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Muscogee language

The Muscogee language (Muskogee, Mvskoke in Muscogee), previously referred to by its exonym, Creek, is a Muskogean language spoken by Muscogee (Creek) and Seminole people, primarily in the US states of Oklahoma and Florida. Along with Mikasuki, when it is spoken by the Seminole, it is known as Seminole.

Historically, the language was spoken by various constituent groups of the Muscogee or Maskoki in what are now Alabama and Georgia. It is related to but not mutually intelligible with the other primary language of the Muscogee confederacy, Hitchiti-Mikasuki, which is spoken by the kindred Mikasuki, as well as with other Muskogean languages.

The Muscogee first brought the Muscogee and Miccosukee languages to Florida in the early 18th century. Combining with other ethnicities there, they emerged as the Seminole. During the 1830s, however, the US government forced most Muscogee and Seminole to relocate west of the Mississippi River, with most forced into Indian Territory.

The language is today spoken by fewer than 400 people, most of whom live in Oklahoma and are members of the Muscogee Nation and the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma.

Current status
Muscogee is widely spoken among the Muscogee people. The Muscogee Nation offers free language classes and immersion camps to Muscogee children.

Language programs
The College of the Muscogee Nation offers a language certificate program. Tulsa public schools, the University of Oklahoma and Glenpool Library in Tulsa and the Holdenville, Okmulgee, and Tulsa Muscogee Communities of the Muscogee Nation offer Muscogee Creek language classes. In 2013, the Sapulpa Creek Community Center graduated a class of 14 from its Muscogee language class. In 2018, 8 teachers graduated from a class put on by the Seminole nation at Seminole State College to try and reintroduce the Muscogee language to students in elementary and high school in several schools around the state.

Phonology
The phoneme inventory of Muscogee consists of thirteen consonants and three vowel qualities, which distinguish length, tone and nasalization. It also makes use of the gemination of stops, fricatives and sonorants.

Plosives
There are four voiceless stops in Muscogee:. is a voiceless palatal affricate and patterns as a single consonant and so with the other voiceless stops. has an alveolar allophone before. The obstruent consonants are voiced to  between sonorants and vowels but remain voiceless at the end of a syllable.

Between instances of, or after at the end of a syllable, the velar  is realized as the uvular  or. For example:

 * in-coko
 * 'his or her house'
 * tokná:wa
 * 'money'
 * }
 * tokná:wa
 * 'money'
 * }
 * 'money'
 * }
 * }
 * }

Fricatives
There are four voiceless fricatives in Muscogee:. can be realized as either labiodental or bilabial  in place of articulation. Predominantly among speakers in Florida, the articulation of is more laminal, resulting in  being realized as, but for most speakers,  is a voiceless apico-alveolar fricative.

Like, the glottal is sometimes realized as the uvular [] when it is preceded by  or when syllable-final:

 * oh-leyk-itá
 * 'chair'
 * ohɬolopi:
 * 'year'
 * }
 * ohɬolopi:
 * 'year'
 * }
 * 'year'
 * }
 * }
 * }

Sonorants
The sonorants in Muscogee are two nasals ( and ), two semivowels ( and ), and the lateral, all voiced. Nasal assimilation occurs in Muscogee: becomes  before.

Sonorants are devoiced when followed by in the same syllable and results in a single voiceless consonant:

 * camhcá:ka
 * 'bell'
 * akcáwhko
 * 'a type of water bird'
 * }
 * akcáwhko
 * 'a type of water bird'
 * }
 * 'a type of water bird'
 * }
 * }
 * }

Geminates
All plosives and fricatives in Muscogee can be geminated (lengthened). Some sonorants may also be geminated, but and  are less common than other sonorant geminates, especially in roots. For the majority of speakers, except for those influenced by the Alabama or Koasati languages, the geminate does not occur.

Vowels
The vowel phonemes of Muscogee are as follows:

There are three short vowels and three long vowels. There are also the nasal vowels (in the linguistic orthography, they are often written with an ogonek under them or a following superscript "n"). Most occurrences of nasal vowels are the result of nasal assimilation or the nasalizing grade, but there are some forms that show contrast between oral and nasal vowels:

 * pó-ɬki
 * 'our father'
 * opónɬko
 * 'cutworm'
 * }
 * 'cutworm'
 * }
 * }

Short vowels
The three short vowels can be realized as the lax and centralized  when a neighboring consonant is coronal or in closed syllables. However, will generally not centralize when it is followed by  or  in the same syllable, and  will generally remain noncentral if it is word-final. Initial vowels can be deleted in Muscogee, mostly applying to the vowel. The deletion will affect the pitch of the following syllable by creating a higher-than-expected pitch on the new initial syllable. Furthermore, initial vowel deletion in the case of single-morpheme, short words such as ifa 'dog' or icó 'deer' is impossible, as the shortest a Muscogee word can be is a one-syllable word ending in a long vowel (fóː 'bee') or a two-syllable word ending with a short vowel (ací 'corn').

Long vowels
There are three long vowels in Muscogee, which are slightly longer than short vowels and are never centralized.

Long vowels are rarely followed by a sonorant in the same syllable. Therefore, when syllables are created (often from suffixation or contractions) in which a long vowel is followed by a sonorant, the vowel is shortened:

 * in-ɬa:m-itá
 * 'to uncover, open'
 * in-ɬam-k-itá
 * 'to be uncovered, open'
 * }
 * 'to be uncovered, open'
 * }
 * }

Diphthongs
In Muscogee, there are three diphthongs, generally realized as.

Nasal vowels
Both long and short vowels can be nasalized (the distinction between acces and ącces below), but long nasal vowels are more common. Nasal vowels usually appear as a result of a contraction, as the result of a neighboring nasal consonant, or as the result of nasalizing grade, a grammatical ablaut, which indicates intensification through lengthening and nasalization of a vowel ( 'warm' with the nasalizing grade intensifies the word to likŏ:nth-os-i: 'nice and warm'). Nasal vowels may also appear as part of a suffix that indicates a question (o:sk-ihá:n 'I wonder if it's raining').

Tones
There are three phonemic tones in Muscogee; they are generally unmarked except in the linguistic orthography: high (marked in the linguistic orthography with an acute accent: á, etc.), low (unmarked: a, etc.), and falling (marked with a circumflex: â, etc.).

Orthography
The traditional Muscogee alphabet was adopted by the tribe in the late 1800s and has 20 letters.

Although it is based on the Latin alphabet, some sounds are vastly different from those in English like those represented by c, e, i, r, and v. Here are the (approximately) equivalent sounds using familiar English words and the IPA:

There are also three vowel sequences whose spellings match their phonetic makeup:

Consonants
As mentioned above, certain consonants in Muscogee, when they appear between two sonorants (a vowel or m, n, l, w, or y), become voiced. They are the consonants represented by p, t, k, c, and s:

 * c can sound like, the "j" in j ust
 * k can sound like, the "g" in g oat
 * p can sound like, the "b" in b oat
 * s can sound like, the "z" in z oo
 * t can sound like, the "d" in d ust

In addition, certain combinations of consonants sound differently from English, giving multiple possible transcriptions. The most prominent case is the second person singular ending for verbs. Wiketv means "to stop:" the verb for "you are stopping" may be written in Muscogee as wikeckes or wiketskes. Both are pronounced the same. The -eck- transliteration is preferred by Innes (2004), and the -etsk- transliteration has been used by Martin (2000) and Loughridge (1964).

Vowel length
While vowel length in Muscogee is distinctive, it is somewhat inconsistently indicated in the traditional orthography. The following basic correspondences can be noted:

 * The short vowel v with the long vowel a ( vs. )
 * The short vowel e with the long vowel ē ( vs. )
 * The short vowel u with the long vowel o ( vs. )

However, the correspondences do not always apply, and in some words, short is spelled a, long  is spelled e, and short  is spelled o.

Nonstandard orthography
Muscogee words carry distinctive tones and nasalization of their vowels. These features are not marked in the traditional orthography, only in dictionaries and linguistic publications. The following additional markers have been used by Martin (2000) and Innes (2004):

 * Falling tone in a syllable is shown using a circumflex. In English, falling tone is found in phrases such as "uh-oh" or commands such as "stop!" In Muscogee, however, changing a verb such as acces ("she is putting on (a dress)") to âcces alters the meaning from one of process to one of state ("she is wearing (a dress)").
 * Nasalization of a vowel is shown with an ogonek under the vowel. Changing the verb acces to ącces adds the imperfective aspect, a sense of repeated or habitual action ("she kept putting on (that same dress)").
 * The key syllable of a word is often shown with an accent and is the last syllable that has normal (high) tone within a word; the following syllables are all lower in pitch.

Word order
The general sentence structure fits the pattern subject–object–verb. The subject or object may be a noun or a noun followed by one or more adjectives. Adverbs tend to occur either at the beginning of the sentence (for time adverbs) or immediately before the verb (for manner adverbs).

Grammatical case
Case is marked on noun phrases using the clitics -t for subjects, and -n for non-subjects. The clitic -n can appear on multiple noun phrases in a single sentence at once, such as the direct object, indirect object, and adverbial nouns. Despite the distinction in verbal affixes between the agent and patient of the verb, the clitic -t marks subject of both transitive and intransitive verbs.

In some situations, case marking is omitted. This is especially true of sentences with only one noun where the role of the noun is obvious from the personal marking on the verb. Case marking is also omitted on fixed phrases that use a noun, e.g. "go to town" or "build a fire".

Verbs
In Muscogee, a single verb can translate into an entire English sentence. The root infinitive form of the verb is altered for:

 * Person of agent. Letketv = to run.
 * Lētkis. = I am running.
 * Lētketskes. = You are running.
 * Lētkes. = He / She is running.
 * Plural forms can be a bit more complicated (see below).
 * Person of patient and/or indirect object. That is accomplished with prefixes. Hecetv = to see.
 * Cehēcis = I see you.
 * Cvhēcetskes. = You see me.
 * Hvtvm Cehēcares. = I will see you again.
 * Tense. Pohetv = to hear.
 * Pohis. = I am hearing (present).
 * Pohhis. = I just heard (first or immediate past; within a day ago).
 * Pohvhanis. = I am going to hear.
 * Pohares. = I will hear.
 * Pohiyvnks. = I heard recently (second or middle past, within a week ago).
 * Pohimvts. = I heard (third or distant past, within a year ago).
 * Pohicatēs. = Long ago I heard (fourth or remote past, beyond a year ago).
 * There are at least ten more tenses, including perfect versions of the above, as well as future, indefinite, and pluperfect.
 * Mood. Wiketv = to stop.
 * Wikes. = He / She is stopping (indicative).
 * Wikvs. = Stop! (imperative)
 * Wike wites. = He / She may stop (potential).
 * Wiken omat. = If he / she stops (subjunctive).
 * Wikepices. = He / She made someone stop (causative).
 * Aspect. Kerretv = to learn.
 * Kērris. = I am learning (progressive, ongoing or in progress).
 * Kêrris. = I know (resulting state).
 * Kęrris. = I keep learning (imperfect, habitual or repeated action).
 * Kerîyis. = I just learned (action completed in the past).
 * Voice.
 * Wihkis. = I just stopped (active voice, 1st past).
 * Cvwihokes. = I was just stopped (passive voice, 1st past).
 * Negatives.
 * Wikarēs. = I will stop (positive, future tense).
 * Wikakarēs. = I will not stop (negative, future tense).
 * Questions. Hompetv = to eat; nake = what.
 * Hompetskes. = You are eating.
 * Hompetskv? = Are you eating? (expecting a yes or no answer)
 * Naken hompetska? = What are you eating? (expecting a long answer)

Verbs with irregular plurals
Some Muscogee verbs, especially those involving motion, have highly irregular plurals: letketv = to run, with a singular subject, but tokorketv = to run of two subjects and pefatketv = to run of three or more.

Stative verbs
Another entire class of Muscogee verbs is the stative verbs, which express no action, imply no duration, and provide only description of a static condition. In some languages, such as English, they are expressed as adjectives. In Muscogee, the verbs behave like adjectives but are classed and treated as verbs. However, they are not altered for the person of the subject by an affix, as above; instead, the prefix changes:

 * enokkē = to be sick;
 * enokkēs = he / she is sick;
 * cvnokkēs = I'm sick;
 * cenokkēs = you are sick.

Locative prefixes
Prefixes are also used in Muscogee for shades of meaning of verbs that are expressed, in English, by adverbs in phrasal verbs. For example, in English, the verb to go can be changed to to go up, to go in, to go around, and other variations. In Muscogee, the same principle of shading a verb's meaning is handled by locative prefixes:

Example:
 * vyetv = to go (singular subjects only, see above);
 * ayis = I am going;
 * ak-ayis = I am going (in water / in a low place / under something);
 * tak-ayis = I am going (on the ground);
 * oh-ayis = I am going (on top of something).

However, for verbs of motion, Muscogee has a large selection of verbs with a specific meaning: = to go out;  = to go through.

Switch-reference
Clauses in a sentence use switch-reference clitics to co-ordinate their subjects. The clitic -t on a verb in a clause marks that the verb's subject is the same as that of the next clause. The clitic -n marks that verb's subject is different from the next clause.

Possession
In some languages, a special form of the noun, the genitive case, is used to show possession. In Muscogee this relationship is expressed in two quite different ways, depending on the nature of the noun.

Nouns in fixed relationships (inalienable possession)
A body part or family member cannot be named in Muscogee without mentioning the possessor, which is an integrated part of the word. A set of changeable prefixes serves this function:

 * = his / her hand
 * = my hand
 * = your hand
 * = our hand

Even if the possessor is mentioned specifically, the prefix still must be part of the word: Toskē enke = Toske's hand. It is not redundant in Muscogee ("Toske his_hand").

Transferable nouns
All other nouns are possessed through a separate set of pronouns.

 * efv = dog;
 * vm efv = my dog;
 * cem efv = your dog;
 * em efv = his / her dog;
 * pum efv = our dog.

Again, even though the construction in English would be redundant, the proper way to form the possessive in Muscogee must include the correct preposition: Toskē em efv = Toske's dog. That is grammatically correct in Muscogee, unlike the literal English translation "Toske his dog".

Locative nouns
A final distinctive feature, related to the above, is the existence of locational nouns. In English, speakers have prepositions to indicate location, for example, behind, around, beside, and so on. In Muscogee, the locations are actually nouns. These are possessed just like parts of the body and family members were above.

 * = house; = noun for "behind";  = behind the house;  = behind me;  = behind you.
 * = under; = tree;  = under the tree.
 * = near; = near me;  = near you;  = near us.

Examples

 * Family.
 * Erke. = Father.
 * Ecke. = Mother.
 * Pauwv. = Maternal Uncle.
 * Erkuce. = Paternal Uncle.
 * Eckuce. = Aunt.
 * Puca. = Grandpa.
 * Puse. = Grandma.
 * Cēpvnē. = Boy.
 * Hoktuce. = Girl.

Male vs. female speech
Claudio Saunt, writing about the language of the later 18th century, said that there were different feminine and masculine versions, which he also calls dialects, of the Muscogee language. Males "attach[ed] distinct endings to verbs", while Females "accent[ed] different syllables". These forms, mentioned in the first (1860) grammar of the Muscogee language, persisted in the Hichiti, Muscogee proper, and Koasati languages at least into the first half of the 20th century.

Seminole dialects
The forms of Muscogee used by the Seminoles of Oklahoma and Florida are separate dialects from the ones spoken by Muscogee people. Oklahoma Seminole speak a dialect known as Oklahoma Seminole Creek. Florida Seminole Creek is one of two languages spoken among Florida Seminoles; it is less common than the Mikasuki language. The most distinct dialect of the language is said to be that of the Florida Seminole, which is described as "rapid", "staccato" and "dental", with more loan words from Spanish and Mikasuki as opposed to English. Florida Seminole Creek is the most endangered register of the Muscogee language.

title: Muscogee language


text:
Talk:Vulture Street (album)

Not a GA review, but...
It looks like a good article to me but I wonder if something more about Vulture Street (the actual street) itself would be worth including with the West End alternative scene and so on, and how, if at all, this ties into the feel of the album. I'm sure sure that it does, but I remember I first heard the name of the album, I thought it was very apt.

On another note I see Stanley Street gets an article but Vulture Street misses out! -- Mattinbgn\talk 07:48, 16 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't think there is anything major about the street itself that should go on this page - having driven down the street many a time, it's not really a "Powderfingerish" street...erm, yeah. And I will create Vulture Street, Brisbane one day! — Dihydrogen Monoxide  23:41, 16 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I think Spebi has picked up all that is necessary with the link to West End, Queensland. Cheers, Mattinbgn\talk 23:46, 16 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I think that they went back to visit Vulture Street one time and filmed a video clip at the local school, and I think the kids in the video clip for "I Don't Remember" were ones from around their hometown, but this was all Dream Days-era so probably isn't relevant here.  Spebi  04:51, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

Heh I was just about to come here to ask about ......other ppl noticed the Vulture St End from the Gabba.... Blnguyen  ( bananabucket ) 07:58, 17 December 2007 (UTC)
 * The IDR video was shot at Samford State School - I'm not sure off the top of my head where that is (hence it's probably nowhere near where I am) - at the same time I'm fairly sure it's not near central, and Vulture Street is (relatively). So no, I don't think the IDR video has anything to do with Vulture Street. Incidentally, the band's old rehearsal room was on Vulture Street, so IIRC that's where the name comes from (rambling continues) but I don't think there's any amazing deep meaning not covered by the West End, Queensland link. And yes Bln, Vulture Street isn't too far from the Gabba. It also has a good kebab place near by, and....... — Dihydrogen Monoxide  08:42, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

GA review

 * Produced by Nick DiDia who produced - try remove the repetition
 * which included "Album of the Year", "Best Group", "Best Rock Album". Missing an "and"
 * critics as "a rawer, louder, but by no means unrefined" album. - one critic would of said this, it currently implies they all did
 * Added "certain", I'm not sure if it's better than mentioning Bernard Zuel's name instead
 * Seems fine to me. — Dihydrogen Monoxide 12:34, 20 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Powderfinger didn't enter the recording room with - didn't -> did not - recording room -> recording studio
 * remove useless link to song - someone reading an article on an album is bound to know what a song is ;)
 * Powderfinger moved in a different direction to their previous works, - who said this, the band members?
 * Doubled up the ref so that it's easier to determine. — Dihydrogen Monoxide 12:34, 20 December 2007 (UTC)
 * who had previously worked
 * the albums' songs featured, as well as and several music videos.
 * remove link to single
 * remove link to critics
 * and said "Since You've Been Gone was an "uplifting gospel-tinged effort" - watch the quotes in this paragraph especially this sentence, you need closing quotes on the song. The paragraph is really confusing because there are like five quotes
 * Done my best here - what say you now? — Dihydrogen Monoxide 12:34, 20 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I say it's done diddily done. M3tal H3ad (talk) 12:45, 20 December 2007 (UTC)
 * remove link to single
 * remove link to critics
 * and said "Since You've Been Gone was an "uplifting gospel-tinged effort" - watch the quotes in this paragraph especially this sentence, you need closing quotes on the song. The paragraph is really confusing because there are like five quotes
 * Done my best here - what say you now? — Dihydrogen Monoxide 12:34, 20 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I say it's done diddily done. M3tal H3ad (talk) 12:45, 20 December 2007 (UTC)
 * and said "Since You've Been Gone was an "uplifting gospel-tinged effort" - watch the quotes in this paragraph especially this sentence, you need closing quotes on the song. The paragraph is really confusing because there are like five quotes
 * Done my best here - what say you now? — Dihydrogen Monoxide 12:34, 20 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I say it's done diddily done. M3tal H3ad (talk) 12:45, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

That be all arr. M3tal H3ad (talk) 06:16, 20 December 2007 (UTC)
 * also approved of the album
 * and the fun in "Don't Panic" need emphasis on "fun" either single or double quotes
 * passionless predecessor, Odyssey Number Five - album needs italics
 * Evans also praised producer Nick DiDia - producer is linked here yet not on the first mention
 * all of the albums' songs featured throughout
 * remove link to music video
 * You have a category in categories and see also section
 * all of the albums' songs featured throughout
 * remove link to music video
 * You have a category in categories and see also section
 * remove link to music video
 * You have a category in categories and see also section
 * You have a category in categories and see also section
 * Reference 11 and 15 are the same, also missing italics for the Herald, authors name comes last in the references. M3tal H3ad (talk) 06:18, 20 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Publisher for reference 9 is wrong. M3tal H3ad (talk) 06:18, 20 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Italics for SMH and publisher for #9 have been fixed, or rather, ✅. Completing the other suggestions in a moment.  Spebi  06:57, 20 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I've left a couple that would be better off if answered by DHMO, but I've fixed pretty much all of the main grammar/formatting problems.  Spebi  07:08, 20 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I think the rest is ✅. — Dihydrogen Monoxide 12:34, 20 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Good effort but this article has failed passed :o M3tal H3ad (talk) 12:45, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

For reference
http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/09/19/1063625142523.html

If we ever go for FAC...just found this while doing O#5 research. dihydrogen monoxide (H20) 06:50, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

—Giggy 10:59, 23 July 2008 (UTC)
 * http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/2004/best_albums/
 * http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/12/08/1070732125847.html (Live review)
 * http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/12/14/1071336806156.html (Powderfinger, Entertainment center - live review)
 * http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/10/20/1066631356182.html (ARIA predictions)
 * http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/07/11/1057783348441.html (Touch and go - interview)
 * http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/11/09/1099781383139.html (Fingerprints)
 * http://umusic.ca/powderfinger/ (Universal Music Canada)/http://www.webcitation.org/5ZWelsDJg
 * http://hindleysite.com/media/mag/Powderfinger_MTVScene_giveemthefinger.htm
 * http://hindleysite.com/media/mag/Powderfinger_beat_winningstreet.htm
 * http://www.dbmagazine.com.au/308/iv-Powderfinger.html (interview)
 * http://www.dbmagazine.com.au/328/a-industry.shtml (sales data!)
 * http://www.dbmagazine.com.au/308/industry.html (tour; brief)
 * http://www.dbmagazine.com.au/310/mr-SplendourInTheGrass.html (Splendour in the Grass)
 * http://www.dbmagazine.com.au/313/industry.html (international releases)

Single releases are wrong.
Should be noted that the single release dates on the album are incorrect - if On My Mind was released that late the album would have been ineligible to be nominated Album of the Year at the 2003 ARIAs. Which it did, in fact, win. The other issue is that Since You've Been Gone was released last, in about March 2004. The correct order would be: - On My Mind - around July '03 - Love Your Way - Spring '03 - Sept/Oct - Sunsets - December '03 - Since You've Been Gone - March '04

I will try and find firmer dates than those but the ones currently on the page are definitely incorrect. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.245.88.155 (talk) 10:18, 15 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Okay, correct release dates should be Sunsets: January 4th 2004 and Since You've Been Gone 22 March 2004. So the latter is at least close. Love Your Way is still way out, as is On My Mind. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.245.88.155 (talk) 10:24, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

move to Vulture Street (album)
I'd like to move this article to Vulture Street (album) (or whatever else people might prefer) as I would like to create an entry for the road of the same name, so best to create a disambiguation page Vulture Street. Your thoughts? Kerry (talk) 02:56, 19 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Support - In fact I would suggest the street is the primary topic. -- Mattinbgn (talk) 06:53, 19 January 2014 (UTC)

relationship between the album title and the street
It is unclear what the relationship between the album title and the street actually is. The article has a citation to http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/09/19/1063625142523.html which claims that Vulture Street is the address of the group's Fortitude Valley rehearsal space. Problem: there is no Vulture Street in Fortitude Valley. The article itself says the album was launched at the Tivoli nightclub on Vulture Street (with a former link to West End, Queensland). Problem: The Tivoli nightclub is in Costin Street, Fortitude Valley nowhere near Vulture Street or West End. The article has a citation to http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/07/11/1057783348441.html which states that the album was launched at the Tivoli in Fortitude Valley but provides no explanation of the album title. Not cited in the article, this ABC Rage web page claims that the album is named after "a street in West End, Queensland, which was the location of the band's first recording room"; since Vulture Street does pass through West End, this seems plausible. The Powderfinger article attributes the album name to "the location of the band's first recording room in West End, Brisbane" but does not appear to provide a citation for this fact. The Powderfinger article makes no mention of the Tivoli or Fortitude Valley. To me, the only coherent version of events is that Vulture Street, West End is the location of the band's first recording studio and that the album was launched at the Tivoli nightclub in Costin Street, Fortitude Valley. Is there anyone who know about this group and their music who can confirm this? Kerry (talk) 21:07, 10 January 2015 (UTC)

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Vulture Street (album)


text: User talk:69.138.9.101

title: User talk:69.138.9.101


text:
Oebisfelde

Oebisfelde is a town and a former municipality in the Börde district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 January 2010, it is part of the town Oebisfelde-Weferlingen. It is accessed by Bundesstraße (German federal highway) 188.

Geography
Oebisfelde is in the Altmark/Magdeburg Börde area. It borders on Lower Saxony, across the Aller river. East of Oebisfelde is the Drömling Nature Park.

Subdivisions

 * Bergfriede
 * Breitenrode
 * Buchhorst
 * Gehrendorf
 * Lockstedt
 * Niendorf
 * Wassensdorf
 * Weddendorf

History
Between 1945 and 1990 the Oebisfelde railway station served as an East German inner German border crossing for rail transport. In Oebisfelde's component village of Buchhorst there was an East German border crossing for inland navigation on the Mittellandkanal, only open for freight vessels. The traffic between the Soviet Zone of occupation in Germany (until 1949, thereafter the East German Democratic Republic, or West Berlin and the British zone of occupation) and Federal Republic of Germany was subject to the Interzonal traffic regulations, which, between West Germany and West Berlin, followed the special regulations of the Transit Agreement (1972).

Twinnings

 * Lidzbark Welski, Poland

Sites of interest

 * The 10th century Oebisfelde water castle
 * Naturpark Drömling

title: Oebisfelde


text:
John Hastings (Ontario politician)

John Edward Hastings (March 16, 1942 – May 15, 2024) was a Canadian politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1995 to 2003.

Background
Hastings earned degrees from the University of Western Ontario (1963) and the University of Toronto (1967). He worked as a political researcher and as a teacher in Ontario's Secondary School system. In 1975, he worked as executive assistant to provincial cabinet minister Lorne Henderson. Hastings was a member of the Worker's Compensation Board from 1977 to 1994 and also served on the advisory board of the Institute of Study of Antisocial Behaviour in Youth before entering public life.

Politics
Hastings ran for Toronto's Hydro Commission in 1985 and was elected to the second position. He was elected to the Etobicoke City Council in 1988, and held this position until 1995.

Hastings was elected to the Ontario legislature in the 1995 provincial election, defeating long-serving New Democrat Ed Philip by fewer than 1,000 votes in Etobicoke—Rexdale. In 1997, he was appointed a parliamentary assistant to the minister of transportation.

In the 1999 provincial election, Hastings ran for re-election in the redistributed riding of Etobicoke North and retained his seat with less than 40 per cent of the popular vote. Hastings's riding was targeted by both the Liberals and NDP, and many believe that "vote-splitting" among the opposition parties caused his re-election. In 2000, Hastings supported Stockwell Day for the leadership of the Canadian Alliance on the second ballot of the newly formed party's leadership contest.

He supported Ernie Eves to replace Harris as party leader in 2002, even though his riding executive endorsed rival candidate Jim Flaherty. Hastings rarely spoke in the legislature after Harris' retirement as premier and did not seek re-election in 2003.

On November 13, 2006, Hastings was elected to the Toronto District School Board as Trustee for Ward 1 (Etobicoke North), defeating incumbent Stan Nemiroff. Hastings took office in December 2006. He was re-elected in 2010 but was defeated in 2014 by Michael Ford who was fifty-two years his junior, the nephew of then-Mayor Rob Ford and then-councillor Doug Ford. After 17 months, Michael Ford vacated his school board seat to run for the municipal council seat held by Rob Ford at his death. Hastings sought to regain the school board seat in the 2016 by-election but was defeated by business owner Avtar Minhas.

Hastings died on May 15, 2024, at the age of 82.

title: John Hastings (Ontario politician)


text: User talk:65.0.107.192

title: User talk:65.0.107.192


text:
Ollantaytambo

Ollantaytambo (Ullantaytampu) is a town and an Inca archaeological site in southern Peru some 72 km by road northwest of the city of Cusco. It is located at an altitude of 2,792 m above sea level in the district of Ollantaytambo, province of Urubamba, Cusco region. During the Inca Empire, Ollantaytambo was the royal estate of Emperor Pachacuti, who conquered the region, and built the town and a ceremonial center. At the time of the Spanish conquest of Peru, it served as a stronghold for Manco Inca Yupanqui, leader of the Inca resistance. Located in the Sacred Valley of the Incas, it is now an important tourist attraction on account of its Inca ruins and its location en route to one of the most common starting points for the four-day, three-night hike known as the Inca Trail.

History
Around the mid-15th century, the Inca emperor Pachacuti conquered and razed Ollantaytambo; the town and the nearby region were incorporated into his personal estate. The emperor rebuilt the town with sumptuous constructions and undertook extensive works of terracing and irrigation in the Urubamba Valley; the town provided lodging for the Inca nobility, while the terraces were farmed by yanakuna, retainers of the emperor. After Pachacuti's death, the estate came under the administration of his panaqa, his family clan.

During the Spanish conquest of Peru, Ollantaytambo served as a temporary capital for Manco Inca, leader of the native resistance against the conquistadors. He fortified the town and its approaches in the direction of the former Inca capital of Cusco, which had fallen under Spanish domination. In 1536, on the plain of Mascabamba, near Ollantaytambo, Manco Inca defeated a Spanish expedition in what is known as Battle of Ollantaytambo, blocking their advance from a set of high terraces and flooding the plain. Despite his victory, however, Manco Inca did not consider his position tenable, so the following year, he withdrew to the heavily forested site of Vilcabamba, where he established the Neo-Inca State.

In 1540, the native population of Ollantaytambo was assigned in encomienda to Hernando Pizarro.

In the 19th century, the Inca ruins at Ollantaytambo attracted the attention of several foreign explorers; among them, Clements Markham, Ephraim Squier, Charles Wiener, and Ernst Middendorf published accounts of their findings.

Hiram Bingham III stopped here in 1911 on his journey up the Urubamba River in search of Machu Picchu.

Description
The town of Ollantaytambo is located along the Patakancha River, close to the point where it joins the Willkanuta River. The main settlement is located on the left margin of the Patakancha with a smaller compound called 'Araqhama on the right margin. The main Inca ceremonial center is located beyond 'Araqhama on a hill called Cerro Bandolista. Several Inca structures are in the surrounding areas, and what follows is a brief description of the main sites.

Town
The main settlement at Ollantaytambo has an orthogonal layout with four longitudinal streets crossed by seven parallel streets. At the center of this grid, the Incas built a large plaza that may have been up to four blocks large; it was open to the east and surrounded by halls and other town blocks on its other three sides. All blocks on the southern half of the town were built to the same design; each comprised two kanchas, walled compounds with four one-room buildings around a central courtyard. Buildings in the northern half are more varied in design; however, most are in such a bad condition that their original plan is hard to establish.

Ollantaytambo dates from the late 15th century and has some of the oldest continuously occupied dwellings in South America. Its layout and buildings have been altered to different degrees by later constructions; for instance, on the southern edge of the town, an Inca esplanade with the original entrance to the town was rebuilt as a Plaza de Armas surrounded by colonial and republican buildings. The plaza at the center of the town also disappeared, as several buildings were built over it in colonial times.

Araqhama is a western prolongation of the main settlement, across the Patakancha River; it features a large plaza, called Manyaraki, surrounded by constructions made out of adobe and semicut stones. These buildings have a much larger area than their counterparts in the main settlement; they also have very tall walls and oversized doors. To the south are other structures, but smaller and built out of fieldstones. Araqhama has been continuously occupied since Inca times, as evidenced by the Roman Catholic church on the eastern side of the plaza. To the north of Manyaraki are several sanctuaries with carved stones, sculpted rock faces, and elaborate waterworks; they include the Templo de Agua and the Baño de la Ñusta.

Temple Hill
'Araqhama is bordered to the west by Cerro Bandolista, a steep hill on which the Incas built a ceremonial center. The part of the hill facing the town is occupied by the terraces of Pumatallis, framed on both flanks by rock outcrops. Due to impressive character of these terraces, the Temple Hill is commonly known as the Fortress, but this is a misnomer, as the main functions of this site were religious. The main access to the ceremonial center is a series of stairways that climb to the top of the terrace complex. At this point, the site is divided into three main areas: the Middle sector, directly in front of the terraces; the Temple sector, to the south; and the Funerary sector, to the north.

The Temple sector is built out of cut and fitted stones in contrast to the other two sectors of the Temple Hill, which are made out of fieldstones. It is accessed by a stairway that ends on a terrace with a half-finished gate and the Enclosure of the Ten Niches, a one-room building. Behind them is an open space which hosts the Platform of the Carved Seat and two unfinished monumental walls. The main structure of the whole sector is the Sun Temple, an uncompleted building which features the Wall of the Six Monoliths. The Middle and Funerary sectors have several rectangular buildings, some of them with two floors; also, several fountains are in the Middle sector. The unfinished structures at the Temple Hill and the numerous stone blocks that litter the site indicate that it was still undergoing construction at the time of its abandonment. Some of the blocks show evidence of having been removed from finished walls, which provides evidence that a major remodeling effort was also underway. Which event halted construction at the Temple Hill is unknown; likely candidates include the war of succession between Huáscar and Atahualpa, the Spanish Conquest of Peru, and the retreat of Manco Inca from Ollantaytambo to Vilcabamba,. However it is also theorised that they are the work of the earlier Tiwanaku culture.

Terraces
The valleys of the Urubamba and Patakancha Rivers along Ollantaytambo are covered by an extensive set of agricultural terraces or andenes which start at the bottom of the valleys and climb up the surrounding hills. The andenes permitted farming on otherwise unusable terrain; they also allowed the Incas to take advantage of the different ecological zones created by variations in altitude. Terraces at Ollantaytambo were built to a higher standard than common Inca agricultural terraces; for instance, they have higher walls made of cut stones instead of rough fieldstones. This type of high-prestige terracing is also found in other Inca royal estates such as Chinchero, Pisaq, and Yucay.

A set of sunken terraces starts south of Ollantaytambo's Plaza de Armas, stretching all the way to the Urubamba River. They are about 700 m long, 60 m wide, and up to 15 m below the level of surrounding terraces; due to their shape, they are called Callejón, the Spanish word for alley. Land inside Callejón is protected from the wind by lateral walls which also absorb solar radiation during the day and release it during the night; this creates a microclimate zone 2 to 3 °C warmer than the ground above it. These conditions allowed the Incas to grow species of plants native to lower altitudes that otherwise could not have flourished at this site.

At the southern end of Callejón, overlooking the Urubamba River, is an Inca site called Q'ellu Raqay. Its interconnected buildings and plazas form an unusual design quite unlike the single-room structures common in Inca architecture. As the site is isolated from the rest of Ollantaytambo and surrounded by an elaborate terraces, it was postulated to be a palace built for emperor Pachacuti.

Storehouses
The Incas built several storehouses or qullqas (qollqa) out of fieldstones on the hills surrounding Ollantaytambo. Their location at high altitudes, where more wind and lower temperatures occur, defended their contents against decay. To enhance this effect, the Ollantaytambo qullqas feature ventilation systems. They are thought to have been used to store the production of the agricultural terraces built around the site. Grain would be poured in the windows on the uphill side of each building, then emptied out through the downhill side window.

Quarries
The main quarries of Ollantaytambo were located at Kachiqhata, in a ravine across the Urubamba River some 5 km from the town. The site features three main quarrying areas: Mullup'urku, Kantirayoq, and Sirkusirkuyoq; all of them provided blocks of rose rhyolite for the elaborate buildings of the Temple Hill. An elaborate network of roads, ramps, and slides connected them with the main building areas. In the quarries are several chullpas, small stone towers used as burial sites in pre-Hispanic times.

Defenses
As Ollantaytambo is surrounded by mountains, and the main access routes run along the Urubamba Valley; there, the Incas built roads connecting the site with Machu Picchu to the west and Pisaq to the east. During the Spanish conquest of Peru, emperor Manco Inca fortified the eastern approaches to fend off Spanish attacks from Cusco during the Battle of Ollantaytambo. The first line of defense was a steep bank of terraces at Pachar, near the confluence of the Anta and Urubamba Rivers. Behind it, the Incas channeled the Urubamba to make it cross the valley from right to left and back, thus forming two more lines, which were backed by the fortifications of Choqana on the left bank and 'Inkapintay on the right bank. Past them, at the plain of Mascabamba, 11 high terraces closed the valley between the mountains and a deep canyon formed by the Urubamba. The only way to continue was through the gate of T'iyupunku, a thick defensive wall with two narrow doorways. To the west of Ollantaytambo, the small fort of Choquequillca defended the road to Machu Picchu. In the event of these fortifications being overrun, the Temple Hill itself with its high terraces provided a last line of defense against invaders.

title: Ollantaytambo


text: User talk:67.86.7.158

title: User talk:67.86.7.158


text: Trifurcation

title: Trifurcation


text: User talk:68.189.249.219

title: User talk:68.189.249.219


text:
Talk:Imperfect

More languages needed.
I only have enough knowledge in Spanish to put on here. Please, if you know any other language that uses the imperfect tense (French, German, Latin, etc), do not hesitate to add it here. However, try to keep the overall page format similar, so that it looks consistent.--Bsdlogical 01:23, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Format of vocabulary lists
Right now, it seems like the format of the vocabulary lists is rather superfluous. I think that the best way is just sticking with bulleted lists, without the extra indentation that creates a highlighted table. I've removed this, but there may be a better way to list this vocabulary. In addition, parts of the entire article are repeated (i.e. aspects of the imperfect tense that apply to all languages listed so far). It would be better to unify them somehow, then provide additional information for individual languages. --Bsdlogical 23:31, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Take this out?
'Humorously, the verb for work, trabajar, in the personal imperfect becomes "trabajaba". The effect is amplified in the first-person plural: "we were working" becomes "trabajábamos".'

I don't think thats needed or true.

It is actually true... there's some ridiculous conjugations in some languages. It is not needed though... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.26.22.44 (talk) 22:39, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

English doesn't have imperfect tense
English doesn't have imperfect tense. If it had, then in sentences like "Last year I walked to school every day" we used past imperfect and not simple past.

Or, more correctly put:

English doesn't have imperfect tense. If it did, then for sentences like "....", we would use past imperfect and not simple past. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Montreux (talk • contribs) 09:22, 20 April 2010 (UTC)

 * well, what about "the professor opined the world was round" v. "the professor opined the world is round". I understand the latter is incorrect, but it seems more linguistically nuanced since the world still is round.  It seems that English, or the correct academic version thereof, more than other languages is mired in a rule of temporal agreement that doesn't always accurately reflect the reality it is trying to convey.

 * Why is it not: "The professor opined, 'the world was/is round'."? 124.170.66.192 (talk) 07:58, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

Added section on Arabic
Added section on Arabic (fusha). Will add some lists later when I have my grammar handy. 130.225.202.73 19:21, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

Semitic languages
Semitic languages, use the imperfective and perfective aspects, respectively. Aspects are similar to tenses, but differ by requiring contextual comprehension in order to arrive at whether or not the verb indicates a completed or non-completed action.
 * Let's take an example from Aramaic that is a Semitic language.
 * This link will show Morphological information for a Bible Verse from Aramaic Peshitta:
 * http://dukhrana.com/peshitta/analyze_verse.php?lang=en&verse=2Timothy+1:4&source=ubs&font=Estrangelo+Edessa&size=125%25
 * 2Ti 1:4* ܘܲܣܘܹܐ ܐ݈ܢܵܐ ܠܡܸܚܙܝܵܟ݂ ܘܡܸܬ݁ܕ݁ܟ݂ܲܪ ܐ݈ܢܵܐ ܕܸ݁ܡܥܲܝܟ݁ ܕܸ݁ܐܬ݂ܡܠܹܐ ܚܲܕ݂ܘܿܬ݂ܵܐ ܀
 * uē·sâuęe eęnāe lî·mę·ĥâziā·kâ uî·męṭ·đâcēr eęnāe đę·mî·aēi·kâ đę·et·mâlęe ĥēdūo·tāe.
 * And desiring (Passive Participle) I to see (Infinitive Tense) You, and mindful (Participles) I of Your tears, that even filled (Imperfect Tense) with gladness.

Regarding the discussion of the past progressive in Italian
The article reads: "There is another imperfect tense in Italian formed by combining the imperfect of the verb stare (stavo, stavi, stava, stavamo, stavate, stavano) with the gerund. For example, "parlavo" could be said as "stavo parlando". The difference is similar to the difference between "I eat" and "I am eating" in English. However, English does not make this distinction in the imperfect tense." Really? Why is this not similar to the distinction between "I ate" and "I was eating". (Example sentences: 1) "When I was in college, I usually ate in the cafeteria"; 2) "One evening, while I was at college, I was eating in the cafeteria."

Ludwig X (talk) 19:34, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

Can it still be happening?
Hello. It's my understanding that in the imperfect tense, something may well still be happening. For example, if I say "I was eating dinner when the phone rang," that doesn't necessarily mean that I'm not still eating dinner. Any other opinions on this? 190.42.12.43 (talk) 22:41, 3 March 2009 (UTC)

'''Yes, it can still be happening. However, the emphasis is on that it was an ongoing action in the past. The present state is irrelevant. Here are a couple of examples:'''

1. I sold cars for a living last year. [= I used to sell cars for a living] Imperfective aspect due to a repetitive action. You may still sell cars in the present, but it is of not relevance.

2. I sold several cars last year. Perfective apsect, the action is completed. You sold those cars last year, so you cannot sell them now. However, you may be able to sell other cars, but it is of no relevance.

I must say, however, that in some languages the second sentence could still be made with the imperfective aspect. In that case, it would imply that you were in the process of selling those several cars, that you were trying to sell them, but they were not sold. If it had occurred over a short period of time, then you would be able to say "I was selling several cars", but if we imply a broad time interval, then past progressive wouldn't work in English. --173.34.51.76 (talk) 16:39, 12 July 2009 (UTC)

 * How about this one, "I responded to the questionnaire by stating my gender was male" v. "I responded to the questionnaire by stating my gender is male". I know the latter is considered incorrect but it seems more nuanced to use this "imperfect" articulation which, contrarian that I am, I sometimes do as language is a social convention, not a natural law, that is driven by common usages over time, as obviously absent a sex change operation I haven't had, my gender remains the same.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.17.119.109 (talk) 21:07, 16 June 2010 (UTC)

Slavic languages do have imperfect tense
Slavic languages do have imperfect tense. As a native speaker of Russian, I can assure that it exists at least in my language. In fact, there are only two forms of past tense distinguished in Russian - one has the imperfective aspect, the other one has the perfective aspect. All the other classical forms of past tense have been lost (there is no past perfect, past progressive, or even present perfect). Most probably, Ukrainian and Belorussian have the same features. If I am not mistaken, even Serbian/Croatian have the imperfective aspect. I don't know how it's formed in other languages, but in Russian it is done by adding prefix s- before the verb in past tense. E.g. Ya delal = I did or I have done (imperfective aspect) Ya sdelal = I did or I have done (perfective aspect) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.34.51.76 (talk) 01:47, 11 July 2009 (UTC)

You are confusing aspect with tense. Russian does not have the Imperfect tense, the only Slavic language which have them are Bulgarian, Macedonian and literary Croatian and Serbian. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.98.135.122 (talk) 01:28, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

Can we at least make some kind of note that Slavic languages demonstrate imperfective time using separate words but it is not associated to tense? The way that it is currently written seems to state that Slavic languages do not differentiate in aspect which may be confusing to people used to romance languages. Appariently (talk) 16:58, 10 January 2018 (UTC)

Turkish is not Indo-European
Turkish language is not an Indo-European language, it's Ural-Altaic. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.172.202.152 (talk) 19:27, 27 July 2010 (UTC)

Past continuous?!?
Why does Past continuous redirect to here? In a lot of languages, the Past continuous and the Past imperfective are radically different things, employed in different situations! Besides that, if Present continuous redirects to Continuous and progressive aspects (an article that speaks only about aspect, and does not differentiate tense), so should redirect Past Continuous, and not to here! 85.244.207.7 (talk) 15:47, 22 May 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure it was such a terrible redirect, but there are several articles people could equally reasonably be looking for when entering that title, so I've converted the redirect into a disambiguation page. The small number of links in other articles have been corrected. Victor Yus (talk) 18:27, 1 January 2013 (UTC)

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Finnish
I was looking this up to see how Finnish and English related. Yet Finnish is not here, when looking at the Finnish article it basically says that Finnish does not have an imperfect. Nevertheless the tense is called "imperfekti" in Finnish which is translated as "imperfect" in the English text books on learning Finnish. SO the meaning of imperfect, at least for this language of Finnish, is NOT what the imperfect is described as here. This could be made clearer and alternative terminology added. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.112.30.115 (talk) 07:36, 19 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Imperfect


text:
User talk:Iloveasm

Tu Minh Tuan

title: User talk:Iloveasm


text:
Synaptic

Synaptic may refer to:

 * Synapse, part of the nervous system
 * Synaptic (software), a Linux graphical package management program
 * Synaptics, a semiconductor manufacturer
 * Synaptics (Mouse on Mars EP), 2017

title: Synaptic


text:
User talk:Slambo/Archive 0412

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Good work putting the railroad historical society links in! —Morven 17:53, Sep 21, 2004 (UTC)

Adding more pages...
In case you hadn't noticed, I've been adding information that I know about into various new pages. I've now added pages for the following:
 * Railroad companies
 * Green Bay and Western
 * Soo Line
 * Wisconsin and Southern
 * Wisconsin Central
 * Named passenger trains
 * Category:Named passenger trains
 * 20th Century Limited
 * City of Denver
 * City of Los Angeles
 * Overland Flyer
 * Super Chief

There is a ton more information on historical railroad subjects to add and expand on, and I'm updating links and related pages with links to these new pages as appropriate. slambo 18:14, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC)

More additions and (significant) updates to railroad pages:
 * Railroad companies
 * Monon
 * Reading Railroad
 * Named passenger trains
 * California Zephyr
 * List of named passenger trains

I have quite a lot of data on named passenger trains. I may end up subdividing the list page further for the North American section to include a subsection for each letter of the alphabet. The last time I added to that list early this morning, it gave me a warning that the list is over 30kb long. Adding sections for the alphabet and editing the page by those subsections will simplify updating it a little, but the page will still be quite large when I've added all of my data to it. Perhaps one of our fellow readers has a suggestion?

Also, I know the webmaster for the Wisconsin & Southern railroad and a few other railroad employees, so I expect to be updating that page with more data and graphics soon. slambo 17:37, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Another addition before heading off to work:
 * Lima Locomotive Works

I hope to add more to it soon... slambo 11:38, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Two new categories: Category:Locomotive manufacturers and Category:Named locomotives, both subcategories of Category:Locomotives.

Another new article:
 * John Bull (locomotive)

More is coming... slambo 15:02, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I declare the John Bull article is no longer a stub. It's fleshed out with plenty of additional data (although there may be more that can still be added). slambo 01:51, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Following on the heels of the John Bull article is another article about a significant locomotive in American railroad history:
 * Sandusky (locomotive)

You guessed it, more to come... slambo 17:22, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Mira Costa High School
Welcome to Wikipedia, Slambo! You've made many fine edits. I see you are a train buff. . . Perhaps you might want to add a bit to Tehachapi Loop, which is in my "neck of the woods" so to speak, since I'm an Antelope Valley native. I see you have lived in what we Valley residents call "down below", at least from where you went to high school in the Beach Cities area.

As far as on how to get the MCHS aricle removed from possible undeletion, it has to be a notable subject, worthy of inclusion in a typical encyclopedia. As you could imagine, I'd like my high school alma mater to be included in Wikipedia too. . . but it's not notable as yet. Until it meets that test, I'd say it will suffer deletion. Sad but true. Even the bit about Shaq practicing there isn't in itself enough to make it noteworthy, IMHO. Granted, you know lots about the school, but knowing lots about a subject doesn't meet the test of noteworthiness. Otherwise, I'd be writing lots of articles about Quartz Hill High School, "Antelope" Al and his amazing football exploits, Cantil elementary school, and the telephone booth off of Backus Road, to name a few local items of interest. Don't know about these things? That's the point! They need to be topics of note and stature. If you peruse my user page, you'll see the articles of noteworthiness I have created or added to (including Pearblossom, Rick Warren, Gorman, and The Door. Last but not least, there's Ridge Route - a formerly forgotten road that now is getting written material about it substantiating its importance to California history - which allows a reasonable case for it to be made for its inclusion within Wikipedia. (Barrel Springs Road, by contrast, has no Wikipedia article on it and if there was one, I'd vote to delete it as not being anywhere near notable.)

I hope this helps. I was once a new Wikipedia user too, and for a time I was frustrated on what I could do (and having my material stick around some) and what I could not do. Please let me know how I may be of assistance further. Comments are welcome at my discussion page. I'm here to help! --avnative 16:24, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)

 * Hey, thanks. I've got a much longer entry to add later tonight as I finish off some more details, so we'll see what the community thinks of it.  Maybe I should have waited until I got the rest of the article before starting with such a minimalist stub.  B-)  Oh well, live and learn.
 * I haven't added to the Loop article yet as I've been concentrating more on adding passenger train data the last couple days (I recently found and added the consist data for the first Super Chief trains in 1937 and 1938, and there's still a ton more to add on all the other trains), and there are a lot of railroads to write about still. I've got data and photos that I've taken that I can add to the Loop article, so I'll probably stop in there to expand it a little.  Model railroading is my favorite hobby, which is why it's listed first on my user page.
 * slambo 20:07, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Expanding pages to Southern Pacific
I've added a significant amount of text to the Southern Pacific page today, adding a timeline, list of presidents and some references. There's more to come as I go through my own research from many years ago on this railroad and the line from Los Angeles to New Orleans.

 * Great additions, Slambo! A question and a comment: I remember hearing the SP steam locomotives after 1957 as a child growing up fairly near the SP tracks which run through the Antelope Valley, as well as the new diesel locomotives (much quieter running).  Could you recheck your reference and see if I'm right on that point?  I think the facts may be that SP ceased ordering new steam locomotives in 1957, but ran them on its routes for years afterwards, as they were gradually replaced by the new diesel locomotives after 1957.

 * Regarding SP's running its line into Los Angeles via Tehachapi Loop and the Antelope Valley: I've run across some research materials ( Ridge Route: the Road that United California ) by Harrison Scott which state SP's high prices/gouging of customers (freight and passenger alike, back in those days) as a result of the expense in building its tracks from Bakersfield to Los Angeles. For decades after SP's entrance into the LA market, it charged excessively high prices to recoup the expense, according to Scott's research.  Thought you might want to know about it - and perhaps this could be added into the SP article.  Your thoughts?

 * BTW, if the SP book from 1985 is the book I've read before, it's excellent. --avnative 06:06, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * I'll have to check my other resources on SP's dieselization. '57 is the date in Bill Yenne's book.  It's a little before my time, but I've got plenty of other printed matter around here...  The bit about price gouging is exactly the level of detail that I was hoping to add to a narrative for the article.  Now I have to read your article.  B-)  slambo 11:01, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

MCHS
Sean, that article looks a lot better. I suggest expanding the bit about "Dr. Whirry," including the addition of his first name. In fact, I'm willing to change my vote. A lot of articles nominated for deletion have grown into great additions which is why they're listed for a week. Oh, and since you're into railroading check out my Wigwag and General Electric U25B articles. "Wigwag" made featured status! - Lucky 6.9 21:25, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry 'bout the MCHS. It's just that there's been a huge amount of contention regarding high schools as of late.  Glad you liked my railroad articles!  I forgot to tell you about Orange Empire Railway Museum over in Perris.  I'm not a current member, but I had a blast helping to design and build their interactive signal garden.  Good luck on the U25B!  The OERM unit is just fabulous and having two working units in the US is a wonderful thing.  Take a peek at EMD FP45 as well.  I didn't write it, but I did add to it.  Then, go on over to  for a look at the old Western Pacific F-unit they're restoring up in the Bay Area. - Lucky 6.9 04:05, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Washington, Baltimore and Annapolis Railroad
Thanks for the cleanup - it looks much better. I am slowly getting the hang of this Oldfarm 00:29, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for the advice on WikiProject_Trains/Todo and Category:Locomotives. I made some small changes to AAR wheel arrangement, and I've added to Talk:AAR wheel arrangement. You might want to check out the latter to see if it's easy to understand. It's getting late for me. Rmeier 04:39, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

U25 doubleheader
By all means, please feel free to merge the info! The newer article has some technical specs and that neat category box, not to mention a more user-friendly title. Thanks! - Lucky 6.9 20:26, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Looking absolutely wonderful. Fabulous job!! - Lucky 6.9 23:45, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Combino
Hi -- are you sure rolling stock is the right category for Combino? It's a tram, not just a car. Martg76 18:58, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

PRR
I'm intending to put a huge amount of my PRR info into Wikipedia. I have a few dozen books at home, plus the enormous online PRR resources to call upon. It's one of the best documented railroads online. I need to work on getting photographer permissions to post some newer than 1923 photos, too. —Morven 00:36, Nov 11, 2004 (UTC)

Copyrights
I noticed that the pictures you've put into Wikipedia use the cc-by-sa-2.0 copyright. Would you care to explain that choice versus GPDL? Are you like me, and think that one day you might want to write a railroad book? Rmeier 18:39, 14 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Fomatting
I still don't like the way the text interacts with the fact box and photo on Chicago and Northwestern. The text area looks so skinny, or even blank. When I removed the thumbnail option from the photo, the photo was mostly hidden by the fact box. So I didn't save that. Is this skinny or no text problem just due to my 16" monitor at 800 x 600 pixel resolution with the MS Office shortcut bar on the right, or do you see it, too? Rmeier 18:39, 14 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Railroad fact boxes
The CNW fact box Locale is missing Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming. Are you trying for a particular year in the history of the CNW, or for a cumulative, CNW was once in that state kind of approach? Rmeier 18:39, 14 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I’m confused (again). Some fact boxes list states for the locale. Others list just cities, or parts of the country. Has anyone agree on a standard? I’d like to go with states. I have a 1973 Handy RR Atlas of the US, which lists states served by each railroad. Rmeier 07:09, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Autorack
Sean, please see notes at my user talk page. Mark Vaoverland 04:50, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Auto Train
Sean, please see new notes at my user talk page. Mark Vaoverland 03:33, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Class 1 railroads
The differences between Class 1 railroad and Template:US class 1 need to be reconciled: any thoughts? Where can we get an 'official' list of current class 1s? —Morven 02:07, Nov 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, an Official Railway Equipment Register is always a handy reference for this type of information. The most current that I've got covers the era that I'm modeling, 1984.  I've been trying to find a reliable source that has a more current list on the net, but even searching the AAR's site I've come up empty so far. slambo 02:14, Nov 19, 2004 (UTC)

Etc.
Please review List of United States railroads. Somehow, a lot of text was duplicated. I have removed that, and preserved the desired additions of the Chicago Central and the South Shore line. Rmeier 07:14, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I was working in the list last night when I had a system crash. I hope I was not accidentally the culprit. Vaoverland 08:28, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Looks fine now. slambo 11:53, Nov 19, 2004 (UTC)

U36B photo
The same photographer who authorized use of the AT caboose (G.R. Harper) sent me a photo he took of the A-T in Louisville. It is a head-on of one of the U36B locomotives. I am waiting for an email to confirm its OK to use. Where do you want to use it? Vaoverland 21:29, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I'll start a page tonight for it as GE U36B. slambo 21:32, Nov 19, 2004 (UTC)

Did you know has been updated
And an article you created recently has made the line up and is now featured on the main page. Enjoy! -- [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 14:43, Nov 20, 2004 (UTC)

Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway a Class 1?
Sorry if you don't know anything about this, but you seem to know a lot about railroads. Is the EJ&E really a Class 1? It's rather small and is part of the American Short Line and Regional Railroad Association.
 * According to the April 1984 Official Railway Equipment Register, it was a Class 1, at least in 1984. It was on that authority that I put EJ&E in the template.  slambo 02:57, Nov 23, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Slambo/Archive 0412


text:
Battle of Ishibashiyama

The Battle of Ishibashiyama (石橋山の戦い) was the first in which Minamoto no Yoritomo, who became shōgun less than a decade later, was commander of the Minamoto forces. The battle was fought on September 14, 1180, in the southwest of present-day Odawara, Kanagawa Prefecture, near Yoritomo's headquarters at Kamakura.

Background
Minamoto no Yoritomo was exiled by the leader of the Taira clan, Taira no Kiyomori, following the Heiji Rebellion of 1160. In the following years, the Taira clan attempted to consolidate their position, eventually forcing the Emperor Takakura to abdicate in favour of his infant son, Antoku, whose mother was a Taira. Prince Mochihito, brother of Emperor Takakura, felt that the Taira had denied his rightful claim to the throne, and in May 1180, issued an appeal to the Minamoto clan to rise against the Taira. As Yorimoto was married into the Hōjō clan, they helped fund his petition to claim himself as the head of the Minamoto clan.

When Kiyomori heard that Yoritomo had left Izu Province for the Hakone Pass, he appointed Ōba Kagechika to stop him. Although there was much sympathy for Yoritomo's call to arms, the clans were wary of openly supporting him, and an army of only 300 gathered at Ishibashiyama where he had raised his standard. A force from the Miura clan, was prevented from reaching Yoritomo due to poor weather conditions which caused the Sakawa River near Kamakura to flood.

Battle
Ōba Kagechika launched a night attack on the Minamoto camp with 3,000 men during a heavy rainstorm. A further 300 soldiers under the command of Itō Sukechika skirted around the camp, attacking the Minamoto forces in the rear to cut off their way of retreat. At the same time the defenders were aided by members of Ōba's forces who's loyalties were questionable, and they decided to disrupt the assault against the Minamoto, using the dark and stormy conditions to avoid detection. Despite being greatly outnumbered, the soldiers of the Minamoto clan put up a valiant defense.

In the midst of the battle, Yoritomo's brother-in-law Hōjō Munetoki, was killed. The imbalance in numbers between the two armies eventually forced Yoritomo to retreat, supposedly culminating in a last stand by Yoritomo and a single retainer by the trunk of a hollow tree. It is said that when they realized all was lost, Yoritomo and his companion hid inside the tree. Later, they are said to have been found by a Minamoto sympathizer serving in Ōba's army and then successfully smuggled out of harms way. Yoritomo then fled by sea from Cape Manazuru to the Bōsō Peninsula in Awa Province in the south of present-day Chiba Prefecture on September 28, 1180.

title: Battle of Ishibashiyama


text:
Third Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources

The Third Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources (3C) is an astronomical catalogue of celestial radio sources detected originally at 159 MHz, and subsequently at 178 MHz.

3C
The catalogue was published in 1959 by members of the Radio Astronomy Group of the University of Cambridge. Entries in the catalogue are identified by the prefix "3C" followed by the entry number, with a space - for example, 3C 273. The number denotes objects in order of increasing right ascension. The catalogue was produced using the Cambridge Interferometer on the west side of Cambridge. The interferometer had previously been used for the Second Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources (2C) survey, published in 1955.

3CR
The catalogue was subsequently revised by Bennett in 1962 using observations at 178 MHz, and for many years '3CR' was considered as the definitive listing of the brighter radio sources in the Northern Hemisphere. The revision resulted in a number of sources being deleted from the catalogue (as being below the flux limit of 9 Jy or as now-resolved blends of adjacent sources) and others being added. To avoid renumbering the existing sources (which were listed in RA order) these new sources were added using a decimal extension. E.g. 3C 323.1 follows 3C 323 in Right Ascension and precedes 3C 324.

3CRR
A further revision by Laing, Julia Riley and Malcolm Longair in 1983, called 3CRR or 3CR², included galaxies which were not detected in the original catalogue due to shortcomings of the original observations, but which otherwise meet the flux and declination limits. This revision includes all extragalactic radio sources in the Northern Hemisphere with 178-MHz flux density greater that 10.9 Janskys, declination greater than 10 degrees, and Galactic latitude greater than 10 degrees or less than -10 degrees. It excludes a number of well-known 3C/3CR objects, including all the supernova remnants from 3C, but also some well-known radio galaxies that lie outside the declination, flux density or galactic latitude constraints. Objects that had been discovered to consist of multiple components associated with different objects were given an alphabetical suffix (A, B...) to make it clear which component was part of the sample: e.g. the radio galaxy 3C 66B is part of the sample, but the BL Lac object 3C 66A is not.


text:
User talk:Drauh

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
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 * Brilliant prose
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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

[[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Wants you to vote!]] 01:26, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Drauh


text:
Niendorf

Niendorf may refer to the following places in Germany:

 * Niendorf, Brandenburg, a part of Ihlow, Brandenburg.
 * Niendorf, Hamburg, a quarter of Hamburg
 * a part of Bienenbüttel, Lower Saxony
 * Niendorf, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, in the Nordwestmecklenburg district, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
 * a part of Grebs-Niendorf in the Ludwigslust district, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
 * Groß Niendorf, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, in the district of Parchim, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
 * Niendorf, Saxony-Anhalt, a part of Oebisfelde-Weferlingen, Saxony-Anhalt
 * Niendorf bei Berkenthin, in the Herzogtum Lauenburg district, Schleswig-Holstein
 * Niendorf an der Stecknitz, in the Herzogtum Lauenburg district, Schleswig-Holstein
 * Niendorf auf Fehmarn, a part of Fehmarn, in the Ostholstein district, Schleswig-Holstein,
 * , a part of Timmendorfer Strand, in the Ostholstein district, Schleswig-Holstein
 * Groß Niendorf, Schleswig-Holstein, in the district of Segeberg, Schleswig-Holstein

title: Niendorf


text:
User talk:I run like a Welshman

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * Featured pictures
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

[[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Wants you to vote!]] 01:27, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:I run like a Welshman


text: User talk:66.56.62.45

title: User talk:66.56.62.45


text:
Talk:Whirlpool (hash function)

Shameless plug disclaimer
Since the original Whirlpool page has basically put the first two revisions of WHIRLPOOL in a memory hole, I have created a tarball of some code which generates hashes for all three versions of WHIRLPOOL and linked to it on the page. And, yes, everyone should use WHIRLPOOL v3 (the current revision). Samboy 12:18, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Great investigation, Samboy! I would like to share also my findings with you. In the document of the 1st revision the WHIRLPOOL authors, Paulo Barreto and Vincent Rijmen tell us: "We propose renaming the original algorithm Whirlpool-0 and using the term Whirlpool for the final, modified version that uses the improved S-box design." Unfortunately, they didn't make a suggestion anymore about algorithm names of previous designs in their 2nd revision doc. However, if we take the words of the 1st revision doc into account, the original algorithm should be named Whirlpool-0 rather than Whirlpool1. Jonelo 5 July 2005 21:06 (UTC)

 * An additional shameless plug disclaimer: a Java implementation of all three revisions of Whirlpool can be found at http://www.jonelo.de/java/jacksum - Jonelo 04:27, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

Definition of Whirlpool
SHA-* got very nice looking definition in pseudo code for the functions. Can someone add this to whirlpool?

Avalanche Effect
The note describing the Avalanche Effect seems (to me) to end in an incorrect statement.

"Even a small change in the message will (with an extremely likely probability of 1-10-154) result in a completely different hash, e.g. changing d to e, resulting in a message that differs only in one single bit:"

This last part contradicts the first part of the sentence ("completely different hash"). The explanations on the SHA1 and RIPEMD pages do not contain this addition.

Am I wrong?

-- Node3 18:48, 19 October 2006

 * Yes, you missunderstood the sentence. It means THE MESSAGE is changed one bit, thus causing THE HASH SUM to change many bits. Say you have this message: "The d day" and change it to "The e day". That means we change only one bit in the message . That is the bit that causes the middle character in that message to become an "e" instead of a "d". Since d = 1100100 and e = 1100101, at least if using any of the usual character sets. But yeah, that sentence is easy to missunderstand and probably should be changed to something clearer. Perhaps with a link to avalanche effect.

 * Besides that sentence expresses the collision risk in a hard to understand way. It is a 512 bit hash sum thus the collision risk is about 1 in 2512. That corresponds to 1 in 10154. Which can be expressed as the non-collisions are 1 - 2-512 or 1 - 10-154 (that is 0.99999...) but that is an awkward way to state it. I'd prefer to say something like: "Since it is a 512 bit hash sum the risk of getting the same hash sum is about 1 in 2512."

 * --David Göthberg 22:51, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

Editing
In the statement "Even a small change in the message will (with an extremely likely probability of 1-10-154) result in a completely different hash, e.g. changing d to e, resulting in a message that differs only in one single bit:", the part sentence itself as well as the blocked demonstrations of the algorithm seem to contradict what is contained in the parenthesis.

-- ASBands 23:16, 27 October 2006

Weakness?
The article contains the following statement:
 * For hashes of data shorter than 32 bits (4 bytes) -- and equally so for hashes of data shorter than 64 bits (8 bytes) -- this hash function has some of the same fundamental problems of hashes like MD5 or SHA-1.

This statement is very unclear and a reader has to guess what kind of weakness is meant. One property that CRCs have but that cryptographic hash functions usually are lacking is this: If only a certain number of bits in two messages are different then the CRC of the two messages are different. Cryptographic hashes don't come with such a guarantee, but since they are not meant to be used for error correction that is not a weakness. Thus I think the paragraph should be removed. 85.2.32.244 09:40, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

Hash bits
Isn't everything said about its hashing exactly the same as with any hashing algorithm? I mean, yeah, if you add characters to the string to be hashed, or change them, you should get a totally different hash, and hashing an empty string also generates a hash. I'm not sure why it is worth noting here in particular. --24.147.86.187 22:53, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

Programming examples
I've removed the "Programming examples" section with the explanation "the API that individual programming languages use for WHIRLPOOL isn't that relevant to the algorithm itself." I appreciate the efforts of those who added the examples to the article, but they're more usage instructions than anything, which are available in the documentation for the libraries (linked in the "External links" section). The section was:

If you have any objections, feel free to mention them. Grace notes T § 05:46, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

My version is broken for files larger than 4k
My version of Whirlpool is broken for files larger than 4k; link removed until when and if I fix this bug. Samboy (talk) 16:41, 2 May 2009 (UTC)

External links section critique
Is it really necessary to provide a link to some implementation in nearly every programming language? If yes, I'll add one for the DEC open source library for Delphi as well, as that one has a Whirlpool implementation as well (all three versions) and this is not the only Delphi library providing this algorithm. => my suggestion is to remove all those links only pointing to some particular implementation in some particular programming language! --79.212.57.181 (talk) 21:43, 6 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Whirlpool (hash function)


text:
Bösdorf

Bösdorf may refer to places in Germany:
 * Bösdorf, Schleswig-Holstein, in the Plön district of Schleswig-Holstein
 * Bösdorf, Saxony-Anhalt, in the Börde district of Saxony-Anhalt

title: Bösdorf


text:
Talk:Great Sedition Trial of 1944

This article is incredibly vague and seems a bit POV. The article needs to state a) the names and affiliations of those put on trial (at least the more prominent figures) b) what they were specifically accused of and c) what the outcome was. AndyL 01:29, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Great Sedition Trial of 1944


text:
Talk:MD5/to do

 * Summarise results of Berson
 * Complete the (non-pseudocode) description of the MD5 algorithm
 * Add information about md5x one step to double md5 hashes

title: Talk:MD5/to do


text:
Talk:Andy Müller-Maguhn

December 2004
This is the whole article:

Andy Müller-Maguhn is ICANN's at-large voted Director and is one of the speakers of the German Chaos Computer Club.

Andy has helped at several of H.O.P.E.'s.

For anyone not already familiar with Mr Müller-Maguhn's activities this reads as follows:

Andy Müller-Maguhn is XXXXX 's at-large voted [?????] Director and is one of the speakers of the German Chaos Computer Club.

Andy has helped at several of X.X.X.X.'s.

If you think Mr Müller-Maguhn is worth an article, could you please improve this? And don't make it so cryptic!  01:30, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)

"Cypherpunks" book
I've just created a page for the new book Cypherpunks (book) by Assange with Andy Müller-Maguhn, Jacob Appelbaum, and Jérémie Zimmermann. Contributions to the book's page are welcome. —sburke@cpan.org (talk) 05:00, 7 December 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Andy Müller-Maguhn


text:
Wicked Beat Sound System

Wicked Beat Sound System is a Sydney based group whose sound is best described as a mixture of electronica, dub and soul. The group formed in 1992, following a series of live "jams" instigated by DJ Dave Carnovale (Crucial D) in collaboration with Damian Robinson and other DJs Scott Pullen and Mark Walton which took place at the Bentley Bar c. 1991 in Sydney's Darlinghurst area. They have released five albums to date. Originally featuring reggae and hip hop, the group expanded their sound to incorporate elements of soul, jazz, Latin, funk and breaks. They have been nominated for three ARIA Music Awards and an Australian Dance Music Award as well as creating dozens of remixes for others.

The lineup of the group was originally Linda Janssen and MC KYE on vocals, alongside producers Damian Robinson and DJ Dave Carnovale. Over the years many other artists have been included in the lineup of the 'Live' band including Marko Simec (Waiting For Guinness), the late Bruce (Babs) Clarke, well known breaks producer Andy Page, Dave Norris (Nubreed) as well as current performers Gerard Masters, Ian Mussington and Cameron Undy. Dave Carnovale departed the band in 2003 to concentrate on his 'Dubnosis' project and MC Kye departed the band shortly after the release of their fourth album 4ormation in 2005 to work on his Budspells Album. They have headlined their own tours and have supported Ben Harper and The Fugees

History
Wicked Beat Sound System's first single releases, "Stand Up", "Inside" and "Summer Sun", were produced by John Prior at Unity Gain Studios. "Stand Up" was the group's first video, "Inside" and "Summer Sun" were originally released on Matt Hayward's independent label One Movement, while "Summer Sun" was picked up by DJ Andy Glitre and continued to receive high rotation on national radio network Triple J for several years. The first album release, Music From The Core was also originally released on One Movement in 1996 and the single "Local MP" also achieved high radio rotation. These tracks were featured on the soundtrack to the French film Clubbed to Death (Lola). They collaborated with other local artists such as Yothu Yindi, Directions in Groove, Deborah Conway, Iva Davies, Christine Anu and Renee Geyer.

The second album, Inna Styles was released through Mushroom Records in 1999, followed by an extensive touring schedule. Three singles from the album "I Don't Wanna know", "Church of Al Green", and "Stay With Me Til Dawn" were again featured on Triple J. The album also featured dancefloor tracks "Cookin' with Kazz" and "Genie of the Lab".

In 2000 Wicked Beat Sound System received an ARIA nomination for Inna Styles and a Dance Music Award nomination (DMA) for Best Band. They also played festivals across Australia including the Perth International Arts Festival, Vibes On a Summer's Day and the closing of the Sydney Paralympics.

In September 2002, the third album, New Soul Breaks, was released and featured vocal tracks by Janssen including "I Want To" and "Brand New Day", as well as instrumental tracks "Do The Tings" and "Ounce Of Swing". In the same year they received another ARIA nomination for "Best Dance Release". In 2005 Wicked Beat Sound System released 4ormation featuring the track "Nightmare". Shortly after the release of 4ormation MC Kye departed the group to concentrate on his solo project and the group ceased touring for a period of time. In 2006, Wicked Beat Sound System, now largely Robinson and Janssen, recorded Hydromajestik which was released on 24 March 2007. More in the vein of their previous Inna Styles album, this album featured vocal tracks in addition to dub-influenced instrumentals. The first single was "Won't Let Go".

In 2008 WBSS released the album Dreaming, originally a commissioned piece of work written by Damian Robinson. He was approached by Indigenous Artistic director Rhoda Roberts to compose the music for a Cleansing Ceremony she was directing called Sydney Dreaming which was to be a theatrical adaptation of the rainmaker creation story. Since that performance, variations of this music have been performed at several festivals and ceremonies including Woodford Festival and Perth Festival. Dreaming was the culmination of several years' work. The original concept was penned in the heat of a Byron Bay summer and completed in WB's studio in Sydney and then Bungendore. The themes revolve around Salt Water, Fresh Water and Desert, three dividing realities for Aboriginal people's connection to country.

The Dreaming album was nominated for an ARIA Award in 2009 in the category of Best World Music Album.

Reworked variations from this album were used to make the soundtrack for the Lighting of the Sydney Opera House Sails for Vivid Festival 2016 along with Badu Gili (meaning 'water light' in the language of the traditional owners of Bennelong Point), which accompanies a contemporary Aboriginal art projection performed each evening year-round on the western sails of the Sydney Opera House.

In 2017 Robinson was also commissioned to compose the soundtrack for the Parrtjima Festival at Alice Springs. The festival involved five Aboriginal art centres and showcased the work of 20 Aboriginal artists. Parrtjima (pronounced Par-CHee-ma) means 'lighting up' and conveys two meanings: physically illuminating an object with light and 'lighting up' as in to shed light and understanding on a subject. This public event transformed Alice Springs Desert Park into a mesmerising outdoor gallery of light and sound including a breathtaking illumination of a 300-million-year-old natural canvas, 2 km of the majestic MacDonnell Ranges, a series of new installations involving Aboriginal artists from the Central Desert Region.

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987. Wicked Beat Sound System were nominated for four awards.

 * 1997
 * Music from the Core
 * Best Dance Release
 * Nominated
 * 2000
 * Inna Styles
 * Best Dance Release
 * Nominated
 * 2003
 * New Soul Breaks
 * Best Dance Release
 * Nominated
 * 2009
 * Dreaming
 * Best World Music Album
 * Nominated
 * 2009
 * Dreaming
 * Best World Music Album
 * Nominated

title: Wicked Beat Sound System


text:
Eickendorf

Eickendorf may refer to the following places in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany:

 * Eickendorf, Salzlandkreis
 * Eickendorf, Börde

title: Eickendorf


text:
Rätzlingen, Lower Saxony

Rätzlingen is a municipality in the district of Uelzen, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

title: Rätzlingen, Lower Saxony


text:
Peter Athans

Peter Athans (born March 1, 1957) is one of the world's foremost high-altitude mountaineers. In 2008 he was celebrated for summiting Mount Everest seven times, and was given the moniker "Mr. Everest". His first attempt to climb Everest in 1985 via the West Ridge, and further attempts in 1986, 1987, and 1989 were unsuccessful, but he succeeded in summitting in 1990 as part of an expedition that included Scott Fischer and Wally Berg.

Athans is one of several western Himalayan guides who have adopted Nepal as a second home, and who have taken up the cause of the Sherpa people and their culture.

Rescues
In 1996 he was a key participant in the rescue of several climbers during the May 1996 Everest Disaster. For his efforts the American Alpine Club awarded him and his partner Todd Burleson and Anatoli Boukreev the David A. Sowles Memorial Award.

The next year, Athans removed the body of a friend - Bruce Herrod, a South African climber who had perished just weeks after the 1996 disaster, from the climbing route high up on the mountain. He found Herrod hanging upside down by the climbing ropes that the photographer had been using to make his way down the dangerous Hillary Step section of the mountain, just below the summit. Four expeditions had climbed past his body before the removal of Herrod's body, which was cut loose and pushed over the edge. Athans returned the camera and ice axe of the dead climber to his family. The last pictures Herrod took, shortly after 5PM the night he summitted, were of himself, on the summit, smiling that he had at last reached this goal.

Everest summits
A total of seven Mount Everest summitings:

Everest summitings:
 * 1) May 10, 1990
 * 2) May 8, 1991
 * 3) May 15, 1992
 * 4) May 13, 1994
 * 5) May 23, 1997
 * 6) May 5, 1999
 * 7) May 25, 2002

title: Peter Athans


text: User talk:68.230.220.203

title: User talk:68.230.220.203