text:
Talk:Oriana Fallaci

Untitled
Almost all Italian biographys says she was born on '29 giugno 1929' June 29th 1929 which one is correct?

Age issue
Oriana Fallaci (29 June 1929[1] - 15 September 2006) Fallaci began her journalistic career in her teens, becoming a special correspondent for the Italian paper Il mattino dell'Italia centrale in 1950.

If she started working for the Italian paper Il mattino dell'Italia centrale in 1950 and she was born on the 29th of june 1929 she could not have been in her teens anymore because she would have turned 20 on the 29th of june 1949. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.86.127.74 (talk) 12:19, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

I'm fixing it - she began working at Il Mattino dell'Italia Centrale in 1946, according to "Oriana Fallaci - The Woman and the Myth." —Preceding unsigned comment added by Emailnuevo (talk • contribs) 15:52, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

Wrong thing
There actually was a civil commemoration in Florence, on Sunday, 15 June 2006.

Coffin
The Italian newspaper Il Corriere della Sera titled 'A white coffin and a bell' no photos were allowed but they described oriana lying in a white coffin (nothing strange with that I think) with a tailleur (the color was not specified) and a military watch, the same dressing she used during her famous interviews.

Swiss criminal code
Art. 261 bis * (Codice Penale) Chiunque incita pubblicamente all'odio o alla discriminazione contro una persona o un gruppo di persone per la loro razza, etnia o religione; chiunque propaga pubblicamente un'ideologia intesa a discreditare o calunniare sistematicamente i membri di una razza, etnia o religione; chiunque, nel medesimo intento, organizza o incoraggia azioni di propaganda o vi partecipa chiunque, mediante parole, scritti, immagini, gesti, vie di fatto o in modo comunque lesivo della dignità umana, discredita o discrimina una persona o un gruppo di persone per la loro razza, etnia o religione o che, per le medesime ragioni, disconosce, minimizza grossolanamente o cerca di giustificare il genocidio o altri crimini contro l'umanità; chiunque rifiuta ad una persona o a un gruppo di persone, per la loro razza, etnia o religione, un servizio da lui offerto e destinato al pubblico, è punito, con la detenzione o con la multa.

--- The swiss animalist Erwin Kassler was sentenced to 2 month jail for critisizing hallal with this article.

Surely halal and kosher butchery are equally abhorrent and cruel. They are understandable in hot countries where meat would have become rotten very quickly, especially if it was very bloody. However today with refrigeration such killing methods are no longer necessary and simply followed out of habit/tradition.

Original report from the italian state television: http://www.rainews24.it/Notizia.asp?NewsID=23401

http://www.israpundit.com/archives/2005/07/oriani_falachi.php http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/01072002/0107200263.htm

http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2002/18394.htm

Anarchism & Abortion
Fallaci had previously attracted controversy for expressing in her book Letter to a Child Never Born anti-abortion views despite her sympathies with anarchism.

Someone can maybe explain why anarchist must be pro-abortion and non-anarchists anti-abortion? What have the two things in common? it is pure non-sense 81.208.60.196 19:01, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

She's fairly vague in "Letter to a Child Never Born" regarding her views on abortion, she doesn't come out and take a stance. All she says is that after three months the baby should be considered a human being, and she presents arguements both for and against abortion. -AlexiusComnenus

Muslim response to her books
I tried to change this several times now, but it sounds really strange (at least to us european) that the Italian muslims sue someone in France, and in fact it wasn't the italian muslim but the french MRAP .....

81.208.60.196 19:01, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

In 2002 in Switzerland the Islamic Center and the Somal Association of Geneva, SOS Racisme of Lausanne and a private citizen sued her for the supposedly racist content of The Rage and The Pride. In November 2002 a Swiss judge issued an arrest warrant and an extraditon request was sent to the Italian government. The extradition request was rejected because the book was considered within the limits of freedom of speech.

In 2003 the MRAP (Movement against racism and for the friendship among peoples) sued to have The Rage and The Pride banned in France. A French court rejected the request, as well as the group's request for a disclaimer to be placed in each book.

Nevertheless some of the things about Islam are being also offensive to the woman rights.

Does this phrase belong? It seems quite biased to me. Sadaukar 05:21, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

Author completely left out the fact that Fallaci was in the anti-Fascist resistance movement in world war two. A simple search of Google would reveal this.

That's true one has to be honest and says even the good things that Oriana Fallaci did, before becoming an artereosclerotic racist!--Juliet.p 19:45, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Calling names is not a convincing argument, and not particularly becoming. - Nunh-huh 19:48, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Especially when it looks like she was right all along. Look how Muslims have treated their hosts in France. Let's hope the same doesn't happen in Italy.

It would be nice if someone could add some information about the future trial. Like for example, what exactly are the laws that supposedly Fallaci has violated, what are the 18 sentences that the judge, according to some articles, "homed in on"?

Thanks in advance, --kissekatt 16:36, 2005 May 28 (UTC)

Where do these quotes come from? Specifically, the one "The clash between us and them is not a military one. It's a cultural one, a religious one, and the worst is still to come." ?????????

--Fjorn 18:37, 2005 June 16 (UTC)

Adel Smith
User 24.17.221.188 makes the reasonable point that this is not an article about Adel Smith and removed the following paragraph from the page. I'm putting it here in order to preserve it in case somebody would like to create an article about him. I myself don't know enough about him to do so. -EDM 22:06, 3 August 2005 (UTC)
 * In an ironic twist, on June 14, 2005 Adel Smith himself was sentenced by an Italian court in Padua to six months in prison (commuted to a fine of €6.000), for the crime of defaming religion. On January 4, 2003, during a live broadcast on Italian TV, Smith had characterized Christianity as a "criminal association" and described Pope John Paul II as "a foreigner who leads the church ... a con man". Smith also referred to a crucifix as a "miniature cadaver".

The footnote was:
 * : "Italian Judge Bans Crucifix From School," Associated Press, October 27, 2003.

 * Actually the paragraph is very relevant to this article. Restored. (Preceding comment by User:65.139.81.35)

 * I disagree, the extended details pertaining to Adel Smith are in no way related to the entry of Oriana Fallaci. The text associated with dates June 14, 2005, January 4, 2003 and January 13, 2006 do not in any way refer to Oriana Fallaci. I would encourage someone to make an entry about Adel Smith and link to that. --128.2.225.185 03:08, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

I agree with User 128.2.225.185, these details must not be here but in Adel Smith article. Another thing to notice is that Smith's association is an insignificant one. He is known just because he was invited in tv talk-shows and political debates ( they invited him due to his radical views, just to make their shows a bit "hot" ), but his association has really few followers even if he claims it has thousand members. The biggest muslim association in Italy is UCOII, that has nothing to do with Smith's radical thoughts. One day he wanted to sell his books outside the Roma mosque and muslims who were there told him to go away in a rude way, so he's not popular at all among muslims in Italy. Frankly, I don't see any reason to give all this importance to this man. Regards (Virgilio 02:13, 25 January 2006 (UTC))

This article is about Oriana Fallaci NOT Adel Smith. The blurb about Adel Smith is completely irrelevant to the subject. --70.20.89.19 18:05, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

I would like to see someone familiar with Italian politics do an Adel Smith article, at least a small one. One thing I'm curious about - how is it that someone with the Anglo surname Smith ended up heading a group a group of Italian Muslims? I doubt there are many Italian Smiths or Muslim Smiths in the world. Judging from what I've read, he has stirred up enough controversy in Italy to merit his own entry. - Bert 171.159.64.10 21:06, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

"Critics point out that Fallaci's books are often egocentric, based on stereotypes, xenophobic and racist in much of their content, other than lacking any references or sources."

Huh? "Other than"? Not a content complaint, just looks like broken English. greg goebel

Controversy
I tried to even out this article a bit, as it surely wasn't NPOV. It seems to me that pro-Muslim editors try to have too much influence on what is said about Mrs. Fallaci here. 83.135.82.165

I have now included sources to my previously criticised changes. Hope everybody is happy now 83.135.82.165

 * I think it reads a hell of alot better now and should be kept.--Looper5920 14:20, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

Anti-Arab comments
Oriana Fallaci refers to all Muslims as "Arabs" and as followers of "Arab culture". There are certain editors here, such as CltFn and Karl Meier, who hold the Western POV that criticizing a race of people is bad, and so they continue to remove any reference to her anti-Arab comments from this page because they somehow think it reflects badly on her. Yuber(talk) 17:05, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Yuber you seem to be the only person that thinks that the word Arab is a bad word. Arab is not not a bad word and arab people are not bad people . You should stop your bigotted attacks against the arab people and Oriana Fallaci is not anti-arab. She is anti-totalitarianism, anti barbarism , anti suppresion of human rights. Had you studied her long journalistic career , most of it which took place before you were even born you would have known that.--CltFn 17:12, 31 December 2005 (UTC)
 * You do not speak for Oriana Fallaci, and it is her opinion that all Muslims are Arabs and followers of Arab culture, and so she calls all Muslims Arabs in her books. Yuber(talk) 07:42, 1 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Stop the pretense Yuber, you have never read any of her books, you probably have never even touched one. So now how about givings us some real quotes with page numbers that support your assertions.--CltFn 22:16, 1 January 2006 (UTC)
 * The point is not that "Arab" is a "bad word", but that it describes people af Arabian descent. Muslims aren't "Arabs", even in major islamic countries like Turkey, whose inhabitants have no genetic relation to "Arabs", but are followers of Muslim religion nonetheless. Yuber has a point. 82.139.47.117 12:52, 3 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Yuber does not have a point. In The Rage and the Pride, Fallaci calls Muslims "Muslims," not "Arabs."  She calls Somali Muslims "Somali Muslims," not "Somali Arabs."  Yuber is dead wrong.  Iceberg007 19:00, 28 August 2006 (UTC)Iceberg007

Mr. Adam Smith wrote a booklet in Italy insulting and defaming Mrs Fallaci and her father and vowing to punish the Woman who offended the islam. He says, among other nice things, that the westerners should stop drinking alchool (as the Quram says) or die like Oriana is doing. The booklet ends with a real fatwa against her. This fact was taken seriously by the police, and security measures was taken in NY.

Quotes
Yuber, if you were able to properly point to the places in Fallaci's work where those quotes supposedly come from, or, as I said on your talk, point to websites that mention the correct places, I am pretty sure that everyone would be happy if those quotes stay in. The websites you mention only claim that she said that, but none of them say where exactly in her works that was taken from. As it is, the information simply is not verifiable, which is contradictory to WP:V. Cyberevil 02:08, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

In a recent interview taken to fallaci for an argentinian Newspaper, she made very interesting comments about Youth and Liberty. She said young people are hardly abel to express freely in any context or culture. They think they are free thinking but they are permanently tided to political and ideological fashion and the influence of the media. Young adults are also influenced by their obligations, contexts and responsabilities. In her own maturehood she sees the true possibility for free thinking since only mature people can be truely self thinking. Its very interesting how she defends adulthood as the "best and freer moment of her life" and how she enjoys her age despite of "the other one". Is cocnforting the always-smart trough wich she ridicules, some ridiculous massive movements. Comments? I am 27 yo. leandro. Argentina.

Things that must be said
First of all it is Ferruccio De Bortoli and not Ferruccio de Bortolo as it was previoulsy written, then I added infos to make clear to the reader that Oriana Fallaci is appreciated mainly by the italian right-wingers and also extreme right-wingers. Leftists ( not only leftist hardliners but also moderate ones )in general don't like Oriana at all and a lot of persons consider her a racist. So as you can see, public opinion in Italy is divided about her. While rightists like her, lefists don't. Some people also say, with a a bit of bad taste, that she became totally crazy due to her illness. Personally I'm italian but I really don't like her and IMHO she wrote a lot of bullshits and racist anti-muslim things. Regards (Virgilio 03:51, 23 January 2006 (UTC))
 * ..."and racist anti-Muslim things..." -- I had no idea Islamism came with pigmentation.--Mike18xx 11:35, 4 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I believe that Mike18xx is an advocate of genocide against Muslims. See here. --GCarty 15:10, 5 July 2006 (UTC)
 * GCarty, you're joking, right? The link you provide proves the opposite. TheKaplan 23:53, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Well, I m also italian and I DO LIKE Oriana. Do you know why she wrote what she wrote ? Because she travelled to arabic countries. I've been 10 years in Algeria and I know that What she says IS TRUE . Tu continua cosi', sogni d'oro a Dysneyland

Opinion on human travel to Mars
deleted edit:

 * Original Italian: "Il treno, l'automobile, l'aereo, le astronavi con cui siamo andati sulla Luna..."

WP doesn't rely on unauthorised translations, particularly when they are contended. Translator Chris Knipp omitted the noun's articles and thus -unwittingly, I guess- furthered the presumption that the pronoun doesn't refer to the preceding noun, but to the whole preceding enumeration. Only when assuming beforehand that Fallaci is demented, grammar and semantics allow for that interpretation. This would be WP:OR or POV. --tickle me 22:00, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

She's dead
Italian Television and Italian Wikipedia says she died today in Florence because of her illness.

Request for Photo
Does anybody have a 'non-copy righted' photo from when she was young and beautifull? The reader of this article must know her look, when she was reporting from vietnam.--Pejman47 09:24, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

 * There's one, but although for the Italian law it's public domain (20 years after the photo is shot, if it isn't qualified as art), the EU law has recently changed and commons has refused to host those images. I don't know about US law. --Εξαίρετος ([[Image:Noia_64_apps_email.png|20px]]msg) 16:37, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

 * It's not an image where she is pretty, it's a missed pic, I say more beautiful pictures of her. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A01:E35:8A8D:FE80:109C:5177:B2EC:9A6 (talk) 14:02, 9 November 2015 (UTC)

Request for bibliography section
Could someone more knowledgeable than I am please separate the list of her books into fiction and non-fiction categories? --Spiff666 12:49, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

Reorganise External Links?
The "External links" section is fairly long and could be better organised. Here's a possible scheme: Websites
 * Oriana Fallaci journalist, interviewer and author
 * European Homepage for Oriana Fallaci

Obituaries
 * Italian Writer Oriana Fallaci Dies at 77 Obituary published by the Associated Press.
 * A tribute by Michael Leeden

Articles by Fallaci
 * Rage & Pride by Oriana Fallaci, English translation by Letizia Grasso, from the four-page essay "La Rabbia e l'Orgoglio", that appeared in Italy's leading newspaper Corriere della Sera on September 29, 2001. (Note that the official edition by Rizzoli, is translated by Fallaci herself)
 * Rage and Pride, as translated by Chris Knipp
 * On Jew-Hatred in Europe, by Columnist Oriana Fallaci, IMRA - Thursday, April 25, 2002 (Originally published in Italian in the Panorama magazine, April 17, 2002).
 * The Enemy We Treat Like A Friend, Part I An article by Oriana Fallaci, published in Corriere della Sera, July 16, 2005
 * The Enemy We Treat Like A Friend, Part II An article by Oriana Fallaci, published in Corriere della Sera, July 16, 2005 (note that the central part of the article is missing between part I and II)

Articles about Fallaci I've put the links in each section into chronological order (or at least tried to). Note: I'm not certain about http://www.alter-of-democracy.be being described as "European Homepage for Oriana Fallaci".
 * Oriana Fallaci: Words, Power, And Style, Short bio by Jill M. Duquaine, University of Wisconsin - Green Bay May 6, 1996
 * Rage and Pride Ignites a Firestorm - On the reception of "Rage and Pride" By Michael San Filippo, guide to Italian Language at about.com.<!-2002-->
 * You Are Wrong, Ms Fallaci by Amir Taheri of Benador Associates, a New York-based think-tank.
 * Prophet of Decline: An interview with Oriana Fallaci by Tunku Varadarajan in the Wall Street Journal
 * Woman of the Year: Oriana Fallaci
 * Fallaci: Warrior in the Cause of Human Freedom
 * The Agitator: Oriana Fallaci directs her fury toward Islam by Margaret Talbot in The New Yorker, May 29, 2006

Anyhow, at this stage this is just a proposal for people to think about. Comments, criticisms, suggestions etc are all welcome. CWC (talk) 06:39, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

 * October 4th: I've gone ahead and reorganised the external links using these subheadings. Please don't hesitate to improve on my edit; I was not as thorough as I could have been.
 * I'm still a bit worried that we describe http://www.alter-of-democracy.be as the "European Homepage for Oriana Fallaci". Is that description correct?
 * Cheers, CWC (talk) 13:23, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

Awards
I think a positive literary review/quote would be appropriate under this section. Riccardo Nencini's uncited remarks are not very expressive, and there should be something similar to the remarks at the end of the controversy section, but from the other viewpoint. I suggest Margaret Talbot's comments in her article in The New Yorker; "Fallaci’s virtues are the virtues that shine most brightly in stark circumstances: the ferocious courage, and the willingness to say anything, that can amount to a life force." (reference)
 * Is the article not hagiographic enough for you? By the way, if you'd actually read The New Yorker essay, Talbot describes her as aging ungracefully (in the intellectual sense) and becoming almost senile in her ways/views.

POV
Article focuses too much on supposed racism and not enough on journalistic career and anti-fascist theories, which is why she is note. Artile also has many instances in which wording was awkward. Therefore, NPOV and Clean Up tags were added.
 * "Missing content" is not the same as "biased". If you think something is missing, add it yourself. Fallaci is more known for her opinions about islam than anything else today. Your claim has neither to do with style, so both NPOV and cleanup are removed. Start a section on what you think is missing and mark it as stub if you cannot write yourself.

 * This page clearly has POV problems. Take this sentence for example: "In The Force of Reason and the Rage and the Pride she dared to state what many politicians and journalists censor, the threat to open societies posed by Islamofascism and the imposition of religious (shariah) law over civil law."24.5.199.225 (talk) 13:05, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

A Man
''A Man, a novel telling the biography of Alexandros Panagoulis, who fought against the Regime of the Colonels in Greece. It's a story about a hero who fights alone for freedom and for truth, never giving up, and so he dies, killed by all.''

Is the second sentence really necessary? Touching, really, but Wikipedia isn't a bookstore, and I don't think this dramatic description is needed in a listing of Ms. Fallaci's book listing? I'm removing it.--C.Logan 10:36, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

Anti-Semitism
Quoted from Playboy magazine interview, 1981:

''“I am angry at the Jews for many things… If you want to take the example of America, how they hold the power, the economical power in so many ways, and the press and the other kind of stuff… I never realized how it happened and they came to control the media to that point. Why?”''

Wrong cause of death
Actually she died of lung cancer (not breast cancer). She also wrote a lot about smoking, cigarettes and doctors.--Absinthe88 18:36, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Oriana.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 19:27, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Referencing a translator
I felt like the Kissinger statement needed a citation, so I used one and copied the format used by Arico in his Fallaci biography; do I need to put the translator's name in there (he did the official translation of Fallaci's book)? It's there now, but if it's too much delete it for me. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Emailnuevo (talk • contribs) 16:09, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

"Controlversial comments"
Just a comment to the editors from an outside reader:

After going to the Controversy section, and reading the first paragraph, I still don't have the slightest idea about what those "controversial comments" might be. This makes this section effectively useless for anyone (like me) who is not familiar with the issue. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.177.44.93 (talk) 12:26, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

8 years later, I have added something! Tiptoethrutheminefield (talk) 00:22, 25 November 2016 (UTC)

Controversy section
I have cleaned up misspellings and errors of grammar in the 4th paragraph of the Controversy section. I don't believe I changed the meaning, although I did replace "censureship" with "censorship" in the final sentence.

Also, please note that the last sentence -- "The first book of Del Valle in Italy, Il Totalitarismo islamista (the islamic totalitarianism; Solinum Editore), was published with a postface letter written by Fallaci [19] thanking Alexandre del Valle for his writings and deploring a common hatred and anti-Islamophobia censorship in France" -- doesn't make any sense. The "anti-Islamophobia" part is especially confusing. If someone who has knowledge of Ms Fallaci's career can edit this so that it is clearer, that would be great. Clockster (talk) 23:09, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

 * After review I ended up removing this entire segment: "On the behalf of Bat Yé'Or, Fallaci asked Alexandre del Valle to give her information on Islam to be mentioned in The Force of The Reason. Fallaci's last writings on Islam were clearly influenced by Bat Yé'Or's theory on EURABIA and by Del Valle's theory on "Islamic fascism". The first book of Del Valle in Italy, Il Totalitarismo islamista (the islamic totalitarianism; Solinum Editore), was published with a postface letter written by Fallaci thanking Alexandre del Valle for his writings and deploring a common hatred and anti-Islamophobia censorship in France."

 * My reason for removing it was because it made little sense. What information was given to Fallaci and why was it on Ye'Or's behalf?  Further, the titles of both Ye'Or's book and del Valle's book seemed to be incorrect.  When I tried to figure out which of del Valle's book had the "postface letter" in it, I could find nothing indicating that there was such a "postface" by Fallaci in any book, not even at the source referenced here.  Besides, the source/reference listed appears to be a personal blog.

 * I also removed the sentence "A previous prosecutor had sought dismissal of the charges" as, again, I could find no confirmation of this. I deleted "LA LICRA" from the list of organizations that had brought lawsuits against Fallaci, as I could find no verification of that.  I did include a new reference that verified the other 2 organizations, though, as well as a new reference about the number of phrases in her book which Smith cited in his lawsuit against her.

 * And, finally, I broke the 5th paragraph up into 2 paragraphs, just for clarity. I hope these changes stay until someone who knows more about Fallaci comes in and can edit properly, but if they get reversed, note that I at least tried to fix the issues in this section. Clockster (talk) 23:43, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

support in Italy?
In the Controversy section, it's written "Fallaci received support in Italy, where her books have sold over one million copies", that sounds quite misleading to me. It's true that she sold a lot of copies in Italy, but she was also heavily criticized (and it seems to me she was more criticized than appreciated for those articles). Also, the first reference (Guardian) is not an ideal source for the number of copies she sold.--Sandrobt (talk) 14:20, 15 September 2011 (UTC)

I think it's shamefull
I think it's shamefull that the picture shown in the page represents a photo of oriana with the chador. it would seem that she has been Moslem thing that contrarily it was not... 78.13.203.124 (talk) 22:35, 26 December 2012 (UTC)
 * I agree that picture is shameful and Oriana would have hated it to represent her in Wikipedia. It HAVE TO BE CHANGED! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.83.253.217 (talk) 21:08, 16 October 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Causes of death
Please add what she though to be her cancer causes. Here the article in Italian:

http://cinema.excite.it/morte-oriana-fallaci-parla-loncologo-che-lha-N93548.html She though it was because of toxic gaz. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A01:E35:8A8D:FE80:109C:5177:B2EC:9A6 (talk) 14:00, 9 November 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Oriana Fallaci


text:
Madrugada (band)

Madrugada is a Norwegian alternative rock band formed in the town of Stokmarknes in 1993. Its key members have included Sivert Høyem (vocals), Robert Burås (guitar), and Frode Jacobsen (bass). After Burås' death on 12 July 2007, Høyem and Jacobsen decided to finish recording what was to be their final album in the original lineup. On 21 January 2008, the band released Madrugada and announced that they would split after one last tour. They performed their final concert on 15 November 2008.

In June 2018, it was announced that Høyem, Jacobsen, and Lauvland Pettersen had reformed the band for a series of shows in 2019.

According to Anders Kaasen of Allmusic, the band was noted for "its bareboned blues-inspired alt-rock" at the end of the 1990s.

Name
The word madrugada means "the period of time between midnight and sunrise" in Portuguese and Spanish.

History
The group of musicians that would go on to become Madrugada formed in the town of Stokmarknes in 1993 under the name Abbeys Adoption. The band members at this time included Jon Lauvland Pettersen (drums), Frode Jacobsen (bass), Sivert Høyem (vocals), and Marius 'Wah Wah' Johansen (guitar). In 1995, they were joined by guitarist Robert Burås and made the decision to move to Oslo, after which Johansen departed. By 1998, the band had been signed to a six-album deal by Virgin Music Norway, and after a chance meeting with Norwegian author and poet Øystein Wingaard Wolf in a bar, changed their name to Madrugada.

Their debut album, Industrial Silence, was released on 30 August 1999 to critical acclaim and was followed by The Nightly Disease, in 2001.

After personal relations became fraught, Pettersen left the band in early 2002 and was replaced by Simen Vangen. Soon afterwards, work began on a third album, Grit.

Madrugada finished working on their fourth album, The Deep End, in late 2004. Recorded at Sound City in Los Angeles with producer George Drakoulias, it was released on 28 February 2005 in Norway, on 31 March in the rest of Europe, and finally in the US on 11 April. The lead single "The Kids Are on High Street" was released for domestic radio play on 14 January, and a music video was filmed in London. Vangen announced his departure in early 2005, stating that he wished to focus on various jazz-related projects, leaving the band without a permanent drummer.

On 14 December 2005, Madrugada released the album Live at Tralfamadore, (named after the fictional home planet of aliens from several novels by American author Kurt Vonnegut). By the end of 2005 and less than a month after its release, it became the highest-selling album in Norway for that year, with The Deep End as the runner-up. The year was capped off with Madrugada winning three awards at the annual Spellemannprisen—the Norwegian equivalent of the Grammys. They won in the Best Rock Album, Best Song, and Spellemann of the Year categories.

Following this successful period, the band members focused on various side projects. Høyem released his second solo album, Exiles, in 2006, while Burås and his band My Midnight Creeps released their second album, Histamin, in March 2007.

The band reconvened in the spring of 2007 with Industrial Silence, Nightly Disease, and Histamin producer John Agnello to begin work on their fifth album, but on 12 July 2007, Robert Burås was found dead in his Oslo apartment; he was 31 years old.

Following the release of the new single "Look Away Lucifer", on 10 December 2007, the band's final, self-titled album was eventually published on 21 January 2008. The majority of guitar tracks had been recorded before Burås' death.

In the spring of 2008, joined by My Midnight Creeps guitarist Alex Kloster-Jensen and friend of the band Cato Thomassen, Madrugada embarked on a tour throughout Europe.

In 2010, a career spanning double album was released, entitled The Best of Madrugada. It included one new track, "All This Wanting to Be Free".

On 15 June 2018, it was announced via the band's Facebook page that Madrugada had reunited with original drummer Jon Lauvland Pettersen, and a 2019 European tour was planned.

Band members
Current
 * Sivert Høyem – vocals (1993–2008, 2018–present)
 * Frode Jacobsen – bass (1993–2008, 2018–present)
 * Jon Lauvland Pettersen – drums (1993–2002, 2018–present)

Past
 * Robert Burås – guitar (1993–2007, died in 2007)
 * Erland Dahlen – drums (2005–2008)
 * Simen Vangen – drums (2002–2005)
 * Marius "Wah Wah" Johansen – guitar (1993–1995)

Live
 * Erland Dahlen – percussion (2019)
 * Mikael Lindqvist – piano, keyboards
 * Fredrik Viklund – guitar, keyboards (2005–2006)
 * Alexander Kloster-Jensen – guitar, keyboards (2008)
 * Cato Thomassen – guitar, keyboards (2008, 2019)
 * Christer Knutsen - guitar, keyboards (2019)

Awards

 * 1999: Spellemannprisen in the category Best Rock Band, for Industrial Silence
 * 1999: Spellemannprisen in the category Newcomer of the Year, for Industrial Silence
 * 2002: Spellemannprisen in the category Best Rock Band, for Grit
 * 2005: Spellemannprisen in the category Best Rock Band, for The Deep End
 * 2005: Spellemannprisen in the category Hit of the Year, together with Ane Brun, for "Lift me"
 * 2005: Spellemannprisen in the category Spellemann of the Year
 * 2006: Spellemannprisen in the category Best Rock Band, for Live at Tralfamadore
 * 2008: Spellemannprisen in the category Music Video of the Year, for "Look Away Lucifer"
 * 2022: Spellemannprisen in the category Best Rock Band, for Madrugada 2022

Studio albums

 * Industrial Silence (1999)
 * The Nightly Disease (2001)
 * Grit (2002)
 * The Deep End (2005)
 * Madrugada (2008)
 * Chimes at Midnight (2022)

EPs

 * Madrugada EP (1998)
 * New Depression EP (1999)
 * Electric (2000)
 * Higher EP (2000)
 * Hands Up – I Love You (2001)
 * A Deadend Mind (2001)
 * Ready (2002)

Live albums

 * Live at Tralfamadore (2005)
 * The Industrial Silence Tour 2019 (Live at Rockaplast) (2023)

Compilations

 * B-sides and Rarities from Industrial Silence (1999)
 * B-sides and Rarities from The Nightly Disease (2001)
 * The Best of Madrugada (2010)

Singles

 * "Beautyproof" (2000)
 * "Majesty" (2003)
 * "The Kids Are on High Street" (2005)
 * "Hold on to You" (2005)
 * "Stories from the Streets" (2005)
 * "Lift Me" (featuring Ane Brun) (2005)
 * "Look Away Lucifer" (2008)
 * "What's on Your Mind?" (2008)
 * "Half-Light" (2019)
 * "Nobody Loves You Like I Do" (2021)
 * "Dreams at Midnight" (2021)
 * "The World Could Be Falling Down" (2021)
 * "Ecstasy" (2021)
 * "If I Was the Captain of This Ship" (2022)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Madrugada (band)


text:
User:Charles Matthews/YoungHegel

Johann Wilhelm von Archenholz - Aristides - Aristogeiton - Alphonse Aulard - Johann Jakob Bachofen - Honoré de Balzac - Frédéric Bastiat - Bruno Bauer - Jakob Böhme - Cesare Borgia - Friedrich Bouterwek - Giordano Bruno - Friedrich Brunstäd - George Gordon Noel Lord Byron - John Calvin - Pierre Joseph Cambon - Jean Jacques Cart - Marcus Porcius Priscus Cato - Pierre Gaspard Chaumette - Nicolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky - Cleomenes - Antoine Marquis de Condorcet - Benjamin Constant - Nicholas Copernicus - Nicholas of Cusa - Adam Philippe Custine - Georges Baron de Cuvier - Georges Danton - Joseph Dietzgen - Wilhelm Dilthey - Diogenes Laertius - Julius Ebbinghaus - Eckhart - Johann Christian Edelmann - Nanette Endel - Johann Eduard Erdmann - Adam Karl August Eschenmayer - Hugo Falkenheim - Adam Ferguson - Louis Auguste Ferrier - Ludwig Feuerbach - Johann Gottlieb Fichte - Henry Fielding - Hugo Fischer - Kuno Fischer - Georg Forster - Charles Fourier - Charles James Fox - Frederick II, King of Prussia - Fernando Galiani - Galileo Galilei - Luigi Galvani - Charles Ganilh - Germain Garnier - Hermann Glockner - August Graf Neithardt von Gneisenau - Johann Wolfgang von Goethe - Maxim Gorki - Joseph von Görres - Hugo Grotius - Guillaume Guizot - Friedrich Gundolf - Ernst Haeckel - Theodor Haering - Karl Ludwig von Haller - Harmodius - Eduard von Hartmann - Rudolf Haym - Jacques René Hébert - Hermann Heller - Claude Adrien Helvétius - Johann Friedrich Herbart - Johann Gottfried Herder - Jean Hippolyte - Thomas Hodgskin - Johannes Hoffmeister - Paul Henri Dietrich Baron d'Holbach - Friedrich Hölderlin - Ludwig Hölty - Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi - Julian the Apostate - Sören Aabye Kierkegaard - Ludwig Klages - Heinrich von Kleist - Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock - Richard Kroner - Wilhelm Traugott Krug - Paul Lafargue - Jean Baptiste Lamarck - Pierre Simon Marquis de Laplace - Ferdinand Lasalle - Georg Lasson - Antoine Laurent Lavoisier - Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz - Gotthold Ephraim Lessing - Otto Liebmann - Karl Löwith - Niccolò Macchiavelli - John Ramsay MacCulloch - Thomas Robert Malthus - Bernard de Mandeville - Thomas Mann - Jean-Paul Marat - Pierre Marivaux - Albert Mathiez - Catherine de Medici - Georg Mehlis - Franz Mehring - Friedrich Meinecke - Moses Mendelssohn - François Mignet - Charles de Secondat Baron Montesquieu - Lewis Morgan - Johann Lorenz von Mosheim - Thomas Münzer - Johann Karl August Musäus - Friedrich Nicolai - Immanuel Niethammer - Hermann Nohl - Novalis - Robert Owen - Jean Paul - Sir William Petty - Phidias - George Valentinovich Plekhanov - Pierre Joseph Proudhon - Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin - Jean Paul Rabaut-St. Etienne - Leopold von Ranke - Guillaume Raynal - Hermann Samuel Reimarus - Karl Leonhard Reinhold - David Ricardo - Armand-Jean du Plessis Duc Richelieu - Heinrich Rickert - Maximilian de Robespierre - Johann Karl Rodbertus - Karl Rosenkranz - Franz Rosenzweig - Meyer Amschel Rothschild - Jean Jacques Rousseau - Arnold Ruge - Antoine de Saint-Just - Claude Henri de Saint-Simon - Friedrich Karl von Savigny - Gerhard Johann David Scharnhorst - Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling - Friedrich Schiller - August Wilhelm Schlegel - Friedrich Schlegel - Friedrich Ernst Daniel Schleiermacher - Erich Schmidt - Arthur Schopenhauer - Gottlob Ernst Schulze - Nassau William Senior - Georg Simmel - Isaak Sinclair - Adam Smith - Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand Solger - Othmar Spann - Oswald Spengler - Baruch Spinoza - Joseph Stalin - Karl Baron von Stein - Stendhal - Sir James Denham Steuart - James Hutchison Stirling - Max Stirner - David Friedrich Strauss - Johannes Tauler - Augustin Thierry - Heinrich von Treitschke - Giovanni Batista Vico - Friedrich Theodor Vischer - Karl Vogt - Alessandro Count Volta - François Marie Arouet Voltaire - Heinrich Leopold Wagner - Jean Wahl - Christoph Martin Wieland - Wilhelm Windelband - Christian Wolff

title: User:Charles Matthews/YoungHegel


text:
Sean O'Callaghan

Sean O'Callaghan (10 October 1954 – 23 August 2017) was a member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA), who from the late 1970s to the mid-1980s worked against the organisation from within as a mole for the Irish Government with the Garda Síochána's Special Branch.

In the mid-1980s he left the IRA and subsequently voluntarily surrendered to British prosecution for actions he had engaged in as an IRA gunman in the 1970s. Following his release from imprisonment, he published a memoir detailing his life in Irish Republican paramilitarism entitled The Informer: The True Life Story of One Man's War on Terrorism (1998).

Former Irish Prime Minister Garret FitzGerald described O'Callaghan as one of the Irish Government's most important spies operating within the Provisional IRA during the late 20th century's The Troubles.

Early life
O'Callaghan was born on 26 January 1954, into a family with a Fenian paramilitary history, in Tralee, County Kerry. His paternal grandfather had taken the Anti-Treaty side during the Irish Civil War, and his father had been interned by the Irish Government at the Curragh Camp in County Kildare for IRA activity during World War II.

By the late 1960s, the teenaged O'Callaghan had ceased practising the Catholic faith, adopted atheism and had become interested in the theories of Marxist revolutionary politics, which found an outlet of practical expression in the sectarian social unrest in Northern Ireland at that time, centred on the activities of the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association. In 1969, an outbreak of communal violence broke out in Northern Ireland and believing that British imperialism was responsible, O'Callaghan joined the newly founded Provisional IRA at the age of 17.

Soon afterwards, he was arrested by local Gardaí after he accidentally detonated a small amount of explosives, which caused damage to the homes of his parents and their neighbours. After demanding, and receiving, treatment as a political prisoner, O'Callaghan quietly served his sentence.

Provisional Irish Republican Army activity
After becoming a full-time paramilitary with the IRA, in the early to mid 1970s O'Callaghan took part in over seventy operations associated with Irish Republican political violence including bomb materials manufacture, attacks on IRA targets in Northern Ireland, and robberies to provide funding for the organisation. On 2 May 1974 he was part of an attack by an IRA force on a 6th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR) base at the village of Clogher in County Tyrone, with sustained automatic-rifle fire, anti-tank rockets, and rounds fired from an improvised mortar which was operated by O'Callaghan. During this attack a female UDR recruit was killed. On 23 August 1974 O'Callaghan killed Detective Inspector Peter Augustine Flanagan, a 47-year-old Catholic police officer and head of the Omagh Division of the Royal Ulster Constabulary's Special Branch, by shooting him repeatedly with a handgun in a two-man IRA attack in a public house in the town of Omagh in County Tyrone.

Irish Government agent within the IRA
In 1976, aged 22, O'Callaghan ended his involvement with the IRA after becoming disillusioned with its activities. He later recalled that his disenchantment with the IRA began when one of his compatriots openly hoped that a female police officer who had been blown up by an IRA bomb had been pregnant so they could get "two for the price of one." He was also concerned with what he perceived was an undercurrent of ethnic hatred in its rank and file towards the Ulster Scots population. He left Ireland and moved to London. In May 1978, he married a Scottish woman of Protestant unionist descent. During the late 1970s, he ran a successful mobile cleaning business. However, he was unable to fully settle in his new life, later recalling: "In truth there seemed to be no escaping from Ireland. At the strangest of times I would find myself reliving the events of my years in the IRA. As the years went on, I came to believe that the Provisional IRA was the greatest enemy of democracy and decency in Ireland".

In 1979 O'Callaghan was approached by the IRA seeking to recruit him again for its paramilitary campaign. In response, he decided to turncoat against the organisation and become an agent within its ranks for the Irish Government. In his memoir, O'Callaghan described his reasoning as follows:

"I had been brought up to believe that you had to take responsibility for your own actions. If you did something wrong then you made amends. I came to believe that individuals taking responsibility for their own actions is the basis for civilisation, without that safety net we have nothing."

O'Callaghan later told authors Kevin Cullen and Shelley Murphey that he decided to become a double agent even though he knew that even those who hated the IRA as much as he now did have a low opinion of informers; as he put it, "there is nothing worse in Ireland than being an informer." However, he felt it was the only way to stop the IRA from luring teenagers into their ranks and training them to kill.

Soon after being approached by the IRA to re-join he returned to Tralee from London, where he arranged a clandestine meeting with an officer of the Garda Special Branch in a local cemetery, at which O'Callaghan expressed his willingness to work with it to subvert the IRA from within. At this point, O'Callaghan was still opposed to working with the British Government. A few weeks later, O'Callaghan made contact with Kerry IRA leader Martin Ferris and attended his first IRA meeting since 1975. Immediately afterwards, he telephoned his Garda contact and said, "We're in". According to O'Callaghan, "Over the next few months plans to carry out various armed robberies were put together by the local IRA. It was relatively easy for me to foil these attempts; an occasional Garda car or roadblock at the 'wrong time'; the routine arrest of Ferris or myself; or simple 'bad planning', such as a car arriving late – a whole series of random stratagems".

During the 1981 hunger strike in the Maze Prison, he attempted to start his own hunger strike in support of the Maze prisoners but was told to desist by the IRA for fear it would detract focus from the prisoners. O'Callaghan successfully sabotaged the efforts of republicans in Kerry from staging hunger strikes of their own.

In 1984 he notified the Garda of an attempt to smuggle seven tons of AK-47 assault rifles from the United States to Ireland aboard a fishing trawler named Valhalla. The guns were intended for the arsenal of the Provisional IRA's units. The shipment had been organised by the Winter Hill Gang, an Irish-American crime family of South Boston, Massachusetts. As a result of O'Callaghan's warning, a combined force of the Irish Navy and Gardaí intercepted the boat that received the weaponry, and the guns were seized. The seizure marked the complete end of any major attempt by the IRA to smuggle guns out of the United States, which ended three years earlier with the arrest of the primary IRA's gunrunner George Harrison by the American Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).

O'Callaghan claimed to have been tasked in 1983 by the IRA with placing 25lb of Frangex in the Dominion Theatre in London, to try to kill Prince Charles and Princess Diana who were due to attend a charity pop music concert there. A warning was phoned into the Garda, and the Royal couple were hurriedly ushered from the theatre by their police bodyguard during the concert. The theatre had been searched before the concert and a second search following the warning revealed no device.

In 1985, O'Callaghan was elected as a Sinn Féin councillor for Tralee Urban District Council, and unsuccessfully contested a seat on Kerry County Council.

Imprisonment
After becoming disillusioned with his work with the Irish Government after the murder of another of its agents within the IRA (Sean Corcoran in County Kerry in 1985), which it had failed to prevent despite O'Callaghan's warnings of the threat to him, and sensing a growing threat to himself from the organisation which had become suspicious of his own behaviour, O'Callaghan withdrew from the IRA and left Ireland to live in England, taking his wife and children with him. His marriage ended in a divorce in 1987, and on 29 November 1988 he walked into a police station in Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England, where, presenting himself to the officer on duty at the desk he confessed to the murder of UDR Greenfinch (female member) Eva Martin and the murder of D.I. Peter Flanagan during the mid-1970s, and voluntarily surrendered to British prosecution.

Although the Royal Ulster Constabulary offered him witness protection as part of the informer policy, O'Callaghan refused it, and was prosecuted under charges of two murders and 40 other crimes, to all of which he pled guilty, committed in British jurisdiction with the IRA. Having been found guilty he was jailed for a total of 539 years. O'Callaghan served his sentence in prisons in Northern Ireland and England. While in jail, he published his story in The Sunday Times. He was released after being granted the Royal Prerogative of Mercy by Queen Elizabeth II in 1996.

Post-IRA life
In 1998 O'Callaghan published an autobiographical account of his experiences in Irish Republican paramilitarism, entitled The Informer: The True Life Story of One Man's War on Terrorism (1998). In the book's text he stated (shortly before the death of Eamon Collins, another former IRA member who had prominently turned upon the organisation):

"I know that the organisation led by Gerry Adams and Martin McGuinness would like to murder me. I know that that organisation will go on murdering other people until they are finally defeated. It is my belief that in spite of IRA/Sinn Féin's strategic cunning, and no matter how many people they kill, the people of the Irish Republic expect, because they have been told so by John Hume, that there will be peace. There may come a time when their patience runs out. If that were to happen there would be no place for IRA/Sinn Féin to hide. We must work tirelessly to bring that day forward."

O'Callaghan lived relatively openly in London for the rest of his life, having refused to adopt a new identity. He was befriended in the city by the Irish writer Ruth Dudley Edwards, and worked as a security consultant, and also occasional advisor to the Ulster Unionist Party on how to handle Irish Republicanism in general, and Sinn Féin in particular.

In 2006, O'Callaghan appeared in a London court with regard to an aggravated robbery that had occurred in which he was the victim.

In 2015 O'Callaghan published James Connolly: My Search for the Man, the Myth & his Legacy (2015), a book containing a critique of the early 20th century Irish revolutionary James Connolly, and what O'Callaghan considered to be his destructive legacy in Ireland's contemporary politics.

Death
O'Callaghan died by drowning after suffering a heart attack at the age of 63 while in a swimming pool in Kingston, Jamaica in August 2017, while visiting his daughter, Tara. His death was reported on 23 August 2017. A memorial service was held in his memory on 21 March 2018 at St Martin's in the Fields Church, in London, which was attended by representatives from Ulster Unionist parties and the Irish Government.

Disputed claims of O'Callaghan's accounts
Sources in Sinn Féin have publicly denied aspects of the statements made by O'Callaghan with regard to his IRA career, particularly the claim that he had attained the leadership of the IRA's Southern Command, and had been a delegate to the IRA Army Council, claims O'Callaghan made both in print and before a Dublin jury under oath. A 1997 article in An Phoblacht alleged that O'Callaghan "has been forced to overstate his importance in the IRA, and to make increasingly outlandish accusations against individual republicans".

O'Callaghan also claimed to have attended an IRA finance meeting in Letterkenny in 1980 with, among others, lawyer Pat Finucane and Sinn Féin politician Gerry Adams. Following his death at the hands of Loyalist paramilitaries, Finucane's family denied that he had been a member of the IRA, and the organisation did not claim or memorialise him as a member after the event. The RUC and the Stevens Report indicated that, to their knowledge he was not believed to have been an IRA member, although he came from an Irish Republican background and three of his brothers (Dermot, John, and Seamus) had been involved in paramilitarism. Adams repeatedly stated that, although associated closely with Irish Republican politics, he had never been a member of the IRA.

While O'Callaghan claimed to have quit being an informant after being disillusioned by the murder of Sean Corcoran, there remains suspicion that O'Callaghan may have been the perpetrator of Corcoran's death. O'Callaghan once claimed that the IRA had ordered him to kill Corcoran and that he did so to protect his cover, but he later repudiated this claim, stating he had only admitted to the murder to trigger a police investigation.

title: Sean O'Callaghan


text:
User talk:Kuda

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[[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Wants you to vote!]] 10:43, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kuda


text: User talk:194.82.134.198

title: User talk:194.82.134.198


text:
Peugeot 107

The Peugeot 107 is a city car produced by French automaker Peugeot, launched in June 2005, and produced until July 2014.

The 107 was developed by the B-Zero project of PSA Peugeot Citroën in a joint venture with Toyota; the Citroën C1 and Toyota Aygo are badge engineered variants of each other, the Aygo having more detail differences from the C1 and 107. The three were manufactured at the TPCA assembly joint venture in Kolín, Czech Republic.

The 107 is a four-seater available as a three or five-door hatchback, replacing the 106, which ended production in July 2003. It shares its rear tail light clusters with the Citroën C1, apart from a different red coloured lens.

Facelifts
In February 2009, the Peugeot 107 received a facelift aligned with revisions to the Citroën C1 and the Toyota Aygo. Aesthetic changes included revised front bumper, interior, and wheel trims. The front fascia received a wider grille.

The placement of the number plate has been moved from the black stripe in the middle of the grille (which now has a chrome style strip running along with it) to underneath the grille itself and two side vents have been added to give the car an updated look. The interior offered more seat fabric choices and revised centre console graphics. The engine which now produces 106 grams of carbon dioxide per kilometre opposed to 109 before and the Standard Combined Urban Cycle fuel economy has been improved from 61 mpgimp to 62.8 mpgimp.

In the beginning of 2012, the 107 received a further facelift with a revised bonnet and front bumper/grille with integrated daytime running lights. The interior received a leather steering wheel and a new gearshift on higher-level trims. The official premiere of the facelift was in the Brussels Motor Show.

Reliability
Breakdown statistics reported by the German Automobile Club in May 2010 placed the Peugeot 107 (which the data grouped with the Citroën C1 and Toyota Aygo) at the top of the sub small car class, in respect of the low breakdown rates achieved for cars aged between 1 and 4 years. Class laggards were the Chevrolet Matiz (0–3 year old cars) and the two seater Smart (4–5 year old cars).

In January 2010, PSA announced that it was recalling "under 100,000 units" of the 107 and the Citroën C1, following the worldwide recall by Toyota for a faulty sticking accelerator pedal – which the Aygo is affected by. Under certain circumstances, the pedal can stick in a partially depressed position, or return slowly to the off position.

Replacement
The 107 was replaced by the Peugeot 108, which was launched in July 2014.

title: Peugeot 107


text:
SamTrans

SamTrans (stylized as samTrans; officially the San Mateo County Transit District) is a public transport agency in and around San Mateo, California, in the San Francisco Bay Area. It provides bus service throughout San Mateo County and into portions of San Francisco and Palo Alto. SamTrans also operates commuter shuttles to BART stations and community shuttles. Service is largely concentrated on the east side of the Santa Cruz Mountains, and, in the central county, I-280, leaving coast-side service south of Pacifica spotty and intermittent.

SamTrans is constituted as a special district under California state law. It is governed by a board of nine appointed members; two county Supervisors, one "transportation expert" appointed by the county Board of Supervisors, three city council members appointed by the cities in the county to represent the county's judicial districts, and three citizens appointed by the other six board members (including one from the coastside).

The district was established in 1976 and consolidated eleven different municipal bus systems serving the county. One year later, SamTrans began operation of mainline bus service to San Francisco. Shuttle service began in 2000.

In addition to fixed-route bus and paratransit operations, the district participates in the administration of the San Jose-San Francisco commuter rail line Caltrain. SamTrans also provides administrative support for the San Mateo County Transportation Authority, a separate board charged with administering the half-cent (0.5 percent) sales tax levy that funds highway and transit improvement projects.

In, the system had a ridership of , or about per weekday as of.

History
Voters in San Mateo County approved the formation of the San Mateo County Transit District in 1974. SamTrans was formed in 1976 by the consolidation of 11 different city bus systems throughout San Mateo County; several more systems were added over the following years. SamTrans took over Western Greyhound Lines commuter service on July 2, 1977; some routes were curtailed from downtown San Francisco to Daly City station. SamTrans purchased 40 buses from Greyhound at that time, and its fleet exceeded 200 buses by 1980.

In August 2013, the agency merged two routes along El Camino Real into the single all-day ECR route with 15-minute headways, briefly stemming a long-term decline in bus ridership that began in the early 1990s. Ridership on SamTrans buses was 52,140 passengers per weekday in November 2009; by November 2017, it had fallen to 37,830 bus passengers per weekday and continues to decline, further threatening the agency's budget. According to a route-level analysis, in 2014, four lines accounted for more than half of all weekday riders: ECR, 120, 292, and 122/28, with ECR alone accounting for more than one quarter of all weekday riders. A half-cent sales tax, Measure W, which partially goes to SamTrans, passed on the November 2018 ballot.

Facilities
SamTrans headquarters are at 1250 San Carlos Avenue in a 125000 sqft building built in 1979 and acquired in 1990, one block southwest of the Caltrain station. In 2023, SamTrans authorized the acquisition of a new building near Millbrae BART and Caltrain station to be used as the new headquarter.

SamTrans has two maintenance bases. North Base opened in 1988. It is in South San Francisco, just north of San Francisco International Airport and adjacent to U.S. 101 and I-380. South Base opened in 1984 near the San Carlos Airport, east of U.S. 101 off Redwood Shores Parkway. Primary maintenance is carried out at North Base, which can store 200 buses. South Base can store 150 buses. SamTrans also owns Brewster Depot in Redwood City, which is used by its subcontractor MV Transportation for storage and dispatching; Brewster Depot is 3000 sqft and was built in 1940.

Bus service
Currently, SamTrans serves the cities of San Mateo County, including Atherton, Belmont, Burlingame, Colma, Daly City, East Palo Alto, Foster City, Half Moon Bay, Hillsborough, Menlo Park, Millbrae, Pacifica, Palo Alto, Redwood City, San Bruno, San Carlos, San Mateo, and South San Francisco. Most routes provide connecting service to BART, Caltrain, or both. There is also regular scheduled service to San Francisco International Airport (SFO) and Transbay Terminal in downtown San Francisco.

Unlike most large transit operators in the Bay Area, SamTrans outsources to private contractors the operation of a number of its routes. The current contract operator for Peninsula mainline, Coastside and paratransit services is MV Transportation.

SamTrans previously operated special service for a couple of Bay Area events such as San Francisco 49ers home football games and the quirky Bay to Breakers footrace in San Francisco.

Route designations

 * Notes

SamTrans reorganized its bus routes in August 1999 and adopted a new route designation system to identify service types, geographical coverage, and connections to rail services.

Routes
Local routes have either two or three digits or a special designation (e.g.,  ECR ). For three-digit routes, the first digit identifies a rail connection:

 *  1  – Connection to BART stations only (primarily routes in Daly City, Colma, South San Francisco and San Bruno)
 *  2  – Connection to Caltrain stations only (primarily routes south of Millbrae)
 *  3  – Connection to both BART and Caltrain stations (three routes have this designation:  ECR , previously designated  390 , provides service between Palo Alto and Daly City,  397  provides overnight service between San Francisco and Palo Alto as a part of the All Nighter network, and  399  provides overnight service between Daly City and San Francisco International Airport as a part of the All Nighter network.)

All two-digit routes are community service routes. Most of these routes do not connect with rail and operate on school days.

Express routes
Express bus routes were designated by a letter and X. In December 2009, six express routes (DX, FX, MX, NX, PX, and RX) were eliminated due to budget constraints; a seventh, route CX, was redesignated Route 118. In August 2018, the last remaining express route, KX, was folded into Route 398.

In April 2017, SamTrans identified fifteen potential express bus routes connecting the Peninsula counties of San Francisco, San Mateo, and Santa Clara. Most of the potential routes ran along U.S. 101, and some were planned to take advantage of managed lanes to provide speedier service. By June 2018, the list of potential bus routes was reduced to six. The draft final report was released in November 2018, and the Board adopted it in December. SamTrans anticipates relaunching express bus service in August 2019 from Foster City to downtown San Francisco along U.S. 101, followed by a second route in Spring/Summer of 2020 from Palo Alto to western San Francisco along I-280. The Foster City–San Francisco route was launched as FCX in August 2019, but ridership and frequency have been adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic in the San Francisco Bay Area. The launch of the other proposed express route planned for Phase 1, PAX (Palo Alto to western San Francisco), has been delayed indefinitely. Phase 2 of the express bus plan includes two additional routes: EPX (East Palo Alto to San Bruno) and an un-named route (San Mateo to downtown San Francisco); EPX is anticipated to launch in 2023 after SamTrans completes acquisition of XE40 battery-electric buses.

Fares
Since January 1, 2020

 * Notes

As of December 22, 2010, Clipper card fare machines became fully operational throughout the system, allowing riders to pay fares using Clipper card, a transit smart card that is also accepted by most other Bay Area transit agencies.

Clipper cards come in four varieties: adult, youth, senior and disabled (which includes Medicare cardholders). Adult Clipper cards may be obtained from a wide variety of vendors, but youth, senior and disabled Clipper cards must be obtained from SamTrans or another Bay Area transit agency. Each Clipper card contains some sort of stored value (e.g., monthly passes, "Clipper Cash" e-funds used for transit fares) and the history of recent trips using the card. Clipper cards generally confer an approximately 10% discount relative to cash fares.

SamTrans does not provide physical transfers, but Clipper cards offer free transfers to other SamTrans buses within 2 hours of the first boarding. SamTrans additionally offers a Day Pass which allows unlimited rides on local routes and a credit on higher-cost routes. The cost of the Day Pass is thrice the one-way fare on the local routes for adults, youth, and seniors/disabled/Medicare cardholders.

With the exception of youth summer passes, all SamTrans monthly passes must be loaded onto a Clipper card. Youth, senior and disabled monthly passes may only be loaded onto a corresponding Clipper card obtained from SamTrans or another Bay Area transit agency.

To ride SamTrans with Clipper card, the card must be "tagged" (read) by the Clipper card reader installed at the front of the bus near the farebox. The reader checks for a SamTrans monthly pass and local-fare credits from other agencies, computes the remaining fare and (if there is one) collects it in Clipper Cash. Note that northbound passengers on route KX to San Francisco must "tag" their Clipper card twice: once when boarding within San Mateo County (which collects a local fare or equivalent) and once before exiting in San Francisco (which collects any remaining fare).

Caltrain monthly passes (with two or more zones) and VTA monthly passes (that have been tagged on VTA in the last two hours) are honored on SamTrans as a local-fare credit. To use a local-fare credit from a monthly pass loaded onto a Clipper card on higher-cost routes, the remaining fare must be collected in Clipper Cash.

New fareboxes were installed in June 2011. The fareboxes collect fares, issue new magnetic striped tickets (e.g., day passes, change cards) and process previously issued magnetic striped tickets (e.g., day passes, youth summer passes, change cards). When a patron does not have exact change, a change card is issued with a cash value that can be redeemed at a future farebox transaction for up to a year.

Up to three kids under 5 with fare-paying rider can board for free.

Fleet
SamTrans currently has a fleet of 296 buses of various sizes for its fixed-route service. Fifty-five are articulated buses made by New Flyer Industries with the 10 m (35 ft) and 12 m (40 ft) buses with low flooring, are made by the Gillig Corporation. Each bus is equipped with GPS tracking providing both visual and voice next-stop announcements, and are accessible to passengers in wheelchairs and those with limited mobility.

In 2009, SamTrans added 135 custom made Gillig low floor buses to their fleet, numbered 400-490, 500-539 & 2900-2903, replacing 137 older Gillig Phantom buses in their fleet.

In 2018, SamTrans placed an order for 10 Proterra 40-foot Catalyst BE40s buses as a first step towards the goal to have an all-electric fleet by 2033. The battery electric buses were expected to enter revenue service in early 2019, and a charging station will be installed at each SamTrans maintenance facility. However, issues with battery charges and turning radius led to Samtrans ending the program. Recently, Samtrans took possession and testing of a New Flyer battery power bus, which has now led to both bases getting chargers installed or in process of being installed.

In 2023, SamTrans ordered 108 hydrogen fuel cell buses from New Flyer at a cost of $168m. SamTrans aims to have a diesel free bus fleet by the mid 2030s.

title: SamTrans


text:
Talk:Russell Maughan

Untitled
The providing web site for this short bio "is provided as a public service by Hill Air Force Base. Information presented [there] is considered public information and may be distributed or copied." see http://www.hill.af.mil/museum/history/maughan.htm --Gary B.

Army vs Air Force
Russell Maughan was started in the Army which included military flying prior to 1947 when the USAF was separated (see USAF). He retired in 1946 so he was an army pilot. He never actually served in the separate USAF. I was confused because it lists him as USAF in one ext ref and as a career Army officer in the other.

Some of this may need to stated in the article. RJFJR 00:33, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

I have cleaned this up. Hill AFB had a much better bio in a base publication, which was reduced in content and rewritten here. Colonel Maughan's cross-country record was verified in the Air Force-published history text, and his commands in Maurer Maurer. I can find absolutely no record indicating that he ever commanded either fighters (the Hill article) or bombers (the original of this article) or flew combat in WWII. He was 49 years old when he last commanded a flying unit (commanding officer of a wing was not a flying job).--Buckboard 11:02, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Russell Maughan


text:
Asphalt Ribbons

Asphalt Ribbons were an English rock band that formed in Nottingham in 1987.

The original line-up was Stuart Staples, Gaynor Backhouse, Gary Watt and Rob Howard. Dave Boulter (organ and accordion) replaced Rob Howard in 1989 and Will Carless (drums) also joined in 1989, just before they released their first EP, The Orchard, on the In-Tape label. Neil Fraser was yet also listed as author on the song "Over Again" in the liner notes of the EP. Tracks on The Orchard were "Over Again", "Red Sauce", "Greyhound" and "I Used to Live There". In-Tape also released a radio promo copy of "Over Again" in 1989.

Sounds listed them as a 'name for 1990' and in the same week Melody Maker was touting them as "the first new band of this year to make the indie/mainstream crossover".

During the course of 1990, Asphalt Ribbons became a six-piece, acquiring Craig Chettle (guitar). They also recorded Good Love, their second EP for In-Tape, which was produced by Jon Langford. The artwork for both EPs was by Wolfgang Buttress.

In 1991, the band relocated to London and shifted position again, this time to the pre-Tindersticks line-up featuring Stuart Staples (vocals), David Boulter (organ and accordion), Neil Fraser (guitar), Dickon Hinchliffe (guitar and strings), Al Macaulay (percussion and drums) and John Thompson (bass). They recorded "Tiger Lily" (1991), "Passion, Coolness, Indifference ..." (1991) and Old Horse (1991) for Rough Trade.

In 1992 a promotional video for "Downside" (ETT Records) was made.

It is known that the Asphalt Ribbons played live some early versions of songs, that later became tindersticks songs, e.g. "for those who are not so beautiful", "sweet sweet man" and "big silence" aka "raindrops" in the tindersticks repertoire.

Mark Colwill replaced John Thomson in the last days before Asphalt Ribbons became Tindersticks. Mark was recruited when John left but it is not sure if he played any gigs under the Asphalt Ribbons name. They then changed their name to Tindersticks after Stuart discovered a box of German matches on a Greek beach.

Their sound is more country influenced than Tindersticks, but already features the distinctive vocals of Stuart Staples.

Albums

 * Old Horse (1991, Rough Trade)

Singles and EPs

 * The Orchard E.P. (1989, In-Tape)
 * Good Love (1990, In-Tape)
 * Passion, Coolness, Indifference, Boredom, Mockery, Contempt, Disgust An E.P. (1991, Tiger Lily)

title: Asphalt Ribbons


text:
Love Over and Over

Love Over and Over is the fifth album by Kate & Anna McGarrigle, released in 1982. Following this album, the McGarrigles did not release an album of new material until Heartbeats Accelerating in 1990. The album contains a French-Canadian version of Bob Seger's "You'll Accomp'ny Me".

Side One

 * 1) "Move Over Moon" (Kate McGarrigle) – 3:11
 * 2) "Sun, Son (Shining on the Water)" (Anna McGarrigle) – 4:03
 * 3) "I Cried for Us" (Kate McGarrigle) – 3:23
 * 4) "Love Over and Over" (Kate & Anna McGarrigle) – 4:07
 * 5) "Star Cab Company" (Anna McGarrigle) – 3:30
 * 6) "Tu vas m'accompagner" (Bob Seger; translated. by Anna McGarrigle) – 3:56

Side Two

 * 1) "On My Way to Town" (Kate McGarrigle) – 2:17
 * 2) "Jesus Lifeline" (Traditional, Arranged by Anna McGarrigle) – 3:01
 * 3) "Work Song" (Kate McGarrigle) – 3:49
 * 4) "St. Valentines Day, 1978 (Black Heart)" (Anna McGarrigle) – 3:17
 * 5) "Midnight Flight" (Kate McGarrigle) – 5:42

Bonus tracks
The 1997 Hannibal CD reissue contains two bonus tracks not found on the Polydor release:
 * "A Place in Your Heart" (Kate & Anna McGarrigle, Pat Donaldson, Dane Lanken, Jane McGarrigle) – 3:07
 * "Babies If I Didn't Have You" (Kate McGarrigle) – 3:34 (B-side on the single release of the title track "Love Over and Over")

Personnel

 * Kate McGarrigle : Piano, banjo, accordion, guitar, vocals
 * Anna McGarrigle : Piano, accordion, vocals
 * Alun Davies : Guitar
 * Andrew Cowan : Guitar
 * Chaim Tannenbaum : Guitar, banjo, mandolin, vocals
 * Mark Knopfler - Guitar on "Love Over and Over"
 * Scot Lang : Guitar, bass guitar
 * Pat Donaldson : Bass guitar
 * Paul Samwell-Smith : Bass guitar
 * Jane McGarrigle : Organ, vocals
 * Kenny Pearson : Piano, organ
 * Gilles Losier : Piano
 * Dane Lanken : Trumpet
 * Gerry Conway : Drums
 * Jean-Paul Robichaud : Drums, percussions
 * Ted Jensen : Engineer at Sterling Sound, NYC - mastering

title: Love Over and Over


text:
User talk:Kerry7374

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

[[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Wants you to vote!]] 10:53, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Minor edits
Hi, please don't tag every edit minor, typically minor edits are those that only change spelling or grammar without changing content. --Ideogram 22:13, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

Lists of birds by region
Hi Kerry. There's a better way, I think. Have a look at Lists of mammals by region... --Gergyl 02:56, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

November 2007
This is the only warning you will receive for your disruptive edits. The next time you delete or blank page contents or templates from Wikipedia, you will be blocked from editing. — Jonathan | Quality, not quantity. 17:16, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

CfD nomination of Category:Ecology by region
I have nominated ecology by region for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at the discussion page. Thank you. -- Alan Liefting (talk) - 01:15, 30 May 2009 (UTC)

CfD nomination of Category:Ecology by region
I have nominated ecology by region for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at the discussion page. Thank you. -- Alan Liefting (talk) - 00:01, 6 September 2009 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for November 7
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Nomination of List of extinct plants for deletion
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title: User talk:Kerry7374


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Planetary nebula

Planetary nebula
Planetary nebulae are my area of professional expertise, and I've done a lot of work to expand this article. I believe it now contains a lot of detailed information, without being incomprehensible or unnecessarily technical, and so I think it is worthy of being considered for featured status. Worldtraveller 10:54, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Object for now. A great read but the lead needs to be longer and summarise more of the article content. I'd prefer the references to be un-numbered and in alphabetical order, but this is a quibble, not an objection. Filiocht 11:12, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * OK, I've expanded the lead section to a more useful size. On the references, if they were un-numbered, would you prefer to omit numbers in the text where the references are cited? Worldtraveller 11:40, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * No need, they're fine as they are. As a strict amateur, I really like this article, by the way. Filiocht 12:48, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. This is a great article. I don't know enough about the subject to verify the material specifically, but your references are great.  Good job. - Taxman 16:58, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Like Taxman I'm in no position to verify most of the article, but I think it's a well-written piece. Just one little thing. Could you place references like this [1]? [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 20:48, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Looks like a worthy article. I would suggest that the fact that they have nothing to do with planets be included in the opening section. Jacob1207 21:06, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. I see no flaws in the material, excellent detail. Would also recommend the reference alteration suggested by User:MacGyverMagic above, as the current version can easily be mistaken for unlabelled external links - I know I did so. -- Michael Warren | Talk 22:21, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Maybe "Observations" section could be expanded? GeneralPatton 22:50, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Altered the references as suggested, and added mention of the reason for the name to the lead section. Happy to expand "Observations", do you have any specific extra detail in mind that you'd like to see? Worldtraveller 23:30, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I'd love a more detailed story how our understanding of them evolved, you could take a look at this 1911 Britannica article GeneralPatton 00:46, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Have added a couple of paras. I can add a lot more but need to dig up some references so can't do it straight away.
 * weak object. could you please do something about the image attributions. half are listed as PD but with no source. I believe all FAC should have 100% valid images. If you cant find source feel free to substitute some other image, i'm sure theres enough public domain material. After this change I will support. Alkivar 23:40, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * All image source information now added. Worldtraveller 00:21, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support Evil Monkey 04:09, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Support Great article! -Vsmith 04:19, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Jeronimo 08:07, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Reads well. Added few more ilinks to lead. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 19:03, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support Like some of the others have said, im personally not that familier with Planetary nebula's, but a top featured article should make sense to even the most average of lay persons - and I certainly fit into that category! IMHO the article is stunningly well presented - perhaps it has been blessed with a topic that is so beautiful - but regardless this article certainly maximises NASA's photo bank, and some well written sections certainly helps too! CGorman 21:50, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Great astro article . -Joseph (Talk) 17:51, 2004 Dec 13 (UTC)
 * Support, although I'd like to see the word nova used. Is a planetary nebula formed by a nova, or is that something else? This point should be clarified. [[User:GeorgeStepanek|GeorgeStepanek\talk ]] 00:50, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Very much support - almost missed my chance to support an excellent astronomy article. There are lots more to do :) -- ALoan (Talk) 11:49, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Eruanne

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * Featured pictures
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

[[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Wants you to vote!]] 10:55, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eruanne


text:
Wage regulation

Wage regulation refers to attempts by a government to regulate wages paid to citizens.

Minimum wage
Minimum wage regulation attempts to set an hourly, or other periodic monetary standard for pay at work. A recent example was the U.K. National Minimum Wage Act 1998. Germany is currently debating whether to introduce its own.

Collective bargaining
Collective agreements between trade unions and employers can regulate wages of workers according to the needs of the business.

Arbitration
Arbitration involves makes collective agreements between trade unions and employers legally binding and mediated through a state appointed judge or magistrate.

Economic labour theory
An economic analysis of the law holds very simply that any intervention in a contract between two parties creates an inefficient labour market. Wages kept artificially high, by imposing any administrative or monetary costs on employers distorts the labour market equilibrium. For a national economy in a globalised world, that means jobs will go overseas and the unemployment rate rises. Major proponents of this sort of labour economics include Nobel Prize winner from the University of Chicago, Professor Gary Becker. Professor Becker keeps a blog with well-known academic and judge, Richard Posner. Posner is a lawyer and economist, and wrote a book called Economic Analysis of Law. His starting assumption is that unions are the cartelisation of the labour market. Both would agree, that if its aim is to improve the living standards of society, wage regulation defeats itself. Posner says, “Economics is not a theory about consciousness. Behaviour is rational when it conforms to the model of rational choice, whatever the state of mind of the chooser.” So any conscious attempt to improve working standards are impossible under this view.

title: Wage regulation


text:
Tunja

Tunja is a municipality and city on the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes, in the region known as the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, 130 km northeast of Bogotá. In 2018 the municipality had a population of 172,548. It is the capital of Boyacá department and the Central Boyacá Province. Tunja is an important educational centre of well-known universities. In the time before the Spanish conquest of the Muisca, there was an indigenous settlement, called Hunza, seat of the hoa Eucaneme, conquered by the Spanish conquistadors on August 20, 1537. The Spanish city was founded by captain Gonzalo Suárez Rendón on August 6, 1539, exactly one year after the capital Santafé de Bogotá. The city hosts the most remaining Muisca architecture: Hunzahúa Well, Goranchacha Temple and Cojines del Zaque.

Tunja is a tourist destination, especially for religious colonial architecture, with the Casa Fundador Gonzalo Suárez Rendón as oldest remnant. In addition to its religious and historical sites it is host to several internationally known festivals and is a jumping-off point for regional tourist destinations such as Villa de Leyva, Paipa, and Sierra Nevada del Cocuy. It is a stop on the Pan American Highway which connects Tunja to Bogotá and Santa Marta and eventually to the northern and southernmost parts of South America.

Demographics and geography
Tunja has a population of 172,548 inhabitants according to the 2018 Census. 0.1% of the city is indigenous, 0.4% is black, and 99.5% is white and Mestizo. It is located in central Colombia, at an elevation ranging from approximately 2700 m to 2900 m. The city centre is at an elevation of 2820 m above sea level.

Climate
Tunja's climate is influenced by its location and altitude. At almost 3000 m it is one of the higher cities in Colombia. As a result, the city features a subtropical highland climate (Köppen Cfb) with little variation in temperature throughout the year but a distinct dry season from December to February.

Pre-Columbian era
The earliest evidence of human population on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense has been dated to approximately 12.000 years ago. Homus Tequendama inhabited the area by 6375 BCE. Archeologists have found human skeletons including arm bones in the area. Many archaeological discoveries were found in the area of the present-day city, dated to approximately 150 BCE.

During the 1st millennium AD, the territory was inhabited by the Muisca, who spoke Chibcha and emigrated from Central America through Panama to the Andean Region. The Muisca developed their own religion, calendar and mythology.

According to those myths, it was the brutal cacique and prophet Goranchacha who moved the capital for the northern Muisca from Ramiriquí to Tunja, then called Hunza.

Early Muisca

An era when frequent battles among cacicazgos took place, peace was proposed for the region and an agreement was made among caciques to choose a supreme chief to rule them all. Hunzahúa, who came from Ramiriqui, was elected. The capital of his confederation was named Hunza. Hunzahúa took the title of hoa ("great lord", the same meaning as psihipqua who ruled from Muyquytá), and reign over the lands from the Chicamocha to Fusagasugá and from the Llanos de San Juan to Panche and Muzo frontiers, including Vélez territory. This helped to unify the Muisca, especially with respect to their language and religion, until zipa Saguamanchica broke this unity due to differences with the cacique of Guatavita.

Late Muisca (1490–1539)

Saguamanchica, with 50,000 soldiers, decided on a massive attack on hoa Michuá, crossing Guatavita and Chocontá, after which the Battle of Chocontá is named. Michuá dealt with him, supported by an army which doubled Saguamanchica, battling around three hours and killing both chiefs. A new hoa, Eucaneme, was installed, during the tense truce between Bacatá and Hunza.

In 1514, Eucaneme found out about the expansionist intentions of the new psihipqua Nemequene. He asked the caciques of Gámeza, Sugamuxi, Tundama and Sáchica to help him to reinforce his army. A battle was fought in Ventaquemada and, when Nemequene was about to become the victor, he was fatally wounded and his troops retreated. Iraca retracted his support and Eucaneme got a truce whose terms would end when the Spanish arrived. When Eucaneme found out the Europeans were around his lands, he decided to stay in Hunza and avoided any aggression against the invaders. He forbade under strict penalties to show the conquistadors the path to his headquarters and when he knew they were reaching him, he sent them gifts and peacemakers, hoping to stop them while he was hiding his treasures.

Spanish Discovering of Hunza (1537)
Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada parted from Santa Marta in April 1536, on the first main expedition into the Andes. His main goal was to find and conquer El Dorado. After months of traveling, he found many Muisca cacicazgos in the Altiplano Cundiboyacense. In his search, he acquired information about emerald discoveries and other treasures in Somondoco and the Llanos. On August 20, 1537, the conquerors arrived, with horses and dogs. Jiménez de Quesada arrived at the headquarters of Quemuenchatocha, finding him in a chair, dressed in gold in the same way as his companions who ran off, leaving him alone. The gold, the emeralds and the fancy fabrics were taken. This conquest took place where later the San Agustin Convent was built. Quemuenchatocha was taken to Suesca, with the hope he would reveal where he hid the rest of his treasure. He abdicated in favour of his nephew Aquiminzaque and retired to Ramiriquí where he died.

Invasion of Hunza (1538-1539)
The Spanish Invasion of the territory begins when Jimenez de Quesada captures Quemuenchatocha who is succeeded in life by the young Aquiminzaque. The latter, along with his tribe were taken as an encomienda by Hernán Pérez de Quesada. The new zaque did not show belligerent in front of the Spaniards, and later himself converted to Catholicism. The continuous and numerous demands made by the Spaniards started to create discomfort among the Muisca population.

Aquiminzaque should verify his nuptials with the daughter of the cacique of Gameza and many chiefs decided to go the solemn ceremony. A rumour came to Perez de Quesada that the occasion would be used as an insurrection, for which he apprehended Aquiminzaque and all the caciques, among them the ones from Toca, Motavita, Samacá, Turmequé and Sutamarchán, and condemn them to death. In 1540, the Zaque was beheaded and his death marked the end of the dynasty of zaques of Hunza. In the same way, it points to the disintegration and dispersion of natives in encomiendas along the new Tunja Province.

City Foundation (1539-16th Century)
The Spanish city of Tunja was founded on the lands of Quemuenchatocha, where later the convent of San Agustin was built. Founded by Captain Gonzalo Suarez Rendón, on August 6, 1539, the main square was established, also a yard for the church and public buildings around the square; in 1550, the city outlines were consolidated. The same year, The franciscans arrive to the city, and the Dominicans a year later, the Augustinians in 1585 and the Jesuits in 1611; To the foundation, 77 yards are added and divided, along with 70 vegetable gardens, 11 estates and 44 stables. Only until 1616 two parishes are built to receive mestizos and Indians during colonial period: Santa Barbara, at southwest and Las Nieves, at north.

Security and living conditions
Tunja has the lowest homicide rate in Colombia and is below average in Latin America according to the report from the International Centre of the Prevention of Crime for 2010. 2 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants in 2015 makes the city one of the safest in the Americas. According to other sources, this value is four times lower than the national average. Tunja is an example of a safe city.

Relevant historical and tourist sites
The streets are named according to 472 and Google Maps nomenclatures — (C: calle), (K: carrera), (S: south), (E: east), (A: ave). Southern Sector

Eastern Sector

Downtown

Northern Sector

Festivals

 * International Festival of Culture
 * Holy Week (Semana Santa)
 * Aguinaldo Boyacense

Downtown
Main places of interest are:
 * El Cid
 * El Virrey
 * Teatro Boyacá
 * Cinema Boyacá

Shopping malls
Unicentro is a shopping center that features a Jumbo and a Cinemark Theatres among many other stores.

Viva, a brand of Shopping Centers of Grupo Éxito.

Traditional markets

 * Plaza de Mercado del Norte
 * Plaza de Mercado del Sur

Education
Relative to its small size, Tunja has been important in providing education. A large part of its population are students between high school and university.

Tunja has a considerable number of colleges, among these is the College of Boyacá, the first public school in the territories of Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama and Colombia, established when these countries were part of Gran Colombia. It was founded on 20 October 1822 by Vice President Francisco de Paula Santander. Among the most important schools are:
 * Colegio de Boyacá
 * Institucion Educativa San Jeronimo Emiliani
 * Colegio Salesiano Maldonado
 * Colegio INEM Carlos Arturo Torres
 * Colegio de la Presentación
 * Gimnasio Campestre del Norte.
 * Colegio Municipal Silvino Rodríguez
 * Escuela Normal Superior Santiago de Tunja.
 * Escuela Normal Femenina "Leonor Álvarez Pinzón"
 * Colegio Los Angeles
 * Colegio Militar Juan José Rondón
 * Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario
 * Colegio Gustavo Rojas Pinilla
 * Colegio Andino
 * Colegio American School Saint Frances
 * Country Bilingual School

Universities
Tunja's major university, the Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia (Uptc), was founded by General Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, and is one of the public universities in Colombia.

Other universities are:
 * University of Boyaca
 * Universidad Santo Tomás
 * Escuela Superior de Administración Pública E.S.A.P.
 * Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia (UNAD)
 * Fundacion Universitaria Juan de Castellanos
 * Corporación Universitaria Remington (CUR-Cread Boyacá)
 * Universidad Antonio Nariño
 * Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana de Colombia
 * Instituto Universitario de la Música y las Artes

Sports
The city has two professional football teams: Boyacá Chico and Patriotas F.C. The teams play in the Colombian Professional Football A league. They play their games at La Independencia Stadium in the north of the city.

The stadium was rebuilt for the Copa Libertadores 2009, expanding capacity to 20,630 spectators and meeting FIFA specifications. The city organized the 2008 South American U-20 Futsal Cup in which Brazil was awarded as the championship. Colombia secured the fourth position in the tournament.

The city has a professional basketball team called Patriotas that plays in the Saludcoop Invitational Cup. This team plays its matches in the Municipality Colosseum that has a capacity of up to 5,000 spectators.

Born in Tunja

 * Jair Bernal, former professional cyclist
 * Iván Casas, professional cyclist
 * Francisca Josefa de la Concepción, Criollo nun
 * Pedro Antonio Herrera, professional cyclist
 * José Ibáñez, former professional cyclist
 * Diego Molano Vega, politician
 * Gustavo Nieto Roa, film director
 * Juan Carlos Pinzón, ambassador of Colombia to the United States
 * Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, former president of Colombia
 * Diego de Torres y Moyachoque, 16th century mestizo cacique of Turmequé

Sister cities

 * 🇧🇷: São Paulo
 * 🇪🇨: Guayaquil
 * 🇫🇮: Jyväskylä
 * 🇮🇪: Dublin
 * 🇮🇹: Catania
 * 🇮🇹: Potenza (2009)
 * 🇲🇽: Tapachula
 * 🇵🇪: Juliaca
 * 🇪🇸: Cádiz
 * 🇪🇸: Málaga (2013)
 * 🇪🇸: Sevilla
 * 🇪🇸: Toledo (2013)
 * 🇨🇴: Pamplona (2012)
 * 🇨🇴: Popayán (2012)
 * 🇨🇴: San Juan de Pasto
 * 🇨🇴: Valledupar

title: Tunja