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Failure to appear

A "failure to appear" (FTA), also known as "bail jumping", occurs when a defendant or respondent does not come before a tribunal as directed in a summons. In the United States, FTAs are punishable by fines, incarceration, or both when committed by a criminal defendant. The severity of the punishment depends on the seriousness of the criminal charges that were the subject of the missed proceeding. An FTA may trigger a bench warrant for the defendant's arrest and impair their eligibility for bail and pretrial release in subsequent proceedings.

Historically
Punishments for FTAs originated out of courts' contempt powers. The Judiciary Act of 1789, the first federal framework governing pretrial detention, did not single out FTAs for punishment but decreed that there should be sanctions for "all contempts of authority". Specific penalties for FTAs emerged on the heels of the federal government's campaign to prosecute Communist leaders under the Smith Act of 1940, which made it a crime to "knowingly or willfully advocate, abet, advise, or teach the duty, necessity, desirability, or propriety of overthrowing or destroying any government in the United States". After the Supreme Court affirmed the convictions of eleven Communist leaders under the Smith Act in Dennis v. United States, four of the defendants fled in July 1951. All four leaders either turned themselves in or were later apprehended, but their flight would inspire Congress to enact punishments for FTAs three years later: "The Federal bail jumping statute was first enacted in 1954 to fill the void in the criminal law highlighted by the conduct of fleeing fugitives who were leaders of the Communist Party. The only available penalties, at that time, were forfeiture of money and contempt proceedings. In the absence of an indictable offense of bail jumping, defendants were able to buy their freedom by forfeiting their bonds and taking the risk that they could go unapprehended. Even if apprehended, many defendants could hide for periods long enough for the government's case, especially for major offenses, to grow weaker because of the unavailability of witnesses, memory lapses, and the like, and thereby defeat the government's prosecutive efforts. They would then be subject only to the criminal contempt charge, the sentence for which was usually of considerably less gravity than for the original offense. These were the reasons that led to the original Federal bail jumping statute of 1954."As of 1954, few FTA statutes existed at the state level. New York and Minnesota were among the earliest adopters of statutes penalizing FTAs, but these laws were rarely used in practice. By 1966, only seven states had separate sanctions for FTAs. Over thirty states implemented FTA-specific penalties over the next two decades. These laws coincided with a growing national concern about dangerous defendants and the perceived need for greater deterrence in the pretrial system.

The Bail Reform Act of 1966, one of the first significant pieces of the federal bail legislation, made "willfully fail[ing] to appear before any court or judicial officer as required" punishable by up to five years in prison and a $5,000 fine. In 1984, Congress increased the sanctions for FTAs in federal court. In early versions of the bill, lawmakers expressed their resolve to "deter those who would obstruct law enforcement by failing to appear for trial or other judicial appearances and to punish those who indeed fail to appear". Lawmakers saw heightening the penalties for FTAs "as a means of enhancing the effectiveness of the bail jumping offense as a deterrent to flight."

Modern federal law
Today, a defendant who "fails to appear before a [federal] court as required by the conditions of release" or "fails to surrender for service of sentence pursuant to a court order" remains subject to criminal sanctions. A court will use the following scheme to determine a defendant's punishment:

A defendant can present an affirmative defense that "uncontrollable circumstances prevented" their appearance. To make this claim successfully, the defendant must not have contributed to the uncontrollable circumstances and must have "appeared or surrendered as soon as such circumstances ceased to exist".

An "uncontrollable circumstance" can either be physical or mental, the latter of which courts refer to as "duress". Not all mental pressures satisfy the uncontrollable circumstance requirement; courts have held that only something as serious as threats of significant bodily harm or death can excuse an FTA. The prospect of prosecutorial reprisal, fear of harassment, and loss of faith in the criminal justice system generally do not amount to uncontrollable duress. Courts have dismissed claims based on fears of deportation and a defendant's desire "to make a political statement or engage in protest activity". The legislative history for the federal statute indicates that the affirmative defense should only apply in extreme circumstances: "for example, a person is recuperating from a heart attack and to leave his bed would imperil his life, or, after he had made careful plans for transportation to the court house, his vehicle breaks down or unexpected weather conditions bring traffic to a halt."

State laws
All fifty states have implemented statutes penalizing FTAs, which several state statutes call "bail jumping" in their official codes. The District of Columbia and all states besides Mississippi make FTAs the basis of additional criminal charges. For example, an FTA can qualify as a misdemeanor or felony in Idaho depending on the underlying offense:"A person set at liberty by court order, with or without bail, upon condition that he will subsequently appear at a specified time and place, commits a misdemeanor if, without lawful excuse, he fails to appear at that time and place. The offense constitutes a felony where the required appearance was to answer to a charge of felony, or for disposition of any such charge, and the actor took flight or went into hiding to avoid apprehension, trial or punishment. This section does not apply to obligations to appear incident to release under suspended sentence or on probation or parole."At least thirty states and the District of Columbia authorize courts to issue bench warrants for a defendant's arrest or orders for a defendant to appear after an FTA. Many jurisdictions leave the decision to issue a bench warrant within the judge's discretion—at least under some circumstances. For example, in Maryland, a defendant who "forfeits [...] bail or recognizance and willfully fails to surrender" will have a bench warrant automatically issued for their arrest, whereas a judge retains discretion over whether to use a bench warrant when a defendant fails to appear in response to a citation.

At least forty states impose a driver's license penalty for FTAs, often suspending an individual's license until the person appears in court. These laws generally apply when the FTA occurs in traffic court. In Missouri, a "resident charged with a moving traffic violation" will have their license automatically suspended for failing to appear in court when required. At least seven states authorize driver's license suspensions for reasons unrelated to traffic court. Other license-related punishments include "authorized vehicle immobilization, liens and mandatory delinquency [and] reinstatement fees".

Consequences for future proceedings
An FTA will often follow a defendant in future proceedings. When deciding whether to release someone pretrial, a judge must usually ask whether a defendant is likely to appear for trial if released and whether the defendant would pose a danger to the community. A defendant's record of prior court attendance is one of the primary factors that a judge looks to when determining whether to grant pretrial release. Having a single FTA can lead courts to refuse to release defendants on their own recognizance or let them post bail. Some courts rely on risk-assessment tools, which use algorithms to predict the likelihood that a defendant will not appear; a prior FTA, especially a recent one, significantly slants the algorithm toward deeming the defendant high-risk.

Definitional problems
Critics argue that policymakers define "failure to appear" too broadly, conflating people who intentionally flee the jurisdiction with those who miss their court dates due to forgetfulness or logistical difficulties. Risk-assessment tools tend to treat all FTAs the same when calculating a defendant's risk score. One scholar has proposed breaking FTAs into three categories: "true flight" (intentionally fleeing the area); local absconding (remaining in the jurisdiction but refusing to come to court even if reminded); and low-cost non-appearance (failing to appear for reasons besides avoiding justice). Critics say these types of FTAs may warrant different interventions.

Causes of non-appearance
Scholars, activists, and practitioners have criticized federal and state laws for operating on the mistaken assumption that most FTAs reflect a conscious decision to abscond. Critics believe most FTAs are the product of forgetfulness or logistical difficulties—and that, if given another opportunity, a defendant will appear when requested. They note that a single legal proceeding can span several years and consist of multiple court dates; due to backlogs in some courts, defendants may wait all day for their hearings only for a judge to impose a delay. Defendants who must go before a judge regularly can confuse or forget their court dates. Jurisdictions nationwide have reduced FTA rates by reminding people of upcoming court hearings. In New York, an effort to redesign court summons forms and notify people of their court dates using text messages reduced FTAs by 13% and 21%, respectively. These interventions resulted in an estimated 30,000 fewer warrants issued over three years.

Critics note that attending court can be particularly onerous for low-income individuals. Studies have documented a lack of access to transportation and childcare as two factors driving FTAs. Defendants may struggle to make their court dates due to conflicts with their work, as many courts are only open during business hours. Researchers have confirmed a positive correlation between indigence and FTAs across racial and gender demographics. They speculate that the logistical challenges and financial burdens associated with court attendance drove the disparities observed in their results. Advocates have called for transportation assistance and childcare support instead of criminal sanctions to address FTAs. Advocates note that some people, including houseless individuals and people dealing with substance abuse, require additional support and that the threat of criminal sanctions is ineffective.

Warrant backlogs
Some scholars contend that FTAs have led to warrant backlogs nationwide. In 2019, around one in seven adults had warrants out for their arrest in New Orleans, Louisiana; FTAs were responsible for over half of warrants issued in New Orleans in 2017. A Department of Justice investigation of the police department in Ferguson, Missouri, found that a municipal court had generated thousands of FTA warrants and used them to impose fines and fees on residents. Individuals with warrants out of their arrest may be less likely to seek educational and employment opportunities for fear of getting apprehended. They may have their driver's license revoked and cannot access public benefits. Several jurisdictions have taken steps to clear FTA warrants to reduce these backlogs.

Questions about FTA prevalence
Whether FTA rates are prevalent enough to warrant criminal sanctions has become a point of contention. FTAs are most common for lower-level, non-violent crimes: primarily in traffic court. Not all individuals who receive a traffic ticket or summons for a minor infraction realize that not attending court can lead to a warrant for their arrest. For serious felonies, FTAs are relatively rare. The most recent data available from the Bureau of Justice Statistics demonstrate that 83% of felony defendants will never miss a court date. The majority of those who miss an appearance will return to court within one year. FTA rates are also challenging to measure and compare. Some jurisdictions treat a single-missed court appearance as an FTA, such that a new FTA arises whenever an individual misses a court date in a single legal proceeding. Other jurisdictions treat all missed court appearances within one legal proceeding as a single FTA.

title: Failure to appear


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Butterfly Boucher

Butterfly Giselle Grace Boucher (born 2 June 1979) is an Australian singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist and record producer born in Adelaide. From the age of 15 years she played bass guitar in her older sister Rebecca Boucher Burns (Becca)'s band Eat the Menu (later named The Mercy Bell), which issued a debut album, Whoosh, in 1996. Since mid-2000 Boucher has lived in Nashville, United States, and has released four solo albums, Flutterby (October 2003), Scary Fragile (June 2009), a self-titled album (April 2012), and a 10th-anniversary celebration of Flutterby called Happy Birthday Flutterby (23 August 2014). Since 2008, Boucher has recorded material for Ten Out of Tenn, a Nashville-based music collective. Boucher is also a member of the pop rock trio Elle Macho.

Biography
Butterfly Giselle Grace Boucher was born on 2 June 1979 in Adelaide, the fourth of seven daughters. Her first name, Butterfly, was a suggestion from a friend of the family. Her parents are Vivienne, a ballet dancer, and Rodney "Rod" Boucher. Rod had a career as a professional singer/musician during the 1970s and 1980s specialising in Christian and rock music. Boucher's sisters are Danielle Boucher (later a film director, actor, production designer), Rebecca Boucher Burns (now in band Belle of the Ball), Sunshine Boucher March (a ceramicist), Eden (born ca. 1981, member of Lovers Electric, and known for clothing design as 'Eden honeydew'), Angelle (a former model), and Harmony (singer of Vuvuvultures and a Models 1 model). Her family travelled outback Australia during Boucher's early years.

From the age of 15 years, Boucher played bass guitar for Eat the Menu (later renamed The Mercy Bell), which was formed in Brisbane in 1992 by her sister Becca on lead vocals, and Josh Thomson on guitars and backing vocals. In June 1996, Eat the Menu issued an album, Whoosh, with a line-up of Boucher, Becca, Thomson and Dale Rankine on drums. Whoosh was re-released a year later under the band's new name, The Mercy Bell through Polydor records - but Boucher became disillusioned working with the major label, "I don't think they did any promotion for that first record. There weren't even posters. It was like suddenly we were signed, but it didn't change anything". Plans for the release of the second album never came into fruition due to the label being bought by Universal. In 1998, The Mercy Bell relocated to the United States – Nashville and signed to Interscope Records, Universal in Los Angeles. When the deal came to an abrupt end six months later due to Tom Whalley leaving to Warners the band played their last few shows in Nashville and moved to London, United Kingdom to seek new avenues. While The Mercy Bell was in hiatus, Boucher was working on her solo material, initially in Stockton, UK. By mid-2000, she had returned to live in Nashville. Thomson returned to Australia and Becca settled in the UK to form Belle of the Ball with her husband Benjamin Burns (jimmy Styles and the Easy Company) - in 2011 they performed a travelling "lo-fi pop event", Burns Bistro.

On 7 October 2003, Boucher released her debut solo album, Flutterby, on Universal and A&M Records. She co-produced and co-engineered it with Robin Eaton, Ron Fair, and Brad Jones at Alex the Great Studios in Nashville, Tennessee. AllMusic's Robert L. Doerschuk described Flutterby as "[a] low-key tour de force, [it] reflects an uncommon maturity and breadth of talent, particularly for a debut effort. Boucher commands all the essential instruments; more than that, she layers her parts with an ear toward sounding like a solid backup band, as opposed to showing off. Her lyrics, which adhere to the confessional/heartache model, can revolve around unanswered questions". The album peaked in the top 40 of Billboard's Top Heatseekers. In the next month Boucher issued her first single off the album, "I Can't Make Me", and followed with "Another White Dash". The latter track had been written by Boucher, Becca and Thomson of The Mercy Bell, which appeared on Billboard's Adult Top 40. During 2004 Boucher toured the US and Europe, opening for Barenaked Ladies, and then for Sarah McLachlan on the latter's Afterglow Tour.

Boucher started work on a second album, Scary Fragile, in 2005 and it was delivered to the A&M label in January 2006. In February 2007 the track, "A Bitter Song", from the album, featured on an episode of the TV series, Grey's Anatomy, it was available on iTunes for digital download on 27 February. After various delays due to producer, label and legal concerns Scary Fragile was released independently on 2 June 2009. Boucher reflected on her problems with major labels, "[t]hat's what was so frustrating. I had been there before and I managed to do it again ... I wasted those three years and lost my love of music in the process, trying to figure out what other people wanted". To promote the album's appearance Boucher issued a single, "Gun for a Tongue", in May and toured the US from May to July that year. In 2008 different Boucher family members contributed to the film, The Burial: Butterfly Boucher and Becca co-wrote two tracks which were performed by The Mercy Bell; Rod had the role as 'The Priest'; Vivi was a catering manager; Danielle co-directed, co-designed, acted as "The Mother' and co-wrote; Sunshine, Angelle and Harmony were catering assistants; and Eden co-designed production, acted as 'Nurse' and designed costumers.

Boucher is part of the musical collective, Ten Out of Tenn, which formed in Nashville in 2005; since 2008 Boucher appeared on various compilation or Christmas albums including, Ten Out of Tenn Compilation (Vol. 2), Ten Out of Tenn Christmas (both 2008), Any Day Now (2009), We Are all in This Together (2010) and Ten Out of Tenn Compilation (Vol. 4)  (2011). In July and August 2010, McLachlan invited Boucher to perform on the renewed Lilith Fair tour, where Boucher met fellow Australian singer-songwriter Missy Higgins, the pair share songwriting for a number of tracks including, "Unashamed Desire". In 2011, Boucher and Brad Jones, co-produced Higgins' album, The Ol' Razzle Dazzle (June 2012), at Alex the Great Studios, Nashville. Both Boucher and Higgins recorded their own version of "Unashamed Desire": Boucher's appeared on her self-titled album which was released 13 April 2012, Higgins' version was issued as a single and appeared on The Ol' Razzle Dazzle. In 2011 Boucher toured with McLachlan, playing bass guitar and singing vocals. She also performs and records bass guitar and vocals as part of Elle Macho, a Nashville-based trio she formed with guitarist David Mead and drummer Lindsay Jamieson. Elle Macho will release their debut album on 5 February 2013. In August 2012, Boucher supported Higgins on an Australian tour that was followed, in September, by a tour of the US with Katie Herzig (fellow Ten out of Tenn member) added to the bill.

In September 2013, she announced that for the 10th anniversary of her first album, Flutterby, she re-recorded its songs. This new release will be called "Happy Birthday Flutterby".

In media
Butterfly Boucher recorded a version of David Bowie's song "Changes", on the Shrek 2: Motion Picture Soundtrack, released in May 2004, for the film of the same name. Boucher's own songs have been featured on various TV programs. In July to August 2004, the short-lived ABC series, The Days used "Life is Short" as its opening theme. TV drama series Grey's Anatomy featured both "Never Leave Your Heart Alone" and "Life is Short" in its first season (2005), and debuted "A Bitter Song" from her then-unreleased album Scary Fragile in the third-season episode "Drowning on Dry Land" (2007). In addition, the title song "Scary Fragile" also featured in the pilot for the ABC Family show, Switched at Birth. The song "Gun for a Tongue" served as the theme song for The Lying Game.

Flutterby was the source of songs on the fantasy television series Charmed. "Life is Short" was used in the episode "Spin City", and the episode "Show Ghouls" features a version of the track "I Can't Make Me" remixed by Chris Lord-Alge, which is later included in soundtrack album, Charmed: The Book of Shadows.

The single "It Pulls Me Under" was featured in the film Where We're Meant to Be (2016) as well as the short film Break Free (2014) by Ruby Rose. Boucher later recorded and co-wrote an original song for the 2017 film Wonder entitled "Break the Rules".

Boucher co-wrote several songs and appears on Dawson Wells' debut album Re: No Subject, for which she played instruments, including drums, guitar, piano and keyboards, tambourine and bass. She provided lead and backup vocals on most of the songs, including a duet with Dawson called "Gracey and Henry Martin's First Summer". Compositions she penned with Wells on that album are "Say Anything", "Silly One", "Being in Love".

Her 2009 song, "A Bitter Song", was sampled by New Orleans rap duo Suicideboys in their song, "Kill Yourself III"

Discography
According to AllMusic, Butterfly Boucher is credited with: guitars (lead, bass, seven-string electric, acoustic, baritone), piano, violin, vocals (lead, backing), drums, animal sounds, keyboards, organ, percussion, programming, arranger, art direction, artwork, layout design, package design, composer, engineer, mixer, producer, and video director.

Collaborations and guest performances

 * "I'm Different" (on For the Kids Too!) 19 October 2004
 * ¡Es Potencial! (with Elle Macho) 6 October 2009
 * "Too Late, Farewell" (with Delerium) on Voice: An Acoustic Collection 5 October 2010
 * "Absolute Beginners" (with Cary Brothers) on Covers Volume One EP 15 May 2012
 * "Conquistador" (Single) (with Elle Macho) 5 February 2013
 * "Import" (with Elle Macho) 5 February 2013

EG Awards / Music Victoria Awards
The EG Awards (known as Music Victoria Awards since 2013) are an annual awards night celebrating Victorian music. They commenced in 2006.

 * 2012
 * Butterfly Boucher
 * Best Female
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Butterfly Boucher


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FTA

FTA may refer to:

Arts and media

 * The Faery Tale Adventure, a computer game
 * Festival TransAmériques, an annual dance and theater festival in Montreal, Quebec, Canada
 * Free The Army tour, the F.T.A. Tour or F.T.A. Show, an American anti-Vietnam War road show for G.I.s, a play on the common troop expression "Fuck The Army"
 * F.T.A., a 1972 documentary about the road show

 * Free-to-air, free satellite/TV channels
 * FTA receiver, for receiving Free-to-Air Broadcasts

Business and commerce

 * Aruban Workers' Federation (Papiamento: Federación de Trabajadores Arubanos)
 * Food, Tobacco, Agricultural, and Allied Workers, an American trade union
 * Free trade area
 * free trade agreement
 * List of bilateral free trade agreements
 * List of multilateral free trade agreements
 * Freight Transport Association, a British trade association

Mathematics

 * Functional-theoretic algebra
 * Fundamental theorem of algebra
 * Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

Transportation and vehicles

 * Futuna Airport, in Vanuatu
 * Frontier Flying Service, an American airline
 * Federal Transit Administration, part of the United States Department of Transportation
 * FTA, a Brazilian research rocket made by Fogtrein

Other uses

 * Face-threatening act, damaging someone's self esteem
 * Failure to appear, non-appearance when summoned to a court etc.
 * Fault tree analysis, system analysis methodology
 * FTA paper (Fast Technology for Analysis (of nucleic acids)) is chemically treated to allow for the rapid isolation of pure DNA in room temperature stable condition, suitable for archival
 * FTA-ABS, A diagnostic test for syphilis
 * Future-oriented technology analysis, a collective term from futures studies

title: FTA


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Turan Depression

The Turan Depression, Turan Lowland or Turanian Basin is a low-lying desert basin region stretching from southern Turkmenistan through Uzbekistan to Kazakhstan.

Geography
The lowland region lies to the east of the Caspian Sea and southeast of the Aral Sea in the vast Aral–Caspian Depression but extends to parts above sea level as well. It is one of the largest expanses of sand in the world, covering an area of around 3 million km2. On average, the region receives less than 15 in of rainfall per year. The Karakum desert lies at the southern portion of the Turan Lowlands.

The part of the depression adjacent to the Aral Sea is drainless. It includes a network of temporary streams usually ending in sor salt flats, which seasonally become salt lakes.

Three of the largest cities in the Turan Depression are Daşoguz in Turkmenistan, Nukus in Uzbekistan, and Urganch, also in Uzbekistan. Vpadina Akchanaya in Turkmenistan is 267 ft below sea level. The Amu Darya River runs in a southeast–north-westerly direction through the lowlands.

In the Pliocene and Pleistocene, the territory of the modern Turan depression was the bottom of the vast Turan Sea, which was divided into the modern Caspian and Aral seas about ten thousand years ago.

title: Turan Depression


text: User talk:64.222.115.147

title: User talk:64.222.115.147


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Hoxnian Stage

The Hoxnian Stage was a middle Pleistocene stage of the geological history of the British Isles. It was an interglacial which preceded the Wolstonian Stage and followed the Anglian Stage. It is equivalent to Marine Isotope Stage 11 (MIS 11). Marine Isotope Stage 11 started 424,000 years ago and ended 374,000 years ago. The Hoxnian is divided into sub-stages Ho I to Ho IV. It is likely equivalent to the Holstein Interglacial in Central Europe.

History
The Hoxnian Stage is named after Hoxne in the English county of Suffolk where some of the deposits created were first found. It was identified and dated with palynology or pollen evidence in the biostratigraphy and later updated with aminostratigraphic techniques. Based on stratigraphic information the Hoxnian happened after the Anglian glacial as Anglian soil is frequently found underneath Hoxnian deposits.

Similarly timed interglacials
The Hoxnian stage has often been correlated to the Holstein Interglacial of northern Continental Europe and the Mindel-Riss Interglacial of the Alps. However, there is ambiguity regarding the correlation of these two interglacials to either MIS 11 or MIS 9, which is related to the MIS 12 / MIS 10 ambiguity described in more detail in the article 'Elster glaciation'. Recent luminenscence

The Hoxnian stage has also been equated to the Yarmouthian (Yarmouth) Stage in North America. However, the Yarmouthian Stage, along with the Kansan, Nebraskan, and Aftonian stages, have been abandoned by North American Quaternary geologists and merged into the Pre-Illinoian Stage. At this time, the Hoxnian and Holstein stages are correlated with a brief part of the Pre-Illinoian Stage lying between the Pre-Illinoian A and Pre-Illinoian B glaciations of North America.

Humans
During the Hoxnian human activity was constrained by the dense forests so humans travelled along rivers and created settlements in valleys. The Beeches Pit site revealed humans possibly selected sites rich with flint for toolmaking.

Environment
The Hoxnian is an interglacial phase meaning the warm periods in between glacial periods. Interglacial phases are heavily vegetated with woodlands interspersed with open areas. Site deposits are often found over Anglian soil which dates to MIS 12. Most sites have been found in valleys with signs of river deposits. During the interglacial the valleys would have been surrounded by dense forests.

Hoxnian sites
Beeches Pit, West Stow, Suffolk is a site dated to MIS 11 and under 40 km from other sites for the Lower Paleolithic and Middle Paleolithic. Beeches Pit is considered a site of special interest because not only were shells and plant remains found but animal bones that were burnt. The sites around Hitchin, Hertfordshire are associated with lakes caused by the melting of glaciers that settled in holes. When archaeologists dug up the sites they found dense soil full of gravel. The gravel is hypothesized to come from the creation of hand axes. At Marks Tey, Essex the lake soil was rich with pollen spanning all of the Hoxnian and remnants of gravel and artefacts.

title: Hoxnian Stage


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Talk:Six Feet Under (band)

GA nomination
I am currently trying to get this article up to GA. It would be very sweet if we could get a death metal article up to this status. Anyone who has reliable sources and information that would be useful to the article, please contribute! Dark Executioner (talk) 15:50, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
 * It won't happen, not with this article anyways. There are other dm articles that have a higher class than this one, btw.  I think B class is the highest.  Only Death has that I believe.  SFU ain't even that great =), but that's my POV.  There's better dm bands.  Blizzard Beast  ''$ODIN' 22:56, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
 * WOW! There's no way this article will get GA status.  I just looked at all the metal GA status articles...There's no pure death metal bands in there at all.  The closest you'll get is Devourment, Opeth and Divine Heresy.  None of whic are pure death metal.  One is melodeath, another is melodeath with metalcore (urgh) and Devourment is deathgrind. You have no chance.  Not with this article.  It's not even close to good enough.  Blizzard Beast  ''$ODIN' 23:01, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

I'm working to change that. This article can succeed if its more than just me doing all the edits and finding sources. And who cares about what you think of the band - this isn't a forum. Keep comments like that to yourself. Either join in and help or leave, don't cause any problems. Thanks, Dark Executioner (talk) 00:42, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Whoa! I get you, but that wasn't very nice. I realize it's not a forum.  I didn't insult SFU, only said there are better death metal bands out there.  I'm not even a huge dm fan anyways. Black metal is my topic of choice.  It just so happens I always talk like that on talk pages.  I get out all my POV there.  For example, I often go to the metalcore page and harass them =).  Not to the point where I get in any trouble, but I always make sure they know exactly how I feel about that shitty music.  I always make sure I am talking about something constructive as well, though (i.e. fixing something or responding to someone).  In your case I'll just say that I will join in and help when I can.  I'm a very busy sort of person and I work on a great myriad of articles, so it can be hard to spend much time on just one. Good luck.  Blizzard Beast  ''$ODIN' 00:54, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Also, I wasn't insulting the article by saying it wasn't good enough. I was simply pointing out that it does need editing.  It also surely won't get a GA rating (and it has nothing to do with the band).  It could definitely be upgraded to start class.  Blizzard Beast  ''$ODIN' 00:54, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

Talk pages on Wikipedia are not the place to vent your POV. I don't care that you think that there are better death metal bands, Wikipedia isn't the place to say that. I'm not being harsh - I'm merely stating the facts and trying to keep you out of trouble as well. Understand that, dude!

I appreciate any positive contributions you can make to SFU. This GA means a good bit to me b/c it's my very first time trying to get an article up to this status. Thanks, Dark Executioner (talk) 01:01, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I've never gotten in trouble for that, but I'll stop, at least with you. To be honest, I think it's a losing battle you're fighting.  Take a look at the metal bands who do have high status (GA or above).  It's only the biggest bands, man.  Slayer, Rush, Megadeth, Metallica, Iron Maiden and other bands like that.  Even then there aren't many of them.  You have a better chance with other articles than this. Devourement has the highest status for a death metal band (GA).  Take a look at it.  Death also has one of the highest statuses for a dm band (B).  Examine it.  Both are longer and a bit more adept than this article.  You just don't have enough info to work with.  This article should be changed to start class, but i don't see it getting higher than that any time soon.  I'll do what I can. Making it more encyclopedic helps. Words like "apocalytic" and "brutal" don't help the article at all. I'm a metalhead.  I appreciate shit like that, but the normal person won't.  You gotta think like more of a normal person or a nerd. Encylopedic.  Blizzard Beast  ''$ODIN' 01:12, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

I just went through the page and did an array of cleanups. From what I can see from this article is a lot of repetition like "saw the release of" for example. It also has a lot of OR which needs sourcing. You also may want to check the Words to Avoid guideline for what words you shouldn't use, such as obviously/obvious for instance. Also, with WP:DATE we don't add the st, nd, rd or th at the end of dates (although I am unaware of a time when you can). With WP:CONTEXT it is good to link articles that are related to the text or things people may not know a lot about (think international with things). Also the length for it to be a GA-class article is a bit short and the quality of this article I don't think is quite there yet for a "B" article but it's definitely not a stub anymore. I know a few articles that should be reviewed which are B-class and could be Good Article Candidates. − ₪ÇɨгcaғucɨҲ₪  kaiden  06:26, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Sweet, thanks CircafuciX!  Blizzard Beast  ''$ODIN' 22:27, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

As always, your help is appreciated, CircafuciX.
 * As far as the album descriptions go... Most of the information was reworded from AMG.com. I didn't want to put the same source after every description because it seemed unnessicary. So I just put it at the end of the page and titled it "Album Descriptions."
 * I really need help with sourcing. I'm finding that there are not too many descriptions of SFU on other websites that aren't already listed in this article. Please help if you can, anyone! Thanks, Dark Executioner (talk) 00:01, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

Welcome, I like to help out. :) Well I just got word that Damageplan just became a GA so maybe length isn't as important when I think about it, but flow and sourcing is, etc. I'll find a time that I can look for good sources, otherwise I'm busy with everything else. − ₪ÇɨгcaғucɨҲ₪  kaiden  02:32, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

There are now sixteen sources on this article. If you can find any more, that would be magnificent! Dark Executioner (talk) 21:47, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

Low Priority article?
I don't think this is accurate anymore. The page has undergone massive rewrites and improvements since then. I have yet to check, but I think it's approaching B-class, if not there already. Dark Executioner (talk) 15:49, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately, the article is POV ridden. It needs massive improvements before one even considers a GA nomination. LuciferMorgan (talk) 14:41, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

 * The album descriptions are sourced, as well as most of the other main, informative details. Man, I'm just proud that I was able to help get this thing to B-class, to tell you the truth! Dark Executioner (talk) 14:10, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

 * They might be sourced, but they aren't properly sourced. Comparisons from Slayer article and this one;

Slayer article: "Blabbermouth.net reviewer Borijov Krgin described the album as "a feeble attempt at incorporating updated elements into the group's sound, the presence of which elevated the band's efforts somewhat and offered hope that Slayer could refrain from endlessly rehashing their previous material for their future output.",[31]"

This one: "The tracks are still crashing and mostly slow-paced, but have less static."

If you notice, none of the opinions in this article are actually attributed to an opinion. Sourced or unsourced, this article is POV ridden. Also, WP:RS needs to be observed - using a Metal-archives.com review as an example of critical opinion is grossly wrong, more specifically as anyone can write a review for them. LuciferMorgan (talk) 17:22, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

Album Descriptions
I have run into a minor problem. I would like to keep the album descriptions as informative as possible while keeping the article neutral in tone. It seems as though those five hours I spent finding sources for the descriptions wasn't enough :-( and now I have to maybe cut out some of the stuff I worked so hard on.

To anyone out there reading this, if you would like to help me take out the weasley words like "brutal" then I would gladly appreciate your help. Dark Executioner (talk) 17:16, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

FYI this article and the article on Bringer of Blood contradict each other with the numbering of studio albums.

Music Samples
I also think that the article would benefit from music samples. I don't know how to put music on Wikipedia though, and the steps that people have given me to help don't really make any sense as I am not a techno-wiz. What would be really good is if we had an original song (like "Doomsday") and a cover song (like "TNT" or "California Uber Alles") sample in the article.

If you know how to put music in the article, then please do so. Thanks, Dark Executioner (talk) 17:16, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

Congrats
To Dark Executioner and anyone else who helped him. I am thoroughly impressed. B-class. If this article can be considered B-class, though, I think a lot of other metal articles can be moved up in class.  Blizzard Beast  ''$ODIN' 20:10, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

Thank you! There is still much to be done, and you can help (especially if you know how to put music samples on Wikipedia), but thank you. Dark Executioner (talk) 16:55, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

Insect/Drowning/Grinder
The 3 studio tracks found on the Alive or Dead EP are also found on the Japanese Retail of Warpath FYI. 24.68.46.39 (talk)

Edit warring
Folks, that's uncited text that's being repeatedly removed. If you want to be able to defend it successfully, add a reference.--SarekOfVulcan (talk) 16:20, 5 November 2008 (UTC)

 * The user needs to follow protocol and include an edit summary and/or move the content to the Talk page for discussion; as it stands, his edits constitute vandalism. Radiopathy (talk) 00:31, 6 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I added a tag to the disputed content, since it doesn't appear that it would be libelous if false.

edits
I'm editing a couple of things on this page, mainly word choice and sentence construction--but since this article seems to be important to a lot of people I'm being very liberal with explanations of my edits. Thus, you'll see many small ones rather than one big edit marked 'edits throughout.' I hope that makes everyone happy. Drmies (talk) 20:05, 18 November 2008 (UTC)

Six Feet Under discography
 Support split - Discography section is becoming lengthy, and should be split to a new article entitled "Six Feet Under discography". Thoughts? --Jax 0677 (talk) 23:35, 15 May 2015 (UTC)

 Support split - Makes sense, as they have 11 studio albums and quite a bit of miscellaneous items in the discography as well. Would make sense to simply list the studio albums like this and have the discography article listed above that.--Jacob Hellflames (talk) 10:13, 18 May 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Six Feet Under (band)


text:
Talk:Thelema

James Lees, Nema Andahadna, Kenneth Grant
If nobody objects, I'm going to remove all references to these individuals. They're not notable people within Thelema at all. Valgrus Thunderaxe (talk) 23:22, 1 September 2022 (UTC)

 * I object. They or their systems have articles. They are indeed notable within Thelema, though disliked by OTO (which does not define Thelema)., what do you think? Skyerise (talk) 12:54, 2 September 2022 (UTC)

Unused sources
The following are sources listed in the article that are not actually used (referred to). Putting them here in case anyone needs them later.

▶ I am Grorp ◀ 08:11, 15 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Thanks for calling attention to those. The sources at the end in your list regarding the relationship between Thelema and Scientology were added by me years ago as references in-text. Obviously someone has removed the relevant text but for some reason left in the references. (I have not monitored this article for a long time.) I had long planned on adding a new section to the article about the immense influence that Thelema has had on religions, philosophies, and other movements and ideologies that came after the advent of Thelema. Those ideologies are as diverse as Wicca, Neopaganism, some variants of Satanism (which is unfortunate in my opinion, as, unlike Thelema, Satanism is a philosophy of narcissism, but I digress...), the New Age movement, 1960s counterculture, and the hippie movement, among many, many countless other ideologies and belief systems. One could potentially even argue that the modern gay rights movement wouldn't have happened without Thelema.

 * Thelema has also been argued by many scholars of Religion to have been one of many influences on the development of Scientology. (For example, it is a well-documented fact that the founder of Scientology, L. Ron Hubbard, was an early member of the O.T.O. and likely even knew Crowley personally.) This fact makes a lot of people very uncomfortable, both Thelemites who are afraid that this association will make people think that Thelema is a "cult", and Scientologists who are afraid that people will negatively associate Scientology with occultism. (The Church of Scientology officially denies that L. Ron Hubbard was ever associated with Thelema or Crowley, despite virtually undeniable evidence to the contrary.) I originally had a sentence or two in the intro of the article mentioning that Thelema had been an influence on the development of many diverse belief systems, Scientology among them. This angered some people, either people who thought it made Thelema look "bad" or people who thought it made Scientology look "bad", so I assume one of those such people removed it somewhere along the way but for some reason either intentionally, or more likely unintentionally, forgot to also remove the references.

 * My intention was always to create a new large section of the article, perhaps even an entirely new article, documenting the vast influence that Thelema has had on society and other religious movements, but years go by faster than I ever imagined they would and it is one of countless tasks that I intended to do but never got around to. And for the record, my position is to be neither pro- nor anti-Scientology, nor pro- nor anti-Thelema when it comes to Wikipedia. My intent is to neutrally, factually, and without bias document the vast and often hidden impact that Thelema has had on the course of history and society. It's truly remarkable just how many seemingly unrelated things in society and culture can trace their roots back to Thelema.

 * Writing the section--or hopefully an entire article--is still something I intend to do eventually. But for now, I'm just giving some backstory as to an explanation for at least part of that list of orphan references. I wonder if the other sources you listed may have become unused in the article for similar reasons: because they didn't fit with someone's personal bias/opinions/beliefs. Vontheri (talk) 23:11, 24 February 2024 (UTC)

Proposed merge of List of Thelemites into Thelema
The list article is uncited (18 years!). It is short enough (without a TOC) to fit inside the Thelema article. Or simply provide a link to Category:Thelemites in the See-also section. ▶ I am Grorp ◀ 08:18, 15 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Merge doesn't solve citation problem. Every single entry is cited in the linked article. Skyerise (talk) 12:59, 15 February 2024 (UTC)
 * You did a good job adding citations and/or citation-needed tags to each entry. Still not sure why it needs its own article. I cannot imagine it will ever grow. There are only 36 items on the list (10 still uncited). That's not a lot. Also, the letter section headings are distracting; it's a far more interesting list to just scroll through, not search. Below is a better rendition (if you put the # back to *; I used it to count the entries).   ▶ I am Grorp ◀  05:12, 16 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Why would the list never grow? Vontheri (talk) 23:37, 24 February 2024 (UTC)

 * 1) Kenneth Anger (1927-2023), American underground experimental filmmaker, actor, and writer.
 * 2) Frank Bennett (1868–1930), Australian chemist.
 * 3) William Breeze (b. 1955), American writer and musician.
 * 4) Mary Butts (1890–1937), English modernist writer.
 * 5) Marjorie Cameron (1922–1995), American artist, poet, actress and occultist.
 * 6) Aleister Crowley (1875–1947), English occultist, ceremonial magician, writer, and founder of Thelema.
 * 7) Lon Milo DuQuette (b. 1948), American writer, lecturer, musician, and occultist.
 * 8) J. F. C. Fuller (1878–1966), Major-General in the British Army, military historian, and strategist.
 * 9) Karl Germer (1885-1962),  German and American businessman and occultist, OHO of OTO (1947–1962).
 * 10) Kenneth Grant (1924–2011), English ceremonial magician and advocate of Thelema.
 * 11) Lady Frieda Harris (1877–1962), English artist known for her design of Crowley's Thoth Tarot.
 * 12) Leah Hirsig (1883–1975), American schoolteacher and occultist, most famous of Crowley's Scarlet Women.
 * 13) Sara Northrup Hollister (1924–1997), American occultist and second wife of Scientologist founder L. Ron Hubbard.
 * 14) Christopher Hyatt (1943–2008), American psychologist, occultist, and writer.
 * 15) Augustus Sol Invictus (b. 1983), American far-right political activist, attorney, blogger, and white nationalist.
 * 16) Charles Stansfeld Jones (1886–1950), Canadian occultist and ceremonial magician.
 * 17) George Cecil Jones (1873–1960), English chemist, occultist, Golden Dawn member and co-founder of the A∴A∴.
 * 18) Richard Kaczynski (b. 1963), American occult writer and psychologist.
 * 19) Rose Edith Kelly (1874–1932), English wife of occult writer Aleister Crowley from 1903 to 1909.
 * 20) Francis X. King (1934–1994), English occult writer and editor.
 * 21) James Lees (1939–2015), English magician known for English Qaballa.
 * 22) Grady Louis McMurtry (1918–1985), American ceremonial magician and "Caliph" of O.T.O.
 * 23) Marcelo Ramos Motta (1931–1987), Brazilian occult writer and member of A∴A∴.
 * 24) Nema Andahadna (1939–2018), American occultist, ceremonial magician, and writer about the Ma'atian current.
 * 25) Victor Neuburg (1883–1940), English poet and writer.
 * 26) Noname Jane, American pornographic actress.
 * 27) Rodney Orpheus (b. 1960), English electronic rock musician.
 * 28) Jack Parsons (1914–1952), American rocket engineer, chemist, and occultist.

 * 1) C. F. Russell (1897–1987), American occultist and founder of the magical order G.B.G.
 * 2) Phyllis Seckler (1917–2004), American occultist and writer, and a lineage holder in the A∴A∴ tradition.
 * 3) Wilfred Talbot Smith (1885–1957), English occultist and ceremonial magician.
 * 4) Leila Waddell (1880–1932), Australian violinist who became a Scarlet Woman of Aleister Crowley.
 * 5) James Wasserman (1948–2020), American writer and occultist.
 * 6) Sam Webster, American writer, publisher, co-founder of the Chthonic Auranian Templars of Thelema and OSOGD.
 * 7) Jane Wolfe (1875–1958), American silent film character actress.
 * 8) Gerald Yorke (1901–1983), English soldier and writer.

 * Um, it's still a living religion. Why would you think the list would never grow? There are a number of living people on the list, and there are most likely articles that could be added if support were added to the relevant articles. I'm sorry you're distracted by the alphabet, but I see no reason to change the headings. Not sure why you are discussing it here rather than there. Skyerise (talk) 08:32, 16 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thelema


text:
Talk:Caradoc Vreichvras

Removed from the article:

 * The Welsh Triads depict Caradoc as a close confidant of King Arthur, and if some genealogies are to be believed they were in fact cousins.

After reviewing my copy of the Welsh Triads (Rachel Bromwich's masterful work, mentioned in the bibliography of the Wikipedia article linked to above), I was unable to find this stated. Caradawc Vreichvras (as Bromwich standardizes the Old Welsh form of his name) is mentioned in Triads 1, 18, 38, & one version of 71; Caradawc is mentioned with Arthur only in Triad 1, which with 71 Bromwich argues are late Triads, perhaps dating to the 12th century. In fact in her notes on Caradawc, Bromwich states that their earliest mention together is in Chretien de Troyes' Erec, l.1719 -- which was written in the last half of the 12th century.

If this is typical of the level of scholarship of this article, then it is in serious need of work. -- llywrch 20:43, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Caradoc Vreichvras


text:
Holden Sandman

The Holden Sandman is a sports coupé utility produced between 1974 and 1980 by General Motors' Australian subsidiary Holden and became known throughout the 1970s as "Shaggin' Wagons", given their popularity amongst teenage couples, identified by their bright paint jobs and distinguishable stripes, and later the colourful "SANDMAN" lettering covering the tailgate, the Sandman was Holden's answer to a Panel Van and Utility variant of the popular GTS variants of the Sedan and Monaro Coupé, The sandman came standard with the GTS' sports style gauge cluster, sports steering wheel, bucket seats, along with a fully furnished interior, and the exterior consisting of rally wheels, GTS style guards, "Sandman" Logo painted on B pillars for utes and in approximately the same spot on panel vans and exclusive vinyl stripes, the Sandman came with a standard 173 cubic inch "red" inline 6, however most were optioned with either a 253, or 308 cubic inch Holden V8 (as Chevrolet small-block engines were not an option, unlike their GTS counterparts), backed by either a 4 speed manual (Standard) or 3 Speed 'Tri-Matic' Automatic, both controlled through a console mounted floorshift.

Ford Australia released its XB Falcon Surferoo and Surfsider and later a range of Sundowner vans to try and take a share of the Sandman's popularity, however did not succeed. Valiant-Chrysler Australia also released its CL Valiant Drifter, to similar praise.

The Sandman is often referred to among enthusiasts by its Production Order (PO) code, "XX7".

Holden Commodore Sandman
In 2015, the Sandman nameplate was revived with a limited edition version of the Commodore SportWagon and Ute decorated with HX-HZ style stripes, a custom "Sandman" dashpad, 20inch Baretta wheels and sheepskin seat covers, The Sandman was available in SV6 or SS V Redline spec, with a Holden High-Feature "LFX" V6, or for the latter, a Chevrolet "LS3" small-block V8.

title: Holden Sandman


text:
Wolstonian Stage

The Wolstonian Stage is a middle Pleistocene stage of the geological history of Earth from approximately 374,000 until 130,000 years ago. It precedes the Last Interglacial (also called the Eemian Stage) and follows the Hoxnian Stage in the British Isles.

It is also approximately analogous to the Warthe and Saalian stages in northern Europe; the Riss glaciation in the Alps; and the Illinoian Stage in North America. The colder last part from around 194,000 years ago is called the Penultimate Glacial Period.

It is equivalent to Marine isotope stages (MIS) 10 through 6. MIS 10, 8 and 6 were glacial periods and 9 and 7 were interglacials.

It is named after Wolston in the English county of Warwickshire.

Description
The Wolstonian Stage is a middle Pleistocene stage of the geological history of Earth that precedes the Ipswichian Stage (Eemian Stage in Europe) and follows the Hoxnian Stage in the British Isles. The Wolstonian Stage apparently includes three periods of glaciation. The Wolstonian Stage is temporally analogous to the Warthe Stage and Saalian Stage in northern Europe and the Riss glaciation in the Alps, and temporally equivalent to all of the Illinoian Stage and the youngest part of the Pre-Illinoian Stage in North America. It is contemporaneous with the North American Pre-Illinoian A, Early Illinoian, and Late Illinoian glaciations.

The Wolstonian Stage is equivalent to Marine isotope stages 6 through 10.

Britain became an Island during this period (350,000 years ago).

It started 374,000 years ago and ended 130,000 years ago.

Etymology
The Wolstonian Stage was named after the site of Wolston in the English county of Warwickshire where corresponding deposits were first identified.

Archaeology
Acheulian flint tools have been found in Wolstonian deposits.

title: Wolstonian Stage


text: Template:Van-stub

title: Template:Van-stub


text:
Lowry

Lowry may refer to:

People

 * Adam Lowry (born 1993), American ice hockey player
 * Calvin Lowry (born 1983), American football player
 * Dave Lowry (born 1965), Canadian ice hockey player
 * Desiree Lowry (born 1972), Puerto Rican beauty pageant titleholder
 * Scooter Lowry (1919–1989), American child actor and vaudevillian
 * Hiram Harrison Lowry (1843–1924), American Methodist missionary to China
 * Heath W. Lowry (born 1942), British historian of the Ottoman Empire
 * Henry Berry Lowrie (born c. 1845, dis. 1872), Confederate outlaw
 * Henry Dawson Lowry (1869–1906), English journalist
 * James Lowry Jr. (1820–1876), Scottish mayor of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
 * James K. Lowry (1942–2021) zoologist. Lowry is his zoological author abbreviation
 * Joseph Wilson Lowry (1803–1879), British engraver
 * Kyle Lowry (born 1986), American basketball player
 * L. S. Lowry (1887–1976), British artist/painter
 * Leonard Lowry (1884–1947), New Zealand politician
 * Lois Lowry (born 1937), American author
 * Malcolm Lowry (1909–1957), British author and poet
 * Mark Lowry (born 1958), American comedian
 * Martin Lowry (1874–1936), British physical chemist
 * Michael Lowry (politician) (born 1953), Irish politician
 * Mike Lowry (1939–2017), American politician
 * Noah Lowry (born 1980), American baseball pitcher
 * Oliver H. Lowry (1910–1996), American biochemist
 * Porter Prescott Lowry, American botanist whose standard author abbreviation is Lowry
 * Ray Lowry (1944–2008), British cartoonist, illustrator and satirist
 * Rich Lowry (born 1968), American editor and columnist
 * Robert Lowry (disambiguation)
 * Shane Lowry (footballer) (born 1989), Australian/Irish footballer
 * Shane Lowry (golfer) (born 1987), Irish golfer
 * Sumter de Leon Lowry Jr. (1893–1985), a Florida businessman who ran for governor
 * Sylvanus Lowry (c. 1824–1865), American politician
 * Thomas Lowry (1843–1909), American businessman
 * Tom Lowry (1898–1976), New Zealand cricketer
 * Tommy Lowry (1945–2015), English footballer

United States

 * Lowry, Minnesota
 * Lowry, South Dakota
 * Lowry, Virginia
 * Lowry Air Force Base, a former air force base in Colorado
 * Lowry Avenue Bridge, Minneapolis, Minnesota
 * Lowry City, Missouri
 * Lowry Crossing, Texas
 * Lowry Park Zoo, Tampa, Florida
 * Lowry Run, a stream in Ohio

United Kingdom

 * The Lowry, an art gallery in Salford, England
 * The Lowry Academy, a secondary school in Salford, England
 * Lowry Hotel in Salford, England

Other

 * Lowry (band), Brooklyn-based indie rock band
 * Lowry protein assay

title: Lowry