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User talk:Evildave

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Viriditas 00:34, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
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I believe you should post feature requests on MediaWiki. I have linked to the section where you can add your request. --Viriditas 00:37, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Evildave


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Finding Your IP Address

Finding Your IP Address

 * transwikied to Finding Your IP Address where it should belong. recommended speedy.  --Ryan Pugatch 00:35, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Done. If you perform the transwiki, you can probably put  on the page and explain that the transwiki has been done and avoid the VfD page altogether. Geogre 04:23, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
TCN

TCN is the flagship television station of the Nine Network in Australia. The station is currently located at 1 Denison Street, North Sydney. The licence, issued to a company named Television Corporation Ltd headed by Sir Frank Packer, was one of the first four licences (two in Sydney, two in Melbourne) to be issued for commercial television stations in Australia. TCN-9 is the home of the NRL coverage and national-level Nine News bulletins.

History
TCN began broadcasting on 16 September 1956, and became the first television station in Australia to begin regular transmissions. Test broadcasts, initially consisting of a test slide and later documentaries and dramas, had commenced two months earlier on 13 July 1956. The first TV tower was built there at 24 Artarmon Rd, Willoughby, in 1956 and rose 171 m (561 ft) in height,    but was replaced by a taller one in 1965 which is the tallest lattice tower in Australia at 233 m (764 ft), and is now operated by TXA Australia which operates another tower nearby at Artarmon.

The first words spoken on the station were by John Godson, who introduced the station audio-only, shortly before the first program, This Is Television, was introduced by Bruce Gyngell. As Godson's voice only was heard, Gyngell (who spoke and was seen) is regarded as the first person to "appear" on Australian television. Original footage of Gyngell's opening address is not believed to exist but it was re-created in 1959 to have a representation in the archives (albeit, not the real thing). Other early programming included the 1958 variety music program Bandstand which was launched by Brian Henderson. It lasted for 14 years on the station and launched the careers of many Australian performers.

In 1957, the station formed an affiliation with Melbourne station HSV-7, allowing them to share programming. In 1963, station affiliations changed; TCN-9 formed part of the National Television Network with GTV-9 in Melbourne, QTQ-9 in Brisbane and NWS-9 in Adelaide. These stations formed the basis of what is now the Nine Network, although only the Sydney and Melbourne stations were owned by the Packer-controlled company Nine Network Limited.

On Sir Frank Packer's death in 1974 ownership of Nine Network passed to his younger son Kerry Packer. Kerry's older brother Clyde Packer had been groomed to take over from their father but after a bitter split with his father ca. 1972 he relinquished his role in the company and subsequently moved to the USA.

On 2 March 1981, the station began broadcasting at the Kingsgate Hyatt Tower (now Elan Building) on UHF channel 49, later moving to UHF channel 52 in February 1983 to allow for ABC and SBS to set up transmitters there. This transmitter was installed to cover areas of central Sydney where reception is affected by the ghosting caused by the high-rise buildings in Sydney's central business district.

In January 1987, Kerry Packer sold the Sydney and Melbourne stations to Alan Bond's Bond Media for $1.055 billion, including $200 million in shares of Bond Media. Bond already owned the Perth and Brisbane Nine affiliate stations (among others). In 1990, Bond Media's inability to pay out preference shares to Packer forced Nine into receivership. In July 1990, Packer bought back the expanded Nine Network (Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane) for only $200 million, one-fifth of what he sold it for. Perth was not included due to Bond selling it to Sunraysia Television before Packer buying back the company.

In 1994, Packer's print operations (owned by Australian Consolidated Press) and the Nine Network were merged into one new company, Publishing and Broadcasting Limited (PBL). On 1 October 1997, TCN-9 performed the first on-air trial of digital broadcasting in the southern hemisphere.

TCN commenced digital television transmission on 1 January 2001, broadcasting on VHF Channel 8 while maintaining analogue transmission on VHF Channel 9. The analogue signal for TCN was shut off at 9.00am AEDST, Tuesday, 3 December 2013.

In 2014 and 2015, TCN produced both Inside Story and The Verdict for the Nine Network, hosted by Leila McKinnon and Karl Stefanovic respectively. The Verdict did not build a solid audience and as expected the program was axed in 2016.

In January 2017, following the affiliation formed between Nine and Southern Cross in 2016, the station became home to the new Nine News Canberra and Southern NSW bulletins. The bulletins were anchored by Vanessa O'Hanlon.

In late 2018, It was announced that after 25 years on air, the Nine Network axed and retired The NRL Footy Show, bringing to an end 25 years of live primetime variety from the station.

It was also announced to public and then staff, that after 64 years in Willoughby, TCN would move to North Sydney. This move occurred in stages throughout the second half of 2020. The final broadcast of Sydney’s Nine News from Willoughby, took place on Friday 20 November 2020. The final broadcast from Willoughby was Weekend Today on Saturday 21 November 2020, with Nine News commencing at North Sydney that evening.

Studio A: Lifestyle and Entertainment

 * 100% Footy (2021–present)
 * Nine's Sports Coverage Including National Rugby League, Wimbledon tennis, Super Rugby AU and Australian Open coverage (2021–present)
 * Sports Sunday (2021–present)
 * The Sunday Footy Show (NRL) (2021–present)
 * Today (various segments) (2021–present)
 * Today Extra (various segments) (2021–present)

Studio B: 9News Sydney

 * A Current Affair (2021–present)
 * 9News Sydney statewide (Except Northern NSW) (2020–present)
 * 60 Minutes (2020–present)
 * Today (2020–present)
 * Today Extra (2020–present)
 * Weekend Today (2020–present)
 * 9News Morning (2020–present)
 * 9News Afternoon Sydney (2020–present)
 * 9News Late (Sundays only, 2020–present)
 * Sports Sunday (February 2021 – March 2021) (Now presented from Studio A since March 2021)
 * The Sunday Footy Show (2020–present) (Now presented from Studio A since March 2021)
 * 100% Footy (2020–present) (Now presented from Studio A since March 2021)

Studio C: Secondary/back-up news studio

 * 9News Early (2020–present)

Studio D

 * Nine Digital and Nine Publishing segments (2020–present)

Studio E

 * 9Honey Segments (2021–present)

Studio 1:9News Sydney

 * 9News Sydney statewide (1956–2020)
 * 60 Minutes (1979–2020)
 * Today (1982–2012)
 * Weekend Today (2009–2012)
 * 9News Morning (2012–2016)
 * A Current Affair (2012–2016)
 * 9News Late (Sundays only, 2020)

Studio 2: Lifestyle and Entertainment
Weekdays:
 * 9News Sydney statewide (2020)
 * Today (2020)
 * Today Extra (2020)
 * 9News Morning (2020)
 * 9News Afternoon (2020)
 * 9News Late (Sundays only, 2020)
 * Inside Story (2014–2015)
 * The Mike Walsh Show (1977-1984)
 * The Mike Walsh At Night Show 1985

Weekends: The
 * Weekend Today (2012–2020)
 * The Sunday Footy Show (1992–2020)
 * Sports Sunday (2017–2020)
 * 100% Footy (2018–2020)
 * Nine's Wide World of Sports (1981–1999, 2008–2016)

Studio 24: Secondary/back-up news studio

 * Nine News updates (2014–2020)
 * 60 Minutes (2020)
 * Nine News Southern NSW and ACT (2017–2020)
 * A Current Affair (2012)
 * Today news updates during OB (2014)

Studio 3: National Newsroom

 * Nine's Early Morning News (2009–2020)
 * Today Extra (2016–2020)
 * A Current Affair (2016–2020)

Filmed at Fox Studios Australia

 * William & Sparkles' Magical Tales (2010–2016)
 * Surprises! (2012–2014)
 * Kitchen Whiz (2011–2015)
 * Move It (2013–2018)

Location

 * Getaway (1992–present)
 * Australian Ninja Warrior (2017–present)
 * ARIA Awards (2011–2013, 2017–present)
 * Suncorp Super Netball coverage (2017–present)
 * NRL coverage
 * Australian Open coverage (2019–present)

Past

 * Love Island Australia Afterparty (2021)
 * Nine News Southern NSW and ACT (2017–2021) replaced by WIN News  from July 2021.
 * Your Domain (2019–2020)
 * Schools Spectacular (2013–2016)
 * Financial Review Sunday (2013–2014)
 * Nine News at 7.00 (2013, on 9Gem)
 * Kerri-Anne (entitled Mornings With Kerri-Anne) (2002–2011)
 * Here's Humphrey (1965–2008)
 * Hi-5 (1999–2011)
 * Hi-5 USA (2003–2006)
 * Cushion Kids (2001) (From the creators of Hi-5)
 * New MacDonald's Farm (2004–2008)
 * Nightline (1992–2008, 2009–2010)
 * Nine News Sunday AM Edition (2008–2009)
 * Things To Try Before You Die (2007)
 * The Chopping Block (2008)
 * Domestic Blitz (2008–2010)
 * The Music Jungle (2007–2008)
 * The Sunday Roast (2004–2007)
 * Your Business Success (2004–2007)
 * Sunday (1981–2008)
 * A Current Affair (1988–2008, production moved to Melbourne) (2012–present)
 * Accent on Strings (1956)
 * Accent on Youth (1958)
 * Adventures of the Little Koala (1990)
 * Australia's Amateur Hour (1957–1958)
 * Body Work (2005)
 * Boots N' All (2001–2005)
 * Campfire Favourites (1956)
 * Counterpoints (1958)
 * Fresh Cooking (2001–2009)
 * Burke's Backyard (1987–2004)
 * Burgo's Catch Phrase (1997–2003)
 * Eric Baume's Viewpoint (1959–1961)
 * Eunice Gardiner Presents (1958)
 * Flat Chat (2001)
 * Fun Farm (1956–1957)
 * The George Wallace Show (1960)
 * Happy Go Lucky (1961)
 * The Home Show (1956–1957)
 * The Johnny O'Connor Show (1956)
 * Joe Martin's Late Show (1959)
 * The Lucky Show (1959–1961)
 * The Midday Show (1973–1998)
 * The Footy Show (NRL) (1994–2018)
 * The Verdict (2015–2016)
 * Music for You (1958–1960)
 * My Two Wives (1993)
 * The N.R.M.A Show (1957)
 * Outback Jack (2004–2005)
 * Rendezvous at Romano's (1957)
 * The Block (2003–2004, 2013 – All Stars edition), production moved to GTV
 * The Sullivans (1976–1983)
 * Say It with Music (1957–1958)
 * Skating on Thin Ice (2005)
 * So Fresh (2002–2006)
 * Super Flying Fun Show (1970–1980)
 * This Afternoon (2009)
 * This Is Your Life (1995–2005), production moved to GTV
 * Torvill and Dean's Dancing on Ice (2006)
 * Town Talk (1957)
 * TV Disc Jockey (1957–1958)
 * Water Rats (1996–2001)
 * What's My Line (1956–1958)
 * Wide World of Sports (1981–1999)
 * The World of Glamour (1964–1965)
 * The Young Doctors (1976–1983)
 * The Paul Hogan Show (1973–1984)
 * Comedy Inc. (parts) (2003–2007)
 * 9StreamLIVE (2013)
 * Nine News Now (2013–2019)

News
9News Sydney is TCN's flagship nightly news bulletin presented by Peter Overton on Monday to Friday nights and Georgie Gardner on Saturday & Sunday nights. Sports news is presented by James Bracey on Sunday to Thursday nights and Roz Kelly on Friday and Saturday nights. Amber Sherlock presents the weather on Sunday to Thursday nights and Belinda Russell on Friday and Saturday nights. Jayne Azzopardi and Mark Burrows are regular fill-in presenters.

Brian Henderson was Nine's Sydney news presenter for a record 45 years - including 38 years presenting on weeknights. Retiring in November 2002, Henderson was succeeded as weeknight presenter by Jim Waley, who was at the time host of the Sunday program and was one of Nine's most experienced presenters.

In January 2005, despite some considerable ratings success, Waley was replaced as weeknight presenter by Mark Ferguson, who was previously the weekend presenter. Ferguson's successor as weekend presenter Mike Munro resigned in 2008 and was replaced by Michael Usher.

In 2009, following a continuing run of poor ratings, Ferguson was demoted to his former role as weekend news presenter, with Peter Overton taking over as news presenter on weeknights. Later in the year, Ferguson was removed from the presenting duties on the Sydney bulletins after announcing his decision to move to the Seven Network, but he didn't move to Seven until he trialled the hosting duties on Nine's Afternoon News only appearing on-air up until his departure on 25 September 2009.

Deborah Knight was appointed as Friday & Saturday night presenter with Peter Overton now also presenting the Sunday night bulletin.

In 2011, Nine News Sydney officially overtook Seven News Sydney in the ratings for the first time in seven years, winning 26 weeks to Seven's 14 weeks.

News presenters

 * Peter Overton (Sunday – Thursday)
 * Georgie Gardner (Friday & Saturday)

Sport presenters

 * James Bracey (Sunday – Thursday)
 * Roz Kelly (Friday & Saturday)

Weather presenters

 * Amber Sherlock (Sunday – Thursday)
 * Belinda Russell (Friday & Saturday)

Fill-in presenters

 * Georgie Gardner (news)
 * Mark Burrows (news)
 * Jayne Azzopardi (news)
 * Roz Kelly (sport)
 * Danika Mason (sport)
 * Emma Lawrence (sport)
 * Belinda Russell (weather)
 * Sophie Walsh (weather)
 * Kate Creedon (weather)
 * Zara James (weather)
 * Airlie Walsh (weather)

Reporters

 * Charles Croucher (Political editor)
 * Andrew Probyn (National affairs editor)
 * Chris Kohler (Finance editor)
 * Eliza Edwards (Federal politics reporter)
 * Claudia Vrdoljak (Federal politics reporter)
 * Amanda Copp (Federal politics reporter)
 * Brett McLeod (Europe correspondent)
 * Edward Godfrey (Europe correspondent)
 * Jessica Millward (Europe correspondent)
 * Alison Piotrowski (US correspondent)
 * Jonathan Kearsley (US correspondent)
 * Lauren Tomasi (US correspondent)
 * Mark Burrows (senior reporter)
 * Damian Ryan (senior reporter)
 * Eddy Meyer (senior reporter)
 * Liz Daniels (State political reporter)
 * Tiffiny Genders (Chief court reporter)
 * Emma Partridge (Senior crime editor)
 * Gabriella Rogers (Medical reporter)
 * Mike Dalton (Special features reporter)
 * Jayne Azzopardi (senior reporter)
 * Vicky Jardim (senior reporter)
 * Kate Creedon (senior reporter)
 * Sophie Walsh (senior reporter)
 * Airlie Walsh (senior reporter)
 * Ruth Wynn-Williams (senior reporter)
 * Hayley Francis (senior reporter)
 * Elizabeth Bryan (senior reporter)
 * Zara James (senior reporter)
 * Sophie Upcroft (senior reporter)
 * James Wilson (senior reporter)
 * Bianca Balzer (senior reporter)
 * Annalise Bolt (senior reporter)
 * Massilia Aili (senior reporter)
 * Maggie Raworth (senior reporter)
 * Alex Heinke (senior reporter)
 * Maddison Scott (senior reporter)
 * Erin Ramsey (senior reporter)
 * Danny Weidler (Chief rugby league reporter)
 * Danika Mason (Sport reporter)
 * Emma Lawrence (Sport reporter)
 * Zac Bailey (Sport reporter)
 * Samuel Djodan (Sport reporter)
 * Luke Dufficy (Sport reporter)
 * Tom Marriott (Sport reporter)
 * Simon Bouda (A Current Affair crime editor)
 * Lizzie Pearl (A Current Affair Sydney reporter)
 * Steve Marshall (A Current Affair Sydney reporter)
 * Nat Wallace (A Current Affair Sydney reporter)
 * Hannah Sinclair (A Current Affair Sydney reporter)
 * Gabrielle Boyle (Today Sydney reporter)
 * Lara Vella (Today Sydney reporter)
 * Sarah Stewart (Today Sydney reporter)
 * Bethan Yeoman (Today Sydney reporter)
 * Jack Hahn (Today Sydney reporter)
 * Lara Vella (Today Sydney reporter)
 * Sarah Stewart (Today Sydney reporter)
 * Bethan Yeoman (Today Sydney reporter)
 * Jack Hahn (Today Sydney reporter)

Past presenters

 * Chuck Faulkner (1956–1964)
 * Brian Henderson (1964–2002)
 * Mike Munro (January 2005 – October 2008)
 * Ian Ross (1980s–2001)
 * Jim Waley (1980s–2005)
 * Mark Ferguson (January 2005 – January 2009)
 * Mike Walsh (entertainment host 1977 - 1985)

title: TCN


text:
StrataCom

StrataCom, Inc. was a supplier of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and Frame Relay high-speed wide area network (WAN) switching equipment. StrataCom was founded in Cupertino, California, United States, in January 1986, by 26 former employees of the failing Packet Technologies, Inc. StrataCom produced the first commercial cell switch, also known as a fast-packet switch. ATM was one of the technologies underlying the world's communications systems in the 1990s.

Origins of the IPX at Packet Technologies
Internet pioneer Paul Baran was a founder of PacketCable and provided the spark of invention of packet voice at the initiation of the Integrated Packet Exchange (IPX) project. Packet voice was first thought of as an add-on to PacketCable's advanced cable system but soon became a telephony product. PacketCable was renamed Packet Technologies as a result of the addition of the IPX project to the company. (StrataCom's IPX communication system is unrelated to Novell's IPX Internetwork Packet Exchange protocol.)

The IPX was initially known as the PacketDAX, which was a play on words of Digital access and cross-connect system (or DACS). A rich collection of inventions were contained in the IPX, and many were provided by the other members of the development team. The names on the original three IPX patents are Paul Baran, Charles Corbalis, Brian Holden, Jim Marggraff, Jon Masatsugu, David Owen and Pete Stonebridge. StrataCom's implementation of ATM was pre-standard and used 24 byte cells instead of the 53 byte cells of the later standards-based ATM. However, many of concepts and details found in the ATM set of standards were derived directly from StrataCom's technology, including the use of CRC-based framing on its links.

The IPX development
The IPX's first use was as a 4-1 voice compression system. It implemented Voice-Activity-Detection (VAD) and ADPCM, which together, gave 4-1 compression allowing 96 telephone calls to be fit into the space of 24. The IPX was also used as an enterprise voice-data networking system as well as a global enterprise networking system. McGraw-Hill's Data communications Magazine included the IPX in its list of "20 Most Significant Communications Products of the Last 20 Years" in a 1992 edition.

The Beta test of the IPX was in Michigan Bell between Livonia, Plymouth, and Northville, 3 suburbs of Detroit. The first customer shipment was to the May Company between department stores in San Diego and Los Angeles. The most significant early use of the IPX was as the backbone of the Covia/United Airlines flight reservation system. It also was used in multiple corporate networks including those of CompuServe, Intel and Hewlett-Packard. Covia and DEC resold the IPX. DEC invested in StrataCom in 1990.

IPX Frame Relay Development
The IPX's most successful use was as the first Frame Relay networking product. It formed the core of the AT&T and CompuServe Frame Relay networks. StrataCom was also involved in the standardization of Frame Relay as a technology in 1990. The FRP card that implemented Frame Relay was introduced in 1991 and perfected in 1992.

The IPX product
The cards in the original 1986 IPX system were:
 * The PCC — The Processor Control Card — a Motorola 68000 based shelf control card
 * The VDP — The Voice Data Processor — Implemented a VAD algorithm and packetized the voice
 * The VCD — The Voice Compressor-Decompressor — Implemented ADPCM
 * The TXR — The Transmit Receive Card — Implemented a T1 interface with packet queues
 * The PIC — The Protection Interface Card — Allowed the T1 interfaces to be swapped

The cards in the 1989 second wave were:
 * The SDP — The Synchronous Data Processor — added V.35, RS-422, and RS-232 data to the IPX. The name FDP referred to the combination of the SDP with a back card. The SDP was a very early use of Xilinx FPGAs, and StrataCom was their largest customer for a time.
 * The CDP — The Circuit Data Processor — Added E1 and integrated echo cancellation

The card in the 1991 third wave was:
 * The FRP — The Frame Relay Processor — Added Frame Relay to the IPX (implemented the SAR function in Motorola 56000 DSP's)

Public listing
StrataCom went public in the fall of 1992 under the ticker symbol STRM. Three of its executives later formed SToRM Ventures. They were Tae HeaNahm, Ryan Floyd and Sanjay Subhedar

The BPX Development
The BPX, which was produced in 1993, increased the speed and sophistication of the Frame Relay offering. It also supported the 53 byte cells of the ATM standard instead the IPX's 24 byte cells. This product was used by AT&T in their frame relay network.

The IGX Development
The original IPX product was sped-up with a bus adapter and re-introduced as the IGX.

Acquisition by Cisco Systems
Cisco Systems acquired StrataCom in 1996 for US$4 billion. The acquired employees formed the core of Cisco's Multi-Service Switching Business Unit and helped to move Cisco more into the high-availability carrier equipment space from the enterprise equipment business that they had largely been in before the acquisition.

StrataCom management
StrataCom's first CEO was Steve Campbell who later went to Packeteer. Dick Moley, who came from ROLM Corporation, served as its CEO for most of its existence. Dave Sant originally led sales, hiring Scott Kriens who later became CEO of Juniper Networks. Bill Stensrud was the founding Vice President of Marketing (and later became a managing partner of venture capital firm Enterprise Partners).

Locations
The company was first located in Cupertino at 10341 Bubb Road. It then moved to Campbell at 3175 Winchester Boulevard and later to San Jose at 1400 Parkmoor Avenue. The company also had a manufacturing building in south San Jose built for it in 1996; this building was selected in 2006 by Nanosolar as the site of a large solar cell factory.

title: StrataCom


text:
K9 (Doctor Who)

K9, occasionally written K-9, is the name of several fictional robotic canines (dogs, the name being a pun on the pronunciation of "canine") in the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who, first appearing in 1977. K9 has also been a central character in three of the series' television spin-offs: the one-off K-9 and Company (1981), The Sarah Jane Adventures (2007–2011) and K9 (2009–2010). Although not originally intended to be a recurring character in the series, K9 was kept in the show following his first appearance because he was expected to be popular with younger audiences. There have been at least four separate K9 units in the series, with the first two being companions of the Fourth Doctor. Voice actor John Leeson has provided the character's voice in most of his appearances, except during season 17 of Doctor Who, in which David Brierley temporarily did so. The character was created by Bob Baker and Dave Martin, to whom rights to the character still belong; consequently, Baker's spin-off series K9, which is not BBC-produced, could not directly reference events or characters from Doctor Who, though it attempted to be a part of that continuity.

Within the series' narrative, K9 is a robot dog acquired by Doctor Who ' s title character (the Doctor) in the 1977 serial The Invisible Enemy. The first two incarnations of the character travelled alongside the Fourth Doctor (portrayed by Tom Baker) until 1981. In these stories, K9 proved useful for the powerful laser weapon concealed in his nose, his encyclopaedic knowledge and his vast computer intelligence. By 1981, each of the two models of K9 which travelled alongside the Doctor had been left with one of the Doctor's female companions. The character subsequently transitioned into spin-off territory. Producers hoped K9's popularity with children would launch the series K-9 and Company, led by actress Elisabeth Sladen in the role of companion Sarah Jane Smith alongside a new K9. In 2006, K9 reappeared in the revived series of Doctor Who. Although the character's appearances in the 2007 spin-off The Sarah Jane Adventures were hampered by the concurrent development of the K9 spin-off, the character began to appear full-time in both K9 and The Sarah Jane Adventures, depicting adventures of the original K9 Mark I and of Mark IV, respectively.

K9 Mark I
K9, retroactively "K9 Mark I" (Leeson), initially appeared in The Invisible Enemy (1977) as the creation of Professor Marius (Frederick Jaeger) in the year 5000. K9 subsequently travelled with the Fourth Doctor (Tom Baker) and Leela (Louise Jameson) as a companion of the Doctor in his adventures in time and space until The Invasion of Time (1978). In this serial, K9 decides to remain on the Doctor's home planet of Gallifrey with Leela. Immediately afterwards, Doctor Who would introduce a second incarnation of K9, played by the same prop; the last scene of The Invasion of Time shows the Doctor unpacking a box labelled "K9 Mk II".

Although the first incarnation of K9 does not appear again in televised Doctor Who media, he is the star of the 2009 K9 television series, in which he undergoes a sort of "regeneration" process from which a new, more sophisticated and futuristic K9 emerges; in the first series of K9, the character is transported to London c. 2050 by Professor Gryffen (Robert Moloney). Though on regeneration the character loses his memory of his adventures with the Doctor, he assists Gryffen and several teenage companions against a dystopian regime of "The Department". The upgraded K9 has new specifications, sporting a sophisticated head-up display, the ability to fly, and more powerful laser weapons.

K9 Mark II
Introduced into the plot in The Invasion of Time, K9 Mark II first actually appears on-screen in The Ribos Operation (1978). More mobile than his predecessor, Mark II exhibited the ability to sense and warn others of danger. He travels as a companion alongside the Doctor and Romana. Around the time of Romana's regeneration (the transition from actress Mary Tamm to Lalla Ward), the K9 character was explained as suffering from "laryngitis" to accommodate Leeson's departure from the series at the start of the 1979–80 season; for this time, he was portrayed by David Brierley, until Leeson's return for the 1980–81 season. When the Doctor and Romana travel to the parallel universe of E-Space, K9 is severely damaged, in Warriors' Gate (1981). The damage was such that K9 could only function in E-Space; when Romana decided to stay and forge her own path, the Doctor gave K9 to her. The character makes subsequent appearances in remakes of the unfinished serial Shada, alongside the Eighth Doctor (Paul McGann); the 2003 Shada audio play and webcast depict K9 Mark II as having returned to Gallifrey with Romana, now Lady President of the Time Lords, where the Doctor visits them.

K9 Mark III
K9 Mark III first appeared in "A Girl's Best Friend", the 1981 pilot for a series, K-9 and Company, which never materialized beyond the first episode. In this, the character is presented to the Doctor's former companion Sarah Jane Smith (Elisabeth Sladen); together, the two embark on a number of adventures. Only the first of these is depicted on-screen; several are shown in comic book and audio play adaptations, and others are alluded to by the television series. Mark III made a brief appearance alongside Sarah Jane in the Doctor Who 20th anniversary ninety-minute special "The Five Doctors" (1983), before appearing properly and for the final time in the revived series' episode "School Reunion" in 2006. By the time of that story, Mark III has fallen into disrepair and eventually sacrifices himself to stop a plot by the alien Krillitane and defeat their leader, Lucas Finch (Anthony Head). In the episode's conclusion, the Doctor presents Sarah Jane with a new K9 to encourage her to continue investigating alien activity; the Doctor "rebuilt" him after the Mark III's sacrifice, implying that he had the same mind and memories as his predecessor while still being a "brand new model".

K9 Mark IV
After debuting in the final scene of "School Reunion" (2006), K9 Mark IV returned in spin-off series The Sarah Jane Adventures ' premiere episode "Invasion of the Bane", where due to licensing issues with creator Bob Baker it is explained that K9 is sealing a black hole and can only communicate briefly and infrequently with Sarah Jane. The character makes a heroic appearance in the first series finale The Lost Boy, to do battle with rogue alien supercomputer Mr Smith (Alexander Armstrong), demonstrating new CGI teleportation and hovering features. K9 Mark IV's interfaces include at least one USB port. Subsequently, the character appears briefly in the Doctor Who series four series finale "Journey's End" (2008), wherein K9 and Mr Smith assist the Doctor in returning Earth to its proper position. K9 next appears in the comedic Red Nose Day 2009 Sarah Jane mini-episode "From Raxacoricofallapatorius with Love". A deal with the creators of K9 having been struck, K9 Mark IV became a regular character in The Sarah Jane Adventures in third series story, The Mad Woman in the Attic (2009), until the series four premiere The Nightmare Man (2010), where he accompanies departing series regular, Sarah Jane's adoptive son Luke Smith (Tommy Knight), to university. He appears again in series four finale, Goodbye, Sarah Jane Smith. Though he doesn't appear in the serial, it is mentioned in The Man Who Never Was (2011) that Luke invented a special dog whistle to summon him with.

Literature
K9's co-creator Dave Martin wrote a series of four children's books entitled The Adventures of K9, published by Sparrow Books in 1980. K9 is travelling on his own in these stories for reasons not explained.

In 1985, a series of gamebooks featuring the Sixth Doctor were published by Severn House under the title Make your own adventure with Doctor Who in Britain and Find Your Fate – Doctor Who in the United States. These books were actually written by scriptwriters for the television series. Martin wrote Search for the Doctor which takes place in the mid-21st century and features Sarah's K9 (at time of publication assumed to be Mark III, but clearly Mark IV in the light of School Reunion) being reunited with the Sixth Doctor long after Sarah's death.

A short story, "Moving On", in Virgin Publishing's Decalog 3: Consequences anthology and the Big Finish Productions-produced Sarah Jane Smith audio play Mirror, Signal, Manoeuvre (both written by Peter Anghelides) indicate that K9 Mark III broke down and Sarah was unable to repair it as the replacement circuits would not be invented for several centuries.

Another short story, "Tautology", by Glenn Langford (Doctor Who Magazine #194), suggests that K9 Mark III's motherboard will be passed down through Sarah's descendants and eventually end up in the hands of Professor Marius, who will use it to build the first K9, creating an ontological paradox.

The Virgin New Adventures seventh Doctor novel Lungbarrow (written by former Doctor TV series writer Marc Platt) featured K9s Marks I and II meeting for the first time on Gallifrey during the events surrounding the disappearance of the Doctor's entire family house and his living relatives, which also featured many previous established Gallifreyan based characters. The two collaborated towards rescuing the Doctor, then current companion Chris Cwej and the Doctor's lost family. This novel also served as the direct lead-in story to the 1996 Doctor Who telemovie.

Jealous, Possessive by Paul Magrs, the "Scorpio" story in Big Finish's anthology Short Trips: Zodiac features K9 Mark I and Mark II relaying their exploits to each other, and their veiled put-downs to each other reveal that each considers the other to be the "inferior" version. This attitude is also occasionally hinted at in the way the two units refer to each other in the Gallifrey audio series.

The Eighth Doctor Adventures novel Interference: Book Two by Lawrence Miles indicates that the Doctor built a Mark IV model sometime prior to the events of that book, but what happened to this unit is not stated. In the novel The Gallifrey Chronicles by Lance Parkin, K9 Mark II makes another appearance, having been trapped within the TARDIS since the events of The Ancestor Cell. At the end of The Gallifrey Chronicles the Doctor sends K9 on a secret mission to Espero, presumably to seek out his former companion, the living TARDIS known as Compassion.

Movie
On 24 October 2015, Bob Baker and Paul Tams announced the film K9: TimeQuake which is destined for cinemas in 2017 and is to feature the robot dog facing off against classic Doctor Who villain Omega in deep space. However, this did not happen leaving it unknown when the movie will be released. In 2018 it was confirmed TimeQuake was confirmed to still be in pre-production, with plans for a prequel TV show to establish K9 for modern audiences before the movie. As of May 2024, no further updates have been made.

Audio plays
In the spin-off media, K9 Mark II remained Romana's faithful companion for many years. In the early 2000s, John Leeson and Lalla Ward featured in a series of audio plays produced by BBV as K9 and "The Mistress", detailing these characters' adventures in a parallel universe. As neither Romana nor E-Space could be licensed, the aliases of the Mistress and the "pocket universe" were used instead.

When Romana eventually returned to her own universe, she brought K9 Mark II with her (presumably having repaired it) and eventually became Lady President of Gallifrey. K9 Mark II is first seen on Gallifrey in the Virgin New Adventures novel Lungbarrow by Marc Platt, alongside K9 Mark I, which had remained with Leela. Both K9 Mark I and Mark II appear, voiced by Leeson, in the Big Finish Productions audio adventure Zagreus and the Gallifrey audio series. Leela's K9 (Mark I) was destroyed at the conclusion of the second Gallifrey series and only Mark II appears in the third series.

K9, played again by John Leeson, also featured in the Big Finish Productions series of Fourth Doctor Adventures – Mark II in Series 2 alongside Mary Tamm (Romana I), Mark I in Series 4 alongside Louise Jameson (Leela) and Mark II in Series 5 alongside Lalla Ward (Romana II)

Online media
In 2003, a webcast adaptation of the never-completed Shada serial was produced for the BBC's Doctor Who website, rewritten as an Eighth Doctor adventure and featuring the post-E-Space versions of Romana II and K9 Mk II.

According to the official website for The Sarah Jane Adventures in 2007, the Doctor stored several presents for Sarah inside K9, including a "sonic lipstick" and a watch that scans for alien life.

Video games
K9 appears in the Lego Dimensions video game. He is part of the Doctor Who Level Pack as a rideable vehicle. Archive recordings of John Leeson's performance was used in-game as he was unavailable.

Conceptual history
K9 was the brainchild of writers Bob Baker and Dave Martin. Its purpose was to have a character that could narrate while the miniaturised clones of the Doctor and Leela were inside the Doctor's body during the events of The Invisible Enemy. Martin's own dog had also been recently run over by a car, and K9 was a car-proof tribute to it.

K9 was not originally intended to be a companion, but producer Graham Williams liked the concept so much that the decision was made to retain him as a regular character, in order to appeal to the younger members of the audience. The original name for the character was "FIDO" – apparently from "Phenomenal [sic] Indication Data Observation" unit – but it was eventually named K9.

The initial idea for realising K9 was to use a small actor inside a robotic Dobermann costume, but that was rejected in favour of a radio-controlled prop, designed by Tony Harding and made by the BBC Visual Effects Department. The Radio Control Model Centre in Harlington Middx owned by Derek Wales was commissioned to build the electronics into the first original basic shell and consequently the centre operated the dog on set for the BBC. The robot suffered from numerous technical problems during its time in the series, often malfunctioning because the radio controls interfered with the cameras and vice versa. On location, K9 also proved unable to traverse uneven terrain, and shots had to be conceived with this in mind. Workarounds included using a concealed piece of twine to pull the character along (this string can be clearly seen in a shot of K9 on Brighton Beach), or laying wooden planks on which it could roll.

K9's innards were redesigned twice more over the course of the series, firstly in collaboration with a company called Slough Radio Control. It allowed one of its employees, Nigel Brackley, to be seconded to the series semi-permanently to supervise the prop. Brackley, who has since gone on to a career in the movie industry, controlled K9 for many of its studio appearances. Eventually, there came a point where the dog's inherent liabilities were outweighing his assets, and the internal mechanisms were completely rebuilt by designer Charlie Lumm. The wheels were enlarged and given independent drives for power and better manoeuvrability, and the radio controls were switched from AM to FM signals to resist interference. However, by the time the improved model made his debut in State of Decay, the first story recorded for Season 18, the decision had already been made to write the character out of the series in the adventure Warriors' Gate.

K9 was a popular enough character to warrant an attempt to spin him off into his own series. In addition to K9 dolls, there were also talking K9 toys produced by Palitoy, the speech provided by a miniature record inside the body of the toy. John Leeson provided the voice for K9 in all its appearances, except for Season 17 (which included the unfinished Shada) when it was voiced by David Brierley. When Shada was remade by Big Finish Productions, Leeson provided its voice.

The practical challenges of working with the K9 prop have accompanied the robotic pooch in his return to Doctor Who. Producer Russell T Davies told SFX magazine, "Yes, just as we expected, multiple takes when he bumped into a door or veered off to the left. Lis Sladen did warn us, and she was right!" 2009 saw two different incarnations of K9 appear regularly in two Doctor Who spin-offs: Mark IV in the third series of BBC production The Sarah Jane Adventures, and a re-vamped Mark I in the Jetix Europe production K9.

K9 (2010 spin-off series)

A proposed K9 television series or special had been rumoured since the late 1990s, and images of a redesigned K9 were leaked. However, nothing came of this effort until 2006.

On 24 April 2006, The Independent, the Daily Star and The Times confirmed, following previous rumours, that K9 would be featured in a 26-part children's series, K9, to be written by Bob Baker. The article in The Times also featured a picture of the redesigned K9 for the animated series. The series will be a blend of live-action and a CGI K9.

Each episode is 30 minutes long, made by Jetix Europe and London-based distribution outfit Park Entertainment. According to a report in Broadcast magazine, the BBC opted out of involvement in order to focus on their own Doctor Who spin-off, Torchwood, meaning that BBC-owned characters do not appear in the series.

On 3 April 2010, the TV series K9 began broadcasting on the Australian Television Network Ten as part of a Saturday morning line-up of children's shows. John Leeson is the voice of K9. The first episode called "Regeneration" featured the earlier Mark I version of K9. The "older" K9 materializes in London in the future and in the midst of an incident where an alien species is threatening human lives. K9 sacrifices himself in order to save the humans, but one component survives that enables his self-regeneration into the new unit. The main human cast members include Robert Moloney as Professor Gryffen, Keegan Joyce as Starkey (K9's new "master"), and Daniel Webber as Darius. The first 14 episodes of K9 season 1 were broadcast mid-morning on Channel 5 in December 2010 with the remaining episodes scheduled for January 2011. Trailers for the series appeared on Channel 5 from early December voiced by John Leeson. Originally, it had been planned to split the series in two-halves between the Christmas 2010 and Easter 2011 school holiday schedules.

Cultural influence
In 1990, an unspecified K9 unit appeared with Sylvester McCoy as the Seventh Doctor and Sophie Aldred as Ace in an episode of the children's education programme Search Out Science entitled Search Out Space, which was included as an extra on the release of the Doctor Who story Survival by the BBC. Another unspecified K9 unit also appeared in the 1993 charity special Dimensions in Time. In the 1998 computer game Fallout 2, the Navarro base has a damaged robot dog known as K9, which uses similar speech mannerisms to the Infobox Doctor Who character. If repaired, the cyberdog is willing to join the character's party as a companion. In the 1999 television series Queer as Folk (written by future Doctor Who executive producer Russell T Davies), a K9 model is given to the character Vince as a birthday present. The prop used was an original, operated – as occasionally in Doctor Who – by visual effects assistant Mat Irvine. In the second series of I'm Alan Partridge (2002), the character of Alan Partridge recalls how his purchase of the rights to K9 contributed to his mental breakdown and driving to Dundee in his bare feet while gorging on Toblerone. In the South Park episode "Go God Go XII" (2006), Eric Cartman, being trapped in the year 2546, has acquired a robot dog called "K-10", a parody of K9. Due to timeline alterations, he is replaced by robot cat "Kit-9" and later robot bird, "Cocka-3". K9 appeared on a special Doctor Who-themed edition of The Weakest Link in 2007, but was voted out unanimously at the end of the first round, despite answering his question correctly. This was due to the fact every single player of the team answered correctly and banked the £5,000 target, and that the producers told the contestants to vote him off, just in case he broke down. Anne Robinson (whom K9 addressed as "Mistress") said "I'm so sorry" before declaring him the weakest link.

In the final area of the game Secret of Evermore, the main character's dog appears similar to K9 and can fire lasers from its mouth.

Engineers at NASA's Ames Research Center have dubbed two intelligent mobile robots designed to explore the surface of Mars "K-9" and "Gromit". NASA's K-9 is named after both Doctor Who's K-9 and Marvin the Martian's pet dog, K-9.

Several individuals have built their own personal K9 robots, ranging from radio controlled units like that used on the show to several levels of computerised autonomy.

K-9 Mail is a popular e-mail client for the Android operating system, with the name and the logo being a direct reference to the K9 robot.

On November 3, 2020, American newspaper the New York Times used three different coloured K9s circling a ballot box as an animated graphic logo for their coverage of the social media and the 2020 US Presidential Election.

title: K9 (Doctor Who)


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John Quidor

John Quidor (January 26, 1801 – December 13, 1881) was an American painter of historical and literary subjects. He has about 35 known canvases, most of which are based on Washington Irving's stories about Dutch New York, drawing inspiration from the Hudson Valley and from such English painters as William Hogarth, Isaac Cruikshank, James Gillray, Joseph Wright of Derby, and George Morland.

Biography
John Quidor was born in 1801 in Tappan, New York. His family moved to New York City in 1810. In 1818, at the age 17, he began an apprenticeship with John Wesley Jarvis (where artist Henry Inman was also training), which was the only artistic training he received. The apprenticeship was not a success. Quidor felt that Jarvis did not pay sufficient attention to him, favoring Inman over him, leading Quidor in 1822 to sue Jarvis for breach of indenture, winning damages of $251.35 ($6,244.97 in 2022 dollars). Because he had to admit that he had received inadequate training, the lawsuit damaged his reputation more than Jarvis'.

Following his apprenticeship, Quidor earned a living by painting banners and doing decorative work on steamboats and fire engines for New York's fire companies.

None of his decorative work is known to have survived. Starting in 1823, he began creating paintings based on literary themes, including, his first two efforts, Dorothea and Don Quixote Imagines Melisendra’s Rescue by a Moor, both paintings based on the Miguel de Cervantes novel, Don Quixote; then following with Washington Irving's short stories Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip Van Winkle and James Fenimore Cooper's book The Pioneers. During this part of his career, he took on Thomas Bangs Thorpe and Charles Loring Elliott as his apprentices. Of his time working for Quidor, Thorpe recalled that "in all the time we were with Quidor, many months, I do not remember of his giving us anything but easel room and one or two very common engravings to copy. He would absent himself from his studio for days and weeks together. When present, if not painting on a banner or engine back, he would generally lie at full length on the long bench."

A fire destroyed Quidor's studio, located at 46 Canal Street, on December 16, 1835. That incident, combined with two major cholera outbreaks in the area and a financial crash in the late 1830s, led Quidor to abandon New York. He moved to Quincy, Illinois, in 1837, and, in 1844, purchased an $8,000 ($299,891.20 in 2022 dollars) farm, which he paid for by painting eight large religious canvases based on engravings of works by Benjamin West. These canvases were exhibited in New York in 1847, but their whereabouts and status are currently unknown.

In 1851 Quidor returned to New York where he stayed until his retirement in 1869. During this period, his style changed. He simplified his compositions and used a narrower range of colors, which he thinned with varnish so that his stylized, nervously rendered figures nearly disappeared into hazy backgrounds. He apparently stopped painting in 1868. He lived in Jersey City, New Jersey, where his eldest daughter lived, from 1869 until his death in 1881.

Career
Little appreciated in his time, Quidor was rediscovered as an important figure in American art after a 1942 exhibition of his works at the Brooklyn Museum of Art.

His paintings establish a mysterious romantic setting for scenes in which he mingled macabre elements with an earthy humor. Many of his works, such as The Headless Horseman Pursuing Ichabod Crane, in the Smithsonian American Art Museum, were inspired by the writings of Washington Irving. Irving's A History of New York gave Quidor the subjects for the four paintings in the Brooklyn Museum of Art: Dancing on the Battery (c. 1860), Peter Stuyvesant's Wall Street Gate (1864), Voyage of the Good Oloff up the Hudson (1866), and The Voyage from Communipaw to Hell Gate (1866). These show Quidor's characteristic mellow and harmonious color, poetic imagination, and naïve humor.

Also in the Brooklyn Museum of Art are his three paintings Dorothea, Money Diggers, and Wolfert's Will. He sometimes painted religious subjects, such as Jesus Blessing the Sick.

title: John Quidor


text:
Category:Agriculture books

Books about agriculture, an activity which encompasses crop and livestock production, aquaculture, fisheries and forestry for food and non-food products. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people to live in cities.

title: Category:Agriculture books


text: Category:Management accounting

title: Category:Management accounting


text:
Talk:TiVo Corporation

Clarification needed on how DVD-ripping software would ever interact with Macrovision
According to the article, DVDs are not encoded with Macrovision, or with blanking intervals at all. They only encode the visible 720x480 part of the signal. The blanking interval is added by DVD-players. Ripping software, meanwhile, does not play the disc or otherwise add a blanking interval; it simply copies the data, bit-for-bit, from the DVD. Macrovision is therefore not present on any of the hardware or software involved in DVD-ripping, and the idea of ripping software "defeating" or "not defeating" Macrovision is therefore utterly meaningless, unless the article has neglected to mention something...? 98.234.13.133 (talk) 15:42, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:TiVo Corporation


text: Category:Current affairs books

title: Category:Current affairs books


text:
Chemical shift

In nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, the chemical shift is the resonant frequency of an atomic nucleus relative to a standard in a magnetic field. Often the position and number of chemical shifts are diagnostic of the structure of a molecule. Chemical shifts are also used to describe signals in other forms of spectroscopy such as photoemission spectroscopy.

Some atomic nuclei possess a magnetic moment (nuclear spin), which gives rise to different energy levels and resonance frequencies in a magnetic field. The total magnetic field experienced by a nucleus includes local magnetic fields induced by currents of electrons in the molecular orbitals (electrons have a magnetic moment themselves). The electron distribution of the same type of nucleus (e.g. ^{1}H, ^{13}C, ^{15}N) usually varies according to the local geometry (binding partners, bond lengths, angles between bonds, and so on), and with it the local magnetic field at each nucleus. This is reflected in the spin energy levels (and resonance frequencies). The variations of nuclear magnetic resonance frequencies of the same kind of nucleus, due to variations in the electron distribution, is called the chemical shift. The size of the chemical shift is given with respect to a reference frequency or reference sample (see also chemical shift referencing), usually a molecule with a barely distorted electron distribution.

Operating frequency
The operating (or Larmor) frequency $$\omega_{0}$$ of a magnet (usually quoted as absolute value in MHz) is calculated from the Larmor equation

 * $$\omega_{0} = -\gamma B_0\,,$$

where $B_{0}$ is the induction of the magnet (SI units of Tesla), and $$\gamma$$ is the magnetogyric ratio of the nucleus — an empirically measured fundamental constant determined by the details of the structure of each nucleus. For example, the proton operating frequency for a 1 Tesla magnet is calculated as:

 * $${{\omega }_{0}}=-4.258\cdot {{10}^{7}}\frac{\text{Hz}}{\text{T}}\times 1.000\text{ T}=-42.58\text{ MHz}$$

MRI scanners are often referred to by their field strengths $B_{0}$ (e.g. "a 7 T scanner"), whereas NMR spectrometers are commonly referred to by the corresponding proton Larmor frequency (e.g. "a 300 MHz spectrometer", which has a $B_{0}$ of 7 T ). While chemical shift is referenced in order that the units are equivalent across different field strengths, the actual frequency separation in Hertz scales with field strength ($B_{0}$). As a result, the difference of chemical shift between two signals (ppm) represents a larger number of Hertz on machines that have larger $B_{0}$ and therefore the signals are less likely to be overlapping in the resulting spectrum. This increased resolution is a significant advantage for analysis. (Larger field machines are also favoured on account of having intrinsically higher signal arising from the Boltzmann distribution of magnetic spin states.)

Chemical shift referencing
Chemical shift $δ$ is usually expressed in parts per million (ppm) by frequency, because it is calculated from:

 * $$\delta = \frac{ \nu_\mathrm{sample} - \nu_\mathrm{ref}}{ \nu_\mathrm{ref}}\,,$$

where $ν_{sample}$ is the absolute resonance frequency of the sample and $ν_{ref}$ is the absolute resonance frequency of a standard reference compound, measured in the same applied magnetic field $B_{0}$. Since the numerator is usually expressed in hertz, and the denominator in megahertz, $δ$ is expressed in ppm.

The detected frequencies (in Hz) for 1H, 13C, and 29Si nuclei are usually referenced against TMS (tetramethylsilane), TSP (Trimethylsilylpropanoic acid), or DSS, which by the definition above have a chemical shift of zero if chosen as the reference. Other standard materials are used for setting the chemical shift for other nuclei.

Thus, an NMR signal observed at a frequency 300 Hz higher than the signal from TMS, where the TMS resonance frequency is 300 MHz, has a chemical shift of:

 * $$\frac{300\,\rm Hz}{300\times10^6\,\rm Hz}=1\times10^{-6}= 1\,\rm ppm \,.$$

Although the absolute resonance frequency depends on the applied magnetic field, the chemical shift is independent of external magnetic field strength. On the other hand, the resolution of NMR will increase with applied magnetic field.

Referencing methods
Practically speaking, diverse methods may be used to reference chemical shifts in an NMR experiment, which can be subdivided into indirect and direct referencing methods. Indirect referencing uses a channel other than the one of interest to adjust chemical shift scale correctly, i.e. the solvent signal in the deuterium (lock) channel can be used to reference the a 1H NMR spectrum. Both indirect and direct referencing can be done as three different procedures:

 * 1) Internal referencing, where the reference compound is added directly to the system under study." In this common practice, users adjust residual solvent signals of 1H or 13C NMR spectra with calibrated spectral tables.  If substances other than the solvent itself are used for internal referencing, the sample has to be combined with the reference compound, which may affect the chemical shifts.
 * 2) External referencing, involving sample and reference contained separately in coaxial cylindrical tubes." With this procedure, the reference signal is still visible in the spectrum of interest, although the reference and the sample are physically separated by a glass wall. Magnetic susceptibility differences between the sample and the reference phase need to be corrected theoretically, which lowers the practicality of this procedure.
 * 3) Substitution method: The use of separate cylindrical tubes for the sample and the reference compound, with (in principle) spectra recorded individually for each." Similar to external referencing, this method allows referencing without sample contamination. If field/frequency locking via the 2H signal of the deuterated solvent is used and the solvents of reference and analyte are the same, the use of this methods is straightforward. Problems may arise if different solvents are used for the reference compound and the sample as (just like for external referencing) magnetic susceptibility differences need to be corrected theoretically. If this method is used without field/frequency locking, shimming procedures between the sample and the reference need to be avoided as they change the applied magnetic field (and thereby influence the chemical shift).

Modern NMR spectrometers commonly make use of the absolute scale, which defines the 1H signal of TMS as 0 ppm in proton NMR and the center frequencies of all other nuclei as percentage of the TMS resonance frequency:

 * $$\Xi [\%] = 100 (\upsilon^{obs}_X / \upsilon^{obs}_{TMS})$$

The use of the deuterium (lock) channel, so the 2H signal of the deuterated solvent, and the Ξ value of the absolute scale is a form of internal referencing and is particularly useful in heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy as local reference compounds may not be always be available or easily used (i.e. liquid NH3 for 15N NMR spectroscopy). This system, however, relies on accurately determined 2H NMR chemical shifts enlisted in the spectrometer software and correctly determined Ξ values by IUPAC. A recent study for 19F NMR spectroscopy revealed that the use of the absolute scale and lock-based internal referencing led to errors in chemical shifts. These may be negated by inclusion of calibrated reference compounds.

The induced magnetic field
The electrons around a nucleus will circulate in a magnetic field and create a secondary induced magnetic field. This field opposes the applied field as stipulated by Lenz's law and atoms with higher induced fields (i.e., higher electron density) are therefore called shielded, relative to those with lower electron density. Electron-donating alkyl groups, for example, lead to increased shielding whereas electron-withdrawing substituents such as nitro groups lead to deshielding of the nucleus. Not only substituents cause local induced fields. Bonding electrons can also lead to shielding and deshielding effects. A striking example of this is the pi bonds in benzene. Circular current through the hyperconjugated system causes a shielding effect at the molecule's center and a deshielding effect at its edges. Trends in chemical shift are explained based on the degree of shielding or deshielding.

Nuclei are found to resonate in a wide range to the left (or more rare to the right) of the internal standard. When a signal is found with a higher chemical shift:
 * The applied effective magnetic field is lower, if the resonance frequency is fixed (as in old traditional CW spectrometers)
 * The frequency is higher, when the applied magnetic field is static (normal case in FT spectrometers)
 * The nucleus is more deshielded
 * The signal or shift is downfield or at low field or paramagnetic.

Conversely a lower chemical shift is called a diamagnetic shift, and is upfield and more shielded.

Diamagnetic shielding
In real molecules protons are surrounded by a cloud of charge due to adjacent bonds and atoms. In an applied magnetic field ($B_{0}$) electrons circulate and produce an induced field ($B_{i}$) which opposes the applied field. The effective field at the nucleus will be $B = B_{0} − B_{i}$. The nucleus is said to be experiencing a diamagnetic shielding.

Factors causing chemical shifts
Important factors influencing chemical shift are electron density, electronegativity of neighboring groups and anisotropic induced magnetic field effects.

Electron density shields a nucleus from the external field. For example, in proton NMR the electron-poor tropylium ion has its protons downfield at 9.17 ppm, those of the electron-rich cyclooctatetraenyl anion move upfield to 6.75 ppm and its dianion even more upfield to 5.56 ppm.

A nucleus in the vicinity of an electronegative atom experiences reduced electron density and the nucleus is therefore deshielded. In proton NMR of methyl halides (CH3X) the chemical shift of the methyl protons increase in the order I < Br < Cl < F from 2.16 ppm to 4.26 ppm reflecting this trend. In carbon NMR the chemical shift of the carbon nuclei increase in the same order from around −10 ppm to 70 ppm. Also when the electronegative atom is removed further away the effect diminishes until it can be observed no longer.

Anisotropic induced magnetic field effects are the result of a local induced magnetic field experienced by a nucleus resulting from circulating electrons that can either be paramagnetic when it is parallel to the applied field or diamagnetic when it is opposed to it. It is observed in alkenes where the double bond is oriented perpendicular to the external field with pi electrons likewise circulating at right angles. The induced magnetic field lines are parallel to the external field at the location of the alkene protons which therefore shift downfield to a 4.5 ppm to 7.5 ppm range. The three-dimensional space where a diamagnetic shift is called the shielding zone with a cone-like shape aligned with the external field.

 * [[Image:NMR alkenes.png|thumb|none|400px|Induced magnetic field of alkenes in external magnetic fields, field lines in grey.]]

The protons in aromatic compounds are shifted downfield even further with a signal for benzene at 7.73 ppm as a consequence of a diamagnetic ring current.

Alkyne protons by contrast resonate at high field in a 2–3 ppm range. For alkynes the most effective orientation is the external field in parallel with electrons circulation around the triple bond. In this way the acetylenic protons are located in the cone-shaped shielding zone hence the upfield shift.

 * [[Image:NMR alkynes.png|thumb|none|400px|Induced magnetic field of alkynes in external magnetic fields, field lines in grey.]]

Magnetic properties of most common nuclei
1H and 13C are not the only nuclei susceptible to NMR experiments. A number of different nuclei can also be detected, although the use of such techniques is generally rare due to small relative sensitivities in NMR experiments (compared to 1H) of the nuclei in question, the other factor for rare use being their slender representation in nature and organic compounds.

1H, 13C, 15N, 19F and 31P are the five nuclei that have the greatest importance in NMR experiments:
 * 1H because of high sensitivity and vast occurrence in organic compounds
 * 13C because of being the key component of all organic compounds despite occurring at a low abundance (1.1%) compared to the major isotope of carbon 12C, which has a spin of 0 and therefore is NMR-inactive.
 * 15N because of being a key component of important biomolecules such as proteins and DNA
 * 19F because of high relative sensitivity
 * 31P because of frequent occurrence in organic compounds and moderate relative sensitivity

Chemical shift manipulation
In general, the associated increased signal-to-noise and resolution has driven a move towards increasingly high field strengths. In limited cases, however, lower fields are preferred; examples are for systems in chemical exchange, where the speed of the exchange relative to the NMR experiment can cause additional and confounding linewidth broadening. Similarly, while avoidance of second order coupling is generally preferred, this information can be useful for elucidation of chemical structures. Using refocussing pulses placed between recording of successive points of the free induction decay, in an analogous fashion to the spin echo technique in MRI, the chemical shift evolution can be scaled to provide apparent low-field spectra on a high-field spectrometer. In a similar fashion, it is possible to upscale the effect of J-coupling relative to the chemical shift using pulse sequences that include additional J-coupling evolution periods interspersed with conventional spin evolutions.

Other chemical shifts
The Knight shift (first reported in 1949) and Shoolery's rule are observed with pure metals and methylene groups, respectively. The NMR chemical shift in its present-day meaning first appeared in journals in 1950. Chemical shifts with a different meaning appear in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy as the shift in atomic core-level energy due to a specific chemical environment. The term is also used in Mössbauer spectroscopy, where similarly to NMR it refers to a shift in peak position due to the local chemical bonding environment. As is the case for NMR the chemical shift reflects the electron density at the atomic nucleus.

title: Chemical shift


text:
Monkey Island, Bray

Monkey Island is an island in the River Thames in England, on the reach above Boveney Lock. Its nearest village is Bray, Berkshire. The dominant building on the island is a small hotel since the late 19th century. The reach on which it sits is a main reach in boat hiring and tour boating, between Windsor and Maidenhead. The island and the reach have been a tour destination since Georgian times – particularly so after its purchase by the Duke of Marlborough of 1738 (of the current Dukedom well-noted for Blenheim Palace) who in nameplay put colourful statues of monkeys in his various gardens for visitors to discover. In one of his two small buildings on the island (by Palladian architect Robert Morris) some of these remain.

Origins
Monkey is simple Old English: Monks Ey(ot), Monks' Island. It was probably a source of fishing revenues and may have been regularly visited by monks living and working at Amerden Bank, a moated site near Bray Lock on the Buckinghamshire bank of the river, as part of the Merton Priory from 1197 and a later house until the dissolution of the monasteries. By the 14th century, it had passed to the Canonesses of Burnham Abbey (a mile to the north). In the Bray Court Rolls of 1361, the island is written Bournhames Eyte. Many islands in the Thames below the Wiltshire/Gloucestershire border had a religious aspect. The name recurs in the P.R.O. plan of 1640 as Burnham-Ayt.

The island passed to the Englefield family in 1606. After the Great Fire of London in 1666, Oxfordshire stone and bricks were shipped in barges for rebuilding of the City. On their return, the barges carried rubble to be spread about certain of the Thames islands. The rubble reduces erosion and greatly built up the land.

The Duke's Island
In 1738, Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough acquired the island from Sir Francis Englefield. Spencer had seen the property while attending the Kit-Kat Club at nearby Down Place. The Duke was a well-known angler, and it was he who erected the first two buildings on the island to indulge his hobby. The fishing lodge and the fishing temple, as they were then described, remain as the Pavilion and the Temple, respectively.

Palladian architect Robert Morris was enlisted to design and build both buildings at a cost of £8,756. The ninth Earl of Pembroke was also involved in the design of the Temple; the Duke paid him £2,277 for his work from 1745 to 1748.

The Pavilion is, greatly, built out of coloured wood blocks cut ("cut ashlar") to look like stone, a specialty of Georgian carpentry. Inside the Duke's commissioned Singerie paintings, creating its Monkey Room. Spencer commissioned the French artist Andieu de Clermont to paint them – playing cards, shooting, fishing, smoking – and it is known they were completed before 1738. Other works of the artist were for Langley Hall, Norfolk.
 * The Fishing Lodge (Pavilion)

The Duke's curious décor later led some to call the island "Marlborough’s Folly". Indeed, Lady Hertford described the Pavilion soon after it was finished with both a hint of admiration and amazement:

The parlour, which is the only room in it except the kitchen, is painted upon the ceiling in grotesque, with monkeys fishing, shooting etc., and its sides are hung with paper. When a person sits in this room he cannot see the water though the island is not above a stone's cast over: nor is he prevented from this by shade: for, except for six or eight walnut trees and a few orange trees in tubs there is not a leaf upon the island; it arises entirely from the river running very much below its banks.

The Temple, 100 yards away, was originally open on the ground floor like a market stall. The Duke's fine and eclectic decorative taste is again evident in the first-floor room that was once a billiard room. Its grand ceiling – with Neptune, shells and mermaids in high relief plasterwork of Wedgwood style – is said to be the work of Roberts of Oxford circa 1725, though some accounts attribute it to carver William Perritt.
 * The Fishing Temple (Temple)

The Duke of Marlborough died in 1758. The island was bought in 1787 by Henry Townley Ward, who left it to P.C. Bruce, also, of Taplow.

Inn to hotel
By 1840, the Pavilion had become a riverside inn reached by ferry from the west. By the mid-late 19th century the hotel was called the "Monkey Hall Hotel". Visitors have been staying in various parts of the two buildings ever since. It became particularly fashionable just after 1900, when Edward VII and Alexandra of Denmark often had afternoon tea on the lawns with their children. Edward Elgar composed his violin concerto in 1910 in the Hut, a house on the riverbank facing Monkey Island. Musical stars Clara Butt and Nellie Melba entertained the island's guests. From 1912, Rebecca West and H. G. Wells frequented the island and it was here that West set her first novel, Return of the Soldier, whose heroine was the innkeeper's daughter.

The middle of the twentieth century saw extensive additions to and refurbishment of the island. In 1956, the footbridge that connects it to shore was added after Christopher Reynolds purchased the island. In 1963, the Pavilion's dining area was expanded by the addition of the River Room, a large, glass-walled building that hangs just over the Thames. Named in homage to the Duke, the Marlborough Room was added in 1970 at the upstream end of the building, whose walls were painted with battle scenes. In the same year, the Temple was extended to provide a further 30 bedrooms. The Pavilion and Temple are both Grade I listed buildings.

As proprietor from 1956 to 1971, Mr Reynolds brought renewed vigour to the island with his thoughtful additions. Monkey Island also enjoyed continued popularity: in 1964 it played host to a ball in aid of Oxfam, which Tatler covered under the headline "Oxfam-On-Thames".

In 1967, Mr Reynolds produced Monkey Island's own journal, The Islander. The first issue told of the popularity of the island's Club Suppers, Island Luncheon Club for Ladies, and entertainment provided by Jimmy Fraser and Mike Allen. The hotel was purchased by Major Fitzwilliams and later sold to the Weinreb Group, which subsequently went into receivership.

In 1976, Paul and Liz Nichols purchased Monkey Island Hotel from the Liquidators and carried out extensive renovations during their 9-year tenure. The hotel achieved recommendations from the Michelin Guide and Egon Ronay and was a British Tourist Authority Country Hotel and Restaurant Award winner in 1983,1984, and 1985. In 1986, the hotel was sold to Basil Faidi, who further restored the Grade I listed buildings.

The hotel was sold some 10 years later to the Habtour Group and was then acquired by Dr Andreas C. Papadakis in September 2007.

In 2015 Monkey Island was acquired by YTL Hotels and renamed to Monkey Island Estate. Following YTL Hotels' renovation, the new luxury hotel reopened its doors in April 2019. Award-winning New York-based Champalimaud Design were responsible for the design of the 41 bedrooms and suites. Monkey Island Estate features a custom-made Floating Spa, moored on the banks of the River Thames. The property also features the Monkey Island Brasserie, which is now overseen by YTL Group Executive Chef Alexander Tyndall.

Cultural references
In Chapter 94 of Charlie Higson's young adult horror novel, The Fallen (2013 UK, 2014 US), Ella, Maeve, Monkey Boy, and Robbie leave the Natural History Museum to stay in the country, and running out of petrol, settle in at the Monkey Island Hotel. In the book's final chapter (Chapter 96), the haven has become a house of horror.

The island also features in Rebecca West's early novel The Return of the Soldier.

title: Monkey Island, Bray


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Category:Historical geography

 * This category is mainly about human geography in early history. For prehistoric geography, see Category:Paleogeography.

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