text:
User talk:Cali~enwiki

Image copyrights
Hi! Thanks for uploading Image:Ovalo.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much, Edwinstearns 21:47, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Cali. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Cali~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:51, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 11:21, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cali~enwiki


text:
Talk:Puffy AmiYumi

The Links
Am I the only one who thinks that the links might not be legal? Are they?--68.170.86.111 02:53, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

 * How are they not legal? They seem fine to me. --Snkcube 06:09, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm fairly sure they're not illegal, not in anyway I can see. The links to the "Official Photo Album" and "the Very Best of Puffy / AmiYumi Jet Fever Official Album Site" might be a tad spammy though. External links. DarthInsinuate 12:23, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

That's what I mean. Aren't those things copywrighted?--68.170.86.111 23:33, 17 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I think you're confusing things, big time. You also spelled "copyrighted" wrong. There's no copyright violation in posting a link to an external site. And if the sites themselves happen to contain an outside party's copyrighted material, that's not a Wikipedia concern. The sites you refer to are fine though. --CJ Marsicano 21:03, 18 January 2006 (UTC)
 * See WP:EL - they're not fine. Anything that's not an official site should not be linked to, so I have removed the Geocities sites and the forum, because they are linkspam. MSJapan 08:13, 29 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Where do you see in the WP:EL that only official sites can be linked to? What it says is official sites *should* be linked to, not that nothing else can be.  There may be some guidelines in the "links to avoid" section that these links broke, but people shouldn't have the idea that they can only link to official sites. Badasscat 20:33, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

Plagiarism
How can we deal with the issue that the melody to the teen titans theme and secret agent man are too similar to be a coincidence? This is the same thing that happened with that "I want a new drug" song and the ghostbusters music. And I don't want to get pointless flak from puffy fans who want to cover up the obvious fact that this is a smash and grab of a popular classic 60s rock song, give me real reasons why this doesn't belong in the article, if it actually doesn't. If it's for veracity, listen to the songs and hear for yourself. Barring that, what would qualify as a reliable source for this? --Hrodulf 05:05, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

 * It probably should be dealt with in some fashion in the article (maybe I'll take a stab at it), but I think you're missing the point, which is that this song is an intentional homage, not a "smash and grab". The difference being that it's common knowledge what the inspiration to it was, including among the band themselves, and they have never denied it.  (It's kind of like how Fox's "So You Think You're Smarter than a 5th Grader" intentionally apes the theme to "Meatballs").  These songs are also not nearly close enough musically to fall under any sort of copyright violation.  If you want to talk plagiarism, then you should ask about a song like "Tokyo I'm On My Way", which *is* a direct rip-off of a Swedish song (same lyrics and all), and it's unclear whether or not PUFFY knew it before recording  (my guess is no).  That song was written for them by Dexter Holland.  Badasscat 18:43, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

I'm living in Japan, and am currently doing research on rock based pop music. The plagiarism/homage argument is a bit pointless here. Often in Japanese pop (and Japanese art in general...see Donald Keene's "Japanese Literature: An Introduction For Western Readers" for further elucidation) "rip-offs" are conscious references that the artist not only knows their audience will catch, but tend to be made with the INTENTION of being "caught" by the audience...the "rip-off" is a conscious part of the artistic statement. Case in point: Polysics (who, interestingly enough, remixed the "Teen Titans" theme for a single) named an album "Neu" (after, obviously, the band Neu,) dress in Devo outfits, and make numerous 80s post punk "references" in that album (one track is XTC's "Cross Wires" with the chorus removed.) Puffy themselves recorded "これが私の生きる道" (retitled "That's The Way It Is" on the American "soundtrack" for  their TV show,) which has numerous, obvious, and quite clearly intentional lifts from Beatles songs. It's unthinkable that their audience wouldn't know where they came from, and that's the point. Singling out the "Teen Titans" theme would be disingenuous, since that's but one example of literally thousands in current Japanese pop. That's the way it works over here. 220.1.152.99 13:32, 13 October 2007 (UTC)TPOJ

Kaz
Why does Kaz Harada redirect to Puffy AmiYumi? Surely he should have his own article? --zeldamaster3 20:17, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

He does have his own article, but there is hardly any information.Atomic45 05:17, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Dear Kaz sir Someone somebody kinda needs help me get in touch with 1 of the girls so could help them. I have something no one would believe me if I told them outsiders SkylerG04 (talk) 05:45, 1 July 2018 (UTC)

Featured?
Can we nominate Puffy AmiYumi as a featured article. I think it's pretty extensive now--zeldamaster3 12:37 21 June 2006 (GMT)
 * Featured? No, I think it will fail. It would not even reach good article status. There are no references at all. And the article has no "history" section, how they met each other, etc. There is only a paragraph in the lead, but nothing more. The images don't have a fair use rationale, dates are given in "Month Day", "m/d" and "Day Month" format (choose only one format), etc. -- ReyBrujo 12:41, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

Official MySpace Page
Today is June 26 and on the profile, there are 4 new songs: If this is not an official profile then how do they have these songs, Splurge isn't even released yet! --zeldamaster3 16:38, 26 June 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) Call Me what you Like
 * 2) Go Buddy Power Now
 * 3) Tokyo I'm On My Way
 * 4) MoleLike

According to Tofu Records it is an official page --zeldamaster3 14:01, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

Check it out, it's at the bottom!

Image:PUFFY on MySpace123.JPG
 * Is there any link to an established website? Note that emails sent to any editor are not reliable sources, since we can't verify them. Also, do not inline images in talk pages. -- ReyBrujo 17:44, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

Joining a Fanclub
Why did they make the music video and not release it as a single???

--Zeldamaster3 14:35, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure, but I suppose they didn't have to release it as a single. Maybe they felt that it wasn't needed?
 * TakaraLioness 19:34, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Move?
Puffy AmiYumi is only what they're known as in the United States, and they're a Japanese group. I believe it would be appropriate to rename this article to PUFFY, which is currently a redirect page. -- Gray  Porpo  ise  19:49, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

 * That makes sense. I won't object to the move.
 * TakaraLioness 20:17, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I think it's a good idea, you won't be hearing any objections from me.
 * Atomic45 05:15, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, it definitely should be moved. The band name is Puffy, and the fact that they release CDs in the US under a different name will not change this.
 * OddstarDeluxe (talk) 22:41, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Split outs
Main article had too much detail. Long discography section now split into separate article, as it tours section. Wasted Time R 03:55, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Puffyparade6 edited.jpg
Image:Puffyparade6 edited.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 04:10, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Nicknames "Jane" and "Sue"
Both Ami's and Yumi's pages, as well as this page, list their nicknames prominently as "Jane" and "Sue". As far as I know, these nicknames were only ever used once, on the "Rolling Debut Revue" tour DVD (possibly also on "An Illustrated History" - I haven't gotten my copy out in a while), and they were made up as part of a set of English nicknames given to the entire band. It seems obvious that this was because they were on their first US tour and they did it as kind of a joke for their Japanese audience to make it seem like they were trying to fit in with an English-speaking crowd.

Should these names be de-emphasized or removed at this point? They never go by them anymore (if they ever really did), in either the US or Japan, and this article implies that they are their actual nicknames. It seems misleading at best.--Badasscat 18:25, 12 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Hm... Interesting point. Well, I guess it wouldn't hurt the article to make it not mislead readers. Though, perhaps there should be a note about the nicknames' purpose, rather than just deleting them entirely. TakaraLioness 23:11, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

Discrepancies between the Japanese and US Puffy AmiYumi articles
The Japanese Puffy page says Ami passed the Sony SD Audition in 1991, while Yumi passed the Chotto Sokomade audition in 1992. Both were then trained at Sony Music Associates until they asked to be paired in 1995. However, no source is given for this, but it's such specific info and it's been edited by a much larger pool of fans that it's hard to immediately discount it.

The info given here is that they passed separate talent searches much later, and the source is IGN. The IGN article, however, doesn't list any of its sources, and their article is pretty vague. I'm inclined to believe the Japanese wikipedia entry over IGN on this, but I didn't want to unilaterally remove a sourced bit of info with what amounts to an unsourced one, even if I do believe the unsourced one is correct.

What does everyone else think about this? Should we bring this article more in line with the Japanese Puffy article?--Badasscat 18:35, 12 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Does the japanese article offer references? Wikipedia itself cannot be used as a reference for other articles. -- ReyBrujo 23:11, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

Well, according to Puffy's English site's bio section, it happened in 1995, not 1991. TakaraLioness 23:14, 12 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I know it's probably hard to believe, but the official bio must be wrong. In "Ayumi", their 10th anniversary book, Ami apparently says her audition was when she was a senior in high school, and Yumi says hers was when she was around 18.  That would put them in 1991 and 1992, as the Japanese wikipedia page says.  (It doesn't cite a source, but that could be it.)  So this is straight from the horse's mouth.  In addition, there was a "Puffy History" retrospective on Japanese TV a while back that named and dated the auditions, and both Ami and Yumi were there and didn't contradict any of the info given.

 * If I can get an actual page number out of that Ayumi book (I'll have to re-read it), I think it probably makes sense to change the dates at the least.--Badasscat 07:08, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I went ahead and made the change after verifying it in the book. There are no page numbers in the book, just chapters, so I cited those.  They don't actually reference years in the book, but Ami does say she auditioned when she was a sophomore in high school (that would actually have been more like 1989) and Yumi says she auditioned when she was "around 18".  Both then basically sat around the Sony offices for several years.  I included that info and removed the actual dates, since the actual dates aren't totally confirmed, except that it was clearly years before 1995.Badasscat 03:16, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Puffy AmiYumi


text:
Tinto (disambiguation)

Tinto is the highest in the Tinto Hills in southern Scotland.

Tinto may also refer to:

 * Tinto River, in south-western Andalusia, Spain
 * An area of Honduras sometimes counted as part of the Mosquito Coast
 * A fictional city in the computer game series Suikoden
 * Tinto Fino, a black grape variety native to Spain
 * An alternative name for wines made from the Grenache grape
 * Tinto Brass (born 1933), Italian film director and screenwriter

title: Tinto (disambiguation)


text:
1928 in rail transport

January events

 * January 5 – Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway opens its Bombay suburban electrified system on 1.5 kV DC.
 * January 13 – Henry Clay Hall leaves the Interstate Commerce Commission upon the appointment of his successor.

April events

 * April 10 – Takagimachi Station, in Matsushima, Miyagi, Japan, opens.

May events

 * May 1 – The London and North Eastern Railway's Flying Scotsman steam-hauled express train begins to run non-stop over the 393 mi of the British East Coast Main Line from London King's Cross to Edinburgh Waverley using LNER Gresley Class A1 4-6-2s with tenders fitted with gangway connections to permit a crew change en route; 4472 Flying Scotsman takes the first northbound train.

June events

 * June 13 - The first tests are performed with the first rail detector car, invented by Elmer Ambrose Sperry, in Beacon, New York.
 * June 27 - Darlington rail crash on the London and North Eastern Railway in England: Two trains collide head-on at Darlington Bank Top railway station in County Durham following a signal passed at danger; 25 killed.
 * June 28 - The International Railway (New York–Ontario) switches to one-man crews for its trolleys in Canada.

July events

 * July 10 - Shin-Koiwa Station in Katsushika, Tokyo, Japan, opens.
 * July 18 - Official opening of the Pau–Canfranc railway line as a trans-Pyreneen route between France and Spain, and of Canfranc International Railway Station in Aragon.

September events

 * September 1
 * Frontier Mail express passenger service between Colaba Terminus (Bombay) and Peshawar inaugurated by Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway.
 * The Philadelphia Broad Street Line begins service between City Hall and Olney Avenue.
 * September 22 - Canadian Premier John Bracken drives the last spike on Canadian National Railway's line between Flin Flon and Cranberry Portage, Manitoba.
 * September 28 - Third class sleeping cars are introduced on those British railways providing such a service.

October events

 * October 13 – Charfield railway disaster: London, Midland and Scottish Railway night mail train crashes into shunting goods train following signal passed at danger at Charfield in the English county of Gloucestershire: 16 killed.
 * October 15 – The Loenga–Alnabru Line in Norway introduces electric traction.

November events

 * November 1 - New Keihan Railway Line, Tenjinbashisuji-Rokuchome Station of Osaka to Sanin station of Kyoto route officially completed in Japan (as predecessor of Hankyu Kyoto Line).
 * November 15 - Nara Electronic Railway Line, Kyōto Station to Yamato-Saidaiji Station of Nara route officially completed in Japan (as predecessor of Kintetsu Kyoto Line).
 * November 28
 * After both the eastbound and westbound passenger trains depart, a fire is discovered in the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway's Wainwright, Alberta, station; due to problems with the local fire truck, the station is completely destroyed in the blaze.
 * In Gunma Prefecture, Japan, the Jomo Electric Railway opens for service connecting Chūō-Maebashi Station and Nishi-Kiryū Station.
 * November 29 - The last trains on Pacific Great Eastern Railway's (predecessor of British Columbia Railway) Vancouver-Horseshoe Bay line are run.
 * The Merchants Despatch purchases the Northern Refrigerator Car Line (founded by Milwaukee's Cudahy brothers) and its 1,800 cars.

December events

 * December – Great Western Railway of England commences series production at its Swindon Works of ’Hall’ Class 4-6-0 steam locomotives, of which there will eventually be 339.

Unknown date events

 * The Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul, a predecessor of the Milwaukee Road, changes its name to Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific after a reorganization.
 * William Sproule steps down from the presidency of the Southern Pacific Company, the parent company of the Southern Pacific Railroad. The position remains open until 1929.
 * Hale Holden succeeds Henry deForest as Chairman of the Executive Committee for the Southern Pacific Company, the parent company of the Southern Pacific Railroad.
 * The Boston, Revere Beach and Lynn Railroad, in Massachusetts, converts from steam locomotive power to electric power, adding motors, electrical equipment and controls to its passenger cars.
 * The Atlantic Coast Line Railroad completes the last section of the Perry Cutoff, creating a more direct route between Chicago and Florida's west coast.
 * The last new PRR K4s Pacific is built.
 * Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft Class ET 165 "Stadtbahn" electric multiple units for Berlin S-Bahn introduced; the class will remain in commuter service into the 1990s.
 * The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway acquires the Kansas City, Mexico and Orient Railway.

March births

 * March 14 – Richard Marsh, Baron Marsh, chairman of British Rail 1971–1976, is born (d. 2011).

October births

 * October 3 – Edward L. Moyers, president of MidSouth Rail and Illinois Central Railroad, chairman and CEO of Southern Pacific Railroad, "Railroader of the Year" for 1995, is born (d. 2006).

April deaths

 * April 5 - Chauncey Depew, president of New York Central Railroad (born 1834).

July deaths

 * July 8 – Howard Elliott, president of Northern Pacific Railway 1903–1913, president of New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad beginning in 1913, dies (b. 1860).
 * July 30 - Job A. Edson, president of Kansas City Southern Railway 1905-1918 and 1920–1927, dies (born 1854).

title: 1928 in rail transport


text:
User talk:Jgilmour

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 21:48, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Jgilmour


text:
User talk:Abaybas

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 21:48, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Chastity
Thanks for your comments on the chastity page. How does it look now? Jpritikin 10:17, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Abaybas


text:
Talk:Edwin van der Sar

reference to the rumour
I think the reference to the rumour Van Der Sar may be cheating on his wife should be removed- it's libelous, and totally unsupported. I can't seem to do it though- it doesn't appear on the edit page, just in the article itself. Does it need a moderator or something?AM Glen 19:53, 5 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't see it. I did revert something about him and van Nistelrooy being gay partners, though.  Is that what you mean?   x42bn6  Talk 16:15, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

No, that wasn't it, but it's been removed now anyway. i guess someone else reverted it.AM Glen 20:00, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

Yeah i think it should be removed because the Dutch press did not confirm anything like that and it was just a speculation neither did he or his wife comment on it.User:Maverick thatsme 12:12, 1 May 2007(UTC)

Height
"He is one of the most identifiable keepers in Europe because of his height (1.97 m/6' 5½")." All keepers are big! Why is 1.97 m remarkable!

 * I have removed this comment as his height is not really that remarkable for a goalkeeper, he is tall even for this position but not remarkably so (there are several taller keepers in the Premiership that I can think of, Chris Kirkland for example). Rje 19:34, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)

shay given??? 1m and same of mm

Chris Kirkland is at least two inches shorter than Edwin van der Sar. Kirkland's height is mostly noted as 6'3"/191cm. Volkov talk 16:19, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

Penalty shootout
"That save gave Arjen Robben the chance to win the game for the Netherlands and hand them their first victorious shootout ever."
 * It certainly wasn't the first victorious shootout ever, just the first in a long time.

"During the penalty shootout at the end of the Euro 2004 quarter-final against Sweden, van der Sar saved a penalty from Olof Mellberg. That save gave Arjen Robben the chance to win the game for the Netherlands. That puts him in the top fifty most capped players of all time." -???

He's known as VDS
To the person who reverted my edit (86.133.35.212): Edwin van der Sar is referred to as VDS by Man Utd fans, just as Ruud Van Nistelrooy was referred to as RVN. Either explain why VDS isn't a valid nickname or stop removing it from the article. Kronix1986 01:53, 13 April 2007 (UTC)
 * did you reference it? might be why it was reverted. tbh, though, i'm a man utd fan, and i have never ever heard him referred to as VDS, nor ruud being referred to as RVN... a select few fans does't warrant a nickname. technically a nickname is someone his friends will call him, not a bunch of people that don't know him! 77.97.18.22 (talk) 22:32, 8 February 2009 (UTC)

Van der Sar or van der Sar?
Is the surname with a capital V when written separately? The article uses both forms.--Svetovid 00:26, 8 June 2007 (UTC)
 * It depends on how you use it. If you use just the surname it is Van der Sar, but when you use his full name it should always be Edwin van der Sar. Knurftendans 01:33, 7 July 2007 (UTC)
 * That's not entirely correct. From the perspective of someone who works with and develops datastandards in the Netherlands a dutch name consists of three elements. First name | prefix | Last name. Prefix is not mandatory of course but should always be written in lower case. Exceptions are parts of names which seem like prefixes but are in fact part of the last name. However, no dutch names have this exception. Normally the name should always be 'van der Sar' except when used in the beginning of a sentence of course. Leekah (talk) 19:51, 10 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Sorry, but you are wrong. A prefix is capitalized if no first name precedes it. See e.g. Tussenvoegsel, or [|here], if you read Dutch.Erik (talk) 23:20, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

Van Der Sar
Van der sar's first name is Edwin.He aws born on the 29th October 1970 and is 37 yers old.He was born in Holland or Dutch people would say Netherlands —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.17.164.74 (talk) 15:44, 21 May 2008 (UTC)
 * wow, want a coconut?! tell us something we didn't already know... seriously... 77.97.18.22 (talk) 22:29, 8 February 2009 (UTC)

13 Years apart...
Winning the European Cup I 13 years apart (1995 with Ajax, now in 2008 with Man Utd.), could that possibly some sort of record? Maybe just for a goal keeper? 82.170.131.213 (talk) 23:13, 21 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Probably for a goalkeeper, I'm sure Paolo Maldini beats him for the overall record, though. JACO  PLANE  • 2008-05-21 23:26

Pictures
I have a picture that has full permission from the photographer to be used on this page, infact he is quite excited about it being used. I am not able to upload it myself, can anyone else do this?

Here is the link to the picture in question

http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v229/Lianne_Depp/65c95d9bbf72bee05aacca30445bb81f.jpg —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sterrenlicht (talk • contribs) 03:49, 8 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Its fake you idiot --NuparuMahnika (talk) 02:46, 8 August 2009 (UTC)

Uh, no, it isn't fake, actually. It is in fact a photo from the 'War' Dutch national team photoshoot taken by Erwin Olaf (a respected photographer, I might add) in 2008, and if you're still not convinced, you can watch a video of that very photo being taken over here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0aW8Qgz7of8.

135.196.27.62 (talk) 07:39, 17 November 2009 (UTC)(signed AKA, not the poster above)

Question
I Edwin van der Sar the only goalkeeper to win the Champions League with two different clubs? I couldn't think of anyone else. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.5.187.219 (talk) 20:31, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

Clarence Seedorf has won it with 3 different clubs.
 * Clarence Seedorf is not a goalkeeper. – PeeJay 21:48, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

clean sheet record not correct?
can we get something straight here? chris woods has come out and said that van der sar HAS NOT beaten his record, as chris woods record of 1196 mins is in ALL COMPETITIONS (as he played a couple of cup games within his record) and therefore van der sar needs another FEW games to beat this record, due to him losing that goal in japan... fair enough. so if van der sar's record is for league games only, then he did not beat chris woods. it would also bring bobby clark of aberdeen into the frame, who held the world record at 20hours 46 mins, which is 1246mins, so even van der sar doesn't beat that!! see afc site for the info. how do we find out what is correct?? see chris's page which states "From November 1986 to January 1987, Woods set a British record by playing 1196 consecutive minutes of competitive football without conceding a goal". there's also a few news websites carrying the story from chris woods disputing the claims! so again, who is right, and how do we really find out the truth??? 77.97.18.22 (talk) 00:32, 9 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Uefa.com had a story on it, along with other famous keepers that have records in longest time without goals conceded:

Quote: 1,390 minutes, Dany Verlinden, Club Brugge KV Verlinden won five Belgian titles with the 'Blauw-Zwart' in a 16-year spell between 1988 and 2004, and once held the record – later broken by Alessandro Costacurta – for being the oldest player in the UEFA Champions League. He was 40 years, three months and 24 days old when he featured against AFC Ajax in December 2003. His claim to fame, though, remains this incredible run which spanned 16 matches from 3 March 1990 to 26 September 1990.77.97.18.22 (talk) 00:45, 9 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I was also under the impression that this is a league only record, if Chris Woods record is all competition VDS shouldn't have beaten it yet. As you said, he conceded in japan. (And if it matters, he's not been the keeper for Man Utd in consecutive matches when It comes to all competitions, wouldn't that break a all competitions consecutive record?). I also wonder, wasn't he substituted in some game due to injury? I have some memory of that at least. —  CHAN  DLER #10 — 01:41, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

As for the world record, that belongs to Geraldo Pereira de Matos doesn't it? Surely his 1816 minutes is more than Abel Resino's 1275 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.160.15.230 (talk) 20:10, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

 * That's correct, this bloke ran by the name Mazaropi or something holds the record. Gruen (talk) 20:15, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

 * this is exactly what i'm talking about. we've taken it as correct, because sky and setanta commentators are mentioning it in games. but where are they getting the info from? surely someone higher up has to realise they are making a huge cock-up!! don't get me wrong, i'm absolutely thrilled for edwin, but i'd prefer it was correct!! as for him not playing in consecutive games, i don't think that would break the all competitions record, as he's not played. kinda hard to explain that one, lol! tbh, maybe if he had played in the derby game, we wouldn't have lost, lmao!! don't remember him getting substituted either, was that not earlier in the season? 77.97.18.22 (talk) 21:17, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

According to the Manchester United website, Edwin van der Sar now holds the record for the most minutes without conceding a goal in British league football, with 1,212 minutes. The previous record was held by Bobby Clark of Aberdeen, who didn't concede for 1,155 minutes in 1970–71. (http://www.manutd.com/default.sps?pagegid={F9E570E6-407E-44BC-800F-4A3110258114}&redirectorid=news_story&newsid=6626680)

How should the record coming to an end be written... The record as I understood was consecutive minutes in the League (as he did not play in games like the Champions league, FA Cup, League Cup), and not as he didnt play yesterday his record was broken by not playing... Some report Man Utd's record to be 1333 minutes some 1334 minutes in the Premier League without conceding. (And no the record is not still on because he didnt play, it breaks the consecutive part, a goalie can't be substituted on in the 80th minute of 100 games and claim a 1000minute consecutive clean sheet record.) — CHANDLER#10 — 19:49, 22 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Of course it's still on! Who said it's not still on? – PeeJay 00:31, 23 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Everyone... for the reason it's a record of consecutive minutes in a league not conceding... You can't skip games in consecutive, like I said, would you count someone who gets on for 10 minutes for 100 games without conceding as someone who's done 1000 minutes straight without conceding? "Santa Cruz's goal ended United's 1,333-minute clean-sheet record in the league" and "But for a side that had gone 1,334 minutes without conceding a league goal it was inconceivable that so many players could have been to blame...". Im sure I read the same thing on a bbc article after the match but I couldnt find it now — CHANDLER#10 — 01:56, 23 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Those quotes refer to Manchester United's clean sheet record, not to Van der Sar's. Van der Sar's record still continues. – PeeJay 02:02, 23 February 2009 (UTC)
 * But they are the same... since he didnt play consecutive games the record lived on with the team until Santa Cruz scored... as I said someone who doesn't play consecutively can't say he's got a consecutive record can he? — CHANDLER#10 — 02:10, 23 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Tbh, while that makes sense, I've not heard of any sources that are claiming that Van der Sar's record is over. Maybe we should wait until the next game he plays before definitively saying that the record is over. – PeeJay 07:52, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

Actually http://live.skysports.com/LiveCentre/teamtalk/live.html does mention that van der sar's record is over. Go to that paticular game and scroll down to the text just below the 1 minute text. Syjytg (talk) 10:23, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Van der Sar's personal record is officially still ongoing. That's because Fifa accept Mazaropi as the world record holder. And how long did he take? 16 months. For 20 games. Do we really think that Vasco played only 20 league games in 16 months. No. So it continues. I'm personally dubious about Mazaropi's record. I'd have El-Batal as world record holder. The 10 minutes for 100 games objection is a fair one, theoretically. Highly unlikely to actually happen. But I think Mazaropi came as close as anyone - and he's got the record. Pistachio disguisey (talk) 22:35, 23 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Does even fifa keep a list? I've never seen anything like that. But still... If you say van der sars record continues... then the rules are changed.. as far as I know the record was always without conceding in the League and not games van der Sar was in, the Club World Cup for example where he played and conceded was not counted because it was consecutive league clean sheets. — CHANDLER#10 — 22:47, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

 * http://www.iffhs.de/?b4a390f03be4ac07cda14b45fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70aed09

 * This list is recognised by Fifa. Last week I was thinking that Van der Sar was very close to the 'real' world record, because Mazaropi's is nonsense. But now its his 'get out of jail free' card. If VDS's record was over, then it ended at 1302, not 1334, because you can't count Kuszczak's half hour towards VDS's record. With the all-competitions record, Chris Woods has used the WCC and VDS's rests as reasons why he still holds it. But if the latter is valid, VDS is rested so much that he could never break it. And Woods seemed to admit that if VDS gets up to 1200 since the Gamba game, then he breaks it, regardless of Kuszczak and Foster's concessions. Pistachio disguisey (talk) 00:20, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

"Apps"?
Seeing those statistics, I, as a non-soccer fan, have no clue as to what this "Apps" is supposed to mean. Could anyone enlighten me or edit the page with an explaination? 80.101.171.2 (talk) 01:51, 15 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Apps = Appearances. By the way, just out of curiosity, if you're not a football fan, how did you end up looking at this article? – PeeJay 12:20, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

Retirement
He's only retired from international football, not club football. If he's retired from the latter, I'd like to see some proof before we put it back in the article.-66.159.118.18 (talk) 15:37, 28 June 2010 (UTC)

Best European goalkeeper
Hi all,

Van der Sar - 2nd paragraph: Van der Sar was named best European goalkeeper in 1995, 2008, 2009 and 2010.

Casillas - When clicking on the link "Best European Goalkeeper" in the 2nd paragraph of Van der Sar you will see that the list is showing Iker Casillas as winner in 2009 and 2010. Casillas' Wikipedia page says he won the price for best goalkeeper in Europe in 2008 and 2010, rather inconsistent. The Real Madrid website shows that Casillas won the award in 2008 and 2009. The inconsistency is complete. Sourcve: http://www.realmadrid.com/cs/Satellite/en/1193041476158/1193041476328/jugador/Jugador/Casillas.htm

Could someone find out who won the award for best European goalkeeper in the last 5 years?

Feyenoord010 (talk) 13:29, 28 May 2011 (UTC)

Error to be corrected
Regarding his experience in Italy is written: "The following season, Van der Sar helped Juventus finish 2 points behind eventual champions A.S. Roma." Actually the eventual champion team that year was the S.S. Lazio. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 118.168.1.184 (talk) 19:29, 28 May 2011 (UTC)

Best European goalkeeper
my mistake Feyenoord010 (talk) 13:40, 28 May 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Edwin van der Sar. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20071022171259/http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com:80/20102007/4/van-der-sar-tight-lipped-future.html to http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/20102007/4/van-der-sar-tight-lipped-future.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 18:36, 7 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Edwin van der Sar. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150607132859/http://www.juventus.com/wps/wcm/connect/7665be8a-c95d-406e-91db-4de08d142c0c/28_ott_2002_eng_.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=7665be8a-c95d-406e-91db-4de08d142c0c to http://www.juventus.com/wps/wcm/connect/7665be8a-c95d-406e-91db-4de08d142c0c/28_ott_2002_eng_.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=7665be8a-c95d-406e-91db-4de08d142c0c

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:13, 10 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Edwin van der Sar. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131012102248/http://www.ajax.nl/De-Club/Vennootschap/Directie.htm to http://www.ajax.nl/De-Club/Vennootschap/Directie.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090109123719/http://www.latinamericanfootball.com/Chile/apert05_1_2.htm to http://www.latinamericanfootball.com/Chile/apert05_1_2.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110807092701/http://www.ajax.nl/Nieuws/Nieuwsarchief/Nieuws-artikel/Kaartverkoop-afscheidsduel-Van-der-Sar.htm to http://www.ajax.nl/Nieuws/Nieuwsarchief/Nieuws-artikel/Kaartverkoop-afscheidsduel-Van-der-Sar.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110829071216/http://www.premierleague.com/page/PlayerProfile/0%2C%2C12306~16392%2C00.html to http://www.premierleague.com/page/PlayerProfile/0%2C%2C12306~16392%2C00.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 09:15, 5 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Edwin van der Sar. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090201080604/http://www.topfootball.net/news/edin-van-der-sar-most-minutes-played-at-european-championship.html to http://www.topfootball.net/news/edin-van-der-sar-most-minutes-played-at-european-championship.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121005162339/http://www.hln.be/hln/nl/1307/Champions-League/article/detail/1300631/2011/08/03/Van-der-Sar-wordt-analist-bij-NOS.dhtml to http://www.hln.be/hln/nl/1307/Champions-League/article/detail/1300631/2011/08/03/Van-der-Sar-wordt-analist-bij-NOS.dhtml

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:50, 23 January 2018 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Edwin van der Sar
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Edwin van der Sar's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "PL": From Nicolas Anelka:  From Carlos Tevez:  From John Terry:  From Ashley Cole:  From Ashley Young:  From Ryan Giggs:  From Frank Lampard: </li> <li>From Vincent Kompany: </li> <li>From Wayne Rooney: </li> <li>From Ruud van Nistelrooy: </li> <li>From Florent Malouda: </li> <li>From Cristiano Ronaldo: </li> <li>From Cesc Fàbregas: </li> <li>From Joe Hart: </li> <li>From Peter Schmeichel: </li> <li>From Petr Čech: </li> <li>From Louis Saha: </li> <li>From Rio Ferdinand: </li> </ul>

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 09:33, 19 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Edwin van der Sar


text:
1935 in rail transport

January events

 * January 2 – Chicago & North Western Railway begins 400 passenger train service between Chicago, Illinois, and Saint Paul, Minnesota; it was so named because the 400 mile trip was intended to take 400 minutes, though that pace wasn't quite reached until a few months later. Still, it was believed to be the fastest train in the world over a distance greater than 177 mi.
 * January 28 – To mark completion of the electric line from Washington DC to New York City, the Pennsylvania Railroad runs a special train hauled by Pennsylvania Railroad 4800, the electric locomotive making a round trip from Washington to Philadelphia setting a speed record on the return run of 1 hour 50 minutes. The line, with the GG1 locomotives, begins regular revenue service on February 10.
 * January 31 – Union Pacific's M-10000 enters service as the City of Salina between Salina, Kansas, and Kansas City. The 116 seat train carries an average 280 passengers per round trip.

February events

 * February – Electro-Motive Corporation produces the new company's first Winton-engined diesel locomotives.

March events

 * March 20 – Kotoku Line, Takamatsu to Tokushima route officially completed with regular operation service to start in Shikoku Island, Japan.
 * March 23 – The North Manchuria Railway, the former Chinese Eastern Railway within the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo, is sold by the Soviet Union to the Manchukuo Government; it is then merged into the Manchukuo National Railway and converted from Russian to standard gauge on August 31 between 05:00 and 08:00 hours.
 * March 24 – Pennsylvania Station in Newark, New Jersey, opens.
 * March 27 – Electro-Motive Corporation breaks ground in McCook, Illinois, for their new locomotive factory.
 * March 30 – The first section of the Itō Line, connecting Atami and Ajiro in Japan, is opened.
 * March 31 – The Glasgow Subway in Scotland is converted from a cable car system to a third-rail electric system (inner circle; outer circle completed December 5).

April events

 * April 1 – The Flying Yankee trainset enters service on the Boston & Maine and Maine Central railroads between Portland, Maine, Boston, Massachusetts, and Bangor, Maine.
 * April 21 – The Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad's Twin Zephyrs enter revenue service between Chicago, Illinois, and the Twin Cities.

May events

 * May 15 – The first line of the Moscow Metro is opened to the public at 7 am. The line is 11 km long, and includes 13 stations. It connects Sokolniki to Park Kultury with a branch from Okhotny Ryad to Smolenskaya.
 * May 29 – The Milwaukee Road inaugurates Hiawatha passenger train service between Chicago, Illinois, and St Paul, Minnesota.

June events

 * June 5 – The New Haven Railroad introduces its double-ended Comet passenger train between Boston, Massachusetts, and Providence, Rhode Island.
 * June 6 – Union Pacific’s M-10001 enters Chicago, Illinois to Rose City service as the “Streamlined City of Portland”. The 2,272-mile route was covered in 39.75 hours, 18 hours faster than the previous best time.
 * June 22 – Kerr's Miniature Railway opens at Arbroath. It will be the oldest public miniature railway in Scotland when closed in 2020.
 * June 29 – The last scheduled train runs on the Maine narrow gauge Sandy River and Rangeley Lakes Railroad.

July events

 * July 1 – The New York Central Lines (subsidiary companies) are renamed the New York Central System.
 * July 24 – First permanent children's railway is opened in Tbilisi, USSR.
 * July 29 – Two American Car & Foundry built, Otto Kuhler styled "Rebels" are put in service on the Gulf, Mobile and Northern Railroad, ending steam powered passenger service on that road.

August events

 * August 18 – In a meeting aboard a chartered train on the Washington, Baltimore and Annapolis Electric Railway, officials of the Lancaster Railway and Locomotive Historical Society of Pennsylvania and the Interstate Trolley Club of Trenton, New Jersey, frame the basis of the National Railway Historical Society as a merger of the two constituent organizations.
 * August 22 – Diesel locomotives begin to replace steam locomotives on Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's long-distance passenger trains.
 * August 28 – The United States Congress passes the Public Utility Holding Company Act. Heralded as a consumer protection milestone, it also separates transit companies from the deep pockets of their parent electric utilities. This becomes one of the nails in the coffin of streetcar and interurban railroads in the United States.
 * August 29 – Railroad Retirement Board established in United States to administer pension benefits for railroad employees.
 * August 30 – The Santa Fe Railroad takes delivery of its first mainline diesel locomotives.

September events

 * September – The 1935 Labor Day hurricane destroys much of the Florida East Coast Railway's Key West extension; an evacuation train from the island is on the bridges linking the keys with the Florida mainland at the time the storm hits and 259 lives are lost.
 * September 27 – The London & North Eastern Railway's first A4 Class streamlined 4-6-2 steam locomotive A4 2509 Silver Link attains 112.5 mph on a demonstration run out of London King's Cross.
 * September 29 – The last train operates on the Lynton & Barnstaple Railway in England.
 * September 30 – The London & North Eastern Railway begins to run the Silver Jubilee train between London King's Cross and Newcastle, Britain's first streamliner, using Nigel Gresley's A4 Class locomotives.

October

 * October 6 – Market Street Railway Company (MSRy) starts operation on the first trackless trolley system in California, taking over from the 33 Ashbury streetcar.
 * October 30 – The Midosuji Line in Osaka, Japan, is opened between Shinsaibashi and Namba.

December events

 * December 30 – The Southern Pacific Coast Line is diverted around downtown San Jose, California, consolidating passenger operations at the new Cahill Depot.

Unknown date events

 * The Milwaukee Road enters bankruptcy.
 * The Goodyear-Zeppelin Company completes construction on the Comet streamlined passenger trainset for the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad.
 * The National Model Railroad Association is founded in the United States.

February births

 * February 21 – Jean Pelletier, Chairman of Via Rail 2001–2004.

September deaths

 * September 20 – William W. Atterbury, president of the Pennsylvania Railroad 1925–1935 (born 1866).

December deaths

 * December – Mantis James Van Sweringen, American financier who, with his brother Oris, controlled the Nickel Plate Road and other eastern United States railroads (born 1881).

title: 1935 in rail transport


text:
Casper Meets Wendy

Casper Meets Wendy is a 1998 American fantasy comedy film based on the Harvey Comics cartoon characters Casper the Friendly Ghost and Wendy the Good Little Witch. The film is a sequel to Casper: A Spirited Beginning, and the second spin-off/prequel of Casper (1995). Saban Entertainment co-produced the project.

This was Hilary Duff's first major film, and was released on September 22, 1998, six days before her 11th birthday. The film also marks the second Casper film for co-star Cathy Moriarty, who previously starred as the main antagonist in the 1995 film.

The film was met with mostly negative reviews from critics, but was considered an improvement to its predecessor. Its television premiere was October 24, 1999 on Fox Family.

Plot
The Ghostly Trio cause panic at a baseball game, and their nephew Casper fails to settle the terrified crowd. The park empties, and after watching their effect with satisfaction, Casper's uncles plan a vacation.

Meanwhile, a malevolent warlock named Desmond Spellman is told by the Oracle in the Mirror that in the future, a good little witch named Wendy will surpass him. Desmond plans to get rid of her with the advised "Mystic Abyss", a dimensional rift that can destroy living beings. He then creates a pair of spies: Jules and Vincent, and assigns them to bring Wendy to him from where she is living in the country with her three mischievous aunts: Gert, Gabby and Fanny.

Jules and Vincent arrive at Wendy's house to escort the young witch to Desmond, but she narrowly escapes with her aunts. To keep Wendy safe from Desmond, her aunts hide and vacation at the same resort hotel in which Casper and his uncles are vacationing. Casper and Wendy meet in a barn and become friends, but they fear that their guardians will not get along because ghosts and witches are natural enemies. Casper and Wendy devise a plan to make them meet at a party. Casper gets the Ghostly Trio to possess three men who happen to resemble them. Wendy convinces her aunts to go to the party to meet men. Thanks to their plotting, they meet and soon the Trio are flirting with the three witches, who are posing as regular women.

The plan is spoiled when the possession wears off and the Trio's real selves are revealed to Wendy's aunts, who, in turn, reveal their real selves and threaten them with magic. Wendy explains to Casper that she and her aunts cannot use high-level magic or else Desmond will be able to track them down. When the Trio suspects Casper is protecting the witches, they pressure him into blurting out that the witches cannot use their powers, prompting the Trio to terrorize Wendy and her aunts. Wendy feels she has no choice but to cast a high-level spell to cover the Trio in plaster, alerting Desmond of her location.

Distraught that Casper broke his promise, Wendy ends their friendship. Casper soon confronts his uncles and tells them that Desmond is coming after the witches and they should help, at which the Trio scoff and refuse. Before the witches can evacuate the resort, Desmond and his spies arrive. After finding and confronting the witches, Desmond explains the Oracle's prediction, and after she tries to resist him, summons the Mystic Abyss and casts Wendy into it, with Casper diving inside in an attempt to rescue her. While inside together, Wendy apologizes to Casper for yelling at him and ending their friendship. Wendy's aunts battle Desmond but are no match for him. Before Desmond can turn the witches into fertilizer, a giant three-eyed monster appears and frightens the warlock who trips over Wendy's broom and falls into the Abyss himself. The monster turns out to be the Ghostly Trio, who had a change of heart. While they hold the door to the Abyss open, Wendy's aunts pull her and Casper out.

Both Casper and Wendy are unconscious from being inside the Abyss, but with encouragement and comfort from their guardians, Casper is restored by his uncles, and Wendy is treated by her aunts. After a touching reunion between the witches and an awkward one between the ghosts, the witches thank the Trio for helping them and the Trio admit it was nice getting to know them. Casper and Wendy's friendship is restored. The Oracle then proclaims that Wendy is the greatest witch because she did something no other witch ever could: she befriended a ghost. Later, Casper, his uncles, Wendy, and her aunts, all bid each other goodbye. Wendy assures Casper they will see each other again very soon. Before flying back home with her aunts, Wendy gives Casper a goodbye kiss, causing him to blush.

Live-action

 * Hilary Duff as Wendy the Good Little Witch
 * Cathy Moriarty as Gert
 * Shelley Duvall as Gabby
 * Teri Garr as Fanny
 * George Hamilton as Desmond Spellman
 * Richard Moll as Jules
 * Vincent Schiavelli as Vincent
 * Pauly Shore as The Oracle
 * Blake Foster as Josh Jackman
 * Logan Robbins as Logan
 * Michael McDonald as Spike-Stretch
 * Travis McKenna as Phil-Fatso
 * Patrick Richwood as Vinne-Stinkie

Voice

 * Jeremy Foley as Casper the Friendly Ghost
 * Jim Ward as Stretch
 * Bill Farmer as Stinkie
 * Jess Harnell as Fatso

Supporting

 * Rodger Halston as Larry Tullby
 * Alan Thicke as Baseball Announcer
 * Casper Van Dien as Crewcut Hunk
 * Billy Burnette as Chef
 * Maria Ford as Playmate (Fanny)
 * Jim Wise as Hungry Fan
 * Patricia Elliott as Snotty Woman (credited as Pat Elliot)
 * Rodman Flender as Agile Dancer
 * Elizabeth Gage as Swift Dancer
 * Larry Robbins as Boogie-Lovin' Dude
 * Ben Stein as Lawyer (uncredited)

Critical reception
Casper Meets Wendy received mostly negative reviews from critics, with a total of 6 reviews from critics on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes. 17% gave the film a positive review, with an average score of 4.10/10, which gives the film a slight improvement over its predecessor, but still low compared to the 1995 theatrical film.

Hilary Duff was nominated for a Young Artist Award.

Soundtrack alteration
In the original airing and VHS release of the film, the Casper theme can be heard in the opening sequence performed by Shana Halligan. In the subsequent DVD releases the lyric is muted though the melody and sound effects remain intact. Halligan is still credited with performing the theme song.

title: Casper Meets Wendy


text:
Romilly

Romilly may refer to:

People

 * Romilly (surname)
 * Baron Romilly, title created in 1866
 * Romilly Jenkins, British historian and scholar
 * Romilly Lunge, British actor
 * Romilly Weeks, British newsreader
 * Romilly Newman, American chef

Places

 * in France:
 * Romilly, Loir-et-Cher, in the Loir-et-Cher department
 * Romilly-la-Puthenaye, in the Eure department
 * Romilly-sur-Aigre, in the Eure-et-Loir department
 * Romilly-sur-Andelle, in the Eure department
 * Romilly-sur-Seine, in the Aube department
 * Romilly, Vale of Glamorgan, a district of Barry, Vale of Glamorgan, Wales

title: Romilly


text:
Arizona bark scorpion

 * The striped bark scorpion and the closely related Baja California bark scorpion are also called bark scorpions.

The Arizona bark scorpion (Centruroides sculpturatus, once included in Centruroides exilicauda) is a small light brown scorpion common to the Sonoran Desert in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. An adult male can reach 8 cm in length (3.14 inches), while a female is slightly smaller, with a maximum length of 7 cm (2.75 inches).

Predators
Arizona bark scorpions are eaten by a wide variety of animals such as pallid bats, birds (especially owls), reptiles, and other vertebrates. Some examples include spiders, snakes, peccaries, rodents, and other scorpions. Development, pesticides and collecting scorpions for research or the pet trade also reduces the bark scorpion population.

The painful and potentially deadly venom of Arizona bark scorpions has little effect on grasshopper mice. Scientists have found the scorpion toxin acts as an analgesic rather than a pain stimulant in grasshopper mice.

Life cycle
Arizona bark scorpions have a gestation period of several months, are born live, and are gently guided onto their mother's back. The female usually gives birth to anywhere from 25 to 35 young. These remain with their mother until their first molt, which can be up to three weeks after birth. Arizona bark scorpions have a life expectancy of about six years.

Arizona bark scorpions, like most other scorpions, are incredibly resilient. During US nuclear testing, scorpions, along with cockroaches and lizards, were found near ground zero with no recorded adverse effects.

Habitat
The Arizona bark scorpion is nocturnal, and particularly well adapted to the desert: layers of wax on its exoskeleton make it resistant to water loss. Nevertheless, Arizona bark scorpions hide during the heat of the day, typically under rocks, wood piles, or tree bark. Arizona bark scorpions do burrow, and are commonly found in homes, requiring only 1/16 of an inch for entry.

Arizona bark scorpions prefer riparian areas with mesquite, cottonwood, and sycamore groves, all of which have sufficient moisture and humidity to support insects and other prey species. The popularity of irrigated lawns, and other systems which increase environmental humidity in residential areas, has led to a massive increase in the number of these animals in some areas.

Centruroides scorpions are unusual in that they are the only genus in the Southwest that can climb walls, trees, and other objects with a sufficiently rough surface. Arizona bark scorpions practice negative geotaxis, preferring an upside down orientation, which often results in people being stung due to the scorpion being on the underside of an object.

The Arizona bark scorpion preys on small and medium-sized animals such as beetles, spiders, crickets, cockroaches, other insects and other scorpions.

The range of the Arizona bark scorpion is from southern California, southern Arizona, southern Nevada, extreme southwestern Utah and western New Mexico. They are also found in Baja California, Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico.

Venom
The Arizona bark scorpion is the most venomous scorpion in North America, and its venom can cause severe pain (coupled with numbness, tingling, and vomiting) in adult humans, typically lasting between 24 and 72 hours. Temporary dysfunction in the area stung is common; e.g. a hand or possibly arm can be immobilized or experience convulsions. It also may cause loss of breath for a short time. Due to the extreme pain induced, many victims describe sensations of electrical jolts after envenomation. Two recorded fatalities have occurred in the state of Arizona since 1968; the number of victims stung each year in Arizona and New Mexico is estimated to be in the thousands.

Antivenom
An antivenom was developed for this species at Arizona State University by Dr. Herbert L. Stahnke, and produced in quantities sufficient to treat individuals within the state of Arizona. This antivenom was not FDA approved, but use within the state of Arizona was allowable and very successful in shortening the duration of symptoms and hospitalization. Production of this antivenom ceased by 2000 and the product was unavailable by 2004. A Mexican-produced antivenom, Anascorp [Antivenin Centruroides (scorpion) F(ab′)2, Laboratorios Silanes, Instituto Bioclon SA de CV], received FDA approval on August 3, 2011, and is now in use.

First aid
Basic first aid measures can be used to help mediate Arizona bark scorpion stings:
 * Clean sting site with soap and water
 * Apply a cool compress (cool cloth)
 * Take acetaminophen (paracetamol) or ibuprofen for local pain and swelling

Medical emergencies
Arizona poison control centers suggest immediate medical attention if severe symptoms occur, particularly in young children. The Poison Center may be reached at 1-800-222-1222.

UV lighting
Arizona bark scorpions, like most other scorpions, will glow when exposed to a blacklight. This is particularly useful in scorpion detection, since Arizona bark scorpions are active during the night, and can be easily spotted using this method. Typical UV LED flashlights enable their human operator to readily detect Arizona bark scorpions at a distance of approximately six feet. Newly molted Arizona bark scorpions will not glow under ultraviolet light for a few days after molting.

Control and prevention
Arizona bark scorpions are tan or light beige tone in color and very small, making them difficult to detect especially on natural terrain (rocky land, multiple vegetation and soil textured land). They often look for places to hide, and they will not seek out humans unless provoked or defending young. Several methods of control have historically been used to control Arizona bark scorpions, such as physical barriers (scorpions are unable to climb smooth surfaces), pesticides, glue boards, and removing any scorpion congregation areas in the vicinity of the building.

title: Arizona bark scorpion


text:
Youth & Society

Youth & Society is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers in the field of sociology. The journal's editor is Marc Zimmerman (University of Michigan). It has been in publication since 1969 and is currently published by SAGE Publications.

Scope
Youth & Society focuses on issues related to the second decade of life. The interdisciplinary journal covers transitional issues from childhood to adolescence and from adolescence to adulthood as well as the social, contextual, and political factors that influence both healthy and harmful adolescent development.

Abstracting and indexing
Youth & Society is abstracted and indexed in, among other databases: SCOPUS, and the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2017 impact factor is 2.13, ranking it 28 out of 146 journals in the category 'Sociology'. and 13 out of 98 journals in the category 'Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary'. and 8 out of 40 journals in the category 'Social Issues'.

title: Youth & Society


text:
1945 in rail transport

January events

 * January 1 – The national railway operator in the Republic of Ireland, Great Southern Railways, with responsibility for the southern part of the Irish railway network is merged into a new national transport operator, Córas Iompair Éireann (CIÉ).
 * January 10 – Los Angeles streetcars make their last run.
 * January 12 – Bituminous Coal Research Incorporated's Locomotive Study Group, made up of representatives from eastern railroads and locomotive manufacturers in the United States, meets to find ways to combat the rise of the diesel locomotive. They decide reciprocating steam is dead, and to explore coal-fired turbines.
 * January 19 – United States Army Transportation Corps personnel operate their first train on the Luzon Military Railway (over Manila Railway Company track) in the Philippines.

February events

 * February 23 – The Treuchtlingen railway station in Bavaria is bombed during World War II; with over 600 killed and 1500 injured, it is the worst railroad disaster in German history.
 * February – General Motors Electro-Motive Division introduces the EMD E7.

March events

 * March 6 – German military engineers blow up the Deutsche Reichsbahn's Hohenzollern Bridge across the Rhine at Cologne to inhibit the Allied assault on the city.
 * March 25 – Virginian Railway takes delivery of its first 2-6-6-6 (class AG) steam locomotives from Lima Locomotive Works.

April events

 * April 13 – Franklin D. Roosevelt's funeral train begins its journey.
 * April 27 – Austria's state railway becomes independent of the Deutsche Reichsbahn as the Österreichische Staatseisenbahn (ÖStB).
 * April – The first airlifts of U.S. Army Transportation Corps metre-gauge petrol locomotives into Burma take place.

May events

 * May 12 – The Rev. W. V. Awdry's book for children The Three Railway Engines is published in Leicester, England, the first in what is to become The Railway Series.
 * May 14 – Lima Locomotive Works ships the last Shay locomotive: Western Maryland Railway number 6.
 * May 25 – 'La Trochita' narrow gauge railway in Patagonia is completed throughout to Esquel, Argentina.

July events

 * July 16
 * A train collision near Munich, Germany kills 102 prisoners of war.
 * Canadian National Railway opens its ore dock at Port Arthur, Ontario.
 * July 23 – Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad introduces the first Vistadome car, Silver Dome, in the consist of the Twin Cities Zephyr.
 * July 30 – First SNCF Class 141R 2-8-2 steam locomotive completed by Lima Locomotive Works in the United States for service in France. 1340 of the class are built in North America.
 * July 31 – General Motors Electro-Motive Division completes the EMD F3 demonstrator.

August events

 * August 9 – Michigan train wreck: Near Michigan City, North Dakota, the second section of the Great Northern Railway's Empire Builder rear-ends the stalled first section at an estimated 45 mph, killing 34 people and injuring 110 others. The first section had been forced to stop due to a hotbox on the locomotive's tender; the collision occurs before a flagman had time to protect the rear of the train.
 * August 14 – Kyōbashi Station becomes one of the last sites to be bombed in Japan during World War II when a one-ton bomb directly strikes the Katamachi Line platform as part of the bombing of Osaka, killing 700 to 800 evacuees.
 * August 24 – The Yosemite Valley Railroad, which has operated between Merced, California, and Yosemite National Park, runs its last trains.
 * August – The Chinese Eastern Railway comes under the joint control of China and the Soviet Union.

September events

 * September 27 – The Arlberg Orient Express resumes operations after World War II.

October events

 * October 2 – Piccadilly Circus tube station becomes the first on the London Underground to be lit by fluorescent light.

December events

 * December 1 – The Milwaukee Road emerges from its 1935 bankruptcy through reorganization.
 * December 13 – The New York Central Railroad places what is up to now the largest single order for passenger equipment: 420 cars.

Unknown date events

 * Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company established in India.

June deaths

 * June 14 – Matthew S. Sloan, president of the Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad, in New York City (born 1881).

July deaths

 * July 5 – Julius Dorpmüller, German railway administrator (born 1869).

October deaths

 * October 12 – Charles Fairburn, Chief Mechanical Engineer of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway 1944–1945 (born 1887).
 * October 27 – George Hughes, Chief Mechanical Engineer for the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway 1904–1922, the London and North Western Railway 1922–1923 and the London, Midland and Scottish Railway 1925–1931 (born 1865).

title: 1945 in rail transport


text:
User talk:Chantale~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 21:52, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

I killed your baby
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article I killed your baby, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. If you agree with the deletion of the article, and you are the only person who has made substantial edits to the page, please add db-author to the top of I killed your baby. Mdbrownmsw (talk) 14:04, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Chantale. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Chantale~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:59, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 11:31, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chantale~enwiki


text:
User talk:JRM/Orange

Thank you! Hilarious, engaging, and pricelessly honest. I hope to read another installment of your Wikipediventures in the future -- I'm still chuckling. :-) Best wishes, Jwrosenzweig 21:53, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for that very funny, and honest account of the frustrations of Wikipedia! --Dumbo1 20:42, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

Does anyone know when the Europeans reached the far East exactly, or when the first orangutan was seen in Europe? It mightn't be a stretch to say that the colour orange was named after these magnificent "men of the forest", undoubtedly imported by Europeans for display a long time ago. Orang means man in Malay. I had the honour of having tea with some Orangs in the Singapore zoo many years ago. They all had truly orange hair, and so I would like to suggest that an experience with those creatures would make enough of an impression on Europeans to name a colour after. Shouldn't we be looking for Malay words that rhyme with orang? Hilllary (talk) 12:39, 20 May 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:JRM/Orange


text:
1985 in rail transport

January events

 * January 5 - At ceremonies held in Nenana and Seward, Alaska, ownership of the Alaska Railroad is officially transferred to the U.S. state of Alaska.
 * January 9 –Kitakyushu Monorail, Heiwadori Station to Kikugaoka Station route officially completed in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.
 * January 13 - Awash rail disaster killed 428 in Awash, Ethiopia.

February events

 * February 21 - The Soo Line acquires the Milwaukee Road and attempts to operate it as a subsidiary railroad.

March events

 * March - The Tōhoku Shinkansen line in Japan is extended from Omiya Station to Ueno Station, near Tokyo.
 * March 2 – Porto Alegre Metro Line 1, Mercado to Sapucaia route, first section of operation service start in Brazil.
 * March 11 – A first section of Recife Metro Line 1, Recife to Wermeck route, officially regular operation service to start in Brazil.
 * March 14 – Shin-Misato Station, on what is now JR East's Musashino Line in Misato, Saitama, Japan, is opened.
 * March 25 - A methane gas explosion in Los Angeles led to the abandonment of subway construction along the city's most important corridor, Wilshire Boulevard. The subway would not be seriously looked at again for almost 20 years until the D Line Extension.
 * March 30 – Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority expands rail service on the Red Line beyond Harvard Square to Alewife.

April events

 * April 30 - Canadian National Railway and Canadian Pacific Railway assume joint operations of southern Ontario's Canada Southern Railway line.

May events

 * May 12 - Manila Line 1, the first ever rapid transit line in Southeast Asia began full commercial operations by opening the remaining segment from Central Terminal Station up to Monumento Station.

June events

 * June 11 - The HaBonim disaster was an accident in which a train crashed into a bus near HaBonim, Israel killing 22 people.
 * June 27 - The Harbour Island People Mover commences service between Downtown Tampa and Harbour Island in Tampa, Florida, United States.

July events

 * July 3 – Pittsburgh Light Rail downtown subway opens for operation.
 * July 19 – Busan Metro Line 1, Beomeosa to Beomnaegol route officially completed, and first section operation service start of Busan Metro in South Korea.

September events

 * September - China Railway opens the world's longest railway bridge at this date, carrying the Heze–Xinxiang line over the Yellow River [10.3 km].
 * September 30 – Saikyo Line, Ikebukuro of Tokyo via Musashi-Urawa to Omiya route officially completed, as same time, Ikebukuro via Omiya to Kawagoe of Kawagoe Line route of direct commuter train service start in Japan.. Like a Tohoku Shinkansen line built separately, this corridor uses Automatic Train Control, previously used only at subways, high-speed rail, Yamanote Line and Keihin-Tohoku Line.

October events

 * October 18
 * Opening of the first section of Line 3 on the Seoul Metropolitan Subway from Gupabal to Yangjae (26.2 km).
 * Opening of the first section of Line 4 on the Seoul Metropolitan Subway from Sanggye to Sadang (28.3 km).

Unknown date events

 * The Chicago Central and Pacific Railroad is formed by a spinoff of former Illinois Central lines from Chicago, Illinois, westward.
 * Amtrak's Gulf Coast Limited passenger train makes its final run.

March deaths

 * March 23 - Richard Beeching, chairman of the British Railways Board 1961–1965 (b. 1913).

title: 1985 in rail transport


text: User talk:68.46.189.215

title: User talk:68.46.189.215


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Adam Hesterberg

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was - Merge/redirect

Adam Hesterberg
This is a stub about a middle-schooler (now a sophomore in high school) who won the National MathCounts competition. Contains very little information. The winner of a single math competition, even if it's the nation's foremost middle school math competition, is not notable in and of itself. To my knowledge, no MathCounts champion has yet achieved significant fame, at least not outside the math competition community. Aerion 21:55, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak delete. Someone may be able to persuade me otherwise.  [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 22:34, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect and mini-merge into MathCounts. It could be of interest to someone looking for a pattern in the previous champions, although we don't seem to have any information on any of the other ones. - RedWordSmith 22:53, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge/redirect. Andre ( talk )A| 23:04, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. P Ingerson 01:32, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge what, exactly? There is very little actual information. Aerion 19:55, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect wouldn't be the worst thing, but a middle school student doing a difficult thing is still not notable in general on his own (unless he's Haley Joe Osmet, I guess). Geogre 01:40, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Best of wishes for him in later achieving notability for other things -- when he does, this'll make a nice footnote on his page. --Improv 19:29, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge/redirect. Wikipedia is not paper, and there's no point in simply deleting this article. We can add the info to MathCounts, and try to find more on the other champs. --Fermatprime 23:46, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Del. Mikkalai

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:68.46.189.2

title: User talk:68.46.189.2


text:
List of world cruiserweight boxing champions

This is a chronological list of world cruiserweight boxing champions, as recognized by four of the better-known sanctioning organizations:

Championship recognition

 * The World Boxing Association (WBA), founded in 1921 as the National Boxing Association (NBA),
 * The World Boxing Council (WBC), founded in 1963,
 * The International Boxing Federation (IBF), founded in 1983,
 * The World Boxing Organization (WBO), founded in 1988,

Cruiserweight champions who won belts in other divisions

 * Braxton, Jack, Michalczewski, Hill, Erdei, Adamek, Shumenov and Tiozzo all were light-heavyweight champions.
 * Holyfield, Haye, and Usyk are the only former cruiserweight champions to win the heavyweight title with Holyfield and Usyk earning recognition as undisputed champions in both divisions.
 * Toney won titles at middleweight and super middleweight. He also defeated John Ruiz in an attempt to win the heavyweight title but failed a post-fight drug test and the result was changed to a No Decision.
 * Jack won titles at super middleweight.


text:
Your Computer (Australian magazine)

Your Computer was an Australian computer magazine published by the White House Publishing Group (under licence from Motorword Pty Ltd.) and printed by The Lithgo Centre, Waterloo. Starting with the very first issue in May/June 1981 (102 pages) (with a limited print run of 30,000 ) at the recommended price of $2.00. Around 1985 the magazine was later published by Federal Publishing Company (Hannanprint Group) and printed by Macquarie Print. The monthly magazine's final issue was May/June 1997. The first editor of the magazine was Les Bell.

The articles in Your Computer catered for beginners to computing, through to highly technical programming techniques, industry updates, resources, user group and microcomputer-specific columns, and published many special features of Australian technology companies. Articles were written by both full-time magazine staff and freelance contributors, including Les Bell, Matt Whalen, Bill Bolton, Stewart White and Lloyd Borrett. Cartoonist Brendan J Ackhurst was also a frequent contributor of illustrations to the magazine. The magazine was launched in the pre-PC era, and so for many years, the magazine was focused on the then home computers such as the Commodore 64, Apple II, MicroBee and many others; however unlike most publications of this type, it never completely specialized on any one market, and so catered for hobbyists, serious hobbyists, and professionals, and remained platform agnostic.

title: Your Computer (Australian magazine)


text:
1986 in rail transport

January events

 * January 1 – The Soo Line Railroad fully absorbs the Milwaukee Road after attempting to operate it as a subsidiary railroad.
 * January 3 – Vancouver's SkyTrain begins operations between the waterfront and New Westminster.

February events

 * February 8 – 23 people are killed in the Hinton train collision when a Via Rail passenger train collides with a Canadian National freight train near Hinton, Alberta.
 * February 17 – Class 59 Co-Co diesel locomotives built by EMD for Foster Yeoman introduced into heavy freight service on British Rail, the first US-built (and privately owned) diesel locomotives to operate regularly on the English network.

March events

 * March 3 – Shin-Narashino Station, on what is now JR East's Keiyō Line in Narashino, Chiba, Japan, is opened.
 * March 24 – Edinburgh–Bathgate line in Scotland reopened to rail passengers.
 * March 25 – Conrail makes its initial public offering of stock starting at US$28 per share.

April events

 * April 1 – The Prince and Princess of Wales (Charles and Diana) open Heathrow Terminal 4 tube station on London Underground's Piccadilly line. Trains do not start serving the station until April 12, when the corresponding terminal starts handling flights.

June events

 * June 1 – The Amsterdam–Schiphol railway is opened by Nederlandse Spoorwegen.

July events

 * July 24 – The Interstate Commerce Commission denies the merger of the Santa Fe and Southern Pacific, citing an excessive amount of parallel track as one reason for the denial.
 * July 26 – The Lockington rail crash at Lockington, Humberside, England occurs when a van is struck on a level crossing. Eight passengers on the train, and a boy of 11 in the van, lose their lives.

September events

 * September 5 – The Dakota, Minnesota & Eastern Railroad begins operations in Minnesota and South Dakota.
 * September 5 – Portland, Oregon's light rail system, MAX, opens for service.
 * September 8 – The Crab Orchard & Egyptian Railroad becomes the last common carrier freight railroad in America to cease using steam locomotives as primary power when the dry-pipe in its Canadian Locomotive Company 2-8-0 No. 17 steamer collapses.
 * September 14 – The Toei Shinjuku Line is extended from Funabori to Shinozaki in Tokyo, Japan; the third extension of the line since opening in 1978.
 * September 19 – Two high speed trains collide near Rugeley, Staffordshire, England, in the Colwich rail crash; the driver of one of the two trains was the only fatality of this accident.

October events

 * October 1 – Opening of the first phase of the Kintetsu Keihanna Line in Osaka, Japan, between Nagata Station and Ikoma Station.
 * October 31 – Closure of the "Corkickle Brake" serving a chemical works at Whitehaven, Cumbria, the last commercially operated standard gauge cable railway in the United Kingdom.

November events

 * November 11 – Preserved steam locomotive British Railways Standard class 8 71000 Duke of Gloucester is recommissioned on the Great Central Railway following a 13-year restoration from part-dismantled condition.
 * November 15 – Australia's well known steam locomotive 3801 is recommissioned at the Hunter Valley Training Company in New South Wales.
 * November 21 – The Florida Central Railroad begins operations in Florida, United States.
 * November 27 – Oslo Central Station in Oslo, Norway is taken into use.

December events

 * December 30 – The Trans-Gabon Railway is completed.

July deaths

 * July 14 – Raymond Loewy, industrial designer who worked for the Pennsylvania Railroad designing the shape of equipment such as the GG1 (born 1893).

title: 1986 in rail transport


text:
Metapopulation

A metapopulation consists of a group of spatially separated populations of the same species which interact at some level. The term metapopulation was coined by Richard Levins in 1969 to describe a model of population dynamics of insect pests in agricultural fields, but the idea has been most broadly applied to species in naturally or artificially fragmented habitats. In Levins' own words, it consists of "a population of populations".

A metapopulation is generally considered to consist of several distinct populations together with areas of suitable habitat which are currently unoccupied. In classical metapopulation theory, each population cycles in relative independence of the other populations and eventually goes extinct as a consequence of demographic stochasticity (fluctuations in population size due to random demographic events); the smaller the population, the more chances of inbreeding depression and prone to extinction.

Although individual populations have finite life-spans, the metapopulation as a whole is often stable because immigrants from one population (which may, for example, be experiencing a population boom) are likely to re-colonize habitat which has been left open by the extinction of another population. They may also emigrate to a small population and rescue that population from extinction (called the rescue effect). Such a rescue effect may occur because declining populations leave niche opportunities open to the "rescuers".

The development of metapopulation theory, in conjunction with the development of source–sink dynamics, emphasised the importance of connectivity between seemingly isolated populations. Although no single population may be able to guarantee the long-term survival of a given species, the combined effect of many populations may be able to do this.

Metapopulation theory was first developed for terrestrial ecosystems, and subsequently applied to the marine realm. In fisheries science, the term "sub-population" is equivalent to the metapopulation science term "local population". Most marine examples are provided by relatively sedentary species occupying discrete patches of habitat, with both local recruitment and recruitment from other local populations in the larger metapopulation. Kritzer & Sale have argued against strict application of the metapopulation definitional criteria that extinction risks to local populations must be non-negligible.

Finnish biologist Ilkka Hanski of the University of Helsinki was an important contributor to metapopulation theory.

Predation and oscillations
The first experiments with predation and spatial heterogeneity were conducted by G. F. Gause in the 1930s, based on the Lotka–Volterra equation, which was formulated in the mid-1920s, but no further application had been conducted. The Lotka-Volterra equation suggested that the relationship between predators and their prey would result in population oscillations over time based on the initial densities of predator and prey. Gause's early experiments to prove the predicted oscillations of this theory failed because the predator–prey interactions were not influenced by immigration. However, once immigration was introduced, the population cycles accurately depicted the oscillations predicted by the Lotka-Volterra equation, with the peaks in prey abundance shifted slightly to the left of the peaks of the predator densities. Huffaker's experiments expanded on those of Gause by examining how both the factors of migration and spatial heterogeneity lead to predator–prey oscillations.

Huffaker's experiments on predator–prey interactions (1958)
In order to study predation and population oscillations, Huffaker used mite species, one being the predator and the other being the prey. He set up a controlled experiment using oranges, which the prey fed on, as the spatially structured habitat in which the predator and prey would interact. At first, Huffaker experienced difficulties similar to those of Gause in creating a stable predator–prey interaction. By using oranges only, the prey species quickly became extinct followed consequently with predator extinction. However, he discovered that by modifying the spatial structure of the habitat, he could manipulate the population dynamics and allow the overall survival rate for both species to increase. He did this by altering the distance between the prey and oranges (their food), establishing barriers to predator movement, and creating corridors for the prey to disperse. These changes resulted in increased habitat patches and in turn provided more areas for the prey to seek temporary protection. When the prey would become extinct locally at one habitat patch, they were able to reestablish by migrating to new patches before being attacked by predators. This habitat spatial structure of patches allowed for coexistence between the predator and prey species and promoted a stable population oscillation model. Although the term metapopulation had not yet been coined, the environmental factors of spatial heterogeneity and habitat patchiness would later describe the conditions of a metapopulation relating to how groups of spatially separated populations of species interact with one another. Huffaker's experiment is significant because it showed how metapopulations can directly affect the predator–prey interactions and in turn influence population dynamics.

The Levins model
Levins' original model applied to a metapopulation distributed over many patches of suitable habitat with significantly less interaction between patches than within a patch. Population dynamics within a patch were simplified to the point where only presence and absence were considered. Each patch in his model is either populated or not.

Let N be the fraction of patches occupied at a given time. During a time dt, each occupied patch can become unoccupied with an extinction probability edt. Additionally, 1 − N of the patches are unoccupied. Assuming a constant rate c of propagule generation from each of the N occupied patches, during a time dt, each unoccupied patch can become occupied with a colonization probability cNdt. Accordingly, the time rate of change of occupied patches, dN/dt, is

 * $$\frac{dN}{dt} = cN(1-N) - eN.\,$$

This equation is mathematically equivalent to the logistic model, with a carrying capacity K given by

 * $$ K = 1 - \frac{e}{c}\,$$

and growth rate r

 * $$ r = c - e.\,$$

At equilibrium, therefore, some fraction of the species's habitat will always be unoccupied.

Stochasticity and metapopulations
Huffaker's studies of spatial structure and species interactions are an example of early experimentation in metapopulation dynamics. Since the experiments of Huffaker and Levins, models have been created which integrate stochastic factors. These models have shown that the combination of environmental variability (stochasticity) and relatively small migration rates cause indefinite or unpredictable persistence. However, Huffaker's experiment almost guaranteed infinite persistence because of the controlled immigration variable.

Stochastic patch occupancy models (SPOMs)
One major drawback of the Levins model is that it is deterministic, whereas the fundamental metapopulation processes are stochastic. Metapopulations are particularly useful when discussing species in disturbed habitats, and the viability of their populations, i.e., how likely they are to become extinct in a given time interval. The Levins model cannot address this issue. A simple way to extend the Levins' model to incorporate space and stochastic considerations is by using the contact process. Simple modifications to this model can also incorporate for patch dynamics. At a given percolation threshold, habitat fragmentation effects take place in these configurations predicting more drastic extinction thresholds.

For conservation biology purposes, metapopulation models must include (a) the finite nature of metapopulations (how many patches are suitable for habitat), and (b) the probabilistic nature of extinction and colonisation. Also, in order to apply these models, the extinctions and colonisations of the patches must be asynchronous.

Microhabitat patches (MHPs) and bacterial metapopulations

Combining nanotechnology with landscape ecology, synthetic habitat landscapes have been fabricated on a chip by building a collection of bacterial mini-habitats with nano-scale channels providing them with nutrients for habitat renewal, and connecting them by corridors in different topological arrangements, generating a spatial mosaic of patches of opportunity distributed in time. This can be used for landscape experiments by studying the bacteria metapopulations on the chip, for example their evolutionary ecology.

Life history evolution
Metapopulation models have been used to explain life-history evolution, such as the ecological stability of amphibian metamorphosis in small vernal ponds. Alternative ecological strategies have evolved. For example, some salamanders forgo metamorphosis and sexually mature as aquatic neotenes. The seasonal duration of wetlands and the migratory range of the species determines which ponds are connected and if they form a metapopulation. The duration of the life history stages of amphibians relative to the duration of the vernal pool before it dries up regulates the ecological development of metapopulations connecting aquatic patches to terrestrial patches.

title: Metapopulation