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Talk:List of Romania county name etymologies

Caraş
Couldn't Caraş be from the Turkish word for dark? The river Karašica a bit more west is named like that... --Joy [shallot]   10:27, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I think you're right. AFAIK, Caraş county was part of a Turkish province. In Moldavia and Wallachia there are no Ottoman Turkish names because Turks/Muslims were not allowed to settle. Bogdan | Talk 10:59, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Sibiu
As far as I know, Sibiu comes form the name of the rivers which flows through it - Cibin, which is named after a fortress (probably of roman origin) - Cibinium (Cibiniensis) See:. The name was kept because the germans kept the name of the river - Zibin. -Orioane 13:37, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

 * That name is in Medieval Latin, i.e. it was a Latinization of a local non-Latin name. There is no mentioning of a "Cibinensis" or "Cibinium" river or fortress in ancient times. bogdan | Talk 13:41, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

Vâlcea

 * In Romanian, the word means "little valley", out of vale;

That is unlikely because of the accent (Vầlcea) is different from (Vâlceà). bogdan 11:57, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

Satu Mare
According to Aetil, the only origin of "Satu Mare" is the "Szatmár", Hungarian name of the city. Does anyone know what is the etymology of "Szatmár"? Mentatus 10:35, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

Circeus 14:00, 29 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) Is Satu Mare truely Romanian for "Big Village"?
 * 2) http://dict.sztaki.hu/english-hungarian (which I used for Szűcsvár) doesn't give anything for "szar" or "mát". We'd need more details, but this alone tilts me toward thehypotehsis that the Hunagarian comes from the Romanian.
 * 3) Has someone asked Aetil for a citation?

 * Yes, sat means "village" (origin: the Latin word "fossatum") and mare means "big" (possible origin: the Latin words "mas" or "maris"). Maybe Aetil can provide us with the Hungarian etymology of "Szatmár", if there is one. Mentatus 15:18, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I have to say "Szatmár" could just as well be the Hungarian form of "Satu Mare". Also, f aetil's talk page and his Talk/User talk namespace contributions are any indication, he does not seem very responsive to such notes. I say we revert and see whether he protests.

 * And wouldn't L. "maior" make a sensible etymology to "mar"? Circeus 16:13, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The root word is "mare", which, due to phonetic reasons, is unlikely to be derived from "maior". OTOH, the ancient word would have to be *maris to fit the phonetic evolution perfectly. bogdan 17:44, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Why does the Satu Mare entry in the table say "Romanian/German"? What's German in "Satu Mare"? It's obvious that it means "The Great Village" in Romanian, just as its neighboring city, "Baia Mare" means "The Great Mine". Mirc mirc 18:02, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

Szatmár is an old, nowadays extremely rare personal name in Hungarian. Probably of Turkish origin, where sat means sell or trade. [See https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szatm%C3%A1r_(keresztn%C3%A9v)] In this area there was a castle with this name, mentioned already in 1150 as Zothmar. . I hope this helps Koczy (talk) 23:05, 24 January 2017 (UTC)

Vrancea
If valceais "little valley", is it possible that vrancea would be "little raven"? Circeus 14:04, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

 * "Vâlcea" is from Vulgar Latin "vallicella" (little valley). Latin diminutive suffix "-icella" is inherited in Romanian as "-(i)cea". (for example, floare "flower", floricea "little flower").
 * "Vrana" is from Slavic "врана" (raven or crow in Bulgarian and Serbian). The word is not found in Romanian. (the word for "raven"is "corb")
 * As such, as I'm not sure. Mixed Slavo-Romanian toponyms are not very likely. I'd suggest an entirely Slavic origin, something like "Vranić" (son-of-the-raven). bogdan 17:44, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I think Cezar Cherciu proposed first an old Varancha, land of the crows, meaning thick forests.

http://adevarul.ro/locale/focsani/vrancea-Tara-corbilor-negri-1_50efca1556a0a6567e68dd2f/index.html He claimed it was an old name found in some equally old documents. I think the meaning 'black, dark' should be the center of attention, if that hypothesis is right. See the old 'codru meriu' (dark-thick forest) from Moldova (Alb. mjerë). Sl.врана (Proto-Slavic *vorna) has a cognate in Lithuanian and Letonian varna (crow), but the IE root is *wer- (to cook, boil; to burn): rom.urdă, Alb.urdhë = a type of unsalted cheese; Alb.urë = piece of burning wood used for light or fire; firebrand, torch). The same morfem gave *swerd- (“dirty, dark, black”), from where Lat.sordidus and German schwarz come from, but also thraco-illyrian Vardar (gr.Βαρδάριος, 3rd Century BC), the macedonian river, named also Axios in antiquity. See also a dacian river from Romania, Crișul Negru, where the dutch cartographer Abraham Ortelius places Vardaerorum Caput (headway of the same river) and Vardaei, the name of the river. He had access to a lost book on the history of Dacia and the Balkans. Interestingly enough we have also vrancină (= vârtelniță; Eng.reel, winding frame), probably connected with Lat.vertere. Some linguists connect sl.vrană (=barrel vent) with Vrancea in the ideea that it could mean depression, exactly what this region is after all. (Sorin5780 (talk) 14:13, 11 March 2018 (UTC))

Năsăud
The name Năsăud can hardly derive from the German name Nussdorf. Which linguistic source gives this explanation? What, in general, is the source of this list? Fransvannes 08:25, 22 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Mostly the Romanian version of the article, which does a few sources that were not ported over. I'd do it, but I do not knoe enough romanian to apply cite web to them. Circeus 13:17, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

The Hungarian name is Naszód. First documented as Nazwad in 1334. Since there was another place called Naszvad in the historical Hungary (now Nesvady, Slovakia) it is suspected that this is a personal name. Koczy (talk) 23:10, 24 January 2017 (UTC)

Hungarian or Slavic etymology? Nothing Romanian?
Firstly is to keep in mind that Hungarians was not ALL OVER in Dacia! Nor Slaves. Then is hazardous to make guesses about Romanian place names etymology only because "it sounds like".

---

I think it is the Romanian wiki members who find out names coming from Romanian just because it sounds like. Cheers 178.48.177.1 (talk) 13:45, 27 November 2018 (UTC)

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May be it’s time to consider that Romanians neighbors had loan words from Romanians and not vice versa. When Huns and Slavs came, they found towns and fortresses, so Dacians / Romanians had yet almost one millennium of western civilizations.

--

Found towns and fortresses?? WTF are you talking about? 178.48.177.1 (talk) 13:45, 27 November 2018 (UTC)

Bacău	Uncertain, possibly Hungarian Possibly named after a local warlord called Bako, "-ău" is a common Romanian ending for place names of Hungarian origin? Are you sure? Buzău Romanian (Dacian). Possibly from buză ("lip"). Why not Hungarian as soon as ends in –ău? Or vice-versa. What about Ceahlău, is that an Hungarian place name? Others Asău, Bârsău, Castău, Catcău, Cergău, Chşcău, Copalău, Cricău, Dumbău … Vaşcău (68 pcs.!) All Hungarians? Just nothing, nothing Romanian? Are you sure about "local warlord called Bako". Bakó means hangman! Just a cognate! I guess you know what cognate is. Ask also, for the saying "şi-a găsit bacăul".

About cognates: We have in Romania "Veneţia De Jos" and "Veneţia De Sus" and for Venice we say Veneţia (!) but is only a cognate. We have Alexandria but it is not that from Egypt. There are Moscows in the USA and in Canada.

Severin severin is NOT an obsolete Slavic word for "Northern"! Nobody knows such thing. That’s your bug. Sever, yes, means North in Slavic but never "severin". But Turnu–Severin is not in the North if you are not looking from Cairo. Severinus (masc.), Severina (fem.) are old Latin names from Severius, Septimius Sever. As a common name "sever" means in Romanian "hard, severe, harsh, strict, rigid, unrelenting". Consider also "Banatul de Severin", "comitatul Severin".

 * Yes, "severin" is a word Slavic word for "Northern". In Serbian it's "severni" and in Bulgarian, it's "severen". If it were Latin, it would look like "sărân", not as "severin". (intervowel "v" is always lost (cf. lavare -> a la), vowels before "n" turn to "â" (romanus -> român), unstressed e turns to ă/a). bogdan 17:03, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

Ilfov	why Slavic? Because ends in –ov? You mean that Finnish names as Ponteva, Mahtava, French Gustav, Danish Olav are all Russians because the "–v" end? What about Braşov or Snagov? Slavics, eh?

 * Yes. Both "Braşov" and "Snagov" are also from Slavic. Braşov from "baras", meaning fortress and Snagov from "sneg", meaning snow. bogdan 17:03, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I was wondering whether it would be possible for "Braşov" to originate from "bârsă" (see also "Ţara Bârsei"). Mentatus 09:07, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Bârsă is an old Romanian word of Dacian origin -- but I can't see how it could combine with Slavic -ov and result that phonetical form.bogdan 09:38, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

Suceava From Szűcsvár (?!?) Oh, NO, that's a big mistake. All Dacians towns' and fortresses' names are ending in –ava! Sic! You have to consider a lot of cognates. To pronounce the place name Suceava [sutchava] they have to write Szucsava that remember the Hungarian word szűcs. That’s all.

 * Again, all intervowel "v"s were lost in Romanian between 100 AD and now. Also, no, they were ending in "dava", not "-ava". bogdan
 * Yeah, but in all pre-modern hungarian town names, considering the hungarian pronunciation of those times, var became "or"/"oara". However by Simion Dascalu (or Axinte Uricariu, i'm not sure who made the first claim, but anyway he said the info was taken from a hungarian chronicle) - in the late 17th century, "v" was pronounced v. So, I think "suczvar" is just folk etymology. Anonimu 17:54, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Suceava is obviously not of Hungarian origin! First of all, NOT all intervocalic "v" were lost! Example: "Sever" <- Latin "severus". It didn't become "săr". People are forgetting there was another city, in southern Dacia, called "Sucidava", which sounds surprisingly close to "Suceava"! Considering the accent of the people from Moldova, it's even closer. Read loudly the two names with a Moldovan accent! There are only two possible origins for Suceava: from Dacian, "suci" + "dava" (dava being a VERY common termination, meaning fortress) or the Romanian verb "a suci" (to turn, to twist). Especially considering there's a river, Suceava, that, "coincidentally", has lots of turns. Even the article about Suceava says it comes from Dacian, as it's the most plausible explanation! Oh and by the way, loss of intervocalic "D" is not an uncommon transformation either, together with loss of intervocalic "B" (ex: Latin "oblitare" -> "obitare" -> "oitare" -> "uitare"; meaning "to forget"). "Sucidava" -> "Suciava" is a perfectly fine transformation, linguistically. While "ia" -> "ea" is a specific Moldovan accent transformation (any Romanian should know this). Mirc mirc 18:02, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Suceava comes from the river Suceava and -ava is a specific hydronimic forming suffix: Moldava (old for Moldova), Târnava, Bârzava and so on. I'm not sure if this affix wasn't present in some thracian dialects also, not only in balto-slavic. I remember it is also used to form adjectives in Romanian, but I don't understand the nuances it gives. Might be an augmenting suffix, distinct from it's hydronimic role.

We have also that interresting suceve (very tall cliffs). Might be related with thracian *suci: Sucidava, Succci-pass, suci tribe, from PIE *k'[ē]w-, *k'wā- (to swell, to spread out, to be strong, etc). See Alb.sukë (hillock) and Rom.ciucă (hillock; rounded top of a mountain or a hill). Suci tribe (gr. Σοῦκοι or Σύκοι) comes down to the Danube valley from high up in the Balkan mountains where they were taxing some mountain passes. Their counterparts from Oltenia might have occupied a similar geographic niche, hence their name. http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/ie/piet&text_number=++1505&root=config (Sorin5780 (talk) 13:36, 11 March 2018 (UTC))

Vâlcea Romanian/Slavic	Yes, "vâlcea" means Romanian for "little valley", from vale, "valley" (Latin vallis). That’s all. But you have another bug: Also possibly from vlk ("wolf"), the name of a Dark Age Slavic warlord mentioned in Hungarian chronicles. Oh! No. In Mahabharata! There are not place for a Dark Age in Vâlcea. Well, Farcaş-ruller is known in Oltenia and it happen so that farkas means in Hungarian "wolf". So what!

Ardeal - "wooden hill" - arde expresses an Indo-European root meaning forest, the same as in English Forest of Arden and Belgian Ardennes Woods; Deal means hill in Romanian. Why Arad Hungarian? Why not Hebrew? Means hand. Named after the city of Arad, formerly Urod (11th century) (of course, their pronunciation for Arad!) after the name of a Hungarian knight, probably from the root ur meaning lord. Why not Urvár? Nonsense, history does not mention such a "Hungarian knight". But they have enough time to invent it.

In old Romanian "frânc", "frâncu[l]" means "occidental", "Frankish". "Frâncu" is an usual surname in Romanian. Etymology "francea"-"vrancea" is most probable, under German influence, (Saxonians) initial "v" is pronounced "f". Legend of "Baba Vrâncioaia" could be "Baba Frâncioaia". 88.192.241.146 20:58, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

Other Names
Sălaj: Some hungarian etymologists claim that the name Zilah (and of course the county Szilágy) comes from the Latin "silva", which means forest.

Maramures: Maybe from "mare-mures" (mára-maros)- meaning great Maros --> for the Tisa river (Tisza).

In addition: Many city and county names in Moldova have in fact hungarian origin, because Moldova was a part of the Hungarian Kingdom in the 14th century --> at this time the first cities in Moldova began to develope, and because the rulers (e.g. Nagy Lajos) were hungarians, they got hungarian names (although the population wasn't mainly hungarian) --> their names lasted until today. Öcsi 21:23, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

Bihor
It might be of Sarmatian / Iranian origin. Well attested in indo-iranian languages. Very numerous iranian toponymes are to be found in western Romania, reconoscible after the termination and, specific to Iranian languages (Zarand, Tamand, Zerind, etc). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.113.192.216 (talk) 23:06, 7 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Elaborate on that -and suffix. I do not remember a specific affix like that in ossetian (both dialects, iron and digor) and bessides that, the 'crișana subdialect' (and others) had a specific split of accentuated 'n' and 'm' in 'nd', 'mb': plămân (lung)- plămândă, carâm (leggings) - cărâmb, scrum (ash) - scrumb and so on. It's found in other IE idioms, but the most affected are the albanian dialects.

For Bihor was proposed also a balcanic bigor, bigorr (carstic spring) found in Albanian, Macedonian, Serbian, Aromanian dialect and western Romania (Banat, Apuseni). It was thought to be Albanian in origin, but it is too wide spread to be just Albanian. http://www.dacoromania.inst-puscariu.ro/articole/2004-2005_14.pdf The change of intervocalic 'g' to 'h' appears in other words: dihanie (monster) - diganie, digoare (stench)- dihoare/duhoare.

(Sorin5780 (talk) 12:57, 11 March 2018 (UTC))

There is one Bihar in Northern India, at the territory that Iranian Sakas conquered (all the chronicles say Hungarians were of Scythians). Cheers 178.48.177.1 (talk) 13:37, 27 November 2018 (UTC)

Dâmboviţa
Dâmboviţa - Uncertain, possibly Slavic - Named after the Dâmboviţa River, of unknown etymology.

I really don't have citations to support this, but it is quite logical to assume that the first part would be the actual word "dâmb" (Romanian substratum word meaning "hill", "knoll").

As for the second part, "-oviţa", I'm not quite sure, but I think it could possibly be: -ovo/-evo (Slavic suffix indicating a placename, meaning "belonging to") + -iţa (-itsa in Slavic; a suffix indicating the feminine gender, a common practice in Romanian toponymy). So you get: dâmb-ov(o)-iţa.

It's also good to consider that there are also other names, such as "Dâmbovicioara" (a tributary river). -ioara/-ioară being a diminutive suffix (also for the feminine form). This would appear, in my opinion, if there already was an entity such as "Dâmbov" (hypothetical, but not far-fetced; it would mean "belonging to the hill/of the hill"), which you could later manipulate according to your needs. By this I mean that it probably evolved at first from a substratum word with only one Slavic suffix, to which others were added later.

Hirx (talk) 08:00, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

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I don't understand: "Named after the Olt river, known to the Dacians as Alutus (etymology unknown). The initial "o" could indicate a Slavic intermediary."

So the Dacians forget the name of their own river, and they heard it back from the Slavs? Sounds logical, just like all the explanations about Dacian names of Transylvania. :) Actually Dacian language is not known. How can one be so sure that a toponym is Dacian? Whether Dacians were hiding in the forests or not, they were swept away completely because no toponyms left after them. All the names in Transylvania are Slav, Saxon, Turk, Hungarian. Bad news for the Daco-Roman theory believers...:S 178.48.177.1 (talk) 13:42, 27 November 2018 (UTC)

92.16.112.94 (talk) 16:05, 1 August 2019 (UTC) Careful in comparing modern slavic languages with an old extinct language. Your point is unclear: is it about all territories occupied by Dacians or about the Transylvanian region only? The Thraco-Dacian language is to Romanian what the Mansi dialect is to Hungarian; some say even more. Dacian was an old but localised language part of the same sub-family of indo-european languages thracians and slavs in region were speaking, all of which had many common roots and words 2000 years ago. Don't forget 'old' does not mean static either, but is dynamic in time. 200 years meant a lot in linguistic terms when language was mostly oral in Europe rather than written. Modern slavic, say Bulgarian, is vastly different from what it was 2000 years ago, but overall they (indo-european dialects in the Carpathian/Balkan/panonian regions) used to share more similarities. In looking for Dacian words, you might find that the territory that is today under Romania might not coincide with the area occupied by the dacians, thraco-dacians, celto-dacians etc., which today includes parts of Bulgaria, Ukraine, Slovakia, Hungary and others. People living close to the southern Carpathian arc developed different language and cultural identities in time and eventually scrapped the Cyrillic script whereas all surrounding countries kept it. They moreover started identifying themselves more with latins and some celtic tribes; indicating that, indeed, people in that region had slightly different origins and possibly dialects. Regarding your Hungarian remark, the Hungarian conquest happened after the 9th century; and they displaced celts as well as dacians and whoever else was occupying the panonian region and intracarpathian arc; displacement however does not necessarily happen by mass-killing, it isn't a singular event, Hungarian people also assimilated and assimilate other cultures, and you might want to check genetic markers (Haplogroups) to see origin differences more clearly. 'Denial' would mean naming Hungarian people turks, because they stayed under Turkish occupation for a long time after they migrated to the north-east of the black sea. The gradual disappearance of a language, moreover, is not the same as the disappearance of the people speaking it, and it might merely indicate adaptation efforts of communities. Thraco-dacian is currently accepted to account for 1% of the modern Romanian language because of no other more plausible origin suggestions. 30% of the Hungarian language alone is classified as 'uncertain'. It is suggested that the 'slavs' and 'dacians' 2-3000 years ago were quite similar, but they developed separately and under different influences; you can bet life in the Carpathian mountains was different from the plains and more secluded. Even now in 2019 the Romania country has multiple areas different from each other in terms of knowledge, culture, cuisine, legends, archaisms, etc. These regional differences used to be even more pronounced only 100 years ago, linguistically as well. So in that aspect, Romanian people today differ by region in noticeable ways, 2 most obvious being cooking and 'dialect words'. You can bet these differences were even more pronounced between the 'dacians' themselves depending on geographical region; but the same held true for slavic nations. Nevertheless, they came together to fight for a common goal, usually against nomad invaders, as it has been told my numerous historical accounts, including by Greek and Latin 'historians' of those days (which were called 'philosophers').


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Bernard Youens

Bernard Arthur Popley (28 December 1914 – 27 August 1984), better known by his stage name Bernard Youens, was an English character actor of stage and television, and briefly appeared in radio plays and had cameos in film. He was also a TV announcer and is perhaps best remembered for his portrayal of Stan Ogden in the serial soap opera Coronation Street from 1964 until his death in 1984.

Early years
Born in Hove, Sussex, Youens began his stage career as a 16-year-old after becoming assistant stage manager at the Players Theatre in Newcastle upon Tyne. Youens was from a working class family who had no theatre connections. He went on to spend much of the 1930s honing his craft in repertory theatre. His acting career was interrupted by World War II, during which he served as a corporal with the 1st Battalion, Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire) in North Africa and Italy. He was wounded by shrapnel in his right leg in Anzio in February 1944. He returned to rep after the war, while also working as a publican, bread salesman, van driver and a labourer.

Stage
Youens was a member of Frank Fortesque's Players after the war. Bernard "Bunny" Graham (Youens used Graham as a stage name at the time; Bunny was his wife's pet name for him) appears in the film Cup-tie Honeymoon, a Mancunian Films production, with Betty Jumel. This was the first film to be shot at their Rusholme Studio in Manchester, with exteriors filmed at Maine Road football ground and Abney Hall in Cheadle. In the film, veteran comedian Sandy Powell performed one of his stage sketches, The Soldier’s Return Home, with a young actress, Pat Pilkington, later known as Pat Phoenix who played Elsie Tanner in Coronation Street. Despite dreadful reviews, the film was a success in the North West.

Television
Youens became a continuity announcer in May 1956 for Granada Television, which had just been launched, in which his velvet-voiced tones were in marked contrast to the character for which he would gain national attention. Youens also took minor roles in several ITV series at the time, and radio plays such as William Wilberforce on the BBC Home Service in October 1959 although he declined the chance to audition for Coronation Street when it was launched, preferring the security of his announcer's role, before eventually passing an audition. His first words were "A pint of mild and 20 fags, missus" in June 1964. His role resulted in him often being engaged to open fetes and stores (such as the reopened FW Woolworth in South Shields in 1970.)

When asked what he thought when a national British newspaper had dubbed his character "the uncrowned king of the non-working classes", he replied: "Stan is my creation and I am proud of him." Youens was delighted to meet Sir John Betjeman, then the Poet Laureate, who had for many years expressed a desire to meet "Hilda and her ghastly husband". Meet they did, and Youens often commented that Betjeman, bounding around the studios meeting everyone "like a schoolboy" was a fond memory. The Lord Olivier also expressed a wish to appear in the programme. Olivier's schedule precluded an intended uncredited appearance in a January 1978 episode, and, in the bar at Granada TV, Youens told him, "I'm so sorry I couldn't appear opposite you", to which Olivier replied: "Not as sorry as I am." In May 1982, Youens met the Queen when she visited the set of Coronation Street. On 23 January 1984, he and Jean Alexander attended a showbusiness reception at 10 Downing Street with other Coronation Street actors.

Illness and death
A heavy smoker, Youens suffered a heart attack in 1972, and then on 30 October 1975 suffered a stroke which left him with a speech difficulty, though speech therapy eradicated some of this. The writers brought in Eddie Yeats (Geoffrey Hughes) as a lodger for Stan and Hilda. This reduced Youens's dialogue and allowed him to continue as a regular character until early 1984. His final Coronation Street appearance was on 7 March 1984. Having suffered most of his later life with severe arthritis in the neck and knees, Youens was taken into hospital on 2 April 1984 with the condition and over the next three months his health deteriorated rapidly. He suffered a minor stroke in May 1984, subsequently in July he contracted gangrene in his left leg, resulting in amputation. The explanation for his absence from Coronation Street was that he had been admitted to hospital after becoming ill, on the doctor's orders after Hilda collapsed from exhaustion to the strain of looking after him as his health deteriorated. Youens died peacefully in his sleep at Salford Royal Hospital on 27 August 1984 after suffering a heart attack. He was 69. The decision to kill off the Stan Ogden character was made soon after Youens died, and on 21 November 1984 it was revealed onscreen that the character had died in hospital.

Family
Youens married Edna Swallow, known as "Teddy", in Halifax on 21 September 1937. They had two daughters and three sons. His youngest son, Michael, was a film cameraman on many episodes of Coronation Street. Edna died in 2001, aged 88.

title: Bernard Youens


text:
User:Robert Brookes

Robert Brookes is an old sock puppet of Robert the Bruce, also known as Friends of Robert.

title: User:Robert Brookes


text:
User:Jim Slim

I am currently proving, merely for my own interest, that any idiot can vandalize Wikipedia and get away with it. Wikipedia is proud to revert almost all vandalism within two minutes, but any fool that picks a user name, fills it in so it isn't red and vandalises pages that noone knows anything about can do what he wants and create whatever articles he wants.

Let me know when you want me to stop, and I'll revert averything. My contributions can be found at http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Special:Contributions&target=Jim+Slim. None of them are good-faith, yet all of them (so far) have gotten past the watchfull eyes of the vandle-stoppers.

title: User:Jim Slim


text:
User talk:Mindstream

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

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Image Tagging Image:Lotusleaf.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Lotusleaf.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then there needs to be an argument why we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then it needs to be specified where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, consider reading fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, consider checking that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. pfctdayelise (translate?) 14:05, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Liu Ch'ing
An article that you have been involved in editing, Liu Ch'ing, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/Liu Ch'ing. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 22:59, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

File:Mottershead arms.jpg needs authorship information
Dear uploader:

The media file you uploaded as File:Mottershead arms.jpg appears to be missing information as to its authorship (and or source), or if you did provide such information, it is confusing for others trying to make use of the image.

It would be appreciated if you would consider updating the file description page, to make the authorship of the media clearer.

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If you have any questions please see Help:File page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 23:17, 1 January 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mindstream


text:
User talk:Jim Slim

La la la: Hey! Now this page isn't red! Noone will look here!

 * That's a cute theory, but as you see, several people noticed right away. Even if Charles hadn't gotten to your vandalism first, I would have cleaned it up.

 * Please stop wasting everyone's time. -- Dominus 14:43, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Please stop adding misleading and hoax material to Wikipedia. I am reverting your edits, which as far as I can see are designed only to be unhelpful and waste time.

Charles Matthews 14:13, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Hello Jim Slim

What are you trying to prove (usually phrased more bluntly: what's your point?) That hoaxes are possible? Well, that's been established long long ago. We know that, we accept that and you win. Now stop. CSTAR 14:22, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jim Slim


text:
User talk:Vitovb

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

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Vermiform appendix
Thank you for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and it has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. (per this edit)

title: User talk:Vitovb


text:
Talk:Kri-kri

Untitled
I can't get the 'name' part of the taxobox to work, that is Schinz who first classified the subsp. The reference should be Schinz | date = 1838 - can someone please help? Mtiedemann 10:32, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Simple enough fix... _parens, not _simple. I also debolded the species and genera, and used the G. s. subspecies standard which is now in favor. 68.81.231.127 08:53, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Shall I change the conservation status to domesticated or leave it as endangered? Dennis the mennis 17:48, 13 October 2020

title: Talk:Kri-kri


text:
Most SNP

Most SNP ("Bridge of the Slovak National Uprising"), commonly referred to as Most Slovenského národného povstania or the UFO Bridge, and named Nový most ("New Bridge") from 1993 to 2012, is a road bridge over the Danube in Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia. It is the world's longest bridge to have one pylon and one cable-stayed plane.

Most SNP is an asymmetrical cable-stayed bridge with a main span length of 303 m, a total length of 430.8 m, a width of 21 m, and a weight of 537 t. Its steel construction is suspended from steel cables, connected on the Petržalka side to two pillars. There are four lanes for motor traffic on the upper level and lanes for bicycles and pedestrians on the lower level. It is a member of The World Federation of Great Towers.

History
Since its construction in 1972 the bridge was called Most SNP ("Bridge of the Slovak National Uprising"), although locally it was simply called the New Bridge, being the second bridge to be built in the city over the river Danube. In 1993, its name was officially changed by Bratislava City Council to Nový Most ("New Bridge") to reflect general usage. However, another three bridges have been constructed since its opening, and so in 2012 the City Council voted to change the bridge's name back to Most SNP. The change took effect on 29 August 2012, the 68th anniversary of the Slovak National Uprising.

The bridge was built between 1967 and 1972 under a project managed by A. Tesár, J. Lacko and I. Slameň. It officially opened on August 26, 1972. A significant section of the Old Town below Bratislava Castle, which included nearly all of the Jewish quarter, was demolished to create the roadway that led to it. On the other hand, the bridge improved access between Petržalka and the rest of the city. Parts of the historic city walls were unearthed during construction.

Restaurant and observation deck
A special attraction is the flying saucer-shaped structure atop the bridge's 84.6 m pylon, housing an observation deck and a restaurant, which since 2005 has been called UFO (previously, Bystrica). The restaurant serves both traditional Slovak and international cuisine, describing its cuisine as "Mediterasian". It received the Restaurant of the Year award in 2011.

Both the restaurant and the observation deck offer panoramic views of Bratislava. They are reached using lifts located in the east pillar, accessed from the walking and cycling paths on either side of the bridge. Access to the lifts normally costs €11.90 as of January 2024, but this fee is deducted from the bill for restaurant guests.

The west pillar of the bridge tower houses an emergency staircase with 430 steps.

title: Most SNP


text:
User talk:Komodo~enwiki

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Image copyright problem with Image:Wow_zergling.jpg
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Non-free use disputed for Image:AnolePower.jpg
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Speedy deletion nomination of Bliblantium
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Your account will be renamed
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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Komodo. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Komodo~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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"Joe gonzalves" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Joe gonzalves. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 September 29 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. PerpetuityGrat (talk) 20:33, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Komodo~enwiki


text:
User talk:John W. Kennedy

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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 Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

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title: User talk:John W. Kennedy


text:
User talk:Tgoyen

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

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Maxwell coil, etc.
Hello. Please note that Maxwell Coils is not approrpriate as an article title because there is no reason for the c to be capitalized and there is no reason to use the plural rather than the singular (see Manual of Style). I've moved the article to Maxwell coil (also, note that the first letter in any link is case-insensitive; the later letters are case-sensitive). In another page, you created a link to Magnetic Field, a non-existent article, when magnetic field, with a lower-case f already exists (I've now created the capital-F version as a redirect page). These conventions help avoid confusion, such as the two separate Helmholtz coil articles that need to get merged.

Also the title word or title phrase should be highlighted at its first appearance, like this (see my editing of Maxwell coil).

Happy editing!

Michael Hardy 21:01, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:THzDipole.png
Thanks for uploading Image:THzDipole.png. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the image qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

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title: User talk:Tgoyen


text:
User talk:Kafkaesk1984

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Young America movement
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title: User talk:Kafkaesk1984


text:
User talk:Yidele

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Image copyright problem with Image:HNC Simplified Pathway.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:HNC Simplified Pathway.JPG. The image has been identified as not specifying the copyright status of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the copyright status of the image on the image's description page, using an appropriate copyright tag, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided copyright information for them as well.

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Replaceable fair use Image:HNC_Simplified_Pathway.JPG
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File:Spirotryprostatin A.JPG listed for deletion
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File:TAN-1057 C.JPG listed for deletion
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Proposed Image Deletion
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All files in category Unclassified Chemical Structures listed for deletion
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File:Otera's catalyst.JPG listed for deletion
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title: User talk:Yidele


text:
User talk:DarkRain

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RfD nomination of Cure for autism
I have nominated for discussion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at the discussion page. Thank you. Soap Talk/Contributions 15:15, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

_why's real name
Is there a public citation about his real name? And maybe more importantly, do you think that's information he'd want known publicly? --Jamiew (talk) 15:27, 27 January 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:DarkRain


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User talk:Matthewg42

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User talk:Cmeilahn

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User talk:Beliavsky

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International AIDS Society

The International AIDS Society (IAS) is the world's largest association of HIV/AIDS professionals, with 11,600 members from over 170 countries, including clinicians, people living with HIV, service providers, policy makers and others. It aims to reduce the global impact of AIDS through collective advocacy. Founded in 1988, IAS headquarters are located in Geneva, and its president since August 2022 is Sharon Lewin.

The IAS hosts the biennial International AIDS Conference, the IAS Conference on HIV Science, and the HIV Research for Prevention Conference.

History
The IAS is a non-profit organization founded in 1988, with a mandate to organize the International AIDS Conference. Initially, the IAS headquarters were in Stockholm, and Lars-Olof Kallings was the secretary general from 1988 until 2003.

In 2004, the IAS restructured its organization, expanded the number of professional staff and moved the headquarters to Geneva. The move was intended to strengthen organizational links with other health NGOs and (United Nations) multilateral agencies.

Mission and office-bearers
The IAS is an advocacy body, using its large membership base and scientific leadership to drive action. It is the world's largest association of HIV professionals, with 11,600 members from over 170 countries. Among its members are researchers, clinicians, people living with HIV, community advocates, policy makers and others.

Since August 2022, the president of IAS is Sharon Lewin, who is also the Director of the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, in Melbourne, Australia. The previous IAS President was Adeeba Kamarulzaman (since July 2020) of Malaysia, who succeeds Anton Pozniak. Kevin Osborne is executive director. Past presidents have included Helene D. Gayle, Joep Lange, Peter Piot, Linda-Gail Bekker, Chris Beyrer and Françoise Barré-Sinoussi.

International AIDS Conference
The International AIDS Conference (abbreviated AIDS 2012, AIDS 2014 and so on) is the world's most attended conference on HIV and AIDS, and the largest conference on any global health or development issue in the world. First convened during the peak of the AIDS epidemic in 1985, they were held annually until 1994 when they became biennial. Each conference continues to provide a unique forum for the intersection of science, advocacy and human rights, as well as to strengthen policies and programmes that ensure an evidence-based response to the epidemic.

The 5th International AIDS Conference (AIDS 1989) in Montreal, Canada, from June 4 to 9, 1989, saw activists from ACT UP and its Canadian counterparts, AIDS Action Now! and Réaction-SIDA, raise awareness about HIV/AIDS challenges. Their disruption challenged the AIDS community's hierarchy, advocating for more activism and advocacy in scientific circles. Notably, Canadian activists protested the lack of a federally funded AIDS strategy, while US activists condemned the US travel ban on people living with HIV, among other issues.

The 16th International AIDS Conference (AIDS 2006) was held in Toronto, Canada, on August 13 to 18, 2006. The theme for the conference was "Time to Deliver."

The 22nd International AIDS Conference (AIDS 2018) was held in Amsterdam on 21 to 27 July 2018. Primary topics of note included: Use of dolutegravir as an antiretroviral medication was reported to result in increased rates of birth defects where the brain and spinal cord have openings (neural tube defects). Particularly of note was that an HIV infected person on treatment with undetectable virus does not spread it to an uninfected partner.

The 23rd International AIDS Conference (AIDS 2020) was held virtually on July 6 to 10, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The theme for the conference was "Resilience."

The 24th International AIDS Conference (AIDS 2022), held both in Montreal and virtually from July 29 to August 2, 2022, centered around the theme "Re-engage and Follow the Science." At this conference, the Canadian Health Minister announced a significant investment of $17.9 million to enhance HIV testing accessibility, with a specific focus on priority populations in northern, remote, or isolated (NRI) communities within Canada.

IAS Conference on HIV Science
The IAS also organizes the IAS Conference on HIV Science (abbreviated IAS 2013, IAS 2015 and so on) (formerly called the IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention). This conference, the largest open scientific conference on HIV- and AIDS-related issues, occurs biennially and focuses on the biomedical aspects of HIV. The conference brings together professionals from around the world to examine the latest scientific developments in HIV research, prevention and treatment with a focus on moving science into practice and policy. It was held in Buenos Aires in 2001, Paris in 2003, Rio de Janeiro in 2005, Sydney in 2007, Cape Town in 2009, Rome in 2011, Kuala Lumpur in 2013, Vancouver in 2015, Paris in 2017, Mexico City in 2019, and Brisbane in 2023. The event was held virtually in 2021.

The conference was called the IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention until a name change after 2015.

Publications and other resources
The society financially supports the publication of the Journal of the International AIDS Society (JIAS), an online, open-access, peer-reviewed medical journal covering all aspects of research on HIV and AIDS.

The IAS Online Resource Library is an online collection of abstracts and other resources from international conferences, as well as numerous other materials produced by the IAS launched in January 2010.

Other activities
The IAS works with other regional HIV/AIDS societies and networks to strengthen the capacity of HIV professionals to respond to the epidemic at the regional level. The society runs the Industry Liaison Forum, whose mission is to remove barriers to research investment by the pharmaceutical industry in resource-limited settings. The IAS also provides professional development and training opportunities for HIV professionals at both international and regional AIDS conferences through its education programme.

title: International AIDS Society


text:
User talk:Accatt2204

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User talk:Norbu~enwiki

Well, that was fun, I decided to help unify the display of Color Coordinates on pages listed from the List_of_colors page. Wheeeeeeeeeee.... norbu 23:02, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

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Article on Norbu
Sorry, I added this to the deletion votes because it does not appear notable. Articles on Wikipedia generally are deleted if they are dictionary definitions as there is a sister project, WikiBooks for such. However, foreign words (such as Norbu) are generally excluded. Thanks. Molotov (talk)  21:25, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Norbu. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Norbu~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:50, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:02, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Norbu~enwiki


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Trad jazz

Trad jazz, short for "traditional jazz", is a form of jazz in the United States and Britain that flourished from the 1930s to 1960s, based on the earlier New Orleans Dixieland jazz style. Prominent trad jazz musicians such as Chris Barber, Freddy Randall, Acker Bilk, Kenny Ball, Ken Colyer and Monty Sunshine performed a populist repertoire which also included jazz versions of pop songs and nursery rhymes.

Beginnings of revival
A Dixieland revival began in the United States on the West Coast in the late 1930s as a backlash to the Chicago style, which was close to swing. Lu Watters and the Yerba Buena Jazz Band, and trombonist Turk Murphy, adopted the repertoire of Joe "King" Oliver, Jelly Roll Morton, Louis Armstrong and W. C. Handy: bands included banjo and tuba in the rhythm sections. A New Orleans-based traditional revival began with the later recordings of Jelly-Roll Morton and the rediscovery of Bunk Johnson in 1942, leading to the founding of Preservation Hall in the French Quarter during the 1960s.

Early King Oliver pieces exemplify this style of hot jazz; however, as individual performers began stepping to the front as soloists, a new form of music emerged. One of the ensemble players in King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band, Louis Armstrong, was by far the most influential of the soloists, creating, in his wake, a demand for this "new" style of jazz, in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Other influential stylists who are still revered in traditional jazz circles today include Sidney Bechet, Bix Beiderbecke, Wingy Manone and Muggsy Spanier. Many artists of the big band era, including Glenn Miller, Gene Krupa and Benny Goodman, had their beginnings in trad jazz.

Britain
In Britain, where boogie-woogie, "stride" piano and jump blues were popular in the 1940s, George Webb's Dixielanders pioneered a trad revival during the Second World War, and Ken Colyer's  Crane River band added and maintained a strong thread of New Orleans purism. Humphrey Lyttelton, who played with Webb, formed his own band based on the New Orleans/Louis Armstrong tradition in 1948 but, without losing the Armstrong influence, gradually adopted a more mainstream approach. By 1958 his band included three saxophones. During the 1950s and well into the 1960s the "Three B's" Chris Barber, Acker Bilk, and Kenny Ball were particularly successful, all making hit records. Other successful bands including Terry Lightfoot, George Chisholm, Monty Sunshine, Mick Mulligan, with George Melly, and Mike Cotton – who "went R'n'B" in 1963–1964 – made regular appearances live, on the air and occasionally in the British charts, as did Louis Armstrong himself. More light-hearted versions were offered by the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band, the Temperance Seven and the New Vaudeville Band. Dixieland stylings can be found here and there on records by the Rolling Stones, the Beatles, the Small Faces and the Kinks, while the Who actually performed trad jazz in their early days.

In the 1950s a number of provincial amateur bands had strong local followings and occasionally appeared together at "Jazz Jamborees". These bands included the Merseysippi Jazz Band, still active, which toured overseas, Second City Jazzband (Birmingham), Steel City Stompers (Sheffield), Clyde Valley Stompers (Glasgow), the Tranquil Valley Stompers (London) and the Saints Jazzband (Manchester).

Chris Barber gave a stage to Lonnie Donegan and Alexis Korner, setting off the craze for skiffle and then British rhythm and blues that powered the beat boom of the 1960s

title: Trad jazz


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Deafblindness

Deafblindness is the condition of little or no useful hearing and little or no useful sight. Different degrees of vision loss and auditory loss occur within each individual. Because of this inherent diversity, each deafblind individual's needs regarding lifestyle, communication, education, and work need to be addressed based on their degree of dual-modality deprivation, to improve their ability to live independently. In 1994, an estimated 35,000–40,000 United States residents were medically deafblind. Laura Bridgman was the first American deafblind person known to become well educated. Helen Keller was a well-known example of an educated deafblind individual. To further her lifelong mission to help the deafblind community to expand its horizons and gain opportunities, the Helen Keller National Center for Deaf-Blind Youths and Adults (also called the Helen Keller National Center or HKNC), with a residential training program in Sands Point, New York, was established in 1967 by an act of Congress.

The deafblind community has its own culture, comparable to those of the deaf community. Members of the deafblind community have diverse backgrounds but are united by similar experiences and a shared, homogeneous understanding of what it means to be deafblind. Some deafblind individuals view their condition as a part of their identity.

Epidemiology
The medical condition of deafblindness occurs in different forms. For some, this condition might happen congenitally from birth as a result of genetic defect, for others it happens suddenly due to a form of illness or accident that results in a modality deprivation of either vision or hearing, or both. A person might be born deaf and become blind at a later stage in life, or vice versa. In any given case of deafblindness, many possible onsets and causes of this condition exist; some happen gradually, others happen unexpectedly and suddenly. The diagnosis of deafblindness could be medically classified into specific types based on one's symptoms and causes.

The two overarching types of deafblindness are congenital and acquired.

Congenital deafblindness: the condition of deafblindness from birth Acquired deafblindness: condition of deafblindness developed later in life
 * Pregnancy complexities
 * Effects of alcohol/drugs
 * Fetal alcohol syndrome
 * A result of prematurity
 * Causes from illness/infection
 * Rubella
 * AIDS
 * Cytomegalovirus
 * Congenital syphilis
 * Toxoplasmosis
 * Genetic conditions (evident from birth)
 * Anomalies/syndromes (numerous genetic defects may contribute to one's medical condition of deafblindness, of which some of more well-known syndromes are listed)
 * CHARGE syndrome
 * Cochleosaccular degeneration with progressive cataracts
 * Down syndrome
 * Marshall syndrome
 * Congenital rubella syndrome
 * Stickler syndrome
 * Trisomy 13
 * Genetic conditions (evident at a later stage in life)
 * Usher syndrome
 * Alport syndrome
 * Age-related loss of modality (vision or auditory or both)
 * Illness, such as meningitis
 * Somatic injuries
 * Brain damage/trauma
 * Stroke
 * Permanent physical damage (relating to vision or hearing)

Communication
Deafblind people communicate in many different ways as determined by the nature of their condition, the age of onset, and what resources are available to them. For example, someone who grew up deaf and experienced vision loss later in life is likely to use a sign language (in a visually modified or tactile form). Others who grew up blind and later became deaf are more likely to use a tactile mode of spoken/written language. Methods of communication include:

 * Use of residual hearing (speaking clearly, hearing aids, or cochlear implants) or sight (signing within a restricted visual field, writing with large print)
 * Tactile signing, sign language, or a manual alphabet such as the American Manual Alphabet or Deaf-blind Alphabet (also known as "two-hand manual") with tactile or visual modifications
 * Interpreting services (such as sign-language interpreters or communication aides)
 * Communication devices such as Tellatouch or its computerized versions known as the TeleBraille and Screen Braille Communicator.
 * Tadoma, a tactile modality
 * Square script, a method of writing along tactile guidelines
 * Protactile, a tactile language related to American Sign Language in the Francosign language family

Multisensory methods have been used to help deafblind people enhance their communication skills. These can be taught to very young children with developmental delays (to help with pre-intentional communication), young people with learning difficulties, and older people, including those with dementia. One such process is Tacpac.

Deafblind people often use the assistance of people known as support-service providers (SSPs), who help the deafblind with tasks such as routine errands, guiding the deafblind through unfamiliar environments, and facilitating communication between the deafblind person and another person.

Technology
Braille equipment includes a variety of multipurpose devices, which enhance access to distance communication. Some can be used as stand-alone devices connected via Wi-Fi, while others are paired with a mobile device to provide tactile access to e-mail, text messaging, and other modern communication resources. To receive Braille equipment, an eligible consumer must be proficient in Braille and must have access to the Internet or cellular telephone service.

Telebraille does not have a computer communications modem, but does have a TTY (TDD) modem. It was designed as a TTY for deaf-blind people and is also useful for face-to-face conversation. It has two components: The sighted component is a modified SuperCom TTY device. It has a qwerty keyboard and a single-line LED display. The display is regular size and is not particularly suited to people with low vision. The SuperCom TTY can be connected directly to the telephone line using a conventional telephone jack or the telephone receiver can be coupled to the SuperCom on a cradle on top of the device. Text flows past the display in a continuous stream, like tickertape. The SuperCom is connected to the Braille portion of the device by a cable that is about 2 ft (0.6 m) long. The Braille display is about 15 characters in width, although a knockout allows additional characters to be installed, at considerable additional cost. The Telebraille is able to communicate in ASCII mode, but is not compatible with conventional computer modems. There is what looks like a RS-232 socket on the back of the Braille component, but the instructions for the Telebraille state that this jack is for "future use" and that no computer devices should be attached to it.

A graphic Braille display can be used in sensing graphic data such as maps, images, and text data that require multiline display capabilities such spreadsheets and equations. Graphic braille displays available in the market are DV-2 (from KGS ), Hyperbraille, and TACTISPLAY Table/Walk (from Tactisplay Corp. ). For example, TACTISPLAY Table can show 120*100 resolution refreshable braille graphics on one page.

In popular culture
The play The Miracle Worker (1959), which was adapted into the film The Miracle Worker (1962), recounts Anne Sullivan's efforts to draw Helen Keller from her world of blindness and deafness.

The Who’s album Tommy (1969) tells one continuous life story about a deafblind mute boy named Tommy through songs.

The Bollywood film Black (2005) featured Rani Mukerji as a deafblind character named Michelle McNally.

The film Marie's Story (2014) relates the childhood and education of Marie Heurtin (1885–1921), a deafblind woman.

Haben Girma, the first deafblind individual to graduate from Harvard Law School, released an autobiography entitled Haben: The Deafblind Woman Who Conquered Harvard Law (2019).

Feeling Through (2019) is an American short drama film directed by Doug Roland that was the first film ever to star a deafblind actor (Robert Tarango) in a lead role; it is about a teenager and a deafblind man. It was nominated for the 2021 Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film.

The Persistence of Vision is a 1978 novella by John Varley describing the life of a blind-and-deaf community.

title: Deafblindness


text:
Wiehltal bridge

The Wiehltal Bridge is a highway bridge on the A 4 motorway between Cologne and Olpe over the Wiehltal valley at Engelskirchen (Oberbergischer Kreis), North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

Overview
The bridge is 30.25 m wide, 705 m long and has a bridge surface of 21,326 m2. The highest point above ground is 60 m. It consists completely of a steelwork construction, whose rolling-element bearing rests on concrete pillars. In contrast to similar bridges, the roadways of both driving directions are carried by continuous elements. Construction of the bridge was completed in 1971.

Damage and closure
At 10:40 on 26 August 2004 a car collided with a tanker truck containing 32,000 liters of fuel on the Wiehltal Bridge. The guard rails were designed only to stop vehicles up to 13 tons and were unable to hold the truck, which fell 30 meters off the A 4 Autobahn and exploded. The truck driver was killed; the heat damage destroyed the load-bearing ability of the bridge and it had to be closed to traffic.

Provisional repairs were made in autumn 2004. Plans for a replacement bridge are expected to be formulated in the spring of 2005. Repairs are estimated at €32 million and replacement could cost up to €250 million, including the cost for disposing of the waste. This was by far the most expensive accident in the history of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Repair and reopening
The bridge was repaired and re-opened to traffic on 18 October 2007.

title: Wiehltal bridge


text:
User:Vague Rant/Cell

 * class="toccolours" width="50%" valign="top" bgcolor="#F4F4F5"|

title: User:Vague Rant/Cell


text:
User talk:Kenny iom

hello

title: User talk:Kenny iom


text:
Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg

Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg (30 November 1802 – 24 January 1872) was a German philosopher and philologist.

Life
He was born at Eutin, near Lübeck. He was placed in a gymnasium in Eutin, which was under the direction of, a philologist influenced by Immanuel Kant.

He was educated at the universities of Kiel, Leipzig, Berlin. He became more and more attracted to the study of Plato and Aristotle, and his 1826 doctoral dissertation, Platonis de ideis et numeris doctrina ex Aristotele illustrata (On Plato's Doctrine of Ideas and Numbers as Illustrated by Aristotle), was an attempt to reach through Aristotle's criticisms a more accurate knowledge of the Platonic philosophy.

He declined the offer of a classical chair at Kiel, and accepted a post as tutor to the son of an intimate friend of Karl vom Stein zum Altenstein, the Prussian minister of education. He held this position for seven years (1826–1833), occupying his leisure time with the preparation of a critical edition of Aristotle's De anima (1833; 2nd ed. by Christian Belger, 1877). In 1833 Altenstein appointed Trendelenburg extraordinary professor in Berlin, and four years later he was advanced to an ordinary professorship.

Teaching
For nearly 40 years, he proved himself markedly successful as a teacher, during the greater part of which time he had to examine in philosophy and pedagogics all candidates for the scholastic profession in Prussia. His teaching method was highly regarded by Søren Kierkegaard who called him "one of the most sober philosophical philologists I know." He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1861. Two of his prominent students were Franz Brentano and Wilhelm Dilthey.

Defense of teleology
Trendelenburg's philosophizing is conditioned throughout by his loving study of Plato and Aristotle, whom he regards not as opponents but as building jointly on the broad basis of idealism. His own standpoint may be called a modern version of Aristotelianism. While denying the possibility of an absolute method and an absolute philosophy, as contended for by Hegel and others, Trendelenburg was emphatically an idealist in the ancient or Platonic sense; his whole work was devoted to the demonstration of the ideal in the real. But he maintained that the procedure of philosophy must be analytic, rising from the particular facts to the universal in which we find them explained. We divine the system of the whole from the part we know, but the process of reconstruction must remain approximative. Our position forbids the possibility of a final system. Instead, therefore, of constantly beginning afresh in speculation, it should be our duty to attach ourselves to what may be considered the permanent results of historic developments.

The classical expression of these results Trendelenburg finds mainly in the Platonico-Aristotelian system. The philosophical question is stated thus: How are thought and being united in knowledge? How does thought get at being? And how does being enter into thought? Proceeding on the principle that like can only be known by like, Trendelenburg next reaches a doctrine peculiar to himself (though based upon Aristotle) that plays a central part in his speculations. Motion is the fundamental fact common to being and thought; the actual motion of the external world has its counterpart in the constructive motion involved in every instance of perception or thought. From motion he proceeds to deduce time, space and the categories of mechanics and natural science. These, being thus derived, are at once subjective and objective in their scope. It is true that matter can never be completely resolved into motion, but the irreducible remainder may be treated, like Aristotle, as an abstraction we asymptotically approach but never reach.

The facts of existence, however, are not adequately explained by the mechanical categories. The ultimate interpretation of the universe can only be found in the higher category of End or final cause. Here Trendelenburg finds the dividing line, between philosophical systems. On the one side stand those that acknowledge none but efficient causes, which make force prior to thought, and explain the universe, as it were, a tergo ("from the back"). This may be called, typically, Democritism. On the other side stands the organic or teleological view of the world, which interprets the parts through the idea of the whole, and sees in the efficient causes only the vehicle of ideal ends. This may be called in a wide sense Platonism. Systems like Spinozism, which seem to form a third class, neither sacrificing force to thought nor thought to force, yet by their denial of final causes inevitably fall back into the Democritic or essentially materialistic standpoint, leaving us with the great antagonism of the mechanical and the organic systems of philosophy. The latter view, which receives its first support in the facts of life, or organic nature as such, finds its culmination and ultimate verification in the ethical world, which essentially consists in the realization of ends.

Trendelenburg's Naturrecht [the right of nature] may, therefore, be taken as in a manner the completion of his system, his working out of the ideal as present in the real. The ethical end is taken to be the idea of humanity, not in the abstract as formulated by Immanuel Kant, but in the context of the state and of history. Law is treated throughout as the vehicle of ethical requirements. In Trendelenburg's treatment of the state, as the ethical organism in which the individual (the potential man) may be said first to emerge into actuality, we may trace his nurture on the best ideas of Hellenic antiquity.

Fischer–Trendelenburg debate
In 1865 he became involved in an acrimonious controversy on the interpretation of Kant's doctrine of space with Kuno Fischer, whom he attacked in Kuno Fischer und sein Kant (1869), which drew forth the reply Anti-Trendelenburg (1870). The controversy became known in the history of philosophy as the Fischer–Trendelenburg debate.

Trendelenburg's position on the debate (the position that "Kant may establish that space and time are a priori and intuitive conditions for experience in the "Transcendental Aesthetic," but this in no way entails that space and time have nothing to do with the objects outside of possible experience") has been variously dubbed as "Neglected Alternative," "Trendelenburg's gap" [die trendelenburgische Lücke], "Pistorius's gap [die pistorische Lücke]" (named after Hermann Andreas Pistorius), or "third possibility" [die dritte Möglichkeit].

Family
His son, Friedrich Trendelenburg, was a prominent surgeon; several medical techniques and matters are named for him.

Works (selection)
Trendelenburg was also the author of the following:

 * Elementa Logices Aristotelicae (1836; 9th ed., 1892; Eng. trans. 1881), a selection of passages from the Organon with Latin translation and notes, containing the substance of Aristotle's logical doctrine, supplemented by Erlauterungen zu den Elementen der Aristotelischen Logik (1842; 3rd ed., 1876).
 * Logische Untersuchungen (Logical Investigations), 2 vols. (1840; 3rd ed. 1870), and Die logische Frage in Hegels System (1843), important factors in the reaction against Hegel.
 * Historische Beiträge zur Philosophie (1846–1867), in three volumes, the first of which (Geschichte der Kategorienlehre) contains a history of the doctrine of the Categories.
 * Geschichte der Kategorienlehre I: Aristotle Kategorienlehre; II: Die Kategorienlehre in der Geschichte der Philosophie (1846, reprint: Hildesheim, Olms, 1979).
 * Des Naturrecht aufdem Grunde der Ethik (1860).
 * Lücken im Völkerrecht (1870), a treatise on the defects of international law, occasioned by the war of 1870.
 * Kleine Schriften (1871), papers dealing with non-philosophical, chiefly national and educational subjects.
 * Zur Geschichte des Wortes Person, Kant-Studien, Bd. 13, Berlin 1908
 * Ethische Untersuchungen: Genetisch-kritische Fragmentedition. Edited by Christian Biehl. Exempla critica 5. De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston 2022

Translations

 * A Contribution to the History of the Word Person: A Posthumous Treatise, Open Court Pub. Co., 1910.
 * Outlines of Logic: An English Translation of Trendelenburg's Elementa, 1898.

title: Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg