text:
Order of the Sacred Treasure

The Order of the Sacred Treasure (瑞宝章) is a Japanese order, established on 4 January 1888 by Emperor Meiji as the Order of Meiji. Originally awarded in eight classes (from 8th to 1st, in ascending order of importance), since 2003 it has been awarded in six classes, the lowest two medals being abolished that year. Originally a male-only decoration, the order has been made available to women since 1919.

The Order of the Sacred Treasure, which had 8 ranks until 2003, was awarded as a slightly lower rank than the Order of the Rising Sun for men and the Order of the Precious Crown for women. For example, the 1st class of the Order of the Sacred Treasure has been treated as between the 1st class and the 2nd class of the Order of the Rising Sun and the Order of the Precious Crown, and the 2nd class of the Order of the Sacred Treasure has been treated as between the 2nd class and the 3rd class of the Order of the Rising Sun and the Order of the Precious Crown.

Since 2003, the Order of the Sacred Treasure has been given the same rank as the Order of the Rising Sun. The Order of the Rising Sun is awarded with an emphasis on achievements to the state, and the Order of the Sacred Treasure is awarded with an emphasis on long-term public service. Since military achievements are not included in the criteria for awarding the Order of the Rising Sun, Japan Self-Defense Forces personnel are awarded the Order of the Sacred Treasure for their long service in public service. For example, the Chief of Staff, Joint Staff, the highest rank in the JSDF, receives the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure (1st class). The Order of the Sacred Treasure is awarded to persons who have been engaged for many years in the public service of the national and local governments, or in the following non-public services that are equivalent to public service, and who have accumulated distinguished service.
 * Work directly involved in education or research at school.
 * Work directly involved in social welfare at various facilities.
 * Work directly involved in medical care or health guidance
 * Work commissioned by the national or local governments, such as conciliation commissioners, volunteer probation officers, and welfare commissioners.
 * Work that is extremely dangerous.
 * Work in an extremely mentally or physically demanding environment.
 * Work in an obscure field other than those listed in the preceding items.

Since 2003, the number representing rank included in the official name of the order was removed. As a result, although numbers representing ranks were sometimes used in common names, the formal names such as 勲一等 (Kun-ittō, First Class) and 勲二等 (Kun-nitō, Second Class) were no longer used.

Classes
Before 2003, the Order could be awarded in any of eight classes. In 2003 the seventh and eighth classes were dissolved, leaving six. Conventionally, a diploma is prepared to accompany the insignia of the order, and in some rare instances, the personal signature of the emperor will have been added. As an illustration of the wording of the text, a translation of a representative 1929 diploma says:

"By the grace of Heaven, Emperor of Japan, seated on the throne occupied by the same dynasty from time immemorial,

We confer the Second Class of the Imperial Order of Meiji upon Henry Waters Taft, a citizen of the United States of America and a director of the Japan Society of New York, and invest him with the insignia of the same class of the Order of the Double Rays of the Rising Sun, in expression of the good will which we entertain towards him.

"In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hand and caused the Grand Seal of State to be affixed at the Imperial Palace, Tokyo, this thirteenth day of the fifth month of the fourth year of Shōwa, corresponding to the 2,589th year from the accession to the throne of Emperor Jimmu."

Insignia
The insignia of the order incorporates symbols for the three imperial treasures: the Yata Mirror, so sacred that not even the Emperor is allowed to look at it; the Yasakani Jewel, which is made of the finest jade; and the Emperor's personal sword.

The star for the Grand Cordon and Second Class is similar to the badge as described above, but effectively with two sets of Maltese crosses, one in gilt and one placed diagonally in silver. It is worn on the left chest by the Grand Cordon, on the right chest (without any other insignia) by the 2nd class.

The badge for the first through sixth classes is a Maltese cross, in gilt (1st–4th classes), gilt and silver (5th class) and silver (6th class), with white enameled rays (representing the sword). The central disc is blue, bearing an eight-pointed silver star (representing the mirror), surrounded by a wreath with red-enameled dots (representing the jewel). The badge is suspended on a ribbon, worn as a sash on the right shoulder by the Grand Cordon, as a necklet by males of the 2nd and 3rd classes, on the left chest (the ribbon folded into a triangle) by the 4th to 6th classes (with a rosette for the 4th class). For females of the 2nd to 6th classes, the ribbon is a bow worn on the left shoulder (with a rosette for the 4th class).

Until 2003, when it was abolished, the badge of the seventh and eighth classes was an eight-pointed silver medal, partially gilded for the 7th class, with representations of just the mirror and the jewel. The badge is suspended on a ribbon, worn by men on the left chest (the ribbon folded into a triangle). For women, the ribbon is a bow worn on the left shoulder.

Until 2003, the ribbon of the order was very pale blue with a gold stripe near the borders; since then the ribbon has been light blue, but retains the gold stripe near the borders. When the ribbon is worn alone, the ribbon for the Fourth Class and above incorporates a blue-and-gold rosette (very pale blue until 2003), with a solid gold bar for the Grand Cordon, a gold and silver bar for the Second Class, a solid silver bar for the Third Class and only the rosette for the Fourth Class. The ribbon for the Fifth and Sixth Classes has a centered blue disc (very pale blue until 2003) with gold rays radiating from its center, eight rays for the Fifth Class and six rays for the Sixth Class. Formerly, the ribbon for the Seventh and Eighth Classes had a centered very pale blue disc with gold rays radiating from its center, four rays for the Seventh Class and three rays for the Eighth Class.

After the 2003 reform
In 2003 the lowest two classes of the Order were abolished. Moreover, the badges of the Order will from now on be suspended from three white-enamelled paulownia leaves.

1st class, Grand Cordon

 * Otto Abetz
 * Lt Gen Sir Edward Altham Altham, awarded 1918
 * Sir Charles Alexander Anderson, awarded 1921
 * James Burrill Angell, awarded 1909
 * Isoroku Yamamoto, awarded 1939
 * Lt Gen Alamsyah Ratu Perwiranegara, awarded 1988
 * Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, awarded 1981
 * Emilio Álvarez Montalván, awarded 2002
 * Gen Mohammad Jusuf, awarded 1996
 * Daniel Boorstin, awarded 1986
 * Avery Brundage awarded 1964
 * Ali Wardhana, awarded 1988
 * George Champion, awarded 1969
 * Cho Tong-yun on 21 April 1905
 * Sir Hugh Cortazzi, awarded 1995
 * Radius Prawiro, awarded 1994
 * General Sir John Stephen Cowans, awarded 1918
 * Takuma Dan, awarded 1932
 * Mohammad Sadli, awarded 1987
 * Henry Willard Denison
 * Milton Friedman, awarded 1986
 * Admiral Albert Gleaves, awarded 1920
 * Stephen Gomersall awarded 2015
 * Mark Hatfield, awarded 2003
 * Chushiro Hayashi, awarded 1994
 * Daniel Hays, awarded 2000
 * Lt Gen Sir David Henderson, 1918
 * James McNaughton Hester, awarded 1981
 * Masaru Ibuka (1908–1997) awarded 1978
 * Lt Gen Sir Launcelot Edward Kiggell, 1918
 * General Sir Cecil Frederick Nevil Macready, 1918
 * Baron Matsuoka Yasutake, 1902
 * Yosuke Matsuoka, 1935
 * Umezawa Michiharu, awarded 1914
 * Kōkichi Mikimoto, awarded 1954
 * Charles C. Moore, president of the Panama-Pacific Exposition, awarded 1916
 * Akio Morita, awarded 1991
 * General Sir Archibald James Murray, 1918
 * Lt Gen Sir James Wolfe Murray, 1918
 * Nakamura Utaemon VI, awarded 1996
 * Norio Ohga, awarded 2001
 * Henry Francis Oliver (1865–1965), awarded 1917
 * Radhabinod Pal, awarded 1966
 * Peter Parker, awarded 1991
 * Samuel Kamuela Parker (1853–1920), awarded 1892
 * Nancy Pelosi awarded 2015
 * Sir Julian Ridsdale (1915–2004), awarded 1967 and 1990
 * Edmund Leopold de Rothschild, awarded 1973
 * Eishiro Saito, awarded 1982
 * Saisho Atsushi, awarded 1903
 * General Sir Henry Crichton Sclater, 1918
 * Princess Soamsawali of Thailand
 * Shinji Sogo, 'Father of the Bullet Train', awarded 1965
 * Kiyoshi Sumiya, awarded 1998
 * Shoichiro Toyoda, awarded 1995
 * Hugh Trenchard, awarded 1921
 * Prof. Pieter van Vollenhoven

2nd class, Gold and Silver Star

 * Hirotugu Akaike, awarded 2006
 * Momofuku Ando (1910–2007), awarded in 1982
 * Herbert W. Armstrong (1892–1986)
 * Hans Hermann Baerwald, awarded 1989
 * Thomas Baty (1869–1954), awarded 1936
 * James Molesworth Blair awarded 1921
 * Mary Griggs Burke (1916–2012), awarded 1987
 * Pierre Cardin (1922–2020)
 * Verner W Clapp (1901-1972), awarded 1968
 * Samuel Mills Damon (1845–1924), awarded 1892
 * W. Edwards Deming (1900–1993), awarded 1960
 * Tomio Fukuoka (2008)
 * James Harold Elmsley (1859–1921)
 * Bonner Fellers, awarded 1971
 * Ted Fujita (1920–1998)
 * Fr. Hermann Heuvers S.J., awarded 1969
 * Yoshimasa Hirata (1915–2000), awarded 1987
 * William G. Irwin (1843–1914), awarded 1892
 * Kaoru Ishikawa (1915–1989)
 * Joseph M. Juran (1904–2008) awarded 1981
 * Yuet Keung Kan (1913–2012), awarded 1983
 * Shahin Lauritzen, awarded 1999
 * Bernard Leach (1887–1979)
 * Mike Masaoka 1983
 * Thomas Corwin Mendenhall, awarded in 1911
 * Edward S. Morse (1838–1925), awarded in 1922
 * Paul Neumann (Attorney General) (1839–1901), awarded 1892
 * Richard W. Pound, awarded 1998
 * Johannis de Rijke, awarded 1903
 * Sakıp Sabancı (1933–2004), awarded 1992
 * Jacob Schiff (1847–1920), awarded 1905
 * Charles Nichols Spencer (1837–1893), awarded 1892
 * Henry W. Taft (1859–1945)
 * Ichimatsu Tanaka (1895–1983)
 * Akira Toriyama (1898–1994), awarded 1971
 * Wilfred Chomatsu Tsukiyama (1897–1966), awarded in 1963.
 * Guy Tripp (1865–1927), awarded 1924
 * John Alexander Low Waddell (1854–1938), awarded 1922
 * John Smith Walker (1826–1893), awarded 1892
 * Langdon Warner (1881–1955), awarded 1955
 * William Austin Whiting (1855–1908), awarded 1892
 * Merriman Colbert Harris (1846–1921), awarded 1916
 * Hermann Adam Widemann (1822–1899), awarded 1892
 * Eugene P. Wilkinson

3rd class, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon

 * William DeWitt Alexander (1833–1913), awarded 1892
 * John Batchelor D.D., OBE (1855–1944) Archdeacon of an Anglican Communion in Hokkaido awarded in 1933
 * Khalid Jerjes, awarded 2017, Consulting Lawyer of the Embassy of Japan in Iraq
 * The Rev. Stuart D. B. Picken (1942–2016), awarded 2007
 * Frank Shozo Baba (1915–2008)
 * Gheorghe Bagulescu (1886–1963)
 * John Tamatoa Baker (1852–1921), awarded 1892
 * Robert Hoapili Baker (c 1845/1847-1900), awarded 1892
 * Thomas Baty (1869–1954), awarded 1920
 * Henry Franz Bertelmann (1859–1921), awarded 1892
 * Captain John P. Brockley USN (born 1942), awarded 1990 Commanding Officer NAF Atsugi
 * Delmer Myers Brown (1909–2011), awarded 1997
 * George Bull (1929–2001)
 * Clark Burdick (1868–1948), awarded 1918
 * Joseph Oliver Carter (1835–1909), awarded 1892
 * Edoardo Chiossone (1833–98) 1891
 * William Henry Cornwell (1843–1903), awarded 1892
 * Dettmar Cramer (1925–2015), awarded September 1971
 * Charles F. Creighton (1862–1907), awarded 1892
 * Captain John Wallace Curtin Sr. USN (born 1944) awarded August 1994 Commanding Officer NAF Atsugi
 * William B. Dazey(1915–2002), awarded 1961
 * Sir Frank Gill (1866–1950) awarded 1930
 * Robert Günther, awarded 1929
 * Günther Gumprich
 * Eleanor Hadley (1916–2007), awarded 1986
 * John Adair Hassinger (1837–1902), awarded 1892
 * Frank P Hastings, Major, USS Mohican, awarded 1892
 * Captain Arthur Hawkins (USN)
 * Col. William F. Hebert (1928–2008), awarded 1970
 * Col. Vernon J Henderson (USAF) (1922–2008), awarded 1970
 * Samuel Hill, 1922
 * John Dominis Holt II (1861–1916), awarded 1892
 * Frederick J. Horne, awarded 1919
 * Akira Ifukube (1914–2006)
 * Pieter Philippus Jansen (1902–1982), awarded 11 September 1964
 * Paul P. Kanoa (1832–1895), awarded 1892
 * Professor Iwane Kimura (1932–2019), Kyoto University, awarded 2012,
 * Miles Wedderburn Lampson (1880–1964), awarded 1932
 * Trevor Leggett (1914–2000)
 * Masao Maruyama (1914–1996), awarded 1976
 * Genzō Murakami, awarded 1981
 * Toshiro Mifune, awarded 1993
 * Tetsuya Noda, awarded 2015
 * Isamu Noguchi (1904–1988), awarded 1988
 * Thomas Noguchi, awarded 1999
 * Samuel Nowlein (–1905), awarded 1892
 * Keiko Ozato, awarded 2012
 * Arthur Porter Peterson (1858–1895), awarded 1892
 * Franklin Seaver Pratt (1829–1894), awarded 1892
 * John Curtis Perry, awarded 1991.
 * Captain Timothy Edwin Prendergast USN (born 1949) awarded August 1997 Commander Fleet Air, Western Pacific
 * Leonard Pronko, awarded 1986
 * John Keone Likikine Richardson (1853–1917), Private Attorney for Queen Liliuokalani, awarded 1892
 * James William Robertson (1852–1919), awarded 1892
 * Eric Gascoigne Robinson (1882–1965)
 * Paul Rusch (1897–1979), awarded 1956
 * Eiji Sasaki (1915–2007), awarded 29 April 1998
 * Munetsugu Satomi (1904–1996), Graphic Designer, awarded December 1974
 * William Schull, awarded 1992.
 * Tadahiro Sekimoto (1926–2007)
 * Captain Claude B Shaw USN (1918–2012), awarded May 1972 Commanding Officer Fleet Activities Sasebo
 * Hiroko Sho, awarded 2006
 * William James Smith (1839–1906), awarded 1892
 * Sugino Yoshiko, awarded 1978
 * Akira Suzuki, awarded 2005
 * Col. Fred Grant Swafford (1924–1996), awarded 1972
 * Osamu Tezuka (1928–1989), awarded 1989
 * Herbert Cyril Thacker (1870–1953)
 * Admiral Richmond K. Turner, USN, awarded after WWII
 * Takeo Uesugi, awarded 2010
 * Masanobu Tsuji (1902–1961), awarded 1942
 * Bunei Tsunoda (1913–2008)
 * Charles E. Tuttle (1915–1993), awarded 1983
 * Elizabeth Gray Vining (1902–1999), awarded 1950
 * Gordon Warner (1913–2010), awarded 2001
 * The Rt Rev Herbert Welch (1862–1969), awarded 1928
 * Charles Burnett Wilson (1850–1926), awarded 1892
 * Arthur Young (1907–1979)

4th class, Gold Rays with Rosette

 * Mildred Ruth Brown, awarded 1988
 * Chōshin Chibana, awarded 1968
 * Charlotte Burgis DeForest (1879–1973), awarded 1950
 * Verne Dallas Dusenbery (1885-1978), awarded 1968
 * Ralph D. Dwyer, Jr., awarded 1973
 * Keiko Fukuda, awarded 1990
 * Masaru Funai, awarded 2001
 * The Rev. Jean-Baptist Gaschy (1875–1955), awarded 1954
 * John Gillett, awarded 1994
 * Beate Sirota Gordon, awarded 1998
 * Edbert Ansgar Hewett (1860–1915), awarded 1901
 * Noriko Kamakura, awarded 2022
 * Herbert Keppler, awarded 2002
 * Helmut Laumer, awarded 2002
 * Yukiko Maki (1902–1989), awarded 1976
 * Thomas Masuda (1906–1986)
 * Rofū Miki (1889–1964), awarded 1965
 * Hidetaka Nishiyama, 2000, awarded 2000
 * Agnes Mitsue Niyekawa (1924–2012), awarded 1998
 * Junnosuke Ofusa (1908–1994), awarded 1982
 * Richard Ponsonby-Fane (1878–1937), awarded 1921
 * Oskar Ritter und Edler von Xylander
 * Thomas Tozaburo Sashihara (1900–1974), awarded 15 December 1970
 * Shozo Sato, awarded 2004
 * Floyd Schmoe, awarded 1988
 * Serizawa Keisuke (1895–1984)
 * Ir Sukarno (1901–1970)
 * Masao Takahashi, awarded 2002
 * Wray Taylor (1853–1910), awarded 1892
 * Andrew Tsubaki (1931–2009), awarded 2007
 * Ichirō Tominaga (1925–2021), awarded 1998
 * The Rev. Walter Weston, awarded 1937
 * Ayako Hosomi, awarded 1981

5th class, Gold and Silver Rays

 * Janak Jeevantha Bandaranayake, awarded in 2020
 * Alfred M Burke, awarded 2012
 * On Chuil, member of the suite of the Korean Crown Prince, awarded 1908
 * Hester Ferreira, awarded 1997
 * Mabel Francis (1880–1975), awarded 1962
 * Kumaji Furuya (1899–1977), awarded 1968
 * George Edward Luckman Gauntlett (1868–1956)
 * Capt. W.W. Greene, awarded before March 1908
 * Seikan Higa, awarded 1968
 * Friedrich Hirzebruch, awarded 1996
 * Fujitaro Kubota (1879–1973), awarded 1973
 * Thomas Masuda (1906–1986)
 * John Mittwer (1907–1996), awarded 1977
 * Chiura Obata (1885–1975), awarded 1965
 * Azalia Emma Peet (1887–1973), awarded 1953
 * Yi Pomik, member of the suite of the Korean Crown Prince, awarded 1908
 * Miki Saito, Japanese Consul General to Hawaii, awarded bef Nov 1905
 * Yoshio Senda, Hon. LL.D. (1922–2009), awarded 2008
 * Chiune Sugihara (1900–1986), awarded 1944
 * Yoshio Tamiya (1905–1988), awarded 1976
 * Tetsuo Toyama, awarded 1968
 * Tomio Fukuoka, awarded 2008
 * Jungo Takita (1896–1957), awarded in Nasu on Aug. 14th 1957
 * Yap Bee Hoon, awarded 2024

6th class, Silver Rays

 * Riichi Shibano, Certified on May 15, 1970
 * Capt. Philip Going, approx 1905
 * Eijiro Iwamura, 1975
 * Chinyei Kinjo, 1968
 * Chozaburo Kusumoto, 1906
 * Mary Cornwall Legh (1857–1941), awarded 1939
 * Capt. Mitsuo Matsumoto (Japanese: 松元三男), (1919-2004), officer of the Japanese Imperial Army, awarded 1944
 * Hannah Riddell, (1855–1932) awarded 1924
 * Ted Tsukiyama (1920–2019) awarded 2001
 * His Majesty Ariki Tuheitia of New Zealand, awarded 2015
 * Ko Wichun, member of the suite of the Korean Crown Prince, awarded 1908

7th class: abolished
While established with the original induction of the first six classes, the 7th Class has never been issued or given an official designation or design. Officially the medal and its designation were abolished in 2003; there are no known recipients or issuances of this medal in its original design, since 1887.

8th class: abolished
While established with the original induction of the first six classes, the 8th Class has never been issued or designated a design, like the 7th Class before it. Officially the medal and its designation were abolished in 2003; there are no known recipients or issuances of this medal in its original design since 1887.

General Class

 * Jackson Bailey, awarded 1988
 * Carmen Blacker (1924–2009)
 * Faubion Bowers
 * Ernesto Burzagli (1873–1944), awarded 1906
 * Winfield Scott Chaplin (1847–1918), awarded 1882
 * George Ramsay Cook, awarded 1994
 * David Culver
 * Dorothy DeLay
 * Mamadou Diarra, awarded 1988 (Order with sunburst)
 * Robert Lawrence Eichelberger
 * Yoshikawa Eiji, awarded 1962
 * Anton Geesink
 * John Whitney Hall
 * Heinrich Hertz
 * Marcel Junod, awarded 1961
 * Takahira Kogoro (1854–1926)
 * Kume Kunitake, awarded 1889
 * Tokubei Kuroda (1886–1987), awarded 1939
 * Tetsuko Kuroyanagi, awarded 2003
 * Toshirō Mifune, awarded 1993 (Order with gold ribbon)
 * Lawrence Olson, awarded 1987
 * Fusakichi Omori, awarded 1928
 * Jean-Jacques Origas, awarded 1998
 * John Roderick, awarded 1985
 * Renato Ruggiero
 * Jack Seward, awarded 1986
 * Edmund Charles Wyldbore Smith (1877–1938)
 * Kenjiro Takayanagi, awarded 1989
 * Tomoyuki Tanaka, awarded 1981
 * Eiji Tsuburaya, awarded 1970
 * Yosh Uchida, awarded 1986.
 * Morihei Ueshiba (1883–1969)
 * J.R. Wasson (1855–1913), awarded 1874

title: Order of the Sacred Treasure


text:
User:LinkBot/suggestions/International Atomic Time

An automated Wikipedia link suggester has suggested 0 possible wiki link and 1 possible backlink for the International_Atomic_Time article:

— LinkBot 09:34, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Inward links
Additionally, there are some other articles which may be able to linked to this one (also known as "backlinks"):
 * In Time in New Zealand, can backlink atomic time: ...atomic clock]] was announced and several laboratories began atomic time scales. A new time scale known as Co-ordinated Universal Ti...

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:International Atomic Time

Leap second scheduled for the end of the year
There is a leap second scheduled to occur at the end of the year (2005-12-31T23:59:60), so that the article should probably be changed to read UTC = TAI - 33 seconds somewhere around that time.

The announce can be found at http://hpiers.obspm.fr/iers/bul/bulc/bulletinc.dat, or linked via http://tycho.usno.navy.mil.

Real time
Does the use of the term real time have any meaning or usefulness in the context of TAI? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Martin Hogbin (talk • contribs) 13:18, 16 November 2008

 * TAI is not related to a real time clock within a computer, either in the sense of technology (no quartz crystal) or in the sense of a simple multiple of a second, like a power of two. Nor is it related in the sense of civil time because it now differs from that by over half a minute. Nor does "real time" apply in the sense of the present, because TAI is also used as a timestamp for any event, whether it occurred in the past, present or future. "Real time" does not apply as a type of time, more appropriate terms being either a coordinate time on the geoid or a proper time. I can't think of any meaning of "real time" that applies to TAI. — Joe Kress (talk) 20:40, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

Broadcast realisations of TAI are real-time in the sense that they are available immediately: they tell you (to within some uncertainty) what the TAI time is *now*. TAI itself (with highest precision) is not real-time in this sense, because it's determined retrospectively. 195.81.245.98 (talk) 10:03, 22 May 2013 (UTC)

"Realisation of Terrestrial Time"
I don't understand what it means to say that TAI is the "principal realisation of Terrestrial Time". I'm not even sure what "realisation" is supposed to mean here. It seems to imply that TAI is in some way based on or derived from TT, which it is not. It's the other way around. Terrestrial Time is defined as TAI + 32.184 seconds, with the offset inserted solely to provide continuity between Terrestrial Time and a former astronomical standard called Ephemeris Time, which TT replaced due to its increased accuracy. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.125.107.176 (talk) 19:59, 21 April 2011 (UTC)

 * I think the answer to your question is that TT is a theoretical ideal, which real clocks can only approximate. TIA (+ 32.184 seconds) is the best representation, based on real clocks, of this theoretical time available. This does not imply that TIA is based on TT, indeed it cannot be since TT is only a theoretical time. Martin Hogbin (talk) 21:41, 21 April 2011 (UTC)

Terrestrial Time is defined as a theoretical ideal; the definition itself contains no reference to TAI. See its article and the IAU resolutions referenced from the first sentence of the article. Particularly, in the 1991 resolutions, note 1 on Recommendation IV: "... As the errors in the realization of TAI are not always negligible, it has been found necessary to define an ideal form of TAI...". Also note 5 discussing divergence between TAI and TT, and note 9 on notation for realisations of TT with particular reference to TT(TAI). Conversely, TAI is based on TT, in the sense that it's a technological attempt to run clocks in a way that matches the ideal TT. This is what is meant by "realisation of Terrestrial Time". TT(TAI) = TAI + 32.184 s is a close approximation of TT, but closer approximations are available. 195.81.245.98 (talk) 10:24, 22 May 2013 (UTC)

The user who posted the comment at the start of this section actually edited out the "principal realisation" phrase that ey didn't understand, and replaced it with an incorrect statement that TAI "is the basis ... for Terrestrial Time". That statement is the polar opposite of the truth: in fact TT is the basis for TAI. Regrettably I didn't notice the incorrect edit back then, six years ago, but yesterday I spotted it and restored the original correct statement ("TAI is the principal realisation of TT"). That edit was since reverted, returning to the incorrect statement, by an editor who suggests that the "realisation" language would require that TAI approximate TT with no offset. Of course it doesn't do that, because of the 32.184 s offset. The offset doesn't really invalidate TAI being a realisation of TT, though this does make it a slightly looser sense of "realisation" than the strictest available (TT(TAI) is the realisation of TT in that stricter sense). TAI is a realisation of TT in the very useful sense that it is a technological attempt to run clocks to tick at exactly the rate prescribed by the ideal TT. I have now restored the "principal realisation" statement, with a qualifying parenthetical acknowledgement of the fixed offset. If this somehow doesn't satisfy everyone, then at least do not just revert my edit and restore the completely incorrect statement that TAI is the basis of TT. Rather than do that, you should either reword the "principal realisation" statement in a more satisfactory way, or failing that remove the statement entirely and leave no mention in the summary of any relationship to TT. 2001:8B0:80D:0:0:0:0:1 (talk) 11:03, 4 May 2017 (UTC)

Added Archives
Here is a list of archives/accessdates that I added to this article. -- Tim 1357  talk 04:43, 25 September 2016 (UTC)

Early timescales
has reverted my attemt to make the discussion in the History section consistent with itself. I don't beleive my edit changed what was being said here so if the contention in Jc3s5h's edit comment is correct, there is still a problem with the discussion of the relationship between UT2 and early time scales. And the discussion is not self consistent. ~Kvng (talk) 22:36, 16 November 2018 (UTC)

 * That section of the article does need some improvement. It names some early atomic time scales (at least, I infer they were atomic because of what those groups were working on, plus the name of a particular atomic clock). But it then just stops talking about the early atomic time scales without explaining how the early time scales evolved into TAI. Also the section does not explain whether those early time scales were discontinued, or if some of them survive, as some sort of working time scale used in the construction of TAI. I'll look at an appropriate book and see if I can improve it. Jc3s5h (talk) 22:49, 16 November 2018 (UTC)
 * I've made changes that I hope provide sources for everything and make the level of detail more even. I was not able to find dates when the time scales from institutions other than BIPM faded away.
 * As for the relationship between early time scales and UT2, several of them, as I clarified in the article, chose to synch their scale with UT2 at Julian Date 2436204.5 (1 January 1958 00:00:00). In reading McCarthy and Seidelmann, I see mention of preserving the continuity of the respective time scale whenever improvements in the scale were made. Potentially, the synchronizations were done based on different sets of astronomical observations of UT2 and different computations, so the three time scales might nominally have the same epoch, but if we were to reconstruct their epochs using the best modern methods, they would probably turn out a bit different. But I don't have a source that would let me put a statement along those lines in the article. Jc3s5h (talk) 00:21, 17 November 2018 (UTC)
 * I did my own calculation using the definition of UT2 and a value of Delta T at January 1, 1958 of 32.166 seconds. This value comes from the US Nautical Observatory's Multiyear Computer Interactive Almanac. I found that 1958 Jan 1 00:00:00.000 TAI = 1958 Jan 1 00:00:00.013 UT2. Jc3s5h (talk) 01:09, 17 November 2018 (UTC)

Whats the time?
Is there a website where I can read the actual TAI? —185.104.138.31 (talk) 15:31, 29 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:International Atomic Time


text:
User:LinkBot/suggestions/Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast

An automated Wikipedia link suggester has suggested 0 possible wiki link for the Automatic_Dependent_Surveillance-Broadcast article:

— LinkBot 09:34, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast

Not a debate
"The ongoing debate amongst hobbyists is to display real-time activity on personal screens and then delay five minutes on networked displays." This sentence is inaccurate. To provide 5 minutes delay on networked display is a practice. If that practice is debated, it would be useful to know what the other sides of that debate are. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Armence (talk • contribs) 22:25, 4 October 2010 (UTC)

Alternate Implementations
I propose that the material recently added on "Alternate Implementations" be moved to its own article. The added material is not an alternate implementation, it is an alternate technology entirely. PhilosopherBruce 07:57, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree that the new sections should be moved to their own article, and would do this if I felt comfortable creating the new article. Could somebody with more experience do this?  --Johnb210 19:31, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Might as well be me, I guess. So I just created the article "Automatic Independent Surveillance-Privacy". Not that I have any particular experience, but one has to learn sometime, right? --PhilosopherBruce 20:54, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of DO-205
Hi everyone,

DO-205 is a data communication standard for avionics information. I nominated it for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/DO-205. Thank you.

--Kevinkor2 21:04, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

How
How does the FAA actually plan to safely control traffic using this system? I'm a controller and I have flown an airplane with ADS-B, while it is a useful tool for pilots, there is no way it should be used a means of separating air traffic. If they want this system to work, every aircraft would have to have this costly technology installed. Even then, air traffic controllers would still be needed to work the traffic, this system is only replacing radar signals with satellite. The person responsible for this scheme is FAA administrator Marion Blakey, who recently announced she was going to work for Raytheon after her term in office ends. Andercee 21:22, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
 * It is not meant to be a replacement for the current ATC system. It is only to be used as a supplement, and mostly in areas that need. Some examples include: in Alaska, the mid-west, and other moutainous areas where radar is limited. Also, in congested areas not assosciated with airports, such as high-volume training areas (like all of Florida). This technology is mainly intended for general aviation, which does not really have any other traffic-awareness other then radar/ATC. So again, this is meant to supplement that, not replace it. --Pilotboi / talk / contribs 21:42, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
 * this is untrue. The FAA has mentioned several times that they see a day when ADS-B will replace radar. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.134.137.71 (talk) 03:03, 6 November 2015 (UTC)
 * If you read any news articles about this they all speak of antiquated technology that is constraining our current air traffic system They all say that ADS-B technology will fix everything. Just search google news for NextGen.  NextGen is being billed as a fix all when, like we both said, should only be used as a supplement.Andercee 21:21, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nextgen —Preceding unsigned comment added by Andercee (talk • contribs) 21:24, August 27, 2007 (UTC)
 * Correction: I want to correct myself before someone else does it. Blakey is going to work for AIA (Aerospace Industries Association).http://www.aia-aerospace.org/aianews/pr_detail.cfm?Content_ID=525 Andercee 02:13, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Why would every aircraft need it? You can currently take off and fly without a radio or transmponder.  Those that do swivel their head and look outside.  More and more of the country is making it harder to fly near large airports without a transponder.  They could very easily mandate ADS-B to all aircraft wanting to use this airspace.  I believe the FAA is developing a system where aircraft are under human control during take-off and landing at large airports, but transition to "Free-Flight" outside of these areas.  Even while under human control (text messages no doubt) the pilots can use ADS-B to sequence their arrivals.  You see this a lot at the really large airports, where pilots use ADS-B and TCAS to position themselves on approach or departure.  It makes flying easier.  If you've ever had to S-Turn a 747 on landing behind a prop-job, you'll know how valuable the extra information is.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.241.142.161 (talk) 19:24, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

 * The long-term perspective is indeed an ADS-B mandate for aircraft in controlled airspace. ADS-B is just a cheaper and better replacement for secondary radar. Just like TCAS, Mark-X and Mode-S are now mandated in certain airspaces, so will ADS-B be. And ADS-B is a fairly cheap technology - Australia seems to be able to implement it nationwide for about AUS$ 5000 per airframe. Compared to the cost of even a single secondary radar, this is very cheap. --Stephan Schulz (talk) 23:32, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

 * The short answer is that ADS-B can, and should be installed on everything moving in air eventually, and then perhaps on things that don't move (towers, etc). You are correct, ADS-B is never going to be that reliable until every aircraft is equipped. The FAA has done wonders to make sure that ADS-B remains overpriced, first by setting up the system on two different frequencies, one for airliners, another for everyone else. Second by requiring that all ADS-B out implementations be permanently installed and TSOed. The first is so unbelievably stupid I hope it is self evident (if not, go have a look at the Cerritos, California accident). Fortunately the avionics manufacturers are capable of overcoming the roadblocks that the FAA put in the way, and are producing dual frequency capable units at lower and lower prices. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.134.137.71 (talk) 03:11, 6 November 2015 (UTC)

ADS-B and General Aviation
I am conflicted about whether or not to include the following link: ads-bforga.blogspot.com. I read the guidelines about external links and figured I'd solicit some feedback from other users -- I am involved with that research but I am not the only contributor. It's a blog keeping track of work related to General Aviation; GA is currently one of the more worry-some stackeholders from the FAA's perspective due the possibility of user push back. Because of that I fee like it would be important to include at least a link to that topic. Nodapic (talk) 20:28, 4 June 2010 (UTC)

Is there any objection to adding a GA section to the current artical to keep the average pilot updated on the law that will come into affect January 1, 2020? There is currently an ADS-B page on Wiki dedicated to General Aviation pilots, however it would be much better suited to simply become a section of this ADS-B artical. AuburnADS-B (talk) 18:43, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

VDL mode 4
It was claimed in the article that "VDL Mode 4 systems required by airlines in Europe as a mean for more efficient ATC service", giving as a source. The source does not mention VDL Mode 4 in any way. It relates to ADS-B in general. In fact, it relates to the Eurocontrol CASCADE program, which prefers 1090ES. I removed the claim until someone can provide a source. --Muhandes (talk) 07:17, 27 June 2010 (UTC)
 * VDL Mode 4 is in use in Sweden (and may be required there for certain classes of aircraft), but there is no Europe-wide mandate for VDL-4. The SPI/IR will require aircraft to provide ADS-B via 1090 Mode-S signals, starting 2015. But even that is in draft status, as far as I know. --Stephan Schulz (talk) 07:53, 27 June 2010 (UTC)

Equipage
I have replaced occurrences of this word with "equipment." In standard English, equipage is mainly a horse-and-buggy term, whereas in this article it is being used (improperly) as a synonym for "equipment." Remember, the FAA and other aviation authorities dictate air regulations, but they do not dictate English usage, and this rather obvious and distorted borrowing from modern French will lead educated readers only to confusion, since they will of course be thinking of the correct definition of the word. Leave the jargon (especially the jargon that conflicts with standard usage) to the bureaucrats. There were only three or four occurrences in the word, probably in texts lifted from other documents. Agateller (talk) 21:36, 30 August 2010 (UTC)

I have no complaint with the change to "equipment", but equipage is a common term of art in the U.S. aviation business. Tungsten58 (talk) 03:47, 7 September 2010 (UTC)

It's far better to use a plain English word where the meaning is the same, rather than a term of art known to aviation insiders on one continent.--Light.olive (talk) 10:37, 31 August 2012 (UTC)

Skyradar ADS-B rcvr
I think you may want to add something about this product. Works well with iPad. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.151.74.161 (talk) 17:48, 2 June 2011 (UTC)

International Adoption
This article fails to mention the international aspects of ADS-B. Whilst the USA is adopting NextGen, Europe is also pushing ADS-B forward through the SESAR (Single European Sky ATM Research) programme. Technically they're very similar, but ADS-B is not, as the article is written, an FAA or USA only technology! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.107.92.144 (talk) 19:30, 24 September 2011 (UTC)

Please note that the European Commision has made "ADS-B out" mandatory in Europe. The full regulation can be found here: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:305:0035:0052:EN:PDF Implementation date is 07.122017 latest.80.156.43.136 (talk) 14:13, 9 March 2012 (UTC)

Page very difficult to follow
The page is currently extremely difficult to follow and there is some very basic information missing. Some parts seem unnecessarily technical, and other parts appear to be extracts from an instruction manual (eg "You will also need to add a certified GPS" - why exactly would the reader of an encyclopaedia article need to do that?)

I am a technical reader (PhD in solid state physics and I work with about 10,000 pages of legislation for a living) but I could not make head nor tail of this article.

My questions are:

What is it? I can see that it's a technology for monitoring aircraft location and velocity, but how? Is there a central infrastructure? Can I buy an ADS-B receiver and stand outside my house and download the whereabouts of all aircraft within reception range? Presumably someone does that and collects the data centrally, but who, and how centrally? Do ADS-B compatible systems network together to convey this information globally, by peer-to-peer networking? I can see that aircraft are responsible for determining their own locations and then broadcasting that information, but it's unclear where it goes from there.

If ADS-B is a service, per the second paragraph, who provides the service? Are there competing providers and are they interoperable? Or is it merely a technology, per the first paragraph?

What is the ADS-B system mentioned in the second paragraph? Is there some commercial, national or supranational body administering it? The article mentions that the FAA will "pay for administering and broadcasting all the services related to the technology". Is this correct? Why would the FAA pay for a system which is used globally?

As you can see, despite a very long (too long?) and detailed article, an interested reader is left with essentially no idea of what ADS-B actually is. I'm sorry if this sounds very critical, and it's clear a lot of people who know a lot must have devoted a lot of time to this article, but for someone who doesn't already know a lot about it, it seems to assume way too much knowledge. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Arcman (talk • contribs) 18:16, 18 February 2012 (UTC)

Merger proposal:TIS-B
Traffic Information Service – Broadcast (TIS-B) is a stub and unlikley to expand with substantial overlap with this article. - Technophant (talk) 18:55, 6 April 2014 (UTC)
 * 4 months an no response? I'll remove the request now. ~Technophant (talk) 04:07, 31 August 2014 (UTC)

Acronyms subsection
With this edit I removed the entire acronyms subsection. References to these should be provided by WP:wikilinks. - Technophant (talk) 02:43, 7 April 2014 (UTC)

Hyphen or dash
After wondering what the hyphenated word "surveillance-broadcast" meant, it seems to me that "Automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B)" should be "Automatic dependent surveillance – broadcast (ADS–B)" with an en dash rather than a hyphen. Official literature has a variety of forms including hyphen, en dash and em dash, sometimes spaced, sometimes unspaced. So I think we can decide what is grammatically correct and use that. Nurg (talk) 09:12, 26 July 2014 (UTC)

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Military Aircraft
How does this work with military flights. I am speaking of non combat type or routine US flights. I understand the need for operational security, but if military flights are hidden then some degree of safety is compromised. Markbeckstrom (talk) 13:12, 27 July 2019 (UTC)
 * It looks like routine military flights use ADS-B, as the tracking sites on the Web will show you. I would imagine that in a shooting war situation, civil aircraft wouldn't be operating in the same area anyway, or collision with a military flight would be the least of their safety concerns. --Wtshymanski (talk) 05:14, 3 August 2019 (UTC)
 * You correctly surmised is has to do with operational security. Denying any and all potential adversaries information they may use to their advantage is a critical element of operational security.  As for safety, military flights remain in contact with ATC at all times while in the U.S. and international airspace while engaged in peacetime and training operations.  The only exceptions involve training in military use airspace, such as restricted areas and MOAs.  Even then, they usually monitor Guard (212.5/243.0).Clepsydrae (talk) 18:47, 18 November 2021 (UTC)

History Section Needed
The few references to ADS-B development scattered throughout the article are scant. A History and Development section would greatly enhance knowledge and understanding as to why ADS-B became necessary in the first place. Clepsydrae (talk) 18:54, 18 November 2021 (UTC)
 * BOLD|Go for it!. Write it and cite it. --Wtshymanski (talk) 21:23, 22 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your encouragement! Alas, when I've attempted similar projects in the past, I'm often reverted.  While I love writing, including technical writing, I prefer not to waste my time on revert wars.  I was hoping to encourage someone with more fight in the game to include it, themselves. Clepsydrae (talk) 22:05, 10 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Too bad. You realize that you've wasted your time pointing out "Something should be done about this" ? If you're not going to do it, no-one will. True, we don't need 10,000 words giving the details of every meeting held over 20 years. But a *concise* overview of the high points of the reasons for development, possible ancestors and alternatives, all with citations, would be nice to read and would be of great value to the encyclopedia's users. The article took 20 years to get this far. Maybe in the next 20 years, someone will feel motivated to add history, providing of course the article doesn't disappear in the mean time. --Wtshymanski (talk) 05:49, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

Totally Outdated!
Your list of countries with information about the mandated technology is old and for now wrong. For example CHINA:

 * you describe a early US project to try to emerge the huge asian region with UAT. Today, most infrastructure of this test - project is no more in service. In the 2018 document of the ICAO Asia the secretary wrote :

"APANPIRG has decided to use 1090MHz Extended Squitter data link for ADS-B data exchange in the Asia and Pacific Regions. In the longer term an additional link type may be required."

One should update this content. Outside USA, the UAT is rather non existant and 1090 ES is worldwide recognized standard. 217.79.194.135 (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 18:02, 7 December 2021 (UTC)

USA vs. "countries"
Currently there is one section "In the United States" followed by another section "Implementations by country". Which also contains some info on the United States. This seems inconsistent and probably confusing. One solution might be to move the entire US section to a place under "Implementations by country". But as the section on the US is quite large and elaborate compared to the information on other countries I think a better option would be to simply rename "Implementations by country" to "Implementations in other countries", and move its US-subsection to the 'main' US section. I think I will rearrange it like that unless there are objections (or better solutions) within a week or so. MichielN (talk) 13:46, 1 October 2022 (UTC)

Picture in the lede
Would it be more useful to have e.g. the "FAA NextGen ADS-B implementation.jpg" image in the lede rather than an ad for a specific manufacturer's device? Or even no picture at all, as suggesting that this particular device is what ADS-B is mainly about just misleads the reader. 85.76.84.181 (talk) 12:56, 22 August 2023 (UTC)
 * How is it now? Agreed we don't need to promote products here, and a photo of a little grey box of electronics could illustrate scores of articles; at least the FAA picture shows airplanes. --Wtshymanski (talk) 03:54, 23 August 2023 (UTC)


text:
Joanne Dru

Joanne Dru (born Joan Letitia LaCock; January 31, 1922 – September 10, 1996) was an American film and television actress, known for such films as Red River, She Wore a Yellow Ribbon, All the King's Men, and Wagon Master.

Career
Born in Logan, West Virginia, Dru moved to New York City in 1940 at the age of eighteen. After finding employment as a model, she was chosen by Al Jolson to appear in the cast of his Broadway show Hold On to Your Hats. When she moved to Hollywood, she found work in the theater. Dru was spotted by a talent scout and made her first film appearance in Abie's Irish Rose (1946). Over the next decade, Dru appeared frequently in films and on television. She was often cast in western films such as Howard Hawks's Red River (1948), and the John Ford productions She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (1949), and Wagon Master (1950).

She gave a well-received performance in the dramatic film All the King's Men (1949), which went on to win the Academy Award for Best Picture, played a college graduate turned gangster's unhappy moll opposite Edmund O'Brien in the crime noir 711 Ocean Drive (1950), and co-starred with Dan Dailey in The Pride of St. Louis (1952), about major-league baseball pitcher Jerome "Dizzy" Dean. She appeared in the James Stewart drama Thunder Bay in 1953 and then the Martin and Lewis comedy 3 Ring Circus (1954). Her film career petered out by the end of the 1950s, but she continued working frequently in television, most notably as Babs Hooten on the 1960–61 ABC sitcom, Guestward, Ho!

After Guestward, Ho!, she appeared sporadically for the rest of the 1960s and the first half of the 1970s, with one feature film appearance, in Sylvia (1965), and eight television appearances.

For her contribution to the television industry, Dru was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Personal life
She was the elder sister of Peter Marshall, an actor and singer best known as the original host of the American game show Hollywood Squares. Dru married popular vocalist and actor Dick Haymes in 1941. The couple had three children. Divorced from Haymes in 1949, Dru married Red River and All the King's Men co-star John Ireland less than a month later. The pair divorced in 1957. She had no children from her marriage to Ireland or subsequent two marriages.

She was a staunch Republican, supporting Barry Goldwater in the 1964 United States presidential election and appeared at a 1968 GOP cocktail party fundraiser for Richard Nixon.

Death
Dru died in Los Angeles, California on September 10, 1996, aged 74, from a respiratory ailment that developed from lymphedema, a result of chemotherapy she had received over her lifetime, according to her brother. Her ashes were scattered into the Pacific Ocean.

Selected filmography

 * Abie's Irish Rose (1946) – Rosemary Murphy Levy
 * Red River (1948) – Tess Millay
 * She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (1949) – Olivia Dandridge
 * All the King's Men (1949) – Anne Stanton
 * Wagon Master (1950) – Denver
 * 711 Ocean Drive (1950) – Gail Mason
 * Vengeance Valley (1951) – Jen Strobie
 * Mr. Belvedere Rings the Bell (1951) – Miss Harriet Tripp
 * Return of the Texan (1952) – Ann Marshall
 * The Pride of St. Louis (1952) – Patricia Nash Dean
 * My Pal Gus (1952) – Lydia Marble
 * Thunder Bay (1953) – Stella Rigaud
 * Hannah Lee (1953) – Hannah Lee (Hallie McLaird)
 * Forbidden (1953) – Christine Lawrence Manard
 * Duffy of San Quentin (1954) – Anne Halsey
 * Southwest Passage (1954) – Lilly
 * Siege at Red River (1954) – Nora Curtis
 * 3 Ring Circus (1954) – Jill Brent
 * Day of Triumph (1954) – Mary Magdalene
 * The Dark Avenger or The Warriors (1955) – Lady Joan Holland
 * Sincerely Yours (1955) – Marion Moore
 * Hell on Frisco Bay (1956) – Marcia Rollins
 * Drango (1957) – Kate Calder
 * The Light in the Forest (1958) – Milly Elder
 * The Wild and the Innocent (1959) – Marcy
 * September Storm (1960) – Anne Traymore
 * Sylvia (1965) – Jane (Bronson) Phillips
 * Super Fuzz (Poliziotto superpiù) (1980) – Rosy Labouche (final film role)

title: Joanne Dru


text:
Lisa Pulitzer

Lisa Pulitzer (born c. 1962) is an American author and journalist. Pulitzer is a former correspondent for The New York Times newspaper. She is the author/ghostwriter of more than fifteen non-fiction books. In addition to her own books, Pulitzer has written a number of memoirs including several about young women who have escaped fundamentalist religion including Jenna Miscavige Hill, the former Scientologist, Lauren Drain, the ex-member of Westboro Baptist Church, and Elissa Wall, who wrote about her experiences after leaving the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Pulitzer left journalism in 1998 while pregnant with her first child to concentrate on writing books and has had numerous publications on The New York Times Best Seller list.

Books
Crossing the Line: The True Story of Long Island Serial Killer Joel Rifkin

Her first book, released in 1994 by Berkley Books, is a non-fiction book about serial killer Joel Rifkin and was co-authored with New York Times correspondent Joan Swirsky. It investigated serial killer Rifkin and the crimes he confessed to committing.

Crime on Deadline

Released in 1996 by Boulevard Books, her second book is an anthology of true crime stories and has an introduction by author Edna Buchanan.

A Woman Scorned: The Shocking Real-Life Case of Billionairess Killer Susan Cummings

Released in March 1999 by publishers St. Martin's True Crime, the book examines the story of Susan Cummings, a billionairess who was tried for the murder of her lover Roberto in 1997 and convicted of voluntary manslaughter.

Fatal Romance

Released in July 2001, her fourth book is about the case of lawyer Jerry Akers and the killing of his wife, the romance writer Nancy Richards-Akers who had left him for another man, and the subsequent suicide of Akers. Publishers Weekly reviewed it saying, "At times, Pulitzer's writing is redundant and the chronology of events puzzling, but this is an absorbing account of a romance that was anything but storybook."

Murder in Paradise

Published in November 2003 by St. Martin's Press, this studies the circumstances in which American Lois McMillan drowned while visiting the British Virgin Islands.

The Daughters of Juárez: A True Story of Serial Murder South of the Border

Released in March 2007, the Spanish edition of Daughters of Juarez, written with Univision TV host Teresa Rodriguez, was published by Simon & Schuster and was a bestseller. The book chronicles the unsolved murders of hundreds of young women in the Mexican border town of Ciudad Juárez.

Portrait of a Monster: Joran van der Sloot, a Murder in Peru, and the Natalee Holloway Mystery

On July 5, 2011 St. Martin's Press released Portrait of a Monster: Joran van der Sloot, a Murder in Peru, and the Natalee Holloway Mystery, a book on the van der Sloot case, then pending in Lima, Peru. Her co-author is New York Times Bestselling Author Cole Thompson of A Deadly Game.

The Shadow Catcher: A U.S. Agent Infiltrates Mexico's Deadly Crime Cartels

Released November 2011 and co-authored with Hipolito Acosta, this tells the true story of Acosta, an officer with the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, who went undercover to investigate people smuggling and drug cartels in Mexico. It was described as "A gut-wrenching law-enforcement yarn, simultaneously frightening and uplifting."

No Room for Vengeance: In Justice and Healing

Published November 1, 2011 and co-authored with by Victoria Ruvolo and Robert Goldman, this is the story of how a group of teenagers hurled a frozen turkey for a joke at Ruvolo's car, nearly killing her, and how Ruvolo asked the sentencing judge for leniency for the 18 year old attacker.

Stolen Innocence: My Story of Growing Up in a Polygamous Sect, Becoming a Teenage Bride, and Breaking Free of Warren Jeffs

The book, Stolen Innocence, written with former FLDS member of the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Elissa Wall, was published in 2008 by HarperCollins and debuted at Number 4 on The New York Times bestseller list. The book chronicles the life of Elissa Wall, who was one of 24 children, and who was forced to marry her first cousin at the age of 14. Wall escaped the religion and later was the star witness at the trial of its prophet, Warren Jeffs. Jeffs was sentenced to ten years to life in a Utah prison for taking part in the arrangement of underage marriages. Caroline Leavitt said in The People, "Her descriptions of the polygamous sect's rigidity are shocking, but what's most fascinating is the immensely likeable author's struggle to reconcile her longing for happiness with her terror of its consequences."

Beyond Belief: My Secret Life Inside Scientology and My Harrowing Escape

Published in February 2013, Beyond Belief is the escape story by Jenna Miscavige Hill, niece of the current Scientology leader David Miscavige, detailing her experiences growing up in and leaving the church and building her life with her husband while trying to maintain contact with family members still within Scientology. Hill has said how the writing process worked through issues for her, even though at one point she stopped taking Pulitzer's calls because the questions about her mother became too much for her.

Imperfect Justice: Prosecuting Casey Anthony

Released in 2012 and co-authored with Jeff Ashton, this tells the story of the case and trial of Casey Anthony who was accused of the murder of her daughter Caylee. The book is told from the perspective of Ashton who was prosecutor and reveals behind-the-scenes information about the investigation and trial, with his opinions on the prosecution.

Mob Daughter: The Mafia, Sammy "The Bull" Gravano, and Me!

Mob Daughter was published by Summersdale in February 2012 and was co-authored by Pulitzer with Karen Gravano. It tells the story of Gravano growing up as the daughter of Sammy Gravano and marrying within the Mafia. Gravano has received criticism from families of the victims of her father for cashing in on the crimes, to which Gravano responded "I understand their concerns, but the book isn't about glorifying my father's crimes, it's about telling my story; what it was like to be Sammy Gravano's daughter."

Banished: Surviving My Years in the Westboro Baptist Church

Banished was released in 2013 and was co-authored with Lauren Drain, a former member of the Westboro Baptist Church. It tells the story of Drain and her father Steve who became involved with the controversial church. After seven years Lauren Drain was banished by the church after an online relationship and the book gives her insights into the motivations of the church members in spreading hate and the various court cases. One critic wrote "As the tale of one woman's struggle, Banished is a quick, interesting read. But for those looking for a clearer understanding of why something like the Westboro Baptist Church exists and what motivates its members, the book often raises more questions than answers."

Conviction: The Untold Story of Putting Jodi Arias Behind Bars

Pulitzer's most recent book is a ghostwritten work for Juan Martinez released in February 2016. It covers the story of the trial of Jodi Arias from the point of view of Martinez, the deputy county attorney for Maricopa County. Arias was convicted of the murder of Travis Alexander and was sentenced to life imprisonment. Her name does not appear in the book.

Other work
Pulitzer has continued with freelance journalism and has also taught creative writing to children at the USDAN Center for the Performing Arts on Long Island. She was also co-director/owner of the Pulitzer & Panetta Writing & Art Studio in Huntington, New York along with graphic artist Susan Panetta. Joking about her genre of non-fiction writing she said, "I'm now the official cult gal."

Personal life
Pulitzer describes how her own childhood experiences in a blended family gave her insights and empathy for the women she co-authors with who often come from complicated family situations. She is married to author Douglas Love and they have two children. They live in New York City.

title: Lisa Pulitzer


text:
Talk:Nicolas Bourbaki

Photo
I see the PlanetMath article in the external links has a photo. Could we use this?

Charles Matthews 09:38, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

PS Yes, I know that it would be better to have one of N.B. himself. Any French Wikipedian able to photo a relevant statue.

 * Hmmm...I seem to recall that there's a Bourbaki statue at Nancy. I'll look into getting a photo.  --C S 07:15, Jan 5, 2005 (UTC)

Strife and signature
Very nice article. Especially the parts pointing out the biases/preferences of Bourbaki. There needs to be material on the clashes between Bourbaki and others though. I know there were some famous altercations. On a related note, Weil, I just read some time ago, would sign the Bourbaki letters himself. So something should be said about that. Maybe we can even get an image of his signature, "N. Bourbaki". --C S 07:10, Jan 5, 2005 (UTC)

Phrasing
How should we phrase "not a real individual" or "fictional character"? ~ Dpr
 * You can use either, provided that you first define them in terms of sets and prove them equivalent up to a natural transformation.

How should we refer to Bourbaki in other Wikipedia articles? I see Bourbaki referred to as "it" and "the Bourbaki group" or just "Bourbaki" in some articles, and "Nicolas Bourbaki" and "he/him/his" in other articles. -SamCLowe (talk) 04:56, 20 February 2024 (UTC)

Non sequitur?
Very nicely done. Clear and concise. One point has me stumped though. In the last section we have:

''The New Maths project of early maths teaching, on the other hand, had little directly to do with Bourbaki. It is certainly true, though, that the inception of the New Math coincided with the height of Bourbaki's prestige, and the feeling that mathematics could simply be 'modernised', by being 'structuralised'. The use of Venn diagrams, for example, goes back to the pedagogy of the nineteenth century, rather than connecting with the École Normale Supérieure. The furore involved might now be seen as a demarcation dispute along the calculus/discrete maths boundary.''

This text surprised me. Who would come up with the idea that there could be a connection between Bourbaki and New Math? Bourbaki was a movement concerned with advanced topics in pure math, and the so called New Math was a fad in education for the youngest school goers.

I am going to remove the text. If I'm missed the point, sorry. We can put it back.

--Philopedia 8 July 2005 11:56 (UTC)

 * The point really is that Bourbaki is often 'blamed' for New Math. That may have been journalistic. It's all a bit like blaming Derrida for multiculturism in primary education. However the charges were not uncommon, I think. Charles Matthews 19:29, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Yes, in a better world Philopedia would be exactly right. But Charles is right in fact, and actually understates it. Back in the 1960s and 1970s lots of people thought the new math was exactly what Bourbaki was about.Colin McLarty (talk) 02:14, 14 December 2009 (UTC)

Allonym
I changed the text, because Bourbaki is an alloynm, not a pseudonym, but the link is redirected to still wind up at pseudonym, which is an entertaining but unfortunate fact, I think. Awad helper 17:12, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Neutrality
The section "The Bourbaki perspective and its limitations" contains rhetoric and reads like a criticism of Bourbaki, thus running afoul of NPOV policy. Specific offending passages:

Komponisto 05:04, 20 August 2006 (UTC)
 * "problem solving is considered secondary to axiomatics" Why not say "mathematics is considered secondary to axiomatics"? I suppose because the rhetorical nature of the latter sentence is even more obvious. It should be noted, incidentally, that the Bourbaki texts contain problems to be solved after each chapter of exposition.
 * "combinatorial structure is deemed non-structural": a type of "structure" is deemed "non-structural"? Definitely a case of smart-aleck rhetoric. A more neutral (and more accurate) statement would be: "combinatorial structure is considered less fundamental than other types of structure".
 * "measure theory is coerced towards Radon measures": "coerced" is not a neutral word.
 * "And, it goes without saying, no pictures. In fact geometry as a whole is slighted, where it doesn't reduce to abstract algebra and soft analysis." First of all, it is false that there are no pictures: see Topologie Générale. Secondly, it is the point of view of the Bourbaki group that geometry, as a whole, does in fact reduce to something like a combination of abstract algebra and "soft analysis"; cf. Dieudonné's remark "Everyone knows that Euclidean geometry is just a special case of the theory of Hermitian operators on Hilbert space". The author of this section is not neutral on this question, but rather takes the opposing view for granted by assuming that there exist parts of geometry that don't reduce to abstract algebra and soft analysis.
 * "Mathematicians have always preferred folk-history and anecdotes. Bourbaki's history of mathematics, later gathered as a separate book, suffers in contrast not from lack of scholarship — but from the attitude that history should be written by the victors in the struggle to attain axiomatic clarity. It is inevitably partial, but also partisan." Here the author presumes to speak on behalf of all mathematicians in asserting (I suppose) that the latter "prefer" that the history of their subject not appear in organized, written form. Also, "suffers" is unquestionably a POV word. This paragraph (like most of this section) sounds more like a book review than an encyclopedia article.

 * "problem solving is considered secondary to axiomatics" - I understand this sentence as saying that if Bourbaki's texts are considered as textbooks then axiomatics is more emphasized then problem solving. I feel that this is true even though some texts contain some problems to be solved (though I read only a few of their books).
 * On the other hand, "mathematics is considered secondary to axiomatics" - doesn't make sense for me since axiomatics is a part of mathematics. So here I agree and would even say it is a rhetoric nonsense.
 * Mathematics is not synonymous with problem solving! The point (which should stay in the article) is that Bourbaki does not present or explain ideas through the solution of problems, as most mathematicians do.  I think there are some grounds to dispute the claim that Bourbaki de-emphasizes problem-solving, but they rely on saying that the problems are implied and would occur naturally to the mathematically mature reader.  And this claim is not clear-cut and is worth debating! 68.236.60.30 16:31, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
 * "combinatorial structure is deemed non-structural" - I agree this is a little ambiguous. However, I would understand it this way. The author believes that combinatorics is structural and in Bourbaki's view it is non-structural. In this sense, this not neutral. One could say just "combinatorics is deemed non-structural" but this has a meaning different from "combinatorial structure is considered less fundamental than other types of structure". I cannot make any reference to support my understanding, can you?
 * FWIW there's a Dieudonne quote that goes something like: "We haven't yet begun to understand the relationship between combinatorics and conceptual mathematics." (my emphasis) 2601:681:8002:9270:7413:8C0D:9A:FC2F (talk) 16:03, 31 July 2016 (UTC)
 * measure theory: "Coerced" is a really strange word here. Would "in measure theory Radon measures are preferred to the other topics" be better? Or did the author mean stronger "measure theory is restricted to Radon measures?"
 * geometry, history: I support your view here.
 * --Gogino 04:57, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

I would certainly defend most of this. I doubt you'll find much graph theory there, though Dynkin diagrams, yes. The comment about measure theory can surely be supported by opinions I have read that the measure space approach is the natural one, and Bourbaki really does distort the subject. I think the comment on the history rather misses the point of what is being said (which is that the Bourbaki Elements d'histoire is not so much unprofessional as with an agenda.

I wrote all of this, I believe, some years ago. Then people were less picky, and rather liked writing that was a bit more punchy than the current norm. I find it a bit sad that lame habits of expression have come in. Charles Matthews 18:51, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

Perhaps the only problem here is with certain wording? I think all the ideas in this section should stay, and if anything I think we should add a little more content about how Bourbaki isn't quite "neutral". 68.236.60.30 16:31, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I'd have thought most of this is good to stay if it can be sourced as criticism by someone. Maybe we should try to dig up published critcisms of the Bourbaki programme. A Geek Tragedy 18:07, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

I have taken down the NPOV tag, since there are now nine detailed notes to the section. Charles Matthews 22:30, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

 * The citations are helpful, and the section has improved somewhat, but it still falls short of encyclopedia style. Note that merely adding citations does not turn opinion into fact; one still needs to state an opinion as an opinion. I have removed the last paragraph (on the historical notes), which consisted of blatant editorializing, and I have adjusted the language in places to make it sound more like an encyclopedia. I'm not saying that what was there before was misguided opinion or bad writing, only that its content and style were more appropriate for a book review, as I said before, than a reference source.

 * In sum, there are still issues with this article, and I will continue trying to address them. Komponisto 22:34, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

I think the tag might still belong. Consider "Overly enthusiastic defenders of Bourbaki will say that this is not in fact accurate... They are assuming that you will not actually take the time to get this book". What defenders are being referenced here? 99.251.204.24 (talk) 19:09, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

Biased footnotes
The footnotes are almost entirely attacks on Bourbaki. This seems to me grossly POV, and disrespectful to the genuises who developed a unified terminology for mathematics---a Herculean task. The main article still seems biased against Bourbaki, but it's definitely much better than the footnotes. Kiefer.Wolfowitz (Discussion) 18:19, 2 April 2011 (UTC)

 * The choice really is to whether to allow critics of Bourbaki (who certainly were many, whatever the situation is now - I get the impression that some sort of equilibrium has been restored) to be seen in verbatim quotes, or paraphrase. The approach of verbatim quotes in footnotes has advantages, but maybe not everyone likes it.

 * Now on particular points there can of course be rebuttals: if we can find quotes that state that Bourbaki's approach to measure theory is not only perfectly fine, but actually advantageous, then those can appear. I don't honestly know whether that can be done - it seems more likely that experts in the field might regard that as a side issue.

 * I really don't think the article as a whole is anti-Bourbaki. In any case we are hardly here to administer "respect", but to report neutrally on controversy when it exists. I would say it reports fairly, and in more detail than usual, on what the fuss was about. But then I'm quite close to it all. Charles Matthews (talk) 18:33, 2 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Which footnotes are you objecting to exactly? Tkuvho (talk) 18:36, 2 April 2011 (UTC)

Numbering of Éléments de mathématique
Someone had put "Operads" as volume IX. I'm fairly sure that's not right, so I removed it! But in double checking I noticed that in the French wikipedia,, the numbering is different: they say differential varieties is VIII, Lie groups is IX. Is the numbering system official? - does anyone know who is right? Sam Staton (talk) 10:55, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

Section on influence
The second paragraph of the last section ("The Bourbachique influence: education, institutions, trends") contains unsourced and biased statements. The statement about Bonn Arbeitstagung is not supported by any evidence or reference. It is an arbitrary comparison of a collective author and editorial project (Bourbaki) and a series of meetings (the Bonn Arbeitstagung). Setting these up as "rivals" is any sense does not appear to make much sense (if for nothing else, take Serre's participation in both!).

As for the example of the Borel-Serre (again!) seminar on complex multiplication, it is nonsensical to suggest that as being contrary to a Bourbaki viewpoint. Complex multiplication as a topic was never classified as "non-core" by Bourbaki; rather their treatise did not reach sufficiently far to treat such a topic "too far from foundations". Same applies to number theory. To get an as official as possible view on what Bourbaki considered core, a look at the 1971 book by Dieudonné is sufficient to counter the claims now made in the paragraph.

I shall remove the paragraph in question unless supporting citations for these can be found in reasonable time. Stca74 (talk) 19:11, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

 * With no objections appearing since January, removed the offending paragraph. Stca74 (talk) 18:55, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

 * The sourcing for this article still seems a little poor, but I am impressed at how much it has improved. JackSchmidt (talk) 15:53, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

The name
It would be interesting to have an explanation for the choice of the name. As the article presently stands, there are oblique references to the reason(s) for the choice, but without any explanation. 173.16.252.154 (talk) 21:16, 15 September 2009 (UTC)

The reference to a Parisian grill room makes me wonder if perhaps there might be some reference to General Bourbaki nearby to where they met. Maybe a statue or a painting or a road name? Is the location of the Parisian grill room known any more specifically than just somewhere in Paris? Is the name of the conference known and where it was being held? Is, or was, there a grill room nearby? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.135.44.230 (talk) 11:03, 15 December 2016 (UTC)

There are more details in the French version of the article, if anyone feels like translating. 2A04:B2C2:809:C100:857A:E9B9:9449:881B (talk) 19:48, 24 September 2018 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 01:13, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

Rewrite, late '19/early '20
Recently I've made multiple large edits to the article, which haven't yet occasioned any pushback. I intend to continue this process, relying heavily (not exclusively) on Mashaal and Aczel, to the point of ultimately rewriting the article one section at a time. I create this talk section both to explain my plan for a future article structure, and also as an obvious spot for other editors to push back/suggest other improvements/express any concerns. My 40,000 foot-view vision for the future article runs thus:

 * Lead (hitting all major beats of article, done and live)

 * Background (historical background leading into founding, done and live)

 * Founding (1934/1935)

 * Working method (rural conferences, argumentative, slow, unanimity)

 * Works (Elements, Seminars, La Tribu)

 * Membership (Nature of members, table of members)

 * Influence and criticism (lengthy section at which point several cultural non-math references can be introduced: Oulipo, Lyotard, Deleuze and Guattari, etc. Also stressing the negatives of Elements as described by Mashaal/Aczel.)

 * See also (boilerplate)

 * Notes (boilerplate)

 * References (boilerplate)

 * External links (boilerplate)

I also eventually want to address the "partisan" concern in the current article's complaint tag (with a view toward legitimately getting rid of same tag), but as I write I haven't seen about the details of this point. MinnesotanUser (talk) 06:25, 24 January 2020 (UTC)

Partisan source tag removal
As part of rewriting the article, I removed the "Partisan sources" tag placed here, by Quantum Knot. Reasons:

 * Ongoing heavy editing is eventually meant to give even weight (pro and con) to article's subject (Bourbaki's supporters and detractors),
 * no specific reason given in above edit summary,
 * personal confidence to rephrase available material in neutral fashion.

I write this note to invite discussion if there's any concern about the tag removal. MinnesotanUser (talk) 08:04, 31 January 2020 (UTC)

Bourbaki and categories: not simply categories vs sets
I reverted a change (that went back to an earlier version I had changed) claiming that Grothendieck's decision to leave the Bourbaki group was due to disagreement on categories versus sets. I think this does not accurately characterise the disputes of the time and oversimplifies the issue. I will explain below. I have also added as new reference Ralf Krömer's great article about precisely this issue; it has the benefit of access to primary sources not accessible to Corry (or Mashaal and Aczel).

Grothendieck (like many members of the group, notably Cartan and Lang) advocated very strongly that categories be introduced into the treatise as a tool of both organisation and technique of proof. It appears that this was opposed in particular by Weil, perhaps partly on the basis of "aesthetic" dislike and (speculatively) early misunderstanding of what kinds of distinctions would be allowed by categories (such as between strict and non-strict morphism of topological groups). Eventually the strong opposition of Weil prevailed (despite his having officially "retired" from the group by that time!) and Grothendieck decided to leave.

Now apart from stylistic and "aesthetical" differences, there were two major issue that stood against the possible incorporation of categories in the treatise. First, the group had after many attempts and through a torturous process just produced the promised Chapter 4 of the book on set theory to lay out a "theory of mathematical structures" announced much earlier. However, the concept of "structures" and the associated theory in the new chapter was essentially a complete failure and was not eventually used in any way (and hardly even referenced) in the other books of the treatise. This was perceived at the time within the group, and Jacques Dixmier went as far as initially use his veto to block the publication of the new chapter. Eventually (as evidenced by Bourbaki's internal Tribu 39), Dixmier was pressured to withdraw his veto "in order not to delay the publication of a chapter on which a lot of work has been spent". Since Bourbaki's "structures" were essentially an unsuccessful attempt to build something like category theory, it is clear that properly bringing categories into the treatise would have invalidated and replaced this convoluted new chapter, and there was resistance to abandon this failed result of hard work. (Curiously the same Tribu 39 however recorded a decision to write also a new Chapter 5 of Set Theory on Categories and Functors...)

The second issue was how to integrate categories within the set-theoretical foundations chosen by Bourbaki (essentially equivalent in strength with ZFC even if somewhat different in details). The question is mainly about large categories (where objects do not form a set) and quantification over objects in "any" categories. Various solutions were discussed such as switching to Bernays-Gödel type set theory with explicit distinction between (proper) classes and sets as well as an attempt of resorting to mathematical logic and turning categories into a "metamathematical" tool.

Eventually Grothendieck came up with the proposal of integrating categories within set theory extended with a new axiom that guarantees the existence of sufficient supply of "Grothendieck universes" (the new axiom amounts to asking for existence of strongly inaccessible cardinals). This proposal provisionally won the group's support (in a Bourbaki conference where Weil was not present...) and was apparently intended to be the chosen way forward until the Weil-influenced decision to drop categories a bit later. Grothendieck's treatment of large categories within (extended) set theory ended up as a appendix to the first volume of SGA 4 (curiously atrributed to N. Bourbaki...).

The crucial point here is that Grothendieck did not envisage a conflict of categories versus set theory, but instead intended to bring categories inside the set-theoretic foundations of Bourbaki (subject to modification by a new axiom). It is instructive to see what Grothendieck wrote in his report to Bourbaki after denouncing the proposals of the logician (Lacombe) consulted by the group:

 * Pour conclure, il me semble donc point qu'on soit obligé de rien changer aux trois premiers chapitres du Livre I [Set Theory] [...] Il sera suffisant d'introduire au nouveau chapitre 4 (qui remplacera l'ancien inutilisable de toutes façons) les axioms supplémentaires de la théorie des ensembles, et y développer la théorie des catégories aussi loin qu'il semble désirable.

Thus Grothendieck does not intend to change anything in the first three chapters of Set Theory (the ones containing Bourbaki's version of ZFC and basic set theory), but instead wants to replace the "unusable" (true!) chapter 4 on "structures" with a new chapter on categories, including the universe axiom to be added to set theory that allows the development of categories (as far as desired) within set theory.

Thus Grothendieck's conflict with Bourbaki (or rather Weil...) was not a conflict between categories and set theory, but about incorporation of categories and about replacement of the (failed) "theory of structures" with properly developed categories. This point is important to make also to avoid imputing later ideas about categorical foundations of mathematics (that would replace sets as the basis) into the earlied debates leading to Grothendieck's leaving Bourbaki in 1960.

Obviously this rant is way too long and detailed for inclusion in the article (let alone an image caption...), but I think it makes sense to avoid suggesting potentially misleading interpretations of the situation up to 1960.

Stca74 (talk) 08:28, 16 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nicolas Bourbaki


text:
Memantine

Memantine, sold under the brand name Axura among others, is a medication used to slow the progression of moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease. It is taken by mouth.

Common side effects include headache, constipation, sleepiness, and dizziness. Severe side effects may include blood clots, psychosis, and heart failure. It is believed to work by acting on NMDA receptors, working as pore blockers of these ion channels.

Memantine was approved for medical use in the United States in 2003. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 170th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 3million prescriptions.

Alzheimer's disease and dementia
Memantine is used to treat moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease, especially for people who are intolerant of or have a contraindication to AChE (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitors. One guideline recommends memantine or an AChE inhibitor be considered in people in the early-to-mid stage of dementia.

Memantine has been associated with a modest improvement; with small positive effects on cognition, mood, behavior, and the ability to perform daily activities in moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease. There does not appear to be any benefit in mild disease.

Memantine when added to donepezil in those with moderate-to-severe dementia resulted in "limited improvements" in a 2017 review. The UK National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) issued guidance in 2018 recommending consideration of the combination of memantine with donepezil in those with moderate-to-severe dementia.

Bipolar disorder
Memantine has been investigated as a possible augmentation strategy for depression in bipolar disorder but meta-analytic evidence does not support its clinical utility.

Autism
Effects in autism are unclear.

Radiation therapy
Memantine has been recommended for use by professional organization consensus to prevent neurocognitive decline after whole brain radiotherapy.

Adverse effects
Memantine is, in general, well tolerated. Common adverse drug reactions (≥1% of people) include confusion, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, insomnia, agitation, and/or hallucinations. Less common adverse effects include vomiting, anxiety, hypertonia, cystitis, and increased libido.

Like many other NMDA antagonists, memantine behaves as a dissociative anesthetic at supratherapeutic doses. Despite isolated reports, recreational use of memantine is rare due to the drug's long duration and limited availability. Additionally, memantine seems to lack effects such as euphoria or hallucinations.

Memantine appears to be generally well tolerated by children with autism spectrum disorder.

Glutamate
A dysfunction of glutamatergic neurotransmission, manifested as neuronal excitotoxicity, is hypothesized to be involved in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease. Targeting the glutamatergic system, specifically NMDA receptors, offers a novel approach to treatment in view of the limited efficacy of existing drugs targeting the cholinergic system.

Memantine is a low-affinity voltage-dependent uncompetitive antagonist at glutamatergic NMDA receptors. By binding to the NMDA receptor with a higher affinity than Mg2+ ions, memantine is able to inhibit the prolonged influx of Ca2+ ions, particularly from extrasynaptic receptors, which forms the basis of neuronal excitotoxicity. The low affinity, uncompetitive nature, and rapid off-rate kinetics of memantine at the level of the NMDA receptor-channel, however, preserves the function of the receptor at synapses, as it can still be activated by physiological release of glutamate following depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron. The interaction of memantine with NMDA receptors plays a major role in the symptomatic improvement that the drug produces in Alzheimer's disease. However, there is no evidence as yet that the ability of memantine to protect against extrasynaptic NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity has a disease-modifying effect in Alzheimer's, although this has been suggested in animal models.

Memantine's antagonism on NMDA receptors has aroused interest in repurposing it for mental illnesses such as bipolar disorder, considering the involvement of the glutamatergic system in the pathophysiology of mood disorders.

Serotonin
Memantine acts as a non-competitive antagonist at the 5-HT3 receptor, with a potency similar to that for the NMDA receptor. Many 5-HT3 antagonists function as antiemetics, however the clinical significance of this serotonergic activity in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease is unknown.

Cholinergic
Memantine acts as a non-competitive antagonist at different neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) at potencies possibly similar to the NMDA and 5-HT3 receptors, but this is difficult to ascertain with accuracy because of the rapid desensitization of nAChR responses in these experiments. It can be noted that memantine is an antagonist at alpha-7 nAChR, which may contribute to initial worsening of cognitive function during early memantine treatment. Alpha-7 nAChR upregulates quickly in response to antagonism, which could explain the cognitive-enhancing effects of chronic memantine treatment. It has been shown that the number of nicotinic receptors in the brain are reduced in Alzheimer's disease, even in the absence of a general decrease in the number of neurons, and nicotinic receptor agonists are viewed as interesting targets for anti-Alzheimer drugs.

Dopamine
Memantine was shown in a study to act as an agonist at the dopamine D2HIGH receptor with equal or slightly higher affinity than to the NMDA receptors; however, the relevance of this may be negligible, as studies have shown very low affinity for binding to D2 receptors in general.

Sigmaergic
Memantine acts as an agonist at the σ1 receptor with a low affinity (Ki 2.6 μM). The consequences of this activity are unclear (as the role of sigma receptors in general is currently not very well understood). Due to this low affinity, therapeutic concentrations of memantine are most likely too low to have any sigmaergic effect as a typical therapeutic dose is 20 mg. However, excessive doses of memantine taken for recreational purposes many times greater than prescribed doses may indeed activate this receptor.

History
Memantine was first synthesized and patented by Eli Lilly and Company in 1968 as an anti-diabetic agent, but it was ineffective at lowering blood sugar. Later it was discovered to have central nervous system (CNS) activity, and was developed by Merz for dementia in Germany; the NMDA activity was discovered after trials had already begun. Memantine was first marketed for dementia in Germany in 1989 under the name Axura.

In the US, some CNS activities were discovered at Children's Hospital of Boston in 1990, and Children's licensed patents covering uses of memantine outside the field of ophthalmology to Neurobiological Technologies (NTI) in 1995. In 1998 NTI amended its agreement with Children's to allow Merz to take over development.

In 2000, Merz partnered with Forest to develop the drug for Alzheimer's disease in the US under the name Namenda.

In 2000, Merz partnered with Suntory for the Japanese market and with Lundbeck for other markets including Europe; the drug was originally marketed by Lundbeck under the name Ebixa.

Sales of the drug reached $1.8 billion for 2014. The cost of Namenda was $269 to $489 a month in 2012.

In February 2014, as the July 2015 patent expiration for memantine neared, Actavis, which had acquired Forest, announced that it was launching an extended release (XR) form of memantine that could be taken once a day instead of twice a day as needed with the then-current "immediate release" (IR) version, and that it intended to stop selling the IR version in August 2014 and withdraw the marketing authorization. This is a tactic to thwart generic competition called product hopping. However the supply of the XR version ran short, so Actavis extended the deadline until the fall. In September 2014 the attorney general of New York, Eric Schneiderman, filed a lawsuit to compel Actavis to keep selling the IR version on the basis of antitrust law.

In December 2014, a judge granted New York State its request and issued an injunction, preventing Actavis from withdrawing the IR version until generic versions could launch. Actavis appealed and in May a panel of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the injunction, and in June Actavis asked that its case be heard by the full Second Circuit panel. In August 2015, Actavis' request was denied.

Recreational use
One preclinical study on monkeys showed that memantine was capable of inducing a PCP-like intoxication. Because of its very long biological half-life, memantine was previously thought not to be recreational, although a few cases of sporadic recreational use have been described.

A study examining self-reported use of memantine on the social network Reddit showed that the drug was used recreationally and as a nootropic, but also that it was misused in various illnesses as self-medication without strong scientific basis.

Brand names
As of August 2017, memantine is marketed under many brand names worldwide including Abixa, Adaxor, Admed, Akatinol, Alceba, Alios, Almenta, Alois, Alzant, Alzer, Alzia, Alzinex, Alzixa, Alzmenda, Alzmex, Axura, Biomentin, Carrier, Cogito, Cognomem, Conexine, Cordure, Dantex, Demantin, Demax, Dementa, Dementexa, Ebitex, Ebixa, Emantin, Emaxin, Esmirtal, Eutebrol, Evy, Ezemantis, Fentina, Korint, Lemix, Lindex, Lindex, Lucidex, Manotin, Mantine, Mantomed, Marbodin, Mardewel, Marixino, Maruxa, Maxiram, Melanda, Memabix, Memamed, Memando, Memantin, Memantina, Memantine, Mémantine, Memantinol, Memantyn, Memanvitae, Memanxa, Memanzaks, Memary, Memax, Memexa, Memigmin, Memikare, Memogen, Memolan, Memorel, Memorix, Memotec, Memox, Memxa, Mentikline, Mentium, Mentixa, Merandex, Merital, Mexia, Mimetix, Mirvedol, Modualz, Morysa, Namenda, Nemdatine, Nemdatine, Nemedan, Neumantine, Neuro-K, Neuroplus, Noojerone, Polmatine, Prilben, Pronervon, Ravemantine, Talentum, Timantila, Tingreks, Tonibral, Tormoro, Valcoxia, Vilimen, Vivimex, Witgen, Xapimant, Ymana, Zalatine, Zemertinex, Zenmem, Zenmen, and Zimerz.

It is marketed in some countries as a combination drug with donepezil (memantine/donepezil) under the brand names Namzaric, Neuroplus Dual, and Tonibral MD.

Psychiatry
Memantine, in light of its NMDA receptor antagonism, has been repurposed as a possible adjunctive treatment for depressive episodes in subjects with bipolar disorder, considering the involvement of the glutamatergic system in the pathophysiology of bipolar illness. However, evidence from meta-analyses showed that memantine was not significantly superior to placebo for bipolar depression.

Parkinson's
A phase III clinical trial is studying the potential of memantine as disease modifying treatment for Parkinson's disease, to slow progression of the disease.

title: Memantine


text:
Talk:Adrian Mutu

Untitled
The Category:Drugs cheats in football was added recently. On the category says it's for people that have:

 * Been suspended by a sporting body (...) for illegal performance-enhancing drug use.

However, cocaine does not enhance the performance. Bogdan | Talk 09:41, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Good point. I modified the category to say perfomance-enhancing and/or banned. Note that Mutu is already listed on List of athletes found guilty of using banned drugs. Personally, I don't like the title of the category (maybe "Drug users in football is better"), but who knows... --Dryazan 13:35, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Either the category title needs to be changed (which it obviously does anyway), or Mutu needs to be taken out: cheating is doing something which is banned in order to gain an advantage. Mark1 04:51, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't fancy clearing up that category, so I've removed the cat from this page. Mark1 09:30, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Sign in Galatasaray S.K (24 july 2008)

Fiorentina
After 3 seasons, his section about his Fiorentina career must be expanded. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.109.193.208 (talk) 01:11, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

Fine appeal overturned

http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/chelsea/8178248.stm —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.151.216.216 (talk) 16:50, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Adrian Mutu