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Dog Island (Florida)

Dog Island is located in the northwestern Florida Gulf coast, just 3.5 mi off-shore from Carrabelle, in Franklin County, Florida. There is, by reservation, ferry transportation to Dog Island on weekends.

There are no stores, restaurants, or public restrooms on Dog Island. A hotel, the Pelican Inn, closed in 2016. The island is less than one mile wide at its widest, and just under seven miles long. The bulk of the island is owned by The Nature Conservancy and is a wilderness preserve. Bird nesting sites on several areas of the east end and west end of the island are strictly off-limits for people and pets. There is a volunteer fire department. Electricity and trash pickup are available.

The island is home to the Dog Island wren, a subspecies of the Carolina wren only found on Dog Island.

Airport
Dog Island Airport is an un-towered, private use airport located by the Eastern bay of Dog Island. The airport opened in 1930.

Origin
The island and its two small neighbors were discovered by the French in 1536 and named Dog Island, Isle des Chiens, because, according to different legends: 1) wild dogs were found on them; 2) the island resembles a crouched dog, or 3) the early ships put their common sailors — known as dogs — on the island before docking on the mainland so they could not jump ship. Later, the two neighbors were renamed: St. Vincent, which is a Federal wildlife refuge, and St. George, which has a causeway and an airport (FA43), has developed into a seaside vacation community with shops and beach rentals.

After World War II, Jeff Lewis, a Florida businessman, saw its potential as a vacation area and paid $12,000 for the island. Native Americans used Dog Island as a fishing camp, and the 1985 hurricanes uncovered potsherds on the west end of the island.

History
Dog Island shows evidence of human presence dating back over 8,000 years. The island also has a rich maritime history. The discovery of a 9th-century canoe is a testament to prehistoric mariners on the island. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the barrier islands may have served as a haven for piracy and smuggling.

18th century
On February 16, 1766, Le Tigre, a French merchant brigantine, was en route to New Orleans and wrecked 300 yd east of Dog Island in a great storm. A survivor, Monsieur Pierre Viaud, chronicled the experience in the best-selling narrative The Shipwreck and Adventures of Monsieur Pierre Viaud, published 1769 (and translated to English in 1771).

In 1799, the Royal Navy purchased HMS Fox, a 14-gun British schooner, only to see it wreck later that year between Dog and St. George Islands.

19th century
As part of the United States, economic shipping greatly increased as St. Marks, St. Joseph, and Apalachicola became major ports on the Gulf Coast. Both sail and steam ships traveled to Dog Island to exploit its resources of lumber and naval stores, such as turpentine and pitch products. In 1838, Dog Island Light was built on the western tip of the island.

During the Civil War, Dog Island was used by the Union Navy as a base for staging the blockade of Apalachicola.

On the first of August 1899, the 2nd hurricane of the season struck the area, almost destroying the town of Carrabelle, leaving just nine homes. Roughly 6 miles inland at McIntyre, only two mill boilers were left. The summer resort of Lanark Inn was said to be "blown into the Gulf". The Carrabelle, Tallahassee and Georgia Railroad was destroyed for a distance of 30 miles, and a locomotive was displaced some 100 yards off the track.

Up to fifteen ships were wrecked (some permanently destroyed), 12 loaded with lumber. Although contemporary documents sometimes have conflicting information as to the names and nationalities of these ships, they are believed to include:

 * American ships
 * James A. Garfield, a schooner, under the command of Capt. Cottingham.
 * Mary E. Morse a schooner, under the command of Capt. Densmore.
 * Benjamin C. Cromwell, a schooner under the command of Capt. McClean.
 * Grace Andrews, a schooner under the command of Capt. Brown.
 * Warren Adams, a schooner under the command of Capt. Gibbons
 * Vidette, a barkentine under the command of Capt. Waldren.
 * Capitola, a steamship
 * Iola, a steamship
 * Albert Haley, a fishing smack.
 * Norwegian ships
 * Ranavola, bark under the command of Capt. Edwardson.
 * Vale, a bark, under the command of Capt. Andersen (this shipwreck has been identified by archaeologists).
 * Elsbeth, a bark under the command of Capt. Pedersen.
 * Jafnhar, a bark under the command of Capt. Tygensen.
 * Hindoo, a bark under the command of Capt. Madsen.
 * Russian ships:
 * Latara, a bark under the command of Capt. Krantman
 * Italian ships
 * Corteria, a bark which was split in half

Another 40 ships under 20 tons were sunk or destroyed.

20th century
During World War II, Dog Island was part of Camp Gordon Johnston. Four separate camps comprised the complex: three for regimental combat teams, and the fourth for the headquarters and support facilities. Dog Island was used for amphibious landings and airdrops.

An archaeological research project, the Dog Island Shipwreck Survey, was initiated in 1999 by Florida State University researcher Chuck Meide to systematically search the waters off Dog Island, using acoustic and electromagnetic devices, to discover historic shipwrecks. Project archaeologists conducted excavations on the wreck of the 1899 Norwegian lumber ship Vale mentioned above, and also located a number of other submerged archaeological sites, including the ruins of the Dog Island Lighthouse, using sonar and magnetometer.

21st century
After Hurricane Michael of 2018, portions of two more shipwrecks likely from the 1899 hurricane wrecking event re-emerged from the sand.

title: Dog Island (Florida)


text: User talk:69.86.70.211

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:69.86.70.211


text:
Taijin kyofusho

Taijin kyofusho (対人恐怖症, TKS, for taijin kyofusho symptoms) is a Japanese culture-specific syndrome. The term taijin kyofusho translates into the disorder (sho) of fear (kyofu) of interpersonal relations (taijin). Those who have taijin kyofusho are likely to be extremely embarrassed about themselves or fearful of displeasing others when it comes to the functions of their bodies or their appearances. These bodily functions and appearances include their faces, odor, actions, or even looks. They do not want to embarrass other people with their presence. This culture-bound syndrome is a social phobia based on fear and anxiety.

The symptoms of this disorder include avoiding social outings and activities, rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, panic attacks, trembling, and feelings of dread and panic when around people. The causes of this disorder are mainly from emotional trauma or psychological defense mechanism. It is more common in men than women. Lifetime prevalence is estimated at 3–13%.

Subcategories
Taijin kyofusho is commonly described as a form of social anxiety (social phobia), with the person dreading and avoiding social contact, and as a subtype of shinkeishitsu (anxiety disorder). However, instead of a fear of embarrassing themselves or being harshly judged by others because of their social ineptness, sufferers of taijin kyofusho report a fear of offending or harming other people. The focus is thus on avoiding harm to others rather than to oneself.

In the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) it is instead considered a sub-category of the "Other Specified Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder" category [300.3 (F42)], where variants of taijin kyofusho are "Shubo-kyofu [...] that is similar to body dysmorphic disorder and is characterized by excessive fear of having a bodily deformity" and "Jikoshu-kyofu [...] characterized by fear of having an offensive body odor".

One source even breaks taijin kyofusho into two different subtypes: neurotic and offensive. The first subtype can be broken into two parts that are classical type and avoidant type. The classical type being afraid of being judged negatively because of physical signs of anxiety and feeling shame due to anxiety. The physical signs that can cause fear of being judged include sweating and tremors. The second subtype deals with people thinking something about them is offensive. Some of their fears include body odor, gas, excessive or insufficient eye contact, blushing, etc.

In the official Japanese diagnostic system, taijin kyofusho is subdivided into the following categories:

 * Sekimen-kyofu (赤面恐怖), the phobia of blushing (ereuthophobia)
 * Shubo-kyofu (醜貌恐怖), the phobia of a deformed body, similar to body dysmorphic disorder
 * Jikoshisen-kyofu (自己視線恐怖), the phobia of eye contact
 * Jikoshu-kyofu (自己臭恐怖), the phobia of having foul body odor (also termed olfactory reference syndrome, osmophobia or bromidrosiphobia)

Japan psychology also recognizes additional types of taijin kyofusho based on severity:

 * Transient: This type of taijin kyofusho is short-lived and moderately severe. It most commonly appears in teens, but may occur at any time.
 * Delusional: This is the most common type of taijin kyofusho and is the most similar to social phobia. It is chronic, often begins before the age of 30, and varies in severity from moderate to severe.
 * Phobic with schizophrenia: This is a more complicated disorder. In such cases, rather than a phobia, taijin kyofusho is a manifestation of schizophrenic symptoms.

Diagnosis
A person may be diagnosed with taijin kyofusho if they feel as if their attitudes, behavior, and physical characteristics are inadequate in social situations. As a result of these feelings, they also experience persistent suffering in the form of emotional distress through shame, embarrassment, anxiety, fear, and other tense feelings that occur when confronted with social circumstances. In addition, individuals also worry about being unable to maintain healthy relationships with others. When it comes to socializing, taijin kyofusho sufferers avoid painful social and interpersonal situations, while simultaneously being averse to doing so. Those likely to develop taijin kyofusho have more of a temperamental characteristic of being hypochondriacal. The balance between introversion and extroversion in hypochondriacal temperament is geared more towards introversion. The introversion causes sufferers to focus on themself and problems they have, and by fixating on their weaknesses they become more anxious and depressed.

Treatment
The standard Japanese treatment for taijin kyofusho is Morita therapy, developed by Shoma Morita in the 1910s as a treatment for the Japanese mental disorders taijin kyofusho and shinkeishitsu (nervousness). The original regimen involved patient isolation, enforced bed rest, diary writing, manual labor, and lectures on the importance of self-acceptance and positive endeavor. Since the 1930s, the treatment has been modified to include out-patient and group treatments. This modified version is known as neo-Morita therapy. Medications have also gained acceptance as a treatment option for taijin kyofusho. Other treatments include systematic desensitization, which includes slowly exposing one self to the fear, and learning relaxation skills, to extinguish fear and anxiety.

Milnacipran, a serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), is currently used in the treatment of taijin kyofusho and has been shown to be efficacious for the related social anxiety disorder. The primary aspect of treating this disorder is getting patients to focus their attention on their body parts and sensations.

Prevalence
Typically, this disease is presaged by a childhood history of social inhibition and shyness. It is possible that it could result from a humiliating traumatic experience, or it could emerge from a lifelong onset of the illness that only comes to the surface after time.

Clinical data indicates that more males have the condition than females, despite the fact that females scored higher on a social phobia scale than men, and report higher scores on proclivity towards feelings of embarrassment. This differs from Western society where the prevalence of females with social phobias is to some extent greater than that of males. In addition, studies have found that the disorder is common in older generations. The lifetime prevalence of the disorder falls anywhere between 3% and 13% with changes in severity occurring throughout one's lifetime. It is estimated that about 17% of individuals with taijin kyofusho have fears of releasing foul body odor. Although sometimes undiagnosed, symptoms of taijin kyofusho are not uncommon in Japan.

title: Taijin kyofusho


text:
Wikipedia:Goings-on/December 12, 2004

Welcome to Wikipedia's goings-on. This page is a central point for community members to collect current information about the community project and to report on recent goings-on. In a sense, it's an announcement page, but it is supposed to collect even those kinds of information that are normally not announced on pages like Announcements (e.g. arbitration progress, outspoken newcomers, amusing things, etc.). However, please notice that this page is explicitly not for discussion. When listing topics here that are being discussed or have been discussed, please link to the appropriate discussion page and discuss it there. For a project-wide update of events, see the Meta goings-on.

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title: Wikipedia:Goings-on/December 12, 2004


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User talk:Acarlos1000

Welcome!

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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/JUSTIN RUDDY

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result was delete.

JUSTIN RUDDY
JUSTIN RUDDY was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Article already deleted.

Vanity. --fvw *  01:10, 2004 Dec 13 (UTC)
 * seems like a speedy to me.  —  Ilγαηερ   (Tαlκ)  01:16, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * On what grounds? Please see the list of speedy deletion criteria. --fvw *  01:36, 2004 Dec 13 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, this did not meet any of the current specific criteria for speedy deletion. Undeleted to allow the VfD discussion to complete.  Delete as vanity (hopefully, after moving to the appropriate user page).  Rossami (talk) 02:17, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. Gazpacho 10:55, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. He's an "IT consultant with a broken capslock key". [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 17:47, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity or joke Carole a 05:19, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - I love the "amature". Deb 16:07, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

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User talk:Volnturista

File source problem with File:Nisqually_Community_Internet_Intensity_Map_for_the_Nisqually_Earthquake_FEB_2281854_ciim.gif
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If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 12:42, 24 April 2009 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Calliopejen1 (talk) 12:42, 24 April 2009 (UTC)

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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Texas grits

Texas grits
 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was SPEEDY DELETE Vacuum c 17:31, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)

Texas grits
Texas grits {{subst:vfd top]] delete. Article speedy-deleted.

A tasteless slang term for fellatio. I suspect it's made-up, too, or at least basically unknown; nothing on Google]. Cdc 01:13, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedied. Patent nonsense. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 01:20, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

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text:
Category talk:Census-designated places in Oregon

CDPs vs. unincorporated communities
Some of these CDCs are actual unincorporated communities. Will anyone strenuously object if I redefine them as such? -- llywrch 01:13, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Most cenus-designated places are unicorporated communities. IMO, if a place is both, it shold probably have both categories. older ≠ wiser 16:29, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)

CDPs vs. unincorporated communities revisited

 * (discussion relocated from user talk:Katr67) Section there was titled Re: CDPs —EncMstr 07:25, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

 * addtional material copied form user talk:Nyttend for clarity, where section was titled Oregon communities, and refactored for readability. Katr67 16:41, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

Can you please stop removing the unincorporated community info from the CDP articles? Many of those places were communities long before the term CDP was invented, and as you can see from the blurb I've added to a couple of those articles, it is possible to clarify the status without removing the information completely: "For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Foo as a census-designated place (CDP). The census definition of the area may not precisely correspond to local understanding of the area with the same name." I got this from Bkonrad. If you disagree, maybe we can discuss the wording with him. There are some CDP-only type places such as Three Rivers, Oregon, which is a name the Census Bureau made up, and I don't think any of those also claim to be unincorporated communities. Thanks. Katr67 (talk) 20:19, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the quick note. I've removed this information because, frankly, it's unnecessary: by the definition of the CDP available on the article, it's obvious that it's a community that the Census has recognised as a specific place.  It's as if we said "Lake Oswego, Oregon is a municipality and a city in Clackamas County, Oregon, United States..." — we don't need to say that it's a municipality, because by definition of a city in Oregon, it's a municipality.  And in case people don't have an idea what a CDP is, they can simply click on the link to a CDP to find what it is; it's not like it's a hard thing to understand :-)  Nyttend (talk) 20:34, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I've asked Bkonrad and Llywrch to take a look a this discussion as they have been involved in similar disambiguation between Oregon CDPs and communities as I have, for a longer time. If there is a better place to have this discussion feel free to move it, thanks! Katr67 (talk) 20:34, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

 * The thing is, it's not obvious. Three Rivers, Oregon isn't a community at all. It's a loose conglomeration of housing developments. What we are trying to do is show that many of these places had an identity of their own before the census decided to name a CDP after them. Katr67 (talk) 20:38, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

 * But the place wasn't named Hebo by the Census: the data is listed by the name that the Census recognised was already used. Of course, they have to find a name for a group when the area being studied doesn't already have its own name, but most places being studied surely have their own names already. Nyttend (talk) 20:44, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I think "unincorporated community" is superior to CDP and to municipality: "municipality" seems to mean different things in different regions of the U.S.; CDP is subject to arbitrary government fiat.  An "unincorporated community" is less formal, but everyone knows what it means.  —EncMstr 20:51, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

 * One big advantage of making the CDP superior is verifiability: the article was created in the first place as a CDP because of Census data. Unless you have access to local government documents or some sort of state official document, without using Census data, the only way that you can prove the existence of the community (or its unincorporated status) is an atlas or other privately published document, but a CDP is well-referenced and its boundaries (although changeable at ten-year intervals) are specific.  By the way, don't expect me to say anything more on this for a while; I need to leave for work now.  Nyttend (talk) 20:58, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, I have one of those: Oregon Geographic Names, and I can verify that each of the Oregon CDPs, with the exeption of a half-dozen or so, are also communities. Trust me, this isn't some whim of mine, it's sort of my area of expertise. I don't care what you do with the other states, but as far as Oregon goes, we're on top of the Oregon articles and I'd really like to include the wording I discussed earlier. The bottom line is, if I revert your changes, will you protest? Katr67 (talk) 21:06, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm going to weigh in on Katr67's side here. First, CDP's are an artificial creation, whose size and shape are determined for the benefit of the Census Bureau, & often with little relationship to the community they are mapped onto. Second -- this thought just occured to me as I re-read my previous point -- are CDP's notable in themselves? Third, from having used it for several years, I find that Oregon Geographic Names is a reliable & comprehensive source for unincorporated communities, so your concerns about verifiability is met with that work -- in Oregon, that is. I don't know if a similar work exists in other states, & if they don't Nyttend has a valid point there. Whichever way this discussion goes, I would like to point out that identifying "unincorporated communities" is pushing one of the boundaries of Wikipedia, so when in doubt we should always look to how we can verify the statement. -- llywrch (talk) 21:46, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Very well, if Oregon wants to use this, it seems like I'd be attacking consensus to do otherwise. One big problem is that I know very little about Oregon; probably half my knowledge about the state's geography comes from the 1992 edition of The Oregon Trail.  If we accept places that aren't parts of larger communities (i.e. not neighborhoods) as notable, surely a CDP is more notable than a random unincorporated community without Census recognition.  As far as the OGN: I've never heard of such a thing for any state.  As you say, "the bottom line is" that I can't imagine how I could better fulfill WP standards by fighting for this change against you and the two that have agreed with you.  Still, I'd ask that perhaps you change the wording somewhat; for example, no source was provided for saying "The census definition of the area may not precisely correspond to local understanding of the area with the same name."  Nyttend (talk) 01:56, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I'll reinforce what Katr67 and llywrch have said. In and of itself, the CDP designation is pretty marginal -- most people who live in such places would likely not realize (much less care) that they live in a "census-designated place". Where a place is a community with verifiable history -- that in and of itself is more significant than any census bureau jargon. I have the book Michigan Place Names which documents many such place names in Michigan. I've seen a similar book mentioned for Minnesota and have seen one for Ohio, so I'd be very surprised if many other states and/or regions did not have similar resources. older ≠ wiser 01:59, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Re: CDP boundaries not precisely corresponding to local understanding -- that is almost inherent in how a CDP is defined. It is based on Census Bureau standards for population density, with some cooperation from state or local officials. Providing a verifiable source for such differences in each case would be difficult though. Perhaps the easiest is where there is a Post Office with the same name as a community. The delivery area for the Post Office name is rarely if ever the same as the CDP. But in most cases, I'd take such as statement almost as a truism and place the burden of proof on anyone claiming that the Census designation perfectly corresponds with local understanding of the area with the same name. older ≠ wiser 02:10, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Hmm, odd place to find this discussion. I'll assume that this edit is the basis for discussion? Nyttend, I'm a little disappointed that you see this as a "fight." It strikes me as a worthwhile discussion, to determine the best course of action. If you believe you have a valid point, I think you should continue trying to articulate it; nobody can "outvote" the truth. That's not how consensus works.
 * However, I do feel that "unincorporated community" is the proper phrase for the article's lead. As EncMstr points out, the only reason it was ever a CDP is because it was a community or settlement to begin with. When people talk about Hebo, they are almost always talking about the "town" (an inaccurate term, since Oregon technically has no towns. ) They are not talking about a conceptual structure defined by some government agency, but a place you can visit or pass through (which is generally my preference, in this case.) The CDP is wholly dependent on there being a generally-recognized settled place to begin with, and therefore of secondary importance. -Pete (talk) 02:18, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

[removing indent] Oh, no, I'm not considering this a fight; that was a response to the thing about "The bottom line is, if I revert your changes, will you protest?" and saying that I'd not revert war. Otherwise, I'd be ignoring this page and giving up. Actually, there were several different edits; Hebo was just an example that I used. I'm not likely to propose any new ideas, since I've already gone through my entirely-convincing (at least to me :-) arguments, and I don't see the point of making all of you read the same thing repeated several times. I'll keep paying attention to this discussion, and I'll be likely to reply to any more comments and questions, but not to add new stuff. By the way, for all of you who want it to say "unincorporated community": I've added county templates for several more Oregon counties tonight, and most of their CDPs said "___ is a census-designated place in ___ County, Oregon"; for consistency's sake it would be best I expect to check those places and add the unincorporated community etc. bits into their intros. Nyttend (talk) 03:17, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Oregon is about the fourth state I've participated in CDP-related discussions, and I've never (to my memory) seen much consideration of the local input on boundaries. What do all of you think of "The boundaries usually are defined in cooperation with local or tribal officials. These boundaries, which usually coincide with visible features or the boundary of an adjacent incorporated place or other legal entity boundary, have no legal status..." from this page?  I'm rather curious of how this would be "arbitrary government fiat", a "conceptual structure defined by some government agency", since the locals likely have input on these communities that we're discussing.  Nyttend (talk) 03:22, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I think it goes further than that: locals don't just have input, it's decided by landforms and state of mind.  Witness Oregon income tax:  it is obligatory for several usual reasons, but primarily for anyone who "thinks of Oregon as home". (how's that for volunteerism?)  An unincorporated community is clear since most (maybe all?) have rivers, ridges, mountains, USFS or BLM land (the latter two total more than 50% of the state) which clearly delineates one place from another.  If you're visualizing huge expanses of level plain with people randomly scattered across it, then I can see why you might think community dividing lines are ill-defined.  But virtually everywhere in the state there are natural features which vividly focus communities.  CDPs are pretty disrespectful of those in the few cases I've observed. —EncMstr 08:22, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Yet another thing: another state that appears to have a geographical-names book is Vermont; you can see it referenced in the newly created article on Tangletown, Vermont. Nyttend (talk) 03:26, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Sorry if I came across as confrontational, by asking if you would object if I reverted, I just wanted to see how much more discussion this would need, in other words: how convinced were you? Certainly not trying to bait anyone into a revert war. Like you, I try not to get in the habit of repeating myself so I wanted to cut to the chase. Pete, the discussion started on Nyttend's talk page, so the first part is a bit fragmented, but for the record it was Parkdale, Oregon that caught my eye first. As for adding the blurb to other articles, yes as soon as I'm done reverting all the vandalism I find every day on the Oregon articles, trying to write a new article occasionally and trying to participate in the collaboration of the week. :) Should I mention the 2000 or so articles on my watchlist and the hundreds of Oregon community articles I've been trying to work to get consistent for over a year? *sigh* Yes, you've kind of run into me and my "thing". I try not to be all WP:OWN about it, but there ya go. Katr67 (talk) 03:34, 30 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Oh lost in the shuffle is a big belated thanks for bothering to do the tedious work of tagging all the settlement articles with the county templates! I saw that they had been created and tried to standardize them a bit and add them to WP:ORE, but there's no way I was planning to adding them to all those articles! Katr67 (talk) 03:47, 30 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes -- I'd like to echo that! Good work. -Pete (talk) 03:48, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

 * For what it's worth Katr, I don't think you're even close to "own." You've developed strong expertise, and you're forthcoming with your reasons when you have a disagreement. I think it's fair to say that we at WP:OR very much appreciate your attention to this kind of detail. You have a long history of showing very good judgment and proper respect for other people's perspectives, and I think when you say "we at WP:OR think that such-and-such," it's generally accurate; you don't use phrases like that to advance your own personal biases. I think you should be confident in embracing a leadership role in this area, because the community is behind you.
 * Nyttend, your suggestion is an interesting one. It would be good to explore this in a little more depth. It's nice to know that the Census maintains the goal you mention, but whether or not they're successful at that is a valid question. I don't think it would be right to alter our phrasing on Wikipedia simply because they assert that goal. However, finding a few sources for various perspectives on that would definitely be useful, for all of us editing articles that concern CDPs. I'll do a little googling. -Pete (talk) 03:47, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

'Note: Great discussion, but if I get fed up with Orange "you have mail" bars while I'm editing does anyone mind if I move this discussion to, say, Category talk:Census-designated places in Oregon? Katr67 (talk) 03:58, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Hey, that's one of the hazards of having a talk page on Wikipedia. ;-) Seriously, what is annoying is when people copy-edit forgotten discussions near the top of your Talk page & you spend half an hour trying to figure out what has changed. At least you're being summoned to read the latest exchange in a thoughtful conversation. -- llywrch (talk) 04:27, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Good idea. I don't have the problem that Llywrch talks about, as I simply hit the "differences" thing to see what was changed, rather than looking for it myself :-) Nyttend (talk) 05:42, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

 * You obviously haven't met llywrch. I don't find it that hard to imagine him searching for the "diff" button for half an hour. ;) (note: this is an attempt at humor. llywrch likely has more years on WP AND more edits than the rest of us combined.) -Pete (talk) 07:12, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

 * LOL. I'd say 85% of the time when I receive notice that there's a message for me on my Talk page, it's right at the bottom. 10% of the time it's somewhere else, but in a logical spot that requires maybe a moment's searching. It's that last fraction that forces me to rely on the "diff" function (which is broken on the browsers on some of the computers I use) that frustrates me -- especially if it's case that someone is simply making minor edits (e.g., correcting "form" to "from"). As for my number of edits I fell out of the top 150 at least two years ago & have been steadily falling in rank since; because I don't use helps like AWB I doubt I'll be stopping that slide very soon. -- llywrch 17:23, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

Ghost towns
I disagree with the Nyttend's removal of the Category:Ghost towns in Oregon from some community articles as well. Let's have the discussion here in order to keep it all in one place, if that's OK. This is admittedly a nebulous designation, but I hold to the definition that a ghost town isn't necessarily a perfectly preserved, zero-population western town, but that the definition also fits former boomtowns that experienced a significant drop in population, per ghost town. Depending on how this discussion goes, List of ghost towns in the United States will need cleanup. (Most of those have not been added by me, but I try to keep it organized.) One resource I use is ghosttowns.com, but I don't take them as the final word when I add the category to an article, I check with OGN and other sources as well. For example it lists Aurora, Oregon, which is quaint, but calling it a ghost town is a bit of a stretch. Anyway, perhaps it is pushing original research. Should we do away with the category all together? Discuss. Katr67 18:21, 30 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Wow, I must say I've never heard this idea that a ghost town can be a place with some people in it. I decided to check several dictionaries:

 * The 1955 printing of the Oxford Universal Dictionary, which has no listing
 * The online edition of the Oxford English Dictionary (this needs a subscription) — ghost town orig. U.S., a town partially or completely devoid of its inhabitants
 * Bartleby.com — A town, especially a boomtown in the old American West, that has been completely abandoned and deserted
 * Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary — a once-flourishing town wholly or nearly deserted usually as a result of the exhaustion of some natural resource
 * The Free Online Dictionary (borrowing from the American Heritage Dictionary) — A once thriving town, especially a boomtown of the American West, that has been completely abandoned.
 * Obviously the problem is not that someone stupidly thought that little towns were ghost towns; it's that I simply wasn't aware of this usage. Now for the principle itself: I expect everyone agrees that a community once populated but now unpopulated is a ghost town, and there are plenty of those communities, so such a category is a good thing and should be kept.  On the other hand, I don't see how we can properly categorise populated places as ghost towns, unless it's officially stated (I remember that there was one populated community with an official nickname about being a ghost town) or found in a reliable source; without such a source, it would be original research, as Katr notes.  Since we see that a populated community can be a ghost town, I believe that it would be appropriate to place these "official ghost towns" in the ghost town category.  Nyttend 00:30, 1 December 2007 (UTC)
 * It should be noted that I discovered in my research about whether "town" was a legal designation in Oregon, that there is something in Oregon Revised Statutes about "historic ghost towns" though I have been unable to discover if any have actually be so designated by the state. I should think Shaniko and possibly Sumpter would qualify, since their "ghosttowniness" is their main notability. More news at eleven... Katr67 00:53, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Yi yi yi.... Not intending to open a can of worms, but what classification is Granite, Oregon with a population of 86 in 1940, 2 in 1960, 24 in 2000, but is falling again?  A former ghost town?  A twice ghosted town?  One and a half ghosts?  No special designation at all?  —EncMstr 01:05, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, I was thinking about Granite on my way home. For the longest time, I remember when it was billed as having a population of 3, then it was 1 and now it's 24. Since during the gold rush the population was around 5000, I'd say it's a ghost town, no need to split hairs about it! Katr67 01:30, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

 * "Ghosttown", while not a legal term, is a long-accepted historical term similar to the lost villages of Europe: it's an attested, if unincorporated, settlement, where practically no one lives any more. (Many abandoned villages do have people living there, usually little more than a church, a minister's house, & maybe the manor house.) I'd opine that best criteria to determine if a given place is a ghost town is whether a reliable source stating that there was a once-prosperous settlement there, which has since declined to a neglible number of inhabitants. If one encounters a source that is a bit iffy (for example, ISTR that an old edition of Oregon for the Curious identified a stretch of road east of North Plains as a "ghost town", but after visiting the spot I was dubious about the accuracy) simply cite it as a claim, viz. "According to Fred Snodgras, Wanker's Corner is a ghost town." -- llywrch 19:14, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I think the problem here is that "ghosttowns.com", which seems to be a widely used authority in wikipedia classification, is a bunch of hooey. A lot of the cited entries I looked at were from one "Henry Chenoweth", maybe a penname of the page owners who are apparently operating an advertising site relying on external submissions.  If all the entries which relied for source only on ghosttowns.com were removed then the situation would probably get a whole lot better. Jbowler (talk) 08:02, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree that ghosttowns.com isn't the best source, but in some cases it's the only one we have for pictures and such. It certainly shouldn't be the only source for "awarding" a place a ghost town designation. I suspect print sources (vs. online) would be a better place to look. Katr67 (talk) 15:40, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't think the picture on the Kerby, OR page on ghosttowns.com is in Kerby - I don't recognise it though there are a lot of buildings which come and go round It's a Burl. There also used to be a commercial venture (the "Kerby Ghosttown") just north of Kerby which maybe had that construct (it closed years ago).  I don't know about the other towns - I only looked at 10 or so and I don't live in those - but I got the funny feeling that Henry Chenoweth and Dolores Steele (the credit for the pictures on most of the Chenoweth pages) maybe aren't the authorities on ghosttowns that wikipedia seems to be setting them up to be. Jbowler (talk) 17:12, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

I'd say Wikipedia isn't setting up anybody to be anything. Nor are any individual editors such as myself. We're just citing a source that may not be the most reliable, i.e. one that is probably more equivalent to a blog posting. If there are any articles that use ghosttowns.com as the sole source, that would be a problem. If you find any please let me know. Also I suspect these folks--Chenoweth and Steele--don't have an agenda, they just like ghost towns... Katr67 (talk) 18:59, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Indeed - the blog analogy occured to me too. My google search "ghosttowns.com site:wikipedia.org" finds all the references.  I'm guessing a few percent are single sourced - Somersville, California, Beaver Mills, Alabama (already tagged), Graysonia, Arkansas (the rolling stock external ref seems out of place) - just from the first page. Jbowler (talk) 20:18, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

If anyone is still watching this thread, I've posted over at Category talk:Ghost towns in Oregon. Katr67 (talk) 14:34, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

If anyone is still reading this, I can talk extensively about this subject as I have been wrestling with the concept for years as I travel the state, find new towns and write about them both on my blog and in my (hopefully soon to be published,) book. The problem is that the traditional definition of ghost town to most people means standing buildings, completely abandoned with no population. This describes a good many locations around the State and the country. But, that then looses sight of locations that should be remembered. Valsetz is definitely a ghost town, but any remains were burned down years ago. Shaniko is on every list possible as a ghost town, yet it has a population and is a popular tourist destination. To solve this problem someone created a Ghost Town Classification system years ago. I was turned on to it by someone from the Department of the Interior who said they used it to define towns that needed money for preservation, or places that needed to be saved (or not) during emergencies such as forest fires. I use that system extensively, but my first rule of thumb is to look for a post office and a general store. If the town once had one (or more) but no longer does - it is a ghost town. Hamellr (talk) 21:39, 7 June 2016 (UTC)

BTW - Henry Chenoweth is/was the owner of ghosttowns.com. He started the page by copying out of books, then the rest of the site is user submitted with no fact checking on his side. I've offered to help edit several times but he has continually declined over the years. Hamellr (talk) 21:41, 7 June 2016 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Benon Sevan

Untitled
He is charged with preventing misuse of money appropriated by OFF, but reportedly permitted abuse to occur and accepted bribes? The first sentence makes no sense and contradicts the second.

He is a graduate of Melkonian, the armenian secondary school in Cyprus. I suppose he is a Cypriot ethnic armenian but I'd rather not put this in the article until it is verified.Mavros

Benon Sevan is a board member of the Armenian General Benevolent Union. He is show as an active board member on the AGBU website as of July 11, 2005.

The AGBU website has quoted Mr Sevan as follows: "I had no choice but to be Armenian. I was born to Armenian parents and I grew up in a country where even if I said I was a Turk or a Greek, I wouldn’t be accepted as either. I joined the UN by accident -- I actually wanted to teach philosophy. I got caught up with the turmoil in Cyprus during the fifties and one thing led to another and it's been a wonderful career. I've done political, economic, social and administrative jobs and it has been a fulfilling and enjoyable experience."

For reference, Sevan is also an idiomatic Armenian name, being the name of a lake in Armenia Lake_Sevan, and an monastery dated 874 AD Sevanavank.

Extradition
It would appear the US does have an extradition treaty with Cyprus: List of United States extradition treaties. Biruitorul 22:18, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

I put in a clarification. Biruitorul 22:57, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

Wounded in Canal Hotel Bombing
"In August, 2003, he was wounded in the Canal Hotel Bombing" This is almost certainly untrue and should be substantiated or deleted. Bk Read  Talk 18:29, 16 March 2014 (UTC)

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User talk:Snooo

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I've added the "prod" template to the article Left Lion, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also What Wikipedia is not and Notability). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia, or, if you disagree, discuss the issues raised at Talk:Left Lion. If you remove the dated prod template, the article will not be deleted, but note that it may still be sent to Articles for deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached.

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title: User talk:Snooo


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Glen Williams, Ontario

Glen Williams is a hamlet in Halton Hills, Halton Regional Municipality, Ontario, Canada. It has a population of about 2700 people and its closest neighbours are Georgetown and Terra Cotta.

Glen Williams is noted for its visual artists, artist's studios, heritage buildings, a restaurant and bakery, a community centre (Town Hall), parks, churches and homes. The Credit River flow through the hamlet, providing a habitat for animals.

History
In the fall of 1824, a grant of 200 acre in the township of Esquesing was made by the Crown to John Butler Muirhead. The land was eventually sold for £100 to Benajah Williams.

The Credit River was used to run saw and flour mills. By 1833, Williams had purchased another 200-acre parcel, giving him the 400 acres that became Glen Williams. The Williams' Mill is where the first industry stood, a saw mill built by Benajah and sons Joel and Charles in 1825. Charles Williams became the leading figure in the community, and by the mid-1860s, he was proprietor of the flour, woollen, and saw mills, as well as a justice of the peace in Williamsburg.

A second sawmill in the village was operated from 1856 by Joseph Tweddle, and a third saw mill was on "the Mountain," run by steam, erected by Charles Symons of Acton, and leased to and run by Cooper and sons of the Glen. It burned down in the summer of 1876.

Members of the Williams family worked as a blacksmith, cabinetmaker, leather tanner, and general store proprietor. Jacob Williams opened a woolen mill in 1839.

Glen Woollen Mills
A woollen mill, built of wood, was erected in 1839 by Jacob Williams. When he died in 1853, his elder brother Charles took over the property. The building also housed Brown's Pump Factory and Bradshaw's Comb Factory. The building was destroyed by fire in 1867. In 1877, Charles Williams bought the bobbin factory.

After a fire in 1867, Charles Williams erected a new stone mill. The building was finished, but fire struck again in 1875. Charles' son Benajah became the proprietor, and rebuilt it two-and-a-half stories and powered by a 40-horsepower Leffel water wheel. The building was heated by steam and equipped with a system of waterworks for quenching fires. It employmed 50 to 60 people directly, and used 450 lb of Canadian wool daily. The mill bought the latest cards, spinning machines, twisters, and Knitting machines built by Davis and Furber in Northampton, Massachusetts. The rebuilding and re-equipping cost $32,000. By 1877, Ben Williams had failed and run away. His debts had risen to the cost of rebuilding the factory and more, and in January 1878, the Toronto Globe advertised the sale of the mill. His brother Joseph purchased the mill.

In 1894, the mill was operated by the Sykes and Ainley Manufacturing Company.

The Glen Woollen Mills Company was organized in 1907 to carry on the business. The looms wove grey blankets, robe linings, fancy buggy rugs, wool horse blankets, kersey, collar check, carpet and knitting yarns.

About this same time, the Melrose Knitting Company was set up as a subsidiary. It produced about 45,000 dozen pairs of men's wool socks and lumberman's socks a year. Sixty to seventy people worked there, and a hundred could have been employed if they could be found. Because of the shortage of labour, twelve English automatic machines were installed; and with the care of two boys, they knit 60 dozen pairs of socks a day. The mill was run by water power, though a 100-horsepower boiler and engine used for heating and drying could provide emergency power; and their own dynamo produced the electricity to run delicate machinery and lighting." After Barraclough's death, the mill passed through a number of operators, and was destroyed by fire in 1954.

Beaumont Knitting Mill

An Irish millwright named James Bradley bought the old Tweedle Saw Mill upstream from Benjah, along with five carding machines and the largest picker.

The Dominion Glove Works also producing a 200 dozen pairs of socks daily, which would sell at 25 to 50 cents a pair, and about 40 dozen pairs of mitts and gloves, selling at 50 cents to a dollar. The mill employed 80 to 100 workers. In 1982, the mill was sold and closed. Beaumont Mill Antiques and Collectibles is now located there.

Heritage buildings

 * The original Williams saw mill, now the Williams Mill Arts Centre.
 * Glen Williams Town Hall, first used for a board meeting in 1870, has been used by numerous societies, churches, and political meetings, and acted as a polling station for elections. In the 20th century, the hall provided the stage for dances and Canadian author Lucy Maud Montgomery, who staged many works there with her Union Dramatic Players. It also served briefly as a school.
 * Laidlaw House, the Frazier Shop, the Williams Chair Factory (Williams-Holt House), and the Beaumont Knitting Mill.
 * Reeve and Clarke Fine and Rare Books, an antiquarian book business that sells second-hand books. The store is located in the storefront of Laidlaw House and the Frazier Shop in which Timothy Eaton first worked in retail.

Beyond the designated heritage properties, more than 35 other properties in Glen Williams are listed in the Town of Halton Hills Heritage Register.

Arts and culture
Famed Group of Seven artist A. J. Casson often spent summers in Glen Williams, which he used as a base to paint local scenes.

The village itself is the subject of Casson's 1938 oil on canvas, "Street in Glen Williams", a leafy, autumnal portrait of a quiet road in the hamlet, which sold at auction in Toronto on June 1, 2010 for a record $542,800, including buyer's premium, the highest such valuation ever accorded a Casson canvas. Casson, who joined the Group of Seven in 1926, "recorded small towns in every season," Canadian art critic and historian Paul Duval wrote in 1980, "and Street in Glen Williams is unquestionably his key autumn portrayal." Other paintings of Casson's time in and around Glen Williams include "Country Road - Glen Williams", "Village Street October", and "Farmhouse near Glen Williams 1938", now in the Firestone Collection of Canadian Art at The Ottawa Art Gallery.

Today Glen Williams is a predominantly residential community that provides housing for residents employed in other areas. Glen Williams is home to many visual artists, contains a collection of artist's studios and is a major draw to the area. Glen Williams has a compact community core that includes commercial uses, a restaurant and bakery, the community centre (Town Hall) and other recreational and community functions. This hamlet core is viewed as an important component of the hamlet character. All commercial and community uses are focused in this area.

The Williams Mill Visual Arts Centre and Glen Williams Glass are both housed in the heritage site of the Williams Mill. The Williams Mill provides studio space for artists of various media including ceramics, drawing, fibre, glass, jewellery, printmaking, sculpture and offers visitors the opportunity to interact directly with the artists, experience their work in progress and purchase a variety of art. The gallery showcases the works of other renowned artists and craftspeople. Art classes, lectures and workshops for all ages offered year-round in the Arts Education Centre. Glen Williams Glass is a collective studio made up of seven independent glass artists and is also part of The Williams Mill. In addition to its function as an artist's co-operative, Glen Williams Glass regularly welcomes non-members to the studio.

The former Beaumont Knitting Mill is now home to Beaumont Mill Antiques & Collectibles, a multi vendor Antique and Collectibles Market offering a broad assortment of collectibles and antiques, including furniture, toys, glassware, cookware, books, decorative items, and vinyl records. Adjacent to the mill is the Kids & Classics Boatshops Museum, a non-profit organization, which focuses on the restoration of classic wood boats, where volunteers learn and teach skills, working with kids-at-risk through a skiff building program for youth. In the space of a weekend, four children build and launch a skiff (the Bevin's skiff), get exposed to the world of boatbuilding and learn to have confidence in themselves and what they can do. Sale of the skiffs built by the youth helps fund the program.

Sheridan Nurseries operates their "Glen Williams Farm & Distribution Centre" along the hamlet's eastern boundary. The 370 ha farm is their main growing facility and produces more than 800 hardy nursery stock varieties, ranging from evergreens, deciduous trees and shrubs. The Distribution Centre supplies its own nine garden centres in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) and ships regularly to destinations in Eastern Canada and the U.S. Midwest to New England. Sheridan Nurseries has been selected as the Glen Williams Citizen of the Year in 2007, 2010 & 2011.

Annual festivals and events

 * Victoria Day - Fireworks and BBQ
 * Canada Day (July 1) - Parade, duck race, festival grounds, evening BBQ and fireworks

Attractions
Three churches serve the village. St. Alban the Martyr Anglican Church, and St. John's United Church are historic buildings still used for worship, and are located on either side of the Credit River on Main Street. Despite the bishop's suggestion that the Glen people would be better off continuing to attend church in Georgetown, the cornerstone of St. Alban the Martyr was laid in 1902, and the church opened in June of following year. The architect was F. S. Baker, the son of a woollen miller in Kilbride, and a friend of Joseph Beaumont. F.S. Baker would later become the second President of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada from 1910–1912.

Union Presbyterian Church is located north-east of the village at Winston Churchill.

Glen Williams Park
Glen Williams Park, 509 Main Street. Glen Williams Minor Softball, still played in the park, was established in 1964 by the local hamlet's people. As the need increased for a place to play ball, the land where the park is located today was donated to Glen Minor Ball. The Glen organizers built a major diamond, a concession stand and a minor diamond. The major diamond and booth are still here today. The park, now maintained by Town of Halton Hills staff, includes baseball diamonds, park pavilion, and flower gardens. Open for public use to have a picnic, organize a friendly game of baseball or listen to the sounds of Credit River flowing by.

Glen Williams Cemetery
The 1840 deed to the Methodist Episcopal church in Glen Williams provided a site for "a Church Meeting-House or Chapel and Burying-ground." But the spot down by the river was not an appropriate place for burials, and it does not appear that any took place there.

In the Glen the Williams family chose a spot on the hill, overlooking the village, for use as a family cemetery. The earliest stone marks the resting-place of Ira, Elizabeth and Benajah's son, who died in 1833 just eleven days after his fifteenth birthday. Another son, George, lies nearby; he died in 1836, also at the age of 23. A grandson, Alfred (Joel's boy) died in 1844.

Others besides the family used the cemetery. There is a memorial to Robert Brown, who died in 1834. That is on a stone that was put up in 1876, and it is uncertain whether he is buried there. But near the Williams plot there are stones from 1845, for Latham Stull, and for Margaret, wife of Jacob Stull. Benajah Williams died on November 22, 1851. His son Charles must have felt that the time had come for the cemetery to be established on a more regular basis, and on December 22 he made over the land for a public burying-ground, "in consideration of the sum of one shilling of lawful money of the Province of Canada to him in hand paid." His brother Joel (now described as a carpenter, rather than a blacksmith as in an earlier deed) and another brother Jacob, were among the first trustees. The others were John Cook and John Stull, yeoman, and Thomas B. Frasier, tailor.

The original grant was of one acre, but with the passage of time, more land came to be needed. The oldest section bordered on the road, and is easily distinguished by the old limestone markers in it. In 1905 the Sykes and Ainley mill donated the piece of land between it and the top of the bank of the hill above the river. A further piece was bought for $30 in 1919. It was purchased from John Haines (1870-1932), a native of Somerset, who purchased Fred Cook's orchard and farm next to the cemetery. Then in 1957 Sheridan Nurseries gave a further piece to the cemetery board.

The Glen Williams Cemetery continues today as a community cemetery governed by a volunteer Board Of Directors. They do not receive government funding or maintenance assistance but rely on private donations.

Education
Glen Williams Public School, located at 512 Main Street, is a Junior Kindergarten to Grade 5 Elementary School, with a school library and gymnasium and a large outdoor play area next to the Credit River. Governed by the Halton District School Board with input from the local Glen Williams Parent Council, it is currently home to approximately 220 children. The first frame (as distinct from log) school in the township was built in Glen Williams 1837, replaced by a large, one-room building in 1852. The present school is now housed in a modern building which has seen many additions since it was first erected in the 1950s. This school replaced the overcrowded two-room brick school on Prince Street, which was built in 1873 and has since been converted into a private residence. The Glen Williams Public School also houses before and after school programs in cooperation with the Halton Hills Glen Williams YMCA Centre, a licensed child care centre.

The Village Montessori & Child Care is located in Glen Williams at 533 Main Street and is locally owned and operated. Offering a true Montessori Toddler program as well as Casa and School Age programs, accepting all children 15 months to 12 years of age, also offering Mommy and Me programs for infants and toddlers.

title: Glen Williams, Ontario


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Five prime untranslated region

The 5′ untranslated region (also known as 5′ UTR, leader sequence, transcript leader, or leader RNA) is the region of a messenger RNA (mRNA) that is directly upstream from the initiation codon. This region is important for the regulation of translation of a transcript by differing mechanisms in viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes. While called untranslated, the 5′ UTR or a portion of it is sometimes translated into a protein product. This product can then regulate the translation of the main coding sequence of the mRNA. In many organisms, however, the 5′ UTR is completely untranslated, instead forming a complex secondary structure to regulate translation.

The 5′ UTR has been found to interact with proteins relating to metabolism, and within the 5′ UTR. In addition, this region has been involved in transcription regulation, such as the sex-lethal gene in Drosophila. Regulatory elements within 5′ UTRs have also been linked to mRNA export.

Length
The 5′ UTR begins at the transcription start site and ends one nucleotide (nt) before the initiation sequence (usually AUG) of the coding region. In prokaryotes, the length of the 5′ UTR tends to be 3–10 nucleotides long, while in eukaryotes it tends to be anywhere from 100 to several thousand nucleotides long. For example, the ste11 transcript in Schizosaccharomyces pombe has a 2273 nucleotide 5′ UTR while the lac operon in Escherichia coli only has seven nucleotides in its 5′ UTR. The differing sizes are likely due to the complexity of the eukaryotic regulation which the 5′ UTR holds as well as the larger pre-initiation complex that must form to begin translation.

The 5′ UTR can also be completely missing, in the case of leaderless mRNAs. Ribosomes of all three domains of life accept and translate such mRNAs. Such sequences are naturally found in all three domains of life. Humans have many pressure-related genes under a 2–3 nucleotide leader. Mammals also have other types of ultra-short leaders like the TISU sequence.

Elements

The elements of a eukaryotic and prokaryotic 5′ UTR differ greatly. The prokaryotic 5′ UTR contains a ribosome binding site (RBS), also known as the Shine–Dalgarno sequence (AGGAGGU), which is usually 3–10 base pairs upstream from the initiation codon. In contrast, the eukaryotic 5′ UTR contains the Kozak consensus sequence (ACCAUGG), which contains the initiation codon. The eukaryotic 5′ UTR also contains cis-acting regulatory elements called upstream open reading frames (uORFs) and upstream AUGs (uAUGs) and termination codons, which have a great impact on the regulation of translation (see below). Unlike prokaryotes, 5′ UTRs can harbor introns in eukaryotes. In humans, ~35% of all genes harbor introns within the 5′ UTR.

Secondary structure
As the 5′ UTR has high GC content, secondary structures often occur within it. Hairpin loops are one such secondary structure that can be located within the 5′ UTR. These secondary structures also impact the regulation of translation.

Prokaryotes
In bacteria, the initiation of translation occurs when IF-3, along with the 30S ribosomal subunit, bind to the Shine–Dalgarno (SD) sequence of the 5′ UTR. This then recruits many other proteins, such as the 50S ribosomal subunit, which allows for translation to begin. Each of these steps regulates the initiation of translation.

Initiation in Archaea is less understood. SD sequences are much rarer, and the initiation factors have more in common with eukaryotic ones. There is no homolog of bacterial IF3. Some mRNAs are leaderless.

In both domains, genes without Shine–Dalgarno sequences are also translated in a less understood manner. A requirement seems to be a lack of secondary structure near the initiation codon.

Pre-initiation complex regulation
The regulation of translation in eukaryotes is more complex than in prokaryotes. Initially, the eIF4F complex is recruited to the 5′ cap, which in turn recruits the ribosomal complex to the 5′ UTR. Both eIF4E and eIF4G bind the 5′ UTR, which limits the rate at which translational initiation can occur. However, this is not the only regulatory step of translation that involves the 5′ UTR.

RNA-binding proteins sometimes serve to prevent the pre-initiation complex from forming. An example is regulation of the msl2 gene. The protein SXL attaches to an intron segment located within the 5′ UTR segment of the primary transcript, which leads to the inclusion of the intron after processing. This sequence allows the recruitment of proteins that bind simultaneously to both the 5′ and 3′ UTR, not allowing translation proteins to assemble. However, it has also been noted that SXL can also repress translation of RNAs that do not contain a poly(A) tail, or more generally, 3′ UTR.

Closed-loop regulation
Another important regulator of translation is the interaction between 3′ UTR and the 5′ UTR. The closed-loop structure inhibits translation. This has been observed in Xenopus laevis, in which eIF4E bound to the 5′ cap interacts with Maskin bound to CPEB on the 3′ UTR, creating translationally inactive transcripts. This translational inhibition is lifted once CPEB is phosphorylated, displacing the Maskin binding site, allowing for the polymerization of the PolyA tail, which can recruit the translational machinery by means of PABP. However, it is important to note that this mechanism has been under great scrutiny.

Ferritin regulation
Iron levels in cells are maintained by translation regulation of many proteins involved in iron storage and metabolism. The 5′ UTR has the ability to form a hairpin loop secondary structure (known as the iron response element or IRE) that is recognized by iron-regulatory proteins (IRP1 and IRP2). In low levels of iron, the ORF of the target mRNA is blocked as a result of steric hindrance from the binding of IRP1 and IRP2 to the IRE. When iron is high, then the two iron-regulatory proteins do not bind as strongly and allow proteins to be expressed that have a role in iron concentration control. This function has gained some interest after it was revealed that the translation of amyloid precursor protein may be disrupted due to a single-nucleotide polymorphism to the IRE found in the 5′ UTR of its mRNA, leading to a spontaneous increased risk of Alzheimer's disease.

uORFs and reinitiation
Another form of translational regulation in eukaryotes comes from unique elements on the 5′ UTR called upstream open reading frames (uORF). These elements are fairly common, occurring in 35–49% of all human genes. A uORF is a coding sequence located in the 5′ UTR located upstream of the coding sequences initiation site. These uORFs contain their own initiation codon, known as an upstream AUG (uAUG). This codon can be scanned for by ribosomes and then translated to create a product, which can regulate the translation of the main protein coding sequence or other uORFs that may exist on the same transcript.

The translation of the protein within the main ORF after a uORF sequence has been translated is known as reinitiation. The process of reinitiation is known to reduce the translation of the ORF protein. Control of protein regulation is determined by the distance between the uORF and the first codon in the main ORF. A uORF has been found to increase reinitiation with the longer distance between its uAUG and the start codon of the main ORF, which indicates that the ribosome needs to reacquire translation factors before it can carry out translation of the main protein. For example, ATF4 regulation is performed by two uORFs further upstream, named uORF1 and uORF2, which contain three amino acids and fifty-nine amino acids, respectively. The location of uORF2 overlaps with the ATF4 ORF. During normal conditions, the uORF1 is translated, and then translation of uORF2 occurs only after eIF2-TC has been reacquired. Translation of the uORF2 requires that the ribosomes pass by the ATF4 ORF, whose start codon is located within uORF2. This leads to its repression. However, during stress conditions, the 40S ribosome will bypass uORF2 because of a decrease in concentration of eIF2-TC, which means the ribosome does not acquire one in time to translate uORF2. Instead, ATF4 is translated.

Other mechanisms
In addition to reinitiation, uORFs contribute to translation initiation based on:
 * The nucleotides of an uORF may code for a codon that leads to a highly structured mRNA, causing the ribosome to stall.
 * cis- and trans- regulation on translation of the main protein coding sequence.
 * Interactions with IRES sites.

Internal ribosome entry sites and viruses
Viral (as well as some eukaryotic) 5′ UTRs contain internal ribosome entry sites, which is a cap-independent method of translational activation. Instead of building up a complex at the 5′ cap, the IRES allows for direct binding of the ribosomal complexes to the transcript to begin translation. The IRES enables the viral transcript to translate more efficiently due to the lack of needing a preinitation complex, allowing the virus to replicate quickly.

msl-2 transcript
Transcription of the msl-2 transcript is regulated by multiple binding sites for fly Sxl at the 5′ UTR. In particular, these poly-uracil sites are located close to a small intron that is spliced in males, but kept in females through splicing inhibition. This splicing inhibition is maintained by Sxl. When present, Sxl will repress the translation of msl2 by increasing translation of a start codon located in a uORF in the 5′ UTR (see above for more information on uORFs). Also, Sxl outcompetes TIA-1 to a poly(U) region and prevents snRNP (a step in alternative splicing) recruitment to the 5′ splice site.

title: Five prime untranslated region


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Talk:Warm Springs Indian Reservation

Kah-Nee-Ta High Desert Resort and Casino
No mention of Kah-nee-tah? -- llywrch 01:19, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * There is now a Kah-nee-ta article--I'll add the link. Katr67 20:30, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

Merger
I feel that the article Kah-Nee-Ta High Desert Resort and Casino should be merged with Warm Springs Indian Reservation as their is very little information pertaining to the casino and therefore, I do not feel that it is substantial enough to stand alone. T. White 09:15, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Oppose - beter criteria for rewrite than merge.Bakaman Bakatalk 05:11, 30 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose - I think the casino article merits expansion, not merger. We have various categories and lists about casinos in the U.S. and Oregon that would be rendered less useful if the casinos were merged with the tribal articles. Katr67 16:51, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I support a rewrite along with you if there is someone willing to do it. Otherwise, I just do not feel that this article is worthy of standing alone.  T. White 09:39, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

Format
I added pictures but screwed up the format. Can someone please help with it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Andy8Kahn (talk • contribs) 06:29, 23 March 2019 (UTC)

Sources for expansion
I think the Oregonian was shooting for a Pulitzer with this series on Warm Springs in late 2003. Lots of good info here.

And not long after:

-Pete (talk) 06:43, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Warm Springs Indian Reservation