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5α-Reductase inhibitor

5α-Reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs), also known as dihydrotestosterone (DHT) blockers, are a class of medications with antiandrogenic effects which are used primarily in the treatment of enlarged prostate and scalp hair loss. They are also sometimes used to treat excess hair growth in women and as a component of hormone therapy for transgender women.

These agents inhibit the enzyme 5α-reductase, which is involved in the metabolic transformations of a variety of endogenous steroids. 5-ARIs are most known for preventing conversion of testosterone, the major androgen sex hormone, to the more potent androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT), in certain androgen-associated disorders.

Medical uses
5-ARIs are clinically used in the treatment of conditions that are exacerbated by DHT:

 * Mild-to-moderate benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptoms
 * Pattern hair loss in both men and women

5-ARIs can be used in the treatment of hirsutism in women. The usefulness of 5-ARIs for the potential treatment of acne is uncertain. 5-ARIs are sometimes used as antiandrogens in feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women to help reduce body hair growth and scalp hair loss.

They have also been explored in the treatment and prevention of prostate cancer. While the 5-ARI finasteride reduces the cancer risk by about a third, it also increases the fraction of aggressive forms of prostate cancer. Overall, there does not seem to be a survival benefit for prostate cancer patients under finasteride.

Available forms
Finasteride (brand names Proscar, Propecia) inhibits the function of two of the isoenzymes (types 2 and 3) of 5α-reductase. It decreases circulating DHT levels by up to about 70%. Dutasteride (brand name Avodart) inhibits all three 5α-reductase isoenzymes and can decrease DHT levels by 95%. It can also reduce DHT levels in the prostate by 97 to 99% in men with prostate cancer. Epristeride (brand names Aipuliete, Chuanliu) is marketed in China for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. However, it can only decrease circulating DHT levels by about 25 to 54%. Alfatradiol (brand names Ell-Cranell Alpha, Pantostin) is a topical 5-ARI used to treat pattern hair loss in Europe.

Side effects
5-ARIs are generally well tolerated in both men and women and produce few side effects. However, they have been found to have some risks in studies with men, including slightly increased risks of decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, ejaculatory dysfunction, infertility, breast tenderness, gynecomastia, depression, anxiety, self-harm, and dementia. In addition, although 5-ARIs decrease the overall risk of developing prostate cancer, they have been found to increase the risk of developing certain rare but high-grade forms of prostate cancer. As a result, the FDA has notified healthcare professionals that the Warnings and Precautions section of the labels for the 5-ARI class of drugs has been revised to include new safety information about the increased risk of being diagnosed with these rare but more serious forms of prostate cancer. Finasteride has also been associated with intraoperative floppy iris syndrome and cataract formation. Depressive symptoms and suicidality have been reported.

Sexual dysfunction
Sexual dysfunction, including erectile dysfunction, loss of libido, and reduced ejaculate, may occur in 3.4 to 15.8% of men treated with finasteride or dutasteride. This is linked to lower quality of life and can cause stress in relationships. There is also an association with lowered sexual desire. It has been reported that in a subset of men, these adverse sexual side effects may persist even after discontinuation of finasteride or dutasteride.

Breast changes
5-ARIs have a small risk of breast changes in men including breast tenderness and gynecomastia (breast development/enlargement). The risk of gynecomastia is about 1.3%. There is no association of 5-ARIs with male breast cancer.

Emotional changes
A 2017 population-based, matched-cohort study of 93,197 men aged 66 years and older with BPH found that finasteride and dutasteride were associated with a significantly increased risk of depression (HR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.73–2.16) and self-harm (HR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.34–2.64) during the first 18 months of treatment, but were not associated with an increased risk of suicide (HR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.53–1.45). After the initial 18 months of therapy, the risk of self-harm was no longer heightened, whereas the elevation in risk of depression lessened but remained marginally increased (HR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.08–1.37). The absolute increase in the rate of depression was 247 per 100,000 patient-years and of self-harm was 17 per 100,000 patient-years. As such, on the basis of these findings, it has been stated that cases of depression in patients that are attributable to 5-ARIs will be encountered on occasion, while cases of self-harm attributable to 5-ARIs will be encountered very rarely. There were no differences in the rates of depression, self-harm, and suicide between finasteride and dutasteride, suggesting that the specific 5-ARI used does not influence the risks. The absolute risks of self-harm and depression with 5-ARIs remain low (0.14% and 2.0%, respectively).

Pharmacology
The pharmacology of 5α-reductase inhibition is complex, but involves the binding of NADPH to the enzyme followed by the substrate. Specific substrates include testosterone, progesterone, androstenedione, epitestosterone, cortisol, aldosterone, and deoxycorticosterone. The entire physiologic effect of their reduction is unknown, but likely related to their excretion or is itself physiologic. 5α-Reductase reduces the steroid Δ4,5 double bond in testosterone to its more active form DHT. Thus, inhibition results in decreased amounts of DHT. Because of this, slight elevations in testosterone and estradiol levels occur. The 5α-reductase reaction is a rate-limiting step in the testosterone reduction and involves the binding of NADPH to the enzyme followed by the substrate.

 * Substrate + NADPH + H+ → 5α-substrate + NADP+

Beyond being a catalyst in the rate-limiting step in testosterone reduction, 5α-reductase isoforms I and II reduce progesterone to 5α-dihydroprogesterone (5α-DHP) and deoxycorticosterone to dihydrodeoxycorticosterone (DHDOC). In vitro and animal models suggest subsequent 3α-reduction of DHT, 5α-DHP and DHDOC lead to neurosteroid metabolites with effect on cerebral function. These neurosteroids, which include allopregnanolone, tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (THDOC), and 3α-androstanediol, act as potent positive allosteric modulators of GABAA receptors, and have antidepressant, anxiolytic, prosexual, and anticonvulsant effects. 5α-Dihydrocortisol is present in the aqueous humor of the eye, is synthesized in the lens, and might help make the aqueous humor itself. 5α-Dihydroaldosterone is a potent antinatriuretic agent, although different from aldosterone. Its formation in the kidney is enhanced by restriction of dietary salt, suggesting it may help retain sodium. 5α-DHP is a major hormone in circulation of normal cycling and pregnant women.

Other enzymes compensate to a degree for the absent conversion of 5α-reductase, specifically with local expression at the skin of reductive 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and oxidative 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes.

In BPH, DHT acts as a potent cellular androgen and promotes prostate growth; therefore, it inhibits and alleviates symptoms of BPH. In alopecia, male and female-pattern baldness is an effect of androgenic receptor activation, so reducing levels of DHT also reduces hair loss.

History
Finasteride was the first 5-ARI to be introduced for medical use. It was marketed for the treatment of BPH in 1992 and was subsequently approved for the treatment of pattern hair loss in 1997. Epristeride was the second 5-ARI to be introduced and was marketed for the treatment of BPH in China in 2000. Dutasteride was approved for the treatment of BPH in 2001 and was subsequently approved for pattern hair loss in South Korea in 2009 and in Japan in 2015. The patent protection on finasteride and dutasteride has expired and both drugs are available as generic medications.

Research
5-ARIs have been studied in combination with the nonsteroidal antiandrogen bicalutamide for the treatment of prostate cancer.

title: 5α-Reductase inhibitor


text:
Myeloperoxidase

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a peroxidase enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MPO gene on chromosome 17. MPO is most abundantly expressed in neutrophils (a subtype of white blood cells), and produces hypohalous acids to carry out their antimicrobial activity, including hypochlorous acid, the sodium salt of which is the chemical in bleach. It is a lysosomal protein stored in azurophilic granules of the neutrophil and released into the extracellular space during degranulation. Neutrophil myeloperoxidase has a heme pigment, which causes its green color in secretions rich in neutrophils, such as mucus and sputum. The green color contributed to its outdated name verdoperoxidase.

Myeloperoxidase is found in many different organisms including mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians. Myeloperoxidase deficiency is a well-documented disease among humans resulting in impaired immune function.

Function
MPO is a member of the XPO subfamily of peroxidases and produces hypochlorous acid (HOCl) from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and chloride anion (Cl−) (or hypobromous acid if Br- is present) during the neutrophil's respiratory burst. It requires heme as a cofactor. Furthermore, it oxidizes tyrosine to tyrosyl radical using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent. Hypochlorous acid and tyrosyl radical are cytotoxic, so they are used by the neutrophil to kill bacteria and other pathogens.

However, this hypochlorous acid may also cause oxidative damage in host tissue. Moreover, MPO oxidation of apoA-I reduces HDL-mediated inhibition of apoptosis and inflammation. In addition, MPO mediates protein nitrosylation and the formation of 3-chlorotyrosine and dityrosine crosslinks. Following phagocytosis, the immune cells repair and remodel tissues, which can be aided by oxidized products of myeloperoxidase function.

Myeloperoxidase is the first and so far only human enzyme known to break down carbon nanotubes, allaying a concern among clinicians that using nanotubes for targeted delivery of medicines would lead to an unhealthy buildup of nanotubes in tissues.

Structure
The 150-kDa MPO protein is a cationic heterotetramer consisting of two 15-kDa light chains and two variable-weight glycosylated heavy chains bound to a prosthetic heme group complex with calcium ions, arranged as a homodimer of heterodimers. Both are proteolytically generated from the precursor peptide encoded by the MPO gene. The light chains are glycosylated and contain the modified iron protoporphyrin IX active site. Together, the light and heavy chains form two identical 73-kDa monomers connected by a cystine bridge at Cys153. The protein forms a deep crevice which holds the heme group at the bottom, as well as a hydrophobic pocket at the entrance to the distal heme cavity which carries out its catalytic activity.

Variation in glycosylation and the identity of the heavy chain lead to variations in molecular weight within the 135-200 kDa range. In mice, three isoforms exist, differing only by the heavy chain.

One of the ligands is the carbonyl group of Asp 96. Calcium-binding is important for structure of the active site because of Asp 96's close proximity to the catalytic His95 side chain.

Reaction mechanism
The central heme group acts as the active site. The reaction starts when hydrogen peroxide donates an oxygen to the heme group, converting it to an activated form called "Compound I". This compound then oxidizes the chloride ions to form the hypochlorous acid and Compound II, which can be reduced back down to its original heme state. This cycle continues for as long as the immune system requires.

Clinical significance
Myeloperoxidase deficiency is a hereditary deficiency of the enzyme, which predisposes to immune deficiency.

Antibodies against MPO have been implicated in various types of vasculitis, most prominently three clinically and pathologically recognized forms: granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA); and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA). Antibodies are also known as anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs), though ANCAs have also been detected in staining of the perinuclear region.

Recent studies have reported an association between elevated myeloperoxidase levels and the severity of coronary artery disease. And Heslop et al. reported that elevated MPO levels more than doubled the risk for cardiovascular mortality over a 13-year period. It has also been suggested that myeloperoxidase plays a significant role in the development of the atherosclerotic lesion and rendering plaques unstable.

Medical tests
An initial 2003 study suggested that MPO could serve as a sensitive predictor for myocardial infarction in patients presenting with chest pain. Since then, there have been over 100 published studies documenting the utility of MPO testing. The 2010 Heslop et al. study reported that measuring both MPO and CRP (C-reactive protein; a general and cardiac-related marker of inflammation) provided added benefit for risk prediction than just measuring CRP alone.

Immunohistochemical staining for myeloperoxidase used to be administered in the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia to demonstrate that the leukemic cells were derived from the myeloid lineage. Myeloperoxidase staining is still important in the diagnosis of myeloid sarcoma, contrasting with the negative staining of lymphomas, which can otherwise have a similar appearance. In the case of screening patients for vasculitis, flow cytometric assays have demonstrated comparable sensitivity to immunofluorescence tests, with the additional benefit of simultaneous detection of multiple autoantibodies relevant to vasculitis. Nonetheless, this method still requires further testing.

Inhibitors of MPO
Azide has been used traditionally as an MPO inhibitor, but 4-aminobenzoic acid hydrazide (4-ABH) is a more specific inhibitor of MPO.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Myeloperoxidase


text:
Alba Raquel Barros

Alba Raquel Barros (born 14 December 1952 in Santurce, Puerto Rico) is an actress, comedian, and dancer. She is better known for her acting career, and she has won many national awards for her work, both in the television and theatrical fields.

Biography
Barros participated in a rendition of Tennessee Williams' A Streetcar Named Desire as a student at the University of Puerto Rico (UPR).

Barros began her rise to fame as a telenovela actress in Puerto Rico's channel 2 during the 1970s. She participated in some of that channel's most famous soap operas.

By the early 1980s, she had moved to WAPA-TV, where she acted in some of that channel's most famous shows, including 1982's soap, Yo Sé Que Mentía (I know he was lying), with Iris Chacón, the mini series, Las Divorciadas, (The Divorced Women), with Sonia Noemí and Maribella Garcia, as well as 1984's sitcom, Barrio Cuatro Calles. In the latter comedy she played a Puerto Rican girl who had been born in New York City therefore she used an Americanized, or Nuyorican, accent. She played the wife of Miguel Ángel Álvarez, who played a bakery owner. They played opposite legendary Cuban actor Pucho Fernández and Yasmín Mejías.

She has participated at the theatrical versions of many of Latin America's most famous novels, including La Carreta, Orinoco, La Clase del 69 and others.

The famous Chilean show host and producer, Don Francisco has invited Barros many times to his Univision show Sábado Gigante. Barros has participated as a comedian a number of times on that television show.

Barros' acting career has not been limited to television and theater, however, as she has participated in a number of Puerto Rico's most important productions of all times, including Nicolas y los demas (Nicholas and the others), directed by and starred Jacobo Morales, Héroes de Otra Patria (Heroes for Another Nation, which protested the participation of Puerto Ricans in the United States military, particularly during the Vietnam War era), and Los Diaz de Doris.

In 2002, Barros moved to Venezuela to act there, after being signed by Venevision. She appeared in Ángel Rebelde as Simona Ramirez.

In 2008, she acted in Telemundo's El Rostro de Analía where she played Dionisia Valdez.

In 2010, she acted in Telemundo's Alguien Te Mira where she played Yoyita.

Awards
These are some of the awards Barros has received over the years:
 * Outstanding comedy actress of the year (Puerto Rico, 1985)
 * Comedian of the year (Puerto Rico, 1986)
 * Best female actress (Puerto Rico, 1986)
 * Best soap opera starring role (Puerto Rico, 1987)
 * Best actress (Puerto Rico, 1988)
 * Best actress in a supporting role, Critics Circle Award Theater of Puerto Rico (Puerto Rico, 1990)

title: Alba Raquel Barros


text:
Speaker of the Knesset

The Speaker of the Knesset (יוֹשֵׁב רֹאשׁ הכנסת, رئيس الكنيست) is the presiding officer of the Knesset, the unicameral legislature of Israel. The Speaker also acts as President of Israel when the President is incapacitated. The current speaker is Amir Ohana, who was elected on 29 December 2022.

Position
The Speaker and their deputies are elected by members of the Knesset. Until a Speaker is elected, the oldest Knesset member who is not the prime minister, the prime minister-elect, a minister or deputy minister, serves as acting speaker.

The Speaker is responsible for conducting the affairs of the Knesset and representing the Knesset. They are also charged with preserving the dignity of the Knesset, the decorum of its sittings and observance of Knesset rules of procedure.

The Speaker is assisted by a number of Deputy Speakers. Together, the Speaker and Deputy Speakers constitute the Presidium of the Knesset. The Presidium sets the Knesset agenda.

Ahdut HaAvoda's Nahum Nir and Blue & White's Benny Gantz are the only Speakers not to have come from the ruling party, though in two cases (Avraham Burg and Reuven Rivlin) the party of the speaker (One Israel and Likud respectively) lost power during their term.

The Speaker is expected to act in a non-partisan nature, but may occasionally take part in debates, and is allowed to vote.

List of Knesset speakers
A total of twenty people have served as Speaker of the Knesset, two of whom, Reuven Rivlin and Yariv Levin, have served two non-consecutive terms.

title: Speaker of the Knesset


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Barry Ethridge

Barry Ethridge
Vanity and self-promotion. Looks like the page was creatd by the person himself. Google gives about 900 hits for "Barry Ethridge", but all pages that I looked at seem to be either copies of this wiki page, or identical promotional stuff, or entries in various lists, or namesakes. I don't believe filing 5 obscure patents makes the person significant enough for an encyclopedia article. Delete --Gene s 09:02, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. They're not major/notable inventions, and it looks like a resume. iMeowbot 09:27, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Also remove name from List of inventors. Not notable. utcursch 09:51, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, the holding of patents is not notable, CV. Wyss 10:47, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak Delete. At least this was more interesting than most vanity pages... P Ingerson 13:27, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep (formal vote). This should undoubtedly be moved to Barry's user space and the redir deleted, or just deleted, but VfD shouldn't be the first thing we try. We should talk to him first. I've started. Andrewa 19:19, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Well spotted Gene! --fvw *  19:34, 2004 Dec 16 (UTC)
 * Wait a minute, are these significant inventions? Since my level of technological expertise hasn't quite reached the bronze age yet, I'm not one to say, but they sound noteworthy. Everyking 19:34, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Politely delete (hopefully after a pagemove to userpage). No autobiographies.  Even if they are significant inventions, someone else should write the article.  Rossami (talk) 21:05, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Autobiographical vanity page. Delete or move to personal user page. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 23:52, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Move to personal user page or delete. Don't care which, but does not belong in the main namespace. No autobiographies. Apparent vanity page. Good engineer with solid accomplishments, but does not seem to rise to the level of encyclopedic notability. As is so often the case this may be someone who thought he was creating a user page. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 00:21, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Encourage move to a user page. I can't rule out notability, but I'm guessing it is autobiography anyway, and notability is not demonstrated. -- Jmabel | Talk 06:33, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Since this seems likely to be deleted before the user in question next logs on, I'm inclined to move it into his user space, and then presumably the resulting redirect would be deleted. Any comments on that? No change of vote but I concede that general consensus currently exists to delete. Andrewa 20:40, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: vanity/promo. I don't see a need to move this into the user space; if Barry E can't be bothered to log in again, why should someone else go to the trouble of moving it? Don't forget to clean up links when this one is deleted. Wile E. Heresiarch 16:45, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)


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M-87 Orkan

The M-87 Orkan (from оркан) is a Yugoslav fully automated self-propelled multiple rocket launcher. The generic M-87 project was configured with 12 launch tubes mounted on a FAP 2832 truck. It has a range of about 50 to 120 km, with the ability to deliver warheads, anti-tank and anti-personnel mines. The production of Orkan M-87 ceased in the early 1990s due to breakup of Yugoslavia.

History
Development started as a joint Yugoslav and Iraqi project under the name of KOL-15 with professor Obrad Vučurović as a concept designer and chief engineer on the project. In early talks with Iraq, Yugoslavia offered two options: Iraq chose the first option as did Yugoslavia.
 * Development of a MRL with 12 barrels and a 50 km range
 * Development of a MRL with 4 barrels and a 120 km range

At the start of development, two prototypes were built: one for Yugoslavia and one for Iraq. In accordance with requests from purchasers, rockets were developed with cluster warheads.

According to the chief operating officer of the Artillery department of Military Technical Institute professor Obrad Vučurović, Orkan was never a copy of any previous designs. The Yugoslav doctrine when developing the system was based on the premise that countries who copy designs are at least five years behind those who have the weapons developed.

Characteristics
One battery of M-87 Orkans consists of:
 * four 8×8 launchers
 * four 8×8 resupply vehicles (each with 24 rockets)
 * one 8×8 command post vehicle
 * two 4×4 topographic survey light vehicles
 * two 4×4 observation post-light vehicles
 * one 4×4 meteorological survey vehicle

The FAP 2832 vehicle with its base platform is fitted with a central tyre pressure regulation system which is operated by the driver from within the cab, and to provide a more stable firing platform. Four stabilisers are lowered to the ground by remote control, one at either side to the rear of the second roadwheel and two at the very rear. When travelling, the launcher is traversed to the front and the whole launcher is covered by a tarpaulin cover with integral bows.

Rockets
The rocket is 4.6 metres long and it is packed in a glass-ceramic housing and transported by vehicle. Rockets are reloaded by the FAP 3232 with a built-in crane. The rocket speed is 1000 m/s. Rockets with extended range are 4.88 m long and weigh 404 kg. A battery of 4 launchers with 16 barrels and 192 rockets can cover a target area of 3–4 km².

The following types of rockets are known: Some of the rockets are no longer in production.
 * M-87-APHE with a fragmentation warhead to 91 kg. Range 50 km.
 * M-87-APHE-ER with a fragmentation warhead to 91 kg. Range 65 km.
 * M-87-PFHE-ER pre-fragmented warhead containing double-size balls. Range 65 km.
 * M-87-ICM-AT with 288 piece shaped charge bomblets type KB-2 . Range 50 km.
 * M-87-ICM-AP with 420 piece splinter bomblets. Range 50 km.
 * M-87-AT with 24 piece YU-S-AT (KPOM) mines with Magnetos. Range 50 km.

Features
Unique features at the time of introduction (1987) when compared to other MRLs operational at the time include:
 * Ability to disperse anti-tank or anti-personnel mines up to 50 km from the firing location.
 * Semi-automatic loading.
 * Preparations to fire take two minutes.
 * Automatic leveling. Automatic Leveling of weapon was very precise. The system has a TV camera corrector for correcting missile path.
 * Automatic barrel sight.
 * Hard chromed barrels without the need for cleaning.
 * Mines KB-2 with wings and parachutes with two fuses (magnetic and mechanism for self-destruction after 24 or up to 48 hours)

According to Obrad Vučurović, Orkan's main feature was the ability to disperse anti-tank or anti-personnel mines from 5 to 50 km from the firing location.

Modifications and versions
There were a few modifications of Orkan M-87:
 * The first modification was made by Army of Republika Srpska with two barrels placed on Luna R-65 launcher (ZIL-135).
 * Serbia and Montenegro modified Krupp M-418/37 and placed two Orkan barrels on it.
 * Serbia developed the M-96 Orkan II modification. The simplest solution was to integrate four 262mm launch tubes on a ZIL-135 launcher as it required minimum investment. The basic purpose of these modified launchers can be restored. Newly developed rockets increased range of Orkan II to 65 km.
 * Orkan CER developed by Yugoimport SDPR based on KamAZ-6350.
 * Dominator M2/12 MLRS multi-caliber multiple launch rocket system developed by Yugoimport SDPR which uses 16 262mm Orkan rockets.

TOROS artillery rocket system
In 1990s Turkey faced USA reluctance to share modern defense technology. In order to have domestic supply of multiple rocket launcher rockets and domestic launchers Turkey used reverse engineering and shortcuts in order to develop its own versions. In order to have a supply of 227mm rockets they reverse engineered M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System M26 rocket under project designation SAGE 227. For continuing work on development of domestic MRLS Turkey obtained Orkan M-87 documentation, launcher and rockets from Bosnia and Herzegovina's "Bratstvo Novi Travnik" factory in 1995. They used them for development of a domestic 260mm rockets and launcher thus shortening development for more than 5 years. First launches of new 230 and 260mm rockets respectively based on 227 M26 and 262 Orkan rockets produced in Turkey from Orkan M-87 launcher were conducted in April 1999.

Operational history
In May 1995, the Republic of Serbian Krajina used M-87 Orkan to attack Zagreb after Croatian forces captured territories previously occupied by Serbian forces.

Current operators

 * 🇷🇸 - 4 M-96 Orkan II

Former operators

 * 🇧🇦 - 1 non-operational unit in Banja Luka, 1 completed and 3 partially assembled units destroyed along with rockets.
 * - 1 in reserve due to lack of adequate rocket ammunition, 1 in a museum
 * 🇮🇶 Iraq - four launchers and four reload vehicles. In 2000-2001, the reload vehicles were transformed into launchers, using modified SM-90 launchers from the S-75 Dvina SAM system, with six tubes instead of 12. No longer operational.
 * - 9 + 1 prototype

title: M-87 Orkan


text:
User talk:Chaching37

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! SWAdair | Talk 09:03, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Decree 90 and Decree 900
Hello. I noticed that the text for these is identical. Was the first one a mis-spelling? Thank you. SWAdair | Talk 09:03, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Frederick berry
A tag has been placed on Frederick berry requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for biographies.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on |the article's talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. KurtRaschke (talk) 04:59, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chaching37


text:
User:ZaheerChothia

My Sandbox

...

title: User:ZaheerChothia


text:
Harmonic Vector Excitation Coding

Harmonic Vector Excitation Coding, abbreviated as HVXC is a speech coding algorithm specified in MPEG-4 Part 3 (MPEG-4 Audio) standard for very low bit rate speech coding. HVXC supports bit rates of 2 and 4 kbit/s in the fixed and variable bit rate mode and sampling frequency of 8 kHz. It also operates at lower bitrates, such as 1.2 - 1.7 kbit/s, using a variable bit rate technique. The total algorithmic delay for the encoder and decoder is 36 ms.

It was published as subpart 2 of ISO/IEC 14496-3:1999 (MPEG-4 Audio) in 1999. An extended version of HVXC was published in MPEG-4 Audio Version 2 (ISO/IEC 14496-3:1999/Amd 1:2000).

MPEG-4 Natural Speech Coding Tool Set uses two algorithms: HVXC and CELP (Code Excited Linear Prediction). HVXC is used at a low bit rate of 2 or 4 kbit/s. Higher bitrates than 4 kbit/s in addition to 3.85 kbit/s are covered by CELP.

Linear Predictive Coding
HVXC uses Linear predictive coding (LPC) with block-wise adaptation every 20ms. The LPC parameters are transformed into Line spectral pair (LSP) coefficients, which are jointly quantized. The LPC residual signal is classified as either voiced or unvoiced. In the case of voiced speech, the residual is coded in a parametric representation (operating as a vocoder), while in the case of unvoiced speech, the residual waveform is quantized (thus operating as a hybrid speech codec).

Voiced (Harmonic) Residual Coding
In voiced segments, the residual signal is represented by two parameters: the pitch period and the spectral envelope. The pitch period is estimated from the peak values of the autocorrelation of the residual signal. In this process, the residual signal is compared against shifted copies of itself, and the shift which yields the greatest similarity by the measure of linear dependence is identified as the pitch period. The spectral envelope is represented by a set of amplitude values, one per harmonic. To extract these values, the LPC residual signal is transformed into the DFT-domain. The DFT-spectrum is segmented into bands, one band per harmonic. The frequency band for the m-th harmonic consists of the DFT-coefficients from (m-1/2)ω0 to (m+1/2)ω0, ω0 being the pitch frequency. The amplitude value for the m-th harmonic is chosen to optimally represent these DFT-coefficients. Phase information is discarded in this process. The spectral envelope is then coded using variable-dimension weighted vector quantization. This process is also referred to as Harmonic VQ.

To make a speech with a mixture of voiced and unvoiced excitation sound more natural and smooth, three different modes of voiced speech (Mixed Voiced-1, Mixed Voiced-2, Full Voiced) are differentiated. The degree of voicing is determined by the value of the normalized autocorrelation function at a shift of one pitch period. Depending on the chosen mode, different amounts of band-pass Gaussian noise are added to the synthesized harmonic signal by the decoder.

Voiceless (VXC) Residual Coding
Unvoiced segments are encoded according to the CELP scheme, which is also referred to as vector excitation coding (VXC). The CELP coding in HVXQ is performed using only a stochastic codebook. In other CELP codecs, a dynamic codebook is used additionally to perform long-term prediction of voiced segments. However, since HVXC does not use CELP for voiced segments, the dynamic codebook is omitted from the design.

title: Harmonic Vector Excitation Coding


text:
Târnava

The Târnava (full name in Râul Târnava; Küküllő; Kokel; Kokul or Kokulu) is a river in Romania. It is formed by the confluence of the Târnava Mare and Târnava Mică in the town of Blaj. The Târnava flows into the Mureș after 23 km near the town of Teiuș. The two source rivers of the Târnava are the Târnava Mare and Târnava Mică, and its tributaries include the Tur, Izvorul Iezerului, Secaș, and the Dunărița. Its drainage basin covers an area of 6253 km2.

Etymology
The name Târnava is of Slavic origin from trn, meaning "thorn".

Other proposed origins for the river's Romanian name is Turn (tower) + dav from Dacian dava (structure/fortress), i.e. "the river that flows amongst towers and davas"; or a reference to the Romanian city of Turda, forming Tur + ava from dava.

Trn (thorn) is used by Slavic peoples in the Balkans, Czechia and Slovakia, but the 60% R1a Slavs (Poles, Belarusians, Russians) say syp/ship.

The Hungarian name Küküllő is of Old Turkic origin from kukel meaning sloe, and is thought to have originated from the Avar people.

title: Târnava


text:
File:Golden Earring - Naked II.jpg

Cover for album Naked II by Golden Earring.

Fair use rationale for

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright

title: File:Golden Earring - Naked II.jpg


text:
Naked II

Naked II is the second live acoustic album and fifth live overall album by Dutch hard rock band Golden Earring, released in 1997 (see 1997 in music). The album was not issued in the U.S.

Track listing
All songs written by Hay and Kooymans except where noted.

 * 1) "Who Do You Love?" (Ellas McDaniel) – 3:22
 * 2) "Buddy Joe" (Kooymans) – 2:21
 * 3) "She Flies on Strange Wings" (Kooymans) – 6:11
 * 4) "Quiet Eyes" – 3:53
 * 5) "Going to the Run" – 3:54
 * 6) "Bombay" – 3:41
 * 7) "Burning Stuntman" – 4:09[Studio Recording]
 * 8) "Mood Indigo" – 4:13[Studio Recording]
 * 9) "Where Will I Be" (Kooymans) – 4:06
 * 10) "This Wheel's on Fire" (Rick Danko, Bob Dylan) – 3:15
 * 11) "Johnny Make Believe" – 4:40
 * 12) "When the Lady Smiles" – 5:21
 * 13) "The Devil Made Me Do It" – 7:18

Personnel

 * Rinus Gerritsen – bass
 * Barry Hay – guitar, vocals
 * George Kooymans – guitar, vocals
 * Cesar Zuiderwijk – drums

 * Additional personnel
 * John Sonneveld – producer, engineer
 * Cicero Vonnegun – keyboard

title: Naked II


text: Talk:Naked II

title: Talk:Naked II


text:
Austin Chapman

Sir Austin Chapman (10 July 1864 – 12 January 1926) was an Australian politician who served in the House of Representatives from 1901 until his death in 1926. He held ministerial office in the governments of Alfred Deakin and Stanley Bruce, serving as Minister for Defence (1903–1904), Postmaster-General (1905–1907), Minister for Trade and Customs (1907–1908, 1923–1924), and Minister for Health (1923–1924).

Early life
Chapman was born on 10 July 1864 in Bong Bong, New South Wales. He was the son of Monica (née Cain; also spelt Kean or Kein) and Richard Chapman, his father being a wheelwright and publican. His mother was born in Ireland. His given name was spelled "Austen" until 1897.

Chapman attended the state school in Marulan until the age of 14, when he was apprenticed to a saddler working in Goulburn and Mudgee. By 1885 he was operating Chapman's Hotel in Bungendore, close to the eventual site of Canberra. Chapman moved to Sydney in 1887 and went into partnership with Edward William O'Sullivan in an auctioneering firm, of which he was managing partner. He was also the proprietor of the Emu Inn on Bathurst Street. His partnership with O'Sullivan was dissolved in 1889, and he subsequently established the Royal Hotel in Braidwood.

New South Wales politics
In 1891 Chapman was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as MLA for Braidwood. He was an active supporter of federation of the Australian colonies.

Federal politics
In 1901 Chapman was elected to the first House of Representatives as MP for the Division of Eden-Monaro (his brother Albert succeeded him as the member for Braidwood in the New South Wales Parliament). A Protectionist, he was Minister for Defence in the first ministry of Alfred Deakin (1903–04), Postmaster-General in the second Deakin ministry (1905–08), and Minister for Trade and Customs from 1907 to 1908. After a long period on the backbench as a result of a stroke in 1909, which paralysed one of his arms, he was appointed Minister for Trade and Customs and Minister for Health in the Bruce government in February 1923. He was criticised by both Nationalists and the Country Party and he resigned in May 1924 on the grounds of ill health and was subsequently made a KCMG.

Chapman had a significant role during the selection of Australia's national capital site, Canberra. A strong advocate for the rival site of Dalgety—legislated as the capital site by the Seat of Government Act 1904—he stated in August 1906 that, "I will defend Dalgety to the end. Any change from the selection already made can only be achieved over my political corpse."

In early 1908, he conceded that Canberra was "the second best site, but Dalgety easily stands first." As the process finally reached its conclusion, later in 1908, Chapman was suffering ill health. In his absence, although he had been paired for the ballots so as not to prejudice the outcome, at the ninth ballot Dalgety went down to Yass-Canberra by 39 votes to 33.

However, once Canberra had been selected, Chapman strenuously advocated the development of the site on the Molonglo River near Queanbeyan, which like Dalgety was in his electorate. The success of his efforts benefited many of his friends who owned land in the area, and also greatly boosted trade in Queanbeyan, the nearest town to the site. He was still MP for Eden-Monaro at the time of his death in Sydney on 12 January 1926 of cerebro-vascular disease, before he could sit in the first Parliament House in Canberra, which opened in May 1927. He was survived by his wife, two daughters and two sons, James Austin Chapman and John Austin Chapman who both became distinguished soldiers. The Canberra suburb of Chapman was named after him.

title: Austin Chapman


text:
Talk:Rosie's Place

capitalization
The 'p' in "Rosies Place" should be capitalized

NPOV?
The belated nature of its inception is a testament to the Feminist Movement's claims of slow change and inequality between the sexes.

NPOV???

Copyright problem removed
One or more portions of this article duplicated other source(s). Infringing material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Moonriddengirl (talk) 14:01, 12 April 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rosie's Place


text:
Bob Tomalski

Bob Tomalski (7 February 1953 – 13 January 2001), was a journalist, "gadget guru", broadcaster and longtime proponent of radio broadcasting freedom. He founded Home Cinema Choice magazine and contributed to many other magazines on the subjects of TV, video, satellite TV, mobile phones and camcorders. He also appeared regularly on Sky News' weekly Technofile programme, reviewing gadgets alongside presenter Martin Stanford and was a regular contributor to Media Network, a communications magazine on the English service of Radio Netherlands.

Career
Tomalski started his broadcasting career on the south west London pirate scene of the 1970s, when he was the host of Roger Tate's Mailbox Show on European Music Radio, and later became a licensed amateur radio operator with the call sign G6CQF.

His maisonette in Mitcham, Surrey was equipped with a broadcast-quality mixing desk and two Nakamichi cassette decks, alongside the high-quality turntables. These were complemented by a collection of several thousand albums, mainly of his favourite genre; soul and funk, but topped up with many chart albums and a few hundred 60s and 70s rock records. He was also a collector of state of the art video equipment.

Tomalski was a co-founder of Wandle Valley Radio (WVR) in 1984, still under the pseudonym "Roger Tate", broadcasting a soul/funk/hi-energy programme - he was a friend of the hi-NRG artist Hazell Dean - alongside Alan Rogers and Paul James (both pseudonyms). He provided the studio facilities for the station, which was amongst the pioneers of microwave links from the studio to the FM Band II transmitter, a technology later very widely used in pirate radio. Another technology which Tomalski pioneered was that of computer data transmission via Band II FM radio - raw data transmitted onto the audio signal with no subcarrier: WVR featured the "Roger Tate Computer Program Programme" with Tomalski introducing (after the music had ended for the night) half an hour of 8-bit data sounds played from a Nakamichi cassette deck, representing programs for the BBC Micro and the Tandy TRS-80 microcomputers, among others. Feedback on the programme and Tomalski was positive.

His home studio was raided in the late 80s after alleged transmission offences, and the Home Office even went as far as confiscating his electric kettle (as well as the studio gear), on the grounds that it was connected to the same ring main as his transmitting equipment. In his subsequent radio career, Tomalski was a regular contributor to You and Yours and The Big Byte on BBC Radio. He also broadcast for Radio Mercury and Radio Invicta (which also sparked the career of Steve Walsh), and was the resident 'Inspector Gadget' on the LBC Weekend Wireless Show, talking about the week's technology news, reviewing gadgets and answering listener queries.

In 2022, Tomalski was uncovered as the person that carried out the Southern Television broadcast interruption on 26th November 1977.

title: Bob Tomalski


text:
File:Golden Earring - Paradise in Distress.jpg

Cover for album Paradise in Distress by Golden Earring.

Fair use rationale for

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright


text:
Paradise in Distress

Paradise in Distress is the twenty-third album by Dutch hard rock band Golden Earring, released in 1999 (see 1999 in music). The album was not issued in the U.S.

Track listing
All songs written by Hay and Kooymans except where noted.

 * 1) "Paradise in Distress" – 5:42
 * 2) "Apocalypse" – 4:53
 * 3) "Evil Love Chain" (Hay, Kooymans, E.H. Roelfzema) – 4:16
 * 4) "Darling" – 5:27
 * 5) "Take My Hand-Close My Eyes" – 4:48
 * 6) "The Fighter" – 7:24
 * 7) "One Night Without You" – 4:32
 * 8) "Whisper in a Crowd" – 3:37
 * 9) "Deja Voodoo" (Hay, Kooymans, Roelfzema) – 5:49
 * 10) "Bad News to Fall in Love" (Hay, Kooymans, Roelfzema) – 5:08
 * 11) "42nd Street" (Hay, Kooymans, Roelfzema) – 3:00
 * 12) "Fluid Conduction" – 4:10
 * 13) "Desperately Trying to Be Different" (Hay, Kooymans, Roelfzema) – 4:08
 * 14) "Gambler's Blues" (Hay, Kooymans, Roelfzema) – 4:35

Personnel

 * Rinus Gerritsen - bass, keyboard
 * Barry Hay - guitar, vocals
 * George Kooymans - guitar, vocals
 * Cesar Zuiderwijk - drums

Production

 * Producers: Golden Earring, John Sonneveld
 * Engineer: John Sonneveld
 * Mastering: Miles Showell
 * Saxophone arrangement: Hans Hollestelle

title: Paradise in Distress


text:
Ebenezer Obey

Ebenezer Remilekun Aremu Olasupo Obey-Fabiyi (born 3 April 1942), known professionally as Ebenezer Obey, is a Nigerian jùjú musician.

Early life
Obey was born on 3 April 1942 to an Egba–Yoruba ethnic background family. Obey, whose real names are Ebenezer Remilekun Aremu Olasupo Fabiyi, was born in Idogo, Ogun State, Nigeria of Egba-Yoruba ethnic background. He is of the Owu subgroup of the Egba.

Career
Ebenezer Obey began his professional career in the mid-1950s after moving to Lagos. After tutelage under Fatai Rolling-Dollar's band, he formed a band called The International Brothers in 1964, playing highlife–jùjú fusion. The band later metamorphosed into Inter-Reformers in the early-1970s, with a long list of Juju album hits on the West African Decca musical label.

Obey began experimenting with Yoruba percussion style and expanding on the band by adding more drum kits, guitars and talking drums. Obey's musical strengths lie in weaving intricate Yoruba axioms into dance-floor compositions. As is characteristic of Nigerian Yoruba social-circle music, the Inter-Reformers band excel in praise-singing for rich Nigerian socialites and business tycoons. Obey, however, is also renowned for Christian spiritual themes in his music and has since the early-1990s retired into Nigerian gospel music ministry. It will be worthy of note to also say that Chief Commander just as he is fondly called by his fans, has played alongside popular gospel music veteran, Pastor Kunle Ajayi during his 30 years on stage concert in Lagos.

Personal life
Obey married Juliana Olaide Olufade in 1963. His wife, known as Lady Evangelist Juliana Obey-Fabiyi, died at Lagos State University Teaching Hospital on 23 August 2011, aged 67. They have several children and grand children.

Partial discography

 * 1964 Ewa Wo Ohun Ojuri
 * 1965 Aiye Gba Jeje b/w Ifelodun*Gari Ti Won b/w Orin Adura
 * 1966 Awolowo Babawa Tide b/w Oluwa Niagbara Emi Mi*Palongo b/w Teti Ko Gboro Kan*Oro Miko Lenso b/w Orin Ajinde*Late Justice Olumide Omololu b/w Iyawo Ti Mo Ko Fe
 * 1967 Olomi Gbo Temi b/w Maria Odeku*To Keep Nigeria One b/w Awa Sope Odun Titun*Edumare Lon Pese b/w Omo Olomo*Ope Fun Oluwa b/w Paulina
 * 1968 Ore Mi E Si Pelepele b/w Ajo Ni Mo wa*Ijebu L'ade b/w Lati Owolabi*Col. Ben Adekunle b/w Ori Bayemi*Lolade Wilkey b/w Adetunji Adeyi*Gbe Bemi Oluwa b/w Olowo Laiye Mo
 * 1969 Ode To Nso Eledumare b/w Pegan Pegan*Sanu-olu b/w K'Oluwa So Pade Wa*London Lawa Yi b/w Oro Seniwo*Isokan Nigeria / etc.*Eni Mayo Ayo / etc1969/1970*Emi Yio Gbe Oluwa Ga b/w Ise Teni
 * 1970 Lawyer Adewuyi*Ala Taja Bala b/w Ohun Toluwa Ose*Ogun Pari / etc.*In London*On The Town
 * 1971 Ija Pari (Part One) b/w Ija Pari (Part Two)*Esa Ma Miliki b/w Awon Alhaji*Face to Face b/w Late Rex Lawson*Oro Nipa Lace b/w Yaro Malaika
 * 1972 Late Oba Gbadelo II*Board Members*Vol.4: Aiye Wa A Toro*In London Vol. 3*Odun Keresimesi
 * 1973 And His Miliki Sound*The Horse, The Man and His Son*E Je Ka Gbo T'Oluwa*Adeventure of Mr. Music*Mo Tun Gbe De
 * 1974 Inter-Reformers A Tunde*Eko Ila*Around the World*Iwalka Ko Pe
 * 1975 Mukulu Muke Maa Jo*Ota Mi Dehin Lehin Mi*Alo Mi Alo*Edumare Dari Jiwon
 * 1976 Late Great Murtara Murtala Ramat Muhammed*Operation Feed The Nation
 * 1977 Eda To Mose Okunkun*Immortal Sings for Travellers*Adam and Eve
 * 1978 Igba Owuro Lawa*Oluwa Ni Olusa Aguntan Mi*No Place Be Like My Country Nigeria
 * 1979 In the Sixties Vol.1*In the Sixties Vol.2*Igba Laiye*Sky*E Wa Kiye Soro Mi*Omo Mi Gbo Temi
 * 1980 Leave Everything to God*Current Affairs*Sound of the Moment*Eyi Yato
 * 1981 Joy of Salvation*What God Has Joined Together
 * 1982 Celebration*Austerity*Precious Gift
 * 1983 Ambition*Singing for the People*Greatest Hits Vol. 3*Je Ka Jo*Thank You (Ose)
 * 1984 The Only Condition to Save Nigeria*Solution*Peace1985*Security*My Vision
 * 1986 Gbeja Mi Eledumare*Satisfaction*Providence
 * 1987 Aimasiko*Immortality*Victory*Patience
 * 1988 Determination*Vanity
 * 1989 Formula 0-1-0*Get Yer Jujus Out
 * 1990 Count Your Blessing*On the Rock
 * 1991 Womanhood
 * 1993 Good News
 * 1994 I Am a Winner*Walking Over (1994 ?)
 * 1995 The Legend
 * 1999 Millennial Blessings
 * 2000 Promised Land
 * 2002 Ase Oluwa

title: Ebenezer Obey


text:
Talk:Bernstein v. United States

Guidance
I have found the below text pointing to this article. Maybe its some guide to you on the importance of the subject. Maybe someone can make use of it for improving the article itselves. --09:25, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

source: http://lwn.net/Articles/115704/ Ed Felten's tinyp2p (Posted Dec 16, 2004 1:40 UTC (Thu) by subscriber bk) (Post reply)

DISCLAIMER: IANAL

Bernstein v. United States established code as free speech, meaning that it isn't lawful to ban a type of software outright any more than it's legal to ban certain classes of books or publications. However, it may be lawful to ban the use of such software. Compare this to bomb-making recipes: legal to write and publish one, not legal to use one to create and/or use an explosive device.

So it's entirely possible that some brilliant, well-lobbied legislator might decide to try to ban P2P networks or the use thereof on US soil. This is the threat we need to fight.

Apple v. Does
Editors of Bernstein v. United_States are invited to work on Apple v. Does. —Christiaan 01:18, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

DMCA
Does this case trump the DMCA provision banning the publication/distribution of software that circumvents content access controls if the software is distributed in source code? I could see how binaries (and definitely machine code) would be an issue, but distributing programs as source to be compiled by the user themself shouldn't be an issue if the code is speech. It's possible that the compiler (if it's distributed with the circumventing program's source) would be illegal but then people could just (assuming they have the technical know-how, which most don't) compile the circumventor themself. SteveSims (talk) 22:39, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

 * You could try to make that argument in court, but whether it would win or not is another matter. If you want legal advice, best consult a lawyer, and if you find one who will tell you for sure how such a case would be decided, I'd suggest getting a second opinion. --agr (talk) 20:21, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

Concrete Threat?
Quoting from the article:

''The government modified the regulations again, substantially loosening them, and Bernstein, now a professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago, challenged them again. This time, he chose to represent himself, although he had no formal legal training. On October 15, 2003, almost nine years after Bernstein first brought the case, the judge dismissed it and asked Bernstein to come back when the government made a "concrete threat".[2]''

And quoting from WP's WikiLeaks:

US Senator Joe Lieberman, who first called on Amazon to shut down WikiLeaks and then praised the company after doing so called for other companies to follow suit.[148]

Does the latter constitute an example of the former's "concrete threat" ?

The judge requests him to come back! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 157.193.1.142 (talk) 00:10, 15 December 2010 (UTC)

 * No, it clearly does not constitute such an example. -- Jibal (talk) 10:22, 3 January 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bernstein v. United States


text: Talk:Paradise in Distress

title: Talk:Paradise in Distress


text:
Cold Blood

Cold blood may refer to:
 * sang froid, ruthlessness, see Conscience
 * a classification for draft or pack horses, see horse breed
 * Coldblood a Marvel Comics villain
 * "Cold Blood" (Doctor Who), an episode of the British TV series Doctor Who
 * Cold Blood (TV series), a UK crime drama series

Music

 * Cold Blood (band), an American rock/jazz/soul band formed in 1968
 * Cold Blood (album), their debut album
 * "Cold Blood" (Yo Gotti song), a song by rapper Yo Gotti featuring J. Cole
 * "Cold Blood", song by Geraldine Hunt	1972
 * "Cold Blood", song by Kix from Blow My Fuse	1988
 * "Cold Blood", song by Peter Tosh from Wanted Dread & Alive	1981

title: Cold Blood


text:
Kemopetrol

Kemopetrol is a Finnish band from Helsinki. The members of Kemopetrol are the vocalist Laura Närhi, the drummer Teemu Nordman, the guitarist Marko Soukka and the keyboardist Kalle Koivisto, who also writes the songs for Kemopetrol. Kemopetrol's original bassist, Kari Myöhänen, left the band in July 2003. He was replaced by Lauri Hämäläinen who in turn left in 2008. All Kemopetrol songs have English lyrics. The name of the band originates from a Czech ice hockey team named Chemopetrol Litvínov.

History
Marko Soukka and Kalle Koivisto founded Kemopetrol in November 1998, originally as an ambient music project. In December on the same year Koivisto met Laura Närhi at a party and later introduced her some songs he had written.

Laura Närhi joined the band in January 1999, followed by drummer Teemu Nordman and bassist Kari Myöhänen later same year. The band went to studio in July.

Kemopetrol's first single Child Is My Name was released at the end of 1999 and was a breakthrough success. In 2000, their debut album Slowed Down was released. Slowed Down contains music that is a mixture of rock, jazz and electronic music.

In 2001, a two-CD edition of the album Slowed Down was released. One CD is identical to the first release of Slowed Down, the other CD contains remixes and live performances. In addition to numerous gigs in Finland, the band also performed in Spain and Italy.

In March 2002, the single Saw It on TV and, two months later, the album Everything’s Fine were released.

In 2004, the single My Superstar and the album Play for Me were released. Having Kari left the band the previous year, on those releases, Kemopetrol's producer Kalle Chydenius plays bass. Shortly after the release of Play for Me, Lauri Hämäläinen joined the band as the new permanent bassist.

The band's fourth album, Teleport was released on 29 March 2006, preceded by Planet-single on 8 March. The album features disco influences from the 80's, including notable usage of synthesizer sounds from that era.

Laura Närhi also sings solo. She performs the song Se ei mee pois, which is found on the soundtrack of the movie Kuutamolla. She also provides the vocals for the Alimo&Control song Tarkkaillaan. Both Se ei mee pois and Tarkkaillaan have Finnish lyrics (and Finnish titles). Her first solo album Suuri sydän was released in August 2010.

The band started recording their fifth studio album in May 2008. Around this time, Lauri Hämäläinen left the band. In May 2010 the band announced that the recording of the album was on hold due to Laura's solo schedule. The fifth album, named A song & A Reason was released on 21 September 2011.

Singles

 * Child Is My Name (1999)
 * Tomorrow (2000)
 * African Air (2000)
 * Disbelief (2000)
 * Saw It on TV (2002)
 * Goodbye (2002)
 * My Superstar (2004)
 * Planet (2006)
 * Already Home (2006)
 * Overweight & Underage (2006)
 * Changing Lanes (2011)
 * I Can See Across the World (2023)

Albums

 * Slowed Down (2000)
 * Slowed Down — Special 2CD Edition (2001)
 * Everything’s Fine (2002)
 * Play For Me (2004)
 * Teleport (2006)
 * A Song & A Reason (2011)

title: Kemopetrol


text:
This Great Black Night

This Great Black Night is a 1998 EP by Weeping Tile.

It was recorded following the band's departure from Warner Music Canada. It was sold only at live shows; the band toured that year as a supporting act for Ani DiFranco.

The EP sold out, and is now considered a collector's item. However, three of the EP's five tracks were later rerecorded by Sarah Harmer on her 2000 solo album You Were Here, and another was rerecorded for her 2005 album I'm A Mountain.

Track listing
All songs written by Sarah Harmer.

 * 1) "Weakened State"
 * 2) "Lodestar"
 * 3) "Odessa Nights"
 * 4) "Coffee Stain"
 * 5) "I'm A Mountain"

title: This Great Black Night


text:
Biruința (ship)

Biruința (Romanian equivalent for Triumph), renamed Iris Star and later Histria Crown, is a Romanian crude oil tanker.

History
MT Biruința was one of the biggest ships of the Romanian commercial fleet, owned and managed by the then Romanian state owned Shipping Company (Navrom). It was sold after the Romanian Revolution of 1989, and six years of service, to the Romanian private shipping company "Petromin", changing its name to M/T Iris Star. The ship was then bought by the Romanian shipping company Histria Shipmanagement having its name changed again to M/T Histria Crown, in 2005.

In 2009, after an extensive refit in Keppel Shipyard (Singapore), the ship was converted into a FPSO (Floating production storage and offloading) and given a new name, Armada Perdana. It was still in use of the coast of Nigeria (Oyo Oil Field), as of 2018. In 2019, the ship was renamed Tamara Tokoni.

Incidents
On July 27, 2000, the ship lost power after an engine failure and drifted towards Kandilli point in Turkey. There was no extensive damage reported.

Sister ships
M/T Biruința was the third of a series of five Romanian supertankers which were constructed by Constanța Shipyard in the 1980s. The sister ships were as follows:

M/T Independența (Independence) – suffered a more deadly accident with a Greek ship (Evriyali) at the southern entrance to the Bosporus. All but three members of the Romanian tanker crew died.

M/T Unirea (Union) – broke up and sank at the beginning of the 1980s in Bulgarian waters of the Black Sea. Official reports claim that the accident was caused by a collision with a World War II mine. A different opinion (unofficial) came from some naval architects and marine engineers stating that the ship broke up due to incorrect ballasting (the ship had no cargo at the moment of the accident).

M/T Libertatea (Liberty) – had the same history (including ownership) as her older sister M/T Biruinta. The ship, known then as M/T Histria Prestige, was broken up in 2005.

M/T Pacea (Peace) – was never fully completed. At the end of the 1980s it was passed to Czechoslovakia as a part of Romania's foreign debt.

title: Biruința (ship)


text:
User talk:Red dwarf

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (for eg. on talk pages) use 	 ~  (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * For help, see Where to ask a question.
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Five pillars, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * You can contribute in many ways: write a great article, fight vandalism, upload pictures, perform maintenance tasks, contribute to existing projects...

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop us a note at New user log.

-- utcursch | talk

Could you explain...
...how you think I vandalized the Johnny Cash entry? Torgman1 (talk) 23:36, 8 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Uh, I never flagged it as abuse. RepublicanJacobite flagged whatever edits were done after mine as abuse. Red dwarf (talk) 11:50, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

Newfoundland and Labrador WikiProject
There’s now a WikiProject for Newfoundland and Labrador. We hope you’ll join us in making Wikipedia a great source of information about the province and its people. Oz Lawyer  17:55, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Travel costs and science fiction fandom
If you read accounts of early 20th century fannish life as enshrined in the early fanzines, you will see that the high cost of travel (by 21st-century standards) was quite relevant to how fan culture developed. -- Orange Mike  |   Talk  18:51, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

 * This is true. I had thought the last part of the sentence previous to the one I deleted ("or when one of them could manage a trip") covered the fact that travel was costlier during the early 20th society. As such, I had deleted it. However, upon reflection, the sentence should have stayed. I was not trying to undermine the article, nor was I trying to under-appreciate what fans did to meet up. Sorry if it appeared so. Red dwarf (talk) 21:01, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

 * No big. They Were Jiants In Those Days. About the only ones left are Jack Speer, Forry and Art Widner, and none is in good health (although Art's still chipper when I see him). -- Orange Mike  |   Talk  21:45, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

 * It will be sad when they eventually go to the other side. They will be missed, and their legacy will live on. Although it's nice Art's still in good spirits! Red dwarf (talk) 22:07, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

Articles for deletion nomination of Snook (comedian)
I have nominated Snook (comedian), an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Snook (comedian). Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. — Coren (talk) 02:06, 5 November 2009 (UTC)

Yeah
Yeah, I usually just fix spelling mistakes, add music video tables to artist discographies, or add pictures to singles, artists, bands, or albums. Like Spacehog didn't have an artist picture, so I added one. This Too Shall Pass by OK Go didn't have a single cover on its page, so I added one. Beck's discography didn't have a music video table, so I created one. (It took me at least 2 hours to find the pattern in the markup.) —Preceding unsigned comment added by GrantyO (talk • contribs) 00:31, 23 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Cool, cool. Most of the pages I go to have sufficient pictures... I've noticed some of the Wiki pages I've stumbled across do not have tables at the bottom. I should contribute more of those, really. Two hours to find the pattern?! Red dwarf (talk) 00:59, 23 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Yeah, some of the wiki markup is really crazy like rowspan="1"|blank. —Preceding unsigned comment added by GrantyO (talk • contribs) 01:32, 23 May 2010 (UTC)

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July 2020
Hi Red dwarf! I noticed that you recently marked an edit as minor at MS-13 that may not have been. "Minor edit" has a very specific definition on Wikipedia – it refers only to superficial edits that could never be the subject of a dispute, such as typo corrections or reverting obvious vandalism. Any edit that changes the meaning of an article is not a minor edit, even if it only concerns a single word. Please see Help:Minor edit for more information. That was a major edit and incorrectly changed the meaning of the sentence.  Doug Weller  talk 13:11, 5 July 2020 (UTC)

Hey! Sorry, I thought I was simply making the sentence flow a little better. I'll keep it in mind in the future. Red dwarf (talk) 20:50, 5 July 2020 (UTC)

August 2020
Hi Red dwarf! I noticed that you recently marked an edit as minor at IPad that may not have been. "Minor edit" has a very specific definition on Wikipedia – it refers only to superficial edits that could never be the subject of a dispute, such as typo corrections or reverting obvious vandalism. Any edit that changes the meaning of an article is not a minor edit, even if it only concerns a single word. Please see Help:Minor edit for more information. ''Also, I encourage you to take the time to enter an accurate (no canned) Edit Summary for everything you do. It helps other editors understand what you've done.'' — UncleBubba ( T @ C ) 10:56, 25 August 2020 (UTC)

Semicolons?
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Sorry for mucking up your edit at 5G
Sorry for mucking up your edit at 5G. By your edit you left a typo in the word "kosher", but by undoing your edit I erased your adding the missing word "to". now! --papageno (talk) 05:33, 24 October 2020 (UTC)

Hey! It's cool. I thought I fixed the typo, so it's my bad. Red dwarf (talk) 09:22, 24 October 2020 (UTC)

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em dash vs. en dash and spacing
Hello, Red Dwarf. I was looking at the article on A Wrinkle in Time, and I noticed this edit of yours. . I didn't revert it, but I also thought it was perfectly fine the way it was before your edit. I don't know if there's a strict rule on this, or if it's just a style thing, but even though I didn't insert those em dashes, they were done just the way I would have done them. Is there a rule you can point me to? Thanks. Unschool 02:52, 28 May 2021 (UTC)

Hey, Unschool! It is a personal style thing. I presumed that the shorter dashes were correct, as opposed to longer dashes. I can't find any rule about using one over the other. I'll revert the article back. Thanks! Red dwarf (talk) 18:55, 28 May 2021 (UTC)

Light humour
Noticed some of your edits on my watchlist. Now, tell me, I'm a bit disappointed your user page isn't more specific :), which red dwarf are you? Cheers, RandomCanadian (talk / contribs) 03:45, 29 May 2021 (UTC)

I'm Lacaille 8760, of course! Gotta be the lightest ;)

I actually can't remember how I came up with my wiki handle. I must have read the phrase "red dwarf" somewhere, and it stuck.

Nice to see a fellow random Canadian here! Red dwarf (talk) 20:01, 30 May 2021 (UTC)

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Sure thing! Sorry, I've been pretty lax with adding edit summaries Red dwarf (talk) 02:57, 25 July 2021 (UTC)

Derry
Hi there ~ i've undone an edit of yours on Derry for a couple of reasons: First, it was already correct English; second, only in certain circumstances is a comma required after a years (usually to make it paranthetical), not in a single clause; third, the repetition of Londonderry County Borough Council within such a short space felt very clumsy; and, last,a new sentence requires a capital letter starting it. Very possibly one or more of those were typos or other slips, but as a whole i felt that the paragraph was better previously. Happy days ~ LindsayHello 07:50, 21 June 2022 (UTC)

Thanks! Yeah, I was sleep deprived when I made the edits. Hence the typos and other errors. I really should save editing for when I have a clearer mind (and I'm better rested lol).

Thanks again, and have a great one!! Red dwarf (talk) 14:32, 21 June 2022 (UTC)

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MOS:GEOCOMMA
Note that I have partially undone an edit of yours as MOS:GEOCOMMA (and many other style guides) indicates that a comma should go after "India" in such circumstances. WikiEditor50 (talk) 03:50, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
 * And I have just reverted this edit of yours at the Culver's article. A place name like Dubuque, Iowa, should have a comma after Iowa, as the paired commas set the optional "Iowa" apart from the rest of the text. Please don't remove the last comma in such situations. Thanks,— JohnFromPinckney (talk / edits) 00:43, 4 July 2023 (UTC)

A barnstar for you!

 * Yay, my first Barnstar. Thanks so much!! Red dwarf (talk) 19:59, 25 July 2023 (UTC)

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Speedy deletion nomination of Valley Mall (Corner Brook)
Hello Red dwarf,

I wanted to let you know that I just tagged Valley Mall (Corner Brook) for deletion, because it seems to be promotional, rather than an encyclopedia article.

If you feel that the article shouldn't be deleted and want more time to work on it, you can contest this deletion, but please don't remove the speedy deletion tag from the top.

You can leave a note on my talk page if you have questions. Thanks!

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αvírαm | (tαlk) 04:44, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

Valley Mall (Corner Brook) moved to draftspace
Thanks for your contributions to Valley Mall (Corner Brook). Unfortunately, I do not think it is ready for publishing at this time because it has no sources, it is promotional and reads like an advertisement and you may have a possible Conflict of Interest. I have converted your article to a draft which you can improve, undisturbed for a while.

Please see more information at Help:Unreviewed new page. When the article is ready for publication, please click on the "Submit your draft for review!" button at the top of the page OR move the page back. QuadriSyed Sahab  (T · C 05:48, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

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Jimmy Carr
Hi

You are editing some text that I made to this page and introducing typos "Carr nevsr make" (and that should be MADE if you are changing it that way)

But I also am not keen on your changing years to text format. Why are you only changing a few of them? It is harder to read and looks odd and not seen it done anywhere else.

Thanks Comedy Nerd77 (talk) 09:09, 8 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Hey!
 * Good eye, thanks! It was supposed to say "never". I'm typing on a tablet, so the occasional slip goes through. should have said maid too
 * As for the numbers, I intended to write out just the ones that started sentences as well as numbers under 10. I've understood it was in good form to write numbers in both instances, unless it is in dates or proper nouns/names
 * I can change both back, if need be. Thanks again Red dwarf (talk) 09:19, 8 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Hello
 * Sorry - went out. Just have 5 mins, will be back later. Could we change the years back again, please? It's not just a whim - search engines cannot pick up a year written in text so anyone searching for a specific event / year wouldn't find the page.
 * When researching that info i had one hell of a job finding the really old stuff as I had to use Google filters to go back 20 years, in some cases. Partly because, with articles, many websites omit publishing dates now. It makes research REALLY time intensive. Comedy Nerd77 (talk) 11:09, 8 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Hey! Sorry, never realized it made things harder to Google by writing out dates (instead of leaving them as numbers).. I would've changed the years back, but you've already done so. Thanks for changing 'em back! Red dwarf (talk) 21:08, 8 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Morning. I think most people don't use dates when searching anyway - but if you are trying to pin down a particular event, searching with a year can help.
 * I thought later on that it's probably more important from the perspective of people who don't have English as a 1st language.
 * I know, for me, reading a year (in another language) is one of the hardest things. You literally have to break it down into the numerical components and think it through. So a number is always easier to read.
 * I'm on a PC so I thought it was quicker to just scroll through and alter them. Comedy Nerd77 (talk) 10:20, 9 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Hey again!
 * Good idea, regarding dates/years. It's also easier to read for those who have English as a first language - "2005" (as an example) looks better than "two thousand and five". I can only imagine what it's like for those who read English as a second language!
 * I would have changed the dates/years back to numerals myself yesterday. I had to wait until I had more time with my PC/a computer, instead of "typing" on a tablet computer. Much appreciated, just the same!! Red dwarf (talk) 20:49, 9 May 2024 (UTC)
 * No worries. I'm having an RSI flare up in my mouse hand so am a bit intermittent with PC use myself. Soldiering on!!! Comedy Nerd77 (talk) 07:01, 11 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Oh no! Hope you're able to find relief soon! I've yet to have it. Surprisingly, given how active I am. And how often I'm on my computer lol Red dwarf (talk) 09:34, 11 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Sorry - missed that you'd sent this. Still struggling...and can't use my left hand to save my life. But, thank you. Comedy Nerd77 (talk) 13:44, 19 May 2024 (UTC)
 * hey again!
 * I fixed the mistakes, as well as a few more. A few more may have escaped me, so I'll go over it again later on today.
 * Thanks for bringing it to my attention, at any rate!! Red dwarf (talk) 09:40, 8 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I'll have a read later. :o) Comedy Nerd77 (talk) 11:09, 8 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks again! I intended to change the dates earlier; however, I had a busy day, so I couldn't get to a computer until now. Red dwarf (talk) 21:08, 8 May 2024 (UTC)

Concern regarding Draft:Valley Mall (Corner Brook)
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title: User talk:Red dwarf


text:
Aisne (river)

The Aisne is a river in northeastern France. It is a left tributary of the Oise. It gave its name to the French department of Aisne. It was known in the Roman period as Axona.

The river rises in the forest of Argonne, at Rembercourt-Sommaisne, near Sainte-Menehould. It flows north and then west before joining the Oise near Compiègne. The Aisne is 356 km long. Its main tributaries are the Vesle, the Aire and the Suippe. The Battle of the Axona was fought between the Romans and the Belgae near the Aisne in 57 BC. Three Battles of the Aisne were fought in the Aisne valley during the First World War.

Places along the river
Departments and towns along the river include:
 * Meuse
 * Marne: Sainte-Ménehould
 * Ardennes: Vouziers, Rethel
 * Aisne: Soissons
 * Oise: Compiègne
 * Aisne: Berny-Rivière

Navigation
The river Aisne was used for commercial navigation as early as the Celtic period, and rafts were floated from a long distance above the present limit of navigation at Vailly-sur-Aisne until the mid-19th century. Canalisation works were begun in 1836, at the same time as construction of the Canal lateral à l'Aisne. The canal was completed first, in 1841, then two years later the river navigation. Commercial traffic in péniches carrying 220 tonnes is still active, while recreational traffic is mainly private boats. The waterway is 57 km long, from the river Oise to the junction with the lateral canal, and has 7 locks. Through the lateral canal, it links with the Marne and the Canal de la Meuse.

En route
The kilometre distances continue the numbering from Canal latéral à l'Aisne from east to west.
 * PK 51.3 is the end of the Canal latéral à l'Aisne
 * PK 64.5 Villeneuve-Saint-Germain
 * PK 67 Soissons
 * PK 79 Fontenoy
 * PK 85 Vic-sur-Aisne
 * PK 92 Couloisy
 * PK 104.5 Choisy-au-Bac
 * PK 108 junction with Canal latéral à l'Oise upstream of Compiègne

title: Aisne (river)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/21 (band)

21 (band)
Band vanity. Article was originally created by User:21. A google test on the band name would be silly, but a search for the band members returns one hit for Shir Katz and nothing for Jazzmin Vagner -- and the Shir Katz hit is a page saying he was born 10/07/2000. If a four year old really has his own band, I guess he's notable. Otherwise, delete. Dave6 09:41, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete vantity.   — Asbestos | Talk 09:42, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Abstaining for the time being. Surely the year 2000 note must be a typo.  Can any Israelis attest to this groups notability?  —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 09:48, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Check out the page. It's just someone's family tree.  I don't think it's a typo :) Dave6 10:00, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete i am an israeli and this is an unknown band of some left wing fundamentalists. Gilgamesh he 09:50, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I am sure the band is a vanity in non-Hebrew-speaking world, but the issue of profile 21 is very hot and definitely not vanity. To test if 21 (band) is a vanity, I suggest nominating the Hebrew version of the article to VfD and see if it gets deleted on these grounds. Meanwhile, either keep or merge into profile 21. BACbKA 09:54, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I have posted a notification on the VfD on the Hebrew article's talk page; hopefully we'll learn more this way. BACbKA 11:34, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge into an article that doesn't exist? Do people suggest this often?  Anyway, Profile 21 seems notable enough for an article, so I started one. Dave6 02:43, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks. The 21 (band) was a cut-down translation of the corresponding he: article; that article cross-links to the profile 21 counterpart on he: as well. At this moment, profile 21 is properly interwikied with he:, and he: contains more info to pull in. It might be a bit tricky though to properly merge text from the band page to the profile page as a blind copy and paste the 1st (summary) paragraph from the band page to the link annotation can be perceived as POV propaganda against the Israeli army service much more than the same text on the band page. Once this is overcome, I think we can safely dispense with the personal details about the 2 artists; so I'll likely change my vote to delete then (when the summary is properly integrated). If the article on he: still remains, it would then be interwikied to profile 21. BTW, I asked around a producer that is affiliated with Russian rock in Israel, and is knowledgeable of the more or less known local Hebrew-singing rock artists, and they haven't heard of this band either, so I am now more inclined to consider it a vanity band. Caveat emptor since I immigrated from Russia at the age of 18 and somehow never got to getting involved with Hebrew rock music at all). BACbKA 21:54, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I have moved the relevant bits to the talk page of profile 21, so the delete won't remove any non-promotional info from the remaining pages. Not changing the vote because it doesn't matter anyway. BACbKA 18:21, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. More bandcruft. --Szyslak 09:55, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. it's a very important band. Google in Hebrew: http://www.google.co.il/search?hl=iw&q=%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8+%D7%9B%D7%A5&meta= and http://www.google.co.il/search?hl=iw&q=%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F+%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%A8&meta= Shir Katz return more than 27,000 hits and the first one is to the band homepage... --@w 10:12, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * kaz is very common jewish last name the true search gives only 9 entries - Gilgamesh he 11:14, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Explanation of the above note for those who don't know Hebrew and don't know what to believe in this thread: the original query was for the Hebrew spelling of "Shir Katz", but this matched any page that contained the 2 words. Moreover, since there are no capital letters in Hebrew, the word "shir" (song) pops up a lot in the answer. The refined query, by Gilgamesh he, used quotes around the name, thus restricting the search to this exact combination (which is unambiguosly interpreted as name and surname). BACbKA 16:25, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. no reason to delete. it is also existing in the hebrew wikipedia --Haham hanuka 10:43, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep or Merge Delete, too many sockpuppets around here for my taste. Wyss 10:45, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. 5 vote to keep (including me), 3 vote delete. i think that the decision has been made. --21 12:09, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It's no surprise the original author is voting keep. The decision will not have been made until the end of the VfD period, please be patient. Meanwhile, if you want to increase the chances of the outcome, you should probably add more material to the article. Citing more 3rd party references to prove the non-vanity will surely help. BACbKA 12:42, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, and kick-out the sock puppets from the vote. Eranb 12:16, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: No label, no distribution that I can find. Popularity within Israel is popularity, and a band that does web promotion will have web evidence.  Two people in the band -- saxophone and voice -- seems like a cabaret/folk act.  Geogre 13:40, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep.--Qwerty1234 13:58, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Some consider it a bit suspicious when a user's first edits after a long hiatus are to a VfD discussion. Possible sockpuppet.  Rossami (talk)
 * Delete, watch for flying socks. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 17:36, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete unless futher evidence provided of popularity. Rmhermen 19:07, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Zero hits for Jazzmin Vagner. Allmusic.com hasn't heard of them. (forgot to sign Niteowlneils 20:06, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC))
 * Jazzmin Vagner could be a poor misspelling of Jasmin Wagner aka Blümchen. Even so, delete Alkivar 04:01, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete --fvw *  19:55, 2004 Dec 16 (UTC)
 * Delete unless futher evidence provided per above. Rossami (talk) 21:17, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Mikkalai 21:39, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 23:51, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete unless notability is established. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 02:23, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Strong merge: they're aware of this over at Talk:Refusal to serve in the Israeli military, where User:BACbKA proposed integrating this into a prospective section in that article just a few days ago. Samaritan 05:40, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC) No vote. Samaritan 09:05, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm leaning to keep or merge, but if people think it is non-notable it should be nominated for VfD in Hebrew and we should follow their lead. -- Jmabel | Talk 06:35, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Tuf-Kat 08:24, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: promo, no evidence of notability. Wile E. Heresiarch 16:43, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)


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Music in Bashkortostan

Music in Bashkortostan is the music of the peoples who live in Bashkortostan (Bashkirs, Russians, Tatars, Chuvashs, Mari, Udmurts, Ukrainians and others).

History
The first major study of the music of Bashkortostan appeared in 1897, when ethnographer Rybakov S.G. wrote Music and Songs of the Ural's Muslims and Studies of Their Way of Life. Later, Lebedinskiy L.N. collected numerous folk songs in Bashkortostan beginning in 1930. The 1968 foundation of the Ufa State Institute of Arts sponsored research in the field.

The quray (end-blown flute) is the most important instrument in the Bashkir ensemble; it is made from a special reed found only in the Ural Mountains. It is used in both traditional and modern popular music. Zahir Bayiq played some Enigma and own melodies.

The National Symphonic Orchestra of the Bashkortostan Republic was founded in 1992 under the leadership of Tahir Kamalov. It emerged as one of the major symphonies in late 20th century Russia.

G. Gaskarav, the first artistic leader of folk theatrical choreography of the Bashkir, founded a professional folk dance ensemble in 1939. This band has travelled across much of the world.

Musical education

 * Ufa State Institute (Academy) of Arts named Zagir Ismagilov (founded in 1968) - faculties of music, Bashkir music, theater, visual arts
 * Bashkir State Pedagogical University named after M. Akmulla, Institute of Pedagogy (specialty music)
 * Ufa College of Arts (founded in 1921)
 * Salawat College of Music (founded in 1961)
 * Music College of the city of Oktyabrsky (founded in 1969)
 * Uchaly College of Arts and Culture named after Salawat Nizametdinov (founded in 1972)
 * Sibay College of the Arts (founded in 1997)
 * Bashkir Republican College of Culture and Art (Sterlitamak) (founded in 1933)
 * Republican gymnasium named after G. Almukhametov (secondary school and music school)
 * Art schools for children in cities and regions of the republic

Literature

 * Bashkir Encyclopedia . Гл. ред. М. А. Ильгамов. — Уфа: Башкирская энциклопедия.
 * Т. 1. А-Б. 2005. — 624 с. — ISBN 5-88185-053-X
 * Т. 2. В-Ж. 2006. — 624 с. — ISBN 5-88185-062-9
 * Т. 3. З-К. 2007. — 672 с. — ISBN 978-5-88185-064-7
 * Т. 4. Л-О. 2008. — 672 с. — ISBN 978-5-88185-068-5
 * Р.Шакур. Собиратель и исследователь (К 110-летию Л.Н.Лебединского). Журнал «Ватандаш», №12, 2014
 * Атанова Л.П. Собиратели и исследователи башкирского музыкального фольклора. Уфа, 1992

title: Music in Bashkortostan


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Talk:Music in Bashkortostan

Instrument names
Why not add the names of all the traditional musical instruments used in Bashkortostan to this article, so it can be properly encyclopedic? 76.190.213.189 (talk) 18:50, 19 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Music in Bashkortostan


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User:Ray Foster

Ray Foster is a refractory flirt & film writer, Deaf, and lives in the bluest of blue states.

References

Bio Ray was born in a trailer in Boswell, Oklahoma and was raised with a hoe handle in his hands. He attended 13 elementary schools in Oklahoma City, then went to junior high school in Bennington, Oklahoma. He finished high school in Eldorado, Oklahoma. He has moved exactly 35 times in his life.

He *earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Early Childhood Education and a BA in English both from California State University, Fresno.

He is primarily a speaker of English but is also a daily practitioner of American Sign Language.

His current Wikipedia areas of interest are 1. Deafness, 2. Deaf History, 3. Deaf culture and 4. Deaf People.

Ray Foster

title: User:Ray Foster


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Terpyridine

Terpyridine (2,2';6',2"-terpyridine, often abbreviated to Terpy or Tpy) is a heterocyclic compound derived from pyridine. It is a white solid that is soluble in most organic solvents. The compound is mainly used as a ligand in coordination chemistry.

Synthesis
Terpyridine was first synthesized by G. Morgan and F. H. Burstall in 1932 by the oxidative coupling of pyridines. This method, however, proceeded in low yields. More efficient syntheses have since been described, mainly starting from 2-acetylpyridine. One method produces an enaminone by the reaction of 2-acetylpyridine with N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal. The base-catalyzed reaction of 2-acetylpyridine with carbon disulfide followed by alkylation with methyl iodide gives C5H4NCOCH=C(SMe)2. Condensation of this species with 2-acetylpyridine forms the related 1,5-diketone, which condenses with ammonium acetate to form a terpyridine. Treatment of this derivative with Raney nickel removes the thioether group.

Other methods have been developed for the synthesis of terpyridine and its substituted derivatives. Substituted terpyridines are also synthesized from palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. It can be prepared from bis-triazinyl pyridine.

Properties
Terpyridine is a tridentate ligand that binds metals at three meridional sites giving two adjacent 5-membered MN2C2 chelate rings. Terpyridine forms complexes with most transition metal ion as do other polypyridine compounds, such as 2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline. Complexes containing two terpyridine complexes, i.e. [M(Terpy)2]n+ are common. They differ structurally from the related [M(Bipy)3]n+ complexes in being achiral.

Terpyridine complexes, like other polypyridine complexes, exhibit characteristic optical and electrochemical properties: metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) in the visible region, reversible reduction and oxidation, and fairly intense luminescence.

Because they are pi-acceptors, terpyridine and bipyridine tend to stabilize metals in lower oxidation states. For instance in acetonitrile solution, it is possible to generate the [M(Terpy)2]+ (M = Ni, Co).

Related compounds

 * bis-triazinyl pyridines are related to terpyridine in their binding to metals.
 * quaterpyridine

title: Terpyridine