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Augustus Theodore Bartholomew

Augustus Theodore (Theo) Bartholomew (26 August 1882 – 14 March 1933) was a librarian at Cambridge University Library from 1900 until his death in 1933. He maintained friendships with a number of significant individuals, including Siegfried Sassoon, the novelist Forrest Reid and the uranian poet and librarian Charles Sayle. He was editor, with Henry Festing Jones, of the works of Samuel Butler (published 1923–6) and collected material for a biography of Frederick Rolfe.

Early life and education
Bartholomew was born in Walthamstow, the youngest of eight children to Alice Mary Bartholomew (née Chaplin) and Charles Augustus Bartholomew, his father having died shortly before his birth. His mother moved the family to Fowlmere, near Cambridge, and he attended the Nonconformist grammar school in Bishop's Stortford. His mother's lack of funds forced him to leave school at an early age, and seek employment nearby.

In spite of his limited education, Bartholomew felt from an early age a definite desire for a career in books. Initial enquiries to Robert Bowes' bookshop in Cambridge and the Bodleian Library in Oxford were unsuccessful, and he spent the summer of 1899 working in the Public Library in Norwich.

At the age of 17 he found a job as "Second-Class Assistant" at the University Library at Cambridge (then housed in the mostly medieval Old Schools building), and started work on 29 January 1900 earning 10 shillings a week. In 1901 he was able to enter Peterhouse, Cambridge, as an undergraduate, graduating in 1904 and moving from lodgings on Lensfield Road in Cambridge to Kellet Lodge on Tennis Court Road. In 1906 he became friends with the novelist Forrest Reid, and made his first visit to Venice in 1907, where he met the uranian poet Horatio Brown.

Sexuality
Bartholomew was homosexual. In his youth, he had been a member of the circle of handsome (and sometimes homosexual) young men who congregated at Charles Edward Sayle's house in Cambridge, including Rupert Brooke, George Mallory and Geoffrey Keynes, who remained a close friend throughout his life. Charles Sayle, employed at Cambridge University Library since 1893, became one of the chief figures in his life, taking the young Bartholomew under his wing. In 1909 they invited Henry James to visit Cambridge, where he stayed at Sayle's house. Sayle soon became insecure about his young friend deserting him (Sayle was 18 years Bartholomew's senior). But they remained friends until Sayle's death in 1924, by which time Bartholomew (now in his early forties) now suffered from similar anxieties of growing old in an ever-youthful university city.

He corresponded with authors he admired, including Edward Carpenter (to whom he wrote about the book 'Iolaus' in 1902 and whom he met in 1911), Magnus Hirschfeld (whom he met at one of Edward Dent's dinner parties in 1910) and Ralph Chubb (a younger Cambridge poet whose homosexual poems and paintings had inspired Bartholomew's interest).

Librarianship
After graduation he became part of the team tasked with cataloguing Lord Acton's library of 60,000 books, which he had donated to Cambridge. The task took nine years. He became Under-Librarian at Cambridge in 1913, a position he held until his death in 1933.

Books were of course one of his primary interests and in 1903 he was among the first members of the university's Baskerville Club. In 1909 he bought a copy of the Doves Press Shakespeare's Sonnets at a cost of £1 10s (which he called 'a horrible extravagance') and in November that year was sounded out by Sydney Cockerell about becoming Emery Walker's assistant. Through Geoffrey Keynes, he became acquainted with Gwen and Jacques Raverat (Gwen, a granddaughter of Charles Darwin, was the sister of Keynes' wife Margaret) and acquired a copy of Jacques' edition of William Blake's The marriage of heaven and hell (printed at the Ashendene Press in just 24 copies in 1910). With Keynes Bartholomew worked on John Evelyn, the two publishing a handlist of his works in 1916 (in 25 copies), and for a time Bartholomew worked on editing Evelyn's diary for publication until giving it up in 1921. He collected a wide range of books, including many on homosexuality and sexology.

In 1915 Bartholomew met Siegfried Sassoon and helped with the publication of his poetry, including Picture Show in 1919. Bartholomew's collection of Sassoon's works, and some of his manuscripts, is now at Cambridge University Library in the collection of Geoffrey Keynes. In 1917 Bartholomew became friends with the American typographer Bruce Rogers, who had been employed by Cambridge University Press. Rogers went on to design Bartholomew's bookplate along with several publications. Bartholomew also struck up a correspondence with Hilary Pepler (at the St Dominic's Press), and encouraged him to send copies of his private press material to Cambridge University Library.

Bartholomew was exempted from military service during World War I by reason of his poor eyesight. During the chaotic war years, Bartholomew's sane and precise habits became vital to the smooth functioning of the library. He provided much bibliographical structure for the Cambridge History of English Literature, edited by Sir Adolphus Ward and A. R. Waller.

Literary work
Bartholomew left behind him not only his considerable contributions to the life of the University Library, but also his literary research, of which the most significant were his involvement in editing the works of the Victorian novelist Samuel Butler (novelist), and the gathering together of material on the life and work of Frederick Rolfe). His work on Butler began in 1910, when he heard a paper on his life by Henry Festing Jones. The two soon became friends, a relationship which culminated in Bartholomew's work on The Shrewsbury edition of the works of Samuel Butler, published in twenty volumes between 1923 and 1926. At Festing Jones' death in 1928, Butler's literary executorship passed to Bartholomew.

His work on Frederick Rolfe had a somewhat less happy ending. In 1918 he set about gathering material for a possible biography of the eccentric author, who had died in Venice in 1913. He compiled a scrapbook of material from various sources, including Rolfe's publisher Grant Richards, the uranian poet Horatio Brown (who had lived in Venice for much of his life) and Rolfe's family. But A. J. A. Symons, founder of the First Edition Club, published a piece on Rolfe in 1926 which focused on the more scandalous aspects of his life, and for reasons which are unknown, Bartholomew eventually gave up on his projected biography. At Bartholomew's death his precious scrapbook (now at the Harry Ransom Center in Texas) was lent to Symons, who used it extensively for his 1934 biography of Rolfe, entitled Quest for Corvo.

Later life, and death
In 1926, Bartholomew began to suffer from bouts of depression, which eventually developed into an all-consuming melancholy. This serious affliction was quite satisfactorily cured by a programme of psychological intervention, to which Bartholomew agreed on condition it did not alter his homosexuality. In the years left to him, Bartholomew applied his characteristic sense of cleanliness and order to his new home in Millington Road. He had inherited good taste in furniture from his family, who came from a long line of cabinet-makers (George Bartholomew & Co. of Finsbury Pavement, London). To this he added his knowledge of books and prints, and with these he decorated his house (including his portrait, by John Wells, now hanging in the University Library), and so began to enjoy a well-deserved domestic comfort. His enjoyment was cut short; in 1932 he began to suffer from severe headaches, caused by high blood pressure. Within a year he was dead, at the age of 51. The task of writing Bartholomew's obituary fell to Keynes, one of his executors (along with Brian Hill and W. J. H. Sprott) who wrote:

"He combined in a remarkable degree the qualities of human sympathy and common sense, and these with his imperturbable temper and wide knowledge made his small room in Cockerell's Building a constant place of call both for readers and for other members of the Library staff."

Bartholomew's diaries (covering the period 1904 to 1925) are housed at Cambridge University Library (MS Add.8786/1/3-14), and he also appears frequently in the diaries of Charles Sayle (CUL MS Add.8501-8510). An article on Bartholomew appeared in the Autumn 2016 issue of The Book Collector.

title: Augustus Theodore Bartholomew


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User:Sesankita

SESANKITA DASH MCA (FINAL YEAR) UTKAL UNIVERSITY(ORISSA) INDIA 751023

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Sesankita


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Papa (TV series)

Papa is a Korean drama that aired on KBS2 from January 3 to February 29, 1996 with a total of 18 episodes.

Prologue
The prologue of the story is not shown in the first episode, but is revealed through flashbacks in various parts of the drama series, notably when a character is thinking about his past experiences.

Choi Hyun-joon was a university student who met Han Se-yung and fell in love, during his years in a university. Se-yung became pregnant with Heun-heun prior to their marriage. Their friend, Hee-min, was secretly in love with Choi and frequently met with Choi to assist his writing. Se-yung often saw the couple in intimate conversations sharing laughter etc., right until Hee-min decided to go to America to further her studies, due in part to relation problems which developed between Choi and Han. Han later decided to file a divorce with Choi shortly after.

Episodes 1-8
Hyun-joon, a university professor and a best-selling novelist, who is the father of a six-year-old daughter, lived with his two roommates who are his friend and ex-brother-in-law, Han In-pyo. Han In-pyo is a loafer who frequently hangs out with his girlfriends and squanders away his time at home on music, movies, and calling girlfriends. He came to live in Choi's house immediately after his water supply was cut off while washing his face. In-pyo's water supply and electricity were cut off for he had owed the electrical supply board a large sum of unpaid fees.

A conflict happened when In-pyo met Yong Gong, who also appeared after renting a room from Choi. He tried to punch Gong, as he (mistakenly) was angry at Gong for flirting with Se-yung at the bar, and letting her off altogether by boarding a taxi by herself. Se-yung was surprised to find Gong in Choi's house as well as a son. Yong-min heaved a sigh.

His friend, Yong Gong, was a widower who worked as a Chinese physician. His wife died the previous year (1995) after a car accident. Yong Gong also had a naughty and greedy son, Jae-hong. Yong Gong eventually fell in love with Yoon Hye-won, who doted on his son. They first met after Hye-won brought Jae-hung into her pharmacy as he ran, fell, and injured himself when he was following Hye-won doing exercises.

On the other hand, In-pyo, fells in love with a kindergarten teacher, who happened to be the teacher of the children of Hyun-joon and Yong Gong. They first met outside a fashion shop. In-pyo first attracted her attention by splashing a puddle of dirty water with his car onto her pants. They later met again while meeting Jee-yeong, and again at the kindergarten where his niece Shin-shin and Jae-hung are students. At the kindergarten, In-pyo tried to attract her attention by criticizing her attitude and dress as a teacher from what he saw the previous day, in front of her colleagues. Han In-pyo felt jubilant after that, but the children protested by highlighting their risk of being transferred out to another school. The kids told their fathers of Han In-pyo's conduct at the kindergarten, both of whom demanded him to apologize to the teacher.

In-pyo apologized to the teacher the following day. Hee-ju disguised herself as another individual when In-pyo came in, who presented an apple. Shortly after In-pyo left the kindergarten, Hee-ju followed suit and proceeded to her car, where her chauffeur, Mr Wang, was waiting for her. Hee-ju requested to drive towards In-pyo short of crashing into him. Hee-ju lowered her spectacles and apologized after doing so. As Wang drove off, a jubilant Hee-ju gave a bite on the apple In-pyo gave. In-pyo himself was smiling as well. He subsequently frequently visited the kindergarten, even during lesson time, and spent time eating and shopping with Hee-ju.

Episode 9-18
As time progressed, the three men's affairs with women also progressed, but complications arose as Yong-min tried to balance his relations between Hee-min and Se-young. This happened when Hee-min had just returned from America to Korea, and frequented the university Choi was teaching in and his house. In-pyo also had a hard time getting approval from Hee-ju's father and elder brother for their relationship.

However, after deliberations and persuasion by his son, he approved at episode 17, on condition that In-pyo would agree to change his course of study to a new course that could assist his company. Hee-ju's father also warned In-pyo that he would only allow the couple to marry after three years, and they would have to break up if his behavior changed for the worse.

After sending Hee-min to America with the termination of their relations and Se-young shaking off her relationship with her boss, Gang, Hyun-joon eventually reconciled with his ex-wife Se-young after a separation of many years. Se-young is working in a film production company, under Gang, to create the film Salut D'Amour.

Yong Gong got to marry the pharmacist who lived with his entire family and Hyun-joon's brother-in-law eventually went abroad to America to study, as a promise to marry Hee-ju if both of them excel academically.

Se-young and Hyun-joon confessed their feelings towards each other after Hyun-joon broke up with Hee-min, who had already returned to America to further her studies for another three years. At this time, Yong Gong married the pharmacist, Hye-won after dating indirectly for sometime as well as pressure applied by his son. Yong Gong had confessed his love to Hye-won in episode 17 at her pharmacy shortly after she wound up for the day. That was the same time Hye-won was introduced to a new boyfriend through her father.

The duo later met again at the KBS radio station where Choi worked. The duo then hugged each other after confessing their needs to each other.

Cast

 * Bae Yong-joon - Choi Hyun-joon
 * Father of Heun-heun, formerly married to Se-young for a few years. Worked as an author and school teacher, but later resigned from his job and became a narrator on one of the KBS stations. Later reconciled with Se-young.

 * Lee Young-ae - Han Se-young
 * Mother of Heun-heun, formerly married to Hyun-joon for a few years. They married when they had Heun-heun, and first met during their University days. A staff of a film production company, and dated with Yong Gong and her boss Gang Dong-suk. She has a younger brother, In-pyo.

 * Jung Chan - Han In-pyo
 * The ex-brother-in-law of Hyun-joon and younger brother of Se-young. However, In-pyo still continued to address Hyun-joon as "brother-in-law". Formerly a dissolute hippie, his behaviour improved when he lived with Hyun-joon. He had numerous girlfriends.  Han studied in the laboratory as a science student. Later dated Hee-ju, but met resistance from her father.  Studied with Hyun-joon during their youth.

 * Choi Yoon-young - Lee Hee-ju
 * The daughter of a wealthy businessman. Worked as a kindergarten teacher, and happened to be the teacher of Heun-heun and Jae-hung. Her mother died a few years ago, and her father had gone through at least one operation in America. Hee-ju has an elder brother and a younger sister, Suk-ji.  Later dated In-pyo.

 * Lee Hye-young - Yoon Hye-won
 * Worked as a pharmacist. Made her first appearance in episode 2. Frequently played with Jae-hung and later married Gong.

 * Park Chung-hyun - Yong Gong
 * A widower whose wife had died in a car accident in 1995. Worked as a Chinese physician, assistant to the clinic's boss. Had a son, Jae-hung. Attempted to date Se-young, but later gave up. Se-young was his childhood friend.

 * Lee Jae-ni - Suk-ji
 * The younger sister of Hee-ju. A student of Hyun-joon who liked him very much. Fell in love with Jeong-mun. In spite of her tender age, she owned a mobile phone and a car, which were luxuries during the mid-1990s.

 * Choi Jong-won - Shin Shin-ho
 * A middle-aged Chinese physician who is a mild cheeky toad, and boastful by nature. Initially attempted to tie Miss Bae with Gong, but later changed his views to Hye-won. He is married with several children, and his parents, both of whom had died from stroke, inspired him to become a physician.  Shin has been practicing medicine for the past twenty years. He later acted as a witness during Gong's and Hye-won's wedding.

 * Lee Jung-yoon - Choi Heun-heun
 * Daughter of Se-young and Hyun-joon. Lived intermittently with either of her parents, and very sensitive to relationships. Five years of age.

 * Choi Kang-won - Yong Jae-hung
 * Son of Yong Gong. A clumsy boy, Jae-hung loved to eat and would cry at the slightest thing. Often thought of his mother, and would call "mother" upon meeting a long-haired lady.

 * Kim Yeong-ju - Son Hee-min
 * A former friend of Se-young. Hee-min first met Hyun-joon during their university days, and continued to date even after his marriage to Se-young, and eventually caused them to break up. Went to America to study. She later broke up with Hyun-joon and returned to America to further her studies.

 * Kim Kyu-chul - Gang Dong-suk
 * The chairman of the film production company Se-young was working in. He had proposed to Se-young, who eventually returned to Hyun-joon

 * Cha Tae-hyun - Jang Jeong-mun
 * A young boy who fell in love with Suk-ji, and their relations developed successfully.

 * Yoon Son-ha - Miss Bae
 * A hospital nurse, who befriends Yong Gong. Worked as the clinic nurse under Doctor Shin and Gong.

 * Kim Min-hee - Jang Jee-yeong
 * A friend of In-pyo and Suk-ji.

 * Im Chan-ho - Mr Lee
 * Father of Hee-ju and Suk-ji. The chairman of the company he was working in. His wife died a few years ago and he himself had undergone at least one operation.

 * Kim Kyung-eung - (no name)
 * A staff member, secretary of the film production company Se-young was working in. His name was never revealed.

 * Park Sol-mi - (no name)
 * Bit part in Episode 15, friend of Hee-ju's fiancée's younger sister. Her name was never revealed.

Soundtrack

 * Papa - Park Jung-chul
 * Again - Jung Seok-won
 * Bank - 뱅크
 * Come Vorrei
 * California Dreamin' by The Mamas & the Papas

Trivia

 * Bae, as Choi Hyun-joon in Papa was the author of the Korean version of Salut D'Amour. The content described in Papa strongly corresponds to the story in this drama. This is evidenced in one scenario in episode three, Choi (Bae) was having a grand meeting on his third fiction book. The Korean words "사랑의 인사" were written on the display signboard for the meeting. Bae starred as Kim Yong-min in Salut D'Amour.
 * The lyrics of the theme song contain a humorous "Por Por Por..." rhythm, a form of a human mimic of the car horn. It can be heard after the words "차윤 데 나지만! (jayun de nachiman!)"

title: Papa (TV series)


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Raul Manglapus

Raul Sevilla Manglapus (October 20, 1918 – July 25, 1999) was a prominent post–World War II Filipino politician and songwriter. He co-founded the reformist Progressive Party of the Philippines and the Christian Democratic Socialist Movement in 1968 (later renamed the National Union of Christian Democrats).

He was elected to the Senate by a landslide in 1961 and ran for president in 1965, but lost to eventual winner Ferdinand Marcos. He once again became Secretary of Foreign Affairs under President Corazon Aquino in 1987.

His name is inscribed on the wall of the Philippines' Bantayog ng mga Bayani, which honors the heroes and martyrs who fought authoritarian rule. However, Manglapus has also drawn the ire of feminist movements for his preconceived notions and controversial sexist remarks during his lifetime.

Personal life
He was married to Pacita La'O. His father was Congressman Valentin Manglapus of Ilocos Sur, and his mother was Justina Sevilla of Malabon, Rizal.

Early life
Manglapus spent his formative years in the Ateneo de Manila. In 1939, he served as editor-in-chief of the school publication, The Guidon. It was during this time that he was acquainted with Manuel Manahan, rural reform advocate and later colleague in the Senate. In fact, Manahan served as editor-in-chief of the Guidon before Manglapus. The two became long-time friends and were later running-mates for the 1965 Presidential Elections under the Party for Philippine Progress (PPP). Manglapus graduated from the Ateneo de Manila AB '39 summa cum laude and excelled in oratory. His prize-winning oration, "In Defense of the Tao", (the Common Man), capped extraordinary scholastic achievements which earned him the respect of President Manuel L. Quezon who attended the contest for the sole purpose of hearing Manglapus speak.

During World War II Manglapus was the voice in the "Voice of Freedom" broadcasts from the beleaguered Filipino-American forces on Bataan and Corregidor, serving under Gen. Douglas MacArthur. He was tortured to the brink of death by the Japanese in Fort Santiago. He was a member of the Philippine delegation who witnessed the signing of the Instrument of Surrender by the Japanese on board the USS Missouri (BB-63) on 2 September 1945.

Early political career
He first came to prominence from his association with Ramon Magsaysay, the one-time mechanic turned populist President of the Philippines. In 1953, Manglapus composed for the presidential candidate Magsaysay the catchy campaign jingle "Mambo Magsaysay", which became widely popular and was credited in some quarters as aiding immensely in the election of Magsaysay.

Manglapus remained, until the end of his life, a prolific composer and musical performer. His compositions, distinctive for their martial lilt, included, besides, a college rallying march, Blue Eagle the King, whose music were later borrowed and adapted by a Jesuit school in the United States.

Manglapus also wrote a musical comedy, Manifest Destiny: Yankee Panky, a parody of America's belated venture into colonialism. He was also the leader of the Executive Combo Band, a jazz band composed mainly of his peers which performed for Pope John Paul II at the Vatican in 1995. He jammed with jazz giant Duke Ellington, and prominent jazz-inclined politicians such as U.S. President Bill Clinton, Amelita Ramos—wife of President Fidel V. Ramos, and King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand. Later in life, Manglapus would serve as chairman of the Filipino Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (FILSCAP).

A linguist and a snappy dresser, he sometimes conveyed the persona of an upstart elitist, further highlighted by his fluent American-tinged accent hallmarked by his education at the Ateneo de Manila, which awarded him an honorary doctor of laws degree in 1965. The lack of a traditional political machinery to support him contributed to early electoral defeats. He also did not have plenty of allies, often distancing himself from other senators due to his elitist personality, though this did not prevent him from cooperating with them in his post-Martial Law career. Nonetheless, by the time of the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, he had attained prominence and stability in the Filipino political arena.

During the Martial Law era
Manglapus was on a speaking engagement in the United States when Marcos declared martial law in 1972. Marcos refused to allow his wife and children to join him in exile, and they were forced to flee the country by through a complicated route, leapfrogging even by small raft to freedom.

Manglapus remained in exile for 14 years, dissuaded by an outstanding warrant of arrest should he return to the country. Even in exile, Manglapus remained as one of the Filipino opposition leaders after Benigno Aquino Jr., Jovito Salonga and Jose W. Diokno.

During his years as an expatriate, Manglapus founded the Movement for a Free Philippines (MFP). He served as president of Democracy International, an organization of exiled world leaders seeking the restoration of democratic institutions in their respective countries, and president of the Washington-based International Center for Development Policy from 1981 to 1986.

In an interview in March 1981, he voiced his strong revulsion of Marcos' violation of the Constitution and his manipulation of the political scene as a ploy to the declaration of martial law as a means to entrench himself and his cronies:

"Martial law pure and simple has been a facade masking the exploitation of our people and their natural resources by Marcos, his family and close friends. Any benefits, and there have been few, that have reached the people have been accidental and not the result of deliberate martial law policy."

Return to the Philippines
Manglapus immediately returned to the Philippines upon the ouster of Marcos and the accession to the presidency of Corazon Aquino in 1986. He was elected to the Philippine Senate in 1987, but resigned before his term expired to serve once again as Secretary of Foreign Affairs for President Aquino.

A longtime critic of the American military presence, he pressed for a considerable increase in U.S. military aid and general economic assistance in exchange for extending the operations of U.S. military bases in the country, signing compromise agreements in this effort with the United States that was later rejected by the Philippine Senate in 1991, which resulted in the U.S. military pulling out by the end of 1992. He also courted controversy after a remark he made during a Senate hearing on the rape of Filipina domestic workers during the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990. He quipped, to general outrage, that if rape were inevitable, one should relax and enjoy it. Despite the subsequent political firestorm, Manglapus weathered widespread calls for his resignation.

After the election of his close associate Fidel V. Ramos as president in 1992, Manglapus lowered his political profile, while retaining powerful positions such as chairman of the Philippine National Oil Company and the Lakas-National Union of Christian Democrats (NUCD), Ramos' political party. Manglapus had established the Christian Democratic Socialist Movement in 1968, a party which eventually reorganized as the NUCD. Manglapus fostered ties with the other Christian Democratic parties in the world, such as that in Germany.

As senator and government official, he promoted land reform and battled corruption. He was also a foremost nationalist and human rights advocate. Commenting on his unsuccessful bid for the presidency, a writer wrote: ''"Raúl Manglapus was one of the leading Filipino intellectuals of his generation and a politician with wide appeal. It was the Philippines' misfortune that Ferdinand Marcos, equally able but lacking in principles, won the presidency rather than someone like Manglapus.

Death
Manglapus died on July 25, 1999, from throat cancer.

title: Raul Manglapus


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User:Mattfister

My name is Matthew Fister. I am a student at Carnegie Mellon University. I enjoy webcomics and blogging. I write the webcomic Fine Art

On Wikipedia, I focus on updating articles and cleaning.

title: User:Mattfister


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/David M. Baker

David M. Baker was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

This is somebodie's resume. Not notable. --Ld 06:08, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * It's a bit more complex than Ld describes: it's a CV and also an article ("all rights reserved") "reprinted with permission" from a journal, and some extra stuff in very unencyclopedic, puffy prose. Delete, because other courses are more complicated. (There may be salvagable bits within it, but that's all too much trouble.) Incidentally, at 06:35, 2004 Dec 20, 24.208.174.105 stripped the VfD notice from it; I reverted. -- Hoary 06:54, 2004 Dec 20 (UTC)
 * Delete.  --fvw *  08:17, 2004 Dec 20 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete, looks like a copyvio and if it isn't, resumes aren't encyclopedic. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 08:47, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Resumecruft. Gamaliel 08:50, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: DCEdwards1966 20:22, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete as CV, vanity. Wyss 00:06, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete as CV, vanity, and possible copyvio. Alphax (talk) 04:52, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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David Harrison (basketball)

David Joshua Harrison (born August 15, 1982) is an American former professional basketball player. A former National Basketball Association (NBA) player for the Indiana Pacers, he was a member of the Beijing Ducks for the 2008–09 season and played with the Guangdong Southern Tigers for the next two years. He also played for the Tianjin Ronggang. At Brentwood Academy, Harrison received TSSAA Division 2 Mr. Basketball in 2000 and 2001. He was drafted by the Indiana Pacers out of the University of Colorado at Boulder with the 29th pick of the 2004 NBA draft.

College career
In college, he was named First Team All-Big 12 and earned Honorable Mention All-America honors by the Associated Press as a junior. He finished his college career as Colorado's all-time leading shot-blocker with 225 blocks.

NBA career
Harrison was drafted 29th overall in the 2004 NBA Draft by the Indiana Pacers. Harrison was expected to be the #2 or maybe even #3 center in the Pacers' depth chart for his rookie year of 2004–05, behind Jeff Foster and Scot Pollard. However, due to injuries to Pollard and the suspensions of Jermaine O'Neal, Stephen Jackson and Ron Artest, he became a starter at a much earlier part of his career than most people anticipated. He ended up starting 14 of the 43 games he played in his rookie season, before missing the final two months due to injury.

Harrison was charged with one count of assault and battery for his involvement in the Pacers–Pistons brawl at The Palace of Auburn Hills on November 19, 2004, though he was not penalized by the league for the incident.

In his sophomore season of 2005–06 with the Pacers, Harrison played in 67 games, starting 17 of them, playing an average of 15.4 minutes and contributing 5.7 points and 3.8 rebounds per game.

In 2008, the Pacers suspended Harrison for one game following an incident in which Harrison expressed his frustration inside the San Antonio Spurs' locker room after Spurs forward Matt Bonner hit him in the face (Bonner was called for an offensive foul). In Harrison's first game back from the suspension he had 4 points, 6 rebounds and a career high 6 blocks in just 20 minutes of play.

The Indiana Pacers chose not to re-sign Harrison after his contract expired at the end of the 2007–08 season. The Minnesota Timberwolves signed him to their practice squad for the preseason, but he was waived before the 2008–09 regular season began.

Off-court struggles
In an interview, Harrison admitted to smoking marijuana in the offseasons. However, his habit carried into the regular season in 2007–2008, and because of this, he was suspended five games. Since leaving the NBA, Harrison has struggled with financial issues.

Post-NBA career
After leaving the Indiana Pacers after the 2007–2008 season, Harrison played basketball in China for three seasons. In the 2011–2012 season, he played for the NBA D-League team Reno Bighorns. In 2012, he also played for the Dallas Mavericks summer league team. After struggling with financial problems, Harrison took a job at McDonald's in August 2013. However, he left his position after two weeks. Currently, Harrison trades stocks in order to provide for his family. Harrison also has a small mobile game application company, Kage Media Groups LLC, but he lacks the funding to make this a profitable means for him and his family.

Return to professional basketball
On September 14, 2015, Harrison decided to return to basketball and signed with the Las Vegas Dealers of the upcoming AmeriLeague. However, the league folded after it was discovered the founder was a con-artist.

Personal life
Harrison currently resides in Indianapolis with his girlfriend and infant son.

title: David Harrison (basketball)


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Wood–plastic composite

Wood–plastic composites (WPCs) are composite materials made of wood fiber/wood flour and thermoplastic(s) such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), or polylactic acid (PLA).

In addition to wood fiber and plastic, WPCs can also contain other ligno-cellulosic and/or inorganic filler materials. WPCs are a subset of a larger category of materials called natural fiber plastic composites (NFPCs), which may contain no cellulose-based fiber fillers such as pulp fibers, peanut hulls, coffee husk, bamboo, straw, digestate, etc.

Chemical additives provide for integration of polymer and wood flour (powder) while facilitating optimal processing conditions.

History
The company that invented and patented the process to create WPC was Covema of Milan in 1960, founded by Terragni brothers (Dino and Marco). Covema called WPC under the tradename Plastic-Wood. After a few years from the invention of the Plastic-Wood the company Icma San Giorgio patented the first process to add wood fiber/wood flour to the thermoplastics (WPCs).

Uses
Also sometimes known as composite timber, WPCs are still new materials relative to the long history of natural lumber as a building material. The most widespread use of WPCs in North America is in outdoor deck floors, but it is also used for railings, fences, landscaping timbers, cladding and siding, park benches, molding and trim, prefab houses under the tradename Woodpecker WPC., window and door frames, and indoor furniture. WPCs were first introduced into the decking market in the early 1990s. Manufacturers    claim that WPC is more environmentally friendly and requires less maintenance than the alternatives of solid wood treated with preservatives or solid wood of rot-resistant species. These materials can be molded with or without simulated wood grain details.

Production
WPCs are produced by thoroughly mixing ground wood particles and heated thermoplastic resin. The most common method of production is to extrude the material into the desired shape, though injection molding is also used. WPCs may be produced from either virgin or recycled thermoplastics including high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polystyrene (PS), and polylactic acid (PLA). PE-based WPCs are by far the most common. Additives such as colorants, coupling agents, UV stabilizers, blowing agents, foaming agents, and lubricants help tailor the end product to the target area of application. Extruded WPCs are formed into both solid and hollow profiles. A large variety of injection molded parts are also produced, from automotive door panels to cell phone covers.

In some manufacturing facilities, the constituents are combined and processed in a pelletizing extruder, which produces pellets of the new material. The pellets are then re-melted and formed into the final shape. Other manufacturers complete the finished part in a single step of mixing and extrusion.

Due to the addition of organic material, WPCs are usually processed at far lower temperatures than traditional plastics during extrusion and injection molding. WPCs tend to process at temperatures of about 50 F-change lower than the same, unfilled material, for instance. Most will begin to burn at temperatures around 400 F. Processing WPCs at excessively high temperatures increases the risk of shearing, or burning and discoloration resulting from pushing a material that is too hot through a gate which is too small, during injection molding. The ratio of wood to plastic in the composite will ultimately determine the melt flow index (MFI) of the WPC, with larger amounts of wood generally leading to a lower MFI.

Advantages and disadvantages
WPCs do not corrode and are highly resistant to rot, decay, and marine borer attack, though they do absorb water into the wood fibers embedded within the material. Water absorption is more pronounced in WFCs with a hydrophilic matrix such as PLA and also leads to decreased mechanical stiffness and strength. The mechanical performance in a wet environment can be enhanced by an acetylation treatment. WPCs have good workability and can be shaped using conventional woodworking tools. WPCs are often considered a sustainable material because they can be made using recycled plastics and the waste products of the wood industry. Although these materials continue the lifespan of used and discarded materials, they have their own considerable half life; the polymers and adhesives added make WPC difficult to recycle again after use. They can however be recycled easily in a new WPC, much like concrete. One advantage over wood is the ability of the material to be molded to meet almost any desired shape. A WPC member can be bent and fixed to form strong arching curves. Another major selling point of these materials is their lack of need for paint. They are manufactured in a variety of colors, but are widely available in grays and earth tones. Despite up to 70 percent cellulose content (although 50/50 is more common), the mechanical behavior of WPCs is most similar to neat polymers. Neat polymers are polymerized without added solvents. This means that WPCs have a lower strength and stiffness than wood, and they experience time and temperature-dependent behavior. The wood particles are susceptible to fungal attack, though not as much so as solid wood, and the polymer component is vulnerable to UV degradation. It is possible that the strength and stiffness may be reduced by freeze-thaw cycling, though testing is still being conducted in this area. Some WPC formulations are sensitive to staining from a variety of agents.

WPC sandwich boards
WPC boards show a good set of performance but monolithic composite sheets are relatively heavy (most often heavier than pure plastics) which limits their use to applications where low weight is not essential. WPC in a sandwich-structured composite form allows for a combination of the benefits of traditional wood polymer composites with the lightness of a sandwich panel technology. WPC sandwich boards consist of wood polymer composite skins and usually low-density polymer core which leads to a very effective increase of panel's rigidity. WPC sandwich boards are used mainly in automotive, transportation and building applications, but furniture applications are also being developed. New efficient and often in-line integrated production processes allow to produce stronger and stiffer WPC sandwich boards at lower costs compared to traditional plastic sheets or monolithic WPC panels.

Environmental impact
The environmental impact of WPCs is directly affected by the ratio of renewable to non-renewable materials. The commonly used petroleum-based polymers have a negative environmental impact because they rely on non-renewable raw materials and the non-biodegradability of plastics.

Fire hazards
The types of plastic normally used in WPC formulations have higher fire hazard properties than wood alone, as plastic has a higher chemical heat content and can melt. The inclusion of plastic as a portion of the composite results in the potential for higher fire hazards in WPCs as compared with wood. Some code officials are becoming increasingly concerned with the fire performance of WPCs.

title: Wood–plastic composite


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Nyssa (Doctor Who)

Nyssa is a fictional character in the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. She is played by Sarah Sutton. Although Nyssa was created by writer Johnny Byrne for the single Fourth Doctor serial The Keeper of Traken, the production team subsequently decided she should be retained as a continuing character. Nyssa returned in the following serial, Logopolis, in which the Fourth Doctor regenerated, and remained as a companion of the Fifth Doctor. She was a regular in the programme from 1981 to 1983.

Character history
Nyssa is an aristocrat of Traken, the daughter of Tremas (a consul of the Traken Union) and stepdaughter of Kassia. She aids the Doctor and Adric when the Master wrests control of the Keepership by first manipulating and then murdering her stepmother, but is herself hypnotised and kidnapped by him after he takes control of her father's body. After being freed from the Master's control, she is brought to Logopolis by the Watcher and discovers that Traken has been destroyed as a side effect of the Master's tampering with the Logopolitan's formulae. She subsequently joins Adric and Tegan Jovanka as a companion and member of the TARDIS crew, and witnesses the Fourth Doctor's regeneration into the Fifth.

During her journeys with Tegan and Adric aboard the TARDIS, Nyssa finds herself trapped in a mathematical equation by the Master – whom she hates as he is now using her father's face. She also encounters a race of androids and their insane ruler, helps foil the genocidal plans of a wounded Terileptil and incidentally starts the Great Fire of London, and discovers her uncanny resemblance to a 1920s English socialite Ann Talbot.

Adric's death while battling the Cybermen affects the TARDIS crew deeply. When confronted by an illusion of him created by the Master shortly afterwards, both Nyssa and Tegan are initially taken aback, until Nyssa notices Adric is still wearing his now-destroyed badge. During this adventure, Nyssa also displays a previously unseen psychic ability when she is contacted by the Xeraphin.

After Tegan is accidentally left at Heathrow at the end of the events in Time Flight, Nyssa travels alone with the Doctor for an unspecified period.

Nyssa and the Doctor are reunited with Tegan while fighting Omega in Amsterdam and on Gallifrey. Later, they help Tegan battle her inner demons (personified by the Mara), and in the events of Mawdryn Undead they meet the Doctor's old friend and ally Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart. It is during this adventure that the TARDIS crew adopts Turlough, an alien posing as a pupil at an English boarding school, who has secretly entered into a bargain with the Black Guardian to assassinate the Doctor. His interference with the TARDIS infrastructure destabilises it and it locks onto a seemingly derelict space station, Terminus, separating Nyssa from the others. Nyssa's adventures with the Doctor come to an end here, as – to Tegan's horror – she elects to stay to help free the enslaved guards and turn the station into a real hospital. The Doctor is moved by this noble gesture and parts saying that he thinks she is very brave. Nyssa's deep affection for the Doctor is demonstrated at this point when she kisses the Doctor goodbye.

The Fifth Doctor hallucinates Nyssa warning him not to die during his regeneration at the end of The Caves of Androzani and the character appears alongside the Fifth Doctor and Peri Brown in the 1993 charity special Dimensions in Time.

Nyssa is last mentioned by the Tenth Doctor in the 2007 Children in Need episode "Time Crash" when he asks his Fifth incarnation where he is in his own relative timeline.

A 2020 short published to the official Doctor Who YouTube channel and titled Farewell, Sarah Jane, written by former Doctor Who showrunner Russell T. Davies, revealed that Nyssa was in a relationship with fellow traveler Tegan Jovanka.

Appearances in other media
Although Nyssa's fate after the TARDIS is not certain, the spin-off novel Asylum by Peter Darvill-Evans, relates that she left Terminus and settled down as an academic in a university on an unspecified planet. In Asylum, Nyssa encounters the Fourth Doctor from a time before he met her while he is investigating a historical anomaly. This meeting leaves the Doctor with the knowledge that he will have to be extremely careful dealing with Nyssa when he eventually meets her younger self to avoid changing history.

Since then Nyssa has appeared in several audio plays, still voiced by Sarah Sutton alongside Peter Davison as the Fifth Doctor, produced by Big Finish Productions. Primeval, set in Traken's past, provides an explanation for Nyssa's sudden collapse at the end of Four to Doomsday and her apparent development of psychic abilities in Time-Flight, as she was manipulated by an ancient entity that ruled Traken in the distant past as part of a complex plan to trick the Doctor into giving him access to the Source. Other stories in this time frame include new temporary companions Thomas Brewster and Hannah Bartholemew. The 'Winter' segment of Circular Time, by Paul Cornell and Mike Maddox, is set some years after Asylum and shows her with a husband, Lasarti, and a baby daughter, Nica. In Heroes of Sontar, Nyssa tells Tegan that she has two children named Adric and Tegan (although it is later confirmed that she mis-identified her daughter's name as she was delirious due to infection with a biological weapon).

When she sees the regenerating Fifth Doctor in her dreams and believes this may be the last time she sees him, Nyssa accepts that he is still travelling and having adventures somewhere. However, fifty years after leaving them, Nyssa meets the Doctor, Tegan and Turlough (a short while after they left her from their perspective) in Cobwebs. She begins travelling with them again to research a cure for a lethal plague, which was deliberately engineered to be more dangerous so that a corporation could provide the engineered cure; a chain of events leave Nyssa with a valid sample of the cure for the virus in its early stages, but this sample will not treat the mutated strain that is currently active in her time over twenty years later. In the course of her travels Nyssa is physically de-aged back to the same age she was when she originally left the crew (The Emerald Tiger). In Prisoners of Fate, the TARDIS is drawn to a planet where the Doctor's original TARDIS (the Type 50 he owned on Gallifrey before he stole the familiar Type 40 on impulse to leave the planet) has crash-landed, and the crew end up meeting Nyssa's son, Adric, over two decades after Nyssa resumed her travels with the Doctor, preventing her from simply picking up her life once again now that she knows she didn't go back. Nyssa and her son are able to combine their research to cure the plague, with Nyssa's cure for the original disease being mapped onto the research Adric has undertaken of how the virus subsequently mutated, but Nyssa is prevented from reuniting with Adric when the TARDIS is caught in a CVE while en route to the next planet and is sent back to E-space. Nyssa ultimately sacrifices her own chance to escape so that her fellow travelers can return home, remaining in E-Space to power the equipment needed to open a final portal back to N-Space that the TARDIS can travel through. The audio ends with Nyssa, now an old woman, tending a garden in E-Space after spending the last decade teaching others how to treat the sick, observing that E-Space is showing new signs of life after the Doctor expressed concern that this world would only have a few centuries of life left.

Nyssa appears in the Short Trips audio "A Heart on Both Sides", where she is depicted running a medical ship during the Time War, unknowingly aided in her efforts by the Eighth Doctor (who assists Nyssa under the alias of 'Doctor Foster' to avert a rumour he heard in the future of a ship matching the description of Nyssa's being destroyed).

Television

 * Season 18

 * The Keeper of Traken
 * Logopolis (Parts 2–4)

 * Season 19

 * Castrovalva
 * Four to Doomsday
 * Kinda (Parts 1 & 4)
 * The Visitation
 * Black Orchid
 * Earthshock
 * Time-Flight

 * Season 20

 * Arc of Infinity
 * Snakedance
 * Mawdryn Undead
 * Terminus

 * Season 21
 * The Caves of Androzani (cameo in part 4)
 * 30th anniversary special
 * Dimensions in Time

Audio dramas

 * Doctor Who: The Monthly Adventures

 * The Land of the Dead
 * Winter for the Adept
 * The Mutant Phase
 * Primeval
 * Spare Parts
 * Creatures of Beauty
 * The Game
 * Circular Time
 * Renaissance of the Daleks
 * The Haunting of Thomas Brewster
 * The Boy That Time Forgot
 * Time Reef / A Perfect World
 * Castle of Fear
 * The Eternal Summer
 * Plague of the Daleks
 * Cobwebs
 * The Whispering Forest
 * The Cradle of the Snake
 * The Demons of Red Lodge and Other Stories
 * Heroes of Sontar
 * Kiss of Death
 * Rat Trap
 * The Emerald Tiger
 * The Jupiter Conjunction
 * The Butcher of Brisbane
 * 1001 Nights
 * Eldrad Must Die!
 * The Lady of Mercia
 * Prisoners of Fate
 * 1963: Fanfare for the Common Men
 * Moonflesh
 * Tomb Ship
 * Masquerade
 * Mistfall
 * Equilibrium
 * The Entropy Plague
 * The Waters of Amsterdam
 * Aquitaine
 * The Peterloo Massacre
 * The Star Men
 * The Contingency Club
 * Zaltys
 * Alien Heart / Dalek Soul
 * Kingdom of Lies
 * Ghost Walk
 * Serpent in the Silver Mask
 * Tartarus
 * Interstitial / Feast of Fear
 * Warzone / Conversion
 * Madquake

 * Doctor Who: The Lost Stories

 * The Elite
 * Hexagora
 * The Children of Seth

 * Doctor Who: The Fifth Doctor Adventures

 * Return to the Web Planet
 * The Fifth Doctor Box Set
 * Psychodrome
 * Iterations of I
 * The Lost Resort and Other Stories
 * The Lost Resort
 * The Perils of Nellie Bly
 * Nightmare of the Daleks
 * Forty 1
 * Secrets of Telos
 * God of War
 * Forty 2
 * The Auton Infinity
 * Conflicts of Interest
 * Friendly Fire
 * The Edge of the War
 * In the Night
 * Pursuit of the Nightjar
 * Resistor
 * The Dream Team
 * The Merfolk Murders
 * Dream Team

 * Doctor Who: Novel Adaptations

 * Cold Fusion
 * Goth Opera

 * Doctor Who: Special Releases

 * The Five Companions
 * Destiny of the Doctor: Smoke and Mirrors
 * The Light at the End

 * Doctor Who: The Companion Chronicles

 * The Darkening Eye

 * Doctor Who: Short Trips

 * The Deep
 * Seven to One
 * The Lions of Trafalgar
 * The King of the Dead
 * The Toy
 * Gardens of the Dead
 * The Monkey House
 * A Heart on Both Sides
 * The Ingenious Adric of Alzarius
 * The Mistpuddle Murders
 * The Second Oldest Question
 * Downward Spiral

 * The War Master

 * Killing Time
 * The Orphan

Novels

 * Virgin Missing Adventures
 * Goth Opera by Paul Cornell
 * The Sands of Time by Justin Richards
 * Cold Fusion by Lance Parkin (also features the Seventh Doctor, Roz Forrester and Chris Cwej)
 * Past Doctor Adventures
 * Zeta Major by Simon Messingham
 * Divided Loyalties by Gary Russell
 * Asylum by Peter Darvill-Evans (features Nyssa after she left the Fifth Doctor and an early version of the Fourth Doctor)
 * Fear of the Dark by Trevor Baxendale
 * Empire of Death by David Bishop

Short stories

 * "Lackaday Express" by Paul Cornell (Decalog)
 * "Lonely Days" by Daniel Blythe (Decalog 2: Lost Property)
 * "Past Reckoning" by Jackie Marshall (Decalog 3: Consequences)
 * "The Parliament of Rats" by Daniel O'Mahony (Short Trips)
 * "The Eternity Contract" by Steve Lyons (More Short Trips)
 * "Hearts of Stone" by Steve Lyons (Short Trips: Companions)
 * "Soul Mate" by David Bailey (Short Trips: A Universe of Terrors)
 * "Confabula" by Ian Potter (Short Trips: The Muses)
 * "No Exit" by Kate Orman (Short Trips: Steel Skies)
 * "The Immortals" by Simon Guerrier (Short Trips: Past Tense)
 * "Not So Much a Programme, More a Way of Life" by Anthony Keetch (Short Trips: Monsters)
 * "In the TARDIS: Christmas Day" by Val Douglas (Short Trips: A Christmas Treasury)
 * "The 57th" by John Binns (Short Trips: Seven Deadly Sins)
 * "Saturn" by Alison Lawson (Short Trips: The Solar System)
 * "The Church of Saint Sebastian" by Robert Smith (Short Trips: The History of Christmas)
 * "Goths and Robbers" by Diane Duane (Short Trips: The Quality of Leadership)
 * "God Send Me Well to Keep" by Linnea Dodson (Short Trips: The Quality of Leadership)
 * "Tweaker" by Dan Abnett (Short Trips: Transmissions)

Comics

 * "On The Planet Isopterus" by Glenn Rix (Doctor Who Annual 1983)
 * "Blood Invocation" by Paul Cornell and John Ridgway (Doctor Who Magazine Yearbook 1995)

title: Nyssa (Doctor Who)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Adimus

Adimus was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Delete, vanity page. Changed from speedy deletion candidate because it doesn't meet the speedy criteria.-gadfium (talk) 06:11, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete  --fvw *  08:25, 2004 Dec 20 (UTC)
 * Delete: DCEdwards1966 20:28, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete, vandalism not a speedy, coulda been a user page . Wyss 00:12, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete. If it had been a user page, the IP author wouldn't have tried to vandalize this page (see history). utcursch 07:47, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Adimus


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Lincoln Brewster

Lincoln Brewster (born July 30, 1971) is an American contemporary Christian musician and worship pastor. As a guitarist, singer, and songwriter, Brewster became a sought-after session guitarist in the early 1990s. Brewster is the former senior worship pastor at Bayside Church in Granite Bay, California.

Biography
Brewster has been musically inclined since his early childhood in Homer, Alaska. At the age of one, his mother, Cheryl, noticed how well he could keep rhythm on a drum set his grandfather had given him. At the age of five, his mother introduced him to the mandolin. Quickly mastering the instrument, he began playing for cruise ship tourists alongside his mother in Homer. Brewster's step brothers include John and Andy Hillstrand from the Discovery channel TV show Deadliest Catch.

By the age of 12, Brewster had a band called Lincoln and the Missing Links, which included his mother on bass and vocals. In his late teens, he moved with his family to Modesto, California, where he attended Grace M. Davis High School and joined the high school jazz band (playing guitar and drums) and marching band (playing snare drum).

Due to connections gained in Los Angeles, he had recording contract offers by 19. Feeling an emptiness in his life, Brewster attended church services with his high school sweetheart, Laura. He recalls feeling God drawing him close after attending a drama ministry performance with Laura. "I was afraid to lay down a lot of things in my life," Brewster said. "One night, I laid all my cards on the table. I asked the Lord to come into my life, all by myself. It was the best night of sleep I'd ever had. I was very peaceful. I think that was what enabled me to blow off that record deal."

After receiving a call from Steve Perry inviting him to audition as lead guitarist for his solo project For the Love of Strange Medicine, Brewster accepted and began songwriting and rehearsals for the album. Brewster's guitar technique, tone, and equipment choices possessed similar qualities and texturing to Journey's Neal Schon, and was touted as a favorable feature in the resulting album. He was then married to Laura and soon after toured with Perry for six months from 1994 to early 1995.

At the end of the tour, Brewster moved back to Modesto, California to be with his wife where they attended Calvary Temple Church. After working as a sound technician for the church for a while, the senior pastor offered Brewster the position of associate music director and youth worship leader.

In 1997, the Brewsters left California and moved to Nashville to serve as youth pastors and eventually as full-time music ministers at The Oasis Church. It was there that Brewster met with executives from Integrity Incorporated who were there to work on a new Hosanna! Music album. After seeing his guitar-playing ability, one executive listened to a demo project Brewster had produced. Already impressed with the production work and artistry, the executive also learned that Brewster had played every instrument and performed all the vocals himself. In 2001, Brewster moved back to California to become the worship pastor at Bayside Church in Granite Bay.

Brewster was signed to Integrity's Vertical Music label with whom he has released five full-length albums.

While working on his self-titled album (with producer Paul Mills), Brewster worked with label-mate Darrell Evans, contributing vocals, guitar, and co-writing on Evans' Freedom project. He also spent some time touring with Michael W. Smith during Smith's 1998 Live the Life tour. Brewster's second album, Live to Worship (produced by Jeff Quimby and co-produced by Brewster), was released in 2000. According to his biography on his official website, "Lincoln now combines his talents and determination to record songs that will minister to a new generation of believers."

Brewster's album, Today Is the Day, was released on September 23, 2008. The album's first released single, was the title track "Today Is the Day".

On September 22, 2009, Brewster released a deluxe edition of Today Is the Day consisting of a CD with the same songs as Today Is the Day as well as a DVD containing two music videos, a few song stories, and a part of his instructional video.

Brewster released his latest project, Real Life, on September 28, 2010. The record is full of upbeat, contemporary worship tracks such as "Best Days" and the optimistic "Reaching For You". It also includes contemplative radio-ready songs such as the title track "Real Life", and the rhythmic "Whom Shall I Fear".

In 2012, Brewster released his first Christmas album, Joy to the World. A deluxe edition was released on November 5, 2013, with seven new tracks and an additional DVD. In 2014 Brewster released Oxygen, his ninth studio album after signing with Integrity Music after 15 years. He called the album a "new sound", which explained the album's high sense of modern pop music with of course a lot of guitar riffs and solos.

In 2015, Lincoln Brewster released his first rendition of "The Star-Spangled Banner" as a surprise on the USA's Independence Day holiday. He was a part of the Winter Jam Tour 2015 West Coast.

His most recent releases include God of the Impossible in 2018, A Mostly Acoustic Christmas in 2019, and Perfect Love in 2021.

Equipment
Brewster primarily uses two different 1957 specification reissue Fender Stratocasters with DiMarzio pickups, one with Aztec Gold finish the other on a pearl Olympic white finish both on with an Ash bodies, both with maple fingerboards and necks. They have vintage looking tuners that are actually locking and a special active mid-boost circuit so that the single coil pickups can be made to sounds more like PAF humbuckers. Fender released his Artist signature model Stratocaster in August 2019.

Brewster achieves his live tone solely from a Line 6 POD HD500 unit. He occasionally uses a provided amp for stage noise only and goes direct to the PA system with the floor POD.

Brewster also uses a Kemper profiling amplifier live and in his home studio. He recently stated in a live Facebook video that he recorded "No One Like Our God (One Take)" on the Line 6 Helix Native program directly from his guitar.

Resources

 * Lincoln Brewster Official Website biography
 * Vertical Music profile for Lincoln Brewster

title: Lincoln Brewster


text:
Edward S. Salomon

Edward Selig Salomon (December 25, 1836 – July 18, 1913) was a German-American politician and military official. Born into a Jewish family in the Duchy of Schleswig in modern-day Germany, he immigrated to the United States as a young adult and served as a lieutenant colonel for the Union during the American Civil War. After nomination for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers to rank from March 13, 1865, by President Andrew Johnson on January 13, 1866, the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12, 1866. Salomon later became governor of Washington Territory and a California legislator.

Early life and career
Salomon, who was Jewish, was born in the Duchy of Schleswig, the son of Caroline (Samuels) and Salomon M. Salomon. He emigrated to Illinois in 1856 and 5 years later, at age 24, was elected an alderman of Chicago's sixth ward in 1861, the youngest in Chicago history, and served until 1863. His cousin Edward Salomon, who also served as a general in the Civil War, later became Governor of Wisconsin.

Civil War
In July 1861, Salomon was commissioned as a first lieutenant in Colonel Friedrich Hecker's 24th Illinois Infantry Regiment. Disagreements arose between Hecker and some of his officers, after which Hecker and his supporters resigned, including Salomon. Salomon became a civilian again from December 1861 to September 1862. In August 1862, Hecker formed a new regiment, the 82nd Illinois Infantry, or the "Second Hecker Regiment", composed mainly of German, Jewish, Swedish, and other European volunteers. Salomon joined and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel on September 26, 1862.

Salomon became a hero during the Battle of Gettysburg. He had two horses shot out from under him and assumed command of the regiment when Hecker was wounded. Fellow-immigrant major general Carl Schurz, his corps commander, described him during the battle: "He was the only soldier at Gettysburg who did not dodge when Lee's guns thundered; he stood up, smoked his cigar and faced the cannon balls with the sang froid of a Saladin ..."

Early in 1864, Hecker resigned, leaving Salomon in permanent command of the regiment, although still as a lieutenant colonel. Salomon led the regiment during the Atlanta Campaign and through the capture of Atlanta. Assigned to deliver messages to Nashville, he missed the famous march to the sea. In December 1864, he rejoined the regiment and finished out the war with them. On March 13, 1865, Salomon received a promotion to brigadier general on for his “distinguished gallantry and meritorious service.”

On January 13, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Salomon for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12, 1866.

Postbellum activities
After the war, Salomon returned to Chicago where he was elected Cook County Clerk as a Republican in the fall of 1865, serving until November 1869.

On March 4, 1870, President Ulysses S. Grant appointed Salomon governor of Washington Territory. He was caught up in the political scandals of the Grant administration and resigned in 1872. The Pacific Tribune newspaper, commenting on his resignation, lauded his honesty and integrity. General Philip Sheridan led a delegation that presented him with a silver table service in recognition of his fine record of service, high qualities as a citizen, and as a friend.

Salomon moved to San Francisco, where he practiced law. In 1898 Salomon was appointed assistant district attorney for the city and county. He was elected to the California State Assembly in 1890.

Salomon died in San Francisco on July 18, 1913, and is buried in Salem Memorial Cemetery, Colma, California.

title: Edward S. Salomon


text:
All-Bran

All-Bran is a high-bran, high-fibre, wheat bran breakfast cereal manufactured by WK Kellogg Co for the North American market and Kellanova for the rest of the world. It is marketed as an aid to digestive health.

History
The introduction of All-Bran in 1916 came on the heels of the success of Kellogg's Bran Flakes a year earlier. It was sold in a red and green box, similar to most Kellogg's cereals at the time. After finding great success in the U.S. market, Kellogg's began distribution in the United Kingdom and other markets in 1922.

Advertising
With the rising popularity of patent medicine in advertising, The Kellogg Company of Canada published a book named A New Way of Living that would show readers "how to achieve a new way of living; how to preserve vitality; how to maintain enthusiasm and energy; how to get the most out of life because of a physical ability to enjoy it." It touted the All-Bran cereal as the secret to leading "normal" lives free of constipation.

Ingredients
The current ingredients of All-Bran Original are wheat bran, sugar, corn and barley malt extract, salt, and the following added vitamins and minerals: iron, thiamine hydrochloride (vitamin B1), d-calcium pantothenate (vitamin B5), pyridoxine hydrochloride (vitamin B6), and folic acid.

It contains 33% fiber, 78% of natural wheat bran's 43%. The second highest ingredient, after wheat bran, is sugar (18%).

All-Bran Buds is similar with added psyllium; its 39% fiber analysis is close to that of natural wheat bran.

Despite the name, the principal ingredient in All-Bran Flakes is whole grain wheat, not bran. It contains only 15% fiber, equivalent to 34% wheat bran.

All-Bran received five stars out of five on the Australian Government's health star ratings.

Varieties
All-Bran comes in different varieties; many are available to specific countries:
 * All-Bran Original (Australia, Canada, France, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latin America, South Africa, UK, U.S.)
 * All-Bran Bran Flakes/All-Bran Flakes/Petales (Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK)
 * All-Bran Bran Buds (Canada, U.S.)
 * All-Bran Strawberry Buds (Canada)
 * All-Bran Strawberry Medley (Canada, U.S.)
 * All-Bran Extra Fiber/All-Bran Plus (Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden,)
 * All-Bran Flakes Chocolate (Italy, Spain)
 * All-Bran Guardian (Canada)
 * All-Bran Honey Nut Flavor (Canada, South Africa)
 * All-Bran Cereal Bars (Belgium, Canada, Italy, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, UK)
 * All-Bran Choco/Chocolat (Belgium, France, The Netherlands, Spain, UK)
 * All-Bran Splitz (Spain)
 * All-Bran Plus (Belgium, Greece, The Netherlands)
 * All-Bran Plus Yogur/Iogurte (Portugal, Spain)
 * All-Bran Plus Fruit 'n Fibre/Fruta & Fibra (Belgium, France The Netherlands, Portugal)
 * All-Bran Figue & Pomme (France)
 * All-Bran Fruit 'n Oats (Australia)
 * All-Bran Tropical (Australia)
 * All-Bran Snack Bites (Canada, U.S.)
 * All-Bran Dual (Australia)

Discontinued varieties

 * All-Bran Complete Oat Flakes cereal
 * All-Bran Complete Wheat Flakes cereal
 * All-Bran Extra Fiber cereal
 * All-Bran Yogurt Bites

title: All-Bran


text:
User talk:Austin Hair/Archive II

Archive: User talk:Austin Hair/Archive I

Reply notification
Hi! I've replied at User talk:Matt Crypto. — Matt Crypto 17:58, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Tucson, Arizona and more
Hi. I saw that you voted on the RFC regarding Tucson, Arizona, and I thought you might be interested in commenting on a broader application of the formatting to other city articles. The discussion (for now) is at Talk: Tucson, Arizona (It might get moved to WikiProject Cities, if there's interest in doing so.) Thanks! kmccoy (talk) 02:31, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I have put Rastafarianism at Requested moves as you suggested. --Squiquifox 01:42, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Mediawiki:CopyrightWarning
Do you normally need to scroll past the "Save page" button? Most of the stuff there is just boilerplate that you would normally ignore in the course of editing.

Actually, there's another reason to avoid using Lynx... it can screw up accented letters. One of your edits did that, if I recall. I'll try to look up the link. -- Curps 04:34, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * See your edit:, which turned ü to ue, Å to AA, and removed all other diacritical marks. I believe it was Lynx that did that... -- Curps 04:40, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Regarding the use of special characters by various languages, I replied in MediaWiki talk:Copyrightwarning -- Curps 04:40, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I've replied on the same page. A.D.H. (t&m) 05:20, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)

OK, sorry, I thought you were actually editing the original table.

I guess the main question is, is it indeed a hardship for you while editing using Lynx? I would think that for routine edits you'd rarely need to scroll past the "Save page" button, since anything under there doesn't change from one edit to the next, but please let me know if there's something I'm not aware of.

Also the "seven lines" you mention refer to the total, no? In other words, there were something like 4 lines before and my extra special characters added 3 more lines? -- Curps 05:33, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * It's not a hardship, per se, but more of an annoyance—moreso than the Javascript edit toolbar would be, in fact. I can live with it, but I think it certainly worth consideration.  (And yes, that's seven lines total, if I wasn't clear.)  A.D.H. (t&m) 06:24, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * Apologies for butting in, but wouldn't it be possible to add something like the following to the style sheet for your preferred skin (User:Austin Hair/standard.css or User:Austin Hair/monobook.css or whatever):

 * #siteNotice, #editpage-copywarn
 * display: none;
 * }
 * }

 * (I pinched this from User:Eequor/standard.css) This should disable the Copyrightwarning message in the relevant skin.  HTH. -- ALoan (Talk) 14:00, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * You might have a look at Lynx (browser). A.D.H. (t&m) 15:42, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * Indeed - I have used Lynx. Not that that page says so, but presumably your point it that Lynx is entirely text-based, and does not need or deal with style sheets?  I had assumed that the .css worked on the www/wiki server side rather than at the web browser (for example, I can't see the Copyrightwarning when I check the source for this page as I edit it, but perhaps that is still the browser rendering rather than the html it is served with).  Give the .css a go - it would be interesting to see if it worked... -- ALoan (Talk) 23:15, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * CSS processing is exclusively client-side; it's up to the user agent to request the stylesheet explicitly (which lynx does not) and act on it as it sees fit. You should always see the "hidden" text if you view the page source; you're certainly downloading it.  Thanks for the thought, though.  A.D.H. (t&m) 23:25, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmm - I've checked again and you are right - I didn't see it yesterday, but it is there today (surrounded by an " ", which I presume is how the css magic works).  My mistake; apologies for wasting your time :( - ALoan (Talk) 11:17, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Hey, I appreciate the effort—in the end, it's little more than a nuisance which makes saving pages more difficult, but it's a nuisance nonetheless. A.D.H. (t&m) 13:53, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)

Lobbying
I am not lobbying for Rastafarianism to be changed. That would imply writing messages to individual users I thought might be sympathetic to my cause, urging them to have a say. This I have not done. By opening the issue up to wider debate I am taking the risk that the consensus may not go my way, when I reckon the consensus was marginally in favour of changing the name before I took the article to requested moves. I did so in order to meer your demand for a wider debate, and in the light of your bitter opposition to the name change. Please refrain from making wild accusations, at least against me. --Squiquifox 19:11, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * By "lobbying" I was referring to the fact that you're aggressively campaigning on three different pages, making five edits for every one point made. No negative connotation was implied; I could have easily said "vying" instead.  A.D.H. (t&m) 23:31, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)

Your request for name change
Hi, I noticed the page Changing username is a mess. I am cleaning it out now. Your request is now moved to Changing_username.

To be proccesed you sould put on the talk page of the account User:Callidus whit that account put a notice about this and link that notice to your request for change of username. Walter 11:06, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * That's rather redundant, in my case, as I'm requesting the change on meta. A.D.H. (t&m) 16:37, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)

Rastafari
BTW, I looked around, both at academic publications (theses and dissertations) and at Google and it seems that Rastafari is more widely used than Rastafarianism, with Rastafarians as the people. (see Talk:Rastafarianism). Thanks Guettarda 01:28, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Google's really no metric, as "Rastafari" refers to the prince as often as not. As for applying the term to the religion, while I've seen its use in the sense "the Rastafari," I've never seen "practicioners of Rastafari," which is the sense that governs the article's title.  (And anyway, articles are titled per common usage, not the latest academic vogue.)  A.D.H. (t&m) 02:21, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)

It's a little more than "academic vogue" - the UMI archives go back pretty much forever (in the US) - at least until the 1930s - and the theses relating to Rastas go back to 1979. While Google is not my favourite metric, it supports the "common usage" idea. On the first 30 "Rastafari" hits, only one uses the word for Selassie. As far as common usage goes, most people I have spoken to were unaware that "Rastafari" comes from "Ras Tafari". Web sites and academic work also do use it in the sense of "the practioners of Rastafari"...top hit in Google, a page about Bob Marley says: The roots, core beliefs and practices of Rastafari lie close to Bob Marley's music and philosophy. Third hit says:Rastafari is a movement of Black people who know Africa as the birthplace of Mankind and the throne of Emperor Haile Selassie I. This is not an attempt to use the brute force of Google to "prove" anything - all I mean by this is to illustrate that this usage is widespread, and Rastafari is used as the movement/religion...in common usage, in English. Rastafarianism is widespread usage, but both Google and academic usage suggests that Rastafari wins in terms of common usage. Guettarda 02:12, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

PRC, ROC, mainland China, Taiwan, etc.
Hello A.D.H. . Thank you for joining the discussion over the titles of China-related topics articles. Would you mind help explain to the contributors who opposed renaming because they thought the new titles are confusing, that how these terms differ from each other, and how the choice of one of these terms as a title is important. Thanks in advance. — Instantnood 18:11, Feb 19 2005 (UTC)

Hello A.D.H. . The vote and discussion at Requested moves is getting messy. — Instantnood 12:32 Feb 28 2005 (UTC)

RfC
Hello there. I am recently being listed on RfC. Feel free to comment as you wish to. I regard it as a way out and to have the matter settled. Thanks. — Instantnood 20:26 Mar 1 2005 (UTC)

Rastafari page
I have proposed to end the disambiguation page at Rastafari, redirecting it to Rastafarianism, and redirecting Ras Tafari to Haile Selassie. My understanding is that you are in favour of this; if not please let me know at Talk:Rastafari. --SqueakBox 22:07, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Austin Hair/Archive II


text:
Bob Kingsley

Robert Gibson Kingsley (March 19, 1939 – October 17, 2019) was an American country music radio personality and a member of the National Radio Hall of Fame. He was best known as the host of two nationally syndicated radio programs: American Country Countdown (ACC) and Bob Kingsley's Country Top 40.

Kingsley first worked on the radio while stationed in Iceland with the United States Air Force. He worked as a disc jockey and program director for country music stations in the 1960s and early 1970s. Kingsley became a producer of ACC in 1974 and hosted it from 1978 to 2005, and then, with his wife Nan, produced Bob Kingsley's Country Top 40 from 2006 until his death.

Early life
Kingsley came down with polio when he was a school-aged child, and he enjoyed listening to the radio while he recovered: "That's all I had was that radio there. I could move my arm, my hand, just enough to turn the dial... The soap opera stuff during the day I wasn't a big fan of, but in the evening when The Green Hornet and The Fat Man and all those great old radio shows were on... I was – what, six or seven – and it stayed with me."

Early career
While serving with the United States Air Force in 1959, Kingsley began his radio career at TFK, the Armed Forces Radio Service station in Keflavik, Iceland. He struggled at first. "I murdered the copy, absolutely murdered it. I'll never forget it. I wasn't very good, but I was hooked," Kingsley said many years later.

After leaving the military, Kingsley went looking for radio jobs, carrying demo tapes that he had made with an old tape recorder. After a DJ friend told him he needed a better demo tape and gave him access to a studio to record one, Kingsley found a sales job at a radio station in Palmdale, California. The station went off the air in the evenings, and they let Kingsley practice in the studio after he finished his work for the day. Kingsley said that he only sold commercials to one account in the six months he worked there. He jocked at Los Angeles country station KGBS for a few years, and then in 1970 became program director at KLAC, which had just dropped middle of the road (MOR) music for a country format.

American Country Countdown
Kingsley rose to national prominence in 1974 when he became the producer of the nationally syndicated American Country Countdown (ACC). Tom Rounds, a radio executive with Watermark Inc., created ACC as a country music version of Casey Kasem's American Top 40, and Rounds had gotten Kingsley's name by word of mouth.

Kingsley succeeded the program's original host, Don Bowman, beginning in May 1978. Concurrently, Kingsley was providing voiceovers for Drake-Chenault Enterprises and its automated country music programming service. Under Kingsley's watch, ACC won Billboard's "Network/Syndicated Program of the Year: Country" 16 years in a row, the only on-air personality and music program in any format to achieve this continued success.

Bob Kingsley's Country Top 40
In 2006, Kingsley signed a new distribution deal with Jones Radio Network (later acquired by Dial Global, which was subsequently acquired by Cumulus Media). The new countdown program was called Bob Kingsley's Country Top 40 and his two-minute program was called Bob Kingsley with Today's Hit Makers. In 2015, Nash Icon (the media brand and network of country music stations owned by Cumulus Media) announced it would begin distributing classic ACC programs for syndication under the name American Country Countdown Rewind With Bob Kingsley, starting that May. With BKCT40 signing a distribution deal with Skyview Networks (which also distributes the programming of former ACC syndicator ABC) since Bob Kingsley's death, Cumulus/WW1 has discontinued ACC Rewind. Skyview continues to offer reruns of Kingsley's countdowns through its own network. Through an arrangement with Nan Kingsley and the Country Music Hall of Fame, CT40 replays currently air Saturdays on Nashville's WSM Radio.

Personal life
Kingsley's wife, Nan, helped to produce Bob Kingsley's Country Top 40. The couple moved from California to Weatherford, Texas, west of the Dallas-Fort Worth area, in 1995. There they owned the Bluestem Ranch and Kingsley raised cutting horses.

Illness and death
In October 2019, Kingsley was diagnosed with bladder cancer, forcing him to cede CT40 hosting duties for what was intended to be a temporary leave of absence. Kingsley died at his home in Weatherford on October 17, 2019, at the age of 80.

Honors
Kingsley won Country Music Association National Broadcast Personality of the Year honors in 2001 and 2003. He received the 2012 President's Award from Country Radio Broadcasters. In November 2016, Kingsley was elected to the National Radio Hall of Fame. Blair Garner, Ralph Emery and Gene Autry were the only country radio personalities inducted before him.

The month after he died, a celebration was held in Kingsley's honor at the Country Music Hall of Fame; attendees included country music stars Garth Brooks, Dierks Bentley and Trisha Yearwood.

title: Bob Kingsley


text:
John Bingham

John Armor Bingham (January 21, 1815 – March 19, 1900) was an American politician who served as a Republican representative from Ohio and as the United States ambassador to Japan. In his time as a congressman, Bingham served as both assistant Judge Advocate General in the trial of the Abraham Lincoln assassination and a House manager (prosecutor) in the impeachment trial of U.S. President Andrew Johnson. He was also the principal framer of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

Early life and education
Born in Mercer County, Pennsylvania, where his carpenter and bricklayer father Hugh had moved after service in the War of 1812, Bingham attended local public schools. After his mother's death in 1827, his father remarried. John moved west to Ohio to live with his merchant uncle Thomas after clashing with his new stepmother. He apprenticed as a printer for two years, helping to publish the Luminary, an anti-Masonic newspaper. He then returned to Pennsylvania to study at Mercer College and then studied law at Franklin College in New Athens, Harrison County, Ohio. There, Bingham befriended former slave Titus Basfield, who became the first African-American to graduate college in Ohio. They continued to correspond for many years.

Hugh and Thomas Bingham were longtime abolitionists who were both active in local politics. They initially allied with the Anti-Masonic Party, led in Pennsylvania by Governor Joseph Ritner and state representative Thaddeus Stevens. Hugh became clerk of the Mercer County court and later a perennial Whig candidate in the county known for opposing war with Mexico. Matthew Simpson, Bingham's longtime friend since childhood, became a bishop in the Methodist Episcopal Church and urged President Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. Following Lincoln's assassination, Simpson delivered a prayer at the White House and a funeral oration at the interment ceremony in Springfield, Illinois.

Early legal career
After graduation, Bingham returned to Mercer, Pennsylvania, to read law with John James Pearson and William Stewart, and he was admitted to the Pennsylvania bar on March 25, 1840, and the Ohio bar by year's end. Bingham then returned to Cadiz, Ohio, to begin his legal and political career. An active Whig, Bingham campaigned for President William Henry Harrison. His uncle, Thomas, a prominent Presbyterian in the area, had served as associate judge in the Harrison County Court of Common Pleas from 1825 to 1839. The young lawyer's practice extended to Tuscarawas County, Ohio, and its seat, New Philadelphia. In 1846, Bingham won his first election as district attorney for Tuscarawas County, serving from 1846 to 1849.

Early political career
Bingham's political activity continued despite the Whig Party's decline. Campaigning as candidate of the Opposition Party, he was elected to the 34th Congress, representing the 21st congressional district. In Washington, D.C., he roomed at the same boarding house as did fellow Ohio representative Joshua Giddings, a prominent abolitionist whom Bingham admired. Voters reelected Bingham to the 35th, 36th and 37th Congresses as a Republican. However, the district was one of two Ohio districts eliminated in the redistricting following the census of 1860. Bingham thus ran for reelection in what became the 16th district. Known for his abolitionist views, he lost to Democratic peace candidate Joseph W. White, and thus failed to return for the 38th Congress, in part because Union soldiers (mostly Republican-leaning) who were away from home fighting in the war were not allowed to vote by mail in Ohio. Nonetheless, the House of Representatives appointed Bingham as one of the managers of impeachment proceedings against West Hughes Humphreys.

During the Civil War, Bingham strongly supported the Union and became known as a Radical Republican. President Abraham Lincoln appointed him Judge Advocate of the Union Army with the rank of major during his hiatus from Congress, and Bingham briefly became solicitor of the United States Court of Claims in 1865. Bingham's judge advocate service was exceptional in the sense that he was a prosecutor or appellate reviewer in three significant military trials. He oversaw critical aspects of the trials of General Fitz John Porter in 1863, Surgeon General William Hammond in 1864 and the military commission trial of the Lincoln assassination conspirators in 1864.

United States House of Representatives
Bingham defeated incumbent congressman Joseph Worthington White in the next congressional election. For this election, Ohio had changed its law and now allowed soldiers away from home to vote by mail. Bingham returned to serve in the 39th Congress, which first met on March 4, 1865.

Lincoln assassination trial
The following month, the capital fell into chaos as John Wilkes Booth assassinated President Abraham Lincoln, and Booth's co-conspirator Lewis Powell severely injured Secretary of State William H. Seward on the night of April 14, 1865. Booth died on April 26, 1865, from a gunshot wound. When the trials for the conspirators were ready to start, Bingham's old friend from Cadiz, Edwin Stanton, appointed him to serve as Assistant Judge Advocate General along with General Henry Burnett, another Assistant Judge Advocate General, and Joseph Holt, the Judge Advocate General.

The accused conspirators were George Atzerodt, David Herold, Lewis Powell (Paine), Samuel Arnold, Michael O'Laughlen, Edman Spangler, Samuel Mudd and Mary Surratt. The trial began on May 10, 1865. On June 29, 1865, the eight were found guilty for their involvement in the conspiracy to kill the president. Spangler was sentenced to six years in prison, Arnold, O'Laughlen and Mudd were sentenced to life in prison and Atzerodt, Herold, Powell and Surratt were sentenced to hang. They were executed July 7, 1865. Surratt was the first woman in American history to be executed by the Federal government of the United States. O'Laughlen died in prison in 1867. Arnold, Spangler and Mudd were pardoned by President Andrew Johnson in early 1869.

Fourteenth Amendment
In 1866, during the 39th Congress, Bingham was appointed to a subcommittee of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction tasked with considering suffrage proposals. Bingham submitted several versions of an amendment to the Constitution to apply the Bill of Rights to the states. His final submission, which was accepted by the committee on April 28, 1866, read, "No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." The committee recommended that the language become Section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. It was introduced in the spring of 1866, passing both houses by June 1866.

In the closing debate in the House, Bingham stated:

"[M]any instances of State injustice and oppression have already occurred in the State legislation of this Union, of flagrant violations of the guarantied privileges of citizens of the United States, for which the national Government furnished and could furnish by law no remedy whatever. Contrary to the express letter of your Constitution, 'cruel and unusual punishments' have been inflicted under State laws within this Union upon citizens, not only for crimes committed, but for sacred duty done, for which and against which the Government of the United States had provided no remedy and could provide none.

It was an opprobrium to the Republic that for fidelity to the United States they could not by national law be protected against the degrading punishment inflicted on slaves and felons by State law. That great want of the citizen and stranger, protection by national law from unconstitutional State enactments, is supplied by the first section of this amendment."

Except for the addition of the first sentence of Section 1, which defined citizenship, the amendment weathered the Senate debate without substantial change. The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in 1868.

Despite Bingham's likely intention for the Fourteenth Amendment to apply the first eight amendments of the Bill of Rights to the states, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to interpret it that way in the Slaughter-House Cases and in United States v. Cruikshank. In the 1947 case of Adamson v. California, Supreme Court justice Hugo Black argued in his dissent that the framers' intent should control the court's interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment, and he attached a lengthy appendix that quoted extensively from Bingham's congressional testimony. Though the Adamson Court declined to adopt Black's interpretation, the court over the next 25 years used a doctrine of selective incorporation to extend to application against the states the protections in the Bill of Rights as well as other unenumerated rights.

Ohio ratified the Fourteenth Amendment on January 4, 1867, but Bingham continued to explain its extension of citizenship during the fall election season. The Fourteenth Amendment has vastly expanded civil rights protections and has come to be cited in more litigation than any other amendment to the Constitution. In retrospect The National Constitution Center described John Bingham in tretrospect as "a leading Republican in the U.S. House of Representatives during Reconstruction and the primary author of Section 1 of the 14th Amendment. This key provision wrote the Declaration of Independence’s promise of freedom and equality into the Constitution. Because of Bingham’s crucial role in framing this constitutional text, Justice Hugo Black would later describe him as the 14th Amendment’s James Madison." It hailed him as "Second Founder who most worked to realize the universal promise of Madison’s Bill and Jefferson’s Declaration."

Later congressional career
Bingham continued his career as a representative and was reelected to the 40th, 41st and 42nd Congresses. He served as chairman of the Committee on Claims from 1867 to 1869 and a member of the Committee on the Judiciary from 1869 to 1873.

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
Bingham played a prominent role in combatting a number of early efforts by Radical Republicans to impeach President Andrew Johnson.

On March 7, 1867, during House debate on a proposed amendment to a resolution renewing the first impeachment inquiry against Andrew Johnson, Wilson was questioned by Benjamin Butler as to whether or not he supported impeaching President Johnson. Bingham responded by declaring that, unlike some individuals, he was opposed to impeaching before having testimony. After the inquiry recommended that the House impeach Johnson, on December 7, 1867, Bingham was in the sizable majority of House members present that voted against impeaching Johnson.

On February 24, 1868, Bingham voted to impeach Johnson when the House voted to do so after Johnson having moved to oust Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton in apparent disregard for the Tenure of Office Act. Bingham was voted to serve as one of the House managers (prosecutors) in the subsequent impeachment trial of President Johnson.

Failure to be reelected in 1872
Bingham was implicated in the Crédit Mobilier scandal and in 1872, he lost the election. Three local Republican political bosses made a deal to cut Bingham out, instead selecting Lorenzo Danford as the party's candidate. Thus, Danford came to represent the 16th district in the 43rd Congress and was reelected several times, but with a hiatus.

Minister to Japan
President Ulysses Grant then appointed his ally Bingham as United States Minister to Japan, which involved a salary increase but also economic responsibilities with respect to the small legation. (The legation was upgraded to embassy status and the title of minister was upgraded to ambassador in the early 20th century.) Initially, Bingham tried to switch appointments with John Watson Foster of Indiana, whom Grant had appointed minister to Mexico, but Foster declined. Bingham thus sailed with his wife and two of his three daughters to Japan. Bingham served longer than any other minister to Japan, with his appointment spanning the terms of four Republican presidents from May 31, 1873, to July 2, 1885. His successor was appointed in 1885 by newly elected Democratic president Grover Cleveland.

Bingham moved the embassy from an unsuitable location and replaced a problematic interpreter with a Presbyterian missionary from Ohio. He then managed to curtail the imperialistic ambitions of fellow Union veteran Charles Le Gendre. Bingham came to greatly respect Japanese culture, but he also presciently expressed his fear that Japan's military culture would hurt the country's development.

Bingham most prominently distinguished himself from other Western diplomats by fighting against the unequal treaties imposed upon Japan by Britain, particularly provisions for extraterritoriality and tariff control by Westerners. Initially, Bingham supported Japan's right to restrict hunting by foreigners to certain times and places and later its right to regulate incoming ships via quarantines to restrict the spread of cholera. Bingham later negotiated return of the Shimonoseki indemnity in 1877 as well as a revision of Japan's treaty with the United States in 1879, which restored some tariff autonomy to Japan, conditioned upon other treaties with Westerners.

Later life and death
Bingham was a delegate to the 1888 Republican National Convention. In his later years, he was frequently interviewed by journalists on topics ranging from current events in Japan to his 1857 appointment of George Armstrong Custer to the United States Military Academy. He died in Cadiz on March 19, 1900, nine years after his wife Amanda had died. He was interred next to her in the Old Cadiz (Union) Cemetery in Cadiz.

Legacy
In 1901, Harrison County erected a bronze statue honoring Bingham in Cadiz.

Bingham's house now serves as Mercer County's Republican headquarters.

title: John Bingham


text:
Talk:IC 10

Untitled
I took away the expansion request bc it isn't that important of a galaxy, and the infobox should be enough info on it, also changed lightyears from Earth measure, SEDS said 4.2, not 2.7. Uber nemo 21:03, July 28, 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:IC 10


text:
Talk:Starburst galaxy

Starbucks?
"Starbucks coffee galaxy"? sk4p (talk) 21:51, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Fixed. This was on my watchlist too - sorry for missing it... --Kurt Shaped Box (talk) 23:26, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

Types of starburst
Shows "Wolf-Rayet galaxies" as hyperlink to "Wolf-Rayet galaxy" which redirects back to this page. IMO not useful. Can someone educate me about the self linking policy if any? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by ConradPino (talk • contribs) 23:47, 3 March 2007 (UTC).
 * Resolved April 27, 2007 19:49 by User:Platyfish625. Conrad T. Pino 07:27, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

"Currently"...
The caption "located 12.2. billion light years away, currently creating 4000 stars per year" seems a little off. I know, I know, relativistic dogma says that this is right now in some frame of reference. Still, when you strike an average of all the mass out to 12 billion light years, we know we're pretty near to at rest in some absolute frame of reference, with nearly all the velocity we see accounted for by Hubble expansion away from us in all directions. So in some practical sense it is fair to say that the light is from 12.2 billion years ago, the distance as we see it. And if you want to go by strict relativity... then what does "currently" mean? This is something that probably could use a style guideline (hmmm, maybe it has one somewhere...) but for now an ad hoc fix seems appropriate. Wnt (talk) 06:58, 18 March 2009 (UTC)

Pea galaxies
I have added a link in the "See also" section to the "Pea galaxy" article as I'm sure that it is relevant to this subject. Richard Nowell (talk) 11:16, 25 January 2010 (UTC)

Opal Fruits galaxy
They shouldn't have changed the name ;-) M0ffx (talk) 07:44, 24 December 2010 (UTC)

COSMOS-AzTEC-1
Newly burst (I couldn't resist) upon the scene. Jim.henderson (talk) 20:16, 29 August 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Starburst galaxy