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Jenůfa

Její pastorkyňa (Her Stepdaughter; commonly known as Jenůfa ) is an opera in three acts by Leoš Janáček to a Czech libretto by the composer, based on the play Její pastorkyňa by Gabriela Preissová. It was first performed at the National Theatre, Brno on 21 January 1904. Composed between 1896 and 1902, it is among the first operas written in prose.

The first of Janáček's operas in which his distinctive voice can clearly be heard, it is a grim story of infanticide and redemption. Like the playwright's original work, it is known for its unsentimental realism. While today it is heard in the composer's original version, Jenůfa's early popularity was due to a revised version by Karel Kovařovic, altering what was considered its eccentric style and orchestration. Thus altered, it was well-received, first in Prague, and particularly after its Vienna première also worldwide. More than 70 years passed before audiences again heard it in Janáček's original version.

Janáček wrote an overture to the opera, but decided not to use it. It was partly based on a song called Žárlivec (The jealous man). It is now performed as a concert piece under the title Žárlivost (Jealousy), JW 6/10.

The composer dedicated the work to the memory of his daughter Olga (d. 1903), as he did his choral composition the Elegy on the Death of Daughter Olga.

Synopsis

 * Place: A Moravian village
 * Time: the nineteenth century

The plot depends on a tangled set of village relationships. Before the opera begins, the mill-owner Grandmother Buryja had two sons. The elder married the widow of a man named Klemeň, became stepfather to her son Laca, and had a son of his own with her, Števa. The younger married twice, and had a daughter, Jenůfa, with his first wife. When the opera opens, Grandmother Buryja's sons and their wives have died, except for the Kostelnička (the sacristan or sextoness of the village church), the younger son's second wife and Jenůfa's stepmother. Custom dictates that Števa alone, as the elder son's only child, will inherit the mill, leaving his half-brother Laca and cousin Jenůfa to earn their livings.

Act 1
Jenůfa, Laca, and Grandmother Buryja wait for Števa to return home. Jenůfa, in love with Števa and secretly pregnant with his child, worries that he may have been drafted into the army. Laca, in love with Jenůfa, expresses bitterness against his half-brother's favored position at home. As he complains he plays with a knife and, finding it blunt, gives it to the mill foreman to be sharpened.

The foreman informs the family that Števa has not been drafted, to Jenůfa's relief and Laca's increased frustration. The others leave, and Jenůfa waits to greet Števa. He appears with a group of soldiers, drunk and boasting of his prowess with the girls. He calls for music and drags the miserable Jenůfa into dancing with him.

The Kostelnička steps into this rowdy scene, silences the musicians and, shocked by Števa's behavior, forbids him to marry Jenůfa until he can stay sober for one full year. The soldiers and the family leave Števa and Jenůfa alone, and she begs him to love her, but he, unaware of her pregnancy, gives her casual answers and leaves.

Laca returns, as bitter as ever. He attempts to goad Jenůfa into criticizing Števa, but she takes her lover's side despite everything. Laca rages that Števa would never even look at her if it weren't for her rosy cheeks, then slashes her across the cheek with his knife.

Act 2
Months later, it is winter. The baby has been born, but Števa has not yet come to visit his child. Jenůfa's face is still disfigured, but she is happy in her love for the baby. While Jenůfa sleeps, the Kostelnička summons Števa and demands that he take responsibility. He answers that while he will provide money in secret, no one must know the baby is his. His love for Jenůfa died when Laca spoiled her beauty, and he is now engaged to marry Karolka, the mayor's pretty daughter.

Števa leaves, and Laca enters. He still doesn't know the truth about the baby, and when the Kostelnička tells him, his first reaction is disgust at the thought of taking Števa's child under his wing. Fearful that Jenůfa will be left with no one to marry, Kostelnička hastily lies that the baby is dead. Laca leaves, and the Kostelnička is faced with the necessity of making the lie true. She wraps the baby in a shawl and leaves the house.

Jenůfa wakes up and says a prayer for her child's future, but the Kostelnička, returning, tells her that the baby died while she slept. Laca appears and comforts Jenůfa gently, asking that they spend the rest of their lives together. Seeing the tenderness of the couple, the Kostelnička tries to convince herself that she has acted for the best.

Act 3
It is now spring, and Laca and Jenůfa's wedding day. All seems right again, except that the Kostelnička is a nervous wreck. Števa and Karolka visit, and a chorus of village girls sings a wedding song. Just then, screams are heard. The body of the baby has been discovered in the mill-stream under the melting ice. Jenůfa immediately says that the baby is hers, and in her grief appears guilty of the murder. The village is ready to exact immediate justice against Jenůfa, but the Kostelnička calms them and says that the crime is hers. Hearing the whole story, Jenůfa forgives her stepmother. The crowd takes the Kostelnička off to jail. Jenůfa and Laca are left alone. Jenůfa asks Laca to leave her, as she cannot expect him to marry her now. He replies that he will not leave her, and that he wishes to spend the rest of his life with her.

Noted arias

 * "In a moment" [Co chvíla] (Kostelnička)
 * Jenůfa's prayer (Jenůfa)
 * Finale [Odesli] (Jenůfa, Laca)

Recordings

 * 1951: Stepanka Jelinkova, Beno Blachut, Ivo Žídek, Marta Krásová, Miloslava Fidlerova, Milada Čadikovičová, Karel Kalaš, Marie Musilova, Vladimir Jedenactik, Milada Šubrtová, Prague National Theatre Chorus, Prague National Theatre Orchestra, conducted by Jaroslav Vogel, Supraphon, recorded at the Dvorak Hall of the Rudolfinum, Prague 2 CDs
 * 1969: Libuše Domaninskayá, Vilém Přibyl, Ivo Žídek, Naděžda Kniplová, Marie Mrázová, Jindřich Jindrák, Marta Bohácová, Prague National Theatre Chorus, Prague National Theatre Orchestra, conducted by Bohumil Gregor, Supraphon, recorded Zofin Hall, Prague, June 1969. Label: HMV; EMI CD reissue 2011
 * 1974: Magda Olivero, Jeda Valtriani, Nicola Zaccaria, Margherita Benetti, Giuseppe Morresi, Grace Bumbry, Maria Grazia Allegri, Nella Verri, Silvana Zanolli, Renato Cioni, Jerzy Semkow (Conductor); La Scala Orchestra and Chorus. Recorded at the Teatro alla Scala, Milano, 1974. Label: Myto
 * 1977: Gabriela Beňačková, Nadĕžda Kniplová, Vilém Přibyl, Vladimír Krejčík, Anna Barová, Karel Berman and others; Brno Janáček Opera Chorus, Brno Janáček Opera Orchestra, conducted by František Jílek. Recorded at the Janáček Opera House, Brno, 1977/78. Label: Supraphon 10 2751-2 612, 2CDs
 * 1980: Soňa Červená, Sena Jurinac, Willard White, Elisabeth Söderström, John del Carlo, Gwendolyn Jones, Sara Ganz, Susan Quittmeyer, Pamela South, William Lewis; San Francisco Opera Orchestra and Chorus, conducted by Albert Rosen. Recorded at the War Memorial Opera House, San Francisco, October 1, 1980 (as on the accompanying material, but possibly the performance of October 10, which was broadcast). Label: Gala
 * 1983: Elisabeth Söderström, Wieslaw Ochman, Peter Dvorský, Eva Randová, Václav Zítek, Dalibor Jedlička, Ivana Mixová, Lucia Popp, Marie Mrazová; Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, Vienna State Opera Chorus, conducted by Charles Mackerras, recorded Sofiensaal, Vienna, April 1982. Label: Decca
 * 1988: Gabriela Benackova, Leonie Rysanek, Wieslaw Ochman, Peter Kazaras; Opera Orchestra of New York, conducted by Eve Queler. Recorded at Carnegie Hall, March 30, 1988. Label: BIS.
 * 2003: Elizabeth Vaughan, Dame Josephine Barstow, Janice Watson, Peter Wedd, Nigel Robson, Chorus and Orchestra of Welsh National Opera, conducted by Sir Charles Mackerras. Recorded at Brangwyn Hall, Swansea, United Kingdom, July 2003. Label: Chandos
 * 2009: Amanda Roocroft, Deborah Polaski, Miroslav Dvorský, Nikolai Schukoff, Mette Ejsing, Károly Szemerédy, Miguel Sola, Marta Mathéu, Marta Ubieta, Elena Poesina; Teatro Real Orchestra and Chorus, conducted by Ivor Bolton; Stage Director: Stéphane Braunschweig. Recorded at the Teatro Real, Madrid, 2009. Label: Opus Arte (DVD)
 * 2014: Gal James (Jenůfa), Iris Vermillion (Kostelnička Buryjovka), Dunja Vejzović (Stařenka Buryjovka), Aleš Briscein (Laca Klemeň), Taylan Reinhard (Števa Buryja) and others, Choir and Singschul' of the Graz Opera, Graz Philharmonic Orchestra, Dirk Kaftan, conductor, recorded live during staged performances at Graz Opera, Graz, Austria, 7, 17, 21 – 22 May 2014; Oehms Classics OC 962; 2 CDs

title: Jenůfa


text: User talk:152.3.158.103

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:152.3.158.103


text:
User talk:Spaceghost~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 20:58, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
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Renamed
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Proposed deletion of Looking As You Are

The article Looking As You Are has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "No claim of notability, no references, tagged since December 2009"

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title: User talk:Spaceghost~enwiki


text:
User talk:Neilfein

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 20:59, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
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Ways to improve Snow – Live
Hello, Neilfein,

Thank you for creating Snow – Live.

I have tagged the page as having some issues to fix, as a part of our page curation process and note that:

"Thank you for your new article on "Snow-Live" by Spock's Beard, but the article needs more references to demonstrate that the album in notable."

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title: User talk:Neilfein


text: User talk:207.188.29.244

title: User talk:207.188.29.244


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Abdul Ahad (0th nomination)

Abdul Ahad
Abdul Ahad was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

Suspected auto-biography/self-promotion. Author (User:62.252.64.12) has spammed links to his website across other articles as well, those edits should probably be reverted. Fredrik | talk 21:03, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * This person's autobiography and all of his works have received full listings on Google on referral support by relevant authorities. His works are recognised at NASA and the Harvard Smithsonian Astrophysical Journal. His papers are being examined for Journal entries in the British Astronomical Association in the UK. Please check with these authorities before deleting. - Javid Hussain, UK
 * Votes by the same user who created the Abdul Ahad article ( 62.252.64.12 ) - rernst 21:39, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I recognise the name as a poster to Usenet (sci.space.* - not to be confused with Abdul Ahad Mohmand); would have to go and check up to remind myself who he is, but I suspect non-encylopedic. Note also that large chunks seem to be copied from, and are therefore possible copyvio. Shimgray 21:19, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * He probably wrote that page himself. Anyway. The British Astronomical Association he's a member of is an association for amateur astronomists. Everything else I can find on him is forum posts and other people who share his name. Found nothing to suggest he's notable. Delete or if someone can prove me wrong --> Cleanup. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 21:49, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Whilst I'll abstain on this one for the moment, I've knocked the entry on December 15 off (and replaced the one deleted to add it), and removed the link on Generation ship as non-notable. Shimgray 21:30, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * What are your criteria for saying who is notable and who is not? This guy is a fellow countrymen from Bangladesh and I think his work will make a good contribution to Wikipedia, that why I added him here. I live in the same town as him and I use his permission to use the biography notes to stop breach of copyright. Why u cross out my comments? I think you are being just unfair. If you think your policy is right, why not write him at aa_spaceagent@yahoo.co.uk? If u delete this, it's not fair decision. That's my view.  JH
 * Comment: You should know that anonymous votes (that is, any contribution by a user who is not logged in) are steeply discounted on this page.  Please consider logging in and signing your votes (which you can do by typing  ).  Please also take a few minutes to familiarize yourself with some of the Wikipedia norms and standards.  In particular, you might want to look at the recommendations at Criteria for inclusion of biographies.  Wikipedia chooses not to accept biographies on most living people because of the inherent difficulties in keeping those articles verifiable and NPOV.  However, striking out your earlier comments was inappropriate.  The disclaimer underneath which identified you was sufficient.  Rossami (talk) 05:14, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. He's just this guy, you know?  He was born in Bangladesh, educated in Luton, Bedfordshire, and lives there and dreams of the stars.  Cute but not worth an entry.  --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway Talk]] 23:57, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete A 1st year PhD student has more academic standing, and we can't list all of those. Sorry. [[User:GeorgeStepanek|George\talk ]] 02:59, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: He is an avid astronomer, and I'm sure he does his fair share to encourage astronomy, but he is not notable within the field. Geogre 04:06, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - As live person his biography is not proper to add, but his articles are certainly popular on the google tests as here. On the 100 year test, his article on interstellar propulsion using comets is totaly new to science, his method is a first debated with over 200 threads as shown here  In professorship and publish popularity his fiction work seen over 50 countrys by 8,000 people visits to his site, here. I think you should be fair on his works not his biography.  - Javid Hussain, UK
 * Clear Delete for reasons given by Fredrik | talk. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 20:48, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - Abdul Ahad's works is in a field that is for all people of the world to benefit, yet only recognise in his own country and listed in Bangladesh National Astronomy Society website and his own site here. Why?, that is my question. You say his work is not encyclopedic, that's not the reason at all. You people have no faith in culture diversity in the west? I have two kids growing up in Luton, UK who aspire toward space inspire by Abdul Ahad. I will tell them not to try too hard as they dont stand a bloody chance.
 * The above vote was made by the same person who voted for keeping above, and should therefore not be counted. Fredrik | talk 03:17, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Possible Keep. User:Bill Carson (billcarson) Hey, I know this guy, he posts on usenet and lives in Bedfordshire. His work is mostly original and often quite inspirational. Where I think he has a winning point is in his article on the Interstellar night sky. That is currently under review by the BAA in the UK. He satisfies the "100 year test" by miles. He identified a boundary at 11,500 AUs from the Sun which is going to be named the "Ahad Radius". . In fact he potentially could satisfy a 1,000 year test on wkipedia; every time a ship heads out toward the stars, they will cross his little zone of the AR - LOL! I say let him have it... 15:09, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Thank you for providing the link. It was an interesting article.  He seems to be a very dedicated and talented amateur astronomer.  I don't think he meets the "average professor" test though he may in time if his work gets more widely discussed.  It would help, for example, if the article had been published somewhere besides his personal website.  Regardless, it appears that the current content of the article is a copyright violation and has now been tagged as such.  Rossami (talk) 22:30, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The "Ahad Radius" gets two google hits (one the page you linked, and what appears to be a copy of him using the term on Usenet). Usenet gets him mentioning the concept. I would be frankly astonished to find an astronomer ever referring to the Ahad Radius; it's not even a particularly relevant concept in any practical sense (insolation being fundamentally insignificant at that point regardless of the source). I see no evidence anyone uses the term, and I see no evidence this is going to be "named after him" as anything other than vanity. (...) "This paper is the first of its kind to provide solutions to those kinds of fundamental questions asked in science for many decades." - that would be the first of its kind, if you don't count the last three centuries of astronomy. <10fm83qcq94cj9d@corp.supernews.com>. The guy has fun, he thinks, he raises the signal level on Usenet... but he's not notable in the field. Shimgray 23:46, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Apologies. I am really sorry for the mix-ups here, this has only just come to my attention via my web tracker. Please see my full explanatory note here. (PS: If you don't see any merits in any of my humble work or feel it to be inappropriate to list my pages - please ignore this request which was unwarranted to begin with.) My work is being reviewed as I write by the BAA in the UK, and I am pursuing journal entries via other authorities too. I am just a tiny voice in the big wide world, so please do not make such fuss. Respectfully, Abdul Ahad (Luton, UK. e-mail: aa_spaceagent@yahoo.co.uk)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Ahad/Temp

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Bourgeois tragedy

Bourgeois tragedy (German: Bürgerliches Trauerspiel) is a form of tragedy that developed in 18th-century Europe. It is a fruit of the enlightenment and the emergence of the bourgeois class and its ideals. It is characterized by the fact that its protagonists are ordinary citizens.

In England and France
There are a few examples of tragic plays with middle-class protagonists from 17th century England (see domestic tragedy), but only in the 18th century did the general attitude change. The first true bourgeois tragedy was an English play: George Lillo's The London Merchant; or, the History of George Barnwell, which was first performed in 1731.

In France, the first tragédie bourgeoise was Sylvie by Paul Landois, which came out in 1741. Years later came two plays by Denis Diderot: Le fils naturel was first staged in 1757 and Le père de famille in the following year; while these plays were not strictly tragedies, they treat bourgeois lives in a serious manner atypical of contemporary comedy and provided models for more genuinely tragic works.

Heroes in classical tragedy
While ordinary people had always been the subject of comedies, classical and neo-classical theorists asserted that tragic heroes should always be men of noble rank. Aristotle articulates this idea in ars poetica (The Poetics) and it figures prominently in later ancient writings on drama and poetics.

Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century critics, including the influential German Martin Opitz, perpetuated the theory that only members of the higher classes were capable of suffering harm serious enough to deserve dramatic reenactment. This rule was followed throughout Europe for centuries: usually, princes and members of the nobility, such as Andreas Gryphius' Carolus Stuardus (i.e. King Charles I of England), Jean Racine's Phèdre (the wife of Theseus, a mythical king of Athens) or William Shakespeare's King Lear, serve as tragic protagonists.

In Germany
In Germany, where the new genre was called Bürgerliches Trauerspiel, it was especially successful. Usually, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing's play Miss Sara Sampson, which was first produced in 1755, is said to be the earliest Bürgerliches Trauerspiel in Germany. However, Christian Leberecht Martini's drama Rhynsolt und Sapphira is slightly older.

Lessing's Emilia Galotti of 1771 is a classic example of the German Bürgerliches Trauerspiel. Lessing also offered a thorough theoretic justification for his disregard of the old rules in his Hamburgische Dramaturgie. Other important examples of German Bürgerliche Trauerspiele are Die Soldaten by Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz (1776) and Friedrich Schiller's Kabale und Liebe (1784).

General characteristics
Bourgeois tragedies tend to propagate the values of the bourgeois class to which their heroes belong. Their ideal is the virtuous citizen, who is excluded from state affairs and whose intentions are focused on his private life and the life of his family. Values like virtue, humanity, individuality and true feelings are cherished in bourgeois tragedies.

title: Bourgeois tragedy


text:
File:Seal of Salisbury, Maryland.png

Summary
City of Salisbury, Maryland Seal

title: File:Seal of Salisbury, Maryland.png


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Deutsche Oper Berlin

The Deutsche Oper Berlin is a German opera company located in the Charlottenburg district of Berlin. The resident building is the country's second largest opera house (after Munich's ) and also home to the Berlin State Ballet.

Since 2004, the Deutsche Oper Berlin, like the Staatsoper Unter den Linden (Berlin State Opera), the Komische Oper Berlin, the Berlin State Ballet, and the Bühnenservice Berlin (Stage and Costume Design), has been a member of the Berlin Opera Foundation.

History
The company's history goes back to the Deutsches Opernhaus built by the then independent city of Charlottenburg—the "richest town of Prussia" —according to plans designed by Heinrich Seeling from 1911. It opened on 7 November 1912 with a performance of Beethoven's Fidelio, conducted by Ignatz Waghalter. In 1925, after the incorporation of Charlottenburg by the 1920 Greater Berlin Act, the name of the resident building was changed to Städtische Oper (Municipal Opera).

With the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, the opera was under control of the Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda. Minister Joseph Goebbels had the name changed back to Deutsches Opernhaus, competing with the Berlin State Opera in Mitte controlled by his rival, the Prussian minister-president Hermann Göring. In 1935, the building was remodeled by Paul Baumgarten and the seating reduced from 2,300 to 2,098 places. Carl Ebert, the pre-World War II general manager, chose to emigrate from Germany rather than endorse the Nazi view of music, and went on to co-found the Glyndebourne Festival Opera in England. He was replaced by Max von Schillings, who acceded to demands that he enact works of "unalloyed German character". Several artists, like the conductor Fritz Stiedry and the singer Alexander Kipnis, followed Ebert into emigration. The opera house was destroyed by a Royal Air Force air raid on 23 November 1943. Performances continued at the Admiralspalast in Mitte until 1945. Ebert returned to serve as general manager after the war.

After the war, in what had now been called West Berlin, the company, again called Städtische Oper, used the nearby Theater des Westens; its opening production was Fidelio, on 4 September 1945. Its home was finally rebuilt in 1961 but to a much-changed, sober design by Fritz Bornemann. The opening production of the newly renamed Deutsche Oper, on 24 September, was Mozart's Don Giovanni.

On the evening of 2 June 1967, Benno Ohnesorg, a student taking part in the German student movement, was shot in the streets around the opera house. He had been protesting against the visit to Germany by the Shah of Iran, who was attending a performance of Mozart's The Magic Flute.

Past Generalmusikdirektoren (GMD, general music directors) have included Bruno Walter, Kurt Adler, Ferenc Fricsay, Lorin Maazel, Gerd Albrecht, Jesús López-Cobos, Giuseppe Sinopoli, and Christian Thielemann. In April 2001, Sinopoli died at the podium while conducting Aida, at age 54. In October 2005, Renato Palumbo was appointed GMD as of the 2006–2007 season. In October 2007, the Deutsche Oper announced the appointment of Donald Runnicles as their next Generalmusikdirektor, effective August 2009, for an initial contract of five years. Simultaneously, Palumbo and the Deutsche Oper mutually agreed to terminate his contract, effective November 2007. In November 2020, the company announced the most recent extension of Runnicles' contract as its GMD, through 2027. In September 2023, the Deutsche Oper Berlin announced that Runnicles is to stand down as its GMD at the close of the 2025-2026 season, one season earlier than his most recent contract extension, at Runnicles' own request.

The current Intendant (artistic director) of the company is Dietmar Schwarz, and his current contract with the company is through 31 July 2025. The current executive director of the company is Thomas Fehrle, who is currently contracted with the company through 2027. In February 2023, the company announced the appointment of Aviel Cahn as its next Intendant, effective 1 August 2026.

Idomeneo controversy
In September 2006, the Deutsche Oper's then-Intendantin (general manager) Kirsten Harms drew criticism after she cancelled the production of Mozart's opera Idomeneo by Hans Neuenfels, because of fears that a scene in that production featuring the severed heads of Jesus, Buddha and Muhammad would offend Muslims, and that the opera house's security might come under threat if violent protests took place. (This is a departure from the original libretto, in which there is no such scene.) Critics of the decision include German Ministers and the German Chancellor Angela Merkel. The reaction from Muslims was mixed. The leader of Germany's Islamic Council welcomed the decision, whilst a leader of Germany's Turkish community, criticising the decision, said:

 * "This is about art, not about politics ... We should not make art dependent on religion – then we are back in the Middle Ages."

At the end of October 2006, the opera house announced that performances of Mozart's opera Idomeneo would then proceed.

Städtische Oper Berlin

 * 1923: Emil von Reznicek, Carl Meinhard, Rudolf Bernauer: Holofernes
 * 1932: Franz Schreker: Der Schmied von Gent
 * 1932: Kurt Weill, Caspar Neher: Die Bürgschaft

Städtisches Opernhaus Berlin

 * 1952: Boris Blacher: Preußisches Märchen

Deutsche Oper Berlin

 * 1961: Giselher Klebe: Alkmene
 * 1964: Roger Sessions, Giuseppe Antonio Borgese: Montezuma
 * 1965: Hans Werner Henze: Der junge Lord, (Libretto: Ingeborg Bachmann)
 * 1966: Roman Haubenstock-Ramati: Amerika
 * 1968: Luigi Dallapiccola: Ulisse
 * 1969: Boris Blacher: 200 000 Taler
 * 1970: Günter Grass, Marcel Luipart: Die Vogelscheuchen (Ballett)
 * 1972: Wolfgang Fortner, Matthias Braun: Elisabeth Tudor
 * 1979: Wilhelm Dieter Siebert, Untergang der Titanic
 * 1981: Mauricio Kagel: Aus Deutschland
 * 1987: Wolfgang Rihm: Oedipus
 * 1987: Erhard Grosskopf: Lichtknall
 * 1988: Marc Neikrug: Los Alamos
 * 1990: Hans Werner Henze: Das verratene Meer, (Libretto: Hans-Ulrich Treichel)
 * 1992: Aribert Reimann: Das Schloß, (based on Franz Kafka's novel of the same name)
 * 2005: Isabel Mundry: Ein Atemzug – Odyssee
 * 2008: Walter Braunfels: Szenen aus dem Leben der Heiligen Johanna (szenische UA)
 * 2017: Andrea Lorenzo Scartazzini: Edward II
 * 2017: Aribert Reimann: L'invisible, (Trilogie lyrique after Maurice Maeterlinck)

Intendanten (General Managers)

 * Georg Hartmann (1912–1923)
 * Wilhelm Holthoff von Faßmann (1923–1925)
 * Heinz Tietjen (1925–1931)
 * Carl Ebert (1931–1933)
 * Max von Schillings (1933)
 * Wilhelm Rode (1934–1943)
 * Hans Schmidt-Isserstedt (1943–1944)
 * Michael Bohnen (1945–1947)
 * Heinz Tietjen (1948–1954)
 * Carl Ebert (1954–1961)
 * Rudolf Sellner (1961–1972)
 * Egon Seefehlner (1972–1976)
 * Siegfried Palm (1976–1981)
 * Götz Friedrich (1981–2000)
 * André Schmitz (interim, 2000–2001)
 * Udo Zimmermann (2001–2003)
 * Heinz Dieter Sense / Peter Sauerbaum (interim, 2003–2004)
 * Kirsten Harms (2004–2011)
 * Christoph Seuferle (interim, 2011–2012)
 * Dietmar Schwarz (2012–present)

Generalmusikdirektoren (Music Directors)

 * Ignatz Waghalter (1912–1923)
 * Bruno Walter (1925–1929)
 * Kurt Adler, resident conductor (1932–1933)
 * Artur Rother (1935–1943, 1953–1958)
 * Karl Dammer (1937–1943)
 * Ferenc Fricsay (1949–1952)
 * Richard Kraus (1954–1961)
 * Heinrich Hollreiser, chief conductor (1961–1964)
 * Lorin Maazel (1965–1971)
 * Gerd Albrecht, resident conductor (1972–1974)
 * Jesús López Cobos (1981–1990)
 * Giuseppe Sinopoli (1990)
 * Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos (1992–1997)
 * Christian Thielemann (1997–2004)
 * Renato Palumbo (2006–2008)
 * Sir Donald Runnicles (2009–present)

title: Deutsche Oper Berlin


text:
Mongongo

The mongongo tree, mongongo nut or manketti tree (Schinziophyton rautanenii) is a member of the family Euphorbiaceae and of the monotypic genus Schinziophyton. A large, spreading tree, the mongongo reaches 15–20 metres tall. It is found on wooded hills and among sand dunes, and is associated with the Kalahari sand soil-types. The leaves are a distinctive hand-shape, and the pale yellow wood is similar in characteristics to balsa, being both lightweight and strong. The yellowish flowers occur in slender, loose sprays.

Fruit
The fruits are known as mongongo fruits, mongongo nuts, manketti nuts or nongongo. The egg-shaped, velvety fruits ripen and fall between March and May each year, and contain a thin exocarp around a thick, hard, pitted shell containing an edible nut.

Distribution
The mongongo is distributed widely through subtropical southern Africa. There are several distinct belts of distribution, the largest of which reaches from northern Namibia into northern Botswana, south-western Zambia and western Zimbabwe. Another belt is found in eastern Malawi, and yet another in eastern Mozambique.

It is also found in Angola, Tanzania and Zaire.

Taxonomy
The genus of Schinziophyton was circumscribed by Josh Hutcherson ex. Alan Radcliffe-Smith in Kew Bull. vol.45 (1) on page 157 in 1990.

The genus name of Schinziophyton is in honour of Hans Schinz (1858–1941), who was a Swiss explorer and botanist and was a native of Zürich.

Traditional uses

Mongongo nuts are a staple diet in some areas, most notably among the San people of northern Botswana and Namibia. Archaeological evidence has shown that they have been consumed by the San communities for centuries. Their popularity stems in part from their flavor, and in part from the fact that they store well, and remain edible for much of the year.

Dry fruits are first steamed to soften the skins. After peeling, the fruits are then cooked in water until the maroon-colored flesh separates from the hard inner nuts. The pulp is eaten, and the nuts are saved to be roasted later. Alternatively, nuts are collected from elephant dung; the hard nuts survive intact through the digestive process after the elephant has consumed and digested them. Once dry, the outer shell cracks easily, revealing the nut, encased within a soft, inner shell. The nuts are either eaten intact, or pounded as ingredients in other dishes.

The oil from the nuts has also been traditionally used as a body rub in the dry winter months to clean and moisten the skin. The wood, being both strong and light, makes excellent fishing floats, toys, insulating material and drawing boards.

Nutrition
Per 100 grams shelled nuts:
 * 24 g protein
 * 57 g fat:
 * 44% polyunsaturated fatty acids
 * 18% monounsaturated fatty acids
 * 17% saturated fatty acids
 * 193 mg calcium
 * 527 mg magnesium
 * 4 mg zinc
 * 2.8 mg copper
 * 565 mg vitamin E (tocopherol)

Economic aspects
Richard Borshay Lee, writes A diet based on mongongo nuts is in fact more reliable than one based on cultivated foods, and it is not surprising, therefore, that when a Bushman was asked why he hadn't taken to agriculture he replied: "Why should we plant, when there are so many mongongo nuts in the world?"

title: Mongongo


text:
User:Munchkinguy

{|- valign="top"
 * colspan=2|
 * - valign="top"
 * width="50%" class="MainPageBG" style="border: 1px solid #9f8f9f; padding: .5em 1em 1em; color: #000000; background-color: #f8f8ff"|

My Projects

 * The Wikicalendar, which is a brainchild of User:SunTzu2 and myself.
 * Disclaimer on the Kvaleberg Wiki site.
 * Wikijuior Big Cats (PDF, facing pages)
 * Wikipedia's Monthly Mammoth WordPerfect X3 Screenshot

 * width="50%" class="MainPageBG" style="border:1px solid #9f8f9f; padding: .5em 1em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #f8fff8"|

My Candy & Beverage Articles

 * The Wine Gum article. I know it says that it wast started by User:64.10.150.194, but that's me. I forgot to log in.
 * Clodhoppers, I started this article!
 * Coffee crisp I made this article possible. User:Lucky_6.9 put in information. I added more.
 * Smart(fx): The world's greatest drink!

 * - valign="top"
 * colspan=2|
 * - valign="top"
 * width="50%" class="MainPageBG" style="border: 1px solid #9f8f9f; padding: .5em 1em 1em; color: #000000; background-color: #FFFFCC"|

Personal Demotion
Since personal promotion is against Wikipedia Policy I will instead talk about all of my faults:
 * I often take criticism personally
 * When I don't like something I am working on, I put it off until the last minute
 * I don't keep Kosher
 * My blog at http://dailyobserver.blogspot.com/ is awful and horrible and should never be visited because I never update it.

 * width="50%" class="MainPageBG" style="border:1px solid #9f8f9f; padding: .5em 1em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #FFE0E0"|

A look into my mind...

 * }

title: User:Munchkinguy


text: File:Mario Golf box.jpg

title: File:Mario Golf box.jpg


text:
Talk:Jim Dine

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 17:10, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Dine Art Piece Gave Name to Musical "Hair"
On May 11, 2008, co-author of the 1960's musical "Hair" James Rado was interviewed on Sirius Radio / Best of Broadway, and claimed that the reason there is no song "Hair" in the musical is because the title of the show came very late in the writing process. He further claimed that the title comes from his seeing an art piece with the same name by Jim Dine. If anyone has a catalog, this would be useful for second-confirmation. Scott Clarkson (talk) 17:26, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Jim Dine


text: User:Abdel Qadir

title: User:Abdel Qadir


text:
Econet

Econet was Acorn Computers's low-cost local area network system, intended for use by schools and small businesses. It was widely used in those areas, and was supported by a large number of different computer and server systems produced both by Acorn and by other companies.

Econet software was later mostly superseded by Acorn Universal Networking (AUN), though some suppliers were still offering bridging kits to interconnect old and new networks. AUN was in turn superseded by the Acorn Access+ software.

Implementation history

Econet was specified in 1980, and first developed for the Acorn Atom and Acorn System 2/3/4 computers in 1981. Also in that year the BBC Micro was released, initially with provision for floppy disc and Econet interface ports, but without the necessary supporting ICs fitted, optionally to be added in a post sale upgrade.

In 1982, the Tasmania Department of Education requested a tender for the supply of personal computers to their schools. Earlier that year Barson Computers, Acorn's Australian computer distributor, had released the BBC Microcomputer with floppy disc storage as part of a bundle. Acorn's Hermann Hauser and Chris Curry agreed to allow it to be also offered with Econet fitted, as they had previously done with the disc interface. As previously with the Disc Filing System, they stipulated that Barson would need to adapt the network filing system from the System 2 without assistance from Acorn. Barson's engineers applied a few modifications to fix bugs on the early BBC Micro motherboards, which were adopted by Acorn in later releases. With both floppy disc and networking available, the BBC Micro was approved for use in schools by all state and territory education authorities in Australia and New Zealand, and quickly overtook the Apple II as the computer of choice in private schools.

With no other supporting documentation available, the head of Barson's Acorn division, Rob Napier, published Networking with the BBC Microcomputer, the first reference documentation for Econet.

Econet was officially released for the BBC Micro in the UK in 1984, and it later became popular as a networking system for the Acorn Archimedes. Econet was eventually officially supported on all post-Atom Acorn machines, apart from the Electron (except in Australia and New Zealand where Barson Computers built their own Econet daughter board ), along with 3rd party ISA cards for the IBM PC. The "Ecolink" ISA interface card for IBM-compatible PCs was available. It used Microsoft's MS-NET Redirector for MS-DOS to provide file and printer sharing via the NET USE command.

File, Print and Tape servers, for the architecture were also supplied by 3rd party vendors such as S J Research.

Econet was supported by Acorn MOS, RISC OS, RISC iX, FreeBSD and Linux operating systems.

Acorn once received an offer from Commodore International to license the technology, which it refused.

Subsequent development
With the falling prices and widespread adoption of IP networking in the early 1990s, Acorn Universal Networking (AUN), an implementation of Econet protocols and addressing over TCP/IP (in Acorn's words "an AUN network is a conformant TCP/IP network underneath the Econet-like veneer" ), was developed to provide legacy support for Econet on Ethernet-connected machines.

Support for the Econet protocol and AUN was removed from the Linux kernel in 2012 from version 3.5, due to lack of use and privilege escalation vulnerabilities.

Supported systems
Econet was supported by a large number of different computer and server systems, produced both by Acorn and by other companies. As well as Acorn's MOS and RISC OS these also used other operating systems such as CP/M, DR-DOS, Unix, Linux or Microsoft Windows.

The Econet API includes an  command, which can be used by software to determine if a machine is present on the network and its hardware platform. The machine-type codes which can be returned by that command are a useful indication of the range of hardware that offered Econet as their primary networking function or as an option:

The manual includes an assembly language program to report a machine type, software version and release numbers.

An update to the list in volume 5A of the PRM lists the following additions to the table above:

Physical and data-link layers
Econet is a five-wire bus network composed of one or more segments (up to 127), where each segment may be up to 500 m long. One pair of wires is used for the clock signal to synchronise devices on the network, one pair for data, and one wire as a common ground. In many but not all implementations, a dedicated external board is required to supply the clock signal known as the "clock box", usually positioned in the middle of the network. Some Econet devices have an internal capability to generate the clock signal. Signalling used the RS-422 5-volt differential standard, with one bit transferred per clock cycle. Unshielded cable was used for short lengths, and shielded cable for longer networks. The cable was terminated at each end to prevent reflections and to guarantee high logic levels when the bus was undriven.

The original connectors were five-pin circular 180° DIN types. On later 32-bit machines (notably the A3020 and A4000), the Econet connection was made via five of the pins on their 15-pin D-type Network port, which could also accept MAUs (Media Attachment Units) to allow other types of network to be connected via the same socket. This port looks similar to an AUI port, but is not compatible. The Acorn A4 laptop used another implementation, in the form of a 5 pin mini-DIN.

Each Econet interface was controlled by a Motorola MC68B54 Advanced Data Link Controller (ADLC) chip, which handled electrical transmission/reception, frame checksumming and collision detection.

Network and transport layers
Econet used a connectionless transmission model, similar to UDP, with no checksumming or error correction at this layer. Each packet had a four byte header consisting of:
 * 1) The destination station number
 * 2) The destination network number
 * 3) The source station number
 * 4) The source network number

A single data transmission consisted of four frames, each with a header as above:
 * 1) The sending station sends a scout packet with a port number and a flag byte
 * 2) The addressed receiving station returns a scout acknowledge to the sender
 * 3) The sending station sends the data
 * 4) The receiving station finishes with a final acknowledge, identical to the scout acknowledge

Each device on a network segment is identified by a "station ID" number which serves a similar purpose to a MAC address. The address is not set at time of manufacture but is set manually and a network administrator must ensure addresses do not collide when new machines are installed. In the BBC Micro the station ID is set using jumper pins on the motherboard. Conventionally a file server would be assigned station ID 254 but there is no specific requirement for this to be the case.

There was provision for broadcast transmissions, a single frame sent with its destination station and network numbers set to 255. There was also provision for promiscuous mode reception, termed wild receive in the PRM, requested by listening for station and network numbers both being zero.

Technical details of packets and frames, the Econet API, and worked examples in ARM assembler and BBC BASIC are given in the RISC OS Programmer's Reference Manual.

Network services
At the time and in the markets for which Econet was developed, the main purpose of computer networking was to provide local area shared access to expensive hardware such as disc storage and printers. Acorn provided software for the BBC Micro to implement a file server, and optionally a printer server also. The original file server was very basic, essentially allowing limited access to a floppy disc over the network. The server software was further developed over many years, and Acorn and other manufacturers also produced dedicated Econet servers based on various technologies. So the servers available fell into roughly three categories:

 * The Acorn Fileserver, from Level 1 through Level 4, running on a standard computer (BBC, Master or Archimedes) and providing simple file and print services.
 * The dedicated Acorn Filestore units, running on dedicated hardware with higher capacity and more facilities.
 * Third party units (notably from SJ Research), again running on dedicated hardware and with their own implementations of the server software. These were compatible with the Acorn implementations, but with additional enhancements. (Notably, Oak Solutions collaborated with Acorn to develop the Level 4 Fileserver solution. )

The machine type numbers listed in the "Supported systems" section above are an indication of the range of hardware that was available or planned.

Additional services could be implemented, using the network API provided. Short utilities such as network chat programs were often published in magazines or distributed by sharing among users; these made use of the Econet protocols to work alongside the basic file and print services. Larger software packages (some of them commercial) were available that provided services such as Teletext and modem drivers.

Filestore
Acorn emphasised the Filestore in the late 1980s as a solution for small workgroups, offering a base unit with optional hard disk storage modules. The device was similar in concept to what is now termed Network Attached Storage, being a standalone unit dedicated to serving files over a network.

The Filestore was a 65C102-based machine with 64 KB of RAM, 64 KB of ROM, Econet connectivity, two 3.5" floppy drives, a parallel printer interface, expansion bus, Econet clock and termination circuits, a real-time clock, and a quantity of battery-backed RAM. The battery-backed RAM was used to hold configuration and authentication details.

Initially, hard disk expansion was offered in the form of the E20 module providing a 3.5" 20 MB Winchester disk drive (hard disk) for the E01 base unit; later expansions in the form of the E40S and E60S provided 40 MB and 60 MB storage respectively for the E01S base unit. The "S" suffix reportedly signifies that the units are "stacking".

Fileserver
Acorn also offered the Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 Fileserver solutions running on sufficiently upgraded BBC Micro or BBC Master computers.

The Level 1 product offered access to existing Acorn DFS discs via a BBC Model B with Econet, a disc interface and single or dual drives. Printer sharing was also possible. This was intended for small networks, typically in an educational setting, to solve a narrowly defined problem of sharing what were at the time expensive peripherals. An Econet upgrade originally cost significantly less than a disk drive. The only available access control mechanism was that files for each station (client) on the network could be isolated from each other but anyone with physical access to the relevant station could access the files. Typically each station would only be able to access a small number of files, with only 31 files being stored in total on a side of one floppy disk and split between all of the stations.

Level 2 delivered significant enhancements over level 1 but elevated the system requirements for the file server host machine to necessitate a 6502 second processor unit with 64K RAM. Hierarchical directories were possible with the number of files limited only by the amount of storage available, enhanced access controls, random access to data files, and authentication support.

Level 3 introduced Winchester hard drive support.

With the release of the Level 4 Fileserver software providing a means to "extend the life of existing Acorn computers, such as the A310", allowing "any Archimedes computer to act as a fileserver", the emphasis had evidently shifted away from the Filestore and towards the Level 4 product at the start of the 1990s. A base Filestore E01S unit had a price inclusive of VAT of £1148.85 in February 1989, whereas an Archimedes 310 with 1 MB of RAM cost only £958.00 and an Econet module £56.35, illustrating the pricing considerations for potential buyers. By 1991, the Filestore was apparently no longer offered in Acorn's pricing (nor was the A310), but the Level 4 software was priced at £233.83 and an Archimedes 410/1 with 1 MB of RAM at £1049.33.

Unix system services
With the introduction of Acorn's Unix workstations running RISC iX, an envisaged application for Econet was the use of Master 128 computers acting as terminals to these Unix systems. Such systems also offered the capability to act as bridges between Econet and Ethernet networks, offering routing facilities to any Unix machines attached to the Econet, this being enabled by the IP-over-Econet support in RISC iX.

X.25 network services
An Econet X.25 gateway product was offered by Acorn, providing access to X.25 networks for computers on an Econet, with the X25 Terminal ROM and the existing Acorn DNFS ROM needing to be fitted to computers to enable access to X.25 services, with the Terminal ROM providing terminal emulation and file transfer functionality.

The gateway hardware consisted of the core functionality of a BBC Micro, this being the network service module connected to the Econet, combined with a Z80 second processor connected via the Tube interface, this acting as the gateway module and having 16 KB ROM and 32 KB of private RAM, augmented by another board with a Z80 processor with 32 KB of private RAM, this being the X25 module accessing the X.25 line. The gateway and X25 modules communicated via 16 KB of dual-ported shared RAM. The X25 module was designed by Symicron and ran the "proven" Symicron Telematics Software (STS).

Econet users would send network service requests to the gateway that would be forwarded by the STS functionality of the gateway to the X.25 network. Incoming X.25 calls would be forwarded by the STS functionality to the network service functionality and on to the Econet. Network service requests could employ X.25, Yellow Book Transport Service, and X.29 protocols.

Comparison with modern systems
While Econet was essentially specific to the Acorn range of computers, it does share common concepts with modern network file systems and protocols:

 * Remote Procedure Call – Almost all network operations were performed via a primitive remote procedure call system, either by passing a command line direct to the file server, or by passing an operating system call parameter block. The logon command *I AM was processed by passing the whole command line and reading back the result code.
 * Access Permissions – By the time of the Acorn Level 4 File Server and the SJ Research MDFS systems, Econet file servers had a full user name and password system with public and private attributes. These worked similar to Unix permissions without the group field. Files could be set to be readable and/or writable by everyone, just by the user, or both.
 * Subnetting – A basic Econet would be a single network segment, which is usually assumed to be network 0. With the use of one or more bridges, it is possible to have up to 127 Econet segments with up to 254 hosts each, for a maximum of 32,258 possible machines.
 * Broadcasting – By using host 255, an Econet host could send broadcast packets to all hosts on the network segment. Later implementations of the client software used this to automatically locate file and printer servers.
 * Printer Spooling – Later versions of the Econet printer server software used printer spooling to locally cache print jobs before sending to the remote printer. This ensured whole print jobs were sent to the printer in one go.
 * Ports – Because the various protocols (file and printer servers, bridge discovery, and so forth) used defined port numbers,  it was possible to for additional services such as BroadcastLoader, AppFS, a teletext server, and a range of chat programs and multiplayer games to coexist within the Econet system.

title: Econet


text:
Roy Evans

Roy Quentin Echlin Evans (born 4 October 1948) is an English former footballer who played as a defender for Liverpool, where he also had a spell as manager. Aside from his time at Liverpool, he had a short spell in the United States; and also managed Fulham and Swindon Town.

Career
An England schoolboy international, Evans was a defender who was a long way down the pecking order at Liverpool in the 1960s and 1970s—he also spent the summer of 1973 in the North American Soccer League with the Philadelphia Atoms.

Liverpool manager
On 28 January 1994, Graeme Souness quit as Liverpool manager in the wake of a shock FA Cup exit at the hands of Bristol City. Evans, a long-time member of the coaching team, then took over as manager of a Liverpool side who were mid-table in the Premier League and out of contention for any major honours, although they were 8th by the end of the season. Evans had inherited a side from Souness that had lost confidence in the four years following Kenny Dalglish's departure, as well as a side that was mismatched largely due to the signings that Souness made.

For the 1994–95 season, Evans strengthened his side with the addition of defenders John Scales and Phil Babb as well as young winger Mark Kennedy. He also gave further first-team opportunities to youngsters Steve McManaman, Jamie Redknapp and Robbie Fowler, who at the time were among the hottest prospects in English football. Established players such as John Barnes, Mark Wright and Ian Rush blended well with these young stars as Liverpool finished fourth in the Premier League with 74 points and triumphed in the Football League Cup, beating Bolton Wanderers 2–1 with two McManaman goals, and winning the competition for a record fifth time.

Over the summer of 1995, Evans made the headlines by paying a British record fee for Nottingham Forest striker Stan Collymore. Many observers tipped Liverpool to win the Premier League title for that season, particularly as defending champions Blackburn had promoted Kenny Dalglish to Director of Football and appointed the less successful Ray Harford as manager, and runners-up Manchester United had sold three key players and surprisingly relied on young players to fill their place. Although Liverpool looked like contenders during the first stages of the season, the title race had effectively become a Newcastle United-Manchester United contest by Christmas, with Manchester United finally clinching the title. Liverpool, meanwhile, had to settle for third place in the league; any lingering hopes of title glory were finished off towards the end of April with a shock defeat by Coventry City. They did reach the FA Cup final, but lost 1–0 to a late Eric Cantona goal for Manchester United. As United had done the double, Evans and his exciting young team would be competing in the 1996–97 European Cup Winners' Cup. Nonetheless, their League position had improved from 4th to 3rd on the previous attempt. This had happened despite collecting only 71 points; however, the league notably had been reduced by 4 games that season. The 71 points was equivalent to 78.5 points the season before.

The 1996–97 season in English football proved to be the closest Evans would come to winning the Premier League title. Evans strengthened his side that was built around McManaman and Fowler, with the acquisition of Czech midfielder Patrik Berger over the summer of 1996, but by the end of the 1996–97 season all the talk around Anfield was about a promising 17-year-old striker, Michael Owen, who had shown tremendous potential in a handful of games for the club. Liverpool had led the Premier League on several occasions before the end of January, even having a five-point lead at the top of the table in January, but eventually finished poorly in fourth place, while Manchester United clinched the title by a seven-point margin. Their European Cup Winners' Cup adventure ended in the semi-finals when they lost to Paris St Germain. They had also collected 3 points fewer overall, finishing with 68, with much of the press berating the club for a lack of discipline off the field, dubbing Evans' squad the Spice Boys for their lifestyles off the pitch, which affected their performances on it. In the last game of that season, against Sheffield Wednesday, Liverpool failed to win, with Owen hitting the post late on. Had he scored Liverpool would have finished second and had the opportunity to play in the following season's European Cup.

With Stan Collymore moving to Aston Villa in the close season, Evans did not want to throw Owen into the first team, so he brought in midfield hardman Paul Ince, and legendary German striker Karlheinz Riedle to partner the prolific Robbie Fowler. Liverpool appeared ready to mount a strong title challenge in 1997–98 season, however, an injury to Fowler, that lasted for the majority of the season, prevented the team from making the most of its potential. Owen burst onto the scene with 18 goals in 36 Premier League games. Nevertheless, they again collected 3 points fewer than the previous season for the 3rd straight season (65 total) and had to settle for third place in the league and yet another UEFA Cup campaign.

In 1998 Liverpool's longstanding Boot Room coach Ronnie Moran retired and was set to be replaced by Gerrard Houllier for the 1998–99 season onwards. It was decided that Houllier would become joint manager of Liverpool to work alongside Evans, but the arrangement was not a success and Evans resigned in November to leave Houllier in sole charge. Houllier would remain at the club until 2004, collecting one FA Cup, one UEFA Cup and two League Cups in that time.

Liverpool legacy
When Roy Evans took over from Graeme Souness in 1994 the team was in rapid free-fall. In his first full season (1994–95) Liverpool finished 4th with 74 points. At this point it seemed that he had reversed the decline that had set in under the Souness regime, and the 'glory days' would soon be returning. However, the team was to finish the next three seasons with three points fewer than the previous season (1995–96, 1996–97, 1997–98), suggesting that after an initial 'honeymoon' things quickly stagnated. The period of joint management with Gerard Houllier was a radical effort by the board to reverse that stagnation. By 1998 Evans had assembled a talented nucleus of players, who were particularly impressive going forward and in their attacking football, where Evans had been credited with creating arguably the nation's most exciting and aesthetically pleasing team of the 1990s.

After Liverpool
Evans was out of work for over a year. His name was linked with Nottingham Forest following their relegation from the Premier League at the end of the 1998–99 season, but the job went to David Platt instead. He also lost out in the race to become Bolton Wanderers manager in 1999, with the club appointing former player Sam Allardyce. His comeback finally came in March 2000 when he became joint caretaker manager of Fulham alongside Karlheinz Riedle until Jean Tigana was given the job a month later.

In June 2001, Evans was named Director of Football at Swindon Town in Division Two, with 33-year-old former Liverpool defender Neil Ruddock as player-coach. But the pair failed to inspire a promotion challenge at the County Ground, and on 20 December 2001 they were succeeded by new manager Andy King.

In November 2004, when former Liverpool striker John Toshack was appointed as the new manager of Wales, Evans accepted an offer to be his assistant.

In February 2007, he accepted an offer to become part-time assistant manager to Brian Carey at League Two strugglers Wrexham, and helped Wrexham avoid relegation to the Conference National. After Wrexham escaped relegation from League Two at the end of the 2006–07 season, this agreement was extended.

As well as his coaching commitments, he also currently acts as a co-commentator for live audio broadcasts of Liverpool matches on the official web site, www.liverpoolfc.tv. Evans also co-operated on his authorised biography, called Ghost on the Wall, which was released at the end of 2004.

Manager
Liverpool
 * Football League Cup: 1994–95

Individual
 * Premier League Manager of the Month: December 1995, January 1996

Managerial statistics

 * Source:

title: Roy Evans


text:
George Richardson

George Richardson may refer to:

Arts, entertainment, and literature

 * George Richardson (architect) (1737/8–c. 1813), Scottish architect and writer
 * George T. Richardson (1862–1938), American playwright, theatre critic, and journalist

Military figures

 * Sir George Richardson (Indian Army officer) (1847–1931), British military officer and commander of the Ulster Volunteers
 * George Richardson (VC) (1831–1923), Irish Victoria Cross winner
 * Sir George Spafford Richardson (1868–1938), New Zealand military leader and administrator, and local body politician in Auckland

Politicians

 * George Richardson (Canadian politician) (1916–2000), Canadian politician
 * George Richardson (New Zealand politician) (1837–1909), New Zealand politician
 * George F. Richardson (1850–1923), U.S. Representative from Michigan
 * George C. Richardson (1808–1886), mayor of Cambridge, Massachusetts
 * George W. Richardson (1829–1886), American politician in Massachusetts
 * George Francis Richardson (1829–1912), American lawyer and politician in Massachusetts
 * George W. Richardson (Maryland politician) (died 1930), American politician in Maryland
 * George L. Richardson, member of the Virginia House of Delegates

Sportspeople

 * George Richardson (cricketer) (1834–1911), Australian cricketer
 * George H. Richardson (died 1948), owner of the Washington Senators, 1920–1949
 * George Richardson (baseball), Negro league baseball player, 1901–1903
 * George Richardson (ice hockey) (1886–1916), Canadian ice hockey player
 * George Richardson (footballer, born 1891) (1891–?), English football outside right who played for Huddersfield Town and others
 * George Richardson (footballer, born 1899) (1899–1963), Scottish football wing half who played for Lincoln City, Sheffield United and Boscombe
 * George Richardson (footballer, born 1901) (1901–?), English football left half or forward who played for Hartlepools United and Newport County
 * George Richardson (footballer, born 1912) (1912–1968), English football inside forward who played for Sheffield United, Hull City, and Bangor City

Other people

 * Geordie Richardson (1835–1905), New Zealand merchant and ship owner with the full name of George Edward Gordon Richardson
 * George Barclay Richardson (1924–2019), British economist and Warden of Keble College, Oxford
 * George Burr Richardson (1872–1949), geologist
 * George J. Richardson (1893–1980), American labor unionist
 * George S. Richardson (engineer) (1896–1988), American engineer and bridge designer

title: George Richardson


text:
Hyper-Calvinism

Hyper-Calvinism is a branch of Protestant theology that places strong emphasis on supralapsarianism, or salvation from eternity (God elects from before time), where the atonement of Christ was and is difficult for the non-elect to understand, where man has little to do with his salvation, there being nothing man can do to resist being saved, wherein evangelism was given lower emphasis as compared to traditional Calvinism, and where assurance of salvation was felt within a person, identified by introspection. (From Toon, Peter. The Emergence of Hyper-Calvinism in English Nonconformity 1689-1765. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers. 2011 (1967), pp. 144-145)

It is at times regarded as a variation of Calvinism, but critics emphasize its differences from traditional Calvinistic beliefs. Hyper-Calvinism distinguishes itself from traditional Calvinism as regards the "sufficiency and efficiency" of Christ's atonement. Predestination in Calvinism traditionally argues that only the elect are able to understand Christ's atonement, but that the sufficiency of the atonement stretches to all humanity, while Hyper-Calvinism argues the atonement is sufficient only to the elect.

The term originated in the 19th century as a sometimes-pejorative descriptor predated by terms such as "false Calvinism" and "High Calvinism". The term can be used vaguely, and its distinction from traditional Calvinism is not always clear; writers such as Jim Ellis have suggested that Hyper-Calvinism as a concept is sometimes applied broadly to denominations more theologically conservative than the speaker's, rather than to a consistent theological stance. Nonetheless, Hyper-Calvinism is distinguished as a distinct theological branch, associated with figures such as the 18th-century theologian John Gill.

Definitions
Peter Toon notes that the expression "Hyper-Calvinism" came to be generally used in the 19th century, while the terms "False Calvinism" and "High Calvinism" were used near the end of the 18th century to define the same doctrinal views. "High Calvinism" has sometimes been used as a synonym for Hyper-Calvinism, and at other times as a synonym for the Calvinism of the Canons of Dort (1619). Although the doctrine of limited atonement is taught in the Canons of Dort, the term "Hyper-Calvinism" in previous generations has been used to define those who reject the view that the atonement is sufficient for all mankind or that there is a general design in the death of Christ.

Historic definitions of the term
In his publication from 1825, George Croft defined Hyper-Calvinism as holding to a particular design of Christ's death and denying a general design. He also notes that Hyper-Calvinists were generally styled High-Calvinists because they had views above genuine Calvinism: denying that the death of Christ was "in any respect" intended for the salvation of all, not inviting all to believe in Christ for salvation, contending that invitations should only be given to the "willing", and holding to antinomian doctrines, which tend to discourage holiness. In a Protestant Dictionary from 1904, Charles Neil defined Hyper-Calvinism as a view that maintains the theory of limited atonement and limits the scope of gospel invitations to the elect.

Modern definitions of the term
Modern definitions of Hyper-Calvinism usually distinguish it from points of Calvinism, such as limited atonement or supralapsarianism. There is not, however, unanimity regarding the definition.

Curt Daniel defines Hyper-Calvinism as "that school of supralapsarian Five Point Calvinism which so stresses the sovereignty of God by overemphasizing the secret [will of God] over the revealed will [of God] and eternity over time, that it minimizes the responsibility of Man, notably with respect to the denial of the word ‘offer’ in relation to the preaching of the Gospel of a finished and limited atonement, thus undermining the universal duty of sinners to believe savingly with assurance that the Lord Jesus Christ died for them." Daniel goes on to suggest that the real difference between "High" and "Hyper-" Calvinism is the word "offer"

Iain Murray adopts a different approach, putting the emphasis on the denial of a "universal command to repent and believe" and the assertion "that we have only warrant to invite to Christ those who are conscious of a sense of sin and need."

Jim Ellis argues that "adequately defining what constitutes the fundamental error of hyper-Calvinism" is problematic because many definitions "blur the distinction between it and legitimate Calvinism", and most of them include an apparent bias against Five Point Calvinism. Ellis goes on to say that Hyper-Calvinism "consists of two fundamental errors: a denial of duty-faith and a resultant denial of the universal call of the gospel."

Adherents
The term "Hyper-Calvinist" is sometimes used as a pejorative; Jim Ellis suggests that "it seems as if anyone to the right of one's own theological position is fair game to be labeled a hyper-Calvinist." Notwithstanding this, people who have been described as Hyper-Calvinists include John Skepp (d. 1721), Lewis Wayman (d. 1764), John Brine (d. 1765), and John Gill (d. 1771). Additionally, the Gospel Coalition described the Westboro Baptist Church of Fred Phelps as a Hyper-Calvinist church.

David Engelsma notes that his own denomination, the Protestant Reformed Churches in America, has been labelled as "Hyper-Calvinist" for its rejection of the "well-meant offer of the gospel". Engelsma disputes this label, and says that Hyper-Calvinism is instead "the denial that God in the preaching of the gospel calls everyone who hears the preaching to repent and believe... that the church should call everyone in the preaching... that the unregenerated have a duty to repent and believe."

Hyper-Calvinism doctrine
The beliefs which have been termed "Hyper-Calvinism" may be seen in historic writings of numerous Calvinistic ministers and in the Gospel Standard Articles of Faith (See Articles 24, 26, 27, 28 and 29). The Hyper-Calvinism of these articles arose in part as a reaction to the Amyraldism of men like Richard Baxter. According to J. I. Packer, Baxter "devised an eclectic middle route between Reformed, Arminian, and Roman doctrines of grace: interpreting the kingdom of God in terms of contemporary political ideas, he explained Christ's death as an act of universal redemption (penal and vicarious, but not substitutionary), in virtue of which God has made a new law offering pardon and amnesty to the penitent. Repentance and faith, being obedience to this law, are the believer's personal saving righteousness."

The Gospel Standard Articles of Faith and statements by ministers
Denial of sufficient grace in the atonement for all persons Article 28 states a rejection of the general redemption view of Richard Baxter and a denial that there is a residue of grace in Christ for non-elect persons if they will only accept it. The Baptist minister Daniel Whitaker reasoned against "Baxterianism" and defined it as the teaching that Christ died intentionally for the elect only, but sufficiently for the rest. He believed that the Baxterian view allowed a possible and probable salvation for non-elect persons from the sufficiency of the death of Christ. John Stevens, also a Baptist minister, affirmed that the atonement is "insufficient" to save those whom Christ never intended to save. He reasoned that Christ has never benefited any person "unintentionally" and that his meritorious worth should not be divided or confounded.

Denial of indiscriminate offers of the gospel to all persons Article 24 states a confession that invitations of the gospel are only for sensible sinners who are made aware of their need for Christ. Article 27 states a denial that the non-elect are ever enlightened by the Holy Spirit to receive grace. Article 29 states a confession that the gospel is to be preached in all the world without indiscriminate offers of the gospel to all. The English Baptist pastor John Gill denied that there are universal offers of grace made to any, but that grace and salvation are published and revealed in the gospel. The English Anglican Church pastor Robert Hawker contended that Jesus only invited the weary and heavy laden. He believed that it is in "direct contradiction to scripture" to invite all. He also reasoned that an attempt to offer Christ is "little short of blasphemy" and those who make invitations to allure the carnal world to faith and repentance know not the scriptures nor the power of God.

Denial of duty-faith Article 26 states a confession that the natural man should not be given exhortation or duties to "spiritually and savingly" repent and believe. Article 26 has been a subject of controversy concerning what was intended. In his book "What Gospel Standard Baptists Believe", J.H. Gosden clarifies that this article is not meant to minimize the sin of unbelief. He understood this article to be a denial that man is duty bound to believe "each individual is himself" included in the redemption work of Christ and he affirmed that man is "inexcusable in his unbelief" against God's revealed word and works. The Baptist pastor William Styles reasoned that duty-faith blends the covenant of works with the covenant of grace and makes faith a work of the law. W. Kitchen reasoned in a Strict Baptists magazine that duty-faith would imply a universal design in the atonement by calling on all persons to exercise a faith which grants them to believe Jesus gave himself for them.

Orthodox Calvinistic doctrine
While "Hyper Calvinism" reasons that the sufficiency of the atonement extends no further than its efficiency, "Orthodox Calvinism" reasons that Christ suffered sufficiently for the whole world, but efficiently only for the elect.

John Calvin
John Calvin denied that the sins of the reprobate have been expiated, but he maintained that Christ died sufficiently for the whole world and only efficiently for the elect. He affirmed that Jesus makes his favor "common to all" and offered "indiscriminately to all", though not "extended to all"; for all do not receive him. He also stated that it is their unbelief which prevents anyone from receiving benefit from the death of Christ. With reference to God's desire concerning the reprobate wicked, Calvin condemns the view of Georgius the Sicilian that "God Would have all men to be saved" and continues by saying "It follows, therefore, according to his understanding of that passage, either that God is disappointed in His wishes, or that all men without exception must be saved … why, if such be the case, God did not command the Gospel to be preached to all men indiscriminately from the beginning of the world? why [did] He [suffer] so many generations of men to wander for so many ages in all the darkness of death?"

Confessions and catechisms
The Canons of Dort affirm an abundant sufficiency in the death of Christ of "infinite worth and value" for the whole world. The word offer or free offer was used in the Westminster Standards and the Westminster Larger Catechism leaves no room for doubt that the phrase "grace offered" is used in reference to persons who "never truly come" to Christ. In his "Question & Answers on the Shorter Catechism", John Brown addressed and answered questions concerning the free offer of the gospel; he reasoned that God commands every person that hears the gospel to "take his gift Christ out of his hand", that Christ offers himself "Fully, freely, earnestly, and indefinitely" to all persons that hear the gospel "without exception", that this offer is for every person's case "as if he was named in it" and that to embrace the offer of Christ is to be persuaded that "Christ in the promise is mine."

Opposition to the doctrine
Both Calvinistic and non-Calvinistic ministers have expounded on several Bible passages as contradicting the doctrines which are considered to be Hyper-Calvinism. Verification that such scripture citations were a matter of doctrinal controversy may be seen in William Jeyes Styles' A Manual of Faith and Practice, Andrew Fuller's The Gospel Worthy of All Acceptation, John Gill's The Cause of God and Truth, Richard Baxter's Universal Redemption, Daniel Whitby's A Discourse Concerning Election and Reprobation and William Button's The Nature of Special Faith in Christ Considered. Arthur Pink wrote an article arguing for the doctrine of faith as the bounden duty of every person who hears the gospel.

Biblical references used in favor of orthodox Calvinism

 * Matthew 23:37 "...how often would I have gathered thy children together, even as a hen gathereth her chickens under her wings, and ye would not!" Adam Clarke believed that here it is evident that there were persons whom Jesus "wished to save, and bled to save" who perished because they would not come unto him. Richard Baxter referred to this scripture as teaching that the cause of persons perishing is not "for want of an expiatory Sacrifice", but "for want of Faith" to receive Christ and his benefits. John Calvin reasoned from this scripture that God "calls all men indiscriminately to salvation", that he "wills to gather all to himself" and that this is distinct from his secret purpose to efficaciously gather whomsoever he wills. John Gill understood that Christ here expresses his "will for their temporal good" that they may be gathered under the ministry of his word and acknowledge him as the Messiah in order to preserve them from the "temporal ruin" threatened upon their city. He concludes that this scripture does not prove men resist the operations of God's grace, but rather reveals the "obstructions and discouragements" that were "thrown in the way" of attendance to the ministry of his word.
 * John 1:7 "...that all men through him might believe." Albert Barnes noted on this scripture that John and Jesus came that "we may all" trust in Christ for salvation. John Calvin commented here that John came to prepare a church for Christ by "inviting all" to him. John Gill reasoned that the faith here required was not to believe Jesus died for them, but to acknowledge him as the Messiah. He also contended that souls who are made sensible of their lost state and "need of a Savior" ought to believe that Jesus died for them and "none but such."
 * John 3:16–17 "...that the world through him might be saved." On this scripture, Richard Baxter interpreted the world which Jesus came to save to be divided into believers who will eventually be saved and unbelievers who will eventually be condemned. John Calvin stated that the word "world" is repeated here so that no man may consider himself "wholly excluded", if he only "keep the road of faith." John Gill commented here that the "world" is referring to the elect in general and in particular God's people among the gentiles.
 * Romans 3:22–23 "...unto all and upon all them that believe: for there is no difference: For all have sinned..." Adam Clarke commented here that all human creatures are "equally helpless and guilty" and therefore God's "endless mercy has embraced all." John Calvin stated here that Christ "is offered to all" and becomes an advantage only to believers. He also commented that the apostle Paul here "urges on all, without exception" concerning the "necessity of seeking righteousness in Christ." John Gill understood these scriptures to refer to "not all men," but to persons who "believe in Christ for salvation" and that there is no room here for any person to "despair of the grace and righteousness of Christ" on account of viewing themselves as the worst of sinners.
 * Revelation 3:20 "...if any man hear my voice, and open the door..." Albert Barnes reasoned that this scripture is "applicable to all persons" and is the method by which Jesus seeks to come into the heart of a sinner. William Styles commented that this scripture is not referring to the unconverted, but rather regenerated persons of the church at Laodicea who were in "a low and lukewarm state" showing little regard for Christ. He understood the purpose of this appeal to be "not salvation from the punishment of sin," but of communion with Christ.

Additional scriptures John 5:34 is addressed by William Styles (A Manual of Faith and Practice, pg. 274). John 10:31 is addressed by William Styles (A Manual of Faith and Practice, pg. 245).

Biblical references used in favor of the concept of duty-faith

 * Psalm 2:12 "Kiss the Son, lest he be angry..." Andrew Fuller concluded from this scripture that "unconverted sinners are commanded to believe in Christ for salvation" and that "believing in Christ for salvation is their duty." William Button understood the phrase "Kiss the Son" as a duty to reverence Christ and the phrase "Blessed are they" to be an encouragement to those who are privileged to "believe in him for pardon."
 * John 12:36 "While ye have light, believe in the light, that ye may be the children of light..." Andrew Fuller stated that the belief which was required of these "unbelievers" would have "issued in their salvation." William Styles understood "believe in the light” to mean "receive my testimony concerning Myself and My mission" and that the title "children of light" intends "Jews whose minds were informed by the teaching of Jesus" and not "spiritually illuminated persons."
 * 2 Corinthians 5:17–21 "...we pray you in Christ's stead, be ye reconciled to God." Andrew Fuller reasoned that this scripture is spoken to "rebellious subjects" and to not "submit" to this mercy is to maintain "the war." Albert Barnes, on this scripture, stated that "ministers of reconciliation" are to "urge this duty on their fellow-men." John Calvin commented here that the phrase "be reconciled" is addressed to believers as a daily embassy "sounded forth in the Church." John Gill commented on this scripture as referring to "new creatures" that Christ died for.
 * 2 Thessalonians 1:8 "...them that know not God, and that obey not the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ."
 * 1 John 3:23 "...this is his commandment, That we should believe on the name of his Son Jesus Christ..."

Additional scriptures 	Isaiah 55:6–7 is addressed by William Button (The Nature of Special Faith in Christ Considered, pg. 30). Acts 16:30–31 is addressed by John Gill (The Cause of God and Truth, p. 574).

Support for the doctrine
Several bible passages are urged as supporting the doctrines which are considered to be Hyper-Calvinism. Verification that such scripture citations were a matter of doctrinal controversy may be seen in William Jeyes Styles' Baptist Manual Complete, Andrew Fuller's The Gospel Worthy of All Acceptation, John Gill's The Cause of God and Truth, Richard Baxter's Universal Redemption, Daniel Whitby's A Discourse Concerning Election and Reprobation and William Button's The Nature of Special Faith in Christ Considered.

Biblical references used to support the position of gospel invitations going to certain persons only

 * Isaiah 55:1 "Ho, every one that thirsteth, come ye to the waters..." John Gill taught that the persons here under the description of "thirsty" are spiritual persons "thirsting after forgiveness of sin by the blood of Christ" and to such is the gospel invitation given. Andrew Fuller believed that "thirst" here does not mean "holy desire after spiritual blessings" but rather a "natural desire of happiness" which God places in every bosom.
 * Matthew 11:25–28 "...Come unto me, all ye that labour and are heavy laden..." John Gill reasoned from this scripture that the persons invited here are "not all the individuals of mankind," but those who are "burdened with the guilt of sin upon their consciences." John Calvin commented here that "it would be in vain" for Christ to invite those who are "devoted to the world" or those who are "intoxicated with their own righteousness." On this verse, he also stated that Christ is "ready to reveal the Father to all" though the greater part is careless of coming to him.
 * Mark 2:15–17 "...I came not to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance." John Gill noted here that Christ "attended the one, and not the other." He also stated that this scripture refers to the "usefulness of Christ to one sort, and not another."
 * Luke 4:18 "...he hath anointed me to preach the gospel to the poor; he hath sent me to heal the brokenhearted..."
 * Revelation 22:17 "...let him that is athirst come. And whosoever will, let him take the water of life freely."

Biblical references used against duty-faith

 * Romans 4:13 "...the promise, that he should be the heir of the world, was not to Abraham, or to his seed, through the law, but through the righteousness of faith." The Baptist pastor Job Hupton concluded from this scripture that "the eternal inheritance" is not by "the law and its duty," but through "the gospel and its promises."
 * Romans 4:16 "...it is of faith, that it might be by grace; to the end the promise might be sure..." William Button made the argument here that "if faith is a duty (and so a work)" the apostle Paul should have rather said "It is of faith that it might be by works." He concluded that there is a "beauty" here in the apostles words because faith is rather a "blessing of the covenant of grace" and a "fruit of electing grace."
 * Galatians 3:11–12 "...the law is not of faith..." The Baptist minister William Wales Horne asserted from this scripture that because faith is a grace of the Spirit, it is therefore not a duty of the law. He also reasoned that faith is not "a duty which God requires of his people," but rather "a grace which he gives them."
 * Ephesians 2:8–9 "...by grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of yourselves..." The English Baptist John Foreman made an argument here that their faith was not a "duty produced of themselves" or of a "divine requirement," for God determined that his gift should "not be of works, and so not of duty."
 * 2 Timothy 1:9 "...not according to our works, but according to his own purpose and grace..." John Foreman reasoned from this scripture that grace is "sovereign and particular only" and that here is the reason why all men are not called and saved by God's purpose and grace given before the world began. In light of this, he contended against the view that persons are "damned for not coming" to Christ for salvation.

title: Hyper-Calvinism