text:
Jacques Bongars

Jacques Bongars (1554 – 29 July 1612) was a French scholar and diplomat.

Life
Bongars was born at Orléans, and was brought up in the Reformed faith. He obtained his early education at Marburg and Jena, and returning to France continued his studies at Orléans and Bourges. After spending some time in Rome he visited eastern Europe, and subsequently made the acquaintance of Ségur Pardaillan, a representative of Henry, king of Navarre, afterwards Henry IV of France. He entered the service of Pardaillan, and in 1587 was sent on a mission to many of the princes of northern Europe, after which he visited England to obtain help from Queen Elizabeth for Henry of Navarre. He continued to serve Henry as a diplomatist, and in 1593 became the representative of the French king at the courts of the imperial princes. Vigorously seconding the efforts of Henry to curtail the power of the house of Habsburg, he spent health and money ungrudgingly in this service, and continued his labors until the king's murder in 1610. He then returned to France, and died at Paris.

Bongars wrote an abridgment of Justin's abridgment of the history of Trogus Pompeius under the title Justinus, Trogi Pompeii Historiarum Philippicarum epitoma de manuscriptis codicibus emendatior et prologis auctior (Paris, 1581). He collected the works of several French writers who as contemporaries described the crusades, and published them under the title Gesta Dei per Francos (Hanover, 1611). Another collection made by Bongars is the Rerum Hungaricarum scriptores varii (Frankfort, 1600). his Epistolae were published at Leiden in 1647, and a French translation at Paris in 1668–1670. Many of his papers are preserved in the Burgerbibliothek at Bern, to which they were presented in 1632, and a list of them was made in 1634. Other papers and copies of instructions are now in several libraries in Paris; and copies of other instructions are in the British Museum.

title: Jacques Bongars


text:
User:This is Trey

User:Trey Stone

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:This is Trey


text:
User talk:This is Trey

Warning
Exhibiting the same kind of behavior on the Castro article as on the Stalin article will not be tolerated. Your IP address (64.7.89.54) may be blocked. This will keep you from editing anonymously, editing as Trey Stone, or as any of your sockpuppets.

Do not restore your latest edits as This is Trey on Fidel Castro:

 * Your playing around with words like totalitarianism in as many articles as you can stumble across in a day is childish and getting old already. Read what NPOV means.
 * Invasion is not a proper noun in "Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia.
 * Re: Many traditional Soviet allies were questioning the brutal putdown of the Czechs. First of all, it is Czechoslovaks, because it was not the Czech Republic back then. Second, the Soviet allies that condemned the invasion, such as Ceausescu's Romania, did not condemn it based on the violence of the crackdown. They cared about the infringement of Czechoslovakia's sovereignty, as they were uncomfortable with the specter of that kind of Soviet leverage looming over their own regimes. If you took a look at their statements, you’d find that they are condemning it as imperialistic.
 * Re:  dubious at best I will not weigh in on this one way or the other. But if you are going to reinsert it, attribute it; otherwise it is an editorial aside.

172 20:05, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Excuse me, "totalitarian" deserves mention and it is not stated as a fact. And it is true that several in the West call Castro totalitarian, as they call anyone who possesses that kind of control -- I am sick of you saying it should not be mentioned in regimes which are commonly identified with it. "Dubious at best" is a fact because there is absolutely no evidence we are engaged in any kind of subversion campaign like we were in the early '60s, and as such his claims are just anti-U.S. propaganda. J. Parker Stone 22:04, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Take your argument to politics of Cuba. Like the Encarta article, this article will not stray off topic and go into political science modeling. 172 22:58, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * How is a single mention of a common critique of El Líder Maximo "straying off topic?" And I don't care what Encarta's version is like. J. Parker Stone 04:50, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * And I don't see how you have a rationale to ban me, considering this is a legitimate dispute. If this is banworthy the Master Ruy oughta have been banned 100 times over given his Stalinist propaganda edits. J. Parker Stone 22:05, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * You have never been blocked for POV edits; and you will not be blocked for POV edits. You were blocked because of your sockpuppet trolling on the Stalin talk page; this is the kind of the conduct that will get you blocked-- just a word of warning. 172 22:50, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I'll remember that the next time I do that. J. Parker Stone 04:51, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:This is Trey


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Premeditated Chaos

Premeditated Chaos
final (22/1/0) ending 07:04 28 December 2004 (UTC)

I've been here since November 23, 2004, and I currently have about 1665 edits (give or take one or two). I've written 21 articles (Dizzy Up the Girl, Swollen Members) and have completely redone 18. (Harlequin type ichthyosis, Chester Bennington) Other than that, I've uploaded several images (My gallery), done lots of grunt work (fixing redirects, merging, WikiSyntax project) and constantly revert vandalism as it happens.

Mostly I want sysop powers so that I can be part of the cabal. (Kidding...) No, in all seriousness, I pretty much want sysop powers to make things more efficient. Rollback makes fixing vandalism faster and easier, and also it means dealing with persistent vandalism is easier. Any other questions...I'll be glad to answer. [[User:Premeditated Chaos|P M C ]] 07:04, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * That should read November 23, 2003. I knew PMC had been here longer than a month. -- Cyrius|✎ 07:38, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Have changed vote & left a message about the typo for other 2 who have voted. Michael Ward 07:48, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * *blinks* Whoa. What a brilliant typo. Thanks for spotting that one, guys. [[User:Premeditated Chaos|P M C ]] 19:07, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Support
 * 1) Seems to be an excellent user. Active in article, talk, and wiki spaces. Moved from oppose, per Cyrius's comment on the date. Michael Ward 07:45, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) See no reason to oppose.  Good user with a varied history, no significant problems; clearly knows the ropes.  A. D. Hair 07:52, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Support. Tom - Talk 08:11, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Certainly. --Slowking Man 08:41, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) SUpport. Filiocht 09:01, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) Andre ( talk )A| 12:35, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) Conti|✉ 12:41, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * 8) All in the cabal! Anárion 13:01, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 9) Support: no questions your honor :) FT2 21:44, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * 10) Support, why not? Arminius 22:39, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 11) Support Tuf-Kat 23:58, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * 12) Support Pedant 05:55, 2004 Dec 22 (UTC)
 * 13) Support. Wile E. Heresiarch 07:30, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 14) Support strongly. Rdsmith4— Dan | Talk 22:20, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 15) Support  --fvw *  00:31, 2004 Dec 23 (UTC)
 * 16)  ℛ yan! |  Talk  04:10, Dec 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * 17) Lst27 ( t a l k )  23:07, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 18) Support, self-nomination. Ambi 08:32, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 19) Support. 172 09:06, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 20) Support. Chan Han Xiang 17.30, 26 Dec 2004
 * 21) Without question. Rje 02:39, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 22) dab (ᛏ) 11:37, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Oppose
 * Seems to be an excellent user. Active in article, talk, and wiki spaces.  My only reservation is that PMC is still quite new (less than a month).  Would support after a bit more time. Michael Ward 07:27, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree. I am not one to want to put up immense elitist requirements, but the whole issue with adminship is one of trust.  And a month seems a little short, even for an apparently trusworthy editor.  Would support after a couple of more months. Tom - Talk 07:33, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) Oppose, self-nomination. Node 01:08, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Neutral

Comments

Questions for the candidate

A few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:
 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? (Please read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.)
 * A. I already do quite a bit of grunt/janitorial work, so I'd keep on with that. I'll revert vandalism/bad edits. (I already do anyway, but rollback will just make it easier) I'll deal with listings that are rotting on "old VFD". I'm willing to do what's needed, really. I can be versatile.
 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
 * A. I'm quite pleased with having written Swollen Members. I feel its a decently sized article, not perfect, but I like it. I re-wrote harlequin type ichthyosis, and from where I started its become a good article with quite a few contributors. And I'm pleased with my minor edits - especially helping the Wiki Syntax Project.
 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and will deal with it in the future?
 * A. I haven't been in any directly personal conflicts (edit wars and the like) with anyone. However, I was involved in the conflict with Ciz at Zoophilia, which is currently in arbitration here. I did my best to explain Wiki policy to Ciz on a multitude of occasions, but he wasn't interested in listening. Eventually I decided it would be best to leave to the multiple sysops involved, and by extension the ArbCom. If I do run into similar problems in the future, I'll try to deal with it in the most polite (but firm) way possible.


text:
Demonstration sport

A demonstration sport, or exhibition sport, is a sport which is played to promote it, rather than as part of standard medal competition. This occurs commonly during the Olympic Games, but may also occur at other sporting events.

Demonstration sports were officially introduced in the 1924 Summer Olympics, though some scholars consider unofficial sports prior to 1924 to also be demonstrations. Most organizing committees then decided to include at least one demonstration sport at each edition of the Games, usually some typical or popular sport in the host country, like baseball at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games and taekwondo at the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games. From 1924 to 1992, only two Summer Olympics Games did not have demonstration sports on their program. Some demonstration sports eventually gained enough popularity to become an official sport in a subsequent edition of the Games. Traditionally, the medals awarded for the demonstration events followed the same design as the Olympic medals, but of a smaller size. They are never included in the medal count.

Demonstration sports were suspended after the 1992 Summer Olympics, as the Olympic program grew bigger and it became more difficult for the organizing committees to give them the appropriate attention, since the IOC required the same treatment to be dispensed for official and demonstration sports. It is unlikely that they will be reintroduced as a requirement for future Olympic organizing committees. However, the Beijing Olympic Committee received permission from the IOC to run a wushu (martial arts) competition parallel to the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, Wushu Tournament Beijing 2008.

From the 1984 Summer Olympics until the 2004 Summer Olympics, two Paralympic events (a men's and a women's wheelchair racing event) were included in the athletics programme of each Games. These events are considered by many as a demonstration sport, but were, in fact, used to promote the Paralympic Games. Disabled events in alpine and Nordic skiing (1988 only) were also held as demonstration sports at the 1984 and 1988 Winter Olympics.

Summer Olympics
Below is the list of demonstration sports at the Summer Olympic Games. Italic denotes not officially recognized as a demonstration sport by the IOC.

Under the event-based program that began with the 2020 Summer Olympic Games, the host organizing committees added the following optional sports to the program with full medal status:

 * 1 Although demonstration sports were introduced only in 1912, at the 1908 Olympics some sports competitions were held simultaneously to the games.
 * 2 Baseball was officially removed from the Olympic program after the 2008 Beijing Games. (See also 8)
 * 3 Was part of the program as field handball in 1936.
 * 4 Was part of the program between 1896 and 1924.
 * 5 The IOC permitted a parallel wushu competition to be run (2008 Beijing Wushu Tournament), but this was not an official demonstration sport.
 * 6 The IOC permitted a parallel esports competition to be run (known as the eGames), but this was not an official demonstration sport.
 * 7 Though not explicitly listed as a demonstration sport, the Japan Sumo Association originally planned to hold a special two-day exhibition sumo tournament between the Olympics and Paralympics as part of a larger official Olympics cultural festival; this was cancelled due to rescheduling of the 2020 Olympics to 2021.
 * 8 On 3 August 2016, the 129th IOC Session was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. At this conference, the IOC agreed a new policy to shift the Games to use an "event-based" program rather than a "sport-based" program. Under this new policy, the host organizing committee can propose the addition of sports to the program. Baseball/softball were added back to the program for 2020 only in this way, along with karate, sport climbing, surfing, and skateboarding.
 * 9 On 24 June 2019, the 134th IOC Session was held in Lausanne, Switzerland. At this conference, the Paris Organising Committee proposed that surfing, sport climbing, and skateboarding all return, along with the addition of breaking. On 7 December 2020, the IOC confirmed all four sports.

Winter Olympics
Below is the list of demonstration sports at the Winter Olympic Games. Italic denotes not officially recognized as a demonstration sport by the IOC.

 * 1 Curling was part of the program in 1924, which in 2002 the IOC retroactively decided would be considered an official Olympic event.
 * 2 Though not listed as a demonstration sport, the Intel Extreme Masters held an esports tournament for two games (StarCraft II and Steep) with official support from the IOC.

Commonwealth Games
Demonstration sports have also been held during the Commonwealth Games, sometimes under the heading of exhibition sports.

 * 1 The CGF endorsed a rugby league nines competition (2014 Rugby League Commonwealth Championship) to be held preceding the games, but this was not listed an official demonstration sport.
 * 2 The CGF endorsed a rugby league nines competition (2018 Rugby League Commonwealth Championship) to be held preceding the games, but this was not listed an official demonstration sport.
 * 3 The CGF endorsed an esports competition (Commonwealth Esports Championship) to be held during the games, but this was not listed an official demonstration sport.

title: Demonstration sport


text:
Scarborough Centre station

Scarborough Centre is a bus terminal in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, serving multiple bus routes of the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) and one Durham Regional Transit (DRT) bus route. It was also a rapid transit station serving Line 3 Scarborough of the Toronto subway system until Line 3's closure on July 24, 2023. It is located north of Ellesmere Road between Brimley and McCowan Roads, just south of Highway 401. It was adjacent to the former Scarborough Centre Bus Terminal, which was a station for GO Transit buses and other intercity coach services until the TTC modified the facility for TTC buses.

A new Scarborough Centre station is planned to be built along the Line 2 extension east of the existing station, which is set to open circa 2030.

History
Scarborough Centre station was opened in 1985 along with the rest of Line 3. The station replaced transit access to the Scarborough Town Centre shopping mall's south side (at ground level along roadway).

In 2000, this station became accessible with elevators.

The Toronto Transit Commission had planned to extend Line 4 Sheppard southeast from its current terminus at to Scarborough Centre. The 985A Sheppard East Express bus currently links the two stations, making limited stops along Sheppard Avenue. In March 2007, however, the TTC dropped this plan when it announced its Transit City proposal to build the Sheppard East LRT. The LRT proposal was later replaced by a plan to extend Line 4 eastwards from Don Mills station to McCowan Road.

Around 2011, there was a proposal to convert Line 3 to light-rail with an extension of the Eglinton Crosstown line (Line 5 Eglinton) over the Line 3 right-of-way.

In 2013, the proposal was changed to abandon the Line 3 right-of-way and build an underground extension of Line 2 Bloor–Danforth along McCowan Road. This would result in the decommissioning of all Line 3 stations beyond Kennedy station. A new Scarborough Centre station would be built east of the current station and would be oriented on a north–south alignment rather than the east–west alignment of the current station. Between 2013 and 2016, the new Scarborough Centre station was planned as a through-station. In order to save money for another transit project, the plan was revised in 2016 to make it a terminal station. However, in 2019 the plan was revised again to make the new Scarborough Centre station a through-station.

In February 2021, the TTC recommended the closure of Line 3 in November 2023 and its replacement by bus service until the completion of the Scarborough extension of Line 2 Bloor–Danforth. However, the rail portion of this station permanently closed following a derailment on July 24, 2023, after which the TTC decided not to reopen Line 3.

Existing station
The existing station is located north of Ellesmere Road, between Brimley and McCowan Roads on the south of the Scarborough Town Centre. The station was built on three levels: Line 3 used to operate through the upper level; the mezzanine, passenger entry from the mall, and an automatic entrance from Brian Harrison Way are on the middle level; and two bus terminals were located at ground level, one for TTC buses connected by an automatic entrance to the Scarborough Centre Bus Terminal for intercity buses. (In October 2022, the intercity terminal was relocated so that the TTC bus terminal could expand into its space. ) There is elevator access for TTC services, making this station fully accessible to anyone with disabilities.

East of the current station, the Line 3 continued travelling east on an elevated bridge until McCowan station. West of the station, the Line 3 ran on an elevated bridge which descended after passing over Brimley Road. It continued to descend until reaching Midland station.

The TTC permanently closed the Line 3 portion of the existing station after a derailment on July 24, 2023; however, the adjacent bus facilities will be kept in operation until 2030 with its bus bays reconfigured.

Future station
The provincial transit agency Metrolinx plans to build a new underground Scarborough Centre station parallel to McCowan Road along a planned extension of Line 2 Bloor–Danforth. The new station will be on a north–south alignment to the east of Scarborough Town Centre. The new station will have a new Scarborough Centre Bus Terminal serving TTC and GO Transit buses as well as the Durham Region Transit bus rapid transit line. The new station will be located 500 m east of the current station, on the east side of McCowan Road north of the Line 3 right-of-way next to the site of McCowan station. The new station and bus terminal are expected to open in 2030.

Nearby landmarks
Located in Scarborough City Centre, nearby landmarks include the Scarborough Town Centre shopping mall, Scarborough Civic Centre, Albert Campbell Square, Canada Centre government offices, and Scarborough YMCA.

Toronto Transit Commission Bus Terminal
Bus routes serving the bus terminal include:

GO Transit and intercity bus services
Scarborough Centre station was also home to the Scarborough Centre Bus Terminal, which was located directly east of the TTC bus platform. Until it closed, the former bus terminal was served by GO Transit and interurban buses, which now stop at various on-street locations near Scarborough Centre station.

Durham Regional Transit
Since September 2023, Durham Region Transit (DRT) route 920 buses serve the TTC Scarborough Centre bus terminal. With the introduction of Ontario's One Fare Program, a GTHA-wide fare integration program introduced on February 26, 2024, customers paying by Presto, credit or debit card are able to transfer between TTC and DRT buses without incurring an additional fare. As the station is located inside the TTC's fare-paid zone and as free card transfers need to be recorded for the province to reimburse participating transit agencies as well as to enforce double fares for customers ineligible for free transfers, passengers heading towards Durham Region board the DRT buses inside the TTC bus terminal, while those heading towards Scarborough Centre alight at nearby on-street stops outside of the station. The DRT buses previously terminated at McCowan station.

title: Scarborough Centre station


text:
User:Michaelk~enwiki

Random tidbits
Because I've somehow attracted the attention of an admin who thought that my friend's posting was vandalism, this page was blanked out.

So, to reiterate, I like soup. And no admin can take that away. --Michaelk 02:09, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Also, to reiterate, I still like chicken soup. And not even Jimmy Wales can take that away from me Tyir 02:16, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

About me
I was a Microsoft MVP for the MSN Messenger product group from 2004-2006. Professional skeptic. Lover of all things automotive.

title: User:Michaelk~enwiki


text:
Talk:Gray death (disambiguation)

-FOR THE PURPOSES OF MAKING THE PAGE COMPLETE, SPOILERS MAY BE DISCUSSED HERE-

CCFreak2K: The Grey Death is a nanovirus, possibly designed to control the world population (my memory of the story is a bit spotty). The Grey Death was a birthchild of Morgan Everett and Bob Page, which was brought over to the Majestic 12 by Bob Page and eventually finished. The Grey Death is synthesized using Universal Constructers, only 3 of which exist. The cure for the Grey Death is a (nanomachine?) chemical named Ambrosia. Ambrosia is distrobuted by FEMA (I think) and is shipped to areas of high importance and thos e that need it the most (I think)(this includes political figures such as Governer Doe mentioned in the Deus Ex intro). The NSF plays into this because they steal shipments of Ambrosia (out of spite?). The "Grey" in Grey Death could be akin to Grey Goo. Please correct me in any or all of this as you create the article and please excuse any formatting problems, quirks, etc.

My understanding of the name of the Grey Death (I have no source for this, this is just my intuition) is that it's a variation on Black Death, but it's called "grey" because of the condition of the sufferers. If you look at the victims in-game, their faces are ashen and greyed and their behaviour seems to indicate that their bodies are just slowly deteriorating; presumably on the cellular level since it's a nanovirus. It could also be a reference to Grey Goo, you're right. Neither theory is supported by canon evidence as far as I know.

It is indeed a control mechanism; regulation of the vaccine, Ambrosia (which is also composed of nanomachines, since it too can only be made using Universal Constructors) is strictly controlled by FEMA. FEMA is using this power to control the government; "if you don't do what we tell you to do, we'll cut off your Ambrosia supply and you and your family will die a slow and horrible death". (Evidently Ambrosia has to be taken regularly in order to ward off the Grey Death, so it's not really a vaccine as such.)

The NSF aren't stealing shipments of Ambrosia out of spite; they're doing it to "give the Ambrosia to the people" instead of FEMA and the people being coerced by them, in order to try and disrupt the power of FEMA and MJ12 and the rest. They're actually the good guys of the story. Well, compared to FEMA and Majestic 12, anyway... Crispy 11:32, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gray death (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Florida Department of Transportation

Untitled
There is a possible conflict with the information on the Florida Turnpike page, in reference to the length of the highway. Nathanlarson32767 07:10, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Holden Brougham

The Holden Brougham is a large, luxury automobile that was produced by Holden in Australia between July 1968 and 1971.

It was based on the mainstream Holden Premier of the same years, but with a lengthened rear body. The boot was simply extended by 8 in rather than increasing the 111 in wheelbase. The Premier's four-headlight grille was also kept. The model was a hasty response to Ford Australia's successful Fairlane.

History
The HK series Brougham was launched in July 1968 along with the new Monaro coupés, six months after the HK Series Holden Belmont/Kingswood/Premier models. The Brougham then followed the model cycles of these mainstream Holdens: the HT series was announced in July 1969 and the HG series in August 1970.

Because of its luxury positioning, the Brougham was only available with an automatic transmission, first a two-speed, then a three-speed after the HG's launch. The only engine available in the original HK Series Brougham was a Chevrolet 307 cuin V8. The HT series was launched with the new Holden designed and built 308 cubic inch V8, and was the first Holden to be powered by this engine (the rest of the HT range got the 307 until the 308 was made available across the HT range in September 1969). The 308 was carried over to the HG Series Brougham.

Throughout its production life the Ford Fairlane outsold it by a large margin. The Brougham was replaced by the long-wheelbase Statesman models in 1971, on the redesigned HQ platform.

South Africa
From 1969 to 1971 the Brougham was marketed in South Africa as the Chevrolet Constantia. In addition to the name change, the Constantia featured a unique grille and had trafficators on the leading edge of the front fenders (as did its little sister, the Chevrolet Kommando). It utilised a 250 cid (4,093 cc) Chevrolet inline-six or, as an option, Chevrolet's 5025 cc small block V8. Either engine version came equipped with the two-speed "Powerglide" automatic transmission.

title: Holden Brougham


text:
Ruggero Bonghi

Ruggero Bonghi (20 March 1826 – 22 October 1895) was an Italian scholar, writer and politician.

Ruggero Bonghi was born in Naples and after being widowed his mother remarried in 1840 to Saverio Baldacchini, a major influence on Bonghi. Exiled from his native city in consequence of the movement of 1848, he took refuge in Tuscany, whence he was compelled to flee to Turin on account of a pungent article against the Bourbons. At Turin he resumed his philosophic studies and his translation of Plato, but in 1858 refused a professorship of Greek at Pavia, under the Austrian government, only to accept it in 1859 from the Italian government after the liberation of Lombardy.

In 1860, with the Cavour party, he opposed the work of Giuseppe Garibaldi, Francesco Crispi and Agostino Bertani at Naples. He became secretary of Luigi Carlo Farini, during the latter's lieutenancy, but in 1865 assumed contemporaneously the editorship of the Perseveranza of Milan and the chair of Latin literature at Florence. Elected deputy in 1860 he became celebrated by the biting wit of his speeches, while, as journalist, the acrimony of his polemical writings made him a redoubtable adversary. Though an ardent supporter of the historic right, and, as such, entrusted by the Lanza cabinet with the defence of the Law of Guarantees in 1870; his caustic tongue did not spare friend nor foe.

Appointed minister for public instruction in 1873, he feverishly reformed the Italian educational system, suppressed the privileges of the University of Naples, founded the Vittorio Emanuele library in Rome, and prevented the establishment of a Catholic university in the capital. Upon the fall of the Right from power, in 1876 he joined the opposition, and, with characteristic vivacity, protracted during two months the debate on Baccellis University Reform Bill, single-handedly securing its rejection. A bitter critic of King Humbert, both in the Perseveranza and in the Nuova Antologia, he was, in 1893, excluded from court, only securing readmission shortly before his death.

In foreign policy a Francophile, he opposed the Triple Alliance, and took considerable part in the organization of the inter-parliamentary peace conference.

title: Ruggero Bonghi


text:
Talk:EMD E-unit

Development, ref
Nothing new, just sort of a list. Dor(72) has drawing/spec sheets for E3,6,7,8, pics inc E2. Pin(73) has trucks, engines, and E pages, Ros(07) just has 2 page blurb on Es in general.Sammy D III (talk) 23:45, 30 August 2013 (UTC)

Survivors
I posted a link to a railfan website The Diesel Shop as a source for a list of surviving E-units, including some of the early one-off models. The page https://www.thedieselshop.us/SurvivorsEmdE-units.HTML is no longer linked at the website home page, so it may be somewhat out of date. It is still a useful source however, and I didn't want to copy their work directly into the page WriterWithNoName (talk) 20:53, 1 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:EMD E-unit


text:
McCowan station

McCowan was a terminal station on Line 3 Scarborough of the Toronto subway. The closed station is located at 1275 McCowan Road, just north of Ellesmere Road at Bushby Drive/Town Centre Court.

In February 2021, the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) recommended the closure of Line 3 in November 2023 and its replacement by bus service until the completion of the Scarborough extension of Line 2 Bloor–Danforth. However, this station permanently closed following a derailment on July 24, 2023, after which the TTC decided not to reopen Line 3 service.

Station description
The station structure was built on three levels: Line 3 was on the upper floor, an automatic entrance from the Consilium Place office complex via the Pedway pedestrian walkway was on the second floor, and the station entrance from McCowan Road with the collector and the concourse was on the lower floor. At the time of its closure, 15 TTC bus routes (13 daytime routes and 2 Blue Night routes) plus one Durham Region Transit bus route passed by McCowan station.

Rapid transit infrastructure in the vicinity
McCowan station was the terminus station of Line 3 and lay just west of McCowan Yard (completed in 1983), which stored and maintained Line 3's trains.

Trains used a double crossover before the station entrance, but only one side of the station was used. In earlier years both platforms were used for line-end and westbound trains, but the double crossover allowed eastbound trains to cross over to the westbound platform, making for a more efficient system. The eastbound track was used when taking trains out of service. This allowed the operator to ensure that the train was empty with no one boarding before bringing the train to McCowan Yard.

title: McCowan station


text:
Talk:EMD E-units/to do

 * A selection of representative images
 * Description of each model
 * Production figures
 * Original owning railroads? Partly done

title: Talk:EMD E-units/to do


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vladimir de León

Vladimir de León
Alexa rankings do not turn up anything significant because he doesn't have his own domain, and he doesn't have a significant "piece" of it. WhisperToMe 07:15, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Now, someone above mentioned that Leon only has 15 hits on the Google Search Engine. Where as Maddox of the Best Page in the Universe has less than ten. (I don't know what they searched but I searched Maddox, seeing as his pen name should be reputable and he is after all, an underground hit.) If this page ultimately is deleted, I have a question. If Leon does become reputable within the next few years (as I predict he will be) then will you allow for an article without such a hassle?
 * Delete. Wow I think we both put this up at similar times. If this hadn't been created by a series of anonymous edits (B for effort!) I might be persuaded that this wasn't vanity.--ZayZayEM 09:21, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I guess WhisperToMe forgot to add vfd on the page. Also remove from Leon. utcursch 09:42, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * And Weblog, and Salam Pax, and the formerly-botched Vladimir de leon redirect... they're (he's?) nothing if not thorough. --Korath会話 21:41, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. His 'underground hit' gets a whopping 15 Google links. We don't want 'semi-popular' blogs, just the 'extraordinarily popular' ones. - 81.70.91.207 09:47, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Do not Delete. As a true fan of Vladimir de Leon I think he deserves this article. He'll be big within a few years and he needs a foundation now.-- HalleeWalley1 18:02, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * This was in fact added by Atrios, whose three edits are to the article, here, and here. HalleeWalley1's sole edit is to the article. Also note the nature of the article edits (as well as Jeffwacker's two) and the fact that all three were in a five-minute span. --Korath会話 21:24, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Do not Delete* Vladimir de Leon is truly a humorous blogger with an internet reputation behind him. He'll need a place to have this information about him in case of interviews, articles, etc.--Jeffwacker 18:13, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. There doesn't appear to be any sufficient evidence of notability, and we need evidence of current notability, not any putative future fame, as Wikipedia isn't for promotion. The presence of two votes saying 'do not delete' from people who haven't contributed to any other article doesn't convince me either. Average Earthman 19:49, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Do not Delete True, Wiki is not for promotion and he is not that famous, but correct me if I'm wrong, isn't Wikipedia a source for information? If this is true, then why do you want to delete a page that I've created with my own time and work? Listen, I know it doesn't say that I created the article because I wasn't a member until now, but it's true. I wrote the whole thing. If you delete his page this piece of information is gone.
 * Unsigned; Atrios again. --Korath会話 21:24, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Still Atrios --Korath会話 21:24, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * And just to be complete, Google's showing me 1,520,000 for Maddox. --Korath会話 21:57, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Haha. It was all a joke. I wanted to see how fast you Wiki people would respond to this and you did so swiftly. Congrats. Not even Leon knows it's a joke. Why did I do this? Leon is my blogging enemy. Vanity? If by vanity you mean excessive pride in one's appearance or accomplishments, then no. Leon had nothing to do with this.--Atrios 02:33, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity of the worst sort. --Korath会話 21:03, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Regarding Atrios, http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=%22maddox.xmission.%2Bcom%22 shows 20,600 hits for Maddox' page. http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=%22http%3A%2F%2Feclipseinscribed.blogspot.com%2F%22&btnG=Search shows a grand total of 4 for Vlad. WhisperToMe 22:01, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete obnoxious vanity Cdc 23:47, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete as totally obnoxious vanity and/or move to user page. The hosiery vocals certainly don't help the cause. - Lucky 6.9 01:49, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Someday famous blogger. --LeeHunter 01:56, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The wikipedia likes jokes. This isn't funny, however.  Delete.  And 'Blogging Enemy'?  hfool 23:23, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Justin Hoyte

Justin Raymond Hoyte (born 20 November 1984) is a former professional footballer. Primarily a right back, Hoyte previously played for English clubs Arsenal, Sunderland, Middlesbrough, Millwall and Dagenham & Redbridge, as well as American side FC Cincinnati in both the USL and MLS. As an international, he represented England up to under-21 level and Trinidad and Tobago at senior level.

Arsenal
Hoyte was born in Leytonstone, London, and joined Arsenal at the age of nine. He progressed through the club's academy, and was an unused substitute in both legs of the final as Arsenal won the 2001 FA Youth Cup. He signed professional terms with Arsenal in July 2002.

Hoyte made his senior debut as an 89th-minute substitute in Arsenal's 6–1 Premiership victory over Southampton in May 2003. He made one equally late league appearance in their 2003–04 FA Premier League-winning season, which was not enough to qualify him for a medal. Hoyte played in the 2004 FA Community Shield, again from the bench, as Arsenal beat Manchester United, and made his first senior start on 28 August 2004, away to Norwich City, as a last-minute replacement for centre-back Pascal Cygan who was injured in the warm-up. Although he conceded a penalty in Arsenal's 4–1 win, the Independent reported that he "[might] have played well enough to forestall a proposed loan to Ipswich". The loan to the Championship club fell through after Arsenal failed to sign backup for Lauren at right back, so Hoyte remained at Arsenal and finished the season with 12 appearances in all competitions.

During the summer of 2005, Hoyte was linked with a loan move to Ipswich Town, but Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger made clear he wanted the defender to play Premiership football. He was loaned to Sunderland on 31 August for the 2005–06 Premier League season; as part of the deal, Sunderland goalkeeper Mart Poom joined Arsenal as cover for Jens Lehmann. Hoyte made 31 appearances in all competitions for the club and scored once, in the Tyne-Wear derby against Newcastle United in April 2006.

With Gaël Clichy injured and Ashley Cole absent from the team due to his protracted transfer to Chelsea, Hoyte began the 2006–07 season as Arsenal's temporary left back, starting against both Dinamo Zagreb and Aston Villa, although this was expected to be a temporary measure. When Clichy recovered, Hoyte moved back to his preferred right side of defence to cover for the injured Emmanuel Eboué. Hoyte scored his first goal for Arsenal on 2 January 2007 in a 4–0 defeat of Charlton Athletic, which made him the first Englishman to score for the club in their new Emirates Stadium. He finished the season with 36 appearances, a total that included a starting place in the League Cup final, which Arsenal lost 2–1 to Chelsea.

In July 2007, the Daily Mirror reported that Aston Villa were set to make a £4.5 million offer to Arsenal for Hoyte, after manager Martin O'Neill prioritised bringing in someone to fill the right back position. Wenger stated that Hoyte was not going anywhere, and with Éboué playing in midfield, he was in competition with Bacary Sagna for the right back position. That season, Hoyte took his appearance total to 68 in all competitions, but made only two Premier League starts. Determined to stay and fight for his place, the player turned down a move to Aston Villa, but Arsenal were prepared to listen to offers. After Villa signed Middlesbrough's Luke Young, Hoyte agreed to fill the vacancy at right back. Arsenal accepted a £3 million fee, the player signed a four-year contract, and the move was completed on 16 August 2008.

Middlesbrough
On 28 December 2009, Hoyte scored his first goal for Middlesbrough with a cross-shot against Barnsley. Under Tony Mowbray, Hoyte became a regular for the team.

On 8 February 2012, Hoyte was assaulted by a pitch invader during a live televised FA Cup tie between Middlesbrough and Sunderland. His attacker slid into him from behind, injuring Hoyte who was visibly seen limping during extra time. Middlesbrough then lost.

Hoyte left Middlesbrough on a free transfer in July 2012, but agreed to sign a new two-year contract later to become Mowbray's eighth summer signing for the 2012–13 Championship campaign.

On 9 November 2012, Hoyte scored his second league goal for Middlesbrough, with an outside-foot screamer from just inside the area in a 3–1 victory over Sheffield Wednesday putting Middlesbrough top of the table.

In August 2013, after Middlesbrough had signed Frazer Richardson, Mowbray said he would listen to offers for Hoyte. He had scored twice in 162 appearances for the club.

Later career
On 5 November 2013, Hoyte returned to London to join Championship club Millwall on loan. The move was made permanent on 2 January 2014. He was released at the end of the 2014–15 season, having made only three appearances for the club during his 18-month permanent spell.

Hoyte joined Dagenham and Redbridge of League Two on 30 September 2016 on non-contract terms. He remained with the club to the end of the season, and was one of at least eleven players released after Dagenham's relegation to the National League.

In March 2017, Hoyte signed for FC Cincinnati of the United Soccer League. Cincinnati declined his contract option at the end of the 2019 season.

International career
Hoyte was eligible to play for England as well as for Trinidad and Tobago. In February 2006 he rejected a call-up from Trinidad and Tobago as he wanted to play for England. Trinidad had wanted to call the player into their squad for the 2006 FIFA World Cup. Hoyte said: "It's flattering, of course, and the chance of playing in a World Cup would be great. But for the moment I plan to concentrate purely on my England career and I'm hoping that one day I'll be playing for England in a World Cup."

Hoyte was capped 18 times for the England under-21 team, and played all four matches at the 2007 UEFA Under-21 Championship. He took part in the epic semi-final shootout against hosts Netherlands, missing his first but scoring his second penalty as England lost 13–12. His sole goal for the team also came against the Netherlands, in November 2006.

In February 2013, Hoyte made himself available for selection for the Trinidad and Tobago national team, and he received his first call-up in March.

Personal life
Hoyte is the son of former British sprinters Les Hoyte (who was born in Trinidad and Tobago) and Wendy Hoyte, who won gold at the 1982 Commonwealth Games. His younger brother, Gavin, also played international football for Trinidad and Tobago. He is a cousin of British sprinter Chris Clarke. His uncle is Trevor Hoyte.

Honours
Arsenal Youth
 * FA Youth Cup: 2000–01

Arsenal
 * FA Community Shield: 2004
 * Football League Cup runner-up: 2006–07

FC Cincinnati
 * USL Regular Season: 2018

Trinidad and Tobago
 * Caribbean Cup: runner-up 2014

title: Justin Hoyte


text:
Bonheur du jour

A bonheur du jour (in French, bonheur-du-jour, meaning "daytime delight") is a type of lady's writing desk. It was introduced in Paris by one of the interior decorators and purveyors of fashionable novelties called marchands-merciers about 1760, and speedily became intensely fashionable. The bonheur du jour is always very light and graceful, with a decorated back, since it often did not stand against the wall (meuble meublant) but was moved about the room (meuble volant); its special characteristic is a raised back, which may form a little cabinet or a nest of drawers, or open shelves, which might be closed with a tambour, or may simply be fitted with a mirror. The top, often surrounded with a chased and gilded bronze gallery, serves for placing small ornaments. Beneath the writing surface there is usually a single drawer, often neatly fitted for toiletries or writing supplies. Early examples were raised on slender cabriole legs; under the influence of neoclassicism, examples made after about 1775 had straight, tapering legs.

The marchand-mercier Simon-Philippe Poirier had the idea of mounting bonheurs du jour with specially-made plaques of Sèvres porcelain that he commissioned and for which he had a monopoly; the earliest Sèvres-mounted bonheurs du jour are datable from the marks under their plaques to 1766-67 (illus.). Other choice examples of the time are inlaid with marquetry or panels of Oriental lacquer, banded with exotic woods, with gilt-bronze mounts.

By the mid-1770s the bonheur du jour was being made in London, where it was simply called a "lady's writing-desk".

The desk was usually kept in the lady's bedroom where it would serve for breakfast as well as for writing letters during the day. Letter writing was one of the favorite pastimes of ladies of high birth.

title: Bonheur du jour


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/VPOTUS

As the initiator of the vfd for VPOTUS, please remove it from vfd. It's not even an article (redirect) and the vfd was a mistake. :( Cburnett 07:19, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/VPOTUS


text:
Maritza Correia

Maritza Correia (born December 23, 1981), also known by her married name Maritza McClendon, is a former Olympic swimmer from Puerto Rico who swam representing the United States. When she qualified for the U.S. Olympic team in 2004, she became the first Puerto Rican of African descent to be a member of the U.S. Olympic swimming team. She was the first female African-American swimmer for the United States to win an Olympic medal. She also became the first black American swimmer to set an American and world swimming record.

Early years
Correia was born and raised in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Her parents, Vincent and Anne, had moved there from Guyana. In 1988, when Correia was seven years old, she was diagnosed with severe scoliosis. Her doctor recommended that she take swimming classes and use swimming as a treatment for her condition. In 1990, her family moved and settled in Tampa, Florida.

Correia attended Tampa Bay Technical High School and joined the school's swimming team. In 1999, she became the 50-meter freestyle U.S. national champion in the 18-and-under category. She was also a six-time Florida high school state champion in five different events. Correia was a member of the 1997 USA national junior team that competed in Sweden and the 1999 USA Short Course World Championships team that competed in Hong Kong.

In 1999, Correia joined the University of Georgia Lady Bulldogs swimming and diving team. She aided the team when they won their title in the 400 m freestyle relay. She earned a share of the SEC Commissioner's Trophy for high-point honors. Correia was the first swimmer in Southeastern Conference history to win an SEC title in all freestyle events. During her college career she was a 27-time All-American, and 11-time NCAA champion.

2000 US Olympic Trials
Correia hoped to participate at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. She competed at the Olympic trials, but she failed to make the team.

2001 World Championships
In 2001, Correia won a gold medal in the 800-meter freestyle and two bronze medals in the medley and 400-meter freestyle relay as a member of the U.S. team at the 2001 World Championships in Japan.

2002 NCAA Championships
In 2002, Correia became the national champion in both the 50-yard and 100-yard freestyle and was a member of two winning relay teams at the NCAA Championships in Austin, Texas. She set the NCAA, American, and U.S. Open records with a time of 21.69 in the 50-yard freestyle, surpassing Amy Van Dyken's mark of 21.77 set in 1994. She earned seven All-American certificates and was awarded the Commissioner's Cup as the high point scorer in the SEC Championships.

2003 World Championships
In July 2003, Correia earned a gold medal swimming in a preliminary heat of the 4 × 100-meter freestyle relay at the World Aquatics Championships in Barcelona, Spain.

2004 Summer Olympics
She earned an Olympic silver medal swimming the prelims of the 4 × 100-meter freestyle relay at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece in August 2004. Correia became the first female African-American swimmer to win an Olympic medal for the United States.

2004 World Championships
In October 2004, she won a gold medal swimming the prelims of the 4 × 100-meter freestyle relay at the Short Course World Championships in Indianapolis.

2005
Correia attended the University of Georgia as a sociology major and graduated in 2005.

2005 Summer Universiade
In 2005, she won three gold medals at the 2005 Summer Universiade in Izmir, Turkey.

After swimming
In March 2010, Maritza married Chad McClendon, and on January 1, 2012, their son Kason was born. On September 25, 2013, the family added a daughter, Sanaya Anne. McClendon is a member of Sigma Gamma Rho sorority.

Highlights

 * 2004 Olympic silver medalist: 4 × 100 freestyle relay
 * First African American female to make the U.S. Olympic swim team
 * 2000 NCAA champion: 200-meter freestyle, 400-meter freestyle relay, 400-meter medley relay
 * 2001 NCAA champion: 800-yard freestyle relay
 * 2002 NCAA champion: 50-yard freestyle, 100-yard freestyle, 200-yard freestyle relay, 400-yard freestyle relay
 * 2003 NCAA champion: 50-yard freestyle, 100-yard freestyle
 * 2000-03 27-time All-American
 * World record-holder in the 400-yard medley relay SCM at 2000 NCAA Championships
 * American, NCAA, U.S. Open record holder: 50-yard freestyle (21.69) in 2002
 * American, NCAA, U.S. Open record Holder: 200-yard freestyle relay (1:28.74) in 2002
 * American, NCAA, U.S. Open record holder: 400-yard freestyle relay (3:13.71) in 2002
 * 2001, 2003 two-time world champion in 4 × 100 m freestyle relay
 * 2005 World University Games gold medalist: 50-meter freestyle, 4 × 100-meter freestyle relay, 4 × 100-meter medley relay, 4 × 200-meter freestyle relay
 * 2006 World Championships silver medalist: 100-meter freestyle
 * 2007 Pan American Games champion: 4 × 100-meter freestyle relay, 4 × 100-meter medley relay

title: Maritza Correia


text:
Lexicon (program)

Lexicon was a text editor / word processor MS-DOS program that was extremely popular in the Soviet Union and Russia at the end of 1980s and in 1990s. Some estimate that Lexicon was illegally installed on 95% of all Russian PCs. The last version for MS-DOS was 1.4. Later Windows versions were developed, but they were not popular, due to easily available pirated copies of Microsoft Word.

Lexicon was originally developed at the Computing Center of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR by Ye. N. Veselov.

Lexicon could produce and edit plain text files; at the same time, it could enrich them with various formatting codes (which all started with the character 255 (0xFF)). Lexicon also included a spell checker.

Lexicon supported operations with linear and rectangular blocks; it also had convenient means for drawing tables with box drawing characters.

Lexicon could work with both osnovnaya (primary) and alternativnaya (alternative) character sets. It also included its own screen and printer fonts and keyboard drivers for use with non-russified computers.

title: Lexicon (program)


text:
Khovansky (surname)

Khovansky, Khovanski or Khovanskiy (Хованский) is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Khovanskaya or Khovanskaia. It may refer to:
 * Aleksey Khovansky (fencer) (born 1987), Russian foil fencer
 * Aleksey Khovansky (publisher) (1814–1899), Russian philologist and publisher
 * Askold Khovanskii (born 1947), Russian and Canadian mathematician
 * Ivan Khovansky (disambiguation), several people
 * Sergey Khovanskiy (born 1977), Russian sprint canoer
 * Vyacheslav Khovanskiy (born 1968), Russian association football player
 * Yury Khovansky (born 1990), Russian video blogger

title: Khovansky (surname)


text:
Bone State

Bone (also Boni, or Bone Saoraja) was a sultanate in the south-west peninsula of what is now Sulawesi (formerly Celebes), a province of modern-day Indonesia. It came under Dutch rule in 1905, and was succeeded by the Bone Regency.

Covering an area of 2600 km2, Bone's chief town Boni, lay 130 km northeast of the city of Makassar, home to the Bugis people.

History
Bone was an adat-based Bugis kingdom whose origins can be traced back to the early 15th century. Its chronicle (as yet unpublished) provides detailed information on its rulers, starting from La Umasa, who ruled in the early 15th century, through to La Tenrtatta, who died in 1699. Under La Umasa and his nephew La Saliu (Kerrépelua) who succeeded him, Bone expanded from a handful of settlements around the modern capital Watampone to a small kingdom roughly one-third the size of Kabupaten Bone (the present regency).

In the early 16th century the kingdom expanded northwards, fighting with Luwu for control of the mouth of the River Cenrana, a major east coast trade exit. In 1582 Bone entered an alliance with the Wajo and Soppeng kingdoms for mutual defence against the rising power of Gowa-Tallo. This alliance became known as Tellumpocco'e (lit. the Three Summits) or LaMumpatue Ri Timurung (lit.  The burying of the stones at Timurung).

In 1611, during the reign of the tenth king of Bone We Tenrituppu MatinroE ri Sidenreng, Bone was invaded by the Sultanate of Gowa and pressured to convert to Islam. Bone State later enjoyed a period of prosperity in the middle of the 17th century.

Bone became the most powerful state of South Sulawesi under Arung (ruler of) Palakka, La Tenritatta (1634 or 1635 – 1696) who sided with the Dutch admiral Cornelis Speelman against the Makasar kingdom of Gowa-Tallo, which led to the defeat and capture of Makassar in 1669. From this year until 1814 when the British temporarily gained power of the region, Bone was by treaty and in practice the overlord of South Sulawesi, with the exception of Dutch-controlled areas on the west and south coast, including the important port-city of Makassar. When the Dutch returned to Makassar in 1816 they attempted to reduce Bone's status from equal to vassal, a move strongly resisted by Bone's rulers.

Over the course of the 19th century, the power of Bone was reduced as a result of several wars waged against it in 1824, 1859, and 1905. Following a military defeat during the South Sulawesi expeditions of 1905, the Bone State lost its independence to the Dutch. Bone, along with Gowa, became under direct administration.

In the late 1920s, the Dutch restored many royal rulers as a way to suppress the tide of nationalist sentiment. Bone was no exception; in 1931, Mappanyuki, a scion of both the houses of Gowa and Bone, was restored to his family's ancestral position in Watampone.

In May 1950, the people held demonstrations in Watampone against the royalty and Bone's membership in the State of East Indonesia. This caused the sultan to join Indonesia.

List of rulers
Rulers of Bone used the title Arung Mangkaue' ri Bone (the king who resides in Bone), shortened to Arumpone, MangkauE, or ArungE' ri Bone.

title: Bone State


text: Category:Front Line Assembly albums

title: Category:Front Line Assembly albums


text:
Boni

Boni may refer to:

Places

 * Bone state, a vassal state of the government of Celebes, Dutch East Indies
 * Boni MRT station, a train station in Manila, Philippines
 * Boni, Benin, an arrondissement in the Collines department of Benin state
 * Boni (department), a department or commune of Tuy Province in Burkina Faso
 * Boni National Reserve, Garissa County, Kenya
 * Boni, an old name for a state on the island of Borneo, possibly Brunei

Iran

 * Boni, Ramhormoz, a village in Howmeh-ye Gharbi Rural District
 * Now Boni, a village in Ganjabad Rural District
 * Seh Boni, a village in Jolgeh-ye Chah Hashem Rural District
 * Shahrak-e Shahid Mohasan Boni Najar, a village in Kiyaras Rural District

Mali

 * Boni, Korarou, a village and seat of the commune of Korarou
 * Boni, Mali, a village

Other uses

 * Aluku people, also known as Boni, French Guiana
 * Aweer people, also known as Boni, Kenya
 * Boni (Kenyan language), a language of the Aweer
 * Boni (film), a 2009 Telugu film
 * Boni Homines, an appellative of at least three religious orders in the Catholic Church
 * Boni, a character in the television series The Trap Door
 * The boni ("good men") political faction of the late Roman Republic, also called the Optimates
 * Nazi Boni University, one of three public universities in Burkina Faso
 * Rendille–Boni languages, proposed subgroup of the Macro-Somali languages, belonging to the Cushitic family

People with the given name

 * Boni (c. 1730–1793), Maroon guerilla leader in Suriname
 * Boni Boyer (1958–1996), American vocalist, multi-instrumentalist and composer
 * Boni David (born 1978), Papua New Guinean woman cricketer
 * Boni Haruna (born 1957), Nigerian Minister for Youth Development
 * Boni Petcoff (1900–1965), American football tackle and coach

People with the surname

 * Ahmed bin Ali Al-boni (died 1225), Arab mathematician, Sufi and writer on esotericism
 * Akwa Boni (died 1790), sovereign Queen of the Baoulé people
 * Albert Boni (1892–1981), co-founder of the publishing company Boni & Liveright
 * Aldo Boni (1894–1982), Italian fencer
 * Alessio Boni (born 1966), Italian actor
 * Bernardino Boni (died 1774), Italian painter of the late-Baroque period
 * Bruno Boni (1915–2003), Italian Olympic rower
 * Carla Boni (1925–2009), Italian singer
 * Carmen Boni (1901–1963), Italian actress
 * Chiara Boni (born 1948), Italian fashion designer
 * Danièle Boni-Claverie (born 1942), Ivorian journalist and politician
 * Giacomo Boni one of the following
 * Giacomo Boni (archaeologist) (1859–1925), specialist in Roman architecture
 * Giacomo Boni (painter) (1688–1766), Baroque painter
 * Guido Boni (1892–1956), Italian gymnast
 * Guido Boni (cyclist) (1933–2014), Italian racing cyclist
 * Jim Boni (born 1963), Italian-Canadian ice hockey coach
 * Loris Boni (born 1953), Italian professional football coach and a former player
 * Luisella Boni (born 1935), Italian actress
 * Marco Boni (pole vaulter) (born 1984), Italian pole vaulter
 * Maria Roza Boni (born 1986), Greek professional basketball player
 * Mario Boni (born 1963), Italian former professional basketball player
 * Michele Giovanni Boni (or Michele Giambono; 1400–1462), Italian painter
 * Nazi Boni (1909–1969), politician from Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso)
 * Michał Boni (born 1954), Polish politician, Minister of Labour and Social Policy in 1991
 * Napoleone Boni (1863–1927), Italian painter
 * Roméo Boni (born 1990), Burkinabé international footballer
 * Tanella Boni (born 1954), Ivorian poet and novelist
 * Tommaso Boni (born 1993), Italian rugby union player
 * Trova Boni (born 1999), Burkinabé footballer
 * Valentina Boni (born 1983), Italian football midfielder
 * Victoria Boni (1839–1909), Swedish opera singer

title: Boni


text:
Anax

Anax (Greek: ἄναξ; from earlier ϝάναξ, wánax) is an ancient Greek word for "tribal chief, lord (military) leader". It is one of the two Greek titles traditionally translated as "king", the other being basileus, and is inherited from Mycenaean Greece. It is notably used in Homeric Greek, e.g. for Agamemnon. The feminine form is anassa, "queen" (ἄνασσα, from wánassa, itself from *wánakt-ja).

Etymology
The word anax derives from the stem wanakt- (nominative *ϝάνακτς, genitive ϝάνακτος), and appears in Mycenaean Greek written in Linear B script as, wa-na-ka, and in the feminine form as 𐀷𐀙𐀭 , wa-na-sa (later ἄνασσα, ánassa). The digamma ϝ was pronounced and was dropped very early on, even before the adoption of the Phoenician alphabet, by eastern Greek dialects (e.g. Ionic Greek); other dialects retained the digamma until well after the classical era.

The Greek title has been compared to Sanskrit , a word for "merchant", but in the Rigveda once used as a title of Indra. The word could then be from Proto-Indo-European *, roughly "bringer of spoils" (compare the etymology of lord, "giver of bread"). However, Robert Beekes argues there is no convincing IE etymology and the term is probably from the pre-Greek substrate.

Mycenaean wánax
During the Mediterranean Bronze Age, Mycenaean society was characterized by the creation of palaces and walled settlements. The wánax in Mycenaean social hierarchy is generally accepted to function as a king, though with various roles which also stretch outside of administrative function. The term "wánax" is believed to have eventually transformed into the Homeric term "anax", having fallen out of use with the collapse of Mycenaean civilization during the Late Bronze Age Collapse. The Greek term for kingship would transfer to basileus, which is believed to have been a subservient title in Mycenaean times akin for chieftains and local leaders.

Roles
The origin role of the wánax may be from warrior roots of migrating Indo-Europeans as a leadership role, eventually leading to the notion of kingship and the formal position and role of the wánax in Mycenaean times. The wánax during Mycenaean times was at the apex of Mycenaean society, presiding over a centralized state administration with a strong hierarchical organization; a common formula in the Bronze Age Mediterranean and Near East. This is hierarchically likened to a king, and as such much of the duties of the wánax were related to duties of administration, warfare, diplomacy, economics and religion.

Administrative participation
Administratively, Mycenaean political divisions broadly unfolded into a hierarchical division of wánax (king) with a broader structure which existed around the wánax in the form of Mycenaean palatial authority and administration. The wánax is also identified as the figure able to appoint individuals to rank within the administrative elite. Much of this administrative body functioned as the limbs by which a wánax exercised authority and action, rather than directly partaking directly in every function of the state; with only two known inscription references on record of the wánax taking direct action within the internal administrative body. However, much of the records available concerning the role of wánax deal with economic information due to the importance of such scribal records to Mycenaean states, but does not discredit the participation of the wánax directly in other facets of the state. The wánax would also delegate lands to members of this palatial elite and other hierarchic officials depending on their role, such as with the telestai. Some of these hierarchical positions under the wánax included the lawagetas (he who leads the people, a meaning which remains unclear), varying positions of which the meanings remain unknown (hektai, collectors of commodity and flock), scribes, mayors, vice-mayors, and varying styles of overseer. The term "basileus" is also familiar to the Mycenaean hierarchy as a local chieftain or leader, and would later come to replace wánax as the term for king after the collapse of Mycenaean civilization. This administrative body produced or obtained many artefacts by which they might increase their prestige, or more practically manage the state of the wánax more effectively. Mycenaean administrative artefacts include tablets which carry inscriptions from a scribal body, among which are tablets of purely administrative work (accounting for state supplies of resources), which would have been designed to support the wánax and state administration, and to be supported by a state administration. Much of the surviving Mycenaean administrative records which remain primarily deal with economic affairs, and the management of state resources. Mycenaean states were active participants in diplomacy and trade, between their fellow Mycenaean states and the broader interregional bodies which surrounded them.

Warfare
Fortifications dominate the Mycenaean world, with such structures being erected across the Bronze Age, but particularly during the Late Bronze Age Collapse (where the necessity for such fortifications intensified), before the end of Mycenaean civilization. Being prolific builders of fortifications, wánaxes actively engaged in warlike campaigning in and around their states, though evidence for their direct participation is minimal. Evidence from Pylos suggests that the wánax was in possession of weapons specifically indicated as royal. Much rather, stronger evidence exists that the wánax assigned military leadership to other members of the palatial elite. At Pylos, a name identified as e-ke-ra-wo is speculated to either be a wánax or another person of importance, and was tasked with managing the rowers of Pylos in particular.

Ahhiyawa texts
The Ahhiyawa texts include correspondences between unnamed Mycenaean wánaxes and the Hittite kingdom. One such text from the collection, known as the Tawagalawa Letter, was composed from the King of Hatti to an unnamed Mycenaean wánax, and contained diplomatic correspondences regarding a man by the name of Piyamaradu, who had acted against the Hittite King; and that the wánax should either return him or reject him. The same text informs that the unnamed wánax had previously been in conflict with the Hittites over the territory of Wilusa, though there is no further conflict between them. The Hittite King refers to the wánax not by title but as "brother" in these texts, a common practice in the ancient Near East in diplomatic correspondences with powers viewed as equal participants in interregional status. Another text which is heavily fragmented was sent by a wánax to the King of Hatti (likely Muwattalli II) concerning the ownership of islands.

Economic participation
Wánaxes have much heavier evidence of participation in state economics, taking a more direct role rather than the hierarchical allocations and lack of evidence for administrative participation. The lands of the wánax were closely tied to economic output of foods and commodity goods. Economically, various records exist which refer to wanakteros, royal craftsmen, under the employ of the wánax. These craftsmen came in a variety of roles, from practical purposes to commodity production, though not all craftsmen were exclusively royal in nature in the Mycenaean economic sphere. Additionally, the royal designation is applied not only to craftsmen within the economy, but to storehouses of jars believed to contain olive oil; indicating the presence of royal products which were circulated within Mycenaean civilization and beyond. Royal employment would indicate that the wánax acts much more closer to the economy as a sort of overseer or administrator than to many of the other tasks of the state. However, much of the records available concerning the role of wánax deal with economic information due to the importance of such scribal records to Mycenaean states, but does not discredit the participation of the wánax directly in other facets of the state. Mycenaean elite also utilized luxury items to accentuate their status, and placed high value economically and politically on such items.

Another major economic function of the wánax was the participation in and organization of elaborate feasting amongst the Mycenaean elite, and shared with those outside the immediate palatial elite as well. Feasts required extensive planning and organization on the part of the wánax and palatial administration, which needed to mobilize large amounts of resources in order to host such elaborate feasts. A major feature of these feasts involved drinking, as evidenced by the many prestige drinking vessels recovered. These processes economically involved the collection and feeding of vast quantities of livestock, luxury items for the elite (feasting equipment like luxury pottery and cups) and politically demonstrated the authority of the wánax with his elite. One manner in which feasting further secured the wánax economically and politically was the inclusion of lower elites (local leaders and other non-palatial authorities under the wánax) in feasting, both building social connections to the wánax and economically persuading lower elites to dedicate resources to palatial feasting.

Religious participation
The wánax were extensively involved in cultic practice during the Mycenean period of Greek religion, participating and playing a central role in Mycenaean religion. Much of this was involved in ritual practice from feasting to ceremonies dedicated to the gods, with the wánax being evidenced to perhaps been ritually involved in cultic activities which involve the use of oil and spice. Mention of oil and spice, and mention of the wánax being closely related to religious practice, has led some scholars to speculate the potential of kingship being semi-divine in Mycenaean Greece; however evidence is lacking for this claim, perhaps from an overzealous desire to seek out connections between wánax and goddesses such as Demeter and Persephone. It is more likely the wánax was viewed as a mortal king. Wánaxes were especially involved in feasting, and therefore all religious feasting would've been reliant on the wánax to economically support and participate in.

title: Anax


text:
Sebastian Svärd

Sebastian Steve Qvacoe Cann-Svärd (born 15 January 1983), commonly known as Sebastian Svärd, is a Danish former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.

Club career
Svärd was born in Hvidovre, Denmark, to a Swedish mother and Ghanaian father, and grew up in Urbanplanen, a neighbourhood consisting of subsidized housing in Vestamager. He started out at local Amager-based club B.1908, before moving to Kjøbenhavns Boldklub, the reserve team of F.C. Copenhagen. Here he was seen as a prodigy, impressing the coaches of the Denmark under-16, under-17 and under-19 national teams. As so he was bought by English club Arsenal for an undisclosed fee in November 2000.

He won the FA Youth Cup with the club's academy in his first season. His first-team Arsenal debut came in a League Cup fourth round match on 27 November 2001, as a substitute in a 2–0 win over Grimsby Town. Over the next two years, he made two more appearances for Arsenal, one more in the League Cup against Sunderland and one in the FA Cup against Oxford United. Arsenal went on to win the FA Cup final that season but Svärd was left out of the squad.

He returned on loan to his old club Copenhagen in August 2003, in need of first-team play; after just four months he returned to England to play for Stoke City, for whom he played nine league matches and scored one goal against Sunderland. In August 2004, he came on as a substitute in Arsenal's 3–1 Community Shield victory over Manchester United.

As such soon afterwards he was loaned to Danish club Brøndby IF for the whole season. At Brøndby, he played both as a defensive midfielder and right back, in a season which ended with both the Danish Superliga championship and triumph in the Danish Cup tournament. Altogether Svärd was capped a sum of four times for the Gunners.

In July 2005, he left Arsenal to join Portuguese club Vitória Guimarães for an undisclosed fee.

After a single season with Vitória, where he was, and still is a beloved player, he moved to Borussia Mönchengladbach on 21 June 2006, again for an undisclosed fee. On 25 February 2007, he played his first Bundesliga match for Mönchengladbach against Werder Bremen. He was snapped on loan upon 8 January 2009 by Hansa Rostock.

On 15 January 2010, he moved on from Borussia to become a free agent. Svärd was then signed only three days later by Dutch club Roda JC. Svärd then returned to Denmark and played three matches for Silkeborg IF in 2011–12. He was released by the club in June 2012, upon expiration of his contract.

In August 2012, he had two trials which did not result in a contract for him: with German club SC Paderborn 07 and with Hapoel Ramat Gan in Israel.

He joined Swedish side Syrianska for the 2013 Allsvenskan.

On 24 October 2013, he joined Wycombe Wanderers on a one-month contract.

In January 2014, Svärd signed with Thai club Songkhla United.

On 11 January 2016, he returned to Europe to sign with Icelandic top division club Þróttur. At the end of the season, Svärd left the club.

International career
Svärd debuted for the Denmark under-21 national team in November 2002. He played more than 50 matches for various Danish youth national teams.

Honours
Arsenal
 * FA Youth Cup: 2001
 * Community Shield: 2004

Brøndby
 * Danish Superliga: 2005
 * Danish Cup: 2005

Borussia Mönchengladbach
 * 2. Bundesliga: 2008

title: Sebastian Svärd


text:
Winter Guard International

Winter Guard International (WGI) is an American governing body that sanctions championship events for three competitive performing arts activities: winter guard, percussion ensembles, and indoor wind ensembles. WGI was founded in 1977 in response to inconsistent adjudication and rules of competition which made it difficult for color guards to compete nationally. Today, WGI publishes and maintains an adjudication handbook, with an accompanying "Rules & Regulations", that has been widely adopted.

WGI championship events are hosted from January to March and conclude with WGI World Championships in April. The first World Championship was hosted at Conant High School in Hoffman Estates, Illinois on April 15, 1978. World championships for percussion ensembles began in 1992, and indoor marching bands, called winds, in 2015. A series of field band competitions, promoted as the WGI Friendship Cup were hosted from 1997 to 2003. The next World Championships is scheduled for April 2024 at UD Arena.

A majority of WGI's championships are hosted in the United States, however regional championships have been hosted in Japan, Malaysia, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Philippines, and Costa Rica.

History
Prior to the formation of WGI, national color guard championships, or other high-prestige championships, were held in conjunction with drum corps or marching band championships, such as: VFW, American Legion, CYO, or DCI World Championships. The quality of hosts varied widely, as did as the quality of venues and adjudication. As an example, the 1977 "national" color guard championship was held in conjunction with DCI World Championships in Denver. The venue was far too small, there was no functional air conditioning, and the performance area required color guards to maneuver around structural columns.

In 1977, then director of the Seattle Imperials, Stanley Knaub, secured a sponsor—Western Youth International—and a potential venue for a new national championships. However, Knaub was encouraged to seek input from others in the activity by Shirlee Whitcomb and Bryan Johnston. Knaub invited color guard educators from across the country to a meeting on May 14, 1977 at the Sheraton Palace Hotel in San Francisco. Those in attendance included: Don Angelica, Marie Czapinski, and Linda Chambers, in addition to Whitcomb, Johnston, and representatives from Western Youth International. All agreed any future national championship should be held independent of any drum corps or marching band events. Knaub suggested scheduling the championship during the winter months when most color guards competed locally—after marching band season when scholastic bands focused on concert events, but prior to the drum corps season. Whitcomb, Czapinski, and Chambers, advocated for a regional championship system with a national championship at the end of the winter season. The name "Winter Guard International" was suggested by Don Angelica.

A follow-up meeting at the December 1977 DCI Rules Congress included representatives from thirteen color guard circuits and adjudicator associations. The representatives adopted a draft adjudication system and rulebook, as well voting on an organizational structure. Lynn Lindstrom, director of the Midwest Color Guard Circuit, was elected the first Executive Director of WGI. Four competition circuits each donated $250 to fund WGI's first competitive season of fourteen regional championships and a two-day national championship called WGI Olympics. The first WGI Olympics was hosted at Conant High School in Hoffman Estates, Illinois on April 14–15, 1978. In attendance were more than twenty-five color guards, fifteen advanced to the finals competition. The national championships would later become the WGI World Championships.

About
WGI is a nonprofit association governed by a board of directors, with an Executive Director, responsible for day-to-day operations. The board of directors are chosen from among the directors of competing groups, and at-large members are chosen from the community of color guard, percussion, and winds educators. The board of directors is legally and financially responsible for the conduct of the organization. In 2022, WGI's various programs and activities generated US$8.025 million in revenues.

Mission and purpose
The mission of organization is to provide a venue for young people to achieve the extraordinary through performance and competition. WGI organizes "high-energy and enjoyable" events for color guard, called winter guard, percussion and winds, divisions. The organization also aims to improve quality of the competing groups through leadership development and education. This includes standardized adjudication.

WGI frequently partners with companies that provide services and products to competing groups, as well as leading educators in other fields to highlight the activity. The organization is promoted using the tagline: Sport of the Arts.

Advisory Boards
Each of the three competitive divisions (color guard, percussion and winds) are led by Advisory Boards who are responsible for the "adjudication and competitive attributes" of sanctioned events. Advisory boards are also responsible for nominating and electing members to the board of directors.

The Advisory Boards meet annually, usually a few months after World Championships, to discuss changes to rules of competition, adjudication, and policies and procedures, and to make recommendations to the board of directors. The promotion of competing groups is also the responsibility of the Advisory Boards.

Membership
Groups that compete at WGI events are required to pay a membership fee, in addition to an attendance fee for each event. Only groups who compete in a regional, beginner, class with limited availability (Regional A Class) are excused from paying a membership fee. The fees support general operations, and provide capital for future events, educational services, and research and development.

Scholarships
WGI awards academic scholarships to members of competing groups, which are announced during awards ceremonies at World Championships. According to the WGI website, over US$35,000 is awarded annually, and US$1,000,000 has been awarded since 1978. Funds for scholarships are raised via raffles drawn during WGI events known as “Fifty-fifty”.

Hosted competitions
Using a competition-based approach for organizing events, WGI "aims to showcase youth activities" by pursuing a "high standard of achievement." More than sixty regional championships are hosted every year, from mid-January to the late-March. Many are hosted with the aid of WGI's regional circuit partners. Regional championships attract hundreds of color guards, percussion and winds ensembles, and thousands of participants. To qualify for World Championships, groups must compete in at least one regional championship.

World Championships regularly attracts over 350 color guards, 250 percussion ensembles, and over 40 winds groups. Championships occur over two consecutive weekends in early or mid-April. Future World Championships dates have been reserved until 2024.

Alterations due to Covid-19
In March 2020, the 2020 World Championships were cancelled in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 2021 WGI season was conducted using online tools as a WGI Virtual Season. Participants were given the option to participate in solo, small group, and large group categories.

Winter Guard
Winter guard is the indoor variant of color guard and is a combination of the use of flags, sabers, mock rifles, and various other equipment and props. Performances include dance and other interpretive movement. Color guards are common among high schools, middle schools, some universities, and also some independent organizations such as drum corps, or they are community organizations. The term "winter guard" is taken from the season most color guards compete as single units, and not part of marching bands or drum corps.

Percussion
An indoor percussion ensemble or indoor drumline consists of the marching percussion (also called the "battery") and front ensemble (also called pit or front line) sections. Many ensembles, like color guards, are attached to a competing marching band or drum corps, but many are independent ensembles. Indoor percussion integrates musicality, marching and movement, and theater arts. The activity is referred to as percussion theater by WGI.

Winds
Winds ensembles are small marching music ensembles composed of a variety of instrumentations. These ensembles are distinct from field bands, or marching bands. Many take advantage of marching horns, as well as woodwinds, rhythm sections, and a pit ensemble. Unlike their outdoor counterparts, WGI Winds compete indoors on a performance area roughly the size of a standard basketball court. WGI's previous experiments in marching band competition were known as the Friendship Cup. Winds

Divisions and classes
Groups attending WGI events are organized according to a multi-tier system, placed in one of two divisions, and dozens of classes.
 * Independent Color guard, Percussion, and Winds divisions are reserved for groups composed of performers who are not associated with a particular school. Independent groups often draw performers from a large geographic area.
 * Scholastic Color guard, Percussion, and Winds divisions are reserved for groups composed of performers from the same high school, or high school equivalent, or a school within the attendance zone of that particular high School. The Scholastic division was created in 1980. Prior to the division's creation high school groups competed against Independent groups.

Divisions are further grouped into classes based on experience and achievement:
 * Regional A is for new and inexperienced groups. This class is not available at World Championships.
 * A Class, often referred to as National A or National, is for groups new to national competition.
 * Open Class is for groups who consistently perform at an intermediate developmental level.
 * World Class is the highest available class and is reserved for experienced groups. The World classes in both Scholastic and Independent are the most competitive and the highest prestige.

Historic classes and divisions
The following are the divisions and classes represented at World Championships.

Notes:
 * The tables below are simplified and do not reflect when specific competitive classes and divisions were defined in the WGI Adjudication Handbook.
 * Other classes and divisions may be represented at regional championships or other WGI-sanctioned competitions.

Adjudication
WGI Adjudication Manuals for color guards, percussion, and winds, championships divide scoring in set reference criteria known as captions forming a scoring rubric. Each caption is subdivided into elements such as performance analysis, design analysis, and effect evaluation. The adjudication manual is multi-tiered, meaning each competitive class—Regional A, A Class, Open Class, and World Class—has a set of scoring sheets listing differing criteria and descriptions for each caption.

Past champions
Source(s):

In Film and Television
"On Guard: A Story of American Youth" is 2023 documentary film directed by Allen Otto and executive produced by Jim Czarnecki. The film follows the journey of an all-female color guard team at Bel Air High School whose goal is to qualify for the 2020 WGI World Championships, which were ultimately canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with a performance dedicated to the victims of the 2019 El Paso Shooting.

Contemporary Color is a 2016 documentary film directed by Turner Ross and Bill Ross IV featuring the performances of winter guard teams. The film was produced as a collaboration between David Byrne, Michael Gottwald, Dan Janvey and Josh Penn.

title: Winter Guard International


text:
WGI

WGI may refer to:

 * Winter Guard International, an organization for pageantry and performing arts
 * Worldwide Governance Indicators, an index built by the World Bank to evaluate country governance
 * World Governance Index, index developed in 2008 by Forum for a new World Governance
 * WGI (radio station), an early commercial radio station in Medford Hillside, Massachusetts
 * Watkins Glen International, a racetrack in western New York State
 * World Giving Index, an annual report published by the Charities Aid Foundation

title: WGI


text:
Talk:Nancy Pearl

Lesbian??
Is Ms Pearl a lesbian? -- Jmabel | Talk 07:42, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.240.200.7 (talk)

Tribute band??
Does anyone have a verifiable source on that tribute band thing? If it's true, I think it is very cool, but unsourced and added anonymously, I've got my doubts. -- Jmabel | Talk 07:42, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)

It is certainly true, although verification could prove embarrassing for the participants. (anonymously posted)
 * Hmm. Like was there any show poster, or coverage anywhere? I'm asking because this is the kind of thing that is sheer hell for someone to document afterwards when fact-checking an article. -- Jmabel | Talk 06:06, Dec 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * when I did the most recent update I was seriously considering getting rid of that. it's a cute little side note but with no verification and not even some more source material, it rings very un-encyclopedic. -- Jessamyn

tribute band
Would a photograph be enough verification, do you think?

 * sure, or a flyer or something. it's getting a little silly though and changing the text to read that the show was "quite an experience" is verging on lacking NPOV for something that lacks any media coverage at all. I'm sure it was delightful, and yet it's very very tangentially relevant to the subject in the first place. Got a picture? show it off. Jessamyn 03:25, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Nancy Pearl. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20061117085731/http://booklust.wetpaint.com/ to http://www.booklust.wetpaint.com/
 * Added tag to http://interviews.lisnews.org/article.pl?sid=05%2F08%2F08%2F1918226
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20061208081947/http://www.habitsofwaste.wwu.edu/issues/7/iss7art3b.shtml to http://www.habitsofwaste.wwu.edu/issues/7/iss7art3b.shtml

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:42, 21 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nancy Pearl


text:
Ballon d'Alsace

The Ballon d'Alsace (Elsässer Belchen, ) (el. 1247 m.), sometimes also called the Alsatian Belchen to distinguish it from other mountains named "Belchen")  is a mountain at the border of Alsace, Lorraine, and Franche-Comté. From its top, views include the Vosges, the Rhine valley, the Black Forest, and the Alps.

A road leads over a pass near the peak at the Col du Ballon d'Alsace, 1171 m. The pass is noted as the site of the first official mountain climb in the Tour de France on 11 July 1905, the first rider to the top of the climb being René Pottier and the stage being won by Hippolyte Aucouturier. Stage 9 of the 2005 Tour crossed this pass on the centenary of the original climb.

Ballon d'Alsace features Alpine and Cross Country skiing tracks.

The mountain is part of the so-called Belchen System, a group of mountains with the name "Belchen" (in German) that may have been part of a Celtic sun calendar.

Climate
Ballon d'Alsace has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb). The average annual temperature in Ballon d'Alsace is 6.6 C. The average annual rainfall is 2263.6 mm with December as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around 14.9 C, and lowest in January, at around -1.2 C. The highest temperature ever recorded in Ballon d'Alsace was 32.3 C on 24 July 2019; the coldest temperature ever recorded was -19.1 C on 20 December 2009.

title: Ballon d'Alsace