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Albany, New Zealand

Albany  (Ōkahukura) is one of the northernmost suburbs of the contiguous Auckland metropolitan area in New Zealand. It is located on the North Shore, 15 km northwest of the Auckland city centre. Albany is found at the headlands of Lucas Creek, and was the location of a portage used by Tāmaki Māori, where waka could be taken between the Upper Waitematā Harbour and the Okura River/Hauraki Gulf. During the 1840s, early European settlers established the village of Lucas Creek, which became by the 1880s had become a major fruit growing centre in Auckland. The town voted to change the name from Lucas Creek to Albany in 1890.

During the 1960s, large areas of farmland in Albany were requisitioned for a state housing project. The project was never built, and the land stayed vacant until the 1990s, when it was sold to private developers. Albany rapidly developed in the 1990s and 2000s, during which major projects were constructed, including Westfield Albany and North Harbour Stadium. Much of the land to the north of Albany is semi-rural.

Etymologies
From the 1840s until 1890, the settlement was known as Lucas Creek, named after early pioneer Daniel Clucas, who arrived in early 1840s and established a flax mill on the upper Lucas Creek at Albany. Over time, the name Lucas Creek developed bad associations, due to the moonshine operations that operated along the waterway. In 1890, the townspeople voted to change the name from Lucas Creek to Albany, a name suggested by Captain Alexander McArthur, which was suggested due to its associations with Albany, Western Australia, then a major horticulture centre. Albany in Western Australia was named after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, second son of King George III, in 1832. The name Lucas Creek was still in popular use in the early 20th century, and for many years the name appeared hyphenated as Albany-Lucas Creek in institutions and businesses.

Three Māori language names are associated with the Albany area. Ōkahukura is the most commonly used name in modern contexts, including the North Shore Ōkahukura District Court, Albany Community Hub Te Pokapū ā-Hapori o Ōkahukura, and a Fletcher Living housing development in Albany. Originally a name for the Lucas Creek estuary, the name refers to the Ngāti Manuhiri tūpuna (ancestress) Te Kura, the wife of Mataahu, who was the uncle to Manuhiri, the eponymous ancestor of the iwi. The word kahukura in Māori usually refers to rainbows or butterflies. Additionally, Lucas Creek is also referred to as Kaipātiki ("Stream for Eating Flounder"). Another common name for the Albany area is Ōteha ("Of Te Ha"), referring to Ngāti Manuhiri ancestor Te Ha Kaiaraara, grandson of Manuhiri. Ōteha was the name of a kāinga in the Ōteha Valley.

Geography

Albany is a suburb of the North Shore of New Zealand. It is located in the upper reaches of the Lucas Creek, an estuarial arm of the Upper Waitematā Harbour, and in the Ōteha Valley. The Oteha Stream is a tributary of Lucas Creek that flows through southern Albany, which in turn has a tributary, Alexandra Stream, which flows north through Rosedale and joins the Oteha Stream at Albany. The highest point in the suburb is along Corban Avenue, which reaches a height of 56 m above sea level. Albany is bordered the Auckland Northern Motorway to the east and Rosedale Road in the south.

Much of the Albany area is formed from Early Miocene Waitemata Group sandstone and mudstone, with areas of conglomerate rock called Albany Conglomerate. The banks of the Lucas Creek were historically kauri-dominated forests. By the mid-19th century, the area had developed into a mānuka and fern-dominated scrubland. Some forest remnants can be found around Albany, such as the Fernhill Escarpment, which includes tōtara trees estimated to be 800 years old.

Māori history
Māori settlement of the Auckland Region began around the 13th or 14th centuries. The North Shore was settled by Tāmaki Māori, including people descended from the Tainui migratory canoe and ancestors of figures such as Taikehu and Peretū. Many of the early Tāmaki Māori people of the North Shore identified as Ngā Oho, and the Lucas Creek has significance to modern iwi including Ngāti Manuhiri, Te Kawerau ā Maki and Ngāti Whātua o Kaipara. The poor clay soils of the area were not suitable for Māori traditional gardening techniques, but the creek was a good source for eels, crayfish and flounder.

An ara (traditional path) connected Lucas Creek and the Okura River to the north, which led to Long Bay and the upper Hauraki Gulf. This was used as a portage, where waka could be hauled overland between the two bodies of water, Numerous archaeological sites are found on the banks of the Lucas Creek and the Ōteha valley, because of its importance as a transportation node, which follows the ridge line of Lonely Track Road. The upper Lucas Creek area was the location of several kāinga, of which one had the name Ōteha ("Of Te Ha"), referring to Ngāti Manuhiri ancestor Te Ha Kaiaraara, grandson of Manuhiri.

The warrior Maki migrated from the Kāwhia Harbour to his ancestral home in the Auckland Region, likely sometime in the 17th century. Maki conquered and unified many the Tāmaki Māori tribes as Te Kawerau ā Maki, including those of the North Shore. After Maki's death, his sons settled different areas of his lands, creating new hapū. His younger son Maraeariki settled the North Shore and Hibiscus Coast, who based himself at the head of the Ōrewa River. Maraeariki's daughter Kahu succeeded him, and she is the namesake of the North Shore, Te Whenua Roa o Kahu ("The Greater Lands of Kahu"), Many of the iwi of the North Shore, including Ngāti Manuhiri, Ngāti Maraeariki, Ngāti Kahu, Ngāti Poataniwha, Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki and Ngāti Whātua, can trace their lineage to Kahu.

By the first half of the 19th century, the mouth of the Lucas Creek to the southwest of Albany was one of the most densely settled areas of the North Shore by Tāmaki Māori peoples. During the early 1820s, most Māori of the North Shore fled for the Waikato or Northland due to the threat of war parties during the Musket Wars. When Tāmaki Māori returned in greater numbers to the Auckland Region in the mid-1830s, Te Kawerau ā Maki focused settlement at Te Henga / Bethells Beach.

Early European settlement: kauri logging and gum digging

The Albany area was a part of the Mahurangi Block, which was purchased by the New Zealand Government in 1841. While kauri logging was one of the first industries in the area, the supply of kauri was exhausted by the early 1840s. By the late 1840s, kauri gum digging had become a more prominent industry for the Lucas Creek area. Itinerant gum diggers would scour the area for kauri resin to sell at stores, including one located at Schnapper Rock. The first permanent resident in modern-day Albany was William Webster. Daniel Clucas arrived early 1840s, setting up a flax mill at Lucas Creek. While Lucas Creek is names after Clucas, he had left the Auckland area by 1846. Gradually a small settlement developed at the Lucas Creek headwaters; in 1844 three permanent residents lived here, which had increased to 24 by 1857.

Lucas Creek township was the local commercial centre for the upper west North Shore, due to the Lucas Creek wharf acting as the main link to the outside world. Ferries took goods and passengers along the Lucas Creek, which connected the village and surrounding areas to Auckland, and a rough overland track connected Lucas Creek township to Birkenhead and Northcote. By the 1860s a church, hotel, school and post office had opened in the village. Most early residents of Lucas Creek came from Great Britain and Ireland, with a small number arriving from Norway in the 1870s.

Albany School, which first began operating in 1865 out of a building called Bruce's Shed, had a permanent school build built in 1876. By the 1880s, the school building had become a community hub for events attended by members of the surrounding communities, such as social dances and phrenology lectures, much to the objection of the Board of Education, who disapproved of the school being used for entertainment purposes.

Fruit growing and rural Albany

While the first orchards were established at Albany in the 1850s, fruit growing only became a major industry for the village in the 1880s, after gum digging and flax processing industries became less prominent. Fruit crops were varied, and included peaches, apples, pears, plums, loquats, cherries, quince and almonds.

On 1 December 1890, the township of Lucas Creek officially changed its name to Albany. The name Lucas Creek had developed an unsavory reputation during the 19th century, associated with rough living, and illicit moonshine breweries located along the creek. The name Albany was suggested by Captain Alexander McArthur, referencing Albany, Western Australia, then a major horticulture centre, as McArthur saw similarities between the two areas.

By the 1890s, Albany had become the leading fruit growing area in Auckland. 30,000 to 50,000 cases of apples and pears were being produced each year, with many being exported to Australia. The Albany Fruitgrowers Association formed in 1893, and became a major influencing force in the township, including the establishment of a new post office, and lobbying for road widening projects. 1894 saw the first Fruit & Flower Show, an important local event which grew into the Albany A&P Show. In 1895, Albany resident George Pannill created the Albany Surprise, a variety of grape based on the American isabella. The variety was a success, becoming the most commonly eaten table grape in New Zealand in the early 20th century. The success of the Albany Surprise was followed by the Albany Beauty apple, created by Mark Phillips on Gills Road, at the turn of the century after discovering the variety growing on what was meant to be a Gravenstein apple tree. In addition to these popular crops, large blackberry and strawberry farms became a major fixture of rural Albany by the early 1900s.

Albany fell under the jurisdiction of the Waitemata County, a vast local government area covering West Auckland, Rodney and the North Shore. Residents strongly objected to the actions of the county council, feeling ignored and frustrated at the lack of roading infrastructure in Albany. The first metalled road to Albany was constructed in 1890.

In 1911, the George V Coronation Hall was opened as a local community centre, and operated as a venue for the annual Albany Agricultural Show. This was joined in 1922 with the Albany War Memorial Library, constructed to remember the fallen World War I soldiers of Albany and surrounding areas.

By 1915, North Shore roads had improved enough that regular vehicle traffic began. Over the next 15 years, river traffic decreased, and in 1930 the Kaipatiki ferry ceased operation, and the historic Albany wharf, known as the Landing, was demolished soon after. In the 1930s, dairy farms began replacing Albany's orchards and strawberry farms.

Suburbanisation

Albany saw a population influx post World War II, including many British and Dutch migrants to New Zealand. Many new residents in Albany sought out the area in order to live on semi-rural lifestyle blocks close to Auckland. New shops began opening in the township, including the two-storey Hillinds Building, and the Albany Pony Club began operating in 1954.

In 1959, the Auckland Harbour Bridge opened, leading to widescale development across the North Shore. Compared to surrounding areas, most notably the East Coast Bays, growth was much slower in Albany. After the construction of the bridge, the Auckland Northern Motorway was gradually opened, leading to Albany being much more closely connected to Auckland City. During this period, the North Shore Golf Club was established in Albany, after the Municipal Golf Course had been removed during motorway construction.

In 1963, the Second National Government of New Zealand requisitioned 1,500 acre of Albany under the Public Works Act, in order to construct state housing. Earthworks were carried out and topsoil removed, but in 1969 work stopped, and plans for the state housing area were abandoned. The former farmland was left idle and unused for the next 20 years, until the establishment of North Shore City. In 1974, after Albany had become a rural area of Takapuna City, Labour Minister of Works Hugh Watt announced further land in Albany would be requisitioned for housing projects, which Albany residents strongly objected to.

The 1970s saw significant businesses and organisations come to Albany. Allan Clarks Motors was founded 1974 and became the largest private car dealership in New Zealand in the 1980s and 1990s. In the same year, Graeme Platt established the first commercial native plant nursery in New Zealand. Many of his plants were local to the Albany area, including the tōtara cultivar Aurea, also known by the name Albany Gold. In 1978, the private school Kristin School moved its campus from Campbells Bay to Albany.

Centrepoint was established as a commune in 1977, and at its peak had over 200 residents. In the 1990s, commune leaders including founder Bert Potter were charged on child sexual abuse and drug charges. The commune was shut down in 2000.

Intense development

Albany became the fastest developing area of the North Shore in the 1990s. Strawberry and dairy farms were redeveloped into lifestyle blocks and intensive housing, beginning in the late 1980s, and in 1994 the Albany Fruitgrowers Association disbanded, after operating for 100 years. In 1993, the North Shore City Council unveiled a 20 year plan for developing Albany, which included the New Zealand Housing Corporation selling the land requisitioned under the Public Works Act in the 1960s to private developers. Albany's population increased from 9,000 in 1991 to 14,000 in 1998.

In March 1993, Massey University's Albany Campus was opened, and 1997 saw the construction of both the North Harbour Stadium and the Albany Shopping Centre (now known as Westfield Albany). Further intensive developments were announced in 2005, and the Albany Shopping Centre was greatly expanded by 2007 to cover 53,326 m2, including over 140 retailers including Farmers, Kmart, New World and JB Hi-Fi. Development in Albany slowed with the 2007–2008 financial crisis.

In 2007, the Upper Harbour Motorway was opened, creating a motorway connection between West Auckland and the North Shore via Greenhithe. In 2008, the Northern Busway was opened along the Northern Motorway, which included the Albany busway station.

Local government
From 1876 until 1954, the area was administered by the Waitemata County, a large rural county north and west of the city of Auckland. On 1 August 1974, the Waitemata County was dissolved, and Albany became a rural area incorporated into Takapuna City. In 1989, Albany was merged into the North Shore City. North Shore City was amalgamated into Auckland Council in November 2010.

Within the Auckland Council, Albany is a part of the Upper Harbour local government area governed by the Upper Harbour Local Board. It is a part of the Albany ward, which elects two councillors to the Auckland Council.

Demographics
Albany covers 10.67 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Before the 2023 census, Albany had a smaller boundary, covering 9.86 km2. Using that boundary, Albany had a population of 9,894 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 1,644 people (19.9%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 2,649 people (36.6%) since the 2006 census. There were 3,240 households, comprising 4,839 males and 5,055 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.96 males per female, with 1,644 people (16.6%) aged under 15 years, 2,436 (24.6%) aged 15 to 29, 4,416 (44.6%) aged 30 to 64, and 1,401 (14.2%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 52.2% European/Pākehā, 3.7% Māori, 1.5% Pacific peoples, 42.9% Asian, and 4.8% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 57.6, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 50.7% had no religion, 34.8% were Christian, 0.1% had Māori religious beliefs, 3.2% were Hindu, 2.4% were Muslim, 2.8% were Buddhist and 1.6% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 2,706 (32.8%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 738 (8.9%) people had no formal qualifications. 1,566 people (19.0%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 3,741 (45.3%) people were employed full-time, 1,203 (14.6%) were part-time, and 312 (3.8%) were unemployed.

Parks
The North Shore City council expanded Albany's parkland; in 2007, it paid $3 million for new land totalling 7000 sqm. Kell Park reserve next to the new Albany Village Library was known for its free-range bantam chicken population, and pirate ship flying fox playground. The bantams have led to bantam-themed logos and a rooster statue in Albany. By 2008, the free-roaming chicken population had been removed.

The Fernhill Escarpment is a large nature reserve in Albany, on the north-east bank of the Oteha Stream. Large tōtara trees can be found here, with some estimated to be 800 years old.

Transport
The Albany busway station connecting to the Northern Busway was opened in 2005.

Education
Albany Primary School is a contributing primary (years 1–6) school with a roll of.

Kristin School is an independent composite school offering the International Baccalaureate. It has a roll of.

Pinehurst School is a private composite (years 1–13) school offering the Cambridge Assessment Examination with a roll of.

Albany Junior High School at Rosedale was opened in 2005, and has a roll of.

Albany Senior High School opened in 2009 for year 11–13 students. Due to delays in completing the Senior campus, the Senior High School initially shared the Albany Junior High School site. There was controversy about cost overruns when Albany Senior High school was under construction in 2008. The new building opened in 2009 to serve 1400 students. It has a roll of.

All schools are coeducational. The rolls are as of

Albany contains the northern campus of Massey University. It offers 70 majors plus specialised programmes including Mathematics and Information Sciences, Fundamental Sciences, Food Technology, Engineering, Design, Jazz, Social Sciences, Business, Philosophy and Education. The school has three areas: East Precinct off State Highway 17; Oteha Rohe, off the Albany Highway; Albany Village Precinct off Kell Drive and State Highway 17, where the Schools of Engineering, Design and Psychology are. It has a campus shuttle bus between the three campuses leaving every 40 to 45 minutes. There are bus routes to Albany.

The former Centrepoint commune was converted into a research centre for natural medicine, offering courses in aromatherapy, nutrition, naturopathy, herbalism, yoga and ayurvedic medicine.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Albany, New Zealand


text: User talk:65.117.84.146

title: User talk:65.117.84.146


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Easton, Hampshire

Easton is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Itchen Valley, in the Winchester district, in the county of Hampshire, England, situated on the River Itchen, 2¾ miles north east of Winchester. In 1931 the parish had a population of 408. On 1 April 1932 the parish was abolished to form Itchen Valley.

In 1870–72, John Goring's Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales described Easton like this:

 * "EASTON, a village and a parish in Winchester district, Hants. The village stands on the river Itchen, near the Southwestern railway, 2¾ miles NE by N of Winchester; is small and uninteresting; and has a post office under Winchester. The parish comprises 2,734 acres [11 km²]. Real property, £3, 656. Pop., 455. Houses, 106. The property is much subdivided. The living is a rectory in the diocese of Winchester. Value, £514.* Patron, the Bishop of Winchester. The church is late Norman; has a rich south doorway, and an apsidal vaulted chancel; contains a monument to Bishop Barlow's widow, recording that her five daughters were all married to bishops; and was restored in 1850. There is a Wesleyan chapel."

In 2010 Easton remains a small village but underwent limited development during the inter and post-war period. The population has grown by about 300 since John Goring's time. Around ten additional houses have been built since 2000, and the land price has rocketed, although planning restrictions are very strict. The church mentioned in the above passage still stands and operates. There are two pubs in the village (The Chestnut Horse and The Cricketers Inn, the former of which having been acquired by Avington Park after a period of disrepair and set to reopen in late 2023 ), a small auto-garage and a village hall. The hall performs various functions including crèche services, WI meetings, a pavilion for the village cricket team and is the venue for an annual pantomime. The hall has just been rebuilt, after a 5-year fund-raising drive by villagers.

title: Easton, Hampshire


text: User talk:65.95.82.191

title: User talk:65.95.82.191


text: Category:North Carolina maps

title: Category:North Carolina maps


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Madeleine (cake)

The madeleine (, or  ) or petite madeleine  is a traditional small cake from Commercy and Liverdun, two communes of the Lorraine region in northeastern France.

Madeleines are very small sponge cakes with a distinctive shell-like shape acquired from being baked in pans with shell-shaped depressions. Madeleine-style cookies are popular in a number of culinary traditions.

A génoise sponge cake batter is used. The flavour is similar to, but somewhat lighter than, sponge cake. Traditional recipes include very finely ground nuts, usually almonds. A variation uses lemon zest for a pronounced lemony taste.

British madeleines also use a génoise sponge cake batter but they are baked in dariole moulds. After cooking, these are coated in jam and desiccated coconut, and are usually topped with a glacé cherry.

Legend
Several legends are attached to the "invention" of the madeleines. They have tended to center on a female character named Madeleine who is said to have been in the service of an important character in the history of Lorraine – although there is no consensus over the last name of the cook nor the identity of the famous character. Some consider that the illustrious patron was 17th-century cardinal and rebel Paul de Gondi, who owned a castle in Commercy. Others consider that the inventor was named Madeleine Paulmier, who is said to have been a cook in the 18th century for Stanislaus I, duke of Lorraine and exiled King of Poland. The story goes that, in 1755, Louis XV, son-in-law of the duke, charmed by the little cakes prepared by Madeleine Paulmier, named them after her, while his wife, Maria Leszczyńska, introduced them soon afterward to the court in Versailles. Much beloved by the royal family, they quickly conquered the rest of France. Yet other stories have linked the cake with the pilgrimage to Compostela, in Spain: a pilgrim named Madeleine is said to have brought the recipe from France to Compostela, or a cook named Madeleine is said to have offered little cakes in the shape of a shell to the pilgrims passing through Lorraine.

Other stories do not give the cake a Lorraine origin and lay its invention at the feet of pastry chef Jean Avice, who worked in the kitchens of Prince Talleyrand. Avice is said to have invented the Madeleine in the 19th century by baking little cakes in moulds normally reserved for aspic.

First recipes
The term madeleine, used to describe a small cake, seems to appear for the first time in France in the middle of the 18th century. In 1758, a French retainer of an Irish Jacobite refugee in France, Lord Southwell, was said to prepare "cakes à la Madeleine and other small desserts".

The appearance of the madeleine is indicative of the increasing use of metal molds in European baking in the 18th century (see also Canelés), but the commercial success of the madeleine dates back to the early years of the 19th century. Several mentions of the madeleine are made by culinary writers during the Napoleonic era, in particular in the recipe books of Antonin Carême and by famous gastronomer Grimod de la Reynière.

In Commercy, the production at a large scale of madeleines is said to have begun in the 1760s. In addition to being sold at the rail station, thus accelerating their spread through the country, it is likely that the cakes were exported to Paris along with the marmalade from Bar-le-duc and the croquantes from Rheims. By the end of the 19th century, the madeleine is considered a staple of the diet of the French bourgeoisie.

Literary reference
In In Search of Lost Time (also known as Remembrance of Things Past), author Marcel Proust uses madeleines to contrast involuntary memory with voluntary memory. The latter designates memories retrieved by "intelligence", that is, memories produced by putting conscious effort into remembering events, people, and places. Proust's narrator laments that such memories are inevitably partial, and do not bear the "essence" of the past. The most famous instance of involuntary memory by Proust is known as the "episode of the madeleine", yet there are at least half a dozen other examples in In Search of Lost Time.

"No sooner had the warm liquid mixed with the crumbs touched my palate than a shudder ran through me and I stopped, intent upon the extraordinary thing that was happening to me. An exquisite pleasure had invaded my senses, something isolated, detached, with no suggestion of its origin. And at once the vicissitudes of life had become indifferent to me, its disasters innocuous, its brevity illusory – this new sensation having had on me the effect which love has of filling me with a precious essence; or rather this essence was not in me it was me. ... Whence did it come? What did it mean? How could I seize and apprehend it? ... And suddenly the memory revealed itself. The taste was that of the little piece of madeleine which on Sunday mornings at Combray (because on those mornings I did not go out before mass), when I went to say good morning to her in her bedroom, my aunt Léonie used to give me, dipping it first in her own cup of tea or tisane. The sight of the little madeleine had recalled nothing to my mind before I tasted it. And all from my cup of tea."

title: Madeleine (cake)


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Moncton Coliseum

The Moncton Coliseum (Colisée de Moncton) is an event venue and former ice hockey arena in Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada. Atlantic Canada's largest trade show facility, the Coliseum has over 125,000 sqft of exhibition space and a drawing power of 1.4 million people within a 2½ hour drive.

History
The adjoining Moncton Arena complex constitutes the largest trade show facility in Atlantic Canada.

It was the former home to the QMJHL's Moncton Wildcats and the National Basketball League of Canada's Moncton Magic.

It was also the former home of the AHL's New Brunswick Hawks (Toronto Maple Leafs and Chicago Blackhawks farm team, 1978–82), Alpines (Edmonton Oilers, 1982–84), Moncton Golden Flames (Calgary Flames and Boston Bruins, 1984–87) & Moncton Hawks (Winnipeg Jets, 1987–94).

The arena has hosted several large events, including the 2006 Memorial Cup, the CIS University Cup in 2007 and 2008 and the 2009 Ford World Men's Curling Championship. NHL pre-season hockey games are routinely held at the facility every year. The New York Islanders pre-season hockey camp is at the facility.

The arena has hosted concerts by many famous artists, spanning many different genres.

City Council voted 8–3 to build the new Moncton Events Centre downtown. This arena, now known as the Avenir Centre, was completed in 2018 and the Wildcats and Magic moved in for the 2018–19 season.

title: Moncton Coliseum


text: User talk:68.110.20.51

title: User talk:68.110.20.51


text: Category:Ohio maps

title: Category:Ohio maps


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TD Station

TD Station (Station TD), formerly known as Harbour Station, is an arena located in the uptown area of Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada. The arena is the home of the Saint John Sea Dogs of the Quebec Maritimes Junior Hockey League. It was once the home of the American Hockey League's Saint John Flames from 1993 until their relocation in 2003 and the Saint John Riptide (originally known as the Mill Rats) of the National Basketball League of Canada from 2011 to 2019. The arena opened in October 1993 to a gala and a concert by Aerosmith which was attended by over 7,000 people, a record that was broken in 2008 by Elton John who brought in 8,100 fans. Since opening, the arena has hosted concerts, hockey, basketball, figure skating, and a number of trade shows.

The arena sits on land that used to be part of Saint John Harbour, and partly derives its name from the city's former Union Station passenger railway terminal. The station was located on the site and was used by both CNR and CPR trains, until it was demolished to make way for the Saint John Throughway as part of an urban redevelopment plan in the early 1970s. TD Station is connected by Saint John's pedway system — the Inside Connection — to the major uptown malls, hotels, parking garages and offices, allowing patrons to park their vehicles away from the stadium and reach it on foot without going outdoors.

In 2019, the arena gained a sponsor with the Toronto-Dominion Bank and Harbour Station was renamed TD Station.

Design
TD Station features two levels of seating, an 'upper bowl' and a 'lower bowl'. There are 11 rows of seating in the lower bowl level, 9-12 rows in the upper bowl level, with approximately 16 seats in each section in each level. TD Station has 13 luxury sky boxes, which were added before the 2005–2006 season. They also have the Alpine Room which is a private club located at the top of TD Station and has a lounge-type atmosphere with a full-service bar and food service. TD Station features an open concourse so it enables fans walking around, or in line for concessions to still view the game.

Seating capacity varies for different events at TD Station, with 6,307 seats available for hockey games, and 6,603 seats for basketball games. Seating capacity for concerts may range between 1,400 and around 8,100.

Past events
In the past, the arena has hosted: TD Station has also hosted one NHL pre-season game featuring the Calgary Flames, and the Hartford Whalers on Sunday, September 17, 1995. and two NBA pre-season games. The arena was a stand-in for the old Pacific Coliseum in Vancouver during filming of the Canada-Russia '72 miniseries.
 * The Skate Canada Championships in 1995.
 * The 1997 AHL All-Star Game.
 * The 1998 & 2001 AHL Calder Cup Finals.
 * The 1998 World Junior Figure Skating Championships.
 * The 1999 men's and women's World Curling Championships.
 * The 2002 East Coast Music Awards.
 * The 2006 Canadian Country Music Awards.
 * 2013 Skate Canada International
 * The 2014 Women's World Curling Championships
 * The 2019 CHL Canada/Russia Series
 * The 2022 Memorial Cup

title: TD Station


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Ausable River (Lake Huron)

The Ausable River is a river in southwestern Ontario Canada which empties into Lake Huron at Port Franks, Ontario. The Ausable's initial source is in a moraine near the community of Staffa, Ontario located in the municipality of West Perth, Ontario at a point 334 m above sea level. Although the river has a total measured length of over 240 km, because of its meandering course, the mouth in actuality is only 64 km from its source near Staffa. The Ausable drains 1142 km2 of land, and falls 158 m in elevation from source to outlet.

In 1875, engineers of the Canada Company engaged in a large scale drainage project, referred to locally as "The Cut", which altered the course of the river dramatically and permitted the draining of several local small lakes and wetlands for agricultural purposes. Before that time the Ausable passed through the village of Grand Bend, where it made an abrupt curve toward the south, paralleling the Lake Huron shoreline for several kilometers, before entering the lake at Port Franks. This abrupt "bend" in the course of the river, is the origin of the name of the community of Grand Bend. The former course of the river, sections of which almost completely dry up during the summer season, can still be seen in Pinery Provincial Park. It is referred to as the Old Ausable Channel.

The river provides habitat for several endangered freshwater mussel species, several threatened or endangered fish species and the threatened eastern spiny softshell turtle.

The formation of the Ausable Gorge by the river near Arkona has exposed fossils from the Middle Devonian period. At one time, a hydroelectric plant was located at nearby Rock Glen Falls.

This river was called Rivière aux Sables or "sandy river" by the French which through time became the Aux Sables River in English. The name was condensed to Ausable in the early 20th century.

The Anishinaabeg people who signed Huron Tract Treaty #29 referred to the river as “Niigaanziibii” / Niigaansibiing” and the river is the eastern boundary of the Stony Point reserve which is 1/2 of the land base for the Anishinaabeg Of Kettle and Stony Point First Nations Band (Chippewas of Kettle and Stony Point First Nation -CKSPFN).

Tributaries

 * Little AuSable River

title: Ausable River (Lake Huron)


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Guy Ligier

Guy Camille Ligier (12 July 1930 – 23 August 2015) was a French racing driver and team owner. He maintained many varied and successful careers over the course of his life, including rugby player, butcher, racing driver and Formula One team owner.

He is the father of Philippe and Pascale Ligier and the grand father of Etienne Ligier former French motorsport hopeful.

The early years
The son of a farmer, Ligier was orphaned at 7 years of age. He left school in his mid-teens and went to work as a butcher's assistant in his home town of Vichy.

Athletic and competitive, he became a French rowing champion in 1947. He also had a passion for rugby and was good enough to play for the French Army during National Service earning a place on the French national B team. His rugby career was cut short due to injuries.

Determined to become successful, Ligier saved all of the money he earned working as a butcher to fund his aspirations. In 1960, he rented a backhoe and, a short time later, bought a bulldozer of his own and went into the construction business.

With help from Pierre Coulon, Vichy's Mayor, he founded the public works company "Ligier Travaux Publics". With motorway construction booming in France, Ligier was able to rapidly expand his business. By 1961, he had 1200 employees and 500 machines and had also diversified into bridges, dams and development. During this period, his business contacts allowed him to make important friends in (then) local politicians François Mitterrand and Pierre Bérégovoy.

When his rugby career ended, he switched to racing but on motorcycles. He would win the French Motorbike Championship in the 500cc class riding a Norton Manx "LA" in 1959 and in 1960.

Racing driver

Ligier made an early foray into auto racing with a Simca 1300 at the 1957 Parisian Salon Cups in Montlhéry, but it was in 1960 that he first tried his hand at single-seater racing with a Formula Junior Elva-DKW, which he drove at Monaco and Montlhéry.

By 1964 Ligier was racing Porsche sportscars as part of Auguste Veuillet's team, starting with a 356 and then a 904 Carrera GTS, in which he placed 7th with Robert Buchet at the 1964 24 Hours of Le Mans. That same year Ford France signed Ligier to drive one of two Formula 2 Brabham BT6 cars. These were year-old models, but one would be replaced by a newer Brabham BT10 during the season. Ligier's teammate was Jo Schlesser. Ligier finished fifth in his debut at Enna-Pergusa. So at the relatively late age of 34 Ligier began his "real" career as a driver.

In 1965 he won the 24th Grand Prix de Albi Sports in a GT40 for Ford. In 1966 he drove Shelby Mustang GT350 chassis 5R209 rented to Martial Delalande to a second-place finish in the 14th "Rallye des Routes du Nord".

Ligier broke into Formula One as a privateer, entering his own Cooper-Maserati T81 in the 1966 Monaco Grand Prix. In five starts with this car he either ran unclassified or out of the points. That year he and Schlesser also joined forces to become the exclusive importer of Ford-Shelby products to France.

Teaming with Schlesser in a Ford France GT40 again that year produced good results – a fifth-place finish at the Nürburgring 1000 km. Although his year was ended by a knee broken while practicing for the German GP, things could have been worse. Following the crash doctors had wanted to amputate and it was only through the intervention of Schlesser that the leg was saved.

In 1967 Ligier fielded another car of his own, a Brabham-Repco BT20, in the British Grand Prix. His (effective) sixth-place finish in Germany produced the only championship point of his F1 career. Ligier also won the 12 Hours of Reims when sharing a GT40 Mk IIB with Schlesser.

In 1968 Ligier drove a Ford Escort TC in the Coupes de Vitesse. That was the same year that Ford France was winding down its motorsports involvement, so Ligier partnered with Schlesser and José Behra to launch Ecurie InterSport with a pair of McLaren Formula 2 cars. Schlesser was killed that year in his Formula One debut at the French Grand Prix while at the wheel of the magnesium-bodied air-cooled Honda RA302 Formula One car. The shocking loss of his friend prompts Ligier to retire from racing.

Ligier had one outing in a Ford Escort TC in the 1969 Coupes de l'ACIF, but he returned to regular competition in 1970 for the 24 Hours of Le Mans in a car bearing his own name, the Ligier JS1, and continued to participate in various endurance races with his own cars until 1974.

In total Ligier participated in thirteen Grand Prix Formula 1 races, getting one point in the drivers' world championship with an eighth-place finish in the German Grand Prix in 1966 due to the two finishers in front of him being F2 cars, and so ineligible for F1 points.

Other racing wins

 * GT Class win in Coupes du Salon 1963 (de Montlhéry, in a Porsche 356 Carrera);
 * 1964 Coupes de vitesse (de Montlhéry, in a Porsche 904 GTS);
 * Magny-Cours 1965 (in a Ford GT40);
 * Grand Prix d'Albi 1965 (in a Ford GT40, hors championnat d'Europe);
 * Class S win (3L) at 1000 kilometres of Nürburgring 1966 in a Ford GT40 with Schlesser (fifth);
 * Class S win (>2L) at 1000 kilometres of Monza 1967 in a Ford GT40 with Schlesser (sixth);
 * 12 Heures de Reims, 1967 in a Ford Mk.IIB with Schlesser;
 * Special Class win in 1969 Coupes de vitesse (Montlhéry, in a Ford Escort TC).

Constructor and team owner

In 1968 Ligier established "Ligier Cars" to build his own sports-racing cars in fulfillment of the dream that he and former teammate, business partner and close friend, the late Jo Schlesser had shared to build a "good car". Ligier hired Michel Têtu to design the cars, and the first car produced was the JS1 prototype, the "JS" in this and all subsequent names being a tribute to Schlesser. Only three JS1s were built before production switched to its successor, the JS2.

The JS3 racing prototype was actually built in the time between the JS1 and JS2. Following limited success in the sports-racing field Ligier turned his attention to Formula 1 when he bought the assets of Equipe Matra Sports. With the experienced team, including designer Gerard Ducarouge and the Matra V12 engine Ligier formed Équipe Ligier in 1976. The team became successful in the early 1980s with drivers Jacques Laffite, Patrick Depailler and Didier Pironi.

In 1981 Ligier's old friend François Mitterrand became President of France. When Ligier ran into trouble in 1983 the President ordered that government-owned companies such as Elf, Gitanes and Loto should supply sponsorship. Ligier also had preferential treatment when it came to engines, political pressure being applied to Renault to force the company to supply the team, which used Renault engines from 1984 to 1986 and from 1992 to 1994.

The Ligier-Mitterrand-Bérégovoy alliance reached its peak in the early 1990s with the reconstruction of the Magny-Cours racing circuit as a new headquarters for Ligier and as a racing circuit to host the French Grand Prix. President Mitterrand and Prime Minister Bérégovoy backed the idea.

At the 1996 Grand Prix of Monaco driver Olivier Panis won the ninth and final Formula 1 victory for Ligier.

Equipe Ligier managed to contest 326 Grand Prix races, make 50 podiums appearances, notch 9 victories, claim second place in the 1980 World Championship and build over 20 Formula 1 cars. It was also home to an illustrious list of drivers over the eighteen years that it competed under the Ligier name.

Post-Formula 1 life
Following the demise of the Monica car company in 1975, Ligier purchased the French assets and remaining unassembled vehicles. Ligier did not resume production of the Monica.

Having built a variety of sports-racing and Formula 1 cars, Ligier began to diversify his automobile company in the 1980s. Beginning with tractor cabs, the Ligier Group later began production of "voitures sans permis" or "voiturettes", a class of microcar in France that may be driven without an operator's license, with the release of the Ligier JS4. The two-door JS4 has a nearly cubic steel monococque and a glass rear door, and was originally equipped with a 49 cc Motobécane engine. It was short and quite wide, reflecting recent legal changes allowing "voitures sans permis" to seat two rather than just one.

In 1992 Ligier realized that the socialist government would not last forever and sold his team to Cyril de Rouvre (The team was sold again in 1994 to Flavio Briatore). Ligier used the money from the sale to corner the market in natural fertilizer in central France and set about building another fortune.

Within a few months Mitterrand's Socialist Party experienced a major loss in the elections and Bérégovoy committed suicide on 1 May 1993. Ligier remained involved with the old Formula 1 team in an ambassadorial role until it was sold yet again, this time to Alain Prost in February 1997 and renamed Prost Grand Prix.

In 2004, Ligier acquired a majority shareholding in Automobiles Martini, adding his "Ligier JS" naming to new models such as the Ligier JS49, JS51 and JS53.

The name Ligier returned to the motor racing spotlight in 2014 when Jacques Nicolet's Onroak Automotive began building cars. Some were campaigned by Nicolet's own OAK Racing, which fielded a Ligier JS P2 prototype running in FIA World Endurance Championship and 24 Hours of Le Mans with Nicolet and Jean-Marc Merlin driving.

Ligier's son had also become a constructor of Formula 3 cars.

Following his death on 23 August 2015 in Nevers his funeral took place at the church of St. Blaise de Vichy on 28 August 2015.

Ligier was survived by his wife and their two children, son Philippe and daughter Pascale.

Honours
Member/Chevalier of the Legion of Honour.

Formula One World Championship results
(key)
 * Notes
 * – Ligier finished 8th in the 1967 German Grand Prix, but was awarded the point for 6th place as the two F2 drivers who finished ahead of him on the road were ineligible to score points

Formula One Non-Championship results
(key)

Complete European Formula Two Championship results
(key)

Other references

 * LIGIER Sport & Prototypes 1969–1975 et 2014 by Jean-Marc Teissedre. Language: French. ISBN 978-2360590520
 * Guy Ligier (French) Paperback – 1976 by Jean-Pierre Gosselin. Publisher: Solar (1976). Language: French. ISBN 978-2263000119
 * L'Épopée Ligier en Formule 1 (French) Paperback. ISBN 979-1028301255 – ASIN: B01GFJZI56

title: Guy Ligier


text: User talk:66.30.203.58

title: User talk:66.30.203.58


text:
Misty

Misty may refer to:

Music

 * "Misty" (song), by Erroll Garner
 * Misty (Ray Stevens album), an album by Ray Stevens featuring the above song
 * Misty (Richard "Groove" Holmes album), an album by Richard "Groove" Holmes featuring the above song
 * Misty (Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis album), an album by Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis and Shirley Scott featuring the above song
 * Misty (Harold Mabern album), an album by Harold Mabern featuring the above song
 * Misty (Dexter Gordon album), an album by Dexter Gordon featuring the above song
 * Misty, a 1975 album by American jazz singer Chris Connor
 * "Misty", a song by Kate Bush from the album 50 Words for Snow

People
Misty is a feminine given name of English origin. It is based on the English word mist.

Given name or nickname

 * Misty Copeland (born 1982), American ballerina
 * Misty Daniels, American stage actress
 * Misty Dawn (born 1963), adult film actress
 * Misty Edwards (born 1979), American contemporary Christian musician
 * Misty Hyman (born 1979), American swimmer
 * Misty Jannat, Bangladeshi actress
 * Misty Jean (born c. 1980), Haitian singer and former Miss West Indies
 * Misty Jenkins Australian scientist
 * Misty Lee (born 1976), American professional magician
 * Misty Massey, American fantasy author
 * Misty May-Treanor (born 1977), American professional beach volleyball player
 * Misty Oldland, British-Swiss singer-songwriter
 * Misty Plowright (born 1983), American politician
 * Misty Rain, an American pornographic actress, director and exotic dancer
 * Mistella Misty Rowe (born 1950), American actress
 * Misty Snow (born 1985), American politician
 * Misty Stone (born 1986), American pornographic actress and model
 * Misty Upham (1982–2014), Native American actress
 * Moda Fincher (1924-2006), radio announcer

Fictional characters

 * Lizard Misty, in the manga series Saint Seiya
 * Misty (Pokémon), in the Pokémon franchise
 * Misty Brightdawn, in the television series My Little Pony: Make Your Mark
 * Misty Day, in the television season American Horror Story: Coven
 * Misty Fey, in the video game series Ace Attorney
 * Misty Knight, in the Marvel Universe
 * Misty, in TV snow Super Doll Licca-chan

Other uses

 * Misty (satellite program), reportedly a classified United States satellite program
 * Misty (comics), a British comic published from 1978 to 1984
 * Misty (film), a 1961 adaptation of the book Misty of Chincoteague
 * Misty (TV series), a 2018 South Korean television series

title: Misty


text:
Halter (disambiguation)

A halter is a type of headgear for leading an animal.

Halter may also refer to:

 * Halter (surname)
 * Halter (horse show)
 * Halter top
 * Halter (lacewing), a genus of insects in the family Nemopteridae
 * Halteres, singular halter, small organs found in some insects

title: Halter (disambiguation)


text:
Muriwai

Muriwai, also called Muriwai Beach, is a coastal community on the west coast of the Auckland Region in the North Island of New Zealand. The black-sand surf beach and surrounding area is a popular recreational area for Aucklanders. The Muriwai Regional Park includes a nesting site for a large colony of gannets.

The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "water's end" for Muriwai.

Geology
The Muriwai area was uplifted from the sea floor between 3 and 5 million years ago. Much of the landscape is formed by remnants of the eastern side of the Waitākere Volcano, notably the pillow lava formations seen along the cliffs south of Muriwai beach. The area is primarily formed by sand, sedimentary rock and piha conglomerate. Cliff walls dominate much of southern Muriwai. Muriwai Beach has black sand, caused by the iron content derived from the ancient volcanoes in the area, including the large Kaipara Volcano which was situated offshore from the Kaipara Heads, and erupted 23-16 million years ago. The black sand is moved up the west coast of the North Island by longshore drift.

Oaia Island is an island located off the coast of Muriwai.

Biodiversity
Motutara Island at Muriwai is a rare mainland colony for Australasian gannets. The rare korowai gecko is endemic to Muriwai area, primarily found in the sand dunes of Muriwai Beach.

History
The Muriwai area is traditionally a part of rohe of the Tāmaki Māori tribe Te Kawerau ā Maki, known originally by the name One Rangatira ("The Chiefly Beach"), referring to the tohunga Rakatāura's visit to the beach. The beach has spiritual significance to Te Kawerau ā Maki, as it is a part of Te Rerenga Wairua, the pathway that souls take to Cape Reinga to depart the world.

Te Kawerau ā Maki and Ngāti Whātua fought over the area when the latter settled south of the Kaipara Harbour. Muriwai became known as the border between Te Kawerau ā Maki and Ngāti Whātua, when peace was struct by the Te Kawerau ā Maki chief Te Hawiti / Te Au o Te Whenua. The area was settled by Ngāti Te Kahupara, a Ngāti Whātua hapū with Kawerau ancestry, until the 20th century.

The southern Muriwai Beach area was also known as Paenga Tohorā, referring to the many whale strandings that happened in the location. Te Au o Te Whenua lived at Te Korekore, a headland pā located at the south end of the beach. He was known for collecting and drying Paphies ventricosa (toheroa) collected from the Muriwai area, which he would trade with other Tāmaki Māori iwi and hapū for delicacies. The gannet colony headland was known as Ōtakamiro, the location of a pā named after the ancestor Takamiro. Other pā and villages to the south-east of the beach included Matuakore, Te Toheriri, Ngārihariha and Tirikohua. The modern name, Muriwai, means "End of the Water". It refers to the Te Muriwai, a kāinga located upstream of the beach along Ōkiritoto Stream, which over time became a name for the river valley, and eventually for the wider area.

During the late 19th century, John Foster established a flax mill at Muriwai, stopping in 1893 when this became less economically viable. In 1894 Muriwai Valley School was established. The school only operated part-time, due to the school's rural location. At the turn of the century, politician and Mayor of Auckland City Edwin Mitchelson constructed a wooden mansion at Muriwai which he named Oaia, referencing adjacent Oaia Island.

During World War II, the New Zealand Government feared that the Japanese army could invade Auckland along the west coast, landing at Muriwai. During this period, a United States Marine Corps camp was established at Muriwai, in part due to these fears.

In 1962, Muriwai became the location where the COMPAC submarine communications cable connected Auckland to Sydney, and a repeater station was installed 3 km from Muriwai Beach. This was used until 5 October 1983, when a cable fault at Sydney caused the system to cease working.

Location
Muriwai is approximately 17 km west of Kumeū, 42 kilometres northwest of Auckland city, at the southern end of an unbroken 50 kilometre stretch of beach which extends up the Tasman Sea coast to the mouth of the Kaipara Harbour. One of several popular beaches in the area (others include Piha and Karekare), it experiences a population explosion in summer when Aucklanders head to the sea. It is in the Rodney Ward of the Auckland Region.

Governance
Muriwai is part of the Local Government Rodney Ward of Auckland Council and is part of the Kumeu Subdivision of the Rodney Local Board. Muriwai is in the Kaipara ki Mahurangi electorate. (Previously Helensville electorate.)

Demographics
Muriwai covers 3.02 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Muriwai had a population of 1,248 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 117 people (10.3%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 204 people (19.5%) since the 2006 census. There were 444 households, comprising 636 males and 612 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.04 males per female. The median age was 40.1 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 282 people (22.6%) aged under 15 years, 165 (13.2%) aged 15 to 29, 690 (55.3%) aged 30 to 64, and 111 (8.9%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 94.2% European/Pākehā, 11.1% Māori, 2.6% Pacific peoples, 3.8% Asian, and 3.1% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 18.3, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 69.5% had no religion, 18.5% were Christian, 0.2% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.2% were Hindu, 0.2% were Muslim, 0.7% were Buddhist and 3.6% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 333 (34.5%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 81 (8.4%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $45,700, compared with $31,800 nationally. 294 people (30.4%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 552 (57.1%) people were employed full-time, 168 (17.4%) were part-time, and 33 (3.4%) were unemployed.

Activity

 * Surfing is the main pastime at Maukatia (Maori Bay) and Muriwai Beach. Other pastimes enjoyed at Maukatia include paragliding and hang gliding, especially when the prevailing southwesterly wind provides favourable conditions.
 * Fishing is also popular, although dangerous in many places.
 * Bush walking is encouraged, with boardwalks in place, and the 'Hilary Trail' passes through Muriwai.
 * Driving along the beach is popular, especially at fishing contest time, although vehicles have been mass stranded in past years.
 * Surf boards, surfing tuition and sand yachts are available for hire at the Muriwai Surf School near the beach.
 * There are many mountain bike trails up in the pines, mainly downhill and freeride trails.
 * Surf lifeguards have active weekend patrols during the summer time and training for nippers
 * The beach was used extensively for motor racing from the 1920s through to the 1940s.
 * Horse riding is popular along the beach, as well as through the extensive tracks behind the sand dunes. Access is also available through the Woodhill Forest Equestrian Park.

2013 shark attack
In February 2013, filmmaker Adam Strange was killed at Muriwai Beach while swimming about 200m offshore, when he was attacked by a small group of great white sharks. As a result, Muriwai Beach was closed for a number of days. Initial reports suggested the culprit was a bronze whaler, but it was later deemed more likely a great white was to blame. It was the first fatal shark attack in more than three decades in New Zealand.

title: Muriwai


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Remote Desktop Connection

Remote Desktop Connection

 * Transwikied to Remote Desktop Connection where it would fit better -- recommended speedy -- Ryan Pugatch 00:29, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * marked as speedie. JesseW 03:27, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Esquilax

Esquilax was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

Esquilax
A "fantastic beast" that appeared for approximately fifteen seconds in a single episode of The Simpsons. Extremely trivial even for fans of the show. Andrew Levine 00:29, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete this impressively obscure trivia. Our coverage of the Simpsons must be truly great indeed if this is all there is left to add... - Cdc 07:03, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete subtrivial fancruft. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 08:56, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete it. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 09:51, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to The Simpsons to prevent recreation. Geogre 15:27, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. If the delete vote fails, re-direct to The Simpsons. Jayjg 19:32, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - fancruft. But if it's "a horse with the head of a rabbit and the body of a rabbit" then shouldn't we redirect to Rabbit ? - rernst 20:24, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Horse, surely? ;-) Kinitawowi 09:08, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Praga-Południe

Praga-Południe, also known by its anglicized names Praga-South, Praga South, and South Praga, is a district of the city of Warsaw, Poland located on the east bank of the Vistula River. It consists of Grochów, Gocław, Kamionek and Saska Kępa.

History
The area of today's Praga-South has been inhabited since at least the 7th century. There are traces of settlements established earlier than Warsaw itself. However, the swampy and often flooded terrain was deserted as soon as Warsaw was founded. Since the 16th century it was again populated, but due to lack of communication with Warsaw (until the 19th century there were no permanent bridges across the Vistula at Warsaw) it was an unimportant suburb.

It shared the fate of a greater area named Praga, which was the easternmost suburb of Warsaw. In the 17th century one of the areas of present Praga-South was turned into a military camp. In the 18th century part of the area was named Saska Kępa (literally Saxon Rise) after the Saxon Guards of the Kings of Poland stationed there.

Until the early 20th century the area retained its rural character. The area officially became a part of Warsaw in 1916. It soon became one of fastest-growing areas of Warsaw and Saska Kępa became its centre. In the 1920s and 1930s it became one of the most popular villa areas of the Warsaw's middle class.

During and after World War II the district was not destroyed. Despite several plans, it was not industrialised either, which allowed the district to retain much of its original quiet and peaceful character. Currently there are several new areas with luxurious blocks of flats in the area, but the authorities do not plan to construct more houses and want the character to be preserved.

Apart from the Saska Kępa architecture, the main attractions of the borough are the Kazimierz Górski National Stadium, Skaryszew Park, Kamionek Lake and the Olszynka Grochowska reserve. The battlefield of the Battle of Olszynka Grochowska (1831) and the 2B Jerzego Waszyngtona Avenue Skyscraper is also located within the district.

Neighbourhoods within the district

 * Kamionek
 * Saska Kepa
 * Gocław
 * Gocławek
 * Grochów
 * Olszynka Grochowska

includes the smaller, unofficial neighbourhood Witolin, whose name continues to exist as the Public Transport Authority's bus terminus "Witolin"

title: Praga-Południe