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1890 Manifesto

The 1890 Manifesto (also known as the Woodruff Manifesto, the Anti-polygamy Manifesto, or simply "the Manifesto") is a statement which officially advised against any future plural marriage in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Issued by Church President Wilford Woodruff in September 1890, the Manifesto was a response to mounting anti-polygamy pressure from the United States Congress, which by 1890 had disincorporated the church, escheated its assets to the U.S. federal government, and imprisoned many prominent polygamist Mormons. Upon its issuance, the LDS Church in conference accepted Woodruff's Manifesto as "authoritative and binding."

The Manifesto was a dramatic turning point in the history of the LDS Church. It advised church members against entering into any marriage prohibited by the law of the land, and made it easier for Utah to become a U.S. state. Nevertheless, even after the Manifesto, the church quietly continued to perform a small number of plural marriages in the United States, Mexico, and Canada, thus necessitating a Second Manifesto during U.S. congressional hearings in 1904. Though neither Manifesto dissolved existing plural marriages, plural marriage in the LDS Church gradually died by attrition during the early-to-mid 20th century. The Manifesto was canonized in the LDS Church standard works as Official Declaration 1  and is considered by mainstream Mormons to have been prompted by divine revelation (although not a revelation itself), in which Woodruff was shown that the church would be thrown into turmoil if they did not comply with it. Some Mormon fundamentalists rejected the manifesto.

Background
The Manifesto was issued in response to the anti-polygamy policies of the federal government of the United States, and most especially the Edmunds–Tucker Act of 1887. This law disincorporated the LDS Church and authorized the federal government to seize all of the church's assets. The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the provisions of the Edmunds–Tucker Act in Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. United States in May 1890.

In April 1889, Woodruff, the president of the church, began privately refusing the permission that was required to contract new plural marriages. In October 1889, Woodruff publicly admitted that he was no longer approving new polygamous marriages, and in answer to a reporter's question of what the LDS Church's attitude was toward the law against polygamy, Woodruff stated, "We mean to obey it. We have no thought of evading it or ignoring it." Because it had been Mormon practice for over 25 years to either evade or ignore anti-polygamy laws, Woodruff's statement was a signal that a change in church policy was developing.

In February 1890, the Supreme Court had already ruled in Davis v. Beason that a law in Idaho Territory which disenfranchised individuals who practiced or believed in plural marriage was constitutional. That decision left the Mormons no further legal recourse to their current marriage practices and made it unlikely that without change Utah Territory would be granted statehood.

Woodruff later said that on the night of September 23, 1890, he received a revelation from Jesus Christ that the church should cease the practice of plural marriage. The following morning, he reported this to some of the general authorities and placed the hand-written draft on a table. George Reynolds would later recount that he, Charles W. Penrose, and John R. Winder modified Woodruff's draft into the current language accepted by the general authorities and presented to the church as a whole. Woodruff announced the Manifesto on September 25 by publishing it in the church-owned Deseret Weekly in Salt Lake City. On October 6, 1890, it was formally accepted by the church membership, though many held reservations or abstained from voting.

Utah ratified its constitution in November 1895 and was granted statehood on January 4, 1896. One of the conditions for granting Utah statehood was that a ban on polygamy be written into their state constitution.

Text
The Manifesto states:

To Whom It May Concern:

Press dispatches having been sent for political purposes, from Salt Lake City, which have been widely published, to the effect that the Utah Commission, in their recent report to the Secretary of the Interior, allege that plural marriages have been contracted in Utah since last June or during the past year, also that in public discourses the leaders of the Church have taught, encouraged and urged the continuance of the practice of polygamy—

I, therefore, as President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, do hereby, in the most solemn manner, declare that these charges are false. We are not teaching polygamy or plural marriage, nor permitting any person to enter into its practice, and I deny that either forty or any other number of plural marriages have during that period been solemnized in our Temples or in any other place in the Territory.

One case has been reported, in which the parties allege that the marriage was performed in the Endowment House, in Salt Lake City, in the Spring of 1889, but I have not been able to learn who performed the ceremony; whatever was done in this matter was without my knowledge. In consequence of this alleged occurrence the Endowment House was, by my instructions, taken down without delay.

Inasmuch as laws have been enacted by Congress forbidding plural marriages, which laws have been pronounced constitutional by the court of last resort, I hearby declare my intention to submit to those laws, to use my influence with the members of the Church over which I preside to have them do likewise.

There is nothing in my teachings to the Church or in those of my associates, during the time specified, which can be reasonably construed to inculcate or encourage polygamy; and when any Elder of the Church has used language which appeared to convey such teaching, he has been promptly reproved. And I now publicly declare that my advice to the Latter-day Saints is to refrain from contracting any marriage forbidden by the law of the land.

Wilford Woodruff [signed]

President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Formal acceptance by the LDS Church
Less than a month after the Manifesto was issued, the LDS Church used the procedure of common consent to make it binding upon church members. At a general conference of the church in Salt Lake City on October 6, 1890, the Manifesto was read, after which Lorenzo Snow, the president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, made the following motion:

"I move that, recognizing Wilford Woodruff as the President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and the only man on the earth at the present time who holds the keys of the sealing ordinances, we consider him fully authorized by virtue of his position to issue the Manifesto which has been read in our hearing, and which is dated September 1890, and that as a Church in General Conference assembled, we accept his declaration concerning plural marriages as authoritative and binding."

The conference proceedings recorded that "the vote to sustain the foregoing motion was unanimous." However, a modern author reports that "at least some voted against the Manifesto and perhaps a majority abstained." Some members, including apostle Moses Thatcher, only reluctantly supported the Manifesto and interpreted it as a sign that the Second Coming of Jesus was imminent, after which plural marriage would be reinstated.

New plural marriages vs. existing plural marriages
The Manifesto was the end of official church authorization for the creation of new plural marriages that violated local laws. It had no effect on the status of already existing plural marriages, and plural marriages continued to be performed in locations where it was believed to be legal. As Woodruff explained at the general conference where the Manifesto was accepted by the church, "[t]his Manifesto only refers to future marriages, and does not affect past conditions. I did not, I could not, and would not promise that you would desert your wives and children. This you cannot do in honor." Despite Woodruff's explanation, some church leaders and members who were polygamous did begin to live with only one wife. However, the majority of Mormon polygamists continued to cohabit with their plural wives in violation of the Edmunds Act.

Aftermath and post-Manifesto plural marriage
Within six years of the announcement of the Manifesto, Utah had become a state and federal prosecution of Mormon polygamists subsided. However, Congress still refused to seat representatives-elect who were polygamists, including B. H. Roberts.

D. Michael Quinn and other Mormon historians have documented that some church apostles covertly sanctioned plural marriages after the Manifesto. This practice was especially prevalent in Mexico and Canada because of an erroneous belief that such marriages were legal in those jurisdictions. However, a significant minority were performed in Utah and other western American states and territories. The estimates of the number of post-Manifesto plural marriages performed range from scores to thousands, with the actual figure probably close to 250. Today, the LDS Church officially acknowledges that although the Manifesto "officially ceased" the practice of plural marriage in the church, "the ending of the practice after the Manifesto was ... gradual."

Rumors of post-Manifesto marriages surfaced and began to be examined by Congress in the Reed Smoot hearings. In response, church president Joseph F. Smith issued a "Second Manifesto" in 1904 which reaffirmed the church's opposition to the creation of new plural marriages and threatened excommunication for Latter-day Saints who continued to enter into  or solemnize new plural marriages. Apostles John W. Taylor and Matthias F. Cowley both resigned from the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles due to disagreement with the church's position on plural marriage. Plural marriage in violation of local law continues to be grounds for excommunication from the LDS Church.

The cessation of plural marriage within LDS Church gave rise to the Mormon fundamentalist movement.

Evolution of Latter-day Saint views on the Manifesto
The Manifesto has been canonized by the LDS Church, and its text appears in the Doctrine and Covenants, one of the church's books of scripture. However, when the Manifesto was issued, it was not apparent that Woodruff or the other leaders of the LDS Church viewed it as the result of a divine revelation.

Approximately one year after he declared the Manifesto, Woodruff began to claim that he had received instructions from Jesus Christ that formed the basis of what he wrote in the text of the Manifesto. These instructions were reportedly accompanied by a vision of what would occur if the Manifesto were not issued.

Following Woodruff's death in 1898, other church leaders began to teach that the Manifesto was the result of a revelation of God. Since that time, church leaders have consistently taught that the Manifesto was inspired of God. In 1908, the Manifesto was printed in the LDS Church's Doctrine and Covenants for the first time, and it has been included in every edition since. A non-Mormon observer of the church has stated that "[t]here is no question that, from a doctrinal standpoint, President Woodruff's Manifesto now has comparable status with [Joseph Smith's] revelations in the Doctrine and Covenants." Similarly, another writer has stated bluntly that "contemporary Latter-day Saints regard the Manifesto as a revelation." The Manifesto is currently published as "Official Declaration 1" in the Doctrine and Covenants.

title: 1890 Manifesto


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/America Candles

America Candles
This is just an advert isn't it?--ZayZayEM 00:17, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Why yes, yes it is an ad! The linked Web site is funny.  What exactly is a "gourmet" candle?  delete iMeowbot~Mw 03:01, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm just happy it wasn't ass-candles.--ZayZayEM 08:44, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Doesn't even pretend it's not an ad. --Szyslak 03:17, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. ~ mlk ✉ ♬  05:00, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC) ~
 * I'll take 2 dozen... NOT!. Delete. Gwimpey 05:02, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ad. utcursch 10:33, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * To be fair, it does seem to be the only page on the Wikipedia which deals with the topic of soy candles. Someone should get knowledgeable on the subject and write an article cause I'm fascinated. But delete this ad.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Talk:Mathematics/Archive 2

''This is an archive of topics which have been forgotten or resolved. If a topic still needs to be discussed, move it from this page back to the talk page.''

Capitalization in titles
On the question of capitalization in titles, I find a contradiction between the FAQ and somewhere else I can't remember. Should titles of articles be capitalized throughout, or only at the first word? rchase
 * Contradiction? What contradiction? How could that possibly be, in a collaborative website? :-)

Can I encourage you, mathematicians, to please use lowercase titles? When you use uppercase titles, that forces people to Capitalize Words that Wouldn't Usually be Capitalized in Ordinary Standard English. See naming conventions.

Elementary material
Why isn't there any coverage of K-12 Mathematics? The focus so far is on advanced undergraduate topics.

That's a hell of a good idea. --User:Juuitchan

Greek letters, symbols
What should the policy on Greek letters be? I notice that the symbols on the Mathematical constants page appear as blocks in Opera 5.11. Perhaps it would be better just to write them out as pi, gamma, etc., so that they are at least readable. Zundark, 2001-08-08

I think for now we shouldn't formulate a policy: it should be up to the individual author. If you are interested in widest readability, then spelling out the symbols is best. However, all entities we use (&alpha;, &int;, etc., see Howdoesoneeditapage/Quickreference) are valid HTML 4.0 entities and browsers will sooner or later come around to supporting them. I believe the newest versions of Internet Explorer and Mozilla support almost all of them already; I'm not sure about Konqueror. --AxelBoldt

Yes, you're right. I didn't realise it was valid HTML 4.0. So it's Opera's fault for not understanding it. It works in IE4 anyway, and is at least comprehensible in Netscape 4, so I'll carry on doing it. Zundark

 * Hadn't noticed it, but all the nice math symbols (including Σ, ∫, etc) that work fine w/ NS6.0 on Linux fail utterly w/ Opera 4. Latin-1 works fine with both (of course, latin-1 is the native char set).
 * So how about things like the inverted Δ (Del), inverted A, reversed E? Being an engineer, not a mathematician, these would provide all the symbols I am likely to need.
 * --Buz Cory

 * Found a pretty complete set of math symbols on how does one edit a page/Quick reference. For instance ∇, ∀, ∃.
 * Also did some more browser checking. StarOffice 5.0 fails utterly on the Greek and Math entities, also. --Buz Cory

Chaos
Um has any one thought of putting a chaos page on any where? Like the mandelbrot and the like. I don't know much about it but I would love to learn. Michael (Tas)

 * ''Apparently nobody has. There's a bit about the Mandelbrot set though, and a stub about fractals. I'll put a

link to "Dynamical systems and chaos theory" on the main mathematics home page under "Change", and hopefully someone will bite.'' --AxelBoldt

Trigonometry
Shouldn't there be an article for Trigonometry? I know that we have the Trig Functions article, but general trig is more broad than that.

Also, shouldn't the number sets be combined under the auspices of one article so that they can have a logical overview and venn diagram to describe their structure?

 * A page like Numbers could certainly be put under "Quantity" and then it could have an overview and links to all the various number sets and explain their relationships. I would still want to keep links to the reals, complexes etc. right on the main page, so that they are easily accessible. --AxelBoldt

Transforms
Shouldn't there be a page on transforms? I'm not a mathematician, and can't write it myself. Some transforms I would like to see described are: fourier, cosine, z (used in digital signal processing), laplace, chirp, hilbert, etc. The transforms should be compared regarding their use. --HelgeStenstrom--

Encyclopedias of mathematics
I don't think I have ever seen an encyclopedia of mathematics, so I have a question about encyclopedias of mathematics. Would the entry about elementary group theory in such an encyclopedia consist, as it does here, of a system of group theory? Or would it just discuss such a system? Don't get me wrong--I think we should have mathematical systems in Wikipedia. I am asking whether there might be some other information that mathematicians might expect out of an encyclopedia, that we aren't supplying, in most cases, yet. --LMS

I'm only familiar with one Encyclopedia of Mathematics, which is a very large one translated from Russian. The entries usually contain definitions, discuss important results, and give a list of references to the literature. They certainly wouldn't have a article like elementary group theory, since any mathematician should know that anyway. (The article is probably misnamed; proofs of the most basic results in group theory would be more accurate.) Note that we have another article, mathematical group, which discusses group theory. --Zundark

"since any mathematician should know that anyway" isn't that the idea anyway, dictionaries still contain the most basic words. skukok

 * WP has comprehensive definitions, but does not develop most of the most elementary theorems from them. That sort of thorough treatment belongs on Wikibooks. Charles Matthews 22:57, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for the clarification. skukok

Books
I took the section about Mathematical Books out of the main page. While it would be nice to have a bibliographical listing, right now we don't and it's premature to put it on the main page. --AxelBoldt

Topology
Somebody added that topology focuses on the concepts of continuity and direction. I don't see what topology has to do with direction, but I could be convinced. Generally, when I think "direction", I think "tangent space" and hence "differential geometry". How can you talk about direction in topology? --AxelBoldt

 * perhaps they meant orientable surfaces in algebraic topology. -- Tarquin

Trig functions
What do you think about removing the link to trigonometric functions from the main math page. There's already a link to it under special functions. --Georg Muntingh

Yup, that makes sense. What we really need is a Trigonometry article though. --AxelBoldt

Okay. How can I be sure most people agree? Shall I remove it? (It looks very logical to me.) --Georg Muntingh

 * Just do it - you'll soon find out if someone doesn't agree. :-) --Zundark, 2002 Jan 12

An inequality
A question for you all: is is the inequality
 * u ± v|| ≥ | ||u|| - ||v|| |

(quoted from Normed vector space) known as the Cauchy-Schwartz Inequality, or am I thinking of something else? --Tarquin
 * I've found it in my notes, I'll answer my own question :-) -- The Cauchy-Schwartz Inequality is:
 * || ≤ ||u|| . ||v||

Mathematical symbols
I just added the page mathematical symbols. I would like to hear your opinion on the idea of including a link to this page in each article that uses math. symbols and can potentially be made more readable for a mathematical beginner by inserting the link. --Rade

I like the symbols page; I think we don't need links from *all* articles that use math symbols, but certainly from those which are mainly directed at or will be read by beginners. Some articles are completely incomprehensible without some math background, and adding a link to the symbol page wouldn't make them any less so. AxelBoldt 18:14 Aug 20, 2002 (PDT)

Agreed. --Rade

Thematos
I removed the text "2. -thematos" from the etymology part, because it's unclear: what is the two about, what is the hyphen, and because I couldn't verify it in the Oxford English Dictionary or in Merriam Webster. AxelBoldt 22:59 Sep 29, 2002 (UTC)

Formatting
I noticed that the formating for the mathematical topics was changed. I liked the old style because it was more concise and it actually fits on one page. The new style is very cluttered on the screen. Am I the only one who thinks this? -- Ram-Man

I also liked the old style better. AxelBoldt 03:13 Oct 24, 2002 (UTC)

Listings
On the mathematical branch listing: Under "Finite Mathematics", "Basic Set Theory" is coined, but the article itself is called "Naive set theory", shouldn't one of these be changed? (213.8.129.12)

Logically
Going to revert "logically" to "naturally" as "naturally" has a specific meaning in mathematics - PML.

Formatting statements
I have coloured the statements of the theorems in Pythagoras' theorem and Fermat's last theorem. The coloring could make the statements standing out in the article. If this practice is acceptable, I will do it for other theorems and conjectures (with different colour, maybe). -- User:Wshun

 * This seems like the kind of thing that could be very useful for many mathematical articles - does anyone else have suggestions or ideas about what format would be best? One with a white background may be necessary in order to accommodate our TeX markup; it also ensures a maximum amount of contrast for readability. I think a nice colored border would work well. For others who are interested, I have contributed an alternative formatting for theorem/formula highlighting. See Wikipedia talk:TeX markup for another example. (Actually, considering it now, maybe blue is not the best color - too similar to the link color - maybe green or orange or something?) -- Wapcaplet 02:50 17 Jun 2003 (UTC)

I've gone ahead and formatted several of the theorem article with dotted-outline purple boxes. See, for example, Pythagorean theorem, Fundamental theorem of calculus, and Fermat's last theorem. Sticking to traditions I'm familiar with in math textbooks, I've only done this with formal statements of theory (or sometimes hypothesis), and not just any old "suppose such-and-such..." Someone better versed in mathematics should probably take a look at them, since formality is not my strong suit :) I think these look quite a bit better, though. Before, there was a hodge-podge of styles for highlighting important theorems and other statements (bold, italic, indentation, etc.) Comments welcome! -- Wapcaplet 18:56 18 Jun 2003 (UTC)

The "outline" proposal seems to be an acceptable idea. Maybe we should submit a proposal on "styles of mathematics articles" before we proceed...-- Wshun

Something that would be useful to us non-math inclined people would be some sort of pyramid that goes from the building blocks of mathematics to the more advanced concepts. Give people an idea of where to start.--

Road map
I made my own version of a 'distributed roadmap' for mathematics on the page fractional calculus and some of it's subpages (the ones that aren't stubs). Perhaps something like it can be adopted as a conventional practice?

Also, where is this so-called "styles of mathematics articles". I haven't been able to find it. It should be made easier to find. - Kevin Baas

Well, time is becoming too expensive, I've become proactive and decided that there 'is' a Styles of Mathematics Articles page, for the discussion of just that, so that the pages can be more readable and organized. Anyone who wants to discuss the format of mathematics articles, style, presentation, ect., please discuss it there. Thanks. Kevin Baas

History of mathematics
We need more on the history of mathematics. Here is a public domain encycloepdia entry from the Jewish Encyclopedia on this subject. Maybe we can adapt some of this material into an article on the history of math. RK 15:54, 30 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * History of Mathematics, public domain article

 * I put your suggestion on the History of mathematics in the links section. -- Ap 19:16, 30 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Mathematical education
How come math education is completely absent from the page? It should be listed in one place. I know that math education is a controversial subject, but it should at least be mentioned.

MathWorld
I searched for Eric (of treasure troves/mathworld fame) in this page and the old one, and I couldn't find any references to him. There is a link to his pages at the bottom of the article; shouldn't there be a warning there? Or does everyone know about the events surrounding his website already?

MrJones 19:10, 18 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Labelling angles
I had a question. In law of sines and law of cosines, are the angle measures capital letters (i.e. A, B, C), or greek letters (i.e. α, β, γ)? Because the formula:

$${\sin A \over a} = {\sin B \over b} = {\sin C \over c}$$

looks kinda tacky. I always learned it as:

$${\sin \alpha \over a} = {\sin \beta \over b} = {\sin \gamma \over c}$$

What should I use in the formulas on the mentioned pages?

 * I don't see anything tacky about using A, B and C, and it's a common notation for this sort of thing. A problem with the Greek letters is that they don't work in some browsers (unless you do them as images, which does look tacky if used everywhere). --Zundark 10:14, 15 Nov 2003 (UTC)

That makes sense... and I have weird senses of things that I think are tacky.

 * The angle A is opposite the side of length a. The angle B is opposite the side of length b. The angle C is opposite the side of length c. Easier just to label them with capital English letters, when we have to label more than 3 angles, so if we do the same with triangles we are being consistent. Brianjd 09:58, Aug 8, 2004 (UTC)

Axiom of countability
I removed the like to "Axiom of Countability" from the list of famous theorems and conjectures. Whatever axioms of countability are, they are not famous theorems or conjectures. Now nothing links to "axiom of countability", which is a really odd little article anyway.

Mathematics is Not...
In the article, what is the purpose of the single member list (which BTW is not in standard Wikipedia form for a trivially populated list) captioned "Mathematics is Not..." ?  Is there supposed to be any difference between this presentation of information and just a simple sentence that says the same thing? Bevo 18:32, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Formula pages/tables
I was just thinking, isn't it a nice idea to have a link on the main mathematics page, to a page which is an index for the various formula pages? --Georg Muntingh 13:59, 10 Apr 2004 (UTC)

North America is not a country
"Mathematics is often abbreviated to math in North America and maths in other English-speaking countries." seems to suggest that North America is a country, which it isn't. Or maybe I'm being nitpicky. Elektron 09:15, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Be bold, pitch in and change it if you feel strongly about it :) Dysprosia 09:17, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I assume nobody has objections to changing it to "math (American English) and maths (British English)". Elektron 16:36, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

 * What about Australian, New Zealand, South African, Canadian, etc. English?

 * If there's a particular spelling which was not 'imported' from Britain or the US, feel free to add it. For the record, Canadians are supposed to spell 'Colour', but a lot of people skip the u (I don't know if it's even standardised). And signing always helps. Elektron 18:52, 2004 Nov 1 (UTC)

Lateral thinking
Why should a link for Lateral thinking be in this page? KRS 17:26, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Because it shows what mathematics can't solve? --Elektron 16:23, 2004 May 24 (UTC)

Descriptions
I added some descriptions of the categories of topics in mathematics. I know the categories are not rigid, and are meant as guidance, but they deserved some small explanation of why they were categorized so. I don't think these should be expanded too much (but certainly edited as needed!) - siroxo 11:36, Jun 11, 2004 (UTC)

Is there a reason that shouldn't just go on Wikipedia? Although not a wiki, Planet Math seems to have that basic idea already.

Mathematical abilities and gender issues
I think the whole Mathematical abilities and gender issues section (which was mostly created on Jul 23) should be split off into a separate article. Comments ? Gandalf61 09:14, Jul 30, 2004 (UTC)

 * No comments after more than a week, so I just went ahead and did it. Mathematical abilities and gender issues is now a separate article. For the moment, I just copied the text as was, without trying to improve it. Gandalf61 14:23, Aug 9, 2004 (UTC)

Pseudo-mathematics
Is there a section, or entire article, on pseudo-mathematics? (I don't know if there is a formal name for this phenomenon.) By this I mean the long-standing problem of amateur mathematicians (and occasionally real scholars) getting hooked into solving provably unsolvable problems, or hooked into thinking that they have found a proof for a theoretically solvable problem, even though in fact they have not.

One of the characteristics of this pseudo-mathematics is the tendency to phrase complex problems in an overly simplified fashion. People who advocate pseudo-mathematics live in a closed system of faulty mathematical assumptions and premises, and depend on a faulty interpretation of the rules of that system. While pseudosciences have merely failed to prove themselves true, pseudo-mathematical results can actually be proven incorrect and impossible. The ancient geometric problems of trisecting an angle using only a straightedge and compass, and of drawing a square with the same area as a given circle (or "squaring the circle") are examples of this kind of problem.

So we do we have anything on this topic? If not, would anyone like to take a crack at it? RK 16:22, Aug 25, 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, we have an article on squaring the circle, and we can start from there... -- The Anome 16:43, 25 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, hello! I just found an article on Pseudomathematics! RK 21:05, Aug 25, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mathematics/Archive 2


text:
User:Patrice Létourneau

Patrice Létourneau

I'm currently living in Quebec City (QC).

I mainly contribute on fr.wikipedia.org - since May 2004.

For more information on me, take care to refer to :

fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilisateur:Patrice_Létourneau

title: User:Patrice Létourneau


text:
HMCS Goose Bay

HMCS Goose Bay is a Kingston-class coastal defence vessel that has served in the Canadian Forces since 1998. Goose Bay is the eighth ship of her class which is the name for the Maritime Coastal Defence Vessel Project. She is the first vessel to be named Goose Bay. The coastal defence vessel is assigned to Maritime Forces Atlantic (MARLANT) and is homeported at CFB Halifax.

Design and description
The Kingston class was designed to fill the minesweeper, coastal patrol and reserve training needs of the Canadian Forces, replacing the Bay-class minesweepers, Porte-class gate vessels and Royal Canadian Mounted Police coastal launches in those roles. In order to perform these varied duties the Kingston-class vessels are designed to carry up to three 6.1 m ISO containers with power hookups on the open deck aft in order to embark mission-specific payloads. The seven module types available for embarkation include four route survey, two mechanical minesweeping and one bottom inspection modules.

The Kingston class displace 970 LT and are 55.3 m long overall with a beam 11.3 m and a draught of 3.4 m. The coastal defence vessels are powered by four Jeumont ANR-53-50 alternators coupled to four Wärtsilä UD 23V12 diesel engines creating 7.2 MW. Two LIPS Z-drive azimuth thrusters are driven by two Jeumont CI 560L motors creating 3000 hp and the Z drives can be rotated 360°. This gives the ships a maximum speed of 15 kn and a range of 5000 nmi at 8 kn.

The Kingston class is equipped with a Kelvin Hughes navigational radar using the I band and a Kelvin Hughes 6000 surface search radar scanning the E and F bands. The vessels carry an AN/SQS-511 towed side scan sonar for minesweeping and a Remote-control Mine Hunting System (RMHS). The vessels are equipped with one Bofors 40 mm/60 calibre Mk 5C gun and two M2 machine guns. The 40 mm gun was declared obsolete and removed from the vessels in 2014. Some of them ended up as museum pieces and on display at naval reserve installations across Canada. The Kingston-class coastal defence vessels have a complement of 37.

Service history
Goose Bay's keel was laid down on 22 February 1997 by Halifax Shipyards Ltd. at Halifax, Nova Scotia and was launched on 4 September 1997. The ship was commissioned into the Canadian Forces on 26 July 1998 at Happy Valley-Goose Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador and carries the hull number MM 707.

In Fall 2000, the coastal defence vessel took part in the naval exercise Unified Spirit off the east coast of North America. From 23 April to 9 May 2001, Goose Bay, accompanied by sister ship HMCS Moncton (MM 708), took part in the NATO naval exercise Blue Game off the coasts of Norway and Denmark. In August 2002, Goose Bay and sister ship HMCS Summerside (MM 711) sailed to Arctic waters as part of Operation Narwhal Ranger, a military exercise involving all arms of the Canadian Forces. This marked the first Arctic visit by naval vessels in thirteen years.

In August 2010 Goose Bay participated in Operation Nanook 2010, in the Canadian Arctic. This was the fourth annual joint exercise, and the first where foreign vessels participated. In 2012, the vessel deployed as part of Operation Caribbe, Canada's participation in the war on drugs.

In February 2015, Goose Bay was deployed again to Operation Caribbe. In March 2015, as part of Operation Caribbe, Goose Bay, along with sister ship HMCS Shawinigan (MM 704) and the US Navy frigate USS Kauffman (FFG-59), intercepted a vessel in the Caribbean Sea carrying 1017 kg of cocaine. On 8 September 2015, Goose Bay deployed for large NATO naval exercises Joint Warrior and Trident Venture with HMCS Athabaskan (DDG 282), HMCS Windsor, HMCS Montréal (FFH 336), HMCS Halifax (FFH 330) and Summerside. In the summer of 2016, Goose Bay was sent on a goodwill tour of the Great Lakes, making several port visits. In July, Goose Bay visited her namesake port. In September Goose Bay was among the Canadian warships deployed to the NATO naval training exercise "Cutlass Fury" off the east coast of North America.

In June 2017, Goose Bay returned to the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence Seaway for a goodwill tour, making several port visits. In August Montréal and Goose Bay and sister ship HMCS Kingston (MM 700) departed Halifax to take part in the Operation Nanook in Canada's northern waters.

In 2019, Goose Bay sailed to the Caribbean to take part in the naval exercise Tradewinds, training with other nation's navies from the area. In 2021, Goose Bay and HMCS Harry DeWolf took part in Operation Nanook. Goose Bay was among the ships deployed to the Arctic for Operation Nanook in August 2022. In September 2022, Goose Bay was tasked for hurricane relief efforts, after Hurricane Fiona's devastating impact to the Maritimes.

title: HMCS Goose Bay


text: Category:1991 singles

title: Category:1991 singles


text:
Talk:Paisa

Untitled
I'd like to see a conversion to USD and EUR. --zandperl 00:22, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Arun's rewording
Why did you remove any references to Bangladesh???--Ragib 16:05, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I created the Poisha article, as I was under the impression that was the correct English spelling of Paisa. Maybe I should just make it a redirect and merge them? --Arun 21:25, Mar 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, according to Banglapedia [ http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/T_0032.htm], the transliteration used is Paisa. Adding a redirect in Poisa is definitely a good idea. :) --Ragib 22:02, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Pakistani paisa
Does anyone know what the Urdu writing for the word paisa? I've looked everywhere, but can't find it anywhere. Dtbohrer 03:08, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

Yep, it's "PYSH", so to speak. You'll find it spelled out on some of the paisa coins illustrated in this article. Alfons Åberg 09:36, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Coins of india.jpg
Image:Coins of india.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 22:26, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Paisa pakistani.jpg
Image:Paisa pakistani.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 05:05, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Etymology
What about the etymology of the word "paisa"? And is there any linguistic connnection (one way or the other) to the Hispanic "peso"? --SohanDsouza 13:15, 6 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I know this is quite late(8 years; almost a decade!). If you want etymology for small subjects, it's much wiser to go to Wiktionary (which probably wasn't even active then). Peso comes from a PIE root for weight, while paisa comes from a root for "foot", like octopus or podiatrician.Qwed117 (talk) 16:22, 23 July 2015 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 19:02, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Other nations use this denomination
One public source of information is the Standard World Catalog of Coins, 1901-2000, published by Krause Publications. This is issued each year. My copy is the 2007 edition. In this we find that Afghanistan and Bhutan have also used the paise as a denomination. I note also that Muscat & Oman have seom coins denominated as baise (or baiza), which seems to be the same denomination, since 4 baiza = 1 anna, and 64 baiza = 1 rupee in their currency. This same volume indicates that in Italian Somaliland, the besa (plural: bese) is used as a denomination, with 100 bese = 1 rupia, suggesting that this, too is the same denomination (or rather the same as the decimalized version).

Given the Moorish influence in Spain, I find the suggestion that the peso is also related plausible enough to deserve careful investigation. 67.241.84.204 (talk) 05:22, 15 March 2009 (UTC)Mark A. Brown, 15 March, 2009

Encyclopaedia of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh
It has been discovered that this book: Contains significant amounts of material plagiarized from Wikipedia articles. (Some other books from the same publisher also have this problem). There is no practical way of determining which material came from Wikipedia, and which came from other sources. Further, widespread plagiarism is an indication of poor scholarship. For those reasons, and according to Wikipedia policy, WP:CIRCULAR, I will be deleting all citations to the book. However I will not delete the material that cites it, as there's no indication that the material is inaccurate. For more background, see WP:RSN, or the archive after it goes there.  Will Beback   talk    00:09, 19 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Gupta, Om. Encyclopaedia of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Gyan Publishing House, 2006. ISBN 8182053897, 9788182053892.

Notation
The Indian rupee sign ₹ was not introduced until 2010. Examples of notation like "₹1/15/3/2" cannot be right. I'll remove the section added by 42.111.130.30, but I hope somebody can find a source showing how pre-decimal currency amounts were actually written in India and Pakistan. TJollans (talk) 12:42, 16 February 2019 (UTC)

Bangladesh's currency.
The subdivision of the Bangladeshi taka is actually Poisha, not 'Poysha'.

All the major coin catalogues give their spelling as 'Poisha'. - (124.197.55.28 (talk) 12:04, 18 June 2020 (UTC))

title: Talk:Paisa


text:
North Jersey Coast Line

The North Jersey Coast Line is a commuter rail line running from Rahway to Bay Head, New Jersey, traversing through the Jersey Shore region. Operated by New Jersey Transit, the line is electrified as far south as Long Branch. On rail system maps it is colored light blue, and its symbol is a sailboat. The line runs along the former New York & Long Branch Railroad, which was co-owned by the Central Railroad of New Jersey and the Pennsylvania Railroad.

Most trains operate between New York Penn Station and Long Branch, with frequent rush-hour service and hourly local off-peak service. Diesel shuttle trains between Long Branch and Bay Head meet these electric trains, although a limited number of through trains operate during weekday rush hours between Bay Head and Pennsylvania Station, utilizing dual-mode engines. Hourly New York to Long Branch service operates on weekends, with bi-hourly diesel shuttle service (with some extra trains) between Long Branch and Bay Head. Full hourly service operates during the peak summer season. Some electric trains terminate at South Amboy and make all stops from New York Penn Station, providing local service for the Northeast Corridor stops of Rahway, Linden, Elizabeth, and North Elizabeth during rush hours.

Service
The line is double tracked, except for the bridge over the Manasquan River at Brielle. The line has cab signals and wayside block signals; the line from Rahway to Long Branch is signaled for operation in either direction on both tracks (NORAC Rule 261). Twelve interlockings facilitate flexibility in operation between the two tracks; these and other interlockings control movements to or from freight lines such as the Chemical Coast Secondary, the Amboy Secondary, and the Southern Secondary, as well as Long Branch Yard.

Passenger yards are at Long Branch and Bay Head. Long Branch Yard is fully electrified, and mostly interlocked. Bay Head contains a large balloon (circular looping) track where entire trains can reverse direction without backing up or uncoupling the locomotive, and obviating the need for a turntable. It remains in service, even though push-pull operation has eliminated the need for turning of trains. Bay Head Yard has no interlocking; all switches are hand-operated. A yard and sidings formerly existed at South Amboy, dating to when electrification ended there, but have since been removed; trains terminating at South Amboy cannot be bypassed by using the other track, as the new station has a single island platform.

Conrail Shared Assets Operations also operates over the North Jersey Coast Line to interchange with the Delaware and Raritan River Railroad in Red Bank.

Movable bridges
The North Jersey Coast Line has five movable bridges of the twelve used by the NJT rail network, the most on any one line. All these bridges were originally double-track spans, but Brielle Draw has been single-tracked since the mid-1970s. The line also crosses over several other waterways on fixed bridges, the longest of which is over the Navesink River at Red Bank.
 * River Draw (swing) at Raritan Bay
 * Morgan Draw (bascule) spans cross the Cheesequake or Morgan Creek
 * Oceanport Draw (swing, with non-movable catenary) over the Shrewsbury River
 * the Shark River Draw (bascule) on Shark River
 * Brielle Draw over the Manasquan River

Electrification

The North Jersey Coast Line is electrified north (railroad east) of Long Branch.

Electrified operation between Rahway and South Amboy began about 1936. Electrification was extended to Matawan in 1982 (now called Aberdeen-Matawan), with catenary installed in the early 1980s. This was originally 11 kV, increased to 12 kV in 1978 along with Amtrak's New York-Washington electrification, with insulators capable of supporting 25 kV. Electrification at 12.5 kV 60 Hz was extended to Long Branch in 1988, with catenary installed in 1986–88. As on the 1982 extension, the insulators can handle 25 kV. The catenary is self-adjusting (constant tensioning) with ambient temperature. In 2002, the voltage from Matawan to Long Branch was changed from 12.5 kV to 25 kV. As a result, the Arrow III passenger cars can no longer run between those two points, since those trains can not run on two different voltages on one trip (the transformer voltage taps must be manually changed from alongside the MU).

The line remains electrified at 12 kV 25 Hz AC north of Matawan. Three phase breaks segregate the different power sources, at the Matawan Phase Gap, Laurel Phase Gap (Hazlet/Holmdel), and east of Bergen Place in Red Bank.

History
With the completion of the Waterfront Connection in 1991, five weekday round trip diesel trains began running from Bay Head to Hoboken Terminal using the Waterfront Connection. On May 18, 2015, NJ Transit expanded service to include three inbound and three outbound weekday trains running from Bay Head directly to and from New York Penn Station.

Commuter Clubs
The line was home to the last remaining private commuter passenger club in the United States. The Jersey Shore Commuters Club was established in 1933 under the auspices of the Pennsylvania Railroad. It used half of a Comet IIM car - car 5459 (built as Comet IIB 5759 in 1988). In 2004, the Comet II Club Car went through a custom overhaul by Alstom and was furnished, with the club's funding, to include reclining lounge chairs, spacious seating, at-seat fold down tables, and private conference tables. The club also hosted various onboard activities to preserve its heritage. Club members enjoyed guaranteed and spacious seating as part of their annual membership fee that the Club remitted to New Jersey Transit as part of its lease agreement. Membership was "open" and on a "first come first served basis" to those willing to pay the membership fee and abide by the club's bylaws. The Club end of the car was furnished similar to Amtrak's Amfleet and Horizon fleet of cars. The Club Car seats were actually former Amfleet Metroliner seats that the club had re-conditioned. The Club Car only ran during peak rush hour periods with one weekday round trip per day and was always run with the club end coupled to the locomotive when used. Due to damage sustained to the Club Car in Hurricane Sandy, the commuter club was disbanded in August 2013. Per posts on the club's Facebook page, the Club Car took its last trip on the line in October 2012, just prior to the hurricane.

Bergen Shore Express
In the summers of 1986–1988, NJ Transit experimented with service from selected stops of the Bergen County Line, around the southwest curve of the West End Junction in Jersey City, and switching from the Morris & Essex to the Northeast Corridor via a complicated set of switch maneuvers in the Newark area, then continuing express to the Coast Line, with no intermediate stops between Harmon Cove station and Long Branch station. Tickets were for a specified town and included bus service to the beach and beach admission passes. One round trip was made each Saturday and Sunday during July. Despite high demand (on sunny days), the service was discontinued, ostensibly due to crew and equipment shortages, and the inability to forecast demand.

Summer Shore Express
In June 2014, NJ Transit began running one-seat limited-stop summer shore express trains to and from Bay Head and New York on weekends and holidays. This limited time service only ran through the summer and ended on September 1, 2014. This service was brought back for the 2015, 2016, and 2017 summer seasons. Service consisted of four inbound and outbound trips, with two trips during the morning, and two in the evening in both directions.

Hurricane Sandy
As a line paralleling the New Jersey coastline, the North Jersey Coast Line received exceptionally severe damage from Hurricane Sandy on October 29–30, 2012. Track was washed out in several places from Perth Amboy southward, most notably between South Amboy and Aberdeen-Matawan stations, where the line runs closest to the Atlantic Ocean. The Raritan Bay and Morgan Creek drawbridges were struck by boats, storage containers and other floating debris, knocking the bridges' tracks out of alignment. Trees also fell over parts of the line. Service remained suspended for three weeks; a resumption of service only as far as Woodbridge (and skipping Avenel) on November 4 was halted after only one day due to severe overcrowding. The Christie administration announced that most North Jersey Coast Line trains would return to service on Monday, November 19, with slightly longer trip times and omission of trains to Hoboken Terminal.

Rolling stock
Because of the complexity of electrification on the Coast Line, the route has among the most diverse fleet in the NJT system.

Between New York and Long Branch service is typically operated with an ALP-46 electric locomotive pulling Comet or MultiLevel coaches. Shuttle trains between Long Branch and Bay Head are typically operated with a PL42AC or GP40PH-2B diesel locomotive pulling 4 to 6 car sets of Comet series or MultiLevel coaches.

During weekday rush hours, NJ Transit operates "One Seat Ride" services between New York and Bay Head. These trains use ALP-45DP dual-power locomotives that can run on either electric power supplied by overhead lines or from an on-board diesel generator. They are paired with an 8-car set of Comet series or MultiLevel coaches.

NJ Transit also operates short turn runs between New York and South Amboy during weekday rush hours. These services can use Arrow III railcars. Because of the voltage change at Matawan, Arrow railcars cannot operate further south, as they are not capable of in motion voltage changes like the ALP-45 and ALP-46 locomotives.

title: North Jersey Coast Line


text: Category:1995 singles

title: Category:1995 singles


text:
Hamengkubuwono

Hamengkubuwono (ꦲꦩꦼꦁꦑꦸꦨꦮꦟ) is the current ruling royal house of the Yogyakarta Sultanate in the Special Region of Yogyakarta of Indonesia. The reigning Sultan of Yogyakarta is the hereditary Governor of the Special Region (Act No. 13 of 2012, article 18 paragraph 1c) with terms of 5 years (article 25 paragraph 1) without bounded by periodic provision (article 25 paragraph 2), as normally applied to such public office. The current Sultan is Hamengkubuwono X.

Honorifics
As with many significant historical and respected figures in Javanese culture, the name of a ruler is usually preceded by honorifics – in most cases the usage is of Sri Sultan before the name. In full titles the first Hamengkubuwono was titled:

"Ngarsadalem Sampeyandalem Hingkang Sinuhun Kangjeng Sultan Hamengkubuwono, Senopati Ing Ngalaga Ngabdurrahman Sayidin Panatagama Kalifatulah, Hingkang Jumeneng Kaping I".

Etymology
For some Javanese, the name has been interpreted as having the following components: Such an explanation does not necessarily coincide with strict etymology of the word.
 * Hamangku: pleased to serve the people
 * Hamengku: protect the people in a just way
 * Hamengkoni: ready to take responsibility of a leader
 * Buwono: the Javanese universe

List of Sultans of Yogyakarta (1755–present)
This list is of ruling dates, see specific articles for birth dates.

 * Hamengkubuwono I Bendara Raden Mas Sujono 13 February 1755 – 24 March 1792
 * Raden Mas Sujono.jpg
 * Kartasura 6 August 1717 Son of Amangkurat IV
 * Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Katipaten
 * Yogyakarta 24 March 1792 Aged
 * Hamengkubuwono II Gusti Raden Mas Sundoro 2 April 1792 – 31 December 1810
 * Hamengkubuwono II.jpg
 * Yogyakarta 7 March 1750 Son of Hamengkubuwono I
 * Yogyakarta 3 January 1828 Aged
 * 1st reign
 * Hamengkubuwono III Raden Mas Surojo 31 December 1810 – 28 December 1811
 * Official Portrait of Sultan Hamengkubowono III.jpg
 * Yogyakarta 20 February 1769 Son of Hamengkubuwono II
 * GKR Ageng
 * Yogyakarta 3 November 1814 Aged
 * 1st reign
 * Hamengkubuwono II Gusti Raden Mas Sundoro 28 December 1811 – 21 June 1812
 * Hamengkubuwono II.jpg
 * Yogyakarta 7 March 1750 Son of Hamengkubuwono I
 * Yogyakarta 3 January 1828 Aged
 * 2nd reign
 * Hamengkubuwono III Raden Mas Surojo 28 June 1812 – 3 November 1814
 * Official Portrait of Sultan Hamengkubowono III.jpg
 * Yogyakarta 20 February 1769 Son of Hamengkubuwono II
 * GKR Ageng
 * Yogyakarta 3 November 1814 Aged
 * 2nd reign
 * Hamengkubuwono IV Raden Mas Ibnu Jarot 9 November 1814 – 6 December 1823
 * Official Portrait of Sultan Hamengkubowono IV.jpg
 * Yogyakarta 3 April 1804 Son of Hamengkubuwono III
 * Yogyakarta 6 December 1823 Aged
 * Hamengkubuwono V Raden Mas Gathot Menol 19 December 1823 – 17 August 1826
 * Official Portrait of Sultan Hamengkubowono V.jpg
 * Yogyakarta 20 January 1820 Son of Hamengkubuwono IV
 * Yogyakarta 5 June 1855 Aged
 * 1st reign
 * Hamengkubuwono II Gusti Raden Mas Sundoro 17 August 1826 – 3 January 1828
 * Hamengkubuwono II.jpg
 * Yogyakarta 7 March 1750 Son of Hamengkubuwono I
 * Yogyakarta 3 January 1828 Aged
 * 3rd reign
 * Hamengkubuwono V Raden Mas Gathot Menol 17 January 1828 – June 5, 1855
 * Official Portrait of Sultan Hamengkubowono V.jpg
 * Yogyakarta 20 January 1820 Son of Hamengkubuwono IV
 * Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Kadhaton
 * Yogyakarta 5 June 1855 Aged
 * 2nd reign
 * Hamengkubuwono VI Raden Mas Mustojo 5 July 1855 – 20 July 1877
 * Official Portrait of Sultan Hamengkubowono VI.jpg
 * Yogyakarta 10 August 1821 Brother of Hamengkubuwono V
 * GKR Kencono
 * Yogyakarta 20 July 1877 Aged
 * Hamengkubuwono VII Raden Mas Murtejo 22 December 1877 – 29 January 1921
 * Portrait of Sultan Hamengkubowono VII.jpg
 * Yogyakarta 4 February 1839 Son of Hamengkubuwono VI
 * BRA Sukina
 * Hamengkubuwono II Gusti Raden Mas Sundoro 17 August 1826 – 3 January 1828
 * Hamengkubuwono II.jpg
 * Yogyakarta 7 March 1750 Son of Hamengkubuwono I
 * Yogyakarta 3 January 1828 Aged
 * 3rd reign
 * Hamengkubuwono V Raden Mas Gathot Menol 17 January 1828 – June 5, 1855
 * Official Portrait of Sultan Hamengkubowono V.jpg
 * Yogyakarta 20 January 1820 Son of Hamengkubuwono IV
 * Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Kadhaton
 * Yogyakarta 5 June 1855 Aged
 * 2nd reign
 * Hamengkubuwono VI Raden Mas Mustojo 5 July 1855 – 20 July 1877
 * Official Portrait of Sultan Hamengkubowono VI.jpg
 * Yogyakarta 10 August 1821 Brother of Hamengkubuwono V
 * GKR Kencono
 * Yogyakarta 20 July 1877 Aged
 * Hamengkubuwono VII Raden Mas Murtejo 22 December 1877 – 29 January 1921
 * Portrait of Sultan Hamengkubowono VII.jpg
 * Yogyakarta 4 February 1839 Son of Hamengkubuwono VI
 * BRA Sukina
 * GKR Kencono
 * Yogyakarta 20 July 1877 Aged
 * Hamengkubuwono VII Raden Mas Murtejo 22 December 1877 – 29 January 1921
 * Portrait of Sultan Hamengkubowono VII.jpg
 * Yogyakarta 4 February 1839 Son of Hamengkubuwono VI
 * BRA Sukina
 * Portrait of Sultan Hamengkubowono VII.jpg
 * Yogyakarta 4 February 1839 Son of Hamengkubuwono VI
 * BRA Sukina

GKR Mas

GKR Kencana

GKR Kencana II

BRAy Ratnaningsi

BRAy Ratnaningdia

BRAy Ratna Adi

BRAy Ratnasangdia

BRAy Ratnajiwata

BRAy Puryaningdia

BRAy Devaratna

BRAy Puspitaningdiya

BRAy Srengkara Adinindia

BRAy Rukmidiningdia

BRAy Ratna Adiningrum

BRAy Ratna Puspita

BRAy Tejaningrum

BRAy Ratna Mandaya (18 wives) 69 children
 * Yogyakarta 30 December 1831 Aged
 * Hamengkubuwono VIII Raden Mas Sujadi 8 February 1921 – 22 October 1939
 * Official portrait of Sultan Sri Sultan Hamengkubowono VIII.jpg
 * Yogyakarta 3 March 1880 Son of Hamengkubuwono VII
 * RA Siti Katina (1907)
 * Official portrait of Sultan Sri Sultan Hamengkubowono VIII.jpg
 * Yogyakarta 3 March 1880 Son of Hamengkubuwono VII
 * RA Siti Katina (1907)

BRA Purya Aningdiya

BRA Puspitaningdiya

BRA Srengkara Aningdiya

RA Kustilah

BRA Rukmi Aningdiya

KBRAy Ratna Adiningrum

BRAy Ratna Puspita (8 wives) 41 children
 * Yogyakarta 22 October 1939 Aged
 * Hamengkubuwono IX Raden Mas Dorodjatun 18 March 1940 – 2 October 1988
 * Official_portrait_of_Sultan_Sri_Sultan_Hamengkubowono_IX.jpg
 * Yogyakarta 12 August 1912 Son of Hamengkubuwono VIII
 * KRA Pintakapurnama (1940)
 * Official_portrait_of_Sultan_Sri_Sultan_Hamengkubowono_IX.jpg
 * Yogyakarta 12 August 1912 Son of Hamengkubuwono VIII
 * KRA Pintakapurnama (1940)

KRA Widyaningrum (1943)

KRA Hastungkara (1948)

KRA Ciptamurti

KRA Norma Nindya Kirana (1977) 20 children Age
 * Washington, D.C. 2 October 1988 Aged
 * Also served as Governor of Yogyakarta (1945–1988) and Vice President of Indonesia (1973–1978)
 * Hamengkubuwono X Raden Mas Herjuno Darpito 7 March 1989 – present
 * Hamengkubuwono x.jpg
 * Yogyakarta 2 April 1946 Son of Hamengkubuwono IX
 * Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Hemas (Tatiek Drajad Supriastuti) 5 children
 * Living
 * Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Hemas (Tatiek Drajad Supriastuti) 5 children
 * Living
 * Also served as Governor of Yogyakarta (1998–present)
 * }
 * }

title: Hamengkubuwono


text:
Bat-Mite

Bat-Mite is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Bat-Mite is an imp similar to the Superman villain Mister Mxyzptlk. Depicted as a small, childlike man in an ill-fitting copy of Batman's costume, Bat-Mite possesses what appear to be near-infinite magical powers which could be considered nigh-omnipotence, but he actually uses highly advanced technology from the fifth dimension that cannot be understood by humans' limited three-dimensional views. Unlike Mxyzptlk, Bat-Mite idolizes his superhero target and thus he has visited Batman on various occasions, often setting up strange and ridiculous events so that he could see his hero in action. Bat-Mite is more of a nuisance than a supervillain, and often departs of his own accord upon realizing that he has angered his idol.

Publication history
Bat-Mite made his first appearance in Detective Comics #267 (May 1959) in a story titled "Batman Meets Bat-Mite", and was created by writer Bill Finger and artist Sheldon Moldoff.

Bat-Mite was retired from the comic in 1964, when editor Julius Schwartz instituted a "New Look" Batman that shed some of the sillier elements in the series.

Pre-Crisis

Bat-Mite regularly appeared in Batman, Detective Comics, and World's Finest Comics for five years. Bat-Mite and Mr. Mxyzptlk teamed up four times in the pages of World's Finest Comics to plague Superman and Batman together, as well. In 1964, however, when the Batman titles were revamped under new editor Julius Schwartz, Bat-Mite vanished along with other members of the Batman extended family, such as Batwoman, Bat-Girl, and Ace the Bat-Hound.

After this, only three more Bat-Mite stories were published in the pre-Crisis DC Universe: two more Bat-Mite/Mr. Mxyzptlk team ups in World's Finest Comics #152 (August 1965) and #169 (September 1967) (which were not edited by Schwartz, but by Mort Weisinger), and "Bat-Mite's New York Adventure" from Detective Comics #482 (February–March 1979), in which the imp visits the DC Comics offices and insists that he be given his own feature in a Batman comic. This story featured protestors with picket signs shouting "We want Bat-Mite!" outside the Tishman Building (where DC's editorial offices were located at the time), and was accompanied by an editorial comment that this story was published specifically to acknowledge the actual requests of fans for this character's revival.

Later Bat-Mite appeared in a one-page story in The Brave and the Bold #200.

Post-Crisis
After the continuity-changing 1985 limited series Crisis on Infinite Earths was published, Bat-Mite was mostly removed from the Batman comics canon. Bat-Mite made an appearance in Batman: Legends of the Dark Knight #38, although he may have been the hallucination of a drug-addled criminal named Bob Overdog. This comic states that Bat-Mite is one of the many admirers of superheroes from another dimension. This version of Bat-Mite later returned in Batman: Mitefall — A Legends of the Dark Mite Special, a one-shot book which was both part of, and a parody of, the Batman storyline Knightfall (with Overdog briefly in the Jean-Paul Valley role). In #6 of the 1999 Batman and Superman: World's Finest miniseries, Mr. Mxyzptlk encounters Bat-Mite, shortly after being mistaken for him by Overdog. While in this story, the Post-Crisis Bat-Mite encounters Batman for the first time, Superman and Batman subsequently concluded that Mxyzptlk had created him, inspired by Overdog's ravings.

Bat-Mite also appeared in the 2000 one-shot Elseworlds comic special World's Funnest, in which he battles Mr. Mxyzptlk, destroying the Pre-Crisis multiverse and the Post-Crisis DC Universe, as well as the Elseworlds of Kingdom Come, Batman: The Dark Knight Returns, and the DC Animated Universe. As an Elseworlds story itself, World's Funnest has no impact on continuity, as inferred from The Dark Knight Returns and Kingdom Come being introduced to the official DC multiverse as a result of the maxiseries 52.

Apart from World's Funnest, there has been no direct connection between Bat-Mite and Mr. Mxyzptlk. In the Bizarro Comics anthology, Mxyzptlk's native Fifth Dimension seemed to include beings similar to Bat-Mite and Johnny Thunder's Thunderbolt. Neither of these comics are considered canonical, but in a Justice League/Justice Society of America crossover in Justice League and in Justice Society of America #78–80 it was revealed that both Mxyzptlk and Thunderbolt come from the Fifth Dimension. Letter columns and writer interviews suggest that Bat-Mite comes from there as well, although this has never been shown thus far in the comic stories themselves.

In the post-crisis issue of Superman/Batman #25, it was revealed that the Joker had gained fifth-dimensional powers by maintaining the essence of Mr. Mxyzptlk from the earlier "Emperor Joker" storyline; at the end, Bizarro was able to extract this latent magical essence from the Joker, which manifested in a form recognizable as Bat-Mite. As such, a Bat-Mite has been fully reestablished into the current continuity as an outgrowth of Mr. Mxyzptlk, incubated within the Joker.

The first Post-Infinite Crisis appearance of Bat-Mite was in Batman #672, written by Grant Morrison. Batman is confronted with Bat-Mite (or "Might") after being shot in the chest and suffering a heart attack. Might, who bears a green insectoid creature on his back, claims to have come from "Space B at the Fivefold Expansion of Zrfff" (at times, Zrfff has been used as the name of Mr. Mxyzptlk's home planet in the Fifth Dimension). Only Batman sees him. As Batman is having an increasingly difficult time keeping his grip on reality during this period, Might may be a mental delusion.

In Batman #678, after Batman transforms himself into "the Batman of Zur-En-Arrh", Might reappears on the last page with him, commenting "Uh-oh" regarding Batman's increasing delusions. He then counsels the Zur-En-Arrh Batman, a 'back-up' personality manufactured by Bruce himself to keep Batman able to fight in case he was mindwiped, or driven to insanity. Batman #680 reveals that Might is indeed a product of Batman's imagination, representing the last vestiges of Batman's rational mind within the Zur-En-Arrh Batman, although when asked by Batman whether he is an extra-dimensional being or a figment of his imagination, Bat-Mite responds that "the Fifth Dimension is imagination".

In Superman/Batman #52, Bat-Mite appears, having had a bet with Mr. Mxyzptlk similar to that of World's Funnest. This Bat-Mite appears to admire Batman, and Batman addresses him with familiarity.

Bat-Mite appears in the four-part story "Impossible" in World's Finest #26 through #29, June through September 2024. The story also features Superman, Batman, Robin, Jimmy Olsen and Mr. Mxyzptlk.

The New 52
Bat-Mite appeared in a self-titled six-issue miniseries which lasted from June to November 2015.

Powers and abilities
Bat-Mite, as a Fifth Dimensional Imp, has nigh-omnipotence, which is shown as near-infinite magical power. Bat-Mite has powers and skills identical to that of Mister Mxyzptlk (but not his weaknesses), such as the ability to manipulate spacetime. He has access to various bat-weapons like his hero, Batman.

2015 series

 * Bat-Mite (2016-02-17): Includes Bat-Mite #1-6 and a sneak peek story from Convergence: Supergirl: Matrix #2.

Television

 * Bat-Mite appears in The New Adventures of Batman, voiced by Lou Scheimer. This version is a well-meaning magical fan of Batman who tries to help him despite usually complicating matters.
 * An animatronic of Bat-Mite appears in the Batman: The Animated Series episode "Deep Freeze", voiced by Pat Fraley.
 * Bat-Mite appears in Batman: The Brave and the Bold, voiced by Paul Reubens. This version regularly breaks the fourth wall, reads to Batman his past, present, and future exploits from real world comic books, and makes fun of real-world comic convention fans.
 * Bat-Mite appears in Lego DC Comics: Batman Be-Leaguered, voiced again by Paul Reubens.
 * A stuffed Bat-Mite toy appears in DC Super Hero Girls.

Video games

 * Bat-Mite appears as an assist character in the Wii version of Batman: The Brave and the Bold - The Videogame. Additionally, he can be summoned and controlled using a running copy of the game's Nintendo DS counterpart.
 * Bat-Mite appears as a character summon in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.
 * Bat-Mite appears as a playable character and game navigator in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham, voiced by Roger Craig Smith.

Reception
In Handbook of Comics and Graphic Narratives, Matt Yockey writes, "Bat-Mite pointedly represents the intersection of utopia and trauma in the superhero genre and he signals that the mastery over trauma is an essential step toward realizing a utopian ideal. His home in the 'fifth dimension' and his magical powers locate Bat-Mite in the utopian realm, yet he turns to Batman as his ideal, suggesting that contact with trauma is in fact indispensable to the expression of a utopian desire."

title: Bat-Mite


text: Category:1992 singles

title: Category:1992 singles