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100 metres

The 100 metres, or 100-meter dash, is a sprint race in track and field competitions. The shortest common outdoor running distance, the 100 m dash is one of the most popular and prestigious events in the sport of athletics. It has been contested at the Summer Olympics since 1896 for men and since 1928 for women. The inaugural World Championships were in 1983.

The reigning 100 m Olympic or world champion is often named "the fastest man or woman in the world". Noah Lyles and Sha'Carri Richardson are the world champions; Marcell Jacobs and Elaine Thompson-Herah are the men's and women's Olympic champions.

On an outdoor 400-metre running track, the 100 m is held on the home straight, with the start usually being set on an extension to make it a straight-line race. There are three instructions given to the runners immediately before and at the beginning of the race: "on your marks", "set", and the firing of the starter's pistol. The runners move to the starting blocks when they hear the 'on your marks' instruction. The following instruction, to adopt the 'set' position, allows them to adopt a more efficient starting posture and isometrically preload their muscles: this will help them to start faster. A race-official then fires the starter's pistol to signal the race beginning and the sprinters stride forwards from the blocks. Sprinters typically reach top speed after somewhere between 50 and 60 m. Their speed then slows towards the finish line.

The 10-second barrier has historically been a barometer of fast men's performances, while the best female sprinters take eleven seconds or less to complete the race. The current men's world record is 9.58 seconds, set by Jamaica's Usain Bolt in 2009, while the women's world record is 10.49 seconds set by American Florence Griffith-Joyner in 1988.

Start

At the start, some athletes play psychological games such as trying to be last to the starting blocks.

At high level meets, the time between the gun and first kick against the starting block is measured electronically, via sensors built in the gun and the blocks. A reaction time less than 0.100 s is considered a false start. This time interval accounts for the sum of the time it takes for the sound of the starter's pistol to reach the runners' ears, and the time they take to react to it.

For many years a sprinter was disqualified if responsible for two false starts individually. However, this rule allowed some major races to be restarted so many times that the sprinters started to lose focus. The next iteration of the rule, introduced in February 2003, meant that one false start was allowed among the field, but anyone responsible for a subsequent false start was disqualified.

This rule led to some sprinters deliberately false-starting to gain a psychological advantage: an individual with a slower reaction time might false-start, forcing the faster starters to wait and be sure of hearing the gun for the subsequent start, thereby losing some of their advantage. To avoid such abuse and to improve spectator enjoyment, the IAAF implemented a further change in the 2010 season – a false starting athlete now receives immediate disqualification. This proposal was met with objections when first raised in 2005, on the grounds that it would not leave any room for innocent mistakes. Justin Gatlin commented, "Just a flinch or a leg cramp could cost you a year's worth of work." The rule had a dramatic impact at the 2011 World Championships, when current world record holder Usain Bolt was disqualified.

Mid-race
Runners usually reach their top speed just past the halfway point of the race and progressively decelerate to the finish. Maintaining that top speed for as long as possible is a primary focus of training for the 100 m. Pacing and running tactics do not play a significant role in the 100 m, as success in the event depends more on pure athletic qualities and technique.

Finish
The winner, by IAAF Competition Rules, is determined by the first athlete with their torso (not including limbs, head, or neck) over the nearer edge of the finish line. There is therefore no requirement for the entire body to cross the finish line. When the placing of the athletes is not obvious, a photo finish is used to distinguish which runner was first to cross the line.

Climatic conditions
Climatic conditions, in particular air resistance, can affect performances in the 100 m. A strong head wind is very detrimental to performance, while a tail wind can improve performances significantly. For this reason, a maximum tail wind of 2.0 m/s is allowed for a 100 m performance to be considered eligible for records, or "wind legal".

Furthermore, sprint athletes perform a better run at high altitudes because of the thinner air, which provides less air resistance. In theory, the thinner air would also make breathing slightly more difficult (due to the partial pressure of oxygen being lower), but this difference is negligible for sprint distances where all the oxygen needed for the short dash is already in the muscles and bloodstream when the race starts. While there are no limitations on altitude, performances made at altitudes greater than 1000 m above sea level are marked with an "A".

10-second barrier
The 10-second mark had been widely considered a barrier for the 100 metres in men's sprinting. The first man to break the 10 second barrier with automatic timing was Jim Hines at the 1968 Summer Olympics. Since then, over 190 sprinters have run faster than 10 seconds.

Record performances
Major 100 m races, such as at the Olympic Games, attract much attention, particularly when the world record is thought to be within reach.

The men's world record has been improved upon twelve times since electronic timing became mandatory in 1977. The current men's world record of 9.58 s is held by Usain Bolt of Jamaica, set at the 2009 World Athletics Championships final in Berlin, Germany on 16 August 2009, breaking his own previous world record by 0.11 s. The current women's world record of 10.49 s was set by Florence Griffith-Joyner of the US, at the 1988 United States Olympic Trials in Indianapolis, Indiana, on 16 July 1988 breaking Evelyn Ashford's four-year-old world record by 0.27 seconds. The extraordinary nature of this result and those of several other sprinters in this race raised the possibility of a technical malfunction with the wind gauge which read at 0.0 m/s- a reading which was at complete odds to the windy conditions on the day with high wind speeds being recorded in all other sprints before and after this race as well as the parallel long jump runway at the time of the Griffith-Joyner performance. All scientific studies commissioned by the IAAF and independent organisations since have confirmed there was certainly an illegal tailwind of between 5 m/s – 7 m/s at the time. This should have annulled the legality of this result, although the IAAF has chosen not to take this course of action. The legitimate next best wind legal performance would therefore be Elaine Thompson-Herah's 10.54 second clocking in 2021 at the Prefontaine Classic. Griffith-Joyner's next best legal performance of 10.61 from 1988, would have her third on the all-time list behind Thompson-Herah and Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce (10.60).

Some records have been marred by prohibited drug use – in particular, the scandal at the 1988 Summer Olympics when the winner, Canadian Ben Johnson was stripped of his medal and world record.

Jim Hines, Ronnie Ray Smith and Charles Greene were the first to break the 10-second barrier in the 100 m, all on 20 June 1968, the Night of Speed. Hines also recorded the first legal electronically timed sub-10 second 100 m in winning the 100 metres at the 1968 Olympics. Bob Hayes ran a wind-assisted 9.91 seconds at the 1964 Olympics.

Continental records
Updated 29 July 2023

All-time top 25 men

Assisted marks
Any performance with a following wind of more than 2.0 metres per second is not counted for record purposes. Below is a list of wind-assisted times (equal or superior to 9.80). Only times that are superior to legal bests are shown:
 * Justin Gatlin ran 9.45 (+20 m/s) in 2011 on the Japanese TV show Kasupe! assisted by wind machines blowing at speeds over 25 metres per second. Due to the nature of the performance, World Athletics has not recognized it as a legitimate clocking.
 * Tyson Gay (USA) ran 9.68 (+4.1 m/s) during the U.S. Olympic Trials in Eugene, Oregon on 29 June 2008.
 * Obadele Thompson (BAR) ran 9.69 (+5.7 m/s) at high altitude in El Paso, Texas on 13 April 1996, which stood as the fastest ever 100 metres time for 12 years.
 * Andre De Grasse (CAN) ran 9.69 (+4.8 m/s) during the Diamond League in Stockholm on 18 June 2017, 9.74 (+2.9 m/s) during the Diamond League in Eugene, Oregon on 21 August 2021, and 9.75 (+2.7 m/s) during the NCAA Outdoor Track and Field Championships in Eugene, Oregon on 12 June 2015.
 * Richard Thompson (TTO) ran 9.74 (+5.0 m/s) in Clermont, Florida on 31 May 2014.
 * Darvis Patton (USA) ran 9.75 (+4.3 m/s) in Austin, Texas on 30 March 2013.
 * Trayvon Bromell (USA) ran 9.75 (+2.1 m/s) in Jacksonville, Florida on 30 April 2022, 9.76 (+3.7 m/s) in Eugene, Oregon on 26 June 2015, and 9.77 (+4.2 m/s) in Lubbock, Texas on 18 May 2014.
 * Churandy Martina (AHO) ran 9.76 (+6.1 m/s) at high altitude in El Paso, Texas on 13 May 2006.
 * Carl Lewis (USA) ran 9.78 (+5.2 m/s) during the U.S. Olympic Trials in Indianapolis, Indiana on 16 July 1988 and 9.80 (+4.3 m/s) during the World Championships in Tokyo on 24 August 1991.
 * Maurice Greene (USA) ran 9.78 (+3.7 m/s) in Eugene, Oregon on 31 May 2004.
 * Ronnie Baker (USA) ran 9.78 (+2.4 m/s) during the Diamond League in Eugene, Oregon on 26 May 2018.
 * Fred Kerley (USA) ran 9.78 (+2.9 m/s) during the Diamond League in Eugene, Oregon on 21 August 2021.
 * Andre Cason (USA) ran 9.79 (+5.3 m/s) and (+4.5 m/s) in Eugene, Oregon on 16 June 1993.
 * Favour Ashe (NGR) ran 9.79 (+3.0 m/s) in Baton Rouge, Louisiana on 30 April 2022.
 * Walter Dix (USA) ran 9.80 (+4.1 m/s) during the U.S. Olympic Trials in Eugene, Oregon on 29 June 2008.
 * Mike Rodgers (USA) ran 9.80 (+2.7 m/s) in Eugene, Oregon on 31 May 2014 and 9.80 (+2.4 m/s) in Sacramento, California on 27 June 2014.
 * Terrance Laird (USA) ran 9.80 (+3.2 m/s) in College Station, Texas on 15 May 2021.
 * Marvin Bracy (USA) ran 9.80 (+2.9 m/s) in Montverde, Florida on 4 June 2022.
 * Noah Lyles (USA) ran 9.80 (+4.4 m/s) in Devonshire, Bermuda on 21 May 2023 and 9.80 (+3.0 m/s) in Eugene, Oregon on 23 June 2024.

Annulled marks

 * Tim Montgomery ran 9.78 (+2.0 m/s) in Paris on 14 September 2002, which was at the time ratified as a world record. However, the record was rescinded in December 2005 following his indictment in the BALCO scandal on drug use and drug trafficking charges. The time had stood as the world record until Asafa Powell first ran 9.77.
 * Ben Johnson ran 9.79 (+1.1 m/s) at the Olympics in Seoul on 24 September 1988, but he was disqualified after he tested positive for stanozolol after the race. He subsequently admitted to drug use between 1981 and 1988, and his time of 9.83 (+1.0 m/s) at the World Championships in Rome on 30 August 1987 was rescinded.

All-time top 25 women

Assisted marks
Any performance with a following wind of more than 2.0 metres per second is not counted for record purposes. Below is a list of wind-assisted times (equal or superior to 10.75). Only times that are superior to legal bests are shown:
 * Assuming that the 10.49 run by Florence Griffith-Joyner was aided by a +6.0 m/s tailwind, her personal best is 10.61, she also ran 10.54 (+3.0 m/s) on 25 September 1988 at the Olympic Games and 10.60 (+3.2 m/s) during the U.S. Olympic Trials in Indianapolis, Indiana on 16 July 1988.
 * Sha'Carri Richardson also ran 10.57 (+4.1 m/s) in Miramar, Florida on 8 April 2023.
 * Brittany Brown (USA) ran 10.66 (+3.2 m/s) during the Michael Johnson Invitational in Waco, Texas on 24 April 2022.
 * Melissa Jefferson (USA) ran 10.69 (+2.9 m/s) during the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships in Eugene, Oregon on 24 June 2022.
 * Tori Bowie (USA) ran 10.72 (+3.2 m/s) during the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships in Eugene, Oregon on 26 June 2015 and 10.74 (+3.1 m/s) during the U.S. Olympic Trials in Eugene, Oregon on 3 July 2016.
 * Tawanna Meadows (USA) ran 10.72 (+4.5 m/s) in Lubbock, Texas on 6 May 2017.
 * Blessing Okagbare (NGR) ran 10.72 (+2.7 m/s) in Austin, Texas on 31 March 2018, and 10.75 (+2.2 m/s) in Eugene, Oregon on 1 June 2013.
 * Julien Alfred (LCA) ran 10.72 (+2.4 m/s) in Gainesville, Florida on 14 April 2023 and 10.72 (+2.3 m/s) on 10 June 2023 in Austin, Texas.
 * Aleia Hobbs (USA) ran 10.72 (+2.9 m/s) during the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships in Eugene, Oregon on 24 June 2022.
 * Cambrea Sturgis ran 10.74 (+2.2 m/s) in Eugene, Oregon on 12 June 2021.
 * Twanisha Terry (USA) ran 10.74 (+2.9 m/s) during the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships in Eugene, Oregon on 24 June 2022.
 * Jenna Prandini (USA) ran 10.75 (+4.3 m/s) in Montverde, Florida on 4 June 2022.

Notes:
 * Sha'Carri Richardson ran 10.64 (+2.6 m/s) at the US Olympic trials in Eugene, Oregon on 19 June 2021, but her result was later nullified due to a positive test for cannabis.

100 metres per age category
The best performances by 5- to 19-year-old athletes

Para world records men
Updated July 2023

Para world records women
Updated May 2024

title: 100 metres


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K-9 (missile)

The K-9 (NATO reporting name AA-4 'Awl') was a short-range air-to-air missile developed by the Soviet Union in the late 1950s. It was designed by MKB Raduga, a division of aircraft maker Mikoyan-Gurevich. The K-9 was also known as the K-155, and would apparently have had the service designation R-38. It was intended to arm the Mikoyan-Gurevich Ye-152A (NATO reporting name 'Flipper'), an experimental high speed twin-engine aircraft, predecessor to the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25 'Foxbat'. When the Ye-152A was shown at Tushino in 1961, a prototype of the K-9 missile was displayed with it.

Neither the 'Flipper' nor the 'Awl' ever entered production.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: K-9 (missile)


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Henry Paul

Henry Rangi Paul (born 10 February 1974) is a rugby union coach and former rugby league and rugby union player. A dual-code international, Paul won 24 caps for New Zealand in rugby league and 6 for England in rugby union, as well as rugby sevens. Paul played as a loose forward, stand-off,, and occasionally as a , and as a centre and fly-half in rugby union.

He holds the record for kicking the most goals in a Super League season, with 178 for Bradford in 2001, and the record for the most goals in a game, 14, for Bradford in 2000. He is the brother of former New Zealand rugby league international Robbie Hunter-Paul.

Playing career
Born in Tokoroa, New Zealand, Paul started playing rugby union at the age of three for Ponsonby Rugby Football Club and then rugby league for the Te Atatu Roosters. Later, during his time at Rutherford High School (1990), he led his team to break many Auckland club rugby league team and individual records. The following year, Paul moved to the Point Chevalier Pirates.

In the 1992 season he returned to Te Atatū, debuting in their senior premier team at 18 years of age, making the Auckland Rugby League Finals. That off season, Paul was selected as a utility player for the under-19 Auckland side, playing a major part in his team winning the national tournament. Following that success, Paul was selected as the Junior Kiwis captain to tour England that same off season.

Paul led by example when his team looked "out of sorts", guiding them to memorable victories against their Great Britain counterparts. His form was so inspiring that he earned full New Zealand representative honours on the same tour, when the senior team the (New Zealand Kiwis) hit an injury crisis on a corresponding tour of Britain. Paul, at just 18 years of age, made his test début as a substitute against France.

Wakefield Trinity
Paul's form on the Junior, and then subsequently New Zealand team tour, did not go unnoticed by scouts in England and in the off season of 1993/94 he joined Wakefield Trinity (Heritage No. 1052) of the English Rugby Football League Championship.

Return to New Zealand
He returned to New Zealand for the 1994 season, playing five matches for the Waitakere City Raiders in the new Lion Red Cup. He originally signed for the new Auckland Warriors club who were to enter the Australian Rugby League in 1995 but they released him as part of a deal that allowed Andy Platt to join Auckland from Wigan.

Wigan Warriors
Paul joined Wigan Warriors for the 1994–95 season and quickly established himself in the squad. At the end of Super League's first season, he was named at stand-off half in the 1996 Super League Dream Team. He played at stand-off half back for Wigan Warriors in their 1998 Super League Grand Final victory against Leeds Rhinos.

Paul played in Wigan's 40–10 victory over Warrington in the 1994–95 Regal Trophy final on 28 January 1995, and played, and scored 2-tries and 4-conversions in the 25–16 victory over St. Helens in the 1995–96 Regal Trophy on 13 January 1996.

Bradford Bulls
In September 1998, at the end of his contract, he moved to the Bradford Bulls.

Paul played for Bradford Bulls at stand-off half back and scored his team's sole try and goal in the 1999 Super League Grand Final which was lost to St. Helens. Paul scored one of the most famous tries in Super League, running from 60 metres, scoring the first try of the 1999 Super League Grand Final with one boot.

Paul was selected for the New Zealand team to compete in the end of season 1999 Rugby League Tri-Nations tournament. In the final against Australia he partnered his brother Robbie in the halves, kicking six goals in the Kiwis' 22–20 loss. He helped beat his former club Wigan in the 2001 Super League Grand Final. When he was at Bradford he set a goalkicking record for consecutive goals (35), as well as for points in a season at the club.

He won the Lance Todd Trophy for his performance in the 2000 Challenge Cup victory over the Leeds Rhinos.

Paul played for the Bradford Bulls as his brother Robbie's halves partner, kicking four goals and one drop goal in their 2001 Super League Grand Final victory against the Wigan Warriors.

Paul still holds the record for kicking the most goals in a Super League season with 178 for Bradford in 2001. He also still holds the record for the most goals ever scored in a game, being 14, from Bradford's 96 – 16 win against Salford in 2000.

International rugby league
In international rugby league he received 23 caps for New Zealand between 1995 and 2001, competing in the 1995 and 2000 Rugby League World Cups. Upon his return from rugby union in 2006 he qualified for both New Zealand and Great Britain.

Gloucester (rugby union)
Paul spoke to National Rugby League club the Canterbury Bulldogs and Super 12 clubs the Auckland Blues and the Waikato Chiefs. He was eventually tempted away from the Bradford Bulls to play rugby union for Gloucester, by Philippe Saint-André and Tom Walkinshaw.

He had a dream début for Gloucester, scoring 28 points against Caerphilly. Paul began a four-year contract at Kingsholm in 2001 and won an England A national squad selection after just one game for the Cherry and Whites.

He was linked with a return his former club the Bradford Bulls, the Widnes Vikings and a move to NRL club the Canberra Raiders and a reunion with former coach at Bradford Matthew Elliott.

Having experimented with being a fullback and fly-half he settled into the inside centre position and his long passing stood well with Gloucester's style of play. He had his best year with Gloucester Rugby in 2004 when he won the club's season ticket holders' Player of the Year award and was also nominated for the Zurich Premiership Player of the Year award alongside Bruce Reihana, Mark Robinson, Simon Shaw and Mark van Gisbergen. Whilst at Gloucester he started in the 2002 Zurich Championship Final (the year before winning the play-offs constituted winning the English title) in which Gloucester defeated Bristol Rugby, and the 2003 Powergen Cup Final in which Gloucester defeated Northampton Saints.

England national team and sevens
With his switch to rugby union, he decided to play for England rather than New Zealand. Although he was born in New Zealand, he qualified for England through his Liverpudlian grandfather.

He won his first England cap as a replacement against France in the 2002 Six Nations Championship, but only managed to win a handful of caps thereafter, mostly during the 2004 Six Nations Championship, coming off the bench in Rome and at Murrayfield. He was also considered Man of the Match for England A against France A in March 2004 – with five penalties and a conversion.

He excelled for the England Sevens side and was a member of the 2002 Commonwealth Games and 2006 Commonwealth Games squads, winning a silver medal in 2006. Paul also was the acting captain of England Sevens when it won the USA Sevens tournament in 2006 and was part of the only Rugby 7s squad to win the Hong Kong 7s with him being awarded player of the tournament. England 7s have failed to win in Hong Kong since their 2002 victory.

He was also a member of the England A team that won the 2003 Churchill Cup in Canada and returned there again on the 2004 Churchill Cup tour.

Harlequins RL
On 27 April 2006, Paul agreed a move back to rugby league joining Harlequins RL. The London side beat off competition from the Penrith Panthers to secure his signature.

His brother Robbie Paul played rugby league for Salford City Reds, having played with Paul at Bradford Bulls before a spell at Huddersfield Giants. Paul faced Robbie in his first game back in 2006's Super League XI on 29 April 2006.

Man of Steel Awards controversy
In 2007 Paul appeared drunk at the European Super League's Man of Steel Award's dinner. Paul slurred his acceptance speech when he received the Frontline Fairplay Index Award, awarded for good behaviour on the field, on behalf of the club. and subsequently apologised for his actions.

Leeds Carnegie
In 2008, Paul was linked with a return to rugby union with Leeds Carnegie. But the move was initially seen as unlikely due to the team being relegated from the 2007–08 English Premiership.

The 34-year-old switched codes and joined Leeds Carnegie's National League 1 campaign at the end of 2008's Super League XIII. Henry played at centre and fly-half for the two years at Carnegie. While in the RFU Championship he captained the side to their biggest victory in Carnegie history against Manchester and captained the side a numerous times, getting Man of the Match on several occasions. He helped Carnegie get promoted to the Premiership. Paul stayed with the side for one more year in the premiership before leaving the team to take up a coaching role as assistant coach for Russia's national 15's team.

Rotherham Titans
In 2010, Paul signed for RFU Championship side the Rotherham Titans. on a part-time basis.

Paul did not stay long at the club due to work commitments with Russia putting him out of the country for most of the year.

Coaching career
Paul was released from Leeds in 2010 to embark on his coaching career as he signed up as the assistant coach of Russia.

Paul started his role coaching Russia at the 2010 Churchill Cup in the United States. He then coached them during the 2010–12 European Nations Cup First Division and at the 2011 Churchill Cup held in England, coming close against Italy A and the United States.

Paul took the side to the 2011 Rugby World Cup with Kingsley Jones as head coach. After two years with the Russian 15s team, Paul was appointed rugby 7s coach. After almost 4 years with Russia, Paul left to undertake a teaching role.

Paul then took a role as Rugby Programmes Manager for Queen Ethelburga's School in York for two years. Queen Ethelburga's achieved their greatest rugby success in these two years winning the British Colleges National Cup and making it to the Semi-Finals of the Rosslyn Park 7s in 2015. Paul continued his national coaching experience during this time however, coaching India's Men and Women's 15s and 7s teams for various tournaments during this time.

Paul left Queen Ethelburga's to move to be with his now wife in Dubai, United Arab Emirates taking up the role of Head Coach of the Jebel Ali Dragons in July 2016 and also being appointed Director of Rugby of the club in 2017. The club obtained their greatest success in years in the first year of Paul's coaching, with them making both the West Asia Premiership final and the UAE Premiership Final. Despite not winning either of the finals the club was crowned West Asia Premiership winners in March 2018 with Paul also being awarded coach of the season.

Canada
Paul was asked to assist the Canadian rugby team in February 2018 during the America's Rugby Championship and his performance secured him a permanent role as assistant coach of Canada Rugby alongside head coach Kingsley Jones in May 2018. The Jebel Ali Dragons Chairman Stuart Quinn said he was thrilled for Paul, despite the fact that they meant they were losing "the best coach in the region".

Paul was the 15s assistant coach for over a year helping Canada qualify for the 2019 Rugby World Cup in Japan. Paul was then asked to act as interim Canada Rugby Sevens coach following the departure of coach Damian McGrath in May 2019, coaching the team for a month before taking them to the London and Paris Sevens. Despite Paul confirming the goal was to test players for the up-and-coming qualifiers for the Olympics in the Cayman Islands, Paul's team succeeded in getting to the cup quarter finals in London and winning the Challenge Cup in Paris, achieving the team's biggest success in the 2018/19 series. Paul then took the team to the Cayman Islands where they qualified for the 2020 Olympic Games in Japan in an undefeated tournament.

Paul's "interim" status was removed and he was appointed head coach at the start of the 2019 7's series and successfully coached the team for the 2019/2020 season. Canada achieve a bronze medal in the Vancouver 7's after narrowly missing out on the final due to a last second try from Australia. Canada went on to defeat South Africa however, the first time in seven years, to get their first medal ever at their home tournament.

title: Henry Paul


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Turn-On

Turn-On is an American surreal sketch comedy series created by Digby Wolfe and George Schlatter that aired once on ABC on Wednesday, February 5, 1969. Only one episode was shown partially before being pulled from ABC's airing schedule, leaving another episode unaired. The show has since been considered one of the most infamous flops in TV history, with significantly low initial ratings and negative critical reception.

Turn-On's sole broadcast episode replaced the Wednesday episode of Peyton Place - in fact, it was even referenced on the show itself, where, in the opening, Tim Conway refers to the show as "Peyton Re-Place". Among the cast were Teresa Graves (who would join the Laugh-In cast that fall), Hamilton Camp, and Chuck McCann. The writing staff included Albert Brooks. The guest host for the first episode was Tim Conway, who also participated in certain sketches. Schlatter and Ed Friendly, who had previously been the producers of Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In, were contracted by Bristol-Myers to develop the show, and provided it to ABC for a projected 13-week run after it was rejected by NBC and CBS.

Premise
Turn-On's premise was that it was "the first computerized TV show", according to its opening sequence; the show had no sets except for a clinical white backdrop, where sketches generated by an artificially intelligent computer would be acted out. Unlike the generally appealing humor of Laugh-In, Turn-On was oriented around off-color humor and "focused almost exclusively on sex as a comedic subject", using various rapid-fire jokes and risqué skits. Co-creator and production executive Digby Wolfe described it as a "visual, comedic, sensory assault involving animation, videotape, stop-action film, electronic distortion, computer graphics—even people." Sounds created with Moog synthesizers were used in lieu of a laugh track, representing the computer's laughter. The program was also filmed instead of presented live or on videotape; in a style of presentation that was novel for the time, several sketches and jokes were presented with the screen divided into four squares resembling comic strip panels. The production credits of the episode were inserted at random intervals after the first commercial break, instead of conventionally at the beginning or end.

Reaction
When initially presented to CBS, a network official stated that Turn-On was "so fast with the cuts and chops that some of our people actually got physically disturbed by it." Tim Conway has stated that Turn-On was canceled midway through its only episode, so that the party that the cast and crew held for its premiere as the show aired across the United States also marked its cancellation. A native of Cleveland, Ohio, Conway later claimed that the Cleveland ABC affiliate, WEWS-TV, replaced the show after the first commercial break and utilized an "emergency protocol" of a black screen with live organ music.

Ten minutes into Turn-On, WEWS general manager Donald Perris called ABC's headquarters by telephone to notify that they would no longer air the show and sent to ABC president Elton Rule an angry telegram: "If your naughty little boys have to write dirty words on the walls, please don't use our walls. Turn-On is turned off, as far as WEWS is concerned." After the program aired, a WEWS spokesman claimed that the station's switchboard was "lit up" with protest calls, and Perris derided Turn-On as being "in excessive poor taste". George Schlatter would later accuse Perris of actively lobbying other affiliates prior to the broadcast to force a network cancellation after objecting to it replacing Peyton Place on the Wednesday night schedule. At the same time, WAKR-TV in Akron, Ohio—the Cleveland market's other primary ABC affiliate—did not receive any negative phone calls but their general manager criticized the show's "questionable taste".

After seeing the episode, several stations in the later western time zones decided not to broadcast the show at all, including Portland, Oregon's KATU, Seattle, Washington's KOMO-TV, and Denver, Colorado's KBTV, which stated: "We have decided, without hesitation, that it would be offensive to a major segment of the audience." Viewers of Little Rock, Arkansas's KATV, which disliked the show but decided to air it, "jam[med] the station's switchboard" with complaints. Dallas, Texas ABC affiliate WFAA elected to air the show on the following Sunday night at 10:30 local time, to an overwhelmingly negative response.

Both The New York Times and the Associated Press gave the show poor reviews. An ABC executive stated that "creatively, Turn-On didn't work". He compared the show negatively to the comedy of Dean Martin, Laugh-In, and the Smothers Brothers, which the executive described as "absolutely beyond belief ... awfully blue", but were popular and less controversial because unlike Turn-On, "they're funny". After Turn-On's cancellation TV Guide called the show "The biggest bomb of the season". It stated that both CBS and NBC had rejected the show due to its perceived lack of quality, and that its sexual content was an important reason why viewers rejected the show. The magazine quoted a source who lamented Turn-On's lack of a regular host or interlocutor: "(T)here wasn't any sort of identification with the audience -- just a bunch of strangers up there insulting everything you believe in."

Conway said in 2008 that Turn-On was "way ahead of its time. I'm not sure even if you saw it today that maybe that time has also passed." Bart Andrews, in his 1980 book The Worst TV Shows Ever, stated that Turn-On was actually quite close to the original concept for Laugh-In. "It wasn't that it was a bad show, it was that it was an awkward show," concluded author Harlan Ellison, a fan of counter-cultural comedy and a TV critic for the Los Angeles Free Press in 1969.

On February 7, ABC announced that Turn-On would go on hiatus. Instead of the scheduled February 12 episode, the ABC Wednesday Night Movie (The Oscar, itself an infamous flop) would start 30 minutes early. This announcement came after the following week's TV Guide went to press; it published a listing for the scheduled February 12 episode, which would have starred Robert Culp and then-wife France Nuyen as hosts. Finally, on February 10, the show was formally canceled. By this time, WEWS, KBTV, and KATV all told ABC that they would not air the show again; with several other affiliates having already turned it down, it no longer made financial sense to air it. ABC received 369 calls of complaint during the show and 20 calls that supported it; by comparison, the network received 1,800 protest calls several weeks earlier after preempting the Wednesday Night Movie for an address by President Richard Nixon introducing his cabinet appointees. Network officials told sponsor Bristol-Myers that the show was unacceptable and Bristol-Myers ordered Schlatter and Friendly to end production. Many assumed the show's title was itself an implicit reference to Timothy Leary's pro-drug maxim, "Turn on, tune in, drop out".

The network eventually replaced Turn On with a revival of The King Family Show focusing on the Four King Cousins. The controversy led ABC to reject a pilot written by Norman Lear, stating that the lead character was "foul-mouthed, and bigoted", out of fear that it might anger its affiliates again. CBS liked the pilot, picked it up as All in the Family, and began airing it during the 1970-71 midseason.

In 2002, Turn-On was ranked number 27 on TV Guide's 50 Worst TV Shows of All Time. What Were They Thinking?: The 100 Dumbest Events in Television History ranked it at number 25.

Both completed episodes are available for public viewing at the Paley Center for Media. They were also made available for viewing on YouTube on October 9, 2023, along with clips from the unfinished third episode.

title: Turn-On


text:
Radu Vasile

Radu Vasile (10 October 1942 – 3 July 2013) was a Romanian politician, historian, academic/professor, and poet.

Originally a member of the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (PNȚ-CD), Vasile served as the Prime Minister of Romania between 17 April 1998 and 13 December 1999, and was notably confronted with the last Mineriad (more specifically the February 1999 Mineriad). Subsequently, between 2000 and 2004, he was elected as a Senator on behalf the Democratic Party (PD). In addition to his political career, Vasile published poetry under the pen name Radu Mischiu.

Biography
Vasile was born in Sibiu in 1942, and was raised in the Roman Catholic faith. In 1967, he graduated from the Faculty of History at the University of Bucharest. For political reasons (his father having been a political prisoner, a lawyer, deceased in 1986), he was barred access to higher education immediately after graduating school. In 1971, he became a teaching assistant at the Faculty of Economic History at the Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies (ASE). In 1977, he obtained a Ph.D. in Economics from the same institution of higher education and in 1978 he became a lecturer at this institution.

After the Romanian Revolution of 1989, Vasile was elected (with student support) Vice Dean of the Faculty of Commerce at ASE, a position he held until 1992. After 1990, he took refresher studies in European Integration at Thessaloniki, Greece and Munich, Germany. In 1994, he became a professor at the Bucharest Academy of Economic Sciences (ASE).

He died of colon cancer in Bucharest in 2013, and was buried at the city's Bellu Cemetery.

Political activity
He became a member of the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (PNȚ-CD) in January 1990. On the party line, Radu Vasile gradually advanced as follows: head of department (Studies Department), alternate member of BCCC after the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (PNȚ-CD) congress in September 1991, spokesman since 1991, senator from Bacău since 1992, Secretary General after the Congress from 1996. Between 1993 and 1994, he was the director of the newspaper "Dreptatea".

Since 1993, he has been vice-president of the Senate of Romania and vice-president of the Senatorial Budget-Finance Commission (commission for budget, finance, banking and capital market). In the 1996–2000 legislature, Radu Vasile was a member of the parliamentary friendship groups with the Russian Federation and the State of Israel. In the 2000–2004 legislature, Radu Vasile was a member of the parliamentary friendship groups with UNESCO and the Lebanese Republic. Radu Vasile initiated 2 legislative proposals, of which 1 was enacted law.

In terms of foreign policy, Radu Vasile also had an important activity, being a founding member of the Central European Forum, along with Raymond Barre (former Prime Minister of France), Helmut Schmidt (former Chancellor of Germany), and others.

He lectured on Romanian history at the "Doctoral Schools" at the Sorbonne and gave over 50 scientific papers at academic sessions in the country and abroad.

Radu Vasile was a senator in the 1992–1996, 1996–2000, and 2000–2004 legislatures, last time elected on the lists of the Democratic Party (PD); he was a member of the parliamentary friendship groups with Lebanon and UNESCO. As Prime Minister, he was confronted with the Mineriad of February 1999 which his government solved (along with former President Emil Constantinescu) by the so-called Peace of Cozia.

title: Radu Vasile


text:
Mwanga

Mwanga may refer to:

 * Mwanga I of Buganda
 * Mwanga II of Buganda, the last monarch of an independent Buganda
 * Danny Mwanga, a Major League Soccer striker
 * Junior Mwanga, French footballer
 * Mwanga District, a district of the Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania
 * Mwanga, Tanzania, a town of the Mwanga District in Tanzania
 * Mwanga (Tanzanian ward), a ward in the Mkalama District in Tanzania
 * Mwanga people, of Zambia and Tanzania
 * Mwanga language

title: Mwanga


text:
One Little Independent Records

One Little Independent Records (formerly One Little Indian Records) is an English independent record label. It was set up in 1985 by members of various anarcho-punk bands, and managed by former Flux of Pink Indians bassist Derek Birkett. In the 1990s it set up a number of subsidiary labels.

History
One Little Indian Records was founded in 1985 by members of various anarcho-punk bands, and managed by former Flux of Pink Indians bassist Derek Birkett, with the name inspired by the "philosophies of the Indigenous People of the Americas".

The label's first success came with A.R. Kane and Flux of Pink Indians in 1986. Success continued with Alabama 3, Björk, Chumbawamba, Kitchens of Distinction, The Shamen, Skunk Anansie, Sneaker Pimps, and the Sugarcubes.

Beginning in 1990, the label created several autonomous satellite imprints including Clean-up Records, Partisan Records and Fat Cat Records, all of which had success. Artists on the labels included Alabama 3 (A3), Sigur Rós, and Sneaker Pimps. Elemental Records was added to the roster in 1995.

The song titles of The Shamen's 1996 album Hempton Manor form an acrostic, spelling out "Fuck Birket" in an acrimonious reference to founder Birkett, who wanted the group to move back into more commercial territory.

In 1997 and 2001, the company also acquired some of the old Rough Trade Records and Nude Records labels, and the rights to several albums previously released by spinART Records.

In 2009, Paul McCartney, along with Youth, released an album called Electric Arguments under the name of The Fireman through One Little Indian.

In June 2020, in response to worldwide protests following the murder of George Floyd, it was announced that the company's name would be changed from One Little Indian Records to One Little Independent Records with immediate effect, and that the company would donate money towards organisations which promote and assist Native American communities in North America. In a written statement, Birkett said:"The last few weeks have been a monumental learning curve ... Following the receipt of an eye-opening letter from a Crass fan that detailed precisely why the logo and label name are offensive, as well as the violent history of the terminology, I felt equally appalled and grateful to them for making me understand what must be changed."

Notable artists

 * Árný Margrét
 * Ásgeir
 * Björk
 * Cody Chesnutt
 * Daisy Chainsaw
 * Emilíana Torrini
 * Foxtrott
 * Fufanu
 * Gabríel Ólafs
 * Galya Bisengalieva
 * God Damn
 * Jesse Malin
 * Kathryn Williams
 * Manu Delago
 * Marry Waterson
 * Olga Bell
 * Queenadreena
 * Samaris
 * Sarasara
 * The Sugarcubes
 * Wild Palms

Reception
Amazing Radio has characterised the label as "consistently brilliant" and as having "a rich musical history".

title: One Little Independent Records


text:
Thomas DeSimone

Thomas DeSimone (May 24, 1950 – disappeared January 14, 1979) was an American criminal associated with New York City's Lucchese crime family who is alleged to have participated in both the Air France robbery and the Lufthansa heist. He also committed numerous murders, including killing William "Billy Batts" Bentvena in 1970. DeSimone went missing in 1979 and is believed to have been murdered.

DeSimone's career in the Lucchese family is explored in the book Wiseguy by Nicholas Pileggi, and inspired the character of Tommy DeVito, portrayed by Joe Pesci, one of the main characters of the 1990 film Goodfellas.

Early life
Thomas DeSimone was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on May 24, 1950. He had two sisters, Dolores and Phyllis, and two brothers, Robert and Anthony. Both of his brothers were associates of the Gambino crime family; Anthony was murdered by mobster Thomas Agro in 1979. Phyllis was a mistress of James Burke from the time she was aged 16. DeSimone was also the brother-in-law of mobster Joseph "The Barber" Spione, who was slain for refusing to help kill DeSimone in the late 1970s,

In 1965, when he was aged 15, DeSimone was introduced to Paul Vario, a caporegime in the Lucchese crime family. Henry Hill, a Vario associate who was in his early 20s at the time, later recounted his first meeting with DeSimone, describing him as "a skinny kid who was wearing a wiseguy suit and a pencil mustache." DeSimone worked under Vario, Burke and Hill, among others, becoming involved in truck hijackings, fencing stolen property, extortion, fraud and murder. While hijacking, DeSimone would always carry his gun in a brown paper bag. "Walking down the street, he looked like he was bringing you a sandwich instead of a .38", Hill said.

Air France robbery
During the 1960s, Air France was the carrier of American currency that had been exchanged in Southeast Asia. The airline had contracted to return the money to the U.S. for depositing with American banks. The money was usually carried in linen bags, each containing $60,000, and the airline shipped up to $1 million a week in this manner. The money was stored in a cement-block strong room at Air France's cargo terminal at John F. Kennedy International Airport, with a round-the-clock private security guard. In 1967, Robert McMahon, an Air France employee, tipped off Burke, Hill, and DeSimone to an incoming delivery of between $400,000 and $700,000 in cash on Friday, April 7. McMahon said the best time for the actual robbery would be just before midnight when the security guard would be on his meal break.

On the day of the robbery, Hill and DeSimone drove to Kennedy airport with an empty suitcase, the largest Hill could find. At 11:40 pm, they entered the Air France cargo terminal. McMahon suggested that they should just walk in, as people often came to the terminal to pick up lost baggage. DeSimone and Hill entered the unsecured area unchallenged and unlocked the door with a duplicate key. Using a small flashlight, they found seven of the bags, which they loaded into the suitcase and left; $420,000 was taken. No alarm was raised, no shots fired, and no one was injured. The theft was not discovered until the following Monday, when a Wells Fargo truck arrived to pick up the cash to be delivered to the CNEP subsidiary French American Banking Corporation.

Murder of William Bentvena
After his release from prison in 1970, according to the mafia memoir Wiseguy, Henry Hill describes the "welcome home" party for William Bentvena at Robert's Lounge, a nightclub owned by Jimmy Burke: Bentvena jokingly asked DeSimone "if he still shined shoes", which DeSimone perceived as an insult, and leaning over to Hill and Burke intoned, "I'm gonna kill that fuck." Two weeks later, on June 11, 1970, Bentvena was at The Suite, Hill's nightclub in Queens. With the club nearly empty, DeSimone pistol-whipped Bentvena, yelling "Shine these fucking shoes!" before beating him bloody. After Bentvena was severely beaten and presumed dead, DeSimone, Burke, and Hill placed his body in the trunk of Hill's car, stopping at DeSimone's mother's house for a knife, lime, and a shovel. Hearing sounds from the trunk, they realized that Bentvena was still alive, so DeSimone and Burke beat him to death with the shovel and a tire iron. Burke had a friend who owned a dog kennel in Upstate New York, and Bentvena was buried there.

About three months after Bentvena's murder, Burke's friend sold the dog kennel to housing developers, and Burke ordered Hill and DeSimone to exhume Bentvena's corpse and dispose of it elsewhere. In Wiseguy, Hill said the body was eventually crushed in a compactor at a New Jersey junkyard, which was owned by Clyde Brooks. However, on the commentary for the film Goodfellas, he states that Bentvena's body was buried in the basement of Robert's Lounge, and that it was only later put in the compactor.

Murders of Gianco, Cersani, and Jerothe
DeSimone's third murder, described by Hill, was of a young man named Michael "Spider" Gianco, who was serving as a bartender at a card game. Gianco and DeSimone had an argument, after Gianco forgot DeSimone's drink, that resulted in DeSimone pulling out a handgun and shooting him in the thigh. A week later, when Gianco was again serving drinks and sporting a full leg cast, DeSimone started to goad him about his wounded leg, spurring Gianco to tell DeSimone to "go fuck [himself]". After a stunned silence, an impressed Burke, having now developed a respect for Gianco for sticking up for himself, gave him some money before jokingly teasing DeSimone, who hadn't said or done anything in retaliation, about "going soft". DeSimone lost his temper and fatally shot Gianco three times in the chest, angrily demanding of Burke if that was "good enough for [him]". Burke, furious with DeSimone, made him bury Gianco's body in the cellar by himself.

Hill stated after he witnessed this incident that he was truly convinced that DeSimone was a total psychopath. It is believed that Gianco's body was subsequently moved because it was not found in that location. On The Howard Stern Show, Hill said that Gianco was buried next to Robert's Lounge along with other bodies.

DeSimone's fourth murder, according to Hill, occurred when he and another associate named Stanley Diamond got carried away after being asked to "rough up" a witness to a robbery. After a truck heist, a foreman had refused to allow Burke to unload the stolen cargo in his warehouse and vehemently protested because they had no union cards. Burke attempted to reason with the foreman, who stood his ground and refused to be intimidated. Burke later sent DeSimone and Diamond to the foreman's house in rural New Jersey, with instructions to "rough up" the man to ensure he would cooperate with Burke in the future. DeSimone and Diamond, angry and worked up about having to drive all the way to New Jersey, ended up beating the man to death.

DeSimone's fifth murder occurred when Burke ordered the murder of his best friend, Dominick "Remo" Cersani. Burke got suspicious about Cersani and later found out from contacts in a Queens DA's office that he was talking to the New York City Police Department (NYPD), and that they were going to arrest Burke on a truck hijacking charge. DeSimone and Burke met Cersani at Robert's Lounge and said to him, "Let's take a ride". DeSimone strangled Cersani with piano wire. Hill said in Wiseguy: "Remo put up some fight. He kicked and swung and shit all over himself before he died." Burke had Cersani's body buried next to the bocce court behind Robert's Lounge.

On December 18, 1974, DeSimone killed Ronald Jerothe, a protégé of then-Gambino associate John Gotti. DeSimone had dated Jerothe's sister and had beaten her up, prompting Jerothe to threaten to kill him. When DeSimone heard about the threat, he went to Jerothe's apartment and killed him.

Lufthansa heist and Edwards murder
On December 11, 1978, an estimated $5.875 million (equivalent to $ million in ) was stolen from the Lufthansa cargo terminal at Kennedy airport, with $5 million in cash and $875,000 in jewelry, making it the largest cash robbery committed on U.S. soil at the time. Burke decided on DeSimone, McMahon, Angelo Sepe, Louis Cafora, Joe Manri, and Paolo LiCastri as the robbers. Burke's son Frank would drive one of the back-up vehicles while Parnell "Stacks" Edwards, a musician and career criminal, was given the task of disposing of the getaway van afterwards.

After the heist, Edwards was instructed to drive the vehicle to New Jersey, where it (along with any potential evidence inside) was to be destroyed in a junkyard belonging to Gotti. Instead, Edwards parked the van in front of a fire hydrant at his girlfriend's apartment, where police discovered it two days after the heist. The plates were stolen and the police impounded the van. They soon found Stacks’ fingerprints and connected it to the robbery. Vario subsequently ordered DeSimone to kill Edwards. Once he found out where Edwards was hiding, DeSimone and Sepe visited Edwards and shot him five times in the head.

Disappearance
On January 14, 1979, DeSimone's wife, Angela, reported him missing. She said she had last seen DeSimone a few weeks earlier when he borrowed $60 from her. It is believed that DeSimone was murdered as revenge for the two unsanctioned murders of John Gotti's men, Bentvena and Jerothe.

When Hill became an FBI informant in 1980, he told authorities that DeSimone had been murdered by the Gambino family. Despite the oft-given date of death of January 14, 1979, the exact date of DeSimone's murder is uncertain. Hill claimed that in "the week after Christmas", he and Burke had gone to Florida to straighten out a drug deal gone bad. DeSimone had remained behind in New York, having been told in late December 1978 or early January 1979 that he was going to be made. Peter Vario (Paul Vario's son) and Bruno Facciolo took him to an unknown location, where he was murdered. Hill also indicated in both the book Wiseguy and the DVD commentary to Goodfellas that DeSimone had already been killed when Martin Krugman disappeared on January 6, 1979. In 1994, Hill, in his book Gangsters and Goodfellas, gave an expanded story of the events leading up to DeSimone's death, which was in part due to DeSimone's attempted rape of Hill's wife, Karen.

Two theories about DeSimone's alleged murder and murderer(s) exist from mob "insiders". According to mob informant Joseph "Joe Dogs" Iannuzzi, Thomas Agro claimed in 1985 that he had murdered DeSimone, as well as his brother Anthony after he turned informant. Agro also suggested murdering the eldest and last remaining brother, Robert. According to Ianuzzi, Agro would often laughingly refer to killing the third DeSimone brother, stating: "Maybe it's time to go for the DeSimone trifecta!" Another account, told by Hill in Gangsters and Goodfellas, states that Gotti himself was the assassin, although in the presence of Agro. On May 17, 2007, episode of The Howard Stern Show, Hill reaffirmed that Gotti had killed DeSimone. He also added that the death "took a long time", as Bentvena had been a personal friend of Gotti's, and he wanted DeSimone to suffer before he died. Gotti's role as the assassin was repeated in the 2015 book The Lufthansa Heist, co-written by Hill and journalist Daniel Simone, although this account claims that DeSimone's death was instantaneous from three gunshots to the head. According to Sal Polisi, DeSimone was killed by Agro (in the presence of Gotti), and that Agro slowly tortured him to death.

It has been theorized DeSimone is buried in The Hole, a suspected "Mafia graveyard" on the Brooklyn-Queens border near Kennedy airport, where the body of Al Indelicato was found in 1981 and where the bodies of Philip Giaccone and Dominick Trinchera were recovered by police in 2004.

Portrayal in film
DeSimone was portrayed by Joe Pesci in the 1990 movie Goodfellas, renamed Tommy DeVito. Pesci won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his depiction.

title: Thomas DeSimone


text:
User talk:Rd syringe

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

[[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Arb Com election]] 20:45, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rd syringe


text: Template:Tom Clancy games

title: Template:Tom Clancy games


text: User talk:70.70.28.105

title: User talk:70.70.28.105


text:
Mark Cueto

Mark John Cueto (born 26 December 1979 in Workington, Cumbria) is a former English international rugby union player. He played on the wing for Sale Sharks and England. He is currently the third leading try scorer in the Aviva Premiership.

On 28 January 2015, it was announced Cueto was to retire at the end of the 2014-15 season

Biography
Mark Cueto was born to Frank and Anne Cueto. He has a sister called Rachel. He owes his surname to a Spaniard great-grandfather Antonio, who sailed from Santander in the 1900s and settled in Maryport, Cumbria, where he set up a fish-and-chip shop. His Cumbrian home town of Workington is in an area more associated with rugby league than union. Although he played his first rugby game as an eight-year-old in Workington, and played after he moved with his parents to Wolverhampton, he did not grow up playing the game. When he was 10 years old, his parents moved again to Crewe, where he took up football instead of rugby, becoming a keen Manchester United fan. He did not play rugby again until he was 17. His early clubs were Crewe & Nantwich RUFC, Sandbach RUFC and Altrincham Kersal, with the latter he won the Cheshire RFU Plate in 1998.

Then, when he was 17 and in his final A-level year at Alsager Comprehensive, there was the annual rugby match against Holmes Chapel. It was an occasion of no great importance. Holmes Chapel had a reasonable team, but rugby players were thin on the ground at Alsager and there was not much debate about the likely result. To make up a team, Alsager teacher Lindsay Purcell recruited a number of footballers. Cueto was one of those press-ganged into service, though when it came to sport he was easily persuaded. Football was number one but he had also done athletics, basketball, volleyball and cricket.

Cueto is married to Suzie (née Richards), originally from Corby in Northamptonshire, who works in the Manchester United FC hospitality department. She gave birth to a baby boy called Max, their first child, on 6 August 2010. The couple have two more sons called Louis (b. 2013) and Joshua (b. 2018). They live together in Altrincham. He is a graduate of Manchester Metropolitan University.

In 2009, Cueto was featured in a campaign of male underwear for Jockey International. He also appeared as a guest in two episodes of the quiz show A Question of Sport in 2005.

Sale Sharks
Cueto made his début for Sale Sharks against Bristol Shoguns in 2001 and made the England tour to Argentina in 2002, playing against Argentina A.

Cueto saw success at club level in his first five years at the club, winning the European Challenge Cup twice, first in 2002 when Sale beat Pontypridd 25–22 at the Kassam Stadium on 26 May 2002. He was also part of the Sale team that beat Pau, the champions in 2000, by 27 points to 3, also at the Kassam Stadium on 21 May 2005. Cueto scored a try in the victory. He had his best individual season in 2004–05, scoring 11 tries in just 18 games played. Cueto helped Sale Sharks to top the league in the 2005–06 season and carry that form through to win the season ending play-offs, scoring a try as they beat Leicester Tigers in the final, to become Premiership champions for the first time.

In May 2010, Cueto was voted into Sale Shark's Hall of Fame. He played his 150th match for Sale in their 54–21 defeat to Leicester in late December 2010. A few days later, Cueto was appointed club captain by the new coach Pete Anglesea; Anglesea replaced Mike Brewer as Sale had won just three out of nine matches in the 2010–11 season by mid-December. Cueto was Sale's sixth captain of the season. In April, Cueto was banned by the Rugby Football Union for nine weeks after pleading guilty to "making contact with the eye or eye area". The incident involved Christian Day and occurred in a match against Northampton on 2 April. At the start of the 2011–12 season, in August, Cueto was replaced as Sale captain, with Sam Tuitupou taking over role.

On 8 February 2013 Cueto broke the Premiership try scoring record of 75 by Steve Hanley, touching down for his 76th try in a 21-16 comeback win over Exeter. He eventually retired in 2015 after having scored a then record 90 tries. His record was broken on 10 February 2017 by Bristol's wing Tom Varndell.

Cueto was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2016 New Year Honours for services to rugby union.

International
Cueto represented England in the 2000–01 World Sevens Series. Cueto appears alongside All Blacks captain Richie McCaw on the cover of the United Kingdom version of the EA Sports game Rugby 08.

He was not selected for the full England squad during Clive Woodward's time as head coach, having to wait until November 2004 for his début against Canada at Twickenham, when he scored two tries. He would play for England up until 2011, scoring 20 tries, at the time the 7th most try scored for his Country.

In 2005, he was called up to the British & Irish Lions for their New Zealand tour after original selection Iain Balshaw was ruled out due to injury. He featured in the third Test at Eden Park, Auckland. The same year he was the top try scorer in the 2005 Six Nations with 4.

Cueto was a prominent member of England's 2007 Rugby World Cup in France. He started the first match of England's defence of the title at Full-back against the USA. He also played in England's embarrassing 36–0 defeat to South Africa. Having been dropped for the next match against Samoa, he was installed to the English defence for the encounter with Tonga, which ensured England's progression through to the quarter-final stage. He was left out of the surprise quarter-final victory against Australia and the even more surprising semi-final victory over France due to a niggling injury. During the semi-final, England wing Josh Lewsey suffered a pulled hamstring and was forced to miss the final.

Cueto was selected to take his place for the 2007 final against previous pool opponents, South Africa. His participation in the match became memorable when he was denied a try in the second half of the match by Australian television match official Stuart Dickinson. After a great deal of deliberation over real-time footage (and facing a language barrier with a French television producer who did not provide the stills he wanted) Dickinson disallowed the try on the basis of Cueto's left foot entering touch (touching the side-line) before the ball was grounded. This was not immediately obvious and Cueto's left leg was subsequently raised within the boundary of play, travelling over it after the ball was on the ground; this led many to believe the judgement had been wrongly made on the basis of the latter movement. A division of opinion still exists, although most experts including BBC Radio 5 Live presenter Ian Robertson subsequently backed Dickinson's decision.

He did not feature for England throughout 2008, but was recalled to the squad for the 2009 Six Nations, scoring a try in the opening game against Italy and in England's 34–10 victory over France.

Cueto was a regular for England throughout 2010 and 2011, and contributed to England's successful 2011 Six Nations campaign. Cueto won his 50th cap for England in the final match of the Six Nations against Ireland. Cueto missed the first 2 games of the 2011 Rugby World cup in New Zealand due to a back injury, but completed a hat-trick of tries when returning to the starting line up against Romania.

Sale Sharks

 * English Premiership
 * Champions (1): 2005–06
 * European Challenge Cup
 * Champions (2): 2001–02, 2004–05
 * Anglo-Welsh Cup
 * Runners-up (2): 2003–04, 2012–13

England

 * Six Nations Championship
 * Champions (1): 2011
 * Rugby World Cup
 * ''Runners-up (1): 2007

title: Mark Cueto


text:
Boss Volenti

Boss Volenti are an Irish rock quartet from Dublin, formed in 2003. Rob Daly, Martin Murphy and Dan O'Connor first met while playing in bands around Dublin. Then followed Laura Mackey, who O'Connor met while both were studying guitar at college. Following Murphy's departure, drummer Graham Hopkins met the band in 2005 when they were demoing recordings for their first album and asked if he could join. The band's influences include Thin Lizzy, Al Green, Yeah Yeah Yeahs and Hall & Oates.

Career
In February 2006, Boss Volenti independently released a single, "Deeper Than Deep", and it went straight into the Top 40 Irish Singles Chart. They released a second single, "Ain't No Use", in June to even greater success. It received heavy daytime airplay on Irish radio, was playlisted by 2FM, championed by Tony Fenton on Today FM and regularly played on BBC NI Radio. Boss Volenti released their first album, Boss Volenti, in Ireland and on iTunes on 8 September 2006.

They performed at Electric Picnic 2008 after which Graham Hopkins left the band.

Current

 * Rob Daly – vocals, bass guitar
 * Dan O’Connor – guitar, backing vocals
 * Laura Mackey – guitar

Former

 * Graham Hopkins – drums, backing vocals
 * Martin Murphy – drums, backing vocals

Albums

 * Boss Volenti (2006)

title: Boss Volenti


text:
Talk:Vizier

Comment
The Kingdom of the Hejaz was "merged" into Saudi Arabia????? WTF???? The Hejaz was conquered by the Wahhabis. The King of what one might say was the only legitimate Hashemite Kingdom was dethroned and sent into exile on Cyprus. Thousands of people were slaughtered. It was one of the worst British betrayals in the history of the 20th century. Why is the material about advisors to the Hunnic kings and Egyption Pharoahs here? If "Vizier" is an Arabic term, these officials would not have been called such at the time. --Jfruh 20:46, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * That's why the section title says anachronistic: the use is as real and at least as relevant as in fiction, but not contemporary with the 'rela historical' viziers. Fastifex 12:26, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

Is this script in the intro (وزير) Arabic or Persian? DragonRouge 16:28, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

 * So, no one knows, or no one wants to say? Because what is the point of having the script there if we don't know what language it is? I'm going to remove it, and if and when someone deigns to tell us what language it is, please reinsert. Thank you. DragonRouge 15:04, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

وزير is an Arabic term
It comes from the root word وزر. It's not a Persian term...in fact, I think the change from Wazir to Vizier was basically due to the fact that the Persian language doesn't have an equivalent to the sound the letter "و" in Arabic, so they spelled it with a V. 195.229.241.182

Well, good luck in telling this to the "Persians" of Wikipedia. For them anything Middle-Eastern must be Persian, no matter what. -Ur
 * yes. but even 1001 more "good luck" to you if you can find a single important thing (in the sense of encyclopedia!) in the middle east which is not persian.--خنیاگر (talk) 05:08, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I think there's another etymology which I believe to be more convenient. The word Wazir (when considering it to be of Arabic origin, with respect to the Persian theory) is the 'exaggeration form' (صيغة المبالغة) derived from the agent noun (إسم فاعل) waazir (وازر) of the verb wazara وزر the meaning of which is to bear a burden (usually on behalf of someone who cannot). On another note, and while the cultural effect that Persian civilization had and continues to have on the Middle East is unassailable, I do think it's quite arrogant and imperious for one to dismiss that other cultures have had their share of contribution, or to diminish the importance thereof. SufianBak (talk) 03:45, 19 June 2013 (UTC)

 * خنیاگر, thanks for proving my point.-Ur 71.103.1.201 (talk) 22:29, 16 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Just joining the discussion here: I notice someone had added to the silliness and called it a "muslim" rank. vizier is anon-religious political term that pre-dates islam by centuries. It is definitely Persian - so what if it is used in the Quran? That does not make it arabic, it simply means it's a borrowed word.Zenbb (talk)  —Preceding undated comment added 20:28, 28 July 2011 (UTC).

 * Total nonsense. The Middle Persian origin of the word - vecir - is given in many scholarly sources, including Richard Nelson Frye's "Persia: Until the Islamic conquest" (Zürich, 1963). And of course Persian has the letter "و" ... what Persian lacks is the letter "v" ... that's why the original Persian "و" is either transliterated as a "v" or as a "w" into Latin script. Tājik 15:57, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I think most likely origin of this word is "vecir" of Persian. It is related to the word "vicar(ious)" of indo-european languages, meaning "in place of." The Arabic wazara (to carry burden and responsibility) also makes sense. Certainly nobody can 100% know for sure. That is why I am just irritated by what I see in wikipedia regarding the ultra-nationalistic, self-assured, unquestioning attitude of some Persians owning everything Middle-Eastern. This is a very unscholarly and abject behavior for me. I care about the truth and am ready to recognize it when presented. -Ur

Am I blind? Or are those two spellings (Persian and Arabic) completely identical? If the words look exactly the same, why the hell are they listed separately? That would be like having a wikipedia page that says "British English: [...], American English: [...]" in cases OTHER than regional differences! That just doesn't make sense! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.54.130.227 (talk) 06:55, 1 July 2010 (UTC)

It is an Arabic word and it should be listed in Wikipedia as an Arabic word it come from the Semitic root W-R-Z. That is good enough for anyone to admit it is an Arabic word, it make much more sense than Vicir which means legal document. WZR means support and the Wazier is job was to backup the King. I blame the French for translating 1001 nights the first from Persian instead of Arabic.Isa123456789 (talk) 09:53, 17 November 2012 (UTC)

With the above rational even "telephone" is a Arabic word because they have the root "LFN" as alfana yolfeno! Anooshahpour (talk) 22:17, 4 December 2012 (UTC)

recent edit
I have tried to clean up the "etymology" section. Tājik (talk) 10:34, 22 September 2008 (UTC)

adding persian in the top
in the top the word is given in arabic. however it is explained that the word is persian. shouldn't we change (وزير to (Persian/Arabic: وزير)? the reason is that the word still exists in today persian. although the article gives a good summary of etymology of the word, but i think it is important to get the top right. i will wait a bit and if there is no reasoning given by others that why we should keep that as it is now, i will make my change.--خنیاگر (talk) 16:51, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I suggest that Arabic be included. The Turkish word vazir sounds more like Arabic wazir than "vichir" or "vicira". I don't think the Arabic word wazir comes from the Persian word. First of all, there are many non-loan words that are common to many languages: vast in English, wasi'a in Arabic; crime in English, jurum in Arabic to name a few. This indicates some sort of proto-language. In such cases, it is misleading to say it is from one language or the other. We simply don't know. Furthermore, in the case of vazier, the word wazir (or its root WaZaRa) is of typical Semitic construction with three root letters. Therefore, I suggest we include Arabic alongside Persian at the beginning and remove the claim under the Etymology section that Arabic wazara is from Persian. Thanks.-Ur —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.103.1.201 (talk) 22:25, 16 August 2009 (UTC)

neutrality
There is an imbalance here, The article contains a large mistakes and I will explain this: First, we must realize that the word Vizier means a high official in certain "Muslim countries and caliphates" so we are not talking about "vicir" Which is something else entirely. Secondly, the Word appeared in the era of the Umayyad and also in the Quran (Goyṭayn, Šelomo D.. Studies in Islamic history and institutions. P.171) --Rondiar99 (talk) 17:50, 21 June 2010 (UTC)

Etymology
In the Etymology section it is clearly mentioned, with references, that this word comes from Persian وزیر. So what is the point of having "Arabic: وزیر"?! If it is not Persian, kindly change the whole Etymology section and then include (Arabic: وزیر) at the top. Is this whole Persian/Arabic thing related to some kind of middle-eastern racism issue?! 115.133.209.99 (talk) 20:31, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Please visit Talk:Vicar Etymology section to discuss whether the claim that vicar and vizier are etymologically related should be removed from three articles: Vicar, Vizier and Vicarious. Falamingotoo (talk) 11:55, 11 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Both the Arabic and the Persian etymologies are not straightforward and therefore a bit fishy. The Arabic verb wazara definitely means only "to bear (a burden)", not "to help". Therefore, a wazīr is not a "helper" literally, although a servant who carries burdens for his master is indeed a kind of helper and therefore the semantic development is plausible. However, the literal meaning is "bearer, porter". The Arabic verb for "to help" is really ʾāzara. The problem on the Iranian side is that the attested meaning in Middle Persian is something like "legal document, decision, judgment, decree, mandate, command, fatwa", not a person. (Even Avestan vīcira- means "deciding" at best, not "decider", and the Armenian word včiṙ – a loan from Iranian – also refers only to an object, not a person.) The development to "minister" implies a sort of metonymy. Perhaps the term was indeed loaned into Arabic and changed both meaning and form somewhat due to folk etymology. So it's hard to tell what the real origin of wazīr is. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 00:28, 21 July 2014 (UTC)

 * “it's hard to tell what the real origin of wazīr is “ Indeed it is. That is, if one tries to understand the word from today's state of a language. Let us see: People some 10 thousand years ago sitting around the fire. One says “I need a word to express a legal document, decision, judgement, decree. Anyone with any idea?” “I know!” says another one “vergessen!” “That sounds silly” murmurs a deep voice. “Forget that!” says another bloke. They sit for awhile, sipping on their tea then one says “vizier...” They all look at him then: “I reckon wazara  is better” says the second one. “All right, wazara it is!” closes the argument the first one. It was like this, wasn't it that the word came about? Maybe – just maybe – not. Quite obviously, in the beginning we made sounds. These then formed into single syllable words.  Our ancestors – say some 50 to 100 thousand years ago – were part of nature. Unlike we are today. Observation was key to survival. Observation and the ability to connect seemingly unconnected observations. That is how we started developing tools. (MAN – from Latin manus – means hand. The hand that makes things: manu-facturing) Today this is called 'empirical science'.  This drive to connect observations drove the language formation too. We started connecting the single syllable words to specify the meaning on a better way. Today we call these languages 'agglutinative'. Agglutinative means 'gluing'. The language sticks or glues several words together to create a precise meaning.  Looking at WAZARA one can see two syllables. There are two words glued together: WAZ-ARA. Do any of these mean anything in Persian or Arabic? If not, then they are not coming from these languages. But then where from? Cutting the long story short, from Sumerian *.  WAZ comes from BIZ meaning WATER; Source: Deimel 214 ARA from ARU meaning GIVING DIRECTION; Source: Deimel .206.11 Source: Prof Anton Deimel, Sumerisches Lexicon II Volstandige Ideogramm-Sammlung, Rome  It needs to be understood how sounds changed during the millenniums: BIZ → VIZ → WAZ. BIZ-ARA → WIZARA → VIZAR → VIZIR → VEZIR and so on.  Why water you ask? One needs to think with their head. Water was associated with travelling. Going somewhere. Going anywhere HAD to be near water, possibly on water. The water flowing in a river also gives direction. Hence the water LEADS somewhere. It TAKES you somewhere.  The final meaning of the word is something like 'taking in a direction' 'giving a direction' 'leading' or perhaps 'leadership' but it also fits 'help' and all other meanings attached in above entry. Also see 'grand vizier': great leader.  Also need to remember, a word's meaning do change during thousands of years. It sometimes broadens, sometimes contracts. Also, when another language takes it, the meaning can and often does change dramatically. Also pronunciation changes. This word changed very little.  For interest, how people think, how the word and meaning changes between languages: VIZ means water, VIS means carries, VES means takes or buys. Also, VIZ →  PIZ → PIS → PISS → PISA → urinating, that is passing water; Pisa, the town is a town on WATER. The ground water is very high. Also there are examples how ARU → AR → IR is used today in the meaning of leadership, giving direction but this is not a thesis.  * Sumerian was their Akkad name. Prof Oppert 'stuck' this name on them. They called themselves 'MAHGAR' or 'KUMAHGAR'. Source: British Museum, tablet 14.014 (81-7-27, 130)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 115.70.177.64 (talk) 18:27, 27 February 2016 (UTC)

Caption
What does 'The "winter Diwan" of a Mughal Vizier' refer to? Clicking on the link (Diwan) is not enlightening. 134.134.139.70 (talk) 23:41, 8 February 2011 (UTC)

Etymology Section needs changing
I know that there is a debate about what the etymology is, or which etymology is the most commonly cited, but right now, I see "On the other hand, the presence of a Middle Persian word vizīr or vicīr (meaning "a legal document" or "decision"),[4] cognate to the Avestan vīcira, meaning "decreer" or "arbitrator", could possibly indicate an Indo-European origin.[5][6]" which is fine, but right after it is "however, it is very unlikely that the persian word vicīr has anything to do with the word vizir / wazir since the persian word vicir means a document and it's pronunciation is very different from the Arabic word wazir whic has also a semitic root shared by all the semitic languages and it directly means a helper and someone who helps carry a heavy burden and this is exactly what a vizir /wazir job is, to help the ruler or head of the state get the job done. it is obviously an Arabic and semitic word."

That is very POV, contains logical flaws, and is poorly written by all means. It is possible for us to mention some difficulties with either of the etymologies, but not like whoever wrote this did. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 136.167.246.17 (talk) 03:18, 28 March 2015 (UTC)

Wazir is a Pashto word
Not Arabic or Persian, even the cognate preceeder "viscer" proves it is of Avestan origin (the ancestor of Pashto) W and Z are not only found in Semitic languages but also indo-european languages like Pashto, Persian and English. Akmal94 (talk) 22:58, 8 August 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vizier


text:
Defibrator

The defibrator is a thermo mechanical pulping refiner in which the pulp material, such as wood chips, is ground in an environment of steam between a rotating grinding disc (rotor) and a stationary disc (stator) each with radial grooves that provides the grinding surface. Wood chips are fed into the centre and are broken down as the centrifugal force pushes them towards the circumference of the discs where the grooves are finer to produce wood fibre. The size of the refined fibres can to some extent be controlled by altering the distance between the discs where a closer distance produces finer fibres but also requires higher grinding force. The capacity per machine is largely determined by the size of the machine, as well as the motor speed 1500 rpm or 1800 rpm.

History
In 1931 the Swedish engineer Arne Asplund filed a patent on a method to defibrate wood chips. As opposed to the Masonite-method, the defibrator-method (also known as the Asplund-method) uses pressurised steam to soften the wood chips, then grinding discs to pull the wood fibres apart. This grinding unit is what Asplund called the defibrator. It became the key product of his company, AB Defibrator. The Defibrator trademark is now held by Valmet, the successor of AB Defibrator, for its line of refiners for the panelboard industry.

title: Defibrator


text:
Chudov Monastery

The Chudov Monastery (Чу́дов монасты́рь; more formally known as Alexius’ Archangel Michael Monastery) was founded in the Moscow Kremlin in 1358 by Metropolitan Alexius of Moscow. The monastery was dedicated to the miracle (chudo in Russian) of the Archangel Michael at Chonae (feast day: ). The Monastery was closed in 1918 and dismantled in 1929 by the Soviet government.

History
The construction of the monastery together with its katholikon (cathedral) was finished in 1365. The katholikon was replaced with a new one in 1431 and then once again in 1501–1503. It was traditionally used for baptising the royal children, including future Tsars Feodor I, Aleksey I and Peter the Great. The monastery’s hegumen (abbot) was considered the first among the hegumens of all the Russian monasteries until 1561.

Alongside Simonov Monastery and Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra, the Chudov Monastery was the biggest center of the Muscovite book culture and learning. Prominent monks of the monastery, who dedicated their lives to translating and correcting ecclesiastic books, include Maximus the Greek, Yepifany Slavinetsky and Karion Istomin. Gennady, who as Archbishop of Novgorod, patronized the first complete codex of the Bible in Slavic in 1499, was hegumen of the monastery prior to his archiepiscopate.

Patriarch Hermogenes was starved to death by the Poles in the monastery vaults in 1612. The Time of Troubles over, they opened the Greek-Latin School with support from Patriarch Filaret. In 1744–1833, the cloister accommodated the Moscow Ecclesiastic Consistory. As time went by, new churches were added to the monastery complex. These included the Church of St Alexius the Metropolitan and the Church of the Annunciation (both built in 1680) and the Church of Saint Andrew (1887).

During the French invasion of Russia (1812), the French Marshal Louis Nicolas Davout commandeered the monastery for his own use. A painting by Vasili Vereshchagin shows Davout desecrating the cathedral, using the sanctuary itself as his office. Following the Bolshevik Revolution, the Chudov Monastery was closed down in 1918. All of its structures demolished in 1929, as part of the Soviet Union's ongoing policy of state atheism.

On the site of the destroyed Chudov Monastery and the nearby Ascension Convent the Soviet government built the Red Commanders School. All of the monastery’s manuscripts of the 11th-18th centuries were transferred to the State Historical Museum. The relics of Metropolitan Alexius were first moved from the Church of St. Alexius (which he had built) to the Cathedral of the Dormition and then to another church in Moscow. Of the hundred or so other interments in the monastery (including Archbishop Gennady), their remains were lost and their whereabouts are still unknown.

A scene in Mussorgsky's opera Boris Godunov is set at the monastery.

In 2007 Orthodox public figure Vitaly Vladimirovich Averyanov in an interview with the Youth Internet Journal of the Moscow State University, Tatiana Day, explained the possible restoration of the Chudov Monastery and the Passion Monastery.

On 31 July 2014, president Vladimir Putin suggested restoring the Chudov Monastery and the Ascension Convent: "As you know, the building that occupies this site [Building 14] was built in the 1930s, but previously there were two cloisters and a church here... That is how the idea came up of rather than restoring the 1930s building, returning the site to its historical appearance instead, with the two cloisters and the church. In today's situation of course, they would be restored as cultural heritage monuments only." However, no plans exist to restore the monasteries as of 2024.

Burials

 * Gennady of Novgorod
 * Alexius, Metropolitan of Moscow
 * Patriarch Hermogenes (since 1913 in the Assumption cathedral)
 * Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich Romanov
 * Boris Kurakin

title: Chudov Monastery


text:
Conan Meriadoc

Conan Meriadoc (Cynan Meiriadog; Konan Meriadeg) is a legendary British Celtic leader credited with founding Brittany. Versions of his story circulated in both Brittany and Great Britain from at least the early 12th century, and supplanted earlier legends of Brittany's foundation. His story is known in two major versions, which appear in the Welsh text known as The Dream of Macsen Wledig, and in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae. Both texts associate him with Magnus Maximus (Macsen Wledic, reigned 383–388), a Roman usurper against the Valentinianic dynasty who was widely regarded as having deprived Britain of its defences when he took its legions to claim the imperial throne. Conan's cousin or sister, Saint Elen, is said to have been Macsen Wledic's wife.

Early evidence
The earliest undisputed evidence connecting Conan to the foundation of Brittany appears in the Life of Saint Gurthiern, included in the Kemperle Cartulary compiled between 1118 and 1127. This text traces the descent of Gurthiern back to the ancestor figure Beli Mawr, given as a son of Outham Senis (Outham the Old), the figure known in later sources as Eudaf Hen and Octavius. Outham is given another son, Kenan (an Old Welsh spelling of Conan), who is said to have been the founder of Brittany. This reference shows that the Conan story was known in Brittany from a comparatively early date, but certain evidence suggests that it was imported from Wales. The text's compiler, Gurheden, says that his source for the information was one "Iuthael son of Aidan"; while the name Iuthael is a brittonic name known in Wales and Brittany as well as Devon and Cornwall, the Gaelic Aidan is not attested in early Brittany but is known in Wales. Additionally, Gurthiern's genealogy corresponds strongly with the descent elsewhere attributed to the Welsh saint Cadoc, further suggesting a Welsh origin.

Conan Meriadoc also appears in the prologue to the Latin Life of Saint Goeznovius, though the date of this text is disputed. The prologue, the only part of the work still extant, survives in a copy by the French historian Pierre Le Baud (died 1505), but contains a passage claiming it was originally written in 1019 by a certain Guillaume, a servant of Bishop Eudo. This date has been defended by Gwenaël Leduc and Léon Fleuriot. However, Hubert Guillotel has argued that the text dates instead to the mid-12th century.

There is evidence that Conan Meriadoc figured into the brittonic prophetic tradition as a messianic saviour who would return to lead his people in a time of need. A Cynan appears in several prophetic poems, most notably the Armes Prydein, where he is named alongside Cadwaladr as a figure whose return is promised. Geoffrey of Monmouth, whose knowledge of this tradition is evinced in both the Historia Regum Britanniae and the Vita Merlini, specifically identified this Cynan with Conan Meriadoc. Rachel Bromwich suggests that Geoffrey was relying on an older tradition identifying the founder of Brittany with the prophetic Cynan, and argues that this identification is made already in Armes Prydein. At the time Armes Prydein was composed, the Breton nobility under Alan II, Duke of Brittany had forged an alliance with Æthelstan, king of England, in the face of Viking attacks on their territory. Hywel Dda, then ruler of most of Wales, had also formed a similar relationship with Æthelstan at that time. In spite of this, the poet repeatedly refers to the men of Llydaw (Brittany) as part of his prophesied pan-Celtic union which will oust the English from Britain for good. Bromwich reads the line "A chymot Cynan gan y gilyd" ("there will be concord between Cynan and his fellow") as a reference to the reunion of the Bretons and their leader Conan Meriadoc with their fellow Britons.

Geoffrey and the Dream of Macsen

The story of Conan is attested in several medieval sources, the most substantial versions being those included in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae and the Welsh tale known as The Dream of Macsen Wledig. Both of these tie Conan and the founding of Brittany to the story of the Roman usurper Magnus Maximus, though in both cases this is heavily embellished. In Geoffrey, Conan is the nephew of Octavius, King of the Britons (Welsh Eudaf Hen), and a potential heir to the throne. When the throne is offered instead to "Maximianus", Geoffrey's version of Magnus Maximus, Conan at first opposes him, but the two are reconciled after Maximianus' marriage to Octavius' daughter. Later Maximianus leads the armies of Britain to march on Rome, and he quickly conquers Armorica, where he establishes Conan as the king with instructions to found "another Britain". He does so, and repels numerous attacks from the Gauls and Aquitanians, and asks for British wives for his men from Maximianus' regent Dionotus, with whose daughter, Saint Ursula, he was said to be "most passionately in love", as reflected in her legends. Later, when Maximianus has been killed in Rome, his fleeing troops return to Armorica and join Conan's settlement.

The version of the story given in The Dream of Macsen Wledig differs from the Historia account on a number of points. Though the text postdates Geoffrey, it contains material older than either version. In The Dream, Conan is the son, rather than nephew, of Eudaf Hen (Geoffrey's Octavius), and the brother of Saint Elen. Maxen Wledig (Magnus Maximus), here portrayed as the rightful Roman Emperor rather than a usurper, sees Elen and her kingdom in a dream vision, and seeks her out and marries her. In this version Conan and his brother Afaon immediately become Maxen's loyal associates, later helping him reclaim the throne of Rome. For this service the grateful Macsen gives Conan dispensation to lead his army to conquer whatever realm he wants. Conan chooses Armorica, where he kills all the men and replaces them with his own soldiers. He then orders the tongues of all the women cut out, lest their speech corrupt that of the Britons; a fanciful etymology connects this event with Welsh name of Brittany, Llydaw, supposedly from the Welsh lled-taw or "half-silent".

Later developments
The Conan story became a dominant founding myth for the Bretons for hundreds of years. Earlier traditions of the foundation of the Brittonic settlement in Armorica are recorded in Gildas' De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae and in the hagiographies of various saints. Especially important in this regard are the stories of the so-called Seven Founder Saints of Brittany, which were largely forgotten or overlooked after the spread of the Conan legend.

In the wake of Geoffrey and The Dream of Macsen, Conan subsequently appears as a founder-figure in several genealogies of Breton aristocratic families. He is venerated as the ancestor of the Rohans, according to the Life of Saint Meriadoc, the protagonist of which is said to have been descended from him. Meriadoc appears in one of the genealogies from Jesus College MS 20, which traces the descent of Geraint mab Erbin, king of Dumnonia in the West Country, back to "Cynan map Eudaf Hen". In the Cornish miracle play Beunans Meriasek, Conan is a kinsman of Saint Meriasek who tries (unsuccessfully) to dissuade Meriasek from pursuing a religious life.

In the 15th century the Bretons used the Conan story as it appears in the Life of Saint Meriadoc to establish precedence for the Breton aristocracy over the kings of France. The story's political impact declined with the Union of Brittany and France in 1532, and it thereafter declined in popularity. However, in the 17th century the Rohans used their supposed descent from Conan Meriadoc to seek status as "foreign princes" at the French court; King Louis XIV recognised their pedigree, but denied their foreign status. Beginning in the mid-18th century Breton historians attempted to establish the historical existence of Conan, though he is now regarded as a mythical figure.

title: Conan Meriadoc