text:
Talk:Podiatry

Australia
A lot of the information under the Australian heading is not applicable. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.182.236.162 (talk) 10:21, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

Chiropody
Chiropody should have its own section, especially in historical context. Any takers? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.34.98.154 (talk • contribs)

Got Paragraphs?
This article is very difficult to read, it has almost no paragraphs, especially in the lower sections. 147.10.26.33 03:01, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

Own page for chiropody
Podiatry & Chiropody are the same thing - the name of the page should though make this more clear. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Yabasto (talk • contribs)

The two professions are vastly different in both education & scope of practice. The two different pages are necessary in order to create less public confusion. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.138.89.25 (talk • contribs)

Indeed. I might see a podiatrist for a broken toe. I will see a chiropodist for an ingrown toenail. You may see a chiropodist at Trumper's, and I think you wouldn't want major surgery where you get your shave. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.202.115.32 (talk) 22:41, 20 April 2010 (UTC)

As a layperson from England with English English as my native language, I got to this Wiki page because I had never heard of Podiatry and I understood Chiropody to be what this article describes as Podiatry. Is Podiatry just an Americanisation of Chiropody, or are the 2 terms really different? Are the 2 terms used differently in different countries? Maybe English Chiropodists have given in to American English? American contributors; please do not assume that English as used in America is used and understood by the rest of the English speaking world. Can someone clarify this in the article please? Preferably, the use of the terms in different countries should be clarified by those who work in these professions in those countries. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lkingscott (talk • contribs) 07:15, 7 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Sure we are not talking Chiropractic here? Note that the UK is mentioned in that article.
 * I agree that Chiropody does redirect here. If different terminology, should probably be mentioned. Or separate article, if not podiatry.
 * Whoever starts an article, gets to name it. It may be legally US-centric for that reason. Not a matter of "giving in." Wikipedia has a lot of "Transport" articles, for example. In the US, the word is "Transportation." No one uses "Transport." Americans didn't "give up." We just conformed to the articles/categories as they were defined in another country. It happens. Student7 (talk) 18:45, 11 March 2012 (UTC)

Foot/Ankle Orthopaedics
Oughtn't there be something about the distinctions between Foot and Ankle Surgery and Podiatry? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.107.155.60 (talk • contribs)
 * YES —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.20.176.60 (talk • contribs)
 * I agree also! 64.60.107.218 (talk) 21:03, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

-- Some personal observations from a Podiatrist, it is interetsing to me that the most derogative comments concerning Podiatry are from no other than a Foot and Ankle Orthopedist. We as Podiatrists graduate with an undergraduate degree then attend Podiatry school for 4 years and a residency for three years for which we are currently making a standard. Granted, we do not do a 5 year residency which an Orthopedist does however in our graduate training all we do is foot and ankle with the exception of our internship training. From Foot and Ankle International, 2006 the Orthopedic literature very clearly discusses the lack of exposure to the foot and ankle the Orthopedist receives in his residency with the average number of procedures equaling 187. Podiatrists today are very qualified and well trained, overly so to treat the foot and ankle, as evidenced by our schools becoming incorporated with osteopathic medical schools.

A little personal observation...... When it comes to Foot and Ankle (or ANY) surgery, the degree doesn't matter. Theory is taught nearly identically, so as a rule of thumb .. experience is what counts - just check out how many years / how many victims the prospective surgeon has under his belt for your particular proposed-procedure. :) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.34.98.154 (talk) 03:05, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Actually, podiatrists usually go to school for about 4 years. Podiatry school is much easier to get into than medical school. Then they attend a 1 to 2 year residency. Now, as an orthopaedic surgeon, i can tell you that the first 2 years of training in any capacity usually involves basic patient care (such as prescribing medications) and learning basic surgical technique. I have seen podiatry residents and they learn the same thing (at least their first year). To say that they are as well trained as someone that has done a 5 to 6 year residency is ridiculous. If podiatrists claim that they get more training out of their two years, then they necessarily sacrificing the training in basic patient care. THAT would be really scary. Now, their claim that orthopaedic surgeons only get about 4-6 weeks of foot and ankle surgery is ridiculous when you consider that foot and ankle fractures are among the most common fractures treated in residencies. 67.49.98.244 (talk) 03:39, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

The podiatric residencies are actually 2-3 years with the majority being 3 years and in the near future all being 3 years. While podiatry school may be easier to get into than medical school, many of the podiatry schools are actually integrated for the first year or two with the medical school. Just because it might be easier to get into podiatry school doesn't mean the students aren't held to the same standards as their allopathic or osteopathic colleagues. Also, an orthopedic surgery residency focuses on the whole musculoskeletal system whereas a podiatric residency focuses mainly on the foot and ankle. An orthopedic surgeon certainly does not spend more than the 2-3 years that a podiatric surgeon spends on the foot and ankle because the ortho surgeon is also busy working on knees, hips, shoulders, etc... Also, podiatrists start learning about the foot and ankle starting there 1st year of podiatry school-by the time they get to their residencies, it is certainly not the 1st time they have had experience on treating the foot and ankle. All of the curriculum's for the podiatry schools are available on each schools websites...theres no secrets what classes are added and what classes are taken out compared to a medical school. 12.216.17.54 (talk) 07:33, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

DPM
I have removed this from the DPM article as obviously is belongs here (have left link though) - this article seems relatively developed so I will leave the copy here for you to decide if you want to use:

 * Podiatry is a field of medicine that strives to improve the overall health and well-being of patients by focusing on preventing, diagnosing, and treating conditions associated with the foot and ankle. Doctors of Podiatric Medicine (DPMs) are physicians and surgeons who practice on the lower extremities, primarily on feet and ankles. The preparatory education of most DPMs includes four years of undergraduate work, followed by four years in an accredited podiatric medical school, followed by a hospital-based residency. DPMs are licensed in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico to diagnose and treat the foot and its related or governing structures by medical, surgical, or other means. The vast majority of states also include ankle care as part of the podiatric physician's scope of practice.

 * In addition to private practice, podiatrists serve on the staffs of hospitals and long-term care facilities, on the faculties of schools of medicine, as commissioned officers in the Armed Forces and the US Public Health Service, in the Department of Veterans Affairs, and in municipal health departments. Many podiatrists today are also members of group medical practices.

 * The skills of podiatric physicians are in increasing demand because disorders of the foot and ankle are among the most widespread and neglected health problems.

 * Established in 1912, the American Podiatric Medical Association is the premier professional organization representing the nation's Doctors of Podiatric Medicine (podiatrists). The APMA represents a vast majority of the estimated 15,000 podiatrists in the country. Within APMA's umbrella of organizations are 53 component societies in states and other jurisdictions, as well as 22 affiliated and related societies. APMA's national headquarters is in Bethesda, Maryland. APMA has a staff of approximately 60 professionals who are dedicated to promoting foot and ankle health, to member service, and to professional excellence.

Thanks Lethaniol 15:50, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

Very repetitive
This article contains a great deal of redundancy, facts stated over and over again, such as the number of years required to get a degree, the number of years of residency, etc. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Moisture (talk • contribs)
 * It is so reduntant that podiatry and podiatrist are almost exact replicas of each other, which seems rather unnecessary. -- MacAddct1984 13:24, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

Before skewering each other, it would be nice if the parties involved would correct such grammatically offensive bits as...

"The United States is one of the few countries, which grants more invasive surgical privileges to podiatric physicians"

and

"There is considerable variable between state laws regarding the prescribing rights of Australian Podiatrists."

Perhaps I'm wrong but these do not feel right.............. *and bad grammar is just fine on this talk page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.34.98.154 (talk) 03:09, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

UK foot practitioner
Dear Mr. Pingstone: It is assumed you are a well intentioned gentleman. Your credentials and expertise within the  aerospace industry, however, do not translate immediately to the profession of podiatric medicine & surgery. Therefore, kindly refrain from editing things for which you lack complete knowledge & expertise.

Facts are facts. The UK foot practitioner does not receive nearly the same or similar education as a USA podiatric physician & surgeon. The public requires & deserves clarity; not confusion. These words are expressed with kind regards and are therefore, respectfully submitted. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.138.89.25 (talk • contribs)

Seems like some users need to be blocked from editing, basically complete lies are being posted about Aus and UK trained podiatrist by people who obviously don't understand the training systems..... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.171.169.146 (talk) 02:45, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

podiatrist too long?
anyone think the podiatrist section is too long winded??? maybe could be shorted ???

perhaps highlight 2 points of the definition

1.in usa all podiatrist perform surgery, in other countries podiatrist generally treat through not invasive means, with some performing surgery 2. usa podiatrist = physician, worldwide podiatrist = allied health

just an vry short idea of a proposed section??

Podiatrist
A podiatrist (podiatric physician), or foot doctor is a podiatric professional, a person devoted to the study and medical treatment of disorders of the foot, ankle and lower extremity.

The term originated in North America but has now become the accepted term in the English speaking world for all practitioners of Podiatric Medicine.

Worldwide, the term Podiatrist refers to Allied Health professionals who specialize in the treatment of the lower extremity, particularily, the foot. Podiatrists in these countries are specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of foot pathology through not surgical means. In some circumstances these practioners will further specialise, and following further training, perform foot and anle surgery.

In contrast, American Podiatrists who hold a Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (D.P.M.), complete surgical residencies and thus all practioners are trained in surgical treatments of the foot and ankle.

Though the title "chiropodist" was previously used in the United States to designate what is now known as a "podiatrist," the title "chiropodist" is now considered to be an antiquated and etymologically incorrect term. Although podiatrists worldwide do not attend traditional allopathic medical school, in many countries such as the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia they are granted privileges to perform surgical procedures of the foot and ankle.

Surgical Scope Comment
I question the validity of Podiatrists treating more than the foot. At most, possibly surgery of the ankle but at that point I would think an Orthopaedic Surgeon and particularly one with a foot & ankle fellowship should be sought. I would highly doubt that Podiatrists are performing knee or hip surgeries and if any of them are, I would find that hospital must be outrageously lenient in their hospital surgeon priveleging. Whomever typed that initial paragraph must be a proponent of podiatrists performing more procedures because "the ankle is connected to the foot, and the knee is connected to the ankle, and the hip is connected to the knee." Next we'll hear the heart pumps blood which goes to the foot. Hmmm. Maybe we should perform cardiothoracic surgery too. Most importantly is to go back to the training and see if there is formal teaching for an extended time on what specific body part. A podiatrist may work on the ankle while rotating through Orthopaedics but that still does not qualify a person to perform that surgery. Otherwise, all M.D. surgeons rotate through other surgical subspecialties during their intern year but I would not want an ENT performing an Acetabular reconstruction or an Orthopaedic Surgeon performing a radical neck dissection just because they may have happened to participate in one or two cases. 64.60.107.218 (talk) 21:03, 23 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Sounds sensible, though I am not sure what country you are speaking about.
 * This is a danger of writing an article from a general knowledge in one or two countries, rather than citing sources as we go.
 * Surely we should get citations from the accrediting boards in some more countries, explaining the scope of practice, as I did for the Ch.S. in the UK? Preferably in plain English so non-medical people like myself can verify them.  --Hroðulf (or Hrothulf) (Talk) 12:53, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

Regarding the comment about the 5 medical specialties permitted to perform surgical interventions, since when have optometrists been allowed to do so?Godofredo29 (talk) 16:26, 19 May 2010 (UTC)

Cleanup
--Lendorien (talk) 14:04, 20 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Article needs editing for clarity and flow.
 * Better section layout is desperately needed.
 * Intro is too long. Consider moving part of it to a more detailed general description catagory.
 * Article needs a longer more detailed description on Podiatry before moving into the details of invividual countries and the like.
 * Section on the United States is pretty long. Perhaps it needs to be moved to its own article?
 * Also seems to be tywo US sections, one being an apparent text dump.
 * Needs proper sourcing.

Nov. 2 edits
Much of the text removed in Jwri7474's good-faith edit was problematic in terms of style and clarity. I am nonetheless reverting, and making a slight correction to some of what I'm restoring, for two reasons. First, the information about podiatry's status within the larger medical field is useful, relevant, and completely appropriate for an encylopedia. (No doubt "interspecialty politics" can be a problem, but these aren't specialties—they're broad fields, many of them comprising various specialties.) Second, there were multiple style and clarity issues with the new text that replaced it. I find it's less confusing to do copy and substantive edits separately, especially if they involve multiple sections in the article, but at any rate it seems easier at this point just to revert and go from there. Rivertorch (talk) 05:17, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

Podiatry as a field of medicine?
Forgive me if I am wrong, but I don't think podiatry can be considered a field of medicine, as the article's first sentence states. Most podiatric physicians and surgeons are skilled and competent individuals, but the medical specialty that deals with the foot and ankle is orthopaedics. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.15.58.34 (talk) 23:10, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

You are forgiven b/c you are indeed wrong. Medicine is DEFINED as the art of science and healing. So, I guess when a podiatrist does a PT tendon transfer, or is involved with limb salvage, he/she is performing voodoo? The "MD" specialty that deals with foot and ankles is orthopedics, but they by no means have a monopoly on the practice of medicine. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.32.194.20 (talk) 02:15, 18 February 2010 (UTC)

Nevertheless, I think the _difference_ between the kind of training a podiatrist receives and the kind of training an MD receives should be outlined - not just the training a podiatrist goes through. Because it it my understanding as a layperson that the training is NOT equivalent, that the MD is in fact a more strenuous achievement, and that the resulting degrees and accomplishments are NOT equivalent. And if I am incorrect, my misperceptions should be cleared up through a factual comparison of training and not through persuasive-type language where the podiatrist states that they are not a quack and insistst that they spent long hours in school. I understand that podiatrists would never want to be considered the lesser counterpart to their orthopedic doctor peers. However if there are in fact fewer hours of school, less rigorous qualifying factors to get into school, it's easier to pass the boards, fewer requirements to keep up the practice, etc. then Wikipedia is the correct place to reveal these facts. Thank you. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.247.10.162 (talk) 16:35, 6 May 2011 (UTC)

Why should a comparison be outlined? They are separate degrees with separate scopes. Podiatrists to go a specialized school where they learn how to treat all aspects of care concerning the foot & ankle - not complicated to understand. Orthopods do a general orthopedic residency - which in all likelihood does not train them as experts in all arenas of foot & ankle medicine - which is why they have fellowships.

If we followed your logic, we should probably edit the allopathic orthopedics section and throw in a little bit about how podiatrists specialize MUCH earlier than a foot & ankle fellowship trained orthopod. That doesn't sound very reasonable, but it does sound a bit like a pissing match.

This article is not a suitable place for a comparison of training with allopaths/osteopaths, nor is it a place to prove the worthiness of the degree. Keep that in mind future editors. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.165.28.89 (talk) 05:08, 29 December 2011 (UTC)

Neutral point of view regarding Dx/Tx
The article states "Thus there are four medical professions in the United States that allow for independent diagnosis and treatment" and gives these as physicians (MD/DO), doctors of optometry (OD), dentistry (DMD/DDS) and doctors of podiatric medicine (DPM). I don't think this represents a neutral view point. There are many other professions that are (broadly/allied) medical professions that allow for independent diagnosis and treatment of patients. Clinical psychologists, chiropractors, naturopathic physicians, and other professionals are qualified to provide independent diagnosis and treatment. The above quote includes optometry and dentistry, which aren't particularly relevant to podiatry, and I think clinical psychologists (for example, those people who hold a PsyD) are just as relevant.

But this raises a bigger question of relevance... what relevance is it anyway how many professions offer independent diagnosis and treatment? By framing diagnosis and treatment as elite privileges, and then including podiatric medicine among the professions that do these things, this section elevates the DPM to an elite status. In the defense of DPMs and DOs and many others, the MD degree is sometimes seen as the "gold standard" so I don't blame any profession for trying to rub elbows with the MD. But it's really not relevant for an encyclopedia entry, and in my opinion it just reinforces the notion that MDs are the benchmark that other professions should try to measure up to. Each profession should be proud of the services that they provide. If that includes diagnosis, medication, and surgery, then by all means mention these things. But it doesn't make DPMs look good if they look smug about their professional privileges.

You are clearly not one of the real 'doctors' so you are trying to elevate your status. let me make this clear to you we lived in a classed society from a sociological point of view health needs to be structured therefore all physicians are at the top of the foodchain. So it is correct that there are only 4 professions that allow for independent diagnosis and treatment — Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.149.239.158 (talk) 00:20, 5 February 2012 (UTC)

Many people are skeptical about herbal remedies (I might be among them) but consider this: some naturopathic physicians prescribe antibiotics (like penicillin) just like in western medicine. If you exclude them from the conversation and relegate them to second-tier status, you might never find that out about them. Fact is there are many differences between naturopathic physicians and medical doctors, but in some cases they can be similar. Some naturopaths even do some surgical treatments. And what about nurse practitioners? In my state (Oregon), nurse practitioners are legally licensed to practice without a supervising or collaborating physicians. So then the argument is "well, they don't count because they don't have a doctorate." But these days, more schools are offering doctoral-level degrees for nurse practitioners (Doctor of Nursing Practice). So you have someone who is a "doctor," who's licensed to do diagnostic procedures, give orders for treatments including drugs... sounds pretty indistinguishable from an MD, don't you think? Of course, I'm over simplifying--there are differences, I know. But this section that I'm writing about clearly reads like an advertisement: "Come get treated by us, we're real doctors!  Not like those other people..." Ehb (talk) 21:45, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

WHO IS THE NUT-JOB WHO WROTE THIS ARTICLE, AND REFERRED TO THE PODIATRIST AS A “PHYSICIAN”???????? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.244.123.54 (talk) 01:31, 6 March 2011 (UTC)

Oh please. we as podiatrists are physicians and are licensed to give medical and surgical care of the foot and ankle, and also the diagnosis and treatment of the ankle to the hip. — Preceding unsigned comment added by PodDPM (talk • contribs) 12:55, 9 November 2011 (UTC)

sofre bump on heel
I HAVE NEVER BEEN TO A PODIATRIST. MY HEEL HURTS WHEN I WALK 15 MINUTES. 5 YEARS AGO I HAD CORTIZONE INJECTIONS IN MY HEELS EVERY THURSDAY FOR 3 WEEKS. IT DID HELP. NOW THE BUMP ABOUT THE SIZE OF A GREEN PEA, HAS COME ON THE BACK OF MY HEEL AND IT HURTS. THE BOTTOM OF MY FOOT DOES NOT HURT. WHAT IS THIS CONDITION NAMED? THANK YOU, DEB —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.115.120.44 (talk) 16:19, 29 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Sorry, Wikipedia is not able to offer medical advice. There are many online forums you might find helpful. Try a search at Open Directory Project. Rivertorch (talk) 01:22, 30 June 2009 (UTC)

Citations and cleanup required
I think this article requires some clean up and citations need to be provided. For example there is a statement, without references, that the term chiropodist is falling out of use and that podiatrist is increasingly preferred. I have to say that I find this amusing. I am from Ireland and, although I am not of the podiatry profession, I have to say I never heard of this term until I came across this article. A quick search on Irish sites does indeed show that there is usage of the term here, but I would recommend that citations be provided to show that it is indeed an increasingly preferred term. My own belief (and it is opinion based on my own experiences) is that while the term may be used in Ireland, the majority of people would not have a clue what a podiatrist is, but would know what a chiropodist is. --MacTire02 (talk) 11:28, 26 June 2010 (UTC)

Reasons for name change
The section on History states that chiropodists are now known as podiatrists, but not explain reason for the name change. It would be informative if it did clarify reasons for this change. ACEOREVIVED (talk) 23:37, 14 June 2011 (UTC)

Australia Scope of Practice
In Australia right now, 2011, the profession of podiatry has changed or in other words has an increased in scope of practice and legislation. Access to S4 medications is now legal in Australia on a federal level however on each state level there are poisons acts in each state restricting some drugs wheras others giving full rights. For a while now DPMs in the US are regarded as 'physicians' and 'doctors' (Courtesy title) as such due to the fact that there program has already integrated podiatric surgery as part of the DPM degree. In Australia Podiatrists can now have the option of having the courtesy title of doctor or physician due to current legislation. With podiatric surgery further study giving the status of surgeon.

The Australian podiatry Council is currently lobbying for specialist recognition in podiatry for:

-podopaediatrics, diabetes, high risk, sports and vascular/neurological specialties

I think more should be added to the scope of practice of podiatry in Australia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by PodDPM (talk • contribs) 12:35, 9 November 2011 (UTC)

Podiatric Nurse
there needs to be a new article on podiatric nurse/assistants and a new article on podiatrists — Preceding unsigned comment added by PodDPM (talk • contribs) 06:53, 28 April 2012 (UTC)

Section on the United Kingdom
The section on the United Kingdom could be improved if more clarification could be made of how podiatrists were, before the 1990s, generally called "chiropodists". ACEOREVIVED (talk) 23:31, 13 June 2012 (UTC)

Podiatric Medicine
for the purposes of article references to this, it is now mainstream usage that the words podiatry and podiatric medicine have the same meaning — Preceding unsigned comment added by PodDPM (talk • contribs) 11:36, 22 June 2012 (UTC)

New article sections on the foot and ankle, podiatric medicine, and biomechanics
i have added these new sections to explain more about the scope of practice of podiatry and explain more key concepts — Preceding unsigned comment added by PodDPM (talk • contribs) 06:38, 25 June 2012 (UTC)

Podiatrists treating the back? Citations needed.
Where are the references that state a podiatrist is qualified to treat the back? I can let the hip go as it is a "related structure to the foot & ankle".

The argument that gait is related to the back does not hold water, and by putting the "back" in an encyclopedic entry - well, it is misleading to the general public and does not serve our profession well. Please cite your sources - preferably multiple sources, otherwise for the love of God, don't put that podiatrists treat the back.

Also, the following is misleading:

Within the field of podiatry, podiatric physicians can focus and specialize on different areas, including surgery, sports medicine, biomechanics, geriatrics, pediatrics, internal medicine, diabetes, vascular, neurological, dermatological, orthopedics, or primary care.[3]

There is no such thing as a podiatrist who "specializes" in internal med. Internal med is in it of itself a specialty. If you cannot produce where it says a podiatrist specializes in internal medicine, please do not put this up for the world to see. Also, the term "specialize" shouldn't be tossed around lightly. If I study the kidneys for 5-6 years as well because I really enjoy treating renal manifestations of gout, does that make me a podiatric-nephrologist?! Or a podiatric-rheumatologist? Be honest about what we can truly "specialize" in -- true fellowships vs focused areas of clinical practice, -- ie: limb salvage vs primary care podiatry -- that is an honest assessment of what we are able and trained to do. And as always, please provide your sources.

Reference 3 clearly states the following:

"Within the field of podiatry, practitioners can focus on many different specialty areas, including surgery, sports medicine, biomechanics, geriatrics, pediatrics, orthopedics or primary care."

If you cite it, please don't add your own opinions. I have removed it again. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.33.78.52 (talk) 19:48, 26 June 2012 (UTC)

Copyright/NPOV
I haven't read through the whole article, but I did look at the section on California licensing and skimmed a few other. Much of the material there (2.1) has been cut and pasted from the references (at least one displaying a copyright notice) to the point that "fair use" might be called into question.

In addition, a) there's a fair amount of cheerleading going on in this and a few other sections and b) some passages waver between defensiveness and complaints about limits or designations. The article could be crisper and less emotional (for want of a better word). Tito john (talk) 12:52, 3 July 2012 (UTC)

Out from a podiatry school pamphlet:
The US section seems to come straight from a Podiatry school pamphlet

Podiatrists are uniquely qualified among medical professionals to treat only diseases of the foot and ankle. Whether it’s sports medicine, pediatrics, dermatology or diabetes, today’s podiatrist can tackle the many diverse facets of foot care. Podiatrists can be the first to identify systemic diseases in patients, such as diabetes and vascular disease.[12] Today’s podiatrists: perform surgery perform complete medical histories and physical examinations prescribe medications set fractures and treat sports-related injuries prescribe and fit orthotics, insoles, and custom-made shoes order and perform physical therapy take and interpret X-rays and other imaging studies work as valued members of a community’s health care team Doctors of podiatric medicine receive medical education and training in podiatric medical colleges including four years of undergraduate education, four years of graduate education at one of nine podiatric medical colleges and three years of hospital-based residency training. All podiatrists receive a DPM degree.[13] — Preceding unsigned comment added by 148.87.19.210 (talk) 23:53, 25 October 2013 (UTC)

This article is a mess
I'm flagging with a multiple issues tag. Horrid grammar, redundant statements, and, worst of all, downright misinformation and/or misuse of sources. Also, what's with the "competencies: critical thinking, analytical skills, professionalism, management skills, communication and interpersonal skills" in the infobox? Wouldn't these be the competencies required of every medical professional? It seems as if someone just dreamed these up. PacificBoy  19:21, 8 August 2014 (UTC)

Hi, I do agree the competencies merit its own section. For example in Australia podiatry competencies are aligned with ANZPAC to facilitate registration. (PodDPM (talk) 06:53, 30 August 2014 (UTC))

Copyright violations
I just had to remove the entire "Scope of practice" section as it was made up entirely of close paraphrasing and outright copyright violations of two sites. cymru.lass (talk • contribs) 17:11, 9 July 2018 (UTC)

UK: podiatrists are not doctors
The article (and this talk page) contains repeated assertions that a podiatrist is a 'physician', 'medical specialist', or a 'doctor'. In the UK, the term 'physician' refers to someone with the qualification 'Doctor of Medicine' (MD). In general, the term 'medical specialist' is an MD who has undertaken additional specialist training; e.g. see Psychiatrist, Oncologist, Radiologist. The idea is that all of these specialists have been fully trained in general medicine, and can tell when a case they are looking at is clearly the realm of a different kind of specialist.

From what I can tell from this article, a podiatrist need only receive training in podiatric medicine to be qualified to practice.

It says: "Those using protected titles must be registered with the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC)". From that I conclude that they are not required to register with the BMA (otherwise it would say so), and so the use of the terms 'physician', doctor' and 'medical specialist' are misleading, or at best confusing. Nobody refers to a dentist as a 'medical specialist', and for a dentist to self-identify as a doctor would arguably be fraud.

"Physician" is a term that is relatively little-used in the UK; I take it to mean the same as MD. US usage may be different. I would like it made clear that a UK podiatrist is not a trained MD, is not a doctor in the usual sense of that term in the UK, and is not a 'medical specialist' in the sense in which a psychiatrist or radiologist is a medical specialist (i.e. a fully-trained and qualified Doctor of Medicine who has further qualified in one or more specialist fields). MrDemeanour (talk) 09:33, 4 August 2019 (UTC)

ABPS Changed Their Name to ABFAS in 2014.
Paragraphs/Mentions of ABPS should be adjusted to ABFAS (Source), uncertain if any policy changes were also made. Leaving this note here just incase anyone wants to clean this article up...

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Autism rights movement

The autism rights movement, also known as the autistic acceptance movement, is a social movement allied with disability rights that emphasizes a neurodiversity paradigm, viewing autism as a disability with variations in the human brain rather than as a disease to be cured. The movement advocates for several goals, including greater acceptance of autistic traits and behaviors; reforms of services – i.e. services that focus on improving quality of life and well-being instead of suppression and masking of autistic traits that are adaptive or not harmful or imitations of social behaviors of allistic (non-autistic) peers (which have been associated with poorer mental health);   the creation of social networks and events that allow autistic people to socialize on their own terms; and the recognition of the autistic community as a minority group.

Autism rights advocates believe that the autism spectrum should be accepted as a natural expression of the human genome, and accommodated like any other condition (the social model of disability). This perspective is distinct from two other views: that autism is a genetic defect and should be addressed by targeting the gene (or genes) responsible for it, or that it is caused by environmental factors (including the disproven claim that it is caused by vaccines).

There are a wide variety of both supportive and critical opinions about the movement among people who are autistic or associated with people with autism. A common criticism leveled against autistic activists is that the majority of them do not have co-occurring intellectual disability and critics argued that their views do not represent the views of autistic people with intellectual disability and their parents.

1980s–1990s: Autistic-run organizations, newsletters, and conferences
Jim Sinclair is credited as the first person to communicate the anti-cure or autism rights perspective in the late 1980s. In 1992, Sinclair co-founded the Autism Network International, an organization that publishes newsletters "written by and for autistic people." Other individuals involved in the creation of the ANI were Donna Williams and Kathy Grant, two autistic people who knew Sinclair through pen pal lists and autism conferences. The ANI newsletter, Our Voice, had its first issue distributed online in November 1992, to an audience of mostly neurotypical professionals and parents of young autistic children. The number of autistics in the organization slowly grew over the years, and ANI eventually became a communication network for like-minded autistics. Sinclair wrote the essay, "Don't Mourn for Us", published in 1993 in the ANI newsletter (Volume 1, Number 3), with an anti-cure perspective on autism. The essay has been thought of by some to be a touchstone for the fledgling autism-rights movement, and has been mentioned in The New York Times and New York Magazine.

In 1996, ANI established a yearly retreat known as "Autreat". Autreat was a retreat and conference held in the United States specifically for autistic people and was held every year from 1996 to 2013, except in 2001. The theme of the first conference in 1996 was "Celebrating Autistic Culture" and had close to 60 participants. It was hosted at Camp Bristol Hills in Canadaigua, New York. The success of Autreat later inspired similar autistic retreats, such as the Association for Autistic Community's conference, Autspace, in the United States; Autscape in the United Kingdom; and Projekt Empowerment in Sweden.

Also in 1996, Martijn Dekker, an autistic computer programmer from the Netherlands, launched an e-mail list called "Independent Living on the Autism Spectrum", or "InLv". The list also welcomed those with "cousin" conditions, such as ADHD, dyslexia, and dyscalculia. American writer Harvey Blume was a member of the list and described it as embracing what he called "neurological pluralism" in a 1997 article in The New York Times. Blume discussed the concept of neurological diversity with Australian sociologist Judy Singer. The term "neurodiversity" was first published in Singer's 1998 Honours thesis and in Blume's 1998 article in The Atlantic.

2000s–2010s: The rise of self-advocacy and autistic pride
Aspies For Freedom (AFF) was founded in 2004, and established 18 June as Autistic Pride Day starting in 2005. AFF was also instrumental in initiating protests against the National Alliance for Autism Research, Cure Autism Now, and the Judge Rotenberg Center.

In 2004, Michelle Dawson challenged applied behavior analysis (ABA) on ethical grounds. She testified in Auton v. British Columbia against the lack of required government funding of ABA. That same year The New York Times covered the autism rights perspective by publishing Amy Harmon's article, "How about not curing us? Some autistics are pleading."

In 2006, the Autism Acceptance Project was founded by Estée Klar, the mother of an autistic child, with help from an autistic advisory and board. The project affiliated with the Autistic Self Advocacy Network (ASAN) and other activist groups in North America and was one of the first to sign the petition against the New York Child Study Campaign. It is also recognized by ASAN in a letter to the United Nations of being one of the first autism organizations to promote autism acceptance. From 2005 to 2008, TAAProject organized arts-based events to show the public an active autism rights movement that burgeoned online. In addition, it sponsored the controversial Joy of Autism: Redefining Ability and Quality of Life events and lectures in Toronto, featuring dozens of autistic artists and speakers including Jim Sinclair, Michelle Dawson, Phil Schwartz, Morton Ann Gernsbacher, Larry Bissonnette and more.

In as early as 2001 and as late as 2016, many families and related organizations pursued legal action against states to mandate insurance coverage of autism treatments and therapies. Organizations that directly contributed to this legal outcome includes Washington Autism Alliance, Autism Society, Indiana Autism Alliance, Autism Society of Florida, and other similarly structured organizations in each state.

In 2008, ASAN succeeded in halting two ad campaigns it stated were demeaning to autistics. The first ads were a series published by the NYU Child Study Center that appeared in the form of ransom notes. One read, "We have your son. We will make sure he will no longer be able to care for himself or interact socially as long as he lives. This is only the beginning", and was signed, "Autism". The second ads were published by PETA and featured a bowl of milk with the leftover bits of cereal forming a frowning face. The text read, "Got autism?" and was meant to advertise what PETA claims is a link between autism and the casein in milk. Phone calls, letters and petitions organized by ASAN led to the removal of these ads.

The rise of the Internet has provided more opportunities for autistic individuals to connect and organize. Considering the geographical distance, communication and speech patterns of autistic individuals, and the domination of neurotypical professionals and family members in established autism organizations, the Internet has provided an invaluable space for members of the movement to organize and communicate.

2020 onwards
The start of the decade was quickly dominated by the COVID-19 pandemic, causing a drop-off in the number of physical events in the summer of 2020, including Autism Pride events. Much of autism awareness and campaigning was driven by social media, including the notable growth of TikTok and the emergence of autistic advocates like Chloe Hayden and Paige Layle.

At the same time, autism advocacy made progress within the traditional media with the autistic perspective making its way into influential business publications such as Harvard Business Review and Fast Company. A comprehensive approach to inclusion in the workplace, the Canary Code, was developed with a specific focus on autistic talent as well as other marginalized communities.

Advocacy controversy
The neurodiversity paradigm falls in contrast with the medical model of autism, which considers autism a pathology. Those who favour the pathology paradigm, which aligns with the medical model of disability, see autism as a disorder to be treated or cured. Proponents of the pathology paradigm argue that atypical behaviors of autistic individuals are detrimental and should therefore be reduced or eliminated through behavior modification. Their efforts focus primarily on medical research to identify genetic and environmental risk factors in autism. Those who favour the neurodiversity paradigm, which aligns with the social model of disability, see autism as a naturally-occurring variation in the brain. Neurodiversity advocates argue that efforts to eliminate autism should not be compared, for example, to curing cancer, but instead to the antiquated notion of curing left-handedness. Their advocacy efforts focus primarily on acceptance, accommodation, and support for autistic people as "neuro-minorities" in society. Proponents of neurodiversity often argue that it is harmful to autistic people to pathologize their behavior.

Pathology paradigm
The pathology paradigm is the traditional view of autism through a biomedical lens, in which it is seen as a disorder characterized by various impairments, mainly in communication and social interaction. Those taking this perspective believe that autism is generally a kind of harmful dysfunction. Ways of functioning which diverge from a typical brain are "incorrect" or "unhealthy" and must therefore be treated or cured. The atypical behaviors of autistic individuals are considered a detriment to social and professional success and should therefore be reduced or eliminated through behavior modification therapy such as applied behavioural therapy. Proponents of this view include very few autistic adults as this is more often the view of parents when compared to autistic adults adopting the neurodiversity paradigm. These advocates believe that medical research is necessary to address the "autism epidemic", reduce suffering, and provide the best outcomes for autistic individuals. In addition to etiological research, other areas of focus may include biology, diagnosis, and treatment, including medication, behavioural and psychological interventions, and the treatment of co-existing medical conditions.

Advocacy groups in the US that focus primarily on medical research include Autism Speaks, who some in the autistic community consider to be a hate group,  the Autism Science Foundation, and its predecessor organizations, the Autism Coalition for Research and Education, the National Alliance for Autism Research, and Cure Autism Now, and the former Autism Research Institute.

Neurodiversity paradigm and autistic self-advocacy movement
The neurodiversity paradigm is the understanding that humanity has a variety of neurotypes, and always has. The autistic self-advocacy group Autistics for Autistics describes it this way: "Neurodiversity means that—like biodiversity—all of us have a role to play in society ...and we should be valued for who we are. Included in public life, such as school and employment. For nonverbal autistics, this also means equal and fair access to communication, such as AAC." The neurodiversity movement views autism as a different way of being rather than as a disease or disorder that must be cured, and embraces the social model of disability which focuses on removing access barriers in society so that disabled people can be included, rather than on "fixing" disabled people. In this way, it is aligned with the principles of the broader disability rights movement.

The autistic self-advocacy movement, made up of autistic individuals, works from a social model of disability perspective. For example, ASAN describes its mandate as to "advance the principles of the disability rights movement with regard to autism". The social model of disability is especially important to many autistic people who have been raised to think they are "broken versions of normal" rather than being accepted and having accommodations made for their disabilities. A shift from the medical model to the social model of disability has real-world advantages: for instance, some software companies now adjusting their job interview processes to be more accessible to autistic applicants rather than applying pressure on the applicants to "act neurotypical". This has strengthened the industry's pool of applicants while also reducing unemployment for autistic people.

Autistic people are considered to have neurocognitive differences which give them distinct strengths and weaknesses, and are capable of succeeding when appropriately accommodated and supported. This is not to belittle the challenges that autistic people face, but rather to point out that many of these challenges are due to structural inequities that can be remedied through equal access and acceptance of autistic differences. In the workplace, creating systems that support autistic employment and success through mechanisms such as organizational transparency, justice, and flexibility, benefits all employees

There is no leader of the neurodiversity movement and little academic research has been conducted on it as a social phenomenon. As such, proponents of the neurodiversity paradigm have heterogeneous beliefs, but are consistent in the view that autism cannot be separated from an autistic person. Advocacy efforts may include: opposition to therapies that aim to make children "indistinguishable from their peers", advocacy of accommodations in schools and work environments, and lobbying for the inclusion of autistic people when making decisions that affect them.

Neurodiversity advocates are opposed to research for a cure, as this aim is a form of eugenics, and instead support research that helps autistic people thrive as they are. Only a small percentage of research funding goes towards the quality of life needs of autistic adults.

Recent research found evidence that autistic self-advocates are disadvantaged in many disability/autism rights organisations; they are rarely involved in leadership or decision-making within organisations. Studies also show that poverty, unpaid positions at disability organisations, and lack of support are major barriers for most autistic people, including autistic people with an intellectual disability who wish to do self-advocacy.

Advocacy groups that focus primarily on acceptance and accommodation include Autism Network International, Autism National Committee, ASAN, and Autistic Women & Nonbinary Network.

Autism rights perspectives
Autism is classified by psychologists as a disorder. However, some fundraising organizations have referred to caring for autistic individuals as being comparable to treating a patient with cancer, though extended over the duration of a normal lifespan. Autistic children have also been described as being held hostage to a psychiatric disorder. Boyd Haley, an anti-vaccine activist and early promoter of the debunked claim that thiomersal causes autism, labeled autism as "mad child disease" (akin to mad cow disease), which some autistic individuals and their parents have found highly offensive. Margaret Somerville, founding director of the McGill Centre for Medicine, Ethics and Law, said that with activism there is a direct goal and it is sometimes necessary to sacrifice complexity and nuance to make a point, but some autistic activists do not believe desperation justifies the rhetoric. Bennett L. Leventhal said he understands concern about comparing autistic children to hostages and notes it is a misnomer to call autism a "disease" that will consume children if untreated. Autistic self-advocates also reject terming the reported increase in autism diagnoses as an 'epidemic' since the word implies autism is a disease and point out that the increase is due to an expansion of diagnostic criteria itself, rather than an epidemic.

Attempts have been made to place a figure on the financial cost of autism, addressed to both scholarly and popular audiences. These efforts have been criticized by some autism rights advocates, who compare them to similar calculations about "persons with bad heredity" made by the eugenics movement in the early 20th century. Michelle Dawson has pointed out that no effort has been made to examine the cost of 'eliminating the disease' to autistic individuals, and she, as well as others, have also pointed out the valuable contributions autistic individuals can, and have made to society. Dr. Temple Grandin has speculated that an autistic caveman probably invented the first stone spear, and that if autism were eliminated, society would lose most of its scientists, musicians, and mathematicians.

Autism as a spectrum
Some argue that while some autistic people can function "normally", that any impairments not due to prejudice are insignificant or nonexistent and deserve to have their condition viewed as a difference (akin to being left-handed), other autistic people are severely impaired and should be counted as having disabilities (akin to having a broken leg). Many autistic activists refute this perspective, saying that it is not easy to distinguish between "high" and "low" functioning and that these labels do more harm than good. The majority of autistic individuals oppose the distinction between the low and high functioning labels as well as the medically abandoned distinction between autism and Asperger syndrome, and believe that functioning labels are not important in helping individuals get proper consultation and treatment.

Autism does not need to be cured
"Curing" autism is a controversial and politicized issue. Doctors and scientists are not sure of the causes of autism yet many organizations like Autism Research Institute and Autism Speaks have advocated researching a cure. Members of the various autistic rights organizations view autism as a way of life rather than as a disease and thus advocate acceptance over a search for a cure. Michelle Dawson wrote that common therapies for the behavioral and language differences associated with autism, like applied behavior analysis, are not only misguided but also unethical.

The "anti-cure perspective" endorsed by the movement is a view that autism is not a disorder, but a normal occurrence—an alternate variation in brain wiring or a less common expression of the human genome. Advocates of this perspective believe that autism is a unique way of being that should be validated, supported and appreciated rather than shunned, discriminated against or eliminated. Sometimes called a "strengths-based" diagnosis, it means that each individual's challenges and strengths should be equally recognized and the quirks and uniqueness of autistic individuals should be viewed inclusively, as with the differences of any minority group, and that efforts to eliminate autism should not be compared, for example, to curing cancer but instead to the antiquated notion of curing left-handedness. The ARM is a part of the larger disability rights movement, and as such acknowledges the social model of disability. Within the model, struggles faced by autistic people are viewed as discrimination rather than deficiencies.

Jim Sinclair, a leader in the movement, argues that autism is essential to a person, not a disease secondary to the person. Sinclair says that wishing that an autistic person be cured is equivalent to wishing that they disappear and another completely different person exist in their place. Visions for a future where autism has been eradicated, Sinclair believes, is the desire to end the autistic culture.

Most autistic self-advocates agree that autistic people should not be made to act exactly like everyone else, but that society should accommodate their disability and that autism services should focus on quality of life, rather than conformity. Simon Baron-Cohen, a professor of developmental psychology at Trinity College, Cambridge, and an autism researcher, expressed the latter view. Baron-Cohen said: I do think there is a benefit in trying to help people with autism-spectrum conditions with areas of difficulty such as emotion recognition. Nobody would dispute the place for interventions that alleviate areas of difficulty, while leaving the areas of strength untouched. But to talk about a 'cure for autism' is a sledge-hammer approach and the fear would be that in the process of alleviating the areas of difficulty, the qualities that are special – such as the remarkable attention to detail, and the ability to concentrate for long periods on a small topic in depth – would be lost. Autism is both a disability and a difference. We need to find ways of alleviating the disability while respecting and valuing the difference.

Autistic people have their own culture
Some autistic activists suggest that life with autism is very much like being born among people who speak a different language, have a religion or philosophy one does not share and live a lifestyle that feels alien. To put it differently, autistic people have an individual culture that's often very different from their environment. Social media, meetups and even specific professions are all spaces where autistic people connect and may share common language or a common culture.

This perspective is often voiced in opposition to the pathologisation of autistic modes of thought and social "rulebooks", as there are many people without autism who either claim that autistic people all think the same (on account of their similarities with each other and distinctions from members of the general public) or are completely different from each other and share no more than a label (on account of their individual life experiences, differences, and differences across the spectrum) or the suggestion that the existence of similar talents within autistic people are merely compensatory factors for a group of people who (according to non-autistic people) express severe disability or lack originality.

Autistic people require inclusion in the autism debate
A common theme expressed among autism rights activists and neurodiversity groups is that they are different from parent- and professional-led organizations and conferences that dominate the autism scene. Michelle Dawson criticizes the norm of allowing parents to speak on behalf of their autistic children at conferences to the exclusion of autistics. "With the happy and proud collaboration of governments, courts, researchers, service providers, and funding bodies," she says, "parents have succeeded in removing autistics from the vicinity of any important discussions or decisions." This exclusion results in policy and treatment decisions being made solely by individuals who do not directly experience autism.

Jim Sinclair states that autism conferences are traditionally geared toward neurotypical parents and professionals, and that to an autistic person they may be quite "hostile" in terms of sensory stimulation and rigidity.

In defiance of the common complaint that anti-cure advocates' ability to articulate complex opinions in writing—which some critics see as being impossible for autistic people —autistic adults such as Amanda Baggs use their own writing and videos to demonstrate that it is possible for severely disabled autistics to be autism rights advocates. She says that when the critics assume that intelligent and articulate autistic people do not have difficulties like self-injurious behavior and difficulty with self-care, they affect the opinions of policy makers and make it more difficult for intelligent and articulate autistic people to get services. Baggs cites an example of an autistic person who was denied services when it was discovered that she could type.

Autism therapy is often unethical
Aspies For Freedom (AFF) stated that the most common therapies for autism are unethical, since they focus on extinguishing harmless stimming, forcing eye contact and breaking routines. AFF argued that ABA therapy and restriction of stimming "and other autistic coping mechanisms" are mentally harmful, that aversion therapy and the use of restraints are physically harmful, and that alternative treatments like chelation therapy are dangerous. The United Nations (UN) has also called out many autism treatments as "ill-treatment or torture".

Michelle Dawson, a Canadian autism self-advocate, testified in court against government funding of ABA therapy. An autistic person named Jane Meyerding criticized therapy which attempts to remove autistic behaviors because she says that the behaviors that the therapy tries to remove are attempts to communicate. Autistics for Autistics (A4A), a Canadian group, has outlined some of the main objections to ABA from autistic self-advocates.

Autism genes should not be eliminated
Autism rights activists are opposed to attempts to eliminate autism genes, and argue that doing so would decrease human genetic diversity. In particular, there is opposition to prenatal genetic testing of autism in fetuses, which some believe might be possible in the future. On 23 February 2005, Joseph Buxbaum of the Autism Genome Project at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai said there could be a prenatal test for autism within 10 years. However, the genetics of autism have proven to be extremely complex. A wider debate on the ethics involved in the possible elimination of a genotype that has advantages as well as disadvantages, has focused on possible negative effects of tampering with natural selection.

Some people lament that professionals, such as social workers, may discourage autistic people from having children. Activists are concerned that the "ultimate cure will be a genetic test to prevent autistic children from being born" and that most fetuses with so-called "autism genes" would be aborted if prenatal tests for autism are developed.

Opposition perspectives
Criticisms of the autism rights movement generally focus on difficulties associated with being autistic which they believe the movement downplays, notwithstanding the harms of attempting to 'cure' autism reported by the movement. Critics of the movement argue that anyone on the autism spectrum who is able to express their desire not to be cured must be in a position where they benefit from being autistic or being openly known as autistic, such as gaining a minor celebrity status as an autistic advocate. They mention the fact that well-known autistic public figures tend to be verbal; this can imply to some that they are more likely to be independently successful than autistic people with higher apparent support needs. Some controversy has also been raised regarding some neurodiversity advocates who identify from self-diagnosis and the allegation that this risks neurotypicals identifying themselves as autistic and misrepresenting or minimizing the struggles and issues faced by autistic people as well as potential overdiagnosis when people with lower apparent support needs are diagnosed.

Autism Speaks boycott
Autism Speaks has faced criticism from autism rights advocates for failing to represent autistic people and for exploitative practices. Until he resigned in 2013, John Elder Robison was Autism Speaks' only board member openly recognized as being on the autism spectrum. His resignation came two days after the release of an op-ed by the group's co-founder Suzanne Wright which, according to Robison, "is simply not defensible for someone who feels as I do, and I cannot continue to stand up for the public actions of an organization that makes the same mistakes over and over again by failing to connect to the community it purports to represent." Simone Greggs, the mother of an autistic child, filed a lawsuit against Autism Speaks for disability discrimination after her job offer was rescinded. The suit alleges that she lost the job offer due to asking for an accommodation on behalf of her autistic son.

Autism Speaks has produced three major films, each met with strong opposition from autism rights advocates. Autism Every Day is a documentary featuring interviews of parents with mostly negative opinions about autism and their situations. It has been criticized due to parents speaking about their children as if they are not there. In one interview, former board member Alison Singer, who has an autistic daughter, reveals she contemplated murder-suicide while her daughter is in the same room. I Am Autism is a short video that personifies autism as a narrative voice, which compares itself to several life-threatening diseases and makes the false claim of causing divorce. Sounding the Alarm is a documentary exploring the transition to adulthood and the cost of lifetime care. It was criticized for being "full of dehumanizing rhetoric" and portraying ignorance of nonverbal communication.

Because of the number of objections to the organization, Autism Speaks fundraising events have been the object of organized protest. Many of these protests are organized by ASAN. In 2013, the organization Boycott Autism Speaks published a list of companies that donate money to Autism Speaks along with their contact information, urging those in the Autistic community to pressure those companies into dropping their support via an active boycott, since direct appeals to Autism Speaks did not result in the desired changes. A month later, ASAN published its 2014 Joint Letter to the Sponsors of Autism Speaks, signed by 26 different disability-related organizations, appealing to the moral responsibility of the sponsors, donors, and other supporters.

Autism rights groups
There are several organizations in the autism rights movement. Some like ASAN are led exclusively by Autistic people, while others such as Autism National Committee encourage cooperation between Autistic people and their non-autistic allies.

Events and activities

 * In 2010, Autistics Speaking Day was a response to the then-upcoming first commemoration of Communication Shutdown. The annual Communication Shutdown event encourages non-autistics to refrain from using social networking websites for one day as a perspective-taking exercise, while Autistics Speaking Day encourages autistic people to become more active on social media and to describe their experiences during a time when there are fewer neurotypical voices in the mix.
 * In 2012, autistic activist Zoe Gross organized the first Disability Day of Mourning vigil held in memory of people with disabilities murdered by family members or caregivers. These vigils are now held annually on 1 March globally, often by local self-advocacy and disability rights groups.
 * In 2015, autistic activist Alanna Rose Whitney created the social media campaign #WalkInRed, later rebranded #RedInstead to be more inclusive of wheelchair users, as another alternative to Light It Up Blue.
 * Autism rights activists organize protests against organizations they consider objectionable, most notably Autism Speaks and the Judge Rotenberg Center.   In the United States, activists affiliated with ASAN have organized numerous protests against Autism Speaks events, typically protesting and leafleting at fundraising walks. Autistic activists including Shain Neumeier and Lydia Brown have organized lobbying days and protests aiming to close or more strictly regulate the Judge Rotenberg Center.

Terminology
Although some prefer to use the person-first terminology person with autism, most members of the autistic community prefer autistic person or autistic in formal English, to stress that autism is a part of their identity rather than a disease they have. In addition, phrases like suffers fr are objectionable to many people, and are discouraged by prominent style guides.

The autistic community has developed abbreviations for commonly used terms, such as:
 * Aspie – a person with Asperger syndrome. Not as frequently used with Aspergers being removed as an official diagnosis.
 * Autie – an autistic person.
 * Autistics and Cousins (AC) – a cover term including aspies, auties, and their "cousins", i.e. people with some autistic traits but no formal diagnosis.
 * Curebie – a person with the desire to cure autism. This term is highly derogatory.
 * Neurodiversity – appreciation of people regardless of neurological makeup. Neurodiversity is a natural variation within humanity, akin to biodiversity.
 * Neurotypical (NT) – a person who does not have any neurological differences. Often used to describe an individual who is not on the autism spectrum.
 * Allistic – a person who is not autistic but may or may not be neurodivergent in other ways, for example, a dyslexic person, or someone with ADHD. Originally and commonly, however, it is used satirically to describe those without autism.
 * STISM – "the act of autistic people embracing who they are with confidence". Coined by musical group 8 Chicken Nuggets.

Autism spectrum disorders; DSM-V; Diagnostic criteria-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) is the 2013 update to the American Psychiatric Association's (APA) classification and diagnostic tool. In the United States, the DSM serves as a universal authority for psychiatric diagnosis.

Autistic pride
Autistic pride refers to pride in autism and shifting views of autism from "disease" to "difference". Autistic pride emphasizes the innate potential in all human phenotypic expressions and celebrates the diversity various neurological types express.

Autistic pride asserts that autistic people are not impaired or damaged; rather, they have a unique set of characteristics that provide them many rewards and challenges, not unlike their non-autistic peers.

Curing autism is a controversial and politicized issue. The "autistic community" can be divided into several groups. Some seek a cure for autism—sometimes dubbed as pro-cure—while others consider a cure unnecessary or unethical, or feel that autism conditions are not harmful or detrimental. For example, it may be seen as an evolutionary adaptation to an ecological niche by some environmentalists and the more radical autism rights campaigners.

Autistic culture and community
With the recent increases in autism recognition and new approaches to educating and socializing autistics, an autistic culture has begun to develop. Autistic culture is based on a belief that autism is a unique way of being and not a disorder to be cured. The Aspie world, as it is sometimes called, contains people with Asperger syndrome (AS) and high functioning autism (HFA), and can be linked to three historical trends: the emergence of AS and HFA as labels, the emergence of the disability rights movement, and the rise of the Internet. Autistic communities exist both online and offline; many people use these for support and communication with others like themselves, as the social limitations of autism sometimes make it difficult to make friends, to establish support within general society, and to construct an identity within society.

Because many autistics find it easier to communicate online than in person, a large number of online resources are available. Some autistic individuals learn sign language, participate in online chat rooms, discussion boards, and websites, or use communication devices at autism-community social events. The Internet helps bypass non-verbal cues and emotional sharing that autistics tend to have difficulty with. It gives autistic individuals a way to communicate and form online communities.

Conducting work, conversation and interviews online in chat rooms, rather than via phone calls or personal contact, helps level the playing field for many autistics. A New York Times article said "the impact of the Internet on autistics may one day be compared in magnitude to the spread of sign language among the deaf" because it opens new opportunities for communication by filtering out "sensory overload that impedes communication among autistics."

World Autism Day

World Autism Awareness Day, sometimes referred to as World Autism Day, is marked yearly on 2 April. It was designated by the United Nations General Assembly at the end of 2007. On 2 April 2009, activists left 150 strollers near Central Park in New York City to raise awareness that one in 150 children is estimated to be autistic. Nowadays, there are many celebrations and activities all over the world on 2 April for World Autism Awareness Day. Autistic people have campaigned to rename it Autism Acceptance Day because of a misconception that the day is affiliated with Autism Speaks.

Autism Sunday
Autism Sunday is a global Christian event, observed on the second Sunday of February. It is supported by church leaders and organisations around the world. The event started as a small idea in the front room of British autism campaigners, Ivan and Charika Corea. It is now a huge event celebrated in many countries. Autism Sunday was launched in London in 2002 with a historic service at St. Paul's Cathedral.

Autism Awareness Year
The year 2002 was declared Autism Awareness Year in the United Kingdom—this idea was initiated by Ivan and Charika Corea, parents of an autistic child, Charin. Autism Awareness Year was led by the British Institute of Brain Injured Children, Disabilities Trust, The Shirley Foundation, National Autistic Society, Autism London and 800 organizations in the United Kingdom. It had the personal backing of British Prime Minister Tony Blair. This was the first ever occasion of partnership working on autism on such a huge scale. 2002 Autism Awareness Year helped raise awareness of the serious issues concerning autism and Asperger's Syndrome across the United Kingdom. A major conference, Autism 2002 was held at the King's Fund in London with debates in the House of Commons and the House of Lords in Westminster. Autism awareness ribbons were worn to mark the year.

British autism advocates want autistic people acknowledged as a minority rather than as disabled, because they say that "disability discrimination laws don't protect those who are not disabled but who 'still have something that makes them look or act differently from other people.'" But the autism community is split over this issue, and some view this notion as radical.

Autistic Pride Day
Autistic Pride Day is an Aspies For Freedom initiative celebrated on 18 June each year. It is a day for celebrating the neurodiversity of people with autism. Inspired by LGBT+ communities, Autistic Pride often compares their efforts to the civil rights and LGBT social movements.

Autistics Speaking Day
Autistics Speaking Day is a yearly event designated on 1 November, a self-advocacy campaign run by people with autism to raise awareness and challenge negative stereotypes about autism by speaking for themselves and sharing their stories. The first Autistics Speaking Day was held in 2010. According to Corina Becker, one of the early founders, the day is to "acknowledge our difficulties while sharing our strengths, passions, and interests." The idea for the event developed out of opposition to a Communication Shutdown fundraising campaign led by United States charity Autism Speaks. Participants had been asked to "simulate having autism" by straying from all forms of online communication for one day. The event received criticism and accused Autism Speaks of missing the point of what autism actually is, referring to autistic individuals' comfort using other means of communication.

Autism Acceptance Project
In 2006 the Autism Acceptance Project (TAAProject) was founded by Estée Klar, the mother of an autistic child, with help from an autistic advisory board. The project was dedicated to promoting acceptance and accommodations for autistic people in society and was primarily supported by autistic people. The website for TAAProject disappeared a decade later, but the idea of promoting acceptance has now been adopted with other campaigns such as Autism Acceptance Month.

Autism Acceptance Day
In 2011, the first Autism Acceptance Day celebrations were organized by Paula Durbin Westby, as a response to traditional "Autism Awareness" campaigns which the Autistic community found harmful and insufficient. Autism Acceptance Day is now held every April. "Awareness" focuses on informing others of the existence of autism while "acceptance" pushes towards validating and honoring the autism community. By providing tools and educational material, people are encouraged to embrace the challenges autistic people face and celebrate their strengths. Rather than making autism into a crippling disability, acceptance integrates those on the autistic spectrum into everyday society. Instead of encouraging people to wear blue as Autism Awareness Day does, Autism Acceptance Day encourages people to wear red.

Autreat
At Autreat—an annual autistic gathering—participants compared their movement to gay rights activists, or the Deaf culture, where sign language is preferred over surgery that might restore hearing. Other local organizations have also arisen: for example, a European counterpart, Autscape, was created around 2005.

Scholarship
ASDs received increasing attention from social-science scholars in the early 2000s, with the goals of improving support services and therapies, arguing that autism should be tolerated as a difference not a disorder, and by how autism affects the definition of personhood and identity. Sociological research has also investigated how social institutions, particularly families, cope with the challenges associated with autism.

A study published on 20 January 2021, by the University of Texas at Dallas suggests that educating non-autistic people about the strengths and challenges of autistic people can help reduce stigma and misconceptions surrounding autism, which may help increase social inclusion of autistic people. The study also found that implicit biases about autism were harder to overcome for non-autistic people.

Media portrayals
Much of the public perception of autism is based on its portrayals in biographies, movies, novels, and TV series. Many of these portrayals have been inaccurate, and have contributed to a divergence between public perception and the clinical reality of autism. For example, in the 2005 movie Mozart and the Whale, the opening scene gives four clues that a leading character has Asperger syndrome, and two of these clues are extraordinary savant skills. The savant skills are not needed in the film, but in movies savant skills have become a stereotype for the autism spectrum, because of the incorrect assumption that most autistic people are savants.

Some works from the 1970s have autistic characters, who are rarely labeled. In contrast, in the 2013 BBC2 television miniseries The Politician's Husband, the impact of Noah Hoynes' Asperger syndrome on the boy's behavior and on his family, and steps Noah's loved ones take to accommodate and address it, are prominent plot points in all three episodes.

Popular media have depicted special talents of some children with autism, including exceptional abilities as seen in the 1988 movie Rain Man.

Since the 1970s, fictional portrayals of people with autism, Asperger syndrome, and other ASCs have become more frequent. Public perception of autism is often based on these fictional portrayals in novels, biographies, movies, and TV series. These depictions of autism in media today are often made in a way that brings pity to the public and their concern of the topic, because their viewpoint is never actually shown, leaving the public without knowledge of autism and its diagnosis. Portrayals in the media of characters with atypical abilities (for example, the ability to multiply large numbers without a calculator) may be misinterpreted by viewers as accurate portrayals of all autistic people and of autism itself. Additionally, the media frequently depicts autism as only affecting children, which promotes the misconception that autism does not affect adults.

Notable individuals
Some notable figures such as Temple Grandin, a food animal handling systems designer and author, and Tim Page, a Pulitzer Prize-winning critic and author are autistic.

Notable individuals known to have Asperger syndrome include Craig Nicholls, lead singer, songwriter, guitarist and only constant member of the Australian rock band The Vines, who was diagnosed in 2004, and actor Paddy Considine. Swedish environmentalist Greta Thunberg, who in August 2018 started the "School strike for climate" movement, has explained how the "gift" of living with Asperger syndrome helps her "see things from outside the box" when it comes to climate change. In an interview with presenter Nick Robinson on BBC Radio 4's Today, the 16-year-old activist said that autism helps her see things in "black and white". She went on to say: "It makes me different, and being different is a gift, I would say. It also makes me see things from outside the box. I don't easily fall for lies; I can see through things. I don't think I would be interested in the climate at all, if I had been like everyone else. Many people say that it doesn't matter, you can cheat sometimes. But I can't do that. You can't be a little bit sustainable. Either you're sustainable, or not sustainable. For way too long the politicians and people in power have got away with not doing anything at all to fight the climate crisis and ecological crisis, but we will make sure that they will not get away with it any longer."

Additionally, media speculation of contemporary figures as being on the autism spectrum has become popular in recent times. New York magazine reported some examples, which included that Time magazine suggested that Bill Gates is autistic, and that a biographer of Warren Buffett wrote that his prodigious memory and "fascination with numbers" give him "a vaguely autistic aura". The magazine also reported that on Celebrity Rehab, Dr. Drew Pinsky, deemed basketball player Dennis Rodman a candidate for an Asperger's diagnosis, and the UCLA specialist consulted "seemed to concur". Nora Ephron criticized these conclusions, writing that popular speculative diagnoses suggest autism is "an epidemic, or else a wildly over-diagnosed thing that there used to be other words for." The practice of diagnosing autism in these cases is controversial.

title: Autism rights movement


text:
Beatin' the Odds (Molly Hatchet album)

Beatin' the Odds is the third studio album by American rock band Molly Hatchet, released in 1980 by Epic Records. The album is the first to feature singer Jimmy Farrar, who replaced original singer Danny Joe Brown. A remastered edition of the album was issued in 2008 by Rock Candy Records, with four live bonus tracks and extensive liner notes. The remastering was directed by British producer Jon Astley. The album was also reissued under the SPV/Steamhammer label in 2013 and only included the original tracks.

The cover art for the album was "Conan the Conqueror" by Frank Frazetta.

2008 re-issue bonus tracks

 * Tracks 10 - 13 recorded live at The Lakeland Civic Centre, Lakeland, Florida, on 31 December 1980

Molly Hatchet

 * Jimmy Farrar - vocals
 * Dave Hlubek - guitar, slide guitar
 * Steve Holland - guitar
 * Duane Roland - guitar, slide guitar
 * Banner Thomas - bass
 * Bruce Crump - drums

Additional personnel

 * Jai Winding - keyboard

Production

 * Tom Werman - producer
 * Gary Ladinsky - engineer, mixing
 * Bill Vermillion, Gary Pritikin - assistant engineers
 * George Marino - mastering at Sterling Sound, New York
 * Pat Armstrong - executive producer, director
 * Frank Frazetta - cover painting

title: Beatin' the Odds (Molly Hatchet album)


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Puʻu ʻŌʻō

Puu Ōō (also spelled Pu‘u‘ō‘ō, and often written Puu Oo,, ) is a volcanic cone on the eastern rift zone of Kīlauea volcano in the Hawaiian Islands. The eruption that created Puu Ōō began on January 3, 1983, and continued nearly continuously until April 30, 2018, making it the longest-lived rift-zone eruption of the last two centuries.

By January 2005, 2.7 km3 of magma covered an area of more than 117 km2 and added 230 acres of land to the southeast coast of Hawaii. The eruption claimed at least 189 buildings and 14 km of highways, as well as a church, a store, the Wahaula Visitor Center, and many ancient Hawaiian sites, including the Wahaula heiau. The coastal highway has been closed since 1987, as parts of the road have been buried under lava up to 35 m thick.

Etymology
The hill was initially nicknamed "Puu O" by volcanologists, as its position when marked on a map of the area coincided with an "o" in "Lava flow of 1965". Later, the elders of the village of Kalapana were asked to name the new hill, and chose Puʻu ʻŌʻō, meaning hill of the digging stick. The name is also often translated as "Hill of the Ōō Bird". In 2021, the Hawaiʻi Board of Geographic Names updated the spelling of the cone as Pu‘u‘ō‘ō for consistency with the board's spelling guidelines. The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory began following the new recommended naming convention shortly thereafter.

1983 – 1986: High lava fountains build tall cinder and spatter cone

The Puu Ōō eruption began when fissures split the ground in the remote rainforest of the eastern rift zone, on January 3, 1983. By June 1983, the activity had strengthened and localized to the Puu Ōō vent. Over the next three years, 44 eruptive episodes with lava fountains as high as 460 m stopped traffic at points across east Hawaii. The fallout of cinder and spatter from the towering lava fountains built a cone 255 m high.

1986 – 1991: Eruption shifts east to Kūpaianahā
In July 1986, the conduit feeding magma to Puu Ōō ruptured, and the eruption abruptly shifted 3 km downrift to form the Kūpaianahā vent. With the new vent came a new style of eruption: continuous, quiet effusion from a lava lake replaced the episodic high fountaining. After a few weeks, a roof formed over the main lava outflow channel, which created a lava tube. The lava tube allowed the fluid pahoehoe lava to retain heat and flow long distances. In less than a year, overflow from the lake created a broad and low shield about 55 m above Kūpaianahā.

Lava streams were first visible from the town of Kapaau in November, 1986. In the course of that month, lava cut a swath through Kapaahu, covered the coastal highway, and finally reached the ocean 12 km from the vent. Some weeks later, the lava flow shifted eastwards and buried 14 houses in the town of Kalapana within one day. The lava flow at Kalapana ceased when the lava tube system shut down.

In 1990, the eruption entered its most destructive phase, when flows turned eastward and completely destroyed the villages of Kalapana and Kaimū. Kaimū Bay and Kalapana Black Sand Beach were also completely covered with lava. Over 100 homes were destroyed by the ever-broadening flow field in a nine-month period. New tubes diverted lava away from Kalapana early in 1991, and lava once again entered the ocean within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.

1992 – 2013: Steady lava effusion
The volume of lava erupted from Kūpaianahā declined steadily through 1991, and in early 1992, the vent died. The eruption then returned to Puu Ōō, where flank vents on the west and southwest sides of the cone constructed a new lava shield. Soon lava tubes were feeding lava from the vents to the ocean, with few surface flows in between. The flank vents have held center stage ever since, with the exception of a two-month pause in activity, early in 1997, which followed a brief fissure eruption in Nāpau Crater, a short distance southwest of Puu Ōō.

On the evening of January 29, 1997, a series of earthquakes struck Kīlauea's east rift zone. Deep within the rift zone, magma was escaping from the conduit leading to the Puu Ōō vent, cutting off the supply to the ongoing eruption. The lava pond at Puu Ōō drained, and residents 10 mi away heard a low, rumbling roar as the crater floor dropped 500 ft and the west wall of the Puu Ōō cone collapsed. A few hours later, as magma found a new path to the surface, the ground cracked in nearby Nāpau Crater, and lava fountains lit up the night sky. However, activity in this area was short-lived, and the center of activity soon shifted back to Puu Ōō.

As of January 2007, 3.1 cubic km of lava had covered 117 km2 and added 201 ha to Kīlauea's southern shore. The new shoreline was 15.6 km long. The lava flows have destroyed 189 structures and covered 14 km of highway with as much as 35 m of lava.

In 2007, after a cluster of earthquakes, activity in Puu Ōō subsided and the crater floor collapsed, with no incandescence visible in the crater after the end of August. Lava began emerging from a series of cracks in the northeast rift zone and spread slowly east and south as a perched flow, with slow advances of aā. The flow spread mostly over flows of 1983–1986, with minor incursions into adjoining forests.

In late July 2008, additional flows extended from the eastern vents of Puu Ōō and in October multiple new fissures opened along the length of the tube expanding into Royal Gardens Subdivision and covered a large area of the coastal flats in November 2008.

On March 5, 2011, the floor of the Puu Ōō crater deflated, then collapsed. Two hours later, a new eruption occurred in Kīlauea's middle east zone, between Puu Ōō and Napau Crater. Lava fountains were reported to be 65 ft high.

On March 26, 2011, lava began to refill the crater's floor, being visible in USGS HVO webcam. The USGS stated that the accumulation of lava had put the crater floor about 39 m below the eastern crater rim, as of June 1.

On September 21, 2011, lava in the west lava lake in Puu Ōō Crater fed a series of lava flows that traveled down the west flank of Puu Ōō during September 20–21. At about 0225 UTC on September 21, activity in the crater and overflows to the west suddenly decreased, as lava broke through the upper east flank of Puu Ōō, bypassing the crater. The new fissure fed a channelized aā lava flow that advanced rapidly downslope 2.5 km southeast. A second flow to the west of the first began the next day. In addition, a small pad of lava actively refilled the bottom of the drained east lava lake and small flows were barely active at the west edge of Puu Ōō Crater. The channelized aā lava flow reached 3.7 km long on 23 September and then stalled within the Kahaualeʻa Natural Area Reserve. Most of the active lava spread south and west of Puʻu Halulu (1.3 km northeast of Puu Ōō) during 23–27 September. Minor lava activity resumed within Puʻu ʻOʻo Crater with short lava flows issuing from the base of the east wall on 25 September and from the west wall base during 25–26 September. The crater floor of Puu Ōō slowly subsided. Lava activity resumed within the east lake on 26 September. The floor of the crater continued to subside during 26–27 September, opening up cracks in the north crater floor.

The 2011 activity ultimately destroyed all remaining homes in the Royal Gardens Subdivision. Jack Thompson evacuated his home March 2, 2012. His evacuation and return to the property was documented by Leigh Hilbert.

2014 – 2016: Lava flow threatens Pāhoa
On June 27, 2014, new vents opened on the northeast flank of the Puu Ōō cone that fed a narrow lava flow to the east-northeast. On August 18, the flow entered a ground crack, traveled underground for several days, then resurfaced to form a small lava pond. The sequence was repeated twice more over the following days with lava entering other cracks and reappearing farther downslope. In this way, the flow had advanced approximately 13.2 km from the vent, or to within 1.3 km of the eastern boundary of the Wao Kele o Puna Forest Reserve, by the afternoon of September 3. Advancing to the northeast at intermittent rates, the flow had entered the village of Pāhoa and was within 25 m of the waste recycling center on October 31.

In December 2014, a sustained lava breakout from this lava flow (informally named the "June 27 flow" by Hawaiian Volcano Observatory scientists) threatened to enter the town of Pāhoa, and to cut Highway 130, the only route into and out of Lower Puna. As a result, work was begun to reopen Chain of Craters Road, initially as a one-lane gravelled surface, and to make Railroad Avenue and Government Beach Road usable as emergency routes. However, the flow stopped just short of entering Pāhoa.

By March 2015, the June 27 flow retreated to within 6 kilometers of Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō, greatly reducing the threat to Pāhoa. Lava from the June 27 flow remained active in this area through the remainder of 2015.

On May 24, 2016, a new vent opened on the east flank of Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō that cut the supply of lava to the June 27th flow, which became inactive by June 8, 2016. Lava from the new vent, informally named the "61g" flow by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, flowed south and began entering the ocean at Kamokuna on July 26, 2016. Lava from the 61g flow covered part of the regraded (but never reopened) new section of the Chain of Craters Road. The road is kept flat for use by authorities, but is no longer a public thoroughfare.

2018: Activity at Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō stops; eruption shifts to the Lower East Rift Zone
On April 30, 2018, Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō's crater floor collapsed as magma drained from the area beneath the cone. Following the collapse, seismicity and ground deformation increased downrift of Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō. On May 3, fissures opened up at the Leilani Estates, marking the beginning of the 2018 lower Puna eruption. Through the rest of 2018, Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō continued to experience intermittent collapses.

In January 2019, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory scientists stated that, considering historical data of prior rift zone eruptions and criteria used by the Global Volcanism Program to determine the end of an eruption, the Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō eruption was most likely over.

title: Puʻu ʻŌʻō