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Metallic tower of Fourvière

The Tour métallique de Fourvière ("Metallic tower of Fourvière"), a landmark of Lyon, France, is a steel framework tower which bears a striking resemblance to the Eiffel Tower, which predates it by three years. With a height of 101 m, previously 85.9 m before installation of the TV broadcasting antenna, and weighing 210 tons, the "metallic tower" was built between 1892 and 1894.

During the Exposition universelle of 1914 in Lyon it had a restaurant and an elevator capable of taking 22 people up to the summit. Although used as an observation tower until November 1, 1953, nowadays it serves as a television tower and is not accessible to the public. At 372 metres (1220'), it is the highest point in Lyon.

title: Metallic tower of Fourvière


text:
User talk:Rednaxela

Here I would like to express my disgust at the London bombings that took place yesterday and my admiration for the London public and emergency services, who have proved an example for everyone. Rednaxela 8 July 2005 13:53 (UTC)

What is this page for anyway?

 * For other people to talk to you, mainly. For example, you mentioned on User talk:Paul A that you are fairly new and aren't sure how to sign off. To sign just your name, type (3 tildes). To sign with name and date/timestamp (the preferred method), type ~ (4 tildes). Also, if you're interested in comics, why not add yourself to WikiProject Comics and join the discussion? Okay, I'll stop advertising. Welcome. -leigh (φθόγγος) 21:54, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)

Am putting this here for safe-keeping. Rednaxela 18:41, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC):

Talk:Germany
I'm afraid this has descended into mass deletions and personal attacks. There are some of us out here who would like to get on with editing instead of having to deal with the constant edit wars, disputes and name calling. I don't quite know how protecting the talk page would help, but something has got to be done. Rednaxela 13:25, 31 May 2005 (UTC)- Calling people Nazis is definitely not the behaviour of a good wikipedian and this page is letting the entire concept down.
 * I'd prefer not to protect a talk page since they'd have no place to discuss the conflict (user talk pages I guess). Try another dispute resoltuion method. (new sig) This page is Broken 17:00, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * It is quite a shame. From what I gather from the talk pages, however, it seems that most of the trouble is coming from a small group (or even one user). The arbitration case Requests_for_arbitration will hopefully create an injunction against Zivinbudas and the problems will subside. This is certainly not typical of our articles. I don't think it right to protect the talk page and previous article protections have failed. We must sadly wait for dispute resolution to end this conflict. This page is Broken 19:28, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Image:MVaughan.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:MVaughan.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag, so its copyright status is therefore unclear. Please add a tag to let us know its copyright status. (If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use  .)  If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know on the image description page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Otherwise, see Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use. Thanks so much. Ngb 17:42, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Image:MVaughan.jpg has been listed for deletion

 * Bash 02:46, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

Re: Merge on Superted & Further Adventures of Superted.
Hi. I have reverted your merge of these 2 articles, since this article had been suggested for merge on 2 seperate occasions already and this has not been welcomed. Please read the discussion page of the Superted article and you will understand that the 2 stories are of vastly different qualities and we did not feel it was suitable for them to be merged. Also, the merge which you carried out was done without consultation of other viewers of the article. Please do not merge the articles or add the information back without consulting other users. Thank you for your assistance. Thor Malmjursson 22:04, 2 May 2006 (UTC) Thor's pet yack

Hi Rednaxela. Sorry about the prob with this one. I leapt on it as a merge because in the edit summary you quite clearly typed Merge stories. If you had made it clearer that it was not a merge, I would not have been so hasty to leap on you and shred you. My apologies for going off the deep end. Thor Malmjursson 11:44, 26 May 2006 (UTC) Thor's pet Icelandic yack (Multilingual)

Sheffield
re the Sheffield article, sorry, but exactly what the hell is that "at least get it right" jibe about? You got it wrong in stating that Sheffield FC play at the world's oldest ground in Crosspool. It is Hallam FC who play there, Sheffield FC play at the Coach and Horses Ground (AKA Stadium of Bright) in Dronfield. As far as I can see, all you did to "make it right" was add a comma and delete the indefinite article. Please, jibes like that do not endear you to other wikipedians. L.J.Skinnersomething to say? 17:28, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

Governors list
Sorry to revert you, but the current governors remain on the list until they leave office; it is, after all, a list of current governors. The transitions were done on a prolonged basis in previous years; I know there was a long process with the last race in Washington, and there some reversions around that time. MisfitToys 22:55, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Dan rank
I noticed that also. The changes to dan rank were not as egregious as the changes at the kyu article. Happy B's changes on kyu were, to my knowledge, flat out wrong, so I reverted them. On dan rank, he changed them to what I believe are valid alternate pronunciations. It is my opinion that his new versions are the less common usages, but I was hesitant to unilaterally revert because it's possible that I am wrong. If you'd like to revert to the previous version, I'll support it. Bradford44 17:38, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for April 28
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Rednaxela


text:
Korea Polytechnic IV Asan

Asan Information & Technology Polytechnic College is located in Sinchang-myeon, Asan city, South Chungcheong province, not far from Soonchunhyang University. The current president of the college is Hyun-Suk Jung. Apart from the Department of Information & Communication Systems, the school's other departments are concerned with various aspects of digital design: the school includes departments of multimedia, computer animation, visual communication design, and visual media.

The South Korean Ministry of Labor began laying plans for the college in 1996, and construction on the campus was underway by 1999. The first class of students was admitted on March 2, 2002. The school currently employs around 35 staff. Campus facilities include a library, dormitory, cafeteria and golf course.

title: Korea Polytechnic IV Asan


text:
1896 in rail transport

January events

 * January 23 – Construction begins on the Northwestern Elevated Railroad of the Chicago "L" with the first structure erected at the intersection of Fullerton and Sheffield Avenues.

February events

 * February 14 – Northern Pacific Railway opens its Union Station in Portland, Oregon.
 * February 19 – Braamfontein Explosion: A train carrying 56 tons of dynamite explodes at Braamfontein, Johannesburg, killing more than 78 people.
 * February 24 – Erie Railroad purchases the New York, Pennsylvania & Ohio Railroad.

March events

 * March 20 – The Grand Trunk Railway purchases the Central Vermont Railway and begins operating it as a wholly owned subsidiary.

April events

 * April 6 – The Snowdon Mountain Railway in North Wales, the only Abt rack system line in the British Isles, commences public operation; however, a derailment leading to one fatality causes services to be suspended for a year.
 * April 15 – Passenger rail service of the Henry Flagler Florida East Coast Railway arrives at its new terminus in Miami from West Palm Beach at the persuasion of Julia Tuttle; this quickly leads to incorporation of the city of Miami months later and extensive development of the Greater Miami, South Florida and the Keys.

May events

 * May 2 – Budapest Metro Line 1 (Hungary), the world's second, is opened by Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria.
 * May 9 – First Nord Express, Paris, France/Oostend, Belgium, to Saint Petersburg, Russia.
 * May 13 – The Pretoria–Pietersburg Railway, a predecessor of the Central South African Railways, is incorporated in London.
 * May 30 – Construction of the Uganda Railway starts at Mombasa.

June events

 * June 29 – The St. Louis and San Francisco Railroad Company (predecessor of the St. Louis–San Francisco Railway) is incorporated.

July events

 * July 23 – Delivery of world's first commercially-built oil-engined locomotive, from Richard Hornsby & Sons of Grantham, England to the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, London (18 in gauge).
 * July 30 – Atlantic City rail crash: Shortly after 6:30 PM, at a crossing just west of Atlantic City, New Jersey, two trains collide, crushing five loaded passenger coaches, killing 50 and seriously injuring around 60.

August events

 * August 14 – The Uganda Railway Act, 1896, is approved in the United Kingdom for construction of a railway in Africa from Mombasa to Lake Victoria.

September events

 * September 15 – The Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad (the 'Katy') conveys 40,000 people to Crush, Texas to witness a staged train wreck as a publicity stunt arranged by its general passenger agent, William George Crush. Three spectators are accidentally killed.

October events

 * October 5 – Norwegian Railway Museum established at Hamar.

December events

 * December 14 – Glasgow Subway, the third oldest metro system in the world, begins operations in Glasgow, Scotland.
 * December 25 – Japanese National Railways opens two lines out of Tabata: an extension of the Tsuchiura Line from Tsuchiura, and the Sumidagawa Line to Sumidagawa.
 * December 30 – SS Pere Marquette (1896), the first steel train ferry, makes its first voyage.

Unknown date events

 * The Green Bay & Western Railroad is formed from the bankruptcy proceedings of the Green Bay, Winona and Saint Paul Railroad.
 * The Loup Creek & Deepwater Railway (predecessor of the Deepwater Railway) is formed.
 * Atlas Car & Manufacturing Company of Cleveland, Ohio, begins building steam locomotives.
 * Beyer, Peacock & Company of Manchester, England, deliver the first five New South Wales T524 class 'Australian Consolidation' 2-8-0 type heavy goods locomotives to the New South Wales Government Railways, forerunners of the system's numerically largest class, finally totalling 280 representatives.
 * Narrow gauge Ferrocarril de Tacubaya begins passenger service to Mexico City's Tacubaya amusement park.
 * The first narrow gauge (750 mm) railway in Estonia connecting Valga with Pärnu is opened.

January deaths

 * January 23 – Ferdinand Schichau, German mechanical engineer and founder of locomotive manufacturing company Schichau-Werke, dies (b. 1814).

June deaths

 * June 4 – Austin Corbin, president of Long Island Rail Road (b. 1827).

October deaths

 * October 21 – James Henry Greathead, English inventor of the tunnelling shield used for the London Underground (b. 1844).

title: 1896 in rail transport


text:
Bermuda Agreement

The Bermuda Agreement (formally Agreement between the government of the United Kingdom and the government of the United States relating to Air Services between their respective Territories), reached in 1946 by American and British negotiators in Bermuda, was an early bilateral air transport agreement regulating civil air transport. It established a precedent for the signing of approximately 3,000 other such agreements between countries. The Agreement was replaced by the Bermuda II Agreement, which was signed in 1977 and effective in 1978.

Background
During World War II, transatlantic air service between Britain and America was limited to Boeing 314 flying boat service between Baltimore and Foynes, which Pan American World Airways had begun in July 1939. British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) also flew the route using three Boeing 314s purchased from Pan Am.

The Bermuda Agreement arose in the wake of the Chicago Conference of 1944, where the United States and United Kingdom disagreed about economic control of international air transport. The US and UK had generally agreed on the first two freedoms of the air (overflight and landings for repair/refueling) but the UK and several other countries refused to accept the US position on the third, fourth and fifth freedoms regarding the handling of passenger and cargo traffic. Specifically, the US sought the freedom for its carriers to determine capacity and frequencies on international routes, while the UK sought predetermined routes and an equal division of capacity between the two nations' carriers on those routes. Britain had lost much of its air fleet in the course of World War II and was reluctant to place itself in full competition with the stronger American air fleet.

Prior to the Bermuda Agreement, the United States signed bilateral aviation agreements with several other European countries (Ireland, Norway, Sweden and Denmark), and had signed a multilateral Transport Agreement with several European and Latin American countries, but service to and from the United Kingdom had to be negotiated with the British government on an ad hoc basis. As of late 1945, the UK had limited transatlantic traffic by the US to 14 services per week, 500 seats per week and a minimum fare of $375.

In July 1945, the US government granted Pan Am, Trans World Airlines (TWA) and American Export Airlines (shortly thereafter acquired by American Airlines and renamed American Overseas Airlines) the right to operate transatlantic service. American began its Douglas DC-4 service between New York and Bournemouth that October. Pan Am announced its own DC-4 service in October 1945 at prices less than 50% of the previous flying boat fares, which led the British government to pressure both Pan Am and the US government to back away from what Britain described as a "wholly uneconomic proposition."

The US and UK governments agreed in late 1945 to meet and discuss the terms of a bilateral aviation agreement. Bermuda was chosen to host the meeting due to its location between the two countries and isolation from their respective governments. In a sign of the rapidly advancing technology of the time, the British delegation arrived in January by Boeing 314 flying boats, and departed in February by Lockheed 049 Constellation pressurized landplanes.

Key terms
Unlike the existing bilateral and multilateral aviation agreements, the Bermuda Agreement defined specific routes on which each countries' carriers could fly, with the right to pick up or discharge international traffic (but no cabotage rights) at any point along the routes:

 * British carriers:
 * London – New York – San Francisco – Honolulu / Midway / Wake / Guam / Manila – Singapore / Hong Kong
 * London – New York – New Orleans – Mexico
 * London – New York – Cuba – Jamaica / Panama – Colombia / Ecuador / Peru / Chile
 * United States carriers:
 * US points – London – Netherlands / Germany / Scandinavia / Russia
 * US points – London – Belgium – Central Europe – Near East – India
 * Honolulu – Hong Kong – China / India
 * Honolulu – Hong Kong – Singapore – Netherlands East Indies

The inclusion of many fifth freedom routes (beyond the United States and British Isles) reflected the fact that many territories such as Hong Kong, Singapore and India were still British colonies at the time the agreement was signed, and that many third countries were eager for air service and willing to provide rights to British and American carriers without restrictions.

As a compromise on the capacity issue, the Bermuda Agreement provided for equitable principles that "there shall be a fair and equal opportunity for the carriers of the two nations to operate on any route between their respective territories (as defined in the Agreement) covered by the Agreement and its Annex" and that "in the operation by the air carriers of either Government of the trunk services described in the Annex to the Agreement, the interest of the air carriers of the other Government shall be taken into consideration so as not to affect unduly the services which the latter provides."

Fares were made subject to regulatory approval by authorities in each country or by the International Air Transport Association, effectively giving the IATA immunity from US antitrust law, which immunity remained in effect on North Atlantic routes until 1979.

1940s
Pan Am took delivery of the Lockheed 749 Constellation in June 1947 and began its "round-the-world" route with eastbound stops in New York, Gander, Shannon, London, Istanbul, Dhahran, Karachi, Calcutta, Bangkok, Manila, Shanghai, Tokyo, Guam, Wake, Midway, Honolulu and San Francisco, taking advantage of Bermuda Agreement fifth freedom rights.

Newfoundland, an essential refueling stop on any transatlantic air route in the 1940s, was part of Britain at the time the Bermuda Agreement was signed. In 1949, following its accession as a Canadian province, the United States signed an agreement with Canada to provide for fifth freedom rights to and from Gander.

1950s
Pan Am acquired AOA from American Airlines in 1950, concentrating the US-UK air travel market to three carriers: Pan Am, TWA and BOAC.

BOAC, still Britain's sole transatlantic carrier, sought to compete with Pan Am's "round the world" service by offering an "all-red" route from Britain to Australia via Canada, but bilateral agreements between the UK and these countries stalled in the early 1950s. BOAC proceeded to open a London-Chicago route in May 1954, with the intention to extend the service to San Francisco and Tokyo. The San Francisco extension was not realized until 1957, and US government approval for the Tokyo service did not come until 1959 due to objections by Northwest Airlines.

BOAC introduced de Havilland Comet jet service on the London-New York route in 1958. TWA began jet service on the New York-London-Frankfurt route in 1959.

1960s
The United States began to exercise an even more dominant position in the transatlantic market during the 1960s. One key issue was that Pan Am and TWA began to use the hub and spoke system to feed passengers from many US destinations through a transatlantic "gateway" and on to Europe, giving the US carriers an advantage in serving secondary markets. Partly as a result of this competitive pressure, the market share of BOAC on transatlantic routes fell from 37.8% in 1961–62 to 30.9% by 1966–67.

1970s
The British government added a privately owned carrier, British Caledonian, to the transatlantic market in 1973, with flights from London's Gatwick Airport to New York and Los Angeles. BCal was forced to exit the market in 1976 after the British government determined that competition was not improving Britain's overall market share.

Termination
In 1976, the British government announced its intention to renounce the agreement, beginning the negotiation of the Bermuda II Agreement which became effective in 1978. Although the UK initially sought an equal division of capacity between UK and US carriers, the final Bermuda II agreement largely preserved the liberal capacity provisions of Bermuda I.

The Bermuda agreements were replaced in two stages on 30 March 2008, and 24 June 2010, by the EU–US Open Skies Agreement between the European Union (representing 25 European countries) and the United States, providing for an Open Skies regime even more liberal than Bermuda I.

Effect on other aviation agreements
Both the United States and the United Kingdom made the Bermuda Agreement their model for bilateral agreements with other countries until Bermuda II. The only major exception during this era was the 1966 agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union, which designated Pan Am and Aeroflot as the operating carriers from each country and left commercial details of service to the airlines' prior agreement. Although most other agreements during this era followed the Bermuda I model, they tended to include fewer and fewer fifth and sixth freedom rights (traffic rights to and from third countries) as time went on, as the increased range of aircraft made such rights less necessary. The general principles of the Bermuda Agreement were also followed by other countries, such as Canada in its various bilateral agreements.

title: Bermuda Agreement


text:
Laura Jean Libbey

Laura Jean Libbey (March 22, 1862 – October 25, 1924) was an American writer.

Biography
Libbey lived most of her life in Brooklyn, New York. Her parents were Thomas and Elizabeth Libbey. She began writing around age 20. Over the course of her career, she completed 82 novels.

Some of Libbey's stories first appeared as serialized stories in papers such as The New York Family Story Paper, The Fireside Companion, and the New York Ledger. During the 1880s her stories were popular enough for Libbey to negotiate high paying exclusive contracts with specific papers. These serialized stories were later reprinted in dime novel format by publishers of cheap fiction such as George Munro, Arthur Westbrook, and John Lovell.

Over fifteen million copies of her books were published. According to The American Bookseller, Libbey's 1889 The Pretty Young Girl was "the hit of the season" in selling 60,000 copies in thirty days. At one point, Libbey reported she was earning $60,000 a year, but this number may have been exaggerated.

Three of Libbey's stories were made into films: When Love Grows Cold (1926), A Poor Girl's Romance (1927), and In a Moment of Temptation (1928). Libbey also wrote 120 plays, many based on her previously published stories.

Known as the "working-girl" novelist, Libbey's stories were romances about employed young women without family support. Her earliest stories (published in the 1880s) were moralistic and focused on the difficulties of factory work. The stories published in the 1890s and 1900s focused more on the process of finding an appropriate romantic partner.

According to Joyce Shaw Peterson, Libbey's heroines show signs of being proto-feminists. They work for a living, they are spirited, they are proud, they have integrity. When abducted they often manage to run away on their own. However, their permanent safety always depends upon male protection. There is no female solidarity in Libbey's stories, other women are jealous rivals for the attentions of men. Employment is an opportunity to find a wonderful husband, not a chance to find freedom and self-definition. Overall, Libbey's stories were outside the feminist stream of the time which focused on economic independence.

Libbey also worked as an editor. From 1891 to 1894 she edited George Munro's Fashion Bazaar. Her financial records indicate that she received $10,400 a year for her editorial work.

Supposedly Libbey's mother forbade her from marrying. Two years after Libbey's mother died in 1896 she married a Brooklyn lawyer by the name of Van Mater Stilwell. Libbey was 36 years old when she married.

Libbey died at her home in Park Slope on October 25, 1924, after complications from cancer surgery. She is buried in Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn. Libbey's papers are held by Rutgers University.

title: Laura Jean Libbey


text: Talk:Korea Polytechnic IV Asan

title: Talk:Korea Polytechnic IV Asan


text:
Category:Pop punk groups

See also: List of pop punk bands and pop punk albums.

title: Category:Pop punk groups


text:
User:Maarten van Vliet

.

title: User:Maarten van Vliet


text:
Steam shovel

A steam shovel is a large steam-powered excavating machine designed for lifting and moving material such as rock and soil. It is the earliest type of power shovel or excavator. Steam shovels played a major role in public works in the 19th and early 20th century, being key to the construction of railroads and the Panama Canal. The development of simpler, cheaper diesel, gasoline and electric shovels caused steam shovels to fall out of favor in the 1930s.

Origins and development

Grimshaw of Boulton & Watt devised the first steam-powered excavator in 1796. In 1833 William Brunton patented another steam-powered excavator which he provided further details on in 1836. The steam shovel was invented by William Otis, who received a patent for his design in 1839. The first machines were known as 'partial-swing', since the boom could not rotate through 360 degrees. They were built on a railway chassis, on which the boiler and movement engines were mounted. The shovel arm and driving engines were mounted at one end of the chassis, which accounts for the limited swing. Bogies with flanged wheels were fitted, and power was taken to the wheels by a chain drive to the axles. Temporary rail tracks were laid by workers where the shovel was expected to work, and repositioned as required.

Steam shovels became more popular in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Originally configured with chain hoists, the advent of steel cable in the 1870s allowed for easier rigging to the winches.

Later machines were supplied with caterpillar tracks, obviating the need for rails.

The full-swing, 360° revolving shovel was developed in England in 1884, and became the preferred format for these machines.

Growth and uses
Expanding railway networks (in the US and the UK) fostered a demand for steam shovels. The extensive mileage of railways, and corresponding volume of material to be moved, forced the technological leap. As a result, steam shovels became commonplace.

American manufacturers included the Marion Steam Shovel Company founded in 1884, the Bucyrus Company and the Erie Shovel Company, now owned by Caterpillar.

The booming cities in North America used shovels to dig foundations and basements for the early skyscrapers.

One hundred and two steam shovels worked in the decade-long dig of the Panama Canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Of these, seventy-seven were built by Bucyrus; the remainder were Marion shovels. These machines 'moved mountains' in their labors. The shovel crews would race to see who could move the most dirt.

Steam shovels assisted mining operations: the iron mines of Minnesota, the copper mines of Chile and Montana, placer mines of the Klondike – all had earth-moving equipment. With the burgeoning open-pit mines – first in Bingham Canyon, Utah – shovels became prominent. The shovels removed hillsides. As a result, steam shovels were used globally from Australia to Russia to coal mines in China. Shovels were used for construction, road and quarry work.

Steam shovels became widely used in the 1920s in the road-building programs in North America. Thousands of miles of State Highways were built in this era, together with factories and many docks, ports, buildings, and grain elevators.

Successors
During the 1930s steam shovels were supplanted by simpler, cheaper diesel-powered excavating shovels that were the forerunners of those in use today. Open-pit mines were electrified at this time. Only after the Second World War, with the advent of robust high-pressure hydraulic hoses, did the more versatile hydraulic excavators take pre-eminence over the cable-hoisting winch shovels.

Many steam shovels remained at work on the railways of developing nations until diesel engines supplanted them. Most have since been scrapped.

Large, multi-ton mining shovels still use the cable-lift shovel arrangement. In the 1950s and 1960s, Marion Shovel built massive stripping shovels for coal operations in the Eastern US. Shovels of note were the Marion 360, the Marion 5900, and the largest shovel ever built, Marion 6360 The Captain – with a 180 cuyd bucket – while Bucyrus constructed one of the most famous monsters: the Big Brutus, the largest still in existence. The GEM of Egypt (GEM standing for "Giant Excavating Machine" and Egypt referring to the Egypt Valley in Belmont County, eastern Ohio where it was first employed), which operated from 1967 to 1988, was of comparable size. It has since been dismantled. Although these big machines are still called steam shovels, they are more correctly known as power shovels since they use electricity to power their winches.

Operation

A steam shovel consists of:
 * a bucket, usually with a toothed edge, to dig into the earth
 * a "dipper" or "dipper stick" connecting the bucket to the boom
 * a "boom" mounted on the rotating platform, supporting the dipper and its control wires
 * a boiler
 * a water tank and coal bunker
 * steam engines and winches
 * operator's controls
 * a platform on which everything is mounted
 * wheels (or sometimes caterpillar tracks or railroad wheels)
 * a house (on the platform) to contain and protect 'the works'

The shovel has several individual operations: it can raise or luff the boom, extend the dipper stick with the boom or crowd engine, and raise or lower the dipper stick. Some shovels can rotate the platform on which the bulk of the machine is mounted on a turntable above its truck, similar to a modern excavator, while others, particularly those with longer bodies, have a turntable at the base of the boom, and rotate the boom.

When digging at a rock face, the operator simultaneously raises and extends the dipper stick to fill the bucket with material. When the bucket is full, the shovel is rotated to load a railway car or motor truck. The locking pin on the bucket flap is released and the load drops away. The operator lowers the dipper stick, the bucket mouth self-closes, the pin relocks automatically and the process repeats.

Steam shovels usually had at least a three-man crew: engineer, fireman and ground man. There was much jockeying to do to move shovels: rails and timber blocks to move; cables and block purchases to attach; chains and slings to rig; and so on. On soft ground, shovels used timber mats to help steady and level the ground. The early models were not self-propelled, rather they would use the boom to manoeuvre themselves.

Steam shovel manufacturers
North American manufacturers: European manufacturers:
 * Ball Engine Co.
 * Bucyrus
 * Erie
 * Marion Steam Shovel Dredge Company
 * Moore Speedcrane (later Manitowoc Cranes)
 * Northwest Shovels
 * Thew Automatic Shovel Co.
 * Vulcan Iron Works
 * Demag (Germany)
 * Fiorentini (Italy)
 * Lubecker
 * Menck
 * Newton & Chambers (UK)
 * Orenstein and Koppel GmbH (Germany)
 * Ruston & Hornsby (UK)

Power shovel/dragline manufacturers

 * Bucyrus International
 * Insley Manufacturing Co.
 * Komatsu
 * Lima Locomotive Works
 * Link Belt
 * Marion Power Shovel
 * P&H Mining Equipment
 * Priestman Bros    (UK)
 * Ransomes & Rapier (UK)
 * Ruston-Bucyrus    (UK)

Preservation
Most steam shovels have been scrapped, although a few reside in industrial museums and private collections.

The Le Roy Marion
The world's largest intact steam shovel is a Marion machine, dating from either 1906 or 1911, located in Le Roy, New York. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.

Ruston Proctor Steam Navvy No 306
Dating from 1909, this machine – Ruston's called it a 'crane navvy' – is the oldest surviving steam navvy in the world. It was originally used at a chalk pit at Arlesey, in Bedfordshire, England. After the pit was closed, the steam navvy was simply abandoned and 'lost' as the pit became flooded with water. By the mid-1970s, the area had become a local beauty spot, known as The Blue Lagoon (from chemicals from the quarry colouring the water), and after long periods of drought, the top of the rusty navvy could be seen protruding from the water. Ruston & Hornsby expert Ray Hooley heard of its existence, and organised the difficult task of rescuing it from the water-filled pit. Hooley arranged for its complete restoration to working order by apprentices at the Ruston-Bucyrus works. Subsequently it passed into the care of the Museum of Lincolnshire Life. The museum was unable to make full use of the machine, and, not being stored under cover, its condition deteriorated. In 2011, Ray Hooley donated the machine to the Vintage Excavator Trust at Threlkeld Quarry and Mining Museum in Cumbria. It was moved to the quarry in 2011, and (as of 2013) full restoration is once again under way.

1923 Bucyrus Model 50-B
Twenty-five Bucyrus Model 50-B steam shovels were sent to the Panama Canal to build bridges, roads, and drains and remove the huge quantities of soil and rock cut from the canal bed. All the shovels but one were scrapped at Panama. The survivor was shipped back to California and then brought to Denver. In the early 1950s, it was transported to Rollinsville by Roy and Russell Durand, who operated it at the Lump Gulch Placer, six miles south of Nederland, Colorado, until 1978. This steam shovel is one of two (the other at the Western Minnesota Steam Thresher's Reunion in Rollag, MN) remaining operational Bucyrus Model 50-Bs, and is preserved at the Nederland Mining Museum. Roots of Motive Power in Willits, CA has also acquired a 50-B and operates it for the public once a year at their Steam Festival in early September.

Northwest Model
Two shovels sit abandoned in Zamora, California, north of Sacramento beside I 5.

In fiction

 * The classic children's book Mike Mulligan and His Steam Shovel features a steam shovel as a main character.
 * A steam shovel, clearly illustrated with a boiler and smoke rings, also known as a "Snort", features towards the climax of the children's book Are You My Mother? by P. D. Eastman. The little bird is returned to its nest by the steam shovel.
 * In the Thomas & Friends TV series, a steam shovel named Ned appears as a minor character. A rail-mounted steam shovel named Marion also appears in Thomas & Friends, beginning with the movie Tale of the Brave.
 * In the Australian children's TV series Mr. Squiggle, Bill the Steam Shovel provides comic relief and produces steam from his "nose" when he laughs.
 * In the Clive Cussler novel The Saboteurs, steam shovels play a key part of the storyline in the sabotage of the building of the Panama Canal.
 * In Lackadaisy, Rocky turns one into a makeshift Siege Engine by setting Sandbags on the control levers, then climbing into the bucket with a sack of Dynamite.
 * In the 1932 Laurel and Hardy film 'Their First Mistake', whilst on the telephone to Ollie, Stan mentions that he has two tickets for the 'Cement Worker's Bazaar' and if they attend they may win a steam shovel.

title: Steam shovel


text:
Superficial muscular aponeurotic system

Superficial muscular aponeurotic system (or superficial musculoaponeurotic system ) (SMAS) is a thin yet tough unitary tissue plane of the face formed by facial fasciae, subcutis connective tissue, and facial muscles. Its composition varies, containing muscle fibres in some areas, and fibrous or fibroaponeurotic tissue in others. It connects to the dermis via vertical septa. It does not attach to bone. In most areas, a distinct plane can be defined deep to the SMAS (continuous with that formed between the platysma and underlying investing layer of deep cervical fascia).

Superiorly, the SMAS extends to the galea aponeurotica of the scalp, becoming continuous with temporoparietal fascia   (at the zygomatic arch ) and galea. It becomes continuous with the platysma muscle inferiorly (inferior to the inferior border of the mandible), and indistinct laterally (inferior to the zygomatic arch). Anteromedially, it blends with the epimysium of some facial muscles; a link between facial muscles and the skin of the face is thereby established, enabling facial expression. Over the parotid gland, the SMAS is firmly united with the superficial layer of parotid fascia.

Clinical significance
The SMAS is clinically important in facial plastic surgery for rhytidectomy (facelift procedure). During this procedure, the SMAS is accessed through an arch-shaped incision anterior to the ear; a portion of the SMAS is then excised and the remaining SMAS is stretched by drawing it posterior-ward and suturing it, thus making the skin of the face which overlies the SMAS taut.

title: Superficial muscular aponeurotic system


text:
User:Krellmachine

Image copyrights
Thanks for uploading Image:PK AIRS3.jpg and Image:PK AIRS4.jpg. I notice they currently don't have image copyright tag]s]. Could you add one to let us know their copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the [[GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much,    — Edwin Stearns | Talk 16:14, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Krellmachine


text:
1993 in rail transport

January events

 * January 30 – The first segment of the Southern California Rapid Transit District Red Line subway opens in Los Angeles.

February events

 * February 1 – The metre gauge Harz Narrow Gauge Railways in the former East Germany are moved from federal control to the Harzer Schmalspurbahnen GmbH.
 * February 21 – The Red Line (Howard-Dan Ryan) and the Green Line (Lake-Englewood/Jackson Park) rapid transit routes are formed by the Chicago Transit Authority, and a 0.92 mile (0.57 km) subway link between the Dan Ryan Line and the State Street Subway allowing the "Rail System Reroute". The switching of the lines south of Roosevelt Road, ended service on the former Howard-Englewood/Jackson Park and Lake-Dan Ryan routes.

March events

 * March 21 – Transperth's Joondalup line opens to full service.

April events

 * April – National Rail Corporation begins operation in Australia, taking over interstate rail freight operations of the Australian National Railways Commission.
 * April 1 – Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority, operator of the Metro Rail system in Los Angeles, California, is formed from the merger of the Southern California Rapid Transit District (RTD) and the Los Angeles County Transportation Commission (LACTC).
 * April 29 – The Main Street Trolley heritage streetcar system opens in Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.A..

June events

 * June 4 – Fremont-Centerville (Amtrak station) reopens.

July events

 * July 6 – The last regular freight train between Turkey and Armenia crosses the international border separating the two countries.
 * July 11 – The last empty freight cars belonging to each other's railway networks are transferred across the closed border between Turkey and Armenia and returned to their respective railways.
 * July 31 – St. Louis-based Bi-State Transit inaugurates service on its MetroLink light rail system.

August events

 * August 8 – Transperth's Joondalup line is extended from Joondalup to Currambine.
 * August 27 – The Green Bay and Western and the Fox River Valley Railroad are merged into a new Wisconsin Central subsidiary, the Fox Valley and Western Railroad.

September events

 * September 22 – Amtrak's worst rail accident to date occurs in the Big Bayou Conot train disaster when the westbound Sunset Limited derails on a bridge in Alabama killing 47 and injuring 103; the cause of the accident is found to be a collision between a river barge and one of the bridge's pilings knocking the rail out of alignment on the bridge.
 * September 27
 * California Northern Railroad begins operations.
 * Shin Seibijō Station, on the Tokyo Monorail in Ōta, Tokyo, Japan, is opened.

October events

 * October 31 - The Orange Line (9.2 miles/15.0 km), of the Chicago Transit Authority, opens on the Southwest Side between Midway International Airport and The Loop, using the Morrison-Knudsen-built 3200-series rail cars. Seven stations are opened on the route at Midway Airport, Pulaski, Kedzie, Western, 35th/Archer, Ashland, and Halsted. The Roosevelt/Wabash station, which Orange Line trains share with Green Line trains, is opened on November 1.

November events

 * November 5 – British Parliament passes Railways Act setting out the procedures for privatisation of British Rail.
 * November 13 – The Berlin U-Bahn reopens direct connections across the line that was formed by the Berlin Wall, reuniting the city's rapid transit system.

December events

 * December 7 – 1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting: Colin Ferguson opens fire with his Ruger 9mm pistol on a Long Island Rail Road train, killing six and injuring 19.
 * December 31 – Most rail lines in Nicaragua are shut down by Presidential order.
 * December – The STAR21 experimental train is operated at a record 425 km/h (264 mph) on Japan's Joetsu Shinkansen route between Tokyo and Niigata.

Unknown date events

 * Southern Pacific single-tracks the Donner Pass mainline.

April deaths

 * April 9 – Robert B. Claytor, president of Norfolk and Western Railway (b. 1922).

title: 1993 in rail transport


text:
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are a spectrum of autoimmune diseases characterized by acute inflammation of the optic nerve (optic neuritis, ON) and the spinal cord (myelitis). Episodes of ON and myelitis can be simultaneous or successive. A relapsing disease course is common, especially in untreated patients.

 * Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a particular disease within the NMOSD spectrum. It is characterised by optic neuritis and longitudinally extensive myelitis. In more than 80% of NMO cases, the cause is immunoglobulin G autoantibodies to aquaporin 4 (anti-AQP4), the most abundant water channel protein in the central nervous system.

 * Less common diseases with other manifestations are also part of the NMOSD spectrum.

Signs and symptoms
The signs and symptoms of NMOSD depend on the neurologic structures the disease affects, and, to some extent, the antibodies involved.

Spinal cord effects
The most common initial manifestation of the disease is inflammation of the spinal cord (myelitis). Myelitis causes spinal cord dysfunction, which can result in muscle weakness, paralysis in the limbs, lost or reduced sensation, spasms, loss of bladder and bowel control, or erectile dysfunction. The myelitis can be transverse, affecting an entire cross-section of the spinal cord, and showing bilateral symptoms.

Optic effects
The second most common initial manifestation of the disease is inflammation of the optic nerve and/or optic chiasm (optic neuritis, ON). ON may lead to varying degrees of visual impairment with decreased visual acuity, although visual field defects, or loss of color vision, may occur in isolation or prior to formal loss of visual acuity. Compared to idiopathic ON and ON due to multiple sclerosis (MS), ON due to NMOSD more often results in severe visual loss at onset, with bilateral involvement, and permanent visual deficits.

Brain effects
Less commonly than the spinal cord and optic nerve, NMOSD can affect the brain stem. Lesions in the brain stem or upper cervical spinal cord can cause respiratory insufficiency. Lesions in the area postrema of the medulla oblongata can cause vomiting or hiccups, as well as pain and tonic spasms. Additional brain lesions are common but often asymptomatic (though cognitive deficits, as well as depression, may be underdiagnosed sequalae). Lesions may also affect the diencephalon, mostly in Aquaporin-4–Immunoglobulin-G (AQP4-IgG) NMOSD.

Disease course
Signs and symptoms usually follow a relapsing and remitting course, but occasionally can be progressive (monophasic). Deficits can be temporary or permanent, the latter especially in the absence of treatment.

Fatigue
Fatigue is a common symptom, with studies showing that as many as 77% of people with NMOSD have fatigue. Fatigue has been found to correlate with quality of life in people with NMOSD.

Comparison with MS
NMO and multiple sclerosis (MS) can be similar in clinical and radiological presentation, and MS may very rarely present with an NMO-like phenotype (e.g. in patients with long-standing MS resulting in confluent spinal cord lesions mimicking the longitudinally extensive spinal cord lesions typically seen in NMO). In consequence, NMO was in the past wrongly considered a clinical variant of MS. However, NMO is not related to MS in the vast majority of cases and differs from MS substantially in terms of pathogenesis, clinical presentation, magnetic resonance imaging, cerebrospinal fluid findings, disease course, and prognosis.

Causes
NMOSD is caused by an autoimmune attack on the nervous system. In more than 80% of cases, IgG autoantibodies against aquaporin-4 (anti-AQP4+) are the cause, and in 10–40% of the remaining cases, IgG antibodies against MOG are the cause. The cause of the remaining cases is still unknown, and it is likely heterogeneous.

Why autoimmunity develops is largely unknown. Multiple genetic and environmental factors are known to increase the risk of developing NMOSD. The strongest risk factor is being female, especially in AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD. Multiple human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles are associated with NMOSD.

NMO was associated in the past with many systemic diseases. Some researchers have pointed out that some other cases could be paraneoplastic. It appears that lupus can produce NMO-IgG autoantibodies, leading to cases of lupus-derived NMO.

The discovery of NMO-IgG (anti-AQP4) has opened a new avenue of research into the causes.

Anti-AQP4+ variants
NMOSD is usually caused by autoantibodies targeting aquaporin 4 (AQP4), a channel protein in the cell membrane that allows water to pass through the membrane. AQP4 monomers form tetramers, and the tetramers aggregate. AQP4 is found in astrocytes, which are the basis for the glymphatic system. Thus, NMOSD involving AQP4-IgG can be considered an astrocytopathy or autoimmune astrocytic channelopathy, since the astrocytes are semi-selectively destroyed.

The astrocytes surround the blood–brain barrier (BBB), a system responsible for preventing substances in the blood from entering the brain. For antibodies from the blood to reach astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS), they must cross the BBB, the mechanism of which is not completely known. Some reports point to the metalloproteinase-2 and interleukin-6 as culprits responsible for the BBB failure. There is broad consensus that AQP4/NMO-IgG initially enters the brain via BBB-deficient sites such as the area postrema, where there is access to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In any case, anti-AQP4 is produced mainly intrathecally.

Within astrocytes, AQP4 is primarily found in astrocytic foot processes that abut blood vessels and the linings of the brain (meninges). NMOSD brain lesions, as seen under a microscope, show IgG, Immunoglobulin M (IgM), inflammatory cells, and complement deposits around blood vessels. AQP4-IgG is a member of the IgG1 immunoglobulin family, which is an activator of the complement system, which seems to play an integral part in the autoimmune response. There is a loss of astrocytes, and sometimes also a loss of neurons and oligodendrocytes. Loss of cells other than astrocytes is a consequence of collateral inflammatory damage or astrocyte dysfunction.

NMOSD selectively affects the optic nerve, spinal cord, and brain stem. This selectivity can be explained by the increased amount of AQP4 in these structures, and, furthermore, by the increased amount of AQP4 aggregates in the optic nerve and spinal cord. The increased BBB permeability at the area postrema helps explain involvement there. AQP4 is present in tissues outside the central nervous system (e.g. the kidneys), but these tissues aren't affected in NMOSD, at least in part because of the presence of autoimmune downregulators outside of the central nervous system.

In NMOSD, areas of brain tissue that appear normal in conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can show damage in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), although less so compared to multiple sclerosis (MS).

Most research into the pathology of NMO has focused on the spinal cord. The damage can range from inflammatory demyelination to necrotic damage of the white and grey matters. The inflammatory lesions in NMO have been classified as type II lesions (complement-mediated demyelination), but they differ from MS pattern II lesions in their prominent perivascular distribution. Therefore, the pattern of inflammation is often quite distinct from that seen in MS.

AQP4-IgG levels are coarsely correlated with NMOSD disease activity, those levels generally increasing before relapse and declining during remission, with higher levels being correlated to more severe disease manifestation.

NMO-IgG-negative cases are less understood. It seems that astrocytes are spared in these cases.

Anti-MOG+ variants
The second most frequent autoantibody in NMO is MOG-IgG, which targets myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). MOG is an integral membrane glycoprotein found on the surface of oligodendrocytes and the outermost surface of myelin sheaths. Its function is not entirely known. MOG-IgG is produced outside the central nervous system (CNS) despite MOG existing only in the CNS (with the BBB separating the two), leading to the hypothesis that MOG drained via cerebral spinal fluid into lymph nodes causes autoimmune reaction formation.

MOG-IgG-positive NMOSD brain lesions, as seen under a microscopic, show demyelination with preservation of oligodendrocytes and axons, presence of inflammatory cells, and IgG and complement deposits. MOG-IgG levels coarsely correlate with disease severity, with levels being higher during active disease, and higher levels being associated with more severe disease manifestation.

Antibodies against MOG are considered mostly absent in similar diseases, such as MS. Therefore, it can be said that anti-MOG diseases are grouped within AQP4-IgG-negative NMOSD.

Together with anti-AQP4 disease, anti-MOG diseases form the wider part of the NMO spectrum. The NMO cases are classified in four classes, according to the presence or absence of any of these two main auto-antibodies.

The clinical course and the response to therapy is different for various diseases classed within these groups, showing a better prognosis for those in the NMO-Ab(−)/MOG-Ab(−) group, and a worse prognosis for those in the NMO-Ab(+)/MOG-Ab(+) group. The MOG-related NMO can be radiologically identified by the conus involvement. Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody–positive patients were more likely to have conus involvement on spinal magnetic resonance imaging.

Diagnosis

NMOSD is diagnosed using consensus clinical criteria, which have undergone multiple revisions, most recently in 2015.

Diagnostic criteria are more relaxed for seropositive AQP4–IgG cases than they are for seronegative AQP4-IgG ones. If AQP4-IgG is detected, then one core clinical criterion, along with the ruling out of alternative diagnoses, is sufficient for NMOSD diagnosis.

If AQP4-IgG is undetected, or its status is unknown, two core clinical criteria, each with supportive MRI findings, along with the ruling out of alternative diagnoses, are needed for an NMOSD diagnosis.

Rarely, it has been reported that some courses of anti-NMDAR are consistent with NMO. Preliminary reports suggest that other autoantibodies may play a role in rare cases of NMO.

NMOSD with MOG-IgG is considered a manifestation of anti-MOG associated encephalomyelitis.

Spectrum constituents
After the development of the NMO-IgG test, the spectrum of disorders comprising NMO was expanded. The spectrum is now believed to consist of:
 * Standard NMO, according to the diagnostic criteria described above
 * Limited forms of NMO, such as single or recurrent events of longitudinally extensive myelitis, and bilateral simultaneous or recurrent optic neuritis
 * Asian optic-spinal multiple sclerosis (OSMS), or AQP4+ OSMS. This variant can present brain lesions like MS does, but it should not be confused with an AQP4-negative form of inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system spectrum, sometimes called optic-spinal MS
 * Longitudinally extensive myelitis or optic neuritis associated with systemic autoimmune disease
 * Optic neuritis or myelitis associated with lesions in specific brain areas such as the hypothalamus, periventricular nucleus, and brainstem
 * NMO-IgG negative NMO: AQP4 antibody-seronegative NMO poses a diagnostic challenge. Some cases could be related to anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) autoantibodies.

Differential diagnosis
AQP4-Ab-negative NMO presents problems for differential diagnosis. The behavior of the oligoclonal bands can help to establish a more accurate diagnosis. Oligoclonal bands in NMO are rare and they tend to disappear after attacks, while in MS they are nearly always present and persistent. It is important to notice for differential diagnosis that, though uncommon, it is possible to have longitudinal lesions in MS.

Another problem for diagnosis is that AQP4-ab in MOG-ab levels can be too low to be detected. Some additional biomarkers have been proposed.

NMO differs from MS in that it usually has more severe sequelae after an acute episode than standard MS, which infrequently presents as transverse myelitis. In addition oligoclonal bands in the CSF as well as white matter lesions on brain MRIs are uncommon in NMO, but occur in over 90% of MS patients.

Recently, the presence of AQP4 has been found to distinguish standard MS from NMO; but as MS is a heterogeneous condition, and some MS cases are reported to be Kir4.1 channelopathies (autoimmunity against the potassium channels), it is still possible to consider NMO as part of the MS spectrum. Besides, some NMO-AQP4(−) variants are not astrocytopathic, but demyelinating.

Tumefactive demyelinating lesions in NMO are not usual, but they have been reported to appear in several cases mistakenly treated with interferon beta.

Also, an overlap with Sjögren syndrome has been reported.

Evolution of diagnostic criteria
Since the discovery of the AQP4 autoantibody, it has been found that it appears also in patients with NMO-like symptoms that do not fulfill the clinical requirements to be diagnosed with NMO (recurrent and simultaneous optic nerve and spinal cord inflammation).

The term neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) has been designed to allow incorporation of cases associated with non-AQP4 biomarkers. Therefore, it includes all the clinical variants due to anti-AQP4, plus other non-related but clinically similar syndromes such as anti-MOG associated encephalomyelitis. Some cases with MOG+ and AQP4+ antibodies have been found.

These variants are expected to respond to the same treatments as standard NMO. Some authors propose to use the name "autoimmune aquaporin-4 channelopathy" for these diseases, while others prefer a more generic term "AQP4-astrocytopathy", which also includes deficiencies of AQP4 with a non-autoimmune origin.

Treatment

There is no cure for NMO, but it is treatable. Some patients recover, but many are left with impairment of vision and limbs, which can be severe in some cases.

Attacks
Long term neurologic deficits are the cumulative effects of acute attacks, emphasizing the importance of acute treatment. Traditionally, attacks have been treated with short courses (3–5 days) of high dosage intravenous corticosteroids, such as methylprednisolone IV (Solu-Medrol). Early initiation of treatment with steroids has been shown to improve vision-related outcomes after acute attacks. However, there is no high-level evidence for steroids affecting long-term outcomes; this treatment strategy was borrowed from that for similar diseases (idiopathic optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis).

Plasmapheresis can be an effective treatment when attacks progress after the administration of corticosteroids. This treatment involves the patient's own blood being pumped out, blood cells being removed from the plasma and mixed with a solution, then the new blood mixture being pumped back in.

Secondary prevention
Prophylactic treatment, to prevent relapses of NMO, is generally employed; but the exact duration of such treatment is debatable.

FDA-approved pharmaceuticals
FDA-approved pharmaceuticals against AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD, shown to be effective in phase III clinical trials, first became available in 2019. As of 2020, they are among the most expensive drugs worldwide. They are not available in pill form, which, along with their high price, limits their accessibility. These new drugs' effectiveness against AQP4-IgG-negative NMOSD is unknown.

Off-label treatments
Many treatments are used despite the lack of phase III clinical trials testing their efficacy. Neither inferiority nor superiority to the newer, FDA approved drugs has been clearly demonstrated; and, considering their being relatively inexpensive and being availability in pill format, these drugs are the current standard treatment. Most of these medications affect the immune system in various ways.

It is important to note that certain immunosuppressants used to treat MS—such as interferon-β, fingolimod, natalizumab, and alemtuzumab—worsen NMO disease progression and should not be used to treat NMO.

Prognosis
Normally, some improvement appears in a few weeks, but severe residual symptoms and even disability may persist.

The disease can be monophasic, i.e. a single episode with permanent remission afterwards. However, at least 85% of patients have a relapsing form of the disease with repeated attacks of transverse myelitis and/or optic neuritis. In patients with the monophasic form, the transverse myelitis and optic neuritis occur simultaneously or within days of each other. On the other hand, patients with the relapsing form are more likely to have weeks or months between the initial attacks, and to have better motor recovery after the initial transverse myelitis event. Relapses usually occur early, with about 55% of patients having a relapse in the first year and 90% in the first five years.

It is possible that the relapsing form is related to the anti-AQP4+ seropositive status and the monophasic form related to its absence. Unlike MS, NMO rarely has a secondary progressive phase in which patients have increasing neurologic decline between attacks without remission. Instead, disabilities arise from the acute attacks.

Approximately 20% of patients with monophasic NMO have permanent visual loss, and 30% have permanent paralysis in one or both legs. Among patients with relapsing NMO, 50% have blindness or paralysis within five years. In some patients (33% in one study), transverse myelitis in the cervical spinal cord resulted in respiratory failure and subsequent death. However, the spectrum of NMO has widened, due to improved diagnostic criteria; and the options for treatment have improved. As a result, researchers believe these estimates will be lowered.

Epidemiology
Prevalence varies by region, ranging from 0.5 to 10 cases per 100,000 people. Unlike MS, prevalence has not been found to be related to latitude. NMO is more common in women than men, with women comprising over two-thirds of patients and more than 80% of those with the relapsing form of the disease.

A retrospective study found that prevalence of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders was 1.5% among a random sample of neurological patients, with a MS:NMOSD ratio of 42:7. Among 13 NMOSD patients, 77% had long spinal cord lesions, 38% had severe optic neuritis, and 23% had brain or brainstem lesions. Only 56% had clinically definite NMO at follow-up.

NMO is more common in Asians than Caucasians. In fact, Asian optic-spinal multiple sclerosis (OSMS) (which constitutes 30% of the cases of MS in Japan) has been suggested to be identical to NMO (differences between OSMS and classic MS in Japanese patients). In the indigenous populations of tropical and subtropical regions, MS is rare; but when it appears, it often takes the form of OSMS.

The majority of NMO patients have no affected relatives, and it is generally regarded as a nonfamilial condition.

Rarely, NMO may occur in the context of other autoimmune diseases (e.g. connective tissue disorders, paraneoplastic syndromes) or infectious diseases. In some cases, the etiology remains unknown (idiopathic NMO).

History

First reports on an association of spinal cord with optic nerve disorders date back to the late 18th and early 19th century. However, only an 1870 report by Sir Thomas Clifford Allbutt created sustained interest on the part of neurologists and ophthalmologists in this rare syndrome. In 1894, Eugène Devic and his PhD student Fernand Gault described 16 patients who had lost vision in one or both eyes and within weeks developed severe spastic weakness of the limbs, loss of sensation, and often of bladder control. They recognized these symptoms were the result of inflammation of the optic nerve and spinal cord, respectively.

In 2002, Mayo Clinic researchers identified a humoral mechanism, targeting a perivascular protein, as the culprit of NMO, and in 2004 an unknown specific autoantibody was found. In 2005 they identified the aquaporin 4 protein as the target of the disease, and developed the first in-house test to aid in the diagnosis of NMO by detection of an antibody, AQP4-IgG, in the blood. The first quantitative ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) kits were soon developed, However, serum AQP4-IgG titer only moderately reflects disease activity, severity, or neurological prognosis. Later, some other autoantibodies were found in NMO AQP4-negative cases, such as anti-MOG IgG, but some NMO anti-AQP4-negative cases still remain idiopathic.

Research directions
Since the discovery of AQP4 involvement, some research studies have focused on targeted treatment aimed at anti-aquaporin 4 antibodies. The most established method for antibody removal is plasmapheresis. A number of drugs are being studied: aquaporumab (non-pathogenic antibody blocker of AQP4-IgG binding), sivelestat (neutrophil elastase inhibitor), and eculizumab (complement inhibitor).

There is little research into the primary causes of the anti-AQP4 auto-antibodies. It has been noticed that some cases could be paraneoplastic.

In addition, several NMO variants have been discovered with antibodies other than those against AQP4, turning NMO into a heterogeneous disease. Six different patterns of damage have been reported in NMO, raising the possibility of six different types of auto-antibodies. As of 2019, only three of them are known.

Research into new autoantibodies
An autoantibody—glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)—was found in 2016, in transverse myelitis (LETM) and atypical NMO, leading to the concept of autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy.

Other autoantibody being researched is flotillin. It has been found in seronegative NMO and some MS patients.

Finally, other proteins under study are connexin 43 and anti-AQP1, although, as of 2015, there are only initial reports about the involvement of these proteins.

The group AQP4+/MOG+ is very small and it can be considered a coincidence of two completely separate diseases in the same person. Assuming these cases can be verified, five different kinds of NMO are being considered:
 * NMO derived from an autoimmune channelopathy (AQP4-Ab+) – around 80% of total NMO cases
 * NMO derived from an anti-MOG associated encephalomyelitis – around 10% of total cases
 * Connexin-43 NMO
 * Aquaporin-1 associated NMO which could be related to pattern III MS
 * Idiopathic NMO, defined by the absence of all previous antibodies

Antibody negative neuromyelitis optica
Some cases of NMO are not due to autoantibodies. They constitute an overlap between NMO and MS.

As of 2019 some statistical studies showed that antibody-negative NMO can be classified into three groups, and that this classification has a pathogenic meaning.

Later studies have increased the number of groups up to four.

Notable patients

 * Christine Hà (chef and author)
 * Cassie Mitchell (paralympian and biomedical engineering professor)

title: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder


text:
Talk:Unto These Hills

Untitled
This can't be the second oldest outdoor historical drama, since The Ramona Pageant has been staged annually since 1923. gK [[User talk:GK|¿?]] 16:19, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

As a member of the audience once before and once after the rewrite, I feel that the pre-rewrite version was much better, and told their story very well. The new version wasn't bad either though and it is still worth going to see if you are in the area. Truesilver 22:52, 12 August 2006

title: Talk:Unto These Hills


text:
Talk:Saint Louis-style pizza

Let's open that "Saint" vs. "St." can of worms and have a worm pizza. Kbh3rd 16:21, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Saint Louis-style pizza


text:
Talk:St. Louis–style pizza

Ledo's
I've moved this sentence about Ledo's Pizza here until a citation can be found: "The Mid-Atlantic chain Ledo Pizza uses a very similar style with provolone cheese instead of Provel cheese." Should one be found, I would suggest editing the sentence to specify the similarities: "Pizza served by the Mid-Atlantic chain Ledo Pizza has a thin crust, sweet sauce and a square ("party") cut, but uses provolone cheese instead of Provel." PRRfan (talk) 18:25, 3 February 2022 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:New York-style pizza which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 00:02, 4 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:St. Louis–style pizza


text:
Treynor ratio

The Treynor reward to volatility model (sometimes called the reward-to-volatility ratio or Treynor measure ), named after Jack L. Treynor, is a measurement of the returns earned in excess of that which could have been earned on an investment that has no diversifiable risk (e.g., Treasury bills or a completely diversified portfolio), per unit of market risk assumed.

The Treynor ratio relates excess return over the risk-free rate to the additional risk taken; however, systematic risk is used instead of total risk. The higher the Treynor ratio, the better the performance of the portfolio under analysis.

Formula

 * $$T = \frac{r_i - r_f}{\beta_i} $$

where:

 * $$T \equiv$$ Treynor ratio,

 * $$r_i \equiv $$ portfolio i's return,

 * $$r_f \equiv $$ risk free rate

 * $$\beta_i \equiv $$ portfolio i's beta

Example
Taking the equation detailed above, let us assume that the expected portfolio return is 20%, the risk free rate is 5%, and the beta of the portfolio is 1.5. Substituting these values, we get the following
 * $$T = \frac{0.2 - 0.05}{1.5} = 0.1 $$

Limitations
Like the Sharpe ratio, the Treynor ratio (T) does not quantify the value added, if any, of active portfolio management. It is a ranking criterion only. A ranking of portfolios based on the Treynor Ratio is only useful if the portfolios under consideration are sub-portfolios of a broader, fully diversified portfolio. If this is not the case, portfolios with identical systematic risk, but different total risk, will be rated the same. But the portfolio with a higher total risk is less diversified and therefore has a higher unsystematic risk which is not priced in the market.

An alternative method of ranking portfolio management is Jensen's alpha, which quantifies the added return as the excess return above the security market line in the capital asset pricing model. As these two methods both determine rankings based on systematic risk alone, they will rank portfolios identically.

title: Treynor ratio


text:
Harper (publisher)

Harper is an American publishing house, the flagship imprint of global publisher, HarperCollins, based in New York City. Founded in New York in 1817 by James Harper and his brother John, the company operated as J. & J. Harper until 1833, when it changed its name to Harper & Brothers, reflecting the inclusion of Joseph and Fletcher Harper. Harper began publishing Harper's Magazine, Harper's Weekly, and other periodicals beginning in the 1850s. From 1962 to 1990, the company was known as Harper & Row after its merger with Row, Peterson & Company. Harper & Row was purchased in 1987 by News Corporation and combined with William Collins, Sons, its United Kingdom counterpart, in 1990 to form HarperCollins, although the Harper name has been used in its place since 2007.

J. & J. Harper (1817–1833)
James Harper and his brother John, printers by training, started their book publishing business, J. & J. Harper, in New York City in 1817. Their two brothers, Joseph Wesley and Fletcher, joined them in the mid-1820s.

Harper & Brothers (1833–1962)
The company changed its name to "Harper & Brothers" in 1833. The headquarters of the publishing house was located at 331 Pearl Street, facing Franklin Square in Lower Manhattan near the present-day Manhattan approach to the Brooklyn Bridge.

Harper & Brothers began publishing Harper's New Monthly Magazine in New York City, in 1850. The brothers also published Harper's Weekly (starting in New York City in June 1857), Harper's Bazar (starting in New York City on November 2, 1867), and Harper's Young People (starting in New York City in 1879).

George B. M. Harvey became president of Harper's on November 16, 1899.

Harper's New Monthly Magazine ultimately became Harper's Magazine, now published by the Harper's Magazine Foundation. Harper's Weekly was absorbed by The Independent (New York; later Boston) in 1916, which merged with The Outlook in 1928. Harper's Bazar was sold to William Randolph Hearst in 1913, became Harper's Bazaar, and is now simply Bazaar, published by the Hearst Corporation.

In 1924, Cass Canfield joined Harper & Brothers and held various executive positions until he died in 1986. In 1925, Eugene F. Saxton joined the company as an editor, and he was responsible for publishing many well-known authors, including Edna St. Vincent Millay and Thornton Wilder. In 1935, Edward Aswell moved to Harper & Brothers as an assistant editor of general books and eventually became editor-in-chief. Aswell persuaded Thomas Wolfe to leave Scribner's, and, after Wolfe's death, edited the posthumous novels, The Web and the Rock, You Can't Go Home Again, and The Hills Beyond.

Harper & Row (1962–1990)
In 1962, Harper & Brothers merged with Row, Peterson & Company to become Harper & Row. Harper's religion publishing moved to San Francisco and became Harper San Francisco, which is now HarperOne, in 1977. Harper & Row acquired Thomas Y. Crowell Co. and J. B. Lippincott & Co. in the 1970s; Crowell and the trade operations of Lippincott were merged into Harper & Row in 1980. In 1988, Harper & Row purchased the religious publisher Zondervan, including subsidiary Marshall Pickering.

HarperCollins (1990–present)
Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation, now News Corp, acquired Harper & Row in 1987, and William Collins, Sons in 1990. The names of these two national publishing houses, Harper & Row in the United States and Collins in the United Kingdom, were combined along with the Harper's torch icon and Collins' fountain icon to create HarperCollins. The company has since expanded its international reach with further acquisitions of formerly independent publishers. The Harper imprint began being used in place of HarperCollins in 2007.

Paperbacks
After the purchase of Harper & Row by News Corporation, HarperCollins launched a new mass-market paperback line to complement its existing trade paperback Perennial imprint. It was known as Harper Paperbacks from 1990 to 2000, HarperTorch from 2000 to 2006, and Harper from 2007 to the present.

Authors and illustrators (selected)

 * Robert C. Binkley
 * Jiddu Krishnamurti
 * Margaret Wise Brown
 * Gwendolyn Brooks
 * Agatha Christie
 * Paulo Coelho
 * Arthur Conan Doyle
 * A.B. Frost
 * Stephen Fry
 * Anna Godbersen
 * John Gray
 * Zane Grey
 * John Gunther
 * Thomas Hardy
 * Syd Hoff
 * Arthur Holmes
 * Erin Hunter
 * Aldous Huxley
 * Henry James
 * Crockett Johnson
 * Bruce Judson
 * Harper Lee
 * Martin Luther King Jr.
 * Barbara Kingsolver
 * Ruth Krauss
 * Ursula K. Le Guin
 * Armistead Maupin
 * André Maurois
 * Herman Melville
 * Caroline Pafford Miller
 * Peter G. Miller
 * Dick Morris
 * Sarah Palin
 * Lincoln Peirce
 * Howard Pyle
 * Leland M. Roth
 * Laura Schlessinger
 * Maurice Sendak
 * Sara Shepard
 * Shel Silverstein
 * Betty Smith
 * Lemony Snicket
 * Howard Spring
 * Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
 * Mark Twain
 * Charles Dudley Warner
 * E. B. White
 * Simon Winchester
 * Laura Ingalls Wilder
 * Thornton Wilder
 * Richard Wright

title: Harper (publisher)


text:
1834 in rail transport

January events

 * January – The Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad is chartered in Wilmington, North Carolina.
 * January 30 – Construction on the first railroad in Kentucky, linking Lexington and Frankfort, is completed.

February events

 * February 25 – The Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad is formed to connect cities in Virginia.

March events

 * March 25 – The Canterbury and Whitstable Railway in England offers season tickets from this date.

April events

 * April 14 – The Long Island Rail Road is incorporated in New York.

September events

 * September 22 – The Leeds and Selby Railway in the north of England is officially opened; at 700 yd long, its Marsh Lane tunnel through Richmond Hill, Leeds, near its Marsh Lane terminus is the world's longest railway tunnel at this date and the first through which passengers are hauled by locomotives.

December events

 * December 17 – The Dublin and Kingstown Railway, the first public railway in Ireland, opens between Westland Row, Dublin (modern-day Dublin Pearse railway station) and Kingstown (modern-day Dún Laoghaire), on the standard gauge.

Unknown date events

 * The Castleton and West Stockbridge Railroad is chartered to build a railroad between Albany, New York, and the Massachusetts state line.

April births

 * April 1 – Jim Fisk, American financier who worked with Daniel Drew for control of the Erie Railroad (d. 1872).
 * April 23 – Chauncey Depew, president of New York Central Railroad (d. 1928).

title: 1834 in rail transport


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Restigouche River

The Restigouche River (Rivière Ristigouche) is a river that flows across the northwestern part of the province of New Brunswick and the southeastern part of Quebec.

The river flows in a northeasterly direction from its source in the Appalachian Mountains of northwestern New Brunswick to Chaleur Bay. Its meander length is approximately 200 km. The Restigouche is fed by several tributaries flowing south from Quebec's Notre Dame Mountains on the western edge of the Gaspé Peninsula (Kedgwick River, Gounamitz River, Patapédia River, and Matapedia River) as well as the Upsalquitch River flowing north from New Brunswick's Chaleur Uplands.

Located mostly in New Brunswick, the river forms the inter-provincial boundary between the two provinces from its confluence with the Patapédia River to its mouth at Dalhousie, New Brunswick and Miguasha, Quebec where it discharges into Chaleur Bay.

The estuary is 25 km in length, extending from the river's discharge point at Dalhousie in the east to Tide Head, New Brunswick in the west and is an important stopover for sea ducks, especially black scoters and surf scoters, during migration. This estuary has been designated an Important Bird Area by the Canadian Wildlife Service.

The Royal Canadian Navy has named two warships after this river: HMCS Restigouche (H00) and HMCS Restigouche (DDE 257).

The source of Restigouche River is located at the confluence of the Little Main Restigouche River and Kedgwick River. This confluence is located:
 * 11.2 km West of the village center of Kedgwick, New Brunswick;
 * 20.7 km South of the confluence of the Patapédia River, which is located at the border between Quebec and New Brunswick;
 * 74.4 km Southwest of Campbellton, New Brunswick, crossing the Restigouche River.

From the confluence of the Little Main Restigouche River and Kedgwick River (in New Brunswick), the Restigouche river flows on 140.5 km up to the confluence, distributed according to the following segments:

Higher Courses of the Restigouche River (upstream of the Kedgwick River)(segment of 31.4 km)

 * 4.8 km to the Northeast, forming a curve to the Northwest, to the Soldiers Creek (from the east);
 * 8.1 km North, in a curve to the East, until UpperDowns Gulch (from the southwest);
 * 3.6 km to the Northeast, to Tracy Brook (from the West);
 * 2.6 km to the Southeast until Haffords Brook (from the South);
 * 1.5 km Eastward, forming a curve oriented toward the southeast until Stillwater Brook (from the east);
 * 10.8 km North, to the confluence of the Patapedia River (from the West) which forms the boundary between the Quebec and New Brunswick.

Middle course of the river (upstream of the Patapédia River) (segment of 50.0 km)

From the confluence of the Patapédia River, the Restigouche river flows:

 * 4.5 km to the northeast, to the stream of Wild Chalet (from the north or from the Quebec);
 * 2.0 km eastward, forming a detour to the north, up to the limit of Eldon Parish, New Brunswick;
 * 5.8 km to the northeast, forming a wide curve towards the north, to Marshall Brook (from the Northwest or the Quebec);
 * 3.0 km to the east, then north, until Fergunson stream (from the north or from the Quebec);
 * 5.2 km to the Southeast, to Ruisseau du Pin Rouge (from the north or from the Quebec);
 * 5.9 km to the southeast, to the limit of township of Matapedia (Quebec);
 * 1.3 km eastward until Cheuters Brook (from the southeast, either (New Brunswick);
 * 8.3 km to the northeast, into Stream Rocks String (from the north or from the Quebec);
 * 3.8 km to the Northeast, to Brandy Creek (from the north or from the Quebec);
 * 10.2 km to the South-East, to the Upsalquitch River (from the south or from the New Brunswick).

Lower course of the river (segment of 59.1 km)

From the confluence of the Upsalquitch, the Restigouche river flows:

 * 2.1 km north, in a curve to the east, until Rafting Ground Brook (from the East or from the New Brunswick);
 * 8.0 km to the West, then North, to the confluence of the Matapedia River (from the West);
 * 1.1 km to the Northeast, up to the railway bridge Canadian National Railway;
 * 0.6 km to the Northeast, up to the highway bridge (route 11) running on Bell Island (New Brunswick);
 * 1.1 km to Northeast, up to the limit of the Eldon Parish, New Brunswick;
 * 2.8 km to Northeast, the northern limit of the Addington Parish, New Brunswick (New Brunswick) up to the beginning of Archipelago confluence of the Restigouche river;
 * 8.6 km Eastward up to the eastern limit of the archipelago (New Brunswick);
 * 6.0 km Eastward up to the bridge connecting Pointe-à-la-Croix, Quebec to Campbellton (New Brunswick), or the "Road Gaspé Highway";
 * 12.2 km to Northeast, up to the height of "Pointe a la Garde" (Quebec) and Dalhousie Junction (New Brunswick);
 * 16.6 km to Northeast, crossing the Escuminac Bay up to the height of Pointe Miguasha (Quebec) and Dalhousie (New Brunswick).

History
The name Restigouche may have been derived from the Mi'gmaq name Listuguj for the First Nations band that lives in the area around the Restigouche River. Lustagooch probably indicates "good river". Both spellings have been used from earliest times: Restigoch (Jesuit Relations, 1642); Ristigouche (Denys, 1672); Restigousche (Des Barres, 1778).

Home to the Mi'gmaq Nation for centuries, the Restigouche watershed is a land of many mountains and unspoiled vistas, as well as significant timber resources. French settlers established several communities on its banks during the 17th and 18th centuries but the area remained largely void of European settlement until the decades following the French and Indian War. The Battle of Restigouche was a naval action between British and French forces which was fought on the river in 1760 during the latter stages of the war. Those French vessels were to supply Quebec with supplies and ammunition following the loss of the battle of the Plains of Abraham, but since the ships never made it, the city never had a chance to be retaken.

The establishment of the colony of New Brunswick for United Empire Loyalists refugees following the American Revolutionary War saw modest influx of several families to the area but the most significant impact came from Scottish settlers following the Highland Clearances. Many Scottish families found work in the infancy of the timber industry and were at the forefront of industrialization of the forests throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries. The Restigouche River and its tributaries became a highway for log drives, bringing timber to the dozens of sawmills at Campbellton, and Dalhousie. Further industrialization saw pulp and paper mills established in those communities by the 1930s to take advantage of the Restigouche watershed's timber resources.

Salmon fishing
The river is a destination for Atlantic salmon fishing. Fly fishing/angling has become a significant source of revenue for many outfitters in the region and a 55 km of the Restigouche has been designated part of the Canadian Heritage Rivers System.

According to Restigouche Lodge between 15,000 and 25,000 salmon enter the Restigouche each year, which attracts anglers from all over the world. While many Atlantic salmon are reluctant to strike, the Restigouche variety are aggressive, and once hooked, they fight hard and are highly acrobatic.

The Restigouche River is known for its exclusivity, clear water and large Atlantic salmon. Fish over 40 lb pounds are landed somewhere on the Restigouche every year; salmon weights in the high 20 to 30 lb range are considered common. Early spring through the end of June is the best time for catching these salmon.

For more than 100 years, the world's wealthiest people have come to enjoy the river's tranquil beauty and perfect canoeing conditions to fish for salmon. Among the VIPs who have been guests at the river's fishing lodges include the Duke of Windsor and Wallis Simpson, Hubert Humphrey, Ted Williams, Lord Beaverbrook, Bing Crosby, Louis St. Laurent, Maurice Richard, Norman Schwarzkopf, George H. W. Bush, and Brian Mulroney, to name but a few.

Part of the draw for salmon fishing on rivers in New Brunswick and Quebec is its exclusivity - the provincial government's Department of Natural Resources auctions fishing leases for physical sections of the river and riverbed to the highest bidder. Many private fishing lodges have been established on the Restigouche which are owned and operated by major corporations and the wealthy. Such leases are time-limited and, for the best fishing pools, can reportedly run into the millions of dollars for fishing rights lasting for only a few years. Leaseholders must obey all provincial conservation laws by hiring their own fish wardens to patrol each leased section of the river and all persons sanctioned by a particular leaseholder to fish in a lease must hold a provincial angling license. The general public are permitted a right of navigation on the river, as per Canada's Navigable Waters Protection Act; however, they are not permitted to drop anchor in, or cause any disturbance to the river bottom, and are not permitted to fish in a particular lease area.

New Brunswick's wealthy Irving family has owned a lodge for many years at one of the best fishing holes on the river – the confluence of the Kedgwick with the Restigouche – and the Government of New Brunswick also maintains a "rustic" lodge in nearby Larry's Gulch which has operated as an exclusive resort/get away for politicians and friends of the government in office. William Kissam Vanderbilt enjoyed fishing on the river so much that he had a private fishing lodge built, hiring the famous New York City architect Stanford White to design and oversee construction of the property called Kedgwick Lodge and fueling the love affair of corporate America with the Restigouche.

The Canadian business elite outside of the Maritimes have not been nearly as enamoured with the river as Americans, although several prominent Toronto families including the Eatons did have a presence. This is largely due to the relative proximity of the river to Boston, New York and Philadelphia, which helped make the region a small summer colony.

The designation of a 55 km stretch of the Upper Restigouche as a Heritage River in 1998 was not the first attempt to preserve this area. Early issues with over-fishing by new arrivals to the area led to the implementation, in 1824, of one of the earliest examples of conservation laws in North America. This culminated in the implementation of the Fisheries Act in 1858 and "opened the door for private hunting and fishing clubs by granting them fishing leases …." The efforts of conservationists continue today with groups such as the Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society. This group claims that only 1 percent of the Restigouche watershed is protected from development.

The Ristigouche
The Ristigouche and its Salmon Fishing With a Chapter on Angling Literature is a limited-edition book about the Restigouche River, written by Dean Sage and published by David Douglas in Edinburgh in 1888. It is notable for containing a portfolio of 16 etchings and engravings and numerous page decorations, depicting various aspects of the river by notable artists of the day including Stephen Parrish, Henry Sandham, Charles A. Platt, Anna Lea Merritt, Charles Oliver Murray, and George W. Aikman. With its initial print run of just 105 numbered copies The Ristigouche is, according to Bonhams, the "rarest and most beautiful book on salmon fishing". Bonhams sold a copy in 2007 for US$18,000.

title: Restigouche River


text: File:Topcat.jpg

title: File:Topcat.jpg


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Farrer hypothesis

The Farrer hypothesis (also called the L/M hypothesis, the Farrer–Goulder hypothesis and the Farrer–Goulder–Goodacre hypothesis) is a possible solution to the synoptic problem. The theory is that the Gospel of Mark was written first, followed by the Gospel of Matthew and then by the Gospel of Luke, with Matthew and Luke using the earlier gospel(s) as sources.

It has mainly been advocated by English biblical scholars. It is named for Austin Farrer, who wrote On Dispensing With Q in 1955, but it has been picked up by other scholars including Michael Goulder and Mark Goodacre.

Overview
The Farrer theory has the advantage of simplicity, as there is no need for hypothetical sources to be created by academics. Instead, advocates of the Farrer theory argue, the Gospel of Mark was used as source material by the author of Matthew. Lastly, Luke used both of the previous gospels as sources for his Gospel.

Farrer set out his argument in an essay "On dispensing with Q". He says that the two-source hypothesis, as set out by B. H. Streeter thirty years earlier, "wholly depends on the incredibility [i.e., disbelief] of St Luke having read St Matthew's book", since otherwise the natural assumption would be that one was dependent on the other, rather than that they were both dependent on a further source.

This assumption could be displaced by, for example, identifying material appearing in both Matthew and Luke that was very different from either of them, which, when extracted, appears to be a work in its own right, with a beginning, middle and end. Neither of these factors are found in Q, as reconstructed by scholars. He also says (writing before the publication of the Gospel of Thomas) that "we have no reason to believe that documents of the Q type were plentiful", which would have made the hypothesis that Matthew and Luke drew on one more likely.

Nor is it obvious, Farrer says, that a book like Q was likely to be produced as a written manual of the teaching of Christ, since the reconstruction of it requires it to also have significant narrative elements interspersed with the teaching, and to have an interest in symbolism from the Old Testament.

Arguments for
In his 1955 paper On Dispensing with Q, Austin Farrer made the case that if Luke had been acquainted with the gospel of Matthew, there would be no need to postulate a lost Q gospel. Farrer's case rested on the following points:

 * The Q hypothesis was formed to answer the question of where Matthew and Luke got their common material if they did not know of each other's gospels. But if Luke had read Matthew, the question that Q answers does not arise.
 * We have no evidence from early Christian writings that anything like Q ever existed.
 * When scholars have attempted to reconstruct Q from the common elements of Matthew and Luke, the result does not look like a gospel.
 * Although many scholars originally thought of Q as a sayings gospel, a collection of teachings with no narrative content, all alleged reconstructions of Q from the common parts of Matthew and Luke include narrative about John the Baptist, Jesus' baptism and temptation in the wilderness, and his healing of a centurion's servant.
 * However, they don't include an account of Jesus' death and resurrection.
 * But from the earliest Christian writings, we see a strong emphasis on precisely the element that a putative Q omits, Jesus' death and resurrection.
 * Some scholars have attempted to overcome problems with Q reconstructions by claiming we cannot know the actual contents of the Q gospel. However, postulating Luke's acquaintance with the gospel of Matthew overcomes these same problems and gives the source for the common material.

The most notable argument for the Farrer hypothesis is that there are many passages where the text of Matthew and Luke agree in making small changes to that of Mark (what is called the double tradition). This would follow naturally if Luke was using Matthew and Mark, but is hard to explain if he is using Mark and Q. Streeter divides these into six groups and finds separate hypotheses for each.

Farrer comments that "[h]is argument finds its strength in the fewness of the instances for which any one hypothesis needs to be invoked; but the opposing counsel will unkindly point out that the diminution of the instances for each hypothesis is in exact proportion to the multiplication of the hypotheses themselves. One cannot say that Dr. Streeter's plea is incapable of being sustained, but one must concede that it is a plea against apparent evidence".

Goodacre puts forth an additional argument from fatigue, meaning cases where a derivative passage begins to make changes to its source but fails to sustain them and lapses back into the original version. For example, the parable of the talents is more coherent in Matthew, but less so in Luke, who attempted to increase the number of servants from three to ten. The several instances where this is observed point to Luke using Matthew rather than contrariwise.

Streeter's five arguments against
Five arguments are given by Streeter for the impossibility of Luke relying on Matthew.
 * 1) The first is that he would not have omitted some of the Matthean texts that he did because they are so striking. Farrer replies that they were omitted because they do not conform to the 'edifice' that Luke is building.
 * 2) The second is that Luke sometimes preserves a more primitive version of a text that is also in Matthew. Farrer replies that this depends on being able to identify the more primitive text; for example, "Blessed are the poor in spirit" suits Matthew's theology, but it would be natural for Luke to drop the "in spirit" to fit his concern with the poor.
 * 3) The third is that Luke follows Mark's order but does not do the same with Matthew. Farrer asks, in reply, why he should: "Is it surprising that he should lay his plan on Marcan foundations, and quarry St. Matthew for materials to build up his house?"
 * 4) The fourth is that Luke uses the material less well than Matthew. Farrer replies that this may be so, but he would not be the first adapter to have produced a less skilful result, the only issue was whether it would suit Luke's message better to have the material arranged in this way.
 * 5) The final argument is that Luke does not use the material within the same Marcan paragraphs as Matthew. Farrer points out that he takes them out of a Marcan context and reproduces them elsewhere. In chapters 10–18, Luke reassembles the teaching material in a way which makes the points that he wants to make, often by pairing sayings that have not been paired together before. This may have been to produce a Christian Deuteronomy, just as it was argued that Matthew's gospel was in the form of a Christian Pentateuch.

title: Farrer hypothesis


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Chevrolet SSR

The Chevrolet SSR (Super Sport Roadster) is a retro-styled retractable hardtop convertible pickup truck manufactured by Chevrolet between 2003 and 2006.

The 2003 and 2004 model years used General Motors' 5.3 L 300 hp Vortec 5300 V8. Performance was 7.7 seconds for 0-60 mi/h with a 15.9 second 1/4 mile run at 86.4 mph. The 2005 SSR used the 390 hp LS2 V8 also found in the C6 Corvette, Trailblazer SS, and Pontiac GTO, and also offered a manual transmission option, the six-speed Tremec, for the first time.

For the 2005 model year, the LS2 engine featured minor modifications that boosted its output to 390 hp (395–400 for 2006), respectively. Performance improved dramatically with the LS2; the 6-speed manual version had an advertised 0–60 mph time of 5.29 seconds. In addition, GM badges were added to the vehicle.

Design
The SSR's styled design was inspired by Chevrolet's late-1940s Advance Design trucks, in particular the 1947–1955 pickups. The vehicle rode on a GMT368 platform specific to it, a version of the period's highly adaptable GMT360, and featured a steel body retractable hardtop designed by Karmann and built by ASC. The body of the pickup, namely the front fenders, was made with deep draw stampings, a forming technique that had not been used in automotive stampings in decades, and required a "relearning" of the forming technique. The production model was based on the SuperSport Roadster concept car shown at the 2000 Detroit Auto Show. In contrast to the production vehicle, this concept car used the chassis from the Chevrolet S-10 pickup. An early-production SSR was the pace car for the 2003 Indianapolis 500 auto race.

Sales

The SSR was introduced as a 2003 model on New Year's Eve 2002 (December 31). In spite of marketing efforts which included the SSR being used as the pace car for the 2003 Indianapolis 500, it sold below expectations with under 9,000 sales at US$42,000 each. Citing a 301-day supply of SSRs, General Motors in December of that year announced five weeks of layoffs at Lansing Craft Center, the factory that made the SSR. On November 21, 2005, GM announced that it would close the Craft Center in mid-2006, implying the production ending for the SSR. The final SSR, a unique black-on-silver model (Highest VIN 1GCES14H06B126138), was built on March 17, 2006. Analysts estimate that 24,150 SSRs were produced in total. Of the total production, 24,112 were available for sale to the public.

Features
The Chevrolet SSR offered many luxury amenities as standard equipment. Standard equipment on all SSR's included power windows and door locks, keyless entry, luxury leather-trimmed bucket seats, front side SRS airbags, an AM/FM stereo radio with cassette and CD players and a four-speaker audio system, carpeted floor mats, 19-inch front and 20-inch rear tires and cast-aluminum wheels, a body-colored rear tonneau cover, a power-retractable hardtop convertible roof, carpeted flooring for the interior and rear cargo compartment area, a driver information center, dual-zone manual air conditioning, a power-adjustable driver's seat, dual front SRS airbags, a leather-wrapped, tilt-adjustable steering wheel, and a cruise control, among other features. Options were few, but included the General Motors (GM) OnStar in-vehicle telematics system, polished cast-aluminum wheels, Teak decking and metal strakes for the rear cargo compartment area, rear onboard storage saddle bags, SSR-embroidered carpeted floor mats, dual power-adjustable bucket seats with driver's seat memory, an AM/FM stereo radio with a six-disc, in-dash CD changer, XM Satellite Radio, and a Bose six-speaker premium audio system with an amplifier, steering wheel-mounted audio system and OnStar controls, color-keyed interior accent trim, dual-zone automatic air conditioning, and an auxiliary center gauge package. Many of these options were part of the 1SB Equipment Package, which replaced the standard 1SA Equipment Package.

Motorsports

An attempt was made at a land speed record using a highly modified version of an SSR during the Bonneville Speed Week in August of 2011. In spite of the team's efforts, the SSR in question was deemed ineligible to race in the class that they intended to compete in due to an air dam that did not conform to the class rules. They were permitted to race the pickup for "time only" but the pickup proved unstable at speeds approaching 200 mph. The pickup never reached speeds anywhere near close enough to take the record. That same year, a 1996 GMC Sonoma put the class record even further out of reach by running nearly 10 mph faster than the previous record.

title: Chevrolet SSR