text:
Talk:Schiller Institute/Archive 1

User:Herschelkrustofsky has added to the section on Jeremiah Duggan that Baroness Symons has "hired a pro bono lawyer" to help the Duggan family. How can the minister have hired a pro bono lawyer? A lawyer who works pro bono is one working for the public good and not charging anyone. So in what sense was he "hired" by the minster?

I'm curious to know why you worded it that way, because that is the exact phrase that was used by the Lyndon LaRouche Executive Intelligence Review. Quoting the EIR without saying it's coming from them may make the article less NPOV. user:SlimVirgin
 * Incidentally, it is generally best to cite all sources, on both sides of a controversy, in an article. See Cite your sources. --Herschelkrustofsky 21:19, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually, my edit said "appointed a pro bono lawyer", which is not quite as incongruous as "hired," but I have changed it to "arranged for a pro bono lawyer." My information did come from EIR, just as your information came presumably from the Post and/or the Independent. I linked all three sources at the bottom of the article. --Herschelkrustofsky 15:47, 14 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * But how do you know that Baroness Symons appointed or arranged a lawyer for the family, and how do you know he is working pro bono? The LaRouche publication Executive Intelligence Review (EIR) does say this, but they don't quote anyone, and it's extremely unlikely that either the family or the lawyer would speak about their financial arrangements to EIR. So I feel we should get rid of pro bono, and the minister arranging it, unless we can refer to a source who is in a position to know. User:SlimVirgin 00:20, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I have no problem with that, and I hope that you approve of my edit to change it. --Herschelkrustofsky 03:12, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * However, please note my proposal at Talk:Helga Zepp-LaRouche, that since you have written an entire article on the Duggan case, the material in the schiller Institute article should be merged with that article, keeping a brief reference in the Schiller Institute article with a link to the Duggan article. --Herschelkrustofsky 03:16, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Thank you for changing the pro bono part. I do agree with your edit.

 * My problem with the Schiller Institute article is that, if we remove most of the Duggan material, we are left with an article about an apparently innocent-sounding organization that loves music. Yet critics of the Schiller Institute, and there are many, see it as a fascist front organization for the LaRouche organization in Europe. Not to make prominent reference to these views is, in my view, dishonest. Therefore, I feel that a fairly lengthy section on the Duggan allegations in the Schiller article is justified. I agree that on the Zepp-LaRouche page there is probably no need for more than a few sentences on Duggan, but on the Schiller page, I would say it is currently their #1 political problem, and if it isn't, it ought to be. Perhaps we can reduce the Duggan section without emasculating it entirely? user:SlimVirgin 04:29, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * The reason for the template box on each of the LaRouche-related articles is to indicate that the article that you are reading is, in effect, a sub-page of a really long article. I think it is appropriate to have a slightly redundant mention that the Insitute is connected to LaRouche who is controversial, has enemies, and is accused of everything under the sun, and a link to your Duggan article. --Herschelkrustofsky 16:17, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Herschel, could you explain why you don't want the Duggan material prominently on the Schiller Institute page? Imagine if your local supermarket were accused in a coroner's court of having poisoned a customer with its meat produce. The supermarket denies it, describing the allegation as "laughable.". Nonetheless, lawyers for the victim are trying to persuade police to investigate further, and the police have confirmed they are considering doing so. Along comes a journalist to write an article about the supermarket. He writes a long, glowing piece, mentioning the alleged death-by-poisoning of its customer and the possible police investigation only in passing. If you were to read this glowing piece, would you not wonder why the journalist tried to down-play the death? Would it not make you wonder about the journalist's objectivity?

 * I will reduce the Duggan material in the Schiller article as you requested as a compromise between us, but I will make it more than a passing reference. I hope this is an acceptable compromise for you. User:SlimVirgin 21:20, 15 Nov, 2004 (UTC)

 * The idea that the Schiller Institute is responsible for the death of Duggan is laughable. He was not an activist in the Institute, he just showed up at a conference. If he had been more involved, S.I. members might have recognized that he had a problem and told him to get help. You might as well blame the restaurant he had breakfast at. This is flimsiest pretext for an attack on LaRouche that I have yet seen. --C Colden 15:48, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * C Colden, I am reverting to the previous version as you have deleted information that is directly relevant to any discussion of the Schiller Institute and its membership. How do you know so much about Duggan that has not been published? Are you involved with the LaRouche organization? [user:SlimVirgin]] 18:28, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually, SlimVirgin, the information that C Colden is citing is in the articles you cite. Duggan apparently attended the conference within a week of meeting a LYM organizer outside the Sorbonne. I don't see a big problem with her edit -- it mentions the Duggan case, which I think is sufficient, and I am merging whatever is presently in the Schiller Institute article, but not in the Duggan article, with the latter article. --Herschelkrustofsky 21:19, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Herschel, I believe you are wrong. The claims inserted by C Colden in this and the Jeremiah Duggan article were taken from Executive Intelligence Review, which is a LaRouche publication. user:SlimVirgin 21:27, 15 Nov, 2004 (UTC)

Herschel and C Colden, I have reduced the Jeremiah Duggan section from my original eight paragraphs to three paragraphs as a compromise. user:SlimVirgin 21:52, 15 Nov, 2004 (UTC)

It looks all right for now. We should continue to discuss and edit it, in hopes of reaching a point where we can remove the NPOV dispute tag. Believe me, it gave many people a sense of great accomplishment to remove all the NPOV dispute tags from the LaRouche articles one month ago. --Herschelkrustofsky 22:04, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Incidentally, I believe that you inadvertantly deleted Colden's edit about the translations and so forth. I am restoring it. --Herschelkrustofsky 22:04, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Herschel, yes, that was inadvertent. Thank you for restoring it. user:SlimVirgin 22:45, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

neutrality tag
Is there any reason that the neutrality dispute tag should stay up? It looks like the editing disputes have been resolved. Weed Harper 21:09, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)

The editing disputes are resolved only in the sense that no one can be bothered to argue about it, I suspect. My own view is that it's bizarre that most of this article talks about the Institute's drama, poetry and music activities, when its main main (as I understand it) is to promote LaRouche's political views. Why would you prefer to remove the tag? Slim 22:18, Nov 18, 2004 (UTC)

You might want to take some time to familiarize yourself with the Institute by visiting its website. You have been editing this article with a particular agenda. Also, the neutrality tag indicates that something in the article is disputed. What in particular do you think is incorrect with respect to the article as it presently stands? --01:57, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I haven't been editing this article with an agenda, unless you call a desire that it be accurate and fair an agenda. This evening, I found on Usenet an example of a self-confessed LaRouche activist arguing with another poster over a LaRouche issue. The LaRouche activist then supplied a link to a Wikipedia LaRouche-related page as "evidence" that what he was arguing was correct. But the page he referred to had been edited by LaRouche activists/advocates. Finding this has strengthened my view that people connected to Lyndon LaRouche should not be editing articles that relate to him in any way. I feel there should be a NPOV dispute tag on all these articles, at the very least.
 * I have looked at the Institute's website. It looks to me like an organization set up to promote the views of Lyndon LaRouche, not a cultural organization. If you can refer me to material that would show me to be wrong, I'd appreciate it. I can't find any on their website.
 * Regarding what I dispute in the article, I dispute the entire tone of it, and the ordering of information, so that the Institute's main aims appear to be musical and cultural, a claim that you say is true, but have not backed up in any way.
 * Also, can you refer me to Wikipedia articles you have edited that have nothing to do with LaRouche, and into which you inserted material that had nothing to do with LaRouche? I've asked you this before but you must have missed the request. Slim 02:38, Nov 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * The Schiller Institute definately promotes LaRouche's views, but primarily his views on music and culture -- which is that music and culture are a moral force in society, and therefore political, which is also what Friedrich Schiller argued. You can easily look at my history of edits by going to my user page and clicking User Contributions. In the past week or so I have been preoccupied with the controversies on this page and your Duggan article, but you can look at the previous period by clicking here. --Herschelkrustofsky 15:46, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the information, Herschel, but I was hoping you'd tell me which articles you've edited that have nothing to do with LaRouche and into which you have not inserted any LaRouche-related material. I don't have time to go through the list myself. Slim 18:36, Nov 19, 2004 (UTC)

List Objections
Slim, please list your objections to the current version of this article, so we can edit it and return it to undisputed status. --Herschelkrustofsky 15:54, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

My objection is the entire tone of the article, which implies that the main aims of the Schiller Institute are cultural and artistic, whereas the main aim in my view is to promote the political views of Lyndon LaRouche. If you want to maintain that the Institute is largely a cultural or artistic body, please cite third-party references to back up that assertion. I feel that, in order to follow the Arbitration Committee's ruling, you should back up every assertion you make about LaRouche with third-party attribution (that means non-LaRouche and also not someone parroting a LaRouche view) -- unless it's a quote from LaRouche or EIR in an article where they're responding to an allegation, as in the Jeremiah Du:ggan article where, of course, it's appropriate that they be given a chance to defend themselves. If you can't find third-party attribution for the cultural/artistic tag, then I feel the article should be rewritten to reflect the extent to which some organizations believe the Schiller Institute represents what many see as a cult, with quotes from those organizations. It is a question of balance and NPOV. Slim 17:25, Nov 23, 2004 (UTC)

1. I think that the disputed label should remain in place as long as the Jeremiah Duggan material remains in the article. It is inappropriate, a scurrilous and propagandistic attack, and is only there because SlimVirgin is an anti-LaRouche activist who is looking for opportunities to insert anti-LaRouche propaganda into Wikipedia articles. He hints at his real motives sometimes on talk pages; apparently he believes that he is defending the British Royal Family against accusations of misconduct in the death of Princess Diana. These accusations have come from LaRouche, and other sources as well. He ought to be honest and put whatever arguments he may have in an article on Princess Diana. --Caroline 01:23, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * See Talk:Political views of Lyndon LaRouche ("SlimVirgin's latest contribution"). --Herschelkrustofsky 12:43, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Frederick Wills: from Fred Bauer
Slim, please look closely at the decision, especially the part at Requests_for_arbitration/Lyndon_LaRouche/Proposed_decision, which reads, "1) Original work which originates from Lyndon LaRouche and his movement may be removed from any Wikipedia article in which it appears other than the article Lyndon LaRouche and other closely related articles." This article is a closely related article. While there was a proposed remedy which read, "2) User Herschelkrustofsky is prohibited from editing the article Lyndon LaRouche and closely related articles as well as their talk pages," this remedy failed for lack of support. Read together as they relate to this article, material from LaRouche sites may be cited by LaRouche activists who may edit the article. Obviously the views of critics and nominally objective observers such as the Washington Post may also be included. Fred Bauder 12:49, Nov 28, 2004 (UTC)

Reply to Fred

 * Fred, the three users were banned for inserting material into Frederick Wills, not Schiller Institute (This is the Schiller Institute Talk page :-) ) They claim that Frederick Wills is a "closely related" article and that therefore they should be allowed to insert LaRouche propaganda. But (1) They've produced no evidence that it's closely related, except for the LaRouche propaganda they've already inserted; that is, they've produced no independent evidence that shows Frederick Wills had a relationship with LaRouche that started before 1976, and that Wills took his ideas about debt reform from LaRouche, as they claim he did. Secondly (2), the Arb Committee did not rule that supporters of LaRouche were allowed to insert unverifiable material into LaRouche articles; only that they are allowed to edit them. They still have to be able to verify what they say.
 * The underlying principle at stake here is that LaRouche supporters should have to be able to attribute their claims to a reputable third-party source, like all other Wikipedia editors have to do when challenged. The person challenging the material should not have to show that it is wrong. My question to you and the Arb Comm is: where does the burden of proof lie when an editor challenges the veracity of an article?
 * Bear in mind that Frederick Wills is just one of a large number of articles these users are inserting LaRouche propaganda into. Slim 13:10, Nov 28, 2004 (UTC)

Dubious sources
From Wikipedia: "For an encyclopedia, sources should be unimpeachable. An encyclopedia is not primary source material. Its authors do not conduct interviews nor perform original research. Hence, anything we include should have been covered in the records, reportage, research, or studies of others. In many, if not most, cases there should be several corroborating sources available should someone wish to consult them. Sources should be unimpeachable relative to the claims made; outlandish claims beg strong sources.

"Sometimes a particular statement can only be verified at a place of dubious reliability, such as a weblog or a tabloid newspaper. If the statement is relatively unimportant, then just remove it - don't waste words on statements of limited interest and dubious truth. However, if you must keep it, then attribute it to the source in question. For example: According to the weblog Simply Relative, the average American has 3.8 cousins and 7.4 nephews and nieces.

"This is similar to how we try to achieve a neutral point of view."

Factual Accuracy Dispute Tag
Slim, you appear to have added a second dispute tag, the factual accuracy tag. When using this tag, it is de rigeur for you to specify which facts you are disputing. Please do so with alacrity, as much time has passed since you put up the first tag, and you have yet to make specific suggestions. --Herschelkrustofsky 16:33, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I dispute the factual accuracy of the new "political activity" category you just created (couldn't leave the article alone, could you?) on two grounds: (1) You have supplied no references for your claims: please provide complete references for this new section and the other sections you created; and (2) I dispute that this is the entirety of the Institute's political activity i.e. I believe it paints a false picture. Regarding the neutrality tag, as I've said before, I dispute the entire tone and structure of the article. I see it as a promotion of the Institute, not as an encyclopedia entry. Finally, note, as I've also said before, I'm not going to get into another series of discussions with you about this or anything else. Slim

Slim, if you are unwilling to discuss your edits, don't edit. And certainly don't put on the dispute tag if you aren't willing to work toward consensus (I suppose that goes for Caroline Colden as well, who evidently wants to keep the neutrality dispute tag on.)

You are difficult to please, Slim. I thought that you had earlier objected to the article being weighted toward culture and not politics. The footnote I supplied to the S.I. conference archives is certainly adequate documentation for what has been discussed at the conferences. And I am going to take out some of your excessive footnotes on the death of Jeremiah Duggan, because they belong (and I should think this were obvious) on the article about Jeremiah Duggan. This is an article about the Schiller Institute. You seem to have a quarrel with the Schiller Institute, but you seem reluctant to spell out what it is. Remember that this is an encyclopedia article, and not a soapbox for the dissemination of propaganda. --Herschelkrustofsky 01:39, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * If you remove references, I will revert. These articles need MORE references, not fewer, as there are hardly any in there. I do think there should be more politics, but written from a NPOV. Slim 01:47, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

I have reduced the amount of space devoted to Jeremiah Duggan in this article. There is, after all, an extensive article on Jeremiah Duggan. Frankly, to give people a balanced perspective on the Schiller Institute, there ought to be greater emphasis on Amelia Boynton Robinson, who is in my view the soul of the organization, but I'm going to leave it as it is for now. I doubt that either Slim or Caroline will be satisfied, but in my judgement, the article is now relatively balanced. -- 01:53, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Page protection
Following a request by user:Herschelkrustofsky, this page is protected from further editing, with differences to be resolved on the Talk page. Herschel, I don't understand why you started editing this page again after the last dispute, as it had been stable since C Colden's edit on November 18. If you are determined to add a "political activity" category, it should be fully referenced; must be written from a NPOV; and must attempt to be more comprehensive. That is, it must say something about the political activity of the Institute from the point of view (a) of the Institute and (b) of its critics, both written from a NPOV, and with links to the references. Even from the Institute's own point of view (based on what I recall from their website), their political activity involves more than holding conferences.

The only section I wrote is the Jeremiah Duggan one and so I added references for that section only. Please don't reduce this section any further. It was longer than this previously; you wanted it much shorter, and it was reduced to its current length several weeks ago as a compromise. I haven't changed the content; only added links to references that I had no time to add earlier. You're welcome to do the same in the sections you've written; and I hope you do. Accurate references shouldn't be removed as they aid the reader. The more claims that are accurately referenced (so long as the reference is reputable, or is a primary source e.g. like the Schiller Institute website is a primary source regarding the titles of Schiller Institute conferences), then the more encyclopedic the article becomes.

Once the political activity section is more comprehensive and referenced, the factual accuracy tag can be removed so far as I'm concerned. Alternatively, if you don't want to make it more comprehensive, perhaps you could change the name from "political activity" to "conferences," which would make it factually accurate. Regarding the neutrality tag, C Colden and I agree, for different reasons, that it should stay.

Finally, I have no problem with you adding info on Amelia Boynton Robinson if she really was the soul of the organization, so long as everything you add is fully referenced. Also note: I have no quarrel whatsoever with the Schiller Institute. All I want is for the article to be encyclopedic, and not a propaganda piece in the Institute's favor written by its supporters. Slim 04:23, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * Slim, a page is not "stable" so long as it bears the dispute tags. A dispute tag indicates unresolved problems with the article. Caroline made the only specific complaint, that she apparently thinks the Duggan business is a fraud and irrelevant to an understanding of the Schiller Institute. My sense of the matter is that, despite your protestations of innocence, you are looking for some way to make this article into a vehicle for your anti-LaRouche activism. The amount of space devoted to the Duggan affair -- particularly with the six(!) external links you have devoted to it -- has made this article into just a re-hash of your article on Duggan. It's like an encyclopedia article, ostensibly on Bill Clinton, where the bulk of the article is devoted to Paula Jones. As far as the political activity of the Schiller Institute is concerned, its political activity consists primarily of holding conferences, and running a website. If you found reference on the S.I. website to other forms of activity, add it. If you found some legitimate criticism of the Institute's political activity that you want to add to the article, add it. But I suspect that your agenda is better served by muddying the waters than by trying to present a real encyclopedia article. --05:28, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * As I said, I'm not entering another series of pointless discussions with you. Please assume good faith. You were the one who asked for page protection. In response to your request, I've laid out (above) my specific objections to the article in terms of its factual accuracy; and I've suggested specific ways those objections could be dealt with. It's up to you whether you want to say here how you intend to proceed. If you feel there's too large a percentage of space devoted to Duggan, then suggest how you will expand the political activity section to include more about the Institute's politics, observing NPOV. Adding, not deleting, is the best way to proceed (within limits, of course). Add more of your own references, then the Duggan references will not stand out. I have no agenda apart from wanting this to be factual, thorough and properly referenced. The page was stable before. We had agreed to disagree, and the neutrality tag was left up as a sign of that. You are the one who has re-opened the can of worms. You are the one with the (self-confessed) agenda. I have no interest in Lyndon LaRouche. You will notice that I haven't inserted Duggan material into the Lyndon LaRouche pages - but it does belong on the Schiller Institute page because that's the organization facing the allegations, which were made in a court of law, not in some scandal sheet. The bulk of the article is not about Duggan: don't exaggerate. Stop making personal attacks and insinuations and please stick to Wikpedia policy on NPOV, "assume good faith," "no personal attacks," and providing references for claims. Slim 05:45, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * When this page is unprotected, I will add documented material about the Schiller Institute, so that it looks like an article about the Schiller Institute and not "Jeremiah Duggan II." --Caroline 15:31, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I was fowarded this link Cite sources by an administrator who feels that the Schiller Institute article needs proper references. I hope you will follow it. Slim 07:27, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

Comments on versions
Hi, just responding to the entry on RfC.

All of the information on Jeremiah Duggan needs to be kept inside its own article and linked out, IMO. It can be summarized, more or less, but anything verging on detail should be kept separate. Likewise, the references should probably be moved to the other article. "A spokesperson for the Lyndon LaRouche organization has strongly denied the Institute played a role in Duggan's death" should be kept only if a source can be found and cited. I like the section having more wikilinks as well, but the "state of terror" thing should be removed in favor of just keeping the cite.

Basically I think the best lies somewhere in between. Good luck on getting this resolved. Reene✎ 07:34, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * Why? I disagree. The action is against the Schiller Institute, right? Then it should be retained in this article. I agree with the "A spokesperson for the Lyndon LaRouche organization has strongly denied the Institute played a role in Duggan's death" bit. Find a reference for this please people. - Ta bu shi da yu 07:40, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi, Reene and Ta bu Shi da yu, the reference is directly after the sentence, citation #8, an article from a LaRouche publication. I will quote the strong denial from that article to make it clearer. Slim 11:33, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

There is noting really major between the two versions, besides chunks of information added/removed and the date of the inquest on the death of Duggan ("November 6, 2003" in SlimVirgin's version, and "October 2004" in that of Herschelkrustofsky). For reference. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk, automation script)]] 01:25, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

Wikipedia policy
Below are the principles and policies that all editors, including those editors who support Lyndon LaRouche, must adhere to, with no exceptions. No further discussion will be entered into about this by me, as enough has been said. Slim 23:57, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * Verifiability

 * Cite sources

 * Neutral point of view

 * No original research

 * Copyrights (Images must be licensed directly from the copyright holder, who must waive the copyright so the image can be freely distributed by Wikipedia readers.)

Regarding novel narratives involving a new synthesis of information: "An article that makes no new low-level claims, but nonetheless synthesizes work in a non-standard way, is effectively original research that I think we ought not to publish. This comes up most often in history, where there is a tendency by some Wikipedians to produce novel narratives and historical interpretations with citation to primary sources to back up their interpretation of events. Even if their citations are accurate, Wikipedia's poorly equipped to judge whether their particular synthesis of the available information is a reasonable one," Jimbo Wales (WikiEN-l, Dec 6, 2004)

Regarding NPOV and factual accuracy dispute tags, these must be accompanied by specific objections that are fixable. Otherwise, it is a misuse of the tag. -

Latest edit
Don't insert claims unless they are referenced to reputable publications. If it's a claim made by the Institute about itself, that can be used, but if it's a claim that is too self-serving, it should be followed by the view of others, also properly referenced. If you use a reference, include it in the References section. If you refer to a published book (by the Schiller Institute or anyone), give the title, and then the title, date of pub, publisher and ISBN number under References. If you can't find those, it means it wasn't published, in which case delete the reference. Let's do this properly: according to the rules of scholarship and Wikipedia policy. Slim 01:23, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

Vandalism
I wrote what I thought was a generous compromise article, after reading the Comments on Versions. SlimVirgin has responded with a new edit which I can only consider vandalism. He is attempting to use Wikipedia as a soapbox for his anti-LaRouche campaign. By the way, the documentation on Marie-Madeleine Fourcade is found on the page I listed as source -- it is a photograph of her on the dais at the conference. --Caroline 14:18, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * If you can source that Wills and Fourcade were there, by all means put it in. All I ask is that material be properly sourced. You are insane if you call my edit vandalism, and I mean that very sincerely and in the literal sense. I added just one sentence in the intro: that its critics regard the Institute as a political cult. In fact, that is more than fair, because it is so regarded by most people, not just its critics. I also moved your "history" to the end and recalled it "conferences" because it wasn't the history of the Institute, or anywhere near it.  Stop your propaganda efforts or I will go back to the ArbCom and will formally request that they kick you out of Wikipedia or ask you to stop editing LaRouche articles, which would amount to the same thing because that's all you ever do. You shouldn't have anything to do with Wikipedia. Have you noticed that ALL your edits cause trouble? You are a poisonous troll. Slim 19:29, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * When you post a personal attack like that, it pretty much destroys your claim to be a neutral editor on articles about the Schiller Institute. Also, the decision to include the Schiller Institute in the Wikipedia category of "cults" was not made by a third party "critic" -- it was made by you, SlimVirgin, and it reveals your true POV. --Caroline 17:14, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Below are the principles and policies that all editors — including those editors, like yourself, who support or work for Lyndon LaRouche — must adhere to, with no exceptions.

 * Verifiability

 * Cite sources

 * Neutral point of view

 * No original research

Regarding novel narratives involving a new synthesis of information: "An article that makes no new low-level claims, but nonetheless synthesizes work in a non-standard way, is effectively original research that I think we ought not to publish. This comes up most often in history, where there is a tendency by some Wikipedians to produce novel narratives and historical interpretations with citation to primary sources to back up their interpretation of events. Even if their citations are accurate, Wikipedia's poorly equipped to judge whether their particular synthesis of the available information is a reasonable one," Jimbo Wales (WikiEN-l, Dec 6, 2004)

title: Talk:Schiller Institute/Archive 1


text:
Celina

Celina may refer to:

 * Celina (given name), the origins of the name.

Places

 * Celina, Indiana, an unincorporated community
 * Celina, Minnesota, an unincorporated community
 * Celina, Ohio, a city
 * Celina, Tennessee, a city
 * Celina, Texas, a city
 * Čelina, Czech Republic, a village
 * Čelina, Konjic, a village in Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Čelina, Croatia, a village near Omiš

People

 * Célena Cherry (born 1977), lead singer of the Honeyz
 * Celina González (1929–2015), Cuban singer and songwriter
 * Celina Jade (born 1985), actress
 * Celina Jaitly (born 1981), Indian actress
 * Celina Jesionowska (born 1933), Polish sprinter
 * Celina Seghi (1920–2022), Italian former alpine skier
 * Celena Shafer (born c. 1975), American operatic soprano

Other uses

 * Celina (beetle), a genus of water beetle
 * Moderate Tropical Storm Celina, in the 2007–2008 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Celina


text:
Manhattan wiring

Manhattan wiring (also known as right-angle wiring) is a technique for laying out circuits in computer engineering. Inputs to a circuit (specifically, the interconnects from the inputs) are aligned into a grid, and the circuit "taps" (connects to) them perpendicularly. This may be done either virtually or physically. That is, it may be shown this way only in the documentation and the actual circuit may look nothing like that; or it may be laid out that way on the physical chip. Typically, separate lanes are used for the inverted inputs and are tapped separately.

The name Manhattan wiring relates to its Manhattan geometry. Reminiscent of how streets in Manhattan, New York tend to criss-cross in a very regular grid, it relates to appearance of such circuit diagrams.

Manhattan wiring is often used to represent a programmable logic array.

Alternatives include X-architecture wiring, or 45° wiring, and Y-architecture wiring (using wires running in the 0°, 120°, and 240° directions).

title: Manhattan wiring


text:
Hillsborough River

There are at least two rivers named the Hillsborough River:

 * Hillsborough River (Florida), which flows through Tampa
 * Hillsborough River (Prince Edward Island), which flows through Charlottetown

title: Hillsborough River


text:
KIXI

KIXI (880 AM) is a radio station licensed to Mercer Island/Seattle, Washington. It operates 24 hours a day with a daytime power of 50,000 watts and a nighttime power of 10,000 watts from a transmitter in Mercer Slough Nature Park in Bellevue, where studios are also located (although in a separate location).

Format
KIXI features nostalgic music, such as rock and roll classic oldies mixed in with musical standards. The music spans from the early 1950's through the early 1980's. In recent years tthe station has moved away from big band music but occasionally plays some. It is the only station in the Seattle area to feature the Imagination Theatre and Twilight Zone radio dramas.

KIXI remains one of the few AM radio stations that continues to successfully program music on the AM band. It also enjoys some of the highest ratings of any "Nostalgia" formatted station in the US.

On June 1, 2006, KIXI started to carry the nationally syndicated format Music of Your Life format from Jones Radio Networks. Jones stopped carrying Music of Your Life via satellite in January 2008 in favor of its own standards format, called "Jones Standards" (which has since been discontinued and absorbed into Dial Global's America's Best Music network). However, KIXI remained until April 2009 an affiliate of Music of Your Life, now distributed by Planet Halo, Incorporated.

The station was the first AM station in Seattle to transmit its signal in IBOC digital radio during a joint demonstration with Harris Corporation and iBiquity, the licensee of the new digital AM transmission method. KIXI can also be heard in HD Radio on KRWM 106.9 FM HD3.

History
KIXI took the air in 1947 as KXRN, a 250-watt Renton station broadcasting at 1220 kHz during daytime hours only. KXRN was owned by the Interlake Broadcasting Company. It was built by Frank C. Cook, who was also the radio announcer. In 1951, the station moved to 1230 kHz and changed its call letters to KLAN a year later.

KLAN became a full-time station broadcasting with 1,000 watts at 910 kHz in 1957. Purchased the following year by former KRSC and KJR personality Wally Nelskog, the station became top-40 KQDE, or "Cutie Radio." A sister station on 1230 kHz in Everett, KQTY, also used the same branding. One of Seattle's first black deejays, Bob Summerrise, brought an R&B influence to his airshift on KQDE. (Summerrise would later own soul-formatted KYAC, which took the air in 1964.) In 1960, KQDE would change its call letters to the more phonetic KUDY and changed its city of license to Seattle.

Failing to make an impact in the top-40 battle dominated by KJR and KOL, the station became beautiful music KIXI in late 1961. (The call letters were a Roman numeral representation of the station's "9-1" dial position.) Bob Liddle, formerly of Portland, Oregon stations KXL and KEX, joined the airstaff and would stay with KIXI for 45 years. During the 1970s, Liddle teamed with Dean Smith on News 90, one of Seattle's first all-news morning drive programs.

A partnership led by J. Elroy McCaw, owner of Tacoma television station KTVW and father of future cellular telephone tycoon Craig McCaw, purchased a 50-percent interest in KIXI in 1963. The group also acquired FM beautiful music station KGMJ from Rogan Jones, founder of the pioneering radio automation firm IGM. KGMJ became KIXI-FM and simulcasted the AM station's programming. McCaw died suddenly of a stroke in 1969, exposing a considerable amount of debt accumulated from his speculation on radio and television stations, including WINS in New York and KYA in San Francisco. With the exception of a small cable television system in Centralia, McCaw's entire broadcasting portfolio was sold off to pay down the debt service. Wally Nelskog and two Richland physicians purchased KIXI and KIXI-FM in 1971.

The beautiful music simulcast ended in 1980, with the AM side adopting an oldies format and the FM station programming adult contemporary as "KIXI Lite." A move to the 880 kHz frequency a year later allowed for a daytime power boost to 50,000 watts, and in 1986, a nighttime increase to 10,000 watts. With the move, KIXI (AM) began running a satellite-fed adult standards format. That same year, Nelskog sold the station to Thunder Bay Communications. In December 1987, the group sold the AM station to Sunbelt Communications, while the FM station, which had become KLTX, was sold to Ackerley.

KIXI was purchased by Sandusky Radio, owners of KLSY, in November 1991. Hiring personalities such as Jim Dai and Dan Murphy in 1993, the station dropped the AM Only satellite service for a locally voicetracked lineup. Bob Dearborn, best known for his work at WCFL in Chicago, was the KIXI program director from 1994 to 1999. He was replaced by Bob Brooks, formerly of KLSY.

While the aging demographics of the adult standards audience forced many stations in larger markets to drop the format in the late 1990s, KIXI continued to enjoy modest success, often selling advertising time as an "add-on" to spots on KLSY or the other stations in the Sandusky Seattle group. Finally, in a move that led to an outcry from a loyal listener base, KIXI abruptly began airing Music of Your Life satellite programming on June 1, 2006. With the exception of Dan Murphy, who continued to voice station promotions and weekday weather forecasts, the entire KIXI airstaff was terminated. In April 2009, KIXI dropped the Music of Your Life programming after three years and returned to local programming. In the past ten years the station graually modified its sound to more of an oldies format playing some rock and roll oldies as well as some early soft rock along with some traditional pop standards mixed in. In July 2013, Sandusky announced it would sell its radio holdings in Seattle and Phoenix, Arizona to Hubbard Broadcasting. The sale was completed that November. However, the station is now largely voicetracked and automated - with total operations being overseen by Dan Murphy. Covid 19 forced cuts at KIXI on May 12, 2020. Dan Murphy was cut from the staff by Hubbard Broadcasting

A typical hour of music on KIXI - May 20, 2020 3 to 4 PM 1 Zombies - She's Not There

2 Santo & Johnny - Sleep Walk

3 Glen Campbell - By The Time I Get To Phoenix

4 Smokey Robinson & The Miracles - Shop Around

5 Bill LaBounty - Dream On

6 Len Barry - 1-2-3

7 Petula Clark - Kiss Me Goodbye

8 Four Seasons - December 1963 (Oh What A Night)

9 Ron Holden - Love You So

10 Ella Fitzgerald & Louis Armstrong - A Fine Romance

11 Kai Winding - More

12 Beatles - Let It Be 13 Brecker Brothers feat. Carl Carlwell - Not Tonight

14 Shirelles - Dedicated To The One I Love

15 America - Ventura Highway

16 Eydie Gorme - If He Walked Into My Life

17 Bobby Vee - The Night Has A Thousand Eyes

18 Barbara Streisand - Woman In Love

19 Tony Bennett - Rags To Riches

20 Crests - 16 Candles

title: KIXI


text:
Talk:Richard Windsor

Page Move
I'm planning to rename this page as Richard Windsor (explorer), to make room for an article on the Richard Windsor (alias) used by a former EPA administrator, who (allegedly) violated federal law by conducting government business in a personal account. She resigned shortly after this was proven. --Uncle Ed (talk) 13:57, 13 March 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Richard Windsor. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050824195704/http://lewisandclarkjournals.unl.edu/v02.appendix.a.html to http://lewisandclarkjournals.unl.edu/v02.appendix.a.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:30, 25 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Richard Windsor


text:
Champlain (disambiguation)

Samuel de Champlain (1574–1635) was a French explorer.

Champlain may also refer to:

People

 * Jacques de Champlain (1938–2009), Canadian scientist, doctor and professor
 * Marshall B. Champlain (1822–1879), American lawyer and politician
 * Champlain Marcil (1920–2010), Canadian photojournalist

Places

 * Champlain Sea, temporary inlet of the Atlantic Ocean
 * Champlain Valley, region of the United States around Lake Champlain
 * Lake Champlain, natural freshwater lake in North America

Canada

 * Champlain (federal electoral district), a Canadian federal electoral district in Quebec dissolved in 1982
 * Champlain (Province of Canada electoral district), a district in the pre-Confederation Province of Canada
 * Champlain (provincial electoral district), a Quebec provincial electoral district
 * Champlain (Lower Canada), former district in Canada
 * Champlain, Ontario, a township in eastern Ontario
 * Champlain, Quebec, a town on north shore of the Saint Lawrence River
 * Champlain Heights, a neighbourhood in the city of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
 * Champlain Regional County Municipality, a RCM of Quebec, amalgamated into the expanded city of Longueuil in 2001
 * Champlain River, a tributary of the Saint Lawrence River in Quebec
 * Lordship of Champlain, granted in 1664, on the north side of the St. Lawrence River between Trois-Rivières and Quebec City
 * Champlain Trail Lakes, a group of lakes on the southern point of Whitewater Region in Ontario
 * Petit Champlain, a small commercial zone in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada

United States

 * Champlain Clay, a geologic formation in Maine
 * Champlain, New York
 * Champlain (village), New York
 * Champlain, Virginia, an unincorporated community in Essex County, Virginia
 * Champlain II (wrecksite), a sidewheel steamer shipwreck archaeological site located in Lake Champlain near Westport in Essex County, New York

Facilities and structures

 * Champlain Bridge (disambiguation)
 * Champlain Arsenal, a 19th-century fortification near Vergennes, Vermont, USA
 * Château Champlain, a historic hotel located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada
 * Hotel Champlain, a historic hotel building located in Plattsburgh, New York, USA
 * Champlain Apartment Building, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C., USA
 * Mail Champlain (Champlain Mall), in Brossard, Quebec, Canada
 * Champlain Place, a shopping centre located in Dieppe, New Brunswick, Canada
 * Champlain Towers South, Champlain Towers, Surfside, Miami-Dade, Florida, USA; a condominium-apartment building which collapsed in 2021

Schools

 * Champlain College (disambiguation), several educational establishments
 * École Secondaire Catholique Champlain, French Catholic school in Chelmsford, Ontario
 * Champlain School, a historic former school building at 809 Pine Street in the South End of Burlington, Vermont

Ships

 * Le Champlain, the second ship of the Ponant Explorers-class of cruise ships
 * MV Champlain, an Empire F type coaster in service with R & D Desgagnes, Quebec
 * SS Champlain, a French cabin class ocean liner built in 1932
 * HMCS Champlain, Several Canadian naval units
 * USS Lake Champlain, one of three ships of the United States Navy
 * SS Lake Champlain, 19th century Canadian iron screw-steamer
 * Champlain II, a sidewheel steamer wrecked in Lake Champlain near Westport in Essex County, New York, USA; the shipwreck now turned into an NRHP archaeological site
 * Samuel de Champlain (tugboat), a US-flagged tugboat.

Other uses

 * Champlain Housing Trust, a membership-based nonprofit, non governmental organization
 * Champlain Society, Canadian text publication society
 * Battle of Lake Champlain (1814) at Plattsburgh
 * Battle of Lake Champlain (1776) at Valcour Bay

title: Champlain (disambiguation)


text: Category:960 deaths

title: Category:960 deaths


text:
KGO (AM)

KGO (810 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to San Francisco, California, and owned by Cumulus Media. Due to its extensive groundwave signal and the effects of the surrounding terrain, its coverage is greater than any Bay Area FM station, and it registers with Arbitron as a station listened to in surrounding metropolitan regions. Cumulus's local offices are based on Battery Street in the SoMa portion of San Francisco's Financial District.

KGO's transmitter site is located in Fremont, near the Dumbarton Bridge, where its prominent towers are landmarks used by pilots as a waypoint in communications with local airports. KGO broadcasts with 50,000 watts, the highest power permitted for AM stations by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). It uses a directional antenna fulltime, that sends most of its signal to the north and south. This limits nighttime interference to the other Class A station on 810 kHz, WGY in Schenectady, New York. Most nights, using a good radio, KGO can be heard throughout the western United States, east to the Rocky Mountains, and in northern Mexico, western Canada and Alaska. Its nighttime transmissions are received essentially free of static in locations such as Vancouver and Seattle, and San Diego, but are difficult to receive in Reno, Nevada, and other points east of the Sierra Nevada mountains, due to its directional signal.

Programming
From 1962 until 2022, KGO carried news and talk programming.

Since October 2022, the station has broadcast a sports talk format, with an emphasis on sports betting; it is one of three sports stations owned by Cumulus Media in the San Francisco Bay Area, along with KNBR (AM)–FM and KTCT. KGO was the radio home for the San Francisco 49ers football team from 1987 to 2005. It has broadcast University of California, Berkeley Golden Bears Football games since 1974; since 2013, it also broadcast select California Golden Bears men's basketball games. The station began to air San Jose Earthquakes soccer games in 2023.

1920s and 1930s
After several late-night test broadcasts, using the experimental call sign 6XG, KGO signed on the air on January 8, 1924, from General Electric's (GE) Oakland transformer manufacturing plant. (The original two-story brick building, constructed specifically for the station on East 14th Street, was demolished sometime in the 1980s. ) The station was authorized for a then-impressive transmitting power of 1,000 watts. KGO was part of GE's three-station holdings, in addition to WGY in Schenectady, New York and KOA in Denver, Colorado. At its debut it was known as the "Sunset Station", because it was GE's West Coast outlet.

As was the custom with early radio stations, the programming consisted of performances by local talent, including the KGO Orchestra. which provided some of the music, and a dramatic group known as the KGO Players, which performed weekly plays and short skits, often under the direction of Bay Area drama instructor Wilda Wilson Church. The station's music, which was also performed by other local orchestras and vocalists, included classical selections as well as popular dance music the next night. Due to GE's association with the Radio Corporation of America (RCA), and RCA's 1927 launch of the NBC Red Network, KGO was soon operated by NBC management out of studio facilities in San Francisco.

The March 28, 1928 reauthorization of the Radio Act of 1927 included a provision, known as the Davis Amendment, which mandated an "equality of radio broadcasting service" within the United States. This specified an "equitable allocation" among five regional zones. On November 11, 1928, the Federal Radio Commission (FRC) implemented a major broadcasting station reallocation, based on its General Order 40. Included in this band plan was the designation of what became known as "clear channel" stations, which were high powered stations with extensive nighttime coverage. This plan designated 40 U.S. clear channels, divided eight to each region, with KGO, on 790 kHz, included as one of the Region 5 assignments. The only other station assigned to 790 kHz was WGY. KGO and WGY were both owned by GE, with WGY considered the company's showcase station. GE was able to effectively transfer KGO's clear channel assignment from Region 5 to WGY's Region 1, by increasing the power of WGY to 50,000 watts, while limiting KGO to 7,500 watts. (Directional antennas were not developed until the early 1930s, so both stations operated with non-directional antennas.) Any question about the propriety of this action became moot after the Davis Amendment was repealed on June 5, 1936.

1940s and 1950s
In 1941, stations on 790, including WGY and KGO, were moved to 810 as part of the implementation of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA).

When the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) required NBC to sell one of its two networks (and that network's owned-and-operated stations), KGO's license switched from Radio Corporation of America to the Blue Network, Inc., effective January 23, 1942. The NBC Blue Network initially simply dropped "NBC" from its name to become the "Blue Network", then in June 1945 became the American Broadcasting Company. KGO became one of the founding stations of the ABC Radio Network as a result.

In the post World War 2 period, KGO produced many live music programs, including that of Western Swing bandleader Bob Wills, whose music was a staple of the time. KGO was instrumental in bringing the first exercise show to broadcasting, hosted by Jack LaLanne, a fitness instructor and gym operator in nearby Oakland. LaLanne conducted his radio fitness show for many years on KGO, moving in the late 1950s to KGO-TV and a successful TV syndication career.

On December 1, 1947, KGO's power was increased to 50,000 watts, as it switched to a directional antenna that limited its signal toward WGY in the west, while WGY continued to operate with a non-directional antenna. It was reported at the time that KGO's upgrade "retired the nation's oldest regularly operating transmitter-a 7,500-watter... in use since Jan. 8, 1924".

By the late 1950s, KGO suffered from poor ratings. In 1962, ABC installed new management, including program director Jim Dunbar from Chicago sister station WLS. Dunbar revamped the station into one of the country's first news/talk stations. While the new format was initially unsuccessful, Dunbar stressed the "live and local" aspect of the programming by running the talk shows every day from locations such as Johnny Kan's Chinese restaurant, Señor Pico's Restaurant, and the hungry i nightclub. This higher profile caused KGO's ratings to begin a steady climb. Among KGO's personalities during this period was future Radio Hall of Fame member J.P. McCarthy, the station's morning host in the early 1960s.

1960s–1980s
After trying various formats, KGO eventually shifted to news and talk programming, relying heavily on the ABC radio network for its news programs. KGO started carrying Paul Harvey's twice-daily programs but also began to develop a strong local news staff that produced extended morning and afternoon newscasts. The local talk show hosts included Les Crane, Owen Spann and Jim Eason, who often interviewed visiting celebrities in the KGO studios. Owen Spann also originated special broadcasts from Europe and Africa, interviewing government officials from those countries. Local director-actor Jack Brooks hosted a Saturday-morning entertainment program until his sudden death in June 1984, after directing a production of Kismet for the Capuchino Community Theatre that featured Jim Eason as the poet Omar Khayyám. Dr. Dean Edell began his regular medical programs at KGO, leading to nationally syndicated broadcasts

Two of KGO's three towers partially collapsed during the Loma Prieta earthquake on October 17, 1989. All three were replaced.

1990s–2010s

In March 2008, solar panels were installed at KGO's transmitter site in Fremont, California, to offset some of its power consumption during daytime hours. The installation was a test bed for Pacific Gas and Electric Company and is located near the Dumbarton Bridge. The solar system uses both CPV (SolFocus) and PV (Premier Power) arrays and provides about 17 Kilowatts, or 33% (one third), of the radio frequency (RF) power output from the 50KW transmitter (or about one-tenth of the total power consumption of their transmitter site over a 24-hour period). United States Speaker of the House Rep. Nancy Pelosi turned the system on during an on-air ceremony.

For over 30 years, from July 1978 to January 2009, KGO was the number-one station in the San Francisco Bay Area in the Arbitron ratings, a feat unmatched by any other station in the United States. According to the 2010 Arbitron ratings, however, KGO had lost its lead to KCBS, with KOIT-FM as a close second, and KGO listing at third. When KGO switched to all-news in December 2011, it fell further behind in the local ratings. As of Spring 2013, KGO placed 16th in the market, with approximately half of their listenership when they were number one.

Until December 5, 2011, KGO created nearly all of its own local programming, with very limited syndicated content. The majority of its programs were hosted by San Francisco Bay Area broadcasters. The daily schedule included many issues-oriented talk shows, with weekday hosts that included Gene Burns, Gil Gross, Ronn Owens, John Rothmann and lawyer Len Tillem. The station also carried a variety of specialty programs, particularly on weekends, with John Hamilton discussing travel and leisure, Gene Burns covering fine food and dining (on a show separate from his weekday program), Joanie Greggains hosting a health-and-fitness program, and Brent Walters, who teaches "Comparative Religions" at San Jose State University, hosting the early Sunday morning show, God Talk. In 2014, KGO brought in John Batchelor at midnight. News/talk weekend hosts now include Brian Copeland, "Karel" Charles Karel Bouley, and Pat Thurston.

Up to 2011, the weekday morning news (from 5 a.m. to 9 a.m.) was co-anchored by Jon Bristow and Jennifer Jones-Lee. The afternoon news (from 2 p.m. to 7 p.m.) featured veteran reporter Chris Brecher and award-winning reporter/anchor Bret Burkhart.

On December 2, 2011, new owner Cumulus Media announced that KGO was rebranding itself as "news and information", moving to an all-news format from 2 p.m. to 7 p.m. (in addition to the existing morning-drive, noon-hour and afternoon-drive news blocks) on December 5. This had resulted in the abrupt termination, on December 1, of most of the talk hosts (including Gene Burns, Gil Gross, John Rothmann, Ray Taliaferro, Len Tillem, and Dr. Bill Wattenburg). Ronn Owens's morning show, as well as weekend talk programming remained, although some of the weekend hosts (including Joanie Greggains, and Len Tillem) were also terminated on December 1, 2011. Bob Brinker's syndicated "Moneytalk" was moved to KSFO, a politically conservative talk radio sister station which arguably better reflects Brinker's conservative politico-economic views. KGO also dropped Leo Laporte's weekend syndicated tech talk program in the format change. Gil Gross, Len Tillem and Leo Laporte would all move to competitor KKSF.

The format change and termination of many popular talk show hosts sparked outrage among long-time listeners, many of whom called for sponsors to drop their advertising on the station. Ratings declined substantially following the change, with competitors KCBS and KQED-FM continuing to lead the market, and in December 2014, KGO reintroduced talk programming on weekdays. In December 2014, KGO added Chip Franklin to the noon to 3 pm lineup. In January 2015, KGO announced they had hired Chicago/San Antonio radio personality Kevin "DreX" Buchar, best known for his successful morning show on Chicago's WKSC-FM, which ran for more than a decade, from 7PM to 10PM. John Batchelor's syndicated show aired overnights, returning KGO to the same level of news programming as before 2011.

Both KGO and Dallas-based sister station KLIF shared similar visual "News/Information" identities after KLIF's parent Cumulus acquired Citadel, until 2014, when talk programming was reintroduced.

At noon on March 31, 2016, KGO dropped its previous programming and began stunting with recordings of speeches from influential figures and people talking about San Francisco, as well as songs about the city, while promoting "The Next Generation of KGO" to launch on April 5 (though with a break during the weekend for paid programming). At least 20 people, including the entire news staff, as well as some staffers from sister station KFOG, were laid off with the change. Originally, long-time KGO host Ronn Owens announced that he would be moving to sister station KSFO in the afternoon slot beginning April 4. However, due to what was advertised as a "listener reaction" against the move (in reality, Owens contested the move of his show off KGO as against the terms of his contract), Owens stayed with KGO. KGO kept its news/talk format, but relaunched it with a new live and local lineup, which included Owens and Armstrong & Getty in mornings; Armstrong & Getty, a regionally syndicated program based at KSTE in Sacramento, had previously aired in the Bay Area on KKSF. Owens left the station in 2018, and Armstrong & Getty moved to KSFO in 2020 to be replaced by Nikki Medoro, previously an afternoon news anchor.

2020s: end of news and talk; "The Spread"
On October 6, 2022, at approximately 10:16 a.m., KGO abruptly ended the news/talk format in the middle of midday host Mark Thompson's show; Thompson later said he had been informed just before going on-air that a format change would be implemented shortly, but was asked not to use the opportunity to say goodbye to listeners. Instead, mid-show, Thompson was signaled to give a final station identification; the station then began a stunt loop featuring songs and promotional announcements referring to betting, money, and winning. The promotions stated that a new format, billed as "the most unique radio station in the Bay Area", would launch on October 10, assuring listeners that they "can bet on it". On that day, KGO launched a sports talk format emphasizing sports betting, branded as "810 The Spread"; the new format has no local programming, and the station's schedule is primarily sourced from the BetQL and Infinity Sports (formerly CBS Sports Radio) networks, serving as a complement to sister sports stations KNBR-FM and KTCT. Some hours on weekends are money-related paid brokered programming.

Annual Cure-a-Thon
Until the change in December 2011, KGO hosted an annual fundraiser called the KGO Cure-a-Thon to help raise money for The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society with all of the station's regular programming pre-empted for an entire day during the event. Listeners were encouraged to call in and donate money to help in the fight against these kinds of cancer. An auction was also held to help raise money. Notable items up for auction have included a trip with Gene Burns on a private jet to various destinations, such as Las Vegas and Italy, for a gourmet dinner. Cumulus Media has announced that it will not be continuing the KGO Cure-a-Thon charity event despite the fact it has raised millions of dollars for charity in the past.

Former staff

 * James Abbe
 * Robert J. Ackerly
 * Ken Bastida
 * Barbara Boxer
 * Joy Browne
 * Gene Burns
 * Angie Coiro
 * Peter B. Collins
 * Brian Copeland
 * Russ Coughlan
 * Christine Craft
 * Les Crane
 * Mark Curtis
 * Jim Dunbar
 * Jim Eason
 * Dean Edell
 * Art Finley
 * Michael Finney
 * Chip Franklin
 * James Gabbert
 * Duane Garrett
 * Joanie Greggains
 * Gil Gross
 * Greg Jarrett
 * Michael Krasny
 * Leo Laporte
 * David Lazarus
 * Dick Leonard
 * J. P. McCarthy
 * Larry Mendte
 * Melanie Morgan
 * Ronn Owens
 * Kevin Radich
 * John Rothmann
 * Michael Savage
 * Lon Simmons
 * Barbara Simpson
 * Joe Starkey
 * Monty Stickles
 * Ray Taliaferro
 * Mark Thompson
 * Len Tillem
 * Wayne Walker
 * Bernie Ward
 * Bill Wattenburg
 * Jack Webb
 * Jim Wieder
 * Dennis Willis
 * Pete Wilson
 * Lloyd Lindsay Young

title: KGO (AM)


text:
Talk:St. Matthews Central School, Mudgee

Untitled
This article was listed on votes for deletion; see Votes for deletion/St. Matthews Central School, Mudgee. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk, automation script)]] 05:55, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 10:38, 10 November 2007 (UTC)


text:
KNX (AM)

KNX (1070 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station in Los Angeles, California. It simulcasts an all-news radio format with sister station 97.1 KNX-FM, both owned by Audacy, Inc. KNX is one of the oldest stations in the United States, having received its first broadcasting license, as KGC, in December 1921, in addition to tracing its history to the September 1920 operations of an earlier amateur station. The studios and offices—shared with KNX-FM, KCBS-FM, KROQ-FM, KRTH and KTWV—are located on Wilshire Boulevard, along Los Angeles' Miracle Mile.

KNX holds a Class A license as one of the original clear-channel stations. Its 50,000-watt non-directional signal is heard around Southern California. With a good radio, it can be picked up at night throughout much of the Western United States and parts of Mexico and Canada. The station is even received by DXers in Hawaii and across the Pacific Ocean. The transmitter site is in Columbia Park in Torrance, near Hawthorne Boulevard (California State Route 107) and 190th Street. KNX is authorized to broadcast a digital HD Radio signal.

KNX and KFI are the local primary stations for the Los Angeles Emergency Alert System. They are responsible for activation of the EAS when hazardous weather alerts, disaster area declarations, and child abduction alerts are issued.

Programming
KNX-AM-FM broadcast "traffic and weather together" every ten minutes on the fives with traffic reports on the freeways and toll roads in the Greater Los Angeles area and weather forecasts for Southern California, 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Business news from Bloomberg Radio and sports headlines are heard every half hour. Each hour begins with world and national news from CBS News Radio. The two stations are branded as "KNX News 97.1 FM".

Current on-air staff

 * Brian Douglas - news anchor and traffic reporter
 * Craig Fiegener - Los Angeles City Hall reporter
 * Emily Valdez - general assignment reporter
 * Margaret Correro - general assignment reporter
 * Nataly Tavidian - general assignment reporter
 * Pete Demitriou - public safety reporter
 * Mike Simpson - news anchor
 * Charles Feldman - news analyst
 * Elsa Ramon - news anchor
 * Chris Sedens - news anchor and reporter

Origin
Although KNX received its first broadcasting station license on December 8, 1921, the station has traditionally dated its founding to September 10, 1920, reflecting boadcasts conducted by Fred Christian over his amateur station, 6ADZ.

Christian was a former shipboard radio operator, who lived at 5118$50,000 watts$ Harold Way in Hollywood, California, and was the manager of the Electric Lighting Supply Company at 216 West Third Street, Los Angeles. He later explained that he began the broadcasts in order to provide something to listen to by customers who had constructed receivers from parts purchased at the store. Christian began making broadcasts with a five-watt vacuum-tube transmitter, operating on the standard amateur wavelength of 200 meters (1500 kHz).

KGC
Initially there were no specific standards in the United States for radio stations making transmissions intended for the general public, and numerous stations under various classifications made entertainment broadcasts. However, effective December 1, 1921, the Department of Commerce, regulators of radio at this time, adopted a regulation that formally created a broadcasting station category, and stations were now required to hold a Limited Commercial license authorizing operation on wavelengths of 360 meters (833 kHz) for "entertainment" broadcasts or 485 meters (619 kHz) for "market and weather reports". By the end of 1922 over 500 stations were authorized nationwide.

On December 8, 1921, the Electric Lighting Supply Company was issued a broadcasting station license with the randomly assigned call letters KGC, the second in the county after KQL, authorizing operation on the 360-meter entertainment wavelength. The station's location was listed as Fred Christian's Harold Way home. The shared 360 meter wavelength required timesharing agreements between an increasing number of stations needing exclusive time periods. On May 4 the Los Angeles Times reported that a total of seven local stations were slated to make broadcasts that day, comprising a schedule that ran from noon to 9:00 p.m., with KGC assigned 2:00-2:30 and 7:30-8:00 p.m.

KNX

On May 4, 1922, the Electric Lighting Supply Company was issued a broadcasting license for a station with the randomly assigned call letters of KNX, also on 360 meters, and located at the company's Los Angeles store on West Third Street. This was technically considered to be a second station in addition to KGC, however, after KGC was formally deleted on June 20, 1922, the Department of Commerce concluded that KGC and KNX were functionally the same station, and Federal Communications Commission (FCC) records list KGC's December 8, 1921, initial license date as KNX's "date first licensed".

The new authorization coincided with preparations for a move to the California Theater, broadcasting live music, with Fred Christian continuing as station manager. On June 12, 1922, the Los Angeles Times reported that "After more than two months of preparation, the new broadcast station at the California Theater had its opening program Saturday evening at 9:15, sending out a wavelength of 510 meters [588 kHz]. The station is said to be one of the best in the land, the call letters of which are KNX." KNX's regular broadcast schedule on 360 meters was 9:00 to 10:00 a.m. A week after it commenced operations from the theater, the Times reported that "Numerous reports have come into The Times radio department commending the quality and audibility of material broadcast from KNX, the California Theater radiophone. This station differs from other stations in that it gives its listeners-in the music of the complete orchestra of the California Theater."

KNX's power was raised to 100 watts in early August 1922.

Los Angeles Evening Express
In the fall of 1924, Guy Earl, Jr., owner of the Los Angeles Evening Express, arranged for the newspaper's purchase of KNX. The Express made significant upgrades, including increasing the power to 500 watts, and began broadcasting from the Paul G. Hoffman Studebaker building in Hollywood. KNX was one of the last stations to remain on the original 360 meter wavelength, and the newspaper engineered a move to 890 kHz. It remained on this frequency until November 11, 1928, when the station was reassigned to 1050 kHz, under the provisions of a major reallocation resulting from the Federal Radio Commission's (FRC) General Order 40.

In early 1928, Guy Earle sold his share of the Evening Express newspaper and reorganized KNX as the Western Broadcast Company. In 1929, Earle moved the KNX studios to the Paramount Pictures lot, signing a five-year contract, and the station's transmitter power was upgraded from 500 to 5,000 watts. In 1930, KNX became the first station to broadcast the Academy Awards. In 1932, it increased to 10,000 watts. In 1933, the station moved its studios to the former Peerless Motor Company building at 5939 Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood,        after being granted permission by the FRC on June 7, 1932, to raise its output to 25,000 watts. The following year, KNX's transmitting power was raised to the nationwide maximum of 50,000 watts, which the station continues presently.

CBS ownership
CBS purchased KNX in 1936 and began operating it as its West Coast flagship, which ended CBS's eight-year affiliation with KHJ. In 1938, the CBS Columbia Square studios were dedicated for KNX as well as West Coast operations for the entire CBS radio network. That October, the station carried Orson Welles' celebrated version of The War of the Worlds. In March 1941 the station was shifted to 1070 AM as part of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement assignments, where it has been ever since.

Theatre legend Jerome Lawrence got his start in radio writing at KNX in the late 1930s. Legendary performers from the "Golden Age of Radio" used KNX studios for their national broadcasts, included Jack Benny, Bing Crosby, George Burns, Edgar Bergen and Gene Autry. TV situation comedy star Bob Crane was KNX's morning host between 1957 and 1965 at the same time he was appearing as a featured supporting player on the ABC television network series The Donna Reed Show.

FM and TV stations
On March 30, 1948, KNX added a sister station. The original station with the call sign KNX-FM signed on the air, mostly simulcasting 1070 AM. At first it was on the old FM band, but switched to 93.1 a few years later. Today that station is KCBS-FM.

In 1951, KNX gained a television cousin when CBS acquired KTSL channel 2 and rebranded it as KNXT. It took on the current KCBS-TV call sign in 1984. It traces its history back to 1930s experimental broadcasts and was originally owned by broadcast pioneer Don Lee.

Switch to all-news
KNX was a strong competitor in the Los Angeles market while Bob Crane was its morning personality, but began declining in popularity after he left to star in the CBS television series Hogan's Heroes. Following the example of corporate sister station WCBS in New York City, which had enjoyed success with an all-news format, KNX then became an all-news station in the spring of 1968. By chance, its first major breaking news coverage was a major worldwide story that happened locally: the assassination of Democratic Presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy, in the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, on June 5 of that year.

In August 2005, KNX moved out of Columbia Square after operating there for 67 years, and began broadcasting from new studios in the Miracle Mile district on Wilshire Boulevard.

In 2009, KNX adopted the slogan "All news, all the time". It was previously used for 40 years by KFWB, KNX's historic rival in the news radio wars before both became sister stations through the 1995 merger of Westinghouse Electric (KFWB's owner) and CBS. KFWB's format change to news-talk in September 2009 left KNX as the only all-news outlet in the Los Angeles area, which is now emphasized in its alternate slogan, "Southern California's only 24-hour local news & traffic station".

In 2017, KNX won its first ever national Edward R. Murrow award for "Breaking News". The station was also nominated for two 2017 NAB Marconi awards, Legendary Station of the Year and News/Talk Station of the Year.

Entercom and Audacy
On February 2, 2017, CBS agreed to merge CBS Radio with Entercom, then the fourth-largest radio broadcaster in the United States. The sale was conducted tax-free using a Reverse Morris Trust. While CBS shareholders retained a 72% ownership stake in the combined company, Entercom was the surviving entity, separating KNX from KCBS-TV and KCAL-TV. The merger was approved on November 9, 2017, and was consummated 8 days later.

On March 30, 2021, Entercom announced that the company changed its name to Audacy.

On December 6, 2021, KNX announced that it would be adding an FM simulcast. KNX's all-news programming would also be heard on sister station KNOU, replacing the Top 40 format on the station that began in 2009. KNOU changed its call letters to KNX-FM on December 21, 2021, to match its AM simulcast partner.

Transmitter site
The station's antenna array features a 494-foot (150m) main antenna. The original main tower (circa 1936) was destroyed by vandals on September 14, 1965. An unused 365-foot (111m) tower was brought in from KFAC (now KWKW) and was used while the new main antenna was constructed. This antenna was formerly in what is now a residential area to the south of the main antenna.

The 365-foot tower now serves as KNX's emergency antenna. It was later relocated when much of the site was dedicated as a park in Torrance. It is now north of the main antenna, within the park.

Only one antenna is active at a time. An experiment in the late 1960s using both antennas in a directional setup during the daytime was abandoned.

The 494-foot main antenna is 0.53λ, or 193.5 electrical degrees. It has an efficiency of 400.73 mV/m/kW at 1 km. This is much better than average for a Class A station's main antenna. The FCC's minimum efficiency requirement is 362.10 mV/m/kW at 1 km.

The 365-foot emergency antenna is 0.40λ, or 145.5 electrical degrees. It has an efficiency of about 343 mV/m/kW at 1 km. This is much better than average for a Class A emergency antenna but is inadequate for the main antenna.

Notable former on-air staff

 * Pete Arbogast – news and sports anchor. Longtime broadcaster for USC Trojans Football from 1989 to 1994 and since 2001.
 * Bill Ballance (deceased)
 * Bob Barker (deceased)
 * Bob Crane (deceased)
 * Michael Fitzmaurice (using the name Mike Kelly)  (deceased)
 * Chet Huntley (special events) and news commentary  (deceased)
 * Bill Keene – traffic reporter best known for nicknames of freeway interchanges. (deceased)
 * Knox Manning – (newscaster)  (deceased)
 * Brian Ping – evening/overnight weeknight news anchor, left KNX effective April 24, 2024.
 * Gil Stratton – longtime sportscaster who worked with KNXT and KNX on and off from 1954 to 1997. (deceased)
 * Jim Thornton – news and traffic anchor. Also the off-screen voice of Wheel of Fortune since 2011.
 * Larry Van Nuys
 * Dave Zorn (deceased)
 * Jennifer York - traffic reporter
 * Dick Helton

title: KNX (AM)