text:
SUSAT

The Sight Unit Small Arms, Trilux, or SUSAT, is a 4× telescopic sight, with tritium-powered illumination utilised at dusk or dawn. The full name of the current model is the SUSAT L9A1. The sight is not designed as a sniper sight, but is rather intended to be mounted on a variety of rifles and to be used by all infantrymen. A similar device is the Advanced Combat Optical Gunsight (ACOG).

Use
SUSAT was the primary sighting system for the British Army's SA80 series weapons and L108 and L110 light machine guns. It was also mounted to L7 and L111 machine guns. It was phased out and replaced by ACOG and ELCAN sight units during mid-life upgrade programmes. As of March 2019 it is still in use with much of the UK armed forces - primarily reserve, rear-echelon and for training use due to budgetary constraints.

It is (or has been) also used by the armies of Cameroon, Oman, Spain and Sweden, in assault rifles such as the Swedish Ak5B and the Spanish CETME LV, although after the replacement of the latter by the HK G36, those sights have been employed in Rheinmetall MG3 machine guns.

A similar unit known as the L2A2 SUIT Sight was used on the L1A1 SLR.

Reticle
The reticle of the SUSAT is of unusual design. Unlike the traditional crosshair layouts commonly used, which are in essence a cross intersecting the target, the SUSAT has a single obelisk-shaped post protruding from the bottom edge of the sight. This type of reticle is sometimes referred to as the "German Post". This obscures the target at long range and the foreground. The reticle is tritium-illuminated for low-light condition aiming. The radioactive tritium light source has to be replaced every 8–12 years, since it gradually loses its brightness due to radioactive decay. The L2A2 SUIT Sight uses a similar single post to the SUSAT, but protrudes from the top edge of the sight down to the middle of the field.

Manufacturing
SUSAT is constructed from a one-piece, pressure die-cast, aluminium body, into which the eyepiece, objective lens and prisms are fitted as assemblies.

The SUSAT sight was developed in the United Kingdom by Royal Armament Research Development Establishment (RARDE) and is manufactured by United Scientific Instruments and Avimo, now known as Thales Optics.

Specifications
SUSAT L9A1
 * Overall dimensions: (L x W x H): 145 x 60 x 55 mm
 * Weight: 417 grams
 * Magnification: 4×
 * Field of view: 10 degrees (177 mils)
 * Objective diameter: 25,5 mm
 * Exit pupil: 6.375 mm
 * Eye relief: 25 mm
 * Light permeability: >80%
 * Reticle illumination: Red tritium, glass ampoule
 * Illumination strength: Adjustable
 * Tritium ampoule lifetime: 8–12 years
 * Focus: −0.75 to −1.25 dioptres
 * Operational temperature: −46 to +71 °C
 * Range Settings: 100 to 600 meters (SUSAT L9A1) or 300 to 800 meters (SUSAT L12A1) in 100 m intervals
 * NATO Stock Number (NSN): 1240-99-967-0947 (Sight Unit Small Arms Trilux (SUSAT) L12A1)

title: SUSAT


text:
Yoon Mi-rae

Natasha Shanta Reid (born May 31, 1981), better known by her Korean name Yoon Mi-rae, often stylized as Yoonmirae, is an American-born South Korean-based solo rapper, singer, songwriter, and producer, who is also a member of Korean hip hop trio MFBTY.

Early life and education
Yoon was born on May 31, 1981, in Fort Hood in Texas, to a South Korean mother and an African-American father. Her father had been a radio D.J. while serving with the U.S. military in South Korea in the district of Uijeongbu. Yoon's father cites his record collection as an influence to pursue her music career. After she moved to South Korea as a child, she often faced discrimination because of her mixed heritage. Yoon dropped out of school at age fifteen and later took a high school equivalence examination.

Discovery, Uptown and Tashannie
Yoon was discovered in 1995 when she accompanied a friend to an audition for a new Korean hip hop group. She did not audition herself, but a World Records representative heard her singing outside of the audition room and signed her to join a new group called Uptown. The group debuted in 1997, when Yoon was 16.

In 1999, she also formed hip hop and R&B duo "Tashannie" with rapper Lee Soo-a, who used the stage name "Annie". They released one album, called Parallel Prophecies. Yoon's name, Natasha, was hard for South Koreans to pronounce, so she used the name "Tasha," in order to better appeal to the intended audience. Uptown broke up in 2000 after several group members were arrested on drug charges. Yoon's then-boyfriend, rapper Tiger JK, was also arrested and spent a month and a half in jail. Yoon herself went into hiding during that period.

Solo career and MFBTY
Yoon debuted as a solo artist in 2001, under the moniker "T" which she shortened even more from "Tasha". She released her first album, As Time Goes By that same year. Her second album, Gemini and her third album, To My Love, were released the following year in 2002. In 2006, she joined Jungle Entertainment, a label founded by her now-husband Tiger JK. The following year, she released the album T3 – Yoon Mi Rae, on which she shared the difficulties she faced as a mixed-race musician in Korea. That year, she performed in Seoul, South Korea with American singer Amerie, who is also of African and Korean heritage. In 2012, Yoon became the face of the computer brand Hewlett-Packard in Korea, having signed a one-year contract to appear in their print media and radio advertisements. She was also a judge on the third and fourth seasons of the television talent competition Superstar K.

Yoon, Tiger JK and rapper Bizzy, formed the hip hop trio MFBTY (My Fans Better Than Yours) in 2013. The group's first single, "Sweet Dream," ranked #1 on three Korean music charts shortly after its release. They had debuted the song at a concert in Cannes, France. MFBTY signed to Tiger JK's newly created Feel Ghood Music label later that year. In September 2013, Yoon earned the #1 spot on Billboard's Korea K-Pop Hot 100 list with her song "Touch Love" from the South Korean drama Master's Sun. In December 2014, Yoon released the single "Angel," which quickly became #1 on four Korean music charts. Also that month she revealed that the American film The Interview used her song "Pay Day" without permission, and that she was taking legal action.

Personal life
In June 2007, she married Tiger JK in a private ceremony in a Buddhist Temple. The wedding occurred a month before the death of Tiger JK's grandmother who had wanted to see them wed before her passing. Yoon gave birth to their son Jordan Seo in March 2008.

Yoon and her husband are advocates against child abuse. In 2011, they appeared in a photoshoot with their son in Vogue Korea for the "Stop Child Abuse & Love Children" campaign. They also filmed a public service announcement for the World Day for the Prevention of Child Abuse, performing at the 2011 Child Abuse Awareness Concert. In 2012, South Korea's Ministry of Health and Welfare commended the couple for their efforts in promoting child abuse prevention. Yoon has also promoted awareness of multiculturalism within Korean families. In 2008, she volunteered for seven months at a multicultural youth camp.

Television appearances

 * 2018: The Fan – Fan (Episode 1)
 * 2016: Fantastic Duo – Contestant (Episode 17-20)
 * 2011: Superstar K3 – Judge

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Yoon Mi-rae


text:
Millimetre of mercury

A millimetre of mercury is a manometric  unit of pressure, formerly defined as the extra pressure generated by a column of mercury one millimetre high, and currently defined as exactly $133.322$ pascals or exactly $133.322$ pascals. It is denoted mmHg or mm Hg.

Although not an SI unit, the millimetre of mercury is still often encountered in some fields; for example, it is still widely used in medicine, as demonstrated for example in the medical literature indexed in PubMed. For example, the U.S. and European guidelines on hypertension, in using millimeters of mercury for blood pressure, are reflecting the fact (common basic knowledge among health care professionals) that this is the usual unit of blood pressure in clinical medicine.

One millimetre of mercury is approximately 1 torr, which is $1⁄760$ of standard atmospheric pressure ($101,325⁄760$ ≈ $133.322 pascals$). Although the two units are not equal, the relative difference (less than 0.000 015%) is negligible for most practical uses.

History
For much of human history, the pressure of gases like air was ignored, denied, or taken for granted, but as early as the 6th century BC, Greek philosopher Anaximenes of Miletus claimed that all things are made of air that is simply changed by varying levels of pressure. He could observe water evaporating, changing to a gas, and felt that this applied even to solid matter. More condensed air made colder, heavier objects, and expanded air made lighter, hotter objects. This was akin to how gases become less dense when warmer and more dense when cooler.

In the 17th century, Evangelista Torricelli conducted experiments with mercury that allowed him to measure the presence of air. He would dip a glass tube, closed at one end, into a bowl of mercury and raise the closed end up out of it, keeping the open end submerged. The weight of the mercury would pull it down, leaving a partial vacuum at the far end. This validated his belief that air/gas has mass, creating pressure on things around it. Previously, the more popular conclusion, even for Galileo, was that air was weightless and it is vacuum that provided force, as in a siphon. The discovery helped bring Torricelli to the conclusion:

We live submerged at the bottom of an ocean of the element air, which by unquestioned experiments is known to have weight.

This test, known as Torricelli's experiment, was essentially the first documented pressure gauge.

Blaise Pascal went farther, having his brother-in-law try the experiment at different altitudes on a mountain, and finding indeed that the farther down in the ocean of atmosphere, the higher the pressure.

Mercury manometers were the first accurate pressure gauges. They are less used today due to mercury's toxicity, the mercury column's sensitivity to temperature and local gravity, and the greater convenience of other instrumentation. They displayed the pressure difference between two fluids as a vertical difference between the mercury levels in two connected reservoirs.

An actual mercury column reading may be converted to more fundamental units of pressure by multiplying the difference in height between two mercury levels by the density of mercury and the local gravitational acceleration. Because the specific weight of mercury depends on temperature and surface gravity, both of which vary with local conditions, specific standard values for these two parameters were adopted. This resulted in defining a "millimetre of mercury" as the pressure exerted at the base of a column of mercury 1 millimetre high with a precise density of 13 595.1 when the acceleration due to gravity is exactly 9.806  65.

The density 13 595.1 chosen for this definition is the approximate density of mercury at 0 °C, and 9.806  65  m/s2 is standard gravity. The use of an actual column of mercury to measure pressure normally requires correction for the density of mercury at the actual temperature and the sometimes significant variation of gravity with location, and may be further corrected to take account of the density of the measured air, water or other fluid.

Each millimetre of mercury can be divided into 1000 micrometres of mercury, denoted μmHg or simply microns.

Relation to the torr
The precision of modern transducers is often insufficient to show the difference between the torr and the millimetre of mercury. The difference between these two units is about one part in seven million or 0.000 015%. By the same factor, a millitorr is slightly less than a micrometre of mercury.

Use in medicine and physiology
In medicine, pressure is still generally measured in millimetres of mercury. These measurements are in general given relative to the current atmospheric pressure: for example, a blood pressure of 120 mmHg, when the current atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg, means 880 mmHg relative to perfect vacuum.

Routine pressure measurements in medicine include:
 * Blood pressure, measured with a sphygmomanometer
 * Intraocular pressure, with a tonometer
 * Cerebrospinal fluid pressure
 * Intracranial pressure
 * Intramuscular pressure (compartment syndrome)
 * Central venous pressure
 * Pulmonary artery catheterization
 * Mechanical ventilation

In physiology manometric units are used to measure Starling forces.

title: Millimetre of mercury


text:
User talk:JAQ/Zoophilia

Changes in my revision
Since I'm making a bunch of changes, wholesale and unilaterally, and without interactive debate over them, I want to explain them here first. One of the few things I agree with Ciz about is that this article had developed a general tone and preponderance of material aimed at justifying zoophilia. I'm not criticizing anyone for wanting that idea to get across, but if you feel strongly about a subject, and you like the way the article about it reads... the article probably isn't neutral enough. The same applies to me, but this topic isn't one I really have that much emotional investment in; it interests me mostly because I think articles along the "fringe" like this are important to Wikipedia's reputation of neutrality. So I hope this comes close to a NPOV, though I'm sure it's imperfect.

Overall
I made edits to just about everything, mostly for the sake of clarity, grammar, etc. and also to help establish a consistent "voice" to the text.

Terminology & Categorization
The article had inconsistent usage of terms, especially interchanging zoophilia and zoosexuality. For example, it talked about laws against "zoophilia", which is inaccurate because there are no laws against the paraphilia of being attracted to an animal; the laws are against sexual activity. Zoosexuality especially might refer in one place to a sexual orientation, and in another to a sex act. To avoid confusion, I standardized on zoophilia and bestiality, which are each the most widely recognized term for their respective phenomena. To avoid overuse of the terms, I used phrases such as attraction to animals or sex with animals as substitutes. I moved the Terminology and Categorization sections up in order to help establish terms before trying to talk about them.

The use of "partner" in reference to animals has been questioned because it assumes mutuality in the relationship. But no better alternative (at least one that doesn't assume the opposite) has come up, so I skated around it with other phrasings as best as I could.

Legal status
I removed a few anecdotal cases that while both factual and arguably interesting, didn't have much bearing on the larger basic question of legality. I reorganized the data into a bullet list by jurisdiction, which should facilitate adding more data points, and discourage putting in too much about any one country.

Mythology/Lit
This section was (to me) disappointingly brief, so I've added more examples from my own research.

Porn
I moved this section after Mythology because A) I didn't think it should be quite so prominent, and B) it flows better chronologically there.

Research
I'm sorry, but way too much space was devoted to quotes from research papers. I think the extensive list of books etc. - which I've left as it was - is adequate for anyone interested in more in-depth reading on the subject. And frankly, the whole Research section was clearly arguing for the general conclusion that zoophiles are just as well-adjusted as anyone else... and probably even moreso. Maybe that's correct, but it was still advocacy. It'd make a persuasive article (if it were on another site, I'd supporting including it in the "pro-zoo links" section) but I don't think it belongs in a Wikipedia article, where NPOV is required. Maybe with more critical studies, it could work as a separate "Research into Zoophilia" article, but that'd still be a stretch, IMHO. In any case there was too much to fit here, and the 32KB guideline agreed with me. In removing most of this material, I probably threw out some baby with the bathwater (so to speak); I certainly wouldn't object to selective re-introduction of some the material back into the article, in places where references to researched information are needed.

Extent of occurance
I accepted FT2's rephrasing of the percentages and did some other work on presentation. The section about proportion of zoophiles engaging in bestiality consisted mostly of truisms and repetition of points made elsewhere about the difficulties of defininition, so I removed it. Lacking any hard data on that question (of which I'm aware), the introductory distinction betwen the philia and the activity should suffice in making that point.

Criticisms
This section set up some strawmen against zoophilia, and also gave more space and depth to rebuttal of criticisms than the criticisms themselves. I've left it fairly sketchy, I admit, but I have a feeling this section will get plenty of attention going forward, so I don't feel too bad about that.

title: User talk:JAQ/Zoophilia


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Bexley (disambiguation)

Bexley is an area of south-east London, England, sometimes known as Bexley Village.

Bexley may also refer to:

Places

 * London Borough of Bexley, in Greater London, England
 * Bexley (UK Parliament constituency)
 * Bexley (electoral division), Greater London Council
 * Municipal Borough of Bexley, 1935–1965
 * Bexley College, now part of London South East Colleges
 * Bexley Grammar School
 * Bexleyheath, a town
 * Bexley, Ohio, a suburb of Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
 * Bexley High School
 * Bexley, Mississippi, U.S.
 * Bexley, New Zealand, a suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand
 * Bexley, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney, Australia
 * Bexley Township, Ontario, Canada
 * Cape Bexley, a headland in Nunavut, Canada

Names

 * Bexley (given name)
 * Don Bexley (1910–1997), American actor and comedian

title: Bexley (disambiguation)


text:
French destroyer Jauréguiberry (D637)

The fleet escort Jauréguiberry was a French destroyer of the T 53-class destroyer, designed for anti-air and (to a lesser extent) anti-submarine roles. She was the second French Navy vessel to bear the name.

Laid down in September 1954, the vessel was launched on 5 November 1955. Jauréguiberry was commissioned into the Marine Nationale on 15 July 1958 with the identification number D 637.

Service history
In 1966 and 1968, she was involved in two nuclear tests with "Force Alfa", and a third one in 1970 with the cruiser FRENCH CRUISER De Grasse, in the Pacific Ocean. In 1974, she achieved a long mission with the frigate FRENCH FRIGATE Duquesne.

In the beginning of 1977, a few months before being decommissioned, she was used for the film "Le Crabe-Tambour" by Pierre Schoendoerffer. The ship was decommissioned 16 September 1977, its hull receiving No. Q580. It was then used as a target ship for testing an ARMAT anti-radar missile on 16 June 1982.

It was sunk on 30 May 1986 as a target during tests to test the Exocet MM40 missile.

Sources and references

 * Escorteur d'Escadre Jauréguiberry, netmarine.net

title: French destroyer Jauréguiberry (D637)


text:
User:Animated Cascade

= This user is inactive = Please do not post to the talk page. Edits and messages will not be answered.

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Recent or significant modifications

 * Lots of cleanup to indiplon
 * Merger of List of lightweight markup languages and Comparison of lightweight markup languages into Lightweight markup language
 * Vimpat – Created as redirect
 * Lacosamide – Created new article
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 * Template:Antipsychotics – Added iloperidone and asenapine

Role on Wikipedia
My specialty with regard to Wikipedia is Wikification, copyediting, proofreading, linkification, and generally making things look right. Occasionally I add new content, but my focus is most often on improving the content that already exists. As such, feel free to engage me for any such tasks, especially the following which I list as having expertise or interest.

WikiProjects

 * WikiProject Pharmacology

On English Wikipedia

 * Wikipedians starting with 'A'
 * San Diego Wikipedians
 * Wikipedians who attend(ed) Transylvania University

On Meta-Wiki

 * Bipolar Wikimedians
 * Wikimedians born 1970–1979
 * Wikimedians born in August
 * Wikimedians with INFJ personality type
 * Queer Wikimedians
 * Wikimedians who like green
 * Wikimedians who use TextMate — So far, it appears I’m the only one.
 * Wikimedians who like the number 24 — I suppose I’m the only one there, too.
 * Wikimedians who use Apple notebooks — Remember: They’re not laptops — They're notebooks!

Biography
I have worked in a variety of fields, including graphic design, supply chain management for one of the nation’s largest beef producers, computer security infrastructure at the US Department of Energy’s Argonne National Laboratory, Unix systems administration at the largest automobile plant in North America, and kernel software engineering for a key player in the high- and mid-range servers arena.

In 1999, I was officially diagnosed with bipolar disorder, but I had been experiencing symptoms for quite some time before that. In 2002, my bipolar symptoms, as well as my circadian rhythm disorder, took the better part of me, and I became unable to work. For the next year, I continued to go in and out of work on medical leave, eventually staying out in 2003.

Personality
I am often lugubrious, persnickety, cantankerous, or sullen. Occasionally off-putting, standoffish, or otherwise isolating. Frequently self-deprecating.

In person, I'm often reticent, guarded, and anything but aureate. Occasionally, though, maniacal bursts of logorrhea and arrant ostentation make way for profuse behavior that, in retrospect, is devilishly cringeworthy.

Ontologically and theologically speaking, a gnostic, agnostic, existential, spiritual, Taoist-Quaker, concerned foremost with humanistic causes. I am an autoantonym.

Politically and socially, I am a democratic socialist with some traditional conservative beliefs. Still, a fair assessment would be to say “I am more leftist than you,” if you are such a reductionist to desire a one-dimensional view of political ideology.

I am a pedantic literatus, a fastidious (albeit prolix) conservator of prescriptive — and occasionally descriptive — grammar. With my eyes discerning and my mind perspicacious, no error goes unnoticed.

Random fact: I’ve been reading Infinite Jest for 13 months.

Fields of expertise

 * (to varying degrees)

Postmodern literature

 * especially Experimental fiction and Transgressional fiction
 * Narratology
 * Plot immunity
 * Metafiction
 * the Fourth wall
 * Irony and its detractors (e.g., David Foster Wallace — my favorite author)

Neuropsychopharmacology

 * Neurotransmitters and Neurohormones
 * Acetylcholine
 * Psychotropic effects of anticholinergic medications (atropine, scopolamine, benztropine, etc.)
 * Histamine
 * The underexplored role of H3 with regard to mood, wakefulness, and other neuropsychiatric phenomena
 * Can Benedryl (diphenhydramine) be an effective anxiolytic?
 * Serotonin
 * Dopamine
 * particularly, as it relates to Parkinsonism and Schizophrenia
 * most recently, the relation of dopamine to prolactin and how it is affected by medications such as bromocriptine and cabergoline
 * Norepinephrine
 * GABA
 * Substance P
 * Melatonin
 * Orexins
 * Psychoactive drugs
 * Antidepressants
 * SSRIs
 * Tricyclic antidepressants
 * Serzone (nefazodone) — It almost destroyed my liver.
 * Remeron (mirtazapine)
 * Wellbutrin (bupropion)
 * Atypical antipsychotics
 * Mood stabilisers and Anticonvulsants
 * Zonegran (zonisamide) — Which I think is underused in the US for mood stabilization, especially in those who are also receiving antipsychotic medications (and therefore at increased risk of obesity and diabetes)
 * Depakote (divalproex sodium)
 * Eskalith (lithium carbonate)
 * Lamictal (lamotrigine)
 * Topamax (topirimate) — which almost destroyed me
 * Tegretol and Equetro (carbamazepine) — another one that almost destroyed me
 * Trileptal (oxcarbazepine) — which didn't destroy me, even though it's also active on the temporal lobe like Tegretol and Topamax
 * Anxiolytics and Hypnotics
 * Benzodiazepines, especially Klonopin (clonazepam) CIV
 * Ambien (zolpidem tartrate) CIV
 * Lunesta (eszopiclone) CIV
 * Rozerem (ramelteon)
 * Buspar (buspirone)
 * chloral hydrate CIV
 * Stimulants
 * Provigil (modafinil) CIV
 * Sympathomimetics such as Ritalin (methylphenidate) CII and Adderall (amphetamine) CII
 * other catecholamines
 * Opiates
 * Specifically kappa-receptor agents (partial agonists) such as buprenorphine CIII and pentazocine CIV
 * I’m developing an interest in learning more about Salvia divinorum
 * NMDA receptor antagonists
 * Namenda (memantine)
 * Ketamine as an antidepressant. What about GHB? Cough syrup?
 * Other novel (and not so novel) drugs potentially beneficial to psychiatry (this list is more for my benefit than anyone else's)
 * Mifeprex (mifepristone)
 * Emend (aprepitant)
 * Even caffeine?
 * Marinol (dronabinol) CIII and, perhaps more significantly, cannabidiol
 * Xyrem (sodium oxybate) CII (aka Gamma-hydroxybutyrate) as I just mentioned
 * Muscarinic receptors: nicotine and, on the flip side, the nicotinic receptor antagonist Inversine (mecamylamine)
 * amantadine has very unique properties
 * AMPA

Computer science

 * Web applications
 * Languages
 * PHP
 * C
 * HTML
 * SQL, especially MySQL
 * C++
 * Operating systems
 * Mac OS X, Mach, and the Darwin XNU kernel
 * Unix, especially Solaris
 * Kernel programming

Sexology

 * Sexual orientation and Sexual identity
 * Homosexuality
 * Chubby culture and Bear community in particular
 * Bisexuality
 * Androgyny
 * PoMosexuality
 * Sex education
 * Sex toys
 * Sex industry
 * History of cultural sexual attitudes, including sexual orientation, definition of paraphilias, and what constitutes a sex crime

Fields of interest

 * Future areas of further exploration and deepening of knowledge include these.

Linguistics

 * Specific languages — Català (Catalan), Nederlands (Dutch), Deutsch (German), íslenska (Icelandic), Interlingua, Latina (Latin), Norwegian, Русский (Russian), español (Spanish), Tagalog
 * Fields of linguistics — Phonetics, Writing systems, Caligraphy, Semiotics, Semantics

Psychology

 * Personality, Transactional analysis

Sociology

 * Gender, Classism

Political science

 * American politics, Socialism, Left-wing politics (yes, real left-wing politics; not American left-wing politics)

Philosophy

 * Existentialism — Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus, Samuel Beckett
 * Metaphysics — Dualism and Monism, Solipsism, Metaphysical subjectivism, Baruch Spinoza
 * Political philosophy — John Locke
 * Ethics — Immanuel Kant, John Rawls, Peter Singer, Moral relativism

Subpages

 * /monobook.css
 * /monobook.js
 * /todo

title: User:Animated Cascade


text:
Dazu Rock Carvings

The Dazu Rock Carvings are a series of Chinese religious sculptures and carvings and UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Dazu District, Chongqing, China. The carvings date back as far as the 7th century AD, depicting and influenced by Buddhist, Confucian and Taoist beliefs. Some are in rock-cut cave shrines, in the usual Chinese Buddhist style, but many others are rock reliefs carved into the open rock faces. Listed as a World Heritage Site in 1999, the Dazu Rock Carvings are made up of 75 protected sites containing some 50,000 statues, with over 100,000 Chinese characters forming inscriptions and epigraphs. The sites are located in Chongqing Municipality within the steep hillsides throughout Dazu District, located about 165 kilometers west of the urban area of Chongqing. The highlights of the rock grotto are found on Mount Baoding and Mount Beishan.

Description
The Dazu Rock Carvings comprise 5 locations in Dazu District, Chongqing Municipality: Beishan, Baodingshan, Nanshan, Shizhuanshan, and Shimenshan.
 * Beishan (North Mountain) contains two groups of rock carvings and sculptures along a cliff face stretching for 300 meters. These date from the 9th to the 12th century and portray Tantric Buddhist and Taoist themes.
 * Baodingshan (Baoding Mountain) includes carvings in a U-shaped valley near the Longevity Pavilion, dating from the 12th and 13th centuries. Stretching for 500 meters, the carved figures depict themes from Tantric Buddhism in addition to secular life.
 * At Nanshan (South Mountain), the rock art dates from the Song Dynasty during the rule of the Emperor Shao Xing, depicting Taoist themes and symbols. In addition, there is a stele recording the history of Sichuan after a Mongol invasion in the 13th century.
 * Shizhuanshan (Shizhuan Mountain) carvings are dated from the early 12th century, uniquely integrating rock-hewn sculptures and carvings depicting Taoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism together. The most prominent of the grotto sculptures are thought to have been sculpted by Wen Wijian, a famous sculptor of the time.
 * Shimenshan (Shimen Mountain) contains carvings that date from the 12th century, including statues of the Jade Emperor and several gods.

History
The technique for rock carvings may have originated in ancient India. The earliest carvings were begun in 650 AD during the early Tang dynasty, but the main period of their creation began in the late 9th century, when Wei Junjing, Prefect of Changzhou, pioneered the carvings on Mount Beishan, and his example was followed after the collapse of the Tang dynasty by local and gentry, monks and nuns, and ordinary people during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (907–65). In the 12th century, during the Song dynasty, a Buddhist monk named Zhao Zhifeng began work on the elaborate sculptures and carvings on Mount Baoding, dedicating 70 years of his life to the project. Unlike most collections of rock carvings, the Dazu rock carvings include statues representing all three major religions: Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism.

Off limits to visitors for many years, the carvings were opened to Chinese travelers in 1961 and foreign visitors in 1980. Until 1975, there was only a muddy path between the town of Dazu and the main cluster of carvings.

The carvings were listed as a World Heritage Site in 1999, citing "…their aesthetic quality, their rich diversity of subject matter, both secular and religious, and the light that they shed on everyday life in China during this period. They provide outstanding evidence of the harmonious synthesis of Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism."

Transport

 * Dazushike railway station on Chengdu-Chongqing Central line high-speed railway is currently under construction

title: Dazu Rock Carvings


text:
Zebra oto

The zebra oto or tiger oto (Otocinclus cocama) is a fish of the genus Otocinclus of the family Loricariidae that originates from Peru.

Taxonomy
The zebra oto was described in 2004 from a tributary of the Río Ucayali in Peru. Its closest relatives appear to be O. huaorani, O. bororo, O. mariae, and O. mura, as well as the more recently described species O. batmani.

Distribution and habitat
This fish is found in Peru in the Ucayali River and possibly Marañón River as well. These fish are found in mid-sized creeks with clear water. It may also be found in small ponds. They associate with marginal vegetation.

Appearance and anatomy
The zebra oto has a general body-shape like other Otocinclus species. They are small, have a suckermouth, and have armor on their bodies.

The zebra oto can be distinguished from all other members of this genus by its vertical stripe-like blotches and its complete lateral line. The zebra oto has the highest number of teeth of any species of Otocinclus. The W mark on its caudal fin distinguishes this fish from all others except for O. batmani. The zebra oto reaches about 4.4 cm (1.7 in) in SL, though the males are smaller.

Status
The zebra oto is listed as endangered by the IUCN Red List due to its limited range and overexploitation for the aquarium trade. Additionally, it is not protected in any part of its range, nor is it listed on CITES. The species has a decreasing population trend in the wild.

In the aquarium
The zebra oto has been for sale in the aquarium trade since the early 1990s. It has been popular since at least 2000. They are an occasionally seen species, and are bred in Asia in good numbers.

title: Zebra oto


text:
Talk:John Abraham

Maternal ancestry confusion
Sir, we have a confusion here regarding the subject's maternal ancestry. In this NDTV source where the subject is giving an interview, he says "My mother is an Irani", while in this Times of India source, he says "my mother is a Parsi". Since the first source is an interview, I have restored the "Irani". Help please. - Fylindfotberserk (talk) 16:13, 4 October 2019 (UTC)

According to this recent article, his mother is an Irani Zoroastrian. He states that “I would probably be the first actor out of India to be shooting in Iran. My mom has got 21 cousins in Iran, and I want to take her along because she wants to meet some of them. So I am very excited to be there. It’s an unbelievable story". The Parsis migrated from Iran to India between the 8th and 10th centuries, while the Irani community migrated between the 19th and 20th centuries. Abraham's mother's surname is "Irani" as well, and according to this article, she has been wanting to go visit her relatives in Iran for over a decade. I believe the confusion comes from the use of Parsi as an umbrella term synonymous to Zoroastrian. It's quite obvious that his mother is an Irani Zoroastrian of recent extraction, otherwise she wouldn't have knowledge of her 21 cousins in Iran if her ancestors had left Iran over a thousand years ago. 162.84.166.10 (talk) 09:29, 7 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Even if it was correct, then still, why we should provide this coverage about his family on this section about his own "Early life"? The article would be better off if it excludes details about his family's religions. TheRollBoss001 (talk) 16:07, 7 April 2022 (UTC)
 * What is the point of the note that's there? The article says Abraham's mother is Irani Zoroastrian. There are already two cited sources but these are supplemented by a note. The note says According to a 2018 Times of India source, Abraham says his mother is a Parsi and the Parsis have roots in Gujarat, but in an older 2011 NDTV report, Abraham said his mother is a Parsi from Iran, while in a 2022 PINKVILLA report he says his mother is a Zoroastrian and has 21 cousins in Iran In another interview, his mother says, "I'm a full Irani". Why is this being beaten to death? Parsis are Zoroastrians. The "but" here makes no sense, implying that being from Iran and belonging to a group that has origins in Gujarat are contradictory. What difference does it make how many cousins his mother has in Iran? How many other biographies give us the exact number of cousins the subject's mother has in a particular country? Finally, having established that his mother is from Iran, why do we care that she once said the words "I am a full Irani"? The whole note is pointless and reads like an attempt to argue within the article. Largoplazo (talk) 17:04, 17 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Because Irani (India) and Parsis are two different communities and Abraham himself seems confused. In one interview he said Parsi, in another he said Irani, both articles and videos are/were available. - Fylindfotberserk (talk) 17:55, 17 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Ah, OK, thanks. I didn't realize "Irani" wasn't being used here in its internationally ordinary meaning, comparable to "Pakistani", "Iraqi", etc. Largoplazo (talk) 18:19, 17 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Welcome. I almost forgot about this issue. See in this one, he says his mother is an 'Irani', but at the same time compares himself with another person and calls her a 'Parsi'. In the interview article he said Parsi. It is only after this video, I enforced the 'Irani' part. Here too he called his mom a half-Irani, but she corrected him (1:42). - Fylindfotberserk (talk) 18:36, 17 December 2023 (UTC)

February 2021
@27.61.188.20, Regarding this edits. You didn't provide a source which says Abraham is a "businessman". While it is established that he is a 'model'. Do not make disruptive changes like these without discussion. Talk here and gain consensus as per WP:BRD. - Fylindfotberserk (talk) 16:52, 20 February 2021 (UTC)

"Tara Vs Bilal" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Tara Vs Bilal and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 November 29 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. MB 05:29, 29 November 2022 (UTC)

recent edits by Israrhashim1
, your recent edits used several undefined references. I've tidied them up a bit, but some material is left unreferenced and the content isn't probably what you had intended. Do you have a plan for cleaning it up? -- Mikeblas (talk) 23:45, 31 January 2023 (UTC)

One more add film in this list
Shoutout at wadala best film ever by John Abraham's career 103.93.113.251 (talk) 22:12, 22 August 2023 (UTC)

"John Abraham(actor)" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Abraham(actor)&redirect=no John Abraham(actor)] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Steel1943 (talk) 17:37, 21 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Abraham


text: Category:Hetmans

title: Category:Hetmans


text:
Laura Ross (chess player)

Laura R. Smith (born 1988), formerly Laura R. Ross, is an American chess player.

Chess career
She holds the title of Woman FIDE Master. , her FIDE rating was 2142. She is no longer an active player, but she does enjoy playing for fun. Laura also teaches private chess lessons.

In 1998 she finished eighth in the World Championship Girls Under 10.

Ross was the first US female to head a "Top 100 Players" list of both male and female players, as published by the United States Chess Federation. In April 2002 she became the highest rated 13-year-old, male or female, in the US.

Laura is an alumna of Binghamton University.

After college Laura taught for the non-profit Chess-in-the-Schools. She enjoyed teaching so much that she went on to earn her Master's in Childhood Education. She is now a 3rd Grade teacher in Brooklyn and she helps run the chess team at the school.

Professional affiliations

 * FIDE World Chess Federation
 * United States Chess Federation
 * Chess-in-the-Schools

Professional achievements

 * Women's FIDE Master
 * FIDE rated 2142 (September 2011).
 * Rated 11th top US Female player

Awards

 * Women's US Championship (San Diego CA): won USCF Chess-Scholar Award; placed 2nd in competition
 * Pan-American Championship (Cordoba, Argentina): earned silver medal in Girls Under 14 category
 * Earned a spot on the US Youth Chess Team for 8 consecutive years. Placed in the Top Ten 3 times, WFM Laura Ross (accessed September 7, 2011)

title: Laura Ross (chess player)


text:
Alexander Forbes (bishop of Brechin)

Alexander Penrose Forbes (16 June 1817 – 8 October 1875) was a Scottish Episcopalian divine, born in Edinburgh. A leading cleric in the Scottish Episcopal Church, he was Bishop of Brechin from 1847 until his death in 1875.

Biography
He was the second son of John Hay Forbes, Lord Medwyn, a judge of the court of session, and grandson of Sir William Forbes, 6th Baronet of Pitsligo. He studied first at the Edinburgh Academy, then for two years under the Rev. Thomas Dale the poet, in Kent, passed one session at Glasgow University in 1831 and, having chosen the career of the Indian Civil Service, completed his studies with distinction at the East India Company College. In 1836 he went to Madras and secured early promotion, but in consequence of ill health he was obliged to return to England. In 1840, he entered Brasenose College, Oxford, where in 1841 he obtained the Boden Sanskrit scholarship. He graduated with a B.A. in 1844.

He was at Oxford during the early years of the movement known as Tractarianism, and was powerfully influenced by association with John Henry Newman, Edward Bouverie Pusey, and John Keble. This led him to resign his Indian appointment. In 1844 he was ordained deacon and priest in the Church of England, and held curacies at Aston Rowant and St Thomas's, Oxford; but being naturally attracted to the Episcopal Church of his native land, then recovering from long depression, he removed in 1846 to Stonehaven, the chief town of Kincardineshire. The same year, however, he was appointed to the vicarage of St Saviour Church, Richmond Hill, Leeds, a church founded to preach and illustrate Tractarian principles.

On 28 October 1847 Forbes was consecrated to succeed Bishop Moir in the see of Brechin. He removed the episcopal residence to Dundee, where he resided till his death, combining the pastoral charge of the congregation with the duties of the see. When he came to Dundee the churchmen were accustomed owing to their small numbers to worship in a room over a bank. Through his energy several churches were built, among them the pro-cathedral of St Paul's.

He was prosecuted in the Church courts for heresy, the accusation being founded on his primary charge, delivered and published in 1857, in which he set forth his views on the Eucharist. Keble wrote in his defence, and was present at his trial at Edinburgh. Forbes made a powerful defence, but was censured for erroneous teaching. He was a good scholar, a scientific theologian and a devoted worker, and was much loved. He died at Dundee on 8 October 1875.

Forbes' younger brother George Hay Forbes was also a member of the Episcopalian clergy, patristics scholar and editor. Bishop Forbes' correspondence is held by Archive Services at the University of Dundee as part of the Brechin Diocesan Library Manuscripts Collection. This collection includes correspondence with E. B. Pusey and William Gladstone.

St Drostan's Episcopal Church in Tarfside, Glen Esk, was built in 1879 in memory of Bishop Forbes.

Principal works

 * A Short Explanation of the Nicene Creed (1852)
 * An Explanation of the Thirty-nine Articles (2 vols, 1867 and 1868)
 * Commentary on the Seven Penitential Psalms (1847)
 * Commentary on the Canticles (1853)

title: Alexander Forbes (bishop of Brechin)


text:
User:Meanos~enwiki

Hi. I'm yet another user from the French wikipedia, where you can read a longer description about me and also myself.

Meanos (fr.wikipedia)

fr:Utilisateur:Jd

title: User:Meanos~enwiki


text:
Marty Booker

Marty Montez Booker (born July 31, 1976) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver for eleven seasons in the National Football League (NFL). After playing college football for Louisiana-Monroe, he was selected by the Chicago Bears in the third round of the 1999 NFL draft. During his first tenure with the Bears, he earned a Pro Bowl selection in 2002. He also played for the Miami Dolphins from 2004 to 2007, Bears in 2008, and Atlanta Falcons in 2009.

Early life
Marty Montez Booker was born July 31, 1976, to Vera and Calvin Booker of Jonesboro, La. Booker attended Jonesboro-Hodge High School in Jonesboro, Louisiana. He was a two-sport standout in both football and track. In football, he was a quarterback and passed for 3418 yd and 48 combined touchdowns as a senior, at a college meet, he was told that he was super athletic, and quarterback wasn't the right spot for him, he chose WR. Following his senior season, he finished as the runner-up for the national Gatorade High School Player of the Year award. In track, he was ranked second in the state high jump finals as a senior. Booker also was a standout basketball player.

College career
Marty Booker attended the University of Louisiana-Monroe where he was a three-year starter. He finished his college career with 178 receptions for 2,784 yards (15.6 avg.) and 23 touchdowns. He was an All-Independent first-team selection as a senior with 75 catches for 1168 yd and 11 touchdowns, averaging 106.2 yd per game. He ranks second in school history for career receptions.

First stint with Bears
Booker was drafted in the third round (78th overall) in the 1999 NFL draft by the Chicago Bears. He started four of the nine games in which he played during his rookie season, catching 19 passes for 219yd and three touchdowns. He did not play in each of the first six games of the season, with his first regular season action coming on an October 24 contest against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Booker's first career reception occurred on November 15 against the Minnesota Vikings, when he grabbed seven passes for 134yd and two touchdowns in what was also the first start of his career. He became the first Bears rookie to register a 100 yd receiving game since Willie Gault in 1983. Booker also combined with Marcus Robinson to become the 15th tandem in Bears history to record 100 yd receiving games in the same contest.

In 2000, Booker started seven of the 15 games in which he played, finishing third on the team with 47 receptions for 490 yd and a pair of scores. He was inactive for a September 17 game against the New York Giants with a shoulder injury. He had five catches for 56 yd against the Detroit Lions on September 24 - a game which began his streak of 82 straight games with a reception.

In 2001, Booker started all 16 games and set a Bears single-season reception record with 100, breaking the old mark of 93 set by Johnny Morris in 1964. That total also ranked second in the NFC and sixth in the NFL. On the season, he totaled 1,071 receiving yards, good for ninth in the NFC. He became just the seventh receiver (8th time) in Bears history to post a 1000 yd receiving season. He collected a season-high nine receptions on five occasions, including each of the first two games. In a 31–3 win at the Atlanta Falcons on October 7, he had a 63 yd TD catch from Jim Miller and a 34 yd TD pass to Marcus Robinson. He hauled in seven passes for 165 yd and a career-high three touchdowns in 27-24 win at the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on November 18, including a career-long 66 yd TD catch (from Miller) in the game.

Booker earned the first Pro Bowl berth of his career in 2002 as he accumulated 97 receptions for 1189 yd and six touchdowns. He became the first Bears wide receiver to earn Pro Bowl status since Dick Gordon in 1972. Booker's reception total was second in team history, trailing only his 100 catches from 2001, while his yardage total was the fourth-best single-season figure. His reception total also was third in the NFC and tied for sixth in the NFL in 2002 while yardage figure was seventh in the NFC and ninth in the NFL. He became just the second Bear to account for multiple 1000 yd receiving seasons in a career, joining Harlon Hill (1954, 1956) Booker tied for fourth in the NFL with 20 receptions of 20 yd or longer, while placing seventh in the NFC with 54 first-down catches and sixth in the conference with 24 third-down receptions. He amassed a career-high three 100 yd receiving games on the season, including the opener against the Minnesota Vikings on September 8 when he produced 198 yd - tied for the third highest single-game total in Bears history. His second 100 yd game of the season occurred against the Green Bay Packers on October 7, when he hauled in a career-high 12 passes - the fourth-highest single-game total in team history. Booker also threw a 44 yd touchdown pass to Marcus Robinson against the New England Patriots on November 10.

Booker all 13 games in which he played in 2003 and was the Bears’ leading receiver for the third straight year, catching 52 passes for 715 yd and four touchdowns. He was inactive for three games in October and November with an ankle injury. He compiled the seventh 100 yd receiving game of his career as he totaled 115 yd on five receptions, including a 61 yd TD catch, at Green Bay on December 7, when he tied Neal Anderson for fifth on Chicago’s all-time receiving list with 302. Booker caught six passes for 92 yd in finale at the Kansas City Chiefs on December 28, as he set a Bears record for consecutive games with a reception (58).

Booker concluded his Chicago career with 315 receptions for 3684 yd and 23 touchdowns. He ranks fifth on the team’s all-time chart for receptions and sixth for receiving yards. His reception total was the most by any Bear in his first five years with the club while his yardage figure was third during this same time span.

On August 23, 2004, the Bears traded Booker and their third-round draft pick in 2005 to the Miami Dolphins in exchange for defensive end Adewale Ogunleye, who was coming off a career-high 15 sacks with the Dolphins in 2003. The following April, the Dolphins used the third-round draft choice acquired from the Bears on Florida linebacker Channing Crowder, who developed into a productive starter for Miami during his 6 years.

Miami Dolphins
Booker started 15 games during his first season with the Dolphins in 2004. He finished third on the team with 50 receptions for 638 yards and a touchdown, behind fellow wide receiver Chris Chambers and tight end Randy McMichael. He had a reception in every game that he played for the fourth year in a row. Booker turned in his most productive receiving day of the season at the New England Patriots on October 10, when he hauled in seven passes for 123 yards. His entire receiving total from the game came in the second half as he became the first Dolphin to account for 100 yards receiving in a half since December 15, 2002, when Chris Chambers had 117 yards in the first half against the Oakland Raiders. Booker tossed a 48-yard completion to Chambers against the St. Louis Rams on October 24 for the third and longest completion of his career. That led to a Sammy Morris eight-yard touchdown run on the next play from scrimmage for the Dolphins’ first score of a game they went on to win, 31-14, as they earned their initial victory of the season. He was inactive for finale at the Baltimore Ravens on January 2, 2005, with an ankle injury.

In 2005, Booker started 12 of the 15 games in which he played, and was inactive for one contest. The three games he did not start occurred when Dolphins opened with two tight ends. He caught 39 passes for 686 yards and three touchdowns on the season. His reception total ranked third on the team, behind Chris Chambers and Randy McMichael while his yardage figure was second (behind only Chambers). Booker's average per catch of 17.6 was the best on the team among players with more than five receptions, and also marked a personal best. It also was the best figure by a Dolphin since 2002 when James McKnight put together an 18.2 mark. Booker accounted for a pair of 100-yard receiving games on the year, including the season opener against the Denver Broncos when he hauled in five passes for 104 yards. Included in that total was a 60-yard touchdown reception from quarterback Gus Frerotte - the second-longest pass play by the Dolphins in 2005. It was also Booker's fourth career catch of 60 yards or longer and his longest since he had a 61-yard touchdown catch on December 7, 2003, at Green Bay as a member of the Chicago Bears. He had five catches for 102 yards against the New England Patriots on November 13, marking the first time since 2002 that he had two or more 100-yard receiving games in the same season. He was held without a catch at Cleveland on November 20, snapping his streak of 82 straight games with a reception. Prior to that, the last time he did not have a catch was on September 10, 2000, at Tampa Bay as a member of the Chicago Bears. Booker had two receptions for 56 yards on December 18 against the New York Jets, including a 50-yard touchdown catch from Sage Rosenfels 4:05 into the fourth quarter, which broke a 17–17 tie as the Dolphins held on for a 24–20 victory. Booker hauled in a 15-yard touchdown pass from Gus Frerotte in fourth quarter of a January 1 contest against the New England Patriots, giving the Dolphins a 25–13 lead in their 28-26 victory.

In 2006, Booker finished first on the team in reception yardage and in touchdown receptions with 55 catches for 747 yards and six touchdowns. He had two other receptions for two-point conversions and also has three rushes for 19 yards. His receiving totals were his highest in all three categories since his 2002 season as a member of the Chicago Bears. In addition, his six touchdown receptions is tied for the second highest single season total of his career (along with his six TD catches in 2002 as a member of the Bears), surpassed only by his eight touchdown catches in 2001 with the Bears. Booker because a favorite target of quarterback Joey Harrington later in the season, with four touchdown catches in three games from Weeks 11 to 13. Booker started 14 games during the season and was inactive twice - on December 25 against the New York Jets due to an ankle injury and on October 15 at the New York Jets due to a chest injury.

A projected starter in 2007, it was reported on April 26 that Booker was on the trade bloc.

However, Booker remained with the Dolphins as their No. 2 receiver behind Chris Chambers, with the team trying to work rookie first round pick Ted Ginn Jr. and Derek Hagan more into the offense.

Following a disastrous start to the season for the Dolphins, Chris Chambers was traded on October 16 to the Chargers for their second round draft pick in 2008. Booker then became the only experienced receiver for rookie QB John Beck and career back-up Cleo Lemon to throw to for the rest of the season.

During the following offseason on February 11, 2008, Booker was one of nine players released by the Dolphins.

Chicago Bears (second stint)
On March 4, 2008, Booker agreed to a two-year contract with the Chicago Bears worth $3.5 million. He caught only 14 passes for 211 yards and 2 touchdowns, including a 51-yard touchdown reception. Booker was released by the Bears on February 13, 2009.

Atlanta Falcons
Booker signed with the Atlanta Falcons on August 6, 2009, after the team waived undrafted rookie wide receiver Bradon Godfrey. Booker became an unrestricted free agent at the end of the 2009 season.

title: Marty Booker


text:
USS Columbia (C-12)

The fourth USS Columbia (C-12/CA-16) was a protected cruiser in the United States Navy during the Spanish–American War and World War I. She was the lead ship of her class of two cruisers; her sister ship was USS Minneapolis (C-13). The class was originally designed with three funnels; however, Columbia was built with four and Minneapolis with two. This may have been to make them resemble specific passenger liners.

Columbia was launched 26 July 1892 by William Cramp & Sons Ship & Engine Building Company, Philadelphia; sponsored and christened by Miss Edith H. Morton, daughter of Vice President Levi P. Morton; and commissioned 23 April 1894, Captain George Watson Sumner in command.

Service history
Columbia joined the North Atlantic Squadron, and from 30 July 1894 to 5 January 1895 cruised to protect American interests in the Caribbean. She participated in the intervention in Nicaragua from July to August 1894. She visited Europe in the summer of 1895 and represented the United States at the ceremonial opening of the Kiel Canal in June. Returning to the east coast in August, she operated in the western Atlantic until going in ordinary, in reserve at Philadelphia Navy Yard 13 May 1897.

On 28 April 1896 passenger steamer SS Wyanoke (🇺🇸 United States) struck the anchored ship at Newport News, Virginia and sank. Wyanoke had 107 passengers and 42 crew on board, of which two passengers and 1 crewman drowned, and one crewman died of injuries in the hospital.

Recommissioned 15 March 1898 for service in the Spanish–American War, Columbia patrolled along the Atlantic coast and in the West Indies until 26 August. She convoyed troops to Puerto Rico and aided in its occupation between July and 14 August. Columbia was decommissioned and placed in reserve at Philadelphia Navy Yard 31 March 1899.

Following recommissioning on 31 August 1902, Columbia served as receiving ship at New York and from 9 November 1903 as a part of the Atlantic Training Squadron. Once more out of commission at Philadelphia between 3 May 1907 and 22 June 1915, the cruiser then joined the Submarine Flotilla as flagship. After cruising between the various Atlantic submarine bases on inspection tours, she was detached 19 April 1917.

Columbia patrolled off the Delaware Breakwater from 21 April 1917 as flagship of Squadron 5, Patrol Force until July when she joined the Cruiser Force as a convoy escort. Between 1 January and 13 November 1918 she made five Atlantic escort voyages, protecting the passage of men and supplies for the American Expeditionary Force in France. On her detachment 7 January 1919, she became flagship of Squadron 2, Destroyer Force, Atlantic Fleet, operating along the East Coast and in the Caribbean. She was relieved as flagship on 29 May but continued cruising until decommissioned at Philadelphia Navy Yard 29 June 1921.

Reclassified CA-16 on 17 July 1920, she was renamed Old Columbia 17 November 1921, and sold 26 January 1922.

Awards

 * Sampson Medal
 * Navy Expeditionary Medal
 * Spanish Campaign Medal
 * Cuban Pacification Medal
 * World War I Victory Medal with "Atlantic Fleet" clasp

title: USS Columbia (C-12)


text:
Glasser's choice theory

The term "choice theory" is the work of “William Glasser”, MD, author of the book so named, and is the culmination of some 50 years of theory and practice in psychology and counselling.

Characteristics
Choice theory posits that the behaviors we choose are central to our existence. Our behavior (choices) is driven by five genetically driven needs in hierarchical order: survival, love, power, freedom, and fun.

The most basic human needs are survival (physical component) and love (mental component). Without physical (nurturing) and emotional (love), an infant will not survive to attain power, freedom, and fun.

“No matter how well-nourished and intellectually stimulated a child is, going without human touch can stunt his mental, emotional, and even physical growth”,which is proved by the research of livestrong on the influence of physical touch on a child's development “Touching Empathy: Lack of Physical Affection Can Actually Kill Babies”, Psychology Today, October 1, 2010.

Survival needs include: And four fundamental psychological needs:
 * Food
 * Clothing
 * Shelter
 * Breathing
 * personal safety
 * security and sex, having children
 * Belonging/connecting/love
 * Power/significance/competence
 * Freedom/autonomy
 * Fun/learning

Choice theory suggests the existence of a "quality world." The idea of a "quality world" in choice theory has been compared to Jungian archetypes, but Glasser's acknowledgement of this connection is unclear. Some argue that Glasser's "quality world" and what Jung would call healthy archetypes share similarities.

Our "quality world" images are our role models of an individual's "perfect" world of parents, relations, possessions, beliefs, etc. How each person's "quality world" is somewhat unusual, even in the same family of origin, is taken for granted.

Starting from birth and continuing throughout our lives, each person places significant role models, significant possessions, and significant systems of belief (religion, cultural values, icons, etc.) into a mostly unconscious framework Glasser called our "quality world". The issue of negative role models and stereotypes is not extensively discussed in choice theory.

Glasser also posits a "comparing place," where we compare and contrast our perceptions of people, places, and things immediately in front of us against our ideal images (archetypes) of these in our Quality World framework. Our subconscious pushes us towards calibrating—as best we can—our real-world experience with our quality world (archetypes).

Behavior ("total behavior" in Glasser's terms) is made up of these four components: acting, thinking, feeling, and physiology. Glasser suggests we have considerable control or choice over the first two of these, yet little ability to directly choose the latter two as they are more deeply sub- and unconscious. These four components remain closely intertwined, and the choices we make in our thinking and acting will greatly affect our feelings and physiology.

Glasser frequently emphasizes that failed or strained relationships with significant individuals can contribute to personal unhappiness. spouses, parents, children, friends, and colleagues.

The symptoms of unhappiness are widely variable and are often seen as mental illnesses. Glasser believed that "pleasure" and "happiness" are related but far from synonymous. Sex, for example, is a "pleasure" but may well be divorced from a "satisfactory relationship," which is a precondition for lasting "happiness" in life. Hence the intense focus on the improvement of relationships in counseling with choice theory—the "new reality therapy". Individuals who are familiar with both reality therapy and choice theory may have a preference for the latter, which is considered a more modern approach.

According to choice theory, mental illness can be linked to personal unhappiness. Glasser champions how we are able to learn and choose alternate behaviors that result in greater personal satisfaction. Reality therapy is a choice theory-based counseling process focused on helping clients learn to make those self-optimizing choices.

The Ten Axioms of Choice

 * 1) The only person whose behavior we can control is ourselves.
 * 2) All we can give another person is information.
 * 3) All long-lasting psychological problems are relationship problems.
 * 4) The problem relationship is always part of our present life.
 * 5) What happened in the past has everything to do with who we are today, but we can only satisfy our basic needs right now and plan to continue satisfying them in the future.
 * 6) We can only satisfy our needs by satisfying the pictures in our quality world.
 * 7) All we do is behave.
 * 8) All behavior is total behavior and is made up of four components: acting, thinking, feeling, and physiology.
 * 9) All of our total behavior is chosen, but we only have direct control over the acting and thinking components. We can only control our feelings and physiology indirectly through how we choose to act and think.
 * 10) All total behavior is designated by verbs and named by the part that is the most recognizable.

In Classroom Management
William Glasser's choice theory begins: Behavior is not separate from choice; we all choose how to behave at any time. Second, we cannot control anyone's behavior but our own. Glasser emphasized the importance of classroom meetings as a means to improve communication and solve classroom problems. Glasser suggested that teachers should assist students in envisioning a fulfilling school experience and planning the choices that would enable them to achieve it.

For example, Johnny Waits is an 18-year-old high school senior and plans on attending college to become a computer programmer. Glasser suggests that Johnny could be learning as much as he can about computers instead of reading Plato. Glasser proposed a curriculum approach that emphasizes practical, real-world topics chosen by students based on their interests and inclinations. This approach is referred to as the quality curriculum. The quality curriculum places particular emphasis on topics that have practical career applications. According to Glasser's approach, teachers facilitate discussions with students to identify topics they are interested in exploring further when introducing new material. In line with Glasser's approach, students are expected to articulate the practical value of the material they choose to explore.

Education
Glasser did not endorse Summerhill, and the quality schools he oversaw typically had conventional curriculum topics. The main innovation of these schools was a deeper, more humanistic approach to the group process between teachers, students, and learning.

Critiques
In a book review, Christopher White writes that Glasser believes everything in the DSM-IV-TR is a result of an individual's brain creatively expressing its unhappiness. White also notes that Glasser criticizes the psychiatric profession and questions the effectiveness of medications in treating mental illness. White points out that the book does not provide a set of randomized clinical trials demonstrating the success of Glasser's teachings.

title: Glasser's choice theory


text:
Zach Thomas

Zachary Michael Thomas (born September 1, 1973) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) for 13 seasons. He played college football for the Texas Tech Red Raiders, and was recognized as a unanimous All-American. He was selected in the fifth round, 22nd pick (154th overall), in the 1996 NFL draft by the Miami Dolphins, and played for the Dolphins in his first 12 seasons in the NFL, before playing his 13th and final season with the Dallas Cowboys.

In his rookie year in 1996, Thomas was voted the Dolphins Team Newcomer of the Year, and also won his first of two Dolphins Team MVP awards (1996, 2001). He was also named the AFC Defensive Rookie of the Year in 1996. Thomas was also the first Dolphins player to win the Dolphins Team Leadership Award (voted by his teammates) a record three times (1998-1999, 2005), until Jason Taylor surpassed him with four (2002, 2006-2007, 2009).

From 1998-2006, Thomas led a defensive unit that finished top 10 in total defense in seven consecutive seasons (1998-2004), and in eight out of nine (2006). In five of those nine seasons (1998, 2000, 2002-2003, 2006), Thomas' defenses finished top five in total scoring defense, including 1st overall in 1998.

Thomas is also known for his longevity with the Dolphins, and currently is 2nd all time in Dolphins history for most games played by a defensive player in the team's history with 168, behind Taylor's 204. A seven-time Pro Bowl selection (the most ever by a Dolphins defensive player), and seven-time first (5) or second (2) team All-Pro, Thomas recorded more than 1,700 combined tackles (1,100+ solo) in his career which included leading the league in tackles twice (2002, 2006), topping at least 100 combined tackles (he topped 150+ tackles six times) in 10 out of his 12 seasons with the Dolphins, and currently ranks 5th on the NFL's all-time career tackles list. He was named a two-time NFL Alumni Linebacker of the Year (1998, 2006), and was also selected to the NFL 2000s All-Decade Team.

In 2006, Thomas was inducted into the Texas Tech Athletics Hall of Fame, and would later be enshrined into the Texas Tech Red Raiders Ring of Honor in 2016. In 2015, Thomas was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. In 2012, Thomas was enshrined into the Miami Dolphins Honor Roll, and on February 9, 2023, in his 10th year of eligibility and in his 4th straight year being a finalist, Zach Thomas was elected as a member to the Pro Football Hall of Fame Class of 2023.

Early life
Thomas was born in Pampa, Texas. He attended White Deer Schools in White Deer, Texas, until he was a sophomore then transferred to Pampa High School in his junior year. He was a standout high school football player and was named a first-team all-state selection as a senior. Thomas and his older brother, Bart, were high school teammates at White Deer High School in White Deer, Texas; in 1988, Thomas' freshman year, the White Deer team went 16–0 and won the Class 1A state championship.

College career
Thomas attended Texas Tech University, where he was a three-year starter at linebacker for the Texas Tech Red Raider football team. As a junior in 1994, he was a second-team All-American. As a senior in 1995, he was a unanimous first-team All-American, the Big 12 Conference Defensive Player of the Year, and a finalist for the Butkus Award. Thomas is one of 5 Red Raiders to be named a Unanimous All-American along with Mark Bounds, Byron Hanspard, Michael Crabtree, and Jace Amaro. He recorded 390 tackles, including a career-high 131 tackles and a school-record 20 tackles against Georgia in his senior season. Thomas and his brother Bart were the only pair of brothers to be named first-team All-Southwest Conference selections in the same year.

Thomas' most memorable and infamous college game for Texas Tech, occurred on October 7, 1995, against rival Texas A&M University. Texas A&M entered the game riding a five game winning streak against Texas Tech dating back to 1990. In a defensive 7-7 tie ballgame heading late into the 4th quarter, Thomas intercepted a pass and returned it 25 yards for a touchdown with :34 seconds remaining, helping Texas Tech snap their five game losing streak to Texas A&M, winning by a final score of 14–7. Thomas finished the game with 12 combined tackles, one fumble recovery, and the game-clinching interception return for a touchdown.

Thomas was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2015.

College awards and honors

 * Second-team Houston Chronicle All-SWC (1993)
 * Second-team Houston Post All-SWC (1993)
 * First-team UPI All-American (1994)
 * Second-team Football News All-American (1994)
 * Second-team Sporting News All-American (1994)
 * 2× SWC Defensive Player of the Year (1994, 1995)
 * Unanimous first-team All-American (1995)
 * First-team All-SWC (1995)
 * College Football Hall of Fame
 * Texas Tech Hall Of Fame

Professional career
Thomas attended the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis, but had a performance that was described as lousy and included a 28.5" vertical jump. Miami Dolphins' special teams coordinator, Mike Westhoff, was sent to Texas by the Dolphins to meet with Thomas and scout him for their special teams unit. Thomas was considered to be too small and not fast or athletic enough to play at the professional level according to scouts and draft experts.

Miami Dolphins
The Miami Dolphins selected Thomas in the fifth round (154th overall) of the 1996 NFL draft. Thomas was the 18th linebacker drafted in a linebacker class that included Ray Lewis, Tedy Bruschi, Donnie Edwards, and Kevin Hardy. Thomas was the second linebacker the Dolphins drafted in 1996, joining their fourth round pick Baylor linebacker LaCurtis Jones (126th overall). Thomas was initially drafted to join special teams after the Miami Dolphins' special teams coordinator Mike Westhoff recommended him to head coach Jimmy Johnson.

1996
On July 3, 1996, the Miami Dolphins signed Thomas to a three-year, $577,000 contract at the league minimum. He impressed the Dolphins' coaching staff during training camp and quickly rose up the depth chart to compete for the job as the starting middle linebacker against Jack Del Rio. Head coach Jimmy Johnson officially named Thomas the starting middle linebacker to begin the regular season. On August 3, 1996, the Miami Dolphins subsequently released Del Rio due to the sudden emergence of Thomas.

He made his professional regular season debut and first career start in the Miami Dolphins' season-opener at home, against the New England Patriots and made nine combined tackles and his first career sack in their 24–10 victory. Thomas made his first career tackle on Patriots' running back Curtis Martin and made his first career sack on Patriots' quarterback Drew Bledsoe for a six-yard loss in the first quarter. The following week, he collected a season-high 15 combined tackles as the Dolphins defeated the Arizona Cardinals 38–10. In Week 6, he collected 12 combined tackles in the Dolphins' 22–15 loss against the Seattle Seahawks. On October 13, 1996, Thomas recorded 11 combined tackles, a sack, and made his first career interception during a 21–7 win at the Buffalo Bills in Week 7. Thomas made his first career interception off a pass by Bills' quarterback Jim Kelly, that was originally intended for tight end Lonnie Johnson, and returned it for an 11-yard gain in the first quarter. On November 17, 1996, Thomas made eight combined tackles and returned an interception for his first career touchdown in the Dolphins' 23–20 win against the Houston Oilers in Week 12. Thomas intercepted a pass by Oilers' quarterback Chris Chandler, that was intended for tight end Frank Wycheck, and returned it for a 26-yard touchdown in the fourth quarter. Thomas finished his rookie season in 1996 with 153 combined tackles, three interceptions, and two sacks, while starting all 16 games. Thomas was a 1997 Pro Bowl alternate and an All-Rookie selection in 1996.

1997
On August 4, 1997, Thomas sustained a fractured fibula during the Dolphins' 38–19 win against the Denver Broncos in their preseason-opener. His injury sidelined him for the remainder of the preseason and he was also inactive for the Miami Dolphins' 16–10 season-opening victory against the Indianapolis Colts. Head coach Jimmy Johnson named Thomas the starting middle linebacker upon his return from injury. He started alongside outside linebackers Anthony Harris and Derrick Rodgers. In Week 4, he collected a season-high 12 combined tackles and made an interception during a 31–21 loss at the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. On October 27, 1997, Thomas tied his season-high of 12 combined tackles in the Dolphins' 36–33 loss at the Chicago Bears in Week 9. He finished the 1997 season with a total of 127 combined tackles, an interception, and was credited with half a sack in 15 games and 15 starts.

The Miami Dolphins finished second in the AFC East with a 9–7 record and earned a wildcard berth. On December 28, 1997, Thomas started in his first career playoff game and recorded ten combined tackles during the Dolphins 17–3 loss as the New England Patriots won the AFC Wildcard Game.

1998
Thomas was retained as the starting middle linebacker for the third consecutive season and started alongside outside linebackers Robert Jones and Derrick Rodgers.

On September 20, 1998, Thomas recorded eight combined tackles and returned an interception for a touchdown during a 21–0 win against the Pittsburgh Steelers in Week 3. Thomas intercepted a pass by Steelers' quarterback Kordell Stewart and returned it for a 17-yard touchdown in the third quarter. On November 1, 1998, he collected a season-high 14 combined tackles during a 30–24 loss at the Buffalo Bills in Week 9. In Week 14, Thomas recorded six combined tackles and made a season-high two interceptions in the Dolphins' 27–17 win at the Oakland Raiders. Thomas intercepted two pass attempts by quarterback Donald Hollas. He started in all 16 games in 1998 and recorded 133 combined tackles, three interceptions, and two sacks. Thomas was first-team All-Pro for the first time in his career as the Dolphins defense allowed the fewest points in the NFL.

The Miami Dolphins finished second in the AFC East with a 10–6 record and earned a playoff berth. On January 2, 1999, Thomas recorded eight combined tackles during a 24–17 win against the Buffalo Bills in the AFC Wildcard Game. The following week, he made ten combined tackles as the Dolphins' lost to the Denver Broncos in the AFC Divisional Round 38–3.

1999
On February 13, 1999, the Miami Dolphins signed Thomas to a five-year, $22.50 million contract that included a signing bonus of $4.50 million. Thomas's $6.5 million in salary and bonus made him the Dolphins highest paid player, surpassing Dan Marino. Head coach Jimmy Johnson retained Thomas, Robert Jones, and Derrick Rodgers as the starting linebackers in 1999. In Week 15, Thomas collected a season-high 13 combined tackles during the Dolphins' 12–9 win against the San Diego Chargers. He started in all 16 games in 1999 and recorded 132 combined tackles, a sack, and an interception. Thomas was selected to the 2000 Pro Bowl, marking the first Pro Bowl selection of his career.

The Miami Dolphins finished third in the AFC East with a 9–7 record and earned a playoff berth. On January 9, 2000, Thomas recorded nine combined tackles and a sack during a 20–17 victory at the Seattle Seahawks in the AFC Wildcard Game. The following week, he made ten combined tackles as the Dolphins lost 62–7 at the Jacksonville Jaguars in the AFC Divisional Round.

2000
On January 17, 2000, head coach Jimmy Johnson announced his decision to step down as head coach of the Miami Dolphins. Assistant head coach Dave Wannstedt was promoted to head coach. Wannstedt opted to retain Thomas as the starting middle linebacker, alongside Robert Jones and Derrick Rodgers. On September 17, 2000, Thomas collected a season-high 13 combined tackles during a 19–6 win against the Baltimore Ravens in Week 3. Thomas was sidelined during the Dolphins' Week 5 victory at the Cincinnati Bengals due to a sprained ankle. Thomas was inactive for four games (Weeks 9–12) after aggravating his sprained ankle during a Week 8 loss at the New York Jets the previous week. He finished the 2000 season with 99 combined tackles, 1.5 sacks, and an interception in 11 games and 11 starts.

2001
Defensive coordinator Jim Bates retained Thomas as the starting middle linebacker. He started alongside Twan Russell and Derrick Rodgers to begin the 2001 regular season.

He started in the Miami Dolphins' season-opener at the Tennessee Titans and recorded nine combined tackles, deflected two passes, and returned an interception for a touchdown in their 31–23 victory. Thomas intercepted a pass by Titans backup quarterback Neil O'Donnell, that was intended for tight end Erron Kinney, and returned it for a 34-yard touchdown in the fourth quarter. The following week, he collected a career-high 18 combined tackles (nine solo) during an 18–15 victory against the Oakland Raiders in Week 2. In Week 5, he recorded nine combined tackles and made a season-high 1.5 sacks as the Dolphins lost 21–17 at the New York Jets. Thomas finished the 2001 season with 154 combined tackles (94 solo), three sacks, two pass deflections, two interceptions, and a touchdown in 15 games and 15 starts. Head coach Dave Wannstedt chose to rest Thomas during the Dolphins' Week 17 win against the Buffalo Bills as they had already clinched a playoff berth. Thomas was also selected to play in the 2002 Pro Bowl.

The Miami Dolphins finished second in the AFC East in 2001 with an 11–5 record. On January 13, 2002, Thomas recorded 22 combined tackles (14 solo) during the Dolphins' 20–3 loss against the Baltimore Ravens in the AFC Wildcard Game.

2002
Thomas returned as the starting middle linebacker under head coach Dave Wannstedt and started alongside outside linebackers Derrick Rodgers and Morlon Greenwood. On December 29, 2002, Thomas collected a season-high 16 combined tackles (11 solo) in the Dolphins' 27-24 loss at the New England Patriots in Week 17. He started in all 16 games in 2002 and recorded 156 combined tackles (101 solo), two pass deflections, an interception, and was credited with half a sack.

2003
On March 27, 2003, the Miami Dolphins signed Thomas to a five-year, $33.75 million contract extension that included a signing bonus of $10.50 million. The agreement kept him under contract with Miami through 2008.

On November 2, 2003, Thomas collected a season-high 19 combined tackles (12 solo) in the Dolphins' 23–17 loss to the Indianapolis Colts in Week 9. He was inactive for the Dolphins' Week 10 loss at the Tennessee Titans due to a groin injury. On November 27, 2003, Thomas made six combined tackles, a pass deflection, a sack, and an interception during a 40–21 victory at the Dallas Cowboys in Week 13. Thomas intercepted a pass by Cowboys' quarterback Quincy Carter, that was intended for wide receiver Terry Glenn, in the fourth quarter. He finished the 2002 season with 152 combined tackles (84 solo), six pass deflections, three interceptions, and a sack in 15 games and 15 starts. Thomas was selected to play in the 2004 Pro Bowl and earned his fifth All-Pro selection in six years.

2004
Thomas started alongside Morlon Greenwood and Junior Seau in 2004 after the Dolphins signed Seau during free agency. On November 9, 2004, head coach Dave Wannstedt unexpectedly announced his resignation as the Miami Dolphins' head coach after they declined and fell to a 1–8 record. Defensive coordinator Jim Bates was promoted to interim head coach for the last seven games of the regular season. Thomas injured his hamstring and was sidelined for three games (Weeks 13–15). On December 26, 2004, Thomas collected a season-high 18 combined tackles (nine solo) during the Dolphins' 10–7 victory against the Cleveland Browns in Week 16. He finished the 2004 NFL season with 145 combined tackles (85 solo), four pass deflections, and two sacks in 13 games and 13 starts. The Miami Dolphins finished with a disappointing record of 4–12 and the remaining coaching staff was fired after the season.

2005
Head coach Nick Saban retained Thomas as the starting middle linebacker in 2005. Thomas started the 2005 season alongside outside linebackers Channing Crowder and Junior Seau. He also played under defensive coordinator Richard Smith and linebackers coach George Edwards.

In Week 3, he collected a season-high 16 combined tackles (nine solo), broke up a pass, and made a sack during a 27–24 win against the Carolina Panthers. On October 21, 2005, Thomas made 14 combined tackles (eight solo) as the Dolphins lost 30–20 to the Kansas City Chiefs in Week 7. His 14 combined tackles against the Chiefs continued his streak of six consecutive games with double-digit tackles. In Week 11, Thomas injured his shoulder and was inactive for the next two games (Weeks 12–13). On December 11, 2005, Thomas recorded 11 combined tackles (nine solo), broke up a pass, and intercepted a pass attempt by Chargers' quarterback Drew Brees as the Dolphins defeated the San Diego Chargers 23–21 in Week 15. On December 19, 2005, it was announced that Thomas was selected to play in the 2006 Pro Bowl, marking his seventh Pro Bowl selection of his career. He tied for the third most Pro Bowl appearances in club history; this is also the record for most Pro Bowl selections among all defensive players in the Dolphins' franchise history. Thomas finished his tenth season in 2005 with 158 combined tackles (104 solo), three pass deflections, two sacks, and two interceptions in 14 games and 14 starts.

2006
On January 23, 2006, the Miami Dolphins hired former Houston Texans' head coach Dom Capers as their new defensive coordinator. Capers opted to retain Thomas as the starting middle linebacker and named Channing Crowder and Donnie Spragan the starting outside linebackers.

In Week 11, he collected 17 combined tackles (four solo) in a 24–20 victory against the Minnesota Vikings. The following week, he recorded six solo tackles, broke up a pass, and made two sacks on Lions'quarterback Jon Kitna during a 27–10 victory at the Detroit Lions in Week 12. On December 17, 2006, Thomas recorded a career-high 21 combined tackles during a 21–0 loss at the Buffalo Bills in Week 15. On December 20, 2006, Thomas was selected to play in the 2007 Pro Bowl as part of the AFC Roster. Thomas started all 16 games in 2006 and recorded a career-high 165 combined tackles (103 solo), nine passes defensed, three sacks, and an interception.

2007
On January 3, 2007, Miami Dolphins' head coach Nick Saban resigned from his position to accept the head coaching job with the University of Alabama. Saban resigned after repeatedly denying he would accept the position. The Dolphins hired the San Diego Chargers' offensive coordinator Cam Cameron. Cameron retained Dom Capers as the defensive coordinator and George Edwards as the linebackers coach. Thomas remained the starting middle linebacker, alongside outside linebackers Channing Crowder and Joey Porter.

He started in the Miami Dolphins' season-opener at the Washington Redskins and collected a season-high 13 combined tackles (nine solo) and made one sack in their 16–13 loss. On September 16, 2007, Thomas recorded ten combined tackles and broke up two passes before exiting the game due to a concussion he suffered while tackling Cowboys' fullback Oliver Hoyte in the third quarter of their 37–10 loss to the Dallas Cowboys. His concussion rendered him inactive for the next two games (Weeks 3–4). On October 21, 2007, Thomas was involved in a car collision and sustained another concussion during the accident. His repeated concussions caused Thomas to have migraine headaches that lingered until being placed on the injured reserve list. On December 4, 2007, the Miami Dolphins officially placed Thomas on injured reserve after he missed five games (Weeks 8–13) due to his repeated migraine headaches. On December 20, 2007, the Miami Dolphins hired Bill Parcells as their head of football operations. Thomas finished the 2007 season with 52 combined tackles (42 solo), two pass deflections, and a sack in five games and five starts.

2008
On January 1, 2008, the Miami Dolphins fired head coach Cam Cameron after a 1–15 record. On February 14, 2008, the Miami Dolphins released Thomas after announcing that he no longer fit into their long term plans and his contract was terminated. Thomas received offers from the Dallas Cowboys, New Orleans Saints and New England Patriots.

Dallas Cowboys
On February 23, 2008, the Dallas Cowboys signed Thomas to a one-year, $3 million contract that included a signing bonus of $1 million. The signing of Thomas surprised media and observers, considering that he didn't have the previous experience or the size to play in the Cowboys 3-4 defense. After he joined the roster, the Cowboys traded linebacker Akin Ayodele to the Miami Dolphins to clear space for Thomas to become a starter at inside linebacker. Thomas started alongside Bradie James and outside linebackers DeMarcus Ware and Greg Ellis. In Week 4, he collected a season-high 12 combined tackles (six solo) during the Cowboys' 26–24 loss to the Washington Redskins. He finished the season with 94 combined tackles (65 solo), three pass deflections, and a sack in 16 games and 14 starts.

Kansas City Chiefs
An unrestricted free agent in the 2009 offseason, Thomas agreed to terms with the Kansas City Chiefs on April 11. The one-year contract was worth $2 million.

He suffered a concussion early in training camp and was eventually released on September 5, after not playing in any exhibition games. In October, he filed a grievance against the Chiefs for releasing him without an injury settlement while recovering.

Retirement
On May 18, 2010, the Miami Dolphins signed Thomas to a one-day ceremonial contract, officially worth $1, in order to retire as a member of the Miami Dolphins.

Awards and honors
In addition to being a seven-time All-Pro selection by the Associated Press and a seven-time Pro Bowl selection, Thomas earned the following awards and honors in his NFL career:
 * NFL Defensive Rookie of the Month (October 1996)
 * All-Rookie selection by College & Pro Football Newsweekly, The Football News, Pro Football Weekly and Pro Football Writers of America (1996)
 * AFC Defensive Rookie of the Year (1996)
 * Dolphins' 1996 Unsung Hero Award as selected by NFLPA
 * Dolphins MVP and Newcomer of the Year by South Florida media (1996)
 * AFC Defensive Player of the Month (September 1998)
 * 2× NFL Alumni Association's Linebacker of the Year (1998, 2006)
 * First-team All-Pro selection by the USA Today, College & Pro Football Newsweekly and Football Digest (1998)
 * 1998 All-Madden Team (1998)
 * 3× Dolphins' Leadership Award (1998, 1999, 2005)
 * Weeks 1 & 16 2001 AFC Defensive Player of the Week (2001)
 * Dolphins MVP by South Florida media and fans (2001)
 * All-Iron Team as selected by CBS analyst Phil Simms (2001)
 * PFWA Dolphins Chapter "Good Guy" Award (2001)
 * First-team Pro Football Weekly All-AFC (2002)
 * First-team Sports Illustrated All-Pro (2003)
 * Second-team Football Digest All-Pro (2003)
 * Week 14 AFC Defensive Player of the Week (2005)
 * All-AFC selection by Pro Football Weekly and the Pro Football Writers of America (2006)
 * Only two linebackers currently in the Hall of Fame have more combined tackles. Ray Lewis (2,061) and Junior Seau (1,846).

In 2006, Zach Thomas was inducted into the Texas Tech Hall of Fame. In 2015, Thomas was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame and the following year in 2016, was inducted into the Texas Tech Red Raiders Ring of Honor.

In 2012, Thomas was inducted into the Miami Dolphins Honor Roll alongside his teammate Jason Taylor. Thomas became eligible for the Pro Football Hall of Fame beginning in 2014, and would become a semi-finalist for the first time in 2019. He would then reach being a finalist for election the next three years from 2020 to 2022. After being a finalist for a 4th consecutive year in his 10th overall year of eligibility, on February 9, 2023, Zach Thomas was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

Personal life
Thomas was raised in Pampa, Texas by his parents, Steve and Bobby Thomas. He has an older brother, Bart Thomas, and younger sister, Katina Thomas. Katina was married to Thomas' Dolphins' teammate, Jason Taylor, from 2000 to 2015 and has three children with him. Katina filed for divorce on January 25, 2015, and it was officially finalized on February 10, 2015. Thomas' father, Steve Thomas, is the builder and proprietor of the second largest cross in the Western Hemisphere, located in Groom, Texas. Thomas is married to Maritza Thomas.

For the first three-years of his career Thomas earned the league minimum and lived with teammate Larry Izzo.

title: Zach Thomas