text:
Blackfoot (band)

Blackfoot is an American Southern rock band from Jacksonville, Florida, formed in 1970. Though they primarily play with a Southern rock style, they are also known as a hard rock act. The band's classic lineup consisted of guitarist and vocalist Rickey Medlocke, guitarist Charlie Hargrett, bassist Greg T. Walker, and drummer Jackson Spires.

They had a number of successful albums during the 1970s and early 1980s, including Strikes (1979), Tomcattin' (1980) and Marauder (1981).

Early years
During the spring of 1969, Rickey Medlocke and Greg T. Walker met New York City native Charlie Hargrett in Jacksonville and organized the band "Fresh Garbage", featuring Medlocke on drums and vocals, Walker on bass, Hargrett on guitar and Ron Sciabarasi on keyboards. They played most of their shows at The Comic Book Club on Forsyth Street.

That autumn, Fresh Garbage dissolved following the departure of Sciabarasi, who was drafted and sent to Vietnam. However, Medlocke, Walker and Hargrett regrouped and formed the band "Hammer", with Medlocke switching to vocalist/guitarist and with new recruits Jakson Spires (drums; born on April 12, 1951, died on March 16, 2005), DeWitt Gibbs (keyboards) and Jerry Zambito (guitars) joining the band. Gibbs and Zambito had previously played together in Tangerine. They soon relocated to Gainesville, Florida, to be the house band of Dub's, a well-known topless bar on the outskirts of town.

At about the beginning of 1970, the band relocated to Manhattan after a friend, who was working in a music publishing company, told her boss about the band and he had them move to New York City.

During the early spring of the same year, the band, after learning of another band on the West Coast named Hammer, decided to change their name to Blackfoot to represent the American Indian heritage of its members: Jakson Spires (from Oklahoma) had a Cheyenne/French father and a Cherokee mother; Rickey Medlocke's father was Lakota Sioux and Blackfoot Indian, and his mother's side is Creek/Cherokee, Scottish and Irish; Greg "Two Wolf" Walker is part Eastern (Muskogee) Creek, a tribe recognized by the state of Florida, but not federally. Charlie Hargrett was the only white man of the original, classic line-up.

When the band failed to acquire a contract as a result of their relocation, Gibbs quit the band and Medlocke began playing rhythm guitar full-time.

During the spring of 1971, Medlocke and Walker accepted an offer to join Lynyrd Skynyrd and Blackfoot ended for a time. Still in New Jersey, Charlie Hargrett played briefly in "No Name" a band formed around him. They rehearsed at Steve Bondy's Family Home nearby in Morristown and included New Jersey locals Steve Bondy on guitar, Bert Carey on bass and Andy Peebles on drums. "No Name" played covers as well as original songs briefly in Budd Lake & Stanhope, New Jersey. There was a brief attempt to regroup during 1972, but Medlocke quit again and Walker joined the band Cross Country for a short period. Hargrett remained in the north, living in Hackettstown, New Jersey.

During August 1972, Blackfoot's old friend and roadie, John Vassiliou, visited Hargrett with Reidsville, North Carolina bassist Leonard Stadler from the band Blackberry Hill. Hargrett decided to relocate to North Carolina and invited Medlocke, who had left Lynyrd Skynyrd by this time, to reform Blackfoot with Stadler on bass guitar and Spires returning as drummer. Danny Johnson (later with the bands Derringer and Steppenwolf), from a Louisiana group, Axis, was employed as second guitarist. But Medlocke soon decided to be both main vocalist and guitarist again, and so Johnson's tenure with the band was brief.

During the summer of 1973, Stadler quit the band after a tumor was discovered on one of his lungs. It later dissolved, but Stadler decided to leave secular music to join a gospel group. He eventually became a Methodist minister. Greg T. Walker was invited to rejoin at this juncture.

By 1974, the band had returned their base of operations to the Northeast (Northern New Jersey) and Medlocke developed nodes on his vocal cords and temporarily lost his voice. Another singer, Patrick Jude, was brought into the band. After a brief time, Medlocke was able to sing again and Jude was dismissed. Soon afterward, Medlocke and Walker sent producers/session players Jimmy Johnson and David Hood a copy of Blackfoot's material. Johnson and Hood had worked with Medlocke and Walker in Muscle Shoals, Alabama when they were there recording with Lynyrd Skynyrd. No Reservations was released by the company Island Records during 1975 as part of a deal organized by Blackfoot's then manager Lou Manganiello, and their second record album, Flying High, was vended by Epic Records company during 1976. Both record albums were produced by Johnson and Hood.

Mid-1970s
By late 1975, the group was living back in Gainesville, Florida. During 1977, they communicated with Black Oak Arkansas' manager, Butch Stone, who hired them as the backing group for one of his clients, Ruby Starr, who had been a backup singer for Black Oak but was now becoming self-employed. After the stint with Ruby ended during 1978, they met Brownsville Station manager Al Nalli and his partner Jay Frey, who got them a contract with Atco Records.

Blackfoot Strikes, produced by Al Nalli and engineered by Brownsville Station drummer Henry Weck, was recorded in Nalli's basement studio in Ann Arbor, Michigan and was completed by January 1979. It was destined to be the band's most commercially successful effort. The song "Train, Train", written by Rickey's grandfather, "Shorty" Medlocke, became their first success and best known song. "Highway Song" proved to be another success for them later that year.

The group toured frequently during 1979; late during the year they opened for the band The Who at the Silverdome in Pontiac, Michigan, while developing their next album, Tomcattin, which was released during 1980. They went on to release the album Marauder during 1981 and Highway Song during 1982.

1980s
During the early 1980s, the "Southern rock" genre was considered passe by the pop music press, so the band began attempting to change their style somewhat. They decided to add keyboards to the group once again. Organist Ken Hensley (ex-Uriah Heep) was contacted and agreed to join during 1982 in time for their next record album, Siogo. But the poor sales for Siogo had the band thinking they might have to "modernize" for the new MTV generation. It was thought that perhaps Hargrett with his "biker type" appearance might not be appropriate for television. Hargrett reluctantly decided to end his employment with the band during January 1984, having not played on their next album, Vertical Smiles, which had been recorded in Atlanta in late 1983 with former Yes band's engineer Eddy Offord. This album was rejected by Atco. But the revamped version, which was finally released in October 1984, also failed to sell well.

Ken Hensley, no longer accustomed to Blackfoot's intense tour schedule, quit by late 1984 and was replaced by former Axe band's singer/guitarist Bobby Barth. But by December 1985, with their popularity waning and good-quality engagements becoming few, the band decided to quit. During February 1986 the Blackfoot company was dissolved. Medlocke decided to continue with a new team that included Doug "Bingo" Bare (keyboards, synthetics, backup vocals, ex-Whiteface), Jerry "Wizzard" Seay (bass, backing vocals, from Mother's Finest) and Harold Seay (drums, percussion). For their 1987 album Rick Medlocke and Blackfoot (their final album for Atlantic Records), the new group was attempting a more radio-style 1980s rock music sound. Jeff Stevens played bass guitar for one track.

During 1988, Wizzard and Seay quit and Gunner Ross (drums, percussion), bassist Mark Mendoza (formerly of The Dictators) and Neal Casal (guitar) were employed. Mendoza quit by the end of the year and Rikki Mayr (ex-Lizzy Borden band) began playing bass for the band during early 1989.

1990s
During 1990, a new album, Medicine Man, was released by the independent Loop company.

By 1992, Medlocke had revamped the team yet again and hired three other players: guitarist Mark Woerpel (former front man for the band Warp Drive out of Milwaukee, who had also done some studio work for Medlocke for earlier albums), Benny Rappa (drums, percussion, a former Whiteface player) and Tim Stunson on bass guitar. Another new album, After the Reign, was released during 1994 by the company Wildcat and, like Medicine Man, had something of the band's old style. Also during 1994, the Rhino Records collection Rattlesnake Rock N' Roll: The Best of Blackfoot was released.

By 1996, Blackfoot was: Medlocke, drummer Stet Howland, John Housley (from Ragady Ann) for lead and rhythm guitar and Bryce Barnes (from Edwin Dare) for bass guitar. That same year, Medlocke rejoined Lynyrd Skynyrd, this time as a guitarist. But he continued to tour with Blackfoot honoring all dates booked through 1997, then disbanded the group to concentrate on Lynyrd Skynyrd.

Live On The King Biscuit Flower Hour, a 1983 concert recording, was released during early 1998, and EMI released Live during 2000, also culled from the band's heyday.

2004–2011
During 2004 a second resurrection of Blackfoot occurred with original members Jakson Spires, Greg T. Walker and Charlie Hargrett. Medlocke was not available, so the lead vocals role was given to Bobby Barth (band member of Axe). Spires died suddenly on March 16, 2005, at age 53, of an aneurysm, but the band decided to persevere. In compliance with the will of Spires, Austrian drummer Christoph Ullmann was hired as the new drummer.

During 2006, the band toured and was joined by Skinny Molly's Jay Johnson (the son of Jimmy Johnson, their original co-producer) for guitar and vocals after Barth was sidelined for a shoulder and neck operation. Barth resumed performing later that year, as Johnson stayed on for a short time. During November 2006, Ullman left to return to Austria and was succeeded by Mark McConnell. In April 2007 Blackfoot dismissed Johnson and McConnell. That year the band toured and consisted of bassist Walker, Hargrett, Barth and drummer Michael Sollars. Later that year a live DVD was released. In 2009 Scott Craig was employed as drummer to succeed Sollars.

During the spring of 2010, Barth was forced to undergo emergency back surgery. Former Lynyrd Skynyrd guitarist Mike Estes and current vocalist/guitarist for Skinny Molly was then employed for lead vocals/guitar and Kurt Pietro (drummer of Skinny Molly) replaced Scott Craig on drums. In the summer of 2011 Charlie Hargrett was replaced by Randy Peak.

2012–2015
In 2012, Rickey Medlocke reformed Blackfoot with a completely new line-up (see Members below), with him acting as their producer.

Walker, Hargrett, Estes and Pietro subsequently regrouped under the band name Fired Guns. In 2015, Walker, Hargrett, Barth and Ullman began performing together again under the band name Warrior's Pride. Medlocke continues to perform with Lynyrd Skynyrd.

2016
On August 5, 2016, Blackfoot released their first album in 20 years, Southern Native. The video for the song and samples were released on August 2, 2016, via regular channels and social media.

Although there are no founding members of the band in its current lineup, Medlocke joins the band onstage for certain concerts.

2021
In 2021, Rickey Medlocke and company revised the lineup once again, enlisting some experienced southern rockers from the upstate of South Carolina: Stuart McConnell - guitars, vocals; Chief Spires - bass, vocals; Dave Somerville - drums; Drew Spencer - guitars; Kenny Lawrence - vocals. The goal of this change was to bring the sound back to more of an original feel. The new lineup made their live debut at Gottrocks in Greenville, South Carolina on June 11, 2021, with an 82 minute set including two songs (In The Night, Payin' For It) that were never previously performed in concert.

Current members

 * Kenny Lawrence – lead vocals (2021–present)
 * Drew Spencer – lead guitar, backing vocals (2021–present)
 * Stuart McConnell – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2021–present)
 * Chief Spires – bass guitar, backing vocals (2021–present)
 * Dave Somerville – drums (2021–present)

Past members

 * Rickey Medlocke – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1969–1971, 1972–1997), drums (1969) , lead guitar (1982–1984) , dobro (1972–1984)
 * Greg T. Walker – bass guitar, backing vocals, keyboards (1969–1971, 1973–1986, 2004–2011)
 * Charlie Hargrett – lead guitar (1969–1971, 1972–1984, 2004–2011), rhythm guitar (1969)
 * Jakson Spires – drums, backing vocals (1969–1971, 1972–1986, 2004–2005; died 2005)
 * Dewitt Gibbs – keyboards, backing vocals (1969–1970)
 * Ron Sciabarasi – keyboards (1969)
 * Jerry Zambito – lead guitar (1969)
 * Leonard Stadler – bass guitar (1972–1973; died 2012)
 * Danny Johnson – lead guitar (1972)
 * Patrick Jude – lead vocals (1974)
 * Ruby Starr – lead vocals (1977–1978; died 1995)
 * Ken Hensley – keyboards, rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1982–1984; died 2020)
 * Bobby Barth – keyboards, rhythm guitar, lead vocals (1984–1986; 2004–2006, 2006–2010)
 * Doug Bare – keyboards, backing vocals (1986–1992)
 * Jerry "Wizzard" Seay – bass guitar, backing vocals (1986–1988)
 * Harold Seay – drums (1986–1988)
 * Jef Stevens – bass guitar (1987)
 * Gunner Ross — drums (1988–1992; died 2021)
 * Neal Casal – lead guitar (1988–1992; died 2019)
 * Mark Mendoza – bass guitar (1988)
 * Rikki Mayr – bass guitar, backing vocals (1989–1992)
 * Mark Woerpel – lead guitar, keyboards (1992–1996)
 * Tim Stunson – bass guitar (1992–1996)
 * Benny Rappa – drums (1992–1994)
 * Stet Howland – drums (1994–1997)
 * John Housley – lead guitar (1996–1997)
 * Bryce Barnes – bass guitar (1996–1997)
 * Christoph Ullmann – drums (2005–2006)
 * Chuck Spires – drums, backing vocals (2005)
 * Jay Johnson – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (2006–2007)
 * Tommy Krash – lead guitar (2008)
 * Mark McConnell – drums (2006–2007; died 2012)
 * Michael Sollars – drums (2007–2009)
 * Scott Craig – drums (2009–2010)
 * Mike Estes – rhythm guitar, lead vocals (2010–2011)
 * Kurt Pietro – drums (2010–2011)
 * Randy Peak – lead guitar (2011)
 * Matt Anastasi – drums, backing vocals (2012–2019)
 * Brian Carpenter – bass guitar (2012–2017)
 * Sean Chambers – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (2012–2014)
 * Philip Shouse – rhythm guitar, lead vocals (2012)
 * Christopher Williams – drums, backing vocals (2012)
 * Jeremy Thomas – rhythm guitar, lead vocals (2014–2016)
 * Rick Krasowski – rhythm guitar, lead vocals (2016–2017)
 * Derek DeSantis – bass guitar, backing vocals (2017–2019)
 * Pierson Whicker – drums (2019)
 * Tommy Scott – bass guitar (2019)

Studio albums

 * No Reservations (1975)
 * Flyin' High (1976)
 * Strikes (1979) US No. 42 (RIAA: platinum)
 * Tomcattin' (1980) US No. 50
 * Marauder (1981) US No. 48
 * Siogo (1983) US No. 82
 * Vertical Smiles (1984) US No. 176
 * Rick Medlocke and Blackfoot (1987)
 * Medicine Man (1990)
 * After the Reign (1994)
 * Southern Native (2016)

Live albums

 * Highway Song Live (1982)
 * Live EMI (1983)
 * Live on the King Biscuit Flower Hour (1998)
 * Greatest Hits Live (2003)
 * On the Run – Live (2004)
 * Train Train: Southern Rock's Best – Live (2007)
 * Fly Away – Live (2011)

Singles

 * "Railroad Man" (1975)
 * "Highway Song" (1979) US No. 26
 * "Train, Train" (1979) US No. 38
 * "Spendin' Cabbage" (1980)
 * "On the Run" (1980)
 * "Dry County" (1980)
 * "Fly Away" (1981) US No. 42
 * "Searchin'" (1981) US No. 108
 * "Send Me an Angel" (1983)
 * "Teenage Idol" (1983) US No. 103
 * "Morning Dew" (1984)
 * "Guitar Slingers Song and Dance" (1990)

Compilations

 * Rattlesnake Rock N' Roll: The Best of Blackfoot (1994)
 * Greatest Hits (2002)

Radio shows

 * Blackfoot Interview (1978)
 * Blackfoot – Johnny Van Zant (1979 Reading Festival)
 * Blackfoot – Stevie Ray Vaughan KBFH (1980)
 * Blackfoot – Triumph KBFH (1981 [Best of the Biscuit])
 * Blackfoot KBFH (1982)

Rare items

 * Wishing Well/Highway Song Japanese (1979)
 * Maxi single (1980)
 * Blackfoot Picture Disc

DVD

 * Train Train (2007) Atco Records
 * Blackfoot: Live in Kentucky (2008)

title: Blackfoot (band)


text:
Thornbury, Devon

Thornbury is a small village and civil parish in the local government district of Torridge, Devon, England. The parish, which lies about 5 mi north-east of the town of Holsworthy, comprises the five hamlets of Thornbury, Woodacott, Brendon, Lashbrook and South Wonford. These five hamlets are spread over an area of some 6 sqmi, with a distance of 3 mi from Brendon to Thornbury Church. Hence, the community is quite widespread, with the only focal point being the Green at Woodacott Cross. The parish is surrounded clockwise from the north by the parishes of Milton Damerel, Bradford, Cookbury and Holsworthy Hamlets. In 2011, its population was 290, in 120 households, little changed from the 291 residents it had in 1901.

The parish church, dedicated to St Peter, is in the hamlet of Thornbury and has a fine Norman south doorway dated to around 1150. Although most of the rest of the fabric dates to the early 14th century, it was partly hidden by a heavy restoration in 1876 during which the tower was also increased in height by five feet. In the churchyard there is an arch which used to lead to the village pound where stray animals were kept. In 2014 a group of volunteers photographed and transcribed all of the gravestones and inscriptions in and around both the Church and Chapel. The results are available here.

There is a Methodist Chapel at Woodacott, which was originally built in 1833, with the current building dating from 1891. It is now closed for worship.

The nearest primary school is in Bradford.

The village has its own website at www.thornburyhamlets.com and copies of the parish magazine, the "Thornbury Tatler" can be downloaded from the website.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Thornbury, Devon


text: Category:Tunneling protocols

title: Category:Tunneling protocols


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ivan Remeta

Ivan Remeta
Ivan Remeta was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

This stub-size article in Croatian has been on Pages needing translation for two weeks and has not been translated. The Croatian wikipedia seems to have an article about the same subject, which is much longer. I assume they don't need our version. Shall we delete it here? Sietse 13:11, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comments copied from Pages needing translation (not votes):
 * Presumably something from ex-Yugoslavia, don't know which, makes a refernce to Sarajevo. -- Jmabel | Talk 03:46, Nov 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * Croatian. Bart133 23:41, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I think the main space should be used only sparingly for keeping articles pending translation. Sander123 14:00, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. We have tried. Someday hopefully we'll translate the article from Croatian Wikipedia. Meanwhile, we have no idea what this is saying... it could contain politics, personal insults, threats, jokes, anything. The two contributors are both IPs, one with no other edits, the other with one which has already been reverted as vandalism. Andrewa 19:26, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, since it can't be translated. Jayjg 19:31, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: After 2 weeks of not finding a translator, it should be deleted (although we have plenty of Wikipedians (well, at least 3) who know the language). Geogre 19:40, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. ComCat.
 * Delete - I'm starting to think these should be CSDs after their time is up. -- Cyrius|✎ 06:50, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, hopeless stub, why not speedy it? Wyss 12:38, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User:Crissov/Copyrights

I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of Talk and User pages, as described below:

title: User:Crissov/Copyrights


text:
Ivan Allen

Ivan Allen (June 29, 1930 – May 7, 2012) was an American ballet dancer who was active as a principal dancer with the American Ballet Theatre during the 1950s and early 1960s. He became a principal soloist with the Metropolitan Opera in 1964, making his debut with the company in Jules Massenet's Manon on November 18, 1964. He appeared with the company 288 times over the next 14 years, making his last appearance on January 12, 1978 in Richard Strauss's Der Rosenkavalier.

Ivan Allen died on May 7, 2012.

title: Ivan Allen


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Consolamentum

Consolamentum
Consolamentum was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was that this has been withdrawn by Ta bu shi da yu.

"There were two main types of consolamentum. The first was that for only the most committed of believers. This was administered to willing adults, who once baptized became a parfait. Parfait had to be vegetarian, celibate, and had to dedicated their lives to travelling and teaching Cathar doctrines. These parfaits were the leaders of the Cathar community." Enough said. - Ta bu shi da yu 13:14, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Keep: no, not enough said. You could say, for example, what the criteria for deletion are.  There is some poor grammar in there, but otherwise it looks like a good article to me.  Should have been sent to cleanup, or just fixed!--Tomheaton 14:07, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It seemed to be patent nonsense. It appears I'm wrong. - Ta bu shi da yu 04:56, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, and send to cleanup - nothing wrong with this article except improve-worthy phrasing -- Ferkelparade π 14:33, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Fascinating and encyclopedic. I can't imagine what the grounds for deletion would be. Andrewa 17:23, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Strong keep - this is definitely noteworthy and historical. It appears to have been the victim of bad machine translation.  -- Smerdis of Tlön 17:24, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * No, just a victim of my failure to proofread. - SimonP 20:16, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. VfD is not cleanup, and this subject is both noteworthy and encyclopedic.  [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 18:57, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete without serious verification. I demand citations on this.  The Albigensians were largely illiterate, and we just don't have any record of what they did that doesn't come from the few people who investigated them.  On the other hand, there is now a group that considers itself Albigensian.  These are dualists who claim that "true Christianity" was transmitted to Languedoc by Joseph and that the Roman Catholic Church led a crusade against it to serve Satan, etc.  There is, therefore, a lot of wholesale invention of presumed Cathar belief.  Unless this author has access to sources that have eluded medieval and theological historians, it smells very, very, very fishy.  I call BS without references.  (Anyone who wants to tell us, in detail, about Masonic, Templar, Rosicrucian, or Albigensian practice needs to be examined very closely.)  Geogre 19:46, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * What do you mean there are no good sources on the Albigensians? In truth because they were so closely investigated and oft written about there is more information about Cathar peasants and daily life than there is about mainstream Catholic peasants during the Middle Ages.  What is missing is clear understanding of their theology, not their practices.  For the record the information in this article is mostly based on Le Roy Ladurie's Montaillou which takes its information from the Fournier Register, one of the most detailed surviving accounts of daily life in the Middle Ages. - SimonP 20:16, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Their theology, yes. Since this article was about their church practice, I wanted to see citations.  If you know the source and can add it, that would be great.  I have spent some time reading up on the various Bogomil movements in Europe, from a church history point of view, and what they believed, how they preached, what they preached on, we only have some tidbits and allegations.  If verified, I'll certainly agree that the article is worthy of keeping, but on sketchy (and nut-attracting) topics like the Cathars, we need to be very conservative. Add the references, please.  I especially dislike the presumption that they became vegetarian.  Also, the fact that the theology, so far as we know it, was virtually unregulated, it just seems difficult to be definitive about it.  Geogre 23:07, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep it. Qualifications listed above.  —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 22:22, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * A clear keep. --L33tminion | (talk) 01:45, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I recall learning about this at University. Cathar practices are widely documented in Bernard Gui's Inquisitor's Manual. [[User:GeorgeStepanek|GeorgeStepanek\talk ]] 02:26, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)


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Ivan Allen Jr.

Ivan Earnest Allen Jr. (March 15, 1911 – July 2, 2003), was an American businessman who served two terms as the 52nd mayor of Atlanta, during the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s.

Allen took the helm of the Ivan Allen Company, his father's office supply business, in 1946 and within three years had the company bringing in annual revenues of several millions of dollars. In 1961, he authored a white paper for revitalizing Atlanta. It was adopted by the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce and became the Six Point Forward Atlanta program. This plan would become his roadmap as mayor for creating an economic surge that established the infrastructure, business, education, arts, sports, and international presence that are the foundations for modern Atlanta. Allen was a founding member of Atlanta's influential Commerce Club, which he chaired until his death in 2003. He became president of the city Chamber of Commerce in 1961 and during this same year ran for mayor, defeating the staunch segregationist, Lester Maddox.

Convinced that the South could never thrive economically under segregation, Allen supported the demands of African Americans for their accommodation at public facilities. On his first day in office, he ordered the removal of all "white" and "colored" signs from facilities in city hall. Racial alliances forged by Allen with Martin Luther King Jr. and others in the African American community, along with his advocacy for the public accommodation of African Americans in the white community, allowed Allen to guide Atlanta through the turbulence of racial integration without the violence that occurred in many southern cities. In a key address to the public, he asked Atlantans to eliminate racial segregation and in doing so, to set an example to inspire "all the world". At the behest of President John F. Kennedy, Allen testified before Congress on behalf of what became the Civil Rights Act of 1964. He was the only white southern politician of significance to do so. After his testimony, Allen and his family were under death threats and required police protection for a year.

Early life
Ivan Earnest Allen Jr. was born in Atlanta on March 15, 1911, the only son of Ivan Allen Sr. (1876–1968) and Irene Beaumont Allen (1889–1972). His father Allen Sr. was co-founder of the Ivan Allen Company (1900), an office supply and furniture store that, by 1925, had about fifty employees and was one of Atlanta's best-known businesses. Allen Sr. was also a founding member of the Atlanta Rotary Club, served as president of the new Atlanta Convention Bureau (1913–1917), president of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce (1917), two years as senator in the Georgia state legislature (1918–1919), and was the treasurer of the Georgia Democratic Party in 1936. In an effort to attract northern capital to Atlanta, Allen Sr. headed the Atlanta chamber's "Forward Atlanta" booster campaign (1926–1929), a strategy that would lure almost 700 new businesses to Atlanta and serve to influence Allen Jr.'s future as a businessman and civic leader.

From an early age, Allen understood that his family was one of privilege. He began attending Boys High School in 1927, and was one of the few students to own a car. That same year, his father's name was published for the first time in the Social Cities Register, an annual list of elites in Richmond, Atlanta, Charleston, Savannah, and Augusta. He regularly attended the First Presbyterian Church of Atlanta with his parents, and would later serve as an elder for many years and an active member until his death.

Education
Initially an indifferent student, Allen asserted himself during his last year at Boys High, earning a spot on the honor roll. In 1929, he enrolled in the School of Commerce at the Georgia Institute of Technology. During his first year at Georgia Tech, he was one of only five students in the student body of about two thousand to make straight A's. He graduated cum laude in 1933, with a Bachelor of Science in Commerce. While at Georgia Tech, he served as president of the student body, vice president of the Inter-Fraternity Council, cadet colonel of the ROTC, president of Omicron Delta Kappa, vice-president of ANAK, president of the Georgia Phi chapter of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity, was a member of the Honor Roll, and a member of the Dean's List.

At one point, he led a student protest against Governor Eugene Talmadge when the board of regents abolished the School of Commerce at Tech and moved it to the University of Georgia. During one summer as a college student he served as postmaster, strung tennis rackets, and worked as a counselor for young campers at Camp Greenbriar in Alderson, West Virginia. He was paid $500 and invested this money in Coca-Cola stock, of which he wrote was "my first investment and probably the greatest I ever made".

Business career
After graduating from Georgia Tech in 1933 during the depths of the Great Depression, Allen refused offers from other companies and began his lifetime of work in the family business, which was at the time called the Ivan Allen–Marshall Company. That summer, he worked in the basement of the business, learning from a black employee named Arthur Wright and earning $100 per month. At the time, the business consisted of one Atlanta store and grossed $196,000.

In 1936, he married Louise Richardson, granddaughter of Hugh T. Inman, and member of one of the most prominent families in Atlanta. He continued working at the company until he was called to the army to serve in World War II from 1942 to 1945.

After the War, he worked in the Georgia State Capitol statehouse from the fall of 1945 until the spring of 1946. In March 1946, Allen Sr. asked his son to return to the family business, in light of the fact that his partner, Charles Marshall, was in poor health and had decided to retire. Allen resigned from his position as executive secretary to the governor and became president his father's company in 1946. In 1948, Marshall died and willed his half of the Ivan Allen–Marshall Company to Allen Jr., giving the Allen family ownership of the firm. By 1949, the firm had more than two hundred employees and annual revenues of several million dollars. Together with his father, he changed the name to the Ivan Allen Company in 1953. The company would flourish over the next four decades under his leadership and that of his late son, Ivan Allen III, becoming the region's preeminent office supplies and furniture dealer, with 17 offices across the South.

Ivan Allen Jr. was president of Ivan Allen Company from 1946 to 1970 and chairman from 1970 to 1995. In 1988, the Ivan Allen Company boasted $116 million in revenues. In 1999, the supplies division of the Ivan Allen Company was sold to Staples, Inc. The furniture division, now known as Ivan Allen Workspace, is headed by his son, Iman Allen.

Political and civic involvement
In 1936, Allen actively campaigned for Georgia Governor Eurith D. Rivers, serving in a number of state-government positions during the Rivers administration between 1936 and 1940. As treasurer of the State Hospital Authority, he raised $2.5 million by passing the state's first revenue certificate bond issue to rebuild the white section of the old state mental hospital at Milledgeville.

When Pearl Harbor was struck in late 1941, he was called into the army as a reserve officer. During World War II, he served as a supply officer and directed the field division of the Selective Service System in Georgia for the United States Army. He entered the service in 1942 as a second lieutenant and was discharged in 1945 as a major.

When the War ended, an old college friend who was also the progressive young Governor of Georgia, Ellis Arnall, went to Washington and asked the Secretary of Defense to release Allen from his duties. Allen was discharged and immediately became executive secretary to Governor Arnall until March 1946. He was later chief of staff for Governor M.E. Thompson (1947–1948).

While working at Ivan Allen–Marshall Company, he began to participate in civic affairs, such as the Boy Scouts and the Community Chest. He served as a member of the state Board of Education and the state Department of Veteran Services. He was a director of the Bank of Georgia, a trustee at the Georgia Tech Research Institute, an executive board member of the state's Family Welfare Society and of the Atlanta YMCA, president of the Young Democrats Club of Georgia, and president of the Atlanta Improvement Association (1951).

For almost ten years, he led the state Chamber of Commerce in industrial development projects. With friends Mills B. Lane, Jack Glenn, Philip Alston, Richard Rich, Lawrence Gellerstedt Jr., and others, he founded The Commerce Club, which served as a venue for business networking and hospitality. He served as chairman until his death.

Allen was an active member of the Atlanta Rotary Club from 1939 until his death. He served as president of the Community Chest and United Way, president of the Atlanta Area Council of the Boy Scouts of America, and president of the Georgia Chamber of Commerce. In 1947, he was selected to head the Community Chest fund drive, during which time he became the first white member of the Community Chest leadership to attend the opening fundraising dinner for the black division of the Community Chest. In 1958, he served as a member on the Atlanta Citizens Advisory Committee on Urban Renewal. He was elected president of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce in 1960 and, in 1961, proposed the Six Point Forward Atlanta program, which became the cornerstone of his platform in his successful campaign for mayor in 1961.

Bids for governor
In 1954, Ivan Allen Jr. made a brief bid for Georgia Governor on a segregationist platform. In a field of nine candidates, he lost to segregationist Marvin Griffin.

In 1957, Allen resigned from his position as president of the Georgia State Chamber of Commerce, hired a press agent, and delivered speeches across Georgia as a potential candidate for the 1958 Gubernatorial Election. Again, he ran on a segregationist platform, but emphasized the "peace and tranquility necessary to continue our economic development program". In the coming years he would drastically change his political philosophy on segregation.

In December 1957, he announced that he would not be a candidate for governor. He alluded to the fact that no Atlantan in forty years had won the race for governor, mostly as a result of rural Georgian apprehension towards the leaders from the "large, liberal cities". Allen wrote, "As a businessman I have analyzed the market and found that I am not a saleable product...No matter how clear and unequivocal I made my support of segregation, I was still from Atlanta".

Mayoralty
In 1961, he ran for Mayor of Atlanta against Lester Maddox, a 45-year-old restaurant owner and staunch segregationist. Allen was carried to victory by 63,522 votes, while Maddox received 35,922 votes. Allen gained much of his support from the black community, which made up 40 percent of the city's population at the time. He took office in early 1962, replacing outgoing Atlanta Mayor William B. Hartsfield, who was retiring after 23 years in office.

In June 1962, during his first term as mayor, Allen took the solemn responsibility of flying to France to help identify and bring home the bodies of 106 of Atlanta's art and business leaders who, on an art appreciation tour, died in the Air France Flight 007 plane crash at Orly Airport in Paris. Many of the deceased had been personal friends of Allen.

In his book, Allen wrote about going to Paris immediately after the crash:

"I realized how insignificant I was, but I knew I had to assume the posture of representing these families and, indeed, the entire city of Atlanta, Georgia. I knew nothing about protocol, foreign relations, aviation, international agreements, or any of the other details I might become involved in. I was nothing but the Mayor of Atlanta and a friend and neighbor of 106 people who had been killed at this same airport only the day before...These were my lifelong friends. This was my generation. This was also the backbone of Atlanta's cultural society, the city's leading patrons of the arts. There was no precedent for this kind of agony".

In 1965, Allen made a very private commitment to himself and to his wife Louise that he would not seek a third term in office. This was not revealed to the public until January 1969, when Allen formally announced his decision at a meeting of the Atlanta Rotary Club. That year, he refused to publicly endorse any particular candidate in the mayoral race, until just days before the runoff between Sam Massell and Rodney Cook, when reports surfaced suggesting that Allen's vice-mayor and mayoral-elect, Massell, had abused his power as vice-mayor through misuse of the Atlanta Police Department. On the Sunday before the election, Allen called for a press conference and asked Massell to immediately withdraw from consideration "for an office which requires intuitive integrity and instinctive withdrawal from even the suspicion and appearance of evil." Despite the backlash he received, Allen wrote, "Had my candidate, Rodney Cook been involved in the same affair I am convinced I would have taken the same action – except... I would have gone into greater detail to make the public fully understand the seriousness of the situation". Sam Massell went on to win the election and succeed Allen as the 53rd mayor of Atlanta.

Economic development of Atlanta
Under Mayor Allen's Forward Atlanta program, the city's population grew more than 30 percent. Atlanta ranked in the top ten in the nation in downtown construction, with more than 55 new buildings constructed and 22,000 new jobs created each year. In 1969, Atlanta's unemployment rate at one point plummeted to an astonishing 1.9 percent. Eleven of the city's twelve tallest buildings were constructed during the sixties, and the Atlanta International Airport (now Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport), acquired its first direct international air routes and saw its ranking change from the tenth-busiest airport in the nation to the third-busiest. In an attempt to manage the city's vast increase in traffic, Allen oversaw the early phases of construction of the Interstate 285 perimeter and the Downtown Connector, and presided over the creation of the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA), which would take over the old Atlanta Transit system and build the MARTA rail system.

The $13 million Memorial Arts Center (now the Woodruff Arts Center) was established as a memorial to the victims of the 1962 Orly plane crash. The $10 Million Atlanta Civic Center and the $100 million Peachtree Center complex were all built during Allen's mayoralty. Between 1965 and 1969, convention business in Atlanta doubled, with 400,000 delegates spending $60 million.

Mayor Allen also played a key role in bringing Major League Sports to Atlanta. In a politically risky move, he backed the construction of the $18 million Atlanta-Fulton Stadium, which attracted the Milwaukee Braves baseball team in 1965, the new NFL franchised Falcons football team in 1966, and the St. Louis Hawks basketball team arrived in 1968 Local Black leaders criticized him for demolishing a Black neighborhood to build it.

His building program, with its emphasis on developing downtown, was opposed by some of Atlanta's black leaders as not adequately meeting the need for low-income housing. Despite the criticisms, however, there was more low-income housing built during Allen's eight years as mayor than the entire thirty years prior to that. Allen wrote, "It is wonderful to be idealistic and to speak about human values, but you are not going to be able to do one thing about them if you are not economically strong. If there is any one slogan I lived by as mayor of Atlanta, that would be it".

Civil rights and desegregation
As mentioned earlier, Allen had initially been a segregationist. However, his business pragmatism led him to become an advocate for African American rights. He believed that to flourish, Atlanta must address its racial issues. Eventually, however, Allen was deeply affected by daily, firsthand dealings he faced with racial issues, as well as the profound questions African American citizens posed to him about their humanity and the cultural system that refused to recognize them. His pragmatic support of racial integration transformed rapidly into a conviction about the moral rightness of racial equality – a belief would lead Allen to place himself at the center of a firestorm.

Even before becoming mayor, Allen was involved in efforts to bring desegregation to Atlanta for the sake of Atlanta's businesses and city image. As president of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce, he worked closely with Judge A.T. Walden, longtime African-American leader; Opie Shelton, vice-president of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce; and 25 owners and managers of Atlanta's leading department, variety, and chain stores to come to an agreement of the full desegregation of downtown stores and lunch counters.

On his first day in office, he ordered all "white" and "colored" signs removed from City Hall and desegregated the cafeteria. This was the first of many steps he took to advance integration. Allen authorized black Atlanta policemen to arrest whites, hired the city's first black firefighters, and quickly put Atlanta ahead of every other city in the South as far as hiring black workers for positions "other than the most menial jobs". He painstakingly negotiated agreements for the accommodation of African Americans at 18 private and public facilities including hotels, swimming pools, and restaurants. Many Atlanta restaurants and other public facilities desegregated by mutual agreement between their owners and Mayor Allen before the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. By January 1964, 14 major Atlanta hotels and motels had publicly pledged to accept reservations regardless of race. "I wasn't so all-fired liberal when I first moved into City Hall", Allen wrote. "But when I saw what the race-baiters were doing or could do to hold back the orderly growth of Atlanta, it infuriated me and eventually swung me to the extreme end opposite them".

Despite his claims to have been committed to integration one of his first actions was to erect a fence to separate a black neighborhood from a white neighborhood. In the face of criticism Mayor Allen refused to take it down until a court order forced him to. The event was known as "Atlanta's Berlin Wall" or "the Peyton Road Affair."

In 1966, a riot broke out in Summerhill, a neighborhood south of the Atlanta Stadium, when a white police officer shot a black resident. Mayor Allen rushed to the scene of the riot, climbing a police car in an attempt to talk to and calm the crowd. He toppled from the car, uninjured, when the crowd repeatedly rocked the vehicle. Afterwards, he walked the streets – refusing to wear a riot helmet as the police did – urging the black residents to "please go home." "This is a good city", he shouted. "Help keep it that way, and go home". In his 1973 autobiography, The River of No Return, Cleveland Sellers a leader in the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee claimed that Allen then instructed police to, "get them out of here, if you have to tear it down brick by brick," referring to their homes.

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
Mayor Allen challenged members of Atlanta's prestigious Commerce Club to accept African American businessmen. When Martin Luther King Jr. won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, Allen helped organize a 1,500-person bi-racial banquet to honor him (Atlanta was King's hometown). Furthermore, he shamed many of the white leaders in the city into supporting the event beyond pragmatic grounds. Many attended the dinner, making it a turning point in Atlanta's race relations.

Upon hearing that Martin Luther King Jr. had been shot in Memphis, Mayor Allen immediately rushed to the support of Dr. King's wife. Allen and his wife were with Mrs. King when it was confirmed that Dr. King was dead. Two days after Dr. King's assassination on April 4, 1968, he participated in a march across the west side of Atlanta, leading the way in a police car for the nearly four thousand black students walking in memory of Dr. King. Along with Atlanta's police chief, Herbert Jenkins, he visited every black neighborhood in Atlanta during the traumatic days between Dr. King's death and his funeral, walking up and down the streets and reassuring the black community. Mayor Allen went to great lengths to ensure the city remained peaceful when nearly two hundred thousand people gathered to mourn Dr. King's death. King's widow, Coretta Scott King, honored Allen with the Martin Luther King Jr. Nonviolent Peace Prize in 1981.

Testimony before Congress
"I was convinced now that voluntary desegregation of public facilities, worked out on a local level, had gone as far as it was going to go in the South and much of the rest of the United States....", Allen wrote. "It was obvious that the President was going to have to push through a very plain and airtight law that would, once and for all, abolish the practice of segregation. And segregation, as I intended to say in my testimony, was 'the stepchild of slavery'".

In 1963, President John F. Kennedy made a direct request asking Ivan Allen Jr. to testify before the U.S. Congress in support of a federal law mandating public accommodations for African Americans. This law, particularly directed at those [restaurants and hotels] in the South that continued to close their doors to blacks by arguing private property rights, would force any private business, however remotely involved in interstate commerce, to open its doors to every person regardless of race. Against the counsel of even Atlanta's most prominent black leaders, Allen chose to go to Washington and deliver his testimony, knowing it would most likely ruin his political career and deeply affect his personal and business relationships. Nevertheless, with the support of his wife and very few others, Allen risked his place in society, his political future, the safety of his family, and ultimately his life to advocate the public accommodation of African Americans.

On July 26, 1963, Allen spoke before the U.S. Congress and the nation in support of what became the Civil Rights Act of 1964. He was the only prominent white southern elected official to do so. As a result, there were death threats made towards the Allen family, and many white friends and constituents never spoke to him again. Just one month after Allen's testimony, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech, also calling for racial equality and an end to discrimination, later proving to be a very defining moment in the Civil Rights Movement.

Excerpts from Allen's testimony were published in newspapers the day after he spoke in front of Congress: "I am firmly convinced that the Supreme Court insists the same fundamental rights must be held by every American citizen. Therefore, any failure by Congress to pass the [Civil Rights] bill would amount to an endorsement of private business setting up an entirely new status of discrimination throughout the nation... I submit that it is not right to allow an American's citizenship to be changed merely as a matter of convenience.... I want to emphasize again that now is the time for legislative action. We cannot dodge this issue. We cannot look back over our shoulders or turn the clock back to the eighteen-sixties. We must take action now to assure a greater future for our citizens and our country.... Now the elimination of segregation, which is slavery's stepchild, is a challenge to all of us to make every American free in fact as well as in theory..."

Allen described that to be the moment which made civil rights a very personal matter to him: "I have to be honest with myself and admit that up until the time I had to make the decision to go to Washington or not go, my liberalism on the race issue had been based to a large degree on the pragmatism: it was simply good business for Atlanta to be an open city, a fair city, a "City Too Busy to Hate", a city trying to raise the level of its poorest citizens and get them off the relief roles...I am certain that at this point I had finally crossed over and made my commitment on a very personal basis. And I think I took some of my friends with me".

Allen continued to engage racial issues throughout his eight years in office. He worked closely with Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. By the time he stepped down, Atlanta was at the forefront of progress in public accommodations, school desegregation, voting rights, housing, and employment. Black citizens occupied positions on the city board of aldermen and the board of education.

Family
Ivan Allen Jr. married Louise Richardson Allen (1917–2008), granddaughter of the influential Atlanta businessman, Hugh T. Inman, on New Year's Day in 1936. They were married for sixty-six years before Allen's death. They had three sons, Ivan Allen III (1938–1992), Hugh Inman, and Beaumont (1951–2014). At the time of Allen Jr.'s death, he was survived by his wife, sons Hugh Inman and Beaumont, daughters-in-law Margaret (Mrs. Ivan Allen III), Tricia (Mrs. Hugh Inman Allen) and Sally (Mrs. Beaumont Allen), seven grandchildren, and four great-grandchildren.

Georgia Institute of Technology
Ivan Allen Jr. graduated in the top five students of his class at Georgia Tech (Commerce, 1933). He was president of the Student Body and the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity, to which he offered lifelong support. For many years, he hosted the annual Ivan Allen Rush Party for his fraternity in the meadow behind his home. In 1990, the liberal arts college at Georgia Tech was renamed the Ivan Allen College of Liberal Arts.

The Ivan Allen Jr. Prize for Social Courage
Entrusted by the Allen family to carry forward Mayor Allen's legacy, Georgia Tech's Ivan Allen College of Liberal Arts awarded the Ivan Allen Jr. Prize for Progress and Service from 2001 to 2010. In 2010, Georgia Tech established the Ivan Allen Jr. Prize for Social Courage. Awarded for the first time in 2011, it recognizes those around the world whose life and work embody Mayor Allen's moral imperative and compassion in shaping a better future for humankind.

Legacy
After Allen's death on July 2, 2003, at the age of 92, he was buried at Westview Cemetery in Atlanta. His remains were reinterred at Oakland Cemetery alongside other family members in 2009.

Ivan Allen Jr. was awarded a Doctor of Public Service degree from Georgia Tech and honorary Doctor of Laws degrees from Morris Brown College, Juniata College, Clark College, Morehouse College, LaGrange College, Emory University, and Davidson College.

He was also awarded the Lyndon Baines Johnson Foundation Award for achievement in urban affairs in 1974, the Martin Luther King Jr. Nonviolent Peace Prize in 1981, the Shining Light Award in 1995, and was inducted into the International Civil Rights Walk of Fame at the Martin Luther King Jr. Historic Site in Atlanta, Georgia in 2004 (cite). In 1999, The Commerce Club created the Ivan Allen Jr. Leadership Award, which is presented annually.

A memorial statue of Ivan Allen Sr., Ivan Allen Jr., and Ivan Allen III was commissioned for the Olympic Games and stands in Centennial Olympic Park, adjacent to the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce headquarters. The Atlanta Braves' museum and hall of fame at the now-demolished Turner Field was named in his honor.

His commitment to urban transformation founded in social justice became a cornerstone of the Ivan Allen College of Liberal Arts at Georgia Tech. G. P. "Bud" Peterson, president of Georgia Tech, stated, "He was a leader while he was a student here at Georgia Tech, and went on to be a leader in everything he did throughout his career. Now, half a century later, his life is a beacon of light for those of us following in his footsteps. It is our goal here at Georgia Tech to take the legacy of Ivan Allen Jr. and pass it on to the next generation." Research, teaching, and public service in the Ivan Allen College of Liberal Arts are grounded in Mayor Allen's values and principles.

Books
In 1971, Ivan Allen Jr. published his first and only book, "Mayor: Notes on the Sixties", with Paul Hemphill. The inside cover of the book reads, "To my father, who saw it coming; and to my wife, whose advice and courage saw me through it."

The members of the Ivan Allen family, along with former mayor Maynard Jackson (Dobbs Family), are the subjects of the book, "Where Peachtree Meets Sweet Auburn", published in 1996 by Gary M. Pomerantz.

In 1928, Ivan Allen Sr. published his first and only book, "Atlanta From the Ashes". In the Foreword, Allen Sr. writes, "It is the author's intention in this volume to present his city to the executives of American business." A 1929 New York Times article referred to the book: "Picture of Rise After Sherman's March Is Told In a New Descriptive Book."

title: Ivan Allen Jr.


text:
Talk:List of anthropologists

List is on its way out
I recommend the replacement of this list with the current Category named "Anthropologists" and suggest this list be considered obsolete. I have converted many of the listed names to the Wiki Category Category:Anthropologists, which is getting rather too big.

You can improve the Wikipedia by replacing every last one of these entries in this list with the link   at the bottom of the page. When you do so, please comment out the name on this list.

For those that I have marked with the category, I have effectively removed them from this list by commenting out their names. When all have been converted to the Category:Anthropologists category is time to eliminte this page.

Tom Lougheed 19:28, 7 June 2006 (UTC) Tom Lougheed 23:31, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

Any reason not to delete the page then?? Cander0000 (talk) 08:05, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

deleting Chomsky
Regarding deletion of Chomsky: I meant generative, not "structural" linguist (it's been bugging me that I wrote that in the edit summary).

Still, Noam Chomsky is not an anthropologist — at least I got that right! User:Birdmessenger 13 December 2004

George Lakoff also is not an anthropologist!

Mark Ritchie is not an anthropologist
Mark Andrew Ritchie wrote a book on the Yanomamo that argues for a Christian worldview (or so I gather from a quick Googling). The fact that he wrote about the Yanomamo does not make him an anthropologist. Unless Spicynugget can produce any evidence that Ritchie is an anthropologist, his name should be removed from this list.--Birdmessenger 20:26, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Agree, no verifiable reliable sources so far. If anyone knows of some please provide references! Please remember: verifiable and reliable sources. Weregerbil 08:0lfgdktireoryiptureoigjnfdksgn5, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Since the list is gradually being removed, you may find it more useful to ensure that the   stays off Ritchie's article, should it ever be written. Tom Lougheed 23:35, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

Delete page?
If this article is really obselete, shouldn't it be deleted? 71.224.206.164 (talk) 09:56, 12 February 2010 (UTC)

Please note that categories do not supersede lists; per WP:CLN, the two can and do coexist quite regularly and comfortably. Also note that Category:Anthropologists is subdivided by nationality and "field of research", meaning that it isn't even functioning as a comprehensive list anyway — which is precisely why it doesn't serve as a replacement for this list. And incidentally, even if "obsoleting" a list just because a category happens to exist were the way things are generally done here, 71.* has it exactly right that the list would have to be deleted if that were the case; if a page is left to stand in articlespace, it is required to be an active article which has at least one active category on it. If you remain convinced that the list is unnecessary, you're within your right to take it to WP:AFD and try to have it deleted — but it does not, and will not, stay in place as uncategorized content that describes itself as obsolete. Bearcat (talk) 08:10, 30 May 2010 (UTC)

Notofication of obsolete status?
So, I just clicked edit and added a name to the list, before I noticed there's something weird about it. Is there any standard way to mark the page to prevent unsuspecting wiki-editors to add to the list? Now it says "This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it." ;) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Arjan82 (talk • contribs) 00:28, 6 July 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of anthropologists


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Kim Hyun-joo

Kim Hyun-joo (born April 24, 1977) is a South Korean actress. She is best known for her leading roles in television dramas Glass Slippers (2002), Toji, the Land (2004), Twinkle Twinkle (2011), What Happens to My Family? (2014), I Have a Lover (2015), Hellbound (2021–present), Trolley (2022–2023) and The Bequeathed (2024).

1996–2001: Early acting credits
Kim Hyun-joo began modeling in teen magazines when she was in third year high school. In 1996, she made her entertainment debut when she starred in the music video for Kim Hyun-chul's "One's Lifetime." Kim launched her acting career in 1997 in the television drama The Reason I Live (1997). Despite being a newcomer, she was cast in the leading role in the film If It Snows on Christmas (1998) with Park Yong-ha, followed by Calla (1999) with Song Seung-heon.

After doing a few sitcoms, Kim built her resume further by playing supporting roles on television. In 1999, She gained her first major role as she appeared in the Jang Dong-gun starrer Springtime (also known as Youth), which received low ratings. But the popular Into the Sunlight later that year boosted Kim's career. In early 2000, she appeared in episode 7 of Song Ji-na's omnibus drama Love Story, titled "Insomnia, Manual and Orange Juice." Kim then landed her first TV leading role in Virtue (Deok-yi), followed by more supporting roles in 2001 with Her House (headlined by Kim Nam-joo) and the historical drama Sangdo (based on Choi In-ho's novel about Joseon merchant Im Sang-ok).

2002–2005: Glass Slippers breakthrough
Kim achieved mainstream stardom in 2002, with her Cinderella-esque leading role in Glass Slippers, about two sisters who were separated as children and unknowingly encounter each other as adults. Also starring Kim Ji-ho, Han Jae-suk and So Ji-sub, the drama was a hit with ratings of over 30%, and Kim received acting and popularity awards at the SBS Drama Awards. Glass Slippers was also successful in China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Vietnam and with Kim's new pan-Asian popularity, she starred opposite Taiwanese actor/singer Vanness Wu in the martial arts movie Star Runner (2003).

For Ms. Kim's Million Dollar Quest (also known as Miss Kim's One Billion Won Project and Miss Kim's Adventures in Making a Million), she and Ji Jin-hee displayed their comedic chops as a girl left at the altar and a bankrupt playboy, respectively, who join forces in a moneymaking scheme. Kim's next role was as Lee Sung-jae's love interest in the body swapping comedy film Shinsukki Blues.

From late 2004 to 2005, Kim played the heroine Choi Seo-hee in Toji, the Land, a television adaptation of Park Kyung-ni's celebrated novel Toji ("The Land"), which portrayed the lives and loves of peasants and the nobility ("yangban") in Korea at the turn of the 20th century, spanning from Japan's colonial rule to the division of the peninsula. The big-budget production was a hit, and Kim received a Best TV Actress nomination at the 2006 Baeksang Arts Awards.

Inspired by the American TV show Joe Millionaire, Marrying a Millionaire (2005) was about an average guy (Go Soo) pretending to be rich as the concept for a dating reality show, who then genuinely falls for one of the contestants (Kim), the only girl who knows the truth. After Marrying a Millionaire, Kim went on a two-year hiatus. She later said she took a break because she hated being typecast in roles with a gentle and innocent image. But as time passed, she said she regretted her decision and should've worked harder instead to overcome her career slump.

2007–2010: Resurgence
Kim returned to television in 2007 with In-soon Is Pretty, playing the titular character who went to prison for unintentionally killing someone in high school, and after serving her time, must face prejudice as an ex-con while rebuilding her life. Despite the drama's low ratings, Kim was praised for her acting and received a Top Excellence Award at the KBS Drama Awards.

In 2009, she was cast in a small supporting role (or extended cameo) as the hero's tough-but-stylish older sister in the highly popular Boys Over Flowers, adapted from the Japanese manga Hana Yori Dango. Then in the legal drama Partner, Kim played a widow-turned-lawyer whose passionate idealism clashes with her colleague's (Lee Dong-wook) cool cynicism.

Kim then spent ten days in Vancouver, Whistler, and Victoria to film the documentary ECO Canada by Kim Hyun-joo, which aired on MBC Life. Also featured as a photo spread in Sure magazine, the shoot promoted environmental awareness by emphasizing Canada's natural backdrops, and showing Kim's green practices such as using fabric bags instead of plastic and unplugging unused electrical appliances.

Her book Hyun-joo's Handcrafted Story was published on December 20, 2009, featuring personal essays and photos about her needlework and knitting.

2010 was a difficult year for Kim, with the deaths of three of her loved ones in close succession: her friend, actor Park Yong-ha committed suicide on June 30, the production company executive who'd cast her in The Land committed suicide on July 1 because of financial difficulties, and her father Kim Tae-beom died on July 7 after a long illness. She spent the rest of the year traveling to Bangladesh and the Philippines for her volunteer work as the goodwill ambassador for Good Neighbors, a humanitarian NGO. She donated the condolence money collected for her father's funeral and a portion of her book sales to Good Neighbors, which was used to build libraries in 11 orphanages in slum areas of Dhaka. Kim said, "I literally fled to Bangladesh after a series of personal tragedies, but I was consoled by the smiles of children who are living in these dire conditions. The act of sharing has given me strength to live." She currently works as an instructor for several classes organized by Good Neighbors, teaching Korean elementary schoolchildren about poverty around the world.

2011–2015: Focusing on weekend dramas
Kim resumed her acting activities in 2011, playing the daughter from a wealthy publishing company whose life is turned upside down when she learns that she was switched at birth with another baby in Twinkle Twinkle. Her performance garnered a Top Excellence Award from the MBC Drama Awards. She also starred in Kim Dae-seung's short film Q&A, which was included in If You Were Me 5, an omnibus film commissioned by the National Human Rights Commission of Korea. Then in Dummy Mommy (2012), she played a fashion magazine editor with genius-level IQ who feels embarrassed by her developmentally disabled mother (Ha Hee-ra).

In a departure from her usual characters, Kim played one of the legendary femme fatales of the Joseon Dynasty, Lady Jo (or Jo Gwi-in), in the period drama Blooded Palace: The War of Flowers (2013). She said she was "more than delighted to have been given the opportunity to try something new," adding that, "This role will be a new life story for my acting career. I personally think it will be more interesting for an actress with an innocent image like myself to take up this wicked role." Critics praised Kim's versatility, as Lady Jo transforms from a naive young girl into an ambitious royal concubine who uses her beauty and wiles on King Injo in her thirst for power.

In early 2014, Kim began hosting Musical Journey to Yesterday, a music program in which a mix of current idol singers and industry veterans perform live hit songs from the 1970s to 1990s. Later that year, she starred in the weekend drama What Happens to My Family?, which had over 40% ratings. Her performance garnered the Top Excellence award at the KBS Drama Awards.

In 2015, she played dual roles in the melodrama, I Have a Lover. She won the Top Excellence Top Excellence Award from the APAN Star Awards and SBS Drama Awards.

2016–present: Professional expansion
Kim went on to star in the drama series Fantastic, portraying a screenwriter grappling with a terminal illness.

In 2018, she took on the role of Sun Hye-jin in the fantasy melodrama Miracle That We Met, playing a wife who feels trapped in a loveless marriage. Kim described her character as a dormant volcano waiting to erupt, adding depth and complexity to the show's storyline."

In 2019, Kim starred in OCN's drama Watcher, portraying a criminal lawyer who had once been a highly promising prosecutor. Her performance garnered rave reviews, with critics praising her for creating a unique and independent character that had never been seen before.

In 2020, Kim starred in Undercover, a JTBC's remake of the British BBC drama of the same name. The drama marked her third reunion with Ji Jin-hee, her co-star from the 2015 drama, I Have a Lover. Kim explained her reason for accepting the offer to join the drama, "Last time, for I Have a Lover, Ji helped me a lot on set. The reason viewers liked my character was that Ji made me shine in the series. So this time, I wanted to return that favor. Ji accepted the role first, and I knew that many people would want to see us reunite on screen, so it didn't take me long to decide to join the series.".

In same year, Kim was confirmed to join the cast of Hellbound, a Netflix series directed by Yeon Sang-ho. She portrayed the character of Min Hye-jin, an attorney who courageously stands up against religious extremists in the show.

In October 2022, Netflix confirmed that Kim would play one of the lead roles in their upcoming thriller drama, The Bequeathed. In December 2022, Kim starred in SBS's drama Trolley as the wife of a National Assembly member.

In 2023, Kim starred in the Netflix sci-fi film Jung-E directed by Hellbound director Yeon Sang-ho, in the title role of a legendary mercenary and subject of brain-clone testing.

Ambassadorship

 * Ambassador for Busan Contents Market (2022)

title: Kim Hyun-joo


text:
Thornbury, Bradford

Thornbury is an area of Bradford, in West Yorkshire, England on the border with the City of Leeds. Thornbury is located in the Bradford Moor ward and the Bradford East parliamentary constituency. Thornbury is contiguous with Pudsey – part of the City of Leeds conurbation and borders Laisterdyke, and Fagley in Eccleshill ward.

History

Thornbury was originally a distinct village but became part of Bradford in 1882.

In the late 19th and early 20th century, Thornbury was the seat of various enterprises such as Crofts Engineering and John Sharp & Co textile manufacturing machine engineers and the Phoenix Dynamo Manufacturing Company. On Leeds Road there were some large former tramsheds and former bus depot dating from when Bradford had its own tram, trolleybus and bus services. Bradford Corporation Trams had their own works in Thornbury where over 150 tram cars were built.

Buffalo Bill staged a performance of his Wild West Show in Thornbury when touring England in 1903. The Kozey Picture Hall on Leeds Old Road was converted from a boxing stadium and gymnasium starting operation as a cinema in 1912. The cinema closed in 1920 principally due to competition from the larger Lyceum Cinema that opened in 1919 in nearby Laisterdyke, and became a weaving shed.

Economy

On Gain Lane are British Bakeries' Hovis bakeries, and the headquarters of Wm Morrison Supermarkets.

Off Leeds Old Road in the Woodhall Retail Centre are supermarkets and the Thornbury Medical Centre. On Leeds Old Road is the Thornbury Centre - a conference centre, library and church opened in March 1999, built on the site of the demolished St. Margaret's Church with £1.19 million funding from the Millennium Commission. There is only one working public house remaining in Thornbury.

On Dick Lane in the Gallagher Leisure Park is the Odeon Leeds-Bradford a 13 screen multiplex cinema.

Education
On the edge of old Thornbury village is Laisterdyke Leadership Academy. Thornbury has a public lending library in the Thornbury Centre on Leeds Old Road.

Transport
The main roads through the area are the A647 Leeds Road, the B6381 Leeds Old Road, Gain Lane and Dick Lane. Leeds Road, Leeds Old Road, and Dick Lane meet at Thornbury roundabout, the biggest roundabout in Yorkshire, where Leeds Road, Gipsy Street, and Dick Lane encircle a roughly triangular green space.

New Pudsey 1 mi east is the nearest railway station.

Thornbury is served by First Bradford's 72, 508, X11, 671 and X6 bus services and TLC Travel's 660 service.

Sport
To the east of Thornbury is the Phoenix Park Golf Course.

Thornbury Trojans reached the national final of the Amateur Baseball Cup in 1937, along with Birmingham side Durex, a final that was never played.

Notable people
The poet and novelist Joolz Denby lives in Thornbury.

title: Thornbury, Bradford


text:
Bencao Gangmu

The Bencao gangmu, known in English as the Compendium of Materia Medica or Great Pharmacopoeia, is an encyclopedic gathering of medicine, natural history, and Chinese herbology compiled and edited by Li Shizhen and published in the late 16th century, during the Ming dynasty. Its first draft was completed in 1578 and printed in Nanjing in 1596. The Compendium lists the materia medica of traditional Chinese medicine known at the time, including plants, animals, and minerals that were believed to have medicinal properties.

Li compiled his entries not only from hundreds of earlier works in the bencao medical tradition, but from literary and historical texts. He reasoned that a poem might have better value than a medical work and that a tale of the strange could illustrate a drug's effects. The Ming dynasty emperors did not pay too much attention to his work, and it was ignored.

Li's work contained errors and mistakes due to his limited scientific knowledge at the time. For example, Li claimed that all otters were male and that quicksilver (mercury) was not toxic.

Name
The title, translated as "Materia Medica, Arranged according to Drug Descriptions and Technical Aspects", uses two Chinese compound words. Bencao (Pen-ts'ao; "roots and herbs; based on herbs, pharmacopeia, materia medica") combines ben ( 'origin, basis') and cao ( 'grass, plant, herb'). Gangmu (Kang-mu; 'detailed outline; table of contents') combines gang (kang; 'main rope, hawser; main threads, essential principles') and mu ( 'eye, look; category, division').

The characters and  were later used as 'class' and 'order', respectively, in biological classification.

History
Li Shizhen travelled widely for field study, combed through more than 800 works of literature, and compiled material from the copious historical bencao literature. He modelled his work on a Song dynasty compilation, especially its use of non-medical texts. He worked for more than three decades, with the help of his son, Li Jianyuan, who drew the illustrations. He finished a draft of the text in 1578, the printer began to carve the blocks in 1593, but it was not published until 1596, three years after Li died. Li Jianyuan presented a copy to the Ming dynasty emperor, who saw it but did not pay much attention. Further editions were then published in 1603, 1606, 1640, and then in many editions, with increasing numbers of illustrations, down to the 21st century.

Contents
The text consists of 1,892 entries, each entry with its own name called a gang. The mu in the title refers to the synonyms of each name.

The Compendium has 53 volumes in total:

 * 1) The opening table of contents lists entries, including 1,160 hand drawn diagrams and illustrations.
 * 2) Volume 1 to 4 – an index (序例) and a comprehensive list of herbs to treat the most common sicknesses (百病主治藥).
 * 3) Volume 5 to 53 – the main text, contains 1,892 distinct herbs, of which 374 were added by Li Shizhen. There are 11,096 side prescriptions to treat common illness (8,160 of which are compiled in the text).

The text is written in almost 2 million Chinese characters, classified into 16 divisions and 60 orders. For every herb there are entries on their names, a detailed description of their appearance and odor, nature, medical function, side effects, recipes, etc.

Errors
The text contains information that was proven to be wrong due to Li's limited scientific and technical knowledge. For example, it is claimed that quicksilver (mercury) and lead were not toxic. Li also claimed that otters are always male and that the Moupin langur is 10 ft tall, has backwards feet and can be caught when it draws its upper lip over its eyes.

Evaluation
The British historian Joseph Needham writes about the Compendium in his Science and Civilisation in China.

The text provided classification of how traditional medicine was compiled and formatted, as well as biology classification of both plants and animals.

The text corrected some mistakes in the knowledge of herbs and diseases at the time. Several new herbs and more details from experiments were also included. It also has notes and records on general medical data and medical history.

The text includes information on pharmaceutics, biology, chemistry, geography, mineralogy, geology, history, and even mining and astronomy.

title: Bencao Gangmu