text:
United States in Prophecy

United States in Prophecy was the original title of a publication that became known by its longer name of United States and British Commonwealth in Prophecy and published in various editions and formats after 1945. It was written under the byline of Herbert W. Armstrong who had assistance from staff members of Ambassador College. The publication related the views, beliefs and teachings of the Worldwide Church of God with regards to the identity of the so-called Ten Lost Tribes of Israel and for many years it was distributed as a companion booklet to 1975 in Prophecy! by the same author and publisher.

Origins
The contents of the booklet were not original and many have claimed by comparison texts that most of its content came from an existing book called Judah's Sceptre and Joseph's Birthright by J. H. Allen which was originally published in 1902. That book claimed to be "An Analysis of the Prophecies of the Scriptures in regard to the Royal Family of Judah and the Many Nations of Israel, the Lost Ten Tribes".

title: United States in Prophecy


text:
User talk:John Laxson

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 05:16, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:John Laxson


text:
Talk:10NES

Camerica
"Camerica succcessfully reverse engineereed the code to produce unlicensed games."

Really? I thought Camerica (which published Codemasters games in the US) used the same Macronix -5 volt spike method that Color Dreams games used. --Damian Yerrick 05:18, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC) k

Picture
Thankyou To Whoever Formatted The Picture, I Forgot How As I Usually Only Cruise Wiki Occaisonally. Offensiveandconfusing 20:41, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

Reverse engineering
Lots of info about the CIC chip, Tengen's Rabbit clone, and reverse engineering them both here: 67.64.66.99 03:48, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

...and lots of microscope pictures here... 67.64.66.99 03:49, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

Citation Needed
Nearly all instances of the Citation Needed tag are for information mentionned in the references at the end of the article. Should they be removed, or should the references be turned into footnotes? --Dandin1 (talk) 13:54, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

Voltage Spike
So, how would this actually work, with respect to the CIC chip? By the sounds of the article, it sounds like it would damage the NES. Any games that are known to do this? Would anybody more in the know like to add some info about that? 81.225.91.19 (talk) 09:30, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

Rabbit Chip
The courts made a ruling on liability in the Tengen case, they did not however make a ruling nor full and accurate report on what actually happened (nor did anybody involve seek for them to do so). Engineers working for Tengen successfully reverse-engineered the 10NES and got their rabbit chip running 100% perfectly but at the wrong speed. So someone outside the team (apparently) lied to get the patent info and handed the information to someone else in the company to do some testing. Before they could spread the word that thee rabbit was running fine but at the wrong speed, the original engineers had already solved their problem. Later the engineers found out what other people in the company had done and were pissed. All their hard work was rendered meaningless. They would have to live with labels of incompetence and trademark violators for the rest of their carriers despite being completely successful and innocent in doing their jobs. Nintendo would not have wanted these facts known anyhow. Their statements in court all but said dumb lazy Americans were incapable of reverse engineering what Japanese engineers had created. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.111.33.117 (talk) 00:56, 17 March 2012 (UTC)

Merge with CIC (Nintendo)
CIC (Nintendo) and this article contain many redundant paragraphs. I am unable to find out where they should stay and where they should be replaced by a link. 78.53.207.73 (talk) 19:09, 5 November 2012 (UTC)
 * I think a merge would be appropriate, I don't know which way makes more sense. Other languages appear to use 10NES.  The WikiData interlanguage links will need repairing after this is decided. --j⚛e deckertalk 06:28, 3 March 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:10NES


text:
Talk:List of American Football League players

Untitled
What was the name of the club-footed kicker back during the late sixties or early seventies that set a pro football record for the longest field goal(63 yds)? He either played for the Saints or the Raiders. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.188.116.195 (talk) 05:17, 14 December 2004 (UTC)
 * Tom Dempsey, who played for the Saints. --Cholmes75 21:29, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

Can we get rid of the conflicting rosters that only acknowledge AFL years (i.e. New York Jets (AFL) players versus New York Jets players). The AFL rosters are redundant and only are there because "Remember the AFL" can't let go and realize that there none of the teams from the league differentiate between the AFL and NFL years on their all-time rosters! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.213.16.180 (talk) 19:37, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Can we remove the "born" years? Seems unnecessary to indicate the year they were born for some players and not others - especially for players that actually have a wiki where the year they were born is readily available there. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.204.111.20 (talk) 03:52, 14 September 2010 (UTC)

Re comment about AFL/NFL years: The point of the player list on the Remember the AFL website is specifically to chronicle the AFL years, not the entire history of pro football. As the person who researched and prepared the player roster for that site, I can state unequivocally that the exclusion of other years has nothing to do with "letting go" or any other such bizarre thing. The fact that individual teams don't differentiate is irrelevant; they're chronicling their specific histories as teams. Given the league's significance in the history of the sport, a league-specific roster is perfectly appropriate. byamrcn 23:48, 17 April 2016 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Byamrcn (talk • contribs)

Better name
This article should be called "List of American Football People" if it is going to remain like this. Men like Harry Wismer, an early owner, and Lou Saban, a coach, never played a single down in the league, even though they were certainly crucial to its development. There should either be a separate list for such people, or this one should be retitled to reflect this fact. 2600:1004:B16F:EB9:C9B6:DD41:5D67:A617 (talk) 21:41, 18 July 2017 (UTC)
 * I just removed the non-players. How would we determine the inclusion criteria for the non-players anyway? There are probably more contributors than the ones listed here. WikiOriginal-9 (talk) 21:46, 18 July 2017 (UTC)
 * That is one of the things that could become one of the infamous "Incomplete lists", I suppose. Anyone who is cited in a reliable source as an AFL contributor would potentially belong.  Founding owners like Ralph Wilson, Bud Adams, Lamar Hunt, and of course Harry Wismer definitely belong, as do the people who were also owners later on like Sonny Werblin, who signed Namath, early coaches and the like also, and yes, it's far less definite and objective than who demonstrably was on a team roster or who actually appeared in a game unless it is limited to people like coaching staff members, officials, known owners, and broadcasters for whom there are definitive published records providing their identities to link them to the league.  Anyone can SAY that they, their father, their uncle, whoever, was a part-owner of a team, worked in the front office or as a scout, etc., but unless there is reliable published proof, they, needless to say, shouldn't be included at all.  2600:1004:B16F:EB9:C9B6:DD41:5D67:A617 (talk) 21:56, 18 July 2017 (UTC)
 * There's also Category:American Football League contributors. WikiOriginal-9 (talk) 22:23, 18 July 2017 (UTC)


text:
Aghjabadi District

Aghjabadi District (Ağcabədi rayonu) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the centre of the country and belongs to the Karabakh Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Khojavend, Agdam, Barda, Zardab, Beylagan, and Fuzuli. Its capital and largest city is Aghjabadi. As of 2020, the district had a population of 136,800.

History
Aghjabadi district was established on 8 August 1930. It was abolished and attached to the Aghdam District in 1963. Two years later, it was re-established as an independent district.

"Aghjabadi" means "large settlement" ("aghja" – large, "badi" – residence, settlement) in Azerbaijani. The ancient monuments discovered on the territory of Aghjabadi rayon attest to human habitation dating to the Eneolithic, Bronze Age periods. There are also remnants of the Middle Ages found at the Kamiltepe, Nargiztepe, Garakober, Yantepe, Galatepe and Gavur archaeological sites.

Among the remains of the Eneolithic Age are the cemetery and the residence site called "Kichik" on the kurgan barrow in the village of Boyat, ruins of an ancient settlement Yastitepe in the village of Hindarx, residence sites Akhanglitepe, Keshaltitepe, Jafargulutepe, Husulutepe in Hacılar village, ruins of Kamiltepe and Shahtepe settlements in Yeni Qaradolaq village, the archaeological sites of Sutepe, Agtepe and Janavartepe in Taynaq village, Mirvaritepe I and II, Abiltepe I and II, Muhammedtepe in the İmamqulubəyli municipality.

Archeological sites dating back to the Bronze Age include Kultepe, Saribashtepe, Uchtepe, Shahtepe in Agjabadi, Gyshaltitepe, Qebristanliqtepe, Galatepe in Boyat village, Elashantepe in Gələbədin, kurgan barrows Gushtepe, Huseinbey and Gazantepe in Hindarx village, and Sumuklu-tepe in Cəfərbəyli village.

Ancient living settlements have been discovered in Təzəkənd (5th-2nd millennia BC), Arazbar (1st millennium), Qiyaməddinli (1st millennium) and Hüsülü villages, as well as the Sangartepe and Toratepe living settlements found in Sarıcalı and Şənlik villages.

Several historical monuments, one school, the Regional Centre of Culture and a library were destroyed and burned by Armenian forces during the Karabakh War in Yuxarı Qiyaməddinli village.

Etymology
Aghjabadi District has 45 villages. The main occupation in the villages is agriculture and animal husbandry.

The name of the village of Avshar of Aghjabadi is related to Oghuzs which has an ancient history. Avshars are the descendants of Ulduz Khan, son of Oguz Khan. The word "Avshar" means "brave". The area of the village of Avshar is 10.6 km2 and it has a population of 6406.

"Ashagi Avshar" village was settled at the beginning of the 20th century in the area named Kirov, with 5-10 families. The first resident of the village was Karbala Baghir. The village was named Ashagi Avshar, because the main population of the village was the Avshars who moved from Nargiztepe. The village of Ashaghi Avshar has an area of 940 square meters with a population of 1940.

The name of Agabayli village is related to the name of the person. In the 19th century, a man named Aghabey ruled the village. "Aghabayli" is a branch of the Kebirli tribe. The village of Agabayli is 5.3 square km with a population of 563.

The village of Aran is named due to its geographical location. The economy in these territories, which had very dry soils, increased in the early part of the 20th century by the laying of the channel named after Orchenikidze on the basis of the famous Gavur arch. By the end of the 1930s, the place of the village was moved to the present location in order to ensure the safety of the residents of the village when Kuraiver overflowed its banks and left its bed. The village has a population of 2078 and an area of 14.91 km2.

The name of the village of Arazbar of Aghjabadi is written in the literature for the first time in the 13th century by Fazullah Rashideddin's "Letters". In the 18th century, Arasbar was a pasture for the animals of Ibrahimkhalil Agha, the father of Panah Ali Khan, the founder of the Karabakh khanate. The word "Arasbar" means "Planes around Araz". The population of the village of Arasbar with an area of 10.6 km2 is 1421 people.

The name of the village of Boyat of Aghjabedi is derived from the name of the Boyat (Bayat) tribe of the Seljuk's Oghuz. The Boyats are descendants of the son of Oguz Khan, Gyun Khan. The meaning of the word "bayat" is "1.rich, 2.old". Mohammed Fuzuli, Bayandur khan, Dede Gorgud belong to Bayat tribe. Boyat village was the first residence of the Karabakh Khanate and was ruled by Panahalikhan between 1747 and 1752. It has an area of 7.81 km2 and a population of 1781.

Jafarbayli village of Aghjabedi was established in 1885. The area of the village is 10.3 km2. It has 934 residents.

The establishment of the village of Galebadin of Aghjabedi dates back to the first half of the 19th century. However, no fortress was recorded in that area. According to the village elders, these lands were formed by the first inhabitants of the village because of their sowing and cattle-breeding: - Come on, give it a living, that is, a good, good place. Later, this phrase became the name of the village. The village with a total area of 12,5 km2 has a population of 1368.

The name of the village of Goyuk is derived from the word "koyuk" meaning greenery, forest. The establishment of the village dates back to the 19th century. In the 1840s, the rural population was mainly engaged in cattle-breeding, migratory life. Later, they moved to their place of residence. The population of the village is derived from two generations. One of them is Mashadi Ali, a descendant of the Panahkhan who lived in the village of Sarijali in Aghdam. The village of Goyuk with an area of 10.2 square km has a population of 872.

The inhabitants of the village of Hajilar belong to the Zulgara tribe. In some sources the name of the village is related to the Turkish tribe called Hajilar, living in Eastern Anatolia. As the village was on the caravan routes, the residents have rested. That is why the village was named Hacilar (where the pilgrims had settled down). The village of Hacilar is 7.52 km2, with a population of 1352 people.

The name of the village of Khojavand of Aghjabadi means "Khojaly generation" in scientific literature. The village was named after Khoja who settled first in this area. The existence of the village as a dwelling place is marked as the first half of the 18th century. The village of Khojavand with a total area of 23.4 km2 has a population of 3527.

The village of Imamgulubayli was settled by families belonging to the Garadolag tribe, which consisted of 104 families in the 19th century. The tsarist government granted the right to rule the city to the irrigated Imamgulubay. After that, the name of the village was called Imamgulubayli. It has population of 1146 and an area of 5.46 km2.

The Kurds village was established as a result of the settlement of the Kurds of the Musanlı tribe. The formation of the village coincides with the second half of the 19th century. The first residents of the village were mainly engaged in cattle-breeding. The village has a population of 979 and an area of 779 square km.

The Garavalli village was formed as a result of the settlement of the Garavelli tribe. According to the local population, the name of the village is related to the name of one of the first inhabitants of this village called Kara Veli. That is why the village is called Garavelli. Garavalli village is selected according to the number of intellectuals in the region. Garavelli village has a population of 1814 square meters with a population of 3014 people.

The name of the village of Garakhanli is related to the name of Oykonim Garakhanli. One of the Oghuz tribes, Garanians belonging to bayans, settled in these places in 1865. Garakhanli village is named after this tirade. The Garakhanids were the most powerful tribal associations formed in the Western Turkestan in the Middle Ages. This tribal unity created the Garakhanids state and its first ruler was Abdelkarim Satuk Bugra Garakhan (940-955). The village of Garakhanli has a population of 921 people and an area of 5,5 km2.

The name Muganli is related to the name of Mughanli, the Turkic-speaking Azerbaijani tribe. In the early 19th century, the tribe lived in the Mughan plains, and the area was named Mughanli. The village of Muganli with a population of 1667 has an area of 14.7.

The village of Najafkulubeyli was built in the 20th century near the Kura River. The name is related to the name of Najafkulubeyli from the Garadolak tribe. The village has a population of 1241and an area of 6.41 square kilometres.

Geography
District is located 374 km from the capital Baku and 45 km from the closest town of Aghdam. The relief in Aghjabadi is plain. The soil is rich in clay. The climate is mild subtropical, warm and dry. The average monthly temperature in January is 1.2–1.7 °C and in August is 25–30 °C. Kura River flows on the north-eastern border of Aghjabadi District and Qarqar River flows through its central part. The Upper Karabakh channel also crosses the district. There are many salty lakes on the territory of Aghjabadi District, grey and grey soil is prevalent although the halophytic type of soil is also widespread.

Relief
The relief of the Aghjabadi district is plain, gradually rises from the north to the south-west, and the surface is composed of continental - Alluuar and sea sediments of anthropogenic systems. There are clay deposits in the area.

The Kur River in the north-eastern border of the district, about 45 km, flows through the Gargar River in the central part. Channels named Yukhari Garabagh and Khan gizi are going through the district.

There are some lakes in the area. Gray-grass, grey, grass-grey soils are spread. In the central part, there is also a land of salt and saline land. Reclamation works are being implemented in the district.

Nature
The Kur River flows through the north-eastern border and the Gargar River runs through the central part of the region. Yukhari (upper) Garabagh canal passes through the territory of the district. There is a lake in the area. There are shrubs and tugai forests locating on the Kura River. There are gazelle, wolves, jackal, fox, badgers, grey rabbits, small Asian mammals, and so on in the forests of the region. Birds: partridge, pigeon, shrubs, pheasants, etc. Aghgol National Park is located in the Agjabadi district. There are 15 species of animals, 20 species of fish and 40 species of plants.

Aghjabadi region is one of the big cattle-breeding regions of Azerbaijan. Thus, the number of cattle is 74.662 heads, including 36 043 caws, 303 830 sheep and goats (170 560 mother sheep), 1520 horse. 279 477 different species of poultry, goose, duck are kept in the region.

Aghgol National Park functions within the district as a tourism zone. Its area is 17.924 hectares, 8872 hectares of which is covered by water. Climate is mildly hot and dry subtropical.

Demographics
There are 46 settlements and 1 town in the district. There is an airport and a railway station in the administrative center city of Aghjabadi. The population of Aghjabadi District is 122,649, according to the 2010 census. Out of them 46,919 live in the city and 75,730 live in the country. The trend (82,700 lived in the country in 2008) shows that there is rapid urbanization in the district. Out of the whole population, 62,310 are males, 60,339 are females. There is an increase in the birth rate too. In 2000, there were 1,659 newborns when in 2009 there were 2,377. Likewise, there were 491 new marriages in 2000 when there were 1,188 in 2009. A large part of Kurds who had fled from Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh eventually settled in the district.

There are also 189 martyrs, 298 Garabagh war invalids, 776 Veterans of Garabagh War, 1 Great Patriotic War Veteran, and 1 Great Patriotic War invalid. Seven residents of the district were awarded the Honorary Title of Azerbaijan, and 735 were the Presidential scholarships. 2906 families (15.622 people) from Nagorno-Karabakh and other occupied territories (IDPs) temporarily settled in the Agjabadi district.

Population
According to the State Statistics Committee, as of 2018, the population of the city was 134,500 persons, having increased by 27,500 persons (about 25.2 percent) from 108,800 persons in 2000. 69,900 of total population are men, 64,600 are women. More than 27 percent of the population (about 36,500 persons) consists of young people and teenagers aged 14–29.

Economy
In accordance with the presidential order on "Regulation on Local Executive Power" the Council under Aghjabadi District Executive Power was established and its Statute was approved by the decree of the head of Aghjabadi District Executive Power dated 183, 2012. Meetings of the council are held at least twice a month in accordance with the "Regulations on Local Executive Power". Establishment of the Council aims to take control over and discuss economic, social, cultural and other local issues of the region.

People mainly work in the fields of health, education, culture, agriculture, industrial enterprises operating in the region, as well as trade and public catering.

There are 216 managerial and business enterprises in the region, 5 branches of banks, 4 non-bank credit organizations, 2 telecommunication enterprises and some hotels. The largest enterprises in the Agjabadi region include Atena LLC, BMS-Agro LLC, Aqat Agro LLC, Azapro-Takhil LLC, Agjabadi Cotton Processing Plant "MKT-İK" Agro "Cotton Processing Plant," MKT-İK "LLC Innovation Branch, Automobile Repair Plant, Mobile Mechanized Group, Road Exploitation Unit, Automobile base, Cargo Automobile base, Subartesian Wells Exploitation Unit, Aghgol State reserve, Post office, Telecommunication, Forest Melioration Station, Melioration Unit, Gunash villager farm, Azerbaijan firm, Cooperative society, Town Trade Association, Water Sukanal Office, Biyan Ltd., Central market, Social defence Fund, Cocoon Unit, Veterinary Unit.

The number of employed people in the region is 71,108, including 821 employees in the industry, 32904 in agriculture, 654 in construction, 184 in transport and communication, 5841 in education, culture and arts, health, physical education and 1145 in the field of social security, and 54 people in crediting finance and insurance, 812 in administrative bodies, 3361 in trade and service sectors and 25 thousand in other fields.

In 2017 the total volume of the product launch in the main branches of the economy in the region was 481 thousand manats.

The volume of the product launch in the main branches of the economy in 2017 amounted to 29368 manats in industry. 166 126 2 manats in the field of agriculture, 203685 manats in the field of construction, 598 thousand manats in the field of transport, 790 thousand manats in the field of communication, and 75154 6 manats in the field of trade.

Between 2017 and 2018 new water supply system was constructed in the Aghjabadi district within the framework of a joint project between the United States and Azerbaijan. As a result of the implementation of the project, 201 families got access to high-quality drinking water.

Notable natives

 * Uzeyir Hajibeyov – composer
 * Inqilab Nadirli – writer
 * Afrasiyab Badalbeyli – composer and conductor
 * Shamsi Badalbeyli – composer
 * Tofik Bakhramov – football referee
 * Zulfu Adigozalov – khananda
 * Vasif Adigozalov – composer
 * Isi Malikzadeh – writer
 * Sabir Novruzov – mugham singer
 * Ramiz Adigozalov - composer
 * Mutallim Mutallimov - singer
 * Yagub Mammadov - singer
 * Shamil Jamshid -scientist-orientalist
 * Hadjimammadhuseyn Hadjiyev - scientist bred Garadolag sheep species
 * Faghan Aliyev - PhD of Technical Science
 * Aghakishi Kazimov - professor
 * Khagani Mammadov - professor
 * Elbrus Ahmadov - scientist
 * Ajdar - poet, scientist

title: Aghjabadi District


text:
Aghdam District

Aghdam District (Ağdam rayonu) is one of the 66 administrative divisions of Azerbaijan. It is located in the west of the country and belongs to the Karabakh Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Khojaly, Kalbajar, Tartar, Khojavend, Aghjabadi, and Barda. Its capital is de jure Aghdam, though the current de facto capital is Quzanlı. As of 2020, the district had a nominal population of 204,000.

Most of the territory of the district was under the occupation of Armenian forces following the First Nagorno-Karabakh War in the early 1990s. However, as part of the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement which ended the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War, the city of Agdam and the surrounding district were returned to Azerbaijani control on 20 November 2020.

History
There are different opinions about the origin of the name Aghdam. According to some sources, the word "Ağdam" means "white castle" in old Turkic. According to this version, Turkic-speaking tribes living in this region in the distant past built small fortresses mainly to defend themselves. Over time, the meaning of the name of the city changed. In the first half of the 18th century, the founder of the Karabakh khanate, Panahali khan, ordered that a white stone building be built for him in this city. For a long time, this building became a kind of icon for the inhabitants of the surrounding villages. In this sense, "Aghdam" means a white house illuminated by the sun's rays. Aghdam was founded in the middle of the 18th century. It was the site of Panah Ali khan Javanshir's summer palace and Javanshir family burial ground. In 1828, it received city status in Shusha Uyezd of Elisabethpol Governorate. During the Soviet era, Aghdam had many industries such as butter, wine, brandy and silk factories, as well as hardware and tool factories. An airport and two train stations served there. In terms of education, Agdam had technical, agricultural, medical and music schools.

It was occupied by the Artsakh Defense Army with the support of the Armenian Armed Forces on 23 July 1993, with the settlement being completely destroyed and the population of the city being expelled to the east, into Azerbaijan.

Agdam, located in the buffer zone between the Armenian and Azerbaijani forces, then looked like a ghost town. It was founded in the 18th century and received city status in 1928. It is 365 km away from Baku. In accordance with the ceasefire agreement signed between Azerbaijan and Armenia on 10 November 2020, the entire Aghdam District passed under the control of Azerbaijan on 20 November 2020. At the 2008 census, its population was 39,900 people.

Population
108,554 people lived in the district in 1979. Population rose to 131,293 in 1989, of whom 28,000 lived in the town of Aghdam and over 103,000 in villages and other rural areas.

Following Aghdam's capture following Battle of Aghdam, all of Azerbaijani residents in Armenian-occupied areas were forced to flee. According to the Azerbaijani census of 2009, the nominal population of the district was 175,400.

Internally displaced people
Internally displaced people from Nagorno-Karabakh and surrounding occupied regions were moved to Aghdam district from tent settlements around the country. They live in new houses built by the government.

title: Aghdam District


text:
NASA M2-F1

The NASA M2-F1 was a lightweight, unpowered prototype aircraft, developed to flight-test the wingless lifting body concept. Its unusual appearance earned it the nickname "flying bathtub" and was designated the M2-F1, the M referring to "manned", and F referring to "flight" version. In 1962, NASA Dryden management approved a program to build a lightweight, unpowered lifting-body prototype. It featured a plywood shell placed over a tubular steel frame crafted at Dryden. Construction was completed in 1963.

Development
The lifting-body concept originated in the mid-1950s at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics' Ames Aeronautical Laboratory, Mountain View, California. By February 1962, a series of possible shapes had been developed, and R. Dale Reed was working to gain support for a research vehicle.

The construction of the M2-F1 was a joint effort by Dryden and a local glider manufacturer, the Briegleb Glider Company. The budget was US$30,000. NASA craftsmen and engineers built the tubular steel interior frame. Its mahogany plywood shell was handmade by Gus Briegleb and company. Ernie Lowder, a NASA craftsman who had worked on Howard Hughes's H-4 Hercules ("Spruce Goose"), was assigned to help Briegleb.

Final assembly of the remaining components (including aluminum tail surfaces, pushrod controls, and landing gear from a Cessna 150, later replaced by Cessna 180 landing gear ) was done at the NASA facility.

The wingless, lifting-body aircraft design was initially conceived as a means of landing a spacecraft horizontally after atmospheric reentry. The absence of wings would make the extreme heat of reentry less damaging to the vehicle. Rather than using a ballistic reentry trajectory like a Command Module, very limited in maneuvering range, a lifting-body vehicle had a landing footprint of the size of California.

Tow testing
The first flight tests of the M2-F1 were at Rogers Dry Lake, at the end of a tow rope attached to a 1963 Pontiac Catalina convertible. On April 5, 1963 test pilot Milt Thompson lifted the M2-F1's nose off the ground for the first time while being towed. The speed was 86 mph. The little craft seemed to bounce uncontrollably between the main landing gear wheels, and stopped when he lowered the nose to the ground. He tried again, but each time with the same results. He felt it was a landing gear problem that could have caused the aircraft to roll on its back if he had lifted the main gear off the ground.

After looking at movies of the tests, it was decided that the bouncing was probably caused by unwanted rudder movements. The control system was modified so that the joystick controlled the elevons rather than the rudder, which solved the problem.

It was found that the car used to tow the aircraft was not powerful enough to lift the M2-F1 entirely off the ground, so the FRC arranged to have the tow car hot-rodded by Bill Straub: the modifications tuned the engine for increased power, added a rollbar, and turned the front passenger seat to face aft so the passenger could observe the aircraft. This proved successful, and tow tests continued.

Speeds on tow inched up to 110 mph, which allowed Thompson to climb to about 20 ft, then glide for about 20 seconds after releasing the line. That was the most that could be expected during an auto tow. These initial tests produced enough flight data about the M2-F1 to proceed with flights behind a NASA R4D tow plane at greater altitudes.

Flight testing
A NASA R4D, the Navy designation for the Douglas DC-3, was used for all of the air tows. The first was on August 16, 1963. The M2-F1 had recently been equipped with an ejection seat and small rockets – referred to by the test team as "instant L/D" – in the tail to extend the landing flare for about 5 seconds if needed, and Thompson prepared for the flight with a few more tows behind the Pontiac.

Forward visibility in the M2-F1 was very limited on tow, requiring Thompson to fly about 20 ft higher than the C-47, so he could see the plane through the nose window. Towing speed was about 100 mph.

The C-47 took the craft to an altitude of 12,000 ft, where free flights back to Rogers Dry Lake began. Pilot for the first series of flights of the M2-F1 was NASA research pilot Milt Thompson. Typical glide flights with the M2-F1 lasted about two minutes and reached speeds of 110 to 120 mph.

Tow release was at 12,000 ft. The lifting body descended at an average rate of about 3,600 feet per minute (1,100 m/min). At 1,000 ft above the ground, the nose was lowered to increase speed to about 150 mph, flare was at 200 ft from a 20° dive. The landing was smooth, and the lifting-body program was on its way.

The M2-F1 was flown until August 16, 1966. It proved the lifting-body concept and led the way for subsequent metal "heavyweight" designs. Chuck Yeager, Bruce Peterson and Donald L. Mallick also flew the M2-F1.

More than 400 ground tows and 77 aircraft tow flights were carried out with the M2-F1. The success of Dryden's M2-F1 program led to NASA's development and construction of two heavyweight lifting bodies based on studies at NASA's Ames and Langley research centers – the Northrop M2-F2 and the Northrop HL-10, both built by the Northrop Corporation, and the U.S. Air Force's X-24 program. The lifting-body program also heavily influenced the Space Shuttle program.

The M2-F1 program demonstrated the feasibility of the lifting-body concept for horizontal landings of atmospheric entry vehicles. It also demonstrated a procurement and management concept for prototype flight research vehicles that produced rapid results at very low cost (approximately US$50,000, excluding salaries of government employees assigned to the project).

Pilots

 * Milt Thompson – 45 flights
 * Bruce Peterson – 17 flights
 * Chuck Yeager – 5 flights
 * Donald M. Sorlie – 5 flights
 * Donald L. Mallick – 2 flights
 * Jerauld R. Gentry – 2 flights
 * Bill Dana – 1 flight
 * James W. Wood – 1 ground tow
 * Fred Haise – 1 ground tow
 * Joe Engle – 1 ground tow

Aircraft serial number

 * NASA M2-F1 – N86652, 77 flights, 400 ground tows

Aircraft on display
As of January 23, 2015, M2-F1 N86652 is on display at the Air Force Flight Test Museum on Edwards Air Force Base, California.

title: NASA M2-F1


text:
User talk:Goulo

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 05:21, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

By the way, you might be interested in using the Babel template on your userpage to show people what languages you speak. — Gwalla | Talk 23:44, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

A tag has been placed on Slugtribe requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article appears to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think that you can assert the notability of the subject, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the article's talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm the subject's notability under Wikipedia guidelines.

For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. -- Shadowlynk (Talk) 05:24, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Goulo. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Goulo~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:09, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:55, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Goulo


text:
Nagcarlan

Nagcarlan, officially termed as the "Municipality of Nagcarlan" , is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Laguna, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 64,866 people.

Etymology
According to the origin, the name Nagcarlan came from the name of a famous rich and generous woman named Ana Kalang or Ana Panalangin, she was a native woman who was known for her golden salakot and cane which she always carried when walking around town. She was well-respected by the townfolk not just for her wealth but also for the help she extended to those in need. One day, a Spaniard came to her house and upon looking out of the window, he saw branches swaying and hitting one another, and so he asked what was going on. Ana Kalang answered and said "nagkakalang sila". The word was repeatedly mispronounced by the Spaniards until it became Nagcarlan, which is now the name of the town.

Spanish colonial era
Before the Spanish conquest of the area, it was headed by Gat Lakilaw. Christianity was propagated to the area in 1578 through Fr. Juan de Plasencia and Fr. Diego Oropesa, both missionaries of Franciscan Order. The area became a formal town in 1583 under Fr. Tomas de Miranda, who brought and successfully cultivated in Nagcarlan the first wheat seeds ever on our country's soil. The very first Gobernadorcillo was Gaspar Cahupa, a Nagcarleno who served until 1687. The first church was built in 1752 by Fr. Cristobal Torres. In 1851, Fr. Vicente Velloc, a Franciscan Missionary built the Underground Cemetery, the first of its kind in the Philippines. According to Historical records, this is where the historic Biac-Na-Bato pact was planned by Pedro Paterno and General Severino Taino in 1897. It was also in Nagcarlan, where the Brain of the Katipunan, General Emilio Jacinto, coming from Majayjay and wounded, was captured.

The Legend of the Hidden Tunnel of Nagcarlan
Nagcarlan was first colonized in 1571 by Juan de Salcedo, grandson of Miguel López de Legazpi. It was founded by Franciscan priests Juan de Plasencia and Diego Oropesa in 1578. The church of Nagcarlan was first built from light materials such as nipa and wood in 1583 under the chaplaincy of its first priest, Father Tomas de Miranda who also pioneered the cultivation of wheat in the country and was dedicated to Saint Bartholomew.Fr. Vicente Velloc supervised the establishment of a cemetery in Nagcarlan in 1845 below Mt. San Cristobal. Unlike the traditional Spanish cemeteries at that time, Fr. Velloc decided to build it away from the town's center. The cemetery is planned to serve as a public resting place for the people of the town while the underground chamber below the chapel of the cemetery will only house remains of Spanish friars and prominent people. It was built together with the construction of the expanded St. Bartholomew Parish Church and rectory. The cemetery is built with a chapel where funeral masses were held and directly below it is an underground crypt. Pilgrims flock to the Nagcarlan Church to pray before the images of St. Bartholomew and San Diego de Alcala known for their miraculous healing. However, there is also one interesting belief among the locals about a hidden tunnel which is referred to as "the Jewel of Nagcarlan" the stories about the existence of a "hidden tunnel of the Nagcarlan Underground Cemetery" circulated and never ceased to depart from the minds of the believers. This legend has been passed from generations after generations of Nagcarleños about the hidden tunnel somewhere in the very heart of Nagcarlan Underground Cemetery that is believed to be connected behind the church's Altar. Stories unendingly chronicled that the Franciscan Father Vicente Belloc who supposedly had the first hand knowledge of the secret tunnel, protectively carried the secret of the underground tunnel to his grave. To this date, many in Nagcarlan still believe and adhere to the "hearsays" that if one can locate "the Jewel of Nagcarlan", "the Hidden Tunnel of Nagcarlan Underground Cemetery that connects below the Altar of Nagcarlan Catholic Church, he might also be tracking his way up to the summit of the Legendary Mount Banahaw.

Geography
Nagcarlan is 52 km from Santa Cruz and 97 km from Manila.

The town is home to the Nagcarlan Underground Cemetery, one of the most important cemeteries in the Philippines which has been declared as a National Historical Landmark by virtue of Presidential Decree no. 260, dated August 1, 1973 with amendments by Administrative Order 1505, dated June 11, 1978. Since the declaration, no more burials were allowed in the cemetery. It underwent renovations before it was again opened to the public during the unveiling of the marker on November 24, 1981. The oldest tomb is dated 1887 while the last interment was in 1982 when it was formally declared as a National Historical Landmark.

Barangays
Nagcarlan is politically subdivided into 52 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios

 * Abo
 * Alibungbungan
 * Alumbrado
 * Balayong
 * Balimbing
 * Balinacon
 * Bambang
 * Banago
 * Banca-banca
 * Bangcuro
 * Banilad
 * Bayaquitos
 * Buboy
 * Buenavista
 * Buhanginan
 * Bukal
 * Bunga
 * Cabuyew
 * Calumpang
 * Kanluran Kabubuhayan
 * Silangan Kabubuhayan
 * Labangan
 * Lawaguin
 * Kanluran Lazaan
 * Silangan Lazaan
 * Lagulo
 * Maiit
 * Malaya
 * Malinao
 * Manaol
 * Maravilla
 * Nagcalbang
 * Poblacion I (Poblacion)
 * Poblacion II (Poblacion)
 * Poblacion III (Poblacion)
 * Oples
 * Palayan
 * Palina
 * Sabang
 * San Francisco
 * Sibulan
 * Silangan Napapatid
 * Silangan Ilaya
 * Sinipian
 * Santa Lucia
 * Sulsuguin
 * Talahib
 * Talangan
 * Taytay
 * Tipacan
 * Wakat
 * Yukos

Distances
Based on the great-circle distance (the shortest distance between two points over the surface of the Earth), the cities closest to Nagcarlan are San Pablo, Tayabas, Calamba, Tanauan, Lucena, and Lipa. The nearest municipalities are Liliw, Rizal, Majayjay, Magdalena, Calauan, and Luisiana. Its distance from the national capital is 68.58 km. The following list delineates such distance measurements.

 * Nearest towns
 * Liliw, Laguna, 2.65 km to the East‑Southeast (S76°E)Rizal, Laguna, 3.25 km to the Southwest (S40°W)Majayjay, Laguna, 6.53 km to the East (N81°E) Magdalena, Laguna, 7.21 km to the North‑Northeast (N14°E) Calauan, Laguna, 10.55 km to the West (N83°W) Luisiana, Laguna, 11.74 km to the East‑Northeast (N63°E)

 * Nearest cities
 * San Pablo, Laguna, 11.95 km to the Southwest (S52°W) Tayabas, Quezon, 22.86 km to the East‑Southeast (S58°E) Calamba, Laguna, 28.09 km to the West‑Northwest (N73°W) Tanauan, Batangas, 28.63 km to the West‑Southwest (S79°W)Lucena, 31.02 km to the Southeast (S44°E) Lipa, Batangas, 34.44 km to the Southwest (S51°W)

 * From national capital
 * Distance from Manila: 68.58 km to the Northwest (N43°W)

Demographics
In the 2020 census, the population of Nagcarlan, Laguna, was 64,866 people, with a density of undefined PD/km2.

Transportation
Tricycles and jeepneys are one of the popular modes of transportation in Nagcarlan, Laguna.

Tourism
Nagcarlan offers natural and cultural attractions for visitors: rivers, waterfalls, lakes and hills for outdoor activities; Spanish colonial sites for historical exploration; and restaurants serving local and international cuisine for gastronomic experiences.

Along Rizal Avenue, leading from the market to the municipio still stands many old Art Deco buildings built during the 1920s to the 1930s. The presence of many narrow three-story buildings where the ground floors are rented out to commercial establishments in Nagcarlan is an indication that the town may have played the role of the central trading center early in the previous century.

There are also many natural attractions within Nagcarlan. The little known Bunga Falls is a favorite getaway among the locals, while the hidden Yambo Lake can be accessed through the back roads going to Calauan. The "baby" mountains can be climbed in a day, the assistance of a local guide is usually required, as the trails are usually covered with vegetation. Another interesting attraction is the San Bartolome Apostol Church. Located on an elevated ground overlooking the rest of the town, the 18th century church built by the Franciscans has an elegant stone and red clay façade with an imposing bell-tower on the right and an attractive convento on the left. The parish officials still allow visitors to climb up to the top of the bell tower to see where Anne Curtis shot most of her scenes in the famous TV series Kampanerang Kuba.

Nagcarlan's best known attraction is Nagcarlan Underground Cemetery. This one of its kind cemetery in the Philippines, where there are 240 niches laying above ground and 36 niches underground. Members of the town's elite were buried underground below the funeral chapel. It is said that the underground cemetery was used by the Katipuneros to hold their secret meetings.

Notable personalities

 * Efren V. Esmilla – Catholic Bishop. Auxiliary Bishop of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia
 * Esteban Baldivia - (September 2, 1928 – October 10, 1997), better known as Dencio Padilla or Tata Dens, was a veteran Filipino actor and comedian.
 * Alice Doria-Gamilla – composer
 * Jak Roberto - Jan Rommel "Jak" Osuna Roberto (born December 2, 1993) is a Filipino actor, model and singer. He was a member of the trio boy band 3LOGY alongside Jeric Gonzales and Abel Estanislao. Roberto is currently working as an exclusive artist of GMA Network, and is known for his role as Andres "Andoy" dela Cruz in the 2017 television series Meant To Be . Roberto is brother to fellow GMA artist Sanya Lopez.

title: Nagcarlan


text:
Agdash District

Agdash District (Ağdaş rayonu) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the centre of the country, in the Central Aran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Yevlakh, Shaki, Oghuz, Qabala, Goychay, Ujar, Zardab, and Barda. Its capital and largest city is Agdash. As of 2020, the district had a population of 111,100.

Overview
Agdash city was established in the 16th century located at Arash on the silk road. The city is located in a convenient geographic place having propitious weather conditions such as mild and dry subtropical climate. The Turianchay River, the Kur river and the Shirvan Canal crosses the territory. There are unique Tugay forests along the Kur, which end in Turyanchay State Reserve. Also, there are beautiful gardens in Agdash. The territory of the region mainly consists of the plain, low mountain chain Bozdag, of about 700 m height located on the north part.

The district has a favourable economic and geographic location. Turyan River and Kura River along the South-West border extend through the territory of the rayon. Upper Shirvan Channel also crosses the Agdash region. This area is surrounded by Tugay forests along the Kura river bank, and Turyanchay State Preservation to the north.

Population
Population Agdash 93,100, Azerbaijanis make the basic population (98%) of the area Agdash and of the basic population of city Agdash. Other ethnic groups such as the Lezghins, the Kurds, the Tats make up the other 2% of the Agdash rayon's population. The average population density in the city equals 91 persons per square km. According to the State Statistics Committee, as of 2018, the population of city recorded 108,700 persons, which increased by 18,700 persons (about 20.7 percent) from 90,000 persons in 2000. 54,200 of total population are men, 54,500 are women. More than 26,5 percent of the population (about 28,900 persons) consists of young people and teenagers aged 14–29.

Economy
The core economy of the region is agriculture. Cotton-growing has started to evolve since the 19th century. The region has the potential of producing 20–25 tonnes of cotton. Moreover, in recent years it has become a priority to develop rice-paddy growing in extreme salinity sites. Silk-worm breeding is considered to be one of the ancient and traditional fields at the region.

The industry is relatively developed in the district. The main industrial sector of the district is processing. Leki Ginning Factory produces seedless raw cotton which provides 75–85% of all regional industrial production. In addition to that, the region has a developed plastic material and textile industry (Khosrov Metalplastmas Plant, Agdash Industrial Plant), food industry (Agdash Bread-Making Plant, Agdash Foodstuffs Plant) and production of construction materials (Kukel Brick Plant). Recently, “Orelay” and “FA com BICA” sweets production enterprises, “Arash” cooling water and “Arshin Malchin” textile plants have been put into operation in the region.

The region runs education, health, social, recreational and public catering facilities.

Media
Two newspapers – “Agdash” and “Young Educators” are published in the district. The first issue of the "Agdash" newspaper was published on 7 January in 1932 under the title "Aghdash cotton man". The newspaper was distributed in Ganja under the names “Aghdash cotton man” in 1932–1937 years, “Combating for cotton” in 1938–1962, "New life" covering Agdash, Goychay, Gabala, Ujar, Kurdamir districts in 1962–1966, afterwards during 1966–2003 years it was published in Goychay as "Labor". The newspaper is distributed under the title "Agdash" from November 16, 2003. From 1938 to 1968, the editor of the newspapers "Combating for cotton" and "Labor" was Karim Abdullayev. The newspaper celebrated its anniversaries four times the 25th years in 1957, then 50th years in 1983, then 70th years in 2002 and the 75th years in 2007. In 1983, the newspaper was granted the Honorary Order of the Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan. A group of newspaper labourers were granted diplomas and honorary decrees of the Journalists' Union of Azerbaijan and got the honorary degree of the district party committee in 1983. Two of the editors of the newspaper, Fikret Hajiyev and Fariz Rustamov, were granted the title of “Honored Writer” and the "Golden Pen" prize. The newspaper "Labor" has the satirical corner of "Zarabrin" and the scholarly association "Tər çiçəklər". The newspaper is distributed twice a month. The "Youthful Teacher" newspaper is the body of Agdash State Humanitarian College and has been distributed since 2000. The newspaper is published once a month.

Infrastructure
The Baku-Qazakh highway, the Baku-Tbilisi railway, the Mingachevir-Baku power line, the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and Baku-Supsa oil pipelines, the Baku–Erzurum Pipeline pass through the region.

There are 5 substations and 277 transformers in Agdash district to provide the population with electricity. Natural gas supply has been established in 39 settlements. There is 3 water purification station in the area, artesian wells were drilled in 34 villages by the state. In 2009–2013, 31 subartezian wells were drilled and put into operation for irrigation. In 2013, 27 settlements of the district were provided with telephone communications. There are 32 post offices in the area in 2018.

title: Agdash District


text:
Windows Mobile

Windows Mobile was a mobile operating system developed by Microsoft for smartphones and personal digital assistants.

Its origins can be traced to Windows CE in 1996, though it first appeared in 2000 as Pocket PC 2000 which ran on Pocket PC PDAs. It was renamed "Windows Mobile" in 2003, in several versions (similar to the desktop versions of Windows) aimed at business and enterprise customers. It was to be the portable equivalent of the Windows desktop OS and a major force in the emerging mobile/portable area.

After the rise of newer smartphone OSs (iOS and Android) Windows Mobile never equaled their success and faded rapidly. By February 2010, Microsoft announced the more modern and consumer-focused Windows Phone, and Windows Mobile has been deprecated since existing devices and software are incompatible with Windows Phone. The last version of Windows Mobile, released after the announcement of Windows Phone, was 6.5.5. After this, Microsoft ceased development on Windows Mobile in order to concentrate on Windows Phone.

Microsoft released a similarly-named Windows 10 Mobile in 2015 which was part of the Windows Phone series; it is unrelated to the retired Windows Mobile operating systems.

Features
Most versions of Windows Mobile have a standard set of features, such as multitasking and the ability to navigate a file system similar to that of Windows 9x and Windows NT, including support for many of the same file types. Similarly to its desktop counterpart, it comes bundled with a set of applications that perform basic tasks. Internet Explorer Mobile is the default web browser, and Windows Media Player is the default media player used for playing digital media. The mobile version of Microsoft Office is the default office suite.

Internet Connection Sharing, supported on compatible devices, allows the phone to share its Internet connection with computers via USB and Bluetooth. Windows Mobile supports virtual private networking over PPTP protocol. Most devices with mobile connectivity also have a Radio Interface Layer. The Radio Interface Layer provides the system interface between the Cell Core layer within the Windows Mobile OS and the radio protocol stack used by the wireless modem hardware. This allows OEMs to integrate a variety of modems into their equipment.

The user interface changed dramatically between versions, only retaining similar functionality. The Today Screen, later called the Home Screen, shows the current date, owner information, upcoming appointments, e-mails, and tasks. The taskbar displays the current time as well as the volume level. Devices with a cellular radio also show the signal strength on said taskbar.

History
Windows Mobile is based on the Windows CE kernel and first appeared as the Pocket PC 2000 operating system. It includes a suite of basic applications developed with the Microsoft Windows API, and is designed to have features and appearance somewhat similar to desktop versions of Windows. It allowed third party developers to develop software for Windows Mobile with no restrictions imposed by Microsoft. Software applications were purchasable from Windows Marketplace for Mobile during the service's lifespan.

Most early Windows Mobile devices came with a stylus, which can be used to enter commands by tapping it on the screen. The primary touch input technology behind most devices were resistive touchscreens which often required a stylus for input. Later devices used capacitive sensing which does not require a stylus. Along with touchscreens, a large variety of form factors existed for the platform. Some devices featured slideout keyboards, while others featured minimal face buttons.

Windows CE
Microsoft's work on handheld portable devices began with research projects in 1990, with the work on Windows CE beginning in 1992. Initially, the OS and the user interface were developed separately. With Windows CE being based on Windows 95 code and a separate team handing the user interface which was codenamed WinPad (later Microsoft At Work for Handhelds). Windows 95 had strong pen support making porting easy; with some saying "At this time, Windows 95 offers outstanding pen support. It is treating pens right for the first time." WinPad was delayed due to price and performance issues, before being scrapped in early 1995 due to touchscreen driver problems relating to WriteTouch technology, made by NCR Microelectronic Products. Although WinPad was never released as a consumer product, Alpha builds were released showcasing many interface elements. During development of WinPad a separate team worked on a project called Pulsar; designed to be a mobile communications version of WinPad, described as a "pager on Steroids". This project was also canceled around the same time as WinPad. The two disbanded groups would form the Pegasus project in 1995. Pegasus would work on the hardware side of the Windows CE OS, attempting to create a form factor similar to a PC-esque PDA like WinPad, with communications functionality like Pulsar. Under the name Handheld PC, a hardware reference guide was created and devices began shipping in 1996, although most of these device bore little resemblance to the goal of a pen-based touchscreen handheld device. A specification for a smaller form factor under the name Palm-size PC was released in 1998.

Pocket PC 2000

Pocket PC 2000, originally codenamed "Rapier", was released on April 19, 2000, and was based on the Windows CE 3.0 kernel.

Pocket PC 2000 was the debut of what was later to become the Windows Mobile operating system, and was meant to be a successor to the operating system aboard Palm-size PCs. Backwards compatibility was retained with such Palm-size PC applications.

Pocket PC 2000 was intended mainly for Pocket PC devices; however, several Palm-size PC devices had the ability to be updated also. Furthermore, several Pocket PC 2000 phones were released (under the name Handheld PC 2000), however at this time, Microsoft's "Smartphone" hardware platform had not yet been created.

At this time, Pocket PC devices had not been standardized with a specific CPU architecture. As a result, Pocket PC 2000 was released on multiple CPU architectures, such as SH-3, MIPS, and ARM. The only resolution supported by this release was 240 x 320 (QVGA). Removable storage card formats that were supported were CompactFlash and MultiMediaCard. Infrared (IR) File beaming capability was among the original hardware features.

Aesthetically, the original Pocket PC operating system was similar in design to the then-current Windows 98, Windows 2000, and the yet-to-be-released Windows Me desktop operating systems. Crucially, the Pocket PC had a less cluttered interface more suitable for a mobile device, unlike the interface on predeceasing Palm-size PCs. Mainstream support for Pocket PC 2000 ended on September 30, 2005, and extended support ended on October 9, 2007.

This initial release had multiple built-in applications, many of them similarly branded to match their desktop counterparts; such as Microsoft Reader, Microsoft Money, Pocket Internet Explorer and Windows Media Player. A version of Microsoft Office called Pocket Office was also bundled and included Pocket Word, Pocket Excel and Pocket Outlook. Notes, a note-taking app saw its first release and would be supported by most later versions of Windows Mobile. Intelligent character recognition support allowed Notes to distinguish styles of handwriting to be learned by the OS during processing to improve accuracy and recognition levels.

Pocket PC 2002

Pocket PC 2002, originally codenamed "Merlin", was released in October 4, 2001, and was based on the Windows CE 3.0 kernel, like with Pocket PC 2000.

Although targeted mainly for 240×320 (QVGA) Pocket PC devices, Pocket PC 2002 was also used for Pocket PC phones (Pocket PC 2002 Phone Edition), and for the first time, smartphones (Smartphone 2002). These Pocket PC 2002 Smartphones were mainly GSM devices. With future releases, the Pocket PC and Smartphone lines would increasingly collide as the licensing terms were relaxed allowing OEMs to take advantage of more innovative, individual design ideas.

Aesthetically, Pocket PC 2002 was meant to be similar in design to the then newly released Windows XP. Newly added or updated programs include   Windows Media Player 8 with streaming capability; MSN Messenger, and Microsoft Reader 2, with Digital rights management support. Upgrades to the bundled version of Office Mobile include a spell checker and word count tool in Pocket Word and improved Pocket Outlook. Connectivity was improved with file beaming on non-Microsoft devices such as Palm OS, the inclusion of Terminal Services and Virtual private networking support, and the ability to synchronize folders. Other upgrades include an enhanced UI with theme support and savable downloads and WAP in Pocket Internet Explorer.

Windows Mobile 2003

Windows Mobile 2003, initially named as Pocket PC 2003 and originally codenamed "Ozone", was the first release under the Windows Mobile banner, released on June 23, 2003, based on the Windows CE 4.x kernel.

It came in four editions: "Windows Mobile 2003 for Pocket PC Premium Edition", "Windows Mobile 2003 for Pocket PC Professional Edition", "Windows Mobile 2003 for Smartphone" and "Windows Mobile 2003 for Pocket PC Phone Edition". The last was designed especially for Pocket PCs which include phone functionalities. The Professional Edition was used in Pocket PC budget models. It lacked a number of features that were in the Premium Edition, such as a client for L2TP/IPsec VPNs. All versions of Windows Mobile 2003 were powered by Windows CE 4.20.

Communications interface were enhanced with Bluetooth device management, which allowed for Bluetooth file beaming support, Bluetooth headset support and support for Bluetooth add-on keyboards. A pictures application with viewing, cropping, e-mail, and beaming support was added. Multimedia improvements included MIDI file support as ringtones in Phone Edition and Windows Media Player 9.0 with streaming optimization. A puzzle game titled Jawbreaker is among the preinstalled programs. GAPI was included with this release to facilitate the development of games for the platform.

Other features/built-in applications included the following: enhanced Pocket Outlook with vCard and vCal support, improved Pocket Internet Explorer and SMS reply options for Phone Edition.

Windows Mobile 2003 SE
Windows Mobile 2003 Second Edition, also known as "Windows Mobile 2003 SE", was released on March 24, 2004, and first offered on the Dell Axim x30. It was based on the Windows CE 4.x kernel. This was the last version which allowed users to back up and restore an entire device through ActiveSync.

This upgrade allows users to switch between portrait and landscape modes and introduces a single-column layout in Pocket Internet Explorer. It includes support for Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) and new screen resolutions: 640×480 (VGA), 240×240, and 480×480. It was powered by the same OS as with Windows Mobile 2003, which was Windows CE 4.20.

Windows Mobile 5

Windows Mobile 5.0, originally codenamed "Magneto", was released at Microsoft's Mobile and Embedded Developers Conference 2005 in Las Vegas, May 9–12, 2005, and was based on the Windows CE 5.0 kernel.

Microsoft offered mainstream support for Windows Mobile 5 through October 12, 2010, and extended support through October 13, 2015. It was first offered on the Dell Axim x51. It used the .NET Compact Framework 1.0 SP3, an environment for programs based on .NET. Windows Mobile 5.0 included Microsoft Exchange Server "push" functionality improvements that worked with Exchange 2003 SP2. The "push" functionality also required vendor/device support. With AKU2 software upgrades all WM 5.0 devices supported DirectPush.

Other features included an enhanced battery-saving capability called persistent storage capability. Previously up to 50% (enough for 72 hours of storage) of battery power was reserved just to maintain data in volatile RAM. This continued the trend of Windows-based devices moving from using RAM as their primary storage medium to the use of a combination of RAM and flash memory (in use, no distinction between the two is obvious to users). Programs and frequently accessed data run in RAM, while most storage is in the flash memory. The OS seamlessly moves data between the two as needed. Everything is backed up in the flash memory, so unlike prior devices, WM5 devices lose no data if power is lost. New to 5.0, OS updates were released as adaptation kit upgrades, with AKU 3.5 being the final released.

Windows Mobile 5 comes with Microsoft Office Mobile which includes PowerPoint Mobile, Excel Mobile with graphing capability and Word Mobile with the ability to insert tables and graphics. Media management and playback was enhanced with Picture and Video package, which converged the management of videos and pictures and Windows Media Player 10 Mobile. Among new hardware features were enhanced Bluetooth support, default QWERTY keyboard-support and a management interface for Global Positioning System (GPS). Improvements were made to ActiveSync 4.2 with 15% increased synchronization speed. Business customers benefited from a new error reporting facility similar to that present in desktop and server Windows systems. Caller ID now supports photos so a user can apply an image to each contact to show when a call is received. DirectShow was also natively added. This release was the first to include DirectDraw with hardware acceleration, replacing the deprecated graphics component of GAPI.

Windows Mobile 5.0 requires at least 64 MB of ROM (it's advisable to have 64 MB of RAM), and the device must run an ARM compatible processor such as the Intel XScale or the Samsung and Texas Instruments ARM compatibles.

Windows Mobile 6
Windows Mobile 6, formerly codenamed "Crossbow", was released on February 12, 2007 at the 3GSM World Congress 2007 and was based on the Windows CE 5.2 kernel.

It comes in three different versions: "Windows Mobile 6 Standard" for Smartphones (phones without touchscreens), "Windows Mobile 6 Professional" for Pocket PCs with phone functionality, and "Windows Mobile 6 Classic" for Pocket PCs without cellular radios.

Windows Mobile 6 is powered by Windows CE 5.0 (version 5.2) and is strongly linked to the then newly introduced Windows Live and Exchange 2007 products. Windows Mobile 6 Standard was first offered on the Orange's SPV E650, while Windows Mobile 6 Professional was first offered on the O2's Xda Terra. Aesthetically, Windows Mobile 6 was meant to be similar in design to the then newly released Windows Vista. Functionally, it works much like Windows Mobile 5, but with much better stability.

Along with the announcement of Office Mobile 6.1 with support for Office 2007 document formats (pptx, docx, xlsx); OneNote Mobile, a companion to Microsoft Office OneNote was added to the already installed version. In addition to the newly included programs with Office Mobile improvements were made to existing applications. Such as HTML email support in Outlook Mobile. A large number of Windows Mobile users are enterprise users business environments were targeted. With Server Search on Microsoft Exchange 2007, Out of Office Replies with Microsoft Exchange 2007, and search ability for contacts in an Exchange Server Address Book being implemented. To aid development for programmers, .NET Compact Framework v2 SP2 is now preinstalled with the OS. Developers and users also have access to Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Compact Edition for storage and retrieval of information. AJAX, JavaScript, and XMLDOM support were added to Internet Explorer Mobile along with improved devicewide Internet Sharing. Communication abilities were further enhanced with a new Microsoft Bluetooth Stack and VoIP (Internet calling) support with acoustic echo cancellation and MSRT audio codec.

To improve security Microsoft added Storage Card Encryption so that encryption keys are lost if device is cold-booted. Further updates both, security and feature, can now also be provided using Operating System Live Update.

Among other improvements: 320×320 and 800×480 (WVGA) screen resolution support (The S01SH or "Em One" by Sharp was the first and only device to have an 800×480 screen on WM5), Improved Remote Desktop access (available for only certain Pocket PCs), Customer Feedback option, Smartfilter for searching within programs and Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA) support for select operators.

Windows Mobile 6.1

Windows Mobile 6.1 was announced April 1, 2008, and was based on the Windows CE 5.x kernel.

It is a minor upgrade to the Windows Mobile 6 platform with various performance enhancements and a redesigned Home screen featuring horizontal tiles that expand on clicking to display more information, although this new home screen is featured only on Windows Mobile Standard edition. This was not supported in the Professional edition. Several other changes such as threaded SMS, full page zooming in Internet Explorer and 'Domain Enroll' were also added, along with a "mobile" version of the Microsoft OneNote program and an interactive "Getting Started" wizard. Domain Enroll is functionality to connect the device to System Center Mobile Device Manager 2008, a product to manage mobile devices. Windows Mobile 6.1 also had improved bandwidth efficiency in its push-email protocol ActiveSync up to 40%; this considerably improved battery life in many devices.

Aside from the visual and feature distinctions, the underlying CE versions can be used to differentiate WM 6.0 from WM 6.1. The version of Windows CE in WM 6.0 is 5.2.*, where the third and final number being a four-digit build ID (e.g. 5.2.1622 on HTC Wing). In WM 6.1, the CE version is 5.2.* with a five-digit build number (e.g. 5.2.19216 on Palm Treo 800w).

Windows Mobile 6.5

Windows Mobile 6.5 is a stopgap update to Windows Mobile 6.1, based on the Windows CE 5.x kernel, intended to bridge the gap between version 6.1 and the then yet-to-be released Windows Mobile 7 (Later canceled in favor of Windows Phone 7), that arrived in 2010. It was never part of Microsoft's mobile phone roadmap, and has been described by its chief executive, Steve Ballmer, as "not the full release Microsoft wanted" until the multi-touch-enabled Windows Mobile 7 (now replaced by Windows Phone) arrived in 2010. Ballmer also indicated that the company "screwed up with Windows Mobile", he lamented that Windows Mobile 7 was not yet available and that the Windows Mobile team needed to try to recoup losses. Microsoft unveiled this version at the 2009 Mobile World Congress in February, and several devices were supplied with it. It was released to manufacturers on May 11, 2009; the first devices running the operating system appeared in late October 2009. Several phones that officially shipped with Windows Mobile 6.1 can be officially updated to Windows Mobile 6.5. This update includes some significant new added features, such as a revamped GUI, a new Today screen resembling that of Microsoft's Zune player with vertically scrollable labels (called 'Titanium') in terms of functionality with a styling similar to that of Windows 7. WM 6.5 also includes the new Internet Explorer Mobile 6 browser, with improved interface.

Along with Windows Mobile 6.5, Microsoft announced several cloud computing services codenamed "SkyBox", "SkyLine", "SkyMarket". "SkyBox" has been confirmed as My Phone, while "SkyMarket" has been confirmed as Windows Marketplace for Mobile. This version was designed mainly for easier finger usage. Some reviewers have noted interface inconsistencies, with some applications having small buttons making them harder to operate using only a finger. Whilst this version of Windows Mobile does not natively support capacitive screens, mobile manufacturers have been able to use them on their devices.

In the months following this release, development shifted from Windows Mobile to its successor Windows Phone. As such no major upgrades were planned or released, although three minor updates; 6.5.1, 6.5.3 and 6.5.5; were made to satisfy consumers during the transition period. 6.5.1 brings larger user interface elements, including icon based soft buttons (rather than text based), an updated contacts app, native support for A-GPS, improved threaded text messaging, and performance improvements. It was unofficially ported to several Windows Mobile phones.

The second minor update was announced on February 2, 2010, along with the Sony Ericsson Aspen which was the first phone to use this version. 6.5.3 continues the trend of attempting to provide a more finger-friendly user interface with several new usability features such as native support for multitouch; although device maker HTC Corporation created proprietary work-arounds to allow multi-touch to work on some applications it installed on its HD2 handset (However, Microsoft applications on this handset, such as the Internet Explorer web browser, did not support multi-touch. ) and drag-and-drop start menu icons. Touchable tiles replaced soft keys." Internet Explorer Mobile 6 has also received some major updates including decreased page load time, improved memory management and gesture smoothing. As with other updates it was unofficially ported to some other devices. Additional features include threaded email and Office Mobile 2010.

The last minor update and the last released version is 6.5.5. It first leaked in January 2010, and was unofficially ported to some Windows Mobile phones. The name Windows Mobile 6.5.5 has been applied to these newer builds, although this name remained unconfirmed by Microsoft.

Hardware
There are three main versions of Windows Mobile for various hardware devices. Windows Mobile Professional, which runs on smartphones with touchscreens; Windows Mobile Standard, which runs on mobile phones without touchscreens; and Windows Mobile Classic, which runs on personal digital assistant or Pocket PCs. Windows Mobile for Automotive and Windows Mobile software for Portable Media Centers are among some specialty versions of the platform.

Microsoft had over 50 handset partners, when Windows Mobile was still being shipped on new devices. 80% of the 50 million Windows Mobile devices that were made from launch to February 2009 were built by one contract manufacturing group, HTC, which makes handsets for several major companies under their brands, and under its own brand.

Embedded Handheld
On January 10, 2011, Microsoft announced Windows Embedded Handheld 6.5. The operating system has compatibility with Windows Mobile 6.5 and is presented as an enterprise handheld device, targeting retailers, delivery companies, and other companies that rely on handheld computing. Unlike Windows Phone, Windows Embedded Handheld retains backward compatibility with legacy Windows Mobile applications.

Pocket PCs
Pocket PCs and personal digital assistants were originally the intended platform for Windows Mobile. These were grouped into two main categories: devices that lacked mobile phone capabilities, and those that included it. Beginning with version 6 devices with this functionality ran "Windows Mobile 6 Professional" and those that lacked it ran "Windows Mobile 6 Classic". Microsoft had described these devices as "a handheld device that enables you to store and retrieve e-mail, contacts, appointments, play multimedia files, games, exchange text messages with MSN Messenger, browse the Web, and more". From a technical standpoint Microsoft also specified various hardware and software requirements such as the inclusion of a touchscreen and a directional pad or touchpad.

Smartphones
Smartphones were the second hardware platform after Pocket PC to run Windows Mobile, and debuted with the release of Pocket PC 2002. Although in the broad sense of the term "Smartphone", both Pocket PC phones and Microsoft branded Smartphones each fit into this category. Microsoft's use of the term "Smartphone" includes only more specific hardware devices that differ from Pocket PC phones. Such Smartphones were originally designed without touchscreens, intended to be operated more efficiently with only one hand, and typically had lower display resolution than Pocket PCs. Microsoft's focus for the Smartphone platform was to create a device that functioned well as a phone and data device in a more integrated manner.

Market share
Windows Mobile's share of the smartphone market grew from its inception while new devices were being released. After peaking in 2007, it saw decline year-on-year.

In Q1 2003, Windows Mobile was the third largest operating system in the smart handheld market, behind Symbian and Palm OS.

In Q1 2004, Windows Mobile accounted for 23% of worldwide smartphone sales. Windows Mobile was projected in 2005 to overtake Symbian to become the leading mobile OS by 2010. In Q3 2004, Windows Mobile (CE) surpassed Palm OS to become the largest PDA operating system.

In Q4 2005 Microsoft shipped 2.2 million PDAs, which increased to 3.5 million in the same quarter the following year. Windows Mobile saw year over year growth between 2005 and 2006 of 38.8% which according to Gartner "helped Windows Mobile to solidify its stronghold on the market".

But by 2008, its share had dropped to 14%. Microsoft licensed Windows Mobile to four out of the world's five largest mobile phone manufacturers, with Nokia being the exception.

Gartner research data showed that while the total smartphone industry grew 27% between 2008 and 2009, Windows Mobile's share of the smartphone market fell 2.7% in that same period. It also decreased by 20% in Q3 2009. At one time Windows Mobile was the most popular handset for business use, but by 2009 this was no longer the case; 24% of planned business deployments of mobile application in the United States were for Windows Mobile, putting it in 3rd place, behind BlackBerry (61%) and iPhone OS (27%);

In February 2009, Microsoft signed a deal with the third largest mobile phone maker, LG Electronics, to license Windows Mobile OS on 50 upcoming LG smartphone models. But in September 2009, Palm, Inc. announced it would drop Windows Mobile from its smartphone line-up. Gartner estimated that by the third quarter of 2009 Windows Mobile's share of worldwide smartphone sales was 7.9%. By August 2010, it was the least popular smartphone operating system, with a 5% share of the worldwide smartphone market (after Symbian, BlackBerry OS, Android and iOS). An October 2009 report in DigiTimes said that Acer would shift its focus from Windows Mobile to Google Android. The New York Times reported in 2009 that Windows Mobile "[was] foundering", as cellphone makers desert it in favor of Google's Android phone platform. It cited the difficulties in Microsoft's business model, which involves charging handset manufacturers up to $25 for each copy of Windows Mobile, while rival Google gives away Android for free. From late 2009 analysts and media reports began to express concerns about the future viability of the Windows Mobile platform, and whether Microsoft would keep supporting it into the future. Samsung announced in November 2009 that it would phase out the Windows Mobile platform, to concentrate on its own Bada operating system, Google's Android, and Microsoft's Windows Phone.

Software development
Software could be developed by third parties for the Windows Mobile operating system. Developers had several options for deploying mobile applications. These included writing native code with Visual C++, managed code that worked with the .NET Compact Framework, writing code in Tcl-Tk with eTcl, GCC using CeGCC, Python using PythonCE or server-side code that could be deployed using Internet Explorer Mobile or a mobile client on a user's device. The .NET Compact Framework was a subset of the .NET Framework and hence shared many components with software development on desktop clients, application servers, and web servers which had the .NET Framework installed, thus integrating networked computing space.

To aid developers Microsoft released software development kits (SDKs) that worked in conjunction with their Visual Studio development environment. These SDKs included emulator images for developers to test and debug their applications while writing them. Software could be tested on a client machine directly or be downloaded to a device. Microsoft also distributed Visual Studio 2008 / 2005 Professional Editions, and server/database counterparts to students as downloads free of charge via its DreamSpark program. Third party integrated development environments could also be used to write software such as Lazarus, Resco MobileForms Toolkit, Lexico, NS Basic and Basic4ppc. Some third party development environments allowed coding to be done on the device itself without the need for a computer.

Developer communities have used the SDK to port later versions of Windows Mobile OS to older devices and making the OS images available for free, thus providing the devices with newer feature sets. Microsoft had tolerated this procedure for some time but decided in February 2007 to ask developers to take their OS images off the net, which in turn raised discussions. At the same time Microsoft offered upgrades to Windows Mobile 6 versions to manufacturers for free.

On July 5, 2009, Microsoft opened a third-party application distribution service called Windows Marketplace for Mobile. In 2011, Windows Marketplace for Mobile stopped accepting new admissions. and then fully closed on May 9, 2012.

Connectivity
In the early years of Windows Mobile devices were able to be managed and synced from a remote computer using ActiveSync; a data synchronization technology and protocol developed by Microsoft, originally released in 1996. This allowed servers running Microsoft Exchange Server, or other third party variants, to act as a personal information manager and share information such as email, calendar appointments, contacts or internet favorites.

With the release of Windows Vista, ActiveSync was replaced with Windows Mobile Device Center. Device Center is included with Vista and Windows 7 and provides many front end enhancements, allowing a home user to sync PIM information with Microsoft Outlook 2003 and later, photos from Windows Photo Gallery, videos or music from Windows Media Player and favorites with Internet Explorer; without the need for a server back end. Devices at this time also included a base driver compatible with Mobile Device Center so a user can connect to a computer without a need for any configuration.

title: Windows Mobile


text:
Rose McDowall

Rose McDowall (née Porter; born 21 October 1959) is a Scottish musician who formed Strawberry Switchblade with Jill Bryson in 1981.

History
McDowall was born in Glasgow, Scotland in 1959. Her first venture into music was in the Poems, an art-punk trio formed in 1978 with her then-husband Drew McDowall. She then formed Strawberry Switchblade in 1981 with Jill Bryson. After signing with Warner Bros. Records, they enjoyed chart success with their single "Since Yesterday" in 1984; however, later singles and an album did not sell as well as expected. This and internal problems led to an acrimonious split in 1986.

For the next six years, McDowall was primarily a guest vocalist or "floating member" of several different alternative bands, particularly in the neofolk genre. She contributed backing or lead vocals for Coil, Current 93, Death in June, Felt, Alex Fergusson, Into a Circle, Megas, Nature and Organisation, Nurse with Wound, Ornamental, Psychic TV and Boyd Rice on recordings as well as singing or playing guitar for live appearances. In 1993, she collaborated with Boyd Rice under the band name Spell, producing two singles and an album of 1960s pop, country and psychedelia covers for Mute Records.

At the same time, she formed a folk rock band called Sorrow with then-husband Robert Lee. Between 1993 and 2001, they released two albums and one EP through World Serpent Distribution and performed in Europe and the US. During this time, McDowall continued to record and perform with Current 93 and Coil, including the short-lived group Rosa Mundi. Robert Lee left the band in 2002. McDowall and her remaining bandmates continued to perform as Rosa Mundi until 2005 when she began performing under her own name.

McDowall is best known as a vocalist, but also plays guitar, keyboards, melodica, and drums. Her signature instruments are a Washburn 12-string acoustic guitar, a Fender Coronado electric 6-string guitar and an electric harmonium.

She has two daughters and a son: Keri McDowall, from her marriage to Drew McDowall, and Bobi and Velocity Lee, from her marriage to Robert Lee.

Sorrow
Track appears on:
 * Not Alone

Current 93
See: Current 93

title: Rose McDowall


text:
Aghstafa District

Aghstafa District (Ağstafa rayonu) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. Located in the northwest of the country, it belongs to the Gazakh-Tovuz Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Qazakh, Tovuz, as well as the Kakheti and Kvemo Kartli regions of Georgia. Its capital and largest city is Aghstafa. As of 2020, the district had a population of 88,500.

Overview
Aghstafa District was created on 24 January 1939 as an independent administrative unit out of the larger Qazakh region of Azerbaijan. On 4 December 1959, the status of the district was abolished and it was incorporated into Qazakh District. On 14 April 1990, by the decree of the Council of Deputies of Azerbaijan SSR, it was split from Qazakh District and was again re-established as a separate district. The regional center of the district is its capital Aghstafa. The district is located in the northwestern part of the country, between Qabirri basin and Lesser Caucasus mountain range, and Ganja-Gazakh lowlands and Ceyrançöl highlands. It is sandwiched by Qazakh District in the west and Tovuz District in east, and borders Armenia on the southern frontier and Georgia on the northern. The area of the district is 1,503.7 km2. There are 36 villages in the district. There are 39 secondary schools, lyceum, musical school, 2 museums, 38 cultural clubs, State Arts Gallery, 49 libraries, 3 city and 10 village hospitals functioning in the district. Ganja, Qazakh and Qarayazi lowlands make up most of the district's area, whilst its southwestern and northeastern parts comprise lesser mountain sites.

Etymology
The area's name comes from the name of the Oghuz Turks which include mainly the population of Azerbaijan, Turkey and Turkmenistan. Ağstafa is a merger of two words: Oğuz + tayfa (Oghuz + tribe). However, some people argue that it is a merger of the other two words which are: Oğuz + təpə (Oghuz + hill).

Economy
The region is rich with bentonite, sand, raw cement material (volcanic ash) and other resources which are considered a core of the Aghstafa economy. The Kura River passes through the region. Lower sections of Aghstafa and Həsənsu rivers also flow through the district. Aghstafa has always been in the spotlight because of the historic Silk Way trade which went through the region. Caravans from and to Georgia and Iran would stop in Aghstafa. It was therefore named the "Camel route". In the 1990s, the caravan route was re-established within the TRACECA project initiated by Heydar Aliyev administration. Then Aghstafa gained importance when it became a transit route on the Baku-Tbilisi railroad built in 1881. A railroad junction at Aghstafa was built in 1914 thus creating leading to construction of Aghstafa city. In addition to the existing railway, the geostrategic importance of Aghstafa was enriched by Baku-Gazakh-Tbilisi gas pipeline, Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline, Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum gas pipeline.

During the first nine months of 2013, the cost of total product output in Aghstafa region was AZN 90.9 million, an increase of 8.0 percent in comparison with the same period last year. During the first nine months of 2017, total volume of total product output on the region of Aghstafa increased by 43.6 percent and reached 143.7 million manat. The total volume of industrial production increased by 38.3 percent, agriculture - by 0.9 percent, transport services - 3.3 percent, communication services - 4.3 percent, trade - 0.4 percent and construction - thtee times in comparison with the same period last year. The volume of investments directed to fixed assets increased 2.7 times and amounted to more than 68.7 million manat.

Demography
The population of Aghstafa district is 78,983. The most populated villages are Dağ Kəsəmən, Köçəsgər, Muğanlı and Aşağı Kəsəmən and the town of Aghstafa.
 * Azerbaijanis - 98.7%
 * Meskhetian Turks - 0.6%
 * Other - 0.7%

Population
The territory of Aghstafa district is 1504 km2, with the population of 83.3 thousand people registered for 01.10.2013. According to the information on January 1, 2017, the population of the district was 86,529. 21,205 lived in the city, 65,0324 lived in the villages.

The region lives in 21,205 mini-cities, 65,324 mini-villages. The population of the region is 42 651 thousand men and 43 878 thousand women.

The number of people currently employed are 43481, as well as, the number of employees working in the agricultural sector are 17,856 people, employees working in the industry are 330 people, employees working in the education field are 3726.

Seventy-seven families (223 people) from Nagorno-Karabakh and other territories temporarily settled in Aghstafa region. The total number of refugees settled in the region are 457 families, 1698 people.

According to the State Statistics Committee, the population of city recorded 87,200 persons as of 2018, which increased by 12,700 persons (approximately 17 percent) from 74,500 persons in 2000. 43,000 of total population are men, 44,200 are women. More than 26,4 percent of the population (about 23,100 persons) consists of young people and teenagers aged 14–29.

Education
There are 39 libraries, 13 culture houses, one musical school, three museums, a painting gallery and 25 clubs in the region. A Central Hospital, one rural hospital, and 15 rural health posts serve to the population of the district.

There are 39 schools, four pre-school and 34 kindergartens in the district.

Geographical position
Aghstafa district was established on January 24, 1939, as one of the administrative districts of Azerbaijan. The Area of Aghstafa district, which is 1.74 of the territory of the Republic, is 1504 km2. The territory of the Aghstafa district joined the Gazakh district on December 4, 1959, and it was separated and became an administrative district from April 14, 1990.

There is one town (Aghstafa town), nine settlements (Vurgun, Poylu, Shakarli, Jeyranchol, Saloglu, Soyuqbulag, Soyuqbulaglar, Hazi Aslanov, Garajazi) and 29 villages in the district.

The administrative center of the district is Aghstafa. The status of the city was given to Aghstafa in 1941. According to the 2017's information, the population of the city where located 300 meters above sea level on the right bank of Aghstafa River, is 86529 people. The distance from Baku is 450 km.

Forested areas account for 3,510 hectares of the district's territory. The main part of the forests is Tugai forest. Covering a territory of 3,510 hectares, a number of plants and birds are protected in the Garayazi State Reserve, the names of which are listed in the IUCN Red List.

The region is located in the western part of Azerbaijan, on the border with Georgia and Armenia. The Kur River, the largest river in Azerbaijan, and the Kura branch - Aghstafachay, as well as several small rivers flow from this region. Candargol Lake is also located in this region. The surface of the district mainly consists of plain such as Ganja-Gazakh and Garayazi plains. Sediments belonging to the Cretaceous, Paleogene, Quaternary are spread in the region. There are minerals such as saw stone, bentonite clay, pebble, sand, cement raw material, etc.

Prehistoric monuments

 * Paleolithic tent settlement(Paleolithic)- village Kochesker
 * Open Palaeolithic tent(Paleolithic)- village Tatli
 * Toyratepe settlement(neolith(late Stone Age)-Bronze Age)-village Ashagi Goychali
 * 1st Shomutepe settlement (neolith)-Aghstafa city
 * Gargalar hill settlement (neolith)-village Girili
 * Arzamastepe settlement (neolith)-settlement Vurgun
 * Molla Nagi hill (Stone Age-neolith)-village Kochesker
 * Kichik tepe settlement (Stone Age, neolith and Bronze Age)-village Ashagi Goyjali
 * Chapiish settlement (eneolith-Bronze Age)-surrounding of Hasangulu river
 * Chinlitepe settlement (eneolith)-village Tatli
 * Ancient settlement and graveyard (choban dashi)(Bronze Age-Early Iron Age)-village Dagkesemen
 * Jantepe settlement (Bronze Age)-Aghstafa city
 * Sari gaznag graveyard (Bronze Age)- village Kochesker
 * Alchagtepe settlement (Bronze Age-Iron Age)-village Tatli
 * Alchagtepe settlement (Bronze Age)-village Tatli
 * Gabagtepe settlement (Bronze Age-Iron Age)- village Pirili
 * Yastitepe settlement (late Bronze Age)- Aghstafa city
 * Durnatepe settlement (late Bronze Age-early Iron Age)- village Kochesker
 * Boyuktepe settlement (Böyük Kəsik) (late Bronze Age-early Iron Age)- village Kochesker
 * Hasarlitepe settlement (late Bronze Age-early Iron Age)-village Yukhari Goyjali
 * Saritepe settlement (late Bronze Age-early Iron Age)- village Yukhari Goyjali
 * Goshatepe settlement (late Bronze Age-Iron Age)-village Yukhari Goyjali
 * Hasarligala ancient settlement (late Bronze Age-Iron Age)-village Tatli
 * 2nd Shomutepe settlement (Bronze Age-early Iron Age)- village Yukhari Goyjali
 * Nadir bey hill settlement (late Bronze Age)-village Hasansu
 * Agalig tepesi settlement (late Bronze Age-early Iron Age)-Aghstafa-Gazakh highway
 * Aranchi hill settlement (late Bronze Age- Iron Age)- Aghstafa-Dagkesemen highway
 * Deyirmantepe settlement (late Bronze Age- early Middle Age)- Dagkesemen highway
 * Agtepe settlement (late Bronze Age-antic period)-village Ashagi Goyjali
 * Maraltepe settlement (late Bronze Age-antic period)- village Ashagi Goyjali
 * Shish Guzey sacred place (Iron Age)- village Kochesker

Ancient to modern monuments
Several important archaeological sites in Aghstafa District belong to the prehistoric Shulaveri–Shomu culture. Among them are Soyuqbulaq, Agstafa, Poylu, Agstafa, and Böyük Kəsik. Also should be included here Toyra Tepe and Gargalar sites. Research in this area emerged especially in the 21st century. Shomu-Tepe, the type site of the Shulaveri–Shomu culture, is also located in the Agstafa District.

Other ancient archaeological sites in the area include:

 * The David Gareja monastery complex (Keşiş Dağ in Azerbaijani) is partially located in this region. However, access is on unpaved roads and, because the site is subject to a border dispute between Georgian and Azerbaijani authorities, visitors are treated with considerable suspicion.
 * Nekropol (antic period)-village Pirili
 * Tatli Albanian temple (early Middle Ages)-between the villages Yukhari Goychali and Tatli
 * Construction forked mountain air(middle age)- village Kochesker
 * Settlement (4th-7th centuries)-village Dagkesemen
 * Underground water-supply system(19th century)-village Kolkhalafli.

Notable natives

 * Sabir Azeri (1938-2010) - Writer, author of best selling books.
 * Aslan Aslanov (1926–1995) - Doctor of philosophical sciences, the real member of the NA of the Republic of Azerbaijan, deserved scientific figure, rector of Azerbaijan State University of Arts (1977), the vice-president of the Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences and director of the Institute of Philosophy and Law(1988–1995).
 * Baba Mirzayev (1940-2006) - The National artist of the Azerbaijan Republic
 * Bayram Bayramov (1935) - Candidate of technical sciences, owner of the order of "Glory", pensioner by the President, deserved rationalizer of Azerbaijan, the deputy of the chairman of Oil and Gas Extraction Office "Neft Dashlari" (from 1987).
 * Huseyn Arif (1924-1992) - poet
 * Ibrahim Rahimov (1849–1927) - The first psychiatrist-doctor of Azerbaijan.
 * Ilyas Abdullayev (1913) the academician of NA of Azerbaijan SSR, the deputy of the chairman of the Council of the Ministers of Azerbaijan SSR (1948–1950), Minister of Agriculture (1950–1953), the first deputy of the chairman of the Council of the Ministers (1954–1958), the chairman of Presidium of the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan SSR (1958–1959), the deputy of the Supreme Councils of USSR and Azerbaijan SSR.
 * Isa Huseynov (1928) - writer
 * Museyib Allahverdiyev (1909–1969)- Hero of the Soviet Union(1945), commander of detachment.
 * Nariman Hasanzade (1931) - poet
 * Nizami Jafarov (1954) - philologist
 * Nusrat Kasamanli (1946-2003) - poet
 * Samed aga Agamalioglu (1867–1930)-famous revolutionary, the first deputy of Azerbaijan CEC (1921), the chairman of CEC of Azerbaijan SSR, one of the chairmen of CEC of TSFSR (1922–1929), the chairman of the committee of All-Union New Turkish alphabet.
 * Suleyman Tatliyev (1925)-the chief of the department of the affairs at the Council of the Ministers (1970–1978), the 1st deputy of the chairman of the Council of the Ministers (1978–1985), the chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Republic (1985–1989), the president of the House of Commerce and Industry of the Republic of Azerbaijan (from 1994), deputy of the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan SSR.
 * Vidadi Babanli (1927) - writer

title: Aghstafa District