text:
Talk:Volume integral

Please, help to finish this page. Miraceti 00:55, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Typo in TeX
Does anybody know how to write a nicer volume integral in TeX? Something like .Miraceti 00:55, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Definition?
I thought volume integral meant an integral with respect to volume. Michael Hardy 22:37, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Me too. But, the article has a link to Mathworld, where they define it as it was in the version you reverted. I would be inclined to think the Mathworld article is wrong. Oleg Alexandrov 22:56, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)

V represents the closed region which the--Maciel 12:17, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC) volume would be calculated, F(x,y,z) doesn't represent a volume. F(x,y,z) maps the region V in R^3 into R^4. If f(x,y,z) = 1, then the integral is volume of V. take single variable integral Integral(f(x)) on interval [a,b] for example, [a,b] is a region in R^1, f(x) maps the region [a,b] into R^2, the integral represents the area under f(x) in R^2. If you set f(x) = 1, then you get b-a, it's the magnitude of [a,b].

 * Dear 142.150.160.186. Would you please make yourself an account? You can't always pop in and out using different IP address if you want to do something useful in here. If you make an account, you will have your own talk page, your stable watchlist, and life will be so much easier for you and for us, people who interact with you. Thanks. Oleg Alexandrov 17:08, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Cleaning
The explanation of the different uses of the term "volume integral" is rather poor, being the two supposedly different examples equivalent. Both represent the integral of a function in a certain domain. While in the first example the function is a constant scalar function, in the second example we are dealing with a more generalized representation. Still, both represent the same concept without any differences between them.

The reference to the divergence theorem is redundant, regarding wikipedia as a whole. A simple reference to the wikipedia's article on that subject is not only more than enough, it also gives the reader a more indepth look at the subject. --Maciel 12:17, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Agree with lots of the things you said. We had Chubby (see the history) who was adding all this stuff. However, I would like to say that you cut a bit too much. Can I challenge you to put some stuff back which would indeed illustrate what this article is about? A dry definition does not really do the job well. Oleg Alexandrov 17:51, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

triple integral of f(x,y,z) does not give volume, unless you generalize volume to R^n
The above is what an anon stated.

You see, you still believe volume integral is the integral of 1. Then, of course, the triple integral of a function f(x, y, z) is nothing but the integral in the region under the graph of w=f(x, y, z) in R4.

However, in the liteture, one sometimes uses volume integral synonimously with triple integral. This has to be reflected in the article.

Please write here any comments. Reverting back and forth is not the way to go. Oleg Alexandrov 16:24, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

 * No serious literature would mix volume integral with triple integral. (written, but usigned, by Chubby)

You are going to have a hard time proving that. :) Oleg Alexandrov 03:58, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Also, please sign your comments, use four tildas, like this ~ . Oleg Alexandrov 03:58, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Volume Element
Hello. Gooba has removed the "Volume integral in different coordinates" section (see history), which is fair enough as it probably doesn't belong here (in fact, I should really have asked here first ;-). However, I feel that this information should be provided somewhere in wikipedia, as that's what I wanted to know when I first searched for this page. I also searched in a few other places, like volume element and the coordiate systems page, but none have this information. If it is already provided, then can someone say where or put a link in somewhere. Sorry if that sounds like i'm having a rant, it's not supposed to be :-) h2g2bob H2g2bob 17:13, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * How about making a volume integral in different coordinates article,and linking to it from here and other places? Oleg Alexandrov 21:01, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Parametric Form
What is so "suspicious" about the following:

 * $$\int\limits_D g\,dV = \iiint\limits_D g(\mathbf{x}(s,t,u)) \,{\partial \mathbf{x} \over \partial s} \cdot \left ( {\partial \mathbf{x} \over \partial t} \times {\partial \mathbf{x} \over \partial u} \right ) \,ds\,dt\,du.$$

where also
 * $${\partial \mathbf{x} \over \partial s} \cdot \left ( {\partial \mathbf{x} \over \partial t} \times {\partial \mathbf{x} \over \partial u} \right ) = {\partial (x, y, z) \over \partial (s, t, u)}.$$

It is true. Perhaps it should be reworded. Who has an idea of what how it should be better presented?

-- Lindberg 06:59, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

I think there should be a reminder that the scalar product of three vectors is fully antisymmetric. (See, for example, http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ScalarTripleProduct.html). Also, a reference to Jacobian matrix and determinant couldn't hurt. 198.228.228.169 (talk) 09:38, 15 June 2014 (UTC)Collin237

These examples are awful
We really should have at least one example that's not totally trivial, if we're going to have examples at all. 31.205.104.128 (talk) 23:30, 17 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Volume integral


text:
Bream Head

Bream Head is a promontory on the east coast of Northland in the North Island of New Zealand. Located at the end of a 30 kilometre-long peninsula, the head juts into the Pacific Ocean to the southeast of Whangārei. The Te Whara Track in the Bream Head Scenic Reserve is at least 700 years old. The Hen and Chicken Islands are located off the headland at a distance of 12 kilometres. It forms the northern extremity of Bream Bay, and guards the entrance to Whangārei Harbour, a natural inlet extending to the northwest. The Marsden Point Oil Refinery is located on the opposing shore of the harbour five kilometres to the west.

To Bream Head's immediate north is a long sandy beach called Ocean Beach.

Biology
It contains a scenic reserve, the Bream Head Scenic Reserve, which unlike Bream Head is an official name. This has a long history of Māori occupation, being now wāhi tapu, and is one of the most important coastal broadleaf forest reserves in Northland with its population of native flax snail – pūpūharakeke and Whirinaki skinks.

Geology
Bream Head features a prominent bluff usually known by the same name or Te Whara 476 m in height, and to its west Mount Lion at a height of 395 m, the remains of a Miocene andesitic volcano.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bream Head


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Priest Lake

Priest Lake is a lake in Idaho, United States, in the northernmost portion of the Idaho Panhandle, 80 miles northeast of Spokane, Washington. The northern end of the lake extends to within 15 miles of the Canada–United States border. The primary lake, lower Priest, is 19 miles long and over 300 feet deep. Upper Priest is connected by a 2.5 mile thoroughfare to lower Priest.

History
The history of the lake dates back almost 10,000 years to the end of the last ice age. After the vast glaciers that had covered most of the area receded and vegetation started to regrow, humans started to resettle the area. That is evident from historical artifacts found in the area and ancient rock art along the lake.

In the early 19th century fur trappers established trade with the native Kalispel tribe. In the 1840s Jesuit priest Pierre-Jean DeSmet began working with the Kalispel tribe along the nearby Pend Oreille River. From the tribe's information about Priest Lake, De Smet was able to create a map and named the lake Roothaan Lake for one of his superiors in Rome. The name would not stick though and in 1865 Captain John Mullan, a U.S. Army Captain who was traveling through the area under orders to build a road (later known as the "Mullan Road") from Walla Walla, Washington to Fort Benton, Montana, after the discovery of silver in the central Idaho mountains along what today is the route of Interstate 90, would rename the lake Kaniksu. The lake was later named Priest Lake.

Logging
Since the 1890s, logging has played an important role at Priest Lake. Logs were floated down the lake, and eventually to the outlet where they would travel down the Priest River until they reached the mills on the Pend Oreille River. National concern over conservation of natural resources led to the Forest Reserve Act of 1891, under which the Priest River Forest Reserve was established in 1897. This forest reserve subsequently evolved into the Kaniksu National Forest – which has been recently incorporated into the Idaho Panhandle National Forests system. Most of the area on the east side of Priest Lake became school or endowment land for Idaho. In 1911, the state wanted to consolidate the three million acres of scattered parcels it received with statehood into a compact body to better manage timber sales effectively. It took 10 years of talks with the Secretary of Agriculture, a proclamation from President William Howard Taft, multiple court cases, much lobbying by timber interests, and an act of the U.S. Congress for Idaho to receive title to the Kaniksu National Forest's eastside land in 1917. In 1950 these state lands to the east of Priest Lake were designated as Priest Lake State Forest. Later, in the 1980s, the State executed land exchanges with private companies that added nearly 13,000 acres (53 km2) to the state forest and resulted in its present boundaries.

Wildlife

Priest Lake has a pristine variety of wildlife both in and around the lake. The standard bear, deer, and moose population that can be seen throughout northern Washington and Idaho is present about the lake, as well as a small population of grizzly bears. Priest Lake also has a large population of fish, including cutthroat trout, Kokanee, lake trout, and Dolly Varden trout. The largest lake trout caught in the United States was caught at Priest Lake, by a Spokane Washington man, Lyle McClure, in 1971 and weighed 57 lbs. 8 oz. The average lake trout ranges weighs in between 4 and 10 pounds.

In 2006, Eurasian milfoil, an aquatic invasive species, was discovered in Priest Lake.

Tourism
Today, the lake's biggest draw is tourism. There are several large private resorts on the lake including Cavanaugh's Resort, Elkins Resort and Hill's Resort. Popular campgrounds include Indian Creek and Lionhead run by the State of Idaho as well as Beaver Creek, Reeder Bay, Osprey, Outlet Bay, and Luby Bay, which are all located in and run by the Idaho Panhandle National Forest. Several hiking trails circle the lake, also connecting to the Upper Priest Lake. In the wintertime, the larger resorts cater to cross-country skiing, snowshoeing, and snowmobiling. There is also a bed and breakfast - the historic Old Northern Inn, Coolin Motel, Nordman Resort (Nordman, Idaho), and three marinas, one located at the lake's largest town, Coolin. The Priest Lake Public Library, located at the corner of Luby Bay Road and Highway 57, is open year-round. Housed in the historic Lamb Creek School, the library has wireless internet access and an extensive local history collection. The Priest Lake Museum, located in a 1935 USFS Guard Station on Luby Bay, hosts exhibits and programs on the area's rich heritage. The area is known for its huckleberries which visitors are encouraged to hike in and pick.

Weather
Both summer and winter activities at the lake are made possible by a truly four-season climate. Summers are generally warm and sunny with high temperatures around 85 degrees Fahrenheit (29 degrees Celsius). Swimming and boating are very popular in the summer. Winters are cold and snowy, and although not as cold as east of the Rocky Mountains, the area does get much more snow. Sixty inches (1.5 m) precipitation falls in the mountains around the lake each year with almost half of that coming in the form of snow. Cross country skiing and snowmobiling are popular winter activities.

title: Priest Lake


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Talk:S

Turkish S cedilla
In Related letters, the Turkish S cedilla is missing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.247.248.111 (talk) 15:35, 13 February 2022 (UTC)
 * It's mentioned at "S with diacritics". (CC) Tb hotch ™ 16:45, 13 February 2022 (UTC)
 * @ 175.100.12.15 (talk) 11:39, 31 May 2024 (UTC)

Devanagari श
Which has an /ś-/ sound. Origin, or original inspiration for the S? -There is a Fabric Throughout all of Reality (talk) 18:47, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

 * The Latin alphabet is several centuries older than Devanagari. The ancestral letter 𑀰 is even less like S, though one might fancifully connect it with Greek Σ. —Tamfang (talk) 23:45, 12 October 2023 (UTC)

Hyperlink for "S with overdot"
There is now a seperate Wikipedia article for Ṡ/ṡ/ẛ ("S with dot" or "S with overdot"). It would be more helpful if the anchor text "Ṡ ṡ ẛ" in the section on related characters linked to that instead of the page about dot diacritics. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 61.1.48.221 (talk) 08:59, 7 March 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 13:05, 7 March 2023 (UTC)

Please remove the long S from the front Quick Fact section, it's misleading, make a section for it!!
It's misleading to place the long s in the quick section area, it's not used anymore. Imagine you are an alien and you are trying to learn the Latin alphabet, you are going to get the impression that the long s is the widely used lowercase letter. We should talk about it in a section. Restfultree2022 (talk) 23:03, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

 * I agree that the long s should not be given equal prominence in the infobox; I have moved it to the "variations" parameter. There is already a section about the long s. –LaundryPizza03 ( d c̄ ) 07:17, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

I think the introduction is not consistent.
Read along the path, all the introductions except this are written in full form of ordinary number like seventeenth, eighteenth but this is written as 19th. I suggest there should be a minor change from 19th to nineteenth to ensure consistency. 2001:EE0:4BC7:1FE0:3DA6:7723:C1A5:5A75 (talk) 12:43, 24 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Now fixed. Shantavira|feed me 14:40, 26 January 2024 (UTC)

writing S
Arlo James Barnes 09:24, 19 March 2024 (UTC)
 * "S's are tricky"
 * The most difficult symbol by far, at least for me, was the letter S (and the numeral 8, which uses the same procedure); in fact I spent three days and nights without sleep, trying to make the S look right, before I got it. At one point I even felt it would be easier to rewrite all my books without using any S's! After the first day of discouraging trials, I showed what I had to my wife, and she said, "Why don't you make it S-shaped?" page 361

title: Talk:S


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Hmong language

Hmong or Mong (RPA: Hmoob, Nyiakeng Puachue:, Pahawh: , ) is a dialect continuum of the West Hmongic branch of the Hmongic languages spoken by the Hmong people of Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Hainan, northern Vietnam, Thailand, and Laos. There are some 2.7 million speakers of varieties that are largely mutually intelligible, including over 280,000 Hmong Americans as of 2013. Over half of all Hmong speakers speak the various dialects in China, where the Dananshan (大南山) dialect forms the basis of the standard language. However, Hmong Daw and Mong Leng are widely known only in Laos and the United States; Dananshan is more widely known in the native region of Hmong.

Varieties
Mong Leng (Moob Leeg) and Hmong Daw (Hmoob Dawb) are part of a dialect cluster known in China as, called the "Chuanqiandian cluster" in English (or "Miao cluster" in other languages) since West Hmongic is also called. The variety spoken from Sichuan in China to Thailand and Laos is referred to in China as the "First Local Variety" (第一土语) of the cluster. Mong Leng and Hmong Daw are just those varieties of the cluster that migrated to Laos. The names Mong Leng, Hmong Dleu/Der, and Hmong Daw are also used in China for various dialects of the cluster.

Ethnologue once distinguished only the Laotian varieties (Hmong Daw, Mong Leng), Sinicized Miao (Hmong Shua), and the Vietnamese varieties (Hmong Dô, Hmong Don). The Vietnamese varieties are very poorly known; population estimates are not even available. In 2007, Horned Miao, Small Flowery Miao, and the Chuanqiandian cluster of China were split off from Mong Leng [blu].

These varieties are as follows, along with some alternative names.
 * Hmong/Mong/Chuanqiandian Miao macrolanguage (China, Laos, also spoken by minorities in Thailand and the United States), including:
 * Hmong Daw (Hmong Der, Hmoob Dawb, Hmong Dleu, Hmongb Dleub, 'White Hmong'; Chinese: 白苗,, 'White Miao'),
 * Mong Leng (Moob Leeg, Moob Ntsuab, Mongb Nzhuab, 'Blue/Green Hmong'; Chinese: 青苗,, 'Blue-Green Miao'),
 * Hmong Shua (Hmongb Shuat; 'Sinicized Miao'),
 * Hmo or A-Hmo (Chinese: 角苗,, 'Horned Miao'),
 * Small Flowery Miao,
 * and the rest of the Chuanqiandian Miao cluster located in China.
 * Hmong languages of Vietnam, not considered part of the China/Laos macrolanguage and possibly forming their own distinct macrolanguage — they are still not very well classified even if they are described by Ethnologue as having vigorous use (in Vietnam) but without population estimates; they have most probably been influenced by Vietnamese, as well as by French (in the former Indochina colonies) and later American English, and they may be confused with varieties spoken by minorities living today in the United States, Europe or elsewhere in Asia (where their varieties may have been assimilated locally, but separately in each area, with other Hmong varieties imported from Laos and China):
 * Hmong Dô (Vietnam),
 * Hmong Don (Vietnam, assumed).

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) stated that the White and Leng dialects "are said to be mutually intelligible to a well-trained ear, with pronunciation and vocabulary differences analogous to the differences between British and American English."

Several Chinese varieties may overlap with or be more distinct than the varieties listed above:
 * Dananshan Miao (Hmong Drout Raol, Hmong Hout Lab; called Hmong Dou in Northern Hmong), the basis of the Chinese standard of the Chuanqiandian cluster
 * Black Miao (subgroups: Hmong Dlob, Hmong Buak/Hmoob Puas; Chinese: 黑苗, )
 * Southern Hmong (subgroups: Hmongb Shib, Hmongb Lens, Hmongb Dlex Nchab, Hmongb Sad; includes Mong Leng)
 * Northern Hmong (subgroups: Hmongb Soud, Hmong Be/Hmongb Bes, Hmongb Ndrous)
 * Western Sichuan Miao (Chinese: 川苗, )

In the 2007 request to establish an ISO code for the Chuanqiandian cluster, corresponding to the "first local dialect" (第一土语) of the Chuanqiandian cluster in Chinese, the proposer made the following statement on mutual intelligibility: "A colleague has talked with speakers of a number of these closely- [sic]related lects in the US, in Thailand and in China, and has had many discussions with Chinese linguists and foreign researchers or community development workers who have had extensive contact with speakers of these lects. As a result of these conversations this colleague believes that many of these lects are likely to have high inherent mutual intelligibility within the cluster. Culturally, while each sub-group prides itself on its own distinctives, they also recognize that other sub-groups within this category are culturally similar to themselves and accept the others as members of the same general ethnic group. However, this category of lects is internally varied and geographically scattered and mixed over a broad land area, and comprehensive intelligibility testing would be required to confirm reports of mutual intelligibility throughout the cluster."

Varieties in Laos
According to the CDC, "although there is no official preference for one dialect over the other, White Hmong seems to be favored in many ways": the Romanized Popular Alphabet (RPA) most closely reflects that of White Hmong (Hmong Daw); most educated Hmong speak White Hmong because White Hmong people lack the ability to understand Mong Leng; and most Hmong dictionaries only include the White Hmong dialect. Furthermore, younger generations of Hmong are more likely to speak White Hmong, and speakers of Mong Leng are more likely to understand White Hmong than speakers of White Hmong are.

Varieties in the United States
Most Hmong in the United States speak White Hmong (Hmoob Dawb) and Mong Leng (Moob Leeg), with around 60% speaking White Hmong and 40% Mong Leng. The CDC states that "though some Hmong report difficulty understanding speakers of a dialect not their own, for the most part, Mong Leng seem to do better when understanding both dialects."

Phonology
The three dialects described here are Hmong Daw (also called White Miao or Hmong Der), Mong Leeg (also called Blue/Green Miao or Mong Leng), and Dananshan (Standard Chinese Miao). Hmong Daw and Mong Leeg are the two major dialects spoken by Hmong Americans. Although mutually intelligible, the dialects differ in both lexicon and certain aspects of phonology. For instance, Mong Leeg lacks the voiceless/aspirated of Hmong Daw (as exemplified by their names) and has a third nasalized vowel, ; Dananshan has a couple of extra diphthongs in native words, numerous Chinese loans, and an eighth tone.

Vowels
The vowel systems of Hmong Daw and Mong Leeg are as shown in the following charts. (Phonemes particular to Hmong Daw † and Mong Leeg ‡ are color-coded and indicated by a dagger or double dagger respectively.)

 * 1) 1st Row: IPA, Hmong RPA
 * 2) 2nd Row: Nyiakeng Puachue
 * 3) 3rd Row: Pahawh

The Dananshan standard of China is similar. Phonemic differences from Hmong Daw and Mong Leeg are color-coded and marked as absent or added. Dananshan occurs only after non-palatal affricates, and is written $⟨ai⟩$, much like Mandarin Chinese. is pronounced after palatal consonants. There is also a triphthong $⟨au⟩$, as well as other i- and u-initial sequences in Chinese borrowings, such as.

Consonants
Hmong makes a number of phonemic contrasts unfamiliar to English speakers. All non-glottal stops and affricates distinguish aspirated and unaspirated forms, and most also distinguish prenasalization independently of this. The consonant inventory of Hmong is shown in the chart below. (Consonants particular to Hmong Daw † and Mong Leeg ‡ are color-coded and indicated by a dagger or double dagger respectively.)

 * 1) 1st Row: IPA, Hmong RPA
 * 2) 2nd Row: Nyiakeng Puachue
 * 3) 3rd Row: Pahawh

The Dananshan standard of China is similar. (Phonemic differences from Hmong Daw and Mong Leeg are color-coded and marked as absent or added. Minor differences, such as the voicing of prenasalized stops, or whether is an affricate or  is velar, may be a matter of transcription.) Aspirates, voiceless fricatives, voiceless nasals, and glottal stop only occur with yin tones (1, 3, 5, 7). Standard orthography is added in angled brackets. The glottal stop is not written; it is not distinct from a zero initial. There is also a, which occurs only in foreign words.

The status of the consonants described here as single phonemes with lateral release is controversial. A number of scholars instead analyze them as biphonemic clusters with as the second element. The difference in analysis (e.g., between and ) is not based on any disagreement in the sound or pronunciation of the consonants in question, but on differing theoretical grounds. Those in favor of a unit-phoneme analysis generally argue for this based on distributional evidence (i.e., if clusters, these would be the only clusters in the language, although see below) and dialect evidence (the laterally released dentals in Mong Leeg, e.g., correspond to the voiced dentals of White Hmong), whereas those in favor of a cluster analysis tend to argue on the basis of general phonetic principles (other examples of labial phonemes with lateral release appear extremely rare or nonexistent ).

Some linguists prefer to analyze the prenasalized consonants as clusters whose first element is. However, this cluster analysis is not as common as the above one involving.

Only used in Hmong RPA and not in Pahawh Hmong, since Hmong RPA uses Latin script and Pahawh Hmong does not. For example, in Hmong RPA, to write keeb, the order Consonant + Vowel + Tone (CVT) must be followed, so it is k + ee + b = keeb, but in Pahawh Hmong, it is just Keeb "" (3rd-Stage Version).

Syllable structure
Hmong syllables have simple structure: all syllables have an onset consonant (except in a few particles); nuclei may consist of a monophthong or diphthong; and the only coda consonants that occur are nasals. In Hmong Daw and Mong Leeg, nasal codas have become nasalized vowels, though they may be accompanied by weakly articulated. Similarly, a short may accompany the low-falling creaky tone.

Dananshan has a syllabic (written $⟨ua⟩$) in Chinese loans, such as lf 'two' and lx 'child'.

Tones
Hmong is a tonal language and makes use of seven (Hmong Daw and Mong Leeg) or eight (Dananshan) distinct tones.

The Dananshan tones are transcribed as pure tone. However, given how similar several of them are, it is likely that there are also phonational differences as in Hmong Daw and Mong Leeg. Tones 4 and 6, for example, are said to make tenuis plosives breathy voiced (浊送气), suggesting they may be breathy/murmured like the Hmong g-tone. Tones 7 and 8 are used in early Chinese loans with entering tone, suggesting they may once have marked checked syllables.

Because voiceless consonants apart from tenuis plosives are restricted to appearing before certain tones (1, 3, 5, 7), those are placed first in the table:

So much information is conveyed by the tones that it is possible to speak intelligibly using musical tunes only; there is a tradition of young lovers communicating covertly playing a Jew's harp to convey vowel sounds.

Orthography
Robert Cooper, an anthropologist, collected a Hmong folktale saying that the Hmong used to have a written language, and important information was written down in a treasured book. The folktale explains that cows and rats ate the book, so, in the words of Anne Fadiman, author of The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down, "no text was equal to the task of representing a culture as rich as that of the Hmong." Therefore, the folktale states that the Hmong language was exclusively oral from that point onwards.

Natalie Jill Smith, author of "Ethnicity, Reciprocity, Reputation and Punishment: An Ethnoexperimental Study of Cooperation among the Chaldeans and Hmong of Detroit (Michigan)", wrote that the Qing Dynasty had caused a previous Hmong writing system to die out when it stated that the death penalty would be imposed on those who wrote it down.

Since the end of the 19th century, linguists created over two dozen Hmong writing systems, including systems using Chinese characters, the Lao alphabet, the Russian alphabet, the Thai alphabet, and the Vietnamese alphabet. In addition, in 1959 Shong Lue Yang, a Hmong spiritual leader from Laos, created an 81 symbol writing system called Pahawh. Yang was not previously literate in any language. Chao Fa, an anti-Laotian government Hmong group, uses this writing system.

In the 1980s, Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong script was created by a Hmong Minister, Reverend Chervang Kong Vang, to be able to capture Hmong vocabulary clearly and also to remedy redundancies in the language as well as address semantic confusions that was lacking in other scripts. Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong script was mainly used by United Christians Liberty Evangelical Church, a church also founded by Vang, although the script have been found to be in use in Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, France, and Australia. The script bears strong resemblance to the Lao alphabet in structure and form and characters inspired from the Hebrew alphabets, although the characters themselves are different.

Other experiments by Hmong and non-Hmong orthographers have been undertaken using invented letters.

The Romanized Popular Alphabet (RPA), the most widely used script for Hmong Daw and Mong Leeg, was developed in Laos between 1951 and 1953 by three Western missionaries. In the United States Hmong do not use RPA for spelling of proper nouns, because they want their names to be easily pronounced by people unfamiliar with RPA. For instance Hmong in the U.S. spell Hmoob as "Hmong," and Liab Lis is spelled as Lia Lee.

The Dananshan standard in China is written in a pinyin-based alphabet, with tone letters similar to those used in RPA.

Correspondence between orthographies
The following is a list of pairs of RPA and Dananshan segments having the same sound (or very similar sounds). Note however that RPA and the standard in China not only differ in orthographic rules, but are also used to write different languages. The list is ordered alphabetically by the RPA, apart from prenasalized stops and voiceless sonorants, which come after their oral and voiced homologues. There are three overriding patterns to the correspondences: RPA doubles a vowel for nasalization, whereas pinyin uses $⟨ou⟩$; RPA uses $⟨eu⟩$ for aspiration, whereas pinyin uses the voicing distinction of the Latin script; pinyin uses $⟨i⟩$ (and $⟨ieu⟩$) to derive the retroflex and uvular series from the dental and velar, whereas RPA uses sequences based on $⟨hm⟩$ vs. $⟨hml⟩$ for the same.

Consonants
There is no simple correspondence between the tone letters. The historical connection between the tones is as follows. The Chinese names reflect the tones given to early Chinese loan words with those tones in Chinese. Tones 4 and 7 merged in Hmoob Dawb, whereas tones 4 and 6 merged in Mong Leeg.

Example: lus Hmoob /̤ lṳ˧˩ m̥̥õ˦ / / (White Hmong) / lug Moob /  / (Mong Leng) / lol Hmongb (Dananshan) / lus Hmôngz (Vietnamese) "Hmong language".

Grammar
Hmong is an analytic SVO language in which adjectives and demonstratives follow the noun.

Nouns
Noun phrases can contain the following elements (parentheses indicate optional elements):

(possessive) + (quantifier) + (classifier) + noun + (adjective) + (demonstrative)

The Hmong pronominal system distinguishes between three grammatical persons and three numbers – singular, dual, and plural. They are not marked for case, that is, the same word is used to translate both "I" and "me", "she" and "her", and so forth. These are the personal pronouns of Hmong Daw and Mong Leeg:

 * 1) 1st Row: IPA, Hmong RPA
 * 2) 2nd Row: Vietnamese Hmong
 * 3) 3rd Row: Pahawh Hmong
 * 4) 4th Row: Nyiakeng Puachue

Classifiers
Classifiers are one of the features recurrently found in languages of Southeast Asia. In Hmong, the noun does not directly follow a numeral, and a classifier or an adjective is required to count objects. Here are examples from Mong Leeg (Green Hmong):

ob tug dlev

two CLF dog

'two dogs'

ob (tug) nyuas dlev

two CLF little dog

'two little dogs'

Also, classifiers may occur with a noun without any numerals for definite and/or specific reference in Hmong. The following examples are again from Green Hmong:

kuv pum dlev

1SG see dog

'I saw dogs/a dog.' (indefinite and non-specific)

kuv pum tug dlev

1SG see CLF dog

'I saw the dog.' (definite and specific)

kuv pum ib tug dlev

1SG see one CLF dog

'I saw a (specific) dog.' (indefinite and specific)

kuv pum ob tug dlev hov

1SG see two CLF dog DEM:3

'I saw those two dogs.' (definite and specific)

Moreover, nominal possessive phrases are expressed with a classifier; however, it may be omitted when the referent of the possessed noun is inalienable from the possessor as shown in the following Hmong Daw (White Hmong) phrases:

nws rab ntaj

3SG CLF sword

'his sword'

kuv txiv

1SG father

'my father'

Relativization is also expressed with classifiers.

Although absent in Mandarin Chinese, definite reference by bare classifier constructions are found in Cantonese (Sinitic) and Zhuang (Kra-dai), which is the case for possessive classifier constructions as well.

Verbs
Hmong is an isolating language in which most morphemes are monosyllables. As a result, verbs are not overtly inflected. Tense, aspect, mood, person, number, gender, and case are indicated lexically.

Serial verb construction
Hmong verbs can be serialized, with two or more verbs combined in one clause. It is common for as many as five verbs to be strung together, sharing the same subject.

Here is an example from White Hmong:

Yam zoo tshaj plaws, nej yuav tsum mus, nrhiav, nug, xyuas, saib luag muaj kev pab hom dab tsi nyob ncig ib cheeb tsam ntawm nej.

Zav jông tshax plơưs, nêx zuôr tsuv mus, nriêz, nuv, shuôs, saiz luôv muôj cêr paz hov đaz tsi nhoz ndil ib qênhz tsav ntơưv nêx.

, , , , ,.

, , , , ,.

Thing best very full, you (plural) must go, seek, ask, examine, look others have services variations type what around the area at you (plural)

'The best thing you can do is to explore your neighborhood and find out what services are available.'

Tense
Because the verb form in Hmong does not change to indicate tense, the simplest way to indicate the time of an event is to use temporal adverb phrases like "last year," "today," or "next week."

Here is an example from White Hmong:

{Nag hmo} kuv mus tom khw.

{Nav hmo} cur mus tov khư.

.

.

yesterday I go LOC market

'I went to the market yesterday.'

Aspect
Aspectual differences are indicated by a number of verbal modifiers. Here are the most common ones:

Progressive: (Mong Leeg) taab tom + verb, (White Hmong) tab tom + verb = situation in progress

Puab {taab tom} haus dlej.

Puôz {tangz tov} hâus đrêx

{{{script|Hmng|𖬚𖬲𖬧𖬵}} }.

{{{script|Hmnp|𞄃𞄥𞄰}} }.

they PROG drink water

'They are drinking water.'

Taab/tab tom + verb can also be used to indicate a situation that is about to start. That is clearest when taab/tab tom occurs in conjunction with the irrealis marker yuav. Note that the taab tom construction is not used if it is clear from the context that a situation is ongoing or about to begin.

Perfective: sentence/clause + lawm = completed situation

Kuv noj mov lawm.

Cur nox mor lơưv

.

.

I eat rice PERF

'I am finished/I am done eating rice.' / 'I have already eaten "rice".'

Lawm at the end of a sentence can also indicate that an action is underway:

Tus tub tau rab hneev, nws thiaj mus {ua si} lawm.

,.

,  {{{script|Hmnp|𞄧𞄤}} }.

CLF boy get CLF crossbow he then go play PFV

'The boy got the crossbow and went off to play.' / 'The boy went off to play because he got the bow.'

Another common way to indicate the accomplishment of an action or attainment is by using tau, which, as a main verb, means 'to get/obtain.' It takes on different connotations when it is combined with other verbs. When it occurs before the main verb (i.e. tau + verb), it conveys the attainment or fulfillment of a situation. Whether the situation took place in the past, the present, or the future is indicated at the discourse level rather than the sentence level. If the event took place in the past, tau + verb translates to the past tense in English.

Lawv tau noj nqaij nyug.

.

.

they attain eat meat beef

'They ate beef.'

Tau is optional if an explicit past time marker is present (e.g. nag hmo, last night). Tau can also mark the fulfillment of a situation in the future:

Thaum txog peb caug lawm {sawv daws} thiaj tau hnav {khaub ncaws} tshiab.

{{{script|Hmng|𖬎𖬶𖬤𖬵}} }  {{{script|Hmng|𖬄𖬰𖬩𖬰}} }.

{{{script|Hmnp|𞄊𞄤𞄳𞄬}} }  {{{script|Hmnp|𞄎𞄄𞄤𞄰𞄨}} }.

when arrive New Year PFV everybody then attain wear clothes new

'So when the New Year arrives, everybody gets to wear new clothes.'

When tau follows the main verb (i.e. verb + tau), it indicates the accomplishment of the purpose of an action.

Kuv xaav xaav {ib plag}, kuv xaav tau {tswv yim}.

{{{script|Hmng|𖬂𖬲𖬮𖬰 }} },.

{{{script|Hmnp|𞄦𞄰}} },  {{{script|Hmnp|𞄁𞄬𞄳}} }.

I think think awhile, I think get idea

'I thought it over and got an idea.'

Tau is also common in serial verb constructions that are made up of a verb, followed by an accomplishment: (White Hmong) nrhiav tau, to look for; caum tau, to chase; yug tau, to give birth.

Mood
Future: yuav + verb: Kuv yuav moog.

.

.

'I will be going.'

Yuav + verb may also be seen as indicative of the irrealis mood, for situations that are unfulfilled or unrealized. That includes hypothetical or non-occurring situations with past, present, or future time references:

Tus Tsov {hais tias}, "Kuv tshaib tshaib plab li kuv yuav noj koj".

{{{script|Hmng|𖬋𖬰𖬟}} }, "      ."

{{{script|Hmnp|𞄄𞄤𞄴𞄦}} }, "      ".

CLF Tiger say, I hungry hungry stomach INT I IRR eat you

'The Tiger said, "I'm very hungry and I'm going to eat you.'

Tus Qav tsis paub yuav ua li cas li.

.

.

CLF Frog NEG know IRR do {} what INT

'The frog didn't know what to do.'

Colors
Many Hmong and non-Hmong people who are learning the Hmong language tend to use the word "Xim" (Thai/Lao word) to indicate a specific color, while the true Hmong word for color is "Kob". For example, "Liab yog xim ntawm kev phom sij;" meaning "Red is the color of danger / The red color is of danger".

List of colors:

Numbers
The number 57023 would be written as.

Days of the Week
A sentence like, "Today is Monday" would be translated as "Hnub no yog zwj hli", and not "Hnub no yog hnub ib/Monday" in Hmong.

Presence in Community and Education
The Hmong language has found a significant presence in the United States, particularly in Minnesota. The Hmong people first arrived in Minnesota in late 1975 following the communist seizure of power in Indochina. Many educated Hmong elites with leadership experience and English-language skills were among the first to be welcomed by Minnesotans. These elites worked to solidify the social services targeted to refugees, attracting others to migrate to the region. The first Hmong family arrived in Minnesota on November 5, 1975.

The Hmong language program in the Department of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Minnesota is one of the first programs in the United States to teach language-accredited Hmong classes.

Translation
In February 2012, Microsoft released "Hmong Daw" as an option in Bing Translator. In May 2013, Google Translate introduced support for Hmong Daw (referred to only as Hmong).

Research in nursing shows that when translating from English to Hmong, the translator must take into account that Hmong comes from an oral tradition and equivalent concepts may not exist. For example, the word and concept for "prostate" does not exist.

Sample texts
The following is a sample text in Hmong of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights with Pahawh Hmong, Nyiakeng Puachue, Hmong RPA, Vietnamese Hmong, Hmong IPA, and English translation.

Sample text in both Hmong RPA and Pahawh Hmong:

In popular culture
The 2008 film Gran Torino by Clint Eastwood features a large American Hmong speaking cast. The screenplay was written in English and the actors improvised the Hmong parts of the script. The decision to cast Hmong actors received a positive reception in Hmong communities. The film also gained recognition and collected awards such as the Ten Best Films of 2008 from the American Film Institute and a César Award in France for Best Foreign Film.

Films
The following films feature the Hmong language:
 * 2008 – "Gran Torino". Directed by Clint Eastwood; produced by Clint Eastwood, Bill Gerber, Robert Lorenz. The story follows Walt Kowalski, a recently widowed Korean War veteran alienated from his family and angry at the world. Walt's young neighbor, Thao Vang Lor, is pressured by his cousin into trying to steal Walt's prized 1972 Ford Torino for his initiation into a gang. Walt thwarts the theft and subsequently develops a relationship with the boy and his family.
 * 2011 – "Bittersweet Tears (Kua Muag Iab)". Directors by Kelly Vang & Mandy Xiong; Writer: Kelly Vang. Bittersweet Tears is a romantic comedy about a vengeful and bittersweet love between Gaomao (Jenny Lor) and Vong (Beng Hang). Vong is the only son of Chong Yee (Billy Yang). Having lost everything Gaomao swears vengeance on Chong Yee, the man whom she claims to be responsible for her loss. Will Gaomao be able to overcome her own heart and take her revenge?
 * 2016 – "1985". Director and writer by Kang Vang. When an adventurous Hmong teen discovers a secret map to a mythical dragon, he and his three best friends decide to go on a quest that leads them on a journey filled with danger, excitement, and self-discovery.

title: Hmong language


text:
The Fabric of the Cosmos

The Fabric of the Cosmos: Space, Time, and the Texture of Reality (2004) is the second book on theoretical physics, cosmology, and string theory written by Brian Greene, professor and co-director of Columbia's Institute for Strings, Cosmology, and Astroparticle Physics (ISCAP).

Introduction
Greene begins with the key question: "what is reality?", or more specifically, "what is spacetime?" He sets out to describe the features he finds both exciting and essential to forming a full picture of the reality painted by modern science. In almost every chapter, Greene introduces basic concepts and then slowly builds to a climax, usually a scientific breakthrough. Greene then attempts to connect with his reader by posing simple analogies to help explain the meaning of a scientific concept without oversimplifying the theory behind it.

In the preface, Greene acknowledges that some parts of the book are controversial among scientists. He discusses the leading viewpoints in the main text and points of contention in the endnotes. The endnotes contain more complete explanations of points that are simplified in the main text.

Part I: Reality's Arena
The main focus of Part I is space and time.

Chapter 1, "Roads to Reality", Introduces what is to come later in the book, such as discussions revolving around classical physics, quantum mechanics, and cosmological physics.

Chapter 2, "The Universe and the Bucket", features space as its key point. The question posed by Greene is this: "Is space a human abstraction, or is it a physical entity?" The key thought experiment is a spinning bucket of water, designed to make one think about what creates the force felt inside the bucket when it is spinning. The ideas of Isaac Newton, Ernst Mach, and Gottfried Leibniz on this thought experiment are discussed in detail.

Chapter 3, "Relativity and the Absolute", focuses on spacetime. The question now becomes: "Is spacetime an Einsteinian abstraction or a physical entity?" In this chapter, concepts of both special relativity and general relativity are discussed, as well as their importance to the meaning of spacetime.

In chapter 4, "Entangling Space", Greene explores the revolution of the quantum mechanical era, focusing on what it means for objects to be separate and distinct in a universe dictated by quantum laws. This chapter studies quantum mechanics, including the concepts of probability waves and interference patterns, particle spin, the photon double slit experiment, and Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. The reader is also informed of challenges posed to quantum mechanics by Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen.

Part II: Time and Experience
Part II begins by addressing the issue that time is a very familiar concept, yet it is one of humanity's least understood concepts.

Chapter 5, "The Frozen River", deals with the question, "Does time flow?" One key point in this chapter deals with special relativity. Observers moving relative to each other have different conceptions of what exists at a given moment, and hence they have different conceptions of reality. The conclusion is that time does not flow, as all things simultaneously exist at the same time.

Chapter 6, "Chance and the Arrow", asks, "Does time have an arrow?" The reader discovers that the laws of physics apply moving both forward in time and backward in time. Such a law is called time-reversal symmetry. One of the major subjects of this chapter is entropy. Various analogies are given to illustrate how entropy works and its apparent paradoxes. The climax of the chapter is the co-relation between entropy and gravity, and that the beginning of the Universe must be the state of minimum entropy.

In Chapters 5 and 6, time has been explained only in terms of pre-modern physics. Chapter 7, "Time and the Quantum", gives insights into time's nature in the quantum mechanics. Probability plays a major role in this chapter because it is an inescapable part of quantum mechanics. The double slit experiment is revisited to reveal things about the past. Many other experiments are presented in this chapter, such as the delayed-choice quantum eraser experiment. Other major issues are brought to the reader's attention, such as quantum mechanics and experience, as well as quantum mechanics and the measurement problem. Finally, this chapter addresses the important subject of decoherence and its relevance towards the macroscopic world.

Part III: Spacetime and Cosmology
Part III deals with the macroscopic realm of the cosmos.

Chapter 8, "Of Snowflakes and Spacetime", tells the reader that the history of the universe is in fact the history of symmetry. Symmetry and its importance to cosmic evolution becomes the focus of this chapter. Again, general relativity is addressed as a stretching fabric of spacetime. Cosmology, symmetry, and the shape of space are put together in a new way.

Chapter 9, "Vaporizing the Vacuum", introduces the theoretical idea of the Higgs boson. This chapter focuses on the critical first fraction of a second after the Big Bang, when the amount of symmetry in the universe was thought to have changed abruptly by a process known as symmetry breaking. This chapter also brings into play the theory of grand unification and entropy is also revisited.

Chapter 10, "Deconstructing the Bang", makes inflationary cosmology the main point. General relativity and the discovery of dark energy (repulsive gravity) are taken into account, as well as the cosmological constant. Certain problems that arise due to the standard Big Bang theory are addressed, and new answers are given using inflationary cosmology. Such problems include the horizon problem and the flatness problem. Matter distribution throughout the cosmos is also discussed, including the concepts of dark matter and dark energy.

Chapter 11, "Quanta in the Sky with Diamonds", continues with the topic of inflation, and the arrow of time is also discussed again. The chapter addresses three main developments: the formation of structures such as galaxies, the amount of energy required to spawn the universe we now see, and the origin of time's arrow.

Part IV: Origins and Unification
Part IV deals with new theoretical aspects of physics, particularly in the author's field.

Chapter 12, "The World on a String", informs the reader of the structure of the fabric of space according to string theory. New concepts are introduced, including the Planck length and the Planck time, and ideas from The Elegant Universe are revisited. The reader will learn how string theory could fill the gaps between general relativity and quantum mechanics.

Chapter 13, "The Universe on a Brane", expands on ideas from chapter 12, particularly on M-theory, of which string theory is a branch. This chapter is devoted to speculations on space and time. The insights of a number of physicists, including Edward Witten and Paul Dirac, are presented. The focus of the chapter becomes gravity and its involvement with extra dimensions. Near the end of the chapter, a brief section is devoted to the cyclic model.

Part V: Reality and Imagination
Part V deals with many theoretical concepts, including space and time travel.

Chapter 14, "Up in the Heavens and Down on the Earth", is about various experiments with space and time. Previous theories are brought back from previous chapters, such as Higgs theory, supersymmetry, and string theory. Future planned experiments are described in an attempt to verify many of the theoretical concepts discussed, including the constituents of dark matter and dark energy, the existence of the Higgs boson, and the verification of extra spatial dimensions.

Chapter 15, "Teleporters and Time Machines", is about traveling through space and time using intriguing methods. Quantum mechanics is brought back into the picture when the reader comes across teleportation. Puzzles of time travel are posed, such as the idea of time travel to the past being a possibility. The end of the chapter focuses on wormholes and the theory behind them.

Chapter 16, "The Future of an Allusion", focuses on black holes and their relationship to entropy. The main idea of this chapter is that spacetime may not be the fundamental makeup of the universe's fabric.

Reception
The Fabric of the Cosmos became the most popular science book among Amazon.com customers in 2005 and was on The New York Times Best Seller list—from its publication on February 10, 2004, it appeared 10 times in the Non-Fiction top 15, peaking at number 3 on April 4, before dropping off the list on May 9. With a first printing of 125,000 and as a main selection of the Book of the Month Club, Knopf expected it to do well.

Adaptation
NOVA made a documentary sequel to the popular Elegant Universe adaptation based on this book The Fabric of the Cosmos and with the same name. The series is hosted by Greene and includes commentary by numerous other renowned physicists, such as Max Tegmark and others.

This documentary series is composed of 4 episodes (5–8 of season 39, 2011–2012) of the Nova television series: Lynn Elber of Associated Press called it, "Mind-blowing TV."
 * 1) The Fabric of the Cosmos: What is Space?
 * 2) The Fabric of the Cosmos: The Illusion of Time
 * 3) The Fabric of the Cosmos: Quantum Leap
 * 4) The Fabric of the Cosmos: Universe or Multiverse?

Publication data

 * The Fabric of the Cosmos: Space, Time, and the Texture of Reality (2004). Alfred A. Knopf division, Random House, ISBN 0-375-41288-3

title: The Fabric of the Cosmos


text:
Nelson House, Manitoba

Nelson House (ᓂᓯᒐᐚᔭᓯᕽ, nisicawâyasihk) is a designated place in northern Manitoba, Canada adjacent to the Nelson House 170 Indian Reserve, which is part of the Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation. It is located approximately 75 km northwest of Thompson. The Hudson's Bay Company operated a fur-trading post in Nelson House from 1800-1827.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Nelson House had a population of 70 living in 18 of its 20 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 71. With a land area of 3.43 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

title: Nelson House, Manitoba


text:
Azure Ray

Azure Ray is an American dream pop duo, consisting of musicians Orenda Fink and Maria Taylor. Formed in Athens, Georgia, in 2001, they later moved to Omaha, Nebraska, and became part of the Saddle Creek Records music scene, which also included Bright Eyes, The Faint, and Cursive. Azure Ray's music has often been featured in film and television, including Six Feet Under, Grey's Anatomy, and The Devil Wears Prada.

Formation
The pair met at the age of 15 while attending the Alabama School of Fine Arts in Birmingham. They fronted a band called Little Red Rocket, which released two CDs, Who Did You Pay (1997, Tim/Kerr) and It's in the Sound (2000, Monolyth Record Group), which earned them frequent comparisons to Veruca Salt. After the band broke up, Fink and Taylor moved to Athens, Georgia, and eventually formed Azure Ray. "My boyfriend had just died and we had written all of these songs that were helping us cope with everything. We had a night where all of our friends and family got together.  We played those songs, which later would turn into the songs on our first Azure Ray record..." said Taylor.

Azure Ray (2001)
The pair signed to the Warm Electronic Recordings label and released their self-titled debut in 2001, produced by Eric Bachmann (Crooked Fingers and Archers of Loaf). Pitchfork praised the album, giving it a 7 out of 10, describing it as a collection of "maudlin but beautiful, expertly crafted pop songs". The song "Sleep" was later featured in the 2006 Academy Award-nominated movie The Devil Wears Prada featuring Anne Hathaway. In February 2015, Taylor Swift included "Sleep" on a six-song "breakup playlist" made for a fan via her official Tumblr. DJ Paul Kalkbrenner also sampled "Rise" in his 2008 song "Azure".

Burn and Shiver and November EP (2002)
Azure Ray's second album, Burn and Shiver, was released in 2002, again produced by Bachmann. With Burn and Shiver, Pitchfork said the duo had "come closer than ever to wielding an emotional potency like master Cohen's". After meeting Fink and Taylor in Athens, Bright Eyes frontman Conor Oberst invited the band on tour and introduced them to the people at Saddle Creek, the label to which he was signed. They relocated to Omaha, Nebraska, and joined the music scene there. The November EP was released on January 21, 2002, and was the band's first for Saddle Creek.

The two collaborated with Moby and co-wrote the songs "Great Escape" (on his album 18) and "Landing" (which appeared on the XXX soundtrack), and afterwards joined him on tour.

Hold On Love (2003), New Resolution EP (2004) and Hiatus
Hold On Love was the band's third full-length, released October 7, 2003, on Saddle Creek. Pitchfork called it a departure from their previous records, with "newly arresting manipulations of electronic elements interlock[ing] with the duo's traditional organic fare, as well as bolder and sharper production". The first single from this album, New Resolution, was released as an EP/Single by Saddle Creek on January 20, 2004. Azure Ray went on hiatus in 2004, leaving Fink and Taylor to work on solo albums and other collaborative projects, including a stint in Now It's Overhead.

Reunion and Drawing Down the Moon (2010)
Fink and Taylor reformed the band for a one-off show in Los Angeles at the iconic Troubadour on November 30, 2008, accompanied by Andy LeMaster of Now It's Overhead and Nick White of Tilly and the Wall. In 2009, Taylor announced on KCRW's Morning Becomes Eclectic that the duo had reformed on a semi-permanent basis, with the intention of playing "five or six" shows before working on a new Azure Ray album. Their fourth album, Drawing Down the Moon, was released in September 2010. On August 4, 2010, Stereogum premiered the first song from the album, "Don't Leave My Mind"; they later premiered the video, directed by Ryan Berg, on September 30. Pitchfork said the new album "sounds warmly familiar, a reminder of why we missed them in the first place", while a reviewer for the BBC called it "a warming blanket of an album, here for you to wrap up in". On January 25, 2011, Azure Ray released a new single from the recording sessions, titled "Silverlake", recorded with Mark Linkous of Sparklehorse.

As Above, So Below EP (2012)
Azure Ray's next release, a six-song EP entitled As Above So Below, came out on Saddle Creek on September 5, 2012. After a two-year hiatus following the release of Drawing Down the Moon, Fink and a pregnant Taylor entered the studio to record six news songs with a more "hypnotic" "electronica" influence in collaboration with Andy LeMaster and Todd Fink. On July 17, Stereogum premiered "Scattered Like Leaves", calling it a "starry, shivering cut", while NPR premiered "Red Balloon" on August 9, describing it as a "long, slow summer swoon" with "devastating melancholy". Rolling Stone premiered the full EP stream on August 28.

Reunion and Waves EP (2018)
In October 2017, after another hiatus, it was announced that Azure Ray's self-titled debut and Burn and Shiver were now newly available through Taylor's own label, Flower Moon Records. The next month, the duo announced they would once again reunite for a one-off show in Los Angeles at the Lodge Room on January 20, 2018.

On September 26, 2018, Stereogum announced the first new Azure Ray record in six years, an EP titled Waves, and premiered a new single, "Palindrome", praising it as a "mournful string-driven ballad which offers the best of the band's spectral harmonies, woodsy storytelling and aching wisdom". Billboard premiered the video for "Palindrome", directed by Alan Tanner, on October 19, along with a new recording of "Hold On Love" (from their 2003 record of the same name), which the band said "reflects the live version that we came to love playing through the years". KCRW premiered the video for the "hauntingly beautiful" "Last Summer in Omaha" on October 25, the day before the EP was released on Flower Moon.

Other projects
Fink and Taylor have both recorded and released numerous solo albums, and have performed as part of Now It's Overhead. They have also appeared together on numerous Bright Eyes records, as well as others by Moby, Cursive, Two Gallants, and Georgie James. Fink is also a member of Art in Manila, O+S, Harouki Zombi, Closeness, and High Up, and has played with or appeared as a guest on records by The Faint, Pete Yorn, Old Canes, and others. Taylor has recorded or performed with Ben Lee, Joshua Radin, Nik Freitas, and others.

Albums

 * Azure Ray (Warm Electronic Recordings, 2001; now Flower Moon Records)
 * Burn and Shiver (Warm, 2002; now Flower Moon Records)
 * Hold On Love (Saddle Creek Records, 2003; now Flower Moon Records)
 * Drawing Down the Moon (Saddle Creek, 2010; now Flower Moon Records)
 * Remedy (Flower Moon, 2021)

Singles and EPs

 * "Sleep" (Rubber Records, 2002)
 * November (Saddle Creek, 2002; now Flower Moon Records)
 * "The Drinks We Drank Last Night" (Saddle Creek, 2003; now Flower Moon Records)
 * "New Resolution" (Saddle Creek, 2004; now Flower Moon Records)
 * "Don't Leave My Mind" (Saddle Creek, 2010; now Flower Moon Records)
 * "Silverlake" (Saddle Creek, 2011; now Flower Moon Records)
 * As Above So Below (Saddle Creek, 2012; now Flower Moon Records)
 * Waves (Flower Moon Records, 2018)

Soundtracks

 * Coffee Prince soundtrack – "Across the Ocean"
 * Buffy the Vampire Slayer, episode "Seeing Red" – "Displaced"
 * The Devil Wears Prada soundtrack – "Sleep"
 * The Good Wife, episode "Live From Damascus" – "Seven Days"
 * Grey's Anatomy episode "Something's Gotta Give" – "Shouldn't Have Loved"
 * Mouth to Mouth soundtrack – "No Signs of Pain"
 * Parenthood, episode "Amazing Andy and His Wonderful World of Bugs" – "Love and Permanence"
 * Revenge, Episode "Intuition" (02X04) - "The Heart Has Its Reasons"
 * Shortbus soundtrack – "If You Fall"
 * Six Feet Under soundtrack – "Rise"
 * Winter Passing soundtrack – "Rise"

title: Azure Ray


text:
User:YankeeInCA

YANKEEINCA

title: User:YankeeInCA


text:
Hedin (crater)

Hedin is a lunar impact crater of the dimension traditionally termed a walled plain. It lies due south of the crater pair Olbers and Glushko, and northwest of the similarly dimensioned walled plain Riccioli. To the east is another walled plain, Hevelius.

This crater has a deteriorated outer rim that has been worn down and reshaped through impact erosion. Several small craters lie along or near the rim, including Hedin F to the northeast and Hedin H to the southeast.

The interior floor has been scored by the impact event that created the Mare Orientale to the southeast. But these features are cross-hatched by a pair of linear rilles that follow a path towards the southeast. Only a section of the floor along the northwest rim is relatively level, retaining the low albedo of ground that has been resurfaced by lava.

This crater is sometimes referred to as "Sven Hedin" in older publications.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Hedin.

title: Hedin (crater)


text:
Barton Zwiebach

Barton Zwiebach (born Barton Zwiebach Cantor, October 4, 1954) is a Peruvian string theorist and professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Work
Zwiebach's undergraduate work was in Electrical Engineering at the Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería in Peru, from which he graduated in 1977.

His graduate work was in physics at the California Institute of Technology. Zwiebach obtained his Ph.D. in 1983, working under the supervision of Murray Gell-Mann. He has held postdoctoral positions at the University of California, Berkeley, and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he became an assistant professor of physics in 1987, and a permanent member of the faculty in 1994.

He is one of the world's leading experts in string field theory. He wrote the textbook A First Course in String Theory (2004, ISBN 0-521-83143-1), meant for undergraduates.

Selected publications
Professor Zwiebach's publications are available on the SPIRES HEP Literature Database.

title: Barton Zwiebach


text:
Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation

The Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation (NCN; ᓂᓯᒐᐚᔭᓯᕽ, nisicawâyasihk; formerly the Nelson House First Nation) is a Cree First Nations community centered in Nelson House, Manitoba, Canada. Its main reserve is Nelson House 170.

Nelson House is located about 80 km west of Thompson and is accessible via the mixed paved and gravel Provincial Road 391. The Cree name Nisichawayasihk means, “Where three rivers meet”. The largest community, business and government centre is located at Nelson House on the north shore of Footprint Lake at the convergence of the Burntwood, Footprint, and Rat Rivers. Smaller areas of development occur at Dog Point, R.C, Mission Point'" and the New Area''.

History
The people of Nisichawayasihk are largely ancestral descendants of indigenous Cree peoples who have populated the Canadian Shield region of northern and central Canada since the retreat of the glaciers about 10,000 years ago.

The people of Nisichawayasihk refer to themselves as the Nisichawayasi Nehethowak (Cree from where three rivers meet). The term Rocky Cree (Asiniskaw Ithiniwak- People from where there is an abundance of rocks) is also used to refer to the people of Nisichawayasihk.

During the peak of the Fur trade The Hudson's Bay Company operated a trading post in Nelson House between 1800 and 1827. Many of the Rocky Cree started travelling to the trading post selling furs and other goods.

the Nelson House outpost (also referred to at the time to as Fort Nelson), was established in 1800 on the Churchill River. Men from South Indian Lake were sent to establish a post in Nelson House and construction had begun in 1800. In 1809, the original Nelson House was abandoned and moved to an island three miles west of the old house.

In 1814, the Nelson River District (originally known as the New Churchill District) was established with Nelson House as its headquarters. It acted as such until 1819 when South Indian Lake became its headquarters. Nelson House acted as its headquarters once again in 1824. In 1827, the Nelson House Hudson's Bay Company post was closed due to poor fur returns. This caused many to have to travel to South Indian Lake in order to exchange goods with the traders.

Largely left alone by the Government of Canada during initial colonization and settlement of Western Canada. In the mid-1870s, the Indigenous peoples of the Lake Winnipeg area were interested in making a treaty with the Government of Canada. They had heard about the concessions offered to the Indigenous nations of Treaties 1 to 4, and subsequently demanded the government provide similar economic assistance, provisions of tools and protection against the encroachment of outsiders (such as surveyors and settlers) on their territories. Treaty 5 was the response from the government that ensure the homelands of the Cree were protected for their use. Treaty 5, a document which established that Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation members and their descendants were guaranteed certain rights and benefits.

Governance and population
Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation is governed by an elected chief and council. Elections are held pursuant to NCN's own democratic election code.

About 3,000 members of the NCN live in Nelson House and the remaining 2,100 off the reserve lands. Until 2005, the community of South Indian Lake on the shores of Southern Indian Lake was also part of the NCN. In December 2005, this community of about 1,100 persons separated from the Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation to form the O-Pipon-Na-Piwin Cree Nation.

With a population of approximately 5,200, the NCN is a large and widespread community. Nelson House consists of eleven areas, which are known to the residents as Westwood, School Road, Hillside, Dogpoint, R.C. Point (Named after the Roman Catholic church in the area), Little R.C. Point, New Area, Hart's Point, Michelle Point, Bay Road and Moore's Bay.

Drinking water is drawn from Footprint Lake, treated, and delivered by pipe to about 50% of the community (primarily those who live closer to the main community) with the remainder of residents serviced by five water trucks. The nursing station, elementary school, teacherages and the Three Rivers Store use water delivery trucks and a piped system to obtain treated water.

Hydroelectric development and impacts
During the 1960s and 1970s, the Government of Manitoba and Manitoba Hydro began the Nelson River Hydroelectric Project, centered on the Churchill and Nelson rivers. The project included the Churchill River Diversion, which directly affected Nisichawayasihk members living at Nelson House and at South Indian Lake. Consequently, large areas of traditional hunting, fishing and trapping lands were flooded. The people of South Indian Lake were forcibly relocated to their current location.

The Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation (NCN) is a signatory to the Northern Flood Agreement (NFA) between Canada (the federal government), Manitoba Hydro, the province of Manitoba and several First Nations Communities. In 1996, NCN signed an NFA Implementation Agreement. Using settlement proceeds paid pursuant to this implementation agreement, NCN purchased the Mystery Lake Motor Hotel in the nearby city of Thompson. In 2006, the NCN signed a Project Development Agreement with Manitoba Hydro regarding the Wuskwatim hydroelectric project on the Burntwood River, about 30 km from Nelson House. Wuskwatim generates about 200 MW of electricity. The NCN was involved in the construction of the project and, as a partner in the project, will receive a share of the future revenues. This arrangement is the first of its kind in Manitoba.

In 2006, the Atoskiwin Training and Employment Centre (ATEC) opened its doors in Nelson House. ATEC is also a Manitoba first. It trains NCN members and other aboriginals for northern hydro projects and other job opportunities.

Reserve lands
Nelson House consists of four NCN reserves, totalling 14,460 acres in size:

 * Nelson House 170 — located on the north shore of Footprint Lake; totalling 18.60 km2 in size
 * Nelson House 170A — located south of the west end of Footprint Lake; totalling 11.615 km2 in size
 * Nelson House 170B — located south of the central part of Footprint Lake; totalling 28.268 km2 in size
 * Nelson House 170C — located on the north-east shore of Footprint Lake; totalling 32000 m2 in size

Urban reserve
In early February 2004, the nearby city of Thompson, Manitoba, announced its approval to the NCN to convert a parcel of property to reserve land. This was possible due to shortages in land area controlled by NCN under the Treaty Land Entitlement agreement in the mid-1990s. This event marked one of the few transitions from privately owned land, purchased by a First Nations community, to an urban reserve.

This plan was quietly discussed between city and band administration since the narrowly-lost plebiscite held in Thompson on 18 September 2001. With a 45% voter turnout for the plebiscite, and amid allegations of inappropriate voter disqualifications, the "no" side won by a margin of 250 votes. During the three years following the plebiscite, the majority of Thompson City Councillors publicly stated that the results of the vote were not binding upon city council, as the council was elected to act in the best interests of the citizens of Thompson.

Thompson City Council approved NCN's plan for the urban reserve on 7 February 2005.

In April 2016, the reserve received an additional 17020 m2 of land.

title: Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation


text:
Frederic Bancroft

Frederic Bancroft (October 30, 1860, in Galesburg, Illinois – February 22, 1945) was an American historian, author, and librarian. The Bancroft Prize, one of the most distinguished academic awards in the field of history, was established at Columbia University in his memory and that of his brother, Edgar Bancroft.

Biography
Bancroft was born in Galesburg, Illinois, and graduated with an A.B. from Amherst College and a PhD from Columbia University. He was a lecturer for one year at Columbia, and served as librarian of the State Department from 1888 to 1892.

Bancroft was an active member of the American Historical Association, and was the unofficial leader of a group from 1913–1915 that called for the reform of the organization's election procedures, ultimately securing such reforms at the 1915 meeting although failing to topple what he viewed as the oligarchy led by J. Franklin Jameson.

Bancroft was the author of two well-regarded books on the South, Slave Trading in the Old South in 1931 and A Sketch of the Negro in Politics, Especially in South Carolina and Mississippi in 1885. In 1900, he also wrote a biography of William H. Seward.

Through his bequest, in 1948 the Bancroft Prize was established at Columbia University in his memory and that of his brother, diplomat and attorney Edgar Bancroft. It is considered one of the most distinguished academic awards in the field of history.

title: Frederic Bancroft


text:
List of legendary rulers of Cornwall

"Duke of Cornwall" appears as a title in pseudo-historical authors such as Geoffrey of Monmouth. The list is patchy and not every succession was unbroken. Indeed, Monmouth repeatedly introduces Dukes of Cornwall only to promote them to the Kingship of the Britons and thus put an end to their line as (merely) dukes. As adjuncts or supporting roles to the kings of the Britons, the legendary dukes of Cornwall are considered part of the vast Matter of Britain, and can also be found in other stories, such as Culhwch and Olwen, the Prose Tristan, Havelok the Dane, and Gesta Herewardi. Antiquaries such as Richard Carew (Survey of Cornwall, 1602) and John Williams (the Book of Baglan, 1600–1607) also provide lists of legendary rulers of Cornwall, often combining the above with other sources.As a result, these lists are more often thought of as a conglomeration of various Celtic rulers, Celtic warlords, and mythical heroes. If the lists of kings of Britain are legendary, then the list of dukes must be considered still more a genealogical and historical legend with no solid basis in the view of most historians. The titles given for the rulers also vary, even within sources; Monmouth's History, has the title fluctuating between "duke" (dux Cornubiae) and "king" (rex Cornubiae), and Carew wrote that before the Norman Conquest "these titles of honour carry a kinde of confusednes, and rather betokened a successive office, then an established dignity. The following ages received a more distinct forme, and left us a certeyner notice."

Arthurian
Sources diverge leading up to the time of King Arthur, with Caradoc placed either during the time of Arthur (as in the Welsh Triads, and later tradition), soon before Gorlois (Carew's Survey of Cornwall), or before his brother Dionotus as Caradocus in the Historia Regum Britanniae. The Book of Baglan provides an entirely different set of ancestors leading up to Gorlois, while other sources, such as Culhwch and Olwen and the Prose Tristan, replace Gorlois altogether with Ricca and Mark respectively.

title: List of legendary rulers of Cornwall


text:
Talk:Gerovital

Untitled
This article was listed on votes for deletion; see Votes for deletion/Gerovital. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk, automation script)]] 05:36, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)

For a December 2004 deletion debate over this page see Votes for deletion/Gerovital

This page reads like a pamphlet from Aslan herself. It should be rewritten in an objective tone.

Random notes to myself and others

 * The obituary of Ana Aslan, Rumanian Specialist On the Aging Process, Dies in 90's By GLENN FOWLER New York Times (1857-Current file); May 29, 1988; pg. 28: "[In Rumania] in 1994 the government-sponsored Parhon Institute of Geriatrics was established in Bucharest, and Dr. Aslan soon became it dominant figure. The institute developed in to a magnet for wealthy and prominent people... Among the famous people who took her treatments were—or were widely reported to have done so—were Gen. Charles de Gaulle, Nikita S. Khrushchev, Indira Gandhi, Marshal Tito, and Chancellor Konrad Adenauer of West Germany, as well as the actresses Lillian Gish and Marlene Dietrich. The vast majority of scientists outside Rumania dismissed Gerovital as another false fountain of youth. The medical establishment in Britain and the United States, including the National Institutes of Health and the American Medical Assocation, found it had no merit, and the Food and Drug Association refused to sanction it." I think what we have here is a formerly notable quack medicine whose reputation mostly did not survive that of its promoter, but which still being manufactured and sold. More if I find more. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 01:04, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC) Nope, it's not a former quack medicine, more's the pity. I've seen a slew of 1980s references to the FDA's not allowing it in interstate commerce and cracking down on people trying to sell it, but can't figure out whether that's still true or whether the "nutritional supplements" loophole opened the floodgates. Any further notes I make will go in Talk:Gerovital. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 01:04, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Obit also says "a few scientists, including the noted endocrinologist Albert C. Simard of the Pasteur Institute in France, hailed Gerovital as a wonder drug." Holding off on mentioning this in the article until I can find out a bit more about Simard.
 * http://www.realgerovital.com/alert.htm claims to sell "real" Gerovital H3 and warns that "The American market is flooded with fake GH3®."
 * http://www.zalmo.com/fake.html states that it has real Romanian Gerovital H3 and warns "Please avoid the low quality and high prices of the US and UK illegal copies" with tips http://www.zalmo.com/fake.html for spotting fakes.
 * http://www.aslavitalpill.com/ claims to have " the ONLY ORIGINAL FORMULA BEING IMPORTED TO USA."
 * http://www.realgh3.com/number1.html cautions "Beware of the many phony GH3's; they are out there. TMI supplies such a C of A with every new order, or upon request. That's why our website is called "RealGH3.com", we are the only company willing and able to supply documented proof of our GH3's authenticity."

Tourist attraction: http://www.romaniatourism.com/blacksea.html:
 * The Black Sea coast has long been known for cures of arthritic, rheumatic, internal and nervous disorders. Eforie Nord and Mangalia Spas specialize in mud baths (the mud is taken from the area's salty lake waters) as well as in world famous "Gerovital" and "Aslavital" original rejuvenation treatments.

"Aslan" and the C. S. Lewis books
I have to wonder... C. S. Lewis's first Narnia book, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, was published in 1950. In these books, Aslan is a magical lion who is also a Christ-like or God-like figure. It's an interesting name, and it is surprisng to me to suddenly encounter it in a completely different context. Ana Aslan was apparently just starting to become well known in 1950... I wonder if Aslan is a common Romanian surname? I wonder if Lewis was aware of it as a Romanian surname and liked the sound of it, or what? [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 02:40, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

It does not seem to be a terribly common Romanian surname. Google search on Romanian-language results only for "aslan" gives 802 hits, "aslan -ana" 509 hits so over a third of all the Aslans known to Google are Ana Aslan...

 * It's of Cuman origin, if anyone cares... bogdan 17:32, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

Correct name of the substance always seems to have the H3
...seems to always be given as Gerovital H3. It is not just "Gerovital." There does not seem to be a hyphen between the H and the 3. I have seen some instances where the 3 was superscripted, Gerovital H3. If the article survives VfD I will leave it under Gerovital because that's shorter and easier to look up, but intend to add a redirect from Gerovital H3 and possibly GH3 and G-H3 which seem to be common abbreviations. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 21:45, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Safety
Procaine dosages suggested by Gerovital suppliers are low compared to those used for anesthesia. The "package insert" link in the article shows that one preparation contains 100 mg. of procaine per individual dose. Dosages of over 500 mg are commonly used in local anesthesia. One figure for the "minimum anesthetic dose associated with adverse reactions" 19.2 mg of procaine per kg of body weight, or over 1300 mg for an a person weighting 70 kg (154 lb). This shouldn't go into the article though because I'm not sure of my ground and this is really too close to expressing a medical opinion.

http://www.btinternet.com/~teppic2000/KurtCobainCase/DMDPT8.htm says procaine is a common adulterant in street heroin and strongly implies that it may have played a factor in Kurt Cobain's death. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 03:03, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The url http://www.btinternet.com/~teppic2000/KurtCobainCase/DMDPT8.htm cited  as the basis for the above entry by Dpbsmith does not "strongly imply" - or imply at all - that procaine "may have played a factor in Kurt Cobain's death.  Section 3 on the referenced url page mentions procaine is sometimes used as a filler in heroin, but does not give an opinion as to whether the heroin used by Kurt Cobain contained procaine. It does say, however, that combining benzodiazepines (diazepam) and heroin are common partners in death because "both drugs cause respiratory depression" and increase the likelihood of respiratory failure.

 * This isn't an article. This is the talk page for the article. There's no reason to delete my comments above, which have not been used as material in the article. I was searching for well-sourced material that would show whether or not the dosages of procaine in Gerovital products represent a safety issue. The specific wording I saw in the article on Cobain's death is "Still, the importance of procaine's potential toxicity is emphasized by Nakamura..." Dpbsmith (talk) 02:29, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

Still illegal as of 2004
I'm still researching this, but this Gerovital advocacy article, http://www.medical-library.net/sites/framer.html?/sites/_gerovital_(gh3).html, stays that it is still banned by the FDA, and as nearly as I can tell all websites offering to supply it are located overseas, so I'm reasonably sure it is still illegal to sell it in interstate commerce in the United States. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 17:30, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Yep, the FDA confirmed this in an email to me. It's Illegal to import and under an "automatic detention alert." http://www.fda.gov/ora/fiars/ora_import_ia6101.html

Presentation
How is it administered? From the prohibition list, I understand that it can be taken orally, injected and as a cream, isn't it? What did Aslan use? --84.20.17.84 13:03, 17 August 2007 (UTC) It is a cream. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 160.228.152.6 (talk) 18:46, 20 June 2009 (UTC)

Citations needed
The paragraphs in the first section beginning "As with many scientific discoveries," "Ana Aslan, MD was a Doctor of the National Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics,"  "This notion launched her," and "Claims coming out of the Institute's clinics" all need sources. All that's needed is to say where they came from. Very likely they are from some book or magazine article about Aslan or Gerovital. All I'm asking for good citation(s) of the book or article--title, year of publication, publisher, magazine if not a book, page numbers, etc. It's just a question of where the information came from. If it's a book by Aslan, that would be a very good source.Dpbsmith (talk) 02:57, 21 June 2009 (UTC)

A few fixes
It was necessary to alter some sentences to insure neutrality. These particular sentences had no citations and were apparently the product of the imagination of someone who really, really hates Gerovital. Medicine is amazingly political and I've been fascinated how slanted some articles on science, particularly medicine, can be here on Wikipedia. Gingermint (talk) 23:46, 14 May 2011 (UTC)

POV sentence
The sentence He adds, "don't bother with a conventional doctor [who] will have the usual American medical establishment brain wash attitude." seems to give a POV weighted against medicine and towards Supplementary, Complementary, and Alternative Medicines. I'd delete it but I bring it here first. Jerod Lycett (talk) 06:38, 1 September 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 16:10, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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article is not neutral
The article is clearly one sided, it could be because the company is not chipping in. Just sources that denounce it are mentioned, and misleading quotations are used, like in that 1973 article the quote was taken out of context:

http://www.nytimes.com/1973/03/18/archives/disputed-drug-is-restudied-for-use-in-geriatrics-reports-a-decade-a.html

The article clearly states that scienVats tried something else with little effects, while the wikipedia article says the article mentions 3 clinical trials, which were mentioned but they were taken 10 years before, not related to the "cold" water statement. In the article the defender's of the drugs views are also mentioned, still the editor managed to collect just the negative review.

Only failed clinical trials are mentioned.

Also, saying that it is promoted using false claims, that would be illegal, still it is sold all over Europe. Talking about false claims, we have many other anti-aging creams that are promoted in the same way, just with different main ingredients such as Retinol or Coenzime Q10.

The FDA has banned many other drugs that are used in the EU and other parts of the world, so if the FDA has banned it it does not mean that is automatically something dangerous.

Some of the sources are from the communist period, when the propaganda was writing one sided articles in order to denounce on purpose. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.103.128.131 (talk) 04:44, 3 May 2017 (UTC)

In the Effectiveness section, only one source is mentioned, a source that denounces the drug 3 times on the page:

Perls T (June 2013). "The reappearance of procaine hydrochloride (Gerovital H3) for antiaging". J Am Geriatr Soc. 61 (6): 1024–5. doi:10.1111/jgs.12278. . Jump up ^

Perls T seems to be the only authority on this, even if many other sources that claim different views can be found online.

Other 3 from 8 sources are using FDA arguments to denounce the drug, so the same authority is present as 3 different sources, basically the FDA Ban Section, and the Quaility Control section are based on the same authority. The same authority is used in Denouncement.

Jed Disbennett (March 1994). "Unproven Medical Treatments Lure Elderly". FDA Consumer Magazine. Archived from the original on 2004-12-11. Jump up ^ "FDA Quotes". Tierra Mega-Nutrients. Archived from the original on 2006-06-20. Retrieved 2006-11-28. Jump up ^ "Automatic Detention [for Gerovital] (IA#61-01)". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 2006-09-30. Retrieved 2006-11-28.
 * The article satisfies WP:NPOV. If there are reliable sources we are not using, please propose them. Note sources for treatment efficacy must be WP:MEDRS. The changes you made were not neutral. Alexbrn (talk) 06:52, 3 May 2017 (UTC)

Non-Neutral
The above criticism, a year and a half old, is largely accurate. This article manages to be too negative about a quack product, and that is difficult. This article needs a little toning down. We don't need to be quite as hard in the voice of Wikipedia. There must be plenty of anti-quack newsletters to quote from. Robert McClenon (talk) 08:49, 12 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gerovital


text:
Federal Correctional Institution, Florence

The Federal Correctional Institution, Florence (FCI Florence) is a medium-security United States federal prison for male inmates in Colorado. Part of the Florence Federal Correctional Complex (FCC Florence), it is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice.

FCI Florence is located in an unincorporated area in Fremont County, outside the city of Florence, Colorado, 90 mi south of Denver, 45 mi south of Colorado Springs, and 40 mi west of Pueblo.

Notable incidents
On the morning hours of December 29, 2008, correction officers at FCI Florence found inmate Pablo Zúñiga-García, 33, dead in his cell. Zúñiga-García (95492-198), who was serving a 54-month sentence for an illegal-immigration conviction, had suffered numerous blunt-force injuries to his head. A subsequent FBI investigation found that inmates José Augustín Pluma, Juan Martín Ruelas, Mark Rosález, and Justin Hernández, all inmates at FCI Florence and members of the Sureños gang, orchestrated the assault.

Prior to the fatal assault, Hernández, a Sureños leader, ordered several other inmates to physically assault Zúñiga-García. Hernández's lieutenant, Rosález, asked another inmate to act as a lookout during the assault and prevent Zúñiga-García from escaping. During the early hours of December 29, 2008, Pluma and three of the unnamed co-conspirators entered the cell with their makeshift weapons, padlocks attached to belts, and began a 15-minute beating of Zúñiga-García while Ruelas and another unnamed co-conspirator took their places as lookouts. Three other participants pleaded to lesser charges and agreed to testify against the four men.

Pluma, Ruelas, Rosález, and Hernández were convicted of conspiring to assault Zúñiga-García and second-degree murder on June 14, 2011. They are all serving lengthy sentences at high-security facilities:

Justin Hernandez (30123-013) is located in the nearby supermax prison ADX Florence; scheduled for release on November 15, 2058. José Augustín Pluma (34104-013) is in USP Beaumont in Texas; scheduled for release on July 14, 2040. Juan Martin Ruelas (11510-081) is in USP Coleman I in Florida; scheduled for release on May 2, 2029. Mark Rosález (08961-091) is in USP Lee in Virginia; scheduled for release on October 2, 2040.

Notable inmates (current and former)
†Beckley was incarcerated at the adjacent FCI Florence minimum-security prison camp.