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Talk:Best boy

The job is not defined
"This article needs additional citations" and I doubt that you will find many. The job of the "best boy" depends on what the director needs. As the article already says, he may be responsible for the "hiring, scheduling, and management of crew" and he may also be responsible for finding electrical outlets so that the lights can be operated, or fixing scenery so that the actors don't trip on an irregularity in the floor. He's both an administrator and a problem-solver. He or she is not responsible for making a TV show or a movie, but it wouldn't be made without him or her. The article is correct as it stands, but there are probably few or no citations to be found.

To add to that, the term "best boy" might come 1) from English public schools where the headmaster or dean would choose one of the students to do anything that was needed, from lighting cigarettes to being a teacher's assistant, or 2) from the captain's apprentice aboard a ship. There are more opinions here.

gender
Can a best boy be a girl? Theking2 (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 22:56, 20 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Best boy


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Torvosaurus

Torvosaurus is a genus of large megalosaurine theropod dinosaur that lived approximately 165 to 148 million years ago during the  Callovian to Tithonian ages of the late Middle and Late Jurassic period in what is now Colorado, Portugal, Germany, and possibly England, Spain, Tanzania, and Uruguay. It contains two currently recognized species, Torvosaurus tanneri and Torvosaurus gurneyi, plus a third unnamed species from Germany.

In 1979 the type species Torvosaurus tanneri was named: it was a large, heavily built, bipedal carnivore, that could grow to a length of about 10 m. T. tanneri was among the largest carnivores of its time, together with Epanterias and Saurophaganax (which could both be synonyms for Allosaurus). Specimens referred to Torvosaurus gurneyi were initially claimed to be up to 12 m long, but later shown to be smaller. Based on bone morphology Torvosaurus is thought to have had short but very powerful arms.

Discovery

Fossilized remains of Torvosaurus have been found in North America, Portugal, Germany, and possibly in England, Spain, Tanzania, and Uruguay. The first discovered remains referable to Torvosaurus were discovered in 1899 by Elmer Riggs in the "Freeze-out Hills" of southeastern Wyoming, 11 mi northwest of Medicine Bow. The material consisted of part of the left foot and right hand and they were taken to the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, where they were stored until being re-discovered around 2010. The specimen was assigned to Torvosaurus tanneri after being described in 2014.

More remains of a large theropod that is now believed to have been Torvosaurus were discovered in the Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania and was named "Megalosaurus" ingens by Werner Janensch in 1920, based on the specimen MB R 1050, a 12 cm long tooth from German East Africa (now Tanzania). It was eventually reclassified as a probable member of Carcharodontosauridae before being reclassified as a probable member of the Torvosaurus genus in 2020. Although it was only referred to as Torvosaurus sp., one commentator has noted it could potentially be called Torvosaurus ingens. Soto et al. described teeth of a member of the genus Torvosaurus from the Tacuarembó Formation of Uruguay. The authors noted that some of the specimens of “Megalosaurus” ingens figured by Werner Janensch share the features of the Uruguayan material and stated that the materials from Tanzania and Uruguay may represent the same taxon, due to geographical proximity, but ultimately concluded that, based on only teeth, they do not share any derived characteristics to distinguish them from the described species of the genus, T. tanneri and T. gurneyi. However, Rauhut et al. consider the teeth to be undiagnostic, being coherent in size and shape with a variety of other theropods (including carcharodontosaurids), thus considering their attribution to the genus to be problematic.

In 1971, Vivian Jones of Delta, Colorado, in the Calico Gulch Quarry in Moffat County, discovered a single gigantic thumb claw of a theropod. This was shown to James Alvin Jensen, a collector who was working for Brigham Young University. In an effort to discover comparable fossils, Vivian's husband Daniel Eddie Jones directed Jensen to the Dry Mesa Quarry, where abundant gigantic theropod bones, together with Supersaurus remains, proved present in rocks of the Morrison Formation. From 1972 onward, the site was excavated by Jensen and Kenneth Stadtman. The type species Torvosaurus tanneri was named and described in 1979 by Peter Malcolm Galton and Jensen. The genus name Torvosaurus derives from the Latin word torvus, meaning "savage", and the Greek word sauros (σαυρος), meaning "lizard". The specific name tanneri comes from the, first counselor in the First Presidency of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Nathan Eldon Tanner. In 1985, Jensen could report a considerable amount of additional material, among it being the first skull elements. The fossils from Colorado were further described by Brooks Britt in 1991. The holotype, BYU 2002, originally consisted of upper and lower arm bones. The paratypes included some back bones, hip bones, and hand bones. When the material described in 1985 is added, the main missing elements are the shoulder girdle and the thighbone. The original thumb claw, specimen BYUVP 2020, was only provisionally referred, as it had been found in a site 195 km away from the Dry Mesa Quarry. The holotype and paratypes represented at least three individuals, these being two adults and a juvenile. In 1991, Britt concluded that there was no proof that the front limbs of the holotype were associated and chose the left humerus as the lectotype. Several single bones and teeth found in other American sites have been referred to Torvosaurus.

In 1992, fossils of a large theropod found at Como Bluff in Wyoming contained skull, shoulder girdle, pelvic, and rib elements. They were named by Robert T. Bakker et al. as the species Edmarka rex. Bakker et al were impressed with the size of Edmarka, noting that it "would rival T. rex in total length," and viewing this approximate size as "a natural ceiling for dinosaurian meat-eaters." This was often considered a junior synonym of Torvosaurus, but a detailed analysis has not been carried out yet. The same site has rendered comparable remains for which the nomen nudum Brontoraptor has been used. Most researchers now regard both specimens as belonging to Torvosaurus tanneri. However, Edmarka rex and Brontoraptor require reclassification to determine whether or not they actually belong to T. tanneri, as all the specimens described prior to their discovery indicate that they reached their adult size and both incomplete specimens lack detailed osteological descriptions.

In 2012, a still undescribed, 55% complete specimen was discovered in Colorado in the Skull Creek Quarry, which is an exposure of the Morrison Formation. The specimen, nicknamed "Elvis", included the pelvic, spine, and hind limb bones, a complete, associated backbone, as well as cranial elements. It is the most complete specimen of Torvosaurus found to date. A mounted skeleton of the specimen, with missing parts reconstructed with casts from other Torvosaurus specimens, is currently on display in the Museum of Natural History & Science in Cincinnati.

In 2000, material from Portugal was referred to a Torvosaurus sp. by Octávio Mateus and Miguel Telles Antunes. In 2006, fossils from the Portuguese Lourinhã Formation were referred to Torvosaurus tanneri. In 2012, however, Matthew Carrano et al. concluded that this material could not be more precisely determined than a Torvosaurus sp. In 2013 and 2014, eggs with and without embryos were reported from Portugal and referred to Torvosaurus. The species from Portugal was named T. gurneyi in honor of James Gurney in 2014, the creator of the Dinotopia series of books. It is the largest named theropod known from Europe, although an isolated anterior caudal vertebra from the Vega Formation in Spain, which may belong to Torvosaurus or a closely related taxon, is about 15% larger than the one found on T. gurneyi. It was the morphological distinctiveness of the holotype maxilla ML1100 that led to the naming of the Portuguese species. In 2017, a set of Portuguese cranial material assigned to Torvosaurus was described, including a specimen interpreted as belonging to the same individual as the holotype of Torvosaurus gurneyi.

In 2020, Soto et al. described FC-DPV 2971, a tooth from Uruguay, as belonging to a new unnamed species of Torvosaurus. They also assigned Megalosaurus/Ceratosaurus ingens (specimen MB R 1050) from Tanzania to Torvosaurus. Also in 2020, a fragmentary maxilla referable to Torvosaurus was described from the middle Callovian Ornatenton Formation of Germany. This is the oldest record of the genus and suggests that megalosaurines originated in Europe, or at least that Europe was a biogeographical turntable for them from the Middle to the early Late Jurassic. Other possible Torvosaurus instances in Europe include fragmentary remains from the Kimmeridge Clay of England that possibly belong to the genus. These consist of a tibia (OUMNH J.29886) and a maxilla fragment that were collected separately from each other.

Description
Torvosaurus was a very large and robust predator, with an estimated maximum body length of 10 m and mass of 3.6 to 4.5 MT for both T. tanneri and T. gurneyi, making Torvosaurus among the largest land carnivores of the Jurassic. Claims have been made indicating even larger sizes for the American species T. tanneri, with estimates of up to 12 m in length and more than 4 MT based on incomplete remains of Edmarka rex and "Brontoraptor". However, Edmarka rex and "Brontoraptor" lack detailed analyses to verify whether or not they actually belong to T. tanneri. The T. gurneyi specimens from Portugal initially prompted larger size estimates to be made. In 2006, a lower end of a thighbone, specimen ML 632, was referred to Torvosaurus sp. and later to T. gurneyi. This specimen was initially stated to indicate a length of 11 m. However, revised estimates performed in 2014 suggested a slightly smaller total body size for this specimen, of about 10 m. The reconstructed mounted skeleton of the "Elvis" specimen measures over 9.14 m, with a skull of nearly 132.08 cm in length, 18% of the animal's total length.

Among the differentiating features originally recognized between T. gurneyi and T. tanneri are the number of teeth, alongside the size and shape of the mouth. While the upper jaw of T. tanneri has more than 11 teeth, that of T. gurneyi has less. However, later examination of a new right maxilla, probably belonging to the same individual as the holotype of T. gurneyi, has determined that, while the two species can be distinguished based on the morphology of the maxillary medial wall and interdental plates, the supposedly lower number of maxillary teeth in the Portuguese form may be an artifact of preservation, since it is not possible to know the exact number of teeth in the complete maxilla at the moment.

The material from Germany is further distinguished by the other two species by a temporal difference of c. 10 Ma and a few morphological differences which indicate that it was the third species outside a sister taxon relationship between T. tanneri and T. gurneyi. The material is only 10% smaller than the maxilla of T. tanneri, although the ontogenetic stage of the specimen is unknown. This indicates that derived megalosaurines were already among the largest terrestrial predators of the late Middle Jurassic, with only a moderate increase in size in the genus by the Late Jurassic.

Torvosaurus had an elongated, narrow snout, with a kink in its profile just above the large nostrils. The frontmost snout bone, the premaxilla, bore three rather flat teeth oriented somewhat outwards with the front edge of the teeth crown overlapping the outer side of the rear edge of the preceding crown. The maxilla was tall and bore at least eleven rather long teeth. The antorbital fenestra was relatively short. The lacrimal bone had a distinctive lacrimal horn on top. Its lower end was broad in side view. The eye socket was tall with a pointed lower end. The jugal was long and transversely thin. The lower front side of the quadrate bone was hollowed out by a tear-shaped depression, the contact surface with the quadratojugal. Both the neck vertebrae and the front dorsal vertebrae had relatively flexible ball-in-socket joints. The balls on the front side of the vertebral centra had a wide rim, a condition by Britt likened to a Derby hat. The tail base was stiffened in the vertical plane by high and in side view wide neural spines. The whole of the arm was very strong, but somewhat short. Whether the thumb claw was especially enlarged is uncertain. In the pelvis, the ilium resembled that of Megalosaurus and had a tall, short, front blade and a longer pointed rear blade. The pelvis as a whole was massively built, with the bone skirts between the pubic bones and the ischia contacting each other and forming a vaulted closed underside.

Systematics and classification
When first described in 1979 by Galton and Jensen, Torvosaurus was classified as a megalosaurid, which is the current consensus. It was later assigned to Carnosauria by Ralph Molnar et al. in 1990, then to a basal position in Spinosauroidea by Oliver Walter Mischa Rauhut in 2003, and to a very basal position in Tetanurae by Thomas Holtz in 1994. All these assignments are not supported by present phylogenetic analysis. In 1985, Jensen assigned Torvosaurus to a family of its own, Torvosauridae. Despite support for this concept by Paul Sereno and Mateus, it seems redundant because Torvosaurus is closely related to, and perhaps the sister species of, the earlier Megalosaurus within Megalosaurinae. However, Torvosauridae may be used as an alternative name for Megalosauridae if Megalosaurus is considered an indeterminable nomen dubium. Though a close relative of Megalosaurus, Torvosaurus is seemingly more advanced, or apomorphic. Torvosaurus's larger clade, Megalosauridae, is most commonly held as a basal branch of Tetanurae, considered to be less derived than carnosaurs or coelurosaurs and likely related to the spinosaurids. The following is a cladogram based on the phylogenetic analysis conducted by Carrano, Benson, and Sampson (2012) showing the relationships of Torvosaurus:

Distinguishing anatomical features

According to Carrano et al. (2012), Torvosaurus can be distinguished based on the following characteristics:
 * The presence of a very shallow maxillary fossa (it lacks a fenestra maxillaris piercing the bone wall)
 * The presence of fused interdental plates
 * The pneumatic fossae in the posterior dorsal and the anterior caudal vertebrae centra being expanded to form enlarged, deep openings
 * The puboischiadic plate being highly ossified (the paired bony plates of both sides connect and close off the entire underside of the pelvis, a very basal trait that Galton & Jensen saw as an indication that Theropoda was polyphyletic, with Carnosauria having independently evolved from carnivorous Prosauropoda)
 * A distal expansion of the ischium shaft with a prominent lateral midline crest and an ovalur outline when examined in lateral view
 * The cervical vertebrae are opisthocoelous with a pronounced flat rim around the anterior ball (according to Rauhut, 2000)
 * A transverse fenestra is situated in the neural arch of the dorsal vertebrae in front of the hyposphene (according to Rauhut, 2000)

Paleobiology
The study of fossilized embryos of Torvosaurus provides researchers with information about the transformation of the embryo over time, the different developmental pathways present in dinosaur lineages, dinosaur reproductive behavior, and dinosaur parental care. In 2013, Araújo et al. announced the discovery of specimen ML1188, a clutch of crushed dinosaur eggs and embryonic material attributed to Torvosaurus. This discovery further supports the hypothesis that large theropods were oviparous, meaning that they laid eggs and hence that embryonic development occurred outside the body of female dinosaurs. This discovery was made in 2005 by the Dutch amateur fossil-hunter Aart Walen at the Lourinhã Formation in Western Portugal in fluvial overbank sediments that are considered to be from the Tithonian age of the Jurassic, approximately 152 to 145 million years ago. This discovery is paleontologically significant for a number of reasons: (a) these are the most primitive dinosaur embryos known; (b) these are the only basal theropod embryos known; (c) fossilized eggs and embryos are rarely found together; (d) it represents the first evidence of a one-layered eggshell for theropod dinosaurs; and (e) it allows researchers to link a new eggshell morphology to the osteology of a particular group of theropod dinosaurs. The specimen is housed at the Museu da Lourinhã in Portugal. As the eggs were abandoned due to unknown circumstances, it is not known if Torvosaurus provided parental care to its eggs and young or abandoned them shortly after laying. However, the eggshells are highly porous, allowing efficient gaseous exchange between the external and internal media, thus indicating the eggs were buried for incubation within substrate in a manner similar to modern seaturtles. This is also corroborated by the undisturbed taphonomic setting and low-energy geological context.

All documented Torvosaurus specimens from the Morrison Formation are from similarly sized, likely adult individuals and the lack of immature individuals may be explained by many factors, none of which are mutually exclusive. For one thing, the formation is known to preserve large vertebrates better than smaller ones. Immature individuals may also have occupied a different ecological niche from adults in habitats where their remains were likely to preserve as fossils and they may have been the prey of choice of larger predators as well. Torvosaurus may also have experienced Type B1 population survivorship, as has been found in other dinosaurs, with mortality increasing after sexual maturity was achieved, leading to an abundance of mature individuals in the fossil record. A final possibility is that immature Torvosaurus remains could be misidentified due to having different proportions compared to the very large and robust adults.

Provenance and occurrence
The type specimen of Torvosaurus tanneri, BYU 2002, was recovered in the Dry Mesa Quarry of the Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation in Montrose County, Colorado. The specimen was collected by James A. Jensen and Kenneth Stadtman in 1972 in medium-grained, coarse sandstone that was deposited during the Tithonian and Kimmeridgian ages of the Jurassic, approximately 153 to 148 million years ago. This specimen is housed in the collection of Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah.

Fauna and habitat in North America
Studies suggest that the paleoenvironment of this section of the Morrison Formation included rivers that flowed from the west into a basin that contained a giant, saline alkaline lake and there were extensive wetlands in the vicinity. The Dry Mesa Dinosaur Quarry of western Colorado yields one of the most diverse Upper Jurassic vertebrate assemblages in the world. The Dry Mesa Quarry has produced the remains of the sauropods Apatosaurus, Brachiosaurus, Diplodocus, Barosaurus, Supersaurus, and Camarasaurus, the iguanodonts Camptosaurus and Dryosaurus, and the theropods Allosaurus, Tanycolagreus, Koparion, Stokesosaurus, Ceratosaurus, and Ornitholestes, as well as Othnielosaurus, Gargoyleosaurus, and Stegosaurus.

The flora of the period has been revealed by fossils of green algae, fungi, mosses, horsetails, ferns, cycads, ginkgoes, and several families of conifers. Other animal fossils discovered include bivalves, snails, ray-finned fishes, frogs, salamanders, amphibians, turtles, sphenodonts, lizards, terrestrial (like Hoplosuchus) and aquatic crocodylomorphs, cotylosaurs, several species of pterosaurs, like Harpactognathus, and early mammals, such as multituberculates, symmetrodonts, and triconodonts.

Fauna and habitat in Europe
The Ornatenton Formation is a Callovian aged shallow marine deposit, within the formation Torvosaurus was sympatric with the closely related and also large Wiehenvenator. The Lourinhã Formation is Kimmeridgian-Tithonian in age. The environment is coastal and therefore has a strong marine influence. Its flora and fauna are very similar to that of the Morrison. Torvosaurus appears to be the top predator here. It lived alongside the European species of Allosaurus (A. europaeus), Ceratosaurus, Stegosaurus, and presumably Camptosaurus. The theropod Lourinhanosaurus also stalked the area. Lusotitan was the largest sauropod in the region, while the diplodocids Dinheirosaurus and Lourinhasaurus were also present. Dacentrurus and Miragaia were both stegosaurs, while Dracopelta was an ankylosaurian. Draconyx was an iguanodontid related to Camptosaurus. Due to the marine nature of the Lourinhã Formation, sharks, plesiochelyid turtles, and teleosaurid crocodyliforms are also present.

Fauna and habitat in Africa
The small-scale trough and ripple cross-bedded fine-grained sandstone at the base of the Upper Dinosaur Member of the Tendaguru Formation, of which possible Torvosaurus material is known from, is interpreted as tidal flat deposits. Stagnant water bodies, such as small lakes and ponds, were present and a freshwater depositional environment close to the sea was also probably present.

The possible unnamed Torvosaurus species from the Tendaguru Formation would have shared its habitat with many species of sauropods, such as Australodocus, Dicraeosaurus, Giraffatitan, Janenschia, Tornieria, Wamweracaudia, three unnamed species of diplodocine sauropods, an unnamed species of flagellicaudatan, and "The Archbishop". The theropods it coexisted with were Allosaurus tendagurensis, Ceratosaurus roechlingi, Elaphrosaurus, Labrosaurus stechowi, Ostafrikasaurus, Veterupristisaurus (of which it would have possibly competed with to be top predator), a possible abelisauroid, and an indeterminate megalosauroid, while the ornithischians it coexisted with were Dysalotosaurus and Kentrosaurus. As far as pterosaurs are concerned, it coexisted with Tendaguripterus, an indeterminate archaeopterodactyloid, an indeterminate azhdarchid, two indeterminate dsungaripteroids, an indeterminate rhamphorynchoid, and an indeterminate pterosaur of unknown classification. Due to the coastal environment of the Tendaguru Formation, crocodyliformes, such as Bernissartia, amphibians, including an unnamed lissamphibian, and sharks are also present.

Fauna and habitat in South America
Within South America, possible Torvosaurus remains are only present within the Tacuarembó Formation of Uruguay. Because the formation was laid down in fluvial to lacustrine sandstones, siltstones, and mudstones, this indicates that the environment of the formation would have been dominated by rivers, streams, and lakes.

If present, Torvosaurus would probably have been the apex predator in the Tacuarembó Formation, although it may have been rivalled by cf. Ceratosaurus. It shared its habitat with two unnamed theropods, an unnamed coelurosaur, an unnamed sauropod known solely from footprints, an unnamed ornithopod also known from footprints, an indeterminate mesoeucrocodylian, an indeterminate turtle species that lived alongside the named turtle species Tacuarembemys kusterae, and the possible pholidosaur Meridiosaurus vallisparadisi. Fish, such as Arganodus tiguidiensis, Asiatoceratodus cf. tiguidensis, Neoceratodus africanus, and Priohybodus arambourgi, and bivalves, such as Diplodon, are also present.

Coexistence with other large carnivores
Torvosaurus coexisted with other large theropods such as Allosaurus, Ceratosaurus, and Saurophaganax in the United States, Allosaurus, Ceratosaurus, and Lourinhanosaurus in Portugal, possibly Veterupristisaurus in Tanzania, and possibly cf. Ceratosaurus (?) in Uruguay. The three, possibly four, species appear to have had different ecological niches, based on anatomy and the location of fossils. Torvosaurus and Ceratosaurus may have preferred to be active around waterways and had lower, more sinuous, bodies that would have given them an advantage in forest and underbrush terrains, whereas Allosaurus had shorter bodies, longer legs, were faster and less maneuverable, and seem to have preferred dry floodplains. Also, Rauhut et al. (2016) proposed that allosaurids and megalosaurids would have had different environmental preferences, the former being more common in inland areas, while the latter being dominant in marine and coastal environments.

On the other hand, the majority of Torvosaurus remains from the Morrison Formation have been found in localities preserving multiple taxa, including Allosaurus, with Torvosaurus itself being a minor component of the bonebeds. This pattern has been interpreted as indicative of Torvosaurus sharing habitats with other predators, most notably Allosaurus, but at much lower abundances. The three may also have had different dietary preferences, with Allosaurus being more suited for bone slicing (thanks to its short and stout serrated teeth, deep and narrow skull, and powerful dorsoventral movement capacity of the neck), while Ceratosaurus, with its long and blade-like teeth and relatively straight neck, would have probably been incapable of doing so, instead concentrating on the deepest organs of a carcass. While probably capable of some bone consumption, Torvosaurus, with its large skull and teeth and large, powerful, and lithe body may have been specialized in opening up and dismembering exceptionally large sauropod carcasses. This would have allowed smaller theropods, like Allosaurus, better access in a possible commensalism relationship.

Allosaurus was itself a potential food item to other carnivores, as illustrated by an Allosaurus pubic foot marked by the teeth of another theropod, probably Ceratosaurus or Torvosaurus. The location of the bone in the body (along the bottom margin of the torso and partially shielded by the legs) and the fact that it was among the most massive in the skeleton indicates that the Allosaurus was being scavenged.

Bite marks on Allosaurus and Mymoorapelta remains were found among other bones with feeding traces in the Upper Jurassic Mygatt-Moore Quarry. Unlike the others, these have left striations that, when measured to determine denticle width, produced tooth and body size extrapolations greater than any known specimen of Allosaurus or Ceratosaurus, the two large predators known for osteological remains from the quarry. The extrapolations are instead coherent, either with an unusually large specimen of Allosaurus or a separate large taxon, like Torvosaurus or Saurophaganax, both of which are not known from the quarry. The result either increases the known diversity of the site based on ichnological evidence alone or represents powerful evidence of cannibalism in Allosaurus. Based on the position and nutrient value associated with the various skeletal elements with bite marks, it is predicted that while Mymoorapelta was either predated upon or scavenged shortly after death, Allosaurus was scavenged some time after death.

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File:Heather Nova - Oyster US.jpg

US cover for album Oyster by Heather Nova.

Fair use rationale for

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Oyster (album)

Oyster is the second studio album by Heather Nova, released in 1994.

Track listing
All songs written by Heather Nova.

 * 1) "Walk This World" – 3:49
 * 2) "Heal" – 3:55
 * 3) "Island" – 6:20
 * 4) "Throwing Fire at the Sun" – 5:57
 * 5) "Maybe an Angel" – 5:08
 * 6) "Sugar" (not on first European release) – 5:34
 * 7) "Truth and Bone" – 4:54
 * 8) "Blue Black" – 4:36
 * 9) "Walking Higher" – 4:12
 * 10) "Light Years" – 4:49
 * 11) "Verona" – 4:02
 * 12) "Doubled Up" – 3:39 (4:13 on some non us releases, there is some 30 seconds of some instruments tuning and someone saying 'yes' before the actual song starts)

B-sides Notes
 * 1) "Home"
 * 2) "Blind"
 * 3) "Walk This World" (acoustic)

Personnel

 * Heather Nova – acoustic guitar, vocals
 * David Ayers – bass, electric guitar, 12 string guitar
 * Nadia Lanman – cello
 * Dean McCormick – percussion, drums
 * Hossam Ramzy – percussion
 * Bob Thompson – drums
 * Youth – bass
 * Felix Tod, Youth – producers
 * David Bianco, Christopher Marc Potter, Paul Rabiger – engineers
 * The album is dedicated to her first cousin once removed Signe Savannah (last name unknown), who was born the year of its release.

title: Oyster (album)


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Nian Rebellion

The Nian Rebellion was an insurrection against the Qing dynasty in northern China from 1851 to 1868, contemporaneously with the Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864) in southern China. The rebellion was suppressed, but the population and economic losses contributed to the collapse of the empire in the early 20th century.

Origin
Nian is a word borrowed from the Huaibei dialect, a form of Central Plains Mandarin, where it was used to refer to loosely affiliated gangs or groups or “bandits”. The Nian movement was formed in the late 1840s by Zhang Lexing and, by 1851, numbered approximately 2000. Unlike the Taiping Rebellion movement, the Nian initially had no clear goals or objectives, aside from criticism of the Qing government. Their slogan was "'kill the rich and aid the poor.'" However, the Nian were provoked into taking direct action against the Imperial regime following a series of environmental disasters.

The 1851 Yellow River flood deluged hundreds of thousands of square miles and caused immense loss of life. The Qing government slowly began cleaning up after the disaster but could not provide effective aid, as government finances had been drained during the First Opium War and the ongoing Taiping Rebellion. The damage created by the disaster had still not been repaired when, in 1855, the river burst its banks again, drowning thousands and devastating the fertile province of Jiangsu. Along with the destruction caused by the floods famine spread. At the time, the Qing government was trying to negotiate a deal with the European powers, and as state finances had been so severely depleted, the regime was again unable to provide effective relief. This enraged the Nian movement, which blamed the Europeans for contributing to the nation troubles, and increasingly viewed the Qing government as incompetent.

The Nian rebels seemed to have been influenced by the previous 1794 White Lotus Rebellion, recruiting from secret societies and sects such as the White Lotus, and actively borrowing their terminology and symbols, examples being the practice of sworn brotherhood, five colours of banners, flags with eight trigrams, and the widespread use of units of woman warriors. Zhang Lexing, leader of the rebellion, used the title "Bright King of the Great Han", an address reminiscent of White Lotus leadership positions.

Political scientists Valerie Hudson and Andrea den Boer suggest that the rebellion was fueled, at least in part, by decades of female infanticide caused by the flood-related economic misery, leading to a large population of frustrated young men without any women to marry, perhaps as many as a quarter of all young men in the area being in this category of "bare branches".

The conflict
The Nian rebels were to a large degree desperate and poor peasants who banded together in bandit groups simply to survive. However, as natural disasters grew worse, these bandit groups grew increasingly large, and eventually became armies that were able to directly challenge the government. Nevertheless, the main interest of most Nian members remained plundering communities that were better off, as well as resisting taxation. Religious motifs likewise were of little importance to the Nian rebels. While the Nian forces possibly inherited some of their symbols such as red turbans and Eight Trigram flags from the White Lotus, the overall influence of spiritual movements such as the White Lotus or the God Worshipping Society on them was low. For example, White Lotus rebels sometimes fought alongside Nian groups, but the latter sometimes also attacked the former in hopes of plunder. On average, the Nian groups in Henan remained more similar to mere bandits than the Nian in Anhui. Overall, the Nian movement "remained primarily the expression of mundane strategies of survival" according to historian Elizabeth J. Perry. They were never revolutionaries, and besides slogans that called for death of government officials and the rich, as well as hopes for a more just society, they lacked clear, well-defined goals. That some Nian armies became actual rebel movements was mostly due to the ambitions of individual Nian leaders who wanted to become legitimate rulers.

The Nian utilized cavalry in part to aid in looting, which served to support both the Nians' forces and their home communities. In contrast to their mobile cavalry, the Nians' defensive tactics were based on the so-called "earthwall communities" they controlled. Support of the peasantry proved crucial and provided the true base of the Nians' power.

In 1851, the Nian began raiding the grain stores and silver caches of villages. Upon the seizure of Nanjing by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, some Nian leaders sought an alliance with the Taiping. While Hong Xiuquan bestowed titles upon the Nian leaders and the Nian and the Taiping occasionally cooperated, full coordination between the two rebellions was never achieved. Cases in which Nian armies submitted or even fully joined the Taipings remained rare, as most remained bandit armies that were only interested in imminent profit and survival.

In 1855, Zhang Lexing took direct action by launching attacks against government troops in central China. By the summer, the fast-moving Nian cavalry, well-trained and fully equipped with modern firearms, had cut the lines of communication between Beijing and the Qing armies fighting the Taiping rebels in the south. Qing forces were badly overstretched as rebellions broke out across China, allowing the Nian armies to conquer large tracts of land and gain control over economically vital areas. The Nian fortified their captured cities and used them as bases to launch cavalry attacks against Qing troops in the countryside, prompting local towns to fortify themselves against Nian raiding parties. This resulted in constant fighting which devastated the previously rich provinces of Jiangsu and Hunan.

In 1856, several Nian bands formed an alliance led by Zhang Lexing, organizing themselves into a loose confederation of five armies. Each army was identified by a colored banner, operated largely autonomously, and recruited mostly people belonging to a single clan. As result, each banner army had a core area which consisted of a number of villages whose inhabitants were related to each other. Due to the widely differing numbers of the involved clans, the banner armies were accordingly smaller or bigger: the yellow banner army, led by Zhang himself, drew its forces from 18 villages; the white banner army of Kung Teh from 13; the red banner army of Hou Shih-wei from 12; the blue banner army of Han Lao-wan from just six; and the black banner army of Su T'ien-fu from one hundred villages. Though Zhang tried to impose more order and coordination upon the alliance, he enjoyed only limited success in this regard. Internal differences caused the alliance to quickly fall apart, and by 1858 it was effectively dissolved.

In early 1856, the Qing government sent the Mongol General Senggelinqin, who had recently crushed a large Taiping army, to defeat the Nian. Senggelinqin's army captured several fortified cities and destroyed most of the Nian infantry, and killed Zhang Lexing himself in an ambush in 1863. However, in late 1864, the Nian movement survived as skilled Taiping commanders Lai Wenguang (賴文光) (1827–1868) and Fan Ruzeng (1840–1867) arrived to take control of the Nian forces, and the bulk of the Nian cavalry remained intact. Senggelinqin's infantry-based army could not stop the fast moving cavalry from devastating the countryside and launching surprise attacks on Imperial troops.

In late 1865, Senggelinqin and his bodyguards were ambushed by Nian troops and killed, in the Battle of Goulawjai, depriving the government of its best military commander. The Qing regime sent General Zeng Guofan (曾国藩) to take command of Imperial forces protecting the capital Beijing, and provided him with modern artillery and weapons, purchased from the Europeans at exorbitant prices. Zeng's army set about building canals and trenches to hem in the Nian cavalry, an effective but slow and expensive method. General Zeng was relieved of command after Nian infantry broke through one of his defense lines, and he was replaced by Generals Li Hongzhang and Zuo Zongtang equipped with more European artillery and firearms.

In late 1866, the remaining Nian forces split into two, with the Eastern Army, under command of Lai Wenguang, stationed in central China whilst the Western Army advanced on Beijing. The Western Army, commanded by Zhang Zongyu, Zhang Lexing's brother's son, was defeated southwest of Beijing by Qing troops, leaving large swathes of Nian territory exposed to a Qing counter-attack. By late 1867, Li Hongzhang's and Zuo Zongtang's troops had recaptured most Nian territory, and in early 1868, the remnants were crushed by the combined forces of the government's troops and the Ever Victorious Army.

Military equipment
The Nian rebels were equipped with guns (including modern Western guns), muskets, and a significant quantity of cannons up to 5000 pounds in weight.

Assessment
The Nian rebellion failed to topple the Qing dynasty largely because it failed to make alliances with other rebels, especially the Taiping movement. The Nian only symbolically supported Taiping efforts by accepting the Taiping king's "appointments", but refusing to follow his orders. Had the Nian and Taipings joined forces, the Qing government would have been faced with a formidable threat, in spite of its alliances with European powers.

Despite the Nians' failure to seize power, the events of the rebellion dealt a severe blow to the Qing dynasty. The environmental disasters of 1851 and 1855 devastated the richest provinces of China, depriving the Qing regime of tax income and trade duties. The endless fighting between Nian troops and Qing forces, who made widespread use of scorched earth tactics, ruined the countryside and resulted in countless deaths. Although the Nian rebellion was smaller than that of the Taiping, it severely drained government finances, devastated the richest areas of China, and left China's economy in a very precarious state. In the long term, the Nian rebellion was to become one of the major factors in the collapse of Qing China.

title: Nian Rebellion


text:
Nightmare at 20,000 Feet

"Nightmare at 20,000 Feet" is the third episode of the fifth season American television anthology series The Twilight Zone, based on the short story of the same name by Richard Matheson, first published in the short story anthology Alone by Night (1961). It originally aired on October 11, 1963, and is one of the most well-known and frequently referenced episodes of the series. The story follows a passenger on an airline flight who notices a hideous creature trying to sabotage the aircraft during flight.

In 2019, Keith Phipps of Vulture stated that the episode "doubles as such an effective shorthand for a fear of flying", making it endure in popular culture. This is the first of six episodes to be directed by Richard Donner.

Opening narration
Portrait of a frightened man: Mr. Robert Wilson, thirty-seven, husband, father and salesman on sick leave. Mr. Wilson has just been discharged from a sanatorium where he spent the last six months recovering from a nervous breakdown, the onset of which took place on an evening not dissimilar to this one, on an airliner very much like the one in which Mr. Wilson is about to be flown home—the difference being that, on that evening half a year ago, Mr. Wilson's flight was terminated by the onslaught of his mental breakdown. Tonight, he's traveling all the way to his appointed destination, which, contrary to Mr. Wilson's plan, happens to be in the darkest corner of the Twilight Zone.

Plot
While traveling by airplane, Robert Wilson sees a gremlin on the wing. He tries to alert his wife Julia and the stewardess. Every time someone else looks out of the window, the gremlin hides itself, so Robert's claim seems crazy. Robert admits the oddness of the gremlin avoiding everyone else's sight, but not his. His credibility is further undermined by this being his first flight since suffering a nervous breakdown six months earlier, which also occurred on an aircraft. Robert realizes that his wife is starting to think he needs to go back to the sanitarium, but his more immediate concern is the gremlin tinkering with the wiring under one of the engine cowlings, which could cause the aircraft to crash.

In response to his repeated attempts to raise an alarm about the gremlin, the flight engineer comes out to evaluate the situation and the stewardess gives Robert a sedative to stop him from alarming other passengers. Robert pretends to down it with water, but does not swallow and secretly spits it out. He then steals a sleeping police officer's revolver, straps himself in to avoid being blown out of the aircraft, and opens the emergency exit door in an attempt to eliminate the gremlin as he shoots it.

Once the airplane has landed, everyone believes that Robert has gone insane. In a straitjacket as he is whisked away on a gurney, Robert tells his wife that he is alone in his knowledge of what really happened during the flight. The final scene reveals conspicuous damage to the exterior of one of the aircraft's engines which will confirm to people that Robert was right all along.

Closing narration
The flight of Mr. Robert Wilson has ended now, a flight not only from point A to point B, but also from the fear of recurring mental breakdown. Mr. Wilson has that fear no longer... though, for the moment, he is, as he has said, alone in this assurance. Happily, his conviction will not remain isolated too much longer, for happily, tangible manifestation is very often left as evidence of trespass, even from so intangible a quarter as the Twilight Zone.

Cast

 * William Shatner as Robert Wilson
 * Christine White as Julia Wilson
 * Edward Kemmer as the flight engineer
 * Asa Maynor as stewardess Betty Crosby
 * Nick Cravat [uncredited] as the gremlin

William Shatner and Christine White each appeared in one earlier episode of the original series. Shatner starred in "Nick of Time" (October 1960) and White had the female lead in "The Prime Mover" (March 1961).

Short story version
The short story which appeared in 1961 in Alone by Night differs from the TV episode. In the short story, the name is Arthur Jeffrey Wilson, while in the TV episode it is Robert or Bob Wilson. The major difference is that Wilson is flying alone in the story. His wife's name is given as Jacqueline, while in the episode it is Julia. Wilson has two sons in the story. In the story, the gun is brought aboard the airplane undetected by Wilson. He experiences nausea when he flies and takes Dramamine pills. This explains his anxiety.

In the episode, Wilson's earlier hospitalization is detailed as the background to his anxiety. He has had a nervous breakdown and is in recovery. In the short story, by contrast, this background is absent. Instead, Wilson is suicidal. At one point, he takes out his gun and contemplates shooting himself.

He describes the apparition as a "gremlin" and explains that Allied pilots had seen unidentified objects during World War II. This detail is absent in the episode.

The story and the episode are both ambiguous about the creature. In the story, it is described as a "filthy little animal" but also as a "man" like in the episode. The creature has "a face not human" in the story.

In the story, Wilson stated that it would be revealed that what he said was true when the airplane was inspected. In the episode, the damaged engine is shown that vindicates Wilson's account. Nevertheless, both endings are ambiguous. In the story, we have to rely on Wilson's own account of events. In the episode, the damaged engine suggests his version may be true, but there is no evidence that it was due to the gremlin.

Twilight Zone: The Movie version
The episode was remade in 1983 by director George Miller as a segment of Twilight Zone: The Movie. John Valentine, played by John Lithgow, suffers from severe fear of flying. The plane flies through a violent thunderstorm, and Valentine hides in the lavatory trying to recover from a panic attack, but the flight attendants coax him back to his seat. He notices a hideous gremlin on the wing of the plane and begins to spiral into another severe panic. He watches as the creature wreaks havoc on the wing, damaging the plane's engine. Valentine finally snaps and attempts to break the window with an oxygen canister, but is wrestled to the ground by another passenger (an off-duty security guard). Valentine takes the passenger's gun, shoots out the window (causing a breach in the pressurized cabin), and begins firing at the gremlin. This catches the attention of the gremlin, who rushes up to Valentine and destroys the gun, then leaps away into the sky. The police, crew, and passengers write off Valentine as insane. However, while a straitjacketed Valentine is carried off in an ambulance claiming that he's a hero, the aircraft maintenance crew arrives and finds the damage to the plane's engines, complete with claw marks which alerts everyone.

2019 version
Adam Scott was cast in an episode for the 2019 reboot series, entitled "Nightmare at 30,000 Feet". Other cast mates include Chris Diamantopoulos, China Shavers, Katie Findlay and Nicholas Lea. The remake removes the gremlin completely, though it makes a cameo as a doll that washes up on the atoll near the end, and instead focuses on a sinister podcast hosted by the enigmatic Rodman Edwards (voiced by Dan Carlin).

Opening narration
Settling in for a 13-hour transatlantic flight to a land rife with ancient mysteries is Justin Sanderson. Mr. Sanderson's occupation is to uncover unbiased truth. But with an hour left before certain doom, he must ask the right questions of the right people. Landing at the truth this time will require an unscheduled stopover in The Twilight Zone.

Plot
Justin Sanderson is a magazine journalist suffering from PTSD, who is boarding Golden Airways Flight 1015 for a flight to Tel Aviv. While awaiting his flight, he befriends Joe Beaumont, a former pilot for the company and alcoholic who suffered some unspecified failure in the past.

At his seat, Sanderson discovers an MP3 player that has a podcast playing called Enigmatique, which describes a "Flight 1015" which was lost without explanation. Sanderson begins to panic and tries to make sense of the situation, but is told to calm down. He listens further and hears speculation about passengers who might have been involved somehow in the plane's disappearance; his attempts to investigate only annoy the other passengers and crew. He learns that the last words heard from the pilot were "Good night, New York", and desperately tries to warn the pilot not to say that, but is restrained by an air marshal.

Beaumont approaches and confides that he believes him. Guessing that the flight number – and coincidental departure time – is the code to the cockpit, Sanderson gets Beaumont access, who overpowers the crew and takes control of the flight. As Beaumont subdues the passengers and crew with oxygen deprivation, he reveals his plan to crash the plane to atone for his past failures. As Beaumont signs off with "Good night, New York", it dawns on Sanderson that he indirectly causes the crash.

He awakens on an island and learns from the MP3 player that all the passengers and crew actually survived and were rescued, except for Sanderson who mysteriously disappeared. The other passengers and crew reveal themselves where they blame Sanderson for stranding them. Taking a nearby rock, he shouts to them that he saved their lives as he tells the approaching irate crowd to stay back. They start to beat Sanderson to death. The MP3 player is then picked up by Jordan Peele. The final shot pulls away from the distant fight scene and more approaching passengers to show the island and the burning wreckage of Golden Airways Flight 1015 offshore.

Closing narration
In his final moments, Justin Sanderson made the case that he did everything he could to avert disaster. But in the end, he was an investigative reporter unwilling to investigate himself, until it was too late. Justin discovered that the flight path to hell is paved with good intentions, and it passes directly through The Twilight Zone.'''

Accolades
Keith McDuffee of TV Squad listed the gremlin as the ninth scariest television character of all time in 2008.

In popular culture
The episode is considered one of the most popular of the series and parts of the plot have been repeated and parodied several times in popular culture, including television shows, films, radio and music:

Parodies

 * On the October 20, 1984, episode of Saturday Night Live, in a skit with guest host Jesse Jackson, Ed Grimley sits next to Jackson on a plane, sees the gremlin, and disturbs Jackson, who eventually walks off the set.
 * In The Simpsons episode "Treehouse of Horror IV" (1993) is a segment called "Terror at 5 1/2 Feet". It takes place on a school bus rather than an aircraft, and puts Bart Simpson in the role of Bob Wilson. An AMC Gremlin driven by Hans Moleman drives alongside the bus.
 * Episode 12a of season 1 of Johnny Bravo, The Man Who Cried "Clown", parodies the episode. On a flight, Johnny Bravo is noticing a clown standing on the wing and spends the episode trying to alert the bizarre passengers. In the twist ending, Johnny gets rid of the clown only to be told that there is a clown on the other wing as well and they are supposed to balance the plane.
 * In the 3rd Rock from the Sun episode "Dick's Big Giant Headache: Part 1" (1999), John Lithgow's character meets a character played by Shatner as he gets off an aircraft. When Shatner describes seeing something horrifying on the wing, Lithgow replies, "The same thing happened to me!" This references not only Lithgow's portrayal of the nervous passenger in the 1983 Twilight Zone remake, but also an earlier 3rd Rock episode "Frozen Dick" (Season 1, Ep 12, 1996) when he and Jane Curtin's characters were due to fly to Chicago to pick up awards before Dick panicked about something on the wing while the plane was still on the tarmac and gets them both kicked off the plane.
 * On the March 16, 2010, episode of Saturday Night Live, guest host Jude Law plays Shatner's original role, while cast regular Bobby Moynihan is the gremlin on the wing of the jet. At one point, musical guest Pearl Jam are all on the wing as well, talking with the gremlin.
 * In the July 7, 1996, episode of Muppets Tonight, Miss Piggy is bothered by a gremlin while riding in an airplane. Miss Piggy goes to tell another passenger, who turns out to be William Shatner (playing himself). Shatner looks at the Gremlin and nonchalantly says, "Oh. Him again." He claims that he has been complaining about the gremlin for years, but nobody does anything about it.
 * In Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls, Jim Carrey parodies Shatner and his character in this film.
 * In the movie Sharknado 2: The Second One, Fin Shepard checks the wing of the plane, and sees a shark on the wing of the plane. The flight attendant tells him to calm down.
 * The Lego Batman Movie features gremlins from the film Gremlins attacking a plane.
 * In the Futurama episode "I Dated a Robot", the main characters watch a TV show entitled The Scary Door, which features a gremlin damaging a plane along with parodies of other story-lines from The Twilight Zone. In the season 7 episode, “Zapp Dingbat,” Zapp Brannigan says to Kif Kroker, “Kif, I’m bored. What say you go out on the wing and pretend you’re a gremlin.”
 * In the 2015 sketch "Airplane Continental" of sketch comedy show Key & Peele, Peele's character encounters a gremlin while looking out the airplane window. Interestingly, Peele would later produce a non-parodic remake of this story for the 2019 Twilight Zone series, although omitting the gremlin (see above).
 * In Madagascar 2, there is a scene in which Alex the Lion looks out of the window and sees Mort hanging out of the plane's wing in a similar manner to the gremlin.

Other references

 * American band Anthrax made a video (directed by Marcos Siega) for their 1998 song Inside Out inspired by this episode.
 * UK band Pop Will Eat Itself's 1990 album Cure for Sanity include the song "Nightmare at 20,000 feet". The track is said to be inspired by singer Clint Mansell's fear of flying.
 * The episode inspired the opening sequence of the 2000 slasher movie Urban Legends: Final Cut, directed by John Ottman.
 * In the 2014 horror film Flight 7500, a character watches the episode as part of the in-flight services, paralleling their own dire situation.
 * A 1973 made-for-television horror film, unrelated to this episode of The Twilight Zone, similarly titled The Horror at 37,000 Feet, also co-stars William Shatner.
 * In episode 14 of Extreme Ghostbusters, "Grease", two references are made to "that Twilight Zone episode with Captain Kirk" during dealings with a gremlin. The second reference takes place on a plane in which the gremlin has been let loose.

title: Nightmare at 20,000 Feet


text:
Brian McClair

Brian John McClair (born 8 December 1963) is a Scottish football coach and former professional footballer. As a player, he was a forward from 1980 to 1998, notable for his near 11-year spell at Manchester United where he won 14 trophies including four Premier League titles, two FA Cups and the European Cup Winners' Cup.

McClair also had important tenures at Scottish clubs Celtic and Motherwell, winning the Scottish League and Scottish Cup with the former. At Motherwell, he combined his football with studying mathematics at the University of Glasgow. He was nicknamed "Choccy", as his last name rhymed with the delicacy "chocolate éclair".

McClair played in 30 international games for Scotland between 1986 and 1993, and was selected for their squad at UEFA Euro 1992.

After retiring from playing, McClair took on a coaching role at Blackburn Rovers before returning to Manchester United, where he spent several years as Youth Academy Director.

Early career
McClair began his career with Aston Villa on leaving school in 1980, but left after one season (in which Villa were Football League champions) having never played a competitive game.

He then returned to Scotland in the summer of 1981 and signed for Motherwell. Initially a midfielder, manager Jock Wallace converted him to a striker. McClair went on to score 15 league goals in two seasons, including a hat-trick at Fir Park in a 3–0 win over Rangers on 3 January 1983, and both goals in a 2–1 win over Celtic eleven days later.

Celtic
In May 1983, Billy McNeill signed McClair for Celtic, for a fee of £100,000. McClair was effectively signed as a replacement for the recently departed Charlie Nicholas. However, McClair would never actually play for McNeill, as the Celtic manager resigned in June 1983 and was replaced by Davie Hay.

McClair scored in a 2–0 win on his debut against Partick Thistle at Firhill in the Glasgow Cup on 9 August 1983. By the end of an impressive first season at Celtic, McClair had scored 32 goals and established himself as a first team regular. A four-goal haul against Dundee in a 6–2 win during September, an outstanding solo goal in a 5–0 win over Sporting Lisbon in the UEFA Cup,  and a goal in the 3–2 extra time defeat against Rangers in the League Cup Final in March 1984 highlighted McClair's goalscoring ability.

The following season saw the arrival of Mo Johnston from Watford and, despite their contrasting personalities, McClair and Johnston would quickly form a deadly goalscoring partnership for Celtic. McClair continued to score regularly for Celtic, and at the end of the season won his first winner's medal, coming on as a substitute in Celtic's 2–1 win over Dundee United in the 1985 Scottish Cup Final.

Despite competition from Alan McInally and Mark McGhee, McClair and Johnston remained the regular pairing playing up front for Celtic. Their goals helped Celtic to a dramatic league championship win in 1985–86; a memorable 5–0 win over St Mirren at Love Street on the last day of the season with McClair and Johnston both scoring twice as title-rivals Hearts capitulated to a 2–0 defeat at Dundee.

Season 1986–87 was McClair's last at Celtic. Despite a bright start to the season from Celtic, the team's form began to fade during the winter months and they squandered a nine-point lead in the league, which was won by Rangers. Another league cup final defeat against Rangers (despite an outstanding goal by McClair) and a fourth-round defeat at Hearts in the Scottish Cup saw Celtic finish the season without any silverware. Despite Celtic's lack of achievement, McClair was an outstanding success that year. He scored 41 goals in total, finishing top scorer in the league with 35 goals and won both the Scottish Football Writers' Association Player of the Year and the Scottish Players' Player of the Year awards.

In four seasons with at Celtic, McClair made 204 appearances in all competitions and scored 126 goals. He won the Scottish Cup 1985 and the Scottish Premier Division in 1986.

Manchester United
McClair joined Manchester United in July 1987, for a transfer fee of £850,000 that was determined by a tribunal. Celtic initially wanted £2million for him, a fee which would have made him the most expensive player at the time to have signed for any British club, whilst Manchester United had offered only £400,000.

In his first season for Manchester United he scored 24 league goals, becoming the first Manchester United player to surpass 20 league goals in one season since George Best in the 1967–68 season. His first goal for Manchester United came in the third game of the season, a 2–0 home win over Watford. He scored in the next game, a 3–1 away win over Charlton Athletic. He scored a brace in the 4–2 away win over Sheffield Wednesday on 10 October 1987, and another double in the late December win over defending champions Everton. He put a further double over Sheffield Wednesday in the March return game at Old Trafford, and scored a hat-trick against Derby County in early April. He managed further braces in the final two games of the season (against Portsmouth and Wimbledon). Only Liverpool's John Aldridge managed more First Division goals that season. McClair managed a total of 31 goals in all competitions, but a late penalty miss in the fifth round of the FA Cup at Arsenal meant that Manchester United lost the tie 2–1 and he was denied the chance of silverware as well as building on his already highly impressive goal tally.

1988–89 was a trying season for United after the excellent progress of 1987–88. After a season playing alongside Peter Davenport, McClair now found himself paired with returning hero Mark Hughes (back at Manchester United after two years abroad) and much was expected of the newly formed partnership. By the end of November, McClair had scored just twice in the league and Hughes had found the net eight times, with Manchester United finding themselves in mid-table after a run of eight draws and one defeat. Results improved over the next couple of months as United crept to the fringes of the title challenge, but fell away in the final quarter of the season as Manchester United finished 11th. McClair and Hughes both managed 16 goals in all competitions, with Hughes being leading scorer in the league with 14 goals to McClair's 10.

Having scored in both the quarter-final and the replay of the semi-final, he was on the winning side as Manchester United won 1–0 over Crystal Palace in the 1990 FA Cup Final replay at Wembley Stadium on 17 May 1990, five days after drawing 3–3 in the first match. In the league, however, it had been a disappointing time for McClair as he scored just five goals and Manchester United finished 13th – their lowest finish since they were relegated from the top flight 16 years earlier. He was now facing competition from highly promising young striker Mark Robins, who had scored 10 goals in 23 first team games that season.

He did however score the winning goal for Manchester United in the 1991 UEFA Super Cup against Red Star Belgrade, which followed his part in their European Cup Winners' Cup triumph over Barcelona. McClair had now won the fight to keep his place in the first team as he rediscovered his goalscoring touch and Mark Robins was now struggling to get into the team.

In October 1990, McClair was involved in controversy when in reaction to a late challenge he repeatedly kicked Arsenal's Nigel Winterburn in the back as he lay prone on the ground, sparking a 21-man brawl. The two had a history, as Winterburn had been seen mocking McClair after his penalty miss in the FA Cup fifth round three seasons before, which earned the Arsenal player a lot of criticism. Manchester United had a point deducted for this episode, and Arsenal (who went on to be league champions that season) had two points docked.

In 1991–92, McClair scored the only goal in the 1992 League Cup Final against Nottingham Forest at Wembley, though he missed out on a league title winner's medal as United's shortage of goals in the second half of the season cost them the championship, which was clinched by Leeds United. Alex Ferguson then made unsuccessful bids for strikers David Hirst and Alan Shearer, but in the end the new striker signed was Dion Dublin, who was bought as backup for McClair and Hughes.

Having been the main striker for Manchester United during his first season, and then partnering Mark Hughes when the Welshman returned from Barcelona, McClair was switched to a central midfield role when Eric Cantona joined United in November 1992, the casualty of this position being the veteran Bryan Robson, who from this point onwards was mostly used as a substitute.

When Roy Keane was signed the following summer, McClair's first team opportunities became increasingly limited. He did, however, manage another Cup Final appearance and another goal at Wembley, coming off the bench to score Manchester United's fourth goal as they beat Chelsea 4–0 in the 1994 FA Cup Final. He was rarely left out of the squad, often coming on as a substitute to play in midfield or attack. In 1993–94, the first season where he was no longer considered a first team regular, he appeared in 26 league games (though starting just 12 of them) and scored one goal, although he managed a total of six goals in all competitions from 38 appearances (19 starts, 19 as a substitute). He had a much more active campaign in 1994–95, playing in all but two of the 42 league games, and scored five goals. In total, he played 53 games in all competitions and scored eight goals.

When squad numbers were introduced in the Premier League for its second season in 1993–94, McClair was issued with the number 9 shirt that had traditionally been his during the days of 1–11 shirt numbering. However, this number went to Andy Cole at the start of the 1996–97 season, after which McClair wore the number 13 shirt.

Despite his infrequent first team appearances, McClair elected to stay on at Manchester United as a squad player, providing reliable cover in midfield and attack and making over 40 appearances (in the first eleven or as a substitute) in 1994–95. He was still trucking along in 1996–97, and on the first day of that season, McClair was credited with an assist for David Beckham's spectacular goal from the halfway line against Wimbledon. McClair had a hand in another memorable goal that season, assisting Eric Cantona in his famous chipped goal on 21 December 1996 against Sunderland at Old Trafford. On 15 April 1997 a crowd of over 44,000, including an estimated 10,000 Celtic supporters, attended McClair's testimonial game against his former club Celtic at Old Trafford.

He scored a total of 127 goals for Manchester United, the last two coming against Coventry City in a 4–0 away league win on 22 November 1995, although he made some 60 first team appearances over the next two and a half years (mostly as a substitute). In 11 years at Old Trafford, he made a total of 471 appearances in all competitions. In later years, as his first team opportunities were reduced, McClair became something of a cult hero at Manchester United due to his Choccy's Diary being published in the official Manchester United magazine.

Motherwell
At the end of the 1997–98 season, McClair was given a free transfer to complete his playing days elsewhere. He accepted an offer to return to Motherwell, where he spent six months before announcing his retirement.

International career
In international football, McClair won 30 caps for Scotland. He made his debut in November 1986 in a 3–0 win over Luxembourg at Hampden Park. The match was a qualifier for Euro 88, and McClair played in midfield behind his Celtic teammate and striker partner, Mo Johnston. Scotland failed to qualify for Euro 88, but McClair became a regular in the Scotland squad for the next six years. He made 5 appearances for Scotland in the qualifiers for the 1990 World Cup. McClair also played for Scotland in a 'B' international against East Germany in April 1990 shortly before the 1990 World Cup. However, although Scotland qualified for the World Cup, he failed to make manager Andy Roxburgh's 22-man squad.

Despite his omission from the 1990 World Cup squad, McClair continued to feature regularly for Scotland and represented his country at the 1992 European Championships, where he scored his first international goal in a 3–0 win over the CIS (formerly USSR). His final appearance for Scotland came in June 1993, where he scored the opening goal for Scotland in a 3–1 win over Estonia at Pittodrie.

Management & coaching career
McClair returned south of the border in December 1998 to become Brian Kidd's assistant at Blackburn Rovers. But the pair were unable to prevent Blackburn from slipping out of the Premier League and within a year both had been sacked. He returned to Old Trafford as a youth team coach soon afterwards.

Ironically, when Kidd first joined Blackburn after being assistant manager at Manchester United, McClair was one of several high-profile names to be linked with the assistant manager's vacancy at Old Trafford, as was former teammate Steve Bruce – who was managing Sheffield United at this stage.

In 2001, he was appointed as Reserve Team manager, and promptly won the Premier Reserve League in his first season as coach. In his second season, he was in charge of the Under-19 team which clinched the 2003 FA Youth Cup. Some players from that team, like David Jones, Chris Eagles and Kieran Richardson went on to make appearances in the first team.

At the end of the 2004–05 season the first team finished trophyless, but the Reserve Teams headed by Ricky Sbragia, with McClair as his assistant, won an unprecedented quadruple of the Pontins' Holidays League, the FA Premier Reserve League, The Pontins' Holidays League Cup and the Premier Reserve League Playoff. Their quest for an unprecedented five trophies was thwarted when they lost to Manchester City in the Manchester Senior Cup.

After a year of shadowing Les Kershaw, McClair replaced him as the director of the Manchester United youth academy at the start of the 2006–07 season. His son, Liam, was once a member of the United academy.

McClair left Manchester United after being appointed by the Scottish Football Association in February 2015 as their national performance director, effective from 1 June 2015. McClair succeeded Mark Wotte, who resigned from the position in October 2014. McClair left the position in July 2016.

Personal life
Though born in Bellshill, McClair was brought up in Airdrie and supported Airdrieonians F.C. as a child.

McClair has three children, Siobhan, Laura and Liam.

International

 * Scores and results list Scotland's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each McClair goal.

As a player
Celtic
 * Scottish Premier Division: 1985–86
 * Scottish Cup: 1984–85

Manchester United
 * Premier League: 1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1996–97
 * FA Cup: 1989–90, 1993–94
 * Football League Cup: 1991–92
 * FA Charity Shield: 1990, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997
 * European Cup Winners' Cup: 1990–91
 * European Super Cup: 1991

Individual
 * Scottish Premier Division top scorer: 1983–84, 1986–87
 * PFA Scotland Players' Player of the Year: 1987
 * SFWA Footballer of the Year: 1987
 * Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year: 1987–88, 1991–92
 * Alan Hardaker Trophy: 1992
 * European Bronze Boot:1986–87
 * Daily Record Golden Shot: 1983–84, 1986–87

As a manager
Manchester United Reserves
 * Premier Reserve League North: 2001–02

title: Brian McClair


text: User talk:206.174.0.178

title: User talk:206.174.0.178


text: User talk:64.175.123.76

title: User talk:64.175.123.76


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Joe Dallesandro

Joseph Angelo D'Allesandro III (born December 31, 1948) is an American actor and Warhol superstar. He was a sex symbol of gay subculture in the 1960s and 1970s, and of several American underground films before going mainstream.

Dallesandro starred in the Andy Warhol-produced film Flesh (1968) as a male prostitute. Rolling Stone magazine declared Dallesandro's second starring film Trash (1970) as the "Best Film of the Year", making him a star of the youth culture, sexual revolution, and subcultural New York City art collective in the early 1970s. Dallesandro also starred in the Factory films Heat (1972), Andy Warhol's Frankenstein (1974), and Andy Warhol's Dracula ( 1974), which were directed by Paul Morrissey. Dallesandro later lived in Europe for several years where he starred in both genre and art films. Having returned to the United States, he also crossed over into mainstream roles such as mobster Lucky Luciano in the film The Cotton Club (1984).

Early life
Joe Dallessandro was born in Pensacola, Florida, to Joseph Angelo D'Allesandro II, who was in the U.S. Navy. His mother, Thelma Testman, was 16 years old. His parents separated soon after they moved to New Jersey when he was 2 years old. Dallesandro and his younger brother Bobby were placed in foster care of Mr. and Mrs. Gary Silano in North Babylon, New York.

By the time Dallessandro was five years old, his mother was serving fifteen years in a U.S. federal penitentiary for interstate auto theft. He was later reunited with his mother in 1970.

Dallesandro was initially content living with his foster parents, but as he became a teenager he reportedly began to resent them, thinking that they were preventing him from living with his father. He became aggressive and repeatedly ran away from his foster home until his father finally relented and allowed Joe to live with him.

At age 13, Dallesandro and his brother moved to Queens, New York to live with their paternal grandparents and their father. "I was very rebellious," he recalled. "I hated the Queens school. They were so far behind the Long Island school that I just lost interest." He was expelled from school for punching the school principal. After this, he began hanging out with gangs and stealing cars. At age 15, Dallesandro drove a stolen car through the Holland Tunnel without paying the toll. He was stopped by a police roadblock and was shot once in the leg by police who mistakenly thought he was armed. Dallessandro managed to escape being caught by police, but was later arrested when his father took him to the hospital for his gunshot wound. He was sentenced to Camp Cass Rehabilitation Center for Boys in the Catskills in 1964. In 1965, aged 16, he ran away from the camp, and went to live with his father in Florida. Dallessandro made his way to the West Coast with a friend and briefly worked at a pizza shop. He supported himself by nude modeling for Bob Mizer's Athletic Model Guild.

Underground film career
By 1967, Dallessandro had returned to New York. He met pop artist Andy Warhol and film director Paul Morrissey while they were shooting Four Stars (1967) in Manhattan's Greenwich Village, and they cast him in the film on the spot. Warhol would later comment "In my movies, everyone's in love with Joe Dallesandro."

Dallesandro appeared in Lonesome Cowboys (1968) before starring in the film Flesh (1968) as a hustler, where he had several nude scenes. Flesh became a crossover hit with mainstream audiences, and Dallesandro became the most popular of the Warhol stars. New York Times film critic Vincent Canby wrote of him: "His physique is so magnificently shaped that men as well as women become disconnected at the sight of him."

After starring in Trash (1970), Dallesandro's underground fame began to cross over into the popular culture. In 1970, Newsday film critic Jerry Parker wrote that "Joe Dallesandro, who is a mere 21 is to Andy Warhol what Clark Gable once was to Louis B. Mayer." Dallesandro appeared on the cover of Rolling Stone in April 1971. He was also photographed by some of the top celebrity photographers of the time: Francesco Scavullo, Annie Leibovitz, Richard Avedon.

Dallesandro also starred in the films Heat (1972), Andy Warhol's Frankenstein (1974), and Andy Warhol's Dracula ( 1974), also directed by Morrissey. These last two films were shot in Europe. After filming was complete, he chose not to return to the U.S. He appeared in Serge Gainsbourg's Je t'aime moi non plus (France, 1976), which starred Gainsbourg's girlfriend, British actress Jane Birkin.

Mainstream career
Dallesandro continued to star in films made mainly in France and Italy for the rest of the decade, returning to the U.S. in the 1980s. He made several mainstream films during the 1980s and 1990s. One of his first notable roles was that of 1920s gangster Lucky Luciano in Francis Coppola's The Cotton Club (1984). Working with manager/attorney Stann Findelle, his career enjoyed a resurgence.

He had roles in Critical Condition (1987) opposite Richard Pryor, Sunset (1988) with Bruce Willis and James Garner, Cry-Baby (1990) with Johnny Depp, Guncrazy (1992) with Drew Barrymore, and Steven Soderbergh's 1999 film The Limey. He has also worked in television. In 1986, he co-starred in the ABC drama series Fortune Dane. The series lasted only five episodes. Dallesandro was also a regular for the first season (1987-1988) of the CBS crime drama series Wiseguy, appeared in three episodes of NBC's Miami Vice, and a two-hour episode of ABC's Matlock in 1990.

A biography, Little Joe: Superstar by Michael Ferguson was released earlier in 2001, and a filmed documentary, Little Joe (2009), was released with Dallesandro serving as writer and producer. His adopted daughter, Vedra Mehagian, also served as a producer of the film.

In February 2009, Dallesandro received the Teddy Award, an honor recognizing those filmmakers and artists who have contributed to the further acceptance of LGBT people, culture and artistic vision.

He appeared in the Dandy Warhols' official video for "You are Killing Me" in 2016.

In 2018 he starred as himself in Ulli Lommel's Factory Cowboys: Working with Warhol. The film was based on Lommel's own biography and partly on Dallesandro's memories of the period during which he worked with Andy Warhol.

Personal life
Dallesandro is openly bisexual, has married three times, and has three children.

Aged 18, he married his first wife, Leslie, the daughter of his father's girlfriend, in 1967. Their son, Michael, was born December 19, 1968. The marriage was dissolved in 1969. His second marriage was to Theresa ("Terry") in 1970. Their son, Joseph A. Dallesandro, Jr., was born November 14, 1970. The couple divorced in early 1978. In 1987, Dallesandro was married a third time, to Kimberly ("Kim"). Dallesandro has a grandson and a granddaughter by his son Michael, as well as a grandson by his son Joseph.

Semi-retired from acting, as of 2009 Dallesandro managed a residential hotel building in Los Angeles.

In popular culture

 * In Lou Reed's song, "Walk on the Wild Side", about the characters Reed knew from Warhol's studio, The Factory, the verse about Dallesandro used his nickname, Little Joe.
 * A Warhol photograph of the crotch bulge of Dallesandro's tight blue jeans is on the famous cover of the Rolling Stones album Sticky Fingers. Dallesandro explained to biographer Michael Ferguson, "It was just out of a collection of junk photos that Andy pulled from. He didn't pull it out for the design or anything, it was just the first one he got that he felt was the right shape to fit what he wanted to use for the fly;" the first editions of that album cover physically incorporated a functional metal zipper fly into the photo.
 * The 1980s British band The Smiths used a still photograph of Dallesandro from the film Flesh as the cover of their eponymous debut album.
 * Norwegian pop band Briskeby had a 2005 single called "Joe Dallesandro".

title: Joe Dallesandro


text:
Talk:North Dakota Fighting Hawks

Criticism
This page should be integrated into a larger page on mascot naming controversy. It's not proper to start an article on something simply to criticise it. --Alexwcovington 07:12, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Amusing.
It apparently only takes 70 years for people to be truly offended? Yeesh. The debate seems a little off. Its not like it is wimpy or surrendering Sioux. Many Indians fought on despite enormous odds. Hardly a character flaw to be steadfast in the face of such. On the bright side, a ready made replacement for Fighting Sioux could be Spineless WASPs... which would probably garner no outcry. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Zotel (talk • contribs)

Actaully it did not take 70 years. this controversy has been ongoing for some time. It is not somuch the use of the word "Fighting" that some find offensive as it is the word "Sious" which was a name given to several tribes by European Americans. The Native American community has always ben didvided on the use of that name. Some oppose it and some embrace it. And I suspect that the use of the term "Spinelss Wasps" would also be seen as inapporpriate. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.20.221.71 (talk • contribs)

 * Just so everyone is aware, Wikipedia talk pages are primarily for discussing the article and changes to it. Talk pages are not for airing personal feelings on controversial issues. --Matth e w UND (talk) 01:24, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

To me this is a pretty good example of an ongoing controversy and how people and groups line up. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.20.221.71 (talk • contribs)

I felt that the section on controversy was rather one-sided, focusing only on those who are opposed to the Fighting Sioux mascot. I would suggest that someone balance this article so that it conforms to a more NPOV. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.74.112.215 (talk • contribs)

This article absolutely needs balancing. The entire paragraph regarding the controversy of the mascot was obviously written by someone against what the NCAA and some activists are doing to bad the mascot. Markgerard2020 (talk) 01:42, 23 January 2012 (UTC)

Requested move (January 2012)

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: No consensus in this discussion to make this mass move, however since none of these are over redirects, any editor can made the individual moves if sources support the new title Mike Cline (talk) 23:15, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

– With the abandonment of the Fighting Sioux nickname, the university has expressed the wish to have no athletic nickname for the time being. Reliable (non-fan) sources have been quick to comply with the change (for example: USCHO). We should likewise follow reliable sources and remove the Fighting Sioux name from the title of this page and its sub-pages. North Dakota Fighting Sioux men's ice hockey has already been moved to University of North Dakota men's ice hockey (not by me, and I didn't know it had been moved until I started formatting this request). relisted -Mike Cline (talk) 15:33, 12 January 2012 (UTC) Powers T 01:25, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
 * North Dakota Fighting Sioux → University of North Dakota athletics
 * North Dakota Fighting Sioux baseball → University of North Dakota baseball
 * North Dakota Fighting Sioux basketball → University of North Dakota basketball
 * North Dakota Fighting Sioux football → University of North Dakota football
 * North Dakota Fighting Sioux women's ice hockey → University of North Dakota women's ice hockey
 * North Dakota Fighting Sioux soccer → University of North Dakota soccer
 * North Dakota Fighting Sioux softball → University of North Dakota softball
 * North Dakota Fighting Sioux volleyball → University of North Dakota volleyball
 * I think WP:COMMONNAME would still probably come into affect until they had a new name. -DJSasso (talk) 14:36, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
 * WP:COMMONNAME does not require us to title an article according to vernacular fan usage. It asks us to look at reliable sources, and reliable sources are making the switch to comply with the results of the NCAA/UND settlement agreement.  Powers T 15:56, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Right, they are making the switch, but all won't have made it yet. It also doesn't only require current sources. So all the old reliable sources which call them the Fighting Sioux also come into play. -DJSasso (talk) 16:07, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Switch should be made. ND Leguslature has said they could go w/o a nickname until at least 2015 (http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/01/sports/fighting-sioux-no-more.html?_r=1) so it would be foolish to wait... Ckruschke (talk) 16:34, 3 January 2012 (UTC)Ckruschke
 * That doesn't make sense. Old sources from before a name change cannot be taken as evidence that the old name is still in use, since those old sources could not use the new name.  (I'm generalizing here; obviously in this specific case, a source could easily have used "North Dakota athletics" at any time.)  Powers T 20:16, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Common name is about making the title the most likely to be searched for. To help readers find the article. As such old sources still go to show this. A user is more likely to type "North Dakota Fighting Sioux" than "University of North Dakota athletics" currently is my guesstimate even though the official name has been changed. I could obviously be wrong. I am just pointing out we go by common names not official names (or in this case lack of official name). I haven't opposed the move, was just bringing up a point to consider. -DJSasso (talk) 20:40, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
 * There's more to it than just that, though. (I bet you, for example, that Obama is searched for more often than Barack Obama.)  Other factors have to be taken into account, such as what a person familiar with the topic would expect to see as the article title.  People familiar with UND athletics are well aware of the nickname controversy, and would likely expect Wikipedia to follow what reliable sources are doing and stop using the obsolete nickname.  Furthermore, if we don't change it now, when do we change it?  Powers T 21:33, 3 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose standard naming is   for every other college athletic program.  When they change their mascot, then move the article to the new mascot name with a redirect from the old mascot name.--Paul McDonald (talk) 04:21, 5 January 2012 (UTC)
 * The school has no mascot as of 2012. Powers T 15:55, 5 January 2012 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Not moved. Jafeluv (talk) 09:12, 20 June 2012 (UTC)

--Relisted Cúchullain t/ c 16:04, 13 June 2012 (UTC)  Relisted for further input. Aervanath (talk) 19:02, 31 May 2012 (UTC) Relisted for further input. Jafeluv (talk) 10:12, 7 May 2012 (UTC)
 * University of North Dakota athletics → North Dakota Fighting Sioux
 * University of North Dakota baseball → North Dakota Fighting Sioux baseball
 * University of North Dakota basketball → North Dakota Fighting Sioux basketball
 * University of North Dakota football → North Dakota Fighting Sioux football
 * University of North Dakota women's ice hockey → North Dakota Fighting Sioux women's ice hockey
 * University of North Dakota soccer → North Dakota Fighting Sioux soccer
 * University of North Dakota softball → North Dakota Fighting Sioux softball
 * University of North Dakota volleyball → North Dakota Fighting Sioux volleyball

– Reverting a no-consensus move made in January 2012 per WP:COMMONNAME. As the most recent nickname for UND athletics is "Fighting Sioux", that is the nickname that should be used. Standard naming, as stated in the last RM, is    for every other collegiate athletic program. (Also, the website for UND athletics is still FightingSioux.com, which indicates that the nickname is still in common use.) Six Sided Pun Vows (talk | contribs | former account) 14:54, 27 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose; at the time of the move, the university had stated an intention to stop using the nickname, and media sources were rapidly following suit. While that intention has been stopped in its tracks by legal action in the state of North Dakota, the NCAA is not going to let this drop.  Until the situation becomes settled, it's safest to use the current titles rather than continually switching back and forth based on the current state of affairs at any given moment.  Powers T 23:55, 28 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Support all. No reason has been given, above or in the previous RM, to support the moves away from Fighting Sioux in terms of Wikipedia policy. The proviso if sources support the new title by the previous closing admin has not been satisfied. Andrewa (talk) 14:29, 5 May 2012 (UTC)
 * I provided a source in the earlier RM. Powers T 14:15, 6 May 2012 (UTC)
 * The closing admin of that earlier RM doesn't seem to think you did, and neither do I. Andrewa (talk) 11:58, 23 May 2012 (UTC)
 * You don't think I provided a source? Or you don't think my source used the non-mascotted phrasing?  Powers T 01:34, 24 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Support no consensus for the original move, so they should be moved back.  Hot Stop   17:11, 13 June 2012 (UTC) switch to oppose per below.   Hot Stop   05:38, 16 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose move. Now that the voters of North Dakota have rejected the use of the name Fighting Sioux and the mascot, moving these articles back to the discontinued names makes little sense. Redirects are already in place and these articles will be renamed once a new mascot is chosen. Gobōnobo  + c 17:25, 13 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose per rejection of the name by North Dakota voters. Ryan Vesey Review me!  23:52, 15 June 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Reverting back to its old nickname
I was wondering. Due to the controversy of North Dakota athletics' nickname and logo, should UND revert back to its old nickname as the "Flickertails"? Just my opinion.

 * Talk page isn't a Forum, but I'm sure UND will setup a committee on a new name with the Flickertails as one nominee. Personnally, I like the ring of Fighting Whities - it goes completely to the other end of the race spectrum and somewhat accurately reflects much of North Dakota... Ckruschke (talk) 16:12, 17 July 2012 (UTC)Ckruschke

 * Hope so too. Despite the Indian name/race nickname controversy within the NCAA, hope that UND would find a well-fit nickname to replace the "Fighting Sioux". It would be a shame if the institution would begin the academic year on every sport it sponsors without a nickname. jlog3000 (talk) 03:22, 10 August 2012 (UTC)

 * The administration has already stated that the school will be nicknameless for at least the 2012-13 school year. Ckruschke (talk) 17:51, 10 August 2012 (UTC)Ckruschke

 * Well, it sucks to have a university to be nicknameless. And it's the first time in NCAA history that it has happened. :/ jlog3000 (talk) 01:28, 20 August 2012 (UTC)

 * It is what it is. Ckruschke (talk) 05:08, 22 August 2012 (UTC)Ckruschke

 * You're telling me. If only North Dakota had the guts of anticipation to plan a future nickname change back like a couple of years ago or so, then things would be a bit different for the institution. That's how I feel or understand. jlog3000 (talk) 20:09, 23 August 2012 (UTC)

Article should be about athletics, not the nickname issue
There is no reason why the nickname stuff needs to be in the first paragraph of this article.--24.111.158.26 (talk) 01:50, 7 March 2013 (UTC)

 * I would tend to disagree with you that it doesn't belong AT ALL in the lead, as UND's nickname (which is obviously used during ATHLETICS) was national news for more than two years. I would agree however, that the nickname issue shouldn't comprise over 90% of the lead as it does now. Do you have a suggested revision? Ckruschke (talk) 19:41, 7 March 2013 (UTC)Ckruschke

Broken citation links
Several of the citation links go to a 404. The ones I tested are the ones linking to "B.R.I.D.G.E.S.", the others may be bad as well. 216.137.192.89 (talk) 21:16, 6 September 2015 (UTC)

Split of controversy section?
Now that a new nickname has been selected, is it time to move the controversy content to a new article, so that this could be only about UND athletics? I would not want to clutter the main Native American mascot controversy with excessive detail about one school.FriendlyFred (talk) 17:02, 22 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Honestly, that would be where I would suggest you move it. I'm not sure the UND content has enough on its own, or the larger notability, to be its own page. However, there are other pages that have much less content/notability. I guess I'm fine either way, but I definitely agree that it should be moved out of this page since it is no longer germane. Ckruschke (talk) 20:29, 24 November 2015 (UTC)Ckruschke
 * DoneFriendlyFred (talk) 21:01, 1 December 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:North Dakota Fighting Hawks


text:
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title: Category:European Union images