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Journalistic objectivity

Journalistic objectivity is a considerable notion within the discussion of journalistic professionalism. Journalistic objectivity may refer to fairness, disinterestedness, factuality, and nonpartisanship, but most often encompasses all of these qualities. First evolving as a practice in the 18th century, a number of critiques and alternatives to the notion have emerged since, fuelling ongoing and dynamic discourse surrounding the ideal of objectivity in journalism.

Most newspapers and TV stations depend upon news agencies for their material, and each of the four major global agencies (Agence France-Presse (formerly the Havas agency), Associated Press, Reuters, and Agencia EFE) began with and continue to operate on a basic philosophy of providing a single objective news feed to all subscribers. That is, they do not provide separate feeds for conservative or liberal newspapers. Journalist Jonathan Fenby has explained the notion:

"To achieve such wide acceptability, the agencies avoid overt partiality. The demonstrably correct information is their stock-in-trade. Traditionally, they report at a reduced level of responsibility, attributing their information to a spokesman, the press, or other sources.  They avoid making judgments and steer clear of doubt and ambiguity.  Though their founders did not use the word, objectivity is the philosophical basis for their enterprises – or failing that, widely acceptable neutrality."

Objectivity in journalism aims to help the audience make up their own mind about a story, providing the facts alone and then letting audiences interpret those on their own. To maintain objectivity in journalism, journalists should present the facts whether or not they like or agree with those facts. Objective reporting is meant to portray issues and events in a neutral and unbiased manner, regardless of the writer's opinion or personal beliefs.

Definitions
Sociologist Michael Schudson suggests that "the belief in objectivity is a faith in 'facts,' a distrust in 'values,' and a commitment to their segregation". Objectivity also outlines an institutional role for journalists as a fourth estate, a body that exists apart from government and large interest groups.

Journalistic objectivity requires that a journalist not be on either side of an argument. The journalist must report only the facts and not a personal attitude toward the facts. While objectivity is a complex and dynamic notion that may refer to a multitude of techniques and practices, it generally refers to the idea of "three distinct, yet interrelated, concepts": truthfulness, neutrality, and detachment.

Truthfulness is a commitment to reporting only accurate and truthful information, without skewing any facts or details to improve the story or better align an issue with any certain agenda. Neutrality suggests that stories be reported in an unbiased, even-handed, and impartial manner. Under this notion, journalists are to side with none of the parties involved, and simply provide the relevant facts and information of all. The third idea, detachment, refers to the emotional approach of the journalist. Essentially, reporters should not only approach issues in an unbiased manner but also with a dispassionate and emotionless attitude. Through this strategy, stories can be presented in a rational and calm manner, letting the audience make up their minds without any influences from the media.

History
The modern notion of objectivity in journalism is largely due to the work of Walter Lippmann. Lippmann was the first to widely call for journalists to use the scientific method for gathering information. Lippmann called for journalistic objectivity after the excesses of yellow journalism. He noted that the yellows at the time had served their purpose, but that the people needed to receive the actual news, and not a "romanticized version of it".

The term objectivity was not applied to journalistic work until the 20th century, but it had fully emerged as a guiding principle by the 1890s. Michael Schudson, among a number of other communication scholars and historians, agree that the idea of objectivity has prevailed in dominant discourse among journalists in the United States since the appearance of modern newspapers in the Jacksonian Era of the 1830s. These papers transformed the press amidst the democratization of politics, the expansion of a market economy, and the growing authority of an entrepreneurial, urban middle class. Before then, American newspapers were expected to present a partisan viewpoint, not a neutral one.

The need for objectivity first occurred to Associated Press editors who realized that partisanship would narrow their potential market. Their goal was to reach all newspapers and leave it to the individual papers to decide on what slanting and commentary were needed. Lawrence Gobright, the AP chief in Washington, explained the philosophy of objectivity to Congress in 1856:

"My business is to communicate facts. My instructions do not allow me to make any comments upon the facts which I communicate. My dispatches are sent to papers of all manner of politics, and the editors say they are able to make their own comments upon the facts which are sent to them.  I, therefore confine myself to what I consider legitimate news.  I do not act as a politician belonging to any school, but try to be truthful and impartial.  My dispatches are a merely dry matter of fact and detail."

In the first decade of the twentieth century, it was uncommon to see a sharp divide between facts and values. However, Stuart Allan (1997) suggests that, during World War I, scholar propaganda campaigns, as well as the rise of "press agents and publicity experts", fostered the growing cynicism among the public towards state institutions and "official channels of information". The elevation of objectivity thus constituted an effort to re-legitimatize the news-press, as well as the state in general.

Some historians, like Gerald Baldasty, have observed that objectivity went hand in hand with the need to make profits in the newspaper business by attracting advertisers. In this economic analysis, publishers did not want to offend any potential advertising clients and therefore encouraged news editors and reporters to strive to present all sides of an issue. Advertisers would remind the press that partisanship hurts circulation, and, consequently, advertising revenues—thus, objectivity was sought.

Others have proposed a political explanation for the rise of objectivity; scholars like Richard Kaplan have argued that political parties needed to lose their hold over the loyalties of voters and the institutions of government before the press could feel free to offer a nonpartisan, "impartial" account of news events. This change occurred following the critical 1896 election and the subsequent reform of the Progressive Era.

Later, during the period following World War II, the newly formalized rules and practices of objectivity led to a brief national consensus and temporary suspension of negative public opinion; however, doubts and uncertainties in "the institutions of democracy and capitalism" resurfaced in the period of civil unrest during the 1960s and 1970s, ultimately leading to the emergence of the critique of objectivity.

In conclusion, there are three key factors in the origin of objectivity. The transition from a political model of journalism to a commercial model requires the production of content that can be marketed across the political and ideological spectrum. The telegraph imposes pressures on journalists to prioritize the most important facts at the beginning of the story and adopt a simplified, homogenized and generic style that could appeal to geographically diverse audiences. In the early 20th century, journalism started to define itself as a professional occupation that required special training, unique skills and self-regulation according to ethical principles. Professionalization normalized the regime of objectivity as the foundation of good journalism, providing benefits to journalists and editors/publishers.

For most of the 19th century, most of the publications and news were written by one person. Writers could express their own perspectives and opinions. However, since the 1880s, Americans started to become interested in some scientific theories and facts which narrowed the ways that writers could express their feelings. The use of technology led to more productivity and control. New tech in the news process has worked to establish a discourse of speed. The discourse of speed has also become stronger and more encompassing over time. The transformation of the newspaper produced a medium requiring a fairly sophisticated team of many different kinds of laborers. Journalists are expected to possess technical skills in computer-based and new media technologies to some extent, placing new demands on journalists now.

Criticisms

Some scholars and journalists criticize the understanding of objectivity as neutrality or nonpartisanship, arguing that it does a disservice to the public because it fails to attempt to find truth. They also argue that such objectivity is nearly impossible to apply in practice—newspapers inevitably take a point of view in deciding what stories to cover, which to feature on the front page, and what sources they quote. The media critics Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky have advanced a propaganda model hypothesis proposing that such a notion of objectivity results in heavily favoring government viewpoints and large corporations. Mainstream commentators accept that news value drives selection of stories, but there is some debate as to whether catering to an audience's level of interest in a story makes the selection process non-objective.

Another example of an objection to objectivity, according to communication scholar David Mindich, was the coverage that the major papers (most notably the New York Times) gave to the lynching of thousands of African Americans during the 1890s. News stories of the period described the hanging, immolation and mutilation of people by mobs with detachment and, through the regimen of objectivity, news writers often attempted to construct a "false balance" of these accounts by recounting the alleged transgressions of the victims that provoked the lynch mobs to fury. Mindich suggests that by enabling practices of objectivity and allowing them to "[go] basically unquestioned", it may have had the effect of normalizing the practice of lynching.

In a more recent example, scholars Andrew Calcutt and Phillip Hammond (2011) note that since the 1990s, war reporting (especially) has increasingly come to criticize and reject the practice of objectivity. In 1998, a BBC reporter, Martin Bell, noted that he favoured a "journalism of attachment", over the previously sought after dispassionate approach. Similarly, a CNN war correspondent from the US, Christiane Amanpour, stated that in some circumstances "neutrality can mean you are an accomplice to all sorts of evil". Each of these opinions stems from scholar's and journalist's critique of objectivity as too "heartless" or "forensic" to report the human natured and emotionally charged issues found in war and conflict reporting.

As discussed above, with the growth of mass media, especially from the 19th century, news advertising became the most important source of media revenue. Whole audiences needed to be engaged across communities and regions to maximize advertising revenue. This led to "[j]ournalistic [o]bjectivity as an industry standard […] a set of conventions allowing the news to be presented as all things to all people". In modern journalism, especially with the emergence of 24-hour news cycles, speed is of the essence in responding to breaking stories. It is therefore not possible for reporters to decide "from first principles" how they will report each and every story that presents itself—thus, some scholars argue that mere convention (versus a true devotion to truth-seeking) has come to govern much of journalism.

"Reporters are biased toward conflict because it is more interesting than stories without conflict; we are biased toward sticking with the pack because it is safe; we are biased toward event-driven coverage because it is easier; we are biased toward existing narratives because they are safe and easy. Mostly, though, we are biased in favor of getting the story, regardless of whose ox is being gored."

- Brent Cunningham, 2003

Brent Cunningham, the managing editor of Columbia Journalism Review, argues in a 2003 article that objectivity excuses lazy reporting. He suggests that objectivity makes us passive recipients of news, rather than aggressive analyzers and critics of it. According to Cunningham, the nut of the tortured relationship with objectivity lies within a number of conflicting diktats that the press was subjected to operate under: be neutral yet investigative; be disengaged yet have an impact; and be fair-minded yet have an edge. Cunningham, however, argues that reporters by and large are not ideological warriors; rather, they are imperfect people performing a difficult job that is crucial to society and, "[d]espite all our important and necessary attempts to minimize [individual's] humanity, it can't be any other way", Cunningham concludes.

The debate about objectivity has also occurred within the photojournalism field. In 2011, Italian photographer Ruben Salvadori challenged the expectation of objective truth that the general public associates to photojournalism with his project "Photojournalism Behind the Scenes". By including the traditionally invisible photographer into the frame, Salvadori sought to ignite a discussion about the ethics of the profession, and indicate a need for audiences to be active viewers who understand and recognize the potential subjectivity of the photographic medium.

Another notion circulating around the critique of objectivity is proposed by scholar Judith Lichtenberg. She points to the logical inconsistency that arises when scholars or journalists criticize journalism for failing to be objective, while simultaneously proposing that there is no such thing as objectivity. Underpinning critiques of objectivity that arose in the 1970s and 1980s, this dual theory—which Lichtenberg refers to as a "compound assault on objectivity" —invalidates itself, as each element of the argument repudiates the other. Lichtenberg agrees with other scholars that view objectivity as mere conventional practice: she states that "much of what goes under the name of objectivity reflects shallow understanding of it". Thus, she suggests that these practices, rather than the overall notion of objectivity (whose primary aim, according to Lichtenberg, is only to seek and pursue truth), should really be the target of critique.

Journalism scholars and media critics have used the term  to criticize journalists' attempt to adopt a neutral and objective point of view in reporting, as if reporting "from nobody's point of view". Jay Rosen has argued that journalists may thereby disinform their audience by creating the impression that they have an authoritative impartiality between conflicting positions on an issue. Jeremy Iggers quoted Richard S. Salant, former president of CBS News, who stated: "Our reporters do not cover stories from their point of view. They are presenting them from nobody's point of view." Iggers called Salant's assertion "plainly incoherent, as is the notion of observations untouched by interpretation". Rosen has used the term to criticize journalists who hide behind the appearance of journalistic objectivity so as to gain an unearned position of authority or trust with their audience; he advocates for transparency as a better way of legitimately earning trust. Scholars such as Rosen and Jake Lynch borrowed the term from philosopher Thomas Nagel's 1986 book The View from Nowhere, which stated, "A view or form of thought is more objective than another if it relies less on the specifics of the individual's makeup and position in the world." Many other news media commentators have also criticized the view from nowhere in journalism. For example: Writer Elias Isquith argues in a 2014 article for Salon that "the view from nowhere not only leads to sloppy thinking but actually leaves the reader less informed than she would be had she simply read an unapologetically ideological source or even, in some cases, nothing at all". In 2019, journalist Lewis Raven Wallace published a book advocating the opposite of the view from nowhere: the view from somewhere.

Alternatives
Some argue that a more appropriate standard should be fairness and accuracy (as enshrined in the names of groups like Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting). Under this standard, taking sides on an issue would be permitted as long as the side taken was accurate and the other side was given a fair chance to respond. Many professionals believe that true objectivity in journalism is not possible and reporters must seek balance in their stories (giving all sides their respective points of view), which fosters fairness.

Brent Cunningham suggests that reporters should understand their inevitable biases, so they can explore what the accepted narratives may be, and then work against these as much as possible. He points out that "[w]e need deep reporting and real understanding, but we also need reporters to acknowledge all that they don't know, and not try to mask that shortcoming behind a gloss of attitude, or drown it in a roar of oversimplified assertions".

Cunningham suggests the following to solve the apparent controversies of objectivity: In the words of another scholar, Faina (2012) suggests that modern journalists may function as "sensemakers" within the shifting contemporary journalistic environment.
 * Journalists should acknowledge, humbly and publicly, that what they do is far more subjective and far less detached than the aura of "objectivity" implies. He proposes that this will not end the charges of bias, but rather allow journalists to defend what they do from a more realistic and less hypocritical position.
 * Journalists should be free and encouraged to develop expertise and to use it to sort through competing claims, identifying and explaining the underlying assumptions of those claims, and making judgments about what readers and viewers need to know and understand about what is happening.

Notable departures from objective news work also include the muckraking of Ida Tarbell and Lincoln Steffens, the New Journalism of Tom Wolfe, the underground press of the 1960s, and public journalism.

For news related to conflict, peace journalism may provide an alternative by introducing "insights" of social "science" into the journalism field, specifically through disciplines such as conflict theories, conflict resolution, peace research and social psychology. The application of this "empirical" "research" to the reporting of conflict may thus replace the "unacknowledged" conventions (see above) which govern the "non-scientific" practices of 'objectivity' of journalism.

Crowdfunding
Recently, many scholars and journalists have increasingly become attuned to the shifts occurring within the newspaper industry, and general upheaval of the journalistic environment, as it adjusts to the new digital era of the 21st century. In the face of this, the practice of crowdfunding is increasingly being utilized by journalists to fund independent and/or alternative projects, establishing it as another relevant alternative practice to consider in the discussion of journalistic objectivity. Crowdfunding allows journalists to pursue stories of interest to them or that otherwise may not be covered adequately for a number of reasons. Crowdfunding supports journalists by funding necessary components like reporting equipment, computers, travel expenses if necessary, and overhead costs like office space or paying other staff on their team. A key component of crowdfunding and a significant motivator for journalists to use it is the lack of corporate backing. This means that the journalist has the autonomy to make editorial decisions at their sole discrection but there is equally no financial support.

According to a study conducted by Hunter (2014), journalists engaged in a crowdfunding campaign all held a similar opinion that their funders did not have control over the content and that it was the journalist who maintained ultimate jurisdiction. However, this pronouncement was complicated by the sense of accountability or responsibility incited in journalists towards their funders. Hunter (2014) notes that this may have the effect of creating a power imbalance between funders and the journalist, as journalists want to maintain editorial control, but it is in fact the funders that decide whether the project will be a success or not.

To combat this, Hunter (2014) proposes the following strategies that journalists may employ to maintain a more objective approach if desired:

 * Constructing an imaginary 'firewall' between themselves and their audiences
 * Limiting investment from any single source
 * Clearly defining the relationship they desire with funders at the outset of the project

The type of relationship and potential pressures the journalist may feel depends on the type of investor with whom they are working, as there are passive and active investors. Passive investors will not be involved beyond making a donation on the crowdfunding platform, leaving everything up to the discretion of the journalist. In contrast, active investors have a more active role in the production of the journalistic piece, which can take various forms that may include the investor providing feedback or ideas as well as receiving early copies of the work prior to its public release.

Some journalists from the study firmly held the opinion that impartial accounts and a detached, namely "objective", reporting style should continue to govern, even within a crowdfunding context. Others, however, advocated that point-of-view journalism and accurate reporting are not mutually exclusive ideals, and thus journalists still may ascribe to quality factual reporting, sans the traditional practices or understanding of objectivity.

The study on crowdfunding done by Hunter (2014) showed that audiences are keen to fund projects with a specific point of view or pieces of advocacy journalism. Journalists are often using crowdfunding to pursue stories with a point-of-view that large corporations do not pursue adequately. The journalist explains the goal of the work they are trying to pursue and what resources are needed for it on crowdfunding platforms. Based on this information, funders decide to contribute or not. The desire or acceptance of opinionated journalism is especially clear with passive investors because they donate based on the journalist's pitch and let the journalist produce what they want. They essentially just want to support the journalist as an individual and allow them the freedom to pursue the project.

General sources

 * Kaplan, Richard. 2002.  Politics and the American Press: The Rise of Objectivity, 1865–1920. New York: Cambridge University Press.
 * Schudson, Michael. 1978.  Discovering the News: A Social History of American Newspapers  New York: Basic Books.
 * Schudson, Michael. 1997.  "The Sociology of News Production".  In Social Meaning of News: A Text-Reader.  Dan Berkowitz, ed. pp. 7–22. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

title: Journalistic objectivity


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Business journalism

Business journalism is the part of journalism that tracks, records, analyzes and interprets the business, economic and financial activities and changes that take place in societies. Topics widely cover the entire purview of all commercial activities related to the economy.

This area of journalism provides news and feature articles about people, places and issues related to the business sector. Most newspapers, magazines, radio, and television-news shows include a business segment. Detailed and in-depth business journalism may appear in publications, radio, and television channels dedicated specifically to business and financial journalism.

History
Business journalism began as early as the Middle Ages, to help well-known trading families communicate with each other.

Around 1700, Daniel Defoe—best known for his novels, especially Robinson Crusoe—began publishing business and economic news. In 1882 Charles Dow, Edward Jones and Charles Bergstresser began a wire service that delivered news to investment houses along Wall Street. And in 1889, The Wall Street Journal began publishing. While the famous muckraking journalist Ida Tarbell did not consider herself to be a business reporter, her reporting and writing about the Standard Oil Co. in 1902 provided the template for how thousands of business journalists have covered companies ever since. Business coverage gained prominence in the 1990s, with wider investment in the stock market. The Wall Street Journal is one prominent example of business journalism, and is among the United States of America's top newspapers in terms of both circulation and respect for the journalists whose work appears there.

Personnel
Journalists who work in this branch are classed as "business journalists". Their main task is to gather information about current events as they related to business. They may also cover processes, trends, consequences, and important people, in business and disseminate their work through all types of mass media.

Scope
Business journalism, although common in most industrialized countries, has a very limited role in third-world and developing countries. This leaves citizens of such countries in a very disadvantaged position locally and internationally. Recent efforts to bring business media to these countries have proven to be worthwhile.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Business journalism


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James Farrior

James Alfred Farrior  (born January 6, 1975) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker for fifteen seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Virginia Cavaliers. He played with the New York Jets and the Pittsburgh Steelers, and earned two Super Bowl rings with the Steelers (XL and XLIII).

Early life
Farrior was born in Ettrick, Virginia. He was a Parade High School All-America selection and named Virginia's Group AA Co-Offensive Player of the Year as senior at Matoaca High School in his hometown and birthplace of Ettrick, Virginia. He was also selected first-team All-Conference at both FB and LB, also earned All-Metro and All-State honors, he was The Richmond Times-Dispatch co-Player of the Year after posting 78 tackles, 11 sacks, five blocked kicks, four forced fumbles and two interceptions, he rushed the ball 105 times for 1,006 (9.6 avg.) and 22 touchdown and had 19 receptions for 340 yards (17.9 avg.) and 4 touchdowns receiving as a senior fullback. He earned All-Metro, district and region honors as a junior, lettered three times in football, track and wrestling.

College career
Farrior played for coach George Welsh's Virginia Cavaliers football team while attending the University of Virginia. During his career there, he racked up 381 tackles, ranking him third on the school's all-time list. In 1996 season, Farrior earned All-Atlantic Coast Conference first-team honors as a senior while registering 107 tackles, 13 tackles for a loss, 7 passes defensed, and 6.5 sacks. He even played against his future head coach, Mike Tomlin, while Tomlin was a wide receiver at William & Mary.

In 1995 season as a junior he earned All-ACC second-team honors after he started every game at LOLB and led the team in tackles (122 stops) and also had half sack, nine passes defensed and an interception. In 1994, he earned all-ACC honorable mention as a sophomore when he started every game at LOLB and finished second on the team in tackles with 100, 1 sack, a blocked punt, 4 interceptions and 6 passes defensed. During 1993, as a freshman he appeared in 10 games and had 52 tackles, placing him seventh on the team, despite not starting any games, he earned ACC Newcomer of the Week honors when he came off the bench to register 18 tackles vs. Ohio. He had seven tackles and a fumble recovery vs. Boston College in the Carquest Bowl.

He graduated in four years with a bachelor's degree in psychology.

New York Jets
Farrior began his professional career in 1997 as the eighth overall pick in the first round for the New York Jets. Until 2001, Farrior played sparingly as a reserve outside linebacker, playing in only 27 games from 1997 through 2000. In 2001, Farrior broke out and recorded 142 tackles, 106 of which were solo, one sack and two interceptions. After the 2001 season, the Jets allowed Farrior to leave via free agency, but his career exploded once he got to the Pittsburgh Steelers and was put back in his college position, ILB.

Pittsburgh Steelers
In his first year with the Pittsburgh Steelers, Farrior recorded 82 tackles throughout 14 games. In 2003, he recorded 141 tackles and one interception. During the 2004 season, his third with the franchise, Farrior made 94 tackles, three sacks, and a career-high four interceptions. He also finished second behind Ed Reed for NFL Defensive Player of the Year honors. During the Pittsburgh Steelers 2005 campaign Farrior missed 2 games due to injury, but performed well in the 14 regular season games and 4 post-season games in which he appeared. His best regular season performance came in a week 3 loss to the New England Patriots, in which he recorded 9 tackles and 1 sack. Farrior's best performance in the post-season came in the AFC Divisional playoffs against the Indianapolis Colts, where Farrior recorded 10 tackles and 2.5 sacks. He finished the season with 119 tackles and a Super Bowl ring. In 2006, he played in all 16 games and recorded 126 tackles, four sacks and one interception. Farrior finished the 2007 season with 94 tackles and 6.5 sacks, a career-high, along with one interception. Entering the 2008 season, Farrior stated that he wished to remain a Steeler for the remainder of his career. In August 2008, Farrior signed a five-year, US$18.25 million contract with the Steelers. The deal included a $5 million signing bonus. At the end of the 2010 season, Farrior and the Steelers appeared in Super Bowl XLV against the Green Bay Packers. He was a starter in the game and recorded two total tackles in the 31–25 loss. He was released on March 2, 2012. On September 25, 2020, it was announced that James is a member of the Pittsburgh Steelers Class of 2020 Hall of Honor (aka Ring of Honor).

VA Hall of Fame Induction
In 2016, Farrior was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame in Portsmouth, Virginia. He was also a nominee for the 2020 Pro Football Hall of Fame. Farrior is a member of the Class of 2020 Pittsburgh Steelers Hall of Honor.

Personal
He is nicknamed "Potsie" by his parents, Rebecca and James Farrior, because he had a pot-belly as a child and because of the popularity of the sit-com Happy Days. Farrior has garnered several nicknames among fans, too; one being "The Ultimate Farrior", a play on words in reference to explosive WWF wrestler The Ultimate Warrior. He is the older brother of former NFL linebacker, Matt Farrior. In July 2012, Farrior wed. He and his wife, Iman, reside in Los Angeles, California.

James and his brother Matt Farrior have been recognized for their charitable contributions and actions and have created their own foundation, The James Farrior Foundation. The foundation runs a variety of programs to assist those in need through all stages of life. The Impact 51 program provides guidance and mentoring for students, the Farrior Scholarship Fund provides college financial assistance to eligible students and the Families in Crisis program provides assistance in many forms to families in need. In addition to their own organization, James and Matt work with the National Bone Marrow Registry. For these and other contributions to those less fortunate, the Farrior Foundation was given the Key to the City of Richmond, VA by Richmond's Mayor Dwight C. Jones in June 2009. James Farrior is also a recipient of the Bravo award given by the Chesterfield Public Education Foundation which recognizes Extraordinary Alumni of the Chesterfield County Public Schools.

title: James Farrior


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Cysatus (crater)

Cysatus is a lunar impact crater that is located in the southern part of the Moon's near side. It is joined to the northeastern rim of the larger crater Gruemberger, and intrudes slightly into the interior of that formation. Due south is the larger Moretus, and to the east is Curtius. These craters appear foreshortened when observed from Earth because of their far south location.

This circular crater is slightly unusual for its lack of interesting features. No notable craters lie along its rim or the flat, level interior. The inner walls are devoid of terraces and just slope down to the flat floor, although the width of the inner wall is narrower to the northeast than elsewhere.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Cysatus.

title: Cysatus (crater)


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User talk:Zoe O'Sullivan-Sehmi

Zoe O'Sullivan-Sehmi- Singer
Sir Alexander Fleming was born at Lochfield near Darvel in Ayrshire, Scotland on August 6th, 1881. He attended Louden Moor School, Darvel School, and Kilmarnock Academy before moving to London where he attended the Polytechnic. He spent four years in a shipping office before entering St. Mary's Medical School, London University. He qualified with distinction in 1906 and began research at St. Mary's under Sir Almroth Wright, a pioneer in vaccine therapy. He gained M.B., B.S., (London), with Gold Medal in 1908, and became a lecturer at St. Mary's until 1914. He served throughout World War I as a captain in the Army Medical Corps, being mentioned in dispatches, and in 1918 he returned to St.Mary's. He was elected Professor of the School in 1928 and Emeritus Professor of Bacteriology, University of London in 1948. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1943 and knighted in 1944. Early in his medical life, Fleming became interested in the natural bacterial action of the blood and in antiseptics. He was able to continue his studies throughout his military career and on demobilization he settled to work on antibacterial substances which would not be toxic to animal tissues. In 1921, he discovered in «tissues and secretions» an important bacteriolytic substance which he named Lysozyme. About this time, he devised sensitivity titration methods and assays in human blood and other body fluids, which he subsequently used for the titration of penicillin. In 1928, while working on influenza virus, he observed that mould had developed accidently on a staphylococcus culture plate and that the mould had created a bacteria-free circle around itself. He was inspired to further experiment and he found that a mould culture prevented growth of staphylococci, even when diluted 800 times. He named the active substance penicillin. Sir Alexander wrote numerous papers on bacteriology, immunology and chemotherapy, including original descriptions of lysozyme and penicillin. They have been published in medical and scientific journals. Fleming, a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons (England), 1909, and a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians (London), 1944, has gained many awards. They include Hunterian Professor (1919), Arris and Gale Lecturer (1929) and Honorary Gold Medal (1946) of the Royal College of Surgeons; Williams Julius Mickle Fellowship, University of London (1942); Charles Mickle Fellowship, University of Toronto (1944); John Scott Medal, City Guild of Philadelphia (1944); Cameron Prize, University of Edinburgh (1945); Moxon Medal, Royal College of Physicians (1945); Cutter Lecturer, Harvard University (1945); Albert Gold Medal, Royal Society of Arts (1946); Gold Medal, Royal Society of Medicine (1947); Medal for Merit, U.S.A. (1947); and the Grand Cross of Alphonse X the Wise, Spain (1948). He served as President of the Society for General Microbiology, he was a Member of the Pontifical Academy of Science and Honorary Member of almost all the medical and scientific societies of the world. He was Rector of Edinburgh University during 1951-1954, Freeman of many boroughs and cities and Honorary Chief Doy-gei-tau of the Kiowa tribe. He was also awarded doctorate, honoris causa, degrees of almost thirty European and American Universities. In 1915, Fleming married Sarah Marion McElroy of Killala, Ireland, who died in 1949. Their son is a general medical practitioner. Fleming married again in 1953, his bride was Dr. Amalia Koutsouri-Voureka, a Greek colleague at St. Mary's. In his younger days he was a keen member of the Territorial Army and he served from 1900 to 1914 as a private in the London Scottish Regiment. Dr Fleming died on March 11th in 1955 and is buried in St. Paul's Cathedral. Scottish bacteriologist whose discovery of penicillin (1928) prepared the way for the highly effective practice of antibiotic therapy for infectious

The Bunsen Burner by Zoe O'Sullivan-Sehmi
The Bunsen Burner

When lighting a Bunsen burner you have to remember to:

•	Make sure your hair is tied up before lighting the match. •	Make sure you are wearing an art overall. •	Make sure everything flammable is moved far away from the Bunsen burner. •	Make sure there is a heat-proof mat under the Bunsen burner. •	While in the process of turning on the gas tap make sure your sleeves are well away from the barrel of the Bunsen burner. •	Make sure before lighting the Bunsen burner the air hole is closed off giving you the safety flame. •	When you are lighting the Bunsen burner keep your fingers away from the flame. •	While the flame is lit make sure the Bunsen burner is still on the safety flame unless you are told by your teacher to change it. •	While the flame is lit do not move your face towards the flame. •	As you turn the gas pipes off keep your arms well away from the flame. •	Once the flame has been put out make sure all the gas pipes are completely off as this could be poisonous, you can tell if a pipe is still on by hearing a slight whooshing sound or smelling a strong scent in the air. •	While putting the Bunsen burner away do not touch the barrel as this will still be hot.

By Zoë 7

The Norman Conquest
The Normans were master castle builders. After 1066 England witnessed a massive castle building programme on the orders of William the Conqueror. Castles were a very good way for the Normans to expand their grip on. The English population greatly outnumbered the Normans, and the Normans had to create an atmosphere in which they were feared by the English, therefore, minimizing the possibility of an up spring by the English. Castles were a sign of Norman power and might. They could be easily seen and as such acted as a deterrent. He castles warned the English that Norman soldiers lived in these castles and that any attempts to rise up against them would be mat by force. Here is an example of a typical Norman castle

The Normans were master castle builders. After 1066 England witnessed a massive castle building programme on the orders of William the Conqueror. Castles were a very good way for the Normans to expand their grip on. The English population greatly outnumbered the Normans, and the Normans had to create an atmosphere in which they were feared by the English, therefore, minimizing the possibility of an up spring by the English. Castles were a sign of Norman power and might. They could be easily seen and as such acted as a deterrent. He castles warned the English that Norman soldiers lived in these castles and that any attempts to rise up against them would be mat by force. Here is an example of a typical Norman castle

Image:Stormy Weather by Zoe O'Sullivan-Sehmi.jpg listed for deletion
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title: User talk:Zoe O'Sullivan-Sehmi


text: File:The Nest poster.JPG

title: File:The Nest poster.JPG


text:
The Nest (2002 film)

The Nest (2002), also known as Nid de guêpes, is a French action/thriller movie, co-written and directed by Florent-Emilio Siri. The literal translation of the French title is Wasp's Nest. The film is quasi-remake of the 1976 film, Assault on Precinct 13, which in turn was inspired by 1959's Rio Bravo.

Plot
During Bastille Day when most people are enjoying the French national holiday, a group of thieves prepare to commit a warehouse robbery at a massive industrial park. Meanwhile, Laborie, a special agent in the French special forces, is leading an international team that is escorting the captured leader of the Albanian mafia, Abedin Nexhep, who is due in court on charges of running an extensive European prostitution network. Despite the considerable security escort, Nexhep's henchmen still manage to set up an ambush.

Laborie manages to escape with Nexhep. They take refuge in the warehouse that is being robbed of computer equipment by the group of criminals. While facing off against the would-be thieves, the Albanian mafia surround the warehouse. Soon the three groups are involved in a long firefight with everyone involved struggling to survive.

Cast

 * Samy Naceri as Nasser
 * Benoît Magimel as Santino
 * Nadia Farès as Laborie
 * Pascal Greggory as Louis
 * Sami Bouajila as Selim
 * Anisia Uzeyman as Nadia
 * Richard Sammel as Winfried
 * Valerio Mastandrea as Giovanni
 * Martial Odone as Martial
 * Martin Amic as Spitz
 * Alexandre Hamidi as Tony
 * Angelo Infanti as Abedin Nexhep

Production
Nid de Guêpes combines a director's love of the Western, especially the old films such as the original Fort Apache, with modern European fears about transnational crime and the modern cinematic trope of the girl hero or female action hero.

The cinematography of the movie was highly influential in subsequent American cinema releases, especially the most recent remake of Assault on Precinct 13. The film closely follows John Carpenter's original Assault on Precinct 13 even down to a similar last stand and a variant of the infamous "ice cream truck" scene.

title: The Nest (2002 film)


text:
User talk:Bill Jones

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 18:38, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Bill Jones


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kevin Glancy

Kevin Glancy
Un-encyclopedic, has apparently done nothing of note. Joyous 18:41, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Might be an attempt by the IP to create a namespace, I left a note on the IP's talk page, not sure how effective that will be. Anyway, Delete. hfool 19:06, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, we don't want an entry for every member of the USAF. Dunc|☺ 19:07, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Spinboy 20:24, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Some dude, at this point. Geogre 22:09, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Mikkalai 02:26, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity. Tempshill 22:07, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Maclear (crater)

Maclear is a lava-flooded crater on the northwest part of the Mare Tranquillitatis, a lunar mare in the eastern half of the Moon. Its diameter is 20 km. The crater is located to the southwest of the slightly larger Ross. To the southwest of Maclear is Sosigenes, while farther to the south-southeast is Arago.

With most of its interior submerged in deposits of basaltic lava, all that remains of this crater is a narrow rim projecting above the surrounding mare. The rim is not quite circular, having a flat outward bulge along the western side. But the rim is relatively uniform in width and is not significantly eroded.

The crater rim lies at the southern terminus of a rille belonging to a system that runs along the western edges of Mare Tranquillitatis. The rille system to the north of the crater is designated Rimae Maclear, while the rilles to the south-southwest are named Rimae Sosigenes. The Rimae Maclear stretches for about 100 kilometers, reaching Al-Bakri to the north along the edge of the mare.

It is named after Sir Thomas Maclear, Her Majesty's astronomer at the Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope (Cape Town, South Africa), from 1833 to 1870.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Maclear.

title: Maclear (crater)


text:
User talk:Rhpitts1055

Hello, "Rhpitts1055".

Welcome!

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P.S.: Where did you find the dates for Hubert Julian? That's great info to have. Best wishes, -- Infrogmation 18:43, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Thank you for improving Robert F. Flemming Jr!
This was my first Wikipedia article, which I decided to write in honor of Black History Month. So cool to see it fleshed out with information about his military career and more! There is so little info easily attainable about him, I'm sure this will help many more people learn about this extraordinary man's life. Alexgleason (talk) 23:45, 19 December 2016 (UTC)

Thanks for the info on John Behan
I see we're graced by a master geneologist and historian. Can you apply your skills to Pete Spence of the Ferguson family? S B Harris 18:38, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

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 * Ohio]], but subsequently moved to Waukesha, Wisconsin where he earned a living as a barber.<
 * 1900 Federal Census for Cook County (Illinois) Enumeration District 1080, Sheet 13, Lines 13-16 5917 Indiana Avenue, 34th Ward of the City of Chicago--Hyde Park Township . However, they

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 * for the Wisconsin State Prison, Second Ward, City of Waupun, County of Dodge, State of Wisconsin Enumeration District 14-60, Sheet 16-A, Line 22

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 * GreenBook.pdf Novera C. Dashiell, "Many Happy Returns", The Negro Motorist Green Book of 1956, Teaching US History, p. 6, accessed 25 Aug 2010 She came to New York as part of the [[Great

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Bob Ricketts
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Your submission at AfC Bob Ricketts was accepted
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Jack and Ed Biddle
Good work. I reorganized the new material somewhat. Also, census returns are considered WP:PRIMARY and are of borderline acceptability, so I tagged them hoping that someday someone would find a secondary source for the same information. EEng (talk) 12:16, 6 August 2014 (UTC)

Merge discussion for Earp family
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Ethel Finnie
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user page vs user sandbox
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Tressie Souders
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title: User talk:Rhpitts1055


text:
SCC

SCC may refer to:

Companies

 * Secure Computing Corporation
 * SCC (Specialist Computer Centres), British-based IT consulting company
 * Southern Copper Corporation, a mining company operating in Central and South America

Computing

 * Scenarist Closed captioning file
 * Small, Cheap Computer, a small, subnotebook computer
 * Source Control Plug-in API, also known as SCC API or Microsoft Source Code Control Interface (MSSCCI)
 * Serial Communication Controller
 * Single-chip Cloud Computer, Intel's 48-core research chip
 * Strongly connected component in graph theory

Events

 * Southern Comfort Conference, an annual transgender conference

Medicine

 * Sickle cell crisis, an episode of pain in sickle-cell disease
 * Short-course chemotherapy, chemotherapy of short duration
 * Small-cell carcinoma, a form of cancer that most commonly arises in the lung
 * Somatic cell count, a count of cells, usually to detect mastitis and thus to assess milk quality
 * Squamous-cell carcinoma, a form of cancer in squamous epithelial cells
 * Spinal cord compression, undue compressive force on the spinal cord
 * SCCmec, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec
 * Subgenual cingulate cortex, that is, Brodmann area 25, a part of the brain in primates
 * Superior semicircular canal, one of three semicircular canals in the vestibular system, within the inner ear
 * Succinylcholine

Military

 * Somaliland Camel Corps, British Army unit

Organisations

 * Special Criminal Court, Ireland
 * Sierra Club Canada
 * Singapore Cricket Club
 * Singapore Cruise Centre
 * Society of Cosmetic Chemists, US
 * Standards Council of Canada
 * Swiss Cancer Centre, in Lausanne
 * Students for Concealed Carry (of firearms), US
 * Society of Cannabis Clinicians
 * Society of Cosmetic Chemists
 * Sea cadets
 * Sea Cadets (United Kingdom)
 * Bermuda Sea Cadet Corps
 * Hong Kong Sea Cadet Corps
 * New Zealand Sea Cadet Corps

United Kingdom

 * Scottish Constitutional Convention
 * Sheffield City Council, England
 * Shropshire County Council, England
 * Somerset County Council, England
 * Southampton City Council, England
 * Staffordshire County Council, England
 * Suffolk County Council, England
 * Surrey County Council, England
 * Swansea City Council, Wales

Other

 * State Corporation Commission (Virginia), American regulatory agency
 * Supreme Court of Canada, highest and final court of appeal in Canada
 * Santa Clara County, California, a county government in California
 * Sligo County Council, the local government for County Sligo.

Schools and colleges

 * Sacramento City College, in Sacramento, California, United States
 * Saint Columban College, in Pagadian City, Philippines
 * Salem Community College, in Carneys Point, New Jersey, United States
 * Sampson Community College, in Clinton, North Carolina, United States
 * Sandhills Community College, in Pinehurst, North Carolina, United States
 * Santiago Canyon College, in Orange, California, United States
 * Scottish Church College, an undergraduate college in Kolkata, India
 * Scottsdale Community College, in Scottsdale, Arizona, United States
 * Seminole Community College, in Sanford, Florida, United States
 * Seton Catholic Central High School, A high school in Binghamton, New York, United States
 * Sinclair Community College, in Dayton, Ohio, United States
 * Shawnee Community College, in Ullin, Illinois, United States
 * Sherman College of Chiropractic, in Spartanburg, South Carolina
 * Solano Community College, in Fairfield, California, United States
 * Somerset Community College in Somerset, Kentucky, United States
 * South Cheshire College, in Crewe, Cheshire, England
 * Southeast Community College, in southeastern Nebraska, United States
 * Southeastern Community College (disambiguation)
 * Southwestern Community College (disambiguation)
 * Southern Christian College, in Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
 * Southern Cross College, a Christian college in Sydney, Australia
 * Spartanburg Community College in Spartanburg, South Carolina, United States
 * Spokane Community College, in Spokane, Washington, United States
 * St. Charles Community College, in Cottleville, Missouri, United States
 * St. Charles College, Pietermaritzburg, in Pietermaritzburg, KZN, South Africa
 * Stanly Community College, in Albemarle, North Carolina, United States
 * Salesian College Celbridge, in Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland

Sports

 * Suncoast Conference
 * South Central Conference (disambiguation)
 * South Coast Conference (disambiguation)
 * Southern California Conference (junior college), junior college athletic conference

Other

 * Saab Car Computer; see Saab Information Display
 * Deadhorse Airport, Alaska (USFAA/IATA code)
 * Seattle Center Coliseum
 * Self-consolidating concrete
 * Social cost of carbon
 * Somerset Coal Canal
 * Sport Compact Car, an automobile enthusiasts periodical
 * Star Chinese Channel
 * Stress corrosion cracking
 * Saguaro Correctional Center, a US prison
 * Silesia City Center
 * Standard contractual clauses, in General Data Protection Regulation
 * Stop Cop City, an Atlanta, Georgia, United States-based movement opposing a local police training facility

title: SCC


text:
Point particle

A point particle, ideal particle or point-like particle (often spelled pointlike particle) is an idealization of particles heavily used in physics. Its defining feature is that it lacks spatial extension; being dimensionless, it does not take up space. A point particle is an appropriate representation of any object whenever its size, shape, and structure are irrelevant in a given context. For example, from far enough away, any finite-size object will look and behave as a point-like object. Point masses and point charges, discussed below, are two common cases. When a point particle has an additive property, such as mass or charge, it is often represented mathematically by a Dirac delta function. In classical mechanics there is usually no concept of rotation of point particles about their "center".

In quantum mechanics, the concept of a point particle is complicated by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, because even an elementary particle, with no internal structure, occupies a nonzero volume. For example, the atomic orbit of an electron in the hydrogen atom occupies a volume of ~$m3$. There is nevertheless a distinction between elementary particles such as electrons or quarks, which have no known internal structure, versus composite particles such as protons, which do have internal structure: A proton is made of three quarks. Elementary particles are sometimes called "point particles" in reference to their lack of internal structure, but this is in a different sense than discussed above.

Point mass
Point mass (pointlike mass) is the concept, for example in classical physics, of a physical object (typically matter) that has nonzero mass, and yet explicitly and specifically is (or is being thought of or modeled as) infinitesimal (infinitely small) in its volume or linear dimensions. In the theory of gravity, extended objects can behave as point-like even in their immediate vicinity. For example, spherical objects interacting in 3-dimensional space whose interactions are described by the Newtonian gravitation behave, as long as they do not touch each other, in such a way as if all their matter were concentrated in their centers of mass. In fact, this is true for all fields described by an inverse square law.

Point charge
Similar to point masses, in electromagnetism physicists discuss a point charge, a point particle with a nonzero electric charge. The fundamental equation of electrostatics is Coulomb's law, which describes the electric force between two point charges. Another result, Earnshaw's theorem, states that a collection of point charges cannot be maintained in a static equilibrium configuration solely by the electrostatic interaction of the charges. The electric field associated with a classical point charge increases to infinity as the distance from the point charge decreases towards zero, which suggests that the model is no longer accurate in this limit.

In quantum mechanics
In quantum mechanics, there is a distinction between an elementary particle (also called "point particle") and a composite particle. An elementary particle, such as an electron, quark, or photon, is a particle with no known internal structure. Whereas a composite particle, such as a proton or neutron, has an internal structure (see figure). However, neither elementary nor composite particles are spatially localized, because of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. The particle wavepacket always occupies a nonzero volume. For example, see atomic orbital: The electron is an elementary particle, but its quantum states form three-dimensional patterns.

Nevertheless, there is good reason that an elementary particle is often called a point particle. Even if an elementary particle has a delocalized wavepacket, the wavepacket can be represented as a quantum superposition of quantum states wherein the particle is exactly localized. Moreover, the interactions of the particle can be represented as a superposition of interactions of individual states which are localized. This is not true for a composite particle, which can never be represented as a superposition of exactly-localized quantum states. It is in this sense that physicists can discuss the intrinsic "size" of a particle: The size of its internal structure, not the size of its wavepacket. The "size" of an elementary particle, in this sense, is exactly zero.

For example, for the electron, experimental evidence shows that the size of an electron is less than $m$. This is consistent with the expected value of exactly zero. (This should not be confused with the classical electron radius, which, despite the name, is unrelated to the actual size of an electron.)

title: Point particle


text: User talk:65.96.151.162

title: User talk:65.96.151.162


text:
Stockholm Observatory

The Stockholm Observatory (Stockholms observatorium, 050) is an astronomical observatory and institution in Stockholm, Sweden, founded in the 18th century and today part of Stockholm University. In 1931, the new Stockholm Observatory (Saltsjöbaden Observatory, 052), nicknamed "Saltis", was inaugurated on the Karlsbaderberget at Saltsjöbaden, near Stockholm, and operated until 2001.

There are records of daily weather observations from the observatory going back to 1754.

The Stockholm Observatory site at Saltsjöbaden was established with a 40-inch (102 cm) reflecting telescope from Grubb, built in 1931. Also of historical interest is a double telescope by Grubb, the 24/20-inch refractor, with has one 24-inch aperture another 20-inch on the same mount established in 1931.

The old observatory is in modern times a museum (Observatory Museum); known for a good view of the city of Stockholm from the dome. It also has some sculptures and a walled garden. The old observatory has many items from across the centuries, including a Repsold telescope and a marble-inlaid meridian line. Many old observatory instruments involved determining the location of stars, the local time, and data was recorded manually. In the late 19th century, astrophotography became more common, and the Replsold refractor is known to have been used for making images, which had to be done with chemicals that reacted with light.

History

The first observatory was established by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on the initiative of its secretary Per Elvius. Construction, according to designs by the architect Carl Hårleman, begun in 1748 and the building was completed in 1753. It is situated on a hill in a park nowadays named Observatorielunden. The first head of the observatory was Pehr Wilhelm Wargentin. Later heads of the observatory include Hugo Gyldén and Bertil Lindblad. This 18th-century observatory today functions as a museum. 59.34167°N, 18.05472°W

A newer observatory was built in Saltsjöbaden outside Stockholm and completed in 1931 (the architect this time being Axel Anderberg). 59.27167°N, 18.30833°W More recent astronomical observations, however, are almost exclusively being done in observatories outside Sweden and closer to the equator.

The research institute was transferred from the academy to the university in 1973 and is since 2001 housed in the AlbaNova University Centre.

The young Hjalmar Branting, later the first social democratic prime minister of Sweden, was employed as a mathematics assistant at the Stockholm Observatory 1879–1880 and 1882–1883.

Honors
In August 2000, the asteroid 36614 Saltis was discovered at the Stockholm Observatory. The asteroid was named after the nickname of the observatory's location, Saltsjöbaden, by its discoverer Alexis Brandeker in 2003.

4043 Perolof is named after a director of the Stockholm Observatory, Per Olof Lindblad.

Stockholm Observatory at Saltsjöbaden
It was common for really old observatories to be built on a new site in Europe; fortunately, the old observatory is not torn down, as happened in many cases. The old site was revitalized. One issue was the increased crowding in the cities, and astronomy was becoming more focused on data from space in the late 20th century. The 40-inch (102 cm) reflector was one of the largest telescopes in the world in 1931.

Instruments
Some first instruments for the observatory in the 1750s were two refractors and a small quadrant. Throughout the late 1700s, the collection was increased, including a refractor from Dollond and various clocks.

The clocks would be set by a device known as a transit instrument. Other activities at that time included trying determine distances in the solar system, observing comets, and observations of the Mira (aka Omicron Ceti). The output of Mira was recorded for thirty years by the observatory.

Later instruments by the 19th century include a 7-inch Repsold refractor on an equatorial mount, which was noted to be used at the observatory for parallax observations of bright stars in 1884 edition of Encyclopædia Britannica.

Some of the new instruments at Saltsjöbaden:

 * 40 inch (102 cm) reflecting telescope from Grubb, built in 1931.
 * Grubb, the 24/20-inch refractor

title: Stockholm Observatory


text:
Comparison of Dewey and Library of Congress subject classification

This is a conversion chart showing how the Dewey Decimal and Library of Congress Classification systems organize resources by concept, in part for the purpose of assigning call numbers. These two systems account for over 95% of the classification in United States libraries, and are used widely around the world.

The chart includes all ninety-nine second level (two-digit) DDC classes (040 is not assigned), and should include all second level (two-digit) LCC classes. Where a class in one system maps to several classes in other system, it will be listed multiple times (e.g. DDC class 551).

Additional information on these classification plans is available at:
 * Dewey Decimal Classification—high level categories, with links to lower level categories
 * Library of Congress Classification—high level categories


text:
User talk:Recury

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title: User talk:Recury


text: Template:United World Colleges

title: Template:United World Colleges


text:
List of NASCAR teams

NASCAR teams compete in all three national NASCAR series: the Cup Series, Xfinity Series, and Craftsman Truck Series, as well as in all the regional touring series. A team is limited to four cars in each of the NASCAR series. The team often shares a single manufacturer for all of the team's cars, but each car has an independent car number, driver, and crew chief.

NASCAR Cup Series
All teams updated for the 2024 season

NASCAR Xfinity Series
All teams updated for the 2024 season

NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series
All teams updated for the 2024 season

title: List of NASCAR teams


text:
United Brethren in Christ

United Brethren in Christ may refer to:

 * Church of the United Brethren in Christ (Old Constitution)
 * Church of the United Brethren in Christ (New Constitution)
 * Church of the United Brethren in Christ, the evangelical Christian denomination

Or a specific church building
 * United Brethren in Christ (Cincinnati, Ohio), a historic church building

title: United Brethren in Christ