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Talk:Mr Kipling

 * The archived deletion discussion is available at Votes for deletion/Mr kipling

Comment 1
It might be of interest to Wikipedia readers that Mr Kipling's cakes were the subject of a song by Scottish anarcho-punk band Oi Polloi, entitled "Death Dealer." I am an American, and had been wondering what the song was about, since the brand is never found in the US. However, many Americans who listen to punk know who Oi Polloi is and may have heard the song. I Googled the lyrics and did several searches until I figured out what it referred to (the second line is "exceendingly good cakes," which helped). If the article isn't deleted, I think that noting the song would be a good addition to the article. Anyone else's thoughts? Catbot79 (talk) 04:03, 11 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Nothing. 81.158.206.206 (talk) 13:54, 4 September 2010 (UTC)

Life-GET? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.28.52.151 (talk) 23:50, 6 August 2010 (UTC)

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Unneeded Section
Who decided that a whole section of this article should be dedicated to writing about French Fancies, I don't see it as relevant 46.226.188.55 (talk) 23:26, 23 August 2017 (UTC)

 * Removed - A product list of somesort would be fine but like yourself I don't really see much point in there being a whole section dedicated to one cake. – Davey 2010 Talk 23:45, 23 August 2017 (UTC)

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Design information
The article states"In the early 2000s, the Mr Kipling brand moved away from its familiar design" and goes on to describe several changes, but never tells us what the "familiar design" might have been. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 106.69.129.2 (talk) 03:17, 8 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mr Kipling


text:
Gibraltar pound

The pound (sign: £; ISO code: GIP) is the currency of Gibraltar. It is pegged to – and exchangeable with – British pound sterling at par value. Coins and banknotes of the Gibraltar pound are issued by the Government of Gibraltar.

History
Until 1872, the currency situation in Gibraltar was complicated, with a system based on the real being employed which encompassed British, Spanish and Gibraltarian coins. From 1825, the real (actually the Spanish real de plata) was tied to the pound at the rate of 1 Spanish dollar to 4 shillings 4 pence (equivalent to 21.67 pence today). In 1872, however, the Spanish currency became the sole legal tender in Gibraltar. In 1898, the Spanish–American War made the Spanish peseta drop alarmingly and the pound was introduced as the sole currency of Gibraltar, initially in the form of British coins and banknotes.

In 1898, sterling coin was made sole legal tender, although the Spanish peseta continued in circulation until the Spanish Civil War. Since 1927, Gibraltar has issued its own banknotes and, since 1988, its own coins. Gibraltar decimalised in 1971 at the same time as the UK, replacing the system of 1 pound = 20 shillings = 240 pence with one of 1 pound = 100 (new) pence.

Relationship with the British pound
The since repealed Currency Notes Act 1934, conferred on the Government of Gibraltar the right to print its own notes.

Notes issued are either backed by Bank of England notes at a rate of one to one, or can be backed by securities issued by the Government of Gibraltar. Although Gibraltar notes are denominated in "pounds sterling", they are not legal tender anywhere in the United Kingdom. Gibraltar's coins are the same weight, size and metal as British coins, although the designs are different, and they are occasionally found in circulation across Britain.

Under the Currency Notes Act 2011 the notes and coins issued by the Government of Gibraltar are legal tender and current coin within Gibraltar. British coins and Bank of England notes also circulate in Gibraltar and are universally accepted and interchangeable with Gibraltarian issues.

Coins
In 1988, coins in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 pence and 1 pound were introduced which bore specific designs for and the name of Gibraltar. They were the same sizes and compositions as the corresponding British coins, with 2-pound coins introduced in 1999. A new coin of 5 pounds was issued in 2010 with the inscription "Elizabeth II · Queen of Gibraltar". This issue caused controversy in Spain, where the title of King of Gibraltar historically corresponds to the Crown of Castile.

The £2 coin has featured a new design every year since its introduction, as it depicts each of the 12 Labours of Hercules.

Tercentenary edition
In 2004 the Government of Gibraltar minted a new edition of its coins to commemorate the tercentenary of British Gibraltar (1704–2004).

2005 series
In 2005, the Government of Gibraltar issued a new series of coins featuring the designs of the Tercentenary issues, being placed on different denominations. A £5 coin was issued for this series, depicting the Rock of Gibraltar.

Banknotes
At the outbreak of the First World War, Gibraltar was forced to issue banknotes to prevent paying out sterling or gold. These notes were issued under emergency wartime legislation, Ordinance 10 of 1914. At first, the typeset notes were signed by hand by Treasurer Greenwood, though he later used stamps. The notes bore the embossed stamp of the Anglo-Egyptian Bank Ltd. and circulated alongside British Territory notes. The 1914 notes were issued in denominations of 2/-, 10/-, £1, £5 and £50. The 2/- and £50 notes were not continued when a new series of notes was introduced in 1927. The 10/- note was replaced by the 50p coin during the process of decimalization. In 1975, £10 and £20 notes were introduced, followed by £50 in 1986. The £1 note was discontinued in 1988. In 1995, a new series of notes was introduced which, for the first time, bore the words "pounds sterling" rather than just "pounds". The government of Gibraltar introduced a new series of banknotes beginning with the £10 and £50 notes issued on July 8, 2010. On May 11, 2011, the £5, £20 and £100 notes were issued. In 2021, the government of Gibraltar introduced a new series of banknotes in a reduced size, closely matching that of the banknotes of the Bank of England. The first note, the £5 was issued into circulation in 2021.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gibraltar pound


text:
Amazonian manatee

The Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis) is a species of manatee that lives in the Amazon Basin in Brazil, Peru, Colombia and Ecuador. It has thin, wrinkled brownish or gray colored skin, with fine hairs scattered over its body and a white chest patch. It is the smallest of the three extant species of manatee.

Taxonomy
The specific name, inunguis is Latin for "nailless". The genus name Trichechus, comes from Latin meaning "hair", referencing the whiskers around the manatee's mouth.

Physical characteristics
The Amazonian manatee is the smallest member of the manatee family and can be distinguished by its smoother rubbery skin and lack of vestigial nails on its flippers. Ranges of body weight and size observed are 7.5 – and 76.0 – for captive males, 8.1 – and 71.0 – for captive females, and 120.0 – and 162.0 – for free-ranging manatees, respectively. The maximum actual Amazonian manatee weight reported is 379 kg. Calves of the species are born weighing 10 – and 85 – long. The Amazonian Manatees increase in length approximately 1.6-2.0 mm per day. This length is measured along the curvature of the body so absolute length can differ between individuals. As calves, they gain an average of 1 kilogram per week.

Amazonian manatees are large, cylindrically shaped mammals, with forelimbs modified into flippers, no free hind-limbs, and the rear of the body in the form of a flat, rounded, horizontal paddle. The flexible flippers are used for aiding motion over the bottom, scratching, touching, and even embracing other manatees, and moving food into and cleaning the mouth. The manatee's upper lip is modified into a large bristly surface, which is deeply divided. It can move each side of the lips independently while feeding. The general coloration is grey, and most Amazonian manatees have a distinct white or bright pink patch on the breast.

Amazonian manatees, similar to all living manatee species in the family Trichechidae, have polyphyodont teeth. Their teeth are continuously replaced horizontally from the caudal portion of the jaw to the rostral portion throughout the manatee's life, a unique trait among mammals. Only the closest living relative of order Sirenia, elephants, show a similar characteristic of teeth replacement, but elephants have a limited set of these replacement teeth. As the teeth migrate rostrally in the manatee, the roots will be resorbed and the thin enamel will wear down until the tooth is eventually shed. Referred to as cheek teeth, differentiation of manatee teeth into molars and premolars has not occurred, and manatees additionally do not have incisors or canine teeth. These teeth migrate at a rate of about 1–2 mm/month, based on wear and chewing rates.

The Amazonian manatee lacks nails on its flippers, setting it apart from other manatees. Additionally, Amazonian manatees have a very small degree of rostral deflection (30.4°), which can be used as an indication of where in the water column the animal feeds. A small degree of deflection means that the end of the snout is straighter with regard to the caudal portion of the jaw. Animals with a greater degree of deflection, such as D. dugong at about 70° of deflection, are more of a benthic species, feed on the seafloor, and have snouts that point almost completely ventrally. Only T. senegalensis has a smaller rostral deflection of about 25.8°. This is believed to maximize the efficiency of feeding. A small degree of rostral deflection allows Amazonian manatees to feed more effectively at the surface of the water, where much of their food is found.

Behavior and biology
The Amazonian manatee is the only sirenian that lives exclusively in freshwater habitat. The species relies on changes in the peripheral circulation for its primary mechanism for thermoregulation by using sphincters to deflect blood flow from areas of the body in close contact with water. They also rely on subcutaneous fat to reduce heat loss.

Manatees have nostrils, not blowholes like other aquatic mammals, which close when underwater to keep water out and open when above water to breathe. Although manatees can remain under water for extended periods, surfacing for air about every five minutes is common. The longest documented submergence of an Amazonian manatee in captivity is 14 minutes.

Manatees make seasonal movements synchronized with the flood regime of the Amazon Basin. They are found in flooded forests and meadows during the flood season, when food is abundant. The Amazonian manatee has the smallest degree of rostral deflection (25° to 41°) among sirenians, an adaptation to feed closer to the water surface. It is both nocturnal and diurnal and lives its life almost entirely underwater. Only its nostrils protrude from the surface of the water while it searches river and lake bottoms for vegetation.

The Amazonian and West Indian manatees are the only manatees known to vocalize. They have been observed vocalizing alone and with others, particularly between cows and their calves.

Diet
The manatees themselves feed on a variety of aquatic macrophytes, including aroids (especially Pistia, aka "water lettuce" ), grasses, bladderworts, hornworts, water lilies, and particularly, water hyacinths. They are also known to eat palm fruits that fall into the water. Maintaining a herbivorous diet, the manatee has a similar post-gastric digestive process to that of the horse. The manatee consumes approximately 8% of its body weight in food per day.

During the July–August dry season when water levels begin to fall, some populations become restricted to the deep parts of large lakes, where they often remain until the end of the dry season in March. They are thought to fast during this period, their large fat reserves and low metabolic rates – only 36% of the usual placental mammal metabolic rate – allowing them to survive for up to seven months with little or no food.

Reproduction and lifecycle
The Amazonian manatee is a seasonal breeder with a gestational period of 12–14 months and a prolonged calving period. Most births take place between December and July, with about 63% between February and May, during a time of rising river levels in their native region. After the calf is born, it will begin to eat while staying with its mother for 12 – 18 months.

Wild individuals have a lifespan of about 30 years. The record captive lifespan is 17 years.

Population and distribution
As of 1977 the population count of the Amazonian manatee was estimated to be around 10,000. As of now the total population count is undetermined, however the population trend seems to be decreasing. They are mainly distributed throughout the Amazon River Basin in northern South America, ranging from the Marajó Islands in Brazil through Colombia, Peru, and Ecuador. They are occasionally found overlapping with the West Indian manatee along the coasts of Brazil.

Amazonian manatees occur through most of the Amazon River drainage, from the headwaters, in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru to the mouth of the Amazon (close to the Marajó Island) in Brazil over an estimated seven million square kilometers. However, their distribution is patchy, concentrating in areas of nutrient-rich flooded forest, which covers around 300,000 km2 They also inhabit environments in lowland tropical areas below 300 m asl, where there is large production of aquatic and semi-aquatic plants; they are also found in calm, shallow waters, away from human settlements

The Amazonian manatee is completely aquatic and never leaves the water. It is the only manatee to occur exclusively in freshwater environments. The Amazonian manatee favors backwater lakes, oxbows, and lagoons with deep connections to large rivers and abundant aquatic vegetation They are mainly solitary but sometimes they will gather in small groups consisting of up to eight individuals. They engage in long seasonal movements, moving from flooded areas during the wet season to deep water-bodies during the dry season

Natural predators include jaguars, sharks, and crocodiles.

Illegal hunting
The main threat to the Amazonian manatee is illegal hunting. They are hunted for subsistent and local use, not commercially. The hunting has led to the large decline in the population and low population numbers. Between 1935 and 1954, over 140,000 manatees are estimated to have been killed. Despite the laws in place against hunting, hunting continues to occur even in protected areas. Traditional harpoons are the most common weapon used against the manatees but in Ecuador they are also known to be caught in Arapaima fish traps.

They are mainly hunted for their high value meat but the fat and skin are also used for cooking and in medicines. The meat is sold locally to neighbors or at produce markets. It can be illegally sold as sausage or mixira in public markets in Brazil and Ecuador. Mixira is a meat preserved in its own fat and is expensive which drives the hunters.

Between 2011 and 2015, 195 manatees were killed for meat in a single region of Brazil. In another region, 460 were killed in a protected area between 2004 and 2014.

Conservation
The IUCN red list ranks the Amazonian manatee as vulnerable. Population declines are primarily a result of hunting, as well as calf mortality, climate change, and habitat loss. However, due to their murky water habitat it is difficult to gain accurate population estimates.

There are no national management plans for the Amazonian Manatee, except in Colombia. As of 2008, the INPA takes care of 34 captive manatees and the CPPMA is caring for 31 manatees. The manatee has been protected by Peruvian law since 1973, via Supreme Decree 934-73-AG, prohibiting hunting and commercial use of the manatee.

Hunting remains the largest problem and continues in much of its range, even within reserves. In 1986, it was estimated that the hunting levels in Ecuador were unsustainable and it would be gone from this country within 10–15 years. While hunting still occurs, an increasing risk to its continued survival in Ecuador is now believed to be the risk of oil spills. The oil exploration also means an increase in boat traffic on the rivers.

The Amazonian manatees of Peru have experienced much of their decline due to hunting by human populations for meat, blubber, skin and other materials that can be collected from the manatee. Such hunting is carried out with harpoons, gillnets, and set traps. Much of this hunting occurs in the lakes and streams near the Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve in northeastern Peru. The species is slow-moving, docile, and is often found feeding at the surface of the lakes and rivers it inhabits. Manatees are also at risk from pollution, accidental drowning in commercial fishing nets, and the degradation of vegetation by soil erosion resulting from deforestation. Additionally, the indiscriminate release of mercury in mining activities threatens the entire aquatic ecosystem of the Amazon Basin.

title: Amazonian manatee


text:
Talk:Consumer debt

Nonsense

 * "Critics of consumer debt decry the practice as an example of an emphasis on instant gratification over long-term fiscal prudence." Says who? Critic who? Let's just get rid of the credit market, it's "bad". You know, there is a limit of what kind of stupid things can be written, that limit was crossed here. - Jerryseinfeld 16:49, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Personally, I think the deleted viewpoint is quite sane; I'm sorry you can't respect views that don't agree with yours. Cazort 00:24, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Consumer debt detrimental?
The article says that "consumer debt is considered detrimental." Could we get some useful citation here before a judgement is made? That sentence is clearly NPOV and should be removed unless we can find a reputable economist or financial advisor to quote here. I'm going to try to remove the slanted view presented here. sebmol 20:44, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

How about Dave Ramsey, Howard Dayton, the Bible....? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 167.80.246.204 (talk) 17:00, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

Mortgage debt
This article implies that Mortgage debt - which is secured, may not be part of consumer debt. This contradicts the article on Consumer Credit Risk, I would like this common question to be addressed but am unable to adequately answer it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.92.49.122 (talk) 20:46, 11 October 2008 (UTC)

False Sentence
On the other hand, credit card debt is almost unknown just across the sea in Japan and China, one because of long-standing cultural taboos against personal debt, the other because the economy is still underdeveloped.

 * Japan is a developed country. --Natkeeran (talk) 16:16, 22 March 2009 (UTC)

WSJ resource
Consumers Step Up Their Borrowing 10.January.2012 97.87.29.188 (talk) 00:14, 11 January 2012 (UTC)

Statistics needed
I keep hearing stories on the news about how student debt in the U.S. has surpassed credit card debt in the aggregate, and is now behind only mortgage debt. This article could use stats on different types in various countries and time periods. -- Beland (talk) 21:37, 25 May 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Consumer debt


text:
Talk:Gotthard Road Tunnel

AdamSEOWorks (Uhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Gotthard_Road_TunnelTC)

2001 Fire
The 2001 fire, a major disaster in a one of a kind transportation tunnel, is barely mentioned in the article. Hell, even the History Channel had a whole special devoted to the accident and the resulting changes to safety just in this one tunnel. Cs302b (talk) 23:03, 17 October 2011 (UTC)

Length dispute
No, it's not the worlds longest road tunnel! The Lærdal Tunnel (Lærdalstunnelen), opened in 2000 is longer with its 24505 meters. --ZorroIII 16:50, 2004 Dec 19 (UTC)
 * The St Gotthard Tunnel is not the longest road tunnel. However, there is little doubt that it qualifies as the longest motorway/expressway tunnel. Despite no central reservation, all road maps still show it as part of a motorway. This may be the defining difference. --DF08 09:31, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Maybe the article text should be changed to reflect that it's the longest motorway/expressway tunnel? --ZorroIII 20:49, 2004 Dec 20 (UTC)
 * The article states Traffic flows through only one tunnel, which carries traffic both ways, with each direction allocated only one lane. This is exactly the same as for The Lærdal Tunnel (on European route E16), so I don't think this reservation about expressway gets you anywhere, since E16 is just as much an expressway. So St. Gotthard is the second longest, any way you look at it. Sorry. -- Egil 20:24, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The claim is still valid (to some extents) if you look at it on a map. Swiss maps show the tunnel as an expressway (with or without central reservation, it's in red-and-orange, whereas normal routes are cinnamon, yellow or white). --DF08 05:53, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * So St. Gotthard is the worlds longest tunnel that appear in red-and-orange on Swiss maps. Excellent. (If it was a full four-lane tunnel I guess there could have been a point. A two-lane defined as an expressway seems far too moot). -- Egil 08:18, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Some maps in the 1990s show it green-and-white, so that claim (red-and-orange), too, is refutable. ;-) Before this becomes an article about whether it's the longest expressway tunnel by colour coding, or if it's the longest expressway tunnel, period, consider this. The authorities rate the road an expressway with no central reservation (Autostrasse), so it's gotta be using the Autostrasse traffic sign. Now whether an Autostrasse is an expressway is a different matter. Better to put it as "the longest expressway tunnel in the world according to the local definition of "expressway"." I've been through the tunnel; it didn't feel like an expressway tunnel at all. Most Swiss non-expressways out of localities go at 80 km/h; ditto with St Gotthard. --DF08 12:44, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Second tunnel
Someone just erased "Second tube planned" for the Gotthard Road Tunnel on the List of tunnels by length. How are the plans going for a second parallell road tunnel ? There should be something written even if it is postponed without a time plan. BIL 14:33, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

 * As I knew the "second" tunnel will be digged new.. next to the existing emercency tunnel, so that the emercency tunnel still will exist..then between the old one and the new one.. and not that the emercency tunnel will be "upgradet" as second traffic tunnel.Zack McKracken (talk) 20:02, 24 August 2017 (UTC)

Long and short routes
The road taken on that expressway is actually longer than the direct route through the St. Gotthard tunnel. This may or may not be true, but certainly without stating from where to where you are going it doesn't make any sense at all.Nico b. 09:31, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

Map request
I believe this article could benefit from a route map. Would anybody be able to provide one? – voidxor (talk | contrib) 23:57, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

Refimprove
Citations in the English-language version should be in the English language. This is so that any editor can verify that the reference states what it's expected to state.Wjhonson (talk) 19:54, 19 August 2015 (UTC)
 * True, but per WP:NONENG, non-English sources are not forbidden either. As such, I'm removing the tag. — howcheng  {chat} 07:18, 3 September 2015 (UTC)

What are the "other things"?
Under the section History, it says, "In response to the automobile boom in Switzerland and other things..."

Seems to me that an expert ought to correct this. I didn't want to delete the phrase "and other things" because if there are indeed other factors, the world should get to know about them.

Googee3 (talk) 05:34, 5 December 2016 (UTC)

 * Mhh "and other things"... I would say.. still classified military use.Zack McKracken (talk) 20:09, 24 August 2017 (UTC)

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Explosive dispute
Hello there!

"Large quantities of Second World War military explosives were stored in a depot near the Gotthard Road Tunnel mouth" This statement is wrong. The tunnel didn't exist at that time, not even in the Swiss citizen's dreams. The article does not tell that the explosive dated back to the second world war, in reality it only tells about the "strategy dating back to World War II". From the second world war on, bridges, tunnels and other strategic passages were built to include permanent mined facilities. In case an invading force tried to pass through the construction, the army would have blasted the structure.

And more. "The known presence of the explosives may have made firemen reluctant to enter the tunnel": the citation is unrelated. The accident described in the citation happened in an actual ammunition storage, not in a mined structure like the Gotthard tunnel. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.246.191.121 (talk) 00:38, 18 August 2022 (UTC)

mention w/out src fire fighter hesitation
sorry i might have broken wikipedia protocol by removing the bit again before reading history comments. that was unintentionally unpolite, feel free to restore while we discuss.

following up Suonii180 cmt. swissinfo is a raliable source and they do not mention fire fighters hesitation in the linked article. the presence of explosive near the tunnel is merely an anectode in relation to the accident in the tunnel and had no impact on it, unless a reliable source brings evidence. the src used here to support fire fighters hesitation is not swissinfo it is the bbc: the article talks about something completely unrelated and then happen to mention the gotthard accident and an unsupported rumour: “In 2001, 11 people died in the Gotthard Tunnel […] It emerged that large quantities of explosives stored there years ago were still in a depot close to the tunnel mouth. It's rumoured that local fire officers, having heard about the stockpile, were reluctant to enter the tunnel to fight the blaze.”

I do not think bbc is a reliable source on this bit as they are far from the scene both geographically and timewise (art is from jul 21, 20 years later)

in sum, that paragraph is unrelated to the gotthard tunnel history or to the accident of 2001, and it is easily recognisable as a vector of speculations, not facts. 2A02:8084:20E4:1480:8D42:4473:8C4:31D9 (talk) 10:42, 28 August 2022 (UTC)

found my wp pwd. Topic above and related edits are mine. thx for the patience Giambo (talk) 11:16, 28 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gotthard Road Tunnel


text:
User talk:Lafraia~enwiki

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Andre ( talk )A| 16:52, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)

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Your account will be renamed
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Timeline of 20th-century Muslim history

20th century (1901–2000) (1318 AH – 1421 AH)

 * 1901: Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud captures Riyadh.
 * 1902: Birth of Ruhollah Khomeini, The leader of Iranian revolution and the founder of Islamic Republic of Iran.
 * 1903: Birth of Syed Abul Ala Maududi (Founder of Jamaat-e-Islami).
 * 1905: The beginning of the Salafiyyah movement in Paris with its main sphere of influence in Egypt.
 * 1906: Hassan al-Banna, founder of the Muslim Brotherhood born in Egypt.
 * 1906: All India Muslim League was established in Dacca (Dhaka, Bengal)
 * 1906: Uprising of merchants and clergy leads Shah Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar to relent to demands for reform, which lead to the Constitution of 1906, providing for a limited male franchise and a National Consultative Assembly which convened that year.
 * 1907: The beginning of the Young Turks movement in Turkey.
 * 1908: Constitutional monarchy (2.phase) in Ottoman Empire (Turkey)
 * 1909: Armenian Christians suffer a genocide in Adana Vilayet, Turkey at the hands of the Young Turk government under the Ottoman Empire. 15,000–30,000 were killed.
 * 1911: War of Tripolli between Ottoman Empire and Italy. Treaty of Ouchy (1912).
 * 1912: Sarekat Islam cooperative founded in Indonesia, part of the Muhammadiyah reform movement.
 * 1912: Balkan wars. The coalition of four Balkan countries defeat Ottoman Empire (Turkey).
 * 1912: Treaty of Fez makes Morocco a French and Spanish protectorate, triggering the Fez riots.
 * 1913: Mohammad Ali Jinnah joined All India Muslim League.
 * 1913: Putsch by the Committee of Union and Progress ("CUP") faction of the Young Turks, known as the Raid on the Sublime Porte, results in resignation of Grand Vizier. In control of the government, CUP withdraws from the London Peace Conference and moves the empire close to Germany in the approach to war.
 * 1913: Bulgarians were massacred by the Young Turk government under the Ottoman Empire. 50,000–60,000 Thracian Bulgarians were murdered, which was around 20% of the Bulgarian population in Thrace at that time. Most of the villages with a Bulgarian population were destroyed and the survivors expelled from their places of origin.
 * 1914: Under Ottoman rule, secret Arab nationalist societies are formed. World War I begins. The Ottoman Empire enters the war allied with Germany.
 * 1914-1918: Ottoman Empire carries out genocides of several communities, such as Assyrian Christians. 200,000 to 275,000 were killed. About half of the Assyrian population in the Ottoman Empire perished.
 * 1914: Egypt becomes a British protectorate.
 * 1915: Ottoman Empire defeats Allies in Çanakkale (Dardanalles).
 * 1916: By the Sykes–Picot Agreement Britain and France plan post-war division of their post-war spheres of influence following the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.
 * 1916: Arab Revolt against Ottoman rule in Hijaz, Palestine and Syria. Lawrence of Arabia leads attacks on the Hejaz Railway.
 * 1916: Muslims and Hindus join together in Lucknow Pact seeking more self-rule in India and other reforms from the British government.
 * 1917: Britain issues the Balfour Declaration pledging British support for the creation of a Jewish national homeland.
 * 1918: Birth of Gamal Abdel Nasser.
 * 1918: Tripolitanian Republic declares independence from Italian Libya and becomes the first republican government in the Arab world.
 * 1918: After losing virtually their entire empire, the Ottomans capitulate on October 19 and sign the Armistice of Mudros with the Allies on October 30. World War I ends on November 11. Syria becomes a French protectorate.
 * 1919: The first revolution in Egypt led by Saad Zaghlul against British occupation.
 * 1919: After the Third Anglo-Afghan War ended with the signing of the Treaty of Rawalpindi, King Amanullah Khan declared Afghanistan a sovereign and fully independent state.
 * 1920: Ottoman Sultan Mehmed VI signs the Treaty of Sèvres, reducing the Empire to a fraction of its previous size and allowing for the indefinite presence of Allied forces in Turkey. The treaty is rejected by nationalist leaders, who vow to block its implementation.
 * 1920: Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Khiva conquered by Bolshevik Russia.
 * 1920-1922: Turkish War of Independence.
 * 1920: Armenia first defeated by the Turkish nationalists then the Soviets.
 * 1920: Short-lived Hashemite Kingdom of Syria establish, which surrendered to French forces after the Battle of Maysalun.
 * 1921: Abdullah I of Jordan is made King of Transjordan. His father was the Sharif of Mecca. Faisal I of Iraq is made King of Iraq. His father was the Sharif of Mecca.
 * 1921: Abd al-Karim leads a revolt against colonial rule in Moroccan Rif, and declares the "Republic of the Rif".
 * 1921: Death of Alahazrat Molana Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi.
 * 1921: Treaty of Kars between Soviet Russia and Turkey.
 * 1921: Reza Khan Pahlavi stages largely bloodless coup in Persia.
 * 1922: Armistice of Mudanya. Turkish nationalists under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal seize control of Turkey and abolish the Ottoman Sultanate, prompting Sultan Mehmed VI to flee Turkey; the 600‑year‑old Ottoman Empire officially ceases to exist.
 * 1922: Egypt unilaterally granted independence by the United Kingdom.
 * 1923: Mustafa Kemal secures Allied recognition of Turkey's independence in the Treaty of Lausanne and subsequently declares the Republic of Turkey. Ankara officially replaces Constantinople as Turkish capital.
 * 1923: Albanian Mussulmans' Congress breaks with caliphate and reforms Islam in Albania by suppressing polygamy and the compulsory veiling of women.
 * 1924: The Turkish Grand National Assembly abolishes the Ottoman Caliphate and sends the remaining members of the Ottoman House into exile in a move that begins the extensive de-Islamization of the public sphere in Turkey.
 * 1924: King Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud conquers Mecca and Medina, leading to the unification of the Kingdoms of Najd and Hejaz.
 * 1925: Reza Khan seizes the government in Persia and establishes the Pahlavi dynasty.
 * 1925: The Great Syrian Revolt breaks out across the various statelets of Syrian and Lebanon against French rule, which ultimately was put down by force in 1927.
 * 1926: Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud assumes title of King of Najd and Hejaz.
 * 1926: Lebanon proclaimed a parliamentary republic under French protectorate.
 * 1927: Death of Zaghlul, an Egyptian nationalist leader.
 * 1928: Turkey is declared a secular state.
 * 1928: Hasan al-Banna founds the Muslim Brotherhood, a Pan-Islamic movement dedicated to social, political, and moral reform in Egypt. The movement would later spread to other Arab nations and to Pakistan.
 * 1929: Militant conflicts between Palestinians parties and Jewish settlers in Jerusalem over access to the Wailing Wall.
 * 1931: A General Islam Conference held in Jerusalem over the Zionism question with delegates from North Africa, Egypt, the Arabian Peninsula and Mesopotamia issues first Pan Arabic resolution.
 * 1932: Iraq granted independence by League of Nations.
 * 1932–41: Ma Bufang and his Chinese Muslim soldiers massacre Tibetans in Qinghai Province. The motive was ethnic cleansing of Tibetans and destruction of their culture, resulting in thousands of casualties.
 * 1934: War between King Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud and Imam Yahya of the Yemen. Peace treaty of Taif. Asir becomes part of Saudi Arabia.
 * 1935: Iran ("Land of the Aryans") becomes the official name of Persia.
 * 1936: Increased Jewish immigration leads to the Arab revolt in Palestine. The demonstrations turned violent in 1937 and met with violent repression from the British Army.
 * 1938: Mustafa Kemal Atatürk died.İsmet İnönü second president of Turkey.
 * 1939: Parliament of ex France protectorate Republic of Hatay decides to join Turkey
 * 1939: Start of World War II.
 * 1940 All India Muslim League at Lahore formally resolves in favor of an independent Muslim state.
 * 1941: British and Russian forces invade Iran and Reza Shah is forced to abdicate in favor of his son Mohammad Reza Shah.
 * 1941: Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi founds Jamaat-e-Islami, the Muslim Brotherhood's South Asian counterpart.
 * 1942: Birth of M. Fetullah Gulen, the founder of Hizmet Movement of Turkey.
 * 1945: End of World War II. Indonesia declares independence from the Netherlands. New leader Sukarno decides not to implement sharia law nationwide.
 * 1945: League of Arab States formed at meeting in Cairo.
 * 1946: Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria are granted independence from Britain and France.
 * 1947: India gains independence from Britain, and Pakistan is created from the region's Muslim-majority areas under the Leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Disputes over the status of Kashmir leads to the first Indo-Pakistani War; Kashmir is divided between India and Pakistan.
 * 1948: Arab countries attack the new state of Israel and suffer defeat in war with Israel. Hundreds of thousands of Palestinians are displaced, Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah dies in Karachi.
 * 1949: Hasan al-Banna, leader of the Muslim Brotherhood, is assassinated by Egyptian security forces.
 * 1949: Second East Turkestan Republic overthrown and re-incorporated into Xinjiang.
 * 1951: Libya becomes independent.
 * 1952: King Faruq of Egypt forced to abdicate by the free officers led by Gamal Abdel Nasser.
 * 1953: Backed by American and British intelligence agencies, General Zahedi leads a coup against Mohammed Mossadegh, returning the Shah to power. Death of King Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia. The foundation stone is laid to enlarge the Prophet's mosque in Medina. Hizb ut-Tahrir founded
 * 1954: Algerian War of Independence begins. Gamal Abdel Nasser bans the Muslim Brotherhood
 * 1956: Morocco becomes independent. Tunisia becomes independent. Tripartite Aggression in Egypt caused by nationalization of the Suez Canal.
 * 1957: The Bey of Tunisia is deposed, and Bourguiba becomes president. Enlargement of the Haram in Mecca begins. The Federation of Malaya, later renamed Malaysia, gains independence from Britain.
 * 1958: October 7, President Iskander Mirza declares Martial Law. General Ayub Khan assumes the powers as Chief Martial Law Administrator.
 * 1958: "Free Officers" of the army overthrow Hashemite monarchy of Iraq in 14 July Revolution.
 * 1960: Mali and Senegal become independent. Great Turk scholar Bedi-az-Zaman said Nursi had died in Urfa (Turkey).
 * 1960: Military coup in Turkey purges executive, military, judiciary branches and university.
 * 1961 Kuwait becomes independent as British mandate. Kuwait becomes the first Gulf country with a written constitution and parliament.
 * 1962: Algeria becomes independent.
 * 1962: Death of Zaydi Imam of Yemen (Ahmad). Crown Prince Bahr succeeds him and takes the title Imam Mansur Bi-Llah Muhammad.
 * 1962: Muslim World League is founded in Mecca.
 * 1962: North Yemen Civil War begins.
 * 1963: Ba'athists and Arab nationalist sympathizers in the army engineer Ramadan Revolution seeing the government as insufficiently pan-Arabic and pro-Communist.
 * 1963: The White Revolution, a series of major economic reforms by Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi intended to effect industrial development and redistribute rural land in Iran, though popular also increase social tensions leading to massive pro-Islamic rioting in June.
 * 1963: Birth of great Historian Mudaser Ijaz at Old Anarkali, Lahore, Pakistan
 * 1965: American Muslim leader Malcolm X is assassinated. The second Indo-Pakistani War results in a stalemate. Malaysia grants independence to Singapore. In Indonesia, anti-communist witch-hunts give political Islamists an advantage over Communists.
 * 1967: In the Six-Day War between Israel and Egypt, Syria and Jordan, Israel seizes control of Jerusalem, the West Bank, Gaza Strip, the Sinai Peninsula, and the Golan Heights. More Palestinians are displaced.
 * 1967: Beginning of Infitah policy in Egypt as Sadat moves away from Soviet Union in wake of Six-Day War.
 * 1967: People's Republic of South Yemen becomes independent.
 * 1967: Biafra attempts to secede from Nigeria triggering Nigerian Civil War.
 * 1968: The enlargement of the Haram in Mecca is completed. Israel begins building Jewish settlements in territories occupied during the Six-day war.
 * 1968: Ba'ath Party stages a bloodless military coup in Iraq.
 * 1969: King Idris of Libya is ousted by a coup led by Colonel Qadhdhafi.
 * 1970: Death of Gamal Abdel Nasser, Anwar Sadat becomes president of Egypt and continues preparation of the army for the next war with Israel.
 * 1971: Bengalis in East Pakistan under the leadership of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman begin campaigning for independence from West Pakistan, prompting a heavy-handed military reprisal from Pakistani forces. India enters the conflict, causing the third Indo-Pakistani War which culminates in the creation of Bangladesh.
 * 1972: During the Summer Olympic Games in Munich, West Germany, eleven members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage by Palestinian terrorist group Black September in what is known as the Munich massacre.
 * 1973: King Zahir Shah of Afghanistan is overthrown.
 * 1973: Yom Kippur War, also known as 1973 Arab-Israeli War, amounting to a failed attempt to recapture the Sinai peninsula and Golan Heights by Egypt and Syria from Israel.
 * 1974: Beginning of Infitah policy in Egypt, announced by Sadat in an "October paper," representing a move away from Nasser-era socialism, an opening to western capital and a withdrawal from dependency on the USSR
 * 1974: Organisation of Islamic Cooperation conference held in Lahore. Ahmadis declared kafir (non-Muslim) in Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
 * 1974: Turkey launched a military invasion on Cyprus 1974 following the coup d'état engineered by the Greek junta.
 * 1975: Indonesia invades and occupies East Timor.
 * 1975: King Faisal of Saudi Arabia is assassinated by his half-brother's son Faisal bin Musa'id.
 * 1975: Death of Elijah Muhammad, leader of Nation of Islam among African Americans in North America. Warith Deen Muhammad assumes leadership of Nation of Islam and shifts movement toward Islamic Orthodoxy, renaming it American Muslim Mission.
 * 1975: Sectarian civil war begins in Lebanon. Before it would end in 1991 outside powers, including Syria and Israel, would become involved, more than 100,000 would die and a million refugees would leave Lebanon.
 * 1977: General Zia ul-Haq topples Prime Minister Bhutto in bloodless coup. Zia committed himself to a policy of "Islamization" of Pakistan.
 * 1978: Imam Musa Sadr, a Lebanese Shi'a leader is apparently assassinated after he disappears on a trip to Libya.
 * 1978: As part of the Camp David Accords, Egypt becomes the first Arab nation to recognize Israel. Israel returns the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt.
 * 1978: Communist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan seized power in Afghanistan in the Saur Revolution. Civil war ensues.
 * 1979: Years of political tension and unrest in Iran climax as the autocratic Pahlavi regime is overthrown by a popular revolution. In its place, Iranian clerics led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini establish an Islamic government and declare Iran an Islamic Republic. Groups of students loyal to the new regime seize control of the American embassy in Tehran and take 66 officials hostage.
 * 1979: Religious students in Saudi Arabia seize control of the Haram of Mecca, sparking a two-week standoff with Saudi security forces. The crisis comes to an end when Saudi forces storm the mosque, killing 237 of the 300 men and apprehending the remainder. All surviving conspirators in the plot are publicly executed.
 * 1979: The Soviet Union invades Afghanistan.
 * 1979: Death of influential Islamist leader Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi.
 * 1980: Muhammad Asad publishes his Magnum opus The Message of The Qur'an
 * 1980: Iraq invades Iran, beginning the 8-year Iran–Iraq War.
 * 1980: In a move not recognized internationally, Israel confirms its capital as the united Jerusalem.
 * 1980: General Evren deposes Turkish prime minister in a coup in which 500,000 were arrested. The military would rule for three years, then Evren acted as president until the end of 1989.
 * 1981: The 444-day Iranian hostage crisis comes to an end. Egyptian president Anwar Sadat is assassinated by militants opposed to his autocratic policies and recognition of Israel Succeeded by Muhammad Hosni Mubarak.
 * 1982: Israel invades Lebanon.
 * 1983; Second Sudanese Civil War breaks out after central government attempts to impose shariah law on non-Muslims. Two million would die in the course of the 22-year war, which resulted in the grant of automy to the southern part of the state.
 * 1987: First Intifada begins as Palestinians engage in widespread civil disobedience and strikes. The uprising lasts until 1993.
 * 1988: The Iran–Iraq War comes to an end following much loss of life.
 * 1988: First Nagorno-Karabakh War, an ethnic conflict between ethnic Armenians and supported by the Republic of Armenia in the southeast corner of former Soviet Republic Azerbaijan.
 * 1988: President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq of Pakistan was killed in a plane crash caused by a mysterious mid-air explosion.
 * 1988: "October riots," a series of demonstrations and other street disturbances mainly by young people, take place in Algeria, contributing to the pressure which together with dismal economic conditions led to the abandonment of the one party system and adoption of a constitution with democratic elements.
 * 1989: On February 14 Shia religious leader and Iranian head of state Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini issues fatwā calling on "zealous Muslims" to kill Salman Rushdie and the publishers of Satanic Verses, which is proclaimed a libel against "islam, the Prophet, and the Koran."
 * 1989 On June 3 Ayatollas Kohmeini dies and is succeeded by Ali Khamenei as the Supreme Leader of Iran.
 * 1989: The Soviet Union withdraws the last of its forces from Afghanistan. Afghan mujahideen factions begin fighting each other.
 * 1990: Iraq invades Kuwait.
 * 1990: North Yemen and South Yemen reunite.
 * 1991: A coalition of United States-led forces attacks Iraq and reverses its attempted military annexation of Kuwait. US-backed economic sanctions are imposed on Iraq. The sanctions are widely blamed for subsequent dramatic increases in famine, birth defects, and infant mortality amongst Iraqis.
 * 1991: The Soviet Union collapses. Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, all predominantly Muslim former Soviet republics, become independent. Armenian military occupies one-sixth of Azerbaijani territory expelling over 800,000 ethnic Azerbaijanis from the occupied lands and Armenia proper.
 * 1991: United Somali Congress topples regime of military dictator Siad Barre. The national military forces disband and form regional militias as part of Somali Civil War.
 * 1991: Algerian Civil War begins after Islamic party Islamic Salvation Front (Front Islamique du Salut (FIS)), which opposed state planning and supported state implementation of sharia laws, wins substantial majority of first stage of parliamentary elections. A military coup takes place and the FIS is banned and leaders imprisoned. The war would last until 2002.
 * 1992: The 400-year-old Babri Masjid in Ayodhya, India is destroyed by Hindu extremists, sparking widespread religious rioting across India.
 * 1992: United Nations Forces, mainly Americans, enter Somalia.
 * 1993: Oslo I Accord between Israel and PLO signed.
 * 1994: Jordan becomes the second of Israel's Arab neighbors to recognize Israel.
 * 1994: First war between Russia and Chechen Republic begins.
 * 1995: Israel Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin assassinated by right-wing orthodox Jew over Oslo Accord.
 * 1996: Taliban forces seize control of most of Afghanistan and declare the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
 * 1996: After leading his Welfare Party to a surprise victory in the 1995 general elections, Necmettin Erbakan becomes the first pro-Islamic Prime Minister of modern Turkey.
 * 1996: Al Jazeera Satellite Channel with loan from the Emir of Qatar launches Arab language satellite news service.
 * 1998: Pakistan becomes the first Islamic republic to have the nuclear power as it successfully conducted five nuclear tests on May 28.
 * 1998: Amidst growing criticism of his economic policies, longtime Indonesian leader General Suharto resigns after over thirty years in power.
 * 1998: Former deputy prime minister of Malaysia Anwar Ibrahim, a vocal critic of prime minister Mahathir Mohamad, is arrested and imprisoned on charges of sodomy.
 * 1998: Bombing of US Embassies in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam engineered by Al-Qaeda.
 * 1999: Kargil war breaks out between Pakistan and India. Pakistan's Army loses possession of the peaks that it had occupied as part of Operation Badr in Indian-administered Kashmir. Jockeying for strategic peaks follow after fighting officially ends in late-July 1999, with Indians gaining control of a number of features on the Pakistani side of the LoC viz Point 5310, Point 5070, Anzbari feature, amongst others.
 * 1999: Death of Jordan's King Hussein. King Hussein's son Abdullah is declared king of Jordan.
 * 1999: Indonesia relinquishes control of East Timor, which is granted independence under a UN-sponsored act of self-determination.
 * 1999: General Pervez Musharraf seizes control of Pakistan after a military coup against the government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.
 * 2000: Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip begin the Al-Aqsa Intifada, prompted by Ariel Sharon's visit to a disputed religious site holy to both Jews and Muslims.
 * 2000: President Hafez al-Assad of Syria dies of a heart attack. His son Bashar al-Assad is elected President by Syria's Majlis Al Shaa'b (Parliament).
 * 2000: Russia occupies Grozny, the capital of Chechnya, in Second Chechen War.
 * 2000: General Parvez Musharraf overthrows the democratically elected government of Nawaz Sharif in Pakistan.
 * 2000: Suicide attack on USS Cole kills 17 US sailors.
 * By the end of this century, global Muslim population had grown to almost one-fifth (20%) of the total driven by improved healthcare infrastructure.

title: Timeline of 20th-century Muslim history


text:
Talk:List of knowledge management concepts

Untitled
I started this page to give a feel for the central areas that KM covers. Please help Dgrey 16:54, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I think its a good idea - but should be left open for multiple concepts to be placed before any decision is made on what is Core --Snowded 01:14, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

I do not. I think it simply a specialized dictionary, appropriate for transwikifying. To the extent there's content, it's duplicative. I intend to propose deletion. DGG (talk) 20:20, 5 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Happy to support that, no one has been particularly involved and there are simply too many knowledge management articles - and none of them are very good-- Snowded  TALK  20:47, 5 October 2008 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Micolous

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Micolous


text:
User talk:The chosn 1

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 16:54, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
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title: User talk:The chosn 1


text:
Sack of Magdeburg

The sack of Magdeburg, also called Magdeburg's Wedding (Magdeburger Hochzeit) or Magdeburg's Sacrifice (Magdeburgs Opfergang), was the destruction of the Protestant city of Magdeburg on 20 May 1631 by the Imperial Army and the forces of the Catholic League, resulting in the deaths of around 20,000, including both defenders and non-combatants. The event is considered the worst massacre of the Thirty Years' War. Magdeburg, then one of the largest cities in Germany, having well over 25,000 inhabitants in 1630, did not recover its importance until well into the 18th century.

Archbishopric of Magdeburg
The archbishopric of Magdeburg was established as an ecclesiastical principality in 968. In political respect the Erzstift, the archiepiscopal and capitular temporalities, had gained imperial immediacy as prince-archbishopric in 1180. This meant that the archbishop of Magdeburg ruled the town and the lands around it in all matters, worldly and spiritual.

Protestant Reformation
The citizens of Magdeburg had turned Protestant in 1524 and joined the Schmalkaldic League against the religious policies of the Catholic emperor Charles V in 1531. During the Schmalkaldic War of 1546/47, the Lower Saxon city became a refuge for Protestant scholars, which earned it the epithet, but also an Imperial ban that lasted until 1562. The citizens refused to acknowledge Emperor Charles's Augsburg Interim and were besieged by Imperial troops under Maurice, Elector of Saxony in 1550/51.

Protestant archbishops and Administrators

The Roman Catholic archdiocese had de facto turned void since 1557, when the last papally confirmed prince-archbishop, the Lutheran Sigismund of Brandenburg, came of age and ascended to the see.

Openly Lutheran Christian William of Brandenburg, elected to be archbishop in 1598, was denied recognition by the imperial authorities. Since about 1600, he styled himself Administrator of Magdeburg, as did other Protestant German notables assigned to govern principalities that were de jure property of the Catholic church.

Alliance with the Danish king
During the Thirty Years' War, Administrator Christian William entered into an alliance with Denmark. In 1626, he led an army from Lower Saxony into the Battle of Dessau Bridge. After Wallenstein won this battle, Christian William fled abroad. In 1629, he fled to the court of King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.

As a result of these developments, in January 1628, the Magdeburg cathedral chapter deposed Christian William and elected Augustus of Wettin, 13-year-old son of John George I, Elector of Saxony, as Administrator. Augustus did not assume office immediately due to his father's unwillingness to provoke the emperor.

Edict of Restitution
In March 1629, Emperor Ferdinand II passed the Edict of Restitution. It was specifically aimed at restoring the situation of the 1555 Peace of Augsburg in ecclesiastical territories that had since strayed from "legal" Catholic faith and rule. Bremen and Magdeburg were the biggest examples of territories to be restituted.

Alliance with the Swedish king
The city's councillors had been emboldened by King Gustavus Adolphus's landing in Pomerania on 6 July 1630. The Swedish king was a Lutheran Christian, and many of Magdeburg's residents were convinced that he would aid them in their struggle against the Roman Catholic Habsburg emperor, Ferdinand II. However, not all Protestant princes of the Holy Roman Empire had immediately embraced Adolphus; some believed his chief motive for entering the war was to take northern German ports, which would allow him to control commerce in the Baltic Sea.

In November 1630, King Gustavus sent ex-Administrator Christian William back to Magdeburg, along with Dietrich von Falkenberg to direct the city's military affairs. Backed by the Lutheran clergy, Falkenberg had the suburbs fortified and additional troops recruited.

Magdeburg besieged

When the Magdeburg citizens refused to pay a tribute demanded by the emperor, Imperial forces under the command of a Flemish mercenary, Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly laid siege to the city within a matter of months. The city was besieged from 20 March 1631 and Tilly put his subordinate Imperial Field Marshal Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim, a Catholic convert, in command while he campaigned elsewhere. During fierce fighting, Imperial troops numbering 24,000, roughly the same number as Magdeburg's entire population, conquered several sconces of the city's fortification and Tilly demanded capitulation.

Assault and sacking
After two months of siege and despite the Swedish victory in the Battle of Frankfurt an der Oder on 13 April 1631, Pappenheim finally persuaded Tilly, who had brought reinforcements, to storm the city on 20 May with 40,000 men under the personal command of Pappenheim. The Magdeburg citizens had hoped in vain for a Swedish relief attack. On the last day of the siege, the councillors decided it was time to sue for peace, but word of their decision did not reach Tilly in time.

In the early morning of 20 May, the attack began with heavy artillery fire. Soon afterward, Pappenheim and Tilly launched infantry attacks. The fortifications were breached and Imperial forces were able to overpower the defenders to open the Kröcken Gate, which allowed the entire army to enter the city to plunder it. The defence of the city was further weakened and demoralised when commander Dietrich von Falkenberg was shot dead by Catholic Imperial troops.

Sacking and arson
There are written reports of the attackers setting fire to single houses to dislodge persistent defenders. That the fire then spread all over the city appears to have been unintended. By ten o'clock most of the city was on fire. General Tilly sent some soldiers to save the cathedral, where 1,000 survivors had fled. Most of the victims in the sack suffocated or burned to death. The wind fanned the flames, further spreading the fire, in the end destroying 1,700 of the city's 1,900 buildings.

Out of control

Whilst Magdeburg was razed by the fire, many Imperial soldiers supposedly went out of control. The invading soldiers had not received payment for their service and demanded valuables from every household they encountered. There were reports of rapes and torture.

Of the 25,000 inhabitants, only 5,000 survived, at least 1,000 of these having fled into Magdeburg Cathedral and 600 into the Premonstratensian monastery. Tilly finally ordered an end to the looting on 24 May, and a Catholic mass was celebrated at the cathedral on the next day. For another fourteen days, charred bodies were dumped in the Elbe River to prevent disease.

Aftermath
A census conducted in 1632 listed only 449 inhabitants. Much of the city remained rubble until at least 1720.

Reactions
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After Magdeburg's capitulation to the Imperial forces, there were disputes between residents who had favoured resistance to the emperor and those who had opposed it. King Gustavus Adolphus joined the argument, claiming the citizens of Magdeburg had not been willing to pay the necessary funds for their defence.

Duke Maximilian of Bavaria, president of the Catholic League, concluded a congratulatory letter to Tilly on 1 June with the wish that "the enemies, powers and forces opposing Catholicism, the only religion offering salvation, would finally be ruined."

Pope Urban VIII wrote a congratulatory letter to Tilly on 18 June, saying: "You have washed your victorious hands in the blood of sinners."

The Imperial treatment of defeated Magdeburg helped persuade many rulers to stand against the Holy Roman Emperor.

Notoriety
The devastations were so great that Magdeburgisieren (or "magdeburgization") became a common term signifying total destruction, rape and pillaging for decades. The terms "Magdeburg justice", "Magdeburg mercy" and "Magdeburg quarter" also arose as a result of the sack, used originally by Protestants when executing Roman Catholics who begged for quarter.

The massacre was forcefully described by Friedrich Schiller in his 1792 work History of the Thirty Years' War and perpetuated in a poem by Goethe. A scene of Brecht's play Mother Courage and Her Children, written in 1939, also refers to the event.

Political consequences
Administrator Christian William of Brandenburg was badly injured and taken prisoner. He later converted to Catholicism and was released. He received an annual sum of 12,000 thaler from the revenues of the Archbishopric of Magdeburg under the Peace of Prague.

After the sack, the Archbishopric of Magdeburg went to Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria, youngest son of Emperor Ferdinand II, as the new Catholic administrator. The Peace of Prague (1635) confirmed his rule over the city, but three years later, Swedish troops expelled the Habsburg army and restored Augustus of Wettin (first elected in 1628) as Administrator as of October 1638. Augustus finally took full control of Magdeburg in December 1642 after a neutrality treaty was concluded with the Swedish general Lennart Torstenson. He was then able to begin the reconstruction of the city.

The Archbishopric of Magdeburg was secularized and ultimately fell to Brandenburg-Prussia upon Augustus' death in 1680.

title: Sack of Magdeburg


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Stasis dermatitis

Stasis dermatitis refers to the skin changes that occur in the leg as a result of "stasis" or blood pooling from insufficient venous return; the alternative name of varicose eczema comes from a common cause of this being varicose veins.

Insufficient venous return results in increased pressure in the capillaries with the result that both fluid and cells may "leak" out of the capillaries. This results in red cells breaking down, with iron containing hemosiderin possibly contributing to the pathology of this entity.

Symptoms
Stasis dermatitis may be characterized by:
 * Skin that appears thin, brown and tissue-like, with possible skin lesions (macule or patches), red spots, superficial skin irritation and/or darkening and/or thickening of the skin at the ankles or legs
 * Weak skin may ulcerate in some areas and legs, ankles, or other areas may become swollen
 * Open sores, ulcers
 * Itching and/or leg pains
 * Sometimes pain may persist from swollen tissues and may feel like "stabbing" or "needle pricks"

If skin continues to deteriorate and breaks down, a venous ulcer (also known as a stasis ulcer) may form. Without proper wound care, open cracks predispose patients for the entry of a bacterial infection, causing cellulitis in the leg.

Diagnosis
Stasis dermatitis is diagnosed clinically by assessing the appearance of red plaques on the lower legs and the inner side of the ankle. Stasis dermatitis can resemble a number of other conditions, such as cellulitis and contact dermatitis, and at times needs the use of a duplex ultrasound to confirm the diagnosis or if clinical diagnosis alone is not sufficient.

Treatment
Treatment may consist of topical applications of steroid based creams and the use of compression stockings or intermittent pneumatic compression pumps, to help force the underlying buildup of fluids back out of the lower leg.

Compression therapy should consist of moderate pressures and works best for ambulating patients.

Ultimately, treating the underlying venous reflux is necessary to treat Stasis dermatitis. Invasive surgical procedures like saphenofemoral junction ligation with stripping were the norm for treatment in the past. However, less invasive methods are now more widely used. These newer methods include endovenous thermal ablation, ambulatory phlebotomy, and ultrasound foam sclerotherapy.

Complications
If stasis dermatitis goes untreated, the patient is at risk of developing venous ulcers and Acroangiodermatitis.

title: Stasis dermatitis


text:
User talk:Hlg

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 16:56, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Hlg


text:
User talk:PunkPod

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 16:57, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
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Thanks for cleaning podiatry
Thanks for cleaning up the mess that 69.whatever made of podiatry. If you have any questions, don't hesitate to drop me a line. I take it from your username and areas of contribution that you're a podiatrist, or a medical practitioner from another field with experience in podiatry. You might want to drop a line to User:Drgnu23, who's currently a practicing podiatrist. grendel|khan 06:38, 2004 Dec 20 (UTC)

 * Greetings. I see that we are in a typical battle with an orthopedic surgeon. It may be well to put this up to a Wiki panel to decide and to stop the craziness.

I'd like to suggest coordinating some of the pages. There is some other information on stasis dermatitis and indeed on the 'skin'. There is some linkage through medical pages through most of this with our contributions most welcome. I did the follow-up on the podiatry link. Lets talk. DrGnu 19:57, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Peer review of New York City
Hello PunkPod - You've commented on the New York City article in the past, so I thought you might be interested in participating in its peer review. The article has changed substantially since its last FA nomination. With some editing for concision (making the "skyline" section a daughter article on NYC architecture instead of including it in the main article, for instance), this article should be ready for featured status renomination. Your input would be great. Wv235 16:32, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:PunkPod


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Tribal class

Tribal class can refer to several classes of warship:
 * Tribal-class destroyer (1905) or F class, 12 destroyers built for the Royal Navy during the early 1900s and operating during World War I
 * Tribal-class destroyer (1936) or Afridi class, 27 destroyers built for the navies of the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia that served during World War II
 * Tribal-class frigate or Type 81, seven frigates built for the Royal Navy during the late 1950s and early 1960s, four of which were later operated by the Indonesian Navy
 * General Purpose Frigate, a cancelled Canadian procurement project of the 1960s also called the "Tribal-class frigate"
 * Iroquois-class destroyer or Tribal class, four vessels built for the Canadian Forces in the early 1970s

title: Tribal class


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zemsky's Corporation/1

Zemsky's Corporation
Non-notable family-owned store with just three locations, all in Chicago, Illinois (not Indiana as the article states). "Zemsky corporation" gets displayed hits from only three websites ("Zemsky's corporation" gets none). Wikipedia is not the Yellow Pages, nor a shopping guide, nor the Small Business Administration. Also probably mostly copyvio as "...go for low prices and one of the world's largest selections of Dickies?, Carhartt, Timberland & Riggs workwear, outerwear,  Wrangler jeans, shirts and westernwear, along with school uniforms. We offer a wide range of big and tall sizes as well." is a cut&paste from the external link. Niteowlneils 16:58, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete Advertising. --LeeHunter 17:19, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, ad. Wyss 18:27, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, more nonsense from the CartoonMascotVandalGuy. —tregoweth 20:35, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete  --fvw *  08:21, 2004 Dec 20 (UTC)
 * Delete: DCEdwards1966 20:55, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)


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Quercus emoryi

Quercus emoryi, the Emory oak, is a species of oak common in Arizona (including inside Saguaro National Park), New Mexico and western Texas (including inside Big Bend National Park), United States, and northern Mexico (Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila (including Parque Nacional Maderas del Carmen), Durango, Nuevo León, and San Luis Potosí). It typically grows in dry hills at moderate altitudes.

Description

Quercus emoryi is a wintergreen tree in the red oak group, retaining its leaves throughout the winter until new leaves are produced in spring. It is a large shrub or small tree from 5 – tall. The leaves are 3 – long, simple or wavy-toothed, leathery, dark green above, paler below. The acorns are 1.5 – long, blackish-brown, and mature in 6–8 months from pollination; the kernel is sweet, and is an important food for people and for certain other mammals.

The seeds of this tree are called chich’il in Ndee, wi-yo:thi or toa in O’odham, bellotas in Spanish, and acorns in English. The English and Latin botanical names for this tree come from the name of a United States Army surveyor, Lieutenant William Hemsley Emory, who surveyed the area that had become known as West-Texas in the 1840s.

Ecology
The Emory acorn is sweet and is an important food for livestock, deer, squirrels, cliff chipmunks (Tamnias dorsalis), and birds such as quail and wild turkeys. Deer and livestock also browse the foliage.

Uses
Native American groups have eaten Emory acorns traditionally, ceremonially, and in contemporary cuisine. The acorns are most commonly ground into meal.

Emory oak health and habitat have been challenged in 2020, including in Oak Flat, Arizona in the Tonto National Forest by the Resolution Copper mining company's large copper mine.

According to the United States Department of Agriculture:"Emory oak acorns are a critically important resource for Western Apache Tribal Nation, both as a food source and due to its cultural and ceremonial uses. For decades, Apache elders watched in frustration as groves produced less acorn yield and declined in overall health. The ... Emory oak Collaborative Tribal Restoration Initiative is restor[ing] and protect[ing] Emory oak stands ... to ensure the long-term persistence of Emory oak. Habitat loss, fire suppression, livestock grazing, groundwater reductions, species competition and climate change have all impacted the Emory oak population. This program uses tribal traditional ecological knowledge to guide goals and activities."

title: Quercus emoryi


text: User talk:65.30.62.20

title: User talk:65.30.62.20


text: User talk:24.229.209.120

title: User talk:24.229.209.120


text:
User talk:Jwanderson

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 17:02, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
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Glycation
Hey Jwanderson, thanks for your message. I'm hardly into glycochemistry; my dealings have been more with glycosylation, and I'm eagerly awaiting the results of some experiments. Still, I'm pleased to see your rigorous additions about a subject that is not easily covered on a general encyclopedia. Kudos.

Are you making a userpage for yourself? Even a quirky quote or a random rant is sufficient.

I have found contibuting to Wikipedia a good learning curve. English is not my first language, and writing lay-oriented scientifically grounded text has probably helped my writing skills. In addition, the typo team sometimes has to clean up after me... JFW | T@lk  20:01, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

PS: Could you write something about advanced glycation endproducts? I linked to this from G6PD, but had no material to write more on AGEs.

glycosylation vs glycation Welcome to wikipedia. Terminology question. I saw both articles and a distinction being made between the two. I understand the point of the distinction (enzymatic vs non-enzymatic) but have never heard it before. Specifically, these articles imply that we should be referring to glycosylated hemoglobin as glycated hemoglobin, a distinction I've never noticed in the context of diabetes research and medical care. I have been reading the diabetes literature for nearly 30 years and glycosylated hemoglobin was the topic of my first research publication in 1978. While I have heard the term "glycated Hb" in recent years, it is still a minority usage. A google search says glycosylated hemoglobin is preferred over glycated hemoglobin by 3 to 1 (I actually expected a greater disparity). Is it accurate to say that some basic chemists have tried to introduce this distinction in the terminology but it is largely ignored by clinical scientists and physicians? Your reference to "age-related type 2 diabetes" tells me you are unfamiliar with diabetes (GHb measurements were pioneered in type 1 pts, and the age comment is inaccurate), but perhaps you know more glycochemistry than I do or usage is changing and I haven't noticed it. I am considering editing the two articles to explain this usage discrepancy to the reader interested in diabetes. Can you give me a reference in which the distinction between enzymatic glycosylation and non-enzymatic glycation is made? alteripse 03:20, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jwanderson


text:
User talk:Fadetoblack

Fair use images in user space
Hello. It might be a good idea to remove Image:Metallica-AndJusticeForAll.jpg from your user page, since fair use images should not be used in the user space according to Fair use criteria #9. Thanks. Khatru2 08:56, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Image:Sigma_Epsilon_Chi.png listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Sigma_Epsilon_Chi.png, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. User:Gay Cdn (talk) (Contr) 01:44, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fadetoblack


text:
The King of Comedy

(The) King of Comedy may refer to:

People

 * Jerry Lewis (1926–2017), American comedian, actor, writer and director. Nicknamed for his role in the 1982 Martin Scorsese film of the same name
 * Dolphy (1928–2012), Filipino actor known as the "Comedy King" in the Philippines.
 * Mack Sennett (1880–1960), nicknamed the King of Comedy

Film

 * The King of Comedy (film), a 1982 film starring Robert De Niro and Jerry Lewis
 * The Original Kings of Comedy, a 2000 Spike Lee film
 * The Original Latin Kings of Comedy, a 2002 Jeb Brien film
 * King of Comedy (film), a 1999 Hong Kong Television Broadcast film starring Stephen Chow

Song

 * "King of Comedy" (song), a song by R.E.M. on their album Monster

title: The King of Comedy


text:
Volvo 300 Series

The Volvo 300 Series is a rear-wheel-drive small family car sold from 1976 through 1991, both as a hatchback and (from 1984) as a conventional notchback saloon.

It was launched in the Netherlands shortly after Volvo acquired a significant stake in the passenger car division of DAF in 1973. The series consisted of the Volvo 340 (previously 343/345) and the later Volvo 360.

Origins

After building a series of compact cars, DAF sought a partner to bring its new larger model, codenamed P900, intended to become the DAF 77, to market in 1970. Several manufacturers were approached, including Audi, BMW and Volvo.

Due to the cost, Volvo was not initially interested, but it was later persuaded by DAF's access to Renault engines. This helped Volvo expand its model lineup without the enormous expenditures of developing a new model. Building cars in the Netherlands also helped the Swedish Volvo to access the markets of the European Community, of which Sweden was not yet a member.

Volvo purchased a one-third share in DAF in 1973, increasing to a three-quarters stake in 1975; the DAF company's name was changed to Volvo Car BV that year. Free of its passenger car division, The commercial vehicle division, DAF Trucks, has continued to operate under the ownership of Paccar since 1996.

Design
DAF had begun the development of this car in 1970 as Project P900, meant as a replacement for the DAF 66 and due to launch in 1975, probably as DAF 77. In 1971, four designs were presented anonymously to DAF employees: one by Bertone, one by Michelotti, and two by DAF in-house designers. The design by DAF's designer John de Vries (who would later win a similar contest for the Volvo 480 design) was chosen. In 1972, Volvo bought a stake in DAF, followed by a takeover in 1975, and the design was gradually adapted to Volvo's standards, though there were a lot of quality concerns.

The 300 series was unusual in having the gearbox mounted to the De Dion tube rear axle as a transaxle, with the 2 L models having the driveshaft enclosed in a "torque tube". The rear-mounted gearbox helped with weight distribution, but resulted in an unusually large transmission tunnel, especially by comparison with the contemporary front-wheel drive competitors such as the Mk. III Ford Escort and the Opel Kadett E/Mk. II Vauxhall Astra.

Overall, the 300 series was considered heavy and often underpowered, but reliable and safe by the standards of its day. However, the 360 GLT versions were well regarded by more enthusiastic drivers, with the unusual gearbox location ensuring good weight distribution, balance, and traction. The fuel tank was located ahead of the rear axle, straddling the rear-mounted transmission, the safest possible location and one that ensured consistent handling characteristics whether the tank is full or empty.

Model chronology

The Volvo 343 was introduced on 19 February 1976. The introduction model was fitted with a 71 PS 1.4 L Renault Cléon-Fonte engine in the front and DAF's radical Variomatic continuously variable transmission unusually mounted in the rear, helping weight distribution. The engine was an enlarged version of those fitted to the DAF 55 and 66. To add to the car's appeal and boost its sales, Volvo adapted the M45 manual transmission from the 200 series to fit in place of the CVT, and was sold alongside the CVT models from 1979. Volvo had also by this point substantially redesigned the interior with a much higher quality dashboard; also new seats, steering wheels and various fittings derived from the larger 200 Series model - addressing the heavy criticism of the DAF-designed interior of the early cars. A five-door model, the 345, was added in August 1979 for the 1980 model year. The extra doors added 30 kg; other modifications included better brakes, a slightly larger track due to wider wheels, and interval wipers. During 1980 larger wrap-around bumpers were introduced. In 1981, another engine option was added to the range, the Volvo designed B19, which was only available in GLS specs with the manual transmission.

A facelift in summer 1981 for the 1982 model year featured a revised bonnet, grille, front lamp arrangement, and slightly different bumpers. The interior was revised, and the cars received a new dashboard more aligned with other Volvo models. Overall length was increased to 4300 mm.

The third digit designating the number of doors was dropped from model designations starting with the 1983 model year. The rear seat also gained a little more space thanks to a shallower seat pad and a flatter plate beneath it. The more powerful 360 arrived that year with two 2.0 L engine choices, Volvo's 95 PS B19A (360 GLS) and the fuel injected 115 PS B19E. The B19A was also available in the 340 DL. The more powerful 360 GLT was only available with a five-speed manual and the engine came equipped with a breakerless ignition system and velour interior, amongst other comfort details. The 360 GLT can be recognized by its front spoiler with integrated extra lights, a rear spoiler, and by being 1.5 cm lower. The 360s were four-cylinders and not sixes as implied by the name; the "360" name was used to "give the new model a stronger profile in the Volvo range." This 2.0 L 360 model was available in five-door and three-door hatchback form, with four-door "notchback" saloon models added in 1984. Trim levels were GL, GLE, or GLT, depending on output and specifications.

In 1985, the 300 Series received a significant facelift. Other changes were (optionally body-coloured) wrap-around bumpers with integrated turn signal lights. The taillights were also redesigned. Instrumentation changed from Smiths units to VDO. The older Volvo "redblock" engines in the 360 were upgraded to the low-friction B200 unit. Capacities and outputs remained much the same. The carburetor version was designated B200K, and the Bosch LE-Jet fuel-injected version is known as the B200E.

A famous advertisement for the 300 series in the late 1980s saw a crash test dummy "come alive", and drive a 340 out of a second-floor factory window, nose-diving into the concrete ground.

From 1987 on, incremental improvements in features and emissions control were made. The newly designed power steering from the new Volvo 480 became available as an option for the 1988 model year, while rust protection was improved with the increased use of galvanised steel. Production of the 360 came to an end in 1990, while the 340 was discontinued in 1991, despite the fact it had supposedly been replaced by the Volvo 440 in 1987. The last car of the Volvo 300 series (a white Volvo 340) rolled off the production line on 13 March 1991, three years after the launch of the 400 series.

Engines
The 300 Series had a choice of three petrol engines: a 1.4, 1.7, and a 2.0 L. The 1.4 L B14 was a 72 PS Renault C-series OHV pushrod unit, and for the 360 there was the B200 (originally the earlier B19 version) 2.0 L engine taken from the Volvo 240 with outputs varying from 95 bhp to 118 PS. A new Renault F-series 82 PS 1.7 L petrol engine (designated the B172) was introduced in the 340 during the summer of 1985, following the range facelift, along with a 340 version of the saloon, which was only available with the new engine. There was also a catalyzed version (B172K) available later on, with 75 PS.

A diesel engine for the 340 developing 54 PS, was only available in select export markets and was added to the 340 models in 1984. This diesel was a Renault F-series (like the petrol 1.7), and was available with a 1.6 L naturally aspirated engine only - called the "D16" in Volvo's internal jargon. While these diesel models were never offered in the UK, they were marketed with right-hand drive in Ireland. In 1985, a 360 diesel with the same mechanics was made available. The diesel was discontinued in 1989, when a 1.3 L "tax special" was introduced for Finland, Italy, and Belgium. Volvo also experimented with LPG tanks, a feature available in 1979 with the Volvo 343 and 345, but with limited LPG availability, sales were negligible.

Sales
The 300-series was a strong seller for Volvo. Sales began at a low level, not helped by the absence of a manual transmission option and an early reputation for poor build quality. Still, sales gradually increased as the lineup expanded with manual transmission and a 5-door body style, and the initial quality issues were solved - by redesigning the interior and dashboard. 300-series cumulative production broke 100,000 units on 12 December 1983, with the total reaching 102,000 before the end of the year. The 100,000th car, finished in white, was donated to the Dutch Red Cross.

In 1988, 12 years after its introduction, the one-millionth 300 was built. Finished inside and out in red, it ended up in the DAF museum in Eindhoven. Eventually, the production of the 300 series ended in 1991 after 1.14 million units, averaging 76,000 vehicles per year.

While the car was fundamentally robust, the vehicle was rushed to production too early. In particular the first (1976) model year 343 suffered from teething problems, with unsubstantiated claims that Volvo ordered its dealer network to scrap early model year cars that were traded in, to remove them from circulation. As a result, few 1976 and 1977 cars survived. The build quality gradually improved, but was never up to the same standard as Volvo's larger models. Due to this bad reputation, the car was not popular in Sweden. Sales of the 340 with Variomatic in Sweden were down to 200 per year in the late 1980s. The 300's sales were also limited because the price of a 2.0 L 360 was more than a base 240 in the home market.

Markets
While not a major sales success, the Volvo badge ensured that the car had a strong middle-class following (often as a second car) in some places, particularly in the UK in the 1980s. It regularly made it onto Britain's top annual 20 sales tables for that decade and was the best-selling import car at several points in the early 1980s. They are robust and mechanically simple (and therefore easy to maintain). Variomatic transmissions are reliable if given proper care. The rust protection was poorer than that of other Volvos, but the engines were durable. In February 2016, it was reported that 627 examples of the 300 Series were still in use on Britain's roads.

Up to 1982, sales of the 300-series were almost entirely limited to Western Europe. In the years following, exports to other parts of the world slowly expanded with 4% of total sales in 1984. In 1985, CKD-kits of the Volvo 340 GL were sent to Indonesia and CKD-kits of the Volvo 360 GLE were sent to Malaysia for assembly.

The Volvo 300-series was not sold in North America. Only the 360GLT was introduced in Australia and New Zealand in 1984 and exported until 1988.

Models and special editions
The 300 series was available in different trim levels throughout its production. There were also special editions.

Phase 1 343s and 345s were available in DL, GL, DLS, and GLS trim levels, while Phase 2 and 3 340s and 360s were available in the following range of trim levels: 340; 340DL; 340GL; 340GLE; 340 DLS; 340GLS; 340 Blueline; 340 Redline; 360; 360GL; 360DLS; 360GLS; 360GLE; 360GLT. No market received all models.

One such variation on a theme was the 1981 343 R-Sport. This was intended as a sporty offering to the lineup, pre-dating the introduction of the 360GLT by some two years. Only 100 cars were produced based on the DLS and GLS trim levels and featuring sporting additions such as self-adhesive 'R-Sport' decals, rev counter, front and rear spoilers, as well as some featuring body-coloured bumpers and alloy wheels. The B19A engine also featured some modifications, including twin Solex carburetors. Power was increased from a quoted 95HP to 122HP (90 kW).

A similar model was the 1979 343 Oettinger. This model was based on the standard 343 DL, with the 1397 cc capacity increased to 1596 cc. It was modified by the VW Group tuning company Oettinger and released in 1979. The 343 Oettinger was available in red or silver metallic. A total of 125 cars were produced.

A van version also entered production. The van was essentially a five-door 340, but the rear doors were replaced with full body-coloured metal pieces, and the rear seats were removed. A glazed version was also available. The 1200 L cargo compartment has a flat floor and a metal bulkhead behind the front seats to protect occupants from moving loads. It was called "Volvo 345 Van" and was developed for commercial use at the behest of the Dutch Postal Services, who preferred a Dutch-made vehicle. It was first presented at a commercial vehicle show in Amsterdam in February 1982 and offered to the public. The only engine was the petrol B14, combined with either the CVT or a four-speed manual.

The Millionaire edition was introduced in 1988 to commemorate the production of the one-millionth car in the 300 series. This edition featured all options on both the 340 GLE and 360 GLE/T, including air conditioning, electric front windows and mirrors, alloy wheels, and a leather interior.

Prototypes

There are variations of the Volvo 300 series that never made production:

The Volvo 340 estate and a convertible were built for design studies, but neither was produced. The convertible version of the Volvo 340 was mooted and only exists as a clay model.

The 363 CS was short for 'Competition Services', to indicate a high-performance version. The 1977 363 CS was based on the three-door bodyshell and fitted with the B27F 2.7 L V6 PRV engine used in the Volvo 260 series. The gearbox was a five-speed Alfa Romeo unit, as Volvo did not have a suitable design to fit a transaxle design. One prototype was built, painted in metallic silver with black and orange stripes down both sides. Flared wheel arches and orange-painted, multi-spoke alloy wheels were also added.

At the 1979 Geneva Motor Show, Bertone presented a three-door hatchback coupé concept on 343-basis called the Volvo Tundra. The angular design was by Marcello Gandini and continued the themes developed for the Reliant (Anadol) FW11.

In motorsport
The 300-series was campaigned in motorsport. A heavily modified version using Alpine/Gordini cross-flow engines bored out to 1770 cc was driven by Per-Inge Walfridsson to win the European Championship of Rallycross in 1980. The cars gained homologation for rallying in Sweden's Standard-B class (minimum weight of 15 kg/ps) in the spring of 1977, with some minor modifications to the engine and gearing. In the UK, several Volvo 360 GLT models can be seen in action on road-rally events.

The Volvo 360 GLT also participated in a 24-hour endurance record-breaking run at the Surfers Paradise raceway in Queensland, Australia, to showcase the introduction of the model in Australia in 1984. This same Volvo 360 GLT was later converted to rallying specifications and participated in many Australia rally events and is still running in 2009 as a rally car.

title: Volvo 300 Series