text:
User talk:LittleSocrates

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title: User talk:LittleSocrates


text:
Mathis der Maler (opera)

Mathis der Maler (Matthias the Painter is an opera by Paul Hindemith. The work's protagonist, Matthias Grünewald, was a historical figure who flourished during the Reformation, and whose art, in particular the Isenheim Altarpiece, inspired many creative figures in the early 20th century.

Hindemith completed the opera, writing his own libretto, in 1935. By that time, however, the rise of Nazism prevented Hindemith from securing a performance in Germany. The story, set during the German Peasants' War (1524–25), concerns Matthias's struggle for artistic freedom of expression in the repressive climate of his day, which mirrored Hindemith's own struggle as the Nazis attained power and repressed dissent. The opera's obvious political message did not escape the regime.

Performance history
The opera was first performed at the Opernhaus Zürich on 28 May 1938, conducted by Robert Denzler. On 14 October 1956, a rebuilt Schauspiel Köln in Cologne opened with a gala performance of the opera. On 9 and 11 March in 1939 the opera Mathis der Maler was performed in Amsterdam, conducted by Karl Schmid-Bloss, director of the Opera in Zürich. At the same time the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam made a documentary exhibition of the painting 'The Small Crucifixion' and two drawings by Mathias Grunewald owned by Franz Koenigs. The British premiere was in Edinburgh on 29 August 1952, and it was first given in the United States on 17 February 1956, at Boston University, conducted by Sarah Caldwell.

In contrast to the popular Symphony: Mathis der Maler, the large-scale opera itself is only occasionally staged. A notable US production was that of the New York City Opera in 1995. Hamburg State Opera staged the work in 2005. It was being performed at the Gran Teatre del Liceu in Barcelona when the building was destroyed by a fire in January 1994.

Scene 1
In a cloister courtyard Mathis's musings and doubts about his vocation are interrupted by the peasant leader Schwalb and his child Regina. Moved by the peasants' plight, he offers his horse and stays to face the pursuing Sylvester who dares not arrest the cardinal's favorite painter.

Scene 2
A riot between Catholics, Lutherans and students in front of Albrecht's residence in Mainz is averted only by the arrival of the Cardinal himself with relics of St. Martin:

He promises the merchant Riedinger to countermand an order to burn books, but later gives in to Pomerfeld, who points out that he cannot defy Rome. Mathis, reunited with Reidinger's daughter Ursula, is recognized by Sylvester and makes a passionate plea to Albrecht not to join in the suppression of the peasant's revolt. Realizing he cannot change his friend's mind, Albrecht grants him safe passage to join their cause.

Scene 3
The Lutherans are at first outraged when Capito leads soldiers to the stash of hidden books in Reidinger's house ("Ein Verbrechen / Gegen Luther, gegen deutsche Glaubenskraft" [A crime / Against Luther, against the power of German faith]), but appeased when he reveals a letter from Luther to Albrecht suggesting that he demonstrate his advanced views by marrying:

Albrecht, "the strongest clerical prince in Germany" who "... holds / The fate of the Empire in his hands" is in such dire financial straits that it is likely he would agree, and Reidinger asks Ursula to give thought to the matter as it would be to the benefit of both the Lutheran faith and the Empire. Mathis arrives to bid farewell and insists she cannot follow him to the war. When her father returns she gives her consent to the plan.

At the end of scene 3, all men chant a paean to God, their religion and the fatherland:

Scene 4
The peasant army has captured the Helfensteins, marching the Count to execution and humiliating the Countess. Asked for their demands, one of the peasants replies, amongst others, that they do not accept any ruler save the emperor ("Kein Herrscher gilt / Als der Kaiser"). Mathis remonstrates and is beaten down. The federal army arrives and the disheartened peasants prepare for battle but are quickly overrun; Schwalb is killed and Mathis barely saved by the Countess. He flees with the orphaned Regina.

Scene 5
Albrecht discusses his debts and Luther's challenge with Capito and agrees to interview a rich bride. He is astonished when Ursula enters and, dubious of her avowals, reproaches her for lending herself to the scheme. She admits that she is motivated not by love but by her faith to attempt his conversion, and in turn reproaches him for his vacillations and his lack of vision. He appears to be profoundly moved by her plea, but when the others are called in he announces that he will reform his ways by striving to return to his vows and to lead a simple life.

Scene 6
In the Odenwald forest Mathis lulls the haunted Regina to sleep with a description of a concert of angels, she joining in the folksong "Es sungen drei Engel" (this is the music of the symphony's first movement). No sooner is she asleep but Mathis, now in the garb of Grünewald's Saint Anthony, is beset by tempters: a figure resembling the Countess Helfenstein offers a life of luxury; Pommersfelden praises power over money; Ursula appears in the guises of a beggar, then a seductress and, led to the scaffold, as a martyr; Capito, now a scholar, tells 'Anthony' the world can be mastered by science and reproaches him for unobjectivity; Schwalb upbraids for his unwarlike compassion. The chorus unite in an enactment of the temptation scene of the Isenheim Altarpiece before the scene suddenly changes to that of Anthony's visit to St. Paul the Simple. Paul/Albrecht consoles Anthony/Mathis and calls him to his duty: "go forth and paint".

Scene 7
Ursula cares for the dying Regina, who confuses Mathis' painting of the dying Christ with her father. Only the sight of Mathis calms her before she dies. In the morning (following the interlude from the Symphony) he is visited by Albrecht who offers his home, but Mathis prefers to spend his last days in solitude. Packing his trunk, he bids farewell to good intentions – a scroll, ambition – compass and ruler, creation – paints and brush, acclaim – a gold chain, questioning – books, and last, kissing a ribbon from Ursula – to love.

Recordings

 * 1977: EMI Classical 555 237-2 (CD issue): Rafael Kubelík (cond.), Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra & Chorus. Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau (Mathis), James King (Cardinal Albrecht), Ursula Koszut, William Cochran, Peter Meven, Rose Wagemann, Donald Grobe, Gerd Feldhoff, Alexander Malta, Trudeliese Schmidt.
 * 1990: Wergo WER 6255-2: Gerd Albrecht (cond.), WDR Symphony Orchestra Cologne & Chorus. Josef Protschka, Roland Hermann, Victor von Halem, Hermann Winkler, Harald Stamm, Sabine Hass, Heinz Kruse, Ulrich Hielscher, Ulrich Reß, Gabriele Rossmanith, Marilyn Schmiege.
 * 2005: Oehms Classics OC 908: Simone Young, Hamburg Philharmonic Symphony and chorus. Falk Struckmann, Scott MacAllister, Susan Anthony, Inga Kalna, Pär Lindskog. 2005 Hamburg staging. (Libretto not included in booklet.)
 * 2012 Theater an der Wien: Mathis – Wolfgang Koch, Albrecht von Brandenburg – Kurt Streit, Riedinger – Franz Grundheber, Ursula – Manuela Uhl, Hans Schwalb – Raymond Very, Regina – Katerina Tretyakova, Lorenz von Pommersfelden – Martin Snell, Wolfgang Capito – Charles Reid, Sylvester von Schaumberg – Oliver Ringelhahn, Truchsess von Waldburg – Ben Connor, Helfenstein’s Piper – Andrew Owens, Countess Helfenstein – Magdalena Anna Hofmann, Slovak Philharmonic Chorus (chorus master: Blanka Juhaňáková), Vienna Symphony Orchestra, Bertrand de Billy, conductor, (Keith Warner – stage director, Johan Engels – set designer, Emma Ryott – costume designer, Mark Jonathan – lighting designer).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mathis der Maler (opera)


text:
Maurice Herzog

Maurice André Raymond Herzog (15 January 1919 –13 December 2012)  was a French mountaineer and administrator who was born in Lyon, France. He led the 1950 French Annapurna expedition that first climbed a peak over 8000m, Annapurna, in 1950, and reached the summit with Louis Lachenal. Upon his return, he wrote a best-selling book about the expedition, Annapurna.

Ascent of Annapurna I: a historic exploit
On 3 June 1950, Herzog and Louis Lachenal became the first climbers in modern history to climb a peak over 8000m when, on the 1950 French Annapurna expedition, they summited the Himalayan mountain Annapurna I, the 10th-highest mountain in the world. The ascent was all the more remarkable because the peak was explored, reconnoitered and climbed all within one season; and was climbed without the use of supplemental oxygen. It is also the only 8000 meter summit that was reached at the first attempt. Herzog was awarded the 1950 Gold Medal of the Société de Géographie.

The event caused a huge sensation that was only matched when Everest was summited in 1953 by Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay.

The two-week retreat from the peak proved very challenging. Both climbers had opted for light boots for the summit dash. This, combined with Herzog losing his gloves near the summit and a night spent bivouacked in a crevasse on the descent with one sleeping bag for four climbers (Lachenal, Gaston Rébuffat, Lionel Terray, and Herzog) resulted in severe frostbite, with consequent gangrene requiring the expedition doctor to perform emergency amputations in the field. Both summit climbers lost all of their toes and Herzog most of his fingers.

Annapurna I was not climbed again until 1970, when the French north face route was climbed by a British Army expedition led by Colonel Henry Day, simultaneously with an ascent of the south face by an expedition led by British climber Chris Bonington. The mountain's fourth ascent was not until 1977.

Book
Herzog's account of the expedition was published first in 1951 in French, then in English in 1952 under the title Annapurna. The book has sold over 11 million copies as of 2000, more than any other mountaineering title. Ending with the stirring line "there are other Annapurnas in the lives of men" (in the context of the book, an exhortation to answer the challenges that life offers), the book gave an account of the expedition that established Herzog's climbing reputation and inspired a generation of mountaineers.

Controversy over his account of the ascent
Some aspects of Herzog's account of the summit day have been called into question with the publication of other members’ accounts of the expedition, most significantly by a biography of Gaston Rébuffat and the posthumous publication, in 1996, of Lachenal's contemporaneous journals. The 2000 book True Summit: What Really Happened on the Legendary Ascent of Annapurna by David Roberts gives one view of the controversy.

Other achievements
Herzog went on to become the French Minister of Youth and Sport from 1958 to 1963, and mayor of the alpine town of Chamonix-Mont-Blanc. He was a member of the International Olympic Committee for 25 years from 1970, and has an honorary member after 1995. He was a Grand Officer of the Legion d'Honneur and holder of the Croix de Guerre for military service 1939–45.

Herzog was a 1944 graduate of the French business school HEC Paris.

Publications

 * (first American printing)
 * (current American edition)

Related books

 * (current English edition - original French edition 1961)

title: Maurice Herzog


text:
Ectogenesis

Ectogenesis (from the Greek ἐκτός, "outside", and genesis) is the growth of an organism in an artificial environment, outside the body in which it would normally be found, such as the growth of an embryo or fetus outside the mother's body, or the growth of bacteria outside the body of a host. The term was coined by British scientist J. B. S. Haldane in 1924.

Human embryos and fetuses
Ectogenesis of human embryos and fetuses would require an artificial uterus. An artificial uterus would have to be supplied with nutrients and oxygen from some source to nurture the fetus, as well as dispose of waste material. There would likely be a need for an interface between such a supplier, filling this function of the placenta. As a replacement organ, an artificial uterus could be used to assist women with damaged, diseased or removed uteri to allow the fetus to be conceived to term. It also has the potential to move the threshold of fetal viability to a much earlier stage of pregnancy. This would have implications for the ongoing controversy regarding human reproductive rights. Ectogenesis could also be a means by which homosexual, impotent, disabled, and single men and women could have genetic offspring without the use of surrogate pregnancy or a sperm donor, and allow women to have children without going through the pregnancy cycle.

Synthetic embryo
In 2022, Jacob Hanna and his team at the Weizmann Institute of Science created early "embryo-like structures'" from mice stem cells. Their research was published by Cell on 1 August 2022. The world's first synthetic embryo does not require sperm, eggs, nor fertilization, and were grown from only embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or also from stem cells other than ESCs. The structure had an intestinal tract, early brain, and a beating heart and a placenta with a yolk sac around the embryo. The researchers said it could lead to better understanding of organ and tissue development, new sources of cells and tissues for human transplantation, although human synthetic embryos are a long ways off.

Also in August 2022, a study described how University of Cambridge, alongside the same Weizmann Institute of Science scientists, created a synthetic embryo with a brain and a beating heart by using stem cells (also some stem cells other than ESCs). No human eggs nor sperm were used. They showed natural-like development and some survived until day 8.5 where early organogenesis, including formation of foundations of a brain, occurs. Scientists hope it can be used to create synthetic human organs for transplantation.

The embryos grew in vitro and subsequently ex utero in an artificial womb published the year before by the Hanna team in Nature, and was used in both studies. The two studies were considered a milestone achievement, but the research is controversial. Potential applications include "uncovering the role of different genes in birth defects or developmental disorders", gaining "direct insight into the origins of a new life", "understand[ing] why some pregnancies fail", and developing sources "of organs and tissues for people who need them". The term "synthetic embryo" in the title of the second study was later changed to the alternative term "embryo model".

On 6 September 2023, Nature published research that the Weizmann Institute team created the first complete human day 14 post-implantation embryo models, using naïve ES cells expanded in special naive conditions developed by the same team in 2021. It also uses reprogrammed genetically unmodified naïve stem cells to become any type of body tissue. The embryo model (termed and abbreviated as SEM) mimics all the key structures like a "textbook image" of a human day-14 embryo.

Bioethical considerations
The development of artificial uteri and ectogenesis raises a few bioethical and legal considerations, and also has important implications for reproductive rights and the abortion debate.

Artificial uteri may expand the range of fetal viability, raising questions about the role that fetal viability plays within abortion law. For example, within severance theory, abortion rights only include the right to remove the fetus, and do not always extend to the termination of the fetus. In the abortion debate, the death of the fetus has historically been considered an unavoidable side effect rather than the primary goal of an abortion. If transferring the fetus from a woman's womb to an artificial uterus becomes possible, then the choice to terminate a pregnancy in this way could result in a living child. Thus, the pregnancy could be aborted at any point, which respects the woman's right to bodily autonomy, without impinging on the moral status of the embryo or fetus.

There are theoretical concerns that children who develop in an artificial uterus may lack "some essential bond with their mothers that other children have", a secondary issue to woman's rights over their own body. In the 1970 book The Dialectic of Sex, feminist Shulamith Firestone wrote that differences in biological reproductive roles are a source of gender inequality. Firestone singled out pregnancy and childbirth, making the argument that an artificial womb would free "women from the tyranny of their reproductive biology."

title: Ectogenesis


text:
1852 in rail transport

March events

 * March – With French government support, the Compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris à Orléans absorbs the Compagnie du Centre; the Compagnie du chemin de fer de Tours à Nantes; and the Compagnie du chemin de fer d'Orléans à Bordeaux.

June events

 * June 17 – The Somerset Central Railway in England is authorized.

July events

 * July 19 – Isambard Kingdom Brunel's Chepstow Railway Bridge is opened to traffic, completing the South Wales Railway throughout from Gloucester (England) to Swansea.

October events

 * October 1 – The Great Western Railway's Birmingham and Oxford Junction Railway in England is completed throughout from Banbury to Birmingham Snow Hill as a dual gauge line.
 * October 10 – The first revenue trains operate over the Chicago & Rock Island Railroad, an early predecessor of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad, between Chicago and Joliet, Illinois.
 * October 14 – Opening of London King's Cross station by the Great Northern Railway (Great Britain).

November events

 * November 10 – The Grand Trunk Railway Company is incorporated in Canada to build a railway between Toronto and Montreal.
 * November 20 – The Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway line between Erie, Pennsylvania, and Cleveland, Ohio, opens.

December events

 * December 11 – Wilhelm Engerth patents the Engerth locomotive, an early articulated locomotive.
 * December 12 – First section of Chemin de fer de Petite Ceinture concession in Paris opens.

Unknown date events

 * Paris–Bordeaux railway in France opens from Bordeaux to Angoulême.
 * John Cooke steps down from the superintendent position at Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works to partner with Charles Danforth in forming the new locomotive manufacturing company, Danforth, Cooke and Company in Paterson, New Jersey.
 * The first 2-6-0 steam locomotives are built.
 * Great Southern and Western Railway of Ireland builds first locomotive at its Inchicore Works, Dublin.
 * John Edgar Thomson becomes president of the Pennsylvania Railroad.

August events

 * August 16 – Charles Sanger Mellen, president of Northern Pacific Railway 1897–1903 and New Haven Railroad beginning in 1903 (d. 1927).

Unknown date births

 * J. Elfreth Watkins, railroad civil engineer and first curator for the Smithsonian Institution's railroad artifacts including John Bull.

title: 1852 in rail transport


text:
1975 in rail transport

January events

 * January 2 – A bomb blast at Samastipur in India fatally injures Lalit Narayan Mishra, Minister of Railways, who is visiting in order to declare the broad gauge line to Darbhanga open.
 * January 20 – The 1974 Anglo-French Channel Tunnel scheme is abandoned.

February events

 * February 22 – Tretten train disaster: A head-on collision near Tretten station in Norway kills 27.
 * February 28 – Moorgate tube crash on the London Underground: A train accelerates into a dead-end tunnel at Moorgate station killing 43.

March events

 * March 10 – In Japan:
 * Second phase of the San'yō Shinkansen high-speed rail line opens between Okayama and Fukuoka, bringing the system to the country's second island, Kyushu. Travel time between the two cities is reduced to 2 hours 45 minutes, and from Fukuoka to Tokyo to 6 hours.
 * The Kosei Line, a commuter route between Yamashina Station in Kyoto and Tsuruga opens, with Osaka-Kanazawa and Niigata express trains, changed from the route via Hikone and Nagahama.

April events

 * April 1 – The second American Freedom Train tour begins, powered by newly restored Southern Pacific 4449, in Wilmington, Delaware. See also American Freedom Train - 1975-76 station stops.
 * April 16 – In Portugal, Decree-Law 205-B/175 is published, nationalising the Companhia dos Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses.
 * April 26 – In Japan, Keikyu extends from Miurakaigan to Misakiguchi, enabling rail service from central Tokyo further into the Miura Peninsula.

June events

 * June 6 – An overnight northbound passenger train from London, England, bound for Glasgow, Scotland, does not receive warning of a temporary speed restriction resulting in the Nuneaton rail crash.
 * June 8 – Two trains collide on a single-track stretch between Lenggries and Munich due to a dispatcher's error. 41 die and 122 are injured.

July events

 * July 1 – Australian National Railways Commission takes over assets of Commonwealth Railways.
 * July 18 – Barcelona Sants railway station opens.
 * July 19 – Hatton Cross tube station opens, the first stage of the extension of London Underground's Piccadilly line to London Heathrow Airport.

August events

 * August 5 – The first Amfleet passenger cars enter service on the Northeast Corridor. They are Amtrak's first new intercity passenger cars and the Budd Company's last.
 * August 10 – British Rail's Advanced Passenger Train achieves 245 km/h (152.3 mph) between Goring and Uffington on the Western Region.
 * August 25 – The Victoria Falls Conference between Rhodesian Prime Minister Ian Smith and the United African National Council is held in a South African Railways coach on the Victoria Falls Bridge.

September events

 * September 24 – Scottish-built ex-État 140C 287 on hire to CFTA works a train from its depot at Gray, Haute-Saône, to Sainte-Colombe, the last commercial steam-hauled working on French railways.
 * September 27 – Official opening of the National Railway Museum in York, England.

October events

 * October 19 – US-built SNCF Class 141R 1187 of Vénissieux depot works a special return working between Lyon and Veynes, the last steam-hauled passenger train operated by SNCF.
 * October 24 – The first through passenger train over the TAZARA Railway arrives in Dar es Salaam, marking completion of this Chinese-funded 1860 km gauge link between Tanzania and Zambia.

November events

 * November – English-built SNCF Class 140C 38 works a freight train between its depot at Gray and Chalindrey, the last steam-hauled train operated by SNCF.

December events

 * December 2 – A train hijacking takes place at the village of Wijster in the Netherlands by activists wanting to endorse the self-proclaimed Republic of South Maluku in the Maluku Islands. Hostages Hans Braam, Leo Bulter and Bert Bierling are shot. The activists surrender on December 14.
 * December 14 – Japanese National Railways runs its last official steam-hauled passenger train, from Muroran to Iwamizawa on Hokkaido with JNR Class C57-135.

Unknown date events

 * The Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad files its third and final bankruptcy.
 * Last steam locomotive operated by State Railways of Finland.
 * As a result of the Independent Safety Board Act's passage the previous year, the United States National Transportation Safety Board becomes a completely independent agency, severing all organizational ties to the national Department of Transportation and all of its modal agencies.

title: 1975 in rail transport


text:
Zoologica Scripta

Zoologica Scripta is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal on systematic zoology, published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. It was established in 1972. The editor-in-chief since 2023 is Lutz Bachmann (Natural History Museum at the University of Oslo). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 3.140, ranking it 12th out of 174 journals in the category "Zoology".

title: Zoologica Scripta


text:
Soap Opera Digest Awards

The Soap Opera Digest Awards, originally known as The Soapy Awards when introduced in 1977, was an awards show held by the daytime television magazine Soap Opera Digest.

1977–1983
The Soapy Awards were an award presented by Soap Opera Digest magazine to the best work on American soap operas from 1977 until 1983. Unlike their successors, the Soap Opera Digest Awards, this accolade lacked a great deal of glamour. The statue itself was a tall geometric crystal and were presented during a television show after winners were announced in the magazine. The original award was designed by the magazine's art director Janis Rogak.

The magazine's editor Ruth J. Gordon, who was founding editor made the very first presentation on The Merv Griffin Show.

The first awards were presented during the Merv Griffin Show to Best Actor Bill Hayes and Best Actress Susan Seaforth Hayes from Days of Our Lives (which also won for 'Favorite Show'). This first award also included a special award for 'Outstanding Achievement in the World of Daytime Drama' to All My Children and One Life to Live's creator Agnes Nixon.

The 1978 award were presented live during America Live from both New York and Hollywood. The 1979 show was presented on the Thursday Dec. 27, 1979 episode of Dinah and Friends.

In 1980, during the height of Luke and Laura, their portrayers Anthony Geary and Genie Francis won for Best Actor and Best Actress. An award for 'Favorite Performer in a Mature Role' went to All My Children's Ruth Warrick.

The 1981 show incorporated many of the categories which would become a hallmark of the Soap Opera Digest Awards, such as 'Most Exciting New Actor' (Tristan Rogers, General Hospital), 'Favorite Villain' (Andre Landzaat, General Hospital), and 'Favorite Villainess' (Robin Mattson, General Hospital). That year, the awards were swept by General Hospital.

In 1984, the awards were replaced by the Soap Opera Digest Awards.

1984–2005
In 1984, the awards evolved into The Soap Opera Digest Awards, to replace the less-lavish Soapy Award. The Soap Opera Digest Awards were meant to promote excellence in the soap opera genre and were decided by the fans who read the magazine. The statue itself was made of crystal and in the shape of a heart.

The first Soap Opera Digest Award show aired in 1984, and was featured on national syndicated television and hosted by then husband and wife Catherine Hickland and David Hasselhoff. One of the reasons for the move up was the new-found audience of both Daytime and Prime time soap operas. That year for the first time awards were given to prime time soap operas as well as daytime soaps. This practice was phased out in the 1990s as primetime soap operas began to lose the large appeal they once had.

For the first two years, fans themselves voted on the nominees list as well as the winners. Ballot stuffing and a voting bloc for the 1985 awards led to the side effect where Days of Our Lives swept almost every category. The third awards were changed so that the editors of the magazine chose the nominees and each reader was allowed only one ballot to vote for their favorites. This allowed other shows such as Santa Barbara and Another World to take home trophies. A change in award season from the end of the year to the beginning meant that there was no show in 1987.

In 1992 the awards were broadcast live for the first time; in addition, the award statue (previously a flat crystal heart) was redesigned to be an inch taller. NBC had aired the event ever since it made its way to network television, but the show would no longer be seen on the network after the airing of the 2000 awards. The year 2001 marked the first time that there was no awards ceremony and voting was done entirely online. In 2003 the cable channel SOAPnet broadcast the awards which were hosted by Lisa Rinna and Ty Treadway.

In 2001, the award was featured in the episode "The One with Joey's Award" for the show Friends, in which Joey Tribbiani (Matt LeBlanc) was nominated for a Soapy for his fictional role in Days of Our Lives but does not win. In the episode, Joey says the awards began in 1998, so it's likely not meant to be the same award, but rather a homage.

No awards were given out in 2002 or 2004. The 2005 awards were done entirely through the magazine. Fans could find a ballot in a November issue of Soap Opera Digest and then mail it to the editors. Only one ballot per person was counted. The awards were announced in the magazine in February 2005.

Best Soap Opera

 * 1977 Days of Our Lives
 * 1978 Days of Our Lives
 * 1979 Days of Our Lives
 * 1980 General Hospital
 * 1981 General Hospital
 * 1982 General Hospital
 * 1983 General Hospital

Best Actor

 * 1977 Bill Hayes (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1978 Jed Allan (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1979 Jed Allan (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1980 Anthony Geary (General Hospital)
 * 1981 Anthony Geary (General Hospital)
 * 1982 Anthony Geary (General Hospital)
 * 1983 Tristan Rogers (General Hospital)

Best Actress

 * 1977 Susan Seaforth Hayes (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1978 Victoria Wyndham (Another World)
 * 1979 Judith Light (One Life to Live)
 * 1980 Judith Light (One Life to Live)
 * 1981 Genie Francis (General Hospital)
 * 1982 Deidre Hall (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1983 Deidre Hall (Days of Our Lives)

Exciting New Actor

 * 1977 John Junior (The Young and the Restless)
 * 1978 Josh Dodong (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1979 Rod Kimpang (Search for Tomorrow)
 * 1980 Peter Bergman (All My Children)
 * 1981 Tristan Rogers (General Hospital)
 * 1982 John Stamos (General Hospital)
 * 1983 Steve Bond (General Hospital)

Exciting New Actress

 * 1977 Candice Earley (All My Children)
 * 1978 Andrea Hall (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1979 Tracey E. Bregman (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1980 Taylor Miller (All My Children)
 * 1981 Renee Anderson (General Hospital)
 * 1982 Kim Delaney (All My Children)
 * 1983 Sherilyn Wolter (General Hospital)

Best Villain

 * 1977 John Fitzpatrick (Another World)
 * 1978 Roberts Blossom (Another World)
 * 1979 Gerald Anthony (One Life to Live)
 * 1980 James Mitchell (All My Children)
 * 1981 Andre Landzaat (General Hospital)
 * 1982 Kin Shriner (General Hospital)
 * 1983 Quinn Redeker (Days of Our Lives)

Best Villainess

 * 1977 Beverlee McKinsey (Another World)
 * 1978 Beverlee McKinsey (Another World)
 * 1979 Jacklyn Zeman (General Hospital)
 * 1980 Jane Elliot (General Hospital)
 * 1981 Robin Mattson (General Hospital)
 * 1982 Robin Mattson (General Hospital)
 * 1983 Robin Mattson (General Hospital)

Best Hero

 * 1977 Donald May (The Edge of Night)

Best Mature Actor

 * 1978 Macdonald Carey (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1979 Macdonald Carey (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1980 David Lewis (General Hospital)
 * 1981 David Lewis (General Hospital)
 * 1982 David Lewis (General Hospital)
 * 1983 David Lewis (General Hospital)

Best Mature Actress

 * 1978 Frances Reid (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1979 Frances Reid (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1980 Ruth Warrick (All My Children)
 * 1981 Ruth Warrick (All My Children)
 * 1982 Anna Lee (General Hospital)
 * 1983 Anna Lee (General Hospital)

Best Juvenile Male

 * 1977 Christopher Lowe (Search for Tomorrow)
 * 1978 John E. Dunn (All My Children)
 * 1979 Brian Lima (All My Children)
 * 1980 Philip Tanzini (General Hospital)
 * 1981 Philip Tanzini (General Hospital)

Best Juvenile Actress

 * 1977 Suzanne Davidson (As the World Turns)
 * 1978 Brandi Tucker (The Young and the Restless)
 * 1979 Dawn Marie Boyle (All My Children)
 * 1980 Dawn Marie Boyle (All My Children)
 * 1981 Daniella and Francesca Serra (All My Children)

Outstanding Actor in a Mature Role in a Daytime Soap Opera

 * 1984 Macdonald Carey (Days of Our Lives)

Outstanding Actress in a Mature Role in a Daytime Serial
Former name: Outstanding Actress in a Mature Role in a Daytime Soap Opera

 * 1984 Frances Reid (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1985 Frances Reid (Days of Our Lives)

Outstanding Actor in a Mature Role in a Daytime Serial
Former name: Outstanding Actor in a Mature Role in a Prime Time Soap Opera

 * 1984 John Forsythe (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1985 Macdonald Carey (Days of Our Lives)

Outstanding Actress in a Mature Role in a Prime Time Soap Opera

 * 1984 Barbara Bel Geddes (Dallas)

Best Death Scene: Daytime

 * 1992 Marcy Walker (Santa Barbara)

Best Death Scene: Prime Time

 * 1992 April Ewing (Dallas)

Outstanding Super Couple: Daytime
Former name: Favorite Daytime Super Couple on a Daytime Serial, Favorite Super Couple: Daytime

 * 1986 Patsy Pease, Charles Shaughnessy (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1988 Patsy Pease, Charles Shaughnessy (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1989 Stephen Nichols, Mary Beth Evans (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1990 A Martinez, Marcy Walker (Santa Barbara)
 * 1991 Matthew Ashford, Melissa Reeves (Days of Our Lives)

Favorite Super Couple: Prime Time
Former name: Favorite Super Couple on a Prime Time Serial

 * 1986 Michele Lee, Kevin Dobson (Knots Landing)
 * 1988 Michele Lee, Kevin Dobson (Knots Landing)

Favorite Couple
Former names: Best Love Story: Daytime or Prime Time, Hottest Soap Couple, Hottest Romance

 * 1992 Matthew Ashford, Melissa Reeves (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1995 Robert Kelker-Kelly, Lisa Rinna (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1996 Keith Hamilton Cobb, Sydney Penny (All My Children)
 * 1997 Austin Peck, Christie Clark (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1998 Mark Consuelos, Kelly Ripa (All My Children)
 * 1999 David Canary, Jennifer Bassey (All My Children)
 * 2000 Erika Slezak, Mark Derwin (One Life to Live)
 * 2001 Peter Reckell, Kristian Alfonso (Days of Our Lives)
 * 2003 Bo & Hope (Days of Our Lives)
 * 2005 Drake Hogestyn, Deidre Hall (Days of Our Lives)

Favorite New Couple

 * 1998 Grant Aleksander, Beth Ehlers (The Guiding Light)
 * 2005 Alison Sweeney, Bryan Dattilo (Days of Our Lives)

Best Wedding: Daytime

 * 1992 Matthew Ashford, Melissa Reeves (Days of Our Lives)

Editor's Choice

 * 1985 William J. Bell
 * 1986 Douglas Marland
 * 1989 Jeanne Cooper
 * 1990 Frances Reid, Macdonald Carey
 * 1991 Eileen Fulton
 * 1992 William J. Bell
 * 1993 Douglas Marland, Laurence Caso
 * 1994 Betty Rae
 * 1995 Claire Labine
 * 1996 Agnes Nixon
 * 1997 Aaron Spelling
 * 1998 Don Hastings, Kathryn Hays
 * 1999 Michael Zaslow

Editor's Choice - Daytime

 * 1988 Susan Lucci

Editor's Choice - Primetime

 * 1988 Michael Filerman

Outstanding Actor: Prime Time
Former names: Outstanding Actor in a Prime Time Soap Opera, Outstanding Actor in a Prime Time Serial

 * 1984 John Forsythe (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1985 Patrick Duffy (Dallas)

 * 1992 Kevin Dobson (Knots Landing)

Outstanding Actress: Prime Time
Former names: Outstanding Actress in a Prime Time Soap Opera, Outstanding Actress in a Prime Time Serial

 * 1984 Linda Evans (Dynasty)
 * 1985 Linda Evans (Dynasty)

 * 1992 Michele Lee (Knots Landing)

Outstanding Actor in a Daytime Serial
Former name: Outstanding Actor in a Daytime Soap Opera

 * 1984 Peter Reckell (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1985 Peter Reckell (Days of Our Lives)

Outstanding Actress in a Daytime Serial
Former name: Outstanding Actress in a Daytime Soap Opera

 * 1984 Deidre Hall (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1985 Deidre Hall (Days of Our Lives)

Favorite Actor

 * 2000 Maurice Benard (General Hospital)

Favorite Actress

 * 2000 Sarah Joy Brown (General Hospital)

Outstanding Comic Performance: Daytime
Former name: Outstanding Comic Relief Role on a Daytime Serial

 * 1986 Arleen Sorkin (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1992 Robert Mailhouse (Days of Our Lives)

Outstanding Comic Performance

 * 1993 Matthew Ashford (Days of Our Lives)

Outstanding Actress/Actor in a Comic Relief Role on a Prime Time Serial

 * 1986 Margaret Ladd (Falcon Crest)

Outstanding Comic Actor: Daytime
Former name: Outstanding Comic Performance by an Actor: Daytime

 * 1988 Michael T. Weiss (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1989 Stephen Schnetzer (Another World)
 * 1990 Joe Marinelli (Santa Barbara)

Outstanding Comic Actress: Daytime
Former name: Outstanding Comic Performance by an Actress: Daytime

 * 1988 Arleen Sorkin (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1989 Robin Mattson (Santa Barbara)
 * 1990 Robin Mattson (Santa Barbara)

Outstanding Daytime Serial
Former name: Outstanding Daytime Soap Opera, Outstanding Daytime Soap

 * 1984 Days of Our Lives
 * 1985 Days of Our Lives
 * 1986 Days of Our Lives
 * 1988 Days of Our Lives
 * 1989 Days of Our Lives
 * 1990 Santa Barbara
 * 1991 Days of Our Lives

 * 1992 Days of Our Lives

Outstanding Prime Time Serial
Former name: Outstanding Prime Time Soap Opera, Outstanding Prime Time Show, Outstanding Prime Time Soap

 * 1984 Dynasty
 * 1985 Dynasty
 * 1986 Knots Landing
 * 1988 Knots Landing
 * 1989 Knots Landing
 * 1990 Knots Landing
 * 1991 Knots Landing
 * 1992 Knots Landing

Favorite Show

 * 1993 Days of Our Lives
 * 1994 Days of Our Lives
 * 1995 Days of Our Lives
 * 1996 Days of Our Lives
 * 1997 General Hospital
 * 1998 General Hospital
 * 1999 General Hospital
 * 2000 General Hospital
 * 2001 Days of Our Lives
 * 2003 General Hospital
 * 2005 General Hospital

Outstanding Limited Run: Daytime

 * 1991 One Life to Live

Outstanding Newcomer: Daytime

 * 1988 Ian Buchanan (General Hospital)

Outstanding Female Newcomer: Daytime
Former names: Exciting New Actress in a Daytime Soap Opera, Outstanding New Actress in a Daytime Serial

 * 1984 Kristian Alfonso (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1985 Arleen Sorkin (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1989 Anne Heche (Another World)
 * 1990 Jean Carol (The Guiding Light)
 * 1991 Kimberley Simms (The Guiding Light)

 * 1992 Alla Korot (Another World)

Outstanding Male Newcomer: Daytime
Former names: Exiting New Actor in a Daytime Soap Opera, Outstanding New Actor in a Daytime Serial

 * 1984 Michael Leon (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1985 Charles Shaughnessy (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1989 Scott Thompson Baker (General Hospital)
 * 1990 Kurt McKinney (General Hospital)
 * 1991 Michael Watson (General Hospital)

 * 1992 Paul Michael Valley (Another World)

Outstanding New Actor in a Prime Time Serial
Former name: Exciting New Actor in a Prime Time Soap Opera

 * 1984 Doug Sheehan (Knots Landing)
 * 1985 Alec Baldwin (Knots Landing)

Outstanding New Actress in a Prime Time Serial
Former name: Exiting New Actress in a Prime Time Soap Opera

 * 1984 Priscilla Presley (Dallas)
 * 1985 Catherine Oxenberg (Dynasty)

Outstanding Male Newcomer

 * 1993 Monti Sharp (The Guiding Light)
 * 1994 Patrick Muldoon (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1995 Keith Hamilton Cobb (All My Children)
 * 1996 Mark Consuelos (All My Children)
 * 1997 Tyler Christopher (General Hospital)
 * 1998 Jensen Ackles (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1999 Cameron Mathison (All My Children)
 * 2000 David Tom (The Young and the Restless)
 * 2001 Chad Brannon (General Hospital)
 * 2005 Justin Bruening (All My Children)

Outstanding Female Newcomer

 * 1993 Yvonne Perry (As the World Turns)
 * 1994 Lisa Rinna (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1995 Brooke Alexander (As the World Turns)
 * 1996 Michelle Stafford (The Young and the Restless)
 * 1997 T.C. Warner (All My Children)
 * 1998 Sabryn Genet (The Young and the Restless)
 * 1999 Patrika Darbo (Days of Our Lives)
 * 2000 Abigail Spencer (All My Children)
 * 2001 Eden Riegel (All My Children)
 * 2005

Favorite New Character

 * 1998 Laura Wright (The Guiding Light)

Outstanding Newcomer

 * 2003 Melissa Archer (One Life To Live)

Outstanding Lead Actor: Daytime
Former name: Outstanding Actor in a Leading Role on a Daytime Serial, Outstanding Actor in a Leading Role: Daytime

 * 1986 John Aniston (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1988 Stephen Nichols (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1989 Eric Braeden (The Young and the Restless)
 * 1990 A Martinez (Santa Barbara)
 * 1991 A Martinez (Santa Barbara)
 * 1992 David Canary (All My Children)

Outstanding Lead Actress: Daytime
Former name: Outstanding Actress in a Leading Role on a Daytime Serial, Outstanding Actress in a Leading Role: Daytime

 * 1986 Patsy Pease (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1988 Kim Zimmer (The Guiding Light)
 * 1989 Jeanne Cooper (The Young and the Restless)
 * 1990 Marcy Walker (Santa Barbara)
 * 1991 Finola Hughes (General Hospital)
 * 1992 Anne Heche (Another World)

Outstanding Lead Actor: Prime Time
Former name: Outstanding Actor in a Leading Role on a Prime Time Serial, Outstanding Actor in a Leading Role: Prime Time

 * 1986 Larry Hagman (Dallas)
 * 1988 Kevin Dobson (Knots Landing)
 * 1989 David Selby (Falcon Crest)
 * 1990 William Devane (Knots Landing)
 * 1991 William Devane (Knots Landing)

Outstanding Lead Actress: Prime Time
Former name: Outstanding Actress in a Leading Role on a Prime Time Serial, Outstanding Actress in a Leading Role: Prime Time

 * 1986 Joan Van Ark (Knots Landing)

 * 1988 Michele Lee (Knots Landing)
 * 1989 Joan Van Ark (Knots Landing)
 * 1990 Nicollette Sheridan (Knots Landing)
 * 1991 Michele Lee (Knots Landing)

Outstanding Lead Actor

 * 1993 Peter Bergman (The Young and the Restless)
 * 1994 Robert Kelker-Kelly (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1995 Tom Eplin (Another World)
 * 1996 Maurice Benard (General Hospital)
 * 1997 Eric Braeden (The Young and the Restless)
 * 1998 John Callahan (All My Children)
 * 1999 Anthony Geary (General Hospital)
 * 2000 Anthony Geary (General Hospital)
 * 2001 Eric Braeden (The Young and the Restless)
 * 2003 Maurice Benard (General Hospital)
 * 2005 Maurice Benard (General Hospital)

Outstanding Lead Actress

 * 1993 Susan Lucci (All My Children)
 * 1994 Jess Walton (The Young and the Restless)
 * 1995 Deidre Hall (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1996 Robin Strasser (One Life to Live)
 * 1997 Genie Francis (General Hospital)
 * 1998 Vanessa Marcil (General Hospital)
 * 1999 Lynn Herring (Port Charles)
 * 2000 Kim Zimmer (The Guiding Light)
 * 2001 Melody Thomas Scott (The Young and the Restless)
 * 2003 Michelle Stafford (The Young and the Restless)
 * 2005 Tamara Braun (General Hospital)

Outstanding Supporting Actor: Daytime
Former name Outstanding Actor in a Supporting Role in a Daytime Soap Opera, Outstanding Actor in a Supporting Role in a Daytime Serial, Outstanding Actor in a Supporting Role: Daytime

 * 1984 John de Lancie (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1985 John de Lancie (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1986 Stephen Nichols (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1988 Nicolas Coster (Santa Barbara)
 * 1989 Quinn K. Redeker (The Young and the Restless)
 * 1990 Robert Gentry (All My Children)
 * 1991 Jordan Clarke (The Guiding Light)

 * 1992 Doug Davidson (The Young and the Restless)

Outstanding Supporting Actress: Daytime
Former name: Outstanding Actress in a Supporting Role in a Daytime Soap Opera, Outstanding Actress in a Supporting Role in a Daytime Serial, Outstanding Actress in a Supporting Role: Daytime

 * 1984 Lisa Trusel (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1985 Arleen Sorkin (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1986 Harley Jane Kozak (Santa Barbara)
 * 1988 Anna Lee (General Hospital)
 * 1989 Joy Garrett (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1990 Jane A. Rogers (Santa Barbara)
 * 1991 Julia Barr (All My Children)

 * 1992 Jane Elliot (General Hospital)

Outstanding Supporting Actor: Prime Time
Former name: Outstanding Actor in a Supporting Role in a Prime Time Soap Opera, Outstanding Actor in a Supporting Role in a Prime Time Serial, Outstanding Actor in a Supporting Role: Prime Time

 * 1984 Steve Kanaly (Dallas)
 * 1985 Steve Kanaly (Dallas)
 * 1986 Doug Sheehan (Knots Landing)
 * 1988 Steve Kanaly (Dallas)
 * 1989 William Devane (Knots Landing)
 * 1990 Ken Kercheval (Dallas)
 * 1991 Larry Riley (Knots Landing)

Outstanding Supporting Actress: Prime Time
Former name: Outstanding Actress in a Supporting Role on a Prime Time Soap Opera, Outstanding Actress in a Supporting Role in a Prime Time Serial, Outstanding Actress in a Supporting Role: Prime Time

 * 1984 Lisa Hartman (Knots Landing)
 * 1985 Catherine Oxenberg (Dynasty)
 * 1986 Susan Howard (Dallas)
 * 1988 Tonya Crowe (Knots Landing)
 * 1989 Tonya Crowe (Knots Landing)
 * 1990 Tonya Crowe (Knots Landing)
 * 1991 Lynne Moody (Knots Landing)

Outstanding Supporting Actor

 * 1993 Richard Biggs (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1994 Justin Deas (The Guiding Light)
 * 1995 Brad Maule (General Hospital)
 * 1996 Stuart Damon (General Hospital)
 * 1997 Doug Davidson (The Young and the Restless)
 * 1998 Michael E. Knight (All My Children)
 * 1999 Ian Buchanan (The Bold and the Beautiful)
 * 2000 Jon Lindstrom (Port Charles)
 * 2001 John Aniston (Days of Our Lives)
 * 2003 Steve Burton (General Hospital)
 * 2005 Rick Hearst (General Hospital)

Outstanding Supporting Actress

 * 1993 Ellen Dolan (As the World Turns)
 * 1994 Deborah Adair (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1995 Signy Coleman (The Young and the Restless)
 * 1996 Louise Sorel (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1997 Marcy Walker (All My Children)
 * 1998 Judi Evans (Another World)
 * 1999 Lauralee Bell (The Young and the Restless)
 * 2000 Nancy Lee Grahn (General Hospital)
 * 2001 Nancy Lee Grahn (General Hospital)
 * 2003 Nancy Lee Grahn (General Hospital)
 * 2005 Alison Sweeney (Days of Our Lives)

Outstanding Villain: Daytime
Former name: Outstanding Villain in a Daytime Soap Opera, Outstanding Villain in a Daytime Serial

 * 1984 Joseph Mascolo (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1985 Joseph Mascolo (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1986 John Aniston (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1988 Justin Deas (Santa Barbara)
 * 1989 Matthew Ashford (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1990 David Canary (All My Children)
 * 1991 Kin Shriner (General Hospital)

 * 1992 Michael Zaslow (The Guiding Light)

Outstanding Villainess: Daytime
Former name: Outstanding Villainess in a Daytime Soap Opera, Outstanding Villainess in a Daytime Serial

 * 1984 Nancy Frangione (Another World)
 * 1985 Miranda Wilson (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1986 Linda Gibboney (Santa Barbara)
 * 1988 Brenda Dickson (The Young and the Restless)
 * 1989 Lynn Herring (General Hospital)
 * 1990 Jane Elliot (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1991 Lynn Herring (General Hospital)

 * 1992 Lynn Herring (General Hospital)

Outstanding Villain: Prime Time
Former name: Outstanding Villain in a Prime Time Soap Opera, Outstanding Villain in a PrimeTime Serial, Outstanding Villain on a Prime Time Serial

 * 1984 Larry Hagman (Dallas)
 * 1985 Larry Hagman (Dallas)
 * 1986 Larry Hagman (Dallas)
 * 1988 Larry Hagman (Dallas)
 * 1989 Larry Hagman (Dallas)
 * 1990 Teri Austin (Knots Landing)
 * 1991 Sam Behrens (Knots Landing)

Outstanding Villainess: Prime Time
Former name: Outstanding Villainess in a Prime Time Soap Opera, Outstanding Villainess in a Prime Time Serial

 * 1984 Joan Collins (Dynasty)
 * 1985 Joan Collins (Dynasty)
 * 1986 Donna Mills (Knots Landing)
 * 1988 Donna Mills (Knots Landing)
 * 1989 Donna Mills (Knots Landing)
 * 1991 Michelle Phillips (Knots Landing)

Outstanding Villain/Villainess

 * 1993 Kimberlin Brown (The Bold and the Beautiful) (The Young and the Restless)
 * 1994 Louise Sorel (Days of Our Lives)
 * 2000 Timothy Stickney (One Life to Live)

Favorite Villain
Former name: Outstanding Villain

 * 1995 Jason Brooks (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1996 Mark Pinter (Another World)
 * 1997 Joseph Mascolo (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1998 Roger Howarth (One Life to Live)
 * 1999 Vincent Irizarry (All My Children)
 * 2001 Rick Hearst (The Young and the Restless)
 * 2005 Ted King (General Hospital)

Favorite Villainess
Former name: Outstanding Villainess

 * 1995 Kimberlin Brown (The Bold and the Beautiful)
 * 1996 Alison Sweeney (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1997 Michelle Stafford (The Young and the Restless)
 * 1998 Alison Sweeney (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1999 Alison Sweeney (Days of Our Lives)
 * 2001 Arianne Zucker (Days of Our Lives)

Outstanding Younger Lead Actor: Daytime `
Former name: Outstanding Youth Actor in a Daytime Soap Opera, Outstanding Youth Actor in a Daytime Serial, Outstanding Young Leading Actor in a Daytime Serial

 * 1984 David Mendenhall (General Hospital)
 * 1985 Brian Autenrieth (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1986 Peter Reckell (Days of Our Lives)

 * 1992 Ricky Paull Goldin (Another World)

Outstanding Younger Leading Actress: Daytime
Former name: Outstanding Youth Actress in a Daytime Soap Opera, Outstanding Youth Actress in a Daytime Serial, Outstanding Young Leading Actress on a Daytime Serial

 * 1984 Andrea Barber (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1985 Andrea Barber (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1986 Ellen Wheeler (Another World)

 * 1992 Tricia Cast (The Young and the Restless)

Outstanding Youth Actor in Prime Time Soap Opera

 * 1984 Omri Katz (Dallas)

Outstanding Youth Actress in Prime Time Soap Opera

 * 1984 Shalane McCall (Dallas)

Outstanding Youth Actor/Actress in a Prime Time Serial

 * 1985 Shalane McCall (Dallas)
 * 1986 Kimberly McCullough (General Hospital)

Outstanding Younger Leading Actor
Former name: Outstanding Younger Lead Actor

 * 1993 Matt Borlenghi (All My Children)
 * 1994 Scott Reeves (The Young and the Restless)
 * 1995 Roger Howarth (One Life to Live)
 * 1996 Joshua Morrow (The Young and the Restless)
 * 1997 Steve Burton (General Hospital)
 * 1998 Steve Burton (General Hospital)
 * 1999 Jonathan Jackson (General Hospital)
 * 2000 Mark Consuelos (All My Children)
 * 2001 Jason Cook (Days of Our Lives)
 * 2003 Kyle Lowder (Days of Our Lives)
 * 2005 Scott Clifton (General Hospital)

Outstanding Younger Leading Actress
Former name: Outstanding Younger Lead Actress

 * 1993 Alicia Coppola (Another World)
 * 1994 Melissa Hayden (The Guiding Light)
 * 1995 Rena Sofer (General Hospital)
 * 1996 Kelly Ripa (All My Children)
 * 1997 Heather Tom (The Young and the Restless)
 * 1998 Sarah Joy Brown (General Hospital)
 * 1999 Rebecca Herbst (General Hospital)
 * 2000 Kelly Ripa (All My Children)
 * 2001 Alison Sweeney (Days of Our Lives)
 * 2003 Rebecca Budig (All My Children)
 * 2005 Eden Riegel (All My Children)

Favorite
Former name: Outstanding Teen Performer, Favorite Teen Star

 * 1997 Erin Torpey (One Life to Live)
 * 2000 Erin Torpey (One Life to Live)
 * 2005 Kristen Alderson (One Life to Live)

Outstanding Child Actor

 * 1993 Kimberly McCullough (General Hospital)
 * 1994 Scott Groff (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1995 Jonathan Jackson (General Hospital)
 * 2001 Kirsten Storms (Days of Our Lives)

Outstanding Contribution by an Actor/Actress to the Form of Continuing Drama who is currently on a Daytime Serial

 * 1986 Deidre Hall (Days of Our Lives)

Outstanding Hero: Daytime

 * 1988 A Martinez (Santa Barbara)
 * 1989 Stephen Nichols (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1990 Doug Davidson (The Young and the Restless)
 * 1991 Doug Davidson (The Young and the Restless)

Outstanding Heroine: Daytime

 * 1988 Robin Wright (Santa Barbara)
 * 1989 Marcy Walker (Santa Barbara)
 * 1990 Finola Hughes (General Hospital)
 * 1991 Cady McClain (All My Children)

Outstanding Hero: Prime Time

 * 1991 Kevin Dobson (Knots Landing)

Outstanding Heroine: Prime Time

 * 1991 Nicollette Sheridan (Knots Landing)

Outstanding Hero

 * 2001 Joshua Morrow (The Young and the Restless)

Outstanding Heroine

 * 2001 McKenzie Westmore (Passions)

Favorite Triangle

 * 2005 Michael Easton, Melissa Archer, Renée Elise Goldsberry (One Life to Live)

Outstanding Story Line: Daytime

 * 1990 Eden's rape (Santa Barbara)
 * 1991 Robin, Anna and the alien (General Hospital)

Outstanding Story Line: Prime Time

 * 1990 "Jill"'s descent into madness (Knots Landing)
 * 1991 "Paige" and "Tom"'s love story (Knots Landing)

Outstanding Social Issue Storyline

 * 1993 Margo's rape (As the World Turns)

Favorite Storyline

 * 1994 Who Fathered Marlena's Baby? (Days of Our Lives)
 * 2001 The baby switch (Days of Our Lives)

Favorite Song

 * 1993 "One Dream" (Bo and Carly's theme) (Days of Our Lives)

Favorite Return

 * 1999 Cady McClain (All My Children)
 * 2000 Finola Hughes (All My Children)
 * 2003 Vanessa Marcil (General Hospital)
 * 2005 Judi Evans (Days of Our Lives)

Hottest Female Star

 * 1993 Crystal Chappell (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1994 Melissa Reeves (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1995 Kristina Wagner (General Hospital)
 * 1996 Lynn Herring (General Hospital)
 * 1997 Vanessa Marcil (General Hospital)
 * 1998 Sharon Case (The Young and the Restless)
 * 1999 Kristian Alfonso (Days of Our Lives)

Hottest Male Star

 * 1993 Mark Derwin (The Guiding Light)
 * 1994 Drake Hogestyn (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1995 Drake Hogestyn (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1996 Peter Reckell (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1997 Ingo Rademacher (General Hospital)
 * 1998 Ingo Rademacher (General Hospital)
 * 1999 Steve Burton (General Hospital)

Favorite Scene Stealer
Former name: Outstanding Scene Stealer

 * 1994 Victoria Rowell (The Young and the Restless)
 * 2000 Josh Ryan Evans (Passions)

Outstanding Female Scene Stealer
Former name: Outstanding Female Showstopper

 * 1995 Louise Sorel (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1996 Robin Mattson (All My Children)
 * 1997 Louise Sorel (Days of Our Lives)
 * 1998 Jennifer Bassey (All My Children)
 * 1999 Louise Sorel (Days of Our Lives)
 * 2001 Robin Strasser (Passions)

Outstanding Male Scene Stealer
Former name: Outstanding Male Showstopper

 * 1995 Michael E. Knight (All My Children)
 * 1996 Tuc Watkins (One Life to Live)
 * 1997 Tom Eplin (Another World)
 * 1998 John Ingle (General Hospital)
 * 1999 Kin Shriner (Port Charles)
 * 2001 Josh Ryan Evans (Passions)

Outstanding Musical Achievement

 * 1994 Days of Our Lives

Favorite Veteran

 * 1999 Stuart Damon (General Hospital)

Soapnet Outstanding Plot Twist Award

 * Sonny & Alexis have sex (General Hospital)

Soapnet Diamond Award

 * Susan Lucci

List of Soap Opera Digest Awards

 * List of Soap Opera Digest Awards

Categories

 * Soap Opera Digest Award for Hottest Female Star
 * Soap Opera Digest Award for Hottest Male Star
 * Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Daytime Drama
 * Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Villainess in a Drama Series – Daytime

title: Soap Opera Digest Awards


text:
Maurice Cowling

Maurice John Cowling (6 September 1926 – 24 August 2005) was a British historian. A fellow of Peterhouse, Cambridge, for most of his career, Cowling was a leading conservative exponent of the 'high politics' approach to political history.

Early life
Cowling was born in West Norwood, South London, son of Reginald Frederick Cowling (1901–1962), a patent agent, and his wife May (née Roberts). His family then moved to Streatham, where Cowling attended an LCC elementary school and, from 1937, Battersea Grammar School. When the Second World War started in 1939 the school moved to Worthing and then from 1940 to Hertford, where Cowling attended sixth form.

In 1943 Cowling won a scholarship to Jesus College, Cambridge, but was called up for military service in September 1944, where he joined the Queen's Royal Regiment. In 1945, after training and serving in a holding battalion, he was sent to Bangalore as an officer cadet.

In 1946 Cowling was attached to the Kumaon Regiment and the next year-and-a-half he travelled to Agra, Razmak on the North-West Frontier and Assam. As independence for India neared in 1947, Cowling was dispatched to Egypt as a camp adjutant to the British HQ there. Cowling was then promoted to captain in Libya. By the end of 1947 he was finally demobilised, and in 1948 he went back to Jesus College to complete his History Tripos, where he received a double first. Cowling later remembered that he fell in love with Cambridge. He toyed with the idea of being ordained and went to college chapel, possessing "a strong polemical Christianity". Of his religion, Cowling later said: "I'm not sure of the depth or reality of my religious conviction. It could well be that it was a polemical conviction against liberalism rather than a real conviction of the truth of Christianity ... I suppose on a census I would describe myself as a member of the Church of England. If you ask me, do I think I ought to be an Anglican, the answer is that I probably ought to be a Roman Catholic, but I don't see any prospect of that happening ... I have a very Protestant mind."

In 1954 Cowling worked at the British Foreign Office for six months at the Jordan department, and in early 1955, The Times gave him the job of foreign leader-writer, which he held for three years. In 1957 Cowling was invited by the Director of the Conservative Political Centre to write a pamphlet on the Suez Crisis; it was never published however, as the party wanted to move on from Suez as quickly as possible. He stood unsuccessfully for the parliamentary seat of Bassetlaw during the General Election of 1959 for the Conservative Party. Cowling later said that "I enjoyed being a candidate, though it was very hard work and elections are like what I imagine having all your teeth out is like".

Academic career
In 1961 Cowling was elected a fellow of Jesus College and Director of Studies in Economics, shortly before the History Faculty appointed him to an Assistant Lectureship. Cowling's first book was The Nature and Limits of Political Science. Influenced by Michael Oakeshott, this was an attack on political science and political philosophy as it was then taught. Cowling argued that social science's claim to have discovered how people behaved was false because politics was too complex and fluid to be rationalised by theorists and only fully intelligible to politicians.

During six weeks of the summer of 1962 Cowling wrote Mill and Liberalism, which was published in 1963 and became one of his most contentious books. The book argued Mill was not as libertarian as he was traditionally portrayed, and that Mill resembled a "moral totalitarian". Dr. Roland Hall reviewed the book in Philosophical Quarterly (January 1965) and called it "dangerous and unpleasant", with Cowling later remarking that this "was what it was intended to be". In 1963 he was elected a Fellow to Peterhouse, Cambridge, where he advised his students to tackle liberals with "irony, geniality and malice". During the 1960s Cowling campaigned against a sociology course to be introduced at Cambridge, regarding it as a "vehicle for liberal dogma". In November 1966 Cowling was elected as a Conservative councillor on the Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely County Council in a by-election, which he held until 1970.

He was appointed the literary editor of The Spectator from 1970 to 1971, and in the early 1970s he wrote articles of a broadly Powellite nature arguing against the UK being a member of the EEC. Cowling resigned in 1971 when the editor acting in George Gale's absence refused to publish Cowling's protest against his publication of an article by Tony Palmer which suggested that the important question about Princess Anne was whether she was a virgin.

It was on Cowling's suggestion that Paul Smith edited a collection of Lord Salisbury's articles from the Quarterly Review, published in 1972.

In 1977 Margaret Thatcher visited the Cambridge Graduate Conservative Association of Peterhouse where she "cut through the compact subtlety and 'rational pessimism' of [Cowling]" and sharply retorted: "We don't want pessimists in our party". In 1978 he ceased to be Director of Studies in Peterhouse, and helped to found the Salisbury Group, a group of conservative thinkers named, on Michael Oakeshott's advice, after Lord Salisbury. In the same year Cowling published Conservative Essays where he said:

"If there is a class war – and there is – it is important that it should be handled with subtlety and skill. ... it is not freedom that Conservatives want; what they want is the sort of freedom that will maintain existing inequalities or restore lost ones."

Cowling was "instrumental" in getting the historian Hugh Trevor-Roper, Lord Dacre of Glanton, from Oxford to become Master of Peterhouse from 1980 to 1987, though in later years he came to regret supporting Trevor-Roper's arrival there. Cowling's reactionary clique thought he would be an arch-conservative who would oppose the admission of women. In the event, Trevor-Roper feuded constantly with Cowling and his allies, while launching a series of administrative reforms. Women were admitted in 1983 at Trevor-Roper's urging. The British journalist Neal Ascherson summarised the quarrel between Cowling and Trevor-Roper as: Lord Dacre, far from being a romantic Tory ultra, turned out to be an anti-clerical Whig with a preference for free speech over superstition. He did not find it normal that fellows should wear mourning on the anniversary of General Franco’s death, attend parties in SS uniform or insult black and Jewish guests at high table. For the next seven years, Trevor-Roper battled to suppress the insurgency of the Cowling clique ("a strong mind trapped in its own glutinous frustrations"), and to bring the college back to a condition in which students might actually want to go there. Neither side won this struggle, which soon became a campaign to drive Trevor-Roper out of the college by grotesque rudeness and insubordination. In a review of Adam Sisman's 2010 biography of Trevor-Roper, the Economist wrote that the picture of Peterhouse in the 1980s was "startling", stating the college had become under Cowling's influence a sort of right-wing "lunatic asylum", who were determined to sabotage Trevor-Roper's reforms.

In November 1989 Cowling published his essay on "The Sources of the New Right" in Encounter which detailed the ideological roots of Thatcherism in Britain and became the Preface to the second edition of Mill and Liberalism in 1990. In 1990 Cowling described himself as "an intellectual Thatcherite, just as I was an intellectual Powellite, and I think it is important that the Conservative party should be in good hands and that it should win elections...I am a warm supporter [of the Thatcher government]". In Cowling's view "Liberalism is essentially the belief that there can be a reconciliation of all difficulties and differences, and since there can't, it is a misleading way to approach politics". He regarded Salman Rushdie's The Satanic Verses as "a nasty, sneering, free-thinking book ... I can understand why the book is offensive and it didn't seem to me to be anything but offensive when I read it. Some thinking Moslems take a view of the nature of religion, and the incompatibility between Islam and liberalism, which runs parallel to what I'm saying in Mill and Liberalism".

In 1992 Philip Williamson published his book on British politics from 1926 to 1932 and said Cowling "provided the original inspiration" for it.

Later life
Cowling retired from the History Faculty of Cambridge in 1988, and from his Fellowship of Peterhouse in 1993. He rarely returned to the university. In 1996, in Swansea, where he now lived, Cowling married George Gale's ex-wife Patricia, with whom he had long conducted an affair. On 24 August 2005, Cowling died at Singleton Hospital in Swansea after a long illness.

The Politics of British Democracy
Cowling wrote three books on British high politics, the sequence he called The Politics of British Democracy. He wrote that "In the future there will be an introduction bearing the sequence-title which will deal in its widest aspects with the period from 1850 to 1940 and will assess the methods used in the volumes which have now been published". However this never appeared. Cowling wrote a letter to The Times Literary Supplement on 3 June 1977 arguing for the need for "a different emphasis" to that on high politics.

The first of these was 1867: Disraeli, Gladstone and Revolution: the Passing of the Second Reform Bill, about the Reform Act 1867. This was published during its centenary and dedicated to "the Prime Minister", Labour leader Harold Wilson. Cowling challenged the traditional liberal assumptions over the reform crisis of the 1860s by arguing that the Liberal Party was not the straightforward progressive party that wanted to hand political power to the working-class and that the Conservatives did not promote reform in reaction to working-class pressure. Cowling instead placed much more importance on parliamentary manoeuvres. Robert Blake thought that this book "gives the most convincing account of what happened".

In 1971 appeared The Impact of Labour, which dealt with the years between 1920, after Labour won the Spen Valley by-election, and 1924 when the Conservatives won the general election of that year and ended the Liberal Party as a realistic party of government, with the Labour Party emerging as the Opposition.

In 1975 appeared The Impact of Hitler, dealing with 1933 to 1940. Cowling has been described as an "isolationist imperialist" who argued that from Britain's point of view the Second World War was a "liberal war which had been entered into in a condition of moral indignation without the resources to fight it" and that it had been "providential good fortune which had placed the burden of fighting on the Russians and the Americans". He disapproved of the fact that the war was followed by a Labour electoral landslide, a greatly expanded welfare state and the liquidation of the British Empire. The policy making process for Cowling is heavily influenced by party politics. Cowling was well known for his Primat der Innenpolitik ("primacy of domestic politics") explanations for British foreign policy; for example, he argued that the British "guarantee" of Poland issued on 31 March 1939 was advanced to improve the Conservatives' chances against Labour, and had nothing to do with foreign policy considerations. Cowling's approach is the opposite of the Primat der Außenpolitik ("primacy of foreign politics") thesis.

Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England
In 1980, 1985 and 2001 appeared the three volumes of Cowling's Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England. The political history books required "tiring archival visits"; Cowling much preferred writing these. In researching for these books "He spent his days in his college rooms, muscularly grappling with books, indeed often physically ripping them apart. Made up of hundreds of essays on the thought of individuals, the work neither engaged with other scholarship nor developed an interpretative model for understanding modern Britain". Cowling placed Christianity squarely at the centre of English culture post-1840 and claimed that anti-Christians more often than not held traditional religious assumptions and prejudices. Secularisation was not so fast or complete as had been previously argued, but "defenders of orthodoxy as well as their assailants were subjected to pithy, provocative irony" by Cowling.

Books

 * The Nature and Limits of Political Science (Cambridge University Press, 1963).
 * Mill and Liberalism (Cambridge University Press, 1963).
 * 1867: Disraeli, Gladstone and Revolution. The Passing of the Second Reform Bill (Cambridge University Press, 1967).
 * Selected Writings of John Stuart Mill (editor) (New American Library, 1968)
 * The Impact of Labour. 1920–1924. The Beginning of Modern British Politics (Cambridge University Press, 1971).
 * The Impact of Hitler. British Politics and British Policy. 1933–1940 (Cambridge University Press, 1975).
 * Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England Volume I (Cambridge University Press, 1980).
 * Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England. Volume II: Assaults (Cambridge University Press, 1985).
 * A Conservative Future (Politeia, 1997).
 * Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England. Volume III: Accommodations (Cambridge University Press, 2001).

Essays

 * ‘Reflections on Prof. Butterfield: a historian's movement towards theology’ [writing under the pseudonym Stafford Brignell], Varsity Supplement (6 November 1948), p. 5.
 * 'The Language of Miss Himmelfarb', The Cambridge Review (25 October 1952).
 * 'Mr Woodruff's Acton', The Cambridge Journal, vi (1952–53), pp. 181–4, 190.
 * 'Politics, Economics and the Historical Tripos', The Cambridge Review (24 January 1959), pp. 246–8.
 * 'Political Practice & Political Science', The Cambridge Review (6 February 1960).
 * 'The Relevance of Natural Law', The Cambridge Review (4 June 1960).
 * 'Lytton, the Cabinet & the Russians, August–November 1878', English Historical Review, LXXVI (January 1961).
 * 'Mr Raymond Williams', The Cambridge Review (27 May 1961).
 * 'Memoir of Reginald Frederick Cowling', Transactions of the Chartered Institute of Patent Agents, LXXXI (1962–63).
 * '[Review of H. T. Lambrick, John Jacob of Jacobland]', English Historical Review, LXXIX (January 1964).
 * 'The Use of Political Philosophy in Mill, Green, and Bentham', Historical Studies, v (1965).
 * 'Disraeli, Derby and the Fusion, October 1865 – July 1866', Historical Journal, VIII (March 1965).
 * 'The Social & Political Sciences – and How Many More? [with Philip Abrams and Edward Shils]', The Cambridge Review (2 February 1968).
 * 'Mr. Powell, Mr. Heath, and the Future', in John Wood (ed.), Powell and the 1970 Election (Elliot Right Way Books, 1970), pp. 9–18.
 * Conservative Essays (editor) (Cassell, 1978).
 * 'Preface', p. v.
 * 'The Present Position', pp. 1–24.
 * 'Conclusion', pp. 194–195.
 * 'Herbert Butterfield 1900–1979', Proceedings of the British Academy, 65 (1980).
 * 'Herbert Butterfield', in Lord Blake and C. S. Nicholls (eds.), Dictionary of National biography 1971–80 (Oxford University Press, 1986).
 * 'One-and-a-half Cheers for Matthew Arnold', in Samuel Lipman (ed.), Culture and Anarchy (Yale University Press, 1994), pp. 202–212.

Articles

 * 'War against Russia: a Suppressed Episode of 1876–7’, Manchester Guardian (16 July 1954).
 * ‘Cyprus under Britain’, Manchester Guardian (13 August 1954).
 * ‘The Cambridge Plan’ [re: the Spine-Relief Road], Manchester Guardian (18 August 1954).
 * 'Liberal?', Manchester Guardian (25 August 1954).
 * 'Problems of Orthodoxy' [review of M. Richter, Politics of Conscience and R. S. Downie, Government Action & Morality in the Democratic State], The Spectator (25 September 1964).
 * 'Intellectuals and the Tory Party', The Spectator (8 March 1968).
 * 'A Letter to Humphrey Berkeley', The Spectator (26 April 1968).
 * 'There's been a revolution here, too', The Spectator (24 May 1968).
 * 'Two Tiers for the Universities', The Spectator (30 May 1969).
 * 'The politics of Free-marketeers' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], The Spectator (10 October 1970).
 * 'A Strong Line?' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], The Spectator (17 October 1970).
 * 'Raising the Tone' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], The Spectator (24 October 1970).
 * 'Heath's Assault' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], The Spectator (31 October 1970).
 * 'Conservative Dangers Ahead' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], The Spectator (21 November 1970).
 * 'Europe' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], The Spectator (28 November 1970).
 * 'Moving to the Right?' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], The Spectator (5 December 1970).
 * 'The Intellectual Treason?' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], The Spectator (19 December 1970).
 * 'The Rightness of Indecision' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], The Spectator (16 January 1971).
 * 'The Labour Party and its Future' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], The Spectator (13 February 1971).
 * 'Ulster and Mr Powell' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], The Spectator (27 March 1971).
 * 'Replying to the Marketeers' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], The Spectator (5 June 1971).
 * 'The Senior Conservative, the Party and Mr Heath' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], The Spectator (19 June 1971).
 * 'Corn-treading' [writing under the pseudonym 'A Conservative'], The Spectator (21 August 1971).
 * 'Acid Test of the New Conservatism', The Daily Telegraph (5 October 1976).
 * 'The "Liberal Mind"', The Times Literary Supplement (3 June 1977).
 * 'Sir Stuart Hampshire and the Public Realm', The Times Higher Education Supplement (16 October 1981).
 * 'Place for Women?' [at Peterhouse], The Sunday Times (6 March 1983).
 * 'The Wapping Prof' [Unsigned profile of J. R. Vincent], The Spectator (22 March 1986).
 * 'The Nasty Mind of George Orwell', The Sunday Telegraph (22 November 1987).
 * 'Why we should not have gone to war' [in 1939], The Sunday Telegraph (20 August 1989).
 * 'Raymond Williams in Retrospect', The New Criterion (February 1990).
 * 'A Reply' in 'Discussion. Maurice Cowling's "New Right", Encounter (March 1990), p. 72.
 * 'Ethics of the Iron Liberal' [Mrs. Thatcher], The Guardian (19 November 1990).
 * 'The Mandarin and the Meritocrat' [Hurd and Major], The Sunday Telegraph (25 November 1990).
 * 'What they think of the PM' [symposium], The Sunday Telegraph (3 March 1991).
 * 'How he could be Right', The Sunday Telegraph (17 March 1991).
 * 'The Right Kind of Idealism', The Sunday Telegraph (14 April 1991).
 * 'New tax, old dangers', The Sunday Telegraph (28 April 1991).
 * 'New Life for the universities', The Sunday Telegraph (26 May 1991).
 * 'Way ahead for the Tories' [re: Europe], The Sunday Telegraph (28 July 1991).
 * 'Contribution' [to symposium of advice for Neil Kinnock], The Guardian (24 May 1991).
 * 'Author as mirror to the soul' [Carlyle], The Times Higher Education Supplement (27 March 1992).
 * 'Now the battle begins' [i.e. after the general election], The Sunday Telegraph (12 April 1992).
 * 'Virtuous Machiavellian' [review of Geoffrey Elton, The English], The Times (19 November 1992).
 * 'History and Joseph Needham', The New Criterion (February 1993).
 * '[Review of C. C. O'Brien, The Great Melody]', The Wall Street Journal (18 April 1993).
 * 'Finding a role for compassion' [review of Michael Portillo, The Ghost of Toryism Past], The Spectator (6 December 1997).
 * 'Rushing to judgment' [review of Hywel Williams, Guilty Men], The Spectator (23 May 1998).
 * 'A liberal icon' [review of Michael Ignatieff, Isaiah Berlin], The Spectator (17 October 1998)
 * 'The intelligent populist' [profile of Niall Ferguson], The Spectator (30 January 1999).
 * 'Trotskyism at bath spa' [George Orwell], The Spectator (20 March 1999).
 * 'The 1980s Tory boys now', The Spectator (26 June 1999).
 * 'Piecemeal social engineering' [review of Karl Popper, All Life is Problem Solving and Ian Jarvie and Sandra Pralong (eds.), Popper's Open Society After Fifty Years], The Spectator (18 September 1999).

title: Maurice Cowling


text:
User talk:Maxchristian

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 21:20, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Maxchristian


text:
User talk:Utusan Konsumer

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Utusan Konsumer


text:
Raw Deal

Raw Deal may refer to:

Films

 * Raw Deal (1948 film), an American film noir starring Claire Trevor and directed by Anthony Mann
 * Raw Deal (1977 film), an Australian western starring Gerard Kennedy
 * Raw Deal (1986 film), an American action film starring Arnold Schwarzenegger
 * Raw Deal (1991 film), an American crime drama

Music

 * Raw Deal (band), later Killing Time, an American hardcore punk band
 * Raw Deal, a 1991 album by Gringos Locos featuring Ben Granfelt
 * Raw Deal, a 1986 album by Sonny Burgess

Other uses

 * "Raw Deal" (Justified), an episode of the TV series Justified
 * "Raw Deal", a season 1 episode of The Loud House

title: Raw Deal


text:
User talk:MrMiyagi

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Orphaned fair use image (Image:Eag-winning-arch-concept.jpg)
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File source problem with File:Edmonton Art Gallery.jpg
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title: User talk:MrMiyagi


text:
Irish hip hop

Irish hip hop is the response to the hip hop cultural movement that originated in New York City in the 1970s which, at that time, was most popular in the borough of The Bronx. In the 1980s, breakdancing was the first elements of hip hop culture to preface the Irish hip hop movement, which had started to emerge in Ireland.

title: Irish hip hop


text:
User talk:Gigaleon

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title: User talk:Gigaleon


text:
Talk:Haig

I managed to get permission before putting this on Wikipedia, thank you.

Can I actually post anything on this website?

 * You should probably be contributing to Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig. --rbrwr± 11:30, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Haig


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Michael Porter Goldsmith

Michael Porter Goldsmith
Vanity; not notable ike9898 21:25, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

Petrgrad 02:08, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC) 129.64.174.65 18:25, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC) 129.64.174.65 20:16, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I see where could say based on the timestamped version. It looks like none of the research was ready initially, even the lifedates.  Better now...I've heard of him.  Should be more teachers on Wikiped. petrgrad 21:40, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * I apologize! I fudged the first version of the article as a test. I didn't notice the Preview button until now.  Yes, the dates are correct now.  I look forward to completing the article.  129.64.174.65 21:44, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Only google hit for "Michael Porter Goldsmith" is for a student at the University of Melbourne. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 21:47, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Still no evidence of notability. High school teachers don't fit the bill, and historians do only if widely published, which this article hasn't indicated he is. Delete. -R. fiend 22:25, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak Delete. Posthumous vanity??? Whatever next...? P Ingerson 01:30, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: If he's a teacher known as a teacher, then he's probably (unjustly or not) not notable. Mr. Chips doesn't achieve fame, except in the hearts of his pupils.  If he's a professional historian, then he should be verifiable.  Verification fails at this point.  Geogre 01:38, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: I am going to refrain from voting on my own article. I am not particularly offended by Ike9898's VfD crusade (marked within ten minutes and my research has barely begun!).  I'll restrict this to a few philisophical points.  Is this catch-phrase "notable" judged by quantity or quality of celebrity?  This man probably genuinely touched thousands of lives around the world.  He may not deserve his own article--perhaps merge with Waltham, MA as a noted resident?  Wiping this name off the face of such an expansive trove would be quite a sociological statement.  Nancy Zerg's half-hour of fame can stay but a lifetime of inspiration is irrelevant. 129.64.174.65 02:44, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Many people touch tousands of lives in some way. That's nice and all, but it doesn't get them in an encyclopedia. As for deleting 10 minutes after creation, well, one shouldn't begin an article until they've done some basic research. It's also, in my mind, advantageous to all to delete an article early, if it's likely to get deleted in any case (which I imagine this is). Less time is invested in it that way. And, as for the Zerg comaprison, well, that's likely to be merged to the Jennings story anyway. If Mr. Goldsmith did anything particularly notable that should be the first thing mentioned. As it hasn't been, well, we're left to assume there is nothing, beyond a life well lived. -R. fiend 04:10, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Three Words for you, fiend--St. Enda's School.Petrgrad 04:15, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Glad to see someone's reading my user page, but I have to admit I missed your point. Are you stating that Mr. Goldsmith is as notable as a school founded by Patrick Pearse that was the first of it's kind in Ireland, and used to recruit members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood? Addtionally, it's been turned into a museum, and has had at least one minor work soley about it published (as well as substantial mention in many works about Pearse and the Easter Rising? Historical relevance is the key here; this is not "East Central High" or any old school. If you want to get involved on the high school inclusion discussion that shows up here in some form every day, go right ahead. I, for one, have chosen not to. Likewise, feel free to nominate St. Enda's for deletion if you like; I'd be curious to see the reaction it gets. My vote on this article, however, remains unchanged. -R. fiend 05:06, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Thanks for the completely unnecessary background. I'm sure that you would make a great teacher (sans the condescending tone)  I believe his point was part of his merge argument--for this entry to become part of Waltham, MA or mention in one of Goldsmith's academies of employ rather than outright elimination.129.64.174.65 11:51, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge: This is just my opinion, but it seems like R. fiend is getting a bit overzealous. I think what Petrgrad meant was that you seem loath to accept one locally-focused entry but your Irish school trivia is gospel.  He does have a point.  Look at this from a non ego-charged nerd perspective.  Is someone going to come along soon with the exact same name and dates?  Let's remove the tag and give this guy a chance to improve this before we pass judgement on validity.  I don't like the "quash him in 10 minutes" attitude.Dotblot 13:21, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge: Do you fellas have jobs? It not surprising that there not articles on the Net. Teachers have few moments of fame.  He died early by today media standards.  Not deserving own article, but let him stay!.  Merge to Waltham, MA. Delete historian reference. Petrgrad 03:26, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Maybe could be suitable for Wikimorial if it would exist yet, but not here. Delete - Skysmith 09:08, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: 129.64.174.65, I answered on your talk page.  Please consider creating an account.  Rossami (talk) 22:11, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge: Yup. He definately does not deserve an article unto himself. Use it to add depth to Waltham or one of the schools (if the high school debate is still open). Ragdoll4393 22:24, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: above user, User:Petrgrad, and User:Dotblot have 0 edits apart from this discussion. The Sockpuppet Army on the march for this? And I'm the one called overzealous... -R. fiend 03:04, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Sorry, light on snob lingo. What did call me?
 * Comment:Well, you are overzealous. Not just here.  I see that attitude all over the delete pages.  I'm sorry that I don't have the "clout" to be acceptable in your eyes.  Maybe I should join the obscure Irish club.Dotblot 04:24, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Del. Mikkalai
 * Delete. Article does not establish notability. A lifetime of teaching is admirable, but not encyclopedic. Gamaliel 08:55, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Okay this is getting out of hand. It's just a stupid article and more is written on the discussion page than the encyclopedia entry.  If you people had focused as much energy on improving the article we'd have a masterpiece right now!  But as is, the consensus is clearly to delete and I as the author, in the interest of civility, do not object.  R. Fiend, I don't believe in sockpuppets, and I think you may know that from the fact that I have abstained from voting.  I just want to remind you all that you would not be who you are today without many individuals who lived and died without "Historical Relevance".  If anybody needs me, I'll be in the requested pages.
 * Well, anonymous votes wouldn't be counted anyway, for what it's worth. Otherwise, I'm not sure what your point is; of course most of our ancestors and predecessors lacked any historical relevance; that's why most of us don't put in articles for Mommy and Daddy and our favorite teachers and friends. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 19:00, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Looks like posthumous vanity. --Carnildo 08:27, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry--why hasn't this been deleted yet? Does this place have administrators or just poseurs?129.64.174.65 15:46, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Just poseurs and assholes like me. -R. fiend 19:24, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society

The Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering zoology published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Linnean Society. The editor-in-chief is Maarten Christenhusz (Linnean Society). It was established in 1856 as the ''Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology and renamed Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology'' in 1866. It obtained its current title in 1969.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in: • Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts

• Biological Abstracts

• BIOSIS Previews

• CAB Abstracts

• EBSCO databases

• Current Contents/Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences

• GeoRef

• Global Health

• InfoTrac

• ProQuest databases

• Science Citation Index

• Scopus

• VINITI Database RAS

• The Zoological Record According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 3.286.


text:
Zoological Science

Zoological Science is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Zoological Society of Japan covering the broad field of zoology. The journal was established in 1984 as a result of the merger of the Zoological Magazine (1888-1983) and Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses (1897-1983), the former official journals of the Zoological Society of Japan. Zoological Science has been a BioOne member since 2007.

title: Zoological Science


text:
Freeze

Freeze may refer to:

Liquids turning to solids

 * Freezing, the physical process of a liquid turning into a solid
 * Directional freezing, freezing from only one direction or side

Cessation of movement or change

 * Freeze (b-boy move), the halting of all movement in a clever position
 * , an old command-line compressor program
 * Freeze (computing), a condition when computer software becomes unresponsive
 * Freeze (software engineering), a period of stricter rules for changing the software during its development

Types of freezes

 * Brain freeze, a common alternate name for a cold-stimulus headache
 * Budget freeze, when a budget for a government or business is held at a specific level
 * Credit freeze, the act of locking data at a consumer reporting agency
 * Deep Freeze (disambiguation), various meanings
 * Estate freeze, a legal estate-planning technique used in Canada
 * Nuclear freeze, an agreement to cease production of new nuclear arms
 * Tuition freeze, a government policy restricting the increase of tuition fees

Related terms

 * Freeze brand, a branding process that involves the use of liquid nitrogen or dry ice and alcohol
 * Freeze-drying, a method of rapidly removing moisture from food products
 * Freeze-frame shot, when a single frame of content shows repeatedly on the screen
 * Freeze spray, a type of aerosol spray product
 * Freeze stat, a temperature sensing device

People

 * with Freeze as a surname
 * Amy Freeze (born 1974), American television meteorologist
 * Daddy Freeze (contemporary), Nigerian radio host and presenter
 * Dr. Freeze (contemporary), American singer, songwriter and record producer
 * Frosty Freeze (1963–2008), American breakdancer
 * Hugh Freeze (born 1969), American college football coach
 * J. Donald Freeze (1932–2006), American theologian and educator
 * Jake Freeze (1900–1983), American professional baseball pitcher
 * John Gosse Freeze (1825–1913), American lawyer and writer
 * Lillie T. Freeze (1855–1937), American leader within The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
 * Samuel Freeze (1778–1844), Canadian farmer and political figure in New Brunswick
 * with Freeze as a nickname
 * Freeze (video game player), Aleš Kněžínek, Czech League of Legends player
 * Robert "Freeze" Riggs, Michael Alig's roommate and accomplice in murdering fellow Club Kid Angel Melendez
 * fictional characters
 * Mr. Freeze, supervillain in American comic books published by DC Comics
 * The Freeze, a spandex-clad sprinter who races fans at home games of the Atlanta Braves

Sports teams

 * Chicago Freeze, junior ice hockey team in the North American Hockey League (1997–2003)
 * Cleveland Freeze, American professional indoor soccer team (2013–2014)
 * Erie Freeze, American indoor football team (2005–2007)
 * Fargo Freeze, professional indoor American football team (2000)
 * Flintshire Freeze, Welsh ice hockey team (1998–2012)
 * Fresno Freeze FC, American soccer team in the Women's Premier Soccer League (WPSL), founded in 2014
 * Minnesota Freeze, United States Australian Football League (USAFL) team, founded in 2005

Places

 * Freeze, Idaho, a community in Latah County, Idaho
 * Freeze Fork, West Virginia, a community in Logan County, West Virginia
 * Freeze Out, California, a historical name for Ione, California

Structures

 * Freeze Building, a historic building in San Angelo, Texas
 * Mr. Freeze (roller coaster), a shuttle roller coaster in Texas and Missouri

Groups

 * Freeez, 1980s UK dance music and jazz funk group from London
 * The Freeze, a punk rock band from Boston, Massachusetts, formed in 1978
 * The Freeze (Scottish band), a punk band from Edinburgh, Scotland, active 1976–1981

Albums

 * Freeze (album), the tenth studio album by Herman Brood & His Wild Romance
 * Freeze! (EP), the second external play by Momoland

Songs

 * "Freeze" (Bloodline song)
 * "Freeze" (Jordin Sparks song)
 * "Freeze" (Kygo song), 2022
 * "Freeze" (LL Cool J song), 2006
 * "Freeze" (Momoland song), 2017
 * "Freeze" (Queen Elvis song)
 * "Freeze" (T-Pain song)
 * "Freeze" (Todd Smith song)
 * "The Freeze", solo debut by Albert Collins, 1958
 * "Freeze", Part IV of "Fear" by Rush
 * "Freeze", a song by Pepper from the album Pink Crustaceans and Good Vibrations
 * "The Freeze" (Spandau Ballet song)
 * "The Freeze" by Lene Lovich from the album Flex
 * "Freeze", by Take That from III
 * "Freeze", by Bladee from Gluee

Other art, entertainment, and media

 * Freeze!, a puzzle video game released in 2012
 * Freeze (art exhibition), a 1988 art show held by various UK artists in London Docklands
 * Freeze (TV series), a 2006 South Korean miniseries
 * Freez FM, a Dutch pop and rock music radio station

title: Freeze


text:
Zoology (journal)

Zoology is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering zoology that was established in 1886. It is published by Elsevier and the editor-in-chief is Christa Beckmann (Western Sydney University).

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 2.0.

title: Zoology (journal)