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Vasastan, Stockholm

Vasastan, or formally Vasastaden, (Swedish for "Vasa town") is a 3.00 km2 large city district in central Stockholm, Sweden, being a part of Norrmalm borough.

The major parks in Vasastaden are Vasaparken and Observatorielunden near the centre and Vanadislunden and Bellevueparken in the north.

Vasastaden proper
The city district, most likely named after the street Vasagatan, in its turn named after King Gustav Vasa in 1885, was still a peripheral part of the city in the early 1880s. Before the end of that decade, however, some 150 buildings had been built and only the properties along Odengatan remained vacant. The expansion was preceded by a city plan established in 1879, a slightly more modest edition of the 1866 intentions of city planner Albert Lindhagen, in its turn largely a continuation north of an original 17th-century plan. Like the Baroque plan, the new plan took little or no account of local topographic variations, and where the two failed to reconcile, sites were simply set aside as parks or for major structures such as the Sabbatsberg Hospital.

Compared to central Stockholm, streets were widened to 18 metres, except for the main east-west-bound street Odengatan which was made 30 metres wide and adorned with plantings after continental prototypes. In accordance with construction charters from the 1870s, building corners where filleted and building heights adopted to street width and limited to five floors — embellishing proportions intended to bring light and air into the urban space. The Neo-Renaissance plaster architecture of the middle class residential buildings in southern Vasastaden is highly reminiscent of the Ringstraße in Vienna; the ground floors are dominated by horizontal elements with columns and pilasters above, while accentuated cornices closes the vertical compositions. Later architects failed to appreciate these Neo-Renaissance buildings and freed many of them of most of their decorations.

Sibirien
The north-eastern part of the district is called Sibirien (Siberia in English). The area borders Östermalm but has historically been a stronghold for the working class.

The origin of the name Sibirien (Eng. Siberia) originates from a time when the area was inhabited by the poor, who could not afford heating. People started to say that the area was "as cold and as far away as Siberia", hence the nickname.

Birkastaden
In the north-western corner of the district are eight blocks forming Birkastaden, named after the 9th century settlement Birka, sometimes called Rörstrandsområdet (the "Rörstrand Area") which forms the compact northern frontier of Stockholm's historical city centre. As described above, Lindhagen's original intentions for the elevated area was to keep it as a park featuring the 17th century avenue of Karlberg Palace. In the city plan of 1879, however, the area was divided into two large blocks, which on a request from the local landowner, porcelain factory Rörstrand, in 1886 were split up into smaller properties. This resulted in a new city plan which was adopted to local topographic variations and therefore features non-perpendicular street crossings.

Few buildings were constructed before the start of the 20th century, but construction work soon boomed to culminate in 1905–06, speculation causing many buildings to change owners several times before their completion. Virtually all the buildings in Birkastaden are Art Nouveau, a result of both the brief construction period and the fact that some 50 buildings were designed by architects Dorph & Höög, at the time the largest architectural practice in Northern Europe. The buildings of Birkastan feature oriel windows, towers on the corners, rounded pediments and bright and plain plaster façades with thrifty decorations. As a result of speculation, the backyards are narrow, and many flats shadowy. From the start, however, Birkastan was a mixed area shared by both low and high income earners.

Röda bergen
Röda bergen ("Red Mountains"), the hilly area just north of Birkastan, was unsuitable for the regular and perpendicular street pattern envisaged for Vasastaden, but proved excellent for the new city planning ideals where the terrain was allowed to govern city plans. The plan for Röda Bergen was designed by P O Hallman, who during the 1910s also produced similar plans for Lärkstaden inspired by the ideas of Austrian architect Camillo Sitte. His plan for Röda Bergen was adopted in 1909, but because of World War I most of these plans remained unrealised until the 1920s. In 1923 the plan, slightly modified by Sigurd Lewerentz, was finally established.

The buildings facing the surrounding blocks are traditional 5–6 floors residential buildings forming a wall around Röda Bergen. From the monumental eastern entrance, an avenue (Rödabergsgatan) leads west to a round elevated space where a church was originally planned. Perpendicular to this avenue, the heavily trafficked Torsgatan cuts through the area. The blocks within Röda Bergen are limited to 2–3 floors and most of the backyards are open in one end, which allows for plenty of sun light and series of spaces appealing to the eye. Hallman's design was a sharp break with the contemporary narrow, dark, and often filthy backyards. In contrast to them, the involved architects — including Björn Hedwall, Paul Hedqvist, and Sven Wallander — carefully detailed the façades and gables facing the interior with simple classical ornaments and warm red and yellow colours. Of the 2.500 flats in the area, many included novelties such as warm and cold water, WC, and even bath tubes, but most of them were small — half of them was a single room with a kitchen or even less.

Atlas
The area next to the Sankt Eriksbron bridge was until the turn of century 1900 a heavily industrial district. The Atlas Area, east of the bridge and named after industrial company Atlas AB whose workshops used to occupy the area, presents features unique to Stockholm. The plan for the area was passed in 1926 and construction works immediately followed. In contrast to the newly built Röda Bergen, much of which was built by HSB, the builders at Atlas were private entrepreneurs. While this resulted in a much criticized high exploitation, the city building committee in 1926 concluded the area could boast an intelligible order and a regularity the neighbouring Rörstrand Area still couldn't present notwithstanding recent redesign attempts.

The most striking feature of Atlas is the level difference between the surrounding streets and the area itself. Like at Röda Bergen, the buildings delimiting Atlas form a coherent wall where the exterior façades are six floors tall while the interior façades are nine floors tall. The buildings inside the area are 5–6 floors, concealing the dark narrow backyards while separated by widened streets with plantations. The difference in level was solved by mean of monumental flights of stairs resulting in the tall porticoes leading into the area.

The flats in Atlas were small — 1–2 rooms and a kitchen — and dark — a result of exploitation and the wide building volumes — but featured modernities such as central heating and bathrooms. The reduced classical ornamentation and the perpendicular plan has, however, given the area a monumentality which is characteristic for the National Romantic Swedish architecture of the 1920s. The contrast between the heavily trafficked surroundings streets and the calm interior of Atlas, brilliantly exposed through the large porticoes, still makes Atlas a popular area.

title: Vasastan, Stockholm


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Talk:Aberdeen Angus

Opening comments
The entries for other breeds such as Holstein include average sizes. That would be useful here too.

Are Red Angus not the product of a recessive gene carried by the Black Angus?
 * Red Angus cattle are indeed from a recessive gene, however, they remain two completely different breeds of cattle. Have a look on the Red Angus page- i put a section on genetics there a while ago, this pretty much says more about the genetics of the cows. CattleGirl 08:00, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

What are some uses for Black Angus cattle? -- Anonymous

 * Main use is for meat. Although you can milk them, milk production is okay but isn't exceptional -- Derek Ross | Talk 00:35, 2005 Jan 6 (UTC)

 * You can milk any cow, it's just that milking breeds such as Holsteins and Jersey are the most common source of milk for human consumption. Dukemeiser 04:26, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Angus do have high milk production compared to other 'beef' cattle. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.68.245.39 (talk • contribs).

Since you asked... some of the many uses for Black Angus cattle:

 * meat
 * leather
 * pull a plow
 * create fertilizer

 * fur
 * bone buttons
 * intestines as thread for sutures, violin strings, and tennis racquet strings
 * blood pudding

AlbertCahalan 04:02, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Is any of this relevant to the article? Dukemeiser 04:26, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

Meat
The article states Angus beef is marbled meat, which according to that article is bad and fatty; then towards the end of the Angus article it says the meat is considered lean. Which is it?

eae 02:26, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Excellent question. The marbled meat article is flat-out deficient. Marbling, when it comes to steak, is generally considered to be "a good thing" (especially in the corn-fed US beef system). It is referring to the whitish color mixed in amongst the meat. Wagyu are renowned for their marbling characteristics, and are probably the extreme example with regards to marbling in beef. This site discusses marbling with regards to angus beef specifically. Marbling inside the lean meat can taste good, marbling in the steak cuts is also important, and angus cattle have an excellent lean meat percentage yield (as compared to some other breeds). I'd love to improve that marbling article, but the article I cited for this discussion is obviously more than a little biased on the subject. --Steelviper 17:10, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Are you a beef grower, or a surgeon trying to drum up business? :-) The only thing good about Wagyu is that the fat is a bit less saturated than most. It would be much better if we all ate grass-fed bison or beefalo. AlbertCahalan 05:47, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Lean is relative: it could be worse! Just remember that the USDA beef grading system is backwards. It was designed back when we had little understanding of heart disease. Back then, most people needed the calories too. Probably it was more common to have very bad teeth, so a softer food would be good. AlbertCahalan 05:47, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The grading system has nothing to do with health, it's about the taste of the meat. However, this article really isn't the place to discuss the health impacts of beef.

 * (Note: sign talk pages with four tilde characters in a row, like this: ~ ) Well in that case, it is still backwards. Who wants a greasy piece of meat? OK, maybe you do, but that's truly disgusting stuff to eat. I like meat, but I'd rather go vegan than eat some of the meat-flavored fat that passes for "meat". AlbertCahalan 03:55, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Not to sound rude, but what's your experience in beef production? I see you bashing fat in meat because of your personal tastes but industry wide, fat/marbling is a positive, not a negative.  It's not a personal preference of mine, it's one of the cornerstones of running a successful feedlot and marketing beef.  Packers pay more for beef that is properly finished (the right amount of fat) because that's what consumers demand.  However, I'm not sure what this has to do with Angus cattle.  Wouldn't it be more appropriate for you to take this to an article on marbling or the USDA grading system?  Jeff Schroeder 04:41, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I can well believe that increased fat is a positive for the industry. It probably requires less animal feed per pound to produce, and it certainly requires less space. Consumers demand what is advertized, no matter if the fat content is high or low. I suspect that a typical shopper buys Angus Certified, not realizing what it means, but chooses the leanest piece available. (as for appropriateness, well, eae raised the issue here) AlbertCahalan 03:34, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Packers spend quite a bit by finishing cattle to the right amount of fat. If it weren't for the fact that consumers demand marbling in their meat, it would make more sense to just leave cattle on grass.  The grading system we have was designed to objectively grade beef based on what consumers demand.  The grading system was in place a long time before the CAB program existed and Angus were known for providing increased marbling LONG before CAB.  In fact, there has actually been an increase in demand for lean beef during the time of the CAB program.  May I ask what your experience is in beef production/marketing?Jeff Schroeder 19:54, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, the last few days of finishing cattle are usually a waste because the only weight that is added is back fat, which is the enemy of the industry. Intramuscular fat is made well before the final finish.  Back fat is what must be trimmed, and is considered a loss by packers because they paid for the animal by weight, and the more muscle, the more profit they can get from one animal.  If finishers would stop a few weeks earlier, they'd save a lot of that back fat.  But if you're selling by weight, and not by yield grade, then putting that extra fat on is profitable for the producer, because he'll get more whether the animal is all muscle or all fat.  MY experience in beef production comes from working on farm with 500 head of Angus cattle. Dukemeiser 04:35, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

Lean vs Fat vs Marbled
The correct term for what Angus beef provides is marbling. Somebody with an axe to grind might call that bad but it's a key factor in the popularity of the Angus breed. Please keep commentary on the health impact of marbling out of this article, it has no place here.

Relative to other breeds, Angus cattle do not produce lean beef. They provide a genetic source of better marbling.

 * "better" is certainly POV. I'd call it "worse". NPOV might be "more" or "greater". AlbertCahalan 03:55, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

 * No, it's "better marbling", how is that POV? The Angus breed has genes that promote better marbling, period.  I'm not saying that marbling is better in terms of your personal taste but Angus do provide better marbling than other breeds.  You seem to be on some kind of anti-fat kick.  I certainly understand that even if I don't agree with it but why do you insist on bringing it into this article?  Shouldn't you target the marbling article instead?

 * It's POV, and kind of confusing, because you assume that "better marbling" and "increased marbling" are the same thing. Compare: Spending more time in the sun will give you a better sunburn? Well, yeah, if a major sunburn is your goal. For the rest of us, spending more time in the sun will give you a worse sunburn. NPOV: Spending more time in the sun will increase your sunburn. AlbertCahalan 03:40, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

 * First, your straw man argument about sun burns does nothing to help the conversation. Honestly, marbling is not a bad word.  Marbling is something that has a definition of what is better/worse.  There are standards for marbling that have been established by the USDA.  I don't just assume that better marbling and increased marbling are the same thing, it's the standard of how meat is graded.  For some reason you seem to have decided to assign a personal bias to the word marbling because you don't like it.  Again, if you wish to continue it, it would be much more appropriate to continue it in the article on the USDA grading system, not here.  I don't understand why you thought it was appropriate for this article in the first place.Jeff Schroeder 19:45, 6 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Do you know what a "straw man" is? His mention of sun burns wasn't an argument, it was an analogy, and it was a perfect one.  "Increased" (or "more" or "greater") is a perfectly clear and NPOV way to describe a more prominent marbling; moreseo than "better" is, so why fight?--128.164.229.179 13:53, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure how many people in the discussion actually raise cattle for a living, but let me give you a first hand account. I work for (and will eventually help manage) a large pure bred Angus herd (over 500 head).  Marbling is a VERY good thing to us.  In fact, we are doing everything in our power to increase the marbling (also called intramuscular fat) in our heard.  Consumers WANT marbling.  Marbling provides a more tender, juicy, flavorful cut of meat.  If that wasn't what consumers wanted, we sure wouldn't be trying to increase it.  Personal preference is different from the vast majority which is why marbling is here to stay.Dukemeiser 04:13, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

Merge with Red Angus
It's been suggested that Angus cattle be merged with Red Angus. I created the Red Angus page, and I don't think these two pages should be merged for the following reasons... Even though the genetics of the two breeds are very similar, the fact remains that the breeds are separate breeds. Angus Australia talks about the 'red angus relatives' here, and Australia, as well as a lot of other countries, has an official website here. This is also being discussed at the Red Angus talk page. I should also mention that although the two breeds are similar, the reason they are classified as different breeds is because of different genetics and coat colour Once more, I would like to stress that these are two different breeds of cattle, and I think that both breeds should merit separate pages on Wikipedia. Please discuss this here. CattleGirl 02:28, 2 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Red Angus are acknowledged as a different breed, and has different breed associations.
 * Red Angus also have a different studbook to Black Angus.

 * I completely agree and second your motion! As a Black Angus producer (in the U.S.) I was appalled that the two articles might be merged.  The breeds are very distinct now and each deserve their own pages with their own history, which is why I removed the suggested merger.  Seeing the disarray this black Angus page is in, I will attempt to clean it up, expand, and generally "wikify" it.Dukemeiser 05:02, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

I believe Red Angus, should be merged with this Black Angus page, and renamed "Aberdeen Angus cattle"
I grew up on a ranch in Argentina that only bred pedigree red Aberdeen Angus cattle. The name was never shortened to "Angus" alone and the red and black were and still are one breed. I have found out that here in the US most people (even among cattle breeders) don't know about red Aberdeen Angus. It is my understanding that early in the 20th Century, red cows were not preferred and hence the effort was put forward to propagate the black cows rather than red.
 * Worldwide, red and black are considered the same breed.
 * I think the question should be: Is Wikipedia focused on the US, or more worldwide?
 * If the answer is US, then the pages should be kept separated as the US has historically disavowed red Aberdeen Angus.
 * However if Wikipedia's focus is more global, the 2 should be merged since in Scotland and most of the world (save for US and Australia) they are considered one breed.

Joining the articles (they are not too long) can also help those who don't know about the subject, learn that red Aberdeen Angus are out there too. The recessive red gene exists in this breed as it does in most others. Also from my experience in Argentina, red cattle are more resilient to certain deceases, like foot and mouth decease, than their black counterpart. Galloway cattle are very close to Aberdeen Angus and both the belted and non-belted have red and black variations. Reds are not considered a separate breed. Please merge the two pages. TomasMFC (talk) 22:53, 27 January 2016 (UTC)

Requested move
Angus cattle → Black Angus — Black Angus is the actual name of the breed, and this title will also give it more equality to Red Angus. Also see my comment below.  Cat tleG irl  '' talk 06:31, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

Survey

 * ''Add  * Support   or   * Oppose   on a new line followed by a brief explanation, then sign your opinion using ~.

 * Support I think this would be for the best since Angus cattle is too general of a term. I say if nobody else opposes this within a week, the change should be made.  Dukemeiser 06:52, 9 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose. If the "equality" argument means that much to you, create an article parallel to the Red Angus one in place of the existing redirect.  This article includes much of the history of a multicolored breed, and it would be misleading to base it on a sub-breed that results from 20th century registration practices.  Gene Nygaard 00:09, 11 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose. As per Gene Nygaard, and I would add, US registration practices. Andrewa 02:37, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Discussion

 * ''Add any additional comments:

 * 1) Comment As this page is about the breed Black Angus, I think it would be a good idea to move the page to its actual name. This also will give it more equality with Red Angus, and it will have the article make more sense- in the very first sentence (in italics) it says 'this page is about the Black Angus breed of cattle' or equivalent to that. I'd move this page anyway, but as more people than before are visiting it now, I decided to mention it here first. Please say your opinion below so someone can take the right action-  Cat tleG irl  '' talk 06:23, 7 November 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Comment There is a problem here in that Americans do not refer to red and black animals as being the same breed. So for the Americans that read (and edit) the article, it becomes difficult to write about the black breed while keeping the red in mind for others.  I still support the change to Black Angus because thus far nobody has offered a non-American view point for the article.  If somebody else wants to write up what it's like in the UK or (I assume) New Zealand, or Canada then that could be posted on the Angus cattle page and have the American version on the Black Angus page. Dukemeiser 11:54, 11 November 2006 (UTC)
 * No, that is neither a complete nor an accurate picture, not even of American usage.
 * Americans will use "Angus" to refer to Black Angus; they are less likely to use "Angus" standing alone without an adjective for Red Angus.
 * That is especially true with crosses. "Angus-Limousin" (or Angus-whatever) is often used for a Black Angus cross, more often than "Black Angus-Limousin" is.  It's likely the opposite usage frequency with Red Angus, usually including the adjective.
 * Americans do sometimes use "Aberdeen Angus" today.
 * The term "American Angus" is sometimes used to refer to a breed, not just to the organization known as the "American Angus Association".
 * There are still purebred Black Angus sires and dams with redcolored offspring, who according to this article would not be eligible (since 1917 in the U.S., but it may differ elsewhere) for registration as either a Black Angus or a Red Angus.
 * Black red-carrier Angus cattle are sometimes treated differently from non-carrier black ones, and differently from red ones as well.
 * The history of Angus cattle long predates the separation of the two strains. Putting this article at "Black Angus" would be very misleading, a much more serious mistake than the "difficult to write about" complaint in your comment above.  Gene Nygaard 18:02, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I didn't make myself very clear in my previous post but what I already knew and what you clarified was that when I tell people I work for a large Angus ranch, I don't have to tell them it's black Angus; it's implied. When I'm talking to other Americans it is implied.  However, if I were talking to someone from the UK, I might need to clarify although they might know enough about the situation that I wouldn't.  Angus cattle means different things to different people reading Wikipedia.  I've never heard anyone refer to it as Aberdeen Angus.  You don't think that Angus cattle has some ambiguity to it?  A page entitled Black Angus would most certainly clarify that the article refers to the black strain of the breed and would have an opening something like this: Black Angus, or more commonly referred to simply as Angus is a breed of cattle that originated from Scotland.  Originally called Aberdeen-Angus after the areas in Scotland where the breed was founded..."  Dukemeiser 19:31, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I think one of the biggest problems is that the notion of "Black Angus" as a distinct breed, as opposed to "black Angus" with "black" as a descriptive term for the coat color of either an individual or even for most of a herd, is a mid-20th century invention, and Angus are a whole lot older than that. That, however, is a distinction we cannot make in our article names, with initial capitalization turned on.  Gene Nygaard 15:00, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Humans (homo sapiens are much older than the Angus breed, and yet we still categorize people by the color of their skin. The notion that Angus are old and therefore the distinct color of their hair is irrelevant is silly.  As far as the history books tell us Hugh Watson took polled cattle and started selecting black animals.  This practice of promoting a black breed started long before the mid-20th century, the Angus breed was founded on black animals!  But this is the 21st century where there are two distinct breeds of black and red animals.  Dukemeiser 18:40, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

For some of the more international aspects you were interested in, check out the Angus Society of Australia web pages: There are probably similar sites for other places such as South Africa, Brazil, Argentina, etc.Gene Nygaard 15:09, 12 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Angus Cattle in Australia
 * Red Angus in Australia
 * Working on a farm in Australia, I find that we normally specify whether the breed is 'Red Angus or Black Angus. As the breed is called Aberdeen Angus, this would mean that the article would normally be called this, however, as virtually no one uses this term anymore, it should be under the name 'Black Angus'. 'Angus cattle' implies a much more general term, whereas 'Black Angus' implies more equality and eveness with 'Red Angus'. 'Angus cattle' in my opinion, seems to be a more 'superior' term, than 'Black Angus'. Also, at shows, you'll find that the cattle have 'Black Angus judging' and 'Red Angus judging'- not Angus cattle judging and Red Angus judging.  Cat tleG irl  '' talk 23:42, 12 November 2006 (UTC)
 * It may well be that in Australia, and in North America, "Aberdeen Angus" is less often used than it once was, and may not be immediately recognized by the vast majority of people who have gotten away from agriculture as a way of making a living. But I'd bet that all cattlemen, anywhere with a significant Angus population whether they raise Angus themselves or not, still immediately recognize and understand the "Aberdeen Angus" term.  Gene Nygaard 14:22, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Some comments from an outsider. Angus cattle to me is a catch all name for several breeds.  Black Angus is a common name for a type of angus cattle.  From the article Black Angus cattle came from the Aberdeen-Angus breed.  So as I see it:
 * Angus cattle should be a dab page or a short overview and maybe history of the Augus cattle breeds/types/names (Aberdeen-Angus, Black Angus, Red Angus and any others).
 * Aberdeen-Angus or Black Angus should be what the current Angus cattle article gets renamed to. The target is the most common name.  Not sure which this is from the disucssions, but it could be Black Angus.  Both the black and red need a 'see also' for the other.
 * Vegaswikian 01:06, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

 * It is still just a recessive gene. There are still red-carriers among the Black Angus herds.  Mating a black cow and a black bull can still result in red offspring 1/4 of the time, black red-carriers 1/2 the time, and black non-carriers 1/4 of the time.

 * It is still just a recessive gene. If you breed a black, non–red carrier bull with a red cow (or vice versa), what you would expect to get is black red–carrier calves.  Those are still purebred Angus, not really crosses, and they aren't Gelbvieh or anything else.  They are Angus. In some jurisdictions it appears likely from what the article says that they can be registered as such.  In other jurisdictions, they might not be able to be registered as Red Angus or not be able to be registered as Black Angus or both.

 * This may be the case in rare instances, but black red-carriers are getting rarer all the time. Just like other traits the make them ineligible for registration (such as white above the naval), the selection process is moving away from these traits.  Red calves may have been common 30 years ago, but now they would be an embarrassment and a brand of inferiority in an all black herd. Dukemeiser 00:04, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

 * This article should stay where it is. A separate Black Angus article could be created, dealing with the last 90 years only and a brief summary of the historical background. Gene Nygaard 14:09, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Note also that while the initial selection from the beginning may have been based in part on black coats, this was long before Mendel's laws of inheritance which was only published in the late 1860s, and not paid much attention to until after 1900. Gene Nygaard 14:31, 13 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the comments. While I understand the problem a little better I'm not able to vote.  Looks like this may wind up as no consensus.  Vegaswikian 00:58, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

I am a lifelong Angus cattle breeder and had some notes to make. Firstly, the article claims that Angus have a high-yielding carcass. In fact, the Angus have the next-to-worst dressing percentage. The only worse yields are from the dairy breeds. Our own herd averages just under 63% dressing. That is right in line with Angus average. The Continentals will beat that by 1 or 2 points. Secondly, the term marbling seems to have generated some controversy. Marbling (IM fat) is entirely different from BF (backfat or external fat). Marbling is known to increase tenderness and flavor. BF is simply wasted and trimmed off at the packing floor. There is a common misconception that ONLY grain feeding will produce marbling and that ONLY high BFs will give good marbling. We have had many, many "fats" that grade choice or prime with less than .2 inches of BF. Explain that! Some cattle can grade choice with no grain whatsoever. Thirdly, regarding the comments about the reds being present in "Black Angus" as a recessive gene. This is patently false. All purebred Angus (black) are homozygous black and will not create "1/4 reds" or "1/4 red carriers" unless there is a red animal back in the pedigree somewhere. This is common in the commercials, but not registered Angus. The comment about Angus being heavier milkers is also not true. They milk at a very OPTIMAL level (sustainably....which is positive), but they will not outmilk the Continentals as a percentage of milk per bodyweight. That is why they do re-breed (fertility!) better than any cattle, bar none. Another thing...Angus are not the champs at marbling either, much as we would like our consumers to think. The Jerseys and the Shorthorns will beat the Angus anyday. In fact, many "disreputable" breeders create higher marbling cattle by injecting an 1/8 or 1/16 of Jersey or Brown Swiss or Wagyu. You must remember how they got the rep for marbling---because the consumer and packer was comparing it to the Continentals and the Bos Indicus, which are inferior marblers. The latter are also known to be tough on the Warner-Bratzler Shear Test.66.82.9.17 01:11, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Are you claiming bulls such as RAB-EGL Blue Moon 4407M are not purebred Angus with your claim about all Angus being homozygous black? R.A. Brown has had 15 Red Angus cattle sired by him in their sale in just the past two years.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.117.71.15 (talk) 03:49, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

Conclusion
It was requested that this article be renamed but there was no consensus for it to be moved.

Fred-Chess 09:03, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

I cleaned out the Augean Stables
Though it wasn't really a Herculean task — and I have no idea whether the cattle of King Augeas were Aberdeen Angus or not — having seen that all the discussions about moving and merging ended in 2006 but the first part of this article was still a real mess in terms of the Categorical imperative (to decide what each of a set of terms means and then stick to it) it became apparent that the following were the case:

 * the article floudered hopelessly between three different perspectives on terminology: the USA cattle breeders, breeders elsewhere in the world, and everybody else, namely the ordinary interested person wondering what an Aberdeen Angus was
 * several of the voluble and no doubt knowledgeable contributors to this page were so close to the United States cattle breeding industry, and some of them for such a long time, that they seemed perhaps unable to take a wider view on terminology usage across the world. If someone says, with Dukemeiser, "I've never heard anyone refer to it as Aberdeen Angus." they may just be contributing to the discussion on the extent of use of that name in the USA; however, were this to be taken to be part of an argument against coverage of or emphaisis on the term, it would suggest an attempt to limit applicability of Wikipedia to the USA — which nobody should be seeking.
 * the term Aberdeen Angus should not be hyphenated; I have only ever seen that done on this article and this talk page, and it's certainly incorrect. This is a dictionary term, and I have a large collection of the large editions of English dictionaries. Even the Danish association had its link here hyphenated and when I went there ... it wasn't!
 * this article itself made clear that the separation of red angus from the rest only happened in the 1950s, was a decision by the American association, and only applies in the USA. The vehemence of the assertions on this talk page that the Red was a separate breed with separate breed association etc. was from USA breeders, and it ignored, in what seemed to me a cavalier way, the different opinion still apparently held by breeders in other countries — most of the rest of the world, in fact — which as the article says "still register both colors in the same herd book". However, what I read here convinced me that we are in an era where the new red breed is gradually becoming established and it may well be that other countries will follow the American Angus Association in the future (maybe in another 50 years), so I would not for the moment suggest revisiting the calls to move to a different title or merge Black with Red.

Therefore I have:
 * removed hyphenation of Aberdeen Angus
 * rewritten the opening sections of the article to set out the precise position on the various versions of terminology in the USA and elsewhere. That the first words of the article proper, despite the title Angus cattle, were "Aberdeen Angus" was ludicrous; that is not Wiki. Taking NPOV means making simple statements of fact: the term is either a name for black only (USA) or a collective term covering red and black (rest of world).

If the article did not exist at all yet, I think I would argue that it should be called "Aberdeen Angus cattle" because of its historical importance as expressing the origin of the breed, and the continued wide use of that name everywhere in the world except the USA. I would also argue that, whether one breed or two, the place to discuss details of breed characteristics is the websites of those breed associations, not a general encyclopaedia. That the farmers in the USA have two different clubs (really that is what they are) for red and black varieties is a detail of their business/social circles, not necessarily a fact that merits separate articles in general encyclopaedia; however, the fact that Wiki is on the web and thus hypertext, and that it has millions of what are mostly brief articles on specialized points, makes it not worth engineering a merge purely on grounds of page length and the ease of clicking.

So I trust everyone who looks here finds the new text OK. In any case, please do not revert to the shambolic previous version of the text! Why it had sat like that for up to 2 years since the debate about moves and merges beats me. I put it down to everyone being too busy, and none of them being expert writers. Iph (talk) 16:54, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

 * The article still seems overdominated by an American perspective IMO, so I dread to think what it must have been like before. --Ef80 (talk) 13:52, 16 March 2011 (UTC)

Notice of requested move
It has been proposed to move Aberdeen to Aberdeen, Scotland or Aberdeen city, and to move Aberdeen (disambiguation) to Aberdeen. The discussion about this is here. The dab page notes Angus cattle are also known as Aberdeen Angus cattle. --Una Smith (talk) 16:39, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

May 17, 2012? Please confirm the date on the United States section of the article —Preceding unsigned comment added by Vibrantspirit (talk • contribs) 16:00, 27 September 2010 (UTC)
 * That was vandalism which I have reverted.--Charles (talk) 21:19, 27 September 2010 (UTC)

The pun issue
Shouldn't this article mention the common myth that Angus beef refers to the part of the cattle it comes from, like sirloin? After all, Jack in the Box actually ran television advertisements in 2007 based on that myth and was sued by Burger King as a result. --Coolcaesar (talk) 21:52, 25 November 2010 (UTC)

Can these numbers be correct?
It says Black Angus is the most common breed in the USA, with 324,266 animals registered in 2005. But on 1 July 2012, there were 97.8 million cattle in the USA. Seems strange that out of 100 million animals only 325k would belong to the most populous breed. That would mean there are at least 300 breeds also with 300k each. So I'm guessing this '324,266' figure is ambiguous: is that the total number of animals registered, or the total number registered during that year? Also, what percentage of total cattle are 'registered'? Leecharleswalker (talk) 13:40, 30 June 2013 (UTC)

A larger portion of beef cattle in the US are crossbred. This is to take advantage of hybrid vigor and produce beef that gains optimally in a specific climate. For example, the King Ranch in Texas is constantly refining new crossbreds, breeding for things like efficiency of gain in their climate. These crossbreds are what make up the vast majority of the cattle you see. Also, most are unregistered. The Black Angus is the most common purebred in the USA. The most common type in the USA is likely crossbred ("XB" on travel papers)--AslanEntropy (talk) 02:15, 30 December 2013 (UTC)

Some concerns after completing a copy-edit
In response to a request at WP:WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors/Requests, I just completed a copy-edit of the article. I have several concerns:

1) The article seems to be written in a curious blend of American and British English:

 * the dates are written in American English style
 * the -our spelling is used for words like "colour"
 * the plural verb "are" is used to refer to the United States, which is clearly British English; Americans would say, "the United States is..."

It doesn't matter to me which style is used. Once a style is agreed upon, I'd be glad to make the necessary changes.

2) In the "Scotland" section under Angus cattle is the following sentence:

 * The first herd book was created in 1862, and the society was formed in 1879.

It's not clear which society is meant by "the society". I think it should be written out here.

3) In the second paragraph of the "United States" section of Angus cattle, we read:

 * The first herd book was published on March 1885. At this time both red and black animals were registered without distinction.[italics added]

But in the second paragraph of the lead, we read:

 * The native colour is black, but more recently red colours have emerged.

and in the middle of the first paragraph in Angus cattle, we read:

 * However, in the middle of the 20th century a new strain of cattle called the Red Angus emerged.

If there were "red and black animals" in 1885, how can we say "more recently red colours have emerged" and "in the middle of the 20th century a new strain of cattle called the Red Angus emerged"? If the red Angus cattle in the 20th century are a different type of cattle from the red cattle in 1885, this needs to be explained. Also, what does "more recently" mean?

4) In the first paragraph of Angus cattle, do you think "curly calf" and "water head" should be in italics while "Fawn Calf Syndrome" is both capitalized and in quotation marks?

5) In Angus cattle is the following sentence:

 * This has led to many markets, including Australia, Japan and the United Kingdom to adopt it into the mainstream.

I wonder whether "adopt it into the mainstream" ought to be explained or re-worded so that the average reader will readily understand it.

6) In the last paragraph in the section Angus cattle, we read:

 * However, they must meet all 10 of the following criteria, which were refined in January 2007 to further enhance product consistency, in order to be labeled "Certified Angus Beef" by USDA Graders:

However, there are not ten items in the list; there are eleven. Also, I noticed that some of the items seem to refer to the animal itself and some to the meat. I wonder if the list should be grouped. If not, O.K., but I draw your attention to the last item. It is not clear whether it refers to the animal or the meat.

7) The first two sentences in Angus cattle are:

 * During the later part of 2003 and the early part of 2004, the American fast food industry ran a public relations campaign to promote the supposedly superior quality of Angus beef. However, the first of these campaigns was run by Back Yard Burger in 2002.

Clearly, these are out of chronological order, and, other than the word "however", it is not clear why they are out of chronological order or even why the need for "however". Corinne (talk) 00:19, 6 September 2015 (UTC)

P.S. I was just looking at my edits in the Revision History, and I see that I somehow messed up an in-text reference. I thought I should change the single curly quotation mark to a regular straight quotation mark. Could someone fix this for me? Thanks. Corinne (talk) 00:29, 6 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Just a bit of a drive-by comment from me,, I'd opt for BrEng as the breed was founded and developed in the UK. I hope I've managed a quick fix to the Denholm ref? Currently ref #2 seems to be used to back up the William McCombie part but I'm not seeing any mention of him on that web page? SagaciousPhil  - Chat 07:55, 6 September 2015 (UTC)

Naming
I have read through the talk page, article and breed societies, and there seems to be little consistency between the naming of this breed. Many countries refer to them as just "Angus", or "Black/Red Angus", however the UK-based and Irish societies refer to them as "Aberdeen-Angus", hyphenated.

Would it not make sense, given that the breed originated in Scotland, in the UK, that its name be listed as the name that is used by The Aberdeen-Angus Cattle Society? At the very least, the usage of Aberdeen-Angus throughout the article should be hyphenated.

Additionally, the remark that the breed is known by Aberdeen Angus in most parts of the world is not necessarily correct, as it appears that a very large number of breed societies refer to them as Angus, rather than Aberdeen-Angus. Slimestone (talk) 14:07, 19 May 2016 (UTC)

King George III
Could somebody please expand on King George's importation of cattle into America half a century after his death? 36.37.151.185 (talk) 05:08, 21 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aberdeen Angus


text:
User talk:Bradkittenbrink

talk to me here... Bradkittenbrink

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title: User talk:Bradkittenbrink


text:
Laverton, Western Australia

Laverton, originally known as British Flag, is a town in the Goldfields region of Western Australia, and the centre of administration for the Shire of Laverton. The town of Laverton is located at the western edge of the Great Victoria Desert, 957 km north-northeast of the state capital, Perth, and 124 km east-northeast of the town of Leonora, with an elevation of 461 m.

About 20% of the population is of Aboriginal descent. The area is semi-arid, with a mean annual rainfall of 233 mm. It is also quite warm, with mean daily maximum temperatures ranging from 17 °C (62 °F) in July to 36 °C (97 °F) in January.

Laverton is the westernmost town on the Outback Way – a proposed highway which goes through the Northern Territory to Winton in outback Queensland.

History
A number of early explorers travelled over the Laverton area, including John Forrest, David Carnegie and Frank Hann. Gold was discovered in the British Flag area in 1896 and many prospectors and miners moved into the area. Among them was Dr Charles W. Laver, who became an enthusiastic supporter and promoter of the region.

One of the most successful mines was Craiggiemore, and by 1897 a residential and business area known as British Flag had sprung up on the west side of the mine. In March 1898 a townsite was approved as Laverton, in honour of Laver. In 1899, the residents sought to have a townsite surveyed, but by then the original Craiggiemore location had become unsuitable, so a new site was chosen about 3 km north of the original lots. The new site was surveyed in July 1899 and the town of Laverton gazetted in July 1900.

By the late 1960s, Laverton was in decline, mainly because of the very low price of gold. In 1968 a Poseidon prospector Ken Shirley discovered nickel-bearing rocks at Windarra, 24 km northwest of Laverton. In 1969 Poseidon began drilling Windarra. In September rumours of a nickel strike prompted the Poseidon bubble. The deposit was developed by Western Mining and its partners into the Windarra Nickel Project, which mined and processed nickel ore from 1974 to 1991.

Modern industry
Laverton is primarily a mining area. There are two major operating gold mines in the district: the Wallaby Mine near Granny Smith, owned and operated by Gold Fields, and the Sunrise Dam Gold Mine, owned and operated by AngloGold Ashanti. Both open pit and underground mining is conducted at these mines. The Murrin Murrin laterite nickel project is located 55 km to the west, midway between Laverton and Leonora. The area has a long history of pastoralism with sheep, cattle and goats, and a substantial area of land is used in this way.

Demographics
According to census results from the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the population of the Laverton urban centre fell 23%, from 439 to 340 in the 15 years from 2001 to 2016. Over this same period, the population of Indigenous Australians decreased from 37.6% (165 people) to 20.8% (71 people) of the town.

Climate
Laverton has a semi-arid climate with hot summers and mild to cool winters.

title: Laverton, Western Australia


text:
Jagdterrier

The Jagdterrier (English: Hunting Terrier) is a type of working terrier, originating in Germany, that is used for hunting quarry both above and underground. This breed of terrier is also called the German Hunt Terrier.

Appearance
A typical appearance of a Jagdterrier is black and tan, with the tan being more of a rust colour on the muzzle and undercarriage. It can also be chocolate or liver brown with white markings although the white markings and the chocolate colouring should be avoided in breeding programs along with a brown nose. Black and tan/rust markings should be the goal. The breed standard calls for an animal that stands 33 to 40 cm at the shoulders, with females weighing from 7.5 to 8.5 kg, and males weighing from 9 to 10 kg. The coat of a Jagdterrier can be either hairy, smooth or broken. All varieties do shed. The tail is normally (but not always) docked at 2/3 the natural length.

Temperament
Jagdterriers were developed to be all-round hunting dogs. Though often used for quarry that dens underground, especially badger, fox, and raccoon, Jagdterriers are also used to drive wild boar and rabbits out of thickets, and to blood track wounded animals, such as deer. Due to their intelligence and adaptability, Jagdterriers can make good pets, but it should be remembered that they are primarily a hunting dog with a strong prey drive.

History
Between the two World Wars, game managers in Germany were focused on getting rid of foreign or introduced species, and bringing back now-extinct species that figured prominently in the mythology of the nation. One of the pioneers of this peculiar quest was Lutz Heck, the curator of the Berlin Zoo, who went on to "back breed" primitive cattle and horses to "recreate" the extinct aurochs (the kind of wild cattle seen in the cave paintings at Lascaux, France) and the tarpan (a kind of primitive forest pony). Heck's interest in dogs was driven in part by his passion for hunting, and in part by nationalism that was mixed with a desire to see what could be done with selective breeding.

Even as nationalism and an interest in genetic engineering were rising in Germany, terriers were also rising to the height of fashion in much of Europe and the United States. The Allied Terrier Show was taken over by Charles Crufts in 1886, and was the largest dog show in the world before World War I, while the first breed-specific dog publication anywhere was a magazine devoted to fox terriers. The Westminster Dog Show was begun in 1907, and the first winner was a fox terrier. A fox terrier won again in 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1915, 1916, and 1917.

A fascination with terriers, fervent nationalism, and a propensity towards genetic engineering were braided together when Lutz Heck presented four black-and-tan Fell terriers—similar to what we now would call a Patterdale Terrier—to Carl Eric Gruenewald and Walter Zangenbert. Gruenewald was a "cynologist" (a self-styled dog man with an interest in genetics) and Zangenbert was a dedicated hunter with an interest in fox terriers. Gruenewald and Zangenbert added to their team Chief Forester R. Fiess and Dr. Herbert Lackner, men with land for a kennel, and the financial means to support it over a decade-long quest.

An early problem was that the Black and Tan Terriers selected as the core breeding stock and deemed "ideal hunters" based on colour alone were, in fact, not all that great at hunting. As Gruenewald later wrote:

 * "We were glad to own fox terriers with the hunting color, and we hoped to use these four puppies successfully in breeding to establish a hunting fox terrier breed (jagdfoxterrier-stamm). From the viewpoint of hunting these four dogs were not bad, although they left much to desire. First we tried inbreeding, pairing brothers with sisters. But the results were not good. No wonder -- after all, the parents weren't real hunting dogs. The picture changed, though, when we bred our four 'originals' with our well-trained old hunting fox terriers. The beautiful dark color continued to be dominate. Dogs with a lot of the white color and spotted dogs were selected and eliminated from further breeding."

The breeding program for the Jagdterrier was massive in scale and unwavering in its selection criteria. At one point the men had 700 dogs in their kennels, and not a single dog was allowed to be placed outside of the kennel. Dogs that did not look the part, or which were deemed to be not of the quality desired, were culled (standard practice the world over until the 1960s). Early dogs were both smooth and rough coat, but the breeding program moved to get rid of smooth coats, and the coat of the final product can best be described as "slape coated"—a short, hard and wiry coat that sheds water and dirt while providing warmth in winter. After only 10 years time the dogs were breeding more-or-less true, with a Patterdale-like appearance, albeit with more red on the undercarriage.

The German Hunting Terrier Club (Deutscher Jagdterrier-Club) was founded in 1926, and the dog was warmly embraced in part because it fit well with the rising nationalistic sentiment within Germany at the time.

In 1938, a German by the name of Max Thiel Sr. bought his first Jagdterrier. Thiel hunted with this dog for only a few years before the start of World War II. During the war Thiel lost his dogs, but after the war he settled in Bavaria and purchased two female dogs, Asta and Naja.

In 1951 Thiel moved to the US, bringing with him Naja. He soon sent for Asta, who was bred and shipped pregnant. In 1954, Armin Schwarz Sr., imported a "champion" sire named Axel, and a few more litters were promulgated. In March 1956, nine Jadgterrier owners met in St. Louis, Missouri, and formed the Jagdterrier Club of America, with the expressed goal of getting the dog recognized by the American Kennel Club. In fact, the club did not prosper and eventually died out.

The Jadgterrier did not become popular in the US for several reasons, not the least of which was that in the US very few people hunt fox to ground. In recent years, with the rise of interest in terrier work in the US, new lines of Jagdterriers have been imported to the US, but most are used for above-ground or barn work due to their size. For a Jadgterrier to do well working underground in the US, it has to be at the absolutely smallest end of the breed standard or even undersized.

Many of the newer/later imports to the US are within the true FCI breed standard (correct size) and are being used successfully both above and below ground, with many reports of their offspring making exceptional hunting, flush and retrieval dogs both on land and in water. Today there are many hunters across the US adopting this courageous, intelligent breed as a hunt companion because of its versatility in various hunt disciplines and aim-to-please attitude.

title: Jagdterrier


text:
Manitoba Hydro

The Manitoba Hydro-Electric Board (La Régie de l’hydro-électricité du Manitoba), operating as Manitoba Hydro, is the electric power and natural gas utility in the province of Manitoba, Canada. Founded in 1961, it is a provincial Crown Corporation, governed by the Manitoba Hydro-Electric Board and the Manitoba Hydro Act. Today the company operates 16 interconnected generating stations. It has more than 527,000 electric power customers and more than 263,000 natural gas customers. Since most of the electrical energy is provided by hydroelectric power, the utility has low electricity rates. Stations in Northern Manitoba are connected by a HVDC system, the Nelson River Bipole, to customers in the south. The internal staff are members of the Canadian Union of Public Employees Local 998 while the outside workers are members of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Local 2034.

Manitoba Hydro headquarters in the downtown Winnipeg Manitoba Hydro Place officially opened in 2009.

1873–1960: electric power before Manitoba Hydro
The first recorded attempt to extract useful work from a Manitoba river was in 1829 at a flour mill (known as Grant's Mill) located on Sturgeon Creek in what is now Winnipeg. This was not successful and the milling equipment was later operated by a windmill.

The first public electric lighting installation in Manitoba was demonstrated at the Davis House hotel on Main Street, Winnipeg, March 12, 1873. In 1880, the Manitoba Electric and Gas Light Company was incorporated to provide public lighting and power, and a year later absorbed the Winnipeg Gas Company. In 1893, the Winnipeg Electric Street Railway Company was formed, and initially purchased power from Manitoba Electric and Gas, but by 1898, it had built its own 1000-horsepower (750 kW) generating plant and purchased Manitoba Electric and Gas.

The first hydroelectric plant in Manitoba operated north of Brandon from 1901 to 1924. Private investors built a 261 ft earth-fill dam across the Minnedosa River (now known as the Little Saskatchewan River) about a kilometer from its junction with the Assiniboine River. The plant only operated part of the year, with the load carried in the winter months by steam generators. An 11-kV wood-pole transmission line connected the station with the town of Brandon, Manitoba. The dam washed out in 1948 but remains are still visible. A second plant was built by private investors near Minnedosa in 1912 but low water levels meant that it only operated intermittently. In 1920 the plant was replaced by a diesel station owned by the Manitoba Power Commission. The dam still exists today at Minnedosa Lake.

By 1906, Winnipeg Electric Street Railway had constructed a hydroelectric plant on the Winnipeg River near Pinawa, and 70 mi of 60-kV transmission line. This plant operated year-round until 1951, when it was shut down to allow improved water flow to other Winnipeg River stations. Its remains are still preserved as a provincial park.

Since the investor-owned Winnipeg Electric Street Railway was charging twenty cents per kilowatt-hour, the City of Winnipeg founded its own utility in 1906,. Winnipeg city alderman John Wesley Cockburn (January 9, 1856 – November 9, 1924) had privately secured water rights for a development on the river. With these water rights, the City developed a generating station at Pointe du Bois on the Winnipeg River (which was completed in 1911 and which still operates early in the 21st century). In reaction to this, Winnipeg Electric Street Railway dropped prices to ten cents per kilowatt-hour, but the City-owned utility (Winnipeg Hydro) set a price of 3.5 cents per kilowatt-hour which held for many decades.

In 1916, the Province established the Manitoba Power Commission with the object of bringing electric power to communities outside of Winnipeg.

Winnipeg Hydro, Winnipeg Electric Street Railway Company and the Manitoba Hydro Commission all built extensive hydroelectric generating facilities on the Winnipeg River during the period 1916 through 1928. The Great Depression starting in 1929 put an end to rapid growth until after World War II. The City of Winnipeg utility built coal-fired steam generators in 1924 on Amy Street, which were also used for district heating of downtown buildings. During World War Two, electric boilers at Amy Street used surplus hydroelectric power to economize on coal consumption. The City utility also implemented load management on electric water heaters, which allowed them to be turned off during the day and during peak load periods.

In 1949 the Province set up a new utility, the Manitoba Hydro Electric Board (MHEB). In 1953 the MHEB acquired the assets of the Winnipeg Electric Street Railway. The MHEB was tasked with bringing electric power to the rural parts of Manitoba, a task which took until around 1956 to substantially complete.

By 1955 there were three utilities in the province:
 * Manitoba Power Commission (Provincial Government)
 * Manitoba Hydro Electric Board (Provincial Government)
 * Winnipeg Hydro Electric System (City of Winnipeg government).

Two thermal (coal-fired) stations were built at Brandon and Selkirk starting in 1958. These units were intended to operate during low-water years, and burned lignite coal.

In 1957, the first transmission line between Manitoba and North-West Ontario was installed. In 1960, a 138-kV connection to Saskatchewan Power Corporation was completed, and it was later uprated to 230 kV.

1961 to date: the Manitoba Hydro era
The Manitoba Power Commission and Manitoba Hydro Electric Board merged in 1961 to form Manitoba Hydro. One of the earlier wholesale accounts to be transferred to Manitoba Hydro in 1956 was the village of Emerson, which had been served up to that point by a cross-border tie to the Otter Tail Power system at Noyes. The last of the private mine-owned utility systems at Flin Flon was purchased by Manitoba Hydro in 1973. The early 1970s also marked the installation of tie lines between Manitoba Hydro and utilities in Ontario, Saskatchewan and Minnesota. The interconnection with the American utilities (Otter Tail Power, Northern States Power, and Minkota Power Cooperative) were used to obtain firm power of 90 MW for the winter of 1970; and since that time these interconnections have also been used for export of energy.

In the period 1974 to 1976, Manitoba Hydro was still studying nuclear power, but it concluded that all hydraulic resources should be developed first before construction of any nuclear facility. Although a research nuclear reactor existed at the Pinawa AECL research facility, no nuclear generating capacity has ever been constructed in Manitoba.

In 1980, the Dorsey-Forbes-Chisago 500,000 volt transmission line interconnecting Manitoba Hydro with Northern States Power in Minnesota was put in service.

In July 1999, Manitoba Hydro purchased the natural gas distribution company Centra Gas Manitoba. In September 2002, Manitoba Hydro purchased Winnipeg Hydro, which formerly provided electric power in the downtown area of Winnipeg.

Nelson River development
The water power potential of the Nelson River was described as early as 1911, when over 6 million horsepower of potential generation capacity was identified at 11 sites – at a time when the developed hydropower in the rest of Canada was around 1 million horsepower. Between 1955 and 1960, studies were carried out to determine what resources would be available for future hydraulic generation. The stations at Kelsey, Kettle, Long Spruce and Limestone were built on the lower Nelson River to support both Manitoba load growth and export plans. Limestone, the largest generating station in Manitoba, is located on the Lower Nelson only 90 km from Hudson Bay. Long-term firm power sales contracts were signed with Northern States Power. Control dams have turned Lake Winnipeg, the 12th largest lake in the world, into a 25,000 km2 reservoir for the Nelson River generation system.

The great distance between generating sites on the Nelson River and load centers in southern Manitoba required the use of HVDC transmission lines to bring the energy to market. When these lines were commissioned, they were the longest and highest-voltage direct current lines in the world. The Dorsey converter station is 26 km north-west of the center of Winnipeg.

Wind development
Starting in 2005, a wind farm was built near St. Leon, Manitoba. Power generated by this privately constructed plant is purchased by Manitoba Hydro for distribution on its network. The capacity of this installation is 99.9 MW, comprising 63 wind turbines of 1.65 MW each. This is the first privately owned grid-connected generation to be constructed in Manitoba in nearly fifty years. Energy produced by this facility is subsidized by the Canadian Government's Wind Power Production Incentive, though over the life of the project tax revenue will exceed the value of the initial subsidy.

The 138 megawatt St. Joseph Wind Farm began operation in 2011.

Multiple wind farm sites with capacities between 50 and 200 MW have been studied for Manitoba. The Manitoba OASIS node has generator interconnection evaluation studies for wind farms at Elie, Lena, Darlingford, Boissevain, Killarney, and Minnedosa. Additional probable wind farm sites of up to 200 MW are in the generation queue on the OASIS for St. Leon, St. Laurent, Letellier, Waskada, Alexander, Lizard Lake, Lk. Manitoba Narrows and other locations.

Winnipeg Hydro
Winnipeg Hydro is a former provider of electrical power for the city of Winnipeg, Manitoba. Winnipeg Hydro was established in 1906 and was purchased by Manitoba Hydro in 2002.

In 1906, voters approved a $3.25 million expenditure for development of a hydroelectric plan at Pointe du Bois. Immediately following the decision to build the Pointe du Bois plant, the price of electricity charged by the private sector in Winnipeg dropped from 20 cents per kilowatt-hour to 10 cents and subsequently to 7 1/2 cents. After completion of the plant in 1911, Winnipeg Hydro set its rate at 3 1/3 cents per kilowatt-hour. This rate remained unchanged until 1973. Customers of Winnipeg Hydro enjoyed among the lowest electricity rates in North America.

In September 2002, Winnipeg Hydro officially closed its doors embarking on a new era as part of Manitoba Hydro.

Manitoba Hydro Act
The Manitoba Hydro Act governs Manitoba Hydro. The purpose of the Manitoba Hydro Act was to provide for efficient, economical supply of electric power for the needs of the province. The first version of the act was effective March 31, 1961 and it has been revised since that date. Notably, the Act now carries a provision prohibiting privatization of Manitoba Hydro without a public referendum.

Since 1970, a Minister responsible for the Manitoba Hydro Act has sat on Executive Council of Manitoba. This position is not a full departmental portfolio in the Manitoba executive council, and it is generally held by ministers who also hold other cabinet responsibilities.

Generating stations
Generating station total ratings are approximate. Water flow conditions and station service load may account for some of the difference between rated station output and total unit nameplate rating. In a typical year the hydroelectric plants produce more than ninety-five percent of the energy sold.

AC system
Manitoba Hydro operates an extensive network of more than 9000 km of ac transmission lines. Transmission voltages in use include:
 * 66 kV
 * 115 kV
 * 138 kV
 * 230 kV
 * 500 kV

Distribution voltages include 4160 V especially in urban Winnipeg, 12.47 kV and 25 kV, usually on overhead conductors but often in buried cables. Total length of distribution lines is over 80,000 km.

Transmission lines built in Manitoba must withstand a wide temperature range, ice, and occasional high winds. In 1997, a tornado blew down 19 transmission towers of the HVDC system north of Winnipeg, reducing transmission capacity from the North to a small fraction of system capacity. During the several days required for utility employees to repair this line, power was imported from the United States over the 500 kV interconnection. As a consequence, though some major industrial customers were requested to curtail energy use, disruption for most customers remained small.

DC system
A large portion of the energy generated on the Nelson river is transmitted south on the HVDC Nelson River Bipole system. The two transmission lines BIPOLE I and BIPOLE II, each nearly 900 km long, operate at ± 450 kV and ± 500 kV DC, with converter stations at Gillam and Sundance, and the inverter station, Dorsey, near Rosser. The combined capacity of the two HVDC lines is 3420 MW, or about 68% of the total generation capacity in the province. A third HVDC line, BIPOLE III was completed July 4, 2018. At a cost of $4.7B, it carries 2000 MW capacity over 3076 towers and 1384 km. Two new converter stations were built at Keewatinohk on the Nelson River and at Riel east of Winnipeg. A different route from northern Manitoba was chosen for BIPOLE III in order to provide safety and redundancy in case BIPOLE I and II which run side by side for much of the route and end at the same converter station were simultaneously damaged.

Exports
Manitoba Hydro has transmission lines connecting with Saskatchewan, Ontario, North Dakota and Minnesota. Ties to the Canadian provinces are of low capacity but a substantial portion of Manitoba Hydro's annual generation can be exported over the tie to Minnesota. In 2003, a new line was completed to the United States (the Harvey-Glenboro 230kV line), allowing a firm export capacity of 700 megawatts. In 2005 Manitoba Hydro announced increased interchange up to 500 MW with Ontario, after construction of additional transmission facilities. Manitoba Hydro's largest interconnection is the Dorsey-Forbes-Chisago 500,000 volt (AC) line that begins at the Dorsey substation located in Rosser near Winnipeg and travels south into the United States and takes a southeasterly direction to the Forbes Substation northwest of Duluth, Minnesota and from there goes south to the Chisago substation located just north of St. Paul, Minnesota.

Manitoba Hydro also participates in "border accommodation" transfers, where it provides power to isolated extraprovincial end-use loads such as those of the Northwest Angle in Minnesota.

Manitoba Hydro is a member of the MRO Midwest Reliability Organization, a region of the North American Electrical Reliability Council NERC and successor to MAPP (Mid-continent Area Power Pool) since June 15, 2004. Manitoba Hydro continues its membership in MAPP, which retains its function as a generation reserves sharing pool.

Export of electrical energy has been regulated since 1907 in Canada. Since 1959, the National Energy Board licences exports, based on the criteria that the exports are surplus to domestic need and that the price charged is reasonable and in the Canadian public interest. Similarly, exporters of power from the United States into Canada require a United States Export Authorization.

Natural gas customers
Manitoba Hydro has about 238,000 residential, and 24,700 commercial and industrial customers. In fiscal 2008 total gas revenues were $580 million CAD on 2,165 million cubic metres of gas. Residential consumers account for about 48% of Manitoba gas consumption.

Recent and current projects
Manitoba Hydro has a capital spending program intended to maintain and extend capacity for Manitoba customers, for environmental protection, and to allow export of energy surplus to Manitoba needs to stabilize rates. Some of these projects include:
 * Power Smart: Manitoba Hydro has operated a Power Smart program since 1991. This project identifies energy conservation and efficiency opportunities for residential, commercial and industrial customers. Measures such as high-efficiency electric motors and improved lighting have offset 292 MW of peak load growth and up to 631 million kW·h per year of energy consumption. In 2005 Manitoba Hydro announced goals of doubling Power Smart capacity savings to 842 MW and 2.6 terawatt-hours by 2018.
 * INROCS (Interlake Nelson River Optical Cable System) is the replacement of the former microwave links for control of northern generation and transmission with a buried fiber optic cable system. More than 1140 km of cable were buried between the system control center in Winnipeg, to the present northernmost stations near Gillam.
 * Brandon Combustion Turbines: In 2003, Manitoba Hydro commissioned two simple-cycle gas turbine generating units at the existing plant in Brandon. These natural gas-fuelled units are intended to provide peaking power and supplemental capacity in case of low water levels.
 * Selkirk Natural Gas Conversion: In 2003, the fuel supply of the Selkirk steam boilers was converted to natural gas. While this is a more expensive fuel than the coal previously used at this plant, it allows the life of the station to be extended without the capital cost required to clean coal emissions up to current standards.
 * Wind Energy Survey: While Manitoba Hydro is in the process of completing a wind energy survey at five locations, private developers have completed wind farms at St. Leon and St. Joseph, and will sell all power generated to Manitoba Hydro. Manitoba Hydro has not announced an in-service date for additional utility-owned wind generation.
 * New Hydraulic Generation (Keeyask, Conawapa, Notigi) and HVDC Transmission : Studies are continuing to permit eventual construction of new generating projects along the Nelson River. The Keeyask station (formerly known as Gull) would have a capacity of approximately 695 megawatts and started construction in 2014. Expected completion of the station will be in 2019. In February 2009 the Tataskweyak Cree Nation community voted in favor of participation in the project. The 1380 megawatt Conawapa project was initiated but postponed indefinitely in 1992 when Ontario Hydro elected not to purchase firm energy from Manitoba. Planning activities for Conawapa were suspended in 2014 and no environmental hearings are currently scheduled. The potential generating station at Notigi would produce approximately 100 megawatts, and would create no new flooding, but no in-service date has been set for this project, and no plans are in progress to build the station at this time.
 * Pointe du Bois replacement: In 2007 Manitoba Hydro announced plans to replace the 90-year-old Point du Bois plant with a new $800 million (Canadian) generating project at the same site, with greater output, reliability, and efficiency.
 * In September 2009, the company completed its headquarters building, the Manitoba Hydro Tower on Portage Avenue. About 1650 Hydro employees work in this building. It is the 4th tallest building in the city at 112.5 metres to the top of solar chimney with a total of 22 stories and 690,000 ft2 floor space. The building is intended to be one of the most energy-efficient building of its size in North America, and to consume 60% less energy than the national building code requirements.

Wuskwatim generating station
Wuskwatim generating station is on the Burntwood River near Thompson. The general civil works contract was awarded in 2008, and first power from the project occurred in June 2012. The plant was officially opened on July 5, 2012, while construction of the remaining two units continued.

This 200 MW station has three hydraulic turbine generator units, causes less than one half square kilometre of new flooding, and has only a small reservoir. This project had the most extensive environmental review of any generating project in Manitoba. Participation of the Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation (NCN) First Nation was passed by a June 2006 referendum by NCN members. This partnership between NCN and Manitoba Hydro will allow advancement of the in-service date to 2012 and opportunities for additional export revenue. Otherwise the domestic load growth would not require this new capacity until several years later.

Excavation and primary concrete for the dam, powerhouse and spillway was mainly completed by June 2009. The spillway gate hoist housing had been erected and the river closure and diversion occurred in July 2009. Construction required an access road and construction camp site, and a construction power substation, along with services such as water supply and sewage lagoons for the camp. A new 230 kV gas-insulated substation was constructed adjacent to the dam site, which will distribute power from the Wuskwatim generators to the transmission network. A cofferdam was constructed for excavation of the tailrace and spillway channel, and subsequently removed. Secondary concrete and turbine installation continued through the summer and fall of 2010. The construction camp population varies according to activity level but as of July 2010 there were 635 workers in the construction camp.

Potential future projects
More than 5000 MW of hydroelectric potential could be developed in Manitoba, which includes 1380 MW at the Conawapa site, 695 MW at the Keeyask site, and 1000 MW at the Gillam Island site, all on the lower Nelson river. Other sites have been assessed but are not currently under study for development. All of these developments would require a large increase in electric power exports, since Manitoba load growth will not require this capacity for a generation or more. All of these projects require additional HVDC transmission capacity from the North to the South. One such project, Bipole III, has been discussed with communities on the east side of Lake Winnipeg, but this area is ecologically and culturally sensitive and power line construction will require extensive environmental impact assessment.

Controversies and issues
Like any other large-scale activity, the operations of Manitoba Hydro have not been without controversy.

 * In 1976, the Churchill River diversion project was set into operation. Flow was diverted by a series of channels and control structures into the Nelson River. The effects of this diversion on pre-existing water levels and the indigenous Cree and Métis people continue to be felt to this day. Negotiations between the affected Northern communities and Manitoba Hydro continue, to discuss mitigation measures and compensation for loss of traditional resource areas and sites.
 * The water level of Lake Winnipeg is now regulated by Manitoba Hydro as part of the energy generation operations. Some property owners on the southern edge of the lake feel that the levels are now maintained at a higher average level than would be natural, and attribute erosion of their property to the lake level. Manitoba Hydro has pointed out that the regulation project also allows lake level to be lowered, such as during the 1997 floods, thereby preventing significant property damage.
 * Residents of the area around the Selkirk steam plant attributed various environmental damage to the continued operation of this plant, which at the time was fuelled by coal. Manitoba Hydro has converted this plant to natural gas, which, while a more expensive and faster-depleting energy source than coal, burns with lower emissions of heavy metals, sulfur dioxide, and carbon dioxide.
 * The Province of Manitoba charges Manitoba Hydro a water rental fee proportionate to the total volume of water passed through the generating stations. Increases in this rental have provided an important stream of non-tax revenue to the Provincial government. While at first glance it may seem superfluous for the provincial government to collect such fees from a company it owns, the government argues that such fees help ensure that Manitobans receive a direct return on that portion of energy resources that is exported. More controversially, in 2002–2004 the New Democratic Party provincial government collected a direct dividend from Manitoba Hydro. This was criticized by the provincial opposition parties for various reasons but mostly as evidence that Hydro rates were unnecessarily high with the excess amounting to a hidden tax.
 * Manitoba Hydro has studied new HVDC transmission lines to run along the east side of Lake Winnipeg. The additional transmission capacity would be required to develop stations at Keeyask and Conawapa. This plan would offset the concentration of transmission lines in the Interlake area (west of Lake Winnipeg and east of Lake Manitoba), and would provide additional security against transmission failures due to adverse weather or other causes. However, this area has no roads and very little development. Some environmentalists argue that this vast area of boreal forest should not be crossed by a transmission corridor. If roads were built at the same time as the lines, these roads would allow year-round access to small First Nation communities east of the lake; some people feel this would have more adverse than beneficial effects for these communities. From an engineering perspective, there is no connection between building a new transmission line east of Lake Winnipeg, and building a road east of the lake. In May 2005, the provincial government announced that it would not consider any route along the east side of Lake Winnipeg, even though the alternative routes through the Interlake region or west of Lake Manitoba would extend the transmission lines, and increase cost. The western route was chosen by the government to protect the proposed UNESCO biosphere reserve on the east side by local First Nations reserves called Pimachiowin Aki. This decision was criticized by 19 former senior Manitoba Hydro engineers, who were in favour of the East side route.
 * A transmission line down the west side of the province could also have adverse environmental effects: several caribou herds use the area near The Pas, several ecological reserves occur on the west side of the province (Lake Winnipegosis Salt Flats, Birch River ), as well as UNESCO's Riding Mountain Biosphere Reserve, three provincial parks (Duck Mountain, Clearwater and Kettle Stones ), one Park Reserve (Walter Cook Caves ), one Provincial Forest (Porcupine Hills), and two Wildlife Management Areas (Tom Lamb WMA and Saskeram WMA ).

Tritschler commission inquiry of 1979
Concerns about the economy and efficiency of Manitoba Hydro's development program led the provincial government to form a commission of inquiry in 1977. Project cost overruns, and expanded capital spending during a time of declining electricity demand raised serious doubts about the timing of the Lake Winnipeg Regulation project and the development of projects along the Nelson River. The Tritschler Commission (named for Justice George Eric Tritschler (1901–1993) ) delivered its final report in December 1979, which made 51 recommendations on Manitoba Hydro governance, planning, financing and operations.

Comparison of Manitoba Hydro to other utilities
Manitoba Hydro is unusual in North America because it is the sole commercial provider of electrical power in the province of Manitoba. It is a Crown corporation closely regulated by the Provincial government. This status arose because of the history of electrification in the Province, where early private commercial developers required a large initial return on investment owing to the high risks of the projects. This limited the economic benefits that electrification would bring. Manitoba Hydro is required by its regulating legislation to give priority to public benefit over profit.

Another unusual feature of Manitoba Hydro is that it is a completely integrated electrical utility, with generation, transmission, and distribution operations. This means that Manitoba Hydro can consider the total system cost and benefits of any new development, rather than, for example, building generation capacity that relies on a second party for transmission. An example of this approach was seen at the Clean Environment Commission public hearings for the recent Wuskwatim Generation Project and the Wuskwatim Transmission Project, in which environmental reviews for both the generating station and associated transmission facilities were carried out at the same time.

Manitoba Hydro's mandate to serve dictates that it builds enough transmission and generating firm capacity to serve the Manitoba home market first. However, in a typical year, more energy is available than the firm capacity. This can be economically exported from the Province. Since this energy is typically sold on short-term contracts or even on a spot market, the returns on these sales increase Manitoba Hydro's retained earnings, allowing domestic rates to be stable and low.

Since Manitoba Hydro is a Crown Corporation paying no dividends and not obligated to provide a return on investment to shareholders, energy costs to industrial and residential consumers are lower than they would otherwise be. These lower costs help offset some of the higher costs of doing business in a region far from large markets.

As a Provincial Crown Corporation, investment decisions by Manitoba Hydro are heavily influenced by political and economic goals of the provincial government. For example, in the 1986 Manitoba provincial election, the incumbent New Democratic Party government announced accelerated construction of the Limestone project, with promises of increased employment as a result. Limestone GS was estimated to create 6000 person-years of direct employment, 11,000 of indirect employment over the construction period of eight years. As part of the contract for the ten turbine-generator units, Canadian General Electric agreed to invest $10,000,000 CAD in Manitoba business operations, and to obtain at least 15 per cent of installation labour locally.

Current activities

For the fiscal year ending March 31, 2015, Manitoba Hydro serves a peak Manitoba electrical load of more than 4460 megawatts, down 4.9% from the previous year's peak  (2013 year end for comparison in parentheses)(4500 megawatts). Electrical supply to Manitoba customers was 21.6 terawatt-hours in fiscal 2015 (21.5 2013), with total revenue due to electricity of $1.808 billion ($1.733 billion) CAD. Extraprovincial sales were at 10.28 terawatthours ( 9.1 terawatthours), with normal water flows. The company also delivered 2.07 billion cubic metres (2.05 billion) cubic metres of natural gas in 2015, which contributed $573 million CAD to revenues.

Manitoba Hydro had 6410 employees at the end of the 2015 fiscal year (6493 in 2013). Capital assets were valued at nearly $13.9 billion CAD.

In fiscal 2015 the total generation was 35.0 terawatt-hours (33.2 in fiscal 2013). In 2001 generation was nearly 32.7 terawatt-hours, allowing net export of 12 TW·h to customers in the United States, Ontario and Saskatchewan. A terawatt-hour is the average annual consumption of 70,000 Manitoba residences, 14,100 kW·h per year each. The peak load was 4,535 MW.

In fiscal 2015 Manitoba Hydro obtained 0.16% of its total generated electrical energy from fossil fuel at the Brandon and Selkirk thermal generating stations, and 2.38% from wind energy purchased from the St. Leon and St. Joseph wind power projects. About 0.24% of energy distributed in the province was imported.

A subsidiary company, Manitoba Hydro International, provides electric power consulting services. Manitoba Hydro also operates a high-voltage DC laboratory. Meridium Power, a subsidiary company, markets a line of written-pole AC electric motors suitable for heavy loads on single-phase systems and for power quality improvement. W.I.R.E. Services supplies services to transmission line operators for re-rating and verification of transmission line capacity.

title: Manitoba Hydro


text:
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title: User talk:Dado.it


text: User talk:65.175.203.50

title: User talk:65.175.203.50


text:
November gale

November gale, the Witch of November, or November Witch, refers to the strong winds that frequently blow across the Great Lakes in autumn. The "witches" are caused by intense low atmospheric pressure over the Great Lakes pulling cold Canadian/Arctic air from the north or northwest and warm Gulf air from the south. When these cold and warm air masses collide, they can result in hurricane force winds that stir up large waves on the lakes.

Gordon Lightfoot's song "The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald" makes reference to the Witch of November: the storm that wrecked the Edmund Fitzgerald was 978 mbar, equivalent to a borderline Category 1/2 hurricane. Similar witches have caused numerous shipwrecks over the years. Another storm that hit in November 1998 was 967 mbar, equivalent to a solid Category 2 hurricane. A still stronger storm, of October 2010, brought Minnesota and Wisconsin record low barometric pressures of, respectively, 954.96 and 961.06 mbar (both equivalent to a category 3 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson scale) and lashed Duluth with 81 mph wind gusts and 19-foot seas during the night of October 26–27, 2010.

Etymology
November gale is the formally accepted name of the weather phenomenon. "Witch of November" and its variations are historical maritime and meteorological slang. Derivative names include "Witch Storm", "November Witch", and "Witch gale". November is known in the Great Lakes region as the "month of storms".

"Witch" is mythologic and descriptive of the gales. Descriptors such as "wailing" and "brewing" frequently accompany the phrase. A weather textbook from 1998 said: "That so many ships lay buried beneath the waters of the Lakes is not as much a mythological mystery as a combination of circumstances--both economic and meteorologic--that combine to make the Witch of November as real to the mariners of the upper Midwest as the Mighty Serpent of the Lakes was to the Iroquois and Algonquin."

Environmental effects
Storms attributed to Witches have intensified wildfires with the speed of the wind, caused power outages for more than 200,000 households at a time, and even caused rivers to "run backwards" from wind forcing lake waves into the mouths of rivers. When blizzards follow a Witch, they're anticipated to produce massive amounts of precipitation and wind, and be highly damaging to infrastructure and environment.

A large portion of the deaths and shipwrecks on Lake Superior and other Great Lakes are attributed to November Witches.

Notable November gales

 * The October 2010 North American storm complex brought record low pressures and snow accumulation across the Great Lakes region and the greater U.S. It dissipated early November.
 * The SS Edmund Fitzgerald sank in a storm November 10, 1975 while carrying taconite across Lake Superior to a port in Detroit, Michigan.
 * The Great Lakes Storm of 1913 (historically referred to as the "Big Blow", the "Freshwater Fury", and the "White Hurricane") was a blizzard with hurricane-force winds that devastated the Great Lakes Basin in the Midwestern United States and Southwestern Ontario, Canada, from November 7 to 10, 1913. The storm was most powerful on November 9, battering and overturning ships on four of the five Great Lakes, particularly Lake Huron.
 * The Mataafa Storm of 1905, was a storm that occurred on the Great Lakes on November 27–28, 1905. The system moved across the Great Basin with moderate depth on November 26 and November 27, then east-northeastward across the Great Lakes on November 28. Fresh east winds were forecast for the afternoon and evening of November 27, with storm warnings in effect by the morning of November 28. Storm-force winds and heavy snows accompanied the cyclone's passage. The storm, named after the steamship Mataafa, ended up destroying or damaging about 29 vessels, killing 36 seamen, and causing shipping losses of US$ 3.567 million (1905 dollars) on Lake Superior.

In popular culture

 * Arguably the best known use of the phrase is from Gordon Lightfoot's folk song "The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald": "'Twas the witch of November come stealin'" and "Superior, they said, never gives up her dead / When the gales of November come early"
 * In 2020 Ohio brewery Earnest Brew Works released a blackberry sour ale named "Gales of November" in honor of the downed SS Edmund Fitzgerald, with a re-release due to popular demand in 2022.
 * The Lake Superior Maritime Visitor Center holds a benefit festival each year known as the Gales of November.

title: November gale


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Östermalm

Östermalm ("Eastern city-borough") is a 2.56 km2 large district in central Stockholm, Sweden. With 71,802 inhabitants, it is one of Sweden's most populous and exclusive districts. It is an expensive area, having the highest housing prices in Sweden.

History
During the reign of the ruler of all of Scandinavia, king Eric of Pomerania in the early 15th century, a royal cowshed/barn was erected on the lands of the village Vädla. Since the town of Stockholm had grown and started to encroach on the borders of that village, there were many complaints about animals causing damage in the town. In the 17th century, the inhabitants of Stockholm were allowed to keep their cattle there. In 1639, parts of the allocated land for the cowshed/barn were put up for development. In 1672 the eastern part became a military exercise field. For the following 200 years, it was the home of some higher officers, but most inhabitants were poor.

A new town plan presented around 1880 implied a grid of streets and avenues that was to become lined with elegant houses, with 4–6 floors. When the plan was implemented, it ended the rustic appearance of the district. The old official name "Ladugårdslandet" (literal meaning "The Barn Land") was replaced with "Östermalm" (literal meaning Eastern Outer City). Since the Crown had been the owner of parts of the district for centuries, a number of official buildings, museums and higher public educational institutions were located in the area. In the 20th century, a large number of embassies, including those of America, Britain, France, Germany, Poland, Thailand, Norway and Malaysia were established in Östermalm.

The Berwaldhallen (1979), home of both the Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra and the Swedish Radio Choir, is situated on Dag Hammarskjölds väg, Östermalm.

Buildings

 * Berwaldhallen
 * Embassy of the United Kingdom
 * Engelbrekt Church
 * Kaknästornet
 * KTH Royal Institute of Technology
 * Maritime Museum
 * National Library of Sweden
 * Royal Dramatic Theatre, Dramaten
 * Sophiahemmet
 * Stockholm Olympic Stadium
 * Stockholms tekniska gymnasium
 * St Peter and St Sigfrid's Church, also known as the English Church in Stockholm
 * Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters

Neighbourhoods

 * Diplomatstaden
 * Eriksberg
 * Lärkstaden
 * Nedre Östermalm
 * Villastaden
 * Övre Östermalm

Railway stations

 * Karlaplan: metro 13
 * Stadion: metro 14
 * Stockholm Östra/Tekniska Högskolan: suburban railway 27, 28, 29 (Roslagsbanan) and metro 14
 * Östermalmstorg: metro 13, 14

Parks

 * Gustav Adolfsparken
 * Humlegården
 * Stureparken
 * Spiltan
 * Tessinparken
 * Berzelii Park
 * Nobelparken

title: Östermalm