text:
Charles Grafly

Charles Allan Grafly, Jr. (December 3, 1862 – May 5, 1929) was an American sculptor, and teacher. Instructor of Sculpture at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts for 37 years, his students included Paul Manship, Albin Polasek, and Walker Hancock.

He created heroic sculpture for international expositions and war memorials, but also was noted for his small bronzes and portrait busts. His work is in the collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the National Gallery of Art, the Smithsonian American Art Museum, the National Portrait Gallery, the Whitney Museum of American Art, the National Academy of Design, the Museum of Fine Arts Boston, and other museums.

Education
Grafly was born in the Chestnut Hill section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the youngest of the 8 children of Charles and Elizabeth (Simmons) Grafly. His family were Quaker farmers, and of German and Dutch heritage. He attended Philadelphia public schools, and developed an interest in art at an early age. At 17 he apprenticed himself to John Struthers & Sons Marble Works, at that time one of the largest stone carving ventures in the country. He spent four years carving ornament and figures for Philadelphia City Hall, under the direction of sculptor Alexander Milne Calder.

To improve his understanding of anatomy and his skill at carving figures, he began attending night classes at the Spring Garden Institute. He studied under Thomas Eakins at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts beginning in 1884, and followed Eakins to the Art Students' League of Philadelphia in 1886. He returned to PAFA the following year, and studied under Thomas Anshutz.

Grafly moved to Paris in 1888, where he studied for a year at the Académie Julian—drawing under Tony Robert-Fleury, painting under William-Adolphe Bouguereau, and sculpture under Henri Chapu. He shared a flat with fellow American art students Robert Henri, Harry Finney, William Hoefeker, and James Randolph Fisher. In 1889 he gained admittance to the École des Beaux Arts, but only stayed one year. He exhibited two ideal busts, Saint John and Daedalus at the Paris Salon of 1890. He exhibited his first major work, a life-size female nude, Mauvais Presage, at the Salon of 1891, which received an Honorable Mention. It is now at the Detroit Institute of Arts.

Career
The death of his father brought Grafly back to Philadelphia in early 1892, and he began teaching at the Drexel Institute and the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. PAFA created the position of "Instructor of Sculpture" for Grafly, and under him the sculpture department was put "on an equal footing with painting for the first time". He took a one-year sabbatical in 1895, to get married and create what he hoped would be his masterpiece.

In Paris, he began work on The Vulture of War, a nightmarish sculpture group depicting carnage and death. It quickly evolved from a two-figure work to a three-figure work, and ultimately a four-figure work. These consisted of the colossal figure of War; who wields the uncomprehending Man as a weapon (swings him like a scythe); a lifeless woman (Death and Destruction); and the sinister figure of Plunder, who holds the globe under his foot. Sculptor Jean Dampt provided Grafly with weekly critiques as the work progressed. Of the four figures, only the plunderer was completed by the end of his sabbatical. Grafly returned to teaching at PAFA in Fall 1896, but continued to work on the sculpture group. A heroic-sized plaster of the plunderer was exhibited at PAFA's 1898 annual exhibition, and was part of Grafly's gold medal-winning exhibit at the 1900 Exposition Universelle in Paris. The plaster was also part of Grafly's exhibit at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, but he abandoned it there rather than paying the freight fees to ship it back to Philadelphia.

Grafly was commissioned in 1898 to create two colossal busts for the Smith Memorial Arch, a Civil War monument in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. Following sculptor William Ordway Partridge's withdrawal, Grafly also created the memorial's 15-foot (4.6 m) statue of General John F. Reynolds.

Fountain of Man
Grafly and architect Charles Dudley Arnold were commissioned to create a fountain for the 1901 Pan-American Exposition, in Buffalo, New York. The Fountain of Man was crowned by an eerie half-hooded central figure, Man, the Mysterious, with faces on the front and back of his head representing the two natures of Man. Supporting the fountain's upper basin were nude figures representing the 5 senses, and supporting the lower basin were four pairs of crouching male and female atlantes, each couple representing contrasting emotions— love and hate, ambition and despair, etc. Sculptor Lorado Taft wrote: "When opportunity comes, and with it demand for a man's highest abilities, he who has always done his best has himself well in hand. Such an opportunity came to Mr. Grafly at the Pan-American Exposition. While the sculptural decorations of that most charming of fairs were as a rule well suited to their purpose, and contributed much to its beauty, there were few features of striking originality. The one which stands out in memory as of permanent value, as a lasting contribution to the art of this country, is Mr. Grafly's 'Fountain of Man'."

Louisiana Purchase Exposition
Grafly served as a member of the Art Jury for the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, Missouri, and designed the medal that was awarded to winning artists. Following sculptor John Quincy Adams Ward's withdrawal, Grafly created a heroic-size seated figure of Thomas Jefferson for the Cascade Garden. His Vérité (Truth) was carved in marble, and installed in a niche flanking the main entrance to the Palace of Fine Arts (now the Saint Louis Art Museum). His sculpture group, Electricity, was installed over an entrance to the Palace of Electricity.

Pioneer Mother Monument
Grafly's best known sculpture is probably the Pioneer Mother Monument (1913–15), in San Francisco, California. John E. D. Trask, a museum administrator and former managing director of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, headed the Fine Arts Department for the planned 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition. The Pioneer Mother Monument Association raised $22,500 for the project, and Trask commissioned Grafly to create the sculpture in 1913. Grafly's plaster sketches are preserved at Wichita State University's Ulrich Museum of Art, and an early iteration of the work bordered on comical—a stalwart mother balancing screaming twin infants, one on each arm. Grafly's final model went in another direction, granting the woman and her two naked toddlers a simple dignity. The casting took longer than expected, and the sculpture was not in place for the exhibition's March 2, 1915 opening. Set atop a 26-foot (7.9 m) stepped concrete base, the monument was dedicated on June 30, 1915. "The Pioneer Mother monument, by Charles Grafly, is a permanent bronze, a tribute by the people of the West to the women who laid the foundation of their welfare. It is to stand in the San Francisco Civic Center, where its masterful simplicity will be more impressive than in this colorful colonnade. It is a true addition to noteworthy American works of art and fully expresses the spirit of this courageous motherhood, tender but strong, adventurous but womanly, enduring but not humble. It has escaped every pitfall of mawkishness, stubbornly refused to descend to mere prettiness, and lived up to the noblest possibilities of its theme. The strong hands, the firmly set feet, the clear, broad brow of the Mother and the uncompromisingly simple, sculpturally pure lines of figure and garments are honest and commanding in beauty. The children, too, are modeled with affectionate sincerity and are a realistic interpretation of childish charm. Oxen skulls, pine cones, leaves and cacti decorate the base; the panels show the old sailing vessel, the Golden Gate, and the transcontinental trails." Relocation of the monument to San Francisco's Civic Center never happened, and the sculpture was rediscovered during the Great Depression, weather-beaten and vandalized, amidst the ruins of the 1915 world's fair. Civic and historical groups, notably the Native Daughters of the Golden West, raised money to restore the sculpture for the 1939 Golden Gate International Exposition. After the exposition, it was installed in Golden Gate Park and rededicated on December 8, 1940.

Works exhibited

 * 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, Illinois – portrait bust of Daedalus (bronze), A Bad Omen (plaster). The group was awarded a medal "for excellence".
 * 1895 Cotton States and International Exposition, Atlanta, Georgia, Portrait of My Mother. The bust was awarded a silver medal.
 * 1900 Exposition Universelle, Paris, France – The Vulture of War, The Symbol of Life, From Generation to Generation, portrait busts of his mother and wife. The group was awarded a gold medal.
 * 1901 Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo, New York – The Vulture of War, The Symbol of Life, From Generation to Generation, portrait busts of his mother and wife, an architectural medal for Cornell University. The group was awarded a gold medal.
 * 1902 South Carolina Inter-State and West Indian Exposition, Charleston, South Carolina – The Symbol of Life, From Generation to Generation. The group was awarded a gold medal.
 * 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Missouri – The Vulture of War, The Symbol of Life, From Generation to Generation, In Much Wisdom; portrait busts of his wife, Dr. Louis Starr, artist Joseph R. DeCamp, and politician James McManes. Grafly served as a member of the Art Jury. His works were not in competition for awards.
 * 1910 Exposition Internacional de Arte del Centenario, Buenos Aires, In Much Wisdom. It was awarded the Grand Prize in Sculpture.
 * 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition, San Francisco, California – Marble Head [Ideal Head of a Woman?], The Oarsman, Maidenhood; portrait busts of W. Elmer Schofield, George Harding, Dr. Joseph Price, Edward W. Redfield, Joseph R. DeCamp, Edwin Swift Clymer, Henry L. Viereck, William M. Paxton and Thomas P. Anshutz. Grafly served as an advisor to the exposition. His works were not in competition for awards.
 * 1926 Sesquicentennial Exposition, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania – Aeneas and Anchises, The Symbol of Life, From Generation to Generation, Head of War (Meade Memorial); portrait busts of W. Elmer Schofield, Thomas P. Anshutz, and The Evangelist Felix. Grafly served as director of its Department of Fine Arts and head of the Art Jury. His works were not in competition for awards.

Portrait busts
Grafly modeled dozens of portrait heads and busts; many as commissions, but also of friends and family members. In 1898, he modeled a bust of Hugh H. Breckenridge, the first in what became a three-decade series of busts of fellow artists. The sitter sometimes painted a portrait of Grafly in exchange. Lorado Taft claimed "there is no sculptor in this country who can make a finer bust". Critic Helen W. Henderson wrote: "The bust of Henry Lorenz Viereck, entomologist, is the unique work of Charles Grafly in Washington. [D.C.] It is owned by the sitter. This bust, made about 1908, is one of the most successful of that series of portrait busts commenced by the sculptor a few years ago, and including at the present time, many distinguished artists, doctors, and specialists in other fields. In the department of portrait busts Grafly stands unrivalled in his generation. The head of Viereck is extremely typical of the quality and character of the sculptor's achievement." In the 1920s, Grafly created four busts of historical figures for the Hall of Fame for Great Americans, in Bronx, New York City.

New York Custom House
Grafly modeled two of the colossal figures for the façade of the Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House in Manhattan, New York City. His allegorical figure of England (1903–07) depicts a young Queen Victoria dressed in armor, holding the wand of Hermes and accompanied by the shield of St. George and a ship's wheel. His allegorical figure of France (1904–07) depicts a goddess crowned with a laurel wreath, holding a sceptre, a sheaf of wheat and a bronze statuette representing the Fine Arts, and accompanied by a Gallic rooster and a herm of the ancient god Dusios. Both figures were carved in limestone by the Piccirilli Brothers.

Meade Memorial
The most prestigious commission of Grafly's career was the Major General George Gordon Meade Memorial (1915–27), a monument for the National Mall in Washington, D.C. General Meade (1815–1872) had been commander of the decisive Union victory at Gettysburg, and the memorial was the gift of Pennsylvania to the nation. It was originally installed south of Pennsylvania Avenue, between 2nd and 3rd Streets NW —a site now mostly covered by the Capitol Reflecting Pool. This was opposite and slightly north of the Ulysses S. Grant Memorial.

On January 21, 1915, President Woodrow Wilson signed a joint resolution of Congress creating the federal commission for the Meade Memorial. On November 23, 1915, the commission chose Grafly as sculptor and Simon & Bassett (later Simon & Simon) as architects for the project. Grafly's sculpture program went through several iterations before it was granted preliminary approval by the D.C. Commission of Fine Arts, three years later. His design mixed the literal, the allegorical and the fantastical, and was granted final approval in January 1922. The memorial features eight figures grouped in a circle. The primary figure of General Meade, dressed in his Civil War uniform, faces south. He is flanked by six nude allegorical figures – Loyalty, Fame and Energy on the west side; Chivalry, Progress and Military Courage on the east side – representing qualities that Grafly "believed were necessary for the character of a great general". Facing north is the dark angel of War, "unchanged since war first ravaged the world", who wears a helmet, breastplate and cape, and before whom stands a knightly sword, ready to be taken up when necessary. "War... holds in his grim clutch two memorial tablets [on which are listed Meade's military battles]. His wings, in long sweeping curves, stretch toward the standard held by Loyalty... The side groups are thus outlined against the ominous shadow of the wings of War." Loyalty and Chivalry remove General Meade's "cloak of battle". "Loyalty also raises aloft over Meade's head a standard [ Legion eagle ] of wreaths and garlands, in commemoration of great achievement."

The Piccirilli Brothers carved the figures from white Tennessee marble. The cylindrical base is gray granite, and its stepped circular platform is Milford pink granite. The memorial was dedicated on October 19, 1927.

The Meade Memorial was dismantled in 1969, to make way for excavation of the 3rd Street Tunnel under the National Mall and construction of the Capitol Reflecting Pool. Following fourteen years in storage, the memorial underwent restoration, and was installed on the entrance plaza of the E. Barrett Prettyman United States Courthouse in 1983, one block northwest of its original site.

Pennypacker Memorial
Grafly was commissioned to create a memorial to Major General Galusha Pennypacker for Logan Square, Philadelphia. A valorous Civil War officer, Pennypacker had been promoted to general at age 22. Grafly's concept was to depict him in the prime of his manhood—as a burly, bare-chested Roman general, flanked by tigers and straddling a chariot-like cannon. Grafly invited his former student Albert Laessle to model the tigers, and worked on the project, 1921–26, before setting it aside to complete the Meade Memorial. In 1934, five years after Grafly's death, Laessle completed the Pennypacker Memorial based on his teacher's designs.

Other honors
The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts awarded Grafly its 1899 Converse Gold Medal of Honor "for distinguished services to art and to the Academy". The National Sculpture Society awarded him its 1905 J. Q. A. Ward Prize. At its 1913 annual exhibition, PAFA awarded him the first Widener Gold Medal for Sculpture for his portrait bust of Thomas Anshutz. The Philadelphia Water Color Club awarded him its 1916 Lea First Prize (for drawing). The National Academy of Design awarded him its 1919 Watrous Gold Medal, for his portrait bust of Childe Hassam. The Chicago Art Institute awarded him its 1921 Potter Palmer Gold Medal for his portrait bust of Frank Duveneck, and the Concord Art Association awarded him its 1922 Medal of Honor for the same work.

Grafly was a founding member of the National Sculpture Society (1893), served on its council, and was later elected a Fellow. He was elected an Associate of the National Academy of Design in 1902, and an Academician in 1905. (Robert Henri painted Grafly's NAD diploma portrait.) He was a member of the Philadelphia Art Club, the Architectural League of New York, the National Institute of Arts and Letters, and other arts organizations.

Personal
Grafly married Frances Sekeles of Corinth, Mississippi, on June 7, 1895. They had one daughter, Dorothy (1896–1980), born in Paris during his sabbatical from PAFA. The Graflys lived at 2140 N. 12th Street, Philadelphia, and he had a studio at 2200 Arch Street.

In 1905, Grafly bought property in Lanesville, Gloucester, Massachusetts, and built a house and studio that he named "Fool's Paradise". Favored PAFA students were invited to visit and use his studio. Following the 1917 death of sculptor Bela Pratt, Grafly taught (additionally) at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. He made "Fool's Paradise" his residence year-round, and commuted to Philadelphia or Boston by train.

Grafly's protégé, Walker Hancock, considered him "the pre-eminent instructor of sculpture in this country", and came to PAFA in 1920 specifically to study under him. Hancock won awards for his work as a student, two traveling scholarships and, after graduation, the 1925 Prix de Rome in sculpture. In April 1929, on the day Hancock returned to Philadelphia from the American Academy in Rome, he heard the news—Grafly had been struck by a hit-and-run driver the night before. During the ensuing days, even though he was gradually failing, we had the opportunity to talk about things that concerned him. Two things were very much on his mind. He asked me to make sure that the wreath behind the head of General Meade in the Meade Memorial in Washington would be freshly gilded. His other worry was that the landscaping around his statue of James Buchanan in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, had not been carried out. He wanted me to see that this was done. In the period of his hospitalization and suffering, Grafly told Mr. [John Andrew] Myers [Director of PAFA] that he wanted me to take his place as instructor of sculpture at the Pennsylvania Academy. He lived only two weeks after the accident.

Hancock was among those who eulogized Grafly at his memorial service. The pall bearers at his funeral included former students Albert Laessle and Albin Polasek; and artists Hugh Breckenridge, Edward Redfield, Robert Henri and Albert Rosenthal.

Legacy
Except for his sabbatical in 1895–96, Grafly taught at PAFA from 1892 to his death in 1929. Among his students were sculptors Eugene Castello, Nancy Coonsman, George Demetrios, Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller, Walker Hancock, Charles Harley, Albert Laessle, Paul Manship, Eleanor Mary Mellon, Louis Milione, Albin Polasek, Dudley Pratt, Lawrence Tenney Stevens, and Katherine Lane Weems.

The collection of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts includes about twenty Grafly bronzes. The Ulrich Museum of Art at Wichita State University possesses more than two hundred of his works, mostly plaster casts, a bequest of Dorothy Grafly Drummond (the artist's daughter).

Dorothy Grafly became an art critic and author. Her 1929 biography of her father, The Sculptor's Clay: Charles Grafly (1862–1929), was reissued by Wichita State University in 1996.

Selected works

 * Aeneas and Anchises (1893), Delaware Art Museum, Wilmington, Delaware. The sculpture depicts Aeneas carrying his aged father, Anchises, out of the burning city of Troy.
 * The Vulture of War (1895–99), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
 * The Symbol of Life (1897), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The young man leans on a scythe; the young woman holds an orb from which grows a stalk of wheat.
 * From Generation to Generation (1897–98), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A youth and an old man walking side by side past a winged zodiac clock.
 * Smith Memorial Arch, West Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
 * Bust of Admiral David Dixon Porter (1898–1901)
 * Bust of John B. Gest (1901)
 * General John F. Reynolds (1901–02)
 * Fountain of Man (1901), Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo, New York.
 * In Much Wisdom (1902), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. A nude, helmeted goddess stands with a snake draped over her shoulders, looking into a hand mirror.
 * Vérité (Truth) (1904), Saint Louis Art Museum, St. Louis, Missouri.
 * Mother and Child (1905, cast in bronze 1989), Charles Grafly Sculpture Garden, Wichita State University.
 * Maidenhood (1906), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. An anatomical study, it was part of Grafly's exhibit at the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition.
 * U.S. Custom House, Manhattan, New York City, Cass Gilbert, architect.
 * Allegorical figure of England (1903–07)
 * Allegorical figure of France (1904–07)
 * Ideal Head of a Woman (1908), Ulrich Museum of Art, Wichita State University.
 * The Oarsman (1910), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Modeled at Grafly's Lanesville studio, probably as an anatomical study, it was part of his exhibit at the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition.
 * Pioneer Mother Monument (1913–15), Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California.
 * James Buchanan (1924–28), Buchanan Park, Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
 * Major General George Gordon Meade Memorial (1927), E. Barrett Prettyman Federal Courthouse, Washington, D.C.
 * Head of War (1921), Whitney Museum of American Art, New York City. Another cast is at the Art Institute of Chicago.
 * Head of Chivalry (1927), Smithsonian American Art Museum.
 * Major General Galusha Pennypacker Memorial (1921–34), Logan Circle, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Albert Laessle completed the monument from Grafly's designs.

Portrait busts

 * Daedalus (1890), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1890. Exhibited at PAFA in 1891, and purchased by the Temple Fund.
 * My Mother – Bust of Elizabeth Grafly (1892, cast in bronze 1990), Charles Grafly Sculpture Garden, Wichita State University.
 * Icarus (1894, cast in bronze 1973), Charles Grafly Sculpture Garden, Wichita State University.
 * Henry O. Tanner (1896), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
 * Hugh H. Breckenridge (1898), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.
 * Joseph R. DeCamp (1902), Philadelphia Museum of Art.
 * Edward Hornor Coates (1903), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.
 * W. Elmer Schofield (1905), National Academy of Design, New York City.
 * The Surgeon—Portrait of Joseph Price (1906), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.
 * Emily Clayton Bishop (1907), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.
 * Edward W. Redfield (1909), National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
 * William M. Paxton (1909), Museum of Fine Arts Boston.
 * The Entomologist—Portrait of Henry L. Viereck (1909), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.
 * Henry Charles Lea (1910), Library Company of Philadelphia.
 * Thomas P. Anshutz (1912), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Awarded PAFA's first Widener Gold Medal, in 1913.
 * Frank Duveneck (1915), National Portrait Gallery, Washington, D.C.
 * Paul Wayland Bartlett (1916), National Academy of Design, New York City.
 * Childe Hassam (1918), Philadelphia Museum of Art.
 * Morris Gray (1923), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.

Hall of Fame for Great Americans, Bronx, New York City

 * James Buchanan Eads (1924)
 * Jonathan Edwards (1926)
 * David Glasgow Farragut (1927)
 * John Paul Jones (1928)

title: Charles Grafly


text:
Jerónimo de Sousa

Jerónimo Carvalho de Sousa (born 13 April 1947) is a Portuguese politician who served as General Secretary of the Portuguese Communist Party from the 17th Congress of the Party in November 2004 to the party's National Conference in November 2022.

He is a member of the Assembly of the Republic and was also a candidate in the 2006 presidential election.

1996 Portuguese presidential election
Jerónimo de Sousa left the race in favour of Jorge Sampaio.

2006 Portuguese presidential election
Jerónimo de Sousa finished fourth with 474,083 votes (8.64%).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jerónimo de Sousa


text:
Ermengarde of Hesbaye

Ermengarde (or Irmingard) of Hesbaye (c. 778 – 3 October 818), probably a member of the Robertian dynasty, was Carolingian empress from 813 and Queen of the Franks from 814 until her death as the wife of the Carolingian emperor Louis the Pious.

Life
Ermengarde was the daughter of Count Ingerman of Hesbaye and Rotrude.

About 794 Ermengarde married Louis the Pious, son of Charlemagne, who since 781 ruled as a King of Aquitaine. He had already fathered two children, and Ermengarde may have been his concubine. Ermengarde gave birth to six children:
 * Lothair I (795–855), born in Altdorf, Bavaria
 * Pepin I of Aquitaine (797–838)
 * Berta, born c. 799
 * Rotrude, born about 800
 * Hildegard, born c. 802, abbess of Notre-Dame in Laon
 * Louis the German (c. 805 – 876), King of East Francia

Charlemagne initially intended to divide his Carolingian Empire between Louis and his brothers Pepin and Charles, who nevertheless died in quick succession in 810/11. On 10 September 813, Charlemagne designated Louis his successor and had him proclaimed co-emperor. Ermengarde's husband became sole emperor and king of the Franks upon his father's death on 28 January 814. The couple was anointed and crowned emperor and empress by Pope Stephen IV on 5 October 816 in Reims Cathedral.

She died at Angers, Neustria (in present-day France) on 3 October 818. A few years after her death, her husband remarried to Judith of Bavaria, who bore him Charles the Bald.

title: Ermengarde of Hesbaye


text:
Ingerman, Count of Hesbaye

Ingerman (Ingram, Enguerrand) (c. 750-818), was a Frankish noble and Count of Hesbaye, son of a brother of Saint Chrodegang, the Bishop of Metz and therefore grandson of Sigramnus of Hesbaye.

Life
Ingram came from a high noble family from Haspengouw near Liège. He was a nephew of Chrodegang, Bishop of Metz. Ingerman married Rotrude, of unknown parentage. Ingerman and Rotrude had one daughter:
 * Ermengarde. She married into the Frankish royal family, the Carolingians and was the first wife of King Louis the Pious, Son of Charlemagne.

Primary sources mentioning Ingoram
There seems to be only one primary source directly mentioning Ingoram.

In a medieval life story of Emperor Louis the Pious, by Thegan of Trier, Louis's wife Ermengarde is said to be a daughter of the noble duke Ingorammus, who was son of a brother of Hruotgangi "sancti pontificis", or in other words Saint Chrodegang.

Chrodegang in turn was named in one medieval record as having parents who were nobles from Hasbania (Hesbaye). Paul the Deacon identified the parents of Chrodegang as Sigram and Landrada.

title: Ingerman, Count of Hesbaye


text:
User talk:Nightscreamnovi

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 18:13, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Nightscreamnovi


text: File:Comic Book - Batman 251 Cover (1973).jpg


text:
User:PunkPod

Medicine
Dermatological lesions Stasis dermatitis

Macules

Photography
Garry Winogrand

Irving Penn

Lee Friedlander y

Detailed Activity
[Details]

What Needs Fixing
[Pages Needing Attention]

[Cleanup Resources]

Many Great Lists

minor notes
User:Punkpod:Projects

title: User:PunkPod


text:
Talk:Fukumi Kuroda

Untitled
What is the point in this page remaining when it is simply a filmography, while links to her pages on imdb/jmdb are at the bottom? -Avriette

title: Talk:Fukumi Kuroda


text:
Clean hands

Clean hands, sometimes called the clean hands doctrine, unclean hands doctrine, or dirty hands doctrine, is an equitable defense in which the defendant argues that the plaintiff is not entitled to obtain an equitable remedy because the plaintiff is acting unethically or has acted in bad faith with respect to the subject of the complaint—that is, with "unclean hands". The defendant has the burden of proof to show the plaintiff is not acting in good faith. The doctrine is often stated as "those seeking equity must do equity" or "equity must come with clean hands". This is a matter of protocol, characterised by A. P. Herbert in Uncommon Law by his fictional Judge Mildew saying (as Herbert says, "less elegantly"), "A dirty dog will not have justice by the court".

A defendant's unclean hands can also be claimed and proven by the plaintiff to claim other equitable remedies and to prevent that defendant from asserting equitable affirmative defenses. In other words, 'unclean hands' can be used offensively by the plaintiff as well as defensively by the defendant. Historically, the doctrine of unclean hands can be traced as far back as the Fourth Lateran Council.

"He who comes into equity must come with clean hands" is an equitable maxim in English law.

Maxim
The maxim prevents those who have acted improperly in some way relating to the matter at hand from seeking a remedy or relief. Essentially, anyone with 'unclean hands', someone who has in some way contributed to their own injury or loss, or has in some other way acted dishonourably relating to the matter will be prevented by a court from remedy or relief regardless of how the adversary has treated them. The maxim protects the integrity of a court.

US patent law
The clean hands doctrine is used in US patent law to deny equitable or legal relief to a patentee that has engaged in improper conduct, such as using the patent to extend monopoly power beyond the claims of the patent.

title: Clean hands


text:
User:Sometent

My name is Eduard, and I live in Catalonia.

My nickname comes from a military body different from the army, located in Catalonia since the XIII century in the kingdom of Jaume I el Conqueridor. It was summoned mainly in defense of the country people and their terrains against conquerors, and is nowadays disappeared since the Spanish Constitution of 1978.

title: User:Sometent


text:
Meyers Manx

The Meyers Manx dune buggy is a small recreationally-oriented automobile, designed initially for desert racing by Californian engineer, artist, boat builder and surfer Bruce F. Meyers. It was produced by his Fountain Valley, California company, B. F. Meyers & Co. from 1964 to 1971, in the form of car kits applied to shortened chassis of Volkswagen Beetles. The car line dominated dune racing in its time, breaking records immediately, and was eventually also released in street-oriented models, until the company's demise due to tax problems after Meyers's departure. New vehicles inspired by the original Manx buggy have been produced by Meyers's re-founded operation, Meyers Manx, Inc., since 2000. The name and cat logo of the brand derives from the Manx cat, by virtue of the tailless breed's and the shortened vehicle's truncated "stubbiness".

Home-made prototype
Drawing on his experience in sailboat construction, Meyers modeled and built his first dune buggy, "Old Red", a shortened VW Beetle with a monocoque fiberglass shell and Chevrolet pickup truck (trailing arm style) suspension, in late 1963 to May 1964 in his garage in Newport Beach, California. The first known street-legal fiberglass dune buggy, it featured a unibody shell that fused body, fenders and frame, retaining just the engine, transmission and other mechanicals of the VW, and with no top and no hood. The use of compound curves throughout provided great rigidity. The fenders were arched high, to make room for large, knobby dirt-racing wheels.

The "Manx" name for the shortened, taller-wheeled, more maneuverable VW Beetle mods refers to and derives from the comparably stubby Manx cat The tailless cat in the logo, as featured on the hood ornament, is stylized after a passant heraldic lion, its right forepaw brandishing a sword. The name also suggests racing fitness, as the already globally-renowned British-manufactured Norton Manx motorcycle dominated the Isle of Man TT, Manx Grand Prix and other Isle of Man-based (i.e. Manx) international races from the 1940s to the early 1970s. The Meyers Manx has no direct connection to the Isle of Man.

Meyers produced kits later in 1964 and into 1965, marketed under the name Meyers Manx. Although this early design was critically acclaimed, even featured on the April 1967 cover of Car & Driver magazine, and drew much attention, it proved too expensive to be profitable; ultimately only 12 kits of the monocoque Manx were produced. Meyers and a friend (both amateur racers) broke by over four hours the Ensenada – La Paz run's record of 39 hours, until then held by a professional racer. According to James Hale, compiler of the Dune Buggy Handbook, this feat ushered in an era of Meyers Manx "domination in off-road events ... and the formation of NORRA (National Off-Road Racing Association)".

B. F. Meyers & Co.
The commercially manufactured Meyers Manx Mk I featured an open-wheeled fiberglass bodyshell, coupled with the Volkswagen Type 1 flat-four engine (1.2 L, 1.3 L, 1.5 L and 1.6 L, in different models) and a modified RR-layout Beetle pan. It is a small car, with a wheelbase 14+1/4 in shorter than a Beetle automobile for lightness and better maneuverability. For this reason, the car is capable of very quick acceleration and good off-road performance, despite not being four-wheel drive. The usually street-legal car redefined and filled a recreational and competitive niche that had been essentially invented by the first civilian Jeep in 1945, and which was later to be overtaken by straddle-ridden, motorcycle-based all-terrain vehicles (introduced in 1970) and newer, small and sporty (but usually four-wheel-drive), off-road automobiles.

The commercial Meyers Manx received widespread recognition when it defeated motorcycles, trucks and other cars to win the inaugural 1967 Mexican 1000 race (the predecessor of the Baja 1000). It crossed automotive press genre lines, being selected as the cover story in the August 1966 issue of Hot Rod Magazine.

Approximately 6,000 original Manxes were produced, but when the design became popular, many copies (estimated at a quarter of a million worldwide) were made by other companies. Although already patented, Meyers & Co. lost in court to the copiers, the judge rescinding his patent as unpatentable, opening the floodgates to the industry Meyers started. Since then, numerous vehicles of the general "dune buggy" or "beach buggy" body type, some VW-based, others not, have been, and continue to be, produced. An early example was the Imp by EMPI (1968–1970), which borrowed styling elements from the Chevrolet Corvette but was otherwise Manx-like. A later 1970s Manx clone was the Dune Runner from Dune Buggy Enterprises in Westminster, California. The Meyers company attempted to stay ahead of this seemingly unfair competition with the release of the distinctive, and harder-to-copy, Meyers Manx Mk II design.

B. F. Meyers & Co. also produced other Beetle-based vehicles, including the May 1970 Car & Driver magazine cover sporty Manx SR variant (street roadsters, borrowing some design ideas from the Porsche 914), the Meyers Tow'd (sometimes referred to as the "Manx Tow'd", a non-street-legal racing vehicle designed to be towed to the desert or beach), the Meyers Tow'dster (a street-legal hybrid of the two ), and Meyers Resorter a.k.a. Meyers Turista (a small recreational or "resort" vehicle inspired by touring motorcycles). The Manx SR2 was a modified SR that was only produced by later manufacturers including Karma Coachworks, Heartland Motors and Manx Motors of MD. While the Tow'd was a minimal off-road racer and the SR/SR2 was a showy roadster, the Tow'dster was a compromise between a dune-capable vehicle and a more utilitarian street rod, and "paved the way for the rail-type buggy that was to dominate the buggy scene following the demise of the traditional Manx-type buggy."

The company ceased operation in 1971, after financial troubles, including with the Internal Revenue Service; and Bruce Meyers himself had already left his own company by then.

Meyers Manx, Inc.
In 2000, Bruce Meyers created a resurgence of interest by founding Meyers Manx, Inc., based in Valley Center, California, and offering the Classic Manx series, a limited edition of 100.

In 2002, the Manxter 2+2 and Manxter DualSport were born. These two new models are modernizations of the original design, but are sized for a full-length Beetle pan (and the DualSport can also be based on a Super Beetle pan, unlike any other Manx model). Custom versions for higher-power engines and other variations are also available.

In the spring of 2009, Meyers re-introduced the shortened wheelbase. Named the Kick-Out [sic] Manx after the last action a surfer performs before reaching the shore, it is available in two models. The Kick-Out Manx Traditional is an updated version of the original Manx concept, with wider fenders, plus a front-hinged hood providing extra storage and easier access to electricals. The Kick-Out Manx S.S. [sic] (a.k.a. Kick-Out S.S. Manx) version is much more modern, with headlights flared into the hood, curved windshield, sculpted rear deck cover and twin roll hoops.

, no Meyers Manx kits are based on the New Beetle or other modern Volkswagen cars, only particular original Beetle and Super Beetle models, which are rear-engine and rear-wheel-drive. No Meyers Manx kits are based on front-engine, front-wheel-drive platforms. Aftermarket frames are available, designed to duplicate VW chassis dimensions but provide improvements such as more modern or more rugged components.

Meyers Manx, LLC
On 9 November 2020 it was announced that Bruce and Winnie Meyers had sold their business to a venture capital investment firm called Trousdale Ventures. The new company would be called Meyers Manx, LLC.

Bruce Meyers died in California on February 19, 2021, at the age of 94.

Electric version
Meyers Manx 2.0 EV, dual-motor RWD 202hp BEV, 0-60 in 4.5 seconds, 40 kWh battery 300 mile range.

Meyers Manx Resorter (LWB NEV), 4-seater.

title: Meyers Manx


text:
Turma do Balão Mágico

Turma do Balão Mágico ("English:The Magic Balloon Gang") was a Brazilian children's music group active between 1982 and 1986. The children also starred the TV show, Balão Mágico.

The group released six albums under the Columbia label, together selling a total of 13 million copies and drawing up to 60,000 people in concerts. Their biggest hit is the song "Superfantástico" or "Superfantastic".

Members

 * Simony (Simony Benelli Galasso): The only girl in the band;
 * Tob (Vimerson Canavilas Benedicto): The oldest member of the group;
 * Mike (Michael Biggs): Son of infamous British robber Ronnie Biggs;
 * Jairzinho (Jair Oliveira): Son of Brazilian musician Jair Rodrigues;
 * Ricardinho (Ricardo Batista): The last member to join the group.

Group beginnings
In 1981, Simony Benelli appeared on television singing on the television show Raul Gil. After the positive responses, she (about 5 years of age ) was invited by Tomas Muñoz to form a musical group. In the same year, Vímerson Cavanillas Benedicto appeared at freshmen shows, called "calouros" in Brazil, and was a success in commercials and parades. When he knew that he would make a child group, his brother brought him for a test in the recording company. Having passed, he was immediately invited to form a "duo" with Simony, who already agreed.

With the group in his hands, the songs were recorded immediately, with Edgard Poças writing the lyrics, saying that he should "translate" lyrics that were successful outside of Brazil.

Accepting the proposal, Edgard tried to avoid what the recording company was saying, getting the rhythms and creating his own lyrics, mixing with some lyrics from famous Brazilian songs. Thus, "A Turma do Balão Mágico" was born. Not long after, after the album was finished, Ronald Biggs was kidnapped and brought to the Caribbean, and his son, Michael Biggs, said on national TV for his father to be brought back, moving the entire country. Munõz therefore called Ronald and asked if Michael knew how to sing, mostly saying that he only knew how to sing "Oh, Suzana", while playing. In response, Munõz removed the song from the disc and recorded a solo with Michael, who received the affectionate nickname of Mike.

Vímerson Cavanillas was too much of a complicated name for children, so the recording company picked the last syllable of his name (Benedicto) and joined it with the first, forming "Tobe" or Tob.

With the three boys, the record was released in 1982, selling over a million copies. There was also a clown mask as a bonus with the LP. "O Balão Mágico" then started to do shows all over Brazil, accompanied by a gigantic technical team and clowns.

Second album and program on Globo
Thanks to the huge success that the first album had achieved, CBS made the group its priority and Munõz took charge of assembling a second album, calling Edgard Poças again to assemble it. The repertoire focused more on school, friends and romance (an evolution granted by Edgard to accompany the growth of children). Edgard was instructed to make a more pop and dance record, with few elements of MPB. Every time he tried to incorporate the genre into the arrangements, he was greeted with comments like "Oh! Here comes Tom Jobim". Renowned guest appearances were called, like Djavan (in the track "Superfantástico"), Baby Consuelo ("Together") and an improved arrangement. Released in September 1983, the second album broke a record: In the Christmas week alone, the record sold over 1 million copies, growing every time. The success was so great that Balão had won a program on Rede Globo (in March 1983) and received a major upgrade, with more animations, longer runtime, etc. It was also in Balão Mágico that Orival Pessini created a character just for children that until today is a national reference for all ages, the Fofão, an alien and intergalactic being, a mixture of man, dog, pig, clown, ET and others.

Television success, new member and third album
With a record in hand and the daily program proposal on the country's main broadcaster readily accepted, A Turma do Balão Mágico was preparing for this moment, amid shows and program presentations, to release a new album. For the new repertoire, the label was looking for a new member, to debut with the new phase of Balão. During this preparation, something happened in Italy: Jair Oliveira sang on a television program with his father, Jair Rodrigues, the success "Io e Te". On his return to Brazil, Jair Rodrigues already had an appointment scheduled with the rekwown soccer player Pelé. With the cancellation of Pelé's participation, the boy had to sing alone, leaving the crowd gaping. The record company took advantage of the situation and invited him to join the group and so he took the place, of what would have been a girl, at the premiere of the program. Jair Oliveira, nicknamed Jairzinho, was the big addition. In the same year, Simony was crucial to the return of the group Os Trapalhões as a quartet.

The children were growing up fast; Tob, then 13, no longer fit with children's songs, while Simony (8) and Mike (10) also grew up. Knowing this, CBS decided to revamp the group and invited Edgard Poças to produce the new album, and he then made a repertoire with songs aimed at teenagers. For the great romantic focus of the album, the song "Se Enamora" was recorded, a success abroad (El Amore) and also imported here. With Tob and Simony as the main performers, the album had 12 songs and a mini toy theatre was added to put together as a bonus gift.

In September 1984, Turma do Balão Mágico's third album debuted. For most people, it is the group's best album, once again breaking records, and its hits continued to play on radio and TV. O Balão had finally achieved absolute success, and reigned in the child / youth audience. The demand for new shows increased, along with the audience of the television program. With all this success, the Balloon also carried out an advertisement for vaccination against rabies. In the following month, celebrating Children's Month, Rede Globo exhibited a special of the Magic Balloon Group, entitled  The Magic Balloon Group em Amigos do Peito , which was a program by Augusto César Vannucci, was created by Stil, Edi Newton and Paulo Netto, written by Wilson Rocha, directed by Paulo Netto. Augusto César Vannucci was still the general director of the program.

With all this success, what the producers did not know was that the following year would be a year of intense profound changes in the band, which would eventually lead to the end of the intense and successful career.

Tob's departure, Ricardinho's entry and fourth album
After the resounding success of Turma do Balão Mágico in the previous year, CBS bet everything on the band. The program leveraged high ratings, and the third album was still breaking sales records. Som Livre brought together the biggest members of MPB for the recording of a special disc in celebration of the genre, among them was Balão Mágico. In the same year, Tob, then 14 years old, was going through a sudden change of voice. The MPB record was recorded, and Balão re-recorded the song "A Banda", by Chico Buarque.

Achieving more and more success, the fourth LP started to be produced and assembled. In the program, the games continued and the audience continued to rise. But in the second half of 1985, O Balão suffered a great drop; owing to the change of voice and the sudden growth of the member, CBS would remove Tob from Balão Mágico and from the Globo program, replacing him with Ricardinho, a new 10-year-old member who had made his debut in the group. With the sudden low and an LP in production, Simony, Jairzinho, Mike and Ricardinho recorded the fourth album. The LP was a commercial success, with gifts being a check to open a savings account at Caixa and a toy merry-go-round to assemble. Despite the success in public and sales, the Balloon started to lose its gas, having to suffer the consequences of the new formation.

Rede Globo aired a special by Turma do Balão Mágico, entitled  A Turma do Balão Mágico Nº 2 . The Special was a program by Augusto Cesar Vannucci, written by Daltony Nóbrega and Stil, final written by Wilson Rocha, edited by João Henrique Schiller, directed by Vicente Burger, directed by Paulo Netto and directed by Augusto Cesar Vannucci.

Sales began to decline, and with members growing rapidly, the year 1986 would mark the end of Turma do Balão Mágico.

Fifth album and end of group
In March 1986 Simony left Rede Globo – but not the group – to have a deal with another TV company, Rede Manchete, where she would present her solo program, the  Nave da Fantasia. At the same time, Mike and Ricardinho decided to leave the group and television program. With that, Rede Globo decided to end children's programming, however, as Xou da Xuxa would start in June in the same timeslot, or program was presented for just these three months only by Jairzinho, Castrinho and Ticiane Pinheiro, who came from Band, where he hosted the "TV Criança". In Mike and Ricardinho's places, Luciana Benelli, Simony's cousin who already participated in the television program, and Luciana Mello, Jairzinho's sister, joined. Orival Pessini signed a contract with Band, where he hosted "TV Fofão". The fifth and last album,  A Turma do Balão Mágico  was released in October together with a tour across Brazil until December, when the group officially ended.

Group's return in 2018
The program "Balão Mágico" turned 35, on March 7, 2018. Former members of Turma do Balão Mágico, Mike, Tob and Simony without Jair Oliveira, Castrinho, Fofão, Luciana and Ricardinho, returned to perform together in April 2018, with several appearances on television shows, concerts and festivals.

Documentary
Star+ released a documentary about the band.

title: Turma do Balão Mágico


text:
Feature (machine learning)

In machine learning and pattern recognition, a feature is an individual measurable property or characteristic of a phenomenon. Choosing informative, discriminating and independent features is a crucial element of effective algorithms in pattern recognition, classification and regression. Features are usually numeric, but structural features such as strings and graphs are used in syntactic pattern recognition. The concept of "feature" is related to that of explanatory variable used in statistical techniques such as linear regression.

Feature types
In feature engineering, two types of features are commonly used: numerical and categorical.

Numerical features are continuous values that can be measured on a scale. Examples of numerical features include age, height, weight, and income. Numerical features can be used in machine learning algorithms directly.

Categorical features are discrete values that can be grouped into categories. Examples of categorical features include gender, color, and zip code. Categorical features typically need to be converted to numerical features before they can be used in machine learning algorithms. This can be done using a variety of techniques, such as one-hot encoding, label encoding, and ordinal encoding.

The type of feature that is used in feature engineering depends on the specific machine learning algorithm that is being used. Some machine learning algorithms, such as decision trees, can handle both numerical and categorical features. Other machine learning algorithms, such as linear regression, can only handle numerical features.

Classification
A numeric feature can be conveniently described by a feature vector. One way to achieve binary classification is using a linear predictor function (related to the perceptron) with a feature vector as input. The method consists of calculating the scalar product between the feature vector and a vector of weights, qualifying those observations whose result exceeds a threshold. Algorithms for classification from a feature vector include nearest neighbor classification, neural networks, and statistical techniques such as Bayesian approaches.

Examples
In character recognition, features may include histograms counting the number of black pixels along horizontal and vertical directions, number of internal holes, stroke detection and many others.

In speech recognition, features for recognizing phonemes can include noise ratios, length of sounds, relative power, filter matches and many others.

In spam detection algorithms, features may include the presence or absence of certain email headers, the email structure, the language, the frequency of specific terms, the grammatical correctness of the text.

In computer vision, there are a large number of possible features, such as edges and objects.

Feature vectors
In pattern recognition and machine learning, a feature vector is an n-dimensional vector of numerical features that represent some object. Many algorithms in machine learning require a numerical representation of objects, since such representations facilitate processing and statistical analysis. When representing images, the feature values might correspond to the pixels of an image, while when representing texts the features might be the frequencies of occurrence of textual terms. Feature vectors are equivalent to the vectors of explanatory variables used in statistical procedures such as linear regression. Feature vectors are often combined with weights using a dot product in order to construct a linear predictor function that is used to determine a score for making a prediction.

The vector space associated with these vectors is often called the feature space. In order to reduce the dimensionality of the feature space, a number of dimensionality reduction techniques can be employed.

Higher-level features can be obtained from already available features and added to the feature vector; for example, for the study of diseases the feature 'Age' is useful and is defined as Age = 'Year of death' minus 'Year of birth' . This process is referred to as feature construction. Feature construction is the application of a set of constructive operators to a set of existing features resulting in construction of new features. Examples of such constructive operators include checking for the equality conditions {=, ≠}, the arithmetic operators {+,−,×, /}, the array operators {max(S), min(S), average(S)} as well as other more sophisticated operators, for example count(S,C) that counts the number of features in the feature vector S satisfying some condition C or, for example, distances to other recognition classes generalized by some accepting device. Feature construction has long been considered a powerful tool for increasing both accuracy and understanding of structure, particularly in high-dimensional problems. Applications include studies of disease and emotion recognition from speech.

Selection and extraction
The initial set of raw features can be redundant and large enough that estimation and optimization is made difficult or ineffective. Therefore, a preliminary step in many applications of machine learning and pattern recognition consists of selecting a subset of features, or constructing a new and reduced set of features to facilitate learning, and to improve generalization and interpretability.

Extracting or selecting features is a combination of art and science; developing systems to do so is known as feature engineering. It requires the experimentation of multiple possibilities and the combination of automated techniques with the intuition and knowledge of the domain expert. Automating this process is feature learning, where a machine not only uses features for learning, but learns the features itself.

title: Feature (machine learning)


text:
Pentti Linkola

Kaarlo Pentti Linkola (7 December 1932 in Helsinki – 5 April 2020) was a prominent Finnish deep ecologist, ornithologist, polemicist, naturalist, writer, and fisherman. He wrote widely about his ideas and in Finland was a prominent thinker, and is linked by some authors to ecofascism and to authoritarian deep ecology. Linkola was a year-round fisherman from 1959 to 1995. He fished on Keitele, Päijänne and the Gulf of Finland, and since 1978 he fished on Vanajavesi.

Linkola blamed humans for the continuous degradation of the environment. He promoted rapid population decline to combat the problems commonly attributed to overpopulation. Linkola also defended an end to immigration, the reversion to pre-industrial life ways, and authoritarian measures to keep human life within strict limits.

Biography
Linkola was born on 7 December 1932. He grew up in Helsinki and summered in Kariniemi in Tyrväntö at the farm of his maternal grandfather, Hugo Suolahti. His father, Kaarlo Linkola, was a botanist, phytogeographer, and the Rector of University of Helsinki, and his grandfather Hugo had worked as the chancellor of that same university. Linkola's half-brother, Anssi, was killed during the Continuation War against the Soviet Union in 1941, at the age of 20. One year after Anssi died, Kaarlo died of prostate cancer. Hugo then died in 1944 due to a heart attack. Linkola had an elder sister, Aira, and a younger brother, Martti.

After he graduated from Helsingin Suomalainen Yhteiskoulu in 1950, Linkola studied biology for half a year, then abandoned academic studies to become an independent researcher. He lived in Signilskär in Åland and made ornithological observations. Although he was one of Finland's most famous ornithologists, Linkola started to live an austere life as a fisherman, as this was in line with his teachings. He was involved in the Koijärvi Movement that started in 1979, but his views proved too radical for mainstream Green politics.

In 1995, Linkola founded the Finnish Natural Heritage Foundation (Luonnonperintösäätiö), which concentrates on preserving the few ancient forests still left in southern Finland and other nature conservation. The foundation receives donations from private individuals and companies, then purchases forest areas deemed unique enough to deserve protection. By 2017, the foundation had purchased 62 protected areas, spanning 145 ha in total. On the 101st anniversary of Finland's independence, Linkola was announced as the winner of a poll conducted by the national broadcaster Yle to determine who had done the most to preserve Finland's natural heritage.

Linkola was married from 1961 to 1975, and had two children. He died in his sleep at his home in Sääksmäki on 5 April 2020.

Ideas
Linkola's views have been sometimes described as "ecofascist". He believed that democracy was a mistake, saying he preferred dictatorships, and only radical change can prevent ecological collapse. He contended that the human populations of the world, regardless if they are developed or underdeveloped, do not deserve to survive at the expense of the biosphere as a whole. In May 1994, Linkola was featured on the front page of The Wall Street Journal Europe. He said he was for a radical reduction in the world population and was quoted as saying about a future world war, "If there were a button I could press, I would sacrifice myself without hesitating, if it meant millions of people would die."

Linkola's writings describe in emotional detail the environmental degradation he witnessed. He dedicated his 1979 Toisinajattelijan päiväkirjasta (From the Diary of a Dissident) to German far-left militants Andreas Baader and Ulrike Meinhof, stating that "they are the signposts, not Jesus of Nazareth or Albert Schweitzer". He supported acts of terrorism such as the 2004 Madrid train bombings as he viewed them as disruptions to a society that is responsible for the degradation of the Earth. When asked in 2007 why he had not himself become a terrorist, Linkola said that he lacked the ability and bravery.

Linkola was pleased to see the rise of Greta Thunberg, a Swedish activist seventy years younger: "I follow very closely what is said about her. After all, she's even a great girl in a little crazy way. Let's see how long she can still fight."

Reception
In the 2009 book Environmental Change and Foreign Policy: Theory and Practice, Mika Merviö, Professor of International Relations at the Kibi International University, contended that while most environmentalists in Finland distanced themselves from Linkola, those concerned about the environment avidly read his writings. Merviö said that Linkola represents "a very Finnish and dark version of 'an inconvenient truth'."

After Linkola's death, the incumbent Minister for Foreign Affairs Pekka Haavisto and Minister of the Environment and Climate Change Krista Mikkonen, both from the Green League, expressed their condolences and praised Linkola's significant efforts for nature conservation. Haavisto said that Linkola had influenced generations of environmentalists, and while Linkola did not defend human rights, there never was disagreement about conservation.

Works

 * Linkola, Pentti & Olavi Hilden: Suuri Lintukirja. Otava 1955, renewed edition 1962.
 * Linkola, Pentti: Isänmaan ja ihmisen puolesta: Mutta ei ketään vastaan. Fourth edition. Helsinki: Suomen sadankomitealiitto, 1981 (originally published 1960).
 * Linkola, Pentti: Pohjolan linnut värikuvin: Elinympäristö. Levinneisyys. Muutto. Otava 1963–67.
 * Linkola, Pentti: Unelmat paremmasta maailmasta. Fourth edition. Porvoo: WSOY, 1990.
 * Linkola, Pentti: Toisinajattelijan päiväkirjasta. Porvoo: WSOY, 1979. (In 1983 Linkola received the Eino Leino Prize for this book.)
 * Linkola, Pentti and Osmo Soininvaara: Kirjeitä Linkolan ohjelmasta. Porvoo: WSOY, 1986.
 * Linkola, Pentti: Johdatus 1990-luvun ajatteluun. Porvoo: WSOY, 1989.
 * Vilkka, Leena (ed.): Ekologiseen elämäntapaan: lead article. Helsinki: Yliopistopaino, 1996.
 * Linkola, Pentti: Voisiko elämä voittaa. Helsinki: Tammi, 2004.
 * Linkola, Pentti: Can Life Prevail?: A Revolutionary Approach to the Environmental Crisis. UK: Arktos Media, 2nd Revised ed. 2011. ISBN 9781907166631 (English translation of Voisiko elämä voittaa, 2004).

title: Pentti Linkola


text:
Badawiyya

The Badawiyyah, Sufi tariqah, was founded in the thirteenth century in Egypt by Ahmad al-Badawi (1199-1276). As a tariqah, the Badawiyyah lacks any distinct doctrines.

It was, however, extremely popular during both the Mamluk and Ottoman periods of Egypt. Mamluk Sultans often supported elaborate 'Mawlids' at the resting place of Shaykh Ahmed al-Badawi (or Sayyid Badawi as he is more commonly known) in the Nile Delta town of Tanta.

During the Ottoman period, this order spread to Turkey and there were several Tekkes or zawiyas in Istanbul many of which survived until the founding of the Turkish republic.

The mawlid of Sayyid Badawi is still celebrated in Egypt every year where the population of Tanta swells to almost double. Tents are placed in the streets around the Mosque of Sayyid Badawi where Qur'an recitations and sermons by important scholars from al-Azhar Mosque are delivered.

title: Badawiyya


text:
User:Infinoid

I wrote a bunch of stuff here that was true when I wrote it, 15 years ago. It's no longer true, so I removed it.

I am a professional software engineer. At the time of writing, most of my projects are work-related, but I also involve myself in various Open Source projects. If I run into a problem with an open source tool, I always try to make an effort to submit a fix.

I also play lots of video games and watch lots of anime. Life is good.

Someday I hope to try scuba diving, and to build my own submarine. How hard can it be?

Building my own Moon or Mars colony would also a fun spare-time project.

WikiMedia Project Accounts
My main userpage is Here on English Wikipedia. Wikibooks (English) Wiktionary (English) Wiktionary (Simple English) Wikimedia (Meta)

title: User:Infinoid


text:
Trem da Alegria

Trem da Alegria (Train of Happiness) was a children's musical band based in Brazil. During their tenure from 1984 to 1992, they released eight albums whose total sales surpassed six million copies.

The band started in 1984 with Luciano Nassyn and Patricia Marx, recording the album Clube da Criança with Xuxa and Carequinha. The duo's boom came with the album Carossel da Esperança and the hit single "É de Chocolate".

Trem da Alegria's "members were 'recruited by advertising agencies'". In 1985, after Juninho Bill joined the band, they recorded their first album, Trem da Alegria do Clube da Criança, which featured guest performers Lucinha Lins ("Dona Felicidade") and The Fevers ("Uni, Duni, Te"). Trem was among Brazil's top-selling artists during 1987, along with Xuxa and Jairzinho e Simony.

title: Trem da Alegria


text:
Goan literature

Goan literature is the literature pertaining to the state of Goa in India. Goa has a population of around 1.4 million and an area of 3,700 sq. kilometres (1,430 sq. miles). For a small region, it has a significant amount of publication activity, possibly in part because its people write in a number of languages—perhaps as many as 13—and also because of the large expatriate and diaspora population of Goans settled across the globe.

Among its most noted writers are Laxmanrao Sardessai (1904–1986) and R. V. Pandit (1917–1990), both of whom wrote poetry and prose in Marathi, Konkani, and Portuguese; Shenoi Goembab (1877–1946), whose Konkani writing helped to establish Konkani as a modern literary language; Ravindra Kelekar (1925–2010), who wrote some of the twentieth century's foremost Konkani literature; and Pundalik Naik (born 1952), whose 1977 novel Acchev was the first Konkani novel to be translated into English.

History

Goa was the first place in Asia to have a printing press, which was brought by the Jesuits in 1556. Nearly all of Goan literature before that time is known to have been destroyed by the Portuguese during the imposition of Inquisition. Goa's Portuguese colonial rulers can hardly be credited with meticulous record-keeping of Goan literature. Thus, Goa has had a long love affair with the written and printed word, although growth has been slow, and punctuated by problems like linguistic breaks and censorship.

Peter Nazareth points out that Goans have written in thirteen languages, of which the chief are Konkani, Marathi, English and Portuguese. Nazareth describes Goans as 'cultural brokers':

"Goans mediate between cultures, Goans live between different cultures, Goans are travellers from one part of the world to another. This, in my opinion, happened when East and West met in Goans under pressure with the Portuguese conquest. Since that time, our usefulness to the world, wherever we are, is that we can understand different cultures and help people from different cultures understand one another. The disadvantage is that if we don't work on it, we may end up not knowing who we are."

Literary writing in Goa began to take shape under Portuguese rule and influence, associated with Portugal's mid-nineteenth-century Regeneration, which saw the reintroduction of the press to Goa, along with expanded Portuguese education. A spate of Portuguese-language publications, 'such as A Biblioteca de Goa (1839), O Enciclopédico (1841–1842), O Compilador (1843–1847), O Gabinete Literário das Fontainhas (1846–1848), A revista Ilustrativa (1857–1866) and O Arquivo Portugués Oriental (1857–1866)', along with Júlio Gonçalves's Ilustraçao Goana (1864–1866), while often short-lived, provided new fora not only for the circulation of European literature (whether originally in Portuguese or in translation), but provided growing opportunities for Goans to publish literary and scholarly writing.

The first novel published by a Goan was Os Brahamanes (The Brahmans) by Francisco Luis Gomes, published in 1866.

Later in the nineteenth century, vernacular writing began to emerge in strength, for example in Konkani, the widely spoken local vernacular. The Goan writer Shenoi Goembab (1877–1946) was foundational to developing modern Konkani literature. An official language of the region since 1987, Konkani is now studied in schools. Konkani literature emerged alongside the rapid growth of Marathi literature, in which the Goan R. V. Pandit was a notable exponent. S. M. Tadkodkar, who was conferred PhD degree by Goa University for his exhaustive research work on Anant Kaakaba Priolkar, contends that while the Kannadd language of Karnataka province was dominating the Goan culture, Marathi language and culture was embraced by Goans. Now, Marathi has embraced the Goans and would not leave them, willingly. Maximum literature is published in Marathi. There are 8 Marathi dailies published from Goa. Prominent among them are Dianik Gomantak, Tarun Bharat, Lokamat, Navaprabha, Pudhari, Goadoot. The Marathi daily Lokmat has the highest circulation (50000+) among all dailies.

In the late nineteenth century, extensive contacts with and migration to British-ruled India also encouraged English-language Goan writing, with early exponents including Joseph Furtado. Edward D'Lima, who has done his PhD on the Goan writer Armando Menezes, argues that Goan writing in English goes back to the late nineteenth century, when Goans were migrating out of this Portuguese-controlled colony in favour of jobs in the growing English-speaking British-ruled colonial world. English is probably the most influential literary language in Goa: 'a surge of creativity has erupted in Goan literature in English since 2000 in fiction and nonfiction, drama and poetry'.

Goan writers
Besides English, Konkani and Marathi, Goans, particularly those of the past generation, have contributed significantly to writings in Portuguese.

Resources for and about Goan writers

 * Goa University institutional repository, languages and literature section
 * The Goa Archives
 * Fundação Oriente, Panjim-based Portuguese cultural body, which has helped some writers with small grants of a few thousand rupees.
 * Goa University Library: It has a large collections in the languages of Konkani, Marathi, English, Portuguese, French. It has old manuscripts, microfilms and prints of the 17th century in Goa.
 * Goa State Central Library, which is run by the Government of Goa, is the oldest library in South Asia. It has been one of the largest depositories of printed volumes pertaining to Goan languages and literature since the seventeenth century.

Goa Arts and Literary Festival
Goa Arts and Literary Festival (GALF) is a non- profit festival organised by volunteers. The first edition of GALF was held in 2010. The three-day fest had debates, lectures and discussions on art, music, photography, drawing a large audience from across the world at the International Centre of Goa, Dona Paula.

title: Goan literature


text:
Třeboň

Třeboň (Wittingau) is a spa town in Jindřichův Hradec District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 8,300 inhabitants. The historic town centre with the castle complex is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument reservation.

Administrative parts
Třeboň is made up of the town parts of Třeboň I and Třeboň II, and the villages of Branná, Břilice, Holičky, Nová Hlína, Přeseka and Stará Hlína.

Etymology
The name is derived from the personal name Třeboň (shortened variant of the name Třebohost or Třebomysl).

Geography
Třeboň is located about 22 km southwest of Jindřichův Hradec and 19 km east of České Budějovice. It lies in the Třeboň Basin. It is known for its bogs with rich deposits of peat, which led to establishment of peat spa in the town.

Třeboň is known for its fish ponds, which were established in the region since Middle Ages. Rožmberk Pond is the largest pond in the country and the largest fish pond in the world, with surface area of 489 ha. It was built between 1584 and 1590. The urban area of Třeboň is located on the shore of Svět pond, also one of the largest Czech ponds with 201 ha. It is primarily a fish pond, but also is used for sport and recreational purposes.

The whole municipal territory lies in the Třeboňsko Protected Landscape Area. The Lužnice river flows through the eastern part of the territory and supplies Rožmberk pond with water. There are many small watercourses, which supply the other ponds.

History
Třeboň was established around the middle of the 12th century. Around 1300, Třeboň was already fortified. In 1341, it was first referred to as a town. In 1366, Třeboň's Czech name first appeared, and the Rosenberg family became owner of the estate. During their rule, the town gained importance and wealth. In 1376, Třeboň gained royal town privileges. At the end of the 14th century, the fortifications strengthened, which helped resist attacks during the Hussite Wars.

The greatest development occurred in the 16th and early 17th centuries, when Jakub Krčín was at the head of the Rosenberg family business and started to establish new ponds in the area. The region became famous as a fish pond farming area. The end of prosperity came with extinction of the Rosenberg family, troop invasions, and several large fires. Třeboň further suffered during the Thirty Years' War, when it was held by a regiment of Scots led by Colonel Sir John Seton from 1620 to early 1622. From 1660 to the 20th century, the House of Schwarzenberg owned the town and the estate.

The town slowly recovered and remained economically unimportant until the 19th century, when it became a district town. Until 1918, Třeboň – Wittingau was part of Austria-Hungary, in the district with the same name, one of the 94 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in Bohemia.

After World War II, the first larger industry (clothing factory and large-scale agricultural production) was established in the town. In 1960, the Třeboň district was abolished and the town received spa status.

Economy
Třeboň is a tourist destination, and this is the area's major economic activity, along with agriculture, the spa industry and other services.

The State Regional Archive for South Bohemia is based here, where genealogical studies about people born in the South Bohemian Region may be conducted. The archive was held at the 15th-century Třeboň castle for many years, although a substantial portion was moved to the municipal offices in 2014.

Spa
The spa company Slatinné lázně Třeboň is the largest employer in the town. The peat spa in Třeboň focuses on the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, rheumatic problems, and post-injury and post-surgery reconvalescence. The first modern spa in Třeboň was opened in 1883.

Transport
Třeboň lies at the crossroads of two important roads: the I/24 (which connects the D3 motorway with the Czech-German border in Halámky, part of the European route E49). and the I/34 (the section from České Budějovice to Jindřichův Hradec, part of the European route E551).

Třeboň is located on the major international railway line Prague–Vienna.

Culture
The International Festival of Animated Films Anifest was held in Třeboň each May between 2002 and 2010; after that, Anifilm took its place.

Sights
The natural centre of the town's historic core is Masarykovo Square. It is surrounded by burgher houses with Renaissance and Baroque facades. In the centre there are a Renaissance stone fountain from 1569, and a Baroque Marian column. The main landmark is the Old Town Hall, built in 1563. In 1638, a massive quadrangular 31 m high tower was added to the town hall.

Třeboň Castle is a Renaissance castle. A small stone castle in Třeboň was first mentioned in 1374. The current castle was created in 1565–1575 by reconstruction of old castle buildings damaged by fire. The castle includes an English-style castle park.

The Church of Our Lady Queen and Saint Giles is the largest building in the complex of the former Augustinian monastery. The monastery was founded in 1367 by the Rosenberg family and construction of the church began the same year. The monastery was abolished in 1785.

The entrance to the town was guarded by massive gates, which are together with the fragments of the town walls preserved to this day.

Notable people

 * Master of the Třeboň Altarpiece, 14th-century painter
 * John Dee and Edward Kelley held a number of seances and conducted alchemical experiments in Třeboň in 1589
 * Karel Čurda (1911–1947), Nazi collaborant
 * Erwin Scharf (1914–1994), Austrian politician
 * Karel Mejta Sr. (1928–2015), rower, Olympic winner
 * Stanislav Lusk (1931–1987), rower, Olympic winner
 * Jan Jindra (1932–2021), rower, Olympic winner
 * Karel Poborský (born 1972), footballer
 * Iveta Lutovská (born 1983), Czech Miss 2009

Twin towns – sister cities
Třeboň is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Freyung-Grafenau (district), Germany
 * Interlaken, Switzerland
 * 🇦🇹 Schrems, Austria
 * 🇱🇹 Utena, Lithuania

title: Třeboň


text:
Owen

Owen may refer to:

People and fictional characters

 * Owen (name), including a list of people and fictional characters with the given name or surname

United States

 * Owen, Missouri, a ghost town
 * Owen, Wisconsin
 * Owen County, Indiana
 * Owen County, Kentucky
 * Owen Township (disambiguation)
 * Mount Owen (Colorado)
 * Mount Owen (Wyoming)

Elsewhere

 * Owen Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica
 * Owen Sound, a city in Ontario, Canada
 * Owen, South Australia, a small town
 * Owen, Germany, town in Baden-Württemberg
 * Mount Owen (disambiguation)
 * Port Owen, South Africa

Ships

 * USS Owen (DD-536), a destroyer that took part in World War II and the Korean War
 * HMS Owen (K640), a British Royal Navy frigate

Other uses

 * Owen (automobile), an American car made from 1910 to 1914
 * Owen (musician), a solo project of American indie rock singer-songwriter Mike Kinsella
 * Owen (album), a 2001 album
 * Owen (hippopotamus), a young orphan hippopotamus who formed a bond with a giant tortoise
 * Owen gun, an Australian World War II submachine gun
 * Owen Graduate School of Management, the graduate business school of Vanderbilt University

title: Owen


text:
Talk:Flagship (company)

Capcom Merger
It may be a division of Capcom, but lately, they have often worked outside of Capcom. Sonic Team has its own page, Intelligent Systems has its own page. A lot of their stuff, like the Oracles, Minish Cap, Four Swords, Kirby Advance 2, and such, aren't involved with Capcom. And even taking into account them making scenarios for Capcom products, there's enough information for this to be a stand-alone article.

Confusing title
There's nothing to clearly distinguish this Flagship from this one. We should, at the very least, consider throwing in a disambiguation notice: we might even want to consider moving one or the other (or both) articles to a less ambigious name. Any thoughts? – Seancdaug 04:36, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * I set up a Flagship (disambiguation) page, toss an   template up on these articles if you think it's necessary.

Descriptions of games
Shouldn't we just link to the games in question, rather than have descriptions both here and on the respective pages for the games?

Also, the last line - "Green usually does nothing of importance, but red and blue do some pretty big things." - makes no sense here, so I'm removing it. Troublekit 18:41, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * That wasn't really too nonsensical, it referred to the kinstones, but is probably better left for the full article on The Minish Cap. -- WikidSmaht (talk) 07:24, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Scenarios
What exactly does this mean? That they created demos? Trailers? Or that they wrote up storylines and laid out parts or all of the plot? -- WikidSmaht (talk) 07:24, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Merge discussion
The article does not seem to meet WP:COMPANY, as there are no reliable third-party publications that cover the company in detail. I updated the Capcom article recently and there is even more information on Flagship there than in this very article, so a redirect to Capcom looks reasonable to me. The only thing the Flagship article currently offers that the Capcom one does not is a list of games Flagship has worked on, but that might be better off in a stand-alone list. Prime Blue (talk) 22:39, 16 August 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flagship (company)


text:
St. Stephen (disambiguation)

Saint Stephen (c. 5 – c. 34 CE) was the first Christian martyr.

St. Stephen, or variants, may refer to:

Other saints

 * Pope Stephen I (died 257)
 * Saint Ysteffan, credited as the founder of Llansteffan in Wales
 * Stephen the Younger (d. 764), Byzantine monk from Constantinople, iconodule martyr
 * Stephen I of Hungary (c. 975 – 1038), first King of Hungary (1000–1038)
 * Stephen Theodore Cuenot and Stephen Vinh of the Vietnamese Martyrs
 * Socrates and Stephen (both died circa 307), martyrs
 * Stephen Harding (c. 1060 – 1134), co-founder of the Cistercian Order
 * Stephen of Perm (1340–1396), Russian monk and apostle of the Permians
 * Stephen the Sabaite (725 – 796 or 807)

Canada

 * St. Stephen, New Brunswick
 * Saint Stephen Parish, New Brunswick, a civil parish

United Kingdom

 * St Stephen-in-Brannel, Cornwall
 * St Stephen, Hertfordshire
 * St Stephens (ward), an electoral ward for Newham London Borough Council, Greater London

United States

 * St. Stephen, Minnesota
 * St. Stephen, South Carolina

Other uses

 * St. Stephen's Church (disambiguation)
 * "St. Stephen" (song) by the Grateful Dead, 1970

title: St. Stephen (disambiguation)


text:
Ituri Rainforest

The Ituri Rainforest (French: Forêt tropicale de l’Ituri) is a rainforest located in the Ituri Province of northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. The forest's name derives from the nearby Ituri River which flows through the rainforest, connecting firstly to the Aruwimi River and finally into the Congo.

Geography
The Ituri Rainforest is about 63000 km2 in area, and is located between 0° and 3°N and 27° and 30° E. Elevation in the Ituri ranges from about 700 to 1000 m. The climate is warm and humid, as exemplified by the nearby city of Bunia, which however is at a slightly higher elevation. About one-fifth of the rainforest is made up of the Okapi Wildlife Reserve, a World Heritage Site.

It is also the home of the Mbuti pygmies, one of the hunter-gatherer peoples living in equatorial rainforests characterised by their short height (below 1+1/2 m, on average). They have been the subject of research by a variety of outsiders, including Patrick and Anne Eisner Putnam, who lived on the banks of the Epulu River at the edge of the Ituri. They were also the subject of a well-known study by Colin Turnbull, The Forest People, which was published in 1962.

The Ituri rainforest was first traversed by Europeans in 1887 by Henry Morton Stanley on his Emin Pasha Relief Expedition.

title: Ituri Rainforest