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Chapman University

Chapman University is a private research university in Orange, California. Encompassing eleven colleges, the university is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". The school maintains its founding affiliations with the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) and the United Church of Christ, but is a secular university.

History
Founded in Woodland, California, as Hesperian College, the school began classes on March 4, 1861. Its opening was timed to coincide with the hour of Abraham Lincoln's first inauguration. Hesperian admitted students regardless of sex or race. Throughout its first decades, the school was renamed and relocated several times. In 1896, Hesperian merged with Piece Christian College to form the Berkeley Bible Seminary in Berkeley, California. The college was subsequently moved to San Francisco as the California Bible College. In 1920, the school was acquired by California Christian College, and moved to southern California, becoming the California School of Christianity, in Los Angeles. In 1923, the school was once again retitled the California Christian College.

In 1934, the school became Chapman College after the chairman of its board of trustees (and primary benefactor), C. C. Chapman. In 1954, Chapman University permanently relocated to its present campus in the city of Orange, the former site of Orange High School. Chapman established a Residence Education Center Program to serve military personnel in 1958, which evolved into Brandman University and later University of Massachusetts Global. The college became Chapman University in 1991. In the same year, James L. Doti became president of the school. The Department of Education also became the School of Education, now known as the Donna Ford Attallah College of Educational Studies. The Wilkinson College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences was established. The School of Film and Television, now the Dodge College of Film and Media Arts at Marion Knott Studios, opened in 1996.

Between 2000 and 2010, Chapman University expanded to include the Rodgers Center for Holocaust Education, Leatherby Libraries, Fish Interfaith Center,  the Erin J. Anderson Athletics Complex and the Schmid College of Science and Technology, and the Argyros School's Economic Science Institute led by Vernon L. Smith. The Rinker Health Science Campus opened in Irvine, CA. in 2013, becoming the home for the School of Pharmacy. Mathematician Daniele C. Struppa became President in 2016. In the same year, the Musco Center for the Arts opened. The 1,110-seat concert hall hosts professional and student performances, drawing over 30,000 visitors annually.

The Keck Center for Science and Engineering opened in 2018, with the Dale E. and Sarah Ann Fowler School of Engineering opening shortly after. Between 2018 and 2022, Chapman University earned a Carnegie Classification of R2: Doctoral University – High Research Activity, had its first Rhodes Scholar, Vidal Arroyo '19, and became nationally ranked by U.S. News & World Report. On September 29, 2023, it was announced that a $10m gift from the Argyros family would elevate the Argyros School to the Argyros College of Business and Economics.

Argyros College of Business and Economics
The George L. Argyros College of Business and Economics is located in the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Business and Technology Hall. The school was founded in 1977, and renamed in honor of former U.S Ambassador to Spain, George L. Argyros in 1999. A Chapman alumnus, Argyros chaired the university's board of trustees from 1976 to 2001, and has made significant donations toward increasing the business school's ranking and resources. Thein 1999. In 2019, Argyros College commemerated the 20th anniversary of the school's remaining with a fundraiser dinner featuring President George W. Bush. The event raised approximately $15 million for the school's endowment, $10 million of which was a surprise announcement by the Argyros family. Argyros School became Argyros College in 2023, following another $10m gift from the family.

Argyros College offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in business, including the Master of Business Administration and Master of Science. The Argyros College of Business and Economics became nationally ranked as the 60th Best Undergraduate Bloomberg BusinessWeek Business School in 2014. In 2016, the Argyros College of Business and Economics rose to 34th. In 2023, Argyros was ranked the #60 business school in the country by U.S. News & World Report.

The Argyros College is home to several research centers and institutes, including the A. Gary Anderson Center for Economic Research, the C. Larry Hoag Center for Real Estate and Finance, the Ralph W. Leatherby Center for Entrepreneurship and Ethics, the Walter Schmid Center for International Business, the Economic Science Institute (founded by Nobel Prize winner Vernon L. Smith and others in 2008), the Institute for the Study of Religion, Economics and Society (founded by Dr. Laurence Iannaccone in September 2009), and the Smith Institute for Political Economy and Philosophy. The Leatherby Center for Entrepreneurship and Business Ethics is a program whose scope includes original research, scholarship, and the publication of several scholarly journals.

Donna Ford Attallah College of Educational Studies
The Donna Ford Attallah College of Educational Studies offers an undergraduate Integrated Educational Studies (IES) degree; teaching, school counseling, and school psychology credentials; and graduate degrees in teaching, special education, school counseling, school psychology, and leadership, including a Ph.D. in education. The college is also home to various centers and programs for community engagement and research, including the Centro Comunitario de Educación, Paulo Freire Democratic Project (PFDP), and Thompson Policy Institute on Disability and Autism. The Attallah College or its programs are accredited by the Council Accreditation of Educator Preparation, Commission on Teacher Credentialing, National Association of School Psychologists, and International School Psychology Association.

The School of Education at Chapman University became the College of Educational Studies in August 2008. In 2017, the college was named in honor of Donna Ford Attallah. Attallah College is located in Chapman's Reeves Hall, one of the first buildings constructed on the site in 1913. It was added to the National Register for Historic Places in 1975, and renovated and reopened to the public in February 2018.

Dodge College of Film and Media Arts
The college has been recognized as one of the top ten film schools in the world and ranked #4 by The Hollywood Reporter among American film schools.

Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences
Formerly part of Chapman University's Schmid College of Science and Technology, the Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences officially became its independent college at Chapman University on June 1, 2014. Undergraduate programs in Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences include: B.S. Applied Human Physiology, B.S. Health Sciences, and B.A. Psychology. Graduate and post-baccalaureate programs include an M.A. Marriage and Family Therapy (MFT), an M.S. Communication Sciences & Disorders, an MMS Physician Assistant (set to open in 2015), a Doctor of Physical Therapy (PT) (accredited since 1928, making it one of the oldest such programs in the United States), and a Transitional Doctor of Physical Therapy. The physical therapy, communication sciences & disorders, and physician assistant programs are housed on Chapman University's Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus in Irvine, California.

Wilkinson College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences
Wilkinson College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences is the largest college at Chapman University and is composed of the departments of art, English, history, world languages and cultures, peace studies, philosophy, political science, religious studies, and sociology.

Dale E. Fowler School of Law
The Chapman University School of Law is located in Kennedy Hall. Law degrees offered include the Juris Doctor (J.D.) and Master of Laws (LL.M.) degrees in various specialties.

Dale E. and Sarah Ann Fowler School of Engineering
The Fowler School of Engineering is the newest school within Chapman University. The school opened in 2019, and offers undergraduate programs in computer science, data analytics, software engineering, and game development programming. Degrees within the school include a BS in Computer Engineering, BS in Computer Science, BS in Data Science, BS in Electrical Engineering, and BS in Software Engineering, and MS in computer science. Several minors, such as Game Development Programming, are also housed within the school as well as several other graduate programs. The school is housed in Chapman's new Swenson Hall of Engineering, which comprises various lab and maker spaces. Prospective expansion targets programs in biomedical and environmental engineering.

College of Performing Arts
Chapman University's College of Performing Arts, founded in 2007, operates in departments: the Hall-Musco Conservatory of Music, the Department of Dance, and the Department of Theatre. The Conservatory of Music offers a Bachelor of Music (B.M.), the Dance Department offers a Bachelor of Fine Arts (B.F.A) and a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.), and the Theatre Department offers the Bachelor of Arts (B.A.). The Theatre Department also offers two Bachelor of Fine Arts (B.F.A.) programs—Theatre Performance and Screen Acting—taught in conjunction with the Dodge Film School.

Schmid College of Science and Technology
The Schmid College of Science and Technology was founded in 2008 when science-related degree programs, formerly housed in the Wilkinson School of Humanities and Social Sciences, were transferred to an independent college. In 2014, Schmid College was reorganized to splitting off the Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences. In 2019, the undergraduate programs in computer science, data analytics, software engineering, and game development programming transferred out of Schmid College to start the new Fowler School of Engineering.

In addition to its undergraduate and graduate programs, Schmid College is home to various centers for research. Among them are the Center of Excellence in Computation, Algebra and Topology (CECAT), the Center of Excellence in Complex and Hyper-complex Analysis (CECHA), and the Center of Excellence in Earth Systems Modeling and Observations (CEESMO). Schmid College is also affiliated with the Institute for Quantum Studies, whose list of physicists, includes a 2013 Nobel Prize recipient and a 2010 Presidential Medal of Honor winner.

Schmid College of Science and Technology recently expanded and moved into the new 140,000 sq. ft. Keck Center for Science and Engineering on Chapman's main campus in Orange, California. The research facility contains 45 research and teaching labs, 50 faculty offices, seven student-collaboration spaces, and an outdoor amphitheater. The aesthetic of the building was inspired by the work of American architect, Frank Lloyd Wright.

School of Pharmacy
The Chapman University School of Pharmacy (CUSP) is located at the Rinker Campus in Irvine. Pharmacy degrees include a Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.), a Master of Science in Pharmaceutical Science (MSPS), and a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Pharmaceutical Sciences. The Chapman School of Pharmacy also offers an accelerated five-year Doctor of Pharmacy program to qualified high school seniors.

School of Communication
The School of Communication is located on the university's main campus and housed within Doti Hall. The school currently consists of three undergraduate majors for students to choose from, including BA in Communication Studies, a BA in Strategic & Corporate Communication, and a BA in Global Communication and World Languages (which allows students to study communication while also emphasizing a particular language). The school also offers some graduate programs, including an MS in Health and Strategic Communication as well as a PhD program.

Rankings and admissions
In U.S. News & World Report's 2020 rankings of the best colleges in America, the university was moved from the master's-level universities in the Western region to the National Universities group, with a debut ranking of tied at 125th. The reclassification was due to Chapman's elevation to R2 status by Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education in recognition of its high research activity. U.S. News uses the Carnegie Classifications for its categorization of universities.

For U.S. News & World Report's 2021 rankings, Chapman University was ranked tied for 124th overall among national universities, tied for 39th among 73 national universities evaluated for "Best Undergraduate Teaching", tied for 68th out of 83 for "Most Innovative Schools", tied for 86th of 142 for "Best Colleges for Veterans", and tied at 224th of 389 schools for "Top Performers on Social Mobility". The business school was ranked tied for 74th, and the law school tied for 111th, in the U.S. for 2021

For the Class of 2022 (enrolling fall 2018), Chapman received 14,198 applications, accepted 7,605 (53.6%), and enrolled 1,660. For the freshmen who enrolled, the average SAT score was 640 for reading and writing and 638 for math, while the average ACT composite score was 27.9. The average high school GPA was 3.75 (unweighted) on a 4.0 scale.

Holocaust education
The Barry and Phyllis Rodgers Center for Holocaust Education was founded by Marilyn Harran, Ph.D., in February 2000. It sponsors an annual Holocaust remembrance writing competition and hosts a regular Distinguished lecture series.

The Sala and Aron Samueli Holocaust Memorial Library, funded by Henry Samueli, is located on the fourth floor of the university's Leatherby Libraries. On April 11, 2005, sixty years after he was liberated from the Buchenwald concentration camp, Elie Wiesel dedicated the Samueli Holocaust Memorial Library, and a large bust of Wiesel stands at the entrance to the facility.

The collection includes a first edition of The Diary of Anne Frank in Dutch.

Athletics
Chapman's athletic teams are the Panthers. The university is a member of the Division III (non-scholarship) level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SCIAC) since the 2011–12 academic year; which they were a member on a previous stint from 1950–51 to 1951–52. The Panthers previously competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA) of the NCAA Division II ranks from 1978–79 to 1992–93, and as an NCAA D-III Independent from 1993–94 to 2010–11.

Chapman competes in 21 intercollegiate varsity sports (10 men's and 11 women's): Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, soccer, swimming and diving, tennis, track and field, and water polo; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming and diving, tennis, track and field, volleyball and water polo.

Chapman University has won seven NCAA national titles. As a member of the NCAA Division II, the Panthers won one baseball title (1968) and three men's tennis titles (1985, 1987, 1988). After moving to NCAA Division III, the Panthers won the 1995 Division III softball championship and later the 2003 and 2019 Division III baseball championships.

Accomplishments
The Chapman softball team appeared in one Women's College World Series in 1979.

In 2011, the women's lacrosse team won the WCLL National Championships in Arizona. In 2016, the men's lacrosse team won the MCLA National Championship.

In 2014, 2017, and 2019 seasons, the Chapman University Panther football team ended their season undefeated in their conference and won the SCIAC championship.

The 2019 men's baseball team defeated Birmingham-Southern College to become the DIII NCAA National Champions.

In 2022, the men's soccer team won their first SCIAC championship.

The football and basketball teams are broadcast by the Chapman Sports Broadcast Network (CSBN) to local Channel 6 in Orange and on Chapman's athletic website. CSBN is a student-run, student-produced independent sports network created by students at Chapman University's Dodge College of Film and Media Arts.

Alumni

 * Cooper Hefner (2015) – chief creative officer and chief of global partnerships of Playboy Enterprises
 * Ryan Bergara – creator of documentary entertainment web series BuzzFeed Unsolved
 * Matt Duffer (2007) – film and television writer, director, producer, and co-creator of Stranger Things
 * Ross Duffer (2007) – film and television writer, director, and producer
 * Justin Simien (2005) – filmmaker, actor, and author; director of Dear White People
 * George Argyros (1959) – U.S. Ambassador to Spain and former owner of Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball
 * David E. Bonior (MA 1972) – United States House of Representatives from Michigan (1977–2003), House Minority Whip (1995–2002), House Majority Whip (1991–95)
 * Joanna Rosholm (2007) – press secretary to First Lady Michelle Obama
 * Loretta Sanchez (1982) – United States House of Representatives
 * Rob Schneiderman (MA) – United States House of Representatives
 * Tim Flannery (1979) – Major League Baseball player for eleven seasons and coach for San Francisco Giants
 * Randy Jones – former professional baseball player, San Diego Padres, New York Mets; 1976 Cy Young Award Winner
 * Kate Ziegler – 2012 Summer Olympics competitor and swimmer who specializes in freestyle and long-distance

Current and former faculty

 * Yakir Aharonov – Professor, James J. Farley Professorship in Natural Philosophy; Wolf Prize and National Medal of Science recipient
 * Brian Alters – Professor and director, Evolution Education Research Center
 * Richard Bausch – Professor in the Department of English
 * Andrew Carroll – Presidential Fellow in American War Letters; Founding Director of the Center for American War Letters
 * Martha Coolidge – Professor, Lawrence and Kristina Dodge College of Film and Media Arts; Emmy nominated film director; elected in 2001 as the first and only female president of the Directors Guild of America
 * George Csicsery – 2017–2019 Presidential Fellow
 * John Eastman - Former Chapman University School of Law dean, recommended for disbarment for attempting to keep then-president Donald Trump in office and obstruct the certification of Joe Biden's victory in the 2020 United States presidential election
 * Grace Fong D.M.A. – director of Keyboard Studies at Conservatory of Music; winner of such honors as the 2006 Leeds International Piano Competition
 * Carolyn Forché – Presidential Fellow in Creative Writing; American poet
 * Kyle Harrison – Men's lacrosse assistant coach and professional lacrosse player
 * Hugh Hewitt – Professor, Dale E. Fowler School of Law; He served for six years in the Reagan Administration in a variety of posts including Assistant Counsel in the White House and Special Assistant to the Attorney General of the United States
 * Jack Horner – Presidential Fellow; technical adviser for all Jurassic Park movies and was Michael Crichton's basis for the Alan Grant character
 * Laurence Iannaccone – Director, Institute for the Study of Religion, Economics, and Society; Professor of Economics
 * Cheryl Boone Isaacs – Lecturer, Lawrence and Kristina Dodge College of Film and Media Arts; served three terms as President of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences; inducted into the NAACP Hall of Fame in 2014
 * Bill Kroyer – Professor, Director, Digital Arts Program; one of the first animators to make the leap to computer animation as computer image choreographer on Disney's ground-breaking 1982 feature, Tron.
 * Tibor Machan (1939–2016) – held the R. C. Hoiles Chair of Business Ethics and Free Enterprise, Argyros School of Business & Economics
 * Peter McLaren – Distinguished Professor in Critical Studies, Attallah College of Educational Studies
 * Prexy Nesbitt – Presidential Fellow in Peace Studies
 * Dimitar Ouzounov - Research professor of geophysics at the Institute for Earth, Computing, Human and Observing (Institute for ECHO).
 * Michael Shermer – Presidential Fellow in General Education, author of numerous books, and founder of The Skeptics Society
 * Rebecca Skloot – Presidential Fellow in Creative Science Writing
 * Mark Skousen – Professor, Mark Skousen, Ph.D., editor of Forecasts & Strategies, is a nationally known investment expert, economist, university professor, and author of more than 25 books. In 2018, he was awarded the Triple Crown in Economics for his work in economic theory, history, and education, and has been identified as one of the 20 most influential living economists
 * Vernon L. Smith – Nobel Laureate in Economic Science (2002); founder of Economic Science Institute and Smith Institute for Political Economy and Philosophy
 * Joel Stern – chairman and chief executive officer of Stern Value Management, formerly Stern Stewart & Co, and the creator and developer of Economic Value Added "EVA"
 * Bart Wilson – Donald P. Kennedy Endowed Chair of Economics and Law in the Argyros School of Business & Economics

title: Chapman University


text:
SPV

SPV can refer to the following:
 * Sardar Patel Vidyalaya, a school in Delhi, India
 * Service for Poland's Victory, a Polish WWII resistance organization
 * Budd SPV-2000 rail car
 * Orange SPV, 2002 smartphone
 * Irish Section 110 Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV), type of company
 * Special purpose vehicle or special-purpose entity
 * Spectrum Pursuit Vehicle, a fictional vehicle
 * SPV GmbH, a German record label
 * Surface photovoltage, of a semiconductor
 * Simple payment verification of a Bitcoin transaction
 * Superstrada Pedemontana Veneta, a motorway in Veneto, Italy

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: SPV


text:
Talk:Momordica charantia

Chinese characters
What are the Chinese characters for Bitter Melon (Foo Gwa)? Foo Gwa is the pronunciation in Cantonese (and perhaps some other dialects) and be written the same (苦瓜) as shown in the main article. However, because of the negative connotations of "bitter", it is often written, e.g. on menus as 涼瓜 "cool melon".Jinrikiwiki (talk) 11:28, 25 December 2013 (UTC)

In Standard Mandarin in both Taiwan and the PRC, it's Ku Gua (苦瓜，as stated above). My Shanghai relatives all just call it Ku Gua, and I've always seen it written that way on menus in the JiangNan (江南) region where they all reside. Not sure about the rest of the greater-Chinese-speaking world. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Liverdonor (talk • contribs) 18:56, 19 June 2014 (UTC)

As a Hongkonger, I’d like to tell you the correct Cantonese romanisation: 苦瓜 is ‘fu2’ ‘gwaa1’. Hope you change it correctly. 迷你果醬 (talk) 13:22, 26 April 2021 (UTC)

I concur that the correct Cantonese/Toisanese phonetic is fu gwa, or foo gwa. This is suported by   Mindfill (talk) 05:50, 21 November 2022 (UTC)

Karela saying
In addition to this, staying on the language subject, about halfway down the page is a comment that says "There is a saying...." and goes on to say something in what I think is Malaysian... that's fine, but what's it mean? It just seems like a completely dissociated comment. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.105.34.8 (talk) 18:56, 18 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I have removed the saying until this issue is clarified. "aavre varsaad dhaberiyo varsaad uni uni rotli ne karela nu shaak". --Jorge Stolfi (talk) 05:32, 20 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Gujarati’s have a famous saying "Aav re varsad, dhebariyo parsad, uni uni rotli ne karela nu shak" meaning "Allow the rain to pour heavily and come serve the delicious bitter gourd with hot Phulka Roti (Indian Flat bread)". DenisHowe (talk) 11:39, 24 January 2016 (UTC)

Quinine question
Does this plant contain quinine? Various websites claim it does, but I've been unable to locate a primary source for this info 4hodmt 15:20, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

Recent reorganization
I have tried to organize a little without taking away any information. If I did it was a mistake.

I tried to separate the long list of names in many languages into those that are actually used in English text and those that are only used in their original languages. Basically, I googled for "the karela" and "the ampalaya" and got convincing results, but couldn't find a lot of relevant uses of "the pavakka" or "the karawila".

— Pekinensis 18:51, 20 June 2006 (UTC) Yes have you tasted it lately its Very bitter thr younger the plant the more intence the bitter....So with that said my blood sugerlevels have gone down since eating the plant....my Doctor thinks i am doing all he tells me what he wants me to do but in truth is the bitter melon..... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.77.205.144 (talk) 23:52, 12 April 2009 (UTC)

@Pekinensis Agreed. After your reorganization more names were added yet again. I've attempted a second clean up and started a relevant talk section "Lead and local names" below. Computermacgyver (talk) 21:29, 12 September 2012 (UTC)

Recipes
My wife likes to stuff bitter melon with a pork mixture and boil it. We eat it with rice. The Pilipino version I had was baked and stuffed with ground beef and cheese. That one was mighty tasty! The bitterness can be somewhat alleviated by baptising it in soy sauce. Do Americanos really know about this fruit?Jlujan69 22:13, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

My mother was looking into it because of the connected diabetes information with it. I started eating it because its another good vegetable. There's a Chinese place in NJ (US) that always has it with the other hot food they make and I always get it. They even sell it not cooked. I've also found it in Korean markets and Indian markets in jersey. I've yet to buy it and cook it, but I found various recipes online. Psilocybin 06:25, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

In Chinese restruants in China, its often served as a cold dish of just bitter melon. cold dishes are like bread in american restruants, they are served first while your food is being cooked.

Sweet bitter melon
I have been trying to correct this statement but was edited out: "The fully ripe fruit turns orange and mushy, is too bitter to eat". Amazingly, bitten melow turns to very sweet like a fruit once it is ripe. Grown up in the countryside of China, one of my childhood joys was that my Dad would let some of the bitter melows ripe so my brother and I could eat them like fruits. Bitter melow is bitter before mature so it can fend of the animals, but turns to sweet when mature so the seeds can be spread by the animals - A common evolution strategy for many plants.

Bitter melon as it ripens become yellowish / orange at the "undulations." The pith remains mostly white but becomes more stringy. The individually seed are coated with a red flesh that is quite mild and sweet. The flesh itself become softer and less crunchy. I know this because my grandma grows several varieties of it annually.

ABC Dude Abides
Other on-line articles say that ripe bitter melon isn't quite so bitter. Over 50 years of experience with preparation, cooking and eating bitter melon has taught me that ripe bitter melon is sweeter than green. When the flesh becomes reddish-orange, the seeds turn red and the pulp yellow. I actually look for ripe bitter melon in the market; it tastes better!

Most Cantonese recipes for bitter melon include fermented black beans. Restaurants serve it stir-fried with strips of flank steak in a black bean sauce. Home-style recipes call for 1-inch rings of bitter melon stuffed with a mixture of ground pork, diced waterchestnuts, diced black mushrooms, ham and black bean sauce. The stuffed rings are steamed for about 15 to 20 minutes.

Merge
Please merge Foo qua into Bitter melon. Badagnani 20:33, 22 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Done.--Curtis Clark 04:34, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

Clutter of Recipes
The recipes section sounds too much like a cookbook. Can we all take a look at paring this down to the essential categories of culinary uses? Even the Tomato article has a shorter section on culinary applications! I'm adding the laundry list tag, which is the best tag I can find to represent this problem. Smartperson (talk) 16:21, 6 September 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree. I removed a bunch - but it still needs cleanup.. I'll take another look later if no one else does. I was thinking of making a list of simple references to different countries (reducing all the text). If anyone wants to create a 'ways to prepare bitter melon' wiki entry, see this diff report . Luminifer (talk) 17:59, 6 September 2009 (UTC)

Hello, I have restored, with minor editing of grammar and some re-arrangement for clarity, the "culinary uses" section as it stood prior to Lumifers removal of most of the interesting materials there. In my opinion that page was a model for the sort of information that OUGHT to be included in any page referring to a food item. The biological information is important, but if I look up bitter melon on wikipedia, the main thing I want to know is "how do I cook the thing?" As for "sounding too much like a cookbook", all of that is down to the one recipe in the Pakistani section which contains the following sentence: "Now the pan is covered with a lid, heat reduced to minimum, the tomatoes reduce, and all the spices work their magic." But so what? If somebody from North American wants to know about bitter melon, it is extremely helpful to get an idea of what people around the world do with the thing. Was that hurting anyone? The new page, by contrast, was unreadably dry.

If for some reason someone feels that this information belongs on a seperate "ways to prepare bitter melon" page, then by all means create such a page, but please do not simply wantonly delete information that is useful and interesting to many people. That Pakistani recipe, for example, and the Nepalese information, is unlike--and better than--anything I've found elsewhere on the web. Finally, even if the "original" section was in want of pruning, the new one--as it stood before I restored the September version--was even worse. It seemed like little more than a catalog of names in foreign languages, with highly limited and vague references to preparation methods. Who cares about the names for dishes if we aren't even going to be told what the dishes are? Thank you.

Yesterday I restored the "culinary uses" section to what it was before a recent hatchet job was done to it; today I found the hatchet job restored. Now in case anyone thinks the hatchet job was a good idea, here is a bit of criticism:

The first line reads in its entirety: "in Chinese cooking, often with pork and douchi), in soups, and also as tea."  This isn't even a sentence.

The fourth sentence is:

"in Tamil Nadu it is referred as பாகற்காய் (Pagarkai) slangily called as Pavakkai பாவக்காய் and there is a regimen of popular recipes like "Pavakkai Poriyal", "Pavakkai Varuval", " Pavakkai Vathal", "Pavakkai Puli Kulambu", "Pavakkai Puli Thokku", "Pavakkai Satham", "Pavakai Thair Kulambu", "Pavakkai Peratal", "Pavakkai Chips", "Pavakkai Pitlai", "Pavakkai Oorukai"

This is ridiculous. Who cares about all these names? If someone wanted to tell us what one or two of these dishes was(was?? or were?), that would be a different story. The fact that the last editor got rid of all the interesting information (what do people actually do with the vegetable?) and left this catalogue does not speak much for his discernment.

Again, the sixth sentence, in full, was "In Marathi, the term used for bitter gourd is Kaarla "

Who cares? And why is this in the "culinary uses"?

The seventh sentence is "in Karnataka, the term used for bitter gourd is haagalakai (ಹಾಗಲಕಾಯಿ) and used in preparation of a delicacy called gojju (ಗೊಜ್ಜು"

This would be nice is someone gave us a hint as to what the delicacy called gojju was. Lacking such information it is yet another in a long and dreary catalogue of names which do not give us a clue about the thing.

Meanwhile, lots of interesting information has been cut out. Basically, am I justified in calling the September editing a hatchet job? Anything that contained information he got rid of. In Pakistan they sautee onions in one pot and bitter melon in another, then mix the two together with turmeric, cumin, hot pepper etc, then simmer in tomato sauce for an hour. that's information. He got rid of all of it. He got rid of the fact that in Vietnam it's eaten during the Tet celebrations. He got rid of all the information about the treatment of bitter melon in Nepal and replaced it with the meaningless line "In Nepal it is prepared in various ways." Why is something so vapid even there? He basically created a catalogue of names and vapid statements.

So, what I have done is the opposite of what the last editor did. I restored all the information that could be of some interest or use to someone trying to learn about the HOW THE VEGETABLE IS COOKED, which is supposed to be the matter found in a 'culinary use' section. And I have gotten rid of most but not all of the "dictionary". If anyone thinks all those names help, please put them somewhere else.

And please, do not just restore the hatchet job. If you have a meaningful problem with the section, how about discussing my contribution here instead of just undoing it? 66.234.47.194 (talk) 18:01, 7 November 2009 (UTC)

 * I removed the section once more as it is not encyclopedic. One doesn't look in an encyclopedia for information on how you cook a food, one looks in a cookbook. Wikipedia is not a cookbook. Falcon8765 (talk) 04:59, 9 November 2009 (UTC)

This is ridiculous. You're so offended by real cooking information, but you have no problem with totally ungrammatical sentences. You have no problem with pure nonsense (a string of eleven names of dishes about which we are given absolutely no information? So what are the names doing there?) and you have no problem with sentence like "Marathi, the term used for bitter gourd is Kaarla." which have nothing to do with "Culinary Use." Apparently you would have to do some thinking or actual work to fix those problems; undoing my work is all you're capable of. The only thing in the section that is really a recipe was on Wikipedia from August 2007 until about a month ago. It presumably did not harm anyone in all that time. Much of the other deleted information is far older than that. The fact remains that the new section, as you have left it, is idiotic for all the reasons I detailed above. Your problem with the section that I have restored would be more credible if a) that section hadn't been peacefully residing on Wikipedia for more than two years and b) you had found some other way of improving the hash as it now stands, rather than simply restoring it.

Finally, the statement "One doesn't look in an encyclopedia for information on how you cook a food, one looks in a cookbook." is silly. How one cooks bitter melon is part of the meaningful information about bitter melon which one would like to have. And since the information which you are trying to delete is not to be found elsewhere on the internet you are impoverishing the internet while you impoverish wikipedia.

Anytime someone who is capable of thought and dialogue wants to work with me to improve this section I would be more than happy to cooperate. In the meantime, people whose intellectual ability extends to hitting an "undo" button and mouthing platitudes are not doing wikipedia any favors.

 * This section contains far too much recipe detail for an encyclopedic entry on a plant. The Pakistan bit, in particular, seems to be more about making South Asian-style curry than about the bitter melon's culinary uses in Pakistan. Lack of availability elsewhere on the internet does not justify inclusion in Wikipedia. It's not that the recipe information isn't useful; it could be, but it's not encyclopedic. I agree that information on how people cook bitter melon is meaningful, but perhaps a general description of regional variation in preparing bitter melon would be more appropriate than a step-by-step recipe. (If it worries you that removing the recipe will "impoverish the internet", you might consider adding it to Wikibooks Cookbook.)

 * Having said that, I think that reverting to the previous version is simply exchanging one set of problems for another. The previous version does have major grammatical and formatting issues, amongst others. I'd suggest working from this version (the one with the recipes), shrinking the "Culinary uses" section down, rewriting/removing extraneous information and incorporating information and internal links from the previous edit, to make it work as an encyclopedia entry. I might do this later, unless someone else wants to do it first. NotAnonymous (talk) 16:21, 10 November 2009 (UTC)

 * someone please add the bitter melon/paavakai chips in the recipe. It deserves to be known. In our area,everyone knows how to make it.103.99.150.190 (talk) 05:33, 30 May 2022 (UTC)

 * or how about someone adds the recipe names and link them to another article in Wikipedia / wikibooks cookbook?103.99.150.190 (talk) 05:43, 30 May 2022 (UTC)

Karela/Karella
Bitter Melons or Bitter Gourds are also known as Karelas, or the alternative spelling Karella. Please stop removing this. Vexorg (talk) 03:21, 20 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Source it and/or give it a language. — LlywelynII  13:50, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

Source copied almost verbatim
Many paragraphs of this article were taken verbatim from A MEDICINAL POTENCY OF MOMORDICA CHARANTIA[sic] D. Sathish Kumar, K. Vamshi Sharathnath, P. Yogeswaran, A. Harani, K. Sudhakar, P. Sudha, David Banji; International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research Volume 1, Issue 2, March – April 2010; Article 018. including some errors, bad wordings, and repetitions. Or the other way around. Either way the article does not seem to be authoritative (not a peer-reviewed journal?) I have edited some of the wording but the information needs checking. --Jorge Stolfi (talk) 02:16, 21 December 2010 (UTC)

 * The sentence "Bitter Melon contains four very promising bioactive compounds.", which is identical in our article and theirs, was also present in this version of our article on 27 Feb 2010; their article was is dated Mar-Apr 2010. The same goes for "Laboratory tests suggest that compounds in bitter melon might be effective for treating HIV infection" and "The study revealed that a 100 milligram per kilo dose per day is comparable to 2.5 milligrams of the anti-diabetes drug Glibenclamide taken twice per day", both of which are referenced in our article but not in theirs.  So they copied us, and they've failed to acknowledge the fact as legally required by our Terms of Use.
 * For future reference, if you ever find a genuine copyright violation, the normal procedure is to remove it outright, rather than editing it. I'm no lawyer, but I think the idea is that simply editing a copyvio risks creating an unauthorised derivative of a copyright work, which is itself a copyright violation.  If you're not sure you can always report at Copyright problems.
 * Adrian J. Hunter(talk•contribs) 07:58, 21 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I noticed the copyvio only after editing the article. (While googling for references on momordicin, I found their article and recognized the broken sentences that I had just been trying to clean up.) As for editing vs deleting, the copyright applies to the text but not to the information; so one can remove a copyvio also by thoroughly rephrasing and reorganizing the material.  All the best, --Jorge Stolfi (talk) 21:55, 27 December 2010 (UTC)

Confusion with Momordica balsamina?
There may be some confusion between this and similar species Momordica balsamina, also scattered worldwide: Would someone please check this issue? Thanks... --Jorge Stolfi (talk) 21:48, 27 December 2010 (UTC)
 * The name "balsamino" in Panama may refer to Momordica balsamina;
 * The photo File:BalsamPear12 MI Asit.JPG with short almost spherical fruit may be Momordica balsamina or Momordica cochinchinensis
 * Some entries in "Medical uses" may refer to those other Momordicas
 * I have removed those items pending verification:
 * [also called ...] balsamino (in Panama),

Bitter Melon For Diabetes
I am interested in Bitter Melon for Diabetes and there seems to be a website dedicated to this too: http://www.bittermelondiabetes.com —Preceding unsigned comment added by 112.201.93.17 (talk) 10:05, 25 April 2011 (UTC)

I was quite surprised to see an absense of references to the antidiabetic effects of bitter melon, which have recently been topic of scientific research. I do not have much time to write a subsection on this, but I added just a sentence stating it. I also added references (and good ones, after a search on pubmed) on this. Perhaps someone else has the patience to read more scientific papers and write a section on the effects of the hypoglycemic and insulin-like components in bitter melon. (irpsit, on 3/5/2014) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Irpsit (talk • contribs) 20:35, 3 May 2014 (UTC)

i really dont understand that means of bitter melon (karela) in Pakistan. and also identify, its fruit or vegetable/?

 * bitter melon, like most other "vegetables", is botanically a fruit, used as a vegetable.103.99.150.190 (talk) 06:53, 30 May 2022 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

No consensus to move. Vegaswikian (talk) 23:01, 25 September 2011 (UTC)

Bitter melon → Momordica charantia – Momordica charantia is the most commonly used name for this plant in reliable sources. Oddly, "Bitter melon" is only the third most commonly used name using searches in Google Books and Google Scholar, after Momordica charantia and "Bitter melon". In Google Scholar, Momordica charantia shows 14,800 results,, "Bitter gourd" gives 6,450, and "Bitter melon" gives 4,150. In addition, there are so many non-English and local names used for this plant, that Momordica charantia is the only universally used name. Also see Naming conventions (flora) for more information on article titles for plant names. First Light (talk) 22:30, 18 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose per Watermelon. 'Bitter melon' is clearly the lay name of choice for this plant/fruit. In countries where it is found in food shops, it's by far the most common vernacular name. -- Ohconfucius  ¡digame! 02:16, 19 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Comment I should have added that WP:Article titles says that "Wikipedia does not necessarily use the subject's "official" name as an article title; it prefers to use the name that is most frequently used to refer to the subject in English-language reliable sources." That's because reliable sources are both verifiable, and more universal than, in this case, the local food shop and vernacular names (different all over the world, and in numerous languages—see the article). Reliable sources strongly support Momordica charantia first, and then "Bitter gourd" second. First Light (talk) 02:43, 19 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Two Googlebooks searches, each with the same suitable restrictions for currency and English-language publishing (Books›Jan 1, 1990–Sep 18, 2011›Search English pages):
 * "'Momordica charantia' 396 genuine hits."
 * "'Bitter melon' 373 genuine hits."
 * This is certainly not a significant difference. The evidence from books broadly is more weighty than from Googlescholar, where of course scholarly names are given greater prominence. "Bitter melon" is the natural and recognisable name, even if some of the hits in my second search are to do with some other melon than Momordica charantia. "Bitter melon" is preferable by a balanced consideration of principles at WP:TITLE, just as Grape is preferable to Vitis vinifera.
 * As evidence that the great majority of uses of "bitter melon" refer to Momordica charantia, a Googlebooks search with the same restrictions:
 * "'Momordica charantia' AND 'bitter melon' 356 genuine hits."
 * That said, evidence from related searches (using "-" to exclude items, which is known to be unreliable) shows that Google searches are even more irrational than many have feared, yielding logically impossible results even when all caution is taken. Searcher beware!
 * N oetica Tea? 03:27, 19 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Searcher beware, indeed! Such a restricted search in Books is picking and choosing your data set to suit your opinion. Why 1990 to present? Further, I trust the Scholar hits more, given that there are fewer non reliable sources indexed there. Regardless, your point on using Ghits to inform our decisions is well taken, which is why we have guidelines like WP:FLORA. And here, First Light has shown that the multiple vernacular names makes the chose of the scientific name the natural choice for the title. Rkitko (talk) 23:07, 19 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Rkitko, you are out of line when in effect you accuse me of bad faith. I expect you to retract that. My post was entirely transparent at every point. A report of equivalent searches but unrestricted for date, since you seem to want them:
 * "'Momordica charantia' 401 genuine hits."
 * "'Bitter melon' 385 genuine hits."
 * Hits for "Momordica charantia" fall to 4.16% more than hits for "bitter melon", as opposed to 6.17% when restricted to the last twenty years. I would have made a stronger case for opposing the move if had used searches unrestricted for date.
 * Why choose the last twenty years of books published in English? Obviously (and I made it explicit), I applied "suitable restrictions for currency and English-language publishing". I did not pick and choose; I tried only those restrictions, uniformly. Note that I do not reject any potential move out of hand here; I have just opposed this particular move so far, since the evidence needed to be more exact. I take note of WP:FLORA, where I find that the same example is used that I have above: "grape" versus "Vitis vinifera". The guideline does not settle the present case; and I note that the article as it stands does not use "Momordica charantia", except in references and at the first sentence.
 * N oetica Tea? 01:20, 20 September 2011 (UTC)

 * There was no accusation of bad faith; I just wanted to know why you chose those dates since I've never seen anyone restrict a search like that. Thank you for the explanation. The grape / Vitis vinifera example in WP:FLORA is used to illustrate the need sometimes to split articles. It is not an example of preferring the vernacular over the scientific name. Would you prefer to split the fruit and uses parts and the botanical parts for this article instead of moving? I think WP:FLORA does cover this. In practice, when species have multiple vernacular names as this one does, the consistency and precision of the scientific name is preferred. Rkitko (talk) 02:52, 20 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Rkitko, I am glad that you are now contradicting your claim that "such a restricted search in Books is picking and choosing your data set to suit your opinion", since as I have demonstrated the restriction did exactly the reverse, and it was explained from the start as helping to assess current usage. Yes, I know that the uses to which WP:FLORA and I put the grape example are different; neat that we independently chose the same example, that's all. No, I would not favour splitting the coverage of Bitter melon. I take your point about the scientific name being useful when there are diverse popular names. That's one of the main reasons for having scientific names in the first place. But I do not consider that to be a decisive consideration to resolve this case. Many more readers will recognise this item when it is identified with "bitter melon" than with "Momordica charantia". "Apple" is ambiguous too; but we do not prefer "Malus domestica" over "Apple". N oetica Tea? 04:29, 20 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Apple is not ambiguous with respect to other flora. There is a single, well-known name by which the species is known. (Personally, I'd prefer splitting that article.) Here we have a species known slightly more often in reliable sources by the scientific name than either of the well-known vernacular names. This is exactly the kind of case where the scientific name should be preferred; how recognizable a term is is not the only criteria for article naming. I mentioned two above: precision and consistency. Here, I believe, these are more valuable. WP:FLORA came about in part because of a discussion on the correct title of Cytisus scoparius. It had been titled at common broom, a name it's known by in its native range, but it's equally well known in its invasive range as Scotch broom. The scientific name stood out as a rational name both sides could agree was better. And here, you have shown that the scientific name is more common, though you call it insignificant. Perhaps it is, but I think the advantages of a scientific name title outweigh any recognizability criteria, since lay readers will not be surprised to be redirected from a vernacular name to a scientific name, especially when the alternative names appear in bold in the first sentence. Rkitko (talk) 12:57, 20 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Rkitko is correct. All the title naming guidelines point toward using the name in this case that is "precise" and is "most frequently used to refer to the subject in English-language reliable sources." If there were only one commonly used vernacular name for this species, then I would probably not have requested the move. The fact that that there are countless vernacular names, and two that are fairly commonly used in English, makes the guidelines more clear on moving this. If this is kept at one of the English names, it should be "Bitter gourd", since it is more widely used than "Bitter melon" — I believe that's the case even when using the so called 'genuine hits'. Google scholar, though, is the best metric for "Reliable Source", and there again Momordica charantia is clearly the "most frequently used". First Light (talk) 14:21, 20 September 2011 (UTC)
 * P.S. I wouldn't be opposed to splitting the article, though it would still leave the question of whether the fruit usage half should be at "Bitter melon" or "Bitter gourd". First Light (talk) 14:24, 20 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Support per nom, especially the Google Scholar hits and WP:FLORA. Rkitko (talk) 22:57, 19 September 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Article lead and local names
The beginning of this article tends to accumulate local names and the lead becomes a long list of names that do little to explain what the food actually is. I propose that unless there is clear evidence of use by native English speakers these additional local names be placed in the "Local names" section, which I have now linked in the lead. I have kept the only two referenced local names, goya and karavella. Although karavella could do with a reference to actual usage by English speakers. Computermacgyver (talk) 21:26, 12 September 2012 (UTC)

what is wrong with using primary sources?
As a frequent reader and never an editor of wiki articles, I am puzzled by a comment I sometimes find at the start of an article to the effect that "This article needs editing because it relies too heavily on primary sources".

Since when have primary sources become undesirable? I thought they were considered superior to secondary sources? Please enlighten me.

71.218.238.99 (talk) 02:47, 14 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Are you seeing that tag mostly on articles or sections with a medical focus? There a few things going on here. You are correct that in journalism (and historical research), primary sources are superior to secondary. The primary source notice on this article is on a medicine related section. In medicine, primary sources are inferior to secondary. A single study that found that an extract of Momordica charantia inhibits cancer cells in a test tube just isn't very valuable. A meta-study which summarized the results of 50 other studies (looking at the effects of the extract in multiple human cancer cell lines in vitro, living rats and mice, etc.) would be considered a secondary source in medicine, and is much more useful. WP:MEDRS goes into much more detail about primary and secondary sources for medical topics. Aside from medical topics, the more general guidance on primary sources on Wikipedia is WP:PRIMARY. Plantdrew (talk) 03:32, 14 January 2015 (UTC)

Naming
Where is the name bitter melon popularly used? In China? At least in India (where it's supposed to have originated) the vegetable is known by its local name in each language (generally derived from the Sanskrit karela), or exclusively as bitter gourd in English. The term bitter melon comes as a real surprise to me, so I'd love to know how popular it is in other countries as opposed to bitter gourd.
 * That's a good question. The local name (non-English) is most likely most commonly used just about everywhere. Google reports 615k hits for bitter gourd and 563k for bitter melon. A Google image search for "bitter melon"+tea shows mostly products with Vietnamese or Chinese text on them. Images of "bitter melon"+tea are still predominantly Vietnamese or Chinese, but also include some Indian languages. Personally, I'd call it "bitter gourd". Melon usually implies a sweet fruit in English. Plantdrew (talk) 20:48, 23 January 2015 (UTC)

Mainland Japan?
The article distinguishes Okinawa from "mainland Japan." Japan is a set of islands and has no continental territory. What does this mean? I presume, from "Japan proper" (meaning that Okinawa is not "really" a Japanese island), but of course the government of Japan would argue that this is not correct. Maybe change to "the rest of Japan"? — Preceding unsigned comment added by IAmNitpicking (talk • contribs) 14:53, 30 October 2015 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Bitter melon tea
Both articles refer to the same plant, one is just a specific usage of the plant. The Bitter melon tea article also does not appear to have any sources as well, and may not meet WP:GNG. AtlasDuane (talk) 15:14, 7 March 2017 (UTC)

 * Support merge Nothing in the tea article that couldn't be addressed here. Plantdrew (talk) 17:02, 7 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Support merge The Tea article is more of a stub and doesn't stand up to the quality of other tea articles. If merged should ensure that search for Bitter melon tea redirects to Momordica Charantia Abyssoft (talk) 19:16, 10 March 2017 (UTC).
 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 15:18, 9 August 2018 (UTC)

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Which molecule causes the bitter taste? Some acid?
Does bitter mean same as acidic?
 * Acid is sour. Bitter tastes are caused by various chemicals (e. g. caffeine). See Taste. IAmNitpicking (talk) 12:57, 2 April 2019 (UTC)

--ee1518 (talk) 10:51, 1 April 2019 (UTC)

Cherokee?
Does the Native American Cherokee nation really grow the African cucurbit Momordica? IAmNitpicking (talk) 14:11, 26 April 2021 (UTC)

 * I guess over a year is enough time. Given the lack of source, and the fact that web searches for cherokee and bitter melon find zero articles connecting them, other than this one, I am going to remove the translation. I wonder what that really means in the Cherokee language. IAmNitpicking (talk) 11:55, 27 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Momordica charantia


text:
San Agustin Church (Manila)

The Church of Saint Augustine (Simbahan ng San Agustin, Iglesia de San Agustín), also known as the Archdiocesan Shrine of Our Lady of Consolation and Cincture (Santuario Arquidiocesano de Nuestra Señora de la Consolación y Correa) or the Immaculate Conception Parish (Parokya ng Imakulada Conception, Parroquia de la Inmaculada Concepción), is a Catholic church under the auspices of the Order of Saint Augustine located inside the historic walled city of Intramuros in Manila, Philippines. Completed in 1607, it is the oldest stone church in the country.

In 1993, San Agustin Church was one of four Philippine churches constructed during the Spanish colonial period to be designated as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, under the collective title Baroque Churches of the Philippines. It was named a National Historical Landmark by the Philippine government in 1976.

History

San Agustin Church is located in General Luna St, Manila, Metro Manila. The present structure is actually the third Augustinian church erected on the site. The first San Agustin Church was the first religious structure constructed by the Spaniards on the island of Luzon. Made of bamboo and nipa, it was completed in 1571, but destroyed by fire in December 1574 during the attempted invasion of Manila by the forces of Limahong. A second wooden structure built on the same site was destroyed in February 1583 by a fire that started when a candle ignited drapery on the funeral bier during services for Spanish Governor-General Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa.

The Augustinians decided to rebuild the church using stone, and to construct an adjacent monastery. Construction began in 1586, based on a design by Juan Macías. The structure was built using hewn adobe stones quarried from Meycauayan, Binangonan and San Mateo, Rizal. The work proceeded slowly due to the lack of funds and materials, as well as the relative scarcity of stone artisans. The monastery was operational by 1604, and the church was formally declared complete on January 19, 1607, and named Church of St. Paul of Manila. Macías, who had died before the completion of the church, was officially acknowledged by the Augustinians as the builder of the edifice.

San Agustin Church was sacked during the Battle of Manila, which occurred as part of the Seven Years' War. In 1854, the church was renovated under the supervision of Spanish architect Luciano Oliver. On June 3, 1863, the strongest earthquake at that time hit Manila leaving widespread destruction to the city, with San Agustin Church the only public building left undamaged. A series of strong earthquakes struck Manila again on July 18–20, 1880. This time, the tremors left a large crack in the east bell tower. The crack was eventually repaired, but the left tower was permanently removed with only the base remaining today. The church withstood the other major earthquakes that struck Manila before in 1645, 1699, 1754, 1796, 1825, 1852, 1863 and 1880 and served as a hospital for several of those injured during the earthquake in 1863.

On August 18, 1898, the church was the site where Spanish Governor-General Fermin Jaudenes prepared the terms for the surrender of Manila to the United States of America following the Spanish–American War.

On the night of August 13, 1932, a major fire inside Intramuros destroyed a portion of the adjacent San Agustin Monastery. The blaze also totally destroyed the Augustinian Provincial House across the road in Calle Real, as well as the ornate pedestrian bridge that once linked the Provincial House with the monastery.

During the Japanese occupation during the Second World War, San Agustin Church became a concentration camp. The Japanese troops removed the lower portion of the right front door of the church and placed sandbags on the resulting opening, turning the entrance into a makeshift machine gun post. In the final days of the Battle of Manila, hundreds of Intramuros residents and clergy were held hostage in the church by Japanese soldiers with many hostages killed during the three-week-long battle. It was the only one among seven churches of Intramuros to survive a leveling by combined American and Filipino ground forces in May 1945. While the church sustained damage to its roof, the adjacent monastery was completely destroyed. In the 1970s the monastery was rebuilt as a museum under the design of architect Angel Nakpil. The church was renovated in 2013, with its colorful facade replaced by a sedate stone-colored one.

On September 4, 2000, the image of Our Lady of Consolation was canonically crowned with a decree of canonical coronation by Pope John Paul II.

San Agustin Church and its adjacent convent, Convento de San Agustin, served as the provincial house and headquarters of the Augustinian Province of the Most Holy Name of Jesus of the Philippines of Spain ever since the province's founding in 1575 until 1901, when it transferred to Madrid. It once again became the headquarters of the Province in 1927, during the tenure of Fr. Gaudencio Castrillo, until just after the Second World War.

San Agustin Church is currently administered by the Augustinian friars of the Province of the Most Holy Name of Jesus of the Philippines.

Architecture

The San Agustin Church is patterned after some of the magnificent temples built by the Augustinians in Mexico. The present edifice was built in 1587, and completed, together with the monastery, in 1604. The atmosphere is medieval since "both church and monastery symbolize the majesty and equilibrium of a Spanish golden era."

The massive structure of the church is highlighted by the symmetry and splendor of the interiors (painted by two Italians who succeeded in producing trompe-l'œil) – the profile of the mouldings, rosettes and sunken panels which appear as three-dimensional carvings, a baroque pulpit with the native pineapple as a motif, the grand pipe organ, the ante-choir with a 16th-century crucifix, the choir seats carved in molave with ivory inlays of the 17th century and the set of 16 huge chandeliers from Paris.

A 2022 online study conducted by home services website Angi found out that the church is the "most beautiful building in the Philippines".

It was used in the 2010 drama Magkaribal for some funeral scenes.

Famous burials
The church, as in its custom in its heyday, contained niches for burials of bones and remains. The following are notable burials within the premises of the church.

 * Miguel López de Legazpi
 * Juan de Salcedo
 * Guido de Lavezaris
 * Juan Luna
 * Blessed Pedro Zuñiga
 * Francisco Alonso Liongson
 * Benito Natividad
 * Teodoro Agoncillo

Heritage threats

The Binondo–Intramuros Bridge opened in 2022. Although the bridge is about 550 m away from San Agustin Church, it is believed to have encroached on the buffer zone prescribed for church, which includes the walls of Intramuros and the immediate areas outside. However, the national government argues that the bridge will have no direct physical or visual impact to the San Agustin Church, owing to its remote distance and the number of taller structures between the bridge and the church.

So far, the World Heritage Convention (WHC) has identified several potential indirect and long-term impacts to the church. WHC noted that the church could be impacted by more ground vibration due to vehicular traffic, and air and noise pollution. Moreover, the bridge would have a direct visual impact on the overall setting and sense of place of the property, including Intramuros’ fortified wall, as well as the Maestranza strip and Plaza México, the visual corridor of the Pasig River, and the underlying remains of Baluarte de Santo Domingo. To mitigate the situation, it was recommended to the national government to reconsider the bridge's and location, convert the surrounding roads of the church into pedestrian areas, conduct structural assessment of the church, and adapt the design of the bridge to the character of Intramuros.

San Agustin Church was collectively declared as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1993, together with Paoay Church in Ilocos Norte, Santa Maria Church in Ilocos Sur, and Miag-ao Church in Iloilo. If it will be delisted, the three other churches would also be removed from UNESCO's heritage list.

title: San Agustin Church (Manila)