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Southern Maryland

Southern Maryland, also referred to as SoMD, is a geographical, cultural and historic region, as well as a National Heritage Area, in Maryland composed of the state's southernmost counties on the Western Shore of the Chesapeake Bay. According to the state of Maryland, the region includes all of Calvert, Charles, and St. Mary's counties and the southern portions of Anne Arundel and Prince George's counties. It is largely coterminous with the region of Maryland that is part of the Washington metropolitan area. Portions of the region are also part of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area and the California-Lexington Park Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2020 Census, the region had a population of 373,177. The largest community in Southern Maryland is Waldorf, with a population of 81,410 as of the 2020 Census.

The first European settlement in Maryland was established in Southern Maryland at St. Mary's City in 1634. This settlement is considered by historians to be the birthplace of religious freedom in North America. Throughout the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, the area developed an agricultural slave economy, with agriculture maintaining prominence following emancipation. Many historical events occurred in Southern Maryland during the American Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, and the American Civil War. Much of the area remains rural, however the region saw suburban growth in the late 20th and early 21st centuries as Washington's suburbs expanded southward.

Geography
Counties located in Southern Maryland include Calvert County, Charles County, St. Mary's County, and the southern portions of Prince George's County and Anne Arundel County. The region's northern boundary passes through Prince George's County and Anne Arundel County, east of Washington. Its eastern boundary is the Chesapeake Bay and its southern and western boundary is the Potomac River, Maryland's boundary with Virginia (and through it, the Northern Neck).

The Patuxent River runs through Southern Maryland, separating Calvert County and Anne Arundel County from Charles County, Prince George's County and St. Mary's County.

Land features in Southern Maryland include the St. Mary's Peninsula and the Calvert Peninsula.

Geologic formations of the Chesapeake Group can be found in Southern Maryland, including the Calvert Formation, the St. Marys Formation, and the Choptank Formation. Many of these formations are present at the Calvert Cliffs State Park in Calvert County.

Southern Maryland is within the Atlantic Coastal Plain physiographic region.

Colonial Era
Southern Maryland was originally inhabited by the indigenous Piscataway people. English explorer Captain John Smith explored the area in 1608 and 1609.

Cecilius Calvert was granted a charter to establish a colony meant to be a safe-haven for Catholics in 1632. Expeditions were launched into modern day Maryland, with an expedition reaching St. Clement's Island in 1634. Later that year, the Maryland Colony was established by Leonard Calvert, first Governor of Maryland and brother of Cecilius. The colony's capital, and first settlement, was the newly established St. Mary's City. The colony originally focused on tobacco farming and was very successful although disease was a problem and many settlers died until immunities built up in the population. Religious tensions and also periods of open conflict also continued to be a major challenge.

St. Mary's City is widely considered to be the birthplace of religious freedom in North America. The colony there started under a mandate of religious tolerance in a time when England was anything but religiously tolerant. This was due to the colony's charter, which did not prohibit non-protestant churches. In 1649, the Maryland Colonial Assembly passed of one of the earliest laws requiring religious tolerance, known as the Maryland Toleration Act of 1649.

After 61 years as Maryland's capital an uprising of Protestants put an end to religious tolerance, overthrowing the old Catholic leadership and putting an end to colonial St. Mary's City itself, moving the colonial capital to Annapolis.

Plantation economy and slavery
St. Mary's City was abandoned as a capital but was slowly consolidated from smaller farms into a large, single slave plantation by the late 1600s. Originally, laborers were Indentured Servants, with African slaves arriving in 1639. Tobacco and (later) also wheat plantations expanded there and in Southern Maryland as a whole during the slavery era. The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade brought African slaves by the boatloads, with 100,000 slaves disembarking in Maryland during the century before the American Revolution. From the late 1600s to early 1700s, about half of Maryland's enslaved population lived in Calvert, St Mary's, Prince George's, and Charles counties. By 1755, one third of Maryland's population were enslaved Africans. Slavery proved vital to Maryland's economy, with the institution providing the foundation for Maryland's economy and society. The profits from slavery also provided the means for Maryland's gentry to gain power and dominate politics.

272 slaves from across Maryland, including the Southern Maryland counties of Charles, St. Mary's, and Prince George's, were sold during the 1838 Jesuit slave sale to two planters in Louisiana.

A notable abolitionist from southern Maryland was Josiah Henson, a slave who was born in Charles County before escaping to Canada. Henson wrote an autobiography that inspired Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin. Slavery ended in Maryland in November 1864 during the American Civil War, when Maryland ratified a new Constitution that abolished slavery.

The American Revolution and the War of 1812
During the American Revolutionary War, British forces landed on St. George Island in St. Mary's County on July 15, 1776, under the command of John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore. Dunmore's forces were defeated by local Flying Camp militia led by Captain Rezin Beall, and they left the island on August 9, 1776. During the war, American slaves throughout the Chesapeake region flocked to British lines following Dunmore's Proclamation, which promised freedom for slaves who fought for the British military.

Due to Southern Maryland's proximity to the national capitol, the region was deeply affected by the War of 1812, with the war severely disrupting the lives of the region's citizens. During August and September 1814, the British launched a campaign in the Chesapeake region. British forces landed in Benedict, Charles County on August 19, 1814. Intent on marching to Washington, the British marched to Upper Marlboro before engaging American troops at the Battle of Bladensburg. The battle resulted in a British victory. By nightfall on August 24, 1814, British forces entered Washington and burned several government buildings. The British then marched back to Benedict. Similarly to what occurred in the Revolutionary War, enslaved Marylanders fled to British controlled areas to receive freedom.

American Civil War
During the American Civil War, wartime sympathies were divided in Maryland and Southern Maryland was sympathetic to the Confederates next to Maryland's Eastern Shore. From the war's beginning, however, large numbers of Union occupying troops and patrolling river gunboats prevented the state's secession, although frequent nighttime smuggling across the Potomac River with Virginia took place, including of Maryland men volunteering for Confederate service. John Wilkes Booth was helped by several people in his escape through the area and in crossing the river after killing President Abraham Lincoln. Thousands of captured Confederate troops were confined in harsh conditions at Point Lookout Prison Camp at the southern tip of the peninsula. During the war, in November 1863, Maryland ratified a new state Constitution which abolished slavery in the state.

Transition to modern era
Southern Maryland was traditionally a rural, agricultural, oyster fishing and crabbing region; linked by passenger and freight steamboat routes. These steamboat routes operated on the Chesapeake Bay and major rivers until the 1930s before the building of highways and the Harry W. Nice Memorial Bridge on U.S. Highway 301. (The latter highway was named after Robert Crain, an attorney who owned the state's largest farm, Mount Victoria, and who campaigned for the road's construction ). Weekend excursion boats also carried Washingtonians to small amusement parks and amusement pavilions at numerous Potomac shore locations. From 1949 (1943 in some places) to 1968, the region was known for its poverty and its slot machine gambling.

Modernizing St. Mary's County
Poverty was common in St. Mary's County in the 1960s, and gambling in the region came to be seen as a blight and was outlawed by Governor J. Millard Tawes and the state legislature. A local political figure, St. Mary's County politician J. Frank Raley Jr. organized a slate of local candidates with the platform of challenging the political status-quo and lifting the region out of its generations long poverty.

The region's isolation was ended by having a series of bridges built and roads expanded into highways. These developments are credited for enabling the development of modern St. Mary's County.

Raley was falsely accused of working to end gambling outright in the region, which ended in his defeat and his official political career. In fact he had supported a referendum on gambling which would have put the decision directly in the hands of voters. He continued nevertheless lobbying on behalf of the Southern Maryland region and sitting on development boards and continued to have a major influence on economic development in the region for the rest of his life.

Population and economy
Since the 1980s, the region experienced suburban development as the Washington suburbs expanded southward. This expansion took place primarily in Prince George's County, and around Waldorf (a regional shopping hub) and St. Charles (a planned community in Charles County), Lexington Park (St. Mary's County) and Prince Frederick (Calvert County). Much of the area remains rural, a mixture of forest and farmland, despite suburban growth. This suburban growth has occurred and continued despite concerns from locals and environmental advocates.

Many southern Marylanders work for the United States Armed Forces or the United States Federal Government and its related industries. Other smaller industries include a nuclear power plant and a liquified natural gas terminal (both in Lusby), a Naval ordnance test ground (at Indian Head), electric power plants (at Aquasco and Morgantown) and an oil terminal (at Piney Point). The towns of Solomons Island and Chesapeake Beach are tourist resorts. The Maryland International Raceway and Budds Creek Raceway near Chaptico attract many auto and motocross racing enthusiasts.

Military bases
Military installations in Southern Maryland include:

 * Patuxent River Naval Air Station, Lexington Park, St. Mary's County, home of the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School and place where the F-35 fighter aircraft was developed.
 * Joint Base Andrews and Andrews Air Force Base, Camp Springs, in southern Prince Georges County, home of Air Force One and Marine One, aircraft for the President of the United States.
 * Indian Head Naval Surface Warfare Center, Indian Head, Charles County, national munitions research and development center
 * Webster Field, St. Inigoes, St. Mary's County, aircraft research and development, training field for test pilots
 * Brandywine Receiver Site in Brandywine, Maryland. It is a remote facility associated with Andrews Air Force Base, and is remotely maintained from the Davidsonville Transmitter Site in Davidsonville, Maryland.
 * Coast Guard Station St. Inigoes, St. Mary's County; public safety and rescue, law enforcement and fisheries enforcement for area waters

Suburban areas of Southern Maryland also have many Washington-area military related commuters.

Tourism
The Southern Maryland National Heritage Area was established in the National Heritage Area Act in 2022. The National Heritage Area will help preserve and promote destinations in four counties.

It is also one of thirteen state heritage areas and is administered by the Maryland Historical Trust through the Maryland Heritage Areas Program.

Tourist Attractions in Southern Maryland include historical sites, such as the Thomas Stone National Historic Site, Historic St. Mary's City, and Port Tobacco Village,among others. Museums in the area include the Calvert Marine Museum, and the Patuxent River Naval Air Museum. Waterfront sites along the Chesapeake Bay, the Potomac River, and the Patuxent River are also tourist attractions. These include Mallows Bay and Solomon's Island.

Politics
The entire region is contained within Maryland's 5th Congressional District, which has been represented by Rep. Steny Hoyer since 1981.

Maryland's 2 U.S. Senators are Chris van Hollen (junior) and Ben Cardin (senior).

Food and cuisine
Oysters are still widely available although they were once fished from the bay and its tidal tributaries in greater numbers, and are served either fried, raw, or stuffed. "Rockfish", the Maryland word for striped bass, is considered the most prized fish dish in Southern Maryland.

Perhaps the most notable food dish originating from Southern Maryland is stuffed ham, which includes cabbage, kale, onions, spices and seasonings that are chopped and mixed, then stuffed into deep slits slashed in a whole, corned ham.

Sports
Many residents also identify with national sports teams in Washington DC or Baltimore.

Colleges
Colleges in Southern Maryland include:
 * The College of Southern Maryland, a two-year community college with campuses in Charles, Calvert, and St. Mary's Counties
 * St. Mary's College of Maryland, a four-year public honors college in St. Mary's County with some graduate school offerings

Notable people

 * Jerome Adams, Surgeon General of the United States
 * Margaret Brent, prominent colonist
 * Bernie Fowler, Maryland State Senator and environmental advocate
 * Danny Gatton, guitarist
 * Louis L. Goldstein, Comptroller of Maryland
 * Alfred Gough, television and film screenwriter and producer
 * Scott Hall, professional wrestler
 * Dashiell Hammett, author
 * John Hanson, founding father
 * Joseph B. Hayden, Medal of Honor recipient
 * Josiah Henson, abolitionist
 * Matthew Henson, Arctic explorer
 * Steny Hoyer, member of the House of Representatives
 * Thomas Johnson, governor of Maryland and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
 * Mary Kittamaquund, a Piscataway who helped to establish relations between Natives and English colonists
 * Joel and Benji Madden, musicians from the band Good Charlotte
 * Christina Milian, singer
 * Dr. Samuel Mudd, doctor
 * Captain Raphael Semmes, captain of the CSS Alabama
 * William Smallwood, general
 * Robert Stethem, US Navy diver and murder victim during the hijacking of TWA Flight 847
 * Thomas Stone, founding father
 * Arthur Storer, astronomer
 * Roger B. Taney, Chief Justice of the United States
 * Turkey Tayac, Piscataway tribal leader and herbal medicine man
 * Margaret Mackall Smith Taylor, First Lady of the United States under Zachary Taylor
 * Dr. Robert Ulanowicz, Theoretical ecologist

title: Southern Maryland


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Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee Elections December 2004/Candidate statements/Endorsements/Ed Poor

Support

 * Intelligent, dedicated, fairminded, diffident (sometimes slightly maddeningly so), a natural choice for arbitrator. Easy endorsement. -- Cecropia | explains it all ® 23:00, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Support, an obvious choice. Fred Bauder 11:24, Nov 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * Ed would make an excellent arbitator. He has my full support. Theresa Knott (Tart, knees hot) 11:28, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Perfect arbcomm material. Has all it takes. JFW | T@lk  17:42, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Strongly support. Rdsmith4— Dan | Talk 22:11, 26 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. --Viriditas 10:22, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. I completely disagree with Eds POV on most things, but there can be no doubt that he is one of the strongest fighters for NPOV. I also agree with him about temp bans, i think there should be far more of these. The bellman 11:29, 2004 Nov 27 (UTC)
 * Support --Josiah 22:52, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Maybe the best example of a Wikipedian respected by users who otherwise disagree. Cribcage 17:48, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Support Slim 12:38, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * An obvious choice, yes. —No-One Jones (m) 20:02, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. A POV warrior, but open-minded and fair. HistoryBuffEr
 * Support; even if we disagree politically, I'm sure that he has a genuine interest in fairness and would make a good arbitrator. Everyking 06:52, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support.  —Lowellian (talk)   10:30, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Support.  ←Humus sapiens←Talk 10:32, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support Great user. nice person.--198 04:41, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Like others I disagree with a number of his POV's, but he supports the NPOV policy and is easy to work with. I've seen him explain the policy to newer users a number of times and believe he is truly committed to wikipedia's success. Wesley 17:17, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support great personality for this role. Even if a few times I was on the "other side" of a dispute, he was always corteous, genial and committed to good edits and NPOV. --Zappaz 00:33, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Strong support. Like others have said, different POV on many things, but personality and commitment to NPOV make him very suitable. --Robert Merkel 11:09, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. --mav 17:54, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * user:Anthere

Oppose

 * Oppose. Engages in POV wars.  --[[User:Eequor| η  [[Image:Venus symbol (blue).gif|♀]] [ υωρ ]]] 06:19, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Shameless bigot. Creates articles to justify his bigotry. - Xed 12:08, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Strong Oppose. POV merchant nonpareil. Sjc 08:01, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Although Ed Poor's presence on the arbitration committee certainly would make it more interesting, his sanctimonious inability to see his flaws and his infrequent but regular outbursts of puerility will lead to some impressive flareups and flameouts. Just one guy's opinion. The Cunctator 20:36, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Doesn't understand basic policy. Agree with the Cunc. [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality/talk]] 21:03, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Does not follow Wikipedia policies for stating credible sources for articles such as Demographics_of_terrorism. --Rebroad 21:24, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose Does nothing but add POV. Just look at his edit history. Ruy Lopez 23:51, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Strongly Oppose. Shameless (indeed, proud) bigot, as stated above.  Exploding Boy 21:58, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose, for the reasons stated above. Shorne 06:51, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Agree with Cunc, Rebroad. 172 15:53, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * He is a hypocrite. Lirath Q. Pynnor
 * Oppose Pays lip service to the NPOV policy and consistently makes POV edits (sometimes subtle, sometimes not so subtle) without bothering to balance his remarks. --Axon 14:50, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Opppose due to POV-related issues. --[[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 18:47, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Mog

Mog may refer to:

Characters

 * Mog (Final Fantasy VI), in the game
 * Mog (Judith Kerr), a cat in Kerr's children's books
 * Mog, a half-man/half-dog in the film Spaceballs
 * A cat in the Meg and Mog children's books by Helen Nicoll
 * Invaders from Mogadore in the book series Lorien Legacies by Pittacus Lore

Other

 * MOG (online music), an online music website
 * Mog (TV series), UK
 * Multiplayer online game

People

 * Mog (Abenaki leader) (1663-1724)
 * Mog, Palatine of Hungary (died after 1210)
 * MOG Music, Ghanaian contemporary gospel singer

Places

 * Monghsat Airport (IATA code: MOG), Monghsat, Burma
 * Moorgate railway station, London, UK, National Rail code

Science and mathematics

 * Miracle Octad Generator, a mathematical tool
 * Modified gravity theory
 * Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, a glycoprotein
 * MOG antibody disease, an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system

Other uses

 * MOG (wine), material other than grapes
 * Mog people, an Arakanese population in Tripura, India
 * Mog language
 * Moog Inc. (NYSE: MOG.A and MOG.B)
 * Machinery of government

title: Mog


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Qualitative inorganic analysis

Classical qualitative inorganic analysis is a method of analytical chemistry which seeks to find the elemental composition of inorganic compounds. It is mainly focused on detecting ions in an aqueous solution, therefore materials in other forms may need to be brought to this state before using standard methods. The solution is then treated with various reagents to test for reactions characteristic of certain ions, which may cause color change, precipitation and other visible changes.

Qualitative inorganic analysis is that branch or method of analytical chemistry which seeks to establish the elemental composition of inorganic compounds through various reagents.

Detecting cations
According to their properties, cations are usually classified into six groups. Each group has a common reagent which can be used to separate them from the solution. To obtain meaningful results, the separation must be done in the sequence specified below, as some ions of an earlier group may also react with the reagent of a later group, causing ambiguity as to which ions are present. This happens because cationic analysis is based on the solubility products of the ions. As the cation gains its optimum concentration needed for precipitation it precipitates and hence allowing us to detect it. The division and precise details of separating into groups vary slightly from one source to another; given below is one of the commonly used schemes.

1st analytical group of cations
The 1st analytical group of cations consists of ions which form insoluble chlorides. As such, the group reagent to separate them is hydrochloric acid, usually used at a concentration of 1–2 M. Concentrated HCl must not be used, because it forms a soluble complex ([PbCl4]2−) with Pb2+. Consequently, the Pb2+ ion would go undetected.

The most important cations in the 1st group are Ag+, Hg$2+ 2$, and Pb2+. The chlorides of these elements cannot be distinguished from each other by their colour - they are all white solid compounds. PbCl2 is soluble in hot water, and can therefore be differentiated easily. Ammonia is used as a reagent to distinguish between the other two. While AgCl dissolves in ammonia (due to the formation of the complex ion [Ag(NH3)2]+), Hg2Cl2 gives a black precipitate consisting of a mixture of chloro-mercuric amide and elemental mercury. Furthermore, AgCl is reduced to silver under light, which gives samples a violet colour.

PbCl2 is far more soluble than the chlorides of the other two ions, especially in hot water. Therefore, HCl in concentrations which completely precipitate Hg$2+ 2$ and Ag+ may not be sufficient to do the same to Pb2+. Higher concentrations of Cl− cannot be used for the before mentioned reasons. Thus, a filtrate obtained after first group analysis of Pb2+ contains an appreciable concentration of this cation, enough to give the test of the second group, viz. formation of an insoluble sulfide. For this reason, Pb2+ is usually also included in the 2nd analytical group.

This group can be determined by adding the salt in water and then adding dilute hydrochloric acid. A white precipitate is formed, to which ammonia is then added. If the precipitate is insoluble, then Pb2+ is present; if the precipitate is soluble, then Ag+ is present, and if the white precipitate turns black, then Hg$2+ 2$ is present.

Confirmation test for Pb2+:
 * Pb2+ + 2 KI → PbI2 + 2 K+
 * Pb2+ + K2CrO4 → PbCrO4 + 2 K+

Confirmation test for Ag+:
 * Ag+ + KI → AgI + K+
 * 2Ag+ + K2CrO4 → Ag2CrO4 + 2 K+

Confirmation test for Hg$2+ 2$:
 * Hg$2+ 2$ + 2 KI → Hg2I2 + 2 K+
 * 2 Hg$2+ 2$ + 2 NaOH → 2 Hg$2$O + 2 Na+ + H2O

2nd analytical group of cations
The 2nd analytical group of cations consists of ions which form acid-insoluble sulfides. Cations in the 2nd group include: Cd2+, Bi3+, Cu2+, As3+, As5+, Sb3+, Sb5+, Sn2+, Sn4+ and Hg2+. Pb2+ is usually also included here in addition to the first group. Although these methods refer to solutions that contain sulfide (S2−), these solutions actually only contain H2S and bisulfide (HS−). Sulfide (S2−) does not exist in appreciable concentrations in water.

The reagent used can be any substance that gives S2− ions in such solutions; most commonly used are hydrogen sulfide (at 0.2-0.3 M), thioacetamide (at 0.3-0.6 M), addition of hydrogen sulfide can often prove to be a lumbersome process and therefore sodium sulfide can also serve the purpose. The test with the sulfide ion must be conducted in the presence of dilute HCl. Its purpose is to keep the sulfide ion concentration at a required minimum, so as to allow the precipitation of 2nd group cations alone. If dilute acid is not used, the early precipitation of 4th group cations (if present in solution) may occur, thus leading to misleading results. Acids beside HCl are rarely used. Sulfuric acid may lead to the precipitation of the 5th group cations, whereas nitric acid oxidises the sulfide ion in the reagent, forming colloidal sulfur.

The precipitates of these cations are almost indistinguishable, except for CdS, which is yellow. All the precipitates, except for HgS, are soluble in dilute nitric acid. HgS is soluble only in aqua regia, which can be used to separate it from the rest. The action of ammonia is also useful in differentiating the cations. CuS dissolves in ammonia forming an intense blue solution, whereas CdS dissolves forming a colourless solution. The sulfides of As3+, As5+, Sb3+, Sb5+, Sn2+, Sn4+ are soluble in yellow ammonium sulfide, where they form polysulfide complexes.

This group is determined by adding the salt in water and then adding dilute hydrochloric acid (to make the medium acidic) followed by hydrogen sulfide gas. Usually it is done by passing hydrogen sulfide over the test tube for detection of 1st group cations. If it forms a reddish-brown or black precipitate then Bi3+, Cu2+, Hg2+ or Pb2+ is present. Otherwise, if it forms a yellow precipitate, then Cd2+ or Sn4+ is present; or if it forms a brown precipitate, then Sn2+ must be present; or if a red orange precipitate is formed, then Sb3+ is present.

 * Pb2+ + K2CrO4 → PbCrO4 + 2 K+

Confirmation test for copper:

 * 2 Cu2+ + K4[Fe(CN)6] + CH3COOH → Cu2[Fe(CN)6] + 4 K+
 * Cu2+ + 2 NaOH → Cu(OH)2 + 2 Na+
 * Cu(OH)2 → CuO + H2O (endothermic)

Confirmation test for bismuth:

 * Bi3+ + 3 KI (in excess) → BiI3 + 3 K+
 * BiI3 + KI → K[BiI4]
 * Bi3+ + H2O (in excess) → BiO$+$ + 2 H+

Confirmation test for mercury:

 * Hg2+ + 2 KI (in excess) → HgI2 + 2 K+
 * HgI2 + 2 KI → K2[HgI4] (red precipitate dissolves)
 * 2 Hg2+ + SnCl2 → 2 Hg + SnCl4 (white precipitate turns gray)

3rd analytical group of cations
The 3rd analytical group of cations includes ions which form hydroxides that are insoluble even at low concentrations.

Cations in the 3rd group are, among others: Fe2+, Fe3+, Al3+, and Cr3+.

The group is determined by making a solution of the salt in water and adding ammonium chloride and ammonium hydroxide. Ammonium chloride is added to ensure low concentration of hydroxide ions.

The formation of a reddish-brown precipitate indicates Fe3+; a gelatinous white precipitate indicates Al3+; and a green precipitate indicates Cr3+ or Fe2+. These last two are distinguished by adding sodium hydroxide in excess to the green precipitate. If the precipitate dissolves, Cr3+ is indicated; otherwise, Fe2+ is present.

4th analytical group of cations
The 4th analytical group of cations includes ions that precipitate as sulfides at pH 9. The reagent used is ammonium sulfide or Na2S 0.1 M added to the ammonia/ammonium chloride solution used to detect group 3 cations. It includes: Zn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, and Mn2+. Zinc will form a white precipitate, nickel and cobalt a black precipitate and manganese a brick/flesh colored precipitate. Dimethylglyoxime can be used to confirm nickel presence, while ammonium thiocyanate in ether will turn blue in the presence of cobalt. This group is sometimes denoted as IIIB since groups III and IV are tested for at the same time, with the addition of sulfide being the only difference.

These includes ions which form sulfides that are insoluble at high concentrations. The reagents used are H2S in the presence of NH4OH. NH4OH is used to increase the concentration of the sulfide ion, by the common ion effect - hydroxide ions from NH4OH combine with H+ ions from H2S, which shifts the equilibrium in favor of the ionized form:

 * 2 +

They contain Zn2+, Mn2+, Ni2+ and Co2+

5th analytical group of cations
Ions in 5th analytical group of cations form carbonates that are insoluble in water. The reagent usually used is (NH4)2CO3 (at around 0.2 M), with a neutral or slightly basic pH. All the cations in the previous groups are separated beforehand, since many of them also form insoluble carbonates.

The most important ions in the 5th group are Ba2+, Ca2+, and Sr2+. After separation, the easiest way to distinguish between these ions is by testing flame colour: barium gives a yellow-green flame, calcium gives brick red, and strontium, crimson red.

6th analytical group of cations
Cations which are left after carefully separating previous groups are considered to be in the sixth analytical group. The most important ones are Mg2+, Li+, Na+ and K+. All the ions are distinguished by flame color: lithium gives a red flame, sodium gives bright yellow (even in trace amounts), potassium gives violet, and magnesium, colorless (although magnesium metal burns with a bright white flame). Magnesium can also be distinguished from other cations in this group by adding sodium hydroxide to drive the pH to 11 or higher, which selectively precipitates Mg(OH)2.

1st analytical group of anions
The 1st group of anions consist of CO$2− 3$, HCO$− 3$, CH3COO−, S2−, SO$2− 3$, $2− 3$ and NO$− 2$. The reagent for Group 1 anions is dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) or dilute sulfuric acid (H2SO4).

 * Carbonates give a brisk effervescence with dilute H2SO4 due to the release of CO2, a colorless gas which turns limewater milky due to formation of CaCO3 (carbonatation). The milkiness disappears on passing an excess of the gas through the lime water, due to formation of Ca(HCO3)2.
 * Acetates give the vinegar-like smell of CH3COOH when treated with dilute H2SO4 and heated. A blood red colouration is produced upon addition of yellow FeCl3, due to formation of iron(III) acetate.
 * Sulfides give the rotten egg smell of H2S when treated with dilute H2SO4. The presence of sulfide is confirmed by adding lead(II) acetate paper, which turns black due to the formation of PbS. Sulfides also turn solutions of red sodium nitroprusside purple.
 * Sulfites produce SO2 gas, which smells of burning sulfur, when treated with dilute acid. They turn acidified K2Cr2O7 from orange to green.
 * Thiosulfates produce SO2 gas when treated with dilute acid. In addition, they form a cloudy precipitate of sulfur.
 * Nitrites give reddish-brown fumes of NO2 when treated with dilute H2SO4. These fumes cause a solution of potassium iodide (KI) and starch to turn blue.

2nd analytical group of anions
The 2nd group of anions consist of Cl−, Br−, I−, NO$− 3$ and C$2$O$2− 4$. The group reagent for Group 2 anion is concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4).

After addition of the acid, chlorides, bromides and iodides will form precipitates with silver nitrate. The precipitates are white, pale yellow, and yellow, respectively. The silver halides formed are completely soluble, partially soluble, or not soluble at all, respectively, in aqueous ammonia solution.

Chlorides are confirmed by the chromyl chloride test. When the salt is heated with K2Cr2O7 and concentrated H2SO4, red vapours of chromyl chloride (CrO2Cl2) are produced. Passing this gas through a solution of NaOH produces a yellow solution of Na2CrO4. The acidified solution of Na2CrO4 gives a yellow precipitate with the addition of (CH3COO)2Pb.

Bromides and iodides are confirmed by the layer test. A sodium carbonate extract is made from the solution containing bromide or iodide, and CHCl3 or carbon disulfide is added to the solution, which separates into two layers: an orange colour in the or  layer indicates the presence of Br−, and a violet colour indicates the presence of I−.

Nitrates give brown fumes with concentrated H2SO4 due to formation of NO2. This is intensified upon adding copper turnings. Nitrate ion is confirmed by adding an aqueous solution of the salt to FeSO4 and pouring concentrated H2SO4 slowly along the sides of the test tube, which produces a brown ring around the walls of the tube, at the junction of the two liquids caused by the formation of.

Upon treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid, oxalates yield colourless CO2 and CO gases. These gases burn with a bluish flame and turn lime water milky. Oxalates also decolourise KMnO4 and give a white precipitate with CaCl2.

3rd analytical group of anions
The 3rd group of anions consist of SO$2− 4$, PO$3− 4$ and BO$3− 3$. They react neither with concentrated nor diluted H2SO4.

 * Sulfates give a white precipitate of BaSO4 with BaCl2 which is insoluble in any acid or base.
 * Phosphates give a yellow crystalline precipitate upon addition of HNO3 and ammonium molybdate and heating the solution.
 * Borates give a green flame characteristic of ethyl borate when ignited with concentrated H2SO4 and ethanol.

Modern techniques
Qualitative inorganic analysis is now used only as a pedagogical tool. Modern techniques such as atomic absorption spectroscopy and ICP-MS are able to quickly detect the presence and concentrations of elements using a very small amount of sample.

Sodium carbonate test
The sodium carbonate test (not to be confused with sodium carbonate extract test) is used to distinguish between some common metal ions, which are precipitated as their respective carbonates. The test can distinguish between copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn) or lead (Pb). Sodium carbonate solution is added to the salt of the metal. A blue precipitate indicates Cu2+ ion. A dirty green precipitate indicates Fe2+ ion. A yellow-brown precipitate indicates Fe3+ ion. A white precipitate indicates Ca2+, Zn2+, or Pb2+ ion. The compounds formed are, respectively, basic copper carbonate, iron(II) carbonate, iron(III) oxide, calcium carbonate, zinc carbonate, and lead(II) carbonate. This test is used to precipitate the ion present as almost all carbonates are insoluble. While this test is useful for telling these cations apart, it fails if other ions are present, because most metal carbonates are insoluble and will precipitate. In addition, calcium, zinc, and lead ions all produce white precipitates with carbonate, making it difficult to distinguish between them. Instead of sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide may be added, this gives nearly the same colours, except that lead and zinc hydroxides are soluble in excess alkali, and can hence be distinguished from calcium. See qualitative inorganic analysis for the complete sequence of tests used for qualitative cation analysis.

title: Qualitative inorganic analysis


text:
Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies

The Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies (DIAS) (Institiúid Ard-Léinn Bhaile Átha Cliath) is a statutory independent research institute in Ireland. It was established in 1940 on the initiative of the Taoiseach, Éamon de Valera, in Dublin.

The institute consists of three schools: the School of Theoretical Physics, the School of Cosmic Physics and the School of Celtic Studies. The directors of these schools are, as of 2023, Professor Denjoe O'Connor, Professor Tom Ray and Professor Ruairí Ó hUiginn. The institute, under its governing act, is empowered to "train students in methods of advanced research" but does not itself award degrees; graduate students working under the supervision of Institute researchers can, with the agreement of the governing board of the appropriate school, be registered for a higher degree in any university worldwide.

Following a comprehensive review of the higher education sector and its institutions, conducted by the Higher Education Authority for the Minister for Education and Skills in 2013, DIAS was approved to remain an independent institute carrying out fundamental research. It appointed a new CEO, Dr Eucharia Meehan, formerly director of the Irish Research Council, in the summer of 2017.

Context
After becoming Taoiseach in 1937, Éamon de Valera investigated the possibility of setting up an institute of higher learning. De Valera was aware of the decline of the Dunsink Observatory, where Sir William Rowan Hamilton and others had held the position of Royal Astronomer of Ireland. Following meetings with prominent academics in the fields of mathematics and astronomy, he came to the conclusion that astronomy at Dunsink should be revived and an institute for higher learning should be established. The institute was and is modeled on the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, which was founded in 1930, and theoretical physics was still the research subject in 1940. The School of Celtic Studies owes its founding to the importance de Valera accorded to the Irish language. He considered it a vital element in the makeup of the nation, and therefore important that the nation should have a place of higher learning devoted to this subject.

DIAS was founded on the direction of the Taoiseach, under the Institute for Advanced Studies Act, 1940 As set out in its legislation, 'the functions of the Institute shall be to provide facilities for the furtherance of advanced study and the conduct of research in specialised branches of knowledge and for the publication of results of advanced study and research.'

Early phase
The institute was initially located at 64 and 65 Merrion Square and had two schools - the School of Theoretical Physics and the School of Celtic Studies - to which the School of Cosmic Physics was added in 1947. Currently, the institute has its schools located at three premises on the Southside of Dublin at 10 Burlington Road, 31 Fitzwilliam Place and 5 Merrion Square. It also maintains a presence at Dunsink Observatory in north County Dublin.

Work by the Geophysics section of the School of Cosmic Physics on the formation of the North Atlantic demonstrated that the Irish continental shelf extended much further than previously thought, thereby more than doubling the area of the seabed over which Ireland can claim economic exploitation rights under the international law of the sea. In addition to geophysical research, the Geophysics Section maintains the Irish National Seismic Network (INSN). Fundamental work in statistical mechanics by the School of Theoretical Physics has found application in computer switching technology and led to the establishment of an Irish campus company to exploit this intellectual property. The institute has also in recent years been one of the main agents helping to set up a modern e-Infrastructure in support of all Irish research.

In 1968 the Royal Society recognised de Valera's contribution to science in establishing the institute by electing him to honorary fellowship.

Impact of the financial crisis
In July 2009 the report of the Special Group on Public Service Numbers and Expenditure Programmes (also known as the McCarthy report) suggested, as part of a long list of proposals, that the institute be amalgamated into either University College Dublin or Trinity College Dublin. The Report noted 79 staff members being paid €6.7m by the Exchequer, an average of nearly €85,000 per person p.a. However, the audited accounts contained in the annual report for 2009 show that the exchequer pay grant included a figure of just over €1m on pensions as well as smaller sums for visitors and that the actual Salaries and Wages figure was €5.1m bringing the average down to €65k.

Subsequently, in the comprehensive review of the higher education sector, and its institutions, conducted by the Higher Education Authority in 2013, it was proposed that 'In the case of the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies... no structural change be made to this statutory, independent research institute carrying out fundamental research in three schools, Celtic Studies, Cosmic Physics and Theoretical Physics. However, responsibility for allocation of funding to the institute will be transferred from the Department of Education and Skills to the Higher Education Authority. The Minister for Education and Skills accepted this proposal as part of the broader reconfiguration of the higher education system.', DIAS remains an independent body reporting to the Department of Education and Skills.

Current status and staffing
In 2022 the institute had 115 team members, 96 of whom were directly engaged in advanced studies/research and 19 in general administration/support and non-research roles. 59% of early stage career researchers were funded by external competitively sourced funding. DIAS researchers in 2022 hailed from 24 countries across the world.

History
The School of Celtic Studies (Scoil an Léinn Cheiltigh) was created in 1940 as one of the two founding Schools of the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. Its first director was Osborn Bergin. Other major scholars who have worked at the School in the past include T. F. O'Rahilly, Daniel Binchy, Cecile O'Rahilly, R. I. Best, James Carney, Myles Dillon, Proinsias Mac Cana, David Greene, Brian Ó Cuív, Breandán Ó Buachalla, Roparz Hemon and Heinrich Wagner.

The current director of the School is Ruairí Ó hUiginn. The School is located at 10 Burlington Road in Dublin 4.

Research
The School has a wide remit embracing all of the Celtic languages and all periods. The bulk of its research has been on the history of the Irish language and its literature from the earliest times onwards. Among the School's core duties are: the cataloguing of Irish manuscripts; the publishing of Irish texts from the manuscripts; the study of the grammar and development of Irish over time; the recording and study of spoken Irish dialects; the contribution of literature in Irish to the history of Irish society (for example, the early Irish law tracts); and similar research within the other Celtic languages.

The School of Celtic Studies runs the Irish Script on Screen Project (ISOS), which makes available digital images of Irish manuscripts from libraries around the world. The ‘Ogham in 3D Project’ aims to capture and catalogue 3D-digital images of all early medieval inscriptions in the ogham alphabet. The School maintains an electronic Bibliography of Irish Linguistics and Literature. Its website also hosts the independent projects, Monasticon Hibernicum and the Bardic Poetry Database.

The School also acts as a publishing house for Celtic Studies. It has its own journal, Celtica, which was founded in 1946 and publishes research in all areas of Celtic Studies. Celtica has traditionally appeared at irregular intervals, but from 2016 has become an annual publication appearing every November. The Library of the School is open to academics and advanced students on application.

There is a three-yearly summer school which offers courses in Old Irish, Early Modern Irish and Middle Welsh. The School also hosts occasional day conferences, and an annual conference known as Tionól ("gathering") which takes place in November. The School offers O’Donovan Scholarships to researchers. These are tenable for three years, and there are usually four at any one time. The Bergin Fellowship is offered to slightly more senior researchers, and lasts for five years.

History
The School of theoretical Physics initially consisted of just one member, Professor Erwin Schrödinger, who moved into 65 Merrion Square in February 1941. Schrödinger began his duties as director of the school by giving two courses on quantum theory. Up to this time there had not been courses of this level available in Ireland. The lecture series were at two levels, the lower level including introductory wave mechanics, perturbation theory of quantum mechanical systems, spin of the electron and Dirac's relativistic wave equation. The higher level provided an introduction to the research being performed at the school. In June 1941 Schrödinger was joined by Walter Heitler who took the position of assistant professor. Heitler gave a course of lectures designed to introduce students to quantum theory of the chemical bond. These lectures brought together staff and students of third-level establishments in the Dublin area, exposing them to twentieth-century theoretical physics. Members of the mathematical community at the time seized the opportunity to hear the lectures of Schrödinger and Heitler and within a few years the material covered began to find its way onto undergraduate university courses.

One of the objectives de Valera had in mind when he founded the institute was to provide a meeting place for scholars from University College Dublin and Trinity College Dublin. For reasons both historical and religious, the academic contacts between the two institutions had previously been non-existent. (A quarter of a century later, a proposed conjoining of the two institutions, put forward by Donogh O'Malley in the abortive Universities Mergers Bill 1967 was strongly opposed by both universities and was ultimately defeated.)

Research
In its early years the research of the school mainly focused on non-linear field theory, meson theory, general relativity and geometry. Mesons which Heitler began researching when he arrived in 1941 were at the time believed to be the fundamental particles of the strong interaction. In 1948 John Lighton Synge was appointed senior professor, whose research interests were general relativity and geometry. Later research involved numerical analysis due to the addition of Cornelius Lanczos to the faculty and the development of the computer. Lochlainn O'Raifeartaigh made contributions in the application of symmetries in theoretical particle physics and John T. Lewis had interests including Bose–Einstein condensation and Large deviations theory.

The school has three senior professors at present: Tony Dorlas, Denjoe O'Connor and Sergei Gukov. Dorlas has worked on a lattice model of a boson gas called the Bose–Hubbard model, on models of a spin glass and on Anderson localisation in quasi-one-dimensional systems, and also on quantum information theory. O'Connor has worked on noncommutative geometry and applications to quantum field theory, especially as an alternative to lattice field theory, and on crossover phenomena and the renormalisation group.

History
The School of Cosmic Physics was added to DIAS in 1947, partially at the prompting of Walter Heitler in the School of Theoretical Physics who wanted to have contact with experimental cosmic ray studies for his work on meson physics. It was also partially in response to a proposal prepared by Leo Wenzel Pollak then working for the Irish Meteorological Service in Foynes, who argued the need for a geophysical research centre in Ireland. It was also established to fulfil Éamon de Valera's ambition to save Dunsink Observatory and its scientific heritage. The new school had three main areas of research; astronomy based in Dunsink Observatory, and geophysics and cosmic ray studies based in 5 Merrion Square. The Chair of the School of Cosmic Physics from 1970 to 1995 was Edward F. Fahy.

The first Head of Astronomy was Hermann Brück, who established a program of solar near-UV spectroscopy and photo-electric stellar photometry. Geophysics was headed by Leo Wenzel Pollak who worked mainly on atmospheric aerosol physics in close collaboration with the Nolan brothers in UCD. Attempts were made to persuade the Austrian Nobel laureate Victor Francis Hess to come to Dublin as first head of the Cosmic Ray section, but in the end, he declined and the position was offered to a Hungarian physicist, Lajos Janossy, who came from Patrick Blackett's laboratory in Manchester and worked on what would now be called air shower physics.

The School was central to what was the first inter-governmental agreement between the two parts of Ireland, and the first international agreement to operate a shared observing facility in the southern hemisphere, when it entered into the Armagh-Dunsink-Harvard agreement (signed in 1947) to operate a large Schmidt telescope at the Boyden Observatory in South Africa. The School was also involved with the first Irish experiments to fly on space missions as cosmic ray experiments, in collaboration with the University of California, Berkeley were flown to the moon on the Apollo 16 and Apollo 17 missions. The School pioneered, in collaboration with the University of Hamburg, a seismic study of the North Atlantic resulting in the discovery that the Irish continental shelf extended much further out than previously thought with potentially very significant economic benefits for Ireland.

More recently the School has, with funding from the PRTLI programme cycles 3 and 4, invested in a shared national research e-infrastructure culminating in the establishment of the Irish Centre for High-End Computing ICHEC.

In November 2009, the Minister for Foreign Affairs, Micheál Martin, TD, agreed to the establishment of The National Data Centre (NDC) for the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) within the Geophysics Section of DIAS. It was officially opened on Friday 22 June 2012. The NDC receives data from the seismic stations that support the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT).

Research
Over the years the various sections of the School of Cosmic Physics have changed their research areas in response to changes in the interests of senior staff as well as the changing external environment. The cosmic ray section eventually evolved into a theoretical astrophysics section with a strong emphasis on high-energy, non-thermal phenomena as well as star formation and was combined with the astronomy section into a single astronomy and astrophysics Section. The geophysics section moved away from its beginnings in atmospheric physics work and concentrated on solid earth geophysics with an emphasis on seismic studies.

Current major areas of research in astronomy and astrophysics are star and planet formation, evolution of massive stars, high-energy phenomenology and astroparticle physics (building on the historical legacy in cosmic ray physics).

Geophysics research include global teleseismic studies of the whole Earth, seismic studies of volcanoes, detailed studies of the Earth's gravitational and magnetic fields using satellite and ground-based data, and local surveys in Ireland and elsewhere exploring fundamental geophysical processes using a variety of techniques.

DIAS and Geological Survey Ireland operate the Irish National Seismic Network together.

title: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies


text:
Catalan Opening

The Catalan Opening is a chess opening where White plays d4 and c4 and fianchettoes the white bishop on g2. A common opening sequence is 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.g3, although various other openings can transpose into the Catalan. The Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings (ECO) lists codes E01–E09 for lines with 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.g3 d5 4.Bg2; other lines are part of E00.

In the Catalan, White adopts a combination of the Queen's Gambit and Réti Opening. White combines the space-gaining moves d4 and c4 with g3, preparing to fianchetto the king's bishop. This places pressure mainly on the queenside while hoping to keep the white king safe in the long-term. The c4-pawn can become vulnerable, however, and White might have to sacrifice a pawn.

Black has two main approaches to play against the Catalan: in the Open Catalan Black plays ...dxc4 and can either try to hold on to the pawn with ...b5 or give it back for extra time to free their game. In the Closed Catalan, Black does not capture on c4; their game can be somewhat for a while, but is quite. Additionally, Black has ways to avoid the Catalan.

The Catalan has had proponents at the highest level in chess, with Vladimir Kramnik, Viswanathan Anand and Magnus Carlsen all employing the opening in their World Chess Championship title games. A number of other grandmasters have successfully played the Catalan, including Fabiano Caruana, Daniil Dubov, Anish Giri and Ding Liren.

History
The Catalan derives its name from Catalonia, after tournament organisers at the 1929 Barcelona tournament asked Savielly Tartakower to create a new variation in homage to the area's chess history. It had been played a few times before Tartakower's usage in the tournament, however: for instance, Réti–Leonhardt, Berlin 1928 transposed into an Open Catalan. The opening cemented itself in the repertoire of leading players of the 1930s and 1940s, such as world champions Jose Raul Capablanca, Alexander Alekhine and Mikhail Botvinnik, as well as top grandmasters such as Salo Flohr, Paul Keres and Samuel Reshevsky.

The Catalan came to prominence at the top level when both Garry Kasparov and Viktor Korchnoi played it in their Candidates Semifinal match in London in 1983: five games of the eleven-game match featured the Catalan.

In 2004, Ruben Felgaer won a tournament celebrating the 75th anniversary of Barcelona 1929 and the birth of the Catalan Opening, ahead of Grandmasters (GMs) Viktor Korchnoi, Mihail Marin, Lluis Comas and Viktor Moskalenko and International Master Manel Granados. Each game in the tournament, which was also held in Barcelona, began with the moves 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.g3 Nf6.

With its use by Vladimir Kramnik, the Catalan gained a good deal of attention by high-level GMs in the 2010s. Kramnik played the opening three times in the World Chess Championship 2006. The Catalan was also played four times by Viswanathan Anand in the World Chess Championship 2010; in both instances, the opponent was Veselin Topalov, and in each instance, White scored two more points than Black.

Magnus Carlsen began to employ the Catalan as his main opening in the late 2010s, most notably using it in the second game of the 2021 World Chess Championship against Ian Nepomniachtchi, and used it extensively at the Tata Steel Chess Tournament 2022.

Open Catalan, Classical Line
The Open Catalan, Classical Line (ECO code E05) consists of the moves 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.g3 d5 4.Bg2 dxc4 5.Nf3 Be7. White sacrifices the pawn for a lead in. Without a black pawn on d5, White's bishop hinders Black's  development. The Open Catalan line has been a favorite of Anatoly Karpov and Efim Geller as Black and of Oleg Romanishin as White. Usually, White will recover the pawn with Qc2 and then a4, Ne5, or Qa4+. In order to hold the pawn, Black will have to seriously weaken the queenside with ...a6 and ...b5.

Example games
1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.g3 d5 4.Bg2 Be7 5.Nf3 0-0 6.0-0 dxc4 7.Qc2 a6 8.Qxc4 b5 9.Qc2 Bb7 10.Bd2 Ra7 11.Rc1 Be4 12.Qb3 Nc6 13.e3 Qa8 14.Qd1 Nb8 15.Ba5 Rc8 16.a3 Bd6 17.Nbd2 Bd5 18.Qf1 Nbd7 19.b4 e5 20.dxe5 Bxe5 21.Nxe5 Nxe5 22.f3 Nc4 23.Nxc4 Bxc4 24.Qf2 Re8 25.e4 c6 26.Rd1 Rd7 27.Rxd7 Nxd7 28.Rd1 Qb7 29.Rd6 f6 30.f4 Re6 31.Rd2 Re7 32.Qd4 Nf8 33.Qd8 Rd7 34.Rxd7 Qxd7 35.Qxd7 Nxd7 36.e5 fxe5 37.Bxc6 Nf6 38.Bb7 exf4 39.gxf4 Nd5 40.Kf2 Nxf4 41.Ke3 g5 42.Bxa6 Kf7 43.a4 Ke7 44.Bxb5 Bxb5 45.axb5 Kd7 46.Ke4 Ne2 47.Bb6 g4 48.Bf2 Nc3 49.Kf5 Nxb5 50.Kxg4 Ke6 51.Kg5 Kf7 52.Kf5 Ke7 53.Bc5 1.Nf3 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.g3 d5 4.d4 Be7 5.Bg2 0-0 6.0-0 dxc4 7.Qc2 a6 8.Qxc4 b5 9.Qc2 Bb7 10.Bd2 Nc6 11.e3 Nb4 12.Bxb4 Bxb4 13.a3 Be7 14.Nbd2 Rc8 15.b4 a5 16.Ne5 Nd5 17.Nb3 axb4 18.Na5 Ba8 19.Nac6 Bxc6 20.Nxc6 Qd7 21.Bxd5 exd5 22.axb4 Rfe8 23.Ra5 Bf8 24.Ne5 Qe6 25.Rxb5 Rb8 26.Rxb8 Rxb8 27.Qxc7 Bd6 28.Qa5 Bxb4 29.Rb1 Qd6 30.Qa4 1–0
 * Kramnik vs. Anand, Wijk aan Zee 2007
 * Kramnik vs. Carlsen, Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting 2007

title: Catalan Opening


text:
Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee Elections December 2004/Candidate statements/Endorsements/Improv

Improv
Hello all, glad to see that I finally have endorsements and disendorsements to talk about (my section was getting very lonely). I would be happy to talk about any disendorsements I have recieved. See User:Improv/arbcom_disendorsements for details (and feel free to edit that page within normal bounds of courtesy) --Improv 21:08, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Support

 * Support --jni 13:51, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Support Nelson Ricardo 08:04, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak support. What little I've seen of Improv bodes well, but alas as of now it is little. Very Verily  22:59, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Oppose

 * Strongly oppose. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 02:31, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. A trail of bias without the balance and fairness required for an AC. HistoryBuffEr 01:33, 2004 Dec 1 (UTC)
 * Oppose; user has a record of radical deletionism that makes me uncomfortable. Everyking 06:54, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Seems to have a history of bias. Factitious 10:05, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose: Has an evidentiary history of bias. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 23:59, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee Elections December 2004/Candidate statements/Endorsements/Jdforrester

Support

 * —No-One Jones (m) 21:00, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * James F. is, in my opinion, a model arbitrator -- sensible, careful, rational, and hard-working. I wholeheartedly endorse his campaign for reelection: Jimmy chose well when he asked James F. to serve on the initial AC, and I believe the choice is no less clear now. Jwrosenzweig 00:00, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Support! Has many times proved his worth to the arbcom. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 01:37, 2004 Nov 18 (UTC)
 * Very much so. Rdsmith4— Dan | Talk 01:42, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Mackensen (talk) 17:41, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Endorse. func(talk) 00:41, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. If Shorne calls him corrupt, he must be a paragon of virtue. :-) Stan 05:23, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks for that helpful and informed comment. Shorne 05:44, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Wikimol 09:58, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Very strong support. Theresa Knott (Tart, knees hot) 17:25, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * James F. has earned my endorsement.   – Quadell (talk) (help)   04:56, Nov 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Support, has good record as an arbitrator. Fred Bauder 20:07, Nov 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Support, OneGuy 14:01, 26 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Support Slim 12:41, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Support because he's bigger than me :(. ed g2s  •  talk  14:15, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Support — OwenBlacker 22:14, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. --mav 17:56, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support user:Anthere

Oppose

 * Strongly oppose. I oppose the reëlection of any current arbitrator. All active members of the current arbitration commitee have demonstrated themselves to be corrupt, unaccountable, and unresponsive. This includes James F. For some evidence, please see Requests for arbitration/Gzornenplatz, Kevin Baas, Shorne, VeryVerily, Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/Gzornenplatz, Kevin Baas, Shorne, VeryVerily, and User talk:Jimbo Wales. Shorne 03:38, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose Based on his handling of the VeryVerily, Shore, and Gz cases. I have been hesitant to post disendorsements and I haven't so far; but I am brining myself to do so reluctantly in this case in order to spark a much needed discussion concerning the incumbent Arbitration Committee. Alienating and banning three valuable contributors for two months instead of thinking of a creative way of settling disputes over the inherently contentious topics on which these users write does not serve the community well. We need more creative problem-solvers on the Arbcom. 172 09:57, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. This person, a member of the arbitration commitee, has tried to make me loosen my objections on Talk:Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark using a pro-"Western world" advocacy (bigotry) that offends people of the Orient. Such short-sightedness can harm the spirit within Wikipedia's community, that is (and has to be) multinational. Furthermore, if someone who claims to represent the lowest common denominator of common sense in the so-called "Western world" has his way, then there's no chance for the rest of us to prove any point against him. Etz Haim 01:27, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Christoph Meili

Michel Christopher "Christoph" Meili (born 21 April 1968) is a Swiss-American whistleblower and former security professional. In 1997, Meili illegally disclosed to third parties that Swiss bank Union Bank of Switzerland (UBS) was destroying documentation of Holocaust-era assets. After a federal arrest warrant, a set of fines, and death threats were issued to him, Meili fled Switzerland to the United States by right of asylum in late 1997, returning to his home country in 2009.

His disclosure was one of the factors prompting a US$1.25 billion settlement between multiple Swiss banks and Jewish victims in August 1998. Meili was entitled to $750,000 of the settlement. He returned to Switzerland having spent all his settlement money and to mixed reception by Swiss papers.

In early 1997, Meili was working as a night guard at the Union Bank of Switzerland (UBS) in Zürich. He discovered that officials at UBS were destroying documents about orphaned assets, believed to be credit balances of deceased Jewish clients whose heirs' whereabouts were unknown, as well as books from the German Reichsbank. They listed stock accounts for companies in business during The Holocaust, including BASF, Degussa, and Degesch. They listed real-estate records for Berlin property that had been seized by the Nazis, placed in Swiss accounts, and then claimed to be owned by UBS. Destruction of such documents is against Swiss laws. The documents Meili saved reportedly predate the Nazi period, dating from 1897 to 1927. On 8 January 1997, he took some bank files home. After a telephone conversation, he handed them over to a local Jewish organization, which brought the documents to the police, and eventually to the press, which published the document destruction on 14 January 1997. The Zürich authorities opened a judicial investigation against Meili for suspected violations of the Swiss laws on banking secrecy, which is a prosecutable offense ex officio in Switzerland.

After Meili and his family reported receiving death threats, they fled to the United States and were granted political asylum via private bill. According to news reports, Meili and his family are believed to be the only Swiss nationals ever to receive political asylum in the United States. On 13 January 1998, lawyer Ed Fagan filed suit against UBS on behalf of the Jewish victims, in the amount of US$2,560,000,000. On 13 August 1998, a settlement was reached between the Swiss banks and the Jewish plaintiffs totaling US$1.25 billion. Fagan was disbarred in New York and New Jersey for failing to pay court fines and fees, and for stealing client money and escrow trust funds from Holocaust survivors. Later in 1998 the investigations of the justice of Zürich against Meili for allegedly breaking the laws on bank secrecy were cancelled, but Meili did not return to his homeland until 2003. His marriage ended in divorce in February 2002. In September 2003 he visited his family in Switzerland. In Die Weltwoche, a Swiss newspaper, Meili criticized Fagan for having purportedly "instrumentalized" him and letting him down. He claimed to have never received the US$1 million that he was due according to their agreement after settling with the Swiss banks in 1998. However, according to a report by the Swiss magazine Facts (17  March 2005), Meili did receive US$750,000.

Meili studied communication sciences at Chapman University after his arrival in California. After earning his college degree in May 2004, he found employment in the security sector. On 14 May 2005 he became a naturalized United States citizen. In an interview with the Swiss newspaper Sonntagsblick on 21 October 2006, however, Meili re-iterated his criticism of Fagan and the Jewish organizations who had once championed him, stating again they had let him down. Meili, who then lived in Southern California, stated in an interview that he was working for a minimum wage. In 2009, divorced from his wife, Meili returned to Switzerland.

Effect of whistleblowing
In his book Imperfect Justice, activist Stuart Eizenstat claimed the "Meili Affair" was important in the decision of Swiss banks to participate in the process of reparations for victims of Nazi looting during World War II. He wrote that the affair "did more than anything to turn the Swiss banks into international pariahs by linking their dubious behavior during and after the War to the discovery  of a seemingly unapologetic attempt to cover it up now by destroying documents." Eizenstat indicates that the affair influenced the Swiss Bankers Association (SBA) decision to create a Humanitarian Fund for the Victims of the Holocaust, and that the Fund was suggested to the SBA by Rainer Gut, chairman of Credit Suisse. as well as one of a series of events influencing the London Conference on Nazi Gold (1997).

Filmography
Daniel von Aarburg filmed the events, and the documentary Affäre Meili - Ein Whistleblower zwischen Moral und Milliarden premiered in mid-August 2018.

Awards

 * 1997 - Jan Zwartendijk Memorial Award for Humanitarian Values and Ethics from the Boys Town Jerusalem Foundation of America.
 * 1998 - Grand Prize, Honest Abe Awards
 * 1998 - Humanitarian Award, The 1939 Club (with Giusseppina Meili)
 * 1999 - Seton Hall University's Humanitarian of the Year Award
 * 1999 - Scholarship Fund, The 1939 Club
 * 1999 - Humanitarian of the Year Award, Orange County, California.

title: Christoph Meili


text:
Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee Elections December 2004/Candidate statements/Endorsements/Jongarrettuk

Support

 * Support. Shorne 03:39, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Support Xed 22:48, 26 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Oppose

 * Oppose CheeseDreams
 * Oppose. [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality/talk]] 18:51, Nov 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * Strongly Oppose (see below)
 * I simply don't think that Jguk has the maturity or temperance necessary to be an arbitrator, as I have discovered in the two days since I learned of his existence. While editing the Chinese art article, I learned that Jguk has apparently appointed himself the "BC/AD police," as is also evident in his own talk page. I had no idea I was just another person to incur his wrath by using BCE/CE notation in this scholarly article before today. His most recent admonishment to the latest Wikipedian to unwittingly stumble into this purely stylistic dispute: "There's absolutely no reason to change this, so it will not change."(!)

 * Jguk also fails to understand Wikipedia policies, though he is fond of citing them. For example, he frequently uses the dates and numbers policy to justify his repeated reverts in the name of "consistency" within articles; however, he has changed usages that are already internally consistent to his preferred usage, thereby disregarding the very same policy he cites! His behavior also reflects his disregard of the prominent caveat that prefaces the policy he continually cites: "Writers are not expected or required to follow all or any these rules."

 * In short, my interactions with Jguk have convinced me that he embraces a closed-minded arbitrariness that is antithetical to the task of being an open-minded arbitrator. Now I don't shrink from a debate, but I never make the kind of vague yet imperious decrees that Jguk seems to favor. I feel his behavior betrays a rigidity and, frankly, egotism, that are undesirable in someone entrusted with resolving disputes. Moreover, I find it disturbing that Jguk disregards the very same (non-binding!) policies at the same time he uses them against others.

 * I wouldn't normally make such a big deal about someone like this, or about petty stylistic disputes like this one. I've worked in newsrooms before and know when to throw in the towel. But when I saw that Jguk was running for arbitrator, I felt I had to share these experiences as evidence of his unfitness for the position.
 * --Dablaze 01:39, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * What he said. [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality/talk]] 04:53, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)

 * Oppose - Sarge Baldy 20:16, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)


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Megan Ward

Megan Ward (born September 24, 1969) is an American actress. She is best known for her numerous credits in science fiction and horror movies and television series. In 2007, she joined the cast of the American daytime drama General Hospital as Kate Howard. She also appeared in the 1990s comedies Encino Man, Freaked, PCU, The Brady Bunch Movie, and Joe's Apartment.

Early life
Ward, born on September 24, 1969, in Los Angeles, California, is the youngest of four siblings, and her parents were both professional actors and acting coaches. When Ward was four years old, her family moved to Honolulu, Hawaii. At the age of nine, she began doing commercials for local department stores. In her early teens, she went to Japan for modeling jobs and stayed for several years. Having previously learned to speak the language from her schooling in Hawaii, she landed a job hosting a Japanese television show, Science Q, a science TV program broadcast in NHK from 1988 to February 1989.

Career
After graduating from Kaiser High School, Ward moved to Los Angeles to pursue an acting career, and secured roles in science-fiction and comedy movies (including leading roles in Charles Band's classics Crash and Burn, Trancers II and Trancers III (as Jack Deth's future-wife), Arcade, and the 1993 Tom Stern/Alex Winter horror/comedy Freaked). She is also well known for playing Robyn Sweeney, the teen crush of Dave (played by Sean Astin), in the 1992 comedy Encino Man.

In the mid-1990s, Ward had a recurring role on the show Party of Five. Following the exit of her Party of Five character, Ward took the lead role in the Cold War UFO thriller-series Dark Skies. Since the cancellation of Dark Skies, she was appearing in mainly direct-to-video films such as Tick Tock and Mirror Man as well as TV series such as Summerland, Sports Night, Kevin Hill, and Boomtown, in which she had a substantial part.

She later debuted as Kate Howard on General Hospital on May 4, 2007. Ward was taken off contract in March 2009 and remained on the series as a recurring character. In 2010, Ward was dropped completely from the cast of General Hospital. She made a special guest appearance on the show in 2018. Ward has also made a guest appearance on CSI: NY.

Most recently, Ward portrayed Michelle in the horror-thriller film The Invited under the direction of Ryan McKinney.

Personal life
In 1995, Ward married Michael Shore, whom she met in acting class. They have two children, a son named Oliver (born in 2001) and a daughter named Audrey (born in 2006).

title: Megan Ward


text:
Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee Elections December 2004/Candidate statements/Endorsements/Lir

Support

 * <3 (this is Angie) ;)--64.12.116.138 09:19, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. --[[User:Eequor| η  [[Image:Venus symbol (blue).gif|♀]] [ υωρ ]]] 05:42, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. From what I've seen, he's in favour of equal treatment of users. WikiUser 21:14, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Quack --SPUI (talk) 03:04, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Oppose

 * Oppose, for reasons that ought mystify nobody. Snowspinner 17:28, Nov 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * The Wikipedia isn't the cosy club you suggest. There's about 200,000 or more registered with it. Your comment isn't valid. Even you have to provide evidence.WikiUser 21:44, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)- Sorry, simply opposing is of course allowed.WikiUser 21:46, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Oppose. As if it needs to be said. Cribcage 17:32, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose Just for the record. Sjc 08:03, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. --Ben Brockert 01:20, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Lacks the ability to listen calmly to more than one side which an arbitrator needs. -- Infrogmation 19:05, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose — OwenBlacker 22:15, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Weakly Oppose Communist, but a much better user than El_C--198 04:39, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * What the... (?!?!) El_C 02:12, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * That's right at least a commie like Lir is civil.--198 02:43, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Cease trolling. You are out of order. I take exception to your insinuations and accusations. El_C 03:28, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * You are out of order El_C, all you do is slander my good name here!--198 03:51, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I am unimpressed by your belligerence. Again, cease trolling me, esp. at my user talk page, here, and elsewhere. El_C 04:30, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I had enough.--198 05:47, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Oppose. El_C 19:03, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. -- Arwel 00:12, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose Samboy 08:30, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee Elections December 2004/Candidate statements/Endorsements/Merovingian

Support

 * Support. --[[User:Eequor| η  [[Image:Venus symbol (blue).gif|♀]] [ υωρ ]]] 05:47, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)


text:
File:ModestyBlaise.jpg

Summary
Cover of Modesty Blaise by Peter O'Donnell - first US edition (hardcover), Doubleday, 1965; Scan.

Fair use rationale
It is believed that this image, ModestyBlaise.jpg, is subject to fair use in the article Modesty Blaise because:
 * The image is used for identification and critical commentary of the article subject
 * The image is being used in an informative way and should not detract from the original work.
 * The image is used to provide a sample of the comic book artist's work
 * The image is a web-resolution image, of much lower resolution than the original (copies made from it will be of very inferior quality).
 * It does not limit the copyright owner's rights to market or sell the work in any way.
 * No free or public domain images may be located for this item.
 * It depicts a fictional subject, a character, that is copyrighted. It would be impossible to create a replacement image which would not be subject to the original author's copyright.
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 * Its use in the article Modesty Blaise (novel) is not redundant to the appearance of a separate first edition image as this cover art is featured in a prominent film, Pulp Fiction and this is discussed within the context of this article.

title: File:ModestyBlaise.jpg


text:
Daigo Fukuryū Maru

Daigo Fukuryū Maru (第五福龍丸) was a Japanese tuna fishing boat with a crew of 23 men which was contaminated by nuclear fallout from the United States Castle Bravo thermonuclear weapon test at Bikini Atoll on March 1, 1954.

The crew suffered acute radiation syndrome (ARS) for a number of weeks after the Bravo test in March. All recovered from the immediate effects of the American test detonation except for Kuboyama Aikichi, the boat's chief radioman, who died on September 23, 1954, from complications of radiation sickness. Kuboyama is considered the first victim of the hydrogen bomb and of test shot Castle Bravo.

Early days and final voyage
Built in March 1947 and launched from Koza, Wakayama, the boat was originally named Dainana Kotoshiro Maru (第七事代丸). It was a bonito boat and moored in Misaki Fishing Harbor, Kanagawa Prefecture. It was later remodeled into a tuna fishing boat. In 1953, it moved to Yaizu Port, Shizuoka Prefecture, with a new name, Daigo Fukuryū Maru, translated as Lucky Dragon No. 5 or the Fifth Lucky Dragon.

The Lucky Dragon No. 5 took five ocean voyages, the last of which began on January 22, 1954, and ended on March 14 of that year. The crew set off to go fishing in the Midway Sea near Midway Atoll, but when they lost most of their trawl nets to the sea, they altered their course southward near the Marshall Islands and encountered fallout from the Castle Bravo nuclear test at Bikini Atoll on March 1.

A map of the varying location of the boat in the days leading up to and after the day of the explosion is available. On March 1, the map depicts the vessel very near to the border of the US Navy issued "danger zone notice" dated October 10, 1953. Following March 1, the vessel charted a practically straight geodesic course back to its home port of Yaizu, passing the same latitude as Wake Island between March 4 and 6 and arriving at Yaizu on March 14.

The source of the map does not state how the map was created, that is, it does not state that the ship's log was consulted in the creation of the map, nor does it provide the navigator's measurements with the compass and sextant of the period. The exact position of the ship on the day of the explosion is therefore uncertain. Contemporary references give a figure of "80 miles (130 km) east of Bikini Atoll" without stating the method by which the distance was computed. According to a 1997 paper by Martha Smith-Norris, the ship was operating "14 miles" outside the 57,000 square mile "Danger Area", and it was not detected by radar or visual spotter planes.

Events surrounding March 1, 1954
The Daigo Fukuryū Maru (Lucky Dragon No. 5) encountered the fallout from the U.S. Castle Bravo nuclear test at Bikini Atoll, near the Marshall Islands, on March 1, 1954. When the test was held, the Daigo Fukuryū Maru was catching fish outside the danger zone that the U.S. government had declared in advance. However, the test was more than twice as powerful as predicted, and changes in weather patterns blew nuclear fallout, in the form of a fine ash, outside the danger zone. On that day, the sky in the west lit up like a sunset. The Daigo Fukuryū Maru was not damaged by the shock wave from the blast. However, several hours later white, radioactive dust made up of radioactive particles of coral and sand fell upon the ship. The fishermen attempted to escape from the area, but they took almost six hours to retrieve fishing gear from the sea and process fish (mainly shark and tuna) caught on the lines, exposing themselves to the radioactive fallout. The fishermen scooped the highly radioactive dust into bags with their bare hands. One fisherman, Oishi Matashichi, reported that he "took a lick" of the dust that fell on his ship, likening the falling material to 粉雪 ("powdered snow") and describing it as gritty but with no taste. The dust stuck to their bodies and the ship, entering their nasal passages and ears, irritating their eyes and collecting inside their underwear. Radiation sickness symptoms appeared later that day. Due to this, the fishermen called the white ash shi no hai (死の灰, death ash). The ash that fell upon the ship carried strontium-90, cesium-137, selenium-141, and uranium-237.

Events between March 2–14
During their return, the crew began showing symptoms of radiation poisoning as early as the evening after exposure. They experienced pain, headaches, nausea, dizziness, and diarrhea. Their eyes began to turn red and developed an itchy mucus. One crewman decided to keep some of the ash in order to have it analysed on their arrival home, but it was kept in a pouch hung from one of the bunks and was therefore in close proximity to the sleeping men for the duration of their return. Later analysis of the sample by, among others, Tokyo University determined that the ash was caused by a hydrogen bomb. The announcement of this news came as a large surprise to the Americans as they had persistently kept their nuclear experimentation secret.

By the third day, the men began to develop small blisters on their bodies that had been touched by the radioactive ash. Their faces also began to turn dark. A week into their return journey, their hair began to fall out. On March 11, the ship encountered rough seas causing them to dock late on March 14. This late arrival fortunately caused the contaminated fish to stay within the ship until the next morning. Thus, they were able to throw away much of the tuna once they discovered the radiation.

Events after return to Yaizu port

After their arrival, the men went to the Yaizu Public Hospital where the surgeon, Oi Toshiaki, applied a zinc ointment to their faces and sent them home. On March 15, 1954, engineer Yamamoto, deckhand Masuda and five others who were said to make up the "elderly" members of the crew were sent to the Tokyo University Hospital for treatment. There, they tested Masuda's bone marrow and found his white blood cell count at half the normal level. Japanese biophysicist Nishiwaki Yasushi immediately traveled from Osaka to Yaizu to examine the crew and their boat. He quickly concluded that they had been exposed to radioactive fallout and wrote a letter to the chief of the US Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) asking for more information on how to treat the crew. The crew members, suffering from nausea, headaches, burns, pain in the eyes, bleeding from the gums, and other symptoms, were diagnosed with acute radiation syndrome. The US did not respond to Nishiwaki's letter or to letters from other Japanese scientists requesting information and help, although the United States did dispatch two medical scientists to Japan to study the effects of fallout on the ship's crew and to assist their doctors. The remaining crew members were quarantined in Yaizu North Hospital with all of their clothes and belongings buried on the property. High levels of radiation were found in the men's hair and nails, and so the hospital was forced to cut off the rest of their hair.

There is a hint of criticism from one of the crewmembers, Oishi Matashichi, aimed at the then Japanese Foreign Minister Katsuo Okazaki in his book, citing the fact that despite the lingering resentment towards the US over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, and the suspicion that US officials were only interested in research rather than attempting to cure anyone of their subsequent bombing-related ailments, Foreign Minister Okazaki is said to have spoken frequently to the crew about the need for the Americans to be present during treatment. Indeed, Oishi goes as far as to say "The Foreign Minister usually stood on the American side, and it appeared that he was the American Foreign Minister (rather than our own)".

The men were all transferred to the Tokyo University Hospital. There they would remain for fourteen months or more in some cases. They were subjected to daily examinations and multiple blood samples. Bone marrow was also drawn from different areas on the men. Their red and white blood cells had dropped significantly, causing internal bleeding and bloody stools. They had constant high fevers, bled from their noses and gums, and had persistent diarrhea. Their sperm counts also fell to low numbers or in some cases, to none at all. For their treatment, the men were prescribed bed rest and given large quantities of antibiotics and blood transfusions. Dr. Morita Hisao reported that the men had developed acute panmyelosis, a disease that attacked their bone marrow destroying its ability to generate blood.

Around August 20, Kuboyama Aikichi's condition deteriorated. By August 29, he fell into critical condition after developing meningitis. He became delirious and violent, having to be tied to a bed on the floor. Kuboyama soon fell into a coma and developed pneumonia. On September 23, he became the first member of the crew to die from complications of radiation sickness. The remaining twenty-two crew members were released from the hospital on May 20, 1955 after fourteen months. They received yearly checkups to monitor the toll of long-term radiation sickness complications.

Health history of the surviving crew
Like the hibakusha, survivors of atomic bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, the Daigo Fukuryū Maru crew were stigmatized because of the Japanese public's fear of those exposed to radiation (it was commonly believed to be contagious). The crew tried to stay quiet about their exposure for decades, beginning with their discharge from hospital. Some crew members moved away from their homes to make a fresh start. However, unlike the hibakusha, the Lucky Dragon No. 5 crew did not qualify for medical care benefits that the survivors of the atom bomb were given.

After being released from the hospital, Oishi Matashichi left his hometown to open a dry cleaning business. Beginning in the 1980s, he frequently gave talks advocating nuclear disarmament. His first child was stillborn, which Oishi attributed to his own exposure to radiation. In 1992, Oishi developed cirrhosis of the liver but recovered after successful surgery. In 2011, he published a book titled, The Day the Sun Rose in the West: Bikini, the Lucky Dragon and I in English. The book combines his personal story, the story of the Daigo Fukuryū Maru, and declassified documents between the Japanese and American governments about the fallout's damage.

Former crew member Susumu Misaki opened a tofu shop after the incident. He died of lung cancer in Shizuoka Prefecture at the age of 92.

Another crew member, Masayoshi Kawashima (川島正義), tried to earn a living making pouches after his release from the hospital but it failed. Issues in his personal life led to a divorce. Kawashima returned to fishing but died soon after aged 47.

Crew member Sanjirō Masuda (増田三次郎) died aged 54 after contracting various illnesses and diseases including cirrhosis of the liver, sepsis, stomach ulcers and diabetes.

Crew member Yūichi Masuda (増田祐一) died aged 55 after collapsing suddenly in the field in which he was working and died less than ten days later. Again cirrhosis of the liver was cited as a cause.

Crew member Shinzō Suzuki (鈴木慎三) died on 18 June 1982 aged 57 on the Meishin Expressway (名神高速公路) after the truck he was driving was involved in a rear-end collision, and burned to death in the wreckage. When Oishi Matashichi contacted his widow (the accident happened four years before he discovered the fact because they had lost contact), she told him that her husband had suffered from general weakness, and cirrhosis of the liver was once again mentioned.

Crew member Hiroshi Kozuka (小塚博) was diagnosed with stomach cancer in March 1986. He, like some of the other crew, had been regularly attending annual check-ups which began in 1957 at the National Institute of Radiological Science (放射線医学総合研究所) in Chiba (千葉市). Despite having his regular check-up just a couple weeks before, the cancer was diagnosed by a local doctor shortly after stomach pains began and didn't subside. He underwent surgery and had two-thirds of his stomach removed. Apparently recovering well, he was diagnosed with pneumonia just a week later.

In 1987, chief engineer Chūji Yamamoto (山本忠司) was admitted to a hospital in Gamagori (蒲郡) the day before he was due to undergo his latest annual check-up. He was diagnosed with liver, colon and lung cancer. Oishi Matashichi made a visit to Yamamoto in hospital along with another crew member Tsutsui (筒井) on 21 February 1987, only for Yamamoto to succumb to his cancer thirteen days later on 6 March 1987 aged 60.

Crew member Kaneshige Takagi (高木兼重) succumbed to liver cancer aged 66; the news filtered through from Hoto Island (保戸島, part of Kyūshū) to Oishi Matashichi in December 1989. During the phone call received from the wife of Takagi, she mentioned that an employee at the crematorium told her that the bones of Takagi after cremation were the most thin and fragile that they'd ever seen.

Responsibility and remembrance
The US government refused to disclose the fallout's composition due to "national security", as the fallout's isotopic ratios—namely a percentage of uranium-237—could reveal the design of the Castle Bravo device through radio-chemical analysis. For instance, Joseph Rotblat may have deduced the staging nature of the device by studying the ratio and presence of tell-tale isotopes present in the fallout. As of 1954, the Soviet Union had not yet been successful with thermonuclear staging and such information could have assisted in their development of a thermonuclear weapon. Lewis Strauss, the head of the AEC, issued several denials that claimed the United States were not to blame. He also hypothesized that the lesions on the fishermen's bodies were not caused by radiation but by the chemical action of the caustic burnt lime that is produced when coral is calcined, and that they were inside the danger zone. He told President Eisenhower's press secretary that the Daigo Fukuryū Maru may have been a "red spy outfit", commanded by a Soviet agent intentionally exposing the ship's crew and catch in order to embarrass the USA and gain intelligence on the test's device.

Later, the United States expanded the danger zone and it was revealed that in addition to the Daigo Fukuryū Maru, many other fishing boats were in the expanded zone at the time. It is estimated that about one hundred fishing boats were contaminated to some degree by fallout from the test. Despite denials by Lewis Strauss concerning the extent of the claimed contamination of the fish caught by Daigo Fukuryu Maru and other ships, the FDA later imposed rigid restrictions on tuna imports.

At first, the US claimed that the extent of the Lucky Dragon incident contamination was trivial. Later, the United States paid Kuboyama's widow and children the equivalent in yen of about $2,800 ($26,700 in 2020). The tragedy of the Daigo Fukuryū Maru gave rise to a fierce anti-nuclear movement in Japan, rising especially from the fear that the contaminated fish had entered the market. The Japanese and U.S. governments negotiated a compensation settlement, with the transfer to Japan of a compensation of $15,300,000, of which the fishery received a compensation of $2 million, with the surviving crew receiving about ¥ 2 million each, ($5,550 in 1954, $52,800 in 2020). It was also agreed that the victims would not be given hibakusha status. The Japanese government pledged that it would not pursue further reparations from the U.S. government.

In the 1990s, Oishi Matashichi worked to erect a memorial for the tuna impacted by the fallout. He gathered small donations and raised enough to erect a stone memorial called "The Tuna Epitaph" at the Tsukiji market. While the stone was being moved they erected a metal plaque within the market.

Post-contamination
When it was first docked at the fish market in Yaizu, the ship gave off radiation that could be detected 100 feet from the ship. A Geiger counter detected 120 millirentgens on the deck of the ship. These high numbers caused Dr. Shiokawa to order the ship moved to Yaizu's north pier and guarded by police. The various items aboard the ship, from cabbage leaves to dead cockroaches, were tested and showed high levels of radiation.

On March 22, the future of the ship became a debate between the U.S. military, the Japanese government and scientists. The United States military proposed moving the ship to their base at Yokosuka to be disposed of. Minister without portfolio Ando Masazumi argued that the ship should be kept for three months, parts saved for scientific research, and the rest of the ship scuttled. Professor Nakaizumi of Tokyo University argued that the Japanese government should purchase the ship for residual radiation research. On August 22, the ship was purchased by the Japanese government and towed to the Tokyo University of Fisheries. In 1956, the ship was refitted and renamed as Hayabusa Maru and put to use as a training vessel.

The public outcry against the government's handling of the Daigo Fukuryū Maru, its crew, and the lack of information about fallout kindled an anti-nuclear and anti-American movement. After the ship docked and received national attention, municipal, prefecture and national assemblies passed resolutions in support of limiting or banning nuclear testing. After the death of Kuboyama, the movement expanded. In Tokyo, the National Council for a Petition Movement to Ban Atomic and Hydrogen bombs was founded. This group began an annual ban-the-bomb convention in 1955. At the first World Conference, a new organization called the Japan Council Against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs formed to expand the movement and moved to include the hibakusha. The anti-nuclear movement eventually culminated in demonstrations against the United States-Japan Security Treaty in 1960.

On June 11, 1970, the Daigo Fukuryū Maru received media attention as it still sat in garbage within the canal. The area was cleaned up and made into a park. The ship was pulled from the water and put on public display as a symbol of opposition to nuclear weapons in an exhibit hall in Tokyo.

The Daigo Fukuryū Maru was deemed safe for public viewing and was preserved in 1976. It is now on display in Tokyo at the Tokyo Metropolitan Daigo Fukuryū Maru Exhibition Hall.

Media

 * The 1954 Toho film Godzilla was inspired in part by this event. The ship itself appears on a poster in the 2001 film Godzilla, Mothra and King Ghidorah: Giant Monsters All-Out Attack, which also features Godzilla coming ashore and wreaking havoc in the Yaizu area.
 * The book and anime Tobiuo no Boya wa Byoki desu was based on this event.
 * A poem, Japon Balıkçısı (The Japanese Fishermen), was written in 1956 by Turkish poet Nâzım Hikmet Ran about the events.
 * A short novel, Ash of Bikini by Lev Petrov and Arkady Strugatsky, closely following the incident, was published in 1956 in Russian. Part of it was republished in a tutorial for schoolchildren nine years later.
 * Ralph Lapp wrote The Voyage of the Lucky Dragon, which was published in 1958. It was reviewed on the front page of The New York Times Book Review.
 * A film version of the events, Daigo Fukuryū Maru (1959), was directed and screenwritten by Kaneto Shindo, and produced by Kindai Eiga Kyokai and Shin Seiki Eiga.
 * The 1955 radio play Die japanischen Fischer by the West German Wolfgang Weyrauch was inspired by these events.
 * Artist Tarō Okamoto created the painting Moeru hito (Burning People) in response to the Lucky Dragon No. 5. The painting was displayed in the Fifth World Conference Against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs in 1959. He also included the ship in his mural Myth of Tomorrow in Shibuya railway station.
 * West German composer Herbert Eimert composed Epitaph für Aikichi Kuboyama (für Sprecher und Sprachklänge) from 1957 to 1962 at the Studio for Electronic Music (WDR), in which the grave inscription of the fisherman is first narrated by Richard Münch and then repeated and manipulated in an electroacoustic manner.

Nuclear incidents involving Japan

 * Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945)
 * Mutsu (nuclear ship) (1974)
 * Tokaimura nuclear accident (1997, 1999)
 * Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (Okuma, 2011)

title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru