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National Congress (Ecuador)

The National Congress (Spanish: Congreso Nacional) was the unicameral legislative branch of the government of Ecuador prior to November 2007.

Under the 1998 Constitution, Congress met in Quito and was made up of 100 deputies (diputados). Each of the country's 22 provinces returned a minimum of two deputies plus one additional seat for every 200,000 inhabitants.

It was dissolved on 29 November 2007 by the Ecuadorian Constituent Assembly and replaced by the National Assembly of Ecuador under the 2008 Constitution. Its demise came when it was already weakened by the disfavorable perception of the Ecuadorian public opinion, which for decades saw it as a corrupt and incompetent entity, as well as a venue for violent disputes between its members  and political intrigues, such as the removal of Presidents Abdalá Bucaram Ortiz in 1997 and Lucio Gutiérrez in 2005.

Eligibility
To serve as a congressional deputy, the following requirements had to be met:
 * Ecuadorian citizen by birth, not by naturalisation
 * Having full enjoyment of political rights
 * At least 25 years of age upon filing candidacy
 * Native of the province represented, or resident thereof for at least three years immediately prior to the election

title: National Congress (Ecuador)


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1917 in rail transport

January events

 * January 3 - Ratho rail crash in Scotland: North British Railway H class locomotive 874 Dunedin, in charge of an Edinburgh to Glasgow express train, collides with a light engine at Queensferry Junction near Ratho Station, leaving 12 people dead and 46 seriously injured; the cause is found to be inadequate signalling procedures.

February events

 * February 27 - The Milwaukee Road completes the electrification of its 440 mi line from Harlowton, Montana, to Avery, Idaho.

March events

 * March 9 - Official opening of the Hell Gate Bridge in New York City.
 * March 12 - The Pere Marquette Railroad is reincorporated as the Pere Marquette Railway.
 * March 19 - The United States Supreme Court upholds the eight-hour workday for railroads.

April events

 * April 3–16 (NS) - Vladimir Lenin journeys from Switzerland across Germany by so-called "sealed train", eventually arriving to a tumultuous reception at Finland Station in Petrograd to play a leading role in the Russian Revolution.
 * April 21 - Colorado Midland declares bankruptcy for the second and final time.

May events

 * May 9 - Completion of the 784 km-long railway line linking the port of Djibouti in French Somaliland to Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia.

July events

 * July 31
 * The Chesapeake & Ohio Railway opens the Sciotoville Bridge across the Ohio River in the United States to rail traffic. It has a continuous truss across two 775-foot (236 m) spans, the world's longest until 1945.
 * Simbei Kunisawa succeeds Yujiro Nakamura as president of South Manchuria Railway.

September

 * September 24 - The Bere Ferrers rail accident in England kills 10 New Zealand soldiers.

October events

 * October – First North British Railway C Class steam locomotives are allocated from Scotland for loan to the British Royal Engineers' Railway Operating Division on the Western Front (World War I).
 * October 22 – Opening of Trans-Australian Railway, 1051.7 miles (1692.6 km) of standard gauge between Port Augusta in South Australia and Kalgoorlie in Western Australia (heads of steel meet on 17 October).  In crossing of the Nullarbor Plain the line runs for 309 miles (497 km) without a curve, the world’s longest railway straight.
 * October 23 - The Canadian Railway War Board (predecessor of the Railway Association of Canada) meets for the first time at Windsor Station, Montreal.

November events

 * November 1 – Takatoku station, now known as Shin-Takatoku Station on Tobu Railway's Kinugawa Line in Nikkō, Tochigi, Japan, is opened.

December events

 * December 3 - The longest cantilever bridge in the world, Canadian National's Quebec Bridge across the St. Lawrence River near Quebec City, opens for rail traffic after nearly 20 years of planning and construction including two partial collapses.
 * December 12 - Saint-Michel-de-Maurienne derailment, on the Culoz–Modane railway in the French Alps, a grossly overloaded troop train jumps the tracks near the entrance of the station at Saint-Michel-de-Maurienne, after running away down a steep gradient from the entrance to the Fréjus Rail Tunnel due to inadequate brake power. At least 543 are killed, hundreds more are injured by the official count; the actual count is assumed to be considerably higher. Until 1981 this was the worst train wreck in history.
 * December 26 - United States President Woodrow Wilson uses the Federal Possession and Control Act to nationalize American railroads under the United States Railroad Administration during World War I.
 * December 28 - The United States Railroad Administration officially takes control of American railroads.

Unknown date events

 * The Tanana Valley Railroad in Fairbanks, Alaska (a predecessor of the Alaska Railroad) enters receivership.
 * The Arcade and Attica Railroad is incorporated.
 * Estación Constitución in Buenos Aires, Argentina, opens.
 * The Hershey Electric Railway in Cuba opens.
 * Russia's Railway Worker Day national holiday, established in 1886, is abolished under Bolshevik rule.

Unknown date births

 * John Shedd Reed, president of Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway 1967-1986 (died 2008).

October deaths

 * October 2 - William Sykes, English railway signalling engineer (born 1840).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1917 in rail transport


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Talk:Campanology

Major review
There has been a discussion on talk:change ringing about the whole set of bells-related pages. At the moment there is a lot of duplication and little structure. The proposal was that this article be developed into a master article with extensive hat notes to the individual pages. I suggested the following structure:

Campanology
 * History
 * Lists (largest, oldest etc)
 * Bells
 * forms and materials
 * tuning
 * hanging
 * Structures
 * Integral towers
 * campaniles
 * bell cotes (and small gables)
 * (large) bell gables
 * clocks
 * Ringing (bells)
 * change ringing
 * Call changes
 * Methods and principles
 * Are individual methods worthy of note?
 * Veronese
 * Carillon (inc Ellacombe)
 * handbells
 * Percussion section ("cow bells")
 * Organisations
 * CCCBR (inc RW, use a redirect)

The current structure would need adapting as follows:
 * Shape and tuning - Merge the detail of this with Bell, leave a summary here and use a hat note.
 * Carillons - Move into carillon and summarize in Ringing (bells), hat notes to and from both.
 * Chimes - Merge this information and that in Chime (bell instrument) into carillon. Make Chime (bell instrument)as a redirect.
 * Russian Orthodox bells - keep as is, put into a section under "Ringing"
 * Change ringing - Merge into Change Ringing, keep a summary here.
 * Method ringing - Move to a subpage of Change Ringing
 * Numbers - Move to a subpage of Change Ringing
 * Gamelan - summarize, merge details into gamelan.
 * Other types of ringing use to inform the above structure.
 * Bell Organizations - move to a list to avoid repetition on the various pages.

This is a pretty big change, input would be appreciated. Can we have a discussion over the next week with an aim for consensus by Sunday 8 May please. Martin of Sheffield (talk) 23:04, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

--

Agree that there should some structure to all this. There are problems of patchy coverage, personal notions, lack of cross-referencing, lots of duplication, etc.

A fundamental point is that Campanology itself will have to be correctly defined with references. Is it the ringing of bells? (ref several major dictionaries).

Collins - the art or skill of ringing bells musically Cambridge dictionary - the art or skill of ringing church bells

Or the study of bells? - which some such as the Free dictionary and the Merriam Webster, and the CCCBR say it is. CCCBR - "Campanology - Study of the history, art and science of making and ringing bells." But campanology is not actually ringing them? - just the study of ringing them?

Perhaps the meaning was always the study of bells, but in UK became to mean bell ringing. (because of quiz programmes?)

Suggested form below, which uses bell as the main article from which all others flow.

Think the headings in Bell or campanology are very important, and from this the rest will flow. Shown below as "-" for main article heading rank and Asterix for sub-pages also.

 * Campanology or * Bell
 * -Bell definition
 * - History
 * -- Swinging bells
 * --- Limited swing (poor control)
 * --- Full circle ringing (full control)
 * -- stationary bells
 * --- Clock bells
 * --- Carillon
 * - *Bell structures
 * --*Bell towers (campaniles)
 * -- bell gables
 * -- Clock towers
 * -- Mini-rings
 * - *Handbells
 * -- ceremonial and ritual
 * -- Tune ringing
 * -- Change ringing
 * - Melodic bells (Designed to create a melody)
 * -- Orchestral-
 * - Other bells; "cow bells", warning bell
 * - Bell construction
 * -- Materials
 * -- design
 * -- tuning
 * - Ringing techniques
 * - Full-circle technique
 * --*Veronese Ringing
 * --*Change ringing
 * -- Call changes
 * -- Method ringing
 * -- History and development

 * -Organisations
 * --CCCBR (inc RW, use a redirect)* Structures for Bells
 * Lists of notable bells(largest, oldest etc)

All up for discussion of course Dougsim (talk) 21:54, 2 May 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Campanology


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User talk:Lem45

Image copywrite
Hi! Thanks for uploading Image:Osborne.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much, Edwinstearns 16:40, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lem45


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Golitsyn (crater)

Golitsyn is a lunar impact crater that lies beyond the western limb on the far side of the Moon. It is located in the southwestern portion of the Montes Rook mountain range that forms one of the rings around the Mare Orientale impact site. The crater is situated in the midst of rugged, irregular terrain that contains only a handful of other significant craters.

The rim of Golitsyn is circular but irregular, and a smaller crater lies across the north-northwestern rim. The edge of the rim is sharp, and the material along narrow inner wall has slumped down to form mounds along the base. The interior floor has no impacts or features of note.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Golitsyn.

The following craters have been renamed by the IAU.
 * Golitsyn B — See Fryxell.

title: Golitsyn (crater)