text:
Talk:Monroe, Louisiana

History for the city?
How come there is no history section for this city? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.116.140.110 (talk) 03:26, 29 March 2009 (UTC)

Clean up
Can someone fix the edit links for Geography and Demographics? I think the big info box on the right is making them appear wonky (Safari and Firefox on Mac). 12 March 2009 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.2.9.122 (talk) 19:33, 12 March 2009 (UTC)

The grammar and punctuation on here was a mess, but I have cleaned it up a bit. There were also some POV issues, so I removed those. However, it seems to me that what's left is not as well developed or researched as it should be (for instance, the children's museum and the Parks Dept. or whoever runs the skating rinks probably have websites that could be linked to). Is there a monrovian around here who has knowledge of such things? Mwillia9 07:27, 5 January 2007 (UTC) A nearby paper mill pollutes the air with a pungent foul odor.
 * I'm a local. Currently, I'm looking for links and confirmation of some of this stuff. hobbie 15:22, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

The paper mill is quite a long distance from Monroe, and in fact it is in West Monroe, Louisiana. You can very rarely smell the paper mill unless you are close to it. Removed.

Hey, I am trying to travel from Lutcher, Louisiana to Monroe, Louisiana. Do you have good advice how I can get there? How many hours will it take if i am driving 55 mph an hour?

'bout 4:20

I believe Monroe has a connection with Coco Cola.

I didn't know that there was going to be a knew speedway here! 216.79.211.188 03:06, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

The public & political corruption is so bad in Monroe and the entire Ouachita Parish area! 216.79.211.188 03:06, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

economy
I added information with high schools as well as changed the business section to economy and added major players in the Monroe economy. This article needs work! There is so much in Monroe! Also, a picture of the skyline should be added to the box--i dunno how-- it should be easy to find

OK--i did all of that and changed wording

Come on, there's more links to be added and more info to be found. Feature this article on some type of group work thing!

--me (verticalslope)

Fair use rationale for Image:Library3 ulm.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 16:45, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Storefront30.jpg
Image:Storefront30.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 06:31, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Stanley "Tookie" Williams
I can't find anything that shows a connection between him and Monroe. He was born in New Orleans, a lot of sites say he was born in Monroe but they got their information from...an old(incorrect) wiki edit. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.107.51.219 (talk) 03:12, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

Ronnie Coleman
Ronnie Coleman, former Mr. Olympia (bodybuilding's top honor) was born in Monroe, La. -shouldn't he be added to the notables list? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.96.220.57 (talk) 16:09, 12 October 2009 (UTC)

Indian Mounds in or near Monroe, La.?
I heard a part of a radio program that said the oldest and possibly the largest Indian Mounds in North America, but I can't seem to find anything about them on the 4 Monroe searchs I've done, including on your info.

68.238.100.165 (talk) 21:23, 21 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Poverty Point – ishwar  (speak)  17:30, 18 July 2021 (UTC)

No mention of ULM?!
Nobody finds the fact that the city has a major university located in it of any note? I realize University of Louisiana Monroe has its own entry, but couldn't you say ULM is there, was founded on such and such date, and has so many students?98.19.144.219 (talk) 14:45, 24 October 2009 (UTC)

 * pretty small "major" university - what 7,000 or 8,000 students? now if lsu were there... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.158.61.141 (talk) 17:47, 13 August 2010 (UTC)

 * It may not be LSU but it is still a pretty significant university (only public pharmacy school in the state) and one of the cities biggest employers. It should be included. LeftNube77 (talk) 17:08, 18 December 2011 (UTC)

hi never been to monroe ,but been through LA as i use to live in FLA and GA ,any way my father grew up there way back he was a child when bonnie and clyde were gunned down .he told me about when they hauled there car in town. my dad has been gone for about 20 years now but was wondering if anybody knows the family his name was jacob dilworth murphy my name is john murphy at jdmurphy62@gmail.com. i live in okanagon WA.a small town of about 3 thousand pop about 47 miles from CAN border, really the sticks. if anybody can remember any family it would be great. im not looking for anything other than history ,thanks — Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.114.78.186 (talk) 06:07, 30 June 2011 (UTC)

Monroe location is shown improperly
Hello,

The image sub-titled "Location of Monroe in Louisiana, within United States" shows Monroe on the lower-west side of the state, which is incorrect. Monroe is located roughly 200 miles northeast of that location.

Thanks,

98.222.19.172 (talk) 08:42, 4 June 2012 (UTC)

Notable people section
The notable people section is too long. It needs to be moved into its own article. • Sbmeirow  •  Talk  • 17:52, 22 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Moved to new article. • Sbmeirow  •  Talk  • 03:09, 30 December 2013 (UTC)

Native name in French
The infobox claims the "native name" of Monroe is Monroe de Louisiane. How can that be? James Monroe died 19 years after Louisiana joined the Union, and French was not an official language of the US. Magnolia677 (talk) 10:01, 5 August 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://archive.is/20160602200744/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB-EST2015.html to http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB-EST2015.html
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External links modified (February 2018)
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I have just modified 3 external links on Monroe, Louisiana. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Lumen leaving Monroe
Lumen is leaving Monroe and donating its campus to ULM. Ktkvtsh (talk) 18:22, 30 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Monroe, Louisiana


text:
User talk:Slenderneck

Greetings from Northwest Side
First of all, Happy Festivus to all. I am really not in the Christmas spirit this year, on account of a series of unfortunate events and the depressing over-commericialization of said holiday. A very Happy Birthday to... Scott W. (Dec. 27), Greg (Dec. 18), Mark P. (Dec. 11), Paul C. (Dec. 14), Steve T. (Dec. 14), Ryan K. (Dec. 29) and Julia O'R (Dec. 29)

The Burinig Bush
Election ideas, Thoughts or Concerns? Yeah, I have those too. It was a terrible dissapointment to the Democratic Party, and all other liberals, progressives and free thinkers worldwide. Talk to me about what we can do to cope and fight the system.

Looking Forward to...
One Year Anniversary, May 13th, 2005, Star Wars: Revenge of the Sith, May 19th, 2005, Graduation, June 2006, Europe, June 2006, College, Fall 2006, New Apple Powerbook of my very own... ????

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Slenderneck


text:
Isocost

In economics, an isocost line shows all combinations of inputs which cost the same total amount. Although similar to the budget constraint in consumer theory, the use of the isocost line pertains to cost-minimization in production, as opposed to utility-maximization. For the two production inputs labour and capital, with fixed unit costs of the inputs, the equation of the isocost line is
 * $$rK+wL = C\,$$

where w represents the wage rate of labour, r represents the rental rate of capital, K is the amount of capital used, L is the amount of labour used, and C is the total cost of acquiring those quantities of the two inputs.

The absolute value of the slope of the isocost line, with capital plotted vertically and labour plotted horizontally, equals the ratio of unit costs of labour and capital. The slope is:

 * $$-w/r. \,$$

The isocost line is combined with the isoquant map to determine the optimal production point at any given level of output. Specifically, the point of tangency between any isoquant and an isocost line gives the lowest-cost combination of inputs that can produce the level of output associated with that isoquant. Equivalently, it gives the maximum level of output that can be produced for a given total cost of inputs. A line joining tangency points of isoquants and isocosts (with input prices held constant) is called the expansion path.

The cost-minimization problem
The cost-minimization problem of the firm is to choose an input bundle (K,L) feasible for the output level y that costs as little as possible. A cost-minimizing input bundle is a point on the isoquant for the given y that is on the lowest possible isocost line. Put differently, a cost-minimizing input bundle must satisfy two conditions:

 * 1) it is on the y-isoquant
 * 2) no other point on the y-isoquant is on a lower isocost line.

The case of smooth isoquants convex to the origin
If the y-isoquant is smooth and convex to the origin and the cost-minimizing bundle involves a positive amount of each input, then at a cost-minimizing input bundle an isocost line is tangent to the y-isoquant. Now since the absolute value of the slope of the isocost line is the input cost ratio $$w/r$$, and the absolute value of the slope of an isoquant is the marginal rate of technical substitution (MRTS), we reach the following conclusion: If the isoquants are smooth and convex to the origin and the cost-minimizing input bundle involves a positive amount of each input, then this bundle satisfies the following two conditions:

 * It is on the y-isoquant (i.e. F(K, L) = y where F is the production function), and
 * the MRTS at (K, L) equals w/r.

The condition that the MRTS be equal to w/r can be given the following intuitive interpretation. We know that the MRTS is equal to the ratio of the marginal products of the two inputs. So the condition that the MRTS be equal to the input cost ratio is equivalent to the condition that the marginal product per dollar is equal for the two inputs. This condition makes sense: at a particular input combination, if an extra dollar spent on input 1 yields more output than an extra dollar spent on input 2, then more of input 1 should be used and less of input 2, and so that input combination cannot be optimal. Only if a dollar spent on each input is equally productive is the input bundle optimal.

An isocost line is a curve which shows various combinations of inputs that cost the same total amount. For the two production inputs labour and capital, with fixed unit costs of the inputs, the isocost curve is a straight line. The isocost line is always used to determine the optimal production combined with the isoquant line.

if w represents the wage rate of labour, r represents the rental rate of capital, K is the amount of capital used, L is the amount of labour used, and C is the total cost of the two inputs, than the isocost line can be

C=rK+wL

In the figure, the point C / w on the horizontal axis represents that all the given costs are used in labor, and the point C / r on the vertical axis represents that all the given costs are used in capital. The line connecting these two points is the isocost line.

The slope is -w/r which represents the relative price. Any point within the isocost line indicates that there are surplus after purchasing the combination of labor and capital at that point. Any point outside the isocost line indicates that the combination of labor and capital is not enough to be purchased at the given cost. Only the point in the isocost line shows the combination that can be purchased exactly at the given cost.

If the prices of the t factors change, the isocost line will also change. Suppose w rises, so that the maximum amount of labor that can be employed at the same cost will decrease, that is, the intercept of the isocost line on the L axis will decrease; and because r remains unchanged, the intercept of the isocost line on the K axis will remain unchanged.

title: Isocost


text:
Agassiz (disambiguation)

Louis Agassiz (1807–1873) was a Swiss-born American biologist and geologist who is recognized as a scholar of Earth's natural history.

Agassiz may also refer to:

People

 * Other members of the Agassiz family, including:
 * Elizabeth Cabot Agassiz (1822–1907), American educator and naturalist, wife of Louis
 * Alexander Agassiz (1835–1910), American scientist and engineer, son of Louis and Elizabeth
 * Rodolphe L. Agassiz (1871–1933), polo champion, son of Alexander
 * Graham Agassiz (born 1990), Canadian mountain biker

North America

 * Lake Agassiz, a prehistoric glacial lake

Canada

 * Agassiz Ice Cap, on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut

United States

 * Agassiz Glacier (Alaska)
 * Agassiz Glacier (Montana)
 * Agassiz Peak, in Arizona
 * Agassiz Rock, former name of The Monoliths, a park in Massachusetts
 * Mount Agassiz (California)
 * Mount Agassiz (New Hampshire)
 * Mount Agassiz (Utah)

Elsewhere

 * Agassiz (crater), on Mars
 * Agassiz Glacier (New Zealand)
 * Agassizhorn, in Switzerland

Communities

 * Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada
 * Agassiz station (British Columbia), a railway station
 * Agassiz, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
 * Agassiz Township, Lac qui Parle County, Minnesota, U.S.
 * Agassiz Wilderness, in Minnesota, US
 * Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge in Minnesota, US
 * Agassiz (electoral district), in Manitoba, Canada

Other uses

 * Agassiz Brewing Company, a Canadian brewery named for the prehistoric lake
 * Agassiz School, a historic building in Ottumwa, Iowa, U.S.
 * Agassiz Station, now Oak Ridge Observatory, in Massachusetts, U.S.
 * Hotel Agassiz, a historic building in Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
 * HMCS Agassiz, a ship of the Royal Canadian Navy
 * USS Agassiz, a ship of the United States Navy
 * USCGC Agassiz (WSC-126), a ship of the United States Coast Guard

title: Agassiz (disambiguation)


text:
Leibniz formula for π

In mathematics, the Leibniz formula for π, named after Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, states that $$ \frac{\pi}{4} = 1-\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{5}-\frac{1}{7}+\frac{1}{9}-\cdots = \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^{k}}{2k + 1},$$

an alternating series.

It is sometimes called the Madhava–Leibniz series as it was first discovered by the Indian mathematician Madhava of Sangamagrama or his followers in the 14th–15th century (see Madhava series), and was later independently rediscovered by James Gregory in 1671 and Leibniz in 1673. The Taylor series for the inverse tangent function, often called Gregory's series, is $$ \arctan x = x - \frac{x^3}{3} + \frac{x^5}{5} - \frac{x^7}{7} + \cdots = \sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^kx^{2k+1}}{2k+1}. $$

The Leibniz formula is the special case $\arctan 1 = \tfrac14\pi.$

It also is the Dirichlet $π$-series of the non-principal Dirichlet character of modulus 4 evaluated at $$s=1,$$ and therefore the value $β(1)$ of the Dirichlet beta function.

Proof 1
$$\begin{align} \frac{\pi}{4} &= \arctan(1) \\ &= \int_0^1 \frac 1{1+x^2} \, dx \\[8pt] & = \int_0^1\left(\sum_{k=0}^n (-1)^k x^{2k}+\frac{(-1)^{n+1}\,x^{2n+2} }{1+x^2}\right) \, dx \\[8pt] & = \left(\sum_{k=0}^n \frac{(-1)^k}{2k+1}\right) +(-1)^{n+1} \left(\int_0^1\frac{x^{2n+2}}{1+x^2} \, dx\right) \end{align}$$

Considering only the integral in the last term, we have: $$0 \le \int_0^1 \frac{x^{2n+2}}{1+x^2}\,dx \le \int_0^1 x^{2n+2}\,dx = \frac{1}{2n+3} \;\rightarrow 0 \text{ as } n \rightarrow \infty.$$

Therefore, by the squeeze theorem, as $n → ∞$, we are left with the Leibniz series: $$\frac{\pi}4 = \sum_{k=0}^\infty\frac{(-1)^k}{2k+1}$$

Proof 2
Let $$f(z) = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(-1)^n}{2n+1}z^{2n+1}$$, when $$|z|<1$$, the series $$ \sum_{k=0}^\infty (-1)^k z^{2k}$$ converges uniformly, then $$\arctan(z) = \int_{0}^{z} \frac {1}{1+t^2} dt =\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(-1)^n}{2n+1}z^{2n+1} = f(z) \ (|z|<1). $$

Therefore, if $$f(z)$$ approaches $$f(1)$$ so that it is continuous and converges uniformly, the proof is complete, where, the series $$\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(-1)^n}{2n+1}$$ to be converges by the Leibniz's test, and also, $$f(z)$$ approaches $$f(1)$$ from within the Stolz angle, so from Abel's theorem this is correct.

Convergence
Leibniz's formula converges extremely slowly: it exhibits sublinear convergence. Calculating π to 10 correct decimal places using direct summation of the series requires precisely five billion terms because $4⁄2k + 1 < 10^{−10}$ for $k > 2 × 10^{10} − 1⁄2$ (one needs to apply Calabrese error bound). To get 4 correct decimal places (error of 0.00005) one needs 5000 terms. Even better than Calabrese or Johnsonbaugh error bounds are available.

However, the Leibniz formula can be used to calculate π to high precision (hundreds of digits or more) using various convergence acceleration techniques. For example, the Shanks transformation, Euler transform or Van Wijngaarden transformation, which are general methods for alternating series, can be applied effectively to the partial sums of the Leibniz series. Further, combining terms pairwise gives the non-alternating series $$\frac{\pi}{4} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \left(\frac{1}{4n+1}-\frac{1}{4n+3}\right) = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{2}{(4n+1)(4n+3)}$$

which can be evaluated to high precision from a small number of terms using Richardson extrapolation or the Euler–Maclaurin formula. This series can also be transformed into an integral by means of the Abel–Plana formula and evaluated using techniques for numerical integration.

Unusual behaviour
If the series is truncated at the right time, the decimal expansion of the approximation will agree with that of π for many more digits, except for isolated digits or digit groups. For example, taking five million terms yields $$3.141592\underline{4}5358979323846\underline{4}643383279502\underline{7}841971693993\underline{873}058...$$

where the underlined digits are wrong. The errors can in fact be predicted; they are generated by the Euler numbers $E_{n}$ according to the asymptotic formula $$\frac{\pi}{2} - 2 \sum_{k=1}^{N/2} \frac{(-1)^{k-1}}{2k-1} \sim \sum_{m=0}^\infty \frac{E_{2m}}{N^{2m+1}}$$

where $N$ is an integer divisible by 4. If $N$ is chosen to be a power of ten, each term in the right sum becomes a finite decimal fraction. The formula is a special case of the Euler–Boole summation formula for alternating series, providing yet another example of a convergence acceleration technique that can be applied to the Leibniz series. In 1992, Jonathan Borwein and Mark Limber used the first thousand Euler numbers to calculate π to 5,263 decimal places with the Leibniz formula.

Euler product
The Leibniz formula can be interpreted as a Dirichlet series using the unique non-principal Dirichlet character modulo 4. As with other Dirichlet series, this allows the infinite sum to be converted to an infinite product with one term for each prime number. Such a product is called an Euler product. It is: $$\begin{align} \frac\pi4 &= \biggl(\prod_{p \,\equiv\, 1\ (\text{mod}\ 4)}\frac{p}{p-1}\biggr) \biggl( \prod_{p\,\equiv\, 3\ (\text{mod}\ 4)}\frac{p}{p+1}\biggr) \\[7mu] &= \frac{3}{4} \cdot \frac{5}{4} \cdot \frac{7}{8} \cdot \frac{11}{12} \cdot \frac{13}{12} \cdot \frac{17}{16} \cdot \frac{19}{20} \cdot \frac{23}{24} \cdot \frac{29}{28} \cdots \end{align}$$ In this product, each term is a superparticular ratio, each numerator is an odd prime number, and each denominator is the nearest multiple of 4 to the numerator.

title: Leibniz formula for π


text:
Frederick Karl Gampper Jr.

Frederick Karl Gampper Jr. (28 August 1893 - 3 March 1961) was a dirigible pilot with license #53 issued by the Aero Club of America, and a licensed free balloon pilot. His mentors included Ralph H. Upson and Herman Kraft.

Biography
Frederick Karl Gampper worked for Goodyear from around 1913 to 1921, primarily in their lighter-than-air division. He was supervisor of dirigible operations, liaison to the Navy, pilot and instructor in Key West and Akron at Goodyear's Wingfoot Lake facility from 1917 to 1921. Gampper was chief pilot of the Wingfoot Air Express, an early Goodyear blimp that was to make history in Chicago on Monday, July 21, 1919, when the worst dirigible disaster in United States history occurred on that date. Because the blimp was overweight on this occasion, Gampper had to allow a thinner pilot to make the flight. The highly flammable hydrogen in the blimp ignited over downtown Chicago causing the airship to crash through the skylight of the Illinois Trust and Savings Building. The accident killed one crew member, two passengers, and ten bank employees. In the aftermath of the crash, Chicago changed rules for flights over the city as well as closing the Grant Park Airstrip and creating Chicago Air Park.

Gampper left Goodyear in 1921 to assume the role of chief pilot of the Commercial Airship Syndicate, Ltd., one of the first commercial airlines in the United States. They ran mail and passengers between Kansas City, Missouri and Oklahoma City. The Syndicate's offices were located at the Gumbel Building in Kansas City, and their small Goodyear Pony Blimp was hangared at a location along the river. The company closed after their hangar and blimp were destroyed during a windstorm.

Gampper's greatest contribution to lighter-than-air flight was as a teacher to many of the men who would go on to design, command, and fly America's great dirigibles: the USS Shenandoah (ZR-1), USS Los Angeles (ZR-3), USS Macon (ZRS-5), and USS Akron (ZRS-4).

Much of his collection is with the Smithsonian Air And Space Museum, Washington, D.C. on loan from his grandson, James Michael Gampper. It consists of blueprints, manuals, newspaper articles, brochures and photographs of airships and balloons during the early part of the 20th century. The airships included are the US Army airship Roma, the Wingfoot Express, and the Pony Blimp at Commercial Air Syndicate.

title: Frederick Karl Gampper Jr.


text:
NWChem

NWChem is an ab initio computational chemistry software package which includes quantum chemical and molecular dynamics functionality. It was designed to run on high-performance parallel supercomputers as well as conventional workstation clusters. It aims to be scalable both in its ability to treat large problems efficiently, and in its usage of available parallel computing resources. NWChem has been developed by the Molecular Sciences Software group of the Theory, Modeling & Simulation program of the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL) at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). The early implementation was funded by the EMSL Construction Project.

NWChem is currently being redesigned and reimplemented for exascale computing platforms (NWChemEx ).

Capabilities

 * Molecular mechanics
 * Molecular dynamics
 * Hartree–Fock (self-consistent field method)
 * Density functional theory
 * Time-dependent density functional theory
 * Post-Hartree–Fock methods, including MP2 in the resolution of identity approximation (RI-MP2 ), multiconfigurational self-consistent-field (MCSCF) theory, selected configuration interaction (CI), Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP2, MP3, MP4), configuration interaction (CISD, CISDT, CISDTQ), and coupled cluster theory (CCSD, CCSDT, CCSDTQ, EOMCCSD, EOMCCSDT, EOMCCSDTQ).  The Tensor Contraction Engine, or TCE, provides most of the functionality for the correlated methods, and can be used to develop additional many-body methods using a Python interface.  A full list of approximate coupled-cluster methods is available on the website.
 * QM/MM
 * ONIOM

Graphical shells

 * ECCE (official GUI for NWChem), supports input generation, remote submission, analysis, extensive visualization
 * Ascalaph Designer, a free and open source software package for model construction
 * Chemcraft, a proprietary software for visualization and analysis of results

title: NWChem


text:
Agesander of Rhodes

Agesander (also Agesandros, Hagesander, Hagesandros, or Hagesanderus; Ἀγήσανδρος or Ἁγήσανδρος) was one, or more likely, several Greek sculptors from the island of Rhodes, working in the first centuries BC and AD, in a late Hellenistic "baroque" style. If there was more than one sculptor called Agesander they were very likely related to each other. The very important works of the groups of Laocoön and His Sons, in the Vatican Museums, and the sculptures discovered at Sperlonga are both signed by three sculptors including an Agesander.

Sculptures
The name Agesander is only found in ancient literature in Pliny the Elder, but occurs in several inscriptions, though between them these certainly refer to a number of different individuals. Until the discovery at Sperlonga in 1959, only one work which Agesander executed was known, although this is one of the most famous of all classical sculptures. Pliny records that in conjunction with Athenodorus and Polydorus, Agesander sculpted Laocoön and his Sons, although modern art historians generally view the trio as being either "high-class copyists", or working in a Pergamese baroque style created some two centuries earlier.

In 1959 a very large set of sculptures were discovered at Sperlonga, and are now in a museum there created for them. One section, the ship's prow of the "Scylla group", was signed by the same three names, this time with the names of their fathers, but in a different order. Sperlonga is the classical Spelunca mentioned by Tacitus and others, on the coast between Rome and Naples, where the emperor Tiberius had a celebrated villa. Tiberius was nearly killed when the grotto containing the statues collapsed in 26 AD, as Tacitus recounts, so they must predate this. The sculptures were in thousands of fragments, and reconstruction of the smaller pieces continues, amid much scholarly argument. The scenes all feature stories of Odysseus, and are in a similar style to the Laocoön, but with many significant differences, not least in quality, being uneven but generally of much lower skill and finish (the group is also considerably larger). Both the Sperlonga works and the Laocoön were probably created in Italy for very wealthy Roman patrons very likely from the Imperial circle; they were certainly owned by the Imperial family later, as Pliny says the Laocoön belonged to the Emperor Titus in his day.

Inscriptions
Agesander is named first by Pliny as artist of the Laocoön, with Athenodoros second, but in the "signature" inscription at Sperlonga his name comes second to Athenodoros, who is "Athenodoros, son of Agesander". The others are "Agesandros, son of Paionios" (Paionios is a rare name) and "Polydoros, son of Polydoros". It is thought that strict seniority governed the sequence of names in such cases and, barring a simple mistake by Pliny, that it cannot be the same Agesander in both Pliny and Sperlonga. It was common for Rhodians to be named after their grandfathers, with the same names alternating over many generations for as long as several centuries. An inscription on a base for a statue at Lindos, firmly dated to 42 BC, records "Athenodorus, son of Agesander", but again it is unclear how these two names relate to the other references – in fact both names were very common on Rhodes, though infrequent elsewhere. Conversely Polydorus, the last named in both inscriptions, is generally a common Greek name, but much less so on Rhodes, and as a sculptor seems only known from Pliny, whereas an Athenodorus was evidently famous, recorded on several bases for sculptures (all found or recorded detached from their sculptures), more as a label or caption than a signature. In some he is again "Athenodorus, son of Agesander". This is also the name of a priest recorded in an inscription at Lindos datable to 22 BC, which also records a possible brother "Agesander, son of Agesander"; either of these might have been sculptors also, or not.

"Agesandros, son of Paionios" occurs in other honorific inscriptions, including a very grand one on Rhodes listing over twenty related individuals, and Paionios's own father is another Agesander. E. E. Rice says this inscription can be dated fairly closely to "c. 60–50 BC, probably closer to 50 BC", and identifies Agesandros with the Sperlonga sculptor. As an example of the proliferation of these names, another "Agesander, son of Agesander, son of Athenodorus" is recorded as a military man on Rhodes, and was probably born about 120 BC, but there is no evidence to connect him with sculpting.

One possibility is that either or both of the trios containing Agesander possessed the same names as sculptors from an earlier period, perhaps as members of the same family or workshop tradition.

Controversy over the general date of Agesander's life, or the lives of various Agesanders, has never been settled; it was previously discussed on the grounds of artistic style, but now the evidence of inscriptions has come into play. The 18th-century art historian Johann Joachim Winckelmann felt certain that, as sculptor of the Laocoön group, he was a contemporary of Lysippos in the 4th century BC; others have placed him as late as the 70s AD, in the reign of Vespasian. The death of Pliny in the eruption that destroyed Pompeii in 79 AD provides a terminus ante quem for the Laocoön, just as the collapsing grotto at Sperlonga in 26 AD does for those works. Modern scholarly consensus puts the likely time frame for these works as between 50 BC and 70 AD, though lively controversy continues as to more precise dating: a French article of 1997 was called "Un conflit qui s'éternise: La guerre de Sperlonga", or "A conflict which is becoming endless: the War of Sperlonga".

Rice makes the confident and convenient but perhaps unwarranted assumption that only one Athenodoros, the son of Agesander, practiced as a sculptor, and that he signed the Lindos statue in 42 BC, a prestigious commission not likely to be given to a young artist. Reconstructing his proposed and putative career as a famous sculptor, Athenodoros flourished up to perhaps about 10 BC, working in Italy for perhaps most of the latter part of his career. Some time before about 10 BC he was first the second sculptor of the Laocoön, probably under his father Agesandros, and at a later date was the lead sculptor of Sperlonga. He was probably also related to the Sperlonga Agesander, son of Paionios, although this Agesander was not his father, and Rice does not speculate how the Sperlonga Agesander (the second name listed on the inscription there) might fit in.

title: Agesander of Rhodes


text:
Order of Culture

The Order of Culture (文化勲章) is a Japanese order, established on February 11, 1937. The order has one class only, and may be awarded to men and women for contributions to Japan's art, literature, science, technology, or anything related to culture in general; recipients of the order also receive an annuity for life. The order is conferred by the Emperor of Japan in person on Culture Day (November 3) each year. It is considered equivalent to the highest rank (Grand Cordon) of the Order of the Rising Sun, the Order of the Sacred Treasure, and the Order of the Precious Crown. The only orders that Japanese emperors bestow on recipients by their own hands are the Collar of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum, the Grand Cordon of each order, and the Order of Culture.

The badge of the order, which is in gold with white enamel, is in the form of a Tachibana orange blossom; the central disc bears three crescent-shaped jades (magatama). The badge is suspended on a gold and enamel wreath of mandarin orange leaves and fruit, which is in turn suspended on a purple ribbon worn around the neck.

System of recognition
The Order of Culture and Persons of Cultural Merit function together in honoring contributions to the advancement and development of Japanese culture in a variety of fields such as academia, arts and others.

Order of Culture
The Emperor himself presents the honor at the award ceremony, which takes place at the Imperial Palace on the Day of Culture (November 3). Candidates for the Order of Culture are selected from the Persons of Cultural Merit by the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, upon hearing views of all the members of the selection committee for the Persons of Cultural Merit. The Minister then recommends the candidates to the Prime Minister so that they can be decided by the Cabinet.

Persons of Cultural Merit
The system for Persons of Cultural Merit was established in 1951 by the Law on Pensions for the Persons of Cultural Merit. Since the Constitution of Japan stipulates that "No privilege shall accompany any award of honor, decoration or any distinction" (Article 14), the government is not allowed to provide pensions or rewards to recipients of the Order of Culture. The purpose is to honor persons of cultural merit (including recipients of the Order of Culture) by providing a special government-sponsored pension (3.5 million yen per year). Since 1955, the new honorees have been announced on the Day of Culture, the same day as the award ceremony for the Order of Culture.

Selected recipients

A complete list can be found here.

 * Akira Ifukube (1914–2006). A composer of classical music and film scores.
 * Ryukichi Inada (1874–1950). A physician, a prominent academic, and bacteriologist researcher.
 * Hideo Kobayashi (1902–1983). An author, who established literary criticism as an independent art form in Japan.
 * Akira Kurosawa (1910-1998). A world-famous film director and painter.
 * Hantaro Nagaoka (1865–1950). A physicist and a pioneer of Japanese physics in the early Meiji period.
 * Nakamura Kichiemon I (1896–1954). 1st kabuki actor to receive this honor.
 * Nakamura Utaemon VI (1917–2001). A famous kabuki actor, known for his oyama roles.
 * Kaii Higashiyama (1908–1999). A famous artist and writer, renowned for his Nihonga style paintings.
 * Kinjiro Okabe (1896–1984). An electrical engineering researcher and professor who developed the split-anode magnetron.
 * Jirō Osaragi (1897–1973). A popular writer in Shōwa period.
 * Junjiro Takakusu (1866–1945). An academic, an advocate for expanding higher education opportunities, and an internationally known Buddhist scholar.
 * Kenjiro Takayanagi (1899–1990). A pioneer in the development of television.
 * Morohashi Tetsuji (1883–1982). An important figure in the world of Japanese studies and Sinology.
 * Susumu Tonegawa (born 1939). A scientist who won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1987.
 * Eiji Yoshikawa (1892–1962). A historical novelist.
 * Yasunari Kawabata (1899–1972). A novelist who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1968.

1992

 * Masaru Ibuka (1908–1997). Co-founder, President and Chairman of Sony Corporation.

1994

 * Takashi Asahina (1908–2001). Orchestral conductor.
 * Tadao Umesao (1920–2010). Ethnologist.
 * Hideo Shima (1901–1998). Railway engineer.

1995

 * Shigemitsu Dandō (1913–2012). Criminologist.
 * Shūsaku Endō (1923–1996). Writer.

1996

 * Hanae Mori (1926–2022). Fashion designer.
 * Rizō Takeuchi (1907–1997). Historian of Japan.

1997

 * Masatoshi Koshiba (1926–2020). Nobel Prize-winning physicist.
 * Hirofumi Uzawa (1928–2014). Economist.

1998

 * Ikuo Hirayama (1930–2009). Nihonga artist.
 * Tadamitsu Kishimoto (born 1939). Immunologist.

1999

 * Hiroyuki Agawa (1920–2015). Writer.
 * Fuku Akino (1908–2001). Nihonga artist.
 * Takeshi Umehara (born 1925). Scholar of Japanese cultural studies.

2000

 * Ryōji Noyori (born 1938). Nobel Prize-winning chemist.
 * Hideki Shirakawa (born 1936). Nobel Prize-winning chemist.
 * Isuzu Yamada (1917–2012). Actress.

2001

 * Chie Nakane (1926–2021). Social anthropologist.
 * Toshio Yodoi (1911–2005). Sculptor.

2002

 * Kyōhei Fujita (1921–2004). Glass artist.
 * Kaneto Shindō. Film director.
 * Kōichi Tanaka. Nobel Prize-winning scientist.

2003

 * Kazuhiko Nishijima (1926–2009). Physicist.
 * Sadako Ogata. Political scientist and diplomat.
 * Makoto Ōoka. Poet and literary critic.

2004

 * Yōji Totsuka (1942–2008). Physicist.
 * Nakamura Jakuemon, Kabuki actor.
 * Toan Kobayashi, Seal carver.
 * Shizuka Shirakawa, Scholar of Chinese-language literature.
 * Horin Fukuoji, Nihonga painter.

2005

 * Mitsuko Mori. Actress.
 * Makoto Saitō (1921–2008). Political scientist, specializing in American diplomatic and political history.
 * Ryuzan Aoki, Ceramic artist.
 * Toshio Sawada, Civil engineer.
 * Shigeaki Hinohara, Doctor.

2006

 * Yoshiaki Arata. A pioneer of nuclear fusion research.
 * Jakuchō Setouchi. Writer/Buddhist nun.
 * Hidekazu Yoshida. Music critic.
 * Chusaku Oyama, Nihonga painter.
 * Miyohei Shinohara, Economist.

2007

 * Akira Mikazuki. Former justice minister and professor emeritus.
 * Shinya Nakamura. Sculptor.
 * Kōji Nakanishi. Organic chemist.
 * Tokindo Okada, Developmental biologist.
 * Shigeyama Sensaku, Kyogen performer.

2008

 * Hironoshin Furuhashi (1928–2009). Sportsman and sports bureaucrat.
 * Kiyoshi Itō. A mathematician whose work is now called Itō calculus.
 * Donald Keene. A Japanologist, scholar, teacher, writer, translator and interpreter of Japanese literature and culture.
 * Makoto Kobayashi. A physicist who was awarded the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics.
 * Toshihide Masukawa. A theoretical physicist who was awarded the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics.
 * Seiji Ozawa. A conductor, particularly noted for his interpretations of large-scale late Romantic works.
 * Osamu Shimomura. An organic chemist and marine biologist who was awarded the 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
 * Seiko Tanabe. Author.

2009

 * Sumio Iijima. Physicist.
 * Tōjūrō Sakata IV. Kabuki actor.
 * Katsura Beicho, Rakugo performer.
 * Akira Hayami, Economist, Historian.
 * Yorio Hinuma, Virologist.

2010

 * Tadao Ando. Architect.
 * Akito Arima. Nuclear physicist.
 * Issei Miyake. Fashion designer.
 * Eiichi Negishi. Chemistry Nobel Prize laureate.
 * Yukio Ninagawa. Stage director.
 * Akira Suzuki. Chemistry Nobel Prize laureate.
 * Haruko Wakita. Medieval historian.

2011

 * Isamu Akasaki, Engineer.
 * Ohi Chozaemon, potter.
 * Saiichi Maruya, Author.
 * Taichiro Mitani, Political and history scholar.
 * Mitsuhiro Yanagida, Molecular biologist.

2012

 * Shigeru Oda, Jurist, a judge on the International Court of Justice from 1976 to 2003.
 * Yoji Yamada, Film Director.
 * Shinya Yamanaka, Physiology Nobel Prize laureate, biologist.
 * Shuji Takashina, art critic.
 * Toshio Matsuo, nihonga painter.
 * Yashuyuki Yamada, agronomist.

2013

 * Ken Takakura, noted Japanese actor.
 * Susumu Nakanishi, noted scholar of Japanese literature.
 * Shunichi Iwasaki, noted scholar of electrical engineering.
 * Seikaku Takagi, noted Japanese calligrapher.
 * Tasuku Honjo, noted immunologist

2014

 * Hiroshi Amano, Physics Nobel Prize laureate in 2014.
 * Shuji Nakamura, Physics Nobel Prize laureate in 2014.
 * Takemoto Sumitayu, narrator of Japanese bunraku, also known as a “ningyo joruri” (puppet theater).
 * Taeko Kōno, writer and critic and is considered one of the most important contemporary writers of modern Japanese literature.
 * Toyoki Kunitake, researcher in molecular architecture.
 * Takashi Negishi, economist.
 * Gyoji Nomiyama, Western-style painter.

2021

 * Syukuro Manabe, Nobel Prize winning climatologist.
 * Shigeo Nagashima, noted former Japanese baseball player.
 * Onoe Kikugoro VII, Kabuki actor.
 * Tsuneko Okazaki, Molecular biology researcher.
 * Hirohiko Okano, Japanese tanka poet.
 * Junzo Kawada, Anthropologist.
 * Koji Kinutani, Painter.
 * Shigefumi Mori, Mathematician.
 * Asami Maki, Ballet dancer.

2022

 * Atsushi Uemura, nihonga painter.
 * Hiroyuki Sakaki, electronic engineer.
 * Teruhiko Beppu, microbiologist.
 * Matsumoto Hakuō II, kabuki player.
 * Yamase Shōin III, koto player.
 * Tadao Yoshikawa, Oriental historian.

2023

 * Nomura Mansaku II, kyogen player.
 * Keidō Ishige, calligrapher.
 * Katsuhito Iwai, economist.
 * Saburō Kawabuchi, football player, president of the Japan Football Association
 * Nanami Shiono, novelist.
 * Tadatsugu Taniguchi, immunologist.
 * Kōhei Tamao, organic chemist.

Known to have declined the honor

 * Kenzaburō Ōe, 1994 Nobel laureate and critic of the Japanese Imperial system.
 * Haruko Sugimura, actress.

title: Order of Culture


text:
Agonothetes

In ancient Greece, an agonothetes (plural agonothetai; ἀγωνοθέτης) was the president or superintendent of one of the sacred Panhellenic Games. Alternative names for the same role included athlothetes, particularly in Athens.

At first the person who instituted the games and defrayed the expenses was the agonothetes; but in the great public games, such as the Olympic Games and Pythian Games, these presidents were the representatives of different states, or were chosen from the people in whose country the games were celebrated; thus at the Panathenaic Games at Athens ten athlothetae were elected for four years to superintend the various contests.

In English, by confusion with the native -s plural form, the singular agonothete and plural agonothetes are sometimes encountered.

title: Agonothetes


text:
Gary McCaffrie

Gary McCaffrie is an Australian television comedy writer and producer, best known for his work on Fast Forward and Full Frontal, and his many collaborations with comedian Shaun Micallef. Most recently he was the creator and co-writer (with Wayne Hope) of Very Small Business (2008).

With Micallef, he created The Micallef Program, which ran for three award-winning seasons (1998-2001), and the BlackJack series of telemovies (2003-) starring Colin Friels. Gary has also contributed to Micallef's other TV projects, including Shaun Micallef's World Around Him (1996), Welcher & Welcher (2003), Micallef Tonight (2003) and Newstopia (2007-08). Among his other writing credits are The Games, skitHOUSE, Comedy Inc. and BackBerner.

title: Gary McCaffrie


text:
File:Adric.jpg

Matthew Waterhouse as Adric in Doctor Who (from Full Circle).

Non-free use rationale for Adric
This image, Adric.jpg, is promotional picture from Doctor Who Magazine, the copyright is most likely held by the BBC, the magazine publisher or the photographer, I futurehawk|talk 22:03, 24 September 2007 (UTC)) feel it is covered by the U.S. fair use law because:
 * 1) The image is a low-resolution cropped image from Doctor Who Magazine;
 * 2) The image is being used for informational purposes about the character Adric, as portrayed by Matthew Waterhouse, visually depicting characteristics explained in the article;
 * 3) No more free alternative exists;
 * 4) The use of the image in this article will have no effect on the copyright holders commercial use of the image.

title: File:Adric.jpg


text:
Church and state in medieval Europe

Church and state in medieval Europe was the relationship between the Catholic Church and the various monarchies and other states in Europe during the Middle Ages (between the end of Roman authority in the West in the fifth century to their end in the East in the fifteenth century and the beginning of the modern era).

Origins
Church gradually became a defining institution of the Roman Empire. Emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan in 313 proclaiming toleration for the Christian religion, and convoked the First Council of Nicaea in 325 whose Nicene Creed included belief in "one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church". Emperor Theodosius I made Nicene Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire with the Edict of Thessalonica of 380.

Pope Leo the Great defined the role of the state as being a defender of the church's cause and a suppressor of heresies in a letter to the Eastern Roman Emperor Leo I: "You ought unhesitatingly to recognize that the Royal Power has been conferred to you not only for the Rule of the world, but especially for the defense of the Church, so that by suppressing the heinous undertakings you may defend those Statutes which are good and restore True Peace to those things which have been disordered".

After the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century, there emerged no single powerful secular government in the West. There was however a central ecclesiastical power in Rome, the Catholic Church. In this power vacuum, the church rose to become the dominant power in the West. The church started expanding in the 10th century, and as secular kingdoms gained power at the same time, there naturally arose the conditions for a power struggle between church and state over ultimate authority.

The earliest vision of Christendom was a vision of a Christian theocracy, a government founded upon and upholding Christian values, whose institutions are spread through and over with Christian doctrine. In this period, members of the Christian clergy wield political authority. The specific relationship between the political leaders and the clergy varied but, in theory, the national and political divisions were at times subsumed under the leadership of the Catholic Church as an institution. This model of Church–State relations was accepted by various Church leaders and political leaders in European history.

The classical heritage flourished throughout the Middle Ages in both the Byzantine Greek East and the Latin West. In the Greek philosopher Plato's ideal state there are three major classes, which was representative of the idea of the "tripartite soul", which is expressive of three functions or capacities of the human soul: "reason", "the spirited element", and "appetites" (or "passions"). Will Durant made a convincing case that certain prominent features of Plato's ideal community were discernible in the organization, dogma and effectiveness of "the" Medieval Church in Europe:

"... For a thousand years Europe was ruled by an order of guardians considerably like that which was visioned by our philosopher. During the Middle Ages it was customary to classify the population of Christendom into laboratores (workers), bellatores (soldiers), and oratores (clergy). The last group, though small in number, monopolized the instruments and opportunities of culture, and ruled with almost unlimited sway half of the most powerful continent on the globe. The clergy, like Plato's guardians, were placed in authority... by their talent as shown in ecclesiastical studies and administration, by their disposition to a life of meditation and simplicity, and ... by the influence of their relatives with the powers of state and church. In the latter half of the period in which they ruled [800 AD onwards], the clergy were as free from family cares as even Plato could desire [for such guardians]... [Clerical] Celibacy was part of the psychological structure of the power of the clergy; for on the one hand they were unimpeded by the narrowing egoism of the family, and on the other their apparent superiority to the call of the flesh added to the awe in which lay sinners held them.... In the latter half of the period in which they ruled, the clergy were as free from family cares as even Plato could desire."

The Catholic Church's peak of authority over all European Christians and their common endeavours of the Christian community — for example, the Crusades, the fight against the Moors in the Iberian Peninsula and against the Ottomans in the Balkans — helped to develop a sense of communal identity against the obstacle of Europe's deep political divisions. This authority was also used by local Inquisitions to root out divergent elements and create a religiously uniform community.

The conflict between Church and state was in many ways a uniquely Western phenomenon originating in Late Antiquity (see Saint Augustine's City of God (417)). The Papal States in Italy, today downsized to the State of Vatican, were ruled directly by the Holy See. Moreover, throughout the Middle Ages the Pope claimed the right to depose the Catholic kings of Western Europe, and tried to exercise it, sometimes successfully (see the investiture controversy, below), sometimes not, as with Henry VIII of England and Henry III of Navarre. However, in the Eastern Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire, Church and state were closely linked and collaborated in a "symphony", with some exceptions (see Iconoclasm).

Before the Age of Absolutism, institutions, such as the Church, legislatures, or social elites, restrained monarchical power. Absolutism was characterized by the ending of feudal partitioning, consolidation of power with the monarch, rise of the state, rise of professional standing armies, creation of professional bureaucracies, codification of state laws, and the rise of ideologies that justify the absolutist monarchy. Hence, absolutism was made possible by new innovations and characterized as a phenomenon of Early Modern Europe, rather than that of the Middle Ages, where the clergy and nobility counterbalanced as a result of mutual rivalry.

Investiture controversy
When the Holy Roman Empire developed as a force from the tenth century, it was the first real non-barbarian challenge to the authority of the Church. A dispute between the secular and ecclesiastical powers emerged known as the Investiture Controversy, beginning in the mid-eleventh century and was resolved with the Concordat of Worms in 1122. While on the surface it was over a matter of official procedures regarding the appointments of offices, underneath was a powerful struggle for control over who held ultimate authority, the King or the Pope.

Philip the Fair
Pope Boniface VIII put some of the strongest claims to temporal as well as spiritual supremacy of any Pope and intervened incessantly in foreign affairs. He proclaimed that it "is necessary for salvation that every living creature be under submission to the Roman pontiff", pushing Papal Supremacy to its historical extreme. Boniface's quarrel with Philip the Fair became so resentful that he excommunicated him in 1303. However, before the Pope could lay France under an interdict, Boniface was seized by Philip. Although he was released from captivity after three days, he died of shock one month later. No subsequent popes were to repeat Boniface VIII's claims.

Thomas Becket
Although initially close to King Henry II, as Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Becket became an independent figure. King Henry devoted his reign to the restoration of the royal customs of his grandfather King Henry I, as part of this he wanted to extend his authority over the Church and limit its freedoms. The Becket dispute revolved around the Constitutions of Clarendon, a document which Becket and the Pope largely condemned. Becket eventually fled England and went into exile in France; during these six years there were a number of attempts at restoring peace. The fourth meeting at Fréteval ended in an agreement and Becket decided to return to Canterbury. However the King reneged on his promises made at Fréteval and in response Becket produced a number of censures on royal officials and clergymen. Four barons of the King sought to gain the King's favour and therefore proceeded to Canterbury Cathedral to confront Becket; some claim that they intended to scare and possibly arrest Becket rather than to kill him. Nonetheless after a heated argument the four barons murdered Becket on the steps of the altar in Canterbury Cathedral. The King publicly expressed remorse for this killing, but took no action to arrest Becket's killers. He attended Canterbury in sackcloth and ashes as an act of public penance. Later in 1174 he submitted himself before the tomb of Thomas Becket, thus recognizing St. Thomas's sanctity.

Guelphs and Ghibellines
The conflict between the Guelphs and Ghibellines began as part of the secular-papal struggle. Guelf (also spelled Guelph) and Ghibelline, were members of two opposing factions in German and Italian politics during the Middle Ages. The split between the Guelfs, who were sympathetic to the papacy, and the Ghibellines, who were sympathetic to the German (Holy Roman) emperors, contributed to chronic strife within the cities of northern Italy in the 13th and 14th centuries.

First Crusade
There was some uncertainty about what would happen to Jerusalem after it was conquered in 1099. Godfrey de Bouillon refused to take the title "king", and was instead called "Defender of the Holy Sepulcher". Dagobert of Pisa was named Patriarch in 1100, and attempted to turn the new state into a theocracy, with a secular state to be created elsewhere, perhaps in Cairo. Godfrey soon died however and was succeeded by his brother Baldwin, who did not hesitate to call himself king and actively opposed Dagobert's plans. By Dagobert's death in 1107, Jerusalem was a secular kingdom.

title: Church and state in medieval Europe


text:
Adric

Adric is a fictional character played by Matthew Waterhouse in the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. He was a young native of the planet Alzarius, which exists in the parallel universe of E-Space. A companion of the Fourth and Fifth Doctors, he was a regular in the programme from 1980 to 1982 and appeared in 11 stories (40 episodes). The name Adric is an anagram derived from the physicist Paul Dirac.

Character history
Adric first appears in the Fourth Doctor serial Full Circle. Attempting to escape from the mistfall threatening his community, he stumbles across and finds refuge in the TARDIS, which has been drawn into E-Space via a wormhole-like phenomenon known as a Charged Vacuum Emboitment. He stows away when the Doctor, Romana and K9 Mark II leave Alzarius and becomes a companion in the following serial, State of Decay, accompanying them on the rest of their adventures in E-Space. He remains with the Doctor when Romana and K-9 leave and the TARDIS finds its way back into its own universe.

With a brilliant mathematical mind and wearing a star-shaped badge for mathematical excellence, Adric is well aware of his own intelligence. This, coupled with his relative immaturity, leads to a personality that is abrasive and occasionally crosses over into arrogance. As a result, Adric is one of the least popular, or even "most hated", of the Doctor's companions among fans of the programme. However, Adric also seeks validation from the Doctor and those around him, and is often hurt and resentful if he feels he is being sidelined or unable to contribute. As an Alzarian, Adric is a member of a highly adaptable species, theoretically capable of genetically evolving to suit any environment, although it is unknown whether his particular substrain is capable of this. It is known that he possesses an inhumanly rapid rate of healing, though not to the extent he can regenerate amputated body parts.

Adric is present when, during the events of Logopolis, the Fourth Doctor falls from the Pharos Project radio telescope and regenerates into his fifth incarnation. He continues to travel in the TARDIS along with new companions Nyssa and Tegan, but his travels come to an end in Earthshock when he tries to stop a Cyberman-controlled freighter from crashing into Earth. The navigational controls are locked by logic codes, and Adric is entering the solution to the last code when the computer is destroyed by a dying Cyberman. He dies in the crash, while his crewmates watch in horror on the TARDIS viewscreen. His last words before the explosion kills him are "Now I'll never know if I was right." Adric dies not knowing that the freighter he was trying to stop would become the "meteor" that would wipe out the dinosaurs and lead to the rise of mammals and eventually humans (see Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event and Alvarez hypothesis).

Adric's death affects his companions deeply. In Time-Flight, Tegan tries to persuade the Doctor to go back in time and save him, but the Doctor refuses to break the Laws of Time, even though it obviously pains him. In an effort to stop Nyssa and Tegan from travelling further, the Xeraphin try to use an illusion of Adric, pleading that if they travelled further they would kill him. They see through the deception when they realise Adric is still wearing his badge (which the Doctor had destroyed in order to kill the Cyber Leader) and travel forth, giving Adric another illusory death scene. Adric also appears as a hallucination at the end of The Caves of Androzani, and his name is the last word that the Fifth Doctor says before regenerating into the Sixth Doctor.

Decades later, in The Power of the Doctor, Tegan works to help UNIT fight back an invasion of Cybermen. An artificial intelligence projection of the Thirteenth Doctor appears before assuming the form of the Fifth Doctor. The two reconcile, with the Doctor assuring Tegan he has not forgotten about any of his companions. Tegan asks what the Doctor thinks is on her mind when surrounded by Cybermen. "Adric," the Doctor responds.

Appearances in other media
Adric's sole appearance in the Virgin Missing Adventures range was in the Lance Parkin novel Cold Fusion, during which he meets the Seventh Doctor, who treats Adric warmly despite the future Doctor's distaste for his past self, with the Seventh's companion Roz comparing the Doctor's interaction with Adric to a grandfather complimenting a grandson. Adric also appears in the Past Doctor Adventures novel Divided Loyalties, which pits the Doctor against his old foe the Celestial Toymaker. Adric's image also appears as a manifestation of the Doctor's guilt in the Virgin New Adventures novel Timewyrm: Revelation by Paul Cornell, and a ghost of Adric features in the novel Empire of Death by David Bishop.

Adric appears in the Big Finish Productions audio drama The Boy That Time Forgot, portrayed by Andrew Sachs. In the story, he is unintentionally saved by Block Transfer Computations subconsciously sent to him by the Doctor during a 'seance'; this caused him to be sent into a pocket dimension, based on an Aztec jungle and populated primarily by giant scorpions and insects. Kept alive for centuries by the computations, Adric is eventually reunited with the Doctor and Nyssa when they seek the TARDIS after its theft by Thomas Brewster ("The Haunting of Thomas Brewster"). Driven insane by centuries of isolation and bitterness, Adric refuses to accept the Doctor's opinion that he is now essentially just an elderly teenager having tantrums when he doesn't get his way, and attempts to force Nyssa to become his bride. The Doctor admits that he permitted Adric to die, only for Adric to forgive him and use the last of his strength to send his friends home and recover the TARDIS, before dying himself.

In the IDW Publishing comic Doctor Who: The Forgotten by Tony Lee, a manifestation of Adric appears in the TARDIS Matrix, saving the Tenth Doctor's life and, in the process, dying a second time. This time, however, Adric is aware of his sacrifice, stating that "it's not a pointless death".

Adric appears in Magic: the Gathering's Universes Beyond: Doctor Who as "Adric, Mathematical Genius." He is identified as a human, and the card references his "ultimate sacrifice."

Other mentions
A vision of Adric is seen, along with every other companion aside from Leela, on the scanner screen in Resurrection of the Daleks.

Adric's death is discussed between an older Tegan and a hologram projection of the Fifth Doctor in "The Power of the Doctor" after the former is reunited with the Cybermen.

Adric's death is mentioned by the Fifteenth Doctor in the 60th Anniversary Specials as he and the Fourteenth Doctor discuss Fourteen retiring.

Concept and creation
During the production of Doctor Who's eighteenth season it became clear that Romana (Lalla Ward) and K9 would be leaving the series and that Tom Baker would depart his role as the Doctor at the conclusion of the season. To give viewers a sense of continuity it was decided that new companions should be introduced during the series, with the first, Adric being added as early as possible so he would be well established by the season's climax. He was described as a "cosmic Artful Dodger" by producer John Nathan-Turner who intended him to be "a roguish roughneck", whose charm would offset the criminal tendencies which emerged from his upbringing. However Waterhouse later noted that the Adric was written differently in each story and thus the character suffered from a lack of development.

Unimpressed by Waterhouse's acting ability, Tom Baker suggested that, "Because of his amazing appearance, Matthew should have played Adric like Sabu – a little wild boy who couldn't speak. I would talk to him rather like Basil Fawlty talks to Manuel, and he'd just nod or shake his head. But John [Nathan-Turner] didn't like that idea." Andrew Sachs, who played Manuel, would later portray Adric in a single story for Big Finish Productions.

Television

 * Season 18

 * Full Circle
 * State of Decay
 * Warriors' Gate
 * The Keeper of Traken
 * Logopolis

 * Season 19

 * Castrovalva
 * Four to Doomsday
 * Kinda
 * The Visitation
 * Black Orchid
 * Earthshock
 * Time-Flight (illusion in episode 2)

 * Season 21
 * The Caves of Androzani (illusion in episode 4)

Audio dramas

 * Doctor Who: The Monthly Adventures

 * The Boy That Time Forgot (played by Andrew Sachs)
 * The Star Men
 * The Contingency Club
 * Zaltys
 * Kingdom of Lies
 * Ghost Walk
 * Serpent in the Silver Mask

 * Doctor Who: The Fourth Doctor Adventures

 * Purgatory 12
 * Chase the Night
 * The Planet of Witches
 * The Quest of the Engineer

 * Doctor Who: The Fifth Doctor Adventures

 * The Fifth Doctor Box Set
 * Psychodrome
 * Iterations of I
 * The Lost Resort and Other Stories
 * The Lost Resort
 * Forty 1
 * God of War
 * Forty 2
 * The Auton Infinity
 * Dream Team
 * The Merfolk Murders
 * Dream Team

 * Doctor Who: Novel Adaptations

 * Cold Fusion

 * Doctor Who: Special Releases

 * Destiny of the Doctor: Smoke and Mirrors

 * Doctor Who: The Companion Chronicles
 * The Darkening Eye (narrated by Nyssa)
 * The Invasion of E-Space (narrated by Romana II)

 * Doctor Who: Short Trips

 * The Toy
 * A Full Life
 * The Ingenious Adric of Alzarius
 * Erasure
 * Messages from the Dead

 * Doctor Who: The Audio Novels

 * Watchers

Novels

 * Virgin Missing Adventures
 * Cold Fusion by Lance Parkin
 * Past Doctor Adventures
 * Divided Loyalties by Gary Russell

Short stories

 * "A Boy's Tale" by Gary Russell (Short Trips: Companions)
 * "Hearts of Stone" by Steve Lyons (Short Trips: Companions)
 * "Ballon Debate" by Simon A Forward (Short Trips: Companions)
 * "The Immortals" by Simon Guerrier (Short Trips: Past Tense)
 * "Mauritz" by Jonathan Morris (Short Trips: A Universe of Terrors)
 * "O, Darkness" by John Binns (Short Trips: Steel Skies)
 * "In the TARDIS: Christmas Day" by Val Douglas (Short Trips: A Christmas Treasury)
 * "First Born" by Lizzie Hopley (Short Trips: The Centenarian)
 * "Planet of the Elves" by John Binns (Short Trips: Christmas Around the World)
 * "Indigenous Species" by Steve Hatcher (Shelf Life)

Comics

 * "Plague World" by Mel Powell (Doctor Who Annual 1982)
 * "On The Planet Isopterus" by Glenn Rix (Doctor Who Annual 1983)
 * "Planet of the Dead" by Lee Sullivan and John Freeman (Doctor Who Magazine 141-142) - although technically that is not Adric, but someone pretending to be him.

title: Adric


text:
Philippe de Girard

Philippe Henri de Girard (February 1, 1775 – August 26, 1845 aged 70) was a French engineer and inventor of the first flax spinning frame in 1810, and the person after whom the town of Żyrardów in Poland was named. He was also the uncredited inventor of food preservation using tin cans.

Biography
Girard was born in the village of Lourmarin in the département of Vaucluse, France, to a wealthy aristocratic family. As a child, he was sent by his parents to some of the most notable French schools of the era. However, in the effect of the French Revolution, his family was forced to flee France and young Philippe had to abandon his studies in order to help his family earn money for living.

In May 1810 Napoleon I tried to stop English cotton fabrics from entering the continent of Europe and offered a reward of one million francs to any inventor who could devise the best machinery for the spinning of flax yarn. After only a short period Philippe de Girard took out a French patent for important inventions for both dry and wet methods of spinning flax. He was not awarded the prize money and failed to gain the recognition he felt was deserved. He had been counting on the prize money to pay the expenses of his invention, and he got into serious financial difficulties. So he accepted, when in 1815 he was invited by the Austrian government to establish a spinning mill in Hirtenberg near Vienna, which employed his spinning frames. However, it failed to prove a commercial success.

In 1817 Girard returned to France with a prototype of his spinning machinery ready, but the internal situation of France after the fall of Napoleon Bonaparte prevented the new French authorities from payment of the debts and eventually, Girard sold his patent to England. His inventions were patented in England in 1814, by Horace Hall (possibly a pseudonym). It would not have been easy for a French man to introduce a new development into England at this point in history. It never really caught on.

In the British Isles James Kay was initially credited with the invention. Although, on December 2, 1826, shortly after Kay’s patent was awarded, Girard seems to have been prompted to write to the editor of The Manchester Guardian complaining about this and pointing out he had been the inventor. A court invalidated Kay's patent in 1839, stating it was too similar to Horace Hall's, a decision upheld on appeal in 1841. The fact that Horace Hall made no complaint might suggest this name being a pseudonym.

Several years afterward the situation in France improved and Girard started the first modern textile factory in Lille. Initially the business was a failure and Girard almost went bankrupt.

In 1825, through an old army connection, baron Piotr Galichet, who had settled in Poland, he was hired by the government of the Kingdom of Poland to help develop a Polish textile industry. He became consultant to the Polish government, as well as the Bank Polski. Because of the financial support of the latter, in 1831 he organized the first major factory of his project in Marymont near Warsaw. Two years later he was invited by relatives of Galichet, the Łubieński brothers with his business to their estate at Ruda Guzowska, where the factory had better prospects. Soon it became a great success and brought fame and prosperity both to the settlement and to Girard. In honour of Girard, Ruda Guzowska was renamed, Żyrardów, a toponym derived of the polonised spelling of Girard's name.

In 1844 Girard returned to France, where he planned to open more factories. However, he died the following year. Apart from the town of Żyrardów (currently one of the biggest satellite towns of Warsaw), Girard had a street and a college in 18th arrondissement of Paris named after him and two secondary schools, one in Żyrardów, the other in Avignon.

After his death in Paris, his work was recognised and his descendants were rewarded with a small pension by the French Emperor.

Other projects
In 1806 he exhibited an improvement to oil lamps, and in the same year made some improvement to the steam engine, producing a rotary motion without a walking beam. In 1814 he constructed a steam machine gun that was written about in several French publications between then and 1824. The gun used six barrels that were fed by hoppers and was said to achieve a firing rate of about 180 rounds per minute. In 1818 he built a Steamship to run on the Danube.

title: Philippe de Girard


text:
Talk:Vermont/to do

 * Format in logical fashion
 * Create appropiate subpages and wikilinks to explain topics in greater detail
 * More about geography, economy, education, crime, government
 * Look to Hawaii for ideas

There ought to be some mention of Vermont ranking roughly 5th for cost of rent and 35th for wages.

In 2004, cost of rent had apparently fallen to | 22nd. Does standing above refer to a wage adjusted rent (affordability)? Need reference.

title: Talk:Vermont/to do


text:
Blue-gray tanager

The blue-gray tanager (Thraupis episcopus) is a medium-sized South American songbird of the tanager family, Thraupidae. Its range is from Mexico south to northeast Bolivia and northern Brazil, all of the Amazon Basin, except the very south. It has been introduced to Lima (Peru). On Trinidad and Tobago, this bird is called blue jean.

Taxonomy
In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the blue-grey tanager in his Ornithologie based on a specimen collected in Brazil. He used the French name L'evesqueand the Latin name Episcopus avis. Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the twelfth edition he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson in his Ornithologie. One of these was the fulvous-crested tanager. Linnaeus included a terse description, coined the binomial name Tanagra episcopus and cited Brisson's work. The specific name episcopus is Latin for "bishop". The current genus Thraupis was introduced by the German naturalist Friedrich Boie in 1826.

There are 14 recognized subspecies, differing according to the exact hue of blue of the shoulder patch versus the rest of the plumage; they may be greyish, greenish or purplish-blue, with a lavender, dark blue or whitish shoulder patch. For example, T. e. berlepschi (endemic to Tobago) is a brighter and darker blue on the rump and shoulder, T. e. neosophilus with a violet shoulder patch occurs in northern Venezuela, Trinidad, eastern Colombia and the far north of Brazil, T. e. mediana of the southern Amazon basin has a white wing patch, and T. e. cana in the northern Amazon has blue shoulders.

Description
The blue-gray tanager is 16 - 18 cm long and weighs 30 - 40 g. Adults have a light bluish head and underparts, with darker blue upperparts and a shoulder patch colored a different hue of blue. The bill is short and quite thick. Sexes are similar, but the immature is much duller in plumage.

The song is a squeaky twittering, interspersed with tseee and tsuup call notes.

Breeding and habitat
The breeding habitat is open woodland, cultivated areas and gardens. The blue-gray tanager lives mainly on fruit, but will also take some nectar, insects and other arthropods. This is a common, restless, noisy and confiding species, usually found in pairs, but sometimes small groups. It thrives around human habitation, and will take some cultivated fruit like papayas (Carica papaya).

One to three, usually two, dark-marked whitish to gray-green eggs are laid in a deep cup nest in a high tree fork or building crevice. Incubation by the female is 14 days with another 17 to fledging. The nest is sometimes parasitised by Molothrus cowbirds.

Two birds studied in the Parque Nacional de La Macarena of Colombia were infected with microfilariae, an undetermined Trypanosoma species, and another blood parasite that could not be identified. Two other birds, examined near Turbo (also in Colombia), did not have blood parasites.

Agricultural ecology
T. episcopus prospers in some areas cleared by humans for grazing, but is not as attracted to buildings or high human or livestock activity. They continue to live in forests but eagerly move temporarily into abandoned pasture land for wild fruits and have been variously found to never forage or merely to forage less often in pasture that has livestock in it. T. episcopus is more common in secondary forest resulting from slash-and-burn followed by abandonment than in primary forest.

T. episcopus is commonly infected with Blastocystis parasites, specifically Subtype 6 (ST6) which was exclusive to birds in that area. ST6 was never found in cows in the area, but it was unassessed whether T. episcopus shares ST6 with nearby domesticated bird flocks.

Status
Widespread and common throughout its large range, the blue-gray tanager is evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

title: Blue-gray tanager


text:
Talk:Elohim City, Oklahoma

Private community?
Could someone please clarify what a "private community" is? Is the land owned by a corporation? by a cooperative? by an individual? by many individuals? Do people live there full-time? Do they own/rent/lease land or houses? Later in the article it is referred to as a "city", which normally means a municipality incorporated by the state; presumably the "private" in "private community" means that it is not a city. Could someone who knows more clarify all this? --Macrakis 19:32, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

G-d?
What is the idea behind spelling God as G-d? Is there some phonetic/religious reason relating to Judeaism or a wiki vandal at work?

It's because some people don't want to sully God's name by actually writing it down.Kpwa gok 02:00, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

s/some people/Orthodox Jews/. They won't beef if you do it, but they never do, it's sacrilegious. --Charlie —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.153.180.229 (talk) 19:55, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

changed it
It sure looked like someone trying to be way too politically correct, so I went ahead and changed it back to the good ol' G-O-D

links to Silent Brotherhood and MacVeigh
Are both links disproven, or just the MacVeigh one? The way the sentence was worded was confusing, so I reworded it, but I don't know enough about the case to be sure. -- nae'blis (talk) 15:34, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

The McVeigh link is not disproven; far from it. FBI informant Carol Howe testified that the OKC bombing was planned at Elohim City, and while there is no evidence that McVeigh ever physically visited the site, there's plenty of evidence linking him with the Identity movement. The racist fundamentalist leadership of Elohim City denies any such connection and in the absence of evidence Wikipedia cannot state it as fact, obviously, it's just hearsay. On the other hand, if you check with ADL, SPLC, or the FBI you'll find that Elohim City is a long time gathering place for violent racialist extremists, including the ARA bank robbery ring (based out of EC) and the CSA, among many others. --Charlie —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.153.180.229 (talk) 20:03, 20 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Yip, and ADL, SPLC, etc. are beacons of credibility. That said, I think there is sufficient other evidence that McVeigh was present at that site and also had contact to Andy Strassmeir who tried to militarize the community. --41.151.51.10 (talk) 18:02, 22 September 2015 (UTC)

The Grand Jury that was convened to look into the OKC bombing conspiracy theory didn't just find "an absence of evidence" to link Elohim City to that tragedy, they specified in their ruling that it be made clear that they had found NO LINK between Elohim City and those events. This is because they felt that Elohim City had been unfairly vilified by the media. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Victorison (talk • contribs) 00:12, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

Coordinates
Coordinates given in the article appear to be for the site in Oklahoma, but are placed in a sentence referring to the Maryland site. The whole paragraph is confusing in the way it jumps between discussion of the Oklahoma and Maryland locations. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.104.39.2 (talk) 20:44, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

Agreed. Is this place in Adair County Oklahoma, or the former site of of the college in Maryland? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.174.0.30 (talk) 23:14, 2 January 2013 (UTC)

 * This has been fixed for ages. Please read the article before commenting. Yworo (talk) 23:23, 2 January 2013 (UTC)

Coordinates
The coordinates need the following fixes:

70.142.44.116 (talk) 17:52, 29 April 2009 (UTC) 35.6417, -94.5145

This is the correct coordinates. your original is misinformation.

The airstrip belongs to RGB Farms, a corporate farm.... Elohim is 3 miles north of the airstrip.! I know because I was there yesterday.

Coordinates (bis)
The previous correction is seconded.

Additionally:

"it was located on Route 144 about one mile (1.6 km) west from the intersection of Route 29 (35°35'47.00"N 94°30'42.00"W)"

Route 144 and Route 29 do not intersect.

 * Actually, they do. But it's all been reworked. Yworo (talk) 23:24, 2 January 2013 (UTC)

"The Camp"
I've removed the bit about Millar's camp in Ellicott City being known only as "The Camp". I've been reminded by a former visitor that it was informally called "The Sons' Retreat" by Millar and also know that Millar's organization was formally incorporated as "Bethel Christian Schools and Church, Inc." at the time. However, I can find no sources to support either of these names so don't see how they can be mentioned in the article. If anyone has sources for either of these names, please let me know. Yworo (talk) 22:50, 8 January 2012 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: http://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/27/magazine/apocalypse-now-no-really-now.html?pagewanted=all. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Diannaa (talk) 01:29, 18 April 2014 (UTC)

Coordinates are incorrect?
The coordinates listed in the footnotes lead to Ellicot City, Maryland, not Elohim City, Oklahoma. Shouldn't this be corrected? Gdeblois19 16:25, 22 May 2015 (UTC)

 * The coordinates in the footnotes are for the location described in the text the footnote is attached to, which is in Ellicott City, MD. In other words, it is completely correct and someone actually reading the article rather than taking the footnote out of context would not have a problem with it. Skyerise (talk) 16:37, 22 May 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 2 external links on Elohim City, Oklahoma. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/5wozOiWjC?url=http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/mcveigh/mcveighaccount.html to http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/mcveigh/mcveighaccount.html

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Theodore Rinaldo
I know that Bob Millar and Rinaldo were associates in the late 1960s. However any sources for this are unlikely to be on the Internet. Anyone know of any event they did together in Maryland or Washington that there might be findable documentation for? Skyerise (talk) 01:35, 2 March 2022 (UTC)

Removing poorly sourced "Residents"
Hey, I'm clicking around "Random Article"s to copyedit, and just did a light pass at this one (existing prose was already pretty solid tho).

Through that process, I became a bit concerned at the list of residents of this controversial town, some of which seemed insufficiently sourced and aren't even notable enough to have their own pages, from what I could see.

Most of the sourcing does hold up, and cheers to the editors who took care in Archive.org'ing the relevant news links.

I did feel two were insufficient, and considering how scandalous it is to list potentially living people as parts of a NeoNazi town without proof, I took the BOLD step of removing those. Most concerning was the woman who was listed with the "source" of inaccessible search results on one of those paid "find people" database sites. Super uncool IMO, as such results wouldn't provide any justification for notable inclusion here, and those sites are public aggregators that get things wrong all the time.

The other name I removed was a man for whom the source provided was a link to a hard-to-follow user-contributed screed on a genealogy site. I scrolled through rather quickly, because the site material itself seemed woefully ineffective to support, again, labelling a living person as a white supremacist. All other people listed in that section seem to be anchored in solid sources which have them listed by name as giving quotes on, or receiving legal charges related to, the town and topics in play here.

Feel free to ping me if you have any questions! Chiselinccc (talk) 07:02, 16 August 2023 (UTC)

 * It's not a NeoNazi town! It is a Christian fundamentalist at the core, and later had some fringe white supremacist elements who were living there but didn't represent everyone. It's was founded by a religious leader and that is what they have always been essentially. I think this article does a disservice by over-emphasizing the ties to criminal elements and other scandalous things, but that's Wikipedia it focuses on controversy which it considers notable due to press coverage. --  Green  C  15:18, 16 August 2023 (UTC)

 * I knew Millar before he founded EC. Even then, he was a proponent of racial separation. There's a reason he attracted the people that he did and tolerated their presence. So don't give me that "we're all just good Christians" shuck & jive. Skyerise (talk) 15:22, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I didn't say they were good Christians either, they had issues. But Neo-Nazis, really? Maybe there were some there but Millar was not a Neo Nazi, or put it this way (this is Wikipedia), got a source for that? See also Godwin's Law. --  Green  C  16:21, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Weren't me who said that. It may be an exaggeration for the community, but not for some of its visitors who may have resided there longer than other residents are willing to admit. Skyerise (talk) 16:42, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
 * @Skyerise @GreenC apologies, it WAS me that said that, but to be fair I came to the conclusion based on the text of the article alone. (I literally arrived here last night based on wiki's Page Randomizer while searching for gnomish and copyediting tasks).
 * The bulk of this article, as it is written, focuses almost entirely on the white supremacist and alt-right terrorist affiliations of the town at present- try approaching it with fresh eyes, and maybe you'll see what I mean. If you have a problem with this interpretation, I'd encourage you to take your clear strong knowledge of the town and EDIT the article above to make your argument there. As it stands, the article absolutely makes it seem that this town is solely notable in the present for its affiliations with extremist ideology and fringe political groups.
 * And good Lord, it's NOT an invocation of Godwin's Law to interchangeably use "NeoNazi" for ACTUAL white supremacists. Imprecise and inaccurate? Perhaps. Not that far off the mark though- Godwin's Law is about invoking Nazis in contexts that have literally nothing to do with Nazis. Groups that bomb government buildings in the name of white supremacy have at least SOMETHING to do with Nazis. Sorry for choosing my words poorly, I did not realize that I would have page watchers who are too close to the topic at hand jump down my throat about it.
 * I won't be responding again or editing this page because you blew this so out of proportion I'm not interested in collaborating with you. Just reflect on the fact that I am an average reader with no attachment to the topic, and my reading produced the (apparently inaccurate) impression that this town is currently solely notable for these controversies. I stand behind my protection of random people's names from being affiliated with such matters without strong sourced evidence. That's not just wiki policy, it's common sense and decency. Chiselinccc (talk) 22:49, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
 * @Skyerise just want to be clear, my frustration is entirely with GreenC and their dramatic hand-waving around Godwin's Law, which is ridiculous when we're talking about actual white supremacist ideology.
 * My initial ping only applied to you for some reason (noob on mobile problems!) but in my edits last night, I already saw and appreciated your tireless maintenance work on this article, and I have no beef with you. My request to stay off my talk page and not ping me was only meant for GreenC, due to their comments above.
 * Skyerise, I wish you the best and tip my hat to you for editing with consistency in areas like this that lead to dramatic engagements- as a newbie I certainly don't have the stomach for it, and would get frustrated very quickly! Heck I already did upon reading this brief thread 😅 Chiselinccc (talk) 23:02, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
 * @GreenC see my comment below, my ping didn't work. It's not Godwin's Law to call white supremacists Neo-Nazis, and my comments were merely reflective of the article itself. If you have issues with the impression it gives, then fix the article so it gives a more accurate impression.
 * Do not ping me or come to my talk page about this, I wanted to respond once but I have no interest in engaging with you any further. Chiselinccc (talk) 22:54, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Your personal opinion that this is a "NeoNazi town" is factually wrong, and unsupportable by any source (including this Wikipedia article). That you choose not to remove, strike out etc.. this statement and instead blame me for pointing out your misinformation (on a topic you know nothing about except what you read on this page which is not a reliable source), while going down a lengthy rabbit hole and distraction over the meaning of Godwin's Law... whatever. You are violating BLP for every notable person who lives in this place. Then you say "page watchers who are too close to the topic at hand", implying I am "too close" with "Nazis" and what else could it mean but a COI, right? Sheesh I point out one bit of misinformation and you respond by personally attacking me with even more misinformation, though it appears to me as disinformation. Good luck in your future endeavors on Wikipedia. I suggest you be more careful in how you describe people, even those you otherwise might disagree with. And if someone factually challenging your assertions is "jumping down your throat", I don't think you will last very long on Wikipedia. -- Green  C  23:39, 16 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Elohim City, Oklahoma