text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for adminship/Standards

Objection
I want to note an objection to the use of edit count as a way of judging adminship. It's a completely arbitrary measure, taking no account of the size or quality of the edits, and certainly has no bearing on whether they're responsible and trustworthy. --Khendon 09:17, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree; see List of Wikipedians by number of edits. Rad Racer | Talk 01:15, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I also agree that the use of edit count should not be the only way of judging adminship. There are many factors to consider.--Jusjih 00:26, 2 March 2006 (UTC)
 * But what about using edit count as criteria before considering adminship. That's how I use my criteria, so even if someone passes the basics, I still reserve the right to oppose. I feel that this is more than reasonable. Themindset 05:22, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Still wrong. Somebody who, for example, has made a hundred really good edits over a few months could be a strong admin candidate. --Khendon 18:53, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

Statistics
For no particularly good reason, I've compiled a set of statistics about the standards stated on this page. Note Note also that the figures given may be out-of-date and not everybody sticks to them anyway. Thryduulf 17:14, 28 October 2005 (UTC)
 * All users who did not specify a non-zero figure in either the value or comments columns were ignored.
 * "A few" = 3
 * "A few hundred" = 300
 * "Several" = 4
 * "Several hundred" = 400
 * "multiple" = 5
 * Where a range was given (e.g. 1000-2000 edits) I've used the median value (i.e. 1500)
 * Where different figures were used for various criteria, I used the lowest value.
 * Time figures are given in months.
 * 1 week = 0.25 months
 * "more than" = value + 1 (i.e. "more than three months" = "four months").
 * edit count figures are given to the nearest whole number (you cannot have half an edit)
 * time figures are given to two decimal places.
 * 55 users expressed an opinion regarding edit counts
 * 56 users expressed an opinion regarding time on the project.
 * I ignored my standards for beaurocrats as they have nothing to do with requests for admin status.

AN's Standards
Er... why the age thing? This is what Jimbo says: "To me the key thing is getting it right. And if a person's really smart and they're doing fantastic work, I don't care if they're a high school kid or a Harvard professor; it's the work that matters.". Why does age matter? Does it matter if I'm 5 or 105, or does it matter whether my edits are good and I am seen to be responsible and of good intent? The N e okid talk 17:15, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Historical?
This page seems to be a bit out of date. There's people listed here I've never even heard of (and I'm an admin now), and some very low standards which surely don't represent current thought. I wonder if it might be an idea to archive this page and start again? --kingboyk 07:47, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I think people tend to add their standards (and some people have done so recently), but then never update/remove them. A less bold way would be to contact people listed whom you've never seen around and check to see if they should still be listed. If they have left Wikipedia, probably fairly safe to archive those entries. If you notice people voting very diffrently from their stated standards you could try asking them if they need updating. Petros471 11:04, 17 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Less bold but very time consuming. I've got a bit too much on my plate with getting WP:Beatles rolling at the moment. Good idea though! --kingboyk 10:22, 18 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, archiving it and asking everyone to start over would be less work for one person (the archiver) but more work for a lot of of people, who would have to add their entries back in. So I dunno. + +Lar: t/c 14:38, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

Removed inactive editors
I went through all the names on the list and only the following six users have been inactive for more than three months (almost every other editor on the list has been active within the last two weeks...the great majority within the last 24 hours.)
 * — inactive since 12 June 2005
 * — (left project)
 * — inactive since 5 November 2005
 * — inactive since 10 April 2005
 * — inactive since 18 August 2005
 * — inactive since 17 July 2005

I removed these editors. The longest inactive editor now on the list as of March 20, 2006 is with two minor edits on 24 January 2006 and 30 January 2006 and the last active contributions on 27 December 2005.

—Doug Bell talk•contrib 03:40, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * banned user - removed --rogerd 23:44, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Just wondering, why don't we keep the innactive users, but changing the background color in the table for a slighly darker one? You know, keeping them for historical purposes. -- ReyBrujo 12:26, 3 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I like it.. --Deon555|talk 05:13, 18 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I like that idea too. Themindset 05:26, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

I would not support deleting any editor's standards from this index. Perhaps the oldest standards are the most informative, even if Elvis has left the building. John Reid 01:26, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I would agree except for banned users. --rogerd 02:46, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

Another spate of tagging
Rm historical tag. This is not a policy page, proposal, nor anything remotely in this vein; nobody has ever (so far as I know) attempted to translate this index of purely personal standards into a group consensus. Historical doesn't apply. The page has a perfectly clear introduction that explains just what it is. John Reid 01:23, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

Category?
I noticed that this page lacks a category. Perhaps, we should include this in a particular category, but I am not sure which category would be most appropriate. -- S iva1979 Talk to me  04:07, 7 June 2006 (UTC)
 * perhaps Category:Wikipedia administrators and Category:Wikipedia administration, like its parent page? Grutness...wha?  01:44, 19 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Done. -- S iva1979 Talk to me  03:33, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Something to think about...
What if a user called Standards wants to nominate himself/herself for adminship? This space has been taken up. We should move it.-- Tdxi an  g  08:56, 11 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Just so you know, there is no registered user with the name "Standards", although I think that in theory it may annoy somebody who'd have to go to "Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/Standards_RFA" or something. But in reality, I don't think it's a big enough deal to move a page about. See you later. MichaelBillington 08:47, 13 July 2006 (UTC)
 * But never the less, a good point....--Deon555|talk 05:14, 18 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, the same problem comes up every time an editor gets a second RFA (or third, or fourth, etc.). The system can handle it fine. Themindset 05:31, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * PS - a name like Standards may be viewed as a violation of WP:U in that it's confusing or misleading... To quote, they say that you are not allowed to use "Names that include commonly used Wikipedia software or community terms". Although I guess such a user could make an argument that it was intended to confuse... Themindset 05:39, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Length - split time?
This page is 90 kilobytes long - does anyone else think it should be split into three sections, like A-G, H-P, Q-Z? Picaroon9288|ta co 22:20, 26 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Definitely - it's impossible to edit with older browsers if it's over 32k. I'd suggest going the whole hog and splitting it A, B, C... since it will only grow longer with time. Grutness...wha?  23:43, 10 August 2006 (UTC)
 * A, B, C... would be excessive, as there are some letters (W for example) that only have one user. 3 sections as per Picaroon sounds fine. Themindset 05:33, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Well if it's already 90k and some browsers have trouble with things over 32k, three sections will be a problem very soon too. How about the traditional "London phone-book" split: A-D, E-K, L-R, S-Z? Grutness...wha?  05:52, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * That sounds fine, be bold and do it! Themindset 02:46, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I can't - I've got an old browser and can't edit the page :/ Grutness...wha?  05:41, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Well then, I'll do it 'London Phonebook' style later today, if there is no one who disagrees, and I don't forget ;D. Picaroon9288|ta co 16:23, 20 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Do the titles Requests for adminship/Standards/A-D, Requests for adminship/Standards/E-K, Requests for adminship/Standards/L-R, and Requests for adminship/Standards/S-Z sound good? Picaroon9288|ta co 18:58, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Hmm... I would have prefered to remove the headers, and use inclusion to show everything in a single page while editing in different ones (someone may want to search how many think 6 months is a good time). -- ReyBrujo 23:23, 20 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I've updated the format to include a transcluded nav bar, and an option to display all for anyone who really wants to. — xaosflux  Talk  14:57, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

Is it my imagination or is this page strongly biased?
What with 2 editcountitis columns, and a single box for everything else, there's not much space for serious adminship criteria outside of edit and time counts, I'd think.

Perhaps we could make the page more free-form?

-- Kim Bruning 21:35, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Unless the page has changed since I last saw it, there's only one "editcountitis" column, as you put it, then one for length of time on WP (a very important measure of whether someone is likely to know how WP works). The third column is for everything else, true, but it's almost always the one which gets the most information written in it. I don't see anything wrong with that. In any case, there's no compulsion to fill in any columns you don't want to, and - as Miborovsky has shown - anyone with a bit of nous can freeform their own section of the table quite happily. Grutness...wha?  23:38, 10 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't think this page is biased at all, each user can put as much or as little into each box as they want. Themindset 02:49, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

Too long
Might I suggest breaking the table down alphabetically into several tables, setting each table in its own section and having a TOC to navigate the sections? Cheers, :) Dlohcierekim 13:55, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

Categorized
I have categorized this page finally. If anyone has any objections to which category this page belongs to, please inform me about this. -- S iva1979 Talk to me  20:23, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Counterproductive.
I see this pages as counter to the original intent of RFA, which was that "adminship is not a big deal". - Stephanie Daugherty (Triona) - Talk - Comment - 22:58, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

Time to replace this with a real standard?
I propose that we work torwards replacing these out of date "standards" with a real standard for qualification, ie a true minimum requirement for adminship, as other languages have done.

The advantage of this is that we would then be able to:

 * 1) Discourage applications without a snowball's chance in hell from being filed, or at least have grounds to close them without discussion.
 * 2) Work torwards the elimination of the fatal disease known as Editcountitis.
 * 3) Limit debate to factors that more accurately consider the percieved risks and benefits of granting adminship.
 * 4) Allow more attention on the actual contributions made by applicants, rather than on their number of contributions.
 * 5) Be more realistic.

Thoughts? - Stephanie Daugherty (Triona) - Talk - Comment - 07:42, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I disagree. People should be made administrators when it appears they have been around enough to understand the rules and haven't done anything to make you suspect they won't follow them - formal standards aren't useful for determining that. (I never agreed with this page either) --Khendon 20:01, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I'll agree with you in that regard - this page really shouldn't exist, at least not in its present form. The various "standards" that are applied to RFA currently are a joke and a mockery of fair process and consensus. - Stephanie Daugherty (Triona) - Talk - Comment - 02:17, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Per discussion on WT:RFA, I have replaced this page with the "de facto" standards, as shown from statistical analysis. Of course, past results are no guarantee of future results.  > R a d i a n t <  13:20, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I think both this, and the list of people's standards should both be listed. Themindset 17:01, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Please tell us why you think that? The list of people's standards is not representative of how RFA actually works, and encourages editcountitis. Many of the standards are by people who are no longer around, and through happenstance several of the first listed are extremely high and give the wrong impression thereby..  > R a d i a n t <  10:37, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I think we can trust readers to know that the first couple of entries are not representative, and that they should scroll around to get a feel for it. I'm not a fan of the unilateral removal of the orignal standards - and since many !voters do use edit counts, it is appropriate to show their expectations. I definitely found it helpful. Perhaps we could have this, and Requests for adminship/Criteria for the original standards. Basically, you've deleted a page by supplanting it with something else - if you really want that info deleted it should go to MfD, not be swept under the rug, as it were. Themindset 20:07, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
 * PS - I think that having the editors sign their standards with date, then having them expire every 6 months (unless they re-sign them) would correct the "old standards" problem. Themindset 20:12, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
 * If you check the logs you will notice that I have not, in fact, deleted anything.  > R a d i a n t <  08:58, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

Individual statements are a good indicator of community standards -- not the only one by any means. To the extent that they fall short, they should be improved by encouraging editors who comment on RfA to make their standards public, extending the list. The difficulty here is that there is presently no consensus on these standards. The matter is under intense discussion.

I oppose any effort at present to impose top-down standards for RfA. It may be a very good idea to summarize discussions of the issue -- in 6 months, if any consensus emerges. John Reid 15:55, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
 * For the record, I am not making any effort to impose top-down standards for RfA (although I would not be adverse to discussing that, barring ins.creep). My point is that the present standard summaries are not in any way a good indicator of community standards.  > R a d i a n t <  16:28, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Sure they're not, but they are a perfect indicator of individual editors' standards - which was the point of this page. Now it is replaced by completely pointless graphs that mean nothing. Themindset 17:09, 23 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Note, I've returned the standards page as it was, moved the statitics over to Requests for Adminship/Statistics, and linked to it from the standards page. Please lets have discussion here before changing it again... One idea is that we remove most of the standards (aside from the ones recently added), and put a 6 month expiration date on them, so once they are 6 months old they are deleted - unless updated by the user in question. What do we think about that idea to address the concept of "old" standards. Themindset 17:21, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

Suggestions for "Standards"
How about instead of mandatory standards, we have suggested qualifications to consider for a nominee. This could be based on historically the qualities a successful candidate nominee has had and be suggested for consideration before someone is nominated. Example text could be:

Before nominating an editor or self-nominating, please consider the following factors that have historically been considered for a successful nomination for adminship:

 * Editor has had experience with the project for a reasonable amount of time. (Not sure on wording, may not want to be too specific, but it should be obvious that a newbie shouldn't be nominated.)
 * Editor displays a good understanding of policy and process.
 * Editor displays an understanding of the abilities, duties, and responsibilities of being an administrator.
 * Editor has a good balance of vandal fighting, article creation, article editing, and participation in article and policy discussion.
 * Editor displays skill in dealing with tendentious editors and resolving disputes.

—User:Malber (talk· contribs) 16:49, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
 * The important question is, can we trust the user? Experience is necessary, but a balance of several things is not. Wikipedia is too large for every editor or admin to be a homo universalis. That is precisely the problem with standards - that they cause e.g. a user who spends most of his time on image uploading/featuring/deletion to assume that every admin must know how to work with images, whereas in fact most admins never go there since they have other specialties.  > R a d i a n t <  00:46, 6 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I think we can trust the user. Wikipedia is a consultative process, and I think that this page is form of consultation, where others can learn what people think. I find reading through the standards of others interesting, gives you an idea of where the community is - and where I am in relation to them. They affect me, I affect them. Consultation, interaction, synthesis. Themindset 07:53, 7 November 2006 (UTC)
 * You appear to have misread me. What I meant is that when a user is nominated for adminship, the important question is whether we trust that user. If so, he should be an admin. Arguments that he must have X edits in namespace Y within the last Z months are irrelevant to that.  > R a d i a n t <  09:01, 7 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Quite. Which is part of the reason I initiated the MfD for all this in the first place. — Hex    (❝ ?!  ❞)   11:44, 10 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Sounds like a reasonable opinion. Obviously, these pages are a testament to the fact that there is a significant portion of the community that thinks that minimum standards are perfectly reasonable and acceptable. I welcome the MfD, as a gauge of the communities view. Personally, I set minimum standards that must be reached before I consider someone for RfA. I, of course, consider this perfectly reasonable. If this is true of a majority of RfA !voters, or even a significant number of them - then I would consider these pages valuable to prospective RfA applicants. Themindset 23:29, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

Proposal for restructuring of this list
In the MfD for this group of pages (see banner at top of page), the result was keep. Xoloz commented, closing the discussion:
 * ...there appears to be a consensus that the content of these pages isn't entirely bad, and isn't worthy of outright deletion (some standards, even individual ones, do help folks become acquainted with RfA; and, at the very least, these pages have archival value); there also appears to be a consensus that the present form of these pages is inconvenient at best, and absolutely frightening in its complexity at worst. There is no real consensus about what action to take, but there is consensus that some sort of revision should be undertaken.

My nomination followed from the feeling I had, upon encountering the list of "standards", that it does no favor to the project - instead lending credence to the common view of it having a bureaucracy of positively Byzantine (or Kafkaesque, perhaps) complexity. Here are my issues with this page (let's call it that, rather than a group of pages), as it stands. I come to Wikipedia after some considerable experience as an editor on the venerable WikiWikiWeb, the mother wiki from which all other wikis descend. I state this not as an attempt to hold myself over anybody else, but only to use it as a basis for mentioning a concept developed there way back when, called refactoring wiki pages.
 * The list, as a concept, does not scale. It's already of sufficient size to require a "telephone directory" alphabetical split, meaning that there is a good chance that attempting to go through it will exhaust the casual reader, leaving some, or more likely all, of the opinions expressed unread. As time goes by, it will only get longer and less usable.
 * As some people commented on the MfD, the comments can go out of date fast.
 * The comments expressed are more suitable for User: space than Wikipedia: space.

The WikiWikiWeb does not have separate content and talk pages, and each page exists as a mixture of document mode and thread mode. As a consequence, as discussion accumulates, in order to keep the site usable, editors will apply a process of converting thread mode to document mode. Unrefactored pages full of discussion are known as thread mess. That, in a nutshell, is a large part of the problem of this page: it is an unrefactored mess. With that in mind, I'd like to suggest that we replace the current content with a wiki ballot box. The wiki ballot box comes in several varieties, and my proposal works as follows: A numbered list of propositions is made. Each has a vote count associated with it. If you agree with one, you increment the number. For example: If you agree with proposition 1, you change the vote count to 54. No subtractions are allowable; if you have another opinion, add it as another criterion with one vote. This way, all opinions are recognized, a picture emerges of what people really agree on, and the need for all the space-wasting similar entries in the list we have at present is removed. The full edit history of the page makes ballot stuffing impossible and provides verifiability.
 * 1) Admin candidates should have at least 1,000 mainspace edits. (53 votes)
 * 2) Admin candidates should have participated in at least 50 AfD discussions. (29 votes)

Any dubious criteria should be removed after consensus is achieved on the talk page for the list, as usual. Additionally, if people wish to indicate what propositions they've voted for (strictly optional, as anonymous voting is very much in line with the humble wiki nature and to be encouraged), there should be a subpage for them to do so on, with a list like: (Note that the names would be user page links.) There could also be links for each person on this subpage, should they wish, to a subpage of their own wherein they make a fuller statement of their criteria for adminship - in other words, exactly what is currently contained in the existing list!
 * Jane Doe: 1, 3, 4, 12, 15.
 * John Doe: 1, 4, 5, 8, 11.

Finally, I suggest that the new format page is named Requests for adminship/Suggested criteria.

I sincerely believe that this proposal would resolve the current issues with this page. What do you think? — Hex    (❝ ?!  ❞)   22:24, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

Problems with the older pages

 * I believe the biggest problem with the older pages is their strong focus on editcountitis. Indeed, the first thing that springs out is all sorts of criteria like "must have 5000 edits" or "must have an account for 4 months" and somesuch. We should remove these two columns; the prose text is far more helpful to aspiring admin candidates. If we wanted a strict "X edits" standard we would simply make all editors with >X edits an admin automatically. But we don't want that. ( Radiant ) 16:54, 12 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't believe we should be removing columns just because we don't accept their premise. Obviously, those who put minimum edit that info in there believe they are correct in doing so. It is fine to nest these pages deeper and deeper, and tag them as out-of-date - but censoring the very information that these pages were created to present is certainly inappropriate. Themindset 19:03, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
 * This has (obviously) nothing to do with censoring, but with removing information that is actively misleading. That people believe they are correct in creating editcountitic standards does not make them right. ( Radiant ) 12:33, 15 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, while I agree with eliminating the two numerical columns, I disagree on Radiant's right/wrong classification. AFAIK, we don't have Criteria allowed in evaluating an RfA or any similar policy.  The fact is, people can have these as part of their standards, and there isn't anything clearly wrong with that.  I just think we shouldn't have the columns because we don't want to suggest that somebody should have this as part of their criteria.  Anyone would be free to add their quantitative requirements to the prose text. —Doug Bell talk•contrib 06:07, 16 November 2006 (UTC)
 * That's a pretty sane response, in fact. Great insight Doug. Themindset 10:13, 16 November 2006 (UTC)
 * That seems very reasonable. ( Radiant ) 10:40, 16 November 2006 (UTC)


text:
Shannon McRandle

Shannon Lynn McRandle (Née Jones, born August 28, 1969, in Killeen, Texas) is an American model and makeup artist. In 1999, she gained recognition for her portrayal of the Star Wars character Mara Jade in photographs for the Star Wars card games, having been selected for the role by Decipher, Inc.

In addition to her modeling work, McRandle also works as a commercial hair and makeup stylist, providing services for print and video shoots.

Early life
Born Shannon Lynn Jones on August 28, 1969, in Killeen, Texas, US, to Leonard Jones (stationed at Fort Hood, drafted into the army for the Vietnam War) and Barbara Kubiszewski Walsh. She has two younger half-sisters, Hillary and Adrienne, from her step-father (John Meador). She began modeling at the age of three for department store fashion shows in the Richmond, Virginia area.

Education and career
After high school, she moved to Las Vegas for four years, earning her Bachelor of Arts degree in Communication Studies (1993) from the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, with an emphasis on Public Relations and a minor in Sociology.

Since the age of twelve, McRandle's modeling career included photography shoots, runways, and character modeling. In Las Vegas, she worked as a promotional model at the Las Vegas Convention Center, Bally's Mirage, MGM, and in the Roman Festival at Caesar's Palace. She also worked as a make-up artist in the Hampton Roads and Virginia Beach areas.

Star Wars
Prior to 1998, Mara Jade was a character that existed only as a subject of illustrations created by a variety of artists. These depictions were based solely on written descriptions of the character found within the Star Wars expanded universe novels.

A fan of the franchise, Shannon McRandle auditioned for the opportunity to represent Mara Jade's image when Lucasfilm opted to use a photographic likeness as a model for the character. In 1999, McRandle was photographed for this purpose, known at the time as Shannon Baksa due to her marriage to her first husband in 1994. Lucasfilm subsequently utilized McRandle's likeness for Mara Jade merchandise.

It is worth noting that the illustrations of Mara Jade's character were influenced by McRandle's physical appearance.

Personal life
Shannon Lynn married United States Navy veteran Jamie McRandle on September 18, 2002. They have three children. She and her family live in Virginia Beach, Virginia.

In 2013, Shannon McRandle was diagnosed with Ankylosing Spondylitis and Stage 3 Rectal Cancer. The cancer is in remission, but the radiation and chemo caused severe osteoporosis in her back and hips, and resulted in a severely-weakened immune system as well as several other medical issues. None of the AS treatments were successful.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Shannon McRandle


text:
Talk:River Axe (Bristol Channel)

Unsigned commemt
this is in Britain, right?

In case the article's Category: Rivers in Somerset is ambiguous, you can click on this category link to reveal that this category is itself a member of Category: British Rivers - so, yes. Ian Cairns 13:30, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Assessment
Assessed as C and low importance for WP:WikiProject Rivers. Needs a map and could benefit from organising into structure as suggested at project page. Jezhotwells (talk) 19:23, 28 November 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:River Axe (Bristol Channel)


text:
Inter frame

An inter frame is a frame in a video compression stream which is expressed in terms of one or more neighboring frames. The "inter" part of the term refers to the use of Inter frame prediction. This kind of prediction tries to take advantage from temporal redundancy between neighboring frames enabling higher compression rates.

Inter frame prediction
An inter coded frame is divided into blocks known as macroblocks. After that, instead of directly encoding the raw pixel values for each block, the encoder will try to find a block similar to the one it is encoding on a previously encoded frame, referred to as a reference frame. This process is done by a block matching algorithm. If the encoder succeeds on its search, the block could be encoded by a vector, known as motion vector, which points to the position of the matching block at the reference frame. The process of motion vector determination is called motion estimation.

In most cases the encoder will succeed, but the block found is likely not an exact match to the block it is encoding. This is why the encoder will compute the differences between them. Those residual values are known as the prediction error and need to be transformed and sent to the decoder.

To sum up, if the encoder succeeds in finding a matching block on a reference frame, it will obtain a motion vector pointing to the matched block and a prediction error. Using both elements, the decoder will be able to recover the raw pixels of the block. The following image shows the whole process graphically:

This kind of prediction has some pros and cons:
 * If everything goes fine, the algorithm will be able to find a matching block with little prediction error so that, once transformed, the overall size of motion vector plus prediction error is lower than the size of a raw encoding.
 * If the block matching algorithm fails to find a suitable match the prediction error will be considerable. Thus the overall size of motion vector plus prediction error will be greater than the raw encoding. In this case the encoder would make an exception and send a raw encoding for that specific block.
 * If the matched block at the reference frame has also been encoded using Inter frame prediction, the errors made for its encoding will be propagated to the next block. If every frame was encoded using this technique, there would be no way for a decoder to synchronize to a video stream because it would be impossible to obtain the reference images.

Because of these drawbacks, a reliable and time periodic reference frame must be used for this technique to be efficient and useful. That reference frame is known as Intra-frame, which is strictly intra coded, so it can always be decoded without additional information.

In most designs, there are two types of inter frames: P-frames and B-frames. These two kinds of frames and the I-frames (Intra-coded pictures) usually join in a GOP (Group Of Pictures). The I-frame doesn't need additional information to be decoded and it can be used as a reliable reference. This structure also allows to achieve an I-frame periodicity, which is needed for decoder synchronization.

Frame types
The difference between P-frames and B-frames is the reference frame they are allowed to use.

P-frame
P-frame is the term used to define the forward Predicted pictures. The prediction is made from an earlier picture, mainly an I-frame or P-frame, so that require less coding data (≈50% when compared to I-frame size).

The amount of data needed for doing this prediction consist of motion vectors and transform coefficients describing prediction correction. It involves the use of motion compensation.

B-frame
B-frame is the term for bidirectionally predicted pictures. This kind of prediction method occupies less coding data than P-frames generally (≈25% when compared to I-frame size) because the prediction is made from either an earlier frame or a later frame or both them. (B-frames can also be less efficient than P-frames under certain cases, e.g.: lossless encoding.)

Similar to P-frames, B-frames are expressed as motion vectors and transform coefficients. In order to avoid a growing propagation error, B-frames are not used as a reference to make further predictions in most encoding standards. However, in newer encoding methods (such as H.264/MPEG-4 AVC and HEVC), B-frames may be used as reference for better exploitation of temporal redundancy.

Typical Group Of Pictures (GOP) structure
The typical Group of pictures (GOP) structure is IBBPBBP... The I-frame is used to predict the first P-frame and these two frames are also used to predict the first and the second B-frames. The second P-frame is predicted also using the first I-frame. Both P-frames join to predict the third and fourth B-frames. The scheme is shown in the next picture:

This structure suggests a problem because the fourth frame (a P-frame) is needed in order to predict the second and the third (B-frames). So we need to transmit the P-frame before the B-frames and it will delay the transmission (it will be necessary to keep the P-frame).

This structure has strong points:
 * It minimizes the problem of possible uncovered areas.
 * P-frames and B-frames need less data than I-frames, so less data is transmitted.

But it has weak points:
 * It increases the complexity of the decoder, which can mean more memory needed to rearrange the frames, and a tiny bit more processing power.
 * B-frames may introduce decoding dependency which inevitably increases decoding latency.

H.264 inter frame prediction improvements
The most important improvements of the H.264 technique in regard to standards before it (especially MPEG-2) are:
 * More flexible block partition
 * Resolution of up to ¼ pixel motion compensation
 * Multiple references
 * Enhanced Direct/Skip Macroblock

More flexible block partition
Luminance block partition of 16×16 (MPEG-2), 16×8, 8×16, and 8×8. The last case allows the division of the block into new blocks of 4×8, 8×4, or 4×4.

The frame to be coded is divided into blocks of equal size as shown in the picture above. Each block prediction will be blocks of the same size as the reference pictures, offset by a small displacement.

Resolution of up to ¼ pixel motion compensation
Pixels at half-pixel position are obtained by applying a filter of length 6.

H=[1 -5 20 20 -5 1], i.e. half-pixel "b"=A - 5B + 20C + 20D - 5E + F

Pixels at quarter-pixel position are obtained by bilinear interpolation.

While MPEG-2 allowed a ½ pixel resolution, Inter frame allows up to ¼ pixel resolution. That means that it is possible to search a block in the frame to be coded in other reference frames, or we can interpolate nonexistent pixels to find blocks that are even better suited to the current block. If motion vector is an integer number of units of samples, that means it is possible to find in reference pictures the compensated block in motion. If motion vector is not an integer, the prediction will be obtained from interpolated pixels by an interpolator filter to horizontal and vertical directions.

Multiple references
Multiple references to motion estimation allows finding the best reference in 2 possible buffers (List 0 to past pictures, List 1 to future pictures) which contain up to 16 frames in total. Block prediction is done by a weighted sum of blocks from the reference picture. It allows enhanced picture quality in scenes where there are changes of plane, zoom, or when new objects are revealed.

Enhanced Direct/Skip Macroblock
Skip and Direct Mode are very frequently used, especially with B-frames. They significantly reduce the number of bits to be coded. These modes are referred to when a block is coded without sending residual error or motion vectors. The encoder will only record that it is a Skip Macroblock. The decoder will deduce the motion vector of Direct/Skip Mode coded block from other blocks already decoded.

There are two ways to deduce the motion:
 * Temporal: It uses the block motion vector from List 1 frame, located at the same position to deduce the motion vector. List 1 block uses a List 0 block as reference.
 * Spatial: It predicts the movement from neighbour macroblocks in same frame. A possible criterion could be to copy the motion vector from a neighboring block. These modes are used in uniform zones of the picture where there is not much movement.

In the figure above, pink blocks are Direct/Skip Mode coded blocks. As we can see, they are used very frequently, mainly in B-frames.

Additional information
Although the use of the term "frame" is common in informal usage, in many cases (such as in international standards for video coding by MPEG and VCEG) a more general concept is applied by using the word "picture" rather than "frame", where a picture can either be a complete frame or a single interlaced field.

Video codecs such as MPEG-2, H.264 or Ogg Theora reduce the amount of data in a stream by following key frames with one or more inter frames. These frames can typically be encoded using a lower bit rate than is needed for key frames because much of the image is ordinarily similar, so only the changing parts need to be coded.

title: Inter frame


text:
Talk:Thomas Bernhard

Works cited and cleanup
Hello all

I have renamed the section that was "Sources" with a less misleading title: "Works cited". I have removed some duplicate and dubious external links to blogs etc and concolidated them in the External Links section. Please see WP:EXTERNAL and WP:Verify.

Happy to discuss Aemilius Adolphin (talk) 04:31, 23 April 2024 (UTC)

Work
Hello all

I have replaced the section Works with two subheadings: Themes and Style, and Reception and Legacy. I have significantly expanded the content. I have replaced unsourced and inadequately sourced content with reliably sourced information.

Happy to discuss. Aemilius Adolphin (talk) 05:28, 28 April 2024 (UTC)

Lead
Hello all

I have expanded the lead to better summarise the new content in the article.

Happy to discuss. Aemilius Adolphin (talk) 05:33, 28 April 2024 (UTC)

Life
Hello all

I have significantly expanded this section and renamed it to reflect the new content. I have replaced some unsourced material and content with dubious sources with material based on the major biographies by Honegger (2001) and Mittermayer (2015). I have moved some material from the Reception and Legacy section to the Life and Work section.

Happy to discuss Aemilius Adolphin (talk) 05:40, 30 April 2024 (UTC)

British English
Hello all

I have added a British English template. Although Bernhard has no strong connection to any English speaking country, British English is the predominant form used in the article so it it best to continue with this to maintain consistency.

Happy to discuss. Aemilius Adolphin (talk) 23:41, 30 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thomas Bernhard


text: Category:History of Fiji

title: Category:History of Fiji


text:
Dilip Shanghvi

Dilip Shanghvi (born 1 October 1955) is an Indian billionaire businessman. As the founder of Sun Pharmaceuticals, he is one of the country's richest people. The Government of India awarded him the civilian honor of the Padma Shri in 2016. India Today magazine ranked him 8th in India's most powerful people of 2017 list.

According to Forbes, as of March 2024, Shanghvi is the 6th richest person in India with an estimated net worth of US$25.7 billion.

Early life
Shanghvi, often confused as a Jain, originally belongs to a Gujarati Hindu Vaishnav Kapol Vania family settled in Kolkata. He was born in the small town of Amreli in the Indian state of Gujarat, the son of Shantilal Shanghvi and his wife Kumud Shanghvi. Shanghvi earned a Bachelor of Commerce degree from the University of Calcutta. He spent his childhood and college life with his parents in the Burrabazar locality of Kolkata. He is an alumnus of J. J. Ajmera High School and Bhawanipur Education Society College, where he did his schooling and graduation, respectively.

Career
Shanghvi started by helping his father in his business, which was a wholesale dealership of medicines, mainly generic drugs, in Kolkata. It was during this work that he thought of manufacturing his own drugs instead of selling products made by others.

In 1982, the 27-year-old Shanghvi finally opened his first manufacturing unit with a capital of INR 10,000. He named his venture Sun Pharmaceutical Industries. The unit, located in Vapi in his native state of Gujarat, a short drive away from Mumbai, produced exactly one psychiatry drug. However, the business soon picked up, thanks to Shanghvi's acumen and energy, and by 1997, Sun Pharma was even able to acquire Caraco Pharma, an American company. Sun also acquired Israel's Taro Pharma in 2007. Shanghvi stepped down as chairman and CEO in 2012 and chose Israel Makov, formerly CEO of Teva Pharmaceuticals, as his successor; Shanghvi became managing director. In April 2014 Sun, Ranbaxy, and Daiichi Sankyo (the majority shareholder in Ranbaxy) agreed that Sun would acquire all outstanding shares of Ranbaxy for $3.2 billion in Sun stock and that Sun would take on $800M in Ranbaxy debt; the deal closed in March 2015 and made Sun the largest drug company in India and fifth largest in the world, and made Daiichi the second-largest shareholder in Sun. In May 2021 he stepped down from the position of Managing director of SPARC and will continue to function as a non-executive director and chairman.

Community
In January 2018, the Indian government appointed Shanghvi to the Reserve Bank of India's 21-member central board committee. He is chairman of the board of governors at IIT Bombay. He was made a trustee of the Rhodes scholarship programme at Oxford University in 2017.

Personal life
He is married to Vibha Shanghvi. They have a son, Aalok and a daughter, Vidhi, both of whom work for Sun Pharmaceuticals.

Shanghvi is a devotee of Shrinathji and makes regular pilgrimage with his family to the deity's abode in the city of Nathdwara in Rajasthan. Photos and idols of the deity adore Sun Pharma's factory and offices.

Book
In 2019, journalist Soma Das authored The Reluctant Billionaire, the first and only biography of Dilip Shanghvi. Published by Penguin Random House, the book was nominated for Tata Literature Award in the Best Business Book category in November 2019.

title: Dilip Shanghvi


text:
File:Mclachlan-remixed.jpg

CD cover

title: File:Mclachlan-remixed.jpg


text:
User:Iimobiliari

'Some basic information about iimobiliari:'

My birthday is shared by the following world wide events:

1982: Argentina invades the British territory of the Falkland Islands in the south Atlantic.

1998: Fmr French cabinet minister Maurice Papon has been found guilty of war crimes for his part in deporting       Jews from France during WW II.

1977: Red Rum has galloped into racing history by winning the Grand National for a record third time.

1962: A new style of pedestrian crossing causes confusion among both drivers and pedestrians following its launch in London.

All in all, Im really just a guy with an avid fascination for historical facts that the rest of the world chooses to forget or ignore. I love pipe organs, antiques, religious artifacts, and jungle beats mixed with trance / house music. I currently live in the Western United States, of which I routinely visit the East Coast, and the Mid Western States. Not a very exciting life, I mainly focus on my studies and my career as an art nerd.

title: User:Iimobiliari


text:
Talk:Pentaquark

Source of joke
The quote:

"[T]here has not been a high-statistics confirmation of any of the original experiments that claimed to see the Θ+; there have been two high-statistics repeats from Jefferson Lab that have clearly shown the original positive claims in those two cases to be wrong; there have been a number of other high-statistics experiments, none of which have found any evidence for the Θ+; and all attempts to confirm the two other claimed pentaquark states have led to negative results. The conclusion that pentaquarks in general, and the Θ+, in particular, do not exist, appears compelling."

is frequently edited to read:

"...in particular, do not exist, appears compelling, especially given the definitive result by Fred in 1971."

This is a joke by Dr Fred Loebinger for his third year particle physics students and the article is frequently edited. If you see the second quote - it is incorrect and could you please reverse the edit. Jamietwells (talk) 00:08, 10 November 2014 (UTC)

Comment by Gbrandt
This article claims discovery of pentaquarks, while they are still highly controversial within the scientific community. If nobody objects, I will rephrase this article to a much more conservative wording soon! gbrandt 09:27, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I've rephrased it to say this. --Fwb22 18:10, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)

"by accelerating energetic photons into liquid hydrogen" How does one accelerate a photon? Should this be "proton'?

I've rephrased it to say "by firing a high-energy photon beam in to deuterium" --Curtis95112 09:16, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Out-of-date
I noticed that this page would appear to have been not updated in at least one respect. In the section "History", there is a statment that "More results from CLAS at Jefferson Lab are expected later in 2005". Will someone please update this?

scienceman 13:25, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not an expert in this subfield of physics, but I've updated the article to reflect what I've read in the latest papers. -- Xerxes 17:41, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

Disambig check
Howdy, I was helping handle the SVD disambiguation, and noticed this is the only article referring to the experiment/research group probably referred to in. Can someone check the SVD page, make sure the description is coherent, and consider creating an article for the group/experiment if it is notable.

I also disambiguated the HERMES link to HERMES experiment. It matches the broad subject area, but I have no way of knowing if this is precisely what was meant. Can someone check? JackSchmidt (talk) 03:59, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, HERMES experiment is a correct link. - Ace111 (talk) 16:11, 10 September 2009 (UTC)

Interation
Which interactions does this particles use to interact? Newone (talk) 05:02, 31 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Strong interactions since they contain quarks. - Ace111 (talk) 16:11, 10 September 2009 (UTC)

Hysterical July 14, 2015 activity on LHCb announcement
It appears, given the singular, if not unsavory, runaway editorial activity of today, that the LHCb promotional machine agents will amend their preliminary results as moderating evidence accumulates and the preliminary indications are vetted and interpreted appropriately. WP should not become an instrument of unsavory science publicity wars. The issues might be referred to the Wikiproject physics group. Reasoned consensus may be reached on this page first, especially on over-publicized preliminary results. Cuzkatzimhut (talk) 00:44, 15 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Let's not attribute to malice what is most likely a great deal of enthusiasm by science lovers given the plastering of the potential discovery all over the news. The page has greatly improved since this morning, although claim of definite discovery had to be reined in given the non-peer reviewed status of the preprint, both here and on other quark-related articles. Headbomb {talk / contribs / physics / books} 01:35, 15 July 2015 (UTC)

Phew... no imprecations of "malice" there, yet... just institutionalized recklessness. I haven't seen conclusive contrast to hadronic molecules yet. Cuzkatzimhut (talk)

 * To be fair, only says that the lattice Λ(1405); is consistant with a KN state, and write "it remains to demonstrate the connection between the finite-volume lattice eigenstates and the infinite-volume resonance found in nature." I don't think anyone would call that 'discovery'. Headbomb {talk / contribs / physics / books} 14:48, 15 July 2015 (UTC)

Statistical significance of the Pc(4380) and Pc(4450) in the 2015 LHCb result
I shall quote the paper: "... giving overall significances of 9σ and 12σ, for the lower and higher mass Pc+ states, respectively. The combined significance of two Pc+ states is 15σ." The two Pc states are overlapping with narrow mass splitting. The model with both states is the one that fits best, so its significance is the most important. If you want to put 9σ, say it's the minimum significance of either of the particles individually, or quote all three values like the paper does. --128.141.170.28 (talk) 09:57, 15 July 2015 (UTC)
 * I suspect that this will be lost on those making the edits. They'll see the press release or whatever article reporting on the LHCb results, and those tend to have the number 9 in it. So they'll change it to nine. Headbomb {talk / contribs / physics / books} 13:18, 15 July 2015 (UTC)
 * OK, I have quoted all three significances in the article. --128.141.170.28 (talk) 14:34, 15 July 2015 (UTC)

Interpretation of the Pc(4380) and Pc(4450) as bound states of J/psi and proton
I have now twice removed the statement that these resonances resemble bound states of J/psi and proton. Please do not include personal interpretations in the article. It is misleading. The binding mechanism is unknown and untested. All we know is that J/psi and proton are the decay products. A neutron, for example, decays to a proton, an electron and an antineurtino. This does not mean it's a bound state of those things --128.141.170.28 (talk) 09:57, 15 July 2015 (UTC)

Slight confusion in opening paragraph

 * "As quarks have a baryon number of +1⁄3, and antiquarks of −1⁄3, it would have a total baryon number of 1, thus being classified as an exotic baryon. By contrast, regular baryons (or 'triquarks')—which also have a total baryon number of 1—consist of three quarks."

The first sentence gives the impression that "total baryon number = 1" is what makes this an "exotic baryon", but this is contradicted in the second sentence, when it is said that regular baryons also have this baryon number. 86.152.161.232 (talk) 18:00, 16 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Perhaps this would be better?
 * "As quarks have a baryon number of +1⁄3, and antiquarks of −1⁄3, the pentaquark would have a total baryon number of 1, and thus would be a baryon. Further, because it has five quarks instead of the usual three found in regular baryons, it would be classified as an exotic baryon."18.4.2.1 (talk) 20:29, 17 July 2015 (UTC)
 * The formal definition of a baryon is 'something that has a baryon number of +1'. The pentaquark, having a baryon number of +1, is a baryon. But unlike the usual baryon (qqq), its content is qqqq$\overline{q}$. Thus it's an exotic baryon. I'm not super happy with the current wording because the logical steps aren't all shown, but I'm not sure how's the best way to present all of it. 18.4.2.1's suggestion isn't bad though. Headbomb {talk / contribs / physics / books} 20:52, 17 July 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pentaquark


text: User talk:213.38.188.195

title: User talk:213.38.188.195


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Peter Welleman

Peter Welleman
I appreciate the beauty of this Wikipedians illustrations, very talented. But I doubt this relatively unknown artist deserves an article in our main namespace. I have tried several times to contact the author (by mail as well) but to no avail.
 * Delete.-- [[User:Solitude|Solitude\talk]] 09:30, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Is this person a Wikipedian? I can find no evidence of this. His illustrations are used here on (perhaps shaky IMO) grounds of fair use. No vote at this stage. Andrewa 16:41, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, not vanity, but I suspect autobiography and advertising. Wyss 18:00, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I also suspect advertising.     Nice illustrations though.  --  TomPreuss 19:03, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. This person IS a wikipedian, User:Pwelleman. He is the one who is uploading his own photos and labling them fair use (I have spoken with him via email and his talk page). He also has nothing on his user page, which IMO would be a perfect place for the content in this article. It probably is the case of a new wikipedian not knowing where to put his personal info. I suggest archiving this page's content at his user page and then deleting. -Lommer 20:02, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * A truly talented artist; I hope we can say something notable about him soon. Delete for now.  [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 22:06, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree with Lommer: Move this page's content to his user page and then delete. P Ingerson 00:50, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Ditto. -- Jmabel | Talk 01:57, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the nice remarks about my talents, I put content in the user page User:Pwelleman.
 * keep.Mikkalai 08:42, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Frank Gray

Francis Tierney Gray (born 27 October 1954) is a Scottish football manager and former player. He played for Leeds United, Nottingham Forest, Sunderland and Darlington, while he also represented Scotland 32 times. He managed Darlington, Farnborough Town, Grays Athletic, Woking, Basingstoke Town and Bashley.

Leeds United
Gray was born in Glasgow and brought up in the city's Castlemilk district. He was one of the new generation of Leeds United players of the mid-1970s charged with the task of maintaining the club's success after the Don Revie era.

Gray, younger brother of Eddie, joined the club under Revie as a 17-year-old left-winger and made his debut in 1973, scoring a goal in his first start. Revie had lost regular left back Terry Cooper to a broken leg the year before and needed to find replacements, and Gray was given his chance as a left-back as a result.

He did not stay in the side, with a reshuffled defence allowing Trevor Cherry to take the left back spot for the end of the season which consisted of two cup finals (the FA Cup and the European Cup Winners Cup) both of which Leeds lost. Revie did invite Gray to travel with the squad to Wembley and he sat next to his manager during the defeat to Sunderland.

Gray was similarly spared regular football in the first team at such an early age the following year, with Cherry settled into the left back role. Leeds won the League championship thanks to an unbeaten start to the season of 29 games. Gray played only six times and did not qualify for a medal.

The following season, he made 18 appearances in the League and usurped Cherry for the No. 3 shirt in the European Cup final in Paris, which Leeds lost 2–0 to Bayern Munich. As the Revie team disbanded due to age – Revie himself had quit for the England manager's job the year before – Gray found himself tagged as one of the bright young things who would maintain the work of the previous team, alongside Gordon McQueen and Joe Jordan.

Nottingham Forest
In 1979, Gray joined Nottingham Forest for £500,000. Forest were managed by Brian Clough, who had previously managed Gray at Leeds.

Gray slotted into the team and played in his second European Cup final in 1980, making him the first player to appear in the final for two different English clubs. This time he was successful as Forest won 1–0 against a Hamburg SV side which included Kevin Keegan. Gray also finished on the losing side earlier in the season when Forest were beaten in the League Cup final by Wolves, thanks to a single goal from unrelated fellow Scotsman Andy Gray.

Return to Elland Road
Despite his success with Forest, in 1981 Gray returned to Leeds, accepting an invitation from manager – and former teammate – Allan Clarke. It was a £300,000 deal which took Gray back to Elland Road, but in the first season of his return Leeds were relegated.

Clarke was sacked by Leeds after relegation and Gray's brother Eddie took over. The younger Gray played for four years under his brother's stewardship but Leeds could not gain promotion and Gray left for Sunderland in 1985. His tally for Leeds stood up at 396 appearances and 35 goals.

International career
Gray made his debut for Scotland in a 1–0 win over Switzerland in 1976, and won more caps in late 1978, having missed out on a place in the squad for that summer's World Cup in Argentina.

Gray was selected for Scotland's World Cup squad for the 1982 tournament in Spain, and he played in all three of the group games against New Zealand, Brazil and the USSR, though Scotland did not progress further.

His international career ended in 1983 after 32 appearances and one goal.

Management career
During his second spell at Leeds, Gray coached Collingham Under 16s. After his second stint at Leeds, he helped Sunderland gain promotion from Division Three, then helped Darlington into the Football League as assistant to Brian Little in the 1990s and took Farnborough Town to the Nationwide Conference South play-offs in 2005–06. He moved to Grays Athletic with assistant Gerry Murphy to replace Mark Stimson, but his stay was short. He was brought to Woking by football technical director Colin Lippiatt in May 2007 with the aim of taking the club into the Football League.

Gray was appointed manager at Woking on 3 May 2007 on a two-year deal, replacing Glenn Cockerill. He departed by mutual consent on 8 April 2008.

He was appointed manager of Basingstoke Town in the Conference South, but he left the club through mutual consent, and was succeeded by academy manager Jason Bristow on a temporary contract until the end of the season.

Gray was appointed on 31 May 2012 as manager at Evostik Premier Division South club side Bashley. On 19 June 2013 Gray and his sideman Murphy stepped down and were replaced by former Bashley players Paul Gazzard and Stewart Kearn.

Post-management career
Gray lives in Australia where he works as a pundit for Fox Sports Australia's Premier League coverage. In 2016, Gray worked in an advisory capacity for Manly United where he oversaw the Manly United junior programme and worked with women's teams across all grades.

Family football links
His son Andy Gray, a striker, came through the ranks at Leeds and later played for Nottingham Forest, Bury, Preston, Oldham Athletic, Bradford City, Sheffield United, Sunderland, Burnley, Charlton Athletic and Barnsley. He also won two full international caps for Scotland.

His nephew Stuart represented Celtic and Reading as a full-back.

His grandson, Archie Gray, son of Andy, is a midfielder at Tottenham Hotspur and plays internationally for England's youth teams.

International goals

 * Scores and results list Scotland's goal tally first, score column indicates score after Gray goal.

As a player
Leeds United
 * Football League First Division: 1973–74
 * FA Cup runner-up: 1972–73
 * FA Charity Shield runner-up: 1974
 * European Cup runner-up: 1974–75
 * European Cup Winners' Cup runner-up: 1972–73

Nottingham Forest
 * League Cup runner-up: 1979–80
 * European Cup: 1979–80
 * European Super Cup: 1979; runner-up 1980
 * Intercontinental Cup runner-up: 1980

Sunderland
 * Football League Third Division: 1987–88

Darlington
 * Football League Fourth Division: 1990–91
 * Football Conference: 1989–90

title: Frank Gray


text:
User talk:Oli Johnson

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (for eg. on talk pages) use 	 ~  (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * For help, see Where to ask a question.
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Five pillars, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * You can contribute in many ways: write a great article, fight vandalism, upload pictures, perform maintainance tasks, contribute to existing projects...

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop us a note at New user log.

-- utcursch | talk

Possibly unfree Image:A letter from the front.jpg
An image that you uploaded or altered, Image:A letter from the front.jpg, has been listed at Possibly unfree images because its copyright status is disputed. If the image's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. Please go to its page for more information if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Lupo 07:50, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:A letter from the front.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:A letter from the front.jpg. You've indicated that the image meets Wikipedia's criteria for non-free content, but there is no explanation of why it meets those criteria. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. If you have any questions, please post them at Media copyright questions.

Thank you for your cooperation. NOTE: once you correct this, please remove the tag from the image's page. STBotI (talk) 21:41, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Oli Johnson


text:
Category:Scottish musicians

Musicians from Scotland.

title: Category:Scottish musicians


text:
Remixed (Sarah McLachlan album)

Remixed is the first remix album by Canadian singer Sarah McLachlan, released in Canada on 4 July 2001 by Nettwerk and in the United States on 16 December 2003 by Arista Records. It includes various dance club versions of McLachlan's songs, remixed by DJs such as William Orbit, Tiësto, BT, and Rabbit in the Moon.

Content
Remixed features mostly new remixes of songs which originally appeared on McLachlan's studio albums: Solace (1991), Fumbling Towards Ecstasy (1993) and Surfacing (1997). Three tracks were previously released on club compilations or 12" promotional singles: "Possession" (Rabbit in the Moon Mix) in 1995, "I Love You" (BT Mix) in 2000 and "Sweet Surrender" (DJ Tiësto Mix) in 2000. Remixed also features "Silence" by Delerium and McLachlan, which became one of the greatest trance songs of all time. Here, it was remixed by Tiësto. The remix album was overseen and produced by George Maniatis.

In early 2002, the edit of "Angel" (Dusted Remix) was released on the "Angel" single in the United Kingdom. Later in 2002, the edit of "Fear" (Hybrid's Super Collider Mix) was included on the Roswell soundtrack. Also in 2002, the edit of "Plenty" (Fade Mix) appeared on the second Queer as Folk soundtrack.

Commercial performance
In Canada, the album peaked at number ten in 2001. It was also certified platinum. In the United States, it was released in December 2003 and entered the Dance/Electronic Albums at number one. It stayed on top for four consecutive weeks. On the Billboard 200, Remixed reached number 200. As of January 2005, the album has sold 162,000 copies in the United States.

Several remixes charted over the years on the US Dance Club Songs: "Possession" in 1995 (peak at number thirty), "I Love You" in 2000 (peak at number twenty-three), "Silence" in 2000 (peak at number six) and "Sweet Surrender" in 2001 (also peak at number six). In 2004, "Silence 2004" entered the Dance Club Songs and peaked at number one, becoming McLachlan's first chart-topper there.

title: Remixed (Sarah McLachlan album)


text:
Adi Godrej

Adi Burjorji Godrej (born 3 April 1942) is an Indian billionaire businessman and head of the Godrej family, chairman of the Godrej Group. , he has a net worth of US$2.3 billion.

Early life
Godrej completed his schooling at St. Xavier's High School and then St. Xavier's College, Mumbai for two years. He earned an undergraduate degree from HL College and an MBA from the MIT Sloan School of Management, where he was a member of the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity and a member of Tau Beta Pi.

Career
After his return to India, he joined the family business. He modernized the management structure, implemented process improvements and improved the company during the License Raj. He heads the group alongside his brother, managing director of Godrej Industries and chairman of Godrej Agrovet, Nadir Godrej, and his cousin, Godrej & Boyce managing director and chairman, Jamshyd Godrej.

In 2021 he announced his plans to step down as chairman of Godrej Industries, the holding company of the Godrej Group. He would continue as chairman of the Godrej Group and chairman emeritus of GIL.

Godrej Consumer Products has grown into a strong emerging market FMCG player based on a 3X3 approach to international expansion — building a presence in three emerging markets (Asia, Africa, Latin America) across three categories (home care, personal wash, and hair care).

Beyond Godrej
He has been president of several Indian trade and industrial bodies and associations.

He was the chairman of the Indian School of Business from April 2011 to April 2018 and was elected as the president of the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) for the year 2012–13. He has been a member of the dean's advisory council of the MIT Sloan School of Management, and chairman of the board of governors of the Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies.

Twenty-five per cent of the shares of the Godrej holding company are held in trusts that include the Pirojsha Godrej Foundation, the Soonabai Pirojsha Godrej Foundation, and the Godrej Memorial Trust. Through these trusts, the Group supports healthcare, education, and environmental sustainability initiatives such as The Mangroves, Teach for India, WWF, and the Godrej Memorial Hospital.

Personal life
He was married to socialite and philanthropist Parmeshwar Godrej until her death in October 2016 and has three children. They live in Malabar Hill, South Mumbai. For his contribution to the Indian industry Adi has been the recipient of several awards and recognitions including the Rajiv Gandhi Award 2002.

title: Adi Godrej


text:
Talk:Inter frame

Hi, there is no redundancy in a movie. In movie compression technologies, the high compression rates are obtained with loosing quite a lot of information. So the I-Frame do not remove redundant data. They are on the contrary an acceptable trade-of on the picture quality. You can double check that by asking question: can you rebuild original movie from a compressed one (MPEG4 for example) ? The answer is no, because some data are lost. :-) Gtabary 09:36, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC) Sorry, this is completly wrong. There is very much redundancy in a movie, look at the fact that normally there are only minor changes between two frames. If you do it right, then you are not loosing any information by pixel prediction, wheter by intra-picture prediction nor by inter-picture prediction. You are loosing information by the quantization process and probably by the transformation (rounding errors). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hahne9 (talk • contribs) 11:41, 16 January 2013 (UTC)

Hi, I've tried to improve this article and mainly have changed the description. Please note that wiki links are still missing, I will try to add them later. It might be useful to improve the structure so that, for instance, the introduction to the article gets very brief and the extended description gets its own section.--New.limit (talk) 12:40, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

This article appears to only consider algorithms based strongly on macro blocks. For example wavelet based algorithms are quite different. This should be mentioned, or the article generalized. Skarkkai (talk) 04:53, 7 June 2010 (UTC)
 * You are correct that wavelet based algorithms are different, but they still use macroblocks, even though they are overlapping instead of sharply separated as in DCT macroblocks. The underlying principles of both remain the same with respect to the contents of this article. C xong (talk) 03:38, 29 July 2010 (UTC)

A more accurate article title might be 'Interframe Coding'. The term 'inter frame' pulls up no matching references in searches (besides this article), so the audience for this entry would likely increase by creating a more accurate title to better reflect the article content. The article is about video coding / compression, and not just the 'inter frames' as you call them. Eric444444 (talk) 14:38, 8 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Inter frame


text:
Category:Military leaders

 * This category is for senior military leaders such as admirals, generals and air marshals. It includes military leaders with strategic influence who pre-dated the formal establishment of ranks as well as senior commanders in irregular militaries who may not hold rank.

 * For middle and junior ranking officers, see Category:Military officers.
 * For enlisted leaders, see Category:Non-commissioned officers.

title: Category:Military leaders


text:
File:Mclachlan-afterglowlive.jpg

CD cover

title: File:Mclachlan-afterglowlive.jpg


text:
SCN

SCN may stand for:

Science and technology

 * .scn, SceneKit archive format
 * Satellite Catalog Number, an identification number given to satellites
 * Scandium nitride (ScN), an inorganic compound
 * Scene mode, a mode in digital cameras
 * Server change number, a counter variable used in client-server architecture
 * Sociocybernetics
 * Switched circuit network, i.e. the public switched telephone network
 * System change number, a stamp that defines a committed version in an Oracle Database
 * Thiocyanate, an organic compound in the cyanate family

Medicine

 * SCN1A to SCN11A, and SCN2B to SCN4B, sodium channel genes and beta subunits
 * Severe congenital neutropenia, rare disorders
 * Solid cell nests, in pathology
 * Soybean cyst nematode, a type of parasitic nematode
 * Suprachiasmatic nucleus, in the brain's hypothalamus

Communications & media

 * SCN (TV station), a TV station in Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia
 * Saskatchewan Communications Network, a TV channel
 * Southern Command Network, an American Forces Network
 * SAP Community Network, of SAP SE users
 * SCN, former branding of GLV/BCV, a TV station in Victoria, Australia

Organizations

 * Secure Community Network, a US-based Jewish security advisory organization
 * Sisters of Charity of Nazareth, a Roman Catholic religious order
 * Supervisory Council of the North, an Afghan military unit
 * Supreme Court of Nigeria

Other uses

 * Saarbrücken Airport (IATA: SCN), in Saarland, Germany
 * Saint Kitts and Nevis, ITU country code
 * Satellite Control Network, a satellite communications and control network operated by the United States Space Force. Formerly known as the Air Force Satellite Control Network.
 * Scottish Candidate Number, a student identifier
 * Sicilian language (ISO 639: scn)

title: SCN


text:
USS Pollack

USS Pollack has been the name of more than one United States Navy ship, and may refer to:

 * USS Pollack (SS-180), a submarine in commission from 1937 to 1945
 * USS Pollack (SSN-603), a submarine in commission from 1964 to 1989

title: USS Pollack


text:
Solomon Luria

Shlomo Luria (1510 – November 7, 1573) (שלמה לוריא) was one of the great Ashkenazic poskim (decisors of Jewish law) and teachers of his time. He is known for his work of Halakha, Yam Shel Shlomo, and his Talmudic commentary Chochmat Shlomo. Luria is also referred to as “Maharshal” (Hebrew abbreviation: Our Teacher, Rabbi Solomon Luria), or “Rashal”  (Hebrew abbreviation: Rabbi Solomon Luria).

Biography
Luria was born in the city of Poznań (Posen), in the Kingdom of Poland. His father, Yechiel Luria, was the rabbi of the Lithuanian city of Slutzk and the son of the eminent Talmudist Miriam Luria. The Luria family claims descent from Rashi. Luria studied in Lublin under Rabbi Shalom Shachna, and later in the Ostroh yeshiva under Kalonymus Haberkasten; he later married Lipka, daughter of Rabbi Kalonymus. Students in the yeshiva included Joshua Falk. The Maharshal served as Rabbi in Brisk and various Lithuanian communities for 15 years.

When Haberkasten assumed the position of rosh yeshiva in Brisk, Luria replaced him as the official rabbi of the city and region of Ostroh. Luria later succeeded Shalom Shachna as head of the Lublin Yeshiva, which attracted students from all over Europe. Due to various internal problems in the yeshiva, he opened his own yeshiva. The building, known as the "Maharshal's shul", remained intact until World War II.

Works
Yam Shel Shlomo, Luria's major work of Halakha, was written on sixteen tractates of the Talmud; however, it is extant on only seven. In it, Maharshal analyzes key sugyot (passages) and decides between various authorities as to the practical halacha. Maharshal, famously, objected to Isserles's method of presenting halakhic rulings without discussing their derivation. He wrote Yam Shel Shlomo to "probe the depths of the halacha" and to clarify the process by which those halachot are reached.

Chochmat Shlomo is a gloss, and comments, on the text of the Talmud. One aim of this work being to establish the correct text. To achieve this Maharshal scrutinized the published editions of the Talmud as well as the commentaries of Rashi, Tosafot, and other Rishonim. His comments were later published by his son; an abridged version of Chochmat Shlomo appears in nearly all editions of the Talmud today, at the end of each tractate. The original, separately printed version, is far more extensive, and has now been re-published in the Metivta/Oz ve-Hadar edition of the Talmud. The Chida writes that "I've heard from elders, that the Maharshal is extremely deep; and most hasagot (criticisms/objections) from the Maharsha on the Maharshal, aren't hasagot if the reader will delve deep into the subject".

Maharshal also wrote:
 * Yeri'ot Shlomo, a super-commentary on Rashi's commentary on the Torah (in fact a commentary on Elijah Mizrachi's supercommentary on Rashi) - HebrewBooks.org;
 * Amudei Shlomo, a commentary on Sefer Mitzvot Gadol ("SeMag") of Rabbi Moses ben Jacob of Coucy;
 * A collection of Responsa; see History of Responsa: Sixteenth century.

title: Solomon Luria


text: User talk:65.115.176.43

title: User talk:65.115.176.43


text:
Peter Cook (Australian politician)

Peter Francis Salmon Cook (8 November 1943 – 3 December 2005) was an Australian politician. He served as a Labor member of the Senate from 1983 to 2005, representing the state of Western Australia.

Career
Cook was born in Melbourne, Victoria, and was an active trade unionist before entering politics. He was Secretary of the Western Australian Trades and Labour Council 1975–83 and Vice-President of the Australian Council of Trade Unions 1981–83. He was also a member of the Labor Party's National Executive.

He was elected to the Senate at the 1983 election; as this was a double dissolution election, his service commenced on election day, 5 March 1983 (although for the purpose of determining the rotation of senators it was taken to have commenced on the previous 1 July).

In the Hawke and Keating Labor governments he was Minister for Resources 1988–1990, Minister for Industrial Relations 1990–1993, Minister for Shipping and Aviation Support 1992–93, Minister for Trade 1993–1994 and Minister for Industry, Science and Technology 1994–96.

After the defeat of the Keating government in 1996, Cook was a member of the Opposition Shadow Ministry 1996–2001 and Deputy Leader of the Opposition in the Senate. In 1997–2001, he chaired a Senate Committee inquiry into the proposed Goods and Services Tax.

He was defeated by union organiser Glenn Sterle in a Labor preselection ballot before the 2004 election, and subsequently did not contest the election. His term expired on 30 June 2005. An avid ally of Julia Gillard, Cook publicly backed her for the Labor leadership after Mark Latham resigned in 2005.

Death
Cook died on 3 December 2005 after being diagnosed with melanoma in July 2004. The last Senate report to which he contributed was The cancer journey: Informing choice, handed down on 23 June 2005.

title: Peter Cook (Australian politician)


text:
Northrop X-21

The Northrop X-21A was an experimental aircraft designed to test wings with laminar flow control. It was based on the Douglas WB-66D airframe, with the wing-mounted engines moved to the rear fuselage and making space for air compressors. The aircraft first flew on 18 April 1963 with NASA test pilot Jack Wells at the controls. Although useful testing was accomplished, the extensive maintenance of the intricate laminar-flow system caused the end of the program.

Design and development
Laminar-flow control is a technology that offers the potential for significant improvement in drag coefficient which would provide improvements in aircraft fuel usage, range or endurance that far exceed any known single aeronautical technology. In principle, if 80% of wing is laminar, then overall drag could be reduced by 25%. The frictional force between the air and the aircraft surface, known as viscous drag, is much larger in a turbulent boundary layer than in a laminar one. The principal type of active laminar-flow control is removal of a small amount of the boundary-layer air by suction through porous materials, multiple narrow surface slots, or small perforations (boundary layer suction).

Two major modifications were required, the first involving the standard underwing podded Allison J71 engines being removed and replaced by a pair of 9490 lb-f static thrust General Electric XJ79-GE-13 non-afterburning turbojets mounted in pods attached to the rear of the fuselage sides. Bleed air from the J79 engines was fed into a pair of underwing fairings, each of which housed a "bleed-burn" turbine which sucked the boundary layer air out through the wing slots.

The X-21A test vehicles (55-0408 and 55-0410) also incorporated sophisticated laminar flow control systems built into a completely new wing of increased span and area, with a sweep reduced from 35° to 30°. The wing had a multiple series of span-wise slots (800,000 in total) through which turbulent boundary-layer was "sucked in," resulting in a smoother laminar flow. Theoretically, reduced drag, better fuel economy and longer range could be achieved.

The forward cockpit carried a pilot and two flight engineers while two additional flight test engineers were housed in a central fuselage bay underneath the wing.

Testing
In initial testing there were significant problems with the porous materials and surface slots getting plugged with debris, bugs, and even rain. In certain conditions, ice crystals would form due to the rapid cooling of air over the laminar surfaces. This would abruptly disrupt laminar flow, causing rapid melting and rapid transition back to turbulent flow. Maximum achievement of 95% laminar flow over those areas was desired. However, the design effort was canceled due to the plugging problems.

Pioneering data were obtained in the X-21 flight program, including the effects of surface irregularities, boundary-layer turbulence induced by three-dimensional span-wise flow effects in the boundary layer (referred to as span-wise contamination) and degrading environmental effects such as ice crystals in the atmosphere.

Disposition
Both X-21As ended up in storage at Edwards Air Force Base, California, where they gradually became derelicts, used primarily as photo targets. The remains can still be viewed, but no efforts have been made to recover either example for restoration or display.

title: Northrop X-21


text:
Talk:Anti-obesity medication

from VfD:

Is there a need for an article on this self explanatory entry ? Aside, the article is not precise: a drug do not necessarily take the form of a pill. Gtabary 09:44, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I think this article really does not qualify for VfD. The title is OK. Redirect to Obesity and be done with it. --Gene s 10:49, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Sub-Beavis and Butthead snickering about obesity. Delete unless someone is volunteering to perform cleanup. --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 11:09, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC) Keep.  Thanks to Rossami! Excellent work. --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 19:07, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to obesity. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 11:52, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Fatis bad for you but some chicks love it. Fat on chicks is ugly cause you don't know what crack you are hitting when having sex<- is not encyclopedic, or half--ways civil. Delete - rernst 12:28, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to obesity - LiquidXY 15:13, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: No need for a redirect to preserve the glorious edit history of this kiddie litter. If recreated, speedy delete.  If recreated after that, speedy and ban contributor.  The article is not encyclopedic, accurate, or appropriate.  Geogre 15:16, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Move to Anti-obesity drugs, with the auto-redirect from this spot. The contents of the saved article use the appropriate grammatical number; so should the title. Geogre 21:44, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Redirect is pointless, anyone searching for this will find obesity without this redir. Article appears to be a joke by several anons; No version of it contains any useful content. Andrewa 15:17, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep (change of vote). Now a good stub. Still not the best article title IMO, but a remarkable save, well done. Andrewa 14:42, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete DCEdwards1966 15:30, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. How is this different from Anorectic? -- Scott $e^{i \pi} \,\!$ 19:09, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Anorectics would be a subset of the larger class of drugs potentially used to treat obesity. Anorectics interfere with appetite.  Other drugs could, for example, leave the appetite intact but increase the metabolism or interfere with the absorption of nutrients.  This is a requested article from Pharmacology.  However, after removing the nonsense, what's left is self-evident from the title of the article.  Weak delete because I believe it is more likely that someone seeing the redlink at Pharmacology will contribute a quality article than that someone seeing the blue link will take the time to edit this sub-stub.  Rossami (talk) 01:58, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * After thinking about it, the answer to Scott's question might be appropriate in the article and might raise it above the sub-stub level. Weak keep.  Rossami (talk) 02:17, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's still only a stub. Someone could expand it to something useful... P Ingerson 00:52, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. User:Rossami at 02:14 on 10 Dec 2004 expanded it into a sensible-loooking article. (Note to the unknowledgeable: "anorectic" does not come from "anus" and "rectum" but from Greek an- = "not" and oreg- = "extend, reach".) Anthony Appleyard 07:25, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep the article as it is by 10:00, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC) is now of interest. Thanks User:Rossami :-) Gtabary 10:02, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep now. Kappa 14:55, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Strong keep. Yet another good save.  If this gets deleted in its present state I will personally take it to Votes for Undeletion.  [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 18:35, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Another strong keep. This went from rambling, incoherent dicdef to a real, live article.  Barnstars for Rossami!! - Lucky 6.9 23:19, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * keep. Mikkalai 08:45, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * keep. Yuckfoo 09:12, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

Title
Would "Anti-Obesity Drugs" be a better title for this article? --Measure 23:09, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

Illicit weight loss drugs
Clem. Nuff said. An address should be made on the use of non-perscribed stimulants to achieve weightloss, et cetera, as commonly seen and over heard in gyms.
 * do you mean clenbuterol? yes beta-2 agonists in general should be mentioned — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.190.51.12 (talk) 15:49, 15 June 2012 (UTC)

Ackward
"More recent developments may be promising in development of drugs that can combat obesity." replaced with "Recent pharmaceutical researches have produced potential obesity combating drugs." Libertate 02:22, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

Links to websites
The links to http://www.dietdrugreport.com and http://www.acompliareport.com have been taken down a number of times - they are useful resources for the latest news on the development of anti-obesity drugs. I do understand that htye contain some advertising but there is still a large amount of original and useful content on the sites.

Secondly the link to http://www.obesity-news.com/ has been taken down despite the fact that the site is one of the most comprehensive sources of information on pharmaceutical approaches to treating obesity and it has no advertising but does require a paid subscription for access to full content. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Rallos (talk • contribs) 19:23, 27 February 2007 (UTC).

unproven and anecdotal drugs/herbs
would anyone have anything against me expanding the "other" section to include unproven or anecdotally "proven" drugs and herbs that are sold or marketed as weight loss supplements and the evidence for and against them? (or lack thereof) —Preceding unsigned comment added by UltraMagnus (talk • contribs) 21:38, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm for it, I think this article (or a child article) would be useful for people who buy into all the marketing hype around different weight loss supplements. Raspberry Ketones are very popular, but have not been clinically shown to work. While CLA appears to have some effectiveness in clinical trials. We could also include a summary on the ECA Stack. --108.243.184.16 (talk) 15:26, 24 April 2012 (UTC)

medical school question on which approved for long term use
there was a family med question on which is approved for long term use. which is? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 163.40.108.46 (talk) 21:36, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Added table which includes this information in the Medications section. IronLordByron (talk) 01:11, 26 July 2022 (UTC)

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Incorrect figure for tirzepatide efficacy
In the comparison table it states 23.5% weight reduction as placebo adjusted for tirzepatide and the reference is Lily’s press release. This figure is incorrect and the press release doesn’t state any placebo adjusted figure for weight reduction 192.116.89.144 (talk) 18:53, 11 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anti-obesity medication


text: Category:Fijian nobility

title: Category:Fijian nobility


text:
Binyamin Ben-Eliezer

Benjamin "Fuad" Ben-Eliezer (بنيامين بن إليعازر; בנימין "פואד" בן אליעזר; 12 February 1936 – 28 August 2016) was an Iraqi-born Israeli politician and general. He served as a member of the Knesset between 1984 and 2014, and held several ministerial posts, including Minister of Industry, Trade and Labour; Minister of Defense; and Deputy Prime Minister. He served as leader of the Israeli Labor Party between 2001 and 2002.

Biography
Ben-Eliezer was born in Basra in southern Iraq to an Iraqi-Jewish family, the son of Saleh and Farha Elazar. His name at birth was Fuad Elazar. He immigrated to Israel in 1950, where his name was Hebraized to Binyamin Ben-Eliezer. He was drafted into the Israel Defense Forces in 1954 and became a career soldier.

He lived in Rishon LeZion and was married with five children. Some of his granddaughters live in the United States. He was fluent in Hebrew, Arabic and English.

Military career
Ben-Eliezer was drafted into the IDF in 1954 and served in the Golani Brigade. He served in the Brigade as a soldier and as a squad leader. In 1956 he became an infantry officer after completing Officer Candidate School and return to the Golani Brigade, and fought in the Sinai war. Ben-Eliezer served as a Commander of sayerert shaked in the Six-Day War and was wounded in the War of Attrition. In the Yom Kippur War he served as a brigade Executive officer. In 1977, he was appointed First Commanding Officer in Southern Lebanon, serving as the army liaison between the Lebanese Christian militias and Israel. He was Military Governor of the Israeli-occupied West Bank (1978–81) and was Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories from 1983 until 1984. He completed his military service with the rank of Brigadier General.

Political career
After retiring from the army, Ben-Eliezer was briefly a member of the Tami Party, a grouping of Israeli Jews of "Mizrahi" or Middle Eastern origin. Ben-Eliezer was first elected to the Knesset in 1984 on the Yahad list, which merged into the Alignment during his first term. He was re-elected in 1988 and 1992, by which time the Alignment had become the Labor Party. In July 1992 he was appointed Minister of Housing and Construction in Yitzhak Rabin's government. He retained his seat in the 1996 elections, but lost his place in the cabinet as Labor went into opposition. Following Ehud Barak's victory in the 1999 Prime Minister election, Ben-Eliezer returned to the cabinet as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Communications. From October 2000 to 3 March 2001, he also served as Minister of Housing and Construction. After Ariel Sharon's victory in the special election for Prime Minister in 2001, Ben-Eliezer was appointed Minister of Defense in the national unity government, and served as Labor Party leader following Barak's resignation until Amram Mitzna was elected in 2002. He left the post on 2 October 2002 when Labor withdrew from the coalition.

Re-elected again in 2003, Ben-Eliezer served as Minister of National Infrastructure from 10 January 2005 until 23 November, when Labor left the government. In the Labor Party leadership election on 9 November 2005, he came third with 16.8% of the vote, behind Amir Peretz and Shimon Peres. He retained his seat again in the 2006 elections, and was appointed Minister of National Infrastructure in Ehud Olmert's government.

In March 2007, Ben-Eliezer was forced to cancel a trip to Egypt after being warned by Egyptian intelligence that he could be arrested, when Egyptian media and opposition implicated him in the 'massacre' of 250 Egyptian POWs during the Six-Day War following an Israeli documentary. However, the allegations are disputed by both Binyamin Ben-Eliezer and the documentary film-maker Ran Edelist. Placed eighth on the party's list, he was re-elected again in the 2009 elections and appointed Minister of Industry, Trade and Labour. He resigned from the cabinet after Ehud Barak left the Labor Party to establish Independence in January 2011.

He contracted pneumonia in March 2011 and was put into a medically induced coma, eventually making a full recovery. He was re-elected in the 2013 elections, but resigned from the Knesset for health reasons in December 2014, and was replaced by Raleb Majadele.

Ben-Eliezer was a candidate to succeed Shimon Peres as President of Israel in 2014, but withdrew after allegations of corruption surfaced against him.

Views and opinions
Ben-Eliezer was considered a hawk on foreign policy and was one of the main architects of the invasion of Lebanon as well as a strong proponent for Operation Defensive Shield. He advocated halting peace talks with Palestinians until there was an end to violence against Israelis, although he believed once their leadership is able to put a stop to terrorism and abandon it as a political tool there should be "compromise" in final status talks with the Palestinian Authority.

Ben-Eliezer warned in 2012: "So far Palestinians have kept quiet, but one day they will awake and the explosion will happen. People don't accept [being] under military rule for 50 years."

Death
On the afternoon of 28 August 2016, Binyamin died at the Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center from kidney disease. He was 80 years old.

title: Binyamin Ben-Eliezer


text:
Ogg page

An Ogg page is a unit of data in an Ogg bitstream, usually between 4 kB and 8 kB, with a maximum size of 65,307 bytes.

Purpose
One of the purposes of multimedia container formats is to allow multiple codecs to be muxed into a single file or stream. For example, to combine audio, video, and subtitles into a single file.

The viewpoint held by Christopher Montgomery, creator of the Ogg format, is that the units of muxed codec data should be a separate abstraction layer from the units of data used by the codec in order to limit the amount of buffering necessary when decoding the contained data. In his opinion, which is supported by other developers working with the Xiph.org Foundation, this gives Ogg a technical advantage over alternative bitstream formats such as AVI, QuickTime, and MPEG.

Each Ogg page also provides the time offset of the contained data, which allows efficient seeking that is both accurate and compatible with streaming. In contrast, many other formats seek to byte positions in the stream or rely on a table of contents for seeking information.

Page structure
Every Ogg page begins with the four-byte magic string "OggS". If sync is lost a decoder can look for the next occurrence of this sequence to begin decoding again. These four bytes are followed by a zero byte for Ogg version 0. The version field had originally been intended to allow multiple Ogg page types tuned for different payloads to coexist in the same stream. In the 2000s it became clear that only one page version will be used.

The sixth byte of each page specifies type flags. The value 1 specifies that the page contains data of a packet continued from the previous page. The value 2 specifies that this is the first page of the stream, and the value 4 specifies that this is the last page of the stream. These values can be combined with addition or logical OR.

The next 8 bytes, or 64 bits, is called the absolute granule position which is a synthetic value that encodes the Decode Timestamp, the Presentation time stamp and distance to first-needed reference. The exact encoding of the granule position is up to a specific codec.

The following 4 bytes are the stream serial number to which this page belongs. Each logical stream must have a unique serial number within a physical stream. It is also intended to be used like a weak hash so that a collision is very unlikely when multiplexing different streams, which eliminates the need for continuous recalculation of page headers at every multiplexing step.

The following 4 bytes are the page sequence number within the stream. This is a page counter that allows detection of lost pages. In comparison to other container formats, the large number of bits also allows direct UDP unicast/multicast with Ogg handling reordering and reassembly.

The next 4 bytes, starting at the 23rd byte of the page, is the CRC checksum of the page. Because the value of this field changes, the result of the check is computed with this field equal to zero.

Next, the 27th byte of each page specifies the number of segments it contains, ranging from 0 to 255. This is also the size of the following segment table in bytes. Each byte of the segment table provides the length of a segment.

Each segment can be up to 255 bytes in length and is bounded by the page. A segment smaller than 255 bytes marks the end of a packet; the next segment will begin a new packet. A packet with a length that is a multiple of 255 bytes will end with a segment of length 0. If the last segment of the page is 255 bytes then the last packet is continued on the following page.

title: Ogg page