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People's Insurance Company of China

The People's Insurance Company (Group) of China Limited, known as PICC Group or just PICC, is a Chinese listed insurer. The Chinese Central Government is the controlling shareholder.

The group contains the major subsidiaries: PICC Asset Management, PICC Life as well as PICC Property and Casualty (PICC P&C). The latter also listed on the stock exchange.

History
PICC was founded in 1949 as The People's Insurance Company of China (PICC; ), as a subsidiary of the People's Bank of China. However, it was reported that PICC was disestablished in 1950. The People's Bank of China provided insurance directly, except from years 1952 to 1959, which the service was provided by the Ministry of Finance (MOF) instead. In 1965, PICC was re-established. In 1983, it was separated from the People's Bank of China as a separate entity that under the supervision of the State Council of the People's Republic of China. In 1985, People's Bank of China was the regulator, while the MOF supervised the financial reporting of the company; the State Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China was the state planner of the whole industry.

In 1996, it became a holding company, as People's Insurance Company (Group) of China. Three subsidiaries were formed, as property insurer, life insurer and reinsurer respectively. However, in 1998–99, China Life and China Re were spin-off from the group, while the overseas businesses, belongs to yet another former subsidiary, now known as China Taiping Insurance Group Limited (parent company of listed company China Taiping Insurance Holdings). After the split, The property insurer of the group assumed as the new holding company of PICC group, and named The People's Insurance Company of China again. The regulator of the company, China Insurance Regulatory Commission, also established in 1998.

A new subsidiary PICC Property and Casualty (PICC P&C) was established in July 2003 (effective date backdated to September 2002) from the former property and casualty insurance division of the PICC Group. PICC Group divested of insurance responsibilities, re-organized itself into PICC Holding Company at the same time. PICC P&C was first established as a subsidiary in 1996 but disestablished and merged back in 1999. PICC P&C became a listed company in November 2003.

PICC Holding reverted to the name People's Insurance Company Group of China in 2007. The company also re-incorporated as a joint stock company with limited liabilities in 2009, as The People's Insurance Company (Group) of China Limited. In 2012, PICC's H shares were listed on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong. It was followed by the A shares in 2018 on the Shanghai Stock Exchange. US-based multinational insurer American International Group (AIG) was the cornerstone investor in the 2012 IPO, as well as in 2003 for the IPO of the subsidiary PICC P&C.

Businesses
PICC has branch offices in London and New York as well as in the cities and towns of China.

PICC is selected by Fortune magazine as part of Fortune Global 500 since 2010. As of 2019 edition, the company was ranked 121st. The company also part of the Forbes magazine's Forbes Global 2000. As of 2019 edition, the company was ranked 155th.

PICC Property and Casualty
PICC's subsidiary, PICC Property and Casualty (PICC P&C) is China's largest issuer of Property and casualty insurance. It is licensed to provide all major lines of insurance except life insurance. It is the designated agent within the Mainland China for most international insurance companies. As of 2018, the market share of PICC P&C in its sector is 33.0%. According to S&P Global Ratings citing China Insurance Regulatory Commission, PICC P&C's market share (by direct premium) in property and casualty insurance in the first half of year 2017 was 34.0% and ranked the first. The second was Pingan Insurance (19.6%).

The People's Insurance Company of China (Hong Kong)
In Hong Kong, PICC has another subsidiary The People's Insurance Company of China (Hong Kong), Limited for 75.00% stake. Fellow listed company Asia Financial Holdings is a minority shareholder as of 2018. That subsidiary was formerly known as Peterson Insurance Company Limited as well as Guangdong Asia Insurance Company Limited  before acquired by PICC in 2002 from Guangdong Holdings. It provides non-life insurance.

PICC Life Insurance
In 2005, PICC formed a Sino-foreign joint venture PICC Life Insurance. Japanese insurer Sumitomo Life took 29% stake, followed by Hong Kong listed company Asia Financial Holdings (Hong Kong is considered as foreign investor in Mainland Chinese laws) and Thai listed company Bangkok Bank for 10% each. However, after several capital increases, PICC owned PICC Life for 71.077% stake directly, plus additional 8.615% stake via non wholly owned subsidiary PICC P&C and 0.308% stake via wholly owned subsidiary PICC Asset Management as of 31 December 2018. The foreign investors only owned a combined 20% stake.

The joint venture would sell insurance products, including savings-oriented endowment insurance policies. As of 2018, the market share of PICC Life in its life insurance sector is 3.6%. While according to S&P Global Ratings, PICC Life's market share (by policy written) in life insurance market in the first half of year 2017 was 4.3% and ranked 4th (10th in 2016).

The insurance financial strength rating of PICC Life is A2 (as of 2019), according to Moody's Investors Service.

PICC Life also acquired 4.98% stake of Industrial Bank in 2012. PICC via PICC Life and PICC P&C owned a combined 10.87% stake of the bank directly and indirectly at that time as the second largest shareholder. PICC also nominated Li Liangwen, President of PICC Life at that time, as a director of Industrial Bank in 2013. He was replaced by Fu Anping in both positions. Since 2016, PICC also owned a minority stake in China Merchants Securities. Chen Zhigang, vice-president of PICC Life, also nominated as a non-executive director in 2017.

PICC Health Insurance
PICC Group has another subsidiary PICC Health Insurance Company Limited. In the first half of year 2017, the market share (by policy written) of PICC Health in life insurance market was 1.0%, ranked the 19th according to S&P Global Ratings.

Founded in 2005, PICC Health was a joint venture with German insurer DKV Deutsche Krankenversicherung (for 19% stake; DKV is part of Ergo Group, itself owned by Munich Re) and other investors. However, as of 2018, DKV owned 2.2174% shares of PICC Health. Another Chinese company Capital Airport Holding owned 2.3342% shares. The rest of the shares of PICC Health were owned by PICC Group (for 69.3239%) and its subsidiaries, such as PICC P&C for 24.7262% and another subsidiary for 1.3983%.

PICC Asset Management
PICC Asset Management ("PICC AM") is the investment arm of the company. This subsidiary is responsible for managing PICC's non-Renminbi assets, channelling cross-border investments, and handling the company's overseas investment.

PICC Capital
PICC Capital Investment Management Company Limited (“PICC Capital”), a wholly owned subsidiary of the People’s Insurance Group of China, was established in July 2009. PICC Capital is the sole alternative investment platform of PICC Group, and the first asset manager in China’s insurance industry that specializes in alternative investment. PICC Capital takes a major role in strategic asset allocation and strategic resource acquisition for PICC Group. Leveraging on PICC Group’s brand, network and channels, PICC Capital provides financial resources to local governments and corporates by making investments in infrastructure, energy, inclusive financing, healthcare, technology incubation, etc., through debt investment and equity investment.

PICC Capital makes equity investments through its wholly owned subsidiary PICC Capital Equity Investment Company Limited (“PICC PE”). Approved by China Insurance Regulatory Commission in 2017, PICC PE is the sole private equity investment platform within PICC Group, and one of the sixteen PE fund managers in China sponsored by insurance capital. PICC PE currently manages an RMB 3bn PICC Health Care Fund.

PICC Re
PICC Group, via PICC Reinsurance, provided reinsurance service to its listed subsidiary PICC P&C. PICC Reinsurance (PICC Re; ) itself is a joint venture of PICC Group and its subsidiary PICC P&C in a 51:49 ratio.

Headquarters
The headquarters of the company is located in China People's Insurance Building (or transliterated as PICC Building), in Xicheng District, Beijing. There are other office buildings that are named after PICC, such as in Guangzhou and Chongqing (PICC Life Insurance Building).

Shareholders
PICC issued two classes of ordinary shares: A share and H share. The latter only traded outside Mainland China. Despite residents in Mainland China can buy the H shares of PICC via Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect and Shenzhen-Hong Kong Stock Connect, and vice versa for foreigners buying A shares.

The Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China (MOF) is the controlling shareholder of the company, for 67.60% of the total shares as of 31 December 2018. The MOF also significantly owned fellow financial service companies: the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, the Agricultural Bank of China, the Bank of Communications, China Cinda Asset Management and China Re, etc. The state pension fund: the National Social Security Fund (NSSF) also owned 8.60% + 1.19% total shares of the company (NSSF owned both A and H shares of the company) as of 2018. It was announced that MOF would transferred an additional 6.76% total shares of PICC to the NSSF in 2019.

Other notable investors of PICC included the US-based multinational insurer American International Group (AIG), which owned 2.52% of the total shares (12.76% of the H shares) of PICC, as of 2018. However, AIG sold all their stake in February 2019. AIG also sold most of their stake in the subsidiary PICC P&C in 2005–06.

The H shares of the company is the constituent of Hang Seng China Enterprises Index as of January 2020. While the A shares of the company is the constituents of Hang Seng China 50 Index, CSI 300 Index (and the subset the blue chip index CSI 100), SSE 180 Index (and the subset blue chip index SSE 50 since June 2019 ), etc., as of January 2020.

title: People's Insurance Company of China


text:
The Enemy Within

The Enemy Within may refer to:

Books

 * The Enemy Within (Kennedy book), by Robert F. Kennedy, 1960
 * The Enemy Within (play), by Brian Friel, 1962
 * The Enemy Within, 1986 Volume 3 of L. Ron Hubbard's Mission Earth series
 * The Enemy Within (Milne book), by Seumas Milne, 1994
 * The Enemy Within (novel), by Christie Golden, 1994
 * The Enemy Within (Savage book), by Michael Savage, 2003
 * Hitman: Enemy Within, a 2007 novelization of the video game Hitman
 * The Enemy Within: Terror, Lies, and the Whitewashing of Omar Khadr by Ezra Levant, 2011
 * The Enemy Within (Rusch novel), by Kristine Kathryn Rusch, 2014
 * Enemies Within: Communists, the Cambridge Spies and the Making of Modern Britain by Richard Davenport-Hines, 2018
 * The Enemy Within: How the ANC lost the battle against corruption by Mpumelelo Mkhabela, 2022.

Film

 * The Enemy Within (1918 film), a 1918 Australian silent film
 * The Enemy Within (1994 film), an HBO thriller starring Forest Whitaker
 * Doctor Who: The Enemy Within (1996 film), FOX TV network telefilm
 * The Enemy Within (2013 film), a 2013 Greek film

Music

 * "The Enemy Within", a song by Rush from the album Grace Under Pressure
 * Enemy Within (album), a 1986 album by Chris Spedding
 * "Enemy Within", a 1989 song by D.R.I. from Thrash Zone
 * "The Enemy Within", a 1996 song by Cherry Poppin' Daddies from Kids on the Street
 * The Enemy Within, a 1998 album by Concord Dawn
 * "Enemy Within", a 2001 song by Arch Enemy from Wages of Sin

Television

 * Doctor Who (film), a 1996 television movie based on the British science fiction series Doctor Who, alternatively titled Enemy Within
 * The Enemy Within (TV series), a 2019 American television series

Episodes
 * "The Enemy Within" (Star Trek: The Original Series), 1966
 * "The Enemy Within" (MacGyver), 1986
 * "The Enemy Within" (Stargate SG-1), 1997
 * "Enemy Within" (Law & Order: Criminal Intent), 2001
 * "The Enemy Within" (NCIS), 2015
 * "The Enemy Within" (Under the Dome), 2015

Other

 * The Enemy Within Campaign, a 1986 series of adventures for Warhammer Fantasy Roleplay
 * "The Enemy Within", a 2002 article by Gore Vidal about the 9/11 attacks
 * "The Enemy Within", a 2010 article by Mark Bowden about the Conficker Worm
 * "XCOM: Enemy Within", a 2013 expansion pack to the 2012 video game XCOM: Enemy Unknown
 * "Batman: The Enemy Within", a 2017 point and click adventure video game developed by Telltale games

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Enemy Within


text: User talk:24.2.34.32

title: User talk:24.2.34.32


text:
Talk:The Chase

The Chase (TV series)
See talk:The Chase (TV series) where the usage of "The Chase (TV series)" is under discussion -- 65.92.180.137 (talk) 14:50, 24 March 2013 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:The Chase (British game show) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 05:48, 11 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Chase


text:
User:Luke Powell

About Me
I'm a recently-minted Texan, having moved here from Montana in 1998. I'm an electrical engineer at a research institute. My edits are probably going to be about my interests, including dancing, video games, books, and skiing.

title: User:Luke Powell


text:
User:Knotanutt~enwiki

Probably a raving nut. I man literally, most likely of the chickpea genus.

title: User:Knotanutt~enwiki


text:
User:Ultratomio/Summer Olympics

Wrestling at the 2000 Summer Olympics
1: Alexander Leipold of Germany originally won the gold, but he was stripped of his metal for failing a drug test.

Squads

 * See Men's Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics (team squads).
 * See Women's Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics (team squads).

 * To do:
 * See Women's Hockey at the 2004 Summer Olympics (team squads)
 * See Men's Hockey at the 2004 Summer Olympics (team squads)
 * Women's indoor Volleyball at the 2004 Summer Olympics (team squads)
 * Men's indoor Volleyball at the 2004 Summer Olympics (team squads)

Articles

 * See Gymnastics at the 2004 Summer Olympics - Men's Trampoline.
 * See Gymnastics at the 2004 Summer Olympics - Women's Trampoline.

title: User:Ultratomio/Summer Olympics


text:
WLOS

WLOS (channel 13) is a television station licensed to Asheville, North Carolina, United States, broadcasting ABC and MyNetworkTV programming to Western North Carolina and Upstate South Carolina. It is owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group in an effective duopoly with WMYA-TV (channel 40) in Anderson, South Carolina. WLOS maintains studios on Technology Drive (near I-26/US 74) in Asheville and a transmitter on Mount Pisgah in Haywood County, North Carolina.

WLOS-TV began broadcasting in September 1954 as the ABC affiliate for Asheville and most of the western Carolinas and the city's second TV station. It was founded by the Skyway Broadcasting Corporation, owner of WLOS radio, and owned by Wometco Enterprises from 1958 to 1987; Sinclair has owned it since 1996. Its local news coverage has historically focused on western North Carolina, in contrast to the other major stations in the market, all of which broadcast from studios in South Carolina.

Early years
Prior to the 1948 freeze on television station applications imposed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), Skyway Broadcasting Corporation—owner of Asheville radio stations WLOS (1380 AM) and WLOS-FM (99.9)—had applied for the use of channel 7, one of three channels assigned to the city along with channel 5 (applied for by actress Mary Pickford) and 12. However, the major overhaul of TV allocations accompanying the introduction of ultra high frequency (UHF) channels resulted in only one VHF channel being allotted to Asheville: 13, along with UHF 56 (educational) and 62. The Skyway Broadcasting Company, corporate parent of WLOS, applied for channel 13 on December 7, 1951. It was soon joined by WSKY (1230 AM) in August 1952 and WWNC (570 AM), owned by the Asheville Citizen-Times Company, in March 1953. WSKY had withdrawn by August 1953, as had the Community Television Company, but Asheville tax attorney William W. Orr then filed in October, bringing the field back up to three contenders for channel 13.

In December 1953, the field cleared, and Orr and the Citizen-Times Company withdrew their applications to allow WLOS to get the construction permit; the latter received an option to buy stock in Skyway, though it was cautioned that such would require additional FCC approval. The next step was securing a transmitter site. WLOS immediately proposed to erect a 300 ft tower atop Mount Pisgah, which was met with divided sentiment. Civic groups favored the location and claimed it was the only site in the mountainous area from which the station could provide regional coverage; others derided what they felt as the commercialization of the well-known summit. A United States Forest Service hearing in February 1954 drew 50 attendees and thousands of letters, telegrams, and postcards, but the federal government approved the Pisgah tower site at the end of February 1954. Meanwhile, the station acquired the Battle House, a 1925-built residence on Macon Avenue described by The Asheville Citizen as "long considered one of Asheville's finest ... [with] a reputation as a residential showplace", to use as its studios. By July 1954, work was under way on the Mount Pisgah transmitter facility, and a September 18 start date goal had been set; WLOS-TV had signed for affiliation with ABC and the DuMont Television Network.

WLOS-TV, as projected, began broadcasting on September 18, 1954. This gave Asheville its second station, as WISE-TV had begun broadcasting on channel 62 in August 1953. Local programming was immediately planned, including shows for housewives, children, and teenagers; the WLOS radio stations also occupied the Battle House. The Mount Pisgah transmitter site gave the station a wide coverage area; pre-launch advertising boasted of having the highest antenna in the South and a signal that reached Johnson City, Tennessee.

Wometco ownership
A squabble over options to purchase stock in Skyway Broadcasting Company erupted in April 1957, when Harold H. Thoms—owner of WISE radio and television—and Walter Tison of Tampa, Florida, announced they had an option to buy shares in the firm and were going to exercise it. Skyway denied that any such option existed, claiming that it was based on an option extended to a minority stockholder—J. E. Edmonds—and later withdrawn. The matter was taken to court, where Edmonds attacked the validity of the 1953 Citizen-Times option, which remained outstanding. Then, that option catapulted into the spotlight when Miami businessman Mitchell Wolfson—a summer resident of Asheville—announced that he had acquired the Citizen-Times option through his other broadcast property, WTVJ in Miami, and that he was offering a buyout of all other shareholders in Skyway. The so-called "Britt option" that Thoms and Tison claimed to hold became the subject of multiple court cases as Thoms and Tison sued Britt and others for breach of contract.

On March 1, 1958, Wolfson's company, Wometco Enterprises, announced it had reached a deal to buy Britt's stock in Skyway Broadcasting and thus assume majority ownership of the WLOS stations. The FCC approved the transaction in August, and upon closure, several WTVJ employees moved to Asheville to help manage WLOS radio and television.

In 1959, Bill Norwood, known on air as "Mr. Bill", began hosting a children's program under a range of titles (the last being Mr. Bill's Friends) which continued to air until June 1988, later returning as a fill-in weatherman in the late 1990s. Bill's sidekick was a clown named Bumbo, played by longtime WLOS weatherman Bob Caldwell.

Wometco sold off WLOS AM to the Greater Asheville Broadcasting Corporation in 1969, retaining the FM and TV stations; the AM station changed its call sign to WKKE when the sale took effect. WLOS continued to share ABC programming in the western Carolinas with WAIM-TV (channel 40) in Anderson, South Carolina, on the opposite end of the market. It was a dual ABC/CBS affiliate; while WAIM-TV's ABC affiliation agreement allowed it to carry any network program not aired by WLOS in Asheville, which was not receivable in the Anderson area. This ended in January 1979; after an ownership change at channel 40, ABC only allowed the station to continue airing its programming through the end of 1978.

Ownership changes
In 1984, Wometco was taken private in a leveraged buyout by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts (KKR). As part of this transaction, WLOS-FM was sold to WISE and became WRLX-FM and later WKSF. KKR struggled with the station, in part because ABC sank to third in the national ratings. It set revenue goals that were so unreachable that the entire WLOS-TV sales force turned over.

AnchorMedia, associated with the Robert M. Bass Group, acquired WLOS-TV for $50 million in 1987 after two attempts had been made in the preceding year to purchase the station from KKR. Anchor was a rapidly growing group in radio, having acquired stations in Dallas, Las Vegas, and Albuquerque, but WLOS-TV marked its first television station property. Anchor had also bid on WTVJ in Miami only to be beaten at the last minute by a bid from General Electric and NBC.

During AnchorMedia's ownership, the company attempted to acquire WAXA, the former WAIM-TV, in Anderson; the company proposed to simulcast WLOS on channel 40 for the benefit of viewers in the southern portion of the market who could not receive the Asheville station. The FCC denied an outright sale, citing the stations' overlapping coverage areas, but AnchorMedia continued to negotiate a simulcast agreement with WAXA's existing ownership. It also won a victory in federal appeals court, which ordered the FCC to reconsider its denial of the WAXA purchase. WLOS produced a limited amount of South Carolina-specific programming for air on channel 40, including a public affairs program, Viewpoint 40, and a 6 p.m. newscast using the resources of the Anderson Independent-Mail newspaper.

In 1994, Continental Broadcasting—the former AnchorMedia—was purchased by River City Broadcasting, a St. Louis-based owner of television and radio properties. The three ABC affiliates owned by Anchor represented River City's first major network affiliates. River City spun WAXA out as a separately programmed independent station, WFBC-TV, in September 1995. WFBC-TV later became The WB affiliate WBSC-TV in 1999 and MyNetworkTV affiliate WMYA-TV in 2006.

Sinclair ownership
River City merged with Sinclair Broadcast Group in 1996. WFBC-TV was sold to a related company to Sinclair, Glencairn, Ltd. Glencairn subsequently changed its name to Cunningham Broadcasting Corporation, but its stock is still almost entirely owned by the Smith family that owns Sinclair, and the companies continue to be closely related.

WLOS sold the Battle House studios to the adjoining Grove Park Inn in 1999 and began scouting for a new location. The station then secured space in the Biltmore Park commercial development south of downtown Asheville, with the first broadcasts from the new studio taking place in December 2000. Battle House was demolished in 2006; the inn argued that it was too deteriorated to be preserved and that a half-century of use as a TV studio had resulted in too many alterations. Among these were replacement of windows and doors and the removal of many finishes, as well as an addition to the structure made by the television station.

By 2014, WLOS ranked second in estimated revenue, ahead of NBC affiliate WYFF in Greenville but behind WSPA-TV; this was an improvement from 2011, when it trailed both of the Upstate stations in revenue.

On September 20, 2021, "My 40" and the MyNetworkTV programming on WMYA-TV moved exclusively to the 13.2 subchannel of WLOS.

News operation
As the major station based in Asheville, WLOS has traditionally focused its regional news coverage on western North Carolina, where it achieves higher ratings than its competitors. It was also initially the smallest of the three TV newsrooms in the region. After airing its main early evening newscasts at 5:30 and later 7 p.m., WLOS went head-to-head with the South Carolina stations (then-WFBC-TV and WSPA-TV) in 1979 and began airing its evening news at 6 p.m.

Even though the station's focus is western North Carolina, management recognized the station needed a presence in the South Carolina part of the market if it was to lift itself from an overall third-place finish in the combined market. By the late 1970s, the station had a bureau in Greenville, which moved into a new building in 1984; that year, it also set up a news bureau in Spartanburg. The station expanded its news coverage with the addition of a new 5:30 p.m. newscast—in addition to its 6 p.m. report—in 1986, and a morning newscast debuted upon the end of Mr. Bill and Friends in 1988. AnchorMedia also invested in new equipment upon taking over. News programming slowly expanded: by 2008, the station had a two-hour morning newscast, 90 minutes of early evening news, and the 11 p.m. newscast on weeknights, and WMYA aired 6:30 and 10 p.m. newscasts produced by WLOS.

In 2022, WLOS debuted a weekly sports show during the football season, Saturday Sports Night, covering regional college football.

Notable former on-air staff

 * Mike Bettes – chief meteorologist, to 2004
 * Heather Childers – weekend anchor, 1999–2002
 * David Steele – sportscaster

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

Analog-to-digital conversion
WLOS discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over VHF channel 13, on June 12, 2009. It had intended to do so on February 17, even after the federal government moved the deadline back four months, but general manager Jack Connors explained that the FCC would have also required the station's analog translators, many of them serving mountainous areas shaded from Mount Pisgah by terrain, to be switched off at that time. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 56, which was among the high-band UHF channels (52–69) that were removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition, to VHF channel 13.

Translators
WLOS operates 11 translators across the mountains of western North Carolina and upstate South Carolina. These translators serve as low-power, limited-area repeaters that bring the network's signal to towns in deep mountain valleys where the parent signal is blocked by the surrounding terrain.
 * Franklin, NC: W11AJ-D
 * Black Mountain, NC: W12AQ-D
 * Waynesville, NC: W12AR-D
 * Hot Springs, NC: W12CI-D
 * Robbinsville, NC: W14EG-D
 * Maggie Valley, NC: W15DR-D
 * Marion, NC: W15DY-D
 * Bryson City, NC: W30DX-D
 * Pickens, SC: W31DY-D
 * Tryon, etc., NC: W32EO-D
 * Sapphire Valley, etc., NC: W34EP-D

title: WLOS


text:
Heinrich Dreser

Heinrich Dreser (1 October 1860 – 21 December 1924) was a German chemist responsible for the aspirin and heroin projects at Bayer AG. He was also a key figure in creating the widely used modern drug codeine. Dreser was born in Darmstadt, Grand Duchy of Hesse.

Arthur Eichengrün made the claim, yet unproven, that credit for the discovery of aspirin were stolen from him by Dreser.

title: Heinrich Dreser


text:
User:Gambrill

dcscczxzzxz

title: User:Gambrill


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mephaehi

Mephaehi
Mephaehi was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

Delete. 0 google hits. I doubt this was even a serious post. Postdlf 02:46, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, or, rather, "Fimivi". Prank. The structure of the language is "replace every consonant with the following consonant and every vowel with the following vowel" -- so "Mephaehi" decodes to "Language". Should be speedy, under proposed case 4 (obvious joke, prank, hoax, or fabrication.) --kqhusfup∇∆∇∆ 03:16, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I'll take your word for it—I obviously would flunk even a remedial exam in cryptography. Postdlf 04:35, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It's still not a speedy candidate -- the proposed case isn't in effect. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 05:38, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I'm enjoy conlanging myself, but I'm not going to create an article on my language because I'm the only one who knows anything about it, and it has essentially no impact on society at large. The same is likely true for this one. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 05:59, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It's not even a conlang, is it? It's just a substitution cipher, and not even a remotely interesting one. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 06:05, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It seems to be slightly more complicated than a substitution cipher. It inserts epenthetic vowels and doesn't change the letter "y". Not that that makes it interesting... [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 06:27, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Not notable. utcursch 09:42, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. A nice hoax. Gtabary 10:12, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy as prank/vandalism (yawn) Wyss 10:54, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete under criterion #3. [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 12:56, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. And then translate all of Wikipedia into Mephaehi! P Ingerson 13:10, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Fimivi. O emtu omwimvif Mephaehi om johj tedjuur; ov ot vsowoem.  -- Smerdis of Tlön 15:28, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Deleteagain --fvw *  19:03, 2004 Dec 16 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity—Trevor Caira 21:11, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Orthant

In geometry, an orthant or hyperoctant is the analogue in n-dimensional Euclidean space of a quadrant in the plane or an octant in three dimensions.

In general an orthant in n-dimensions can be considered the intersection of n mutually orthogonal half-spaces. By independent selections of half-space signs, there are 2n orthants in n-dimensional space.

More specifically, a closed orthant in Rn is a subset defined by constraining each Cartesian coordinate to be nonnegative or nonpositive. Such a subset is defined by a system of inequalities:
 * ε1x1 ≥ 0     ε2x2 ≥ 0     · · ·     εnxn ≥ 0,

where each εi is +1 or −1.

Similarly, an open orthant in Rn is a subset defined by a system of strict inequalities
 * ε1x1 > 0     ε2x2 > 0     · · ·     εnxn > 0,

where each εi is +1 or −1.

By dimension:
 * In one dimension, an orthant is a ray.
 * In two dimensions, an orthant is a quadrant.
 * In three dimensions, an orthant is an octant.

John Conway and Neil Sloane defined the term n-orthoplex from orthant complex as a regular polytope in n-dimensions with 2n simplex facets, one per orthant.

The nonnegative orthant is the generalization of the first quadrant to n-dimensions and is important in many constrained optimization problems.

title: Orthant


text:
Legionellales

The Legionellales are an order of Pseudomonadota ("Proteobacteria"). Like all Pseudomonadota, they are Gram-negative. They comprise two families, typified by Legionella and Coxiella, both of which include notable pathogens. For example, Q fever is caused by Coxiella burnetii and Legionella pneumophila causes Legionnaires' disease and Pontiac fever.

Members of the order Legionellales can be molecularly distinguished from other Gammaproteobacteria by the presence of four conserved signature indels (CSIs) in the proteins tRNA-guanine(34) transglycosylase, lipoprotein-releasing system transmembrane protein lolE and tRNA (guanosine(37)-N1)-methyltransferase TrmD.

title: Legionellales


text:
Cardiff Metropolitan University

Cardiff Metropolitan University (Prifysgol Metropolitan Caerdydd), formerly the University of Wales Institute, Cardiff (UWIC; Athrofa Prifysgol Cymru, Caerdydd, APCC) and commonly referred to as Cardiff Met, is a university located in the city of Cardiff.

The university offers degree courses in a variety of disciplines. Study is available at undergraduate and postgraduate levels, full-time and part-time, and research opportunities are offered. the university has 11,500 students from over 140 countries studying on two campuses in Cardiff, and more than 10,000 at 17 partner institutions in 15 countries around the world.

In November 2021, Cardiff Met was awarded the title of UK and Ireland University of the Year 2021 by the Times Higher Education.

In September 2020, Cardiff Met was named the Times and Sunday Times Welsh University of the Year. In the same year, Cardiff Met was deemed to be the most financially sustainable university in Wales by the Wales Governance Centre.

In January 2023, Professor Cara Aitchison announced that she would retire as Vice-Chancellor and President of Cardiff Metropolitan University, and in November 2023, the University announced that Professor Rachael Langford would be the next Vice-Chancellor and President, taking up the role in February 2024.

Predecessor institutions
In 1865 the Cardiff School of Art opened in the Old Free Library Building, St Mary Street. The School of Art moved to the Technical Buildings in Dumfries Place in 1900, then The Friary in 1949, then to a new campus in Howard Gardens in 1965.

In 1940, Cardiff College of Food Technology and Commerce opened at Crwys Road. The Cardiff College of Food Technology and Commerce moved to a new Colchester Avenue Campus in 1966, home to management, business, leisure, hospitality, tourism and food students.

In 1950 Cardiff Teacher Training College opened at Heath Park. Llandaff Technical College opened in 1954 at Western Avenue, home to health sciences, design and engineering students. In 1962 the college moved to Cyncoed, now home to the Schools of Education and Sport.

Merging of the colleges
In 1976, the four colleges merged to form South Glamorgan Institute of Higher Education. The name changed to Cardiff Institute of Higher Education in 1990, in preparation for Incorporation. In 1992, the Institute joined the University of Wales as an autonomous body. The first Teaching Degree Awarding Powers were granted by the Privy Council in 1993. The institute was given the power to award its own degrees in August but placed the powers in abeyance, choosing instead to strengthen their links with the University of Wales. In 1996, it was granted University College status within the University of Wales and named the University of Wales Institute, Cardiff (UWIC).

In 2003, UWIC became a constituent institution of the University of Wales, and considered merging with the University of Glamorgan. 2004 saw the launch of the FE2HE-UWIC Consortium: a partnership between further and higher education institutions established with Barry, Bridgend, Coleg Glan Hafren and Ystrad Mynach further education colleges, with St David's College joining in 2009. Tony Chapman became Senior Vice-Chancellor and Chief Executive of the University of Wales.

In 2005 the university entered into and then ended merger talks with the University of Wales, Newport. A vote of no confidence was passed by the staff in the Vice Chancellor Tony Chapman. London School of Commerce became an Associate College in 2006.

In October 2010, the new building for the Cardiff School of Management opened in Llandaff with the closure of the Colchester Avenue campus. In June 2011, the new Learning Centre on the Llandaff campus was officially opened. Merger talks with Swansea Metropolitan and Trinity St David universities were discussed.

Split from University of Wales
UWIC formally ended its association with the University of Wales, and was renamed Cardiff Metropolitan University in November 2011. The university now awards all of its degrees in its own name. Despite this 'withdrawal' from the University of Wales, the new Cardiff Metropolitan University retains close formal links with it. Until summer 2012 they shared the same Pro Vice Chancellor of Research. Cardiff Metropolitan University briefly continued to supply its staff for the University of Wales to use as moderators for their overseas franchised degrees.

From 2004 to 2007, Cardiff Metropolitan University's Vice Chancellor, Tony Chapman, was the Senior Vice-Chancellor and Chief Executive of the University of Wales, whilst also holding the post of Vice Chancellor at UWIC.

Pressure to merge with other HE institutions
In December 2003, UWIC withdrew from merger talks with the University of Glamorgan, stating that it was not in the 'best interests of UWIC and the students'. In December 2004, UWIC announced merger talks with University of Wales, Newport, but withdrew from merger talks in July 2005 when the Higher Education Funding Council for Wales stated they indicated that any proposed merger must also include the University of Glamorgan.

On 4 July 2011, UWIC pulled out of merger talks with both Swansea Metropolitan University and the University of Wales Trinity Saint David, for a new University of Wales citing the fact that it was 'dissatisfied with a lack of attention to good governance, due process and administration (in the University of Wales)'. This was despite the fact that its own Pro-Vice Chancellor for Research, Professor Robert Brown, was also one of the most senior figures in the University of Wales, serving as a member of the University of Wales Council. In December 2011 the newly established Cardiff Metropolitan University rejected the plans of the Higher Education Funding Council for Wales for the future structure of Wales' universities which proposed merging it with the universities of Glamorgan and Newport to form the UK's largest higher education institution.

Pressure on Cardiff Met to merge continued to mount throughout 2011 and 2012, however, in line with Leighton Andrews' controversial Higher Education agenda. This included a plan to create a new super-university of 45,000 students in the Welsh Valleys, involving the University of Glamorgan, the University of Wales, Newport, and Cardiff Metropolitan. Newport had already agreed to merger plans put forward by Glamorgan, although it was described as a 'bilateral arrangement' with neither institution technically taking precedence. This merger plan left open the possibility of a third university becoming involved, which was recognised as a reference to Cardiff Met's position.

Cardiff Metropolitan continued to oppose a merger with its neighbours, citing the lack of a business case, concerns that the new institution (which would be the largest campus university in Britain) would simply be too big to manage properly. In response to their efforts, Leighton Andrews (a strong supporter of the mergers on any terms) threatened to forcibly dissolve Cardiff Metropolitan and hand its assets over to the university formed by Glamorgan and Newport's merger. , more time had been granted to consider a three-way merger, but Cardiff Metropolitan still demanded more evidence before committing to further talks. Cardiff Metropolitan has described the existing plans as high cost and high risk, and have threatened to refer the matter to spending watchdogs, including the Auditor General. However, Cardiff Metropolitan stressed that it retained an 'open mind' on the subject of a merger, and has ruled out moving to the private sector.

On 6 November 2012, the threat of dissolution was removed when the Education Minister made a statement to the Senedd that he had taken the decision to cancel the previous consultation on the proposed dissolutions because of a request from the chairs of the University of Glamorgan and the University of Wales, Newport.

Campuses

Cardiff Met has two campus – one at Llandaff and the other Cyncoed.

Llandaff
Llandaff is the home of the Cardiff School of Sport & Health Sciences (Llandaff), Cardiff School of Management, Cardiff School of Technologies and the Cardiff School of Art & Design. The campus is located approximately two miles from the city centre, surrounded by numerous parks, playing fields and the historic village of Llandaff. This campus is also located near Cardiff Met's Plas Gwyn residential campus.

Cyncoed
Cyncoed is home to the Cardiff School of Education & Social Policy and the Cardiff School of Sport & Health Sciences (Cyncoed). It offers on-site accommodation and a new purpose-built Campus Centre. The campus offers sporting facilities, on-site shop, coffee bars and refectory. The campus also acts as the head office for the Students' and Athletics Union.

The Student I-Zone opened in October 2010, to provide information to students from one location.

Organisation
Cardiff Metropolitan University is made up of five academic schools:
 * Cardiff School of Art & Design
 * School of Education & Social Policy
 * Cardiff School of Management
 * Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences
 * Cardiff School of Technologies

Cardiff School of Art & Design
Cardiff School of Art & Design opened in 1865 as the Cardiff School of Art and is the oldest constituent part of the university. From September 2012 onwards CSAD's learning & teaching, research and enterprise activities are focused in thirteen 'subjects': Artist Designer: Maker, Architectural Design and Technology, Architecture, Animation, Ceramics, Fashion Design; Fine Art; Interior Design; Illustration; Textiles; Graphic Communication; Photography and Product Design. The school is housed in a modern building on the Llandaff Campus. The School houses a FabLab and Perceptual Experience Laboratory that are open to both the public and the student body. Workshop facilities for all subject areas are open to students on a cross disciplinary basis and include access to digital and manual processes including 3D scanning, chemical photographic developing, foundry casting and printmaking on and with ceramic, plastics and paper including one Columbia Press which is as old as the School itself.

The school was assessed as number 39 of the top 80 destinations to study art and design in the UK by the Guardian's University Guide in 2010.

Cardiff School of Education & Social Policy
The School of Education has over 2000 students and over 100 academic and administrative staff. The School was established in 1951 to provide Initial Teacher Education Training (ITET) provision in Cardiff, and it remains the largest in Wales.

In September 2017, the university's Health and Social Care, Social Work and Housing Studies programmes merged into school of education to become the School of Education & Social Policy.

Cardiff School of Management
The School of Management is based at the Llandaff Campus. It moved to a new building in October 2010 following the closure of the Colchester Avenue campus. Research activities at the School are organised into five broad themes within business and management and six Research Centres in specific areas.

Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences
In September 2017, the Cardiff School of Sport merged with the Cardiff School of Health Sciences creating the Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences. The school is currently split between the university's two campuses, with sports at based at Cyncoed and health sciences at Llandaff; however, the university plans to unite the school at the Cyncoed campus following investment in new facilities.

School of Health Sciences

The School of Health Sciences is made up of 9 areas and provides applied research and consultancy services. These include: the Centre for Biomedical Research, the Centre for Health, Safety & the Environment, the Food Research & Consultancy Unit, the Zero2Five Food Industry Centre, the Wales Centre for Podiatric Studies and the Department of Applied Psychology.

School of Sport The School of Sport is based at the Cyncoed Campus, Cardiff.

The National Indoor Athletics Centre is an indoor athletics centre housed at the university's Cyncoed campus and was opened in January 2000 by Colin Jackson. The centre offers multi-sport provision and includes a sports injuries clinic and biomechanics laboratory. It is the only designated 'High Performance Centre' in Wales.

Cardiff School of Technologies
The Cardiff School of Technologies was created in 2018.

Research & Enterprise Centres
Cardiff Metropolitan University's research includes a number of research centres, offering applied research and consultancy to business and industry, and to local and national government across the UK and abroad. This includes the ZERO2FIVE Food Industry Centre and the National Centre for Product Design & Development Research (PDR).

Reputation and rankings
the university is ranked as the top 'new' university in Wales by the major university guides – The Guardian University Guide 2013, the Complete University Guide 2013 published in The Independent and the Times Good University Guide 2013.

Cardiff Metropolitan University has been independently acclaimed for its academic standards, with an old Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education Institutional Report (2008) stating that 'confidence can be placed in the soundness of the institution's current and likely future management of the quality of its programmes and of the academic standards of the associated awards.'

In 2021, The university won the Times Higher Education University of the Year award.

Accommodation
Cardiff Metropolitan University has student accommodation available close to its campuses in Cyncoed and at Plas Gwyn. The university also has agreements with private residences such as Tŷ Pont Haearn in the city centre, which has 179 beds reserved for students and Victoria Hall which is located near to the Llandaff Campus and has 198 beds reserved for students.

Sport

 * Sports teams
 * Cardiff Metropolitan University RFC
 * Cardiff Metropolitan University F.C.
 * Cardiff Metropolitan University Archers
 * Cardiff Metropolitan Universityuwic Gaelic Football Club

National Indoor Athletics Centre
This large indoor sporting facility is a venue for many sporting events such as the Welsh Open Taekwon-Do Championships hosted there each year by the United Kingdom Taekwon-Do Association. The UK Open Taekwon-Do Championships is often held there too.

Notable alumni
Cardiff Metropolitan University (formerly UWIC) has alumni in the fields of sport, art, education, design, nutrition, business, healthcare and media.

 * Arts
 * Phil Carradice
 * Ken Elias
 * David Emanuel
 * Karl Hyde
 * Neil Jackson
 * Julian Kostov
 * Julien Macdonald

 * Media
 * Michael Buerk
 * Jill Dando
 * Simon Fowler
 * John Inverdale
 * Sue Lawley
 * Jane Moore
 * Rick O'Shea
 * Roy Noble
 * Phil Steele
 * Rhodri Williams

 * Sport
 * Rory Burns – international cricketer
 * Gareth Cooper
 * Kieran Crawford
 * Ellie Curson
 * Lynn Davies – Olympic Gold Medallist
 * John Devereux
 * Alex Dombrandt
 * Gareth Edwards
 * Ben Evans
 * Non Evans
 * Gable Garenamotse
 * Helen Glover – Olympic Gold Medallist
 * Greg Holmes, cricketer
 * Alex Jones, cricketer
 * Ryan Jones
 * Ieuan Lloyd
 * Hugh Morris
 * Brett Morse – Olympic Discus thrower
 * Elli Norkett
 * Nicky Piper
 * David Richards
 * Steve Tomlinson
 * Ben Simons – Olympic Bobsleigh Athlete
 * Colin Smart
 * J. J. Williams

 * Businesspeople and entrepreneurs
 * Blandina Khondowe
 * Brian Hancock
 * Alun Michael
 * Douglas Kuria

 * Politics
 * Chris Elmore, Member of the UK Parliament
 * Gareth Bennett

title: Cardiff Metropolitan University


text:
Saint Georges, Delaware

Saint Georges is an unincorporated town and former municipality situated on the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal in New Castle County, Delaware, United States, approximately midway between the Delaware River and Chesapeake Bay.

History
St. Georges was settled before 1730 at the head of the St. Georges Creek. A tavern was built in 1735 and King's Highway was constructed through the settlement in 1762. St. Georges was incorporated as a town in 1825. After being divided by the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal and then bypassed by a newer bridge, the town asked to have their charter revoked by the state in 1940. The community has at least one civic association, the North Saint Georges Civic Association which represents the community to the New Castle County Council.

The Senator William V. Roth Jr. Bridge (Delaware Route 1) passes just west of the community. It is the only cable-stayed bridge in the Delaware Valley and one of the first in the nation. It opened in 1995 as a replacement to the still standing St. Georges Bridge, which carries U.S. Route 13 over the community of St. Georges and the canal. The St. Georges Bridge is in turn a replacement for a former lift bridge that sat in the middle of town. That bridge—built in 1923—was knocked down on January 10, 1939, by the 6,000-ton freighter Waukegan. The freighter lost control, hit the north tower of the bridge, and caused it to collapse. Two people died: the bridge tender and the bridge electrician. One other bridge spanned the C & D Canal before the lift bridge. It was a small pedestrian swing bridge that crossed over the former Saint Georges Locks. It was destroyed when the locks were dismantled during the first widening and deepening (to sea level) of the canal.

Bloomfield, the W. Casperson House, Linden Hill, Ethel S. Roy House, St. Georges Cemetery Caretaker's House, St. Georges Presbyterian Church, Starl House, Sutton House (St. Georges, Delaware), and the North Saint Georges Historic District are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

The community is located in New Castle County District 12 and is represented to the county council by Councilman James W. (Bill) Bell.

Education
Saint Georges is in the Colonial School District. It operates William Penn High School.

title: Saint Georges, Delaware


text:
User:Somebody in the WWW/The Ten Random Pages Test

Take the 10 Random Pages Test! These are my results from doing the test.

 * Cosmetics 'Good, but could do with some more information
 * Bill McBirnie Neutral, needs some rewriting
 * Geography of the Republic of the Congo Good
 * Luna Lounge Bad, 5-sentance page about some bar in New York
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 * Vril Neutral, page about a coined-up word from a novel
 * Olympia Dukakis Ok, could do with some more info
 * Arun A stub, but still has enough information
 * Johann Friedrich Fasch Good, but needs links
 * Lucha Reyes (Mexican singer) Good, but needs links


text: Category:Enterobacteria

title: Category:Enterobacteria


text:
Kevin Burdette

Kevin Burdette is an American bass who has worked as a soloist with the Teatro alla Scala, Metropolitan Opera, Gran Teatre del Liceu, Santa Fe Opera, Seattle Opera, Teatro Colón, Dallas Opera, San Diego Opera, Washington National Opera, New York City Opera, Opéra de Montréal, Boston Lyric Opera, Glimmerglass Opera, Opera Philadelphia, and the Spoleto Festival USA, as well as many regional opera companies including Florentine Opera, Opéra de Québec, Portland Opera, Lyric Opera of Kansas City, Atlanta Opera, Virginia Opera, Wolf Trap Opera Company, Chicago Opera Theater, Opera Memphis, Gotham Chamber Opera, Knoxville Opera, Opera Grand Rapids, Toledo Opera, and the Lyric Opera of San Antonio. He has created multiple roles, including Beck Weathers in Joby Talbot's Everest, Eric Gold and the Ghost of Bazzetti in Jake Heggie's Great Scott, Papinou in Talbot's The Diving Bell and the Butterfly, and Ob in Mark Adamo's Becoming Santa Claus, all with Dallas Opera, and Blindman and Stobrod Thewes in Jennifer Higdon's Cold Mountain, Manuel Toulon in Huang Ruo's M. Butterfly, Correspondent in John Corigliano's Lord of Cries, and Henry B. Isaacson and Justice Wills in Theo Morrison's Oscar, all with Santa Fe Opera.

His concert engagements have included solo work with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, Los Angeles Philharmonic (with Gustavo Dudamel), Philharmonia Orchestra (with Esa-Pekka Salonen), National Symphony Orchestra, American Symphony Orchestra, Les Violons du Roy, Seattle Symphony, Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra, The Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center, New Jersey Symphony Orchestra (with Neeme Järvi), Berkeley Symphony Orchestra (with Kent Nagano), Utah Symphony Orchestra (with Keith Lockhart), Nashville Symphony, Boston Baroque, the EOS Orchestra, AXIOM Ensemble (with Alan Gilbert), and the Virginia Symphony Orchestra at venues including Carnegie Hall, Avery Fisher Hall, Walt Disney Concert Hall, Alice Tully Hall, Weill Recital Hall, Chicago's Orchestra Hall, and San Francisco's Davies Symphony Hall.

A recipient of the Richard F. Gold Career Grant awarded by the Shoshana Foundation, the Dr. Marcia Robbins-Wilf Award, presented by New York City Opera to an artist who demonstrates outstanding dramatic ability, and the Alumni Promise Award from the University of Tennessee, he has been a member of both l'Opéra National de Paris young artists' Program and the San Francisco Opera young artist program.

Burdette received his master's degree in vocal performance at the Juilliard School, two Bachelor of Arts degrees (B.A. in College Scholars and a B.A. in music with a minor in history) from the University of Tennessee, and spent a year studying at the Universität für Musik und darstellende Kunst Wien. He was born and raised in Knoxville, Tennessee.

title: Kevin Burdette


text:
Wikipedia talk:Featured article candidates/Featured log

This page is absurdly huge. Once I get my Linux box up again (sometime next week I hope), I will move each and every archived nomination to their own subpage and then transclude the text back here via. I also want to break this page up into different sub-subpages itself, with only the current month being displayed. Now is the time to suggest a better idea. --mav 02:51, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Done. --mav 19:02, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Okay, the article I nominated (Java programming language) easily passed and is a featured article to this day. It actually became one March 2004, but it's not on the archive here. The nomination can be found here. Should I just add it to the archive, or what? Thanks for any responses. Sasha Slutsker 22:54, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I added it to the archive, and updated various other pages like List of Wikipedians by featured article nominations. -- 01:36, 5 April 2006 (UTC)


text:
Gran maestro

A gran maestro was the unofficial head of state in the Italian city-states. The role could depend on holding a particular office, military power or a general subversion of the constitution.

The Scaliger family in Verona converted their control of the office of podestà into a permanent lordship as early as 1226. The Sforza dynasty rose from condottieri to be dukes of Milan in 1447. The Medici relied on financial power and control of the selection process for office to establish their own dominance in Florence, although it took them until 1532 to acquire the formal title of Duke of Florence and abolish all vestiges of the republic.

title: Gran maestro


text: User talk:69.158.9.58

title: User talk:69.158.9.58


text:
User:Silver86

I like to point out problems in the Wikipedia articles I encouter.

I am a Global Studies and Anthropology Student.

I like to watch Anime.

I like to read Manga.

I have 3 Atari 2600s. (I don't know if they work still)

I have a cat.

I collect coins.

I like to drink Dr Pepper.

I have a friend in Japan.

I like to play Magic: The Gathering.

I like stay informed about NASA.

I have a Nintendo DS.

I like watch/read Science Fiction.

I have a SEGA Genesis. (I think it works)

Pages I Created
2005 Monaco Grand Prix, Rizelmine, Choichiro Yatani

Incomplete List of Pages I've Put Noticeable Work Into
ASVAB Colonization of the Moon Shuttle Ptichka

Special Links
(add links here)
 * User:Silver86/LainOS

--Silver86 02:57, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

--Silver86 22:16, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

--Silver86 09:47, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

--Silver86 05:36, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

--Silver86 (talk) 09:58, 3 December 2011 (UTC)

title: User:Silver86