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The Morning Post

The Morning Post was a conservative daily newspaper published in London from 1772 to 1937, when it was acquired by The Daily Telegraph.

History
The paper was founded by John Bell. According to historian Robert Darnton, The Morning Post scandal sheet consisted of paragraph-long news snippets, much of it false. Its original editor, the Reverend Sir Henry Bate Dudley, earned himself nicknames such as "Reverend Bruiser" or "The Fighting Parson", and was soon replaced by an even more vitriolic editor, Reverend William Jackson, also known as "Dr. Viper".

Originally a Whig paper, it was purchased by Daniel Stuart in 1795, who made it into a moderate Tory organ. A number of well-known writers contributed, including Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Charles Lamb, James Mackintosh, Robert Southey, and William Wordsworth. In the seven years of Stuart's proprietorship, the paper's circulation rose from 350 to over 4,000.

From 1803 until his death in 1833, the owner and editor of the Post was Nicholas Byrne; his son William Pitt Byrne later held these roles.

Later the paper was acquired by a Lancashire papermaker named Crompton. In 1848 he hired Peter Borthwick, a Scot who had been a Conservative MP for Evesham (1835–1847), as editor. When Peter died in 1852, his son Algernon took over. During the 1850s, the Post was very closely associated with the Palmerston ministry.

With the aid of Andrew Montagu, Borthwick purchased the Post in 1876. His son Oliver (1873–1905) was business manager and editor, but died young, and upon the father's death in 1908 control went to his daughter Lilias Borthwick (1871–1965), wife of Seymour Henry Bathurst, 7th Earl Bathurst (1864–1943). In 1881, the paper appointed the first woman war correspondent when it sent Lady Florence Dixie to South Africa to cover the First Boer War.

The paper was noted for its attentions to the activities of the powerful and wealthy, its interest in foreign affairs, and in literary and artistic events. It began regular printing of notices of plays, concerts, and operas in the early 20th century, and is said to have been the first daily paper in London to do this. Arthur Hervey (1855–1922) was the paper's music critic between 1892 and 1908.

Beginning in 1900, the Australian politician Alfred Deakin wrote anonymous commentaries on Australian politics for the paper, continuing even when he had become Prime Minister.

Maurice Baring was a foreign correspondent for the paper, reporting from Manchuria, Russia and Constantinople between 1904 and 1909. He was war correspondent with Russian forces during the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905). Also, Harold Williams started to write from Russia.

Howell Arthur Gwynne took over as editor in 1911.

Controversial publications
Upon General Reginald Dyer's return to India in 1920, after his role in the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar, the Morning Post collected and presented £26,317 to him, along with a golden sword and the title "Defender of the Empire" and "the man who saved India". The editor of the Morning Post had received waves of letters containing contributions. The Morning Post received criticism during the sittings of the Hunter commission investigating the massacre as not being impartial.

The paper gained notoriety in 1920, after it ran a series of 17 or 18 articles based on The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a text previously published in Russian by Sergei Nilus as the final chapter (Chapter XII), of his book ''Velikoye v malom i antikhrist kak blizkaya politicheskaya vozmozhnost'. Zapiski pravoslavnogo veruyushchego'' ("The Great within the Small and Antichrist, an Imminent Political Possibility. Notes of an Orthodox Believer"). It is widely held that Victor E. Marsden, the paper's Russian desk correspondent, used the copy of this rare book in the British Museum to translate the last chapter for the paper. Some have questioned that because the anonymous 1923 pamphlet crediting Marsden as the translator in its preface appeared three years after Marsden's death on 28 October 1920.

The articles were subsequently collected and formed the basis of the book The Cause of World Unrest, to which half the paper's staff contributed, as well as George Shanks and Nesta Webster. However, credit for the compilation was ascribed principally to the paper's editor, H.A. Gwynne. The book further denounced international Jewry, and cultural and social dissolution in the Christian nations.

Final years
The Bathursts sold the paper to a consortium headed by the Duke of Northumberland in 1924. After Adolf Hitler's rise to power in 1933, it was one of the few newspapers in Europe to immediately recognize that Nazi Germany would try to "seek a solution to difficulties at home with adventures abroad." In 1937, the Morning Post was sold to the Daily Telegraph, which was owned by William Berry. The Post did not remain a separate title, and it was absorbed into the Telegraph.

Editors

 * 1848: Peter Borthwick
 * 1852: Algernon Borthwick
 * 1897: James Nicol Dunn
 * 1905: Spenser Wilkinson
 * 1905: Fabian Ware
 * 1911: Howell Arthur Gwynne

title: The Morning Post


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User:Wilsonm

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Wilsonm


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Câmpia Turzii

Câmpia Turzii (Jerischmarkt; Aranyosgyéres) is a municipality in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania, which was formed in 1925 by the union of two villages, Ghiriș (Aranyosgyéres) and Sâncrai (Szentkirály). It was declared a town in 1950 and a city in 1998.

The city is located in the southeastern part of the county, on the right bank of the Arieș River, at a distance of 6.7 km from Turda and 40.6 km from the county seat, Cluj-Napoca.

History
The village of Sâncrai was mentioned in a 1219 document as "villa Sancti Regis" ("village of Holy King"), while Ghiriș was first documented in 1292 as "Terra Gerusteleke" ("Gerusteleke", literally meaning "plot of Gerus" in Hungarian).

Michael the Brave was murdered by agents of Giorgio Basta at the current location of Câmpia Turzii on August 9, 1601.

Câmpia Turzii is the "city of adoption" of Toulouse and a sister city of Siemianowice Śląskie.

Population
The population has evolved as follows since 1784:
 * 1784: Ghiriș: 565; Sâncrai: 472
 * 1850: Ghiriș: 1,168; Sâncrai: 487
 * 1910: Ghiriș: 1,815; Sâncrai: 704
 * 1930 census: 4,124
 * 1948 census: 6,310
 * 1956 census: 11,518
 * 1977 census: 22,418
 * 2002 census: 26,823
 * 2011 census: 22,223
 * 2021 census: 20,590

Military activity
The city is home to the Romanian Air Force's RoAF 71st Air Base, and during the NATO Summit of 2008, the 323rd Air Expeditionary Wing of the United States Air Force. F-15s from RAF Lakenheath in the United Kingdom flew out during the summit to augment air defence forces for the event.

In April 2015, a U.S. Air Force group of A-10 Thunderbolt attack aircraft stationed in Germany arrived at the RoAF 71st Air Base to take part in exercises with the Romanian Air Force.

Natives

 * Mihai Adam, footballer
 * Andra, singer
 * Sebastian Cojocnean, footballer
 * Andrei Cordoș, footballer
 * Andrei Coroian, footballer
 * Cozmin Gușă, physicist, journalist, and politician
 * Iuliu Jenei, footballer
 * Cosmin Mărginean, footballer
 * Teodor Murășanu, writer and teacher
 * Mircea Rus, footballer
 * Virginia Ruzici, tennis player
 * Ioan Sabău, footballer
 * Cristian Silvășan, footballer
 * Cosmin Văsîie, footballer

title: Câmpia Turzii


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Talk:Musical works of Mozart

By way of detail: KV 499 is not among the Prussian quartets — and was dedicated to the publisher Hoffmeister. (And the Prussian quartets while intended, probably, to be dedicated to Frederick William, did not, at least in their first edition, receive such a dedication, unless I’m mistaken. That, however, is truly nitpick territory :) ) The quartet in D of 1786 is a singleton. Schissel 16:18, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Gah. This page needs an hour of editing, in my opinion- spelling, redirect fixing, changing ...] to [[ to save space and be efficient, ... (I just spent that hour, but it didn't take ;) Schissel - bowl listen'' 19:24, Dec 27, 2004 (UTC)]

Of course, what I should have done, was edit a little, insert a little bit saying This page is being very seriously editabobbled, then edit the rest. If I'd known that I was about to do that ;) Ah well. Schissel - bowl listen 19:26, Dec 27, 2004 (UTC)

Hi Schissel -- sorry if I clobbered what you were working on, since we were both doing cleanups at the same time -- I'll stay off the page for the next day or so. --Arcadian 19:40, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Merge
I just merged this article into List of compositions by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Have a look, etc. --bleh fu talk fu  03:07, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)

Recommendations
(Actually, this page should have after merging been redirected? The action could have been undone, I believe. I'll have a look, yes.) Recommendations of particular performances/recordings such as done by a recent anon IP are out of place in this article. Schissel : bowl listen 13:55, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * I have compared the two articles, and moved any material that was here, but not in the other one, to Talk:List of compositions by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart for inclusion by someone more knowledgable than me. Kcordina Talk 10:17, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Musical works of Mozart


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Open University of Catalonia

The Open University of Catalonia (Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, UOC; ) is a private open university based in Barcelona, Spain.

The UOC offers graduate and postgraduate programs in Catalan, Spanish and English in fields such as Psychology, Computer Science, Education sciences, Information and Knowledge Society, and Economics. Also, an Information and Knowledge Society Doctoral Program is available that explores research fields such as e-law, e-learning, network society, education, and online communities. It has support centers in a number of cities in Spain, Andorra, Mexico and Colombia.

History
The UOC was created in 1994 following a by the Parliament of Catalonia, by which the Government of the Generalitat of Catalonia was urged to adopt the relevant measures to consolidate a teaching distance learning system. It was constituted through a public deed on October 6, 1994, adopting the legal form of a foundation, the Fundació per la Universitat Oberta de Catalunya. At the same time, the UOC was recognized through the Law of the Parliament of Catalonia 3/1995, of April 6, recognizing it as a member of the catalan universities system.

It was born with the mission of offering lifelong learning, of encouraging that every person who wants to improve their abilities and skills can access the university, and in this way to grow the educational level and skills of society in general.

Organization and administration
UOC is governed by a Foundation (Fundació per a la Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, FUOC). The administration, management and representation of the FUOC correspond to the following governing bodies: a Board of Trustees, a permanent commission, which acts as a permanent body in the administration and management of the Foundation; and the Advisory Council, which assists the Board of Trustees as a consultative or advisory body for the Foundation.

As of 2023, there are 656 faculty and research staff, 208 of whom are full time researchers.

Teaching and learning
As of 2023, the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya offers 28 bachelor's programs, 53 master's programs and 8 doctoral degrees. Until the 2021–2022 academic year, UOC granted 104.501 graduate degrees of students from 138 countries.

The UOC's course offering is divided into these Faculties:

 * Faculty of Arts and Humanities
 * Faculty of Economics and Business
 * Faculty of Health Sciences
 * Faculty of Information and Communication Sciences
 * Faculty of Computer Science, Multimedia and Telecommunications
 * Faculty of Law and Political Science
 * Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences

Research
The UOC focuses its research activity on the interaction between technology and the human and social sciences. It has two research centers—the Internet Interdisciplinary Institute (IN3) and the eHealth Center (eHC)—, a research program in e-learning and seven studies with research sub-divisions. It also has a Doctoral School, with more than 350 predoctoral researchers.

In 2019 UOC signed the DORA Declaration. In 2023, a new interdisciplinary research and innovation space was inaugurated- located in the Can Jaumandreu complex.

Reputation and rankings
Among overall rankings, Times Higher Education ranks UOC as the Number 1 online university in ibero-america, in the Top 175 among the world's youngest universities and in the Top 10 of Spanish universities. The Shanghai Ranking of World Universities defines UOC among the 200 best universities in Communication and among the 500 best universities in Education. The university adheres to the standards set by the European Higher Education Area (EHEA).

Publications
UOC promote the following publications:
 * Artnodes. A journal about art, science and technology
 * BiD. University text on library and information science (co-published with the University of Barcelona)
 * Dictatorships & democracies. Journal of History and Culture (co-published with the Fundacio Carles Pi i Sunyer)
 * COMeIN.Journal of the Faculty of Information and Communication Sciences
 * Digithum. A relational perspective of culture, individual and society in late modernity (co-published with the University of Antioquia - Colombia)
 * ETHE. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education (co-published with the University of Los Andes - Colombia)
 * IDP. A journal about Internet, Law and Politics
 * Mosaic. A journal about multimedia technologies and communication sponsored by the Faculty of Computer Science, Multimedia and Telecommunications
 * Internet Policy Review. Journal of internet regulation (coedited with the Alexander Von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society - HIIG)
 * UOC R&I Working Papers
 * Oikonomics. A journal about economics, business and society sponsored by the Faculty of Economics and Business

Institutional repository
The UOC makes O2, their institutional repository, available to provide open access to digital publications produced by the UOC community in the course of its research, teaching and management activities.

Notable people
The Open University of Catalonia had total cumulative graduates of 85,700 as of academic year 2019-2020.

Honorary degree recipients

 * Josep Laporte (2003)
 * Tony Bates (2005)
 * Jordi Pujol i Soley (2006)
 * William J. Mitchell (2006)
 * Alain Touraine (2007)
 * Sir Timothy Berners-Lee (2008)
 * Brenda M. Gourley (2011)
 * Aina Moll (2012)
 * Hanna Damásio (2012)
 * Alejandro Jadad (2018)
 * Manuel Borja-Villel (2018)
 * Mary Beard (2019)
 * Mariana Mazzucato(2022)
 * Wendy Hall (2023)

title: Open University of Catalonia


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I, (Annoyed Grunt)-Bot

"I, (Annoyed Grunt)-Bot", also known as "I, D'oh-Bot", is the ninth episode of the fifteenth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on January 11, 2004. This episode represents a milestone in the history of the series as Snowball II is killed off. The primary plot is based on Richard Matheson's short story "Steel".

Plot
Bart is taunted by school bullies Nelson, Jimbo, Dolph and Kearney because he does not have a 10-speed bike as they do. In order to get Homer to buy him one, Bart places his current bike so that it is run over and destroyed by Dr. Hibbert. Homer buys the 10-speed for Bart, but refuses to pay the small assembly fee and builds it himself. Bart is happy since it looks great and works perfectly at first, but it falls apart when he moons the bullies. Homer, wanting Bart to be proud of him, tries to build a battle robot for the show Robot Rumble. He fails to construct one, and instead assumes the identity of one, which Bart names "Chief Knock-a Homer". Unaware of Homer's ruse, Bart enters the robot in the Rumble.

Meanwhile, Dr. Hibbert's car runs over and kills the Simpsons' cat Snowball II, shortly after crushing Bart's bike. A devastated Lisa recites a poem tearfully at the funeral, where Snowball II is buried next to Snowball I. Lisa adopts a ginger cat, which she names Snowball III, but he drowns in the fish tank. The next cat, Coltrane (Snowball IV), jumps out of a window after hearing Lisa play her saxophone. The owner of the cat sanctuary refuses to give Lisa any more cats, but the Crazy Cat Lady wanders past and throws a cat at Lisa that strongly resembles Snowball II. Although Lisa tries to shoo it off, worried that it will meet the same fate as the others, it survives a near miss on the street when Gil Gunderson swerves to avoid hitting it while driving and crashes into a tree. Lisa decides to keep the cat, officially naming it Snowball V; however, the family will call it Snowball II in order to maintain the status quo. Principal Skinner comments disparagingly on the choice, but relents when Lisa points out that the same had previously been done for him.

Homer defeats numerous opponents and makes it to the finals, despite being injured from the battles with the other robots. In the final match against Professor Frink's undefeated super-robot, an ED-209 look-a-like, Bart finds Homer in the bot after the grueling first round. Caught, Homer apologizes to Bart, but Bart is impressed because of all the pain Homer went through to win his son's admiration. In the second round, ED-209 squeezes Homer out of the robot, but immediately stops as soon as it sees him. Frink explains that the robot follows Isaac Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics and has been programmed to serve humans rather than harm them. ED-209 sets out a chair for Homer and pours him a martini. Homer wins the match (although one of the commentators points out that the tournament rules prohibit any human combatants) and Bart is proud of him.

Cultural references

 * The title of the episode includes the phrase "(Annoyed Grunt)" which is how Homer's catchphrase "D'oh!" is written in episode scripts. Making the episode title read "I, D'oh-bot" - a play on Isaac Asimov's I, Robot as well as the sci-fi action movie of the same name released later the same year.
 * Robot Rumble parodies the robot combat shows Robot Wars and BattleBots.
 * Homer's robot, Chief Knock-a Homer, is a reference to the former Atlanta Braves mascot Chief Noc-A-Homa.
 * The song playing while Bart and Milhouse are cycling is "Magic Carpet Ride" performed by Steppenwolf.
 * During one of the Robot Rumble matches, one of the commentators states that one robot is "killing him softly with his saw," a reference to the Roberta Flack song.
 * Dr. Hibbert has a Kool and the Gang air-freshener in his car.
 * The song playing during the Robot Rumble montage is "Watching Scotty Grow" performed by Bobby Goldsboro (The same song played in the Season 3 episode "Saturdays of Thunder" as Homer was helping Bart build a soapbox racer). Homer also sings part of this song when delirious from blood loss and a concussion.
 * One of the robots advertised for Robot Rumble is the T-800 endoskeleton from the Terminator film series.
 * Professor Frink's robot is named 'Smashius Clay' a.k.a. 'Killhammad Aieee', based on the boxer Muhammad Ali and his birth name Cassius Clay.
 * Professor Frink's robot is designed after the ED-209 from the film RoboCop and its accompanying series.
 * Lisa's fourth cat, Coltrane, is named after the influential jazz performer John Coltrane.
 * The robot Circuit Ray Leonard is based on the boxer Sugar Ray Leonard.
 * The song playing while Homer fights Professor Frink's robot is "...In A Bag" by Static-X.
 * While Lisa is preparing food for Snowball III, she sings a song with the same melody as the Hokey Pokey song.

Reception
DVD Movie Guide's Colin Jacobson was critical of the episode, saying it "starts pretty well but droops before too long. The robot theme is too silly, and the cat sequences are too morbid. Some of the battle bots bits amuse, but they're not enough to overcome the episode's general flaws."

title: I, (Annoyed Grunt)-Bot


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Stock Car Pro Series

Stock Car Pro Series, formerly known as Stock Car Brasil, is a touring car auto racing series based in Brazil organized by Vicar. It is considered the major Brazilian and South American motorsports series. Starting in 1979 with Chevrolet as the only constructor, the series has also seen other constructors joining in and leaving such as Mitsubishi, Peugeot and Volkswagen, currently the only other besides Chevrolet is Toyota. The series is composed of 12 rounds, with the most important race, the Corrida do Milhão (English: The Million Race) being worth double points and has a prize pool of R$1 million. The competition has seen many internationally famous drivers in its ranks, such as Rubens Barrichello, Felipe Massa, Jacques Villeneuve, Lucas di Grassi, Nelson Piquet Jr., Ricardo Zonta, Tony Kanaan and António Félix da Costa.

There's also the Stock Series, formerly known as Stock Car Light, serving as the access category to the Pro Series.

1970s
The series was created in 1979 as an alternative to the former Division 1 championship that competed with Chevrolet Opala and Ford Maverick. The dominance of Chevrolet over Ford models was causing a lack of public interest and sponsors. General Motors then created a new category, with a name reminiscent of the famous NASCAR with standardized performance and components for all competitors. The first race was run on 22 April 1979 at the Autódromo Internacional de Tarumã, Rio Grande do Sul with 19 cars competing, all of them being 6-cylinder Chevrolet Opalas. The pole position was held by José Carlos Palhares, and the race was won by Affonso Giaffone.

1980s
This decade saw the emergence of several rivalries between drivers. In 1982 two races were held for the first time at the Autodromo do Estoril, Portugal.

The first major change in the Stock Car standard occurred in 1987. With the support of General Motors, a fairing designed and built by coachbuilder Caio was adopted, which was adapted to the Opala's chassis. The car exhibited improved aerodynamics and performance. Safety equipment become more sophisticated.

1990s
In 1990 General Motors renewed its interest in the category and built a prototype intended to replace the Caio/Hidroplas model.

In 1991 new rules were established and the races were disputed in double rounds on the weekends, with two drivers per car, but the series continued to lose ground with the public, sponsors and television networks to other championships with many manufacturers involved, such as Campeonato Brasileiro de Marcas e Pilotos that included the involvement of Chevrolet, Fiat, Ford and Volkswagen, as well as the always popular Formula racing championships.

In 1994 the championship returned to the old rules and Chevrolet announced that the Chevrolet Omega would be introduced as the new standard model. As part of a marketing strategy and in order to reduce costs, the tickets were free and the races were now held in double rounds sponsored by Brazilian Formula Chevrolet in an event called Chevrolet Challenger. This decade marked a dominant era for Ingo Hoffmann with eight titles, three in partnership with Ângelo Giombell. His only serious challenges came from Paulo Gomes in 1995 and Chico Serra in 1999.

2000s
From 2000 on, General Motors departed the series' management and Vicar Promoções Desportivas, owned by former racing driver Carlos Col, took over the organization. This ushered in a period of modernization and improved security as the category started to use a tubular chassis designated JL G-09. The project engineer was Edgardo Fernandez, who did something similar for the Argentina category Top Race V6, inspired by both NASCAR and the DTM. The chassis was built by Zeca Giaffone's JL Racing.

In 2003 the category replaced the Chevrolet 6-cylinder engine used with modifications since 1979 with a Chevrolet V8 imported from the United States by JL Racing, similar to the engines used by the NASCAR Busch Series. Despite not managing the series anymore, General Motors still participated in the series with the Vectra.

In 2005 Mitsubishi entered the series with the Mitsubishi Lancer, marking the first time in the series' history in which Chevrolet was not the sole manufacturer competing. 30 October of that same year marked the first race held in Argentina at Autódromo Juan y Oscar Gálvez, alongside the TC 2000 category. Attendance was 70,000. Giuliano Losacco was the winner, with Mateus Greipel second and Luciano Burti coming in third.

In 2006, Volkswagen entered in the series with the Bora and the championship adopted a point system similar to the one used in NASCAR, as well as a new system with 16 teams and 32 drivers. At the end of the season, the 10 best drivers were automatically qualified to run the 4 final races, called Super Final, similar to the Chase for the Sprint Cup.

The 2007 season marked the largest amount of manufacturers competing in the category, with the entrance of Peugeot and the 307 Sedan. The season had the presence of Chevrolet, Mitsubishi, Peugeot, and Volkswagen. Volkswagen announced it was withdrawing from the category in 2008, with two-time champion Mitsubishi doing the same one year later in 2009. In 2008, the championship changed from Pirelli tires to Goodyear.

2010s
In 2010 the category started using ethanol as fuel and engines with electronic injection.

In 2011, Peugeot re-entered the championship announced with the 408 sedan model, replacing the 307. In 2012, Chevrolet introduced the Chevrolet Sonic as its competing model, replacing the Vectra. 2012 was also the last season in which Goodyear supplied tires, with Pirelli returning as the sole tire supplier in the championship from 2013 onward. The category announced changes in the championship for the 2012 season, dropping the Super Final system. The scoring system was also changed, with the top twenty drivers in each race being awarded points.

For the 2016 season, General Motors announced the Chevrolet Cruze as the replacement for the Sonic. In 2017, Peugeot announced its withdrawal from the championship, leaving Chevrolet as the sole automaker to compete in the series, making it a one-make championship, with all drivers using Cruze models.

2020s
In 2020, Toyota Gazoo Racing entered alongside Chevrolet, fielding a regulation version of their Toyota Corolla, which received a facelift in 2021. The season also saw a return to a monocoque chassis, replacing the tubular chassis used since 2000. On 12 December 2022, Vicar and Pirelli announced that they would not be renewing their contract and that from 2023 onward, Stock Car, Stock Series, and the F4 Brazil Championship will be supplied exclusively by Hankook.

In 2025, the series will switch to a Crossover SUV-based formula. A decision based on Brazilian passenger vehicle sales, the Chevrolet Tracker and Toyota Corolla Cross will replace the existing cars whilst Mitsubishi will return to the category with the Eclipse Cross.

Support races
Created in 1992, the Brazilian Formula Chevrolet was the Series' main support category. It used the same chassis as Formula Opel until 1994, subsequently switching to a Techspeed chassis until 2002, which was the same year the category was retired.

The Stock Car Light second tier was created in 1993, and reformulated in 2008 to become the Copa Vicar. After a merger with Pick-up Racing Brasil, the Copa Chevrolet Montana was established and standardized around the Chevrolet Montana model. Pick-up Racing Brasil was a category created in 2001 but only became part of the Stock Car Brasil programme until 2006.

The Stock Car Jr. third tier was created in 2006. It was intended for young and amateur drivers moving from Kart racing. In 2010 the category was replaced with the Mini Challenge Brasil. After three seasons it was cancelled.

Notable drivers

 * Affonso Giaffone Jr. (1979–1980s) – The winner of the first race in 1979, and the champion of the 1981 season. The father of Affonso Giaffone, a former IndyCar Series driver.
 * Paulo Gomes (1979–2003/2007) – The winner of the first season in 1979, also 4-time champion.
 * Chico Serra (1999–2009) – 3-time champion (1999, 2000 and 2001)
 * Ingo Hoffmann (1979–2008) – 12-time champion (1980, 1985, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998 and 2002) and the driver with the most series wins overall with 77. He competed from 1979 to 2008.
 * Cacá Bueno (2002–) – 5-time Champion: (2006, 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2012). Runner-up: 2003, 2004 and 2005. He is the son of the sports commentator Galvão Bueno.
 * Daniel Serra (2007–) – 3-time champion (2017, 2018 and 2019), 2-time 24 Hours of Le Mans GTE Pro class winner (2017 and 2019) and son of Chico Serra.

Former Formula One drivers

 * Currently in the series
 * Ricardo Zonta (2007–)
 * Rubens Barrichello (2012–)
 * Nelson Piquet Jr. (2014–2015, 2018–)
 * Felipe Massa (2018, 2021–)

 * Formerly in the series
 * Ingo Hoffmann (1979–2008)
 * Raul Boesel (1979, 2003–2005)
 * Chico Serra (1980s – 2007 / 2009 / 2014)
 * Tarso Marques (2005–2011, 2018)
 * Roberto Moreno (2005)
 * Jacques Villeneuve (2011 / 2015)
 * Alex Ribeiro (1980s)
 * Wilson Fittipaldi (1980s – early 1990s)
 * Christian Fittipaldi (2005–2007 / 2010)
 * Luciano Burti (2005–2018)
 * Antônio Pizzonia (2007–2018)
 * Enrique Bernoldi (2007 / 2009 / 2014–2015)
 * Esteban Tuero (2005)
 * Luiz Bueno (1982)
 * Bruno Senna (2013–2014)
 * Lucas di Grassi (2014–2015, 2018–2019)
 * Ricardo Rosset (2014–2015)
 * Roberto Merhi (2014)
 * Jaime Alguersuari (2015)
 * Vitantonio Liuzzi (2015)
 * Jérôme d'Ambrosio (2018)

Champions
All champions are Brazilian-registered.

Circuits
Races are held mostly on road courses, although a race was held on a street circuit in Salvador for the first time in 2009. The tracks for the 2024 season are:

 * Autódromo Internacional Ayrton Senna (Goiânia), Goiânia, GO (1979–1981, 1983–2001, 2004, 2014–present)
 * Autódromo Velo Città, Mogi Guaçu, SP (2017–present)
 * Autódromo José Carlos Pace (Interlagos), São Paulo, SP (1979–present)
 * Autódromo Internacional de Cascavel, Cascavel, PR (1979–1981, 1983–1993, 1995–1997, 2000, 2012–2021, 2023–present)
 * Belo Horizonte Street Circuit, Belo Horizonte, MG (2024)
 * Velopark, Nova Santa Rita, RS (2010–2019, 2022–present)
 * 🇦🇷 Autódromo Juan y Oscar Gálvez, Argentina (2005–2007, 2017, 2023–present)
 * Autódromo Víctor Borrat Fabini, Uruguay (2024)
 * Autódromo Brasília BRB, Brasília, DF (1979–1981, 1983–1986, 1988–1992, 1994–2014, 2024)

Former circuits include:

 * Autódromo Internacional Ayrton Senna (Londrina), Londrina, PR (1993–1995, 1997, 1999–2008, 2010–2012, 2016–2020)
 * Autódromo Internacional de Curitiba, Pinhais, PR (1980–2018, 2020–2021)
 * Autódromo Internacional de Guaporé, Guaporé, RS (1979–1981, 1983–1995, 2000, 2002)
 * Autódromo Internacional de Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS (2005–2011, 2014–2019, 2021–2022)
 * Autódromo Internacional de Tarumã, Viamão, RS (1979–1981, 1983–1996, 1998–2001, 2004–2009, 2012–2017, 2023)
 * Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet (Jacarepaguá), Rio de Janeiro, RJ (1979–2012)
 * Autódromo Internacional Orlando Moura, Campo Grande, MS (2002–2004, 2006–2011, 2015, 2018–2019)
 * Autódromo Internacional Virgílio Távora, Fortaleza, CE (1979, 1984, 1989, 1992)
 * Circuito Ayrton Senna, Salvador, BA (2009–2014)
 * Circuito Cacá Bueno, Rio de Janeiro, RJ (2022)
 * 🇵🇹 Circuito do Estoril, Portugal (1982)
 * Circuito dos Cristais, Curvelo, MG (2016–2017)
 * Ribeirão Preto Street Circuit, Ribeirão Preto, SP (2010–2013, 2015)

Fatal accidents
There have been five fatal accidents:

 * In 1985, Zeca Greguricinski, died at Interlagos from burns suffered after a crash.
 * In June 2001, Laércio Justino, died at Nelson Piquet Circuit of Brasília after losing control of the car and crashing at the pit lane entrance.
 * In September 2003, Raphael Lima Pereira, a 19-year-old photographer, was hit by Gualter Salles at Campo Grande circuit and died. He was near the safety area at the time of the accident.
 * On 9 December 2007, Rafael Sperafico, of the Sperafico racing family, died during the final race of the Stock Car Light 2007 season at Interlagos. His cousins Rodrigo and Ricardo Sperafico compete in the top-level series. It was the first fatal accident in the Stock Car Light series.
 * On 3 April 2011, Gustavo Sondermann, competing in a Copa Chevrolet Montana race, was killed at Interlagos in an accident almost identical to that of Sperafico four years earlier.

Video games
The first official video game was Game Stock Car in 2011, with a followup title Stock Car Extreme launched in 2013. Both were developed by Reiza Studios.

In 2014, Both the Peugeot 408 and a non-licensed version of the Chevrolet Sonic called "ADC Presteza" were present in the Category A Touring Cars class of Grid Autosport ..

Automobilista, released in 2016 and developed by Reiza Studios using the RFactor engine, featured the full 2015 and 2017 car grids and circuits. Automobilista 2, released in 2020 using the Project CARS engine, adding the 2019 and 2020 cars and circuits.

Racing simulator iRacing has included the Stock Car Pro Series cars in the game since 2022.

title: Stock Car Pro Series


text:
Talk:Super Proton Synchrotron

A December 2004 deletion debate is available at Votes for deletion/Super Proton Synchrotron.

title: Talk:Super Proton Synchrotron


text:
Intersection algorithm

The intersection algorithm is an agreement algorithm used to select sources for estimating accurate time from a number of noisy time sources. It forms part of the modern Network Time Protocol. It is a modified form of Marzullo's algorithm.

While Marzullo's algorithm will return the smallest interval consistent with the largest number of sources, the returned interval does not necessarily include the center point (calculated offset) of all the sources in the intersection. The intersection algorithm returns an interval that includes that returned by Marzullo's algorithm but may be larger since it will include the center points. This larger interval allows using additional statistical data to select a point within the interval, reducing the jitter in repeated execution.

Method
Given M intervals of the form c ± r (which means [c−r,c+r]), the algorithm seeks to find an interval with M−f sources. The value f is referred to as the number of falsetickers, those sources which are in error (the actual value is outside the confidence band). The best estimate is that which assumes the fewest falsetickers, f. The results will be considered valid if f < M/2, otherwise the algorithm will return failure instead of an interval.

The intersection algorithm begins by creating a table of tuples . For each interval there are three entries: the lower endpoint, the midpoint and the upper endpoint, labelled with types −1, 0 and +1 respectively. Thus the interval c ± r results in the entries ,  and . These entries are then sorted by offset.

Variables: This algorithm uses f as number of false tickers, endcount and midcount are integers. Lower and upper are values of offsets.

 [initialize best f] Start with f=0, assuming all input intervals are valid. Each time no interval is found f will be incremented until either an interval is found or f ≥ M/2.  [initialize] endcount=0 and midcount=0.  [find lower endpoint] Start at beginning of the list (lowest offset) consider each tuple in order. endcount = endcount−type. If endcount ≥ M−f then lower = offset and goto step 3 because the (possible) lower endpoint has been found. If the type = 0 then midcount = midcount+1. Repeat with next tuple. If reach end of list then goto step 6.  [tentative lower endpoint found, initialize to find upper endpoint] set endcount=0.   [determine number of midpoints] Start from end of list and work towards lower offsets. endcount = endcount+type. If endcount ≥ M−f then upper = offset, goto step 5. If type = 0 then midcount = midcount+1. Repeat for next tuple. If reach end of list then goto step 6.  if lower ≤ upper and midcount ≤ f then return interval [lowerendpoint, upperendpoint] as resulting confidence interval. <li>[increment number of falsetickers] f = f+1. If f ≥ M/2 then terminate and return FAILED, otherwise goto step 1.</li> </ol>

title: Intersection algorithm


text:
Pogon

Pogon may refer to:

 * Pogon, Albania, a municipality in Gjirokastër District, Gjirokastër County, Albania
 * Pogoń, a Knight-in-pursuit coat of arms of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
 * Pogoni, a municipality in Ioannina regional unit, Greece
 * Pogoń Siedlce, a Polish football club
 * Pogoń Siedlce, a Polish rugby union club
 * Pogoń Szczecin, a Polish football club
 * Pogoń Lwów (1904), a defunct Polish football club
 * Pogoń Lwów, a Ukrainian football club

title: Pogon


text:
Genealogies of Genesis

The genealogies of Genesis provide the framework around which the Book of Genesis is structured. Beginning with Adam, genealogical material in Genesis 4, 5, 10, 11, 22, 25, 29–30, 35–36, and 46 moves the narrative forward from the creation to the beginnings of the Israelites' existence as a people.

Adam's lineage in Genesis contains two branches: Chapter 4 giving the descendants of Cain, and Chapter 5 that for Seth that is then continued in later chapters. Chapter 10 gives the Generations of Noah (also called the Table of Nations) that records the populating of the Earth by Noah's descendants, and is not strictly a genealogy but an ethnography.

Genesis 5 and Genesis 11 include the age at which each patriarch had the progeny named as well as the number of years he lived thereafter. Many of the ages given in the text are long, but could have been considered modest in comparison to the ages given in other works (for instance, the Sumerian King List).

The ages include patterns surrounding the numbers five and seven, for instance the 365 year life of Enoch (the same as the number of full calendar days in a solar year) and the 777 year life of Lamech (repetitional emphasis of the number seven). Overall, the ages display clear mathematical patterns, leading some people to conclude that number symbolism was used to construct them. Nevertheless, since Genesis 5 and 11 provide the age of each patriarch at the birth of his named descendant, it also appears to present a gapless chronology from Adam to Abraham, even if the named descendant is not always a first-generation son.

Versions
Nearly all modern translations of Genesis are derived from the Masoretic Text, but there are also two other versions of Genesis: the Samaritan Pentateuch and the Septuagint (a Greek translation of a Hebrew text). Translations from the Masoretic Text are preferred by Western Christians, including Roman Catholics and Protestants and by followers of Orthodox Judaism, whereas the Greek version is preferred by Eastern Christians, including Eastern Orthodox, Coptic, Ethiopic, Jacobite and Armenian. The Samaritan Pentateuch is used mainly by the Samaritans.

Cain and Seth
Genesis names three children of Adam and Eve, Cain, Abel and Seth. A genealogy tracing the descendants of Cain is given in, while the line from Seth down to Noah appears in. Scholars have noted similarities between these descents: most of the names in each are variants of those in the other, though their order differs, with the names of Enoch and Mahalalel/Mehujael switching places in the two pedigrees. It is "as if they were different versions of the same underlying tradition." This has led to speculation that a single original genealogical descent had diverged during independent transmission, only to be brought back together and put to different uses when the Book of Genesis was compiled from its Jahwist and Priestly sources.

Generations of Noah
Following the Genesis flood narrative, a large multi-branched genealogy presents the descendants of the sons of Noah. The 70 names given represent biblical geography, consisting of local ethnonyms and toponyms presented in the form of eponymous ancestors (names in origin-myth genealogies that are to be understood as ancestors and embodiments of the peoples whose names they bear). This is a symbolic presentation of the peopling of the world and indicates a view of the unity of the human race. The peoples and places are not organised by geography, language family or ethnic groups, and probably do not represent the geography of a particular point in history, instead deriving from an old nucleus of geographical knowledge to which additional names/peoples were subsequently added.

Abraham's family tree
The following is a family tree for the descendants of the line of Noah's son Shem, through Abraham to Jacob and his sons. Dashed lines are marriage connections.

Genesis chrono-genealogy
The numbers given in the text are usually similar but do vary between versions. The numbers in the Masoretic, Samaritan, and Lucianic Septuagint versions of Genesis are shown in this table:

The following table lists the patriarchs that appear in the Vulgate and the Septuagint, but their names are spelled as they appear in the King James Version of the Bible. Their year of birth differs according to the Vulgate or the Septuagint. Also given is each patriarch's age at the birth of his named son and the age of the patriarch's death. Cainan, born after the flood, is mentioned in the Septuagint but not the Vulgate. Methuselah survived the flood according to the Septuagint (but not the Vulgate), even though he was not on Noah's Ark.

The genealogies of Genesis contain a difficulty with regards to the birth of Arphaxad. One method of calculating places the birth of Arphaxad 600 years after the birth of Noah, while another places Arphaxad's birth 602 years after Noah. The table below uses the 602-year method; the 600 year method would decrease the date for Arphaxad and all the following figures by two years.

This chart counts year totals only. Anno Mundi (AM, or 'in the year of the world') can be calculated by adding 2 to any given value in either the "Birth" or "Death" columns. The result will give a corresponding date in AM. The epoch for this calendar system is 3761 BC.

(Note: the numbers in green are consistent across all versions, while the numbers in yellow are contradicted in one other version and the numbers in red are contradicted by more than one of the other versions.)

1According to most interpretations, including the New Testament Epistle to the Hebrews, Enoch did not die, but was taken away by God (at an age of 365). Genesis states that Enoch "walked with God; and he [was] not; for God took him."

2On this chart Noah is listed as having lived 502 years when he begat Shem and this calculation is based on the birth year of Arphaxad. The extra-biblical Book of Jasher also mentions that Noah was 502 years old when his wife Naamah bore Shem.

Number symbolism
The following table lists all the ages of the patriarchs from Adam to Moses in the Masoretic Text, which add up to 12,600.

The value of 12,600 is a variant of the symbolic value of 1,260 later used in the Book of Revelation (e.g. Rev. 11:2–11; 12:4–6, 11; 13:5), although may derive from earlier traditions. Another example of the numerical schema of 12,600 can be found in the War Scroll discovered at Qumran, where "the Sons of Light shall fight against the Sons of Darkness in the final days for a period of 35 years. Employing the Jewish luni-solar calendar of the 360-day year, 35 years equals 12,600 days." The patriarchal ages were individually selected to achieve this total.

Usage of Anno Mundi
The current formal usage of the Anno Mundi calendar era is implemented based on the calculations of Maimonides in Mishneh Torah (completed in AD 1178). It is the official method of calculating years for the Hebrew calendar currently in use. Based on a calculation using the Masoretic Text recorded in the Seder Olam Rabbah (c 160 AD) of Rabbi Jose ben Halafta, the first five days of creation in Genesis were in Anno Mundi 1, and the creation of Adam was on 1 Tishrei (Rosh Hashanah) in Anno Mundi 2 which corresponds to 3760 BC. The official Anno Mundi epoch is Anno Mundi 1. This first year begins almost a full year before creation and is commonly referred to as The Year Of Emptiness or The Ascension Year in Jewish tradition and coincides with the years 3761/3760 BC.

Counting years
Counting a number of years based on an annual fixed calendar date yields a different result from a rolling year count based on dates such as birthdays which have the possibility of being at any time of the year and change depending on the individual. Using this method has led some chronologists to add or subtract a 0.5 year margin to/from the birth year of each patriarch to account for unknown birth dates.

The first mention in Genesis of the use of a fixed method to reckon years is made in Genesis 1 referring to the "lights in the firmament". A fixed calendar system is usually determined by an annual epoch such as New Year's Day (1 January) which is fixed by the alignment of astronomical objects; the reckoning of the year occurs on its epoch. Years represented in Anno Mundi dates could be interpreted to be in alignment with Rosh Hashanah and are counted according to its annual occurrence.

Birth years of Shem and Arphaxad
There are several different interpretations as to the exact birth year of Shem and his son Arphaxad. Based on Noah being at least 500 years old when he began to beget children and Noah's sons each having an age difference,   it is not uncommon to encounter chronologies that list Shem as being 98 years old when the flood began. Shem begat Arphaxad two years after the flood when he was 100 years old.

In the Masoretic, Vulgate and the Samaritan Pentateuch the method of starting from the birth of Noah and adding exactly 500 years until Shem, and adding another 100 years until the birth of Arphaxad (Born 2 years after the flood) would be the same year as the death of Methuselah following the above chart. Since Methuselah was not mentioned in Genesis among those who were aboard the ark,  it is possible that his death came in the same year of the flood.

Based on the Masoretic Text, counting 1656 years on the above chart will result in being the 600th year of Noah's life, the year of the death of Methuselah and year that the flood began. The two-year discrepancy is commonly resolved by rendering the birth year of Shem in the same year that Noah was 502 years old, and rendering Arphaxad as having been born two years after the death of Methuselah and the flood.

Differences in the numbers
A comparison of the Genesis 5 numbers (Adam through Noah) in the above table shows that the ages when the sons were born plus the remainders equal the totals given in each version, but each version uses different numbers to arrive at these totals. The three versions agree on some of the total ages at death, but many of the other numbers differ by exactly 100 years. The Septuagint ages of the fathers at the birth of their sons are in many instances 100 years greater than the corresponding ages in the other two versions; in Genesis 11 some of the Samaritan Pentateuch ages agree with the Septuagint ages and are also 100 years beyond that of the Masoretic and Vulgate versions.

The Samaritan chronology has Jared, Methuselah, and Lamech dying in Noah's 600th year, the year of the flood. The Masoretic chronology also has Methuselah dying in Noah's 600th year, but the Masoretic version uses a different chronology than the Samaritan version, with about 350 extra years between creation and flood. The Lucianic text of the Septuagint has Methuselah surviving the flood and therefore the 100 year differences were not an attempt by the Septuagint editors to have Jared, Methuselah, or Lamech die during or prior to the flood. Some scholars argue that the differences between the Masoretic and Septuagint chronologies in Genesis 5 can be explained as alterations designed to rationalize a primary Masoretic system of chronology to a later Septuagint system. According to another scholar, to assume that the Masoretic Text is primary "is a mere convention for the scholarly world" and "it should not be postulated in advance that MT reflects the original text of the biblical books better than the other texts." The present-day Greek Orthodox Septuagint text still offers the Lucianic numbers for Methuselah, which undoubtedly are the numbers as found in the original Septuagint text, most likely based on the Hebrew original that was used for the translation. This opens the possibility that these were the original numbers in the Hebrew tradition also, that only later, after discovering the chronological discrepancy, have been changed by adapting the Methuselah numbers to 167+782=969 (in some Septuagint manuscripts) or to 187+782=969 (in some other Septuagint manuscripts as well as in the present-day Masoretic text). The scholarly Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Pentateuch into Greek at Alexandria, Egypt, in about 280 BC worked from a Hebrew text that was edited in the 5th and 4th centuries BC. This would be centuries older than the proto–Masoretic Text selected as the official text by the Masoretes.

The Genesis 5 ages were presumably intended to be read at face value, as years and not months. Attempts to rationalize the ages by translating "years" as "months" results in some of the Genesis 5 people fathering children when they were five years old (if the Masoretic chronology is assumed to be primary).

There is one discrepancy between the antediluvian chronologies of different texts of the Septuagint - the age at which Methuselah gave birth to Lamech: 167 or 187 years. Because of this, the date of the Flood is shifted by 20 years. This difference is probably due to the different lists of the Septuagint from which the translation was made. For example, according to Lucianic version of the Septuagint (end of the 3rd century), the Flood was in 2242, and according to the Code of Alexandria of the Septuagint the Flood was in 2262 from cm. (as in the printed editions of the Septuagint, for example, the Frankfurt Bible or the reconstruction of G. B. Sweet; as well as in the Church Slavonic translation of the Elizabethan Bible).

Priestly source
The Priestly source illustrates history in Genesis by compiling the genealogy beginning with the "generations of the heavens and the earth" and continuing through Abraham, Ishmael, and Isaac to the descendants of Jacob and Esau. Jacob's descendants are listed in Genesis 46:8-27, beginning with the phrase "these are the names."

Similar Mesopotamian traditions
The genealogies of Genesis have been likened to the Sumerian King List. Some versions of the latter (not including the oldest known version, where no flood is mentioned) consist of a list of implausibly long-lived figures, followed by a flood, followed by a list of figures with long but gradually shortening lifespans that move into normal historical lengths. Attempts at finding a correlation between the ages presented in the two lists have been made.

title: Genealogies of Genesis


text:
Talk:Bangor-on-Dee

Original Discussion on Name and 2 Moves
I moved this page because articles are not capitalised in place names in Welsh (or any other language I know).

--Joe Llywelyn Griffith Blakesley 16:29, 2004 Dec 11 (UTC)

 * Same applies to prepositions, so should be Bangor-is-y-Coed. Bangor-Is-y-Coed looks very odd. There's also the form Bangor Iscoed. But surely this should be given at Bangor-on-Dee since that's the usual English name. Flapdragon 00:11, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Welsh Name: Syntatically Correct Case:
 * Good point; prepositions usually begin with a lower-case letter in titles and proper names and this seems to hold true for all the place names I can think of in English and Welsh. I think I didn't change the is to lower case too, because I was new to Wikipedia at the time, so too timid to do so.

 * Welsh Name: Popularity of forms:
 * A (case-insensitive—unfortunately) search on Google seems to reveal that Bangor-is-y-coed is probably most common, followed by Bangor is y coed (which is just people being too lazy to find their hyphen-dash key), followed by about every other capitalisation and hyphenation combination imaginable.

 * Anglicised name:
 * According to the article, it is usually called Bangor-on-Dee in English, so, logically the article should have that title. Also, I have never heard anyone refer to it as Bangor-is-y-Coed when they are speaking in English but have heard Bangor-on-Dee.

 * I do understand that the Welsh name probably predates the English, and that there is a drive (which I am all in favour of) to use traditional names for places (especially in Wales); but, in this case, Bangor-on-Dee seems to be more common.

 * Also Bangor-On-Dee should be Bangor-on-Dee. See discussion on capitalisation of Welsh name.

 * Conclusion:
 * Moving article to Bangor-on-Dee making sure redirects are in place from all the forms of the Welsh name.
 * Changing all references to Welsh name on English Wikipedia to Bangor-is-y-Coed form and English name to Bangor-on-Dee form.

 * --Joe Llywelyn Griffith Blakesley talk contrib 20:14, 2005 Mar 3 (UTC)

 * Good stuff. Only thing I might take issue with is that Bangor on Dee is just "people being too lazy to find their hyphen-dash key"; a purist might say that those hyphens have no historical validity in Welsh placenames, so it might be deliberate.  But that's by the by... Flapdragon 01:04, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I think you meant Bangor is y Coed as opposed to Bangor on Dee. Anyway, FTR, the hyphenated form seems to be quite a bit more common anyway making this oot, and people also seem too lazy to put hyphens in English common and proper nouns including calling it Bangor on Dee.  Although—ironically from your POV—Welsh/Wales seems like its hypenated place names unlike places in England were you get them rarely.  Also, the purists' argument is silly, because back when Welsh had no hyphens, punctuation had not been invented (or at least it hadn't for long and the hyphen hadn't been invented), so Welsh, English and all other languages didn't have any punctuation  at all.  Actually, traditionally, Welsh was not written with a Latin script but a phonetic Ogham one and scratched onto the sides of rocks with sharp pointy objects--seems to be a slippery slope to me.
 * --Joe Llywelyn Griffith Blakesley talk contrib 15:38, 2005 Mar 4 (UTC)

 * I fully support the move. Warofdreams 12:23, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. -- Necrothesp 17:59, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. violet/riga (t) 19:00, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. I wouldn't get too hung up on Ogham - that was a very long time ago and I think was mostly used for Irish-language inscriptions anyway. Hyphens seem to be going out of style in many English language usages - it used to be common to hyphenate street names (High-street), etc., and the Sentinel (Stoke-on-Trent's (oops!) evening paper) still did it until about ten years ago; when I first moved to the area I used to think it was very odd. -- Arwel 13:58, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Moved to Bangor-on-Dee. violet/riga (t) 22:23, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Name Discussion: Part 2
I think Flapdragon might be wrong to say that is shouldn't be capitalized on the grounds that it's a preposition – it's actually an adjective (the irregular comparative form of isel 'low') which is being used as a preposition here. Is can be used that way in place-names – but I don't think it happens much outside of placenames (although my Welsh is getting pretty rusty). Are there any Cymry Cymraeg about who can settle this? QuartierLatin1968 05:28, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Not that I claim to be a Welsh speaker (dipyn bach maybe), but this is usually translated as below the wood not lower than the wood and my dictionary says that is can be a preposition; it is also only two letters (which would usually automatically make it lower case).
 * --Joe Llywelyn Griffith Blakesley talk contrib 13:54, 2005 May 8 (UTC)

 * OK; scratch that. I have just spoken to an expert on the Welsh language who says that it is properly and originally Bangor Is-Coed meaning Bangor of Is-coed. Is-Coed refers to the area of Wales to the East of Wrexham and probably literally means this side of the wood (an obsolete usage of is), although some consider it to mean the lower side of the wood due to the modern usage of is. Anyway, it definitely does not mean Bangor below the wood which is a recent back-formation.  Now how do I explain that in the article...
 * --Joe Llywelyn Griffith Blakesley talk contrib 14:02, 2005 May 8 (UTC)

Inigo Jones and Bangor's stone bridge (section History)
I have raised a citation need against the statement that the stone bridge in Bangor 'dates from about 1660 and is believed to have been built by Inigo Jones'. Jones died in 1652 so not around to supervise the work, unless the year of construction is a typo. Jones DID build the so called Inigo Jones Bridge at Llanrwst, erected during his lifetime in 1636 - might there be a confusion with that bridge?Cloptonson (talk) 18:13, 14 March 2023 (UTC)

 * @Cloptonson; from Bangor Bridge, RCAHMW Coflein; it was repaired [in] 1658 by Inigo Jones. It was probably constructed to his designs but not there to supervise it. Coflein does not go into much detail though. This source mentions Bangor's was of a similar design to Llanrwst's, so no confusion at least purely based on that.  Dank Jae  19:22, 14 March 2023 (UTC)
 * One still wonders if there might be a mistake somewhere on the part of the writer of the source. Inigo Jones who had been a Royalist and a courtier, fell foul of the winning side in the Civil War, so it is remarkable local authorities (which would have been in parliamentarian hands, the 1650s being entirely under the Commonwealth regime) would want to hire him at that time. I wonder if the bridge is mentioned in the Buildings of Wales which were based on Pevsner's 'Buildings of England'series.Cloptonson (talk) 06:58, 15 March 2023 (UTC)
 * If there is any better source to clarify Jones’ involvement or lack of, then that would be helpful. Not too many I could find on Bangor Bridge. But in the end, WP:VNT Coflein does back it up somewhat. Only way now is to find a alternative source or contact RCAHMW.
 * I had slightly reworded the sentence to show it is not for certain. (Although “repaired” is the exact word in source).  Dank Jae  13:53, 15 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bangor-on-Dee


text:
Talk:Evelyn Lear

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List of systemic diseases with ocular manifestations

An ocular manifestation of a systemic disease is an eye condition that directly or indirectly results from a disease process in another part of the body. There are many diseases known to cause ocular or visual changes. Diabetes, for example, is the leading cause of new cases of blindness in those aged 20–74, with ocular manifestations such as diabetic retinopathy and macular edema affecting up to 80% of those who have had the disease for 15 years or more. Other diseases such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and hypertension are commonly found to have associated ocular symptoms.

Systemic allergic diseases

 * Asthma
 * Atopic dermatitis
 * Atopic eczema
 * Hay fever
 * Urticaria
 * Vernal conjunctivitis

Skin and mucous membrane diseases

 * Acne rosacea
 * Albinism
 * Atopic dermatitis
 * Behçet's disease
 * Cicatricial pemphigoid
 * Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
 * Epidermolysis bullosa
 * Erythema multiforme
 * Goltz–Gorlin syndrome
 * Ichthyosis
 * Incontinentia pigmenti
 * Nevus of Ota
 * Pemphigus
 * Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
 * Psoriasis
 * Stevens–Johnson syndrome (Erythema multiforme major)
 * Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada syndrome
 * Xeroderma pigmentosum

Phacomatoses

 * Angiomatosis retinae (Von Hippel–Lindau disease) (retinocerebellar capillary hemangiomatosis)
 * Ataxia telangiectasia (Louis–Bar syndrome)
 * Encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis (Sturge–Weber syndrome) (encephalofacial cavernous hemangiomatosis)
 * Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen's disease)
 * Tuberous sclerosis (Bourneville's syndrome)
 * Wyburn–Mason syndrome (racemose hemangiomatosis)

Collagen diseases

 * Ankylosing spondylitis
 * Dermatomyositis
 * Periarteritis nodosa
 * Reactive arthritis
 * Rheumatoid arthritis
 * Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
 * Sarcoidosis
 * Scleroderma
 * Systemic lupus erythematosus
 * Temporal arteritis
 * Relapsing polychondritis
 * Granulomatosis with polyangiitis 50-60% have ophthalmologic manifestations, which can be a presenting feature in a minority of patients. Orbital disease is the most common manifestation, and may result in proptosis, restrictive ophthalmopathy, chronic orbital pain, and in chronic cases, orbital retraction syndrome and intractable socket pain. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis may also cause inflammation of the optic nerve, ophthalmoplegia, conjunctivitis, keratitis, scleritis, episcleritis, dacrocystitis, nasolacrimnal duct obstruction, dacroadenitis, uveitis, and retinal vasculitis.

Systemic viral infections

 * Varicella (chickenpox)
 * Rubeola (measles)
 * Rubella (German measles)
 * Variola (smallpox)
 * Vaccinia
 * Herpes simplex
 * Herpes zoster
 * Mumps
 * Infectious mononucleosis
 * Influenza
 * Cytomegalic inclusion disease
 * Pharyngoconjunctival fever (adenovirus 3)
 * Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (adenovirus 8)
 * Human immunodeficiency virus (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
 * Ebola
 * Rift Valley Fever
 * Dengue
 * Hantavirus

Systemic bacterial infections

 * Gonorrhea (ophthalmia neonatorum)
 * Brucellosis
 * Diphtheria
 * Lyme disease
 * Sepsis (bacterial metastatic endophthalmitis)
 * Tularemia
 * Leprosy (Hansen's disease)
 * Tuberculosis
 * Syphilis

Systemic protozoal infections

 * Lymphogranuloma venereum (chlamydial)
 * Inclusion conjunctivitis (chlamydial)
 * Malaria
 * Toxoplasmosis

Systemic fungal infections

 *  Candida albicans
 * Histoplasmosis
 * Coccidioidomycosis
 * Cryptococcus
 * Metastatic fungal endophthalmitis
 * Actinomyces
 * Streptothrix

Systemic cestode and nematode infections

 * Cysticercosis (tapeworm)
 * Echinococcosis (hydatid cyst)
 * Toxocariasis (toxocara)
 * Trichinosis (trichinella)
 * Onchocerciasis
 * Loiasis (loa loa)

Chromosomal disorders and genetic syndromes

 * Cri-du chat syndrome
 * Schmid–Fraccaro syndrome
 * Turner's syndrome
 * Ring-D chromosome
 * Monosomy-G syndrome
 * Trisomy 13 (Patau's syndrome, D-syndrome)
 * Trisomy 18 (Edwards' syndrome, E-syndrome)
 * Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)
 * Deletion of long arm of chromosome 18
 * Deletion of chromosome 18
 * Ciliopathic genetic syndromes—A number of widely variant genetic disorders with occular phenotypes have been identified with genotypical ciliopathy.

Hematologic diseases

 * Anemia

Cardiovascular diseases

 * Cardiovascular diseases
 * Arteriosclerosis
 * Hypertension
 * Pre-eclampsia (toxemia of pregnancy)

 * Occlusive vascular disease (sudden)
 * Emboli and thrombi
 * Central retinal artery occlusion
 * Cardiac myxoma
 * Cranial arteritis
 * Sickle cell attack

 * Occlusive vascular disease (slow, progressive)
 * Carotid artery disease
 * Arterial spasm (TIA)
 * Diabetes mellitus
 * Collagen diseases

 * Venous occlusive disease
 * Thrombosis
 * Use of hormonal contraception

 * Endocarditis
 * Myxoma
 * Aortic arch syndrome (takayasu)
 * Pre-eclampsia (toxemia of pregnancy)
 * Thromboangiitis obliterans
 * Hereditary telangiectasia (Rendu–Osler–Weber syndrome)

Endocrine diseases

 * Cushing's disease
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Gastrointestinal and nutritional disorders

 * Alcoholism
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 * Whipple's disease

Metabolic disorders

 * Albinism
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 * Amyloidosis
 * Chediak–Higashi syndrome
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 * Osteogenesis imperfecta
 * Wilson's disease

Musculoskeletal disease

 * Albright's disease (fibrous dysplasia of bone)
 * Apert syndrome
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 * Muscular dystrophy disorders
 * Myasthenia gravis
 * Osteogenesis imperfecta
 * Paget's disease

Pulmonary diseases

 * Asthma
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 * Emphysema
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 * Tuberculosis

Renal disease

 * Alport's syndrome
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 * Lowe's syndrome
 * Medullary cystic disease
 * Nephrotic syndrome (acute glomerulonephritis, diabetic kidney, system lupus erythematosus)
 * Renal transplantation
 * Wilms' tumor (nephroblastoma)

Neoplastic diseases with ocular metastases

 * Carcinoma and sites of primary lesions
 * Blood
 * Leukemia
 * Lymphoma

 * Breast
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 * Genital organs
 * Ovary or cervix
 * Testis or prostate

 * Skin
 * Melanoma

 * Gut
 * Stomach
 * Pancreas

 * Thyroid


text:
Igi

Igi or IGI may refer to:

Organisations

 * Industrial and General Insurance Company, based in Nigeria with subsidiaries in Uganda and Rwanda
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 * International Gemological Institute, a diamond grading laboratory
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Other uses

 * Igi (short story), 1977, by Georgian author Jemal Karchkhadze
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title: Igi


text:
Battle of Aughrim

The Battle of Aughrim (Cath Eachroma) was the decisive battle of the Williamite War in Ireland. It was fought between the largely Irish Jacobite army loyal to James II and the forces of William III on 12 July 1691 (old style, equivalent to 22 July new style), near the village of Aughrim, County Galway.

The battle was one of the bloodiest ever fought in the British Isles: 7,000 people were killed. The Jacobite defeat at Aughrim meant the effective end of James's cause in Ireland, although the city of Limerick held out until the autumn of 1691.

Background
By 1691, the Jacobites had adopted a defensive position. In the previous year they had retreated into Connacht behind the easily defensible line of the Shannon, with strongholds at Sligo, Athlone and Limerick guarding the routes into the province and the western ports. William besieged Limerick in late August 1690 but, suffering heavy casualties and losses to disease, he called off the siege and put his army into winter quarters. However, internal divisions, exacerbated by the departure of James for France after defeat at the Boyne, were increasingly undermining the Jacobite command.

The main split was between the "Peace Party", led by James's viceroy Tyrconnell, which proposed negotiating a settlement with William, and the "War Party" of army officers grouped around Patrick Sarsfield, who believed the war could still be won outright. Encouraged by William's failure to take Limerick and looking to break Tyrconnell's influence, Sarsfield's faction decided to appeal directly to Louis XIV of France requesting that Tyrconnell and army commander Berwick be removed from office and that Louis send military aid.

The "Peace Party" obtained an offer of settlement from the Williamites in December, upon which Sarsfield demanded that Berwick have Riverston, Denis Daly and other "Peace Party" leaders arrested. Berwick complied, probably with the approval of Tyrconnell, who returned from France to try and preserve his influence by repositioning himself with Sarsfield's faction.

Alarmed by the fracturing of the Irish command, James was persuaded to request further military support directly from Louis. Louis sent general Charles Chalmot de Saint-Ruhe to replace Berwick as senior Jacobite commander, with secret instructions to assess whether Louis should send further military aid. Saint-Ruhe, accompanied by lieutenant-generals de Tessé and d'Usson, arrived at Limerick on 9 May, bringing sufficient arms, corn and meal to sustain the army until the autumn, but not the troops or money the Jacobites desperately needed.

By this stage William's forces were led by his subordinates, Dutch officer Godert de Ginkel and second-in-command Württemberg. Ginkel was conscious of the poor military situation facing William in the Netherlands, and seeking a quick end to the war obtained William's permission to offer the Jacobites moderate terms of surrender. By late spring 1691, however, Ginkel became concerned that a French convoy could land further reinforcements at Galway or Limerick, and began planning to enter the field as quickly as possible. During May, both sides began assembling forces for a summer campaign, the Jacobites at Limerick and the Williamites at Mullingar.

On 16 June, Ginkel's cavalry reconnoitred from Ballymore towards the Jacobite garrison at Athlone. Saint-Ruhe had been unsure where Ginkel would attempt to cross the Shannon, but by 19 June he realised Athlone was the target and began concentrating his troops west of the town. Ginkel breached the Jacobite lines of defence and took Athlone on 30 June after a bloody siege; Saint-Ruhe was unable to relieve the town and fell back to the west. Athlone was seen as a significant victory and likely to provoke the collapse of the Jacobite army. The Lords Justice in Dublin issued a proclamation offering generous terms for Jacobites who surrendered, including a free pardon, restoration of forfeited estates, and the offer of similar or higher rank and pay if they wished to join William's army.

Unaware of the location of Saint-Ruhe's main army and assuming he was outnumbered, on 10 July Ginkel continued a cautious advance through Ballinasloe down the main Limerick and Galway road. Saint-Ruhe's and Tyrconnell's plan had been to fall back on Limerick and force the Williamites into another year of campaigning, but wishing to redeem his errors at Athlone Saint-Ruhe appears to have instead decided to force a decisive battle. Ginkel found his way blocked by Saint-Ruhe's army at Aughrim on the early morning of 12 July 1691.

Deployments
At this point of the campaign, both armies were about 20,000 strong. The core of the Jacobite force was formed around James's old Irish Army, which had been reorganised by Tyrconnell from 1686 onwards by dismissing the majority of Protestant officers and men. It had been substantially expanded with newly recruited Irish Catholic regiments, organised in the English military tradition.

While it is not now possible to establish with certainty which Jacobite infantry regiments fought at Aughrim, at least 30 have been identified as likely present, including the Foot Guards, Talbot's, Nugent's, Fitzgerald's, Boffin's, Cormack O'Neill's, Saxby's and Iveagh's. The Jacobites also retained around 4,000 cavalry and dragoons, mostly much better trained and equipped than their foot.

The composition of Ginkel's army is better documented than that of the Jacobites: in addition to English regiments, it included a large number of Anglo-Irish Protestants as well as Dutch, Danish and French Huguenot contingents. Different contemporary sources give different dispositions for Ginkel's forces at Aughrim, but most agree that the right wing was composed of English, Anglo-Irish and Huguenot cavalry, with Danish and French cavalry on the left. Ginkel positioned the English infantry regiments on the right of his centre, with French, Danish and Dutch foot on their left.

According to witnesses of the battle the Jacobite lines at Aughrim occupied a strong defensive position extending over two miles. To protect his largely inexperienced infantry, Saint-Ruhe deployed most of it in two divisions under Major-Generals John Hamilton and William Dorrington along the crest of a ridge known as Kilcommadan Hill, their positions protected by small hillside enclosures and hedgerows. The centre was further screened by a large bog, impassable to cavalry, through which the Melehan River flowed. The left flank was also bounded by a "a large Red Bogg, almost a mile over", through which there was only one causeway, overlooked by the deserted village of Aughrim and a ruined castle: Saint-Ruhe deployed the bulk of his cavalry here under Parker, Luttrell and Purcell, under the overall command of Dominic Sheldon. On the right flank where the Tristaun stream ran through the "Pass" of Urraghry or Urachree, much the more open and weaker position, Saint-Ruhe placed his best infantry and the cavalry regiments of Abercorn, Tyrconnell and Edmund Prendergast, all under his second-in-command, the chevalier de Tessé. According to one participant's account Patrick Sarsfield had quarrelled with Saint-Ruhe and was posted with the cavalry reserve to the left rear, under strict instructions not to move without orders.

Battle
After heavy mist all morning, Ginkel's forces moved into position by about two o'clock in the afternoon, and both sides cannonaded each other for the next few hours. Ginkel planned to avoid fully joining battle until the next day; he ordered a probing attack on the Jacobites' weaker right flank led by a captain and sixteen Danish troopers, followed by 200 of Cunningham's Eniskillen dragoons.

The Jacobite response demonstrated the strength of their defence but also meant that the attackers were no longer able to break off the engagement as Ginkel had planned. A conference was held at about 4 pm: Ginkel still favoured withdrawing, but the Williamite infantry general Hugh Mackay argued for an immediate full-scale attack.

Battle was joined in earnest between five and six o'clock. In the centre, the largely English and Scots regiments under Mackay attempted a frontal assault on Dorrington's infantry on Kilcommadan Hill. The attackers had to contend with waist-deep water and a tenacious Irish defence of the reinforced hedge lines. They withdrew with heavy losses: the Jacobites pursued them downhill, capturing colonels Erle and Herbert.

On their left centre, the Williamites advanced across low ground exposed to Jacobite fire and took a great number of casualties. The Williamite assault in this area, led by St John's and Tiffin's regiments and the Huguenot foot, was driven back into the bog by the Irish foot fighting with clubbed (reversed) muskets; many of the attackers were killed or drowned. In the rout, the pursuing Jacobites managed to spike a battery of Williamite guns. The Jacobite regiments of the Guards and Gordon O'Neill were said to have fought particularly strongly. The musketry was so intense that "the ridges seemed to be ablaze" according to Andreas Claudianus, a Norwegian fighting with the Danish infantry.

The Jacobite right and centre holding firm, Ginkel tried to force a way across the causeway on the Jacobite left, where any attack would have to pass along a narrow lane covered by Walter Burke's regiment from their positions in Aughrim castle. Four battalions led by Brigadier Kirke secured positions near the castle, following which Compton's Royal Horse Guards got across the causeway at the third attempt. Dorrington having earlier withdrawn two battalions of infantry from this area to reinforce the Jacobite centre, they were faced only with weak opposition, reaching Aughrim village. While a force of Jacobite cavalry and dragoons under Luttrell had been tasked with covering this flank, their commander had ordered them to fall back, following a route now known locally as "Luttrell's Pass". Rumours later flew that he had been in the pay of William, although it seems most probable that Luttrell withdrew as he had little or no infantry support. The cavalry regiments of Henri de Massue, Lanier, Langston and Byerley also crossed the causeway, attacking Dorrington's flank.

Most commentators, even those sympathetic to William, judged that the Irish foot had fought exceptionally well, and some accounts including James II's Memoirs claim that Saint-Ruhe was "in a transport of joy to see the foot [...] behave themselves so well".

Appearing to believe that the battle could be won, he was heard to shout, "they are running, we will chase them back to the gates of Dublin", before riding across the battlefield to direct the defence against the Williamite cavalry on his left wing. However, as he rode over to rally his cavalry, Saint-Ruhe paused briefly to direct the fire of a battery, and was decapitated by a cannonball; his death was said to have occurred around sunset, shortly after eight o'clock. After Saint-Ruhe's death the Jacobite left, devoid of a senior commander, collapsed very quickly: the regiment of Horse Guards left the field almost immediately, followed shortly by the cavalry and dragoon regiments of Luttrell, Sheldon and Galmoy. De Tessé attempted to head a cavalry counter-attack but was seriously wounded shortly afterwards. The Jacobite left flank was now exposed: Mackay and Tollemache also attacked again in the centre, pushing the Jacobites towards the hilltop. Burke and his regiment, still holding the castle, were forced to surrender. Most of the infantry remained unaware of Saint-Ruhe's death, however, and Hamilton's infantry on the Jacobite right continued to counter-attack, fighting the Huguenot foot to a standstill in an area still known locally as the "Bloody Hollow". At around nine o'clock towards nightfall the Jacobite infantry were finally pushed to the top of Killcommadan hill and broke, fleeing towards a bog in the left rear of their position, while their cavalry retreated towards Loughrea.

Sarsfield and Galmoy briefly tried to organise a rearguard action but as in many battles of the period, most of the Jacobite casualties occurred in the pursuit, which was ended only by darkness and the onset of mist and rain. The defeated infantry were cut down in their hundreds by the Williamite cavalry as they tried to get away, many of them having thrown away their weapons in order to run faster.

In addition to the rank and file the Jacobite casualties and prisoners included many of its most experienced infantry officers: the dead included brigadiers Barker, O'Neill and O'Connell, and colonels Moore, Talbot, O'Mahony, Nugent, Felix O'Neil and Ulick Burke, Lord Galway. The two major-generals commanding the Jacobite centre, Hamilton and Dorrington, were both taken prisoner, Hamilton dying of wounds shortly afterwards. Though the killing of prisoners to prevent rescue was a common practice at the time, Jacobite soldiers were accused of having "cut to pieces" colonel Herbert after his capture. One contemporary Jacobite source (Leslie) alleged that about 2,000 Jacobites were killed "in cold blood" with many, including Lord Galway and colonel Charles Moore, killed after being promised quarter.

An eyewitness with the Williamite army, George Story, wrote that "from the top of the Hill where [the Jacobite] Camp had been," the bodies "looked like a great Flock of Sheep, scattered up and down the Countrey for almost four Miles round."

Aftermath
Estimates of the two armies' losses vary, but they were extremely heavy overall; it is generally agreed that 7,000 men were killed at Aughrim. Aughrim has been described as "quite possibly the bloodiest battle ever fought in the British Isles", but earlier medieval battles, although poorly recorded, may rival this battle in casualty numbers. At the time, the Williamites claimed to have lost only 600 and to have killed some 7,000 Jacobites. Some recent studies put the Williamite losses as high as 3,000, but they are more generally given as 3,000, with 4,000 Jacobites killed. Another 4,000 Jacobites had deserted, while Ginkel recorded 526 prisoners taken of all ranks. While Ginkel had given word to Dorrington that the captives would be treated as prisoners of war, general officers were instead taken to the Tower of London as prisoners of state, while the majority of the rank and file were incarcerated on Lambay Island where many died of disease and starvation.

Aughrim was the decisive battle of the conflict: the Jacobites had lost many experienced officers, along with much of the army's equipment and supplies. The remnants of the Jacobite army retreated to the mountains before regrouping under Sarsfield's command at Limerick. Many of their infantry regiments were seriously depleted: on 22 July, Bellew's regiment was listed as having 240 soldiers, having lost all its senior officers and sergeants; Slane's regiment 140 soldiers, and Louth's just 28, although some stragglers arrived later. The city of Galway surrendered without a fight after the battle, on advantageous terms, while Sarsfield and the Jacobites' main army surrendered shortly afterwards at Limerick after a short siege.

Cultural impact

According to Ó Ciardha, the battle "made a searing impression on the Irish consciousness". Irish tradition came to refer to the battle as "Eachdhroim an áir" – "Aughrim of the slaughter" – after a line in a poem by Irish-language poet Séamas Dall Mac Cuarta, the "Elegy for Sorley MacDonnell". While Ginkel ordered the burial of his own dead, the remaining Jacobites were left unburied, their bones remaining scattered on the battlefield for years afterwards: Mac Cuarta wrote "It is at Aughrim of the slaughter where they are to be found, their damp bones lying uncoffined".

John Dunton in his work, Teague Land, an account of his travels in Ireland written seven years after the battle, wrote that: "After the battle the English did not tarry to bury any of the dead but their own, and left those of the enemy exposed to the fowls of the air, for the country was then so uninhabited that there were not hands to inter them. Many dogs resorted to this aceldama [Potter's field] where for want of other food they fed on man's [sic] flesh, and thereby became so dangerous and fierce that a single person could not pass that way without manifest hazard". He ends the description with the story of a faithful greyhound belonging to a Jacobite killed in the battle who remained by his master's body defending it until shot by a passing soldier in January of the following year.

While Aughrim remained a powerful symbol of disaster for Irish Catholics, it was also the focus of Loyalist (particularly Orange Order) celebrations in Ireland on 12 July up until the early 19th century. Thereafter, it was superseded by the Battle of the Boyne in commemorations on "the Twelfth" due to the switch to the Gregorian calendar (in which 1 July OS became 11 July NS and 12 July OS became 22 July NS ).

It has been suggested that the Boyne became emphasised because the Irish troops could be more easily presented as cowardly than at Aughrim, where they were generally agreed to have fought bravely. The Loyalist song The Sash mentions Aughrim.

The battle was the subject of a 1728 tragic drama by Robert Ashton, The Battle of Aughrim or the Fall of Monsieur St Ruth, which after initial neglect became enormously popular from 1770 onwards into the 19th century. Though the play was intended to celebrate the Williamite victory and casts Saint-Ruhe firmly in the role of antagonist, it also portrays Sarsfield and his lieutenants as heroic figures and incorporates a "lament for Catholic patriotism", so that "both Catholics and Protestants were attracted to the play for generations". In 1804 it was noted of Ashton's play that "a more popular Production never appeared in Ireland; it is in the hands of every Peasant who can read English; and [...] is committed to memory and occasionally recited". In 1885, artist John Mulvany completed a painting of the battle; it was exhibited in Dublin in 2010. The Battle of Aughrim was also the subject of a long 1968 poem by Richard Murphy, who noted that he had ancestors fighting on both sides.

The Aughrim battlefield site became the subject of controversy in Ireland over plans to build the new M6 motorway through the former battlefield. Historians, environmentalists and members of the Orange Order objected to the plans; the motorway opened in 2009.

Aughrim Interpretative Centre
The Battle of Aughrim Interpretative Centre, in Aughrim village was opened in 1991. It is a collaboration between Aughrim Heritage Committee, Ireland West Tourism and Galway County Council. It houses artefacts found on the battlefield site, as well as three-dimensional displays and a documentary film that explains the course of the battle and its significance in the wider context of the history of Ireland.

title: Battle of Aughrim