text:
User:Improv/talkarchive made aug2005

Portugal Census Data
Hi, Pat. Happy Holidays! Sorry for being so unresponsive on this subject. No valid excuse: I've just been plain lazy. I'm going to be at my parents for Xmas weekend (starting tonight) and won't have a computer. I'll revisit this soon. Nelson Ricardo 18:33, Dec 23, 2004 (UTC)

IRC invite for Everyking
No, I don't, because I don't know how, for one thing, and I figure it'd probably distract me from proper editing anyway. Everyking 06:06, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

GNAA
I'm all too aware (too late) of what I have done. GNAA has even been attacking Wikipedia, and a lot of people blame the listing, which was done innocently, on rampant deletionism and malice. Alas the perils of being a newbie. I've done what I can to repair things. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 18:27, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Sorry, I don't want to switch my vote. I think it's pointless and counter-productive to continue to try to delete that entry. It's doing no harm where it is. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 19:43, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Hi, you said to Tony to perhaps wait a couple of months before going back to vfd. Ok, that's not too bad an advice maybe, hmm, but it might actually be unnescesary to go back to vfd at all?

If an article has really gotten worse since it got vfd-ed the first time, you could simply revert back to the last version that was accepted by vfd. That should typically be sufficient I think. There's only a very limited number of exceptions to that.

In this particular case for GNAA, I'd not reccomend reverting to the last declared-good-by-vfd-version. There's a comment by Ta bu shi da yu saying he's managed to source just about all the claims in the article. That's even better, of course :-)

Kim Bruning 02:57, 30 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Talk:Soviet Union
Improv, I did not cite Rev. Moon as a source for anything. 172 04:55, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Finns
Hi!

I note your improvement to the Finland's language strife article! As I am sure you understand, that article, and many others covering topics far away from English speaking countries, suffers from contributors' and readers' lacking proficiency in English.

I've not yet taken a closer look at that article, but it appears to me as if it unfortunately has been modified in POV-direction since I last saw it. I'll put the article on my mental to-do list; and believe that by the time you're back from Europe (happy trip!), you might find also some of your improvements erased. I'm sorry for this. It is hard for us foreigners to express ourself on English, and in some cases I believe that the bad state of the text led you to interpretations that are either wrong or missing the narrative intentions.

Best regards!
 * --Ruhrjung 17:05, 2005 Jan 7 (UTC)

I quite simply restored a version of that article from early in the autumn. Thinking back and forth, that was what I arived at. :-(

BTW: Your change to the main article on Germany was totally OK. The problem, that you now let the text gloss over, is how many that were "intentionally killed/murdered" under German occupation in the East. I'm happy not to mention any figure, but it's possible that others aren't. For some people, it's important to point out that probably more Slavs than Jews were "intentionally killed" (not to mention them who "only" died of starvation, as collateral damage, or by diseases caused by the war conditions).
 * --Ruhrjung 16:48, Jan 8, 2005 (UTC)

Libertas RFC
Just wanted to let you know that I've opened a user conduct RFC regarding Libertas, primarily over habitual personal attacks. Your request for him not to make them is included as evidence of failed attempts at resolving the dispute. As such, you might want to certify the basis of the dispute or otherwise provide your input (it's currently awaiting a second certification). Let me know if you have any concerns. RadicalSubversiv E 08:40, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Improv, I would indeed welcome the opportunity to discuss this with you. I have barely interacted with you at all, other than on IRC where I thought we got on rather well. I believe you are feeding a troll by supporting his RFC, would happily to discuss the detail with you on IRC or alternate. Let me know. Libertas

I added this to the RFC and would appreciate you taking me through this:

 * Improv, can you please explain how you tried and failed to resolve a dispute with me. I believe you tried and succeeded to resolve our pretty minor dispute on IRC and we both walked away happy. Have I missed something? Libertas Fair and Balanced

 * Response is on the talk page for the RfA. --66.93.172.249 21:22, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Thank you for certifying. I'm sure some of the RFC is overstated, as I was both exasperated and exhausted when I wrote it; so if you have specific corrections, feel free to make them. I'm about to make some minor revisions and maybe add a couple of new pieces of evidence. I wish there was a less time-consuming way of dealing with this kind of blatantly obnoxious behavior. RadicalSubversiv E 14:41, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Requests for arbitration/Everyking/Proposed decision
Hey, you endorsed the RfC on Everyking, and you probably know it's gone to arbitration. Some of us feel that the proposed decision against Everyking is insufficient and too weak for a user who has abused Wikipedia so badly. I hope you can weigh in at Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/Everyking/Proposed decision having read the proposed decision and discussion and share your opinion with us, whether it's that the decision is too strong, just right, or too weak. Just because you weren't involved as deeply as some of us shouldn't prevent you from sharing your opinion. Johnleemk | Talk 06:13, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Seeking you support
I am seeking your support and participation for starting the "Indian Collaboration of the Week". Please enlist your support on the page Wikipedia_talk:Indian_wikipedians%27_notice_board if you would like to support. Thanks Arunram 09:20, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

critical/conflict theory
No, I cannot see how I could possibly change my mind. But I am really confused by your message on my talk page. I deleted the section in question. Are you asking me to restore it? It sounds like you too do not like it. Why do you want me to change my mind? I will try to explain more clearly on the talk page of the Marx article Slrubenstein 18:10, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Cantus
I noticed your comments on the talk page of Cantus's new Images unsuitable for inline display. I'd also appreciate if you could look at my Template deletion proposal for his template:offensiveimage which he's been trying out lately on one or two articles.

The discussion is here.

--Tony Sidaway|Talk 21:44, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Mediation meeting
Template:Mediation-meeting Please edit the side box here (be brief) to update when you might be able to attend. Thanks. -==SV 22:07, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Requests for adminship
Hi Improv. I've nominated you for admin - I just hope I filled it all in right :) Please add your formal acceptance there.. and I would say good luck, but I'm sure it won't be needed!  Best wishes -- sannse (talk) 22:50, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Mediation meeting
Was there a meeting after all? I had not seen the notice - hm. FFR, please take a look at wikiday idea - to make real-time meeting coordination a little easier. Although 2pmGMT/6amPST seems like the ideal time, because most WP:MC people are in the US, there seems to be some room for biasing toward a little later. Namely there doenst seem to be anyone in Asia on the committee. -==SV 04:22, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Viewing Rastafarianism
To clarify I don't think nor did I say we should not rely on academic sources, but that we should not rely only on secondary sources. Indeed it is vitally important to keep an objective and academic head in how we treat this article. --Squiquifox 21:29, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I looked around, both at academic publications (theses and dissertations) and at Google and it seems that Rastafari is more widely used than Rastafarianism, with Rastafarians as the people. (see Talk:Rastafarianism).  Thanks  Guettarda 01:42, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Notability
I figured that I'd not clutter up the FAC page and message you directly. I was wondering why the Sollog article can't become featured quality? I realise that it might not be there yet, but if it's notable to enough to be on Wikipedia, why can't we make it good enough to become a featured article? I can understand lists and categories not being suitable for FAC, but why can't we have main articles good enough? - Ta bu shi da yu 23:05, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * TBSDY, note that I saw that I made an error -- thought it was being discussed for frontpaging, rather than featuring. When I noticed it, I withdrew my objection. I'm not certain what I feel about article featuring yet -- haven't given much thought. Until I figure it out, I'd probably best stay neutral. --Improv 04:57, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Now you are an administrator on a Wikipedia
Congratulations! It's my pleasure to let you know that, consensus being reached, you are now an administrator. You should read the relevant policies and other pages linked to from the administrators' reading list before carrying out tasks like deletion, protection, banning users, and editing protected pages such as the Main Page. Most of what you do is easily reversible by other sysops, apart from page history merges and image deletion, so please be especially careful with those. You might find the new administrators' how-to guide helpful. Cheers! -- Cecropia | explains it all ® 00:32, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Congratulations
Dear Improv congratulations on your been elevated to the Admin role. Wikipedia needs more inspiring wikipedians like you. I would be seeking your help from time to time on soke sysop tasks in the areas where I am working on or intersted in. Congrats again Arunram 02:01, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Here here. Congratulations! -- AllyUnion (talk) 10:08, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Spanish Translation of the Week
I would like to revive this project. I noticed that you've added yourself to the list of available Spanish-to-English translators. Are you interested in working on Spanish Translation of the Week? — J3ff 06:11, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This week's Spanish translation is Hispania. Besides translation, help is needed on copyediting and proofreading. Please help out if you are able to. Thanks — J3ff 07:03, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

a longwinded reply
Can be found @ User_talk:Sam_Spade. Cheers, (Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 18:00, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * And again, @ User_talk:Sam_Spade, Cheers, (Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 21:04, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Bible vs. Christian Bible
Hi Improv. An RfC has moved the discussion to Talk:Bible; your thoughts on the subject would be welcome there. Jayjg (talk) 18:46, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

RFA
You write: ''I find it unfortunate that your involvement on one side of a policy disagreement where there isn't a clear right answer has led so many people to go against you on what looks to be purely on that basis. I find myself wondering if they expect this kind of issue to come up very often.''

Well if it's just that then that's good news. If I don't get it this time, things will be quieter in a month or two's time, everybody will be scratching their heads and trying to remember what all the fuss was about. :)

If it's something more serious then whatever it is will still be evident then. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 17:28, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

re: @ -> AT
Sorry, Improv -- I just assumed that you'd prefer the spam-avoidant version. With apologies, BCorr | Брайен 19:32, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

RFC major changes
Thanks for your comments at Village pump (policy).

I think we have pretty clear consensus (except for jguk) that the page should be returned to the old procedures, at least for now. I'd like to ask you to please keep an eye on it. He has promised to keep reverting (ad nauseum), so it'd be nice if he see's I'm not the only one undoing his proposal. Primarily, this is because I don't want to see that very important page further disrupted. Please also keep an eye on the example subpage templates at Requests for comment/Example admin and Requests for comment/Example user. Thanks. -- Netoholic @ 21:40, 2005 Mar 11 (UTC)

 * Please feel free to add any comments you have on Wikipedia talk:Requests for comment, where the new approach has already been discussed by other interested parties. It is an attempt to avoid confrontation (which is probably why Netoholic objects to it). The new approach is not perfect, but it is certainly an improvement on the nasty, divisive approach that we used to have. As I say, your comments on the talk page would be welcome, jguk 21:57, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)

IfD vote
Hey Improv, I recall that you voted in favor of keeping the photograph inline at autofellatio. Well, its subsequent linkage has emboldened the anti-photo people to put it up for deletion on WP:IFD and start claiming that it's a copyvio (even though they've failed to establish that on the appropriate copyright problem pages). I'd appreciate your views on the subject. Thanks, T IMBO  ( T A L K )  22:10, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Re:
See here, where I moved (and answered) your question. I won't say more here because I refactor my comments, and don't want to create hijinks. Cheers, (Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 17:19, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Next Archival coming soon
I will probably rearchive my talk page soon. --Improv 18:49, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Autofellatio vote
Greetings. I'm contacting you because you voted to keep Image:Autofellatio.jpg, but you indicated that part of your reasoning was because the image was not demonstrated to be a copyright violation. Someone recently found the image on http://www.wowboy.com/welcome.htm, a porn pay site, with the notice "© WowBoy 2001-2004, All rights reserved". I don't know if this changes your vote or not, but I thought you might want to know. – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 02:27, Mar 27, 2005 (UTC)

Vote on Image:Autofellatio 2.jpg
As you may or may not be aware, Image:Autofellatio 2.jpg is up for deletion. I'm never one to electioneer, and I deplore the necessity of contacting you, but Achilles has contacted all the "delete" voters from the previous autofellatio image debate; and since that has already been done, I didn't think fairness would be served if the "keep" voters were not also contacted. I have attempted to contact only those people who have not voted in the current debate, but the information was hard to sift through by hand and I may have made a mistake. If I have, I apologize. Cheers to you! Demi T/C 19:28, 2005 Apr 7 (UTC)

issues about school articles
In November 2003, there was a VfD debate over Sunset High School (Portland). The debate was archived under Talk:Sunset High School (Portland). What to do with the article is still being contested and has been recently re-nominated for VfD at Votes for deletion/Sunset High School (Portland).

I am writing to you because you have participated in such debates before. There still does not exist a wikipedia policy (as far as i can tell) over what to do in regards to articles about specific U.S. public school. My hope is that a real consensus can come out of the debate, and a real policy can take shape. Take part if you are so willing. Kingturtle 02:24, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

DC trip
Please list all your available dates in the table at Meetup/Wikipedians of the East Coast field trip. Thanks. -- brian0918 ™  18:34, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

DC Meetup will be May 7/8
The DC Meetup date has been finalized to May 7/8. Even if you can only come one of the days, that's still fine. Please watch this page for new details, which will be posted in the next couple days: Meetup/Wikipedians of the East Coast field trip -- brian0918  ™  16:12, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Hey it was cool meeting up in DC. See you around. —thames

Maximilian of Baden
I don't think I moved it, I think I just made a redirect, since the "Prince" article already existed. It probably should be moved. Adam Bishop 22:49, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

Possible new mediator and committee chair
Mgm has nominated himself to be a mediator and indicated he's willing to take over as chair. In an effort to help keep the mediation process alive, it would be nice if you could comment on this at Mediation Committee. --Michael Snow 20:13, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I've been in touch with Mgm and he's only waiting for a final, clear 'go' signal to take the chair. Do you feel like letting him know how you feel? Dan100 (Talk) 18:50, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)

I'm having a real problem with Ed Poor and have formally requested mediation
See also his talk page and the administrator's noticeboard for details.

Really need some help here, serious disruption by means of multiple page moves at Qur'an desecration controversy of 2005. Talk page there will make for interesting reading, as well. BrandonYusufToropov 19:30, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Request for mediation with Ed Poor
Thanks very much for your message on this. I very much appreciate this. BrandonYusufToropov 12:16, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Can you mediate?
Can you try to get the issue sorted out described in this diff. of the RFM page? - Mgm|(talk) 13:55, Jun 19, 2005 (UTC)

What's the status of my RfM concerning Ed Poor?
Either I've missed an email (entirely possible, since I get quite a lot) or one of the two parties in this dispute is foot-dragging. Please help.

Since I filed this RfM, there have been multiple unauthorized edits by Ed of my userpage, which Ed now claims was unintentional.

I have reasons to doubt his sincerity on such matters, since he deleted half of my complaint in transferring it to the RfM talk page.

He then attempted to edit the material related to this matter that I placed on my userpage.

I wish to pursue the RfM even if he does not. He is now moving on to other matters on WP, which is fine, as long as this is one of them.

If I've missed an e-mail message on this, please accept my apologies.

Many thanks for any help you can provide. You can find more background on this complaint at my userpage. (assuming Ed hasn't vandalized it while I wasn't looking). BrandonYusufToropov 14:11, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I just sent another email out to both of you. --Improv 14:26, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I answered your e-mail yesterday ...
... and copied Ed on it as well. Did it make it through to you?

Peace,

BrandonYusufToropov 12:18, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I just got it, and Ed's response. Please await my reply. --Improv 13:43, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * OK -- many thanks. BrandonYusufToropov 14:39, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Rfmchat

Template locations
I have noticed you discussed template locations at Wikipedia talk:template messages.

One user has unilaterally been moving templates from articles to talk pages en-masse (over 100 articles are affected during a spate made by the user last night). I have spent some time trying to resolve this issue.

There is now a poll discussing where templates belong created at Template locations, and a discussion at Template talk:Expansion. 14:06, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

Medcom
Please update Template:MedComOpenTasks (list current cases) and Template:Medcom (add * for each current case) to reflect your current status. Sinreg, -St|eve 23:04, 27 July 2005 (UTC) P.S. New rules in testing: No absolute consensus for mediation (else to WP:RFAR), and MC:Chair assignment of mediators, rather than disputant agreement (given no confict)

PPS: Would you be able to assist with one of the WP:RFM? -SV

Can you mediate this issue?
There has been a dispute brewing for the past several days between User:Egil and User:Rktect, for which I've been trying to act as a go-between. Details are available on the Requests for mediation page, Egil's talk page, Rktect's talk page, and my talk page, as well as talk pages and histories for various contested articles. I've requested protection for the article currently at the center of the issue. Thanks! Ken talk 03:09, August 11, 2005 (UTC)

I have looked at your page and read as much about you as you cared to share.

You come across as young, intense, intelligent, opinionated, interested in linguistics and though politically aware, centered in Ohio and possibly a little too libertarian (conservative thinks he's a liberal) for my personal taste.

None of that raises any serious questions about your ability to be a good moderator. I encourage you to have a stab at resolving the conflict. Rktect 6:15 AM 08/11/05.

Thanks for taking this on, Improv. I realize that you'll probably only be able to open up communication, and maybe help with things like some definitions of terms. The content discussions will doubtless come later. Ken talk 03:53, August 13, 2005 (UTC)

Metroid: Zero Mission on WP:RFM
I was wondering if you would be interested in mediating this issue, or could recommend another mediator that could. You've stated that you know a little Japanese, which would be useful since a small part of the discussion regards text on a Japanese website. --Poiuyt Man talk 03:51, 16 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the advice on WP:RFM. --Poiuyt Man talk 04:30, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Improv/talkarchive made aug2005


text:
Covenanter tank

The Cruiser tank Mk V  or A13 Mk III Covenanter was a British cruiser tank of the Second World War. The Covenanter was the first cruiser tank design to be given a name. Designed by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway as a better-armoured replacement for the Cruiser Mark IV, it was ordered into production in 1939 before pilot models were built. Problems with the design became apparent only after production was under way.

The tank equipped various British armoured divisions for home defence and training. It never left the UK as poor engine cooling caused the Mk I to Mk III to be declared unfit for overseas service especially in hot climates. This was rectified in the Mk IV after many corrective actions were undertaken but, by February 1944, it was declared obsolete. More than 1,700 of the type were built. It was named after the Covenanters, a Scottish religious faction at the time of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.

Development
In 1938, the War Office had issued a requirement for a new, better armoured "heavy" cruiser tank to replace the Cruiser IV. Nuffield's A16 (and the A14) design was found to be too expensive and, in 1939, a cheaper and lighter cruiser tank – under General Staff specification A13 Mk III Cruiser Mark V – was chosen to be developed. It had nothing apart from Christie suspension and armament in common with the other A13 specifications.

The initial specification required a QF 2 pounder gun, at least one machine gun, the same A13 Christie suspension in a lower hull, epicyclic steering transmission and "armour standard" (armour basis) of 30 mm. The "30 mm armoured standard" referred to any vertical plate having to be 30 mm thick. Angled surfaces (through the principles of sloped armour) could be thinner, provided they were at least as effective as a 30 mm thick vertical plate.

From these, a design using many sloped surfaces was chosen to keep the weight low. To keep the silhouette low, the suspension used cranked arms and a low profile engine was envisaged. The engine, which was to be specifically designed for it, was to deliver at least 300 hp. The Wilson transmission and steering of the A16 would be used.

Design work was by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway Company (LMS), who had no prior experience in the design and production of fighting vehicles and had been invited to participate under a Government policy that British companies should develop skills in expectation of war. The design assumed a welded hull rather than the usual riveting. The turret was designed by Nuffield, with Henry Meadows designing a new low profile engine for it. On 17 April 1939, before a prototype was produced, the first 100 vehicles were ordered from the LMS. Additional orders soon followed, with English Electric and Leyland Motors joining the production effort, for a final production total of 1,771 Covenanters. Nuffield was also approached but preferred to design its own offspring of the A13 line, which became the Cruiser Mk.VI Crusader.

Due to the expectation of war, the design was ordered "off the drawing board". The expectation was that two pilot models would serve for testing and results applied to the production lines.

To meet the engine requirement, a horizontally opposed 12-cylinder design was used. Although flat, it was wide and left no room for radiators in the engine compartment and so the radiators were situated at the front of the vehicle. The unusual arrangement, although tested in mock up form first, when combined with the rushed design resulted in serious problems with engine cooling. Even when the systems were redesigned, there were problems and the piping from engine to the radiators heated the fighting compartment. These problems meant that the Covenanter would not be employed in the North African Campaign. Instead, Crusader and American tanks were sent to Africa, while the Covenanters remained at home.

LMS advised a return to riveted construction due to doubts about the strength of the welds and rather than risk delays due to a lack of welders, this was accepted. The welded design used two layers of armour plate, the inner being of steel that would weld readily without losing its properties. This two-plate system was retained when the design reverted to riveted construction. The use of rivets, steel wheels instead of aluminium and an increase in armour specification to 40 mm at the front of hull and turret increased the weight to a level where the tank suspension was at maximum load, leaving no room for later development of the design. Rather than risk the availability of the combined Wilson transmission and steering, affecting production, the A13 "crash" gear box was used with epicyclic steering units. This necessitated a reduced size of cooling fan for the transmission compartment.

Contracts were placed with the manufacturers in 1939. The pilot model (with welded hull) was tested with a favourable outcome in 1940; though the second pilot suffered from overheating. The first deliveries of production vehicles were not until after the battle of Dunkirk. Production of turrets lagged behind that of hulls. Production ended in mid 1942. It is surprising that production was continued for so long, because newer, better tank designs were waiting for space on production lines. A Covenanter tank cost the British Government £12,000, a Crusader tank cost £13,700, a Matilda tank cost £18,000, and a Valentine tank £14,900.

By late 1943, the Covenanter was considered too weakly armed and armoured to deal with new German tanks. It was decided that neither problem could be addressed without significant changes in the design, so the tank was declared obsolete and all vehicles except the bridge-layer variant were to be scrapped.

Service
Except for a few trial vehicles, Covenanters were never deployed outside the UK. The Covenanter was used to re-equip the 1st Armoured Division (six armoured regiments in two brigades), which had lost most of its tanks in the Fall of France. When the 1st was sent to Egypt, the tanks were transferred to the 9th Armoured Division.

Eventually, a handful of vehicles were sent to the desert for service trials and were allocated to the REME for maintenance and evaluation. It is not clear if these tanks were ever used in combat, although the unit markings indicate they may have been deployed alongside Kingforce with their new 6 pounder-equipped Churchill Mk III tanks.

Covenanters were also used to equip the Guards Armoured Division in 1942 and elements of the 1st Polish Armoured Division when it was formed in the UK; they were replaced before these units were sent to the frontline, except for a few bridgelayers that both divisions retained and used in their advance through Belgium and the Netherlands.

Observation Post tanks were issued to artillery units to carry Forward Observation Officers for Royal Artillery batteries. In an armoured division, there were two OP tanks for each RHA or field battery. Medium gun batteries had just one. Command tanks were similar to OP tanks, but had only two No. 19 sets; one on the regiment radio net and the other on the brigade net.

Covenanter bridgelayers were used by the 1st Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade during the siege of Dunkirk from October 1944 to May 1945. The bridgelayer version was also used by the 4th Armoured Brigade of the Australian Army at Bougainville and Balikpapan during the Pacific Campaign in 1945.

Variants

 * Covenanter Mk I (Cruiser Mk V) – Original production model.
 * Covenanter Mk I Close Support – Armed with 3-inch howitzer.
 * Covenanter Mk II (Cruiser Mk V*) – Mark I production modified by addition of radiator-mounted oil cooler.
 * Covenanter Mk II CS – Armed with 3-inch howitzer.
 * Observation Post version with dummy gun, two No. 19 radios and a No. 18 radio; issued to artillery units.
 * Command version with dummy gun and two No. 19 radios.
 * Covenanter Mk III (Cruiser Mk V**) – new production with twin oil coolers installed either side of the engine. Clutch linkage modified. Air cleaners added inboard at the rear. Exhaust silencers moved to the ends of the track guards.
 * Covenanter Mk III CS – Armed with 3-inch howitzer.
 * Covenanter Mk IV – New production as the Mk II with the clutch changes of the Mk III.
 * Covenanter Mk IV CS – Armed with 3-inch howitzer.
 * Observation Post version with dummy gun, two No. 19 radios and No. 18 radio.
 * Covenanter Bridgelayer – Covenanter hull fitted with a vehicle-launched bridge ("30 ft No. 1"). This was 34 ft long and 9 ft wide. It could span a 30 ft gap and was capable of carrying 24 tons. In 1944, an improved bridge was developed with a 30-ton capacity.
 * Covenanter ARV Mk I – Armoured recovery vehicle based on turretless Covenanter hull. One prototype was built in 1942.

In addition, some Covenanters were fitted with the "Anti-Mine Roller Attachment" (AMRA) Mk IC which was a mine clearing device consisting of four heavy rollers suspended from a frame. The weight of the rollers could be increased by filling them with water or sand.

Surviving vehicles
A single Covenanter gun–tank is preserved at The Tank Museum, Bovington, in the United Kingdom. It is displayed in the markings it had during the War when it served with the 13th/18th Royal Hussars, part of the 9th Armoured Division. For unknown reasons, it was buried after the war on a farm near Dorking. In 1977 it was discovered, recovered, restored and put on display at the Bovington museum in 1985. The Tank Museum also has the turret from an early Covenanter pilot model.

A second Covenanter tank was recovered in May 2017 from the same farm, now the site of Denbies vineyard.

The partially buried, wrecked hulls of two tanks may be seen at Titchwell Marsh in Norfolk, UK. Now a Royal Society for the Protection of Birds nature reserve, the area was formerly a tank gunnery range and the Covenanters were likely used as targets.

Two Covenanter Bridgelayers are preserved in Australia – one at the Royal Australian Armoured Corps Tank Museum, Puckapunyal, Victoria, and one at the 1st/15th Royal New South Wales Lancers Lancer Barracks and Museum at Parramatta, New South Wales.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Covenanter tank


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Definition of religion

Definition of religion
Definition of religion was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

This article is tremendously POV. Beyond that, it's written like an essay and is not in encyclopedic form. I think the entry Religion does a much more creditable job. Redirect to Religion or just delete altogether. Katefan0 17:27, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, essay, rantish, smacks of original research. Wyss 18:48, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, rant. do not redirect. --62.253.64.12 21:29, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete essay. Gazpacho 23:00, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, prescriptivist original research. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 23:23, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Deep Thoughts. (Um, belief in the supernatural kind of makes for religion.)  Geogre 05:02, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Concur. But isn't Jack Handy dead?  Edeans 07:10, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * You mean you don't believe that he's speaking to this article's author from beyond? Geogre 13:16, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, extremely. We already have religion.  —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 10:33, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Abstain for the moment important subject that is not just a philosophical question but also has practical implications e.g. for the question whether to apply tax exempt status to scientology but all of the versions in the history are too essay like. I would welcome a well written article on this subject, which is very well possible given the fact that several religious scholars have written about this subject. Andries 14:56, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * There has already been a well-written article at Religion. Katefan0 20:36, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * There is a lot more material (I have read some) than that that the article religion contains and should contain. Unfortunately I do not remember it. Andries 20:56, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete --fvw *  19:50, 2004 Dec 16 (UTC)
 * Delete Szabo 02:24, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - A POV or at best a badly written essay. Maybe someone has the inclination to see if anything can be salvaged for the Religion article. --Zappaz 04:18, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete This is obvious, but   the section under religion 'Defining "religion"' should be expand. --ThomasK 09:24, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Let this person contribute to the Religion article, if he can avoid ranting. --BM 19:45, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. POV essay. Jayjg 00:02, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User:Neutral Article

Quite simply, I believe in a Wikipedia that is neutral and bias-free.

Vive la Suisse!

Neutral Article 17:27, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Neutral Article


text:
Minga

Minga may refer to:

 * Minga (surname)
 * Munich (Minga in the Austro-Bavarian language), the capital city of Bavaria, Germany
 * Minga Branch, a stream in the United States
 * Mink'a (hispanicized as minca, minga), a type of traditional communal work in the Andes
 * Minga, a television character from The Gumby Show
 * Mingə, a village in the Ismailli Rayon of Azerbaijan

title: Minga


text:
Fang (disambiguation)

A fang is a long, pointed tooth found in many animals, notably mammals, snakes, and spiders.

Fang(s) or The Fang may also refer to:

Geography

 * Fang (town), in Thailand
 * Fang County, in Shiyan, Hubei, China
 * Fang, Iran, a village in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran
 * Fang District, a district of Chiang Mai province, Thailand
 * Annapurna Fang, in Nepal, a peak in the Annapurna Massif
 * Fang Ridge, on Ross Island, near Antarctica
 * The Fang, the highest point of the ridge
 * The Fang (frozen waterfall), Vail, Colorado, US

Languages

 * Fang language, a Bantu language of the Central African Fang people
 * Fang language (Cameroon), a Southern Bantoid language

People

 * Fang people, in Central Africa
 * Fang (surname), a Chinese surname and unisex given name
 * Fang (alchemist) (fl. 1st century B.C.), Chinese woman alchemist

Given name

 * Chen Fang (rower) (born 1993), Chinese rower
 * Fang Liu (born 1962), Chinese attorney and first woman to be Secretary General of the International Civil Aviation Organization
 * Fang Wong (born 1948), US Army officer
 * Fang Wu (born 1990), Taiwanese singer-songwriter
 * Fang-Yi Sheu (born 1971), Taiwanese-American dancer

Books and comics

 * Fang: A Maximum Ride Novel, a novel by James Patterson
 * Fang (Harry Potter), Hagrid's pet dog in the Harry Potter series
 * Fang (comics), a Marvel Comics character
 * Fangs, a webcomic by Sarah Andersen

Fictional characters

 * Fang, the main character in the indie video game Goodbye Volcano High
 * F.A.N.G. (Street Fighter), in the video game series Street Fighter
 * Fang (cat), the cat sidekick of Mona the Vampire
 * Fang Brothers, two palace guards in the 16th-century Chinese novel Investiture of the Gods
 * Fang the Sniper, a villain in the Sonic the Hedgehog series
 * Fang, a mascot for the Arizona Rattlers
 * Fang, a wolf zoanthrope in the video game and manga Bloody Roar
 * Fang, a character in the Disney animated series Dave the Barbarian
 * Fang, a secret agent dog on the television show Get Smart
 * Fang, a main character in Maximum Ride
 * Fang, Phyllis Diller's comedy routine husband
 * Fang, a spider-headed villain in Teen Titans
 * Fang, a shark character in the animated series Total Drama
 * Cardinal Fang, a character in Monty Python's Spanish Inquisition sketch

Film

 * Fang (2018 film), an American horror film written and directed by Adam R. Steigert
 * Fang (2022 film), an American horror film written and directed by Richard Burgin

Music

 * Fang (band), a California punk band
 * Fangs (album), by Falling Up, 2009

Other

 * F.A.N.G, a vehicle in the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero 25th Anniversary toy series
 * Fangs: The Saga of Wolf Blood, a 1991 Enix home computer game

Other uses

 * Diamondback Energy (stock symbol FANG), an American energy exploration company
 * FAANG or FANG, an acronym for the Big Tech companies Facebook, Amazon, (Apple), Netflix, and Alphabet/Google
 * Fang, the primary component of the star Pi Scorpii

title: Fang (disambiguation)


text:
Ofira Navon

Ofira Resnikov Navon (אופירה נבון; January 1, 1936 – August 22, 1993) was the wife of Yitzhak Navon, the fifth President of Israel.

Biography
Ofira Navon was born in Tel Aviv to Batya and Eliezer Resnikov, both originally from Russia. She earned an MA in education and psychology from the University of Georgia, where she was also a member of the Delta Phi Epsilon sorority, and had professional certification in rehabilitation psychology from Columbia University. She and Yitzhak Navon had two children, Naama and Erez.

As First Lady
During her husband's presidency, from 1978 to 1983, Navon raised the profile of the president's wife. As First Lady, Navon established the President's Council for the Welfare of the Child. She worked with Jihan Sadat, wife of the Egyptian president, on rehabilitation projects for soldiers wounded in the Arab-Israeli conflict. Navon also pushed for an international treaty to protect children caught in war zones.

Navon was the first Israeli-born presidential wife. With her Ashkenazi upbringing, her marriage to a Sephardi Jew was unusual at the time. The fact that they were parents of small children was another first for the presidency in Israel.

Illness and death
In 1979, Navon was diagnosed with breast cancer and rejected a mastectomy, opting for chemotherapy and a lumpectomy. Later she argued for the right of patients to determine their own treatment. In August 1993, Navon died of leukemia at Hadassah Medical Center in Jerusalem at the age of 57.

title: Ofira Navon


text:
Saint-Germain-Laval

Saint-Germain-Laval may refer to the following communes in France:

 * Saint-Germain-Laval, Loire, in the Loire département
 * Saint-Germain-Laval, Seine-et-Marne, in the Seine-et-Marne département

title: Saint-Germain-Laval


text:
Raph Koster

Raphael "Raph" Koster (born September 7, 1971) is an American entrepreneur, game designer, and author of A Theory of Fun for Game Design. Koster is widely recognized for his work as the lead designer of Ultima Online and the creative director behind Star Wars Galaxies. From 2006 until 2013 he worked as the founder and president of Metaplace (previously operating as Areae and acquired by social gaming company Playdom in 2010, which was in turn acquired by Disney) producing a Facebook game platform.

Biography
Koster attended Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland, receiving a bachelor's degree in English (creative writing) and Spanish in 1992. The same year he became involved with MUDs as a developer of Worlds of Carnage, then in 1994 moved on to become implementor of LegendMUD, where he was known as Ptah. He also played MUME for a time. On May 10, 1992, he married Kristen who would later work alongside him at Origin Systems as a game designer.

In 1995, he received a Master of Fine Arts in Poetry from the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, and joined Origin Systems as the lead designer of Ultima Online. Koster was also the lead designer of Ultima Online: The Second Age, Ultima Online Live, and an unannounced and cancelled title until 2000, when he joined Verant Interactive in Austin as the creative director of Star Wars Galaxies.

Promoted to chief creative officer in 2003, he relocated to Sony Online Entertainment in San Diego where he spent three years primarily responsible for business development. In March 2006, Koster left the company to work on Metaplace which, at the end, was a social gaming platform for Facebook games. Since 2013 he is an independent designer and consultant.

Koster is a charter member of the Academy of Interactive Arts and Sciences, and a member of the IGDA, ASCAP, and Omicron Delta Kappa. He is also a frequent speaker at game industry conferences such as the GDC, DICE, State of Play, and E3. He presently lives in San Diego, California with his wife and family.

In 2019, Koster and Eric Goldberg founded a new company, Playable Worlds, focused on creating an as-yet-unnamed MMORPG.

Games

 * LegendMUD (emeritus implementor, 1994)
 * Ultima Online (lead designer; Origin Systems 1997)
 * Ultima Online: The Second Age (lead designer; Origin Systems 1998)
 * Star Wars Galaxies: An Empire Divided (creative director; Verant Interactive 2003)
 * Star Wars Galaxies: Jump to Lightspeed (chief creative officer; Sony Online Entertainment 2004)
 * Star Wars Galaxies: Episode III Rage of the Wookiees (chief creative officer; Sony Online Entertainment 2005)
 * Star Wars Galaxies: Trials of Obi-Wan (chief creative officer; Sony Online Entertainment 2005)
 * EverQuest II (chief creative officer; Sony Online Entertainment 2004)
 * EverQuest II: Desert of Flames (chief creative officer; Sony Online Entertainment 2005)
 * EverQuest II: Kingdom of Sky (chief creative officer; Sony Online Entertainment 2006)
 * Champions: Return to Arms (chief creative officer; Sony Online Entertainment 2005)
 * Untold Legends: Brotherhood of the Blade (chief creative officer and editor; Sony Online Entertainment 2005)
 * GripShift (chief creative officer; Sony Online Entertainment 2005)
 * Frantix (chief creative officer; Sony Online Entertainment 2005)
 * Field Commander (chief creative officer; Sony Online Entertainment 2006)

Discography

 * After the Flood (1999)

Writing

 * A Theory of Fun for Game Design — Foreword by Will Wright (ISBN 1-932111-97-2)
 * "Declaring the Rights of Avatars"
 * A Story About A Tree, (May 1998), revolving around the Karyn incident
 * "The Laws of Online World Design" (GDC 1999 presentation)
 * Koster, Raph. "Geek Fun Isn't Frivolous; Alien Swarms of Thundering, Flashing Games Hit Town This Week. They're Here to Make Us Smarter." Los Angeles Times May 15, 2005, sec. M1.
 * "As Seen In Modern Lair" (October 2007)

Awards

 * Hot 100 (Next Generation 2006)
 * 100 Greatest Developers (Game Informer 2006)

Interviews

 * Pham, Alex. "Game Design; Building a Community—Even a Virtual One—Takes Work." Los Angeles Times Sep 6, 2001, sec. T5.
 * (Amber Night)
 * (Stratics)
 * Interview: March 22, 2006 (Game Studies)
 * Interview: July 25, 2006 (The Escapist)
 * Interview: March 10, 2007 (GameZombie.tv)
 * (The MMO Gamer)

In the news

 * BBC: Virtual worlds opened up to all (September 19, 2007)

title: Raph Koster


text:
Talk:Acholiland

map
I figured that I might as well use the LRA map I made to generate another one for Acholiland. Suggestions or comments are welcome, it's easy to adjust the map! — mark ✎ 17:28, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

research
acholiland is one of the places i'm currently doing research on. along with djibouti. Gringo300 05:59, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I hope we get to see the results in the form of improvements to the article! — mark ✎ 11:19, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Acholiland


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Talk:Truffle

Truffles in Iran
Iran produces high amount of truffles and some of the best in the world, why is this not mentioned in this article and it is not shown on the map that truffles exist in Iran. The price is low compared to other places because of the high amount that is produced. Truffles are common in Shiraz for instance, where they are used in varies kinds of foods, e.g. grilled etc. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.72.233.229 (talk) 18:18, 2 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Those are likely desert truffles, or Terfeziaceae.
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terfeziaceae
 * 212.237.121.220 (talk) 18:48, 10 March 2023 (UTC)

no pictures of black truffles?
The French would be outraged. :p 67.160.10.87 04:29, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Honestly, we are pretty pissed. 2600:1700:2F60:E2B0:3858:AAC2:A502:694E (talk) 14:54, 28 July 2023 (UTC)

Yes, but how much do they cost?
Truffles are known for being expensive, but how expensive are they? I had to follow a link to an external website (via the references) to find out. Shouldn't this information be in the article? I note that prices are given for both saffron and caviar... 62.64.210.6 (talk) 00:14, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

Sound of language
"Similar appearance to" is a very odd and clunky phrase to these American ears, but I have zero desire to edit war over it. Signed, freelance writer. IAmNitpicking (talk) 11:00, 21 October 2022 (UTC)

Trifola d'Alba... Madonna?
The italian name for the white truffle is "tartufo bianco" or sometimes "tartufo bianco d'Alba". The name "trifola" is from the piedmontese dialect, where Alba is located. "Trifola d'Alba" is quite a regional denomination: most of italians will not necessarily understand what are you talking about! Anyway the suffix "Madonna", and as such the apparent translation of the group "Alba Madonna" as "white Madonna" is absolutely invalid. OK that the latin "albus" means "bianco", white in italian, but the name "Alba" is the name of a city that nothing has to do with the name of the color or of the virgin Mary whatsoever!

I can see that the suffix "Madonna" was added by some unnamed user, IP=172.12.90.215, some 8 years ago, on 2014-12-15T04:13:18. And that name has been fixed since then to all the new revisions and copied to the main article on Tuber magnatum. Many other references on the web use that name, but they are all in english. I can find only few references in italian to the suffix "Madonna", all evidently derived from automatic translations from english. I live in northern Italy and regularly visit Alba for the truffle fair.

I believe this was a bad joke, and if there are no other ideas I will correct the name, omitting the "Madonna" suffix, and using the italian name "tartufo" instead of the dialectal "trifola". This last name can be left as a curiosity. I will do the same on the Tuber magnatum page. Pietro Toniolo (talk) 12:02, 23 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Truffle


text:
User:Improv/template archive

This is an archived talk page. If you want to comment further on something in it, I'll happily move (or copy) the old conversation from the archive to my current talk page.

title: User:Improv/template archive


text:
Saint-Germain-le-Gaillard

Saint-Germain-le-Gaillard may refer to the following communes in France:

 * Saint-Germain-le-Gaillard, Eure-et-Loir, in the Eure-et-Loir département
 * Saint-Germain-le-Gaillard, Manche, in the Manche département

title: Saint-Germain-le-Gaillard


text:
Kingsdown

Kingsdown may refer to:

Places

 * England
 * Kingsdown, Bristol, a suburb
 * Kingsdown, Dover, a village in east Kent
 * West Kingsdown, north Kent
 * Kingsdown, Swale, a hamlet on the North Downs in Kent
 * Kingsdown, Swindon, a suburb of Swindon in Wiltshire
 * Kingsdown, Box, a hamlet in Wiltshire

 * United States
 * Kingsdown, Kansas

People

 * Thomas Pemberton Leigh, 1st Baron Kingsdown, a hereditary peer of England
 * Robin Leigh-Pemberton, Baron Kingsdown, a life peer of England

title: Kingsdown


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Rebetiko

Rebetiko (ρεμπέτικο, ), plural rebetika (ρεμπέτικα ), occasionally transliterated as rembetiko or rebetico, is a term used today to designate originally disparate kinds of urban Greek music which in the 1930s went through a process of musical syncretism and developed into a more distinctive musical genre. Rebetiko briefly can be described as the urban popular song of the Greeks, especially the poorest, from the late 19th century to the 1950s, and served as the basis for further developments in popular Greek music. The music, which was partly forgotten, was rediscoved during the so-called rebetika revival, which started in the 1960s and developed further from the early 1970s onwards.

In 2017 rebetiko was added in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.

Definition and etymology
The word rebetiko (plural rebetika) is an adjectival form derived from the Greek word rebetis (ρεμπέτης, ). The word rebetis is today construed to mean a person who embodies aspects of character, dress, behavior, morals and ethics associated with a particular subculture. The etymology of the word rebetis remains the subject of dispute and uncertainty; an early scholar of rebetiko, Elias Petropoulos, and the modern Greek lexicographer Giorgos Babiniotis, both offer various suggested derivations, but leave the question open. The earliest source of the word to date is to be found in a Greek-Latin dictionary published in Leiden, Holland in 1614 where the word ῥεμπιτός is defined as a 'wanderer', 'blind', 'misguided', etc.

Musical bases
Although nowadays treated as a single genre, rebetiko is, musically speaking, a synthesis of elements of European music, the music of the various areas of the Greek mainland and the Greek islands, Greek Orthodox ecclesiastical chant, often referred to as Byzantine music, and the modal traditions of Ottoman art music and café music.

Melody and harmony

The melodies of most rebetiko songs are thus often considered to follow one or more dromoi (δρόμοι, Greek for 'roads' or 'routes'; singular is dromos (δρόμος). The names of the dromoi are derived in all but a few cases from the names of various Turkish modes, also known as makam.

However, the majority of rebetiko songs have been accompanied by instruments capable of playing chords according to the Western harmonic system, and have thereby been harmonized in a manner which corresponds neither with conventional European harmony, nor with Ottoman art music, which is a monophonic form normally not harmonized. Furthermore, rebetika has come to be played on instruments tuned in equal temperament, in direct conflict with the more complex pitch divisions of the makam system.

During the later period of the rebetiko revival there has been a cultural entente between Greek and Turkish musicians, mostly of the younger generations. One consequence of this has been a tendency to overemphasize the makam aspect of rebetiko at the expense of the European components and, most significantly, at the expense of perceiving and problematizing this music's truly syncretic nature.

However it is important to note in this context that a considerable proportion of the rebetiko repertoire on Greek records until 1936 was not dramatically different, except in terms of language and musical "dialect", from Ottoman café music (played by musicians of various ethnic backgrounds) which the mainland Greeks called Smyrneika. This portion of the recorded repertoire was played almost exclusively on the instruments of Smyrneika/Ottoman café music, such as kanonaki, santouri, politikí lyra (πολίτικη λύρα), tsimbalo (τσίμπαλο, actually identical with the Hungarian cimbalom, or the Romanian țambal), and clarinet.

Scales
The scales used in rebetiko music are the traditional western major and minor scales, as well as a series of eastern makams, influenced by the Ottoman classical music. Some of them include rast, uşşâk, hijaz (or "phrygian dominant scale"), saba(h) and nahawand.

Rhythms
Most rebetiko songs are based on traditional Greek or Anatolian dance rhythms. Most common are:
 * Syrtos, a general name for many Greek dances (including the Nisiotika), (mostly a meter in various forms)
 * Zeibekiko, a or a  meter, in its various forms
 * Hasaposervikos, including various kinds of Greek music. It is also the fast version of hasapiko (like and  meter)
 * Hasapiko, a meter and the fast version hasaposerviko in a  meter
 * Antikristos or Karsilamas and argilamas (a meter)
 * Kamilierikos (a meter) and aptalikos, broken down into sixteenths, (slow version a  and fast version a  meter in various forms
 * Tsifteteli, cheerful dance for women (a )
 * Bolero, in a few songs, mainly for guitar (a )

Various other rhythms are used too.

Taxim
There is one component within the rebetiko tradition which is common to many musical styles within Eastern musical spheres. This is the freely improvised unmeasured prelude, within a given dromos/makam, which can occur at the beginning or in the middle of a song. This is known in Greek as taxim or taximi (ταξίμ or ταξίμι) after the Arabic word usually transliterated as taqsim or.

Instruments
The first rebetiko songs to be recorded, as mentioned above, were mostly in Ottoman/Smyrna style, employing instruments of the Ottoman tradition. During the second half of the 1930s, as rebetiko music gradually acquired its own character, the bouzouki began to emerge as the emblematic instrument of this music, gradually ousting the instruments which had been brought over from Asia Minor.

The bouzouki
The bouzouki was apparently not particularly well-known among the refugees from Asia Minor, but had been known by that name in Greece since at least 1835, from which year a drawing by the Danish artist Martinus Rørbye has survived. It is a view of the studio of the Athenian luthier Leonidas Gailas (Λεωνίδας Γάϊλας), whom the artist describes as Fabricatore di bossuchi. The drawing clearly shows a number of bouzouki-like instruments. Despite this evidence, we still know nothing of the early history of the instrument's association with what came to be called rebetiko. Recent research has however uncovered a number of hitherto unknown references to the instrument during the 19th and early 20th centuries, including evidence of its established presence in the Peloponnese.

Although known in the rebetiko context, and often referred to in song lyrics, well before it was allowed into the recording studio, the bouzouki was first commercially recorded not in Greece, but in America, in 1926, when the Peloponnesian musician Konstandinos Kokotis (1878 – after 1948) recorded two Peloponnesian folk songs with the accordionist Ioannis Sfondilias. This recording, reissued for the first time in 2013, reveals a "folk" melodic style never recorded before or since. The first recording to feature the instrument clearly in a recognisable somewhat more "modern" melodic role, was made in 1929, in New York. Three years later the first true bouzouki solo was recorded by Ioannis Halikias, also in New York, in January 1932.

In Greece the bouzouki had been allowed into a studio for the first time a few months previously, in October 1931. In the hands of Thanassis Manetas (1870-ca 1943), together with the tsimbalo player Yiannis Livadhitis, it can be heard accompanying the singers Konstantinos Masselos, aka Nouros, and Spahanis, on two discs, three songs in all.

These early commercial recordings in America and in Greece had however been preceded by a group of documentary recordings, consisting of one shellac 78 rpm disc and five wax cylinders, made in Görlitz, Germany in July 1917, during WWI. The amateur bouzouki player Konstandinos Kalamaras accompanied a professional Byzantine singer, Konstandinos Vorgias, and an amateur singer, Apostolos Papadiamantis. These three men were among 6500 Greek soldiers interned as guests of Germany in an ex-POW camp in the small town of Görlitz at the Polish border, from September 1916 until their release in February 1919.

It was not until October 1932, in the wake of the success of Halikias' New York recording, which immediately met with great success in Greece, that Markos Vamvakaris made his first recordings with the bouzouki. These recordings marked the real beginning of the bouzouki's recorded career in Greece, a career which continues unbroken to the present day.

Other instruments
The core instruments of rebetiko, from the mid-1930s onwards, have been the bouzouki, the baglamas and the guitar. Other instruments included accordion, politiki (Constantinopolitan) lyra (sometimes other lyra were used), clarinet, kanonaki, oud, santur, violin and finger-cymbals. Other instruments heard on rebetiko recordings include: double bass, laouto, mandola, mandolin and piano. In some recordings, the sound of clinking glass may be heard. This sound is produced by drawing worry beads (komboloi) against a fluted drinking glass, originally an ad hoc and supremely effective rhythmic instrument, probably characteristic of teké and taverna milieux, and subsequently adopted in the recording studios.

Lyrics
Like several other urban subcultural musical forms such as the blues, flamenco, fado, bal-musette and tango, rebetiko grew out of particular urban circumstances. Often its lyrics reflect the harsher realities of a marginalized subculture's lifestyle. Thus one finds themes such as crime, drink, drugs, poverty, prostitution and violence, but also a multitude of themes of relevance to Greek people of any social stratum: death, eroticism, exile, exoticism, disease, love, marriage, matchmaking, the mother figure, war, work, and diverse other everyday matters, both happy and sad. "The womb of rebetika was the jail and the hash den. It was there that the early rebetes created their songs. They sang in quiet, hoarse voices, unforced, one after the other, each singer adding a verse which often bore no relation to the previous verse, and a song often went on for hours. There was no refrain, and the melody was simple and easy. One rebetis accompanied the singer with a bouzouki or a baglamas (a smaller version of the bouzouki, very portable, easy to make in prison and easy to hide from the police), and perhaps another, moved by the music, would get up and dance. The early rebetika songs, particularly the love songs, were based on Greek folk songs and the songs of the Greeks of Smyrna and Constantinople." Manos Hatzidakis summarized the key elements in three words with a wide presence in the vocabulary of modern Greek meraki, kefi, and kaimos (μεράκι, κέφι, καημός: love, joy, and sorrow).

A perhaps over-emphasized theme of rebetiko is the pleasure of using drugs (cocaine, heroin-preza etc.), but especially hashish. Rebetiko songs emphasizing such matters have come to be called hasiklidika (χασικλίδικα), although musically speaking they do not differ from the main body of rebetiko songs in any particular way.

Culture
Rebetiko is closely related with nightlife entertainment: ouzeri, taverna (Greek tavern) and night centres.

Rebetiko is also sometimes related with the icon of mangas (μάγκας, ), which means strong guy that "needs correction", a social group in the Belle Époque era's counterculture of Greece (especially of the great urban centers: Athens, Piraeus, and Thessaloniki).

Mangas was a label for men belonging to the working class, behaving in a particularly arrogant/presumptuous way, and dressing with a very typical vesture composed of a woolen hat (kavouraki, καβουράκι), a jacket (they usually wore only one of its sleeves), a tight belt (used as a knife case), stripe pants, and pointy shoes. Other features of their appearance were their long moustache, their bead chaplets (κομπολόγια, sing. κομπολόι), and their idiosyncratic manneristic limp-walking (κουτσό βάδισμα). A related social group were the Koutsavakides (κουτσαβάκηδες, sing. κουτσαβάκης ); the two terms are occasionally used interchangeably.

History
Initially a music associated with the lower classes, rebetiko later reached greater general acceptance as the rough edges of its overt subcultural character were softened and polished, sometimes to the point of unrecognizability. Then, when the original form was almost forgotten, and its original protagonists either dead, or in some cases almost consigned to oblivion, it became, from the 1960s onwards, a revived musical form of wide popularity, especially among younger people of the time.

Origins
Rebetiko probably originated in the music of the large (mainly) coastal cities with large Greek communities of western Anatolia during the Ottoman era. In these cities the cradles of rebetiko were likely the ouzeri, the hashish dens (tekedes) with hookahs, coffee shops and even the prison. In view of the paucity of documentation prior to the era of sound recordings it is difficult to assert further facts on the very early history of this music. There is a certain amount of recorded Greek material from the first two decades of the 20th century, recorded in Constantinople/Istanbul, in Egypt and in America, of which isolated examples have some bearing on rebetiko, such as in the first case of the use of the word itself on a record label. But there are no recordings from this early period which give an inkling of the local music of Piraeus such as first emerged on disc in 1931 (see above).

Smyrna style (Smyrneïko)
During the early 20th century, the main centre of rebetiko music was the multi-national port of Smyrna (modern İzmir) in Asia Minor. The musicians of Smyrna were influenced not only from the eastern sounds inside the Ottoman empire, but also from the European-style music of the many European communities of the city, most notably the Italians. Smyrneiki Estudiantina was a group of musicians playing popular music for Greeks worldwide. After the Great fire of Smyrna many of them (Panagiotis Toundas, Spyros Peristeris, Giorgos Vidalis, Anestis Delias and others) fled to Greece contributing to the development of the rebetiko style music in Greece.

1922–1932
In the wake of the Asia Minor Catastrophe and the population exchange of 1923, huge numbers of refugees settled in Piraeus, Thessaloniki, Volos and other harbor cities. They brought with them both European and Anatolian musical instruments and musical elements, including Ottoman café music, and, often neglected in accounts of this music, a somewhat Italianate style with mandolins and choral singing in parallel thirds and sixths.

Many of these Greek musicians from Asia Minor were highly competent musicians. Initially an "Athenean Estudiantina" was established with Giorgos Vidalis and some musicians of the old Smyrneiki Estudiantina. Other musicians became studio directors (A&R men) for the major companies, for example Spyros Peristeris (who played mandolin, guitar, piano and later bouzouki), Panagiotis Toundas (primarily a mandolinist) and the violin virtuoso Giannis Dragatsis (Oghdhondakis). The musical personalities of Peristeris and Toundas in particular came to have enormous influence on the further development of recorded rebetiko. While from the middle of the 1920s a substantial number of Anatolian-style songs were recorded in Greece, examples of Piraeus-style rebetiko song first reached shellac in 1931 (see above).

1930s

During the 1930s, the relatively sophisticated musical styles met with, and cross-fertilised, with the more heavy-hitting local urban styles exemplified by the earliest recordings of Markos Vamvakaris and Batis.

This historical process has led to a currently used terminology intended to distinguish between the clearly Asia Minor oriental style, often called "Smyrneïka", and the bouzouki-based style of the 1930s, often called Piraeus style. Also, the use of mandolin totally vanished.

By the end of the 1930s rebetiko had reached what can reasonably be called its classic phase, in which elements of the early Piraeus style, elements of the Asia Minor style, clearly European and Greek folk music elements, had fused to generate a genuinely syncretic musical form. Simultaneously, with the onset of censorship, a process began in which rebetiko lyrics slowly began to lose what had been their defining underworld character. This process extended over more than a decade.

Metaxas censorship, new directions
In 1936, the 4th of August Regime under Ioannis Metaxas was established and with it, the onset of censorship. Some of the subject matter of rebetiko songs was now considered disreputable and unacceptable. During this period, when the Metaxas dictatorship subjected all song lyrics to censorship, song composers would rewrite lyrics, or practice self-censorship before submitting lyrics for approval. The music itself was not subject to censorship, although proclamations were made recommending the "Europeanisation" of the regarded outcoming Anatolian music, which led to certain radio stations banning amanedes in 1938, i.e. on the basis of music rather than lyrics. This was, however, not bouzouki music. The term amanedes, (sing. amanes, Gr. αμανέδες, sing. αμανές) refers to a kind of improvised sung lament, in ummeasured time, sung in a particular dromos/makam. The amanedes were perhaps the most pointedly oriental kind of songs in the Greek repertoire of the time.

Metaxas closed also all the tekedes (hashish dens) in the country. References to drugs and other criminal or disreputable activities now vanished from recordings made in Greek studios, to reappear briefly in the first recordings made at the resumption of recording activity in 1946. In the United States, however, a flourishing Greek musical production continued, with song lyrics apparently unaffected by censorship, (see below) although, strangely, the bouzouki continued to be rare on American recordings until after WWII.

It is notable that Rebetiko music was also rejected by the Greek Left because of its "reactionary" (according to the Communist Party of Greece) and subculture character and the drug references.

Postwar period
Recording activities ceased during the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II (1941–1944), and did not resume until 1946; that year, during a very short period, a handful of uncensored songs with drug references were recorded, several in multiple versions with different singers.

The scene was soon popularized further by stars like Vassilis Tsitsanis. His musical career had started in 1936, and continued during the war despite the occupation. A musical genius, he was both a brilliant bouzouki player and a prolific composer, with hundreds of songs to his credit. After the war he continued to develop his style in new directions, and under his wing, singers such as Sotiria Bellou, Ioanna Georgakopoulou, Stella Haskil and Marika Ninou made their appearance. Tsitsanis developed the "westernization" of the rebetiko and made it more known to large sections of the population, setting also the bases for the future laiko.

In 1948 Manos Hatzidakis shook the musical establishment by delivering his legendary lecture on rebetiko, until then with heavy underworld and cannabis use connections and consequently looked down upon. Hatzidakis focused on the economy of expression, the deep traditional roots and the genuineness of emotion displayed in rembetika, and exalted the likes of composers like Markos Vamvakaris and Vassilis Tsitsanis. Putting theory into practice, he adapted classic rembetika in his 1951 piano work, Six Folk Paintings (Έξι Λαϊκές Ζωγραφιές), which was later also presented as a folk ballet.

Parallel to the post-war career of Tsitsanis, the career of Manolis Chiotis took rebetiko and the Greek popular music in more radically new directions. Chiotis developed much more the "europeanisation/westernization" of the rebetiko. In 1953 he added a fourth pair of strings to the bouzouki, which allowed it to be played as a guitar and set the stage for the future 'electrification' of rebetiko.

Chiotis was also a bold innovator, importing Latin and South American rhythms (such as flamenco, rumba, mambo etc.), and concentrating on songs in a decidedly lighter vein than the characteristic ambiance of rebetiko songs. Perhaps most significantly of all, Chiotis, himself a virtuoso not only on the bouzouki but on guitar, violin and oud, was responsible for introducing and popularizing the modified 4-stringed bouzouki (tetrahordho) in 1956. Chiotis was already a seemingly fully-fledged virtuoso on the traditional 3-stringed instrument by his teens, but the guitar-based tuning of his new instrument, in combination with his playful delight in extreme virtuosity, led to new concepts of bouzouki playing which came to define the style used in laïki mousiki (laiko) and other forms of bouzouki music, which however could no longer really be called rebetiko in any sense.

A comparable development also took place on the vocal side. In 1952 a young singer named Stelios Kazantzidis recorded a couple of rebetika songs that were quite successful. Although he would continue in the same style for a few years it was quickly realized, by all parties involved, that his singing technique and expressive abilities were too good to be contained within the rebetiko idiom. Soon well-known composers of rebetika—like Kaldaras, Chiotis, Klouvatos—started to write songs tailored to Stelios powerful voice and this created a further shift in rebetika music. The new songs had a more complex melodic structure and were usually more dramatic in character. Kazantzidis went on to become a star of the emerging laiki music.

Kazantzidis, however, did not only contribute to the demise of classical rebetika (of the Piraeus style that is). Paradoxically, he was also one of the forerunners of its revival. In 1956 he started his cooperation with Vassilis Tsitsanis who, in addition to writing new songs for Kazantzidis, also gave him some of his old ones to reinterpret. Kazantzidis, thus, sung and popularized such rebetika classics as "Synnefiasmeni Kyriaki" (Clouded Sunday), "Bakse tsifliki" and "Ta Kavourakia". These songs, and many others, previously unknown to the wider public, suddenly became cherished and sought-after.

At about the same time many of the old time performers—both singers and bouzouki players—abandoned the musical scene of Greece. Some of them died prematurely (Haskil, Ninou), others emigrated to the US (Binis, Evgenikos, Tzouanakos, Kaplanis), while some quit music life for other work (Pagioumtzis, Genitsaris). This, of course, created a void which had to be filled with new blood. In the beginning the new recruits—like for example Dalia, Grey and Kazantzidis—stayed within the bounds of classical rebetica. Soon, however, their youthful enthusiasm and different experiences found expression in new stylistic venues which eventually changed the old idiom.

This combined situation contributed, during the 1950s, to the almost total eclipse of rebetiko by other popular styles. By the late 1950s, rebetiko had declined; it only survived in the form of archontorebetiko (αρχοντορεμπέτικο, 'posh rebetiko' or 'bourgeois rebetiko'), a refined style of rebetiko that was far more accepted by the upper class than the traditional form of the genre.

In fact, somewhat confusingly, from at least the 1950s, during which period rebetiko songs were not usually referred to as a separate musical category, but more specifically on the basis of lyrics, the term laïki mousiki (λαϊκή μουσική), or laïka, (λαϊκα) covered a broad range of Greek popular music, including songs with the bouzouki, and songs that today would without doubt be classified as rebetiko. The term in its turn derives from the word laos (λάος) which translates best as 'the people'.

The revival
The first phase of the rebetiko revival can perhaps be said to have begun around 1960. In that year the singer Grigoris Bithikotsis recorded a number of songs by Markos Vamvakaris, and Vamvakaris himself made his first recording since 1954. During the same period, writers such as Elias Petropoulos began researching and publishing their earliest attempts to write on rebetiko as a subject in itself. The bouzouki, unquestioned as the basic musical instrument of rebetiko music, now began to make inroads into other areas of Greek music, not least due to the virtuosity of Manolis Chiotis. From 1960 onwards prominent Greek composers such as Mikis Theodorakis and Manos Hatzidakis employed bouzouki virtuosi such as Manolis Chiotis, Giorgos Zambetas, and Thanassis Polyhandriotis in their recordings.

The next phase of the rebetiko revival can be said to have started in the beginning of the 1970s, when LP reissues of 78 rpm recordings, both anthologies and records devoted to individual artists, began to appear in larger numbers. This phase of the revival was initially, and is still to a large extent, characterized by a desire to recapture the style of the original recordings, whereas the first phase tended to present old songs in the current musical idiom of Greek popular music, laïki mousiki. Many singers emerged and became popular during this period. It was during the 1970s that the first work which aimed at popularizing rebetiko outside the Greek language sphere appeared and the first English-language academic work was completed.

During the 1970s a number of older artists made new recordings of the older repertoire, accompanied by bouzouki players of a younger generation. Giorgios Mouflouzelis, for example, recorded a number of LPs, though he had never recorded during his youth in the 78 rpm era. The most significant contribution in this respect was perhaps a series of LPs recorded by the singer Sotiria Bellou, who had had a fairly successful career from 1947 onwards, initially under the wing of Tsitsanis. These newer recordings were instrumental in bringing rebetiko to the ears of many who were unfamiliar with the recordings of the 78 rpm era, and are still available today as CDs.

An important aspect of the revival of the late 1960s and early 1970s was the element of protest, resistance and revolt against the military dictatorship of the junta years. This was perhaps because rebetiko lyrics, although seldom directly political, were easily construed as subversive by the nature of their subject matter and their association in popular memory with previous periods of conflict.

Rebetiko in its original form was revived during the Junta of 1967–1974, when the Regime of the Colonels banned it. After the end of the Junta, many revival groups (and solo artists) appeared. The most notable of them include Opisthodhromiki Kompania, Rembetiki Kompania, Babis Tsertos, Agathonas Iakovidis and others.

Giorgos Dalaras in 1975 decided to release his own renditions of rebetiko songs on the double LP 50 Chronia Rebetiko Tragoudi (50 Χρόνια Ρεμπέτικο Τραγούδι, 50 Years of Rebetiko Songs). The recording proved an immediate success, despite the toning down of the lyrics. However, as a result, a new movement was set to take place in Greek music, and the once forgotten rebetes were finding themselves performing, in some cases for the first time in 30 to 40 years. He followed up this work with an LP in 1980, Rebetika tis Katochis (Ρεμπέτικα της Κατοχής,  Rebetiko (songs) of the occupation), which was a more gritty and meaty release, more faithful to the tone of the original rebetika as heard in the 1930s. However, again references to drugs were cut out, and only mentioned in passing. Unlike the previous double LP, this one contained some of the original musicians, Bayianteras and Genitsaris in particular making an appearance on the album.

Modern times
Today, rebetiko songs are still popular in Greece, both in contemporary interpretations which make no attempt to be other than contemporary in style, and in interpretations aspiring to emulate the old styles. The genre is a subject of growing international research, and its popularity outside Greece is now well-established.

Some of the musicians and singers of the genre include Babis Tsertos, Babis Goles and Agathonas Iakovidis.

In 2012, Vinicio Capossela released his music album Rebetiko Gymnastas.

In the United States
Greek emigration to the United States started in earnest towards the end of the 19th century. From then onwards, and in the years following the Asia Minor Disaster, until immigration became restricted in the mid-1920s, a great number of Greeks emigrated to the United States, bringing their musical traditions with them. American companies began recording Greek music performed by these immigrants as early as 1896. The first Greek-American recording enterprises made their appearance in 1919. From the latter years of the second decade of the century there exist a number of recordings that can be considered as rebetiko, a few years before such songs began to appear on recordings in Greece.

The music industry in the United States came to play a particular role from the mid-1930s onwards in recording rebetiko lyrics which would not have passed the censors in Greece. This phenomenon came to repeat itself during the period of the Greek military junta of 1967–1974. A notable example of American recording studios permitting some 'bolder' lyrics can be found in the LP Otan Kapnizi O Loulas (Όταν Καπνίζει Ο Λουλάς, When They Smoke The Hookah) by Apostolos Nikolaidis, released in 1973. Releasing this album in Greece, with its overt references to various aspects of drug use, would have been impossible at that time. It is worth noting, however, that the censorship laws invoked in Greece by Metaxas were never officially revoked until 1981, seven years after the fall of the junta. A further characteristic of American Greek recordings of the time was the recording of songs in the Anatolian musical styles of rebetiko, which continued in the United States well into the 1950s. Even songs originally recorded with typical bouzouki-baglamas-guitar accompaniment could appear in Anatolian garments.

After WWII, beginning in the early 1950s, many Greek rebetiko musicians and singers traveled from Greece to tour the United States, and some stayed for longer periods. Prominent among them were Ioannis Papaioannou, Manolis Chiotis, Vassilis Tsitsanis, Iordanis Tsomidis, Roza Eskenazi, Stratos Pagioumtzis, Stavros Tzouanakos and Giannis Tatasopoulos, of whom the latter three died in the United States.

Rebetiko rock
Rebetiko rock is a music genre that fuses the elements of rock music and rebetiko. Hard rock and the Greek folk music are also a major influence on rebetiko rock.

Discography
Much rebetiko is issued in Greece on CDs which quickly go out of print. Since the 1990s a considerable number of high quality CD productions of historical rebetiko have been released by various European and American labels. The following select discography includes some of these historical anthologies, which are likely to be available in English speaking countries, plus a few Greek issues. All are CDs unless otherwise noted. The emphasis on English-language releases in this discography is motivated both by their consistently high sound quality and by their inclusion, in many cases, of copious information in English, which tends to be lacking in Greek issues. See however link section below for one Greek source of historic CDs with website and notes in English.

 * Apostolos Hadzichristos – A Unique Greek Voice, (4CD), JSP Records, 2011.
 * From Tambouras to Bouzouki The History and Evolution of the Bouzouki and its First Recordings (1926–1932), Orpheum Phonograph ORPH-01 ISBN 978-618-80538-0-9, 2013.
 * Great Voices of Constantinople 1927–1933, Rounder Records, 1997.
 * Greek-Oriental Rebetica-Songs & Dances in the Asia Minor Style:The Golden Years, Arhoolie Records, 1991.
 * Greek Rhapsody – Instrumental Music from Greece 1905–1956, (2CD & book) Dust-To-Digital DTD-27, 2013.
 * Marika Papagika – Greek Popular and Rebetic Music in New York 1918–1929, Alma Criolla Records, 1994.
 * Markos Vamvakaris, Bouzouki Pioneer, 1932–1940, Rounder Records, 1998.
 * Markos Vamvakaris, Master of Rembetika – Complete Recordings 1932–1937, plus selected recordings 1938, (4CD), JSP Records, 2010
 * Mortika – Rare Vintage Recordings from a Greek Underworld, ARKO records, Uppsala, 2005. CD and book, also issued as 2LP box by Mississippi Records, 2009.
 * Mourmourika: Songs of the Greek Underworld, Rounder Records, 1999.
 * My Only Consolation: Classic Pireotic Rembetica 1932–1946, Rounder Records, 1999.
 * Rembetica: Historic Urban Folk Songs From Greece, Rounder Records, 1992.
 * Rembetika: Greek Music from the Underground, JSP Records, 2006.
 * Rembetika 2: More of the Secret History of Greece's Underground Music, JSP Records, 2008.
 * Rebetiki Istoria, EMIAL-Lambropoulos, Athens 1975–76 – LP series in six volumes, later also issued on cassettes and CDs.
 * Roza Eskenazi – Rembetissa, Rounder Records, 1996.
 * The Rough Guide to Rebetika, World Music Network, 2004.
 * Vassilis Tsitsanis – All the pre-war recordings, 1936–1940 (5CD), JSP Records, 2008.
 * Vassilis Tsitsanis – The Postwar Years 1946–1954, (4CD), JSP Records, 2009.
 * Women of Rembetica, Rounder Records, 2000.
 * Women of Rembetika, (4CD), JSP Records, 2012.
 * Various – The Diaspora Of Rembetiko, Network Medien, (2CD), compilation, 2004

title: Rebetiko


text:
Category:Museums in Florida

Museums in the U.S. state of Florida.

title: Category:Museums in Florida


text:
Saint-Grégoire

Saint-Grégoire or variation, may refer:

People

 * Pope Gregory I, also known as Saint Gregory/Saint Grégoire
 * Nicolas Saint Grégoire (born 1983), American-French artist

Canada

 * Saint-Grégoire, Quebec, a community of the city of Bécancour, Quebec
 * Mont Saint-Grégoire, mountain in the Montérégie region of southern Quebec
 * Mont-Saint-Grégoire, Quebec, Canada; a municipality
 * Saint-Grégoire-de-Greenlay, Quebec, Canada; a village municipality

France
A commune in France:
 * Saint-Grégoire, Ille-et-Vilaine, in the Ille-et-Vilaine department
 * Saint-Grégoire, Tarn, in the Tarn department
 * Saint-Grégoire-d'Ardennes, in the Charente-Maritime department
 * Saint-Grégoire-du-Vièvre, in the Eure department

title: Saint-Grégoire


text:
User talk:Thue/Archive3

Maggie102 Deletion
Why did you delete Maggie's articles?-WD-40
 * Which articles is that precisely? Thue | talk 19:00, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I don't know. I just happened to be on her talk page when I saw that you mentioned getting rid of a test article.- WD-40
 * There is no text at User talk:Maggie, and I don't remember which user you are refering to (I delete a lot of speedy deletes). Thue | talk 19:13, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Hey, did you delete an article on foopmla? By the way, we meant Maggie102.
 * No, according to the deletion log nobody has deleted any article called foopmla. I think I vaguely remembers Maggie102's article, it probably fell under nonsense criteria for speedy deletion. If you want to know a more exact reason you will have to point out the exact article. Also, please sign your posts with ~ . Thue | talk 19:24, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Also, do you know somebody by the user name of postdlf?
 * Nothing except that he is a wikipedia user. Thue | talk 19:24, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I meant to say "Foompla." And stay away from that postdlf. He's a jerk and deletes and blocks EVERYTHING! I'm off the site for the rest of the day, talk to you tomorrow.
 * Foompla had the content "Foompla is an imaginary word created by Jared Wolf. It means whatever the person saying it wants it to mean." before it was deleted. It should be obvious why it was deleted. Thue | talk 19:32, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Thue: WD-40 & Jonesc have been blocked. :-( He wanted me to tell you.-Turcottem

 * I don't plan to get involved in this. If you have been treated unfairly then try fx mediation. Thue | talk 16:16, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

User:169.244.70.148
If they continue to vandalize, what other avenues for preventing vandalism do we have? You unblocked it yesterday, and someone using that IP did some vandalism today. - UtherSRG 21:44, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * There are no other alternatives that I am aware of. Thue | talk 21:48, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Redirects to User: space
Hi, I've also been working on User:Tim Starling/Redirects from : to User:, and I was trying to both i) save all pages with any history, and move them (with their history) to User: space, and ii) fix all references to a page before it was removed (because once the page was gone, it would be impossible for someone to come along later and be sure they could find what the link used to refer to). I found some half-completed entries (with the User: redirect already gone) that had history, links, etc. I understand that not everyone is willing to put in the work to do all those fixes/saves, but if people could just leave such pages I will be happy to do them. I may not get to it right away, but as far as I know there's no rush to get these done. Thanks! Noel (talk) 21:55, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Battle of Williamsport
Actually, the text from the article was copied from the original source, this page created by the National Park Service. It should be public domain. I also linked the reference on the article page, under References. --brian0918™ 23:27, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Adminship
If you are interested then I will nominate you for adminship :). Thue | talk 22:58, 4 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Heya, thanks for the offer! I fear SWAdair had beaten you to it via E-mail though, but the offer of nominating still means a lot to me. --fvw *  10:20, 2005 Jan 5 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your vote! I suspect you'll want to spelling check your vote though, or if I'm mistaken about that I'm most curious about your opinions on the matter. --fvw *  14:57, 2005 Jan 5 (UTC)

Belarus-stub
Thanks, apparently you're faster in correcting my mistakes than I am in noticing them... :) Strange thing is that there is no trace of your movement - neither at Belarus-stub nor at Template:Belarus-stub. How did you do it? Cheers - Halibutt 21:42, Jan 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * Bah, all you admins and all your wizardry.. :D

--Thanks again. Halibutt 22:01, Jan 5, 2005 (UTC)

Juventudes Socialistas Unificadas
Y r u accusing me 4 copyediting??User:Jugoslaven

 * I wrote copyedit (please follow the link) in the summary, which means that I fixed some minor formatting errors. It not that I am accusing you of any wrongdoing. In fact Juventudes Socialistas Unificadas looks like a perfectly fine article that you wrote yourself. Thue | talk 14:51, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Ban 204.38.32.6
You disciplined this anonymous user before for varioius offenses, but the lesson was apparently not learned. The Half Life article has been deleted by this user. Perhaps a longer block or ban is in order? ---Jackel 20:27, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * I blocked him for a week this time. Thue | talk 20:38, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

block message on user page
Putting a message on indefinitely blocked usernames is a good idea, I'll try and remember that next time, thanks. --fvw *  12:27, 2005 Jan 17 (UTC)

Thank you Thue
I was reading about 10th_millennium_BC and I also wanted to read about homo floresensis. I entered but I found no article. I thought someone deleted the article so I quickly added some addresses with the hope that someone more documented will write an article (again). After that, I realized that the article exists under the name homo floresiensis. Inside 10th millennium BC, I changed from the word floresensis to the word floresiensis. Thank you for deleting homo floresensis ! Felix Petrar

 * Cool. I am always suspecious of the spelling when it seems a much-discussed item doesn't have an article in wikipedia; on the other hand, sometimes there really isn't any article :). Thue | talk 11:07, 23 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Burebista
My friend deleted in Burebista this:

''His wife was called Zina (according to some coins found in Transylvania) and was the empress and great priestess of the Thracians.

''His adviser was the Great Priest Deceneus, who instructed the Thracians to live according to the Belagines Laws and decided that the first year of the Dacian calendar was to be the year of Zamolxis' birth, 713 BC. He went to Egypt, where he taught the Egyptian priests the sacerdotal mysteries of the Pelasgians, then returned to Dacia where, together with Burebista he unified both the Thracians both spiritually and politically.

The fragment above is non-documented and generated by an excesive nationalism. Felix Petrar
 * I am not qualified to know what is right and wrong in this case, but if your description is accurate then it is a good thing it was fixed.
 * When making non-obvious changes such as this change then it is a good idea to explain them in the edit summary and/or on the talk page of the article. Otherwise people reviewing the changes will have little chance of judge whether the change is good or not, and may even revert it for no other reason that it is not explained. Thue | talk 22:16, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Thue/Archive3


text:
User talk:Thue/Archive

Archive: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

title: User talk:Thue/Archive


text:
Aura Herzog

Aura Herzog (אורה הרצוג ( Ambache, 24 December 1924 – 10 January 2022) was an Israeli social and environmental activist, who served as the First Lady of Israel from 1983 to 1993; she was the wife of Chaim Herzog, the sixth President of the State of Israel and mother of the current president, Isaac Herzog. In 1968, she founded the Council for a Beautiful Israel.

Early life and work
Aura Ambache was born in Ismailia, Egypt, on 24 December 1924, to an Ashkenazi Jewish family of Russian Jewish and Polish Jewish descent. Her parents were Leah Steinberg (daughter of Yechiel Michal Steinberg, the founding family of Motza, a village on the outskirts of Jerusalem), and Simcha Ambache (Hebrew acronym for ani ma'amin b'emunah shleima - I believe in complete faith), an engineer by profession. Aura's sister Suzy married Israeli diplomat Abba Eban.

The family was originally from Jaffa, but relocated to Egypt after they were expelled by the Turks during World War I. Herzog attended French schools in Ismailia and Cairo and completed her BA in mathematics and physics at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa.

In October 1946, Herzog immigrated to Mandatory Palestine. The following year, she was chosen to participate in the first class of the Diplomatic School established by the Jewish Agency. She was a member of the Haganah, a Jewish paramilitary organization in the British Mandate of Palestine (1921–48). In 1947, she married Chaim Herzog and the couple had four children, namely Yoel (born 1949), an attorney and former Brigadier General, Michael (born 1952), the Israeli Ambassador to the United States, Isaac (born 1960), the current President of Israel and Ronit (born 1965), a clinical psychologist.

On 11 March 1948, she was seriously injured in a bombing attack on the Jewish Agency building in the National Institutions House in Jerusalem. During the War of Independence she served as an intelligence officer in the newly founded Science Corps and intelligence department Number 2 (Unit 8200).

Diplomatic career and public service
From 1950 to 1954, she accompanied her husband to the United States, where he was sent as a military attache, and again from 1975 to 1978, when he served as ambassador to the United Nations.

In 1958, Herzog headed the committee that organized Israel's 10th anniversary celebrations and initiated the first International Bible Contest, which takes place annually on Israel Independence Day.

From 1959 to 1968, she headed the Department of Culture in the Ministry of Education and Culture and was a member of the Council for Arts and Culture. In 1969, she founded the Council for a Beautiful Israel, a leading environmental protection NGO and chaired it for 38 years, after which she became its international president.

After the end of her husband's presidency and her own tenure as first lady, she held various positions: Chairperson of the Public Committee for the celebration of Israel's Jubilee celebration (1998), Member of the Public Advisory Board of Mifal Hapayis (Israel's national lottery), Member of the Board of Governors of the Tel Aviv Museum, and Chairperson of Friends of Schneider association at Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel.

Later life
Aura Herzog died on 10 January 2022, at the age of 97. She is buried alongside her husband and a number of other Israeli leaders in Jerusalem’s Mount Herzl national cemetery. In his eulogy, her son President Isaac Herzog paid tribute to her as “an extremely loving mother for all of us, a source of strength, an engine with incredible energies.”

Published works
In 1971, she published "Secrets of Hospitality," a manual on hospitality, manners and customs.

title: Aura Herzog


text: User talk:207.73.32.2

title: User talk:207.73.32.2


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Big bullies

Big bullies
Big bullies was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete .

To me, this definition is just nonsensical. Deb 17:38, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Barely even a real definition, no hope of ever being expanded to an encyclopedia entry. Delete. Katefan0 17:54, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, unremarkable definition of a word combination. Wyss 18:45, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonsense. [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 21:06, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Not only is this a mere dicdef but I can find no evidence that the phrase is in active use in the manner described in this definition. Delete.  Rossami (talk) 22:14, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Dictdef. -- Antaeus Feldspar 23:23, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Nonsense. Who are these "people" who use the term for villains in fiction?  I hope they're never in my class. Geogre 05:03, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. This phenomenon is already covered much more extensively at villain and antagonist, and the current article is unlikely to ever yield anything more than a dicdef. Furthermore, "big bullies" is a more general term than the article implies, being applied to pretty much any aggressive force perceived as negative, fictional or otherwise. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 08:10, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete --fvw *  19:50, 2004 Dec 16 (UTC)
 * Deletetotally useless nonsense Carole a 18:34, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonsense. Jayjg 00:02, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

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