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Teddy Roosevelt Terrier

The Teddy Roosevelt Terrier is a small to medium-sized American hunting terrier. It is lower-set, with shorter legs, and is more muscular with heavier bone density than the related American Rat Terrier. Much diversity exists in the history of the Teddy Roosevelt Terrier breed, and it shares a common early history with the American Rat Terrier, Fox Paulistinha, and Tenterfield Terrier. The Rat Terrier's background is said to stem from the terriers or other dogs that were brought over by early English and other working-class immigrants. Since the breed was a farm, hunting, and utility dog, little to no planned breeding was used other than breeding dogs with agreeable traits to each other to produce the desired work ethic in the dog. The Feist (dog), Bull Terrier, Smooth Fox Terrier, Manchester Terrier, Whippet, Italian Greyhound, the now extinct English White Terrier, Turnspit Dog, and Wry-legged Terrier all share in the Teddy Roosevelt Terrier's ancestry. These early ratting terriers were then most likely bred to the Beagle or Beagle crossbred dogs (for increased scenting ability) and other dogs. Maximizing the influences from these various breeds provides the modern Teddy Roosevelt Terrier with a keen sense of awareness and prey drive, an acute sense of smell, and a very high intellect. Although they tend to be aloof with strangers, they are devoted companion dogs with a strong desire to please and be near their owners at all times.

The current UKC standard calls for a Teddy Roosevelt Terrier to be at least 8 and no more than 12 inches in height, with weight proportionate to height. Teddy Roosevelt Terriers weighing as much as 25 lb or as little as 8 lb are not uncommon.

Breed history
Early American history shows that the Teddy Roosevelt Terrier, like the Rat Terrier, were often referred to as Feist or just plain terrier mixes - in the case of the Teddy Roosevelt Terrier, "bench-legged feist".

Since the breed was primarily a farm and hunting dog, crossing Rat Terriers to other breeds was common. One such early cross was with the Beagle, and this cross possibly reinforced the bench leg, since the Bench-legged Beagle was a common hunting companion.

Separating the long-legged phenotype from the short-legged phenotype in most cases did not occur, litters born from parents of either or both phenotypes commonly displayed a variety of leg and body length, yet all were still considered and labeled merely as Rat Terriers. In the middle 1990s, efforts to segregate the types began in earnest, but mixing of the two types in some cases still exists today.

When the types were separated by the Rat Terrier Club of America, the short-legged variety was named in honor of Theodore Roosevelt, although he never owned Rat Terriers nor was he instrumental in developing the Teddy Roosevelt Terrier. The dog most attributed to being one of the foundations for the Rat Terriers was a black-and-tan, mixed-breed, feist-type dog owned by the Roosevelts. In one of his letters to his children, President Roosevelt writes, "There is a very cunning little dog named Skip, belonging to John Goff's pack, who has completely adopted me. I think I shall take him home to Archie. He likes to ride on Dr. Lambert's horse, or mine, and though he is not as big as Jack, takes eager part in the fight with every bear and bobcat." Often confused with Skip the black and tan feist, the Roosevelts also had a dog named Scamp. Scamp is the only dog mentioned in Roosevelt's letters as ever hunting rats while in the White House, "Scamp is really an extraordinary ratter and kills a great many rats in the White House, in the cellars and on the lower floor and among the machinery. He is really a very nice little dog." Unfortunately, no pictures of Scamp nor descriptions other than one which describes him as a Fox Terrier have been found. Another terrier which often is confused with the Rat Terrier was Roosevelt's dog named Jack. In Mr. Roosevelt's letter dated July 27, 1902, to Mrs. Roswell Field, he writes, "It is a real pleasure to send you a photograph of my boy Kermit, with Jack, the Manchester Terrier, who is absolutely a member of the family." Jack was a Manchester Terrier, not a Rat Terrier.

The first standard for the breed was developed by the now-defunct Teddy Roosevelt Terrier Club of America in 1996. Currently, several registration organizations are active, all of which have their own standards, but the most commonly accepted are the United Kennel Club and the United Kennel Club International, although the UKCI still only recognizes them as a variation of the Rat Terrier.

In 1999, both "Rat Terrier" and “Teddy Roosevelt Terrier" were accepted as a separate breeds by the United Kennel Club.

Currently, the UKC accepts single Teddy Roosevelt Terrier registration applications for dogs from 10 different registries, where they are simply designated as Rat Terriers. .

In August 2016 the Teddy Roosevelt Terrier was accepted into the AKC Foundation Stock Services. In July 2019, the breed advanced to the AKC Miscellaneous Class.

Appearance
The Teddy Roosevelt Terrier is a low-set, muscular, active, small- to medium-sized hunting terrier. The preferred ratio of length of body (prosternum to point of buttocks) to height (withers to ground) is 10:7. The head is broad, slightly domed, wedge-shaped, and proportionate to the size of the body. Ears are V-shaped, set at the outside edges of the skull, and may be erect or button. A docked tail is preferred, but a natural bob tail or a natural tail carried in an upward curve is also acceptable. The Teddy Roosevelt Terrier occurs in solid white, other solid colors with markings, and white with a variety of colored patches.

The Teddy Roosevelt Terrier should be evaluated as a working terrier, and exaggerations, or faults, should be penalized in proportion to how much they interfere with the dog's ability to work. Honorable scars resulting from field work are not to be penalized.

Disqualifications: Unilateral or bilateral cryptorchid; viciousness or extreme shyness; unilateral or bilateral deafness; hanging ears; cropped ears; hairlessness; any suggestion of kink or curl in tail; merle.

Common characteristics
Like the Rat Terrier, the Teddy Roosevelt Terrier of today is bred for versatility, including hunting instincts, soundness of health, great temperament, and good looks. Teddy Roosevelt Terriers have higher than average prey drive and will chase squirrels, rats, stray cats, and any other animals they consider prey. They also dig and follow mole trails, leaving an array of trenches and holes behind. They make excellent watch dogs, and can be very protective and territorial. They share a love for their families and become very attached, craving human interaction and affection. Always by their owners' sides, they become constant shadows, following their masters around throughout the daily routine.

These dogs are very smart and loyal, which makes them easy to train. They are energetic and playful, and their antics can make one laugh daily. However, when it is time to settle down, they are just as content to be in a lap.

They can adapt to almost any lifestyle, whether shown in conformation rings, working in agility trials, or just a great companion for home or farm. Their size makes them suitable for apartment living, as well. Today, the Teddy Roosevelt Terrier is gaining a solid following and becoming a popular household companion.(Source AKC)

Health problems
Less common problems may include allergies, bite problems (malocclusions), hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, and subluxating patella, as these are problems that appear in the related Rat Terrier.

Ectopia lentis, a congenital condition, also affects this breed. Although not currently well-documented in the Teddy Roosevelt Terrier, it is seen in small numbers and populations according to the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals, but is still seen in higher numbers in the Rat Terrier and other terrier breeds.

title: Teddy Roosevelt Terrier


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Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Ships/Ensigns

Including National Flags
I am not sure what the interest or value is served by including national flags that are not a distinct design for use an ensign? I reached this page wishing to view the countries and contexts where a distinct ensign design is applied. Where it is not, the assumption is that the National Flag is used. Dainamo (talk) 12:44, 4 November 2015 (UTC)

UK Government Service Ensign
I see that HMS Queen Elizabeth (R08) is currently flying the Government Service Ensign. I do not see that flag listed on this list of ensigns. Is there a syntax for shipboxflag which would give this ensign? --David Biddulph (talk) 02:22, 17 August 2017 (UTC)
 * This:
 * —Trappist the monk (talk) 02:41, 17 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks for that. I have corrected the article, where someone had added the plain blue ensign. --David Biddulph (talk) 03:15, 17 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks for that. I have corrected the article, where someone had added the plain blue ensign. --David Biddulph (talk) 03:15, 17 August 2017 (UTC)

Indian Naval Ensign
With the selection of a new Indian Naval Ensign, we need separate parameters for the various Indian Naval Ensigns by time period, as with some of the other navies that have had different historical ensigns. I have no idea how to do it, or I would start on it. BilCat (talk) 23:31, 3 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Can you help? Thanks. BilCat (talk) 23:34, 3 September 2022 (UTC)
 * From the table of ensigns at Indian Naval Ensign:
 * —Trappist the monk (talk) 00:49, 4 September 2022 (UTC)
 * At the time of this posting, there are about 220 articles that use some form of . These should be checked for the proper ensign variant.
 * —Trappist the monk (talk) 12:07, 4 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks for this your prompt reply, and I'd totally forgot about the issue since then. I'm sorry I missed your response, but I do appreciate it. I'll start checking articles as I go along. Thanks again. BilCat (talk) 04:57, 21 September 2022 (UTC)
 * —Trappist the monk (talk) 00:49, 4 September 2022 (UTC)
 * At the time of this posting, there are about 220 articles that use some form of . These should be checked for the proper ensign variant.
 * —Trappist the monk (talk) 12:07, 4 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks for this your prompt reply, and I'd totally forgot about the issue since then. I'm sorry I missed your response, but I do appreciate it. I'll start checking articles as I go along. Thanks again. BilCat (talk) 04:57, 21 September 2022 (UTC)
 * —Trappist the monk (talk) 00:49, 4 September 2022 (UTC)
 * At the time of this posting, there are about 220 articles that use some form of . These should be checked for the proper ensign variant.
 * —Trappist the monk (talk) 12:07, 4 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks for this your prompt reply, and I'd totally forgot about the issue since then. I'm sorry I missed your response, but I do appreciate it. I'll start checking articles as I go along. Thanks again. BilCat (talk) 04:57, 21 September 2022 (UTC)
 * —Trappist the monk (talk) 00:49, 4 September 2022 (UTC)
 * At the time of this posting, there are about 220 articles that use some form of . These should be checked for the proper ensign variant.
 * —Trappist the monk (talk) 12:07, 4 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks for this your prompt reply, and I'd totally forgot about the issue since then. I'm sorry I missed your response, but I do appreciate it. I'll start checking articles as I go along. Thanks again. BilCat (talk) 04:57, 21 September 2022 (UTC)
 * —Trappist the monk (talk) 00:49, 4 September 2022 (UTC)
 * At the time of this posting, there are about 220 articles that use some form of . These should be checked for the proper ensign variant.
 * —Trappist the monk (talk) 12:07, 4 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks for this your prompt reply, and I'd totally forgot about the issue since then. I'm sorry I missed your response, but I do appreciate it. I'll start checking articles as I go along. Thanks again. BilCat (talk) 04:57, 21 September 2022 (UTC)
 * —Trappist the monk (talk) 00:49, 4 September 2022 (UTC)
 * At the time of this posting, there are about 220 articles that use some form of . These should be checked for the proper ensign variant.
 * —Trappist the monk (talk) 12:07, 4 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks for this your prompt reply, and I'd totally forgot about the issue since then. I'm sorry I missed your response, but I do appreciate it. I'll start checking articles as I go along. Thanks again. BilCat (talk) 04:57, 21 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks for this your prompt reply, and I'd totally forgot about the issue since then. I'm sorry I missed your response, but I do appreciate it. I'll start checking articles as I go along. Thanks again. BilCat (talk) 04:57, 21 September 2022 (UTC)

Chilean Naval Ensign
The Chilean naval ensign is wrong, the correct one is the country's national flag. Is there any way to correct it?—Muwatallis II (talk) 17:25, 20 September 2022 (UTC)
 * The flag variants for Chile are listed at . Those variants used in  look like this:
 * I guess I gotta wonder if it wouldn't be better to rename the variants as  and   across all of the country data templates to avoid just this sort of confusion...
 * —Trappist the monk (talk) 13:05, 21 September 2022 (UTC)
 * I guess I gotta wonder if it wouldn't be better to rename the variants as  and   across all of the country data templates to avoid just this sort of confusion...
 * —Trappist the monk (talk) 13:05, 21 September 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User:IVoteTurkey

IVoteTurkey

title: User:IVoteTurkey


text:
Louis I, Count of Flanders

Louis I (c. 1304 – 26 August 1346, ruled 1322–1346) was Count of Flanders, Nevers and Rethel.

Life
He was the son of Louis I, Count of Nevers, and Joan, Countess of Rethel, and grandson of Robert III of Flanders. He succeeded his father as count of Nevers and his grandfather as count of Flanders in 1322.

In July 1320 Louis married Margaret, second daughter of King Philip V of France and Joan II, Countess of Burgundy, who would later inherit her mother's counties of Burgundy and Artois in 1361. This marriage alliance made him break with the anti-French policy of his grandfather Robert III and great-grandfather Guy I.

Count of Flanders
Louis's pro-French policies and excessive taxations caused an uprising in 1323. Beginning as a series of scattered rural riots, the peasant insurrection escalated into a full-scale rebellion that dominated public affairs in Flanders for nearly five years until 1328. The rebels, led by Nicolaas Zannekin, captured the towns of Nieuwpoort, Veurne, Ypres and Kortrijk. In Kortrijk, Zannekin was able to capture Louis himself. On 30 November 1325 in the church of St. Basil, Louis swore amnesty to the rebels, investigation of John of Namur's actions as regent, and approval of all actions take by regent Robert of Cassel. The following day, Louis was released and fled to Paris.

On 26 April 1326, the King Charles IV of France, intervened and the Peace of Arques was sealed. This treaty presented the King of France as the aggrieved party, leaving Louis as a bystander. The treaty, not supported by rebel districts in Flanders, did not last long, and soon hostilities erupted again. Philip VI of France was forced to come to Louis's aid while Zannekin and his adherents were decisively defeated by the French royal army in the Battle of Cassel. Control of Flanders was returned to Louis, with a warning from Philip that if Louis needed to be rescued again, Flanders would be incorporated into the kingdom of France.

When the Hundred Years War started, Louis remained steadfast in his French policy, even with the county being economically dependent on England. His actions resulted in a boycott of the wool trade imposed by King Edward III of England, which in turn sparked a new insurrection in 1337 under Jacob van Artevelde. In 1339 the count had to flee his lands, never being able to return. Louis was killed at the Battle of Crécy in 1346.

Family
Louis and Margaret had: He also had a natural son Guy de Rickenbourg.
 * Louis II of Flanders (1330–1384), who succeeded him.

title: Louis I, Count of Flanders


text:
Albert Mathiez

Albert-Xavier-Émile Mathiez (10 January 1874 – 25 February 1932) was a French historian, best known for his Marxist interpretation of the French Revolution. Mathiez emphasized class conflict. He argued that 1789 pitted the bourgeoisie against the aristocracy and then the Revolution pitted the bourgeoisie against the sans-culottes, who were a proletariat-in-the-making. Mathiez greatly influenced Georges Lefebvre and Albert Soboul in forming what came to be known as the orthodox Marxist interpretation of the Revolution. Mathiez admired Maximilien Robespierre, praised the Reign of Terror and did not extend complete sympathy to the struggle of the proletariat.

Career
Mathiez came from a peasant family in Eastern France, being born in La Bruyère, Haute-Saône. He showed high intelligence as a young student, with a strong interest in history. He entered the École Normale Supérieure in 1894, by which time he had already displayed a strong anti-clerical bias. After graduation, he passed the aggregation in history and after doing his military service entered the teaching profession. He taught at a variety of local lycèes until he completed his doctorate which he wrote under the direction of François Victor Alphonse Aulard, then the leading historian of the Revolution, who admired Georges Danton. Mathiez was greatly influenced by Jean Jaurès, who propounded a more radical economic and social interpretation. At first a good friend of Aulard, he broke with his mentor in 1907, founding his own society, the Société des études robespierristes, with its journal, the Annales révolutionnaires. He also moved up from the lycée to the university level, teaching at Besançon and Dijon.

Earlier a pacifist, Mathiez developed into a nationalistic Jacobin after the World War I erupted in 1914. He used his scholarship on the Revolution to demonstrate that just as Revolutionary France had defeated the allied coalition in the 1790s, so too the Third Republic would triumph over Imperial Germany. With its serious economic and social stresses such as shortages of food and rationing, the war prompted him to study similar conditions during the Revolution. The eventual result was one of his most original works, La Vie chère et le movement social sous la Terreur (1927).

In his masterwork La Révolution française (3 vol. 1922–1924), Mathiez boldly made Maximilien Robespierre the hero. Émile Durkheim's work in the sociology of religion influenced his interpretation of the 1790s.

Mathiez saw the French Revolution as the critical first stage in a proletarian advance that would gather strength in the revolutions of 1848, the Paris Commune of 1871 and the Russian revolts of 1905 and reached its highest point during the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution in Russia which created a dictatorship in the name of the proletariat.

Mathiez rejected the common view of Robespierre as demagogic, dictatorial and fanatical. Mathiez argued he was an eloquent spokesman for the poor and oppressed, an enemy of royalist intrigues, a vigilant adversary of dishonest and corrupt politicians, a guardian of the French Republic, an intrepid leader of the French Revolutionary government and a prophet of a socially responsible state. Mathiez held the highly prestigious Sorbonne chair in French Revolutionary Studies and was the founder of the Societe des Etudes Robespierristes which led to the creation in 1908 of the highly regarded journal Annales révolutionnaries that became Annales historiques de la Révolution française in 1924.

Mathiez was active in the French Communist Party from 1920 but resigned in 1922. He joined the Socialist Communist Union but left it shortly after, becoming closer to the SFIO and supporting the Cartel des Gauches. By 1930, he was attacked by Stalinist historians, who condemned Mathiez and his Jacobinism as adversaries of the proletarian revolution. He was a vigorous polemicist. In his own defense after 1930, he mounted a sharp critique of his detractors.

On February 25, 1932, he suffered a cerebral hemorrhage in the presence of his students, in the Michelet amphitheater of the Sorbonne; quickly hospitalized, he died in the evening without having regained consciousness.

A commemorative plaque in his likeness is still to this day in the amphitheater of the Sorbonne.

title: Albert Mathiez


text:
Talk:Yoshiro Nakamatsu

Unverifiable claims
As there is no verifiable facts in his claims, why isn't the wiki page about him saying anything about that? About floppy, wikipedia has a much more reliable page in which he does not appear. Same thing for the CD, inventors are clearly known. Considering that a CD is about lasers, hi tech electronics (back then at last), and many technologies unaviable to the public at the time of the invention, i don't see how a man with no known lab supporting him, no source for experimental parts, no links to academic research, could have invented such a device. I'm willing to admit that a single man can create something like the spring shoes, but not such a big enginering project...

About digital watch, the same comments can be made.

And when it comes to cinemascope, the concept have been invented in 1928 (see wikipedia page). So he can't have invented this since he wasn't born. The real cinemascope have been released in the 50ies, but how could he claim to have invented something that did exist?

The fact that no academic paper can be found is another proof that this man is clearly lying. I was also unable to find anything about his academic cursus, as he claims to be Dr. Nakamats. I am currently doing a thesis (computer science), and this is not something that can be done without being known in the scientific community. At least not when you claim to be the most prolific inventor in human history...

He claims to have been chosen by the U.S. Science Academic Society as a great inventor, but this society does not even exist.

Considering that there is no proof of any of his claims, and that many of what he says can be proven to be lies, i don't see why anyone would believe anything he says or give him credits for his "works"... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.160.82.128 (talk) 03:17, 23 October 2010 (UTC)

Comment 1
It's highly doubtful that he invented floppy disk. The article (floppy disk) shows another story. And Japanese wikipedia also deny it. Maybe he invented something concerning the FD patent?Hans castorp81 21:25, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

He is somewhat famous for claiming things which are almost certainly not true. He allegedly claimed that a huge parade was held in Denver, Colorado in his honor, when in reality Denver has likely never heard of him. Although I think a check on him shows he did have in least 17 genuine patents--T. Anthony 10:32, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

After reading a related story on wikipedia concerning the Ig Nobel awards, my curiosity was aroused about his accomplishments. A search with the US patent office did find the following United States Patent #4,490,765 Filed by Nakamats on December 25, 1984 with the title of "Diskette for cleaning a floppy-disc drive head". I can also confirm T. Anthoy's report that there are 17 patents filed with the US PTO (United States Patent and Trademark Office) from 1976 - Present with a citation to "Nakamats" -- 71.11.202.171 23:54, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

 * A citation in patents does not mean that the new patent is based in some way on the cited patent. Patents are cited by other patents so that the cited patent cannot be used to invalidate the current patent in court, as the US system assumes two things: 1) that the patent examiner has fully considered all cited patents as to whether they are prior art, and 2) that US patent examiners are infallible. As a result, patent applications tend to cite a lot of marginal material that they want to ensure does not become a legal problem. Nakamatsu has had 6 U.S. patents granted since 1976 (the year that searchable electronic records begin at the USPTO) AlexBartlett4 (talk) 07:26, 28 November 2010 (UTC)

In addition to the claims above, it seems he says he invented the compact disc, the fuel cell, components of the aircraft autopilot system (at the age of five), a car which runs on water, a cigarette that makes a person smarter, and a chair that cools a person’s head and warms his feet to induce clarity of thought, as well devices allowing his house to run entirely on "cosmic energy" (on which he seems reluctant to elaborate). This guy is, without a doubt, a crackpot. -- LuminaryJanitor 10:03, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

 * So how do you voice those doubts in the article in an NPOV way and without doing original research? Need to find an existing source that neutrally and honestly considers the validity of his claims? The article seems misleading the way it is now, with so few hints at the potential looniness. Weregerbil 14:44, 28 January 2006 (UTC)
 * There is a good reference at ドクター中松小事典 - in Japanese. The author gives a reasonably thorough NPOV analysis on the claims made by Nakamatsu. And yes, many of them are pretty exaggerated. It seems to be true that he gets royalty from IBM though. Otherwise he won't be able to afford his office located in one of the most expensive districts in Japan (which means in the world), especially since his other inventions - such as "Flying shoes" or the Cerebrex chair - won't generate much cash. --BorgQueen 17:29, 29 January 2006 (UTC)
 * That reference wouldn't really be practical, as some questions could be raised as far as verifiability. Any reliable translations available? --wtfunkymonkey (talk) 01:32, 27 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I have added some information from the USPTO (Nakamatsu has had only 6 US patents granted since 1976) that is verifiable. Also, even if Nakamatsu had the 3,200 patents he claims, he would still not be the most prolific inventor. That is (verifiably) Australian inventor Kia Silverbrook. AlexBartlett4 (talk) 07:26, 28 November 2010 (UTC)

 * I have had an attempt at correcting the bias of this article, using verifiable information from the various patent office databases. As patents are published documents, use of this information is verifiable, and is not original research. I have tried to be as NPOV as possible, but how do you disprove a bizarre claim such as to be elected to the Knights of Malta (a Christian military order started in the middle ages, and a significant part of the crusades)? One can only add "he claims" to the claim. AlexBartlett4 (talk) 00:37, 9 December 2010 (UTC)

Reliable information on Nakamatsu's patents
I have started an article on prolific inventors I am trying to track down the patents of Yoshiro Nakamatsu, aka Dr. Nakamats. He claims to have over 3000 patents. If true, this would put him top of the list. However, it seems somewhat unlikely ;-) that this is true as he also claims to have invented many things which he clearly did not invent. A search of the USPTO website gives only six patents, but there may be many more patents issued before 1976. If his claim of 3000 patents is true, it would likely be for a total of worldwide patents, and almost certainly mostly Japanese patents. Even more likely, this would refer to Japanese patent applications, as in Japan a patent can be filed without being examined. It is published after 18 months, and then is "laid open" for up to 7 years before the inventor elects whether to pay for examination. Does anyone know a source of some reliable information on Nakamatsu's patents? AlexBartlett4 (talk) 06:50, 12 October 2009 (UTC)

 * There is an argument his prolific inventions on this blog (Japanese). While the list of his "inventions" have sources, it could have cited him and therefore wouldn't be reliable. I think Wikipedia articles should distinguish what he claims from what the governmental authorities approve his patents. --Aphaia (talk) 15:04, 11 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Hi. I'm the author of the Japanese blog that Aphaia mentioned. I think the way the source article tells of his "inventions" shows that the author was not really sure that Dr Nakamats had actually invented those familiar things. Read the IHT article (now hosted at nytimes.com) carefully and think again. It seems to me that it's pretty obvious that almost everything needs "he claims". (Sorry I haven't got an English Wikipedia account.) --210.131.41.125 (talk) 03:10, 12 March 2010 (UTC)
 * It would be interesting to include Dr. Nakamatsu in the list of prolific inventors. However, after continued searching, the only evidence that I can find that he has made over 3,000 inventions is because he says so. As mentioned, the US patent office lists only 6 utility patents. Of course, electronically searchable records do not extend to before 1976, so there are undoubtedly some that are not caught by a search on the USPTO. However, of the six that are listed, the dates are: 1978, 1980, 1981, 1983, 1983, and 1991. If the rate of 6 patents over the last 32 years is anything to go by, Dr. Nakamatsu may have a further 10 patents or so - not enough to make it onto the list of prolific inventors. It also appears that his claim to have invented the floppy disk is false. From what I can tell, his inventions in this area were for analog audio recording media, though with similar enough physical format and features to the floppy disk format that IBM saw fit to license his patents to avoid potential conflicts. As the Floppy disk was introduced by IBM in 1971, patents on the original 8" format would have expired by 1991 at the latest, so any royalties would have ended then, if not sooner. From this, and from other material on the web relating to Dr. Nakamatsu, it would appear that he is primarily a self-promoter, and not a particularly prolific inventor. There are many aspects of the IHT articlethat would require serious validation before I would give them any credence. Try this for example: "Mr. NakaMats, 66, has won top honors at the International Exposition of Inventors in New York seven years running. Ten American cities have declared a "Dr. NakaMats Day" to commemorate his visit." AlexBartlett4 (talk) 09:06, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

3 paragraphs about patents in a biography's introduction
I understand the obsession of many people about Nakamatsu's claims over patents, but three paragraphs about the patent registering system in the introduction to his biography is clearly ridiculous. Those three paragraphs are not even relevant to Nakamatsu, and IF included, they should be in a separate section, at the end (after a strong cleanup).

Again, after the introduction, another section about claimed inventions and how horrible Nakamatsu is for claiming the floppy disk invention.

Seriously, this article needs a fresh start. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Antonio.bustamante (talk • contribs) 21:12, 20 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the comments. I knew that the article wasn't good, but couldn't see how to fix it while remaining within original research and WP:BIO. I've made a host of changes, and would appreciate any further comments. AlexBartlett4 (talk) 10:32, 22 December 2010 (UTC)

Title
Based on the rule of recognizability, shouldn't the article be named "Dr. Nakamats"? After all, that's what the day proclaimed by the American cities is called (at least as claimed by the article; whether it is true or not, is another story), and gives about double the number og googlits. Also, the article about Madonna is called that, not "Madonna Louise Ciccone".--Mycomp (talk) 03:39, 4 December 2012 (UTC)

bad link in refs
Bad link the reference #9 leads to better homes and gardens website. i think this is the right link. https://truefalsefilmfestival.wordpress.com/2010/02/26/review-the-inventions-of-dr-nakamats/ im not sure how to use wiki editing but i hope this helps — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.122.228.52 (talk) 06:20, 22 October 2015 (UTC)

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US3131937A patent
Does he might have a case here? I mean the article refers to his 1952 patent but what about this one? Mirad1000 (talk) 19:14, 23 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Well it's not a disk, it doesn't have concentric tracks, it doesn't have the wipe, it doesn't have a jacket and it was filed well after the first disk drive shipped. It's one claim limits it to the overlapping looped tracks.  Doesn't sound like a FD to me any more than a tape drive does.  Tom94022 (talk) 16:45, 24 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Ok, thank you, and yeah it makes sense, just asked because it kinda looks more like a FD than the patent mentioned in the article. Mirad1000 (talk) 20:06, 27 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yoshiro Nakamatsu


text:
Paweł Piskorski

Paweł Bartłomiej Piskorski (born 25 February 1968 in Warsaw) is a former Polish politician.

He was Mayor of Warsaw from 30 March 1999 to 14 January 2002. In 1997 he was elected to the Sejm from the Freedom Union electoral list, and in 2001, after participating in a secession from that party, he successfully ran under the Civic Platform banner. In 2004 he was the Secretary General of Civic Platform. He has been elected Member of the European Parliament in 2004. On 26 April 2006 he was excluded from the Civic Platform. Since February 2009 he has been the chairman of the Democratic Party.

Alleged corruption
In April 2006 Polish newspaper "Dziennik" informed about the purchase in 2005 by Paweł Piskorski and his wife of more than 320 hectares of land for afforestation. The total cost of the purchase amounted to 1.25 million zł. According to the newspaper’s journalist, this amount exceeded the value of assets declared by the MEP in a financial statement for that year. Paweł Piskorski explained that the money came from sale of property, credit, savings and current income by him and his wife. That declaration was not officially challenged by any public authority. Nevertheless, Piskorski's reputation has been irrecoverably damaged. The day after the publication the national board of the Civic Platform (Platforma Obywatelska) decided to exclude him from the party, which was followed on 17 May by the removal of his ten collaborators, among others, Piotr Fogler. The official reason stated was damage to Civic Platform’s image.

In January 2009 Paweł Piskorski joined the Democratic Party (Stronnictwo Demokratyczne), thus becoming the only MEP of the party, as well as declaring his intention to run for the position of chairman. This position was obtained at an extraordinary Democratic Party congress, held on 21 February that year. However, his nomination was followed by the publication of his statements given to the National Revenue Service agency to explain sources of his income. He tried to explain that he earned money by persistent winnings at the casino and by art trading. Public opinion took these clarifications with disbelief, which torpedoed the election campaign of the Democratic Party.

In January 2010, a public prosecutor charged him with the use of a forged document (contract with an antique dealer) in tax proceedings. Paweł Piskorski pleaded not guilty to committing this act.

Piskorski is listed in the Panama Papers as a beneficiary or shareholder in an offshore company.

title: Paweł Piskorski


text:
Carl Robinson

Carl Robinson (born 13 October 1976) is a Welsh retired international footballer who played as a central midfielder. He was most recently a first-team coach at club Birmingham City.

Early life
Robinson was born and raised in Llandrindod Wells, where he attended Oxford Road Primary School and Llandrindod High School.

Wolverhampton Wanderers
Robinson started his career as a trainee with Wolverhampton Wanderers. He was promoted to the first-team for the 1995–96 season.

Loan to Shrewsbury Town
On 28 March 1996, Robinson was sent on loan to Shrewsbury Town for the remainder of the season to gain first-team experience. Two days later, Robinson made his professional debut against Hull City in a 1–1 draw at Gay Meadow in front of 2,346 supporters. He made five appearances for The Shrews: four in the league and one in The Football League Trophy final at Wembley Stadium in a 2–1 defeat against Rotherham United on 14 April 1996.

Return to Wolves
Following his loan spell at Shrewsbury Town, Robinson returned to Wolves for the 1996–97 season, making his club debut that year. He would go on to become a regular with the first-team over the next six seasons as the club challenged regularly for promotion to the Premier League and made a memorable run to the semifinals of the 1997–98 FA Cup, losing to eventual champions Arsenal. Robinson was released by Wolves in June 2002 at the expiry of his contract.

Portsmouth
After over 180 appearances for Wolves over six seasons, he moved to Portsmouth in July 2002 under the Bosman ruling. He played 15 league games for Portsmouth in the first half of their Championship season before finishing the season with loan spells at Sheffield Wednesday (where he scored once against future club Norwich) and Walsall, where he scored once against Bradford City. The following season he was loaned out again, this time to Rotherham, Sheffield United and Sunderland. However between these loan spells he did return to Portsmouth to make one Premier League appearance against Chelsea.

Sunderland
After impressing at Sunderland he signed a three-year deal in June 2004. He then went on to collect another championship winners medal as they gained promotion during a season in which he played 42 of 46 matches to become a fan's favourite.

Norwich City
After a loan spell with Norwich City, he signed for The Canaries permanently on a 2.5 year deal for an undisclosed fee in January 2006. Robinson scored his first goal for Norwich in a 5–1 win against Barnsley on 26 August 2006.

Toronto FC
On 31 January 2007, Robinson joined Toronto FC from Norwich after just over a year at Carrow Road, even though he still had 18 months remaining on his deal with Norwich. He scored his first MLS goal when he netted Toronto's third in a 4–0 win against FC Dallas on 17 June 2007. He was voted team MVP in his first year and repeated in his second year at the club.

New York Red Bulls
In March 2010 he was traded from Toronto FC to the New York Red Bulls to join Hans Backe for a fourth-round pick in the 2011 MLS SuperDraft. On 20 March 2010, Robinson started for New York in a 3–1 victory against Santos FC, which was the first match played at the new Red Bull Arena. On 21 August 2010, he scored his first goal for New York Red Bulls in a 4–1 road victory against his old club Toronto FC and refused to celebrate due to his relationship with the supporters. During his time at New York Red Bulls he became a player coach.

International career
A Wales international player, Robinson made his debut against Belarus in 1999, winning the man of the match award. His 50th cap came in the 2–0 World Cup Qualifier victory over Liechtenstein. On 1 April 2009, Robinson announced his retirement from international football at the age of 32 with 52 caps after Wales suffered two consecutive defeats, making it virtually impossible for them to qualify for the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

Vancouver Whitecaps FC
In January 2012, Robinson retired as a player and joined the Vancouver Whitecaps FC as an assistant coach. He took over as the head coach of the club in December 2013. The club parted ways with Robinson on 25 September with 5 games remaining in the 2018 season after just under 5 years. He amassed just under 200 games as Caps boss in his stay.

Newcastle Jets
In February 2020, Robinson signed a three-and-a-half-year contract as the head coach of Australian A-League club Newcastle Jets. On 14 October 2020, the Jets announced that Robinson was in talks with Western Sydney Wanderers.

Western Sydney Wanderers
On 15 October 2020, Western Sydney Wanderers announced the signing of Robinson from Newcastle Jets. On 30 January 2022 Wanderers relieved Robinson of his duties and thanked him for his time at the club.

Birmingham City
Having worked with Wayne Rooney at Major League Soccer club D.C. United, Robinson followed him to EFL Championship club Birmingham City in October 2023 as a first-team coach. After fifteen matches, which included nine defeats and only two wins, Rooney and Robinson were dismissed on 2 January 2024.

Club
Shrewsbury Town
 * Football League Trophy runner-up: 1995–96

Portsmouth
 * Championship winner / Promotion to Premier League – 2001/2

Sunderland
 * Championship winner / Promotion to Premier League – 2004/5

Individual

 * Red Patch Boys Player of the Year: 2007 & 2008
 * Sunderland Fans player of year 2004

Manager
Vancouver Whitecaps
 * 2014 – Western conference playoffs
 * 2015 – Runner up Western Conference / Western conference semifinals
 * 2015 – Coach of year candidate
 * 2015 – Canadian Voyageurs Cup winner
 * 2016 – Concacaf Champions league semifinals
 * 2016 – Canadian Voyageurs Cup runner-up
 * 2017 – Western Conference semifinals
 * 2017 – Coach of year candidate
 * 2018 – Canadian Voyageurs Cup runner-up

Newcastle Jets
 * Coach of year candidate: 2020

title: Carl Robinson


text:
Talk:Bradford protein assay

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Untitled
This article was listed on votes for deletion; see Votes for deletion/Bradford protein assay. —No-One Jones]] 21:28, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

SPAMMING EXTERNAL LINKS
A lot of people spamming the wikipedia. www.westernblotting.org and biologicalworld.com for example has spammed the following pages:

 * en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel_electrophoresis
 * en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane
 * en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coomassie
 * en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_protein_assay
 * en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blot_(biology)
 * en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_mosaic_model
 * en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyacrylamide_gel_electrophoresis
 * en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slot_blot
 * en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell-surface

And many others I got tired of pasting. For sites of very few pages, there is very little information from this site for users especially a made for adsense site. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sciencetalks (talk • contribs) 02:26, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

Protein assay
It would be nice to have a wiki page discussing pros and cons of all the various assays if anyone is up for it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.232.173.26 (talk) 14:18, 17 April 2012 (UTC)

Standard Curve Constructed with BSA
Bradfrod assay is more sensitive to serum albumin including BSA and human serum proteins. I understand there are inherent variabilities in dye binding between different proteins, however it would be better to avoid using BSA as a standard. I have removed mentions to BSA. Laforet (talk) 00:46, 22 August 2012 (UTC)

Subjective?
What does it mean for the assay to be "subjective"? Wouldn't "non-quantitative" be more precise? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.246.2.62 (talk) 19:11, 26 November 2017 (UTC)

What Is Bradford protein assay? AnthonyFernandez65 (talk) 20:21, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

Edits recently made
This is to advise that I have added a citation in regards to the usage of 595 nm as a wavelength when making absorbance readings when applying the Bradford method (AnthonyFernandez65 (talk) 03:52, 6 December 2020 (UTC))

Wiki Education assignment: CHEM 378
— Assignment last updated by Angelicas1216 (talk) 21:30, 5 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bradford protein assay


text: Talk:Affection (Jody Watley album)

title: Talk:Affection (Jody Watley album)


text:
RQC

RQC may refer to:
 * Relativistic quantum chemistry, a subfield of quantum chemistry.
 * Remote Access Quarantine Client, a program, rqc.exe, in the Windows Server 2003 operating system.
 * Review Quality Collector, a service aiming at improving the quality of scientific peer review.
 * Russian Quantum Center, a non-commercial scientific organization in Russia doing research in quantum mechanics and quantum computing.

title: RQC


text:
Igor Oistrakh

Igor Davidovich Oistrakh (И́горь Дави́дович О́йстрах; April 1931 – 14 August 2021 ) was a Soviet and Russian violinist. He was described by Encyclopædia Britannica as "noted for his lean, modernist interpretations".

Life and career
Oistrakh was born in Odessa, to a Jewish family. the son of Tamara Rotareva and the violinist David Oistrakh. He began studying violin with Valeria Merenbloom at age 6, though his main teacher was his father. In 1943, the 12-year-old Oistrakh enrolled in the Central Music School, Moscow, studying with Pyotr Stolyarsky who had taught both his father and Nathan Milstein. He made his concert debut in 1948; the next year he won the International Violin Competition in Budapest and enrolled in the Moscow State Tchaikovsky Conservatory. He won the Henryk Wieniawski Violin Competition in 1952 and graduated from Moscow Conservatory in 1955.

He then joined the faculty of the Conservatory in 1958, becoming a lecturer in 1965. Beginning in 1996, Oistrakh held the post of Professor of the Royal Conservatory in Brussels.

Oistrakh appeared frequently internationally, both as a soloist and in joint recitals with his father, or with his father conducting. His wife Natalya Zertsalova is a pianist and has performed with him. Their son, Valery, is an active violist.

On 14 August 2021, Oistrakh died at age 90; however, media generally reported this on 1 September 2021.

Oistrakh was overshadowed by the fame of his father.

title: Igor Oistrakh


text:
Talk:Matt Pinto

Untitled
This article was listed on votes for deletion; see Votes for deletion/Matt Pinto. —No-One Jones 21:29, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Matt Pinto


text:
Região de Aveiro

The Comunidade Intermunicipal da Região de Aveiro (English: Aveiro Region) is an administrative division in Portugal. It was created in October 2008, replacing the previously existing Greater Metropolitan Area of Aveiro. Since January 2015, Região de Aveiro is also a NUTS3 subregion of Centro Region, that covers the same area as the intermunicipal community. The main city and seat of the intermunicipal community is Aveiro. The population in 2011 was 370,394, in an area of 1692.86 km2.

Municipalities
The intermunicipal community of Região de Aveiro is subdivided into 11 municipalities:

title: Região de Aveiro


text:
Jeff Whitley

Jeffrey Whitley (born 28 January 1979) is a former professional footballer who now works for the Professional Footballers Association as a player wellbeing executive.

As a player he was a midfielder who notably played in the Premier League for Manchester City and Sunderland. He also played in the Football League for Wrexham, Notts County, Cardiff City and Stoke City, as well as for non-league sides Woodley Sports, Northwich Victoria and Droylsden. Born in Zambia, he was the first black player to represent Northern Ireland, earning 20 caps.

Club career
Whitley was a product of the Manchester City youth scheme which he joined as a ten-year-old and began his club career as a trainee in 1996, making over 120 league and cup appearances for the first-team. He had a two-month loan spell at Wrexham in the 1998–99 season. and in March 2002, having fallen out of favour at Manchester City, joined Notts County on loan for the remainder of the 2001–02 season. He had a three-month loan spell at Notts County in the 2002–03 season, returning to Manchester City in January 2003 but was released by the club in March 2003 as he did not feature in manager Kevin Keegan's plans.

After a trial and impressing in pre-season, he signed a contract with Sunderland in August 2003. He made over 70 league and cup appearances for Sunderland, helping the club to the Football League Championship play-offs at the end of the 2003–04 season. In the play-off semi final against Crystal Palace, Whitley attempted a Panenka during the penalty shootout which was saved. Crystal Palace converted the following spot kick to defeat Sunderland and reach the play-off final. Whitley later helped Sunderland to the Football League Championship title in 2005. In July 2005, he joined Cardiff City on a free transfer and made 38 league and cup appearances for the club in the 2005–06 season, scoring once against Watford in the league. Whitley joined Stoke City on loan in August 2006 but made only four appearances in an unsuccessful loan spell. Cardiff made him available for transfer but he did not take up offers to talk with Millwall and Rotherham and joined Wrexham in February 2007 on loan for the remainder of the 2006–07 season. He scored the winning goal against Bristol Rovers in a 1–0 away victory in March 2007. He was released by Cardiff and signed for Wrexham on non-contract terms in January 2008 but was released by Wrexham in May 2008 following the club's relegation to the Football Conference. He joined Northern Premier League Division One North side Woodley Sports in an effort to gain match fitness, before signing for Northwich Victoria on 7 March 2009.

International career
Despite being Zambian born, due to Whitley living in England since he was a child, he was eligible to, and played for the England under-17 team. As his father was born in Belfast, he was also eligible to play for Northern Ireland and made his debut for them in 1997, becoming the first black player to play for Northern Ireland.

Personal life
His brother, Jim was also a professional footballer, with both brothers playing for Manchester City at the same time; Jeff wore his full name on the back of his shirt for a time to differentiate between the two, who also shared the same initials.

Whitley has spent time at the Sporting Chance clinic after becoming addicted to alcohol and drugs. It affected him greatly and said "at times I would just be praying just to die". Whitley previously worked as a car salesman in the Stockport area whilst training to become a qualified Counsellor. He now works for the Professional Footballers' Association.

Club

 * Source:

 * A. The "Other" column constitutes appearances and goals in the Football League Trophy and Football League play-offs.

International
Source:

title: Jeff Whitley


text:
Ivan Corea

Hector Vernon Ivan Seneviratne Corea (Sinhala: හෙක්ටර් වර්නන් අයිවන් සෙනෙවිරත්න කොරයා) was a priest of the Church of Ceylon.

Early life
Ivan Corea was born in Chilaw, Ceylon, to James Alfred Ernest Corea and Letitia Grace Alice Seneviratne. His uncles were the freedom fighters Charles Edgar Corea and Victor Corea, who founded the Chilaw Association and the Ceylon National Congress. Ivan Corea was a direct descendant of King Dominicus Corea, (also known as Edirille Rala). He was crowned King of Kotte and Sitawaka by Vimala Dharma Suriya, King of Kandy, in 1596. Mahatma Gandhi met James Corea when he was hosted by the Corea family in Chilaw, on his first and only visit to Ceylon in 1927.

The young Corea was educated at Royal College Colombo. He joined the clergy of the Anglican Church of Ceylon in 1926. An early posting was at St. Phillip's Church in Kurana, Katunayake, followed by St Luke’s in Borella. Having spent several years in the priesthood, Corea was appointed Chaplain to the Bishop of Colombo. He was also made a Canon of the Cathedral Church of Christ in his sacerdotal silver jubilee. In the 1960s, Corea was appointed Rural Dean of Colombo.

St. Luke's Church Borella
Corea was Vicar of St. Luke's Church Borella for 25 years (1929 - 1954). Corea and his wife Ouida Corea played a key role in re-building St. Luke's. The edifice was designed by Corea, including the designs on each pillar, the octagonal tower of the sanctuary, the doors and windows, and all decorative motifs within the church. The foundation stone for the extension was laid on 17 October 1938 by the Commissary of the Bishop of Colombo, F. L. Beven.

The Easter Sunday Raid
St. Luke's Church was packed on Easter Sunday morning (5 April) 1942 when Admiral Chuichi Nagumo and the Japanese Imperial Navy attacked the city of Colombo, Ceylon, during World War II. Among the congregation attending the Easter Sunday service were British and Ceylonese military personnel.

The attack commenced around 7.30 a.m.; Corea was preaching at the time, when according to the parishioners of St. Luke's, the RAF Hawker Hurricanes swooped over the church to engage the Japanese Zero fighters in dogfights above the skies of Borella. The zero fighters and bombers were led by Captain Mitsuo Fuchida, who also led the attack on Pearl Harbor.

St. Paul's Church in Milagiriya
Following the death of his wife, Ouida, Corea left St. Luke's Church in 1954 and was appointed Vicar of St. Paul's Church in Milagiriya, one of the oldest churches in Ceylon. The church was first built by the Portuguese in the 15th Century as a Roman Catholic church. The British built a new church in 1848 and called it St. Paul's. He built the Lucien Jansz Memorial at St. Paul's Church Milagiriya as well as re-building St. Peter's Church in Pamankada.

Diocese of Colombo
In 1941 the bishop of Colombo appointed a Historical Select Committee to compile a history of the diocese, to celebrate the centennial of the foundation of the diocese. The bishop co-opted Corea to the committee and served as secretary.[7] Corea is also mentioned in the document as "one of four men who not only distinguished themselves in Theology, but also had the privilege of assisting their teacher in later years as Lecturers in the Divinity School. H.V.Ivan S.Corea has been honored by the bishop by being called to the office and dignity of an Examining Chaplain  to the Lord Bishop of Colombo.". Corea also served on the Diocesan Council of the Centenary Year in 1945. He also contributed to the Church Times newspaper in the United Kingdom.

Corea died in Madampe in 1968. Among those who paid their respects at his funeral in Maha Nuge Gardens, Colombo, were the Governor-General of Ceylon William Gopallawa, the Prime Minister of Ceylon Dudley Senanayake and the Finance Minister Junius Richard Jayewardene. The funeral service was led by Harold De Soyza, the first-ever Sri Lankan Anglican bishop of Colombo. The Ceylon Daily News noted at the time, "The Rt. Reverend Harold De Soysa, Bishop of Colombo paid tribute to the late Canon Corea referring to his ministry of loving service and made particular reference to his work on the history of the Diocese of Colombo.". At the time of his death, Corea was editing a revised version of A History of the Church of Ceylon.

Piyaneni
Corea was immortalized in a song in the 1970s when the Sri Lankan singer Clarence Wijewardena composed 'Piyaneni' (Father) in memory of Corea. Piyaneni was sung by Wijewardena's music partner Annesley Malewana and recorded at Auggie Ranaweera's studio in Bambalapitiya, in Colombo.

Family
Corea’s eldest son is Vernon Corea, a Sri Lankan broadcaster. His younger son was Ernest Corea, who was Sri Lanka's Ambassador to the United States, Cuba and Mexico.

title: Ivan Corea


text:
2-8-8-2

A 2-8-8-2, in the Whyte notation for describing steam locomotive wheel arrangements, is an articulated locomotive with a two-wheel leading truck, two sets of eight driving wheels, and a two-wheel trailing truck. The equivalent UIC classification is, refined to Mallet locomotives, (1'D)D1'. These locomotives usually employ the Mallet principles of articulation—with the rear engine rigidly attached to the boiler and the front engine free to rotate—and compounding. The 2-8-8-2 was a design largely limited to American locomotive builders. The last 2-8-8-2 was retired in 1962 from the N&W's roster, two years past the ending of steam though steam was still used on steel mill lines and other railroads until 1983.

Other equivalent classifications are:

UIC classification: 1DD1 (also known as German classification and Italian classification)

French classification: 140+041

Turkish classification: 45+45

Swiss classification: 4/5+4/5

A similar wheel arrangemement exists for Garratt locomotives, but is referred to as 2-8-0+0-8-2 since both engine units swivel.

The first 2-8-8-2 was built in 1909 by Baldwin, who sold two to the Southern Pacific Railroad (classified MC-1), and then three each to the Union Pacific Railroad and UP-owned Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company. Baldwin conceived the type as an expansion of the 2-6-6-2 permitting a greater tractive effort.

The next order for the type was from the Southern Pacific; these differed in being cab forward locomotives, so that the crew could have better visibility and breathing in the SP's long tunnels and snow sheds. They were very successful, and SP continued to order cab-forward locomotives, building an eventual fleet of 256 of numerous classes; later cab-forwards were 4-6-6-2s (originally 2-6-6-2s) and 4-8-8-2s.

The 2-8-8-2 proved itself to be a capable hauler on mountain grades, enabling the replacement of several smaller locomotives and hauling longer trains than before. Most of them were not fast; they hauled at drag freight speeds, up to 25 mph. However, the Norfolk & Western Y6 class were designed to run up to 55 mph. The locomotives were adopted by a broad spectrum of mountain railroads, including the Norfolk & Western, Southern, Virginian, Great Northern, Clinchfield, Denver & Rio Grande Western, Reading, Western Maryland, Missouri Pacific, Frisco, and the Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway. On many railroads, the locomotives of the type were the most powerful on the roster. When built, the 2-8-8-2s of the Western Pacific Railroad were among the most powerful steam locomotives in the world and formed the basis for the later 2-8-8-4 "Yellowstone" type engines used by the Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range.

The last compound Mallet locomotives to operate on major railroads in the United States were the 2-8-8-2 Y6b class of the Norfolk and Western Railway. After their final modifications in the 1950s, they were said to be capable of 170,000 lbs tractive effort in simple-expansion mode, although some have questioned this claim (the original design tractive effort was 152,206 lbs SIMPLE and 126,838 lbs COMPOUND). The last were retired in May 1960.

As of 2008, there are two surviving 2-8-8-2 locomotives, both former Norfolk & Western. N&W 2050 is from the railroad's Y3a class; Alco's Richmond works built it in 1923 and it is displayed at the Illinois Railway Museum in Union, Illinois. N&W 2156, the strongest pulling extant steam locomotive in the world, is from the railroad's Y6a class; N&W's own Roanoke Shops built it in 1942 and it is owned by the National Museum of Transportation in St. Louis, Missouri. The 2156 was displayed at the Virginia Museum of Transportation in Roanoke, Virginia from 2015 to 2020, after which it returned to the Museum of Transportation in St. Louis.

title: 2-8-8-2


text:
Relativistic quantum chemistry

Relativistic quantum chemistry combines relativistic mechanics with quantum chemistry to calculate elemental properties and structure, especially for the heavier elements of the periodic table. A prominent example is an explanation for the color of gold: due to relativistic effects, it is not silvery like most other metals.

The term relativistic effects was developed in light of the history of quantum mechanics. Initially, quantum mechanics was developed without considering the theory of relativity. Relativistic effects are those discrepancies between values calculated by models that consider relativity and those that do not. Relativistic effects are important for heavier elements with high atomic numbers, such as lanthanides and actinides.

Relativistic effects in chemistry can be considered to be perturbations, or small corrections, to the non-relativistic theory of chemistry, which is developed from the solutions of the Schrödinger equation. These corrections affect the electrons differently depending on the electron speed compared with the speed of light. Relativistic effects are more prominent in heavy elements because only in these elements do electrons attain sufficient speeds for the elements to have properties that differ from what non-relativistic chemistry predicts.

History
Beginning in 1935, Bertha Swirles described a relativistic treatment of a many-electron system, despite Paul Dirac's 1929 assertion that the only imperfections remaining in quantum mechanics "give rise to difficulties only when high-speed particles are involved and are therefore of no importance in the consideration of the atomic and molecular structure and ordinary chemical reactions in which it is, indeed, usually sufficiently accurate if one neglects relativity variation of mass and velocity and assumes only Coulomb forces between the various electrons and atomic nuclei".

Theoretical chemists by and large agreed with Dirac's sentiment until the 1970s, when relativistic effects were observed in heavy elements. The Schrödinger equation had been developed without considering relativity in Schrödinger's 1926 article. Relativistic corrections were made to the Schrödinger equation (see Klein–Gordon equation) to describe the fine structure of atomic spectra, but this development and others did not immediately trickle into the chemical community. Since atomic spectral lines were largely in the realm of physics and not in that of chemistry, most chemists were unfamiliar with relativistic quantum mechanics, and their attention was on lighter elements typical for the organic chemistry focus of the time.

Dirac's opinion on the role relativistic quantum mechanics would play for chemical systems is wrong for two reasons. First, electrons in s and p atomic orbitals travel at a significant fraction of the speed of light. Second, relativistic effects give rise to indirect consequences that are especially evident for d and f atomic orbitals.

Qualitative treatment
One of the most important and familiar results of relativity is that the relativistic mass of the electron increases as

$$m_\text{rel} = \frac{m_\text{e}}{\sqrt{1 - (v_\text{e}/c)^2}},$$

where $$m_e, v_e, c$$ are the electron rest mass, velocity of the electron, and speed of light respectively. The figure at the right illustrates this relativistic effect as a function of velocity.

This has an immediate implication on the Bohr radius ($$a_0$$), which is given by

$$a_0 = \frac{\hbar}{m_\text{e} c \alpha},$$

where $$\hbar$$ is the reduced Planck constant, and α is the fine-structure constant (a relativistic correction for the Bohr model).

Bohr calculated that a 1s orbital electron of a hydrogen atom orbiting at the Bohr radius of 0.0529 nm travels at nearly 1/137 the speed of light. One can extend this to a larger element with an atomic number Z by using the expression $$v \approx \frac{Zc}{137}$$ for a 1s electron, where v is its radial velocity, i.e., its instantaneous speed tangent to the radius of the atom. For gold with Z = 79, v ≈ 0.58c, so the 1s electron will be moving at 58% of the speed of light. Plugging this in for v/c in the equation for the relativistic mass, one finds that mrel = 1.22me, and in turn putting this in for the Bohr radius above one finds that the radius shrinks by 22%.

If one substitutes the "relativistic mass" into the equation for the Bohr radius it can be written $$a_\text{rel} = \frac{\hbar \sqrt{1 - (v_\text{e}/c)^2}}{m_\text{e} c \alpha}.$$

It follows that $$\frac{a_\text{rel}}{a_0} = \sqrt{1 - (v_\text{e}/c)^2}.$$

At right, the above ratio of the relativistic and nonrelativistic Bohr radii has been plotted as a function of the electron velocity. Notice how the relativistic model shows the radius decreases with increasing velocity.

When the Bohr treatment is extended to hydrogenic atoms, the Bohr radius becomes $$r = \frac{n^2}{Z} a_0 = \frac{n^2 \hbar^2 4 \pi \varepsilon_0}{m_\text{e}Ze^2},$$ where $$n$$ is the principal quantum number, and Z is an integer for the atomic number. In the Bohr model, the angular momentum is given as $$mv_\text{e}r = n\hbar$$. Substituting into the equation above and solving for $$v_\text{e}$$ gives $$\begin{align} r &= \frac{n^2 a_0}{Z} = \frac{n \hbar}{m v_\text{e}}, \\ v_\text{e} &= \frac{Z}{n^2 a_0} \frac{n \hbar}{m}, \\ \frac{v_\text{e}}{c} &= \frac{Z \alpha}{n} = \frac{Z e^2}{4 \pi \varepsilon_0 \hbar c n}. \end{align}$$

From this point, atomic units can be used to simplify the expression into $$v_\text{e} = \frac{Z}{n}.$$

Substituting this into the expression for the Bohr ratio mentioned above gives $$\frac{a_\text{rel}}{a_0} = \sqrt{1 - \left(\frac{Z}{nc}\right)^2}.$$

At this point one can see that a low value of $$n$$ and a high value of $$Z$$ results in $$\frac{a_\text{rel}}{a_0} < 1$$. This fits with intuition: electrons with lower principal quantum numbers will have a higher probability density of being nearer to the nucleus. A nucleus with a large charge will cause an electron to have a high velocity. A higher electron velocity means an increased electron relativistic mass, and as a result the electrons will be near the nucleus more of the time and thereby contract the radius for small principal quantum numbers.

Mercury
Mercury (Hg) is a liquid down to approximately −39 °C, its melting point. Bonding forces are weaker for Hg–Hg bonds than for their immediate neighbors such as cadmium (m.p. 321 °C) and gold (m.p. 1064 °C). The lanthanide contraction only partially accounts for this anomaly. Because the 6s2 orbital is contracted by relativistic effects and may therefore only weakly contribute to any chemical bonding, Hg–Hg bonding must be mostly the result of van der Waals forces.

Mercury gas is mostly monatomic, Hg(g). Hg2(g) rarely forms and has a low dissociation energy, as expected due to the lack of strong bonds.

Au2(g) and Hg(g) are analogous with H2(g) and He(g) with regard to having the same nature of difference. The relativistic contraction of the 6s2 orbital leads to gaseous mercury sometimes being referred to as a pseudo noble gas.

Color of gold and caesium

The reflectivity of aluminium (Al), silver (Ag), and gold (Au) is shown in the graph to the right. The human eye sees electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength near 600 nm as yellow. Gold absorbs blue light more than it absorbs other visible wavelengths of light; the reflected light reaching the eye is therefore lacking in blue compared with the incident light. Since yellow is complementary to blue, this makes a piece of gold under white light appear yellow to human eyes.

The electronic transition from the 5d orbital to the 6s orbital is responsible for this absorption. An analogous transition occurs in silver, but the relativistic effects are smaller than in gold. While silver's 4d orbital experiences some relativistic expansion and the 5s orbital contraction, the 4d–5s distance in silver is much greater than the 5d–6s distance in gold. The relativistic effects increase the 5d orbital's distance from the atom's nucleus and decrease the 6s orbital's distance. Due to the decreased 6s orbital distance, the electronic transition primarily absorbs in the violet/blue region of the visible spectrum, as opposed to the UV region.

Caesium, the heaviest of the alkali metals that can be collected in quantities sufficient for viewing, has a golden hue, whereas the other alkali metals are silver-white. However, relativistic effects are not very significant at Z = 55 for caesium (not far from Z = 47 for silver). The golden color of caesium comes from the decreasing frequency of light required to excite electrons of the alkali metals as the group is descended. For lithium through rubidium, this frequency is in the ultraviolet, but for caesium it reaches the blue-violet end of the visible spectrum; in other words, the plasmonic frequency of the alkali metals becomes lower from lithium to caesium. Thus caesium transmits and partially absorbs violet light preferentially, while other colors (having lower frequency) are reflected; hence it appears yellowish.

Lead–acid battery
Without relativity, lead (Z = 82) would be expected to behave much like tin (Z = 50), so tin–acid batteries should work just as well as the lead–acid batteries commonly used in cars. However, calculations show that about 10 V of the 12 V produced by a 6-cell lead–acid battery arises purely from relativistic effects, explaining why tin–acid batteries do not work.

Inert-pair effect
In Tl(I) (thallium), Pb(II) (lead), and Bi(III) (bismuth) complexes a 6s2 electron pair exists. The inert pair effect is the tendency of this pair of electrons to resist oxidation due to a relativistic contraction of the 6s orbital.

Other effects
Additional phenomena commonly caused by relativistic effects are the following:
 * The effect of relativistic effects on metallophilic interactions is uncertain. Although Runeberg et al. (1999) calculated an attractive effect, Wan et al. (2021) instead calculated a repulsive effect.
 * The stability of gold and platinum anions in compounds such as caesium auride.
 * The slightly reduced reactivity of francium compared with caesium.
 * About 10% of the lanthanide contraction is attributed to the relativistic mass of high-velocity electrons and the smaller Bohr radius that results.

title: Relativistic quantum chemistry


text:
Shelley Berman

Sheldon Leonard Berman (February 3, 1925 – September 1, 2017) was an American comedian, actor, writer, teacher, and lecturer.

He was awarded three gold records for his comedy albums and he won the first Grammy Award for a spoken comedy recording in 1959. In 2008 he was nominated for an Emmy Award for his portrayal of Larry David's father on ''Curb Your Enthusiasm.

Berman taught humor writing at the University of Southern California for more than 20 years.

Early life and education
Berman was born in Chicago, the son of Irene (née Marks) and Nathan Berman. He was Jewish. He had a younger brother, Ronald.

He served in the Navy during World War II, after which he enrolled in Chicago's Goodman School of Drama at the Art Institute of Chicago (now at DePaul University) as a drama student. There he met fellow student Sarah Herman, whom he married in 1947. His career began with an acting company in Woodstock, Illinois, and in 1949 he and his wife made their way to New York City. He studied acting at the HB Studio and made ends meet as a social director, cab driver, speech teacher, assistant manager of a drug store, and a dance instructor at Arthur Murray Dance Studios. Later, Berman found work as a sketch writer for The Steve Allen Plymouth Show.

Early career
Berman began as a straight actor, receiving his training at the Goodman Theatre in Chicago, performing in stock companies in and around Chicago and New York City.

In the mid-1950s, he became a member of Chicago's Compass Players, which later evolved into The Second City. While performing improvised sketches with Compass, Berman began to develop solo pieces, often employing an imaginary telephone to take the place of an onstage partner.

Nightclubs and live performances
In 1957, Berman was hired as a comedian at Mister Kelly's in Chicago, which led to other nightclub bookings, and a recording contract with Verve Records. His comedy albums earned him three gold records and his debut, Inside Shelley Berman, won the first Grammy Award for Best Comedy Performance - Spoken. Berman appeared on numerous television specials and all of the major variety shows of the day.

He starred on Broadway in A Family Affair and continued with stage work in The Odd Couple, Damn Yankees, Where's Charley?, Fiddler on the Roof, Two by Two, I'm Not Rappaport, La Cage aux Folles, The Prisoner of Second Avenue and Guys & Dolls.

Berman's voice was the inspiration for the voice of the Hanna-Barbera cartoon character Fibber Fox, performed by Daws Butler.

Television career
Berman performed both comedic and dramatic roles on television, including appearances on episodes of The Twilight Zone (both radio and TV versions), Rawhide, Bewitched, Peter Gunn, The Mary Tyler Moore Show, Adam-12, Emergency!, Brothers, Night Court, MacGyver, L.A. Law, Friends, Walker, Texas Ranger, The King of Queens, Grey's Anatomy, Boston Legal, Lizzie McGuire, Hannah Montana, CSI: NY and the revived Hawaii Five-0.

He made some appearances as a panelist and one as the "Mystery Guest" on the CBS game show What's My Line in the early and mid-1960s. He also had a recurring role on the short-lived sitcom Walter & Emily. From 2002 to 2009 he appeared as Larry David's father on Curb Your Enthusiasm, a role for which he was nominated for an Emmy Award in 2008.

Film career
Among Berman's film credits are Dementia (1955, with Shorty Rogers), The Best Man (1964, with Henry Fonda and Cliff Robertson), Divorce American Style (1967, with Dick Van Dyke and Debbie Reynolds), Every Home Should Have One (1970, with Marty Feldman), Beware! The Blob (1972, with Robert Walker Jr.), Rented Lips (1988, with Martin Mull and Robert Downey Jr.), Teen Witch (1989, with Robyn Lively and Zelda Rubinstein), The Last Producer (2000, with Burt Reynolds), Meet the Fockers (2004, with Robert De Niro and Ben Stiller), The Holiday (2006, with Cameron Diaz), and You Don't Mess with the Zohan (2008, with Adam Sandler).

Late career
For over 20 years, Berman was a lecturer (later lecturer emeritus) in humor writing in the Master of Professional Writing program at the University of Southern California. He was also a teacher for the Improv Olympics program.

Personal life
Berman married Sarah Herman on April 19, 1947. The two met while they were studying acting at Chicago's Goodman Theatre.

In the mid-1960s, Berman and wife Sarah adopted two children, son Joshua and daughter Rachel. The Bermans were planning Joshua's bar mitzvah when he was diagnosed with a brain tumor. Joshua died on October 29, 1977, at age 12.

Berman and his wife were supporters of the Motion Picture and Television Fund (located in Woodland Hills, California), a charitable organization that offers assistance and care to those in the motion picture and television industries with little or no resources, and contributed their time and resources to benefit the facilities and the residents.

In the 1980s, the Chamber of Commerce in Canoga Park, California selected Berman as one of the celebrities to serve a term as honorary mayor of Canoga Park.

Allegation of plagiarism
In a 2012 podcast interview with Marc Maron, Berman alleged that comedian Bob Newhart plagiarized his improvisational telephone routine style, describing its genesis and saying it was a "very special technique that couldn't really be imitated. It could be stolen. And it was." "I was coming to work at night and a guy stopped his car, passed me by, and said 'Hey, Shelley! There's a guy [who] stole your act!'" When asked by Maron if it was done maliciously, Berman replied, "Maliciously? He wouldn't do it maliciously. Nobody does that. But he did it to make a living. And he became a star."

When asked by The A.V. Club about the telephone issue, Newhart said: "Shelley Berman did it before I did it. Mike (Nichols) and Elaine (May) did a version of it. There was a thing called 'Cohen on the Telephone', which was a very, very early recording by Edison [Records] of a guy on the phone."

According to The New York Times, "'George Jessel had a radio show,' Mr. Newhart recalled. 'At the end, he would call up his mother and tell her how the show had gone. As a kid growing up, I remember listening to him and he would call his mother up and say, 'Mama, this is Georgie – he paused, skillfully – from the money.''"

Newhart cited other influences on his comedy, rather than Berman -- most notably Jack Benny and Bob and Ray.

Death
Berman died from complications from Alzheimer's disease at his home in Bell Canyon, California, in the early morning of September 1, 2017. He was 92 years old. His archive was donated to the National Comedy Center in Jamestown, New York.

Comedian Steve Martin praised Berman on Twitter, thanking him for "changing modern stand-up [comedy]". Marc Maron also tweeted "Shelley Berman has hung up the phone. RIP. The guy who inspired me to sit. Great comic."

Discography

 * Inside Shelley Berman (1959)
 * Outside Shelley Berman (1959)
 * The Edge of Shelley Berman (1960)
 * A Personal Appearance (1961)
 * New Sides (1963)
 * The Sex Life of The Primate (And Other Bits of Gossip) (1964)
 * Let Me Tell You a Funny Story (1965)
 * Live Again! Recorded at the Improv (1995)
 * To Laughter with Questions (2013)
 * When Jews Were Funny (2013)

title: Shelley Berman


text:
Chris Brown (footballer, born 1984)

Christopher Alan Brown (born 11 December 1984) is an English former professional footballer who played as a forward.

Brown came through the youth academy at Sunderland, where he signed professional terms in 2003 before going on to feature in the Premier League. He also played in the Football League for Doncaster Rovers, Hull City, Preston North End, Blackburn Rovers and Bury.

Since February 2019, Brown has co-hosted the podcast Undr the Cosh with his former Preston North End teammate Jon Parkin and comedy writer Chris J. Brown. The show has received over one million downloads and has raised money for various charities, including £1,200 raised for Prostate Cancer UK following a 145-mile bike ride in June 2019.

Sunderland
Born in Doncaster, South Yorkshire, Brown was a prolific goalscorer at school and youth level. Brown rose through the youth ranks at the team he supported as a boy, Sunderland, making his debut for the under-19 team at the age of just 15. However, Brown suffered a setback in 2002 when he damaged his cruciate ligament whilst playing for the reserve side, forcing him to miss the entire 2002–03 season. During this season Sunderland were relegated from the Premier League.

After making a successful recovery, Brown was promoted to the Sunderland first team, and was allocated the number 31 shirt for the club's first season back in the First Division. During the season, Brown was loaned to Doncaster Rovers, where he made 22 appearances during his seven-month stay, scoring 10 goals. Brown ended the season with a Third Division medal.

Brown was handed the number 20 squad number at Sunderland for the 2004–05 season, with many tipping Brown to break through into the first team that season as the club bounced back from a play-off defeat to Crystal Palace the year below. Brown was named as an unused substitute for the trip to Plymouth on 21 August and officially Brown made his debut for Sunderland on 21 September, scoring twice in the 3–3 draw with Crewe Alexandra in the League Cup. Although Sunderland lost the game on penalties, Brown impressed enough to retain his place for the trip to Leeds United four days later, with the game resulting in a 1–0 victory for Sunderland.

Brown featured throughout the season for Sunderland, making 14 starts and 23 substitute appearances, scoring 7 goals. Although mainly being used as a substitute during the first half of the season, Brown enjoyed an extended run in the side towards the end of the campaign, as Sunderland clinched the newly renamed Championship title and won promotion. At the end of the season, Brown was beaten by teammate Stephen Elliott for the club's "young player of the year" award.

Brown featured for Sunderland during the pre-season tour of US and Canada, though was told by manager Mick McCarthy that he needed to gain further first team experience on loan at another club. Brown made a second-half substitute appearance against Liverpool at Anfield on 20 August and later joined Championship side Hull City on loan on 8 September until January. Brown struggled during his time at the KC Stadium however, scoring once against Reading in 13 appearances, and was recalled by Sunderland in November. After three appearances back at Sunderland however, Brown picked up an injury which would sideline him until March, by which time Sunderland looked destined for relegation after a disaster of a season.

Norwich City
Brown completed a £325,000 move to Norwich on 11 January 2007, signing a two-and-a-half-year contract. Upon signing he was allocated the number 14 shirt previously worn by Leon McKenzie. He was sent off for a second bookable offence on his first start for Norwich.

He made his debut as a substitute in the 3–1 league defeat against Plymouth and made his full debut against Blackpool in the FA Cup 4th round although he was sent off in the 2nd half. Shortly after his suspension he suffered a hamstring injury which disrupted the start of his Norwich career.

On 23 October 2007, in his 20th appearance for the club in all competitions, Brown opened his Norwich City account with a goal against Burnley in a 2–1 defeat.

Preston North End
On 10 January 2008, Brown completed a £400,000 move to Preston North End. Brown made his debut against Watford and received the man of the match award after an impressive performance.

Doncaster Rovers
On 7 July 2011, Brown joined Doncaster Rovers on a free transfer after his contract with Preston North End ended.

Blackburn Rovers
On 23 June 2014, Brown signed a two-year deal with Blackburn Rovers. In mid-September, it was reported Chris was going for surgery on his knee and will return within 6 weeks. Brown received a red card after just 10 minutes in a 2–1 Rovers victory away to Newport on 18 January.

Brown was the subject of derision from Rovers fans for failing to score a single goal for the club.

Brown was released by Blackburn Rovers in the summer of 2016.

Bury
Brown joined League One side Bury in August 2016, signing a one-year contract with an option for a further year. He did not feature at any level for the first-team due to recovery from knee surgery.

Personal life
Brown is a boyhood Sunderland fan who grew up in Peterlee and attended The Academy at Shotton Hall. He is the son of former Sunderland, Newcastle United, Shrewsbury Town and Doncaster striker Alan Brown.

Paintball shooting
On 7 September 2004, shortly before Brown's debut for Sunderland, Brown was cautioned by Northumbria Police along with teammates Sean Taylor and Ryan Bell for firing paintballs at passers-by from a car. The trio were initially suspended by the club during investigations, and were fined and handed written warnings for their behaviour. During a statement, the trio said they were "embarrassed" by their behaviour, and apologised for their actions. Brown made his debut the same day his fine was announced on 21 September 2004 and remained a first-team regular until his departure from the club.

Sex tape scandal
On 7 December 2006, it was reported that Brown, along with teammates Ben Alnwick and Liam Lawrence had filmed themselves in an orgy with a brunette girl referred to as 'Stevie'. In the video, Brown films his teammates perform sexual acts on the girl as well as themselves, and is said to give "Match of the Day" style commentary throughout. Former Sunderland midfielder Martin Woods also features on the tape partially clothed, along with two other men. In reference to the watching men, Brown reportedly comments "Here's the boys — the watching faithful — every week without fail."

Honours
Doncaster Rovers
 * Football League Third Division: 2003–04
 * Football League One: 2012–13

Sunderland
 * Football League Championship: 2004–05, 2006–07

Individual
 * Doncaster Rovers Player of the Year: 2013–14

title: Chris Brown (footballer, born 1984)


text:
Tripotamo, Arcadia

Tripotamo (Τριπόταμο meaning "three rivers", before 1927: Δεδέρμπεη - Dedermpei ) is a village in the municipality of Megalopoli in the southwestern part of Arcadia, Greece. It is situated on the right bank of the rerouted Alfeios river, near its confluence with two smaller tributaries. It is 3 km southeast of Choremis, 3 km northeast of Neochori Lykosouras, 4 km northwest of Veligosti and 5 km southwest of Megalopoli. There is a large open-pit lignite mine to the northeast.

title: Tripotamo, Arcadia


text:
Chukchansi Park

Chukchansi Park, formerly known as Grizzlies Stadium, is a city-owned baseball stadium located in Fresno, California, United States, completed in 2002 as the home for Minor League Baseball's Fresno Grizzlies. The first game was May 1, 2002. Located in downtown Fresno, it was designed to be an anchor in the rehabilitation of the area, as other commercial development is planned in the Central Business District Loop. The ballpark is also used for music concerts, motocross events, and high school football.

History
Upon the 1998 arrival of the Grizzlies minor league baseball team in Fresno, a group of developers proposed building a stadium in downtown Fresno as a permanent home for the club. There was extensive debate over how much money the City of Fresno would contribute to the project. Ultimately the stadium was built entirely with public money and then leased back to the owners of the Grizzlies for 30 years at $1.5 million per year.

The stadium was designed by Populous, the firm responsible for many of today's sports stadiums like Oriole Park at Camden Yards, Petco Park, Comerica Park and Oracle Park in San Francisco. The $46 million facility seats 10,650, with left field dimensions of 324 ft; center field, 400 ft; and right field, 335 ft. The ballpark features 600 club seats and 32 luxury suites

In September 2006, Chukchansi Gold Resort & Casino, affiliated with the Chukchansi tribe, announced it would be the premier corporate sponsor for Grizzlies Stadium, in a 15-year, US$16 million deal.

In August 2011, the stadium served as a filming location for Parental Guidance. During the game, Billy Crystal threw out the first pitch in character and later appeared on the Grizzlies radio broadcast for an inning.

One of the stadium's most popular events is an annual "taco truck throwdown" where food trucks compete for best taco according to the event's judges. Based on the event, the team designed and wore taco-oriented jerseys.

Attendance records
The stadium's attendance record was set on July 10, 2015 when Chukchansi Park hosted an exhibition soccer game between Mexican soccer clubs Chivas and Atlas, in front of 16,824 fans. The stadium's second attendance record was set on June 27, 2012 when Chukchansi Park hosted an exhibition soccer game between Mexican soccer clubs América and Chiapas of the Primera División, in front of a crowd of 16,125 fans; breaking the previous record set on March 26, 2008 when the Grizzlies played their parent club, the San Francisco Giants, in an exhibition game in front of 14,084 fans.

On March 27, 2015, Liga MX teams Cruz Azul and León faced off an international friendly match in front of a crowd of 15,087 spectators, the third largest crowd recorded at Chukchansi Park.

On May 11, 2012, the Grizzlies fell to the Iowa Cubs in front of 14,023 fans, which is the largest regular season crowd in franchise history.

title: Chukchansi Park