text:
Neil Fairbrother

Neil Fairbrother (born Neil Harvey Fairbrother; 9 September 1963) is an English former cricketer who played 75 One Day International matches and 10 Test matches as a batsman for England. Fairbrother, named by his mother after her favourite player, the Australian cricketer Neil Harvey, was educated at Lymm Grammar School and played his county cricket for Lancashire. Although primarily a one day player at international level, he had strong success in the County Championship and had a first class high score of 366. He was a part of the English squad which finished as runners-up at the 1992 Cricket World Cup.

Fairbrother retired from all cricket in 2002, and became Director of Cricket at International Sports Management. He was also a player manager for a time, managing among others Andrew Flintoff. In February 2018, Fairbrother set up Phoenix Management.

Domestic career
Fairbrother played for Lancashire, Transvaal and England. He was team captain of Lancashire in 1992–1993. Cricket writer, Colin Bateman, described Fairbrother as "an inventive, intelligent left-hander".

In 1990, Fairbrother scored 366 for Lancashire against Surrey at The Oval. 311 of his runs came in a single day, and his feat is unique in that he scored at least 100 runs in each of the three sessions that day. Another milestone came in 1998, when he became the first man to play in ten Lord's one-day domestic cricket cup finals. Fairbrother finished on the winning side in seven of these finals, including the Benson and Hedges Cup in 1984, when he top-scored for his side aged 20, and both the Benson and Hedges Cup and NatWest Trophy in both 1990 and 1996. He also helped Lancashire to success in the Refuge Assurance Cup in 1988 and the National League (formerly the Refuge Assurance League) in 1989 and 1999.

International career
Fairbrother made his international debut on 2 April 1987, in a One Day International against India. Following a match-winning century against a West Indies side including Malcolm Marshall, Curtly Ambrose and Courtney Walsh at Lord's in 1991, he established himself as a regular in middle-order of the one-day side for several years. Test success, however, proved elusive. Bowled for a duck on his debut, he made just ten Test appearances for England, with only one half-century from 15 innings, at an average of 15.64. However, his international honours included appearing for England in three Cricket World Cups. Chief among the world cup appearances was the 1992 World Cup Final where Fairbrother topscored for England with a gritty 62 off 70 balls and almost pulled off an improbable chase.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Neil Fairbrother


text:
Category talk:Cities in Canada

Using Cities in XXX is totally inconsistent with the rest of the subcategories for provinces. The convention has been to use whatever. e.g.
 * Category:Alberta communities
 * Category:Alberta geography
 * Category:Alberta politics
 * Category:Alberta rivers

Now, someone wants to totally throw that out of the window without any discussion on the matter. RedWolf 01:05, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Cities in Canada


text:
User:Foreignkid

Welcome to Wikipedia. -- The Anome 01:05, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Foreignkid


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Halo 3

Halo 3
Halo 3 was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect.
 * We don't need a page for rumors for unpublished game, of which the unpublished game is not important enough. --SYSS Mouse 01:06, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Isn't this what Ain't-It-Cool and Slashdot are for? Let them handle the rumor mills, they do it so much better. Delete. Inky 01:19, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a rumors site.  Bungie (Halo developer) has not even mentioned anywhere anything about Halo 3.  --Randy 01:29, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * While Halo is arguably an important series in the history of gaming, this article is fancruft and uncorroborable rumor. The second one just came out, people! Delete. Suntiger 01:32, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Extreme delete. Pure, unadulterated speculation.  —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 01:41, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The article is not verifiable because it is all rumors, and the rumors are quite apparently untrue and uncharacteristic of the Halo series (at least, vehicle and race names.) There are no sources listed. --Tomilius 01:49, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Halo (video game series), which has all the content needed about Halo 3 for the time being. -- Cyrius|✎ 02:15, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree with Cyrius; redirect. BLANKFAZE  | (что??) 02:37, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * The content prior to Cyrius's redirect was a delete candidate as unverifiable. Keep the redirect in order to prevent the rumors from reappearing.  Rossami (talk) 03:07, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I can agree with that. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 06:48, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Uh, am I missing something? Why can't we talk about this, unless it's patent nonsense? This is the kind of thing a lot of people will want to know. We must think of the reader, not whether we think it's silly or not. I vote to keep and just monitor it carefully, unless it is indeed patent nonsense. Everyking 11:11, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * If you're referring to the content that was previously there, it was entirely nonsense speculation after the second sentence of the second paragraph. Halo (video game series) already contained the non-nonsense content when I redirected to it. I should note that I'm not intending this redirect to be permanent, only to stay until there's something verifiable to say about the game. -- Cyrius|✎ 15:44, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, was it nonsense, or was it just rumors? I don't see anything wrong with including rumors, provided they are stated as rumors. But if there's no way to determine if these are indeed rumors with any kind of circulation, then of course we could delete on grounds of lack of verifiability. Everyking 16:54, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * It was absolute speculative nonsense, not rumors. See Talk:Halo 3 and the article's history. The only rumor with any currency is the assumption of Halo 3's existence based on the ending of Halo 2. -- Cyrius|✎ 19:13, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Then I'll take your word for it and change my vote to redirect. Everyking 00:19, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep or Keep as redirect. Game is, I believe, announced, or at least clearly in development based on the end of Halo 2 and the sales of Halo 2. We have Harry Potter: Book Seven and Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince, both of which are primarily rumors. As long as the rumors are documented in some sane fashion ("Gamestop reports that," and "Fan speculation on the Halo message boards widely tended towards") I'm OK with reporting them. Snowspinner 18:36, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * How about a nice compromise? :) We move all the content to Halo (video game series), clearly state it as mostly (or all) rumors, and make this page into a redirect. I believe the content itself deserves to be on Wikipedia, perhaps not to have an entire page devoted to it. LockeShocke 20:24, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree with redirect, but would prefer that unsubstantiated rumors not be merged. -Sean Curtin 23:01, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete or redirect. This is an article about something that does not exist. --L. Pistachio 03:44, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Extreme Delete To The Max Ex Plus Alpha 5. Seriously, though, make it a redirect to the Halo series or nix the thing, otherwise it's going to attract loads of conjecture before the game's even announced. Also, rumours should not be the bulk of the wikipedia's knowledge on a subject, whether that subject has its own article or is included in another. There's a difference between "Blah blah blah, blah, blah, may support MP3 playback" and "So the Chief may, it is conjectured, shoot walruses at space hippos with his ninja powers. Other conjecture supposes that they will be ninjas shot with walrus powers. But nobody's made an announcement yet so we're basing a potential subject on dust and echoes". Where was I? Yes, delete the rumours. Sockatume 08:39, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * In fact, it doesn't even qualify as conjecture or rumours, it's just stuff folk have made up. There's no attempt to ground any of it in the actual evidence or reality presented. And then they stick a "spoiler" warning on it. Even in my brutally brain-mangled low-sleep state I can tell it needs to be removed. Sockatume 08:49, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * That is one of the best things I've ever read. And only slighly more ridiculous than some of the things the anonymous author of most of this page's content has been spewing through the Halo articles. -- Cyrius|✎ 18:34, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Halo 3


text:
Category talk:Cities in Saskatchewan

Correct category by whose standards? RedWolf 01:06, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Cities in Saskatchewan


text:
Talk:List of Latin American Jews

[Untitled]
How can Jamie Lynn-Sigler be considered Cuban when in her bio it says her mother was Puerto Rican?? There is a difference between the two countries! which of the two is she???? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Curiosasiempre (talk • contribs) 19:43, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Should Mexico be in here? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.185.181.191 (talk) 06:09, 18 June 2013 (UTC)

Politicians

 * Ivonne Attas, actress very famous in the 70s, and former mayor of the Baruta Municipality, in Caracas)

 * Shully Rosenthal, member of the Chacao Municipality Council for Primero Justicia

 * Ruth de Krivoy, former president of the Central Bank of Venezuela

 * Lolita Aniyar de Castro, ex member of parliament for Democratic Action and former governor of the state of Zulia

 * Paulina Gamus de Almosny, ex member of parliament for Democratic Action

 * Sofía Imber, journalist and former director of the Museum of Modern Art

 * Teodoro Petkoff Malec, journalist, founder of Movement toward Socialism (MAS) and founder and editor of the newspaper Tal Cual

 * Ricardo Hausmann, former Minister of CORDIPLAN (ministry of planning) and well-known economist

 * Senta Essenfeld de Breuer, former Minister for the Family

 * Esther de Margulis, former president of FOGADE

 * Ruth Lerner de Almea, former Minister of Education and ex-ambassador to the UNESCO

 * Moisés Naím, former Minister of Trade and Commerce and current editor of the magazine Foreign Policy

(Primero Justicia) of the Baruta Municipality, in Caracas.
 * Henrique Capriles Radonsky, current Mayor (2000-2008)

Writers

 * Alicia Freilich, author
 * Isaac Chocrón, novelist
 * Samuel Akinín Levy, author of several poems and novels

Celebrities

 * Gabriela Benhamú, model

 * Rosalinda Serfaty Rosenstock, actress

 * Menachem Belilty, comedian

 * Amador Bendayán, Comedian Actor and Show Host (11 November 1920 - 1989)

 * Jonathan Jakubowicz, movie director (Secuestro express, the best-selling Venezuelan movie of all times; Distance)

Sport Stars

 * Maurice Ruah, tennis player

Elia K.Schneider the most awarded woman film director of Venezuela
 * Danny Chocrón, open water swimming world champion

Singers & Musicians

 * Ilan Chester (born Ilan Czentochowski), singer and composer

 * Karina, pop-ballade singer

 * Caro Belilty, pop rock singer and song writer

Physicians

 * Lía Imber de Coronil, the first woman in Venezuela that became a doctor

 * Baruj Benacerraf, Nobel Prize of Medicine (Venezuelan-born)

 * Elías Benarroch, researcher who discovered the anopheles mosquito as a transmitter of malaria

 * Martín Mayer, founder of Instituto de Medicina Tropical

Business Entrepreneurs

 * Salomón Cohen Levy, founder of Grupo Sambil

 * Ivan Lansberg Henriquez, noted businessman (Insurance), University Professor and humanist (deceased Sept 20, 2006).

Other

 * Klara Ostfeld, author of several cook books

 * Juana Sujo (born Juana Sujokovich), playwright, drama teacher and actress

 * Offer Zaks, Israeli-born modern dancer (bio in Spanish)

 * Moisés Kaufman, playwright and media director

 * Elia Schneider, movie director (Huelepega)(Punto y Raya) (Des-autorizados) (article in Spanish)

 * Samuel Belilty, journalist

 * What happened to the List of Venezuelan Jews? I've been busy for a few days and haven't logged in, but I recently did my best to try and cleanup, categorize, move, and tag the article/list, yet now it seems that it has been deleted.  Who deleted this list before it even had a chance to be improved, expanded, sourced?  --WassermannNYC 01:54, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

It wasn't deleted - someone tried to do so by turning it into a redirect, but I have reverted.--20.138.246.89 12:05, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Articles containing absolutely no references of notability are subject to removal. Names that were confirmed as notable were moved to this page as there is no point of having a separate list with 10 names. One week will be given for Wassermann and yourself to confirm these people are notables and Jewish. If confirmations are not available when that time comes, the list will be redirected to here and this talk page again. Usedup 03:46, 15 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Why aren't you targeting the dozens of other Lists of Jews or List of Latin American Jews, over 90% of which contain ZERO sources? --WassermannNYC 05:29, 18 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I have been. This one is just the hands down worst. In about two days, I'm moving all red-linked unsourced and/or non-notables to the talk page, in which case they can be returned when proof of notability and Judaism exist. Look at List of Chilean Jews and List of Mexican Jews. After this, its List of Brazilian Jews. List of Argentine Jews looks ok as of now. Usedup 12:09, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

Oscar Niemeyer
Is there any evidence that he is Jewish? --PMLF

 * Good question. While I remember reading something to that effect, the lack of any reliable online evidence seems fairly damning for such a prominent figure, so I've removed him. -Juko

 * I am Brazilian and I've never ever heard him talking about any Jewish origins. PMLF 02:57, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Thankyou for removing Oscar Niemeyer from the list -- my first ever contribution to the Wikipedia. In fact he IS Jewish! After the fall of President Kuybichek of Brazil, who was his patron, he fled to Israel and there designed the main building of Haifa University in my native city. I would appreciate it if someone else verified what I wrote so that Niemeyer could be rightfully added again to the list. RCSB, 12 March 2005

"Brasilia, our capital, is an example of modernity and was planed by Jewish architect Oscar Niemeyer." --Brownlee 12:08, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

Nicolás Massu
i removed nicolas massu from the list, i think that if he's only added because his mother is jewish toncs of other "celbrities" should be added as well.

 * As noted on List of Jews (and discussed at length elsewhere), the word 'Jew' refers to both a religion and an ethnicity. It is the second sense that makes it meaningful to describe someone as 'half-Jewish', just as Salma Hayek is half-Lebanese and Jennifer Aniston is half-Greek. As long as these cases are clearly marked out, current policy is to include them in lists such as these. In Massu's case, his exposure to his mother's (and grandfather's) Jewishness definitely had some effect on him, even if not in a religious way. (A separate point is that according to halacha, having a Jewish mother makes one a Jew). Juko 21:07, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Dates of Jewish community in Latin America
This article states that Jewish immigration to Latin America dates from the 19th century. That is incorrect: Jewish immigration to Latin America began with the Spanish Inquisition. In the 16th century there were significant Jewish communities in several countries. The first synagogue in Latin America dates from 1636 (in Recife, then a Dutch colony), so it is wrong to date the beginning of Jewish immigration to the 19th century. Andrei827 21:43, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Please read History of the Jews in Latin America. Jews did move to SA around the inquisition but the numbers were so small that it can hardly be considered immigration, which did not become organized or its number significant until the 19th century.
 * --Sebastian Kessel Talk 22:18, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

 * You should reconsider your position on this. The introductory sentence, as it stands, is misleading because it denies the history of Latin American Jews before the 19th century. Here is a good article on the subject that demonstrates the Jewish community of Recife was both significant and organized. Just because the pre-19th century Jews were Sephardic and not Ashkenazi does not mean they ought to be written out of the history. --Andrei827 22:45, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

 * What do Sephardic and Ashkenazi have to do with all this? This article is merely a list of Jewish people, saying it denies history is an exaggeration, to say the least. Having said that, please refer to the new introduction, I hope you find it more to your liking.
 * --Sebastian Kessel Talk 22:56, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

Trotsky
I don't believe we should include non-Latin American personalities here. A lot of foreign born jews lived in LatAm, but we shouldn't include them. Only those born (or naturalized) in any of the countries.

Sebastian Kessel Talk 00:33, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

Sorry, But Jose Galat no is a Colombian Jew, Is a Colombian of Arabian Ancestries! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.29.143.118 (talk) 16:16, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

uncited material
now that this list has been properly kept, we can properly maintain it. Generally, lists of people like this have an inclusion statement that 'to be listed, there must be WP article or citations showing that the person meets certain criteria', in this case, Latin American, Jewish, and notable. People who do not meet this criteria may just be deleted or may be moved to the talk page where the names can wait until such time as they do have an article or the citations.

It seems the talk page has such a list (not well identiifed), so it looks like we need to move a bunch of items from the list to the talk page. What do other editers think?

Thanks Hmains (talk) 19:02, 5 June 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:List of Latin American Jews


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Category talk:Cities in Alberta

category stucture is inefficient
How many levels up do I need to go to get from here to category: Alberta?I know it is against the rules, but I added this category to the list of parents to save others the journey XOttawahitech (talk) 15:30, 23 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Category:Alberta has enough categories. 117Avenue (talk) 22:34, 23 June 2013 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Cities in Alberta


text:
Welt (album)

Welt (stylized as weLt) is the debut studio album by the band ohGr, formed by Nivek Ogre of Skinny Puppy, and musician/engineer Mark Walk. The song "Water" has been featured in the motion pictures Life as a House and for the end titles in Kill Theory. The album artwork was created by comic book artist Roman Dirge.

Track listing
All songs written by Nivek Ogre and Mark Walk.

Singles
"Cracker" and "Pore" were issued in a limited edition 12-inch promotional vinyl single.

Personnel

 * Nivek Ogre
 * Mark Walk
 * William Rieflin – additional percussion (3), additional instrumentation (6)
 * Scott Crane – additional instrumentation (6)
 * Roman Dirge – artwork

title: Welt (album)


text:
VOAR-FM

VOAR-FM (96.7 MHz) is a Canadian radio station, which airs a Christian radio format. It is licensed to Mount Pearl, Newfoundland and Labrador, and serves the St. John's metropolitan area. VOAR is owned by the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Newfoundland and Labrador. Its radio studios and offices are on Topsail Road in Mount Pearl.

VOAR-FM is a Class C FM station. The transmitter is off Kenmount Road, also in Mount Pearl. The effective radiated power (ERP) is 100,000 watts, the maximum for most Canadian FM stations.

Programming
VOAR airs a blend of Christian talk and teaching programs along with Contemporary Christian music. Religious leaders heard on VOAR include Charles Stanley, Jim Daly, Joni Eareckson Tada and Chuck Swindoll.

Early years
VOAR first began broadcasting in the fall of 1929 as 8BSL. In 1930, the station was renamed 8RA. It received the call sign VONA (Voice of the North Atlantic) in 1931 (using the ITU prefix VO that was assigned to the Dominion of Newfoundland before it joined Canada. It later switched to VOAC (Voice of the Adventist Church) in 1933, then once more to its current call sign, VOAR (Voice of Adventist Radio) in 1938.  VOAR is one of four Canadian stations, along with VOWR 800, VOCM 590 and VOCM-FM 97.5, to still use call signs beginning with VO rather than C.

Over the years, the station switched its frequency several times. From the 1950s through 1991, it broadcast at 1230 kHz, originally powered at only 100 watts.

It then moved to its final AM frequency, 1210. The new dial position was coupled with a boost in power to 10,000 watts, which was approved by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) in 1991. But because 1210 is a clear channel frequency reserved for Class A WPHT Philadelphia, VOAR used a directional antenna to avoid interference. It later moved its city of license from St. John's to Mount Pearl, the community where its transmitter and studios are located.

Expanding through Canada
In 2002, VOAR began adding a network of FM rebroadcasters, while the main station was still being heard on the AM band in St. John's. At first, the rebroadcasting stations were in small communities around Newfoundland and Labrador.

In recent years, VOAR has expanded into other provinces and territories. It currently has about 30 rebroadcasters, stretching across Canada. It is heard in four provinces and in the Northwest Territories.

Moving to FM
On October 6, 2016, the CRTC received an application from VOAR to move to the FM band, with the call sign VOAR-FM. The proposed new station would have an effective radiated power (ERP) of 100,000 watts. At the same time, it would shut down its AM signal and its Bay Roberts repeater, VOAR-1-FM 95.9. The other VOAR repeaters would begin simulcasting the new FM signal. Reasons for the conversion request stated in the application were listener confusion with VOWR 800 AM (both stations receive each other's mail), signal reception issues in portions of the St. John's area, and the AM station's transmitter (installed in 1990) reaching the end of its usable life.

On June 27, 2017, the CRTC approved VOAR's application to replace its AM radio station VOAR and its rebroadcaster in Bay Roberts. The new FM station in Mount Pearl would operate at 96.7 MHz with an ERP of 100,000 watts using a non-directional antenna at a height above average terrain (HAAT) of 156.8 metres. VOAR began testing its new FM transmitter in December 2018. It officially signed on the air the following month.

VOAR completed its transitions to FM with the station's moniker becoming Lighthouse FM. On January 10, 2020, the AM signal shut down.

Rebroadcasters
In 2002, VOAR added several FM rebroadcasters in various parts of the province, too far from St. John's to get a clear signal from the AM transmitter. Over the years, other rebroadcasters were added in other Canadian provinces and territories. VOAR is also carried across Canada on Bell Satellite TV Channel 950 and locally on Rogers Cable Channel 929.

A new broadcasting license was issued in 2008. Also in 2008, several transmitters were put on the air in British Columbia.

The station also had repeaters in Prince George, British Columbia 107.3 (VF2510); Kamloops 105.1 (VF2525); Kelowna 98.9; and Oliver 106.1 (VF2524), but they were taken off the air due to licensing issues with the CRTC in January 2009. The station also had applications to expand into 25 additional communities in British Columbia in early 2009.

title: VOAR-FM


text:
John Drew Barrymore

John Drew Barrymore (born John Blyth Barrymore Jr.; June 4, 1932 – November 29, 2004) was an American film actor and member of the Barrymore family of actors, which included his father, John Barrymore, and his father's siblings, Lionel and Ethel. He was the father of four children, including actor John Blyth Barrymore and actress Drew Barrymore. Diana Barrymore was his half-sister from his father's second marriage.

Early life
Barrymore was born in Los Angeles to John Barrymore (born John Blyth) and silent film actress Dolores Costello. His parents separated when he was 18 months old, and he rarely saw his father afterward. Educated at private schools, he made his film debut at 17, billed as John Barrymore Jr. One of the schools he attended was the Hollywood Professional School. His mother attempted to dissuade him from entering acting, sending him to St. John’s Military Academy. In 1945, at age 13, Barrymore and his cousin Dirk Drew Davenport enlisted in the United States Navy to fight in World War II, posing as 17 year olds. As both were tall for their age, the military did not discover until several weeks later that the boys were below the minimum enlistment age and they were subsequently sent home.

Early films
Barrymore's film career began with a small role in The Sundowners (1950), a Western with Robert Preston. As he was a minor he needed his mother's permission. His fee was $7,500. He was promoted to leading man in just his second movie, the Western High Lonesome (1950), written and directed by Alan Le May, who also wrote Barrymore's next film, Quebec (1951). He starred in The Big Night (1951), written and directed by Joseph Losey, and was in Thunderbirds (1952) with John Derek at Republic. In 1953, he was briefly jailed for failing to appear on three old traffic charges.

Television
Barrymore's films were not particularly successful. He moved into television, guest-starring on shows like Schlitz Playhouse and The 20th Century-Fox Hour . He performed in TV movies, including The Reluctant Redeemer (1954), The Adventures of Lt. Contee (1955), and appeared in several episodes of Matinee Theatre. In 1957 he directed an episode of Matinee Theatre, "One for All." "Television gives me the chance to do what movies didn't," he said. In 1955, Barrymore was sued by Lanny Budd Productions for not making a series of movies in Europe. Barrymore counter-sued. In 1967, he was cast in the role of Lazarus in the Star Trek: The Original Series episode The Alternative Factor but did not show up on the first day of shooting. He was suspended from acting for six months after Star Trek filled a grievance. The role was then recast with Robert Brown in the part.

Barrymore returned to features with supporting parts in While the City Sleeps (1956), for director Fritz Lang, and The Shadow on the Window (1957). In 1957, he appeared in a production of Romeo and Juliet at the Pasadena Playhouse with Margaret O'Brien. He guest starred in Playhouse 90 (the original production of The Miracle Worker), Climax!, Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse and Wagon Train.

In 1958, he changed his middle name to Drew, although he had previously been credited in past works as Blyth. He had a supporting role in High School Confidential! (1958) at MGM, and the lead in Never Love a Stranger and MGM's interracial drama, Night of the Quarter Moon (1959) with Julie London. In December 1958, he was sentenced to three weekends in prison after a drunken public fight with his wife in a parking lot. In January 1959, his ex-wife sued for nonpayment of alimony. In March 1959, he was arrested for suspected hit-and-run drunk driving. In October 1959, he quit the touring company of Look Homeward, Angel after a week and a half of rehearsals.

Europe
Barrymore traveled to Italy to star in The Cossacks (1960) with Edmund Purdom. He stayed in Italy for the next few years with lead or main cast roles including appearances in The Night They Killed Rasputin (1960, playing Felix Yusupov), The Pharaohs' Woman (1961), The Centurion (1961), The Trojan Horse (1961, playing Ulysses), Pontius Pilate (1961, playing both Judas and Jesus), Invasion 1700 (1962) and Rome Against Rome (1964).

During his five years in Europe, Barrymore appeared in the UK film The Christine Keeler Story (1963, filmed in Denmark) as Stephen Ward.

Return to LA
Barrymore returned to Los Angeles. He announced he made 16 films abroad, but "I'm not going to do anything bad any more. I feel I'm straightened out and down the block. Somewhere around the block I lost half my ego, so I don't work for applause." He also said he had started to write scripts. He guest starred on episodes of various television series, including Gunsmoke, Rawhide, The Wild Wild West, Run for Your Life, Jericho, and Dundee and the Culhane, and appeared in the 1967 television film Winchester '73.

Barrymore's antisocial and erratic behavior continued to obstruct his professional progress. In the 1960s, he was occasionally incarcerated for drug use, public drunkenness, and spousal abuse. In 1964, he went to prison for possession of marijuana.

In 1966, Barrymore was signed to play a guest role as Lazarus in the Star Trek episode "The Alternative Factor". However, he failed to show up (replaced at the last minute by Robert Brown), resulting in a SAG suspension of six months.

Later years
After the SAG suspension was served to Barrymore in 1967, he sporadically worked on-screen, sometimes with a few years between appearances.

In 1967, he was imprisoned for possession of drugs following a car crash. In 1969, he was again arrested for possession of drugs after another car accident.

Barrymore eventually withdrew from acting, with his final two appearances being a 1974 episode of Kung Fu and an uncredited role in the 1976 film Baby Blue Marine. Barrymore suffered from the same addiction problems that had destroyed his father. Although he continued to appear occasionally onscreen, he became reclusive, disappearing into the wilderness to live a mystical existence that has also been described as derelict. He was estranged from his family, including his children, and his lifestyle continued to worsen as his physical and mental health deteriorated.

In 2003, his daughter Drew moved him near her home, despite their estrangement. She paid his medical bills until his death from cancer the following year at age 72. She spread his ashes at Joshua Tree National Park, John's favorite place. He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to television.

Personal life
All of Barrymore's marriages ended in divorce. His first marriage was to actress Cara Williams in 1952; they had one child, John Blyth Barrymore (b. 1954), before they divorced in 1959. A year later, in 1960, Barrymore married Gabriella Palazzoli. Their daughter, Blyth Dolores Barrymore, was born that same year. Their marriage lasted 10 years before ending in divorce in 1970.

 * Cara Williams (1953–1959) (divorced) (1 child)
 * John Blyth Barrymore III, born May 15, 1954
 * Gabriella Palazzoli (1960–1970) (divorced) (1 child)
 * Blyth Dolores Barrymore, born 1960
 * Ildiko Jaid Mako (1971–1984) (divorced) (1 child)
 * Drew Barrymore, born February 22, 1975
 * Nina Wayne (1985–1994) (divorced) (1 child)
 * Brahma (Jessica) Blyth Barrymore (1966–2014)

Filmography
• The Sundowners (1950) – Jeff Cloud, the Younger Brother

• High Lonesome (1950) – Cooncat

• Quebec (1951) – Mark Douglas

• The Big Night (1951) – George La Main

• Thunderbirds (1952) – Pvt. Tom McCreery

• While the City Sleeps (1956) – Robert Manners

• The Shadow on the Window (1957) – Jess Reber

• High School Confidential (1958) – J.I. Coleridge

• Never Love a Stranger (1958) – Francis 'Frankie' Kane

• Desilu Playhouse (1958, episode: "Silent Thunder")

• Wagon Train (1958, episode: "The Ruttledge Munroe Story") – Ruttledge Munroe

• Rawhide (1959–1965, TV series) – Danny Hawks / Harry Eccles / Harry Tasunka

• Night of the Quarter Moon (1959) – Roderic 'Chuck' Nelson

• The Cossacks (1960) – Jamal

• The Night They Killed Rasputin (1960) – Prince Felix Yousoupoff

• (1960) – Walter

• The Pharaohs' Woman (1960) – Sabaku prince of Bubastis

• The Centurion (1961) – Diaeus

• The Trojan Horse (1961) – Ulysses

• Pontius Pilate (1962) – Judas / Jesus

• Invasion 1700 (1962) – Bohun

• Weapons of War (1963) – Lotario Duchesca

• The Keeler Affair (1963) – Dr. Stephen Ward

• Natika (1963)

• Rome Against Rome (AKA War of the Zombies) (1964) – Aderbad

• Death on the Four Poster (1964) – Anthony

• Crimine a due (1964) – Paul Morand

• The Wild Wild West (1965, episode: "The Night of the Double-Edged Knife") – American Knife

• Gunsmoke (1965, TV series) – Mace Gore / Anderson

• Winchester '73 (1967, TV movie) – Preacher

• The Clones (1973) – Brooks Brothers Hippie

• Kung Fu (1974, episode: "A Dream Within a Dream") – Alex McGregor

• Baby Blue Marine (1976)

title: John Drew Barrymore


text:
Cheloniinae

Cheloniinae is a subfamily of the sea turtle family Cheloniidae. Its parent superfamily is Chelonioidea.

The members of the subfamily, and genera that make it up, are:

title: Cheloniinae


text:
VOWR

VOWR (800 kHz) is a non-commercial, listener-supported radio station in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The station is operated by the Wesley United Church of Canada with studios and offices at 101 Patrick Street.

VOWR is a Class B AM station. By day, it transmits 10,000 watts. To avoid interference at night, VOWR reduces power to 2,500 watts. It uses a non-directional antenna. The transmitter is off Mount Scio Road in the Pippy Park section of St. John's.

Programming
VOWR airs a mix of 30% Christian radio programming and 70% secular programming. Secular programming includes adult standards from the 1940s through the 1970s, along with classical, folk, classic country, oldies, marching band and beautiful music. There are also interviews and informational programs including "Consumer Reports," a gardening show, the 50+ Radio Show and others on a wide range of subjects.

VOWR is staffed by volunteers, many of them former broadcasters in the public and private local broadcasting industry.

History
VOWR first signed on the air on. Its original experimental call sign was 8WMC, which stood for the Wesley Methodist Church. Reverend Joseph G. Joyce (1889–1959) started the station to provide a companion to people unable to get to services, but it soon expanded to provide public service programming and entertainment.

Callsign
VOWR is one of just four broadcast radio stations in Canada whose callsigns do not begin with CB (for the CBC), CF, CH, CI, CJ, or CK. The others, VOCM, VOCM-FM and VOAR-FM, are also based in the St. John's area. With exception of VOCM-FM, which launched in 1982, all of these stations were founded before Newfoundland joined the Canadian Confederation in 1949. The ITU prefix VO was originally assigned to Newfoundland and remains in use by radio amateurs.

title: VOWR


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User talk:Trench

Wiki-wiki-wa-wa-west. Or something.

WikiProject Mixed martial arts article improvement drive
WikiProject Mixed martial arts is now taking suggestions for the new MMA article improvement drive! Please add your input to decide what our first collaboration should be. VegaDark 21:35, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

UFC 84
A discussion is happening right now on the fate of UFC 84. Because the outcome of this discussion could affect other MMA event pages and how/when they are created, your input would be greatly appreciated. The discussion is happening here. Thank you for your assistance! Gromlakh (talk) 17:51, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Pridefc highoctane poster.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Pridefc highoctane poster.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 00:58, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

Cro-Cop.
Can you please, please lock the Mirko Filipovic article? I'm not sure if you created it, but for some reason, people keep vandalizing it. Even if you didn't make the article, can you please fix the edits? Namely, his MMA record. LogicalCreator (talk) 05:37, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Trench


text: User talk:80.142.5.171

title: User talk:80.142.5.171


text:
Talk:Ghost Nation (album)

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title: Talk:Ghost Nation (album)


text:
SunnyPsyOp

SunnyPsyOp (2003) is the second studio album by industrial band ohGr.

Track listing
All songs written by Ogre and Mark Walk.

Note: "PawSee" is a hidden track that begins 23 seconds into track 13.

This is an Enhanced CD, it includes a video for the song "maJiK".

Personnel

 * Ogre
 * Mark Walk
 * Scott Crane – Additional programming
 * Loki der Quaeler – Additional keyboards
 * Camille Rose Garcia - Cover artwork

title: SunnyPsyOp


text:
Natalia Livingston

Natalia Livingston (born March 26, 1976) is an American actress. She is known for her roles as Emily Quartermaine (for which she won a Daytime Emmy Award) and Rebecca Shaw on ABC's General Hospital, and for playing Taylor Walker on the NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives.

Early life and education
Livingston was born in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. Her father, James Livingston, is a physician, and her mother, Martha Echavarría, was an artist and Spanish teacher. Livingston is of half Mexican descent, and is fluent in Spanish. She was raised in Macon, Georgia, and spent her summers in Mexico.

Livingston obtained a degree in sociology from Emory University. She started acting in high school and continued her interests in acting by taking acting classes in college. After graduation, she took an internship in the field of social work, and later moved to Los Angeles to pursue her acting career. While working at Home Depot, she was discovered and started acting in national commercials.

Career
Livingston first appeared as Emily Quartermaine on General Hospital on April 1, 2003. The adopted daughter of established characters Alan and Monica Quartermaine, Emily was a prominent character who notably battled breast cancer in 2003. On May 20, 2005, Livingston won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for her portrayal of Emily. She decided to leave the series, and Emily was murdered in November 2007; however, Livingston continued to appear periodically until May 7, 2008 as a hallucination of Emily seen by her love interest, Nikolas Cassadine (Tyler Christopher).

On January 15, 2009, Livingston returned to General Hospital for eleven (11) months as new character Rebecca Shaw, Emily's biological twin sister who was put up for adoption by their father and mother.

Livingston also appeared in the films Popstar (2005), and West of Brooklyn (2008), as well as the 2012 film Rough Hustle.

Livingston was cast as Taylor Walker, Nicole's sister, on Days of Our Lives on January 26, 2011.

In 2011, Livingston produced a documentary, The Man Who Ate New Orleans, which aired on PBS in 2012.

Personal life
Livingston dated her General Hospital co-star Tyler Christopher from mid-2004 to early 2006. Livingston married longtime boyfriend Dr. Matt Aldag, a neuroscientist and scientific author, on September 3, 2016, in Bedford, Pennsylvania. In February 2018, Livingston announced she was expecting her first child, a daughter, born on September 6, 2018. It was reported on Instagram that she was named Colette Allegria Ginny-Martita Aldag. On September 2, 2020, via instagram, she announced the birth of a son, John Huxley Livingston Aldag.

Prior to her role as breast cancer survivor Emily Quartermaine, Livingston had performed a breast self-exam after watching an episode of The Oprah Winfrey Show that promoted awareness for the disease. She found a lump, which turned out to be benign.

Livingston has been actively involved with the Susan G. Komen Foundation and Revlon Run/Walk for Women, helping to raise money and increase awareness through national campaigns and PSAs. She has traveled widely in Europe, the Middle East, Russia, Africa and North and South America, and during a trip to India worked at Mother Teresa's Home for the Dying.

Awards

 * 2005: Won Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in GH as Emily Quartermaine.

title: Natalia Livingston


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User talk:Sonnenbergn

What Tom the Turkey Is Really Made Of

The blessing is said, the turkey is carved, and everyone’s plate is heaped like mountains with all sorts of colorfully made dishes. Time whizzes by while everyone literally stuffs their plates, because heaven only knows that nobody has eaten anything so far during the holidays. Then, the pie is served and that disappears like candy at a parade. Not long after everyone has sat around and looked at each other, they all decide to move the festivities to the couches and chairs in the room adjacent. And then- it hits. It’s like a huge wave of sleepiness knocks all your family and friends out! At that time, the noise that consumes the house makes it sound as if an earthquake is striking your very own house. Wait! It’s only all of those lovely family and friends snoring up a huge storm while literally passed out on any piece of covered furniture they can find with their top pant button open for easier breathing. Is this a familiar scene at your house during the holidays? Well, it is my house and many of the households I’ve been to! All of which leads to the burning question: why do we get so tired after we eat exceptionally large amounts of food (which around Thanksgiving is usually turkey)? There are some that believe the popular myth that Tom the Turkey is the culprit behind the sleepiness that gets passed around after “the meal.” Well, in order to solve this popular and controversial myth, lets take a closer look at Tom’s anatomy and physiology. Tom the Turkey is known to contain one of the body’s twenty amino acids: tryptophan. This special essential amino acid is not manufactured by the body but instead it is obtained from eating foods that are rich with this protein. According to a helpful website called, How Stuff Works, “Tryptophan helps the body produce the B-vitamin niacin, which, in turn, helps the body produce serotonin…” Serotonin is a chemical found in your body which acts as a calming instrument in the brain. This calming cause helps assist in helping one to sleep. In fact it is so helpful that it caused an epidemic outbreak of eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS) in 1989, in the United States. “This illness is associated with the use of dietary supplements containing L-tryptophan.” (http://www.cfsan.fda.gob/~dms.ds-tryp1.html)  After the outbreak, the FDA stepped in and limited the amount of this amino acid that was used in the making/manufacturing of dietary supplements. These dietary supplements were used for insomnia, appetite control, depression, PMS, stress reduction and other problems. So, is Tom really to blame for all of you and your sleeping relatives? Unfortunately, Tom the Turkey gets a bad rap around the holidays. It is a proven fact that unless turkey, and ONLY turkey, is consumed on a completely empty stomach, the tryptophan cannot affect the brain. The lazy and drowsiness feelings that seem to accompany the holidays are easily explained by the overeating of carbohydrate-rich meals and the consumption of alcohol. Added stress around the jolly time of the year can come from late nights and early mornings- which seem to make some of the more trying relatives even more unpleasant. All of these things can go to explain the loud, house-shaking snore fests that seem to make my holidays even more different from normal days. So next time you take a bit of Tom the Turkey, remember that its not his fault your eyelids get extremely heavy after dinner!

title: User talk:Sonnenbergn


text:
Dolphinarium

A dolphinarium is an aquarium for dolphins. The dolphins are usually kept in a pool, though occasionally they may be kept in pens in the open sea, either for research or public performances. Some dolphinariums (sometimes called dolphinaria in plural ) consist of one pool where dolphins perform for the public, others are part of larger parks, such as marine mammal parks, zoos or theme parks, with other animals and attractions as well.

While cetaceans have been held in captivity since the 1860s, the first commercial dolphinarium was opened only in 1938. Their popularity increased rapidly until the 1960s. Since the 1970s, increasing concern for animal welfare led to stricter regulation, which in several countries ultimately resulted in the closure of some dolphinariums. Despite this trend, dolphinariums are still widespread in Europe, Japan and North America. The most common species of dolphin kept in dolphinariums is the bottlenose dolphin, as it is relatively easy to train and has a long lifespan in captivity. While trade in dolphins is internationally regulated, other aspects of keeping dolphins in captivity, such as the minimum size and characteristics of pools, vary among countries. Though animal welfare is perceived to have improved significantly over the last few decades, many animal rights groups still consider keeping dolphins captive to be a form of animal abuse.

History
Though cetaceans have been held in captivity in both North America and Europe by 1860—Boston Aquarial Gardens in 1859 and pairs of beluga whales in Barnum's American Museum in New York City museum— dolphins were first kept for paid entertainment in the Marine Studios dolphinarium founded in 1938 in St. Augustine, Florida. It was here that it was discovered that dolphins could be trained to perform tricks. Recognizing the success of Marine Studios, more dolphinariums began keeping dolphins for entertainment. In the 1960s, keeping dolphins in zoos and aquariums for entertainment purposes increased in popularity after the 1963 Flipper movie and subsequent Flipper television series. In 1966, the first dolphin was exported to Europe. In these early days, dolphinariums could grow quickly due to a lack of legislation and lack of organised animal welfare.

New legislation, most notably the 1972 Marine Mammal Protection Act in the United States, combined with a more critical view on animal welfare, forced many dolphinariums around the world to close. A prominent example is the United Kingdom; in the early 1970s there were at least 36 dolphinariums and traveling dolphin shows, however, the last dolphinarium closed its doors in 1993. The last dolphinarium in Hungary was closed in 1992. In 2005 both Chile and Costa Rica prohibited keeping cetaceans captive. However, around 60 dolphinariums currently exist across Europe, of which 34 are within the EU. Japan, Mexico and the United States are also home to a relatively large number of dolphinariums.

Design
The water in the pools has to be constantly filtered to keep it clean for the dolphins and the temperature and composition of the water has to be controlled to match the conditions dolphins experience in the wild. In the absence of a common international regulation, guidelines regarding the minimum size of the pools vary between countries. To give an indication of pool sizes, the European Association for Aquatic Mammals recommends that a pool for five dolphins should have a surface area of 275 m2 plus an additional 75 m2 for every additional animal, have a depth of 3.5 m and have a water volume of at least 1000 m3 with an additional 200 m3 for every additional animal. If two of these three conditions are met, and the third is not more than 10% below standard, the EAAM considers the pool size to be acceptable.

Species
Various species of dolphins are kept in captivity as well as several other small whale species such as harbour porpoises, finless porpoises and belugas, though in those cases the word dolphinarium may not be fitting as these are not true dolphins. Bottlenose dolphins are the most common species of dolphins kept in dolphinariums as they are relatively easy to train, have a long lifespan in captivity and a friendly appearance. Hundreds if not thousands of bottlenose dolphins live in captivity across the world, though exact numbers are hard to determine. Orcas are well known for their performances in shows, but the number of orcas kept in captivity is very small, especially when compared to the number of bottlenose dolphins, with only 44 captive orcas being held in aquaria as of 2012.

The majority of orcas are located in the various SeaWorld parks in the United States. Other species kept in captivity are spotted dolphins, gray whales, false killer whales, pilot whales and common dolphins, Commerson's dolphins, as well as rough-toothed dolphins, but all in much lower numbers than the bottlenose dolphin. There are fewer than ten Amazon river dolphins, Risso's dolphins, or tucuxi in captivity. Two unusual and very rare hybrid dolphins (wolphins, a cross between the bottlenose dolphin and the false killer whale) are kept at the Sea Life Park in Hawaii. Also two common/bottlenose hybrids reside in captivity: one at Discovery Cove and the other SeaWorld San Diego.

Trade and capture
In the early days, many bottlenose dolphins were wild-caught off the coast of Florida. Though the Marine Mammal Protection Act, established in 1972, allows an exception for the collection of dolphins for public display and research purposes when a permit is obtained, bottlenose dolphins have not been captured in American waters since 1989. In most Western countries, breeding programs have been set up to provide the dolphinariums with new animals. To achieve a sufficient birth rate and to prevent inbreeding, artificial insemination (AI) is occasionally used. The use of AI also allows dolphinariums to increase the genetic diversity of their population without having to bring in any dolphins from other facilities.

The trade of dolphins is regulated by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (also known as the Washington Convention or CITES). Endangered dolphin species are included in CITES' Appendix I, in which case trade is permitted only in exceptional circumstances. Species considered not to be threatened with extinction are included in Appendix II, in which case trade "must be controlled in order to avoid utilization incompatible with their survival". Most cetacean species traded for display in captivity to the public or for use in swimming with dolphins and other interaction programs are listed on Appendix II.

However, the dolphin trade still continues. A live bottlenose dolphin is estimated to be worth between a few thousand to several tens of thousands of US dollars, depending on age, condition and prior training. Captures are reported to be on the rise in the South Pacific and the Caribbean, Cuba has also been an exporter of dolphins in recent years, this being organized by the Acuario Nacional de Cuba. In recent years, the Solomon Islands have also allowed the collection and export of dolphins for public display facilities. A 2005 law banned the export of dolphins, however, this ban was seemingly overturned in 2007 when some 28 dolphins were shipped to Dubai.

Animal welfare
Many animal welfare groups such as the World Animal Protection consider keeping dolphins in captivity to be a form of animal abuse. The main arguments are that dolphins do not have enough freedom of movement in pools, regardless of pool size, (in the wild, dolphins swim hundreds of miles every day) and do not get enough stimulation. Dolphins often show repetitive behavior in captivity and sometimes become aggressive towards other animals or people. In some cases, the behavior of dolphins in captivity also results in their own death.

The lifespan of dolphins in captivity is another subject of debate. Research has shown that there is no significant difference between wild and captive survival rates for bottlenose dolphins. This does not, however, reflect a global state of affairs: for example, bottlenose dolphins in captive facilities in Jamaica suffer from extremely high mortality rates.

Some scientists suggest that the "unusually high" intelligence of dolphins means that they should be recognized as "non-human persons". In 2013, the Indian Ministry of Environment and Forests prohibited the captivity of dolphins on these grounds, finding it "morally unacceptable to keep them captive for entertainment purpose".

Legal bans or restrictions relating to keeping cetaceans in captivity
In 2019, the Ending the Captivity of Whales and Dolphins Act became law in Canada. Two facilities would be affected, Marineland of Canada and the Vancouver Aquarium. When passed in June 2019, Marineland was reported to have 61 cetaceans, while the Vancouver Aquarium had just one dolphin remaining. The law has a grandfather clause, permitting those cetaceans already in captivity to remain where they are, but breeding and further acquisition of cetaceans is prohibited, subject to limited exceptions.

According to animal rights organizations that monitor the subject, the following jurisdictions have full or partial bans on keeping dolphins in captivity: Bolivia, Canada, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Greece, Hungary, India, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, and the American states California, New York, and South Carolina. Other countries have laws so restrictive that is virtually impossible to keep cetaceans in captivity: Brazil, Luxembourg, Nicaragua, Norway, and the United Kingdom. France tried to ban keeping or breeding cetaceans in captivity in 2017, but the ban was overturned on technical grounds by the Conseil d'État in 2018. On 29 September 2020, Environment Minister Barbara Pompili announced that France's three remaining dolphinariums would be closed within the next 7 to 10 years, and no new dolphinariums could be opened, and no new marine mammals could be bred or imported. A month earlier on 31 August 2020, the Brussels Capital Region (which has no dolphinaria) announced it was working on a ban on any future creation of dolphinariums to safeguard the welfare of any marine mammals that might end up being kept within its territory.

title: Dolphinarium


text:
Talk:Geothermal energy

Maths Error
"Estimates of the electricity generating potential of geothermal energy vary six–fold, from .035 to 2 TW depending on the scale of investments." - That's a factor of sixty, not six. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.61.117.39 (talk) 02:53, 4 September 2010

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Geothermal electricity which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 17:31,4 August 2016 (UTC)

Citation error
I am evaluating an article for a class, and I chose to evaluate citations. I found that citation #3 states that the information given was in chapter 1, but when searching I could not find that information. I searched a few other chapters and did not find that information in any of them PNWAnthroNut (talk) 19:25, 16 February 2024 (UTC)

Cost of Drilling Math Wrong?
Hey, if the failure rate of drilling is 20%, and the cost of drilling at all is $10M, then the cost of drilling, once accounting for failures is $12.5M not $50M: $10M + $10M * 0.2. I think the author used $10M / 0.2 instead.

I'm not an expert here though. Can someone confirm the cost is truly $12,500,000 USD? BlackVegetable (talk) 16:28, 26 June 2024 (UTC)

Oh that's embarrassing. I showed my work wrong. Urgh, too tired to fix it. Basically every four drills has to pay for the fifth failure, so each would add 25%, not 20% to their costs.

BlackVegetable (talk) 16:30, 26 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Geothermal energy


text: Talk:Cheloniinae

title: Talk:Cheloniinae


text:
User:Ananke

It is not necessary for the public to know whether I am joking or whether I am serious, just as it is not necessary for me to know it myself. ~ Salvador Dali ~ Necessity is stronger far than art. ~ Aeschylus ~  Not even the gods fight against necessity. ~ Simonides ~ Necessitas ultimum et maximum telum est. Necessity is the last and strongest weapon. ~ Titus Livius ~  Wikis are important tools for communication. I am also Ananke at Wikiquote.

title: User:Ananke


text:
Olive ridley sea turtle

The olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea), also known commonly as the Pacific ridley sea turtle, is a species of turtle in the family Cheloniidae. The species is the second-smallest and most abundant of all sea turtles found in the world. L. olivacea is found in warm and tropical waters, primarily in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, but also in the warm waters of the Atlantic Ocean.

This turtle and the related Kemp's ridley sea turtle are best known for their unique synchronised mass nestings called arribadas, where thousands of females come together on the same beach to lay eggs.

Taxonomy
The olive ridley sea turtle may have been first described as Testudo mydas minor by Georg Adolf Suckow in 1798. It was later described and named Chelonia multiscutata by Heinrich Kuhl in 1820. Still later, it was described and named Chelonia olivacea by Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz in 1829. The species was placed in the subgenus Lepidochelys by Leopold Fitzinger in 1843. After Lepidochelys was elevated to full genus status, the species was called Lepidochelys olivacea by Charles Frédéric Girard in 1858. Because Eschscholtz was the first to propose the specific epithet olivacea, he is credited as the binomial authority or taxon author in the valid name Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz, 1829). The parentheses indicate that the species was originally described in a different genus.

The generic name, Lepidochelys, is derived from the Greek words lepidos, meaning scale, and chelys, which translates to turtle. This could possibly be a reference to the supernumerary costal scutes characteristic of this genus. The etymology of the English vernacular name "olive" is somewhat easier to resolve, as its carapace is olive green in color. However, the origin of "ridley" is unknown, perhaps derived from "riddle". Lepidochelys is the only genus of sea turtles containing more than one extant species: L. olivacea and the closely related L. kempii (Kemp's ridley).

Description
Growing to about 61 cm (2 ft) in carapace length (measured along the curve), the olive ridley sea turtle gets its common name from its olive-colored carapace, which is heart-shaped and rounded. Males and females grow to the same size, but females have a slightly more rounded carapace as compared to males. The heart-shaped carapace is characterized by four pairs of pore-bearing inframarginal scutes on the bridge, two pairs of prefrontals, and up to nine lateral scutes per side. L. olivacea is unique in that it can have variable and asymmetrical lateral scute counts, ranging from five to nine plates on each side, with six to eight being most commonly observed. Each side of the carapace has 12–14 marginal scutes.

The carapace is flattened dorsally and highest anterior to the bridge. it has a medium-sized, broad head that appears triangular from above. The head's concave sides are most obvious on the upper part of the short snout. It has paddle-like fore limbs, each having two anterior claws. The upper parts are grayish-green to olive in color, but sometimes appear reddish due to algae growing on the carapace. The bridge and hingeless plastron of an adult vary from greenish white in younger individuals to a creamy yellow in older specimens (maximum age is up to 50 years).

Hatchlings are dark gray with a pale yolk scar, but appear all black when wet. Carapace length of hatchlings ranges from 37 to 50 mm. A thin, white line borders the carapace, as well as the trailing edge of the fore and hind flippers. Both hatchlings and juveniles have serrated posterior marginal scutes, which become smooth with age. Juveniles also have three dorsal keels; the central longitudinal keel gives younger turtles a serrated profile, which remains until sexual maturity is reached.

The olive ridley sea turtle rarely weighs over 50 kg (110 lb). Adults studied in Oaxaca, Mexico, ranged from 25 to 46 kg; adult females weighed an average of 35.45 kg (n=58), while adult males weighed significantly less, averaging 33.00 kg (n=17). Hatchlings usually weigh between 12.0 and 23.3 g.

Adults are sexually dimorphic. The mature male has a longer and thicker tail, which is used for copulation, and the presence of enlarged and hooked claws on the male's front flippers allows him to grasp the female's carapace during copulation. The male also has a longer, more tapered carapace than the female, which has a rounded, dome-like carapace. The male also has a more concave plastron, believed to be another adaptation for mating. The plastron of the male may also be softer than that of the female.

Distribution

The olive ridley turtle has a circumtropical distribution, living in tropical and warm waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans from India, Arabia, Japan, and Micronesia south to southern Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. In the Atlantic Ocean, it has been observed off the western coast of Africa and the coasts of northern Brazil, Suriname, Guyana, French Guiana, and Venezuela. Additionally, the olive ridley has been recorded in the Caribbean Sea as far north as Puerto Rico. A female was found alive on an Irish Sea beach on the Isle of Anglesey, Wales, in November 2016, giving this species its northernmost appearance. It was taken in by the nearby Anglesey Sea Zoo, while its health was assessed. A juvenile female was found off the coast of Sussex in 2020. The olive ridley is also found in the eastern Pacific Ocean from the Galápagos Islands and Chile north to the Gulf of California, and along the Pacific coast to at least Oregon. Migratory movements have been studied less intensely in olive ridleys than other species of marine turtles, but they are believed to use the coastal waters of over 80 countries. Historically, this species has been widely regarded as the most abundant sea turtle in the world. More than one million olive ridleys were commercially harvested off the coasts of Mexico in 1968 alone.

The population of Pacific Mexico was estimated to be at least 10 million prior to the era of mass exploitation. More recently, the global population of annual nesting females has been reduced to about two million by 2004, and was further reduced to 852,550 by 2008. This indicated a dramatic decrease of 28 to 32% in the global population within only one generation (i.e., 20 years).

Olive ridley sea turtles are considered the most abundant, yet globally they have declined by more than 30% from historic levels. These turtles are considered endangered because of their few remaining nesting sites in the world. The eastern Pacific turtles have been found to range from Baja California, Mexico, to Chile. Pacific olive ridleys nest around Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua, and the northern Indian Ocean; the breeding colony in Mexico was listed as endangered in the US on July 28, 1978.

Nesting grounds
Olive ridley turtles exhibit two different nesting behaviours: solitary nesting (the most prevalent) and synchronized mass nesting, termed arribadas. They are unique among sea turtle species in the latter behaviour, for which they are best known. Females return to the same beach from where they hatched, to lay their eggs. They lay their eggs in conical nests about 1.5 ft deep, which they laboriously dig with their hind flippers. In the Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea near Honavar in Karnataka, the majority of Olive Ridleys nest in two or three large assemblies near Gahirmatha in Odisha. The coast of Odisha in India is one of the largest mass nesting sites for the Olive Ridley, along with the coasts of Mexico and Costa Rica. In 1991, over 600,000 turtles nested along the coast of Odisha in one week. Solitary nesting also occurs in Lothian Island Wildlife Sanctuary in West Bengal & along the Coromandel Coast and Sri Lanka, but in scattered locations. However, olive ridleys are considered a rarity in most areas of the Indian Ocean. Some nesting populations exist in islands of Bangladesh near Cox's Bazar.

They are also rare in the western and central Pacific, with known arribadas occurring only within the tropical eastern Pacific, in Central America and Mexico. In Costa Rica, they occur at Nancite and Ostional beach, and a third arribada beach seems to be emerging at Corozalito. Two active arribada beaches are located in Nicaragua, Chacocente and La Flor, with a smaller arribada beach of unknown status on the Pacific coast of Panama. Historically, arribadas happened at several beaches in Mexico, but in the present arribadas are only observed at Playa Escobilla and Morro Ayuda in Oaxaca, and Ixtapilla in Michoacan.

Although olive ridleys are famed for their arribadas, most of the known nesting beaches are only frequented by solitarily nesting females and support a relatively small quantity of nests (100 to 3,000 nests). The overall contribution and importance of solitary nesting females to the population may be underestimated by the scientific community as the hatching success rate of nests at arribada beaches is generally low, but high at solitary nesting beaches.

Isolated, irregular nesting events also sporadically occur within the species' range.

Foraging grounds
Some of the olive ridley's foraging grounds near Southern California are contaminated due to sewage, agricultural runoff, pesticides, solvents, and industrial discharges. These contaminants have been shown to decrease the productivity of the benthic community, which negatively affects these turtles, which feed from these communities. The increasing demand to build marinas and docks near Baja California and Southern California are also negatively affecting the olive ridleys in these areas, where more oil and gasoline will be released into these sensitive habitats. Another threat to these turtles is power plants, which have documented juvenile and subadult turtles becoming entrained and entrapped within the saltwater cooling intake systems.

Reproduction
Mating is often assumed to occur in the vicinity of nesting beaches, but copulating pairs have been reported over 1,000 km from the nearest beach. Research from Costa Rica revealed the number of copulating pairs observed near the beach could not be responsible for the fertilization of the tens of thousands of gravid females, so a significant amount of mating is believed to have occurred elsewhere at other times of the year.

The Gahirmatha Beach in Kendrapara district of Odisha (India), which is now a part of the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary, is the largest breeding ground for these turtles. The Gahirmatha Marine Wildlife Sanctuary, which bounds the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary to the east, was created in September 1997, and encompasses Gahirmatha Beach and an adjacent portion of the Bay of Bengal. Bhitarkanika mangroves were designated a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance in 2002. It is the world's largest known rookery of olive ridley sea turtles. Apart from Gahirmatha rookery, two other mass nesting beaches have been located, which are on the mouth of rivers Rushikulya and Devi. The spectacular site of mass congregation of olive ridley sea turtles for mating and nesting enthralls both the scientists and the nature lovers throughout the world.

Olive ridley sea turtles migrate in huge numbers from the beginning of November, every year, for mating and nesting along the coast of Orissa. Gahirmatha coast has the annual nesting figure between 100,000 and 500,000 each year. A decline in the population of these turtles has occurred in the recent past due to mass mortality. The olive ridley sea turtle has been listed on Schedule – I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (amended 1991). The species is listed as vulnerable under IUCN. The sea turtles are protected under the 'Migratory Species Convention' and Convention of International Trade on Wildlife Flora and Fauna (CITES). India is a signatory nation to all these conventions. The homing characteristics of the ridley sea turtles make them more prone to mass casualty. The voyage to the natal nesting beaches is the dooming factor for them. Since Gahirmatha coast serves as the natal nesting beach for millions of turtles, it has immense importance on turtle conservation.

Olive ridleys generally begin to aggregate near nesting beaches about two months before nesting season, although this may vary throughout their range. In the eastern Pacific, nesting occurs throughout the year, with peak nesting events (arribadas) occurring between September and December. Nesting beaches can be characterized as relatively flat, midbeach zone, and free of debris. Beach fidelity is common, but not absolute. Nesting events are usually nocturnal, but diurnal nesting has been reported, especially during large arribadas. Exact age of sexual maturity is unknown, but this can be somewhat inferred from data on minimum breeding size. For example, the average carapace length of nesting females (n = 251) at Playa Nancite, Costa Rica, was determined to be 63.3 cm, with the smallest recorded at 54.0 cm. Females can lay up to three clutches per season, but most only lay one or two clutches. The female remains near shore for the internesting period, which is about one month. Mean clutch size varies throughout its range and decreases with each nesting attempt.

A mean clutch size of 116 (30–168 eggs) was observed in Suriname, while nesting females from the eastern Pacific were found to have an average of 105 (74–126 eggs). The incubation period is usually between 45 and 51 days under natural conditions, but may extend to 70 days in poor weather conditions. Eggs incubated at temperatures of 31 to 32 °C produce only females; eggs incubated at 28 °C or less produce solely males; and incubation temperatures of 29 to 30 °C produce a mixed-sex clutch. Hatching success can vary by beach and year, due to changing environmental conditions and rates of nest predation.

Habitat
Most observations are typically within 15 km of mainland shores in protected, relatively shallow marine waters (22–55 m deep). Olive ridleys are occasionally found in open waters. The multiple habitats and geographical localities used by this species vary throughout its lifecycle.

Feeding
The olive ridley is predominantly carnvirous. Common prey items include starfish, sea urchins, bryozoans, bivalves, snails, shrimp, crabs, rock lobsters, and sipunculid worms. Additionally, consumption of jellyfish and both adult fish (e.g. Sphoeroides) and fish eggs may be indicative of pelagic (open ocean) feeding. The olive ridley is also known to feed on filamentous algae in areas devoid of other food sources. Captive studies have indicated some level of cannibalistic behavior in this species.

Threats

Known predators of olive ridley eggs include raccoons, coyotes, feral dogs and pigs, opossums, coatimundi, caimans, ghost crabs, and the sunbeam snake. Hatchlings are preyed upon as they travel across the beach to the water by vultures, frigate birds, crabs, raccoons, coyotes, iguanas, and snakes. In the water, hatchling predators most likely include oceanic fishes, sharks, and crocodiles. Adults have relatively few known predators, other than sharks and crocodiles, and killer whales are responsible for occasional attacks. On land, nesting females may be attacked by jaguars. Notably, the jaguar is the only cat with a strong enough bite to penetrate a sea turtle's shell, thought to be an evolutionary adaption from the Holocene extinction event. In observations of jaguar attacks, the cats consumed the neck muscles of the turtle and occasionally the flippers, but left the remainder of the turtle carcass for scavengers as most likely, despite the strength of its jaws, a jaguar still cannot easily penetrate an adult turtle's shell to reach the internal organs or other muscles. In recent years, increased predation on turtles by jaguars has been noted, perhaps due to habitat loss and fewer alternative food sources. Sea turtles are comparatively defenseless in this situation, as they cannot pull their heads into their shells like freshwater and terrestrial turtles. Females are often plagued by mosquitos during nesting. Humans are still listed as the leading threat to L. olivacea, responsible for unsustainable egg collection, slaughtering nesting females on the beach, and direct harvesting adults at sea for commercial sale of both the meat and hides.

Other major threats include mortality associated with boat collisions, and incidental takes in fisheries. Trawling, gill nets, ghost nests, longline fishing, and pot fishing have significantly affected olive ridley populations, as well as other species of marine turtles. Between 1993 and 2003, more than 100,000 olive ridley turtles were reported dead in Odisha, India from fishery-related practices. In addition, entanglement and ingestion of marine debris is listed as a major threat for this species. Coastal development, natural disasters, climate change, and other sources of beach erosion have also been cited as potential threats to nesting grounds. Additionally, coastal development also threatens newly hatched turtles through the effects of light pollution. Hatchlings which use light cues to orient themselves to the sea are now misled into moving towards land, and die from dehydration or exhaustion, or are killed on roads.

The greatest single cause of olive ridley egg loss, though, results from arribadas, in which the density of nesting females is so high, previously laid nests are inadvertently dug up and destroyed by other nesting females. In some cases, nests become cross-contaminated by bacteria or pathogens of rotting nests. For example, in Playa Nancite, Costa Rica, only 0.2% of the 11.5 million eggs produced in a single arribada successfully hatched. Although some of this loss resulted from predation and high tides, the majority was attributed to conspecifics unintentionally destroying existing nests. The extent to which arribadas contribute to the population status of olive ridleys has created debate among scientists. Many believe the massive reproductive output of these nesting events is critical to maintaining populations, while others maintain the traditional arribada beaches fall far short of their reproductive potential and are most likely not sustaining population levels. In some areas, this debate eventually led to legalizing egg collection.

Economic importance
Historically, the olive ridley has been exploited for food, bait, oil, leather, and fertilizer. The meat is not considered a delicacy; the egg, however, is esteemed everywhere. Egg collection is illegal in most of the countries where olive ridleys nest, but these laws are rarely enforced. Harvesting eggs has the potential to contribute to local economies, so the unique practice of allowing a sustainable (legal) egg harvest has been attempted in several localities. Numerous case studies have been conducted in regions of arribadas beaches to investigate and understand the socioeconomic, cultural, and political issues of egg collection. Of these, the legal egg harvest at Ostional, Costa Rica, has been viewed by many as both biologically sustainable and economically viable. Since egg collection became legal in 1987, local villagers have been able to harvest and sell around three million eggs annually. They are permitted to collect eggs during the first 36 hours of the nesting period, as many of these eggs would be destroyed by later nesting females. Over 27 million eggs are left unharvested, and villagers have played a large role in protecting these nests from predators, thereby increasing hatching success.

Most participating households reported egg harvesting as their most important activity, and profits earned were superior to other forms of available employment, other than tourism. The price of Ostional eggs was intentionally kept low to discourage illegal collection of eggs from other beaches. The Ostional project retained more local profits than similar egg-collection projects in Nicaragua, but evaluating egg-harvesting projects such as this suffers from the short timeline and site specificity of findings. In most regions, illegal poaching of eggs is considered a major threat to olive ridley populations, thus the practice of allowing legal egg harvests continues to attract criticism from conservationists and sea turtle biologists. Plotkin's Biology and Conservation of Ridley Sea Turtles, particularly the chapter by Lisa Campbell titled "Understanding Human Use of Olive Ridleys", provides further research on the Ostional harvest (as well as other harvesting projects). Scott Drucker's documentary, Between the Harvest, offers a glimpse into this world and the debate surrounding it.

Conservation status

The olive ridley is classified as vulnerable according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, and is listed in Appendix I of CITES. These listings were largely responsible for halting the large-scale commercial exploitation and trade of olive ridley skins. The Convention on Migratory Species and the Inter-American Convention for the Protection and Conservation of Sea Turtles have also provided olive ridleys with protection, leading to increased conservation and management for this marine turtle. National listings for this species range from endangered to threatened, yet enforcing these sanctions on a global scale has been unsuccessful for the most part. Conservation successes for the olive ridley have relied on well-coordinated national programs in combination with local communities and nongovernment organizations, which focused primarily on public outreach and education. Arribada management has also played a critical role in conserving olive ridleys. Lastly, enforcing the use of turtle excluder devices in the shrimp-trawling industry has also proved effective in some areas. Globally, the olive ridley continues to receive less conservation attention than its close relative, Kemp's ridley (L. kempii). Also, many schools arrange trips for students to carry out the conservation project, especially in India.

Another major project in India involved in preserving the olive ridley sea turtle population was carried out in Chennai, where the Chennai wildlife team collected close to 10,000 eggs along the Marina coast, of which 8,834 hatchlings were successfully released into the sea in a phased manner.

In March 2023, in Honnavar, India, local fishers sighted 86 sea turtle nests, with over 5,000 eggs in them, along a 3-km stretch of beach between Apsarakonda and Pavinkorava. The highest number of nests previously recorded in the area, 34, was in 2008.

title: Olive ridley sea turtle


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Linguistic purism in English

Linguistic purism in English is the opposition to foreign influence in the English language. English has evolved with a great deal of borrowing from other languages, especially Old French, since the Norman conquest of England, and some of its native vocabulary and grammar have been supplanted by features of Latinate and Greek origin. Efforts to remove or consider the removal of foreign terms in English are often known as Anglish, a term coined by author and humorist Paul Jennings in 1966.

English linguistic purism has persisted in diverse forms since the inkhorn term controversy of the early modern period. In its mildest form, purism stipulates the use of native terms instead of loanwords. In stronger forms, new words are coined from Germanic roots (such as wordstock for vocabulary) or revived from older stages of English (such as shrithe for proceed). Noted purists of Early Modern English include John Cheke, Thomas Wilson, Ralph Lever, Richard Rowlands, and Nathaniel Fairfax. Modern linguistic purists include William Barnes, Charles Dickens, Gerard Manley Hopkins, Elias Molee, Percy Grainger, and George Orwell.

Middle English
English words gave way to borrowings from Anglo-Norman following the Norman Conquest as English lost ground as a language of prestige. Anglo-Norman was used in schools and dominated literature, nobility and higher life, leading a wealth of French loanwords to enter English over the course of several centuries—English only returned to courts of law in 1362, and to government in the following century.

In spite of this, some texts of early Middle English engaged in linguistic purism, deliberately avoiding excessive Anglo-Norman influence. Layamon's Brut, composed in the late 12th or early 13th century, espoused several features of Old English poetic style and used a predominantly Anglo-Saxon vocabulary. Ancrene Wisse, of the same era, allowed for French and Old Norse loans but maintained conservative spelling and syntax to keep with Old English. Ayenbite of Inwyt, a Kentish translation of a French treatise on morality written about a century earlier, used calques to avoid borrowing from French.

Early Modern English
Controversy over inkhorn terms—foreign loanwords perceived to be needless—persisted in the 16th and 17th centuries. Among others, Thomas Elyot, a neologizer, borrowed extensively from abroad in support of "the necessary augmentation" of English. Linguistic purists such as John Cheke opposed this borrowing in favor of keeping English "unmixt and unmangled". Thomas Wilson, a contemporary of Cheke, criticized borrowing from foreign languages as seeking an "outlandish English".

Modern English
With the influx of new industrial and scientific terms from Greek and Latin, linguistic purism saw renewed interest in the 19th century. American statesman Thomas Jefferson observed in an 1825 letter that "a taste is reviving in England for the recovery of the Anglo-Saxon dialect". Dorset poet, minister, and philologist William Barnes coined several words to promote "strong old Anglo-Saxon speech", including speechcraft for grammar, birdlore for ornithology, and bendsome for flexible. Poet Gerard Manley Hopkins discussed Barnes in an 1882 letter to Robert Bridges, lamenting the "utter hopelessness" of Barnes's purism but nonetheless writing in support of it, claiming that "no beauty in a language can make up for want of purity". Charles Dickens emphasized the importance of Germanic elements of English during this period, stressing that a writer should not "seek abroad" for new words.

The fifth rule of vocabulary in The King's English, published in 1917, suggests that writers should "prefer the Saxon word to the Romance". In his 1946 essay "Politics and the English Language", George Orwell criticized the extensive use of "foreign" words in English. Australian composer Percy Grainger, a contemporary of Orwell, invented a "blue-eyed English" that he perceived to be linguistically pure and preferred the use of English words in the place of traditional Italian music terms. One year after Grainger's death, philologist Lee Hollander emphasized in his 1962 translation of the Poetic Edda—a collection of Old Norse poems—that "Germanic material must be drawn upon to the utmost extent ... because of the tang and flavor still residing in the homelier indigenous speech material".

Paul Jennings coined the term "Anglish" in a three-part series in Punch commemorating the 900th anniversary of the Norman conquest of England. Jennings's articles, entitled "1066 and All Saxon" and published in June 1966, envisioned an England in which the conquest had failed and included linguistically pure English passages; Jennings gave "a bow to William Barnes" as an inspiration. In 1989, science fiction writer Poul Anderson released a similarly-written text about basic atomic theory called Uncleftish Beholding composed almost fully of Germanic-rooted words. In 1997, Douglas Hofstadter jokingly entitled the style "Ander-Saxon".

The September 2009 publication How We'd Talk if the English had Won in 1066 by David Cowley updates Old English words to today's English spelling, seeking mainstream appeal by covering words in five grades ranging from "easy" to "weird and wonderful" and giving many examples of use with drawings and tests. Paul Kingsnorth's 2014 The Wake is written in a hybrid of Old English and Modern English to account for its 1066 milieu, and Edmund Fairfax's 2017 satiric literary novel Outlaws is similarly written in a "constructed" form of English consisting almost exclusively of words of Germanic origin. An online newsletter called The Anglish Times has regularly reported on current events without non-Germanic borrowed words since January 2021.

title: Linguistic purism in English