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Harry Frankfurt

Harry Gordon Frankfurt (May 29, 1929 – July 16, 2023) was an American philosopher. He was a professor emeritus of philosophy at Princeton University, where he taught from 1990 until 2002. Frankfurt also taught at Yale University, Rockefeller University, and Ohio State University.

Frankfurt made significant contributions to fields like ethics and philosophy of mind. The attitude of caring played a central role in his philosophy. To care about something means to see it as important and reflects the person's character. According to Frankfurt, a person is someone who has second-order volitions or who cares about what desires he or she has. He contrasts persons with wantons. Wantons are beings that have desires but do not care about which of their desires is translated into action. In the field of ethics, Frankfurt gave various influential counterexamples, so-called Frankfurt cases, against the principle that moral responsibility depends on the ability to do otherwise. His most popular book is On Bullshit, which discusses the distinction between bullshitting and lying.

Early life
Frankfurt was born David Bernard Stern at a home for unwed mothers in Langhorne, Pennsylvania, on May 29, 1929, and did not know his biological parents. Shortly after his birth, he was adopted by a middle-class Jewish family and given a new name, Harry Gordon Frankfurt. His adoptive parents, Bertha (née Gordon) and Nathan Frankfurt, a piano teacher and a bookkeeper, respectively, raised him in Brooklyn and Baltimore. He attended Johns Hopkins University, where he obtained his Bachelor of Arts in 1949 and Doctor of Philosophy in 1954, both in philosophy.

Career
Frankfurt was professor emeritus of philosophy at Princeton University. He previously taught at Ohio State University (1956–1962), SUNY Binghamton (1962–1963), Rockefeller University (from 1963 until the philosophy department was closed in 1976), Yale University (from 1976, where he served as chair of the philosophy department 1978–1987), and then Princeton University (1990–2002).

His major areas of interest included moral philosophy, philosophy of mind and action, and 17th-century rationalism. His 2005 book On Bullshit, originally published in 1986 as a paper on the concept of "bullshit", unexpectedly became a bestseller, which led to his making media appearances such as on Jon Stewart's late-night television program, The Daily Show. In this work he explains how bullshitting is different from lying, in that it is an act that has no regard for the truth. He argues that "It is impossible for someone to lie unless he thinks he knows the truth. Producing bullshit requires no such conviction." In 2006, he followed up with On Truth, a companion book in which he explored the dwindling appreciation in society for truth.

Among philosophers, he was for a time best known for his interpretation of Descartes's rationalism. His most influential work, however, has been on freedom of the will (on which he has written numerous important papers ) based on his concept of higher-order volitions and for developing "Frankfurt cases" (also known as "Frankfurt counter-examples", which are thought experiments designed to demonstrate the possibility of situations in which a person could not have done other than he/she did, but in which our intuition is to say nonetheless that this feature of the situation does not prevent that person from being morally responsible). Frankfurt's view of compatibilism is perhaps the most influential version of compatibilism, developing the view that to be free is to have one's actions conform to one's more reflective desires. Frankfurt's version of compatibilism is the subject of a substantial number of citations. More recently, he wrote on love and caring in The Reasons of Love.

Frankfurt was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1995. He was a Visiting Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford University; he served as president, Eastern Division, American Philosophical Association; and he has received grants and fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation, the Andrew Mellon Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities.

Caring and importance
According to Frankfurt, a lot of the philosophical discourse concerns either the domain of epistemology, which asks what we should believe, or ethics, which asks how we should act. He argues that there is another branch of inquiry that has received less attention, namely the question of what has importance or what we should care about. An agent cares about something if he/she has a certain attitude of the will: He/she sees the entity in question as important to them. For Frankfurt, what we care about reflects our personal character or who we are. This also affects the person on the practical level concerning how he/she acts and leads his/her life.

In the academic literature, caring is often understood as a subjective attitude in contrast to importance as an objective factor. On this view, the importance of something determines whether it is appropriate to care about it: people should care about important things but not about unimportant ones. Frankfurt defends a different perspective on this issue by arguing that caring about something makes this thing important. So when a person starts caring about something, this thing becomes important to them even if it was unimportant to them before. Frankfurt explains this in terms of needs: the caring attitude brings with it a need. Because of this need, the cared-for thing can affect the person's well-being and has thereby become important to them. Yitzhak Benbaji terms this relation between caring and importance "Frankfurt's Care-Importance Principle". He rejects it based on the claim that at least some cases of the caring attitude are misguided. This usually involves situations in which the agent has a wrong belief that the object of their caring would affect their well-being. In one example, the agent follows a charlatan's health advice to avoid a certain type of food. Benbaji argues that this constitutes a counterexample because the person cares about avoiding this food even though it has no impact on their health or their well-being.

Personhood
Persons are characterized by certain attributes or capacities, like reason, moral responsibility, and self-consciousness. However, there is wide disagreement, both within the academic discourse and between different cultures about what the essential features of personhood are. One influential and precisely formulated account of personhood is given by Frankfurt in his "Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person". He holds that persons are beings that have second-order volitions. A volition is an effective desire, i.e. a desire that the agent is committed to realizing. Not all desires become volitions: humans usually have many desires but put only some of them into action. For example, the agent may have one desire to eat an unhealthy cake but follows their other desire to have a healthy salad instead. In this case, eating the cake is a mere desire while eating the salad is a volition. Frankfurt places great importance on the difference between first- and second-order desires. Most regular desires, like the desire to eat healthy food or to buy a car, are first-order desires. Second-order desires are desires about desires. So the desire to have a desire to eat healthy food is a second-order desire. Entities with first-order desires care about what the world around them is like, for example, whether they own a car or not. Entities with second-order desires care also about themselves, i.e. what they themselves are like and what mental states they possess. A second-order desire becomes a second-order volition if it is effective, i.e. if the agent is committed to realizing it by fostering the corresponding first-order desire. Frankfurt sees this as the mark of personhood because entities with second-order volitions do not just have desires but care about which desires they have. So persons are committed to the desires they have. According to Frankfurt, not every entity with a mind is a person. He refers to such entities as "wantons". Wantons have desires and follow them but do not care about their own will. In this regard, they are indifferent to which of their desires become effective and are translated into action. Frankfurt holds that personhood is an important feature of humans but not of other animals. However, even some humans may be wantons at times. Various of Frankfurt's examples of such cases involve some forms of akrasia in which a person acts according to a first-order desire that he/she does not want to have on the second order. For example, a struggling drug addict may follow his/her first-order desire to take drugs despite having a second-order desire to stop wanting drugs.

Moral responsibility and principle of alternative possibilities
The term "moral responsibility" refers to the forward-looking moral obligation to perform certain actions and to the backward-looking status of being worthy of blame or praise for having done something or having failed to do so. An important principle in this regard is the principle of alternative possibilities. It states that "a person is morally responsible for what she has done only if she could have done otherwise". Having this ability to do otherwise is usually associated with having free will. So under normal circumstances, a person is morally responsible for stealing someone's lunch at the cafeteria. However, this may not be the case under special circumstances, for example, if a neurological disorder compelled them to do it. Frankfurt has rejected the principle of alternative possibilities based on a series of counterexamples, the so-called "Frankfurt cases". In one example, Allison's father has implanted a computer chip in Allison's head without her knowing. This chip would force Allison to walk her dog. However, Allison freely decides to do so and the chip is thus not activated. Frankfurt argues that, in this case, Allison is morally responsible for walking her dog even though she lacked the ability to do otherwise. The crux of this and similar cases is that the agent is morally responsible because he/she acted in accordance with his/her own will. This is so despite the fact that, usually unbeknownst to the agent, there was no real alternative. This line of thought has led Frankfurt to advocate a form of compatibilism: If free will and moral responsibility do not depend on the ability to do otherwise, then they could even exist in a fully deterministic world. Frankfurt cases have provoked a significant discussion of the principle of alternative possibilities. However, not everyone agrees that they are successful at disproving it.

Personal life and death
Harry Frankfurt was first married to Marilyn Rothman. They had two daughters. The marriage ended in divorce. He then married Joan Gilbert.

Frankfurt was an amateur classical pianist. He starting taking piano lessons from an early age, initially from his mother who hoped that he might pursue a career as a concert pianist. Frankfurt continued to play piano and receive lessons throughout his life, alongside his philosophical career. According to Frankfurt, becoming a professor of philosophy was acceptable to his mother, seeing as it was "close enough" to her other ambition for him, which was to become a rabbi.

Frankfurt died of congestive heart failure in Santa Monica, California, on July 16, 2023, at age 94.

Interviews

 * "The Necessity of Love" in Alex Voorhoeve Conversations on Ethics. Oxford University Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-921537-9 (A discussion of his views on moral responsibility, caring and love, and the relationship of his later work on the structure of the will to his earlier work on Descartes.)

title: Harry Frankfurt


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TalonSoft

TalonSoft, Inc. was an American video game developer and publisher based in Baltimore.

History
TalonSoft was founded in March 1995, by video game producers Jim Rose and John Davidson. On December 24, 1998, Take-Two Interactive announced that it had acquired TalonSoft, stating that they planned to push their capabilities in the personal computer video game market. The deal comprised 1,033,336 shares accounted as a pooling-of-interest. Bengur Bryan represented TalonSoft in the purchase. By early 1999, TalonSoft's most successful game was East Front, with sales near 90,000 units. TalonSoft ceased all operations in 2002. In October 2005, Matrix Games acquired the rights to publish all games developed by TalonSoft.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: TalonSoft


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Talk:Index of oncology articles

I
I have some problems with this list. Many items are not oncology-related at all; antivirals for AIDS are only related through 2-3 steps. At the moment, everything seems to be related to oncology!

Additionally, I really wonder if we really need all those experimental agents that are still undergoing testing. A large proportion will never be introduced into routine clinical practice... JFW | T@lk  08:39, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Is this list actually of any value to anyone? Axl 14:44, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Not really... JFW | T@lk  17:37, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

from VfD
On 25 Jan 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. See Votes for deletion/List of oncology-related terms for a record of the discussion. Rossami (talk) 04:55, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I think I'm going to turn this into a redirect to oncology and remove all references to it. Does anyone have objections? JFW | T@lk  16:56, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Wiktionary Project
I would suggest that a Wikitionary Project be initiated to establish an Oncology Dictionary within Wiktionary. Courtland 14:51, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed, many terms need dictionary definitions rather than encyclopedic articles. eg colonoscopy appropriately has an article, but colonoscope is unlikely to every warrent a full article. I see 2 options (a) write a dicionary definition for colonoscope, which would no doubt redirect back to its use for colonoscopy or (b) just to redirect colonoscope to colonoscopy (I note endoscope redirects already to endoscopy). Is there a wikipedia policy on trying to cover a wider range of terms from other encyclopedias ? David Ruben Talk 14:32, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

Cleanup
I deleted several hundred terms from this list that are only vaguely related to oncology. See the list below for the kinds of terms I deleted. This is not a list of all terms that I deleted—just a sample. If anyone is unhappy with my edit, you are welcome to revert. DanMS 18:11, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Samples of what was deleted

 * aggressive
 * acetominophen
 * AIDS
 * analog
 * antibiotic
 * anus
 * douche
 * erectile dysfunction
 * erection
 * experimental
 * fertile
 * filler
 * fluid
 * fluoride
 * follow-up
 * grade
 * gram
 * heterogeneous
 * humidifier
 * hypnosis
 * imagery
 * imaging
 * incidence
 * incision
 * infection
 * inflammation
 * insomnia
 * investigator
 * kilogram
 * latent
 * laxative
 * low grade
 * magnesium
 * median
 * microgram
 * milk thistle
 * mold
 * mole
 * motor
 * nasal
 * nerve
 * nipple
 * nurse
 * obese
 * oral
 * ounce
 * ovulation
 * palate
 * paralysis
 * patient advocate
 * pedigree
 * peripheral blood
 * phenobarbital
 * physical examination
 * physical therapy
 * placebo
 * plastic surgery
 * port
 * pump
 * radioactive
 * replicate
 * rhubarb
 * scalpel
 * scan
 * scanner
 * significant
 * social worker
 * stage
 * surgeon
 * surgery
 * testimonial
 * therapeutic
 * tissue
 * toxin
 * transcendental meditation
 * urethra
 * vaccine
 * virus
 * vitamin
 * wart

Stage, or [{cancer staging]] should be in there somewhere. All the best: Rich Farmbrough, 18:22, 14 July 2014 (UTC).

PDQ
Could someone check which PDQ is meant here and either use the expanded name on this page, or add an entry to the dab page? Cheers, John Vandenberg 00:43, 21 February 2007 (UTC)
 * It is Physician Data Query and it has been done. All the best: Rich Farmbrough, 18:22, 14 July 2014 (UTC).

title: Talk:Index of oncology articles


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Kumyk language

Kumyk (къумукъ тил, qumuq til, قموق تیل ) is a Turkic language spoken by about 426,212 people, mainly by the Kumyks, in the Dagestan, North Ossetia and Chechen republics of the Russian Federation. Until the 20th century Kumyk was the lingua franca of the Northern Caucasus.

Classification
Kumyk language belongs to the Kipchak-Cuman subfamily of the Kipchak family of the Turkic languages. It's a descendant of the Cuman language, with likely influence from the Khazar language, and in addition contains words from the Bulghar and Oghuz substratum. The closest languages to Kumyk are Karachay-Balkar, Crimean Tatar, and Karaim languages.

Nikolay Baskakov, based on a 12th-century scripture named Codex Cumanicus, included modern Kumyk, Karachai-Balkar, Crimean Tatar, Karaim, and the language of Mamluk Kipchaks in the linguistic family of the Cuman-Kipchak language. Samoylovich also considered Cuman-Kipchak close to Kumyk and Karachai-Balkar.

Amongst the dialects of the Kumyk there are Kaitag, Terek (Güçük-yurt and Braguny), Buynaksk (Temir-Khan-Shura) and Xasavyurt. The latter two became basis for the literary language.

History
Kumyk had been a lingua-franca of the bigger part of the Northern Caucasus, from Dagestan to Kabarda, until the 1930s  and was an official language of communication between the North-Eastern Caucasian nations and the Russian administration.

In 1848, a professor of the "Caucasian Tatar" (Kumyk) Timofey Makarov published the first ever grammatical book in the Russian language for one of the Northern Caucasian languages, which was international Kumyk. Makarov wrote: "From the peoples speaking Tatar language I liked the most Kumyks, as for their language's distinction and precision, so for their closeness to the European civilization, but most importantly, I take in account that they live on the Left Flank of the Caucasian Front, where we're conducting military actions, and where all the peoples, apart from their own language, speak also Kumyk." More than 90% of the Kumyks, according to 2010 census, also speak Russian, and those in Turkey and the Levant speak Turkish and Arabic.

Orthography
Kumyk has been used as a literary language in Dagestan and Caucasus for some time. During the 20th century the writing system of the language was changed twice: in 1929, the traditional Arabic script (called ajam) was first replaced by a Latin script, which was then replaced in 1938 by a Cyrillic script.

Comparison Chart
Compiled from:

Literature and media
Irchi Kazak (Ийрчы Къазакъ Yırçı Qazaq; born 1839) is usually considered to be the greatest poet of the Kumyk language. The first regular Kumyk newspapers and magazines appeared in 1917–18 under the editorship of Kumyk poet, writer, translator, and theatre figure Temirbolat Biybolatov (Temirbolat Biybolat). Currently, the newspaper Ёлдаш (Yoldash, "Companion"), the successor of the Soviet-era Ленин ёлу (Lenin yolu, "Lenin's Path"), prints around 5,000 copies 3 times a week.

The Kumyk language was learned by Russian classical authors such as Leo Tolstoy and Mikhail Lermontov, both of whom served in the Caucasus. The language is present in such works of Tolstoy as "The Raid", Cossacks, Hadji Murat, and Lermontov's - "A Hero of Our Time", Bestuzhev-Marlinsky's - "Molla-nur" and "Ammalat-bek".

title: Kumyk language


text:
Kirchen (Sieg)

Kirchen (Sieg) is a town and Luftkurort (climatic spa) in the district of Altenkirchen in the north of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated on the river Sieg, approx. 12 km southwest of Siegen. Among its notable features is the Freusburg castle.

Kirchen is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde Kirchen (Sieg) (Verbandsgemeinde, ''collective municipality).

History
In early 1942, Kirchen and Wehbach were forcibly united with the Nazi government and renamed Kirchen-Wehbach (Sieg). Despite protests from the people of Wehbach, this merger and renaming persisted even after the end of the war for two and a half decades, until additional former municipalities were annexed. On 7 June 1969, the municipalities of Freusburg, Herkersdorf, Offhausen, Wingendorf, and Katzenbach, with the exception of the Unterbüdenholz district, which was incorporated into Brachbach, were amalgamated. On the same day, the municipality was renamed Kirchen (Sieg). Kirchen (Sieg) was granted town rights on 6 November 2004.

Personalities

 * Jürgen Alzen (born 1962), automobile racing driver
 * Uwe Alzen (born 1967), automobile racing driver
 * Georg Bätzing (born 1961), Catholic clergyman, bishop of Limburg
 * Christoph Klein (born 1964), pediatric oncologist and medical director of the Haunersch Children 's Hospital of the Clinic of the University of Munich
 * Heinrich Kraemer (1842-1907), mayor, parliamentary and state parliament deputy
 * Thomas Kraft (born 1988), soccer player
 * Barbara Rudnik (1958-2009), actress
 * Luca Stolz (born 1995), automobile racing driver

title: Kirchen (Sieg)


text:
Ajay Piramal

Ajay Gopikisan Piramal (born 3 August 1955) is an Indian billionaire businessman, and the chairman of the Piramal Group, a conglomerate with interests in pharmaceutical, financial services, real estate, healthcare analytics and glass packaging. As of July 2024, his net worth is estimated at US$2.8 billion.

Early life
Ajay Piramal was born to Gopikisan Piramal and Lalita Piramal in Rajasthan, India on 3 August 1955. In 1977, at age 22, Piramal started out in his family's textile business, founded in 1934 by his grandfather Piramal Chatrabhuj. His father, Gopikisan Piramal, died in 1979, and after five years he lost an older brother to cancer, prompting him to take over the business.

Piramal holds a bachelor's degree in Science from the Jai Hind College and Basantsingh Institute of Science, University of Mumbai (then Bombay), a master's degree in management studies from Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies, University of Mumbai, and in 1992 attended the six-week Advanced Management Programme at Harvard Business School. Piramal has received an honorary doctorate by Amity University, India and Honorary Doctor of Science from IIT Indore.

Business career
In 1988, Piramal bought Nicholas Laboratories, an Australian multinational corporation. The company is now ranked fifth among pharma companies in India, having made a string of overseas acquisitions like the Indian subsidiaries of Roche, Boehringer Mannheim, Rhone Poulenc, ICI and Hoechst Research Centre. India's first major shopping mall, Crossroads, was developed from three redundant Piramal factory buildings in Mumbai.

He led Piramal Enterprises Ltd invested in Vodafone India by buying 11% in two tranches. The first 5.5%, was bought in 2011 for Rs 2,856 crore and the second, the next year for Rs 3,007 crore to buy a 5.5% stake in Vodafone India for INR 30.07 billion ($618 million), taking the total stake to 11%. In April 2014, Piramal Enterprises Ltd. sold its 11% stake for INR 8,900 crore, at a 51.78% premium to the price the company had paid in 2011–12.

After selling his stake in Vodafone India, Piramal paid INR 2,014 crore to buy a 20% stake in Shriram Capital Ltd., an arm of the Chennai-based Shriram Group. The purchase was made in addition to INR 1,636 crore investment in Shriram Transport Finance Co. Ltd. for a 9.9% stake. Piramal also serves as the Chairman of Shriram Group.

Piramal announced in 2019 he planned to resign as chairman of Shriram Capital Ltd. He was named chairman five years earlier.

Directorships and board memberships

 * Chairman, Piramal Group
 * Non-Executive Director, Tata Sons Ltd
 * Member, Board of Dean's Advisors, Harvard Business School
 * Board of Advisors, India's International Movement to Unite Nations
 * President and Chairman of the Governing Body, Anant National University
 * Chairman, Pratham Education Foundation
 * Member of National Council of Confederation of the Indian Industry (CII)
 * Co-Chair, UK-India CEO Forum
 * Member of the Honorable Prime Minister's Council for Trade & Industry and the Board of Trade constituted by the Ministry of Commerce
 * Member of the Honorable Prime Minister's Task Force on Pharmaceuticals and Knowledge-Based Industries
 * Member, Central Board of State Bank of India
 * Invitee to the World Economic Forum for the last 20 years

Former positions

 * Former Chairman, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore
 * Member, Central board of directors of State Bank of India.

Awards and honours

 * Honorary Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 2022 for services to the UK-India trade relationship.
 * Business Leader of the Year Award, 2018, International Advertising Association Leadership Awards
 * Special Achievement Award, Asia Pacific Entrepreneurship Awards (APEA) 2018
 * CNBC Asia's India Business Leader of the Year Award, 2018
 * CNBC Asia Business Leader of the Year Award, 2017
 * SEN Sustainability Award – Philanthropy and Best of Best – instituted by World Presidents' Organisation (2015)
 * Outstanding Philanthropist 2013 and 2014, Forbes Philanthropy Awards
 * Kriyasheel Global Achievers Award (2010)
 * India Innovator of the Year 2008 awarded by CNBC TV 18
 * Entrepreneur of the Year' Award of UK Trade and Investment Council in 2006
 * Ernst & Young's Entrepreneur of the Year Award in the Healthcare and Life Sciences category in 2004
 * "Business Leader Award" in Pharma Sector at the CHEMTECH PHARMABIO AWARD (2004);
 * "Life Time Achievement Award" by The Rotary Club of Mumbai Mid-Town (2004)
 * Global Leader of Tomorrow by the World Economic Forum (2004)
 * Rotary International (District 3140) Certificate of Appreciation and "Four Way Test Award" in 2001
 * CEO of the Year Award' by World Strategy Forum (1999)

Philanthropy
Piramal finances the Piramal Foundation. The foundation is quoted as taking about 10–15% of his time. The Piramal Foundation is the philanthropic arm of the Piramal Group.

The Piramal Foundation has initiatives across Health, Education and Safe Drinking Water, namely Piramal Swasthya, Piramal Foundation for Education Leadership and Piramal Sarvajal, respectively. The Foundation works across 21 states in India, mostly in partnership with state governments.

Piramal is among the Advisory Committee Members of Annamrita, ISKCON Food Relief Foundation (IFRF) that serves 1.2 million meals through its 20 kitchens across India every day.

Personal life
Ajay Piramal is married to Swati Shah Piramal. They are the parents of two children. Their daughter, Nandini Piramal D'Young, married US citizen Peter D'Young in 2009. Piramal's son, Anand Piramal, married Isha Ambani Piramal (née Ambani), daughter of billionaire businessman Mukesh Dhirubhai Ambani and his wife Nita Dalal Ambani, on 12 December 2018.

The family considers Radhanath Swami their family-guru.

Gulita
Anand Piramal's parents Ajay and Swati Piramal gave them their home Gulita as a wedding gift. It occupies 50,000 square feet of floor space in Worli, Mumbai, with three basements, multiple dining rooms, an outdoor swimming pool, a garden, a hall and a diamond-themed bungalow with a diamond room and a temple room. Estimated to be worth $100 million in 2022, Gulita was bought through an auction by Piramal from Hindustan Unilever for $61.2 million in 2012. Ajay Piramal and his family started the remodeling work for the house in 2015. Following the completion of the renovation work, the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) gave an occupancy certificate to the property in September 2018. The interior is designed like Antilia, the residence of Isha Ambani before marriage.

title: Ajay Piramal


text:
Endochondral ossification

Endochondral ossification is one of the two essential pathways by which bone tissue is produced during fetal development of the mammalian skeletal system, the other pathway being intramembranous ossification. Both endochondral and intramembranous processes initiate from a precursor mesenchymal tissue, but their transformations into bone are different. In intramembranous ossification, mesenchymal tissue is directly converted into bone. On the other hand, endochondral ossification starts with mesenchymal tissue turning into an intermediate cartilage stage, which is eventually substituted by bone.

Endochondral ossification is responsible for development of most bones including long and short bones, the bones of the axial (ribs and vertebrae) and the appendicular skeleton (e.g. upper and lower limbs), the bones of the skull base (including the ethmoid and sphenoid bones) and the medial end of the clavicle. In addition, endochondral ossification is not exclusively confined to embryonic development; it also plays a crucial role in the healing of fractures.

Formation of the cartilage model
The initiation of endochondral ossification starts by proliferation and condensation of mesenchymal cells in the area where the bone will eventually be formed. Subsequently, these mesenchymal progenitor cells differentiate into chondroblasts, which actively synthesize cartilage matrix components. Thus, the initial hyaline cartilage template is formed, which has the same basic shape and outline as the future bone.

Primary center of ossification
In developing bones, ossification commences within the primary ossification center located in the center of the diaphysis (bone shaft), where the following changes occur:

The perichondrium surrounding the cartilage model transforms into the periosteum. During this transformation, special cells within the perichondrium switch gears. Instead of becoming cartilage cells (chondrocytes), they mature into bone-building osteoblasts. This newly formed bone can be called "periosteal bone" as it originates from the transformed periosteum. However, considering its developmental pathway, it could be classified as "intramembranous bone".  After the formation of the periosteum, chondrocytes in the primary center of ossification begin to grow (hypertrophy). They begin secreting: • Collagen type X, which causes stiffness and compression of the extracellular matrix.

• Matrix metalloproteinases.

• Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which controls forthcoming vascular invasion.

• Alkaline phosphatase, which causes calcification of the cartilage matrix. This calcification prevents passage of nutrients to chondrocytes leading to their death. When chondrocytes die, matrix metalloproteinases result in catabolism of various components within the extracellular matrix and the physical boundaries between neighboring lacunae (the spaces housing chondrocytes) weaken. This can lead to the merging of these lacunae, creating larger empty spaces.  Blood vessels arising from the periosteum invade these empty spaces and mesenchymal stem cells migrate guided by penetrating blood vessels. Following the invading blood vessels, mesenchymal stem cells reach these empty spaces and undergo differentiation into osteoprogenitor cells. These progenitors further mature into osteoblasts, that deposit unmineralized bone matrix, termed osteoid. Mineralization subsequently follows leading to formation of bone trabeculae (Endochondral bone formation).

Secondary center of ossification
During the postnatal life, a secondary ossification center appears in each end (epiphysis) of long bones. In these secondary centers, cartilage is converted to bone similarly to that occurring in a primary ossification center. As the secondary ossification centers enlarge, residual cartilage persists in two distinct locations: • Articular cartilage: This layer coats the bone ends, concerned with joint movement.

• Epiphyseal growth plate: This transverse layer lies between the epiphysis and diaphysis. It’s composed of highly active chondrocytes and responsible for longitudinal bone growth. Consequently, the bone elongates at this growth plate until closure occurs at skeletal maturity.

At the end of an individual’s growth period, the production of new cartilage in the epiphyseal plate stops. After this point, existing cartilage within the plate turns into mature bone tissue.

Histology
During endochondral ossification, five distinct zones can be seen at the light-microscope level:

Fracture healing
For complete recovery of a fractured bone’s biomechanical functionality, the bone healing process needs to culminate in the formation of lamellar bone at the fracture site to withstand the same forces and stresses it did before the fracture. Indirect fracture healing, the most common type of bone repair, relies heavily on endochondral ossification. In this type of healing, endochondral ossification occurs within the fracture gap and external to the periosteum. In contrast, intramembranous ossification takes place directly beneath the periosteum, adjacent to the broken bone’s ends.

title: Endochondral ossification


text: Category:401 births

title: Category:401 births


text: User talk:81.156.55.239

title: User talk:81.156.55.239


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Anárion2

Anárion
final (17/7/1) ending 08:52, 29 December 2004 (UTC)

I would like to request sysop access for a second time. I have been editing at the Wikipedia as a logged in user since April 2004, and am one of the top 1000 editors (#434 with 2438 main namespace edits as of current revision). While editing somewhat less recently I still visit the Wikipedia daily and edit whenever I see something missing or see something I can add. I also fight vandalism when I come across it, where I believe sysop powers will come in handy, mainly to revert vandalism. To reiterate from last time: I am nobody's sockpuppet, and ask to be judged by my edits, and not someone else's. I have been involved in one edit war over Acronym, but that was solved by discussion on the talk page. Anárion 08:51, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Support
 * 1) I support. - Ta bu shi da yu 13:01, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Without expressing my opinion on the truth of Gzornenplatz's allegation (which, coming from him, is quite amusing :), I will say that I don't think it matters: even if Anarion is who he's accused of being, he has been a model editor and has avoided the problems that brought his alleged former account into disrepute. If he should change his behavior upon becoming an admin, well, we have a new Arbitration Committee and some established precedents for dealing with power-abusing admins. Therefore I cautiously support him for adminship. —Charles P. (Mirv) 13:50, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Agree with Charles P., well spoken. Michael Ward 19:25, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) I would support Anarion or Jor. Andre ( talk )A| 21:19, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Consider Anárion supported. [[User:Rhymeless|Rhymeless | (Methyl Remiss)]] 07:56, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) Geez, if this guy's sockpuppet has >2000 edits, his normal account must be User:Mav or something... ugen64 02:02, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) Aye. --Ben Brockert 04:12, Dec 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * 8) ℛ yan!  |  Talk  04:08, Dec 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * 9) Of course I support. He should have been an administrator last time. Lst27 ( t a l k )  23:10, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. User:Chan Han Xiang 17.28, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) Like ugen said. Anyway, Anarion is a great contributor. J OHN C OLLISON [ Ludraman] 10:39, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) mainly opposing the unexpained opposition. sockpuppetry is not a valid accusation against a user with so many edits. I will change to oppose only if offensive edits by this user are shown. dab (ᛏ) 11:35, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Squash 01:38, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) I don't care who he really is. If this account has been active since April and hasn't caused any trouble, I'm willing to support. Isomorphic 08:27, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) David Cannon 10:08, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC). Support.
 * 6) silsor 12:51, Dec 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) Looking over the other votes, I have a strong gut feeling that I should support. - RedWordSmith 17:10, Dec 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * 8) Support. No reason not to, and he's been doing a lot of maintenance.   — Nathanlarson32767  (Talk) 20:18, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 9) MPerel 08:51, Dec 29, 2004 (UTC)

Oppose
 * 1) See last nomination. Nothing has changed. Gzornenplatz 10:09, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) *Obviously, there is nothing to change: I have not suddenly become who you claim me to be. Anárion 12:11, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) **I think that should be good enough for us, to be honest. Let's stop with the unsubstantiated sock puppet talk already! - Ta bu shi da yu 13:02, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) A. D. Hair 13:37, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) BLANKFAZE  | (что??)  20:36, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) Node 01:07, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) Agree with Gzornenplatz. 172 09:04, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 8) Dr Zen 10:49, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 9) Agree with Gzornnenplatz. Chan Han Xiang 19:30, Dec 27, 2004 (UTC)

Neutral
 * 1) Looks like I would have to do extensive research to understand the stances of both sides involved here. I will remain neutral on the question. Kingturtle 06:00, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Comments
 * User has 3596 edits as of right now. --Ben Brockert 01:10, Dec 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Can I please get some clarification as to why these people are opposing (and not giving any comments as to why)? →Raul654 07:10, Dec 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm with Raul. Could someone please explain what's going on here?  Am I correctly understanding that some people think Anárion is Jor?  If so, why do they think that, and why should I care?  No one seems to be claiming that Anárion has done anything wrong under this name. Isomorphic 06:57, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * That's more or less the size of it. Gzornenplatz thinks Anárion is Jor, for reasons explained last time around, and Gzornenplatz, back when he was Wik, acquired a strong dislike for Jor. Wik may have had reason—I recall that Jor pushed some dubious POVs in the perennial German-Polish edit wars—but as you say, Anárion hasn't done anything wrong. —Charles P. (Mirv) 07:23, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It would be interesting to find out exactly what Wik/Gzornenplatz and his supporters (172, and Chan Han Xiang — who voted 'support', but changed to 'oppose' after I voted 'oppose' on his RFA) feel "has to change". Even if I /were/ who Wik/Gzornenplatz claims me to be, a quick scan over the arbitration committee charges against Wik show that I have never touched any of the articles he was quarreling with Jor over. (At least, as far as I am aware... I may have come across some of them occasionally. Wik has a huge number of edits.) I have no wish to get into the "perennial German-Polish edit wars" at all.
 * Node ue's reason seems clear: he apparently votes against all self-nominaters, so that leaves Blankfaze, Austin Hair, and Dr. Zen. If these users could give me any clarification as to why they feel I cannot be trusted with sysops rights it will be appreciated. Jordi·✆ 11:51, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Gzornenplatz is currently banned for a week, which is likely why he hasn't responded. Had you self-nominated one day later (after the ban began), it would probably have passed with no objections. --Ben Brockert < 20:01, Dec 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * Wik's shitlist. HTH. Dr Zen 06:44, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Questions for the candidate

A few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:
 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? (Please read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.)
 * A. Asides from vandalism fighting, I will be around to help users where possible. Later (when more time available) get back working on pages like IFD.
 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
 * A. I don't really "get" the own-an-article mood, but I am very happy with Acronym: although now incorporated into a larger article and I no longer hold the last edit, I think that the compromise Nohat and I worked out there has substantially improved the article. As well as some of the popculture articles I worked on, such as the Tolkien ones, most recently Anárion.
 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and will deal with it in the future?
 * A. The Acronym article, but I have a positive experience with it in retrospect. And there's the baseless accusation by one or two users I am apparently a neofascist, but fortunately that slander remains with those few. I deal with the latter mainly by pointing out the facts, and ignoring the implications. I expect this not to change in the future: should I get into conflict with another user there are established channels inside the Wikipedia which everyone can use, and sysop rights cannot help here, so should not be used in any case.

Anárion 08:08, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text: Category:457 deaths

title: Category:457 deaths


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/MTR (old nomination)

MTR
I want to promote this article on December 31, 2004. Do you agree with that? --202.40.210.174 08:52, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The colors sure are pretty...why is that date important to you? Do you mean that you want it on the main page on that date? Everyking 10:52, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Object. Complete section on the trains on this system is missing, no references, lead section is too short and at least one included image does not have copyright info. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 12:39, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Lead section expanded somewhat, copyright info re: images ressolved, still needs work though. - Mailer Diablo 21:31, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Object, as above. Filiocht 13:16, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * I believe that we should have an article for all stations before nominating it. Similarly, Provinces of Thailand was not nominated until each of the 76 provinces had a separate article. olivier 02:01, Dec 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * Section on the trains? There is a decent article at Trains on the MTR, linked from the article. olivier
 * Still working on 'Trains on the MTR', I created it after this article was nominated. This info was avaliable in page history but someone apprently blanked it at one time. Needs improvement. I've sent it to Peer Review, if you can help me out it'd be greatly appreciated! - Mailer Diablo 21:31, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * There's a huge following regarding MTR from editors from Hong Kong so there's a great following. Tentative support pending more improvements. --JuntungWu 17:59, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)


text:
Adolf Merckle

Adolf Merckle (18 March 1934 – 5 January 2009) was a German entrepreneur and billionaire. He died by suicide at age 74 due to losses during the financial crisis of 2007–2008. He was at one point the fifth-richest person in Germany with a net worth of $9.2 billion.

Early life
Merckle was born in Dresden. In 1945, he fled with his family from Sudetenland, a region near the German-Czech border that was inhabited by ethnic Germans and occupied by Adolf Hitler's forces in 1938. His family settled in Blaubeuren, a small town in southern Germany between Stuttgart and Ulm. He was educated as a lawyer.

Career
In 1967, he took over his family company, Merckle GmbH, with just 80 employees.

In 1973, he founded Germany's first generic drug manufacturer, Ratiopharm.

For several decades he also held large stakes in cement company HeidelbergCement as well as vehicle manufacturer Kässbohrer.

At the end of 2008, Merckle’s investment company, VEM Vermögensverwaltung, faced a liquidity shortage. VEM said in a public statement that it had shored up the equity capital of HeidelbergCement to support the acquisition of British cement maker Hanson using loans backed by shares as collateral. Since the market value of the shares slumped more than 75% during the financial crisis of 2007–2008, banks demanded further securities and early redemption on their loans. Merckle made personal guarantees to the banks, also from his private assets. By negotiating with the banks he received a bridge loan to keep VEM afloat. In return he had to agree to sell Ratiopharm and his stake in HeidelbergCement to pay down debt.

Also in 2008, Merckle made a speculative investment based on his belief that Volkswagen shares would fall; however, in October 2008, Porsche SE's support of Volkswagen led to a short squeeze that sent shares on the Xetra stock exchange from €210.85 to over €1,000 in less than two days. It is believed that he lost as much as €500 million.

Suicide
Merckle killed himself on 5 January 2009 near his villa in Blaubeuren by throwing himself under a speeding train.

Personal life
Merckle lived in Blaubeuren with his wife and four children, three sons and one daughter. His passions were mountain climbing and skiing.

title: Adolf Merckle


text:
Category:EC 2.6.1

Transferases

Transferring nitrogenous groups

Transaminases (aminotransferases)

title: Category:EC 2.6.1


text:
Talk:Ball Four

Untitled
A redirect for now, but really deserves an article: possibly the most important book ever written about professional baseball, and it has been through multiple revised editions. Its publication history is much too complicated to be folded into the article on Bouton. -- Jmabel | Talk 08:57, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)

Slanted comments?
Has the discussion become a bit slanted in edits of September 9, 2008? Specifically, are edits by 72.146.62.234 and 74.163.52.153 very much POV? --DAW0001 (talk) 21:20, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

I would recommend that this entire article be deleted. There is so little that is not opinion on it and I erased the only link, which was broken. it seems that some person who hates bouton wrote most of this. his book opened many doors to the cleaning up of baseball and he is actually more respected now than anything. but this doesn't really matter because the article should be factual and as it is written now is completely opinion. there is enough written about it in the Bouton article that simply providing as link to a page more about the book would be appropriate. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.143.184.151 (talk) 15:14, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

Disagree with the previous statement that this article be delated. The book is arguably more notable than Bouton himself. If it needs to be fixed, (or completely redone,) do that rather than deleting the article. 75.63.234.37 (talk) 19:51, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

March 25, 2010: Whatever text was there before, today it seems more than fair and accurate concerning the text of the book and the subsequent results. It doesn't make sense to add in all of the stories and anecdotes, but the reader of this article gets the flavor and the tenor of the book. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.123.168.22 (talk) 19:33, 25 March 2010 (UTC)

POV Check
I nominated this article for a POV check because parts of it sound like they were written by an angry fan or player. For instance, the article ends with, "One thing seems certain though, and that is that Bouton will be remembered. Not for his talent, his ability, or his determination, but for taking advantage of his situation and cashing in on what he'd learned in confidence." Although it is understandable that many people are still angry with Bouton, there are also many, including Micky Mantle and others Bouton wrote about, who are not angry with Bouton. The mainstream sports media, such as the coverage ESPN gave to Ball Four in Sports Century, has taken a much more sympathetic view of Bouton than the view of whoever edited this article. Therefore a neutral article should reflect the fact that people remain divided on the appropriateness of the disclosures Bouton made in Ball Four and not summarily condemn him for it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Redkern (talk • contribs) 23:50, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

I have no familiarity with this guy Bouton or his book, but the whole article reads like the bitter rantings of someone who just discovered that his puppy was killed in the writing of the book. I added 'citation needed' comments pretty much everywhere. If nobody is going to fix it, it should just be deleted - in it's current state, this article doesn't seem worth having. 115.130.33.78 (talk) 05:08, 19 December 2008 (UTC) jac

 * I reverted that, as it was just plain awful-looking to have that tagged on virtually every sentence, and replaced it with a banner at the top of the page. I am familiar with the book, and will hopefully have some time soon to devote to this article, which does need some help. Thanks for bringing attention to it, though. Tarc (talk) 14:30, 19 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I didn't know how to do a banner. cheers! 59.101.153.45 (talk) 13:34, 28 December 2008 (UTC) jac

When the Old Guard (Roger Kahn*) Dies--I bet the negative comments stop
That ESPN Documentary: Ball Four provides a clue as to who might be defacing this page: Roger Kahn* (*or some surrogate). Some of the exact same things Kahn says are repeated here--as if a mantra. Note: ESPN did not think "Boys of Summer" important enough to do a similar documentary --that "Ball Four" would deserve a separate wiki entry from Bouton's Bio would piss off few people-- but is evidenced in that Bouton's Bio is untouched by such slander. This is selective, and critical only of Bouton's writing, insinuating (as Kahn did in the aforementioned documentary) that Bouton may not have even written the book (so who's got the jealousy problem?). There is so much hatred and out right lies that have been inserted that the ISP numbers from that poster should be recorded for possible action. Suggested Corrections: (Source: New York Public Library: Books of the Century, 1997) Granted, there are sources for the above (ie; the glossary in Home Games, page 13--and Ball Four, page 40). But it fails to take into consideration the alternate (more general) definitions provided on page 80 in Home Games, as well as the explanation of "shooting stingers," in Ball Four, page 200, which clearly does not involve anything surreptitious. With "Beaver Shooting" being as important as the Monroe Doctrine (joke), this is important to get right. It contradicts the previous (true) sentence. Plus, since Mantle is only mentioned on about 5 of 500 pages (Ball Four has an index--though each update has additional mentions--but the index proves the claim to be a LIE). ___________________________ When you watch the clip with Kahn--watch his eyes as he speaks about Ball Four. He is consumed with rage. It is plain to see, as his face turns red, the veins on his neck bulge, and his eyes just about pop out of his head. NOBODY IS DOING A DOCUMENTARY ABOUT ANYTHING HE WROTE. _____________________________ Now, even if the poster isn't Kahn--they sure are using his talking points. But how, unless he/she cared so much to get a transcript of Kahn's bit--could they come so close to his exact words? And if the defacer were simply quoting Kahn--from this ESPN interview--why no citation? Without citation--the only way the comments avoid plagiarism is if Kahn, himself, is the author. Something to think about for the POV reviewer: This is not a player or a fan that is angry here--this is an angry WRITER. I'd bet the house that it is Roger Kahn. To hedge my bet:-to place--I bet on someone from the Vintage Baseball Association. There was an article that I tried to use as a SOURCE here: "Dubunking the Vintage Base Ball Federation," by Scott Sullivan on Associated Content--but I was banned by wiki from using the link as it has been blacklisted--and probably rightfully so. There are vicious lies about Bouton and misreprentations of what Bouton's league is claiming to be--and I wanted to use it as an example of what is going on here. The main source of the feud (even reported in the New York Times)Bouton's VBBF aims to capture the spirit and rules of an era, and the VBBA claims to have accuracy down to exact years. They are mad because Bouton wants to create a professional league. And they are mad that Bouton's VBBF uses a hodgepodge of rules from that era. That's it. That's why they are so bitter and have created all these web pages--whether a 3rd baseman can wear a flyswatter mitt or should have to play barehanded--stuff like that. I kid you not. (Google: "Jim Bouton" "Vintage") And here's the irony: the spokespeople for the VBBA league (criticizing Bouton's VBBF for being in-authentic) never mention that the VBBA plays with a synthetic, plastic ball--and settles the discrepancy between rules (when a "1860's team plays an "1870's" team) by playing half a game by one set of rules, half the game by the other (and if extra innings--they alternate inning by inning until the game is decided) that's authenticity for you....
 * 1) 1) (this is not defacement) But while one can say that Ball Four was one of the most important sports books---the New York Public Library calls Ball Four one of the most important "books" PERIOD.
 * 1) 2)Strike "no-holds barred" as "To read Ball Four today is to notice its discretion." All the sex stories are anonymous, as are the names of players that used anti-Semetic and racial slurs.(Source: Mark Kriegel NY Daily News July 1998)
 * 2) 3)Strike- "no attempt to protect the innocent or guilty" (See above Kriegel source.)
 * 3) 4)Strike-"(of which Bouton had a special knowledge)" uhhhh what does that even mean? I would like to see that "special knowledge" documented if it is to be used.
 * 4) 5)"Beaver Shooting" is not properly defined. What the definition should say: Beaver shooting ranges from simply spotting an attractive woman in public--to the aforementioned spying on rooftops etc.
 * 1) 6)Mantle's drinking not revealed for "good reason"? What good reason? Isn't it more likely that if Mantle were to have confronted his drinking problem earlier--that he might be alive today? Good reason my ass.
 * 2) 7)Pete Rose apologized to Bouton for saying, "Fuck You, Shakespeare." Recognized Ball Four played a role in freeing the players and getting him a bigger paycheck. (Can't find the source--though I am sure it exists--Home Games mentioned Johnny Bench (the other player famous for yelling, "Fuck you, Shakespeare," to Bouton) on page 81--not Rose. An indication that Bouton felt no lingerering ill will toward Rose is evidenced in a NYTimes Op-Ed by Bouton, "How Baseball Grew A Gambler," Oct. 26, 1999.
 * 3) 8)Strike- "best" from best sportswriters of that era. Matter of opinion--not fact. Plus, if those so-called "best" sportswriters had been doing their job to begin with, Ball Four would not have created anywhere near the buzz that it did. Maybe inserting "worst" would be more fitting. What is interesting is that the defacer decided to use the adjective "best" in this instance. Might it indicate whom the author is /was friends with? After all, Dick Young had a nasty hand in Seaver leaving town. You're just not going to find that many people willing to carry the Dick Young torch onto Wiki.(No source--but that should be obvious)
 * 4) 9)Strike-the whole section--"jealous of more prominent players." This is conjecture. And it is unsupported by the facts: ie; How many players in their career ever make the All Star team or pitch in three World Series?
 * 5) 10)Strike-"Needed to settle scores." Conjecture--but not just simple conjecture--this would require the writer to have a doctorate in Psychology, Bouton as one's patient, and Bouton's signature to talk about it--if true. So we can be very sure that this is a LIE.
 * 6) 11)Strike-"Forgotten career on the mound" (see #9 above). The biggest proof that Bouton's career has NOT been forgotten is that the person who wrote this certainly remembers (albeit selectively).
 * 7) 12)Strike-"need to settle scores." (see #10)What could possibly be the source for this?
 * 8) 13)Strike-the whole bit about Mantle as "Target."
 * 1) 14)Strike- that competing sentence about Mantle's (and others--like Ford, Pepitone, not mentioned by name as penning "tell-alls") memoirs as being somehow different and protective of other's privacy --unless a source can be provided. As many of the stories are the SAME--it would be interesting to see documented proof that Mantle, Ford, Pepitone, et al; obtained permission from their fellow players. I bet it is just another of a series of lies--as I have just documented.
 * 1) 15) But the most amazing thing of all is that coda, which is what prompted someone to mark this article for review. It is almost word-for-word what Roger Kahn said in the ESPN documentary.

One thing to be sure of--Bouton certainly made some enemies (he was on Nixon's enemies list too). However, they all seem to do Bouton the favor of exposing themselves to be liars in public. And such is the case now.

209.244.187.207 (talk) 07:46, 15 September 2008 (UTC) Above unsigned post was submitted and edited by me, Big Orange. I thought I had signed it--and stand by all comments--copies of ESPN's SPORTS CENTURY are available and required watching for person making POV decision. Big Orange (talk) 05:40, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

RECENT OBSERVATION RE: Kahn
Roger Kahn* (*or some surrogate) had been using Wiki pages for self promotion/advertising purposes. Now, I'm not arguing that Kahn doesn't deserve mention, and am not against having a seperate entry for "The Boys of Summer," but Kahn has an wiki entry for just about everything he ever wrote--what's up with that?

What a crock of shit is that? Everything but Kahn's Bio entry--and "The Boys of Summer," should be deleted pronto. You at wiki--and we readers--are being used for one man's personal and financial gain. Not very POV at all. MORE RECENT OBSERVATION: The links were pulled from the Kahn site (maybe I was too quick to criticize) since I last logged in/ noticed. Maybe someone else took care of it on that page. He even had a link to his own dead son's wiki bio--a person not notable for being anything other than Kahn's deceased offspring. That it was finally caught...great. But what took so long? And when is the mess that has become the wiki "Ball Four" entry going to be cleaned up? Is Lawrence Ritter's, "The Glory of Their Times," being similarly defaced since I last visited?§

title: Talk:Ball Four


text:
User talk:Julleras~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! - [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 08:58, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Tagging
Hello! Can you tell me what the copyright status of Image:MusNin_Bogota.jpg is? [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 08:58, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)

Response: I am the Projects Coordinator of the Museo de los Niños in Bogotá, Colombia. This is an institutional photograph. Thaks for your concern.

Series and parallel circuits
Hi! Thanks for adding a link for reference in Series and parallel circuits. However, it was not very clear which part of the reference you meant and which parts of the article it would substantiate. Also, a general electrical engineering textbook (preferably one would be more useful in the article than a specialised one, like the one you added. —xyzzyn 16:29, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

True. Thanks. JML

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Julleras. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Julleras~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:48, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 14:41, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Julleras~enwiki


text:
Category:EC 2.6

Transferases Transferring nitrogenous groups

title: Category:EC 2.6


text: Category:385 deaths

title: Category:385 deaths


text: User talk:70.19.181.172

title: User talk:70.19.181.172


text: User talk:61.1.105.187

title: User talk:61.1.105.187


text: Category:451 births

title: Category:451 births


text:
XE8000

The XE8000 series is a low-power microcontroller family from XEMICS (now a business unit of Semtech). Advanced analog features are combined with a proprietary RISC CPU named CoolRISC on all XE8000 devices. The CPU has 8-bits data bus and 22 bits instruction bus. All instructions (including 8*8 bit multiplication) are executed in 1 clock cycle. The analog features include the ZoomingADC a new type of delta-sigma modulator for analog-to-digital conversion that includes capabilities to amplify and offset the input signal during the acquisition.

UART, timers, RAM, MTP-ROM ("flash" program memory), watchdog timer, analog-to-digital converter, digital-to-analog converter, RC and XTAL oscillators, interrupts, I/O, drivers for seven segment displays and RF interface are possible on-chip features.

XE8000 devices
For sensor interfacing:
 * XE88LC01A
 * XE88LC02 (with display drivers)
 * XE88LC05A (with DAC)

For RF interfacing:
 * XE88LC06A
 * XE88LC07A

Typical target applications

 * Sensor interface
 * 4-20 mA current loop
 * Battery supplied devices
 * RF interface

title: XE8000


text: Category:525 deaths

title: Category:525 deaths


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Spam Man Sam

Spam Man Sam
Spam Man Sam was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

Not notable. --fvw *  09:07, 2004 Dec 22 (UTC)
 * Delete. Concur with Fvw. jni 09:25, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. No interesting content. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 10:52, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn, possible vanity. Wyss 21:56, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Patrick Kluivert

Maccabi Tel-Aviv???
How come he is pointed out to be a manager of Maccabi Tel-Aviv, when there are no sources that confirm this? I live in Israel and there are no sources in here that confirm that he is the manager of Maccabi Tel-Aviv. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.35.51.104 (talk) 09:49, 31 May 2013 (UTC)

Place Of Birth
okay this article says he was born in amsterdam but the article on Suriname claims he was born there, please will somebody clear this one up for me

thankyou Crabman123 23:01, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes I can clear that up for you. I'm webmaster of patrick-kluivert.com so if anyone knows, then it should be me :) Kluivert was born in the Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (OLVG) in East of Amsterdam. His parents were living at the Naardermeerstraat in Amsterdam at that time. So he was NOT born in Surinam. --GHoeberX 15:53, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

Press Conference Announced
90.197.27.254 16:20, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is not a newspaper, we can only add facts. The only source I can find at the moment states that Kluivert "may be moving to Sheffield Wednesday". The move is still unconfirmed and should not be included into an encyclopedia until the transfer is completed. Sarcasmos 16:32, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, I would also recommend WP:V. slυмgυм [ ←→ ] 21:19, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

Reverted to consensus edit
There appears to be alot of activity on this page. Reverted to remove Newcastle stuff and other contentious information to last confirmed page by sources. CorleoneSerpicoMontana 10:15, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Provide a reference stating that Kluivert signed a contract with Sheffield Wednesday or stop adding false information to this article. Sarcasmos 10:18, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Insurance documents are a necessity to even train with the squad out in Holland. I believe those are sufficient and cited. Londo06 10:33, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

 * He's not even on trial at the club, he was merely offered one. Please cite the reference that states he's a current Sheffield Wednesday player. Sarcasmos 10:38, 24 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Also, I don't see why you keep reverting my valid edit. Unless you're illiterate, the sources you cite are quite clear: Kluivert is merely offered a trial. A contract is yet to be signed and he is currently not a Sheffield Wednesday player. Nothing encyclopedic about being offered a trial, just newspaper fluff. Sarcasmos 17:37, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

 * What do the cited sources 3 and 4 actually say 90.197.27.80 17:43, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

 * ABout the same what ESPN reports; there is interest, nothing more. Sarcasmos 17:55, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Age/debut
"born July 1, 1976" "He made his début in the senior team of Ajax on August 21, 1990 at the age of 22" does not compute...either the date should be 1998 (which would make no sense as he had already left Ajax by then) or the age should be 14 (which seems a bit young). I presume the date of birth is correct, seeing as he is famously exactly the same age as Van Nistelrooij, so does anyone know the correct date of his debut, and thereby correct the age in the page... Murphyopalmen (talk) 16:03, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

Flag at Newcastle United
Should be English, not UK. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 116.14.218.124 (talk) 15:36, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

Inadquate sourcing
Most (almost all) of the article is entirely unsourced. WP:BLP rather discourages such. Collect (talk) 21:40, 8 February 2011 (UTC)

this article needs a new profile image, for the article of patrick kluivert, the actual image is uncleared — Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.150.35.182 (talk) 22:41, 10 December 2015 (UTC)

Image
this article needs a new profile image, for the article of patrick kluivert, the actual image is uncleared of patrick — Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.150.35.182 (talk) 03:58, 11 December 2015 (UTC)

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saa 115.134.107.143 (talk) 22:06, 29 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Patrick Kluivert