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Wikipedia:Elections/Endorsements poll

Prior to the December 2004 Arbitration Committee Elections, a subpage was created where users could state endorsements of particular candidates. This is viewed by some to be divisive rather than a constructive way to air opinions about the candidates. One candidate (Sam Spade) asked to be excluded from the page entirely, sparking a heated debate.

An attempt to resolve this issue resulted in a separate page for disendorsements, later merged back. Jimbo Wales and the election's organizing committee expressly discourage the use of disendorsements. Jimbo's comments regarding them can be found below.

Some users feel that a public display of support and opposition is necessary to conducting a fair election, and argue that discouraging the use of these pages is equivalent to censorship. Others consider these pages to serve no useful purpose, instead contributing to factionalism, flame wars, and hard feelings; they argue that these pages reflect poorly on all involved.

Poll
''This poll is to determine whether the Arbitration Committee elections should provide or deny an official location for users to state their opinions of every candidate. To avoid bias, there is no "middle ground".''

''This poll was open to all registered users who made at least one edit prior to 0:00 UTC on December 1, 2004. It ended at 0:00 UTC on January 1, 2005. The results were'':
 * Provide: 15
 * Deny: 3
 * Neutral: 3

Provide
These pages are mostly beneficial.
 * 1) Only as long as personal attacks are forbidden. Johnleemk | Talk 09:48, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) People may want to do some of their own research into the candidates. This page provides a useful area to share this research (preferably providing a link to it). I agree that it should not stoop to personal attacks (as per wikipedia policy). --Rebroad 14:25, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Regardless of modern-day sensitivities to language, information is vital. Promotion is not. Adraeus 10:28, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) As with any modern tool, in using the Endorsements page, we men have to learn to control the 1) politicization by factionalism, 2) spilling over of election events to destroy necessary routine, and 3) personal attack that we inherited from the ancestors of the chimpanzees. :)) Long live testosterone! And factionalization, spilling over, and personal attack are all good, well honored chimpanzee traits. (Wrangham 1996)  Yes. 8)) But we men must get beyond our inherited hungers.  This is a matter of civilization and discipline--not taking away the essential Endorsement page as a tool. ---Rednblu | Talk 10:52, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) How can elections take place without fair and open discussion? The endorsement pages, however, should be constrained to the same NPOV principles as any other page: information about a user is fine, but personal attacks not. Specifically, I think a "show, don't tell" philosophy would work best: rather than naming names, or heaping praise for that matter, one should link to specific edits that they think highlight the condidate's behaviour.    — Asbestos | Talk 11:27, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) Criticism is essential, personal attacks are detrimental. As sensitive as the definition for the latter might become, any criticism/refutation possessing even a shred of factual basis, including charges of irredimable character flaws, insidiousness, dishonesty, etc., could be phrased in depersonalized terms without losing the potency of the respective argument (on the contrary, it adds credibility, efficacy, etc.). El_C 14:52, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) Discussion of all kind is useful and perhaps necessary to a proper election. People can judge a lot based on how people respond to their criticisms. Note that I am a candicate, so I wish to disclose that I could be seen as having an interest, positive or negative, in an endorsements page. --Improv 15:12, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 8) Election participation should be encouraged; this lowers the barriers. I'm not sure it encourages abuses, but there surely will be some; discouraging these is part of the "cost of doing business", not a reason against endorsements. --Jerzy(t) 16:08, 2004 Dec 1 (UTC)
 * 9) People are smart enough to see abuse for what it is, and to see legitimate criticism for what it is. Let there be a free exchange of ideas, and let people make their decisions freely. --Mrfixter 17:25, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 10) This is a public election. Candidates are, and must be, subjects open to public discussion and public scrutiny. I particulary agree with the comments Mrfixter, Asbestos, and El_C here.--FeloniousMonk 17:52, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 11) If you run for election, people who are familiar with you and your actions ought to be able to communicate to the community what they have learned, although brief comments must, by their nature, be somewhat conclusionary and thus easily misinterpreted as personal attacks. Fred Bauder 19:35, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * 12) I find other person's opinions very useful in evaluating persons that I have not had extensive interactions with. Otherwise, I might as well use a random number generator to complete my ballot. older ≠ wiser 14:55, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * 13) Hey, it's free speech! Before you know it, someone's going to be proposing ArbCom election campaign finance reform. Stop the insanity! Rhobite 03:45, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * 14) The more information the better.  Yes there will be opportunities for abuse and potential for acrimony and ill-will - but the alternative is to throw the baby out with the bathwater. Paul August 21:05, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * 15) As long a things stay civilized, the more information we have about the candidates, and especially from those who know them and have worked with them, not just empty political statements, the better. MikeCapone 18:10, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Deny
These pages are mostly harmful.
 * 1) They also cause malicious users to punish others for endorsing me :( [[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Arb Com election]] 11:22, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) I'd have no problem with this sort of thing if it were in the user namespace. But in this format, grouped together, it serves little purpose other than as an arena for flame warring.   BLANKFAZE  | (что??) 16:38, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Deny The use of a list page 'List of endorsements for...' links format, with endorsements hosted on User pages, would be acceptable. A firm enforcement of the 250 word rule, a simple list page, and the balance being up to the candidates (perhaps a soap box in the Village Pump?) creates the least intrusive/strident atmosphere imo. - Amgine

Neutral

 * 1) The endorsements pages are not 100% essential, but they might be a good idea, provided there's some way to prevent or mitigate abuse. Kim Bruning 15:52, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) I agree with Johnleemk's position that the elections being free isn't the point, what's best for wikipedia is. The real problem is the election itself. The fact the number of positions on the AC has been made limited has fostered a spirit of competition rather than co-operation. Requests for adminship provides a venue for both support and oppose "endorsements" as such, but usually remains very civil. I feel the essential difference is that there's not a competition for a limited number of admin places. The endorsement page is harmful, but it's really the symptom, not the cause. The elections (at least in the current format) are where the real problem lies. Shane King 00:05, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) No problem with the concept, but I maintain the same position I have held on this matter from the beginning: People should publish endorsements (and disendorsements, if any) in their own user namespace, and if an endorsements page exists it should link to these pages. I decline to vote in favor of the proposal, as I fear this would be read as supporting the current format, which I consider very suboptimal. --Michael Snow 05:28, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Why I hope [disendorsements] will not be used
In my "Letter from the Founder" I wrote: "The only way we can coordinate our efforts in an efficient manner to achieve the goals we have set for ourselves, is to love our work and to love each other, even when we disagree. Mutual respect and a reasonable approach to disagreement are essential, and both of those are helped along enormously when we feel favorably towards each other just as a natural result of being volunteers together on this incredible ridiculous crazy fun project to change the world.

None of us is perfect in these matters; such is the human condition. But each of us can try each day, in our editing, in our mailing list posts, in our irc chats, and in our private emails, to reach for a higher standard than the Internet usually encourages, a standard of rational benevolence and love."

[ Disendorsements ] is a magnet and incentive for a different approach, one which I most vigorously reject for our community. I encourage people to avoid the use of [disendorsements], and instead stick to positive endorsements of people who you think will represent our values thoughtfully and rationally. If the trolls want to have an attack party here, let them. But let's not sink to their level. Jimbo Wales 16:53, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I strongly disagree with your position on this issue. A section devoted and restricted to endorsements is simply a promotional billboard with no useful content. We can apply NPOV policy to how information on candidates is presented. You are promoting a section for a POV which is contrary to policy. Quite interesting considering you're the policy-maker.

 * Your excerpt demonstrates your POV. The word "unsophisticated" is best used here to describe your POV.

 * "The only way we can coordinate our efforts in an efficient matter to achieve the goals we have set for ourselves, is to love our work and to love each other, even when we disagree."
 * False. Productivity does not require love. In fact, most productivity is increased systematically through the provision of bait such as promotions, bonuses and other treats. Moreover, "love" refers to a subjective experience which then irrationalizes your argument. There is also more than a single method of achieving successful collaboration.
 * "Mutual respect and a reasonable approach to disagreement are essential..."
 * False. Define "mutual respect." Can you? Again, such a term refers to a subjective experience. Refer to Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: "Respect". Who defines which approach to dispute resolution is "reasonable"? You? If so, then what happened to collaboration? If not, then rationality is key to an effective and efficient collaborative effort. Often, problems stem from those incapable of thinking critically and acting rationally. See Sam Spade's endorsements page for an example. You assume too much of too many users. There are many POV Warriors and trolls within Wikipedia's region which, thanks to your easily abused NPOV and character assassination and "Good Faith" policies, are untouchable. There are many, dare I say, ignorant and irrational users who would not act in good faith if their lives depended on it. In short, there are a lot of poor Wikipedia citizens protected by poorly structured policies. I say "poorly structured" because "well-structured" policies wouldn't allow so much abuse to occur.

 * You state that perfection is not an attribute of the human condition. True. The state of perfection is a logical impossibility. There are neither perfect gods nor perfect men; however, perfection as a goal is possible and it is the goal of many of us who want disendorsements and endorsements on the same page or, at least, want disendorsements given the attention deserved.

 * Information is NPOV. Promotion is POV. Information contains two or more sides. Promotion contains one side. NPOV policy dictates how information is to be presented and those of us that want an endorsement and disendorsement page are adhering to policy. You're promoting violating policy... but hey, you're the founder, that's your prerogative. Adraeus 10:26, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Why A Fair and Competitive Election Demands Opposition Comments
As I wrote earlier in response to Jimbo's opinion at the Candidate statements/Disendorsements page, I strongly believe in the free exchange of information and ideas, and was under the impression that such a free market was a wiki ideal.

In order for democratic elections to be fair and competitive, opposition must enjoy the right to freedom of speech as necessary to voice their criticisms of the candidates openly and to bring relevant information to the voters. If this freedom is not granted or is in any way restricted, the election will not reflect the legitimate views of the voters. In other words, voters must has free access to all relevant candidate information, even that which is negative, in order to make informed decisions and place an informed vote. Thus, for any voter to cast an informed vote, access to all relevant candidate information, even negative, is not a luxury, but a necessity. Indeed, how else are uninformed voters to learn of hypocritical candidates who claim a high level of dedication to the policies and ideals yet who repeatedly fail to (using Jimbo's words) "reach for a higher standard than the Internet usually encourages, a standard of rational benevolence and love ...in their editing, in their mailing list posts, in their irc chats, and in their private emails"?

If seating an Arbitration Committee by informed voters casting informed votes is a goal of this process, then the information found in the opposition statements is beyond useful, it is required reading. The opposition statements should not be deleted or restricted.--FeloniousMonk 17:59, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Why A Fair and Competitive Election Is Not Important
Sorry, I couldn't resist (full disclosure: I am a candidate). I don't mind neutrality or fairness or competitiveness, but keep in mind that we are an encyclopedia. We're not an attempt at a democratic government. A free market is not necessarily a wiki ideal. Remember, this is Jimbocracy — whatever Jimbo says goes. If he says nothing, whatever the Board says goes. If they say nothing, whatever the arbcom says goes. These three have control over what goes on in Wikipedia. If they don't want a fair and competitive election, they can simply order it. Of course, they'd probably be faced with a fork or something (which is why common sense prevails and they don't rig elections. At least, I hope so), but still, keep in mind that democracy is a means to an end, as Shane King has said. It is most certainly not an end in itself. Likewise, policy is not an end in itself. It's the means to an end, which is why we strive for a good encyclopedia, not a good policy (though that's almost certainly a prerequisite for a good encyclopedia).

What does this all mean? If Jimbo gets fed up, he can simply declare the results of this poll null and void, and disendorsements illegal. Will he? I don't know. It doesn't make much difference to me personally, though I do view that as a tad extremist. As I said, the goal is to build an encyclopedia. If we have to sacrifice an open forum (though someone could still host an underground one on a user page) to build an encyclopedia, then we might as well do it. I am not advocating this course of action; I'm merely pointing out that a fair election is not necessarily the final goal here.

Oh, and for the record, while FeloniousMonk has a point or two, Adraeus' conclusions are...shall we say they're a nice joke? Otherwise seems we're sort of overdue for editing every talk and user talk page to ensure NPOV, if NPOV policy somehow applies outside articles. Then original research like Tim Starling's statistics on people's stub limits will have to go. Then we'll have to follow the manual of style when we discourse. Seriously, I can't see how anyone can claim policy clearly related to articles apply outside the main namespace. Johnleemk | Talk 18:16, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Why –If– there is an Election, it needs to be Fair and Competitive
I am sorry, but the above point brought up by Johnleemk does not make sense to me. Why have an election if it isn't fair and competitive? Perhaps an election for the ArbComm is unimportant, perhaps it is even unproductive (I will not get into that as it goes beyond the scope of my comment), but –if– the choise is to have one, that it is fair and competitive becomes paramount. I maintain that it is irrational to even consider having an election otherwise (at least, it should not be termed an 'election,' but rather, something to the ffect of a suggestive, advisory, etc. poll), one which makes it clear that Jimbo, the Bd, et al.'s position is that the community would be better served by having committee members who are (all advisory input aside), ultimately, appointed. That they already possess this power in potentia is less releavent at this stage. El_C 21:57, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Elections/Endorsements poll


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Sarah Lucas

Sarah Lucas (born 1962) is an English artist. She is part of the generation of Young British Artists who emerged in 1988. Her works frequently employ visual puns and bawdy humour by incorporating photography, sculpture, collage and found objects.

Education
Lucas was born in London, England in 1962. She left school at 16, returning to study art at The Working Men's College (1982–83), London College of Printing (1983–84), and Goldsmiths College (1984–87), graduating with a degree in Fine Art in 1987.

Work
Lucas was included in the 1988 group exhibition Freeze along with contemporary artists including Angus Fairhurst, Damien Hirst, and Gary Hume. In 1990, Lucas co-organized the East Country Yard Show with Henry Bond, in which she also exhibited. Her first two solo exhibitions in 1992 were titled The Whole Joke and Penis Nailed to a Board. It was in the early 1990s when Lucas began using furniture as a substitute for the human body, usually with crude genital punning. Created for a show organised by fellow artist Georg Herold at Portikus, Au Naturel (1994) is an assemblage of objects—a mattress, a bucket, a pair of melons, oranges and a cucumber—that suggest male and female body parts. For six months in 1993, Lucas and fellow artist Tracey Emin rented a retail space in east London, The Shop, where they made artworks, ranging from printed mugs to T-shirts with slogans, and put them on sale. In works such as Bitch (table, T-shirt, melons, and vacuum-packed smoked fish, 1995), she merges tabloid culture with the economy of the ready-made. In earlier work, she had displayed enlarged pages from the Sunday Sport newspaper. Through her career, Lucas has continued to appropriate everyday materials (including, for example, freshly made fried eggs) to make works that use humour, visual puns and sexual metaphors of sex, death, Englishness and gender.

Sarah Lucas is also known for her 'Artist as Subject' approach where she produced a series of self-portraits, such as Human Toilet Revisited, 1998, a colour photograph in which she sits on a toilet smoking a cigarette. In her solo exhibition The Fag Show at Sadie Coles in 2000, she used cigarettes as a material, as in Self-portrait with Cigarettes (2000). And in 2001, Sarah Lucas used Neon tubes for her artwork 'New Religion' in which a transparent coffin has been lit up violet. It was later acquired by George Michael in 2004.

Lucas' 2006 sculpture of a life-size bronze horse and cart, Perceval, is situated in Cullum Street, London.

Writing in The Guardian, in 2011, Aida Edemariam said that "Lucas was the wildest of the Young British Artists, partying hard and making art that was provocative and at times genuinely shocking." In 1996, she was the subject of a BBC documentary, Two Melons and a Stinking Fish.

Exhibitions
Lucas had her first solo exhibition in 1992 at City Racing, an artist run gallery in south London, and her first solo show in New York at the Barbara Gladstone Gallery in 1995. One-person museum exhibitions at Museum Boymans-van Beuningen in Rotterdam, at Portikus in Frankfurt, at Museum Ludwig in Cologne and at Kunsthalle Zürich, Kunstverein am Hamburg and Tate Liverpool have accompanied exhibitions in less conventional spaces—an empty office building for The Law in 1997, a disused postal depot in Berlin for the exhibition Beautiness in 1999, and an installation at the Freud Museum called Beyond the Pleasure Principle in 2000.

Lucas's work has been included in major surveys of new British art in the last decade including Brilliant!—New Art From London at the Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, in 1995, Sensation (Young British Artists from the Saatchi Collection at the Royal Academy in 1997), and Intelligence—New British Art, 2000, at Tate Britain. In 2003, Sarah Lucas participated in the 50th International Biennale of Art in Venice, Outlook: Contemporary Art in Athens, and In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida, a three-person exhibition for Tate Britain with Angus Fairhurst and Damien Hirst in 2004. From October 2005 to January 2006, Tate Liverpool presented the first survey exhibition of Lucas's work.

In 2012 Lucas curated Free, an exhibition at the Southbank Centre by the Koestler Trust. The annual exhibition displays art works by prisoners, detainees and ex-offenders. The theme was '50', to acknowledge the 50th anniversary of Koestler Trust and Lucas was 50 years old at the time.

In 2013 the Whitechapel Gallery in East London hosted a retrospective of Lucas' work.

In 2015 Sarah Lucas represented Britain at the 56th Venice Biennale with SCREAM DADDIO. She was interviewed by close friend Don Brown during the installation of the exhibition.

In September 2018, The New Museum presented the first American survey of Lucas' work in the exhibition "Sarah Lucas: Au Naturel". Lucas has also created new sculptural works for the exhibition, including This Jaguar's Going to Heaven (2018), a severed 2003 Jaguar X-Type—the car's back half burned and its front half collaged with cigarettes—and VOX POP DORIS (2018), a pair of eleven-foot-tall thigh-high platform boots cast in concrete. The exhibition traveled to the Hammer Museum in Los Angeles in June 2019.

The National Gallery of Australia's 2021-22 Know My Name Exhibition Part Two features the work Installation of Project 1: Sarah Lucas, as well as her first self-portraits, Eating a Banana.

Numerous works by Lucas feature in the exhibition Big Women at the firstsite gallery in Colchester in the UK in Spring 2023. In September 2023 an exhibition of her work opened at the Tate Britain.

In 2024, the Kunsthalle Mannheim shows a solo-exhibition of her works, curated by Luisa Heese.

Feminist interpretation
Lucas frequently employs a critical humour in her work in order to question conventions and highlighting the absurdity of the everyday. One of Lucas' most famous works Two Fried Eggs and Kebab, parodies the traditional still life and evokes similarities between itself and feminist Judy Chicago's infamous piece The Dinner Party. Feminist reviews often describe Lucas as attempting to add female artists into the canon of art history through her analytical work that predominantly discusses the female body and voyeurism.

Lucas frequently appropriates masculine constructions to confront and dissect their nature. Her pieces represent a fantastical world and playfully employs unrealistic ideals to unearth obscene paradoxes created by those very constructions. Specifically, she is concerned with the casual misogyny of everyday life and employs the conventions of middle class or 'street' language to enact her concepts. Her appropriation of masculine symbols such as the phallic banana or 'fried eggs' in conjunction with her fearless and dominating gaze, takes 'female work' out of the feminine sphere and disrupts the patriarchal power dynamic of the gaze. Works such as The old in Out (1988) is a reference to Marcel Duchamp's Fountain (1917) and Two Fried Eggs and Kebab (1992) has been linked to Édouard Manet 's Olympia (1863). While Lucas continues the artistic legacy of feminist artists such as Hannah Wilke, Cindy Sherman, and Rachel Whiteread, her visual language empties femininity of meaning and thus removes her from such a clear 'feminist art' title.

Sexuality is not apparent in her works and a lack of association with morality leaves viewers at the free will of her humorous narratives. Lucas takes on the role as a source of reflecting sexism, but not overtly commenting on it. She has stated that, "I am not trying to solve the problem. I'm exploring the moral dilemma by incorporating it". Her works are both literal and conceptual evidence of Lucas searching for meaning. Whether it is through recognizable forms or her own mythologized fantasies, her ideas constantly build and transform. She appears to never be satisfied with her outcome and scours every imaginable medium for an outlet that is fitting. To her, the artworks she makes “...carry on talking and thinking with other people". Lucas's practice is then not compulsive ramblings or automatic depictions, but a conscious yearning for a personal sense of happiness.

Personal life
Sarah Lucas was born in 1962 to a milkman father and a part-time gardener and cleaner mother, who she says had "absolutely no ambition." She grew up in an estate in Holloway, north London, though she frequently accompanied her parents to other homes to "ogle the furniture." She became pregnant at 17 after leaving school at 16 and had an abortion, then deciding to hitchhike around Europe in search of a direction for her life.

Lucas now lives with her partner Julian Simmons, in the former residence of Benjamin Britten near Aldeburgh; a home which is "tucked away down a long country lane, behind a Baptist church in Suffolk." In August 2014, Lucas was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian opposing Scottish independence in the run-up to September's referendum on that issue.

Young British Artists
Young British Artists (YBAs) also known as the Brit artists or the Britart, are a group of British artists who in 1988 began to exhibit together. The group was organized by Damien Hirst and includes Angus Fairhurst, Michael Landy, Christine Borland, Tracey Emin, Cornelia Parker, and Gary Hume. The group became famous for their openness to materials and processes, shock tactics and entrepreneurial attitude. Their first exhibition Freeze included the work of Damien Hirst, Sarah Lucas, Angus Fairhurst, and Michael Landy while they were all still students at Goldsmiths College of Art. The term "Young British Artists" was coined in May 1992 by Michael Corris in Artforum. The acronym YBA wasn't created until 1996 when it was published in Art Monthly magazine. The terms became the brand for the group and showcased the "can do" spirit their art entailed.

Gallery representation
Lucas is represented by Sadie Coles HQ, London, Barbara Gladstone, New York, and Contemporary Fine Arts, Berlin (CFA).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sarah Lucas


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User talk:Balajig

Hi Folks

This is my wiki page where you can edit information that you want to convey to me.

title: User talk:Balajig


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Talk:Harmelen train disaster

While the ladder crosser at the junction increase the length of conflicting trackage by a small amount, it is really doesn't make much difference.

More important are:
 * length of overlap from red signal to fouling point at junction.
 * for moderate cost there could have been two warning signals approaching junction, say a double yellow and a yellow.
 * in view of lack of ATP or ATB, there could have been two red signals protecting the junction, with a really long overlap from the first red to the fouling point.
 * special rules when there is fog, although this is really only required with kerosine lit mechanical signals.

Syd1435 09:30, 2004 Dec 1 (UTC)

title: Talk:Harmelen train disaster


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Talk:Haast's eagle

Size
I am modifying the claim that these were the largest birds of prey ever to have lived since teratorns were clearly much larger. Here is a page with a partial scan of a 1980 article from Bioscience describing the 25' birds: http://www.bearfabrique.org/Catastrophism/ttorn.htm Thanks, 12.215.141.110 08:00, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Teratorns were no birds of prey (no matter if they hunted or scavenged), because they are not related to true eagles or old-world vultures. Even today some vulturures reach similar sizes as Harpagornis, and in fact there were also some extinct real eagles, which were not much smaller.

Now I put it was the largest eagle to have ever existed, this sounds much better than the one at the top, I changed this.66.99.53.61 12:43, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Article title
In my opinion, this article should be moved to Haast's eagle, with Harpagornis as a redirect. In general, Wikipedia style seems to be to use common (rather than scientific) names for animal article titles when such a name exists. Obviously, for most prehistoric species, no such name exists, but this species was extant within historical times and there is indeed a common name. We don't have an article for Haliaeetus leucocephalus; it is listed under Bald Eagle, its common name, with the former being a redirect. I think the same should be done here. Since this Talk page doesn't seem to get much traffic, I'm going to do the page move if there are no objections within a day or two. Firebug 15:03, 26 May 2005 (UTC)
 * You are correct, mostly. Like Bald Eagle, the correct placement for this article is Haast's Eagle, and I have corrected this now. - UtherSRG 21:03, August 2, 2005 (UTC)

Where did the name Haast's Eagle come from? Is Haast a person or a region? vacao 16:07, September 11, 2009
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_von_Haast Daveosaurus (talk) 08:37, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

Notes on comparisons
"Female Haast's Eagles weighed 10 to 15 kg (22 to 33 lb), and males weighed 9 to 10 kg (20 to 22 lb). They had a wingspan of roughly 2.6 to 3 m (8 to 10 ft) at most, which was short for a bird of the eagle's weight (the largest Golden Eagles and Steller's Sea Eagles may have a wingspan of almost the same length)"

This is a proportionally large wingspan, with a ratio approaching the Andean Condor Vultur gryphus (weight 7.5–15 kg/16½–33 lb, span 274–310 cm/108–122 in). Golden (span 180–234 cm/71–92 in) and Steller's Sea Eagles (span 195–230 cm/76¾–90½ in) are far behind. I'm not disputing the figures per se, as I've often seen similar ones elswhere, merely pointing out how conflicting the above statement is.

Though the figures do strike as odd: like said, forest eagles such as the Harpy Eagle Harpia harpyja (weight 4–9 kg/8¾–19¾ lb, span 176–201 cm/69¼–79 in) or the Crowned Eagle Stephanoaetus coronatus (weight 2.7–4.7 kg/6–10¼ lb, span 151–181 cm/59½–71¼ in) indeed have relatively short spans. Figures taken from Raptors of the World (Ferguson-Lees & Christie 2001).

--Anshelm '77 (talk) 02:02, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

this is also on comparisons. i think this: "700,000 to 1.8 million years ago. Its increase in weight by ten to fifteen times over that period is the greatest and quickest evolutionary increase in weight of any known vertebrate."(taxonomy paragraph) is untrue even if we take the minimum 700Ka mentioned. i think that because some rodents after the KT boundary are supposed to have grown from the size of a rabbit to 3 mtr in 100Ka. only to become extinct soon after, but that is not the point, the point is that the actual rate is not unprecedented and therefore plausible.24.132.171.225 (talk) 02:50, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

Hokioi?
Why do Hokioi and Hakawai redirect here? If anything, Pouakai and Poukai would have to. The factual basis of the Hokioi, though it was inspired by tales of the eagle, was actually Coenocorypha snipes (or rather the noises produced by them). The Hokioi of the lore was a mythical composite entity, and not identical to any single species of bird. Also, the correlation of each name's distribution with the known range of Haast's Eagle and the distribution of Māori dialects is... well let me say revealing (especially if you take into account "Hakawai"). In retrospect the outlandish attributes ascribed to the Hokioi make utter sense. The Māori were very astute observers; they knew what they saw and they also knew what they did not - or could not - see.

A thorough treatament of the Hokioi/Hakawai is beyond the scope of the Haast's Eagle article. It would need its own place.

In addition - the Hokioi tale gives the name of the "falcon" (= Eyles' Harrier) as "Kei". Now, if one frees oneself from the "Hokioi = Haast's Eagle" canard and realizes that the proper Māori name of the eagle - when it was still extant - was Pouakai, the matter becomes even more interesting. Especially when one also considers that the Moriori understood "Poua-" to imply something along the lines of "the hugest flying bird", because the hugest flying bird on the Chatham Islands is what received that name eventually... Dysmorodrepanis (talk) 14:37, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

This is interesting, but how do we know this eagle killed and ate moas in exactly the way described here? Claims such as these require facts to back them up. If these birds of prey could tackle moas, they could no doubt kill Maoris, especially since island animals are renowned for their boldness. Are there any legends of this happening? Do we know for certain the Haast's eagle was not semiaquatic or a scavenger, or preyed on much smaller animals? 153.2.246.33 (talk) 01:36, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Some scientists | recently found evidence that the Haast and the Hokioi are one and the same. 124.169.112.178 (talk) 09:28, 15 September 2009 (UTC)

Units of Measure
Why are the measurements given in ISO standard Metric and then in Imperial? Surely the ISO standard measurements are sufficient, and if anyone from the (very) few remaining countries using Imperial Units is interested, they can run a measurement through a converter. Having both clutters the article unnecessarily. Additionally, this is an article about a New Zealand based (unfortunately extinct) bird, and New Zealand, where probably the majority of the readership for this article live, is definitely a Metric using country. —Preceding unsigned comment added by DavidApi (talk • contribs) 20:10, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

strength
I seriously doubt that this bird could snap a human's neck. The bones in a man's neck are about 2 inches wide, solid, and supported by about a foot diameter of muscle and tendon. The bones in the birds leg are less than an inch thick, hollow, and supported by at best 2 or 3 inches of muscle and tendon.70.70.145.85 (talk) 15:27, 1 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Did you also factor in how well a human's neck can resist the trauma inflicted by being impacted by a 20 to 30 lb bird going at 80 miles per hour?--Mr Fink (talk) 16:33, 1 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I think this is a very reasonable query. Yes, if I was hit at that speed by an object of that size I don't suppose there'd be much left of me – but I don't think it's as simple as that.  Imagine two sets of bones hitting each other very hard – but for one to survive and the the other break, the former must be significantly stronger.  To my mind, an eagle's feet and a human head and neck are too close to being equal in strength, if indeed it isn't the other way round.  I doubt that a bird of prey would risk impact with such large and solid prey at such a large differential speed.

 * Where does this claim come from? Is it based on proper modelling or other authoritative research, or is it just speculation from some pundit?  It needs a ref.   (Incidentally, it's 80 kmh, not mph, and most men I've met have had necks of nearer a foot in circumference than a foot in diameter...)   Richard New Forest (talk) 17:36, 1 November 2008 (UTC)

Well, think of it this way, the human skull is significantly softer than a brick, but a man can break through a brick with his head. I guess it's all about the follow-through. If the man were to slow down suddenly, he would be injured severely.Dinotitan (talk) 19:00, 14 February 2011 (UTC)

Harpagornis Eagle
Regarding this supposed alternate name and the recently added ref ; disregarding wikimirrors, the only two places that refer to this eagle as "the Harpagornis Eagle" are Wikipedia and www.tepapa.govt.nz. On-line museum articles are notoriously unreliable sources for factual information about animals.

Interestingly, the cited webpage writes it as "the Harpagornis eagle" while "Moa" is not italicised. This suggests that the person who wrote the article probably wasnt't aware that its accepted common name is "Haast's Eagle" and decided to use the generic component of its binomial to refer to it in the vernacular.

All reputable sources refer to it as "Haast's Eagle". I've searched for a reliable ref for "Harpagornis Eagle" and have been unable to locate one so I will remove the info from the article. Secret Squïrrel, approx 06:35, 6 Fabruary 2009 (Earth Standard Time)

Wingspan & talon length
Among other useful data, The Lost World of the Moa (Worthy et al. 2002) offers spans between 214–260 cm (84¼–102½ in) based on remains. As I had thought earliel, 260–300 cm seemed suspiciously large for a forest eagle this weight, and turns out it is. Interestingly, before finding other data besides weight, i had speculated 9–15 kg Harpagornis to have a length range of 120–140 cm and wingspan of 225–265 cm using Crowned Eagle as template (seemed the best choice as, like Harpagornis, it is closely related to Aquila eagles unlike the harpy eagle complex), so it seems to have worked out quite well.

Note that none of today's forest eagles exceeds 210 cm in wingspan, with the largest span belonging to the Philippine Eagle (weight 4.7–8 kg) at 184–202 cm, marginally eclipsing the Harpy Eagle (3.8–9 kg) at 176–201 cm, with all the rest below 200 cm.

I've also seen talon lengths of 6–7.5 cm (c. 2½–3 in), similar to Harpy Eagle, which is surprisingly small. Compared to the Harpy Eagle one could have assumed talons up to 8–10 cm (3–4 in) long for this species.

--Anshelm '77 (talk) 14:01, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

Wing Loading
Under the Heading "Size and habits," second paragraph ends with "rather it represents a departure from the mode of its ancestors' soaring flight, toward higher wing loading and increased maneuverability."

Following that link to wing loading, last sentence of first paragraph ends with "The high wing loading also decreases maneuverability."

There is a contradiction here that I can't fix, but seemed worth noting. I would be speculating, so I don't want to post an edit, but it seems to me that the higher wing loading in this bird is probably related to increasing it's strike speed at the cost of some maneuverability.

Jwachtel (talk) 18:55, 18 July 2010 (UTC)

The eagles also may have been hunted by humans
Removed unsupported and illogical weasel wording. Maori did not have the means to hunt these birds, in fact, the size of the bird and the bird's 300 pound prey would suggest the eagle was more likely to hunt the slow and easy prey left over after the moa was hunted to extinction. Their likely prey were people. Maori Poukai myth supports this but I won't include it for obvious reasons. 99.236.221.124 (talk) 20:45, 19 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Except that humans have been known to hunt down other animals that prey on them. You'd be surprised how severely a ferocious apex predator's health can be negatively impacted by having spears thrown at it on a routine basis.--Mr Fink (talk) 20:53, 19 June 2010 (UTC)

Absolutely no reason why humans could not have hunted these eagles. Even humans armed only with spears are capable of hunting and killing everything from lions to bears to whales. 153.2.246.31 (talk) 03:51, 4 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Jared Diamond in his book The Third Chimpanzee argues that the Maori exterminated the larger Moa and other flightless birds and may have also contributed to the demise of Haast's Eagle. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.234.135.180 (talk) 20:42, 23 September 2011 (UTC)

Dispute over depicted artwork
The image currently shown of a Haast's eagle model at Te Papa reportedly depicts a Golden eagle scaled up, not an actual Haast's eagle according to Dr. Mike Dickison @adzebill (Twitter), the curator of the world's largest collection of Moa bones at the Whanganui Regional Museum. — Preceding unsigned comment added by VikOlliver (talk • contribs) 04:19, 25 October 2014 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:New Zealand Fairy Tern which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 09:15, 3 May 2014 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
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External links modified
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Eggs
What is the egg size? In mm please. I need help. 2601:243:C400:575:B5BA:F29D:AF68:654D (talk) 20:44, 16 November 2022 (UTC)
 * unknown since no eggs or chicks have been found Dunkleosteus77  (talk) 00:27, 17 November 2022 (UTC)

Artwork
The paragraph about the sculpture just reads like an advertisement to me. I'm not sure of the relevance of all that detail to an article about the bird. Should this paragraph be moved to a new section about depictions in artwork, so as to encourage further additions? Toothpickdog (talk) 21:45, 3 December 2022 (UTC)
 * If there was more to say about its cultural significance, perhaps. In any case, I think it should be shortened. FunkMonk (talk) 21:47, 3 December 2022 (UTC)

GA review soon
Any suggestions on, what to add? I'll continue improving this article, it would be good to see this get to good article status. Alexeyevitch (talk) 12:18, 22 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Really appreciate the work you've been doing on this.
 * How about adding an "in popular culture" section. We could move the Macraes sculpture to that, and i've got a recent photo of the new Karamea sculpture that could go there also - as you probably know, there was a whole burst of energy in Karamea just before covid shut everything down, they created some really nice things celebrating the finds in the Honeycomb caves. Somej (talk) 20:50, 22 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Haast's eagle


text:
Zsa Zsa

Zsa Zsa (also Zsazsa, ) is a given name that originated as the baby pet name of Zsa Zsa Gabor (1917–2016), Hungarian-American actress and socialite.

Notable people, characters, and animals with the name include:

People

 * Zsa Zsa Gabor (1917–2016), Hungarian-American actress and socialite
 * Zsa Zsa Padilla (born 1964), Filipino singer and actress
 * Ms Zsa Zsa Poltergeist, the stage name of British musician Andy Billups, member of the Hamsters
 * Zsa Zsa Riordan (born 1990), Polish-American figure skater
 * Zsa Zsa Speck (fl. 1989), American keyboardist
 * Zsa Zsa (singer) (born 1994), Croatian singer

Fictional characters

 * Zsa Zsa Carter, a character from the British soap opera EastEnders
 * Zsazsa Zaturnnah, a character in Filipino comic books
 * Zsazsa, a cat puppet in the children's TV series Hector's House
 * Zsa Zsa Harper-Jenkinson, a character from the British soap opera Casualty
 * Zsa Zsa, a teddy bear, belongs to Nori from Hey Duggee a British children’s TV series
 * Zsa Zsa, a recurring villain in SuperKitties

Animals

 * Zsa Zsa, the pet rabbit of US President John F. Kennedy

title: Zsa Zsa


text:
Talk:Patani (historical region)

 * Its stated aims are to secede from the Bangkok administration through military and political means and unite with Malaysia as a state named Patani Darussalam (Patani, Land of Peace).

Can somebody confirm this? I can't find anything about PALO wanting to join Malaysia. If there is no source, I'll delete it. __earth 09:34, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)

They want an independent state not a combined state with malaysia...=)

Merge
I am against the proposed merge... separatism is not just the insurgency... that is part of it... however, to equate it only to the insurgency is not correct. gren グレン 08:28, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

The PULO website is no longer exist

Map
It would be good if the map could show the current borders between 3 provinces in Pattani Nil Einne 15:13, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Thai Wiki article?
Could someone who reads Thai check to see if there is an article on this subject on the Thai Wikipedia? Thanks! -Fsotrain09 03:29, 7 October 2006 (UTC)
 * The articles in Thai Wikipedia related to this have been deleted. I believe one was due to copy vio issue and another couldn't remember. --Jutiphan 21:57, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

factual accuracy
The reason I put this sign up because there are concerns in Thai Wikipedi relating to the factual accuracy AND naturality of this article. I myself also find it hard to believe. There are also NO references what soever about anything written in this article so I want to warn the users about the facts may be inaccurate. --Jutiphan 18:12, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

No actual facts confirmed
Pattani region or Pattani kingdom was a theory of separatists with no actual evidences or provable claims. No references were official and authenticated made by any historian but a single separatist who claimed so. Please do not refer any of these details to public media.

The actual history will be translated soon. Kriver 10:16, 25 June 2007 (UTC)Kriver

 * While the sultanate or kingdom of Pattani was a tributary kingdom of Siam for a long time of its history, there were periods of time when it had "liberated" itself (or from a Thai viewpoint it was in rebellion) from the overlordship of the Thai king. There was of course no formal "declaration of independence", as this western concept did not spread there at that time, but denying to provide the tribute payment or troops requested by the Thai king is the equivalent. IMHO the article right now is neutral to either the Thai and the Malay viewpoint, so while additional historical facts are of course welcome, please do not move the article to the Thai viewpoint only - see NPOV. andy 11:23, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:25, 6 August 2021 (UTC)
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The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:09, 19 August 2021 (UTC)
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title: Talk:Patani (historical region)


text:
Talk:RSA/to do

 * A rigorous and correct treatment of padding is essential for this article to avoid being misleading.
 * In the paragraph "Security", I think the figure 1999 must be reviewed.
 * It should be reviewed whether a 256 bit key can be factored in hours on a personal computer. I can factor them in minutes on my (somewhat old) machine.
 * At least one illustration of RSA (as noted here)
 * It is given two competing proofs of correctness, wich is very non-encyclopedic; remove the "simple" one, which (as noted) does not hold for all x, and improve the other.
 * Typographically, the article suffers from non-homogeneous layout of formula (HTML intermixed with Tex)

title: Talk:RSA/to do


text:
Talk:Highways in New South Wales

Map
Self created map. Feel free to use, copy or modify. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Fikri (talk • contribs) 9:37, 1 December 2004

Metroads
Why only two listed? See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroads#Sydney_Metroads. Robin Patterson (talk) 05:38, 25 December 2008 (UTC)

Map is not quite correct
The map is not quite correct. The Federal Highway between the Hume Highway and the ACT border is a dual carriage freeway. See http://www.visitcanberra.com.au/en/Getting-here-and-around/Driving-to-Canberra.aspx. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 110.175.8.209 (talk) 08:25, 15 January 2011 (UTC)

Freeway route section
The section about the former freeways says the F7 is equivilant to today's M7. This is not true as the F7 was an eastern route. The Bondi Bypass is the only bit to have been built. 163.189.7.40 (talk) 05:09, 6 May 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Highways in New South Wales


text:
Los Fronterizos

Los Fronterizos is an Argentine musical band consisting of four men. The group was established in 1953 in the northern province of Salta -- bordering on Bolivia -- from which "Los Fronterizos" ("men of the frontier") is derived.

Los Fronterizos are among the most famous Argentine musical bands. They recorded over thirty records during the fifty years in which they were active. Their genre is Folklore Argentino ("Argentine Folk") which blends powerful, vibrant rhythms from the Spanish Flamenco with indigenous South American elements such as the Andean flute, or quena. The latter is a hallmark of the Musica Andina genre which became well known in the U.S with Simon & Garfunkel's English version of "El Condor Pasa". Some of the Fronterizos' most famous records are Personalidad en Folklore (circa 1962), Color en Folklore, and Ariel Ramírez's Misa Criolla (1964 and 1977). In most songs, the band's instrumentation includes acoustic guitars and bombo legüero (a large indigenous drum), and occasionally, charango and quena.

Los Fronterizos' success may be attributed to their touching melodies written by some of Argentina's best songwriters and to their remarkable harmony and rare combination of voices (one alto, two tenors, and one bass).

The group formally disbanded in 1977 but continued to reunite and perform in tours with great success for years thereafter. The very powerful lead voice (one of the two tenors) belonged to Gerardo López who died in 2004.

Members

 * Gerardo López
 * Eduardo Madeo
 * Carlos Barbaran
 * Juan Carlos Moreno
 * Julio César Isella; replaced Barbaran in 1956
 * Yayo Quesada; replaced Isella in 1964

title: Los Fronterizos


text: Category:Supernatural books

title: Category:Supernatural books


text: User talk:83.77.58.150

title: User talk:83.77.58.150


text:
Sawrey Gilpin

Sawrey Gilpin (30 October 1733 – 8 March 1807) was an English animal painter, illustrator, and etcher who specialised in paintings of horses and dogs. He was made a Royal Academician.

Life and work

Gilpin was born in Carlisle in Cumbria, Kingdom of Great Britain. He was the seventh child of Captain John Bernard Gilpin, a soldier and amateur artist, and Matilda Langstaffe. He was the younger brother of the Rev. William Gilpin, a clergyman and schoolmaster who wrote of several influential works on picturesque scenery.

As a child Gilpin learnt to draw from his father, who ran a drawing school in Carlisle. Having shown an early predilection for art, he was sent to London at the age of fourteen to study under the marine painter Samuel Scott in Covent Garden. Gilpin, however, preferred sketching the passing market carts and horses, and it soon became evident that animals, especially horses, were his speciality. Gilpin left Scott in 1758, and devoted himself to animal painting from then on. Some of his sketches were shown to the Duke of Cumberland, who was much impressed by them, and employed Gilpin to draw from his stud at Newmarket and at Windsor, where he was ranger of the Great Park. He afforded the artist considerable material assistance in his profession.

Animal painter

Gilpin lived at Knightsbridge in London for some years. He became one of the best painters of horses that the country had produced, and was almost as successful in other areas of animal art. He sometimes attempted historical pictures on a larger scale in which horses were prominent, but with rather less success. He was purely an animal painter, and required the assistance of others to paint landscapes and figures; for the former he often turned to George Barret, Sr., to whom he gave similar service in return, and for the latter he sometimes used the services of John Zoffany, and Philip Reinagle.

Gilpin first exhibited with the Incorporated Society of Artists in 1762, and continued to show pictures there, mostly of horses, up to 1783. In 1768, and 1770-1, he exhibited a series of pictures illustrating "Gulliver's visit to the Houyhnhnms", one of which was engraved in mezzotint by Valentine Green; in 1770 a drawing of "Darius gaining the Persian Empire by the neighing of his horse"; in 1771 "The Duke of Cumberland visiting his stud (with a view of Windsor Castle from the Great Park, by William Marlow)". In 1773 he became a director of the society, and in 1774 president.

He exhibited at the Royal Academy, London from 1786 until his death. He was elected an associate of the academy (ARA) in 1795, and Royal Academician (RA) in 1797. Gilpin married Elizabeth Broom; their son William Sawrey Gilpin (1762–1843) also became an artist, and in later life a landscape gardener. After his wife's death Gilpin lived in Bedfordshire with his friend Samuel Whitbread. He then returned to London and spent his last years with his daughters at Brompton, where he died on 8 March 1807.

His pupils included John Warwick Smith and George Garrard. The latter married his eldest daughter Matilda.

Works
Many of his pictures of horses, dogs, and sporting scenes were engraved, notably The Death of the Fox (Royal Academy, 1788), engraved by John Scott (1774–1827); and Heron-Hawking (Society of Artists, 1780), engraved by Thomas Morris (fl. 1780-1800). He also made some etchings of horses and cattle, and made many illustrations for the works, both published and unpublished, of his brother William. His portrait is included in the series of drawings by George Dance (1741–1821), engraved by William Daniell, and now in the National Portrait Gallery.

There are works by Gilpin in the collections of the Courtauld Institute of Art, Tate Britain, and the Royal Academy, in London and the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge.

title: Sawrey Gilpin


text:
Cowley, Oxfordshire

Cowley is a residential and industrial area in Oxford, in the county of Oxfordshire, England. Cowley's neighbours are Rose Hill and Blackbird Leys to the south, Headington to the north and the villages of Horspath and Garsington across fields to the east. Internationally, Cowley is best known for its automotive industry - historically it was the home of the car manufacturer Morris (later absorbed into British Leyland, then the Rover Group), which has now evolved into Mini.

History
The Cowley area has been inhabited since Roman times. The line of a Roman road runs north-south along the eastern edge of Cowley. It linked a Roman town at Dorchester-on-Thames with a Roman military camp at Alchester near Bicester. A road called Roman Way follows part of its route. It is behind the Mini car factory, starting opposite the Stagecoach in Oxfordshire bus garage. Cowley coalesced from the former villages of Middle Cowley, Temple Cowley and Church Cowley (around St James church), though the ancient parish of Cowley covered much of the area now known as East Oxford. The western portion of the original parish of Cowley was split off and became part of the city of Oxford in 1889, and was given the name of Cowley St John, though today it is often called the Cowley Road area, after the road across the fields from Oxford to Cowley villages.

The term Cowley today usually refers to the remainder of Cowley (the parish of Cowley St James where the original Cowley villages stood), which became part of the city of Oxford in 1928. However, because the settlements of Cowley were situated within the larger Cowley parishes, there are still some modern contexts (such as the Cowley Fathers mentioned below) when the term "Cowley" is used to refer to other areas in East Oxford outside of Cowley proper. Cowley was a manor from Medieval times, and a 16th-century manor house stood on Oxford Road near the corner with Hollow Way. In 1139, Matilda of Boulogne founded Temple Cowley here for the Knights Templar. The house became part of the Oxford Military College which was built on its grounds in the 19th century. In 1864, the Wycombe Railway between High Wycombe and Oxford was built through Cowley, but at this time the village was so small that the railway company did not provide it with a station.

Cowley St James C of E school, situated on Beauchamp Lane adjacent to the church, was established in 1834 and continued to operate as a primary school until 1975. Its most famous pupil was William Morris, later Lord Nuffield, who founded Morris Motors which was the source of a great deal of local employment leading to substantial growth in the area. A public house is named after him located in the nearby Templar Square shopping centre. Another well-known pupil of the school was the actress Dame Maggie Smith. In 1866 the Society of St. John the Evangelist, a Church of England religious order, was founded near Cowley Road in the parish of Cowley. SSJE was the first long-lasting Anglican religious order for men since the Reformation. The members were frequently known as the "Cowley Fathers". In 1868 the Eddison and Nodding Company factory was founded in Cowley. John Allen bought it in 1897 and renamed it the Oxford Steam Plough Company. He later renamed it again as John Allen and Sons, and diversified into manufacturing other agricultural and horticultural machinery including the successful Allen Scythe powered by a small Villiers petrol engine. The works closed in the early 1980s, and the Templars Shopping Park formerly known as John Allen Centre retail park has since been built on the site.

The Oxford Military College bought the former Cowley Middle Class School in 1876. The College hall, a former manor house, was built in the early 17th century. The Chapel of 1870 was designed by the architect Edward George Bruton. An east wing designed by Sir Thomas Graham Jackson was added in 1877. The Oxford Military College closed in 1896, developed from 1912 by William Morris as the Cowley plant. During the 1960s, the centre of Cowley was demolished and replaced with Templas Square shopping center (previously it had been known as "Cowley Centre", and sometimes still is). In the same decade the railway between Princes Risborough and Oxford closed, but the track between Kennington Junction and Cowley remains open for freight in and out of the car factory.

Between 1980 and 1992 the headquarters of the United Kingdom Warning and Monitoring Organisation (UKWMO) was located in a converted barracks building at Cowley Barracks on James Wolfe Road, Cowley. The UKWMO was the organisation responsible for initiating the four-minute warning in the event of a nuclear attack on the UK and was disbanded at the end of the Cold War. Co-located with HQUKWMO was the Headquarters of No 3 Oxford Group Royal Observer Corps whose underground protected nuclear bunker at the Cowley site opened in 1965. Parts of the bunker were demolished in 1995, however most of it was refurbished including the air filtration systems. The site now belongs to Oxford Brookes University who built student accommodation on the site, and now use the former bunker as a storage facility making it the only student halls in the country with its own nuclear shelter.

In 1921 the civil parish had a population of 2790. On 1 April 1929 the parish was abolished and merged with St Giles and St John.

Morris Motors
The Cowley area was transformed after 1912 when William Morris bought the former Oxford Military College and moved Morris Motors Limited into it from its former premises in Oxford. He expanded into "The Old Tin Shed" in 1914 and then into a huge complex of purpose-built production lines in Cowley, as Morris pioneered Henry Ford-style mass production in the UK. The Great Western Railway, which had taken over the Wycombe Railway, opened a station called Morris Cowley to serve some of the thousands of workers commuting to the factory. In 1933, a goods yard was built beside the line to bring supplies into the factory and take completed vehicles away. This yard still exists and serves the current vehicle-manufacturing plant, though the railway beyond has long been lifted.

From the 1920s through to the 1960s, Cowley expanded into a huge industrial centre. In the Great Depression many people left areas of high unemployment such as South Wales and moved to the Cowley area to work in Cowley's factories. Large areas of housing were built and rented out to the migrants. Florence Park was one area built in the 1920s for a private landlord to rent to new workers. The houses looked nice but they were poorly built and maintained, until the tenants held a rent strike and forced the landlord to make repairs. Most Florence Park houses are now owner-occupied, and the area's tree-lined roads are now a popular neighbourhood in which to live. In World War II the Morris factory produced many de Havilland Tiger Moth training aeroplanes for the war effort and there was also the No 1 Metal and Produce Recovery Depot run by the Civilian Repair Organisation to handle crashed or damaged aircraft and even the wreckage of enemy aircraft was processed here. Paul Nash was inspired to paint Totes Meer based on sketches he made of the recovery depot.

Despite successive company mergers and name changes, "Morris's" is still often used as the name of the car factory to this day. In 1952, Morris Motors became part of the British Motor Corporation (BMC), in 1968 BMC became British Leyland, in the 1980s the group was known as Austin Rover, in the 1990s it was Rover Group and since 2001 the factory has been owned by BMW. But the name "Morris's" is ingrained in local culture and speech habits, particularly amongst older inhabitants. By the early 1970s, over 20,000 people worked in Cowley at the vast Morris Motors and Pressed Steel Fisher plants. Unipart is also a major employer in Cowley, with premises next to the car factory. In later years Morris Motors and Pressed Steel became one company. Subsequently the Morris's site was closed down, demolished, and redeveloped as the Oxford Business Park.

Cowley today
The car factory is known today as Plant Oxford and is now owned by BMW and has been extensively redeveloped. It remains the largest industrial employer in Oxfordshire employing more than 4,300 people. The plant was set up in 1926 by a consortium including William Morris and the Budd Company of America and was adjacent to the Morris Motors factory. Morris and the Budd Company both pulled out of the consortium and the plant became an independent supplier of bodies and tooling to Morris and other car manufacturers across the world. The company also produced the Prestcold refrigerators. When BMW sold the Rover Group they decide to retain the Pressed Steel Fisher site and transfer the Mini from Longbridge to Cowley, enabling the Longbridge site to continue to produce all the Rover products. BMW retained ownership of the Cowley plant, formerly Pressed Steel, to build the all-new Mini that was launched in the spring of 2001. It has been the best selling car to be built at the plant since the Maestro and Montego in the 1980s. The Morris Motors factory expanded with factory complexes on both sides of the Oxford Road. Although Morris started his original work on the outskirts of the city the Cowley site quickly became the production site for high volume production.

It was the original base of Morris cars when the marque was founded in 1912, and production continued at the factory until 1982, with models including the Morris Minor, Morris Oxford, Riley Motor and Wolseley Motors cars. The Morris marque was not abandoned until 1984 when production of the Longbridge-built Morris Ital and development of the Morris Marina finished. The factory then became the production facility for the Maestro, Montego and the Princess Range. Production continued with the facility totally given over to production of the Rover 600 and Rover 800. These models were replaced by the Rover 75 in late 1998, but BMW broke up the Rover Group in 2000 and Rover 75 production moved to Longbridge. The original Morris Motor sites were flattened and a technology park has since been created on the site. The former Nuffield Press site including the former Oxford Military College buildings was redeveloped in the late 1990s into housing. The business park has attracted a large David Lloyd Leisure centre and offices of numerous companies including the European headquarters of Harley-Davidson Motorcycles and the headquarters of international aid charity Oxfam GB. Cowley is an ethnically diverse community, with significant black and South Asian communities.

Sports and leisure
Cowley has a strong sporting tradition. In 1938 Oxford Stadium was built to host the sport of greyhound racing. In 1939 motorcycle speedway moved to Oxford Stadium. After a few years Oxford's speedway team were named Oxford Cheetahs, a name they still bear today. Temple Cowley Pools in Temple Road was a public swimming and gymnasium complex run by Oxford City Council which closed in December 2014 for redevelopment as housing. Its main pool was 25 metres long. It was built on the site of part of a former Knights Templar estate. Opposite the site of the former pool is the band hall of the City of Oxford Silver Band and next door to it stands Cowley Library,. Oxfordshire Record Office occupies the former St Luke's church nearby. Morris Motors Athletic & Social Club in nearby Crescent Road has a large sports ground and club house.

Until 2009 on Watlington Road, opposite the Mini factory, stood Johnson's Café, which fed thousands of Morris Motors workers in the past. It was founded decades ago by Reginald Johnson and until its final day its interior was decorated with bold murals of early speedway stars. Reginald's sons Aubrey and Len took over after the Second World War. Len's son Joe Johnson was an international motocross star in the 1960s until he settled down to run the cafe alongside Aubrey and his son, Andrew, after Len's death. After Aubrey's death in the 1980s the cafe was run by Andrew and Joey to the end. This cafe suffered an armed robbery on 16 January 2008 and closed in 2009. The building is now occupied by Oxford Spin & Fitness centre.

Education
Schools serving Cowley include Greyfriars Catholic School and Oxford Spires Academy.

In popular culture
Cowley is a principal setting in the novel The Alteration by Kingsley Amis, set in an alternative reality where the Protestant Reformation never occurred. Cowley was the site of the Holy Victory in the War of English Succession (where 'Henry the Abominable' attempted to seize the throne from his nephew Stephen II, resulting in a papal crusade). As a result, it was renamed Coverley and made the ecclesiastical capital of England, surpassing the secular capital of London in terms of importance.

On his 1992 tour of England (heard on the posthumously released Shock and Awe album), the comedian and satirist Bill Hicks stated that he had found the "Alabama of Britain" whilst attending a radio interview in Cowley.

Cowley is referenced in the lyrics of the song "Zorbing" by the British alternative indie folk band Stornoway: "Been Zorbing through the streets of Cowley".

Young detective Endeavour Morse is based at Cowley Road police station in the Inspector Morse prequel Endeavour.

Notable people

 * Gladys Mitchell, writer, born April 21, 1901
 * Stornoway, musical band

title: Cowley, Oxfordshire


text:
Discount function

A discount function is used in economic models to describe the weights placed on rewards received at different points in time. For example, if time is discrete and utility is time-separable, with the discount function  $$f(t)$$ having a negative first derivative and with $$c_t$$ (or $$c(t)$$ in continuous time) defined as consumption at time t, total utility from an infinite stream of consumption is given by

 * $$U(\{c_t\}_{t=0}^\infty)=\sum_{t=0}^\infty {f(t)u(c_t)}$$.

Total utility in the continuous-time case is given by

 * $$U(\{c(t)\}_{t=0}^\infty)=\int_{0}^\infty {f(t)u(c(t)) dt}$$

provided that this integral exists.

Exponential discounting and hyperbolic discounting are the two most commonly used examples.

title: Discount function


text:
User talk:62.171.198.5

April 2013
Please refrain from making test edits in Wikipedia pages, such as those you made to Halogen, even if you intend to fix them later. Your edits do not appear to be constructive and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment again, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Materialscientist (talk) 08:28, 16 April 2013 (UTC)

Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did to Shanghai with this edit, you may be blocked from editing. Tolly 4  bolly  08:58, 16 April 2013 (UTC)

This is your last warning. You may be blocked from editing without further warning the next time you vandalize a page, as you did with this edit to Shanghai. Tolly 4  bolly  09:00, 16 April 2013 (UTC) You have been blocked temporarily from editing for abuse of editing privileges. Once the block has expired, you are welcome to make useful contributions. If you think there are good reasons why you should be unblocked, you may appeal this block by adding below this notice the text, but you should read the guide to appealing blocks first. Materialscientist (talk) 09:24, 16 April 2013 (UTC)

Hello, I'm Yintan. I wanted to let you know that I undid one of your recent contributions, such as the one you made with this edit to Dan Snow, because it didn’t appear constructive to me. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks, Yintan ²   09:22, 18 April 2013 (UTC)

Hello, I'm Yintan. I wanted to let you know that I undid one of your recent contributions, such as the one you made with this edit to Hastings, because it didn’t appear constructive to me. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks, Yintan ²   10:34, 18 April 2013 (UTC)

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October 2013
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November 2013
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title: User talk:62.171.198.5


text:
Dhamar (music)

Dhamar is one of the talas used in Hindustani classical music from the Indian subcontinent. It is associated with the dhrupad style and typically played on the pakhawaj and also tabla.

Dhamar taal has 14 beats (matras) grouped asymmetrically into a 5-2-3-4 pattern.

A song in dhrupad style set to dhamar tala is also called a dhamar. The text of a dhamar concerns the antics of Krishna teasing the milkmaids during the Holi (hori) Spring Festival of colours. It is considered a relatively light, gentle, and romantic musical form.

The theka or syllabic pattern of dhamar tala is: 1   2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9    10   11   12   13  14 क    ध्धि   ट    धि   ट    धा    ऽ    ग    त्ति  ट    ति   ट    ता   ऽ ka  ddhi Ta   dhi  Ta  dhaa  -    Ga   Ti   Ta   Ti   Ta   taa  -

In counting out the beat, beats 1, 6, and 11 are clapped (tali), and beat 8 is indicated by a wave of the hand (khali):

(1) Clap 2 3 4 5 |(1) Clap 2 |(1) Wave 2 3 |(1) Clap 2 3 4 ||

title: Dhamar (music)


text:
Joshua Compston

Joshua Richard Compston (1 June 1970 – 5 March 1996) was a London curator whose company Factual Nonsense was closely associated with the emergence of the Young British Artists (YBAs).

Early life and career beginnings
Compston was born in Putney. The son of a judge, he was educated at St Edward's School, Oxford. Encouraged by his parents, Compston became an enthusiastic collector of antiques and ephemera. In his adolescence, he developed a friendship with Sir Peter Blake, and would bring him gifts of found ephemera.

Compston studied Art Foundation at Camberwell School of Art, followed by History of Art at the Courtauld Institute of Art. At Camberwell, Compston was the contemporary of Darren Coffield, who later became his biographer.

At the Courtauld he soon became frustrated that the academic lecturing staff were taking insufficient interest in the work of living artists, and that as a result students were ignorant of major figures in 20th century art. Traditionally, students at the Courtauld had been taught in rooms hung with the masterworks from the history of art borrowed from the affiliated Courtauld Gallery. Taking advantage of a relocation of the school to new premises in Somerset House, and newly empty walls in seminar rooms, he leveraged the Courtauld into exhibiting the work of contemporary painters on long-term temporary loan as 'The East Wing Collection' - a practice which continues to this day as 'The East Wing Biennial'. Past exhibitors in the Collection/Biennial include Mel Bochner, Damien Hirst, Howard Hodgkin, Michael Landy, Del LaGrace Volcano, Gilbert and George, Genesis P-Orridge and Martha Rosler. He graduated from the Courtauld in 1992. At this time, he was associated with the American gallerist Maureen Paley.

Joshua Compston first worked in commercial galleries when he became David Taborn’s agent, curating Taborn’s show at Gallery 202, Notting Hill Gate in 1989.

Joshua Compston's initial exposure to pre YBA Shoreditch happened partly by accident, due to an infatuation with a daughter of writer Jocasta Innes and whose Spitalfields kitchen became a late night meeting point for Compston, Will Hodgkinson and many other creatives. This in turn led to renting a room at the next door house of Architect Sir Richard MacCormac.

Factual Nonsense
In 1993, he opened a gallery at 44a Charlotte Road, Shoreditch, the first gallery to open in what was then a slightly run-down part of east London. European Dadaist manifestos, 20th century propaganda and the Arts and Crafts Movement were influences in his creation of the Factual Nonsense brand and concept of social philosophy. The name of the gallery and art movement was taken from the title of a painting 'Factual Nonsense' by David Taborn, whose work 'A Guide For The Perplexed' was also used by Compston as the title for the gallery inaugural exhibition.

As well as working with many of the artists of the YBA movement, including Gavin Turk, Tracey Emin, Sarah Lucas, Angus Fairhurst and Damien Hirst, Compston's main collaborator was the printer Thomas Shaw, with whom he created numerous Factual Nonsense posters, prints and other printed matter.

Compston organised events in Shoreditch as a part of his deliberate vision: to shape an artistic community and to create an urban regeneration, both of which became his legacy. The events included two summer fetes (A Fete Worse Than Death), and a picnic in Hoxton Square (The Hanging Picnic). Compston's lasting legacy to Shoreditch was celebrated by a revival of A Fete Worse Than Death in 2014. His archive is held by the Tate Gallery.

Death
In 1996, at the age of 25, Compston died as the result of taking ether at his gallery in Charlotte Road, which was also his home. His coffin was painted with a William Morris pattern by Gary Hume and Gavin Turk. His funeral was attended by several hundred mourners including leading figures of the London art scene. He is buried at Kensal Green Cemetery. Compston's tomb, on which he is depicted laid out on his little Thames boat, was carved from Portland stone by the artist and cartoonist Zebedee Helm.

Published biographies

 * Jeremy Cooper - No Fun Without U: The Art of Factual Nonsense, 2000
 * Darren Coffield - Factual Nonsense: The Art and Death of Joshua Compston,  2013

title: Joshua Compston


text: Category:Lou Reed albums

title: Category:Lou Reed albums


text:
Talk:Dhamar (music)

Untitled
If you can add to the dhamar page and thereby enlighten me, you are most welcome to do so.

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 17:48, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dhamar (music)


text:
Creston, British Columbia

Creston is a town in the Kootenay region of southeastern British Columbia, Canada.

Time zones
Settlements on the east shore of Kootenay Lake and along BC Highway 3 from Creston to Yahk are among the few areas of Canada that do not observe daylight saving time, remaining on Mountain Standard Time year-round. Forming a natural boundary, the lake and the Kootenay Pass on the Salmo–Creston highway divide the Pacific Time Zone from the mountain one. When daylight saving ends, the time change migrates from Yahk to the Kootenay Bay ferry landing. Consequently, Creston in the warmer months is on Castlegar time and in the colder months on Cranbrook time.

East Kootenay
The 1860 survey defined the Purcell Mountains as the east–west divide, which geographically places Creston in East Kootenay, but Crawford Bay in West Kootenay. Since the highway to Salmo did not open until 1963, Creston developed cultural links eastward. Minor sports, both hockey and baseball, belonged to East Kootenay leagues.

West Kootenay
An 1899 advertisement described the Creston Townsite Co. as West Kootenay Valley. Since the highest passes of the Purcells are north-northeast, Creston might be considered in the west. Regional politics are centred at Nelson, which is in West Kootenay.

Central Kootenay
The Creston Review, first published in 1908, took a neutral stance on which Kootenay descriptor applied best. However, for several years, a front-page banner stated: "All roads in East Kootenay and West Kootenay lead to Creston." Prior to the creation of the Regional District of Central Kootenay in 1965, Central Kootenay did not exist as a geographic concept. Most locals still do not accept the idea. Those on the fence regard Creston as a sort of transition between east and west, or from a time zone perspective, as being west in summer and east in winter.

First Nations and early European visitors
The Lower Kootenay Band of the Ktunaxa Nation has occupied the region from time immemorial. Members would paddle their canoes across the flooded flats to harvest wild rice, one of the staples of their diet. The people called the Creston area Yaqan Nukiy, meaning "where the rock stands". The Kutenai language is noted for its uniqueness, as were the distinctive sturgeon-nosed canoes. Members reside in several local reserves. As of 2020, the Lower Kootenay Band is in Stage 4 of the British Columbia Treaty Process.

Europeans referred to this area as the Goat River district. Established in 1865, the section of the Dewdney Trail travelled southeast via present-day Wynndel and Creston, before following the Goat River valley northeastward. On an 1882 hunting trip, William A. Baillie-Grohman and Teddy Roosevelt camped in the vicinity of today's Creston. Baillie-Grohman noted the agricultural potential of the flats if protected from flooding.

Name origin
In 1891, three settlers obtained 160 acre lots. Of today's town, John Wilson Dow owned the northern portion, Fred. G. Little, the centre, and John Arrowsmith, the southwestern corner. The Columbia and Kootenay Steam Navigation Company twice weekly run between Nelson and Bonners Ferry served the growing community on the edge of the flats.

The place was formerly known as Fred Little's ranch and then as the eighth siding during the Canadian Pacific Railway (CP) construction. The name of Fisher was chosen for the initial timetable published in August 1898, assumedly after Sydney Arthur Fisher, a politician friendly to the railway. Some confusion existed as to whether a rename to Sirdar would be adopted. Sirdar was the title assigned to the commander-in-chief of the British-controlled Egyptian Army in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Lord Kitchener, who held this position, was equally honoured by the CP station of Kitchener 12 mi northeast. Sirdar, an existing CP station 15 mi northwest, would also have needed to be renamed in such circumstances. Residents preferred the name Creston, which appears to have been in popular use. Fred Little selected the name after Creston, Iowa, where he had worked for the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, which also stood at the outlet of a major water body. The residents petitioned CP to change the name from Fisher to Creston, a request CP granted before late 1899.

Railways
CP accepted offers from Little and Dow for a half-interest in their properties. During construction, the CP rail head passed northwestward toward Kuskonook in September 1898. Although construction trains offered passenger service until mid-October, the line was not handed over to CP until mid-November, but services on the western section did not resume until mid-December. The two-storey station was erected that year.

In December 1899, the Bedlington & Nelson Railway (B&N), a Great Northern Railway subsidiary, assumed possession of the completed line from the main contractor. The route followed today's Lower Wynndel Rd (low road). In July 1900, the B&N began limited services and that November, a daily service to Kuskonook. That August, B&N's operations north of the junction (Wynndel) were suspended. Soon, there was little activity north of Creston. Certainly by February 1904, the three times weekly mixed train ran no farther north than Creston. In December 1914, the final twice weekly mixed train ran north to Creston, and the Wynndel–Porthill track was lifted in 1916.

In 1949, CP replaced the former station with a single level flat-roofed one. Passenger service on the route ended in 1964. In 1982, the station closed. In 1990, track removal left only one siding, and the brewery spur.

Early community
Little and the CP created separate subdivisions, which sold quickly. In late 1898, Robt. J. Long built the first hotel. By 1900, a settlement was growing around Long's Creston and John Munroe's Queen's hotels on the portion of Little's subdivision below the tracks. To meet demand, Little further subdivided above the tracks, to where William Crawford and Charles Faas moved their general stores, now the downtown. In 1907, a Canadian Bank of Commerce branch opened. The next year, The Creston Review began publication. Creston was incorporated as a village in 1924. The next year, exchanges of gunfire occurred during a bank robbery. One outlaw was captured the following afternoon. His unidentified partner disappeared with $4,000. In 1930, Dr. Olivier opened an eleven-bed hospital, and the Creston Hotel (1898) burned to the ground. In 1949, the Kootenay Hotel opened. It was around this time, that the residents started feeling uneasy and unwelcomed in the town.One resident said "There's something here, it's evil, I know it watches me." In 1960, Interior Breweries began production at a new brewery. Creston was incorporated as a town in 1966. In 1974, the Labatt Brewing Company acquired 84 per cent of Columbia Brewing Company (the 1972 rename of Interior Breweries).

Agriculture

About 1884, likely associated with the Baillie-Grohman reclamation plan, the first settlers arrived, cleared the slopes around today's Creston, and planted orchards, but obtained no preemptions. In the early 1890s, William Rodger and Jane Huscroft, with their large family and cattle, squatted on the flats. During 1893, crews dyked the river, but the exceptional flooding during the following spring destroyed much of the work. In partnership with the Kootenay Valley Power and Development Co., settlers completed reconstruction that year, reclaiming 7700 acre. Later deterioration of the dykes resumed annual flooding, leaving the land suitable only for hay harvests.

Apple and cherry orchards were well established by 1920s. As returning World War I veterans developed farms on the flat lands to the south, grain harvests increased. Grain elevators were built in Creston by the Midland Pacific Grain Corporation in 1935 and the Alberta Wheat Pool in 1936 and 1949. Rebuilt dyking of a few years earlier succumbed to floods in 1938 and 1948. The first annual Blossom Festival was held in 1942. In 2018, the Columbia Basin Trust acquired the two remaining abandoned elevators (1935 and 1936) with a view to restoration.

Lumber
Small sawmills were established in 1898 and around 1903. In 1907, C.O. Rodgers erected a mill at the mouth of the Goat River gorge. In partnership with D.W. Briggs, he reorganized as the Canyon City Lumber Co. in 1911. After a 1923 fire destroyed the mill, the rebuild, known as Creston Sawmills, opened in 1924. The specialized Rodgers Box Factory catered to the fruit and berry trade. The sawmill closed in 1981 and the buildings torn down. The veneer and planer mills, which closed a decade later, were also demolished.

Road/air transportation
By 1909, the highway to Cranbrook was rated as good. By 1910, a passable trail existed east to Lethbridge, which by 1912 was a main road. After realignments, a proper gravel highway opened in 1920. In 1932, the route became the No. 3, Interprovincial Highway, remaining for years the main road connection between the two western provinces.

Southward, a wagon road existed by the 1890s, which was periodically upgraded over the following decades.

In 1931, the ferry/highway auto route north to Nelson was inaugurated.

When Canyon St. was widened in 1947 for the new Crowsnest Highway, the frontage buildings moved 10 ft back.

The October 1963 opening of the Salmo–Creston highway rerouted most traffic from the ferry route.

Creston is served by the Creston Valley Airport formerly known as the Art Sutcliffe Field. In 2017, the pilot of a small plane safely made an emergency landing on Highway 3 west of Creston.

Prior to Greyhound Canada ceasing all intraprovincial services in 2018, an application the prior year included a service reduction via Creston. The summer bus service between Kaslo and Calgary, instituted by a regional operator in 2019, included a Creston stop.

In 2021, the Creston Valley Transit System replaced its fleet of diesel-powered buses with four light-duty, gasoline-driven buses.

Communications and utilities
In 1907, the Creston Power Light & Telephone Co (CPL&T) installed phone wires northwest to Duck Creek, east to Erickson, and south to Porthill, Idaho. The next year, the Goat Mountain Waterworks replaced transporting water by wagon from Wynndel.

The excess from electricity generation by the sawmill was sold to the Creston Power, Light and Telephone Company. In 1934, West Kootenay Power & Light (WKP&L) replaced the mill supply, using transmission lines from the Goat River Dam.

In 2015, Telus completed a project to string fibre optic cables for residential and business use.

A $1.1M upgrade in 2017 to the undersized Schikurski Pump Station secured the town water supply.

Later community
Creston offers an infrastructure typical of a town of this size, including brewery tours, a shopping mall, golf course and a large selection of motels, hotels, and three campsites. The Ramada hotel (2012) was the first new hotel in Creston in decades. In 2011, the Creston & District Community Complex (1971) received new flooring and upgraded amenities.

The Creston-based Kokanee Beer movie entry won a Gold Lion at the 2013 Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity. That year, Budweiser production began at the Columbia Brewery.

The Art Deco style Tivoli Theatre (1938) and many of these 1930-ish wood-framed structures in the downtown area seek to mimic this architectural style. The long-vacant Kootenay Hotel has been transformed into a wine bar, taphouse and restaurant. The Creston Hotel has also been extensively modernized.

After a 2015 fire extensively damaged Trinity United Church, reconstruction work did not start until two years later.

Media
The Creston Valley is served by AM radio station CFKC-AM at 1340 kHz (rebroadcasting CJAT-FM Trail, BC), and by FM radio stations CKCV-FM at 94.1 MHz, and CBTS-FM at 100.3 MHz (rebroadcasting CBTK-FM Kelowna, BC as part of the CBC Radio One network). Previous to CBTS-FM's debut, CBRM was a low-power AM station rebroadcasting CBU Vancouver that was discontinued when CBTS-FM took to the air. The broadcast antennae of CKCV-FM and CBTS-FM are co-located at 49.16458°N, -116.68158°W to the West-northwest of Creston. CIDO-FM formerly broadcast at 97.7 MHz but went dormant in 2016 and its license expired. The local newspaper is the Creston Valley Advance.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Creston had a population of 5,583 living in 2,670 of its 2,810 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 5,361. With a land area of 8.41 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Religion
According to the 2021 census, religious groups in Creston included:
 * Irreligion (2,675 persons or 49.8%)
 * Christianity (2,525 persons or 47.0%)
 * Hinduism (35 persons or 0.7%)
 * Buddhism (25 persons or 0.5%)
 * Judaism (15 persons or 0.3%)
 * Sikhism (10 persons or 0.2%)
 * Other (75 persons or 1.4%)

Climate
Creston has either an inland oceanic climate (Köppen - Cfb) or a humid continental climate (Dfb), depending on the isotherm used (0 or), though rainfall patterns are such that it just barely avoids being classified as a Mediterranean climate (Csb or Dsb). Creston's climate is often modified by air masses of the Pacific Ocean origin, especially in winter. Daily maximum temperatures are usually above freezing even in January except when air masses of Arctic origin move over the area. The worst cold outbreaks may send temperatures below -30 C on rare occasions. Spring comes early by Canadian standards; trees usually start to leaf out before the end of April. A clear summer day is likely to have a daily maximum near or above 25 C; the record maximum is 41.4 C. The first fall frost usually holds off until October where air drainage is good.

The mean annual precipitation is 662.4 mm in mid-town, but the area has a rather steep precipitation gradient which is reflected in regional ecosystems.

Flora and fauna
The moisture-loving western hemlock grows near the town's northern boundary; another wet-belt indicator, the western red cedar, is common in the area. The sun-loving ponderosa pine forms a larger proportion of the vegetation near Creston's southern boundary. Douglas fir is the most common native tree throughout; other large conifers include grand fir, western larch, western white pine and lodgepole pine. Large pines other than the ponderosa are seldom seen in town, but are common in some of the woods nearby. The only native deciduous tree which matches the conifers in size is the black cottonwood. White birch and trembling aspen grow to medium size; smaller trees include the Rocky Mountain maple and bitter cherry. Prominent among the non-native trees are blue spruce, horsechestnut, Norway maple, silver maple, and several species of walnut, including the butternut. There also are occasional examples of catalpa, chestnut, London plane, and tulip tree.

Large mammals at Creston include cougar, bear, beaver, coyote, deer, elk, moose, muskrat and river otter. More than 265 bird species occur in the Creston Valley, which is in a migration corridor for waterfowl such as goose and swan; the valley is also a wintering area for birds of prey. The Creston area hosts British Columbia's only remaining population of northern leopard frog.

Physiography and soils

Creston is built on rolling bench-land immediately to the east of the Kootenay River floodplain. Beyond the bench-land to the east are the Purcell Mountains; their steep west-facing scarps are mistakenly called the Skimmerhorns, while the Selkirk Mountains rise west of the floodplain.

Silt loam is the most common soil texture at Creston. The floodplain soils are dark and poorly drained for the most part; they are excellent for pasture and grains where drainage is improved. Some of the bench-land soils are brown and of good tilth; others are gray, deficient in organic matter, and have rather heavy calcareous subsoils.

Notable current and former residents

 * William Munroe Archibald, aviator
 * Johnny Bucyk, former NHL hockey player (Boston Bruins and New York Islanders)
 * Irwin Crosthwait, painter
 * Aaron Douglas, actor
 * Edward Joseph Garland, politician and diplomat
 * Jamie Huscroft, former NHL hockey player
 * Pascale Hutton, actress
 * Darren Jensen, former NHL goalie (Philadelphia Flyers)
 * Dmytro Lazorko, politician
 * Rob Morrison, politician
 * John Gordon Perrin, volleyball player
 * Duncan Regehr, actor
 * Randy Rota, former NHL hockey player
 * Francis Henry Shepherd, politician and engineer
 * Jayli Wolf, musician and actress

Youth Programs

 * Royal Canadian Army Cadets
 * Royal Canadian Air Cadets
 * Creston Valley Youth Center

Sports

 * Creston Combat Fitness
 * Creston Judo Club
 * Creston Curling Club
 * Creston Ospreys Rowing Club
 * Creston Valley Thundercats junior 'B' hockey team
 * Creston Waves Swim club
 * Creston Valley Skating Club

title: Creston, British Columbia


text: Category:New Mexico state senators

title: Category:New Mexico state senators


text: Category:Members of the New Mexico House of Representatives


text: Category:New Mexico Legislature

title: Category:New Mexico Legislature