the Hardings were entombed in the Marion Cemetery Receiving Vault. Once the Harding Memorial was completed in 1927, the bodies were reinterred in the Memorial's sarcophagus and it was sealed. Because Harding's reputation was damaged by personal controversies and presidential scandals, the Harding Memorial was not officially dedicated until 1931 when President Herbert Hoover presided.

Dedication
On June 16, 1931, President Herbert Hoover gave a speech at the dedication ceremony of the Warren G. Harding memorial. The following are excerpts from Hoover's eulogy:

"I DEEM it a privilege to join here in the dedication of the tomb of Warren G. Harding, 29th President of the United States. This beautiful monument, erected by the voluntary subscriptions of the people, symbolizes their respect for his memory. ...

Warren G. Harding came from the people. Born just at the close of the Civil War, it became his responsibility to lead the Republic in a period of reconstruction from another great war in which our democracy had again demonstrated its unalterable resolve to withstand encroachment upon its independence and to deserve the respect of the world. We cannot too often emphasize the difficulties to accomplishment which Warren Harding met in his task. ...

He brought to the Office of President a long experience in public affairs together with the character and spirit of which the Republic was then in need. His was a mind and character fitted for a task where the one transcendent need was the healing quality of gentleness and friendliness. He was inspired by a devoted wife, who gave unstintingly of her strength to aid him. Mrs. Harding rests here beside him in death as she labored beside him in life. ...

Our thoughts today turn to the man himself. My first meeting with Warren Harding ever lingers in my memory. It was during the war and in a time of the greatest strain and anxiety. Late one evening the then-Senator Harding, whom I had never met, came to my office. When he was announced, there flashed into my mind the thought that here was some complaint or a request for some appointment. Instead, the Senator said simply: "I have not come to get anything. I just want you to know that if you wish the help of a friend, telephone me what you want. I am there to serve and to help." That statement, I came to learn, was typical of him. I refer to it now because it reveals the nature of the man. ...

He gave his life in worthy accomplishment for his country. He was a man of delicate sense of honor, of sympathetic heart, of transcendent gentleness of soul – who reached out for friendship, who gave of it loyally and generously in his every thought and deed. He was a man of passionate patriotism. He was a man of deep religious feeling. He was devoted to his fellow men. ..."

Oversight
The Harding Memorial Association transferred ownership of the Harding Memorial to the Ohio Historical Society (OHS) in the 1980s. OHS undertook a restoration in the mid-1980s and began to refer to the site as the Harding Tomb, a better description of its function.

Following a reorganization, the Ohio Historical Society transferred day-to-day management of the memorial, and the Harding Home, to Marion Technical College (MTC) from 2011–2019. This arrangement reduced OHS's administrative burden while allowing MTC to attend to the site. OHS retained ownership and co-ordinated with MTC on major site issues. However, OHS reclaimed day-to-day management in 2019 in conjunction with the new Harding Presidential Center that was being constructed in Marion.

The memorial is the last of the elaborate presidential tombs, a trend that began with the burial of President Abraham Lincoln in his tomb in Springfield, Illinois. Since President Calvin Coolidge, Harding's successor, presidents have chosen burial plot designs that are simpler or combined those with their library sites.

title: Harding Tomb


text:
File:Inorganic stylesheet1.jpg

Test image of CsF

title: File:Inorganic stylesheet1.jpg


text:
User:Bf349

Good morning!

I am a new Wikipedian.

title: User:Bf349


text:
Battle of Fish Creek

The Battle of Fish Creek (also known as the Battle of Tourond's Coulée), fought April 24, 1885 at Fish Creek, Saskatchewan, was a major Métis victory over the Canadian forces attempting to quell Louis Riel's North-West Rebellion. Although the reversal was not decisive enough to alter the ultimate outcome of the conflict, it was convincing enough to persuade Major General Frederick Middleton to temporarily halt his advance on Batoche, where the Métis would later make their final stand.

Battle
Middleton, having led his Field Force out from Qu'Appelle on April 10, was advancing upstream from Clarke's Crossing along the South Saskatchewan River when scouts discovered an apparent ambush by Gabriel Dumont's Métis / Dakota force at Fish Creek, about 17 km south of Batoche. Fish Creek was Métis land.

Upon learning that Middleton was marching toward Batoche, Dumont suggested to Riel the use of guerrilla warfare, by blowing up train tracks to slow their progress. Riel countered that guerrilla tactics were "too much like Indian warfare". Dumont also proposed to attack them by surprise at night, but after he learned that Middleton's scouts were already on the lookout, he had to scrap the idea.

On April 23, as the militia began advancing from Clarke's Crossing, 90 km south of Batoche, Dumont took 200 men and rode out from Batoche toward Tourond's Coulée. Louis Riel accompanied them. When a (false) report arrived that the North-West Mounted Police were advancing on Batoche, Riel returned there with 50 men. Dumont stationed most of his men in the coulée, where they set to work digging rifle pits. Meanwhile, Middleton had arrived at a point about 10 km south of Fish Creek, and set up camp. Dumont took a party of twenty horsemen forward of the coulée. Their task was to seal the exit when the ambush was sprung, like a buffalo pound. However, an inexperienced Métis soldier had forgotten Dumont's specific demand to stay away from the road as it could give the location of the Métis away. The next day, the militia were about to attempt to cross the coulée. A scout spotted the tracks of the inexperienced Métis soldier and began to follow them. The scout was coming close to Dumont and his men, and Dumont stealthily attempted to catch him. Before Dumont could catch the scout, the Métis and Canadian Militia had come into contact with each other, and it was then that the concealed Métis in the rifle pits attempted to ambush the militia. Dumont, under pressure, shot the militia's scout and returned to his men in the poplar bluff rifle pits to fight the rest of the Canadian militia.

The Métis pounded Middleton's men with one devastating fusillade before withdrawing into cover and restricting themselves to sniper fire in order to conserve ammunition. Their position was strategically selected and enabled a simple and effective strategy of defence.

Since the Métis were positioned in the coulée, they were restricted to shooting up towards the Canadian Militia, and many of the wounds were mainly in the upper body and head area.

With half of his force on the opposite side of the river, Middleton was unable to bring his full numbers to bear. One of his artillery batteries opened fire on the Métis to little effect, although well-fired cannonades did succeed in driving away Dumont's Cree allies before their weight could be added to the battle.

Many of Dumont's men were fleeing the battle. Dumont stopped as many men as he could from leaving and convinced them to keep fighting. Dumont's numbers were decreasing vastly, as he had 47 of the 130 men that he began fighting with. Dumont very outnumbered, but was able to keep the Métis casualties to a minimum.

Strung out along the coulée's edge, silhouetted against the sky, the militia fired a vast amount of ammunition at the resistance, succeeding mostly in showering tree branches across the ravine, but when the artillerymen pushed their guns to the coulée's edge to try to fire down at the concealed Métis, they suffered heavy casualties. The only targets the militia could clearly see were the Métis' tethered horses: they killed about 55 of them.

General Middleton attempted to place himself in full view of the resistance. However, a bullet tore through his fur hat, and his two aides-de-camp were both wounded by his side. The frustrated Canadians, their casualties mounting, undertook several fruitless rushes into the ravine. A few infantry regulars under Middleton's command made one charge. Another, larger one was carried out by the 90th "Winnipeg" Battalion of Rifles. This latter advance was parried by the Métis' use of improvised barricades within the coulée. These uncoordinated advances accomplished nothing but more Canadian casualties. Middleton in a statement later on said: "[Métis] plans were well arranged beforehand and had my scouts not been well to the front we should have been attacked in the ravine and probably wiped out".

With night coming on, Middleton, distressed by the casualties he was taking, opted for retreat. At the battle's end, both sides had withdrawn from the battlefield but the Métis had inflicted greater casualties and had delayed Middleton's march on the Métis' headquarters at Batoche. Weeks later, after news reached him of the Cree victory over Colonel William Dillon Otter – to whom had been issued a Gatling gun – at Cut Knife, Middleton arrived at Batoche.

Maps

 * Military Battlefield Map of Fish Creek
 * Military Map of Fish Creek view 1
 * Military Map of Fish Creek view 2
 * Military Map of Fish Creek Rifle Pits

Legacy
The site of the battle was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1923.

In the spring of 2008, Tourism, Parks, Culture and Sport Minister Christine Tell proclaimed in Duck Lake, that "the 125th commemoration, in 2010, of the 1885 Northwest Resistance is an excellent opportunity to tell the story of the prairie Métis and First Nations peoples' struggle with Government forces and how it has shaped Canada today."

The Battle of Fish Creek National Historic Site, now named Tourond's Coulée / Fish Creek National Historic Site, preserves the battlefield of April 24, 1885 at la coulée des Tourond , and the story of Madame Tourond's home. The National Historic site of Middleton's camp and graveyard is across the Fish Creek water body and is north west of the theatre of battle which occurred in the creek valley west of the Tourond farmhouse site.

title: Battle of Fish Creek


text: Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Inorganic stylesheet1


text: Category:Canadian astronomers

title: Category:Canadian astronomers


text:
User:Rbarenblat

Hi. I'm Rachel Barenblat. I've been contributing to Wikipedia off and on since December of 2004.

I'm a writer (of poetry, essays, and a blog, among other things) and a rabbi.

Institutions with which I've been affiliated include Williams College (BA, religion, 1996) and Bennington College (MFA, writing and literature, 1999). I was born and reared in San Antonio, Texas but live in Berkshire County, Massachusetts now.

Thanks for stopping by!

title: User:Rbarenblat


text:
User talk:Joepzander

messages for me please here

title: User talk:Joepzander


text:
Haugh unit

The Haugh unit is a measure of egg protein quality based on the height of its egg white (albumen). The test was introduced by Raymond Haugh in 1937 and is an important industry measure of egg quality next to other measures such as shell thickness and strength.

An egg is weighed, then broken onto a flat surface (breakout method), and a micrometer used to determine the height of the thick albumen (egg white) that immediately surrounds the yolk. The height, correlated with the weight, determines the Haugh unit, or HU, rating. The higher the number, the better the quality of the egg (fresher, higher quality eggs have thicker whites). Although the measurement determines the protein content and freshness of the egg, it does not measure other important nutrient contents such as the micronutrient or vitamins present in the egg.

Formula
The formula for calculating the Haugh unit is:
 * $$HU = 100 * log(h-1.7w^{0.37} + 7.6)$$

Where:
 * HU = Haugh unit
 * h = observed height of the albumen in millimeters
 * w = weight of egg in grams

Haugh Index :

AA : 72 or more

A : 71 - 60

B : 59 - 31

C : 30 or less

Below are the USDA's terms describing egg white and its corresponding Haugh unit:

(a) Clear. A white that is free from discolorations or from any foreign bodies floating in it. (Prominent chalazas should not be confused with foreign bodies such as spots or blood clots.)

(b) Firm (AA quality). A white that is sufficiently thick or viscous to prevent the yolk outline from being more than slightly defined or indistinctly indicated when the egg is twirled. With respect to a broken-out egg, a firm white has a Haugh unit value of 72 or higher when measured at a temperature between 45$$^o$$F and 60$$^o$$F.

(c) Reasonably firm (A quality). A white that is somewhat less thick or viscous than a firm white. A reasonably firm white permits the yolk to approach the shell more closely which results in a fairly well defined yolk outline when the egg is twirled. With respect to a broken-out egg, a reasonably firm white has a Haugh unit value of 60 up to, but not including, 72 when measured at a temperature between 45$$^o$$F and 60$$^o$$F.

(d) Weak and watery (B quality). A white that is weak, thin, and generally lacking in viscosity. A weak and watery white permits the yolk to approach the shell closely, thus causing the yolk outline to appear plainly visible and dark when the egg is twirled. With respect to a broken-out egg, a weak and watery white has a Haugh unit value lower than 60 when measured at a temperature between 45$$^o$$F and 60$$^o$$F.

United States Standards, Grades, and Weight Classes for Shell Eggs, AMS 56, Effective July 20, 2000
 * Excerpt from United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)

title: Haugh unit


text:
User talk:Amygdala~enwiki

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * Featured pictures
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

[[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Wants you to vote!]] 17:57, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Thank you
Thank you so much for the photo of the GCSB base. Commander Keane 05:07, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Category:Wikipedians in New Zealand
Hi, You might want to consider adding User NZ res to the top of your user page, which will add you to this category automatically and also add a nice graphic. Onco_p53 07:43, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging for Image:KiwiMap.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:KiwiMap.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the source and creator of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the source and creator of the image on the image's description page, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided source information for them as well.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
 * Image use policy
 * Image copyright tags

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see User talk:Carnildo/images. 19:59, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Auckland meetup
Just to let you know that a meetup is planned in Auckland for the 25th of June (see Meetup/Auckland for more details), and that you are cordially invited. GeorgeStepanek\talk 00:21, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

School Shooting Blog
Hey, nice research by the way, it was particulary creepy. Either way you may want to contact a major news source or the Montreal police department with that blog, since it's probably likely that either of them would value knowledge of it. Good work again. Cheers  Canadian - Bacon  t  c   e 07:34, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

Image:Christchurch Arts Centre 2.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Christchurch Arts Centre 2.jpg, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. – Quadell (talk) (random) 11:34, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Amygdala. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Amygdala~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 21:52, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:26, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

Invitation to an in-person meetup in Mohua / Golden Bay
Thinking about your summer break? Think about joining other Wikipedians and Wikimedians in Golden Bay / Mohua! Details are on the meetup page. There's heaps of interesting stuff to work on e.g. the oldest extant waka or New Zealand's oldest ongoing legal case. Or you may spend your time taking photos and then upload them.

Golden Bay is hard to get to and the airline flying into Tākaka uses small planes, so we are holding some seats from and to Wellington and we are offering attendees a $200 travel subsidy to help with costs.

Be in touch with Schwede66 if this event interests you and you'd like to discuss logistics.  Schwede 66  09:14, 13 November 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Amygdala~enwiki


text:
Picketing

Picketing is a form of protest in which people (called pickets or picketers) congregate outside a place of work or location where an event is taking place. Often, this is done in an attempt to dissuade others from going in ("crossing the picket line"), but it can also be done to draw public attention to a cause. Picketers normally endeavor to be non-violent. It can have a number of aims but is generally to put pressure on the party targeted to meet particular demands or cease operations. This pressure is achieved by harming the business through loss of customers and negative publicity, or by discouraging or preventing workers or customers from entering the site and thereby preventing the business from operating normally.

Picketing is a common tactic used by trade unions during strikes, who will try to prevent dissident members of the union, members of other unions and non-unionised workers from working. Those who cross the picket line and work despite the strike are known pejoratively as scabs.

Types of picket

Informational picketing is the legal name given to awareness-raising picketing. Per Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Law, it entails picketing by a group, typically a labour or trade union, which inform the public about a cause of its concern. In almost all cases this is a disliked policy or practice of the business or organisation. It is a popular picketing technique for nurses to use outside of healthcare facilities. For example, on April 5, 2006, nurses of the UMass Memorial Medical Center (UMMHC) took part in two separate such events to protect the quality of their nursing program. Informational picketing was used to gain public support and promote further bargaining with management. It may also be a spur or auxiliary to a petition to government to seek regulatory intervention, reliefs, dispensations or funds.

A mass picket is an attempt to bring as many people as possible to a picket line to demonstrate support for the cause. It is primarily used when only one workplace is being picketed or for a symbolically or practically important workplace. Due to the numbers involved, and depending on behaviors, it may turn into an unlawful blockade such as a right of way obstruction, or aggravated trespass (denial of access).

Secondary picketing is of any external entity economically connected to the main business subject to the workers' action. Thus it includes against suppliers on which the picketed business relies, retailers who sell its products, physical premises with shared management or majority shareholders (sister/allied premises) and homes of any of the latter persons. For example, at the Battle of Saltley Gate in 1972 in England, striking miners picketed a coke works in Birmingham and were later joined by thousands of workers from industries locally. In most jurisdictions, secondary pickets lack all or many of the civil law protections given to primary pickets.

Secondary picketing has been illegal (in the sense that, unlike lawful picketing, it may give rise to a cause of action in tort) in the United Kingdom since the coming into force of section 17 of the Employment Act 1980, a law tabled and passed by the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher. Labour sought repeal of this via the party's 1987 manifesto; the party called for a debate on such issues in the next (1992) manifesto; and dropped this position under Tony Blair and later leaders' manifestos from 1997 onwards.

Another tactic is to organise highly mobile pickets, who can turn up at any of a business's locations quickly. These flying pickets are particularly effective against multi-facility businesses that could otherwise pursue legal prior restraint and shift operations among facilities if the locations were known with certainty ahead of time. The first highly strategic use of such may have been the example of the 1969 miners' strike in Britain. Flying pickets are usually not legal in the United Kingdom; workers must only picket at their workplace.

Picketing can interweave with boycotting campaigns by pressure groups across the political and moral spectrum. In particular, religious groups such as the Westboro Baptist Church seek to picket local store fronts and events they consider sinful. Non-employee protesters are third parties to the business so counter-actions may lie in the courts (or out-of-court remedies) for disruption of trade, unlawful protest, defamation, and certain types of illegal advertising, trespass and nuisance, against which freedom of expression, of religion and/or a public interest defense vie. Different jurisdictions weigh these two competing sets of rights differently. The global result is that the rules and outcomes are fact-sensitive (rest closely on the actions, form, subject-matter, duration and behaviors) and law-sensitive (divergently regulated or governed by case law).

Disruptive picketing
Disruptive picketing covers a wide variety of pickets:
 * Obstructive picketing which significantly physically narrows or stalls the flow of persons, goods or services into and out of the business.
 * Public order or highway offense picketing which due to behaviors, third-party supporters, or overspill meets with or is entitled to be met with police or local authority enforcement measures to limit its activities or street-side support.
 * Criminally violent or menacing picketing: use of force (battery and/or criminal damage), or reasonably perceptible and real threats of such (assault), to injure or sufficiently intimidate persons;
 * At several pickets at the height of the UK miners' strike (1984–85), picketers pelted strikebreakers with stones, paint and brake fluid. Police arrested many of these picketers for offences against the person.
 * Vexatious picketing which due to very high frequency causes severe loss of economic activity and/or reputation.

Obstructive picketing may be contrasted with non-obstructive picketing, in which the impact on the business or organization is likely to be limited to the presence nearby of a group of people close in number to the number of strikers, who have an informational picketing line, assembly or rally. It is possible, but rarely allowed in labor law globally, to have an informational picket in a public place of a business which has no simultaneous strike – i.e., a protest of workers outside of their shifts. In some sectors, the immediate financial impact of a non-obstructive picket could be negligible, and the longer-term impacts could include a human resources policy or public-facing policy enhancement and a consumer relations uplift.

Legality

Picketing, as long as it does not cause obstruction to a highway or intimidation, is legal in many countries and in line with freedom of assembly laws, but many countries have restrictions on the use of picketing.

Legally defined, recognitional picketing is a method of picketing that applies economic pressure to an employer with the specific goal to force the employer to recognise the issues facing employees and address them by bargaining with a union. In the US, this type of picketing, under Section 8(b)(7)(A) of the National Labor Relations Act, is typically illegal if representation is not relevant or is unquestionable.

In the UK mass picketing was made illegal under the Trade Disputes and Trade Unions Act 1927, moved by the leaders of what would soon be National Labour, after the 1926 General Strike. Otherwise picketing was banned by the Liberal-tabled Criminal Law Amendment Act 1871 but is decriminalised by the Conservative-tabled Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act 1875. The Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 gives protection, under civil law, for pickets who are acting in connection with an industrial dispute at or near their workplace who are using their picketing peacefully to obtain or communicate information or persuading any person to work or abstain from working. However, many employers seek specific injunctions to limit the effect of picketing by their door if they can evidence a high likelihood of intimidation or, in general, on non-peaceful behaviour and/or any that significant numbers of the picketers are or will in all likelihood be non-workers.

In the US, any strike activity was hard to organise in the early 1900s, but picketing became more common after the Norris–La Guardia Act of 1932, which limited the ability of employers to gain injunctions to stop strikes, and further legislation to support the right to organise for unions. Mass picketing and secondary picketing was outlawed by the 1947 Taft–Hartley Act. Some kinds of pickets are constitutionally protected.

Viewing laws against stalking as potentially inconsistent with labor rights of picketing, the first anti-stalking law of the industrial world, made by California's lawmakers, inserted provisions that disapply many of its protections from "normal labor picketing", which has survived subsequent amendments.

title: Picketing


text:
Tami Stronach

Tami Stronach (born mid-1972) is an actor, dancer, filmmaker, and professor.

A childhood performance as the Childlike Empress in the 1984 film The NeverEnding Story led to a record deal and music video in Germany. After receiving inappropriate attention as a young star, Stronach pivoted to dancing. As an adult, she has branched into teaching, producing dance performances, filmmaking, and supporting child performers.

Personal life
Tami Stronach was born in mid-1972 in the Imperial State of Iran. Her parents were the archaeologists David Stronach from Scotland (1931–2020) and Ruth Stronach from Israel (1937–2017). Stronach, her sister Keren, and their parents fled the Iranian Revolution to Tel Aviv before moving to the United Kingdom and then to California in 1981 to allow David to teach at the University of California, Berkeley.

By late 2014, Stronach and her daughter Maya (born 2011 (age 3)) lived in Brooklyn; Stronach was married to Greg Steinbruner as of mid-2020.

Performance career
In addition to her artistic projects, Stronach also followed in her father's footsteps, becoming a professor in New York City.

Acting
As a child, Stronach studied musical theatre. While portraying Piglet in a San Francisco stage adaptation of Winnie-the-Pooh, she was approached by the casting director for The NeverEnding Story and asked to audition for the role of the Childlike Empress. After three auditions, Stronach beat Heather O'Rourke to star in the 1984 film; it has been her only major motion picture. Ruth Stronach lived with her daughter in Bavaria for the three-month film shoot, and afterwards declined a sequel contract for her daughter, worried about lacking the wherewithal to "help her daughter navigate the turbulent waters of childhood stardom in the film industry." After The NeverEnding Story became a sensational success, the Stronachs were besieged with unwanted attention: their home and telephone were stalked, adults proposed to the eleven-year-old with engagement rings, and she received "offers from Hollywood to play roles featuring scenes (with nudity) completely inappropriate for someone her age."

Stronach returned to acting in 2002 with a physical theatre company, and by 2006 had performed in Chambre at La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club and was continuing to study acting with Laura Esterman.

Singing
During the junket for The NeverEnding Story, Stronach appeared on a German talk show and was asked how much German language she had learned; after explaining she only knew the lyrics to "99 Luftballons", she agreed to sing live on TV. The next day, a music producer offered a record deal. With only three days left in the country, the Stronachs agreed to the contract, songs were written, and the young actress both recorded them and starred in a music video before returning to the US. She later said of the whirlwind experience: "It was insane, [...] And then literally that was it. We didn't change the ticket."

Dancing
Switching her focus from acting to professional dancing after The NeverEnding Story, Stronach devoted herself to that study for ten years (through her twenties) in New York City. In 1996, Stronach began dancing with Neta Pulvermacher and Dancers, though she has also exhibited her own productions at Dixon Place, Washington Square Park, and the Galápagos Islands.

Production career
By the 2010s, Stronach had co-founded a theatre company called Shoehorn Theater; in 2012, they began creating a new play, Light: A Dark Comedy ("a group generative effort where everyone is involved in every step of the creation.")

Steinbruner and Stronach created The Paper Canoe Company, an entertainment business that focused on "children's theatre, film, and education." After the TV series Stranger Things used "The NeverEnding Story" and renewed interest in Stronach and the 1984 film, the couple began making their own 1980s-styled fantasy film. Man and Witch: The Dance of a Thousand Steps stars Shohreh Aghdashloo, Sean Astin, Michael Emerson, Christopher Lloyd, Rhea Perlman, and Stronach's daughter, Maya. , the film was in post-production.

title: Tami Stronach