text:
Kalpakkam

Kalpakkam is a township in Tamil Nadu, India, situated on the Coromandel Coast 70 kilometres south of Chennai. A conglomerate of two villages (Puduppattinam and Sadurangappatinam) and a DAE township, it is about 55 km from Thiruvanmiyur and 85 km from Pondicherry. This coastal town is humid. Summers here prevail from early March till late May. Temperatures in the Summer vary from 32 degrees Celsius and can go up to 41 degrees Celsius. There is no particular Monsoon season for Kalpakkam as rains are unpredictable here, although there is heavy rainfall in the months of October and November, usually turning into a storm. The coolest months are December and January. A study by the Madras Atomic Power Station(MAPS) revealed that the pollution in Kalpakkam is very low, which when compared to the neighbouring city Chennai is 50 times less. Kalpakkam is known for its nuclear plants and affiliated research installations. These include the Madras Atomic Power Station (MAPS), a nuclear power plant, the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), an affiliate of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) and the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC). Kalpakkam hosts the only nuclear plant in India with a Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) and a Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR).

Due to increasing congestion in Kalpakkam arising from the need to accommodate more employees, a new township of Anupuram/Amaipakkam, 8 km from Kalpakkam, was inaugurated in 1998.

On December 26, 2004, the tsunami caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake generated widespread damage and resulted in 200 deaths in and around Kalpakkam. There is a tsunami memorial having a white oval plaque engraved with the names of 39 people who lost their lives in the tsunami.

Facilities
Kalpakkam is a well built and planned township. The schools present in the township are Atomic Energy Central School (AECS 1 and 2), Kendriya Vidyalaya-1, Kendriya Vidyalaya-2, Govt Hr. Secondary School and Infant Jesus Matric Hr. Sec. School on Pudupattinam. The township is split into two sides: the Sadras and Pudupattinam sides. Both sides have similar facilities and also good facilities for sports, but Pudupattinam has larger and more complete facilities, such as the hospital and the General Services Organization (GSO). The two sides are separated by two bridges over the canal which joins the sea nearby and well over the backwater. The backwater is a visiting place by many migratory birds especially the rarely seen Siberian crane in the depths of winter. The backwater can be clearly seen through the compound walls of K.V-2 in Sadras.

Recreation
Until a few years ago, the beach at Kalpakkam used to be lined with casuarina trees and only a few weeds. Nowadays, to avoid the widespread damage in case of a tsunami again, weed growth is starting to dominate, which the locals are fighting to keep in check. A tsunami wall has been built across the seashore in case of another tsunami. The relatively calm waters are free of sharks.

Kalpakkam is also very close to Mamallapuram, a tourist destination near Chennai. The environment within the township has been maintained for over 30 years. The township contains numerous trees and various parks, and recreation facilities, including tennis courts, music, dance, swimming academies and other sport activities.

NESCO
NESCO (Nuclear Employee Sports and Cultural Organisation), previously KRC (Kalpakkam Recreation Centre) is governed by an elected employee council. It offers various facilities for members: Swimming, Movies, Basketball, Volleyball, Football, Badminton, Carrom, Chess, Table Tennis and a Gym. There is also a tennis court and Swimming pool where competitions are held annually.

Bus routes
The township is well connected by road and TNSTC operates buses from Chennai, Pondicherry, Bangalore, Coimbatore, Trichy, Nagercoil, Tirupathi, Vellore, Tiruvannamalai Chittoor, Tindivanam and Kanchipuram. The East Coast Road connecting Chennai and Pondicherry passes through Pudupattinam.

title: Kalpakkam


text:
Men into Space

Men Into Space (a.k.a. Space Challenge in later US syndication) is an American black-and-white science fiction television series, produced by Ziv Television Programs, Inc., that was first broadcast by CBS from September 30, 1959, to September 7, 1960. The series depicts future efforts by the United States Air Force to explore and develop outer space. The series' star, William Lundigan, played Col. Edward McCauley.

Scenarios
Men Into Space was not set in a specified time period, but clues dropped in the scripts indicated that it took place between the mid-1970s and mid-1980s. The first Moon landing would have occurred circa 1975. Some props were futuristic (such as a forerunner of today's real-life LCD TVs), but the show's Earth clothing and environs, including automobiles, telephones, and other machines, were decidedly late 1950s. The program aired in the year just prior to the beginning of human spaceflight, with Vostok 1 and the Project Mercury launching crewed spacecraft in 1961.

Men Into Space was somewhat unusual for a TV action series in that it had numerous recurring characters, but only one protagonist, Col. Edward McCauley (William Lundigan), who was in all 38 of the series' episodes. Tyler McVey appeared in seven episodes as Major General Norgath. Ron Foster appeared five times as Lieutenant Neil Templeton. Joyce Taylor had a recurring role in eight episodes as Col. McCauley's wife, Mary McCauley.

McCauley was a sort of "everyman" character who was viewed in the show as the most experienced and illustrious astronaut. As depicted in the scripts, the low-key but decisive McCauley was ubiquitous, assigned to every important space mission over at least a decade, including the earliest human flights, the first flight to the Moon, many additional lunar landings and Moon base construction missions, construction of a space station, and two flights to Mars (neither succeeded, and folklore has it that plans for a never-aired second season would have focused on further missions to Mars and beyond).

In many episodes, the astronauts were faced with accidents or technical problems that required innovation. The program was not idealistic; missions sometimes failed and astronauts sometimes died. For example, a scientist-astronaut stricken with a coronary thrombosis while exploring the Moon was not expected to survive the G-forces of the return flight, so his comrades stowed the space-suited patient in a steel drum filled with water, to cushion him during launch. A "Space Race" episode involved spacecraft from the USA and the USSR starting out almost simultaneously on the first Mars mission, with the American spacecraft aborting its effort in order to rescue the Soviet crew after their spacecraft experienced problems.

The series included an episode whose plot essentially paralleled the ill-fated Apollo 13 mission's explosion in space more than a decade later and another that was an uncanny foretelling of the accident that befell the real Gemini 8 mission in 1966.

Scripts often considered the human factor, and while action was the show's forte, humor and romance were part of the mix. Men Into Space predicted women astronauts and scientists, as well as married couples in space.

Artwork
Men Into Space was advertised as being (for its era) an extremely accurate preview of human spaceflight, based on scientific studies and buttressed by technical assistance from the USAF's ballistic missile and space medicine offices. The spacecraft designs, however, veered inconsistently between early 1950s Wernher Von Braun concept vehicles, and later on, totally scaled-down and more practical spacecraft proposals. Visual backdrops and conceptual designs of spacecraft, space stations, and a Moon base depended somewhat on contributions from notable astronomical and science fiction artist Chesley Bonestell.

The series also utilized extensive documentary footage of early missile launches, notably the Atlas missile. It evoked the earlier Disney space exploration documentaries, which in turn owed their look and feel to a widely read, early 1950s series on the subject in the old Collier's Weekly magazine, where Bonestell's art also held sway. At one point in production, a scale model and poster of an Atlas-derived missile design was built with the series spacecraft as its payload, with publicity photos of Lundigen holding the model in front of the large poster. Several scenes used documentary footage from the canceled Navaho missile program to depict spacecraft landings on the desert runway. The distinctive design of the North American X-10 (different from the close up depictions of the series spacecraft) can be seen in the desert landing sequences.

Prediction of later technologies
Men Into Space used for its plots many technical and human problems anticipated by engineers and planners. For example, the show depicted attempts to refuel spacecraft by tanker in orbit, construction of a space telescope, an experiment to dispose of high level atomic waste by launching it into the Sun, the search for life-sustaining frozen Lunar water, and exploration and destruction of an asteroid whose orbit threatened Earth. In two different episodes, the series even speculated about exo-fossil extraterrestrial life discovered while exploring a distant asteroid and about ancient Earth-orbiting spaceship debris belonging to a non-human, space-faring civilization. Although the series was modestly budgeted, it was cleverly mounted with what, for its era, were very good special effects helmed by Louis DeWitt. Even decades later, the series can still be watched and appreciated for its attention to detail and accurate physics.

Scientific accuracy
A narrator explained in nearly every episode why the astronauts needed magnetic boots to walk in or upon their free-falling spacecraft, how a jet thruster backpack could propel an astronaut through the vacuum of space, why a wrong angle of attack could doom a spacecraft upon atmospheric re-entry, and so forth. The spacecraft in the program were shown gliding to a powerless landing on a dry lake bed, just like the real Space Shuttle nearly 25 years later. Footage of these landings used documentary film of the SM-64 Navaho cruise missile landing at Edwards AFB.

On the other hand, dramatic license held sway on soundtracks, which repeatedly depicted sound in the airless vacuum of space: airlocks hummed, rockets roared, explosions boomed, and footsteps on the Moon's surface could be heard. Spacesuits being worn by the actors did not expand when exposed to the vacuum of space, as they would later during actual space walks.

Production notes
The program was produced by Ziv Television Programs, Inc., whose other notable series included Sea Hunt. The theme and recurring background music were written and conducted by David Rose. The series was produced by Lewis J. Rachmil.

Among the guest stars was Keith Larsen of the CBS series Brave Eagle and The Aquanauts. Joyce Taylor played the role of Mary McCauley in the series, but Angie Dickinson played the role in the original pilot episode. Other guest stars include James Best, Whit Bissell, Paul Burke, James Coburn, Paul Comi, James Drury, Joe Flynn, Arthur Franz, Nancy Gates, Allison Hayes, Murray Hamilton, Brett King, Werner Klemperer, Gavin MacLeod, Joe Maross, Donald May, Bek Nelson, Simon Oakland, Denver Pyle, Robert Reed, William Schallert, Warren Stevens, Marshall Thompson, Harry Townes, and Robert Vaughn.

Spacesuit costumes and special-effects footage of space vehicles (shot with miniature models) were later re-used in The Outer Limits, the science fiction film The Phantom Planet, and the 1969 drama Midnight Cowboy (the space opera playing on the movie screen during Joe Buck's tryst with a bespeckled young man is footage from Men into Space episode 1). The spacesuits also bore a strong resemblance to the spacesuits worn in the first half of the one-season comedy series It's About Time. The pilot episode used real, high-altitude pressure suits developed by the United States Navy, but most of the space suits used in the series were US Air Force designs.

In the UK, Men Into Space was shown on the BBC as a children's series. It was programmed in an early Saturday evening slot that would later be filled by Doctor Who.

Novelization
A paperback novelization of the TV series, written by science fiction writer Murray Leinster, was published in 1960.

In popular culture
In the early 1960s, Ideal Toy Company manufactured and sold a toy space helmet styled after the one worn by the main character, Col. Edward McCauley.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Men into Space


text:
Gangway (band)

Gangway is a Danish band, originally active from 1982 to 1998 and again since 2017. Gangway consisted of Allan Jensen (lead singer), Henrik Balling (guitar), Torben Johansen (of Escape Artists, keyboards), and four different drummers, Jan Christensen (1982–84), Gorm Ravn-Jonsen (1984–89), Cai Bojsen-Møller (1991–94), and Jeppe Moesgaard (1996–98).

Original career
Their first three albums had a Beatles (and sometimes Smiths-esque) guitar pop sound, with a distinct new wave twist, but later on, particularly on The Quiet Boy Ate the Whole Cake, their influences were more on synthpop, such as that of the Pet Shop Boys. They are also known for their strange and subtle lyrics that are often on the verge of surrealism.

Their best-known song, "My Girl and Me", was a big hit in Denmark in 1988 and was also played on MTV. It received regular airplay on the modern rock radio station KITS in San Francisco.

The band broke up in 1998, bar a one-off reunion show in October 2006.

2017 reunion
In spring of 2017, Gangway announced a reunion tour. Beginning in October, they played two sold out gigs at DR Koncerthuset. The shows received great critical acclaim and were followed by two more shows in Danish cities Aarhus and Aalborg. The line-up for these shows was Henrik Balling, Allan Jensen and Torben Johansen backed by drummer Janus Nevel Ringsted (formerly of Spleen United), keyboard player René Munk Thalund (of Nephew) and bass player Carl-Erik Riestra. During the shows Gorm Ravn-Jonsen made a special appearance.

In 2018 the band released their first new recordings since the 1990s with the single "Colourful Combinations". The following year, they released an album, Whatever It Is, their first for 23 years.

Albums

 * The Twist (1984)
 * Sitting in the Park (1986)
 * Sitting in the Park Again (1988)
 * The Quiet Boy Ate the Whole Cake (1991)
 * Happy Ever After (1992)
 * Optimism (1994)
 * That's Life (1996)
 * Compendium (compilation, 1998)
 * Whatever It Is (2019)

Singles

 * 1985 "Out on the Rebound from Love" (Irmgardz Records)
 * 1985 "Once Bitten, Twice Shy" (Irmgardz)
 * 1986 "My Girl and Me" (Irmgardz)
 * 1988 "My Girl and Me (re-recording)" (PolyGram Records)
 * 1991 "Going Away" (Elektra Records)
 * 1992 "Didn't I Make You Laugh" (BMG Records)
 * 1992 "Mountain Song" (BMG)
 * 1993 "Never Say Goodbye" (BMG)
 * 1993 "Once in a While" (BMG)
 * 1994 "Everything Seems to Go My Way" (BMG)
 * 1994 "Steady Income" (BMG)
 * 1994 "Sycamore Sundays" (BMG)
 * 1996 "Come Back as a Dog" (BMG)
 * 1997 "Why Do I Miss You" (BMG)
 * 2018 "Colourful Combinations" (RCA Records/Sony Music)
 * 2018 "Don't Want to Go Home" (RCA/Sony)
 * 2019 "Confident and Ordinary" (RCA/Sony)
 * 2019 "See if I Care" (RCA/Sony)
 * 2020 "Married" (Bridge)

title: Gangway (band)


text:
Martti Talvela

Martti Olavi Talvela (4 February 1935 – 23 July 1989) was a Finnish operatic bass.

Born in Hiitola, Finland (now in the Republic of Karelia), the eighth of ten children he studied in Lahti and Stockholm, and made his operatic debut in Helsinki in 1960 as Sparafucile. He trained as a boxer in his youth and developed the stamina necessary for the biggest roles.

Originally Talvela was educated as a primary school teacher in Savonlinna, Eastern Finland (1952–1956), and he worked in that occupation at three schools (1957–1960). He sang at the Stockholm Royal Opera in Sweden from 1961 to 1962, before becoming a regularly employed singer at the Deutsche Oper of Berlin in 1962, the same year as his debut at Bayreuth.

In 1970, the Senate (government) of West Berlin formally granted him the rank of Kammersänger. He was especially acclaimed as the title character in Boris Godunov, a role he performed 39 times at the Metropolitan Opera between 1974–1987, and as Pimen from the same work, as Paavo Ruotsalainen in The Last Temptations, as a Wagner singer who frequently performed at Bayreuth (King Marke, Hunding, Fasolt, Fafner, Hagen (one critic described his Hagen as an "elemental force") and Titurel), as the Commendatore, Sarastro, Dosefei, and Prince Gremin, as King Phillip II, the Grand Inquisitor and, in the later part of his career, the title character in Glinka's Ivan Susanin.

As his final record he left, terribly thinned out by illness, a warm and heartfelt version of Schubert's Winterreise. He left at least two recorded performances of Mussorgsky's Songs and Dances of Death – one with full orchestra and one with piano accompaniment. In his prime Talvela made a shattering impact not only on the opera stage but also as an ardent interpreter of Lieder. After a recital given by Talvela and Ralf Gothoni in London's Royal Festival Hall in July 1974 (which included Brahms' Vier Ernste Gesänge), a critic with the Financial Times likened Talvela's appearance to an Old Testament prophet and his voice to granite, describing how this Finnish bass giant captivated his audience with thunderstorms, prayers and invocations. Referring to the same recital, the respected critic John Steane wrote, "For at least one member of the audience on that occasion the great and irreplaceable feature of the recital was the sheer magnificence of voice."

Talvela possessed a "voice of immense size and wide range" and was able to bring to his roles a combination of both "grandeur and gentleness". A large man, 6 ft tall and weighing nearly 300 lb, he was a fine vocal actor who brought an air of dignity to his roles, even to pure-evil roles like Hagen and the Grand Inquisitor.

He can be seen performing on video as Boris Godunov, as Sarastro, as Osmin, as the Grand Inquisitor (in German) and as Don Fernando, and in the CBS special Beethoven's Birthday: A Celebration in Vienna, released on DVD as Bernstein on Beethoven: A Celebration in Vienna.

Talvela was the first artistic leader of the Savonlinna Opera Festival in Finland, from 1972–79, and had been appointed general director of the National Opera in Helsinki just before his death.

In 1973 he received the Pro Finlandia Medal of the Order of the Lion of Finland.

During the last eight years of his life (1981–1989), he worked as a farmer on the Inkilänhovi (Inkilä manor) farm in Juva, Eastern Finland, while continuing his official career as an opera singer. His health had begun to decline in 1975, when he was diagnosed with diabetes and gout. In 1982 alone, he suffered two heart attacks at the Metropolitan Opera. Stomach problems also plagued him at times in the 1980s.

Death
Talvela died of a heart attack at age 54 while dancing at his daughter's wedding in Juva.

title: Martti Talvela


text: User talk:69.68.220.195

title: User talk:69.68.220.195


text:
Muhammad al-Nasir

Muhammad al-Nasir (الناصر لدين الله محمد بن المنصور, al-Nāṣir li-dīn Allāh Muḥammad ibn al-Manṣūr, c. 1182 – 1213) was the fourth Almohad Caliph from 1199 until his death. Contemporary Christians referred to him as Miramamolin.

On 25 January 1199, al-Nasir's father Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur died; al-Nasir was proclaimed the new caliph that very day. Al-Nasir inherited from his father an empire that was showing signs of instability. Because of his father's victories against the Christians in the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus), he was temporarily relieved from serious threats on that front and able to concentrate on combating and defeating Banu Ghaniya attempts to seize Ifriqiya (Tunisia). Needing, after this, to deal with problems elsewhere in the empire, he appointed Abu Mohammed ibn Abi Hafs as governor of Ifriqiya, so unwittingly inaugurating the rule of the Hafsid dynasty there, which lasted until 1574.

Dynasty and Iberian presence
He now had to turn his attention back to Iberia, to deal with a Crusade proclaimed by Pope Innocent III at the request of King Alfonso VIII of Castile. This resulted in his defeat by a Christian coalition at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212). He died the following year, and was succeeded by his young son Yusuf al-Mustansir, born of Christian slave Qamar.

Relationship with King John of England
In the early 13th century, John, King of England was under pressure after a quarrel with Pope Innocent III led to England being placed under an interdict, by which all forms of worship and other religious practices were banned. John himself was excommunicated, parts of the country were in revolt and there were threats of a French invasion.

Writing two decades after the events, Matthew Paris, a St Albans chronicler of the early thirteenth century, claims that, in desperation, John sent envoys to al-Nâsir asking for his help. In return John offered to convert to Islam, to make the country at disposal of the caliph and turn England into a Muslim state. Among the delegates was Master Robert, a London cleric. Al-Nâsir was said to be so disgusted by John's grovelling plea that he sent the envoys away. Historians have cast doubt on this story, due to the lack of other contemporary evidence.

Viziers

 * Abu Zayd bin Yujan (1198–1199)
 * Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid ibn Abi Hafs (1199–1205), the future governor of Ifriqiya (see above)
 * Abu Sa`id Uthman ibn Jam`i (1205–1214)

title: Muhammad al-Nasir


text:
Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant

The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (ChNPP; Чорнобильська атомна електростанція; Чернобыльская атомная электростанция) is a nuclear power plant undergoing decommissioning. ChNPP is located near the abandoned city of Pripyat in northern Ukraine, 16.5 km northwest of the city of Chernobyl, 16 km from the Belarus–Ukraine border, and about 100 km north of Kyiv. The plant was cooled by an engineered pond, fed by the Pripyat River about 5 km northwest from its juncture with the Dnieper river.

Originally named for Vladimir Lenin, the plant was commissioned in phases with the four reactors entering commercial operation between 1978 and 1984. In 1986, in what became known as the Chernobyl disaster, reactor No. 4 suffered a catastrophic explosion and meltdown; as a result of this, the power plant is now within a large restricted area known as the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone. Both the zone and the power plant are administered by the State Agency of Ukraine on Exclusion Zone Management. The three other reactors remained operational post-accident maintaining a capacity factor between 60 and 70%. In total, units 1 and 3 had supplied 98 terawatt-hours of electricity each, with unit 2 slightly less at 75 TWh. In 1991, unit 2 was placed into a permanent shutdown state by the plant's operator due to complications resulting from a turbine fire. This was followed by Unit 1 in 1996 and Unit 3 in 2000. Their closures were largely attributed to foreign pressures. In 2013, the plant's operator announced that units 1–3 were fully defueled, and in 2015 entered the decommissioning phase, during which equipment contaminated during the operational period of the power station will be removed. This process is expected to take until 2065 according to the plant's operator. Although the reactors have all ceased generation, Chernobyl maintains a large workforce as the ongoing decommissioning process requires constant management.

From 24 February to 31 March 2022, Russian troops occupied the plant as part of their invasion of Ukraine.

Construction
Construction of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant began in 1972. The plant was meant to have 12 units, made up of 6 construction phases, and if completed would have been the largest nuclear power plant in the world. The plant would eventually consist of four RBMK-1000 reactors, each capable of producing 1,000 megawatts (MW) of electric power (3,200 MW of thermal power), and the four together produced about 10% of Ukraine's electricity. Like other sites which housed multiple RBMK reactors such as Kursk, the construction of the plant was also accompanied by the construction of a nearby city to house workers and their families. In the case of the ChNPP, the new city was Pripyat. Construction of the station concluded in the late 1970s, with reactor No. 1 being commissioned in 1977. It was the third Soviet RBMK nuclear power plant, after the Leningrad and Kursk power plants, and the first plant on Ukrainian soil.

The completion of the first reactor in 1977 was followed by reactor No. 2 in 1978, No. 3 in 1981, and No. 4 in 1983. Two more blocks, numbered five and six, of more or less the same reactor design, were planned at a site roughly a kilometer from the contiguous buildings of the four older blocks. This is similar to the layout of units 5 and 6 at Kursk and shows the similarity in design between the RBMK sites. Reactor No. 5 was around 70% complete at the time of Reactor 4's explosion and was scheduled to come online approximately seven months later, on November 7, 1986. In the aftermath of the disaster, construction on No. 5 and 6 was suspended, and eventually cancelled on April 20, 1989, days before the third anniversary of the 1986 explosion. At one point six other reactors were planned on the other side of the river, bringing the total to twelve.

Reactors No. 3 and 4 were second-generation units, whereas No. 1 and 2 were first-generation units, like those in operation at the Kursk power plant. Second-generation RBMK designs were fitted with a more secure containment structure visible in photos of the facility.

Electrical systems
The power plant is connected to the 330 kV and 750 kV electrical grid. The block has two electrical generators connected to the 750 kV grid by a single generator transformer. The generators are connected to their common transformer by two switches in series. Between them, the unit transformers are connected to supply power to the power plant's own systems; each generator can therefore be connected to the unit transformer to power the plant, or to the unit transformer and the generator transformer to also feed power to the grid.

The 330 kV line was normally not used, and served as an external power supply, connected to a station's transformer – meaning to the power plant's electrical systems. The plant was powered by its own generators, or at any event got power from the 750 kV national grid through the main grid backup feed in transformer, or from the 330 kV level feed in grid transformer 2, or from the other power plant blocks via two reserve busbars. In case of total external power loss, the essential systems could be powered by diesel generators. Each unit's transformer is therefore connected to two 6 kV main power line switchboards, A and B (e.g., 7A, 7B, 8A, 8B for generators 7 and 8), powering principal essential systems and connected to even another transformer at 4 kV, which is backed up twice (4 kV reserve busbar).

The 7A, 7B, and 8B boards are also connected to the three essential power lines (for the coolant pumps), each also having its own diesel generator. In case of a coolant circuit failure with simultaneous loss of external power, the essential power can be supplied by spinning down turbogenerators for about 45 to 50 seconds, during which time the diesel generators should start. The generators were started automatically within 15 seconds at loss of off-site power.

Turbo generators
Electrical energy was generated by a pair of 2x500 MW hydrogen-cooled turbo generators per unit. These are located in the 600 m-long machine hall, adjacent to the reactor building. The turbines—the venerable five-cylinder K-500-65/3000—were supplied by the Kharkiv turbine plant; the electrical generators are the TBB-500. The turbine and the generator rotors are mounted on the same shaft; the combined weight of the rotors is almost 200 t and their speed was 3,000 revolutions per minute.

The turbo generator is 39 m long and its total weight is 1200 t. The coolant flow for each turbine is 82,880 t/h. The generator produced 20 kV 50 Hz AC power. The generator's stator was cooled by water while its rotor was cooled by hydrogen. The hydrogen for the generators was manufactured on-site by electrolysis. The design and reliability of the turbines earned them the State Prize of Ukraine for 1979.

The Kharkiv turbine plant later developed a new version of the turbine, K-500-65/3000-2, in an attempt to reduce use of valuable metal. The Chernobyl plant was equipped with both types of turbines; block 4 had the newer ones. The newer turbines, however, turned out to be more sensitive to their operating parameters, and their bearings had frequent problems with vibrations.

Reactor fleet
The construction of two partially completed reactors, No. 5 and 6, were suspended immediately after the accident at reactor No. 4, and eventually cancelled in 1989. Reactors No. 1 and 3 continued to operate after the disaster. Reactor No. 2 was permanently shut down in 1991 after a fire broke out due to a faulty switch in a turbine. Reactors No. 1 and 3 were to be eventually closed due to a 1995 agreement Ukraine made with the European Union (EU).

Ukraine agreed to close the remaining units in exchange for EU assistance in modernizing the shelter over reactor No. 4 and improving the energy sector of the country, including the completion of two new nuclear reactors, Khmelnitski 2 and Rovno 4. Reactor No. 1 was shut down in 1996 with No. 3 following in 2000.

Computer systems
SKALA (Russian: СКАЛА, система контроля аппарата Ленинградской Атомной; sistema kontrolya apparata Leningradskoj Atomnoj, "Control system of the device of the Leningrad Nuclear [Power Plant]", lit. "rock" ) was the process computer for the RBMK nuclear reactor at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant prior to October 1995. Dating to the 1960s, it used magnetic-core memory, magnetic tape data storage, and punched tape for loading software.

SKALA monitored and recorded reactor conditions and control board inputs. It was wired to accept 7200 analog signals and 6500 digital signals. The system continuously monitored the plant and displayed this information to operators. Additionally, a program called PRIZMA (Russian: ПРИЗМА, программа измерения мощности аппарата; programma izmereniya moshchnosti apparata, "Device power measurement program", lit. "prism" ) processed plant conditions and made recommendations to guide plant operators. This program took 5 to 10 minutes to run, and could not directly control the reactor.

1982 reactor #1 partial meltdown
On 9 September 1982, a partial core meltdown occurred in reactor No. 1 due to a faulty cooling valve remaining closed following maintenance. Once the reactor came online, the uranium in the tank overheated and ruptured. The extent of the damage was comparatively minor, and no one was killed during the accident. However, due to the negligence of the operators, the accident was not noticed until several hours later, resulting in significant release of radiation in the form of fragments of uranium oxide and several other radioactive isotopes escaping with steam from the reactor via the ventilation stack. The accident was not made public until several years later, despite cleanups taking place in and around the power station and Pripyat. The reactor was repaired and put back into operation after eight months.

1984 reactor #3 and #4 incident
According to KGB documents, declassified in Ukraine on 26 April 2021, serious incidents occurred in the third and fourth reactors in 1984. According to the same documents, the central government in Moscow knew as early as 1983 that the powerplant was "one of the most dangerous nuclear powerplants in the USSR". It had to do with the building's integrity. The room which housed the steam separators, got as hot as 270 degrees Celsius. That caused the concrete of the building to shift its position, which made the building unsafe and could also result in the collapse of the steam separators, which would then fall onto the reactor hall, causing a nuclear meltdown.

1986 reactor #4 catastrophe (Chernobyl disaster)
On 26 April 1986, reactor No. 4 suffered catastrophic meltdown resulting in a core explosion and open-air fires. This caused large quantities of radioactive materials to be dispersed in the atmosphere and surrounding land. The disaster is regarded as the worst accident in the history of nuclear power.

The destroyed reactor was encased in a concrete and lead sarcophagus, followed more recently by a large steel confinement shelter to prevent further escape of radioactivity. The radioactive cloud spread as far away as Norway.

1991 reactor #2 turbine fire
Reactor No. 2 was permanently shut down shortly after October 1991 when a fire broke out due to a faulty switch in a turbine.

On 11 October 1991, a fire broke out in the turbine hall of reactor No. 2. The fire began in reactor No. 2's fourth turbine, while the turbine was being idled for repairs. A faulty switch caused a surge of current to the generator, igniting insulating material on some electrical wiring. This subsequently led to hydrogen, used as a coolant in the synchronous generator, being leaked into the turbine hall "which apparently created the conditions for fire to start in the roof and for one of the trusses supporting the roof to collapse." The adjacent reactor hall and reactor were unaffected, but due to the political climate it was decided to shut down this reactor permanently after this incident.

2017 cyberattack
The 2017 Petya cyberattack affected the radiation monitoring system and took down the power plant's official website, which hosts information about the incident and the area.

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
The Chernobyl Exclusion Zone was the site of fighting between Russian and Ukrainian forces during the Battle of Chernobyl as part of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. On 24 February 2022, Russian forces captured the plant.

The resulting activity reportedly led to a 20-fold increase of detected radiation levels in the area due to disturbance of contaminated soil.

On 9 March 2022, there was a power cut at the plant itself. No radiation leaks were reported as of 9 March 2022. However, Ukrainian authorities reported that there was a risk of a radiation leak due to spent fuel coolant being unable to circulate properly.

On 31 March 2022, Russian forces formally handed control of the plant back to its employees, and most occupying forces withdrew. Ukrainian National Guard personnel were moved to Belarus as prisoners of war. On 2 April 2022, Ukrainian media reported that the flag of Ukraine was raised at the plant.

Chernobyl operator Energoatom claimed that Russian troops had dug trenches in the most contaminated part of the Chernobyl exclusion zone, receiving "significant doses" of radiation. BBC News mentioned unconfirmed reports that some were being treated for radiation burns in Belarus.

Decommissioning
After the explosion at reactor No. 4 and construction of the sarcophagus, the remaining three reactors were de-contaminated and re-launched (reactor No. 1 on 1 October, 1986, reactor No. 2 on 5 November, 1986, & reactor No. 3 on 4 December, 1987) and continued to operate until the post-Soviet period. The Chernobyl New Safe Confinement is equipped with 2 overhead main cranes, which will be used to remove unstable parts of the original sarcophagus. The majority of the external gamma radiation emissions at the site are from the isotope caesium-137, which has a half-life of 30.17 years. , the radiation exposure from that radionuclide has declined by half since the 1986 accident.

On 11 October, 1991, reactor No. 2 caught fire, and was subsequently shut down. Ukraine's 1991 independence from the Soviet Union generated further discussion on the Chernobyl topic, because the Verkhovna Rada, Ukraine's new parliament, was composed largely of young reformers. Discussions about the future of nuclear energy in Ukraine ultimately moved the government toward a decision to decommission reactor No. 2.

On 30 November 1996, following pressure from foreign governments, reactor No. 1 was shut down. Removal of uncontaminated equipment began at reactor No. 1 in 2007.

On 15 December 2000, reactor No. 3 was shut down after operating briefly since March 1999 following almost 3 months of repairs, and the plant as a whole ceased producing electricity. In April 2015, units 1 through 3 entered the decommissioning phase. Upon being shut down, the plant was re-classified as a 'State Special Enterprise,' while 'V. I. Lenin' was removed from the name following Ukraine's independence.

In 2013, the pump lifting river water into the cooling reservoir adjacent to the facility was powered down, with the thermal sink expected to slowly evaporate.

Originally announced in June 2003, a new steel containment structure named the New Safe Confinement was built to replace the aging and hastily built sarcophagus that protected ruined reactor No. 4. Though the project's development had been delayed several times, construction officially began in September 2010. The New Safe Confinement was financed by an international fund managed by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and was designed and built by the French-led consortium Novarka.

In February 2013, a 600 m2 portion of the roof and wall adjacent to the covered part of the turbine hall collapsed into the entombed area of the turbine hall. The collapse did not affect any other part of the Object Shelter (sarcophagus) or the New Safe Confinement. No variances in radiation levels as a result of the incident were detected. The collapsed roof was built after the Chernobyl disaster and was later repaired.

Novarka built a large arch-shaped structure out of steel 270 m wide, 100 m high, and 150 m long to cover the old crumbling concrete dome that was in use at the time. The structure was built in two segments which were joined in August 2015. In November 2016, the completed arch was placed over the existing sarcophagus. This steel casing project was expected to cost $1.4 billion, and was completed in 2017. The casing also meets the definition of a nuclear entombment device.

A separate deal has been made with the American firm Holtec International to build a storage facility within the exclusion zone for nuclear waste produced by Chernobyl. This facility, named the Interim Storage Facility 2, has storage for the 21,297 Spent Fuel assemblies currently at the power plant, which will be loaded into approximately 231 waste canisters, and stored in the ISF-2 for 100 years. In 2020, the storage facility was completed, and on November 18, 2020, the first canister of nuclear waste was loaded into the storage area.

title: Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant


text:
Talk:Crimean Tatar language

Untitled
These statements are not true!

In 1992/93 Crimean Tatar was made the third official language of the peninsula, as by then its speakers made up 10% of the population.

Since 2002 the Crimean Tatars have been writing with a new Turkish alphabet, that was jointly developed from Turkish and Crimean Tatar students at the University of Istanbul for the Crimean Tatar language. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.175.197.58 (talk • contribs) 19:34, 3 December 2004 (UTC)

 * Fix it then. I know absolutely nothing about any Tartar languages.  Laura Scudder 19:18, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Official Language
The infobox says it's the official language of Crimea. But the article Crimea says it is not. --Menchi 08:07, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Corrected 195.175.37.70 01:23, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Link with Ottoman Turkish
This article states first: Yalıboylus who lived on the southern coast of Crimea before 1944 speak an Oghuz dialect very close to Turkish and then ''In 1876 different Turkish Crimean dialects were made into a uniform written language by İsmail Gaspıralı. A preference was given to the Oghuz dialect of Yalıboylus in order to break the link between the Crimeans and the Turks of the Ottoman Empire.'' If the Yalıboylus dialect is 'very close' (i.e. the closest) to Turkish, how could the choice for this dialect break the link with Ottoman Turkish? Either the former is not true, or the latter. Fransvannes 11:14, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

İQTElif
The article İQTElif seems like original research. I tried contacting its main editor, User:Ultranet, but he didn't reply.

I'm thinking of proposing it for deletion, because i couldn't find any actual use for this orthography - most supporters of Latin Tatar seem to use Zamanalif (please, correct me if i'm wrong!). However that article does seem to have some useful linguistic information. Can anyone extract the useful information from it? I am not an expert in Turkic languages.

Thanks. --Amir E. Aharoni 07:21, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

Crimean Tatar in Finland???
I don't think so. The Finnish Tatar community are Kazan Tatars, speaking the Mishär dialect. 195.16.202.19 10:37, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

You are wrong. The great majority of the Tatars in Finland are Mishars and not Qazan Tatars.Spring01 (talk) 20:24, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

Is there an "official" script?
Is there an "official" script for Crimean Tatar?

On the internet i mostly see Latin script on Crimean Tatar websites. But i also saw signs on government buildings in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea are in three languages - Russian, Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar, and they were all Cyrillic. So that is a bit of "official" recognition.

And then there's that all-Ukrainian law that says that no language is official except Ukrainian.

Can anyone please clarify the situation? --Amir E. Aharoni 16:33, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Crimean Tatar Qurultay (a kind of an ethnic parliament) adopted new Latin script in 1991, then it was officialy adopted by the Supreme Council (Verkhovna Rada) of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea in 1997. So de jure Latin script can be considrered official. But in practice (due to the lack of the governmental support) Cyrillic script is still used much more wider. Approximately 80% of books in Crimean Tatar and both major Crimean Tatar newspapers are published in Cyrillic, children in secondary schools are also taught in Cyrillic. So, officially new alfabet was adopted, but no real measures were taken to realize the change of the script in practice. BTW, Crimean Tatar language today has no official status and no official regulation body. So, it is not clear, who has now right to determine what is official, and what is not. Don Alessandro 08:51, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you very much. Can you put this information into the article with sources? --Amir E. Aharoni 11:26, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

Crimean "Turkish"?
Uhmm... Since Turkish is usually defined as "something that is of the country of Turkey", I highly doubt that saying "Crimean Turkish" is a correct way to refer to this language.

Crimean Tatar or Crimean should be the only ones used imo... People who hear Crimean Turkish will think they are immigrants from Turkey or something. Well, thats what my friend thought anyways when he saw the "Crimean Turkish" part. They are, a whole different race. And I'm sure not all of them are citizens of Turkey ;)

128.172.215.5 (talk) 03:32, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

 * "Crimean Turkish" is one of the names by which this language is known. Just because you don't like it doesn't make it not a fact.  (Taivo (talk) 06:12, 12 February 2009 (UTC))

 * I'm not saying it's not a fact... simply pointing out that it is misleading. Is that an official name used by linguists though? It feels like undermining these people's sovereignty, kinda like saying "Ukrainian Russian" for the Ukrainian language. Just my opinion, I'm not a linguist or anything... 128.172.215.5 (talk) 01:25, 17 February 2009 (UTC)

 * This is an encyclopedia, therefore we list the names by which a language is known. Indeed, one of the two ISO 639-3 names for this language is Crimean Turkish, so, yes, it is official and is used by linguists to refer to this language.  It is not Wikipedia's place to stroke a people's ego, its place is to report the facts.  And the fact is that the semi-official (ISO 639-3) name of this language is Crimean Turkish as an alternate to Crimean Tatar.  No one calls Ukrainian "Russian".  It's a false analogy.  Sovereignty over the Crimean community vests in Ukraine, not in Turkey, so the whole issue of "Turkish" is moot anyway.  (Taivo (talk) 02:38, 17 February 2009 (UTC))

 * From what I understand, the distinction is much more complex. The southern dialects are often referred to as Crimean Turkish because they are derived from the Turkish spoken in the Crimea during Ottoman rule.  The northern dialects are referred to as Crimean Tatar, as they are Kipchak, rather than Oguz based.  The literary language, however, is based on the mixture of Kipchak and Oghuz-based varieties.  Historically, there were two languages, but presently (especially due to numerous displacements and a renewed sense of unified identity) there is essentially one, with dialects manifesting certain Oghuz and Kipchak features.  It would be nice if someone could find some appropriate references and clarify all of this in the article.Straughn (talk) 18:35, 17 February 2009 (UTC)

 * In earlier linguistic classifications, there were, indeed, two different languages listed--Crimean Tatar and Crimean Turkish. More recent works, however, have combined these two into a single language labelled "Crimean Tatar, Crimean Turkish".  I wasn't aware of the dialect distinction before, but Oghuz influence is predominantly lexical and the southern dialect is still fundamentally Kipchak with Oghuz influences.  All the good sources I'm aware of are in other languages--Russian and German.  In Johanson and Csato, Crimean Tatar is only extensively discussed in the chapter on West Kipchak with a passing note on Oghuz, Karaim, and Nogai influences on it in Crimea.  In its outdated classification of Turkic languages, however, Ethnologue places Crimean Turkish in Southern Turkic rather than with the other Kipchak languages in the Ponto-Caspian branch of Western Turkic.  That placement is undoubtedly the result of an uncritical examination of the lexicon only (which is heavily Oghuz-based in Crimean Tatar) and less examination of the relevant phonological and morphological criteria along with a good examination of core vocabulary.  (Taivo (talk) 19:47, 17 February 2009 (UTC))

 * The whole history and dialect section needs references. Crimean Tatar is not a mixed language, so the different dialects won't have "different origins".  That is quite suspect.  The southern dialects may have more Turkish lexicon, but I'm skeptical of the sections as they are written right now.  It sounds like it was written by a non-linguist (in the original source), whatever that is (there are no in-line references here).  (Taivo (talk) 19:57, 17 February 2009 (UTC))
 * the southern dialect is still fundamentally Kipchak
 * No... It is Oghuz. As I know standard Crimean Tatar, a bit of its dialects and a bit of standard Turkish I can say that Southern (Yalıboylu) dialect is very close (probably it's better to say "extremely close") to Anatolian Turkish in both grammar and lexics, the only sufficient difference is phonetics. Except for the recent borrowings from Rusiian this dialect is closer in grammar and lexics to standard Turkish than to standard Crimean Tatar. Don Alessandro (talk) 14:32, 18 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry, but this is not possible for a single language to have one dialect Kipchak and the other dialect Oghuz. It is either one or the other.  All the evidence that I've seen is clear that Crimean Tatar is Kipchak with the southern dialect having borrowings from Oghuz, but being fundamentally Kipchak.  You just can't have two kinds of grammar in a single language.  There may be borrowed morphemes from Turkish, but the dialect is either a dialect of Crimean Tatar (making it Kipchak) or it is not. (Taivo (talk) 21:10, 18 February 2009 (UTC))
 * And for Wikipedia purposes, your personal knowledge (whether accurate or not) doesn't count for anything. Facts must be referenced from secondary reliable sources.  (Taivo (talk) 21:11, 18 February 2009 (UTC))
 * ...this is not possible for a single language to have one dialect Kipchak and the other dialect Oghuz...
 * But Crimean Tatar is considered to be a single language only for ethno-political reasons (because all three branches of Crimean Tatar people consider themselves to be a one nation, use one literary standard, and consider their idioms to be dialects of one language). By the way, there are much more strange cases in the world. E.g. Italian or German "dialects". And speakers of Chinese "dialects" are not even able to understand each orther, but still their idioms are consideres to be dialects of one language - Chinese.
 * ...your personal knowledge (whether accurate or not) doesn't count for anything...
 * Precisely.
 * Prof. Dr. Ayder Memetov, cheif of the Department of Crimean Tatar and Eastern Phylology of Taurida National University, “Zemaneviy Qırımtatar Tili” (“Modern Cimean Tatar Language”), p. 6:
 * …Qırımtatar tilinde bir qaç şive bar: 1) şimal (qıpçaq) şivesi; 2) cenüp (oğuz) şivesi; 3) orta yolaq (qarışıq) şivesi.
 * (…The Crimean Tatarlanguage has three dialects: 1) northern (Kipchak) dialect; 2) southern (Oghuz) dialect; 3) middle (mixed) dialect).
 * If you are interested in the subject, I can send you a mane (folk songs} lyrics in the southern dialect, so that you can compare this dialect with Turkish yourself (and "find 10 differences" :). Don Alessandro (talk) 17:12, 19 February 2009 (UTC)

 * No serious linguist considers Chinese to be a single language. We all know that it is a small group of up to a dozen different, mutually unintelligible languages that only Chinese linguistic tradition calls "dialects".  The same is true for linguists who specialize in Germanic and Romance linguistics.  We all know that these are multiple languages with a single standard that most people learn as a second language (Arabic fits into this category as well).  If the northern and southern dialects are mutually unintelligible, then there are two languages represented here.  If they are mutually intelligible (without the two speakers switching to a "mixed patois") when spoken natively then they cannot have different origins.  That's just the way things work.  What you seem to be describing (if I understand you correctly) is a situation where the northern "dialect" is Crimean Tatar, the southern "dialect" is Crimean Turkish, and the middle dialect is a sort of mix of the two that both communities learn as a second language and is used as a standard literary form.  If so, then that is not what is described in the Western linguistic literature about Crimean Tatar/Turkish.  (Taivo (talk) 18:18, 19 February 2009 (UTC))
 * No serious linguist considers Chinese to be a single language.
 * Aha... That's it. And how about Uzbek... There are Kipchak and Oghuz dialects of Uzbek (while Uzbek itself is a Karluk language)! Why? Due to the Soviet ethnic policy there are now Kipchak and Oghuz speaking communities in Uzbekistan that consider themselves to be Uzbeks and their spoken language to be Uzbek, not Kazakh (Kipchak) or Turkmen (Oghuz). "What is language and what is dialect" is much more political question rather than linguistical.
 * Crimean Tatar dialects are mutually intelligible. Central (mixed) dialect is mutually intelligible with two others, and speakers of northern and southern dialects can understand each other (with some difficulties, but still) if they try not to use specific words wich are totally absent in the interlocutor's idiom. Naturally, now it is difficult to model such a situatuion, because all Crimean Tatars of the former Soviet Union know Russian and use Russian words or even totally switch to Russian if someone does not understand specific words of their dialect. But, you know, intelligibility is not a universal criterion to differ dialects from languages of their own. E.g. Turks and Azeris, Kumyks and Karachays understand each other easily, but still we do not call their languages dialects of one. By the way, Oghuz, Kipchak and Karluk Turkic languages are close to each other. Closer than branches of Romance or Slavic languages.
 * What you seem to be describing (if I understand you correctly) is a...
 * Yes. In general you have understood me correctly. There are three idioms. Speakers of all of them state that they are speaking in the single Crimean Tatar (or Crimean) language and call their three idioms dialects of this language. Literary standard scince 1920-s is based on the central (mixed) idiom/dialect (with some minimal differences). But! No one in Crimea calls neither southern nor any other dialect Crimean Turkish! Only terms Crimean Tatar or Crimean are used. The term Crimean Turkish is only used by some members of a huge Crimean Tatar diaspora in Turkey due to the Ataturkist linguistic concept of one Turkish language and its dialects (Turkey Turkish, Azeri Turkish, Uzbek Turkish, Tatar Turkish, Kazakh Turkish, Crimean Turkish, etc.) Don Alessandro (talk) 19:26, 19 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Actually, there are some linguistic works which label Kipchak, Oghuz, Uighur-Uzbek, etc. as single languages because of the interintelligibility. And, there is not always a clearcut measure between mutual intelligibility and non-intelligibility.  There is a range.  If someone understands 80% of another's speech are they mutually intelligible?  How about 60%?  40%?  etc.  I've seen no studies of that nature between Uighur and Uzbek, for example (and, of course, nothing like that for Crimean Tatar).  It's all relative.  I've also heard the linguistically naive make comments like, "I can understand X perfectly" when what they actually mean is, "I can recognize a few words and logically deduce what they are talking about".  I've heard Arabs say this about Persian, for example, when the topic of discussion was religion.  The term "Crimean Turkish" was used by linguists in the past when the northern and southern dialects were distinguished as separate languages, it's not an Ottoman term, but a 20th century linguistic designation.  Right now, the "official" linguistic designation (ISO 639-3) is "Crimean Tatar" or "Crimean Turkish" for this language, but your comment that speakers will sometimes switch to Russian leads me to believe that they may be two languages.  You should also know that Northern Uzbek and Southern Uzbek are distinguished in ISO 639-3. (Taivo (talk) 20:14, 19 February 2009 (UTC))

Crimean Tatar language as a group of dialects
Its sounds like the Crimean Tatar language is a group of dialects of different origins. --Komitsuki (talk) 09:26, 18 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Steppe-based Nogay dialect = Kypchak–Nogay
 * Mountainous Tat dialect = Kypchak–Cuman (but also influenced by Oghuz for historical reasons)
 * Southern coastal-based Yalıboylus = Oghuz

Contradiction on Mutual Intelligibility
From this page: " It should not be confused with Tatar proper, spoken in Tatarstan and adjacent regions in Russia; the languages are related but not mutually intelligible. "

From "Tatar language": "It should not be confused with the Crimean Tatar language, to which it is closely related and with which it is mutually intelligible."

So which is it? Mutually intelligible or not? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.198.174.103 (talk) 05:02, 26 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Not. They have been isolated for more than a century. Erkinalp9035 (talk) 19:48, 29 May 2018 (UTC)

Official Status
This article is not the place to dispute the current political entities adn claims on Crimea. THe info box information is sourced and should not be deleted for POV reasons. 37.245.43.164 (talk) 12:29, 17 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Please stop deny and try to legalize Russian military aggression and occupation, even if Ukrainian or/and Crimean language(s) nominally listed as official in documents of occupational administrations and if we even list it in infobox those administrations they should be marked as they are. Stop playing along with Russian officialdom and start call things by their proper names - war is war, military aggression is military aggression, illegal seizing of territories by this is military occupation. UA0Volodymyr (talk) 13:21, 17 October 2023 (UTC)
 * No, it's NPOV. We had always de facto administrative divisions on wikipedia. This is not the United Nations. Beshogur (talk) 15:44, 17 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Crimean Tatar language


text:
Boscov's

Boscov's Inc. is a family-owned department store with fifty locations in Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Ohio, Connecticut, West Virginia and Rhode Island. Twenty-six of these stores are located in Pennsylvania.

Corporate headquarters are located in Exeter Township, Pennsylvania, near Reading. The company chairman is Jim Boscov, who took over after his uncle Albert Boscov retired.

History
Solomon "Sol" Boscov was of Jewish descent. He emigrated from Russia to Reading, Pennsylvania, in 1911. He had $1.37 in cash (equal to $ today) on arrival in the United States. He worked as a traveling salesman with an initial $8 worth of merchandise. Because he spoke Yiddish, he was able to converse with people in Berks County who spoke Pennsylvania Dutch. Boscov's fortunes changed in 1914 when he opened the first Boscov's store at 9th and Pike streets in Reading. A Pennsylvania Historical Marker commemorating Solomon Boscov stands at the site of the original store.

Boscov's began expanding in the Reading suburbs during the 1960s, with the Boscov's West store in Sinking Spring opening in November 1962 and the Boscov's North store at the Reading Fairgrounds in Muhlenberg Township opening in August 1965. The Boscov's East store along 9th Street in Reading was destroyed by fire in February 1967 and was replaced by a new Boscov's East store in Exeter Township in November 1967. The Boscov's West store was destroyed by fire in November 1967 and reopened in November 1968.

By 1968, Boscov's had five stores, 2,200 workers, and annual sales exceeding $50 million. Solomon Boscov retired and was succeeded by his son Albert "Albie" Boscov as head of the company in 1960. The first Boscov's location outside of Berks County opened at the Lebanon Valley Mall in Lebanon, Pennsylvania, in August 1972. Boscov's bought Fowler, Dick and Walker, the Boston Store in 1980. One of Wilkes-Barre's last remaining downtown department stores, it was Boscov's first multi-story store.

Boscov's opened its first location outside of Pennsylvania at the Dover Mall in Dover, Delaware, in August 1982. Boscov's first entered the Philadelphia market in the late 1980s by opening Ports of the World stores. These stores would later be re-branded as Boscov's sometime in the mid-1990s.

In 1983, Boscov's leased the Fowler's department store building and opened the next year in downtown Binghamton, New York.

In August 2002, Boscov's opened a store at the Berkshire Mall in Wyomissing, replacing a Strawbridge's store. As a result, the Boscov's West store in Sinking Spring closed.

In 2006, Albert Boscov, the son of Solomon Boscov, retired and his nephew Kenneth Lakin became chairman and chief executive. Lakin led an aggressive expansion of the chain, opening 10 new stores by 2008. Boscov's acquired these locations from Federated Department Stores following the merger with The May Department Stores Company. The new stores opened just prior to the 2008 economic downturn and in August 2008, Boscov's filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Albert Boscov came out of retirement and regained control of the company. As part of the bankruptcy, 10 stores were shuttered, two of which were reopened. The company emerged from bankruptcy in September 2009.

Albert Boscov died from pancreatic cancer on February 10, 2017, at the age of eighty-seven. The chain is now headed by his nephew, Jim Boscov.

Boscov's continuing success makes it regarded as somewhat of an "outlier" because many department store retailers had begun pulling back to a degree on brick-and-mortar formats. Boscov's saw record sales of $1.2 billion in 2017. Since 2009, the chain continues to expand and opened its 47th store in Milford, Connecticut, in October 2018. Boscov's plans to continue to open one store per year and has invested in older stores by renovating them. Boscov's announced plans to move into the Providence Place mall in Providence, Rhode Island, in 2019. The store opened on September 26, 2019.

In 2020, Boscov's announced plans to open at Eastwood Mall in Niles, Ohio. The store opened on October 7, 2021, a year late due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2023, Boscov's announced that a store will open at the Meadowbrook Mall in Bridgeport, West Virginia, in the later part of the year; this will be Boscov's 50th store and first location in the state. The 50th store located in West Virginia opened on October 7, 2023.

Civic affairs and charitable giving
During the 1970s, Boscov's launched its "Friends Helping Friends" program, an annual fundraising event which has raised roughly a million dollars each year for non-profit organizations.

Jazz festival
Boscov's sponsors the annual "Boscov's Berks Jazz Fest" which draws 35,000 to 40,000 people to the Reading area.

Thanksgiving Day Parade
When Gimbels went out of business in 1986, WPVI-TV and Boscov's took over the sponsorship of the Philadelphia Thanksgiving Day Parade. Boscov's remained a co-sponsor until 2007.

In popular culture
The Boscov's in Camp Hill, Pennsylvania, was used to represent the fictional department store Illustra in the 1987 film Mannequin.

Boscov's is mentioned in the Season 3 episode Kimmy Steps on a Crack! of the Netflix comedy series Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt.

It is also mentioned in NBC's The Office, Season 5, Episode 25, “Casual Friday”.

title: Boscov's


text:
Michael R. Lehnert

Michael R. Lehnert is a retired major general of the United States Marine Corps. He supervised the construction and served as the first commandant of the Guantanamo Bay Detention Camp.

Lehnert graduated from Central Michigan University in 1973 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in history and was commissioned a Second Lieutenant through the Platoon Leader Course program.

After completing The Basic School in Quantico, Virginia, he was transferred to Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. Assignments at Camp Lejeune included: engineer platoon commander and maintenance officer LSU-32 and S-4, H&S Battalion, 2nd FSSG. Assigned to 9th Engineer Support Battalion in Okinawa, Japan, he served as Battalion Operations Officer and finished his tour as commander Company A, 9th Engineers.

In 1977, he was ordered to Marine Barracks, Subic Bay, Republic of the Philippines as the Operations Officer. In 1978, he took command of Company A, Marine Barracks, Subic Bay.

In 1979, he attended the U.S. Army Advanced Engineer School at Fort Belvoir, Virginia. After graduation, he served as Executive Officer, USMC Recruiting Station, San Antonio, Texas.

He was transferred to Camp Pendleton, California in 1983 and held the following assignments from 1983 to 1986: Company Commander, Company C, 1st Landing Support Battalion; Commanding Officer, Combat Service Support Detachment 11; Commanding Officer, Combat Service Support Detachment 16; Executive Officer, MAU Service Support Group 17; Landing Force Support Party Cdr, BSSG 7; and MEF Engineer, First Marine Amphibious Force.

In 1987, he was selected for Armed Forces Staff College. After graduation, he was assigned to the United States Southern Command in the J-3 Operations Directorate as Chief, Central American Exercise Branch. During the Panama crisis, he participated in Operation Just Cause and Operation Promote Liberty.

He was reassigned in 1990 as Inspector-Instructor, 6th Engineer Support Battalion, Portland, Oregon. He was selected for top level school, and completed the Naval War College in 1993 with the award of a master's degree.

In 1993, he was assigned to the Joint Warfighting Center in Norfolk, Virginia where he served as the Chief of the Futures Branch, Doctrine Division.

In 1995, he reported to the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing and participated in Operation Sea Signal, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba as Commander, Joint Task Group Bulkeley, JTF 160. Where he commanded the security forces responsible for operation of Cuban and Haitian migrant camps.

He commanded Marine Wing Support Group 27 at Cherry Point, North Carolina from May 23, 1996, to May 28, 1998. He was reassigned as the Deputy Chief of Staff, G-4 II MEF. In 1999, he deployed to Panama as the Chief of Staff, Joint Task Force Panama to oversee the final turnover of the Panama Canal and the remaining military bases.

His first tour as a general officer was at Headquarters Marine Corps, where he served as the Assistant Deputy Commandant for Installations and Logistics.

He took command of 2nd Force Service Support Group (FSSG) in July 2001 and in January 2002, he deployed to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba as Commander, Joint Task Force 160. JTF 160's mission was to construct and operate the detention facilities for Taliban and Al Qaeda detainees. While in command of the detention facility, he endeavoured to ensure that the provisions of the Geneva Convention were applied, in the face of opposition from then defense secretary Donald Rumsfeld, inviting the ICRC to visit and advise on conditions of detention, appointing a Muslim chaplain and creating an ethos of human decency. In 2003, he deployed with the 2d FSSG to the CENTCOM theater and participated in Operation Iraqi Freedom as Commander, Marine Logistics Command. He then served as Chief of Staff, United States Southern Command, Miami, Florida.

Lehnert's final Marine Corps assignment was as Commanding General, Marine Corps Installations West (MCI West), based at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California, where he had assumed command on October 21, 2005. Under Lehnert’s command, MCI West made vast developments to base infrastructure, Marine and family housing, training facilities and numerous other quality-of-life improvements for all installations in the western U.S.

Lehnert retired after 37 years of service after turning over command of MCI West to Maj. Gen. Anthony L. Jackson on September 29, 2009.

Civilian Life

In 2020, Mike Lehnert joined other retired senior leaders like Retired Lt. Gen. Richard L. Kelly to speak out against the abuses of Donald Trump through Lehnert's affiliation with National Security Leaders for Biden.

Awards
Decorations include:

title: Michael R. Lehnert


text:
Florida West Coast Railroad

The Florida West Coast Railroad was a 13-mile (21-kilometre) railroad owned by CSF Acquisition, Inc., which acquired it from CSX on December 13, 1987 as its first acquisition.  It ran west from a CSX line at Newberry to Trenton.

The railroad used to extend west to Cross City, with a branch south to Chiefland. All the lines were originally owned by the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad.

On February 25, 2004, the company applied to the Surface Transportation Board to abandon almost the whole line. The case was decided March 11, 2004, and the company was allowed to abandon all of the line.

By notice to the STB on May 13, 2010, Florida West Coast Railroad abandoned 10.3 miles of the railroad from Newberry to Trenton. The consummation of abandonment did not include the easternmost portion of the railroad. The portion that was abandoned was subsequently acquired by the State of Florida Department of Environmental Protection to be used to extend the Nature Coast State Trail.

title: Florida West Coast Railroad


text:
Talk:Nicholas Sarkozy

POV article (very laudative). The original article also mentioned that Sarkozy was a Jew, whereas it's a very well known fact that he's a Roman Catholic, so I suspect the article was not well-researched too. David.Monniaux 19:37, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nicholas Sarkozy


text:
Interstate 465

Interstate 465 (I-465), also known as the USS Indianapolis Memorial Highway, is the beltway circling Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. It is roughly rectangular in shape and has a perimeter of approximately 53 mi. It lies almost completely within the boundaries of Marion County, except for two short sections on the north leg in Boone and Hamilton counties. It intersects with I-65, I-69, I-70, and I-74 and provides additional access to I-65 via I-865.

Route description
All U.S. and state highways that formerly were routed through the central part of Indianapolis are now routed concurrently with I-465. Only I-65 and I-70 run through Downtown Indianapolis. The affected highways are:

 * I-74, running counterclockwise from exit 16 to exit 49
 * US 31, running counterclockwise from exit 2 to exit 31
 * US 36, running counterclockwise from exit 13 to exit 42
 * US 40, running counterclockwise from exit 12 to exit 46
 * US 52, running counterclockwise from exit 25 to exit 47
 * US 421, running counterclockwise from exit 49 to exit 27
 * SR 37, running counterclockwise from exit 4 to exit 37
 * SR 67, running counterclockwise from exit 8 to exit 42

In addition,, the I-69 extension will run counterclockwise from future exit 5 to exit 37. When the interchange opens, it is expected the SR 37 designation will be removed from I-465 and replaced by I-69. Between exits 5 and 49, it will also create another instance of three concurrent Interstates along the same road (I-69, I-74, and I-465).

An approximately 1 mi section between exits 46 and 47 carries eight routes: I-465, US 31, US 36, US 40, US 52, US 421, SR 37, and SR 67, tying a short segment of Georgia State Route 10 Loop in Athens, Georgia for the largest concurrency in the U.S. In most cases, route markers other than I-74's are not posted along I-465 itself; rather, signs on the entrance ramps direct traffic traveling a particular route to follow I-465 to a specific exit to continue on that route.

Planning and alignment selection
A beltway for Indianapolis was part of the original plan of the Interstate Highway System in 1955. The general alignment was to be either on or adjacent to the now-defunct SR 100, which, by then, had only two completed legs—on the north side, along 86th Street west of the White River and 82nd Street east of the river, and on the east side, along Shadeland Avenue. On the city's west side, an alignment corridor paralleling High School Road was preferred, and, on the south side, one between Hanna Avenue and Thompson Road had been proposed. Development along 86th Street made its use unfeasible for I-465, so a 91st Street alignment was initially proposed. This proved to be controversial and caused many delays in final alignment selection for the north leg, postponing its construction by several years.

Initial construction (1959–1970)
The I-465 beltway was constructed in segments. There were 16 segments along the original proposed semicircumferential alignment between I-65 in Boone County at exit 129 and that same highway 6 mi to the south at exit 123 in Marion County. Indiana highway officials recognized the value of having the route be a full circumferential, so using non-Interstate federal funding and employing a temporary designation of SR 100, they planned a separate 17th segment northward between I-65 at its exit 123 and the north leg of I-465 in Boone County. By the time that added section was completed in 1970, Indiana had obtained federal approval to sign it as I-465 as well, resulting in the creation of a dogleg section of I-465 outside of the loop (now signed as I-865).

State highway officials concentrated on building the west and south legs of I-465 early in the overall project, since they were the missing portions of the SR 100 concept. Construction began in 1959, and the first section of the I-465 beltway to be completed was the portion on the west leg between I-65 near Eagle Creek Park and I-74/US 136 in Speedway. That section was opened to traffic on September 26, 1961, simultaneously with the adjacent section of I-65 northwest from there running 1.48 mi to 71st Street. By July 18, 1962, all four segments of the original west leg were open between SR 67 (Kentucky Avenue) and I-65, but the interchange with I-70 in that stretch was not completed until much later that decade when the segment of that route from I-465 west to SR 43 opened in 1968.

The south side sections were the next to be completed, with three opening in the second half of 1963 and two more on October 15, 1964. This completed both the south leg and the first segment of the east leg and included a connection from a point just north of the Raymond Street grade separation to SR 100 (Shadeland Avenue) at Washington Street (US 40). With these sections open, the full length of I-74's concurrency over I-465 was now available for motorists. The south leg's junction with I-65 was also completed, but I-65 itself was open only between a temporary intersection at Thompson Road to the south and the Keystone Avenue interchange 1.18 mi north of I-465 until early 1971.

With SR 100/Shadeland Avenue connected to the full southern and western bypass of Indianapolis, work on I-465's east leg slowed, delaying the opening of the next segment over three years. In January 1968, two sections of the east leg, between US 36/SR 67 (Pendleton Pike) and the SR 100 junction near Raymond Street, were completed and opened a day apart. This allowed through traffic from both US 36 and SR 67 to bypass the increasingly congested SR 100. The interchange with I-70 in this newly opened section was not yet complete, and its ramps did not open until the opening of that route's mainline between SR 100/Shadeland Avenue and SR 9 near Greenfield on December 2 of that year. On October 23, 1968, the section of I-465 between Pendleton Pike and 56th Street at Shadeland Avenue was finished and opened to traffic, completing the east leg's eastern bypass of SR 100.

With its alignment controversies now settled, the north leg of I-465 began to take shape in the late 1960s. The section between US 421 (Michigan Road) and US 31 (Meridian Street) was the first on this side of town to see traffic on October 20, 1968. A year to the day later, the segment from US 31 to Keystone Avenue (then SR 431) was opened to motorists. The next month, in November 1969, the north extension of the west leg was completed and signed as I-465 (although it was considered to be "added mileage" by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) since it was built to Interstate standards using non-Interstate funds by Indiana), but only the portion between I-65 and 86th Street was opened to traffic because the segment of the north leg to which it would connect was not yet complete. That occurred on August 18, 1970, when the western end of the north leg between I-65 near Royalton and Michigan Road (US 421) was finished and opened to traffic. At that time, the final connection on the north extension of the west leg to 86th Street was also opened, leaving only one remaining gap in the entire I-465 route.

The final section of I-465 to be built was the portion joining the north and east legs between Keystone Avenue (then SR 431) and 56th Street at Shadeland Avenue (then SR 100). This stretch opened to traffic on October 5, 1970, and marked the completion of the I-465 beltway around Indianapolis.

Subsequent improvements and changes
The first of the major postcompletion rebuild and expansion projects occurred from 1999 to 2002, when the heavily traveled northern section of the east leg was modernized and expanded to as many as 13 lanes in one short portion. Concurrently, the east junction with I-70 was rebuilt and reconfigured. In 2000, the Emerson Avenue interchange on the south leg was converted from a conventional diamond to a single-point urban interchange (SPUI), becoming the first SPUI on the I-465 beltway.

Between 2004 and 2005, the north extension of I-465's west leg between I-65 and I-865 was rebuilt to widen and update the freeway in this heavily traveled section located along the western edge of the massive Park 100 commercial and industrial development. This segment was rapidly becoming functionally obsolete due to continued growth of that complex as well as that of other nearby residential and commercial projects in Pike Township. Both interchanges along this stretch, 71st Street (exit 21) and 86th Street (exit 23), were totally rebuilt while remaining open to traffic and had loop ramps added for west-to-south movements. In addition, a new northbound exit ramp was added at exit 21 which bridges over 71st Street to directly deposit motorists onto eastbound 73rd Street. On the mainline, dual auxiliary lanes were added in each travel direction between these interchanges and the 79th Street grade separation over I-465 was demolished and rebuilt to allow for the widened freeway below. Distinctive decorative features were also incorporated into most of the grade separation structures within this project. Also, bicycle paths were established along the southern side of both 86th and 71st streets, which included grade separations with the east-to-south ramps at both interchanges.

In April 2002, the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) announced the redesignation of the dogleg portion of I-465 as I-865. This change eliminated the three-way intersection of I-465 where the north extension of the west leg met the original north leg (at exit 25).

INDOT completed an $800-million (equivalent to $ in ) project called Accelerate 465 to refurbish and reconfigure the original west leg of the loop between July 2007 and December 2012. This project completely rebuilt and added new travel lanes, added auxiliary lanes, rebuilt many grade separations, and reconfigured nearly all of the interchanges along I-465 from just north of the Kentucky Avenue (SR 67 south) interchange to the 56th Street partial interchange. The junction with I-74 and Crawfordsville Road (US 136 west) was reconfigured to allow direct access between I-465 and US 136 for the first time. Interlaced into that design is a full directional connection for I-74, which replaced the former cloverleaf interchange and removed its original stub connector east of I-465 to the intersection of Crawfordsville Road and High School Road in Speedway.

Also in 2007, another undertaking was launched by INDOT to modernize the entire northeastern portion of I-465. All three interchanges along the freeway in this stretch—Keystone Avenue (exit 33), Allisonville Road (exit 35) and I-69/Binford Boulevard (exit 37)—were to be modified and rebuilt. As this project progressed, financial constraints prompted INDOT to scale back its scope. The reconstruction of I-465 between the White River bridge and Fall Creek, including the interchange with I-69, is not scheduled to begin until 2022 under a separate project announced in 2015 and formally relaunched as "Clear Path 465" in 2017. The original, scaled-back project concluded by the end of 2012. The beltway's mainline was reconstructed with additional travel and auxiliary lanes being added in two separate segments—from east of Meridian Street to Allisonville Road and from a point at the southeast end of the I-69/Binford interchange southward to Fall Creek.

The Keystone Avenue partial cloverleaf interchange was reconfigured to allow free-flowing access for most of the movements between I-465 and Keystone. Although Keystone operates as a controlled-access highway both north of I-465 and up to the first junction south of the Interstate, the movements from westbound I-465 to southbound Keystone and from eastbound I-465 to northbound Keystone are not free-flowing but are left turns controlled by traffic lights.

At Allisonville Road, the interchange was converted into a more efficient SPUI configuration. Finally, though the interchange itself was not rebuilt, the I-69/Binford Boulevard junction had two ramps slightly modified to facilitate better traffic flow.

As part of the major project to upgrade 13 mi of US 31 in Hamilton County to a full Interstate-standard freeway, the I-465 north leg interchange at Meridian Street (exit 31) was reconfigured between October 2013 and December 2015 (with some additional work continuing until November 22, 2016) to the present partial directional (system interchange) design which allows for free-flow movements to or from the new US 31 freeway to the north.

As part of its Operation Indy Commute project, INDOT began work in 2013 to widen I-65 on both its northbound and southbound mainlines from exit 103 at Southport Road northward to the junction with I-465's south leg, which would also be modified. To reduce congestion at and near that interchange, the loop ramp from westbound I-465 to southbound I-65 was replaced by a flyover ramp. The eastbound I-465 exit to southbound I-65 was also expanded for smoother merging with the new west-to-south flyover. In addition, grade separations over I-465 were replaced on Sherman Drive and Carson Avenue to allow for longer and wider approaches to this busy junction. Most of this work was completed in late 2014.

Memorial designation
Indianapolis native David Letterman had quintuple bypass surgery in 2000, and, two years later, suggested on his show that I-465 should be renamed the David Letterman Bypass, going so far as to call the mayor of Indianapolis during the Late Show with David Letterman. At the time of the gag on his show, Letterman had offered $10 million (equivalent to $ in ) for the honor, later offering just to pay to change the signs.

In 2011 the Indiana General Assembly passed a resolution officially designating I-465 as "USS Indianapolis Memorial Highway" in "the memory of the brave sailors who lost their lives" when USS Indianapolis was sunk in the Pacific during World War II. Signs for this designation have been erected sporadically around the loop, but the highway is still referred to nearly exclusively as "I-465" or simply "465" by most locals.

Future
Upon completion of I-69 between Martinsville and I-465, I-69 will be signed concurrently on I-465 around its south and east legs in Indianapolis—between the new exit 5 for I-69 and SR 37 south on the southwest side and existing exit 37 for I-69 and SR 37 north in the northeast neighborhood of Castleton. This will create another instance of three concurrent Interstates along the same road (I-69, I-74, and I-465).

Remaining sections of the I-465 beltway that are still awaiting reconstruction or widening projects include the west leg junction with I-65, the north leg between I-865 and US 31 north/Meridian Street, the north leg section from Allisonville Road to the I-69/Binford Boulevard interchange (with additional widening south to Fall Creek), and several portions along the south leg.

title: Interstate 465


text:
Category:Intellectual property organizations

Intellectual property organizations include associations and organizations of people around the subject of intellectual property, particularly copyright law, trademark law, and patent law.


text:
Elisabetta Brusa

Elisabetta Olga Laura Brusa (born 3 April 1954) is an Italian/British composer.

Brusa was born in Milan, and as a child wrote 32 piano pieces. At the Milan Conservatory she formally studied Composition with Bruno Bettinelli (who also taught famous Italian conductors like Claudio Abbado and Riccardo Muti) and Azio Corghi, graduating in 1980. She then taught composition at the Conservatoires of Vicenza, Mantova and Brescia before teaching at the Conservatorio of Milan in 1985. She also received instruction from Sir Peter Maxwell Davies and Hans Keller. She first appeared on the Young Italian Composers RAI 3 television programme in 1983.

After winning first prize at the Washington International Competition for Composition for String Quartet in 1982, she was awarded the Fromm Music Foundation Fellowship and a Fellowship of the U.S.-Italy Fulbright Commission the next year to follow the Composition classes at the Tanglewood Music Center and three Fellowships from the MacDowell Colony later in the decade. In 1997 she married the conductor Gilberto Serembe.

Currently, she is best known for her orchestral works recorded in five volumes on the Naxos Records label. She is often inspired by works of Literature and Art as well as of Music of all ages but the latter are never quoted or imitated in her works. These include two Symphonies, a Requiem, a Stabat Mater, the tone poem Florestan, based on the Florestan side of Robert Schumann's personality; the Nittemero Symphony, inspired by the words night and day in ancient Greek; the tone poem Messidor, which alludes strongly to (without actually quoting) Felix Mendelssohn's incidental music to A Midsummer Night's Dream (the work is dedicated to her husband), a Fanfare, an "Adagio", "Firelights", a "Requiescat", "Favole", "Merlin", "Simply Largo, all of which for orchestras of different sizes, among other works. Brusa describes her musical style as "close to Neo-Tonality and in particular to Neo-Romanticism, but in the original sense of the word, which is nowadays often confusedly assimilated to other ones," and her harmony as "essentially pandiatonic with panchromatic moments."

Her music has been performed by the BBC Symphony Orchestra, Hungarian Radio Symphony Orchestra, Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, Ulster Orchestra, BBC Philharmonic, BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra, RSNO Royal Scottish National Orchestra, CBC Vancouver Orchestra, http://www.masterorchestraproduction.org/state-hermitage-symphony-orchestra.html State Hermitage Orchestra, St. Petersburg Symphony Orchestra, Tanglewood Music Center Orchestra, The Women's Philharmonic of San Francisco, to name just a few.

Notable Recordings

 * Orchestral Works, volume 1 (Florestan, Messidor, La Triade, Nittemero Symphony, Fanfare): Naxos 8.555266, 21st Century Classics
 * Orchestral Works, volume 2 (Firelights, Adagio, Wedding Song, Requiescat, Suite Grotesque, Favole): Naxos 8.555267, 21st Century Classics
 * Orchestral Works, volume 3 (Symphony No.1, Merlin): Naxos 8.573437, 21st Century Classics
 * Orchestral Works, volume 4 (Symphony No.2, Simply Largo): Naxos 8.574263, 21st Century Classics
 * Orchestral Works, volume 5 (Requiem, Stabat Mater): Naxos 8.574589, 21st Century Classics

title: Elisabetta Brusa


text:
Corinto, Nicaragua

Corinto is a town, with a population of 18,602 (2022 estimate), on the northwest Pacific coast of Nicaragua in the province of Chinandega. The municipality was founded in 1863.

Early years
The town of Corinto was founded in 1849. It first came into prominence as a port in 1863, due to its spacious and sheltered harbour. It superseded El Realejo, which was from 1550 to 1850 the principal seaport of Nicaragua but became partly filled with sandbanks.

British occupation
When Nicaragua refused to pay Britain an indemnity for the annexation of the Mosquito Reserve, the British responded by occupying the Nicaraguan Pacific port of Corinto on 27 April 1895. Eventually the British left after being paid indemnities by the Nicaraguan government.

United States intervention

On May 2, 1896, U.S. Marines landed in Corinto to protect American interests during political unrest.

In 1909, President Theodore Roosevelt appointed the African-American writer James Weldon Johnson U.S. Consul to Corinto.

On January 25, 1922, the USS Galveston landed a detachment of U.S. Marines at Corinto, to reinforce the Managua legation guard during a period of political tension.

While supporting the Contra war against the Sandinista government in the 1980s, U.S. Forces mined the Port of Corinto. On October 10, 1983, an attack destroyed 3.2 e6USgal of fuel. It is believed that this attack was directed by the CIA and carried out by U.S. Navy Seals.

Economy
Corinto was a railroad terminus and is Nicaragua's largest and only Pacific port for the import and export of goods. It has a container terminal and is able to manage a wide variety of cargo: liquid, bulk, containers, cars, etc.

Twin towns – Sister cities
Corinto is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Bremen, Germany
 * 🇩🇪 Cologne, Germany
 * Liverpool, United Kingdom
 * 🇺🇸 Portland, Oregon, United States

title: Corinto, Nicaragua


text:
Mike Murphy (Washington politician)

Michael J. Murphy is an American politician who served as the 21st Washington State Treasurer from 1997 to 2009 as a member of the Democratic Party.

Early career
Murphy is a native of Seattle. He attended St. Edward Seminary in Kenmore, and earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in history from Seattle University in 1969.

After completing a tour of duty in the military, Murphy began work as a civil servant for the Office of the Washington State Treasurer (OST) in 1972. During his 15 years working for the OST, Murphy's assignments included administrator of the Public Deposit Protection Commission and internal auditor. In 1978, while working full-time for the OST, he completed his Master of Business Administration from Pacific Lutheran University.

In 1987, Murphy was appointed to serve as treasurer of Thurston County, the state's eighth-largest county. Later that year, he was elected to that office. He was re-elected in 1990 and 1994. Murphy has also previously served as President of the Western State Treasurers Association.

Washington State Treasurer
In 1996, Murphy ran for State Treasurer. He won that election, as well as his races for re-election in 2000 and 2004. In 2004, Murphy received 60% of the vote, followed by Republican Oscar S. Lewis who received 36%. As State Treasurer, Murphy was one of ten voting members of the Washington State Investment Board, served as chair for the Board's Audit Committee, and was also a member of the Board's Private Markets Committee. He also chaired the State Finance Committee, which oversees the issuance and management of the state's debt. He was also one of twelve people appointed by the governor to the Washington State Housing Finance Commission (WSHFC). After serving three four-year terms, Murphy retired the post in 2008, and James McIntire replaced him as Washington State Treasurer.

Personal life
Murphy is the eldest son of a family of 11 children. Murphy and his wife, Teri Smith Murphy, live in Olympia on their sailboat.

title: Mike Murphy (Washington politician)


text:
Beverly Briley

Clifton Beverly Briley (January 11, 1914 – September 14, 1980) was an American attorney and politician, the first mayor of the newly consolidated metropolitan government of Nashville and Davidson County in Tennessee. Elected to the mayor's position in 1962 as a Democrat, Briley served three terms from 1963 to 1975; he was prevented by term limits from running again. He had previously served as county judge (chief executive) of Davidson County for several terms, from 1950 to 1963.

Early life
Briley was born in West Nashville, Tennessee in 1914. Attending local schools, he became involved in Scouting as a boy and attained the rank of Eagle Scout. He attended Vanderbilt University before transferring to Cumberland University's law school (now the Cumberland Law School at Samford University), graduating in 1932. He was admitted to the bar in 1932.

Career
Briley began practicing in 1932. Briley served in the U.S. Navy during World War II as a quartermaster aboard the USS David Taylor. After the war, he ran a successful campaign for county judge (chief executive) of Davidson County in 1950, serving until 1963.

Briley was a champion of metropolitan government and supported the merger of Nashville and Davidson County government. In 1963 he won election against Davidson County tax assessor Clifford Allen, another longtime Nashville politician, and became the first mayor of what is known as Metro Nashville. In 1966, his main opponent was Ben West, the former mayor of the earlier City of Nashville municipal government. Briley won the election in a runoff. Briley was reelected in 1971, also in a runoff. He was prevented by term limits from running again in 1975. He remained active in Nashville politics until his death five years later. Altogether, he served as chief executive of Davidson County and of Nashville for 25 years.

Briley took a fairly progressive position on the Civil Rights Movement, an important question for mayors of Southern cities at the time. He readily cooperated with black leaders and is generally credited with helping smooth the transition away from racial segregation in Nashville. Public schools and lunch counters had already been desegregated by the time he took office. In 1965, Briley described the Ku Klux Klan as "merchants of hate" and said they were "not welcome" in Nashville.

On other issues, he was a conservative Democrat; in 1972 he was the area leader of "Democrats for Nixon," in an effort to strengthen southern support for Republican national candidates. That year, Nixon became the first Republican presidential candidate to carry Davidson County since the Reconstruction era. Most Republicans had been disenfranchised in Tennessee and other Southern states as Southern Democrats passed new constitutions after the Civil War to suppress black voting by raising barriers to voter registration.

Personal life and death
Briley married Dorothy Gordon in 1934. They had two children together, Cliff and Diane. He was an alcoholic. His grandson David Briley was the Mayor of Nashville after the resignation of Megan Barry.

Briley died of bladder cancer on September 14, 1980, at the Vanderbilt University Hospital in Nashville at the age of 66, just months after the death of his wife. His funeral was held at the Inglewood Baptist Church, and he was buried at Spring Hill Cemetery in Nashville.

Legacy and honors
Briley Parkway, a major beltway thoroughfare which runs by the Grand Ole Opry House and around much of the city, was named in his honor.

The city-owned Beverly Briley Building, a major component of Nashville's redesigned Public Square, was named for him.

His grandson, Rob Briley, was a politician who formerly represented the 52nd House District, a Nashville district, in the state legislature. He also served as the Democratic Majority Floor Leader. Another grandson, David Briley, served as mayor of Nashville.

title: Beverly Briley


text:
Manx Loaghtan

The Manx Loaghtan is a rare breed of sheep (Ovis aries) native to the Isle of Man. It is sometimes spelled as Loaghtyn or Loghtan. The sheep have dark brown wool and usually four or occasionally six horns.

The Manx Loaghtan is one of the Northern European short-tailed sheep breeds, and descends from the primitive sheep once found throughout Scotland, the Hebrides, and Shetland Islands. The word Loaghtan comes from the Manx words lugh dhoan, which mean mouse-brown and describe the colour of the sheep. This breed is primarily raised for its meat, which some consider a delicacy. In 2008, the meat received EU recognition and protection under the Protected Designation of Origin scheme, which requires products with a regional name to originate in the named region.

The Rare Breeds Survival Trust has characterised the Loaghtan as "at risk". By the 1950s there were only 43 surviving specimens. Manx National Heritage developed two healthy flocks. These have given rise to commercial flocks on the Isle of Man, United Kingdom and Jersey. Even so, today there are still fewer than 1,500 registered breeding females.

Appearance
The Manx Loaghtan is a small sheep, with no wool on their dark brown faces and legs. The sheep have short tails and are fine-boned. In the past century the sheep's colour has stabilised as "moorit", that is shades between fawn and dark reddish brown, though the colour bleaches in the sun. Manx Loaghtan usually have four horns, but individuals are also found with two or six horns. The horns are generally small on the ewes but larger and stronger on the males. An adult female weighs about 40 kg, and an adult male weighs around 60 kg.

Meat
The Loaghtan is farmed for its meat on the Isle of Man, with only two principal farms on the island producing it. There are now many holdings on the UK mainland that also breed Loaghtans, including some farms with over 100 ewes: for example the Fowlescombe Flock in Devon. This gourmet meat is highly prized, often being sold as hogget or mutton from well-finished animals. A 15-month-old will yield a carcass of 18 kg of lean meat. There is a large flock of the sheep on the Calf of Man, and access to the Isle of Man was closed to protect them during the 2001 UK Foot and Mouth Disease epidemic. The disease did not reach the island itself, nor the Calf, which continued exports of the meat to the continent of Europe.

The breed is listed in the Ark of Taste, an international catalogue of endangered heritage foods that the global Slow Food movement maintains.

Wool
Craft spinners and weavers like the wool for its softness and rich brown colour. The crafters use the undyed material to produce woollens and tweeds.

The Loaghtan's wool has a high coating of lanolin wax, also known as wool wax or wool grease. Warm weather makes the lanolin viscous, which aids shearing. Some speciality soap producers also use the lanolin as an ingredient in a mild soap.

Jersey
The Loaghtan is believed to be the closest surviving relative of the now extinct Jersey sheep. Already in medieval times, Jersey was famous for its woolens. Consequently, the name of the island became a generic term for the jersey, an item of knitted clothing, worn as a pullover.

In 2008 the National Trust for Jersey began a programme of introducing Loaghtans into Jersey for coastal grazing, a traditional method of vegetation control in the north of Jersey. In 2014, two shepherds cared for a flock that had grown from 20 to 231 animals. The wool from Jersey's flock of Loaghtans is sold locally.

Ecology
There appears to be a link between the presence of Loaghtan sheep and the ability of the chough to thrive. Studies on Ramsey Island, Bardsey Island, and the Isle of Man have found that as the number of grazing sheep fell, so did the number of breeding choughs; when sheep grazing increased, so did the number of breeding choughs. This appears to be happening on Jersey as well.

As the Loaghtans graze, they crop and trample the grass. This enables the birds to reach surface-active and soil insects. Also, the dung the sheep leave draws beetles and fly larvae. These insects in turn are a resource for the birds when the ground is hard or other insects are scarce.

title: Manx Loaghtan