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Talk:Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed

Needs
The article needs the following information/sections (with links to the Style guidelines for film articles)

Background/Production
It gives background information: Included here should be a history of the film's background and development, such as how many studios, actors, directors and writers were involved with the project at one point or another. Continuing onto the production of the film, facts such as filming dates, budget figures, any noteworthy titbits (such as delays, reshoots etc.) should be transformed into prose. Comments from the cast and crew are also welcomed. see WikiProject_Films/Style_guidelines

Reception
Expanding on the second paragraph of the lead section, you should analyse how the film was received by critics, meaning professional or well-known film reviewers, and not comments from members of the public (for example, quotes from users of Amazon.com and the Internet Movie Database do not count). Websites such as Rotten Tomatoes ([5]) and Metacritic ([6]) collect professional film reviews and calculate a numerical score from them for each film. In the case of what the general public thought of the film, tend towards the expression "money talks" and provide a summary of the film's commercial success, consulting sites such as Box Office Mojo ([7]) and Box Office Guru ([8]). see WikiProject_Films/Style_guidelines

Sequel and Prequel
From the two sources cited one gives me an error message and the other doesn't even mention Scooby Doo at all. I hadn't even heard about them until now, any truth to them?

The 'Monsters' section is all messed up, typos and odd sentence structures galore. Lots42 03:36, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

Production
This section needs a lot of work; the sentences are incomplete and jumbled, and mix tense. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.167.132.12 (talk) 08:56, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Scooby Doo2 movie.jpg
Image:Scooby Doo2 movie.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 05:08, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Does the sequel exist?
I checked the source... and there appears to be no mention of the sequel —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.96.75.161 (talk) 13:10, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

Edit Request 4/16/14 /Home Media Release

 * The artical says the year this movie came out onto DVD, but it does not have the day and month it was released on DVD. Also, with it being 2004, the movie would have most likely been released onto VHS along with the DVD release. Since I don't know the date, I can't edit the artical. Could someone please do this for me? --24.147.1.197 (talk) 20:53, 16 April 2014 (UTC)Jacob Chesley

 * Never mind! I found the infomation about the home media release and I put it on the page. 24.147.1.197 (talk) 12:08, 3 July 2014 (UTC)Jacob Chesley

Reboot
It says the announced movie written by Randall Green is animated. This is a confusion with S.C.O.O.B., which is being written by a Matt someone and recently announced Dax Sheppard. The one with Green's name attached was actually live-action, but has apparently been discarded in favour of S.C.O.O.B. -- Anythingspossibleforapossible (talk) 19:03, 24 September 2016 (UTC)

Strangers in the night...
Might not be on the soundtrack...but its in the movie..scooby dooby do... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:642:4101:4167:40AE:1F73:64E6:AD1 (talk) 00:59, 31 October 2016 (UTC)

What was the budget?
I noticed in the budget this page says $25 million and $80 million, with two different sources. Which is more accurate? Vogopolis (talk) 02:37, 21 April 2021 (UTC)

More sources suggest the budget to be $80 million, so this should be the stated figure. The $25m figure comes from one site with no source AlienChex (talk) 09:32, 31 May 2022 (UTC)

 * We don't go with the majority, that's original research Indagate (talk) 09:48, 31 May 2022 (UTC)

Article that could be a source about the movie
I found from the Quad City Times a review: http://web.archive.org/web/20040503211749/http://www.qctimes.com/internal.php?story_id=1026372&t=Art,+Movies,+Theatre&c=4,1026372 WhisperToMe (talk) 14:42, 15 May 2021 (UTC)

Post credits scene
Scooby-Doo plays the video game of the same name on Game Boy Advance SP, then shows the viewers a secret code. 2A02:C7E:4F1D:4000:5429:E538:1BDA:A099 (talk) 07:37, 22 August 2022 (UTC)

 * WP:NOTEWORTHY. (CC) Tb hotch ™ 01:15, 28 August 2022 (UTC)

"I think Coolsville sucks" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_think_Coolsville_sucks&redirect=no I think Coolsville sucks] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Utopes (talk / cont) 16:22, 3 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed


text:
Ashrama

Ashrama may refer to:

 * Ashram (āśrama), a spiritual hermitage or a monastery in Indian religions
 * Ashrama (stage) (āśrama), in Hinduism is one of four age-based life stages discussed in ancient and medieval era Indian texts.
 * Ashrama, California, an unincorporated community in Santa Clara County

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ashrama


text: Category:1156 births

title: Category:1156 births


text: Category:1157 births

title: Category:1157 births


text: Category:1159 births

title: Category:1159 births


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Islamic marital jurisprudence

In Islamic law (sharia), marriage (nikāḥ نکاح) is a legal and social contract between two individuals. Marriage is an act of Islam and is strongly recommended. Polygyny is permitted in Islam under some conditions, but polyandry is forbidden.

Nikāḥ

The Nikāḥ (Arabic: نكاح, literally, "to collect and bind together") is the first—and most common—form of marriage for Muslims. It is described in the Qur'an in Surah 4:4.

Regulations:
 * While intended to be a permanent state, it can be terminated by the husband engaging in the Talaq process or the wife seeking a Khula.
 * The couple inherit from each other.
 * A legal contract is signed when entering the marriage. However it is not a requirement that the contract be in writing. It may be oral, especially amongst illiterates; and if an agreed end-date is specified in the nikāḥ contract:
 * In Sunni jurisprudence, the contract is invalid.
 * In Shia jurisprudence, the contract defines a temporary marriage, nikāḥ mut'ah.

Requirement of witnesses:
 * two witnesses from both sides

Permission from Wali:
 * Sunni: Compulsory (Maliki, Shafi'i, Hanbali) or Strongly recommended (Hanafi)
 * Shia: Depending on the scholar, it is either obligatory or obligatory based on precaution.

Nikah Halala
Nikah halala is also known as tahleel marriage and is a practice in which a woman, after being divorced by a final divorce, marries another man, consummates the marriage, and divorces immediately for the sole purpose of remarrying her former husband. It is prohibited in Islamic law.

Nikāḥ Ijtimaa
Nikah ijtimaa, or combined marriage, is a form of marriage practiced in pre-Islamic Arabia, in which multiple men would have intercourse with a woman, and if she bore a child, she would choose one of the men to be the father of the child. This form of marriage was outlawed by Islam, and traditional jurisprudence requires that any man and woman be married prior to sexual intercourse.

Nikah Istibdaa
Nikah Istibdaa is a marriage ( نکاح استبضاع) in which a husband would send his wife to another person, usually of noble lineage, to have sexual relations with him. The husband would refrain from sexual relations with his wife until she became pregnant by the other man. Afterwards, the man would claim paternity of the conceived child. This was done to get a child of noble breed. It was eradicated by Islam.

Nikāḥ Misyar
Nikāḥ Misyaar is a nikāḥ for Sunnis carried out via the normal contractual procedure, with the specificity that the husband and wife give up several rights by their own free will, such as living together, equal division of nights between wives in cases of polygamy, the wife's rights to housing, and maintenance money ("nafaqa"), and the husband's right of homekeeping, and access etc. The difference between this and Mut'ah is that Mut'ah has the condition of a definite time period and a separation date prior to a marriage contract. Sunnah scholars have said it is permissible to marry a woman with the intention of getting divorced, if the wife is not informed or expecting a divorce during a marriage contract.

Nikāḥ Mut‘ah
Nikah mut'ah نكاح المتعة, literally "pleasure marriage"; temporary marriage or sigheh  is a private and verbal temporary marriage contract that is practiced in Twelver Shia Islam in which the duration of the marriage and the mahr must be specified and agreed upon in advance. It is a private contract made in a verbal or written format. A declaration of the intent to marry and an acceptance of the terms are required as in other forms of marriage in Islam.

According to Shia Muslims, Muhammad sanctioned nikah mut'ah (fixed-term marriage, called muta'a in Iraq and sigheh in Iran), which has instead been used as a legitimizing cover for sex workers in a culture where prostitution is otherwise forbidden. Some Western writers have argued that mut'ah approximates prostitution.

Some sources say the Nikah mut'ah has no prescribed minimum or maximum duration, but others, such as The Oxford Dictionary of Islam, indicate the minimum duration of the marriage is debatable and durations of at least three days, three months or one year have been suggested.

Some Muslims and Western scholars have stated that both Nikah mut'ah and Nikah misyar are Islamically void attempts to religiously sanction prostitution which is otherwise forbidden. The Zaidi Shia reject Mutah marriage.

Nikāḥ Shighār
Nikāḥ Shighā is marriage (نکاح شغار) in which two men would exchange their daughters, sisters or other close women for marriage without paying mahr. It was prohibited by Muhammad.

Interfaith marriage
Interfaith marriages are recognized between Muslims and Non-Muslim People of the Book (usually enumerated as Jews, Christians, and Sabians). Historically, in Islamic culture and traditional Islamic law Muslim women have been forbidden from marrying Christian or Jewish men, whereas Muslim men have been permitted to marry Christian or Jewish women.

Although historically Sunni Islam prohibited Muslim women to marry Non-Muslim men in interfaith marriages, in various parts of the world interfaith marriages between Muslim women and Non-Muslim men take place at substantial rates, contravening the traditional Sunni understanding of ijma. For example, in the United States, about 10% of Muslim women are married to Non-Muslim men. The tradition of reformist and progressive Islam does permit marriage between Muslim women and Non-Muslim men; Islamic scholars opining this view include Hassan Al-Turabi, and some others.

Polygyny
Muslim men are allowed to practise polygyny, that is, they can have more than one wife at the same time, up to four, per Sura 4 Verse 3.

Polyandry, the practice of a woman having more than one husband, by contrast, is not permitted. One of the main reasons for this would be the potential questioning of paternal lineage.

Permissible age
Sahih Muslim permits marriage once a person reaches sexual maturity (i.e.: menstruation, voice changing, wet dreams) (baligh). Sexual maturity in Sharia law is typically understood to mean puberty. At the same time, intercourse is forbidden until they are able to physically bear it.

Other religions
Traditionally, Muslim jurists hold that Muslim women may only enter into marriage with Muslim men. The Qur'an explicitly allows Muslim men to marry chaste women of the People of the Book, a term which includes Jews and Christians.

Arranged and forced marriages
An engagement may be arranged between families for their children, but Islamic requirements for a legal marriage include the requirement that both parties, bride, groom and guardian for the bride (wali), give their legal consent. A marriage without the consent of the bride or performed under coercion is illegal according to the majority of scholars.

If a girl has not attained the age of puberty, the vast majority of scholars hold that she cannot be married; and many stipulate that it must be in her best interest in order to be considered a valid marriage. There is some dispute as to whether or not an under-age bride can leave her family's custody and be transferred to her husband's custody, if she has not yet reached puberty. Some evidence supporting both sides can be seen in the following narrations from Muhammad:

Sahih Bukhari Volume 7, Book 62, Number 65 Narrated 'Aisha: that the Prophet married her when she was six years old and he consummated his marriage when she was nine years old. Hisham said: I have been informed that 'Aisha remained with the Prophet for nine years (i.e. till his death).

Sahih Bukhari 7.18 Narrated 'Ursa: The Prophet asked Abu Bakr for 'Aisha's hand in marriage. Abu Bakr said "But I am your brother." The Prophet said, "You are my brother in Allah's religion and His Book, but she (Aisha) is lawful for me to marry."

However, evidence from other Islamic sources seems to suggest that this is not something allowed for all Muslims; rather specifically for Muhammad. The evidence for this view is as follows:

Abu Hurayrah reported that the Prophet said: "A non-virgin woman may not be married without her command, and a virgin may not be married without her permission; and it is permission enough for her to remain silent (because of her natural shyness)." [Al-Bukhari:6455, Muslim & Others]

It is reported in a hadith that A'ishah related that she once asked the Prophet: "In the case of a young girl whose parents marry her off, should her permission be sought or not?" He replied: "Yes, she must give her permission." She then said: "But a virgin would be shy, O Messenger of Allaah!" He replied: "Her silence is [considered as] her permission." [Al-Bukhari, Muslim, & Others]

It appears that the permission of an under-age bride is indeed necessary for her marriage to be considered valid; the above narrations seem to clearly make the approval of the bride a condition for a valid marriage contract.

Fornicators
Islam does not give fornicatorous men the right to marry a chaste woman, nor may a fornicatorous woman marry a chaste man, except if the matter has not gone to court and the two purify themselves of this sin by sincere repentance. "Women of purity are for men of purity, and men of purity are for women of purity"

Other
A woman or man may propose marriage directly or through an intermediary (matchmaker).

Homosexual marriage between Muslims is not recognized within Islamic law, based on explicit verses of the Qur'an and the traditional view of homosexual practices as illicit.

Wedding rings were not widespread across Muslim cultures in antiquity; however, many Muslims today have adopted the tradition of wearing a wedding band alongside other practices originated from European tradition.

Mahr
Mahr is a mandatory gift given by the groom to the bride. Unlike a bride price, however, it is given directly to the bride and not to her father. Although the gift is often money, it can be anything agreed upon by bride and groom such as a house or viable business that is put in her name and can be run and owned entirely by her if she chooses.

Islamic marriage contract
A Muslim marriage is not a sacrament, but a simple, legal agreement in which either partner is free to include conditions. These conditions are stipulated in a written contract. Violating any of the conditions stipulated in this contract is legal grounds for a partner seeking divorce. The first part of the Nikah, "marriage ceremony", is the signing of the marriage contract itself.

Various traditions may differ in how Nikah is performed because different groups accept different texts as authoritative. Therefore, Sunnis will likely accept the hadith of Muhammad al-Bukhari, while Shia will have their own collections, for example Furu al-Kafi, thus producing different procedures. This contract requires the consent of both parties. There is a tradition, outside of the religion, in some Muslim countries to pre-arrange a marriage for young children. However, the marriage still requires consent for the wedding to legally take place.

Divorce is not forbidden as a last resort, but the dissolution of the contract Talaq, is often described as the most disliked of permissible things in Islam and should be used as a last resort.

Walima
The Walima is a dinner given by the groom's side of the family to celebrate the welcoming of the bride to the family. It is a strong sunnah (the repetition of an action of Muhammad) and it is recommended to be held the earliest possible day after the Nikah.

Spousal rights and obligations
Islam advocates a role-based relationship between husband and wife.

Abd Allah ibn Umar narrated: "The Prophet said, 'All of you are guardians and are responsible for your wards. The ruler is a guardian and the man is a guardian of his family; the lady is a guardian and is responsible for her husband's house and his offspring; and so all of you are guardians and are responsible for your wards.'"

It puts the main responsibility of earning over the husband. Both are obliged to fulfill the other's sexual needs. Both are obliged to treat each other with kindness.

Separate accommodation for wife
The wife has the right to live in separate accommodation with her husband and children, if she does not want to share it with anyone like her in-law or relatives. This is the view of most of the Hanafi, Shaafa'i and Hanbali fuqaha. She also has the right to refuse to live with her husband's father, mother and siblings.

Narrated Abdullah bin Umar: That he heard Allah's Apostle saying, "Everyone of you is a guardian and is responsible for his charge; the ruler is a guardian and is responsible for his subjects; the man is a guardian in his family and responsible for his charges; a woman is a guardian of her husband's house and responsible for her charges; and the servant is a guardian of his master's property and is responsible for his charge." I definitely heard the above from the Prophet and think that the Prophet also said, "A man is a guardian of his father's property and responsible for his charges; so everyone of you is a guardian and responsible for his charges." [Sahih Bukhari]

This indicates that a wife is responsible for the house of her husband. Also that a man should be the guardian of his family, i.e., after his marriage he moves out of his father's house, and runs his own family affairs and is guardian of his family. In a joint family, typically the head is either the father of the husband, or mother of the husband. This also indicates that a husband should look after his parents' house, as "a man is a guardian of his father's property". So the wife should not object to her husband when he is looking after affairs of his parents.

Sexuality
Sexuality in Islam is largely described by the Qur'an, Islamic tradition, and religious leaders both past and present as being confined to marital relationships between men and women. While most traditions discourage celibacy, all encourage strict chastity and modesty (see haya) with regards to any relationships across gender lines, holding forth that intimacy as perceived within Islam (encompassing a swath of life more broad than strictly sex) is to be reserved for marriage.

Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud narrated: "We were with the Prophet while we were young and had no wealth whatever. So Allah's Apostle said, 'O young people! Whoever among you can marry, should marry, because it helps him lower his gaze and guard his modesty (i.e., his private parts from committing illegal sexual intercourse etc.), and whoever is not able to marry, should fast, as fasting diminishes his sexual desire.'"

While adulterous relationships are strictly forbidden, permissible sexual relationships within marriage are described in Islamic sources as great wells of love and closeness for the couple involved. Sexual relationship between married couples are even source of rewards from God as doing the opposite, i.e., satisfying sexual needs through illicit means, has punishment. Specific occasions (most notably daytime fasting (see sawm) and menstruation) are times forbidden for intercourse, though not for other ways of touching and being close to one another. Anal sex with one's wife is also strictly prohibited.

Islam has an open and playful approach to sex so long as it is within marriage, free of lewdness, fornication and adultery.

Gender roles
The Qur'an asserts that there are innate differences between women and men. Therefore, Islam places different rights over the husband and wife.

Some similar rights which both the husband and wife owe to each other are:
 * The right to enjoy each other.
 * The right to inherit from each other.
 * The right of confirmation of the lineage of their children.

Some rights which the husband owes to his wife are:

To treat her like an equal human being.

Some rights which the wife owes to her husband are:

 * Being head of the household
 * To be obeyed in all that is not disobedience to Allah
 * Marital relations
 * That she not allow anyone in the house of whom he disapproves
 * That she not leave the house without his permission
 * That she protect his property
 * To be thanked for his efforts
 * That she can only undertake a voluntary fast with his permission

These are some of the rights which spouses owe one another.

title: Islamic marital jurisprudence


text: Category:1157 deaths

title: Category:1157 deaths


text: User talk:81.218.65.158

title: User talk:81.218.65.158


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Innovation and Its Discontents

Innovation and Its Discontents: How Our Broken Patent System Is Endangering Innovation and Progress, and What To Do About It is a book (ISBN 0-691-11725-X) by Adam B. Jaffe and Josh Lerner. Princeton University Press published the book in 2004.

The authors of the book outline changes made to the patent system in the United States in the late 1980s and early 1990s which they say has led to a situation in which patents have become extremely powerful economic weapons, and are being issued irresponsibly and at an unreasonable rate.

The result, the authors claim, is that American innovation is being stifled unintentionally as a result of a few simple bureaucratic changes (centralizing the appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit and making patent application fees the primary source of revenue for the United States Patent and Trademark Office). The authors argue that the establishment of the CAFC has led to judicial "tunnel vision"; because the judges of the CAFC are only asked to rule on matters of intellectual property, they come to value the current patent system too highly, and tend to side disproportionately with patent-holders.

The authors frame the current debate about patents in historical terms, citing both times when patents were freely granted as royal favors, such as the Elizabethan era in England, as well as times when patents were impossible to obtain, or in the case of the Netherlands in the 1830s, completely abolished.

title: Innovation and Its Discontents


text:
Talk:M. F. Thatherton

B-101, do you have a source for
 * In Hank's mind, "M.F." stands for "motherfucker".

This just doesn't sound like the character would think. EagleOne 19:01, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)

I thought that is something Hank meant in the episode with the business guy who wanted Hank to be the "Texan stereotype".- B-101 17:53, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

In the episode it's obvious that Hank has nothing but contempt for Thatherton, but he never acutally gets to say what the "M.F." stands for. He starts to, but the conversation picks back up before he can. The viewer is left to guess what it stands for, and adds to the humor.

It is obviously an allusion to motherfucker. I will put this clearly observable fact in the article. Anyone who removes it will show him or herself to be too stupid for even the world of Idiocracy. --Naughtius Maximus  F@H  Woof!  [mailto:archdude@iwon.com Meow ] MUN 03:41, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

should it be noted that bobby had a similar reaction to thartherton as hank does to thartherton, I believe in the episode where bobby starts selling propane. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.197.154.8 (talk) 02:14, August 28, 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:M. F. Thatherton


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Kneph

Kneph, also as Kmeph, is a god and motif of divinity in ancient Egyptian religious art, variously represented as a winged egg, a globe surrounded by one or more serpents, or Amun in the form of a serpent called Kematef. Some Theosophical sources tried to syncretize this motif with the deity Khnum, along with Agathos Daimon, Serapis and Pluto. Under the Greek theonym Chnuphis, this figure adopts a serpent-bodied, lion-headed ("leontoeidic") visage, being particularly common in magical artifacts in Late Antiquity. It is by proxy frequently associated with the Gnostic Demiurge.

title: Kneph


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Terra Transport

Terra Transport (TT) was the name for the Newfoundland Transportation Division, a wholly owned subsidiary of Canadian National Railway (CN), created in 1979 as a means to organize the company's operations on Newfoundland.

Background
Canadian National Railways acquired the Newfoundland Railway from the Government of Newfoundland in 1949 under that dominion's Terms of Union of entry into Confederation. The majority of the Newfoundland Railway's operations were not economically self-sustaining, requiring significant subsidization; however, it was only after the construction of the Trans-Canada Highway across the island in the early 1960s that the railway began to see serious declines in traffic.

At the same time, CN took over the Newfoundland Railway's ferry service between North Sydney, Nova Scotia and Port aux Basques, Newfoundland and promptly began to improve the service, bringing in vessels dedicated to carrying automobiles and trucks throughout the 1950s-1970s.

By the early 1970s, CN faced increased scrutiny from federal politicians complaining about the railway's continuous losses. Successive federal governments of the period had frequently forced the company to undertake various endeavours in the national interest, often at the expense of business and economic logic. As a result, CN sought to restructure itself, placing many of these operations into separate subsidiaries to clarify the accounting behind their existence. Restructuring applied to operations which lost money and required subsidization, or which were not part of CN's core freight railway business.

In 1977, all east coast ferries operated by CN were transferred to a new CN Subsidiary, CN Marine. Passenger rail services were transferred to the new Crown corporation, Via Rail, and in 1979, all of CN's freight railway operations on Newfoundland, along with the CN Roadcruiser Bus service and CN's trucking operation, were placed into a new division named Terra Transport.

CN on Newfoundland
CN's operations on Newfoundland revolved around the former Newfoundland Railway, which was the longest narrow-gauge railway in North America, stretching approximately 1000 km across the island, from the ferry terminal in Port aux Basques to the provincial capital at St. John's. Many of the island's largest communities developed along the main line, largely because of their location; as a result, the Trans-Canada Highway paralleled its route in many places.

Rail operations in Newfoundland remained economically unfeasible because of slow service times, a side effect of the narrow-gauge format. CN invested heavily in track improvements during the 1950s-1960s, but the narrow-gauge operation could not compete with the flexibility of trucks. Significant time was lost at Port aux Basques, where standard-gauge railway cars from mainland North America were lifted off their bogies and onto narrow-gauge bogies for use on Newfoundland. In some cases this was not possible, and the rail car contents were unloaded and reloaded onto narrow-gauge cars. CN's operation of dedicated railway car ferries was an additional expense.

CN operated a main line passenger train, the Caribou, from St. John's to Port aux Basques. Nicknamed the Newfie Bullet, the Caribou operated until June 1969, when it was replaced by the CN Roadcruiser bus service started in the Fall of 1968. With the demise of the Caribou, the only passenger services remaining on the island were mixed freight and passenger trains on the Bonavista, Carbonear, and Argentia branch lines, and on the main-line between Bishop's Falls and Corner Brook. Terra Transport would continue to operate mixed passenger/freight service on the branch lines until 1984. The mainline service between Corner Brook and Bishop's Falls made its last run on 30 September 1988. The Roadcruiser bus service ran until 29 March 1996, when it was sold to DRL Coachlines of Triton, Newfoundland.

The most significant change made under the Terra Transport subsidiary was the move to the carriage of less-than-carload (LCL) freight. A large fleet of distinctive green intermodal shipping containers were ordered and used in place of boxcars. These containers were stacked on flatcars of mainland trains, fitted onto the decks inside the ferries, and then placed on flatcars of trains in Newfoundland, or transported entirely by truck. During the mid-1980s, trains composed almost entirely of the distinctive TT containers were common. The handling time for freight dropped considerably, as containers could be easily removed from the trains in each community and the loading/unloading at Port aux Basques was significantly improved over standard freight cars. Another significant change the closure and abandonment all of CN's branch lines in the province by 1984, leaving only the main line operational.

Despite these changes, Terra Transport was unable to turn a profit for CN and the federal government. Specialized ferries were still needed for carrying non-LCL railway cars, and by the mid-1980s were approaching the end of their operational life and required replacement. The election of a Conservative federal government brought about the elimination of subsidies for money-losing operations. In 1986, one of two remaining railcar ferries was sold off as the government converted CN Marine into Marine Atlantic, completely separating the rail and ferry services. Terra Transport operations were largely captive on Newfoundland and would specialize in handling import/export LCL and inter-island non-LCL freight.

Abandonment
In 1987, the federal government deregulated the railway industry in Canada and CN promptly applied to abandon its Newfoundland operations under Terra Transport. The political firestorm which followed saw the federal and provincial governments negotiate a one-time payout of $800 million (CAD) from Ottawa to St. John's to fund highway improvements under the Trans-Canada Highway Program and the Regional Trunk Road Agreement.

The agreements were signed in December 1987; however, continuing public outcry and legal challenges kept the railway operational for several months. On 20 June 1988, it was officially announced that the railway would cease operations as of 1 September 1988. Some freight trains still ran until late September, with the last scheduled run on 29 September 1988. The last scheduled passenger train ran on 30 September 1988, from Bishops Falls to Corner Brook. Following official abandonment, the railway operated salvage trains, dismantling track in remote locations; some salvage trains were still operating in the summer of 1990. Most of the track was removed and scrapped by November 1990. CN no longer has any operations in the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador.

Since 1997, the old railbed has been reclaimed as the Newfoundland T'Railway Provincial Park.

title: Terra Transport


text: Category:1160 deaths

title: Category:1160 deaths


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Wood Street railway station

Wood Street is a railway station on the Chingford branch of the Lea Valley lines, located in Upper Walthamstow in the London Borough of Waltham Forest, north east London. It is 7 mi down the line from London Liverpool Street and is situated between Walthamstow Central and Highams Park. It has been operated by London Overground since 2015.

It is also occasionally known as "Walthamstow Wood Street". The station is in Travelcard Zone 4. The station is close to Whipps Cross University Hospital.

History
The station was opened in 1873 by the Great Eastern Railway.

On 13 February 1919 there was an accident at Wood Street when a passenger train ran into an empty stock train. Five people were injured – none seriously. The cause was a signal failure.

In 1923 the Great Eastern Railway became part of the London and North Eastern Railway, which in turn was merged into British Railways Eastern Region following nationalisation in 1948.

When construction of the London Underground's Victoria line was given parliamentary approval in 1955, the plan was to build the line past Walthamstow Central station to Wood Street, where the line would surface to terminate next to the British Railways station, on land previously used as a coal depot. Before construction work started, a decision was made in 1961 to omit the section beyond Walthamstow Central.

The line was electrified in 1960, and electric services commenced on 12 November. At first Class 305 EMUs were used, but initial technical problems led to their replacement by Class 302 and Class 304 EMUs.

The station had a goods depot, which closed on 6 May 1968.

In April 1994 Railtrack took over responsibility for the operation of the infrastructure. Train services have been operated since then by West Anglia Great Northern, National Express East Anglia, Abellio Greater Anglia and,, by London Overground.

Engine shed
There was an engine shed located just north of Wood Street which was a sub-shed of Stratford TMD and was built in 1878. The engine shed was a two road affair with space for 6 tank locomotives – there was also a short siding for coal wagons. An additional siding was added c1934. By the 1950s the staff complement was 36 drivers, 36 Firemen and six Passed Cleaners although recruitment for what was a hard dirty job became more difficult during that decade.

On 1 January 1922 the allocation consisted of three GER Class M15 2-4-2Ts (later LNER Class F4), two GER Class C72 (later LNER Class J68) and eleven GER Class S56 (later LNER class J69) 0-6-0T engines.

In later years the main allocation of the shed was tank engines for working suburban services to and from London Liverpool Street and from the 1920s the allocation was exclusively the LNE N7 0-6-2T locomotives.

The shed was closed in 1960 when the line was electrified.

Services
Trains are operated by London Overground.

The typical off-peak weekday service pattern is:
 * 4 trains per hour (tph) to London Liverpool Street;
 * 4 tph to Chingford.

Journey times are 9 minutes to Chingford and 20 minutes to Liverpool Street.

Connections
London Buses routes 230 and W16 serve the station.

title: Wood Street railway station


text: Category:1164 deaths

title: Category:1164 deaths


text:
Talk:Prime Minister of Vanuatu

[Untitled]
This article needs to be updated... considering it is linked from Main Page. --Hemanshu 19:04, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Natapei - December 2009
The page currently lists the Prime Minister's position as "vacant". (he lost the position due to a technicality) However, Natapei is still Prime Minister - I found an article here: http://pidp.eastwestcenter.org/pireport/2009/December/12-02-02.htm ... in summary, on November 30, Vanuatu's Chief Justice made an interim ruling for him to remain PM for another week. Sorry I don't have time to update the actual article. Dracunculus (talk) 18:31, 2 December 2009 (UTC)

Recent messy situation (December 2010-June 2011)
I've tried to make things as clear as possible in the table/list, and put an explanatory note above. In brief, here's what happened : Simple, right? :p Aridd (talk) 09:39, 16 June 2011 (UTC)
 * December 2010: Natapei ousted in a motion of no confidence; Kilman elected by Parliament
 * April 2011 : Kilman ousted in a motion of no confidence; Vohor elected by Parliament
 * May 2011 : Court rules on challenge to Vohor's election, finds his election unconstitutional, voids it; Kilman is restored to resume his original term (which is why I replaced "2nd time" by "1st time (continued)" in the list)
 * June 2011: Court rules on challenge to Kilman's initial election back in December, finds his election unconstitutional, voids it; Natapei is restored as interim Prime Minister to convene Parliament to elect a new Prime Minister.

 * Someone removed all clarifications from the list, and labelled the resumption of Kilman's first term as his "second", and the interim resumption of Natapei's second as his "third". That's misleading, and incorrect. Kilman did not begin a second term on May 13; the court voided Vohor's premiership, meaning that Kilman was (at that time) the uninterrupted de jure Prime Minister. (The Minister for Justice, Regenvanu, even said so explicitly.) Kilman did not begin a second term, he resumed his first. Similarly, when Kilman's own premiership was declared null and void by the Supreme Court, Natapei resumed his second term, albeit only on an interim basis. Natapei most certainly did not start a "third term".
 * To clarify: Natapei's ousting in December was legally valid. Thus he ceased to be Prime Minister in December. But Kilman and Vohor's subsequent elections were both legally flawed, according to the courts, and are thus null and void; legally speaking, it's as though they never happened, and Vanuatu has had no lawfully constituted government since December. That being the case, the Supreme Court has restored Natapei on a purely interim basis until a Prime Minister can be duly elected. Natapei is not serving a new term in office: he is merely an interim Prime Minister, intended to serve in that interim capacity for a few days only, due to the fact that he is the mostly recently lawfully elected PM (for his second term, which began in September 2008).
 * Now, we can discuss how to reflect all this in the list, but I would very much argue that it needs to be reflected in some way. (Including the fact that, legally speaking, though obviously not de facto, Kilman and Vohor were never Prime Ministers these past few months.) We want this article to be informative, rather than misleading or downright incorrect. Aridd (talk) 20:53, 16 June 2011 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 08:22, 1 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Maxime Carlot Korman.jpg

title: Talk:Prime Minister of Vanuatu


text: Category:1167 deaths

title: Category:1167 deaths


text:
Gorchakov

The House of Gorchakov, or Gortchakoff (Горчако́в), is a Russian princely family of Rurikid stock that is descended from the Rurikid sovereigns of Peremyshl, Russia.

Aleksey Gorchakov
The family first achieved prominence during the reign of Catherine II. Prince Aleksey Ivanovich (1769–1817) served with distinction under his uncle Suvorov in the Turkish Wars, and took part as a general officer in the Italian and Swiss operations of 1799, and in the war against Napoleon in Poland in 1806–1807 (Battle of Heilsberg). He succeeded Barclay de Tolly as the Minister of War in 1813. His brother Andrei Ivanovich Gorchakov (1776–1855) was a general in the Russian army who took a conspicuous part in the final campaigns against Napoleon. Their cousin Princess Pelageya Nikolayevna Gorchakova (1762–1838) was fictionalized by her grandson Leo Tolstoy in War and Peace.

Pyotr Gorchakov
Prince Peter Dmitrievich Gorchakov (1790–1868) served under Mikhail Kamensky and Mikhail Kutuzov in the campaign against Turkey, and afterwards against France in 1813–1814. In 1820 he suppressed an insurrection in the Caucasus, for which service he was raised to the rank of major-general. In 1828–1829 he fought under Prince Peter von Wittgenstein against the Turks, won an action at Aidos, and signed the treaty of peace at Adrianople. In 1839 he was made governor of Eastern Siberia, and in 1851 retired into private life.

When the Crimean War broke out he offered his services to the emperor Nicholas, by whom he was appointed general of the VI army corps in the Crimea. He commanded the corps in the battles of Alma and Inkerman. He retired in 1855 and died at Moscow, on March 18, 1868.

Mikhail Gorchakov
Prince Mikhail Dmitrievich (1795–1861), brother of the last named, was appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian troops which occupied Moldavia and Wallachia after the outbreak of the Crimean War. In 1854 he crossed the Danube and besieged Silistria, but was superseded in April by Prince Ivan Paskevich, who, however, resigned on June 8, when Gorchakov resumed the command.

In 1855 Gorchakov was appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian forces in the Crimea in place of the disgraced Prince Menshikov. Gorchakov's defence of Sevastopol, and final retreat to the northern part of the town, which he continued to defend till peace was signed in Paris, were conducted with lack of energy. In 1856 he was appointed governor-general of Poland in succession to Prince Paskevich. He died at Warsaw on May 30, 1861, and was buried, in accordance with his own wish, at Sevastopol.

Alexander Gorchakov
Prince Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov (1798–1883) served as Chancellor of the Russian Empire (in office from 1867) during the reign of Emperor Alexander II ((r. 1855 – 1881)). He was educated at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, where he had the poet Alexander Pushkin as a school-fellow. In 1820–22 he accompanied Foreign Minister Karl Nesselrode to the Holy Alliance congresses at Troppau, Laibach, and Vienna.

Gorchakov was appointed Foreign Minister in April 1856 soon after the end of the Crimean War of 1853 to 1856; he represented the Russian Empire at the Paris Congress of 1856. His main objective was to restore Russia's international prestige after the bitter defeat. At first he steered the country towards an alliance with Napoleon III of France, but rebuffed by the latter's support of the January Uprising in Poland, joined his archrival Otto von Bismarck in setting up the League of the Three Emperors in 1873. Following France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, Gorchakov succeeded in his long-term goal or revising the key clauses of the Paris Treaty, especially those containing Russia's interests in the Black Sea.

The aged chancellor was so disgusted by the modification of the Treaty of San Stefano at the Berlin Congress of 1878 that in 1882 he laid down all his offices and settled into retirement. He died some months later.

In popular culture
The Gorchakov family play a central role in 1636: The Kremlin Games and other works in the Russian thread of the 1632 alternate history science fiction series.

title: Gorchakov


text: Category:1166 deaths

title: Category:1166 deaths


text: Category:1168 deaths

title: Category:1168 deaths


text:
Legendre chi function

In mathematics, the Legendre chi function is a special function whose Taylor series is also a Dirichlet series, given by $$\chi_\nu(z) = \sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{z^{2k+1}}{(2k+1)^\nu}.$$

As such, it resembles the Dirichlet series for the polylogarithm, and, indeed, is trivially expressible in terms of the polylogarithm as $$\chi_\nu(z) = \frac{1}{2}\left[\operatorname{Li}_\nu(z) - \operatorname{Li}_\nu(-z)\right].$$

The Legendre chi function appears as the discrete Fourier transform, with respect to the order ν, of the Hurwitz zeta function, and also of the Euler polynomials, with the explicit relationships given in those articles.

The Legendre chi function is a special case of the Lerch transcendent, and is given by $$\chi_\nu(z)=2^{-\nu}z\,\Phi (z^2,\nu,1/2).$$

Identities
$$\chi_2(x) + \chi_2(1/x)= \frac{\pi^2}{4}-\frac{i \pi}{2}\ln |x| .$$ $$\frac{d}{dx}\chi_2(x) = \frac{{\rm arctanh\,} x}{x}.$$

Integral relations
$$\int_0^{\pi/2} \arcsin (r \sin \theta) d\theta = \chi_2\left(r\right)$$ $$\int_0^{\pi/2} \arctan (r \sin \theta) d\theta = -\frac{1}{2}\int_0^{\pi} \frac{ r \theta \cos \theta}{1+ r^2 \sin^2 \theta} d\theta = 2 \chi_2\left(\frac{\sqrt{1+r^2}- 1}{r}\right)$$ $$\int_0^{\pi/2} \arctan (p \sin \theta)\arctan (q \sin \theta) d\theta = \pi \chi_2\left(\frac{\sqrt{1+p^2}- 1}{p}\cdot\frac{\sqrt{1+q^2}- 1}{q}\right)$$ $$\int_0^{\alpha}\int_0^{\beta} \frac{dx dy}{1-x^2 y^2} = \chi_2(\alpha\beta)\qquad {\rm if}|\alpha\beta|\leq 1$$

title: Legendre chi function


text:
Talk:The Supremes

Edit request on 2 June 2013
In first paragraph of origins, "Diane Ross" should read "Diana Ross".

184.57.207.139 (talk) 14:39, 2 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Diane was the name that she went by in that time period. Best, --Discographer (talk) 15:26, 2 June 2013 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 28 January 2015
69.29.16.6 (talk) 19:37, 28 January 2015 (UTC) ITS BOSS TENOOėĚĚěę
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format.  B E C K Y S A Y L E S  19:52, 28 January 2015 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 11 December 2015: To add to the Further Reading Section
Further Reading: Phillips, Ian. Diana Ross: Reflections. New Haven Publishing, 2015 ISBN 978-1910705100

IanPhillips1979 (talk) 16:58, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: I hesitate to add this, because it appears you have a conflict of interest and are the author of the work you're asking to add. The referencing/notes/further reading subsections of this article are already in a confusing format... Is there anything in this book that will help support the content of the article? Any new details? -- ferret (talk) 03:12, 16 December 2015 (UTC)

"The Supremes became the first black female performers of the rock era to embrace a more feminine image"?
The article currently states, "The Supremes became the first black female performers of the rock era to embrace a more feminine image." What is this based on? I doubt that all the other black female performers of the rock era who preceded them -- some of whom were also Motown artists and would have been subject to the the company's image development policy too -- had masculine images. --Metropolitan90 (talk) 00:59, 21 December 2015 (UTC)

Line Ups
Although very brief and short-lived, shouldn't there be an inclusion in the Line Ups section for the 2000 iteration of Diana Ross & The Supremes? Ross, Payne & Lawrence? It was an official tour and thus an official line up of the group. 110.86.19.122 (talk) 01:39, 5 November 2017 (UTC)

Nomination of Portal:The Supremes for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether Portal:The Supremes is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The page will be discussed at this MfD discussion page until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the page during the discussion, including to improve the page to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the deletion notice from the top of the page. North America1000 23:15, 12 April 2019 (UTC)

FA criteria
I am concerned that the article does not meet the FA criteria. For example, considerable amount of content is not cited to a reliable source. (t · c)  buidhe  21:05, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

Death has a way of doing that.
"With the death of Florence Ballard in 1976 and the death of Mary Wilson on February 8, 2021, there is no longer any possible reunion of the original classic lineup." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2603:6080:EF05:973B:6C1A:1714:C718:D722 (talk) 17:01, 21 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Simply put, regardless of Ballard's death or, particularly, Wilson's death, there would not have been a reunion of the Original Supremes - as they became to be known? Ross, in particular, was always singular, even Ballard's sister denoted this. Furthermore, according to Ballard's sister, Ross was already the focal member of the Supremes, long before Gordy make his appointment.  Ross was always front and center, regardless of members.  Once, Gordy realized her potential, he wasted no time to milk it for all it was worth. Ross was "Supremely Bankable"; Ballard, Wilson, Terrell, Birdsong were not. Regardless of efforts, styles or time and place, Ross was the star and when she left, The Supremes were already gone when "LSTB" debuted, in October of 1972. Spenser - The Unknown (talk) 21:05, 29 July 2023 (UTC)

The Real Fuel For Ballard's continued Depression?
Ballard's Depression was always predicated on her rape. Her misdirected anger and subsequent drinking and withdrawal were results of her bitter resentment of having been raped. Both Mary and later, Diana, admitted the distinct probability of Ballard's rape as the root of her eventual downfall. I admit that neither Gordy nor Ross did all that much to mitigate Ballard's discontentment but it was her rape that pushed her out of the group and eventual death. Spenser - The Unknown (talk) 01:10, 23 January 2023 (UTC)

 * While the aforementioned is undeniable true, Ballard also lost a sibling or two? Ballard was already "Sassy" and sassy isn't a compliment. SHe was rough, rude, crude and quite common and she spoke up, regardless of application. Ballard was not unlike Nancy Wilson, Cissy Houston, Dionne Warwick, Aretha Franklin, Gladys Knight, et al. Traits which when not properly applied became demerits and ultimately, disconcerting. Ballard was, already difficult. The rape solidified the effects of the rage and fueled the rage, discontentment and ultimately, self-destruction. Ross just walked around and Wilson sought to see who would be on the "Winning Side"? Spenser - The Unknown (talk) 21:11, 29 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Well of course Ross would begin start having the nasty "diva" attitude shortly after Ballard’s death, and Wilson kept trying to keep the Supremes alive because of the changing lineup from 1970-1977, as since people claimed that Ross had disrespected Ballard at her own funeral and people were asking for autographs - which was disrespectful. Either way that is disrespectful - but not actually. Ballard lost two siblings throughout her life, Roy from a car accident (in 1950s) and her brother in 1973. Gordy was actually body shaming Ballard as noted in Wilson’s book, with the quotes such as "big as a house" (actually quoted by Ross), and Gordy and Ballard went back and forth and then that ultimately caused Ballard to get kicked out as a founding member, which does not make sense at all. Gordy took bossy control over the group and used session singers instead of the actual Supremes - mostly the Andantes, and they started to use more fashioned dresses. Ross wanted Ballard out the group and I assumed throughout my life that Ross actually hated Ballard, which is possibly true because that Ross was totally pleased about Ballard leaving soon - and that happened 8 years after the group was formed. Gordy had nagged Ballard out mostly by 1966 just because she missed out in performances, which I can tell that affected Ballard's drinking or substance abuse. TheGreatestLuvofAll ( chat with me ) 00:21, 24 January 2024 (UTC)

Proposed merger of Kaaren Ragland
I'd like to propose merging Kaaren Ragland into. All of the sources in the other article are about the trademark dispute and lawsuit. Daniel Quinlan (talk) 23:24, 22 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Support per nomination. This article has faced many edit warring, and I consider to just redirect it into the article because of this. TheGreatestLuvofAll  ( chat with me ) 23:28, 22 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm pinging recent editors of the Kaaren Ragland article in case anyone has an opinion on this proposed merger. Daniel Quinlan (talk) 23:46, 25 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I support merging the two and redirecting Kaaren Ragland. Only two documents link to the Kaaren Ragland page anyway: Former Ladies of the Supremes which talks about the lawsuit and Dawn: Portrait of a Teenage Runaway where she is part of the cast. I don't believe she is meets the notability standards for WP. LongLiveMusic (talk) 07:00, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
 * There seems to be some misunderstanding in regards to the validity that Ragland can call herself a "Supreme", as seen by the numerous edits of this Wiki by Ms. Ragland herself.
 * The facts: Kaaren was a backup singer in the 1970's and 1980's for Original Supreme, Mary Wilson.
 * The facts: Ragland won a court case against Ms. Wilson. However, Ms. Wilson did not own the name The Supremes.
 * The facts, which can be supported with proper documentation: in 2011, Universal and Motown Records released a statement, via their "Supremes Final Sessions" release, that only nine women can call themselves a Supreme. Ragland was not listed, therefore she is not a Supreme.
 * It's really as simple as that.
 * I'd like to propose that the entire Wiki is deleted, as the notability of the subject is highly questionable. Marybrewster (talk) 01:27, 26 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Correct. I have even placed a notability tag on her page. Basically, this user with the same name continuously edit warred around the page with other users and got recently blocked for that, and that violated WP:COI. However, I did add a reference for the court case, but she did remove that and insisted on writing poorly unsourced material instead.  TheGreatestLuvofAll  ( chat with me ) 01:32, 26 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Some of that may be worth including in the article if it can be backed up with reliable sources, isn't WP:UNDUE, etc. I think the only question that matters when it comes to the Kaaren Ragland article is notability and whether it should be merged with this article (the result would be replacing the content of Kaaren Ragland with a redirect to a section of this article and some information would be merged into this article). That's the only proposal being discussed here. I'm not saying she is a Supreme nor would I ever claim that. Daniel Quinlan Daniel Quinlan (talk) 01:40, 26 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Basically, if she has her own group, "Sounds of the Supremes", the group isn’t big on notability, but still, we can otherwise do anything else to the article and possibly like Merge, Keep or Redirect, it’s either between those decisions. TheGreatestLuvofAll  ( chat with me ) 01:37, 26 January 2024 (UTC)
 * We can instead just merge, as my reasoning stated above. TheGreatestLuvofAll  ( chat with me ) 01:41, 26 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Such a suggestion is ridiculous and uninformed and clearly an idea that does a disservice to Kaaren. Her bio is full of content that has nothing to do The Supremes, a group that disbanded many years ago. Her own group the Sounds of the Supremes has been around for 30+ years. Whomever is trying to introduce such ideas is doing her a disservice and appears to have an agenda along with the cowardly characters (who fail to disclose their real identity and whom Wikipedia fails to police). Kaaren Ragland has made significant contributions to many areas of the entertainment industry of which The Supremes is a minor part. Please list all of her credits in full. B2TheShack (talk) 19:44, 26 January 2024 (UTC) — B2TheShack (talk • contribs) has made few or no other edits outside this topic. JM (talk) 23:38, 26 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Clearly, the group is also using the Supremes name, and the court case is also listed for information, and it is not an agenda, and Ragland was also threatening to report/sue me just because I was adding sourced content. So clearly, the group has something to do with the Supremes because of the name. TheGreatestLuvofAll  ( chat with me ) 23:14, 26 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The Sounds of the Supremes is a well established group worldwide. The problem with your
 * references are that they are not going to the court case but third party references in
 * magazines and newspaper articles. As an editor go to the source, the actual court case. 2603:8000:9F0:8370:1082:AD22:F848:99FD (talk) 03:54, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I know that there's no point in responding to you since you are WP:NOTHERE and WP:NOTGETTINGIT and WP:COI and not assuming good faith, but I feel the need to point out that Wikipedia does not do original research by looking at court cases, and does not rely on primary sources like court cases. Wikipedia is a tertiary source, which means it relies on secondary sources like news articles. JM (talk) 03:59, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Right, that’s why you should not call yourself an encyclopedia because your comments are not
 * based on facts. Seasoned Black artists like Kaaren should not be disrespected nor others that
 * I have the privilege of representing. Full stop. Unblock me. 2603:8000:9F0:8370:1082:AD22:F848:99FD (talk) 04:23, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
 * You're not going to get me to bow down and listen to people violating wiki policies just because they are black. You're probably never going to be unblocked because you're evading a block by using an IP, you have a conflict of interest, you're assuming bad faith, you're not here to improve the encyclopedia but to advocate for either yourself (which is called wp:sockpuppetry, and is indicated by the fact that the Kaaren Ragland account and you both use the unique phrase "full stop" after certain sentences) or someone you claim to "represent" (which is called wp:meatpuppetry). Literally every time you comment you make your situation worse because every single time you commit multiple blockable offences. JM (talk) 04:29, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
 * You could not be more wrong. Actually I am not Black but a White British man who has been
 * in the Entertainment business for many years and know many of the parties you allude to. However your comments highlight severe racist overtones. Shame on you. Unblock me immediately.
 * Actually “full stop” is an English expression. 2603:8000:9F0:8370:1082:AD22:F848:99FD (talk) 04:55, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
 * "Its racist to refuse to do whatever black people want" is an extreme take. You're the one who just demanded I listen you you because Kaaren Ragland is black. You're being ridiculously uncivil. "Full stop" is an English expression which in my year at Wikipedia I have only ever seen you and the other account use. The more you tell me to unblock you while you continue block-evading, the less likely you are ever going to be unblocked. I'm not "alluding to any parties". The absolute worst way to get people to do what you want on Wikipedia is to constantly insult them and assume bad faith. You've repeatedly confessed to participating in meatpuppetting and continue to do so, so no, you're not getting unblocked. JM (talk) 05:38, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
 * That first sentence is exactly what what I mean. Racist. You miss the point. She is a known and
 * respected Black artist and you are disrespectful. I have this back & forth copied. So you are
 * an editor? Good to know. Next stop San Francisco, Wikipedia. Have a nice day. 2603:8000:9F0:8370:1082:AD22:F848:99FD (talk) 05:49, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
 * So you do think I'm racist for not doing whatever a black person wants. Once again, very odd and extreme take. What does "Next stop San Francisco, Wikipedia" mean? JM (talk) 06:19, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The purpose of Wikipedia is not to service Kaaren. Enough with the personal attacks and assuming bad faith. JM (talk) 23:41, 26 January 2024 (UTC)
 * FYI the editor I'm replying to has been blocked as the article subject herself trying to evade a block. JM (talk) 00:29, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Support per nominator JM (talk) 00:23, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I am not Kaaren Ragland whom you appear to a have personal issue with, and am currently in the/middle of my business with many of my a UMG clients in London at the ILMC. Your statements are clearly made by a person who is uninformed. I do not take kindly to folks who cannot substantiate their statements. This is unprofessional. I have known Kaaren as an artist for years and her
 * group is well respected in the business. Unblock me. 2603:8000:9F0:8370:1082:AD22:F848:99FD (talk) 03:48, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
 * If you'd like, you can read this article about appealing blocks. Dialmayo (talk) (Contribs) she/her 22:26, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, your comments are clearly unprofessional. JM (talk) 03:56, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Kaaren Ragland was a background singer for Mary Wilson after the group disbanded in 1977. Despite a court ruling which allowed her to use the name "Supremes" for her tribute act, her claims of being a legitimate Supreme are invalid. Since Motown owns the trademark "The Supremes" and Ragland never had a recording contract with the label or was signed as a member of the group with the label, her claims should be dismissed. Her own association with the name Supremes is through her connection with original Supreme, Mary Wilson for which was employed by Wilson's business, Supremes, Inc. from 1978 to 1989 as a background singer. No other background singer for any Supreme has ever billed or claimed to a Supreme other than Ragland. She contributed nothing to the group's legacy or career. Universal Music Group, who owns Motown Records, made an official statement in their 2012 compilation release "The Supremes - Let Yourself Go, The 70s Albums, Vol. 2: 1974-1977 The Final Sessions" regarding members of the group and I quote:
 * "The Final Word
 * Several people around the world have claimed to be Supremes since the 1977 disbanding of the group. These are the only nine ladies who were, and will always be, Supremes:
 * Diana Ross 1961-1970
 * Mary Wilson 1961-1977
 * Florence Ballard 1961-1967
 * Barbara Martin 1961
 * Cindy Birdsong 1967-1972; 1973-1976
 * Jean Terrell 1970-1973
 * Lynda Laurence 1972-1973
 * Scherrie Payne 1973-1977
 * Susaye Greene 1976-1977"
 * With official statement from Universal Music Group, owner of Motown Records and the trademark of the name "The Supremes" on who were official, recognized members of the group, puts to rest Ragland's claims and thus a merger of her name with The Supremes page should not occur. 2600:1009:A021:8A5A:89FC:27B0:445C:284C (talk) 20:10, 10 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Support - per nominator's argument. Choucas Bleu  (T·C) 16:08, 12 March 2024 (UTC)

I went ahead and extracted the relevant material from Kaaren Ragland and added it to. I'm not closing the merge discussion and proceeding with the rest of the merge process at this time because it's recommended that merge proposals be discussed for a week before closing. Daniel Quinlan (talk) 08:22, 27 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Are you going to re-establish Kaaren’s site covering her Theater, film, music credits,
 * awards, education etc? 2603:8000:9F0:8370:C407:21B3:A48:B8E9 (talk) 09:13, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
 * No. —  The Hand That Feeds You :Bite 21:21, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Supremes


text: Category:1173 deaths

title: Category:1173 deaths


text: Category:1175 deaths

title: Category:1175 deaths


text:
Katarina-Sofia

Katarina-Sofia was a borough (stadsdelsområde) in central Stockholm, named after the two parishes of Katarina and Sofia. Effective January 1, 2007, the borough merged with the borough of Maria-Gamla Stan to form the Södermalm borough.

Katarina-Sofia was made up of the eastern half of Södermalm and Hammarby Sjöstad (Södra Hammarbyhamnen). The population was 42,750 on an area of 3.36 km², which gave a density of 12,723.21/km².

title: Katarina-Sofia


text:
Catallaxy

Catallaxy or catallactics is an alternative expression for the word "economy". Whereas the word economy suggests that people in a community possess a common and congruent set of values and goals, catallaxy suggests that the emergent properties of a market (prices, division of labor, growth, etc.) are the outgrowths of the diverse and disparate goals of the individuals in a community.

Aristotle was the first person to define the word "economy" as ‘the art of household management’. As is still a common method of explanation today, Aristotle tried to explain complex market phenomena through an analogy between a household and a state, take for example the modern analogy between the national debt of a country's government and a simple consumer's credit card debt. Aristotle used a common Greek word 'oikonomia' that meant "to direct a single household," and used it to mean the management of an entire city-state. The word catallaxy aims to provide a more accurate and inclusive word for the market phenomenon of groups of households, in which participants are free to pursue diverse ends of their own.

After being discussed by Ludwig von Mises the term catallaxy was later made popular by Friedrich Hayek who defines it as "the order brought about by the mutual adjustment of many individual economies in a market".

Catallaxy may also be used to refer to a marketplace of ideas, especially a place where people holding diverse political ideologies come together to gain deeper understanding of a wide range of political orientations.

Catallaxy also becomes a new dimension in software design and network architecture.

title: Catallaxy


text:
Joey LaMotta

Giuseppe LaMotta (April 27, 1925 – December 29, 2020), better known as Joey LaMotta, was an American boxer who was the younger brother and one time manager of former world middleweight boxing champion, Jake LaMotta.

LaMotta also boxed for a short time in 1945 and 1946. His record was 32 wins (22 KOs), 5 losses (1 KO), and 2 draws.

Joe Pesci was nominated for a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award for his portrayal of Joey in the 1980 film Raging Bull, a biographical film about his brother Jake's turbulent life and career.

His son, John LaMotta was an actor and also an amateur boxer who fought in the heavyweight-novice class of the 2001 Golden Gloves championship tournament.

LaMotta died on December 29, 2020, at the age of 95.

Professional boxing record

 * align="center" colspan=8|32 Wins (22 knockouts, 10 decisions), 5 Losses (1 knockout, 4 decisions), 2 Draws
 * align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Result
 * align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Record
 * align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Opponent
 * align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Type
 * align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Round
 * align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Date
 * align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Location
 * align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Notes
 * Loss
 * 32-5-2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Freddie Flores
 * PTS
 * 10
 * 1946-11-05
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Park Arena, Bronx, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Loss
 * 32-4-2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Freddie Flores
 * TKO
 * 4 (10), 3:00
 * 1946-10-21
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Laurel Garden, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Loss
 * 32-3-2
 * align=left|🇪🇪 Anton Raadik
 * PTS
 * 10
 * 1946-09-12
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Wrigley Field, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 32-2-2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Gene Boland
 * SD
 * 10
 * 1946-08-07
 * align=left|🇺🇸 University of Detroit Stadium, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Loss
 * 31-2-2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Joe Blackwood
 * UD
 * 10
 * 1946-05-10
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Boston Garden, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Draw
 * 31-1-2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Joe Blackwood
 * PTS
 * 10
 * 1946-04-12
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Boston Garden, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 31-1-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 John Henry Johnson
 * TKO
 * 4 (8), 1:59
 * 1946-03-29
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Boston Garden, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 30-1-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Tony Riccio
 * PTS
 * 8
 * 1946-03-18
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Laurel Garden, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 29-1-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Bobby Berger
 * UD
 * 8
 * 1946-03-12
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Park Arena, Bronx, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 28-1-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Bobby Berger
 * UD
 * 8
 * 1946-02-05
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Park Arena, Bronx, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 27-1-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Art Brown
 * UD
 * 10
 * 1945-12-07
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Chicago Stadium, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 26-1-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Johnny Jones
 * KO
 * 5 (8)
 * 1945-11-23
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Boston Garden, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 25-1-1
 * align=left|🇨🇺 Andres Gomez
 * KO
 * 2 (8), 2:41
 * 1945-10-23
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Park Arena, Bronx, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 24-1-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Larney Moore
 * TKO
 * 5 (6), 1:25
 * 1945-10-15
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Stanley Arena, New Britain, Connecticut, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 23-1-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Dan Aldrich
 * KO
 * 1 (8), 0:56
 * 1945-10-09
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Park Arena, Bronx, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 22-1-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Martin Doyle
 * TKO
 * 2 (6), 1:35
 * 1945-09-26
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Comiskey Park, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 21-1-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Ballesandro Carubia
 * TKO
 * 4 (8)
 * 1945-09-15
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Ridgewood Grove, Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 20-1-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Jimmy Mills
 * KO
 * 4 (8)
 * 1945-09-04
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Sterling Oval, Bronx, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 19-1-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Lew Perez
 * KO
 * 2 (10)
 * 1945-08-13
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Mitchell Field, Stamford, Connecticut, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 18-1-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Billy Johnson
 * PTS
 * 6
 * 1945-08-10
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Madison Square Garden, New York, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 17-1-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Jack Garrity
 * KO
 * 2 (6)
 * 1945-06-29
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Carney Auditorium, Erie, Pennsylvania, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 16-1-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Charlie Finley
 * KO
 * 1 (8)
 * 1945-06-25
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Mitchell Field, Stamford, Connecticut, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 15-1-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Jimmy Davis
 * KO
 * 4 (8), 0:37
 * 1945-06-19
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Westchester County Center, White Plains, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 14-1-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Tom Collins
 * PTS
 * 6
 * 1945-06-11
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Queensboro Arena, Long Island City, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Loss
 * 13-1-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Jimmy Mills
 * PTS
 * 7
 * 1945-05-16
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Paterson, New Jersey, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Draw
 * 13-0-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Jimmy Mills
 * PTS
 * 6
 * 1945-05-02
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Armory, Paterson, New Jersey, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 13-0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Lee Black
 * RTD
 * 3 (6)
 * 1945-04-28
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Ridgewood Grove, Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 12-0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Dave Carver
 * KO
 * 2 (6), 1:37
 * 1945-04-27
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Boston Garden, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 11-0
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Fernand Demers
 * TKO
 * 1 (6), 2:42
 * 1945-04-20
 * align=left|🇺🇸 St. Nicholas Arena, New York, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 10-0
 * align=left|🇲🇽 Baudelio Valencia
 * KO
 * 3 (6), 1:45
 * 1945-04-10
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Westchester County Center, White Plains, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 9-0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Al Jackson
 * KO
 * 1 (6), 2:15
 * 1945-03-26
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Chicago Stadium, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 8-0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Jimmy Campbell
 * KO
 * 1 (6)
 * 1945-03-19
 * align=left|🇺🇸 U.S.O. Auditorium, Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 7-0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Lee Black
 * KO
 * 2 (6), 1:55
 * 1945-03-13
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Westchester County Center, White Plains, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 6-0
 * align=left|🇲🇽 Baudelio Valencia
 * PTS
 * 6
 * 1945-03-06
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Jersey City Gardens, Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 5-0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Ernest Barnwell
 * PTS
 * 6
 * 1945-02-27
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Westchester County Center, White Plains, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 4-0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Jerry McGee
 * TKO
 * 2 (4)
 * 1945-02-24
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Ridgewood Grove, Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 3-0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Buddy Jackson
 * KO
 * 1 (4), 2:45
 * 1945-02-20
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Jersey City Gardens, Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 2-0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Lew Perez
 * PTS
 * 4
 * 1945-02-13
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Westchester County Center, White Plains, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 1-0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Charley Howard
 * TKO
 * 1 (4)
 * 1945-02-06
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Westchester County Center, White Plains, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * }
 * 6
 * 1945-02-27
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Westchester County Center, White Plains, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 4-0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Jerry McGee
 * TKO
 * 2 (4)
 * 1945-02-24
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Ridgewood Grove, Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 3-0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Buddy Jackson
 * KO
 * 1 (4), 2:45
 * 1945-02-20
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Jersey City Gardens, Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 2-0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Lew Perez
 * PTS
 * 4
 * 1945-02-13
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Westchester County Center, White Plains, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 1-0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Charley Howard
 * TKO
 * 1 (4)
 * 1945-02-06
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Westchester County Center, White Plains, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * }
 * 1945-02-06
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Westchester County Center, White Plains, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * }
 * }

title: Joey LaMotta


text:
USS Redfish

USS Redfish has been the name of more than one United States Navy ship, and may refer to:

 * USS Redfish (SS-395), later AGSS-395, a submarine in commission from 1944 to 1968
 * USS Redfish (SSN-680), the original name planned for an attack submarine renamed USS William H. Bates (SSN-680) in 1969 prior to the beginning of construction

title: USS Redfish


text:
Nimodipine

Nimodipine, sold under the brand name Nimotop among others, is a calcium channel blocker used in preventing vasospasm secondary to subarachnoid hemorrhage (a form of cerebral hemorrhage). It was originally developed within the calcium channel blocker class as it was used for the treatment of high blood pressure, but is not used for this indication.

It was patented in 1971 and approved for medical use in the US in 1988. It was approved for medical use in Germany in 1985.

Medical use
Because it has some selectivity for cerebral vasculature, nimodipine's main use is in the prevention of cerebral vasospasm and resultant ischemia, a complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage (a form of cerebral bleed), specifically from ruptured intracranial berry aneurysms irrespective of the patient's post-ictus neurological condition. Its administration begins within 4 days of a subarachnoid hemorrhage and is continued for three weeks. If blood pressure drops by over 5%, dosage is adjusted. There is still controversy regarding the use of intravenous nimodipine on a routine basis.

A 2003 trial (Belfort et al.) found nimodipine was inferior to magnesium sulfate in preventing seizures in women with severe preeclampsia.

Nimodipine is not regularly used to treat head injury. Several investigations have been performed evaluating its use for traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage; a systematic review of 4 trials did not suggest any significant benefit to the patients that receive nimodipine therapy. There was one report case of nimodipine being successfully used for treatment of ultradian bipolar cycling after brain injury and, later, amygdalohippocampectomy.

Dosage
The regular dosage is 60 mg tablets every four hours. If the patient is unable to take tablets orally, it was previously given via intravenous infusion at a rate of 1–2 mg/hour (lower dosage if the body weight is <70 kg or blood pressure is too low), but since the withdrawal of the IV preparation, administration by nasogastric tube is an alternative.

Contraindications
Nimodipine is associated with low blood pressure, flushing and sweating, edema, nausea and other gastrointestinal problems, most of which are known characteristics of calcium channel blockers. It is contraindicated in unstable angina or an episode of myocardial infarction more recently than one month.

While nimodipine was occasionally administered intravenously in the past, the FDA released an alert in January 2006, warning that it had received reports of the approved oral preparation being used intravenously, leading to severe complications; this was despite warnings on the box that this should not be done.

Side-effects
The FDA has classified the side effects into groups based on dosages levels at q4h. For the high dosage group (90 mg) less than 1% of the group experienced adverse conditions including itching, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, thrombocytopenia, neurological deterioration, vomiting, diaphoresis, congestive heart failure, hyponatremia, decreasing platelet count, disseminated intravascular coagulation, deep vein thrombosis.

Absorption
After oral administration, it reaches peak plasma concentrations within one and a half hours. Patients taking enzyme-inducing anticonvulsants have lower plasma concentrations, while patients taking sodium valproate were markedly higher.

Metabolism
Nimodipine is metabolized in the first pass metabolism. The dihydropyridine ring of the nimodipine is dehydrogenated in the hepatic cells of the liver, a process governed by cytochrome P450 isoform 3A (CYP3A). This can be completely inhibited however, by troleandomycin (an antibiotic) or ketoconazole (an antifungal drug).

Excretion
Studies in non-human mammals using radioactive labeling have found that 40–50% of the dose is excreted via urine. The residue level in the body was never more than 1.5% in monkeys.

Mode of action
Nimodipine binds specifically to L -type voltage-gated calcium channels. There are numerous theories about its mechanism in preventing vasospasm, but none are conclusive.

Nimodipine has additionally been found to act as an antagonist of the mineralocorticoid receptor, or as an antimineralocorticoid.

Synthesis
The key acetoacetate (2) for the synthesis of nimodipine (5) is obtained by alkylation of sodium acetoacetate with 2-methoxyethyl chloride, Aldol condensation of meta-nitrobenzene (1) and the subsequent reaction of the intermediate with enamine (4) gives nimodipine.

Stereochemistry
Nimodipine contains a stereocenter and can exist as either of two enantiomers. The pharmaceutical drug is a racemate, an equal mixture of the (R)- and (S)- forms.

title: Nimodipine


text:
Gola (brand)

Gola is a sporting goods brand based in England. It was founded on 22 May 1905. It used to be known as the Bozeat Boot Company, and was based in the Northamptonshire village of Bozeat.

Overview
The company produces mainly track suits and trainers, of which the models known as "Harrier" and "Chase" are particularly popular, especially in continental Europe. During the 1970s, Gola's licensing was held under Electronic Rentals Group and its principal chairman, Maurice Fry and Leisure Group Managing Director Alan Christopher Cowell who also ran Camping Gaz. ERG PLC pushed several million pounds into Gola and developed the Gola Bag of 1972 which created an international craze.

Gola was purchased by the Jacobson Group in 1996 and has since expanded its range. In the early 2000s, Gola sportswear was re-launched in the UK as a 'retro' sports fashion brand, selling to the same people, now grown up, who fondly remembered the brand from their childhood – but at premium prices.

Gola sponsored the Alliance Premier League, the highest level of English non-League football, from 1984 until 1986, during which time the league was known as the Gola League.

title: Gola (brand)


text:
Harry V. Jaffa

Harry Victor Jaffa (October 7, 1918 – January 10, 2015) was an American political philosopher, historian, columnist, and professor. He was a professor emeritus at Claremont McKenna College, Claremont Graduate University, and was a distinguished fellow of the Claremont Institute. Robert P. Kraynak says his "life work was to develop an American application of Leo Strauss's revival of natural-right philosophy against the relativism and nihilism of our times".

Jaffa wrote on topics ranging from Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas to Abraham Lincoln, Winston Churchill, and natural law. He was published in the Claremont Review of Books, the Review of Politics, National Review, and the New York Times. His most famous work, Crisis of the House Divided: An Interpretation of the Issues in the Lincoln-Douglas Debates, written in 1959, has been described as a touchstone. He wrote the controversial line in 1964 Republican presidential nominee Barry Goldwater's acceptance speech that "extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice".

Jaffa was a formative influence on the American conservative movement, challenging notable conservative thinkers, including Russell Kirk, Richard M. Weaver, and Willmoore Kendall, on Abraham Lincoln and the founding of the United States. He debated Robert Bork on American constitutionalism. He died in 2015.

Early life and education
Jaffa was born in New York City on October 7, 1918, to Arthur Solomon Jaffa and Frances Landau Jaffa; his middle name is a reference to World War I, which ended with the same year he was born. His family was Jewish. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in English literature from Yale University and a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in political philosophy from The New School for Social Research. As a PhD student, he became interested in Abraham Lincoln after discovering a copy of the Lincoln–Douglas debates in a used bookshop.

Jaffa was one of Leo Strauss' first PhD students. His dissertation on Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas later became his first book, Thomism and Aristotelianism. There, he argues that the Christian beliefs of Aquinas influenced Aquinas' work on Aristotle. Alasdair MacIntyre describes the book as "an unduly neglected minor modern classic."

Career and views
Jaffa taught at Queens College, City College of New York, and the University of Chicago in the 1940s before receiving his doctorate. He taught at Ohio State University from 1951 through 1964, before moving to Claremont McKenna College.

Jaffa was known for his involvement in politics in addition to his writings. He was a "Kennedy Democrat who switched parties after the Bay of Pigs" in the 1960s, as described by Sam Tanenhaus. During the 1964 presidential election, Jaffa worked for the Republican campaign of Barry Goldwater. Jaffa wrote Goldwater's famous and controversial statement in his acceptance speech at the Republican National Convention: "I would remind you that extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice. And let me remind you also that moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue."

At Claremont, Jaffa was known as a leader of the "West Coast Straussians" and the "Claremonsters". His proteges can be found at Claremont and other colleges including Hillsdale College and the University of Dallas. United States Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas has said Jaffa influenced his judicial views.

Founding of the United States
Jaffa believed the American founders, including Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and George Washington established the nation on political principles traceable from Locke to Aristotle. While he believed that governments are instituted to protect rights, he acknowledged the higher ends they serve, primarily happiness. The Declaration of Independence said, "whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends [life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness], it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundations on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness." Jaffa pointed out that safety and happiness are the principal virtues of Aristotelian political life in his Politics. Jaffa also pointed to Federalist No. 43, in which James Madison declares that safety and happiness are the aims of all political institutions, and George Washington's first inaugural address as cementing the link between human happiness and government and therefore the ancient roots of the American founding.

Abraham Lincoln scholarship
Jaffa wrote two books dealing exclusively with Abraham Lincoln. His first, Crisis of the House Divided: An Interpretation of the Issues in the Lincoln-Douglas Debates, was written in 1959. Forty years later, he followed it with A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War. Jaffa also wrote a number of essays on Lincoln for the Claremont Institute, National Review, and other journals. Before Jaffa, most conservative scholars, including M. E. Bradford, Russell Kirk, and Willmoore Kendall believed that Lincoln's presidency represented a substantial growth in federal power and limitation on individual rights.

Jaffa also believed that the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution share a relationship whereby the latter is intended to preserve the principles of the former. This belief has garnered criticism from legal scholars, particularly Robert Bork.

Crisis of the House Divided
In Crisis of the House Divided, Jaffa discusses the Lincoln–Douglas debates that occurred on the eve of the American Civil War. During the 1850s, concern over the spread of slavery into the territories and into the free states became the primary concern of American politics. Stephen A. Douglas proposed the doctrine of popular sovereignty, which removed congressional authority over slavery's expansion into the territories and allowed the citizens of each territory to decide whether or not slavery would be legal there. In contrast, Lincoln believed that popular sovereignty was another example of tyranny of the majority. Lincoln argued that a majority could not sanction the enslavement of other men due to the Founding principle that "All men are created equal," which slavery violated. Both men squared off in a contest for Illinois' Senate seat in 1858.

In the book, Jaffa explains the philosophical underpinnings of both Lincoln and Douglas' arguments. According to Catherine H. Zuckert, Jaffa "aimed at nothing less than bringing to bear on America the methods and substance of the Straussian revival of the Socratic tradition of political philosophy." Like Strauss, Jaffa observed the tendency of modernity to degenerate moral and political philosophy, which he found in Douglas' appeal to popular sovereignty. Jaffa also believed that Lincoln challenged Douglas' argument with an Aristotelian or classical philosophical position derived from the Declaration of Independence and its contention that "all men are created equal." In The New Yorker, Sam Tanenhaus described the book as "a touchstone in the vast Lincoln literature" and wrote that "Lincoln emerges from it as a serious moral philosopher".

A New Birth of Freedom
A New Birth of Freedom was to be the first of a projected two-volume commentary on the Gettysburg Address. The first volume focuses on Lincoln's First Inaugural Address and his July 4, 1861, address to Congress. Jaffa argues that the Gettysburg Address is not a self-contained work but "a speech within a drama. It can no more be interpreted apart from the drama than, let us say, a speech by Hamlet or MacBeth can be interpreted apart from Hamlet or MacBeth. The Gettysburg Address is a speech within the tragedy of the Civil War, even as Lincoln is its tragic hero. The Civil War is itself an outcome of tragic flaws—birthmarks, so to speak—of the infant nation."

Jaffa describes human equality as America's "ancient faith" and contends that the Declaration of Independence reflects the principles of natural law. According to Jaffa, Lincoln's task was to restore America's political faith, saving the Union from the historicism of the Confederacy. Jaffa considers the political philosophy of John C. Calhoun the backbone of the Confederacy's new constitution and its notion of human inequality. According to him, Calhoun believed that equality was only a prescriptive attribute on the part of the states, not a natural right of human persons. By extension, Calhoun believes that human equality is derived from the relationship between equal states and not equal persons. Jaffa therefore believes that Calhoun's understanding of equality differs greatly from the American founders.

Debating Lincoln
Jaffa debated many conservative and libertarian critics of Abraham Lincoln. In the mid-1960s, he argued for Lincoln's conservative legacy in the pages of National Review with Frank Meyer, who maintained that Lincoln opened the door to unlimited expansion of federal power. In his book, Storm Over the Constitution (1999), he formulated a theory of constitutional law, incorporating the Declaration of Independence. The theory was criticized for being overly philosophical, rather than legal, despite being presented as a legal argument. His approach was especially critical of figures such as William Rehnquist and Robert Bork, who responded to Jaffa in National Review.

Jaffa also criticized the scholarship of other prominent conservatives including Russell Kirk, Richard Weaver, M.E. Bradford, and Willmoore Kendall. He debated libertarian Lincoln critic Thomas DiLorenzo in 2002.

Criticism of Robert Bork
Jaffa argued that former Supreme Court nominee Robert Bork advanced a theory of American constitutionalism that was in fundamental tension with the principles of the Declaration of Independence, and that was insufficiently conservative. Jaffa argued that Bork's argument represented legal positivism and moral relativism akin to that expressed by John C. Calhoun and the Confederacy during the Civil War. According to Jaffa, Bork believed that the Constitution and the Declaration were separate documents that were never intended to inform one another. Bork argued that the Constitution said nothing about abortion or gay rights. Jaffa believed that the Constitution followed natural law principles, and therefore prohibited states from protecting abortion or homosexuality. Bork replied that Jaffa's theories amounted to "the heart's desire theory of constitutional jurisprudence: Anything one does not like is in the Constitution", and that those who agreed with him "had much in common with Harry Blackmun, although neither would care to admit it."

National Review
Jaffa was close friends with William F. Buckley, publishing a number of articles on Lincoln in National Review throughout his career. He credited Buckley with allowing him to publish when he had been blacklisted by liberal journals and neoconservative publications after a dispute with Irving Kristol. However, Jaffa disagreed with many of the writers then publishing for the magazine including Russell Kirk and Frank Meyer. According to him, these men and other writers there rejected the principles of the Declaration of Independence and its main contention that "all men are created equal." Jaffa spent his lifetime stressing the importance of the Declaration to conservatives and liberals alike.

Barry Goldwater campaign
During the 1964 presidential campaign, Jaffa, who was serving as a speechwriter to Republican candidate Barry Goldwater, penned the line, "Extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice, and moderation in the pursuit of justice is not a virtue" in his acceptance speech for the Republican presidential nomination. Although Goldwater claimed repeatedly that the line originated in a speech by Cicero, it appears nowhere in Cicero's works, and was in fact authored by Jaffa.

Death
Jaffa died at Pomona Valley Hospital on January 10, 2015, the same day as his fellow Straussian and rival Walter Berns.

Personal life
Jaffa married Marjorie Butler in 1942; she died in 2010. They had three children, Donald, Philip, and Karen.

Books

 * Thomism and Aristotelianism: A Study of the Commentary by Thomas Aquinas on the Nicomachean Ethics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952).
 * Crisis of the House Divided: An Interpretation of the Issues in the Lincoln-Douglas Debates, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1959).
 * How to Think about the American Revolution: A Bicentennial Cerebration (Carolina Academic Press, 1978).
 * Original Intent & the Framers of the Constitution, (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, Inc., 1994).
 * Shakespeare's Politics, ed. by Harry V. Jaffa and Allan Bloom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).
 * Storm Over the Constitution, (Lanham: Lexington Books, 1999).
 * A New Birth of Freedom, (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2000).
 * The Rediscovery of America: Essays by Harry V. Jaffa on the New Birth of Politics (Rowman & Littlefield, 2019)

Articles

 * "The Ends of History Means the End of Freedom" January 17, 1990.
 * "Clarifying Homosexuality and Natural Law" January 1, 1991.
 * "A Review of Richard Mohr's Book" February 1, 1991.
 * "A Reply to Philip Dynia" August 19, 1993.
 * "Defending the Cause of Human Freedom" April 15, 1994.
 * "Defending the Cause of Human Freedom" April 15, 1994.
 * "The Party of Lincoln vs. The Party of Bureaucrats" September 13, 1996.
 * "How Lincoln Foresaw the End of Slavery" January 29, 1998.
 * "Leo Strauss, the Bible, and Political Philosophy" February 13, 1998.
 * "The False Prophets of American Conservatism" February 12, 1998.
 * "The Deepening Crisis" February 9, 1999.
 * "Why Special Interests and the Constitution are Good For You" February 20, 2000.
 * "Thoughts on Lincoln's Birthday" January 22, 2001.
 * "Campaign Reform is Unconstitutional No Matter What McCain May Claim" February 1, 2001.
 * "Aristotle and Locke in the American Founding" February 10, 2001.
 * "American Conservatism and the Present Crisis" February 12, 2003.
 * "Strauss at 100" May 14, 2003.
 * "Can There Be Another Winston Churchill?" February 6, 2004.
 * "Never Before In History", July 2, 2004.
 * "Ignoble Liars and Noble Truth-Tellers", August 17, 2004.
 * "Wages of Sin", October 11, 2004.
 * "The Logic of the Colorblind Constitution", December 6, 2004.
 * "Jaffa on Intelligent Design", January 3, 2006.
 * "The Disputed Question", January 9, 2007.
 * "The American Founding as the Best Regime", July 4, 2007.
 * "Macbeth and the Moral Universe", February 19, 2008.
 * "The Soul of Buckley", April 4, 2008.
 * "God Bless America, "Claremont Review of Books," Spring 2008.
 * "The Speech That Changed the World", February 6, 2009.
 * "Lincoln In Peoria", Fall 2009.
 * "Aristotle and the Higher Good" July 1, 2011.

title: Harry V. Jaffa


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