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CIÉ 141 Class

The CIE 141 Class locomotives were built in 1962 by General Motors Electro Motive Division (EMD) in the United States. Numbered B141 to B177, they were an updated version of the 121 Class locomotives, mechanically very similar but with cabs at each end.

They are EMD model JL8 (J = Double Ended Cabs, L = Lightweight Frame, 8= 8-cylinder 567 engine) and although originally fitted with an EMD 8-567CR engine of 960 hp, all were later fitted with 645 type "power packs" (piston & liner assemblies) for parts standardisation. The original power output was kept for reliability reasons. They weighed 67 tonnes and had a maximum speed of 123 km/h.

Many of these locomotives were later rebuilt with a GM 8-645E engine of 1100 hp (as used in the re-engined Class C locomotives), though some have since had the original engine refitted. The locomotives were delivered in the CIE livery of brown/black/white.

Service
Following crew training trials between Inchicore and Monasterevin (passenger trains), Kildare (goods trains), and Hazelhatch (light engines), the class appeared on main line trials from Amiens Street (Connolly) to Drogheda, and Westland Row (Pearse) to Arklow on Tuesday 4 December 1962, entering traffic on the Dublin to Cork main line four days later. The locomotives were fitted for multiple working and double-headed the 10:40 Dublin to Cork train and the return Cork to Dublin at 15:30. These were the heaviest trains at that time. From Monday 10 December 1962 one locomotive was allocated to the Dublin–Belfast Enterprise service.

In later years, regular passenger duties included trains on the Rosslare to Waterford/Limerick lines, until they were superseded by railcars on these duties.

The remaining locomotives, nos. B141, B142, 144, 146, 147, 152, 162, 171, 175 and 177, were withdrawn in February 2010. However, 171 was reinstated for a short time, and was confined to pilot duties in the Dublin area.

Accidents and incidents

 * On Tuesday 13 August 1974, locomotive B176 was hauling a passenger train when it was involved in a head-on collision with locomotive B192, which was also hauling a passenger train, at Rosslare Strand. Fifteen people were injured.
 * On Friday 5 May 1995, locomotive 165 left Cork Kent railway station at roughly 06:30, ferrying an empty train into Cobh. The train failed to stop and continued through the wall of the adjacent Cobh Heritage Centre. There were no injuries incurred by any of the four personnel on board, the driver narrowly escaping injury as a roof beam penetrated the right side cab window. The carriages were later removed and services resumed from the station that day.

Railway Preservation Society of Ireland
The first of the 141 class locomotives to enter preservation was class leader 141, which was purchased by the Railway Preservation Society of Ireland with sponsorship from Murphy Models in February 2010. The sale of the locomotive was assisted by Phil Verster, the CME of Iarnród Éireann. As part of the sale, the locomotive received a repaint into its original Black & Tan livery as B141 at Inchicore workshops, where it was held in store.

Later in February 2010, locomotive 142 was purchased privately by a member of the RPSI and given to the Society. This locomotive was also repainted into its original Black & Tan livery as B142 at Inchicore, and ran an enthusiasts' special on Wednesday 24 February 2010 with B141. Following this the locomotive was moved to the RPSI's site at Whitehead, where it saw regular service as a yard shunter. Bodywork repairs, including cab floors and sides were completed in 2020/21, a full engine rebuild during 2021/22 after failure due to cylinder liner o-ring failure, and full repaint to original livery in 2023.

In January 2011, the RPSI newsletter Five Foot Three announced that the RPSI had approached IÉ with the intentions of purchasing a third 141 class locomotive. At the time IÉ had three locomotives - numbers 162, 171, and 175 - still in service and agreed to make the best of the three locomotives available for preservation. Accordingly, locomotive 175 was selected for future preservation. In 2014 the locomotive was bought by the RPSI.

In July 2016, the two stored GM 141 locomotives owned by RPSI (B141 & 175) were brought out of the sidings in Inchicore, and moved to RPSI's shed at Connolly station for storage. The move happened on Tuesday 19 July, hauled by 071. Assessment of their condition took place afterwards and restoration to mainline running is planned. 175 was originally earmarked as a source of spares for B141, B142 and 121-class B134, but it may also be refurbished.

Irish Traction Group
The Irish Traction Group (ITG) purchased locomotive 146 in May 2010. This locomotive, withdrawn in March 2010, remained in storage at Inchicore until November of that year, when it was transported by Allelys to the Downpatrick and County Down Railway The locomotive is in active service and is a useful member of the D&CDR fleet. Later in November 2010, the ITG purchased locomotive 152. This locomotive had been employed on work trains in the Mayo area until withdrawn in February 2010 following a brake failure at Ballyhaunis. Although repairs were started by IÉ, work was stopped after some preliminary dismantling work had been carried out in both cabs. It was sold as a source of spare parts for 124, 146, and 190. It is currently in storage at Moyasta Junction on the West Clare Railway. It is currently covered by a tarpaulin with the intention it will be moved to a new heritage railway when one becomes available.

Preservation Status
645 Engine Fitted:   B141, B142, 145, 148, 149, 151, 163, 164, 166, 170 and 173.

567 Engine Refitted: 146, 152, 167 and 175.

In fiction

 * Class members 164 and 172 appear in the 1992 Irish fantasy family adventure Into the West.
 * Class member 151 appears in the Walt Disney Productions film The Secret of Boyne Castle

Model

 * Murphy Models have produced via Bachmann a comprehensive range of '00' gauge 141 Class models.  All liveries are covered (Black & Tan, CIE Golden Brown, Irish Rail and Iarnród Éireann) and with correct detailing for each era (e.g. LED pilot lights on the later versions).  These models were first released in early 2008..
 * A Rapid Prototyped 141 N Scale body is available from Valve Design..
 * The 141 class along with many other locomotives and rolling stock has been made into a drivable locomotive for the game openbve by Celtic trainsim.

title: CIÉ 141 Class


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Manuel da Nóbrega

Manuel da Nóbrega, SJ (old spelling Manoel da Nóbrega) (18 October 1517 – 18 October 1570) was a Portuguese Jesuit priest and first Provincial of the Society of Jesus in colonial Brazil. Together with José de Anchieta, he was very influential in the early history of Brazil and participated in the founding of several cities, such as Recife, Salvador, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo, as well as many Jesuit colleges and seminaries.

Early life
Nóbrega was born on October 18, 1517, in Sanfins do Douro, Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal, to an important family; his father was Baltasar da Nóbrega, a prominent judge of justice. Manuel da Nobrega studied humanities at Porto and Salamanca, Spain and at the University of Coimbra, where he obtained his baccalaureate in canon law and philosophy in 1541. He entered the Jesuit novitiate in 1544 and, after being ordained, carried out pastoral work in the regions of Entre-Douro-e-Minho and Beira.

Missionary in Brazil
In 1549, he joined the naval fleet of the first Portuguese Governor-General Tomé de Sousa (1502–1579) following a request by King John III of Portugal to the Society of Jesus to start the missionary work of converting the Amerindians, who were in the eyes of the Catholic Church, of building churches and religious seminars, and of educating the colonists.

Nóbrega arrived in the captaincy of Bahia on March 29, 1549, accompanied by five other Jesuits. The Governor-General's first actions were to found the colonial capital city of Salvador (The Savior, in Portuguese) and to celebrate its first Mass in 1549.

Nóbrega and his colleagues tried to fulfill their mission but faced many difficulties because the colonists mistreated and tried to enslave the Indians. He soon was fiercely engaged in the defense of the Indians, which led to serious clashes with inhabitants and authorities of the new colony, alike, including the first Governor-General and the one who succeeded him, Duarte da Costa.

To gain authority in his fight against the colonists, Nóbrega asked the King to establish an episcopacy in Brazil, which was granted on February 25, 1551. The first Bishop of Brazil, Dom Pero Fernandes Sardinha took office on June 22, 1552. By then, Nóbrega had already created the Jesuit College of Salvador. Nóbrega was then nominated the first Provincial of the Society of Jesus in the New World, a post that he held until 1559. However, Dom Sardinha was killed and eaten by hostile Indians after a shipwreck, changing Nóbrega's mind about the Indian mission.

Sensing the difficulties of converting adult Indians to Christianity, Nóbrega determined that the Jesuits' efforts should concentrate on the teaching of children, who were more pliable. The Jesuits started to create elementary schools for teaching Portuguese and Latin, basic literacy, and religion. The Jesuits discovered that singing was a very effective way of winning the attention of the students, and Nóbrega was one of the pioneers in using music in education in Brazil. To help the evangelization of children, Nóbrega had the idea of bringing in seven orphan children to Brazil and making them learn Tupi, the language of the Indians, so that they would be bilingual and act as translators. The children would often go with the Jesuits on foot to faraway places and were protected and cherished by the Indians. Several of the children became Jesuit priests, too.

In 1552, Nóbrega again accompanied Tomé de Sousa to the captaincy of São Vicente, in the present-day southern state of São Paulo. There in 1553 he was joined by another group of Jesuits, who had arrived with José de Anchieta, then a young novice, who travelled with Duarte da Costa, the second Governor-General sent by the Crown. Nóbrega determined as the new mission of the small band of missionaries to found villages (aldeamentos) on the high plateau just above the coastline to better pursue their work of catechesis and education of the Indians. Thus, on January 25, 1554, Nóbrega and Anchieta celebrated the first mass in the new and modest Jesuit College of São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga, in honor of Saint Paul's day of conversion to Christianity. The tiny settlement around this Jesuit school was to become one of the largest metropoles of the world, São Paulo.

Missionary practice

Nóbrega and his men began catechizing and baptizing the natives upon their arrival in Brazil. One of the early encounters with members of indigenous groups was when Nóbrega and his men tried to stop preparations for a cannibal feast and the natives rose against the Christians. The Governor's militia helped to defend the missionaries against the native uprising.

Busy building chapels and schools, the missionaries boasted of the high rate of conversion of the natives. The Jesuits had begun teaching prayers to the natives as well as teaching them how to write and sing. According to a report written by Nóbrega, 500 natives had been baptized within the first five months of the arrival of the Jesuits, and many more were catechumens.

Portuguese colonies in Brazil, like many other colonies in the Americas, had problems of slavery and concubinage being common among the new settlers. Nóbrega was concerned that the Portuguese settlers were not good examples. Nóbrega was unable to limit slavery among the Portuguese, so he chose separation instead. He moved toward the physical separation of the natives and the Portuguese to limit their contact with corrupt surroundings and focused on reducing the Jesuits’ reliance on support from the Portuguese crown.

Nóbrega was encouraged that many natives had converted to Christianity despite being mistreated by the Europeans. The Brazilian sugar plantation colony, for example, was founded on the extensive use of Indian labor. Although this stage in the development of the Brazilian economy was temporary, the Portuguese eventually began using African slave labor, it had long-lasting effects on the morale of the native people. The Portuguese had created a society in which the natives had to live by Portuguese rules and conform to new modes of behavior, defined by European social and racial categories.

Descriptions of natives
Nobrega’s Diálogo sobre a Conversão do Gentio uses the point of view of two Portuguese settlers to describe the native people of Brazil. The dialogue between the men provides insight into some of the characterizations of the native population.

Gonçalo Álvares, a lay person preaching to the natives, describes them in the opening lines as "those beasts." He dehumanizes the natives and, at the same time, questions their capacity to understand and accept Christianity. Mateus Nogueira, his companion, agrees and upholds that characterization by stating that those natives are worse than all others in the sense that they do not grasp Christianity. That description is a reflection of Nóbrega’s frustration with the native population.

Later, the two characters discuss the role of a Christian among a native population. Gonçalo questions their goal, and Nogueira clearly states that it is charity and love of God and of neighbor. That last statement places the native peoples, as human beings, among the neighbors whom Christians, including the Portuguese settlers, must love.

Nóbrega questions the importance of converting the natives. On one hand, he is unsure whether they are capable of fully grasping the concept of Christianity, especially with the language barrier. On the other hand, as a Christian and as a Jesuit, he understands his stance must be that of a kind, understanding teacher.

War and expansion
The exploitation and massacres of Indian villages by the Portuguese colonists continued, despite the pacification efforts of Nóbrega. The Tamoio and Tupiniquim tribes, who lived along the Brazilian coast from the present-day states of Espírito Santo to Paraná, were most affected. Rebelling, they formed a warring tribal alliance, which became the Tamoio Confederation (Confederação dos Tamoios, in Portuguese), and started attacks on the villages founded by the colonists. São Paulo was attacked several times, but the Portuguese resisted.

Hard pressed, Nóbrega tried to make a peace treaty with the Confederation, sensing that all their efforts and the Portuguese colonization were in great danger. Under considerable duress and several threats of being killed and eaten by the Indians, Nóbrega and Anchieta stayed for a time in Iperoig (present-day Ubatuba in the northern coast of São Paulo), in conference with the tribal chieftains, until Nóbrega was able to achieve a temporary peace. Anchieta's command of Tupi, the language spoken by most of the Indians (of which he had compiled a vocabulary and a grammar), was extremely useful to Nóbrega, who had no such ability.

The arrival of a French invasion force in 1555, in the Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro (the so-called France Antarctique episode), however, tipped the balance again since the Indians saw an opportunity to rally the Frenchmen's help to vanquish the Portuguese. Thus, Nóbrega had no alternative other than bless and support the punitive expeditions sent by the third Governor-General from Portugal, Mem de Sá, in 1560 and by his nephew, Estácio de Sá, in 1565. The French colonists were defeated and expelled, and their Indian allies were reduced to submission.

After the expulsion of the French invaders, Nóbrega founded a new Jesuit College in Rio, the College of Saint Vincent, and was nominated its rector (dean). In 1570 he was again nominated Brazilian Provincial of the Jesuit Order, but he died before taking office, on October 18, 1570, his 53rd birthday. Seven years later, the Jesuit Provincialship of Brazil was accepted by Anchieta, his great pupil and friend.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Manuel da Nóbrega


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User:CXI/PointlessGreetingVariationTemplate/Wednesday

G'day


text: Talk:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer

title: Talk:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer


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User:CXI/PointlessGreetingVariationTemplate/Thursday

Hi


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User:Agers

Real name Mike Agnew.

Lives in Manchester UK and is a marketing manager for a security company. Community Security.

Main hobby is creating websites

Sites

The Spike Milligan Tribute Site www.spikemilligan.co.uk

The Official Unofficial Steve Penk Website www.stevepenk.net

The Harry Secombe Tribute Site www.harrysecombe.co.uk

more to come

title: User:Agers


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/El Diablos

El Diablos
Two line article about a fictional gang in the game Grand Theft Auto 3. I already merged what content existed into one sentence on Grand Theft Auto 3. Would be a redirect if the actual name of the fictional gang, from what I can tell with a quick Google search, was not the Diablos, and the correct Spanish would be Los Diablos. BanyanTree 15:20, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment Googling "Grand Theft Auto" "El Diablos" results in 14 hits. "Grand Theft Auto" " The Diablos" returns 1620.  Besides being a sub-stub of questionable (IMO) encyclopedic worth that has already been largely merged into the parent article, the article is also misnamed. BanyanTree 21:40, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Redirect to Grand Theft Auto 3 [[User:Xezbeth| Xezbeth ]] 18:36, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect as stated above. --Quintin3265 05:04, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment There was more information (on uniforms and weapons) a bit further back in the history of the article. Kappa 19:21, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Frankly, the point of a redirect would just to be to prevent recreation. I feel reasonably sure that a real gang or two has gone by this name.  We need to make it clearer that we're not GameFAQs.  Geogre 22:32, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm sure that any real gang would have had the sense to write it as Los Diablos or The Diablos. Diablete. -- Jmabel | Talk 09:31, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, since the information has already been merged into the main article. Katefan0 03:41, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * del. Mikkalai 09:00, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Do not redirect because as stated above, El Diablos is not the correct name. [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 13:46, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirects are useful for incorrect names if anyone else is likely to make the same mistake Kappa 14:25, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. As a fan, I can tell you they are not once called El Diablos in the game. They are simply referred to as The Diablos. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 08:36, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Now that the GTA3 article covers Los Diablos. FLafaire 00:21, 14 December 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, no redirect. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk, automation script)]] 02:13, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Seems a bit pointless to me. Somebody in the WWW 06:55, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)


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User talk:Terrible123

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. func (talk) 15:22, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Terrible123


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Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Saturn V engines

Saturn V engines
As far as striking images go, I think this almost demonstrates the hugeness of the Saturn V rocket even better than the "skyscraper" shots do. - Fredrik | talk 15:23, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. - Fredrik | talk 15:23, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Thought about nominating this myself. Matthewcieplak 02:14, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support - as a portrait of Wernher von Braun - we don't have many portaits. I would have thought there were better color photos of the Saturn V engines. -- Solipsist 07:47, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support, greatly illustrative. -- [[User:Solitude|Solitude\talk]] 10:35, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree with Solitude here. Support. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 17:03, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Support, unfortunately bad quality . But what's with the bar on the left border? Darkone 22:14, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * How is the quality bad? Fredrik | talk 23:23, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Possibly one of those image cache issues - User:Ed g2s as been uploading larger versions again, just a couple of hours ago -- Solipsist 23:34, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, it was a cache issue. Now, on the 2nd view it's better. Darkone 16:07, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Slightly larger yes, but mainly I was getting rid of all the white specs from the original :). ed g2s  •  talk  00:30, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support the cleaned up version [[User:BrokenSegue|BrokenSegue]] 02:16, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Evil Monkey → Talk 21:55, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Clearly showing the greatness of Von Braun. Janderk 00:10, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support -- Chris 73 Talk 04:13, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Support Elijah 19:47, 2004 Dec 13 (UTC)
 * Strongly Support. --ScottyBoy900Q ∞ 22:14, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Those are some mighty big engines. grendel|khan 01:39, 2004 Dec 20 (UTC)
 * Promoted. +14/-0. ed g2s  •  talk  18:08, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)


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User:Waka

Hi. I like Japan and Survival Horror games.

I wrote some articles:
 * Earless Hoichi
 * Tsuchinoko

I edit some too:
 * Survival Horror
 * Adventure game
 * Silent Hill

title: User:Waka


text: File:Mass romantic.jpg

title: File:Mass romantic.jpg


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Category:Italian guitarists

Guitarists from the country of Italy.

title: Category:Italian guitarists


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User:CXI/PointlessGreetingVariationTemplate/Saturday

Greetings


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List of towns in Hong Kong

The following is an incomplete list of urban settlements, towns, new towns (satellite towns) in Hong Kong.

While the Government of Hong Kong is unitary and Hong Kong law does not define cities and towns as subsidiary administrative units, the geographical limits of the City of Victoria, Kowloon and New Kowloon are defined in law. None of these three areas have administrative authorities separate from the Special Administrative Region. Administratively, Hong Kong is divided into districts, the boundaries of which are drawn according to mountains, coastlines and roads, and do not coincide with the natural extents of any urbanised areas.

Largest urban agglomerations

 * 1) Kowloon - 2,019,500
 * 2) Northern Hong Kong Island - 992,900
 * 3) Tsuen Wan New Town - 801,800
 * 4) Sha Tin New Town - 630,000
 * 5) Tuen Mun New Town - 470,900
 * 6) Tseung Kwan O New Town - 344,500
 * 7) Aberdeen - 275,100
 * 8) Tai Po New Town - 274,000
 * 9) Tin Shui Wai New Town - 268,800
 * 10) Fanling-Sheung Shui New Town - 244,700
 * 11) Yuen Long New Town - 141,900
 * 12) North Lantau New Town - 71,900

title: List of towns in Hong Kong


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Duncan Mackenzie

Duncan Mackenzie (17 May 1861 – 25 August 1934) was a Scottish archaeologist who assisted Arthur Evans in his excavations of the Minoan palace at Knossos.

Early biography
Duncan MacKenzie was born on 17 May 1861 in the small Gaelic-speaking village of Aultgowrie, just outside Muir of Ord, near to Inverness. He was the fourth of nine children born to Margaret Kennedy MacKenzie and Alexander MacKenzie, who worked as gamekeeper of the Fairburn Estate. The family spoke Gaelic at home, but the children were required to learn English when they went to school.

Mackenzie studied philosophy at the University of Edinburgh and received his PhD from Vienna in classical archaeology.

Professional career
Appointed field supervisor of the excavation of Phylakopi by the British School at Athens, he worked closely with a team of professional archaeologists including Arthur Evans and David George Hogarth. They were investigating the provenance of Mycenaean pottery as defined by Heinrich Schliemann. After a few years they realised that Phylakopi was not going to yield that information. The evidence pointed toward Crete. Evans and Hogarth left Phylakopi, while MacKenzie stayed on to wind the excavation down.

Within a few years the secession of Crete from the Ottoman Empire opened opportunities to excavate there. Hogarth was the first to discover it. He sent for Evans immediately, as the Phylakopi crew had been a very close-knit team. Purchasing the land at Knossos, Evans began excavation, sending for the third member of the team, MacKenzie, who took up his old position as supervisor of excavation. In her book on the Evans family (of which she was the latest member, being Arthur's half-sister), Time and Chance, Joan Evans gives this verbal portrait of MacKenzie in his prime: "Mackenzie was a Scot with an inaudible Highland voice, a brush of red hair, an uncertain temper, a great command of languages, and great experience in keeping the records of an excavation. Arthur Evans recognised his gifts, and endured his suspicious temper and his valetudinarian ways with exemplary patience."

Hogarth left for other excavations and then other careers, but Evans and MacKenzie collaborated so closely on the excavation of Knossos and theorisation about it that the ideas of the two men are not distinguishable from each other. MacKenzie kept the day book, or log of daily discoveries and served as a middle man between Evans and the inhabitants of Crete. MacKenzie also wrote contributions of his own. The British connotation of "assistant" does not convey the true relationship. A PhD and professional archaeologist in his own right, MacKenzie was every bit the peer of Evans, His position as second-in-command was only a social convention. The two would work together for the next thirty years, long after the excavation was complete (1905). MacKenzie remained as curator of the site, taking up residence in the new Villa Ariadne constructed as headquarters in 1906 on the hill above the site. Prior to then the archaeologists resided and worked in a Turkish house below the site, which leaked apparently irreparably and provided difficult access to the site.

Later life
According to Evans, Mackenzie came to suffer from severe alcoholism and could not only no longer function as curator, but was fast declining into a demented state. Evans placed him in an institution, where he died not long after. Joan Evans reports that Mackenzie had become very difficult to work with during the latter years of his curatorship because of "the gradual onset of his illness." It has also been said that Evans found Mackenzie one night passed out on a table and fired him the next day. Friends of Mackenzie disputed this, saying he did not drink. Whether the problem was alcoholism, denied for some reason by his family, or one of the brain disorders often inflicting the elderly, which Duncan then was, or some combination, Joan adds that he died in a state of "mental aberration."

Mackenzie died in Pesaro, Italy on 25 August 1934.

title: Duncan Mackenzie


text: User talk:68.159.28.96

title: User talk:68.159.28.96


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CIÉ 181 Class

The Córas Iompair Éireann 181 Class locomotives were built in 1966 by General Motors Electro-Motive Division (EMD) and numbered B181 to B192.

Overview
These locomotives were virtually identical to the earlier 141 Class locomotives, but fitted with the more powerful 645 engine and thermostatically controlled engine cooling fan and inlet shutters. Delivery took place in 1966, with introduction into service happening a short time later.

They were fitted with an EMD 8-645E engine of 1100 hp, weighed 67 t, and had a maximum design speed of 143 km/h which was restricted to 120 km/h in service. Number 186 was later fitted with an EMD 8-567CR engine of 960 hp, as used in the 141 Class locomotives.

Withdraw and preservation
All of the 181 class have been withdrawn, the first being 191 in 1991 after a runaway incident at Clonsilla; it was later scrapped in 1998. The last was 190 in November 2009 and has been preserved by the Irish Traction Group based at the West Clare Railway. In their final days they were only used on permanent way trains or as pilots.

Accidents and incidents

 * On Tuesday 13 August 1974, locomotive B192 was hauling a passenger train when it was involved in a head-on collision with locomotive B176, which was also hauling a passenger train, at Rosslare Strand. Fifteen people were injured.

Model
Murphy Models commissioned Bachmann to produce an 00 gauge model of these locomotives. This model first was released in December 2007. It has been supplied in all four main liveries worn by the class.

title: CIÉ 181 Class


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Talk:Still (Nine Inch Nails album)

I've added the album length as a simple addition of the given track lengths. I don't have the CD, so the value is probably wrong, especially if there are two second gaps between tracks. I didn't take any into account with my calculation. Midg3t 15:28, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Genre
The genre of this album is industrial rock? I wouldn't call it that. Much of Nine Inch Nails' work is industrial rock, but that doesn't mean everything Trent Reznor makes under the name "Nine Inch Nails" could be classified under the particular genre. I don't know exactly what I would call the genre, but this is certainly not industrial rock. Someone who could help? cun 22:55, 23 Jan 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Still (Nine Inch Nails album)


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Foreign exchange option

In finance, a foreign exchange option (commonly shortened to just FX option or currency option) is a derivative financial instrument that gives the right but not the obligation to exchange money denominated in one currency into another currency at a pre-agreed exchange rate on a specified date. See Foreign exchange derivative.

The foreign exchange options market is the deepest, largest and most liquid market for options of any kind. Most trading is over the counter (OTC) and is lightly regulated, but a fraction is traded on exchanges like the International Securities Exchange, Philadelphia Stock Exchange, or the Chicago Mercantile Exchange for options on futures contracts. The global market for exchange-traded currency options was notionally valued by the Bank for International Settlements at $158.3 trillion in 2005.

Example
For example, a GBPUSD contract could give the owner the right to sell £1,000,000 and buy $2,000,000 on December 31. In this case the pre-agreed exchange rate, or strike price, is 2.0000 USD per GBP (or GBP/USD 2.00 as it is typically quoted) and the notional amounts (notionals) are £1,000,000 and $2,000,000.

This type of contract is both a call on dollars and a put on sterling, and is typically called a GBPUSD put, as it is a put on the exchange rate; although it could equally be called a USDGBP call.

If the rate is lower than 2.0000 on December 31 (say 1.9000), meaning that the dollar is stronger and the pound is weaker, then the option is exercised, allowing the owner to sell GBP at 2.0000 and immediately buy it back in the spot market at 1.9000, making a profit of (2.0000 GBPUSD − 1.9000 GBPUSD) × 1,000,000 GBP = 100,000 USD in the process. If instead they take the profit in GBP (by selling the USD on the spot market) this amounts to 100,000 / 1.9000 = 52,632 GBP.

Terms

 * Call option – the right to buy an asset at a fixed date and price.
 * Put option – the right to sell an asset at a fixed date and price.
 * Foreign exchange option – the right to sell money in one currency and buy money in another currency at a fixed date and rate.
 * Strike price – the asset price at which the investor can exercise an option.
 * Spot price – the price of the asset at the time of the trade.
 * Forward price – the price of the asset for delivery at a future time.
 * Notional – the amount of each currency that the option allows the investor to sell or buy.
 * Ratio of notionals – the strike, not the current spot or forward.
 * Numéraire – the currency in which an asset is valued.
 * Non-linear payoff – the payoff for a straightforward FX option is linear in the underlying currency, denominating the payout in a given numéraire.
 * Change of numéraire – the implied volatility of an FX option depends on the numéraire of the purchaser, again because of the non-linearity of $$x \mapsto 1/x$$.
 * In the money – for a put option, this is when the current price is less than the strike price, and would thus generate a profit were it exercised; for a call option the situation is inverted.

Trading
The difference between FX options and traditional options is that in the latter case the trade is to give an amount of money and receive the right to buy or sell a commodity, stock or other non-money asset. In FX options, the asset in question is also money, denominated in another currency.

For example, a call option on oil allows the investor to buy oil at a given price and date. The investor on the other side of the trade is in effect selling a put option on the currency.

To eliminate residual risk, traders match the foreign currency notionals, not the local currency notionals, else the foreign currencies received and delivered do not offset.

In the case of an FX option on a rate, as in the above example, an option on GBPUSD gives a USD value that is linear in GBPUSD using USD as the numéraire (a move from 2.0000 to 1.9000 yields a .10 × $$2,000,000⁄$2.0000$ = $100,000 profit), but has a non-linear GBP value. Conversely, the GBP value is linear in the USDGBP rate, while the USD value is non-linear. This is because inverting a rate has the effect of $$x \mapsto 1/x$$, which is non-linear.

Hedging
Corporations primarily use FX options to hedge uncertain future cash flows in a foreign currency. The general rule is to hedge certain foreign currency cash flows with forwards, and uncertain foreign cash flows with options.

Suppose a United Kingdom manufacturing firm expects to be paid US$100000 for a piece of engineering equipment to be delivered in 90 days. If the GBP strengthens against the US$ over the next 90 days the UK firm loses money, as it will receive less GBP after converting the US$100000 into GBP. However, if the GBP weakens against the US$, then the UK firm receives more GBP. This uncertainty exposes the firm to FX risk. Assuming that the cash flow is certain, the firm can enter into a forward contract to deliver the US$100000 in 90 days time, in exchange for GBP at the current forward exchange rate. This forward contract is free, and, presuming the expected cash arrives, exactly matches the firm's exposure, perfectly hedging their FX risk.

If the cash flow is uncertain, a forward FX contract exposes the firm to FX risk in the opposite direction, in the case that the expected USD cash is not received, typically making an option a better choice.

Using options, the UK firm can purchase a GBP call/USD put option (the right to sell part or all of their expected income for pounds sterling at a predetermined rate), which:
 * protects the GBP value that the firm expects in 90 days' time (presuming the cash is received)
 * costs at most the option premium (unlike a forward, which can have unlimited losses)
 * yields a profit if the expected cash is not received but FX rates move in its favor

Valuation: the Garman–Kohlhagen model
As in the Black–Scholes model for stock options and the Black model for certain interest rate options, the value of a European option on an FX rate is typically calculated by assuming that the rate follows a log-normal process.

The earliest currency options pricing model was published by Biger and Hull, (Financial Management, spring 1983). The model preceded the Garman and Kolhagen's Model. In 1983 Garman and Kohlhagen extended the Black–Scholes model to cope with the presence of two interest rates (one for each currency). Suppose that $$r_d$$ is the risk-free interest rate to expiry of the domestic currency and $$r_f$$ is the foreign currency risk-free interest rate (where domestic currency is the currency in which we obtain the value of the option; the formula also requires that FX rates – both strike and current spot be quoted in terms of "units of domestic currency per unit of foreign currency"). The results are also in the same units and to be meaningful need to be converted into one of the currencies.

Then the domestic currency value of a call option into the foreign currency is

 * $$c = S_0e^{-r_f T}\mathcal{N}(d_1) - Ke^{-r_d T}\mathcal{N}(d_2)$$

The value of a put option has value
 * $p = Ke^{-r_d T}\mathcal{N}(-d_2) - S_0e^{-r_f T}\mathcal{N}(-d_1)$

where :
 * $$d_1 = \frac{\ln(S_0/K) + (r_d - r_f + \sigma^2/2)T}{\sigma\sqrt{T}}$$
 * $$d_2 = d_1 - \sigma\sqrt{T}$$

 * $$S_0$$ is the current spot rate
 * $$K$$ is the strike price
 * $$\mathcal{N}(x)$$ is the cumulative normal distribution function
 * $$r_d$$ is domestic risk free simple interest rate
 * $$r_f$$ is foreign risk free simple interest rate
 * $$T$$ is the time to maturity (calculated according to the appropriate day count convention)
 * and $$\sigma$$ is the volatility of the FX rate.

Risk management
An earlier pricing model was published by Biger and Hull, Financial Management, spring 1983. The model preceded Garman and Kolhagen Model. A wide range of techniques are in use for calculating the options risk exposure, or Greeks (as for example the Vanna-Volga method). Although the option prices produced by every model agree (with Garman–Kohlhagen), risk numbers can vary significantly depending on the assumptions used for the properties of spot price movements, volatility surface and interest rate curves.

After Garman–Kohlhagen, the most common models are SABR and local volatility, although when agreeing risk numbers with a counterparty (e.g. for exchanging delta, or calculating the strike on a 25 delta option) Garman–Kohlhagen is always used.

title: Foreign exchange option


text:
Zeki Velidi Togan

Zeki Velidi Togan (Әхмәтзәки Әхмәтшаһ улы Вәлиди, Ахмет-Заки Ахметшахович Валидов, Ahmet Zeki Velidi Togan; 1890 – 1970 in Istanbul), was a Bashkir historian, Turkologist, and leader of the Bashkir revolutionary and liberation movement, doctor of philosophy (1935), professor, honorary doctor of the University of Manchester (1967).

Biography
He was born in Kuzyanovo (Bashkir: Көҙән) village of Sterlitamaksky Uyezd, Ufa Governorate (in present-day Ishimbaysky District, Bashkortostan).

From 1912 to 1915 Velidi taught in the madrasa in Kazan (Qasimiyä), and from 1915 to 1917, he was a member of bureau, supporting Muslim deputies at the State Duma. In 1917, he was elected to the Millət Məjlisi, and with Şərif Manatov, he organized the Bashkir Shuro (Council). During the Bashkir Congress in Orenburg from December 1917, he declared autonomous Bashkiria. However, he was arrested 3 February 1918 by the Soviet forces. In April 1918 he managed to escape and joined the forces confronting the Bolsheviks.

In 1918 and 1919 Velidi's Bashkir troops first fought under Ataman Alexander Dutov, then under Admiral Kolchak against Bolshevik forces. After the RSFSR promised autonomy to Bashkirs, Velidi switched allegiance, fighting with the Bolsheviks.

From February 1919 to June 1920, he was chairman of the Bashrevkom (Bashkir Revolutionary Committee). He attended the Congress of the Peoples of the East held in Baku in September 1920, where he became involved in drawing up the statutes of ERK, a Muslim Socialist organisation. However, feeling the Bolsheviks had broken their promises, he became more critical of them when he moved to Central Asia.

In Turkistan, Velidi became a leader of the Basmachi Movement. From 1920 to 1923, he was chairman of the "National Union of Turkistan". In April 1923, he was part of a delegation to the British embassy in Mashhad requesting support for the Basmachi, which was met with skepticism by British officials.

In 1923 Validi emigrated, after discovering original manuscripts of Ahmad ibn Fadlan in Iran.

From 1925 Velidi lived in Turkey and was appointed Chair of Turkish History at the Istanbul University in 1927. However, his controversial views criticizing the Turkish History Thesis at the First Turkish Language Congress in 1932, forced him to seek refuge in Vienna, where he gained a doctor of philosophy at the University of Vienna in 1935. Following he became a professor at Bonn University (1935–1937) and Göttingen University (1938–1939). On the 3 May 1944 protests in support of Nihal Atsız occurred, who was on trial and on the 9 May he was detained together with other Pan-Turkists like Alparslan Türkeş, Nihal Atsız and Reha Oğuz Türkkan. In March 1945 he was sentenced to 10 years of hard labor. During trial he was accused of having been the chair of Gürem, an organization aimed at forming a military alliance with Nazi Germany in order to liberate the Turkic people living in the Soviet Union. In 1947 a retrial ended with the release of all defendants. In 1953 he became organizer of the İslam Tetkikleri Enstitüsü (Institute for Islamic Studies) at Istanbul University. In 1967, he was given an honorary doctorate from the University of Manchester. At the same time he contributed to the Encyclopedia of Turkic Peoples. His articles about culture, language and history of Turkic peoples have been translated into many languages.

Views
Velidi was a Turkist and advocate for the removal of Persian cultural influence in the Turkic World, becoming influential in promoting this within the Jadidist movement. In his view, the Turkic peoples had become "imprisoned in the civilization of the Iranians," criticising the speech and literature of the people of the cities of Bukhara, Fergana and Khiva for being intermixed with Persian vocabulary. He believed that the Persian influence needed to be removed for Turkic peoples to find their own "national spiritual wealth."

title: Zeki Velidi Togan


text:
Soft tissue injury

A soft tissue injury is the damage of muscles, ligaments and tendons throughout the body. Common soft tissue injuries usually occur from a sprain, strain, a one-off blow resulting in a contusion or overuse of a particular part of the body. Soft tissue injuries can result in pain, swelling, bruising and loss of function.

Sprains
A sprain is a type of acute injury which results from the stretching or tearing of a ligament. Depending on the severity of the sprain, the movement on the joint can be compromised since ligaments aid in the stability and support of joints. Sprains are commonly seen in vulnerable areas such as the wrists, knees and ankles. They can occur from movements such as falling on an outstretched hand or a twisting of the ankle or foot.

The severity of a sprain can be classified:
 * Grade 1: Only some of the fibers in the ligament are torn, and the injured site is moderately painful and swollen. Function in the joint will be unaffected for the most part.
 * Grade 2: Many of the ligament fibers are torn, and pain and swelling is moderate. The functionality of the joint is compromised.
 * Grade 3: The soft tissue is completely torn, and functionality and strength on the joint is completely compromised. In most cases, surgery is needed to repair the damage.

Strains
A strain is a type of acute injury that occurs to the muscle or tendon. Similar to sprains, it can vary in severity, from a stretching of the muscle or tendon to a complete tear of the tendon from the muscle. Some of the most common places that strains occur are in the foot, back of the leg (hamstring), or back.

Bruising (contusion)
A contusion is the discoloration of the skin, which results from underlying muscle fibers and connective tissue being crushed. This can happen in a variety of ways such as a direct blow to the skin, or a fall taken against a hard surface. The discoloration in the skin is present when blood begins to pool around the injury.

Tendinitis
Tendinitis is a type of overuse injury to the tendons, which demonstrates signs of inflammation of tendons around a joint. Tendinitis is the most common cause of shoulder pain and also leg pain. Tendinitis occurs when there is repetitive stress on the subacromial bursa, which causes the bones to make contact with the tendons and irritate them.

Acute injuries
Any type of injury that occurs to the body through sudden trauma, such as a fall, twist or blow to the body. A few examples of this type of injury would be sprains, strains and contusions.

Overuse injuries
An overuse injury occurs when a certain activity is repeated frequently and the body does not have enough time to recover between occurrences. Examples include bursitis and tendinitis.

Commonly injured tissues
''With examples of each. Parentheses indicate location in body''
 * Ligaments
 * Anterior cruciate ligament (knee), medial collateral ligament (knee), ulnar collateral ligaments (wrist/hand), interspinous ligaments (vertebrae)

 * Muscles
 * Biceps brachii (upper arm), rectus femoris (thigh), transverse abdominis (abdominals)

 * Tendons
 * Patellar tendon (knee), calcaneal/Achilles tendon (foot/lower leg), biceps tendon (shoulder/elbow)

 * Nerves
 * Brachial plexus (shoulder), ulnar nerve (elbow/hand), peroneal nerve (ankle/foot), cranial nerves I-XII(head)

 * Bones
 * Femur (leg), humerus (arm), ribs (torso), metatarsals I-VI (foot), metacarpals I-VI (hand)

 * Cartilage
 * Menisci (knee), intervertebral discs (spine), acetabulum (hip)

RICE method
The RICE method is an effective procedure used in the initial treatment of a soft tissue injury.

 * Rest
 * It is suggested that the patient take a break from the activity that caused the injury in order to give the injury time to heal.

 * Ice
 * The injury should be iced on and off in 20 minute intervals, avoiding direct contact of the ice with the skin.

 * Compression
 * Bandaging the injury will compress it, and prevent any further bleeding or swelling from occurring.

 * Elevation
 * Elevating the injury above the heart while resting will aid in the reduction of swelling.

No HARM protocol
This mnemonic indicates what to do within the first 48–72 hours after the injury in order to speed up the recovery process.

 * Heat
 * Applying heat to the injured area can cause blood flow and swelling to increase.

 * Alcohol
 * Alcohol can inhibit the ability to feel if the injury is becoming more aggravated, as well as increasing blood flow and swelling.

 * Re-injury
 * Avoid any activities that could aggravate the injury and cause further damage.

 * Massage
 * Massaging an injured area can promote blood flow and swelling, and potentially cause more damage if done too early.

Treatment
If severe pain persists after the first 24hours it is recommended that an individual consult with a professional who can make a diagnosis and implement a treatment plan so the patient can return to everyday activities. To make a full diagnosis, a professional may use nerve conduction studies to localize nerve dysfunction (e.g. carpal tunnel syndrome), assess severity, and help with prognosis. Electrodiagnosis also helps differentiate between myopathy and neuropathy. Using the RICE method can somewhat be controversial as the science behind using ice is not necessarily very clear. On one hand, ice diminishes pain, metabolism, and muscle spasms. It also minimizes the inflammatory process and edema, which helps one recover from a soft-tissue injury. However, creatine kinase-MB isoform and myoglobin levels circulating in the blood increased after exercising. Ice impedes the recovery process by keeping the Creatine kinase-MB isoform and myoglobin levels increased 2–3 days post exercise. It is therefore important to weigh the pros and cons before applying any treatment, including the use of ice.

Ultimately, the best method of imaging soft tissue is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), though it is cost-prohibitive and carries a high false positive rate.

title: Soft tissue injury


text:
William Foote Whyte

William Foote Whyte (June 27, 1914 – July 16, 2000) was an American sociologist chiefly known for his ethnographic study in urban sociology, Street Corner Society. A pioneer in participant observation, he lived for four years in an Italian community in Boston while a Junior Fellow at Harvard researching social relations of street gangs in Boston's North End.

Early life
Whyte, from an upper-middle-class background, showed an early interest in writing, economics and social reform. After graduating from Swarthmore College, he was selected for the Junior Fellows program, where his landmark research was done. After his research in Boston, he entered the sociology doctoral program at the University of Chicago. Street Corner Society was published by the University of Chicago Press in 1943. He spent a year teaching at the University of Oklahoma, but developed polio in 1943 and spent two years in physical therapy at the Warm Springs Foundation. Rehabilitation was only partially successful; Whyte walked with a cane for the rest of his life, and used two arm crutches in his later years.

Professional career
He briefly returned to the University of Chicago in 1944, then joined the New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations at Cornell University in 1948, remaining at Cornell for the remainder of his career. At Cornell he supervised Chris Argyris with his doctorate. He worked for social reform and social change, directing his efforts toward "empowering the disenfranchized and narrowing the gap between rich and poor." He studied industrial and agricultural workers and workers' cooperatives in Venezuela, Peru, Guatemala and in the Basque region of Spain, as well as in the United States. He authored hundreds of articles and 20 books including an autobiography. He is considered a pioneer in industrial sociology.

Family
At his death William F. Whyte was survived by his wife, Kathleen (King) Whyte, his sons Martin King Whyte and John Whyte, and his daughters Joyce Wiza and Lucy Whyte Ferguson.

Education
Professor Whyte received his bachelor's degree in economics from Swarthmore College in 1936, and was selected for the Junior Fellows program at Harvard University, where his landmark research was done. After his research in Boston, he entered the sociology doctoral program at the University of Chicago.

Association
Whyte served as the president of the American Sociological Association in 1981 and also of the Society for Applied Anthropology in 1964.

title: William Foote Whyte


text:
1902 in rail transport

January events

 * January 1 – The Swiss Federal Railways is formed through the merger and nationalization of several smaller railroads.
 * January 8 – A train collision occurs in the New York Central Railroad's Park Avenue Tunnel in New York City killing 17 people, injuring 38 and leading to increased demand for electric trains.
 * January 24 – The Thompson Tramway, a predecessor of the Connecticut Company, is renamed Worcester and Connecticut Eastern Railway.

February events

 * February 13 – The Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York Railroad, a predecessor of the Pennsylvania Tunnel and Terminal Railroad, is incorporated.
 * February 15 – The Berlin U-Bahn Underground is opened in Germany.
 * February – Great Western Railway of England turns out the prototype 'Saint' Class 4-6-0 locomotive from its Swindon Works, beginning a series of successful 2-cylinder designs.
 * February – Edwin Winter becomes president of Brooklyn Rapid Transit in New York City.

March events

 * March 10 – An antitrust suit is filed against Northern Securities Company, a holding company controlling Northern Pacific Railway, Great Northern Railway, Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad and others.

April events

 * April 9 – Underground Electric Railways Company of London formed to consolidate the group of Underground lines controlled by American financier Charles Yerkes.
 * April 21 – The Pennsylvania, New York and Long Island Railroad, a predecessor of the Pennsylvania Tunnel and Terminal Railroad, is incorporated.

May events

 * May 1 – Ahead of merger documentation and filing, Canadian Pacific Railway takes control of the Ottawa, Northern and Western Railway.
 * May 10 – Construction begins on the Temiskaming and Northern Ontario Railway.
 * May 23 – Ottawa, Northern and Western Railway passenger trains are shifted to Ottawa's Broad Street Union Station.

June events

 * June 11 – Chūō Main Line, Ochanomizu of Tokyo to Shiojiri route official complete in Japan, as same time, Shinjuku of Tokyo to Matsumoto route direct passenger train service start.
 * June 15
 * The New York Central railroad debuts the 20th Century Limited passenger train between Chicago and New York.
 * Canadian Pacific Railway reroutes its transcontinental passenger trains in Ottawa to use the Vaudreuil line and the Interprovincial Bridge.

July events

 * July 1 – Oliver Robert Hawke Bury becomes General Manager of the Great Northern Railway in England.
 * PE No. 219 - Long Beach.jpg July 4 – [[Pacific Electric Railway]] opens its first interurban line to connect Los Angeles and Long Beach, California.
 * July 12 – First of the Neuquén-Cipolletti bridges opened for Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway traffic in Argentina.
 * July 17 – The Texas Mexican Railway converts to standard gauge.

September events

 * September 1 – Damascus–Daraa railway line completed.
 * September 22 – Ottawa, Northern and Western Railway acquires the Pontiac and Pacific Junction Railway.

October events

 * October 9 – The Trinity and Brazos Valley Railway, predecessor of the Burlington-Rock Island Railroad, is chartered in Texas.
 * October 13 – Professor Ernest Rutherford of McGill University demonstrates the first wireless communication system between a station and a moving train using a Grand Trunk Railway passenger special operating between Toronto and Montreal.
 * October 15 – The Ferrovia della Valtellina in Italy begins operating the world's first three-phase AC railway electrification system on a public standard gauge line, designed by MÁV chief engineer Kálmán Kandó with equipment by the Ganz Works.

November

 * November 2 – Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad and Southern Pacific Railroad jointly inaugurate the Golden State Limited passenger train between Chicago, Illinois, and Los Angeles, California.
 * November 26 – Skreiabanen in Toten, Norway, is opened.

Unknown date events

 * The Alaska Central Railroad (an early predecessor of the Alaska Railroad) begins construction northward from Seward, Alaska.
 * The Atlantic Coast Line acquires the Plant System Railroads and gains control of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad.
 * Serious buffer stop accident at Frankfurt-am-Main inspires development of Rawie range of energy-absorbing buffer stops.
 * Narrow gauge Ferrocarril de Córdoba a Huatusco is completed to Coscomatepec, Veracruz.
 * Percy French writes the song Are Ye Right There Michael? ridiculing the West Clare Railway in Ireland.

May deaths

 * May 20 – H. H. Hunnewell, director for Illinois Central Railroad 1862-1871, president of Kansas City, Fort Scott and Gulf Railroad, president of Kansas City, Lawrence and Southern Railroad, dies (b. 1810).

November deaths

 * November 12 - William Henry Barlow, English railway civil engineer (born 1812).

title: 1902 in rail transport


text:
Rayleigh (lunar crater)

Rayleigh is a lunar impact crater, approximately 114 kilometers in diameter, that lies along the northeast limb of the Moon. This feature is seen edge-on from Earth, making it difficult to see much detail. In addition, libration effects can completely hide this crater from view. It lies just to the north of Lyapunov, and to the northwest of the large Joliot. Attached to its southwest rim is the smaller Urey.

Description
This is an eroded formation with a rim that has been worn and reshaped by impacts. This is particularly so in the south where the rim has been modified and supplemented by adjacent crater formations and several small craters that lie along the rim.

The interior floor is relatively level in places, but, partly due to overlapping ejecta, is somewhat rough and irregular in others, particularly in the southern half. A pair of small but prominent craters lies on the interior surface, with Rayleigh D just to the south of the crater midpoint and the smaller Rayleigh B situated in the western half.

Rayleigh was named for John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Rayleigh.

The following craters have been renamed by the IAU.
 * Rayleigh A — see Urey (crater).

title: Rayleigh (lunar crater)


text:
Shin Ansan University

Ansan College of Technology (also called Ansan Technical College) is a private technical college in Ansan City, which lies south of Seoul in Gyeonggi province. It offers degree programs in social science (including English), tourism, physical education, industrial design, engineering, and computers. All programs place a strong emphasis on vocational outcomes. The campus stands in Danwon-gu, not far from the massive industrial complex in Sihwa, which facilitates partnerships with local industry. The college enrolls about 3,000 students, and employs about 55 instructors.

History
As is often the case with private institutions of higher education in South Korea, the foundation to establish the school had begun its activities a long time before the actual establishment: the Ansan College Foundation was begun in 1979. The school was finally opened in April 1994 as Ansan Industrial Technical College, and changed to its current name in 1998. The first president after the founding of the college was Young Yup Cho.

title: Shin Ansan University


text:
1967 in rail transport

January events

 * January – General Electric introduces the GE U30C.

February events

 * February 21 – The last shunting horse to work on British Rail, "Charlie" at Newmarket, is retired.

March events

 * March 1 – Hankyū Senri Line, Osaka, Japan, opens.
 * March 6 – Railways between Cambridge and Sudbury via Haverhill are closed by the Eastern Region of British Rail following the Beeching Report.
 * March 20 – British Rail reopens the remaining section of line on the Isle of Wight, from Ryde Pier Head to Shanklin, after electrification to the Southern Region standard (750 V DC third rail) using former London Underground "Tube" stock.
 * March 24 – Soo Line Railroad discontinues passenger train operations.
 * March 24 – Tanimachi Line, Osaka, Japan, opens.
 * March 29 - In Tokyo, Japan, Tozai Line is extended from Toyocho to Nishi-Funabashi.

April events

 * April 1 – The United States National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) begins work.
 * April 20 – The Interstate Commerce Commission grants its initial approval of the proposed CNW/CGW merger.

May events

 * May 23 – GO Transit, Canada's first interregional public transit system, begins operations in Southern Ontario.

July events

 * The Seaboard Air Line and Atlantic Coast Line railroads merge to form the Seaboard Coast Line railroad.
 * July 3 – Closure of Nottingham Victoria Railway Station, Nottingham, UK
 * July 9 - Cessation of steam operation on the Southern Region of British Railways.
 * July 19 – The New York City Subway introduces its first air conditioned passenger car.
 * July 25 – Construction begins in San Francisco, on the Market Street subway.

August events

 * August 5 – The Illinois Central Railroad discontinues the Land O'Corn passenger train.

September events

 * September – United States Postal Service announces cancellation of most Railway Mail Service contracts.
 * September – Grand Trunk Railway ends passenger service between Montreal and Portland, Maine.
 * September 14 – Tōyōchō Station, in Kōtō, Tokyo Prefecture, Japan, opens.
 * September 30 – The Monon Railroad ceases all passenger train operations. Its last train is the Chicago–Louisville Thoroughbred.

October events

 * October 2 – Canadian Pacific Railway removes the diamond crossing at Bedell, Ontario, the junction of the railway's Winchester and Prescott subdivisions.
 * October 5 – The Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (the "Milwaukee Road") discontinues the Arrow passenger train.
 * October 28 – Canadian Pacific Railway moves the last of its equipment out of its Ottawa West yard to the new Walkley Yard.

December events

 * December 3 – The New York Central's 20th Century Limited is discontinued just before the railroad's merger with the Pennsylvania Railroad to form the Penn Central.
 * December 10 – The Pennsylvania Railroad discontinues its all-Pullman (sleeping car) Broadway Limited, and assigns the train's name and much of its services to the General on the same New York-Chicago run, adding coaches and a separate dining car for coach passengers.
 * December 20
 * The Pennsylvania Railroad achieves its highest speed on their New York Division (a.k.a. Northeast Corridor) while operating one of their Turbo Liners.
 * In Tokyo, Japan, the Chiyoda Line is opened between Kita-Senju and Otemachi.
 * December 29 – The first steam locomotive powered train operates at Illinois Railway Museum using a Shay locomotive.

Unknown date events

 * Southern Pacific Railroad opens the longest stretch of new railroad construction in a quarter century as the first trains roll over the Palmdale Cutoff through Cajon Pass.
 * The Central Railroad of New Jersey declares bankruptcy.
 * General Motors Electro-Motive Division introduces the EMD FP45.
 * English Electric supplies first batch of CP Class 1400 diesel-electric locomotives from its Vulcan Foundry to Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses, its first mainline locomotive export order for continental Europe.
 * D. William Brosnan is succeeded by W. Graham Claytor as president of the Southern Railway (US).
 * Cessation of steam operation on the Eastern Region of British Railways.

Accidents

 * February 28 – Stechford rail crash on British Rail at Stechford railway station in Birmingham: a diesel locomotive collides with a passenger train as a result of a shunting error, killing the driver and 8 passengers and injuring 16.
 * March 5 – Connington South rail crash on the British Rail East Coast Main Line near Conington, Huntingdonshire: 5 passengers killed and 18 injured as the result of a deliberate act by the signalman.
 * June 18 – A home-made bomb explodes on a Hyōgo-Himeji local commuter train at Shioya Station on the Sanyo Electric Railway Main Line, Kobe, Hyōgo, Japan. No one claims responsibility in this case, which kills two persons with 29 wounded.
 * July 31 – Thirsk rail crash on the British Rail East Coast Main Line at Thirsk: an express train collides with a derailed freight. 7 passengers are killed, 45 injured, and prototype diesel locomotive DP2 is written off.
 * November 5 – Hither Green rail crash on the Southern Region of British Rail in south-east London: derailment caused by a broken rail; 49 killed.

May deaths

 * May 13 – Eric Treacy, English railway photographer, former Anglican bishop (born 1907).

December deaths

 * December – Wayne A. Johnston, president of Illinois Central Railroad 1945–1966 (born 1897).

title: 1967 in rail transport


text:
Kingston Wall

Kingston Wall was a psychedelic/progressive rock group from Helsinki, Finland, originally formed in 1987. Influenced by such artists as Jimi Hendrix, Led Zeppelin and Pink Floyd, the group combined eastern themes, mysticism and vivid psychedelia with acid rock. The band consisted of Petri Walli (guitars, lead vocals), Jukka Jylli (bass, backing vocals) and Sami Kuoppamäki (drums, percussion). Walli took the most active role in the band. He formed the group, composed most of the songs and wrote all the lyrics. He was also Kingston Wall's producer and manager and ran the band's own Trinity record label.

Early days
Kingston Wall was formed in 1987, when Petri Walli asked Jukka Jylli to join his band. Petteri Ståhl and Jukka Häikiö later joined the band as drummer and lead singer, respectively. The band was named Moonshine Makers and they played their first shows in 1988. Häikiö soon quit the band after getting tired of waiting for Walli to finish his long guitar solos. The band became a trio, with Walli taking the role of lead singer despite doubting his skills. The band was renamed Kingston Wall, which was derived from Walli's last name and the supposed name of a mental hospital in England, although Walli later gave varying explanations for the name. The capital of Jamaica, Kingston, allegedly had nothing to do with the name.

The band's first performance as Kingston Wall and as a trio, was in September 1988. This successful show spawned many others. During these early gigs, the band played their own songs, but also covers from bands such as the Beatles, Frank Zappa, the Who and Jimi Hendrix. They recorded a demo tape in early 1989, which included the song “I’m Not the One”, which would appear on their first full-length album. After touring extensively and gaining some followers in the Helsinki rock-scene, Walli was eager to take his music to another level. However, drummer Ståhl was not as talented a musician as Walli and Jylli, which held the band back. In Autumn 1989, Ståhl was asked to leave and he was replaced by the more technically capable Timo Joutsimäki. The new line-up recorded another demo, which included the songs “Used to Feel Before”, “Waste of Time” and “I Wish I Had Seen You”.

Kingston Wall I
After deciding the time was ready for the band to record and release a full-length studio album, they sent their demos to labels that published music sung in English in Finland. Initially, no label was interested in signing the band, but after tireless persuasion, the label One Inch Rock signed Kingston Wall in 1990. Walli was given full control over the production of the album and he used his power to control every aspect of the recording, which led to confrontations between him and Joutsimäki. While recording the album, the band continued playing live. Ralf Örn, who was responsible for signing Kingston Wall to One Inch Rock, became interested in managing the band. His connections helped the band secure their first and only gig outside Finland in May 1990 in Tallinn, Estonia.

The confrontations between Walli and Joutsimäki continued, and Joutsimäki began arriving to practise and gigs drunk and late. Eventually, the drummer stopped appearing to practise all together and reportedly sold his drums as redundant. Walli started looking for a new drummer, and after a month of searching, heard of a promising young talent, Sami Kuoppamäki, who was studying in Los Angeles Musicians Institute. Walli sent him their demo tapes, and, impressed by their sound, Kuoppamäki decided to join. The band began hosting their own club night which they dubbed Freakout. During Freakout nights, Kingston Wall performed with various other local bands, often playing cover songs, alternative versions of their own songs and with various line-ups. Kuoppamäki now being a stable member of the band, the recording of the first album was restarted from scratch. The recording was finished, but One Inch Rock decided that they did not want to release the album after all, instead opting to give the distribution rights to EMI Finland. To produce the album, Walli founded Pedro Cucaracha Productions and the record label Trinity. Kingston Wall released their first, self-titled album, (later referenced and re-released as I) in January 1992. The official release gig for the new album was 31 January 1992 at Tavastia Club. This was followed by a number of gigs throughout Finnish clubs and festivals. Their debut album consisted mainly of psychedelic hard rock along with a cover of Jimi Hendrix' song "Fire", which gained the group some popularity among the Finnish radio stations. The album culminated in the heavily progressive, 21-minute track, "Mushrooms".

Kingston Wall II
In the summer of 1992, Walli got interested in techno music and started going to techno raves, where LSD and magic mushrooms were commonplace. Walli brought his newfound love for techno into the music of Kingston Wall, by covering "I Feel Love" by Donna Summer. The following autumn, the band entered the studio to record their next studio album, II. Similar to the previous album, II was produced by Pedro Cucaracha Productions and distributed by EMI Finland. The recordings went smoothly and were finished in a few weeks and the release gig was held 29 January 1993 at Tavastia, followed by a 13 date Finnish tour. After playing at many major music festivals in Finland in the summer of 1993, Walli was desperate for the band to gain international success. However, large international record labels were not interested in signing the band. The band continued hosting their Freakout club nights, during which they now implemented more techno and house elements by having a DJ play with the band.

The album evolved the sound of the band by introducing more acoustic and folk elements to their songs, like acoustic guitars and violins in "Istwan" (violin played by Ufo Mustonen) and saxophones in "Shine On Me" (saxophone played by Sakari Kukko). They also included a cross-genre cover version of the Donna Summer disco classic "I Feel Love".

III - Tri-Logy and Walli's death
In January 1994, Walli went on holiday to India, where he met Ior Bock, a Finnish mystic, who, during hashish fuelled nights, told listeners of the Bock saga, an eccentric explanation about the origins of the alphabets, words, and the whole human history. Inspired by the Bock saga, Walli wrote and rewrote new songs for their upcoming album, which was to be called III – Tri-Logy. The music and lyrics were riddled with references to previous Kingston Wall releases and the Bock saga. Compared to the two weeks it took to record the previous album, this time the band had booked 13 weeks of studio time. Unlike on previous albums, each band member recorded their parts separately, and some of the songs the band had never practised before entering the studio. The album ended up being the most expensive self-published album in Finland at that time. The album was different in style and tone compared to their two previous releases as it included more hard rock sounds, at times combined with dub reggae, techno, and synthesizers arranged by Kimmo Kajasto (from Koneveljet and Rinneradio). The last song on the album, "The Real Thing", runs for 18 minutes and again features Sakari Kukko on saxophone, along with ambient synthesizer pads played by Kimmo Kajasto.

After an eight-month break from playing live, the band returned to the stage in August 1994, playing their first gig under the alias "Spirits of Istwan". The official release gig was held 1 October 1994, once again at Tavastia and was followed by a Finnish tour. Meanwhile, Walli's erratic behaviour and obsession with the Bock saga had grown to a level where people started avoiding him. Growing tensions and the harshness of life on tour took their toll on the morale of both the band and crew, and the band voted the stop the tour short, cancelling the final show of the tour.

In December, Kingston Wall played three more gigs. They played their last public show in Lepakko, Helsinki in December 1994 and their last show ever was some days later in Sörnäinen prison in Helsinki. After this, the band called it quits in a local cafeteria and each of the members went on their separate ways. Walli left for India and shortly after his return to Finland, on 28 June 1995, jumped to his death from the tower of Töölö Church in central Helsinki.

The suicide was apparently caused by several factors. Walli had lost his faith in Ior Bock's mythologies and felt ashamed for basing the band's third album on what he now perceived as deceptions. He had also broken up with his girlfriend some months earlier. Walli was later buried in the Hietaniemi Cemetery, about one kilometer away from his place of death.

Legacy and tribute concerts
During their active time, Kingston Wall never achieved mainstream popularity. All their albums were printed in limited numbers and released on Walli's own independent label, Trinity. It was only after the group had disbanded that their popularity slowly grew through word-of-mouth.

Although Kingston Wall never played outside Finland apart from one gig in Estonia, the group is considered even by many Finns as one of the country's best hard rock groups. Their albums have appeared on the Finnish Top 40 album charts. The cult following status of Kingston Wall has also gained them a steadily growing fan base around the world, mostly thanks to the Internet.

Kingston Wall has influenced many Finnish rock groups and received cover tributes from artists such as The Rasmus ("Used to Feel Before" on their single Madness) and Amorphis ("And I Hear You Call" on My Kantele EP).

Jukka Jylli and Sami Kuoppamäki currently play in the Finnish rock outfit Zook.

In October 2018, the band announced on their Facebook page that they would be playing a gig at Tavastia Club in Helsinki to celebrate the 50th birthday of Petri Walli. Performing under the name Kingston Wall by JJylli, Kuoppis and Brothers von Hertzen, the outfit included Jylli on bass, Kuoppamäki on drums and the Von Hertzen Brothers on guitars, lead vocals and percussion. The Tavastia show was sold out in minutes, which prompted the band to embark on a full-fledged tour.

To celebrate the 30th anniversary of the band's final public concert, Jylli and Kuoppamäki will play a tribute concert in Helsinki Ice Hall on 5 December 2024. The duo will be joined onstage by Jesper Anastasiadis, Juhani Grönroos, Esa Holopainen and Mikko Von Hertzen. The anniversary concert will be preceded by smaller concerts at Finnish festivals during the summer of 2024.

Re-issues, remixes and books
All the original Kingston Wall albums and singles under the Trinity label have been since sold out and are regarded collector's items. The III - Tri-Logy was re-issued by the Finnish record label Zen Garden in 1998. A limited amount of 1000 copies included a bonus CD along with each of the three original remastered albums. The limited re-issues sold out quickly. The bonus CDs contained single B-sides and previously unreleased live recordings. In 2000, a remix album titled Freakout Remixes was released. This tribute album included techno and psychedelic trance remixes of the original Kingston Wall songs, made by such Finnish artists as Accu, Squaremeat and Texas Faggott.

A live CD box set Real Live Thing was released in 2005. The box set features three CDs recorded at various gigs during the band's existence. The tracks were selected for this album by bass player Jukka Jylli.

In 2023, remixes of all three Kingston Wall studio albums were released. The albums were remixed by Robert Palomäki, who also mixed the band live and participated in the recording sessions of II and Tri-Logy.

In February 2014, Finnish rock journalist Viljami Puustinen published the book Kingston Wall: Petri Wallin saaga ('Kingston Wall: The Saga of Petri Walli'), a 325-page in-depth biography of Petri Walli that also explores the band's history in detail.

Another book about the band, titled Kingston Wallin perintö ('The Legacy of Kingston Wall') was released in 2023. In this book, Kimmo Aroluoma, inspired by the tribute concert tour in 2019, aims to uncover the magic of the band by tracing the guitars played by Petri walli around Finland.

Studio albums

 * I (1992)
 * II (1993)
 * III – Tri-Logy (1994)

Other

 * Freakout Remixes (2000)
 * Real Live Thing (3-CD box set) (2005)
 * The Essential (2011)
 * King Size Box (2012)
 * Tri-Logy at Tavastia – the Release Concert (2017)

Singles

 * We Cannot Move/She's So Fine/I Feel Love/Between the Trees (1993)
 * Stüldt Håjt/Have You Seen the Pyg-mies?/Time (1994)
 * The Real Thing/Take You To Sweet Harmony/I'm The King, I'm The Sun (1994)

Music videos

 * Another Piece of Cake (1994)
 * With My Mind (live) (2005)

DVD

 * Kingston Wall Kingtime (2015)

title: Kingston Wall


text:
1853 in rail transport

January events

 * January 25 – The Cincinnati, Cambridge and Chicago Short Line Railway, a predecessor of Pennsylvania Railroad, is incorporated in Indiana to build from New Castle southeast via Cambridge to the Ohio state line.
 * January – The Memphis and Little Rock Railroad, the first railroad built in Arkansas is chartered.

February events

 * February 5 – The Mississippi and Missouri Railroad, a predecessor of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad, is established in Iowa to build a railroad between Davenport and Council Bluffs.

April events

 * April 2 – The New York Central Railroad is formed through the merger of ten smaller railroads in the New York area.
 * April 16 – The first passenger train in India is inaugurated between Bori Bunder, Bombay (edge of site of modern-day Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Mumbai), and Thana covering a distance of 34 km.
 * April 20 – Lord Dalhousie, Governor-General of India, resolves that trunk rail development in that country will be by private enterprise under close government supervision.

May events

 * May 6 – The Norwalk rail accident is the first major US railroad bridge disaster, killing 48.
 * May 17 – The New York Central Railroad is formed through the merger of ten smaller railroads in New York under the direction of Erastus Corning.

July events

 * July 8 – The Northern Indiana Railroad is formed through the merger of several smaller railroads in Indiana and Ohio.
 * July 18 – The Portland gauge Grand Trunk Railway is completed from Montreal to the ice-free seaport of Portland, Maine.

August events

 * August 1 – The original Acton station (renamed in 1920 to Acton Central) near London, England, opens.
 * August 19 – The Lake Erie, Wabash and St. Louis Railroad, a predecessor of the Wabash Railroad, is incorporated in Indiana.

September events

 * September 20 – Indianapolis's Union Station, the first union station in the United States, opens.

October events

 * October 1 – Bristol and Exeter Railway's Yeovil branch line is fully opened for passenger traffic.
 * October 26 – Bristol and Exeter Railway's Yeovil branch line is fully opened for goods traffic.
 * October – Homer Ramsdell succeeds Benjamin Loder as president of the Erie Railroad.

November events

 * November 1 – Canada West Railroad opens its first division connecting Niagara Falls to Hamilton, Ontario.
 * November 7 – The Arkansas Midland Railroad is created by an act of the Arkansas legislature.
 * November 10 – Canada's Great Western Railway opens the line from Hamilton, Ontario, to the suspension bridge at Niagara Falls.

December events

 * December 17 – The Brooklyn City Railroad, the oldest streetcar line in Brooklyn, New York, is incorporated.

Unknown date events

 * The Monon Railroad opens its 300 mi route between Chicago, Illinois, and Louisville, Kentucky
 * American steam locomotive builder Manchester Locomotive Works opens.

April births

 * April 25 – John Frank Stevens, chief engineer and general manager of Great Northern Railway, vice president Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad (d. 1943).

October births

 * October 6 – Thomas George Shaughnessy, president of Canadian Pacific Railway Limited 1899–1918 (d. 1923).
 * October 14 – John William Kendrick, chief engineer 1888–1893, general manager 1893–1899 and vice president 1899–1911 of Northern Pacific Railway and vice-chairman of the board for Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (d. 1924).

July deaths

 * July 24 – Hezekiah C. Seymour, chief engineer for Ontario, Huron and Lake Simcoe Railroad (b. 1811).

September deaths

 * September 6 – George Bradshaw, English cartographer, printer and publisher and the originator of the railway timetable (b. 1800).

title: 1853 in rail transport