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Royal Thai Army

The Royal Thai Army or RTA (กองทัพบกไทย; ) is the army of Thailand and the oldest and largest branch of the Royal Thai Armed Forces.

Origin
The Royal Thai Army is responsible for protecting the kingdom's sovereignty. The army was formed in 1874, partly as a response to new security threats following the 1855 Bowring Treaty with Britain, which opened the country for international trade.

Current
In modern era, the army has a long history of coups d'état and coup attempts. Its leadership continues to see coup-making as one role of the army.

On 22 May 2014 the army deposed the government, appointed military officers to the national assembly, and on 21 August 2014 they elected the army's Commander in Chief, General Prayut Chan-o-cha, as prime minister. The general retired October 2014 to concentrate on political reform which he said would take at least a year, following which he promised national elections would be held.

The existence of an information warfare unit participating in a cyber campaign against government critics was leaked to the public in late February 2020. In 2020 Twitter shut down a network of accounts which were engaged in information warfare. According to Twitter "Our investigation uncovered a network of accounts partaking in information operations that we can reliably link to the Royal Thai Army (RTA)." The operation had targeted the political opposition within Thailand. The Thai Army denied that they had been involved in the disinformation operation.

Army components and control

The number of army generals is unclear. One point of comparison: as of 1 November 2019, the US Army had 322 general officers for a force of 471,990 troops. Saiyud Kerdphol is Thailand's oldest general, a veteran of World War II and Korea who retired in 1983 as supreme commander. During his tenure, general officer numbers were based on the number of troops under their command. , only 150–200 four-star generals occupy command positions. Speaking on the topic of army manpower, Saiyud declared that, "Everybody being a general is unbelievable. Full generals don't have a seat to sit in or a job to do."

Command and control
The commanders-in-chief of the Royal Thai Army (ผู้บัญชาการทหารบกไทย) is considered the most powerful position in the Royal Thai Armed Forces. With effect from 1 October 2023, the commander will be General Jaroenchai Hintao.

 * Commander-in-Chief: General Jaroenchai Hintao from 1 October 2023
 * Deputy Commander-in-Chief: General Suksan Nongbualang from 1 October 2023
 * Chairman of the Royal Thai Army Advisory Board: General Kittisak Boonphrathammachai from 1 October 2023
 * Assistant Commander-in-Chief: General Ukrit Boontanon from 1 October 2023
 * Assistant Commander-in-Chief: General Tharapong Malakham from 1 October 2023
 * Chief of Staff of the Army: General Pana Klaewblaudtuk from 1 October 2023
 * Commander of the 1st Army Area: Lieutenant General Chitsanupong Rodsiri from 1 October 2023
 * Commander of the 2nd Army Area: Lieutenant General Adul Boonthamcharoen from 1 October 2023
 * Commander of the 3rd Army Area: Lieutenant General Prasarn Saengsirirak from 1 October 2023
 * Commander of the 4th Army Area: Lieutenant General Shanti Shakuntanak from 1 October 2022
 * Commander of the Royal Thai Army Special Warfare Command: Lieutenant General Wattana Chatratanasang from 1 October 2023

Structure
The army is organized nationally into four army areas:

 * First Army Area - (กองทัพภาคที่ 1) – headquartered in Bangkok, controls troops in 26 provinces in central, eastern, western Thailand and Bangkok.
 * 1st Division, King's Guard - (กองพลที่ 1 รักษาพระองค์) (Bangkok)
 * 31st Infantry Regiment, King Bhumibol's Guard - (กรมทหารราบที่ 31 รักษาพระองค์ ในพระบาทสมเด็จพระบรมชนกาธิเบศร มหาภูมิพลอดุลยเดชมหาราช บรมนาถบพิตร)
 * 1st Infantry Battalion, 31st Infantry Regiment, King Bhumibol's Guard
 * 2nd Infantry Battalion, 31st Infantry Regiment, King Bhumibol's Guard
 * 3rd Infantry Battalion, 31st Infantry Regiment, King Bhumibol's Guard
 * 1st Field Artillery Regiment, King's Guard. - (กรมทหารปืนใหญ่ที่ 1 รักษาพระองค์)
 * 1st Field Artillery Battalion, 1st Field Artillery Regiment, King's Guard
 * 11th Field Artillery Battalion, 1st Field Artillery Regiment, King's Guard
 * 31st Field Artillery Battalion, 1st Field Artillery Regiment, King's Guard
 * 4th Tank Battalion 1st Division, King's Guard - (กองพันทหารม้าที่ 4 กองพลที่ 1 รักษาพระองค์)
 * 1st Combat Engineer Battalion, King's Guard - (กองพันทหารช่างที่ 1 กองพลที่ 1 รักษาพระองค์)
 * 1st Signal Battalion, King's Guard - (กองพันทหารสื่อสารที่ 1 กองพลที่ 1 รักษาพระองค์)
 * 1st Combat Medical Battalion, King's Guard - (กองพันเสนารักษ์ที่ 1 กองพลที่ 1 รักษาพระองค์)
 * 1st Long Range Reconnaissance Patrols Company - (กองร้อยลาดตระเวนระยะไกลที่ 1)
 * 2nd Infantry Division, Queen's Guard - (กองพลทหารราบที่ 2 รักษาพระองค์) (Fort Phromyothi, Prachinburi Province)
 * 2nd Infantry Regiment, Queen Sirikit's Guard - (กรมทหารราบที่ 2 รักษาพระองค์ ในสมเด็จพระบรมราชชนนีพันปีหลวง) - (aka "Burapha Payak" บูรพาพยัคฆ์: Eastern tigers)
 * 1st Infantry Battalion, Queen Sirikit's Guard
 * 2nd Infantry Battalion, Queen Sirikit's Guard
 * 3rd Infantry Battalion, Queen Sirikit's Guard
 * 12th Infantry Regiment, Queen Sirikit's Guard - (กรมทหารราบที่ 12 รักษาพระองค์ ในสมเด็จพระบรมราชชนนีพันปีหลวง)
 * 1st Infantry Battalion, Queen Sirikit's Guard
 * 2nd Infantry Battalion, Queen Sirikit's Guard
 * 3rd Infantry Battalion, Queen Sirikit's Guard
 * 21st Infantry Regiment, Queen Sirikit's Guard - (กรมทหารราบที่ 21 รักษาพระองค์ ในสมเด็จพระบรมราชชนนีพันปีหลวง) - (aka "Thahan Suea Rachini" ทหารเสือราชินี: the queen's tiger soldiers)
 * 1st Infantry Battalion, Queen Sirikit's Guard
 * 2nd Infantry Battalion, Queen Sirikit's Guard
 * 3rd Infantry Battalion, Queen Sirikit's Guard
 * 2nd Field Artillery Regiment, Queen Sirikit's Guard - (กรมทหารปืนใหญ่ที่ 2 รักษาพระองค์ ในสมเด็จพระบรมราชชนนีพันปีหลวง)
 * 2nd Field Artillery Battalion, Queen Sirikit's Guard
 * 12th Field Artillery Battalion, Queen Sirikit's Guard
 * 21st Field Artillery Battalion, Queen Sirikit's Guard
 * 102nd Field Artillery Battalion,Queen Sirikit's Guard
 * Maintenance Battalion, 2nd Service Support Regiment - (กองพันซ่อมบำรุง กรมสนับสนุนที่ 2)
 * 2nd Cavalry Squadron, Queen Sirikit's Guard - (กองพันทหารม้าที่ 2 กองพลทหารราบที่ 2 รักษาพระองค์ ในสมเด็จพระบรมราชชนนีพันปีหลวง)
 * 30th Cavalry Squadron, 2nd Infantry Division, Queen Sirikit's Guard- (กองพันทหารม้าที่ 30 กองพลทหารราบที่ 2 รักษาพระองค์ ในสมเด็จพระบรมราชชนนีพันปีหลวง)
 * 2nd Signal Corp Battalion, 2nd Infantry Division, Queen's Guard - (กองพันทหารสื่อสารที่ 2 กองพลทหารราบที่ 2 รักษาพระองค์ ในสมเด็จพระบรมราชชนนีพันปีหลวง)
 * 2nd Combat Engineer Battalion, 2nd Infantry Division, Queen's Guard - (กองพันทหารช่างที่ 2 กองพลทหารราบที่ 2 รักษาพระองค์ ในสมเด็จพระบรมราชชนนีพันปีหลวง)
 * 2nd Medical Battalion, 2nd Infantry Division, Queen's Guard - (กองพันเสนารักษ์ที่ 2 กองพลทหารราบที่ 2 รักษาพระองค์ ในสมเด็จพระบรมราชชนนีพันปีหลวง)
 * 2nd Anti-tank Company, 2nd Infantry Division, Queen's Guard - (กองร้อยต่อสู้รถถังที่ 2 กองพลทหารราบที่ 2 รักษาพระองค์ ในสมเด็จพระบรมราชชนนีพันปีหลวง)
 * 12th Military Police Battalion, 2nd Infantry Division, Queen's Guard - (กองพันทหารสารวัตรที่ 2 กองพลทหารราบที่ 2 รักษาพระองค์ ในสมเด็จพระบรมราชชนนีพันปีหลวง)
 * 2nd Long Range Reconnaissance Patrols Company - (กองร้อยลาดตระเวนระยะไกลที่ 2 กองพลทหารราบที่ 2 รักษาพระองค์ ในสมเด็จพระบรมราชชนนีพันปีหลวง)
 * 9th Infantry Division - (กองพลทหารราบที่ 9) (Fort Surasi, Kanchanaburi Province)
 * 9th Infantry Regiment - (กรมทหารราบที่ 9)
 * 1st Infantry Battalion
 * 2nd Infantry Battalion
 * 3rd Infantry Battalion
 * 19th Infantry Regiment - (กรมทหารราบที่ 19)
 * 1st Infantry Battalion
 * 2nd Infantry Battalion
 * 3rd Infantry Battalion (Designated as First Army Area Rapid Deployment Force)
 * 29th Infantry Regiment - (กรมทหารราบที่ 29)
 * 1st Infantry Battalion
 * 2nd Infantry Battalion
 * 3rd Infantry Battalion
 * 9th Field Artillery Regiment - (กรมทหารปืนใหญ่ที่ 9)
 * 9th Field Artillery Battalion
 * 19th Field Artillery Battalion
 * 109th Field Artillery Battalion
 * 9th Service Support Regiment - (กรมสนับสนุน กองพลทหารราบที่ 9)
 * Transportation Battalion - (กองพันทหารขนส่ง กรมสนับสนุน กองพลทหารราบที่ 9)
 * Maintenance Battalion - (กองพันซ่อมบำรุง กรมสนับสนุน กองพลทหารราบที่ 9)
 * Combat Medical Battalion - (กองพันเสนารักษ์ กรมสนับสนุน กองพลทหารราบที่ 9)
 * 19th Cavalry Squadron - (กองพันทหารม้าที่ 19 กองพลทหารราบที่ 9)
 * 9th Combat Engineer Battalion - (กองพันทหารช่างที่ 9 กองพลทหารราบที่ 9)
 * 9th Signal Corp Battalion - (กองพันทหารสื่อสารที่ 9 กองพลทหารราบที่ 9)
 * 9th Long Range Reconnaissance Patrols Company - (กองร้อยลาดตระเวนระยะไกลที่ 9 กองพลทหารราบที่ 9)
 * 11th Infantry Division - (กองพลทหารราบที่ 11) (Fort Somdet Phra Nangklao, Chachoengsao Province)
 * 111th Infantry Regiment - (กรมทหารราบที่ 111)
 * 1st Infantry Battalion, 111th Infantry Regiment
 * 2nd Infantry Battalion, 111th Infantry Regiment
 * 3rd Infantry Battalion, 111th Infantry Regiment
 * 112nd Infantry Regiment - (กรมทหารราบที่ 112)
 * 1st Infantry Battalion, 112th Infantry Regiment
 * 2nd Infantry Battalion, 112th Infantry Regiment
 * 3rd Infantry Battalion, 112th Infantry Regiment
 * Maintenance Battalion, Service Support Regiment, 11th Infantry Division - (กองพันซ่อมบำรุง กรมสนับสนุน กองพลทหารราบที่ 11)
 * 2nd Cavalry Division, King's Guard - (กองพลทหารม้าที่ 2 รักษาพระองค์) (Bangkok)
 * 27th Cavalry Squadron, King's Guard - (กองพันทหารม้าที่ 27 กองพลทหารม้าที่ 2 รักษาพระองค์ ในพระบาทสมเด็จพระมงกุฎเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว)
 * 29th Cavalry Squadron, King Bhumibol's Guard - (กองพันทหารม้าที่ 29 รักษาพระองค์ ในพระบาทสมเด็จพระมหาภูมิพลอดุลยเดชมหาราช บรมนาถบพิตร)
 * 1st Cavalry Regiment, King's Guard - (กรมทหารม้าที่ 1 รักษาพระองค์ ในพระบาทสมเด็จพระมงกุฎเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว)
 * 1st Cavalry Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment, King's Guard - (กองพันทหารม้าที่ 1 กรมทหารม้าที่ 1 รักษาพระองค์ ในพระบาทสมเด็จพระมงกุฎเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว)
 * 3rd Cavalry Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment, King's Guard - (กองพันทหารม้าที่ 3 กรมทหารม้าที่ 1 รักษาพระองค์ ในพระบาทสมเด็จพระมงกุฎเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว)
 * 17th Cavalry Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment, King's Guard - (กองพันทหารม้าที่ 17 กรมทหารม้าที่ 1 รักษาพระองค์ ในพระบาทสมเด็จพระมงกุฎเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว)
 * 4th Cavalry Regiment, King's Guard - (กรมทหารม้าที่ 4 รักษาพระองค์ ในสมเด็จพระศรีนครินทราบรมราชชนนี)
 * 5th Cavalry Squadron, 4th Cavalry Regiment, King's Guard - (กองพันทหารม้าที่ 5 กรมทหารม้าที่ 4 รักษาพระองค์ ในสมเด็จพระศรีนครินทราบรมราชชนนี)
 * 11th Cavalry Squadron, 4th Cavalry Regiment, King's Guard - (กองพันทหารม้าที่ 11 กรมทหารม้าที่ 4 รักษาพระองค์ ในสมเด็จพระศรีนครินทราบรมราชชนนี)
 * 25th Cavalry Squadron, 4th Cavalry Regiment, King's Guard - (กองพันทหารม้าที่ 25 กรมทหารม้าที่ 4 รักษาพระองค์ ในสมเด็จพระศรีนครินทราบรมราชชนนี)
 * 5th Cavalry Regiment, King's Guard - (กรมทหารม้าที่ 5 รักษาพระองค์ ในพระบาทสมเด็จพระมงกุฎเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว)
 * 20th Cavalry Squadron, 5th Cavalry Regiment, King's Guard - (กองพันทหารม้าที่ 20 กรมทหารม้าที่ 5 รักษาพระองค์ ในพระบาทสมเด็จพระมงกุฎเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว)
 * 23rd Cavalry Squadron, 5th Cavalry Regiment, King's Guard - (กองพันทหารม้าที่ 23 กรมทหารม้าที่ 5 รักษาพระองค์ ในพระบาทสมเด็จพระมงกุฎเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว)
 * 24th Cavalry Squadron, 5th Cavalry Regiment, King's Guard - (กองพันทหารม้าที่ 24 กรมทหารม้าที่ 5 รักษาพระองค์ ในพระบาทสมเด็จพระมงกุฎเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว)
 * 12th Signal Corp Battalion - (กองพันทหารสื่อสารที่ 12 กองพลทหารม้าที่ 2 รักษาพระองค์)
 * Logistic Battalion, 12th Service Support Regiment - (กองพันซ่อมบำรุง กรมสนับสนุนที่12)
 * 1st Army Support Command - (กองบัญชาการช่วยรบที่ 1)
 * 21st Logistic and Service Battalion - (กองพันส่งกำลังและบริการที่ 21 กองบัญชาการช่วยรบที่ 1)
 * 21st Maintenance Battalion - (กองพันซ่อมบำรุงที่ 21 กองบัญชาการช่วยรบที่ 1)
 * 21st Ordnance Battalion - (กองพันสรรพาวุธกระสุนที่ 21 กองบัญชาการช่วยรบที่ 1)
 * 21st Signal Corp Battalion - (กองพันทหารสื่อสารที่ 21 กองบัญชาการช่วยรบที่ 1)
 * 1st Development Division - (กองพลพัฒนาที่ 1)
 * 1st Development Regiment - (กรมพัฒนาที่ 2)
 * 1st Development Battalion - (กองพันพัฒนาที่ 2)
 * 1st Combat Engineer Regiment, King's Guard - (กรมทหารช่างที่ 1 รักษาพระองค์)
 * 52nd Combat Engineer Battalion, King's Guard - (กองพันทหารช่างที่ 52 กรมทหารช่างที่ 1 รักษาพระองค์)
 * 112th Combat Engineer Battalion, King's Guard - (กองพันทหารช่างที่ 112 กรมทหารช่างที่ 1 รักษาพระองค์)
 * Military District Commands - (มณฑลทหารบก)
 * 11th Military District - (มณฑลทหารบกที่ 11)
 * 12th Military District - (มณฑลทหารบกที่ 12)
 * 13th Military District- (มณฑลทหารบกที่ 13)
 * 14th Military District- (มณฑลทหารบกที่ 14)
 * 15th Military District - (มณฑลทหารบกที่ 15)
 * 16th Military District - (มณฑลทหารบกที่ 16)
 * 17th Military District - (มณฑลทหารบกที่ 17)
 * 18th Military District- (มณฑลทหารบกที่ 18)
 * 19th Military District - (มณฑลทหารบกที่ 19)
 * 110th Military District - (มณฑลทหารบกที่ 110)

 * 2nd Army Area (กองทัพภาคที่ 2) – headquartered in Nakhon Ratchasima and is responsible for the northeastern quadrant.
 * 3rd Infantry Division - (กองพลทหารราบที่ 3) (Fort Suranari, Nakhon Ratchasima Province )
 * 3rd Infantry Regiment - (กรมทหารราบที่ 3)
 * 1st Infantry Battalion
 * 2nd Infantry Battalion
 * 3rd Infantry Battalion
 * 8th Infantry Regiment - (กรมทหารราบที่ 8)
 * 1st Infantry Battalion
 * 2nd Infantry Battalion
 * 3rd Infantry Battalion
 * 13th Infantry Regiment - (กรมทหารราบที่ 13)
 * 1st Infantry Battalion
 * 2nd Infantry Battalion
 * 3rd Infantry Battalion
 * 3rd Field Artillery Regiment - (กรมทหารปืนใหญ่ที่ 3)
 * 3rd Field Artillery Battalion
 * 8th Field Artillery Battalion
 * 13th Field Artillery Battalion
 * 103rd Field Artillery Battalion
 * 3rd Reconnaissance Cavalry Company - (กองร้อยลาดตระเวนทหารม้าที่ 3 กองพลทหารราบที่ 3)
 * 3rd Combat Engineer Battalion - (กองพันทหารช่างที่ 3 กองพลทหารราบที่ 3)
 * 3rd Signal Corp Battalion - (กองพันทหารสื่อสารที่ 3 กองพลทหารราบที่ 3)
 * 3rd Combat Medical Battalion - (กองพันเสนารักษ์ที่3 กองพลทหารราบที่ 3)
 * 3rd Long Range Reconnaissance Patrols Company - (กองร้อยลาดตระเวนระยะไกลที่ 3 กองพลทหารราบที่ 3)
 * 6th Infantry Division - (กองพลทหารราบที่ 6) (Fort King Phutthayodfa Chulalok Maharat, Roi Et Province)
 * 6th Infantry Regiment - (กรมทหารราบที่ 6)
 * 1st Infantry Battalion (Designated as 2nd Army Area Rapid Deployment Force)
 * 2nd Infantry Battalion
 * 3rd Infantry Battalion
 * 16th Infantry Regiment - (กรมทหารราบที่ 16)
 * 1st Infantry Battalion
 * 2nd Infantry Battalion
 * 3rd Infantry Battalion
 * 23rd Infantry Regiment - (กรมทหารราบที่ 23)
 * 1st Infantry Battalion
 * 2nd Infantry Battalion
 * 3rd Infantry Battalion
 * 6th Field Artillery Regiment - (กรมทหารปืนใหญ่ที่ 6)
 * 6th Field Artillery Battalion
 * 16th Field Artillery Battalion
 * 23rd Field Artillery Battalion
 * 106th Field Artillery Battalion
 * 6th Reconnaissance Cavalry Company - (กองร้อยลาดตระเวนทหารม้าที่ 6 กองพลทหารราบที่ 6)
 * 6th Combat Engineer Battalion - (กองพันทหารช่างที่ 6 กองพลทหารราบที่ 6)
 * 6th Signal Corp Battalion - (กองพันทหารสื่อสารที่ 6 กองพลทหารราบที่ 6)
 * 6th Combat Medical Battalion - (กองพันเสนารักษ์ที่ 6 กองพลทหารราบที่ 6)
 * 6th Long Range Reconnaissance Patrols Company - (กองร้อยลาดตระเวนระยะไกลที่ 6 กองพลทหารราบที่ 6)
 * 3rd Cavalry Division - (กองพลทหารม้าที่ 3) (Fort Tinsulanonda, Khon Kaen Province)
 * 6th Cavalry Regiment - (กรมทหารม้าที่ 6)
 * 6th Cavalry Squadron, 6th Cavalry Regiment - (กองพันทหารม้าที่ 6 กรมทหารม้าที่ 6 ในสมเด็จพระศรีพัชรินทราบรมราชินีนาถ)
 * 21st Cavalry Squadron, 6th Cavalry Regiment - (กองพันทหารม้าที่ 21 กรมทหารม้าที่ 6)
 * 7th Cavalry Regiment - (กรมทหารม้าที่ 7)
 * 8th Cavalry Squadron, 7h Cavalry Regiment - (กองพันทหารม้าที่ 8 กรมทหารม้าที่ 7)
 * 14th Cavalry Squadron, 7th Cavalry Regiment - (กองพันทหารม้าที่ 14 กรมทหารม้าที่ 7 ในสมเด็จพระศรีพัชรินทราบรมราชินีนาถ)
 * 2nd Army Support Command - (กองบัญชาการช่วยรบที่ 2)
 * 22nd Transportation Battalion - (กองพันขนส่งที่ 22 กองบัญชาการช่วยรบที่ 2)
 * 22nd Logistic and Service Battalion - (กองพันส่งกำลังและบริการที่ 22 กองบัญชาการช่วยรบที่ 2)
 * 22nd Maintenance Battalion - (กองพันซ่อมบำรุงที่ 22 กองบัญชาการช่วยรบที่ 2)
 * 22nd Ordnance Battalion - (กองพันสรรพาวุธกระสุนที่ 22 กองบัญชาการช่วยรบที่ 2)
 * 22nd Signal Corp Battalion - (กองพันทหารสื่อสารที่ 22 กองบัญชาการช่วยรบที่ 2)
 * 22nd Combat Medical Battalion - (กองพันเสนารักษ์ที่ 22 กองบัญชาการช่วยรบที่ 2)
 * 2nd Development Division - (กองพลพัฒนาที่ 2)
 * 2nd Development Regiment - (กรมพัฒนาที่ 2)
 * 2nd Development Battalion - (กองพันพัฒนาที่ 2)
 * 2nd Combat Engineer Regiment - (กรมทหารช่างที่ 2)
 * 201st Combat Engineer Battalion - (กองพันทหารช่างที่ 201 กรมทหารช่างที่ 2)
 * 202nd Combat Engineer Battalion - (กองพันทหารช่างที่ 202 กรมทหารช่างที่ 2)
 * Military Districts - (มณฑลทหารบก)
 * 21st Military District - (มณฑลทหารบกที่ 21)
 * 22nd Military District - (มณฑลทหารบกที่ 22)
 * 23rd Military District - (มณฑลทหารบกที่ 23)
 * 24th Military District- (มณฑลทหารบกที่ 24)
 * 25th Military District - (มณฑลทหารบกที่ 25)
 * 26th Military District - (มณฑลทหารบกที่ 26)
 * 27th Military District - (มณฑลทหารบกที่ 27)
 * 28th Military District- (มณฑลทหารบกที่ 28)
 * 29th Military District - (มณฑลทหารบกที่ 29)
 * 210th Military District - (มณฑลทหารบกที่ 210)

 * 3rd Army Area (กองทัพภาคที่ 3) – headquartered in Phitsanulok, responsible for the northern and northwestern parts of the kingdom.
 * 4th Infantry Division - (กองพลทหารราบที่ 4) (Fort King Naresuan Maharat, Phitsanulok Province)
 * 4th Infantry Regiment - (กรมทหารราบที่ 4)
 * 1st Infantry Battalion
 * 2nd Infantry Battalion
 * 3rd Infantry Battalion
 * 14th Infantry Regiment - (กรมทหารราบที่ 14)
 * 1st Infantry Battalion
 * 2nd Infantry Battalion
 * 3rd Infantry Battalion
 * 4th Field Artillery Regiment - (กรมทหารปืนใหญ่ที่ 4)
 * 4th Field Artillery Battalion
 * 104th Field Artillery Battalion
 * 9th Cavalry Squadron - (กองพันทหารม้าที่ 9 กองพลทหารราบที่ 4)
 * 4th Reconnaissance Cavalry Company - (กองร้อยลาดตระเวนทหารม้าที่ 4 กองพลทหารราบที่ 4)
 * 4th Combat Engineer Battalion - (กองพันทหารช่างที่ 4 กองพลทหารราบที่ 4)
 * 4th Signal Corp Battalion - (กองพันทหารสื่อสารที่ 4 กองพลทหารราบที่ 4)
 * 4th Combat Medical Battalion - (กองพันเสนารักษ์ที่ 4 กองพลทหารราบที่ 4)
 * 4th Long Range Reconnaissance Patrols Company - (กองร้อยลาดตระเวนระยะไกลที่ 4 กองพลทหารราบที่ 4)
 * 7th Infantry Division - (กองพลทหารราบที่ 7) (Fort Chao Khun Nen, Chiang Mai Province )
 * 7th Infantry Regiment - (กรมทหารราบที่ 7)
 * 1st Infantry Battalion (Designated as 3rd Army Area Rapid Deployment Force)
 * 2nd Infantry Battalion
 * 5th Infantry Battalion
 * 17th Infantry Regiment - (กรมทหารราบที่ 17)
 * 2nd Infantry Battalion
 * 3rd Infantry Battalion
 * 4th Infantry Battalion
 * 7th Field Artillery Regiment - (กรมทหารปืนใหญ่ที่ 7)
 * 7th Field Artillery Battalion
 * 17th Field Artillery Battalion
 * 1st Cavalry Division - (กองพลทหารม้าที่ 1) (Fort Phokhun Pha Mueang, Phetchabun Province)
 * 12th Cavalry Squadron, 1st Cavalry Division - (กองพันทหารม้าที่ 12 กองพลทหารม้าที่ 1)
 * 2nd Cavalry Regiment - (กรมทหารม้าที่ 2)
 * 7th Cavalry Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment - (กองพันทหารม้าที่ 7 กรมทหารม้าที่ 2)
 * 10th Cavalry Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment - (กองพันทหารม้าที่ 10 กรมทหารม้าที่ 2)
 * 15th Cavalry Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment - (กองพันทหารม้าที่ 15 กรมทหารม้าที่ 2)
 * 3rd Cavalry Regiment - (กรมทหารม้าที่ 3)
 * 13th Cavalry Squadron, 3rd Cavalry Regiment - (กองพันทหารม้าที่ 13 กรมทหารม้าที่ 3)
 * 18th Cavalry Squadron, 3rd Cavalry Regiment - (กองพันทหารม้าที่ 18 กรมทหารม้าที่ 3)
 * 26th Cavalry Squadron, 3rd Cavalry Regiment - (กองพันทหารม้าที่ 26 กรมทหารม้าที่ 3)
 * 21st Field Artillery Regiment - (กรมทหารปืนใหญ่ที่ 21)
 * 20th Field Artillery Battalion
 * 30th Field Artillery Battalion
 * 8th Combat Engineer Battalion - (กองพันทหารช่างที่ 8 กองพลทหารม้าที่ 1)
 * 11th Signal Corp Battalion - (กองพันทหารสื่อสารที่ 11 กองพลทหารม้าที่ 1)
 * 3rd Army Support Command - (กองบัญชาการช่วยรบที่ 3)
 * 23rd Transportation Battalion - (กองพันขนส่งที่ 22 กองบัญชาการช่วยรบที่ 2)
 * 23rd Logistic and Service Battalion - (กองพันส่งกำลังและบริการที่ 22 กองบัญชาการช่วยรบที่ 2)
 * 23rd Maintenance Battalion - (กองพันซ่อมบำรุงที่ 23 กองบัญชาการช่วยรบที่ 3)
 * 23rd Ordnance Battalion - (กองพันสรรพาวุธกระสุนที่ 23 กองบัญชาการช่วยรบที่ 3)
 * 23rd Signal Corp Battalion - (กองพันทหารสื่อสารที่ 23 กองบัญชาการช่วยรบที่ 3)
 * 23rd Combat Medical Battalion - (กองพันเสนารักษ์ที่ 23 กองบัญชาการช่วยรบที่ 3)
 * 3rd Development Division - (กองพลพัฒนาที่ 3)
 * 3rd Development Regiment - (กรมพัฒนาที่ 3)
 * 3rd Development Battalion - (กองพันพัฒนาที่ 3)
 * 3rd Combat Engineer Regiment - (กรมทหารช่างที่ 3)
 * 301st Combat Engineer Battalion - (กองพันทหารช่างที่ 301 กรมทหารช่างที่ 3)
 * 302nd Combat Engineer Battalion - (กองพันทหารช่างที่302 กรมทหารช่างที่ 3)
 * Military Districts - (มณฑลทหารบก)
 * 31st Military District - (มณฑลทหารบกที่ 31)
 * 32nd Military District - (มณฑลทหารบกที่ 32)
 * 33rd Military District - (มณฑลทหารบกที่ 33)
 * 34th Military District - (มณฑลทหารบกที่ 34)
 * 35th Military District - (มณฑลทหารบกที่ 35)
 * 36th Military District - (มณฑลทหารบกที่ 36)
 * 37th Military District - (มณฑลทหารบกที่ 37)
 * 38th Military District - (มณฑลทหารบกที่ 38)
 * 39th Military District - (มณฑลทหารบกที่ 39)
 * 310th Military District - (มณฑลทหารบกที่ 310)

 * 4th Army Area (กองทัพภาคที่ 4) – headquartered in Nakhon Si Thammarat, responsible for southern Thailand, it is the area that serves as the frontine command for those engaged in South Thailand insurgency. Leaked diplomatic cables from 2006 said: "Military forces totaling approximately 35,000 troops fall under the command of the 4th Army....the 5th Inf Div and the 15th Development Division (three regiments) totaling approximately 20,000 troops are the main units of the 4th Army."
 * 5th Infantry Division - (กองพลทหารราบที่ 5) – (Fort Thep Satri Srisunthorn, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province)
 * 5th Infantry Regiment - (กรมทหารราบที่ 5)
 * 1st Infantry Battalion
 * 2nd Infantry Battalion
 * 3rd Infantry Battalion
 * 15th Infantry Regiment - (กรมทหารราบที่ 15)
 * 1st Infantry Battalion
 * 2nd Infantry Battalion (Designated as 4th Army Area Rapid Deployment Force)
 * 3rd Infantry Battalion
 * 25th Infantry Regiment - (กรมทหารราบที่ 25)
 * 1st Infantry Battalion
 * 2nd Infantry Battalion
 * 3rd Infantry Battalion
 * 5th Field Artillery Regiment - (กรมทหารปืนใหญ่ที่ 5)
 * 9th Field Artillery Battalion
 * 15th Field Artillery Battalion
 * 25th Field Artillery Battalion
 * 105th Field Artillery Battalion
 * 16th Cavalry Squadron - (กองพันทหารม้าที่ 16 กองพลทหารราบที่ 5)
 * 5th Reconnaissance Cavalry Company - (กองร้อยลาดตระเวนทหารม้าที่ 5 กองพลทหารราบที่ 5)
 * 5th Combat Engineer Battalion - (กองพันทหารช่างที่ 5 กองพลทหารราบที่ 5)
 * 5th Signal Corp Battalion - (กองพันทหารสื่อสารที่ 5 กองพลทหารราบที่ 5)
 * 5th Combat Medical Battalion - (กองพันเสนารักษ์ที่ 5 กองพลทหารราบที่ 5)
 * 5th Long Range Reconnaissance Patrols Company - (กองร้อยลาดตระเวนระยะไกลที่ 5 กองพลทหารราบที่ 5)
 * 15th Infantry Division - (กองพลทหารราบที่ 15) – (Fort Ingkhayutthaborihan, Pattani Province)
 * 151st Infantry Regiment - (กรมทหารราบที่ 151)
 * 1st Infantry Battalion
 * 2nd Infantry Battalion
 * 3rd Infantry Battalion
 * 152nd Infantry Regiment - (กรมทหารราบที่ 152)
 * 1st Infantry Battalion
 * 2nd Infantry Battalion
 * 3rd Infantry Battalion
 * 153rd Infantry Regiment - (กรมทหารราบที่ 153)
 * 1st Infantry Battalion
 * 2nd Infantry Battalion
 * 3rd Infantry Battalion
 * Service Support Regiment, 15th Infantry Division - (กรมสนับสนุน กองพลทหารราบที่ 15)
 * Transportation Battalion - (กองพันทหารขนส่ง กรมสนับสนุน กองพลทหารราบที่ 15)
 * Logistic and Service Battalion - (กองพันส่งกำลังและบริการ กรมสนับสนุน กองพลทหารราบที่ 15)
 * Combat Medical Battalion - (กองพันเสนารักษ์ กรมสนับสนุน กองพลทหารราบที่ 15)
 * 31st Cavalry Squadron - (กองพันทหารม้าที่ 31 กองพลทหารราบที่ 15)
 * 15th Combat Engineer Battalion - (กองพันทหารช่างที่ 15 กองพลทหารราบที่ 15)
 * 15th Signal Corp Battalion - (กองพันทหารสื่อสารที่ 15 กองพลทหารราบที่ 15)
 * 15th Long Range Reconnaissance Patrols Company - (กองร้อยลาดตระเวนระยะไกลที่ 15 กองพลทหารราบที่ 15)
 * 4th Army Support Command - (กองบัญชาการช่วยรบที่ 4)
 * 24th Logistic and Service Battalion - (กองพันส่งกำลังและบริการที่ 24 กองบัญชาการช่วยรบที่ 4)
 * 24th Maintenance Battalion - (กองพันซ่อมบำรุงที่ 24 กองบัญชาการช่วยรบที่ 4)
 * 24th Ordnance Battalion - (กองพันสรรพาวุธกระสุนที่ 24 กองบัญชาการช่วยรบที่ 4)
 * 24th Transportation Battalion - (กองพันทหารขนส่งที่ 24 กองบัญชาการช่วยรบที่ 4)
 * 24th Signal Corp Battalion - (กองพันทหารสื่อสารที่ 24 กองบัญชาการช่วยรบที่ 4)
 * 4th Development Division - (กองพลพัฒนาที่ 4) – US State Department cables leaked by Wikileaks in 2006 said: "The Development Division is itself a traditionally 'static unit' that provides engineering, construction and other support to local communities in the South. It is not formally charged with security operations. Indeed, Development Division officers were very proud in stating that they have better relations with the locals than other security elements — and have not been attacked while engaged in construction or relief efforts."
 * 4th Development Regiment - (กรมพัฒนาที่ 4)
 * 4th Development Battalion - (กองพันพัฒนาที่ 4)
 * 401st Combat Engineer Battalion - (กองพันทหารช่างที่ 401)
 * 402nd Combat Engineer Battalion - (กองพันทหารช่างที่ 402)
 * Military Districts - (มณฑลทหารบก)
 * 41st Military District - (มณฑลทหารบกที่ 41)
 * 42nd Military District - (มณฑลทหารบกที่ 42)
 * 43rd Military District - (มณฑลทหารบกที่ 43)
 * 44th Military District - (มณฑลทหารบกที่ 44)
 * 45th Military District - (มณฑลทหารบกที่ 45)
 * 46th Military District - (มณฑลทหารบกที่ 46)

 * Royal Thai Army Special Warfare Command (หน่วยบัญชาการสงครามพิเศษ) also known as Royal Thai Army Special force – headquartered in Thale Chup Son, Mueang Lopburi, Lopburi
 * 1st Special Forces Division - (กองพลรบพิเศษที่1)
 * 1st Special Forces Regiment (Airborne) - (กรมรบพิเศษที่1)
 * 2nd Special Forces Regiment (Airborne) - (กรมรบพิเศษที่2)
 * 3rd Special Forces Regiment, King's Guard (Airborne) - (กรมรบพิเศษที่3 รักษาพระองค์)
 * Ranger Battalion, King's Guard also known as Royal Thai Army Ranger - (กองพันจู่โจม รักษาพระองค์)
 * Special Operation Battalion, King's Guard also known as Task Force 90 - (ฉก.90 กองพันปฏิบัติการพิเศษ รักษาพระองค์)
 * 4th Special Forces Regiment (Airborne) - (กรมรบพิเศษที่4)
 * 5th Special Forces Regiment (Airborne) - (กรมรบพิเศษที่5)

The creation of the 15th Infantry Division was announced in January 2005. Defence Minister, General Samphan Boonyanan, was quoted as saying that the new unit, dubbed the "Development Division", would not be a combat unit for fighting Islamic militants, but rather its main mission would be to assist local citizens and develop the region. The military will not ignore its general function of providing safety for the citizens of the region, he added. He said that troops for the new division would undergo training to give them a good understanding of local residents, the vast majority of whom are ethnic Malay Muslims. The division is in fact a transformation of the Pranburi-based 16th Infantry Division. It will now be headquartered at Fort Ingkhayutthaborihan in Pattani, complete with its battalions and companies of military police and communications and aviation personnel, he said. It will also have three separate infantry battalions, one each in Pattani, Yala, and Narathiwat. Each battalion will include three companies of medical, engineering, and psychological warfare personnel, he said. The government will allocate a budget of more than 18 billion baht for the division over the next four years.

The 15th Infantry Division is being established as a permanent force to handle security problems in the Deep South. The division is based in Pattani and is expected to have a combined force of around 10,000. The establishment of this new division, approved by the government in 2005, has yet to be completed. As of this writing, some 7,000 troops deployed in the Deep South are affiliated to this division." In 2012, two new combat formations had been approved by the thai government. The new 7th Infantry Division is based at Mae Rim, near Chiang Mai, and the new 3rd Cavalry Division is based at Khon Kaen.

Tactical units
The army is organised into the following formations:
 * Nine infantry divisions (including 16 tank battalions)
 * One armoured division
 * Three cavalry divisions (light armoured divisions)
 * One Special Warfare Command trained and equipped for small unit Special forces and airborne operations

The Army Tactical Level Advanced Simulation (ATLAS) is an interactive, distributed, constructive simulation used to conduct military Command Post Exercises (CPX). ATLAS displays a continuous terrain model, incorporates HLA 1516, and displays 1:250,000 and 1:50,000 maps and satellite imagery. ATLAS was developed between 2002 and 2005 through co-operation with the Army Command and General Staff College (CGSC).

Army Medical Department
Army Medical Department (AMED) (กรมแพทย์ทหารบก) belongs to the service segment of the Royal Thai Army. It is in charge of medical affairs, and providing medical care, both in the field and on base, training personnel in research and agriculture and supervising the other medical divisions within the Royal Thai Army.

AMED observed 111 years of service in January 2011, with 110 years of service having been honoured by issue of a series of commemorative stamps. AMED operates Phramongkutklao Hospital in Bangkok and Ananda Mahidol Hospital in Lopburi, along with smaller hospitals at each fort, as well as Phramongkutklao College of Medicine (PCM).

Air Division

Royal Thai Army Aviation Center (ศูนย์การบินทหารบก) belongs to the service segment of the Royal Thai Army Areas:

 * Don Mueang International Airport (VTBD)
 * Units include the VIP squadron, flying two Embraer ERJ-135LRs (serial number 1084/HS-AMP and serial number 1124), two Jetstream 41s (serial numbers 41060 and 41094), two Casa 212–300s (serial numbers 446 and 447), and two Beech 1900C-1s (serial numbers 0169 and 0170) and the 1st Infantry Battalion operating two Bell 206Bs (serial numbers 4422 and 4448), three Schweizer S-300Cs (serial numbers 1340, 1366 and 1367), and two Cessna U-17B FAC aircraft (serial numbers 1616 and 1617).
 * Bang Khen (3 km south of Don Mueang)
 * The Royal Squadron flies three Bell 212s and two Bell 412s (serial numbers 36332 and 36333). There is also a special transport unit flying around 10–12 Bell 212s and one or two Bell 206s.

 * Fort Surasi (Kanchanaburi)
 * The 9th Infantry Division operates two Bell 206Bs (the serial number of one is 4424), and two or three Schweizer S-300Cs. There is also a detachment of UH-1Hs from an Air Mobility Company based here.
 * Fort Chakraphong (Prachinburi)
 * The "2nd Infantry Division, Queen Sirikit's Guard", was operating two Bell 206Bs (serial numbers 4446 and 4361), three Schweizer S-300Cs (serial numbers 1343, 1344, and 1345), and two Maule MX-7s (one serial number known is 099) in 2004, however it is likely the Maule MX-7s may now not be operated by this unit now. A detachment of this unit (with, in 1998, one Bell 206 and one Maule MX-7) was operating from Watthana Nakhon (VTBW) near the Cambodian border.

 * Phitsanulok Airport (VTPP)
 * Loc 16 degrees 46'58.58N,100 degrees 16'44.84E elevation 154 feet/47 metres.
 * Runway 14/32 length 9,843 x 148 feet (3,000 x 45 metres)
 * Operating from here is the 4th Infantry Battalion with Bell 206Bs, Schweizer S-300Cs, Cessna U-17Bs, and Maule MX-7s.
 * Fort Suranari (Khorat)
 * The main flying unit here is the 3rd Infantry Battalion flying two Bell 206Bs (serial numbers 4396 and 4447), two Schweizer S-300Cs (serial numbers 1337 and 1339), and two Cessna U-17Bs (serial numbers 1454 and 1618).
 * This field also hosts a detachment of up to three Bell 212 helicopters from one of the Air Mobility Companies.
 * Fort Princess Srinagarindra (Lopburi), the main base complex of Royal Thai Army Aviation, including training, technical school, aircraft maintenance, and aircraft storage. The main airfield here is called Sa Pran Nak (VTBH).
 * Loc 14 degrees 56'58.02N, 100 degrees 38'34.88E elevation 95 feet (29 metres).
 * Runways 01/19 3,300 x 98 feet (1,006 x 30 metres) and 06/24 3,890 x 98 feet (1,186 x 30 metres)
 * Operating units here include:
 * Gong Bin Bau ( Light Aviation Company ) – operating Cessna U-17Bs, Cessna T-41s, and Searcher MKIIs
 * Gong Bin Pee-ak Moon Tee Nung ( 1st Air Mobility Company ) – operating Bell UH-1Hs and Bell 212s
 * Gong Bin Pee-ak Moon Tee Song ( 2nd Air Mobility Company ) – operating Bell UH-1Hs (US Excess Defense Articles Program) and Bell 212s
 * Gong Bin Pee-ak Moon Tee Sam ( 3rd Air mobility Company ) – operating Bell UH-1Hs, Bell 206Bs, Bell AH-1F Huey Cobras (eight) and Bell 212s
 * Gong Bin Pee-ak Moon Tee Gou (pasom) ( 9th Air Mobility Company ) [Mixed]) – operating Bell UH-1Hs (US Excess Defense Articles Program) and Sikorsky S-70-43 Black Hawks (six) with six more on order.
 * Gong Bin Sanub-sanoon Tua Pai (General Support Aviation Battalion) – operating Boeing CH-47D Chinooks, Bell UH-1Hs, and Mil Mi-17V5s
 * The army aviation centre is based here, which conducts conversion training for the army. Types operated are Cessna T-41Bs (ex-US army surplus), Maule MX-7s, and Schweizer S-300C piston trainer helicopters.
 * The two former VIP Beechcraft 200 King Air aeroplanes (serial numbers 0342 and 1165), are also based here. Their present role is unknown. These aeroplanes were modified in the US in the late 1990s.
 * A separate airfield within the Lopburi complex (around 3 km south of Sa Pran Nak) houses the 5th Aircraft Maintenance Company. This unit is responsible for maintenance and storage of army aircraft and helicopters.
 * The 5th Infantry Division operates the following aviation assets from a small airfield within the army reserve at Nakhon Si Thammarat (not at the airport): two Bell 206B-3s (serial numbers 4382 and 4427), three Schweizer TH-300Cs (serial numbers 1371, 1372, and 1373) and two Maule MX-7s (serial numbers 114 and 115). A detachment of helicopters can be found here from the Air Mobility Companies based at Lopburi.

Military districts
The army is divided into districts, whereby the first digit of the district indicates the army (first, second, third or fourth) responsible for its supervision. The names of forts are from locations or influential figures in Thailand's history. These are as follows:

Budget
The RTA budget for FY2021 is 107,662 million baht, down from 112,815M baht in FY2020.

List of military engagements

 * Burmese–Siamese wars
 * Siamese–Vietnamese wars
 * Anglo-Siamese War
 * Siege of Bangkok
 * First Anglo-Burmese War
 * Haw wars
 * Franco-Siamese conflict
 * Holy Man's Rebellion
 * World War I
 * Western Front
 * Boworadet rebellion
 * World War II
 * Franco-Thai War
 * Pacific War
 * South-East Asian Theatre
 * Burma Campaign
 * Malayan Campaign
 * Cold War
 * Korean War
 * Malayan Emergency
 * Laotian Civil War
 * Cambodian Civil War
 * Vietnam War
 * Communist insurgency in Thailand
 * Communist insurgency in Malaysia
 * Communist insurgency in Burma
 * Third Indochina War
 * Indochina refugee crisis
 * Cambodian–Vietnamese War
 * Vietnamese border raids in Thailand
 * Thai–Laotian Border War
 * Persian Gulf War
 * War on drugs
 * Internal conflict in Myanmar
 * 2010–2012 Myanmar border clashes
 * 1999 East Timorese crisis
 * International Force East Timor
 * Global War on Terrorism
 * Operation Enduring Freedom
 * Iraq War
 * OEF - Afghanistan
 * OEF - Horn of Africa
 * Operation Pochentong
 * Southern Insurgency
 * United Nations peacekeeping
 * United Nations Iraq–Kuwait Observation Mission
 * United Nations Operation in Burundi
 * United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor
 * United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur
 * United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan
 * United Nations Mission in Sudan
 * Cambodian–Thai border stand-off
 * Thai political crisis
 * 1933 Siamese coup d'état
 * Siamese coup d'état of 1947
 * Siamese coup d'état of 1948
 * Army General Staff plot (1948)
 * Silent Coup (1951)
 * 1973 Thai popular uprising
 * 1976 Thai coup d'état and 6 October massacre
 * October 1977 Thai coup d'état
 * 1981 Thai military rebellion
 * 1985 Thai coup d'état attempt
 * 1991 Thai coup d'état
 * Black May (1992)
 * 2006 Thai coup d'état
 * 2009 Thai political unrest
 * 2010 Thai political protests
 * 2014 Thai coup d'état

Businesses and infrastructure
The army owns more than 30 golf courses nationwide. The army also owns boxing stadium, 100 petrol stations, racecourses, hotels, retail and coffee shops, and radio and television airwaves (by one count, the armed forces have ownership in 537 radio and TV stations). In early 2020, the army entered an agreement with the Finance Ministry to turn over to the ministry the management of businesses unrelated to the army's mission. In a related move, army commander General Apirat Kongsompong decreed that retired generals must move out of army-owned housing to free space for serving officers. , about 100 retired generals and colonels inhabit army accommodations. Some ex-generals, like PM Prayut Chan-o-cha and deputy PM Prawit Wongsuwan were exempted immediately from eviction because of their "contribution to society". The Thai Defence Ministry position is that there is no law prohibiting retired officers from occupying military housing.

In January 2021, the RTA signed a memorandum of understanding with the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) to study the feasibility of constructing solar farms on 4.5 million rai of army land to generate 30,000 megawatts of electricity. Following up, on 22 February 2021 a meeting was called by the President of Royal Thai Army Radio and Television Channel 5 with energy firms interested in winning a piece of what is projected to be a 600 billion baht project. The Energy Ministry was not represented at the meeting. Critics have questioned why the army is involved in energy procurement, in contravention of existing regulations, and why Thailand needs more electricity when it already has 59% reserve capacity and more capacity under construction.

Free-to-air TV

 * Channel 5
 * Channel 7, operated by Bangkok Broadcasting & Television Company Limited (BBTV)

Satellite TV

 * TGN

Radio

 * Royal Thai Army Radio Network, all 126 stations

title: Royal Thai Army


text:
Central do Brasil

Central do Brasil is a major train station in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro. It is the last stop of Rio's railway network, as well as a hub for connection with the city subway and a bus station. Central do Brasil was also a preeminent stop in the interstate Central do Brasil railroad, which linked Rio de Janeiro with São Paulo and Minas Gerais, though the railroad is now deactivated. The station is located in downtown Rio de Janeiro, along the Avenida Presidente Vargas and across from the Campo de Santana park. It was built in the Art Deco style.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Central do Brasil


text:
Louis M. Goldsborough

Louis Malesherbes Goldsborough (February 18, 1805 – February 20, 1877) was a rear admiral in the United States Navy during the American Civil War. He held several sea commands during the Civil War, including that of the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron. He was also noted for contributions to nautical scientific research.

His younger brother, John R. Goldsborough, was also a U.S. Navy officer who served during the Civil War and who later became a commodore.

Biography
Louis Malesherbes Goldsborough was born in Washington, D.C., in 1805, the son of a chief clerk at the United States Department of the Navy. He was appointed midshipman in the United States Navy by Secretary of the Navy Paul Hamilton on June 28, 1812. At the time of his appointment, he was seven years old, and Goldsborough did not actually begin serving until February 13, 1816, when he reported for duty at the Washington Navy Yard.

In 1831 Goldsborough married Elizabeth Wirt, daughter of William Wirt, U.S. Attorney General from 1817 to 1829. Together, they had three children: William, Louis, and Elizabeth.

In 1833, after helping lead German emigrants to Wirt's Estates near Monticello, Florida, Goldsborough took leave from the Navy to command a steamboat expedition, and later mounted volunteers in the Seminole War.

Naval service
During the Aegean Anti-Piracy Campaign, Goldsborough led a four-boat night expedition from Porpoise in October 1827 to rescue British merchant brig Comet from Mediterranean pirates. In 1830 he was appointed first officer in charge of the newly created Depot of Charts and Instruments at Washington, the crude beginning of the United States Hydrographic Office. Goldsborough suggested creation of the depot and initiated the collection and centralization of the instruments, books and charts that were scattered among several Navy yards. After two years he was relieved by Lieutenant Charles Wilkes.

After cruising the Pacific in the frigate United States, he participated in the bombardment of Veracruz in Ohio during the Mexican–American War. He served consecutively as: commander of a detachment in the expedition against Tuxpan; senior officer of a commission which explored California and Oregon (1849–1850); superintendent of the United States Naval Academy (1853–1857); and commander of the Brazil Squadron (1859–1861).

Civil War service
Goldsborough was given command of the Atlantic Blockading Squadron in September 1861, relieving Flag Officer Silas H. Stringham. In October of that year the Atlantic squadron was split into the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron and South Atlantic Blockading Squadron; Goldsborough took command of the North squadron, and Flag Officer Samuel Francis DuPont assumed command of the South squadron. On January 3, 1862, both officers were promoted to the newly created rank of Flag Officer (equivalent to the rank of Commodore which would be created 5 months later). During his command of the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron, which he commanded from its inception to September 1862, he led his fleet off North Carolina, where in cooperation with troops under General Ambrose Burnside, he captured Roanoke Island and destroyed a small Confederate fleet.

Peninsula campaign
After aiding the capture of Roanoke Island, Goldsborough and his command were sent to Hampton Roads at the request of Major General George B. McClellan to help protect Union forces landing on the Virginia Peninsula at the start of the Peninsula Campaign. Goldsborough refused to be placed under McClellan's direct command, telling Assistant Secretary of the Navy Gustavus Vasa Fox that he would instead cooperate with McClellan. After sending six of his vessels to attack the Gloucester Point batteries, Goldsborough withdrew them, saying the area was too dangerous for his ships—even though none of them sustained any damage—and fearful of a return appearance by CSS Virginia, which had laid waste to a Union naval force in Hampton Roads while Goldsborough was at Roanoke Island.

At the start of the Seven Days Battles, Goldsborough was asked again, this time by President Abraham Lincoln, to come to McClellan's aid. Goldsborough continued to hold back his fleet, forcing Lincoln to accept a recommendation by Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles to detach ships under Goldsborough's command and place them under Commodore Charles Wilkes, who as a lieutenant had relieved Goldsborough at the Depot of Charts and Instruments (see above), and who would report directly to Welles. This move, coupled with newspaper accounts critical of the Navy, so seriously hurt Goldsborough that he requested that he be relieved. He was promoted to rear admiral in August 1862, and in September passed command of the squadron to Acting Rear Admiral Samuel Phillips Lee. Goldsborough would finish the war performing administrative duties in Washington, D.C.

Post-Civil War service and death
In June 1865, Goldsborough became the first commander of the European Squadron, formerly the Mediterranean Squadron. In 1868, Goldsborough returned to Washington and took command of the Washington Navy Yard, a position he held until he retired in 1873.

Rear Admiral Louis M. Goldsborough died in Washington, D.C., on February 20, 1877.

Dates of rank

 * Midshipman – June 18, 1812
 * Lieutenant – January 13, 1825
 * Commander – September 8, 1841
 * Captain – September 14, 1855
 * Flag Officer – January 3, 1862
 * Rear Admiral – July 16, 1862
 * Retired List – October 6, 1873
 * Died – February 20, 1877

Namesakes
The United States Navy has named three ships USS Goldsborough in honor of Admiral Goldsborough.

title: Louis M. Goldsborough


text:
Black populism

Black populism was a broad-based, independent political movement started by African Americans following the end of the Reconstruction era. The movement began among Black agricultural workers as a response to Jim Crow laws. They sought better pay and labor protections, increased funding for Black schools, criminal justice reform, and increased participation of African Americans in politics.

Beginnings
Between 1886 and 1898 black farmers, sharecroppers, and agrarian laborers organized their communities to combat the rising tide of Jim Crow laws. As Black Populism asserted itself and grew into a regional force, it met fierce resistance from the white planter and business elite that, through the Democratic Party and its affiliated network of courts, militias, sheriffs, and newspapers, maintained tight control of the region. Violence against black Populism was organized through the Ku Klux Klan, among other white terrorist organizations designed to halt or reverse the advance of black civil and political rights.

Goals
Despite opposition, black Populists carried out a wide range of activities:

 * Establishing farming exchanges
 * Raising money for schools
 * Publishing newspapers
 * Lobbying for better legislation
 * Mounting boycotts against agricultural trusts
 * Carrying out strikes for better wages
 * Protesting the convict-lease system and lynching
 * Demanding Black jurors in cases involving black defendants
 * Promoting local political reforms and federal supervision of elections
 * Running independent and fusion campaigns.

Black Populism found early expression in various agrarian organizations, including the Colored Agricultural Wheels, the southern Knights of Labor, the Cooperative Workers of America, and the Colored Farmers' Alliance. However, facing the limitations in attempting to implement their reforms absent of engaging the electoral process, Black Populists helped to launch the People's Party and used the then left-of-center Republican Party in fusion campaigns. (Today though, after the Republican Party moved to the right, and the Democratic Party in the South was abandoned by the White Populist Dixiecrats who had opposed integration in the 1960s, most African Americans who vote cast ballots for Democratic Party candidates).

Resistance and failure
By the late 1890s, propaganda campaigns warning of a “second Reconstruction” and “Negro rule,” physical intimidation, violence, and assassinations of leaders and foot soldiers led to the movement's downfall. A key figure in the attack on Black Populism was Ben Tillman, the leader of South Carolina's white farmers' movement. Southern Populists knew that they had only two possible alternatives in the fight against the ruling Bourbon Democrats. They must choose between trying to win the Negro vote or working to eliminate it entirely. Tillman and his followers in South Carolina sought the latter method. They were completely reactionary on the Negro question and stood with the Bourbons in disregarding the principles of the Fifteenth Amendment.

Elsewhere, the populists sought to win Negro votes, either through fusion with the Republican minority or through the raising of issues with a broad appeal to the Negro farmers. It was no accident that in the South the third-party movement was strongest in those states where it sought not only black votes but active black support.

The notion that African Americans had somehow betrayed populism would haunt the Georgia People's Party from the very beginning. Populists had realized the political importance of blacks. Of the state's forty thousand Republicans voters, a considerable majority were former bondsmen. If the white votes were to split, they might decide the outcome of any state election. Populists faced the dilemma of needing to find a way to court the black votes without losing the whites, while also preventing whites from supporting the "negro party." The Party decided that it must accept the risk and court the black vote. This strategy contained a degree of precedent in state politics: in the 1870s and 1880s, democrats and independents had sometimes used the same device when the white votes split. In those days many whites were willing to allow African American men the ballot, especially when it could be sometimes bought for so little.

Black populism was destroyed, marking the end of organized political resistance to the return of white supremacy in the South in the late 19th century. Nevertheless, black populism stood as the largest independent political uprising in the South since the "general strike" during the Civil War, until the modern Civil Rights Movement.

title: Black populism


text:
Hugh Hyacinth O'Rorke MacDermot

Hugh Hyacinth O'Rorke MacDermot, Prince of Coolavin PC, JP, DL, QC (1 July 1834 – 6 February 1904), was an Irish lawyer.

Political and legal career
MacDermot served as Solicitor-General for Ireland in the Liberal government of 1886. He unsuccessfully contested the parliamentary constituency of West Derbyshire at the 1892 United Kingdom general election. He served as Attorney-General for Ireland in 1892, when he was made a member of the Irish Privy Council.

Personal life
MacDermot was the eldest son of Charles Joseph MacDermot by his wife Arabella Mary, only child of Hyacinth O'Rorke, representative of the House of O'Rorke of Breffny. He succeeded his father 5 September 1873 as The Mac Dermot, Prince of Coolavin.

MacDermot died on 6 February 1904, and was succeeded by his eldest son, Charles Edward MacDermot. His grandson (by his fourth son, Henry) Niall MacDermot was a British Labour MP and junior minister between 1957 and 1970. His youngest son, Frank MacDermot, served as a member of both Dáil Éireann and Seanad Éireann between 1932 and 1942.

title: Hugh Hyacinth O'Rorke MacDermot


text:
Talk:Apostolic Faith Church

Mistakes
It constantly amazes me that this article says, "The Apostolic Faith Mission of Portland, Oregon, United States was founded in 1906 by Florence L. Crawford," which is blatantly untrue. Why is this? William Seymour was the one who started this church in 1906. Crawford did not start her church until sometime in April or May of 1908. Why is this story still being told? Truth should be paramount! Raina (talk) 03:11, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your suggestion. When you feel an article needs improvement, please feel free to make those changes. Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone can edit almost any article by simply following the  link at the top. The Wikipedia community encourages you to be bold in updating pages. Don't worry too much about making honest mistakes — they're likely to be found and corrected quickly. If you're not sure how editing works, check out how to edit a page, or use the sandbox to try out your editing skills.  New contributors are always welcome. You don't even need to log in (although there are many reasons why you might want to). Katr67 (talk) 07:28, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

 * This article (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apostolic_Faith_Mission&oldid=111096891) was written mainly by me, but I removed it, bringing the article back to the basic bare bones it had been, because of a friend. It just bothers me that this is what is told over and over again both in this article, at the church, and in other places where the AF is involved, while Seymour is basically ignored -- nonexistent. In 5 March 1907, Crawford still called LA her home according to an AF paper dated that year. I just checked their book, and even it says that the church was founded in in Portland in 1907.

 * I wish this didn't bother me, but truth should always be the most important thing for any church. I just wish that if I am wrong, someone would show me. Raina (talk) 05:35, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Not sure where you see that, the church states that Crawford was involved with Seymour on the website. It also says that they later branched off. There were differences of doctrines between Florence Crawford and William Seymour, which is why they parted ways after the church was established. Pretty clear via the website, again.Ajlepisto (talk) 11:41, 11 Novemeber 2008

 * I edited the history for you Raina--I hope this helps makes the distinction you were looking for. -- Justin —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.157.205.73 (talk) 22:22, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I just checked their website's history page, and it says Crawford came to Portland Christmas Day, 1906. If we consider that the founding date of the Mission (a break-off effort of Seymour), then one could argue for 1906. Samcan (talk) 19:15, 29 September 2009 (UTC)

 * On one of the pages devoted to a branch church, they note that the Portland church was started in 1907. However, the church traces it's start to 1906, which I believe is tenable; their history started with the 1906 Asuza revival. Samcan (talk) 21:08, 9 November 2009 (UTC)

 * The origins of the AFC are shadier than just branching off from the Azusa Mission. Crawford worked under Seymour in his Apostolic Faith Movement. She had been given oversight of the Pacific Coast. When she broke with Seymour, she contacted these churches and took them with her. Thus, Seymour lost most of the churches in the Apostolic Faith Movement. Crawford organized the new work under the exact name of Seymour's Apostolic Faith Mission. Crawford said that Seymour had rejected the Wesleyan doctrine of sanctification as an instantaneous work of grace after conversion. However, there is no evidence for any change in his belief as Seymour preached the Wesleyan understanding his entire life.

 * Furthermore in 1908, the editor of The Apostolic Faith, Clara Lum, leaves Seymour's mission and joins Crawford in Portland. She took the paper with her. It is disputed as to who actually owned the paper, the Apostolic Faith Mission of Los Angeles or Clara Lum. Seymour and the Los Angeles mission maintained that it was the property of the mission. Seymour actually tried to get the paper back, but all his attempts failed. If he had sued, the Azusa Street Mission might have won, but Seymour held the early holiness and Pentecostal position that it was wrong to sue other believers so he never did regain the paper. Therefore, Crawford got the name and the mouthpiece of the Apostolic Faith Movement. Despite how you interpret it, it's not a very flattering picture of the origins of the AFC. My source for this is Cecil M. Robeck's amazing work The Azusa Street Mission and Revival. Ltwin (talk) 00:34, 3 June 2010 (UTC)

Oneness?
There are lots of links at the bottom of the article to Apostolic/Oneness related articles. Is this a Oneness denomination or do they just have the name in common? Adopting the name "Trinity Apostolic Faith Mission" seems to imply they are not Oneness. --67.160.172.29 (talk) 15:55, 5 April 2010 (UTC)

Isn't it interesting that the trinitarian believers accuse the oneness of "twisting the Scriptures" just as the oneness believers accuse the trinitarian. Sometimes, they come right out with the accusations, and sometimes, they are a little more subtle, using punctuation, capitalization, and other literary tools, to display their disdain one for the other. Their modern histories started around 1900, with the trinitarians being the first, many embracing both the name, "Apostolic," and the idea of modern tongues, with oneness groups starting around 10 years later than trinitarians. Of course, historians use more specific dates for their beginnings, but I prefer to use approximations, because of the variations in dates.

The "Apostolic" group of this article is trinitarian.

It has been a long time since I last wrote on Wikipedia, so I don't remember the process for identifying myself in these articles. I will try to do what I remember. However, I am Raina. Raina (talk) 23:48, 7 February 2019 (UTC)

Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa
Is the Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa affiliated with this church? Ltwin (talk) 00:38, 3 June 2010 (UTC)

 * After conducting research I've come to the conclusion that these two denominations do not have ties. Ltwin (talk) 06:59, 26 May 2011 (UTC)

Differences with "Apostolic Faith Church" in England — Same name but different group
It is recorded of another group called the Apostolic Faith Church started in 1911 by William Oliver Huchinson. That group seems to have been totally separate, and nothing to do with the Apostolic Faith Church of Portland Oregon. See An Introduction to Pentecostalism: Global Charismatic Christianity By Allan Heaton Anderson p. 101.

Is it worth putting a note on the first page, that there was another group, unrelated but still pentecostal, by the same name? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 47.148.68.200 (talk) 19:18, 7 June 2017 (UTC)

 * This is already mentioned in the history section of the Apostolic Church (denomination) article. Ltwin (talk) 19:33, 7 June 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Apostolic Faith Church


text:
User:Malvolio80

Malvolio80 started editing stuff on Wikipedia way back in late 2004. Before he had a username, he wrote -- from scratch, mind you! -- an entry for obscure 1990s comic book superhero Darkhawk. Right now he's trying to clean up a hideously POV entry on Courtney Brown. Join him -- won't you?

title: User:Malvolio80


text:
Talk:1. FC Köln

I do not agree
I don't agree with the changes made by Florian K. on 09:12, 1 Dec 2004. Although it has undoubtedly increased the amount of information, it has been at best half-heartedly translated from de:, the infobox is in the style used for football clubs at de: and is therefore inconsistent with that used on en: and also I think that squad information is too volatile to be encylopedic. I'm going to revert. --Lancevortex 14:33, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh, the manager isn't Christof Daum, he's the coach. The manager is Michael Maier. Take a look at the german Artikle. Thanks from Cologne. 87.79.176.59 19:17, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

That´s wrong, the english word "manager" means coach. For example Jose Murinho is the manager of Chelsea London. So is is okay. But the logo of the club should be changed. On the real one there is a billy goat calles "Hennes" on the logo. http://www.wdr.de/themen/sport/fussball/1fc_koeln/sponsor/_img/logo1_400h.jpg

LFC links
What are the Liverpool FC links with FC Köln? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kopite27 (talk • contribs) 15:37, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.fc-koeln.de/index.php?id=2842
 * In 1. FC Köln on 2011-05-23 01:54:42, 404 Not Found
 * In 1. FC Köln on 2011-05-31 20:54:50, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 20:55, 31 May 2011 (UTC)

Home / Away Colours ...
... were changed for 2011/12 season. -- 188.62.46.41 (talk) 13:27, 1 October 2011 (UTC)

Please could someone explain the "1." in the club's name?
Thanks. Grover cleveland (talk) 06:24, 20 January 2013 (UTC)
 * 1. in German means 1st, so 1. FC Köln means Cologne's first football (soccer) club. --Komischn (talk) 14:05, 10 October 2016 (UTC)
 * First in what sense? Best?  Grover cleveland (talk) 18:36, 10 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes (seen by themselves). --Komischn (talk) 21:58, 10 October 2016 (UTC)
 * "first" in german is ambigous. first in the sense of earliest, as well as biggest are used. --ThurnerRupert (talk) 07:00, 30 July 2017 (UTC)

manager - coach
fc kölo has a more classical german setup not the english setup. compare the old liverpool orgchart here. where brendan rogers is, this is jörg schmadtke in köln. where ian ayre is this is wehrle. but both, schmadtke and wehrle are leading the company reporting to the board, there is no single CEO. liverpool has a box for coach, but nobody would know him, while in german clubs this is an important box, even more so going in the direction of "coaching team" nowadays. --ThurnerRupert (talk) 07:00, 30 July 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:53, 23 September 2020 (UTC)
 * 1. F. C. Köln kit.jpg

Transfer ban
Good afternoon! As recently reported by kicker and The Athletic, the club has been officially put under a transfer embargo for two windows by FIFA, as the Dispute Resolution Chamber found them guilty of irregularly signing a 17-year-old player from Olimpija Ljubljana in January 2022.

This event is undoubtedly significant, but both Köln and Ljubljana can still appeal this verdict (albeit for very different reasons): so, should we still add it to the article, or should we wait for more news on that front?

On a side note, since the player involved in the court case, Jaka Čuber Potočnik, is still playing for Köln's under-19 team, this controversy still isn't enough to make him notable for WP:GNG, is it?

Oltrepier (talk) 12:39, 8 April 2023 (UTC)
 * My instinct was to wait since the Köln are appealing the verdict. But it wouldn't be a problem if you want to add the current verdict to the article since there is good sourcing available. Modussiccandi (talk) 15:29, 8 April 2023 (UTC)
 * No problem in adding it. The appeal should also be added. Kante4 (talk) 17:33, 8 April 2023 (UTC)
 * @Modussiccandi @Kante4 Right, thank you for your advice.
 * I saw that Bild actually leaked the news a few weeks ago, but there still was no official document issued by FIFA at the time, so I decided to wait until now.
 * What about Potočnik himself? Oltrepier (talk) 17:54, 8 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Not official so far? Thought so... Not sure about the player itself, tbh. Kante4 (talk) 17:59, 8 April 2023 (UTC)
 * @Kante4 Sorry, what I intended to say is that Bild had leaked the news before FIFA officially published the verdict a few days ago. Oltrepier (talk) 19:12, 8 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I could have read better, you explained it well before. Kante4 (talk) 19:47, 8 April 2023 (UTC)
 * All done now! Oltrepier (talk) 18:11, 9 April 2023 (UTC)

"2023–24 1. FC Köln season" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2023%E2%80%9324_1._FC_K%C3%B6ln_season&redirect=no 2023–24 1. FC Köln season] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Steel1943 (talk) 18:58, 21 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:1. FC Köln


text:
Tartu College

Tartu College is a not for profit student residence on the north side of Bloor Street West, just east of Madison Avenue, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Most of its residents are students of the University of Toronto.

Tartu College was built in 1970, two years after its sister building, the David A. Croll Apartments (originally Rochdale College), was built a block away on the opposite side of the street in 1968. Both buildings were designed by architects Elmar Tampõld and John Wells (who had earlier constructed the Charles Street apartments at Bay Street and Bloor Street). Like the Rochdale building, it is an example of brutalist architectural principles, and serves as a nostalgic reminder of the 1960s culture during which both buildings emerged.

It was named after the city of Tartu, Estonia, and was originally built as an undergraduate student co-op with a library, archive, and study centre serving the Estonian-Canadian community.

Tartu Institute
Tartu College operates the Tartu Institute, which was established on 9 February 1971. The institute deals mostly with activities related to Estonian diaspora in Canada.

title: Tartu College


text:
Jonathan Spector

Jonathan Michael Paul Spector (born March 1, 1986) is an American former soccer player who played as a defender. In his 16-year career playing first-team soccer he played over 400 games for club and country, and helped the United States win the CONCACAF Gold Cup in 2007. He earned 36 caps for the United States national team. He is now the Head of Scouting for MLS side Atlanta United.

Spector started his professional career in England when he was signed by Manchester United as a teenager, but rarely appeared for the club. He played on loan at Charlton Athletic, then in 2006 joined West Ham United, for whom he played over 100 games before he was released at the end of the 2010–11 season. He then spent five-and-a-half seasons with Birmingham City. Spector then played for MLS club Orlando City and had a short spell with Scottish club Hibernian. He retired as a player in 2019.

Although he began playing as a striker during his youth career, Spector was converted into a defender as a professional. He most commonly played as a right-back, although he occasionally appeared across the defensive line and in central midfield.

Early life
Spector was born and grew up in the Chicago suburb of Arlington Heights, Illinois the youngest of 4 children. He is Lutheran but his Paternal Grandfather was Jewish. His father is of Russian, English and Irish ancestry, and his mother was born in Siegen, Germany; as a result of this, Spector has a German passport, which allowed him to play in England without needing a work permit. Spector's grandfather, Art Spector, was an NBA basketball player and the first player to be signed by the Boston Celtics in 1946, which led to him becoming known as the "Original Celtic". He died in June 1987, when Jonathan was 15 months old.

Spector attended St. Peter Lutheran Junior High School and St. Viator High School, where he played high school soccer. He was an Amateur Athletic Union basketball standout. He started his club soccer career with Schwaben AC in Buffalo Grove, Illinois, before joining national power Chicago Sockers (2003). He also played youth soccer with Chicago Fire (2003) and Manchester United (2003). He graduated from the United States Soccer Federation's Bradenton Academy at the age of 17 in the summer of 2003.

Manchester United
Spector was discovered by a Manchester United scout while playing for the American Under-17 squad at the Milk Cup in 2003. Originally a striker, Spector was lined up in defense due to injuries for a game the scout had attended to scout other players. Impressed by Spector's defending, the scout alerted the club.

Spector joined United in summer 2003. He won the club's Young Player of the Year award for the 2003–04 season. He made his first appearance for the first team in the FA Community Shield match against Arsenal in August 2004. In December, United manager Sir Alex Ferguson announced that Spector would be loaned out to fellow Premier League side Blackburn Rovers for the remainder of the season. However, Ferguson was soon forced to postpone the deal due to an injury crisis in the United defense. The injury crisis continued and Spector was not able to make his loan move before the transfer window closed on January 31, 2005. Before the start of the 2005–06 season, Spector went on a season-long loan to another Premiership club, Charlton Athletic, to obtain more first-team experience. He finished the season with 16 starts and eight substitute appearances.

West Ham United
Spector was signed by manager Alan Pardew for West Ham United in a deal initially worth £500,000 in June 2006, ending his association with Manchester United after eight appearances. He made his debut for the club in the first round defeat of the UEFA Cup against Palermo in Sicily on September 28, going on to make twenty-eight appearances in all competitions in the 2006–07 season. Spector had initially been brought as backup to the West Ham defense, but he had an extended run of games due to injury problems and his ability to play anywhere in the back four with equal ease. On November 10, 2007, it was believed that Spector had scored his first professional goal, in the 5–0 away win at Derby County. However, this was later credited as an own goal by Derby's fellow American international Eddie Lewis.

He missed most of the 2008–09 season due to injuries, but following the departure of Lucas Neill, Spector played in 27 of a possible 38 games in the 2009–10 season. Many of his appearances that year came at left-back, despite being a right footed player. When Gianfranco Zola left, new manager Avram Grant began deploying Spector in the midfield. He scored his first goals for West Ham and first in English soccer, scoring twice in a 4–0 home win over former club Manchester United in the League Cup on November 30, 2010. He scored his first Premier League goal in the 2–2 draw away to Everton later that season. Spector was released by West Ham in June 2011.

Birmingham City
Spector signed a two-year contract with Championship club Birmingham City in August 2011, four days before the opening of the league season. He made his debut in Birmingham's first match in major European competition for nearly 50 years, the Europa League play-off round first leg against Portuguese club Nacional, which finished goalless. Three days later, he played his first league game in English soccer at a level below the Premier League, in a 3–1 defeat at Middlesbrough. Spector was played in central midfield for the first few months of his Birmingham City career, a position he said he enjoyed, and filled in at right-back in the European matches as Birmingham failed by a point to progress past the group stage. Later in the season, he was used more frequently at right-back, at the expense of captain Stephen Carr, and occasionally at left-back. The Birmingham Mail end-of-season review viewed his versatility as "an invaluable asset". He missed the last two months of the season with a torn thigh muscle, returning for Birmingham's unsuccessful play-off campaign only to suffer a recurrence of the injury which was to keep him out of the summer's international program.

Carr was injured in the final pre-season game, and the only alternative right-back was the teenaged Will Packwood. Despite having taken no part in the warm-up games, Spector returned to action in the opening match of the 2012–13 season, as a second-half substitute for Packwood, and started the next, though "short of match sharpness, he was rusty and had a torrid time of it". He scored his first goal for Birmingham in a 3–2 defeat by Coventry City in the League Cup on August 28. New manager Lee Clark preferred his "drive and energy" in midfield, with right-back duties shared between Packwood, loan signing Paul Caddis and others, but injuries soon forced his return to full-back. Spector was restricted to 10 appearances in the second half of the season by a succession of minor injuries,  culminating in ankle damage sustained in early April that kept him out for what remained of the campaign. Although several senior players were released at the end of the season, Spector agreed a further two-year contract, which he signed after he and wife Olivia Metzinger returned from honeymoon.

Two weeks later, Spector fractured his cheekbone in five places during a pre-season game. He returned to Birmingham's midfield for the 3–2 defeat by Leicester City in late August, and a month later was involved in an eventful match at Queens Park Rangers. He had a goal disallowed shortly before QPR took the lead, and after 79 minutes was yellow-carded for diving in the penalty area when it appeared that Richard Dunne had tripped him. In mid-October, he tore a thigh muscle in training. This time, the injury kept him out for four months; he returned in mid-February 2014, and was a regular starter from then on, as Birmingham avoided relegation to League One on goal difference via a stoppage-time equalizer in the last match of the season.

Again, Spector began the 2014–15 season as a regular starter, tore a thigh muscle a couple of months in, and missed the next four months. By the time he regained fitness, Gary Rowett had replaced Clark as manager, Caddis was the right-back of choice, and Michael Morrison and Paul Robinson had established themselves at center-back, which Spector had told Rowett was his position of choice. When Morrison injured an ankle in late January, he came back into the team in that position, initially with Robinson, then partnering loanee Rob Kiernan, and finishing the season, after a minor injury that coincided with Morrison's return to fitness, playing alongside the latter.

Although Spector had hinted that he had been away from home and wider family long enough, and there was reported interest from Major League Soccer clubs, he confirmed that he and his wife felt settled in Birmingham, and signed a new two-year contract. He went through the 2015–16 season injury free. He alternated at starting center-back with the veteran Robinson, and although he enjoyed no more onfield time than in either of the preceding two seasons, he was almost ever-present in the matchday squad. After Rowett decided that Paul Caddis's fitness levels were too low, Spector began the 2016–17 season at right-back. He continued in that position until and after Gianfranco Zola – who had managed Spector at West Ham – replaced Rowett in December. By January 2017, Spector had decided he wanted to return to the United States. With the emergence of Josh Dacres-Cogley, who played at right back while Spector served a suspension in November, and the arrival of Emilio Nsue, Zola felt able to accede to his request. He made a total of 179 appearances in all competitions for Birmingham.

Orlando City
Birmingham City canceled Spector's contract by mutual consent, and on January 24, 2017, he signed with Orlando City of Major League Soccer. On March 5, he made his Major League Soccer debut for Orlando City in their first game of the 2017 season that resulted in a 1–0 win over New York City FC and saw Spector named to the MLS Team of the Week. He was named club captain prior to the start of the 2018 season following the departure of Kaká. After a season mostly spent battling against injuries, the club announced they were declining his contract option, making him a free agent. He played 38 games for the club over two years.

Hibernian
Scottish Premiership club Hibernian signed Spector on a short-term contract in March 2019. Spector was released by Hibernian in May 2019, having made one appearance, in an Edinburgh derby win against Hearts.

He officially announced his retirement as an active player on August 11, 2019. In his 16-year career playing first-team football, he played over 400 games for club and country, and helped the United States win the CONCACAF Gold Cup in 2007.

Later that month, he was appointed the Head of International Player Recruitment and Development for MLS side Atlanta United FC.

International career
In 2003, Spector played for the United States national team at the World Under-17 Championship in Finland and earned his first cap for the senior team on November 17, 2004, in a World Cup qualifier against Jamaica.

In 2005, Spector was part of the United States Under-20 team at the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship in the Netherlands and as the 2005–06 Premier League season approached its conclusion, was considered a long shot to be included in the United States World Cup squad. However, a shoulder injury sustained on April 17 in a game against Portsmouth ended his chances of playing at the World Cup.

Spector was a member of the United States team that beat Mexico 2–1 in the CONCACAF Gold Cup Final in Chicago in June 2007. However, during the final, he had to be substituted by Frankie Simek as he collided heads with Mexican midfielder Andrés Guardado. Immediately after the substitution Benny Feilhaber struck the winning volley.

Following injuries to Steve Cherundolo and Frankie Hejduk, Spector was included in the United States roster for the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup and took the chance to cement his place in the national team, starting at right-back for the entire tournament. He assisted Clint Dempsey to score a vital goal against Egypt in the last group stage match as the United States scraped through to the semifinals on the basis of goals scored. In the final against Brazil, Spector once again assisted Dempsey in scoring the opening goal with a similar long cross from the right flank.

Having returned from a long injury lay-off, Spector was ever present at right-back for the remaining 2010 World Cup fourth round qualifiers in 2009 although he has also been partnered with captain Carlos Bocanegra in central defense occasionally due to Oguchi Onyewu's long-term injury. He was rested for the United States' last qualifying match against Costa Rica on October 14 as qualification had already been secured and was recalled for friendlies in November and March. Coach Bob Bradley included him in the final 23-man squad for the World Cup although he did not appear in any games. Later in 2010, Spector was a starting right-back in friendlies against Brazil and Colombia.

Spector received his first call-up to the senior national team in 18 months when he was added to the squad ahead of September 2015 friendlies against Peru and Brazil; he played in the second game, as a second-half substitute in a 4–1 defeat. He earned 36 caps for the United States between 2004 and 2015.

Honors
United States
 * CONCACAF Gold Cup: 2007

Individual
 * Jimmy Murphy Young Player of the Year: 2003–04

title: Jonathan Spector


text:
National Tramway Museum

The National Tramway Museum (trading as Crich Tramway Village) is a tram museum located at Crich, in the Peak District of Derbyshire, England. The museum contains over 80 (mainly British) trams built between 1873 and 1982 and is set within a recreated period village containing a working pub, café, old-style sweetshop and tram depots. The museum's collection of trams runs through the village-setting with visitors transported out into the local countryside and back and is operated by the Tramway Museum Society, a registered charity.

The Crich Tramway Village remains an independent charity, which receives no funding from the state or local government and relies on the voluntary contribution made by members of the Tramway Museum Society and its visitors.

History of the site
George Stephenson, the great railway pioneer, had a close connection with Crich and the present (2008) tramway follows part of the mineral railway he built to link the quarry with Ambergate.

While building the North Midland Railway from Derby to Rotherham and Leeds, Stephenson had found rich coal seams in the Clay Cross area and he saw a new business opportunity. Crich was already well known for the quality of the limestone and Stephenson recognised that he could use the local coal and limestone to produce burnt lime for agricultural purposes, and then use the new railway to distribute it. Cliff Quarry, where the museum is now located, was acquired by Stephenson's company and to link the quarry with limekilns he had built at Ambergate, Stephenson constructed a gauge line – apparently the first metre gauge railway in the world. Stephenson lived the last 10 years of his life in Chesterfield, often bringing visitors to Crich to see the mineral railway. He died in 1848 and is buried in Holy Trinity Church, Chesterfield.

Cliff Quarry remained in use until it closed in 1957/8, and shortly afterwards part of it was acquired for use by the museum. Other parts of the quarry, now known as Crich Quarry, reopened in the 1960s and was then operated by RMC and Tarmac. In 2000 ownership of the active quarry site was transferred to Bardon Aggregates, who closed the quarry in 2010. It remains closed.

Tramway Museum Society
In the period after the Second World War, when most of the remaining British tramways were in decline or actually closing, the first event in the history of the National Tramway Museum took place. A group of enthusiasts on a farewell tour of Southampton Tramways in August 1948 decided to purchase one of the open top trams on which they had ridden. For the sum of £10 they purchased number 45 – now included in collection at the museum. From this purchase grew the idea of a working museum devoted to operating tramcars. From the original group developed the Tramway Museum Society, established in 1955, incorporated as a company limited by guarantee in 1962, and recognised as an educational charity in 1963.

Acquisition of the site
After a sustained search across the country, in 1959 the society's attention was drawn to the then derelict limestone quarry at Crich in Derbyshire, from which members of the Talyllyn Railway Preservation Society were recovering track from Stephenson's mineral railway for their pioneering preservation project in Wales. After a tour of the quarry, members of the society agreed to lease – and later purchase – part of the site and buildings. Over the years, by the efforts of the society members, a representative collection of tramcars was brought together and restored, tramway equipment was acquired, a working tramway was constructed and depots and workshops were built. Recognising that tramcars did not operate in limestone quarries, the society agreed in 1967 to create around the tramway the kind of streetscape through which the trams had run and thus the concept of the Crich Tramway Village was born. Members then turned their attention to collecting items of street furniture and even complete buildings, which were then adapted to house the Museum's collections of books, photographs and archives.

Timeline

 * 1963 – First horse tram service
 * 1964 – First electric tram service
 * 1968 – The line was extended to Wakebridge, and the first Grand Transport Extravaganza held, in what was to become an annual event
 * 1969 – Opening of purpose built workshops
 * 1975 – The Duke of Gloucester become Patron of the Society
 * 1976 – The re-erected facade of Derby Assembly Rooms was opened by the Duke of Gloucester.
 * 1978 – Opening of scenic tramway to Glory Mine
 * 1982 – First phase of museum library opened
 * 1985 – Museum loans trams to Blackpool for Electric Tram Centenary
 * 1988 – Museum loans trams for Glasgow Garden Festival
 * 1990 – Museum loans trams for Gateshead Garden Festival
 * 1991 – Exhibition Hall inaugurated
 * 1997 – First AccessTram for visitors with disabilities
 * 2002 – Opening of Workshop Viewing Gallery and Red Lion Pub
 * 2004 – Woodland Walk and Sculpture Trail inaugurated by the Dowager Duchess of Devonshire
 * 2010 – Opening of new "Century of Trams" exhibition in main Exhibition Hall
 * 2011 – Opening of refurbished George Stephenson Workshop
 * 2014 – Passengers able to alight at Glory Mine for the first time

The museum's site
The museum site in made up of a number of different areas, with the museum's tramway passing either through or adjacent to all of them. The museum's main entrance delivers visitors to the Victoria Park area, but the trams start their journey at Town End, a walk or short tram ride under the Bowes Lyon Bridge and down Period Street.

Period Street
The running line of the tramway starts from a stub terminus at Town End where outbound trams board passengers, having first disembarked inbound passengers at Stephenson Place. The first 500 m of line is double track, laid in a setted street, and this is known as the Period Street. It has broad footpaths on both sides and is flanked by a number of old buildings and street furniture elements. The street scene is closed off by the Bowes-Lyon Bridge, which the tramway passes under.

Amongst the buildings and furniture in the street are:

 * the grade II listed 1763 facade of the Derby Assembly Rooms, moved to the site in 1975–76. The modern building behind this facade houses a number of small exhibitions and the Tramway Museum Society's library.
 * the original workshop of Stephenson's railway, now housing the Stephenson Discovery Centre.
 * the Red Lion pub, relocated from Stoke on Trent and still serving its original purpose, together with the museum's café.
 * a cast iron and glass tram shelter, thought to originate in Birmingham, at the Town End tram stop
 * a Bundy clock, originally used in West Bromwich to regulate departure times of trams from termini.
 * a cast iron urinal, originally located at the Erleigh Road terminus of Reading Corporation Tramways.
 * a police box dating from the 1930s and a police call post dating from the 1920s. Both were formerly used by the London's Metropolitan Police and are grade II listed.
 * a Penfold pillar box, dating from 1872 to 1879, and a K1 telephone box, dating from 1921. Both were used by the Post Office and are grade II listed.

Stephenson Workshop and Discovery Centre
One of the few buildings on the site that predate the creation of the museum and are in their original place, the Stephenson Workshop was built in the 19th century and was used as a smithy and wagon works for George Stephenson's metre gauge mineral railway. The building has been fully restored and is now home to a state of the art learning facility on the ground floor and the Stephenson Discovery Centre on the first floor.

The Stephenson Discovery Centre explains the early history of the museum site, including the story of George Stephenson and his acquisition of Cliff Quarry and construction of the mineral railway. It also describes how overcrowding in expanding towns and cities paved the way for in the introductions of trams to Britain in the 19th century. A modern glass bridge from the upper floor provides access to the viewing gallery of the tram workshop (see below).

Tram Depot and Exhibition Hall
The tram depot is situated at the further end of the museum's Period Street, just before it passes under the Bowes-Lyon Bridge. The tram depot houses most of the museum's fleet of trams, including the running fleet when not in operation, other than those displayed in the exhibition hall, which faces the depot across the depot yard. The depot has 18 tracks, with each track able to accommodate several trams. The first 10 tracks are directly accessible from the depot yard, while tracks 11 to 18 are accessed via a traverser, which also provides rail access to the exhibition hall.

The tram depot includes a workshop, on tracks 1 to 3, used for the maintenance of the tram fleet. This has a viewing gallery, accessed by a glass bridge from the upper floor of the Stephenson Discovery Centre, which allows visitors to watch the work going on below and displays small exhibits relating to this work.

The exhibition hall presents the ‘Century of Trams’ exhibition, telling the story of a hundred years of tramway development, from 1860 – 1960, taking in horse trams, steam trams and electric trams. The story is told through the display of number of the museum's tram cars, together with interpretive panels, audio sounds to represent each decade of the timeline, and interactive displays.

Bowes-Lyon Bridge and Victoria Park
The Bowes-Lyon Bridge spans the end of the museum's period street, and provides both a vantage point and a visual closure to the recreated urban part of the museum. The bridge deck is constructed in cast iron and dates from 1844, when it was installed at the Bowes-Lyon Estate in St Paul's Walden, Hertfordshire. The bridge was donated to the museum in 1971, and subsequently re-erected at its present site. Embedded in the deck of the Bowes-Lyon Bridge is a stretch of horse-tram track, demonstrating the lightweight nature of such track when compared to that used by the electric trams on the lower level.

Immediately to the north and west of the bridge is Victoria Park, a recreated Victorian era public park. This has, as its centrepiece, a bandstand that was erected here in 1978 but was previously at Longford Park in Stretford, Greater Manchester. From the park, a path leads to the museum's Woodland Walk and Sculpture Trail. Alongside the park is a tram stop, served by both inbound and outbound trams and named after the park. To the east of the park, on the opposite side of the tramway, is the museum entrance.

Wakebridge and Glory Mine
Just past the Victoria Park tram stop, the museum's running track transitions from grooved tram track set in a road surface to sleeper track and becomes single track. The line passes between woodland to the west and the now disused Cliff Quarry to the east, before arriving at the Wakebridge passing loop and tram stop.

The stop has a selection of shelters and simple buildings, including the Birmingham Tram Shelter, the Bradford Cabmans Shelter, and the Octogon, together with the line's electrical sub-station. A path leads to the museum's Woodland Walk and Sculpture Trail. Adjacent to the stop, the Peak District Mines Historical Society has created an exhibition of mining equipment, including the mouth of a drift mine with a battery powered locomotive coming out of it, and a shop selling mineral samples, books and gemstones.

Beyond Wakebridge, the line runs along an exposed hillside with vistas across the valley of the River Derwent, which is here part of the Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site. While now largely rural, this valley was one of the cradles of the Industrial Revolution, where the modern factory system was introduced during the 18th century to take advantage of Richard Arkwright's invention of the water frame for spinning cotton.

At the end of the line is the Glory Mine tram stop and passing loop. A public footpath crosses the line, giving access to Crich Stand.

Woodland Walk and Sculpture Trail
The Woodland Walk and Sculpture trail connects the tram stops at Victoria Park and Wakebridge, passing through the mixed woodland that is native to the limestone geology of the Crich area. Tree cover is mostly ash, but also includes sycamore, alder and silver birch, with a shrub layer of hazel, wych elm, wild rose, elder and hawthorn. The combination of the ash canopy and limestone results in a range of ground-cover plants including primrose, early purple orchid, cowslip, marjoram, garlic and strawberries.

Most of the sculptures along the trail were carved by the sculptor, Andrew Frost, using a chainsaw and carving a basic shape from a tree trunk before working on the detail. Such sculptures do not last forever, with wood splitting, fungi and the claws of badgers all contributing to their deterioration. The sculpture trail is therefore always evolving, as old sculptures are removed and new ones added.

Also to be spotted in the Woodland Walk is a stretch of the original narrow-gauge track as used in the old quarry, and a labyrinth made from old stones left in the quarry. There are views down into the valley of the River Derwent and up to Crich Stand.

The museum's tramcar fleet

The museum has over 80 tramcars in its collection. The majority of these are electric double-decker trams built between 1900 and 1930 for use in a large selection of British towns and cities, but the collection also includes earlier horse and steam hauled trams, more modern trams, and trams built for a number of cities across the world.

Many of the cars are in operable condition, and are used on the museum's running line, whilst others are restored in static condition and are displayed in the museum's display hall or elsewhere on the site. A few are stored in unrestored condition, some of these being at the museum's off-site store at Clay Cross.

Among this fleet are:

 * Southampton 45, built in 1903, was the very first tramcar to be preserved by the Tramway Museum Society, purchased for just £10 in 1949, after the closing ceremony of the Southampton Corporation.
 * Sheffield 15, a horse-drawn tram dating from 1874, was the first tram to operate at the museum, in 1963 and before the electric overhead was erected. The car still operates on a few 'horse tram' days a year.
 * Blackpool and Fleetwood 2, a single deck tram built in 1898, was the first electric tram to carry passengers at the museum, in 1964.
 * Blackpool 4 is the oldest electric tram in the collection and built in 1885 for the opening of Britain's first electric street tramway. Stored, and then preserved, by Blackpool tramways, it has been in the care of the museum since 1973.
 * Chesterfield 7, an early electric tram built in 1904, survived a depot fire which destroyed many other trams and was also used as a house after withdrawal. The museum found the tram and restored it.
 * Sheffield 510, which entered service in 1950 and was withdrawn, still almost brand-new, when the city's tram system closed in 1960. Car 510 was specially decorated for the occasion as Sheffield's last tram, and still retains this decoration.
 * Leeds 602, an experimental tramcar built in 1952 that incorporated technology that could have been, but never was, used in a new generation of British tramcars.
 * Prague 180, built in 1908, was gifted to the museum during the Prague Spring and transported to Crich days before the subsequent Russian invasion of Czechoslovakia. It became a symbol of the plight of the country.

Running line
The running line of the tramway is approximately 1.6 km long. The line starts from a stub terminus at Town End where outbound trams board passengers, having first disembarked inbound passengers at Stephenson Place. From Town End, about the first 500 m of line is double track, laid in a setted street, flanked by the buildings of the recreated period village, and including the inbound-only Stephenson Place tram stop. The street scene is closed off by the Bowes-Lyon Bridge, which the line crosses under on interlaced track. Just before the bridge, a junction gives access to the depot and yard.

On the far side of the bridge the line returns to double track and calls at the Victoria Park tram stop, which serves both the recreated Victorian-era public park of the same name, and the main entrance to the site from the car park. The double track continues for another 240 m before converging into single track that continues as far as the Wakebridge tram stop and passing loop, which is located some 1 km from Town End. Beyond the passing loop, the track returns to single track as far as the Glory Mine tram stop and terminus, where there is a further passing loop and a headshunt, together with a siding.

Passenger services
The tramway is generally operated whenever the museum is open. Depending on the time of year and level of demand, a two or three car service is normally provided. If a two car service is operated, trams pass on the double-track section in the street. If three trams are in service, trams pass both in the loop at Wakebridge and in the street.

On special occasions, up to 18 tramcars can be operated, with trams operating in convoys of two or three through the single track sections. The convoys pass each other on the in the street, at Wakebridge, and at Glory Mine terminus.

The tramway has a 1969 tram from Berlin, which has been converted to allows visitors with disabilities to travel the line, with the provision of a wheelchair lift and wider doors.

Methods of current collection
Most of the museum's trams are electric trams which were designed to be powered by an overhead wire system using one of, or a combination of, trolley poles, bow collectors or pantographs. The museum's overhead wire system has been built so that trams with any of those types of current collection can be used. The current is supplied at 600 volts DC.

Other forms of current collection were used by electric trams, especially in the early days of such tramways, and the museum has non-operational displays of several of them:

 * Conductors set in steel troughs under the roadway, as used on the UK's first street running electric tramway at Blackpool, and represented in Crich by the display of Blackpool 4 in the Exhibition Hall.
 * The stud contact system, as demonstrated with a dummy stud between the rails in the yard. This is the only known example of this form remaining, and is from Wolverhampton.

Access to the museum
The museum is open from early March to early November on every day of the week except Fridays, and also on Fridays during bank and school holidays. The museum opens at 10:00 and closes at 16:30 on weekdays or 17:30 on weekends and bank holidays.

The museum is some 18 km north of Derby, 32 km south of Sheffield, 66 km south-east of Manchester, and 200 km north-west of London. There is a large on-site car park.

The nearest railway station is Whatstandwell, on the Derwent Valley Line from Derby to Matlock, from which there is a steep uphill walk of about 1 mile to the museum. The museum is also directly served by roughly hourly bus services from Matlock and Alfreton, and less frequent services from Belper and Ripley. There is no bus service on Sundays.

In the media
The museum features in the opening of the 1969 film Women in Love, and as one of the locations in the 2012 film Sightseers.

The museum, under its old name of Crich Tramway Museum, also features in the lyrics of the John Shuttleworth song "Dandelion and Burdock".

title: National Tramway Museum


text:
Valley of Decision

The Valley of Decision is a biblical name given to the Valley of Jehoshaphat by the prophet Joel. It is the location of Jehovah's inflictions on Zion's enemies. The Bible mentions the Valley of Jehoshaphat only twice and identifies it as the final place where God will judge the nations that will gather in this valley in order to try to destroy Israel. Jehoshaphat means "Yahweh judges"; theologian Carl-Albert Keller adopts the term "the Valley Called 'YHWH judges'". The book of Joel describes this event as a gathering of all of the armies of the world into this Valley, where the Lord will pronounce judgment on all of them. The predicted and foreseen number of deaths is so extraordinarily high in this day of divine judgment that it will take seven months for the people of Israel to bury all of the dead men (Ezekiel 39:12-16). The dead ones will have their resting place under the soil of Israel and will never return home.

In Christian thinking, the assembly of the multitudes waiting in the valley of decision is associated with the second advent of Christ.

title: Valley of Decision