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Persian Letters

Persian Letters (Lettres persanes) is a literary work, published in 1721, by Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu, recounting the experiences of two fictional Persian noblemen, Usbek and Rica, who spend several years in France under Louis XIV and the Regency.

Plot summary
In 1711 Usbek leaves his seraglio in Isfahan to make the long journey to France, accompanied by his young friend Rica. He leaves behind five wives (Zashi, Zéphis, Fatmé, Zélis, and Roxane) in the care of a number of black eunuchs, one of whom is the head or first eunuch. During the trip and their long stay in Paris (1712 to 1720), they comment, in letters exchanged with friends and mullahs, on numerous aspects of Western, Christian society, particularly French politics and manners, including a biting satire of the System of John Law. Over time, various disorders surface back in the seraglio, and, beginning in 1717 (Letter 139 [147]), that situation rapidly unravels. Usbek orders his head eunuch to crack down, but his message does not arrive in time, and the internal revolt brings about the death of his wives, including the vengeful suicide of his favorite, Roxane, and, it appears, most of the eunuchs.

Chronology
The chronology can be summarized as follows:
 * Letters 1–21 (1–23): The journey from Isfahan to France, which lasts almost 14 months (from 19 March 1711 to 4 May 1712).
 * Letters 22–89 (24–92): Paris in the reign of Louis XIV, 3 years in all (from May 1712 to September 1715).
 * Letters 90–137 (93–143) plus [Supplementary Letter 8 (145]: the Regency of Philippe d’Orléans, covering five years (from September 1715 to November 1720).
 * Letters 138–150 (146–161): the collapse of the seraglio in Isfahan, approximately 3 years (1717–1720).

Dénouement
While Usbek appreciates the freer relations among men and women in the West, he remains, as master of a seraglio, in some measure a prisoner of his past. His wives play the role of languorous, abandoned lovers, he that of master and lover, with limited communication and little revelation of their true selves; Usbek's language with them is as constrained as theirs with him. Suspecting from the outset, moreover, that he is not assured of a return to Persia, Usbek is also already disabused with respect to the attitude of his wives (letters 6 and 19 [20]). The seraglio is a bed of tension from which he increasingly distances himself, trusting his wives no more than he really trusts his eunuchs (Letter 6).

Everything cascades in the final letters (139–150 [147–161]), thanks to a sudden analepse of more than three years with respect to the sequence of letters by date. From letter 69 (71) to letter 139 (147) – chronologically from 1714 to 1720 – not a single letter from Usbek relates to the seraglio, which from letter 94 to 143 (and even in the posthumous edition from supplementary letter 97 to letter supplementary letter 8 [145]) is unmentioned in any guise. The letters from 126 to 137 (132 to 148) are from Rica, which, when examined closely, means that for about fifteen months (from 4 August 1719 to 22 October 1720) Usbek is silent. Although he has in the meantime received letters, they are unknown to the reader until the final series, which is more developed after the addition of supplementary letters 9–11 (157, 158, 160) of 1758, although Usbek has learned as early as October 1714 that "the seraglio is in disorder" (letter 63 [65]). As the spirit of rebellion advances, he decides to take action, but too late; with delays in the transmission of letters and the loss of some of them, the situation is beyond remedy.

A dejected Usbek is apparently resigned to the necessity of returning, with little hope, to Persia; on 4 October 1719 he laments: "I shall deliver my head to my enemies" (147 [155]). He nevertheless does not do so: late in 1720 he is still in Paris, for letters 134–137 (140–145), which contain the history of Law's "System", are in fact posterior to Roxane's last missive (dated 8 May 1720), which he must already have received – the usual time for delivery being about five months – when he writes the latest in date of his own (supplementary letter 8 and letter 138 [145 and 146]), in October and November 1720. There is no reason to think he ever actually returns.

Epistolary novel
Montesquieu never referred to Persian Letters as a novel until "Quelques remarques sur les Lettres persanes (1757)," which begins: "Nothing found more favor in Lettres persanes than to discover in them, unexpectedly, a sort of novel. One sees the beginning, the development, and the end; the various characters are placed in a chain that connects them." Initially, for most of its first readers as well as for its author, the book was not thought of primarily a novel, and even less an "epistolary novel" (as it is often classified now), which was not at that time in any sense a constituted genre. Indeed, it has little in common with the sole model at the time, Guilleragues's Lettres portugaises of 1669. A collection of "letters" in 1721 would more likely evoke the recent tradition of essentially polemical and political periodicals, such as Lettres historiques (1692–1728) or the Jesuits' famous Lettres édifiantes et curieuses (1703–1776), not to mention Mme Dunoyer's Lettres historiques et galantes (1707–1717) which, in the form of a correspondence between two women, provide a chronicle of the end of the reign of Louis XIV and the beginning of the Regency. Lettres persanes thus helped confirm the vogue of a format that was already more or less established. It is in its numerous imitations – such as Lettres juives (1738) and Lettres chinoises (1739) of Boyer d’Argens, Lettres d’une Turque à Paris, écrites à sa sœur (1730) by Poullain de Saint-Foix (published several times in conjunction with Lettres persanes), and perhaps especially Françoise de Graffigny’s Lettres d’une Péruvienne (1747) – not to mention the letter-novels of Richardson – which, between 1721 and 1754, had in effect transformed Lettres persanes into an "epistolary novel". Whence this remark in Montesquieu's Mes Pensées: "My Lettres persanes taught people to write letter-novels" (no. 1621).

The epistolary structure is quite flexible, nineteen correspondents in all, with at least twenty-two recipients. Usbek and Rica by far dominate with sixty-six letters for the former and forty-seven for the latter (of the original 150). Ibben functions more as addressee than correspondent, writing only two letters but the recipient of forty-two. An unnamed person designated only as *** (if always the same) receives eighteen letters but writes none at all. There is even a particular anomaly, a letter from Hagi Ibbi to Ben Josué (Letter 37 [39]), neither of whom is mentioned anywhere else.

The letters are all dated in accordance with a lunar calendar which, as Robert Shackleton showed in 1954, in fact corresponds to our own by simple substitution of Muslim names as follows: Zilcadé (January), Zilhagé (February), Maharram (March), Saphar (April), Rebiab I (May), Rebiab II (June), Gemmadi I (July), Gemmadi II (August), Rhegeb (September), Chahban (October), Rhamazan (November), Chalval (December).

Social commentary
In Paris, the Persians express themselves and elicit the opinions of others on a wide variety of subjects, from governmental institutions to salon caricatures. The difference of temperament of the two friends is notable, Usbek being more experienced and asking many questions, Rica less constrained and more attracted by aspects of French life. Both retain Montesquieu's rich satirical tone, as in Rica's letter 70 (72):

"The other day I happened to be in a company where I saw a man who was very content with himself. In fifteen minutes he decided three questions of morality, four historical problems, and five points of physics. I have never seen such a universal decider ; his mind was never suspended by the slightest doubt. They left the sciences, and took up news of the day ; he decided about the news of the day. I wanted to trip him up, and said to myself: I must make use of my strength ; I am going to take refuge in my country. I spoke to him of Persia ; but I had scarcely said four words before he twice refuted me, based on the authority of MM. Tavernier and Chardin. Oh good Lord, said I to myself, who is this man ? Next thing he will know the streets of Isfahan better than I do ! My decision was soon made: I said no more, and let him talk, and he is still deciding."

Although this takes place soon before the death of the aged king, much of what he has accomplished is still admired in a Paris where the Invalides is just being completed and cafés and theatre proliferate. We observe the function of parliaments, tribunals, religious bodies (Capuchins, Jesuits, etc.), public places and their publics (the Tuileries, the Palais Royal), state foundations (the hospital of the Quinze-Vingts (three hundred) for the blind, Invalides for wounded veterans). They describe a buzzing culture, where even the presence of two Persians quickly becomes a popular phenomenon thanks to the proliferation of prints (letter 28 [30]). The café – where debates take place (letter 34 [36]) – has become established as a public institution, as were already the theatre and opera. There are still people foolish enough to search at their own expense for the philosopher's stone; the newsmonger and the periodical press are beginning to play a significant role in everyday life. Everything from institutions (the university, the Academy, Sciences, the Bull Unigenitus) to groups (fashion, dandies, coquettes) to individuals (the opera singer, the old warrior, the rake, and so forth) comes before the reader's eye.

Usbek for his part is troubled by religious comparisons. Though it never occurs to him to cease being a Muslim, and while he still wonders at some aspects of Christianity (the Trinity, communion), he writes to austere authorities to inquire, for example, why some foods are considered to be unclean (letters 15–17 [16–18]). He also assimilates the two religions and even all religions with respect to their social utility.

Certain sequences of letters by a single author develop a particular subject more fully, such as letters 11–14 from Usbek to Mirza about the Troglodytes, letters 109–118 (113–122) from Usbek to Rhedi on demography, letters 128–132 (134–138) from Rica on his visit to the library at Saint-Victor. They sketch numerous analyses that will later be developed in L’Esprit des lois for subjects such as the types of power, the influence of climate, and the critique of colonization.

Publication
The first edition of the novel, which consisted of 150 letters, appeared in May 1721 under the rubric Cologne: Pierre Marteau, a front for the Amsterdam publisher Jacques Desbordes whose business was now being run by his widow, Susanne de Caux. Referred to as edition A, this is the text utilized in the recent critical edition of Lettres persanes (2004) for the ongoing complete works of Montesquieu published in Oxford and Lyon/Paris beginning in 1998. A second edition (B) by the same publisher later in the same year, for which there is so far no entirely satisfactory explanation, curiously included three new letters but omitted thirteen of the original ones. All subsequent editions in the author's lifetime derive from one of these two. A posthumous edition in 1758, prepared by Montesquieu's son, included eight new letters – bringing the total at that point to 161 – and a short piece by the author entitled "Quelques réflexions sur les Lettres persanes". This edition has been the source of all subsequent editions prior to volume I of the Œuvres complètes in 2004, which reverts to the text of the original edition but includes the added letters marked as "supplementary." Letter references in this article will refer to this edition with, in parentheses, the numbering scheme of 1758.

Critical history
Lettres persanes was an immediate and durable sensation and was often imitated, but it has been diversely read over time. Until the middle of the twentieth century, it was the "spirit" of the Regency which was largely admired, as well as the caricature in the classical tradition of La Bruyère, Pascal and Fontenelle. No one thought to attach it to the novelistic genre. The Persian side of the story tended to be considered as a fanciful decor, the true interest of the work lying in its factitious "oriental" impressions of French society, along with political and religious satire and critique.

In the 1950s began a new era of studies based on better texts and renewed research. Particularly important were the extensively annotated edition by Paul Vernière for Classiques Garnier, long the standard edition, and the findings of Robert Shackleton regarding its use of Muslim chronology; also new perspectives by Roger Mercier, Roger Laufer, and Pauline Kra, which put new focus on the work's unity and integrated the seraglio into its overall meaning. Others who have followed have looked into the ramifications of epistolary form (Rousset, Laufer, Versini), the structure and meaning of the seraglio (Brady, Singerman), and Usbek's purported contradictions. In recent decades it has been religion (Kra) and especially politics (Ehrard, Goulemot, Benrekassa) which predominate, with a progressive return to the role of the seraglio with all its women and eunuchs (Grosrichard, Goldzink, McAlpin, Starobinski, Delon) or the cultural contrast of Orient and Occident.

Key themes

 * Comparative religion
 * Exile
 * Humanism
 * National identity and nationalism
 * Race
 * Reason

title: Persian Letters


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John C. Lodge

John Christian Lodge (August 12, 1862 – February 6, 1950) was an influential politician from Detroit, Michigan, serving as mayor from 1922 to 1923, in 1924, and from 1927 to 1929, and spending over 30 years on the Detroit City Council.

Biography
John C. Lodge was born in Detroit on August 12, 1862, to Dr. Edwin A. Lodge and Christiana Lodge (née Hanson). He attended the Michigan Military Academy in 1881. He worked as a reporter and city editor for the Detroit Free Press from 1889 to 1896. In 1897 he entered the lumber industry, and was connected with the Dwight Lumber Company.

Politics
Lodge was the chief clerk for the Wayne County Auditors from 1897 to 1905, then served for two years as the secretary to mayor George P. Codd. He was a member of the Michigan House of Representatives as a Republican from Wayne County's 1st district, from 1909 to 1910, and served as chair of the Wayne County Board of Supervisors. He was a member of the Detroit City Council beginning in 1910, and held the position for 17 years before being elected mayor, nine of them as council president. During that time, Lodge served twice as acting mayor: once from December 5, 1922, to April 9, 1923, after James J. Couzens's resignation to assume the office of United States Senator, and once from August 2, 1924, to November 21, 1924, after Joseph A. Martin's resignation. In 1927, Lodge was elected mayor in his own right, serving from 1927 to 1929. He was defeated in his quest for renomination in 1929. After his stint as mayor, Lodge returned to the city council, serving there from 1932 to 1947.

Lodge died on February 6, 1950, and is buried at Elmwood Cemetery in Detroit. After his death, the John C. Lodge Freeway (M-10) in Detroit was named after him.

Family
Lodge was the great uncle of aviator Charles Lindbergh. Before Lindbergh's famed transatlantic flight, he approached Lodge for funding. Lodge declined, convinced his grandnephew faced certain death. Lindbergh would go on to receive funding from supporters in St. Louis, rather than Detroit.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John C. Lodge


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Battle in the Philippines

Battle of the Philippines may refer to several wars, military campaigns, and major battles which have been fought in the Philippine Islands, including:

 * Spanish conquest
 * Battle of Bangkusay Channel
 * 1582 Cagayan battles
 * Tondo Conspiracy
 * Bankaw revolt
 * Battle of Puerto de Cavite
 * Philippine revolts against Spain
 * The Philippine Revolution (1896–98), called the "Tagalog War" by the Spanish, a military conflict between the people of the Philippines and the Spanish colonial authorities
 * Battle of San Mateo and Montalban
 * Battle of San Francisco de Malabon
 * Battle of San Juan del Monte
 * Kawit revolt
 * Battle of Sambat
 * Battle of Pateros
 * Battle of Camalig
 * Battles of Batangas
 * Battle of Talisay
 * Battle of Pasong Tamo
 * Battle of Imus
 * Battle of Binakayan-Dalahican
 * Battle of Kakarong de Sili
 * Battle of Perez Dasmariñas
 * Cry of Tarlac
 * Battle of Zapote Bridge (1897)
 * Battle of Calamba
 * Battle of Tayabas
 * Battle of Tres de Abril
 * Siege of Zamboanga
 * Battle of Alapan
 * Negros Revolution
 * Battles of Manila (disambiguation)
 * The Battle of Manila Bay (1898) during the Spanish–American War
 * The Philippine–American War (1899–1902), an armed conflict between the Philippines and the United States
 * Battle of Caloocan
 * Battle of Tirad Pass
 * Battle of Santo Tomas
 * Battle of Cagayan de Misamis
 * Battle of Makahambus Hill
 * Capture of Malolos
 * Battle of Zapote River
 * Battle of Quingua
 * Battle of Calumpit
 * Battle of Olongapo
 * Battle of Pagsanjan
 * Battle of Paete
 * Battle of Santa Cruz (1899)
 * Battle of Paye
 * Battle of Mabitac
 * Battle of Pulang Lupa
 * Battle of Agusan Hill
 * Battle of Balangiga
 * Battle of Siranaya
 * The Philippines campaign (1941–1942), the conquest of the Philippine Islands by the Japanese Empire during World War II in December '41 – May '42, including these significant battles:
 * The Battle of Bataan on Luzon Island
 * The Battle of Corregidor of 1942 on Corregidor Island in Manila Bay
 * Japanese invasion of Davao
 * The Philippines campaign (1944–1945), the long American and Filipino land, sea, and aviation campaigns of October '44 through August '45. Major battles in this campaign included:
 * Battle of the Philippine Sea
 * Raid at Cabanatuan
 * The U.S. Army's and Philippine Army's Battle of Leyte (October – November '44)
 * The Naval Battle of Leyte Gulf (October '44)
 * The Naval Battle of Surigao Strait (October '44)
 * The Naval Battle off Samar (October '44)
 * Battle of Bessang Pass
 * The U.S. Army's and Philippine Army's Battle of Mindoro
 * The U.S. Army's Invasion of Lingayen Gulf (January '45)
 * Battle of Samar
 * The U.S. Army's and Philippine Army's Battle of Luzon
 * The Battle of Corregidor (1945) on Corregidor Island in Manila Bay
 * The U.S. Army's and Philippine Army's Battle of Manila (1945)
 * The U.S. Army's and Philippine Army's Battle of the Visayas
 * The U.S. Army's and Philippine Army's Battle of Mindanao
 * Battle of Davao
 * Battle of Mindoro
 * Invasion of Palawan
 * Zamboanga Siege 2013
 * 2017 Bohol clashes
 * The Battle of Marawi May-October 2017

title: Battle in the Philippines


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Talk:Matthias Jakob Schleiden

Popularisers, not originators
This article was mainly taken from Encyc Brit. If you want a recent assessment, see Harris H. 1999. The birth of the cell. Yale University Press, New Haven. He shows (chapter 9) that D & S were popularisers of the already published ideas of Jan Purkyně. Macdonald-ross (talk) 07:43, 6 November 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Matthias Jakob Schleiden


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User talk:Metatron~enwiki

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Goat Rock Beach

Goat Rock Beach is a sand beach in northwestern Sonoma County, California, United States. This landform is a sub-unit of Sonoma Coast State Beach, owned and managed by the State of California. At the northern terminus of Goat Rock Beach is the mouth of the Russian River, and the southern end of this crescent shaped expanse is the massive Goat Rock, an iconic outcrop of the Sonoma Coast, which is barely attached to the mainland by a narrow isthmus.

Goat Rock Beach is frequented by beachcombing visitors, but usually not in high numbers, except in mid-summer; there is some wading and surfing activity, although these uses are moderated by the rip current generated by a steep gradient into the water that leads to an underwater trench parallel to the waterline. The beach is also a regular resting ground for a variety of gulls (including Western Gull, California Gull, and Ring Billed Gull), river otters, elephant seals, harbor seals, and sea lions, with the latter three species often hauling out of the Pacific Ocean. The state of California recommends that a 50. yd distance be preserved between human visitors and the seasonal marine mammals, especially in the pupping season.

Vicinity features
The Russian River, with its mouth at the north end of Goat Rock Beach, is Sonoma County's largest watercourse, both in flow rate and lineal extent. Immediately beyond the Russian River discharge to the Pacific Ocean is the coastal town of Jenner. North of the mouth of the Russian River is Jenner Beach. Goat Rock protrudes into the Pacific at the south end of Goat Rock Beach. Visitors can access the base of Goat Rock via a low lying isthmus of land which has been appropriated by the State as a parking area. The almost sheer cliffs of Goat Rock are virtually impossible to scale or to circumnavigate; in fact, signage is posted prohibiting either activity. There is considerable sloughing of broken rock from these vertical surfaces of Goat Rock. Blind Beach is situated immediately south of Goat Rock Beach, the two beaches being separated by Goat Rock itself. Along Goat Rock Beach and the adjoining beaches, massive rock outcroppings are found both on the shore and protruding from the Pacific Ocean as small skerries. Among these rugged structures are natural arches formed by powerful wave action selectively eroding weaker strata of the rock formations. Approximately 17 mi to the south is another major geological feature of the Northern California coast known as Bodega Head. Goat Beach lies below and slightly west of State Route 1.

During the summer months, a sandbar is built up along the beach and separates the Russian River from the Pacific Ocean. This sandbar is breached whenever the water levels reach heights between 4.5 - 7 ft at the Jenner visitor center. Breaching of the sandbar during late fall/early winter splits the beach in two sections. The northern section is protected by the Russian River flowing into the ocean and creates an ideal location for harbor seal pupping.

The Russian River State Marine Reserve and Russian River State Marine Conservation Area protect the Russian River Estuary. Like underwater parks, these marine protected areas help conserve ocean and freshwater wildlife and marine ecosystems.

Geology
Goat Rock Beach is subject to continuing marine erosion as well as windborne erosion, thus creating a situation where an average of 1 to 3 ft per year of land mass is lost, except for the hardest of outcrop formations. In winters of heavy storms, this value can be yet higher. Over the last geologic epoch the land has been subject to uplift, a process combined with marine erosion, which has created a marine terrace above the entire extent of the beach. This marine terrace elevation varies approximately 30. - 150. ft above mean sea level, which results in a steep bluff directly above the littoral zone, and a succession of terrace levels.

The sea stacks along the coast at Goat Rock Beach consist of rocks from the Franciscan Complex, formed within an era of plate collision along the western coast of North America. From about 200 to 30 million years ago, the North American Plate was in continual collision with the Farallon Plate. A variety of rock types resulted from this collision, including pillow basalt, chert, and marine sandstone. During the plate collisions, these rocks were considerably faulted and crushed into melange, which is a mixture of ground-up matrix and resistant pockets of rock floating within. When melange is eroded by wave action, the softer part of the matrix is washed away, leaving the more resistant blocks exposed in the ocean as sea stacks. Goat Rock is such a flat topped sea stack consisting of a block of resistant greywacke.

Vertical sea stack formations, a geological hallmark of this shoreline, appear standing out of the water or on the beach resembling sculptures. Occasionally these stacks appear on the marine terrace, indicating their ancient genesis on the sea floor prior to uplift. These rock formations are characteristically composed of sandstone with layers of quartz.

The active San Andreas Fault runs roughly parallel and near to the coastline of Goat Rock Beach. Soils within the site are classified as coastal beach sands (where rocky shoreline is not evident) and escarpment group soils on the marine terrace; typically soils above the marine terrace are in the Rohnerville loam group. Most of the beach sands consist of a medium coarse brown to gray sandy materials, reflecting the high rate of erosion of escarpment soils into the ocean; however, there are patches of dark gray smooth pebble beach such as the approximately 100. m stretch lying immediately north of Goat Rock. The beach is changed every year.

Area history
The oldest natural history of this area related to mammals manifests in a series of rock outcrops about one third of a mile south of Goat Rock Beach, positioned above the shoreline on a low lying marine terrace. There are uplifted sea stack formations with prominent rubbing marks about 2 to 4 m in elevation above the ground surface, a height too high to have been caused by modern bovids. Mammoths are believed to have roamed here as recently as 40,000 years ago, and they are thought to have created these severe rubbing marks. Mammoth fossil remains have been found at Bodega Head at the south end of Sonoma Coast State Beach.

The earliest known human settlement of this site was by the Native American Coast Miwok and Pomo tribes. As early as 1849 archaeological discoveries were recorded in the vicinity, and to date several prehistoric kitchen middens and other types of tribal habitation finds have been made. Goat Rock Beach is part of the Mexican land grant rancho Bodega. The Russians are thought to have begun logging the old-growth forests directly above the coastal prairie in the early 19th century.

The underwater delineation of the property is considered to extend to 1000. ft from the shoreline. While no shipwrecks have been discovered, the literature indicates that there are at least 17 vessels which may have been lost in these waters. There are remains of numerous historic barns and other agricultural buildings on the coastal prairie several miles south of Goat Rock Beach, indicating 19th century settlement by Europeans; to the south, at Duncans Landing there are iron pins embedded in the sandstone bluffs as evidence of an active shipping industry here in the late 19th and early 20th century.

In the era circa 1920, a sizeable quarrying was conducted at Goat Rock, which activity produced the apparent separation of Goat Rock from the mainland. Quarry products were transported to the mouth of the Russian River via a now abandoned rail line; some of these materials were used to attempt the construction of a jetty in the mouth area, but that project was eventually terminated.

Flora and fauna
There are three distinct habitats present at Goat Rock Beach, including marine, littoral zone and coastal prairie. The marine environment presents gray whales, harbor seals, and California sea lions, as well as a multitude of fish species and other marine organisms; in fact, several species of anadromous fish enter the Russian River estuary and migrate for tens of miles up the Laguna de Santa Rosa and other Russian River tributaries. Furthermore, a variety of pelagic birds and shorebirds are locally in evidence. Additionally, there are modest kelp beds and other marine vegetation. The littoral beach environment has fewer organisms than more southerly zones of California, because of the colder temperatures here.

The coastal prairie soils on the marine terrace above the beach are moderately well drained and granular with moderate soil permeability; these features manifest high erosion potential and moderately high bio-productivity. Acidity of these loamy soils is medium to high, and thus some vegetative stunting and hospitality to rare plants is offered; however, the tree stunting is not as pronounced as farther north along the Mendocino coast, which presents extensive and exaggerated pygmy forests. The upland environment on the coastal prairie offers a range of grass species and wildflowers including varieties of lupine, thistle and wild oats. The typical annual plant productivity is approximately 1500. kg per acre of air dried yield per annum in an abundant moisture year, and about half that amount in a very dry year. A variety of birds and mammals thrive on the coastal prairie including numerous California Mule Deer, Odocoileus hemionus californicus.

Rules and facilities
Due to the potential safety risks of strong rip currents and sneaker waves at Goat Rock Beach, swimming is strictly prohibited. There are restroom facilities, a parking lot, and picnic tables on site. Hang-gliding is permitted from a 150. ft high launch point on a high marine terrace above the southern part of Goat Rock Beach, provided the participant is in possession of USHGA card, Sonoma Wings card, and signed waiver card.

Popular culture

 * The naming of Goat Rock is disputed, but many accounts indicate some goatherds circa early 20th century used the flat grassy top of the formation for grazing goats, since few other species could scale the steep slopes.
 * Goat Rock Beach polled as the second most popular beach venue in Sonoma County with readers of Metroactive.
 * A group of boulders known as Sunset Boulders near the entrance road is popular with local climbers. Many top rope and bouldering problems exist, ranging from 5.2 to V10.
 * Goat Rock Beach, looking towards Arched Rock, was used to portray Cauldron Point in the final scene of the 1985 cult movie The Goonies, with the Inferno, the ship of "One-Eyed Willy" seen in the distance, sailing away.

title: Goat Rock Beach


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Frisanco

Frisanco (Frisanc) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Pordenone in the region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, north-eastern Italy. Its frazione (borough) of Poffabro is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").

History
As early as 1492 a church stood in the center of the village.

A fire swept through the mountain village in 1606, destroying much of the town including all of the town's public and religious records. In the archives of the Curia of Udine there are the documents from 1648 to 1650 regarding a trial of the inquisition against witches who were said to meet for sabbats in the meadow of Malgustât, behind Mt. Raut. In one document it is written that the, "village of Frisanco in particular is said to be the witches’ nest".

On 28 September 1810 by Napoleonic decree Frisanco became the administrative center of the Val Colvera which included annexing Poffabro.

Main sights

 * Palazzo Pognici, built in 1600. It has its own square and fountain.
 * Di Lorenzo Courtyard has a Christian fresco which dates back to June 6, 1782.
 * The current church's bell tower was completed in 1901 and it rises high above the small clusters of buildings which makes up the town made of two and three story buildings.

Culture
As of 2007, there is an annual circus arts festival, Brocante, based in Frisanco. There are shows in Frisanco and neighboring villages. The festival takes place in late July and lasts for four days, ending with a parade through the older parts of Frisanco.

Villages
Colvere (Colvuri in Friulian) lies in the Val Colvera, and takes its name from the stream. It has five borghi (boroughs), Gobbo and Cudili on the west bank of the Colvera, Fornasatte, Polàz and Mènis on the east bank. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the west bank was mostly settled by people from Casasola, and from Poffabro on the west bank.

title: Frisanco


text:
User:271

Hmm?

title: User:271


text:
User talk:Eadric

Untagged image
Hi! Thanks for uploading the following image:

 * Image:Eadred.jpg

I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status?

You can use   if you wish to release your own work under the GNU Free Documentation License,    if you wish to release your own work to the public domain,    if you claim fair use of someone else's work, and so on. Click here for a list of the various tags.

If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know at my talk page where you got the image from, and I'll tag it for you. Thanks so much. Denni ☯ 03:47, 2004 Dec 16 (UTC)

P.S. You can help tag other images at Untagged_Images. Thanks again.

I did not upload this image.

Invitation to the Forgotten Realms project
Hi,

We are working on a Forgotten Realms Project to map Toril (mostly Faerûn, at the present). Since you contributed quite a lot on a Forgotten Realms-specific entry, I'd like to invite you to join the project, so we could improve the “Mapping the Realms” project.

The goal is to create a sort of World Factbook for the Realms. This means:
 * A consistent content
 * Use of templates
 * Entries should be limited to “sovereign places”: states and free cities, as well a moderately-inhabited place such as the Western Highlands.

On top of this, we also plan to cover Lost Empires, such as Pelvuria or Imaskar and, of course, Netheril

 * The project is located here
 * The Geographical index of Toril is a good start to get a visual of had been done, as well as the Halruaa entry.

Main contributors are presently
 * David Latapie
 * Poulsen

If you know some other person who would be interested, feel free to forward the invitation!

Feel free to take a look. We hope to see you soon mapping the Realms with us! Reply to David Latapie 12:58, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Kara-Tur

The article Kara-Tur has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Non-notable fictional topic"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. TTN (talk) 02:45, 14 September 2019 (UTC)

Nomination of Kara-Tur for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Kara-Tur is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Kara-Tur until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 02:34, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eadric


text:
Talk:Ludacris

Semi-protected edit request on 11 August 2021
Number of children 4, baby Chance was born on 7/28/2021 2600:1017:B123:FF0B:FD98:73C0:3A4A:6B2E (talk) 10:00, 11 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. –– Sirdog9002 (talk) 10:13, 11 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Hello please provide statement. Baking man (talk) 21:29, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

Moved to GA at age 9, but attended and IL high school?
A little confused by the article. Twice it says he moved to Georgia at age 9 and began rapping. But then it claims he graduated from Oak Park high school, which is in Illinois. Did he move back? 2601:249:1781:7250:499D:ED28:E78:A050 (talk) 15:34, 19 March 2022 (UTC)

NBA Ballers: Phenom
Luda voiced himself in this video game. Bwgriffin (talk) 02:44, 22 May 2023 (UTC)

Grammar
There's some very bad grammar in this entry. Someone should edit it. 47.205.57.111 (talk) 02:05, 6 March 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 12 June 2024
Would you replace his picture with a recent cornrow picture? 2600:1700:1BFB:5010:1523:962F:B862:1708 (talk) 03:39, 12 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: No replacement cornrow photo stated in the request. ABG (Talk/Report any mistakes here) 04:21, 12 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ludacris


text:
Talk:1 E30 K

I think everything above 109 K should be combined into one entry, instead of having wasted articles for every power of 1000 to wade through. Gene Nygaard 03:07, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:1 E30 K


text:
Proca action

In physics, specifically field theory and particle physics, the Proca action describes a massive spin-1 field of mass m in Minkowski spacetime. The corresponding equation is a relativistic wave equation called the Proca equation. The Proca action and equation are named after Romanian physicist Alexandru Proca.

The Proca equation is involved in the Standard Model and describes there the three massive vector bosons, i.e. the Z and W bosons.

This article uses the (+−−−) metric signature and tensor index notation in the language of 4-vectors.

Lagrangian density
The field involved is a complex 4-potential $$ B^\mu = \left (\frac{\phi}{c}, \mathbf{A} \right)$$, where $$ \phi $$ is a kind of generalized electric potential and $$ \mathbf{A} $$ is a generalized magnetic potential. The field $$B^\mu$$ transforms like a complex four-vector.

The Lagrangian density is given by:

 * $$\mathcal{L}=-\frac{1}{2}(\partial_\mu B_\nu^*-\partial_\nu B_\mu^*)(\partial^\mu B^\nu-\partial^\nu B^\mu)+\frac{m^2 c^2}{\hbar^2}B_\nu^* B^\nu.$$

where $$ c $$ is the speed of light in vacuum, $$ \hbar $$ is the reduced Planck constant, and $$ \partial_{\mu}$$ is the 4-gradient.

Equation
The Euler–Lagrange equation of motion for this case, also called the Proca equation, is:

 * $$\partial_\mu(\partial^\mu B^\nu - \partial^\nu B^\mu)+\left(\frac{mc}{\hbar}\right)^2 B^\nu=0$$

which is equivalent to the conjunction of

 * $$\left[\partial_\mu \partial^\mu+ \left(\frac{mc}{\hbar}\right)^2\right]B^\nu=0$$

with (in the massive case)

 * $$\partial_\mu B^\mu=0 \!$$

which may be called a generalized Lorenz gauge condition. For non-zero sources, with all fundamental constants included, the field equation is:

 * $$c{{\mu }_{0}}{{j}^{\nu }}=\left( {{g}^{\mu \nu }}\left( {{\partial }_{\sigma }}{{\partial }^{\sigma }}+{{m}^{2}}{{c}^{2}}/{{\hbar }^{2}} \right)-{{\partial }^{\nu }}{{\partial }^{\mu }} \right){{B}_{\mu }}$$

When $$ m = 0 $$, the source free equations reduce to Maxwell's equations without charge or current, and the above reduces to Maxwell's charge equation. This Proca field equation is closely related to the Klein–Gordon equation, because it is second order in space and time.

In the vector calculus notation, the source free equations are:

 * $$\Box \phi - \frac{\partial }{\partial t} \left(\frac{1}{c^2}\frac{\partial \phi}{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot\mathbf{A}\right) =-\left(\frac{mc}{\hbar}\right)^2\phi \!$$
 * $$\Box \mathbf{A} + \nabla \left(\frac{1}{c^2}\frac{\partial \phi}{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot\mathbf{A}\right) =-\left(\frac{mc}{\hbar}\right)^2\mathbf{A}\!$$

and $$\Box $$ is the D'Alembert operator.

Gauge fixing
The Proca action is the gauge-fixed version of the Stueckelberg action via the Higgs mechanism. Quantizing the Proca action requires the use of second class constraints.

If $$m \neq 0$$, they are not invariant under the gauge transformations of electromagnetism

 * $$B^\mu \rightarrow B^\mu - \partial^\mu f $$

where $$ f $$ is an arbitrary function.

title: Proca action


text:
Talk:BET

Original name Black Entertainment Television
Article renamed to BET about Dec 2013 ~

Fair use rationale for File:Betgolden.jpg
File:Betgolden.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the i==[I0PI0KCBL][RHP S'Fage description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 05:49, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

Schedule Change
where did Jamie Foxx & The Wayans Bros. go? & what happened to In Living Color? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.230.144.177 (talk) 23:14, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

Signshare
Please, no one remove what I have put up, I have not quite finished, and it will probably take a few days. I'm giving the article a history section. --Signshare (talk) 23:51, 8 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your contribution - I've fixed the section based on Footnotes and Citation templates regarding writing citations & using the same citation multiple times in an article. --Andrewlp1991 (talk) 02:59, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

Disputed
Since this is a "controversial topic", where is the "criticism" section? Most controversial pages have them. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.31.143.193 (talk) 03:19, 18 December 2008 (UTC)

 * the section was deleted by an anonymous user in november, i've restored it Rizla (talk) 05:12, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

 * On a related note, is "negative portrayal of African Americans/women and too much overt sexuality" really the only criticism people have directed to BET? Nobody has anything to say about the racism? 65.79.1.34 (talk) 20:01, 22 March 2013 (UTC)

I agree. What about the racism? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.168.79.245 (talk) 03:57, 31 October 2013 (UTC)

The Proud Family
I think this should be noted as I am watching a Proud Family marathon on BET right now. For those who do not know what this show is, it's a show that originally aired on the Disney Channel. I suggest somebody should look into rather or not BET officially purchased this show, because my channel guide still says that it airs on Disney Channel. If not, find out what kind of deal that Viacom and Disney worked out? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.233.117.76 (talk) 03:51, 27 December 2008 (UTC)

More History
BET needs more information added to its "History" section of its article. All it shows is a couple of events after its incarnation in 1980 and what happened two years ago. People who visit this website need to know a lot, not a little, about BET. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wikilover223 (talk • contribs) 10:16, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

HELP ME|Is this page locked

 * I'm copying this to user talk page  Chzz  ► 14:25, 8 April 2011 (UTC)

There is no locked signal on the upper right, but I think this article is. I looked @ the logs and see no lock indicated. Please help. Thanks. 69.140.66.37 (talk) 14:02, 8 April 2011 (UTC)

 * No, the article Black Entertainment Television is not currently protected - see .  Chzz  ► 14:23, 8 April 2011 (UTC)

Removed From Dish Network?
I saw a Twitter update saying BET will be removed from Dish Network. I checked Dish's website and couldn't find BET(Channel 124) on the programming list. I've been having trouble finding another source though. Metalb (talk) 22:36, 21 September 2011 (UTC)

Serious question - serious answer PLEASE
Why isn't this considered racist? If someone were to create White Entertainment Television, they'd be crucified for it.71.243.221.134 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 12:34, 11 November 2012 (UTC)
 * WP:NOTFORUM, but the majority of actors and characters on other American networks are white, and usually disproportionately so compared to whites' share of the population. BET was presumably created at least partially to address this disparity. It's difficult to conceive of a good-faith reason to create a White Entertainment Television network. It could be an ordinary network with typical programming, in which case the name would just be puzzling, or it could be a platform for espousing white pride, which is almost always going to involve some sort of hate speech. --BDD (talk) 19:58, 5 December 2013 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was moved to BET. --BDD (talk) 23:34, 28 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Sarith the richest gambler khmer pac 95 hotkhmerboi hitting nb hittler Brittan 1 love 2603:9001:1100:454C:D772:871:6B4D:48D9 (talk) 23:03, 2 May 2024 (UTC)

Black Entertainment Television → BET (TV channel) – For now, the network or the people owning this channel calls this channel "BET", as "Turner Network Television" is now "TNT". Relisted. BDD (talk) 19:26, 12 December 2013 (UTC) George Ho (talk) 06:26, 28 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Of course the page should be titled as specifically as "BET" with that exact abbreviation. That's how the network is addressed by all reliable sources, and last time I checked reliable sources trump on Wikipedia above personal opinions that are expressed here or anywhere else. CNN's Wikipedia page is not titled Cable News Network (even though that is sill the full name next to the registered mark sign). Likewise the Wikipedia's NBC page is not titled "National Broadcasting", CBS page is not 'Columbia Broadcasting... etc etc. Loginnigol (talk) 10:34, 28 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Comment, isn't this the WP:PTOPIC? Considering other "BET"s, I see no major competence to move this page there. ©   Tb hotch ™ (en-2.5). 06:38, 29 November 2013 (UTC)
 * I meant that I'm planning to move it to "BET (TV channel)", Tbhotch. George Ho (talk) 07:58, 29 November 2013 (UTC)
 * I know, but why we need the "(TV channel)" if this is the primary topic for any other "B.E.T."? ©   Tb hotch ™ (en-2.5). 22:53, 29 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Isn't primacy relevant? Well, the channel isn't primary enough to own the base name, "BET". George Ho (talk) 00:53, 30 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Can you indicate which one of the listed B E Ts articles is the direct competence to not consider it "primary"? ©   Tb hotch ™ (en-2.5). 04:26, 30 November 2013 (UTC)
 * There is Bethel Airport from Alaska. The rest are either scientific or defunct, like the British one. But an airport against the American channel? What do you think? George Ho (talk) 04:40, 30 November 2013 (UTC)
 * TV channel, especially when they "reach more than 90 million households" (in the US alone), and the people arriving here are many times more than the airport.  ©   Tb hotch ™ (en-2.5). 05:48, 30 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Acronym "BET" can't match against bet, can it? Is the TV channel more significant than the airport, especially when reading other articles about BET? George Ho (talk) 06:15, 30 November 2013 (UTC)
 * When you refer to the verb "bet", you simply say "bet" (IPA: /bɛt/), not "B.E.T." (IPA: /bi/ /i/ /ti/). And I thought that I have explained why the TV channel is more important than Bethel's, especially if this is not a major airport like LAX or SFO. This is not like TNT (TV channel), where the term "TNT" is more associated to the chemical compound than the TV channel. ©   Tb hotch ™ (en-2.5). 05:05, 1 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Move to BET, unless it is proved the TV channel, that "reach[es] more than 90 million households [in the US]", is as known as the airport in Bethel, Alaska (with sources if possible). ©   Tb hotch ™ (en-2.5). 05:05, 1 December 2013 (UTC)
 * n.b. I've merged BET to Bet, since the latter already included some usages of BET as well. If this article is moved to BET, I suggest first moving BET to BET (disambiguation) to preserve the history from the merge. --BDD (talk) 19:49, 5 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Strong support move to BET and strong oppose the proposed move. Clear primary topic it seems. Red Slash 05:54, 15 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Support move to BET — The clear WP:PRIMARYTOPIC, the overwellming majority of readers typing in BET, would be looking for the tv channel.  STATic  message me!  03:52, 27 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Move to BET, not "BET (TV channel). --  Wikipedical (talk) 05:09, 27 December 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Lead section
Maybe this should explain what this channels about. zzz (talk) 05:40, 20 November 2014 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I suggest that BET Gospel and BET Hip-Hop be merged into this article because while the other 2 BET channels have enough information to stand on their own, these articles are both stubs and have little significance on Wikipedia. 2601:8C:4001:DCF4:21C4:215F:C0B1:F844 (talk) 22:13, 7 July 2016 (UTC)
 * Added missed merge template on the target page in order to stimulate discussion. Klbrain (talk) 16:54, 23 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Given no opposition, ✅ Klbrain (talk) 18:40, 28 April 2018 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Tyler Perry acquisition?
I've heard stuff going around that Tyler Perry acquired BET and VH1 from Paramount Global. Many sources have reported it but there does not seem to be any evidence it actually happened. Perhaps it can be mentioned? MightyArms (talk) 21:41, 17 June 2023 (UTC)

A citation that you removed directly contradicts your edit summary.
You removed a bunch of material with the edit summary Former programming: channel has no original programming, removing. One of the citation that you removed in this edit was:

Would you please explain this discrepancy? Why are you removing citations that indicate BET produces original programming with an edit summary indicating that they do not? Peaceray (talk) 05:26, 29 July 2023 (UTC)
 * The section noted was for BET Gospel's schedule, which features repeat programming from BET itself; there's no need to list that programming if we have a link to BET's programming list already, and I certainly was not saying that BET doesn't have original programming. It was confusing to the article's flow, thus the removal of that duplicative list.  Nate  • ( chatter ) 12:56, 29 July 2023 (UTC)

Moving "Other services" section to BET Networks
Because this page is getting cluttered, I've moved this section referring to brand extensions and units outside the cable channel itself to the BET Networks page. Thecleanerand (talk) 17:28, 17 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:BET


text:
Madonna University

Madonna University is a private Roman Catholic university in Livonia, Michigan. It was founded as the Presentation of the Blessed Virgin Mary Junior College by the Felician Sisters in 1937. It became Madonna College in 1947 and Madonna University in 1991.

Among the largest Franciscan universities in the country, Madonna is situated on an 80-acre (32 ha) wooded campus. It has extension campuses in Metro Detroit in southwest Detroit, Orchard Lake, and Clinton Township at the Macomb University Center. Madonna University also has a campus at the University Center in Gaylord, about 225 mi north of Livonia.

Academics
Founded by two sisters in 1937 as Presentation of the Blessed Virgin Mary College, the university offers more than 100 undergraduate majors toward associate and bachelor's degrees as well as 35 master's programs in clinical psychology, business, criminal justice, education, history, and health professions. In May 2009, Madonna began offering its first doctorate, the Doctor of Nursing Practice. Madonna's most popular undergraduate majors, by 2021 graduates, were:
 * Registered Nursing/Registered Nurse (281)
 * Business Administration and Management (62)
 * Criminal Justice/Safety Studies (53)
 * International Business/Trade/Commerce (41)
 * Social Work (22)
 * General Studies (18)
 * Biology/Biological Sciences (16)

Madonna University's commitment to developing a sustainable and eco-friendly campus was recognized when the U.S. Green Building Council awarded Gold level LEED® (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) certification for the university's 60,000 ft2 Franciscan Center.

Colleges and schools
The university is organized into the following colleges and schools:

 * College of Arts & Sciences
 * College of Education & Human Development
 * College of Nursing and Health
 * Graduate School
 * School of Business

Print publications
The Madonna Now is the university's magazine for alumni and friends. The Madonna Herald is the university's newspaper, which is produced by Madonna's Journalism Department, headed by professor Neal Haldane. The Madonna Muse is an annual literary journal.

Radio
In the university's Franciscan Center studios, students operate an online radio station at Live 365. The format is freeform, and features occasional live broadcasts from students of the program.

Television
The Broadcast and Cinema Arts students produce a television show, Celebrate Michigan, which airs on MyTV20 in the Detroit area.

Athletics
The Madonna athletic teams are the Crusaders. The university is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), competing in the Wolverine–Hoosier Athletic Conference (WHAC) for most of its sports since the 1997–98 academic year; while its football team competes in the Mideast League of the Mid-States Football Association (MSFA).

Madonna competes in 21 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, bowling, cheerleading, cross country, football, golf, lacrosse, soccer and track & Field; while women's sports include basketball, bowling, cheerleading, competitive Dance, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, track & field and volleyball.

Football
Madonna added football to its program in the 2020 season. The team was coached by former Michigan State football player Herb Haygood until 2023. As of 2023, the Crusaders have one win in program history, a forfeit victory over Trinity International University. The last two seasons have seen Madonna go a combined 0-22 overall.

Facilities
The campus features a renovated basketball and volleyball gymnasium, Alliance Catholic Credit Union Arena at the Performing Arts, Academics, and Athletics Center, with a capacity of 1,200; international-size soccer field, which hosts camps and tournaments; Ilitch Ballpark baseball field and fast-pitch softball field.

Notable alumni

 * Lyn Bankes, member of the Michigan House of Representatives
 * Kerry Bentivolio, US Representative (alumnus of Saint Mary's College)
 * Ella Bully-Cummings, police chief
 * Nora Chapa Mendoza, artist
 * Chris Dierker, professional basketball player
 * Warren Evans, Michigan politician and police officer
 * Vincent Gregory, member of the Michigan Senate
 * Charlie Henry, college basketball coach
 * Worteh Sampson, college soccer player and coach
 * Robert C. Schuler, advertising executive (alumnus of Saint Mary's College)
 * John Vigilante, professional hockey player
 * Catherine Waynick, Anglican bishop

title: Madonna University


text:
Talk:Newton South High School

On history in wheeler
I personally had history class in Wheeler while I was at the school. It seems that I cannot access the list of classes on the NSHS website (seems to be behind a google doc login?) to use as a source anymore. I honestly don't know how to cite this short of digging through my (few) old handouts I've kept to see if I have an old syllabus and uploading it. I know this is original research, but given that the rest of the article on the Layout isn't cited either, I request that User:John from Idegon assume good faith and treat rules as principles rather than removing information that is correct. ηoian  ‡orever ηew ‡rontiers  07:51, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * You're missing the point. I am not disputing the accuracy of that fact. I'm saying it doesn't belong in the article. I'm sure the town of Newton has some document detailing the location of every sign the street department has ever erected. Does that mean we must include that information in the town's article? No. It simply has no encyclopedic value. Same goes for where in the building a particular course is taught. Besides which, no special facilities other than visual aides are required to teach most subjects and those visual aides can be moved in a few minutes. Wikipedia articles are to be targeted to the entire English speaking world. Do you honestly think that it is important enough to Benny in Bhopal or Will in Winnemucca to include. The guidelines for school articles is clear that we are not to include info primarily of interest to the local population. Where particular classes are taught are clearly that. If you want a webpage to share your memories of your high school, go daddy is thataway. John from Idegon (talk) 16:40, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * By your logic then, why not remove then entire section? "The houses are Goldrick, which contains the History and English departments, as well as the Preschool; Wheeler, which contains the English department and some math, science, and history rooms; Cutler, which contains the Math and Science departments; and Goodwin, which contains the World language department. Building 1 is Goldrick; 2 is Wheeler; 3 is the science wing; 4 is Cutler; 5 is the field house and associated wellness classrooms; 6 is Goodwin; 7 is the cafeteria and the college and career resource room; 8 is the administrative section; and 9 is the arts wing, which also contains the Van Seasholes Auditorium." Instead of blankly reverting other editors changes? Clearly, we don't need to know what Goldrick is, or the preschool or that English is taught in Wheeler, or math and science in cutler. I never said I wanted a webpage to share my memories. I would appreciate it if you would offer less straw man arguments or selective use of wikipedia policies. ηoian   ‡orever ηew ‡rontiers  06:47, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The guideline you refer to links to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London_School#Buildings, which does list that music is taught in some buildings, or that some building was next to a newspaper, etc. The style guideline says to avoid room-by-room description of the school facilities. Room by room descriptions of school facilities is not the same as describing the different buildings of the school and what are in each building. In fact, according to the guideline you used, the buildings section should be expanded on this article to include details about the building architecture or whatnot, (which I would consider to fall under your so called "info primarily of interest to the local population") ηoian  ‡orever ηew ‡rontiers  06:55, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I have gone ahead and removed information on classes and instead added additional information on the size, style, shape, etc. of the campus per the guidelines you listed. ηoian   ‡orever ηew ‡rontiers  07:35, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

Suicides
I tried to put in a brief description about the string of suicides that happened in Newton in late 2013 and early 2014, of which two victims were from Newton South. It was removed by User:John from Idegon based on BLP issues, but a. the suicide victims are not alive and b. I provided references for my the information. If more or better references are needed, I would be willing and able to find more. I know that some people might not think that the suicides would be a good thing to put on the page but, as a Newton South student from a class that had a victim, I think they are an important part of Newton South history. We should not forget them or block them out of history but instead write about them and make sure that mental health is de-stigmatized so that suicides like the ones at South don't happen again and to give people all the facts about issues at South. Knowledge is power and it is our duty to provide people with the full picture of knowledge so that they can change the world for the better. The suicides were real things that happened and it is not being biased or unobjective to write about them. Tcbhowe (talk) 04:51, 28 June 2015 (UTC)Tcbhowe
 * Do you have one single argument based in policy here for including this info? Unfortunately kids kill themselves. Suicide is the second leading cause of death amongst teens. If you insist, I'll find a ref for that, but it has been widely discussed. So, other than its kids you knew, why is this important? Did some great nationwide suicide prevention campaign start due to these events? Has their been any assertion that these suicides were directly linked to the school in a causal way and did this have widespread (in other words, nationwide), sustained coverage in reliable sources? Indeed, did these tragic (and they ARE tragic) deaths garner any coverage outside your community? This is a world wide encyclopedia. Before it belongs in the article, it had to matter outside the local community. This doesn't now and certainly won't in 20 years. Wikipedia's purpose is NOT to affect change in our world,  and it is not a Memorial. John from Idegon (talk) 05:29, 28 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Oh, I forgot. BLP does apply to this, even tho they are dead. See WP:BDP. John from Idegon (talk) 05:34, 28 June 2015 (UTC)
 * BDP states "The only exception would be for people who have recently died, in which case the policy can extend for an indeterminate period beyond the date of death—six months, one year, two years at the outside. Such extensions would apply particularly to contentious or questionable material about the subject that has implications for their living relatives and friends, such as in the case of a possible suicide or a particularly gruesome crime." WhisperToMe (talk) 01:19, 23 December 2020 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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title: Talk:Newton South High School


text:
User talk:Tebbb

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! [[User:BrokenSegue|BrokenSegue]] 03:13, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
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P.S. where did you get that picture on the Playboating page? Ah...it was allready on the whitewater page

Playboating
 Did you know has been updated and a fact from the article Playboating, which you recently created, has been featured in that section on the Main Page. If you have another interesting fact to submit, then please suggest it at the section's talk page.

Very nice. 68.81.231.127 13:21, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tebbb


text:
Sand tiger shark

The sand tiger shark (Carcharias taurus), gray nurse shark, spotted ragged-tooth shark or blue-nurse sand tiger, is a species of shark that inhabits subtropical and temperate waters worldwide. It inhabits the continental shelf, from sandy shorelines (hence the name sand tiger shark) and submerged reefs to a depth of around 191 m. They dwell in the waters of Japan, Australia, South Africa, and the east coasts of North and South America. The sand tiger shark also inhabited the Mediterranean, however it was last seen there in 2003 and is presumed extinct in the region. Despite its common names, it is not closely related to either the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) or the nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum).

Despite its fearsome appearance and strong swimming ability, it is a relatively placid and slow-moving shark with no confirmed human fatalities. This species has a sharp, pointy head, and a bulky body. The sand tiger's length can reach 3.2 m but is normally 2.2–2.5 m in length. They are grey with reddish-brown spots on their backs. Shivers (groups) have been observed to hunt large schools of fish. Their diet consists of bony fish, crustaceans, squid, skates and other sharks. Unlike other sharks, the sand tiger can gulp air from the surface, allowing it to be suspended in the water column with minimal effort. During pregnancy, the most developed embryo will feed on its siblings, a reproductive strategy known as intrauterine cannibalism i.e. "embryophagy" or, more colorfully, adelphophagy—literally "eating one's brother". The sand tiger is categorized as critically endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List. It is the most widely kept large shark in public aquariums owing to its tolerance for captivity.

Taxonomy
The sand tiger shark's description as Carcharias taurus by Constantine Rafinesque came from a specimen caught off the coast of Sicily. Carcharias taurus means "bull shark". This taxonomic classification has been long disputed. Twenty-seven years after Rafinesque's original description the German biologists Müller and Henle changed the genus name from C. taurus to Triglochis taurus. The following year, Swiss-American naturalist Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz reclassified the shark as Odontaspis cuspidata based on examples of fossilized teeth. Agassiz's name was used until 1961 when three palaeontologists and ichthyologists, W. Tucker, E. I. White, and N. B. Marshall, requested that the shark be returned to the genus Carcharias. This request was rejected and Odontaspis was approved by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). When experts concluded that taurus belongs after Odontaspis, the name was changed to Odontaspis taurus. In 1977, Compagno and Follet challenged the Odontaspis taurus name and substituted Eugomphodus, a somewhat unknown classification, for Odontaspis. Many taxonomists questioned his change, arguing that there was no significant difference between Odontaspis and Carcharias. After changing the name to Eugomphodus taurus, Compagno successfully advocated in establishing the shark's current scientific name as Carcharias taurus. The ICZN approved this name, and today it is used among biologists.

Common names
Because the sand tiger shark is worldwide in distribution, it has many common names. The term "sand tiger shark" actually refers to four different sand tiger shark species in the family Odontaspididae. Furthermore, the name creates confusion with the unrelated tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvier. The grey nurse shark, the name used in Australia, is the second-most used name for the shark, and in India it is known as blue-nurse sand tiger. However, there are unrelated nurse sharks in the family Ginglymostomatidae. The most unambiguous and descriptive English name is probably the South African one, spotted ragged-tooth shark.

Identification
There are four species referred to as sand tiger sharks: The most likely problem when identifying the sand tiger shark is when in the presence of either of the two species of Odontaspis. Firstly, the sand tiger is usually spotted, especially on the hind half of the body. However, there are several other differences that are probably more reliable:
 * 1) The sand tiger shark Carcharias taurus
 * 2) The Indian sand tiger shark Carcharias tricuspidatus. Very little is known about this species which, described before 1900, is probably the same as (a synonym of) the sand tiger C. taurus
 * 3) The small-toothed sand tiger shark Odontaspis ferox. This species has a worldwide distribution, is seldom seen but normally inhabits deeper water than does C. taurus.
 * 4) The Big-eyed sand tiger shark Odontaspis noronhai, a deep water shark of the Americas, of which little is known.
 * 1) The bottom part of the caudal fin (tail fin) of the sand tiger is smaller.
 * 2) The second (i.e., hind) dorsal fin of the sand tiger is almost as large as the first (i.e., front) dorsal fin.
 * 3) The first (i.e., front) dorsal fin of the sand tiger is relatively non-symmetric.
 * 4) The first (i.e., front) dorsal fin of the sand tiger is closer to the pelvic fin than to the pectoral fin (i.e., the first dorsal fin is positioned further backwards in the case of the sand tiger).

Description
Adult sand tigers range from 2 m to 3.2 m in length with most specimens reaching a length of around 2.2–2.5 m and 91 kg to 159 kg in weight. The head is pointy, as opposed to round, while the snout is flattened with a conical shape. Its body is stout and bulky and its mouth extends beyond the eyes. The eyes of the sand tiger shark are small, lacking eyelids. A sand tiger usually swims with its mouth open displaying three rows of protruding, smooth-edged, sharp-pointed teeth. The males have grey claspers with white tips located on the underside of their body. The caudal fin is elongated with a long upper lobe (i.e. strongly heterocercal). They have two large, broad-based grey dorsal fins set back beyond the pectoral fins. The sand tiger shark has a grey-brown back and pale underside. Adults tend to have reddish-brown spots scattered, mostly on the hind part of the body. In August 2007, an albino specimen was photographed off South West Rocks, Australia. The teeth of these sharks have no transverse serrations (as have many other sharks) but they have a large, smooth main cusp with a tiny cusplet on each side of the main cusp. The upper front teeth are separated from the teeth on the side of the mouth by small intermediate teeth.

Geographical range
Sand tiger sharks roam the epipelagic and mesopelagic regions of the ocean, sandy coastal waters, estuaries, shallow bays, and rocky or tropical reefs, at depths of up to 190 m.

The sand tiger shark can be found in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, and in the Adriatic Seas. In the Western Atlantic Ocean, it is found in coastal waters around from the Gulf of Maine to Florida, in the northern Gulf of Mexico, around the Bahamas and Bermuda, and from southern Brazil to northern Argentina. It is also found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean from the Mediterranean Sea to the Canary Islands, at the Cape Verde islands, along the coasts of Senegal and Ghana, and from southern Nigeria to Cameroon. In the western Indian Ocean, the shark ranges from South Africa to southern Mozambique, but excluding Madagascar. The sand tiger shark has also been sighted in the Red Sea and may be found as far east as India. In the western Pacific, it has been sighted in the waters around the coasts of Japan and Australia, but not around New Zealand.

Annual migration
Sand tigers in South Africa and Australia undertake an annual migration that may cover more than 1000 km. They pup during the summer in relatively cold water (temperature ca. 16 C). After parturition, they swim northwards toward sites where there are suitable rocks or caves, often at a water depth ca. 20 m, where they mate during and just after the winter. Mating normally takes place at night. After mating, they swim further north to even warmer water where gestation takes place. In autumn they return southwards to give birth in cooler water. This round trip may encompass as much as 3000 km. The young sharks do not take part in this migration, but they are absent from the normal birth grounds during winter: it is thought that they move deeper into the ocean. At Cape Cod (USA), juveniles move away from coastal areas when water temperatures decreases below 16 °C and day length decreases to less than 12 h. Juveniles, however, return to their usual summer haunts and as they become mature they start larger migratory movements.

Hunting
The sand tiger shark is a nocturnal feeder. During the day, they take shelter near rocks, overhangs, caves and reefs often at relatively shallow depths (<20 m). This is the typical environment where divers encounter sand tigers, hovering just above the bottom in large sandy gutters and caves. However, at night they leave the shelter and hunt over the ocean bottom, often ranging far from their shelter. Sand tigers hunt by stealth. It is the only shark known to gulp air and store it in the stomach, allowing the shark to maintain near-neutral buoyancy which helps it to hunt motionlessly and quietly. Aquarium observations indicate that when it comes close enough to a prey item, it grabs with a quick sideways snap of the prey. The sand tiger shark has been observed to gather in hunting groups when preying upon large schools of fish.

Diet
The majority of prey items of sand tigers are demersal (i.e. from the sea bottom), suggesting that they hunt extensively on the sea bottom as far out as the continental shelf. Bony fish (teleosts) form about 60% of sand tigers' food, the remaining prey comprising sharks, skates, other rays, lobsters, crabs and squid. In Argentina, the prey includes mostly demersal fishes, e.g. the striped weakfish (Cynoscion guatucupa) and whitemouth croaker (Micropogonias furnieri). The most important elasmobranch prey is the bottom-living narrownose smooth-hound shark (Mustelus schmitti.). Benthic (i.e. free-swimming) rays and skates are also taken, including fanskates, eagle rays and the angular angel shark, with larger individuals feeding on a higher number of benthic elasmobranchs than smaller individuals. Stomach content analysis indicates that smaller sand tigers mainly focus on the sea bottom and as they grow larger they start to take more pelagic prey. This perspective of the diet of sand tigers is consistent with similar observations in the north west Atlantic and in South Africa where large sand tigers capture a wider range of shark and skate species as prey, from the surf zone to the continental shelf, indicating the opportunistic nature of sand tiger feeding. Off South Africa, sand tigers less than 2 m in length prey on fish about a quarter of their own length; however, large sand tigers capture prey up to about half of their own length. The prey items are usually swallowed as three or four chunks.

Courtship and mating
Mating occurs around the months of August and December in the northern hemisphere and during August–October in the southern hemisphere. The courtship and mating of sand tigers has been best documented from observations in large aquaria. In Oceanworld, Sydney, the females tended to hover just above the sandy bottom ("shielding") when they were receptive. This prevented males from approaching from underneath towards their cloaca. Often there is more than one male close by with the dominant one remaining close to the female, intimidating others with an aggressive display in which the dominant shark closely follows the tail of the subordinate, forcing the subordinate to accelerate and swim away. The dominant male snaps at smaller fish of other species. The male approaches the female and the two sharks protect the sandy bottom over which they interact. Strong interest of the male is indicated by superficial bites in the anal and pectoral fin areas of the female. The female responds with superficial biting of the male. This behaviour continues for several days during which the male patrols the area around the female. The male regularly approaches the female in "nosing" behaviour to "smell" the cloaca of the female. If she is ready, she swims off with the male, while both partners contort their bodies so that the right clasper of the male enters the cloaca of the female. The male bites the base of her right pectoral fin, leaving scars that are easily visible afterwards. After one or two minutes, mating is complete and the two separate. Females often mate with more than one male. Females mate only every second or third year. After mating, the females remain behind, while the males move off to seek other areas to feed, resulting in many observations of sand tiger populations comprising almost exclusively females.

Reproduction
The reproductive pattern is similar to that of many of the Lamnidae, the shark family to which sand tigers belong. Female sand tigers have two uterine horns that, during early embryonic development, may have as many as 50 embryos that obtain nutrients from their yolk sacs and possibly consume uterine fluids. When one of the embryos reaches some 10 cm in length, it eats all the smaller embryos so that only one large embryo remains in each uterine horn, a process called intrauterine cannibalism i.e. "embryophagy" or, more colorfully, adelphophagy—literally "eating one's brother." While multiple male sand tigers commonly fertilize a single female, adelphophagy sometimes excludes all but one of them from gaining offspring. These surviving embryos continue to feed on a steady supply of unfertilised eggs. After a lengthy labour, the female gives birth to 1 m long, fully independent offspring. The gestation period is approximately eight to twelve months. These sharks give birth only every second or third year, resulting in an overall mean reproductive rate of less than one pup per year, one of the lowest reproductive rates for sharks.

Growth
In the north Atlantic, sand tiger sharks are born about 1 m in length. During the first year, they grow about 27 cm to reach 1.3 m. After that, the growth rate decreases by about 2.5 cm each year until it stabilises at about 7 cm/y. Males reach sexual maturity at an age of five to seven years and approximately 1.9 m in length. Females reach maturity when approximately 2.2 m long at about seven to ten years of age. They are normally not expected to reach lengths over 3 m and lengths around 2.2–2.5 is more common. In the informal media, such as YouTube, there have been several reports of sand tigers around 5 m long, but none of these have been verified scientifically.

Attacks on humans
As of 2023, the Florida Museum's International Shark Attack File lists 36 unprovoked, non-fatal attacks by sand tiger sharks.

Over the weekend of 4 July 2023, there were four attacks attributed to sand tiger sharks in New York, USA. This followed a recent spike in shark attacks in New York state, with 13 incidents reported over a two-year period.

Nets around swimming beaches
In Australia and South Africa, one of the common practices in beach holiday areas is to erect shark nets around the beaches frequently used by swimmers. These nets are erected some 400 m from the shore and act as gill nets that trap incoming sharks: this was the norm until about 2005. In South Africa, the mortality of sand tiger sharks caused a significant decrease in the length of these animals and it was concluded that the shark nets pose a significant threat to this species with its very low reproductive rate Before 2000, these nets snagged about 200 sand tiger sharks per year in South Africa, of which only about 40% survived and were released alive. The efficiency of shark nets for the prevention of unprovoked shark attacks on bathers has been questioned, and since 2000 there has been a reduced use of these nets and alternative approaches are being developed.

Competition for food with humans
In Argentina, the prey items of sand tigers largely coincided with important commercial fisheries targets. Humans affect sand tiger food availability and the sharks, in turn, compete with humans for food that, in turn, has already been heavily exploited by the fisheries industry. The same applies to the bottom-living sea catfish (Galeichthys feliceps), a fisheries resource off the South African coast.

Effects of scuba divers
A study near Sydney in Australia found that the behaviour of the sharks is affected by the proximity of scuba divers. Diver activity affects the aggregation, swimming and respiratory behaviour of sharks, but only at short time scales. The group size of scuba divers was less important in affecting sand tiger behaviour than the distance within which they approached the sharks. Divers approaching to within 3 m of sharks affected their behaviour but after the divers had retreated, the sharks resumed normal behaviour. Other studies indicate sand tiger sharks can be indifferent to divers. Scuba divers are normally compliant with Australian shark-diving regulations.

In captivity
Its large and menacing appearance, combined with its relative placidity, has made the sand tiger shark among the most popular shark species to be displayed in public aquaria. However, as with all large sharks, keeping them in captivity is not without its difficulties. Sand tiger sharks have been found to be highly susceptible to developing spinal deformities, with as many as one in every three captive sharks being affected, giving them a hunched appearance. These deformities have been hypothesized to be correlated to both the size and shape of their tank. If the tank is too small, the sharks have to spend more time actively swimming than they would in the wild, where they have space to glide. Also, sharks in small, circular tanks often spend most of their time circling along the edges in only one direction, causing asymmetrical stress on their bodies.

Threats
There are several factors contributing to the decline in the population of the sand tigers. Sand tigers reproduce at an unusually low rate, due to the fact that they do not have more than two pups at a time and because they breed only every second or third year. This shark is a highly prized food item in the western northern Pacific, off Ghana and off India and Pakistan where they are caught by fishing trawlers, although they are more commonly caught with a fishing line. Sand tigers' fins are a popular trade item in Japan. Off North America, it is fished for its hide and fins. Shark liver oil is a popular product in cosmetic products such as lipstick. It is sought by anglers in fishing competitions in South Africa and some other countries. In Australia it has been reduced in numbers by spear fishers using poison and where it is now protected. It is also prized as an aquarium exhibit in the United States, Europe, Australia and South Africa because of its docile and hardy nature. Thus, overfishing is a major contributor to the population decline. All indications show that the world population in sand tigers has been reduced significantly in size since 1980. Many sand tigers are caught in shark nets, and then either strangled or taken by fishermen. Estuaries along the United States of America's eastern Atlantic coast houses many of the young sand tiger sharks. These estuaries are susceptible to non-point source pollution that is harmful to the pups. In Eastern Australia, the breeding population was estimated to be fewer than 400 reproductively mature animals, a number believed to be too small to sustain a healthy population.

Conservation status
This species is therefore listed as Critically Endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, and as endangered under Queensland's Nature Conservation Act 1992. It is a U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service [Species of Concern], which are those species that the U.S. Government's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), has some concerns regarding status and threats, but for which insufficient information is available to indicate a need to list the species under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. According to the National Marine Fisheries Service, any shark caught must be released immediately with minimal harm, and is considered a prohibited species, making it illegal to harvest any part of the sand tiger shark on the United States' Atlantic coast.

A recent report from the Pew Charitable Trusts suggests that a new management approach used for large mammals that have suffered population declines could hold promise for sharks. Because of the life-history characteristics of sharks, conventional fisheries management approaches, such as reaching maximum sustainable yield, may not be sufficient to rebuild depleted shark populations. Some of the more stringent approaches used to reverse declines in large mammals may be appropriate for sharks, including prohibitions on the retention of the most vulnerable species and regulation of international trade.

title: Sand tiger shark


text: User talk:129.94.6.29

title: User talk:129.94.6.29