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Daewon Song

Daewon Song (born February 19, 1975) (송대원) is an American professional skateboarder. He is the co-founder and co-owner of Almost Skateboards and Thank You Skateboards, and continues to skate for the latter company. Song was named the 2006 "Skater of the Year" by Thrasher magazine, an award that is widely considered to be one of the most significant honors in skateboarding.

Early life
Song, a Korean American, was born in Seoul, South Korea, and grew up in Gardena, California, following a year spent with his grandmother in Hawaii. During the first half of his life, Song was raised by his older sister, who also raised Song's brother. Song revealed in a "Milestone" interview for The Skateboard Mag that both of his parents were perceived as "insane" by their neighbors due to their constant fighting—Song explained that, on occasion, he would need to telephone the police. Song's mother, who once shot her husband in the face, died in 1999, predeceasing Song's father.

When he was fourteen years of age, Song started skateboarding during a two-month period when his parents were separated—he was given his first skateboard by his mother and was later sponsored by a skateboard shop in the South Bay area of Los Angeles, California called Sporting Ideas. Prior to this, Song received attention for his artistic abilities, winning drawing contests and engaging in the commercial art field at a very young age. Song provided insight into his family life in a 2005 interview:

You know Asian parents, man; they're gnarly. They want you to become some lead pianist in an orchestra or, like every parent, they want you to become a doctor. I was really into art when I was a young kid, and I won a lot of awards, so my parents thought that's what I'd pursue. Then I got picked up in skateboarding and started getting free stuff. They were tripping, like, "Where are you getting all this free stuff?" They thought I was stealing money from them.

Song attended the 135th Street school in Gardena, known for its aggressive reputation, and has explained the challenges that were present while he was growing up in the area, where gang activity was prolific:

Around my neighborhood, skating was actually big for a time, like in the early '90s. Then it started to die out. There was a lot of gang banging going on in my old neighborhood in Gardena. I was seriously the only skateboarder left at my school. I just hung in there ... A lot of guys quit skating, one got killed, another guy was tagging on a freeway and got killed. I watched all these friends of mine getting into the stupidest things. And I was like, dude, I just need to stick with this skateboard thing. But I didn't stick with it as a career; I just thought it was something to do after school, y'know? Skateboarding's changed so much now. It's like kids skate just to get sponsored. Back then we skated the curb at Rally's burgers just for something to do.

Song has relayed that he sighted Rodney Mullen skateboarding at his school and that Mullen, in turn, had observed Song skateboarding there. Song explained in a 2012 interview that his friend at the time spoke with Mullen and the professional skateboarder revealed that he was impressed by Song's skills and wanted to send Song skateboard decks to ride as an introduction to Mullen's fledgling business. Song agreed to the proposal and the relationship between the two skateboarders, now co-owners of the Almost Skateboards company, commenced at that point in time. Mullen became a mentor figure to Song and the latter became a team rider for the Tensor company as the result of this relationship (as of July 2014, Song continues to be sponsored by Tensor).

World Industries
Song became sponsored by World Industries at the age of sixteen years and appeared in numerous video productions for the company, including Love Child (1992). It is in Love Child that Song documented the first hardflip on film. Song has spoken about his time with World Industries in numerous interviews, particularly focusing on his time at the World Industries indoor skate park and being involved with a company that was overseen by Steve Rocco, the founder of World Industries and former business partner of Rodney Mullen—Mullen would later become a close friend and mentor to Song. Videographer, Socrates Leal, who filmed a large portion of the World Industries/Dwindle Distribution footage since the company's inception, released footage from the World Park as part of the "30 Shot" web-based project, including segments that feature Song. Leal has revealed during his narration for one of the segments that Song has always possessed a clear awareness of what aspects of his skateboarding he would like filmed and would often instruct the filmer while skateboarding.

Love Child was then followed up by New World Order (1993) and Song has explained that the skateboarding world had significantly changed in the one-year period between the videos:

Then in '93, with New World Order, things got more serious. More skaters started coming up, and if you were filming something and someone already did it, you'd have to come up with something better. From that point on, filming got a lot harder.

Song stated during his "Epicly Later'd" episode for Vice magazine's web channel that he misses his time at World Industries.

Ankle injury
In a July 2012 interview with the online magazine, Jenkem, Song revealed that he seriously contemplated ceasing skateboarding between the years 1996 and 1997, following an ankle injury that he sustained during the New World Order period. During this period, Song stated that he was predominantly located in the Long Beach area of Los Angeles while in a relationship with a girlfriend who was a member of the Bloods. Song considered a living modifying cars and eventually returned to skateboarding following a telephone call from his mentor, Rodney Mullen. Song had gone into further detail about this period of his life in a 2005 interview:

I lost touch with a lot of girls, and then I called Rodney and he wasn't doing too good. It was a wake-up call. At that moment I felt like I was a pathetic piece of trash. They did all this for me and I was going to give it up. It was almost as though Rodney brought me into this and had supported me, and now it was my turn to support him. I just woke up and started skating again and tried to make stuff happen again. Then Rodney and me started doing our projects, and everything from that point on has been working out great.

Matix Clothing
In 1998, Song founded the Matix Clothing apparel company with fellow professional skateboarder, Tim Gavin (retired), and distribution company, Podium Distribution (the Dunlap brothers, Kevin and Brian). In March 2013, Song explained the initial period of the brand's formation:

Gavin brought Rudy Johnson, Jeron Wilson and Sean Sheffey; and then for me, I brought Marc Johnson, Rodney Mullen and, ahh, JB Gillett. And that was our team—including me and Gavin; so there was eight. I remember when it first started—me, Kevin and Brian and Gavin ... just funny how all these things we talked about on the kitchen floor, having pizza, it actually went into motion, and it was, like, "Wow, here are the first samples!"

Song further explained that he was responsible for the origin of the Matix logo, after he drew a squiggle on a napkin that reminded him of someone pushing along on a skateboard. As of 2013, the brand had been existence for fifteen years and Song stated in March of that year, "we are still pushing strong".

The Transworld Business website announced on July 2, 2012, that Matix Clothing had been acquired by "technical apparel brand", Westlife Distribution; the deal included intellectual property, inventory and accounts receivable.

In a press release on September 4, 2012, Matix announced the re-signing of Daewon Song, Marc Johnson, and Mike Anderson to its team roster (notably absent was young and popular former rider, Torey Pudwill). The press release confirmed the relocation of the brand to Los Angeles, and company president, Brian Dunlap, stated, "I'm thrilled with the Westlife transition so far, and bringing these guys back onto the program was key. We have longstanding relationships and friendships that were important to keep intact, and the brand image will only grow stronger with such a good crew representing for us."

As of March 2013, the Matix skate team consisted of Song, Johnson, Mike Anderson, Zach Wallin, Auby Taylor, and Matt Berger —at this time, Song, Johnson, and Anderson all had signature clothing collections for sale. Together with 686, a snowboard company, the company relocated to a new premises in Compton, California, US in 2013. The Matix Fall 2014 catalog video, filmed in the Sierra Nevada region of California, US, was published on the brand's Vimeo channel.

A press release from the Sequential Brands Group, which acquired the shoe brand in mid-2012, revealed that Song had renewed his contract with the company for a further three years. The CEO of the licensing and branding company, Colin Dyne, explained in the press release that "It is critically important to us that the authenticity and integrity of the DVS brand remain in tact [sic]. By moving forward with Daewon, a legend in the skate arena, DVS is remaining true to its heritage". Song stated in the same document that "DVS has been family since 1997 and has always had my back 100% and I will always have their's [sic], 100%!!! Re-signing wasn't even a question! Just needed to make sure the damn pen worked!".

On August 28, 2012, Song revealed in a Twitter post that he had commenced work on a new DVS project.

Song received the cover of The Skateboard Mag, as part of a feature on the DVS Shoes tour to Detroit, US that occurred in late-2012—the photo is credited to Anthony Acosta, a close friend of Song. Song was previously featured on the cover of The Skateboard Mag, in a photo also taken by Acosta, skating a transitional structure that was tied to the back of a truck in Norwalk, California, US—Acosta has explained:

I found this sheet-metal halfpipe sitting on a truck bed about two miles from where I used to live. I knew Daewon was the guy to call for this natural miniramp. We shot a few things that day and ended up getting a cover of The Skateboard Mag with one of the photos.

The DVS Shoes Facebook profile published the advertisement for Song's thirteenth signature shoe model, part of the "Daewon Song Signature Series", named the "Daewon 13"—Song is photographed performing a trick on a rust-covered structure that is in a coastal location.

One-time DVS filmer, Colin Kennedy, released a video compilation that he had produced with the use of footage filmed during the Skate More period, entitled "Daewon vs H2O". The compilation shows various settings in which Song filmed skateboarding tricks in locations where water was a primary factor, including a metropolitan sculpture of a movie reel situated within a pool of water. Part of Kennedy's blurb for the video stated, "Daewon likes a challenge. Watch any of his video parts and you'll see what I mean ... You name it and he's skated it, or at least tried." The footage that is used in the video was shot between 2002 and 2005.

Deca
After nine years with World Industries, Song left the company in 1999 to found Deca Skateboards, with a team that included Chris Haslam, JB Gillet, Shiloh Greathouse, and Marcus McBride (Cooper Wilt was featured in two "hidden parts" in the second Deca video 2nd to None ). After three years of operation, during which time two videos—Sneak Preview and 2nd to None —were produced, Deca ceased operations in 2002. Following the brand's demise, McBride moved onto establishing the DGK company with Stevie Williams, Greathouse rode for Stacy Lowery and Michael Sieben's Bueno brand, JB Gillet joined the Cliche team, while Wilt and Haslam remained with Song for his next board company Artafact.

Artafact
Following the cessation of Deca, Song launched a short-lived company entitled Artafact in 2002, with Haslam and Wilt included as team riders—the brand was dismantled in 2003 after eight to twelve months of operation. In a 2012 interview for the "Weekend Buzz" segment of the internet-based RIDE channel, Haslam provided a perspective on Artafact in relation to Deca: "I think I liked Artafact better—the layout of the ads was always sick. It was nice and clean and there was, like, possibilities to go there, but, you know, I guess it didn't really go anywhere, so we changed it."

Song released a video part on The Berrics in January 2011 that could be purchased for US$0.99. The downloadable part, entitled "New Year's Dae", was made available for sale on January 11—and was thus promoted as a "1.11.11" video part—the part featured a combination of street, park, and transition skateboarding.

The Almost video 5-Incher was released June 4, 2012, and Mullen is the only team member that is not featured. The film premiered at the Art Theater in Long Beach, California, on May 31, 2012. Song's section in 5-Incher is the penultimate part, with Haslam providing the video's "ender" (final section). On June 18, 2012, Song then released additional footage on the internet, entitled "Daewon 5 Incher B-Side Edit", free of charge.

Song was featured on the cover of the November 2012 issue of Transworld Skateboarding Japan—he is shown performing a trick from his 5-Incher video part. The issue also features a full interview with Song, entitled "Daewon Song Best of 2012", and was sold with a DVD that consisted of the 5-Incher video and the Song B-Sides edit, among other sections.

Video footage was published throughout 2013 of Song performing new tricks that had not been captured on film before. On June 25, 2013, Song filmed a transition trick that was later called a "bolt slapper", and on October 10, 2013, Song was filmed a performing a variation of the bolt slapper, the "360 shove it bolt slapper"—both tricks were filmed at the Crailtap skatepark in Torrance, California, US.

The Almost company celebrated its 10th anniversary with an event at the Berrics indoor skate complex in early March 2014, at which team member Youness Amrani was presented with his inaugural professional skateboard deck. Socrates Leal, a longtime videographer for Dwindle Distribution, created a video retrospective of the brand's growth since inception, entitled "10 Years of Almost." At the same time as the 10-year anniversary, the company released a collaborative series of skateboard decks with the DC Comics comic book brand—Song's deck features the Batman character. On October 26, 2018, Daewon Song left Almost. He and Torey Pudwill who left Plan B Skateboards made their own project called Thank You Skateboards.

New sponsors
In mid-December 2012, Song was added to the team of Brick Harbor, an online skateboard retailer that had been formed earlier in the same year. The announcement was made in the form of a brief video part, entitled "12 Dae's of Christmas", and a corresponding competition. Since the company's inception, Brick Harbor's team has predominantly consisted of professional skateboarders who had either originated from the East coast of the US, or who continue to be based on that side of the country—riders include Stevie Williams, Jake Johnson, Ishod Wair, Gino Iannucci, and PJ Ladd—and Song is the second West coast team rider to be added to the team, alongside Dennis Busenitz, whose hometown and city of residence is San Francisco, U.S.  As of February 2017, though, the company is no longer in business.

During 2012, Song was recruited onto the teams of two new companies that had been founded by fellow professional skateboarders, one who had skated for a clothing company, Matix, that Song had cofounded many years earlier. Paul Rodriguez and Joey Brezinski's (Brezinski had signed a contract with Tensor Trucks, the brand that also sponsors Song, in mid-2010) new bearing company, Andale, was officially launched in 2012 and Song left his position on the Bones bearing team (prior to Bones, Song had released signature model bearings and filmed a video part for the FKD company that, as of February 2013, is within the Syndrome Distribution company). Daewon is featured on the team page holding up a selection of Andale stickers and has joined former Almost professional Ryan Sheckler and ex-Deca rider JB Gillett on the team.

Song is a featured as a sponsored rider on the Glassy Sunhaters sunglasses website and online store, co-owned/co-founded by professional skateboarder, Mike Mo Capaldi, and his brother, Vince. Shortly after the addition of Song, a signature sunglasses model, "The Daeviator", was released and promoted heavily on the relevant websites. The humorous line, "Daewon has personally blessed everyone single pair of these to give you a portion of his balance.....you're welcome." accompanied the product's page on the Glassy Store website.

Loud Headphones is a company that was founded by professional skateboarders, photographers, and videographers around 2012. The company states that its "main objective above all else is to start something that matters" and places an emphasis upon eco-friendly, low-cost packaging that allows more money to be spent on a worthwhile product and donations to its charitable partner the Let Them Hear Foundation. Song is one of the Loud-sponsored skateboarders, alongside other team members such as Sammy Baca and Fred Gall, and has released signature model earbud headphones.

Song was announced as a team member of the newly formed Knox Hardware brand in early October 2013, alongside Chris Cole. The brand was founded by Song's longtime friend and Matix collaborator Gavin, and will also release apparel collections. Gavin explained to TransWorld Business: "Knox's DNA and the story we want to tell is the Americana blue collar hard worker." As of February 2017, though, the brand in no longer active.

Setup
On January 5, 2013, Song participated in an interview with the Alli Sports website to explain the hardware that he uses for his skateboard. Notable aspects of the interview were: Song rode a 7.6 in wide skateboard deck for over a decade and, in the period leading up to the interview, had followed through with a decision to transition to a 7.7 in wide deck—Song stated, "not much of a huge jump, but ... makes a difference."; Song appreciates bright-colored skateboards for "something while it's flipping"—he cites red and black in the interview as preferred colors; Song tightens his trucks "fairly loose", with the back truck tighter than the front for stability—Song describes his front truck as "squirrelly", revealing that he strips down the components of the front truck so that there are only one bushing "below" the truck (between the deck and the truck) and two washers "above" the truck; and Song only rides 50 mm radius wheels—he states that he has tried to ride 51 mm wheels, but the difference was too significant.

Sponsors
As of February 2019, Song is sponsored by Thank You skateboards, Matix Clothing, adidas Footwear, Tensor Trucks, Andale Bearings, Mob Griptape, Glassy, Spitfire Wheels, and Loud Headphones

Video game appearances
Song has made several appearances as a playable character in video games such as Grind Session, Session: Skate Sim and the Tony Hawk series of games. He featured as a playable character in many iterations of the Tony Hawk series, starting with Tony Hawk's American Wasteland, and appears in every main game since, with the exception of Tony Hawk's Downhill Jam. He also appears in the game Tony Hawk: Ride.

Song participated in "Tony Hawk's Secret Skatepark Tour" of America, which was organized to promote one of Hawk's video games. Alongside other skateboarders who appeared in the video game, Song toured the U.S. with Hawk's entourage and performed at random skatepark locations. During the tour, Song revealed his perspective in a magazine interview: "It's pretty crazy. I'm just used to some team manager knocking on your door, like, "Dude, we gotta get up." On this one we have like schedules."

Contests
Since cofounding Almost, Song's participation in contests has been limited to the single-elimination tournament "X Games Real Street," in which sponsored skateboarders film a video part that they are judged on. Song competed in the 17th X Games contest in 2011. Alongside Chris Cole, Song was also nominated by Berrics viewers as the most-wanted contestant in the second edition, but failed to enter. Song later explained his reason for not entering contests such as Battle of the Berrics in a July 2013 interview:

Because I'm just the worst under pressure. When someone tells me that I am supposed to do something, you're not going to get it. I'm gonna slam. It has to be spontaneous for me. Every once in a while, I'll get a request and somehow end up doing it, but usually, I can't. Even if it's fairly easy, I won't be able to do it. With those contests, there are all these people watching who have such high expectations for me, I can only lose. I hate it. I don't want to let anybody down so I just shut down.

In early 2014, Song was informed that he was a competitor in the "2Up" manual contest that was held at the Berrics and sponsored by Matix. (A manual is a trick whereby the skateboarder only uses two wheels.) The contest was an invitational and Song competed against nine other skateboarders, and the winner was voted by the fans of the website. Song was declared the winner on March 4, 2014 and received a trophy in addition to US$10,000 cash.

Song was selected, again by the Berrics, for the "In Transition" contest that ran during October 2014. The Berrics "picked 10 of the most progressive skaters on the planet to choose one location each—any location in the world—and film a full part," and Song chose to film his part at Channel Street in Los Angeles, U.S.

Awards
In 2006, Song was awarded the "Skater of the Year (SOTY)" title by Thrasher magazine. His SOTY feature article appeared in the April 2007 edition of the magazine, for which he also appeared on the front cover.

After winning the Berrics' 2UP and In Transition contests during 2014, Song was voted as the most impactful skateboarder of the year in the Berrics' Populist poll. Song prevailed among a list of nominees that included Guy Mariano and Ben Raybourn, and received his trophy on January 27, 2015.

In 2017, Daewon was inducted into the Skateboarding Hall of Fame.

Influence
Song was identified by Transworld Skateboarding as the twenty-ninth most influential skateboarder of all time in a list that was published on the magazine's digital platform in December 2011. As part of the Transworld series, Stevie Williams, founder and owner of DGK (Dirty Ghetto Kids), identifies Song, together with Mullen, as one of his top five most influential skateboarders, while the same occurred during Tom Penny's interview for the same "Most Influential" series—Penny, identified as the twenty-first most influential, especially commended Song on his manual combinations. Skateboard photographer Giovanni Reda stated in an Instagram post in January 2013: "Daewon Song will forever be the greatest of all time in my eyes!" Paul Rodriguez identified Song in a "top ten" list of favorite professional skateboarders in July 2013:

Daewon to me has the best board control I have ever seen anyone have. The things he can [do] with his skateboard.. technical abilities, the balance he has while going a million miles a hour [sic] is incredible. I've never seen anything like it. He still kills it, he's still ripping and he's been doing it also for 20 plus years at the highest level. He is consistently getting better, constantly pushing and reaching for [the] peak [of] his ability ... My favorite video part of his would be "Rodney vs. Daewon Round One"... When that video was out and Round 2 I remember watching those video parts countlessly. I may have seen those parts a million times, literally.

Long-time friend and professional skateboarder Daniel Castillo explained his relationship to Daewon in relation to skateboarding in an August 2013 interview:

He has the same enthusiasm as he did when we were like 14-15. And he's still learning new tricks, which is insane because the dude has enough tricks. He's insane & is always amped to skate. It could honestly be anything. He'd be amped to skate a little curb on the street. That's why I love skating with him because when I'm skating with him, it feels like I'm that age again. Like I'm 14. Anytime I hang out or skate with him, I have no care in the world except skating.

In a 2005 Skateboarder interview, Song listed Rodney Mullen, Natas Kaupas, Christian Hosoi, Chris Haslam, and Eric Dressen as his top five "timeless influences." In the same interview, Song listed his top five "Most underrated skaters" as Alan Peterson, Chany Jeanguenin, Cooper Wilt, Dan Drehobl, all pool skaters. After being named the twenty-ninth most influential skateboarder of all time by Transworld Skateboarding, Song listed his own top five all-time skateboarding influences: "Rodney Mullen. Christian Hosoi, just the way he flew—who else could make lycra shorts cool? Tommy Guerrero, Steve Caballero, and Natas Kaupas. Once he spun on that fire hydrant everyone was mesmerized, like going to their first magic show." Song also revealed that he was interested in the Z-Boys when he was a young skateboarder.

Perspectives
In an interview with Juice magazine, Song explained his passion for skateboarding:

I like skateboarding for what it is. I like being able to do it by myself. You need another person to hit the ball. You need someone to pitch something at you or block for you to make a basket. With skateboarding, I just pick up my board and do exactly what I want to do. Some days I have a good day and some days I feel like a complete dip-shit; like I've never been skateboarding in my life. I love the experience of it. I love the fact that on one day I can do everything I've ever learned and the next day I feel like I've lost everything. That's skateboarding. It's amazing. I like the challenges. Skateboarding is one of the most challenging things.

Song has been vocal about the importance of fun in regard to skateboarding and the importance of individuality, in contrast to elitism and dogmatism in the sub-culture. In his appearance on Vice's Epicly Later'd program, Song inadvertently meets a fan at a public skate location that appeared in his video part for Love Child and shares an opinion with the teenage male: "Just keep skating. Don't even worry about ... don't ever sweat, like, 'is this good enough? Is that good enough?' Like, as long as you're happy with it, that's fine." Song expanded upon this sentiment in a voiceover segment for Thrasher magazine, in relation to Haslam's footage in Cheese and Crackers, stating:

Do whatever you want—go skate a mini-ramp; go skate a really mini-ramp; go skate a big ramp. Basically, just go skate; set up whatever you want and don't worry about what people say, like, 'Ah, that was stupid', or, 'That was ugly', or 'That's not cool'—it's, you know, who cares what's cool? You're the one who gets to do it. They're just–some people are just jealous 'cause they're not the ones who can do it, so, even if it is something that they consider, 'Oh, that's ugly', once they–if they can do it and they think it's ugly, then, you know, that's their opinion and that's cool, you know. But when people that don't even skate at all and they wanna sit there and go, 'That was lame', that's just, you know, that just sucks.

Song listed the following video parts as his all-time favorites in a 2011 interview with online magazine, Caught in the Crossfire: John Cardiel: Sight Unseen, Sean Sheffey: Life, and PJ Ladd: PJ Ladd's Wonderful, Horrible Life.

Song resides in San Pedro, Los Angeles, California, US.

Fatherhood
In 2005, Song provided the public with an insight into his role as a father:

It's crazy. He [son's name] brings a different perspective on the world. Having a kid is a lot of work, though. Holy shit! I'd be filming all day and get home sometimes at 12 or 1 in the morning, and he'd just get up—boom!—and wouldn't go to bed until 6 in the morning. This was seriously like every other day. I was just exhausted.

In a Twitter post and Pheed photo upload on January 1, 2013, Song featured an image of his son with a pet dog and the following blurb: "2013!!! it's amazing every time I get 2 see my son he teaches me something new, it's the small things i love about being a dad and am blessed to have such a great son !!"

title: Daewon Song


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Joel-Peter Witkin

Joel-Peter Witkin (born September 13, 1939) is an American photographer who lives in Albuquerque, New Mexico. His work often deals with themes such as death, corpses (and sometimes dismembered portions thereof), often featuring ornately decorated photographic models, including people with dwarfism, transgender and intersex persons, as well as people living with a range of physical features. Witkin is often praised for presenting these figures in poses which celebrate and honor their physiques in an elevated, artistic manner. Witkin's complex tableaux vivants often recall religious episodes or classical paintings.

Biography
Witkin was born to a Jewish father and Roman Catholic mother. His twin brother, Jerome Witkin, and son Kersen Witkin, are also painters. Witkin's parents divorced when he was young because they were unable to overcome their religious differences. He attended grammar school at Saint Cecelia's in Brooklyn and went on to Grover Cleveland High School.

In 1961 Witkin enlisted in the United States Army, with the intention of capturing war photography during the Vietnam War. However due to scheduling conflicts, Witkin never saw combat in Vietnam. Witkin spent his military service at Fort Hood, Texas, and was mostly in charge of Public Information and classified photos.

In 1967, he became the official photographer for City Walls Inc. He attended Cooper Union in New York, where he studied sculpture, attaining a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1974. Columbia University granted him a scholarship for graduate school, but his Master of Fine Arts degree is from the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque.

Influences and themes
Witkin claims that his vision and sensibility spring from an episode he witnessed as a young child, an automobile accident in front of his house in which a little girl was decapitated. "It happened on a Sunday when my mother was escorting my twin brother and me down the steps of the tenement where we lived. We were going to church. While walking down the hallway to the entrance of the building, we heard an incredible crash mixed with screaming and cries for help. The accident involved three cars, all with families in them. Somehow, in the confusion, I was no longer holding my mother's hand. At the place where I stood at the curb, I could see something rolling from one of the overturned cars. It stopped at the curb where I stood. It was the head of a little girl. I bent down to touch the face, to speak to it – but before I could touch it someone carried me away" He says his family's difficulties also influenced his work. His favorite artist is Giotto. His photographic techniques draw on early Daguerreotypes and on the work of E. J. Bellocq. Those of Witkin's works which use corpses have had to be created in Mexico to get around restrictive US laws. Because of the transgressive nature of the contents of his images, his works have been labelled exploitative and have sometimes shocked public opinion. His techniques include scratching the negative, bleaching or toning the print, and using a hands-in-the-chemicals printing technique. This experimentation began after seeing a 19th-century ambrotype of a woman and her ex-lover who had been scratched from the frame. Joel-Peter Witkin's photograph Sanitarium inspired the final presentation of Alexander McQueen’s Spring/Summer 2001 collection based on avian imagery, the walls of another box within the faux psychiatric ward collapsed to reveal a startling tableau vivant: a reclining, masked nude breathing through a tube and surrounded by fluttering moths.

Documentary films
In 2011, filming began on the feature-length documentary, Joel-Peter Witkin: An Objective Eye. The film, directed by Thomas Marino, examines Witkin's life and photographs. Along with interviews with Witkin, the film includes interviews from gallery owners, artists, photographers, and scholars who share insight into the impact of Witkin's work and influence on modern culture. The film was released in 2013. It will be part of the permanent collections at the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris, and the Biblioteca Nacional de Chile in Santiago, Chile.

Joel-Peter Witkin: An Objective Eye was first publicly shown in Santiago, Chile at the Biblioteca Nacional de Chile in 2013, as part of the opening of the exhibition, Vanitas: Joel-Peter Witkin en Chile.

In 2017, a documentary about him and his brother, Jerome Witkin, was made by Trisha Ziff, entitled Witkin and Witkin.

Publications

 * Gods of Heaven and Earth. Twelvetrees, 1989. ISBN 9780942642391.
 * Joel-Peter Witkin, Twelve Photographs in Gravure (1994)
 * Harms Way: Lust and Madness, Murder and Mayhem. Twin Palms, 1994. ISBN 9780944092286.
 * Joel-Peter Witkin: a Retrospective. Scalo: 1995. ISBN 978-1881616207.

Solo exhibitions

 * Joel-Peter Witkin: Forty Photographs, Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, New York, 1986; La Jolla Museum of Contemporary Art, San Diego, CA, 1987
 * Vanitas: Joel-Peter Witkin en Chile, Biblioteca Nacional de Chile, Santiago, 2013. Joel-Peter Witkin: An Objective Eye documentary premiered at the opening of this exhibition.

Group exhibitions

 * Bodies, Fotografiska Museum, Stockholm, 2010
 * Heaven or Hell, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris, 2012

Collections
Witkin's work is held in the following permanent collections:
 * Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL: 7 prints (as of 28 March 2023)
 * High Museum of Art, Atlanta, GA: 1 print (as of 28 March 2023)
 * J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, CA: 7 prints (as of 28 March 2023)
 * Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
 * Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA: 6 prints (as of 28 March 2023)
 * Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid, Spain: 3 prints (as of 28 March 2023)
 * Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, PA: 7 prints (as of 28 March 2023)
 * Princeton Art Museum, Princeton, NJ: 24 works (as of 28 March 2023)
 * San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, CA: 4 prints (as of 28 March 2023)
 * Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C.: 2 prints (as of 28 March 2023)
 * Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, Holland
 * Whitney Museum, New York: 1 print (as of 26 March 2023)

Films about Witkin

 * Joel-Peter Witkin: An Objective Eye (2013) – feature-length documentary directed by Thomas Marino
 * Witkin and Witkin (2017) – feature-length documentary directed by Trisha Ziff, about Witkin and his brother Jerome

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Joel-Peter Witkin


text:
Talk:Delaunay triangulation

Additional Algorithm
I cannot add an algorithm to this page, because I'm the a inventor (discoverer?) of the algorithm.

The algorithm is highly parallelizable and Self stabilizing.

The 2-dimensional version is covered in this paper.

The N-dimensional version is proven correct in this document.

The algorithm relies on the property that if the graph is connected and is "locally delaunay", then it is the delaunay triangulation. By "locally delaunay", I mean that a node's edges are the same as in a delaunay triangulation of a subgraph consisting of (1) the node, (2) its neighbors, and (3) it's neighbor's neighbors.

Mdnahas (talk) 00:41, 5 January 2022 (UTC)

Notation
User:Fgnievinski (F), can you please revert your unhelpful Addition of Notation Everywhere (ANE) to this article on Delaunay Triangulations (DT)? The ANE of F to DT is making it Unreadable (U) to anyone who might care to read it. It is unconstructive. It is a bad idea. It fails WP:TECHNICAL. Notation can be a helpful thing, to clearly convey concepts that are overly verbose. But when you add unnecessary initialisms and replace text by them, or add notations to sentences merely for the sake of adding notation rather than because they clarify anything in the sentence, you are making the encyclopedia worse. Stop it. —David Eppstein (talk) 05:17, 9 October 2023 (UTC)

 * It was a slight change of focus, from the set to the points; it was:
 * ... for a given set P of discrete points in a general position is a triangulation DT(P) such that no point in P is inside...
 * now, it is:
 * ... for a given set {pᵢ} of discrete points pᵢ in general position is a triangulation such that no point pᵢ is inside...
 * The notation for the point set was opaque, now it's clearer; plus, the additional level of indirection was unnecessary ("no point in P" vs. "no point pᵢ"). I also found the use of boldface distracting, it's unusual as per Set (mathematics). As for the operator name, DT was already present in older versions of the article. fgnievinski (talk) 00:47, 10 October 2023 (UTC)

Confusing diagrams
It seems that the first 3 diagrams have a point outside the top of the frame. The circumcircle is drawn, but the triangulation does not include it. The red lines for the Voronoi are shown, but they are solid, and obviously skewed to converge on an external point, not dotted and heading for infinity. A novice might not notice, but another might be confused.

--Mikhailfranco (talk) 14:51, 21 February 2024 (UTC)

 * The circumcenter of an obtuse triangle lies outside the triangle. —Tamfang (talk) 02:30, 31 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, you are right (sorry, the diagram confused me).
 * All the Delaunay Triangulation is shown within the diagram.
 * To clarify my point: there is a center of a circumcircle outside the bounds of the diagram. So there is a point in the Voronoi that is not shown in the following two diagrams. The first caption is wrong: 'The Delaunay triangulation with all the circumcircles and their centers' - one of the centers is not visible. The second has one Voronoi vertex and part of the Voronoi cell clipped by the edge of the diagram. Mikhailfranco (talk) 08:20, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

Comprehensibility
In the interests of making the introduction more helpful to people who could understand the concept but don't know lots of jargon, I think it should begin along the lines

 * A Delaunay triangulation is a concept in mathematics and computational geometry. A triangulation is [self-contained jargon-free definition]; a Delaunay triangulation chooses the triangles such that [stuff about circumcircles and maximising the smallest angle]. This is useful because [situation where long thin triangles are a nuisance].

Noting that here rather than just doing it, because first I have to disentangle what the point-set triangulation article's introduction is saying. (I think it's saying something rather straightforward, but unfortunately it's not saying it straightforwardly. I'm one of those readers who has to double-check what a convex hull is, for example.) Musiconeologist (talk) 23:30, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

 * The first sentence should very briefly set the context, and then give some idea what the topic is about within that context. Your proposed first sentence is all bun and no burger. It sets the context only, and then fails to say anything about what the article is actually about within that context. If someone has seen the title word "triangulation", they might already guess that it is a topic in mathematics and computational geometry. Your proposed first sentence would leave them completely uninformed beyond that guess. It does not need to be and should not be a complete precise mathematical definition of the topic, but it should provide at least some information rather than being content-free. Better might be something like:
 * In computational geometry, the Delaunay triangulation of points in the plane subdivides the convex hull of the points into triangles whose circumcircles do not contain any of the given points.
 * Later on in the article can more carefully state the missing parts of this gloss, that the point set should be finite or locally finite, the triangles should have the points as vertices and meet edge-to-edge, etc. —David Eppstein (talk) 23:45, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * @David Eppstein You're right, I'm still including too much. And I absolutely don't want a formal definition as the opening! My main concern is to remove as much jargon as possible from there, so a non-mathematician with some interest in maths can see what the concept is and whether to read further.
 * It frustrates me that so many mathematical articles seem unable to introduce simple concepts in a simple way. Musiconeologist (talk) 00:32, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Ok, but in trying to remove jargon you should not remove all the content and leave only "it's a mathematical thing, don't try to understand". —David Eppstein (talk) 01:12, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
 * @David Eppstein Of course! That's exactly my point. Replace the jargon by its meaning, without any dumbing-down. Then maybe introduce the jargon to someone after they've understood the concept, so they know exactly what a term is labelling and have the right idea of its meaning right from the start, and so they only have to focus on one thing at once.
 * (FWIW, I had a father who explained the shape of the teeth of involute gears to me when I was 8: he reckoned that any subject could be explained to an 8-year-old by someone who understood it well enough. I think I've inherited a similar outlook.) Musiconeologist (talk) 02:31, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
 * The lead can definitely be clearer. Taking out explicit symbols seems fine. Taking out extra abbreviations seems fine. The notion of a "degenerate" triangle made from colinear points should perhaps be better explained inline. The term "general position" should be cut from the introductory sentence; for one thing, the following sentence that Delaunay triangulations involving 4 concyclic points are non-unique implies that this condition is not required for the concept to be meaningful, but more importantly, it's unnecessary jargon which is fine to discuss in the following sections (ideally with a quick lay-accessible definition inline at the point of use). –jacobolus (t) 01:27, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
 * @Jacobolus You replied while I was doing the edit—just of the very opening so far. I added a footnote informally clarifying convex hull. Maybe circumcircle should have one too, since the concept of the triangulation seems simple enough to be understood by people who learnt the term in high school geometry and have subsequently forgotten it.
 * Re the symbols, I'm a big fan of not introducing them until they need to be used, which quite often turns out to be not at all. Musiconeologist (talk) 02:03, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Clarifying footnotes are not that helpful for this. The people who most need the clarification are unlikely to look at the note. I would just leave "convex hull" out of the first sentence. –jacobolus (t) 02:38, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
 * @Jacobolus Hmm, good point. It's tempting to use a phrase like is a network of triangles connecting them, but I feel that maybe goes a bit too far and starts losing content (as well as misusing network). Musiconeologist (talk) 02:55, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Though it possibly loses less content than the current version, in fact. But uses the words rather too loosely. Musiconeologist (talk) 03:04, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Incidentally I am also not a fan of using symbols in the lead when they can be avoided. If it's just notation for later in the article, introduce it later. I think your changes removing them from the lead paragraph are an improvement. —David Eppstein (talk) 04:32, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
 * @David Eppstein Thanks! I think sometimes it gets added through habit, because people are so used to naming the things they're about to use in a proof or calculation that it becomes automatic. It can mean the reader is unnecessarily keeping track of two things at once.
 * Sometimes symbols get introduced that are never even used. Musiconeologist (talk) 05:06, 2 April 2024 (UTC)

Ambiguous sentence
I would like to rewrite

 * This maximizes the minimum of all the angles of the triangles in the triangulation

as something like

 * This maximises the smallest angle found in the triangulation between two sides of the same triangle

so it can't mean

 * For any of the triangles, this maximises the size of its smallest angle.

Have I got that right? Musiconeologist (talk) 00:01, 2 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Suggestion: "between two sides of the same triangle" is equivalent to "at a vertex", since the angle between edges not of the same triangle must be bigger than within a triangle. Which is more intuitive? —Tamfang (talk) 03:22, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
 * @Tamfang Roughly equally intuitive, but switching attention to a new detail (the vertices)? "At a vertex" is a more comfortable phrase . . . But I realised the ambiguity still refuses to go away. Namely whether the maximum is for the set of angles at a given vertex, or for the union of all such sets. Musiconeologist (talk) 05:24, 2 April 2024 (UTC)

 * @Musiconeologist Have you tried searching for lay-accessible sources about Delaunay triangulation? This is a popular enough topic that I am guessing you can find some simple explanations that expert mathematicians and/or technical writers spent a lot of effort on clarifying already, and possibly even tested on an intended non-technical audience. –jacobolus (t) 03:51, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
 * @Jacobolus I haven't! I simply got involved earlier this evening, because a random article linked to this one and I was dismayed to see a mass of symbols and unexplained terms instead of a straightforward description that would tell me what it was. Then I saw User:David Eppstein had already objected to the unnecessary notation, so I removed that and discovered the introduction was now comprehensible enough for me start simplifying the language. That's a good suggestion. Musiconeologist (talk) 04:25, 2 April 2024 (UTC)

Four points on a circle
At first sight, the logic here needn't be true:
 * For four or more points on the same circle . . . the Delaunay triangulation is not unique: each of the two possible triangulations that split the quadrangle into two triangles satisfies the "Delaunay condition"

The logic assumes that the points are connected as a quadrilateral, and that the quadrilateral has no points inside it and is therefore inevitably divided into only two triangles. But we might have four widely-spaced points on a circle, with chains of multiple edges joining them. Is it known that there's no unique Delaunay triangulation in that situation? Not guaranteed to be unique seems more likely. Musiconeologist (talk) 20:39, 2 April 2024 (UTC)

 * As long as you have a circle with more than three sites, empty of other sites, the Delaunay triangulation is non-unique. All triangulations of the sites on the circle can be part of a triangulation of the whole input that meets the usual definition of a DT (each triangle has an empty circumcenter). The number of triangulations of the sites on the circle is a Catalan number: 2 for four sites, 5 for five sites, 14 for six sites, etc. It is always more than one, for more than three sites. —David Eppstein (talk) 20:49, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
 * We should take "two" out of "each of the two" if we're leading with "four or more" though. –jacobolus (t) 22:19, 2 April 2024 (UTC)

One of the claims contains a poor reference.
The reference provided to show that "The Delaunay triangulation contains $O\bigl(n^{\lceil d/2 \rceil}\bigr)$ simplices." does not give a proof of that. The author claims that another author proved it, but they just provide as reference a private communication, so there is no way to verify this. 150.241.212.145 (talk) 12:00, 15 April 2024 (UTC)

The entire paper gives a proof, of a more general statement on polytopes. The fact that Delaunay triangulations are combinatorially equivalent to certain special polytopes is not from that source, but is easily proved, well known, and covered elsewhere in our article (at the end of the "d-dimensional Delaunay" section). —David Eppstein (talk) 22:34, 15 April 2024 (UTC)

upside-down
One way to generate a D.t. is to map the points to a paraboloid, $$(x_0,...,x_n)$$ → $$(x_0,...,x_n,\Sigma{x_i^2})$$, and take the convex hull; the triangulation is the reverse projection of the "underside" of this hull – but is there a name for, or anything interesting to say about, the upward-facing faces? —Tamfang (talk) 22:05, 15 April 2024 (UTC)

 * They're the farthest-point Delaunay triangulation. —David Eppstein (talk) 22:34, 15 April 2024 (UTC)
 * One other thing probably worth mentioning, while on this topic, is that instead of projecting orthogonally onto a paraboloid we can also take the inverse sterographic projection onto a sphere, which lets us compute the delaunay triangulation of a sphere (which is also the convex hull) in terms of the delaunay triangulation of the plane, or vice versa. This sees use in computational geometry applications on the sphere. –jacobolus (t) 01:24, 16 April 2024 (UTC)
 * That was the way K. Q. Brown originally did it. Nowadays you're more likely to see the orthogonal paraboloid version in textbooks. —David Eppstein (talk) 01:31, 16 April 2024 (UTC)
 * As an aside: if you start with coordinates $\langle 0, x, y\rangle$ in the plane, then the inverse stereographic projection is $$\left\langle \frac{\tfrac12(1 - x^2 - y^2)}{\tfrac12(1 + x^2 + y^2)}, \frac{x}{\tfrac12(1 + x^2 + y^2)}, \frac{y}{\tfrac12(1 + x^2 + y^2)}\right\rangle$$ and the orthogonal projection to the paraboloid is $$\left\langle \tfrac12(1 - x^2 - y^2), x, y\right\rangle,$$ so you can also get from the sphere to the paraboloid or vice versa by central projection through the origin. –jacobolus (t) 02:11, 16 April 2024 (UTC)

The first determinant and second determinant specified in Algorithms section are not the same
The change is needed in this section Delaunay triangulation.

These determinants are not equal or even equivalent. Some clarification is needed about the first determinant.

\begin{align} & Z_1(D) = \begin{vmatrix} A_x & A_y & A_x^2 + A_y^2 & 1\\ B_x & B_y & B_x^2 + B_y^2 & 1\\ C_x & C_y & C_x^2 + C_y^2 & 1\\ D_x & D_y & D_x^2 + D_y^2 & 1 \end{vmatrix} \\[8pt] Z_2(D) = {} & \begin{vmatrix} A_x - D_x & A_y - D_y & (A_x - D_x)^2 + (A_y - D_y)^2 \\ B_x - D_x & B_y - D_y & (B_x - D_x)^2 + (B_y - D_y)^2 \\ C_x - D_x & C_y - D_y & (C_x - D_x)^2 + (C_y - D_y)^2 \end{vmatrix} \end{align} $$

Only the $$Z_2$$ gives correct result. $$Z_1$$ is from, but gives incorrect result.

The $$Z_1(D) = 0$$ forms a parabola D that goes through points $$A$$, $$B$$ and $$C$$. When the parabola is tall and narrow, the inner region can easily miss the circumcenter of the triangle $$ABC$$.

The $$Z_2(D) = 0$$ forms the circumcircle D of the triangle $$ABC$$.

$$Z_1$$ expands to:

 * $$+ A_y A_y B_y D_x$$
 * $$+ A_y A_y B_x C_y$$
 * $$+ A_y A_y C_x D_y$$
 * $$+ A_y B_y B_y C_x$$
 * $$+ A_y B_x B_x C_x$$
 * $$+ A_y B_x D_y D_y$$
 * $$+ A_y B_x D_x D_x$$
 * $$+ A_y C_y C_y D_x$$
 * $$+ A_y C_x C_x D_x$$
 * $$+ A_x A_x B_y D_x$$
 * $$+ A_x A_x B_x C_y$$
 * $$+ A_x A_x C_x D_y$$
 * $$+ A_x B_y B_y D_y$$
 * $$+ A_x B_y C_y C_y$$
 * $$+ A_x B_y C_x C_x$$
 * $$+ A_x B_x B_x D_y$$
 * $$+ A_x C_y D_y D_y$$
 * $$+ A_x C_y D_x D_x$$
 * $$+ B_y B_y C_y D_x$$
 * $$+ B_y C_x D_y D_y$$
 * $$+ B_y C_x D_x D_x$$
 * $$+ B_x B_x C_y D_x$$
 * $$+ B_x C_y C_y D_y$$
 * $$+ B_x C_x C_x D_y$$
 * $$- A_y A_y B_y C_x$$
 * $$- A_y A_y B_x D_y$$
 * $$- A_y A_y C_y D_x$$
 * $$- A_y B_y B_y D_x$$
 * $$- A_y B_x B_x D_x$$
 * $$- A_y B_x C_y C_y$$
 * $$- A_y B_x C_x C_x$$
 * $$- A_y C_x D_y D_y$$
 * $$- A_y C_x D_x D_x$$
 * $$- A_x A_x B_y C_x$$
 * $$- A_x A_x B_x D_y$$
 * $$- A_x A_x C_y D_x$$
 * $$- A_x B_y B_y C_y$$
 * $$- A_x B_y D_y D_y$$
 * $$- A_x B_y D_x D_x$$
 * $$- A_x B_x B_x C_y$$
 * $$- A_x C_y C_y D_y$$
 * $$- A_x C_x C_x D_y$$
 * $$- B_y B_y C_x D_y$$
 * $$- B_y C_y C_y D_x$$
 * $$- B_y C_x C_x D_x$$
 * $$- B_x B_x C_x D_y$$
 * $$- B_x C_y D_y D_y$$
 * $$- B_x C_y D_x D_x$$

While $$Z_2$$ expands to:

 * $$+ A_y B_x B_x C_x$$
 * $$+ A_y B_x D_x D_x$$
 * $$+ A_y C_x C_x D_x$$
 * $$+ A_x A_x B_y D_x$$
 * $$+ A_x A_x B_x C_y$$
 * $$+ A_x A_x C_x D_y$$
 * $$+ A_x B_y C_x C_x$$
 * $$+ A_x B_x B_x D_y$$
 * $$+ A_x C_y D_x D_x$$
 * $$+ B_y C_x D_x D_x$$
 * $$+ B_x B_x C_y D_x$$
 * $$+ B_x C_x C_x D_y$$
 * $$- A_y B_x B_x D_x$$
 * $$- A_y B_x C_x C_x$$
 * $$- A_y C_x D_x D_x$$
 * $$- A_x A_x B_y C_x$$
 * $$- A_x A_x B_x D_y$$
 * $$- A_x A_x C_y D_x$$
 * $$- A_x B_y D_x D_x$$
 * $$- A_x B_x B_x C_y$$
 * $$- A_x C_x C_x D_y$$
 * $$- B_y C_x C_x D_x$$
 * $$- B_x B_x C_x D_y$$
 * $$- B_x C_y D_x D_x$$

I made a simple test app in C# with Windows forms you can use to compare the results https://github.com/ernestasjuska/DelauneyDeterminantTest/blob/main/Determinants/Form1.cs. Wikipedia does not allow me to upload diagram pictures yet. Ernestasju (talk) 09:14, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Delaunay triangulation


text:
The Certificate

The Certificate is a novel by Isaac Bashevis Singer, published in English in 1992 (published in Yiddish in 1967). David Bendinger, a poor, young Yiddish writer wishes to emigrate to Palestine from Poland, and because married couples are given preference, he tries to arrange for a marriage certificate to be purchased for him by a wealthy woman whose fiancee lives in Palestine. The narrative deals with the abject poverty of David, as well as his Jewish heritage, and details the rise of both Communism and Zionism.

Reception
Kirkus Reviews gave a positive review, describing the book as being made with "gusto and panache" and called it "a triumph". Publishers Weekly likewise gave a positive review, describing the book as "welcome addition to [Singer]'s oeuvre". Christopher Lehmann-Haupt, writing for the New York Times, gave a mixed review, writing "In the end you follow David Bendinger's adventures only halfway engaged...a certain detachment in Singer's prose always keeps you at arm's length."

title: The Certificate


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Thaddeus J. Hogan

Thaddeus J. Hogan
Very Short Vanity. --fvw *  23:10, 2004 Dec 14 (UTC)

 * delete almost speedy. Dunc|☺ 23:46, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. You could probably get away with speedying it. [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 23:54, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, you could, if you had absolutely no respect for the community. I daresay there'll be an admin along in the next while who fits that bill. Dr Zen 00:51, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I know we can't speedy for vanity, but it did fit pretty cleanly into "very short articles with little or no context". You can always persue it at votes for undeletion if you don't agree. [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 01:41, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I already perused it. I don't believe it did fit that criterion. Clearly, neither did you, given that you suggested you'd have to "get away with" speedying it. Dr Zen 01:46, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Well perhaps it was pushing the definition of "very short" slightly. I was suggesting listing it as a speedy, then the admins can decide if it fits the criteria or not and either delete it or leave it. I trust them to make the right decision based on Wikipedia policy and their experience. [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 01:56, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedied it. Criteron 4. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 01:12, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Speak of the devil. Dr Zen 01:14, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I'd kindly ask that you not commit libel, thanks. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 01:16, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't believe I did. Dr Zen 01:46, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Hyperbole and "joking" doesn't always come across well in text. It honestly *did* look serious until you told me otherwise. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 02:17, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I'm with Dante on this one - should be speedily deleted. I don't understand why Zen would wish to keep it. --Tagishsimon (talk)
 * I don't want to keep it. I'm content for it to be deleted with due process. Dr Zen 04:13, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I still think it should be speedied, but as long as it's probably not going to be speedied, it should definitely be deleted through VfD. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 02:28, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete if nothing else of value can be added. EventHorizon 04:06, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete this vanity insanity. Shane King 04:18, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * While this is an obvious delete as vanity (probably a newbie error), it is not a speedy delete according to the current specific criteria at WP:CSD. Case 4 as it was originally approved is supposed to be very limited.  The example for case 4 was carefully chosen.  This article may be very short and fails to meet encyclopedic standards on several other levels but it does have context - it is clearly an attempt at a biography entry.  I think that Dr Zen is arguing not that we should keep this particular article but that we should be very disciplined about our use of speedy deletes lest it become abuse.  (In case it wasn't obvious, delete if not moved to a user page during the discussion period.)  Rossami (talk) 04:21, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Rossami. Very well put.Dr Zen 04:27, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Move to user page (if possible) and delete. Alphax (talk) 04:33, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy, by the way, I'm sure his wife is great. Wyss 19:40, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Marghita

Marghita (Margitta ; מארגארעטין Margaretin) is a city in Bihor County, Romania. It administers two villages, Cheț (Magyarkéc) and Ghenetea (Genyéte).

Geography
Marghita is located in the northern part of the county, 57 km north-east of the county seat, Oradea. It lies on the banks of the river Barcău, extending to the border with Satu Mare County; the river Inot discharges into the Barcău in Marghita.

The city borders the following communes: Viișoara and Abram to the east, Tăuteu to the south, Petreu and Buduslău to the west, and Sălacea and Pir to the north.

History
The name appears to be derived from the name "Margit" which is the Hungarian form of (Margaret), Saint Margaret the patron of a local church. The first time it was used in a document was in 1216. In the 14th century, it became a feudal holding of the Hungarian landlord.

In 1376 King Louis I of Hungary gave Marghita the right of organizing a fair and it developed in the next centuries as a market town. There were several peasant revolts against the feudal system affecting Marghita in 1467 and 1514. At the beginning of the 16th century, it became along with parts of Bihor County and Hungary an Ottoman province until towards the end of the 17th century.

In 1823, a great fire destroyed half of the buildings of Marghita. After the 1848 revolution, the local peasants were no longer serfs and manufacturing and industry began to develop.

In the aftermath of World War I and the ensuing Hungarian–Romanian War, the Romanian Army entered the town, and after Treaty of Trianon of 1920, Marghita became part of the Kingdom of Romania. During the interwar period, it became the seat of plasa Marghita, in Bihor County. In the wake of the Second Vienna Award of August 30, 1940, the territory of Northern Transylvania (of which the town of Marghita was part) reverted to the Kingdom of Hungary. In 1944, after German occupation, about 2,100 Jews of Marghita were sent to death, concentration, and labor camps as part of the Holocaust, of which only about 450 survived. Towards the end of World War II, the town was taken back from Hungarian and German troops by Romanian and Soviet forces in October 1944, during the initial stages of the Battle of Debrecen.

After 1947, with the Soviets imposing a Communist government in Romania, factories and land were nationalized. Over the course of the next few years, Marghita took part in the Romanian industrialization process. Following the administrative reform of 1950, the town became the seat of Marghita Raion within Bihor Region (renamed Oradea Region in 1952 and Crișana Region in 1960). In 1967, Marghita was declared a city. In 1968, the old territorial division into județe was reinstituted, and Marghita reverted to being part of Bihor County. In 2003, it was declared a municipiu.

Politics
The Marghita Municipal Council, elected in the 2012 local government elections, is made up of 17 councillors, with the following party composition:

Population
At the 2021 census, Marghita had a population of 13,573. At the 2011 census, it had a population of 15,134; of those, 51.7% were Romanians, 44.1% Hungarians, 3.5% Roma, and 0.5% Slovaks.

Natives

 * Attila Cseke (born 1973), Romanian lawyer and politician
 * Nicolas Farkas (1890–1982), Austro-Hungarian-born cinematographer, screenwriter, and film director
 * Violeta Friedman (1930–2000), Jewish Holocaust survivor turned author
 * Brigitta Gődér (born 1992), Hungarian-Romanian footballer
 * György Harag (1925–1985), theatre director and actor, worked primarily in Hungarian-language theatres in Romania
 * George Pușcaș (born 1996), Romanian professional footballer
 * Iosif Szökő (1930–2008), Hungarian-Romanian footballer
 * Ioan Vulpescu (born 1976), Romanian politician

Transportation
The city is traversed by national road DN19B, which connects the town of Săcueni, 20 km to the west, with Nușfalău, Sălaj County, 38 km to the south-east. County road DJ191 connects it to Tășnad to the north.

The Marghita train station serves the Via Terra rail line connecting Oradea to Sărmășag, Sălaj County.

Education
Marghita is home to three high schools: the Octavian Goga National College, the Horváth János Theoretical High School, and the Horea Technological High School. There are also several elementary schools and three kindergartens.

Sister cities

 * 🇭🇺 Kiskőrös, Hungary

title: Marghita


text:
Kheda

Kheda is a city and a municipality in the Indian state of Gujarat. It was former administrative capital of Kheda district. India's First Deputy Prime Minister Vallabhbhai Patel Was Born In Kheda District of Gujarat State. Kheda city is famous for tobacco farming. The nearest railway station is Mahemadavad Kheda Road. The nearest airport is Ahmedabad airport. The nearest bus station is Kheda Bus Station.

History
The name Kheda originated from the Sanskrit term Kshetra (lit. 'land or field'). Khetaka in used as a name of a region surrounding the place in ancient literature. It is also mentioned as a town from 12th to 17th century. Ganapatha (dated 2nd century BCE), one of the five volumes of Pāṇini' s grammar mentions Khetaka as a name of the region. It is also mentioned as Divyanagar in 133rd chapter of Padmapurana. The 7th and 8th century copper-plates of Maitraka dynasty mentions Khetaka as an administrative division as well as there are mentions of it as a place of Brahmin residence and a Rashtrakuta-controlled town in other copper-plates. There were about 750 villages under that administrative division. It is also mentioned in Nimbavati story of Dashakumaracharita, Ācārāṅga Sūtra, Merutunga's Prabandhachintamani (1305 CE), Puratana-prabandha-sangraha (before 15th century, multiple authors) and Jinaprabha's Vividh-tirtha-kalpa (c. 1332 CE).

It was under Chaulukya and Vaghela dynasties from 10th to the start of the 14th century. It was brought under Gujarat Sultanate then. The town of Kheda passed to the Babi Dynasty (of Pashtun descent) early in the eighteenth century, with whom it remained until 1763, when it was taken by the Marathas under Damajirao Gaekwad. Mahmad Khan Babi built its fort. The Marathas under Anandrao Gaekwad ceded the district to the British in 1803, and it became part of the Bombay Presidency of British India. Nevertheless, Kaira was still entitled, at least in 1901, to a tribute of 488 Rupees from the Koli petty princely state of Ghorasar. Kheda was a large military station until 1830, when the cantonment was removed to Deesa. Brahmin established many villages in the Kheda District area, as did Jats and other groups.

Kheda is also where Mahatma Gandhi launched, starting March 1919, the Satyagraha struggle against oppressive taxation by the British during a time of famine.

The Babi family which ruled Kheda shifted to Khambat and now most of that family lives in Ahmedabad. The last head of the Kheda family, Sahibzada Ahmed Siddique Hussain khanji Dilawar khanji Babi, was married to Bima Rahim sultana bakhte babi sahiba of Junagarh State, and issued a daughter named Bima Nasreen sultana bakhte Babi, who is married to Sahibzada Anis Muhammad khanji babi of Devgam A house of Junagadh state.

Koli Rebellion Of Kheda
The Koli Rebellion Of Kheda was raised by koli Patels and koli Thakors against East India Company in 1803. The EIC claimed the kheda and surrounding villages and made his rules for peoples. But kolis refused to obey their rules. Koli chiefs (Thakors and Patels) declared the end of Company rule. First koli chiefs filed petitions in Court of Law in Kheda stating that Company government have no authority over kolis but koli chiefs were ignored. The koli chiefs started raiding and plundering the British territories. In 1808, koli chieftains started raids in cities and villages, stealing the crops, animals and other possessions. The town of Dholka Taluka was main target of kolis. The armed kolis numbering one hundred and fifty attacks at dholka and respectfully returned into their villages. East India Company was unable to control the raids of koli chiefs.

Geography
Kheda is located at 22.75°N, 72.68°W. It has an average elevation of 21 metres (68 feet). Kheda is on the banks of Vatrak and Shedhi rivers.

Demographics
India census, Kheda had a population of 27000. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Kheda has an average literacy rate of 70%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 77%, and female literacy is 63%. In Kheda, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Castes and Clans
The clans of Jats in Gujarat are similar to those of Jats of North India. The following clans are found in the Kheda District. The way they are written in Gujarati is given in brackets. Kheda District is one of few districts in Gujarat with a Jat population (Banas Kantha, Mehsana, Sabar Kantha, Kutchh, etc.)

Jain Religion is Most developed in Kheda. Rajputs in this District are usually of the Chauhan clan. Rajputs have had a huge influence in this area as in the state of Gujarat in general. There are Vohra/Vora Gujjar populations also.
 * Chauhan, Chawan, Chahar (Chauhan)
 * Gaur, Goru (Gaur, Gor)
 * Godara-Godha (Goda)
 * Gulia (Galia)
 * Maan (Manar)

Many of the villages have names based on the clans of Jats who inhabited them, including :
 * Sunda (jat)
 * Odasi (jat)
 * Narwar (jat)
 * Pichkya (jat)

Visiting places
There is one temple of Meldi Mata in Kheda, which holds an annual fair in February. Around 100,000 people visit Kheda for this event.

Economy
Tobacco farming is widespread.

Transport
The city is 35 km from Ahmedabad. The National Highway No. 48 connecting Ahmedabad and Mumbai passes through Kheda. The nearest railway station is Mahemadavad Kheda Road. All types of state bus and local transporter are available.

title: Kheda


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Vijnanabhiksu

Vijñānabhikṣu (also spelled Vijnanabhikshu) was a Hindu philosopher from Bihar, variously dated to the 15th or 16th century, known for his commentary on various schools of Hindu philosophy, particularly the Yoga text of Patanjali. His scholarship stated that there is a unity between Vedānta, Yoga, and Samkhya philosophies, and he is considered a significant influence on Neo-Vedanta movement of the modern era.

Philosophy
Vijnanabhiksu wrote commentaries in the 15th century on three different schools of Indian philosophy: Vedānta, Sāṃkhya, and Yoga. He integrated them into a nondualism platform that belongs to both the Bhedabheda and Advaita (nondualism) sub-schools of Vedanta. According to Andrew Nicholson, this became the basis of Neo-Vedanta. His integration is known as Avibhaga Advaita ("indistinguishable non-dualism"). His sub-commentary on the Yoga Sutras, the Yogavarttika, has been an influential work.

According to Andrew Fort, Vijnanabhiksu's commentary is Yogic Advaita, since his commentary is suffused with Advaita-influenced Samkhya-Yoga. Vijnanabhiksu discusses, adds Fort, a spiritually liberated person as a yogic jivanmukta''.

Vijnanabhiksu was a staunch critic of Shankara's strict non-dualism, which he viewed as crypto-Buddhist. He reinterpreted the Brahma Sutras to reflect Samkhya's metaphysical dualism of prakrti and purusha. He taught that Brahman, characterized by pure consciousness, is the Inner Ruler (antaryamin) of both prakrti and purusha. He explained the universe's creation through maya as an evolute of the eternally real prakrti, asserting that the world is not illusory.

Influence
Nicholson mentions Vijnanabhiksu as a prime influence on 19th century Indology and the formation of Neo-Vedanta. According to Nicholson, already between the twelfth and the sixteenth century, "... certain thinkers began to treat as a single whole the diverse philosophical teachings of the Upanishads, epics, Puranas, and the schools known retrospectively as the "six systems" (saddarsana) of mainstream Hindu philosophy."

The tendency of "a blurring of philosophical distinctions" has also been noted by Mikel Burley. Lorenzen locates the origins of a distinct Hindu identity in the interaction between Muslims and Hindus, and a process of "mutual self-definition with a contrasting Muslim other", which started well before 1800. Both the Indian and the European thinkers who developed the term "Hinduism" in the 19th century were influenced by these philosophers.

Works
Little good work has been written in English on Vijñānabhikṣu, and most of the texts in his large corpus have yet to be edited and published in Sanskrit, let alone translated into English.

Major works
Some major texts attributed to Vijnanabhiksu include:
 * Vijnanamritabhashya ("The Nectar of Knowledge Commentary", commentary on Badarayana's Brahma Sutras)
 * Ishvaragitabhashya ("Commentary on the Ishvara Gita")
 * Sankhyasara ("Quintessence of the Sankhya")
 * Sankhyasutrabhashya ("Commentary on the Sankhya Sutras" of Kapila)
 * Yogasarasamgraha ("Compendium on the Quintessence of Yoga")
 * Yogabhashyavarttika ("Explanation of the Commentary on the Yoga Sutras" of Vyasa)

English translations

 * Ganganatha Jha, Yogasarasamgraha of Vijnanabhiksu, New Delhi: Parimal Publications, 1995.
 * José Pereira, Hindu Theology: A Reader, Garden City: Doubleday, 1976. Includes translated excerpts from Vijnanamritabhashya and Sankhyasutrabhashya.
 * T. S. Rukmani, Yogavarttika of Vijnanabhiksu, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1981.
 * Nandalal Sinha, The Samkhya Philosophy, New Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corporation, 1979. Contains a complete translation of Vijnanabhikshu's Sankhyasutrabhashya.
 * Shiv Kumar, Samkhyasara of Vijnanabhiksu, Delhi: Eastern Book Linkers, 1988.

title: Vijnanabhiksu


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Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship

The Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship (Województwo brzesko-kujawskie, Palatinatus Brestensis) was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Kingdom of Poland (later Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth), from the 14th century to the Second Partition of Poland in 1793. It was part of the historic Kuyavia region and the Greater Poland Province. Originally, its name was Brzesc Voivodeship (Województwo brzeskie), but after the 1569 Union of Lublin, it was renamed into Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship, to distinguish it from Lithuanian Brest Litovsk Voivodeship (Polish: Województwo brzesko-litewskie).

Geography
Its area was 3,276 sq. kilometers, divided into five counties. The seat of the voivode was at Brześć Kujawski, while local sejmiks for both Brześć Kujawski and Inowrocław Voivodeships took place at Radziejów. It was one of the smallest and most densely populated voivodeships of the Commonwealth.

Zygmunt Gloger in his monumental book Historical Geography of the Lands of Old Poland provides this description of Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship: "“East of the land of the Polans lies the region of Kujawy, most of which stretches along left bank of the Vistula. The region was divided into two voivodeships: those of Brześć Kujawski, and Inowrocław. Third part of historic Kujawy, the Dobrzyn Land, lies on the right bank of the Vistula. Duke Boleslaw Krzywousty, while writing his testament in 1138, united Kujawy and Mazovia, giving it to his son Boleslaw IV the Curly (...) The dynasty of Mazovian Piasts lasted until the 16th century, while the Kujawian Piasts died out in the 14th century. As a result, Kujawy returned to the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland in 1434, two hundred years before Mazovia. It is not known when the province was divided into two voivodeships, but in Horodlo in 1413 (see Union of Horodlo), two Kujawian voivodes were already present: Maciej of Labiszyn was the voivode of Brześć, and Janusz of Koscieliska was the voivode of Gniewkowo, later Inowrocław (...)"

"The area of Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship was almost 60 sq. miles, with 67 Roman-Catholic parishes, 13 towns and 567 villages. It was divided into five counties: Brześć Kujawski, Radziejow, Przedecz, Kowal and Kruszwica. All counties were among the smallest in the Province of Greater Poland, as Przedecz County had the area of 9 sq. miles, while Kruszwica County was even smaller, with 6 sq. miles. At the same time, however, Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship (together with Łęczyca Voivodeship) was most densely populated of all voivodeships of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Its population density in the 16th century reached 1,200, even 1,300 people per sq. mile (...)"

"Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship had six senators. These were: The Bishop of Kujawy, the Voivode and the Castellan of Brześć Kujawski, as well as Castellans of Kruszwica, Kowal and Konary. Starostas resided in capitals of the five counties, plus at Nieszawa and Dunikow. Since both Brześć Kujawski and Inowrocław voivodeships were part of Kujawy, local sejmiks for them took place at Radziejow. Here, four deputies to the Sejm were elected, and two deputies to the Greater Poland Tribunal. Both voivodeships shared one coat of arms”."

Administration
Governor seat:
 * Brześć Kujawski

Regional council (sejmik) seats:
 * Radziejów

Counties
 * Brześć Kujawski County,
 * Kowal County,
 * Kruszwica County,
 * Przedecz County,
 * Radziejów County.

Neighbouring Voivodeships:
 * Inowrocław Voivodeship
 * Rawa Voivodeship
 * Łęczyca Voivodeship
 * Kalisz Voivodeship
 * Gniezno Voivodeship (since 1768)

Cities and towns
Source:

Brześć Kujawski County

 * Brześć Kujawski
 * Lubraniec
 * Nieszawa
 * Włocławek

Kowal County

 * Kowal
 * Lubień

Kruszwica County

 * Gębice
 * Kruszwica
 * Skulsk
 * Strzelno

Przedecz County

 * Brdów
 * Chodecz
 * Izbica
 * Przedecz

Radziejów County

 * Noć
 * Piotrków
 * Radziejów
 * Sompolno

Voivodes

 * Arnold (1228)
 * Krzesław (1231–1233)
 * Bronisz ze Służewa (1294–1305)
 * Stanisław z Kruszyna (died 1308/13)
 * Mikuł (died 1317/19)
 * Jan z Płonkowa (1328–1343)
 * Wojciech z Pakości (1325 – c. 1345)
 * Wojciech z Kościelca (1358–1386)
 * Krzesław z Kościoła (1391–1412)
 * Maciej z Łabiszyna (1412–1430)
 * Jan z Lichenia (1430–1448)
 * Jan Kretkowski (1449–1452)
 * Mikołaj Szarlejski ze Ściborza (1453–1457)
 * Mikołaj Kościelecki (1457–1479)
 * Andrzej Kretkowski (1480)
 * Piotr Donin (1480–1484)
 * Jan z Oporowa (1484–1494)
 * Maciej ze Służewa (1494–1496)
 * Andrzej z Pierowej Woli i Lubienia (1496–1498)
 * Mikołaj Kościelecki (1500–1510)
 * Stanisław Kościelecki (1520–1522)
 * Mikołaj Kościelecki (1523–1525)
 * Jan Janusz Kościelecki (1540–1542)
 * Rafał Leszczyński (1545–1550)
 * Jan Janusz II Kościelecki (1550–1552)
 * Łukasz III Górka (1554–1563)
 * Jan Służewski (1563–1580)
 * Piotr Potulicki (1580–1582)
 * Grzegorz Kretkowski (1582–1590)
 * Andrzej Leszczyński (1591–1606)
 * Michał Działyński (1609–1617)
 * Jan Gostomski (1620)
 * Jakub Szczawiński (1620–1637)
 * Andrzej Kretkowski (1637–1643)
 * Jan Szymon Szczawiński (1643–1655)
 * Władysław Wierzbowski (1656–1657)
 * Hieronim Wierzbowski (1657–1661)
 * Zygmunt Działyński (1661–1678)
 * Jan Opaliński (1678–1684)
 * Zygmunt Dąmbski (1684–1704)
 * Maciej Pstrokoński (1706–1707)
 * Jan Jakub Potulicki (1707–1726)
 * Andrzej Dąmbski (1726–1734)
 * Antoni Dąmbski (1734–1771)
 * Ludwik Karol Dąmbski (1771–1783)
 * Stanisław Dąmbski (1783–1795)

title: Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship


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War flag

A war ensign, also known as a military flag, battle flag, or standard, is a variant of a national flag for use by a country's military forces when on land. The nautical equivalent is a naval ensign. Under the strictest sense of the term, few countries today currently have distinct war flags, most using a flag design that is also the state flag or general national flag for this purpose.

History
"Sound trumpets! Let our bloody colours wave! And either victory, or else a grave."

- Edward, Prince of Wales, in Henry VI, Part 3, Act II, Scene II

Field signs were used in early warfare at least since the Bronze Age. The word standard itself is from an Old Frankish term for a field sign (not necessarily a flag).

The use of flags as field signs apparently emerges in Asia, during the Iron Age, possibly in either China or India. in Achaemenid Persia, each army division had its own standard, and "all officers had banners over their tents". Early field signs that include, but are not limited to a flag, are also called vexilloid or "flag-like", for example the Roman Eagle standard or the dragon standard of the Sarmatians. The Roman Vexillum itself is also "flag-like" in the sense that it was suspended from a horizontal crossbar as opposed to a simple flagpole.

Use of simple flags as military ensigns becomes common during the medieval period, developing in parallel with heraldry as a complement to the heraldic device shown on shields. The maritime flag also develops in the medieval period. The medieval Japanese Sashimono carried by foot-soldiers are a parallel development.

Some medieval free cities or communes did not have coats of arms, and used war flags that were not derived from a coat of arms. Thus, the city of Lucerne used a blue-white flag as a field sign from the mid 13th century, without deriving it from a heraldic shield design.

title: War flag


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Clipperton

Clipperton may refer to:

 * Clipperton Island, an island in the eastern Pacific Ocean off the coast of Central America
 * Clipperton crab, Johngarthia planata, a species of land crab found on Clipperton Island
 * Clipperton Fracture Zone, a geological submarine fracture zone of the Pacific Ocean
 * John Clipperton (1676–1722), English buccaneer, namesake of Clipperton Island

title: Clipperton


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Guitorgan

Guitar Organ or GuitOrgan is a type of electric guitar with electronic organ components added, developed by Jennings Musical Industry (Dartford, Kent, UK) as Vox Guitar Organ at latest in 1965. Similar instrument, GuitOrgan was developed by Murrell Electronics (Waco, Texas), circa 1967. On this type of instruments, each guitar fret is separated into six segments, creating independent contact switches for each string. The organ notes are keyed when a string touches a specific segment. An expression pedal is used to fade the organ sound in and out, while the guitar can be played at the same time.

VOX V251 (circa 1965)
According to the book Classic Keys (2019), Vox Guitar Organ was developed at latest in 1965 and released in 1966 by the Jennings Musical Industries Ltd (JMI) in the UK. It was roughly based on their Continental organ voice boards. In 1965, its sample was given to The Beatles, and Thomas Walter Jennings, a founder of JMI/Vox, said "We hope that with in a few months, they're going to be spreading it all over the world" in a television interview. John Lennon liked it enough to keep it, but it was never used on the Beatles recording session.

GuitOrgan (circa 1967)
According to the Billboard magazine, similar instrument named GuitOrgan seems introduced circa August 1967 by Murrell Electronics in Waco, Texas. The invention of the GuitOrgan is credited to Bob Murrell and Musiconics International (MCI) of Waco, Texas. Murrell worked on converting existing products from the late 1960s. In 1968, he had a significant run of instruments based on semi-hollow body guitars from Japan. The B-300 and M-340 are among the most common examples from this run. The M-300 model was introduced at the 1970 NAMM Convention.

The B-300 FSG (Frequency Synthesized Guitorgan) models, introduced in the early '70s along with the B-35, are based on a master oscillator circuit using a 12-note divider integrated circuit which is an improvement to the older 12 oscillator design, the advantage being that tuning the FSG organ circuit only requires adjustment of the master oscillator frequency rather than adjustment of each of the 12 oscillator frequencies on the older models. FSG pedals cannot be used with non-FSG Guitorgans and vice versa, since the two versions run on a different DC voltage. The multi-pin cable that goes between an FSG pedal and an FSG Guitorgan was labeled with RED ends at MCI for a safety reminder. Murrell continued to introduce upgrades to the Guitorgan design that included analog synthesizer interfaces and even MIDI in the mid-1980s.

Others
In the mid-'70s, Godwin produced the rare Organ (Guitar) in two versions. The flagship model had 19 switches and 13 knobs, while the lower model had 16 switches and 4 knobs.

Features
The Guitorgan converts a standard electric guitar through the addition of electronic organ components. The most critical part of making a Guitorgan is to separate each guitar fret into six segments, creating independent contact switches for each string. The organ notes are keyed when a string touches a specific segment, thus, making the ground connection necessary for the organ circuit to produce output. TTL logic circuitry determines the highest fret segment making contact on each string, and prevents simultaneous organ notes on the same string to activate; only the highest organ note played on a particular string will sound.

The organ section in a Guitorgan is a 6-note polyphonic circuit, which allows full guitar chords to be played. The guitar section always remains playable, but organ notes can be played alone or simultaneously with the guitar. The idea behind being a "Guitorganist" is to use the Guitorgan's expression pedal to creatively and accurately bring the organ in and out of the musical foreground while playing the guitar at the same time (and vice versa) as if there are actually two separate musicians playing.

Uses
Some of the sounds produced by the Guitorgan can be heard on the album The Many Moods of Teisco Del Rey by musician Dan Forte (recording under his alias "Teisco Del Rey"). Bill Dillon is another practitioner of the Guitorgan. He has performed on many Sarah McLachlan albums and appeared with Counting Crows. Woody Jackson's guitorgan playing can be heard on Orchestra Superstring's self-titled album and many film soundtracks Ocean's Thirteen, Ocean's Twelve, Fun with Dick and Jane and The Devil Wears Prada.

title: Guitorgan