text:
Bow-sim Mark

Bow-sim Mark (born 1942) is a Chinese martial arts grandmaster who lives in Newton, Massachusetts, US. She is the mother of martial arts film star, Donnie Yen.

Training
Mark was born in Guangzhou, Republic of China in 1942. She began studying martial arts at elementary school, training seriously in high school and then at Wushu training schools, specialising in tai chi and Northern Shaolin. Mark learned Fu Style Wudangquan by training under Fu Wing Fay for 10 years; Wing Fay was the eldest son and top student of Grandmaster Fu Chen Sung. She was an instructor at Wing Fay's school from 1968 to 1974.

Career
After living for years in Hong Kong, Mark emigrated to Brighton, Massachusetts in 1975, and founded the Chinese Wushu Research Institute in July 1976. She still teaches and performs in the Boston area. She was one of the first to provide Chinese wushu instruction in the West, and is credited with popularizing the term Wushu outside of China. She gave the first demonstration of Combined tai chi in the United States, and published the first description of the technique in 1975. Mark won a gold medal at the first International Tournament of tai chi in Wuhan City in 1984. She was named Black Belt magazine's Kung-Fu artist of the year for 1995.

One of her specialities is her Wudang sword dance. She played the part of a 'kung fu diva' in a play, Mum and Shah at the Lyric Stage theater in Boston in 1995.

Black Belt magazine named her one of the most influential martial artists of the 20th Century.

Personal life
Mark is married to the newspaper editor Klyster Yen and has two children, a son, martial arts movie star Donnie Yen, and a daughter, Chris Yen, who placed All-round Third division in the First International Wushu tournament in 1986 as the youngest competitor, and who has also joined the film industry.

title: Bow-sim Mark


text:
User:Gingerblokey

Adam Smith, 18, undergraduate Politics student at Brunel University, Uxbridge, West London.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Gingerblokey


text:
Sachs and Violens

Sachs & Violens is an American comic book created by writer Peter David and co-developed with artist George Pérez. This four-issue miniseries was published from 1993 to 1994 by Marvel Comics's Epic Comics imprint, in which creators retained the rights. The series was part of the imprint's Heavy Hitters line, and featured a greater amount of violence and adult situations compared with mainstream comic books of the time, and as such was recommended for mature readers.

The titular duo later appeared as supporting characters in David's other creator-owned series, Fallen Angel.

Publication history
Sachs & Violens is an American comic book four-issue miniseries published from November 1993 to July 1994 by Marvel Comics's Epic Comics imprint, in which creators retained the rights. It was created by writer Peter David and co-developed with artist George Pérez. The series was part of the imprint's Heavy Hitters line, which also Included Lawdog, Terrarists, Brats Bizarre and Feud.

Plot and characters
Juanita "J.J." Sachs is a model who does softcore pornography photo shoots for her friend Ernie "Violens" Schultz, a former Vietnam War photojournalist. After her friend is viciously murdered in a snuff photo shoot, the two of them track down the people responsible and, in the process, become lovers and uncover an underworld of depravity, ending in a violent showdown in Mardi Gras.

Sachs and Violens appeared as supporting characters in Peter David's other creator-owned title, Fallen Angel. They first appeared in the second volume of the series, which was published by IDW Publishing, in which they arrive in the series' setting of Bete Noire, a mysterious city of Biblical origin inhabited by various characters of dubious character and motives. They become allies of the series' titular heroine, Liandra, and continue to appear in the series' third volume, by the same publisher, which debuted in August 2009.

Collected edition
In December 2006, the miniseries was collected as Sachs and Violens, a 128-page trade paperback by DC Comics. In November 2016, the miniseries was again collected as Sachs and Violens, this time by IDW.

Merchandising
In August 2009, Black Phoenix Alchemy Lab, a company that produces comic book-themed perfumes, debuted "Sachs & Violens", based on the titular comic book characters. Proceeds from sales of the scent went to the Hero Initiative, a non-profit organization dedicated to helping comic book creators in need of health, medical, and quality-of-life assistance.

title: Sachs and Violens


text:
User:Scndlbrkrttmc

__NOINDEX__

title: User:Scndlbrkrttmc


text:
Talk:Victor Hugo

Changing Infobox from officeholder to writer
As Writer was Hugo's main occupation (obviously) and since it is what he is generally known for, his infobox should reflect that per MOS:IBX. His political offices can fit within a module, so the opposite of the current set up. Aeengath (talk) 13:24, 26 July 2020 (UTC)

Rosicrucian?
He is included in the Rosicrucians category, but that doesn't appear anywhere the article. Are there good sources on his involvement, and which of the many Rosicrucian Orders he may have belonged to? AnandaBliss (talk) 17:36, 14 July 2022 (UTC)

Why was Victor Hugo known as the “poete de Satan” (poet of Satan)?
Indeed Victor Hugo seems to be linked to the occult, secret societies and the NWO and even mass mindcontrol psyops/cults. Does anyone know exactly why this historic worthy has been known as the “poete de Satan”? 2A00:23C7:2B13:9001:B9C5:EBE3:D19F:32C2 (talk) 04:12, 8 January 2023 (UTC)

If Victor Hugo was such an foe of Napoleon III then how comes there is (somehow) nowt beef between Napoleon III’s powerful backers (the SAinT simoniANs) and Victor Hugo?
I don’t get how it is possible to push a Victor Hugo/Napoleon III beef and yet there seems nowtlikewise between Victor Hugo and the (proto Communist/Fascist) Jewish bankers, the Saint Simonians - whom are on record as being hardcore backers of Napoleon III. What gives? 2A00:23C7:2B13:9001:6C74:6F3D:68ED:95CF (talk) 00:12, 11 January 2023 (UTC)

Eugenie Santa Coloma Sourget used Hugo’s texts in her songs
This information was removed from the article: Composer Eugenie Santa Coloma Sourget used Hugo’s texts in her songs. Source: https://www.lieder.net/lieder/get_settings.html?ComposerId=39387 T. E. Meeks (talk) 11:35, 18 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm the editor who removed the text; see this thread on the original poster's talk page for more context. Graham 87 14:57, 18 July 2023 (UTC)

Is the "Ocean Man" nickname appropriate and necessary?
In French, Victor Hugo was absolutely nicknamed "l'homme d'océan." However, I've never heard anyone refer to him as the "Ocean Man" in English. Even if relevant to include in this article, is it really appropriate to put this in the first sentence? I don't think the placement of the nickname there on his French-language page is a strong argument to keep it here on the English-language page. Dhmontgomery (talk) 00:13, 9 March 2024 (UTC)

 * @Dhmontgomery Hello, I was the author of the section on nicknames on the French Wikipedia before translating my contributions into English. This explains why the majority of sources in this passage are from French sources, not English ones. However, after a brief search for occurrences, it seems that English-language publications also use the nickname, not all of them obviously, but the nickname is regularly mentioned. Therefore, if there is an issue regarding the fact that the sources are in French (which should not be a problem in itself, as the sources are verifiable), it may be interesting to add English-language sources.
 * Those are some examples I was able to find very quickly, but I guess a more in-depth dwelving in English-speaking sources is necessary.(1)(2)(3)(4)
 * The last two sources are reviews, one of which is a review of the monography of B. Stephens (2017) in which he used the term to describe Hugo. Additionnaly, this expression to describe Hugo can also be found in other English-speaking sources than only academical literature, this can be seen here(5), for example.
 * Thus, it seems that it is sourced in French-speaking academic and non-academic literature (which in itself should be enough to keep the nickname, in my opinion, since it's usual to keep the nicknames people had in their culture even on EN:WP, especially when you think about Kings and monarchs that have various nicknames if they are for example French, both in French and English sources, one such example I think off right now is Peter of Castile, which was described as 'The Just' and 'The Cruel' in Spanish and French/English sources respectively, and we chose to keep both nicknames at the same time in the lead). But the fact is that it is also to be found in English-speaking (mainly academic) sources, even if it is at a lesser extent. However, I would suggest adding the English-speaking sources to the page instead of removing the nickname, which is sourced and developped in a whole subsection in the article. AgisdeSparte (talk) 10:22, 9 March 2024 (UTC)
 * As an aside on the matter, it seems evident to me that we should keep this nickname rather than the other nicknames he had in his life because this particular nickname appears to be the primary one given to him, more so than the "homme siècle" (the century man) or the "homme horizon" (the horizon man).
 * Historically, this nickname is also more interesting because not only is it used by Hugo in his own works, but it is used during Hugo's lifetime to refer to him, at least in French literature at the time. This means that the nickname is not posthumous but was indeed used during the author's lifetime to designate him. AgisdeSparte (talk) 10:26, 9 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks for sharing that research. To be clear I think including and discussing "Ocean Man" in the Nicknames section is entirely appropriate (even though I don't think it translates especially well). I'm just suggesting it doesn't fit well in the first sentence. It's not necessarily self-explanatory and seems out of place without the discussion it gets further down. (I just searched through my ebook edition of Graham Robb's 682-page English-language biography of Hugo, and though the word "ocean" is mentioned dozens of times, both literally and in terms of the huge metaphorical emphasis Hugo placed on it, he does not once mention "Ocean Man," or "l'homme océan," or "Man of the Ocean" or permutation.)
 * For a contrast, the Jules Verne English-language article mentions his nickname, "The Father of Science Fiction," in the fourth paragraph and gives it context (a discussion of his writings in the science fiction genre in paragraph 3, and a caveat about other people who have been given the same nickname.
 * What I would propose is preserving the Nicknames section and its discussion of the Ocean Man sobriquet, and to reword the first sentence to read something like this: "Victor-Marie Hugo (French: [viktɔʁ maʁi yɡo] ⓘ; 26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a French Romantic writer and politician, considered one of the most important writers in the French language and all of world literature" (translating this phrase from the French page, "Il est considéré comme l'un des écrivains de la langue française et de la littérature mondiale les plus importants" — though a citation may be needed). Dhmontgomery (talk) 16:14, 9 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Victor Hugo


text:
User talk:BalowStar

Please stop spamming articles with links to Boomer Bible. Your link names are offensive and the links themselves are irrelevant. Thank you. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 00:58, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Plea for Mercy
RE: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Please stop spamming articles with links to Boomer Bible. Your link names are offensive and the links themselves are irrelevant. Thank you. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 00:58, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC) 01:23, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)01:23, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)BalowStar 01:23, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Dear jpgordon,

I'm not sure if this is how to respond to your above comment, but I'll write it here and if I find out how else to contact you, I will do so.

The work I am doing is not spam. The entry I am working on is for The Boomer Bible (New York, NY: Workman Publishing, 1991) which is beginning to give folks a good idea of what they can find inside the nearly 850 pages. Over 500 of the books 2000+ chapters are on-line and available for FREE at http://www.BoomerBible.com/chapters.htm.

As the book is written in chapter and verse format, it may be the longest poem written in the English language. As such, it comments upon and synthesizes ideas from a broad range of topics -- from evolution, through histories of various peoples and events, to the modern coming of age of the most influential group of people to ever live in the United States -- The Baby Boomers.

This work is satirical in nature, but it is not pointless nonsense as can be seen by the numerous people who have been discussing the book since it first appeared on the internet in 1997. Please see http://www.BoomerBible.com/Forum/ for the current discussion and http://www.boomerbible.com/Delphi/ for the historical postings from the original Delphi Forum.

A work of this nature is certainly controversial, but the controversy is the work of satire and can lead to new thoughts -- especially about things that we think we know.

My thought was that Wikipedia is certainly an open forum where ideas can be connected across many disciplines and topics. The Boomer Bible has something to say about many -- some would say, all -- of them.

Please reconsider your decision to delete the links to The Boomer Bible. I will await further direction from you and would be happy to discuss this topic with you further.

Thank you for your kind attention.

BalowStar

 * Thanks for replying. A couple of points. First of all, Wikipedia is not an "open forum". It's an encyclopedia. It's not an agora of ideas; it's a compendium of facts. One of our tenets here is a neutral point of view. The article The Boomer Bible is on the "boosterism" side of the equation; it reads like a rave review, not a dispassionate analysis. That in itself is just a reason to edit the article. But the links themselves were offensive, as I said. If it's not obvious, the word "Krauts" in an article about Germany, the word "Spics" in an article about Spainiards, etc. -- those are utterly out of place. I'm sure others will comment on the inappropriateness of spamming dozens of articles with a barely relevant link to your pet project. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 01:57, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Welcome message
Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips a helpful person gave me when I started here. They may be helpful to you --

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * I recommend you read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Jonathunder 01:41, 2004 Dec 17 (UTC)

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

'The Boomer Bible' vs. 'Boomer bible'
Dear Vsmith,

I only moved the contents for the enty, 'Boomer bible' to an appropriate entry title of, 'The Boomer Bible.' The book being described is, in fact, The Boomer Bible by R. F. Laird, (New York, NY:  Workman Publishing, 1991) and I thought it would be appropriate to have it under the correct title.

There was a link that pointed people that had used 'Boomer bible' to the new destination of 'The Boomer Bible' for the convenience of other users.

Please reconsider your decision to undo my edits.

Thank you for your kind consideration.

Regards,

BalowStar
 * (above copied from my talk Vsmith)
 * Hi - you seem to have had a rough start :-)
 * The article Boomer bible was quite adequate as it was, and yes, it was about the R.F. Laird book - I just added bibliographic info to that page and deleted some redundant and commercial external links. If you felt that it was mis-named, the proper edit would have been a move rather than a copy and paste job which just made a near duplicate article and left the article history with the old one. A move moves the article and its history and talk page - important info that needs to go with an article. See the help pages for details.

 * I am in complete agreement with jpgordon and the others who have reverted your various promotional edits. Note: your efforts have been reported on Vandalism in progress. Wikipedia is not for product or website promotion - proceed with caution - explore and learn the Wiki way. And, no I won't reconsider my decision. Vsmith 05:02, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Hi, BalowStar --

You'll be interested to know I've added this proposed page move to Wikipedia:Requested_moves. Your comments are welcome there, if you'd like to add them.

Jonathunder 01:29, 2004 Dec 18 (UTC)

Author of "The Boomer Bible"
I am not very familiar with "The Boomer Bible" but it looks interesting. You seem to be quite familiar. Can you point me to a good source of information about the author? Has he written other works? Jonathunder 14:43, 2004 Dec 21 (UTC)

title: User talk:BalowStar


text:
Seneca River (New York)

The Seneca River flows 61.6 mi through the Finger Lakes region of Upstate New York in the United States. The main tributary of the Oswego River – the second-largest river flowing into Lake Ontario – the Seneca drains 3468 mi2 in parts of fourteen New York counties. The Seneca flows generally east, and is wide and deep with a gentle gradient. Much of the river has been channelized to form part of the Erie Canal.

Geography
The Seneca River begins at Geneva in Seneca County, as the outflow of Seneca Lake, flowing east past Waterloo and Seneca Falls. Skirting the northern end of Cayuga Lake at the Montezuma Marsh, it turns north, receiving the Clyde River from the west, forming the Seneca–Cayuga county line, then the border of Cayuga and Wayne counties. The river passes under Interstate 90, flowing northeast past Weedsport, across the middle of Cayuga County into Cross Lake.

Below Cross Lake, the Seneca River enters Onondaga County. It turns sharply north then east, past Baldwinsville and Liverpool, along the northern edge of metro Syracuse where it receives the outflow of Onondaga Lake. The river then flows north to join the Oneida River at Three Rivers on the Onondaga–Oswego County line, forming the Oswego River. From the confluence, the Oswego flows a further 23 mi north, emptying into Lake Ontario at the city of Oswego.

The Seneca River watershed drains a total of 3468 mi2, or about two-thirds of the greater Oswego River basin. There are about 4370 mi of streams in the Seneca basin. The Seneca receives the outflow of seven of the eleven Finger Lakes: Canandaigua, Keuka, Seneca, Cayuga, Owasco, Skaneateles and Otisco. Canandaigua Lake flows via the Canandaigua Outlet and the Clyde River into the Seneca River. Keuka Lake empties into Seneca Lake via the Keuka Lake Outlet. Owasco and Skaneateles Lakes join the Seneca through their eponymous outlet streams, while Otisco Lake flows via Ninemile Creek into Onondaga Lake, which in turn empties into the Seneca.

Tributaries
Left Black Brook Clyde River Crusoe Creek Spring Lake Outlet Muskrat Creek

Right Kendig Creek Silver Creek Sucker Brook Sampson Creek Demont Creek Cayuga Lake Crane Brook Owasco River Skaneateles Creek Dead Creek Crooked Brook Onondaga Lake

Native Americans
The river is named for the Seneca people, whose traditional lands extended roughly between Lake Erie and Seneca Lake. The Onondaga inhabited the area in present-day Onondaga County, around Onondaga Lake and Syracuse, and the Cayuga inhabited the river valley and lakeshores in between. All three were part of the Iroquois League, which is believed to have been established between 1570 and 1600. For hundreds of years before the arrival of Europeans, the river was an important Native American trade route.

Explorers and settlers
The first Europeans to reach the Seneca River were likely Jesuit missionaries in the late 1600s, who established an outpost, St. Stephen, on the river shortly below its origin at Seneca Lake.

Canalization
In 1821, the Seneca Lock Navigation Company completed eight locks along the upper Seneca River above Cayuga Lake to allow navigation to Seneca Lake. By 1828, this had been replaced by a state-owned waterway, the Cayuga-Seneca Canal, which contains eleven locks in 21 mi.

Construction of the Seneca reach of the Erie Canal began in the 1820s. The channel between Three Rivers and Cayuga Lake was widened and straightened to accommodate barges, and other reaches were bypassed via the construction of parallel canals. The canal path had to cross the Seneca River at several points, so locks were built to lower boats down to river level, where they were towed across aided by temporary wooden bridges. In 1849 work began to separate the canal from the river, to reduce the impact of flooding and sedimentation.

The Montezuma Marshes at the outlet of Cayuga Lake were a major obstacle to the Erie Canal path. The stone Seneca River Aqueduct (Richmond Aqueduct), which carried the canal over the Seneca and Clyde Rivers, opened in 1857 after eight years of construction. At 840 ft it was the second-longest aqueduct on the Erie Canal system. Most of the aqueduct was dynamited in the 1910s to allow navigation on the Barge Canal.

Certain points on the Seneca River were an early center of development for industry. Seneca Falls is the location of the only significant natural drop on the river, which was utilized in the early days to power water mills. Where the river had no natural falls, mill dams were built, one of the earliest of which was at Baldwinsville. In 1915 a dam 80 ft high was built at Seneca Falls to generate hydroelectricity.

Ecology and environmental issues
Below Onondaga Lake, the Seneca River is moderately polluted by industrial and domestic waste, including high levels of mercury, PCBs, dioxin and ammonia. The New York State Department of Health advises limited consumption of fish from the lower river.

Parts of the river are infested by non-native zebra mussels, which have depleted the level of dissolved oxygen, impacting fish populations. The population density of mussels in one particular section of the river below Cross Lake is considered among the highest in North America.

The river is home to a population of common snapping turtles. In July 2001, there was a recorded attack on a 43-year-old man, near Fobes Island, who sustained minor injuries to the calf of his leg. This has been the only recorded attack on humans in the river so far.

title: Seneca River (New York)


text:
Beyond-visual-range missile

A beyond-visual-range missile is an air-to-air missile that is capable of engaging at ranges of 20 nmi or beyond. This range has been achieved using dual pulse rocket motors or booster rocket motor and ramjet sustainer motor.

In addition to the range capability, the missile must also be capable of tracking its target at this range or of acquiring the target in flight. Systems in which a mid-course correction is transmitted to the missile have been used.

History
Early air-to-air missiles used semi-active radar homing guidance, that is the missile used the radiation produced by the launching aircraft to guide it to the target. The latest generation of BVR missiles use a combination of semi-active and active radar.

The first such missiles were relatively simple beam riding designs. The Sparrow 1 mounted on the US Navy's Skyknight became the first operational BVR missile in 1954. These primitive BVR missiles were soon replaced by missiles using semi-active radar homing (SARH). This is where the launching aircraft's radar is "locked" onto the target in a single target track (STT) mode, directing radar energy at the target that the missile seeker can "see" as it reflects off the target. The radar antenna must "illuminate" the target until impact. Missiles like the Raytheon AIM-7 Sparrow and Vympel R-27 (NATO designation AA-10 'Alamo') home in on the reflected radiation, much as a laser-guided bomb homes in on the reflected laser radiation. Some of the longest-range missiles in use today still use this technology.

An AIM-7 variant called Sparrow II was the first attempt at producing a semi-active radar homing missile, however the first air-to-air missile to introduce a terminal active seeker operationally was the AIM-54 Phoenix carried by the F-14 Tomcat, which entered service in 1972. This relieved the launch platform of the need to illuminate the target until impact, putting it at risk. The Phoenix and its associated Tomcat radar, the AWG-9 was capable of multiple track and launch capability, which was unique to the Tomcat/Phoenix until the advent of AMRAAM in 1991.

Newer fire-and-forget type missiles like the Raytheon AIM-120 AMRAAM and the R-77 (NATO designation AA-12 'Adder') instead use an inertial navigation system (INS) combined with initial target information from the launching aircraft and updates from a one or two-way data link in order to launch beyond visual range, and then switch to a terminal homing mode, typically active radar guidance. These types of missiles have the advantage of not requiring the launching aircraft to illuminate the target with radar energy for the entire flight of the missile, and in fact do not require a radar lock to launch at all, only target tracking information. This gives the target less warning that a missile has been launched and also allows the launching aircraft to turn away once the missile is in its terminal homing phase or engage other aircraft. The very longest-range missiles like the Hughes (now Raytheon) AIM-54 Phoenix missile and Vympel manufactured R-33 (NATO designation AA-9 'Amos') use this technique also.

Some variants of the Vympel R-27 use SARH for the initial guidance and then passive infra-red guidance for the final stage. This type of missile requires active guidance for a longer part of the flight than fire-and-forget missiles but will still guide to the target even if radar lock is broken in the crucial final seconds of the engagement and may be harder to spoof with chaff due to the dual-type guidance.

Criticism
The efficiency of BVR air-to-air missiles has been criticized.

A 2005 paper by USAF officer Patrick Higby showed that BVR missiles fell short of expected performance, despite incurring great cost. Because such missiles required large radars, they made aircraft heavier and increased drag, increasing aircraft procurement and operating costs. Fighters with BVR tended to be less agile than previous ones. Fighter pilots have been reluctant to use BVR missiles at BVR range because of difficulty in distinguishing friends and foes. As a result, most BVR missiles are fired at visual range. Western airforces only scored 4 BVR kills out of 528 kills made during 1965–1982; most kills during that period were made with guns or WVR missiles (AIM-9 Sidewinder).

The increased success rate of BVR combat during 1991 Gulf War may have significantly depended on other factors, such as assistance of AWACS, NCTR system of F-15Cs, as well as enemy incompetence. None of the Iraqi pilots took any evasive measures, either because of poor training or their radar warning receivers malfunctioned. One major issue with BVR is still unreliable IFF technology (Identification friend or foe).

In 2015, United States Naval Air Forces commander Vice Admiral Mike Shoemaker cited the sensor fusion of the fifth-generation jet fighter Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II as the way to "bring that long-range ID capability and then share that information" with other platforms.

List of BVR missiles

 * AAM-4 🇯🇵 Japan
 * AIM-7 Sparrow 🇺🇸 US
 * AIM-54 Phoenix 🇺🇸 US
 * AIM-120 AMRAAM 🇺🇸 US
 * AIM-260 JATM 🇺🇸 US
 * AIM-174B (SM-6) 🇺🇸 US
 * Astra MK-1 🇮🇳 India
 * Astra MK-2 🇮🇳 India
 * Astra MK-3 🇮🇳 India
 * Gökdoğan (missile) 🇹🇷 Turkey
 * Derby 🇮🇱 Israel
 * K-100 🇷🇺 Russia
 * Meteor 🇪🇺 EU
 * MICA 🇫🇷 France
 * PL-12 (SD-10) 🇨🇳 China
 * PL-15 🇨🇳 China
 * PL-17 🇨🇳 China
 * PL-21 🇨🇳 China
 * Python (missile) 🇮🇱 Israel
 * R-27 🇷🇺 Russia
 * R-33 (missile)  Soviet Union
 * R-37 (missile) 🇷🇺 Russia
 * R-40 (missile)  Soviet Union
 * R-77 🇷🇺 Russia
 * R-Darter 🇿🇦 South Africa
 * Sky Spear 🇮🇱 Israel
 * Sky Sword II 🇹🇼 Taiwan
 * Skyflash  UK

title: Beyond-visual-range missile


text: Category:Rivers of New York (state)

title: Category:Rivers of New York (state)


text:
User talk:Blah01

image tagging
Image:12der.jpg and Image:Normalatecna.jpg have no information on source or copyright status. please provide that information and tag the image to reflect its copyright status Plugwash 01:00, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Normalatecna.jpg
Thank you for uploading File:Normalatecna.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of that website's terms of use of its content. However, if the copyright holder is a party unaffiliated from the website's publisher, that copyright should also be acknowledged.

If you have uploaded other files, consider verifying that you have specified sources for those files as well. You can find a list of files you have created [ in your upload log]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged per Wikipedia's criteria for speedy deletion, F4. If the image is copyrighted and non-free, the image will be deleted 48 hours after 13:01, 2 May 2010 (UTC) per speedy deletion criterion F7. If you have any questions or are in need of assistance please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 13:01, 2 May 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Blah01


text:
Health minister

A health minister is the member of a country's government typically responsible for protecting and promoting public health and providing welfare and other social security services.

Some governments have separate ministers for mental health.

Country-related articles and lists

 * 🇦🇱 Albania: Ministry of Health (Albania)
 * 🇦🇷 Argentina: Ministry of Health (Argentina)
 * 🇦🇺 Australia: Minister for Health (Australia)
 * 🇦🇹 Austria: Minister of Health (Austria)
 * 🇦🇿 Azerbaijan: Ministry of Healthcare (Azerbaijan)
 * 🇧🇸 Bahamas: Ministry of Health (Bahamas)
 * 🇧🇭 Bahrain: Ministry of Health (Bahrain)
 * 🇧🇧 Barbados: Ministry of Health and Wellness (Barbados)
 * 🇧🇪 Belgium: Ministry of Public Health (Belgium)
 * 🇧🇹 Bhutan: Ministry of Health (Bhutan)
 * 🇧🇴 Bolivia: Ministry of Health (Bolivia)
 * 🇧🇼 Botswana: Ministry of Health and Wellness (Botswana)
 * 🇧🇷 Brazil: Ministry of Health (Brazil)
 * Brunei: Ministry of Health (Brunei)
 * 🇰🇭 Cambodia: Ministry of Health, Cambodia
 * 🇨🇦 Canada: Minister of Health (Canada)
 * 🇨🇱 Chile: Ministry of Health (Chile)
 * People's Republic of China:
 * Mainland China: Minister in charger of the National Health Commission
 * formerly Minister of Health
 * 🇭🇰 Hong Kong: Secretary for Food and Health
 * 🇨🇴 Colombia: Ministry of Health and Social Protection (Colombia)
 * 🇨🇿 Czech Republic: Ministry of Health (Czech Republic)
 * Cyprus: Minister of Health (Cyprus)
 * 🇩🇰 Denmark: Health Minister (Denmark)
 * 🇪🇨 Ecuador: Minister of Health (Ecuador)
 * 🇪🇺 European Union: European Commissioner for Health and Consumer Policy
 * 🇫🇷 France: Minister of Health (France)
 * 🇩🇪 Germany: Federal Minister for Health (Germany)
 * 🇬🇷 Greece: Minister for Health and Social Solidarity (Greece)
 * 🇬🇾 Guyana: Ministry of Health (Guyana)
 * 🇮🇸 Iceland: Ministry of Welfare (Iceland)
 * 🇮🇳 India: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
 * 🇮🇩 Indonesia: Ministry of Health (Indonesia)
 * 🇮🇷Iran: Ministry of Health and Medical Education
 * 🇮🇶 Iraq: Minister of Health (Iraq)
 * 🇮🇪 Ireland: Minister for Health (Ireland)
 * 🇮🇱 Israel: Ministry of Health (Israel)
 * 🇮🇹 Italy: Ministry of Health (Italy)
 * 🇯🇵 Japan: Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare (Japan)
 * 🇱🇹 Lithuania: Ministry of Health (Lithuania)
 * 🇲🇾 Malaysia: Minister of Health (Malaysia)
 * 🇲🇽 Mexico: Secretary of Health (Mexico)
 * 🇲🇩: Ministry of Health (Moldova)
 * 🇲🇲 Myanmar: Ministry of Health and Sports (Myanmar)
 * 🇳🇵 Nepal: Minister of Health and Population (Nepal)
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands: Minister of Health, Welfare and Sport
 * 🇳🇿 New Zealand: Minister of Health (New Zealand)
 * 🇳🇬 Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Health (Nigeria)
 * North Macedonia: Ministry of Health (North Macedonia)
 * 🇵🇰 Pakistan: Ministry of National Health Services Regulation and Coordination
 * 🇵🇪 Peru: Ministry of Health (Peru)
 * 🇵🇭 Philippines: Secretary of Health or DOH Secretary
 * 🇵🇱 Poland: Ministry of Health (Poland)
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal: Ministry of Health (Portugal)
 * 🇷🇺 Russia: Ministry of Health (Russia)
 * 🇸🇬 Singapore: Ministry of Health (Singapore)
 * 🇿🇦 South Africa: Minister of Health (South Africa)
 * 🇰🇷 South Korea: Ministry of Health and Welfare (South Korea)
 * Soviet Union: Ministry of Health (Soviet Union)
 * 🇪🇸 Spain: Ministry of Health (Spain)
 * Republic of China (Taiwan): Ministry of Health and Welfare (Republic of China)
 * 🇹🇭 Thailand: Ministry of Public Health (Thailand)
 * 🇹🇷 Turkey: Ministry of Health (Turkey)
 * 🇺🇬 Uganda: Uganda Ministry of Health
 * 🇺🇦 Ukraine: Ministry of Healthcare (Ukraine)
 * United Kingdom:
 * 🏴 England: Secretary of State for Health, Minister of State for Health
 * 🇮🇪 Northern Ireland (Pre-1972): Minister of Health and Local Government
 * 🏴 Scotland: Cabinet Secretary for Health and Wellbeing
 * 🏴 Wales: Welsh Government Minister for Health and Social Services
 * 🇹🇿 Tanzania: Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Tanzania
 * 🇺🇾 Uruguay: Uruguayan Minister of Health
 * 🇺🇸 United States: United States Secretary of Health and Human Services, United States Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services
 * 🇻🇪 Venezuela: Ministry of Health (Venezuela)
 * Vietnam: Ministry of Health (Vietnam)

title: Health minister


text:
Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen

Archduke Albrecht Friedrich Rudolf Dominik of Austria, Duke of Teschen (3 August 1817 – 18 February 1895), was an Austrian Habsburg general. He was the grandson of Emperor Leopold II and one of the chief military advisors of Emperor Francis Joseph I. As Inspector General for 36 years, he was an old-fashioned bureaucrat who largely controlled the Austro-Hungarian Army and delayed modernization. He was honored with the rank of Field Marshal in the armies of Austria-Hungary (1863) and Germany (1893).

According to historians John Keegan and Andrew Wheatcroft:
 * He was a firm conservative in all matters, military and civil, and took to writing pamphlets lamenting the state of the Army’s morale as well as fighting a fierce rearguard action against all forms of innovation…. Much of the Austrian failure in the First World War can be traced back to his long period of power…. His power was that of the bureaucrat, not the fighting soldier, and his thirty years of command over the peacetime Habsburg Army made it a flabby instrument of war.

Early life
A grandson of the Emperor Leopold II, he was the eldest son of Archduke Charles of Austria, who defeated French Emperor Napoleon I at Aspern-Essling (1809), and Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg. He was the nephew of the Emperor Francis I, and cousin to Emperor Franz Joseph I's father Archduke Franz Karl of Austria, and served under Franz Joseph.

Born in Vienna, from an early age he had a military disposition, which his father encouraged. Albrecht was subject to a mild form of epilepsy, according to report, but this did not visibly interfere with his military career.

He entered the Austrian army in 1837 with Feldmarshal Joseph Radetzky as his military governor. Having received a thorough military education, Albrecht was named a Generalmajor in 1840 and promoted to Feldmarschall-Leutnant in 1843.

Military campaigns
Promoted to General der Kavallerie in 1845, Albrecht was given command of Upper Austria, Lower Austria, and Salzburg. Upon the death of his father in 1847, he inherited the Palais Weilburg in Baden bei Wien, which became the family's summer home. In the winter the family lived in Vienna in the Palais Erzherzog Albrecht (the modern Albertina museum). As the commandant of Vienna, Albrecht was wounded in the street fighting on 13 March 1848 at the start of the revolutionary disturbances. He issued live ammunition to his soldiers and secured the inner city, but was unable to suppress the disorder in the outlying districts. With the fall of Metternich and the formation of a city guard led by students, Albrecht pulled his troops into barracks. Radicals resented his attempt to quell the revolution while some fellow officers thought he showed a lack of resolve. Unsatisfactory to both factions and under pressure from city authorities, Albrecht was replaced by Count Auersperg.

Albrecht was sent south to command a division under Radetzky, who faced a coalition of states of the Italian peninsula led by King Charles Albert of Sardinia. Albrecht personally supervised the crossing of the Ticino and by the handling of his division ensuring victory at Novara on 23 March 1849.

He became civil and military governor of Hungary in 1851, serving until his recall in 1860. When Albrecht's wife, Archduchess Hildegard, went to Munich in March 1864 for the funeral of her brother, King Maximilian II, she became ill with a lung inflammation and pleurisy. She died in Vienna on 2 April 1864, two months short of her 38th birthday.

At the outbreak of the Seven Weeks' War in June 1866, Albrecht was named commander of the southern army facing the Italian forces of King Victor Emmanuel II. Albrecht was decisively victorious in the Battle of Custoza (24 June 1866), but failed to exploit his victory when he neglected to pursue the beaten Italian Army of the Mincio. Any advantages for the Austrians however were canceled out by the crushing defeat on 3 July at Königgrätz, where Ludwig von Benedek was surprised by the speed of Helmuth von Moltke's concentric advance into Bohemia.

Albrecht was named Oberkommandeur (Commander-in-Chief) on 10 July 1866. Benedek's defeat made any further action against Prussia impossible, however, and peace was shortly concluded with both Prussia and Italy. Besides the loss of Holstein to Prussia and Venetia to Italy in 1866, the war resulted in the transformation of the Austrian realm in 1867 as the Dual Monarchy – the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Inspector General
Albrecht remained Oberkommandeur until 1869; when Kaiser Franz Josef I assumed the title that year, Albrecht became Generalinspekteur (Inspector General), the post he occupied until his death. In 1869 he published Über die Verantwortlichkeit im Kriege (On Responsibility in War). His reform of the Austro-Hungarian Army was based on the Prussian model: development of railways and manufacturing, adoption of short-service conscription, procurement of modern weapons and reform of the Austro-Hungarian General Staff. Albrecht's program upgraded the army but he then froze it in place for the next three decades as it declined in quality. He fought liberals (including Crown Prince Rudolf) claiming their reforms would be too expensive and disruptive.

In public affairs, he was leader of the conservative Court Party, and opposed the ministry of Count Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust at every point, expressing the most inexorably reactionary views. As such he was an absolutist and opposed any liberal ideas and any weakening of the imperial power. He was somewhat more courteous to Beust's successors, though he remained given to bombastic pronouncements that may not have reflected his actual sentiments. He was widely thought, for instance, to be antipathetic toward Prussia after 1866, yet he modeled his military reforms on those of Prussia and even attended a parade of the Prussian Royal Guard in Berlin at the invitation of Emperor William I. In December 1876 Albrecht advocated a preventive war against Italy on the grounds that of all Austria's neighbors, Italy was the most hostile, could be beaten most easily, and be forced to pay compensation to Austria-Hungary, whose victory would establish it as a Great Power.

At the Congress of Berlin in 1878, the Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister Gyula Andrássy, in addition to the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, also obtained the right to station garrisons in the Sanjak of Novi Pazar, which remained under Ottoman administration. The Sanjak preserved the separation of Serbia and Montenegro, and the Austro-Hungarian garrisons there would open the way for a dash to Salonika, supported by Albrecht, that "would bring the western half of the Balkans under permanent Austrian influence." "High [Austro-Hungarian] military authorities desired [an ...] immediate major expedition with Salonika as its objective."

On 28 September 1878 the Finance Minister, Koloman von Zell, threatened to resign if the army, behind which stood the Archduke Albert, were allowed to advance to Salonika. In the session of the Hungarian Parliament of 5 November 1878 the Opposition proposed that the Foreign Minister should be impeached for violating the constitution by his policy during the Near East Crisis and by the occupation of Bosnia-Herzegovina. The motion was lost by 179 to 95. By the Opposition rank and file the gravest accusations were raised against Andrassy.

Reputed to be the wealthiest of the Habsburgs, Albrecht owned some 300000 acre in Hungary. He also owned a fine collection of paintings and engravings, later the nucleus of the Albertina museum. His popularity was profound, for his generosity to the poor was genuine and unfeigned; he was widely known as Engelsherz (Angel's-heart).

When Albrecht was made a Feldmarschall in March 1888, Crown Prince Rudolf was appointed his subordinate as Generalinspekteur der Infanterie (Inspector General of Infantry). The new Inspector found any move toward liberal reform blocked by the War Minister, Feldzeugmeister Ferdinand von Bauer, the Chief of the General Staff, Feldzeugmeister Friedrich von Beck-Rzikowsky – and by Albrecht himself. Senior officers deferred to Albrecht who, after all, had laboriously modernized the Army after the disaster of 1866. However, the anomalous situation in the military administration was undoubtedly only one of many factors that contributed to Rudolf's suicide at Mayerling on 30 January 1889.

Later life
Having been made a Feldmarschall in his own army in 1863, Albrecht was the recipient of the equivalent rank of Generalfeldmarschall in the Imperial German Army in 1893, Wilhelm II, German Emperor sending General Walther von Loë to deliver the baton to Albrecht.

Archduke Albrecht continued to serve as Generalinspekteur even into advanced age - a situation not uncommon in Austria-Hungary where many commanders retained posts and commissions into old age. By 1895, though still holding his office, he was partially blind and his horse had to be led by an adjutant.

When he died in Arco on 18 February 1895, Archduke Albrecht received a state funeral and was buried in tomb 128 of the Imperial Crypt in Vienna. His fortune and his title of Duke of Teschen were inherited by his nephew, Archduke Friedrich, who served as Oberkommandeur in 1914–17.

Today, an equestrian statue of Archduke Albrecht stands near the entrance to the Albertina museum, his former city residence in Vienna.

Family and children
On 1 May 1844 Albrecht married in Munich Princess Hildegard of Bavaria, daughter of King Ludwig I and Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen. Albrecht and Hildegard had 3 children:
 * Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Teschen (15 July 1845, Vienna – 8 October 1927, Tübingen), married at Vienna on 18 January 1865 Duke Philipp of Württemberg (1838, Neuilly-sur-Seine – 1917, Stuttgart) and had five children:
 * Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg (1865–1939), commander on the Western Front of the German Fourth Army, 1914–17, and Army Group Duke Albrecht, 1917–18; like his grandfather, he was made a German Field Marshal in 1916.
 * Marie Amelie of Württemberg (1865–1883)
 * Isabelle of Württemberg (1871–1904)
 * Robert of Württemberg (1873-1947)
 * Ulrich of Württemberg (1877–1944)
 * Archduke Karl of Austria-Teschen (3 January 1847, Vienna – 19 July 1848), died of smallpox and buried in tomb 131 of the Imperial Crypt.
 * Archduchess Mathilda of Austria-Teschen (25 January 1849, Vienna – 6 June 1867, Schloss Hetzendorf, near Vienna), buried in tomb 130 of the Imperial Crypt.

Honours
Albrecht received the following decorations and awards: • undefined:

• * Knight of the Golden Fleece, 1830

• * Grand Cross of St. Stephen, 1852

• * Grand Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa, 1866

• * Military Merit Cross with War Decoration

• * Long Service Cross for Officers, 1st Class

•  Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion

•  Tuscany: Grand Cross of St. Joseph

•  undefined:

• * Knight of St. George, 1st Class

• * Knight of St. Andrew

• * Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky

• * Knight of the White Eagle

• * Knight of St. Anna, 1st Class

• * Knight of St. Vladimir, 1st Class

•  Prussia:

• * Knight of the Black Eagle, with Collar 1891

• * Knight of the Red Eagle, 1st Class

• * Grand Commander of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern

• * Pour le Mérite (military), 10 April 1849

•  undefined: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour

•  undefined: Grand Cross of the Southern Cross

•  Ottoman Empire: Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class in Diamonds

•  undefined: Knight of the Annunciation, 21 September 1873

• 🇩🇰 Denmark: Knight of the Elephant, 19 September 1881

•  undefined: Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword

•  undefined:

• * Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III, with Collar, 25 June 1883

• * Grand Cross of the Military Order of St. Ferdinand

•  undefined:

• * Knight of St. Hubert, 1843

• * Grand Cross of the Military Order of Max Joseph

•  undefined: Knight of the Rue Crown, 1851

•  Württemberg: Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown, 1856

• 🇸🇪 🇳🇴 Sweden-Norway: Knight of the Seraphim, 20 April 1885

• 🇧🇪 Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold, 1 August 1856

• 🇬🇷 Greece: Grand Cross of the Redeemer

•  undefined:

• * Knight of St. George, 1843

• * Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order, 1843

•  Two Sicilies:

• * Grand Cross of the Constantinian Order of St. George

• * Grand Cross of St. Ferdinand and Merit

•  undefined: Grand Cross of the Star of Romania, with War Insignia

•  undefined:

• * Grand Cross of the White Eagle

• * Grand Cross of the Cross of Takovo

•  Baden:

• * Knight of the House Order of Fidelity, 1856

• * Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion, 1856

•  Grand Duchy of Hesse: Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order, 7 September 1843

•  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the White Falcon, 22 October 1859

•  Nassau: Knight of the Gold Lion of Nassau, June 1858

•  Brunswick: Grand Cross of Henry the Lion

•  undefined: Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Danilo I

• 🇳🇱 Netherlands: Commander of the Military William Order, 27 June 1856

•  Holy See: Knight of the Supreme Order of Christ

Namesake
Albrecht's name was given to a Panzerschiff (armorclad, later battleship) launched in 1872 as Erzherzog Albrecht. Renamed Feuerspeier in 1908, she was ceded to Italy in 1920 and renamed Buttafuoco. The old ironclad survived as a hulk until she was scrapped in 1947.

title: Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen


text:
Oneida River

The Oneida River is a river that forms a portion of the boundary between Oswego and Onondaga counties in central New York. The river flows 18 mi from Oneida Lake's outlet to its confluence with the Seneca River, where the two rivers combine to form the Oswego River that empties into Lake Ontario.

The river was known to the Onondaga people as Sah-eh, and was referred to during the colonial era as the Onondaga River.

The river is utilized for boating and shipping as part of the New York State Barge Canal.

title: Oneida River


text:
Equine coat color genetics

Equine coat color genetics determine a horse's coat color. Many colors are possible, but all variations are produced by changes in only a few genes. Bay is the most common color of horse, followed by black and chestnut. A change at the agouti locus is capable of turning bay to black, while a mutation at the extension locus can turn bay or black to chestnut.

These three "base" colors can be affected by any number of dilution genes and patterning genes. The dilution genes include the wildtype dun gene, believed to be one of the oldest colors extant in horses and donkeys. The dun gene lightens some areas of the horse's coat, while leaving a darker dorsal stripe, mane, tail, face, and legs. Depending on whether it acts on a bay, black, or chestnut base coat, the dun gene produces the colors known as bay dun, grullo, and red dun.

Another common dilution gene is the cream gene, responsible for palomino, buckskin, and cremello horses. Less common dilutions include pearl, champagne, and silver dapple. Some of these genes also lighten eye color.

Genes that affect the distribution of melanocytes create patterns of white spotting or speckling, such as in roan, pinto, leopard, white or white spotting, and even some white markings. Finally, the gray gene causes depigmentation of the hair shaft, slowly adding white hairs over the course of several years until the horse's body hair is near or completely white.

Some of these patterns have complex interactions. For example, a single horse may carry both dilution and white patterning genes, or carry genes for more than one spotting pattern. Horses with a gray gene can be born any color and their hair coat will lighten and change with age.

Most wild equids are dun, as were many horses and asses before domestication of the horse. Some were non-dun with primitive markings, and non-dun 1 is one of the oldest coat color mutations, and has been found in remains from 42,700 years ago, along with dun. Non-dun 2, the version of the dun gene that most domestic horses have, is thought to be much more recent, possibly from after domestication. Leopard complex patterns also predate domestication, having been found in horse remains from 20,000 years ago. The mutation responsible for black and grullo also predates domestication. The mutations causing chestnut, sabino 1, and tobiano appeared shortly after horse domestication, roughly 5000 years ago. Silver and cream dilutions appeared at least 2,600 years ago, and pearl appeared at least 1400 years ago. The gray mutation is also post-domestication but thought to be thousands of years old as well.

Terminology
Heritable characteristics are transmitted, encoded, and used through a substance called DNA, which is stored in almost every cell in an organism. Proteins are molecules that do a variety of different things in organisms. The DNA instructions for how to make a protein are called a gene. A change to the sequence of DNA is called a mutation. Mutations are not inherently bad; genetic diversity itself ultimately comes from mutations. Mutations that happen within a gene create alternate forms of that gene, which are called alleles. Alleles of a gene are simply slightly different versions of the instructions on how to make that gene's protein. The term "allele" is sometimes replaced with the word "modifier", because different alleles tend to modify the horse's appearance in some way. DNA is organized into storage structures called chromosomes. A chromosome is simply a very long piece of DNA, and a gene is a much shorter piece of it. With some rare exceptions, a gene is always found at the same place within a chromosome, which is called its locus. For the most part, chromosomes come in pairs, one chromosome from each parent. When both chromosomes have the same allele for a certain gene, that individual is said to be homozygous for that gene. When the two alleles are different, it is heterozygous. A horse homozygous for a certain allele will always pass it on to its offspring, while a horse that is heterozygous carries two different alleles and can pass on either one. A trait that is only expressed when the gene is homozygous for its allele is called recessive, and a trait that has the same effect no matter whether there is one copy or two is called dominant.

Notation
Often, the dominant allele is represented by an uppercase letter and the recessive allele by a lowercase letter. For instance, in silver dapple, this is Z for the dominant silver trait and z for the recessive non-silver trait. However, sometimes the alleles are distinguished by which is the "normal" or wild type allele and which is a more recent mutation. In our example z (non-silver) would be wild type and Z would be a mutation. Wild type alleles can be represented as + or n, so Zz, Zz+, Z/+, and Z/n are all valid ways to describe a horse heterozygous for silver. Wild type notation is mainly useful when there is no clear dominant/recessive relationship, such as with cream and frame overo, or when there are many alleles on the same gene, such as with MITF, which has four known alleles. Using n is also common in the results of genetic tests, where a negative result usually means none of the known mutations were found, but does not rule out undiscovered mutations.

Melanin
Genes affecting coat color generally do so by changing the process of producing melanin. Melanin is the pigment that colors the hairs and skin of mammals. There are two chemically distinct types of melanin: pheomelanin, which is a red to yellow color, and eumelanin, which is brown to black. Melanin is not a protein and therefore there is no gene that changes its structure directly, but there are many proteins involved in the production of melanin or the formation of melanocytes during embryonic development. Mutations that change the structure of proteins with a role in melanin production can result in slightly different variations of melanin. Some genes do not alter the structure of melanin but instead affect where and whether it is produced.

Extension and agouti
The genes extension and agouti together affect the placement of the two types of pigment, black eumelanin and "red" (coppery brown) pheomelanin.

The extension gene codes for a molecule called the Melanocortin 1 receptor, or MC1R. This receptor straddles the membrane of pigment cells, and when activated it signals the cell to produce black pigment instead of red. A recessive mutation to extension removes this functionality, causing the solid red color of chestnut horses. Extension does not affect skin color. The dominant, wildtype, allele of extension is called E, and the non-extension mutation is called e. Extension is epistatic to agouti, meaning that if a horse has two e alleles, it will be chestnut no matter what genotype it has at agouti.

The agouti gene codes for a molecule called the agouti-signaling protein, or ASIP. This molecule interacts with MC1R, the receptor coded by extension, to block the signal for black pigment production. The signal for black pigment comes from a melanocyte-stimulating hormone, which is present throughout the horse. ASIP is not present everywhere, which allows some areas to be black while others are red. ASIP can also be limited by the phase of hair growth, allowing the tips of the hairs to be black while the base is red. This can be observed in horses which have their winter coats clipped. When shaved close, the black tip is shorn off leaving the phaeomelanic bottom of the shaft. This produces a dull, orange-gold appearance on the body coat which is lost with the spring shed. This is not usually seen in dark bays, which have little red in the hair shaft. A mutation to agouti removes the ability to block the black signal, resulting in a fully black horse. The dominant, wildtype, allele of agouti is called A, and the non-agouti mutation is called a.

Extension
Extension is found on equine chromosome 3 as part of a linkage group with roan, tobiano, and the KIT gene. Extension is also sometimes called "red factor" and can be identified through DNA testing. Horses with the genotype E/E are sometimes called "homozygous black", however depending on the agouti genotype there is no guarantee that any offspring can be black coated, only that no offspring will be "red".

A study that compared horse genotypes to their coat color phenotypes did find a statistically significant connection that suggested that lighter bay shades were heterozygous for the Extension mutation (E/e) and darker bay shades were homozygous.

Mutations that break protein function generally lead to recessively inherited lighter or redder coat colors in various mammals, while mutations that cause MC1R to be constantly active result in dominantly inherited black coats. In horses, both known mutations break the protein and therefore result in red coats.

Various mutations in the human MC1R gene result in red hair, blond hair, fair skin, and susceptibility to sunburnt skin and melanoma. Polymorphisms of MC1R also lead to light or red coats in mice, cattle, and dogs, among others. The Extension locus was first suggested to have a role in horse coat color determination in 1974 by Stefan Adalsteinsson. Researchers at Uppsala University, Sweden, identified a missense mutation in the MC1R gene that resulted in a loss-of-function of the MC1R protein. Without the ability to produce a functional MC1R protein, eumelanin production could not be initiated in the melanocyte, resulting in coats devoid of true black pigment. Since horses with only one copy of the defective gene were normal, the mutation was labeled e.

Extension alleles
There are three known alleles of extension, the wildtype E, and two recessive alleles e and ea which cause chestnut color. The E allele can also be called E+ or EE, and the e allele may also be called Ee.

Of the two known mutations, the first to be discovered was e, and is a change of a single cytosine to thymine at base pair 901 which results in the serine in position 83 being changed to a phenylalanine. In 2000 ea was found, which is a change of a single guanine to adenine at base pair 903, resulting in aspartate being changed to asparagine at position 84 in the polypeptide. Visually there is no difference between the two.

Agouti
In many species, successive pulses of ASIP block contact between α-MSH and MC1R, resulting in alternating production of eumelanin and pheomelanin; hairs are banded light and dark as a result. In other species, ASIP is regulated such that it only occurs in certain parts of the body. The light undersides of most mammals are due to the carefully controlled action of ASIP. In mice, two mutations on Agouti are responsible for yellow coats and marked obesity, with other health defects. Additionally, the Agouti locus is the site of mutations in several species that result in black-and-tan pigmentations.

One genetics testing lab began offering a test for another allele At, thought to be responsible for seal brown, but it was later found to be inaccurate and is no longer offered.

Dun

Dun is one of several genes that control the saturation or intensity of pigment in the coat. Dun is unique in that it is simple dominant, affects eumelanin and pheomelanin equally, and does not affect the eyes or skin. Horses with the dominant D allele (D/D or D/d genotype) exhibit hypomelanism of the body coat, while d/d horses have otherwise intense, saturated coat colors. The mane, tail, head, legs, and primitive markings are not diluted. Zygosity for Dun can be determined with a DNA test.

The Dun locus is TBX3 on equine chromosome 8. The molecular cause behind the dun coat colors is not entirely understood, but the dilution effect comes from the placement of pigment in only part of the hair. The associated coat colors were assigned to the Dun locus in 1974 by Stefan Adalsteinsson, separate from Cream, with the presence of dun dilution indicated by the dominant D allele. The dominant D allele is relatively rare compared to the alternative d allele, and for this reason, the dominant allele is often treated as a mutation. However, the pervasive coat color among wild equids is dun, and researchers from Darwin to modern day consider dun to be the wildtype state.

An older non-dun mutation was found in 2015 and named non-dun 1. It creates primitive markings but does not dilute the base color, and is co-dominant with the more common non-dun 2 but recessive to dun.

Dun phenotypes

 * D/D (+/+, D+/D+) wildtype, homozygous dominant. Visually, the horse may be bay dun, grullo, red dun, palomino dun, amber dun, gray, and so on. Such a horse will always pass on the D allele and will therefore always have dun offspring.
 * D/d (+/d, D+/Dd) wildtype, heterozygous. Visually indistinguishable from the homozygous D horse.
 * d/d (Dd/Dd) non-dun, homozygous recessive. The entire coat, barring the influence of other alleles, is a rich, saturated color. The primitive markings are no longer visible. The horse may be chestnut, bay, black, gray, palomino, and so on.

Cream
Cream is another one of the genes that control the saturation or dilution of pigment in the coat. Cream differs from Dun in that it affects the coat, skin, and eyes, and unlike Dun, is dosage dependent rather than simple dominant. Furthermore, the effects on eumelanin and pheomelanin are not equal. Horses with the homozygous recessive genotype (C/C) are not affected by cream. Heterozygotes (CCr/C) have one cream allele and one wildtype non-cream allele. Such horses, sometimes called "single-dilutes", exhibit dilution red pigment in the coat, eyes, and skin to yellow or gold, while eumelanin is largely unaffected. Homozygotes (CCr/CCr) have two cream alleles, and are sometimes called "double-dilutes." Homozygous creams exhibit strong dilution of both red and black pigment in the coat, eyes, and skin to ivory or cream. The skin is rosy-pink and the eyes are pale blue. Cream is now identifiable by DNA test.

The Cream locus is occupied by the Solute carrier family 45, member 2 (SLC45A2) gene, also called the Membrane associated transport protein or Matp gene. The Matp gene encodes a protein illustrated to have roles in melanogenesis in humans, mice, and medaka, though the specific action is not known.

Mutations in the human Matp gene result in several distinct forms of Oculocutaneous albinism, Type IV as well as normal variations in skin and hair color. Mice affected by a condition homologous to cream, called underwhite, exhibit irregularly shaped melanosomes, which are the organelles within melanocytes that directly produce pigment. The first descriptions of the dosage-dependent genetic control of the palomino coat color occurred early on in equine coat color inheritance research. However, the distinction between Dun and Cream remained poorly understood until Stefan Adalsteinsson wrote Inheritance of the palomino color in Icelandic horses in 1974. The mutation responsible, a single nucleotide polymorphism in Exon 2 resulting in an aspartic acid-to-asparagine substitution (N153D), was located and described in 2003 by a research team in France.

Cream phenotypes

 * C/C homozygous wildtype. Visually, the horse may be any color other than the cream dilute shades of palomino, buckskin, smoky black, cremello, perlino, smoky cream, and so on.
 * CCr/C heterozygous. The colors most commonly associated with this genotype are palomino, buckskin, and smoky black, though the phenotype may vary depending on other factors. Any pheomelanin in the coat is diluted to yellow or gold, and the eyes and skin are often slightly lighter than unaffected horses.
 * CCr/CCr homozygous. The colors most commonly associated with this genotype are cremello, perlino, and smoky cream. Regardless, the coat will be cream- or ivory-colored, and the skin a rosy-pink. The eyes are pale blue.

Champagne
Champagne is a gene that controls the saturation or dilution of pigment in the coat. Unlike Cream, Champagne is not strongly dosage-dependent, and affects both types of pigment equally. Champagne differs from Dun in that it affects the color of the coat, skin, and eyes, and in that the unaffected condition is the wildtype. Horses with the dominant CH allele (CH/CH or CH/ch genotype) exhibit hypomelanism of the body coat, such that phaeomelanin is diluted to gold and eumelanin is diluted to tan. Affected horses are born with blue eyes which darken to amber, green, or light brown, and bright pink skin which acquires darker freckling with maturity. The difference in phenotype between the homozygous (CH/CH) and heterozygous (CH/ch) horse may be subtle, in that the coat of the homozygote may be a shade lighter, with less mottling. Horses with the homozygous recessive genotype (ch/ch) are not affected by champagne. Champagne is now identifiable by DNA test.

The Champagne locus is occupied by the Solute carrier family 36, member 1 (SLC36A1) gene, which encodes the Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1 (PAT1) protein. This protein is one of many which is involved in active transport. The gene associated with the Cream coat colors is also a solute carrier, and orthologous genes in humans, mice, and other species are also linked to coat color phenotypes. The single nucleotide polymorphism responsible for the champagne phenotype is a missense mutation in exon 2, in which a C is replaced with a G, such that a threonine is replaced with arginine. This mutation was identified and described by an American research team in 2008.

Champagne phenotypes

 * ch/ch (N/N) wildtype, homozygous recessive. Visually, the horse may be any color other than the champagne shades.
 * CH/ch (CH/N) heterozygous. The colors most commonly associated with this genotype are gold champagne, amber champagne, and classic champagne, though the exact phenotype depends on a variety of factors. At birth, the skin is bright pink and the eyes bright blue, darkening to freckled and light brown or green, respectively, with age. Both red and black pigment in the hair are also diluted.
 * CH/CH homozygous champagne. Homozygotes, which will never produce non-champagne offspring, are indistinguishable from heterozygotes except that their freckling may be sparser, and their coats a shade lighter.

title: Equine coat color genetics


text:
Predhiman Krishan Kaw

Predhiman Krishan Kaw (15 January 1948 – 18 June 2017) was an Indian plasma physicist. He had been the founding director of the Institute for Plasma Research and served the institute as the director from 1986 to 2012.

Biography
Kaw was born on 15 January 1948 in Srinagar (Jammu and Kashmir), India. He matriculated from Punjab University (1958) and completed his M.Sc. from Agra University in 1964. He received PhD from Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi in 1966 under Supervision of Prof. M. S. Sodha, and was the first Ph.D. from the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. Kaw received his Ph.D. at the age of 18, following which he completed his PostDoc at Princeton University. He had been the founding director of the Institute for Plasma Research and served the institute as the director from 1986 to 2012. He was awarded the prestigious Padma Shri award, India's fourth-highest honor, in 1985 and Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in 1986. On 28 December 2016, he was awarded the Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Prize of Plasma Physics for his seminal contributions in the areas of laser-plasma interactions, strongly coupled dusty plasmas, and turbulence, nonlinear effect in magnetic fusion devices. He is also a recipient of the 2008 TWAS Prize. His older brother is bureaucrat and author M. K. Kaw.

Selected articles and talks

 * PK Kaw, "Fusion power, who needs it?" (pdf format), Current Science, 10 July 1993, 65(01) 20 (web format)

title: Predhiman Krishan Kaw


text:
Violin Sonata No. 35 (Mozart)

The Sonata in A for Violin and Keyboard, K. 526, was written in Vienna in 1787 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. It is placed in the Köchel catalogue between the string serenade Eine kleine Nachtmusik (K. 525) and the opera Don Giovanni (K. 527).

There are three movements:

1. Molto allegro

2. Andante (in D major)

3. Presto

It is the last of Mozart's substantial violin sonatas, with the only remaining work he wrote for this combination, the sonata in F, K. 547 of 1788 being more of a sonatina. It is also considered by several authors, including Alfred Einstein, to be part of his last series of three great violin sonatas which starts with the Regina Strinasacchi sonata in B♭ K. 454 from 1784 (his annus mirabilis, the year also of the six great piano concertos 14 – 19 and the quintet for piano and winds) and continuing with the E♭ violin sonata from December 1785. The first movement is a movement in sonata form in time, with more evenly divided contributions between the two instruments than in the earliest of his sonatas, an exposition divided between its two tonal groups (A and E major), and a compact but unwasteful development section.

The second movement has, for a classical period slow sonata form, an extended development—it is much more characteristic for slow movements in sonata form, especially middle slow movements, to have exceptionally brief middle sections before the return of the main material, and that is not the case here. The passage just before the recapitulation brings a sequence of enharmonic changes and, for the period, wide modulations. The finale is a rondo with a particularly agitated middle section.

Discography

 * Isaac Stern, violin and Yefim Bronfman, piano: Violine Sonatas K. 296 No. 17, K. 454 No. 32 and K. 526 No. 35 - 1994.
 * Hilary Hahn, violin and Natalie Zhu, piano: Violine Sonatas K. 301 No. 18, K. 304 No. 21, K. 376 No. 24, and K. 526 No. 35 - 2005.
 * Vineta Sareika, violin and Amandine Savary, piano: Violine Sonatas K. 376 No. 24, K. 379 No. 27 and K. 526 No. 35 - 2019.

title: Violin Sonata No. 35 (Mozart)


text:
Royal New Brunswick Regiment

The Royal New Brunswick Regiment (RNBR) is a reserve infantry regiment of the Canadian Army based in New Brunswick. It was formed in 1954 by amalgamation of The Carleton and York Regiment, The New Brunswick Scottish and The North Shore (New Brunswick) Regiment as the New Brunswick Regiment.The "Royal" designation was added in 1956. The Royal New Brunswick Regiment is part of 37 Canadian Brigade Group, 5th Canadian Division. The RNBR holds 65 battle honours mostly by perpetuation of the regiments it was formed from.

Creation
The regiment was formed in 1954 by the amalgamation of The Carleton and York Regiment, The New Brunswick Scottish and The North Shore (New Brunswick) Regiment. From 1954 to 2012, it consisted of two battalions with the former The Carleton and York Regiment and The New Brunswick Scottish forming the 1st Battalion and The North Shore Regiment forming the 2nd Battalion. However, in 2012, the 2nd Battalion was once again reorganised as a distinct regiment, The North Shore (New Brunswick) Regiment.

Lineage

 * The Carleton Light Infantry was formed in 1869, merging with the York Regiment in 1936 to become The Carleton and York Regiment which in turn amalgamated with the New Brunswick Scottish and becoming the '1st Battalion, The New Brunswick Regiment (Carleton and York)'.

 * The York Regiment was formed in 31 August 1946 on the amalgamation of the New Brunswick Rangers and The Saint John Fusiliers (Machine Gun) as The South New Brunswick Regiment, becoming the New Brunswick Scottish on 2 December 1946.
 * The New Brunswick Dragoons had amalgamated with Saint John Jusilers in December 1936.

 * 7th Machine Gun Battalion, Canadian Machine Gun Corps was formed 1 June 1919 in Saint John, A Company amalgamated in 15 December 1936 with The Saint John Fusiliers.

War of 1812

 * 1st Battalion, Northumberland County Regiment
 * 2nd Battalion, Northumberland County Regiment
 * 3rd Battalion, Northumberland County Regiment
 * 1st Battalion, Saint John County Regiment
 * 1st Battalion, York County Regiment
 * 2nd Battalion, York County Regiment

The regiment also carries two battle honours from the War of 1812 in commemoration of the New Brunswick Fencible Infantry (104th Regiment of Foot) which was recruited in New Brunswick and served during that conflict.

Great War

 * 12th Battalion, CEF
 * 26th Battalion (New Brunswick), CEF
 * 55th Battalion (New Brunswick & Prince Edward Island), CEF
 * 104th Battalion, CEF
 * 115th Battalion (New Brunswick), CEF
 * 140th Battalion (St. John's Tigers), CEF
 * 145th Battalion (New Brunswick), CEF
 * 236th Battalion (New Brunswick Kilties), CEF
 * 28th Field Battery, Canadian Field Artillery, CEF.

War in Afghanistan
The regiment contributed an aggregate of more than 20% of its authorized strength to the various Task Forces which served in Afghanistan between 2002 and 2014.

Battle honours

In the list below, battle honours in capitals were awarded for participation in large operations and campaigns, while those in lowercase indicate honours granted for more specific battles. Those battle honours written in bold are emblazoned on the regimental colour.

Some honours were gained by the regiment in the 1954 amalgamation with the North Shore (New Brunswick) Regiment. These honours are emblazoned on the current regimental colour; however, since 2012, when the amalgamation with the North Shores ceased, they are no longer part of the RNBR's battle honours. These honours are placed in square brackets in the list below.

War of 1812

The non-emblazonable honorary distinction (partly awarded in commemoration of the New Brunswick Fencibles).

Great War
•, 1915, '17

•

•

•, 1916, '18

• Flers-Courcelette

• Thiepval

• Ancre Heights

• Ancre, 1916

• 1917, '18

• Vimy, 1917

• Arleux

• Scarpe, 1917, '18

•

• Passchendaele

•

• Drocourt-Quéant

•

• Canal du Nord

• Cambrai, 1918

•

•

Second World War
•

• Valguarnera

•

• Landing at Reggio

• Gambatesa

•

• The Gully

• Point 59

•

• Gustav Line

•

• Hitler Line

• Melfa Crossing

•

•

•

• San Fortunato

• Naviglio Canal

•

• []

• [Carpiquet]

•

• Falaise Road

• The Laison

• Chambois

• The Seine, 1944

• [Boulogne, 1944]

• Moerbrugge

• Moerkerke

•

• Breskens Pocket

• The Lower Maas

• Kapelsche Veer

•

•

• Apeldoorn

• Küsten Canal

• Bad Zwischenahn

•

Armouries
The regiment has two armouries:

The Carlton Street Armoury, Carlton Street Fredericton, New Brunswick housed the 1st Battalion, The Royal New Brunswick Regiment (Carlton and York). A centrally located drill hall, it houses 333 Royal Canadian Air Cadets, 242 Fredericton Royal Canadian Army Cadet Corps and 130 Royal Canadian Sea Cadet Corps.

The seconf is the Lieutenant Colonel William (Billy) Mulherin Armoury, on Madawaska Road, Grand Falls, New Brunswick. It houses C Company, 1st Battalion, the Royal New Brunswick Regiment, and 314 Squadron Air Cadets.

Alliances

 * 🇬🇧 - The Royal Scots Borderers
 * 🇬🇧 - The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment (Queen's and Royal Hampshires)
 * 🇬🇧 - The Yorkshire Regiment (14th/15th, 19th and 33rd/76th Foot)

Books

 * "Royal New Brunswick Regiment: 1949-1958" New Brunswick Regiment (Carleton and York), 1st.; Hobson & Sons (London) Ltd.; Canada. (1949 Oct. 31 - 1958 Nov. 5.)

title: Royal New Brunswick Regiment


text:
Plácido Polanco

Plácido Enrique Polanco (born October 10, 1975) is a Dominican-American former professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the St. Louis Cardinals, Philadelphia Phillies, Detroit Tigers and Miami Marlins. He was a second baseman, third baseman, and shortstop. He was twice voted to start in Major League Baseball All-Star Games: in 2007, and again in 2011. Polanco retired with the highest all-time career fielding percentage for second basemen at 99.27% and the highest all-time career fielding percentage for third basemen at 98.34% which still appear to be records.

On July 9, 2008, Polanco received his U.S. citizenship along with 99 other people in a ceremony at Comerica Park that preceded the Tigers–Indians game. He wore his Tigers uniform for the ceremony.

St. Louis Cardinals
Polanco was drafted on June 2, 1994, by the St. Louis Cardinals in the 19th round of the 1994 MLB draft. In 1996, he led the Florida State League with 157 hits and 137 games played while playing with Single-A St. Petersburg. Polanco was promoted to the major leagues in 1998. His first major league hit was a single off Cincinnati Reds starting pitcher Brett Tomko on July 5, 1998. Earning the starting third base job in 2001, his low strikeout/walk ratio and extra base hits numbers established Polanco as a contact hitter.

Philadelphia Phillies
On July 29, 2002, Polanco, Mike Timlin, and Bud Smith were acquired by the Phillies for Scott Rolen, Doug Nickle, and cash. Polanco was shifted to second base as David Bell was signed from free agency to play third base. He began to develop power while playing for the Phillies as he hit 14 and 17 home runs in the following two years, compared with just nine in 2002.

Detroit Tigers
The Phillies traded him to the Detroit Tigers in a June 2005 in a trade for veteran right-hander Ugueth Urbina and infielder Ramón Martínez, allowing the Phillies to play Chase Utley every day at second base. Polanco finished the 2005 season batting .338 with the Tigers, and also having a career year with regards to OPS, finishing the season at .847. In addition, he led the majors in lowest strikeout percentage (5.0%) for the season.

Polanco was a key player in the 2006 American League Division Series and 2006 American League Championship Series (ALCS) for the Tigers, being named Most Valuable Player of the ALCS. However, he did not record a single hit in the 2006 World Series, in which the Tigers lost to the Cardinals in five games.

In 2007, Polanco set a new major-league record for second basemen by playing in his 144th consecutive errorless game on August 13, in a 7–2 loss to the Oakland Athletics. Curt Flood currently holds the record for consecutive errorless games with 226, but he played center field. Polanco appeared to have his streak snapped at 147 games when he was charged with an error in the first inning of the August 24 game vs. the New York Yankees. However, the next day, after conferring with the umpiring crew, the official scorer determined the error was instead charged to first baseman Marcus Thames. This extended the streak to 149 games. Polanco also broke the record for consecutive chances without an error by a second baseman on July 31. He passed Luis Castillo's mark of 647. Polanco finished the 2007 season without making an error, thereby becoming the first everyday second baseman in MLB history to play an entire season without committing an error. This, in addition to contributing to 101 double plays, earned Polanco his first Gold Glove Award.

In addition to his fielding feats, Polanco batted a career-high .341 in 2007, and reached a career high in hits with 200. He also had the lowest strikeout percentage in the major leagues (5.1%). For his efforts, he was given the Silver Slugger Award at second base. He was voted by the fans to start in the 2007 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, his first one. At the end of the season, he was voted by the fans as the 2007 MLB "This Year in Baseball Awards" Defensive Player of the Year.

Polanco won another Gold Glove Award in 2009.

Return to the Phillies
After declaring free agency, Polanco signed a three-year contract for $18 million to return to the Phillies, with a mutual option for a fourth year. He was signed with the Phillies to replace Pedro Feliz at third base.

In 2011, Polanco was elected by fan balloting to be the starting third baseman in the All-Star game. He was unable to play in the All-Star game due to an injury, and Scott Rolen replaced him in the starting lineup. At the conclusion of the 2011 season, Polanco received his third Gold Glove, making him only the second baseball player in history to receive the award at more than one position (the other being Darin Erstad).

On May 14, 2012, Polanco reached the 2,000 hit mark with an eighth-inning home run off David Carpenter of the Houston Astros.

On October 29, the Phillies elected to decline their half of a $5.5M mutual option, instead electing to pay Polanco a $1M buyout.

Miami Marlins
On December 20, 2012, the Miami Marlins and Polanco agreed to a one-year contract worth $2.75 million, making him the second-highest paid player on the team. The Marlins did not re-sign Polanco after the 2013 season and he was unable to find a contract in free agency for the 2014 season. In March 2015, he claimed to be "90 percent" retired but remained open to the possibility of returning to playing or launching a coaching career under the right circumstances.

Retirement
On August 14, 2016, Polanco officially retired with the Phillies.

Polanco was eligible to be elected into the Hall of Fame in 2019, but received only two votes, earning less than 5% of the vote and becoming ineligible for the 2020 ballot.

Polanco joined the Los Angeles Dodgers front office as a special assistant in player development in 2019.

Career statistics
In 1,927 games over 16 seasons, Polanco posted a .297 batting average (2142-for-7214) with 1009 runs, 348 doubles, 32 triples, 104 home runs, 723 RBI, 81 stolen bases, 429 walks, .343 on-base percentage, and .397 slugging percentage. Defensively, he finished his career with an overall .990 fielding percentage playing at second base, third base, and shortstop. In postseason play, in 38 games, he batted .248 (32-for-129) with 11 runs, 4 doubles, 13 RBI, 3 stolen bases, and 11 walks.

Personal life
Polanco and wife Lily have a daughter, Aide Rose, and a son, Ishmael. He is a close friend of former teammate Albert Pujols, who is godfather to Polanco's son Ishmael.

During the season, while with the Detroit Tigers, he became a naturalized American citizen, taking the oath of citizenship at Comerica Park before a game against the Cleveland Indians.

title: Plácido Polanco


text:
User talk:Travis Wolfe

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! - Lucky 6.9 01:07, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Travis Wolfe


text:
Music of South Carolina

South Carolina is one of the Southern United States and has produced a number of renowned performers of jazz, rock, blues, R&B, country, bluegrass and other popular styles.

Official music
South Carolina is noted for being the birthplace of beach music, an offshoot of early R&B and rock 'n' roll that featured a shuffling beat which spawned the dance called The Shag. This Myrtle Beach-area dance is the official State Dance, although South Carolina has also contributed to two other famous dances, the Charleston in the 1920s, and the Big Apple in the 1930s.

South Carolina also has two official state songs: "Carolina", composed in 1911 with words by Henry Timrod and music by Anne Custis Burgess, and "South Carolina on My Mind", written in 1985 by Buzz Arledge and Hank Martin. The State also has an "official music", Negro spirituals, sacred Christian songs originally developed in the 19th century.

South Carolina musicians
Perhaps the best known rock band to hail from South Carolina is Columbia's Hootie & the Blowfish, but other groups such as Spartanburg's The Marshall Tucker Band, The Swinging Medallions, Maurice Williams and the Zodiacs, alternative metal band Crossfade from Columbia, Charleston's indie Band of Horses, Southern rock band Needtobreathe, and Blue Dogs also hail from the Palmetto State.

Jazz saxophonist Chris Potter from Columbia has released 20 CDs as a leader and performed as a sideman on more than 150 other albums. He is the leader of the Chris Potter Underground and has regularly performed with many world-class jazz musicians including Dave Holland and Pat Metheny. In the December, 2014 issue of Down Beat magazine, which featured the results of the annual readers poll, Potter was named the number one tenor saxophonist in the world.

Other prominent musicians and singers born and/or raised in the state include soul/jazz musicians James Brown, Brook Benton, Maxine Brown, Dizzy Gillespie, Chubby Checker, Eartha Kitt, Peabo Bryson, Arthur "Guitar Boogie" Smith, Cat Anderson, Tom Delaney, Freddie Green, Drink Small, Johnny Helms, Terry Rosen, Jabbo Smith, Bill Benford, Tommy Benford, Nick Ashford, Darius Rucker; and rock/country musicians John Phillips, Josh Turner, Bill Anderson, Edwin McCain, Duncan Sheik, Rob Thomas, Marcus King, Walter Hyatt, David Ball, and Esquerita.

Country/bluegrass
The state's bluegrass scene has produced important bands such as The Hired Hands featuring pioneering three-finger banjo player Dewitt "Snuffy" Jenkins and old time fiddler Homer "Pappy" Sherrill. Other notable groups are The Hinson Girls, featuring four sisters from Lancaster, and Palmetto Blue, featuring two South Carolina Folk Heritage Award Recipients: Chris Boutwell (2014) and Ashley Carder (2012), along with vocalist and bassist Shellie Davis, banjoist Steve Willis, flatpicking guitarist Edward Dalton, and South Carolina junior fiddle champion Ella Thomas. Bluesmen Pink Anderson (namesake for Pink Floyd; buried in Spartanburg) and Reverend Gary Davis were both from Laurens, S.C. Charleston's Roger Bellow, a South Carolina Folk Heritage Award Recipient and former host of the "Vintage Country" radio show on SCETV radio and WYLA-LP, leads the long-running country/swing band The Drifting Troubadours.

Soul/R&B
The Beach music classic "Stay" by Lancaster's Maurice Williams and the Zodiacs was #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1960. James Brown's (buried in Aiken County) soul and funk song "I Got You (I Feel Good)" was #3 on the Hot 100 in 1965, and #1 on the Rhythm and Blues Singles. Greenville's Peabo Bryson's R&B song "A Whole New World" from Aladdin was #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1993.

Rock/pop
Hootie & The Blowfish's roots rock song "Only Wanna Be With You", was number one on the Mainstream Top 40 chart in 1995. Hootie's debut album, Cracked Rear View, was the best-selling album of 1995, the seventh best-selling album of the 1990s, and is the 19th best-selling album in the United States. Their second album, Fairweather Johnson, went to number one on the Billboard 200 in 1996.

The Upstate band Needtobreathe had a number two album on the Billboard 200 with Hard Love in 2016. Indie folk singer Iron & Wine had a number two placing on the Billboard 200 with Kiss Each Other Clean in 2011. Country star Darius Rucker has had two number two albums on the Billboard 200: Charleston, SC 1966 in 2010 and True Believers in 2013, as well as nine number one songs on the Country Airplay chart from 2008 to 2020. Country singer Josh Turner from Florence County had a number two on the Billboard 200 with Your Man in 2006. Lee Brice from Sumter had two number five placings on the Billboard 200 with Hard 2 Love in 2012 and I Don't Dance in 2014. Toro y Moi, a popular electronic artist (who had a number one album on the Dance Chart with Anything in Return in 2013), and rapper Lil Ru are both from Columbia.

Urban centers in the state including Greenville, Columbia, Myrtle Beach, and Charleston continue to have thriving rock and hip hop scenes.

Prominent venues
The region of Myrtle Beach has been home to the well-known Carolina Opry, a country music-based variety show, established in 1986 by singer, producer and entrepreneur, Calvin Gilmore, South Carolina's official country music ambassador, who continues to produce and perform in the show today. The Carolina Opry was the first live family entertainment venue on the Grand Strand and helped turn Myrtle Beach into one of the major centers for country music on the East Coast. Local venues include the Dolly Parton's Pirates Voyage, one of many attractions owned by Dolly Parton, the Alabama Theater, named for the band Alabama. Other artists tried their hand with their own theaters which did not last, such as Ronnie Milsap and the Gatlin Brothers. Myrtle Beach is also home to the South Carolina State Bluegrass Festival. The Carolina Country Music Fest has been held on the Myrtle Beach boardwalk since 2015.

Outside of Myrtle Beach, the town of West Columbia is notable as the home of Bill Wells of the Blue Ridge Mountain Grass; he is the owner of a local music shop, which hosts a weekly bluegrass show at the Pickin' Parlor.

Lesser known venues include the Radio Room in Greenville, Ground Zero in Spartanburg, the New Brookland Tavern in West Columbia and the House of Blues in North Myrtle Beach as well as the Pour House on James Island, and the Music Farm with locations in downtown Charleston and Columbia. The Five Points district in Columbia features a variety of bands each year at its St. Patrick's Day festival.

Charleston's WYLA FM (97.5 mHz) programs almost entirely local and in-state artists. The station broadcasts 24 hours per day from studios at the Charleston County Main Library, where they also host live performances.

Lists of musicians and bands

 * Musicians

 * Gus Aiken, jazz trumpeter
 * Bill Anderson, country singer
 * Cat Anderson, jazz trumpeter
 * Pink Anderson, Piedmont blues singer
 * Nick Ashford
 * Brook Benton
 * John Blackwell
 * Lee Brice, country singer
 * Ben Bridwell, singer
 * Arthur Briggs, jazz trumpeter and bandleader
 * James Brown
 * Maxine Brown, soul singer
 * Peabo Bryson
 * Chazwick Bundick
 * Chubby Checker
 * Julian Dash, jazz tenor saxophonist
 * Reverend Gary Davis, blues and gospel singer and guitarist
 * Ray Davis
 * Tom Delaney
 * Ronnie Free, jazz drummer
 * Dizzy Gillespie, jazz trumpeter
 * Trevor Hall, reggae rock
 * Jimmy Hamilton, jazz clarinetist and saxophonist
 * Johnny Helms, jazz trumpeter
 * Bertha Hill, blues singer
 * Danielle Howle, singer and guitarist
 * J.B. Hutto, blues singer and guitarist
 * James Jamerson, bassist
 * Buddy Johnson, jazz pianist and bandleader
 * Ella Johnson, jazz singer
 * Etta Jones, jazz singer
 * Rufus "Speedy" Jones, jazz drummer
 * Taft Jordan, jazz trumpeter
 * Norman Keenan, jazz double bassist
 * Eartha Kitt, jazz singer and actress
 * Linda Martell
 * Edwin McCain
 * Josie Miles, blues singer
 * James "Bubber" Miley, jazz trumpeter
 * Pete Minger, bebop jazz trumpeter
 * Alphonse Mouzon, jazz drummer
 * Houston Person, jazz tenor saxophonist and bandleader
 * John Phillips
 * Bill Pinkney, singer
 * Chris Potter, jazz saxophonist and composer
 * Arthur Prysock, jazz singer
 * Susan Reed, singer
 * Terry Rosen, jazz guitarist
 * Darius Rucker, singer
 * Snookum Russell, pianist and bandleader
 * Duncan Sheik, singer-songwriter
 * Drink Small, blues guitarist and singer
 * Cliff Smalls, pianist, trombonist and bandleader
 * Chris Smith, composer
 * Clara Smith, blues singer
 * Cootie Stark, Piedmont bluesman
 * Angie Stone, pop vocalist
 * Baby Tate, Piedmont blues
 * James "J.T." Taylor, singer
 * Rob Thomas, singer-songwriter
 * Lucky Thompson, jazz saxophonist
 * Melanie Thornton, La Bouche singer
 * Aaron Tippin, country singer
 * Buck Trent, country singer and musician
 * Josh Turner, country singer
 * James Blood Ulmer, jazz guitarist
 * Blind Willie Walker, Piedmont blues
 * Baby Washington, soul singer
 * Ron Westray, jazz trombonist
 * Sandy Williams, jazz trombonist
 * Josh White, Piedmont blues singer and guitarist
 * Webster Young, jazz trumpeter

 * Bands

 * Atlas Road Crew – Columbia
 * Band of Horses – Charleston
 * Carolina Liar – Moncks Corner
 * Chasen – Greenville
 * Cravin' Melon – Clemson
 * Crossfade – Columbia
 * Deepfield – Charleston
 * Emery – Rock Hill
 * The Explorers Club – Charleston
 * Graves of Valor – Florence
 * Guyana Punch Line – Columbia
 * Hootie & the Blowfish – Columbia
 * Hundredth – Myrtle Beach
 * I Nine – Orangeburg
 * Iron & Wine – Chapin
 * Islander – Greenville
 * Jump, Little Children – Charleston
 * Madam Adam – Charleston
 * The Movement (reggae band) – Columbia
 * The Marshall Tucker Band – Spartanburg
 * Maurice Williams and the Zodiacs – Lancaster
 * needtobreathe – Seneca
 * Nile – Greenville
 * Sent By Ravens – Hartsville
 * The Sequence – Columbia
 * Sequoyah Prep School – Florence
 * Shovels & Rope – Charleston
 * Souls Harbor - Beaufort
 * The Sparkletones – Spartanburg
 * Stretch Arm Strong – Irmo
 * Susto – Charleston
 * The Swinging Medallions – Greenwood
 * Through the Eyes of the Dead – Florence
 * Uncle Walt's Band – Spartanburg
 * The Working Title – Charleston

title: Music of South Carolina


text:
T. N. Madan

Triloki Nath Madan (born 12 August 1933, in Kashmir, India) is an anthropologist, with a Ph.D from the Australian National University (1960). He is currently Professor Emeritus of Sociology at the Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi University, and Distinguished Senior Fellow (Adjunct), Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, Delhi. Of the teaching positions he held earlier, those at Lucknow and Dharwar lasted longest. He taught for short periods at several universities in India and abroad.

Haksar was born on August 12, 1933 into a Kashmiri Pandit family in the Downtown neighborhood of Srinagar, in the Kashmir Valley of the erstwhile princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, within British India.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland in 1989. In 1994, he was made Docteur Honoris Causa by the University of Paris X (Nanterre). In 1995, he occupied the Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Chair in Humanities and Social Sciences at the University of Hyderabad.

He has held visiting appointments at a number of universities including Harvard where he was Visiting Professor of Anthropology and of the History of Religion in 1984-85. The Indian Sociological Society gave him the Lifetime Achievement Award in 2008.

His most noted work is Family and Kinship among the Pandits of Rural Kashmir (1966, 1989) which presented an account of the social life of Kashmiri Pandits. His more recent publications include,"Modern Myths, Locked Minds: Secularism and Fundamentalism in India" (1997, 2009), "Images of the World: Essays on Religion, Secularism, and Culture" (2005), and "Sociological Traditions: Methods and Perspectives in the Sociology of India" (2011).

He was presented with a Festschrift titled Tradition, Pluralism and Identity: In Honour of T.N. Madan, edited by Veena Das, Dipankar Gupta and Patricia Uberoi. Currently he lives in Delhi.

He was married to Uma Chaturvedi, a non-Kashmiri. She died in December 2013. They have two children.

title: T. N. Madan


text:
Talk:Music of South Carolina

List of bands inclusion criteria
In general, Wikipedia is not a collection of indiscriminate lists. We do not, for example, have a "List of people from New York City" that includes random non-notable people. Instead, List of people from New York City is limited to bluelink notable people from New York City.

By the same token, there is nothing encyclopedic about a list of bands from South Carolina that includes notable bands and a random selection of the tens of thousands of bands that have existed in the state over the past 230 years. We do not include the West Podunk high School Marching Band or that annoying garage band your neighbor's son has been trying to get going for the past 3 months.

This list, as with all lists on Wikipedia, requires objective, verifiable selection criteria. The applicable guideline suggests three common criteria: 1) "Every entry meets the notability criteria for its own non-redirect article in the English Wikipedia." This is blue link notability, used in thousands of similar lists. 2) "Every entry in the list fails the notability criteria." This is generally used for limited membership groups as an adjunct to other articles. The example given is List of Dilbert characters: Dilbert, the pointy-haired boss and a few others are individually notable, but there is encyclopedic information on the remaining characters as well. This obviously would not work for the tens of thousands of non-notable bands in the state's history. 3) "Short, complete lists of every item that is verifiably a member of the group." If we are going to have a list of the mayors of Key West, Florida, we are going to list all of them. There is, of course, no way that we could possibly list every band that has ever existed in South Carolina (and we wouldn't want to, if we could).

IMO, blue link notability is the obvious choice. It is simple, objective and verifiable. Opinions? - Sum mer PhD v2.0 14:55, 10 January 2018 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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title: Talk:Music of South Carolina


text:
Bern Physiologus

The Bern Physiologus (Bern, Burgerbibliothek, Codex Bongarsianus 318) is a 9th-century illuminated copy of the Latin translation of the Physiologus. It was probably produced at Reims about 825–850. It is believed to be a copy of a 5th-century manuscript. Many of its miniatures are set, unframed, into the text block, which was a characteristic of late-antique manuscripts. It is one of the oldest extant illustrated copies of the Physiologus.

title: Bern Physiologus