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Gmina Wasilków

Wasilków commune is an urban-rural commune (administrative district) in Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. Its seat is the Wasilków town, which lies approximately 3 km north of the regional capital Białystok.Wasilków commune is located on the Supraśl River, surrounded by the forests of the Knyszyn Forest.

The comunne covers an area of 127.17 km2, and as of 2022 its total population is 20 361 (out of which the population of Wasilków amounts to 12 559, and the population of the rural part of the commune is 7 802).

History
The first traces of settlement in the Wasilków commune date back to the Middle Stone Age. Excavations conducted near the town of Nowodworce provided evidence of the settlement of these areas in the Bronze Age, which lasted in Poland until around 1800 BCE. One of the most interesting was the discovery of a flint mine in the Knyszyn Forest near Rybniki. As a result of the research, about fifty archaeological sites have been discovered in the commune. Traces of prehistoric and early-historic settlements have been found in the vicinity of almost every modern village in the Wasilków commune. However, nothing is known about the beginnings of Slavic settlement in Wasilków.

In the 11th century the territory of Wasilków belonged to Kievan Rus. In 1340, the area of Wasilkow was incorporated into Lithuania by prince Gediminas. However, earlier this area belonged to Mazovia. The first mention in written sources about the area where the town and the Wasilków starosty was later established in 1358.

A breakthrough date in the history of Wasilków is December 8, 1566, when King Zygmunt August granted him city rights and a coat of arms. The city was inhabited by people from the vicinity of Goniądz, Tykocin and Białystok. Two days after granting city rights - on December 10, 1566, King Zygmunt August issued a privilege allowing the creation of a Catholic parish.

In the middle of the 17th century Wasilków was inhabited by about 500 people, and the entire starosty additionally 400 people. The first records from this period appear about Jews who came from Choroszcz and settled in Wasilków. Before the first partition of Poland, Wasilków had about 1,500 inhabitants. After the Third Partition of Poland, Wasilków was incorporated into the Białystok Department of New East Prussia, and from 1807, under the Treaty of Tylża, into the Russian Partition.

Around 1880, Wasilków had 3,880 inhabitants. There were 12 textile factories in the town, ten of which were owned by Jews. All plants employed a total of about 300 people.

The tragic date in the history of the city is May 5, 1895, when a great fire destroyed almost half of Wasilków, and 10 people died in the fire. At the end of the 19th century, Wasilków had approx. 4,000 inhabitants. residents.

In November 1918, there were only two textile factories operating in the city, employing nearly 70 workers. World War II began in these lands on September 16, 1939, with the entry of the German army. Less than a week later, a cavalry detachment of the Soviet Red Army entered the Tui. This is how the Soviet occupation began, during which several dozen of Wasilkow families were deported to Kazakhstan. In August 1941, the Germans established a ghetto in Wasilków, in which about 1,250 Jews were held. The following year, they were taken to Treblinka, where they were murdered.

As a result of the war, the industry in Wasilków ceased to exist. The city was destroyed in 20%. In the post-war period, a significant date is July 1, 1947, when Father Wacław Rabczyński was appointed vicar and administrator of the parish under the invocation of Transfiguration of the Lord in Wasilków. The summary of the activities of Fr. Rabczyński began in 1958 and completed in 1966 the construction of the church of Of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Mother of Mercy at Kościuszko Street. Father Wacław Rabczyński was undoubtedly one of the most outstanding figures in the post-war history of the Wasilkow region.

In 1946 Wasilków had 3,948 inhabitants. The determinant of the changes taking place in the post-war years was the development of Emilia Plater Wool Industry Plant, which in its heyday employed about 2,500 employees. In 1959, the construction of an elementary school on Mickiewicza Street began, and in 1982 a primary school on Polna Street, which was officially opened on May 22, 1985.

After World War II, Wasilków became a satellite city of Białystok. On May 27, 1990, the first half-century free and democratic elections to local self-government took place.

In 2022, the number of inhabitants of the city and commune of Wasilków reaches nearly 19 thousand. and is constantly growing. Wasilków has become one of the most dynamically developing local government units in Podlaskie.

Villages
Apart from the town of Wasilków, Gmina Wasilków contains the villages and settlements of Burczak, Dąbrówki, Horodnianka, Horodnianka-Kolonia, Jurowce, Jurowce-Kolonia, Katrynka, Katrynka-Leśniczówka, Mostek, Mostek-Gajówka, Nowodworce, Osowicze, Ożynnik, Podkrzemionka, Rybniki, Sielachowskie, Sochonie, Studzianki, Wólka Poduchowna, Wólka-Przedmieście, Woroszyły, Zapieczki and Zaścianek.

Neighbouring commune
Wasilków comunne is bordered by the Białystok city and by the commune of Czarna Białostocka, Dobrzyniewo Duże and Supraśl.

Prizes and awards
In 2022, the Wasilków commune received three awards in the Dziennik Gazeta Prawna ranking:

 * 1st place among all Polish local governments in the Local Government Communication and Promotion Leader category for the promotional film "Wasilkowska Song".
 * 2nd place in Poland in the urban-rural commune category. Second place in the category of the best mayor in an urban-rural commune went to Adrian Łuckiewicz.

In 2023, the Wasilków commune received two awards in the Dziennik Gazeta Prawna ranking

 * 1st place in Poland in the urban-rural commune category.
 * 1st place in the category of the best mayor in an urban-rural commune went to Adrian Łuckiewicz.

Intermunicipal relationships and agreements signed with the Wasilków commune

 * intermunicipal cooperation with the Mosty Wielkie commune (Ukraine),
 * intermunicipal cooperation with the Czerwonak commune (Poland, Greater Poland Voivodeship),
 * intermunicipal cooperation with the Potęgowo commune (Poland, Pomeranian Voivodeship).

title: Gmina Wasilków


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Dino Baggio

Dino Baggio (born 24 July 1971) is an Italian former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.

Throughout his career, he played for several Italian clubs, and won the UEFA Cup three times, twice with Parma and once with Juventus. He also had a spell in England with Blackburn Rovers. At international level, he obtained 60 caps for Italy between 1991 and 1999, scoring seven goals, and was part of the team that reached the final of the 1994 FIFA World Cup; he later also represented Italy at UEFA Euro 1996, and at the 1998 FIFA World Cup.

Despite sharing a last name, he has no relation to fellow Italian former footballer and teammate Roberto Baggio.

Early career: Youth career, Torino, and Inter

Baggio began his football career at age five in Tombolo, a province of Padova. He was spotted by Torino scouts at the age of 13 and taken into the Torino youth system. He made his debut in Serie A as a 19-year-old against Lazio and became a regular member of the starting line-up, making a name for himself as a promising youngster. He emerged as a tenacious, hardworking, consistent, and versatile defensive midfielder during his time at the club, who was capable of playing in several positions. With Torino, he won the 1989–90 Serie B title, followed by the 1991 Mitropa Cup. He was loaned to Inter Milan at the age of 20 in 1991 for the 1991–92 season, making 27 appearances and scoring 1 goal.

Rise to prominence: Juventus
At the end of the 1991–92 season, Juventus bought the promising youngster for 10 billion Italian Lire, and during his time at the club, Dino Baggio would play alongside his unrelated namesake Roberto Baggio for two seasons, forming a notable friendship; Dino was often called "Baggio 2" or "the other Baggio" earlier on in his career, to distinguish the two players, as he was younger, and initially less well-known. As Dino Baggio had previously played for city rivals Torino, however, the Juventus fans were not initially pleased by the transfer. His solid and consistent play soon won them over, however, and he quickly became a mainstay in the Juventus midfield, winning the UEFA Cup in 1993, scoring three goals over the two legs of the final; one of his goals came in the first leg, while the other two came in the return leg. He also helped Juventus to a second-place finish in Serie A during the 1993–94 season.

Domestic and international success: Parma
After Baggio's performances in the 1994 FIFA World Cup and with Juventus, Parma attempted to acquire the midfielder. Baggio initially rejected Parma's offer, stating his intention to stay at Juventus. At the time, Juventus were ready to offer Parma a young forward named Alessandro Del Piero instead of Baggio, in order to retain their defensive midfielder; Parma accepted the offer, but before the transfer could be finalised, Dino Baggio changed his mind, and decided he would make the move to Parma. Del Piero stayed with Juventus, and the following season he underwent a breakthrough with the club, later going on to become a club legend.

Baggio moved to Parma at the beginning of the 1994–95 season for 14 billion Lire. During his first season with his new club under Nevio Scala, he immediately won the UEFA Cup, for the second time in his career, scoring a goal in each leg of the 1995 final against his former team, Juventus, increasing his UEFA Cup Final goal tally to five goals. He also reached the final of the Coppa Italia that season, losing out to his former club, also narrowly missing on the Serie A title to his former club, once again, finishing the league season in third place. Despite their European success under Malesani, Parma were unable to win the Serie A title during these years, with their best finish occurring during the 1996–97 season, where they managed a second-place finish, under manager Carlo Ancelotti.

In a match during the 1998–99 UEFA Cup, Baggio was wounded in the head by a knife thrown by a Wisła Kraków supporter in Kraków, which resulted in Wisła being suspended from European cup play for a year. He would go on to win his third UEFA Cup that season, over Olympique Marseille, also winning the Coppa Italia over Fiorentina, followed by the 1999 Supercoppa Italiana over 1998–99 Serie A champions Milan.

Baggio stayed with Parma until the end of the 1999–2000 season, helping the club to a fourth-place finish, and narrowly missing out on an UEFA Champions League spot following a play-off defeat to Inter. During his final season with the club, he also gained notoriety for a particular incident in a home match against his former club, Juventus, on 9 January 2000. Baggio committed a foul on Gianluca Zambrotta, and was shown a controversial straight red card by referee Stefano Farina. In protest, Baggio made the "money sign" towards the referee, and subsequently spat on the ground close to Farina. Baggio was criticised for his behaviour, and was handed a two match ban, in addition to being fined 20 million lire, by his club, for the gesture. He was also prevented by Luciano Nizzola, the FIGC president at the time, from taking part in Italy's friendly match against Sweden, on 23 February 2000.

Later career
In October 2000, Baggio was sold to the newly crowned Serie A champions Lazio for 10 billion Italian lire, along with Nestor Sensini. He was utilized very little during his time at the club in the 2001–02 and the 2002–03 seasons, and the club failed to win any silverware. At the beginning of the 2003–04 season, he was in talks with English club Wolverhampton, who were newly promoted to the FA Premier League, over a possible loan deal, but negotiations fell through; he was eventually loaned to English club Blackburn Rovers for the season in September 2003, following an impressive trial with the team. He made his first appearance for the club as a substitute in a 3–1 home defeat to Liverpool in the Premier League on 13 September, while his first start for the team came on 24 September, in a 3–1 away defeat to Gençlerbirliği, in the first round of the UEFA Cup; the following month, the team exited the competition following a 1–1 draw in the second leg, during which Baggio made a substitute appearance, replacing compatriot Corrado Grabbi. Baggio's manager at Blackburn, Graeme Souness, employed him in an unfamiliar forward role occasion, however, which had a negative impact on his performances. Baggio made 9 appearances for the club in total, scoring once in the league in a 2–1 defeat against Leeds United. Due to his negative performances throughout the first half of the season, Souness attempted to have Baggio return to Italy on loan to newly promoted Serie A side Ancona in January 2004, but the player initially rejected the deal. Soon afterwards, however Lazio loaned him out to Ancona. He made 15 appearances and scored 2 goals, but Ancona finished dead last. He remained with Lazio in 2004–05 season, but did not make a single appearance for the club that season. He retired in 2005 after a short spell with Serie B side Triestina, at the age of 34. In February 2008 it was announced that Dino Baggio decided to come back from retirement and join the Terza Categoria side Tombolo — a team near his hometown, coached by his very first coach, Cesare Crivellaro.

International career
At youth international level, Baggio won the 1992 European U-21 Championship with the "Azzurrini", and in the same year, he took part in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona with the Italian Under-23 side, under manager Cesare Maldini. Baggio made his international debut with the senior Italian squad under Arrigo Sacchi, on 21 December 1991, at the age of 20, in a 2–0 victory against Cyprus, in Foggia. He featured in the match along with fellow debutant Demetrio Albertini, who would play alongside Baggio in midfield with Italy for much of the 1990s. On 24 February, he scored his first goal for Italy, in Oporto, against Portugal.

After representing Italy during their 1994 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign, notably scoring the winning goal against Portugal, which allowed Italy to qualify for the tournament, Baggio was named a member of Italy's 1994 FIFA World Cup squad under Arrigo Sacchi. In his first World Cup, he combined with his unrelated namesake Roberto Baggio; together, they helped Italy to reach the 1994 World Cup final, scoring decisive goals, only to lose to Brazil on penalties. Dino scored two goals in the tournament: his first was a decisive match-winning header, assisted by Giuseppe Signori, in Italy's first-round 1–0 victory over Norway, and his second was the opening goal in a 2–1 win against Spain in the quarter-finals, which came from a strike from distance, assisted by Roberto Donadoni. In the final, he started in midfield against Brazil alongside Albertini in the team's 4–4–2 formation, but was later replaced in extra-time by Alberigo Evani; following a 0–0 draw, the match went to a penalty shoot-out, which saw Brazil emerge victorious, with Baggio's namesake Roberto missing the decisive final kick. According to FIFA.com, the lack of attacking play in the match was in part down to strong holding midfield play by Dino Baggio for Italy, and Dunga and Mauro Silva for Brazil.

Baggio would continue to play in other tournaments for Italy throughout the 1990s, such as Euro '96, in which the Italians were eliminated in the first round. Baggio also played in every game for Italy at the 1998 World Cup under Cesare Maldini, which would prove to be his last major tournament with the Azzurri; Italy were eliminated on penalties once again by hosts and eventual champions France, after reaching the quarter-finals of the tournament. Baggio was initially in Dino Zoff's provisional 26-man Italy squad for Euro 2000, before missing the final cut. He made his final appearance for Italy on 13 November 1999, in a 3–1 home defeat to Belgium in an international friendly match.

In total, Baggio amassed 60 caps and scored 7 goals for the Italy national team between 1991 and 1999. He is remembered as a notable international player of the 90s by the Italian fans due to his World Cup performances, and as he was able to obtain a first-team midfield spot over many other talented players in their prime, such as Roberto Donadoni, Luigi Di Biagio, Demetrio Albertini, Roberto Di Matteo, Nicola Berti, Alberigo Evani, Attilio Lombardo, Diego Fuser, Francesco Moriero, Sandro Cois, Stefano Fiore, Fernando De Napoli, Antonio Conte, Angelo Di Livio, Gianluca Pessotto, Carlo Ancelotti, Giancarlo Marocchi, Giuseppe Giannini, Giuseppe Signori, Roberto Baggio, Roberto Mancini, and Gianfranco Zola, among others.

Style of play
Baggio was a complete, well-rounded, hard-working, tenacious and tactically versatile player, who was capable of playing in various midfield positions and was deployed as a central midfielder as well as a box-to-box midfielder throughout his career, although his primary position was in a defensive midfield role, where he excelled at breaking down the opposition's attacking plays. Throughout his career, he was deployed in every position on the pitch. A tall, aggressive and dynamic defensive midfielder, he was gifted with physical strength, tackling ability, pace, positional sense and stamina, as well as solid technique, good vision and reliable distribution, which also enabled him to aid his team creatively and start attacks after winning back possession, despite not being the most naturally gifted player on the ball.

Despite functioning primarily as a ball-winner, who would then supply the ball to more creative midfielders, he was also able to contribute offensively and score goals due to his ability to make late attacking runs into the area, as well as his proficiency in the air and his accuracy with his head; he also had a penchant for scoring from powerful, accurate shots and volleys from distance, courtesy of his striking ability, in particular from outside the penalty box. Because of his eye for goal, he was occasionally deployed out of position as a striker by his manager Souness during his time with Blackburn.

International

 * Scores and results list Italy's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Baggio goal.

Honours
Torino
 * Serie B: 1989–90
 * Mitropa Cup: 1991

Juventus
 * UEFA Cup: 1992–93

Parma
 * Coppa Italia: 1998–99
 * Supercoppa Italiana: 1999
 * UEFA Cup: 1994–95, 1998–99

Italy U-21
 * UEFA European Under-21 Championship: 1992

Italy
 * FIFA World Cup runner-up: 1994

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dino Baggio


text:
Waldenbooks

Waldenbooks was an American shopping mall-based bookstore chain operated by the Walden Book Company, Inc., and from 1995 was a subsidiary of Borders Group. The chain also ran a video game and software chain under the name Waldensoftware, as well as a children's educational toy chain under Walden Kids. In 2011, the chain was liquidated in bankruptcy.

History
On March 4, 1933, Lawrence Hoyt (1902–1982), a former sales manager for Simon & Schuster, and Melvin T. Kafka (1905–1992) opened a rental library within leased space inside a Bridgeport, Connecticut, department store under the name Walden Book Company (named for Henry David Thoreau's Walden, a meditation on simple living in natural surroundings). The pair believed that their business would help people cope with the effects of the Great Depression. Books were lent out for three cents per day to save customers the cost of purchasing the books while providing affordable entertainment. By 1948, Hoyt and Kafka had opened 250 book rental locations.

Hoyt opened the first Walden bookstore in Pittsburgh in 1962. Within 15 years, the company had grown to over 250 locations in leased locations within various department stores. With the increased availability of low-cost paperbacks after the Second World War, rental library services were eventually replaced with retail book selling.

Acquisitions
By the 1970s, the company had sales of just under $200 million. In 1969, it was purchased by the Broadway Hale Stores, a California-based department-stores holding company that was later renamed Carter Hawley Hale in 1974. For the stand-alone bookstores, the company initially traded under the name Walden Books, written as two words. During the 1970s, the company gradually changed its trade name to Waldenbooks, written as a single word.

In 1984, Waldenbooks acquired three stores that were located in upscale neighborhoods from the bankrupted Brentano's chain with the original intent of converting the stores to the Waldenbooks brand, However, Waldenbooks discovered that when they continued to operate the newly acquired stores as Brentano's, the new stores were generating more sales than equivalent Waldenbooks, so Waldenbooks decided to continue and expand the Brentano's brand in select upscale neighborhoods.

In 1984, Waldenbooks itself was acquired by Kmart after Carter Hawley Hale needed to get cash to defend itself from a hostile takeover attempt. At that time, Waldenbooks was the largest retail bookstore chain. Under Kmart's ownership, Walden attempted to expand and diversify its business. In 1985, it opened a discount book outlet chain called Reader's Market by converting five existing stand-alone Waldenbooks stores. A year later, Walden discontinued the discount bookstores after disappointing sales figures. Walden later tried this concept within selected Kmart stores. After terminating the discount book strategy, Walden began experimenting with larger stores by opening Waldenbooks & More stores that included merchandise beyond books, WaldenSoftware computer software stores, and WaldenKids educational toys stores. In 1987, Waldenbooks acquired the U.S. stores of the Canadian bookstore chain Coles Book Stores Ltd. and gradually converted the stores to Waldenbooks. By 1990, Waldenbooks began to convert Waldenbooks & More into even larger Waldenbooks & More Books stores with a greatly expanded book selection.

In 1992, Walden opened nine book superstores under the Basset Book Shop name; ultimately these stores were converted to Borders locations after the merger.

Kmart expanded its bookstore holdings by acquiring Borders in 1992. At that time, Kmart kept Borders and Waldenbooks separate, but converted Waldenbooks' Bassett stores to the Borders brand.

When Kmart decided to spin off its noncore subsidiaries in 1994, Kmart merged Waldenbooks, Brentano's, and Borders to form the Borders-Walden Group. At that time, Waldenbooks had 1,216 stores in all 50 states. In 1995, the renamed Borders Group was able to buy back its stock and it was listed independently on the New York Stock Exchange.

Beginning in 2004, many Waldenbooks locations were rebranded as Borders Express stores. Borders Group, in an attempt to increase profits and lower the overall expense of their Waldenbooks brand, also announced that it was downsizing the Waldenbooks chain to respond to the current "competitive environment". In January 2010, 200 stores, almost two-thirds of the total, were closed.

On July 18, 2011, Borders Group filed for liquidation to close all of its remaining Waldenbooks and other stores. Liquidation commenced on July 22, 2011.

In popular culture

 * In season 4, episode 9 (Nov. 25, 1977 air date) of The Rockford Files titled "The Mayor's Committee from Deer Lick Falls", Jim Rockford is looking for someone in a mall and stands outside a Waldenbooks.
 * In season 6, episode 13 (air date January 26, 1995) of Seinfeld titled “The Scofflaw”, several scenes take place in a Waldenbooks, where Jake Jarmel has book signings and interactions with the other characters.
 * On July 16, 2018, streaming service Netflix released a teaser for the upcoming third season of its hit series Stranger Things. The ad was made in the style of a 1985 mall advertisement, and includes an image of a "newly opened" Waldenbooks store among its offerings. In reality, the crew of Stranger Things did a cosmetic restoration of a portion of the Gwinnett Place Mall in Duluth, Georgia, returning authentic signage and storefronts to the mall to represent many businesses that have since ceased to exist.

title: Waldenbooks


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/168.209.97.34

Case Closed on 22 January 2005

Please do not edit this page directly if you are not a participant in this case. Comments are very welcome on the Talk page, and will be read, in full. Evidence, no matter who can provide it, is very welcome at /Evidence. Evidence is more useful than comments.

Arbitrators will be working on a proposed decision at /Proposed decision.

Parties
Parties include User:OneGuy who has filed a complaint against the anonymous user User:168.209.97.34 who also edits as User:196.2.134.163, User: Lothario-- and User:-lothario- who has filed a countercomlaint against OneGuy.

Statement of complaint
The anon user (168.209.97.34 also has used 196.2.134.163, Lothario-- and -lothario-) is a tenacious pusher of anti-Islamic POV and is known for disfiguring the articles. For months, he has insisted on inserting the same highly slanted texts, phrases, and words in articles such as Margaret Hassan, Allahu Akbar, Nick Berg, Jihad, Muhammad, and Aisha causing some of them to be protected. He even vandalized my user page User:OneGuy. He makes minimal effort to engage in dialog on Talk pages.

Examples of abuses

On 9 Nov 2004, he added out of context verses to Jihad page. One example, "Strike terror (into the hearts of) the enemies of Allah and your enemies." Surah 8:60 .. The verse with context reads, "Strike terror (into the hearts of) the enemies of Allah and your enemies. But if the enemy incline towards peace, do thou (also) incline towards peace, and trust in Allah: for He is One that heareth and knoweth (all things)." Surah 8:60-61. After this was pointed out by the User:Mirv and me, 168.209.97.34 went into extensive revert war, refusing to allow the correction.

On 17 Nov 2004, he changed the last sentence in Margaret Hassan article, "handgun by a masked man" to "handgun by a masked Muslim man." (made bold by me). After the word "Muslim" was removed from the killer description by other users, he continued this for the next two or three days. (without discussing it on talk page).

Since 17 May 2004, to the article Allahu Akbar, he has been adding phrases like, "when they attack people of a different religion" and a link to a hate site with text, "hooded Muslim Men yelling "Allahu Akbar" while cutting off a civilian's head", "the phrase invokes fear as the phrase is often spoken by Muslims while attacking others", and on and on. This continued for many months.

On 28 Sep 2004 he added irrelevant links to Nick Berg and continued revert war with other users. Plus many other abuses followed after that on that page.

On 25 May 2004, to the article Aisha, he added the highly offensive and POV phrase She "was raped by Muhammad when she was nine." He continued this abuse for days. Later around 17 Nov 2004, he started deleting arguments from the article that some Muslims use to show Aisha was older than nine.

He also has a long history of disfiguring Muhammad article and adding anti-Islamic POV to that page. See the history and talk page.

Moreover, he vandalized my user page three times.

The IP used in above examples was 168.209.97.34

I request disciplinary action against this user: 168.209.97.34, 196.2.134.163, Lothario--, -lothario-. -- OneGuy 09:29, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Further statements by complaining party
The complete history is here for anyone to make the decision; inserting abusive language, deleting counter evidence (and the quotes are on the page, so I didn't "lose"), adding out of context verses and then reverting them, vandalizing user page, adding the words "terrorist," "rape," "incestuous" and "Muslim" to killer description to disfigure and slant articles, and everything else documented above. OneGuy 11:17, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Statements by affected party
LOL - This is funny. Please look at the history of OneGuy and you will see he has blind faith in Muhammad and is an extreme Islamic apologist. OneGuy constantly ignores the 3 revert rule and wherever he goes a protected page is bound to follow. He reverts without explanation and will revert a users entire contribution even if he only disagrees with one segment of it. In the past, wherever there was a revert war and page was protected, OneGuy actually loses out because the resulting page that's put up after arbitration is more neutral than before. With Aisha, he hid the facts and quotes that showed she was indeed 9 at the bottom and put his quotes (actually, not even quotes since the book he is quoting doesn't even talk about Aisha) on top. This caused a revert war which he lost. He also lost the revert war in Muhammad too. -lothario- 11:00, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Dialogue between the parties
LOL - This is funny. Please look at the history of OneGuy and you will see he has blind faith in Muhammad and is an extreme Islamic apologist. OneGuy constantly ignores the 3 revert rule and wherever he goes a protected page is bound to follow. He reverts without explanation and will revert a users entire contribution even if he only disagrees with one segment of it. In the past, wherever there was a revert war and page was protected, OneGuy actually loses out because the resulting page that's put up after arbitration is more neutral than before. With Aisha, he hid the facts and quotes that showed she was indeed 9 at the bottom and put his quotes (actually, not even quotes since the book he is quoting doesn't even talk about Aisha) on top. This caused a revert war which he lost. He also lost the revert war in Muhammad too. -lothario- 11:00, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * The complete history is here for anyone to make the decision; inserting abusive language, deleting counter evidence (and the quotes are on the page, so I didn't "lose"), adding out of context verses and then reverting them, vandalizing user page, adding the words "terrorist," "rape," "incestuous" and "Muslim" to killer description to disfigure and slant articles, and everything else documented above. OneGuy 11:17, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Visit http://www.dictionary.com and look up those words. I was just calling it what it was.  A 9 year old girl is not old enough to concent to sexual acts and is called statutory rape.  Marrying a family member is incest.  Fact is that the person who shot Hassan was Muslim (I know some Muslim apologists are blaming the Mossad, CIA, etc.)  You have also started multiple revert wars and clearly ignored the 3 revert rule and ignored other people warning you about it.  You should be banned.  -lothario- 11:34, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, we let the arbitrators decide whose edits have been violating wiki policy of NPOV (for months now) and who vandalized the user page. Most of your edits were reverted by everyone else, actually, not just me. Easy to check that by examining the history. Anyway, have a nice day :) OneGuy

Countercomplaint
Arbitrators, please also investigate OneGuy's history. He has been warned many times about the 3 revert rule and ignores each and every one of them. It's either his way, or no way. In most (all?) cases, at the end of the edit war the rest of the wiki users agreed with my version. He constatly removed facts that paint Mohammad in a unfavorable manner. He demands that all changes/reverts be discussed in talk before taking action, yet he doesn't even follow his own advice. He has also given me veiled threats by tracing my IP with name dropping the technical contact of the netblock my IP is assigned to by Arin. His clear disregard of the rules should not go without reprimand. -lothario- 14:13, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Further dialogue
In response to comments by arbitrator James F below, according to dispute resolution page, "Vandalism and flagrant violations of Wikipedia policies and behavior guidelines by repeat offenders may be handled using expedited procedures." I believe 168.209.97.34 behavior has been vandalism (he vandalized my user page three times) and flagrant violations of wiki policy of NPOV.OneGuy

 * Three words: Pot, kettle, black. OneGuy has started numerous revert wars causing the said article to be locked.  Even after several warnings about his constant violation of the 3 revert rule he continues on knowing full well what is he is doing is wrong.  He uses POV terms (calling Jews killed by Muhammad "traitors" and such).  I feel the major reason for this request for arbitration has less to do with him wanting a resolution and more to do with an armchair-jihadist doing an online slaying of an infidel.  The timing is also suspect since I have had no interaction with OneGuy for several days.  Previously he would look at my contributions and follow me around. -lothario- 07:22, 26 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * "armchair-jihadist doing an online slaying of an infidel". See: No personal attacks. This can be added as another example of abusive behavior. This should also be a hint to his anti-Islamic POV on wiki. I told him several times that I am not Muslim, but even if he doesn't believe me, the above statement is clearly abusive behavior OneGuy 15:09, 26 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Sure. It can be verified who has been flagrantly violating NPOV policy by examining the history and evidence, including vandalizing my user page. Moreover, there were dispute resolution attempts. I and others left messages on talk pages, such as on Talk Jihad (which is now mess but the evidence should be on archive page) and Talk Aisha, "Ready to Comprise," asking him to comprise, but 134 ignored them and continued with deleting material from the article until the article got protected. Please examine the complete history, including the evidence I posted above and his vandalism of my user page. I request disciplinary action. OneGuy

Since 168.209.97.34 filed a counter complaint against me, where is his evidence? He claims that I am pushing pro-Islamic POV, but he has not submitted any evidence. Deleting his anti-Islamic POV and making articles balanced and NPOV doesn't mean I am pushing "pro-Islamic" POV. He didn't submit evidence for "veiled threats" either. He also complained that I violated 3 revert rule. True, but this happened only with 168.209.97.34. Other than that, I never had this problem. Main reason for that is that 168.209.97.34 edits are blatantly POV bordering vandalism, and he refuses to comprise  OneGuy 16:28, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Votes and Comments by Arbitrators (5/0/0/0)

 * Accept Fred Bauder 13:11, Nov 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * Forgive me for perhaps being somewhat dense, but I see no evidence of attempts at earlier steps in the dispute resolution process, upto and including Mediation. James F. (talk) 21:19, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC) Accept. James F. (talk) 11:19, 26 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Accept --the Epopt 01:05, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Accept The Cunctator 23:56, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC) Disputants might want to consider avoiding topics that they care so deeply about.
 * Accept Jwrosenzweig 23:24, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC) (And amen to what Cunc had to say.)

Final decision
All numbering based on /Proposed decision (vote counts are there as well)

Discourtesy and personal attacks
1) Wikipedia editors should conduct their relationship with other editors with courtesy and avoid personal attacks.

 * Passed 9-0.

Edit warring and the three revert rule
2) Editors are expected to avoid edit wars and to respect the three revert rule consulting with one another on talk pages in a courteous manner regarding the content of articles.

 * Passed 9-0.

Caching servers
3) In our decisions we should avoid requiring permanently blocking Proxy/caching servers that belong to an ISP if possible. (See User:202.72.131.230.)

 * Passed 8-0.

Vandalism of userpage, trading of personal attacks
1) On September 9, 2004 a user with the IP address 168.209.97.34 repeatedly vandalized User OneGuy's user page, blanking it and inserting language insulting to OneGuy and to Islam, see, , . User OneGuy responded with this edit , terming 168.209.97.34 an "anti-Islamic bigot".

 * Passed 9-0.

Edit warring and violation of the 3 revert rule
2) On November 17, 2004 User OneGuy and a user with the IP address 168.209.97.34 engaged in an edit war at article, Aisha each party reverting the article about 10 times, see edit history.

 * Passed 9-0.

168.209.97.34 as a caching server
3) The IP address 168.209.97.34 belongs to an ISP's caching server in South Africa; as such, many users can be considered to be editing as that IP address.

 * Passed 8-0.

168.209.97.34's identity
4) Given comments on the original case page, the user from 168.209.97.34 identified above in 1) and 2) can reasonably be assumed to be User:-lothario-.
 * Passed 8-0.

Inserting anti-Muslim POV
6) -lothario-, editing as 168.209.97.34, has engaged in a pattern of inserting POV into articles that appears to disparage Muslims and their beliefs in ways that violate the Neutral Point of View policy., , , (note ref to number of times 'kill' is in the Quran) Another example: On 9 Nov 2004, he added out of context verses to Jihad page. One example, "Strike terror (into the hearts of) the enemies of Allah and your enemies." 4. Surah 8:60 .. The verse with context reads, "Strike terror (into the hearts of) the enemies of Allah and your enemies. But if the enemy incline towards peace, do thou (also) incline towards peace, and trust in Allah: for He is One that heareth and knoweth (all things)." Surah 8:60-61 For more see evidence page.

 * Passed 6-1.

-lothario banned for vandalizing user page
2) -lothario- is banned for three days for repeatedly vandalizing OneGuy's userpage with personal attacks.

 * Passed 7-1.

-lothario- on POV parole
3) -lothario- is placed on POV parole for up to and including one year. If he re-inserts any edits which are judged by a majority of those commenting on the relevant talk page in a 24-hour poll to be a violation of the NPOV policy, then he shall be temp-banned for a short time, up to one week.

 * Passed 6-1.

Oneguy admonished
4) Oneguy is admonished not to respond in kind even to severely provocative personal attack.

 * Passed 7-0.

Further vandalism to any page
1.2) Further vandalism by -lothario- may result in temporary blocks of up to a week by any administrator at the administrator's discretion. The blocking administrator has the authority to determine what constitutes "vandalism."

 * Passed 7-0.


text:
The Terminal Man

The Terminal Man is a novel by American writer Michael Crichton. It is his second novel under his own name and his twelfth overall, and is about the dangers of mind control. It was published in April 1972, and also serialized in Playboy in March, April, and May 1972. In 1974, it was made into a film of the same name.

Plot summary
The events in the novel take place between March 9 and March 13, 1971. Harold Franklin "Harry" Benson, a computer scientist in his mid-thirties, is described as suffering from "psychomotor epilepsy" following a car crash two years earlier. He often has seizures followed by blackouts, and then wakes up hours later with no knowledge of what he has done. During these seizures, he severely beats two people; the day before his admission, he was arrested after attacking a third. He is a prime candidate for an operation to implant an electronic "brain pacemaker" in the amygdala region of his brain in order to control the seizures, which will be performed in the Neuro-Psychiatric Service (NPS) of University Hospital. Two NPS surgeons, John Ellis and Robert Morris, are to perform the unprecedented surgery.

The ramifications of the procedure are questioned by the NPS's staff psychiatrist, Janet Ross, and later by her former teacher, Manon, an emeritus professor. Manon raises concerns that Benson is psychotic and predicts that the crimes he commits during the blackouts will not be curtailed. Ellis admits that what they are doing is not a cure, simply a way to stimulate the brain when the computer senses a seizure coming on. It would prevent a seizure but not cure Benson's personality disorder. Ellis rationalizes his approach by pointing out that Ellis is not convinced that not operating on Benson will do him any favors; Benson's condition threatens Benson's life and those of others, has already undermined Benson's legal status three times, and is worsening. Despite the concerns voiced, the team decides to go ahead with the operation.

Forty electrodes are implanted into Benson's brain, controlled by a small computer that is powered by a plutonium power pack in his shoulder. Benson must wear a dog tag with instructions to call University Hospital if he is injured, as his power pack may emit radiation. While he is recovering, a woman identifying herself as Angela Black gives Morris a black wig for Benson, whose head was shaved prior to the operation. Morris refuses a man who volunteers to have electrodes put into his brain to stimulate pleasure, but realizes that people like Benson could potentially become addicts. He recalls a Norwegian man with schizophrenia, who was allowed to stimulate himself as much as he wanted, and did so to the extent that it actually gave him brain damage. Roger A. McPherson, the head of the NPS, interviews Benson and realizes Manon and Ross were right about his psychosis, ordering nurses to administer thorazine to Benson.

After resting for a day, Benson goes through "interfacing". The electrodes are activated one by one to test which ones would stop a seizure. Each electrode produces different results; one stimulates a sexual pleasure. Gerhard, one of the technicians administering the test, shows his findings to Ross, who discovers that the seizures are becoming more frequent. She explains that Benson is learning to initiate seizures voluntarily because the result of these seizures is a shock of pleasure, which leads to him having more frequent seizures. Ross further discovers that, due to a clerical error by the nurses, Benson has not been receiving thorazine. She then finds out that Benson, using the wig and disguising himself as an orderly, has evaded the police officer assigned to guard him and escaped from the hospital.

Ross goes to Benson's house, where she finds two girls who say he has a gun and possesses blueprints for the basement of the hospital, where the computer mainframe is located. Morris meets Benson's boss, who tells him that Benson disliked University Hospital because of its ultra-modern computer system, an upgraded IBM System/360. After Benson's dogtag is found at the murder scene of Angela Black, Ross is questioned by police. Benson confronts Ross in her house and attacks her upon having a seizure. Just before losing consciousness, Ross manages to turn on her microwave oven, the radiation of which affects the power pack in Benson's shoulder and forces him to flee. Morris uses a book of matches found on Angela's body to track Benson to an airport hotel. Finding a mechanic who has been beaten by Benson, Morris is attacked and injured as well.

Back at the hospital, Ross receives a phone call from Benson, which is traced to somewhere inside the building. The hospital's computers begin to malfunction, as if somebody was disturbing the mainframe. Ross and Anders go down into the basement, where Anders exchanges fire with and injures Benson before becoming lost in the maze of corridors. Benson goes back to the computer room and finds Ross. Ross picks up Benson's gun and, after an internal struggle, shoots and kills Benson unintentionally.

Background
At one stage it was known as The Sympathetic Man.

Crichton stated that this was his least favorite work.

Film adaptation
The novel was made into a film in 1974.

Reception
Like his previous bestseller The Andromeda Strain, reviews for The Terminal Man were widely positive. Los Angeles Times called it "an entertaining and unsparing narrative, compressed and scientifically sound." The New Yorker called the novel "A fascinating, splendidly documented thriller." Life said it was "An absolutely riveting novel." John Barkham Reviews called it "A superb thriller..." and said "It will make you think-and shudder."

The novel was criticized by the American Epilepsy Foundation who said it unfairly linked epilepsy with violence.

Real life epilepsy device
Crichton's technological sci-fi premise became reality half a century later, in 2023, when a British boy had a neurostimulator fitted inside his skull, sending electrical signals deep into his brain to control seizures.

title: The Terminal Man


text:
User:BarkMe

Quick Note on Me
I've little time, but I have a couple minutes in which I can create a short page. I'm an avid Wikipedia fan, as the users here have created a fabulous collection of info on most topics about which I've been curious!

POV
Someone requested a POV note. My POV is that all (well okay, at least two or three) POVs must be heavily investigated on any topic in which someone is interested before coming to any conclusions. Actually, my POV is that conclusions themselves should be provisional, temporary perspectives ready to be revised in the event further information is found.

Quick Quote
"The Tao doesn't take sides; it gives birth to both good and evil. The Master doesn't take sides; she welcomes both saints and sinners."

Tao Te Ching

title: User:BarkMe


text:
Gmina Zabłudów

Gmina Zabłudów is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. Its seat is the town of Zabłudów, which lies approximately 16 km south-east of the regional capital Białystok.

The gmina covers an area of 339.76 km2, and as of 2006 its total population is 8,451 (out of which the population of Zabłudów amounts to 2,400, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 6,051).

Villages
Apart from the town of Zabłudów, Gmina Zabłudów contains the villages and settlements of Aleksicze, Bobrowa, Ciełuszki, Dawidowicze, Dobrzyniówka, Dojlidy-Kolonia, Folwarki Małe, Folwarki Tylwickie, Folwarki Wielkie, Gnieciuki, Halickie, Kamionka, Kaniuki, Kołpaki, Kowalowce, Koźliki, Krynickie, Kucharówka, Kudrycze, Kuriany, Laszki, Łubniki, Łukiany, Małynka, Miniewicze, Nowosady, Ochremowicze, Olszanka, Ostrówki, Pasynki, Pawły, Płoskie, Protasy, Rafałówka, Ryboły, Rzepniki, Sieśki, Skrybicze, Solniki, Tatarowce, Zabłudów-Kolonia, Zacisze, Zagórki, Zagruszany, Zajezierce, Żuki, Zwierki and Żywkowo.

Neighbouring gminy
Gmina Zabłudów is bordered by the city of Białystok and by the gminy of Bielsk Podlaski, Gródek, Juchnowiec Kościelny, Michałowo, Narew, and Supraśl.

title: Gmina Zabłudów


text:
Limited government

In political philosophy, limited government is the concept of a government limited in power. It is a key concept in the history of liberalism.

Relationship to constitutions
Limited government is closely associated with constitutions and constitutionalism; the United States Constitution of 1789 and the French Constitution of 1793 were both enacted in an effort to reaffirm limited government, although in different ways. The U.S. Constitution achieved limited government through a separation of powers: "horizontal" separation of powers distributed power among branches of government (the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary, each of which provide a check on the powers of the other); "vertical" separation of powers (federalism) divided power between the federal government and the state government. James Madison, one of the authors of the Federalist Papers, noted that the Framers of the American Constitution sought to create a government that was capable of both being controlled and of exercising control. Madison wrote in Federalist No. 51 that "the great security against a gradual concentration of the several powers in the same department, consists in giving to those who administer each department, the necessary constitutional means, and personal motives, to resist encroachments of the others."

The 1793 French Constitution, on the other hand, cherished legislative supremacy and was based on the idea influenced by Rousseau - that limited government was best achieved through a "rational democratic self-government seeking to give expression to the general will ... as the optimal antidote to the arbitrary rule of absolute monarchy."

History
Magna Carta and the U.S. Constitution also represent important milestones in the limiting of governmental power. The earliest use of the term limited government dates back to King James VI and I in the late 16th century. Scholar Steven Skultety argues that although Aristotle never developed principles and tactics of constitutionalism, Aristotle's political philosophy in some ways anticipated the idea of limited government, primarily as a tool for limiting civic distrust and enhancing stability.

John Locke, a liberal philosopher, was an important theorist of liberal government. Writing in his Two Treatises of Government, Locke reasoned that men living in a state of nature would voluntarily join in a social contract, forming a "commonwealth" or government. Locke further reasoned that the powers of the government had to be restricted to only what the people allowed it to do. He cites four specific limitations on government power. Locke's first limitation specified that governments could only govern according to promulgated established laws, and that all people were equal under the law, regardless of their material or social status, and Locke's second limitation held that laws could only be designed in the name of the common good (2nd Tr., § 136). His third limitation repeated the principle of no taxation without representation, arguing that, "[governments] must not raise taxes on the property of the people, without the consent of the people, given by themselves, or their deputies" (2nd Tr., § 142). Finally, Locke argued in his fourth limitation that the legislature could not delegate law-making authority to any other power without the people's consent (2nd Tr., § 141).

When limited government is put into practice it often involves the protection of individual liberty from government intrusion.

According to The World Justice Project Rule of Law Index which measures adherence to the rule of law in 140 countries and jurisdictions around the globe, checks on government powers eroded in 58% of countries measured from 2021 to 2022.

Issues
Amy Gutmann notes that negative liberalism, positive liberalism, and democratic liberalism all advance different conceptions of the proper limits to government. Gutmann connects the first two categories to Isaiah Berlin's notions of negative liberty and positive liberty, respectively. Gutmann defends the third category, democratic liberalism, writing that under this view, "a liberal government should be no more nor less limited than is needed, first, to secure basic liberties and opportunities for all individuals, and second to respect the outcomes of fair democratic procedures as long as they are consistent to the constitutional constraints of securing basic liberties and opportunities for all."

title: Limited government


text:
Dublin City F.C.

Dublin City Football Club was a former Irish association football club based in the Northside of Dublin. The club played in the League of Ireland. They were formed in 1999 after a split within Home Farm Everton and they originally played as  Home Farm Fingal before changing their name for the 2001–02 season. They disbanded in 2006 due to financial problems.

History
Home Farm is one of the biggest junior football clubs in Ireland and their senior team, from 1970 up to the late 1990s, played in the League of Ireland. However, the link between Home Farm and the senior team was severed in the late 1990s. The senior side was briefly known as Home Farm Fingal in an effort to identify it with the north Dublin area. In 1999, Home Farm Fingal CEO Ronan Seery took over the club and renamed it "Dublin City". The club was based in Dublin and in 2006, its final year of operation, played their home matches at Dalymount Park. The last manager was Dermot Keely.

Nicknamed "The Vikings", they adopted the same colours as the Dublin GAA team. Their shirt sponsor was Carrolls of Dublin, a chain of tourist souvenir shops, which sold club-branded merchandise at its stores in the city centre and Dublin Airport.

The club was twice promoted to the League of Ireland Premier Division, winning the 2003 League of Ireland First Division and then defeating Shamrock Rovers in a promotion/relegation play-off in 2005. In addition to its small following, the club had no permanent home ground, playing at various times in Tolka Park, Dalymount Park, Morton Stadium, Richmond Park, and Whitehall Stadium. However, they failed to cultivate a significant fan base, and very low attendance was reported at their games. As a result of these factors, the club experienced financial problems and as of July 19, 2006, Dublin City FC ceased trading and resigned from the league. The results of all their games to that point in the season were expunged from the record.

Ronan Seery issued a statement saying, "Due to ongoing difficulties, our continued existence within the Eircom League simply became untenable and while extremely difficult to make, it is the most prudent and honourable decision and course of action to take." However, the club was heavily criticised in some quarters, for example by Damien Richardson and Roddy Collins for failing to complete their league fixtures. Roddy Collins, who managed Dublin City in 2004 but left abruptly on bad terms, called the club's actions "disgraceful."

Honours
League of Ireland First Division
 * Winners: 2003
 * Runners-up: 2005

title: Dublin City F.C.


text:
William de Wiveleslie Abney

Sir William de Wiveleslie Abney (24 July 1843 – 3 December 1920) was an English astronomer, chemist, and photographer.

Life and career
Abney was born in Derby, England, the son of Rev. Edward Henry Abney (1811–1892), vicar of St Alkmund's Church, Derby, and his wife, Catharine Strutt. His father was owner of the Firs Estate. William was educated at Rossall School, the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and joined the Royal Engineers in 1861, with which he served in India for several years. Thereafter, and to further his knowledge in photography, he became a chemical assistant at the Chatham School of Military Engineering.

Abney was a pioneer of several technical aspects of photography. His father had been an early photographic experimenter and friend of Richard Keene, an early Derby photographer. Keene became a close friend of William and his brother Charles Edward Abney (1850–1914). Both Abney sons subsequently became founder members of the Derby Photographic Society in June 1884. His endeavors in the chemistry of photography produced useful photographic products and also developments in astronomy. He wrote many books on photography that were considered standard texts at the time, although he was doubtful that his improvements would have a great impact on the subject.

Abney investigated the blackening of a negative to incidental light. In 1874, Abney developed a dry photographic emulsion, which replaced "wet" emulsions. He used this emulsion in an Egyptian expedition to photograph the transit of Venus across the sun. In 1880, he introduced hydroquinone. Abney also introduced new and useful types of photographic paper, including in 1882 a formula for gelatin silver chloride paper. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1876.

Abney conducted early research into the field of spectroscopy, developing a red-sensitive emulsion which was used for the infrared spectra of organic molecules. He was also a pioneer in photographing the infrared solar spectrum (1887), as well as researching sunlight in the medium of the atmosphere.

In 1893 he inherited Meashan Hall from a rich aunt.

He became assistant secretary to the Board of Education in 1899 and advisor to that body in 1903. In 1900 he was Director of the Science and Art Department. He sold his father's estate, most of which went for housing in the St Luke's Parish of Derby, but retained 11 acres until 1913 when they were purchased by the Council to become the site of Rykneld Secondary Modern School and Rykneld recreation ground.

Abney invented the "Abney level", a combined clinometer and spirit level, used by surveyors to measure slopes and angles. He was responsible for the "Abney mounting" of a concave grating spectrograph in which the photographic plate was fixed and the entry slit moved to accommodate different regions of the spectrum.

He died on 3 December 1920 in Folkestone, England. He is buried in the churchyard of Holy Trinity Church in Folkestone.

Family
He had married twice: firstly in 1864 to Agnes Matilda Smith (died 1888) with whom he had a son and two daughters, and secondly in 1890 to Mary Louisa Mead with whom he had a further daughter.

Publications

 * Chemistry for Engineers, 1870.
 * Thebes and its five greater temples, London, published by Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, 1876.
 * W. de W. Abney, Instruction in Photography, London, published by S. Low, Marston & company, 1900.
 * A New Developer, The Photographic News, 1880, 24:345-346.
 * W. de W. Abney and E. R. Festing, Intensity of Radiation through Turbid Media, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Volume 40, pages 378–380, 1886. Published by The Royal Society.
 * W. de W. Abney and E. R. Festing, Colour Photometry. Part III.Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Volume 50, pages 369–372, 1891–1892. Published by The Royal Society.

Organizations and honours

 * 1876 Fellow of the Royal Society
 * 1878 Received first Progress Medal of the Photographic Society of Great Britain ever
 * 1885 Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
 * 1892 to 1894, 1896 and 1903 to 1905 President of the Photographic Society of Great Britain aka Royal Photographic Society
 * 1893 to 1895 President of the Royal Astronomical Society
 * 1895 to 1897 President of the Physical Society of London
 * CB : Companion of the Order of the Bath
 * KCB: Knight Commander (civil division) of the Order of the Bath (KCB) - announced in the 1900 New Year Honours honours list on 1 January 1900, gazetted on 16 January 1900, and invested by Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle on 1 March 1900.
 * Doctor of Science (D.Sc. Honoris causa) from the University of Dublin - June 1902.
 * 1909 to 1920 Vice-President of Girls' Public Day School Trust

title: William de Wiveleslie Abney


text:
TDM over IP

In computer networking and telecommunications, TDM over IP (TDMoIP) is the emulation of time-division multiplexing (TDM) over a packet-switched network (PSN). TDM refers to a T1, E1, T3 or E3 signal, while the PSN is based either on IP or MPLS or on raw Ethernet. A related technology is circuit emulation, which enables transport of TDM traffic over cell-based (ATM) networks.

TDMoIP is a type of pseudowire (PW). However, unlike other traffic types that can be carried over pseudowires (e.g. ATM, Frame Relay and Ethernet), TDM is a real-time bit stream, leading to TDMoIP having unique characteristics. In addition, conventional TDM networks have numerous special features, in particular those required in order to carry voice-grade telephony channels. These features imply signaling systems that support a wide range of telephony features, a rich standardization literature and well-developed Operations and Management (OAM) mechanisms. All of these factors must be taken into account when emulating TDM over PSNs.

One critical issue in implementing TDM PWs is clock recovery. In native TDM networks the physical layer carries highly accurate timing information along with the TDM data, but when emulating TDM over PSNs this synchronization is absent. TDM timing standards can be exacting and conformance with these may require innovative mechanisms to adaptively reproduce the TDM timing.

Another issue that must be addressed is TDMoIP packet loss concealment (PLC). Since TDM data is delivered at a constant rate over a dedicated channel, the native service may have bit errors but data is never lost in transit. All PSNs suffer to some degree from packet loss and this must be compensated when delivering TDM over a PSN.

In December 2007 TDMoIP was approved as an IETF RFC 5087 authored by Dr. Yaakov Stein, Ronen Shashua, Ron Insler, and Motti Anavi of RAD Data Communications.

Background
Communications service providers and enterprise customers are interested in deployment of voice and leased line services over efficient Ethernet, IP and MPLS infrastructures. While Voice over IP (VoIP) is maturing, its deployment requires an investment in new network infrastructure and customer premises equipment (CPE). TDMoIP presents a migration path, whereby modern packet switched networks can be used for transport, while the end-user equipment need not be immediately replaced.

TDMoIP was first developed in 1998 by RAD Data Communications (see U.S. patent number 6,731,649) and first deployed in Sweden in 1999 by Utfors (later acquired by Telenor). Utfors employed the first generation TDMoIP product (known as IPmux-4) to provide bundled services including TDM private lines, TDM leased lines and a variety of IP and Ethernet services. In 2001, the IETF set up the PWE3 working group, which was chartered to develop an architecture for edge-to-edge pseudowires, and to produce specifications for various services, including TDM. Other standardization forums, including the ITU and the MPLS - Frame Relay Alliance, are also active in producing standards and implementation agreements for pseudowires.

Handling TDM structure
Although TDM can be used to carry arbitrary bit streams at the rates defined in G.702, there are standardized methods of carrying bit streams in larger units each containing the same number of bits, called frames. TDM framing locks the frame rate to the sampling frequency of voice traffic, so that there are always 8000 frames per second; a T1 frame consists of 193 bits and an E1 frame of 256 bits.

Unlike unframed TDM for which all bits are available for payload, framed TDM requires dedicating of some number of bits per frame for synchronization and perhaps various other functions (e.g. 1 bit per T1 frame, 8 bits per E1 frame). Framed TDM is often used to multiplex multiple voice channels each consisting of 8000 8-bit samples per second in a sequence of timeslots recurring in each frame. When this is done we have "channelized TDM" and additional structure must be introduced.

In order to efficiently transport slowly varying channel associated signalling bits, second order structures known as multiframes or superframes are defined. For example, for E1 trunks the CAS signaling bits are updated once per multiframe of 16 frames (every 2 milliseconds) while for T1 ESF trunks the superframe is 24 frames (3 milliseconds). Other types of second order structures are also in common use. In GSM cellular networks, the Abis channel that connects the Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and Base Station Controller (BSC) is an E1 link with several framing alternatives, all of which have a basic superframe duration of 20 milliseconds.

The term "structured TDM" is used to refer to TDM with any level of structure, including 'framed TDM' and 'channelized TDM'.

TDMoIP transport is denoted "structured-agnostic" when the TDM is unframed, or when it is framed or even channelized, but the framing and channelization structure are completely disregarded by the transport mechanisms. In such cases all structural overhead must be transparently transported along with the payload data, and the encapsulation method employed provides no mechanisms for its location or utilization. Structure-aware TDM transport may explicitly safeguard TDM structure, in three conceptually distinct ways, which we shall call structure-locking, structure-indication, and structure-reassembly.

Structure-locking ensures that packets consist of entire TDM structures or multiples/fractions thereof. Structure-indication allows packets to contain arbitrary fragments of basic structures, but employs pointers to indicate where the following structure commences. In structure-reassembly components of the TDM structures may be extracted and reorganized at ingress, and the original structure reassembled from the received constituents at egress.

TDMoIP format
TDMoIP operates by segmenting, adapting and encapsulating the TDM traffic at PSN ingress and performing the inverse operations at PSN egress. Adaptation denotes mechanisms that modify the payload to enable its proper restoration at the PSN egress. By using proper adaptation, the TDM signaling and timing can be recovered, and a certain amount of packet loss can be accommodated. Encapsulation signifies placing the adapted payload into packets of the format required by the underlying PSN technology. For the MPLS case, ITU-T Recommendation Y.1413 contains a complete description of the packet format.

In all cases a TDMoIP packet commences with PSN headers. These are the standard headers used by the PSN technology, e.g. the 20-byte header of UDP/IP, or the label-stack of MPLS. After these headers come the "PW label", a four-byte MPLS-like label that serves as to demultiplex different TDM PWs. After the PSN header comes the four-byte TDMoIP "control word". The control word contains a 16-bit packet sequence number (needed to detect packet re-ordering and packet loss), payload length, and flags indicating defect conditions.

After the control word comes the TDMoIP payload. For structure-agnostic transport (SAToP) this is simply a predetermined number of TDM octets, while for the structure-locked format the payload is an integer number of TDM frames. For structure-indication and structure-reassembly TDMoIP draws on proven adaptation mechanisms originally developed for ATM. A side benefit of this choice of payload types is simplified interworking with circuit emulation services carried over ATM networks. For statically allocated, constant bit-rate (CBR) TDM links, TDMoIP employs ATM adaptation layer 1 (AAL1). This mechanism, defined in ITU-T standard I.363.1 and ATM Forum specification atm-vtoa-0078, was developed for carrying CBR services over ATM. AAL1 operates by segmenting the continuous stream of TDM data into small 48-byte cells and inserting sequencing, timing, error recovery, and synchronization information into them. TDMoIP allows concatenation of any number of AAL1 cells into a packet (note that these are AAL1 cells and not ATM cells, i.e. they do not include the five-byte "cell tax"). By allowing multiple cells per packet, TDMoIP facilitates flexible tradeoffs of buffering delay (which decreases with fewer cells per packet) for bandwidth efficiency (which increases with more cells per packet, due to the per packet overhead). For dynamically allocated TDM links, whether the information rate varies due to activation of time slots or due to voice activity detection, TDMoIP employs ATM adaptation layer 2 (AAL2). This mechanism, defined in ITU-T standard I.363.2, was developed for carrying variable bit rate (VBR) services over ATM. AAL2 operates by buffering each TDM time slot into short minicells, inserting the time slot identifier and length indication, sequencing, and then sending this minicell only if it carries valid information. TDMoIP concatenates the minicells from all active time slots into a single packet. For time slots carrying high-level data link control (HDLC) data, such as data for common channel signaling (CCS), TDMoIP has a special adaptation that encapsulates stretches of non-idle data.

Delay
The telephony network severely constrains end-to-end delays. ITU-T G.114/G.131 states that one-way transmission times of up to 150 ms are universally acceptable, assuming adequate echo control is provided. These constraints are not problematic for TDM networks, where the major component of the end-to-end delay is electrical propagation time ("light speed delay"). By contrast, IP-based systems typically add various forms of delay, one of which is based on the time it takes to form packets (packetization delay), which is proportional to the packet size divided by the data rate. Packet sizes cannot be made too small or the packet header overhead will become overwhelming. The other form of delay introduced by IP systems is the playout delay, which needs to be added at the recipient to buffer packet delay variation and ensure a smooth playout. VoIP systems that try to be very bandwidth efficient may also add tens of milliseconds of algorithmic delay in the voice codec. Historically, bad implementations have added additional, operating-system induced delays, which together with the other delays in practice sometimes approach 100 ms even before taking propagation delays into account.

In contrast, TDMoIP maps TDM octets directly into the payload with no voice compression algorithms and no resultant algorithmic delay. The packetization latency added by TDMoIP depends on the number of cells per packet but is typically in the single millisecond range due to the higher data rate of a complete multiplex as compared to a single VoIP flow. Playout delay considerations do not differ materially between TDMoIP and VoIP, however, so both work best on paths with controlled packet delay variation (strong overprovisioning or "QoS").

Timing recovery
Native TDM networks rely on hierarchical distribution of timing. Somewhere in the network there is at least one extremely accurate primary reference clock with a long-term accuracy of 1 x 10^-11. This node, which offers Stratum 1 accuracy, provides the reference clock to secondary nodes with Stratum 2 accuracy. The secondary nodes then provide a time reference to Stratum 3 nodes. This hierarchy of time synchronization is essential for the proper functioning of the network as a whole.

Packets in the PSN reach their destination with delay that has a random component, known as packet delay variation (PDV). When emulating TDM transport on such a network, this randomness may be overcome by placing the TDM packets into a jitter buffer from which data can be read out at a constant rate for delivery to TDM end-user equipment. The problem is that the TDM source time reference is no longer available, and the precise rate at which the data are to be "clocked out" of the jitter buffer is unknown.

In certain cases timing may be derived from the TDM equipment at both ends of the PW. Since each of these clocks is highly accurate, they necessarily agree to high order. The problem arises when at most one side of the TDMoIP tunnel has a highly accurate time standard. For ATM networks, which define a physical layer that carries timing, the synchronous residual time stamp (SRTS) method may be used; IP/MPLS networks, however, do not define the physical layer and thus cannot specify the accuracy of its clock.

Hence, in many cases the only alternative is to attempt to recover the clock based exclusively on the TDMoIP traffic, a technology known as "adaptive clock recovery". This is possible since the source TDM device is producing bits at a constant rate determined by its clock, although this rate is hidden by the PDV. The task of clock recovery is thus an "averaging" process that negates the effect of the random PDV and captures the average rate of transmission of the original bit stream.

Packet loss
While proper application of traffic engineering and quality of service (QoS) is expected to minimize packet loss, packets will at times arrive at the egress out of order. They may also have been dropped altogether within the PSN. The TDMoIP control word described above includes a 16-bit sequence number for detecting and handling lost and mis-ordered packets. In the case of lost packets, TDMoIP requires insertion of interpolation packets to maintain TDM timing. Misordered packets may be either reordered or dropped and interpolated.

While the insertion of arbitrary packets may be sufficient to maintain the TDM timing, in voice applications packet loss can cause gaps or errors that result in choppy, annoying, or even unintelligible speech. The precise effect of packet loss on voice quality and the development of packet loss concealment algorithms have been the subject of detailed study in the VoIP community, but their results are not directly applicable to the TDMoIP case. This is because VoIP packets typically contain between 80 samples (10 ms) and 240 samples (30 ms) of the speech signal, while TDMoIP packets may contain only a small number of samples. Since TDMoIP packets are so small, it is acceptable to simply insert a constant value in place of any lost speech samples. Assuming that the input signal is zero-mean (i.e. contains no DC component), minimal distortion is attained when this constant is set to zero. Alternatively, more sophisticated approaches call for optimally predicting the values of missing samples.

title: TDM over IP


text:
Gianluca Pagliuca

Gianluca Pagliuca (born 18 December 1966) is an Italian football coach and former professional goalkeeper.

He is regarded by pundits as one of the greatest goalkeepers of his generation,  and one of Italy's best keepers ever. Throughout his career, he played for Sampdoria, Inter, Bologna, and Ascoli in Italy, winning several domestic and international trophies. At international level, he represented Italy at three FIFA World Cups (1990, 1994, and 1998), most notably reaching the 1994 World Cup final as Italy's starting goalkeeper.

He is the player with the fifth most appearances (592), and the second best penalty-stopper (24 saves) in Serie A behind Samir Handanović, although other specialists such as Júlio César and Handanović have a higher success rate.

Club career
Pagliuca was born in Bologna. In his club career, he played for Sampdoria (1987–94), Internazionale (1994–99), Bologna (1999–2006), and Ascoli (2006–07). His most notable successes with Sampdoria include one Cup Winners' Cup and one Scudetto; he also reached a UEFA Champions League final, losing 1–0 to Barcelona in 1992, at Wembley, in spite of his impressive performance.

In 1994, he moved from Sampdoria to Internazionale from a then world record fee for a goalkeeper of £7 million. With the nerazzurri he reached two consecutive UEFA Cup finals, losing the first one against Schalke 04 in 1997 and winning the second one in 1998, when he captained the side to a 3–0 win over Lazio. Pagliuca left Inter in 1999, moving to his home town club, Bologna, after the former Juventus boss Marcello Lippi took charge of Inter and signed Angelo Peruzzi from his former club.

After Bologna were relegated to Serie B in 2004–05, despite Pagliuca's outstanding season, he stayed with the club for one more year; then he returned to Serie A, accepting a contract with Ascoli for one year starting in summer of 2006. On 17 September 2006, Pagliuca set the record for most Serie A appearances for a goalkeeper, overtaking Dino Zoff, as he started against Messina. He retired at the end of the season.

International career
After taking part in the 1990 World Cup without playing a minute, Pagliuca overtook Walter Zenga, Stefano Tacconi and Luca Marchegiani, becoming first choice goalkeeper for Italy at the 1994 World Cup under Arrigo Sacchi. He received the dubious honour of being the first goalkeeper to be sent off in a World Cup match, when he was dismissed for handling outside his area against Norway. However, he returned after suspension to feature from the quarter-finals onwards with his team losing the final to Brazil in a penalty shootout. Despite the loss, Pagliuca became the first ever goalkeeper to save a penalty from a shootout in a World Cup final, denying Márcio Santos his shot.

In 1995, Pagliuca's international career was halted by the emergence of Juventus goalkeeper Angelo Peruzzi, his perceived career rival, and it would be two years before he returned to the Italy senior squad, although he took part at the Olympics with the under-21 side as an overage player in 1996. Under Cesare Maldini, Pagliuca would have taken part to the 1998 World Cup only as a back-up, but he earned the starting spot because of a last-minute injury to Peruzzi. He made one of the saves of the tournament, again against Norway, when he shot out a hand to prevent Tore André Flo's point-blank header from netting. However, Italy lost against host country France in the quarter-final after the penalty shootout, even though Pagliuca blocked Bixente Lizarazu's shot.

After the tournament, the emergence of fellow keepers Francesco Toldo and Gianluigi Buffon (who were, themselves, Pagliuca's deputies in the 1998 World Cup), along with Peruzzi's recovery from his injury, put an end to Pagliuca's international career on 39 caps.

Post-retirement career
Pagliuca went into coaching upon retirement. He re-joined his hometown club Bologna as a youth coach in 2014, and was appointed goalkeeping coach of the club's primavera (under 19) team in 2016, a role he continues to occupy. He also provides regular interviews and commentary to the Italian and international sporting media.

Style of play
An agile, consistent and athletic goalkeeper, Pagliuca was renowned for his excellent reactions,  diving saves, and penalty-stopping abilities, as well as his control of the ball, accurate distribution, and deep goal kicks with his left foot. In addition to being very gifted acrobatics-wise, he also possessed a good positional sense. Although he was capable of coming off the line to handle crosses, he performed better between the posts. Nicknamed The Wall, due to his goalkeeping abilities and consistency, he also distinguished himself by his strong temper, which occasionally had a negative impact on his performances, when he let his emotions get the better of him.

Under coaches Sven-Göran Eriksson and Arrigo Sacchi, who relied on high defensive lines, Pagliuca used to play as a sweeper-keeper. Known for his dedication, physical conditioning, and work-rate, Pagliuca also stood out for his ability to avoid injury and longevity throughout his career.

Personal life
Pagliuca was born in Bologna, Emilia-Romagna and supports local side Bologna F.C. 1909, to which he also made 248 appearances at between 1999 and 2006. Furthermore, Pagliuca has also spoken of his support for Premier League club Aston Villa F.C.

His son Mattia Pagliuca is also a professional footballer. He made his Serie A debut in December 2020 for Bologna F.C. 1909 as a winger.

Honours
Sampdoria
 * Serie A: 1990–91
 * Coppa Italia: 1987–88, 1988–89, 1993–94
 * Supercoppa Italiana: 1991
 * UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1989–90; runner-up: 1988-89
 * European Cup runner-up: 1991–92

Inter
 * UEFA Cup: 1997–98; runner-up: 1996-97

Italy
 * FIFA World Cup runner-up: 1994 third place: 1990
 * Scania 100 Tournament: 1991

Individual
 * Pirata d'Oro (Internazionale Player Of The Year): 1995
 * Guerin d'Oro: 1996–97, 2004–05
 * Inter Milan Hall of Fame: 2021

Orders
 * Cavaliere OMRI BAR.svg 5th Class / Knight: Cavaliere Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana: 1991

title: Gianluca Pagliuca


text:
Apollo Bay

Apollo Bay is a coastal town in southwestern Victoria, Australia. It is situated on the eastern side of Cape Otway, along the edge of the Barham River and on the Great Ocean Road, in the Colac Otway Shire. The town had a population of 1,790 at the.

Its population swells throughout the bustling holiday seasons and is considered a major tourist destination in Victoria. It is host to the annual Apollo Bay Seafood Festival, Winter Wild and the Great Ocean Road Running Festival. Off season, Apollo Bay is home to families and retirees alike.

In winter to spring, southern right whales come to the area mainly to breed, to bear their calves, and to raise them in the warmer, calm waters of South Australia during their migration season. Less frequently, humpback whales can be seen off the coast.

History
Apollo Bay is part of the traditional lands of the Gadubanud, or King Parrot people, of the Cape Otway coast. By the early 19th century, the area was being frequented by sealers and whalers from Sydney. One local Indigenous name for the area, of uncertain language origin, is 'Krambruk'.

The bay was named by a Captain Loutit in 1845 when he sheltered his vessel, the Apollo, here from a storm.

The first European settlers were timber cutters in the 1850s who subsequently established sawmills. Although the bay provided a relatively sheltered anchorage, the lack of a suitable pier meant that logs were floated out to sea to be loaded on to ships. A township on Apollo Bay was surveyed in 1853 and named Middleton. In the 1860s, farming land was made available and in the mid 1870s, the first blocks in the township were offered for sale. Middleton post office (with a fortnightly mail delivery) opened on 1 May 1873. A school was opened in 1880.

In 1881, the town and post office was renamed Krambruk. That was changed to Apollo Bay in 1898. During this period almost the only access to the area was by sea, but a coach service from Birregurra to Apollo Bay was inaugurated in 1889. The pier at Point Bunbury was swept away in a storm, as was a second pier at that site. Consequently, the "Long Pier" was built at a more sheltered site in 1892.

The town plan indicated that Pascoe Street would be the main thoroughfare, but the erection of several buildings on Collingwood Street meant that it became Apollo Bay's commercial centre. With the upgrade of the road to the town in 1927, and then the completion of the Great Ocean Road in 1932, the area became a tourist destination and an important fishing port.

On 10 July 1932 the coastal steamer Casino sank while attempting to berth at the town jetty. Ten people died. Many earlier shipwrecks had occurred along the Cape Otway coastline.

In 1936 a submarine telegraph and telephone cable from Apollo Bay to Stanley provided the first telephone connection to Tasmania from the mainland. The Apollo Bay Telegraph station closed in 1963 and is now a museum.

Climate
Apollo Bay has an oceanic climate (Cfb) with mild summers and damp winters.

Events and festivals in Apollo Bay
Events and festivals held in Apollo Bay include:
 * Winterwild
 * Great Ocean Road Running Festival
 * Apollo Bay Seafood Festival
 * Apollo Bay and Otway District Show
 * The Apollo Bay Music Festival (first held in 1993 and last held in 2013). A poster for the festival of 1999 by Jeff Ragus was featured on a postage stamp issued by Australia Post in 2006.

Sport

 * The Apollo Bay Surf Lifesaving Club was established in 1952 as a result of a meeting held on the foreshore by interested townspeople and Surf Lifesaving Victoria officials. The Apollo Bay SLSC became the ninth club to be affiliated with Surf Lifesaving Victoria. It is now affiliated with the new amalgamation between two Victorian lifesaving organisations: Life Saving Victoria.
 * The Apollo Bay Sailing Club aims to provide a wide range of opportunities in sailing to a diverse range of abilities and age groups.
 * Apollo Bay Golf Club is on Nelson Street- (website) and Apollo Bay Pony Club - (website).
 * The town has an Australian Rules football team competing in the Colac & District Football League.
 * See also Sports & Recreation on the Apollo Bay Community Website
 * Apollo Bay has hosted overnight stops on the Great Victorian Bike Ride six times (1991, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2009 and 2016), including serving as the host for the rest day on the last four of those visits.

People born or raised in Apollo Bay

 * Neil Melville – an actor born in Sydney, but spent his childhood in Apollo Bay
 * Sid O'Neil, Ted O'Neil, Michael Fitzgerald – members of the rock band The Vasco Era
 * H. A. Willis – essayist, spent his early childhood in Apollo Bay

title: Apollo Bay


text:
User:MishaChan

{| align="center" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="10" style="background: none;"
 * style="background: white; -moz-border-radius: 20px;" colspan="2" |
 * style="background: white; -moz-border-radius: 20px; border:2px solid darkorange; font-size: 95%;" width="700%" valign="top" |
 * style="background: white; -moz-border-radius: 20px; border:2px solid darkorange; font-size: 95%;" width="700%" valign="top" |

About myself
I'm from Nanaimo, British Columbia. I've been a registered member of Wikipedia since May, 2004.

Contact
If you wish to get in contact with me for whatever reason you may do so by using my talk page.

Awards

 * style="background: white; -moz-border-radius: 20px; border:2px solid darkorange;" valign="top"|

 * style="background: white; -moz-border-radius: 20px;" colspan="2" |
 * }
 * }

title: User:MishaChan


text: User talk:205.213.111.53

title: User talk:205.213.111.53


text:
.mx

.mx is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Mexico, which in 2009 was re-opened to new registrations by NIC México. In 2009, the .mx ccTLD was rolled out in three steps:
 * Sunrise period from 1 May to 31 July 2009, waiting period, registrants who have already registered any other .MX second-level domain were able to register their domain for one year
 * Waiting period from 1 August to 31 August 2009, to set up the domains registered in the Sunrise period, and to resolve domain name disputes
 * Initial registration period from 1 September to 31 October 2009; in this part the registration will be done with the policy first-come, first-served and only for one year with a special set of prices.

After the three phases, .mx registrations was opened to the public.

Second-level domains
Up to August 2009 domain registrations besides .MX, consist of third-level names beneath second-level names which parallel some of the top-level domains:

 * .com.mx: Commercial entities (actually unrestricted, like .com)
 * .net.mx: Network providers (registration limited to qualifying entities)
 * .org.mx: Non-profit organizations (registration limited to qualifying entities)
 * .ngo.mx: Non-profit organizations or Civil society organizations (registration NOT limited to qualifying entities)
 * .edu.mx: Educational institutions (registration limited to qualifying entities)
 * .gob.mx: Federal, State or Municipal Governmental entities only (.gob derives from the Spanish word for government: "Gobierno")

Currently second level domains can be registered directly under .mx.

On 30 April 2009, second level domain registrations were 0.06% of the total. A month later the value was up to 4.9% On 30 April 2010, second level registrations were 21.4% of the total.

title: .mx


text:
Talk:Abu Musa

Requested move 21 June 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Consensus against doing so at this time.  Calidum   03:52, 8 July 2019 (UTC)

Abu Musa → Abu Musa (island) – To reduce confusion and provide a more specific article title. Fahambnd (talk) 14:10, 21 June 2019 (UTC) --Relisting. DannyS712 (talk) 20:40, 28 June 2019 (UTC)
 * To reduce confusion with what? —BarrelProof (talk) 05:24, 22 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Support see Abu Musa al-Ashari, and move Abu Musa (disambiguation) to baseline. In ictu oculi (talk) 08:12, 22 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose: Why not just Abu Musa Island? --HistoryofIran (talk) 12:09, 22 June 2019 (UTC)
 * 'Abu Musa' by itself covers many topics: names, places, events etc. Following what how articles are normally titled (specification in brackets eg. Gummo (song)), I believe the new title would fit best along other articles of similar title and topic. Fahambnd (talk) 13:43, 22 June 2019 (UTC)
 * That's not a good comparison. Instead it compare with other Island articles, such as Rhode Island, Easter Island, Alcatraz Island etc. None of them have brackets. --HistoryofIran (talk) 20:35, 22 June 2019 (UTC)

 * Support. Abu Musa is a very common name. --Gonnym (talk) 17:32, 22 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose Per WP:COMMON. "Abu Musa island would be correct, no brackets are needed. ---Wikaviani  (talk) (contribs)  20:58, 22 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose - looks like the main topic with that name to me.--Ortizesp (talk) 00:18, 24 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose - I prefer "Abu Musa Island", no need for brackets. —UA3 (talk) 09:59, 24 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Should I create another move request to 'Abu Musa Island' as that seems to be the most popular of the consensus? Fahambnd (talk) 16:25, 24 June 2019 (UTC)
 * I have speedy closed the move request to "Abu Musa Island" below, as that should be considered as part of this RM. I am relisting this so that it too can be considered. Thanks, --DannyS712 (talk) 20:40, 28 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose. In common parlance, Abu Musa by itself seems to go as PRIMARY to the island, which needs no further qualifier as in Tahiti or Rhodes. The religious figure might be expected to be found at Abu Musa al-Ashari, the most CONCISE search term. Conversely, someone looking for Saint Paul, Minnesota would know they have to go a step further than Saint Paul, the PRIMARY to the religious figure. Havradim (talk) 00:16, 3 July 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Requested move 26 June 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved and speedy closed - this should be considered as part of the existing move request above. (closed by non-admin page mover) DannyS712 (talk) 20:39, 28 June 2019 (UTC)

Abu Musa → Abu Musa Island – To make the title distinguishable and in the correct format Per WP:COMMON Fahambnd (talk) 00:19, 26 June 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

There is no need for Arabic pronunciation in the article
This island belongs to Iran and only its Persian pronunciation should be mentioned in the article. Not the pronunciation of another country. مصطفی کوهستانی (talk) 02:22, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

 * Given that the island was formerly administered by the Emirate of Sharjah and that it remains a disputed territory, including the Arabic pronunciation in this article is justified. 216.181.221.63 (talk) 22:28, 5 May 2024 (UTC)

Absolute ownership of the island
The island is owned by Iran, according to a satellite photo. There is no connection with the UAE Irandamavand (talk) 17:26, 16 December 2021 (UTC)

 * Given that the UAE still claims to the island, and that the island was formerly administered by the Emirate of Sharjah prior to the Iranian invasion, there absolutely is a connection to the UAE. 216.181.221.63 (talk) 22:31, 5 May 2024 (UTC)

Noakhali is a big city. Create md ismail
Yes 103.114.98.4 (talk) 07:06, 16 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Abu Musa


text:
Gmina Zawady

Gmina Zawady is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Zawady, which lies approximately 34 km west of the regional capital Białystok.

The gmina covers an area of 112.67 km2, and as of 2006 its population is 3,014.

The gmina is the proposed location of a new airport to be built near Bialystok.

Villages
Gmina Zawady contains the villages and settlements of Cibory Gałeckie, Cibory-Chrzczony, Cibory-Kołaczki, Cibory-Krupy, Cibory-Marki, Cibory-Witki, Góra Strękowa, Konopki-Klimki, Konopki-Pokrzywnica, Krzewo-Plebanki, Kurpiki, Łaś-Toczyłowo, Maliszewo-Łynki, Maliszewo-Perkusy, Marylki, Nowe Chlebiotki, Nowe Grabowo, Nowe Krzewo, Rudniki, Stare Chlebiotki, Stare Grabowo, Stare Krzewo, Strękowa Góra, Targonie Wielkie, Targonie-Krytuły, Targonie-Wity, Wieczorki, Zawady, Zawady-Borysówka and Zawady-Kolonia.

Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Zawady is bordered by the gminas of Kobylin-Borzymy, Rutki, Trzcianne, Tykocin and Wizna.

title: Gmina Zawady


text:
Bill Scott (voice actor)

William John Scott (August 2, 1920 – November 29, 1985) was an American voice actor, writer and producer for animated cartoons, primarily associated with Jay Ward and UPA, as well as one of the founding members of ASIFA-Hollywood. He is probably best known as the head writer, co-producer and the voice of several characters from the popular programs Rocky and His Friends and The Bullwinkle Show.

Early life
Scott was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on August 2, 1920. The family later moved to Trenton, New Jersey. At the age of 15, Bill developed tuberculosis. Having been told that Denver, Colorado was the best place for tuberculosis treatment, the family moved to Denver in 1936. His father worked there as a machinist, and his mother worked as a waitress at the Brown Palace Hotel. Scott graduated from South High School in Denver, and then graduated from the University of Denver in 1941. He majored in Theater and Dramatic Art, and minored in English. He was trained to be a school teacher, but after trying teaching, he decided he wanted a different career. He then worked as a freelance radio performer on several Denver radio stations.

Career
During World War II, he served in the U.S. Army's First Motion Picture Unit (reporting to Lt. Ronald Reagan), where he worked with such animators as Frank Thomas. After the war, he became what was then known as a "story man" at Warner Bros., working under director Arthur Davis. After a job as a writer on Bob Clampett's Time For Beany television puppet show, he later worked at United Productions of America where he was one of the writers who adapted Dr. Seuss's original story for the 1950 Academy Award-winning short Gerald McBoing-Boing, which later became a television show, as well as adapting the 1953 Academy Award-nominated short film of Edgar Allan Poe's The Tell-Tale Heart. He was later let go by UPA. Scott believed this was because UPA was under political pressure during the Red Scare of the 1950s. He believed UPA that consequently dismissed his co-writer for participating in left-wing activities, and threw out Scott as well in the process.

Scott then went on to work on animated cartoons for John Sutherland Productions. This work was mainly on behalf of business organizations, such as the United States Chamber of Commerce. While this work reflected more conservative values than his own, he stayed there for four years because the company paid its writers well. He grew weary of the messages his employer wanted in his work, and tried to leave, but said "I kept trying to tell them I quit, but they kept stuffing my mouth with money." He finally left and went back to work for UPA for a time.

Scott worked as a voice actor as well when he joined Jay Ward as head writer and co-producer, and voice acted in such television series as The Bullwinkle Show (most notably as Bullwinkle and Mister Peabody, as well as Dudley Do-Right). In a 1982 interview, Scott said, "I got a call from Jay [Ward] asking if I'd be interested in writing another series, an adventure script with a moose and a squirrel. I said, 'Sure.' I didn't know if I could write an adventure with a moose and a squirrel, but I never turned down a job." Scott never received an on-screen credit for his voice acting on any of the Ward series.

He also wrote many commercials for General Mills because General Mills had financed much of The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, and the Quaker Oats Company, most notably those for Cap'n Crunch cereal. The voices of Rocky, Nell, Fenwick and many of the feminine roles were performed by June Foray, although Scott's wife, Dorothy, voiced several female parts as well.

Scott was a voice director on The Gerald McBoing-Boing Show and a dialogue director on the 1959 animated comedy feature film 1001 Arabian Nights.

He starred in the George of the Jungle series as George, Super Chicken, and Tom Slick, as well as Fractured Flickers and Hoppity Hooper. Scott also did live-action acting on the television show The Duck Factory, which starred Jim Carrey, as well as featuring noted voice actors Don Messick and Frank Welker. In the episode "The Annie Awards", Scott plays the emcee at an award ceremony for cartoonists.

Scott was a member of the Screen Cartoonist's Guild of which he was President in 1952. He was also a member of the Screen Actors Guild and was elected to the Board of Governors of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.

Later career
Toward the end of his career, Scott worked for Disney, where he voiced Moosel on The Wuzzles, and was Gruffi Gummi, Sir Tuxford, and Toadwart, aka Toadie in Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears (he was succeeded by Corey Burton, Roger C. Carmel, and Brian Cummings after his death). Gummi Bears, his last role, had also reunited him with June Foray, his Rocky and Bullwinkle co-star. Scott was also a singer and performer, active with a Little Theatre group in Tujunga called the Foothill Curtain Raisers, and a church theater, the Ascension Players. He was a member of the choir at Ascension Episcopal Church, Tujunga, and spent time in church leadership there as Senior Warden. He was also a member of the Cañada-Savoy G&S troupe in La Cañada, California.

Death
Scott died of a heart attack at age 65 on November 29, 1985, in Tujunga, Los Angeles, California. He was cremated, and his ashes were scattered in the Santa Barbara Channel off Ventura.

title: Bill Scott (voice actor)


text:
United Mizo Freedom Organisation

United Mizo Freedom Organisation (UMFO), was a political party in the Lushai Hills (today the Indian state of Mizoram). UMFO was founded on 20 July 1947, as a split from the Mizo Union. At the time of Indian independence, UMFO was the second largest political force in the area.

UMFO's demand was the unification of the Lushai Hills with Burma.

In the 1952 Assam Legislative Assembly election (which the Lushai Hills at that time was part of), UMFO put up three candidates, none of whom were elected. In total, the party received 9070 votes (23.76% of the votes in those three constituencies).

In 1955 UMFO merged with the Eastern Indian Tribal Union.

title: United Mizo Freedom Organisation


text:
List of airports in Romania

This is a list of airports in Romania, grouped by type and sorted by location.

Airports
Airport names shown in bold indicate the airport has scheduled service on commercial airlines.

Defunct
The Galați Airport operated in the city of Galați from 1926 to 1958.

The Pipera Airport operated in the city of Bucharest from 1921 to 1958.

title: List of airports in Romania