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Reality therapy

Reality therapy (RT) is an approach to psychotherapy and counseling developed by William Glasser in the 1960s. It differs from conventional psychiatry, psychoanalysis and medical model schools of psychotherapy in that it focuses on what Glasser calls "psychiatry's three Rs" – realism, responsibility, and right-and-wrong – rather than mental disorders. Reality therapy maintains that most people suffer from socially universal human conditions rather than individual mental illnesses, and that failure to attain basic needs leads to a person's behavior moving away from the norm. Since fulfilling essential needs is part of a person's present life, reality therapy does not concern itself with a person's past. Neither does this type of therapy deal with unconscious mental processes.

The reality therapy approach to counseling and problem-solving focuses on here-and-now actions and the ability to create and choose a better future. Typically, counseled people seek to discover what they really want and how they are currently choosing to behave in order to achieve these goals. According to Glasser, the social component of psychological disorders has been overlooked in the rush to label the population as sick or mentally ill. If a social problem causes distress to a person, it is not always because of a labelled sickness, it may sometimes just be the inability to satisfy one's psychological needs. Reality therapy attempts to separate the person from their behavior.

History
Reality therapy was developed at the Veterans Administration hospital in Los Angeles in the early 1960s by William Glasser and his mentor and teacher, psychiatrist G. L. Harrington. In 1965, Glasser published the book Reality Therapy in the United States. The term refers to a process that is people-friendly and people-centered and has nothing to do with giving people a dose of reality (as a threat or punishment), but rather helps people to recognize how fantasy can distract them from their choices they control in life. Glasser posits that the past is not something to be dwelled upon but rather to be resolved and moved past in order to live a more fulfilling and rewarding life. By the 1970s, the concepts were extended into what Glasser then called "control theory", a term used in the title of several of his books. By the mid-1990s, the still evolving concepts were described as "choice theory", a term conceived and proposed by the Irish reality therapy practitioner Christine O'Brien Shanahan at the 1995 IRTI Conference in Waterford, Ireland and subsequently adopted by Glasser. The practice of reality therapy remains a cornerstone of the larger body of his work. Choice theory asserts that each of us is a self-determining being who can choose (many of our) future behaviors and hold ourselves consciously responsible for how we are acting, thinking, feeling, and also for our physiological states. Choice theory attempts to explain, or give an account of, how each of us attempts to control our world and those within that world.

Approach
According to Glasser, human beings have four basic psychological needs after survival: the most important need being to love and be loved by another person or group for a feeling of belonging; the need for power, through learning, achieving, feeling worthwhile, winning and through being competent;  the need for freedom, including independence and autonomy while simultaneously exercising personal responsibility;  the need for fun, pleasure seeking enjoyment and relaxation is also a very important need for good psychological health.

One of the core principles of reality therapy is that, whether people are aware of it or not, they are always trying to meet these essential human needs. These needs must all be balanced and met for a person to function most effectively. However, people don't necessarily act effectively at achieving these goals. Socializing with others is one effective way of meeting the need to belong. But how a person chooses to interact with and gain attention and love from others is most often at the root of their psychological dismay. Reality therapy stresses one major point—people are in control of what they are currently doing in their lives whether or not it is working in their favor toward meeting their basic psychological needs for power, belonging, fun and freedom. And it is through an individual's choices that he or she makes change happen for the better or worse.

For most people in the United States, the survival need is normally being met. It is then in how people meet the remaining four psychological needs that they typically run into trouble. Reality therapy holds that the key to behavior is to remain aware of what an individual presently wants and make choices that will ensure that goal. Reality therapy maintains that what really drives human beings is their need to belong and to be loved. What also drives humans is their yearnings to be free, and with that freedom comes great responsibility (one cannot exist without the other). Reality therapy is very much a therapy of decision (or choice) and change, based upon the conviction that, even though human persons often have let themselves become products of their past's powerful influences, they need not be held forever hostage by those earlier influences.

Role played by the therapist
Reality therapy seeks to treat patients who face difficulty in working out a relationship with others. So, the formation of a connection of the patient with the therapist is regarded as an important milestone at the start of the therapy. According to the therapists, bonding of the patients with their therapists is the most crucial dynamic that would facilitate the healing process. As soon as this bonding is stable, it can help to form a fulfilling connection outside the therapeutic environment.

Patients receiving this kind of therapeutic treatment will learn various ways to strengthen relationships in the most suitable manner possible and that too in the absence of their therapists' safe relationship. Moreover, they will be able to use their newfound skills in their personal lives.

Reality therapists say that when patients are able to use the skills, behaviors, actions, and methods learned through the therapy in their personal lives, then they will be able to successfully work out external relationships as well. This will provide them with the satisfaction of leading a more fulfilling life.

Action
Glasser believes that there are five basic needs of all human beings: survival, love and belonging, power, freedom or independence, and fun/pleasure. Reality therapy maintains that the main reason a person is in pain and acting out is because he/she lacks that one important 'other being' to connect with, or lacks another basic need for survival. Glasser believes the need for love and belonging is the most primary need because we all need other people in our lives in order to satisfy the rest of our needs. Therefore, in a cooperative therapeutic relationship, the therapist must create an environment where it is possible for the client to feel connected to another 'responsible' person (the therapist) whom they actually like and might choose as a friend in their real life.

Reality therapy maintains that the core problem of psychological distress is that one or more of the client's essential needs are not being met thereby causing the client to act irresponsibly or make poor choices. The therapist then addresses this issue and asserts that the client assume responsibility for their behavior. Reality therapy asserts that we learn responsibility through involvement with other responsible people. We can learn and re-learn responsibility at any time in life". The therapist focuses on realistic attainable goals in order to remedy the real life issues that are causing discomfort.

William Glasser's choice theory is composed of four aspects: thinking, acting, feeling, and physiology. We can directly choose our thoughts and our actions; we have great difficulty in directly choosing our feelings and our physiology (physical effects such as sweaty palms, headaches, nervous tics, racing pulse, etc.).

A critical first step is the client learning how to use their emotions and feelings to self-evaluate. The client must realize that something must change; realize and accept that change is, in fact, possible and can lead to a plan for making better choices. The therapist helps the client create a workable plan to reach a goal; this is at the heart of successful reality therapy. It must be the client's plan, not the counselor's. The essence of a workable plan is that the client can implement it. It is based on factors under the client's control. Reality therapy strives to empower people by emphasizing the power of doing what is under their control. Doing is at the heart of reality therapy.

Behavior
Behavior is an immediate and live source of information about whether we are happy with what is going on in our lives. It is very hard to choose to change our emotions directly, thus it is much easier to change our thinking, which will lead to more positive emotions. The client must make a conscious decision to alter his/her thought process. For example, to consciously decide that we will no longer think of ourselves as victims, or to decide that in our thoughts we will concentrate on what we can do rather than what we think everybody else ought to do. Reality therapists approach changing "what we do" as a key to changing how we feel and how we will work to obtain what we want. These ideas are similar to those in other therapy movements such as Re-evaluation Counseling and person-centered psychotherapy, although the former emphasizes emotional release as a method of clearing emotional hurt.

Control
Control is a key issue in reality therapy. Human beings need control to meet their needs: one person seeks control through position and money, and another wants to control their physical space. Control gets a client into trouble in two primary ways: when he or she tries to control other people, and when he or she uses drugs and alcohol to give him or her a false sense of control. At the very heart of choice theory is the core belief that the only person the client can really control is him or herself. If the client thinks he or she can control others, then he or she is moving in the direction of frustration. If the client thinks others can control him or her and follows up by blaming them for all that goes on in his or her life, then he or she tends to do nothing and heads for frustration. There may be events that happen to the client which is out of his or her control, but ultimately, it is up to the client to choose how to respond to these events. Trying to control other people is a vain naive hope, from the point of view of reality therapy. It is a never-ending battle which alienates the client from others and causes endless pain and frustration. This is why it is vital for the client to stick to what is in his or her own control and to respect the rights of other people to meet their needs. The client can, of course, get an instant sense of control from alcohol and some other drugs. This method of control, however, is false, and skews the true level of control the client has over him or herself. This creates an inconsistent level of control which creates even more dissonance and frustration.

Focus on the present
While traditional psychoanalysis and counseling often focuses on past events, reality therapy and choice theory solutions lie in the client's present and future. Practitioners of reality therapy may visit the past but never dwell on it. In reality therapy, the past is seen as the source of the client's wants and his/her ways of behaving. Supposedly each person from birth has ‘taken pictures,’ stored mental images which comprise ones’ “Quality World.” A client's 'Quality World' is examined as to what this person wants in his life and is it realistic. Each person strives to attain things which have given them pleasure in the past. Everyone's ‘quality world’ is different, so naturally when people enter into a relationship their ‘quality world’ most likely will not match up with that of their new partner.

Involvement
Establishing a relationship with the client is believed to be the most important factor in all types of therapy. Without this relationship, the other steps will not be effective. This is also known as developing a good rapport with the client. In extreme cases, the therapist may be the only person in the client's life who is willing to put up with the client's behavior long enough to establish a relationship, which can require a great deal of patience from the therapist. In other cases, the client is a part of many relationships, but just needs a relationship with a more consistently positive emphasis. According to Glasser, the client needs to feel that the therapist is someone that he would want in his "Quality World.”

Evaluating current behavior
The therapist must emphasize the here and now with the client, focusing on the current behaviors and attitudes. The therapist asks the client to make a value judgment about his or her current behavior (which presumably is not beneficial, otherwise the client may not have negative consequences from behavior motivating enough to seek therapy). In many cases the therapist must press the client to examine the effects of his or her behavior, but it is important that the judgment be made by the client and not the therapist. According to Glasser, it is important for the client to feel that he is in control of his own life.

Planning possible behavior
Plan some behavior that is likely to work better. The client is likely to need some suggestions and prompting from the therapist, but it helps if the plan itself comes from the client. It is important that the initial steps be small enough that the client is almost certain to succeed, in order to build confidence. In many cases, the client's problem is the result of a bad relationship with someone, and since the client cannot change anyone else's behavior, the therapist will focus on things the client can do unilaterally. The client may be concerned that the other person will take advantage of this and not reciprocate, but in most cases a change in behavior will ease the tension enough that the other person also backs off. If this does not happen, the therapist will also encourage the client to build more positive relationships with other people. The relationship with the therapist sustains the client long enough for them to establish these other relationships.

Commitment to the plan
The participant must make a commitment to carry out the plan. This is important because many clients will do things for the therapist that they would not do just for themselves. In some cases it can be helpful to make the commitment in writing.

"No Excuses, No Punishment, Never Give Up"
If there is no punishment, then there is no reason to accept excuses (note that punishment can be ineffective with clients who expect to fail, see Learned helplessness). The therapist insists that the client either carries out the plan, or comes up with a more feasible plan. If the therapist maintains a good relationship with the client, it can be very hard to resist carrying out a plan that the client has agreed would be feasible. If the plan is too ambitious for the client's current abilities, then the therapist and the client work out a different plan.

Principles
There are several basic principles of reality therapy that must be applied to make this technique most successful.

 * Focus on the present and avoid discussing the past because all human problems are caused by unsatisfying present relationships.
 * Avoid discussing symptoms and complaints as much as possible since these are often the ineffective ways that clients choose to deal with (and hold on to) unsatisfying relationships.
 * Understand the concept of total behavior, which means focus on what clients can do, directly act, and think.
 * Spend less time on what they cannot do directly such as changing their feelings and physiology. Feelings and physiology can be changed indirectly, but only if there is a change in the acting and thinking.
 * Avoid criticizing, blaming and/or complaining and help clients do the same. By doing this, they learn to avoid these extremely harmful external control behaviors that destroy relationships.
 * Help changing the 7 deadly behaviours - Criticising, Blaming, Complaining, Nagging, Threatening, Punishing, Bribing.
 * Remain non-judgmental and non-coercive, but encourage people to judge all they are doing by the Choice Theory axiom: Is what I am doing getting me closer to the people I need? If the choice of behaviors is not getting people closer, then the therapist works to help the client find new behaviors that lead to a better connection.
 * Teach clients that legitimate or not, excuses stand directly in the way of their ability to make needed connections.
 * Focus on specifics. Find out as soon as possible who clients are disconnected from and work to help them choose reconnecting behaviors. If they are completely disconnected, focus on helping them find a new connection.
 * Help them make specific, workable plans to reconnect with the people they need, and then follow through on what was planned by helping them evaluate their progress. Based on their experience, therapists may suggest plans, but should not give the message that there is only one plan. A plan is always open to revision or rejection by the client.
 * Be patient and supportive but keep focusing on the source of the problem: disconnectedness. Clients who have been disconnected for a long time will find it difficult to reconnect. They are often so involved in the harmful behavior that they have lost sight of the fact that they need to reconnect. Help them to understand Choice Theory and explain that whatever their complaint, reconnecting is the best possible solution to their problem.

Applications
In education, reality therapy can be used as a basis for the school's classroom management plan. Reality therapy has been shown to be effective in improving underachieving junior high school students' internal perception of control. Their internal perception of control refers to their locus of control being internal or external. Reality therapy can be used to help school psychologists improve students with emotional and behavioral disturbances. Cynthia Palmer Mason and Jill Duba, professors at Western Kentucky University, have proposed reality therapy techniques be applied to school counseling programs. They propose using reality therapy methods will help school counselors develop positive therapeutic relationships and improve students' self esteem.

Reality therapy has also been found effective with improving the self concept of elementary school students. Many at risk and alternative schools across the nation have implemented reality therapy techniques and methods to improve school functioning and the learning and social environment. Other areas of application have been used in athletic coaching, childhood obesity, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Ken Klug has looked at different coaching techniques and has found that many successful coaches use some aspects of reality therapy. According to Klug, reality therapy in coaching helps build relationships, a healthy teaching environment and brings a definitive purpose to goal setting. Reality therapy can also be used to prevent or control childhood obesity. It is suggested that applied reality therapy methods may help children evaluate their eating behaviors, set realistic goals and integrate effective self-evaluation. Sheryl Prenzlau, a social worker in Israel, has found empirical evidence to suggest that reality therapy can reduce somatization and rumination behaviors associated with PTSD.

Criticisms
The main limitation regarding reality therapy is that it primarily and exclusively deals with the current and the present problems of the individuals. Not looking to unlock trauma or recurring dreams, reality therapy's only workable arena is the present and going forward in the best possible way, while remembering the importance of taking responsibility for one's own actions and realizing that the only person one can control is oneself. In that realization of personal responsibility, one is given great freedom and happiness. Some people find fault with Glasser's notion that people chose the behaviors that afflict them by choosing chronic depressive thought patterns and choosing profound psychosis. Apart from specific brain pathology, Glasser argues that mental illness is a result of unsatisfying present relationships or general unhappiness.

An opposing view to this is, that many other schools of therapy (especially cognitive approaches) focus on the present rather than the past, and that the concept of disconnection (or failure to correctly perceive how motive and inner need/intent are linked), is in some form or other, at the root of dysfunction is also considered not unusual, according to several other accepted schools of therapy, from transpersonal psychology to transactional analysis.

title: Reality therapy


text: User talk:202.75.80.8

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:202.75.80.8


text: User talk:68.107.157.83

title: User talk:68.107.157.83


text:
Talk:Wardriving

Problem with the definition
The definition as it exists is contentious, and requires references in my opinion. As Goldfndr noted to me, WP:NOR, but the definition itself is asserted without further citation. --Anduin13

Stealing someones identity by wardriving?
I read that newer passports can be read by wardrivers and the identity stolen without you showing your passport to the wardriver, any terms from that? RGDS Alexmcfire
 * Do you have a citation for this? Perhaps what you read about was detecting RFID chips. Those chips aren't wireless networks, and therefore someone detecting them wouldn't be wardriving anymore than a person carrying a geiger counter. --Goldfndr 09:55, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

UK Legislation
The UK legislation section was filled with inaccuracies, so I've edited. I have included the major pieces of legislation referring to wardriving, as well as sources to the arrests and convictions.

While a lot of people do it, it is still illegal in the UK, something which should be made clear in the page.

The WTA does not really apply, but I have left a reference to it. Andrés Guadamuz, Law Lecturer, University of Edinburgh --Anduin13

 * Andrés, while you have provided sources to some arrests and a conviction, they are for Piggybacking, not Wardriving. In fact, the Piggybacking article mentions both. Do you have a source for an arrest or conviction specifically for Wardriving? Also, I'm having a hard time considering the "electronic communications service" of Section 125 as being a part of Wardriving (detecting/logging) as opposed to Piggybacking, could you cite an article that underscores your point? And if Section 1 considers the atmosphere to be "a public telecommunication system", could you cite that as well? Please remember, WP:NOR. --Goldfndr 10:28, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

 * This is a problem of definitions, and I believe that the article uses a very narrow definition of wardriving. While I agree that there is a distinction with piggybacking, most of the legal literature does not make such distinction, and both terms are conflated. I will edit the relevant section with references. --Anduin13

Relevant UK Legislation
There are 3 Wireless Telegraphy Acts, 1949 c.54, 1967 c.72, and 1998 c.6 There are 3 Broadcasting Acts, 1981 c.68, 1990 c.42 and 1996 c.55 There is 1 Communications Act, 2003 c.21 Plus other references in quite a lot of other Acts Hang on a bit before citing references, an official UK Statutory Law database will be online in the near future, which hopefully will be referenceable from here.

it is not illegal to simply use the internet connection of an open wireless network

This looks dangerously like legal advice. Bad legal advice, because as far as I know, this has not been proven in court. I guess it depends on how you define `open wireless network'. Obviously, if a cafe puts up free WiFi access, that's an open wireless network. But if somebody installs a Linksys router at home with the defaults, obviously it's open, but to actually use it, I imagine that the law could get upset.

 * a felony

Who cares if its legal or not. I do it in the UK and i'm having loads of fun with it. I've been stopped by the Police on many ocashons but that was for parking on hard sholders with no real cause, when they asked what i was doing, i replyed WarDriving, leaving the Copper with his head up his ass wondering what i ment LMAO

The law does not get "upset." The law is more of a set of rules than a moral thing. If prosecution argues successfully that such and such is an offence, then the judge can sentence you. If they can't, the judge can't. Simple as that. If it cannot be argued, then you are safe.

Reference to using open access points
In the "Ethical Considerations" section, casual mention is made to it being normal for wardrivers to engage in what is most probably a crime (accessing open wireless networks and 'stealing' bandwidth). I think that this should be handled with caution, as I personally don't think this falls under "Wardriving" and although it's related, and should be discussed in the article, it shouldn't be dropped in there with no education for the reader. Any thoughts? godsmoke 16:56, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, piggybacking/tapping may be performed by leeches after wardriving, but most (if not all) wardriving software must be exited before piggybacking. For example, NetStumbler will encounter all sorts of trouble if one tries to use it and a Wireless client simultaneously, and I'm guessing the same would happen with Kismet, not sure about Kismac or others. For this reason (inability to wardrive and piggyback simultaneously), I'm reverting the past two days edits and spelling it out more clearly. --Goldfndr 06:08, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

Ridiculous Picture
"War driving is often a surreptitious activity: this long-range wardriver leaves only his shadow."

a) How surreptitious can you be with a whacking great directional antenna on your vehicle? b) What's with the comic book captioning?

All in all I find the picture and it's caption a complete joke. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.178.255.149 (talk • contribs) 08:53, 22 September 2005

 * So, looking at the history I see the picture was also removed by User:Noitall who has aparently taken up a campaign against me because I supported the deletion of some non-sourced probable copyvio images which he supported keeping. I guess you happened to sumble into the bad luck of appearing right after noitall took a break from editing logged in, and making edits simmlar in style to his...  I think the quality of the picture is poor myself. I took it 4 years ago to illustrate a presentation I did on wireless security, and found it again while scanning through content I could contribute to articles.  The caption is factually accurate and even that case the activity was surreptitious as we were accessing a network miles away, although when juxtaposed with the image it is somewhat humerous. As a result, although the image is poor, we have recieved a great number of compliments about it.   I would fully support set of better illustrations for the article, but the subject can actually be a challenge to illustrate well.  Do we just show a car to illustrate wardriving? Or just some laptop with kismet? .. I have a number of other pictures we could use, but none of them are that good, most are somewhat silly, and most of the other pictures that show mobile wireless activity include people, which I prefer to avoid for Wikipedia illustrations.  I thought the big honking antenna did a reasonable job, and I'd encourage you to create a better image rather than just leave the article imageless. If you need help creating an account so you can upload your results, please contact me on my talk page. --Gmaxwell 03:37, 25 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, and note on humor. It is clear that humor is quite acceptable in Wikipedia, as long as it doesn't stand in the way of our encyclopedic goals. See articles like exploding whale or many other subjects in Unusual_articles. --Gmaxwell 04:26, 25 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I like the photo, but I don't think it's a good fit for an encyclopedia article. A better image would be a direct shot of the vehicle + antenna. But the caption, certainly, reads either as being exceedingly pretentious, or (hopefully) just plain ironic. — Matt Crypto 09:00, 25 September 2005 (UTC)
 * It looks just like a joke to me. zachol 02:16, 23 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Eh, no. As I said above. It's intended to be thought provoking. With the amount of gain behind that antenna it would be trivial to access networks a great distance away. So that rig is simultaniously obvious and surreptitious. --Gmaxwell 06:38, 24 February 2006 (UTC)
 * This picture is listed on BJAODN, but is still in the article. Doesn't bad jokes and other 'deleted' nonsense mean that it has been deleted? --Phantom784 00:51, 25 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Nah, because it's actually an informative picture as well. Though there are better places than bjaodn for that kinda thing... The caption is completely accurate, but the duality of the image (hidden because he's far away, but obvious because he's got a huge honking antenna) make it funny. --Gmaxwell 01:08, 25 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah. When I saw it, I came to the discussion with the intent to praise the caption. So: I love it. — mæstro t/c, 09:49, 24 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't suppose we could get a picture of the sidewalk markings some wardrivers leave for others to know about the network.Doric Nash 18:48, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

It's a silly picture. Please get something encyclopedic to replace it. — Omegatron 13:44, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

Warbiking
Warbiking redirects to here, but there is a link to it on the page, under "see also." Should either be another article, or at least a mention of Warbiking on this page. zachol 02:19, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

The legality of wardriving in the United States is not clearly defined.

There was a FBI memo saying that simply finding networks isn't illegal, but connecting to them would be anyone know where it went.

A New Hampshire bill which would clarify that the duty to secure the wireless network lies with the network owner has not passed yet, due to concerns that it may create a loophole for criminal activity. The specific laws, in any case, vary from state to state. A wardriving Florida man was arrested and charged with unauthorized access to a computer network, a third-degree felony in the state of Florida. It is important to note here that the crime was gaining unauthorized access to a computer network, not wardriving in particular.

He wasn't wardriving then. He was using someone's network without permission.

Related cases
From techweb.com

A Vancouver, Wash. coffee shop tired of seeing a 20-year-old man mooch off their free wireless Internet access called the police, who charged him with "theft of services."

Brewed Awakenings employees dialed 911 after Alexander Eric Smith of Battle Ground, Wash. piggybacked off the shop's wireless Internet service for more than three months.

"He doesn't buy anything," Emily Pranger, the shop's manager, told KATU, a Portland, Ore. television station. "It's not right for him to come and use it."

Smith allegedly parked his truck in the parking lot to use Brewed Awakenings' wireless access.

County deputies charged Smith with theft of services after returning to the parking lot after they told him to stop. The crime, which covers such crimes as bypassing a utility meter, stealing cable, and leaving a restaurant without paying, has been used in the past to prosecute hackers who have accessed a computer or network without paying for it.
 * Not sure this is a good place to add another related case, but it's a funny one and doesn't seem to fit anywhere in the Article as it appears now. The current Wikipedia article is https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Wakashio_oil_spill focusing on the relatively minor environmental disaster, but I think the REAL story was that the captain was wardriving his ship when he wrecked it. Multiple reports say it was a birthday party run amok. All the captain wanted was a Wi-Fi signal to help a member of his crew celebrate his birthday. None of the reports gave details, but the obvious candidate explanation would have been for a video chat with his family. So that's where it becomes a morality play about corporate greed and the Mitsui decision to save costs by not providing Internet access for the crew. But as it applies to this article, ships weren't mentioned. Also it doesn't say much about why "war" is part of the definition. I'm guessing it's because the results can look like battle maps rather than attacking the Wi-Fi hubs in some way. (Not sure I should have touched the name of the section to make it broader, but I basically don't like adding sections unless there's no fit at all.) Shanen (talk) 19:41, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
 * P.S. When I tried to publish it, Wikipedia told me that there was some kind of edit conflict? I thought I was going to have to do it again, but now I think it was some kind of bug in the update process and there was no actual conflict. At least I can't see any problem here. Shanen (talk) 19:45, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

What's the Point?
What's the point of wardriving? I don't understand why people care where WiFi networks are, especially if they don't plan on using them.
 * Some people just do it for sport/bragging rights, and to see pretty WiGLE graphs - that's why I do it.--Goldfndr 09:55, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

 * the orriginal point of doing it was so that wireless manufacturers could get an idea of how many were out there, they would collect the numbers and then stock the shops and put on deals to attempt to increase the number, they would then repeat the process.

 * eventually it got to the point where they didn't need to do it anymore as it is abundantly clear that there are plenty out there and they stopped.

 * now wardriving is likely to be used as part of a study or by people looking to piggyback on networks at a later point.

 * --anonymous user-- 08June 2009

UK WT Act
Is there really a need to have the whole WT Act in there? Or the original analysis? If there's some other place on the web that can be referenced, it'd be good to just link to said reference. I was tempted to trim down the Act to an excerpt, but IANAL.--Goldfndr 09:55, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Well, the whole WT act is a considerably longer and weightier document. The extract is, however, by and large unaltered from the guidance information referenced on the UK Radio Authority website. I decided to include it with annotations to show how it may apply to the subject of wardriving in the light of the previous correspondent's assertion that prosecutions may be brought in the UK for "use of a computer for a purpose for which one does not have permission". But IANAL either so feel free to get the scissors out. The annotations do not constitute legal advice, but the guidance from OFCOM can be taken to be definitive and I felt it would be clearer to spell out the implications in context. As a complete newbie to contributing to wiki, please accept my apologies if I have infringed any protocol.

Split?
Should this be split into Wardriving and Piggybacking (Wi-Fi)? — Omegatron 13:47, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
 * If you're up for writing a main article on Piggybacking and moving content then I say go for it, as a lot of the content in this article is specific to Piggybacking instead of Wardriving.--Goldfndr 01:41, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

Wardriving vs. hunting for free hotspots
This article doesn't clarify whether there is a distinction between "wardriving" and/or "piggybacking" vs. attempting to find or use free hotspots, or how that distinction would be drawn. There are municipal wi-fi networks, free community networks, official free hotspots, and even non-publicized "unofficial hotspots" used to draw business. Common sense suggests there is a difference between driving around a business district looking for a place to stop and check your e-mail vs. lurking in a residential side street sniffing traffic between two computers in a private home, but can you generalize and codify this to cover more ambiguous situations? Does the existing terminology recognize such a distinction? Mike Serfas 05:48, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

Wireless Telegraphy Act
Is this for the Uk or US? Its not clear in the article. Think outside the box 09:58, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

Links considered spam
I have (re-re-re-re-re) posted an external link to WiFiMaps.com in the maps of wardriving section, which seems to be considered spam. This is not spam -- wifimaps is a web-based map of wardriving data, and should be listed in the section about wardriving maps. Drew from Zhrodague 20:05, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

 * It is spam because you are attempting to promote your own website. This is not allowed by Wikipedia rules.  I have removed all improper external links.   Jehochman (talk/contrib) 06:40, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

Semi-protection
Given our Czech friend's persistent link spam and refusal to respond to...anything at all, I've applied semi-protection to the article. Maybe he'll finally give up and go away. Or at the very least, try talking. -- Cyrius|✎

change of piggybacking link
Suggest changing the piggybacking link to "Piggybacking (internet access)", since the current link points to just piggybacking.

Lars 83.226.99.183 21:22, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

Illegal in UK
The sentence:

Wardriving is illegal in the United Kingdom through several pieces of legislation, as evidenced by several arrests[1] and one conviction[2].

should be changed; it implies Wardriving is illegal in the UK through the legislation is quotes, and the cases it links to. Those cases all illustrate conviction for piggybacking, not wardriving, for which there has been no UK conviction. Indeed, all the legislation quoted refers to illegally accessing data or programs, or intercepting communciations, neither of which is relevant to Wardriving (understood to mean detecting networks, not breaking into them).

I'm sure that piggybacking is as illegal in the US, and elsewhere, as in the UK. 163.1.215.180 15:32, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Evidence, please. 66.53.222.254 (talk) 09:21, 7 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I've now cut a lot of the UK legislation stuff; not only was it massively long compared to the other countries described, most of it was irrelevant, by either:
 * not making sense (the part about the WTA)
 * legislating against piggybacking (by referring to, for instance, illegally obtaining data or services).

Yes. Someone had edited the article to say that wardriving is categorically illegal everywhere, which is completely wrong. Even piggybacking is legal in some localities, and questionable everywhere else. I've moved all the stuff about piggybacking into the appropriate article, and tried to clean this one up. — Omegatron 17:17, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

''In some countries even listening to a broadcast is illegal, though. In the UK, for example, it is illegal to listen on some radio frequencies or to some transmissions (such as those used by the police or armed forces).''

 * Yet our WarViewing article says "As the video signals are broadcast in a license free ISM band, it is not illegal in the UK to receive them even if they are not intended for you." — Omegatron 16:10, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

Cuts to intro paragraph
I have deleted a sentence from the initial paragraph of the article. The comparisons to amateur radio, DXing, and radio scanning are misleading and not really accurate as comparisons. Most basically, wardriving is "surfing" in a primparily geographic way, whereas all these comparisons usually involve only the radio spectrum. More specifically, with regard to DXing, people are expecting (usually even hoping) that their signals will be heard and recognized—not always the case with wifi providers. Radio scanners are slightly more like what's being described here (because they share moral/ethical questionability), but the link is still tenuous at best in the context of an encyclopedic introduction to wardriving. Most basically, this provides very little enhanced understanding of the article's topic to people who DO know what ham radio or scanners do, and absolutely none to those who don't. /Ninly (talk) 01:52, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

Nintendo Promoting War Driving
Is it just me or does it sound like Nintendo is promoting war driving with their new handheld system the 3DS.

"The other thing that we're trying to do with the Nintendo 3DS is that even for people who don't have wireless access in their home, our goal is that by carrying the device around with them they'll be able to connect to wireless networks elsewhere. And without even realizing it, they'll notice some kind of change in their game data, or a download containing new information. I think that that kind of surprise element is something that will have a very Nintendo feel to it." - Miyamoto

The referance is http://wii.ign.com/articles/110/1100039p1.html

Rob mc 1 (talk) 05:00, 19 June 2010 (UTC)

Broken reference
Reference 7, http://www.eetimes.com/news/semi/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=189600767, appears to be broken. --Mortense (talk) 10:01, 19 November 2010 (UTC)

Confusing lede
As someone unfamiliar with the topic, I think this article should be more clear on what is the purpose of wardriving on the lede, as the article dives into explaining variations of wardriving before even clarifying what wardriving is used for. Finding vulnerable networks and hacking? Getting free wi-fi? Building a database? If there are multiple reasons, list them briefly. 2804:7F0:3885:87A2:D874:A715:F7CB:2CAB (talk) 17:49, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wardriving


text:
Rule of the road

Rule of the road may refer to:
 * Left- and right-hand traffic, regulations requiring all vehicular traffic to keep either to the left or the right side of the road
 * Traffic code (also motor vehicle code), the collection of local statutes, regulations, ordinances and rules which that govern public (and sometimes private) ways

title: Rule of the road


text: Category:Virgin Islands

title: Category:Virgin Islands


text:
Talk:BBC Radiophonic Workshop

Untitled

 * Much of the equipment used by the Workshop in the earlier years of its operation in the late 1950s was semi-professional... [the Workshop] was criticised for its policy of not allowing musicians from outside the BBC to use its equipment in its early days, equipment which was some of the most advanced in the country at that time.

Does this strike anybody else as being a little bit inconsistent? -- Oarih 04:17, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

(moving this request from the article)

the links above have lots of detailed information on this fascinating and innovative institution -- please write more original content for this article

References?
A good article, but nothing referenced? I expect that many paragraphs could cite various external links to provide some validation of the material here. --AGoon 20:05, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

Hitch-hiker's
Isn't a lot of the music in the first series bits Jean Michel Jarre tracks rather than RW?
 * The music score for the second series (of the radio version) was produced by Paddy Kingsland of the workshop as explained here. He also composed the TV adaptation's score (except for the theme).  Admittedly the wording in the "Selected other works" on this entry could be cleared up a bit to make that distinction (so i'll go do that now.) --Thetriangleguy 16:08, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

 * BBC documentary The Alchemists of Sound on YouTube here;  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.7.147.13 (talk) 15:34, 28 January 2013 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 08:46, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:BBC Radiophonic Workshop


text:
Benno C. Schmidt Jr.

Benno Charles Schmidt Jr. (March 20, 1942 – July 9, 2023) was an American academic and education executive. From 1986 to 1992, he was 20th president of Yale University. Prior, Schmidt was Dean of the Columbia Law School, Harlan Fiske Stone Professor of Constitutional Law, and chairman of Edison Schools (now EdisonLearning). He lastly served as the chairman of Avenues: The World School, a for-profit, private K-12 school, and as the chairman of the Board of Trustees of the City University of New York (CUNY) from 2003 to 2016.

A noted scholar of the First Amendment, the history of the United States Supreme Court, and the history of race relations in American law, Schmidt clerked for Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. In 1998, Schmidt was appointed chair of a task force established by New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani to evaluate systemic issues at CUNY by executive order. After longterm service to CUNY's board of trustees, New York State Governor Andrew Cuomo replaced Schmidt in June 2016, then-chair, with a new chair, Bill Thompson, after an interim report issued, in an ongoing state investigation, issued by the Office of the New York State Inspector General identified a number of systemic problems, largely attributable to CUNY's lack of oversight which led to financial waste and abuse within the CUNY system.

Early life and career
Schmidt was born in New York, New York on March 20, 1942. His father, Benno C. Schmidt, Sr., was a longtime friend and associate of John "Jock" Hay Whitney. In 1946, Whitney and the elder Schmidt started what was to become the first venture capital firm in the United States, J.H. Whitney & Co. His mother, Martha (Chastain) Schmidt, was a homemaker, who remarried and took the surname Orgain.

Schmidt Jr. attended St. Bernard's School, Phillips Exeter Academy, and Yale University. Upon completion of his undergraduate studies in history, in 1963, Schmidt attended Yale Law School. Following graduation in 1966, he became a law clerk for Chief Justice of the United States Earl Warren, and thereafter worked for two years in the U.S. Department of Justice, before joining Columbia Law School as a faculty member. His expertise as a legal scholar included the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, history of race relations in American law, and history of the U.S. Supreme Court.

Schmidt achieved tenure at Columbia in 1973, at age 29, and was named the Harlan Fiske Stone Professor of Constitutional Law in 1982. Schmidt was appointed Dean of the law school in 1984, where he served until 1986, before accepting the offer to be President of Yale University, succeeding A. Bartlett Giamatti, who resigned to become president of baseball's National League.

Yale University
Schmidt was the president of Yale University from 1986 to 1992. In academics, he instituted several new and successful programs, but his attempt to reduce faculty stirred up controversy. He anticipated the need to repair the university's physical infrastructure, which had fallen into disrepair, but widespread renovation was not carried out until the arrival of Schmidt's successor Rick Levin. Most impressively, Schmidt raised over a billion dollars for Yale, a faster-growing endowment than at any other university.

Answering faculty reports of poor writing abilities among incoming freshmen, Schmidt convened a committee to review the issues, and after reflecting upon committee's recommendations, he made significant changes to the writing programs, such as instituting writing tutors at each of the residential colleges, a program which remains today.

Under Schmidt's leadership, Yale established the Ethics, Politics and Economics (EP&E) program, which was modeled on the University of Oxford's PP&E program, and a number of interdisciplinary programs, including environmental sciences, molecular biology, and international studies. Schmidt questioned the validity of other academic programs, although his proposal to reduce the faculty by 11 percent was not well received.

Schmidt was criticized for maintaining his primary residence in New York City during his tenure as president of Yale, with his wife Helen Whitney, a documentary filmmaker. Schmidt collaborated with then-Mayor of New Haven, Connecticut John C. Daniels to hammer out a land deal that netted the City of New Haven $2.3 million, in 1990, and millions more in subsequent years.

Edison Schools
From 1992 to 1997, Schmidt served as the chief executive officer of Edison Schools, a for-profit venture, later renamed EdisonLearning, a for-profit corporation. The organization operates public schools in several districts He was President of the concern from 1992 to 1997 and Chief Education Officer of it from 1998 to 1999. From 1997 to 2007, Schmidt served as Edison's Chairman and later a director on the board.

City University of New York
On May 6, 1998, New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani appointed Schmidt the chair of a special task force to evaluate longstanding systemic issues at City University of New York, along with committee members Herman Badillo, Heather MacDonald, a fellow at the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research; former New York State Senator Manfred Ohrenstein, Jacqueline V. Brady, a vice president of Nomura Securities International, Incorporated; Richard T. Roberts, Commissioner of the New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development; and Richard Schwartz, president and CEO of Opportunity America and special assistant to Mayor Giuliani. A year later, on June 7, 1999, the task force report entitled "An Institution Adrift" characterized the "moribund conditions" of a public University system "caught in a spiral of decline". Schmidt and his colleagues called for a complete restructuring of the City University of New York system. Specifically, Schmidt advised CUNY to organize into a unified university system, rather than continue under a system of governance in which each of its 17-campuses runs itself as a separate fiefdom. Similarly, in a section on financial planning, Schmidt advised the university overhaul the passivity of CUNY's central Executive Administration. Four years later, New York State Governor George E. Pataki appointed Benno C. Schmidt Jr. to the position of chairman of the City University of New York Board of Trustees. In 2003, Schmidt was reappointed to the position of chair. Prior, Schmidt served CUNY's Board in the positions of Vice Chairperson, from 1999 to 2003. In 2006, Governor George Pataki reappointed Schmidt to the position of Chair for another seven-year term. In 2016, financial impropriety by the former City College of New York, and an investigation conducted by the New York State Office of the Inspector General, concluding the City University of New York financial system was "ripe for abuse" due to a lack of proper oversight of decentralized funds, resulting in "financial waste and abuse," prompting Governor Andrew Cuomo to replace Schmidt with a new chairman, and most of the CUNY Board of Trustees with a new bloc of politically prominent trustees.

Other professional and civic service
Schmidt served as Director/Trustee of the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation; chairman of board for the Council on Aid to Education - a not-for-profit providing colleges and universities assessment and strategic planning services; the National Humanities Center (NHC), and American Academy of Arts and Sciences, as well as an advisory board member of the Happy Hearts Fund, a nonprofit focused on rapidly rebuilding schools in disaster-stricken areas.

In 2014, Schmidt delivered a talk at the Yale commencement ceremony, entitled "Governance for a New Era", or "The Schmidt Report", and subtitled "A Blueprint for Higher Education Trustees", in which the former University president harshly criticized passive governance over the nation's public and smaller private institutions, which serve the vast majority of American college students. Schmidt issued a challenge to higher education leadership to step up and take responsibility for doing more to increase academic standards and graduation rates.

Professional recognition
In 1989 he was appointed Honorary Member of the Order of Australia (AM), for his service to the arts and agricultural development in Australia. In 1991, Schmidt was awarded Honorary Officer status (AO). The inscription reads, "For service to the arts, agricultural development and Australian/American relations." In November 2010, Schmidt received the sixth annual Philip Merrill Award of the American Council of Trustees and Alumni (ACTA) for outstanding contributions to liberal arts education.

Schmidt made cameo appearances in two Woody Allen films, Hannah and Her Sisters (1986) and Husbands and Wives (1992).

Personal life and death
Schmidt was married four times, with his first three marriages ending in divorce. He had three children and two stepchildren. He was known as a folk musician. Schmidt died at home in Millbrook, New York, on July 9, 2023, at age 81.

title: Benno C. Schmidt Jr.


text: User talk:24.13.113.20

title: User talk:24.13.113.20


text: File:Toad the Wet Sprocket Fear.jpg

title: File:Toad the Wet Sprocket Fear.jpg


text:
Edwin G. Burrows

Edwin G. "Ted" Burrows (May 15, 1943 – May 4, 2018) was a Distinguished Professor of History at Brooklyn College. He is the co-author of the Pulitzer Prize-winning Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (1998), and author of Forgotten Patriots: The Untold Story of American Prisoners During the Revolutionary War, (2008), which won the 2009 Fraunces Tavern Museum Book Award.

Burrows received his BA from the University of Michigan in 1964, and his PhD from Columbia University in 1973, where he studied under Eric McKitrick. The same year, he began teaching at Brooklyn College, where his course on the History of New York City was one of the college's most popular offerings. He married M. Patricia Adamski in 1978 and they resided in Northport, New York on Long Island. Burrows died at the age of 74 in May 2018.

title: Edwin G. Burrows


text: Category:Chicago Cubs

title: Category:Chicago Cubs


text: User talk:205.188.117.5

title: User talk:205.188.117.5


text: User talk:68.88.73.195

title: User talk:68.88.73.195


text:
Marand

Marand is a city in the Central District of Marand County, East Azerbaijan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.

Marand is among the major cities of East Azerbaijan province. It is in the northwest of the capital of the province, Tabriz. Marand has been known by various names in history, such as Maryana, Mandagarana, and Maranda.

Etymology
Moritz von Kotzebue and August von Haxthausen both described local legends that placed the burial spot of Noah's wife at Marand. Both authors contended that the name of the city means "the mother lies here," referring to Noah's wife. According to Kotzebue:

"Of Maranda, it is likewise asserted by the local Armenians, that Noah's immediate descendants settled there, and even that it is the place of his wife's interment. Who could have neglected the sight of such a hallowed ground? Curiosity led us to the spot, and we found that the Moslems had built, on the place where Noah's wife is reported to have been buried, a chapel, with bare walls, which are not so cleanly as the religion of Mahomet prescribes. When the chapel was finished, nobody, however, would undertake to point out the actual spot where the body lay. A miracle solved their doubts. Thirty-eight years ago, during an earthquake, the ground opened, and two Mollahs (Moslem priests), of whom we saw one in the chapel, together with several inhabitants, witnessed the sudden appearance of a large tomb of stone, which, however, soon vanished in the opening. From that time, true believers have been convinced that Noah's wife lies interred there; although it would seem, that the honour of actual sepulture is a point at issue between her and Noah's mother, as Maranda signifies, in the Armenian language, the "mother lies here." This grave, perhaps, contributed to induce the [Imperial Russian] Ambassador to rest here a day."

History
The history of the town goes back to the pre-Islamic era. Between 815 till 850, Marand was primarily controlled by Mohammad ibn Ba'ith who was Iranicized to a considerable extent. The elders of Maragha who quoted his Persian poetry also praised his bravery and his literary ability. He was Iranicized to considerable extent and the statement of Tabari on him is evidence of the existence of the cultivation of poetry in Persian in northwest Persia at the beginning of the 9th century.

Population
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 114,165 in 29,755 households. The following census in 2011 counted 124,323 people in 35,805 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 130,825 people in 40,275 households.

Notable people
For a complete list see: Category:People from Marand
 * Ganjali Sabahi (1909–1990) - Writer
 * Aboutaleb Talebi (born 1945) - wrestler
 * Musa Kalantari (1949–1981) - politician
 * Jalil Farjad (born 1951) - Theatre and film actor
 * Gholamreza Shafeei (born 1951) - politician
 * Isa Kalantari (born 1952) - politician
 * Mohammad-Taghi Pourmohammadi (born 1956) - cleric
 * Shirin Bina (born 1964) - Theatre and film actor
 * Meysam Naghizadeh (born 1986) - football player
 * Mohsen Delir (born 1988) - football player

title: Marand


text: User talk:68.111.165.17

title: User talk:68.111.165.17


text:
User talk:Predisposition

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! SWAdair | Talk 04:26, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Predisposition


text:
User talk:Jules991

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hey there, and welcome to Wikipedia. I hope you enjoy your stay here--Wikipedia is a big place, and I'm sure you'll find plenty of articles and discussions that interest you. You might consider viewing the benefits you now have since you've created an account on Wikipedia. You may also wish to examine the help page or the Tutorial if you would like to learn more about contributing to the encyclopedia in general. If you'd like to work on articles along with a group of other people, try taking a look at the Collaboration of the week or one of its many sub-collaborations. Some pages that you may want to visit or use as references include User page, How to edit a page, Manual of Style, and Policies and guidelines. If you so desire, you can always drop me a line at my talk page or post a question via the Village pump.

Happy editing! --pie4all88

P.S. You can sign your name as I did using three tildes, like. If you use four instead of three, you can add a timestamp too.
 * }

VfD nominations
Hi Jules991,

Welcome aboard Wikipedia. We can always use more hands copyediting, stub sorting, and just keeping the place clean. Just a note about nominating articles for deletion. After you add the VfD template, you'll want to follow up with the rest of the nomination procedure (It's described in detail at the bottom of the votes for deletion page) so that the nomination will appear on the VfD page. I noticed that you hadn't had a chance to finish the process with Floyd Martinson after adding the template.

I actually replaced the with a , to mark the article for speedy deletion. Usually that's a safe bet for two-word articles with no history, and it keeps VfD from getting clogged up. Happy editing, --TenOfAllTrades (talk/contrib) 00:53, 3 May 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for clearing that up, I was actually wondering about that :) I'll remember that in the future. Julianne

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jules991


text:
Category:Chicago White Sox

__NOGALLERY__

title: Category:Chicago White Sox


text:
Texas State Highway 35

State Highway 35 (SH 35) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Texas, maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). It runs primarily south–north, paralleling the Gulf of Mexico for much of its length, from a junction with Interstate 37 in Corpus Christi to Interstate 45 in southeastern Houston.

Route description
The southern terminus of SH 35 is at an interchange with Interstate 37 (I-37) near downtown Corpus Christi, concurrent with U.S. Route 181 (US 181). The two highways run as a freeway near Corpus Christi Bay before crossing Nueces Bay on the Corpus Christi Harbor Bridge and entering Portland. In Gregory, the two routes separate, with US 181 traveling towards Sinton, and the freeway segment of SH 35 ends shortly thereafter. After crossing FM 136, SH 35 runs eastward to Aransas Pass before turning towards the northeast. In Rockport, SH 35 runs as a divided expressway. After passing through Fulton, the highway crosses Copano Bay. SH 35 runs along the western edge of the Aransas National Wildlife Refuge before entering Refugio County. In Calhoun County, SH 35 has a junction with US 87 in Port Lavaca before crossing Lavaca Bay. The route then runs east to Palacios before turning north toward Blessing, where it resumes its northeasterly trajectory toward Bay City and Angleton. From here, SH 35 takes a turn to the north-northwest toward Alvin before heading north through Pearland and crossing the Sam Houston Tollway (Beltway 8) into Houston. SH 35 then crosses I-610 before reaching its northern terminus at I-45.

History
SH 35 was originally proposed on November 19, 1917 as a route from Paris to Houston. On September 17, 1918, the section of the road from Liberty to Houston was cancelled (as it overlapped SH 12), and the road was rerouted south to Anahuac. On January 20, 1919, the highway was rerouted through Coldspring, Cleveland, and Humble to end in Houston, while the old route was replaced by the new SH 35A. On August 21, 1923, the northern half of the highway had been renumbered as SH 49, with the new northern end now going east to the Louisiana state line. On November 14, 1927, it was extended to Alvin. On April 10, 1934, it had been extended southwest along cancelled SH 58 and SH 57, ending in Gregory. SH 35 Spur was designated from 35 to the Retrieve Prison Farm. This SH 35 Spur was cancelled on July 15, 1935. On February 21, 1938, a new SH 35 Spur was designated to Danbury, as SH 35 was rerouted to bypass Danbury. On September 26, 1939, the section north of Houston was removed when it was renumbered as U.S. Highway 59 and U.S. Highway 84. SH 35 Spur was renumbered as Spur 28. On October 5, 1972, SH 35 was extended to Corpus Christi along US 181. On January 15, 1986, an Angleton bypass opened, with the old route becoming Loop 558. On February 25, 1987, SH 35 was rerouted back over Loop 558, and the bypass became Loop 558 instead (now FM 523). On April 27, 1995, another bypass opened, so that SH 35 no longer goes through Aransas Pass or Rockport. On March 29, 2007, an Old Ocean bypass opened, with the old route becoming Loop 419 (now Spur 419).

SH 35A was a proposed spur route off SH 35 designated on March 18, 1918, with a route splitting off at Livingston, and travelling west to New Waverly. On January 20, 1919, the section of SH 35A south of Coldspring was cancelled, and the section north of Coldspring became the main route. The section of SH 35 from Livingston via Liberty to Anahuac was routed through Devers and was renamed SH 35A. On August 21, 1923, the section from Anahuac to Devers was renumbered as SH 61, and the section north of Devers was cancelled. By 1928, the Livingston to Liberty section was restored as SH 132. By 1933, that became a portion of SH 146.

SH 35B was a spur of SH 35 designated on November 27, 1922 from Jefferson to the Louisiana state line. On August 21, 1923, this was renumbered as SH 49.

An overlap of SH 35 with the Gulf Freeway was constructed in the 1980s. This portion extends from Spur 5 to Dowling Street (now Emancipation Avenue), a distance of about 1.6 mi. This section contains three elevated lanes in each direction (briefly four southbound lanes near the southern terminus). This overlap section is 22 lanes wide, including mainlanes, feeder roads, and a reversible HOV lane.

Future
In Houston, SH 35 is Telephone Road and Reveille Street from its northern terminus at I-45. An upgrade of the facility (in a slightly different corridor) to freeway standards is planned, tentatively named the Alvin Freeway. As of 2006, only 1.3 mi had been built, under the sign Spur 5 (constructed between 1996–99; officially opened September 1999; designated 1998). However, the mainlanes extend less than half a mile south of Interstate 45 adjacent to the University of Houston campus.

In early 2023, TxDOT unveiled construction bids for the first phase of the project, which will extend Spur 5 from its current southern terminus at US 90 Alt (Old Spanish Trail) to Griggs Road, just north of I-610. Phase 2 of the project will extend the freeway from Griggs Road to Dixie Drive. The estimated cost for the entire project is $366 million.

 * Junction list

Business routes
SH 35 has four business routes and one former business route.

Alvin business loop
Business State Highway 35-C (Bus. SH 35-C), formerly Loop 409, is a 4.146 mi business loop that runs through Alvin. The road was bypassed on April 1, 1965, by SH 35 and designated Loop 409. The road was redesignated as Business SH 35-C on June 21, 1990.

West Columbia business loop
Business State Highway 35-E (Bus. SH 35-E) is a 2.011 mi business loop that runs through West Columbia. The route was created in 1998 when SH 35 was rerouted north and west of town.

Palacios business loop
Business State Highway 35-H (Bus SH 35-H), formerly Loop 141, is a 3.648 mi business loop that runs through Palacios. The road was bypassed on September 21, 1944 by SH 35 and designated Loop 141. The road was redesignated as Business SH 35-H on June 21, 1990.

Rockport–Aransas Pass business loop
Business State Highway 35-L (Bus. SH 35-L), formerly Loop 70, is a 16.083 mi business loop that runs through Rockport. The road was created in 1939 when SH 35 was rerouted south and east of town. The route was redesignated as Business SH 35-L on June 21, 1990. On April 27, 1995 the route was extended north to SH 35 and FM 3036 and south to SH 35 in Aransas Pass over former SH 35 and was also rerouted in Rockport with the old route redesignated as Loop 70.

Former Aransas Pass business loop
Business State Highway 35-M (Bus. SH 35-M), formerly Loop 81, was a 1.387 mi business loop that ran through Aransas Pass. The route was created in 1939 when SH 35 was rerouted in the city. The route was redesignated as Business SH 35-M on June 21, 1990, but was redesignated as Loop 90 on April 27, 1995.

Junction list
All exits are unnumbered.

title: Texas State Highway 35


text: User talk:68.80.201.85

title: User talk:68.80.201.85


text:
Olivopontocerebellar atrophy

Olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) is the degeneration of neurons in specific areas of the brain – the cerebellum, pons, and inferior olivary nucleus. OPCA is present in several neurodegenerative syndromes, including inherited and non-inherited forms of ataxia (such as the hereditary spinocerebellar ataxia known as Machado–Joseph disease) and multiple system atrophy (MSA), with which it is primarily associated.

OPCA may also be found in the brains of individuals with prion disorders and inherited metabolic diseases. The characteristic areas of brain damage that indicate OPCA can be seen by imaging the brain using CT scans or MRI studies.

The term was originally coined by Joseph Jules Dejerine and André Thomas.

Signs and symptoms
OPCA is characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia, leading to clumsiness in body movements, veering from midline when walking, wide-based stance, and falls without signs of paralysis or weakness. Clinical presentation can vary greatly between patients, but mostly affects speech, balance and walking. Other possible neurological problems include spasmodic dysphonia, hypertonia, hyperreflexia, rigidity, dysarthria, dysphagia and neck dystonic posture.

Cause
Olivopontocerebellar atrophy is hereditary, but has an unknown genetic basis. There are two forms:

A few non-hereditary diseases formerly categorized as olivopontocerebellar atrophy have been reclassified as forms of multiple system atrophy as well as to four hereditary types, that have been currently reclassified as four different forms of spinocerebellar ataxia:

Diagnosis
A diagnosis of olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) may be based on a thorough medical exam; the presence of signs and symptoms; imaging studies; various laboratory tests; and an evaluation of the family history.

MRI of the brain may show characteristics of OPCA, such as specific changes in the size of affected parts of the brain. This is more likely as the disease progresses; it is possible to have OPCA and have a normal brain MRI (especially within the first year of symptom onset).

Hereditary OPCA may be suspected based on having a family history, and may be diagnosed by genetic testing (when available) for the condition suspected or known to be present in the family. Sporadic OPCA may be diagnosed if hereditary forms of OPCA, and other conditions associated with OPCA, have been ruled out.

Treatment
Physiotherapy intervention aims to improve balance and gait of OPCA patients, by stimulating neuroplastic changes in the atrophied neural structure. A challenge-oriented treatment program has previously been shown to be beneficial for individuals with ataxia from OPCA. The treatment program was composed of repetitive training with task challenges (e.g. obstacle course) and/or novel motor skills acquisition over a 12-week period under the supervision of a physiotherapist. Task challenges were progressed only when the patient showed mastery of a task.

Overground harness systems may be used to allow OPCA patients to challenge their balance without chance of falling. Furthermore, home exercise programs and/or aquatic exercises are used to allow more repetitions to facilitate balance learning. Treatment programs should be frequently monitored and adjusted based on a patient's progress. Outcome measures such as the Berg Balance Scale, Dynamic Gait Index and activities-specific balance confidence scales are useful to assess patient's progress over time.

title: Olivopontocerebellar atrophy


text: File:Primitive Radio Gods Rocket.jpg

title: File:Primitive Radio Gods Rocket.jpg


text: User talk:199.46.200.234

title: User talk:199.46.200.234


text:
Lee Wing-tat

Lee Wing-tat (born 25 December 1955) is a former Member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (LegCo), returned by direct election as representative of the New Territories West constituency. He was the former third Chairman of the Democratic Party (DP). He is seen as a conservative inside the party.

Early life
A Hakka, Lee was elected vice-chairman of the Hong Kong University Students' Union in 1979. He graduated from the Faculty of Science of the University of Hong Kong with a pass. He first participated in politics in the 1980s and was the vice-chairman of the Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood (ADPL). He was elected to the District Council and the Regional Council in 1985 and 1986 respectively. He was a founding member of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China.

In 1989, during the visit of Geoffrey Howe to Hong Kong, Lee protested at the conference and called Howe's speech "bullshit".

Lee left the ADPL and formed the United Democrats of Hong Kong, which developed into the Democratic Party in 1994. He was elected to the Legco in the same year. He once lost his seat in the 2000 election but was re-elected in 2004. He was vice-chairman of Democratic Party from 2002 to 2004 and was elected chairman at the sixth AGM of the DP in succession to Yeung Sum. His challenger for the Chairman's post, Chan King-ming, was elected vice-chairman instead.

Chief Executive Election
In May 2005, Lee declared his intention to run in the Hong Kong Chief Executive Election, but only received 52 nominations and thus failed to get on the ballot. As a result, he withdrew from the election on 15 June. His participation in the election faced great criticisms within the party and the pro-democracy camp.

Criticisms
Lee was criticized for suppressing the second-tier members and "Young Turks" of the party. In early 2006, someone alleged to the Apple Daily that some senior members were involved in spying activities of China. The "suspects" were all Young Turks and included vice-chairman Chan King Ming and Gary Fan. The Young Turks later held a press conference to criticise the list of "suspects", with some even directly naming Lee as responsible.

Departure
Lee did not seek a second term as party chairman in the party's internal elections in December 2006.

Views, policy positions and Legco voting
In June 2010, he voted with the party in favour of the government's 2012 constitutional reform package, which included the late amendment by the Democratic Party – accepted by the Beijing government – to hold a popular vote for five new District Council functional constituencies.

title: Lee Wing-tat


text:
José Luis Cuciuffo

José Luis Cuciuffo (1 February 1961 – 11 December 2004) was an Argentine professional footballer who played as a centre back and who was part of the 1986 FIFA World Cup-winning Argentina national team.

Club career
Cuciuffo started his professional career at Chaco For Ever, and later played for Talleres de Córdoba, Vélez Sársfield, Boca Juniors and Belgrano de Córdoba. He also played in the French league with Nîmes Olympique.

Death
Cuciuffo suffered a fatal gunshot wound in the stomach while out hunting in the southern Buenos Aires province, near San Blas Bay. He died in hospital. He was the first world champion football player for Argentina to die.

Honours
Vélez Sársfield
 * Primera División runner-up: 1985

Boca Juniors
 * Supercopa Sudamericana: 1989
 * Recopa Sudamericana: 1990

Argentina
 * FIFA World Cup: 1986

Individual

 * South American Team of the Year: 1986

title: José Luis Cuciuffo


text:
Palomar Mountain

Palomar Mountain (Monte Palomar ) is a mountain ridge in the Peninsular Ranges in northern San Diego County. It is famous as the location of the Palomar Observatory and Hale Telescope, and known for the Palomar Mountain State Park.

History
The Luiseño name for Palomar Mountain was Paauw and High Point was called Wikyo.

The Spanish name Palomar, meaning "pigeon roost" or “place of the pigeons”, comes from the Spanish colonial era in Alta California when Palomar Mountain was known as the home of band-tailed pigeons.

The peak was once called Mount Joseph Smith but reverted to its Spanish name, Palomar, in 1901.

During the 1890s, the population was sufficient to support three public schools, and it was a popular summer resort for Southern California, with three hotels in operation part of the time, and a tent city in Doane Valley each summer.

Nathan Harrison, the first African American homesteader in San Diego area, purchased several acres on the western slope of the mountain in the 1880s and graded a road that became a popular tourist route called Harrison's grade. According to an article by Daniel Weiss, "Harrison was briefly married twice, both times to Luiseño Indian women who were part of a community that lived on the mountain," and he was baptized into the Catholic faith "by a Luiseño chief in Rincon who had converted to Catholicism." Harrison's tall tales of the mountain's fauna, including his overcoming of countless grizzlies and aggressive mountain lions, and his blithesome, joking disposition, made him locally famous among the county's travelers.

Palomar Observatory
Palomar Mountain is most famous as the home of the Palomar Observatory which includes the Hale Telescope. The 200-inch telescope was the world's largest and most important telescope from 1949 until 1992. The observatory currently has four large telescopes, the most recent one being a 40-in robotic infrared one operational since 2021.

Palomar Mountain State Park
Palomar Mountain is the location of Palomar Mountain State Park, a California State Park. There are campgrounds for vacationers, and a campground for local school children until the San Diego Unified School District was forced to close it due to state budget cuts. The park averages 70,000 visitors annually. The campgrounds in the park were temporarily closed on October 2, 2011, due to state budget cuts. The park was among 70 California State Parks threatened by budget cuts in fiscal years 2011-2012 and 2012-2013, but the park and the campgrounds remain open. Palomar Mountain, especially in the state park area, is densely wooded with abundant oak and conifer tree species (pine, cedar, fir). Ferns are abundant everywhere in the shady forest. The forest is supported by annual precipitation totals in excess of 30 inches.

Beginning in the 1920s a fire lookout tower has been present on Boucher Hill on Palomar Mountain. The tower had been active until it was abandoned in 1983 and then was reactivated when the San Diego/Riverside County Chapter of the FFLA Forest Fire Lookout Association - San Diego/Riverside Chapter began manning it in 2012. Boucher Hill sees more than 11,000 visitors a season. The tower opens around May 1 in conjunction with the fire season and closes in early December. During this period the tower is typically staffed 7 days a week from 9am to 5pm.

Doane Valley, located within the State Park, is home to the Camp Palomar Outdoor School for 6th grade students in the San Diego Unified School District.

Oak Knoll Campground
At the base of Palomar Mountain on County Route S6 is Oak Knoll Campground, formerly known as Palomar Gardens. In the 1950s and 1960s, Palomar Gardens was made famous by its owner and resident, UFO contactee George Adamski. Adamski had a self-built, wooden observatory at Palomar Gardens and photographed objects in the night sky that he claimed were UFOs. Adamski co-authored the bestselling Flying Saucers Have Landed in 1953, about his alleged alien encounter experiences, and in particular his meetings with a friendly "Space Brother" from Venus named Orthon. The 1977 film The Crater Lake Monster had many scenes filmed on Palomar Mountain, including scenes shot at the summit restaurant, but not the scenes of the monster in a lake.

High Point
High Point, in the Palomar Mountain range, is one of the highest peaks in San Diego County. At an elevation of 6140 ft, it is surpassed by Cuyamaca Peak (at 6512 ft) and Hot Springs Mountain (the county's highest point, at 6533 ft). They are dwarfed by the higher 11500 ft San Bernardino Mountains a relatively short 52 miles to the north, in San Bernardino County, the 10000 ft San Jacinto Mountains 30 miles north in Riverside County and the 14500 ft high Mount Whitney some 250 mi farther north. High Point is located approximately two miles east of the observatory. However, it is not accessible by the public from that direction as the observatory itself and adjacent land are private property, and the road to High Point from the observatory is blocked by a permanently closed gate. It may be reached via Palomar Divide Truck Trail, a dirt road that starts off Highway 79 near Warner Springs, California. The trip is 13 miles one way with 3000 feet of elevation gain via Palomar Divide Truck Trail. High Point can also be hiked on the Oak Grove Trail, the oldest established trail on the Palomar Ranger District. The hike is 13.5 miles roundtrip. There is an operational USFS fire lookout tower on High Point, built in 1964. It is 70 feet tall, making it the tallest USFS fire tower in California. It was brought back into service in 2009 and is staffed by the San Diego/Riverside County Chapter of the FFLA Forest Fire Lookout Association - San Diego/Riverside.

Other local peaks include:
 * Birch Hill (5710 ft)
 * Boucher Hill (5436 ft).

Access
South Grade Road, the stretch of San Diego County Route S6 going from State Route 76 to the summit provides access with over 20 hairpin turns over the distance of less than 7 mi.

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Palomar Mountain has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csa" on climate maps. Annual precipitation on the mountain averages 30–35 inches (highly variable from year to year), mostly falling between October and April. Snow falls during cold winter storms. Summers are mostly dry, except for thunderstorms in July to early September. The humid climate supports a forest of oak, pine, fir and cedar on large swaths of the mountain.

The upper elevations of the Palomar Mountain Range have notably different habitats than its lower elevation foothills. The lower regions are in the California montane chaparral and woodlands sub-ecoregion, adapted to the xeric/dry Mediterranean climate with chaparral and woodlands flora. The higher regions are in the California mixed evergreen forest sub-ecoregion, with California black oaks, closed-cone pines, firs, and other California oaks and conifers. Higher elevations receive considerably more moisture than the coastal and inland valley lower slopes, with 30 - 35 in of precipitation. They can also receive snow from winter storms.

title: Palomar Mountain


text:
Mii-dera

Nagara-san Onjo-ji (長等山園城寺), also known as just Onjo-ji, or Mii-dera (三井寺), is a Buddhist temple in Japan located at the foot of Mount Hiei, in the city of Ōtsu in Shiga Prefecture. It is a short distance from both Kyoto, and Lake Biwa, Japan's largest lake. The head temple of the Jimon sect of Tendai, it is a sister temple to Enryaku-ji, at the top of the mountain, and is one of the four largest temples in Japan. Altogether, there are 40 named buildings in the Mii-dera complex.

Mii-dera is temple 14 in the Saigoku Kannon Pilgrimage.

Founding, and feuds
Onjō-ji was founded in the Nara period. The temple was founded in 672 following a dispute over Imperial succession. Emperor Tenji had died, and his son was killed by Tenji's brother, who was then enthroned as Emperor Tenmu. Temmu founded Onjō-ji in honor and memory of his brother.

The name Mii-dera ("Temple of Three Wells") came about nearly two centuries later. It was given this name by Enchin, one of the earliest abbots of the Tendai Sect. The name comes from the springs at the temple which were used for the ritual bathing of newborns, and in honor of Emperors Emperor Tenji and Emperor Tenmu, and Empress Jitō, who contributed to the founding of the temple. Today, the Kondō, or Main Hall, houses a spring of sacred water. Under Enchin's guidance, from 859 to his death in 891, Mii-dera gained power and importance, eventually becoming (along with Tōdai-ji, Kōfuku-ji, and Enryaku-ji) one of the four chief temples charged with the spiritual guidance and protection of the capital. It was during this time also that Enryaku-ji and Mii-dera split away from one another, developing two branches of the Tendai sect, called Jimon and Sanmon. For the most part, this was more a geographic rivalry than an ideological schism, but it was an intense one nonetheless, and only grew more severe after Enchin's death.

The rivalry turned violent in the second half of the 10th century, over a series of official appointments to other temples, and similar slights. The zasu of Enryaku-ji in 970 formed the first permanent standing army to be recruited by a religious body. Mii-dera can be assumed to have established one very soon afterwards. In 989, a former abbot of Mii-dera by the name of Yokei was to become abbot of Enryaku-ji; but none of the monks of Enryaku-ji would perform services under his direction. He soon resigned. But in 993, the monks of Mii-dera took revenge, destroying a temple where Ennin, founder of Enryaku-ji's Sanmon sect, had once lived. The monks from Enryaku-ji retaliated, destroying more than 40 places associated with Enchin. In the end, over 1,000 monks of Enchin's Jimon sect fled permanently to Mii-dera, cementing the split between the two Sects. Over the course of the 10th, 11th and 12th centuries, there continued to be similar incidents, over the appointment of abbots (zasu), involving many sōhei, or warrior monks. Mii-dera was burned to the ground by the sōhei of Enryaku-ji four times in the 11th century alone. There were, however, times that the two united against a common enemy, including an attack on the Kōfuku-ji in Nara in 1081 (avenging the burning of the Mii-dera by Kōfuku-ji monks that same year), and a united attack on Nara once more in 1117.

The Genpei Wars
At the end of the 12th century, the attentions of the monks of Mount Hiei were turned towards a greater conflict: the Genpei War. The Taira and Minamoto families supported different claimants to the Chrysanthemum Throne, and in June 1180, the Minamoto brought their claimant, Prince Mochihito, to the Mii-dera, fleeing from Taira samurai. Mii-dera asked for aid from Enryaku-ji, but was denied. The monks of the Mii-dera joined the Minamoto army, and fled to the Byōdō-in, a Fujiwara clan villa, which had been converted to a monastery by Mii-dera monks (see Battle of Uji (1180)).

Angered at the Mii-dera/Minamoto alliance, Taira no Kiyomori ordered the destruction of Mii-dera, and of many of the temples of Nara (see Siege of Nara).

The monks of Mii-dera figured once more in the Genpei War, fighting alongside Taira sympathisers against Minamoto no Yoshinaka, who invaded Kyoto in 1184, setting fire to the Hōjūjidono Palace and kidnapping the retired emperor, Shirakawa II.

Following the Genpei War, there was a long period of relative peace, as the temples of Kyoto and Nara, including the Mii-dera, were rebuilt. As the temples regained strength, rivalries reappeared, though little to no violence actually erupted between Mii-dera and Enryaku-ji. In 1367, when a novice from Mii-dera was killed at a toll barrier established by the temple of Nanzen-ji, warrior monks from Mii-dera set out to attack Nanzen-ji; when the shōgun's forces were sent to quell the rebellion, they discovered Mii-dera's monks to be supported by sōhei from Enryaku-ji and Kōfuku-ji as well. A year later, another battle erupted, over comments made by the abbot of Nanzen-ji; the monks of Mii-dera, along with their allies, defeated the shogun's forces once again.

Sengoku period and beyond
In the late 16th century, Mii-dera, along with many of the other nearby temples, sought alliances, for military (defensive) strength, as well as military power. The territories of the Asai and Asakura families were closest to Mount Hiei, but these families, as well as others the temples had allied with, were rivals of Oda Nobunaga. These two families suffered heavy defeats at the hands of Nobunaga and his chief general Toyotomi Hideyoshi, so in 1571 they sought a stronger alliance with the temples. That same year, Nobunaga set to destroying everything on Mount Hiei, starting with the town of Sakamoto at the foot of the mountain, and setting his sights on Enryaku-ji at the summit. Much of Mii-dera was destroyed, as the warrior monks failed against Nobunaga's large and highly trained samurai army.

Following these attacks, the monks of Mount Hiei were finally granted a reprieve, and rebuilt their temples once more. Mii-dera has never been attacked or destroyed since then.

Halls and treasures
Within the Kondō and Hondo (the Main Hall and Buddha Hall) of Mii-dera, there are at least six statues of the Buddha, sacred personal possessions of various Emperors, including Emperor Tenji, which are hidden away and shown only on rare, special occasions, as well as one large statue of the Miroku, or Maitreya, Buddha in the center of the Hall. The Kondo was built in 1599, and is a replacement for the original, built in 672 and destroyed in 1571.

Mii-dera also has a Kannon-do, built in 1072.

The evening bell of Mii-dera appears in many tales and legends, including one of the warrior monk Musashibo Benkei and another of a vainglorious woman who dared to touch the forbidden bell.

Enman-in
The Enman-in (円満院) is a sub-temple (tatchū (塔頭)) of Mii-dera. It may have been founded in 987 AD by Prince Goen, the son of Emperor Murakami in Okazaki in Kyoto, where it was called the Byōdō-in, although other records state that it was built with the support of Emperor Go-Suzaku in 1040 under the name of Enman-in. In 1052, the Kanpaku Fujiwara no Yorimichi changed his father's villa in Uji into a temple, which became the famous Byōdō-in, and the original Byōdō-in in Okazaki was renamed the "Mii-Byōdō-in" due to its connection with Mii-dera, or the Sakurai-no-miya as recognition that it was a monzeki temple with an Imperial prince as head abbot. It was relocated to its present location within the precincts of Miii-dera in the early Edo Period. Its Shinden-zukuri style main residence was a gift of Empress Meishō in 1647. It was originally built in 1619 for use by Tokugawa Masako, the daughter of Shogun Tokugawa Hidetada and wife of Emperor Go-Mizunoo. The floor plan consists of a total of 6 rooms in 2 rows from north to south, and there is also a throne used by Emperor Mizunoo in one room in the northwest.The Kano school wall paintings in this structure were designated an Important Cultural Property in 1929; however, the painting in situ are reproductions, with the actual works stored at the Kyoto National Museum for preservation.

The Enman-in teien (円満院庭園) gardens was designated a National Place of Scenic Beauty in 1934. The layout of the garden is attributed to Sōami, who is also responsible by for the rock garden at Ginkaku-ji in Kyoto.

Within the grounds of Enman-in is also the Otsu-e Museum (大津絵美術館) with a collection of Otsu-e votive prints which were popular with travelers on the Tōkaidō and Nakasendō roads in the Edo Period.

Kōjō-in
The Kōjō-in (光浄院) is a sub-temple (tatchū (塔頭)) of Mii-dera, built by Yamaoka Kagetomo (山岡景友) (1541-1604). The Yamaoka clan was a cadet branch of the Rokkaku clan native to Ōmi Province, and Yamaoka Kagetomo was one of Toyotomi Hideyoshi's generals. He took the tonsure in 1584, becoming Yamaoka Dōami (道阿弥). Following Hideyoshi's death, he pledged fealty to Tokugawa Ieyasu and in 1603 became daimyō of the 10,000 koku Hitachi-Futto Domain in what is now Inashiki, Ibaraki. In 1601, he sponsored the construction of this chapel within Mii-dera.

The Kōjō-in is noteworthy for its Kyakuden (客殿), or Guest Hall, which was completed in 1601. This six by seven bay structure with a wood-shingled irimoya-zukuri roof has been designated as a National Treasure as a representative example of Shoin-zukuri architecture of the late Muromachi period. It is decorated inside with paintings by the Kano school, notably fusuma paintings by Kanō Sanraku. These painting were designated an Important Cultural Property in 1976.

The Kōjō-in teien (光浄院庭園) gardens was designated a National Place of Scenic Beauty in 1934. The gardens contain a large pond which extends almost to the edge of the verandah of the Kyakuden. The pond contains a central island and a number of monoliths, as a grouping of stones forming a dry waterfall giving a sense of depth. The garden is planted with trees and flowers which reflect the composition of the paintings within the Kyakuden.

The Kōjō-in and its gardens are open to the public only by reservation at least a week in advance.

Zenpō-in
The Zenpō-in (善法院) was a sub-temple (tatchū (塔頭)) of Mii-dera, used as a retreat by its highest-ranking prelates. It was located between the Three-story Pagoda and the Kyōzō library of Mii-dera, but no structures remain today. The sub-temple was noted for its very large gardens, the Zenpō-in teien (善法院庭園), which were commented upon in several Edo Period works on famous gardens in Japan, (including the "Omi Koshiji Sakuden" and "Tsukiyama Niwazoden") and were designated a National Place of Scenic Beauty in 1934. However, the gardens were destroyed in a landslide following heavy rains in 1941. The original layout diagrams for the gardens were later re-discovered, and archaeological excavations found that the edges of the pond and many of the stones of the garden were preserved in good condition. Reconstruction work commenced in 2017.

title: Mii-dera


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Goat shit/addendum2

Goat shit/addendum2
'''NOTE: This has been resolved. See my comments below.''' SWAdair | Talk  05:44, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Blank page. Obvious vandalism. Should be speedy deleted. Bad Rabbit 04:34, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * No. You must always check page's history. I don't know what's going on there. Mikkalai 05:06, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Page history shows vandals writing patent nonsense, then other users reverting. Nothing worth keeping. Bad Rabbit 05:16, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * You looked only top 5-6 entries. Look down the list (comments help). Mikkalai 05:29, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Not a speedy candidate. Someone with knowledge of the history of this will come along and comment, I assume. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 05:37, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Resolved -- not a Speedy, not VfD. This was page-move vandalism, an attempt to get rid of the record kept at Talk:Ambition (card game).  The page has been restored to its proper location and the vandal blocked.  SWAdair | Talk  05:44, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * yeah, but didn't a new one (User:4FD)) arise in his place? --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 06:08, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text: User:Bad Rabbit

title: User:Bad Rabbit


text:
User:Macloo

I am an everyday Wikipedia user and fan. You can find me online with a Google search for macloo.

I have created these entries:

 * University of Florida College of Journalism and Communications (December 2007)
 * Online News Association (May 2007)
 * El Pípila (June 2006)
 * Universiti Teknologi MARA (December 2004)

I have added a section about:

 * Medicinal uses of sea cucumber

In December 2013 I set up a monthly recurring donation to the Wikimedia Foundation. #keepitfree

title: User:Macloo


text: User talk:65.24.195.43

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title: User talk:4.14.88.19


text:
Talk:Thrillington

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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
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 * Thrillington front cover.jpg

title: Talk:Thrillington


text: File:Toad the Wet Sprocket Pale.jpg

title: File:Toad the Wet Sprocket Pale.jpg