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John Row (minister, born 1568)

John Row (1568 – 26 June 1646) was a Scottish ecclesiastical historian and one of the Scottish Reformers. As minister of Carnock in Fife, he was a leading opponent of Episcopacy. Row's Historie of the Kirk of Scotland (1558–1637), left by him in manuscript, is an original authority for the period. An account of his life is attached to the work.

John Row was born Perth; his baptism is recorded as having taken place 6 January 1568–9. He was the third son of John Row, the Reformer, minister of Perth. John was educated by his father; he was so precocious that he knew Hebrew at the age of seven, and read daily after dinner or supper portions of the Old Testament in the original. On the death of his father in 1580, his brother William and he received friar's pensions from the King's Hospital at Perth. At fifteen he became schoolmaster of Kennoway and tutor to his cousins, sons of Beaton of Balfour, whom he accompanied to Edinburgh University in 1586. He graduated with an M.A. 1 August 1590. Shortly afterwards he was elected schoolmaster of Aberdour, and was tutor to William, Earl of Morton. He continued his studies in divinity, and towards the end of 1592 he was ordained to this Carnock. He was one of the forty-five ministers who signed a Protest to Parliament, 1 July 1606, against Episcopacy, and in the same year, at Linlithgow, he met with the ministers who were to be put on their trial for holding the Assembly at Aberdeen in disobedience to the King's command. In 1616 he declined a presentation to Aberdour, and later, a call to Culross. In 1619, and again on 29 December 1621, he was summoned before the Court of High Commission for non-conformity and opposition to Prelacy. He was prevented by illness from obeying the former summons, but was represented by a son and a nephew. Sir George Bruce of Carnock also intervened on his behalf and sent a letter by one of his servants, Richard Christie, to the Archbishop. The Archbishop deposed two ministers but dealt more leniently with Row, who was simply "confined to his own congregation." Richard Christie claimed as much credit for the light sentence as Row's other friends: "After sundry arguments, Christie came on with one weightie argument," saying, "thir coals in your mines are very evil, and my master (Bruce) hath very many good coals: send up a vessel every year to Culross, and I shall see her laden with good coals." After Row had been restricted to his small parish he organised the Communion services which gave Carnock a celebrity among the parishes of Scotland. This it retained for upwards of two hundred years. At a Communion in 1635 it is said there were no fewer than seventeen tables. Row was a member of the Glasgow Assembly of 1638, when he was appointed one of a committee of ministers "come to years" to enquire— from personal knowledge of the handwriting of clerks and their own recollection of events — into the authenticity of certain Assembly Records which had been missing for some time, the result being that their genuineness was established. By the same Assembly he was named one of a committee for considering such constitutions and laws "as might prevent corruptions in the future, like those which had troubled the Kirk in the past." He died on 26 June 1646.

Life
He was the third surviving son of John Row, a Scottish reformer, and Margaret Beaton of Balfour; he was born at Perth about the end of December 1568, and baptised on 6 January 1569. He received early instruction from his father, and at the age of seven was reading Hebrew. Sent to the grammar school of Perth, he instructed the master in Hebrew, who on this account was accustomed to call him Magister John Row.

On the death of his father in 1580, Row, then about twelve years of age, received, as did his brother William Row, a friar's pension from the King's hospital at Perth. Subsequently, he obtained an appointment as schoolmaster at Kennoway, and tutor to his nephews, the sons of Beaton of Balfour. He accompanied them in 1586 to Edinburgh, enrolling himself as student in the university. After taking his M.A. degree in August 1590, he became schoolmaster of Aberdour in Fife; he was towards the close of December 1592 ordained minister of Carnock, in the presbytery of Dunfermline.

Row signed on 1 July 1606 the protest of the Scottish Parliament against the introduction of episcopacy; and he was also one of those who in the same year met at Linlithgow with the ministers who were to be tried for holding an assembly at Aberdeen, contrary to the royal command. In 1619, and again in 1622, he was summoned before the court of high commission for nonconformity to the Articles of Perth, and required to confine himself within the bounds of his parish.

He was a member of the general assembly of 1638, when he was named one of a committee of ministers to inquire—from personal knowledge of the handwriting of the clerks and their own memory of events—into the authenticity of certain registers of the general assembly that had been missing for some time. He was able to establish their authenticity. By the same general assembly, he was also named to a committee to construct such constitutions and laws as might prevent corruptions like those that had troubled the kirk in the past.

He died on 26 June 1646, and was buried in the family burial-place at the east end of the church of Carnock, where there was a monument to his memory.

Epitaph
He died 26 June 1646, after a few days' illness, and was buried at the east end of Carnock Church, where a monumental stone was erected to his memory. This monument is surmounted by a Scottish thistle, immediately over which are the Hebrew words for "The Last House," and the following Latin inscription: "Hic Iacet M. Jo. Row, Pastor hujus eccl esise fidelissimus : vixit acerrimus verita tis et foederis Scoticani assertor : hi erarchias pseudo-episcopalis et Rom anorum rituum cordicitus osor : in fr equenti symmistarum apostasia cu bi instar constantissimus." In "Memorials of the Family of Row" there is to be found this other epitaph : Though bald with age, and prest with weight, In crooked times this man went straight : His pen kept hid things on record For which the Prelats him abhorr'd : And his Carnock, his little quarter For Canterbury he would not barter."

Family
He married 4 January 1595 Grizel (died 30 January 1659), described as "a verie comelie and beautifull young woman," daughter of David Fergusson, minister of Dunfermline, and had issue —
 * David, a minister in Ireland, "who was obliged to return to Scotland after a residence of twenty-five years, fifteen of which he had spent in the ministry, with a wife and five children without means of support, because of persecution and oppression from Papists who burned, slew, and did all the hurt they could to those that fled not";
 * John, Principal of King's College, Aberdeen;
 * Robert, minister of Abercorn;
 * William, minister of Ceres;
 * Katherine (married (1) cont. 1 September 1627, Robert Alison, merchant burgess, Dunfermline : (2) John Messone, burgess of Culross);
 * Elizabeth (married cont. 4 April 1623, William Gibbon, indweller in Banhaird);
 * Margaret (married David Robertson, of Murton-Elginch, and was great-great-grandmother of Principal Robertson, the historian)

Works

 * The Historie of the Kirk of Scotland from the year 1558 to August 1637, with a Continuation to July 1639 by his son John Row, Principal of King's College, Aberdeen. [Row's Historie, based on papers left by his father-in-law, David Fergusson, found its way into circulation by means of several manuscript copies, one of which — in Edinburgh University Library — was first printed by the Wodrow Society (Edinburgh, 1842), an edition being printed also that same year for the Maitland Club, 2 vols.

In his later years Row compiled a memorial of on the government of the Church of Scotland since the Reformation. For the earlier years of his Memorial he made use of the papers of his father-in-law David Ferguson. The work found its way into circulation in manuscript, and copies of it were made. In 1842 it was printed for the Wodrow Society, chiefly from a manuscript in the university of Edinburgh, under the title ‘Historie of the Kirk of Scotland, from the year 1558 to August 1637, by John Row, Minister of Carnock, with a Continuation to July 1639, by his son, John Row, Principal of King's College, Aberdeen.’ An edition was also printed in the same year by the Maitland Club.

title: John Row (minister, born 1568)


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The Westchester

{{Infobox shopping mall }} The Westchester is an upscale shopping mall located in downtown White Plains, New York. It is operated by Simon Property Group, which owns 40% of the mall, and is home to many well-known retailers, some with their only location in Westchester County. It is anchored by Neiman Marcus and New York State's first Nordstrom, the fourth in the New York City metropolitan area to open after locations in Short Hills, Menlo Park, and Paramus, New Jersey.
 * name = The Westchester
 * logo = The Westchester logo.svg
 * logo_width = 250px
 * image = The Westchester - Shopping Mall (52640726722).jpg
 * image_width = 250px
 * caption = Vehicle Entrance (2023)
 * location =
 * coordinates = {{coord|41.031|-73.758|display=inline,title}}
 * address = 125 Westchester Avenue, White Plains, Westchester County, NY 10601-4522 USA
 * opening_date = 1995
 * developer = O'Connor Group
 * manager = Alexander's, Inc
 * number_of_stores = 133
 * number_of_anchors = 3
 * floors = 2-3, with 4th floor food court (4 in Neiman Marcus)
 * parking = Indoor
 * publictransit = {{rint|newyork|MTA}} Metro-North Railroad: {{rail color box|system=MNRR|line=Harlem}} at White Plains }

History
Opened in 1995, The Westchester was built on the site of one of the first suburban branch department stores in the United States, a B. Altman & Co. store which opened in 1930, as well as the terminal for the New York, Westchester and Boston Railway White Plains branch. B. Altman's was located where Nordstrom is now situated. The mall was built adjacent to the (once) freestanding location of Neiman Marcus, which originally opened in 1972 as the only out-of-town location of its sister chain, New York-based Bergdorf Goodman. The Westchester is located within close proximity to the Sonesta Hotel (Formerly The Crowne Plaza Hotel), The Opus Westchester Hotel (Formerly The Ritz-Carlton Hotel), The Source at White Plains, The White Plains Pavilion, City Center at White Plains, and the now permanently closed Galleria at White Plains. The mall's food court, located on the fourth floor, is known as Savor Westchester. The food court includes Melt Shop and Shake Shack. The fourth floor used to have a typical food court and a large F.A.O. Schwarz that closed in the early 2000s. Starting in February 2016, the mall underwent its largest renovation since opening in 1995, which included installing a new façade, tiling and carpeting.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Westchester


text:
Category:Windmills in Kent

Windmills in Kent, England

title: Category:Windmills in Kent


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Franc Serafin Metelko

Franc Serafin Metelko, also known as Fran Metelko (14 July 1789 – 27 December 1860) was a Slovene Roman Catholic priest, author, and philologist, best known for his proposal of a new script for the Slovene called the Metelko alphabet, which was meant to replace the traditional Bohorič alphabet, used since the late sixteenth century.

Metelko was born in the village of Škocjan in Lower Carniola, then part of the Habsburg monarchy. He studied theology and philosophy in Ljubljana. In 1814 he was ordained a priest and in 1817 he started teaching Slovene at the Lyceum in Ljubljana.

In 1825, he published a book in German titled Lehrgebäude der slowenischen Sprache im Königreiche Illyrien und in den benachbarten Provinzen (Slovenian Textbook for the Kingdom of Illyria and Neighboring Provinces). Following the advice of the linguist Jernej Kopitar, his newly created alphabet (which soon became known as the metelčica 'Metelko alphabet') was phonetic, with each character corresponding a sound in the spoken language. It was also quite complicated, containing unneeded or redundant characters for glottal h and the clusters lj, nj, and šč as well as unfamiliar characters taken from Cyrillic. In addition, Metelko based his phonology on his local Lower Carniolan dialect, which was not acceptable for most contemporary Slovenian authors.

Metelko's proposal further aggravated the "Slovene alphabet War", which was started by Peter Dajnko's quest for a new, more phonetic alphabet, replacing the traditional Bohorič alphabet (bohoričica). Metelko's main opponent, the philologist Matija Čop, convinced the Czech scholar František Čelakovský to publish a devastating critique of Metelko's alphabet, which undermined the chances of its success. Čop also persuaded the local Austrian educational authorities to ban Metelko's alphabet from schools, which they did with an official decree in 1833. The Alphabet War nevertheless continued until the 1840s, when a slightly modified version of Gaj's Latin alphabet was finally adopted, which is still used to this day.

Metelko's alphabet remained in public memory because of a satirical poem by France Prešeren titled "Al' prav se piše kaa ali kaſha" (How to Write the Word Porridge), which criticized the Alphabet War as nonsense.

Metelko was also a collector of folk songs and an amateur poet. Metelko Street (Metelkova ulica), home to the Metelkova autonomous social and cultural centre in the center of Ljubljana, is named after him.

He died in Ljubljana.

title: Franc Serafin Metelko


text:
Samuel Rutherford

Samuel Rutherford (also Rutherfurd or Rutherfoord; c. 1600 – 29 March 1661) was a Scottish Presbyterian pastor and theologian and one of the Scottish Commissioners to the Westminster Assembly.

Life
Samuel Rutherford was born in the parish of Nisbet (now part of Crailing), Roxburghshire, in the Scottish Borders, about 1600. Nothing certain is known as to his parentage, but he belonged to the same line as the Roxburghs of Hunthill (from whom Sir Walter Scott was descended) and his father is believed to have been a farmer or miller. A brother was school-master of Kirkcudbright, and was a Bible Reader there, and another brother was an officer in the Dutch army.

Rutherford was educated at Jedburgh Grammar School and the University of Edinburgh. After graduating with an M.A. in 1621, he was appointed regent of Humanity at Edinburgh in 1623. He demitted that office in 1626, because of immoral conduct with Euphame Hamilton, who afterwards became his wife. He was admitted to Anwoth Kirkcudbrightshire, Galloway in 1627, probably without Episcopal sanction. It was said of him there that "he was always praying, always preaching, always visiting the sick, always catechising, always writing and studying". One of his patrons in Galloway was John Gordon, 1st Viscount of Kenmure who died in 1644. His wife, Jane Campbell, Viscountess Kenmure, was a regular correspendent and a continuing supporter of him and his work.

In 1630 he was summoned before the Court of High Commission, but the charge of non-conformity was not persisted in. Mainly for his publication of a work against Arminianism he was again accused in 1636 by Bishop Sydserff, and after proceedings at Wigtown, was cited before the Commission and prohibited, 27 July, from exercising ministerial office, and ordered to reside in Aberdeen during the King's pleasure. During this period he wrote most of his well-known Letters. His writing desk there was said to be, "perhaps the most effective and widely resounding pulpit then in old Christendom."

In February 1638 Rutherford returned to Anwoth and attended the Glasgow Assembly that year as one of two commissioners from his Presbytery. Shortly afterwards he was elected one of the ministers of Edinburgh, but the Commission of Assembly appointed him, in preference, Professor of Divinity at St Andrews, which office he only accepted on condition that he should be allowed to act as colleague with Robert Blair, one of the ministers of St Andrews, 7 January 1639. He was a member of succeeding Assemblies and consistently supported the Covenanting Party therein. In 1643 he was appointed one of the four main Commissioners of the Church of Scotland to the Westminster Assembly and preached several times before Parliament, remaining in London for four years.

Rutherford was appointed to Principalship of St Mary's College in St Andrews (later merging to become St Andrews University) in 1647 in place of Robert Howie. He was offered in 1648 a Divinity Professorship at Harderwyck in Holland, in 1649 the chair at Edinburgh, and in 1651 he was twice elected to a Professorship at Utrecht, but all these he declined. In 1643, 1644, 1650, and 1651 he was elected rector of the university, and in 1650 on Charles II.'s visit to St Andrews, he made a Latin speech to him on the duty of Kings. Rutherford was a staunch Protester during the controversy in the Scottish Presbyterian church between the Resolutioners and Protesters in the 1650s.

After the Restoration he was one of the first marked out for persecution: his work Lex Rex was ordered by the Committee of Estates to be burnt at the Crosses of Edinburgh and St Andrews by the hand of the common hangman, while the "Drunken Parliament" deprived him of all his offices and voted that he not be permitted to die in the college. He was cited to appear before Parliament on a charge of treason, but he died 29 March 1661 [the date — 20th — on his tombstone is an error]. He is buried in the churchyard of St Andrews Cathedral just west of the bell tower. The epitaph on his tombstone includes 'Acquainted with Emmanuel's Love'.

Legacy
One of the classical figures of the Church of Scotland, Rutherford's influence during his lifetime, as scholar, preacher, and writer, was profound and wide, and after his death his name received a popular canonisation which it retains to this day. Some forty editions of his Letters have been reprinted (Bonar's edition contains 365), and innumerable anecdotes of his sayings and doings are enshrined in, and constitute no inconsiderable part of the Scottish tradition. Among his last words were: "Glory shines in Immanuel's Land," on which Mrs Anne Boss Cousin founded her hymn, "The Sands of Time are sinking."

There is also a monument to Rutherford, a Category B listed granite obelisk erected in 1842 on the hilltop overlooking his former parish at Anwoth, in the village of Gatehouse of Fleet, southwest Scotland.

Family
He married firstly in 1626, Euphame Hamilton, who died June 1630, and had issue — Marie, baptised 14 April 1628. He later married again on 24 March 1640, Jean M'Math, who was buried in Greyfriars Churchyard on 15 May 1675, and had issue — Agnes (married William Chiesley, W.S.), died 29 July 1694, and six others who predeceased him. He is known to have been friendly with James Guthrie.

Writings
Rutherford's Letters have been both lionized and criticized. His English contemporary, Richard Baxter remarked that except for the Bible, “such a book as Mr. Rutherford’s Letters, the world never saw the like” while nineteenth-century Baptist theologian Charles Haddon Spurgeon commented on Rutherford's posthumously published "Letters" (1664) by saying, 'when we are dead and gone let the world know that Spurgeon held Rutherford's Letters to be the nearest thing to inspiration which can be found in all the writings of mere men'. Andrew Thomson, a Scottish minister, in a 19th-century biography observed "the letters flash upon the reader with original thoughts and abound in lofty feeling clothed in the radiant garb of imagination in which there is everything of poetry but the form." He continues describing: "individual sentences that supplied the germ-thought of some of the most beautiful spiritual in modern poetry". Elsewhere he talks of "a bundle of myrrh whose ointment and perfume would revive and gladden the hearts of many generations". He also quotes that "each letter, full of hope and yet of heartbreak, full of tender pathos of the here and the hereafter.' Rutherford was also known for other spiritual and devotional works, such as Christ Dying and drawing Sinners to Himself, "The Trial and Triumph of Faith".

Rutherford's political book Lex, Rex, or The Law and the Prince (1644) was written in response to John Maxwell's Sacro-Sanctum Regus Majestas (1644) and raised Rutherford to eminence as a political thinker. It justified defensive wars and active resistance to lawfully constituted authority, and presented a theory of limited government and constitutionalism. After the Restoration, it was burned at Edinburgh and St. Andrews by the hand of the common hangman, and after his death it was put on the University of Oxford's list of prohibited books.

"Lex Rex" has sometimes confused commentators into thinking that Rutherford was in favour of civil liberty. Instead, Rutherford advocated the Two Kingdoms ideal of Church and State popularized in Scotland by Andrew Melville. This occurs in a number of his works, but can be seen most easily in the second half of his "Due Right of Presbyteries" (1644). While it forbade the king from holding an office in the Church, it also made him responsible for overseeing and enforcing the true religion.

Not surprisingly, Rutherford was vehemently opposed to liberty of conscience. His A Free Disputation against Pretended Liberty of Conscience (1649) opposed the views of Roger Williams and others, and has been described as "perhaps the ablest defence of persecution ever to appear in a protestant nation" and as "the ablest defence of persecution during the seventeenth century." It raised the ire of John Milton, who named Rutherford in his sonnet on the forcers of conscience in the Long Parliament.

Rutherford was also a strong supporter of the divine right Presbyterianism (the idea that the Presbyterian form of church government is mandated in the Bible). He was involved in written controversies over church government with the New England Independents (or Congregationalists). His works in this area were A Peaceable Plea for Paul's Presbytery in Scotland (1642), followed by the Due Right of Presbyteries (1644), the Divine Right of Church Government and Excommunication (1648) and A Survey of 'A Survey of that Sum of Church Discipline' penned by Thomas Hooker (1655). New England Congregationalists responding to Rutherford included not only Thomas Hooker but also John Cotton and Richard Mather.

List of works
Initially sourced from Andrew Bonar's Letters of Samuel Rutherford, with updates and corrections.
 * 1) Exercitationes pro Divina Gratia Amsterdam 1636
 * 2) A Peaceable and Temperate Plea for Paul's Presbytery in Scotland London 1642
 * 3) A Sermon before the House of Commons, on Daniel, London 1644
 * 4) The Due Right of Presbyteries London 1644
 * 5) Lex Rex, or The Law and the Prince London 1644
 * 6) A Sermon before the House of Lords on Luke 7:22 London 1645
 * 7) The Trial and Triumph of Faith London 1645
 * 8) The Divine Right Of Church Government and Excommunication London 1646
 * 9) Christ Dying and Drawing Sinners to Himself London 1647
 * 10) A Survey of the Spiritual Antichrist London 1648
 * 11) A Free Disputation against Pretended Liberty of Conscience London 1649
 * 12) The Last and Heavenly Speech and Glorious Departure of John, Viscount Kenmure  Edinburgh 1649
 * 13) Disputatio Scholastica de Divina Providentia Edinburgh 1649
 * 14) The Covenant of Life Opened Edinburgh 1655
 * 15) A Survey of 'The Survey of that Sum of Church Discipline' penned by Mr. Thomas Hooker London 1658
 * 16) Influences of the Life of Grace London 1659
 * 17) Joshua Redivivus, or  Mr Rutherford's Letters 1664
 * 18) Examen Arminianismi Utrecht 1668
 * 19) A Testimony left by Mr. S. Rutherford to the Work of Reformation uncertain date
 * 20) A Treatise on Prayer  1713
 * 21) The Cruel Watchman, The Door of Salvation Opened Edinburgh 1735
 * 22) Twelve Communion Sermons Glasgow 1876
 * 23) Quaint Sermons Hodder & Stoughton, London 1885
 * 24) Rutherford’s Catechism: Containing the Sum of Christian Religion.  London, 1886
 * 25) A discussing of some arguments against Cannons and ceremonies in God’s worship in David G. Mullan (ed.) Religious Controversy in Scotland 1625–1639.  (Edinburgh: Scottish Historical Society, 1998), pp. 82–99

title: Samuel Rutherford


text: User:Drdefcom~enwiki

title: User:Drdefcom~enwiki


text:
George Sale

George Sale (1697–1736) was a British Orientalist scholar and practising solicitor, best known for his 1734 translation of the Quran into English. In 1748, after having read Sale's translation, Voltaire wrote his own essay "De l'Alcoran et de Mahomet" ("On the Quran and on Mohammed").

For A General Dictionary, Historical and Critical, an English translation and enlargement of Pierre Bayle's Dictionnaire historique et critique, Sale supplied "Articles relating to Oriental History".

Biography
Born in Canterbury, Kent, he was educated at the King's School, Canterbury, and in 1720 became a student of the Inner Temple. It is known that he trained as a solicitor in his early years but took time off from his legal pursuits, returning at need to his profession. Sale was an early member of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.

Sale became seriously ill with fever for eight days before his death. George Sale died at Surrey Street, The Strand, London, on 13 November 1736. Sale was buried at St Clement Danes in London. His family consisted of a wife and five children.

The Quran
In 1734, Sale published a translation of the Quran, The Koran: Commonly called The Alcoran of Mohammed, dedicated to John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville. Relying heavily on O.M.D. Louis Maracci's Arabic edition and Latin translation, Sale provided numerous notes and a Preliminary discourse. Sale had access to the Dutch Church, Austin Friars' 14th-century manuscript of al-Baydāwī's Lights of Revelation and the Secrets of Interpretation, and this seems the source for his Arabic Quran rather than his own personal Quran, catalogued MS Sale 76 in the Bodleian Library.

Sale's footnotes provide the literal translation where it differs from the idiom of the body text; he gives alternate variant readings; and supplementary historical and contextual information. Sir Edward Denison Ross added the Introduction to the 1922 reprint of Sale's translation.

Preliminary discourse
Though he did not place Islam at an equal level with Christianity, Sale seemed to view Mohammad as a conqueror who sought to destroy idolatry and a lawgiver who managed to change and supplant many practices in Arabia:

Sale prefixed a Preliminary Discourse to his translation covering topics including Arabs "before hijrah"; the State of the Eastern Churches, and Judaism, at time of Mohammed; the Peculiarities of the Quran; positive and negative Doctrines and Instructions of the Quran; and political Islam in the 1730s.

Sale posits the decline of the Persian Empire on rivalry between the sects of Manes and Mazdak, and mass immigration into Arabia to escape persecution in the Grecian empire. In his eighth essay on False Prophecy, Sale notes Muslim Sects both Canonical (Maleci, Hanefites, Hanbali and Shafi‘i) and "heretical" (Shi'ism).

Other works
Sale was also a corrector of the Arabic version of the New Testament (1726) issued by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. He acquired a library with valuable rare manuscripts of Persian, Ottoman Turkish, and Arabic origins, which is now held in the Bodleian Library, Oxford.

He assisted in the writing of the Universal History published in London from 1747 to 1768. When the plan of universal history was arranged, Sale was one of those who were selected to carry it into execution. Sale wrote the chapter, "The Introduction, containing the Cosmogony, or Creation of the World". Critics of the time accused Sale of having a view which was hostile to tradition and the Scriptures. They attacked his account of cosmogony as having a view giving currency to heretical opinions.

His books:
 * The Koran, First Edition, 1734. (ed. high resolution scans from the Posner Memorial Collection.)
 * George Sale (Translator) and Claude Etienne Savary (illustrator), "The Koran: Commonly Called the Alcoran of Mohammed". J.W. Moore, 1856. 670 pages
 * George Sale, et al., "Sacred Books of the East: With Critical and Biographical Sketches". Colonial Press, 1900. 457 pages
 * Sale, George, Bower, Archibald and Psalmanazar, George; An Universal History, from the Earliest Account of Time. Millar, 1747.
 * George Sale, "Selections from the Koran of Mohammed". Priv. print. by N.H. Dole, 1904. 211 pages.
 * George Sale, et al., "Arabic Reading Lessons: Consisting of Easy Extracts from the Best Authors". Wm. H. Allen, 1864. 103 pages.

Legacy
In 1760 the Radcliffe Library, Oxford acquired his collection of mainly 13th-18th century Persian and Arabic manuscripts, mostly poetry and belles-lettres. They were transferred to the Bodleian Library in 1872. Richard Alfred Davenport wrote his biography. Works included in Sales library include Ibn Khallikān’s Wafayāt al-ayān (MSS Sale 48–49); selection of hadith (MS Sale 70); collections of the stories of saints and martyrs (MS Sale 77–78); the sayings of Alī (MS Sale 82); biographies of  Shi'ite, Majālis al-mu'minīn by Nūr Allāh b.'Abd Allāh Shushtarī  (MS Sale 68); instructions on use of the Quran for divination (MS Sale 69), and a treatise on the merits of visiting the Prophet's grave (MS Sale 56).

Sale's translation of the Qur'an has been reprinted into modern times. In January 2007, Keith Ellison, the first Muslim elected to the United States Congress, was sworn in using a 1764 edition of Sale's translation of the Quran, sold to the Library of Congress in 1815 by Thomas Jefferson. In January 2019 newly elected Congresswomen Rashida Tlaib and Ilhan Omar were sworn in using the same edition of Sales's translation of Qur'an.

title: George Sale


text:
Consorzio Suonatori Indipendenti

Consorzio Suonatori Indipendenti (C.S.I.; English: Consortium of Independent Players) is an Italian band that evolved from the former punk/art band CCCP Fedeli alla linea.

C.S.I. were founded in 1992 by Giovanni Lindo Ferretti and Massimo Zamboni, along with original members of the Italian band Litfiba. The naming conventions of the band followed political changes occurring around the time of the fall of the Berlin Wall. Whereas the earlier band's name referenced the Cyrillic lettering for SSSR (i.e. USSR) as it was wrongly pronounced by peasants in their Italian native region of Emilia Romagna, "CSI" follows the conventions of the Italian acronym for the newly established Commonwealth of Independent States.

After Zamboni departed in 2000, the remaining members of C.S.I. continued in the form of Per Grazia Ricevuta. C.S.I. split in 2001.

Discography

 * Maciste contro tutti (Maciste against All); 1993, with the bands Üstmamò and Disciplinatha; live
 * Ko de mondo; 1994
 * In quiete (In quiet), 1994; ‘unplugged’ concert for Videomusic
 * Linea Gotica (Gothic Line); 1996, I dischi del mulo (distributed by PolyGram Italia)
 * Tabula Rasa Elettrificata (Electrified Blank Slate); 1997
 * La terra, la guerra, una questione privata (The land, the war, a private affair); 1998
 * Noi non ci saremo vol. 1 (We will not be there 1); 2001, collection
 * Noi non ci saremo vol. 2 (We will not be there 2); 2001, collection

Members

 * Giovanni Ferretti (vocals - 1992–2001)
 * Massimo Zamboni (guitar - 1992–2000)
 * Gianni Maroccolo (bass, guitar - 1992–2001)
 * Roberto Zamagni (drums - 1992)
 * Pino Gulli (drums - 1993–1994)
 * Francesco Magnelli (keyboards, vocals - 1992–2001)
 * Giorgio Canali (guitar, vocals, violin - 1992–2001)
 * Ginevra Di Marco (vocals - 1992–2001)
 * Alessandro Gerbi (percussions - 1993–1994)
 * Gigi Cavalli Cocchi (drums - 1996–2001)

title: Consorzio Suonatori Indipendenti


text:
Robert Sanderson (theologian)

Robert Sanderson (19 September 1587 – 29 January 1663) was an English theologian and casuist.

Family and education
He was born in Sheffield in Yorkshire and grew up at Gilthwaite Hall, near Rotherham. He was educated at Lincoln College, Oxford. Entering the Church, he rose to be Bishop of Lincoln.

Logician
His work on logic, Logicae Artis Compendium (1615), was long a standard treatise on the subject. It enjoyed at least ten editions during the seventeenth century and was widely read as a textbook. Sanderson's biographer, Izaak Walton writes that by 1678, 'Logicae' had sold 10,000 copies. In her introduction to the 1985 facsimile edition, E. J. Ashworth writes that "The young Isaac Newton studied Sanderson's logic at Cambridge, and as late as 1704." Thomas Heywood of St. John's College, Ashworth adds, recommended Newton "Sanderson or Aristotle himself". Sanderson's logic remained popular even after the appearance of the influential Port-Royal Logic.

Church career
Sanderson's sermons were also admired; but he is perhaps best remembered for his Nine Cases of Conscience Resolved (1678), in consideration of which he has been placed at the head of English casuists. He left large collections of historical and heraldic matter in MS.

At the Stuart Restoration, he was elected to the See of Lincoln on 13 October 1660, confirmed 24 October and consecrated a bishop on 28 October. He was a Calvinist in theology and believed only some individuals were predestined to salvation and eternal life by their calling from God. He further believed that the church, being the small group of pious individuals, kept the nation adverse destinies.

Sanderson is today perhaps best known as the subject of one of Izaak Walton's Lives, published in 1678.

Works

 * The Works of Robert Sanderson in Six Volumes (1854) edited by William Jacobson. Oxford at the University Press. Most volumes are available in full or partial views in Google Books.
 * Logicae Artis Compendium, edited by E. J. Ashworth. Bologna: Editrice CLUEB, 1985. Also published as vol.VI in 'The Works of Robert Sanderson in Six Volumes' W. Jacobson (ed).

title: Robert Sanderson (theologian)


text:
User talk:Gonetoshirt

Etemenanki
why do you say it was "rebuilt" by Nebuchadnezzar? According to Etemenanki, it was constructed by him. I don't know which is correct, but if you have evidence that it predated Nebuchadnezzar, you may want to update that article also. [[User:Dbachmann|dab ( T ) ]] 15:49, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gonetoshirt


text:
Robert Charles Sands

Robert Charles Sands (May 11, 1799 – December 16, 1832) was an American writer and poet.

Biography
Robert Charles Sands was born in Brooklyn, New York on May 11, 1799, the son of Auditor-General Comfort Sands (1748–1834) and his second wife, Cornelia Lott Sands (1761-1856). He was a scholar and a writer of many literary types, but without much originality. His best work is considered to be in his short stories. His most well-known poem is Yamoyden which is an Indian story written in collaboration with a friend. He is considered part of the "Knickerbocker group", which also included Washington Irving, William Cullen Bryant, James Kirke Paulding, Gulian Crommelin Verplanck, Fitz-Greene Halleck, Joseph Rodman Drake, Lydia M. Child, and Nathaniel Parker Willis.

He died in Hoboken, New Jersey on December 16, 1832.

title: Robert Charles Sands


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The Batman (TV series)

The Batman is an American animated television series based on the DC Comics superhero Batman. Developed by Michael Goguen and Duane Capizzi, and produced by Warner Bros. Animation, the series first aired on Kids' WB on September 11, 2004, then Cartoon Network on April 2, 2005. The show would become exclusive to the former network for its third, fourth, and fifth seasons in early 2006. The Batman won six Daytime Emmy Awards over the course of its run. Many elements from previous Batman storylines were borrowed and adapted, such as those from the comic books, film series and the animated shows like Batman: The Animated Series from the DC Animated Universe, but it remained strictly within its own distinct continuity. Jackie Chan Adventures artist Jeff Matsuda served as art director and provided the character designs. The production team altered the appearances of many of the comic books' supervillains for the show, such as the Joker, the Penguin, Mr. Freeze, Bane, and the Riddler.

All five seasons are available on DVD and Blu-ray. In 2005, a direct-to-DVD film titled The Batman vs. Dracula was released. The Batman also received a spin-off comic book series, The Batman Strikes!, published by DC Comics; it was set in the same continuity as the show and featured the same art style.

Synopsis
Billionaire playboy Bruce Wayne (voiced by Rino Romano) is secretly The Batman, the costumed protector of Gotham City. The series focuses on Batman's earlier years of his crime-fighting career, as he began fighting crime three years prior to the start of the series, and the Gotham City police do not publicly acknowledge the vigilante's existence. Operating out of a secret lair underneath Bruce Wayne's mansion—known as the Batcave—Batman and his butler, Alfred Pennyworth (voiced by Alastair Duncan), stop crime with the assistance of high-tech gadgets and a supercomputer.

Season 1
At the start of the first season, crime in Gotham is in decline, but Gotham Chief of Police Angel Rojas (voiced in the pilot by Edward James Olmos and later by Jesse Corti), orders his officers to hunt down Batman. This marks the first acknowledgement of Batman's existence in the series. Despite the chief's orders, one of his detectives, Ethan Bennett (voiced by Steven Harris), believes the city needs Batman. At the start of the series, Bennett is assisted by a new partner from Metropolis, Ellen Yin (voiced by Ming-Na Wen), who slowly becomes torn between her commitment to law and order and her personal feelings toward Batman.

Throughout season 1, both Bennett and Yin are tasked with capturing Batman. During this first season, Bruce Wayne finds himself torn between his responsibilities as Batman and his regular life, though the latter is supported by Gotham's mayor, Marion Grange (voiced by Adam West who played Batman in the 1960s Batman TV series). By the end of the season, Bennett is tortured and mutated by the Joker, transforming Bennett into Clayface. As Clayface, he is forced into hiding, while his partner Yin finally realizes she was wrong about Batman and forms an alliance with him.

Among the villains introduced this season are the Joker (voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson), the Penguin (voiced by Tom Kenny), Catwoman (voiced by Gina Gershon), Mr. Freeze (voiced by Clancy Brown), Firefly (voiced by Jason Marsden), the Ventriloquist and Scarface (voiced by Dan Castellaneta), Man-Bat (voiced by Peter MacNicol), Cluemaster (voiced by Glenn Shadix), and Bane (voiced by Joaquim de Almeida in the first appearance, Ron Perlman in the second, and Clancy Brown in the third).

Season 2
Throughout the second season, Batman continues to act outside of the law even though he has Detective Yin as an ally. Batman begins making a name for himself as a force for good when he saves a group of policemen from certain doom. In this season, his heroic act prompts the officers to support him rather than pursue him as a criminal. In the season finale, Police Chief Rojas finally uncovers Yin's involvement with Batman, forcing her to go on the run. Around this time, Commissioner James Gordon (voiced by Mitch Pileggi), the main law enforcement figure in most of the Batman mythos, rejects Rojas' belief that Batman is a criminal. Commissioner Gordon instead believes Batman to be an ally of the Gotham police force and is particularly impressed when Batman and Yin capture the Joker, Penguin, and Riddler. He is revealed to be Batman's secret ally off-screen and develops a signaling searchlight, the Bat-Signal, allowing Batman to know that the police are firmly on his side.

This season introduces more villains, including Rag Doll (voiced by Jeff Bennett), the Riddler (voiced by Robert Englund), Killer Croc (voiced by Ron Perlman), Spellbinder (voiced by Michael Massee), and Solomon Grundy (voiced by Kevin Grevioux). Another new villain, Hugo Strange (initially voiced by Frank Gorshin, the original Riddler from the 1960s Batman TV series, who is later replaced by Richard Green after Gorshin's death), is portrayed as a secondary character in the season. The characters Yin and Police Chief Rojas make their final appearances at the end of the season.

Season 3
In the third season, the show introduces a younger incarnation of Barbara Gordon (voiced by Danielle Judovits), who is the police commissioner's daughter. Over the course of a two-part story, she secretly becomes Batgirl. The show's opening title sequence changes this season, and the opening theme music (performed by U2 guitarist The Edge) is substituted with a lighter, '60s theme performed by Andy Sturmer. Throughout season 3, Barbara tries to become Batman's sidekick and be as good of an ally as her father. However, Batman frequently refuses to accept her help, although she proves herself to him by the end of the season.

This Batman-Batgirl storyline differs from the comic books. In previous incarnations of the story, Batman's first partner is Dick Grayson, who becomes Robin and joins Batman as his apprentice, later leaving to become Nightwing. The decision for Batgirl to be Batman's first sidekick in The Batman was due to Robin not permitted to be used in the show due to him being used in the Teen Titans animated series, which aired on Cartoon Network and due to the Bat-embargo (a restriction in place regarding usage Batman's allies and enemies in multiple animated shows based on the comics). This season also sees the destruction of Batman's original Batmobile, which is replaced by an updated version for the remainder of the series.

Several more new villains from the Batman mythos are introduced this season, including Poison Ivy (voiced by Piera Coppola), a different version of Gearhead (voiced by Will Friedle), Maxie Zeus (voiced by Phil LaMarr), the Toymaker (voiced by Patton Oswalt), Prank (voiced by Michael Reisz), Temblor (voiced by Jim Cummings), and D.A.V.E. (voiced Jeff Bennett). Hugo Strange becomes a villain this season, having orchestrated the events of "A Fistful of Felt" and "Gotham's Ultimate Criminal Mastermind". The season finale concludes with his incarceration at Arkham Asylum.

Season 4
With the conclusion of Teen Titans in 2006, the fourth season introduces Dick Grayson (voiced by Evan Sabara). The opening episode of the season focuses on Dick Grayson's origins as Robin. Through the loss of Grayson's parents in a murder made to look like a circus accident, he is adopted by Bruce Wayne, who assists Grayson in bringing down the mafia boss Tony Zucco responsible for his parents' deaths. The second episode in the season leads to Batgirl officially becoming part of the team, with each member divulging his or her secret identity to the others. This reveal eventually leads to Batgirl and Robin forming a sibling-like rivalry. One of the highlights of season 4 is the episode "Artifacts", which described a possible future in the year 3027. Featuring flashforward scenes to 2027, the audience gets a glimpse of an older Batman, Dick Grayson operating as Nightwing (voiced by Jerry O'Connell), and Barbara Gordon, now reliant on a wheelchair and having become the Oracle (voiced by Kellie Martin). The episode also features elements from Frank Miller's The Dark Knight Returns, including the designs of both the Batman costume and the Batmobile. In the season finale, an alien invasion by entities called "The Joining" causes Batman to work alongside another superhero from the DC Universe and an original member of the Justice League, Martian Manhunter (voiced by Dorian Harewood), to thwart the aliens' plans. This is when Batman becomes part of the Justice League of America, the Hall of Justice reminiscent of the version seen in the Super Friends cartoon. Albeit, the base is in space and not on Earth.

The third episode of the season titled "Clayfaces" features a nod to Superman II's diner scene. Two patrons, in the episode, are seen dressed and looking like Clark Kent and Lois Lane from the film, although they are not a couple and not sitting together. The diner is also similarly constructed, and the waitress in the episode is dressed similar to the one in the 1980 film.

More villains with new interpretations are once again introduced, including Tony Zucco (voiced by Mark Hamill, who voiced the Joker in the DC Animated Universe), Killer Moth (voiced by Jeff Bennett), Black Mask (voiced by James Remar), Rumor (voiced by Ron Perlman), the Everywhere Man (voiced by Brandon Routh), Harley Quinn (voiced by Hynden Walch), and Francis Grey (voiced by Dave Foley). The season also brought an end to Ethan Bennett's version of Clayface, including a storyline that redeemed Bennett by curing him of his condition. This gave writers the opportunity to introduce Basil Karlo's version of the villain (voiced by Wallace Langham in the first appearance, and Lex Lang in the second appearance). Season 4 also featured a redesign of Bruce Wayne, with a more square facial and chin structure, making him reminiscent of the DC Animated Universe Batman design.

This was the final season worked on by Jeff Matsuda and Michael Jelenic, both of whom departed from the show after the season finale.

Season 5
The final season on The Batman, season 5, focused primarily on Batman and Robin, with the pair teaming up with some of the DC Universe's characters to battle different villains. These team-ups included Martian Manhunter, Superman (voiced by George Newbern, reprising his role from Justice League and Justice League Unlimited), Green Arrow (voiced by Chris Hardwick), the Flash (voiced by Charlie Schlatter, who previously voiced the Wally West version of Flash in Superman: The Animated Series), Green Lantern (voiced by Dermot Mulroney), and Hawkman (voiced by Robert Patrick). Producer Alan Burnett described the season as the show's "The Brave and the Bold season". Both Batgirl and Commissioner Gordon were relegated to either guest or cameo appearances during the season, where Barbara Gordon, having graduated from high school, now attends college. The two-part series finale, "Lost Heroes", features all the members of the Justice League who made an appearance in the series, along with Batgirl, as they fight against a renewed effort of the Joining to invade Earth.

Most of the villains featured in the season are reinterpretations of those that fought against the DC heroes who teamed-up with Batman. These villains include Lex Luthor (voiced by Clancy Brown, reprising his role from the DC Animated Universe), Mercy Graves (voiced by Gwendoline Yeo), Metallo (voiced by Lex Lang), Count Vertigo (voiced by Greg Ellis), the Toyman (voiced by Richard Green), the Shadow Thief (voiced by Diedrich Bader), Sinestro (voiced by Miguel Ferrer), and the Mirror Master (voiced by John Larroquette). Only the Terrible Trio (voiced by David Faustino, Grey DeLisle, and Googy Gress), the Wrath (voiced by Christopher Gorham), and Phosphorus are reinterpretations of Batman villains. Phosphorus differs in the show from the comic version, in that Firefly mutates into him, giving him the same radioactive skills and incorporating Phosphorus's insanity, while the Terrible Trio mutated themselves and others into animal hybrids using a mutagen created by Kirk Langstrom.

Home media
All of the DVD releases of The Batman are released by Warner Home Video (via DC Entertainment and Warner Bros. Family Entertainment) and presented in its original broadcast version and in story continuity order. The DVD releases of The Batman are also presented in a 4:3 fullscreen aspect ratio. However, the entire series is available in its original 16:9 widescreen aspect ratio on Amazon Video, Blu-ray, Google Play, Max, Netflix, and the Xbox Video Store. The first two seasons and The Batman vs. Dracula film are available on iTunes in 16:9. On March 1, 2022, Warner Bros. Home Entertainment released the whole series on Blu-ray for the first time. The Batman vs. Dracula film is not included in the complete series Blu-ray release.
 * The Complete First Season DVD (2 discs, episodes 1–13) (release date: February 7, 2006)
 * The Complete Second Season DVD (2 discs, episodes 14–26) (release date: September 12, 2006)
 * The Complete Third Season DVD (2 discs, episodes 27–39) (release date: April 10, 2007)
 * The Complete Fourth Season DVD (2 discs, episodes 40–52) (release date: November 20, 2007)
 * The Complete Fifth Season DVD (2 discs, episodes 53–65) (release date: July 8, 2008)
 * The Complete Series Blu-ray (6 discs, release date: March 1, 2022) the Batman vs Dracula film not included.
 * The Batman vs. Dracula DVD (1 disc, feature-length animated film) (release date: October 18, 2005)

The Batman Plug and Play TV video game
The Batman Plug and Play TV Video Game (a.k.a. Plug 'n Play) was released in 2004 by Jakks Pacific. It features The Batman tracking down notable villains from the show, including The Joker, Firefly, Mr. Freeze, Bane, and Penguin. The game comes with a custom The Batman controller which connects to a TV via RCA connectors.

The Batman: The CobbleBot Caper
The Batman: The CobbleBot Caper is a Macromedia Flash Toonami game released on cartoonnetwork.com in 2005. The video game featured a series of levels involving a kidnapped scientist, with gameplay resembling that of the Jakks Pacific's The Batman Plug and Play Video Game released in 2004, with a level in CobbleBot Manor being almost an exact replica of a similar level in the TV Game. The CobbleBot Caper features The Batman tracking down and fighting two notable villains from the show, Penguin and the Kabuki Girls. The game is no longer available on cartoonnetwork.com.

The Batman Strikes!
The Batman Strikes! is a DC comic book series featuring Batman and is a spin-off comic book series of The Batman. Part of DC's line for young readers, the series lasted 50 issues in total, with the last issue shipping in October 2008.

Crew

 * Michael Goguen – Supervising producer
 * Duane Capizzi – Supervising producer
 * Glen Murakami – Producer
 * Jeff Matsuda – Producer
 * Linda M. Steiner – Producer
 * Sander Schwartz – Executive producer
 * Alan Burnett – Executive producer
 * Kimberly A. Smith – Associate producer
 * Sam Liu – Director
 * Brandon Vietti – Director
 * Seung Eun Kim – Director
 * Michael Hack – Casting director
 * Ginny McSwain – Casting director
 * Andrea Romano – Casting director (seasons 4–5)
 * Ginny McSwain – Voice director (seasons 1–3)
 * Andrea Romano – Voice director (seasons 4–5)
 * The Edge – Theme music creator

Awards
The Batman received Annie Award nominations for Best Animated Television Production in 2005 and 2006, and for Best Music in a Television Production in 2006.

The Batman was nominated for 12 Daytime Emmy Awards during its five-year run, with a total of six wins.

In 2005, it was nominated for Outstanding Special Class Animated Program, an Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program (Kevin Michael Richardson as the Joker), Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction and Composition, and Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing – Live Action and Animation (for which it won).

In 2006, it was nominated and won Outstanding Special Class Animated Program and Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing – Live Action and Animation.

In 2007, it was nominated for Outstanding Special Class Animated Program and won Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing – Live Action and Animation.

In 2008, it was nominated for Outstanding Special Class Animated Program and Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program (Kevin Michael Richardson as the Joker), and won Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing – Live Action and Animation, and Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing – Live Action and Animation.

The Batman was also nominated for Motion Picture Sound Editors "Golden Reel Awards" for Sound Effects Editing in 2005, 2008, and 2009, winning in 2008.

Reception
IGN wrote that the series failed to win over diehard Batman fans the way Batman: The Animated Series did, but noted that it remained popular enough to last for five seasons.

Unrealized Superman spin-off
In June 2006, during an interview about Superman: Brainiac Attacks, writer Duane Capizzi mentioned a Superman series set in the same universe of The Batman, a possibility supported by Superman's revealed existence during the show's fifth season. Despite this, the expansion was never realized, and Capizzi never again mentioned the spin-off.

title: The Batman (TV series)


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Wikipedia:WikiProject Cricket

{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="background: transparent;"
 * width="50%" style="vertical-align:top;padding-right: 2em;" |
 * width="50%" style="vertical-align:top;padding-right: 2em;" |

Please list cricketers, umpires, match officials, administrators, writers and broadcasters who have died in the past few months below. This helps to alert project members who might be able to source new material to expand their articles, such as obituaries.

 * Billy Ibadulla – 12 July
 * David Johnson – 20 June
 * Raman Subba Row – 17 April
 * Derek Underwood – 15 April
 * Jack Alabaster – 9 April
 * Saeed Ahmed – 20 March
 * Robin Hobbs – 17 March
 * Duncan Fearnley – 8 March
 * Mike Procter – 17 February
 * Datta Gaekwad – 13 February
 * Keith Booth – 25 January
 * Doug Padgett – 20 January 2024
 * Derek Stirling – 13 December 2023
 * Joe Solomon – 8 December
 * Clyde Butts – 8 December
 * Bishan Singh Bedi – 23 October

 * style="vertical-align:top;" |

Players and officials

 * A cricket figure is presumed notable if they :
 * 1) Have appeared as a player in at least one cricket match that is judged to have been played at the highest international or domestic level
 * 2) Have appeared as a player for an Associate team in a Twenty20 International match after 1 July 2018 in either a World T20 (men or women) or Global Qualifier (men or women)
 * 3) Have appeared prior to 2005 as a player in an ICC Trophy final, or have appeared since 2005 in at least one match in any of the ICC World Cup Qualifier, Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier, ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier, or ICC Women's World Twenty20 Qualifier competitions
 * 4) Umpires are presumed notable if they've been a member of the Elite Panel of ICC Umpires or meet another of the above points

 * Note: understanding of what constitutes a match played at the highest international or domestic level is central to these criteria, and qualification of a given match is dependent on its inclusion in a substantial source. Youth players (for example, members of under-19 teams) are not notable unless they satisfy one of the statements above, or if they can be shown to meet the wider requirements of WP:GNG. The criteria have been taken from WP:CRIN, which should be consulted for details. Major individual matches (i.e., played outside organised competitions) are those shown to be significant, especially if historically significant, by substantial sources as outlined in Historical sources.

Clubs, teams and venues
All clubs and teams taking part in senior cricket matches are automatically qualified under the conditions of WP:N and WP:ORG; as are venues used in such matches. Difficulty may arise with clubs that have not competed at senior level and, similarly, with venues that have not staged first-class or List A matches. "Minor cricket" is a specific term in the sport that does not necessarily imply a lack of notability; in parallel with sports like association football and baseball, many cricket clubs in "minor leagues" are professionally run and do employ professional players. It is necessary to take an individual view about each country in terms of its own grassroots structure. WP:CRIC has decided that:
 * for Great Britain, those clubs that have competed in the Minor Counties Cricket Championship or are included in the List of English and Welsh cricket league clubs do meet the notability requirements. The essence of the latter group is that the clubs belong to one of the Lancashire League, the Central Lancashire Cricket League or one of the ECB Premier Leagues.
 * for Australia, clubs that have played at Grade cricket level—the highest level below the state representative team—meet notability requirements. These are the actual clubs to which Australian international players belong. State and national teams are representative selections.
 * for Ireland, those clubs that are competing or have competed in the top division of one of the three provincial leagues: the Leinster Senior League, the NCU Senior League or the North West Senior League.

 * Note: a venue (aka ground), WP:CRIC has agreed that its regular usage by a notable club ensures its own notability per se. Beyond a purely cricketing outlook, a venue is a recognised named site with a fixed geographic location and established community associations of a permanent nature which themselves ensure notability.

Competitions and leagues
A list of notable competitions and leagues that the Cricket WikiProject deems to lead to presumed notability for players can be found at WP:OFFCRIC. These are competitions and leagues that are deemed too have been played at the highest domestic or international level. Not all First-class, List A or Twenty20 competitions and leagues are considered notable, as although certain competitions may well gain significant coverage, it does not always trickle down to players and umpires partaking in the competition. Players with presumed coverage are those the cricket WikiProject believe to have a number of suitable in-depth sources written about them. The presumption of coverage is the belief that sources do exist for those players. Playing in a non-notable tournament doesn't immediately disqualify someone from being notable. Players that have played in tournaments deemed non-notable may still be notable if they can be shown to pass the wider requirements of WP:GNG.

 * }

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Cricket


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Cricket

Edward Barrett (cricketer, born 1846)
Hello all. I was in the middle of attempting to expand the article on the above cricketer, when I noticed the London Gazette reference referring to his wife, Ella. In it, her late husband is identified as "Colonel Edward Barrett". Interestingly, a search for Colonel Edward Barrett on the BNA brings up a chairman of the Farnham United Breweries, which would make sense as he was a Farnham man. CI and CA have his dates of birth and death as follows: 11 June 1846 – 23 December 1923. A notice of death in the BNA records his death from a motor accident as occurring on 19 January 1922, aged 67, making his year of birth 1854 or 1855. Is it likely CA and CI have the dates for a different Edward Barrett? An 1854/55 DOB would also make more sense, as his FC debut was 1885, making him more likely to debut at 29/30 than over 40. Thoughts? AA (talk) 19:36, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * His son's Cheltenham entry gives his father's address as Sandbanks in Dorset, where the inquest into Colonel Edward Barrett notes his residence as being... gotta be the same guy! AA (talk) 20:11, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Seems likely. wjematherplease leave a message... 12:10, 27 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you for finding this. I'm going to have to find a way around WP:ORIGINAL here! AA (talk) 16:07, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

Articles for Future ICC events
There's no point in creating stub-class articles for future ICC events; they only have confirmed hosts, other than that not even the format is confirmed. Take a look at the following pages, A consensus should be made on when new articles for future events should be created... Vestrian24Bio ( TALK  ) 10:47, 27 June 2024 (UTC)
 * 2026 ICC Women's T20 World Cup (just a stub)
 * 2028 ICC Men's T20 World Cup (even the given format is just speculation)
 * 2029 ICC Champions Trophy (redirect; look at past revision)
 * 2030 ICC Men's T20 World Cup (redirect; look at past revision)
 * 2031 Cricket World Cup (redirected after AfD; past revision)

 * I'd suggest that the new articles should only be created when the qualification process for the event commences, then only we could know confirmed format, qualification scenario etc. Until then, they should remain as redirects. Vestrian24Bio ( TALK  ) 10:50, 27 June 2024 (UTC)

Create a page on World Championship Of Legends (WCL) 2024
There are approved pages of retired players t20 cricket league on wikipedia like Legends League Cricket, World Masters League T20 and Road Safety World Series, etc. This tournament is similar to the above tournaments.

Add this tournament page to category 2024 in English Cricket.

The tournament is approved by the England & Wales Cricket Board (ECB), it will be played at Edgbaston Cricket Ground in the United Kingdom. The WCL will feature teams from India, Pakistan, Australia, England, West Indies and South Africa.

The tournament will feature a host of cricket legends from these six nations. From India - Yuvraj Singh, Harbhajan Singh and Suresh Raina are some of the big names who will play in the WCL 2024.

Apart from these stalwarts, other international stars like Brett Lee, Aaron Finch, Shaun Marsh, Ben Cutting, Shahid Afridi, Shoaib Malik, Younis Khan, Jacques Kallis, JP Duminy, Dale Steyn, Chris Gayle, Daren Sammy, Dwayne Smith, Kevin Pietersen, Ian Bell, Ravi Bopara and Samit Patel will also feature in the tournament.

The World Championship of Legends started on Wednesday, July 3, 2024 and will end on Saturday, July 13, 2024. The competition will see the return of the bowl-out format to decide a winner in case of a tie.

Teams

 * Australia Champions
 * India Champions
 * England Champions
 * Pakistan Champions
 * South Africa Champions
 * West Indies Champions

 * Tournament home at Cricbuzz
 * Tournament home at Cricbuzz

Vikas265 (talk) 12:50, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * You already asked for this: Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Cricket/Archive 94, and I don't think the answer will have changed since then. Richard3120 (talk) 13:04, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * this should only be created if it meets WP:GNG. Don't ask the same questions here over and over again. If yo continue repeating questions here because you don't like the answers, I will seek administrator action to block you from this page. Joseph2302 (talk) 13:22, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Please do. 87.5% of their articles have been deleted and they add nothing to the cricket project. AA (talk) 16:08, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I see that the page has been created. I've seen no mention of this tournament anywhere in the British media, so IU doubt that it meets GNG. To call most of the retired players taking part "legends" would seem to be rather stretching things. JH (talk page) 07:07, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
 * He's literally just copying and pasting press releases which describe them as "legends": https://www.ndtvprofit.com/sports/world-championship-of-legends-wcl-2024-schedule-teams-live-streaming-and-more#:~:text=The%20WCL%20will%20feature%20teams,play%20in%20the%20WCL%202024. Richard3120 (talk) 16:15, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I've moved in back to draftspace Draft:2024 World Championship of Legends, since the article does nothing to establish notability. If inevitable ignores everyone here again and moves it back to article space, I will be AFDing it. Joseph2302 (talk) 16:30, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Also on related note, I see 2023 Legends League Cricket Masters (the last season of it) has been previously deleted as non-notable. I've also started a couple of AFDs on articles mentioned here, feel free to contribute there: Articles for deletion/Legends League Cricket and Articles for deletion/Road Safety World Series. Joseph2302 (talk) 16:40, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

Falling standards
Now we have Under-19 cricketers without senior debuts being added and deemed notable, largely due to WP:REFBOMB or WP:INHERITED. Given the above topic, do we actually have any proper, quality article creation/editing taking place anymore? AA (talk) 21:26, 5 July 2024 (UTC)

 * WP:GNG is the main criteria for inclusion. THis seems like WP:FORUMSHOPPING of the conversation at Rocky Flintoff AFD. Joseph2302 (talk) 11:05, 11 July 2024 (UTC)
 * There is zero consensus for the inclusion of under-19 cricketers. It has never been discussed here and their inclusion has always resulted in deletion. Now all of a sudden the Second XI Championship is the highest domestic level, and age-group cricket is now the top-level of international cricket. Of all the history of cricket and the thousands of pages needing expansion, we instead get "kids" whose matches fall well short of this important document. AA (talk) 22:40, 11 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Now all of a sudden the Second XI Championship is the highest domestic level, and age-group cricket is now the top-level of international cricket. Neither of these things are true. As I mentioned at that AFD, it is possible to pass WP:GNG without being at the top level, just like you can play top level matches and not be notable. All of these top level guidelines do not override WP:GNG. Joseph2302 (talk) 16:24, 12 July 2024 (UTC)
 * As noted, GNG is the benchmark test for notability of sportspeople, regardless of what level they have played at. If that guideline is met and there is enough information in reliable sources to write a proper article, then we should have one. wjematherplease leave a message... 18:21, 12 July 2024 (UTC)
 * There is absolutely no doubt that the coverage he has received is because of his famous father. If he didn't have a famous father, nobody would bat an eyelid to any record in the Second XI Championship being broken, I can think of a few where no coverage whatsoever has been received. If we include any old cricketers, we become TriviaPedia, a concoction of random cricket trivia instead of a high quality database. Sad times. AA (talk) 22:10, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Have you seen Rocky Flintoff bat? He's another Joe Root and a dead cert for England. Desertarun (talk) 15:54, 14 July 2024 (UTC)
 * . And? Is the bar for notability now "he's another Joe Root and a dead cert for England"; if so, it's pretty low. We have articles popping up on Archie Vaughan and Farhan Ahmed. So what exactly makes these two notable? What have they done in cricket? There's a crazy argument on one AfD for these that signing a professional contract which is covered by loads of sources = notability. Rubbish! AA (talk) 22:13, 15 July 2024 (UTC)
 * For notability and suitability for an article, the question is not "what have they done?" but "what coverage is there?"; the answer to the former is often an indicator to the answer to the latter, but sometimes it is utterly irrelevant. If the appropriate coverage exists (which of course, has to go beyond the routine pro contract signing/press release blurb), then they are notable. wjematherplease leave a message... 12:44, 16 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Signing a professional contract isn't notable, and neither is making a century the Second XI Championship. Essentially, any coverage of Rocky Flintoff or Archie Vaughan exists purely because they have famous father's. The WP:INHERITED is as clear as daylight! I mean, take Rocky Flintoff's page. 8 references to say he has signed a contract at Lancashire. Eight!!! That's terrible referencing and totally WP:REFBOMB. Apparently Lugnuts bar was too low, but here we have these... oh and just discovered Farhan Ahmed... what has he done to warrant inclusion? AA (talk) 21:22, 18 July 2024 (UTC)
 * So a great player of the sport's early days is not notable because there was minimal media coverage during his lifetime, but some nonentity who got his name into a tabloid last week is an absolute must for an article. Not so much falling standards as no standards. 92.17.1.49 (talk) 13:58, 18 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Quite agree. AA (talk) 22:31, 18 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Why the coverage exists is not relevant, and you appear to be misunderstanding NOTINHERITED. When the coverage is of the individual, and meets the threshold for GNG (because there is far more depth than just reporting a contract signing), they are presumed notable. We have countless articles on early "first class" cricketers for who we have no evidence of actual achievement (since playing first class cricket in this era was too often not based on ability or achievement at all), with references that are limited to routine announcements, directory listings (commonly school, university, armed services, etc.) and the odd mention in a match report/scorecard. It's hard to say standards are falling when we have these older articles, let alone the thousands of formulaic db scrapes created by Lugnuts, Bobo and others – the articles on Flintoff and Vaughan's boys are far higher standard than all of these. wjematherplease leave a message... 09:57, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * This article is about Rocky Flintoff, not his dad. Your argument that Sigcov is trumped by inherited is very weak. Desertarun (talk) 21:56, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

FLRC nomination
I have nominated List of Indian Premier League captains for featured list removal. Please join the discussion on whether this article meets the featured list criteria. Articles are typically reviewed for two weeks; editors may declare to "Keep" or "Delist" the article's featured status. The instructions for the review process are here. Joseph2302 (talk) 11:04, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

Ian Chappell
This is an old FA article from 2007 which has not run on the front page, so I submitted it for Sept 26th (his 81st birthday). However, I know next to nothing about Cricket, so please double check the blurb to see if it is accurate. I tried to condense the lede down as much as possible. Second, if someone could check over the article to see if it's up to date, that would help as well. Harizotoh9 (talk) 19:22, 12 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Today's featured article/requests/Ian Chappell

Requested move at Talk:Rafiullah (cricketer)
There is a requested move discussion at Talk:Rafiullah (cricketer) that may be of interest to members of this WikiProject. Safari Scribe Edits! Talk! 11:47, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

Requested move at Talk:Rafiullah (cricketer)
There is a requested move discussion at Talk:Rafiullah (cricketer) that may be of interest to members of this WikiProject.  98𝚃𝙸𝙶𝙴𝚁𝙸𝚄𝚂  •  [𝚃𝙰𝙻𝙺]   22:37, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Cricket


text:
Per Grazia Ricevuta

Per Grazia Ricevuta, often abbreviated as P.G.R., is an Italian band led by Giovanni Lindo Ferretti.

The band originated from Ferretti's previous project Consorzio Suonatori Indipendenti, which disbanded following the departure of long-time collaborator Massimo Zamboni. Their name 'Per Grazia Ricevuta ("For a Received Grace"), also marks a change. It is a stock phrase usually attached to mementos acknowledging miraculous divine gifts, and reflects Lindo Ferretti's rediscovery of his Catholic roots following a long career of radical left activism.

PGR's lineup changed with the release of the album D’anime e d’animali (2004), when founding members Ginevra Di Marco and Francesco Magnelli departed. As a response, the band's acronym was slightly changed into PG3R (Però Gianni Giorgio Giovanni Resistono, meaning "Yet Gianni Giorgio and Giovanni Resist"). In 2006 PGR performed a tour around Italy entitled 'Ripasso / Ribassi - Saldi, fino ad esaurimento scorte’ (Revision / Discounts - Sales while Stock Lasts). With the release of 2009's Ultime notizie di cronaca, the band announced its dissolution.

Discography

 * Per grazia ricevuta (For a Received Grace); 2002
 * Montesole 29 giugno 2001 (At Montesole, 29 June 2001); 2003, live
 * D'anime e d'animali (On Souls and on Animals); 2004
 * Ultime notizie di cronaca; 2009
 * ConFusione; featuring Franco Battiato; 2010

Members

 * Giovanni Lindo Ferretti - vocals (2001-2009)
 * Giorgio Canali - guitars, vocals (2001-2009)
 * Gianni Maroccolo - bass (2001-2009)
 * Francesco Magnelli - keyboards (2001-2004)
 * Ginevra Di Marco - vocals (2001-2004)

title: Per Grazia Ricevuta


text:
Hugh Stowell Scott

Hugh Stowell Scott (9 May 1862 – 19 November 1903) was an English novelist who wrote under the pseudonym of Henry Seton Merriman. His best known novel, The Sowers went through thirty UK editions.

Life
Born in Newcastle upon Tyne, he became an underwriter at Lloyd's of London, but then took to travel and writing novels, many of which had great popularity. Scott visited India as a tourist in 1877–1878 and set his novel Flotsam (1896) there. He was an enthusiastic traveller, many of his journeys being made with his friend and fellow author Stanley J. Weyman.

Scott married Ethel Frances Hall (1865–1943) on 19 June 1889. They had no children. Scott was unusually modest and retiring in character. He died of appendicitis in 1903, aged 41, at Melton, Suffolk. Scott left £5000 in his will to Evelyn Beatrice Hall, his sister-in-law and a fellow writer, best known for a biographical work, The Friends of Voltaire. Scott explained the legacy as a "token of my gratitude for her continued assistance and literary advice, without which I should never have been able to have made a living by my pen."

He worked with great care, and his best books held a high place in Victorian fiction. His book The Sowers was made into a silent film in 1916.

Novels
His first novel, Young Mistley was published anonymously in 1888. His other novels include The Phantom Future (his only novel set entirely in England, 1888), Suspense (1890), The Slave of the Lamp (1892), From One Generation to Another (1892), With Edged Tools (a bestseller in 1894), The Sowers (generally considered his best, set in Russia, where it was banned) (1896), In Kedar's Tents (1897), Roden's Corner (1898), Dross (1899), Grey Lady; Isle of Unrest (1900), The Velvet Glove; The Vultures (1902), Queen; Barlasch of the Guard (1903) and The Last Hope (1904).

title: Hugh Stowell Scott


text:
Varas

Varas may refer to:

Places

 * Varas, Afghanistan
 * Waras District, a district in Bamyan Province, Afghanistan
 * Varas, Argentina
 * Varas, Brazil
 * Varas, Iran
 * Varas, Mazandaran, Iran
 * Varas, Turkey
 * Las Varas, Chihuahua, Mexico
 * Vacas, Coahuila, Mexico
 * Varashát, Hungary

Units of measure

 * Vara, a seldom used Spanish and Portuguese unit of length
 * Portuguese customary units
 * Spanish customary units

People

 * Antonio Varas
 * Alex Varas
 * Javi Varas
 * José Miguel Varas

Title

 * Varas may refer to title or position of Wazir

title: Varas


text:
Multiplication factor

Multiplication factor may refer to:
 * Neutron multiplication factor, in a nuclear chain reaction
 * Multiplication factor, a term used in digital photography

title: Multiplication factor


text:
Johann David Schoepff

Johann David Schoepff,  or Schoepf, or Schöpf, (8 March 1752 – 10 September 1800) was a German botanist, zoologist, and physician.

He was born in Bayreuth and travelled to New York in 1777 as the chief surgeon for the Ansbach regiment of Hessian troops fighting for King George III of the United Kingdom.

During the revolutionary war Schoepff was stationed in Rhode Island. Determined to study the Americas as a scientist once the war ended, he travelled for two years in the United States, British East Florida, and the Bahamas.

He returned to Europe in 1784, where he worked for a time at the United Medical Colleges of Ansbach and Bayreuth. His North American observations are recorded in Travels in the Confederation [1783–1784], which first appeared in English translation in 1911. In 1792, he wrote Historia testvdinvm iconibvs illvstrata (A Natural History of the Turtles, Illustrated with Engravings), illustrated by Friedrich Wilhelm Wunder.

Works

 * Materia medica Americana potissimum regni vegetabilis . Lloyd Library, Cincinnati, Ohio 1903 (reproduction of the edition from 1787) Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
 * Digital reproduction Zentral- und Landesbibliothek Berlin: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:109-opus-72919
 * Digital reproduction Zentral- und Landesbibliothek Berlin: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:109-opus-72919

title: Johann David Schoepff