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Cinco Ribeiras

Cinco Ribeiras is a civil parish in the municipality of Angra do Heroísmo on the island of Terceira in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. The population in 2011 was 704, in an area of 12.80 km2.

Physical geography
The parish of Cinco Ribeiras is situated on the southwest coast of the island of Terceira, occupying a roughly triangler swath from the coast to the summit of the volcano of Santa Bárbara in the island's interior. It is an area of approximately 11.38 km2, that reaches an altitude of 1021 m above sea level. It is bordered on the east by the civil parish of São Bartolomeu de Regatos and west by the parish of Santa Bárbara das Nove Ribeiras, as well as, along a short frontier to the north, with the parish of Altares.

The parish's southern coast is formed from a 20 - 30 m high arriba, marked by its only major geological structure, the Ponta das Cinco, a rocky spur formed by a basaltic dike that penetrated one of the radial faults, along the Serra de Santa Bárbara. Yet, running through the region are several smaller volcanic cones composed of black or red basaltic rock. The lower part of the parish developed along a planar zone that corresponds with the terminal area of basaltic fissural flows from the region of Pico da Bagacina, resulting in a gently sloping area towards the northwest. This area is occupied by relatively recent lava flows, with little evidence of pyroclastic eruptive material, translating into shallow soils and rocky covering.

Towards the west and interior, the slope gradually increases, passing into a transition zone towards the cone of the Serra de Santa Bárbara. The highest part of the parish, the apex of the administrative frontier corresponds to the watercourses that divide the ravines of Praia da Vitória and Cinco Ribeiras, an area of accentuated slopes, reaching the summit of the caldera of Santa Bárbara (the highest point on the island of Terceira). Apart from this volcano, the parish is little accented, with only the Pico da Praia, at 323 m above sea level, representing the highest altitude in the parish.

Cinco Ribeiras is crossed by three primary ravines: the Ribeira do Mouro, the Ribeira das Cinco and the Ribeira da Praia, that are part of the radial drainage system, of the Santa Bárbara Massif.

Climate
Situated along the southwest of the Serra de Santa Bárbara, the parish occupies a transition zone between oceanic and Mediterranean climate (on the Köppen-Geiger classification between Csb, on the lower areas, and Cfb, on higher altitudes), exposed to strong southwest winds, resulting in elevated humidity during periods of atmospheric instability, intense orthographic precipitation in the higher altitudes. Precipitation along the massif results in flooding along the shallow ravines, which are unable to transport the water that flows from the higher altitudes.

Human geography
Urban development, much like the other settlements of Terceira, is constituted by a linear structure, that follows the main roadway that circles the island, with little expansion into the fields. The lateral roads normally accompany the ravines, except for the area between Ribeira do Mouro and Ribeira das Cinco, where smaller urban agglomerations developed along the municipal road of Canadinhas, the circuits 200 m above the Regional Roadway to connect Cinco Ribeiras and Terra Chã (through São Bartolomeu de Regatos).

Another nucleus in development, constituted by primarily summer homes, developed around the porto of Cinco Ribeiras, circling the small hermitage of Nossa Senhora de Lurdes, in addition to a few homes in the Canada do Porto alongside.

Following the 1991 census the parish included 650 inhabitants (138 males and 114 female residents), included in the localities referred to as Ribeira das Cinco (51 inhabitants), Ribeira do Mouro (84 inhabitants) and Cinco Ribeiras (418 inhabitants). The population decreased during the 20th century, from its apex of 1180 residents around 1900.

The evolution of the parish has been marked by emigration, primarily to Brasil, then the United States and finally to Canada. During the 20th century, the population maintained stable until the middle of the 1960s; then, following facilitated emigration laws and the consequence of the Kennedy-Pastore Act, the population began a rapid decline until it stabilized following the Carnation Revolution.

Architecture
The traditional architecture of Cinco Ribeiras resembles much of the rural homes of the western Terceira region, and is generally constructed around a single floor. The settlement is also distinguished for its many white-washed homes, bordered by multi-coloured trim around the corners, doors and windows (unique for the island of Terceira).
 * Church of Nossa Senhora do Pilar (Igreja Paroquial de Cinco Ribeiras/Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Pilar)
 * Império of Holy Spirit of Cinco Ribeiras Império do Espírito Santo de Cinco Ribeiras

title: Cinco Ribeiras


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Talk:Keelhauling

Ducking
The author writes that keelhauling is an extended "ducking". Did s/he mean dunking? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Grantgw (talk • contribs) 18:17, 19 October 2017 (UTC)
 * No, s/he did not. -- 76.15.128.192 (talk) 05:48, 10 December 2017 (UTC)

Name
I find many more references to this practices when spelled "keel-hauling" (with the hyphen), so I'm thinking of moving the article there. Any objections? Let me know here, or on my talk page. Joyous 00:50, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)

Dictionary
I have just had a look through a number of dictionaries and they almost all used keelhaul as one word as first usage though some have keel-haul. I think that a redirect from Keel-hauling would handle the situation. In terms of references where are you looking? Google seems to include "keelhaul" with "keel-haul" but not vice versa. Dabbler 02:40, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Ok. Sounds fine with me.  I had Googled and used a couple of dictionaries here.  Joyous 02:45, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)

Platform
During offshore operations involving the construction of a mimi oil platform offshore West Africa, we were obliged to transfer a heavy structure from port to satrboard beneath the main cantilever deck. In the instructions I used the term keelhauling to describe this.

Grammar and Ambiguity
Common alternative naval corporal punishments included, as in the British Navy, forms of flagellation (by cat o' nine tails, birching), sometimes to death, caning and hanging from a mast.

It's unclear whether the "sometimes to death" refers to the caning and hanging or the flagellation, or both.

Move
I've moved this back to "keelhauling" from "kielhalen" — the latter may be correct Dutch, but this is the English version of Wikipedia, so we should use the English word for it (even if that word is indeed derived from the Dutch one). -- Vardion 00:51, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

Clearing the Keel
One of the boats on a recent episode of deadliest catch used the term keelhauling for attaching a weight and dragging it on the bottom of the boat to recover a line attached to a propeller. Someone more knowledgeable in nautical practice may want to add a better description of this here. Jon Thompson 00:44, 24 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Aaaaar, good suggestion shipmate. 90.212.113.100 (talk) 03:42, 22 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm watching this episode right now. Basically the only difference between the procedure shown on the show and the description in this article is the fact that there is a person attached to the keelhaul instead of a weight. It would seem to me therefore, that perhaps the form of punishment may have evolved from the nautical technique. Perhaps a chicken vs. egg debate? -- RoninBK T C 21:00, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

Along vs. across?
[This contradicts "along the keel" (above) which to me means 'bow to stern' or, improbably, vice versa. not what "on one side ... to the other side" implies[above]. This would mean 'port to starboard' or vice versa. Besides, going in this direction would probably, cause the sailor to drown, because of slack in the rope, or getting stuck on the keel, never mind the barnacles. I repeat, the above says "along the keel" not across. I have no reference other than command of the English Language and the logic I just described. By the way, the Dutch kielhalen translates literally to keelhauling without implying any direction, i.e., along or across. My inference is "along". frankschoeman@optonline.net]. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.197.229.41 (talk) 12:16, 13 February 2009 (UTC)

 * The etymological background of a word often corresponds very loosely with its literal meaning. For example, "hydrophobic" molecules are "water fearing", but they're not actually afraid of water. It's normal for words to have etymologies that do not neatly correspond with their literal meanings. If keelhauling has an etymological background of "along the keel", there's no reason to be surprised the literal meaning is something a little different, "across the keel". Gaberdine2 (talk) 12:35, 13 February 2009 (UTC)

Notable?
Is a game on Survivor really that notable? Lots42 (talk) 14:38, 12 May 2010 (UTC)

The majority of these aren't notable. I'm baffled as to why they haven't been removed yet. 71.231.89.63 (talk) 09:27, 20 August 2010 (UTC)

Is keelhauling a myth?
Are there any documented cases in historical records of officially-sanctioned keelhauling, used as a punishment? Or is it -- as seems likely -- just a myth used to scare kids and frighten new enlistees?

I've been told that keelhauling is when sailors used to drag air-filled barrels under the keel to try to knock off barnacles and other bio fouling organisms, and that there are no known cases of a human actually being dragged under the ship for punishment.

It's article makes it seem like this punishment/execution was actually practiced by seafaring nations. I there evidence that it was used, or is it just there to scare sailors? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.111.150.162 (talk) 21:39, 28 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Surely, if practised, this would normally have been a death sentence. Norvo (talk) 01:04, 20 November 2014 (UTC)

Survival rate?
Are there any stats for how likely someone was to survive this punishment? Iapetus (talk) 10:04, 8 August 2015 (UTC)

 * No, but as a rule of thumb the person punished in that way would have been killed: either getting his neck, limbs and/or face broken or drowning, as explained in the article. 83.254.154.164 (talk) 15:05, 26 August 2015 (UTC)

Black Sails
In I think Season 4 Episode 3 Edward Teach is keelhauled in probably the best cinematic portrayal you could have of it. That definitely deserves mention. nm. I'm putting it in the article.Jawz101 (talk) 15:56, 29 January 2021 (UTC)

I'm not happy
By the way this quintessential Dutch Navy tradition is associated with the English. 24.164.185.133 (talk) 03:02, 2 September 2022 (UTC)

The greek image is lacking
The editor said there is a greek vase showing kneelhauling, but for some reason he didn't put the image on there. I will try to find it but its quite odd to mention an image and not show it. LineuHebreu (talk) 16:25, 29 July 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Keelhauling


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Abertzale

Abertzale (English: "patriot", literally "fond of the fatherland") is a Basque term usually referring to people or political groups who are associated with Basque nationalism.

Although the term is a synonym of "patriot", its common use in Basque mainly refers to Basque nationalism, whereas in the Spanish language abertzale (also spelled aberzale) means "Basque nationalist".

The use of the term by members and sympathizers of Herri Batasuna, and the fact that the followers of the Basque Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista Vasco, PNV) call themselves jeltzales more than abertzales, has brought about a situation where in the Spanish language the word is at times associated with that particular leftist current of Basque nationalism.

Several organizations past and present have used this word in their official Basque-language names:

 * Abertzaleen Batasuna (Unity of the Abertzales): A political party in the French Basque Country.
 * Emakume Abertzale Batza (Women's Abertzale Organization), onetime women's section of the PNV, made illegal by the rebel junta in Burgos during the Spanish Civil War.
 * Euskal Abertzaletasunaren Museoa (Museum of Basque Nationalism).
 * The name Eusko Abertzaleak (Basque Patriots) is used by various parliamentary and town council groups of the Basque Nationalist Party. In fact, Eusko Alkartasuna was meant to be founded under the name Eusko Abertzaleak, but the Basque Nationalist Party registered this name first.
 * Eusko Abertzale Ekintza (Basque Nationalist Action), a Basque nationalist and leftist party.
 * Ezker Mugimendu Abertzalea (Leftist Abertzale Movement): A political party in the French Basque Country.
 * Gazte Abertzaleak (Abertzale Youths): the youth group of the Spanish Basque political party Eusko Alkartasuna, left of the PNV but not aligned with ETA or Batasuna.
 * Koordinadora Abertzale Sozialista (Abertzale Socialist Coordinating Council, KAS).
 * The names Ezker Abertzalea (Izquierda Abertzale or "Abertzale Left"), Nafarroako Sozialista Abertzaleak (Abertzale Socialist of Navarre) and Araba, Bizkai eta Gipuzkoako Sozialista Abertzaleak (Abertzale Socialists of Álava, Biscay, and Gipuzkoa) have been used by various parliamentary groups of Herri Batasuna and Euskal Herritarrok in different parliaments.

The term ezker abertzalea (abertzale left) is used to refer to parties or organisations which are Basque nationalist, but at the same time, left-wing. This may be Marxist, communist, socialist or social-democratic. The term is used to distinguish these organisations from the usual traditionalist or conservative character of the Basque Nationalist Party.

title: Abertzale


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Louise, Baroness Lehzen

Johanna Clara Louise, Baroness Lehzen (3 October 1784 –9 September 1870) was the governess and later companion to Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.

Born to a Lutheran pastor, in 1819 Lehzen entered the household of the Duke of Kent, fourth son of King George III. Five years later, Lehzen was appointed governess to his only child, Princess Alexandrina Victoria. The young princess became second-in-line to the British throne in 1827.

Victoria's upbringing was dominated by the controlling Kensington System, implemented by the widowed Duchess of Kent and her comptroller Sir John Conroy. Lehzen was strongly protective of Victoria, and encouraged the princess to be strong, informed, and independent from the Duchess and Conroy's influence, causing friction within the household. Attempts to remove the governess were unsuccessful, as Lehzen had the support of Victoria's royal uncles. "Dear, good Lehzen" soon came to supersede all others – including her own mother – in Victoria's eyes.

When Victoria became queen in 1837, Lehzen served as a sort of unofficial private secretary, enjoying apartments adjacent to Victoria. The queen's marriage to Prince Albert in 1840 led to significant changes in the royal household. Albert and Lehzen detested each other, and after an illness of the Princess Royal in 1841, Lehzen was dismissed. Her close relationship with the queen came to an end, although the two continued to correspond. Lehzen spent her final years in Hanover on a generous pension, dying in 1870. Lehzen was a major influence on Victoria's character, in particular giving her the strength of will to survive her troubled childhood and life as a young queen.

Family and early life
Johanna Clara Louise Lehzen was born in Hanover on 3 October 1784, the youngest of ten children born to the Lutheran pastor Joachim Friedrich Lehzen and his wife Melusine Palm. Forced by circumstances to work for her living since she was young, Lehzen was employed by an aristocratic German family von Marenholtz. She served as governess to the family's three daughters, and earned positive references.

Based on these references, Lehzen became part of the household of Princess Victoria, Duchess of Kent in December 1819. In that role, she held the position of governess to twelve-year-old Princess Feodora of Leiningen, the daughter of the princess from her first marriage. In her second marriage, Princess Victoria had married Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, who was, at the time, fourth in line for the British throne. Lehzen and the entire household were moved to England in 1817 so that the new Duchess of Kent's child might be born there, strengthening the child's claim to the throne. The baby was a girl, christened Alexandrina Victoria after her mother and her godfather, Alexander I of Russia; she would grow up to be Queen Victoria.

Tutor to Princess Victoria

The Duke of Kent died quite suddenly in 1820, followed quickly by his father, King George III. Victoria's uncle, the Prince Regent, ascended the throne as King George IV. Victoria was now third in line to the throne, after her uncles the Duke of York and the Duke of Clarence, both of whom were well past middle age and neither of whom had legitimate heirs. As the likely eventual heir, Victoria had to be educated accordingly. Feodora was now 14, and no longer required the services of a governess. After the dismissal of nursemaid Mrs. Brock, Lehzen – as she was always known in the household – took over five-year-old Victoria's care in 1824. The Duchess and her comptroller, John Conroy made the appointment not only because Lehzen was German (rather than English), but also because they believed she was unlikely to operate independently of their wishes.

The historian Christopher Hibbert describes Lehzen as "a handsome woman, despite her pointed nose and chin, clever, emotional, humourless." Though she at first feared Lehzen's stern manner, "dear, good Lehzen" soon came to occupy a place in Victoria's heart that superseded all others, including her own mother, the Duchess of Kent. Lehzen encouraged the princess to distrust her mother and her mother's friends, and to maintain her independence. The governess was uninterested in money and lacked ambition for herself, instead choosing to devote her time and energy to the princess. Victoria took to calling Lehzen "Mother" and "dearest Daisy" in private, writing Lehzen was "the most affectionate, devoted, attached, and disinterested friend I have." As part of the controlling Kensington System devised by Conroy, after 1824 Victoria was to be accompanied by Lehzen at all times during the day; consequently Lehzen was not allowed out to leave Victoria's side until the Duchess dismissed her at nighttime, and was required to hold the princess' hand when Victoria descended a staircase.

Baroness Lehzen
In 1827, the Duke of York died, making the Duke of Clarence heir presumptive, and Victoria second-in-line to the throne. King George IV expressed doubt that Lehzen was the proper candidate to prepare Victoria. In response, her mother and Conroy persuaded the king to award them both titles, so that the princess would not be surrounded by commoners; Lehzen became a baroness of the Kingdom of Hanover. George IV died in 1830, and was succeeded by his brother the Duke of Clarence, who became King William IV. William formally recognised Victoria as his heir presumptive. According to Lehzen, around this time an infamous scene took place, in which Lehzen slipped a copy of the genealogy of the House of Hanover into one of the princess's lesson books. After perusing it for some time, Victoria came to see that her father had been next in line after the king, and that Queen Adelaide had no surviving children. This was the first time Victoria came to realise the destiny that had been assumed by many since her birth; that she would be the next British monarch. After a pause, Victoria is reported to have said "I will be good." This story entered into folk legend for future English generations.

King William appointed his friend, the Duchess of Northumberland, as Victoria's official governess in 1831, but the role was mostly ceremonial, and the princess continued to depend on Lehzen. The Duchess was dismissed in 1837 by Victoria's mother for attempting to become more influential in her royal charge's education. During this time, Lehzen held no official position at court; despite her recently acquired title, her commoner status continued to be a hindrance.

Educating Victoria
The wish of the Duchess and Conroy to keep Victoria dependent on their will was circumvented by Lehzen, who wanted her charge to become a strong, informed woman. As Victoria grew older, attempts were made by Conroy and the Duchess for Lehzen's removal, or at least the lessening of her influence. Such tactics proved unsuccessful, as the princess became more devoted to Lehzen than before, as evident in her journals. Lehzen's only true friend in the household, Baroness Spath, had been suddenly dismissed in 1828 on the orders of Conroy; rumours abounded that the baroness witnessed "familiarities" between him and the Duchess. Members of George IV's court speculated that Lehzen would be the next to leave, but she remained silent on the issue and preserved her position. In 1835, the Duchess of Kent wrote her daughter a stern letter demanding that Victoria develop a more formal and less intimate relationship with Lehzen. The same year (in which Victoria turned sixteen), plans to dismiss Lehzen fell apart after she devotedly nursed Victoria through a five-week illness. Lehzen aided a weakened Victoria in her refusal to sign a document prepared for her by Conroy and the Duchess that would guarantee him a position when she became queen. During her tenure, Lehzen had the support of George IV, William IV, and another of Victoria's uncles, Leopold I of Belgium, who all believed that she was vital to the princess's health, happiness, and continued resistance to Conroy's influence.

The education Victoria received from Lehzen was rudimentary but solid. Contrary to the prevailing attitudes of the time, Lehzen, tutor Dr. George Davys, and others successfully encouraged Victoria to enjoy acquiring knowledge. Davys was put in charge of the "solid department of her studies", while Lehzen concentrated on the "more ornamental departments", such as dancing. Gaining an "enlightened education", the princess learned to speak French, German, Latin, and English, liked history and was taught economics, geography, mathematics, politics, art, and music. Lehzen was strict, but rewarded the princess when she was obedient. In another departure from the era, Lehzen employed little to no corporal punishment; at least, there is no record of it in the household accounts.

Victoria in power
When Victoria ascended the throne in 1837, Lehzen enjoyed a prominent position at the coronation, and remained at court. At her request, she was given no official position, but agreed on a new title, "lady attendant". In her role, she was installed at Buckingham Palace as a sort of unofficial private secretary, served as chief liaison for the royal residences, and carried the household keys as a sign of her position; her signature was required for all payments of tradesmen's bills. At this point, it seems that Lehzen had totally replaced Victoria's mother both in terms of influence and affection; Lehzen's apartments adjoined the queen's, while the Duchess of Kent was installed in a suite of rooms far removed from Victoria. For the first few years of Victoria's reign, especially before her marriage to Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1840, Lehzen had a very strong influence on the queen's outlook on both politics and personal matters, despite the fact that she did not overtly involve herself in state affairs. Even after the queen's marriage, Lehzen retained the private doorway into the royal bedroom, a source of displeasure for Victoria's new husband.

Supplanted by Prince Albert
The arrival of Prince Albert led to significant changes in Victoria's household. Lehzen had opposed Coburg ambitions of Victoria marrying Albert, believing the princess to be a "second Queen Elizabeth, virgin and independent of male influence." Albert was well-educated, and had just completed a tour of Europe, preceded by years at the University of Bonn. Victoria's court dismayed his puritan German sensibilities. Lehzen and Albert soon developed a dislike for each other; she regularly thwarted Albert's will in the running of the household; meanwhile, he found her personally repellent and unworthy of befriending the queen, openly referring to her as "the hag" and a "crazy stupid intriguer".

When Victoria's first child, the Princess Royal, was born, Victoria trusted Lehzen to make the arrangements for the nursery. Lehzen placed it in the care of various staff as well as Sir James Clark, despite Albert's objections that the physician was wholly unsuited to the post, having already discredited himself during the affair of Lady Flora Hastings a year previously. At fourteen months the Princess Royal fell ill, losing her appetite and appearing pale and feverish. Dr Clark declared it a minor ailment, incorrectly prescribing her with calomel, a medication laced with mercury and laudanum. In fact, it is more likely that the precocious princess was simply expressing her dismay at changes in the royal nursery, then occurring with the arrival of her younger brother. Albert, a devoted father, confronted Victoria on the incompetence of the staff selected by Lehzen. There was a quarrel, after which Albert declared that he would leave the affair in her queenly hands, and placed it on her conscience if the child died.

Soon after this argument Victoria conceded to her husband, not wishing to see him unhappy. She made a final attempt to defend Lehzen, describing her as a selflessly loyal woman who deserved to remain close to her former charge. But in the face of Albert's resolve, Victoria dismissed Lehzen, ostensibly for her health. To Albert, Lehzen was a servant who had attempted to rise above her place in life, and he wanted Victoria to rely on him alone. Lehzen accepted the fiction of ill health, and agreed to depart. In the days leading up to her exit, she taught some of her duties to Marianne Skerrett, one of Victoria's dressers, and returned her keys to the queen. Lehzen departed on 30 September 1842, leaving a note rather than speaking directly with Victoria, believing that this would be less painful. The queen was initially unaccustomed to Lehzen's absence, having spent almost her whole life up to that point in the presence of the former governess. "It was very painful to me... waking this morning, and recollecting she was really quite away," Victoria said.

Word of Lehzen's departure spread through the court and elsewhere. Reports of the cause varied; the court diarist Charles Greville noted she was leaving "for her health (as she says), to stay five or six months, but it is supposed never to return." The Times however reported that she was simply visiting friends in Germany. After her departure, family adviser Baron Stockmar remarked of the affair that"[I]t was not without great difficulty that the Prince succeeded in getting rid of [Lehzen]. She was foolish enough to contest his influence, and not to conform herself to the change in her position... If she had done so, and conciliated the P[rince], she might have remained in the Palace to the end of her life."

Death and legacy
When Lehzen was dismissed from the court she returned to her native Germany, living in Bückeburg. She lived with her sister on the generous pension provided by Victoria, a yearly sum of £800. She covered the walls of her house with portraits of the queen. Though her sister died several months later, the baroness continued to support financially her many nieces and nephews. Lehzen continued to regard Victoria with affection, and the queen wrote regularly to her former governess, weekly at first and later monthly at Lehzen's request. When visiting relations in Germany, the queen came to visit her twice in private. The Baroness Lehzen died in Bückeburg on 9 September 1870, where she is buried in Jetenburger cemetery. Queen Victoria ordered the erection of a memorial to her. After Lehzen's death, Queen Victoria spoke of her gratitude for their relationship, but commented "after I came to the throne she got to be rather trying, and especially so after my marriage... [This was not] from any evil intention, only from a mistaken idea of duty and affection for me."

During her time at the British court, Lehzen attracted attention outside of the royal household for her close relationship with Victoria. She was criticised for her influence with the queen, particularly from those who disliked German influences at court. Pamphlets, many released by the Tory party, complained of the "stranger harboured in our country" and the "evil counsellors" surrounding Victoria. One in particular, published as the Warning Letter to Baroness Lehzen, declared that a "certain foreign lady pulled the wires of a diabolical conspiracy of which Lady Flora was to be the first victim," a reference to the Lady Flora Hastings affair. More positive, The Times once described her as having simply "held a highly and strictly confidential situation about the person of the Sovereign." As a sign of the perceived political influence she possessed, in 1838 false rumours suggested that Lehzen had been "converted" to the Whig party, and that she had been offered "an urgent proposal of marriage" by Whig prime minister Viscount Melbourne. Despite all of this criticism, the historian Gillian Gill describes how Lehzen was honest and frugal; even after Victoria ascended the throne, she seems to have made no demands for money or rank, preferring instead to simply be in the queen's company. The historian K. D. Reynolds adds that Lehzen was a major influence on Victoria's character and moral development, in particular giving the queen the strength of will to survive her troubled childhood and young queenship. Not all of her influence was positive, however; Reynolds also speculates that the 1839 Bedchamber crisis stemmed partly from Victoria's unwillingness to lose Lehzen.

Baroness Lehzen has been portrayed numerous times in film and television. She was played by Renée Stobrawa in the 1936 German film Mädchenjahre einer Königin, Greta Schröder in the films Victoria the Great and Sixty Glorious Years, Barbara Everest in 1941's The Prime Minister, Magda Schneider in the 1954 television serial The Story of Vickie, Olga Fabian in an episode of Hallmark Hall of Fame, Patience Collier in Edward the Seventh, Diana Rigg in the 2001 television serial Victoria & Albert, Jeanette Hain in the 2009 film The Young Victoria and Daniela Holtz in the 2016 television series Victoria.

title: Louise, Baroness Lehzen


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Talk:Living Tribunal

"Usually" most powerful?
I'll probably regret asking this, but... how is an "omnipotent entity" usually the most powerful being? I can't help feeling that some explanation of how omnipotence is sometimes insufficient might be in order. -FZ 00:52, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, at various times other characters in the Marvel Universe have also achieved omnipotence. For example, Thanos during the Infinity Gauntlet storyline. —Lowellian (talk) 09:53, Dec 29, 2004 (UTC)

 * Though in other issues the Tribunnal was able to overrule that. It depends heavily on whoever's actually writing the book. Timrollpickering 7 July 2005 19:23 (UTC)

 * I agree. I remember an issue where an alternate universe's Earth was corrupted so much that the Living Tribunal passed his greatest punishment: causing the Sun to go super nova. The Earth survived the explosion, surrouned by an enormous force field. As such, the Living Tribunal sealed off that universe to protect the other universes from its corruption. If he was truely omnipotent, he would have detonated the Earth, thereby restoring that universe's integrity.

AlGorup 14:53, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

 * You have to remember that in Comics everything is relevant. The Infinity Gems were enough to give the LT pause, but in the end he was able to neurtralize them.  Whether or not he could defeat a user of the gems is unknowable.  In "The End" Thanos again found some omnipotent source which enabled him to actually defeat the LT along with Eternity.  Therefore, omnipotence in Marvel, is dependent on who the writer is.  MPA 2 October 2006

Response There are relative "levels" to onmipotence; that is to say, some beings may look "omnipotent" to other observers, and sometimes even themselves (as was the case with the Beyonder), but there may be Beings above even them -and, yes, cases of laziness by the Writers and Editors at the time.

Thus, Surfer is "omnipotent" to humans, but in turn Galactus is "omnipotent" to him, and Eternity and the other Great Powers of the Universe are in turn "omnipotent" to him.

And of course, the Living Tribunal is omnipotent to them all (except for that which becomes the Heart of the Unverse, of course).

Everywhere.

Even the Beyonders. Thanos777 18:41, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

I was on board until your final caveat. The "Beyonders" aren't powerful when weighed against Galactus or even, by implication, the powers you hold higher than him -- Eternity and the Living Tribunal.

I think the spirit of this question lies in defining omnipotence as an absolute term versus the relativistic approach of qualifying omnipotence as an extension of one's limited perception. (Or, just because one can't understand omnipotence within the parameters of one's mind does not weaken said omnipotence...)

Absolute omnipotence is beyond judgment and is therefore above subjective analysis.

As an easy equation, if 1 = omnipotent, and 0 = mortal, 1 will always be greater (more powerful than) 0. It will not; however, ever exceed 1. Therefore omnipotent will always counterbalance omnipotence.

Connection to Triglav?
I`m purely speculating here, but I wonder if this character was based on the Slavic deity of Triglav (mythology) Compare the Veil, and 3 faces. I`m not saying the character was based on Triglav, but there is certainly a connection, and Upon reading about Triglav, the living tribunal was the first thing that rushed into My mind.
 * It is possible that's the mytholigical entity the creators of LT were thinking of when they created him. Dr Archeville 19:06, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

Citations needed
I would like to know where it has ever been implied that there was a One Above All, other than its mentioning once in an obscure issue of Gaurdians of the Galaxy? Furthermore, where has this being whome the LT represents, ever been implied to be God? Such nonsense is propagated on comicboards.com discussion boards, but no where in Marvel. MPA 2 October 2006

 * In some of the early 1990s Jim Starlin books, particularly Warlock and the Infinity Watch #1 and (I think) Infinity War the Tribunal was explicitly referred to as being just the representative of one who was above all this. I don't think the term "God" has been used, but that's been the implication. Timrollpickering 05:49, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Dan Jurgens's Thor run also included at least one reference that I can recall off the top of my head, when Odin noted that there was a being who was "above" even him, as he commited Jake Olson's soul to his care. The whole *point* of the One-Above-All is that they NEVER openly use the word "God" to refer to him, but the implication is blatant. - Chris McFeely 00:52, 16 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually it goes back all the way to Thor Vol. 1 #330, when Thor battled The Crusader and eventually admitted the existence of "one above Odin". Luis Dantas 01:42, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

Stranger
The Living Tribunal once possessed a fourth face, which was occupied by the Stranger, but the Stranger eventually grew disenchanted with his task and role, and chose to experience being a unique being, instead of being part of a collective.

My recollection of that Silver Surfer issue is that the fourth side of the head is a void and that the Tribunal said something like "that could have been the face of the Stranger", not that the Stranger was once part of the Tribunal. Timrollpickering 08:55, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Having now found the issue the Tribunnal has just explained the nature of trinity and says:

 * ''Everything, in the realms of duality, is the presence of trinity... And yet there could be even more:

 * I could have had another face... here behind equity on the fourth side of the stellar skull... here, where there is nothing there could have been the face of the Stranger''

 * (Stranger: "Curse you, Trinity.")

 * It's vague but doesn't say to me that the Stranger was a fourth face. I'm reverting the article accordingly. Timrollpickering 14:30, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

Digging out the original OHOTMU to prove a point....
It'll take me some time to access my Comics in another state and in storage, but the original OHOTMU clearly states that EVERY Universe has a Living Tribunal in one form or another....even the Universes of other Comic Companies.

I am posting this notice here because I added this fact to the "Living Tribunal" Article, but it was thereafter removed.

When I can cite you the specific Page of the specific Issue of the specific volume of the OHOTMU, I'll repost the addendum...and hopefully won't see it get removed.

Just a heads up, folks.

By the way, whoever you were that performed the edit, please sign your work in the future.

Thanos777 18:46, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

OHOTMU not sourced?? what the blazes is this?!?
Could SOMEBODY please tell me why the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe -OHOTMU -is not sourced in Wiki.....even though we have an article on them in Wiki?? Thanos777 00:05, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

Regarding the possible limitations of the Living Tribunal
There is a point of contention going on about the Tribunal: namely, there is disagreement between myself and another Member, wherein I assert that the Living Tribunal cannot act before a Universe-unbalancing "crime" ahs been committed, and the other Member asserts that he has.

Could anyone provide us with specific references that settl this one way or the other?? Personally, I don't remember any instances of this, and I don;t think that when the LT does such things as offer the Stranger a place within him, or toys around with the (non-canon?) She-Hulk, counts as the being interfering in the affairs of the Universe.

Also, I don't think that it counts when one of the Cosmic Powers requests a hearing and asks the Tribunal to make a ruling. I am about to re-intoduce a Paragraph into this Article that brings this "limitation" of the LT to light if I do not recieve specific references to the opposite.

Thanos777 03:23, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

She hulk is canon. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.173.224.32 (talk) 21:29, 3 June 2010 (UTC)

Magistrati
I don't follow the logic that was used to remove _all_ the pictures on the Magistrati. To the best of my knowledge there aren't any others anywhere else in Wikipedia, and this article is the natural place for them anyway. Luis Dantas 01:44, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

What or Who is the strongest???
So What is the strongest entity or thing in the Marvel Universe????

I mean i really am interested in all these entities and things but what is the strongest. Is it like a God that no one knows about or is the Heart of the Universe, or the Infinity gems or what????!!! Someone try to explain? It sounds like the Heart of the universe is, but I dont know anymore!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Infinitygem2010 (talk • contribs) 14:53, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

The highest power is the one above all which is basically God in generic form so it can be identified with any religion if one so chooses under the one above all is the living tribunal then debatable eternity and death 65.183.214.150 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 02:50, 14 May 2010 (UTC).

Fair use rationale for Image:Silver Surfer 031 21.jpg
Image:Silver Surfer 031 21.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 21:17, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

Latest Edit
This comment, while well meant, is unfortunately invalid:

"The Living Tribunal's power is apparently limitless, as the entity prevents the Infinity Gems from being used in unison, but previously made the statement that it was "determining if I have the power to..." "wrest the gauntlet from me" (the user of the Infinity Gauntlet finishes the sentence), initially expressing the necessity for evaluation, but then rises/apparently concludes that it would likely succeed, but states that the confrontation would likely cause multiversal destruction and should be avoided for ethical reasons."

It is contradictory, and is followed by an overly long and subjective rationale that is also out of universe. It really is unnecessary.

Regards

Asgardian (talk) 04:03, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

TheBalance stated "You are free to provide the actual quote in it's entirety" which I interpreted as doing just that and provide the exact context. The accuracy problem here is two-fold: 1) You insert that LT neutralized the gems, whereas it did not. It disrupted the link between them. They functioned fine afterwards, and the user did not resist. The last part may not be necessary to mention, but given the context that the LT had to evaluate whether or not it was powerful enough to overpower the IG, but eventually apparently reached the conclusion that it could, the power difference cannot have been considerable. This is something that must be clarified to not be misleading. I have however made another attempt to shorten it down, and would wlecome putting this minor matter to rest with keeping that. Dave (talk) 10:09, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Not too sure of that... with the Gauntlet being used at sufficient level to destroy/damage all of the other abstract entities, the LT seemed entirely unphased... I definitely perceived that scene differently (assuming we are talking about the same one involving Warlock and all of the abstract entities such as Eternity, Chaos, Order, etc).

 * I assumed he was deciding whether to act - not whether he would "win" if he did. Inotherwords, "does this warrant my intervention as a multiverse threatening situation, or should I simply decide not to act as the situation does not warrant my involvement?"

 * That is also based off how the LT was handled at that time... always "there" (everywhere?) and never bothers to act unless the situation is that severe. That was covered in a related (earlier) issue where he decided not to intervene (Thanos/gems I believe).

 * Best,
 * RobertMfromLI | User Talk STP2: Producer/Gaffer/Webmaster 09:39, 18 February 2010 (UTC)
 * The way I remember it, LT said outright that it was "gauging whether or not I have the power to..." "...wrest the gauntlet from me" (Warlock filled in), so I never see what's so unlcear about it. LT states outright that it considers the IG's full capabilities close in power, which I read literally. Nothing ambivalent or dubious about it whatsoever. Dave (talk) 09:26, 19 February 2010 (UTC)

The Tribunal's power exceeds that of the Gems; he is one to the Multiverse, while the Gems can be in nearly every reality. This is what was said, exactly, or, rather, thought, by Adam Warlock, at his trial: "My judge is a strange entity the others claim is a representative of a power above Eternity and myself. I find this hard to believe. I am omnipotence." After restoring the cosmic entities Warlock destroyed, with a gesture and a simple command, the Tribunal tells him that, "I represent forces that dwarf even your might. My task is to judge this reality's most pressing cosmic issues. My authority comes from on high."

http://boards.straightdope.com/sdmb/archive/index.php/t-201138.html —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.57.66.10 (talk) 16:35, 3 December 2010 (UTC)
 * The Tribunal also stated outright that it was actively evaluating whether or not it had the necessary power to wrest the gauntlet from Warlock, and eventuallu apparently reached the conclusion that it did, but stated that it would not be able to do so without the conflict destroying all of reality. If the relative power difference had been considerable, this had not been the case. Not to mention that the entire premise of the Infinity Gauntlet was that the original creator/god of the MU commited suicide which "created all of reality in all its myriad forms" along with the gems as the remnants of the entity. Hence, your quote is highly selective and taken out of context. Dave (talk) 15:30, 21 January 2011 (UTC)

Its not out of context, its that writers have contradicted one another. And Im pretty sure that the suicide creation thing has been dropped from cannon. 65.183.214.150 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 03:23, 3 July 2011 (UTC).

Infinity Gauntlet Series
This article states that The Living Tribunal "had a significant role in the limited series Infinity Gauntlet #1-6". While Living Tribunal DOES appear in other stories involving the Infinity Gauntlet, it does not appear at any point in the original 6 issue series, so unless someone feels otherwise, I am going to edit this out.Spman (talk) 03:44, 10 February 2011 (UTC)

El ganado poseido Holandes y Suizo
recuerda hermano mandar a los padrotes para el cruce en minería y heredó hay una familia que logro prioridad junto con una Due si quieres algún adviso me meas cuánto es no me gusta el debo 2803:2D60:1105:117E:E06B:F7BE:DA80:27BE (talk) 19:49, 13 September 2023 (UTC)

carne de res UI
1,000.000 toneladas para Mongolia 28101123112410231124102 $4 billions dollars Due Alt Due Adie Airpark EEUU buendad cohibido cooperación Mongolia hay que ir a dejarlo a su frigorífico es un Due 2803:2D60:1105:117E:7587:4206:7253:B394 (talk) 21:33, 20 November 2023 (UTC)

Mamá Ena Nea
Es un Ie 2803:2D60:1105:117E:201D:B4B1:3F9C:6E1 (talk) 19:15, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Living Tribunal


text:
User:Werty8472

This is the user article for Werty8472.

I mostly just do little changes when I see them.

I'm not much for the politics of Wikipedia, but in general have the belief that nearly anything can make a valid argument for being "notable", for the same reason that there are a thousand television stations with nothing on: Differentiation. There are no longer single platforms which everyone always uses, but thousands of tiny little ones that matter for a select few. Everything matters to someone somewhere, and exclusion only helps to make Wikipedia less useful.

Along that venue, I believe in the organizational concept of fit: That one's use is determined heavily by the context of the situation. Wikipedia is not a print encyclopedia, but an online wiki. It has its own use, own specialization, less in the completeness and relevance of data, more in the ability to procure current information, and rapidly fill it in. Since the very nature of Wikipedia will never allow for it to be an academic source of intellectual material (such that citing it is only realistic in the search of common knowledge-styled data), it should instead emphasize the points in which it is more capable.

title: User:Werty8472


text:
Pathfinders (Seventh-day Adventist)

The Pathfinder Club, or simply Pathfinders, is a department of the Seventh-day Adventist Church (SDA), which works specifically with the cultural, social and religious education of children and teens. Children 10 years and older are eligible to become members of the club.

Though similar in many respects to Scouting, Pathfinders have a stronger religious emphasis. The Pathfinder Club has been an official component of the SDA church's youth ministry since 1950.

Local Seventh-day Adventist Churches would have Pathfinder Clubs with local club members and leaders. Some areas would have Area Coordinators who oversees several clubs in a specified area. Then there will be Pathfinder Directors (or Youth Directors in areas where Pathfinder Ministry falls under Youth Department), at the Field/Conference level, Mission/Union level, Division level and at the General Conference. The current director of the program at the General Conference is Andrés J. Peralta.

An estimated 38% of Adventist youth under the age of 18 "Are members of Pathfinders or a similar church-sponsored youth group", according to a 2002 worldwide survey of local church leaders.

History
The first step towards the organization of the Pathfinders Club within the Adventist Church in 1907 when the Department of Youth Missionary Volunteer (Volunteer Missionary Society) was established under the leadership of Pastor Milton Earl Kern. In 1909 are the first organized societies Missionary Volunteer Youth (MVY), and in 1914 developed the first lessons to be MVJ's, that would be the precursor of the progressive classes Pathfinder.

In 1911 the nascent form of the Pathfinder club was founded in Takoma Park, Maryland. Three clubs were formed in Takoma Park in 1911, they were: "Scouts Missions", "Woodland Clan & Pals" and "Takoma Indians". They were characterized by only accepting registration for boys. In 1919 Arthur Spalding founded the club "Scouts Missionaries", in Madison County, Tennessee. Spalding studied the organization, made compatible with the spiritual goals of the Adventist Church (a feature that was not initially adopted by clubs from Takoma Park), rules and created the outline of the movement. The "Scouts Missionaries" developed the fundamental ideals for the current club of pathfinders.

In 1929 for the first time the name "pathfinder" was used on a schedule of juvenile SDA activities. The Association of Southern California promotes a camp for Youth Missionary Volunteers, and entitles the camp "Pathfinder". The same Association (Southern California) in 1946 unilaterally formalizes and sponsors the program, with its first prototype recognized club being tested in Riverside, California.

Alongside the experience in California, the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists in 1950, formalizes a program the club, and adopts a uniform, a flag (ade by Hellen Hobbs and Henry Theodore Bergh in 1948) and a hymn (composed in 1949 by Henry Theodore Bergh) for the official new department. The name was adopted for the program "Youth Club - Missionary Volunteer".

Between 9–11 October 1953, the Southern Association of New England promoted the first Pathfinder Camporee in Ashburnham, Massachusetts. Since then camporees has been the main camp and form of interaction between Pathfinder clubs worldwide.

Since the formalization of the movement as the SDA program, it has undergone some upgrades, the most significant being:
 * (1958) Development of progressive classes;
 * (1959) Development of physical classes (gold and silver medals);
 * (1976) Addition of honor "Master Awards" to the curriculum of the club;
 * (1982) The global emblem Missionary Volunteer is replaced by the Pathfinder world emblem, and the name Missionary Volunteer falls into disuse;
 * (1988) A major overhaul of the Pathfinder curriculum to modernize the teaching methods;
 * (2012) The second general review of the Pathfinders curriculum is carried out;

In January 2018, there were more than 1.5 million Pathfinders and 40,000 clubs, spread over more than 150 countries.

Philosophy and objectives
The Pathfinder Club is centered in the "physical-mental-spiritual tripod", which develops activities to meet the needs and interests of children and adolescents between 10 and 15 years old, with a specific focus on the religious activities of this age group.

Much of the Pathfinder Club program is built around physical activities. According to the Pathfinder club manual, this focus is explained because "young people between 10 and 15 years old are at a stage of growth and very rapid physical development." According to the philosophy, many of the club activities involve action, adventure, challenge and group activities, which "provide opportunities for the development of new attitudes and skills that produce personal growth, team and community spirit,". These are part of the tripod of the philosophy to work towards "citizenship and loyalty" and that preach respect for "God, His creation, and His church."

While the Pathfinder Club exists primarily for the youth, one of its primary purposes is to also meet parents and church members through an active involvement with the club. The purpose of this involvement is to correct (or suppress) the gap between generations approaching youth and adults. And to work and have fun together in a bond of common experience.

The whole philosophy of Pathfinders is built on the premise that "juveniles and children learn best by example, instead of the precepts." The way they see the leaders and parental values is used as a spiritual and social role model. With this they are expected to develop high moral principles, attitudes of love, care and determination. These are built into all the activities. The educational philosophy of the club also emphasizes that youth learn more effectively in a positive, happy and secure atmosphere. According to the General Conference of SDA, "the attitude of the leaders of the club is therefore vital to ensure the success and effectiveness of this ministry for youth ingredient, because it will be one of the main models to be followed by juveniles."

Leadership role
The leadership role is to "help young people understand and love God and to watch over the church and the next." According to the Manual of the Pathfinder club, the goals and duties of the leadership of the club are:
 * "Encourage Pathfinders to discover their God-given potential and use their gifts and skills to meet the expectations of the plan of salvation";
 * "Inspire them to give personal expression of their love for God, uniting with other youth in various extension activities";
 * "Becoming number one priority club program the personal salvation of every Pathfinder";
 * "Building on the groundbreaking appreciation for a healthy life (enjoy outdoor activities) and cultivate in them a love for God's creation";
 * "Teach the groundbreaking immersive and interactive skills in order to make the time and talents of the most significant youth";
 * He should "encourage the Pathfinder to keep physically fit, and teaches them to take care of your body and establish habits that will give your health benefits";
 * "Provide opportunities for development of leadership by encouraging club members working together and sharing the responsibilities of leadership.";
 * "And aim to promote the harmonious development of pathfinder, taking care of all necessary aspects, be they physical, social, intellectual and spiritual."

Organization
Each Pathfinder club is run by a director of the club, deputy directors, counselors, instructors, chaplain, secretary and treasurer. The administrative offices of the club require that trained people are occupying the function. The General Conference Youth Department instructs that preferably leaders be invested - 18 years old, who have completed the "Class Leader" - or at least they are fulfilling the requirements of the Class Leader.

The club is divided into separate units, classified by age. Each unit has an average of six or eight pathfinders, depending on club size, who are accompanied by a counselor. The counselor is the unit leader. Each unit will also have a Captain and a Scribe. The unit functions as a cell of the club, or "micro-club" because it also develops an administrative organization chart with a captain and a secretary, and develops practical and theoretical activities through interaction among its members.

Clubs are also organized into "regions", which act as groups of geographically close local clubs. Regions usually have the authority to develop longer term activities (e.g. camporees), demanding more effort and planning, also supporting the clubs through the "regional team". The region is coordinated by a regional coordinator, usually an invested leader.

On a broader scope is the local coordination of Pathfinder fields (missions, associations, unions and divisions), which, as well as regional, has the mandate to coordinate activities that require more planning, besides answering to the General Conference for all activities and work done in a geographic region.

Activities developed
Various activities are carried out in the club program, and subdivided according to the educational tripod club, focusing on the physical, mental and spiritual.

Physical health
As part of the official program, physical activity is valued, per the philosophy of the club stating that "juveniles (between 10 and 15 years) are at a stage of growth and very rapid physical development". Various activities such as hiking, jungle trails, cycling, mountaineering, among others, have highlighted the activities of the department.

Activities inside and outside of the regular meeting of the club focus on the physical. Develop up games, recreational activities and games that encourage exercise. Even traditional activities of the regular meeting, as the united order, cherish the physical aspect, combined with the mental development.

Physical activities are in essence (within the official philosophy), entertain and attract children and adolescents, and allow it to jointly develop their mental and spiritual aspect.

Mental framework
A part of mental development is encouraged youth to study and develop classes and specialties, which are analogous to series and school subjects.

Although also understand the physical and spiritual aspects, classes and specialties bring a greater benefit to the mental explorer context, providing a larger learning about various subjects.

Spiritual realm
Although the physical part requires considerable time within the activities, spiritual development is the main focus of the club. The main objective is to bring the youth to have a "constant daily experience with God", making him reflect on "His creation and His care for him."

In spiritual matters, it carries out various activities to engage youth. Stand out missionary work, Bible studies and volunteer work.

One example activity that strengthens both the spiritual and mental realms is known as the Pathfinder Bible Experience. This is a friendly competition that encourages youth to study and memorize entire books of the Bible.

Christian citizenship
Within the spiritual realm there is the notion of Christian citizenship in Pathfinder club. This is an integral part of working with youth, and establishes the concepts (or second tripod) of "citizenship and loyalty" which are three: to serve God, the homeland, and others. The social work of the entire department is guided by this concept.

Regular and advanced classes
Regular classes are activities that cover various topics, always considering the educational philosophy of the club. Classes resemble academic degrees, as is recommended to be developed within one year in accordance with the correct age for each class. Jointly develop the advanced classes, which contains more elaborate requirements, and usually with some degree of difficulty with regular classes. There are twelve existing classes for youth:

Leadership and specializations
Upon completing 16 years the Pathfinder has the possibility to choose to stay at the club and compose the picture of leadership. If this is the choice of young, he/she will answer the leading classes, which are three: Leader, Master Guide and Master Guide Senior. These classes have the task of preparing and empowering the youth who will compose the frames of leadership, giving all necessary instructions in this regard.

While the Leader class allows for the formation of leaders in a broader sense, the Master Guide class exists to specialize leaders already invested who will work on the technical training of aspirants. The latest degree of specialization, Master Guide Senior, is focused on the production and review of technical and didactic content for the department.

Specialties and masters
The specials are theoretical and practical activities focused on certain specific theme, like intensive courses. Your goal is to take the Pathfinder assimilate new knowledge from areas related to nutrition and health, to recreational areas so that empower and train to handle many different situations. In his philosophy, the specials are also thought to help in the spiritual and moral development.

The masters are groupings of related specialties that developed, give the explorer, through the merits of the club system, the possibility of this being awarded the merit of knowing a particular area of knowledge.

Merit system
The Pathfinder Merit System allows youth and adults to develop their skills in four major areas of activity, which are recognized in the club's program as pillars of support, namely: the church, family, school (or work) and the club itself.

The incentive for good practice in all these pillars is recognized through the Good Conduct Ribbon Bar (the Pathfinder Excellence Award), which is awarded every 12 months to those young people (under 15 years of age) of recognized moral excellence. The club director, together with the other members of the board, are responsible for judging whether the candidate is fit. In some parts of the world, people over the age of 16 are eligible to receive the Good Conduct Ribbon Bar after five years of uninterrupted volunteer service at the club; in the case of these, it is the regional leader and the district leader who judge the suitability.

Other graduations par excellence include so-called classes of physical merit, which are as follows: Silver Medal, and Gold Medal. They are characterized by strongly encouraging the physical and athletic development of adolescents and youth who are in the leadership cadres of the Pathfinder club, the Adventurers Club and Youth Club.

title: Pathfinders (Seventh-day Adventist)


text:
Category:Metaphors

In language, a metaphor is a rhetorical trope where a comparison is made between two seemingly unrelated subjects. Typically, a first object is described as being a second object.

title: Category:Metaphors


text:
Lars Bom

Lars Bom (Olesen) (born 8 April 1961) is a Danish actor, educated at The Danish National School of Theatre in 1985. Lars Bom has worked in various roles in Theatre, Film and Television, and won the Best Actor award at the Italian Fantafestival in 1999, for his starring role in the cyberpunk-thriller Skyggen (1998). However, he is best known for his roles in Strisser på Samsø and Rejseholdet.

Besides acting, Lars Bom is also passionate about running and has released a DVD/book about it in 2007.

title: Lars Bom


text:
Gerbillinae

Gerbillinae is one of the subfamilies of the rodent family Muridae and includes the gerbils, jirds, and sand rats. Once known as desert rats, the subfamily includes about 110 species of African, Indian, and Asian rodents, including sand rats and jirds, all of which are adapted to arid habitats. Most are primarily active during the day, making them diurnal (but some species, including the common household pet, exhibit crepuscular behavior), and almost all are omnivorous.

The gerbil got its name as a diminutive form of "jerboa", an unrelated group of rodents occupying a similar ecological niche. Gerbils are typically between 6 and 12 in long, including the tail, which makes up about half of their total length. One species, the great gerbil (Rhombomys opimus), originally native to Turkmenistan, can grow to more than 16 in. The average adult gerbil weighs about 2+1/2 oz.

One species, the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus), also known as the clawed jird, is a gentle and hardy animal that has become a popular small house pet. It is also used in some scientific research.

Classification
SUBFAMILY GERBILLINAE
 * Genus Ammodillus
 * Ammodile, Ammodillus imbellis
 * Tribe Desmodilliscini
 * Genus Desmodilliscus
 * Pouched gerbil, Desmodilliscus braueri
 * Genus Pachyuromys
 * Fat-tailed gerbil, Pachyuromys duprasi
 * Tribe Gerbillini
 * Subtribe Gerbillina
 * Genus Dipodillus
 * Botta's gerbil, Dipodillus bottai
 * North African gerbil, Dipodillus campestris
 * Wagner's gerbil, Dipodillus dasyurus
 * Harwood's gerbil, Dipodillus harwoodi
 * James's gerbil, Dipodillus jamesi
 * Lowe's gerbil, Dipodillus lowei
 * Mackilligin's gerbil, Dipodillus mackilligini
 * Greater short-tailed gerbil, Dipodillus maghrebi
 * Rupicolous gerbil, Dipodillus rupicola
 * Lesser short-tailed gerbil, Dipodillus simoni
 * Somalian gerbil, Dipodillus somalicus
 * Khartoum gerbil, Dipodillus stigmonyx
 * Kerkennah Islands gerbil, Dipodillus zakariai
 * Genus Gerbillus
 * Subgenus Hendecapleura
 * Pleasant gerbil, Gerbillus amoenus
 * Brockman's gerbil, Gerbillus brockmani
 * Black-tufted gerbil, Gerbillus famulus
 * Algerian gerbil, Gerbillus garamantis
 * Grobben's gerbil, Gerbillus grobbeni
 * Pygmy gerbil, Gerbillus henleyi
 * Mauritanian gerbil, Gerbillus mauritaniae (sometimes considered a separate genus Monodia)
 * Harrison's gerbil, Gerbillus mesopotamiae
 * Darfur gerbil, Gerbillus muriculus
 * Balochistan gerbil, Gerbillus nanus
 * Large Aden gerbil, Gerbillus poecilops
 * Principal gerbil, Gerbillus principulus
 * Least gerbil, Gerbillus pusillus
 * Sand gerbil, Gerbillus syrticus
 * Waters's gerbil, Gerbillus watersi
 * Subgenus Gerbillus
 * Berbera gerbil, Gerbillus acticola
 * Agag gerbil, Gerbillus agag
 * Anderson's gerbil, Gerbillus andersoni
 * Swarthy gerbil, Gerbillus aquilus
 * Burton's gerbil, Gerbillus burtoni
 * Cheesman's gerbil, Gerbillus cheesmani
 * Dongola gerbil, Gerbillus dongolanus
 * Somalia gerbil, Gerbillus dunni
 * Flower's gerbil, Gerbillus floweri
 * Lesser Egyptian gerbil, Gerbillus gerbillus
 * Indian hairy-footed gerbil, Gerbillus gleadowi
 * Western gerbil, Gergbillus hesperinus
 * Hoogstraal's gerbil, Gerbillus hoogstraali
 * Lataste's gerbil, Gerbillus latastei
 * Sudan gerbil, Gerbillus nancillus
 * Nigerian gerbil, Gerbillus nigeriae
 * Occidental gerbil, Gerbillus occiduus
 * Pale gerbil, Gerbillus perpallidus
 * Cushioned gerbil, Gerbillus pulvinatus
 * Greater Egyptian gerbil, Gerbillus pyramidum
 * Rosalinda gerbil, Gerbillus rosalinda
 * Tarabul's gerbil, Gerbillus tarabuli
 * Genus Microdillus
 * Somali pygmy gerbil, Microdillus peeli
 * Subtribe Rhombomyina
 * Genus Brachiones
 * Przewalski's gerbil, Brachiones przewalskii
 * Genus Meriones
 * Subgenus Meriones
 * Tamarisk jird, Meriones tamariscinus
 * Subgenus Parameriones
 * Persian jird, Meriones persicus
 * King jird, Meriones rex
 * Subgenus Pallasiomys
 * Arabian jird, Meriones arimalius
 * Cheng's jird, Meriones chengi
 * Sundevall's jird, Meriones crassus
 * Dahl's jird, Meriones dahli
 * Moroccan jird, Meriones grandis
 * Libyan jird, Meriones libycus
 * Midday jird, Meriones meridianus
 * Buxton's jird, Meriones sacramenti
 * Shaw's jird, Meriones shawi
 * Tristram's jird, Meriones tristrami
 * Mongolian jird (Mongolian Gerbil), Meriones unguiculatus
 * Vinogradov's jird, Meriones vinogradovi
 * Zarudny's jird, Meriones zarudnyi
 * Subgenus Cheliones
 * Indian desert jird, Meriones hurrianae
 * Genus Psammomys
 * Fat sand rat, Psammomys obesus
 * Thin sand rat, Psammomys vexillaris
 * Genus Rhombomys
 * Great gerbil, Rhombomys opimus
 * Incertae sedis
 * Genus Sekeetamys
 * Bushy-tailed jird, Sekeetamys calurus
 * Tribe Gerbillurini
 * Genus Desmodillus
 * Cape short-eared gerbil, Desmodillus auricularis
 * Genus Gerbilliscus
 * Cape gerbil, Gerbilliscus afra
 * Boehm's gerbil, Gerbilliscus boehmi
 * Highveld gerbil, Gerbilliscus brantsii
 * Guinean gerbil, Gerbilliscus guineae
 * Gorongoza gerbil, Gerbilliscus inclusus
 * Kemp's gerbil, Gerbilliscus kempi
 * Bushveld gerbil, Gerbilliscus leucogaster
 * Black-tailed gerbil, Gerbilliscus nigricaudus
 * Phillips's gerbil, Gerbilliscus phillipsi
 * Fringe-tailed gerbil, Gerbilliscus robustus
 * Savanna gerbil, Gerbilliscus validus
 * Genus Gerbillurus
 * Hairy-footed gerbil, Gerbillurus paeba
 * Namib brush-tailed gerbil, Gerbillurus setzeri
 * Dune hairy-footed gerbil, Gerbillurus tytonis
 * Bushy-tailed hairy-footed gerbil, Gerbillurus vallinus
 * Genus Tatera
 * Indian gerbil, Tatera indica
 * Tribe Taterillini
 * Genus Taterillus
 * Robbins's tateril, Taterillus arenarius
 * Congo gerbil, Taterillus congicus
 * Emin's gerbil, Taterillus emini
 * Gracile tateril, Taterillus gracilis
 * Harrington's gerbil, Taterillus harringtoni
 * Lake Chad gerbil, Taterillus lacustris
 * Petter's gerbil, Taterillus petteri
 * Senegal gerbil, Taterillus pygargus
 * Tranieri's tateril, Taterillus tranieri

Resources

 * CMDC C111 "Normative Biology Diseases Gerbils"—Division of Comparative Medicine, Office of Research & Innovation, University of South Florida
 * McKenna, M. C. and S. K. Bell. 1997. Classification of Mammals above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York.
 * Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 1993. "Family Muridae". pp. 501–755 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder, eds. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
 * Nowak, R. M. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, Vol. 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, London.
 * Pavlinov, I. Ya., Yu. A. Dubrovskiy, O. L. Rossolimo, E. G. Potapova. 1990. Gerbils of the World. Nauka, Moscow.

title: Gerbillinae


text:
User:Lethologica

I'm a user.

title: User:Lethologica


text:
Cayuga, Ontario

Cayuga is an unincorporated community and county seat of Haldimand County, Ontario, Canada located at the intersection of Highway 3 and Munsee Street and along the Grand River. Cayuga is about a 20-minute drive from Lake Erie and 30 minutes south of Hamilton and 115 minutes south of Toronto and consequently it has some cottages and recreational properties in the area. In the past, there was some light industry. It has the local district detachment for the Ontario Provincial Police. It is also uniquely located among larger communities on both the American and Canadian sides of the border boasting television reception from Toronto, Buffalo, New York, Hamilton, Kitchener and Erie, Pennsylvania.

History
Cayuga was incorporated as a village in 1859 and became the county seat for Haldimand County because of its central location. It is named after the Cayuga, one of the Six Nations of the Grand River Natives who were awarded land in the area for siding with the British in the American Revolution. The locality' name in Mohawk language is Nikana'tsà:'a.

As the county seat, it is the location of the Court House, jail and a museum. In the late 18th century and early 19th century, public hangings were held in the courtyard and the prisoners buried on site. The Highway 3 bridge over the Grand River (Cayuga Bridge) was a very well recognized bridge over the Grand River and was commonly used as a symbol of Haldimand County and the Grand River. For example, the same bridge had been used in a movie that commemorated Terry Fox. That bridge no longer remains a symbol of the Grand River and Haldimand County as it was replaced in the summer of 2014 with a concrete bridge.

The village's population grew to about 2,500 in the mid-19th century because the Grand River was an important commercial route. There were locks constructed at Indiana just north of Cayuga. However, when the Welland Canal was completed, the Grand became an obsolete route. Further, an impassable dam was built downriver from Cayuga at Dunnville. Although originally part of the Welland Canal, the purpose of the dam and a canal at Port Maitland is to keep the level of the Welland Canal consistent. Presently the population of Cayuga has recovered to approximately 1,500 after having been around 1,000 for almost a century.

In 1974, Cayuga was amalgamated with the villages of Hagersville and Caledonia and the townships of Oneida, Seneca, North Cayuga, South Cayuga, parts of Rainham and Walpole to form the town of Haldimand. Despite nearby Caledonia being the largest community in the town, the town hall was located in Cayuga because of its central location. In 2001, Haldimand, Dunnville and half of Nanticoke were consolidated into a larger Haldimand. Cayuga is now an unincorporated community in Ward 2 of Haldimand County.

Climate
On February 13, 2009, the Grand River flooded when the river ice thawed, damaging Cayuga and Dunnville, Ontario. On February 14, 2009, the CCGC Griffin proceeded up the river to help clear ice.

Government
Cayuga is in Ward 2 of Haldimand County. The current councillor for Ward 2 is John Metcalfe, who has been councillor since 2018. Before him it was Fred Morison from 2010–2018 and before Morison, it was Buck Sloat from 2003 to 2010.

The current Mayor Of Haldimand County is Shelly Ann Bentley. The previous Mayor was Ken Hewitt 2010-2022. The Mayor before him was Marie Trainer from 2003 to 2010. Before Marie Trainer, the mayor was Lorraine Bergstrand 2001–2003.

The current Clerk is Evelyn Eichenbaum who works in Cayuga at the Haldimand County Cayuga Administration building. The current Chief Administrative Officer of Haldimand County is Don Boyle who works in Cayuga at the Haldimand County Cayuga Administration building.

Demographics
Cayugans are overwhelmingly British by national background but many can trace their roots to an original German settlement near Cayuga in the 19th century. There was also a large Dutch migration to the area after the Second World War.

Ethnicity
Only those populations which compose more than 1% of the population have been included.

Language
As of the 2021 census, there were 1,675 citizens that spoke English only and 30 that are bilingual in both official languages.

Religion
As of the 2021 census, there were 1,045 citizens identifying as Christian and 655 as non-religious and secular perspectives.

Education
Public education in Cayuga is administered by the Grand Erie District School Board and the Catholic schools by the Brant Haldimand Norfolk Catholic District School Board. Schools located in Cayuga include:

 * JL Mitchener Public School
 * St. Stephen's School
 * Cayuga Secondary School

Sports
Just south of Cayuga and demographically associated is the hamlet of Fisherville. In 1954 a hockey team composed of local players which played out of the Cayuga Arena was sponsored by 'Fisherville Seed' and consequently known as the Fisherville Seedmen. It won the Ontario Intermediate Hockey Championship. Jack Melenbacher a local who was at the time an NHL referee mentored the team and a young Roy Edwards who played goal for the Seedmen later starred in the NHL for the Detroit Red Wings.

James Daly of Cayuga, is currently a national team athlete with Floorball Canada (2022). Last participating in the 2021 Floorball World Championships in Helsinki, Finland

Attractions
In more recent years Cayuga has become known for auto racing. The oldest continually operating dragstrip in Canada and the fastest high bank oval race track in Canada, are located near the townsite; Cayuga International Speedway. It is a 5/8-mile oval auto racing track, which was reopened in 2017 and hosts a round of the NASCAR Pinty's Series. The drag strip was originally a runway built for training British Commonwealth pilots during the Second World War.

CayugaFest is an annual event in July, founded in 2002.

Notable people
Birthplace of Frank Martin (1933-2007), who played over 300 games for the Chicago BlackHawks in the late 1940s and the early 1950s.

Birthplace of Helen Kinnear (1894-1970) who, in 1939, was appointed the first woman Superior Court judge in the British Empire having previously been appointed the first woman King's Counsel.

Both Marty McSorley and Ray Emery grew up playing minor league hockey in Cayuga. Both of which became NHL hockey players.

Birthplace of Jeremy LaLonde, Canadian filmmaker, grew up in Cayuga attending Cayuga Secondary School where he was a prominent member of the drama club. He has since gone on to direct multiple feature films including How to Plan an Orgy in a Small Town, Sex After Kids, The Go-Getters, The Untitled Work of Paul Shepard, and James vs. His Future Self. He has also directed the TV series Baroness Von Sketch Show.

title: Cayuga, Ontario


text:
User talk:Lethologica

Talk!

title: User talk:Lethologica


text: User talk:68.84.187.58

title: User talk:68.84.187.58


text:
User talk:Werty8472

Useless == ==

Merr. You deleted Works Cited and didn't really leave much there. And you didn't even add it to your to-do list. Now it's pretty useless... I mean, it wasn't that bad before you disintegrated it. Werty8472

Um... That article wasn't the right place for that information. Also, (and I just checked this) there is more than one different way to cite information and to show only one it to perfer one to another.

But, yeah. I didn't do I good job with it.

I'm No Parking and I approved this message 14:29, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

Village Pump policy discussion
This message is to inform you of a policy discussion of which you may be interested, due to your involvement in the discussion instigating it. Silver seren C 01:57, 28 April 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Werty8472


text:
Talk:John Norman Collins

Untitled
Since this page deals more with the murders than John Norman Collins, perhaps the page should be moved to one called "The Michigan Murders" and reference Collins rather than the way it is setup now. I created a redirect for "Michigan Murders" to direct visitors to this page until then. S3ven 01:17, 2004 Dec 7 (UTC)

Good idea. I'll do this now. Ropcat 18:27, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Norman Collins


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Adam Mikołaj Sieniawski

Adam Mikołaj Sieniawski (1666–1726) was a Polish nobleman, aristocrat and military leader.

He was the son of Hetman Mikołaj Hieronim Sieniawski and Cecylia Maria Radziwiłł, daughter of Court and Grand Marshal Prince Aleksander Ludwik Radziwiłł. He married Elżbieta Lubomirska, daughter of Court and Grand Marshal Prince Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski, in 1687.

Sieniawski was voivode (governor) of Bełz Voivodeship from 1692 to 1710, Field Crown Hetman since 1702, Great Crown Hetman since 1706, Castellan of Kraków since 1710 as well as starost of Lviv, Rohatyn, Lubaczów, Stryj and Piaseczno.

In 1697 he supported François Louis, Prince of Conti as candidate for king of Poland but accepted the election of Augustus II. As commander of the Sandomierz Confederation, he thwarted the attempt to unite forces of Stanisław Leszczyński with them of Charles XII of Sweden. Later, in opposition to King Augustus II.

Like his father he participated in the Vienna expedition of 1683. He commanded the left wing of Polish forces at the Battle of Vienna.

title: Adam Mikołaj Sieniawski


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/SDA Pathfinders

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was - should be merged

SDA Pathfinders
Advertising. Unnecessary daughter article, substantive expansion could be merged with Seventh-day Adventist Church if rewritten (which is where anon began by adding external link, ,   before creating a new article by possible copyvio at SDA Pathfinders.) - Amgine 01:45, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete advertising Cdc 03:19, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Non-profit prophet ad. Geogre 03:51, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep I cleaned it up (massively). With 30,000 people attending their 2004 Camporee, and founded in 1907, it's notable. Wyss 22:28, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I appreciate the cleaning, and I'd like to change my own vote, but I wonder about the title and whether it should be discussed separately from the Seventh Day Adventist article. The question, to me, is whether anyone will search by "SDA Pathfinders."  I had thought not.  Geogre 03:28, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * They say they're open to non-church members. Although the group almost certainly has a proselytizing role, it seems separate enough to me to have its own article. Wyss 12:37, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge with Seventh-day Adventist Church. The cleanup convinces me that this should be mentioned, but it does not deserve an article of its own, and the SDA article is not so large that this would unduly clutter it. Indrian 00:27, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * ""Merge" with Seventh-day Adventist Church. Agree that cleanup made information worth keeping and it would easily fit in the SDA article
 * Merge with Seventh-day Adventist Church. Don't delete any informaiton at all; I've heard of these guys.  Samboy 23:28, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Midway Arcade Treasures 2

Midway Arcade Treasures 2 is the second collection of classic arcade games published by Midway for the PlayStation 2, Xbox (not compatible with Xbox 360), and GameCube. This compilation includes 20 games that were not in the 2003 release of Midway Arcade Treasures. Unlike the previous game, it was rated M for Mature instead of T for Teen by the ESRB.

The game plays similar on all three consoles, though the Xbox version has the exclusive ability to upload scores to an online scoreboard. The Xbox version is not compatible with the Xbox 360. The special features on each version of the game are the same. These include game histories, developer interviews, and other documents.

Games
The collection consists of the following 20 arcade games: • A.P.B. (1987)

• Arch Rivals (1989)

• Championship Sprint (1986)

• Cyberball 2072 (1988)

• Gauntlet II (1986)

• Hard Drivin' (1989)

• Kozmik Krooz'r (1982)

• Mortal Kombat II (1993)

• Mortal Kombat 3 (1995)

• NARC (1988)

• Pit-Fighter (1990)

• Primal Rage (1994)

• Rampage World Tour (1997)

• Spy Hunter II (1987)

• Timber (1984)

• Total Carnage (1992)

• Wacko (1983)

• Wizard of Wor (1980)

• Xenophobe (1987)

• Xybots (1987)

This collection is the only arcade classics compilation title on sixth-generation consoles to be rated M by the ESRB, largely because of Mortal Kombat II and 3, and NARC. With all the other games, the compilation would have received a rating of a T (for teen) or lower. Primal Rage was rated T by the ESRB when it was previously ported onto fourth- and fifth-generation consoles. Rampage World Tour is also featured as a bonus game in Rampage Total Destruction on GameCube and Wii, which is rated E10+ by the ESRB.

The compilation was planned to include all three titles, S.T.U.N. Runner, Steel Talons and the original Mortal Kombat. Mortal Kombat was instead moved to the extras disc in the limited edition version of Mortal Kombat: Deception, while the other two games were omitted entirely because of developmental problems. Kozmik Krooz'r and Wacko were added instead.

The first Mortal Kombat later appeared in other compilations from the Midway Arcade Treasures series: Extended Play for the PSP, and Deluxe Edition for the PC; while S.T.U.N. Runner appeared in Midway Arcade Treasures 3.

Reception
Midway Arcade Treasures 2 was given average to favorable reviews from game critics. On the review aggregator GameRankings, the compilation has an average score of 73%, while the average score is 74 out of 100 on Metacritic. Criticisms are the weaker selection of titles when compared to the previous volume, minor and major emulation glitches, the omission of the original Mortal Kombat and for some of the interviews and documentaries for being grainy and unrestored. GameSpot also criticized the inclusion of the original Mortal Kombat 3, as opposed to the superior Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3.

Due to button mapping issues with the start button, in Mortal Kombat II random character select (Up+Start) cannot be used and Smoke (Down+Start at the Portal stage while getting a Dan Forden shouting out the: "Toasty!" message) cannot be fought.

title: Midway Arcade Treasures 2


text:
Midway Arcade Treasures

Midway Arcade Treasures is a video-game compilation of 24 arcade games, emulated from the original PCBs. The compilation was developed by Digital Eclipse and issued by Midway for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, GameCube, and Microsoft Windows. The game could not function on the Xbox 360's backwards compatibility feature, but did on PlayStation 3 and Wii.

Midway followed up Arcade Treasures with two compilations of additional games: Midway Arcade Treasures 2 in 2004 and Midway Arcade Treasures 3 in 2005. A mixture of titles from these compilations was released for PlayStation Portable in 2005 as Midway Arcade Treasures: Extended Play, and a Windows-exclusive combination of volumes 2 and 3 released in 2006 as Midway Arcade Treasures Deluxe Edition.

The original compilation was later re-released as Midway Arcade Treasures 1, with the title and packaging updated to match the succeeding volumes, but the lineup of games remained the same.

Features
The compilation plays similarly on all three consoles, but the Xbox version has the extra ability to upload scores to an online scoreboard. The special features on each version of the game are the same. These include game histories, developer interviews and other documents. This compilation is a combination of the games included in Williams Arcade's Greatest Hits, Midway's Greatest Arcade Hits, and Arcade Party Pak for the original PlayStation and PC and each contain exactly the same extras from those collections. Additionally, there are eleven more games included that are not found in those collections.

While the PlayStation 2 and GameCube versions can be played on the earliest models of the PlayStation 3 and Wii respectively (due to their backwards compatibility), the Xbox version is not Xbox 360 compatible.

Games
The collection consists of the following 24 arcade games:

• 720° (1986)

• Blaster (1983)

• Bubbles (1983)

• Defender (1981)

• Defender II (a.k.a. StarGate) (1981)

• Gauntlet (1985)

• Joust (1982)

• Joust 2: Survival of the Fittest (1986)

• Klax (1989)

• Marble Madness (1984)

• Paperboy (1984)

• Rampage (1986)

• Rampart (1990)

• RoadBlasters (1987)

• Robotron: 2084 (1982)

• Root Beer Tapper (1983)

• Satan's Hollow (1982)

• Sinistar (1982)

• Smash TV (1990)

• Splat! (1982)

• Spy Hunter (1983)

• Super Sprint (1986)

• Toobin' (1988)

• Vindicators (1988)

Reception
Midway Arcade Treasures received mixed, but generally positive reviews from reviewers at GameRankings with a 75.31% of the GameCube version, 73.86% of the PlayStation 2 version, and 75.02% of the Xbox version. Criticisms are the poor menu layout, slowdown in Smash TV, for the documentaries and interviews having video quality that is grainy and unrestored, as well as the documentaries and interviews being rehashed from previous Midway collections.

Midway Arcade Treasures also received mixed and positive reviews from review aggregator Metacritic, with a score of 76 for the PlayStation 2 version, a score of 74 for the Xbox version, and the lowest being a score of 72 for the GameCube version. The reviews were mostly the same as GameRankings, stating the game's positive and negative points. Many of the complaints were based on the DVD content having poor, and stuttering quality, the menu being not pleasant to look at, and some of the games being difficult to control (with Vindicators as the main point of focus). Reviewers concluded that the collection was worth getting.

The compilation sold more than 1 million units by August 2005.

Game Center USA: Midway Arcade Treasures
A similar collection of Midway arcade games was also released exclusively in Japan by Success under the title Game Center USA: Midway Arcade Treasures, which compiled 32 select games from the original Midway Arcade Treasures and Midway Arcade Treasures 2 and was released for the PlayStation 2 on September 21, 2006.

The included games are 720°, A.P.B., Arch Rivals, Bubbles, Championship Sprint, Cyberball 2072, Gauntlet, Gauntlet II, Hard Drivin, Joust, Joust 2: Survival of the Fittest, Klax, Kozmik Krooz'r, Marble Madness, Paperboy, Pit-Fighter, Rampart, RoadBlasters, Robotron: 2084, Root Beer Tapper, Satan's Hollow, Splat!, Spy Hunter, Spy Hunter II, Super Sprint, Timber, Toobin, Total Carnage, Vindicators, Wacko, Xenophobe, and Xybots.

Midway Arcade
After Midway's bankruptcy, Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment acquired the rights to Midway's games and released another arcade compilation called Midway Arcade Origins in 2012 for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, which included 29 select games from Midway Arcade Treasures volumes 1 and 2 plus Super Off Road from 3. It also contains Vindicators Part II, which replaced the original Vindicators from Midway Arcade Treasures.

Another collection simply titled Midway Arcade was released for iOS devices in 2012. The compilation included 5 games from the original Midway Arcade Treasures: Defender, Joust, Rampage, Root Beer Tapper, and Spy Hunter, as well as Arch Rivals from Midway Arcade Treasures 2. This compilation also included four non-proprietary arcade games: Air Hockey, Arcade Basketball (themed after Arch Rivals), Pool, and Roll Ball, as well as a redemption center where players would purchase prizes using tickets and a jukebox that allowed players to play music from their iTunes library.

Two packs containing three additional games were also purchasable from the App Store: the Action Game Pack contains A.P.B., NARC, and Total Carnage from Midway Arcade Treasures 2, while the Adventure Game Pack contains Gauntlet from the original Midway Arcade Treasures, as well as Gauntlet II and Wizard of Wor from Midway Arcade Treasures 2.

title: Midway Arcade Treasures


text:
Sprockhövel

Sprockhövel is a town in the district of Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

Geography
Sprockhövel is located in the southern suburban part of the Ruhr area. It is 6 km southeast of Hattingen, 8 km northwest of Gevelsberg, 13 km south of Bochum and 14 km northeast of Wuppertal (centre).

The town consists of the Stadtteile Gennebreck, Haßlinghausen, Hiddinghausen, Niedersprockhövel, Niederstüter and Obersprockhövel.

History
The town was first mentioned in documents around 1000 AD. It was part of the County of Mark, but close to the Duchy of Berg, whose cultural influence is still visible today in the historical part of town. The current administration of Sprockhövel is a result of the local government reform on 1 January 1975.

Sprockhövel is twinned with South Kirkby, West Yorkshire.

Politics
The current mayor of Sprockhövel is Sabine Noll, an independent endorsed by the CDU and Greens, since 2020. In the most recent mayoral election on 13 September 2020, Noll won with 57.9% of votes against Volker Hoven, who was supported by the SPD, FDP, and WfS-FW.

List of mayors

 * Hans Käseberg (SPD) 1970–1999
 * Paul Gerhard Flasdieck (SPD) 1999–2004
 * Klaus Walterscheid (SPD) (* 1946), 2004–2014
 * Ulrich Winkelmann (* 1957), 2014-2020
 * Sabine Noll (* 1968), since 2020

City council
The Sprockhövel city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 13 September 2020, and the results were as follows:

! colspan=2| Party ! Votes ! % ! +/- ! Seats ! +/- ! colspan=2| Valid votes ! 12,719 ! 98.1 ! ! ! ! colspan=2| Invalid votes ! 250 ! 1.9 ! ! ! ! colspan=2| Total ! 12,969 ! 100.0 ! ! 38 ! 2 ! colspan=2| Electorate/voter turnout ! 21,162 ! 61.3 ! ! !
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
 * 4,040
 * 31.8
 * 2.4
 * 12
 * ±0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Social Democratic Party (SPD)
 * 3,384
 * 26.6
 * 11.5
 * 10
 * 6
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne)
 * 3,148
 * 24.8
 * 12.0
 * 10
 * 5
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Free Democratic Party (FDP)
 * 1,113
 * 8.8
 * 0.2
 * 3
 * ±0
 * align=left| We for Sprockhövel–Free Voters (WfS–FW)
 * 607
 * 4.8
 * 0.9
 * 2
 * ±0
 * align=left| Together in Sprockhövel (MiS)
 * 427
 * 3.4
 * New
 * 1
 * New
 * align=left| Together in Sprockhövel (MiS)
 * 427
 * 3.4
 * New
 * 1
 * New
 * 1
 * New
 * colspan=7| Source: City of Sprockhövel
 * }
 * }

Notable people

 * Mathilde Franziska Anneke (1817–1884), women's rights activist
 * Henriette Davidis (1801–1876), house economist and author
 * Dietrich Grönemeyer (born 1952), physician and brother of Herbert Grönemeyer
 * Dirk Schrade (born 1978), versatile rider, has been living in the Haßlinghausen district since 2009
 * Erwin Sellering (born 1949), Minister President of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern since 2008 (SPD)

title: Sprockhövel


text: User talk:68.62.88.145

title: User talk:68.62.88.145