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Talk:Fox Lane High School

Famous people
Not sure about one of your famous people, since I believe the first graduating class from Fox Lane was 1959. My sister, Glee was in that class. I graduated with the class of 1970 (along with my old friend Susan Dey), and you ought to include a fairly famous if underated musician from the class of 1970 = Richard Hunter. He is the son of Evan Hunter, the author who wrote "Blackboard Jungle" among other notable writings which I will let you do your own research on. But more importantly, Richard Hunter is an accomplished musician and harmonica player par excellance who is renowned worldwide. He has numerous albums/CDs out and has taught many well known "harp" players how to ply their trade. He's also a real nice guy. There are other important and possibly famous graduates of Fox Lane I could mention, but I'll let them do their own "comming out" if they want to. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.68.227.170 (talk • contribs)

 * (moved this from the article page) Tony Fox (arf!) 05:46, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I removed a significant amount of alumni after finding a few to be wrong and most to be unreferenced. If you readd, please make sure their wikipedia page has a cited notation that they attended Fox Lane.-- Lucas20 (talk) 22:22, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

Gas Leak
On December 3rd 2007, there was a gas leak at the new science wing (C wing). Should this be mention? Basically around 9:15am, the fire alarm went off. For a about 40 minutes. After that most students were transfered to the Middle School. We got back around 11:30am. (I was there first hand.)

(link to source) http://www.thejournalnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071203/NEWS02/712030382/1018/NEWS02

Patrolman89 23:22, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

I don't think it's relevant to include this, as there have been plenty of other more significant (and much worse) events that have occurred. I can remember at least 2 bomb scares, both where students from both schools were evacuated and sent home early. The first one had the schools shut down for 2 days, a police helicopter, a news helicopter or two, Westchester Co. police and emergency response teams, bomb squads, etc.. First one: http://www.news12.com/archive/articleDetail.jsp?articleId=206594 Second one: http://bedford.patch.com/articles/police-flms-evacuated-due-to-bomb-threat-no-devices-found-in-search

Wyatt3150 (talk) 06:46, 26 January 2012 (UTC)

Lists of names
Lists of names in this article should be sourced in accordance with WP:BLP. As there is no way of constantly maintaining linked articles, this applies to names which have a Wikipedia article as well as those that do not. Any name listed with no verifiable citations should be removed. Refer to WP:NLIST for guidance. Fæ (talk) 07:02, 25 October 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Fox Lane High School. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20060516170623/http://www.bedford.k12.ny.us:80/newsinfo/2006/Apr1706a.html to http://www.bedford.k12.ny.us/newsinfo/2006/Apr1706a.html

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title: Talk:Fox Lane High School


text:
Swiss Civil Code

The Swiss Civil Code (SR/RS 210, Schweizerisches Zivilgesetzbuch (ZGB); Code civil suisse (CC); Codice civile svizzero (CC); Cudesch civil svizzer) is a portion of the second part (SR/RS 2) of the internal Swiss law ("Private law - Administration of civil justice - Enforcement") that regulates the codified law ruling in Switzerland and relationship between individuals. It was first adopted in 1907 (effective since 1 January 1912).

It was largely influenced by the German civil code, and partly influenced by the French civil code, but the majority of comparative law scholars (such as K. Zweigert and Rodolfo Sacco) argue that the Swiss code derives from a distinct paradigm of civil law.

History and influences
Adopted on 10 December 1907 (and is thus formally known as the Swiss Civil Code of 10 December 1907), and in force since 1912. It was created by Eugen Huber, it was subsequently translated in the two other national languages (at the time Romansh was not official) by Virgile Rossel and Brenno Bertoni for French and Italian, respectively.

The Civil code of the Republic of Turkey is a slightly modified version of the Swiss code, adopted in 1926 during Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's presidency as part of the government's progressive reforms and secularization. The Swiss code also influenced the codes of several other states, such as Peru.

In 1911, the Swiss Code of Obligations (SR 22) was adopted and considered as the fifth part of the Swiss Civil Code. It thus became the first civil code to include commercial law.

Content
The Swiss Civil Code contains more than two thousands articles. Its first article states that:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Swiss Civil Code


text:
Mark Mulder

Mark Alan Mulder (born August 5, 1977) is an American former professional baseball player. A left-handed starting pitcher, Mulder pitched in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Oakland Athletics and St. Louis Cardinals. He is a two-time All-Star.

Early life
Mark Alan Mulder was born on August 5, 1977, in South Holland, Illinois.

College career
Mulder attended Michigan State University, where he played college baseball for the Michigan State Spartans. In 1997, he played collegiate summer baseball in the Cape Cod Baseball League for the Bourne Braves, and was named a league all-star.

Draft and minor leagues
Mulder was selected by the Oakland Athletics with the second overall pick in the 1998 MLB draft.

Oakland Athletics (2000–2004)
He was placed on the fast track to MLB and made his MLB debut on April 18, 2000; he was still only 22 years old and had less than two seasons of minor-league experience. He had a rocky start to his MLB career, going 9–10 with a 5.44 ERA.

In 2001, Mulder played his first full major-league season and quickly became a dominant pitcher. Leading the American League with 21 wins, he anchored a powerful Oakland rotation along with Barry Zito and Tim Hudson, called "The Big Three". Mulder finished second in AL Cy Young Award voting behind Roger Clemens. He continued to do well in 2002, winning 19 games and striking out a career-high 159 batters in 207.1 innings. Limited by injuries in 2003, he would only log 26 starts, he still won 15 games and had a career-best 3.13 ERA. 2004 was an inconsistent year for Mulder. He started the season strong, and was chosen to start that season's All-Star Game. However, he had a higher ERA and walked more batters in the second half of the season.

Mulder, Hudson, and Zito were able to carry their team to the postseason four seasons in a row (2000–2003). Mulder competed in the playoffs in 2001 and 2002, logging two starts each against the New York Yankees (2001) and the Minnesota Twins (2002). He carried over his strong regular-season performance by pitching 24 innings in the four playoff starts, with an ERA of 2.25 and 19 strikeouts.

St. Louis Cardinals (2005–2008)
After the 2004 season, the Athletics traded Mulder to the St. Louis Cardinals in exchange for Dan Haren, Kiko Calero, and Daric Barton. In the 2005 season, Mulder's first with the Cardinals, he pitched well, 16–8 with a 3.64 ERA. His efforts helped the Cardinals reach the NLCS, where they lost to the Houston Astros.

Mulder began the 2006 season strong, with a 5–1 record and 3.69 ERA through May 17. However, his next six starts were mediocre to awful, and his ERA ballooned to 6.09. He turned out to be suffering from rotator cuff and shoulder problems, and the Cardinals placed him on the disabled list on June 23. In August, he was taken off the disabled list and made several starts in the minors. On August 23, he made his first major-league start in two months and gave up nine runs, all of which were earned, in three innings.

After undergoing rotator cuff surgery, and with a return for the opening of the 2007 season unlikely, Mulder's future with the Cardinals looked somewhat uncertain in the 2007 offseason. However, despite being offered comparable deals with the Cleveland Indians and the Texas Rangers, Mulder re-signed with the St. Louis Cardinals on January 10, to a two-year $13 million contract, with performance-based incentives and a club option that could take the deal to three years at a possible $45 million.

After being re-activated on September 5, 2007, he continued to struggle with his command, losing all three of his starts with an ERA of 12.27. In that time, he pitched only 11 innings, and gave up 22 hits and seven walks. This prompted an MRI scan, which led the team to the conclusion that Mulder needed additional clean-up rotator cuff surgery. Although he was expected to recover from surgery in time for Spring training, Mark started the 2008 season on the disabled list. On June 30, 2008, Mulder made his return. He came in from the bullpen with a 7–1 lead over the New York Mets in the top of the ninth. Mulder finished the ballgame with no runs. On July 9, 2008, Mulder started his first game of the season against the Philadelphia Phillies. After striking out Jimmy Rollins to begin the game, Mulder threw eight consecutive pitches out of the strike zone, and left the game with a shoulder injury while attempting a pickoff throw.

After the 2008 season, the Cardinals chose not to exercise Mulder's $11 million option for the 2009 season, instead buying out his contract for $1.5 million. After remaining unsigned, Mulder announced his retirement on June 15, 2010, saying "I guess I have retired."

2014 comeback attempt
While watching the 2013 MLB postseason, Mulder began to mimic the throwing motion of Paco Rodriguez, and felt the hand separation at the top of the delivery felt natural. Mulder began auditioning for teams in November 2013. On January 1, 2014, Mulder came to terms with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim on a minor league deal with an invitation to spring training.

Mulder expressed going into spring training that his shoulder felt strong, but wondered about the susceptibility of his lower back and legs to injury. On February 15, Mulder tore his achilles tendon. He suffered the injury in agility drills on the second day of spring training, before he was scheduled to throw his first bullpen session. The Angels released Mulder on March 11.

Accomplishments

 * Led American League in wins in 2001 (21)
 * Led American League pitchers in complete games in 2003 (9) and 2004 (5)
 * Led American League in shutouts in 2001 (4) and 2003 (2)
 * American League All-Star, 2003 and 2004

Post-playing career
After first retiring from baseball, Mulder pursued golf. He won the 2015 American Century Championship, considered to be the ‘premier’ celebrity golf tournament. He won it again in 2016, successfully defending his title. On July 16, 2017, he won his third straight American Century Championship. In October 2018, he played in a PGA Tour event, the Safeway Open, via a sponsor's invitation.

Mulder is annually one of the contenders at what is now the Diamond Resorts Tournament of Champions. He won the celebrity division in 2017.

He also served as an analyst on ESPN's Baseball Tonight, and as part-time analyst for Athletics telecasts on NBC Sports California in 2016 and 2017.

title: Mark Mulder


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Scott Maddox

Scott Charles Maddox (born March 13, 1968) is an American politician. He was the mayor of Tallahassee, Florida, from 1995 to 1996 and from 1997 to 2005. Maddox is the former chair of the Florida Democratic Party and a former Tallahassee City Commissioner, serving from 1993 to 1995, 1996 to 1997 and from 2012 to 2018.

Maddox was indicted on December 12, 2018, on 44 charges, including racketeering, bribery, extortion, bank fraud and wire fraud, in an FBI investigation into corruption that played a key role in Democrat Andrew Gillum’s campaign for Florida governor. Maddox was suspended from the Tallahassee City Commission following the indictment and subsequently replaced after the appointment of Commissioner Elaine W. Bryant, Ph.D. on December 31, 2018. In September 2021, Maddox was sentenced to five years in prison. He was released on May 9th, 2023.

Early life and education
Scott Maddox was born in Hialeah, Florida, and raised in the rural area of Homestead, Florida, and later, in Tallahassee, Florida. He graduated from Leon High School and attended Florida State University, where he earned a B.S. in political science and public administration. He went on to earn a J.D. from Florida State University College of Law. Maddox was a member of the Kappa Alpha Order men's fraternity.

Political career
In 1990, at the age of 22, Maddox ran for the Florida House of Representative's 10th district, but lost the Democratic primary by 32%. In 1993, while still in law school, Maddox became the youngest city commissioner in the city of Tallahassee's history, being elected at the age of 24, and a year later selected to become mayor pro-tempore. In 1995, the city commission chose Maddox as the city's mayor, where he worked towards improving race relations and overseeing a large expansion of city parks, greenways, and trails. After the residents of Tallahassee passed a referendum calling for popular elections for the office of mayor, Maddox became Tallahassee's first popularly elected city mayor in 1996. In 1999, he served as president of the Florida League of Cities. Described as a "rising star" by Vice President Al Gore, Maddox spoke at the 2000 Democratic National Convention. Maddox attempted a run for Attorney General of Florida in 2002, but lost to future Orlando mayor Buddy Dyer in the Democratic primary. In 2003, Maddox was elected chairman of the Florida Democratic Party and also served as a member of the Democratic National Committee. Though Maddox announced a run for Governor of Florida in 2006, he ultimately dropped out of the race. In 2010, he served as the Democratic nominee for Florida's Commissioner of Agriculture and Consumer Services, losing to Republican nominee Adam Putnam. Maddox was elected to the Tallahassee City Commission once again in 2012. In 2015, he announced a run for Superintendent of Leon County Schools. After failing to gain traction in the Democratic primary, Maddox dropped out during qualifying week. He was subsequently re-elected to the city commission in August 2016.

Family
He currently resides at Federal Correctional Institution, Talladega. A medium security federal prison, with a release date of 07/15/2024.

title: Scott Maddox


text:
Talk:Harlem

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Marcfred1010. Peer reviewers: Marcfred1010.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 22:08, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Jam1546.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 23:05, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Louis Sullivan?
If the name of Louis Sullivan appears among the roster of architects, how many others are incorrect too? --Wetman 2 July 2005 01:43 (UTC)
 * I have read more than once that the Bayard building is the only Sullivan building in NYC. I do not believe there are any Sullivan buildings in Harlem, though i could be shown otherwise. McKim Mead, and White is right though.  White did "Strivers' Row." Dinopup 2 July 2005 03:39 (UTC)

That was my error; I must have been smoking crack when I typed Sullivan's name. He never did anything in Harlem. However the rest are all good and I can provide addresses of individual buildings if you want. uucp 5 July 2005

City College/Washington Heights
I am reverting this; City College itself lists its location as Harlem. http://www.ccny.cuny.edu/neighborhood/neighborhood_moreinfo.htm

I think the disagreement stems from two different communities (Harlem and Washington Heights) fighting for "ownership" of the lovely Hamilton Heights neighborhood, where the school is located. However, by the definition in this article and by common usage, CCNY, at 138th and Convent is in West Harlem, not Washington Heights. uucp 5 July 2005
 * There's no disagreement at all. None whatsoever. Self-confidence is a poor substitute for information. "West Harlem" is ignorant nonsense.  The WPA Guide to New York is available in paperback. The AIA Guide to New York City is also a useful guide. I recommend either. --Wetman 6 July 2005 00:39 (UTC)

(For a clear assessment of editor uucp, see his new entry Chas lee (sic) and editorial efforts, in more congenial territory, at Porn 'n Chicken. This is not someone to have a disagreement with over facts.)

Where did this nastiness and ad hominem attacks come from? The AIA guide describes City College merely as belonging to "Hamilton Heights," and does not assign it to Washington Heights or Harlem. However, Kenneth Jackson's Encyclopedia of New York City is unambiguous in stating that Washington Heights does not start until 155th Street (which is also the common definition of the neighborhood). Michael Henry Adams's encyclopedic Harlem Lost and Found includes CCNY, as does the New York Landmarks Conservancy in Touring Historic Harlem. Sorry, but I don't have the WPA guide handy. The name suggests, however, that it dates to the 1930s and is perhaps not the best guide to current neighborhood boundaries.

I have now cited four sources, including the school itself, as placing the intersection of 138th Street and Convent Avenue in Harlem, and I will reinsert the reference to CCNY to this page.

As for your complaints about the Chas Lee entry, if you would like to edit it, please do so. However, your insinuation that it is not accurate is petty. I defy you to point out even one error in the entry. uucp 5 July 2005

 * Work the references into the text and list them as References at the bottom. Kenneth Jackson is certainly worth actually quoting: that will most effectively silence my carping. --Wetman 6 July 2005 04:27 (UTC)

Move to Harlem, New York
Please give consensus on this proposed move:

 * I think it would make more sense. Basketball  110   what famous people say  17:55, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Oppose - Not trying to be too U.S. centric, but is there really another "Harlem" that comes even close to popularity/fame? --Knulclunk (talk) 18:49, 24 February 2008 (UTC)
 * See this. Basketball  110   what famous people say  00:33, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Strongly Oppose This Harlem is a lot more famous than Harlem, Montana and its namesake in the Netherlands. I can't imagine anybody who types "harlem" and gets this page is very confused by that. Uucp (talk) 19:00, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

ATLAH?
Should we add ATLAH, the church in Harlem, to the article? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.94.123.234 (talk) 20:31, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

Harlem book fair
This would be a good article to mention the Harlem Book Fair in. its redlinked in WP at least a few times. Mercurywoodrose (talk) 23:59, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

Harlem as independent from New York City
There seems to be little evidence that Harlem was ever a separate political entity from New York City. The article here references an article from National Geographic in 1977, which I am not privy to, but this seems at odds with the generally accepted idea that after the 1666 and 1687 English charters were created all of Manhattan island became coterminous with New York City. Certainly after the Dongan charter of 1687, Harlem would have been represented in the city's assembly as part of the "Out Ward." If there are no objections, I am going to correct this. James Grant Wilson (talk) 01:19, 3 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Given the citation, it seems likely that something changed in the legal status of Harlem in 1873. I should have that issue of National Geographic at home, and will check their precise language. Uucp (talk) 13:38, 1 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Found it -- "in 1873 the Village of Harlem became part of the City of New York--and New York's first suburb." p.185. Absent some specific evidence to the contrary, I incline to reintroduce language in the article that Harlem was not part of the city until 1873. Uucp (talk) 01:01, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

 * See also, , . I am also looking for a 19th map to reference, which might be interesting. Sswonk (talk) 01:37, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

 * I just found an unambiguous source that Harlem was a separate village with a separate government until it was annexed in 1873. I'll be making a number of changes to the article when I have a chance. Uucp (talk) 16:39, 24 June 2011 (UTC)

 * I'm doubtful that Harlem was ever a legally separate entity from New York City, and fairly certain that the 1873 date is bogus. All of the sources for it given here probably stem from, which doesn't cite a source. The 1873 date lacks any contemporary evidence in the Times. Moreover, the 1811 Commissioners survey covered Manhattan past New York City, and no reports or maps I can find mention a separate Town or Village of Harlem. . Maps from the mid-19th Century also show New York City as covering Manhattan, including this one from 1868 . A 1907 history states that as of 1730, New York City included all of Manhattan, and strongly implies that that was the case in 1686:

"The Out Ward comprised all of the land of Manhattan Island beyond the limits of the city proper, and the city jurisdiction covered almost all of the waters and islands of the rivers and the bay" It seems likely that Harlem had at least a semi-autonomous municipal government at one point, but perhaps only briefly. Fitnr (talk) 05:24, 3 January 2013 (UTC)
 * According to this New York Times article, from September of 1852, the author, a native of Harlem, notes that Harlem "is not represented in the same Council where the affairs of the City are so well and so wisely administered." The author also compares Harlem and the City as if they are two separate entities, though both within New York County, and notes that the thousands of readers of the paper, most of whom are New York City residents, have probably never heard of Harlem.  Though the website requires a subscription, you can view the article for free by clicking the PDF link.   98.221.141.21 (talk) 17:34, 4 February 2016 (UTC)

air quality
I removed the following

 * Harlem has one of the highest asthma rates in the United States. Increased risk of asthma may be brought about by high particulate matter from the diesel emissions of buses and trucks, which levels are higher in Harlem than elsewhere in New York City.

following the release of the the New York City Community Air Survey on December 15, 2009. The study shows that fine particle levels in Harlem are lower than Manhattan averages, and far lower than midtown or the upper east side. As the original citation is only to a claim by WE-ACT, a political group with an axe to grind, the new study seems far superior as a source.

Somebody may want to add something about the relatively superior quality of the air of Harlem. As for me, I'm happy just to remove the erroneous claim that the air is worse up there. Uucp (talk) 18:46, 17 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Agreed. --Knulclunk (talk) 05:09, 18 December 2009 (UTC)

Should this really be the second paragraph (or any part) of this entry?
"Before you read this article and gather informed descions regarding Harlem's physical culture, please realize that Harlem is not a 'Ghetto' environment. Afterall, the Globe Trotters are there." Relgif (talk) 04:25, 20 January 2010 (UTC)

removal of charter school name and that charters are doing well for students
The naming of a charter (a group of 5 local schools) was deleted and a statement of charters' achievement was deleted.

The statement about most of the charters doing well is in the cited Times article; it was not a generalization from the article.

Adding multiple charters should be more helpful than omitting all of them. This Wikipedia article names a school of higher education and it names a chain of three libraries, and public libraries are meant for self-directed choice-driven education, so adding charters fits.

I'd like to restore the deleted language and let anyone add additional charters, since the article is already discussing local education and it clearly is an important issue locally and historically, given the one-in-five enrollment already.

Comments?

Thank you.

Nick Levinson (talk) 21:44, 12 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I read the New York Times article and saw nothing to back the claim that "most of the charters in Harlem appear to be performing well for students." Give us a quotation from the article if you see something I don't. Also, if you want to make a list of charter schools, do it on another page. You will note that the wikipedia pages for other cities do not list all the schools in those cities, it would be as inappropriate as listing every restaurant, every bookstore, every train station, or anything else. The fact that another school is mentioned doesn't prove anything; that one should probably be removed too. Uucp (talk) 01:35, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Here's the quote: "Charter schools are not always better for children. Across the country many are performing badly. But when run well — as most in Harlem and New York’s other most-challenged communities appear to be — they can make a huge difference in a child’s life." My wording is shorter.

 * As to creating a Wikipedia article on schools in Harlem, I'm considering it, at least as a stub. The Harlem article is 72 KiB long, so linking to an article makes sense.

 * Thanks for the critique.

 * Nick Levinson (talk) 01:12, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I support creating a breakaway page; we already have similar ones for movies filmed in Harlem and people from Harlem. This feels similar. Uucp (talk) 01:56, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Done: Education in Harlem. Thanks. Nick Levinson (talk) 22:35, 2 October 2010 (UTC)

"Wherever Negroes live uptown is considered Harlem." quotation research
The quote in the article was marked since 2009 as needing a citation. I found one in the book Gangsters of Harlem (2007) and added it. If anyone's interested in doing further research to get closer to a primary source (primary sources are generally not acceptable in Wikipedia but the more authoritative a secondary source the better), here's what I found along the way, and this may be used as a starting point for research.

The book does not cite a source as specifically as academic books do (reliable journalism books, like journalism generally, often don't) and it does not mention Ralph Ellison again, according to its index. However, the End Notes section, for chapter 1 (p. [257]), cites apparently six books and three articles and, judging from their titles, only two books are not primarily about crime and seem likelier to have been authority for the quotation: Ellis, Arthur J., The Mind of Harlem (N.Y.: R&E Assocs., 1968), and Riis, Jacob A., How the Other Half Lives (N.Y.: Sagamore Press, 1957).

 * note -- How The Other Half Lives was actually written in 1890. Presumably, Gangsters of Harlem cites a more recent printing, but this book can not be the source of the Ralph Ellison quotation. Uucp (talk) 14:23, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

A Google search yielded an additional clue, that Ralph Ellison said the statement to Joe McCarthy, who I think is probably Sen. Joe McCarthy, after he stated where he lived. This I doubt. The claim is, "Asked in the 1950s by Joe McCarthy where he lived, Ralph Ellison said 150th St. and Riverside Drive. He qualified his answer, though, noting that the area had once been regarded as 'Washington Heights'. But stated that from his experience, 'Wherever Negroes live uptown is considered Harlem.'" (single quotation marks around "Washington Heights" & absence of wording within "But stated " both so in original). This appears at Amazon.com (http://www.amazon.com/review/R1JZWTU3KCQUUC/ref=cm_cr_pr_viewpnt/182-6086275-9533247#R1JZWTU3KCQUUC, as accessed Sep. 25, 2010) in a book review by the author of a book, but the book does not make the statement (i.e., it was in the review, not in the book) and the review does not cite a source. The book author and reviewer is associated with Harlem but otherwise does not have a strong academic credential for this subject. A serious biography of Ralph Ellison by Arnold Rampersad (cited below) has much content about him in politics but does not list Joe McCarthy in its index, suggesting there was no major contact with the senator.

(The book: Adams, Michael Henry, photographs by Paul Rocheleau, Harlem: Lost and Found: An Architectural and Social History, 1765–1915 (N.Y.: The Monacelli Press, 2002 (ISBN 1-58093-070-0)) (author "studied historic preservation at Columbia University and is an expert on the architecture and history of Harlem, where he lives and works" & author of other works & photographer "architectural photographer" & has other books, per id., dust jkt., rear flap) (coffee-table book) (no entry for Ellison, boundary, boundaries, uptown, Negro, or Negroes in index (pp. 276–279)) (nothing found on point by skimming likelier parts of main text) (errors in book affecting its credibility & therefore author's (although perhaps attributable to photographer if latter also did photo research on work by others): caption "Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, Morningside Park, preliminary plan, 1873; revised plan, Olmsted and Vaux with Jacob Wrey Mould, 1887", id., p. [270], superimposed on lower left corner of modern-appearing photo of what appears to be actual body of water, shore with trees, and buildings, id., pp. [270]–[271] (i.e., not a "plan" & despite caption's position on left plan is not on preceding pp.); caption "William Ström, 37 Hamilton Terrace (now Yuien Chin house), 1899. View east over central Harlem from garden", id., p. [268], superimposed on upper left corner of modern-appearing photo that shows what appear to be mid- and late-20th-century buildings in background, id., pp. [268]–[269] (i.e., not "1899" although photo's main subject may have existed then); see also the Amazon review for other errors and their explanation). The reviewer at Amazon.com was also Michael Henry Adams.)

Since Sen. Joe McCarthy was white and was hunting for Communists and Harlem was a center of communist organizing, I doubt the Senator met Black writer Ralph Ellison at a cocktail party or during book publicity efforts. More likely, if they met, it was if Ralph Ellison testified at a hearing of the Senate Un-American Activities Committee about Communists he might have met. It's likely Ralph would have been advised by a lawyer just to answer the questions and not volunteer more than that, regardless of his feelings about Communism (I don't know what those were). It's not likely his answer about where he lived was just an intersection followed by a wider statement that was legally unnecessary and that, to a white anticommunist conducting a formal hearing, could be taken as a bit provocative. A few years ago, a record of the executive sessions (i.e., secret sessions) of some or all of the hearings was officially published by the Federal government and put online; it includes an index, which does not list Ralph Ellison. I did not search for records of public hearings that were probably published in the 1950s.

However, Ralph Ellison may have spoken with more liberal Senators in the mid or late 1960s and he met President Johnson. "Appearing before a U.S. Senate subcommittee that included Robert Kennedy, Jacob Javits, and Abraham Ribicoff of Connecticut, he answered with a studied calm their questions about the current crisis in American cities, where violence, crime, and poverty had become identified overwhelmingly with blacks, especially black youth. . . . . Negroes, he said, 'want to transform Harlem, the Harlems of their country. These places are precious to them. These places are where they have dreamed, where they have lived, where they have loved, where they have worked out life as they could. . . . A slum like Harlem isn't just a place of decay. It is a form of historical and social memory.'" Rampersad, Arnold, Ralph Ellison: A Biography (N.Y.: Vintage Books, 1st Vintage Books ed., 1st ed. [1st printing?], pbk., Jan., 2008, © 2007 (also: N.Y.: Alfred A. Knopf, hardcover 2007) (Vintage ISBN 978-0-375-70798-8)), p. 427 (author humanities prof., Eng. dept., Stanford Univ., per front matter pp.) (2d ellipsis or suspension points so in original) ("'want to transform Harlem'" attributed to Harlem's America, in New Leader, vol. 49, Sep. 26, 1966, p. 26, per Ralph Ellison: A Biography, id., p. 610 (Notes)). This suggests that he might have made the statement either in hearings before liberal Senators or in informal conversations. A photograph of him with Pres. Johnson appears on the 7th page of photographs between p. 380 & p. [381], and Pres. Johnson is referenced at least 21 times in the book, according to the index. Maybe he made the statement to the President or to White House or political staff. (Consistently, Prof. Rampersad writes of winter 1948, "[i]f Harlem is nowhere, as the title of . . . [Ralph Ellison's] piece proclaims, then Harlem is everywhere. Ralph's ultimate hope was that Harlem might be seen as the world. Its protocols against chaos having been smashed, the world itself had become a madhouse." Id., p. 219 (possibly attributed to Ralph Ellison to Richard Wright (perhaps a letter), Feb. 1, 1948, per id., p. 590 (Notes)). Also according to Prof. Rampersad, "James Weldon Johnson had recently predicted ["Harlem"] was bound to become 'the greatest Negro city in the world.'" Id., p. 82.)

Another serious biography on the writer had index entries on Joseph McCarthy, but the pages don't indicate that the writer and the senator ever met. Jackson, Lawrence Patrick, Ralph Ellison: Emergence of Genius (Athens, Ga.: Univ. of Georgia Press, pbk. [1st printing? printing of [20]07?] 2007 (ISBN-13 978-0-8203-2993-2 & ISBN-10 0-8203-2993-2) (original: N.Y.: John Wiley & Sons, hardcover 2002)) (author assoc. prof. Eng. & African American studies, Emory Univ., per cover IV). This book may have more indicators of where Ralph Ellison may have made the statement; the index entry for Harlem may help.

Other books have been published, including his own. Any of them might have the statement or a variation of it.

Possibly, Ralph Ellison wrote something on this in The City in Crisis (1967 or 1968), perhaps on p. 14. I have not checked much.

One could search Amazon.com for various books and then use the feature that lets us search inside a book for words. I started by searching separately for "Wherever Negroes live" and "uptown is considered Harlem" because I could imagine the quotation being somewhat different, especially if he said it more than one time, and a search has to be exact, so dividing it may give more results. Unfortunately, each book must be searched separately, and there's no assurance that every book can be searched inside, since not all publishers gave Amazon permission. Another search facility is available at Books.Google.com, and possibly books not searchable or available at one will be accessible at the other.

Best wishes. Nick Levinson (talk) 22:07, 2 October 2010 (UTC) (Corrected a quotation by deleting an extra period: 22:26, 2 October 2010 (UTC))

Atlah photo
To the anonymous IP who has been deleting the photo of the ATLAH church -- it's one of the most visible churches in Harlem, with a media-hungry pastor who is often covered in the press. The sign outside the church is a popular landmark for tourists. It may be funny, but that doesn't mean it should be deleted. We've been through multiple rounds of canceling each others' edits. If you want to take this further, let's call in a mediator. Uucp (talk) 04:32, 3 December 2010 (UTC)
 * WP:UNDUE; Undue weight to a picture that includes hate speech. The picture doesn't add anything to an article about the neighborhood. It would be better served in an article about the church pictured. Acps110 (talk • contribs) 14:31, 8 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I strongly disagree. You may personally disagree with the view in the sign, but that does not mean the sign is "hate speech", nor does it reduce the significance of the sign as a local landmark and indicator of the breadth of political views in the neighborhood. UNDUE does not seem to apply at all; if we had dozens of paragraphs about how some Harlemites dislike Obama, that would be undue. One photo is merely apt. Uucp (talk) 14:40, 8 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Acps110 tried several arguments to justify removing this picture, including claiming it was "undue" and that it was "hate speech". He then tried to have the image deleted from Wikimedia commons and threatened to have me "blocked from editing without further notice". The universal consensus at wikimedia commons was that Acps110 was acting in bad faith. I believe this photo is absolutely 100% relevant to the discussion of the Atlah church in this section, and as an illustration of the high visibility of church politics in Harlem, and the wide range of political views in the neighborhood. Though stupid, it is not "hate speech" to question the legitimacy of the President on the basis of his name. Nor is a single picture of this sign "undue" attention to any topic I can imagine. I have therefore restored the picture.

 * The wikimedia commons discussion can be found at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Atlah_Sign.jpg

 * Please bring any discussion here.Uucp (talk) 22:49, 3 January 2011 (UTC)

Harlem Demographics, 1990-2006
There was a claim in the article that the population of Harlem increased 16% from 1990 to 2006 due to the arrival of "non-hispanic whites" who were richer than the existing Harlem blacks. A footnote was provided to U.S. census data summarized in Gotham Gazette. An anonymous IP declared the passage racist, and edited it to say that middle class blacks were arriving too. The underlying census data does not support this, and in fact has nothing to say about the net worth of the arriving residents at all. The anonymous IP, perhaps trying to hide this fact, deleted the footnote. I have reverted these changes, reducing this sentence to a straightforward summary of the following facts:

1. in 1990 there were 174,956 blacks in Harlem and 36,247 whites (from the Census data).

2. In 2006 there were 151,966 blacks in Harlem and 55,478 whites (also from the Census data).

If anybody wants to edit this, they should find a new source of information. This source provides us with no more information. For what it's worth, the original observation that the newcomers are richer than previous Harlem residents is trivially observed, but we can leave it out of the article until we have a citation. Uucp (talk) 20:27, 7 June 2011 (UTC)

 * response

 * This is anonymous once again... It's like you hipsters have this site on watch at all times as soon as the word blacks moving back into harlem is uttered... That being said, do your research properly... I deleted the gazette link accidentally but the original wording which noone conveniently changed was horribly racist, not even slightly... The fact is that the article blacks are no longer the majority discussed the arrival of upper middle class blacks moving into the area and not wanting to displace the poor blacks living in the area at the same time... Fact is while gentrification has included a major increase in the white population the main force driving the gentrification in the neighborhood is the middle to upper middle class blacks moving in and helping to revitalize the neighborhood...

 * 74.72.180.138 (talk) 04:28, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Thank you for engaging in this discussion. The census data says that blacks are leaving and whites (and hispanics, and others) are arriving. Until you come up with a good source contradicting this, your allegation that "the main force driving the gentrification in the neighborhood is the middle to upper middle class blacks moving in and helping to revitalize the neighborhood" has no place on Wikipedia. Uucp (talk) 14:32, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree. Also this population information is dated. 2010 census data is now available. ScottyBerg (talk) 13:24, 9 June 2011 (UTC)

response to 1990-2006
Written within the same article of "blacks no longer a majority"

"There, blacks account for 6 in 10 residents, BUT THOSE BORN IN THE UNITED STATES MAKE UP BARELY HALF OF ALL RESIDENTS. Since 2000, the proportion of whites living there has more than doubled, to more than one in 10 residents — the highest since the 1940s. THE HISPANIC POPULATION, WHICH WAS CONCENTRATED IN EAST HARLEM, IS NOW AT AN ALL-TIME HIGH IN CENTRAL HARLEM, UP 27 PERCENT SINCE 2000."

Again within the same article...

"About 15 percent of Harlem’s black population is foreign-born, mostly from the Caribbean, WITH A """"""""GROWING""""""" NUMBER FROM AFRICA"

Also within the article...

"Some experts say the decline in the black population may be overstated because poorer people are typically undercounted by the census, and Harlem has a disproportionate number of poor people."

"Other analysts point to the outflow of some blacks and the influx of others as positive evidence that barriers to integration have fallen in other neighborhoods and that Harlem has become a more attractive place to live.

“It’s a mistake to see this only as a story of racial change,” said Scott M. Stringer, the Manhattan borough president. “What’s interesting is that many African-Americans are living in Harlem by choice, not necessity.”

Andrew A. Beveridge, a sociologist at Queens College, said, “Harlem has become as it was in the early 1930s — a predominantly black neighborhood, but with other groups living there as well.”

Again, these quotes were simply to point out that while the white population has been the largest percentage group coming in due to the previous low numbers within the area... a large number of hispanics as well as a number of middle class blacks coming from different parts of Africa and the Caribbean have made Harlem home in recent years and they are now contributing to its new integrated culture and environment that is far more livable now than in previous years...

Also, while I have shown that within the source in question that the revisions were proven correct, a simple google search of "Blacks contributing to the gentrification in Harlem" will provide a link to articles further proving the accuracy of the statement that middle class Blacks along with whites and hispanics are contributing to the gentrification we are seeing in Harlem... http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/17/nyregion//17harl.html

[[Special:Contributions/24.193.29.210|24.193.29.

response 2
Seeing the percentages within the recent history section I realized that I used the wrong source within the wiki article that include the statistics that I mentioned... apologies for that.

That being said, if we are a neighborhood that bottomed out in population in 1990 and shot up since then through to the year 2006... Is it necessary then to discuss the increase of whites in combination with the decrease in blacks? What purpose does that serve to the point being brought out? Wouldn't it make better sense to use the article you included as well as the one that is already on this wiki page to show that the growth of the white population, hispanic population and the growing presence of the middle class black population all contributed to the increase in the overall population over the years? The way it is currently written contradicts itself a great deal given the fact that if the majority of the population decreased by over 10 percentage points and the overwhelming minority population (being the whites in this case) grew by only five percentage points, then there is no way that the overall population could have increased...

24.193.29.210 (talk) 19:38, 2 August 2011 (UTC)

 * The older versions made references to race which I retained in bringing the passage more closely into harmony with the source. Your point on race is well taken. The racial shift is definitely important, and am open to discussion as to whether it is overemphasized in the article. Two other points: the source is old, not reflecting the 2010 census, and refers to Central Harlem and "Greater Harlem," while this article is simply on "Harlem." ScottyBerg (talk) 20:13, 2 August 2011 (UTC)

 * The first article is anecdotal and doesn't help much, but the second one has a lot of good hard data and needs to be incorporated in the article. Unfortunately it does not reflect the 2010 census either. ScottyBerg (talk) 20:25, 2 August 2011 (UTC)

response 3
,

the two articles that confirm the latest revision that supports response 2. As mentioned within the view history, if someone can please add the citations where the new information is correctly, it would be greatly appreciated.

24.193.29.210 (talk) 19:52, 2 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks for weighing in on this. The article definitely needs upgrading, especially new sources reflecting the 2010 census. ScottyBerg (talk) 20:09, 2 August 2011 (UTC)

2010 census data
I have not been able to find any article that summarizes the racial or other changes in Harlem revealed by the 2010 census. The raw data is freely available from the Census Bureau but their web interface is designed for queries about one census block at a time. Harlem, unfortunately, comprises many census blocks, and collating the data will be time consuming. There are probably third party software tools that can simplify this task but I don't have access to any of them.

If some other editor does have access to such tools, here's a handy list of the census blocks in Harlem:

197.02 216 186 174.02 172.02 180 178

201.02 218 190 184 182 188

207.02 220 200 198 196 194 192

209.01 209.02 222 202

219 213.01 217.01 213.02 217.02 224 226 208 206 204

223.02 223.01 228 212 210

225 221.01 221.02 230 214

229 227.01 227.02 232

233 231.01 231.02 234 236

237 235.01 235.02

The article would greatly benefit from a table of the wealth and racial breakdowns of these blocks in 1990, 2000, and 2010. Uucp (talk) 20:50, 2 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Agree, and there surely must be articles on Harlem deriving from the 2010 census. ScottyBerg (talk) 13:22, 3 August 2011 (UTC)

 * You would think so, but I haven't found anything useful. I put the task of aggregating the data from these census block on guru.com to see if I could hire somebody to do it cheaply, but the offers came in too high.Uucp (talk) 13:37, 3 August 2011 (UTC)

 * We also have to remember the policies discouraging original research. I'd hate for you to go to all that trouble and see someone take it out. ScottyBerg (talk) 13:45, 3 August 2011 (UTC)

 * There is no way data from the US Census will fail the original research test. Uucp (talk) 13:48, 3 August 2011 (UTC)

 * If you're quite sure about that, then perhaps we need to start introducing 2010 census data into this article. ScottyBerg (talk) 13:57, 3 August 2011 (UTC)

A center of black life?
The article includes this heading, but really only discusses religious life. I'd like to add some material on life in the 1920s, such as fraternal orders, organizations like the Urban League, sports, and street life -- parades, street speakers etc. I think some of it should go in the History section, and other parts under this heading. As the article says, there is a tendency to romanticize the 1920s, but there was a lot going on in the neighborhood that needs to be mentioned. I'm new to this, so I wanted to put my plans out there before I did any edits. Stephensyd (talk) 05:55, 19 August 2011 (UTC)

 * The 1920s get relatively little space in this article because the Harlem Renaissance has its own article, which this article links to. It would not be appropriate to duplicate the Harlem Renaissance article in this one. Uucp (talk) 18:33, 20 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the feedback. There is a lot more to the 1920s than the Harlem Renaissance. I checked that article, and it makes no mention of any of the topics that I mentioned as missing from this article.  Stephensyd (talk) 01:19, 21 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Then by all means add them. With footnotes, please. That's our primary defense again the hordes of silly, racist edits that this article attracts. Uucp (talk) 12:08, 21 August 2011 (UTC)

 * I have no problem with the substance of your edits, but why did you put them in the "history" area, rather than the "center of black life" section below, which already has a lot of material much like this? Uucp (talk) 00:32, 23 August 2011 (UTC)

 * That was my original intention, but I felt that the separate section on just the Harlem Renaissance and Prohibition provided too narrow a view of the 1920s. But the original Renaissance and Prohibition section did not really fit this area, as the "history" area really only discusses population and housing - perhaps we could give it that title rather than "history"? And then the whole section on the 1920s can move to "the center of black life".  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Stephensyd (talk • contribs) 00:52, 23 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Stephensyd, your additions are valuable and I appreciate them. The article needs to be better organized, a process that I started a few weeks ago and will continue, but your material will survive the process. Uucp (talk)

 * OK, but the 'history' section does not include sufficient breadth of content to justify that label, and there is too much history in the other sections that a reader interested in the history might miss when there is a section with that label. What is your plan for the organization of the site?  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Stephensyd (talk • contribs) 22:14, 23 August 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree that the "history" section is a bit narrowly drawn, and that renaming it may not be a bad idea. The new text added is a welcome addition and I think its current location is pretty good as is. ScottyBerg (talk) 22:30, 23 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Hmmm.... on further consideration, I think that it may be best to put the "center of black life" section into the History section in its chronologically correct place, and add other subsections to the History section. ScottyBerg (talk) 22:40, 23 August 2011 (UTC)

 * To what section of the chronology do you intend on moving the portions that don't seem tied to any particular decade (for example: Black Harlem has always been religious, here is a list of the popular churches . . . ) Uucp (talk) 04:17, 24 August 2011 (UTC)

 * I took a stab at reorganizing, moving the "center of black life" subsection to History, and moving some other stuff around. Let me know what you think. Feel free to revert if you don't think this is a good move. ScottyBerg (talk) 13:17, 24 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Breaking out the 1920s is not a bad idea, but (1) the period from 1865 - 1920 should no longer be titled "Renaissance," as that is clearly a reference to the 1920s, and (2) there is a fair amount of discussion of the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s, with references also to more recent periods, in the "1920s" section. Uucp (talk) 16:32, 24 August 2011 (UTC)
 * I've moved around some paragraphs to keep it more chronological. Also I think the images need a bit of redeployment. ScottyBerg (talk) 17:00, 24 August 2011 (UTC)

Long history
I figure the suggestions in Splitting apply here, and the History section, being about half the text, should become its own article. Of course it should be summarized here as per WP:Summary style. Jim.henderson (talk) 01:21, 29 May 2012 (UTC)

Untitled
A small change here: I grew up in Harlem, lived there from 1943 until 1966. The Apollo was a heavenly place for my best friend and me, to see the great performers of our teen (and adult) years. So here is the change: The caption below the photo of the Apollo says that the "Hotel Theresa is visible in the background". Sorry, but not so! The Hotel Theresa faced what was then called 7th Avenue (now named Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard). The Apollo was around the corner, across the street, near the middle of the block on 125th Street (now called Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard. Pardon my pickiness, but the Apollo holds a special place in my memory - a magical, musical escape from the grey streets, air of misery and cold nights of the 5-storey walk-up home of my childhood. I just want it in its proper place on the info highway. Thanks for your attention. Rosalie - a.k.a. SpanishHarlemRose SpanishHarlemRose (talk) 04:09, 2 November 2012 (UTC)

Misleading / poor quality article
Introduction jumps from dutch settlers in the 17th century to african american migration in 1905, thus fails to mention the jewish and italian communities that created todays Harlem in the 19th century.

History section fails to mention anything about demographics between 1868 and the great migration of african americans in the early 20th century. It merely states: "The Jewish and Italian demographic decreased, while the black and Puerto Rican population increased in this time", without mentioning which time is being referred to.

Clearly the immigrants which constructed and influenced this neighbourhood for over half a century need to be mentioned in the history section. After all, without the contribution of these immigrants, Harlem wouldn't be what it is today.

Without previous development combined with a huge african american migration in the early 20th century, Harlem would most probably be nothing but a vast housing project. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.104.172.90 (talk) 12:42, 1 December 2014 (UTC)

harlem
Harlem est une ville voisine au nord de New York l écrivain James Baldwin y est née Cette ville est réputée pour ces crime ses viols et sa non sécurité (à l'époque) maintenant la ville à beaucoup évoluer et à subis une forte gentrification elle est maintenant une ville indépendante et est un emblem des états Unis

Removal of lead paragraph
I reverted the removal of this paragraph in the lead. Per WP:LEAD, I'd say that it well summarizes several of the sections in the following paragraphs, as it's about the community board representation, police precincts, and zip codes, all of which are vital information. This info is also in several other NYC neighborhood articles. epicgenius (talk) 13:03, 29 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Pinging you to the discussion so you are aware. It doesn't quite fit into political representation as this has info about the zip codes and police precincts, though the info about community boards may fit. I have yet to see a compelling reason why that info should not be in the lead, either. epicgenius (talk) 02:59, 30 August 2019 (UTC)
 * I mentioned on my talk page that at the very least, the community district should be included in the lead, such as like this. The community district is mentioned in several sections such as the police, education, and health sections, so it gives necessary context. On the other hand, the ZIP codes and police precincts may be too obscure to casual visitors, but they are also mentioned in the body. It's not like they are inappropriate for the lead, but not the most important thing. epicgenius (talk) 03:09, 30 August 2019 (UTC)
 * , unlike, I agree that the information in question belongs in the article, and as you cite, it belongs in the infobox. I'm not sure that the lead is the best place per WP:LEAD, but I'm not sure where else to put these details. Alansohn (talk) 03:28, 30 August 2019 (UTC)
 * , I agree that zip codes belong in the infobox. I don't think police precincts would fit as well over there, however - but none of the NYC neighborhood articles use that yet, so that could be something we can try. epicgenius (talk) 03:35, 30 August 2019 (UTC)

 * The lead is supposed to summarise the most important aspects of the topic. What I removed was nowhere near that. There is no place in the world where its postcodes are crucial to an understanding of the topic. The idea is absurd. Here is a little thought experiment to try: if you were to carry out a survey and ask people to name three important facts about Harlem, how many people do you think you would need to ask before someone replied with a set of five postcodes?
 * I appreciated Alansohn's effort to find a compromise. But everything I removed from the lead could already be found elsewhere in the article. The postcodes were in the infobox, District 10 was mentioned in both Geography and Demographics, and police districts were mentioned in Police and crime. I can't imagine any significant number of people considering them among the most important aspects of the topic either.
 * Finally I think that when an editor reverts to their own preferred version, designating it "Last good version" in an edit summary is very arrogant and seems deliberately provocative. Aakkbbrr (talk) 10:24, 30 August 2019 (UTC)
 * OK, well let's clear up some misconceptions. The lead is for mentioning topics that are important to the article. Not for mentioning fun facts everyone knows about Harlem. I doubt most people will be able to recite the history of Harlem by heart, yet we have a paragraph devoted to this in the lead of every neighborhood article, because that is important to the article. Likewise, the inclusion of administrative functions like community boards, ZIP codes, and police precincts summarizes some of the sections within the article.
 * I get that zip codes may not be as important, and likewise with police precincts, but they were included since these are important administrative functions, distinguishing Harlem from, say, east Harlem. However, removing the community district is unacceptable. There are large portions of text in this article that are dependent on mentioning that Harlem is covered by CD 10. It's not constructive in any way to remove the CD.
 * By the way, when I mentioned "last good version", you were edit-warring on this page without leaving a comment on this discussion, which I had opened after reverting you the first time. It has nothing to do with my personal preference. On that note, let's discuss your edit summary. Summaries like "don't be silly" are rarely ever helpful and show a dismissiveness toward the dispute. I'd rather you discuss on the talk page than assume that what I did was in bad faith. epicgenius (talk) 15:10, 30 August 2019 (UTC)

I noticed that Aakkbbrr was blocked recently by Berean Hunter with the summary "BKFIP". This likely refers to WP:BKFIP, the "best known for IP" who is known for abusive comments like the above and is https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard&d iff=700172815&oldid=700171836#Proposal_to_community_ban_the_.22Best_known_for_IP.22. I think we could continue to have a good faith discussion about this, but for now, think we should revert the lead to the edition before that whole dispute above. epicgenius (talk) 16:21, 7 September 2019 (UTC)

The map of Harlem isn't accurate
Fix the map it's inaccurate 2600:4040:AA61:E400:B38F:25E6:6E38:3064 (talk) 16:15, 11 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Harlem


text:
Snow Aeronautical

Snow Aeronautical was an American aircraft manufacturer established in 1956 in Olney, Texas by Leland Snow to manufacture and market agricultural aircraft of his design.

History
Leland Snow, a graduate of the aeronautical engineering program at Texas A&M University, had designed and flown his S-1 in 1953. Originally working at Harlingen, Texas, he moved to Olney, Texas in 1958.

The British aviation company of Britten-Norman acted as distributors for Snow's aircraft and later took an equity stake in the company. The company was purchased by the Aero Commander division of North American Rockwell in 1965.

title: Snow Aeronautical


text:
E major

E major (or the key of E) is a major scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F♯, G♯, A, B, C♯, and D♯. Its key signature has four sharps. Its relative minor is C-sharp minor and its parallel minor is E minor. Its enharmonic equivalent, F-flat major, has six flats and the double-flat B𝄫, which makes that key less convenient to use.

The E major scale is:

Scale degree chords

 * Tonic – E major
 * Supertonic – F-sharp minor
 * Mediant – G-sharp minor
 * Subdominant – A major
 * Dominant – B major
 * Submediant – C-sharp minor
 * Leading-tone – D-sharp diminished

Music in E major
Antonio Vivaldi used this key for the "Spring" concerto from The Four Seasons.

Johann Sebastian Bach used E major for a violin concerto, as well as for his third partita for solo violin; the key is especially appropriate for the latter piece because its tonic (E) and subdominant (A) correspond to open strings on the violin, enhancing the tone colour (and ease of playing) of the bariolage in the first movement.

Only two of Joseph Haydn's 106 symphonies are in E major: No. 12 and No. 29. Furthermore, four string quartets (Op. 2/2 and Op. 3/1), Op. 17/1 and Op. 54/3), two piano trios (No. 11 and No. 44) and three piano sonatas (No. 13, 22 and 31) are in E major.

Luigi Boccherini's String Quintet, Op. 11, No. 5 is in E major.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart completed only two compositions in E major: the Adagio for Violin and Orchestra KV 261 and the Piano Trio No. 4 KV 542. A noteworthy fragment among Mozart's works for horn and orchestra, K. 494a, is likewise in E major.

Antonio Rosetti wrote several concertos for one and two horns.

Marianna Martines wrote a keyboard concerto and a keyboard sonata in E major.

Joseph Martin Kraus wrote a keyboard sonata in E major (VB 196).

Nikolaus von Krufft wrote a sonata for horn and piano in E major.

Josef Mysliveček wrote a violin concerto in E major.

Ludwig van Beethoven used E major for two of his piano sonatas, Op. 14/1 and Op. 109, and for the ouverture to his opera Fidelio.

Starting with Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 3, several works in the key of C minor began to have slow movements in E major, three examples of which are Johannes Brahms' First Symphony and Piano Quartet No. 3, and Sergei Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 2.

Johann Nepomuk Hummel composed a Trumpet Concerto in E major.

Carl Loewe composed a piano sonata in this key: Grande Sonate in E major, Op. 16, and so did Ignaz Moscheles in his Op. 41.

Václav Jindřich Veit wrote a string quartet in E major, Op. 5, and Karl Schuberth wrote his string octet Op. 23 in this key..

The second movement of Schubert's Symphony No. 8 in is in E major, as well as the piano sonatas D. 157, 157 and 459, the rondo from 566 (506), String Quartet D. 353, the middle movement of the Arpeggione Sonata. Several Schubert works end with numbers in E major, such as Die schöne Müllerin, 6 Grandes Marches D. 819 and the 6 Polonaises D. 824.

The andante which serves as an introduction to the Rondo Capriccioso Op. 14 by Felix Mendelssohn is in E major.

Frédéric Chopin's First Piano Concerto starts in E minor, but the last two movements are in E major. His Étude Op. 10, No. 3, one of his best known works, is in E major. His last Nocturne, Op. 62 No. 2, and his final Scherzo No. 4, are also in E major. A lesser-known work in the key is the Moderato in E major, WN 56.

Moritz Moszkowski wrote his Piano Concerto Op. 59 in E major.

Antonín Dvořák wrote his Serenade for Strings Op. 22 in the key of E major.

Charles-Valentin Alkan wrote Cello Sonata in E major, and so did Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart in his Op. 19.

Adolphe Blanc's Septet for clarinet, bassoon, horn, violin, viola, cello and double bass Op. 40 is in E major.

In the 19th century, symphonies in this key were rare, with Anton Bruckner's Symphony No. 7 being one of very few examples (see list of symphonies in E major). For Bruckner, "the key of E major is frequently associated with music of contemplation".

Alexander Scriabin composed his First Symphony in E.

Two symphonies that begin in D minor and end in E major are Havergal Brian's Symphony No. 1 (Gothic) and Carl Nielsen's Symphony No. 4.

More typically, however, some symphonies that begin in E minor switch to E major for the finale, such as Sergei Rachmaninoff's Symphony No. 2, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 5 and Dmitri Shostakovich's Symphony No. 10.

In Gioachino Rossini's William Tell Overture, the first movement and the finale are in E major. Richard Wagner's Tannhäuser overture is also in E major. Another notable composition by the latter in E major is Siegfried Idyll.

The first of Claude Debussy's Two Arabesques, L. 66, is in E major.

The vast majority of Franz Liszt's Consolations are in E major, as are Nos. 4 and 5 from Grandes études de Paganini.

Edvard Grieg's Morning Mood, part of Peer Gynt Suite No. 1, Op. 46, is in E major.

title: E major


text: Talk:Benešov

title: Talk:Benešov


text:
Charlie Crist

Charles Joseph Crist Jr. (born July 24, 1956) is an American attorney and politician who served as the 44th governor of Florida from 2007 to 2011 and as the U.S. representative for Florida's 13th congressional district from 2017 to 2022. Crist has been a member of the Democratic Party since 2012; he was previously a Republican before becoming an independent in 2010.

Crist served in the Florida Senate from 1993 to 1999, vacating his seat to run unsuccessfully against incumbent Bob Graham for the U.S. Senate in 1998. He won a 2000 special election to serve as Florida education commissioner from 2001 to 2003 and a 2002 election to serve as Florida attorney general from 2003 to 2007. He was elected Governor of Florida in 2006 after winning against Democrat Jim Davis.

While he was governor, Crist again ran for the U.S. Senate in 2010. He initially led in polls in the race for the Republican nomination, but was later overtaken by Marco Rubio. In April of that year, he left the Republican Party to run in the general election as an independent, losing to Rubio in a three-way race. He took 30% of the vote to Rubio's 49% and Democratic nominee Kendrick Meek had 20%. Crist's term as governor ended in January 2011.

On December 7, 2012, Crist joined the Democratic Party, having endorsed President Barack Obama for reelection in 2012. On November 1, 2013, he announced that he was running for governor in the 2014 election. Crist lost to Republican governor Rick Scott, his successor, by a 1% margin. In 2016, Crist was elected to Congress from his home district, the St. Petersburg-based 13th, defeating incumbent Republican David Jolly, 52%–48% and becoming the first Democrat to represent this district since 1955. In the 117th Congress, Crist was the only former governor serving in the House.

Crist was the Democratic nominee in the 2022 Florida gubernatorial election, resigning from the House in August 2022 to focus on his campaign. He was defeated by incumbent governor Ron DeSantis in a landslide.

On June 7, 2023, the White House announced Crist's nomination as U.S. ambassador to the International Civil Aviation Organization, a United Nations agency. He is currently awaiting confirmation by the U.S. Senate.

Early life and education
Crist was born in Altoona, Pennsylvania, on July 24, 1956, to Charles Joseph Crist, an American physician of Greek Cypriot and Lebanese descent, and Nancy (née Lee), of Scots-Irish, Swiss, and Welsh descent. His family name is adapted from the original Greek name "Christodoulos". As a child, Crist moved to St. Petersburg, Florida, where he attended Riviera Junior High School and St. Petersburg High School, from which he graduated in 1974. He is the second of four children and has three sisters: Margaret Crist Wood, Elizabeth Crist Hyden, and Catherine Crist Kennedy. He attended Wake Forest University for two years. While at Wake Forest, Crist was a walk-on quarterback for the Demon Deacons during his freshman and sophomore years, before transferring to Florida State University in Tallahassee. Crist earned his undergraduate degree from Florida State, where he was elected vice president of the student body and joined the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity. He received his J.D. from Samford University Cumberland School of Law.

Early career
After graduating from Cumberland School of Law in 1981, and passing the bar on his third attempt, Crist was hired as general counsel to Minor League Baseball, which was headquartered in St. Petersburg. Drawn to politics, Crist was a candidate for public office for the first time in 1986, in the Republican primary for a state Senate seat in Pinellas County. After losing in a runoff, Crist joined his brother-in-law in private practice in St. Petersburg, but soon returned to politics as an aide on the successful 1988 United States Senate campaign of Connie Mack III, whom he has since described as his political mentor.

Florida Senate
In 1992, Crist was elected to a two-year term to the Florida Senate from the 20th District, which encompassed parts of St. Petersburg and South Tampa. He defeated longtime incumbent Democratic state senator Helen Gordon Davis of Tampa, 58.3 to 41.7%. Crist was able to unseat Gordon Davis following the 1992 decennial redistricting process, which significantly reconfigured the districts in the Tampa Bay area. His victory was credited with helping to end the Democratic Party's 128-year control of the Florida Senate, as the Republicans netted three seats in 1992, resulting in a 20–20 tie between the parties.

Crist was known as a law-and-order senator, sponsoring legislation requiring inmates to serve at least 85% of their sentences before becoming eligible for parole. He supported teacher salary increases, charter schools, and a specialty license plate for Everglades conservation. With Crist as chairman, the Senate Ethics and Elections Committee investigated actions of then-governor Lawton Chiles amid allegations that Chiles's campaign had made "scare calls" to senior citizens days before the 1994 gubernatorial election. Chiles testified before the committee and admitted that his campaign had made the calls.

In 1994, Crist was reelected to a four-year term in the Senate, defeating Democrat Dana Lynn Maley with 63.3% of the vote.

U.S. Senate campaign and Florida education commissioner
Crist gained recognition in 1998 as the Republican challenger to incumbent Democratic U.S. senator Bob Graham. Crist campaigned conservatively on taxation, crime, and the ongoing Lewinsky scandal, but agreed with Graham on issues such as healthcare and statehood for Puerto Rico. Crist also campaigned on being younger, more energetic, and more able to address Floridians' needs. He lost to Graham by 26 percentage points, but gained significant name recognition, and was appointed by Governor Jeb Bush to serve as the deputy secretary of the Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation in 1999 upon the conclusion of his Senate service. He served until 2000, when he ran for Florida education commissioner in a November special election created by the resignation of incumbent commissioner Tom Gallagher. He won by over 500,000 votes and assumed the office in January 2001. Crist would ultimately be the last statewide elected education commissioner, as a 1998 amendment to the Constitution of Florida turned the position into one appointed by the governor of Florida after his departure. Crist left the office after he was elected attorney general in 2002.

Florida attorney general
In 2002, Crist was elected Florida attorney general. His candidacy was supported by the host of America's Most Wanted, John Walsh. Walsh and other supporters cited his work with the Center for Missing and Exploited Children.

Civil rights and consumer groups praised Crist for expanding the attorney general's powers during his time in office. These powers enabled him and future attorneys general to have greater power to prosecute civil rights and fraud cases. Crist also worked to combat email spam, freeze utility rates, end telecom deception, and protect the environment.

Tenure
Crist was elected to the governorship of Florida in the 2006 election, defeating Democrat Jim Davis 52-45%. In his inaugural pledge to the people of Florida, he promised to lower taxes, improve the state education system, reduce crime, lower drug costs, expand access to health insurance, assist senior citizens, and protect the environment. However, his promise to lower taxes would prove to be difficult to keep during the Great Recession, and he eventually relented in 2009 after being sent a budget by the Florida legislature which included a 2.2 billion dollar raise in taxes and fees. He also had a mixed record on environmental issues.

Nonetheless, Crist remained widely popular with Floridians during his term, and in a June 2007 Quinnipiac University polling survey, Crist had a 70 percent approval rating among Floridians. An April 2009 poll showed him with a 68 percent approval rating among Republicans and independents and a 66 percent approval rating among Democrats. Crist drew criticism from the right for supporting the Obama administration's economic stimulus plan. In 2010, rather than seek reelection as governor, he left the Republican Party to run for the Senate as an independent. Shortly thereafter, Crist announced that he had moderated his views against LGBT adoption and marriage.

Fundraising controversies
In February 2006, Crist attended a fundraiser at Mar-a-Lago, hosted by future president Donald Trump, with guests paying $500 to attend. Two of the guests became subjects of controversy. Crist returned $1,000 in campaign contributions to one of those guests as a result.

In 2009, Crist saw the man he had chosen as Florida GOP finance chairman, his former fraternity brother, oil magnate Harry Sargeant III, forced to step down. One of Sargeant's employees, Ala'a al-Ali of the Dominican Republic, was indicted in Los Angeles for organizing $5,000 in illegal campaign contributions to Crist, as well as $50,000 to presidential candidates Hillary Clinton, John McCain and Rudy Giuliani.

Role in the 2008 presidential election
Senator John McCain endorsed Crist's 2006 campaign for governor, traveling the state to campaign with him. The day before the general election, Crist held a campaign event with McCain in Jacksonville. Later, when the Republican presidential primary debates were held in St. Petersburg, Crist embraced McCain. Former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani, who had also campaigned for Crist during the gubernatorial election, had sought his endorsement.

In May 2007, Crist signed legislation moving the date of Florida's presidential primary to January 29, 2008, contrary to national political party rules. Crist joined Michigan governor Jennifer Granholm in asking that their states' delegates be seated. Both national conventions ended up seating all delegates, but with only a half vote each for the sanctioned states.

On January 26, 2008, Crist endorsed McCain in the Republican primary. McCain won the Florida primary by five percentage points.

On October 28, 2008, Crist extended early voting hours of operation and declared that a "state of emergency exists", due to record voter turnout and resultant hours-long waits at locations throughout the state.

On November 12–14, 2008, Crist hosted the Republican Governors Association (RGA) annual meeting in Miami. Held the week after the Democratic Party victories in the 2008 election, there was speculation about the meeting's tone. Then Alaska governor Sarah Palin, the defeated 2008 Republican vice presidential nominee, was a featured participant and speaker.

Crist's speech at the RGA conference, "Listen to the Voters and Serve", included his sentiments on how the GOP should evolve:

"This party can no longer hope to reach Hispanics, African Americans and other minority groups – we need to just do it. Embracing cultures and lifestyles will make us a better party and better leaders. This desire for inclusiveness is near and dear to my heart ... Last week, the American people made a choice and this week, if we choose to call ourselves leaders, if we truly endeavor to serve with a servant's heart for the people who count on us, then we too must work together, listen to one another and learn from the leaders who made the kind of history the American people deserve."

Crist held a joint interview with Governor Mark Sanford of South Carolina in which they discussed the split in the Republican Party over where to direct the party's efforts to gain more voters.

2010 U.S. Senate campaign
On May 12, 2009, Crist announced that he would not run for reelection as governor in 2010, making him the first Florida governor not to run for reelection since 1964. Instead he ran for the US Senate. His two main opponents were former Florida House speaker Marco Rubio, and U.S. representative Kendrick Meek.

Crist was initially the front-runner in the Republican primary, but later trailed Rubio in polls.

Crist announced his intent to run as an unaffiliated candidate in the election, while at the same time, according to a press release from his campaign, he remained a registered Republican. Crist officially changed his registration status to "non party affiliated" on May 13, 2010. He did not return campaign contributions made while he was a Republican. Crist lost the general election, receiving 29.7% of the vote to Rubio's 48.9% and Meek's 20.2%.

In April 2011, as part of a settlement of a copyright lawsuit brought by musician David Byrne, Crist apologized for his Senate campaign's use of Byrne's song "Road to Nowhere" without permission.

By the spring of 2015, there was speculation that Crist would seek the Democratic nomination for the 2016 United States Senate election in Florida. This would have been his third run for the seat (he lost in 1998 and 2010). In March 2015, Crist said he would not seek the nomination. In the same month he endorsed U.S. congressman Patrick Murphy's Senate candidacy.

Hiatus (2011–2014)
In January 2011, Crist joined the Tampa office of national personal injury law firm Morgan & Morgan after expressing an interest in returning to the legal field during his final week in office as governor of Florida. Crist worked primarily in the firm's class-action sector as a complex-litigation attorney, serving as a "rainmaker" for the firm. In November 2016, after almost six years with the firm, he was elected to represent Florida's 13th congressional district. In February 2018, Brad Slager of Sunshine State News, cited evidence that Morgan & Morgan was "attempting to purge all evidence" of its relationship with Crist now that he was a "rookie congressman" with "little-to-no power".

In 2013, Crist performed paid consulting work for Coastal Construction, a Miami-based construction firm owned by Crist's longtime friend Tom Murphy, the father of former U.S. representative Patrick Murphy.

Crist has been a part-time guest lecturer at Stetson University College of Law, with the title of Distinguished Professorial Lecturer.

In August 2012, Crist endorsed President Obama in his campaign for reelection over Republican nominee Mitt Romney, saying that the Republican Party "pitched so far to the extreme right on issues important to women, immigrants, seniors and students that they've proven incapable of governing for the people." Crist was a speaker at the 2012 Democratic National Convention in Charlotte, North Carolina, saying, "I didn't leave the Republican Party; it left me."

Party switch and The Party's Over
On December 7, 2012, Crist announced that he had joined the Democratic Party. In July 2013, Crist began writing a book, with Newsday columnist Ellis Henican, about his political transition. The book, The Party's Over: How the Extreme Right Hijacked the GOP and I Became a Democrat, was released in February 2014. In the book, Crist claimed that his career in the Republican Party was destroyed by a hug between him and Obama at a Fort Myers town hall on February 10, 2009. "It was the kind of hug I'd exchanged with thousands and thousands of Floridians over the years", Crist wrote. "I didn't think a thing about it as it was happening." But it "ended my viable life as a Republican politician. I would never have a future in my old party again. My bipartisan hopes and dreams, I would discover soon enough to my shock and disappointment, were vastly overstated and hopelessly out of date."

In May 2014, Crist told Fusion's Jorge Ramos that he had left the Republican Party because of its racial attitudes. "I couldn't be consistent with myself and my core beliefs, and stay with a party that was so unfriendly toward the African-American president—I'll just go there", Crist said. "I was a Republican and I saw the activists and what they were doing. It was intolerable to me." The Washington Post Chris Cillizza rejected this claim, citing Tampa Bay Times political editor Adam Smith as saying that Crist "was happy as a Republican when the polls showed him leading Marco Rubio by 20 points." Cilizza wrote that Crist's party switch "epitomized for many within the Republican base that Crist lacked any core principles or beliefs and, instead, simply went with whatever was popular at the moment."

In a review in The New Republic, Isaac Chotiner called The Party's Over "a dishonest and boring memoir" by "a man with no convictions". Writing in Rolling Stone magazine in 2014, Jeb Lund described Crist as "a Republican conveniently converted to Democrat", adding, "what made Crist dynamic as a Republican ... was a vaguely populist nose-thumbing at Republican orthodoxy", and that "Charlie Crist is a Democrat only if you are a Republican."

2014 gubernatorial election
On November 1, 2013, Crist filed to run for governor as a Democrat. He won the Democratic nomination but was defeated in the general election by Republican incumbent Rick Scott. Crist holds the rare distinction of losing a statewide general election in Florida as a Republican, a Democrat and an Independent.

2016
On October 20, 2015, Crist announced that he would seek the Democratic nomination for Florida's 13th congressional district, his home district, in the 2016 U.S. House of Representatives elections. He had previously announced on Twitter that he would not run for political office in 2016. Republican incumbent David Jolly, who succeeded 43-year incumbent Bill Young in a 2014 special election, was vacating the seat to run for the same Senate seat for which Crist ran in 1998 and 2010.

But when Senator Marco Rubio decided to run for reelection, Jolly dropped out of the Senate race and sought reelection to the House, even though the 13th District had become significantly friendlier to Democrats when a court tossed out Florida's original congressional map. The new map drew nearly all of St. Petersburg, along with most of the more Democratic southern portion of Pinellas County, into the 13th. The district had been in Republican hands without interruption since 1955, and had been one of the first areas of Florida to turn Republican. However, it had become more of a swing district at the presidential level since the 1990s; it has supported a Democrat for president in all but one election since 1992.

In the general election, Crist defeated Jolly 52–48%, becoming the first Democrat to win the seat in 62 years.

2018
In 2018, Crist was endorsed by the League of Conservation Voters (LCV) Action Fund, which called him "a leader on protecting Florida from and planning for the impacts of climate change during his time as Governor and in Congress." Crist won a second term with 57 percent of the vote.

Tenure
Crist was sworn in on January 3, 2017. He was a member of the Blue Dog Coalition, the New Democrat Coalition, the Climate Solutions Caucus and the U.S.–Japan Caucus.

On December 18, 2019, Crist voted for both articles of impeachment against President Donald Trump.

On January 13, 2021, Crist voted in favor of the single article of impeachment against President Trump during the second impeachment of Donald Trump.

Crist introduced H.R. 305, which presented the Congressional Gold Medal to Officer Eugene Goodman for his valor during the January 6 United States Capitol attack.

On August 31, 2022, Crist resigned from Congress to focus on his gubernatorial campaign.

Committee assignments

 * Committee on Appropriations
 * Subcommittee on Defense
 * Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies
 * Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government
 * Committee on Science, Space, and Technology
 * Subcommittee on Environment
 * Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics

Caucus memberships

 * New Democrat Coalition
 * Blue Dog Coalition
 * Climate Solutions Caucus
 * U.S.–Japan Caucus

2022 gubernatorial election
On May 4, 2021, Crist announced his intention to run for the Democratic nomination in the 2022 Florida gubernatorial election against incumbent Ron DeSantis. "[I'm] running on decency and mutual respect," Crist explained. "I love people. And I feel for ’em right now. Gay people. Women. Blacks. They’re getting the crap kicked out of ’em by this guy. It’s wrong. Somebody has to stop him." Crist won the primary election on August23, 2022, and advanced to face DeSantis in the general election on November 8, 2022. Crist's running mate for lieutenant governor was union leader Karla Hernández-Mats, president of the United Teachers of Dade. However, Crist was defeated by DeSantis, receiving 40% of the vote compared to DeSantis's 59%.

Ambassadorship
On June 7, 2023, the White House announced that President Joe Biden had nominated Crist for the position of United States ambassador to the International Civil Aviation Organization, a United Nations agency.

Abortion
In 1995, while in the Florida Senate, Crist joined with two Democrats in the Senate Health Care Committee in voting against a proposal for a mandatory 24-hour waiting period before a woman could have an abortion, resulting in a 3–3 tie vote and the bill's defeat.

In 1998, while running for the U.S. Senate, Crist wrote in a Tampa Bay Times questionnaire: "I believe that a woman has the right to choose, but would prefer only after careful consideration and consultation with her family, her physician and her clergy; not her government." In a debate that year, he said he did not support a constitutional amendment banning abortion. In 2006, while running for governor, Crist said he did not support overturning Roe v. Wade and opposed a mandatory 24-hour waiting period before a woman could have an abortion.

In 2006, Crist's stance on abortion was characterized as unclear.

In early 2010, Crist said he would "fight for pro-life legislative efforts" and described himself as "pro-life".

By March 2010, however, as rumors swirled that he would leave the Republican Party and become an independent, Crist reiterated that he did not support overturning Roe v. Wade and told a Christian Family Coalition group, "We ought to, instead of change laws, change hearts."

In June 2010, after leaving the Republican Party and becoming an independent, Crist vetoed a bill that would have required, at patient cost, an ultrasound in order to receive an abortion. He called the measure "punitive" and "almost mean-spirited". The bill also included language barring abortion coverage "under a contract toward which any tax credit or cost-sharing credit is applied."

In June 2022, Crist harshly criticized the U.S. Supreme Court's overturning of Roe v. Wade, calling it "shameful, harmful, and wrong."

Cuba
In May 2014, Crist publicly supported lifting the United States embargo against Cuba, arguing it has not helped to change the Cuban government. He had supported the embargo earlier as both a Republican and independent. Also in 2014, he announced he had requested the Department of State's permission to travel to Cuba with a delegation of business, academic and economic development officials. In June, Crist indefinitely postponed the trip.

In 2019, Crist quietly visited Cuba to meet with Cuban officials, despite high bilateral tensions due to alleged Cuban support for the Maduro regime in Venezuela. The three-day trip was not announced by his congressional office and was disclosed due to required filings in the House of Representatives Committee on Ethics, with no details about it on Crist's House website. The trip was sponsored by the Center for Democracy in the Americas, an organization that "promotes a U.S. policy toward Cuba based on engagement and recognition of Cuba's sovereignty", according to its website. Photos of Crist smiling during a meeting with Cuban officials, including Cuban foreign minister Bruno Rodríguez, were published in the official newspaper of Cuba's Communist Party during his stay.

Environmental policy
In June 2008, Crist proposed that Florida buy 187000 acre from the United States Sugar Corporation for $1.75 billion. The proposed purchase would have removed about 187,000 acres of sugar farming for Everglades restoration efforts. A fairness commission found that price to be too high by $400 million and, ultimately, the purchase was reduced to 73000 acre of not only sugar, but also citrus for about $590 million in 2010, greatly setting back the originally touted restoration effort.

In 2007, Crist signed executive orders to impose stricter air pollution standards in Florida, with an aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In his gubernatorial campaign, he opposed offshore oil drilling. He altered that position in June 2008, when oil reached peak prices, saying, "I mean, let's face it, the price of gas has gone through the roof, and Florida families are suffering, and my heart bleeds for them."

Fiscal policies
Crist supported President Obama's American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, a stimulus package in response to the Great Recession. Fellow Republicans were angered by Crist's support for the stimulus.

Crist called the act a "godsend", maintaining that it had saved the jobs of nearly 20,000 Florida schoolteachers and other school workers in 2009–2010.

Felons' voting rights
In a February 12, 2018, USA Today op-ed, Crist wrote that Florida was "one of only three states that permanently bans non-violent, ex-felons from voting" and that this "disenfranchisement of 1.5 million of our fellow citizens is shameful."

Gun policy
In 2008, Crist signed a provision preventing employers from prohibiting employees from bringing firearms to the workplace, as long as the weapons are secure and the employees have a concealed carry license.

After the December 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, Crist announced a reversal of some of his previous stances on gun control. Before 2012, he had sometimes accused his opponents of not supporting gun rights strongly enough. He was endorsed by the NRA in 2006. In 2012, Crist announced that he supported reinstating the Federal Assault Weapons Ban, banning high-capacity magazines, and instating more extensive background checks. In the wake of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, he announced his support for additional measures, including a ban on bump stocks, and also said he did not support arming teachers.

When he left office as governor in 2011, Crist had an A rating from the NRA. In 2016, he received an F rating from the NRA.

Immigration
In June 2017, Crist was one of 24 House Democrats to vote for Kate's Law. The next month, he was one of five Democrats to vote to fund President Trump's border wall, and the next day, issued a statement saying that he opposed the wall.

LGBT rights
In 2006, as a proposed state constitutional amendment banning same-sex unions was headed to the ballot in Florida, Crist said that such an amendment was unnecessary because state law already barred same-sex marriages. But in September 2005, he had signed a petition for the amendment during the Republican primary at the Christian Coalition's request. Crist said in campaign materials at the time that he supported "traditional marriage". In 2008, he said he voted for the amendment, which passed.

In a debate and a radio talk show appearance in 2006, Crist indicated support for civil unions.

As governor, Crist downplayed the marriage issue, saying in a late 2007 CNN appearance: "It's not an issue that moves me. I'm just a live-and-let-live kind of guy."

For some time Crist supported Florida's ban on same-sex adoption, which had been in place since 1977. He publicly expressed support for the ban beginning when he was attorney general in 2006.

In 2008, Crist again announced his support for the Federal Marriage Amendment. Also that year, he told the Orlando Sentinel that the issue was not "top-tier" for him, even as he supported a Florida ballot measure to amend the state constitution prohibiting same-sex marriage that passed later that year.

Also in 2008, in the case of In re Gill, a Miami-Dade judge struck down the ban on same-sex couple adoption. As the case proceeded through appeals, Crist expressed support for the adoption ban as late as February 2010, but by June 2010, expressed openness to changing Florida law to allow same-sex adoption, saying a better approach "would be to let judges make that decision on a case-by-case basis."

In September 2010, Crist said that he had had an "appropriate evolution" on gay rights and was considering dropping the state's appeal of to block gay adoption. Days later, after an appeals court affirmed gay couples had a right to adopt, Crist hailed the ruling "a very good day for Florida" and "a great day for children" and announced that the state would no longer seek to enforce the ban. In a Senate debate the next month, he attributed his shift in positions to "the convergence of life experience and wisdom", saying he had become more tolerant and become less judgmental with age.

At about the same time in 2010, he declared his support for civil unions encompassing "the full range of legal protections" including "access to a loved one in the hospital, inheritance rights, the fundamental things people need to take care of their families." The voter-enacted 2008 state constitutional amendment Crist supported may nonetheless have prohibited them.

On May 9, 2013, Crist announced that he supports same-sex marriage: "I most certainly support marriage equality in Florida and look forward to the day it happens here."

In January 2014, Crist apologized for his support for the 2008 same-sex marriage ban and for the same-sex adoption ban, telling an Orlando LGBT publication: "I'm sorry I did that. It was a mistake. I was wrong. Please forgive me."

Marijuana legalization
Crist said "fully legalizing marijuana" would bring about "true justice in our state and in our country" in announcing his candidacy for governor in 2021. He also voted for the Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement (MORE) Act to legalize cannabis at the federal level and expunge cannabis convictions in 2020. In 2018, he introduced the Fairness in Federal Drug Testing Under State Laws Act to limit the firing of federal workers and denial of applicants for cannabis use.

Other issues
As governor, Crist supported capital punishment. He reiterated his support for it in October 2022.

After claims that computerized voting machines undercounted votes in black communities, Crist endorsed legislation requiring paper records of all ballots cast in elections.

In April 2010, Crist vetoed an education bill that would have linked teacher pay to test scores, a piece of legislation conservatives strongly supported.

Crist supported increased regulation of the insurance industry, including property insurance rates (in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina) and health insurance. The Citizen's Property Insurance Corp and the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund had been described as risky and underfunded. Standing next to former football star Dan Marino (whose son, Michael, is autistic and inspired the Dan Marino Foundation ), Crist signed a law expanding health coverage statewide for autism disorders and legislation expanding low-income coverage and creating public and private insurance options in Florida.

The abortion hurdles bill Crist vetoed in June 2010 also included some provisions "intended to thwart" the Affordable Care Act, the federal health care reform legislation championed by President Obama.

In April 2022, Crist said he opposed the repeal of the Reedy Creek Improvement Act, arguing that it would hurt Florida's economy and tourism.

Personal life
In July 1979, Crist married Amanda Morrow. They divorced within a year.

Crist became engaged to Carole Rome on July 3, 2008, after nine months of dating, and they married on December 12 of that year at the First Methodist Church of St. Petersburg, of which Crist is a member. In February 2017, Crist announced that he had filed for divorce, and the divorce was completed that year.

In 2022, while running for governor again, Crist said that he was engaged to a medical sonographer whom he had met in 2017 and who is the mother of six children.

Books

 * The Party's Over: How the Extreme Right Hijacked the GOP and I Became a Democrat (2014) ISBN 978-0525954415

title: Charlie Crist


text:
Murtala

Murtala is a given name. Notable people with the name include:

 * Murtala Muhammed (1938–1976), Nigerian general and 4th Head of State of Nigeria
 * Ibrahim Murtala Muhammed (born 1974), Ghanaian politician
 * Murtala Nyako (born 1942), Nigerian politician and military administrator

title: Murtala