text:
James LeVoy Sorenson

James LeVoy Sorenson (July 30, 1921 – January 20, 2008) was an American businessman, the founder of Sorenson Companies, a parent company of 32 corporations. A noted philanthropist, he was the richest man in Utah with an estimated net worth of $4.5 billion at the time of his death. He donated his entire personal fortune to charity.

Early life
Sorenson was born in Rexburg, Idaho, the son of Joseph LeVoy and Emma Blaser Sorenson, and was of Swedish, Norwegian and Swiss ancestry.

Career
With only a high school diploma, he made a fortune in local real estate before expanding in other directions such as innovative technology. Sorenson holds roughly 60 patents, and is credited with a number of medical inventions including the disposable surgical mask and the disposable venous catheter.

One of his companies, Sorenson Genomics, has also begun a genetic database known as the Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation, and claims to be the only laboratory in the world to have successfully identified victims in Thailand of the 2004 tsunami.

In 1982, Sorenson received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.

In 2003, Sorenson was honored as the "Alumnus of the Year" by Sierra College in Rocklin, California, which he attended from 1940 to 1941. His pre-med studies were interrupted by World War II and a mission for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

On Wednesday, February 15, 2006, Sorenson received the "Giant of Our City" award in Salt Lake City for his philanthropy and effort in identifying the tsunami victims.

Upon his death, Sorenson donated his entire personal fortune to charity.

Personal life
He was married to Beverley Taylor Sorenson, a great granddaughter of LDS Church President John Taylor. They had eight children — Carol Smith, Shauna Johnson, James Lee Sorenson, Ann Crocker, Joan Fenton, Joseph Sorenson, Gail Williamsen and Christine Harris.

Sorenson died on January 20, 2008, of cancer, aged 86. He was survived by a large extended family, including his wife, eight children and 47 grandchildren.

title: James LeVoy Sorenson


text: Template:Campaignbox Gettysburg Campaign

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: File:Monocular rivalry.png

title: File:Monocular rivalry.png


text: Category:Elections in Northern Ireland

title: Category:Elections in Northern Ireland


text: Template:Campaignbox Bristoe Campaign

title: Template:Campaignbox Bristoe Campaign


text:
Philippine National Police

The Philippine National Police (Pambansang Pulisya ng Pilipinas, PNP) is the armed national police force in the Philippines. Its national headquarters is located at Camp Crame in Bagong Lipunan ng Crame, Quezon City. Currently, it has approximately 228,000 personnel to police a population in excess of 100 million.

The agency is administered and controlled by the National Police Commission and is part of the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG). Local police officers are operationally controlled by city or municipal mayors. DILG, on the other hand, organizes, trains and equips the PNP for the performance of police functions as a police force that is national in scope and civilian in character.

The PNP was formed on January 29, 1991, when the Philippine Constabulary and the Integrated National Police were merged pursuant to Republic Act 6975 of 1990.

Creation after martial law
Until January 1991, the Philippines did not have a civilian national police force, and instead had the Philippine Constabulary under the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and city and municipal police organized under the Integrated National Police, which was likewise nationalized and integrated under the command of the military under martial law in 1975.

The need to assert civilian control of the military was a reform agenda which began being addressed almost as soon as Ferdinand Marcos was deposed by the 1986 People Power Revolution; within a year of Marcos' ouster, the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines enshrined the principle of civilian supremacy over the military. This was because of broad local   and international consensus that "human rights abuses became rampant" during the dictatorship, with Philippine Constabulary units such as the Metrocom Intelligence and Security Group (MISG), and the 5th Constabulary Security Unit (5CSU), identified with many particular cases. These units had also been associated with acts of intimidation and violence media entities, corporate management, and opposition groups.

The recommendations of the Davide Commission in 1990 thus included the dissolution of the Philippine Constabulary as a service under the AFP. It was determined that a new civilian Philippine National Police was to be formed by merging the Integrated National Police into the Philippine Constabulary, with the PC forming the basis as it had the more developed infrastructure. The PC was then removed from the Ministry of National Defense and eventually civilianized, as part of the Department of the Interior and Local Government, through attrition and recruitment of new personnel.

Passed on December 13, 1990, Republic Act No. 6975, the Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990 paved the way for a new era for Philippine law enforcement as the law ordered the total merger of both the Philippine Constabulary and the Integrated National Police and formally created the Philippine National Police.

Later reforms and reorganization
R.A. 6975 was further amended by R.A. 8551, the Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998, and by R.A. 9708.

R.A. 8551 envisioned the PNP to be a community- and service-oriented agency and included the creation of the Internal Affairs Service of Philippine National Police.

On June 14, 2019, the PNP announced that the Counter-Intelligence Task Force will be replaced with the Integrity Monitoring and Enforcement Group.

Functions

 * Law Enforcement.
 * Maintenance of Peace and Order and Public Safety.
 * Prevent and Investigate crimes and bring offenders to justice.
 * Exercise the vested powers from the constitution and pertinent laws.
 * Detain an arrested person/s for a period not beyond what is prescribed by law.
 * Implement pertinent laws and regulations on firearms and explosives control.
 * Supervise and control the training and operations of security and investigation agencies.

Leadership

 * Commander-in-Chief: Pres. Bongbong Marcos
 * Secretary of the Interior and Local Government (SILG) & NAPOLCOM Chairman: Atty. Benjamin DC Abalos Jr.
 * Undersecretary for Peace and Order, DILG: Oscar F. Valenzuela
 * Chief of the Philippine National Police (Chief, PNP): PGEN Rommel Francisco D. Marbil
 * The Deputy Chief for Administration of the Philippine National Police (TDCA, PNP): PLTGEN Emmanuel B. Peralta
 * The Deputy Chief for Operations of the Philippine National Police (TDCO, PNP): PLTGEN Michael John F. Dubria
 * The Chief of Directorial Staff (TCDS, PNP): PLTGEN Jon A. Arnaldo
 * Spokesperson, Philippine National Police: PCOL Jean S. Fajardo

National Headquarters

 * Office of the Chief, PNP
 * Office of the Senior Executive Assistant to the Chief, PNP
 * Spokesperson for the Chief, PNP
 * Office of the Deputy Chief for Administration
 * Office of the Deputy Chief for Operations
 * PNP Directorial Staff
 * Office of the Chief of Directorial Staff
 * Secretary to the Directorial Staff
 * Liaison Office for the Office of the President
 * Office of the Senior Police Assistant to the Secretary of the Interior and Local Government
 * Human Rights Affairs Office (HRAO)
 * Center for Police Strategy Management (CPSM)
 * Peace Process and Development Center (PPDC)
 * Women and Children Protection Center (WCPC)
 * Public Information Office (PIO)
 * PNP Air Unit (AU)
 * PNP Command Center (PCC)
 * PNP Legislative Affairs Center
 * Office of the Police Attaché

Directorial Staff

 * Directorate for Personnel and Records Management (DPRM)
 * Personnel Holding and Accounting Unit
 * Directorate for Intelligence (DI)
 * Directorate for Operations (DO)
 * Directorate for Logistics (DL)
 * Directorate for Plans (DPL)
 * Directorate for Comptrollership (DC)
 * Directorate for Police Community Relations (DPCR)
 * Directorate for Investigation and Detective Management (DIDM)
 * Directorate for Human Resource Doctrine and Development (DHRDD)
 * Directorate for Research and Development (DRD)
 * Directorate for Information and Communications Technology Management (DICTM)

Area Police Command (APC)

 * Northern Luzon
 * Southern Luzon
 * Visayas
 * Western Mindanao
 * Eastern Mindanao

National Administration Support Units

 * Internal Affairs Service (IAS)
 * PNP Custodial Center
 * Philippine National Police Academy (PNPA)
 * PNP Training Institute (PNPTI)
 * Headquarters Support Service (HSS)
 * Health Service (HS)
 * Logistics Support Service (LSS)
 * Finance Service (FS)
 * PNP Training Service (PNPTS)
 * Engineering Service (ES)
 * Legal Service (LS)
 * Communications and Electronics Service (CES)
 * Information Technology Management Service (ITMS)
 * Police Retirement and Benefits Administration Service (PRBS)
 * Chaplain Service (ChS)
 * Police Recruitment and Selection Service (PRSS)

National Operational Support Units

 * Criminal Investigation and Detection Group (CIDG)
 * Civil Security Group (CSG)
 * Special Action Force (SAF)
 * Highway Patrol Group (HPG)
 * Aviation Security Group (AVSeGroup)
 * Maritime Group (MG)
 * Intelligence Group (IG)
 * Forensic Group (FG; formerly PNP Crime Laboratory Group)
 * Police Security and Protection Group (PSPG)
 * Police Community Affairs and Development Group (PCADG; formerly Police Community Relations Group)
 * Firearms and Explosives Office (FEO)
 * Supervisory Office for Security and Investigation Agencies (SOSIA)
 * Drug Enforcement Group (DEG; formerly Anti-Illegal Drugs Group)
 * Anti-Kidnapping Group (AKG)
 * Anti-Cybercrime Group (ACG)
 * Explosives Ordnance Disposal and Cannine Group (EOD-K9)
 * Integrity Monitoring and Enforcement Group (IMEG; formerly Counter-Intelligence Task Force)

Divisional organization
Area Police Command

Regional Offices

Regional Police Offices manage and administer Police Stations within the various regions of the Philippines, each of which include several provinces and independent cities. Each unit exercises independent control over all police units within their areas of operation and attached units of the PNP National Headquarters are ordered to assist these Regional Offices. The National Capital Region Police Office is one such regional office.

District Offices

Except in Metro Manila, regional police offices are organized into:
 * City Police Office (CPO)
 * City Special Weapons and Tactics (CSWAT)
 * Component City Police Station (CCPS)
 * Police Community Precincts (PCP)
 * City Mobile Force Company (CMFC)
 * Municipal Police Stations (MPS)
 * City Police Stations (CPS)
 * Police Provincial Office (PPO)
 * District Police Office (DPO)
 * District Police Maneuver Unit (DPMU)
 * Provincial Mobile Force Company (PMFC)
 * Police Regional Office (PRO)
 * Regional Mobile Force Battalion (RMFB)
 * Regional Headquarters Support Unit (RHSU)
 * Police Substations (PS)

Internal Affairs Service
The PNP created a national Internal Affairs Service (IAS) in June 1999. It is an organization within the structure of the PNP and one of its tasks is to help the Chief PNP institute reforms to improve the image of the police force through assessment, analysis and evaluation of the character and behavior of the PNP personnel. It is headed by the Inspector General.

National Operations Center (NOC)
The National Operations Center (NOC) is at Camp Crame. Chief Superintendent Constante Azares Jr., chief of the PNP-NOC, explained that "the NOC is the hub and nerve of this facility."

Operational units
The following operational units exist within the PNP.
 * Anti-Cybercrime Group (ACG) – responsible for the investigation of cybercrime, conducting forensic analyses on seized computers and digital evidence, and for assessing vulnerabilities in public and private IT infrastructure.
 * Anti-Kidnapping Group (AKG) – responsible in addressing kidnapping menace in the country and in handling hostage situations.
 * 2023-05-12 PNP H125 006.jpgion Security Group (AVSEGROUP) – responsible for the security of Philippine airports against threats to civil aviation.
 * Civil Security Group (CSG) – responsible for the regulation of all organized private detectives, watchmen, security agencies, and company guard forces. It also supervises the licensing and registration of firearms and explosives.
 * Criminal Investigation and Detection Group (CIDG) – responsible for monitoring, investigating, and prosecuting all crimes involving economic sabotage, and other crimes of such magnitude and extent as to indicate their commission by highly placed or professional criminal syndicates and organizations. It also conducts organized crime control and handles all major cases involving violations of the penal code or other laws assigned.
 * Drug Enforcement Group (DEG) – responsible for the prevention and control of illegal drugs in support of the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency. It is formerly known as the PNP Anti Illegal Drugs Group.
 * PNP Kawasaki Ninja 650 R No. 210 (Original Work).jpg Highway Patrol Group (HPG) – responsible for enforcing traffic laws and motor vehicle registration and regulation and assisting the Land Transportation Office and is also part of the LTFRB. This group is rarely seen outside of highly urbanized areas or in any provincial areas however.
 * Integrity Monitoring and Enforcement Group (IMEG) – responsible for conducting intelligence build-up and law enforcement operations against PNP personnel who are involved in any illegal activities such as drug trafficking, human trafficking, financial crimes, cybercrime, malversation, graft and corrupt practices, security violations, and others. It replaced the Counter-Intelligence Task Force (CITF).
 * Intelligence Group (IG) – responsible for intelligence and counter-intelligence.
 * Forensic Group (FG) – responsible for carrying out different forensic services and scientific investigations. Known previously as the Crime Laboratory (CL), it includes the Scene of the Crime Operations (SOCO) division.
 * Philippine National Police boat in Iloilo River.JPG, Iloilo City]]Maritime Group (MG) – responsible for performing all police functions over Philippine territorial waters, lakes, and rivers and along coastal areas, including ports, harbors, and small islands for the security and the safety of the maritime environment.
 * Police Security and Protection Group (PSPG) – responsible for the security of vital government installations, government officials, visiting dignitaries and private individuals authorized to be given protection. It also supports the Presidential Security Group in protecting the president and their family.
 * Special Action Force (SAF) – a mobile strike force or a reaction unit to augment regional, provincial, municipal and city police force for civil disturbance control, internal security operations, hostage-taking rescue operations, search and rescue in times of natural calamities, disasters and national emergencies and other special police operations such as anti-hijacking, anti-terrorism, and explosives and ordnance disposal.
 * Isuzu D-Max Special weapons and Tactics Vehicle of PNP 13th RPSB.jpg Air Unit (AU) – a highly specialized police unit specializing in providing air support to the entire PNP. It is staffed by a pool of professional, licensed and experienced pilots and aircraft mechanics. Once a part of Special Action Force. PNP Uniforms.jpg

Philippine National Police Academy
The Philippine National Police Academy is located at Camp Gen. Mariano N. Castaneda, Silang, Cavite and is the premier training academy for the Philippine National Police, Bureau of Jail Management & Penology and Bureau of Fire Protection.

Full set of ranks
Per the current (2019) rank system, the National Police has no rank holders of Second Lieutenant, Technical Sergeant, Sergeant and Patrolman First Class.

Recruitment and training

The PNP conducts regular recruitment programs, depending on the annual budget. The entry level for non-commissioned officers is the rank of Police Patrolman (for male recruits) or Police Patrolwoman (for female recruits). The new recruits will undergo Public Safety Basic Recruit Course for six months, and a Field Training Program for another six months. Prior to their actual duty, they are required to undergo the mandatory special training of PNP BISOC or PNP Basic Internal Security Operations Course for 45 days to 5 months to enhance them in militaristic/tactics for future assignment in the field whether in the Striking Force or in the Police Station.

Commissioned officers for the Philippine National Police are from the Philippine National Police Academy as well as through "lateral entry" for specialized disciplines and requirements such as criminologists in line-officers, lawyers, doctors, engineers, chaplain and other technical positions and also the rose-from-the-rank personnel who have reached the qualifications to be a commissioned officer.

Retirement
A police officer has to two ways for retirement i.e. Optional and Mandatory Retirement. Optional Retirement is an option of an uniformed personnel to retire who rendered at least 20 years retire from the service, while the latter is when they reach the mandatory retirement age of 56. Any officer may opt to go on non-duty status at most three months before the date when they reach the mandatory retirement age so they could prepare the pertinent documents for their retirement (some called it Terminal Leave). While on this status they are still considered as part of the police force and retain their ranking.

Reforms
The PNP is one of the "core security actors" that are the focus of security sector governance and reform in the Philippines, which involves civilianizing, professionalizing, modernizing, and capacitating the Philippine government's security institutions   to align them good governance and to principles such as human rights, freedom of information, and the rule of civilian law. This has been a continuing process since the establishment of the Fifth Philippine Republic after the 1986 People Power Revolution, before the concept had even been fully defined internationally in the 1990s. The creation of the PNP itself, merging and replacing the PC and the INP, was an early and major step towards civilianization of the Philippine security sector.

Manila blackmail incident
A blackmail case occurred in Binondo, Manila when police officers abducted and blackmailed seven Chinese citizens suspected of drug trafficking on December 30, 1998. After many months of detainment and torture, two Hong Kong residents were killed when the ransom money was not paid. One police superintendent who knew of the operation was also killed.

Euro Generals scandal
The Euro Generals scandal involves Eliseo de la Paz and several Philippine National Police officials who went to Russia in October 2008 to attend an Interpol conference. De la Paz was detained for carrying a large sum of undeclared money. A House panel investigating the scandal concluded that the six police officials who attended the conference had made the trip without authorization. In 2010, the Office of the Ombudsman filed graft charges against twelve former and active ranking PNP officials for their alleged involvement in the incident.

Parañaque shootout
On December 5, 2008, ten suspected criminals, one policeman, and five civilians, a total of 16 people, including a seven-year-old girl, were killed in a shootout in Parañaque. Several others were wounded, including a ranking officer of the Highway Patrol Group, two members of the Special Action Force, a village watchman, and a security guard, said Director Leopoldo Bataoil, head of the Metro Manila regional police. The criminals belonged to a Waray-Waray gang and were armed with high-caliber M16 rifles fitted with grenade launchers.

The head of the Internal Affairs Service of the PNP said, "We failed in our mission to protect the civilians." On July 29, 2009, the Department of Justice (DOJ) filed multiple murder charges against 29 policemen, including three generals, in connection with the shootout following the filing of a complaint-affidavit by Lilian de Vera, who lost her husband and seven-year-old daughter in the incident. On January 11, 2010, the Commission on Human Rights recommended the filing of criminal and administrative charges against 26 policemen In March, it was reported that after two witnesses had said De Vera and his daughter were not killed in the shootout, that policemen already had complete control of the area where the two were killed.

Binayug torture case
Inspector Joselito Binayug, chief of the Asuncion police community precinct in Tondo arrested Darius Evangelista on March 5, 2009, for alleged robbery. A torture video was leaked to the media and shown on television showing a police officer whipping and cursing the suspect and pulling on a rope that was tied to the victim's genitals. The incident allegedly happened inside the Asuncion police precinct in Tondo. Binayug was arrested for violating the Anti-Torture act of 2009. Separate charges were filed for Evangelista being tortured to death.

Maguindanao massacre
On November 24, 2009, Senior Superintendent Abusana Maguid, the police chief of Maguindanao province, was reported to have been relieved of his duties after witnesses reported seeing three of his officers at the scene of the Maguindanao massacre in which 57 people, including journalists, lawyers, aides, and motorists who were witnesses were killed. On November 25 Maguid and Chief Inspector Sukarno Dikay were reported to have been relieved from post and placed under restrictive custody. On November 26, Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) Secretary Ronaldo Puno announced that Maguid, Dikay, and others were suspected of involvement in the massacre. On December 19, Maguid, Dikay, and others were reported to have been recommended for summary dismissal by the PNP high command. On April 16, 2010, the National Police Commission ordered a 90-day suspension against Maguid, Dikay, and 60 other police personnel for their possible involvement in the killings. On July 10, it was reported that Dikay had applied to become state witness, saying that he is confident that his testimony will pin down the masterminds of the killing.

Failed hostage rescue operation
The Philippine National Police conceded that in the 2010 Manila hostage crisis they made blunders in ending a bus hijacking, as outrage grew over the bloody assault played out on live television that left eight Hong Kong tourists dead. The Hong Kong Economic Journal was reported to have accused the PNP of having "appalling professional standards" and "...[a] lack of strategic planning".

"Wheel of Torture" secret detention facility
The Philippine Commission on Human Rights filed charges against ten police officers after it was discovered that they routinely tortured detainees inside a secret detention facility in Biñan, Laguna. It was alleged that some "were tortured for the police officers’ amusement" when they're intoxicated. The facility is notorious for utilizing a roulette called the "Wheel of Torture", a play on the Wheel of Fortune, where various torture methods were printed. The wheel is rotated and wherever the pin stops, the indicated torture method is perpetrated on the detainee.

The torture methods included a 20-second Manny Pacman punch, named after the famous boxer Manny Pacquiao, where the detainee is beaten for 20 seconds; "Paniki" which means being hung like a bat; "Tusok ulo ka" which means being pierced through the head; "Zombies" which means being electrocuted; and other degrading tasks like "duck walk" and "Ferris wheel".

Kidnapping and killing of Jee Ick-Joo
Sometime in January 2017, a Korean was killed inside Camp Crame. The Philippine National Police Anti-Kidnapping Group (PNP-AKG) charged former NBI officials Roel Boliv, Ricardo Diaz, and Jose Yap in relation to the case.

2013 Pampanga Drug recycling scandal
In 2013, an anti-illegal drug unit led by Police Chief Inspector (now Police Major) Rodney Baloyo launched an operation against a certain Chinese national inside a subdivision in Mexico, Pampanga. However, an alleged recycling of Methamphetamine Hydrocloride locally known as "Shabu" worth 648 million Philippine Pesos confiscated dubbed as "Agaw-Bato" by the media and setting drug lord Johnson Lee free were discovered by then Criminal Investigation and Detection Group (CIDG) Chief (now Baguio Mayor) Benjamin Magalong resulting to a dismissal of the 13 Policemen dubbed as "Ninja Cops" (including Baloyo) involved in the said operation. In 2019, Magalong revealed that PNP Chief Oscar Albayalde who was then the Pampanga Provincial Director when the incident happened, asked not to implement the dismissal of the cops involved in the recycling of drugs and often profited along with the cops involved. The revelations caused Magalong receiving death threats and the resignation of Albayalde on October 14, 2019.

Uniter Association
In 2019, German news outlets reported that the Philippine National Police received training from Uniter Association (German: Verein Uniter), a non-government organization suspected to be a neo-Nazi paramilitary due to its alleged affiliation with a far-right network called "Hannibal". Kontraste, a news magazine of Germany's public broadcasting network ARD reported that Uniter members held a training seminar at the Seda Hotel with high-ranking officers of the PNP, and other government officials, including E.R. Ejercito who posted photos of the seminar on his Facebook page two days after he was convicted for graft. Uniter denied claims of training Filipino police forces in an attempt to establish right-wing extremist networks overseas, but insisted that they were there for "humanitarian" support for the PNP, which they claimed it as "unfortunate" timing given the ongoing war on drugs. Despite being reported across Germany amidst a neo-Nazi scandal that hit the Bundeswehr (which revolves around an alleged terror plot called "Day X"), it was not reported by Philippine media. The PNP refused to comment on its involvement with Uniter.

Mañanita during the COVID-19 pandemic
The holding of a mañanita for NCRPO's chief (later PNP Chief) Debold Sinas amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in Metro Manila was criticized for breaching quarantine regulations. A mañanita is a customary celebration in the PNP where senior officers are greeted by their personnel early in the morning of their birthdays. The national police has filed charges against Sinas over the event for violation of existing regulations on social distancing and mass gatherings. However, Sinas was still able to keep his post due to the "emergency situation" posed by the pandemic, as self-proclaimed by him.

2020 Tarlac shooting
Police Senior Master Sergeant Jonel Nuezca shot to death his two unarmed neighbors, Sonya Gregorio and her son Frank, in Paniqui, Tarlac, on December 20, 2020, at 5:10 pm (PST). The incident was reported to the police 20 minutes later and, at 6:19 pm, Nuezca surrendered at the police station in Pangasinan.

The incident started when Nuezca went to investigate the Gregorios who were shooting a boga–an improvised bamboo cannon used as a noisemaker every December. Nuezca tried to arrest Frank, who appeared to be drunk. This led to a heated argument with Sonya, which culminated in Nuezca killing the two by shooting them at close range. According to Police Colonel Renante Cabico, director of the Tarlac Provincial Police Office, Nuezca was "off duty" at the time of the incident. The police called the incident an "isolated case."

The incident was captured on video and spread online. Several netizens and celebrities condemned the killings on social media with the hashtags #StopTheKillingsPH, #EndPoliceBrutality, #PulisAngTerorista, and #JusticeForSonyaGregorio dominating on Twitter in the Philippines, as well as in Singapore and Dubai. Some critics also pointed at the government over the acts of impunity and human rights abuses in recent years.

An indignation rally was done by numerous groups on December 21, 2020, at the Boy Scout Circle, Quezon City.

The disgraced former PNP officer Jonel Nuezca was found guilty of murder in August 2021 and sentenced to "reclusion perpetua", which is 40 years imprisonment with parole possible after 30 years. He was also ordered to pay PHP 476,000 (US$9,377) to the heirs of each of the people he brutally murdered.

Shootout with PDEA Agents (2021)
On February 24, 2021, personnel of the Philippines National Police (PNP) and the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) was involved in a friendly fire incident. Personnel from both sides engaged in a gunfight with both sides saying they were conducting an anti-drug operation. The shootout resulted in 2 deaths and 1 injured on the side of the PNP and 2 deaths and 3 injured on the PDEA Side.

Quezon City 52-year-old woman shooting (2021)
On May 31, 2021, a police officer Police Master Sergeant Hensie Zinampan, who appeared to be drunk, was filmed with a cell phone when he shot a 52-year-old woman named Lilybeth Valdez dead in close range outside the store in Fairview, Quezon City at around 9:30pm, following the heated argument between the two. The incident was caught on video. PNP Chief Guillermo Eleazar confronts Zinampan for his crime. The police filed an "administrative and criminal charges" against the police officer. The incident sparked outrage on social media, trending the hashtag #PulisAngTerorista on June 1, 2021, with the netizen rejected the claims that the incident was "isolated case." The incident was likened to the case of Tarlac shooting in December 2020. There has been no further news on the status of the disgraced officer.

title: Philippine National Police


text: Template:Campaignbox Averell's Raid on the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad


text:
User talk:Hey8

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 20:28, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Hey8


text: Category:Elections in the Cayman Islands


text:
Charlene Barshefsky

Charlene Barshefsky (born August 11, 1950) served as United States Trade Representative, the country's top trade negotiator, from 1997 to 2001. She was the Deputy U.S. Trade Representative from 1993 to 1997. She is a partner at the law firm of Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr. She is also an advisor at Moelis & Company and a participant of the Task Force on U.S.-China Policy convened by the Asia Society's Center on US-China Relations.

Early life, education, and career
Barshefsky was raised in a Jewish family on the North Side of Chicago, to Gustave, a Polish immigrant and chemical engineer, who died in 1995, and Miriam, (who died in 2011) a Russian immigrant and retired substitute teacher. She has one brother, Alvin Barshefsky, and one sister, Annette Weinshank. In 1968, Barshefsky graduated from Von Steuben High School. In 1972, Barshefsky graduated from the University of Wisconsin–Madison with a bachelor's degree, double majoring in English and political science. In 1975, she earned her J.D. from the Columbus School of Law of The Catholic University of America.

Barshefsky was nominated by former President Bill Clinton to serve as Deputy U.S. Trade Representative along with Rufus Yerxa and Richard W. Fisher. In 1999 she was the primary negotiator with China's Zhu Rongji, laying out the terms for China's eventual entry into the World Trade Organization in December 2001. Her negotiations have been analyzed in Harvard Business School case studies.

Legal practice
As of June 2012, Barshefsky is a senior international partner at WilmerHale. Her legal practice focuses on international business transactions, commercial agreements, and regulatory impediments to exporting and investment. Specifically, her expertise lies in "crafting market penetration strategies for goods, services, and investment and devising practical solutions to market access barriers". Her clients include Fortune 100 and other multinational companies that services like trade litigation, dispute resolution, and government relations strategies. She also advises foreign corporations on commercial and regulatory issues in the United States.

Barshefsky has written and lectured extensively on both U.S. and foreign trade laws and public procurement regimes. She was a partner at the law firm of Steptoe & Johnson. She previously served as vice chair of the International Law Section of the American Bar Association as well as a member of its governing council and chair of its Publications Committee.

Personal life
Outside of her legal practice, Ambassador Barshefsky participates in several professional organizations; she is a board member of the America-China Society, a fellow of the Foreign Policy Association, and a member of the American Academy of Diplomacy and the Trilateral Commission. She also serves on the boards of Intel, American Express, Estée Lauder Companies, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. She is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. She also sits on the advisory board for America Abroad Media.

Barshefsky lives in Washington, D.C., with her husband.

Honors and awards

 * Named one of "The Decade's Most Influential Lawyers" (40 lawyers total) by The National Law Journal in the regulatory category.
 * Included in BusinessWeek's list of "Top Female Corporate Directors"
 * Named one of "50 Most Influential Women Lawyers in America" by The National Law Journal in 2007
 * Lifetime Achievement Award from Chambers & Partners in 2007
 * "Top Lawyers in Washington, D.C." in international trade by the Washingtonianmagazine for 2007, 2009, and 2011
 * Outstanding Achievement award at the Euromoney Legal Media Group's "America's Women in Business Law Awards"

title: Charlene Barshefsky


text:
Category:Tokushima Prefecture

Tokushima Prefecture (徳島県 Tokushima-ken) is a prefecture located in the Shikoku region on Shikoku island, Japan. The capital is the city of Tokushima.

title: Category:Tokushima Prefecture


text: Category:Elections in Jersey

title: Category:Elections in Jersey


text:
Bridgeton Township

Bridgeton Township may refer to:
 * Bridgeton Township, Michigan
 * Bridgeton Township, Pennsylvania

title: Bridgeton Township


text:
Brimson

Brimson may refer to:
 * Brimson, Missouri
 * Brimson, Minnesota
 * Brimson (surname)

title: Brimson


text:
Britton

Britton may refer to:

 * Britton (law), an ancient summary of the Laws of England
 * Britton (given name)
 * Britton (surname)

Canada

 * Britton, Ontario

United States

 * Britton, Michigan
 * Britton, Oklahoma
 * Britton, South Dakota

title: Britton


text: Category:Elections in Guernsey

title: Category:Elections in Guernsey


text:
Brockway

Brockway may refer to:

Places
In the United States:
 * Brockway, California
 * Brockway, Montana
 * Brockway, Oregon
 * Brockway, Pennsylvania
 * Brockway, Wisconsin, a town
 * Brockway (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
 * Brockway Township, Michigan
 * Brockway Township, Minnesota

People

 * Archibald Fenner Brockway, British anti-war activist and politician
 * Buzz Brockway, American politician
 * Benjamin Benson Brockway, Oregon pioneer
 * Derek Brockway, Welsh meteorologist and TV presenter
 * Hiel Brockway, Businessman
 * Lawrence O. Brockway, Physical chemist
 * Robin Brockway, British actor
 * Zebulon Brockway, penologist and prison reformer

Other

 * Brockway Air, Vermont-based regional airline
 * Brockway Airport, New Brunswick, Canada
 * Brockway Motor Company, Cortland NY 1912-1977
 * Brockway Mountain Drive, scenic drive on the Keweenaw Peninsula of Michigan, USA
 * Brockway (The Simpsons), fictional location on the TV animated series The Simpsons
 * Brockway Glass, Pennsylvania-based glass manufacturer

title: Brockway


text:
Brownington

Brownington may refer to:
 * Brownington, Kentucky
 * Brownington, Vermont
 * Brownington, Missouri

title: Brownington


text:
Bruce Township

Bruce Township may refer to:

Canada

 * Bruce Township, Ontario

United States

 * Bruce Township, LaSalle County, Illinois
 * Bruce Township, Benton County, Iowa
 * Bruce Township, Chippewa County, Michigan
 * Bruce Township, Macomb County, Michigan
 * Bruce Township, Minnesota
 * Bruce Township, Guilford County, North Carolina, in Guilford County, North Carolina
 * Bruce Township, Cavalier County, North Dakota, in Cavalier County, North Dakota

title: Bruce Township


text:
The World as Will and Representation

The World as Will and Representation (WWR; Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung, WWV), sometimes translated as The World as Will and Idea, is the central work of the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer. The first edition was published in late 1818, with the date 1819 on the title-page. A second, two-volume edition appeared in 1844: volume one was an edited version of the 1818 edition, while volume two consisted of commentary on the ideas expounded in volume one. A third expanded edition was published in 1859, the year prior to Schopenhauer's death. In 1948, an abridged version was edited by Thomas Mann.

In the summer of 1813, Schopenhauer submitted his doctoral dissertation—On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason—and was awarded a doctorate from the University of Jena. After spending the following winter in Weimar, he lived in Dresden and published his treatise On Vision and Colours in 1816. Schopenhauer spent the next several years working on his chief work, The World as Will and Representation. Schopenhauer asserted that the work is meant to convey a "single thought" from various perspectives. He develops his philosophy over four books covering epistemology, ontology, aesthetics, and ethics. Following these books is an appendix containing Schopenhauer's detailed Criticism of the Kantian Philosophy.

Taking the transcendental idealism of Immanuel Kant as his starting point, Schopenhauer argues that the world humans experience around them—the world of objects in space and time and related in causal ways—exists solely as "representation" (Vorstellung) dependent on a cognizing subject, not as a world that can be considered to exist in itself (i.e., independently of how it appears to the subject's mind). One's knowledge of objects is thus knowledge of mere phenomena rather than things in themselves. Schopenhauer identifies the thing-in-itself — the inner essence of everything — as will: a blind, unconscious, aimless striving devoid of knowledge, outside of space and time, and free of all multiplicity. The world as representation is therefore the "objectification" of the will. Aesthetic experiences release one briefly from one’s endless servitude to the will, which is the root of suffering. True redemption from life, Schopenhauer asserts, can only result from the total ascetic negation of the "will to life". Schopenhauer notes fundamental agreements between his philosophy, Platonism, and the philosophy of the ancient Indian Vedas.

The World as Will and Representation marked the pinnacle of Schopenhauer's philosophical thought; he spent the rest of his life refining, clarifying and deepening the ideas presented in this work without any fundamental changes. The first edition was met with near-universal silence. The second edition of 1844 similarly failed to attract any interest. At the time, post-Kantian German academic philosophy was dominated by the German idealists—foremost among them G. W. F. Hegel, whom Schopenhauer bitterly denounced as a "charlatan".

English translations
In the English language, this work is known under three different titles. Although English publications about Schopenhauer played a role in the recognition of his fame as a philosopher in later life (1851 until his death in 1860) and a three volume translation by R. B. Haldane and J. Kemp, titled The World as Will and Idea, appeared already in 1883–1886, the first English translation of the expanded edition of this work under this title The World as Will and Representation appeared by E. F. J. Payne (who also translated several other works of Schopenhauer) as late as in 1958 (paperback editions in 1966 and 1969). A later English translation by Richard E. Aquila in collaboration with David Carus is titled The World as Will and Presentation (2008). The latest translation by Judith Norman, Alistair Welchman, and Christopher Janaway is titled The World as Will and Representation (Volume 1: 2010, Volume 2: 2018).

There is some debate over the best way to convey, in English, the meaning of Vorstellung, a key concept in Schopenhauer's philosophy and used in the title of his main work. Schopenhauer uses Vorstellung to describe whatever comes before in the mind in consciousness (as opposed to the will, which is what the world that appears to us as Vorstellung is in itself). In ordinary usage, Vorstellung could be rendered as "idea" (thus the title of Haldane and Kemp's translation). However, Kant uses the Latin term repraesentatio when discussing the meaning of Vorstellung (Critique of Pure Reason A320/B376). Thus, as is commonly done, one might use the English term 'representation' to render Vorstellung (as done by E. F. J. Payne in his translation). Norman, Welchman, and Janaway also use the English term 'representation'. In the introduction, they point out that Schopenhauer uses Vorstellung the same way Kant uses it — 'representation' "stands for anything that the mind is conscious of in its experience, knowledge, or cognition of any form — something that is present to the mind. So our first task in The World as Will and Representation is to consider the world as it presents itself to us in our minds."

In the introduction to his translation with David Carus (first published 2008), Richard Aquila argues that the reader will not grasp the details of the philosophy of Schopenhauer properly without rendering Vorstellung as "presentation". It is the notion of a performance or theatrical presentation – of which one is the spectator – that is key in this interpretation. The world that we perceive can be understood as a "presentation" of objects in the theatre of our own mind. Vorstellung can refer to what is presented or to the process of presenting it. Schopenhauer argues that what does the "presenting" – what sets the world as 'presentation' before one – is the cognizant subject itself. The primary sense of Vorstellung used by Schopenhauer, Aquila writes, is that of what is presented to a subject: the presented object (qua presented, as opposed to what it is "in itself"). Aquila argues that translating Vorstellung as 'representation' fails to "bring out the dual notion of that which is 'set before' a cognizant subject as its object, and the presentational activity of the subject therein engaged" and is potentially misleading from Schopenhauer's principal point.

Relationship to earlier philosophical work
Schopenhauer demands that his doctoral dissertation On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, which appeared in 1813, be read before WWR as an introduction. Referring to On the Fourfold Root, Schopenhauer states in the preface to the first edition of WWR that it is "absolutely impossible to truly understand the present work unless the reader is familiar with this introduction and propaedeutic, and the contents of that essay are presupposed here as much as if they had been included in the book".

Furthermore, Schopenhauer states at the beginning that his book assumes the reader's prior knowledge of the philosophy of Immanuel Kant. Schopenhauer asserted that his philosophy was the natural continuation of Kant's, and is regarded by some as remaining more faithful to Kant's metaphysical system of transcendental idealism, expounded in the Critique of Pure Reason (1781), than any of the other later German idealists. However, The World as Will and Representation contains an appendix entitled "Critique of the Kantian philosophy", in which Schopenhauer rejects most of Kant's ethics and significant parts of his epistemology and aesthetics. As Schopenhauer explains: "However much I take the achievements of the great Kant as my point of departure, a serious study of his works has nonetheless enabled me to discover significant errors, and I have had to separate these errors out and show them to be unsound so that I could then presuppose and apply what is true and excellent in his theories in a pure form, freed from these errors."

Schopenhauer saw the human will as our one window to the reality behind the world as representation, i.e. the external world as we experience it through our mental faculties. According to Schopenhauer, the will is the 'inner essence' of the entire world, i.e. the Kantian thing-in-itself (Ding an sich), and exists independently of the forms of the principle of sufficient reason that govern the world as representation. Schopenhauer believed that while we may be precluded from direct knowledge of the Kantian noumenon, we may gain knowledge about it to a certain extent (unlike Kant, for whom the noumenon was completely unknowable). This is because, according to Schopenhauer, the relationship between the world as representation and the world as it is 'in itself' can be understood by investigating the relationship between our bodies (material objects, i.e. representations, existing in space and time) and our will. Another important difference between the philosophies of Schopenhauer and Kant is Schopenhauer's rejection of Kant's doctrine of twelve categories of the understanding. Schopenhauer claims that eleven of Kant's categories are superfluous "blind windows" meant for the purposes of architectonic symmetry. Schopenhauer argues that there are three a priori forms by which our minds render our experience of the world intelligible to ourselves: time, space, and causality.

Schopenhauer also states in his introduction that the reader will be at his best prepared to understand the theories in The World as Will and Representation if he has lingered in the school of "the divine Plato": Schopenhauer frequently acknowledges Plato's influence on the development of his theories and, particularly in the context of aesthetics, speaks of the Platonic forms as existing on an intermediate ontological level between the representation and the Will. The reader will be at an even further advantage if they are already familiar with the ancient Indian philosophy contained within the Upanishads.

Development and structure of the work
The development of Schopenhauer's ideas took place very early in his career (1814–1818) and culminated in the publication of the first volume of Will and Representation in 1819. This first volume consisted of four books—covering his epistemology, ontology, aesthetics and ethics, in order. Much later in his life, in 1844, Schopenhauer published a second edition in two volumes, the first a virtual reprint of the original, and the second a new work consisting of clarifications to and additional reflections on the first. His views had not changed substantially.

Schopenhauer states in the preface to the first edition that The World as Will and Representation aims to "convey a single thought." The resulting structure of the work is therefore, in his words, "organic rather than chainlike," with all of the book's earlier parts presupposing the later parts "almost as much as the later ones presuppose the earlier." Each of the work's four main parts function as "four perspectives [Gesichtspunkte], as it were, on the one thought." Thus Schopenhauer counsels reading the book more than once, with considerable patience the first time. Schopenhauer addresses the structure of the work in the following passage from Book IV, section 54:

"Since, as we have said, this whole work is just the unfolding of a single thought, it follows that all its parts are bound together most intimately; each one does not just stand in a necessary connection to the one before, presupposing only that the reader has remembered it ... although we need to dissect our one and only thought into many discussions for the purpose of communication, this is an artificial form and in no way essential to the thought itself. Presentation and comprehension are both made easier by the separation of four principal perspectives into four Books, connecting what is related and homogeneous with the utmost of care. Nonetheless, the material does not by any means allow for a linear progression, as is the case with history, but rather requires a more intricate presentation. Thus it is necessary to study the book repeatedly, since this alone will clarify the connection of each part to the other; only then will they all reciprocally illuminate each other and become perfectly clear."

His belated fame after 1851 stimulated renewed interest in his seminal work, and led to a third and final edition with 136 more pages in 1859, one year before his death. In the preface to the latter, Schopenhauer noted: "If I also have at last arrived, and have the satisfaction at the end of my life of seeing the beginning of my influence, it is with the hope that, according to an old rule, it will last longer in proportion to the lateness of its beginning."

Volume 1
Schopenhauer used the word will as a human's most familiar designation for the concept that can also be signified by other words such as desire, striving, wanting, effort and urging. Schopenhauer's philosophy holds that all nature, including man, is the expression of an insatiable will. It is through the will, the in-itself of all existence, that humans find all their suffering. Desire for more is what causes this suffering. He argues that only aesthetic pleasure creates momentary escape from the will. Schopenhauer's concept of desire has strong parallels in Buddhist thought. Buddhism identifies the individual's pervasive sense of dissatisfaction as driving craving, roughly similar to what Schopenhauer would call the will to life. Both assert that remedies for this condition include contemplative, ascetic activities.

The epigraph to volume one is a quotation from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Ob nicht Natur zuletzt sich doch ergründe? ('Might not nature finally fathom itself?'). The quotation comes from a poem to Staatsminister von Voigt, 27 September 1816.

Epistemology (Book I)
The opening sentence of Schopenhauer's work is Die Welt ist meine Vorstellung: "the world is my representation" (alternatively, "idea" or "presentation"). In the first book, Schopenhauer considers the world as representation. Specifically, the first book deals with representation subject to the principle of sufficient reason (German: Satz vom Grunde). In Book III, Schopenhauer returns to considering the world as representation; this time, he focuses on representation independent of the principle of sufficient reason (i.e. the Platonic Idea, the immediate and adequate objecthood of the will, which is the object of art).

Schopenhauer begins WWR by examining the world as it shows itself to us in our minds: objects ordered necessarily by space and time and by cause-and-effect relationships. In our experience, the world is ordered according to the principle of sufficient reason. We perceive a multiplicity of objects related to one another in necessary ways.

Ontology (Book II)
In Book II, Schopenhauer argues that will is the Kantian thing-in-itself: the single essence underlying all objects and phenomena. Kant believed that space and time were merely the forms of our intuition by which we must perceive the world of phenomena, and these factors were absent from the thing-in-itself. Schopenhauer pointed out that anything outside of time and space could not be differentiated, so the thing-in-itself must be one. All things that exist, including human beings, must be part of this fundamental unity. The manifestation of the single will into the multiplicity of objects we experience is the will's objectivation. Plurality exists and has become possible only through time and space, which is why Schopenhauer refers to them as the principium individuationis. The will, as thing-in-itself, lies outside of the principle of sufficient reason (in all its forms) and is thus groundless (though each of the will's phenomena is subject to that principle). The will, lying outside the principium individuationis, is free from all plurality (though its phenomena, existing in space and time, are innumerable).

All phenomena embody essential striving: electricity and gravity, for instance, are described as fundamental forces of the will. Human capacity for cognition, Schopenhauer asserts, is subordinate to the demands of the will. Moreover, everything that wills necessarily suffers. Schopenhauer presents a pessimistic picture on which unfulfilled desires are painful, and pleasure is merely the sensation experienced at the instant one such pain is removed. However, most desires are never fulfilled, and those that are fulfilled are instantly replaced by more unfulfilled ones.

Aesthetics (Book III)
In Book III, Schopenhauer explores the experience of aesthetic contemplation. When we contemplate something aesthetically, we have knowledge of the object not as an individual thing but rather as a universal Platonic Idea (die Platonische Idee). The individual is then able to lose himself in the object of aesthetic contemplation and, for a brief moment, escape the cycle of unfulfilled desire as a "pure, will-less subject of knowledge" (reinen, willenlosen Subjekts der Erkenntniß). This entails the abandonment of the method of cognition bound to the principle of sufficient reason (the only mode appropriate to the service of the will and science). During the aesthetic experience, we gain momentary relief from the pain that accompanies our striving. Like many other aesthetic theories, Schopenhauer's centers on the concept of genius. Genius, according to Schopenhauer, is possessed by all people in varying degrees and consists of the capacity for aesthetic experience. Those who have a high degree of genius can be taught to communicate these aesthetic experiences to others, and objects that communicate these experiences are works of art.

We consider objects to be beautiful that best facilitate contemplation that is purely objective by a will-less consciousness and express 'elevated' Ideas (such as those of humanity). Schopenhauer compares the experience of something as beautiful to the experience of something as sublime (das Erhabene)—in the latter case, we struggle over our natural hostility to the object of contemplation and are elevated above it. An aesthetic experience does not arise from the object stimulating our will; hence Schopenhauer criticized depictions of nude women and appetizing food, as these stimulate desire and thus hinder the viewer from becoming "the pure, will-less subject of knowledge."

The rest of the Third Book contains an account of a variety of art forms, including architecture, landscape gardening, landscape painting, animal painting, historical painting, sculpture, the nude, literature (poetry and tragedy), and lastly, music. Music occupies a privileged place in Schopenhauer's aesthetics, as he believed it to have a special relationship to the will. Other artworks objectify the will only indirectly by means of the Ideas (the adequate objectification of the will), and our world is nothing but the appearance of the Ideas in multiplicity resulting from those Ideas entering into the principium individuationis. Music, Schopenhauer asserts, passes over the Ideas and is therefore independent of the phenomenal world. He writes:

"Thus music is as immediate an objectification and copy of the whole will as the world itself is, indeed as the Ideas are, the multiplied phenomenon of which constitutes the world of individual things. Therefore music is by no means like the other arts, namely a copy of the Ideas, but a copy of the will itself, the objectivity of which are the Ideas. For this reason the effect of music is so very much more powerful and penetrating than is that of the other arts, for these others speak only of the shadow, but music of the essence."

Ethics (Book IV)

In Book IV, Schopenhauer returns to considering the world as will. He claims in this book to set forth a purely descriptive account of human ethical behavior, in which he identifies two types of behavior: the affirmation and denial of the 'will to life' (Wille zum Leben), which constitutes the essence of every individual. Schopenhauer subsequently elucidated his ethical philosophy in his two prize essays: On the Freedom of the Will (1839) and On the Basis of Morality (1840).

According to Schopenhauer, the will conflicts with itself through the egoism that every human and animal is endowed with. Compassion arises from a transcendence of this egoism (the penetration of the illusory perception of individuality, so that one can empathise with the suffering of another) and can serve as a clue to the possibility of going beyond desire and the will. Schopenhauer categorically denies the existence of the "freedom of the will" in the conventional sense, and only adumbrates how the will can be affirmed or negated, but is not subject to change, and serves as the root of the chain of causal determinism.

Schopenhauer discusses suicide at length, noting that it does not actually destroy the Will or any part of it in any substantial way, since death is merely the end of one particular phenomenon of the Will, which is subsequently rearranged. By asceticism, the ultimate denial of the will as practiced by eastern monastics and by saints, one can slowly weaken the individual will in a way that is far more significant than violent suicide, which is, in fact, in some sense an affirmation of the will.

Schopenhauer's praise for asceticism led him to think highly of Buddhism and Vedanta Hinduism, as well as some monastic orders and ascetic practices found in Catholicism. He expressed contempt for Protestantism, Judaism, and Islam, which he saw as optimistic, devoid of metaphysics and cruel to non-human animals. According to Schopenhauer, the deep truth of the matter is that in cases of the over-affirmation of the will—that is, cases where one individual exerts his will not only for its own fulfillment but for the improper domination of others—he is unaware that he is really identical with the person he is harming, so that the Will in fact constantly harms itself, and justice is done in the moment in which the crime is committed, since the same metaphysical individual is both the perpetrator and the victim.

According to Schopenhauer, denial of the will to live is the way to salvation from suffering. Salvation can only result from the recognition that individuality is nothing more than an illusion—the world in itself cannot be divided into individuals—which 'tranquilizes' the will. The human who comprehends this would 'negate' his will and thus be freed from the pains of existence that result from the will's ceaseless striving. "Schopenhauer tells us that when the will is denied, the sage becomes nothing, without actually dying." When willing disappears, both the willer and the world become nothing. "...[T]o one who has achieved the will-less state, it is the world of the willer that has been disclosed as 'nothing'. Its hold over us, its seeming reality, has been 'abolished' so that it now stands before us as nothing but a bad dream from which we are, thankfully, awaking." Schopenhauer concludes the Fourth Book with the following statement: "...to those in whom the will has turned and denied itself, this very real world of ours, with all its Suns and Milky Ways, is—nothing." In a footnote, Schopenhauer associates this 'nothing' with the Prajñāpāramitā of Buddhism: the point where subject and object no longer exist.

Criticism of the Kantian Philosophy (Appendix)
At the end of Book 4, Schopenhauer appended a thorough discussion of the merits and faults of Kant's philosophy. Schopenhauer's Kritik der Kantischen Philosophie opens with the following quote from Voltaire from The Age of Louis XIV: "C'est le privilège du vrai génie, et surtout du génie qui ouvre une carrière, de faire impunément de grandes fautes ('It is the privilege of true genius, and above all the genius who opens a new path, to make great errors with impunity.') Schopenhauer asserts that Kant's greatest merit was the distinction between appearance [Erscheinung] and the thing-in-itself [Ding an sich], proving that the intellect always stands between us and things, and thus we cannot have knowledge of things as they may be in themselves. Among Kant's defects, Schopenhauer argues, is the untenable manner in which Kant chose to introduce the thing-in-itself in his Critique of Pure Reason. Schopenhauer also argued that Kant failed to distinguish between intuitive and abstract cognition—that is, intuitive representations from concepts thought merely in the abstract—which gave rise to grave confusions and errors. Criticizing Kant's preference for arranging his philosophical system according to an elegant architectonic symmetry, Schopenhauer at one point describes Kant's twelve categories as a "terrible Procrustean bed into which he violently forces everything in the world and everything that happens in humans."

Volume 2
The second volume consisted of several essays expanding topics covered in the first. Most important are his reflections on death and his theory on sexuality, which saw it as a manifestation of the whole will making sure that it will live on and depriving humans of their reason and sanity in their longing for their loved ones. Less successful is his theory of genetics: he argued that humans inherit their will, and thus their character, from their fathers, but their intellect from their mothers and he provides examples from biographies of great figures to illustrate this theory. The second volume also contains attacks on contemporary philosophers such as Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel.

The contents of Volume II are as follows.

Supplements to the First Book
First Half: The Doctrine of the Representation of Perception (through § 1 – 7 of Volume I)
 * On the Fundamental View of Idealism
 * On the Doctrine of Knowledge of Perception or Knowledge of the Understanding
 * On the Senses
 * On Knowledge a Priori

Second Half: The Doctrine of the Abstract Representation or of Thinking
 * On the Intellect Devoid of Reason
 * On the Doctrine of Abstract Knowledge, or Knowledge of Reason
 * On the Relation of Knowledge of Perception to Abstract Knowledge
 * On the Theory of the Ludicrous
 * On Logic in General
 * On the Science of Syllogisms
 * On Rhetoric
 * On the Doctrine of Science
 * On the Methods of Mathematics
 * On the Association of Ideas
 * On the Essential Imperfections of the Intellect
 * On the Practical Use of Our Reason and on Stoicism
 * On Man's Need for Metaphysics

Supplements to the Second Book

 * On the Possibility of Knowing the Thing-in-Itself
 * On the Primacy of the Will in Self-Consciousness
 * On Objectification of the Will in the Animal Organism
 * On Retrospect and More General Consideration
 * On Objective View of the Intellect
 * On the objectification of the Will in Nature without Knowledge
 * On Matter
 * On Transcendent Considerations on the Will as Thing-in-Itself
 * On Teleology
 * On Instinct and Mechanical Tendency
 * On Characterization of the Will-to-Live

Supplements to the Third Book

 * On Knowledge of the Ideas
 * On the Pure Subject of Knowing
 * On Genius
 * On Madness
 * On Isolated Remarks on Natural Beauty
 * On the Inner Nature of Art
 * On the Aesthetics of Architecture
 * On Isolated Remarks on the Aesthetics of the Plastic and Pictorial Arts
 * On the Aesthetics of Poetry
 * On History
 * On the Metaphysics of Music

Supplements to the Fourth Book

 * On Preface
 * On Death and Its Relation to the Indestructibility of Our Inner nature
 * On Life of the Species
 * On the Hereditary Nature of Qualities
 * On the Metaphysics of Sexual Love [+ Appendix]
 * On the Affirmation of the Will-to-Live
 * On the Vanity and Suffering of Life
 * On Ethics
 * On the Doctrine of the Denial of the Will-to-Live
 * On the Road to Salvation
 * On Epiphilosophy

Influence
The first decades after its publication The World as Will and Representation was met with near silence. Exceptions were Goethe and Jean Paul. Goethe immediately started to read the magnum opus of Schopenhauer when it arrived and "read it with an eagerness as she [ Ottilie von Goethe ] had never before seen in him". Goethe told his daughter-in-law that he had now pleasure for an entire year, because he would read it completely, contrary to his custom of sampling pages to his liking. The influence of Schopenhauer can be read in Gespräche mit Goethe and .

In the years where the work was largely ignored, Jean Paul praised it as "a work of philosophical genius, bold, universal, full of penetration and profoundness—but of a depth often hopeless and bottomless, akin to that melancholy lake in Norway, in whose deep water, beneath the steep rock-walls, one never sees the sun, but only stars reflected", on which Schopenhauer commented: "In my opinion the praise of one man of genius fully makes good the neglect of a thoughtless multitude".

This neglect came to an end in the last years of his life. Schopenhauer would become the most influential philosopher in Germany until World War I. Especially artists were attracted to the work. No philosopher had given so much importance to art: one fourth of The World as Will and Representation is concerned with aesthetics. To be mentioned are Wagner (Influence of Schopenhauer on Tristan und Isolde), Schönberg, Mahler, who cites The World as Will and Representation as "the most profound writing on music he had ever encountered", Thomas Mann, Hermann Hesse, Jorge Luis Borges, Tolstoy, D. H. Lawrence and Samuel Beckett.

The philosophers Friedrich Nietzsche and Philipp Mainländer both described the discovery of The World as Will and Representation as a revelation. Nietzsche commented, "I belong to those readers of Schopenhauer who know perfectly well, after they have turned the first page, that they will read all the others, and listen to every word that he has spoken".

Charles Darwin quoted The World as Will and Representation in The Descent of Man. Some read ideas in it that can be found in the theory of evolution, for example, that sexual instinct is a tool of nature to ensure the quality of the offspring. Schopenhauer argued in favor of transformism by pointing to one of the most important and familiar evidences of the truth of the theory of descent, the homologies in the inner structure of all the vertebrates.

Schopenhauer's discussions of language and ethics were a major influence on Ludwig Wittgenstein.

Schopenhauer's views on the independence of spatially separated systems, the principium individuationis, influenced Einstein, who called him a genius. Schrödinger put the Schopenhauerian label on a folder of papers in his files "Collection of Thoughts on the physical Principium individuationis".

title: The World as Will and Representation


text:
Brule

Brule, Brulé or Brûlé may refer to:

Native American

 * Brulé, or Sicangu, a branch of the Lakota nation
 * Brulé (band), a Native American World Beat

Canada

 * Brule, Alberta, hamlet in Alberta
 * Brule, Nova Scotia, a community in Nova Scotia

United States

 * Brule, Wisconsin, a town, US
 * Brule (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community, US
 * Brule, Nebraska, US
 * Brule River, forming a portion of the boundary between Michigan and Wisconsin
 * Brule River (Minnesota)
 * Bois Brule River in Wisconsin, also known as the Brule River
 * Brule County, South Dakota

People

 * André Brulé (1879–1953), a French theatre and film actor
 * Aurélien Brulé (b. 1979), French founder of Kalaweit Project
 * Étienne Brûlé (c. 1592 – c. 1633), French explorer of North America
 * Gace Brulé (c. 1160 – after 1213), French poet-composer
 * Gilbert Brulé (born 1987), Canadian ice hockey player
 * Jean-Marc Brûlé (born 1965), a French politician
 * Jean-Philippe Brulé (born 1981), a field hockey player from Belgium
 * Julien Brulé (1875–1920), a French archer
 * Georges Brulé (1876–1961), a French modern pentathlete
 * Paul Brule (born 1945), a former gridiron football player
 * Robin Brûlé (born 1974), a Canadian actress
 * Steve Brûlé (born 1975), a Canadian professional ice hockey player
 * Steve Brule, a fictional character in television series Check It Out! with Dr. Steve Brule portrayed by John C. Reilly
 * Tyler Brûlé (born 1968), Canadian journalist, entrepreneur and magazine publisher

title: Brule


text:
Burnside Township

Burnside Township may refer to:
 * Burnside Township, Webster County, Iowa
 * Burnside Township, Michigan
 * Burnside Township, Clearfield County, Pennsylvania
 * Burnside Township, Centre County, Pennsylvania

title: Burnside Township


text:
Talk:Sharon Osbourne

Ozzy and Sharon separation
How come does neither this nor Ozzy's article mention their recent separation? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.145.195.17 (talk) 08:27, 24 May 2016 (UTC)

 * give them and the family respect.. Think about it,, let's post my family and yours, now that would be scary, but no one would care or take time to posts 2600:100B:B008:B17F:59B2:5075:82F0:3A71 (talk) 23:35, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

Attempted Murder part
Here is where Sharon says 6 months, not 3 https://   youtu.be    /1HTpFIpdpIo?t=1092  Zdawg1029 (talk) 02:10, 30 June 2017 (UTC)

"Most successful autobiography "
So fuck Anne Frank? 2600:6C52:4000:7DD8:61D9:1B46:3777:1CEF (talk) 03:16, 12 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sharon Osbourne


text:
Burt (disambiguation)

Burt is a male first name.

Burt may also refer to:

Surname

 * Burt (surname)

Places

 * United States
 * Burt, Iowa, a city
 * Burt, Michigan, a census-designated place
 * Burt, New York, an unincorporated hamlet
 * Burt, North Dakota, an unincorporated community
 * Burt County, Nebraska
 * Burt Township, Alger County, Michigan
 * Burt Township, Cheboygan County, Michigan
 * Burt Lake, Michigan
 * Burt–Cheney Farm, a historic farmstead in Bethlehem, New Hampshire
 * Burt-Stark Mansion, National Historic Landmark at Abbeville, South Carolina
 * F.N. Burt Company Factory, a historic former box factory at Buffalo, New York
 * William Burt House, two entries in the National Register of Historic Places, USA

 * Elsewhere
 * Burt, County Donegal, Ireland, a parish
 * Burt Castle, Ireland
 * Burt Distillery,a whiskey distillery
 * Burt GAA, a Gaelic Athletic Association club
 * Burt Flickinger Center, an indoor venue located in downtown Buffalo, New York
 * Burt Hall, a public building in Newcastle-on-Tyne
 * Burt Island, Warwick, Bermuda
 * Fort Burt, a colonial fort on Tortola, British Virgin Islands
 * Division of Burt, an Australian federal electorate in Western Australia
 * Burt Memorial Hall, a civic hall in Perth, Australia
 * Burt Street, two streets in Australia
 * Burt Rocks, Oates Land, Antarctica

Other uses

 * Burt Award for First Nations, Inuit and Métis Literature, a Canadian literary award
 * Burt Committee, a British government committee on housing policy during World War II
 * Burt Hill Architects, an American architectural firm
 * BURT Retractable Bindings, a type of plate-style snow ski binding
 * Burt strut, a timing accessory on racing cars
 * Burt's Bees, an American personal care product company
 * Burt's Brewery, an English independent brewery on the Isle of Wight
 * Burt's solar compass, a surveying instrument using the sun's direction
 * Burt v. Titlow, United States Supreme Court case
 * 6078 Burt, an asteroid

title: Burt (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Penalty shoot-out (association football)

Coin toss
As mentioned in "Some Notes" the rule about the second coin toss is only summarised in the article. The full text in the source cited is:  "The referee tosses a coin again and the team that wins the toss decides whether to take the first or second kick"

This is significant since a recent study in Games and Economic Behaviorhas shown that winning this toss is a strong predictor as to who will win the shootout.

04:20, 25 June 2021 (UTC)42.2.205.115 (talk)

Semi-protected edit request on 17 January 2022
Under Origin, Pavllo Bukoviku scored all 5 penallties in KF Tirana's (then named "17 Nëntori") win against KS Besa. BeerBaron20 (talk) 09:36, 17 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 12:27, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

It is the same source that the article lists. Bukoviku was a 17 Nentori player at the time, and the cited article in Albanian says so. Also, here https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavllo_Bukoviku — Preceding unsigned comment added by BeerBaron20 (talk • contribs) 14:03, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

Remove link to Placekicker in first paragraph
"kickers" links to Placekicker which has nothing to do with Association Football. 2A01:4C8:1481:901F:1117:A2CB:F7D1:1A65 (talk) 08:06, 1 May 2022 (UTC)

 * @2A01:4C8:1481:901F:1117:A2CB:F7D1:1A65 I'd change this myself if I wasn't on mobile! 2A01:4C8:1481:901F:1117:A2CB:F7D1:1A65 (talk) 08:07, 1 May 2022 (UTC)

Best of five kicks
Are the first 5 pairs of kicks. and/or their early termination once a victor is determined, really called "best-of-five kicks"? In contrast, a "best-of-five series" of matches is one that ends when a team achieves 3 victories ... which isn't what is happening with penalty shootouts. — Q uantling (talk | contribs) 16:52, 8 August 2023 (UTC)


text: File:Jan Wielopolski (1630-1688).jpg

title: File:Jan Wielopolski (1630-1688).jpg


text: Template:Campaignbox Mine Run Campaign

title: Template:Campaignbox Mine Run Campaign


text:
User talk:Kevin Hayes

Buffalo, New York.

title: User talk:Kevin Hayes


text:
Wink Martindale

Winston Conrad "Wink" Martindale (born December 4, 1933) is an American disc jockey, radio personality, game show host, and television producer. He is best known for hosting Gambit from 1972 to 1976 (and again from 1980 to 1981), Tic-Tac-Dough from 1978 to 1985, High Rollers from 1987 to 1988, and Debt from 1996 to 1998.

Radio
Martindale was born in Jackson, Tennessee, and started his career as a disc jockey at age 17 at WPLI in Jackson, earning $25 a week.

After moving to WTJS, he was hired away for double the salary by Jackson's only other station, WDXI. He next hosted mornings at WHBQ in Memphis while a college student at Memphis State University, before graduating with a bachelor of science degree in 1957. While at U of M, Martindale became a member of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity.

On the evening of July 10, 1954, Martindale was showing the WHBQ studio to some friends when he realized that his colleague on the 9 p.m. to midnight shift, Dewey Phillips, was getting a large number of reactions from listeners after airing a new song. That song was Elvis Presley's first record, "That's All Right." The song was recorded at Sam Phillips' recording studio on the evening of July 5, 1954. Sam, who had brought the record on July 6, was in the WHBQ studio on the first airing night and had Elvis' telephone number. DJ Dewey Phillips wanted to interview Elvis during his program, so Wink endeavored to contact Elvis, but Gladys Presley, Elvis's mother, answered the phone and said Elvis was so nervous that he had gone to a movie theater. Gladys and her husband Vernon brought Elvis to WHBQ and Dewey interviewed Elvis without his knowing that he was on the air (Martindale reports that Elvis later admitted that he would have been unable to talk otherwise).

Martindale's rendition of the spoken-word song "Deck of Cards" went to No. 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and sold over a million copies in 1959. It also peaked at no. 5 in the UK Singles Chart in April 1963, one of four visits to that chart. It was followed by "Black Land Farmer". In 1959, he became morning man at KHJ in Los Angeles, California, moving a year later to the morning show at KRLA and finally to KFWB in 1962. He also had lengthy stays at KGIL from 1968 to 1971, KKGO/KJQI and Gene Autry's KMPC (now KSPN-AM) from 1971 to 1979 and again from 1983 to 1987, the short-lived Wink and Bill Show on KABC during 1989, and KJQI from 1993 to 1994. In 1967, Martindale acted in a short futuristic documentary film about home life in the year 1999 produced by the Philco-Ford Corporation which predicted, among other things, Internet commerce.

Television
Martindale's first break into television was at WHBQ-TV in Memphis, as the host of Mars Patrol, a science-fiction themed children's television program. At his tenure with WHBQ, Martindale became the host of the TV show Teenage Dance Party, where his friend Elvis Presley made an appearance on 16 June 1956. (Following Presley's death in 1977, Martindale aired a nationwide tribute radio special in his honor).

Martindale's first game-show hosting job was on the show What's This Song?, which he hosted for NBC (credited as "Win Martindale") from 1964 to 1965. From 1970 to 1971, he hosted a similar song-recognition game show, Words and Music, again on NBC. His first major success came in 1972, when he took the emcee position on a new CBS game show, Gambit. He spent four years hosting the original Gambit and later hosted a Las Vegas-based revival for 13 months in 1980–81.

The emcee role for which Martindale is most widely known is on Tic-Tac-Dough. He was tapped by Barry & Enright Productions to host the revived series in 1978 and stayed until 1985, presiding over one of the more popular game shows of the day. While hosting Tic-Tac-Dough, Martindale(along with fellow game show hosts Art James, Jack Clark and Jim Perry) made a cameo appearance in the 1980 TV movie The Great American Traffic Jam in a scene where the quartet played golf. During this time, Martindale decided to branch out and form his own production company, Wink Martindale Enterprises, so he could develop and produce his own game shows. His first venture was Headline Chasers, a co-production with Merv Griffin that premiered in 1985; Martindale had left Tic-Tac-Dough to host his creation, but the show did not meet with any success and was cancelled after its only season in 1986. Martindale's next venture was more successful, as he created, and along with Barry & Enright, co-produced the Canadian game show Bumper Stumpers for Global Television and USA Network. This series aired on both American and Canadian television from 1987 until 1990. In 1986, he launched a partnership with producer Jerry Gilden, Martindale/Gilden Productions, and it started off with a game show development contract with CBS. In 1988, Martindale/Gilden Productions secured the licensing rights from Parker Brothers to develop game shows based on Parker-owned properties such as Boggle.

After hosting two short-lived Merrill Heatter-produced game shows (a revival of High Rollers and the Canadian The Last Word), Martindale went back into producing and launched The Great Getaway Game on Travel Channel in 1990. Two years after that program went off the air, Martindale teamed up with Bill Hillier and The Family Channel to produce a series of "interactive" game shows that put an emphasis on home viewers being able to play along from home and win prizes. Four series were commissioned and Martindale served as host for all four. The first to premiere, on June 7, 1993, was Trivial Pursuit, an adaptation of the popular trivia-based board game. On March 7, 1994, the list-based Shuffle and Boggle, another board-game adaptation, premiered and were very different from Trivial Pursuit, which was presented more in a traditional game-show style. These two programs, along with the Jumble-based show that replaced Shuffle on June 13, 1994, after its initial 14-week run ended, were played more like the interactive games for the home viewers that were the focus of the block. Except for Trivial Pursuit, none of the interactive games were much of a success; Boggle ended on November 18, 1994, while Jumble came to an end on December 30, 1994. Trivial Pursuit ended on the same day as Jumble, but continued to air in reruns for some time afterward, finally being removed from the Family Channel schedule in July 1995.

In June 1996, Martindale became host of Lifetime's highest-rated quiz show, Debt, which had debt-ridden contestants compete to try to eliminate their debts. Despite its popularity on cable, Debt was cancelled in 1998, for the reason more males were watching the show than females (the network's target audience). Martindale did not host another game show for over a decade.

Later career
On June 2, 2006, Martindale received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 2007, he became a member of the nominating committee of the Hit Parade Hall of Fame. On October 13, 2007, Martindale was one of the first inductees into the American TV Game Show Hall of Fame in Las Vegas.

Martindale was one of the hosts featured in the 2002 NBC special Most Outrageous Game Show Moments, alongside Bob Eubanks, Jim Lange, Ben Stein, and Peter Marshall, but was not featured in any of the subsequent episodes ordered by the network.

Martindale has appeared in various TV commercials, including a stint as a pitchman for the travel website Orbitz. Until 2007, Martindale had a daily three-hour show on the syndicated Music of Your Life format, which is heard on around 200 radio stations. On June 2, 2009, Martindale signed with the syndicated Hit Parade Radio format. The format began operation on February 7, 2010, with Martindale as afternoon drive personality. The syndicator stopped operating on June 6, 2010.

In 2008, Wink appeared on GSN Live, an interstitial program during the afternoon block of classic game show reruns. Several times during 2008, Martindale filled in for Fred Roggin on GSN Live while Roggin was on vacation. Martindale's last program was the GSN original series Instant Recall, which premiered on March 4, 2010. Instant Recall was the first show Martindale has hosted since Debt aired on Lifetime from 1996 to 1998.

In 2012, Martindale returned to radio, as host of The 100 Greatest Christmas Hits of All Time. The nationally syndicated show is produced by Envision Radio Networks.

In 2013, Martindale made a guest appearance on The Eric Andre Show; in an appearance typical for the show, he did the interview dressed in a motion-capture suit (at one point being, rather poorly, mocapped dancing), sang a song teaching kids their "Jamaican ABCs", and promoted a drinkable mouthwash, called Scoap (pronounced "sco-app".)

In 2014, Martindale started his own YouTube channel featuring episodes of game shows, game show pilots, rare clips from various game shows, and more.

Martindale made a special guest appearance on the December 2, 2014, episode of the GSN show The Chase hosted by Brooke Burns and featuring Mark Labbett.

In October 2016, Martindale appeared on the daytime soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful, as a minister.

On April 21, 2017, Martindale appeared in a KFC advertising campaign featuring Rob Lowe as astronaut Colonel Sanders giving a JFK speech spoof/homage about launching the Zinger chicken sandwich into space.

On April 4, 2018, Martindale served as "surprise co-host" (via phone) for Sirius XM NHL Network Radio's "Three Questions" segment where a celebrity co-host creates the questions and then quizzes the show's broadcast crew.

On January 28, 2021, Martindale claimed on his Facebook that he had one of the pilots for the ABC version of Deal or No Deal and would upload it when his YouTube channel hit 18,000 subscribers. When he hit his goal on July 19, the pilot was uploaded to his channel.

On June 6, 2021, Martindale began hosting the nationally and internationally syndicated The History of Rock 'n' Roll, a two-hour weekend look back at music from the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. The production is created by a team composed of Martindale, producer/engineer Peter Jay Gould of The Intervale Group, and writer/producer Gary Theroux, who wrote and produced the 1978 52-hour marathon version of The History of Rock 'n' Roll for Drake-Chenault. The new richly-produced series combines songs, fun facts about the music and the artists, and artist interview soundbites.

Personal life
Martindale married Madelyn Leech in 1954, with whom he had four children; the couple divorced in 1972. He later married his second wife, Sandy (née Ferra), on August 2, 1975.

He has a few dogs named after the various game shows he hosted.

Martindale identifies as a born-again Christian and was once a guest on the TBN flagship program Praise the Lord. He has also previously endorsed several conservative positions politically. His wife, Sandy, previously dated Elvis Presley. Both he and Sandy were friends with Presley. They have appeared on Sirius' Elvis Radio and shared stories about Presley.

title: Wink Martindale


text:
Category:Tottori Prefecture

Tottoti Prefecture (鳥取県; Tottori-ken) is a prefecture located in the Chūgoku region on Honshū island, Japan. The capital is the city of Tottori.

title: Category:Tottori Prefecture


text:
Swatch

Swatch is a Swiss watchmaker founded in 1983 by Ernst Thomke, Elmar Mock, and Jacques Müller. It is a subsidiary of The Swatch Group. The Swatch product line was developed as a response to the "quartz crisis" of the 1970s and 1980s, in which inexpensive, battery-powered, quartz-regulated watches were competing against more established European watchmakers, focused on artisanal craftsmanship producing mostly mechanical watches.

The name Swatch is a contraction of "Swiss Watch", and its concept a "second watch" for the consumer, as it was intended as casual, disposable accessories.

History
Swatch began development in the early 1980s, under the leadership of the then ETA SA's CEO, Ernst Thomke with a small team of watch engineers led by Elmar Mock and Jacques Müller.

Conceived as a standard timekeeper in plastic, Franz Sprecher, a marketing consultant hired by Thomke to give the project an outsider's consideration, sought to create a fashionable line of watches.

Swatch was originally intended to re-capture entry level market share lost by Swiss manufacturers of mechanical watches, and the subsequent growth of Japanese companies such as Seiko and Citizen in the 1960s and 1970s, and to re-popularize analog watches at a time when digital watches had achieved wide popularity.

In 1983, the group hired Jacques Irniger—who formerly served as the marketing executive for Colgate, Nestlé—to launch the swatch.

The first collection of twelve Swatch models was introduced on 1 March 1983 in Zürich, Switzerland. Initially the price ranged from CHF 39.90 to CHF 49.90 but was standardized to CHF 50.00 in autumn of the same year. Sales targets were set to one million timepieces for 1983 and 2.5 million the year after. With an aggressive marketing campaign and relatively low price for a Swiss-made watch, it gained instant popularity in its home market.

Lebanese entrepreneur Nicolas G. Hayek, together with a group of Swiss investors, took over a majority shareholding of Swatch during 1985 in the newly consolidated group under the name Societe Suisse de Microelectronique et d'Horlogerie, or SMH. He became chairman of the board of directors, and CEO in 1986. Later he changed company's name to Swatch Group.

This combination of marketing and manufacturing expertise restored Switzerland as a major player in the world wristwatch market. Synthetic materials were used for the watchcases as well as a new ultra-sonic welding process and assembly technology. In 1997, the Swatch group opened about 60 stores worldwide.

Product lines

There are families under the Swatch brand:

Swatch Originals
The Originals are plastic-cased watches. They are available in various sizes, shapes, and designs. The Originals consist of various sub-families as well.

Swatch Irony
The Irony family contains all the metal-cased watches produced by Swatch. These include both quartz-driven and automatic mechanical watches that can be serviced. The automatics have a 21J/23J ETA 2842 movement. This movement is exclusive to Swatch and is derived from 2824 to 2822. Irony Chronograph was introduced in 1996 (type/code: YCS101).

Swatch Skin
The Skin family contains two sub families: Original Skin and Skin Chronograph. The Original Skin was introduced on 6 October 1997 as a thinner version of the original Swatch watch. It is ultra thin, standing at 3.9 mm, hence the name Swatch Skin. The Swatch Skin later went on to enter the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's thinnest plastic watch. The Swatch Chronograph is simply the Swatch Skin with a chronograph function, adding two additional buttons on the side of the watch.

Bijoux
The Bijoux line is a jewelry line Swatch released in the new millennium; it partnered with Swarovski to encrust the Bijoux line of watches.

Digital Touch
The Digital Touch line, launched in 2011, derives its name from the touchscreen technology used. In contrast to other Swatch families, a digital LCD shows the time. Various models in different colors of the display are available, which include backlighting for reading in the dark.

Bellamy and Pay
These Swatch models of wristwatches with a quartz movement are additionally equipped with a near-field communication (NFC) chip to accommodate contactless payment. As an improved second generation, Swatch introduced model Pay for the Chinese market in July 2017. Unlike the Bellamy, Pay can be programmed and activated in Swatch shops using a Cloud Computing service operated by several Chinese banks.

Sistem51
Swatch introduced Sistem51 at Baselworld 2013 as "the world's first mechanical movement with entirely automated assembly." The movement uses 51 components anchored to a central screw with automatic winding and a 90-hour power reserve – and is 100% Swiss made on a 65 ft automated assembly line in clean-room conditions, without human intervention.

The movement is permanently sealed in its case with structural adhesive securing both the acrylic crystal over the dial and the caseback, making it invulnerable to environmental conditions including moisture, dust or foreign objects – and also making it maintenance free – i.e., impossible to service.

The movement is made from ARCAP, an anti-magnetic alloy of copper, nickel, and zinc – designed to free the movement from the need for adjustment. The escapement has no manual adjustment or regulator; the initial rate is factory laser-set. Swatch reports precision of ±5 seconds per day. The design's peripheral bi-directional rotor allows viewing of movement components through the caseback.

Swatch x You
In 2017 Swatch introduced Swatch x You, a product that allows one to design their own Swatch by selecting the category and design one wishes to use. An outline of a watch is superimposed over the user's image to assist with designing.

Bioreloaded
The Bioreloaded line was introduced by Swatch in 2020, consisting of a relaunch of Swatch's 1983 debut collection, but partially made from "bio-sourced" materials. The case, strap, and strap clasp of a Bioreloaded watch is made of a material derived from the seeds of the castor plant, while the packaging material is a biodegradable "paperfoam" created with tapioca and potato starch.

Swatch x Omega
The Swatch x Omega collaboration debuted in 2022, with MoonSwatch, a collection of reimagined Omega Speedmaster Professional Moonwatches in eleven different color variants themed after the Sun, Moon, and planets of the solar system. The collection uses the 4 jewel chronograph quartz movement used in other Swatch chronographs and Swatch's BIOCERAMIC composite material.

The MoonSwatch collection was released March 26, 2022, at select Swatch stores. The New York Times called the release "the watch industry's defining moment of 2022". The collection sold out internationally on its release date, with lines formed at most Swatch boutiques where it was carried. Swatch initially stated each consumer could purchase up to two watches but later limited each consumer to one watch. While Swatch initially added the product to their online catalog, it later announced the collection would not be available for sale online. The MoonSwatch is neither a limited nor numbered collection.

title: Swatch