text:
Talk:Port knocking

Misc
Comment on "a set of prespecified closed ports" Client can fecth current time and date from any public realtime service, calculate 128 bits hash with this number and secret word known both to the client and the knock server and use the result as a sequence of ports to knock. Knock server checks the received sequence against the same or any other reliable time server. This way the knocking sequence is going to be unique for every session and can not be easily replicated by adversary. Larytet

Man in the middle attack
still prone to man in the middle attacks y don't use openvpn or ipsec?

 * What that's got to do with anything? Man in the middle attacks are nothing to do with port knocking. Port knocking is an access control method to individual ports.  If those ports are plaintext POP3 or publickey SSH, port knocking doesn't care.  Preventing man-in-the-middle attacks is nothing to do with port knocking.  If you don't want people sniffing your connection and opening ports, then use an encrypted port knock.  Even with a simple port knock, it's only the underlying protocol that needs to be protected against man-in-the-middle attacks. --212.159.12.218 13:25, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Why don't man-in-the-middle attacks apply to port knocking? Someone in the network between the client and the host can see the sequence of packets going back and forth between them.--216.1.16.126 22:02, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

 * That's not a man-in-the-middle attack. That's traffic sniffing.  Simple, "plain-text" port knocking is vulnerable to traffic sniffing and replay, but more advanced one-time or challenge-response forms, as described in deGraaf's and Jeanquier's theses (listed under "External links") and other sources are not vulnerable to this type of attack.In fact, there's no such thing as a man-in-the-middle attack against a single-message protocol.  Man-in-the-middle and related attacks require that messages be exchanged in both directions between two parties.

earlier publication
It should be noted that most likely the first implementation to this was posted Jun 13, 2000 see:

https://packetstormsecurity.com/files/22121/cd00r.c.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.140.150.107 (talk) 10:51, 21 February 2022 (UTC)

It would be nice if you could also cite the announcement and public discussion about this topic on the mailinglist of the "Braunschweiger Linux User Group":

http://www.lk.etc.tu-bs.de/lists/archiv/lug-bs/2001/msg05734.html

I didn't use the term "port knocking", but it's exactly the same method and it was published about a year before the earliest article that is mentioned on portknocking.org.

As this is my own work, I don't want to edit the port knocking article by myself but like to ask you to decide, if it's relevant or not.

Christian Borss
 * That's not the first time that port knocking appeared. An acquaintance who worked on information security for the Canadian armed forces in the 1990s informed me that he had a port knocking system running in 1998, although he declined to give me any details.  Also, an employee of a large US defense contractor informed me that similar systems exist in classified defense networks in the United States; he did not give me any dates, though.

 * However, your posting is the first public description of port knocking of which I am aware.

 * Rennie deGraaf

 * I have been looking for that list message but I haven't been able to find it. Jeanquier's paper references this:

 * Borss C. (2001) ‘DROP/DENY vs. REJECT’. Listserv post to Braun-schweiger Linux User Group (lug-bs@lk.etc.tu-bs.de).
 * Available at: http://www.lk.etc.tu-bs.de/lists/archiv/lug-bs/2001/msg05734.html

 * The site no longer holds list archives. The lug-bs list is now at https://lists.lug-bs.de/listinfo/lug-bs but the archives start from 2005. Does anyone have a copy of the list thread? It would be nice if we could publish it somewhere for future reference. I wouldn't mind storing a copy on my web site. Anyone?

 * Luis MartinGarcia.
 * You can find a copy on archive.org or on our publication server:

 * http://web.archive.org/web/20060618092902/http://www.lk.etc.tu-bs.de/lists/archiv/lug-bs/2001/msg05734.html
 * http://www2.ika.rub.de/publications/2001/www.lk.etc.tu-bs.de_lists_archiv_lug-bs_2001_msg05734.html

 * You can cite this posting as follows:

 * Borß, C. (2001). "DROP/DENY vs. REJECT", The Linux User Group Braunschweig Mailinglist , Oct. 2001, Braunschweig, Germany, URL: http://www2.ika.rub.de/publications/2001/www.lk.etc.tu-bs.de_lists_archiv_lug-bs_2001_msg05734.html

 * Christian Borss —Preceding unsigned comment added by Christian Borss (talk • contribs) 13:33, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

Deleted text, and the reasons
Port knocking is most often used to determine access to port 22, the Secure Shell (SSH) port. This maybe true, maybe not, we don't know and there are no references. It's just as well possible that port knocking is mostly used to hide backdoors from server administrators who audit their servers only by doing port scans.

A port knock setup takes next to no resources and very simple software to implement. A port knock setup needs a firewall that logs every port access, a daemon which has means to change the firewall rules (!), and, depending on how complex the knock sequences should be, cryptographic hash generators, handling of multiple knock attempts coming in at the same time, etc. This is not necessarily simple, nor takes it "near to no resources".

How Port knocking works in theory
Step 1

(A) Client cannot connect to application listening on port n; (B) Client cannot establish connection to any port.

Step 2

(1,2,3,4) Client tries to connect to a well-defined set of ports in sequence by sending certain packets; Client has prior knowledge of the port knocking daemon and its configuration, but receives no acknowledgement during this phase because firewall rules preclude any response.

Step 3

(A) Server process (a port knocking daemon) intercepts connection attempts and interprets (decrypts and decodes) them as comprising an authentic "port knock"; server carries out specific task based on content of port knock, such as opening port n to the client.

Step 4

(A) Client connects to port n and authenticates using application’s regular mechanism. This has already been described in the text above. No need to write this twice.

The 'benefits' section should also be reworked and shortened, and the article lacks of some criticism, think of the reliability in slow networks with packet loss, or DoS attacks agains knock-protected services (e.g., Debian bug ). I will look at it when i have more time. --Dc12 (talk) 22:26, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

Comments on deleted text

Software complexity is very subjective. Port knocking has been implemented as a shell script, which meets most people's requirements for simplicity. Firewalls that log packets are included with the default installations of most operating systems on which people use port knocking, so counting such software in the complexity of port knocking is unfair. A robust, well-featured port knocking implementation requires no more than a couple thousand lines of C -- which is at least an order of magnitude less than an implementation of IPsec or some other standard protocol that can provide similar functionality.

As for resource requirements, well-designed port knocking servers require no more than tens of kilobytes of memory at runtime and use very little CPU time, even under heavy load. See this for more information.

There has been little work done on making port knocking resistant to packet loss. The only decent attempt of which I am aware is this one, which depends on a specific authentication algorithm and has some limitations.

Against some port knocking designs, DoS attacks are a major problem, but against othes, they are impratical or would require massive resources to be effective. Again, see this for descriptions of port knocking designs. DoS attacks are a weakness of certain specific designs, not a systemic flaw in the port knocking concept.

--70.73.65.22 (talk) 07:11, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

Link Section
In my opinion there are too many irrelevant links. ¿Is it that useful to link a 7-line article from slashdot? There are also links to 7 different implementations. It seems that 5 of them are no longer maintained by their authors (Fwknop and the netfilter module are the only active developments).

I suggest removing most of those links. I keep a list of resources about Port Knocking and Single Packet Authorization. That includes references to papers, magazine articles, implementations, presentations, etc. I have no interest on linking my own implementation but I honestly think it would be useful to link that list of references. Check it out at http://www.aldabaknocking.com/?q=portknocking and let me know what you think. If nobody complains I will remove the following links in a couple of days:

 * A Linux IP Tables implementation of port knocking.
 * Slashdot "Port Knocking" For Added Security
 * A Windows implementation of port knocking: KnockKnock
 * A simple implementation of port knocking.

and I will add this one:

List of resources about PK and SPA (papers, implementations, presentations...)

Luis Martin.

PS: Please keep in mind that the link I intend to add is from my own website. I want to make it clear so nobody thinks I'm trying to silently introduce spam. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Luismgarcia (talk • contribs) 16:24, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

Incorrent number of packets
If there is a sequence of 3 packets for port knocking, there are 655353 possibilities. Ie. not 4. --Milan Kerslager (talk) 19:33, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

I think 65535^4 is correct because for every combination, 65335 port probes are sent to determine if a port has been opened on the target system. The article explains that in "would require an attacker without prior knowledge of the sequence to test every combination of four ports in the range 1-65535, and then to scan each port in between to see if anything had opened." Luismgarcia (talk) 08:45, 24 June 2008 (UTC).

rootkits
"While this technique for securing access to remote network daemons has not been widely adopted by the security community, it has been integrated in newer rootkits." There does not seem to be any citation to back this up, does anyone know of any? Hogan (talk) 17:55, 23 December 2010 (UTC)

SM-J700F Zazaviza (talk) 00:48, 7 January 2017 (UTC)

Disadvantages section is overstated to the point of being nonsense
There are numerous components and processes in a system (and external to it, also) which must all work properly in order for that system to stay reachable.

A port knocking deamon is a completely trivial piece of the whole puzzle.

If you can't rely on such a thing to stay up, maybe the system is not very stable as a whole.

And since this Disadvantages section acknowledges in its conclusion that this trivial piece of software can be monitored by a watchdog, it erodes whatever point it tries to make at the outset.

192.139.122.42 (talk) 18:57, 16 April 2012 (UTC)

Brute force inaccuracy
"That equates to a maximum of 65536^3 packets in order to obtain and detect a single successful opening, in the worst case scenario"

This is incorrect, or at least unclear, since attempts can overlap. For example, trying the combinations 1,2,3 and 2,3,1 would require 4 packets (1,2,3,1), not 6 (1,2,3,2,3,1). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Zxenon (talk • contribs) 22:46, 21 July 2012 (UTC)

Single Packet Authorization
Single Packet Authorization currently redirect here. However, I don't think it is port knocking as the packet is actually an encrypted UDP payload that needs to be verified. In addition, the protocol can be used to specify ports and destinations, thus it is closer to UPnP in application. --Voidvector (talk) 03:36, 2 September 2017 (UTC)

Example in benefits section why the example is assuming that the client is Windows ?" "using at the bare minimum a shell script on the server and a Windows batch file or command line utility on the client." — Preceding unsigned comment added by XP 2600 (talk • contribs) 12:01, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Port knocking


text:
Ziortza-Bolibar

Ziortza-Bolibar (Cenarruza-Puebla de Bolívar) is a municipality in the province of Biscay, Basque Country (Spain), in the comarca of Lea-Artibai. It has 383 inhabitants according to the 2006 census, and has an area of 18.94 km2.

The municipality was annexed in 1969 by Markina-Xemein and recovered its independence on January 1, 2005. Records indicate its existence since the 11th century.

Etymology
The name Bolibar comes from the Basque language, meaning "windmill valley" (bolu = "windmill" and ibar = "valley"). Ziortza/Cenarruza is derived from a local name for polygonum ziaurri (historically *zinaurri) and the suffix -tza denoting a place of abundance of something.

Puebla de Bolívar
Bolívar or Bolibar (in Basque) is the urban centre of the municipality, situated along the stream with the same name, at the foot of Mount Oiz.

From 1969 to 2004 it belonged, along with the neighbourhood of Cenarruza (Ziortza in Basque), to the municipality of Markina-Xemein, until a community movement managed to merge both neighbourhoods into an independent municipality.

The last name Bolívar has its origins in this locality; Simón Bolívar de la Rementería, a colonist born in this neighbourhood, took it from Europe to the America, where his famous descendant Simón Bolívar, one of the Libertadores of America, made it famous around the world. There are a couple of statues and a museum in his honour; there was a family house in Rementería, behind the local church, but it does not exist anymore.

Other illustrious people from this small village are: Diego de Irusta, who participated in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa; the abbots of the Collegiate church of Cenarruza; Diego and Bernardino de Irusta; general Francisco de Longa, hero of the Spanish Independence War; and general Pedro de Zubiaur.

Collegiate Church of Cenarruza
The Collegiate Church of Cenarruza or Ziortza is located roughly two kilometers from the urban nucleus. It was an important enclave in the Route of Santiago de Compostela, and its influence extended beyond the comarca and surpassed the religious scope.

Tradition marks its founding in the 10th century. According to legend, on the day of the Assumption in the year 968 the local inhabitants held a mass in the Church of Santa Lucia de Garay, when an eagle picked up a skull from an opened tomb and dropped it in the place where the Collegiate Church is situated today. The people understood this event to be a sign and raised the religious complex in that place.

The complex consists of:
 * The church, originally built in the 14th century but continually rebuilt until it obtained, in the 15th century, the Gothic style it currently has. In its interior there is a magnificent organ, one of the most ancient in Biscay, and a large group of sculptures. The portico has curious carvings in its beams, and the front door has a group of sculptures representing Jesus Christ and two musician angels.
 * The cloister, built in the Renaissance period. It has a square floor-plan, and the spandrels are decorated with shells and Fleur-de-lis crosses.
 * The Eastern Gate is the main entrance to the religious complex. It bears the coat-of-arms of the Múgica and Butrón families, as well as an image of the legendary eagle holding the skull in its claws.
 * The Western Gate, smaller than the Eastern one but bearing the same coat-of-arms and the same image of the eagle.

There was a hospital for pilgrims that was destroyed in a fire and was subsequently rebuilt as a hostel managed by Cistercian monks and is the property of the monastery of Oliva in Navarra. There are remains of a walkway which formed part of the Santiago Route.

Other monuments in Bolívar

 * Church of Saint Thomas, built in the 10th century and rebuilt in the 17th and 18th centuries. It has the structure of a fortress-temple, with only one nave and a rib vault, as well as two cylindrical towers. The altarpiece is neoclassical.
 * The government of Venezuela erected a monument in honour of the "Liberator" (Simón Bolívar) in 1927, the first one in Spain.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ziortza-Bolibar


text:
Adrianne Curry

Adrianne Marie Curry-Rhode (born August 6, 1982) is an American fashion model, actress and television personality. She is best known as the winner of the first cycle of America's Next Top Model in 2003.

Modeling
Curry won the first cycle of America's Next Top Model. She was signed to Wilhelmina Models in New York City. She has modeled for several magazines, including Life & Style, Us Weekly, Star, OK!, Stuff, People, Maxim (and made the Maxim Hot 100 list in 2005), Spanish Marie Claire, Von Dutch, Von Dutch Watches, Salon City, Macy's, Famous Stars and Straps, Lucky, Ed Hardy, Kinis Bikinis, Beverly Hills Choppers, and Merit Diamonds. Curry's runway shows include Anne Bowen Spring 2005, Jaime Pressly, Pamela Anderson's line, Ed Hardy, Von Dutch, and Christopher Deane. She has appeared in a commercial for the Merit Diamonds Sirena Collection that ran from November 2004 to January 2006. She appeared on the cover and in a nude pictorial for the American edition Playboy in February 2006. She returned for a second cover and nude pictorial in the January 2008 issue. Curry made Playboy's 2008 top 25 sexiest women, along with the top 100 Playboy spreads 2008 edition.

Television and film
Curry was a co-host on the television game show Ballbreakers. In 2006, she appeared on Gameshow Marathon as a celebrity panelist on the Match Game episode. She starred in "Rock Me Baby" (2004) and Half & Half (2003) on UPN. Curry also appeared on Dirt starring Courteney Cox, with whom she shared scenes. She appeared in rock band's The Click Five music video "Just the Girl", along with husband Christopher Knight. Curry appeared on VH1's celeb science fiction reality show Celebrity Paranormal Project in 2006, along with her husband, and on WE TV's From Russia with Love that documented her trip to Russia and aired November 2007. She has also starred in the films Fallen Angels, Light Years Away and "Jack Rio."

In early 2005, Curry appeared on VH1's fourth season of The Surreal Life. After the season ended, Curry and fellow house guest Knight began dating, and later moved in together. On September 11, 2005, VH1 began airing My Fair Brady, a show that documented their life together and paid her an estimated US$450,000. The show led her to being featured in Maxim's Hot 100, a list of the "hottest" women on earth and ranked #100 on the Maxim Hot 100 Women of 2005.

Season 3 of My Fair Brady began airing on January 21, 2008 and focused on Curry's breast enhancement surgery and Knight's competing (and contrary) desire to start a family. In June 2008, Curry and her family and friends appeared on NBC's Celebrity Family Feud. Between November and December 2010, Curry worked as the "Resident Celebrity Gamer" panelist judge on the second series of The Tester, a reality program on the PlayStation Network. She has returned to the panel in the third series which began on February 7, 2012. Curry hosted live coverage of Blizzcon for Direct TV in 2011, as well as Hosting live from E3 for Namco Bandai in both 2011 and 2012.

Personal life
She married Christopher Knight in May 2006, after meeting on The Surreal Life and having their relationship documented on My Fair Brady. In 2011 the couple announced their separation and filed for divorce.

Curry announced her engagement to movie trailer-voice actor Matthew Rhode on August 5, 2017. Curry left Hollywood for good to pursue a "normal rural" life. Curry now runs her own lifestyle blog from her remote location. She and Rhode moved to Whitefish, Montana. They eloped in Glacier National Park in Montana on September 15, 2018.

She is of Italian descent through her maternal grandmother.

Curry was raised as a Roman Catholic, but later identified as an atheist during her marriage to Christopher Knight after they had debates over religion. As of October 2020, Curry has professed her belief in God and, although remaining irreligious, stated, "I will always have a place in my heart for the Catholic Faith and their lovely Cathedrals."

title: Adrianne Curry


text:
Glyn Mason, 2nd Baron Blackford

Glyn Keith Murray Mason, 2nd Baron Blackford, (29 May 1887 – 31 December 1972) was a British businessman, magistrate, and Conservative politician.

Background
Mason was born in 1887 to Edith Mason née Affleck and William Mason (1862–1947). His father, created a baronet in 1918 and 1st Baron Blackford in 1935, was a barrister, a magistrate, and Lord of the Manor.

First World War
Mason served as a colonel in the 14th Hussars, seeing action in World War I in France, Salonica and Palestine. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order in 1916.

Career
At the general election in November 1922, Sir Glyn was elected unopposed as Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Croydon North, then in Surrey. He kept his seat in the 1923, 1924, 1929, 1931, and 1935 general elections, facing Gilbert Foan for the Labour Party on three occasions. On 1 June 1940, Mason resigned his seat by accepting the stewardship of the Manor of Northstead.

During World War II, Mason served in the City of London Home Guard. He became a Justice of the Peace in 1946 in Somerset and succeeded his father as second Baron Blackford in 1947. He was a Lieutenant of the City of London from 1951 to 1958. Lord Blackford was a successful businessman, becoming deputy chairman of the Midland Bank, and Chairman, then Hon. President of the Guardian Assurance Company.

In the House of Lords, Lord Blackford was Deputy Speaker. In the 1950s, he was considered for the post of Chancellor of the Primrose League, a conservative-leaning political and social organisation in honour of Benjamin Disraeli. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1962.

Family
Mason married Grace Keen who died in 1972, with whom he had three children. His second son, Keith, succeeded him as Baron Blackford.

title: Glyn Mason, 2nd Baron Blackford


text: Category:Civil trainer aircraft

title: Category:Civil trainer aircraft


text:
George Washington Carver National Monument

George Washington Carver National Monument is a unit of the National Park Service in Newton County, Missouri. The national monument was founded on July 14, 1943, by Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who dedicated $30,000 to the monument. It was the first national monument dedicated to an African American and first to a non-president.

The site preserves the boyhood home of George Washington Carver, as well as the 1881 Moses Carver house and the Carver cemetery. His boyhood home consists of rolling hills, woodlands, and prairies. The 240 acre park has a $3/4$-mile (1.2 km) nature trail, film, museum, and an interactive exhibit area for students.

The park is two miles west of Diamond along Missouri Route V and approximately ten miles southeast of Joplin.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.


text:
Illinois Zephyr and Carl Sandburg

The Illinois Zephyr and Carl Sandburg are a pair of passenger trains operated by Amtrak on a 258 mi route between Chicago and Quincy, Illinois. As Illinois Service trains, they are partially funded by the Illinois Department of Transportation. Between Chicago and Galesburg, Illinois, the trains share their route with the California Zephyr and Southwest Chief; the remainder of the route (Galesburg–Quincy) is served exclusively by the Illinois Zephyr/Carl Sandburg.

The Illinois Zephyr is the longest continuously operated state-sponsored train, having started in November 1971. The Carl Sandburg was added as the route's second daily round trip in 2006.

During fiscal year 2023, the Illinois Zephyr and Carl Sandburg carried a combined 114,521 passengers, a 14.7% decrease over fiscal year 2022. The two trains had a total revenue of $10.5 million in fiscal year 2021, a 9.5% decrease over fiscal year 2014.

History
The initial train route between Quincy and Chicago first opened as a part of three independent railroads in 1855. The portion of track between Quincy and Galesburg was owned by the Northern Cross Railroad, led by Nehemiah Bushnell, and was completed in 1854. This connected with the Central Military Tract Road between Galesburg and Mendota, Illinois. At Mendota, it connected with the Chicago and Aurora Railroad to complete the route to Chicago. These three railroads eventually merged into the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad.

The Illinois Zephyr is a descendant of the Kansas City Zephyr and American Royal Zephyr passenger train routes operated by the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad from 1953 until 1968 and 1971, respectively. The state of Illinois intervened in 1971 at the request of Quincy College (now Quincy University), Western Illinois University, and residents of western Illinois. This became part of the "Illinois Service" initiative in 1971 and is partially funded by the Illinois Department of Transportation. Service on the Illinois Zephyr began on November 14, 1971, between Chicago and West Quincy, Missouri. The name "Zephyr" is preserved in the current name of the line. Today the Illinois Zephyr enjoys strong support from the communities it passes through, and is one of the most successful Amtrak routes.

Service to Plano began on April 30, 1972. Service to Quincy proper began on April 24, 1983, in response to the West Quincy station being frequently cut off by flooding. The suburban stop at Aurora, was discontinued on April 28, 1985, in favor of Naperville. Passenger service was cut back to Quincy on May 1, 1994, after a major flood in 1993 destroyed the original station at West Quincy. The Illinois Zephyr and the Carl Sandburg trainsets continue to cross the Mississippi River to layover at the BNSF West Quincy railyard for servicing between runs.

On October 30, 2006, a second round trip, the Carl Sandburg was added as part of the Midwest Regional Rail Initiative. The train's name honors the famed and Pulitzer-winning writer Carl Sandburg, whose birthplace in Galesburg, Illinois lies just a few hundred feet from this train's route. The morning westbound/evening eastbound schedule complements the opposite morning eastbound/evening westbound schedule of the Illinois Zephyr.

Starting November 16, 2022, Amtrak began substituting the morning runs of the Illinois Zephyr (train 380) and Carl Sandburg (train 381) with Amtrak Thruway buses due to staffing shortages at Amtrak's Quincy crew base. The suspension lasted until January 17, 2023.

Proposed extension
During 2010, Amtrak contacted officials from communities in northeastern Missouri and western Illinois regarding the feasibility of extending the routes from Quincy to the Missouri cities of Hannibal and St. Louis. Without any funding, though, no formal planning or studies were done for the extension.

Plans for a Hannibal extension were revived in late 2021, when a coalition of political, business, and transportation leaders was formed. A committee will investigate potential station locations in downtown Hannibal (including the Y Men’s Pavilion), discuss surrounding mobility issues (including parking, walkability, and flooding), and work to find funding for planning and studies. The committee, which will be soliciting input from the public, held its first meeting January 2022.

The Quincy–Hannibal route appeared in the 2022 Missouri State Freight and Rail Plan as a potential long-term passenger corridor. In 2023 the Missouri Department of Transportation applied for federal funding to study the route under the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act.

Stops
The entire route is in Illinois.

Rolling stock
A normal Amtrak Illinois Zephyr or Carl Sandburg consists of:
 * One Siemens SC-44 Charger locomotive
 * Two to Three Amtrak Midwest Siemens Venture coaches
 * One Amfleet I or Horizon fleet Cafe/Business class car

title: Illinois Zephyr and Carl Sandburg


text:
Tolex

Tolex is a trade name for a flexible, waterproof, vinyl material used as a cover material for books, upholstery, guitar amplifiers, cases, and other products.

Tolex was filed as a trademark on August 30, 1945 by the General Tire, and was registered as "a plastic sheet and film material for book binding and case covering for speakers and amplifiers". General Tire was disconglomerated, and the trademark expired in 2005.

TOLEX is a Canadian trademark and brand of OMNOVA Solutions, Fairlawn, Ohio, now part of Synthomer.

Usage
It has been used in Henney-Packard hearses and ambulances of the 1950s, Fender amplifiers, the Fender Rhodes electric piano, and guitar cases from various manufacturers. Tolex was also used in Packard automobiles, hearses, and ambulances, and in marine applications, such as Chris-Craft boats and other watercraft.

Musicians sometimes use "Tolex" as a generic description for any vinyl type covering on an amplifier or guitar case, but most are not actually Tolex brand, except for Fender- and Rickenbacker-related products. Fender, today, uses textured vinyl, not Tolex.

title: Tolex


text:
LSC

LSC may refer to:

Astronomy

 * Local Supercluster
 * Virgo Supercluster

Science and technology

 * Lanthanum strontium cobaltate, see lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite
 * Luzon Science Consortium
 * Shaped charge
 * LIGO Scientific Collaboration
 * Message Sequence Chart
 * Luminescent solar concentrator
 * Lichen simplex chronicus
 * LDAP Synchronization Connector, an open source software to synchronize an LDAP directory with any other data source.
 * Landing Support Craft, a British WWII landing craft, US called Landing Craft Assault
 * Landing Ship, Carrier (Derrick-Hoisting) a US WW2 landing craft with a crane.

Places

 * Lafayette School Corporation, Indiana, US
 * Lake Superior College, Duluth, Minnesota, US
 * La Salle College, Hong Kong
 * Lyndon State College, Vermont, US
 * London School of Commerce, London, UK
 * LSC, the IATA code for La Florida Airport, serving La Serena, Chile

Other

 * LStar Capital, also known as LSC Film Corporation, a film production company that works with Sony Pictures
 * Learning and Skills Council, former UK body
 * Legal Services Commission, England, replaced by Legal Aid Agency
 * Legal Services Corporation, US corporation providing legal aid
 * Legend SuperCup, a legends car racing series since 2014
 * Lengua de Señas Colombiana, the Colombian sign language
 * Llengua de Signes Catalana, the Catalan sign language
 * Local School Councils, Chicago, US
 * Local Swimming Committee, a subdivision of USA Swimming
 * London Society of Compositors, former British trade union
 * London Symphony Chorus, UK
 * Lone Star Conference, an athletic conference affiliated in the Division II ranks of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)
 * LSC, a coupe model of the Continental Mark VII and Lincoln Mark VII

title: LSC


text: Talk:Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty

title: Talk:Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty


text:
Colonel Sun

Colonel Sun is a novel by Kingsley Amis published by Jonathan Cape on 28 March 1968 under the pseudonym "Robert Markham". Colonel Sun is the first James Bond continuation novel published after Ian Fleming's 1964 death. Before writing the novel, Amis wrote two other Bond related works, the literary study The James Bond Dossier and the humorous The Book of Bond. Colonel Sun centres on the fictional British Secret Service operative James Bond and his mission to track down the kidnappers of M, his superior at the Secret Service. During the mission he discovers a communist Chinese plot to cause an international incident. Bond, assisted by a Greek spy working for the Russians, finds M on a small Aegean island, rescues him and kills the two main plotters: Colonel Sun Liang-tan and a former Nazi commander, Von Richter.

Amis drew upon a holiday he had taken in the Greek islands to create a realistic Greek setting and characters. He emphasised political intrigue in the plot more than Fleming had done in the canonical Bond novels, also adding revenge to Bond's motivations by including M's kidnapping. Despite keeping a format and structure similar to Fleming's Bond novels, Colonel Sun was given mixed reviews.

Colonel Sun was serialised in the Daily Express newspaper from 18 March 1968 to 30 March 1968 and adapted as a comic strip in the same newspaper in 1969–1970. Elements from the story have been used in the Eon Productions Bond series: The 1999 film The World Is Not Enough used M's kidnapping, whilst the villain of the 2002 film Die Another Day, Colonel Tan-Sun Moon, owes his name to Colonel Sun Liang-tan.

Plot
Kidnappers violently take the Secret Service chief M from his house and almost capture James Bond, who is visiting. Intent on rescuing M, Bond follows the clues to Vrakonisi, one of the Aegean Islands. In the process, Bond discovers the complex military-political plans of Colonel Sun of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. Sun had been sent to sabotage a Middle East détente conference which the Soviet Union is hosting. He intends to attack the conference venue and use M and Bond's bodies to blame Great Britain for the disaster, leading to a world war. Bond meets Soviet agents in Athens and they realise that not only is a third country behind the kidnap, but that there is a traitor in the organisation. An attack on the Soviet headquarters kills all the agents except Ariadne Alexandrou, a Greek Communist. As he is dying, the Soviet leader encourages Bond and Ariadne to work together to prevent an international incident.

Ariadne persuades Litsas, a former Second World War resistance fighter and friend of her late father, to help them by telling him about the involvement in the plot of former Nazi, Von Richter. Trying to find M and Colonel Sun, Bond is nearly captured by the Russians, but is saved by Litsas. Finally, Bond finds Sun's headquarters, but is knocked out by one of Sun's men; Bond learns that Von Richter will use a mortar to destroy the conference venue and that Bond will be tortured by Sun, before his inevitable demise. Sun tortures him brutally, until one of the girls at the house is ordered by Sun to caress Bond fondly. In the process she cuts one of Bond's hands free and provides him with a knife. She tells Sun that Bond is dead: when examined Bond stabs Sun. He then frees other captives who help Bond stop Von Richter. However Sun survives the stab wound and kills several of the other escapees. Bond tracks down Sun and kills him in the confrontation. The Soviets thank Bond for saving their conference, offering him the Order of the Red Banner for his work, which he politely turns down.

Characters and themes
The main character of the novel is James Bond. Continuation Bond author Raymond Benson described Amis's Bond as a humourless interpretation of the character that Fleming used in his earlier novels. Benson describes this personality as a natural continuation of the Bond developed in the final three Fleming novels. In all three novels, the events take a toll on Bond: he loses his wife in On Her Majesty's Secret Service; he loses his memory in Japan in You Only Live Twice; and he is brainwashed in Russia, is de-programmed by MI6 and almost dies from Francisco Scaramanga's poisoned bullet in The Man with the Golden Gun. Benson identifies Bond's desire for revenge as a central theme of the novel. The plot centres on Bond's need to avenge the death of the Hammonds and M's kidnapping. Benson describes this as particularly striking: "Bond is particularly brutal in achieving his goal ... The revenge is very satisfying. This is Bond at his toughest."

Benson considered that M's character evokes an emotional response from the reader because of the change from his usual, business-like manner to a semi-catatonic state upon being kidnapped. However, Amis envisaged something different for the character: he did not like M and, as one reviewer pointed out, in The James Bond Dossier, he had "spent a chapter running him down." The main villain of the novel is Colonel Sun Liang-tan. Sun is a member of the Special Activities Committee of the Chinese People's Liberation Army as well as a sadist and skilled torturer. Raymond Benson called him "very worthy of inclusion in the Bond saga".

Benson notes increased political intrigue in the novel compared to earlier Bond novels. In Colonel Sun, Bond acts in concert with the Russians against the Chinese, which demonstrates one of the main themes of the book: a peacekeeping between nations. Military historian Jeremy Black describes the novel reflecting a shift in the balance of world power away from two-party Cold War politics. To accentuate this idea of Oriental threat, the novel demonstrates a disregard by the Chinese for human life, a position similar to the treatment of the East in Fleming's Dr. No. Black also notes an emotional and social sadness throughout Colonel Sun. The social sadness is a reaction to the culture of modernity and mourning what was being lost in its place. This treatment by Amis is similar to Fleming's nostalgia in describing Paris in "From a View to a Kill".

Background
The original creator of James Bond, Ian Fleming, died in the early morning of 12 August 1964, eight months before the publication of The Man with the Golden Gun. After his death, Glidrose Productions (now Ian Fleming Publications) held the rights to Fleming's works. The company decided to publish two short stories, "Octopussy" and "The Living Daylights", on 23 June 1966.

As the Bond character could not be copyrighted, and to retain rights in the Bond product, Glidrose decided to commission a sequel. Initially the company approached author James Leasor to write a continuation novel, but he declined. Glidrose then commissioned Amis, who wrote Colonel Sun. Critic and future novelist Sally Beauman noted that it was "unusual, not to say unprecedented, for an established author to pick up the torch in this way," though she admits that "Bond [is] too big, and too profitable, a property to be placed in the hands of an unknown."

Fleming's wife, Ann, did not endorse any further Bond works and disliked Amis, saying that he would create "a petit bourgeois red brick Bond".

In 1965, Amis produced The James Bond Dossier—a critical analysis of the Bond books under his own name—and The Book of Bond, a tongue-in-cheek manual for prospective agents, using the pseudonym Lt.-Col. William ("Bill") Tanner. Amis followed these books with the 1966 novel, The Anti-Death League, which had a plot filled with popular fiction elements and helped Amis prepare for Colonel Sun.

Amis and his wife Jane spent September 1965 holidaying on the Greek island of Spetses and Amis used his experiences as the background to the novel. Amis followed a tradition set by Fleming of using the names of people he knew or had met during the researches for his book and Amis drew on the names of people he met in Greece for Colonel Sun. The boat Bond uses—The Altair—was the name of the boat Amis and his wife used on holiday, whilst the Bond girl's fictitious colleagues, "Legakis" and "Papadogonas" were friends who helped Amis in Greece, whilst the doctor who treats Bond in Chapter two was named after Amis and Jane's own doctor.

In a 21 May 1967 letter to Philip Larkin, Amis mentioned that he had already finished writing the Bond novel.

Release and reception
Jonathan Cape published Colonel Sun on 28 March 1968; the book was 255 pages long and priced at a guinea. The novel sold well – journalist and author Eric Hiscock claims that by 1980 it had sold over 500,000 copies worldwide – and was listed second best seller in the "Books in demand" list of the Financial Times for March and April 1968. Harper & Row published the novel in the US on 1 May 1968; the United States edition ran to 244 pages.

Reviews
Colonel Sun was broadly welcomed by the critics, although a number noted that despite Amis's abilities as a writer, Fleming's own persona was missing from the novel. Roger Baker, writing in The Times, noted that from one angle Colonel Sun is a "neat, not over-inventive thriller, low on sex, high on violence and more than usually improbable"; however, he noted that once the elements of the re-incarnation of Bond and the writing of Kingsley Amis were taken into account, things were different. Baker thought that with Amis writing the story, "one might, justifiably, have expected a joyous rejuvenation or at least a devastating detour from the Fleming pattern. We get neither. It is a pale copy." D. J. Enright, writing in The Listener, considered that, in literary terms, Fleming's "inheritance has been well and aptly bestowed." He said that "Colonel Sun offers apt literary pabulum for Bond's fish-and-chip culture, for his neurotics, alcoholics and suicides. Good dirty fun, once read and soon forgotten".

Writing in The Times Literary Supplement, Simon Gray, unimpressed with the novel, called the Bond in Colonel Sun "a chuckle-headed imposter whose arthritic thought processes would be a liability in a 'physical tussle' down at the pub." He went on to comment that the novel only "offers the frustrated Bond addict ... a small academic problem, of swiftly passing interest." The Daily Mirror's reviewer, Alexander Muir, considered the book to be "an exciting, violent, sadistic and sexy piece of reading matter", although, partly because of Amis' abilities as a writer, Colonel Sun "is altogether too meticulous and well written – Fleming was a hypnotic but slapdash writer. And, at times, I sensed parody. This could be fatal."

Writing in The Guardian, Malcolm Bradbury called the novel "a reasonable read but no more: neither vintage Fleming nor vintage Amis." Bradbury also noted that "it lacks a convincing rhetoric ... and the traditional Fleming frissons emerge only in muted form." Maurice Richardson, reviewing Colonel Sun for The Observer, wrote that when being judged as a thriller, the novel "is vigorous, quite exciting, rather disorderly, a bit laboured". He went on to say that "Some of the action is quite well done and little more preposterous than in the later Flemings. The real trouble is the absence of spontaneous élan".

The reviewer for the Los Angeles Times, Charles Champlin, noted that the novel "lacks the garish, outrageous, ridiculous, symbol-witted touch of the original article"; despite that, he still enjoyed the novel, commenting that it left "intact the reputations of both Messrs. Amis and Fleming." Donald Stanley, writing in Life magazine praised the villain Sun, saying he "is the kind of villain to make a Bondophile salivate." In general Stanley praised Amis for emulating "the celebrated Fleming Effect". Stanley was less convinced by Bond, observing that his "essential swinishness is being replaced by some kind of dilute humanism".

The reviewer for The New York Times noted the reduced numbers of gadgets employed in the book, when compared with the films, that they felt had "overshadowed the personality of the secret agent"; overall the reviewer felt that "Mr. Amis has now given Bond back to the readers." Oberbeck commented that Bond "has become a sensitive man-of-ethics who suffers pangs of doubt and remorse over the 'senseless' violence of his profession". Oberbeck went on to say that Amis "never quite captures the bizarre beat of a Fleming pace"; most telling, according to Oberbeck, was that "the greatest flaw in Amis' conception of Bond is that he has attempted to transform the consummate spy-hero into something he was never meant to have been: a man with a job".

Sally Beauman, writing for New York, believed that "Amis has all the obvious ingredients for success", including "an exotic troubled international setting, a beautiful girl, frequent imbibings, and even more frequent killings; and, most imperative, a villain. Yet the book drags and becomes a bore." Beauman complains that the story lacks suspense and that Bond is far too gloomy: he's more like Ingmar Bergman's creations than Ian Fleming's hero. Beauman attributes the novel's failure to the "differing characters of the authors."

A fiftieth anniversary review in The Guardian called Col. Sun "the most repellant racial caricature of all, a descendant of Fu Manchu and other fiendish orientals, noting that "Amis channels Fleming. . . as a connoisseur of ethnicities." The review notes that "Amis, by March 1968, had already made public his Damascene conversion from left to right, and signed a group letter to the Times titled Backing for US Policies in Vietnam."

Adaptations
Colonel Sun was serialised on a daily basis in the Daily Express newspaper from 18 March 1968 to 30 March 1968.
 * Serialisation (1968)

 * Comic strip (1969–1970)

Colonel Sun is the only non-Fleming Bond novel adapted as a comic strip by the Daily Express newspaper. It was adapted by Jim Lawrence and drawn by Yaroslav Horak and published in the Daily Express from 1 December 1969 to 20 August 1970 and was subsequently syndicated worldwide. In December 2005, Titan Books reprinted Colonel Sun and included River of Death, another original James Bond comic strip story published before the Colonel Sun strip in 1969.

The kidnap of M was borrowed from Colonel Sun and used as a plot device in the 1999 Bond film The World Is Not Enough.
 * The World Is Not Enough (1999)

For the 2002 film Die Another Day, Eon Productions wanted to use the name Colonel Sun Liang-tan for the main villain, but when the Fleming estate insisted on royalties for the use of the name, they changed the name to Colonel Tan-Sun Moon.
 * Die Another Day (2002)

The 2015 film Spectre features a torture scene which was lifted from Colonel Sun.
 * Spectre (2015)

title: Colonel Sun


text:
RQA

RQA may refer to:

 * Ruoqiang Loulan Airport, IATA code RQA
 * Recurrence quantification analysis
 * Research Quality Association

title: RQA


text:
Hesperosaurus

Hesperosaurus (meaning "western lizard", from Classical Greek ἕσπερος (hesperos) "western" and σαυρος (sauros) "lizard") is a herbivorous stegosaurian dinosaur from the Kimmeridgian age of the Jurassic period, approximately 156 million years ago.

Fossils of Hesperosaurus have been found in the state of Wyoming and Montana in the United States of America since 1985. The type species Hesperosaurus mjosi was named in 2001. It is from an older part of the Morrison Formation, and so a little older than other Morrison stegosaurs. Several relatively complete skeletons of Hesperosaurus are known. One specimen preserves the first known impression of the horn sheath of a stegosaurian back plate.

Hesperosaurus was a member of the Stegosauridae, quadrupedal plant-eaters protected by vertical bony plates and spikes. It was closely related to Stegosaurus and was similar to it in having two rows of, possibly alternating, plates on its back and four spikes on its tail end. The plates on its back were perhaps not as tall, but were longer. It possibly had a deeper skull than Stegosaurus.

Discovery and species
In 1985, fossil hunter Patrick McSherry, at the ranch of S.B. Smith in Johnson County, Wyoming, found the remains of a stegosaur. As he had difficulty securing the specimen due to the hard rock matrix, he sought help from Ronald G. Mjos and Jeff Parker of Western Paleontological Laboratories, Inc. They, in turn, cooperated with paleontologist Dee Hall of Brigham Young University. At first, it was assumed it represented an exemplar of Stegosaurus. However, Clifford Miles, while preparing the remains, recognised that they belonged to a species new to science. The type species Hesperosaurus mjosi was named and described in 2001 by Kenneth Carpenter, Clifford Miles, and Karen Cloward. The generic name is derived from the Greek ἕσπερος, hesperos, "western", in reference to its location in the western United States. The specific name honours Mjos who, apart from his involvement in the process of collecting and preparing the holotype, also had a cast of it made, exhibited with the inventory number DMNH 29431 in the Denver Museum of Natural History.

The holotype, HMNH 001 (later HMNS 14), was found in the Windy Hill Member, stratigraphic zone 1 of the lower Morrison Formation, dating from the early Kimmeridgian, about 156 million years old. In 2001, it represented the oldest known American stegosaur. It consists of a nearly complete skull and much of the skeleton. It includes the disarticulated elements of the skull, the rear lower jaws, a hyoid, thirteen neck vertebrae, thirteen back vertebrae, three sacrals, forty-four tail vertebrae, neck ribs, dorsal ribs, chevrons, a left shoulderblade, a complete pelvis, ossified tendons and ten neck and back plates. The skeleton was partly articulated and, in view of healed fractures, belongs to an old individual. It was obtained by the Japanese Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences at Okayama. In 2015, the HMNS permanently closed and the holotype was transferred to the Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum, where it was renumbered FPDM-V9674 From 1995 onward at the Howe-Stephens Quarry in Big Horn County, Wyoming, named after the historic location of the Howe Ranch, once explored by Barnum Brown, and the new owner Press Stephens, Swiss palaeontologist Hans Jacob Siber excavated stegosaur specimens. The first was SMA 3074-FV01 (also SMA M04), a partial skeleton dubbed "Moritz" after Max und Moritz as an earlier Galeamopus sauropod skeleton from the site had been nicknamed "Max". In 1996/97, specimen SMA 0018 (also mistakenly referred to as SMA V03) was uncovered, dubbed "Victoria" after the feeling of victory the exploring team felt when they discovered Allosaurus "Big Al Two" after the original "Big Al" had been confiscated as federal property. It represents a rather complete skeleton with skull, also preserving skin and horn sheath impressions. A third specimen was found in 2002: SMA L02, dubbed "Lilly" after the sisters Nicola and Rabea Lillich assisting the excavations as volunteers. The specimens are part of the collection of the Aathal Dinosaur Museum in Switzerland. At first they were considered Stegosaurus exemplars. In 2009, initially only "Moritz" and "Lilly" were reclassified as cf. Hesperosaurus mjosi. In 2010, "Victoria" was referred to Hesperosaurus mjosi by Nicolai Christiansen and Emanuel Tschopp.

Carpenter had originally concluded that Hesperosaurus was a rather basal stegosaur. However, Susannah Maidment and colleagues in 2008 published a more extensive phylogenetic study in which it was recovered as a derived form, closely related to Stegosaurus and Wuerhosaurus. They proposed that Hesperosaurus should be considered a species of Stegosaurus, with Hesperosaurus mjosi becoming Stegosaurus mjosi; at the same time Wuerhosaurus was renamed into a Stegosaurus homheni. Carpenter, considering the problem more of a philosophical than a scientific nature, in 2010 rejected the synonymy of Hesperosaurus with Stegosaurus stating that in his opinion Hesperosaurus was sufficiently different from Stegosaurus to be named a separate genus. Christiansen in 2010 judged likewise. In 2017, Raven and Maidment recognized both Miragaia and Hesperosaurus as genera distinct from Stegosaurus.

In 2015, additional specimens were reported: a concentration of at least five individuals discovered at the JRDI 5ES Quarry near Grass Range, Montana, and two individuals found in the Meilyn Quarry at Como Bluff. In 2018, new specimen of H. mjosi was described from Montana.

Description
Hesperosaurus was a large stegosaur, reaching 6.5 m in length and 3.5 MT in body mass. Some large individuals may have reached 5 MT in body mass. In 2001 Carpenter provided a diagnosis. Due to his conclusion that Hesperosaurus were rather basal, in it many comparisons were made with the basalmost known stegosaurian Huayangosaurus, that lost their relevance once it became clear that the phylogenetic position was in fact quite derived. In 2008 Maidment indicated three autapomorphies: the possession of eleven back vertebrae; the fourth sacral not being fused to the sacrum; back plates that are longer (from front to rear) than tall. Maidment also provided some traits in which Hesperosaurus was more basal than Stegosaurus armatus. In the atlas, even in adult specimens the neural arches are not fused to the intercentrum. The postzygapophyses, the rear joint processes, of the rear neck vertebrae do not prominently protrude upwards. In the back vertebrae, the neural arches, above the level of the neural canal, are not especially lengthened to above. At the hip region ossified tendons are present. The ribs are expanded at their lower ends. The neural spines of the tail vertebrae are not bifurcated. The lower end of the pubic bone is expanded (spoon-shaped in side view). To Carpenter this differential diagnosis was problematic because he considered Stegosaurus armatus, the type species of Stegosaurus, a nomen dubium and rejected Maidment's lumping of all North-American Stegosaurus material into a single species, the great variability of which making it difficult to establish any differences with Hesperosaurus. He considered Stegosaurus stenops, the name historically given to several well-preserved specimens, a separate species and provided a new differential diagnosis of Hesperosaurus compared to S. stenops. The antorbital fenestra is large instead of very small. The maxilla is short and deep, half as tall as long, instead of having a height a third of the length. The basisphenoid of the lower braincase is short instead of long. Thirteen neck vertebrae are present instead of ten. Thirteen dorsal (back) vertebrae are present instead of seventeen. The middle dorsals have a basal form in possessing a low neural arch rather than a high one. The cervical ribs have expanded lower ends. In the front tail vertebrae, the tops of the neural spines are rounded instead of bifurcated. The front edge of the shoulderblade is indented instead of running parallel to the rear edge. The front blade of the ilium diverges strongly sideways instead of weakly. The rear blade of the ilium has a knob-shaped expansion at the rear end. The front end of the prepubic process has an upward expansion. The plates of the hip and tail base are oval and low instead of high and triangular. The various published descriptions of Hesperosaurus contradict each other because of changes and differences in interpretation. Originally, Carpenter reconstructed the disarticulated skull elements into a very convex head, modelling it on the shape of Huayangosaurus. The discrepancies in the vertebral count are caused by applying different criteria to the problem whether (and which) cervicodorsal vertebrae should be considered part of the neck or the back. The exact shape of the plates is hard to determine due to erosion. Paul considered the neck plates to be low, but the back plates as taller. Also the Aathal specimens are as yet undescribed. A complete description of the entire material is in preparation by Octávio Mateus.

The number of maxillary teeth were twenty per side, lower than the number with Stegosaurus. Carpenter described them as similar to the teeth of Stegosaurus, though somewhat larger. Peter Malcolm Galton in 2007 established some differences: there are rough vertical ridges present on the upper part of the crown, one per denticle; the fine grooves on the tooth surface are weakly developed.

Osteoderms and skin impressions
Carpenter in 2001 identified ten plates as part of the holotype. He described them as long and low. Asymmetrical bases would indicate that they ran in two rows. The end of the tail bore a "thagomizer" of two pairs of spikes, the front pair being thicker, the rear pair thinner and more horizontally directed to behind.

In 2012, an histological study concluded that these osteoderms, skin ossifications, of Hesperosaurus are essentially identical in structure to those of Stegosaurus. CAT-scans showed that the plates have thin but dense outer walls, filled with thick spongy bone. The bone shows signs of having been remodelled during a metaplastic growth process. Extensive long and wide arterial canals were visible. The spikes have thicker walls and the hollows in the spongy interior are smaller. A single large blood vessel ran along the longitudinal axis of the spike.

In 2010, a study was published on the soft parts visible with the "Victoria" specimen. It preserves both true impressions of the skin into the surrounding sediment, and natural casts, where the spaces left behind by the rotting of the soft body parts have been filled in with sediment. Additionally on some areas a black layer is present, possibly consisting of organic remains or bacterial mats. A part of the lower trunk flank shows rows of small hexagonal, non-overlapping, convex scales, two to seven millimetres in diameter. Higher on the flank two rosette structures are visible with larger central scales, one being twenty by ten millimetres in size, the other ten by eight millimetres. Apart from the scales, an impression of the lower side of a back plate has been found, covering about two hundred square centimetres. This shows no scales but a smooth surface with low parallel vertical ridges. As it is a true impression, with the life animal grooves would have been present. These grooves would have been about half a millimetre deep and stood about two millimetres apart. The impression probably represented the horn sheath of the plate, as would be confirmed by vertical traces of veins. It is the first direct proof of such sheaths with any stegosaurian. The study considered the presence of a sheath to be a strong indication that the plate had primarily a defensive function, as a horn layer would have strengthened the plate as a whole and provided it with sharp cutting edges. Also the display function would have been reinforced, because the sheath would have increased the visible surface and such horn structures are often brightly coloured. Thermoregulation, on the other hand — another often assumed role of the plates — would have been hampered by an extra insulating layer and the smoothness of the surface, but cannot be entirely ruled out as extant cattle and ducks use horns and beaks to dump excess heat despite the horn covering.

Phylogeny
In 2001 Carpenter performed a cladistic analysis showing that Hesperosaurus was rather basal and related to Dacentrurus:

Carpenter was aware that his analysis was limited in scope.

More extensive phylogenetic studies by Maidment recovered Hesperosaurus as a very derived stegosaurid, and the sister species of Wuerhosaurus. The position of Hesperosaurus in the stegosaurid evolutionary tree according to a study from 2009 is shown by this cladogram:

In a 2019 re-evaluation of dacentrurine stegosaurids, Costa and Mateus suggested that, based on their revised diagnosis for the clade Dacentrurinae, Hesperosaurus appears to heave been closely related to Dacentrurus after all, though they refrained from formally reassigning it to that group pending the completion of an expanded phylogenetic analysis.

Paleobiology
In 2015, a study by Evan Thomas Saitta based on the finds in the JRDI 5ES Quarry concluded that Hesperosaurus showed sexual dimorphism. Plates found in the quarry came in two types: a taller one, and a low broad one. Though the back plates of the various individuals were not articulated, Saitta managed to order them into cervical, dorsal and caudal series for each type. This seemed to show that some individuals had tall plates exclusively while others bore broad plates only, which was confirmed by earlier specimens also possessing plates of one kind. Saitta suggested that the tall plates typified the females, while the males were equipped with low plates. The findings of the study were questioned by palaeontologists Kevin Padian and Kenneth Carpenter although no formal scientific studies were published as a rebuttal.

title: Hesperosaurus


text:
Talk:Signing Exact English

Untitled
Although there is no article (yet) for Seeing Essential English, it might be nice to clarify the difference between SEE1 and SEE2 here. -Etoile 17:20, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Please go ahead and do so. :) I think it might be good to make a page called Manually-coded English where the differences between different kinds of manually-coded English are explained: eg. SEE 1: Seeing Essential English, SEE 2: Signing Exact English, LOVE: Linguistics of Visual English, Signed English (different forms globally), SSE: Sign Supported English, the Rochester Method: fingerspelling every word while speaking, Total Communication and Cued Speech. And any more that people can think of! -- ntennis 01:17, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay, Manually Coded English is all set! I tried to leave room for individual articles about each form to provide comprehensive information, and just keep things to the surface level in the MCE article. -Etoile 18:09, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Great! Now this article needs to be weeded a bit, as to date it has been a kind of catch-all for different kinds of Manually Coded English. Maybe some of the info here can be moved or copied to the MCE page or other pages? -- ntennis 01:29, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Do you think the Deaf perspective of SEE deserves its own sub-heading?--Cathryn 01:54, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes; this article seems horribly biased.Rcwhiteh 17:31, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

"As with almost every aspect of the education of deaf children, the use of SEE is mired in controversy concerning its efficacy and utility. In a way, it is a slight variation of the oralist vs. manualist controversy which has pitted those that have supported the use of sign language against those that believed in lipreading and speech therapy as the best way to educate deaf children." - Actually, this is a gross mistatement. One of the lead researchers of SEE - Barbara Luetke-Stahlman - has written several articles and papers on the value of signing for forming communication with the deaf and hard of hearing. Those who argue for SEE aren't arguing against signing at all. This whole article needs to be re-written with a neutral point of view, I think. For now, I've just tagged the main section as unsourced. Worldnamer 22:17, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

 * There. I've re-written the bulk of the article, and added references. That should hold for a while. Worldnamer 18:05, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

Removed a part
I removed the following from the Advantages section, as it makes no sense to me. ''Even though SEE is not considered a language at many schools it is taught as a first language. Are deaf students really learning a language? Students first develop BICS but without a first language many deaf students are not able to develop the language needed to function in society and then develop CALP.'' --Apoc2400 15:08, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

I also removed a paragraph - specifically one naming the "disadvantages" of SEE that were definitely *not* actually disadvantages (just differences):

− 	−
 * SEE should not be considered a replacement for ASL;
 * SEE has a different grammar than ASL;
 * SEE is typically used when parents want their child to understand, use, and read English;

That last one strikes me as particularly egregious; the first two are simply ASL-centric to an extreme. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.85.120.143 (talk) 04:13, 29 August 2012 (UTC)

More recent data
Certainly there is more recent data available? All of the sources used in this article are old enough to drink! The article even seems to be written from the perspective that the articles were current---e.g. reference to the fact that SEE users are now in their 20s and 30? If SEE has been around for 40 years, undoubtably there should be some people in their 40's and possibly even 50's who use it. 20/30's would have been the case when the sources used in this article were written 20+ years ago.108.92.199.90 (talk) 04:58, 16 September 2012 (UTC)

Educational Controversy need updating.
I noticed the sources under the educational controversy are a little outdated. Are there new evidence that show whether SEE II or ASL is more beneficial for Deaf children? Ooakin (talk) 04:36, 6 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Signing Exact English


text:
Church Committee

The Church Committee (formally the United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities) was a US Senate select committee in 1975 that investigated abuses by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), National Security Agency (NSA), Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Chaired by Idaho Senator Frank Church (D-ID), the committee was part of a series of investigations into intelligence abuses in 1975, dubbed the "Year of Intelligence", including its House counterpart, the Pike Committee, and the presidential Rockefeller Commission. The committee's efforts led to the establishment of the permanent US Senate Select Committee on Intelligence.

The most shocking revelations of the committee include Operation MKULTRA, which involved the drugging and torture of unwitting US citizens as part of human experimentation on mind control; COINTELPRO, which involved the surveillance and infiltration of American political and civil-rights organizations; Family Jewels, a CIA program to covertly assassinate foreign leaders;    and Operation Mockingbird as a systematic propaganda campaign with domestic and foreign journalists operating as CIA assets and dozens of US news organizations providing cover for CIA activity, confirming earlier stories that charged that the CIA had cultivated relationships with private institutions, including the press. Without identifying individuals by name, the Church Committee stated that it found fifty journalists who had official, but secret, relationships with the CIA.

It also unearthed Project SHAMROCK, a program in which the major telecommunications companies shared their traffic with the NSA, and officially confirmed the existence of this signals intelligence agency to the public for the first time.

Background
By the early years of the 1970s, a series of troubling revelations had appeared in the press concerning intelligence activities. First came the revelations by Army intelligence officer Christopher Pyle in January 1970 of the US Army's spying on the civilian population and Senator Sam Ervin's Senate investigations produced more revelations. Then on December 22, 1974, The New York Times published a lengthy article by Seymour Hersh detailing operations engaged in by the CIA over the years that had been dubbed the "family jewels". Covert action programs involving assassination attempts on foreign leaders and covert attempts to subvert foreign governments were reported for the first time. In addition, the article discussed efforts by intelligence agencies to collect information on the political activities of US citizens.

The creation of the Church Committee was approved on January 27, 1975, by a vote of 82 to 4 in the Senate.

Overview
The Church Committee's final report was published in April 1976 in six books. Also published were seven volumes of Church Committee hearings in the Senate.

Before the release of the final report, the committee also published an interim report titled "Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders", which investigated alleged attempts to assassinate foreign leaders, including Patrice Lumumba of Zaire, Rafael Trujillo of the Dominican Republic, Ngo Dinh Diem of South Vietnam, Gen. René Schneider of Chile and Fidel Castro of Cuba. President Gerald Ford urged the Senate to withhold the report from the public, but failed, and under recommendations and pressure by the committee, Ford issued Executive Order 11905 (ultimately replaced in 1981 by President Reagan's Executive Order 12333) to ban US sanctioned assassinations of foreign leaders.

In addition, the committee produced seven case studies on covert operations, but only the one on Chile was released, titled "Covert Action in Chile: 1963–1973". The rest were kept secret at CIA's request.

According to a declassified National Security Agency history, the Church Committee also helped to uncover the NSA's Watch List. The information for the list was compiled into the so-called "Rhyming Dictionary" of biographical information, which at its peak held millions of names—thousands of which were US citizens. Some prominent members of this list were Joanne Woodward, Thomas Watson, Walter Mondale, Art Buchwald, Arthur F. Burns, Gregory Peck, Otis G. Pike, Tom Wicker, Whitney Young, Howard Baker, Frank Church, David Dellinger, Ralph Abernathy, and others.

But among the most shocking revelations of the committee was the discovery of Operation SHAMROCK, in which the major telecommunications companies shared their traffic with the NSA from 1945 to the early 1970s. The information gathered in this operation fed directly into the Watch List. In 1975, the committee decided to unilaterally declassify the particulars of this operation, against the objections of President Ford's administration.

Together, the Church Committee's reports have been said to constitute the most extensive review of intelligence activities ever made available to the public. Much of the contents were classified, but over 50,000 pages were declassified under the President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act of 1992.

Investigation into the assassination of John F. Kennedy
The commission also carried out an investigation into the November 22, 1963, assassination of John F. Kennedy, questioning 50 witnesses and accessing 3,000 documents. It focused on the actions of the FBI and CIA, and their support for the Warren Commission.

The Church commission raised the question of the possible connection between the plans to assassinate political leaders abroad, particularly in Cuba, and that of the 35th President of the United States.

The Church Commission questioned the processes for obtaining information, blaming federal agencies for failing in their duties and responsibilities and concluding that the investigation into the assassination had been deficient.

It participated in the creation of the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA), the second major investigation of the JFK assassination, from 1976 to 1979.

Opening mail
The Church Committee learned that, beginning in the 1950s, the CIA and Federal Bureau of Investigation had intercepted, opened and photographed more than 215,000 pieces of mail by the time the program (called "HTLINGUAL") was shut down in 1973. This program was all done under the "mail covers" program (a mail cover is a process by which the government records—without any requirement for a warrant or for notification—all information on the outside of an envelope or package, including the name of the sender and the recipient). The Church report found that the CIA was careful about keeping the United States Postal Service from learning that government agents were opening mail. CIA agents moved mail to a private room to open the mail or in some cases opened envelopes at night after stuffing them in briefcases or in coat pockets to deceive postal officials.

The Ford administration and the Church Committee
On May 9, 1975, the Church Committee decided to call acting CIA director William Colby. That same day Ford's top advisers (Henry Kissinger, Donald Rumsfeld, Philip W. Buchen, and John Marsh) drafted a recommendation that Colby be authorized to brief only rather than testify, and that he would be told to discuss only the general subject, with details of specific covert actions to be avoided except for realistic hypotheticals. But the Church Committee had full authority to call a hearing and require Colby's testimony. Ford and his top advisers met with Colby to prepare him for the hearing. Colby testified, "These last two months have placed American intelligence in danger. The almost hysterical excitement surrounding any news story mentioning CIA or referring even to a perfectly legitimate activity of CIA has raised a question whether secret intelligence operations can be conducted by the United States."

Results of the investigation
On August 17, 1975 Senator Frank Church appeared on NBC's Meet the Press, and discussed the NSA, without mentioning it by name:

"In the need to develop a capacity to know what potential enemies are doing, the United States government has perfected a technological capability that enables us to monitor the messages that go through the air. (...) Now, that is necessary and important to the United States as we look abroad at enemies or potential enemies. We must know, at the same time, that capability at any time could be turned around on the American people, and no American would have any privacy left: such is the capability to monitor everything—telephone conversations, telegrams, it doesn't matter. There would be no place to hide.

If this government ever became a tyranny, if a dictator ever took charge in this country, the technological capacity that the intelligence community has given the government could enable it to impose total tyranny, and there would be no way to fight back because the most careful effort to combine together in resistance to the government, no matter how privately it was done, is within the reach of the government to know. Such is the capability of this technology. (...)

I don't want to see this country ever go across the bridge. I know the capacity that is there to make tyranny total in America, and we must see to it that this agency and all agencies that possess this technology operate within the law and under proper supervision so that we never cross over that abyss. That is the abyss from which there is no return."

Aftermath
As a result of the political pressure created by the revelations of the Church Committee and the Pike Committee investigations, President Gerald Ford issued Executive Order 11905. This executive order banned political assassinations: "No employee of the United States Government shall engage in, or conspire to engage in, political assassination." Senator Church criticized this move on the ground that any future president could easily set aside or change this executive order by a further executive order. Further, President Jimmy Carter issued Executive Order 12036, which in some ways expanded Executive Order 11905.

In 1977, the reporter Carl Bernstein wrote an article in the Rolling Stone magazine, stating that the relationship between the CIA and the media was far more extensive than what the Church Committee revealed. Bernstein said that the committee had covered it up, because it would have shown "embarrassing relationships in the 1950s and 1960s with some of the most powerful organizations and individuals in American journalism."

R. Emmett Tyrrell Jr., editor of the conservative magazine The American Spectator, wrote that the committee "betrayed CIA agents and operations." The committee had not received names, so had none to release, as confirmed by later CIA director George H. W. Bush. However, Senator Jim McClure used the allegation in the 1980 election, when Church was defeated.

The Committee's work has more recently been criticized after the September 11 attacks, for leading to legislation reducing the ability of the CIA to gather human intelligence. In response to such criticism, the chief counsel of the committee, Frederick A. O. Schwarz Jr., retorted with a book co-authored by Aziz Z. Huq, denouncing the Bush administration's use of 9/11 to make "monarchist claims" that are "unprecedented on this side of the North Atlantic".

In September 2006, the University of Kentucky hosted a forum called "Who's Watching the Spies? Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans", bringing together two Democratic committee members, former Vice President of the United States Walter Mondale and former US Senator Walter "Dee" Huddleston of Kentucky, and Schwarz to discuss the committee's work, its historical impact, and how it pertains to today's society.

title: Church Committee


text:
John Pearson (bishop)

John Pearson (28 February 1613 – 16 July 1686) was an English theologian and scholar.

Life
He was born at Great Snoring, Norfolk.

From Eton College he passed to Queens' College, Cambridge, and was elected a scholar of King's College, Cambridge in April 1632, and a fellow in 1634. On taking orders in 1639 he was collated to the Salisbury prebend of Nether-Avon. In 1640 he was appointed chaplain to the lord-keeper Finch, by whom he was presented to the living of Thorington in Suffolk. In the Civil War he acted as chaplain to George Goring's forces in the west. In 1654 he was made weekly preacher at St Clement's, Eastcheap, in London.

With Peter Gunning he disputed against two Roman Catholics, John Spenser and John Lenthall, on the subject of schism, a one-sided account of which was printed in Paris by one of the Roman Catholic disputants, under the title Scisme Unmask't (1658). Pearson also argued against the Puritan party, and was much interested in Brian Walton's polyglot Bible. In 1659 he published in London his celebrated Exposition of the Creed, dedicated to his parishioners of St Clement's, Eastcheap, to whom the substance of the work had been preached several years before. For example, in relation to the Christian cross, he wrote in his commentary on the Apostles' Creed that the Greek word stauros originally signified "a straight standing Stake, Pale, or Palisador", but that, "when other transverse or prominent parts were added in a perfect Cross, it retained still the Original Name", and he declared: "The Form then of the Cross on which our Saviour suffered was not a simple, but a compounded, Figure, according to the Custom of the Romans, by whose Procurator he was condemned to die. In which there was not only a straight and erected piece of Wood fixed in the Earth, but also a transverse Beam fastned unto that towards the top thereof".

Soon after the Restoration he was presented by Juxon, Bishop of London, to the rectory of St Christopher-le-Stocks; and in 1660 he was created doctor of divinity at Cambridge, appointed a royal chaplain, prebendary of Ely, archdeacon of Surrey, and Master of Jesus College, Cambridge. In 1661 he was appointed Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity; and on the first day of the ensuing year he was nominated one of the commissioners for the review of the liturgy in the conference held at the Savoy. There he won the esteem of his opponents and high praise from Richard Baxter. On 14 April 1662 he was made Master of Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1667 he was admitted a fellow of the Royal Society.

Upon the death of John Wilkins in 1672, Pearson was appointed bishop of Chester. He died at Chester on 16 July 1686, and is buried in Chester Cathedral.

Theology
According to Margaret Drabble, Pearson was one of the most erudite theologians of his age. Pearson's Exposition of the Creed, is considered one of the best products of English dogmatic theology.

His soteriological views are discussed among scholars: Nicholas Tyacke have noted that Pearson, maintained the Arminian view of conditional election, in his Lectiones de Deo et Attributis (1660). On the other hand, Jake Griesel and Stephen Hampton have observed that Pearson upheld a Calvinist position on the doctrines of election and grace both in his Exposition (1659) and his Cambridge lectures, and did so explicitly against the Arminians or Remonstrants (contra Remonstrantes, sive eos quos Arminianos vocant).

Works
In 1659 his Golden Remains of John Hales of Eton, with a memoir, was published. Also in 1659 was published his Exposition of the Creed in which the lectures which were given at the church of St Clement, Eastcheap, London, were included. (The notes are a rich mine of patristic learning.) In 1672 he published at Cambridge Vindiciae epistolarum S. Ignatii, in 4to, in answer to Jean Daillé. His defence of the authenticity of the letters of Ignatius has been confirmed by J. B. Lightfoot and other scholars. In 1682 his Annales cyprianici were published at Oxford, with John Fell's edition of Cyprian's works. His last work, the Two Dissertations on the Succession and Times of the First Bishops of Rome, formed with the Annales Paulini the principal part of his Opera posthuma, edited by Henry Dodwell in 1688.

See the memoir in Biographia Britannica, and another by Edward Churton, prefixed to the edition of Pearson's Minor Theological Works (2 vols., Oxford, 1844). Churton also edited almost the whole of the theological writings.

title: John Pearson (bishop)


text:
Talk:GKS Katowice

Untitled
Shouldn't they be allowed to play in the 2nd league after they were relegated from the first? I don't think they can go straight to 3rd league after relegation from 1st.

Norum 13:56, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I guess they just didn't have enogh money to buy the 2nd league license. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 160.218.151.70 (talk) 09:32, 3 June 2007

title: Talk:GKS Katowice


text:
Fidel Dávila Arrondo

Fidel Dávila Arrondo, 1st Marquess of Dávila (24 April 1878 – 22 March 1962) was a Spanish Army officer during the Spanish Civil War.

Born in Barcelona, as an infantry officer, he fought in Cuba during the Spanish–American War and received the Cruz del Mérito Militar. He later entered the General Staff of the Army. He was then promoted to lieutenant colonel and assigned to Spanish Morocco. In 1929 he was promoted to brigadier general and was assigned to the VII Military district.

During the military reforms of Prime Minister Manuel Azaña, he solicited permission to go into the reserves and settled down in Burgos, from where he participated in the military conspiracy to overthrow the Popular Front government. On the night of the July 18–19, 1936 he seized the civil government of Burgos. He was a member of the Junta de Defensa Nacional and president of the Junta Técnica del Estado, the core of the future national government, as well as chief of staff of the Army. He participated in the War in the North resulting in the conquest of Biscay, Cantabria, and Asturias.

He was named minister of National Defense in the first government of Francisco Franco (February 1938), at the same time he was promoted to lieutenant general. He organized the Aragon Offensive campaign to isolate Catalonia and participated in the campaign of the Maestrazgo, the Battle of the Ebro and the Catalonia Offensive resulting in the final conquest of that region. In August 1939 he received the post of captain-general of the II Military district and the headquarters of the general staff. In July 1945 he was designated minister of the Army and in 1949 he was named head of the government. In 1951 he was part of the Council of the Kingdom and president of the Geographic Superior Council. He died in Madrid in 1962.

title: Fidel Dávila Arrondo


text:
Abhidharmakośa-bhāsya

The Abhidharmakośabhāṣya (अभिधर्मकोशभास्य, lit. Commentary on the Treasury of Abhidharma), Abhidharmakośa (अभिधर्मकोश) for short (or just Kośa or AKB), is a key text on the Abhidharma written in Sanskrit by the Indian Buddhist scholar Vasubandhu in the 4th or 5th century CE. The Kośa summarizes the Sarvāstivādin Abhidharma in eight chapters with a total of around 600 verses and then comments on (and often criticizes) it. This text was widely respected and used by schools of Buddhism in India, Tibet and East Asia. Over time, the Abhidharmakośa became the main source of Abhidharma and Sravakayana Buddhism for later Mahāyāna Buddhists.

In the Kośa, Vasubandhu presents various views on the Abhidharma, mainly those of the Sarvāstivāda-Vaibhāṣika, which he often criticizes from a Sautrāntika perspective. The Kośa includes an additional chapter in prose refuting the idea of the "person" (pudgala) favoured by some Buddhists of the Pudgalavada school.

The Vaibhāṣika master Samghabhadra considered that Vasubandhu had misrepresented numerous key points of Vaibhāṣika Abhidharma in the Kośa, and saw Vasubandhu as a Sautrāntika (upholder of the sutras). However, Vasubandhu often presents and defends the Vaibhāṣika Abhidharma position on certain topics (contra Sautrāntika). Because of this, Chinese commentators like Pu Guang do not see Vasubandhu as either a Vaibhāṣika nor as a Sautrāntika.

Background
The Abhidharmakośabhāṣya (AKB) is a work of Abhidharma, a field of Buddhist philosophy which mainly draws on the Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma tradition. This tradition includes various groupings or "schools", the two main ones being Vaibhāṣika and Sautrāntika. The main source for the Vaibhāṣika tradition (which was based in Kaśmīra) is the Abhidharma Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra. The other main tradition of Sarvāstivāda philosophy were those masters who were called "westerners" (Pāścāttya) or "outsiders" (Bāhyaka) and they were mainly based in Gandhara.

These masters (later known as Sautrāntikas) did not fully accept the Vaibhāṣika philosophy and compiled their own Abhidharma texts, such as the Abhidharma-hṛdaya by Dharmaśrī, which was the first Abhidharma text to provide a series of verses with prose commentary (this is the style that the Kośa follows). This work was very influential on subsequent Abhidharma texts (which imitated its style) and various commentaries were written on it. The Abhidharmakośabhāṣya 's style and structure is based on these Sautrāntika Abhidharma works.

According to K.L. Dhammajoti, in the AKB, Vasubandhu often favors the opinion of the Sautrāntika school against the Sarvāstivāda Vaibhāṣikas (when there is a dispute). For example, he criticizes the doctrine of the existence of the three times (past, present, future), a central Sarvāstivāda doctrine. However, this is not always the case and he seems to have sometimes also favored certain Vaibhāṣika doctrines (contra Sautrāntika), including the reality of certain mental factors (caittas), the notion of the conjunction (saṃprayoga) of mind (citta) and mental factors and also the Sarvāstivāda doctrine of simultaneous causation (sahabhu-hetu) which was rejected by Sautrantika masters like Śrīlāta.

Content Overview
The text is divided into the following chapters.

1: The Exposition on the Elements (dhātu-nirdeśa)
Provides an analysis of the main categories of existence, mainly through the five aggregates, the sense fields, and the "eighteen dhātus". It also analyses which elements are pure or impure.

2: The Exposition on the Faculties (indriya-nirdeśa)
Explains the five sense faculties (sight, hearing, smell, taste, bodily feeling and mental faculty).

Discusses the cittaviprayuktasaṃskāras ("conditionings disjoined from thought" or "factors disassociated from thought").

It also discusses the various types of causes (hetu), results (phala), and conditions (pratyaya).

Finally, it explains how conscious events (cittas) succeed one another in causal sequence.

3: The Exposition on the World (loka-nirdeśa)
This chapter explains the realms of existence in which rebirth takes place: the realm of desire, the realm of form and the realm of formlessness. It explains the intermediate state (antarabhava) and rebirth.

It also explains dependent arising and buddhist cosmology, kalpas (temporal cosmology) and cosmogony.

4: The Exposition on Karma (karma-nirdeśa)
Chapter four of the Kośa is devoted to a study of karma, and chapters two and five contain formulation as to the mechanism of fruition and retribution.

The Text and its Translations
The Sanskrit original of the Abhidharmakośabhāṣya was lost for centuries, and was known to scholarship only through Chinese and Tibetan translations. The work was of such importance to the history of Indian thought that in the 1930s, the great scholar Rāhula Sāṅkṛtyāyana (1893–1963) even re-translated the verses into Sanskrit, from Tibetan, and wrote his own Sanskrit commentary on them. However, during a subsequent visit to Tibet, Sāṅkṛtyāyana discovered an ancient palm-leaf manuscript of 367 leaves that contained not only Vasubandhu's verses, but his lost commentary. In 1967 and then in a revised edition of 1975, Prof. P. Pradhan of Utkal University finally published the original Sanskrit text of the Abhidharmakośabhāṣya, Vasubandhu's great work summarizing earlier traditions of the Vibhāṣā school of Buddhist philosophy.

The Abhidharmakośa-kārikā (the verses) and the Abhidharmakośa-bhāṣya (the auto-commentary) were translated into Chinese in the 6th century by Paramārtha (T1559). They were translated again in the 7th century by Xuanzang (T1560 & T1558). Other translations and commentaries exist in Tibetan, Chinese, Classical Mongolian and Old Uyghur.

The verses and the commentary were first translated into a European language by Louis de La Vallée-Poussin, published in 1923–1931 in French, which is primarily based on Xuanzang's Chinese translation but also references the Sanskrit text, Paramārtha's Chinese translation, and the Tibetan.

Currently, three complete English translations exist. The first by Leo M. Pruden in 1988 and the second by Gelong Lodrö Sangpo in 2012 are both based on La Vallée-Poussin's French translation. The third by Masahiro Shōgaito in 2014 is a translation of the Uighur translation of Xuanzang's Chinese translation.

Commentaries
There are many commentaries written on this text.

Indian Commentaries
Indian Buddhist commentaries include:

 * Samghabhadra (5th century CE), Abhidharmakośa-śāstra-kārikā-bhāṣya (Tibetan: chos mngon pa mdzod kyi bstan bcos kyi tshig le'ur byas pa'i rnam par bshad pa). This is a brief summary of the Abhidharmakośa.
 * Samghabhadra (5th century CE), Nyāyānusāra. This text critiques Vasubandhu's exposition on numerous points and defends the Vaibhasika orthodox views against Vasubandhu and other Sautrāntikas such as the elder Śrīlāta and his pupil Rāma. It only survives in a Chinese translation by Xuanzang.
 * Yashomitra (6th c. CE), Abhidharmakośa-ṭīkā or Abhidharmakośa-sphuṭārthā (chos mngon pa'i mdzod kyi 'grel bshad (don gsal ba)
 * Sthiramati (6th c. CE), Abhidharmakoṣa-bhāṣya-ṭīkā-tattvārtha (chos mngon pa mdzod kyi bshad pa'i rgya cher 'grel pa, don gyi de kho na nyid)
 * Dignaga (6th c. CE), Abhidharmakośa-vṛtti-marmapradīpa (chos mngon pa'i mdzod kyi 'grel pa gnad kyi sgron ma)
 * Purnavardhana, Abhidharmakośa-ṭīkā-lakṣaṇānusāriṇī (chos mngon pa mdzod kyi 'grel bshad mtshan nyid kyi rjes su 'brang ba). Purnavardhana was a student of Sthiramati.
 * Purnavardhana, Abhidharmakośa-ṭīkā-lakṣaṇānusāriṇī (2nd commentary, but with same name as the first)
 * Śamathadeva (date unknown), Abhidharmakośa-ṭīkopayikā (chos mngon pa'i mdzod kyi 'grel bshad nye bar mkho ba, Derge no. 4094 / Peking no. 5595), a handbook of the Kośa that quotes passages from the Mūlasarvāstivāda Tripitaka.
 * Unknown author, Sārasamuccaya-nāma-abhidharmāvatāra-ṭīkā (chos mngon pa la 'jug pa rgya cher 'grel pa snying po kun las btus)

Chinese Commentaries
According to Paul Demiéville, some of the major extant Chinese commentaries to the Abhidharmakośa include:

 * Shen-t'ai, Chü-she lun shu, originally in twenty Chinese volumes, today only volumes 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 17 are extant.
 * P'u-kuang, Chü-she lun chi (in thirty-volumes, 7th century), which quotes Shen-t'ai. P'u-kuang also wrote a small treatise on the Kosa.
 * Fa-pao, Chü-she lun shu, which quotes Shen-t'ai and P'u-kuang.
 * Yuan-hui, Chü-she tun sung shu. According to Demiéville, this work was "commented upon several times in China and widely used in Japan; it is from this work that the Mahayanists generally draw their knowledge of the Kośa. But from the point of view of Indology, it does not offer the same interest as the three preceding commentaries."

Two other disciples of Xuanzang, Huai-su and K'uei-chi, wrote commentaries on the Kośa which are lost.

Tibetan Commentaries

 * Chim Lozang Drakpa (1299-1375), An Ocean of Excellent Explanations Clarifying the Abhidharma Kośa (chos mngon pa gsal byed legs par bshad pa'i rgya mtsho)
 * Chim Jampé Yang (13th century), Ornament of Abhidharma (mngon pa'i rgyan), Chim Jampé Yang was a student of Chim Lozang Drakpa.
 * Rongtön Sheja Kunrig (1367-1449), Thoroughly Illuminating What Can be Known (shes bya rab gsal). Rongtön was a great scholar of the Sakya school.
 * Gendün Drup, First Dalai Lama (1391–1474) Illuminating the Path to Liberation (thar lam gsal byed)
 * The Ninth Karmapa Wangchuk Dorje (1556–1603), An Explanation of the Treasury of Abhidharma called the Essence of the Ocean of Abhidharma, The Words of Those who Know and Love, Explaining Youthful Play, Opening the Eyes of Dharma, the Chariot of Easy Practice (chos mngon pa mdzod kyi rnam par bshad pa chos mngon rgya mtsho’i snying po mkhyen brtse’i zhal lung gzhon nu rnam rol legs bshad chos mig rnam ’byed grub bde’i shing rta)
 * Mipham Rinpoche (1846–1912), (rin po che'i do shal blo gsal dgyes pa'i mgul rgyan)
 * Jamyang Loter Wangpo (1847-1914), A Lamp Illuminating Vasubandhu's Intention (dbyig gnyen dgongs pa gsal ba'i sgron me)
 * Khenpo Shenga (1871–1927), A Mirror for What Can be Known (shes bya'i me long)

Printed sources

 * Vallée Poussin, Louis de la, trad. (1923-1931). L’Abhidharmakosa de Vasubandhu, Paris: Paul Geuthner, Vol. 1, Vol. 2, Vol. 3, Vol. 4, Vol. 5, Vol. 6.
 * Pruden, Leo M. (1991), Abhidharmakosabhasyam, translated from the French translation by Louis de la Vallée Poussin, Asian Humanities Press, Berkeley.
 * Vallée Poussin, Louis de la, trad. (1923-1931). L’Abhidharmakosa de Vasubandhu, Paris: Paul Geuthner, Vol. 1, Vol. 2, Vol. 3, Vol. 4, Vol. 5, Vol. 6.
 * Pruden, Leo M. (1991), Abhidharmakosabhasyam, translated from the French translation by Louis de la Vallée Poussin, Asian Humanities Press, Berkeley.

title: Abhidharmakośa-bhāsya


text: File:Bullet with Butterfly Wings.jpg

title: File:Bullet with Butterfly Wings.jpg


text:
Talk:East

Ok Haksg Ywkhwhw Hsosjebgs Jowllihabsuwjeh Haoiwhw Haisjsnd

Kakama Jama Am Nama Wnwkmw W

Snssjss Ks A Jss Mss Js S S W — Preceding unsigned comment added by 103.175.132.151 (talk) 09:37, 13 March 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
"Moving continuously East ... is not the shortest route." to where, exactly? It's probably one of the two shortest routes back to where you started, unless you are actually on the equator. Of course this assumes that the earth is a perfect sphere, there's no mountains in the way, jumping on the spot is cheating, and ignoring the movement of the earth round the sun, the sun round the galaxy, errmm, I think it's best to stay home and have a nice cup of tea, don't you? Orelstrigo 00:46, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

sun rises in the East?
Is East the direction in which the sun rises on all planets, or just planet Earth? --Rebroad 12:01, 10 November 2007 (UTC)
 * While I don't specifically know of any examples, I would think that it could be eother way. The magnetic poles of the Earth switch periodically (see Geomagnetic reversal). The rotation of the Earth, however does not change. So at some points in the Earths history the sun rose in the West. --Thehalfone (talk) 06:20, 13 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Query: there does not appear to be a link to the Disambiguation page. Not sure how to do it myself.  92.239.227.121 (talk) 13:58, 21 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Given the etymology of the word, east is the direction of the sunrise on every planet. This fact, combined with the definition of 'north' provided on the Poles of astronomical bodies article, means that on a map of any given planet, east could be on either the left or right side depending on the planet's direction of rotation. On a map of Earth, the right side is east, but on a map of Venus which rotates retrograde, the left side is east. 74.82.239.98 (talk) 21:38, 25 March 2018 (UTC)

Cart and Horse issue
Whatever the etymology of the word, the usage from the Graeco-Roman-Mediterranean area seems dominant, from an age when solar navigation was all of navigation. 'East" is where the sun rises, and the other cardinal points follow. The usage was established long before the magnetic field was in consideration. Even longer before changes in the magnetic field were detected. After the Earth's movement around the Sun, it's axial rotation is the largest contribution to its intrinsic energy. For any body in space, "East" would be where the primary body of the system rises (North etc follow). PROBLEMS : multiple primaries (small problem : for a stable orbit, the primaries must be close in the sky) ; unstable dynamics (well, they're unstable!) ; non-rotating or locked planets (hmmm) ; time scale (does Earth rotate around the Sun, or the mass-centre of the galaxy?). — Preceding unsigned comment added by A Karley (talk • contribs) 18:41, 5 January 2017 (UTC)

THE MYSTERY BEHIND THE WORD EAST
The word East itself is a mysterious word because over the years it has been associated with mystery,disaster,conflict,opportunities and religion such as the following; a)The garden of Eden was situated on the East, Gen 2:8 b)The sun rises from the East. c)The three wise men came from the East. d)Christians celebrate Easter. e)African countries in east always experience wars and famine eg,Eastern Darfur,Somalia,Kenya. f)In Zimbabwe, diamonds were found in the East of Mutare,Chiadzwa. g)The Middle East continue to experience wars and conflict. Simbarashe Goneso,Zim —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.246.54.50 (talk) 09:42, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

thank you for the facts Maisiesdragon (talk) 08:56, 1 June 2015 (UTC)

Urdu
moon

Moon

Moon 139.5.118.1 (talk) 15:05, 22 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:East