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Dimitri Mitropoulos

Dimitri Mitropoulos (Δημήτρης Μητρόπουλος; 1 March 1896 – 2 November 1960) was a Greek and American conductor, pianist, and composer.

Life and career
Mitropoulos was born in Athens, the son of Yannis and Angelikē (Angeliki) Mitropoulos. His father owned a leather goods shop in downtown Athens. He was musically precocious, demonstrating his abilities at an early age. From the ages of eleven to fourteen, when Mitropoulos was in secondary school, he would host and preside over informal musical gatherings at his house every Saturday afternoon. His earliest acknowledged composition – a sonata for violin and piano, now lost – dates from this period. His opera Soeur Béatrice, based on the play by Maurice Maeterlinck, premiered in 1919.

He studied music at the Athens Conservatoire as well as in Brussels and Berlin, with Ferruccio Busoni among his teachers. In 1921 he conducted the inaugural music of the Bavarian Socialist Republic. From 1921 to 1925 he assisted Erich Kleiber at the Berlin State Opera and then took a number of posts in Greece. At a 1930 concert with the Berlin Philharmonic, finding that his soloist was sick he played the solo part of Prokofiev's Piano Concerto No. 3 and conducted the orchestra from the keyboard, becoming one of the first to do so.

United States
Mitropoulos made his U.S. debut in 1936 with the Boston Symphony Orchestra, and he later settled in the country, becoming a citizen in 1946. From 1937 to 1949 he served as principal conductor of the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra (forerunner of today's Minnesota Orchestra).

In 1949 Mitropoulos began his association with the New York Philharmonic. He was initially co-conductor with Leopold Stokowski and became the sole music director in 1951. Mitropoulos recorded extensively with the Philharmonic for Columbia Records and sought to reach new audiences in the city through appearances on television and by conducting performances at the Roxy Theatre, a popular movie theatre in 1950–51. He expanded the Philharmonic's repertoire, commissioning works by new composers and championing the symphonies of Gustav Mahler. In 1955, Philharmonic's performance under Mitropoulos at the Odeon of Herodes Atticus was the main event of the inaugural edition of Athens Festival. In 1958, he was succeeded as the Philharmonic's conductor by a protégé, Leonard Bernstein. In January 1960, he guest conducted the Philharmonic in a performance of Mahler's Fifth Symphony, which was recorded.

Work in opera
In addition to his orchestral career, Mitropoulos conducted opera extensively in Italy, and from 1954 until his death in 1960 was the principal conductor of the Metropolitan Opera in New York, although the Met never had an official 'principal conductor' title until the 1970s. His musically incisive and dramatically vivid performances of Puccini, Verdi, Richard Strauss and others remain models of the opera conductor's art. The Met's extensive archive of recorded broadcasts preserves many of these fine performances.

Mitropoulos's series of recordings for Columbia Records with the New York Philharmonic included a rare complete performance of Alban Berg's Wozzeck. Many of these have been reissued by Sony Classics on CD, including most recently his stereo recordings of excerpts from Prokofiev's Romeo and Juliet. He recorded with the Minneapolis Symphony for RCA Victor during the 78-rpm era. He was also represented on the Cetra Records label, most notably with an early recording of Richard Strauss's Elektra.

Mitropoulos premiered many contemporary works. Examples include the American premieres of Shostakovich's Tenth Symphony (1954) and First Violin Concerto (1956) and the world premieres of Barber's Vanessa (1958), Ernst Krenek's Fourth Symphony (1947), and John J. Becker's Short Symphony (1950).

Personal life
Mitropoulos was noted for having an eidetic memory (which enabled him to conduct without a score, even during rehearsals) and for his monk-like life style due to his deeply religious, Greek Orthodox beliefs.

Mitropoulos was "quietly known to be homosexual" and "felt no need for a cosmetic marriage". Among his relationships reportedly was one with a young Leonard Bernstein. Mitropoulos was a close friend and mentor to William Bast.

Mitropoulos died in Milan, Italy at the age of 64 of heart failure, while rehearsing Mahler's Third Symphony at the La Scala Opera House. One of his last recorded performances was Verdi's La forza del destino with Giuseppe Di Stefano, Antonietta Stella and Ettore Bastianini in Vienna on 23 September 1960. On 31 October 1960, two days before his death, Mitropoulos conducted Mahler's Third Symphony with the Cologne Radio Symphony Orchestra. The performance was recorded and later issued commercially.

Resources

 * Finding aid to the Oliver Daniel research collection on Dimitri Mitropoulos at the University of Pennsylvania Libraries
 * Dimitri Mitropoulos (Stanford University)
 * Dimitri Mitropoulos (University of Athens)

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title: Dimitri Mitropoulos


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Talk:Pop music

Coverage gaps / highly pertinent subgenres that should be summarized in some capacity
Many sources are already provided in their respective articles.--Ilovetopaint (talk) 06:47, 23 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Traditional pop — Tin Pan Alley precursors
 * Orchestral pop — role of the orchestra in pop
 * Avant-garde pop / Experimental pop — incorporation of experimental sources
 * Pop rock — blurring between "pop" and "rock"
 * Art pop — emphasis on visual aesthetic
 * Progressive pop / New Pop — desire for more sophistication + response to / contrast with "mainstream pop"
 * Indie pop / Alternative pop — counterpart of alt-rock

Throne of Heresy, Linköping
They play death metal with some horror (not melancholic) riffs and rarely some solos. They're pop(ular) and easy to listen in some places (Greece, South America etc.). The terms gothic and dark are problematic, because in these genres musicians confuse melancholy, passive suicidal self-harm with active violence towards others, also fear with melancholy. In neuroscience fear and melancholy are discribed differently. The band Throne of Heresy prefers dark melodies, and here dark means horror and of active violence, NOT melancholy, NOT sorrow that is felt passively and innately. Some use the term black-death metal, but black metal doesn't define if the form of negative emotion is towards the self or towards others, and that's crucial, because different scales and compositional styles are used - study more about "emotions, scales and compositional methods". Note that the famous death metal band Death, composed riffs and solos which (sometimes partly but even thoroughly) included tonal scales, which by no means where "dark" neither actively or passively. I don't mean that the band Death was a happy band, just simply that they included harmonious = standard tonal scales. The band Throne of Heresy doesn't use the simple tonal scales, they select more rare scales and they emphasize on different semitone intervals (horror semitone intervals: 0-1 = 0-13(same as first simply octavic), 0-11 zero represents the initial position we pluck and the other number the semitone steps until the next semitone we pluck - we usually don't pluck during the intermediate semitones), 0-6: evil, 0-4: mysterious). Many metal musicians claim they play "dark" but they don't analyze it mathematically, neuroscientifically, musically etc. The band Throne of Heresy is penetratively - actively and NOT passively "dark", but they are lazy to learn better guitar and add few faster and more complex riffs and solos. I adore doom and slow music. I abhor the guys which haven't the ability to solo, and riff fast, and claim falsely that they love doom metal... bullshit, even a doom song might have a tiny hyperfast solo. Study the musical piece of Alexander Scriabin: black mass Op.68, of course that musical piece is for piano, but mimic his style, study his chords, analyze them and play them as a melody, and learn to play horror solos! I hate the simple tonal solos. Play horror solos which you learned studying Alexander Scriabin. Igor Stravinsky is also dark, but sometimes is simply disharmonious; and disharmony is a darkness with a more arbitrary element than the theatrical aware moulding which you can learn from Alexander Scriabin. Anton Webern and Arnold Schoenberg have also "arbitrary darkness", but usually (according to psycho-acoustical statistics) people tend to remember songs with "theatrical darkness".

Study the grandmasters, even if they didn't compose for guitar, and improve your style please!

Why that music is pop? People like it. Deathsters claim they're underground... but claiming isn't enough. If you wanna be underground never record or play live, otherwise you might end as a different version of pop... OK, maybe a more attractive version, a more pop version. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2a02:2149:8728:2000:284c:7d0d:ea7f:abbd (talk) 17:41, 2 September 2017 (UTC)

Questioning a claim in the article
This article claims that "Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts" - surely this is not so, for music in the albums charts would be counted as pop music. Vorbee (talk) 15:30, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

it is totally unclear how pop music as a genre is different from pop rock, dance, r&b, blues, drum&bass, disco, eurodance, eurodisco, italo dance, italo disco, rock
and many other...is Michael Jackson's music the same as Shakira's or Gaga's or Adele's or Minougue's or Madona's or Eminem's or Spice Girls'???? all are totally different and in different genres — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.38.242.213 (talk) 11:49, 9 February 2020 (UTC)

 * It's not, nor many others--popular music is abbreviated 'pop'--simple as that.--dchmelik☀🦉🐝🐍(talk|contrib) 00:53, 31 March 2024 (UTC)

King of Pop
I removed a bit about Bing Crosby being the first person called the King of Pop. There are other contenders. Al Jolson was called the first King of Pop in 1994 by The American Philatelist in an article about pop singer stamps. An earlier instance was 1949 in Gramophone magazine, running an obituary for Jack Kapp, the president of Decca, who was the King of Pop because he had created so many pop stars, starting with Jolson. There is no contemporary evidence that Bing was called the King of Pop, not while he was alive. Binksternet (talk) 18:44, 5 September 2020 (UTC)
 * I also agree. Was an original research adition made by user Sparcus97. He always did this type of contributions in other Wikipedia's version focusing on Crosby and with more than one account. --Apoxyomenus (talk) 21:57, 5 September 2020 (UTC)

Perfect, Al Jolson's data didn't know him, so Crosby is one of them, I have proceeded to modify the data and wording since Crosby's legacy was fundamental for the development of popular music, his influence on later artists was great. Regards — Preceding unsigned comment added by Detroit8194 (talk • contribs) 22:14, 5 September 2020 (UTC)

alt-pop
so what is this quite new 'alt-pop' genre that loads of people are going on about, where should the information about the artists who fit under the genre go? Is it/are they something for the indie-pop, art-pop or teen pop article...or is it just pop music. Even though its used of and over again in infobox genre descriptions, there is no info about it anywhere else on the site...with many alt-pop links taking you to the indie-pop page which ends up in 1986 (35 years ago) and with "Alternative pop" currently redirecting to alternative rock, in other cases. The term is used so much these days that it could be worthy of its own article, but for now just to make searches and links more easy, where should the following actually go?

 * "In the 21st Century, lots of new acts have been grouped under the 'alt pop' label with the genre being used for a range of artists in the charts seen to have a broad appeal but seen to be less manufactured and more eclectic or original  . Artists include Tate McRae,     Halsey    Chloe Moriondo,    Beren Olivia,      Jack River,     and Billie Eilish".

Then if that is alright, you can decide which sites are blogs, newspapers or magazines and then post it under the genre/section it fits into the most. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.152.238.125 (talk • contribs)

Don't add K-pop, J-pop, V-Pop into fusion or subgenre section
These are regional genres, you don't need to put them into fusion or sub genre. I know K-pop, V-pop, and J-pop has so many other genres influence, but do you think other regional pop genres don't have other genres influence? In fact, if a K-pop song has been translated into Japanese lyrics, then the song is not K-pop anymore, IT'S J-POP. The difference is just the lyrics. So you don't need to add it on fusion or sub genre. -GogoLion (talk) 13:05, 21 July 2021 (UTC)

Latin pop: fusion genre or regional?
After i think it again, i feel like Latin pop should be regional scene because on the regional section, i see "Western Europe". When i clicked it, it shows "Europop". If Europop is regional version of pop in Western Europe, then i should be same as Latin pop. GogoLion (talk) 13:09, 21 July 2021 (UTC)

 * Can you quote the sources that you are reading? Wikipedia is based on WP:SECONDARY sources, not on individual editors deciding what makes sense to them. Binksternet (talk) 12:05, 5 August 2021 (UTC)

Isn't dance-pop a fusion genre?
When a dance-pop song is released, many music charts include the song on 2 genre charts, dance and pop. Billboard is one of many music charts that chart dance-pop songs into 2 different charts (dance and pop). Isn't it a fusion genre? GogoLion (talk) 03:30, 6 October 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:25, 6 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Madonna, Rotterdam, 26-8-1987.jpg

Is cringe-pop a pop music?
Some sites like Cosmopolitan say cringe-pop is a genre. I don't think it's genre since bubblegum music also use some cringe lyrics. If this is really a genre, i think it's a microgenre. Your thoughts? GogoLion (talk) 01:01, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

"Metropopolis" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Metropopolis and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 December 30 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. signed,Rosguill talk 21:12, 30 December 2021 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 4 February 2019 and 3 May 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Rrerastephanie.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 06:57, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 25 January 2021 and 30 April 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Samharrison15.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 02:32, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

Muddies the distinction: Pop (genre) vs pop (that which is widely popular)
This article seems to wander away from it’s defining one-half of a distinction: Pop (genre(s), distinct from blues, rap, folk, metal genres, punk) vs pop (music which has certain rhythms and melodic elements which make it widely popular).

The disambig page shows these as pop (genre) and popular music. This page has sections which are about both of those. And I don’t presume to know the distinction between them well enough to formalize it, but came here with questions about the genre. ArtDent (talk) 11:51, 14 February 2022 (UTC)

Popular Music
Give me what is popular Music 112.198.72.3 (talk) 08:27, 26 October 2022 (UTC)
 * See Popular music... and also pop music. I hope they help.  Ghmyrtle (talk) 20:03, 26 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pop music


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User:Saiyanfan13

Hi, I'm Saiyanfan13. I'm a high school student in Wisconsin. I contribute and I edit. I'm no article typer. I can try, though.

Articles I Have Started

None Currently (I told ya)

Articles I Have Contributed To

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title: User:Saiyanfan13


text:
Bruce Glover

Bruce Herbert Glover (born May 2, 1932) is an American character actor, who played the assassin Mr. Wint in the James Bond film Diamonds Are Forever. He is the father of actor Crispin Glover.

Life and career
Glover was born in Chicago, Illinois, to Eva Elvira (née Hedstrom) and Herbert Homan Glover. He is of English, Czech, and Swedish descent.

Glover was drafted into the U.S. Army serving from 1953 to 1955 where he served six months in Korea.

He began acting with numerous appearances on various television shows including My Favorite Martian (1963), Perry Mason: The Case of the Golden Girls (1965), The Rat Patrol (1966), Hawk (1966), The Mod Squad (1968), Gunsmoke (1969), Adam 12 (1969), Mission: Impossible (1970), Bearcats! (1971), Police Story (1977), The Feather and Father Gang (1977), Barney Miller (1978), CHiPs (1978), and The Dukes of Hazzard (1979).

In 1971, Glover and jazz musician Putter Smith portrayed the assassins Mr. Wint and Mr. Kidd, respectively, in the James Bond film Diamonds Are Forever.

Glover played a motorcycle gang leader known as Bach in the Adam-12 episode Log 103: A Sound Like Thunder (1969). He also played a redneck thug harassing well-meaning teenagers in the drama Bless the Beasts and Children (1971), was leaning on hustler James Coburn to repay his debts in Hard Times (1975), and contributed another icy performance as Duffy in Chinatown (1974). In addition, he appeared as Captain Voda, a Soviet military officer, in "Doomsday, and Counting", an episode of The Six Million Dollar Man.

Glover also appeared as deputy Grady Coker in the film Walking Tall (1973) and the sequels: Walking Tall Part 2 (1975) and Walking Tall: Final Chapter (1977). He remained busy through the 1980s and 1990s with more guest spots on TV shows including Hart to Hart (1981), T.J. Hooker (1982), The A-Team (1983), and Murder, She Wrote (1989). He also appeared in the films Ghost Town (1988), Popcorn (1991), and Warlock: The Armageddon (1993).

In the 1950s, Glover began to teach acting. In the 1970s, he conducted acting classes with "The Indian Actors Workshops" and had various acting studios around Los Angeles, California. In the 1990s, Glover added an additional level to his West Los Angeles residence to accommodate an acting studio.

Glover was interviewed by Chris Aable on the cable television show Hollywood Today (1995), and appeared in the films Night of the Scarecrow (1995), Die Hard Dracula (1998), and Ghost World (2001).

Selected filmography

 * Never Steal Anything Small (1959) – Stevedore (uncredited)
 * Who Killed Teddy Bear (1965) – Frank
 * Frankenstein Meets the Space Monster (1965) – Martian Crewmember / The Space Monster (uncredited)
 * Blindfold (1965) – Sailor in Cab (uncredited)
 * Sweet Love, Bitter (1967)
 * The Thomas Crown Affair (1968) – Bank Manager (uncredited)
 * Dayton's Devils (1968)
 * C.C. and Company (1970) – Captain Midnight
 * Bless the Beasts and Children (1971) – Hustler
 * Scandalous John (1971) – Sludge
 * Diamonds Are Forever (1971) – Mr. Wint
 * Black Gunn (1972) – Ray Kriley
 * Walking Tall (1973) – Grady Coker
 * One Little Indian (1973) – Schrader
 * Chinatown (1974) – Duffy
 * Hard Times (1975) – Doty
 * Walking Tall Part 2 (1975) – Grady Coker
 * Stunts (1977) – Chuck Johnson
 * Walking Tall: Final Chapter (1977) – Deputy Grady
 * Sultan and the Rock Star (1980) - Alec Frost
 * Hart to Hart (1981) - Wilkes
 * The Big Score (1983) – Koslo
 * Hunter's Blood (1986) – One Eye
 * Big Bad Mama II (1987) – Morgan Crawford
 * Ghost Town (1988) – Dealer
 * Hider in the House (1989) – Gene Hufford
 * Penny Ante: The Motion Picture (1990) – Roy
 * Popcorn (1991) – Vernon
 * Chaindance (1991) – Casey
 * Shakespeare's Plan 12 from Outer Space (1991)
 * Street Wars (1992) – Chief Reed (uncredited)
 * Warlock: The Armageddon (1993) – Ted Ellison
 * Night of the Scarecrow (1995) – Thaddeus
 * American Hero (1997) – General Clover
 * Die Hard Dracula (1998) – Doctor Van Helsing
 * Spoiler (1998) – Priest
 * Suicide, the Comedy (1998) – Lap Dance Bob (uncredited)
 * Ghost World (2001) – Feldman the Wheel Chair Guy
 * Will Unplugged (2005) – Warren
 * Simon Says (2006) – Sam
 * It Is Fine! Everything Is Fine. (2007) – The Ex-Husband
 * Broke Sky (2007) – Rufus
 * Buffalo Bushido (2009) – Soup / Javier
 * Six Days in Paradise (2010) – Frank Burns
 * Scammerhead (2014) – Wyndham Bawtree
 * Hiszpanka (2015) – Kubryk

title: Bruce Glover


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User:Zappaz/scrapbook

Unicode trials
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ru =	रू

title: User:Zappaz/scrapbook


text: Talk:Dactylioceras

title: Talk:Dactylioceras


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Henry Flitcroft

Henry Flitcroft (30 August 1697 – 25 February 1769) was a major English architect in the second generation of Palladianism. He came from a simple background: his father was a labourer in the gardens at Hampton Court and he began as a joiner by trade. Working as a carpenter at Burlington House, he fell from a scaffold and broke his leg. While he was recuperating, the young Lord Burlington noticed his talent with the pencil, and by 1720 Flitcroft was Burlington's draughtsman and general architectural assistant, surveying at Westminster School for Burlington's dormitory, and superintending at the site at Tottenham House. Working life in the inner circle that was driving the new Palladian architecture was an education for Flitcroft.

Flitcroft redrew for publication the drawings for The Designs of Mr. Inigo Jones, published by William Kent in 1727, under Burlington's patronage and supervision. In May 1726 Burlington got his protégé an appointment at the Office of Works, where he worked his way up from Master Carpenter and Master Mason to Comptroller of the King's Works, a prestigious position at the top of the architectural field. Royal commissions came his way in the form of some private projects for junior members of the British Royal Family; namely the Duke of Cumberland. His work for the Duke at Windsor Great Park included creating the Virginia Water Lake.

Flitcroft's hands were constantly occupied with private commissions and, like most professional architects (and unlike virtuoso earls), he did some speculative construction in new-building London streets, supplied stone, and contracted to erect the buildings he was designing.

Panelling and a mantelpiece from an old panelled room designed by Flitcroft in the 1720s from Potternewton Hall near Leeds were installed in Sutton Park in Yorkshire after 1935.

From 1746 to 1756, he was Surveyor of the Fabric of St Paul's Cathedral. In 1724 Flitcroft married Sarah Minns at St Benet's, Paul's Wharf. His son Henry was born in Hampton (1742). Flitcroft is buried at St Mary with St Alban, Teddington, together with his son Henry (died 1826), and wife Jane (died 1778). The inscription on his tomb records that "Here lies the body of HENRY FLITCROFT of Whitehall in the county of Middlesex who had the honour of serving three first Princes of the House of Brunswick in the Board of Works of which he was successively Appointed Clerk, Master Mason & Controller in the last of which Office he continued till his death which happened on the 25th of February 1769." Inside the church on the west wall is a memorial to Henry Flitcroft.

Flitcroft Street, near St Giles in the Fields, London, was named after Henry Flitcroft.

Major commissions

 * Lilford Hall, Northamptonshire: 1740s. At Lilford he designed the interiors.
 * Bower House, Essex, 1729
 * St Giles in the Fields, London: 1731–1734.
 * Ditchley Park, Oxfordshire: 1724 onwards. At Ditchley he designed interiors, working in harmonious partnership with William Kent.
 * Wentworth Woodhouse, W. Riding, Yorkshire: 1735 onwards. He rebuilt and enlarged the west front and added wings.
 * St Giles House, Wimborne St Giles, Dorset: 1740–1744. Interiors.
 * Stowe House, Buckinghamshire: c. 1742. The State gallery (attributed).
 * Wimpole Hall, Cambridgeshire: 1742–1745.
 * Stourhead, Wiltshire: 1744–1765. Garden temples
 * Woburn Abbey, Bedfordshire: 1748–1761.
 * Milton Hall, Northamptonshire: 1750–1751.

Flitcroft built extensively in the West End of London.

title: Henry Flitcroft


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Friedrich Ratzel

Friedrich Ratzel (August 30, 1844 – August 9, 1904) was a German geographer and ethnographer, notable for first using the term Lebensraum ("living space") in the sense that the National Socialists later would.

Life
Ratzel's father was the head of the household staff of the Grand Duke of Baden. Friedrich attended high school in Karlsruhe for six years before being apprenticed at age 15 to apothecaries. In 1863, he went to Rapperswil on the Lake of Zurich, Switzerland, where he began to study the classics. After a further year as an apothecary at Moers near Krefeld in the Lower Rhine region (1865–1866), he spent a short time at the high school in Karlsruhe and became a student of zoology at the universities of Heidelberg, Jena and Berlin, finishing in 1868. He studied zoology in 1869, publishing Sein und Werden der organischen Welt on Darwin.

After the completion of his schooling, Ratzel began a period of travels that saw him transform from zoologist/biologist to geographer. He began field work in the Mediterranean, writing letters of his experiences. These letters led to a job as a traveling reporter for the Kölnische Zeitung ("Cologne Journal"), which provided him the means for further travel. Ratzel embarked on several expeditions, the lengthiest and most important being his 1874-1875 trip to North America, Cuba, and Mexico. This trip was a turning point in Ratzel's career. He studied the influence of people of German origin in America, especially in the Midwest, as well as other ethnic groups in North America.

He produced a written account of his travels in 1876, Städte-und Kulturbilder aus Nordamerika (Profile of Cities and Cultures in North America), which would help establish the field of cultural geography. According to Ratzel, cities are the best place to study people because life is "blended, compressed, and accelerated" in cities, and they bring out the "greatest, best, most typical aspects of people". Ratzel had traveled to cities such as New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Washington, Richmond, Charleston, New Orleans, and San Francisco.

Upon his return in 1875, Ratzel became a lecturer in geography at the Technical High School in Munich. In 1876, he was promoted to assistant professor, then rose to full professor in 1880. While at Munich, Ratzel produced several books and established his career as an academic. In 1886, he accepted an appointment at Leipzig University. His lectures were widely attended, notably by the influential American geographer Ellen Churchill Semple as well as Martha Krug-Genthe, the first woman to obtain a doctorate in geography.

Ratzel produced the foundations of human geography in his two-volume Anthropogeographie in 1882 and 1891. This work was misinterpreted by many of his students, creating a number of environmental determinists. He published his work on political geography, Politische Geographie, in 1897. It was in this work that Ratzel introduced concepts that contributed to Lebensraum and Social Darwinism. His three volume work The History of Mankind was published in English in 1896 and contained over 1100 excellent engravings and remarkable chromolithography.

Ratzel continued his work at Leipzig until his sudden death on August 9, 1904, in Ammerland, Lake Starnberg, Germany. Ratzel, a scholar of versatile academic interest, was a staunch German. During the outbreak of Franco-Prussian war in 1870, he joined the Prussian army and was wounded twice during the war.

Writings
Influenced by thinkers including Darwin and zoologist Ernst Heinrich Haeckel, he published several papers. Among them is the essay Lebensraum (1901) concerning biogeography, creating a foundation for the uniquely German variant of geopolitics: Geopolitik.

Ratzel's writings coincided with the growth of German industrialism after the Franco-Prussian war and the subsequent search for markets that brought it into competition with Britain. His writings served as welcome justification for imperial expansion. Influenced by the American geostrategist Alfred Thayer Mahan, Ratzel wrote of aspirations for German naval reach, agreeing that sea power was self-sustaining, as the profit from trade would pay for the merchant marine, unlike land power.

Ratzel's idea of Raum (space) would grow out of his organic state conception. His early concept of lebensraum was not political or economic but spiritual and racial nationalist expansion. The Raum-motiv is a historically-driving force, pushing peoples with great Kultur to naturally expand. Space, for Ratzel, was a vague concept, theoretically unbounded. Raum was defined as where German peoples live, and other weaker states could serve to support German peoples economically, and German culture could fertilize other cultures. However, it ought to be noted that Ratzel's concept of raum was not overtly aggressive, but he theorized simply as the natural expansion of strong states into areas controlled by weaker states.

The book for which Ratzel is acknowledged all over the world is Anthropogeographie. It was completed between 1872 and 1899. The main focus of this monumental work is on the effects of different physical features and locations on the style and life of the people.

Quotations

 * "Der Grenzraum ist das Wirkliche, die Grenzlinie ist das Abstraktion davon" (The borderlands are the reality, the boundary line is an abstraction thereof). (Ratzel, 1895)
 * "A philosophy of the history of the human race, worthy of its name, must begin with the heavens and descend to the earth, must be charged with the conviction that all existence is one—a single conception sustained from beginning to end upon one identical law."
 * "Culture grows in places that can adequately support dense labor populations."

Selected bibliography
Here are his other notable writings:
 * Wandertage eines Naturforschers (Days of wandering of a student of nature, 1873–74)
 * Vorgeschichte des europäischen Menschen (Prehistory of Europeans, 1875)
 * Die Vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika (The United States of North America, 1878–80)
 * Die Erde, in 24 Vorträgen (The Earth in 24 lectures, 1881)
 * Völkerkunde (Ethnology, 1885,1886,1888)
 * Der Staat und sein Boden
 * Politische Geographie, (Political Geography, 1897)
 * Die Erde und das Leben (The Earth and life, 1902)

title: Friedrich Ratzel


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P.S.: Thanks for your great additions to the viola article. Check out Images for tips on our use of images. Once you familiarize yourself with that, you might wish to list the image source on the pages of images you upload (eg Image:Viola.jpg - is that an original illustration of yours, or if not where is it from?) and add one of the Image copyright tags the the page for that image as appropriate. Cheers, -- Infrogmation 17:08, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Puppione barnstar
Hi Quantum73. I appreciate the sentiment, but I really don't think my contribution to Articles for deletion/Puppione is barnstar-worthy. I only spent a couple of minutes, at the most, trying and failing to verify the article with google. I'm going to take-down the award, but please don't be offended. You did a great job catching the (apparent) hoax in the first place, by the way. ×Meegs 19:25, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

Genital nomenclature
Genital nomenclature has been proposed for deletion. An editor felt this information might be based on your own conclusions or research, rather than published ideas. Please review No original research for the relevant policy. If you can improve the article to address these concerns, please do so, citing sources.

If no one objects to the deletion within five days by removing the "prod" notice, the article may be deleted without further discussion. If you remove the prod notice, the deletion process will stop, but if an editor is still not satisfied that the article meets Wikipedia guidelines, it may be sent to Articles for deletion for consensus. NickelShoe (Talk) 15:58, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

Adolf Hitler
Hi Quantum. You are right, I did revert your edit and I apologise for not explaining. There were two reasons. One is that Hitler's death is already described later in the introduction. There is no need to mentin it twice. The second, and most important, is that you wrote that Hitler died in 1933. I'm assuming this was a mistype, but even so it should be removed. Please also sign your contributions to talk pages, which you can do by adding four tildes like this ~ DJ Clayworth 14:24, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:Viola.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Viola.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, then you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self-no-disclaimers tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Fair use, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [ this link]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 05:32, 25 April 2007 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Moonian 05:32, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Quantum73


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for comment/ExplorerCDT

There should be two diffs per page for all but one page.

Diffs:
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Kevin Baas | talk 17:10, 2004 Dec 7 (UTC)


text:
Commissary

A commissary is a government official charged with oversight or an ecclesiastical official who exercises in special circumstances the jurisdiction of a bishop.

In many countries, the term is used as an administrative or police title. It often corresponds to the command of a police station, which is then known as a "commissariat". In some armed forces, commissaries are officials charged with overseeing the purchase and delivery of supplies, and they have powers of administrative and financial oversight. Then, the "commissariat" is the organization associated with the corps of commissaries. By extension, the term "commissary" came to be used for the building where supplies were disbursed.

In some countries, both roles are used; for example, France uses "police commissaries" (commissaires de police) in the French National Police and "armed forces commissaries" (commissaires des armées) in the French armed forces.

The equivalent terms are commissaire in French, commissario in Italian, Kommissar in Standard German, Kommissär in Swiss German and Luxembourgish, comisario in Spanish, commissaris in Dutch and Flemish, komisario in Finnish, komisarz in Polish and comissário in Portuguese. In many instances these words may also be the equivalent to commissioner, depending on the context.

Etymology
The word is recorded in English since 1362, for "one to whom special duty is entrusted by a higher power". This Anglo-French word derives from Medieval Latin commissarius, from Latin commissus (pp. of committere) "entrusted".

Government and administration
Governmental or administrative structures (or bodies) headed by a commissary (or composed of several commissaries) are often referred to as commissary governments or commissary administrations. Such terms were often used during the colonial era, and it was also used to designate various provisional governments of administrations. Executive or administrative body composed of several commissaries is often called Council of Commissaries or Board of Commissaries. Deputy of a commissary is styled as vice-commissary or sub-commissary.

In the Soviet Union, commissaries' powers of oversight were used for political purposes. These commissaries are often known as commissars in English.

Police
A Spanish police Commissary is considered to be equal in rank to a commandant in the Spanish army.

In the French National Police, a commissaire is assigned to a commune with a population of more than 30,000. Larger communes have more than one. Paris has well over one hundred commissaires. All commissaires are graduates and can fulfill both administrative and investigative roles.

In the Romanian Police, similarly to the French National Police, the rank of comisar is equivalent to the British police rank of superintendent (see also Romanian police ranks).

British army
With the establishment of an English standing army following the Restoration of the Monarchy a Commissary General of Musters was appointed on 20 December 1660. This officer, with the assistance of four deputies, was responsible for mustering troops by regiment and checking their names against the muster roll. These musters took place six or seven times per year (and monthly from 1687). At a muster the total number of officers and men was checked against the roll, each soldier's arms and accoutrements were inspected and each officer's rank (and record of leave) was checked against their level of pay. Only after the Commissary General had certified the muster roll would the Paymaster General of the forces issue pay to the regiment. In 1798 the commanding officer of each regiment, together with its regimental Paymaster, took over responsibility for the musters and the Deputy Commissaries were dismissed. The Commissary General continued to oversee a central office of musters until 1817 when the post was abolished and its duties transferred to the Secretary at War.

The appointment of a Commissary General of Provisions was first made by James II in 1685 to provide for his troops encamped on Hounslow Heath. As a permanent post the appointment had lapsed by 1694, but a century later it was revived for senior officer of the Commissariat (a department of HM Treasury responsible for the procurement and issue of various stores and victuals to the army and the provision of transport). The Commissariat officers were uniformed civilians, appointed by the Treasury but issued with letters of commission by the War Office; they were given rank as follows: The department was overseen by a Commissary-in-Chief from 1809-1816, and by a Commissary General in Chief from 1858 to 1869.
 * Commissary General (equivalent to a Brigadier General)
 * Deputy Commissary General (equivalent to a Lieutenant Colonel or Major)
 * Assistant Commissary General (equivalent to a Captain)
 * Deputy Assistant Commissary General (equivalent to a Lieutenant)
 * Commissary Clerk (equivalent to an Ensign).

Between 1793 and 1859 Assistant Commissary, Commissary and (from 1810) Chief Commissary were (civilian) ranks in the Field Train Department of the Board of Ordnance (the field force element of the Ordnance storekeeping system).

After 1869 Commissary and associated titles were used as junior officer ranks by the Control Department (military successor to both the Commissariat and the Ordnance Field Train). A split in 1875 created the Commissariat and Transport Department and the Ordnance Store Department, which used (respectively) Commissary-General and Commissary-General of Ordnance for their senior officers (along with other Commissary ranks down the chain of command). After 1880 officers of the new Army Service Corps were given full military rank, but the Army Ordnance Department retained Commissary of Ordnance (and Deputy and Assistant Commissary of Ordnance) as its junior officer ranks throughout the First World War.

Anglican Communion
The Canons of the Church of England, referring to the metropolitical jurisdiction of archbishops and to the ordinary jurisdiction of diocesan bishops, states that: "Such jurisdiction is exercised by the (arch)bishop himself, or by a Vicar-General, official, or other commissary to whom authority in that behalf shall have been formally committed by the (arch)bishop concerned.".

In previous centuries Bishops sometimes appointed representatives, called commissaries, to perform functions in distant portions of their dioceses. In 1684 Henry Compton, the Bishop of London, resolved to use the commissary system to provide leadership for churches in the American colonies. (James Blair was an early such commissary). Commissaries were appointed to some, but not all, of the thirteen colonies into the second half of the eighteenth century. Later, commissaries were sometimes appointed for other parts of the British Empire.

In 2011 the Archbishop of Canterbury appointed commissaries to conduct a visitation upon the Diocese of Chichester with regard to safeguarding failures in the diocese over many years. According to their interim report: "Our appointment by the Archbishop of Canterbury - the first such appointment of Commissaries for over 100 years - is evidence of the deep concern held in the Church of England for this diocese and its failure properly to protect children in its care".

In current practice in the Church of England, the relevant archbishop appoints an episcopal commissary during a diocesan vacancy in see; that bishop (usually the senior suffragan in the diocese) is commonly called Acting Bishop of the diocese (e.g. Acting Bishop of Birmingham).

title: Commissary


text:
National Iraqi Alliance

The National Iraqi Alliance (NIA or INA; الائتلاف الوطني العراقي), also known as the Watani List, is an Iraqi electoral coalition that contested the 2010 Iraqi legislative election. The Alliance is mainly composed of Shi'a Islamist parties. The alliance was created by the Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq (the at the time largest Shi'a party) to contest in the January 2005 and December 2005 under the name United Iraqi Alliance (UIA; الائتلاف العراقي الموحد), when it included all Iraq's major Shi'a parties. The United Iraqi Alliance won both those of elections however later fell apart after several major parties (most notably the Sadr Movement) left the alliance due to disputes with Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki and the Supreme Council.

The component parties contested the 2009 provincial elections separately but later that year started negotiations to revive the list. In August 2009 they announced the creation of the National Iraqi Alliance for the 2010 parliamentary election, this time without Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki's Islamic Dawa Party, which formed the State of Law Coalition. Later that year the two lists would re-unite again, forming the National Alliance.

January 2005 Parliamentary Election

The Alliance formed in the lead-up to the January 2005 elections from mainly Shi’ite groups most importantly the Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq, whose leader Abdul Aziz al-Hakim headed the list, and Islamic Dawa Party. Other important members included the secular Iraqi National Congress led by Ahmed Chalabi and the independent nuclear physicist Hussain Shahristani. It also included supporters of cleric Muqtada al-Sadr who preferred not to back his National Independent Cadres and Elites party, and a number of independent Sunni representatives. The coalition was widely believed to have been supported by senior Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani, the most widely respected religious figure in Iraq. Although Sistani offered no official endorsement, many in Iraq understood the UIA to be the "Sistani list."

The twenty-two parties included in the coalition, which was called List 228, were:
 * 1) Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SCIRI)
 * 2) Badr Organisation
 * 3) Islamic Dawa Party (al-Dawa)
 * 4) Islamic Dawa Party—Iraq Organisation
 * 5) Islamic Virtue Party
 * 6) Hezbollah Movement in Iraq
 * 7) Hezbollah al-Iraq
 * 8) Islamic Action Organisation
 * 9) Sayyid Al-Shuhadaa Organisation
 * 10) Shaheed Al-Mihrab Organisation
 * 11) Iraqi National Congress (INC)
 * 12) Centrist Assembly Party
 * 13) Islamic Fayli Grouping in Iraq
 * 14) Fayli Kurd Islamic Union
 * 15) First Democratic National Party
 * 16) Assembly “Future of Iraq”
 * 17) Justice and Equality Grouping
 * 18) Islamic Master of the Martyrs Movement
 * 19) Islamic Union for Iraqi Turkomans
 * 20) Turkmen Fidelity Movement

Many members of the Alliance had lived in exile in Iran, including Ibrahim al-Jaafari, Iraq's Prime Minister from 2005 to 2006, who led the Islamic Dawa Party. In 1980 thousands of al-Dawa supporters were imprisoned or executed after advocating replacing Saddam Hussein's secular Ba'ath Party government with an Islamic government. The Iranian government supported their efforts and allowed members of Al-Da’wa to seek exile in Iran.

The Alliance received 4.08 million votes (48.1%) in the election, which gave the bloc 140 seats on the 275-seat Council of Representatives of Iraq. The Alliance's nominees included 42 women. The Alliance formed a coalition Iraqi Transitional Government with the Democratic Patriotic Alliance of Kurdistan. Ibrahim al-Jaafari, leader of the Islamic Dawa Party, became the Prime Minister of Iraq and Jalal Talabani of the Kurdistani Alliance became the President of Iraq.

In March 2005, the Iraqi Turkmen Front agreed to join the UIA’s caucus in the National Assembly. In return, Sistani reportedly pledged support for the recognition of Iraqi Turkmen as a national minority.

December 2005 Parliamentary Election
The Iraqi National Congress left the alliance prior to the December 2005 elections, which also brought the Sadrist Movement more firmly into the Alliance. Al-Sistani also stated that he would not support any party in this election.

The election saw an increased turnout, mainly because the Sunni Arab population decided not to boycott. The alliance won 5.0 million votes (41.2%) an increase of 23% in the number of votes but a reduction of 6.9% in the vote share. They gained 128 seats, 12 fewer than the previous election.

Analysis of the seat allocation after the elections showed that the 109 district seats and 19 compensatory seats won by the UIA were split as follows:

Other parties include:

 * Centrist Coalition Party
 * Turkman Islamic Union of Iraq
 * Justice and Equality Assembly
 * Iraqi Democratic Movement
 * Movement of Hizbullah in Iraq
 * Turkmen Loyalty Movement
 * Saed Al Shuhada Islamic Movement
 * Al Shabak Democratic Gathering
 * Malhan Al Mkoter
 * Reform And Building Meeting
 * The Justice Community
 * Iraq Ahrar

Following the election, the Islamic Virtue Party withdrew from the Alliance, saying they wanted to "prevent blocs forming on a sectarian basis". This followed differences with Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki over control of the Oil Ministry in the Government of Iraq from 2006. This was followed in September 2007 by the Sadrist Movement, who complained the Alliance was "dominated by some parties".

The Alliance formed a coalition with the Kurdistani Alliance, the Sunni Arab-majority Iraqi Accord Front and the secularist Iraqi National List. The Alliance nominated Jaafari for another term as prime minister, but his appointment was blocked by the Alliance's coalition partners. Nouri al-Maliki, a deputy leader of the Islamic Dawa Party was agreed instead.

National Iraqi Alliance: 2010 Parliamentary Election
The component parties of the United Iraqi Alliance contested the 2009 provincial elections separately and in August 2009 they announced a new coalition for the 2010 parliamentary election without Prime Minister Maliki's Islamic Dawa Party. The new alliance was called the National Iraqi Alliance. The chairman of the group is former Iraqi Prime Minister Ibrahim al-Jaafari.

The parties taking part in the National Iraqi Alliance for the 2010 elections include:

 * Supreme Islamic Iraqi Council (ISCI) - led by Ammar al-Hakim
 * Badr Organisation - led by Hadi al-Amiri
 * Hezbollah Movement in Iraq - led by Hassan al-Sari
 * Sayyid al-Shuhada - led by Daghir al-Musawi
 * Sadr Movement - led by Muqtada al-Sadr
 * National Reform Trend (Islah) - led by Ibrahim al-Jaafari
 * Islamic Virtue Party (Fadhilah) led by Abd al-Rahim al-Hasini
 * Islamic Dawa Party - Tanzim al-Dakhli - led by Abdul Karim al-Anizi
 * Iraqi National Congress (INC) - led by Ahmad Challabi
 * Anbar Salvation Council - led by Hamid Hayes
 * Solidarity Bloc (Tadamun) - led by Qassim Daoud
 * Gathering of Justice and Unity - led by Sheikh al-Faiz
 * Turkmeneli Political Party
 * Shiite Turkmen Movement
 * Constitutional Monarchy Movement - led by Sharif Ali bin al-Hussein
 * The party belonging to the Bahr al-Ulloum family - led by Mohammad Bahr al-Ulloum
 * The party led by Khalid Abd al-Wahhab al-Mulla
 * Several Independent politicians.

Results
Among the five seats not belonging to the INA's 4 major parties, 1 seat went to ISCI affiliated Hezbollah in Iraq, 1 seat went to the Iraqi National Accord (Ahmad Challabi's seat) and 1 went to the Basra-based Shaykhi party: Gathering of Justice and Unity.

April 2014 parliamentary election
The alliance formed following the 2014 parliamentary election includes the Sadrist Movement. The coalition also includes the Badr Organization, the Al-Muwatin coalition and the State of Law Coalition.

title: National Iraqi Alliance


text:
Category:Cnidarians

Cnidarians are members of the phylum Cnidaria.

title: Category:Cnidarians


text:
Lexell (crater)

Lexell is a lunar impact crater that lies across the southeastern rim of the huge walled plain Deslandres, in the southern part of the Moon. It was named after Swedish-Russian mathematician and astronomer Anders Johan Lexell. To the northeast is the walled plain Walther, and to the south is Orontius, another walled plain.

This is a somewhat irregular formation with a wide break in the northern rim. The western rim forms a low, arcing wall, and is overlain to the southwest by Lexell H after passing the rim of Deslandres. The rim peaks along the southeast, then comes to an end at a rugged promontory-like ridge. The interior floor has been resurfaced by lava to the northwest and in sections of the remainder of the floor. There are some low rises and ghost-crater rims in the southeast half part of the interior floor.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Lexell.

title: Lexell (crater)


text:
User talk:Louisbourque

Hi Louisbourque, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are a few helpful links to start you off: Avoiding common mistakes, How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style, Policies and guidelines, Help, Merging pages.

If you need help or are curious about something, feel free to ask on my talk page or the village pump. You can sign your name and a date stamp on comments using four tildes ( ~ ). If you have any further questions, feel free to ask, and I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian!

Andre ( talk )A| 17:13, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Louisbourque


text:
Talk:The Member of the Wedding

Split
I think this article needs to be split into novel and films, otherwise it will become unweildy. High Heels on Wet Pavement 18:51, 13 March 2007 (UTC) --- We are going to use it for our AP Literature project. YAY :o)

Love, taurie (african american) [

Consolidated article
There were four articles related to The Member of the Wedding, each discussing a different film, television or theatrical adaptation. I consolidated the article. --TallulahBelle 14:09, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not a film or theater scholar, but I can't believe that there's not enough information on the film versions, at least the first one, or the plays, at least the first one, for there not to be articles about them. I searched and searched for an article on the first film under every title name I could think of until I finally found this post here. Reconsider your decision to compress the various media under the novel's article. Especially now with Ms Harris' death, there must be much more interest in an article on both the play and on the film versions she appeared in. Thank you, Wordreader (talk) 19:41, 1 September 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Member of the Wedding


text:
Kokomo Arnold

James "Kokomo" Arnold (February 15, 1896 or 1901 – November 8, 1968) was an American blues musician. A left-handed slide guitarist, his intense style of playing and rapid-fire vocal delivery set him apart from his contemporaries. He got his nickname in 1934 after releasing "Old Original Kokomo Blues" for Decca Records, a cover version of Scrapper Blackwell's blues song about the city of Kokomo, Indiana.

Early life
Arnold was born in Lovejoy's Station, Georgia. Most sources give the date his birth as 1901, but the researchers Bob Eagle and Eric LeBlanc give the date as 1896, on the basis of information in the 1900 census. He learned the basics of playing the guitar from his cousin, John Wiggs.

Career
Arnold began playing in the early 1920s as a sideline, when he was working as a farmhand in Buffalo, New York, and as a steelworker in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In 1929 he moved to Chicago and ran a bootlegging business, an activity he continued until the end of Prohibition. In 1930 he moved south briefly and made his first recordings, "Rainy Night Blues" and "Paddlin' Madeline Blues", under the name Gitfiddle Jim, for the Victor label in Memphis. He soon moved back to Chicago, where he was forced to make a living as a musician after Prohibition ended in 1933. Kansas Joe McCoy heard him and introduced him to Mayo Williams, a producer for Decca Records.

From his first recording for Decca, on September 10, 1934, until his last, on May 12, 1938, Arnold made 88 sides, seven of which have been lost.

Arnold, Peetie Wheatstraw and Bumble Bee Slim were well-known musicians in Chicago blues circles at that time. Wheatstraw and Arnold, in particular, were also major influences on their contemporary, the Delta blues artist Robert Johnson. Johnson turned "Old Original Kokomo Blues" into "Sweet Home Chicago" and "Milk Cow Blues" into "Milkcow's Calf Blues". Another Arnold song, "Sagefield Woman Blues", introduced the phrase "dust my broom", which Johnson used as a song title.

Other notable songs include his 1934 recording of "Sissy Man Blues", with lyrics referring to bisexuality ("Lord, if you can't send me no woman, please send me some sissy man"). It was later recorded by other blues musicians of the era, including Josh White (as "Pinewood Tom"), George Noble and Connie McLean's Rhythm Boys.

In 1938 Arnold left the music industry and began to work in a Chicago factory. Located by blues researchers in 1962, he showed no interest in returning to music to take advantage of the resurgence of interest in the blues among young white audiences. His song "Milk Cow Blues" was recorded by Elvis Presley.

Death
Arnold died of a heart attack in Chicago on November 8, 1968, aged either 67 or 72, and was buried in Burr Oak Cemetery, in Alsip, Illinois.

Discography

 * Kokomo Arnold (Saydisc Matchbox, 1969)
 * Masters of the Blues, vol. 4 (Collector's Classics, 1970)
 * Bad Luck Blues 1934–1938 (MCA, 1974)
 * Master of the Bottleneck Guitar 1930–38 (Document, 1987)
 * Down and Out Blues (Agram, 1990)
 * Complete Recorded Works in Chronological Order 1930–1938, vols. 1–4 (Document, 1991)
 * King of the Bottleneck Guitar 1934–1937 (Black & Blue, 1991)
 * Blues Classics, vol. 1 (Wolf, 1997)
 * Old Original Kokomo Blues (P-Vine, 1997)
 * Old Original Kokomo Blues 1934–1938 (EMP, 1998)
 * Old Original Kokomo Blues (Catfish, 1999)
 * Midnight Blues (History, 2000)
 * The Essential Kokomo Arnold (Document, 2001)
 * The Story of the Blues (Membran Music, 2004)

title: Kokomo Arnold


text:
Mercurius (crater)

Mercurius is a lunar impact crater that is located in the northeastern part of the Moon. It was named by the IAU in 1935.

It lies to the northeast of the smaller crater Carrington, and west-northwest of Zeno. Just to the south is the small lunar mare named Lacus Spei, and to the west is the larger Lacus Temporis.

The rim of Mercurius is circular, with a somewhat irregular edge. There are small outward bulges along several sections of the rim, with the most notable bulges being along the eastern and southern sides. The inner wall has slumped around much of the perimeter, producing a sharp edge. The sides are also somewhat worn, with some tiny craterlets overlying the inner wall.

Within the rim the interior floor has been resurfaced by lava and is nearly level, with a slight hint of a central mound. The remainder of the floor is marked only by a few tiny craterlets and some low ridges in the northeastern corner.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Mercurius.

title: Mercurius (crater)


text:
Talk:USS Pomodon

Untitled
The meaning of "Pomodon" can be verified by searching for it in "genera" at http://www.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp, which will give the result

Pomodon Boulenger 1895:144 [ref. 537]. Masc. Plectropoma macrophthalmos Tschudi 1846. Type by being a replacement name. Unneeded replacement for Hemilutjanus Bleeker 1876. Objective synonym of Hemilutjanus Bleeker 1876. Hemilutjanus Bleeker 1876. Serranidae.

--the Epopt [[TINC| of the Cabal ]] 17:19, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Excellent sleuthing! Ironically, Hemilutjanus, which seems to include only the grape-eye seabass H. macrophthalmos, is itself of uncertain position, apparently considered by some to be in the Serranidae not the Lutjanidae. Stan 18:25, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

GUPPY conversion
Pomondon was one of the two original GUPPY conversions. The other was USS Odax (SS-484). These conversions were called "GUPPY I", and both boats were later upgraded to "GUPPY II" spec. Unfortunately I don't have much info on the GUPPY I conversion, so I just put the GUPPY II stats in the infobox. If I get more information later I'll try to create a GUPPY I section of the box. TomTheHand (talk) 16:00, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:USS Pomodon


text:
Talk:Spitfire (disambiguation)

Cacafuego
Shouldn't it be Cagafuego ("fire-shitter")? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.58.3.239 (talk • contribs) 2004-12-07T17:20:38
 * See Cacafuego - not sure why this is here though. Leevclarke (talk) 23:34, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

Supermarine Spitfire
I could be biased as a UK citizen, but I put "Spitfire" into the search box, expecting to find the article on the aircraft (Supermarine Spitfire) by default. Should this really be a dab page, or be the aircraft article with a link to a dab page at the top? Leevclarke (talk) 23:34, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spitfire (disambiguation)


text: Category:Unincorporated communities in Oklahoma


text:
Älvsjö (borough)

Älvsjö is a borough (stadsdelsområde) in the southern part of Stockholm Sweden. The borough is divided into the districts Herrängen, Långsjö, Långbro, Älvsjö, Solberga, Örby Slott and Liseberg. It has about 21,000 inhabitants.

title: Älvsjö (borough)


text:
James Arnold

James Arnold may refer to:

Musicians

 * Kokomo Arnold (James Arnold, 1901–1968), blues musician
 * Jimmy Arnold (musician) (1932–2004), founding member of The Four Lads
 * James Arnold, singer and keyboardist of the post-hardcore band Before Their Eyes

Others

 * James Arnold (1781–1868), whaling merchant and benefactor of the Arnold Arboretum in Boston, Massachusetts
 * James Arnold (author & artist) (1909–1999), English author and artist
 * James Arnold (Australian politician) (1902–1967), Australian Senator
 * James Arnold (cricketer) (1869–1944), English cricketer
 * James Arnold (New Zealand politician) (1859–1929), New Zealand politician and trade unionist
 * James Edward Arnold (1939–2007), California businessman
 * James Henry Arnold (1759–1836), British lawyer, Admiralty Advocate and fellow of the Royal Society
 * James M. Arnold (1838–1897), associate justice and chief justice of the Supreme Court of Mississippi
 * James Newell Arnold (1844–1927), collector and publisher of genealogical and historical records of the state of Rhode Island
 * James R. Arnold (1923–2012), planetary scientist and chemist

title: James Arnold


text:
Category:French models

pl:Kategoria:Francuskie modelki

title: Category:French models


text:
Fortis

Fortis may refer to:

Business

 * Fortis (Swiss watchmaker), a Swiss watch company
 * Fortis Films, an American film and television production company founded by actress and producer Sandra Bullock
 * Fortis Healthcare, a chain of hospitals in India
 * Fortis Inc., a Canadian utility holding company
 * Fortis Group, a defunct banking, financial services, and insurance company, based in Belgium and The Netherlands or their successors:
 * Ageas, formed from the insurance operations of Fortis
 * ASR Nederland, formed from the Dutch insurance operations of Fortis
 * BNP Paribas Fortis, formed from the Belgian banking operations of Fortis, now owned by BNP Paribas
 * ABN AMRO, formed from the Netherlands banking operations of Fortis, now owned by the Dutch government

People

 * Alberto Fortis (1741–1803), Venetian writer, naturalist and cartographer
 * Alberto Fortis (musician) (born 1955), Italian singer and songwriter
 * Alessandro Fortis (1842–1909), Italian politician and prime minister
 * Jean-Baptiste-Boniface de Fortis (1746–1836), French politician
 * Louis Fortis (born 1947), American politician
 * Luigi Fortis (1748–1829), Italian Jesuit
 * Rami Fortis (born 1954), Israeli rock musician

Other

 * Fortis (aerojeep), a propelled ground vehicle
 * Fortis (linguistics), consonants produced with greater energy than lenis ones
 * Mitsubishi Galant Fortis, a compact car also known as the Mitsubishi Lancer
 * Fortis College

title: Fortis


text:
Charles Joseph Carter

Charles Joseph Carter (June 14, 1874 – February 13, 1936) was an American stage magician, also known as Carter the Great.

Biography
He was born on June 14, 1874, in New Castle, Pennsylvania, and developed an interest in magic from a young age. Carter's first theatrical experience occurred at the Herzog's museum and Pat Harris' Masonic Temple in Baltimore at the age of 10, where he appeared as "Master Charles Carter the Original Boy Magician". Due to stiff competition from the number of magic acts on the American stages at the time, Carter opted to pursue his career abroad, where he gained fame.

Among the highlights of Carter's stage performances during his career were the classic "sawing a woman in half" illusion (an elaborate surgical-themed version with "nurses" in attendance), making a live elephant disappear and "cheating the gallows", where a shrouded Carter would vanish, just as he dropped at the end of a hangman's noose. He was also known for devising acts that were inspired by recent events that captured the public's imagination, such as the discovery of Tutankhamen's tomb in 1922 or John Dillinger's famous jailbreak in 1934.

In 1894 he met his future wife, Corrine, whom he married and included in his show. A year later, his son, Lawrence, who would eventually take over the act after his death, was born.

Around the beginning of the century, Carter decided to settle down in Chicago along with his wife and son, his first major break from touring. During this time he tried to get a series of different business ventures up and running, such as an entertainment agency called The National Theatrical Exchange and his trade magazine called The Chicago Footlights, with various levels of success. During this time, he also enrolled in law school, from which he graduated in 1905.

In 1907 he set off again on a world tour that took him and his family to Australia, New Zealand, India, China, Sri Lanka, Egypt, Italy and beyond for three years. He would continue to tour the world with only short respites in the United States until 1917, completing seven world tours in this time. Because of his elaborate live shows, he had to travel everywhere with a lot of equipment, which at one point reached the weight of 31 tons. According to some sources, it was this heavy equipment of his that lead to him being refused a place on the RMS Titanic during a return trip to the US in 1912.

Looking for a break from his world touring magic show, Carter purchased the famous Martinka Magic Palace in 1917. Despite plans of opening Martinka shops all over the country, Carter soon discovered that he was losing money in the magic shop business and sold the Martinka two years later to a group of investors that included Harry Houdini. A famous anecdote states that he kept his lion, Monty, in the back room of the shop and when it would roar, the startled customers would run for the door.

In 1920, The Great Carter was touring again, opening at the Criterion in Sydney, Australia in May, accompanied by stage psychic Miss Evelyn Maxwell. The pair then toured Australia before heading overseas again.

In 1921, he lost a fortune while filming The Lion’s Bride in South Africa, a movie starring himself, that he had also written, produced, directed. The film never made it to screen.

The Great Carter returned to touring, playing packed houses in Australia in 1924 and again in 1934 together with Miss Evelyn Maxwell.

In 1936, Charles Joseph Carter suffered a heart attack on his way to Bombay, India. He was sent to the hospital and his son Larry took over the show. He died on February 13, 1936, aged 61 following a second heart attack. He is buried in the Calvary Cemetery in Queens, New York.

Legacy
Carter's home in San Francisco was rented by the Sumitomo Bank of California in the 1980s–90s and used as a residence for the Bank's President. Carter used to put on shows in the basement and people still discover occult references in the stained glass windows. The house is in the Seacliff District of San Francisco near the Pacific Ocean. It is sometimes mistakenly referred to as the "Houdini Mansion". It is now used as a foreign consulate.

Following Charles Carter's death from a heart attack in 1936, his son Larry Carter took over as Carter the Great.

A variety of vintage posters, advertising his shows, are on display at the House on the Rock in Wisconsin.

It is commonly believed that the character 'Maxwell' from the video game 'Don't Starve' was inspired by Carter because of his connections to magic and his relation to the city of San Francisco, as well that his real name is 'William Carter'.

A highly fictionalized account of his life can be found in Carter Beats the Devil (ISBN 0-7868-8632-3) by Glen David Gold. The rights to the novel were purchased in 2002 by Paramount, with Tom Cruise planning to star and produce, but the film has since been stuck in development hell. Warner Bros. currently hold the rights to a Carter Beats the Devil film.

Timeline - touring dates

 * 1906
 * September 15 – 21     : Decatur, Illinois
 * September 27 – Oct 3 : Cleveland, Ohio
 * October 4 – ?       : Cincinnati, Ohio
 * October 28 – ?      : Holland, Michigan
 * November 8 – ?      : Chicago Heights, Illinois
 * November 19 – ?     : Fairmount, Indiana
 * November 30 – ?     : Tecumseh, Michigan

 * 1907

 * 1912
 * December 25         : Terre Haute, Indiana

 * 1917
 * March 15           : New York City (Moss' Jefferson Theatre)

title: Charles Joseph Carter


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/168.209.97.34/Evidence

Proxy server
That might be true, but the evidence that I provided on Islam, 168.209.97.34 was one person. He never disputed the evidence when I first posted it. At any rate, this a problem with wiki. The solution of course is that anonymous users should not be able to edit. That would end 99% of vandalism too. Moreover, to get an account on wiki, people must have a valid ISP assigned email address. This would solve the problem of blocking a range of IPs to block one user. OneGuy 17:33, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text: Template:Iwate

title: Template:Iwate


text: User talk:81.156.132.237

title: User talk:81.156.132.237


text:
User talk:Flayked

Hi Flayked, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are a few helpful links to start you off: Avoiding common mistakes, How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style, Policies and guidelines, Help, Merging pages.

If you need help or are curious about something, feel free to ask on my talk page or the village pump. You can sign your name and a date stamp on comments using four tildes ( ~ ). If you have any further questions, feel free to ask, and I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian!

Andre ( talk )A| 17:37, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)

Votes for deletion/Comparison of web browsers (security)
I accidentally linked the wrong article in my VfD at Votes for deletion/Comparison of web browsers (security). You might want to check the correct article if you hadn't already. Sorry about that. --W(t) 22:04, 2005 Jun 17 (UTC)

Nomination of SoX for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article SoX is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/SoX until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article.  Sandstein  12:52, 28 March 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Flayked


text:
Courtis Fuller

Courtis John Fuller (born 26 January 1957) is a news broadcaster in Cincinnati, Ohio, who is active in politics and in local community affairs. Fuller is an on-air personality at WLWT-TV. He was named "Cincinnati's Favorite TV Personality" by the Broadcast Hall of Fame.

In 2001, Fuller, a lifelong Democrat, ran as a Charterite candidate for the office of mayor of Cincinnati. The incumbent mayor was Charlie Luken, a former colleague of Fuller's in the WLWT newsroom. In the non-partisan primary election, Fuller managed a surprise first-place finish. However, in the general election, he received 45 percent of the vote to 55 percent by the incumbent Luken.

Fuller became the host of a radio talk show, returning to television news on WLWT in 2003.

He is a member of several community boards and commissions, including the Greater Cincinnati Tall Stacks Commission and the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra Board of Trustees.

title: Courtis Fuller


text:
Brian Selden

Brian Selden (born 1980 in San Diego, California) was the winner of the 1998 Magic: The Gathering World Championship.

His strategy in the tournament was to use two cards, called Survival of the Fittest and Recurring Nightmare repeatedly. The former card puts creatures into the graveyard, while the latter allows the user to return them to the battlefield without using any mana. This results in a constant cycle of resurrected creatures. Selden used this tactic to bring back utility creatures or either Verdant Force or Spirit of the Night, both very expensive, powerful, and usually game-ending cards.

Selden received his BS in Mechanical Engineering from the University of California, Berkeley in 2003, and his MS in Mechanical Engineering from MIT in 2005.

title: Brian Selden


text:
Paz Vega

María de la Paz Campos Trigo (born 2 January 1976), known professionally as Paz Vega, is a Spanish actress. She became popular for her performance in comedy television series 7 vidas. Her film credits include Sex and Lucia (2001), Mine Alone (2001), The Other Side of the Bed (2002), Carmen (2003), Spanglish (2004), 10 Items or Less (2006), Theresa: The Body of Christ (2007), Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted (2012), All Roads Lead to Rome (2015), Acts of Vengeance (2017), and Rambo: Last Blood (2019). She played the role of Catalina Creel in the 2019 television series Cuna de lobos.

Early life
Vega was born in Seville, Andalusia, in 1976 to a housewife mother and a father who was a former bullfighter. Vega's younger sister has performed as a flamenco dancer. Vega has described her family as "traditional" and Catholic. She took her stage name from her grandmother. Vega decided to become an actress after attending a performance of Federico García Lorca's play, La casa de Bernarda Alba, when she was 16.

After completing compulsory education at 16, Vega was accepted at the Centro Andaluz de Teatro stage school. She studied there for two years and took another two years studying journalism. She next moved to Madrid to seek her future.

Screen career
Vega made her television debut in the Spanish TV series, Menudo es mi padre, which starred rumba singer El Fary. She appeared in two other series in 1997—Más que amigos and Compañeros.

In 1999, she made her film debut in Zapping. The same year, she also had a minor role in the David Menkes movie I Will Survive (Sobreviviré), alongside Emma Suárez, and Juan Diego Botto.

Vega found success in 1999's TV series 7 Vidas. The series was billed as a Spanish Friends and became one of the country's best-loved domestic sitcoms. Vega played Laura, a perky Andalusian girl who had come to stay with David, who had recently come out of a coma. The series was broadcast on Telecinco and finished on 12 April 2006, albeit without Vega.

In 2001, she starred in Julio Médem's film Sex and Lucia, which brought her to the attention of a larger audience. However, she received prominent exposure, particularly to American audiences, when she appeared in the 2004 James L. Brooks American film Spanglish opposite Adam Sandler. In 2006, she co-starred with American actor Morgan Freeman in the independent film 10 Items or Less, directed by Brad Silberling. In 2008, she co-starred with Gabriel Macht, Samuel L. Jackson, and Scarlett Johansson in The Spirit. In 2011, Vega had a role in Michele Placido's film Vallanzasca –The Angels of Evil.

Vega also works as a model; she is signed to 1/One Management in New York City. In May 2011, Vega replaced Penélope Cruz as the face for L'Oreal Spain.

In 2018, she participated in the third season of the reality cooking show MasterChef Celebrity.

In 2019, Vega appeared in Televisa to portray the lead character Catalina Creel in the miniseries Cuna de Lobos, based on the 1986 original telenovela of the same title. The same year, she portrayed an independent Mexican reporter in Rambo: Last Blood, in which she co-starred with Sylvester Stallone.

In 2023, Vega announced in Cannes the beginning of filming of her directorial debut, Rita, a feature film set in 1980s Seville billed by Vega as a "costumbrista and nostalgic" story.

Personal life
Vega and her Venezuelan husband, Orson Salazar, had their first child, a son, in May 2007. Their second child, a daughter, was born in July 2009. Their third child, another son, was born in August 2010. They married in 2002.

title: Paz Vega


text:
Colorado Book Awards

The Colorado Book Awards are awards presented annually to Colorado authors, editors, illustrators, and photographers who exemplify the best in their category in the state during a given year. Awards have been presented since 1991. The awards are given by the Colorado Center for the Book, itself a program of Colorado Humanities. Awards are selected by a group of judges who are themselves selected on the basis of interest and competence. The common criteria for each category are content, originality, and widespread appeal; each category also has additional criteria appropriate to that category.

Categories

 * Fiction
 * Non-fiction
 * Poetry
 * Mystery
 * Science fiction
 * Colorado & the West
 * Biography/Memoir
 * Advice
 * Collections/Anthology
 * Children
 * Young Adult

title: Colorado Book Awards


text:
User:Seabhcan/test

APEC, BIS, BSEC, CBSS, CE, CERN (observer), CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, ESCAP, G8, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), MINURSO, MONUC, NAM (guest), NGS, OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UN Security Council, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOP, UNOMIG, UNTAET, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (applicant), Zangger Committee

title: User:Seabhcan/test


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Compton Crook Award

The Compton Crook Award is presented by the Baltimore Science Fiction Society (BSFS) to the year's best English language debut novel in the science fiction, fantasy, or horror genres, as voted by its members. BSFS confers the award at their annual science fiction convention, Balticon, held in Baltimore on Memorial Day weekend. The award, also known as the Compton Crook/Stephen Tall Award, has been presented since 1983. Compton Crook, who wrote under the name of Stephen Tall, was a long-time Baltimore resident, Towson University professor, and science fiction author who died in 1981.

The list of eligible books is published in the monthly newsletter so that all club members will have a chance to read and vote. The winning author receives a cash award of $1,000 as well as a plaque, and their Balticon attendance is sponsored for two years; in the second year, the author presents the award to their successor. The invitation to Balticon is intended in part as a professional networking opportunity for the new author.

Winners

 * 1983: Donald Kingsbury, Courtship Rite
 * 1984: Christopher Rowley, War For Eternity
 * 1985: David R. Palmer, Emergence
 * 1986: Sheila Finch, Infinity's Web
 * 1987: Thomas Wren, Doomsday Effect
 * 1988: Christopher Hinz, Liege-Killer
 * 1989: Elizabeth Moon, Sheepfarmer's Daughter
 * 1990: Josepha Sherman, The Shining Falcon
 * 1991: Michael Flynn, In the Country of the Blind
 * 1992: Carol Severance, Reefsong
 * 1993: Holly Lisle, Fire in the Mist
 * 1994: Mary Rosenblum, The Drylands
 * 1995: Doranna Durgin, Dun Lady's Jess
 * 1996: Daniel Graham Jr., The Gatekeepers
 * 1997: Richard Garfinkle, Celestial Matters
 * 1998: Katie Waitman, The Merro Tree
 * 1999: James Stoddard, The High House
 * 2000: Stephen L. Burns, Flesh and Silver
 * 2001: Syne Mitchell, Murphy's Gambit
 * 2002: Wen Spencer, Alien Taste
 * 2003: Patricia Bray, Devlin's Luck
 * 2004: E. E. Knight, Way of the Wolf
 * 2005: Tamara Siler Jones, Ghosts in the Snow
 * 2006: Maria V. Snyder, Poison Study
 * 2007: Naomi Novik, His Majesty's Dragon
 * 2008: Mark L. Van Name, One Jump Ahead
 * 2009: Paul Melko, Singularity's Ring
 * 2010: Paolo Bacigalupi, The Windup Girl
 * 2011: James Knapp, State of Decay
 * 2012: T. C. McCarthy, Germline
 * 2013: Myke Cole, Control Point
 * 2014: Charles E. Gannon, Fire with Fire
 * 2015: Alexandra Duncan, Salvage
 * 2016: Fran Wilde, Updraft
 * 2017: Ada Palmer, Too Like the Lightning
 * 2018: Nicky Drayden, The Prey of Gods
 * 2019: R. F. Kuang, The Poppy War
 * 2020: Arkady Martine, A Memory Called Empire
 * 2021: Micaiah Johnson, The Space Between Worlds
 * 2022: P. Djèlí Clark, A Master of Djinn
 * 2023: Alex Jennings, The Ballad of Perilous Graves
 * 2024: Kemi Ashing-Giwa, The Splinter in the Sky

title: Compton Crook Award


text:
Fortis and lenis

In linguistics, fortis and lenis ( and  ; Latin for "strong" and "weak"), sometimes identified with 'tense' and 'lax', are pronunciations of consonants with relatively greater and lesser energy, respectively. English has fortis consonants, such as the p in pat, with a corresponding lenis consonant, such as the b in bat. Fortis and lenis consonants may be distinguished by tenseness or other characteristics, such as voicing, aspiration, glottalization, velarization, length, and length of nearby vowels. Fortis and lenis were coined for languages where the contrast between sounds such as 'p' and 'b' does not involve voicing (vibration of the vocal cords).

History
Originally, the terms were used to refer to an impressionistic sense of strength differences, though more sophisticated instruments eventually gave the opportunity to search for the acoustic and articulatory signs. For example, tested whether articulatory strength could be detected by measuring the force of the contact between the articulators or of the peak pressure in the mouth. Because such studies initially found little to substantiate the terminology, phoneticians have largely ceased using them, though they are still commonly used as "phonological labels for specifying a dichotomy when used language-specifically." This can be useful when the actual articulatory features underlying the distinction are unknown, under-researched or irrelevant.

Articulatory strength
Later studies have shown that articulatory strength is not completely irrelevant. The articulators in the mouth can move with a greater velocity and/or with higher electromyographic activation levels of the relevant articulatory muscles with fortis consonants than with lenis ones.

Oral pressure
Generally, voiceless stops have greater oral pressure than voiced ones, which could explain this greater articulatory energy. In Ewe, for example, the lips reach closure faster in articulating than in, making the lip closure longer. These differences in oral articulatory energy in consonants of different laryngeal settings is fairly widespread, though the correlation of energy and voicing is not universal. Indeed, a number of languages have been proposed as making strength differences independently of voicing, such as Tabasaran, Archi, Udi, and Aghul.

Subglottal pressure
It is rare for the use of greater respiratory energy for segments to occur in a language, though some examples do exist, such as Korean, which makes a three way contrast amongst most of its obstruents with voiceless, aspirated, and a third faucalized voiced set that involves both an increase in subglottal pressure as well as greater glottal constriction and tenseness in the walls of the vocal tract. Igbo has also been observed to utilize an increase in subglottal pressure involving its aspirated consonants.

Consonant length
"Fortis" and "lenis" have also been used to refer to contrasts of consonant duration in languages like Jawoyn, Ojibwe, Dalabon, Kunwinjku, and Zurich German. The Zapotec languages are also considered to have contrast of length rather than of voicing. For example, in Mixe, lenis consonants are not only pronounced shorter than their fortis counterparts, but they are also prone to voicing in voiced environments, which fortis consonants are not.

This association with longer duration has prompted some to propose a diachronic link between fortis consonants and gemination. even proposes that gemination is itself a process of fortition in Italian.

Many North Caucasian languages (Northwest and especially Northeast) have a consonantal distinction described as "strong" or "preruptive" that has concomitant length. Akhvakh and other Northeast Caucasian languages even possess a distinction between strong/long and weak/short ejective consonants: ('soup') vs.  ('cock's comb')

Relationship between strength and length
describes the fortis consonants for Archi: "Strong phonemes are characterized by the intensiveness (tension) of the articulation. The intensity of the pronunciation leads to a natural lengthening of the duration of the sound, and that is why strong [consonants] differ from weak ones by greater length. [However,] the adjoining of two single weak sounds does not produce a strong one [...] Thus, the gemination of a sound does not by itself create its tension."

Fortis stops in Australian Aboriginal languages such as Rembarunga (see Ngalakgan) also involve length, with short consonants having weak contact and intermittent voicing, and long consonants having full closure, a more powerful release burst, and no voicing. It is not clear if strength makes the consonants long, or if during long consonants there is a greater opportunity for full articulation.

Enforcement of phonemic distinctions
Articulatory strength can reinforce other distinctions. Ewe, for example, which contrasts a voiceless bilabial fricative and a voiceless labiodental fricative, pronounces the latter markedly more strongly than  in most languages. This helps differentiate what would otherwise be a very subtle distinction.

In English, use of the terms "fortis" and "lenis" is useful to refer to contrasts between consonants that have different phonetic attributes depending on context. The alveolar consonants and, for example:
 * Depending on dialect, and  may not neutralize with flapping, with the contrast manifesting itself in the preceding vowel's duration.
 * In the same syllable, the distinction between and  is lost after.

As the above table shows, no one feature is adequate to accurately reflect the contrasts in all contexts. Word-initially, the contrast has more to do with aspiration; is aspirated and  is an unaspirated voiceless stop. In the syllable coda, however, is instead pronounced with glottalization, unrelease, and a shorter vowel while  remains voiceless. In this way, the terms fortis and lenis are convenient in discussing English phonology, even if they are phonetically imprecise.

In southern German dialects, the actual distinction underlying obstruent pairs varies somewhat depending on the dialect, but is often one of length—fortis sounds are pronounced geminated in all positions in a word, even at the end of a word or before other consonants.

Notation
The IPA provides no specific means for representation of a fortis–lenis contrast. The extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet provide a diacritic for strong articulation (e.g. ) and weak articulation, but this does not cover all of the phonetic differences that have been categorized under fortis and lenis. Americanist phonetic notation uses fortis and lenis.

Different ways of transcribing the fortis–lenis contrast have been used. For instance, for the transcription of the Zürich German fortis–lenis contrast – which involves neither voicing nor aspiration –, notations such as the following ones have appeared in the relevant literature:

 * The fortis–lenis contrast may be transcribed with plain vs..
 * The fortis–lenis contrast may be transcribed as a gemination contrast ( or vs. ).
 * The fortis–lenis contrast may be transcribed as vs., that is, the lenes are marked with the IPA diacritic for voicelessness. By strict IPA definition, ⟨b̥ d̥ ɡ̊ v̥ z̥ ʒ̊ ɣ̊⟩ in this context can only denote partially devoiced obstruents. This notation emphasizes that there is more than just voice to the contrast between  vs..

This means that depending on the system, ⟨p t k f s ʃ x⟩ may have opposite values, i.e. they may represent either fortis or lenis sounds.

title: Fortis and lenis


text:
Toni Schumacher

Harald Anton "Toni" Schumacher (born 6 March 1954) is a German former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. At club level, he won a Bundesliga title and three DFB-Pokal titles with 1. FC Köln. At international level, he represented West Germany. Schumacher won the 1980 European Championship and reached two World Cup finals, in 1982 and 1986, being on the losing side for both. In the 1982 FIFA World Cup semi-final, he controversially collided with and seriously injured French defender Patrick Battiston. Schumacher was voted German Footballer of the Year in 1984 and 1986. Since April 2012, he has served as vice president at 1. FC Köln.

Club career
Schumacher made his first-team debut with 1. FC Köln at the age of 19. He played for the club from 1972 to 1987, including in 213 consecutive Bundesliga matches from 1977 to 1983. For most of those years, until well into the mid-1980s, he was widely considered one of the world's top goalkeepers, and he was the automatic first-choice goalkeeper for his country. He backstopped Köln to the double in 1978, winning the Bundesliga title (ahead of Borussia Mönchengladbach on goal difference) and the DFB-Pokal (defeated Fortuna Düsseldorf). The year before he had led Köln to a DFB-Pokal victory (against Hertha BSC in the final), the club's first major trophy win in nine years. He appeared in two other DFB-Pokal finals, in 1980 (lost to Fortuna Düsseldorf) and 1983 (defeated Fortuna Köln). Schumacher was voted German Footballer of the Year twice, in 1984 and 1986, by the nation's football journalists.

International career
Schumacher played 76 international matches for West Germany between 1979 and 1986, including 15 World Cup qualifying matches and 14 World Cup matches. He won the 1980 European Championship (defeated Belgium 2–1 in the final) and reached two World Cup finals, losing both - in 1982 (to Italy, 3–1) and 1986 (to Argentina, 3–2). In the 1982 tournament, in the controversial semi-final against France, he saved two penalties in the first penalty shootout of the World Cup Finals, which West Germany ultimately won. In the 1986 quarter-final against tournament hosts, Mexico, he saved two of the three shootout penalties he faced, enabling West Germany to advance again.

Controversy at 1982 World Cup
Schumacher was involved in a collision with a French defender, substitute Patrick Battiston, in the semi-final of the 1982 World Cup. Battiston and Schumacher were both sprinting towards a long through ball pass from Michel Platini. Battiston managed to reach the ball first and flicked it up and to the side of the approaching Schumacher. Schumacher leapt into the air as the ball sailed past him, ultimately wide of the goal. Schumacher, still in the air, collided with Battiston. The resulting contact left Battiston unconscious, later slipping into a coma. Schumacher has always denied any foul intention regarding the incident, saying that he was simply going for the ball, as a goalkeeper is entitled to do. Others have alleged that he intentionally collided with Battiston. Battiston also lost two teeth and had three cracked ribs. He received oxygen on the pitch. Michel Platini later said that he thought Battiston had died, because "he had no pulse and looked pale". The Dutch referee Charles Corver did not award a penalty for the incident. Schumacher proceeded to take the goal kick and play resumed. West Germany would eventually go on to win the game on penalty kicks after the match was tied at 3–3.

Schumacher caused more controversy after the game with his response to news that Battiston had lost two teeth: "If that's all that's wrong, tell him I'll pay for the crowns."

Schumacher did visit Battiston in the hospital, and though the Frenchman felt his apology at the time was insincere, Battiston admitted that he had forgiven him by the time the two countries faced each other four years later in yet another World Cup semifinal. That match ended in a 2–0 victory for West Germany.

A French newspaper poll asked which was the least popular man in France, and Schumacher beat Adolf Hitler into second.

When West Germany and France met again in World Cup 1986, Battiston said that the incident was "forgiven and forgotten". However, he said that he was wary of getting "close to Schumacher" and said that he would hold a distance of at least 40 meters from the West German goalkeeper. Schumacher would mostly refrain from commenting on the incident.

Coaching career
As coach of SC Fortuna Köln he was sacked at half time by club chairman Jean Löring when his club was 0–2 behind against Waldhof Mannheim in December 1999.

Autobiography
In 1987, Schumacher's autobiography Anpfiff ("kick-off") was published in various countries, including France, where there was interest in Schumacher's comments on the Battiston incident. Schumacher maintained that his actions did not constitute a foul and that he was only trying to get the ball. He said that he did not go over to check on Battiston's condition because several French players were standing around Battiston and making threatening gestures in his direction.

The book also included accounts of alleged improprieties by German football players, including substance abuse. This resulted in Schumacher's exclusion from the Germany national team and his long-term Bundesliga club, 1. FC Köln.

Career statistics
Ref.

Honours
1. FC Köln
 * Bundesliga: 1977–78
 * DFB-Pokal: 1976–77, 1977–78, 1982–83

Borussia Dortmund
 * Bundesliga: 1995–96

Fenerbahçe
 * 1.Lig: 1988–89

Germany
 * UEFA European Championship: 1980
 * FIFA World Cup runner-up: 1982, 1986

Individual
 * German Footballer of the Year: 1984, 1986
 * UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament: 1984
 * FIFA World Cup Silver Ball: 1986
 * Turkish Footballer of the Year: 1988, 1989

title: Toni Schumacher


text:
2004 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships

The 2004 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships (2004 WJHC) was held between December 26, 2003, and January 5, 2004, in Helsinki and Hämeenlinna, Finland. The United States won their first ever gold medal, defeating Canada 4–3 in the final.

Group A
All times local (EET/UTC+2).

Group B
All times local (EET/UTC+2).

Relegation round
Results from any games played during the preliminary round were carried forward to the relegation round.

(all games at Hämeenlinna)

January 2

 * Sweden 4–0 Ukraine
 * Switzerland 6–2 Austria

January 3

 * Austria 2–2 Ukraine
 * Sweden 4–3 Switzerland

Final
The victory gave the United States its first WJC gold medal ever, and its first medal since a silver medal in 1997 when it lost 2–0 to Canada in the final.

Goaltending leaders
Minimum 40% of team's ice time.

Most Valuable Player
🇺🇸 Zach Parise

Division I
The Division I Championships were played on December 14–20, 2003 in Berlin, Germany (Group A) and on December 13–19, 2003 in Briançon, France (Group B).

Division II
The Division II Championships were played on December 28, 2003 – January 3, 2004 in Sosnowiec, Poland (Group A) and on January 5–11, 2004 in Kaunas and Elektrėnai, Lithuania (Group B).

Division III
The Division III Championship was played on January 5–11, 2004 in Sofia, Bulgaria.