text: File:MikeRossi.jpg

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:MikeRossi.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lori Rubinson

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 11:51, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Due to a miscalculation, the actual result is no consensus. The article is kept for now.  -- AllyUnion (talk) 14:57, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Lori Rubinson

 * Delete. Mike Hackney 17:09, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This was improperly and not completely posted to VfD. I'm finishing the process. No vote. —Mar·ka·ci: 2005-02-13 11:15 Z

 * Delete - is this another odd entry from Mr Hackney ? Brookie 11:50, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, cruft. Wyss 02:04, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, cleanup and expand. Network sports commentator now. Megan1967 06:04, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Dream Job. Gamaliel 07:35, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Zellin 01:03, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Dream Job fancruft. JamesBurns 07:35, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Riverside, Rhode Island

Riverside is a neighborhood in the city of East Providence in the U.S. state of Rhode Island. Despite not being an incorporated city, Riverside has its own zip code, 02915, and is an acceptable mailing address according to the United States Postal Service. Riverside has a population of approximately 20,000 people.

Adjoining Riverside are the town of Barrington in Bristol County to the south, Narragansett Bay to the west, the rest of East Providence to the north, and the Runnins River and Seekonk, Massachusetts to the east.

History
Riverside, known as Cedar Grove until 1878, was originally a farming and fishing area. The streets south of the Maze are named for trees. Riverside most notably became a tourist attraction in the late 19th and early 20th century due to the presence of Crescent Park Amusement Park, known as the “Coney Island of the East”. The 50 acre park operated from 1886 until 1979, and was famous for its Rhode Island Shore Dinners as well as the Alhambra Ballroom, where famous Big Bands played, and the bustling midway which included roller coasters, kiddie land, rides and games. Although the park in now gone, the famous 1895 Crescent Park Looff Carousel has been preserved and continues in operation every summer. The Carousel is nationally recognized as a true masterpiece of wood sculpture. Originally built as a showcase for prospective buyers, it is the largest and most elaborate of Looff's works.

Two other amusement parks sprang up in the early 1900s in Riverside. Boyden Heights and Vanity Fair each had a short run before closing down due to low attendance.

Many hotels, guest houses and shore dinner halls operated in Riverside in the late 19th century to accommodate the influx of summer visitors escaping the big city. Also available were several tent sites like Camp White and Camp Fuller. The Vue de l'Eau Hotel was built around 1860. The four-story Riverside Hotel boasted its own wharf and a huge ballroom overlooking the bay. After a few years, it was dismantled and shipped by barge to Nantucket. Pomham House opened in 1867 with its own wharf. The popular Silver Spring Hotel was opened two years later by developer, Hiram Maxfield. In addition to the hotel, it included a shore dinner hall and summer cottages. The Lyric Theater opened on Maple Avenue around 1920 and featured silent movies until 1928 when the theater became the second in the state to have talking pictures. Later named the Gilbert Stuart, it eventually closed as a theater. The Riverside Girl Scout House on Willett Avenue, built around 1870, is the oldest school still standing in East Providence. It was known as District 6 Schoolhouse.

Hockey star and NHL / U.S. Olympic hockey coach Ron Wilson lived in Riverside, at 47 Lottie Drive, from the ages of 12 until he was drafted by the Toronto Maple Leafs.

Today, it is a close-knit and diverse community with several distinct neighborhoods.

Tourism
The historic Little Neck Cemetery contains the grave of Thomas Willett, the first mayor of New York City and Elizabeth Tilley Howland (d.1687) who was a passenger as a child on the Mayflower.

The Squantum Club was founded in 1872 and many historic buildings are on the grounds. Its architectural uniqueness is noted on the National Register of Historic Places. The Colonial Revival Club House was built in 1900 and the one-story brick Bake House goes back to 1889. The association, with a diverse membership of area business leaders, hosts member and non-member events, is a famous wedding venue and still operates today.

Riversidians were known for harvesting clams, quahogs and oysters from the beaches and surrounding waters. They became known as "Clam-diggers".

Narragansett Terrace, in the extreme south of town, was the site of many summer cottages for wealthy residents including Governor Case. This peninsula afforded a grand view of Narragansett Bay. Bullock's Cove, nestled between the Terrace and Bay Spring, offered mooring sites for small boats. From this point one can see Barrington, Warren, Bristol, Warwick, Cranston, and Providence from the shore.

In the past decade, East Providence has considered many redevelopment projects. The largest landowner in Riverside is ExxonMobil. There are also banking call centers for Bank of America and Citizens Bank. It is also home to Bradley Hospital and the Silver Spring Golf Course. The major roads through Riverside are the Wampanoag Trail connecting East Providence to Bristol County, RI and Willett Ave, named after Captain Thomas Willett, the first English mayor of New York City (1665). Willett is buried in Riverside at the Little Neck Cemetery.

The East Bay Bike Path runs through the town, connecting Riverside with the rest of the Providence with bike access

Notable schools

 * Alice Mary Waddington Elementary School
 * Meadowcrest Elementary School
 * Oldham Elementary School
 * Riverside Middle School
 * St. Mary Academy – Bay View
 * St. Brendan School

National Register of Historic Places listings in Riverside

 * Crescent Park Looff Carousel, (National Historic Landmark)
 * Elm Tree Plat Historic District
 * James Dennis House
 * District 6 Schoolhouse
 * Little Neck Cemetery
 * Pomham Rocks Light Station
 * Rose Land Park Plat Historic District
 * Squantum Association

title: Riverside, Rhode Island


text:
Talk:Clinton Presidential Center

Global coordinates?
What on earth is that sentence doing there, the one with the latitude and longitude for the building for crissakes? Please, someone explain, or offer a counterargument. I give notice that I'm going to delete the horror.--SilasM 13:59, 29 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree, and removed them.  Athænara  ✉ 11:40, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

Post Quote?
Will someone provide the source for this:

 * Critics, notably the Washington Post editoral page, have claimed that it is the "ultimate sign of the disingenuity of the Clinton administration".

A couple of editors have noted that as originally posted, the quote had several typos, making it somewhat suspect. The use of "disingenuity" seems strange to me as well. --Chinasaur 17:10, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Without a reference there's probably no good reason to leave that there in it's current form. In fact that whole paragraph seems to be without reference so I'm going to pull it since it leads the reader to draw a political conclusion that has little to do with the library/centre itself. If somebody can come up with a good reference on that info it might be a good addition to the Bill Clinton article.

Gabe 04:40, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

is there a npov way of expressing just how ugly this building is? 168.122.250.175 23:14, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * No, there is in fact not an objective way of expressing an opinion on a quality like ugliness. Not everyone has beef with this project, and what's more, some people like the way the building looks. I think the quotation from the Economist is irrelevant, just as well, and that's why I'm taking it out. Putting a journalist's condescending opinion of the bulding at the end of that article is a danger to neutrality. It's a Presidential Library; it gets a real entry in the encylopedia instead of one weakened by someone's emotions.
 * Ok, if we can't call the building ugly can we at least mention its more popular name -- the "Clinton Presidential Library and Massage Parlor?"

where i live we call it the trailer on stilts.... sorry for the irrelevance. 70.247.73.235 19:43, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

I think the reference to the 'mobile home' is disrespectful, not to WJ Clinton, but to the fine people of Arkansas. 28 November 2006

Contradiction
On this page it is claimed that the library is the second largest but on Bill Clinton's page it is claimed to be the largest,someone should try to solve this.Borgawitz 12:50, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

"Urban renewal"?
The article states that the library is a "leading example of urban renewal." I believe it means to say "brownfields redevelopment" or generically "urban rebirth" or "reinvigoration" or some such. It is not known as an example of urban renewal, which is typified by the governmental condemnation and demolition of "slum" housing and its replacement with housing projects in the 1960s. This site was a railroad yard, not housing; it was remade in the 1990s, not the 1960s; and most importantly, it does not seem to have been taken by eminent domain at all. If the government didn't buy it, it can't be urban renewal.

--Edit07 19:26, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Clinton Presidential Center


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Assassination of Danilo Anderson

The assassination of Danilo Anderson took place on 18 November 2004, in Caracas, Venezuela. Danilo Baltasar Anderson (born 29 October 1966) was a Venezuelan environmental state prosecutor investigating more than 400 people accused of crimes during the Llaguno Overpass events and the failed 2002 coup d'état attempt. Anderson, 38, was assassinated on his way home from attending postgraduate classes. In 2005 several people were convicted of masterminding the assassination, though the investigation had flaws and was marred with allegations of corruption.

Background
Anderson was born in Caracas and was raised in the slums. In the 1990s, he was a student agitator participating in clashes with police weekly with fellow demonstrators. He graduated in law from Central University of Venezuela in 1995, specializing later in criminology and environmental law. He worked as a lawyer for several firms, and was a general tax inspector between 1993 and 2000. He was the first official to bring a case for environmental offenses in Caracas. Anderson described himself as being a radical leftist and was a supporter of Hugo Chávez. His murder shocked Venezuelan opinion across the political spectrum.

Danilo Anderson was a high-profile prosecutor that participated often in political trials. Following the failure of the coup in April 2002, he prosecuted the responsibles of the Llaguno Overpass events and those who signed the Carmona Decree. Many accused Anderson of extorting money from those he threatened to prosecute in order to have their charges dropped.

Leaders of the political movements opposed to President Chávez had also turned to economic means to achieve their political goals following the 2002 coup attempt. For two months from early December 2002 they organized the Venezuelan general strike of 2002-2003, dominated by the near-closure of Venezuelan state oil company PDVSA as a key oil transport route was blocked. The strike ultimately failed in its attempt to make President Chávez resign, but caused acute economic problems, with GDP falling by a quarter in early 2003, and deepened the conflictive political situation and polarization resulting from the Llaguno Overpass shootout and the April coup.

Following the collapse of the strike, opposition politicians focused on a recall referendum. Widespread international attention focused on the run-up to the 2004 Venezuelan recall referendum in August 2004. President Chávez won the vote with 59% of the total.

Death
On 18 November 2004 at about 9:45 pm, Anderson was in Urbanización Los Chaguaramos in Caracas, driving home in his yellow Toyota Autana from the University Institute of Forensic Science where he was taking postgraduate classes. Anderson stopped at a street and as he accelerated, a military-grade C-4 plastic explosive device placed on the frame under the driver's seat detonated from a wireless device killing Anderson instantly. The blast had such force that it broke windows in the vicinity and covered the street with glass. Witnesses say they heard two loud explosions and saw the vehicle, already in flames, roll into the front of a nearby building. Firefighters and CICPC investigators arrived at the scene shortly after the explosion. Anderson's body was charred an unrecognizable and he had to be identified by his fingerprints and dental records. Anderson's sister and girlfriend also helped identify him as the victim by recognizing personal belongings such as his Glock automatic pistol, two cell phones, his girlfriend's photo, his wallet and a chain.

Within a few hours, many government officials had gathered at the scene and Attorney General Isaias Rodriguez began to mention Anderson's involvement in the investigation of those who signed the Carmona Decree. The Venezuelan government and opposition, multiple national organizations and international bodies such as the OAS and the IACHR condemned the assassination.

Investigation
The investigation into who masterminded Anderson's murder became one of the most controversial topics in Venezuelan politics. According to the United States Department of State, Anderson's death was "believed to be linked to his alleged extortion attempts, but the BRV [Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela] claims his death was part of a larger plot to destabilize the government". There were reports that friends of Anderson may have operated an extortion racket aimed at opposition figures being investigated by Anderson in relation to the 2002 coup and that Anderson or lawyers close to him "were paid large bribes in a bid to ensure the acquittal of some civilians linked to the 2002 coup". Other reports claimed that Anderson was a member of an extortion ring himself and the members involved feared he was investigating them. Lifelong friend of Anderson and Caracas municipal council member, Carlos Herrera, stated "The Danilo I first knew was a revolutionary without a cent to his name" and stated that a few years before his death, Anderson did not even have a vehicle. Herrera explained that the Toyota Autana that Anderson was killed in was $70,000 and that he had recently purchased two personal water craft along with multiple apartments and farms.

Following the assassination, the Venezuelan government quickly blamed Venezuelan exiles in the United States for the murder. On 26 November 2004, two brothers Otoniel and Rolando Guevara were found by the National Guard wandering down a road in Valencia naked and tied after they had been seen earlier accompanied by about 10 armed individuals who had bound and gagged the brothers. Some reported that DISIP officers were the ones who had the Guevara brothers bound earlier and let them go so that they would be found and arrested legally, though the Venezuelan government denied such allegations. The two were arrested and both charged with homicide. The brothers stated that they were captured, drugged and then tortured before they were arrested. The same day the Guevara brothers were arrested two other suspects in the case, lawyer Antonio Lopez Castillo and, another former police agent, Juan Carlos Sanchez, were shot dead by investigating officers in separate incidents; both were said to have opened fire on the police, though relatives and lawyers stated that the two were executed by the police.

On 4 January 2005, Interior Minister Jesse Chacón stated that there was evidence of bribery and extortion linked to both Anderson and bankers that allegedly participated in the 2002 coup. A lawyer linked to Anderson, Sócrates Tiniacos, told police in an affidavit that he assisted Anderson's girlfriend and her brother with removing about $60,000 from Anderson's apartment safe following the assassination in order to cover up suspicious money from the police. Tiniacos also explained in his sworn statement that he saw two attorneys negotiating to keep a banker and coup suspect from being arrested and saw them give Anderson a bag full of U.S. dollars in a Caracas restaurant. Tiniacos said to police, "Danilo got into his car with the package and left. I don't know what he did with it". Later that month, Attorney General Isaías Rodríguez stated that police involved in the investigation "shuffled the pieces of the puzzle" to protect those suspected in Anderson's death and replaced the investigative team for a second time. Rodríguez called the extortion evidence "contradictory" saying "If we take away his medal and say Danilo was a crook, we are hurting Hugo Chávez."

The investigation eventually widened in search of the organizers and planners of the murder. By August 2005 the Venezuelan authorities had detained Giovani José Vásquez De Armas, a self-confessed former member of the Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC), the Colombian right-wing paramilitary organization. In sworn testimony given on August 29, 2005, Vásquez de Armas declared that he had participated in two meetings to plan attacks against members of the Venezuelan government. He alleged that participants in the second meeting decided to target Danilo Anderson. After that second meeting Vásquez de Armas said he collected 12 kg of C4 plastic explosive in Panama and transported it to Venezuela.

On the basis of Vásquez De Armas' testimony, warrants were issued for the arrest of leading journalist Patricia Poleo, banker Nelson Mezerhane, retired general Eugenio Áñez Núñez and Salvador Romaní, as the "intellectual authors" of the assassination. Mezzerane, Áñez and Romaní turned themselves in and were granted bail in December 2005. Poleo did not present herself to the authorities; she was interviewed on a TV show in Peru in January 2006. Human rights groups, media advocates and members of the opposition accused the Venezuelan government of turning the investigation of Anderson's murder into a political issue, using the case to harass government opponents. They stated that the accusations were an attempt to take away the freedom of the press.

On 20 December 2005, Otoniel and Rolando Guevara were sentenced to 27 years and 9 months imprisonment each, while their brother Juan Bautista was sentenced to the maximum 30 years.

Flaws
In 2006 the credibility of the key prosecution witness Vásquez De Armas came into question after it was shown he had a criminal record for identity fraud in his native Colombia and he was not a psychiatrist as he had pledged to be. Documentation of uncertain provenance was produced apparently showing that Vasquez de Armas was serving jail time in Santa Marta, Colombia, at the time he claims to have witnessed the planning of Anderson's murder by leading opposition figures. Venezuela's Attorney General Isaias Rodriguez moved to control press reporting on Vasquez de Armas while the case was sub-judice. The ban on discussing the personal life and alleged unreliability of Vásquez was lifted in August 2006. In August 2006, Isaias Rodríguez had to admit that Vasquez de Armes had actually lied. Armas also admitted to one journalist that the Venezuelan government "paid him to fabricate his testimony".

Isaías Rodríguez was accused by the opposition to turn Anderson's murder into a political witch hunt, using the case to harass government opponents.

title: Assassination of Danilo Anderson


text:
Water of crystallization

In chemistry, water(s) of crystallization or water(s) of hydration are water molecules that are present inside crystals. Water is often incorporated in the formation of crystals from aqueous solutions. In some contexts, water of crystallization is the total mass of water in a substance at a given temperature and is mostly present in a definite (stoichiometric) ratio. Classically, "water of crystallization" refers to water that is found in the crystalline framework of a metal complex or a salt, which is not directly bonded to the metal cation.

Upon crystallization from water, or water-containing solvents, many compounds incorporate water molecules in their crystalline frameworks. Water of crystallization can generally be removed by heating a sample but the crystalline properties are often lost.

Compared to inorganic salts, proteins crystallize with large amounts of water in the crystal lattice. A water content of 50% is not uncommon for proteins.

Applications
Knowledge of hydration is essential for calculating the masses for many compounds. The reactivity of many salt-like solids is sensitive to the presence of water. The hydration and dehydration of salts is central to the use of phase-change materials for energy storage.

Position in the crystal structure
A salt with associated water of crystallization is known as a hydrate. The structure of hydrates can be quite elaborate, because of the existence of hydrogen bonds that define polymeric structures. Historically, the structures of many hydrates were unknown, and the dot in the formula of a hydrate was employed to specify the composition without indicating how the water is bound. Per IUPAC's recommendations, the middle dot is not surrounded by spaces when indicating a chemical adduct. Examples: For many salts, the exact bonding of the water is unimportant because the water molecules are made labile upon dissolution. For example, an aqueous solution prepared from CuSO4*5H2O and anhydrous CuSO4 behave identically. Therefore, knowledge of the degree of hydration is important only for determining the equivalent weight: one mole of CuSO4*5H2O weighs more than one mole of CuSO4. In some cases, the degree of hydration can be critical to the resulting chemical properties. For example, anhydrous RhCl3 is not soluble in water and is relatively useless in organometallic chemistry whereas RhCl3*3H2O is versatile. Similarly, hydrated AlCl3 is a poor Lewis acid and thus inactive as a catalyst for Friedel-Crafts reactions. Samples of AlCl3 must therefore be protected from atmospheric moisture to preclude the formation of hydrates.
 * CuSO4*5H2O – copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate
 * CoCl2*6H2O – cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate
 * SnCl2*2H2O – tin(II) (or stannous) chloride dihydrate

Crystals of hydrated copper(II) sulfate consist of [Cu(H2O)4](2+) centers linked to SO4(2-) ions. Copper is surrounded by six oxygen atoms, provided by two different sulfate groups and four molecules of water. A fifth water resides elsewhere in the framework but does not bind directly to copper. The cobalt chloride mentioned above occurs as [Co(H2O)6](2+) and Cl-. In tin chloride, each Sn(II) center is pyramidal (mean O/Cl\sSn\sO/Cl angle is 83°) being bound to two chloride ions and one water. The second water in the formula unit is hydrogen-bonded to the chloride and to the coordinated water molecule. Water of crystallization is stabilized by electrostatic attractions, consequently hydrates are common for salts that contain +2 and +3 cations as well as −2 anions. In some cases, the majority of the weight of a compound arises from water. Glauber's salt, Na2SO4(H2O)10, is a white crystalline solid with greater than 50% water by weight.

Consider the case of nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate. This species has the formula NiCl2(H2O)6. Crystallographic analysis reveals that the solid consists of [trans-NiCl2(H2O)4] subunits that are hydrogen bonded to each other as well as two additional molecules of H2O. Thus one third of the water molecules in the crystal are not directly bonded to Ni(2+), and these might be termed "water of crystallization".

Analysis
The water content of most compounds can be determined with a knowledge of its formula. An unknown sample can be determined through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) where the sample is heated strongly, and the accurate weight of a sample is plotted against the temperature. The amount of water driven off is then divided by the molar mass of water to obtain the number of molecules of water bound to the salt.

Other solvents of crystallization
Water is particularly common solvent to be found in crystals because it is small and polar. But all solvents can be found in some host crystals. Water is noteworthy because it is reactive, whereas other solvents such as benzene are considered to be chemically innocuous. Occasionally more than one solvent is found in a crystal, and often the stoichiometry is variable, reflected in the crystallographic concept of "partial occupancy". It is common and conventional for a chemist to "dry" a sample with a combination of vacuum and heat "to constant weight".

For other solvents of crystallization, analysis is conveniently accomplished by dissolving the sample in a deuterated solvent and analyzing the sample for solvent signals by NMR spectroscopy. Single crystal X-ray crystallography is often able to detect the presence of these solvents of crystallization as well. Other methods may be currently available.

Table of crystallization water in some inorganic halides
In the table below are indicated the number of molecules of water per metal in various salts.

Examples are rare for second and third row metals. No entries exist for Mo, W, Tc, Ru, Os, Rh, Ir, Pd, Hg, Au. AuCl3(H2O) has been invoked but its crystal structure has not been reported.

Hydrates of metal sulfates
Transition metal sulfates form a variety of hydrates, each of which crystallizes in only one form. The sulfate group often binds to the metal, especially for those salts with fewer than six aquo ligands. The heptahydrates, which are often the most common salts, crystallize as monoclinic and the less common orthorhombic forms. In the heptahydrates, one water is in the lattice and the other six are coordinated to the ferrous center. Many of the metal sulfates occur in nature, being the result of weathering of mineral sulfides. Many monohydrates are known.

Hydrates of metal nitrates
Transition metal nitrates form a variety of hydrates. The nitrate anion often binds to the metal, especially for those salts with fewer than six aquo ligands. Nitrates are uncommon in nature, so few minerals are represented here. Hydrated ferrous nitrate has not been characterized crystallographically.

title: Water of crystallization


text:
Jean Joseph Antoine de Courvoisier

Jean Joseph Antoine de Couvoisier (30 November 1775 – 18 September 1835) was a French magistrate and politician.

Early life
Couvoisier was born at Besançon on 30 November 1775. During the revolutionary period, he left the country and served in the army of the émigrés and later in that of Austria.

Career
In 1801, under the consulate, he returned to France and established himself as an advocate at Besançon, being appointed conseiller-auditeur to the court of appeal therein 1808. At the Restoration he was made advocate-general by Louis XVIII, resigned and left France during the Hundred Days, and was reappointed after the second Restoration in 1815.

In 1817, after the modification of the constitution by the ordonnance of the 5 September, he was returned to the chamber of deputies, where he attached himself to the left centre and supported the moderate policy of Richelieu and Decazes. He was an eloquent speaker, and master of many subjects; and his proved royalism made it impossible for the Ultra-Royalists to discredit him, much as they resented his consistent opposition to their short-sighted violence.

After the revolt at Lyon, he was nominated procureur-general of the city, and by his sense and moderation did much to restore order and confidence. He was again a member of the chamber from 1819 to 1824, and vigorously opposed the exceptional legislation which the second administration of Richelieu passed under the influence of the ultra-Royalists.

In 1824, he failed to secure re-election, and occupied himself with his judicial duties until his nomination as councilor of state in 1827. On 8 August 1829, he accepted the offer of the portfolio of justice in the Polignac ministry, but resigned on 19 May 1830, when he realized that the government intended to abrogate the Charter and the inevitable revolution that would follow. During the trial of the ex-ministers, in December, he was summoned as a witness, and paid a tribute to the character of his former colleagues which, in the circumstances, argued no little courage. He refused to take office under Louis Philippe, and retired into private life, dying on 18 September 1835.

title: Jean Joseph Antoine de Courvoisier


text:
Preševo

Preševo (Прешево, ; Preshevë) is a town and municipality located in the Pčinja District of southern Serbia. As of the 2022 census, the municipality has a population of 33,449 inhabitants. It is the southernmost town in Central Serbia and largest in the geographical region of Preševo Valley.

Preševo is the cultural center of Albanians in Serbia. Albanians form the ethnic majority of the municipality, followed by Serbs, Roma and other ethnic groups.

History
Slavs arrived roughly in the 7th century, when they first migrated to the Balkans, and by the Middle Ages, Preševo was part of the Kingdom of Serbia. According to Stefan Dušan's charter to the monastery of Arhiljevica dated August 1355, sevastokrator Dejan possessed a large province east of Skopska Crna Gora. It included the old župe (counties) of Žegligovo and Preševo (modern Kumanovo region with Sredorek, Kozjačija and the larger part of Pčinja). As despot under the rule of Uroš V, Dejan was entrusted with the administration of the territory between South Morava, Pčinja, Skopska Crna Gora (hereditary lands) and in the east, the Upper Struma river with Velbuzhd, a province notably larger than during Dušan's life. After the death of Dejan, his province, besides the župe of Žegligovo and Upper Struma, was appropriated to nobleman Vlatko Paskačić. Dejan's eldest son Jovan also received the title of despot, like his father before, by Emperor Uroš. In the new redistribution of feudal power, after 1371, the brothers despot Jovan and gospodin Konstantin greatly expanded their province. Not only did they recreate their father's province but also at least doubled the territory, on all sides, but chiefly towards the south. Ottoman sources report that in 1373, the Ottoman army compelled Jovan (who they called Saruyar) in the upper Struma, to recognize Ottoman vassalage. As Prince Marko had done, also the Dejanović brothers recognized Ottoman sovereignty. Although vassals, they had their own government. In the Wallachian victory at the Battle of Rovine (17 May 1395), both Marko and Konstantin died. The provinces of Marko and Konstantin became Ottoman.

From 1877 to 1913 Preševo was part of Kosovo Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire. According to the statistics of the Bulgarian ethnographer Vasil Kanchov from 1900 the settlement is recorded as Prešovo as having 2000 inhabitants, all Albanian Muslims. Following the First Balkan War in 1912, Kingdom of Serbia conquered the area.

Yugoslavia (1918–92)
Kingdom of Yugoslavia was formed after World War I. From 1929 to 1941 Preševo was part of the Vardar Banovina.

During the April War the Kingdom of Yugoslavia capitulated after 12 days of war against the Axis Powers. On April 20, Bulgaria occupied part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, including Preševo. The royal authoritarian dictatorship of Bulgaria occupied the area until September 7, 1944, when they handed the area over to Nazi Germany. The Albanian collaborationist regime along with Balli Kombëtar subsequently took over the area. In mid-November, the Partisans forced the Balli Kombëtar to retreat.

From 1945 until 1992 Preševo was part of Socialist Republic of Serbia, within SFR Yugoslavia.

Breakup of Yugoslavia (1991–99)

In 1992, the Albanians in the area organized a referendum in which they voted that Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac should join the self-declared assembly of the Republic of Kosova. However, no major events happened until the end of the 1990s.

During the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999, a total of 161 depleted uranium bullets have been recovered in Reljan near Preševo in southern Serbia. The Serbian government has funded the cleanup operation of the Reljan site with 350,000 euros.

Following the breakup of Yugoslavia, and nearby Kosovo War which lasted until 1999, between 1999 and 2001, an ethnic Albanian paramilitary separatist organization, the UÇPMB, raised an armed insurgency in the Preševo Valley, in the region mostly inhabited by Albanians, with a goal to occupy these three municipalities from Serbia and join them to the self-proclaimed Republic of Kosova.

Following the overthrow of Slobodan Milošević, the new Serbian government suppressed the violence by 2001 and defeated the separatists. NATO troops also helped the Serbian government by ensuring that the rebels do not import the conflicts back into Kosovo.

In 2009, Serbia opened a military base Cepotina 5 kilometers south of Bujanovac, to further stabilize the area.

Modern
Today, Preševo is located in the Pčinja District of southern Serbia.

On 7 March 2017, the President of Albania Bujar Nishani made a visit to the municipalities of Bujanovac and Preševo, in which Albanians form the ethnic majority.

Settlements
Aside from the town of Preševo, the municipality includes the following settlements:

 * Aliđerce
 * Berčevac
 * Bujić
 * Bukarevac
 * Bukovac
 * Buštranje
 * Cakanovac
 * Cerevajka
 * Crnotince
 * Čukarka
 * Depce
 * Donja Šušaja
 * Gare
 * Golemi Dol
 * Gornja Šušaja
 * Gospođince
 * Ilince
 * Kurbalija
 * Ljanik
 * Mađare
 * Miratovac
 * Norča
 * Oraovica
 * Pečeno
 * Rajince
 * Ranatovce
 * Reljan
 * Sefer
 * Slavujevac
 * Stanevce
 * Strezovce
 * Svinjište
 * Trnava
 * Žujince

Demographics
According to the 2002 census results, the municipality of Preševo has 34,904 inhabitants. The 2011 census was largely boycotted by the majority (Albanians) of the municipality. As a result, only 3,080 were inhabitants were registered. As of 2022 census, the municipality has a population of 33,449 inhabitants.

Ethnic groups
According to the census conducted in 2002, Albanians form nearly 90% of the municipality, and over 95% of the town. Most of the remainder of its inhabitants are Serbs, who are mainly concentrated in the settlements of Ljanik, Svinjište, Slavujevac and Cakanovac. The rest of the settlements have an absolute Albanian majority.

The ethnic composition of the municipality:

Notable people

 * Bardhly Osmani, Albanian guerrilla fighter for the UÇPMB

 * Fidan Aliti, Kosovo-Albanian footballer, national team
 * Idriz Seferi, Albanian nationalist figure, born in Sefer
 * Iljasa Zulfiu, Albanian-Serbian footballer
 * Arta Selimi, Albanian actress

Economy
The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2018):

Elections
In December 2005, the leader of the Albanian Democratic party (PDSH) Ragmi Mustafa became the president of the municipality. He was re-elected several times and served as the president of the municipality until 2016.

On 7 March 2017, the President of Albania Bujar Nishani made a historical visit to the municipalities of Preševo and Bujanovac, in which Albanians form the ethnic majority. Three days later, Ardita Sinani became the president of the municipality of Preševo, following the resignation of Shqiprim Arifi due to the termination of the municipal coalition.

Stele controversies 2012–13
On 21 November 2012, the municipality council of Preševo erected a stele in the center of the town honouring members of the former UÇPMB, who died during the Preševo Valley Conflict from 1999 to 2001, causing a public outcry throughout Serbia. The Prime Minister of Serbia, Ivica Dačić, said about this incident: "It's best that they remove it themselves, because this is a needless provocation, nowhere else in Europe can a memorial plaque be erected to those who are members of terrorist organizations and those who were directly involved in the murders of police officers and soldiers". He called for the removal of the stele to 17 January, then several Albanian politicians and organizations responded with criticism. Mayor of Preševo Ragmi Mustafa said that the stele shows the identity of the Albanians in the region and announced that it would end the cooperation with national authorities of Serbia if the monument were removed. Serbian Minister of Defence Aleksandar Vučić announced that they will act in frame of the law in connection with the controversial stele, and that no one can act against the for all the same applicable constitution and seeks the reason in ethnicity. He added that Serbia wants peace but will respond to any provocation.

Deputies of the Assembly of Kosovo Rexhep Selimi and Nait Hasani, a former member of the Kosovo Liberation Army (UÇK), threatened armed conflict if the institutions of Serbia removed the memorial plaque. The former U.S. diplomat, United Nations regional representative of Mitrovica Gerard Gallucci said: "Serbs, do not fall for provocations like this with the memorial plaque in Preševo". President of the National Assembly of Serbia Nebojša Stefanović explained that it is unacceptable that in Serbia there is a memorial plaque to a terrorist organization and those who killed the citizens of Serbia. He added that is not an ethnic conflict, but the problem is the honoring of those who killed Serbs with a memorial plaque in Serbia. Nevertheless, a member of the Coalition of Albanians of the Preševo Valley, Jonuz Musliu, which has one seat in the Parliament of Serbia, said that the stele would not be removed. However, the stele was removed by a bulldozer which was guarded by members of the Serbian Gendarmery on 20 January 2013. Despite threats from various Albanian nationalist organizations, there were no incidents during and after the removal.

As a first reaction, the former commander of UÇPMB, Orhan Rexhepi, made the separatist statement that this is a "historic day", because "Preševo and Bujanovac will be a part of Kosovo." Ragmi Mustafa, Preševo's Mayor, confirmed shortly afterwards that the Albanians want a union with Kosovo for a long time.

The former president of the National Council for Cooperation with the Hague Tribunal and a minister in Serbian government Rasim Ljajić responded and said that the Preševo valley will not be part of Kosovo or may be because the Albanian representatives from southern Serbia do not have the support of the international community. He also warned against the exploitation of the situation by the Albanians. The operation of the Serbian police broke into the local population from turmoil. During the day, several hundred people gathered at the site of the stele laid flowers and candles in memory of the fallen UÇPMB members. The Albanian Prime Minister Sali Berisha announced that "the Albanian government calls the international institutions to stop this action", even though the U.S. had already announced earlier that it is an internal affair of Serbia, which should solve their elected representatives.

On the evening of 20 January, a group of Albanians who protested against the removal of the stele gathered in Gjakova. Some of them tried forcibly to enter in the Serbian monastery of the Holy Virgin, where several nuns still live, but the attack was prevented by the KFOR and Kosovo police. On the night of 21 January, it overlapped to the Serbian enclave Goraždevac, were the monuments of the Serb victims of the NATO bombing in 1999, and the Serbian children who were shot at the Bistrica river by Albanians in 2003, desecrated and destroyed. Thousands of Preševo citizens rallied on 21 January 2013, to protest the removal of the stele dedicated to Albanian guerrillas. Serbian Prime Minister Ivica Dačić said that there was no reason for any kind of protests, the illicit stele was not destroyed, nor was violence used. He added that "I doubt that in the United States, Al-Qaeda veterans, or those who have carried out several terrorist attacks in London or Paris, would decide whether a memorial stele should be built." The Albanian Prime Minister Sali Berisha announced during a press conference in Tirana, that Albania would review its relations with Serbia, if that is necessary. He also stated that the Albanian government will do everything in his power to help the Albanians in Serbia. Albin Kurti, leader of the political party Vetëvendosje said instead, that the most responsible for this situation is more likely in Kosovo, the government of Hashim Thaçi.

In response to the removal of the stele, dozens of Albanians, led by former UÇK veterans, destroyed a memorial plaque from the World War II in Viti with a crane, and were not prevented by the Kosovo Police. Till the evening of 21 January over 140 Serbian gravestones were destroyed throughout Kosovo, burned a chapel and several crosses. Subsequently, representatives of the United States, European Union, as well as the OSCE, KFOR and EULEX, sharply condemned the destruction of Serbian monuments and tombs. They added that there is no justification for this violence, and that such actions were totally unacceptable.

Culture
The Abdulla Krashnica Culture Center (Shtëpia e Kulturës "Abdulla Krashnica") is the home to various culture events in Preševo. Its complex includes the town library, music hall and theater. Preševo organizes the annual "Netët e komedisë" (The nights of comedy), a one–week festival with comedy shows from all the Albanian-speaking territories. The festival was first organized in 1994.

There are some natural heritage sites in Preševa Valley like: (Shpella e Ilincës), (Shpella e Arushës), (Trungu i Çarrit), (Burimi i ujit në Banjke), (Ujëndarësi i Preshevës). There has been some criticism, and Arsim Ejupi in his work Kërkime Gjeografike from 2013, claims that until now there were no activities regarding the protection and management of this natural heritage sites, and that this situation is a result of lack of capacities in local government and NGOs regarding the professional treatment of environmental issues. He considers that only with active participation of these actors it can be realized protection and sustainable management of natural heritage in Preševo Valley and the development of ecotourism in the region of Preševo Valley.

title: Preševo


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/K.C. James

K.C. James
K.C. James was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

 * Delete. Mike Hackney 17:12, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Being a reality gameshow loser is not inherently notable. If/when he parlays the appearance into a notable career, write the article then about that. Niteowlneils 18:31, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete --fvw *  02:20, 2004 Dec 13 (UTC)
 * Delete: Reality game show contestants are not notable. Geogre 05:18, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Already appropriately mentioned in Dream Job (Season 2).  Rossami (talk) 01:57, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Program trading

Program trading is a type of trading in securities, usually consisting of baskets of fifteen stocks or more that are executed by a computer program simultaneously based on predetermined conditions. Program trading is often used by hedge funds and other institutional investors pursuing index arbitrage or other arbitrage strategies. There are essentially two reasons to use program trading, either because of the desire to trade many stocks simultaneously (for example, when a mutual fund receives an influx of money it will use that money to increase its holdings in the multiple stocks which the fund is based on), or alternatively to arbitrage temporary price discrepancies between related financial instruments, such as between an index and its constituent parts.

According to the New York Stock Exchange, in 2006 program trading accounts for about 30% and as high as 46.4% of the trading volume on that exchange every day. Barrons breaks down its weekly figures for program trading between index arbitrage and other types of program trading. As of July 2012, program trading made up about 25% of the volume on the NYSE; index arbitrage made up less than 1%.

History
Several factors help to explain the explosion in program trading. Technological advances spawned the growth of electronic communication networks. These electronic exchanges, like Instinet and Archipelago Exchange, allow thousands of buy and sell orders to be matched very rapidly, without human intervention.

In addition, the proliferation of hedge funds with all their sophisticated trading strategies have helped drive program-trading volume.

As technology advanced and access to electronic exchanges became easier and faster, program trading developed into the much broader algorithmic trading and high-frequency trading strategies employed by the investment banks and hedge funds.

Program trading firms
Program Trading is a strategy normally used by large institutional traders. Barrons shows a detailed breakdown of the NYSE-published program trading figures each week, giving the figures for the largest program trading firms (such as investment banks).

Index arbitrage
Index Arbitrage is a particular type of Program Trading which attempts to profit from price discrepancies between the basket of stocks which make up a stock index and its derivatives (such as the future based on that index). As of July 2012, it makes up less than 5% of the active Program Trading volume on the NYSE daily.

Premium buy and sell execution levels
The "premium" (PREM) or "spread" is the difference between the stock index future fair value and the actual index level. As the derivative is based on the index, the two should normally have a very close relationship. If there is a sufficiently large difference the arbitraging program will attempt to buy the relatively cheap level (whether that is the basket of stocks which make up the index or the index future) and sell the relatively expensive product, making money from the price discrepancy. The fair value calculation takes into account the time to expiration of the future contract, the dividends received from holding all the stocks, and the interest cost of buying the stocks.

United States
In the United States, program trading has been subject to regulation and oversight in response to concerns about its impact on market stability and volatility. The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) introduced rules known as trading curbs or circuit breakers to address extreme volatility caused by program trading during the 1980s and 90s. Depending on the severity of price movements, these rules can lead to the halt of all program trading or restrict the trading of sell portfolios to upticks only.

In addition to NYSE rules, regulatory bodies like the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) have established rules governing algorithmic trading strategies, including high-frequency trading (HFT). FINRA Rule 3110 (Supervision) outlines the regulatory requirements for member firms engaged in algorithmic strategies.

China
The China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) has introduced a monitoring and reporting mechanism for program trading in Chinese stock markets in 2023. Stock exchanges in Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Beijing will implement rules on program trading and establish reporting systems to monitor unusual activities. These measures are set to take effect on October 9, 2023. The move comes in response to concerns about the role of computer-generated algorithms in stock trading, which have been blamed for exacerbating sell-offs in China's struggling stock markets.

title: Program trading


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/MARK PYBUS

MARK PYBUS was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

MARK PYBUS
(UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not a memorial. Susvolans
 * No its not but we are giving facts about this man, just like you give facts about Stalin. Keep Dr.Crane
 * I'd get annoyed about a comparison between the relative noteworthinesses of Mark Pybus and Joseph Stalin if I thought you were the least bit serious. Aren't you the one who added stuff about how Pybus often smelled horrible? Delete with extreme prejudice, block sockpuppet. DS 17:31, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Wikipedia is not a memorial site, and the person was not a notable historical figure. (He "made ends meat?")  Geogre 18:12, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * So badly written it looks like a joke: Delete as nonnotable - rernst 18:35, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I am laughing so hard: "So badly written it looks like a joke: Delete as nonnotable" "nonnotable" is not a word
 * Personal attacks will not be tolerated. You just locked me onto this article. - rernst 19:16, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep as fame is not all a person has to offer.pkoip
 * stop reverting my comments - rernst, 02:29, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. He sounds like a nice guy who did well for himself and for his associates, but that's hardly reason to include him in Wikipedia. --LeeHunter 19:15, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment My school soon is doing a project on Mark Pybus and the information here is useful. How will this affect your site is it is left here?
 * In that case, I vote it should be speedily deleted, unfortunately it won't be. Perhaps your school should start a wikipedia branch to include articles that it finds useful that don't fit here? 132.205.95.53 19:37, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * um, you seem to have had a few posts on vfd pages... you do know that anonymous votes aren't counted, right? - rernst 19:41, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * According to the policy page, unless I appear to be disingenuous, the administrators are supposed to keep my ideas in mind. Ofcourse if they're being elitist, they'll ignore me, but that violates the policy page guidelines on being fair and impartial. Wonderful how a clique forms around such a little thing as using a registered account or choosing not to. As anon users don't show up on VfD all that often, categorically ignoring our existence is elitist, since alot of users fair much worse in the appropriateness category than what various anons say. In any case, registered users do pick up on my comments on occassion, so whatever I say still has impact. 132.205.95.53 03:18, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Is not and never will be encyclopaedic. [[User:Xezbeth| Xezbeth ]] 19:27, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: DCEdwards1966 19:54, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * If the ends don't meat, you must Delete. -- Scott $e^{i \pi} \,\!$ 20:18, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC) (Sorry!)
 * Delete. Incorrectly titled, written as a memorial. Not enough evidence of exceptional achievement for an article. Average Earthman 20:56, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Incorrectly titled, and includes references to current and previous deletion discussion. I'm happy to keep it if someone can add some achievements, but Wikipedia is not a memorial. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 21:21, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

Why is it incorrectly titled? And now you are takimg the piss: That was a typo, it is supposed to be "make ends meet" sorry I offended you all. I can see that all your grammar and spelling is so perfect, I mean "nonnotable" is a word in all books, isn't it?
 * An article that can be improved. KEEP.skill
 * user's first edit, other than a vandalization on the Death article - rernst 02:29, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Gamaliel 21:54, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Resolve to see this through to be deleted. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 22:15, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. This has been deleted before. We have still seen no evidence of notability, either in the article or in the form of external links or references, and Wikipedia is not a place for memorials or biographies of the general public. --rbrwr± 22:21, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Are we all on drugs?  If it's the recreation of deleted content, it's a speedy delete.  I won't do it, though, as I made a mistake the last time I did.  Geogre 22:53, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Now, if he'd been making money playing the organ by the time he was in fifth form... well, there you have it. By the way, I adored the writer's restrained use of the term great. Wyss 23:08, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * A talented music teacher, but certainly not worth placing in an encyclopedia, as talented music teachers are literally a dime a dozen in some locations. If he'd created a new music teaching method or was noted for instructing famous musicians, I could see it. If he were the lead organist for Saint Patrick's in NYC, definitely. But as I can probably throw a rock and hit no less than fifty people in my own tiny city with the same qualifications as this guy, delete. Inky 02:22, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * comment: - out of the first 30 google results for that name, only 1 has anything to do with anyone relating to music. The rest are students, producers and other people with the same name or similar. Excluding of course, wikipedia references - rernst 02:33, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy deleted under case 5 - reposted content which was previously deleted. See the prior VfD discussion.  If you disagree with the outcome of that prior decision, you should challenge it at Votes for undeletion.  Rossami (talk) 05:26, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Via Clodia

The Via Clodia was an ancient high road of Italy. Situated between the Via Cassia and the Via Aurelia, it is different from them notably in that the latter was designed primarily for military long-haul, irrespective of settlements they met, but the Via Clodia was of short-range, intended for commercial traffic with the colonies in Etruscan lands.

Its origin is uncertain, but most scholars agree that it was built by the Romans on an existing Etruscan route (between Pitigliano, Sorano and Sovana) on the path of the existing Etruscan "Via Cava"). However we can speak of the Via Clodia from the end of the 3rd century BC, and that from 225 BC it was paved. The existing road was probably used as a way of penetration and conquest of Etruria by the Roman army begun in 310 BC. The road never seems to have had heavy traffic, only connecting Rome with Etruria inner north-western cities. The stretch between Bracciano and Oriolo Romano continues a straight line whose paving stones are found here and there, often uprooted. Some basalt sections appear in the territory of Tuscania, Oriolo Romano, Vejano and Blera.

Its course, for the first 11 miles, was the same as that of the Via Cassia; it then diverged in a northwest direction and ran on the west side of the Lacus Sabatinus, past Forum Clodii and Blera. According to some it ended in Saturnia. At Forum Cassii it may have rejoined the Via Cassia, and it seems to have taken the same line as the latter as far as Florentia (Florence). However, beyond Florentia, between Luca (Lucca) and Luna, we find another Forum Clodii, and the Antonine itinerary gives the route from Luca to Rome as being by the Via Clodia, wrongly as regards the portion from Florentia southwards, but perhaps rightly as regards that from Luca to Florentia. Clodius Vestalis was perhaps responsible for the construction of the first portion and of that from Florentia to Luca (and Luna). Moreover, he also founded the two Fora Clodii. The name seems, in imperial times, to have to some extent driven out that of the Cassia, and both roads were administered, with other minor roads, by the same curator.

Via Clodia Nova
The Via Clodia Nova extension was constructed in 183 BC by the consul Marcus Claudius Marcellus. It started from Lucca and climbed the valley on the right bank of the river Serchio, crossed the Garfagnana region to the Piazza al Serchio, then passed over the col of Tea (955m) and through Fosdinovo before joining the Via Cassia, Luni and the port.

Stages
According to the Tabula Peutingeriana, the stages on the Via Clodia are:

 * Sextum (in the current area of Rome called The Retort and where the Via Cassia separated)
 * Careias (in the current area of Rome called Santa Maria di Galeria)
 * ad Nonas (near Vigna di Valle)
 * Forum Clodii (near San Liberato di Bracciano)
 * Olera (Blera)
 * Tuscana (Tuscania)
 * Marta (on Lake Bolsena)
 * Maternum (Canino or Ischia di Castro)
 * Saturnia

Roman bridges
There are the remains of several Roman bridges along the road, including the Ponte Piro and Ponte della Rocca.

title: Via Clodia


text:
Richtfunkstelle Berlin-Frohnau

The Richtfunkstelle Berlin-Frohnau (Directional radio station Berlin-Frohnau) was a facility for directional radio services in Frohnau (a locality in the Reinickendorf borough of Berlin; during the Cold War, the northernmost locality of West Berlin). Before German reunification, the facility served as a microwave transmission link between West Berlin and West Germany.

It first used only an overhorizon directional link. For this link between 1970 and 1973 a 117.5 m high free-standing steelframe work tower was built. This tower was equipped with parabolic dishes of 18 m diameter for an overhorizon link to Gartow in Lower Saxony.

From 1977 onward a 358.6 m high guyed mast for conventional directional service was built. It carries on a platform aerials for directional services toward Gartow and Clenze, both in Lower Saxony.

At a height of 300 metres, there was a room for technical equipment measuring 4 by 5 metres. This room was the highest floor of all structures in the European Union at the time of the tower's demolition.

Since 2002 there have been test transmissions for DRM on the medium wave frequency 1485 kHz. Because neither of the towers was designed for use as aerial for AM transmission, a long wire aerial on a 10 m high mast was built.

The radio mast was demolished on February 8, 2009 shortly after 1pm local time.

title: Richtfunkstelle Berlin-Frohnau


text: Category:Planetary rings

title: Category:Planetary rings


text:
John Adams (physicist)

Sir John Bertram Adams (24 May 1920 – 3 March 1984) was an English accelerator physicist and administrator.

Adams is mostly known for his work at CERN and Culham Laboratory. Despite a lack of formal university education, Adams worked for organizations like the Telecommunications Research Establishment and the Atomic Energy Research Establishment in the 1940s and early 1950s. He served as acting director and eventually as elected director of CERN, from 1976 until 1981.

Early life
Born in Kingston, Surrey on May 24, 1920. He attend Eltham College from 1931 until 1936, after which he began to work for Siemens Laboratories in Woolwich. He continued studying at the South East London Technical Institute until 1939 earning a Higher National Certificate. Adams received no university education.

Professional career
At Siemens, his work was concerned with the acoustic properties of telephones. Between 1940 and 1945, he worked the Telecommunications Research Establishment being particularly responsible for developing the microwave radar After, Adams moved to the Atomic Energy Research Establishment until 1953. In 1953, he moved once more to the new CERN Laboratory, serving in the General Physics Division as the engineer in charge of designing and building the Harwell Synchrocyclotron, Europe's first large accelerator which operated successfully for 30 years until shutdown due to lack of funding. Also in late 1953, he was noted serving as a full staff member of the Proton Synchrotron Group. As CERN's proton synchrotron became fully operational in 1959, Adams was important to defining the methods and organization by which physicists would conduct testing. His work organizing CERN's administrative structure and measurement equipment were prepared for experimentation leading up until the synchrotron's start up at the end of 1959. After the death of Prof. C. J. Bakker, CERN Director-General, in April 1960, the Council of CERN appointed Adams to the post of acting Director-General. He held this post until August 1961 when he returned to the UK as director of the Culham Fusion Laboratory, and then from 1966 to 1971 he was a member of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority. He also became a Fellow of the Royal Society. Returning to CERN in 1971 as Director-General of Laboratory II, he led the design of the Super Proton Synchrotron. He split the duties of CERN Director General with Willibald Jentschke and then Léon Van Hove during the 1970s. His careful management of CERN's new projects were important to getting funding and approval from CERN's council. His designs were cautious and focused on reliability while providing the ability for new improvements to be built. The Super Proton Synchrotron was able to reach energies of 540 GeV. With the reorganization of CERN in 1976, he became the executive Director-General, working on obtaining funding for the LEP collider. The new collider used magnet systems for acceleration that were designed by Adams in his previous accelerators. He was knighted in 1981.

Personal life
Adams married Renie Warburton on January 24, 1943. They had two daughters and a son. He resided in Founex (Vaud), Switzerland.

Awards and honors

 * Rontegen Prize, University of Giessen (1960)
 * D. Sc. (Honorary), University of Geneva
 * Duddell Medal, Physical Society (1961)
 * D. Sc. (Honorary), University of Birmingham (1961)
 * Fellow of Royal Society (1963)
 * Leverhulme Medal (Royal Society) (1972)
 * Royal Medal, Royal Society (1977)
 * Knight Bachelor (1981)

John Adams Institute for Accelerator Science
The John Adams Institute for Accelerator Science (JAI), an accelerator physics research institute comprising researchers from Royal Holloway, University of London, University of Oxford and Imperial College London is named in his honour. A main road ("Route Adams") in CERN's Prevessin site is also named after him.

title: John Adams (physicist)


text:
Talk:Bob Costas

Copyright
Uh-oh. Someone went nuts with the copyrighted stuff, it looks like. Mike Hackney 17:19, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

http://www.facebook.com/browse/page_fans/?page_id=208750812594198&notif_t=page_new_likes#!/pages/Stop-Bob-Costas-NFL/208750812594198 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.89.99.26 (talk) 20:42, 3 December 2012 (UTC)

WSYR-TV?
Costas began his broadcasting career in 1974 at WSYR-TV

WSYR is a radio station, not a TV station.

Au contraire – WSYR-TV was the former callsign of the station now known as WSTM, channel 3. The call letters are rumored to make a comeback on channel 9 (WIXT) sometime in the future. JB82 22:14, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the info... I stand corrected. --Bletch 17:20, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Mark Hamill
Does anyone else think he he looks like Luke Skywalker - Bubbachuck 04:30, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I think he looks like Alex P. Keaton at times. WAVY 10 16:44, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

Commissioner
Costas for Baseball Commissioner!!! --Dysepsion 06:57, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

His Hair???
What is the deal with his toupee? There should be at least a few lines dedicated to his ever morphing hair. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.191.111.52 (talk • contribs) 04:54, 17 August 2008 (UTC)

best moment
A great guy--when he lost his voice broadcasting an ABA game (StL vs. Phil.)= his best moment! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Howietwins (talk • contribs) 19:59, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

I would have to go w/his eulogy for Mickey Mantle — Preceding unsigned comment added by Levineps (talk • contribs) 03:57, 22 February 2006 (UTC) -Madison

Most overrated sports announcer
I've always thought he was overrated, and his stupidity is remarkable. He keeps reffering to Shani Davis as being the first "African-American" to win individual gold at the winter games, which is true, but he is the first black period. Stop being political correct when being so is completely wrong! He does this all the time. This is bsd987 speaking; I'm too lazy to sign in. 65.10.95.229 03:51, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

Trivia
Can we have trivia be unique things only, not like a biography of him
 * This should probably be split up, a few categories off the top of my head:
 * Trivia on things he did as a commentor (interesting comments, special events, awards, etc)
 * Trivia on things he did in other parts of his life
 * Trivia on related things done by others (impersonations, references, etc)
 * 66.93.12.67 19:12, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

The bit about the commencement address should be removed. It is inaccurate. He was the commencement speaker in 2002 at Webster University in St Louis. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.253.170.157 (talk • contribs) 03:30, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

McMahon incident
Should get more than 2 lines in this...--Donnie from the mean streets of Boston, KY 21:45, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:1986 World Series Trophy Presentation Ceremony.JPG
Image:1986 World Series Trophy Presentation Ceremony.JPG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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Contract Siutation
Does anyone know what Costas's contract situation is with NBC? Any chance he'd move to another network? I'd love to hear him do Baseball again but that won't happen on NBC, it seems. 65.91.102.204 (talk) 18:40, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

"Name-checked?"
The term "name checked" which appears in the media mentions part of the article isn't clear. Please use a standard English term that everyone can understand.  Signature brendel  03:50, 22 August 2008 (UTC) Please keep Costas on NBC I have stopped watching the Sunday night football game. Now I don't have to listen to him and his POLITICS and remind me of his talk with Brokaw. Frank Pineda —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.231.17.159 (talk) 16:55, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

National Basketball Association
How was NBC "forced to (temporarily) remove Marv Albert from their broadcasts due to lingering personal and legal problems"? I think the word forced is inaccurate. --Weetoddid (talk) 22:01, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

Medals
Bob, WOuld you please consider not to refer every 10 minutes to the number of medals US have won in the Winter Games. Your not alone all the commentators think its the most important thing about the WO. Let the results talk for them selves, its arrogant when we say we are better than you as we have won more, thats not the spirit of the games. It has the sound of Tiger Woods about it. Sorry you do a good job but don't teach our kids that this is the most important thing. Great performances speak for them selves. I like the US to do well, however; when we keep on saying we are better than you as we have won more we degrade our great country and antagonizes others.

Mike —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.114.213.148 (talk) 13:28, 21 February 2010 (UTC)
 * WP:NOT a discussion board. --Kitch (Talk : Contrib) 13:01, 10 April 2010 (UTC)

Wikiquote article for Costas
I am starting a Wikiquote article for Bob Costas. I could appreciate help compiling quotes for him. --Kitch (Talk : Contrib) 11:53, 9 April 2010 (UTC)

Political Views - Gun Control
Current verbiage - quoted here (emphasis in bold are mine): "Costas suggested that Belcher's actions "[would] be analyzed through the lens of concussions and head injuries" rather than the fact that the murder would not have happened if Belcher did not own a gun, supporting similar comments made by Fox Sports columnist Jason Whitlock" - possibly reads as though an opinion is being given on how Costas' own statement concerning gun control is of lesser importance.

Also, based on other sources with transcripts, Costas is quoted as saying "In the coming days, Jovan Belcher’s actions and their possible connection to football will be analyzed. Who knows? But here, wrote Jason Whitlock, is what I believe: If Jovan Belcher didn’t possess a gun, he and Kasandra Perkins would both be alive today." Nothing is mentioned about "lens of concussions and head injuries" in alternate sources, e.g. USA Today, MSN, Foxsports, et al, which were instead the words of Jason Whitlock from an article being quoted extensively by Costas.

Actually, when reading the section again, I believe the intent is to display Costas' support of gun control. However, the current wording could be taken as opinion (other than by Costas, i.e. by Wikipedia) on how the murder/suicide would not have occurred if the player did not own a gun and such a statement is questionable (meaning without a gun, he may have killed her with his bare hands, a knife, a club, a baseball bat, so forth, then hanged himself as another NFL team experienced recently with an employee). 98.85.16.73 (talk) 04:02, 4 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Latest revision (04:47, 4 December 2012 ) is much better, helping to alleviate the aforementioned concerns - changes along with seperate heading and additional details by ViperSnake151 are an improvement (imo). 98.85.16.73 (talk) 06:16, 4 December 2012 (UTC)

"Costas stated that the United States' gun culture was causing more domestic disputes to result in death." How is that? U.S. gun sales measured by NICS background checks are up, homicides counting raw numbers or measuring rate per 100,000 pop. per year are down. Another unchallenged off the cuff stat. --Naaman Brown (talk) 02:09, 5 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Tend towards agreeing... but did Costas not make the statement? My opinion is fairly similar to those thinking he should have remained focused on sports broadcasting and refrained from bringing his political opinion into the commentary.  And, "His remarks received generally negative reactions from critics..." ["although some supported his views" (of course?)].  He (Costas) seems to be obviously in favor of more strict gun control which is his perogative.  What I see as a problem (i.e. significant point of contention) is Costas' having used the game as his pulpit and many "critics" have stated much the same, with reasons including people watch(ed) the game(s) for entertainment, to relax, to get away from or would as soon not have interjected into the game such commentary, "gun control" politics, so forth.  If he had not, then there would likely be far less (if any) reason to have a "gun control" section on his biography? 98.85.17.62 (talk) 03:20, 5 December 2012 (UTC)

I watched the half-time show tonight, expecting a temperance lecture from Mr. Costas after all alcohol kills more people than guns!!!! — Preceding unsigned comment added by All for guns (talk • contribs) 03:22, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Later?
There is no description at all about his talk show "Later" it only mentions it ended. Did something get deleted? 24.20.2.106 (talk) 23:38, 7 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Yes, there's a funny gap there. Must have been an edit that did away with a proper description of "Later". I would fix this if I knew the correct information, like when the show ran, and some supporting details. Rainbow-five (talk) 18:16, 4 December 2022 (UTC)

Bob Costas never graduated
The article states he graduated but he dropped out of Syracuse. Bob explicitly confirms such on Ariel Helwani podcast at 39:46 at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-bcVFaZLckU Also see https://www.stlmag.com/Q-A-A-Conversation-With-Bob-Costas/ 2600:8800:9280:29C0:5DA3:D0C7:E2C8:5827 (talk) 03:22, 18 July 2023 (UTC)
 * . –CWenger ( ^ •  @ ) 15:25, 18 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bob Costas


text: Talk:Boundary parallel

title: Talk:Boundary parallel