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Vengaboys

Vengaboys is a Dutch Eurodance music group based in Rotterdam consisting of lead vocalist Kim Sasabone, female vocalist Denise van Rijswijk and male vocalists Robin Pors and Donny Latupeirissa. Created by Dutch producers Wessel van Diepen (who selected the group members) and Dennis van den Driesschen (known as Danski and Delmundo), the group enjoyed commercial success in the late 1990s. They are best known for their hit singles "We Like to Party", "Boom, Boom, Boom, Boom!!", and "We're Going to Ibiza", the latter two of which topped the UK Singles Chart and have sold an estimated 25 million records worldwide.

On 2 May 2000, the World Music Awards gave Vengaboys the award for best-selling dance group of the year. In 2019, Dutch online newspaper Nu.nl called Vengaboys the most successful Dutch pop group in history.

1996–1998: Formation, Up and Down, and The Party Album
The name "Vengaboys" was originally the title of the electronic musical project of Dutch producers Danski and Delmundo as DJs in the early 90's. In 1997 they decided to use the name to produce a pop group, choosing the Brazilian-Dutch singer Kim Sasabone as the vocal lead. After some auditions, Denise Post-Van Rijswijk, Roy den Burger and Robin Pors were added to complete the group.

In August 1997, the group released their debut single "Parada de Tettas", followed by "To Brazil!" in December 1997 and "Up and Down" in February 1998. In April 1998, the group released their debut album Up & Down - The Party Album in the Netherlands and Belgium. The album was certified gold in the Netherlands. This was followed by "We Like to Party!" in May, which peaked at number 2 on the Dutch charts and at number 1 in Belgium in June 1998.

In October the group released "Boom, Boom, Boom, Boom!!" and Greatest Hits! Part 1, the album peaked at number 1 on the Dutch chart.

In November 1998, the Vengaboys entered the UK Singles Chart at number 4 with "Up and Down". "We Like to Party!" was released internationally in 1999 and was a Top 10 hit in many European countries, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. It reached number 26 on the Billboard Hot 100.

In June 1999, The Vengaboys released ''Greatest Hits! Part 1 as The Party Album''; their debut studio album. The single "Boom Boom Boom Boom" topped the charts in the UK, New Zealand and the Netherlands. In November 1999 "Boom, Boom, Boom, Boom!!" was also used in an advert in Japan for Nissan for their Wingroad 5-door estate.

"We're Going to Ibiza", a reworking of Typically Tropical's 1975 number 1 hit "Barbados", also reached the top slot in the Netherlands in September 1999. The LP spent 30 consecutive weeks on the U.S. Billboard 200, and was certified gold (500,000 units) in November 1999.

The Remix Album was released in January 2000, featuring new dance remixes of the songs from the Vengaboys' debut record.

2000–2002: Departure of Pors, The Platinum Album and Hiatus
Shortly before the release of their next studio album, Pors left the group to pursue a solo career and was replaced by dolphin trainer Yorick Bakker.

The Platinum Album was released in early 2000, which saw continued success for the group, as its first three singles "Kiss (When the Sun Don't Shine)", "Shalala Lala" and "Uncle John from Jamaica" all charted in Europe, Australia and New Zealand, and Canada, with the first two going on to top the New Zealand charts. For the album's fourth single, "Cheekah Bow Bow (That Computer Song)", the group gained a virtual member, the animated Cheekah.

In 2002 Denise Post-Van Rijswijk and Bakker left the group.

2007–2009: Return on stage and line-up changes
In 2007, they returned to the club scene with new member Donny Latupeirissa a.k.a. Ma'Donny, replacing den Burger as Cowboy.

2010–2013: The Best of Vengaboys
In 2010, the band released a new single, "Rocket To Uranus", a collaboration with singer-songwriter Pete Burns and American celebrity Perez Hilton. The video premiered on 6 June at the Dutch television station TMF, and in 2D and 3D formats on their own website and YouTube channel.

In December 2011, the group released The Best of Vengaboys in Australia.

In January 2013, the group first performed a cover of "Hot, Hot, Hot", during their National Tour in Australia. The song was released in July 2013 as a single.

Around that time, Kim Sasabone became pregnant.

2014–2015: X-mas Party Album
In January 2014, Robin Pors said in an interview in Dubai that the group intended to continue touring in Europe and that they were working on future shows in the Middle East and India, along with performing their greatest hits, their latest single, "Hot, Hot, Hot", and reportedly new unreleased tracks. He also stated that releasing new material was planned for 2014. In May 2014 a new remix from their single "To Brazil" re-titled "2 Brazil" was released.

In November 2014 a new album was released called The X-mas Party Album including all the Vengaboys hits with a Christmas sound. Also, the single "Where Did My X-mas Tree Go" was released together with a new music video. A tour of South Africa was scheduled for December.

2015-2017: Australia and New Zealand tour
In late February 2015, Denise Post-Van Rijswijk said that she was pregnant with her second child.

In 2016, the group toured Australia and New Zealand.

In November and December 2017, Vengaboys supported Steps at their Party on the Dancefloor Tour.

2019: 20th anniversary and Unplugged EP
In 2019, Vengaboys celebrated their 20th anniversary and released unplugged versions of the songs "Boom, Boom, Boom, Boom" and "We're Going to Ibiza!" and released an EP titled Unplugged #1's.

2020–2021: Covers and re-mixes
In the summer of 2020, the band released a festival version of their worldwide hit "Up & Down" with Australian DJ and producer Timmy Trumpet, with the new version credited to Timmy Trumpet x Vengaboys.

In September 2021, the band released a cover version of Charli XCX and Troye Sivan's "1999", retitled "1999 (I Wanna Go Back)" and came with a deep fake-style video which saw the cover stars from various 1990s albums lip-syncing to the song and the band put into the Friends title sequence with the sofa and fountain.

In September 2021, the Vengaboys' took part in 90's Nostalgia: Electric Circus tour in Canadian, featuring Eurodance music.

Members

 * Current
 * Kim Sasabone (1997–2002, 2007–present)
 * Denise Post-Van Rijswijk (1998–2002, 2007–present)
 * Robin Pors (1998–1999, 2009–present)
 * Donny Latupeirissa (2007–present)

 * Former
 * Roy den Burger (1998–2002)
 * Yorick Bakker (1999–2002, 2007–2009)

Discography

 * Up & Down - The Party Album / The Party Album (1998)
 * The Platinum Album (2000)

title: Vengaboys


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CNN Airport

CNN Airport was an American out-of-home television network owned and operated by AT&T's WarnerMedia through CNN, hence its name. The service broadcast general news, weather, stock market updates, entertainment, and travel content to airports across the United States. The founding management was led by Jon Petrovich and Scott Weiss. Deborah Cooper was the inaugural vice president/general manager.

CNN Airport's 24-hour schedule consisted of roughly 16% live news, 19% live sports, 24% lifestyle, 24% travel, and 10% for local inserts from airports if they warrant.

The network discontinued operations on March 31, 2021.

History
The network originally was test launched from June 3 to July 14, 1991, at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, Hartsfield-Atlanta International Airport and O'Hare International Airport, and officially debuted on January 20, 1992, as the CNN Airport Network.

CNN Airport was available in 58 airports in the United States. CNN would pay local airport authorities for the exclusive rights to run its programming on monitors throughout their terminals.

Its breakfast and early fringe schedule included news programming from CNN and HLN, broadcast on a 10-second delay. The network also aired air travelers-designed weather, business and travel segments. CNN Airport broadcast 24/7, with around-the-clock technical and editorial staffing, including three of its own reporters. Due to the network's prominence in public waiting areas, the network had stricter content standards than the regular CNN; for instance, stories involving commercial aviation incidents and crashes did not appear on the network, and were overlaid with automated weather conditions. Stories that involved sexual content and graphic violence are similarly overlaid. The network's digital on-screen graphics were designed larger than industry standards, to allow readability of fonts at a distance. The network also carried sports coverage from Turner Sports properties, along with other sports rights such as the NFL and the Super Bowl from other networks which were contractually bound to only air on airport screens. Commercial breaks instead carried interstitials from other Turner and Time Warner properties, and the ability to break into programming for airport-wide advisory messages.

In 2018, Republican Iowa congressman Steve King accused CNN Airport of having a monopoly on partisan grounds, proposing an unsuccessful amendment to the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018 to prohibit a single broadcaster from holding a monopoly over television programming screened at airport terminals. Most American international airports and larger train stations also have shops managed by Paradies Lagardère or other vendors which license the names of other cable networks such as CNBC and Fox News (along with CNN itself) to brand those shops, and likewise screen those channels on the televisions within their premises inexclusive of an airport's advertising and screen deals.

On January 12, 2021, CNN's president Jeff Zucker announced that CNN Airport would cease operations on March 31; Zucker cited several factors and changes in consumer behavior, including the ubiquity of streaming video on mobile devices, as having made the network's purpose outdated.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: CNN Airport


text: User talk:69.111.57.182

title: User talk:69.111.57.182


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Talk:Summary of 9/11 Commission Report

This is to be a complete chapter-by-chapter section-by-section summary, and will likely be pretty long. The article 9/11 Commission Report contains a brief executive summary. User:Enochlau suggested merging this article with the article on the 9/11 Commission Report, but I disagree because this piece will be long enough as it is. Mr. Billion 07:11, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Keep it separate
I agree with Mr. Billion (with a "B") on this. Off to a good start but needs help. hydnjo talk 23:43, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Needs some work
So many blank sections...I'd like to help, but not at this time. I'm making this my project after I finish the cursor stuff, but first I need to read through the report. :( — Ilγαηερ   (Tαlκ) '' 04:00, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Having recently undertaken a similar project for Senate Report of Pre-war Intelligence on Iraq, you have my sympathies. Good luck! :-) -- John Callender 08:27, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks, I'll start reading the PDF tonight. — Ilγαηερ   (Tαlκ) '' 15:27, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Argh! Too many things to do, someone else might want to start. — Ilγαηερ   (Tαlκ) '' 17:09, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

It might be helpful to have a copy of the book with you, so that you can flip through it and more easily find what you are looking for (rather than having to go between different internet pages. Besides, it's a lot less time-consuming to find it in the hard copy than by using a .pdf file [IMO]). Even so, there is enough detail that it will take quite a while to summarize the whole work (and will take a lot of space as well. It took me over an hour to summarize the first section of chapter 1, and I've read the book before). (12-4-2005)

title: Talk:Summary of 9/11 Commission Report


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Grunwald Poznań (sports club)

WKS Grunwald Poznań is a multi-sports club based in Poznań, Poland. The handball section had been champions several times whereas the field hockey section is one of the top teams not only in the country but in Europe. Other sections have been champions in Poland and have had Olympic representation.

Naming history

 * 1947–1950: Wojskowy Klub Sportowy "Kadra" Poznań
 * 1950–1957: Wojskowy Klub Sportowy Poznań
 * 1957–present: Wojskowy Klub Sportowy Grunwald Poznań

Establishment
The club was founded by a group of officers and deputy officers of the Poznań garrison. The founding meeting was held at the seat of the Municipal Office of Physical Education and Military Training at ul. Matejki 61. The name of WKS Kadra Poznań and the club's statute were established, the management board, the audit committee and the court of honor were elected. Kazimierz Gawrycki, the then commander of the MUWFiPW in Poznań, became the first president. The first sports sections were also established: football, boxing, athletics, shooting and tennis.

Active
The club has several active sections: athletics, field hockey, freestyle wrestling, handball, orienteering, shooting, taekwondo and tennis.

Athletics and orienteering
The orienteering section was founded in 1987. The first success of the section was winning in 1988 the gold medal of the Polish Championships in the relay, the team consisting of: Gliszczyński, Domagała, Niedzielski. In 1993 they recorded the first international success; the bronze medal at the Junior World Championships was won in the relay race by Robert Banach and Dariusz Mikusiński. Then came further successes: Dariusz Mikusiński became the vice-champion of the CISM Army World Championships, and Robert Banach became the Junior World Champion. The silver medal of the Championship was won by Janusz Gliszczyński, and the relay race with Małgorzata Stankiewicz came third. In the following years, Robert Banach and Sławomir Woźniak also won medals at the CISM World Military Championships. Since the founding of the section, its athletes have won over 300 Polish Championship medals. This success is largely attributed to long-serving coach Tadeusz Rutkowski, who over the years raised several generations of athletes who represented Poland in international competitions. Currently, 23 professional athletes belong to the section, and Bartosz Pawlak and Michał Olejnik are among the national leaders in their disciplines.

In the athletics section, training is focused on senior squad, which currently has six professional athletes. Since its inception, the athletes have also won a large number of medals in the Polish Championships, as well as many medals in the World and European Military Championships. Competitors such as Henryk Szost, Michał Kaczmarek, Mariusz Giżyński and Monika Stefanowicz have repeatedly won individual and team medals in the military championships, and Henryk Szost is the current country record holder in the marathon with a time of 2:07:39.

Field hockey
The section was officially founded in 1952, after takeover of a 3 -time champion military club WKS Poznań dating back to the inter-war period The section is the most successful club in the country, a European contender since the early 90s and dominant force domestically, both traditional outdoor  and indoor in equal measure.

Handball
The handball section is historically one of the most successful, and was a dominant force in the country in the 70s and 80s.

Freestyle wrestling
The freestyle wrestling section was founded in 1951, where recruitment was organised through the local press.

The most notable athletes were Władysław Stecyk, Grunwald athlete in 1969–1988; and Monika Michalik, bronze medalist of the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olynpics and gold medalist of the 2017 European Wrestling Championships in Novi Sad. Paweł Kurczewski was the world silver medalist in 1971, and Adam Sobieraj won the bronze medal at the 2010 European Wrestling Championships. The club also has produced numerous Olympians regularly throughout its history.

As a team they won the third division in their debut year in 1951 and the second division in 1952, winning promotion to the top division. They won the second division in 1970 and the Polish championship in 1972.

Shooting
The shooting section was founded on 12 March 1963. The club is a member of PZSS and WZSS.

Tennis
The tennis section was one of the first section founded upon establishment of the club, in 1947. However the section initially survived only until 1951. It was reactivated in the years 1959 to 1967. After this period, the section was only re-established 46 years later, on 11 June 2003. As a junior, the club was represented by Magda Linette with successes at junior level. The section currently has 8 courts of which 2 are covered. The club won the women's team championships in 2010 and 2011.

Defunct
The following sections have existed in the past: association football, boxing, rowing, table tennis.

Association football
Football was the first section to be created upon establishment of the club, and existed between 1947 and 1985. Although not the most successful section of the club by any means, it did reach the higher echelons of the league pyramid and did reach the latter stages of the Polish Cup twice; in the 1966–67 and 1975–76 seasons.

title: Grunwald Poznań (sports club)


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Category:Meetings

Classification: Organizations: Organizational culture: Meetings

title: Category:Meetings


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John McNaughton

John McNaughton (born January 13, 1950) is an American film and television director, originally from Chicago, Illinois, whose works encompass the horror, thriller, drama and comedy film genres. His films include Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer (1986), The Borrower (1991), Mad Dog and Glory (1993), Normal Life (1996), Wild Things (1998), Speaking of Sex (2001) and The Harvest (2013).

Career
His first feature film, made in 1986, was Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer, a film McNaughton directed, co-wrote, and co-produced. Numerous complications plagued the controversial film, delaying its theatrical release until 1989. The film made Time magazine's and Roger Ebert's ten best lists and won best picture honors at Fantasporto, Sitges Film Festival and the Brussels International Festival of Fantasy Film.

His other works include the films Mad Dog and Glory and Wild Things, the documentary Condo Painting as well as episodes of Homicide: Life on the Street, John From Cincinnati, Masters of Horror and the pilot episode for Push, Nevada.

Personal life
McNaughton studied fine arts at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and graduated from Columbia College Chicago with a degree in television production and a minor in photography.

Filmography

 * Dealers in Death (1984)
 * Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer (1986) (also co-writer, with Richard Fire)
 * Sex, Drugs, Rock & Roll (1991)
 * The Borrower (1991)
 * Mad Dog and Glory (1993)
 * Girls in Prison (1994) (TV movie)
 * Homicide: Life on the Street (1994–1996) (TV series)
 * Normal Life (1996)
 * Firehouse (1997) (TV movie) (as Alan Smithee)
 * Wild Things (1998)
 * Lansky (1999) (TV movie)
 * Condo Painting (2000)
 * Speaking of Sex (2001)
 * Push, Nevada (2002) (TV series)
 * Expert Witness (2003) (TV series)
 * Without a Trace (2003) (TV series)
 * Haeckel's Tale (2006) (TV movie in the Masters of Horror anthology series)
 * John from Cincinnati (2007) (TV series)
 * The Harvest (2013)

title: John McNaughton


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Otoplasty

Otoplasty (οὖς, oûs, "ear" + πλάσσειν, plássein, "to shape") is a procedure for correcting the deformities and defects of the auricle (external ear), whether these defects are congenital conditions (e.g. microtia, anotia, etc.) or caused by trauma. Otoplastic surgeons may reshape, move, or augment the cartilaginous support framework of the auricle to correct these defects.

Congenital ear deformities occasionally overlap with other medical conditions (e.g. Treacher Collins syndrome and hemifacial microsomia).

Antiquity
Otoplasty (surgery of the ear) was developed in ancient India and is described in the medical compendium, the Sushruta Samhita (Sushruta's Compendium, c. 500 AD). The book discussed otoplastic and other plastic surgery techniques and procedures for correcting, repairing and reconstructing ears, noses, lips, and genitalia that were amputated as criminal, religious, and military punishments. The ancient Indian medical knowledge and plastic surgery techniques of the Sushruta Samhita were practiced throughout Asia until the late 18th century; the October 1794 issue of the contemporary British Gentleman's Magazine reported the practice of rhinoplasty, as described in the Sushruta Samhita. Moreover, two centuries later, contemporary practices of otoplastic praxis were derived from the techniques and procedures developed and established in antiquity by Sushruta.

19th century
In Die operative Chirurgie (Operational Surgery, 1845), Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach (1794–1847) reported the first surgical approach for the correction of prominent ears — a combination otoplasty procedure that featured the simple excision (cutting) of the problematic excess cartilage from the posterior sulcus (back groove) of the ear, and the subsequent affixing, with sutures, of the corrected auricle to the mastoid periosteum, the membrane covering the mastoid process at the underside of the mastoid portion of the temporal bone, at the back of the head.

20th and 21st centuries
In 1920, Harold D. Gillies (1882–1960) first reproduced the auricle by burying an external-ear support framework, made of autologous rib cartilage, under the skin of the mastoid region of the head, which reconstructed the auricle; he then separated this from the skin of the mastoid area by means of a cervical flap. In 1937, Dr. Gillies also attempted a similar pediatric ear reconstruction with an auricle support framework fabricated from maternal cartilage. This otoplasty correction technique proved inadequate, due to the problems inherent to the biochemical breakdown and elimination (resorption) of the cartilage tissue by the patient's body.

In 1964, Radford C. Tanzer (1921–2004) re-emphasized the use of autologous cartilage as the most advantageously reliable organic material for resolving microtia (abnormally small ears), because of its great histologic viability, resistance to shrinkage, and resistance to softening, and lower incidence of resorption.

The development of plastic surgery procedures, such as the refinement of J.F. Dieffenbach's ear surgery techniques, has established more than 170 otoplasty procedures for correcting prominent ears, and for correcting defects and deformities of the auricle; as such, otoplasty corrections are in three surgical-technique groups:
 * Group I - Techniques that leave intact the cartilage support-framework of the ear, and reconfigure the distance and the angle of projection of the auricle from the head, solely by means of sutures, as in the permanent suture-insertion of the Mustardé technique the Merck stitch method and the incisionless Fritsch otoplasty   for creating an anti helical fold:
 * Mustardé technique: An open invasive method, whereby the retroauricular cartilage is extensively exposed, a part of the skin is excised, and mattress sutures are inserted.
 * Merck stitch method: a minimally invasive method, by which the ear is no longer cut open and the cartilage is left completely intact. The mattress sutures are inserted in the ear through 2 to 3 small stab incisions on the back of the ear.
 * Incisionless Fritsch otoplasty: It is a combination of the minimally invasive technique and the Stenström technique, whereby the cartilage on the front of the ear is scored with superficial incisions.
 * Group II — Techniques that resect (cut and remove) the pertinent excess cartilage from the support-framework of the auricle, which then render it pliable to being re-molded, reconfigured, and affixed to the head at the projection distance-and-angle characteristic of a normal ear; the relevant procedures are the cartilage-incision Converse technique and the Chongchet–Stenström technique for the anterior-correction of prominent ears.
 * Group III — Techniques that combine the excision of cartilage portions from the support framework of the auricle, in order to reduce the degree of projection and the distance of the external ear from the head.

The auricle
The external ear (auricle) is a surgically challenging area in terms of anatomy, composed of a delicate and complex framework of shaped cartilage that is covered, on its visible surface, with thin, tightly adherent, hairless skin. Although of small area, the surface anatomy of the external ear is complex, consisting of the auricle and the external auditory meatus (auditory canal). The outer framework of the auricle is composed of the rim of the helix, which arises from the front and from below (anteriorly and inferiorly), from a crus (shank) that extends horizontally above the auditory canal. The helix merges downwards (inferiorly) into the cauda helices (tail of the helix), and connects to the lobule (earlobe). The region located between the crura (shanks) of the antihelix is the triangular fossa (depression), while the scapha (elongated depression) lies between the helix and antihelix. The antihelix borders in the middle (medially) to the rim of the concha (shell) and the concha proper, which is composed of the conchal cymba above (superiorly) and the conchal cavum below (inferiorly), which are separated by the helical crus, and meet the antihelix at the antihelical rim. The tragus (auditory canal lobule) and the antitragus (counterpart lobule) are separated by the intertragal notch; the auditory canal lobule does not contain cartilage, and displays varied morphologic shapes and attachments to the adjacent cheek and scalp.

Blood supply and innervation
The superficial temporal and posterior auricular arteries preserve the arterial blood supply of the external ear. The sensory innervation involves the front and back (anterior and posterior) branches of the greater auricular nerve, and is reinforced by the auricular temporal and lesser occipital nerves. The auricular branch of the vagus nerves supplies a portion of the posterior wall of the external auditory canal.

Otoplastic praxis
The support framework of the reconstructed auricle must be more rigid than the natural cartilage framework of a normal ear, in order for it to remain of natural size, proportion, and contour. If the reconstructed auricle framework were as structurally delicate as the cartilage framework of a natural auricle, its anatomic verisimilitude as an ear would gradually be eroded by a combination of the pressure of the tight skin-envelope in the temporal region of the head, and of the pressure of the progressive contracture of the surgical scar(s).

Prominent ears
In the practice of otoplasty, the term "prominent ears" describes external ears (auricles) that, regardless of their size, protrude from the sides of the head. The abnormal appearance exceeds the normal head-to-ear measures, wherein the external ear is less than 2 cm, and at an angle of less than 25 degrees, from the side of the head. Ear configurations, of distance and angle, that exceed the normal measures, appear prominent when the man or the woman is viewed from either the front or the back perspective. In the occurrence of prominent ears, the common causes of anatomic defect, deformity, and abnormality can occur individually or in combination; they are:

 * 1) Underdeveloped antihelical foldThis anatomic deformity occurs consequent to the inadequate folding of the antihelix, which causes the protrusion of the scapha and the helical rim. The defect is manifested by the prominence of the scapha (the elongated depression separating the helix and the antihelix) and the upper-third of the ear; and occasionally of the middle third of the ear.
 * 2) Prominent conchaThis deformity is caused either by an excessively deep concha, or by an excessively wide concha-mastoid angle (<25 degrees). These two anatomic abnormalities can occur in combination, and produce a prominent concha (the largest, deepest concavity of the auricle), which then causes the prominence of the middle third of the external ear.
 * 3) Protruding earlobeThis defect of the earlobe causes the prominence of the lower third of the auricle.

Although most prominent ears are anatomically normal, morphologic defects, deformities, and abnormalities do occur, such as the:
 * Constricted ear which features an abnormally small auricle, and protrudes from the head because of the inadequate development of the circumference of the helical rim, which, in turn, causes the auricle to collapse forwards, and form a 'cup ear.
 * Cryptotic ear which is hidden in the side of the head. The condition of a hidden ear is produced when the developed helix of the auricle is contained under the skin of the scalp in the temporal region. (see Cryptotia)
 * Macrotic ear, a prominent external ear that features an oversized auricle, but is otherwise morphologically normal. (see Macrotia)
 * Question mark ear describes the ear that features a deformity of the supralobular region (upper area of the auricle), and has the appearance of a question mark.
 * Stahl's ear deformity describes the presence of a third crus (shank) in the auricle, which produces a pointed elfin ear. The third crus is additional to the two crura (shanks) of the normal triangular fossa (depression), which traverses the scapha (elongated depression separating the helix and the antihelix).

Cephaloauricular and scaphoconchal angles
The degrees of angle between the head and the ear, and the degrees of angle between the scapha and the concha, determine the concept of prominent ears. The study, Comparing Cephaloauricular and Scaphaconchal Angles in Prominent Ear Patients and Control Subjects (2008) reported that the comparisons of the head-to-ear angles and the scapaha-to-concha angles of a 15-patient cohort with prominent ears, with the analogous ear angles of a 15-person control group, established that the average head-to-ear angle was 47.7 degrees for the study group, and 31.1 degrees for the control group; and that the average scapha-to-concha angle was 132.6 degrees for the study cohort, and 106.7 degrees for the control group.

Antihelix
The antihelix normally forms a symmetric Y-shaped structure in which the gently rolled (folded) crest of the root of the antihelix continues upwards as the superior crus, and the inferior crus branches forwards, from the root, as a folded ridge. The root of the inferior crus of the antihelix sharply defines the rim of the concha. Moreover, the inferior crus also forms the wall that separates the concha from the triangular fossa. The root and superior crus of the antihelix form the anterior wall of the scaphoid fossa, and the helix forms the posterior wall. The triangular fossa dips within the Y-arms of the superior and inferior crura. The corrugated contours of these auricular crests and valleys provide a pillar effect (support) that stabilizes the auricle. The vertical walls of the conchal cup translate to a semi-horizontal plane as the concha merges with the folded crest of the antihelix. The scapha–helix is nearly parallel to the plane of the temporal surface of the head. If the roll of the antihelix and its crest are effaced and flat, rather than rolled or folded, the steep pitch of the conchal wall continues into the un-formed antihelix and scapha and ends at the helix, with little interruption. Said planar orientation places the scapha–helix complex nearly perpendicular to the temporal plane of the head — because of which the ear appears prominent, thus, such an ear also lacks the stability provided by the pillar effect, and so allows the superior auricular pole to protrude. In the literature, effacement (deficiency) of the antihelical fold is the foremost subject of most discussions of the prominent ear, because it is an aurical deformity manifested as a spectrum of defects and deformities — ranging from an indistinguishable antihelix (with a confluent concavity, from antihelix to scapha and the helical rim projected outwards and forwards) to loss of definition solely of the superior antihelix (with prominence of the upper pole of the ear).

Concha
The concha of the ear is an irregular hemispheric bowl with a defined rim. The normal scapha–helix surrounds the posterior part of the bowl (much as the brim of an inverted hat surrounds the crown). The pitch at which the scapha–helix projects from the conchal cup is determined:

 * 1) By the acuteness of the fold of the crest of the antihelix
 * 2) By the height of the posterior wall of the conchal bowl, and:
 * 3) By the completeness of the hemisphere formed by the concha

If the posterior wall of the concha is excessively high, and the concha is excessively spherical, then there is an excessive angle and distance between the plane of the scapha–helix and the plane of the temporal surface of the head. Such protrusion usually is evenly distributed around the posterior conchal wall, however, the cephalad part of the concha can protrude disproportionately, another cause for a protruding upper pole. Similarly, the caudal part of the concha can project disproportionately, and cause a protruding lower auricular pole, therefore, these deformational features require special attention in the operating room.

Moreover, regarding the shape and projection of the ear, the importance of the concha must be considered in relation to the three-tiered configuration of the auricular cartilage framework, because the more delicate antihelix and helical complex are mounted upon the sturdier concha; therefore, changes in conchal size and shape greatly influence the overlying tiers, hence it is rare to see prominence of the ear that does not have a conchal element. The concha affects the prominence of the ear three-fold ways:

 * 1) The overall enlargement of the concha projects the ear away from the mastoid surface;
 * 2) An extension of the helical crus across the concha creates a firm cartilage bar that pushes the ear outwards
 * 3) The effect of the angulation of the cartilage, at the junction between the cavum concha; and the sweep of cartilage up to the antitragal prominence, affects the position and prominence of the lobule (earlobe) and lower third of the ear.

Understanding the first deformational element is well recognized, and, despite limited attention to the second element, once seen, it is easily understood. Therefore, understanding the third element leads to understanding the surgical-technical approach to correcting the isolated lower-pole and lobule prominence. The latter feature of conchal shape, while not the sole cause of lobular prominence, appears to play a key role. As the cartilage angle, between the concha cavum and the antitragus, becomes more acute (i.e. as the antitragus tips closer towards the concha), this supporting structure outwardly projects the lobule and the lower-third of the ear. This feature has a greater influence upon the lobule position than does the commonly described helical tail.

Protruding antihelix and protruding concha combined
The combined effects of an effaced antihelix and a deep concha also contribute to severe auricular protrusion (a very prominent ear).

Auricular prominence
The occurrence of a prominent mastoid process tends to push the concha forward, which extends the auricle (external ear) away from the side of the head. The external ear is mounted upon the bony base of the underlying temporal bone, therefore, anomalies and asymmetries of the skeletal shape can cause either auricle, or both auricles, to become prominent. In relation to the protruding mastoid process, the most recognizable skeletal anomaly is the change in the position and in the projection of the auricle, as associated with non-synostotic plagiocephaly (the positional flattening of the side of the head, not caused by the inappropriate union of two bones). Hence, in the occurrence of a flattening of the skull (parallelogram deformation of the cranial vault), the side of the head afflicted with occipital plagiocephaly presents a prominent ear. In subtle cases, the prominent ear might be more readily evident in an elder patient, whose ears are asymmetrically positioned, reason for which the residual occipital flattening (occipital plagiocephaly), and mild facial asymmetry, are unapparent at first view. This effect, of the shape of the patient's head, upon the outward and extended position of the ear is notably indicated in the 1881 illustrations that describe the Ely otoplasty technique.

Hemifacial microsomia
The undersized development of one side of a person's face, demonstrates the influence of skeletal development upon the position of the external ear on the head, as caused by the deficient morphologic development of the temporal bone, and by the medial positioning of the temporomandibular joint, the synovial joint between the temporal bone and the mandible (upper jaw). Moreover, in severe cases of hemifacial microsomia, without the occurrence of microtia (small ears), the normal external ear might appear to have been sheared off the head, because the upper half of the auricle is projecting outwards, and, at the middle point, the lower half of the auricle is canted inwards, towards the hypoplastic, underdeveloped side of the face of the patient. A similar type of asymmetric development of the head and face features a relatively broad head, a narrow face, and a narrow mandible; when observed from the front perspective, the head and face of the person present a triangular configuration. Such wide-to-narrow skeletal sloping, from the head to the face, might create the bone promontory upon which rests and from which projects the upper anatomy of the auricle, which otherwise is an external ear of normal proportions, size, and contour.

Protruding cauda helicis
The cauda helicis (tail of the helix) is bound to the fibrofatty tissues of the earlobe by a network of connective tissue. The tail of the helix (cauda helicis), which projects outwards from the concha, carries the earlobe with it, causing it to protrude, which physical condition contributes to prominence of the lower pole of the auricle.

Protruding earlobe
Given the morphological diversity of the earlobes found among men, women, and children, some earlobes are large, some earlobes are pendulous, and some earlobes are large and pendulous, but some are prominent because of the structure and form of the dense, interlacing connective tissue fibers that shape the earlobe anatomy independent of the tail of the helix (cauda helicis).

Soft tissues
Functionally, the external ear is served by three ear muscles, the auricularis posterior muscle (rear ear-muscle), the auricularis superior muscle (upper ear-muscle), and the auricularis anterior muscle (front ear-muscle), the most notable of which is the auricularis posterior muscle, which functions to pull the ear backwards, because it is superficially attached to the ponticulus (bridge) of the conchal cartilage, and to the posterior auricular ligament (rear ligament of the ear). The posterior muscle of the ear is composed of two to three fascicles (skeletal-muscle fibers contained in perimysium connective tissue), originates from the mastoid process of the temporal bone and is inserted to the lower part of the cranial surface of the concha, where it is surrounded by fibroareolar tissue deep within the temporal fascia. The posterior auricular artery irrigates the ear tissues with small, branch-artery blood vessels (rami). Likewise, the rear muscle of the ear is innervated with fine rami of the posterior auricular nerve, which is a branch of the facial nerve. Deep within these muscle and ligament structures lie the mastoid fascia and the tendinous origin of the sternomastoid muscle.

Surgical otoplasty
The corrective goal of otoplasty is to set back the ears so that they appear naturally proportionate and contoured without evidence or indication of surgical correction. Therefore, when the corrected ears are viewed, they should appear normal, from the:

 * 1) Front perspective: when the ear (auricle) is viewed from the front, the helical rim should be visible, but not set back so far (flattened) that it is hidden behind the antihelical fold.
 * 2) Rear perspective: when the auricle is viewed from behind, the helical rim is straight, not bent, as if resembling the letter 'C' (the middle-third to flat), or crooked, as if resembling a hockey stick (the earlobe is insufficiently flat). If the helical rim is straight, the upper-, middle-, and lower-thirds of the auricle will be proportionately setback in relation to each other.
 * 3) Side perspective: the contours of the ear should be soft and natural, not sharp and artificial.

The severity of the ear deformity that is to be corrected determines the advantageous timing of an otoplasty; for example, in children with extremely prominent ears, 4 years old is a reasonable age. In cases of macrotia associated with prominent ears, the child's age might be 2 years. Nonetheless, it is advantageous to restrict the further growth of the deformed ear. Regardless of the patient's age, the otoplasty procedure requires that the patient be under general anaesthesia.

Ear reconstruction
Generally, for reconstructing an entire ear, or a portion of the rim cartilage, the surgeon first harvests a costal cartilage graft from the patient's rib cage, which then is sculpted into an auricular framework that is emplaced under the temporal skin of the patient's head, so that the skin envelope encompass the cartilage framework, the ear prosthesis. Once placed and anchored with sutures, the surgeon then creates an auricle (outer ear) of natural proportions, contour, and appearance. In the next months, in follow-up surgeries, the surgeon then creates an earlobe, and also separates the reconstructed auricle from the side of the head (15 –), in order to create a tragus, the small, rounded projection located before the external entrance to the ear canal.

In the case of the patient encumbered with several congenital defects of the ear or who has insufficient autologous cartilage to harvest, it might be unfeasible to effect the corrections with grafts of rib cartilage. In such a case, the reconstructive Antia–Buch helical advancement technique may instead be used, wherein tissue is moved from behind the ear rim and then around and forward to repair the defective front of the ear rim. To perform the Antia–Buch helical advancement, the surgeon first designs the incision inside the helical rim and around the crus (shank) of the helix with ink. The surgeon then cuts the skin and the cartilage, but does not pierce the posterior skin of the ear. The helical rim then is advanced to allow the suturing (closure), and a dog-ear-shaped graft of skin is removed from the back of the ear. The closure of the sutures advances the crus of the helix into the helical rim.

Indications
The ear defect or deformity to be corrected determines the otoplasty techniques and procedures to be applied: for example, a torn earlobe can be repaired solely with sutures; a slight damage to the rim of the auricle might be repaired with an autologous skin graft harvested from the scalp; and conversely, a proper ear reconstruction might require several surgeries. In the correction of infantile ear defects and deformities, the otoplasty usually is performed when the child is about six years old, as the healthy ear is almost adult-sized, and thus can act as a corrective template for the auricular reconstruction.

The otoplastic technique(s) applied to correct, reconstruct, or replace a deformed, defective, or a missing ear, is determined by the indications that the patient presents; some are:
 * Cagot ear — A congenital defect characterized by ears without an earlobe; the name of the defect derives from the Cagot minority of northern Spain and western France, where it was a common belief that they had no earlobes.
 * Cat's ear — A defect characterized by the outer edges of the ears folded forward, away from the sides of the head, and towards the face; hence the person's feline appearance. The plastic correction anchors, and thus flattens, the ear against the head.
 * Cauliflower ear — An ear deformed by repeated trauma (injury) to the tissues as occurs to boxers and wrestlers; the name of deformity derives from its resemblance to a cauliflower. A hematoma might also result from an acute trauma, and, unless evacuated, the blood in the ear tends to become cartilaginous, resulting in a "cauliflower ear", which, once fully developed, is very difficult to correct. The successful management of a hematoma might require either repeated aspirations or an incision to fully evacuate the accumulated blood. After evacuation of the blood, the management of an acute othematoma of the concha features through-and-through bolster sutures to compress the skin against the cartilage, which usually prevents recurrence.
 * Cleft earlobe — A defect characterized by an indentation (notch) to the fleshy portion of the earlobe. The usual correction is transplantation of an autologous tissue graft.
 * Constricted ear — In mild cases of constricted ear, the crus (shank) of the helix is advanced out of the concha, and into the helical rim in order to increase its circumference. In severe cases of constricted ear, some of the cartilage is discarded and a complete reconstruction of the auricle is performed, as in the procedure for correcting microtia.
 * Cryptotia — The hidden ear features the rim of the helix cartilage buried under the skin of the scalp in the temporal region. After making an incision, the upper portion of the ear is exposed by outward traction on the auricle, after making an incision around the visible helical rim. Then, the medial surface of the freed helical-rim cartilage is resurfaced either with a skin graft or with a skin flap. In most cases of cryptotia, the upper-ear cartilage that is buried under the scalp is developmentally normal, but occasionally, it is abnormal and might also require correction.
 * Darwinian ear — A defect wherein the rim cartilage of the conchal bowl of the ear is flat, rather than folded inwards; it is an evolutionary remnant from when the human head muscles permitted the person to voluntarily prick up the ears in a given direction. The 'Darwinian ear' eponym derives from Charles Darwin (1809–1882), the British biologist and evolutionary theoretician (see Darwin's tubercle).
 * Lop ear — A protruding ear characterized by the defects of a too-small helix (the cartilage-stiffened rim of the auricle) and a large, central depression around the auricular canal (ear opening); the combined effects of the deformations produce a "cup ear" appearance. The usual plastic correction is enlargement of the helix and closer anchoring to the head.
 * Macrotia — Ears that are proportionately oversized to the person's head; the surgeon reduces them by making an incision on the lateral surface of the auricle, just inside the helical rim. The scapha (elongated hollow) is reduced, and a segment of the helical rim is excised, and the incision is closed primarily to avoid redundancy.
 * Microtia — A congenital defect characterized by either the severe underdevelopment or the absence of the auricle. At one end of the spectrum is an auricle slightly smaller than normal, but of normal appearance, and at the other end of the spectrum is anotia, the absence of the auricle. The 'Nagata classification' correlates the ear deformity with the surgical approach thus:
 * Lobule type — The patient has an ear remnant and malpositioned lobule, but no concha, acoustic meatus, or tragus.
 * Concha type — The patients presents an ear remnant, malpositioned earlobe, concha (with or without acoustic meatus), tragus, and antitragus with an incisura intertragica.
 * Small concha type — The patient presents an ear remnant, malpositioned lobule, and a small indentation instead of a concha.
 * Anotia — The patient presents either no ear remnant, or a minute, ear remnant. (v) Atypical microtia — The patient presents deformities of the ear that are not comprehended in the four preceding Nagata classifications.
 * Question mark ear — A rare congenital defect characterized by a protuberant auricle with a cleft (indentation) between the earlobe and the outer cartilage rim, between the fifth and sixth hillocks. This deformity also is known as 'Cosman ear', after Dr. Bard Cosman (1931–1983), the American plastic surgeon who identified it. The degree of anatomical deficiency is variable, and usually can be corrected with a cartilage graft and a V-Y advancement-flap of retroauricular skin, harvested from the back of the ear, because there often is excess skin in the upper-third of the ear being corrected. To reconstruct a 'Question mark' ear featuring a severely deformed auricle, the otoplastic procedure for correcting microtia is applied.
 * Scroll ear — A congenital defect characterized by the outer edge of the ear curling forward, inwards (like a curled scroll), and towards the head.
 * Skin cancer and malignant melanoma — Cutaneous malignancies of the helical rim can be excised and closed with the Antia–Buch helical advancement technique. Cancerous lesions in the concha or over the antihelix can usually be excised and skin grafted. If the cartilage is involved, it can be excised and the graft placed directly on the posterior skin. Malignant melanomas should be excised with the same margins as melanomas of the equivalent depth in other parts of the body. Melanoma in situ does not require a full-thickness excision, and is excised with a 5 mm margin, to preserve the perichondrium, and then covered with a skin graft. Invasive melanomas of the helical rim require wedge resection to achieve adequate margins; these defects might be large and require secondary reconstruction.
 * Stahl's ear deformity — A pointed-ear defect characterized by an abnormal folding of the skin and cartilage of the auricle, which produce an "elfin ear" characterized by an ear-rim with a pointed upper-edge, rather than a rounded upper-edge.
 * Wildermuth's ear — A congenital defect characterized by a backwards-oriented helix (the auricle's curved, cartilage border), which deforms the ear by protruding the ante-helix (inner ridge of the auricle). The eponym derives from Hermann A. Wildermuth (1852–1907), the German neurologist who identified the defect.

Surgical procedures
Otoplastic surgery can be performed upon a patient under anesthesia — local anesthesia, local anesthesia with sedation, or general anesthesia (usual for children). In order to correct a lop ear with a small helix (the cartilage-supported outer rim of the auricle), an incision to one side of a flat cartilage piece leaves unopposed elastic forces on the opposite side, which permits the evolution of the ear contour; thus, a small incision on one side of the lop-ear cartilage, along the new anti-helical fold, can be a technical element of the corrective ear surgery. Yet, when done without an incision, the procedure is deemed an 'incisionless otoplasty', wherein the surgeon places a needle through the skin, to model the cartilage and to emplace the retention sutures that will affix the antihelix and conchal bowl areas.

Surgical otoplasty techniques
Depending upon the auricular defect, deformity, or reconstruction required, the surgeon applies these three otoplastic techniques, either individually or in combination to achieve an outcome that produces an ear of natural proportions, contour, and appearance:
 * Antihelical fold manipulation
 * Suturing of the cartilage: the surgeon emplaces mattress sutures on the back of the ears, which are tied with sufficient tension to increase the definition of the antihelical fold, thereby setting back the helical rim. The cartilage is not treated. This is the technique of Mustardé and Merck, though each method differs: whereas the Mustardé method is an open invasive method, by which the cartilage on the back of the ears is extensively exposed and an area of skin is excised, the Merck method is a closed minimally invasive procedure, by which the cartilage is not exposed anywhere and skin is also not removed.
 * Stenström technique of anterior abrasion: the abrasion (roughening or scoring) of the anterior (front) surface of the anti helical fold cartilage causes the cartilage to bend away from the abraded side (per the Gibson principle), towards the side of intact perichondrium, the membrane of fibrous connective tissue.
 * Full-thickness incisions: one full-thickness incision along the desired curvature of the antihelix permits folding it with slight force, thereby creating an antihelical fold (as in the Luckett procedure). Yet, because such a fold is sharp and unnatural in appearance, the technique was modified as the Converse–Wood-Smith technique, wherein two incisions are made, running parallel to the desired antihelical fold, and tubing sutures are emplaced to create a more defined fold of natural contour and appearance.
 * Conchal alteration
 * Suturing: the surgeon decreases the angle (-25 degrees) between the concha and the mastoid process of the head with sutures emplaced between the concha and the mastoid fascia.
 * Conchal excision: from either an anterior or a posterior approach, the surgeon removes a full-thickness crescent of cartilage from the posterior wall of the concha (ascertaining to neither violate nor deform the antihelical fold), to thereby reduce the height of the concha. Moreover, to avoid producing a noticeable surgical scar in the concha, the surgeon meticulously closes the conchal defect with sutures. The design of the cartilage-crescent excision means to produce a closing incision will lay at the junction of the conchal floor and the posterior conchal wall — where it is least noticeable, and causes minimal distortion of the normal contours of the ear.
 * Combination of suturing and conchal excision: the surgeon applies a corrective technique that combines the pertinent technical aspects of the Furnas suture technique and of the conchal excision techniques.
 * Medialisation of the conchal part of the antihelix: with this method, the antihelix is moved in the direction of the ear canal entrance with the fingers and fixed in this position by mattress sutures. Thus, a large cavum conchae is reduced without any excision of cartilage and the ear moves towards the head to the desired degree.

Correction of earlobe prominence
Repositioning the earlobe is the most difficult part of the otoplasty, because when an auricle that has been repositioned in its upper two-thirds, and that yet retains a prominent lobule (earlobe) will appear disproportionate to and malpositioned upon the head — as it did in the original, uncorrected deformity. The otoplastic technique most effective for lobular repositioning is the Gosain technique (or a variant), wherein the surgeon cuts the skin on the medial surface of the earlobe, and, in suturing it closed, takes a bite of the conchal undersurface to pull the earlobe towards the head.

Another prominent-earlobe correction technique is suturing the helical-cartilage tail to the concha, yet, because the tail of the helix does not extend much into the lobule, setting it back does not reliably correct the set back of the earlobe proper; other techniques involve skin excision and sutures, between the fibrofatty tissue of the lobule and the tissues of the neck.

Alteration of the position of the auricular upper pole
Depending upon the pre-surgical degree of prominence of the upper-third of the auricle, the surgical creation of the antihelical fold might be inadequate to fully correct the position of the helical rim, near the root of the helix.

Types of otoplastic correction

 * Ear augmentation, addressing microtia (underdeveloped auricle) and anotia (absent auricle) involves adding structural elements to replace the missing structures. The cartilage tissue grafts for such extensive reconstructions usually are harvested either from the ear (auricular cartilage) or from the rib cage (costal cartilage).
 * Ear pinback — An otopexy that "flattens" protuberant ears against the head (15 –), wherein the surgeon makes an incision to the natural crease behind (retroauricular sulcus) the external ear, and cuts a small tunnel along the front of the poorly folded antihelix. Once the cartilage is loosened, the concha (bowl) is moved closer to the head, after removing the excess skin and cartilage from the ear rim, and is sutured to reshape the antihelical fold, to balance the ear lobe (lobule) with the proportions of the auricle. The corrected ear then is emplaced and sutured closer to the head. Surgical ear pinback can be performed upon an anesthetized patient (local or general anesthesia), and usually is performed as an outpatient procedure that allows the patient to convalesce at home. The post-operative bruising and swelling usually subside within two weeks, and the narrow, surgical scars are hidden in the posterior skin folds of the ear; yet the outcome is not fully noticeable until the swelling and bruising have gone. Historically, otopexy dates from 1881, when Edward Talbott Ely first performed ear pinback plastic surgery at the Eye, Ear, and Throat Hospital, Manhattan, New York City.
 * Ear reduction, addressing macrotia, might involve reducing one or more of the components of oversized ears; the incisions usually are hidden in, or near, the front folds of the auricle.

Post-surgical recovery
The internal sutures usually are permanent (non-absorbable), but the surgical wound or wounds can be sutured with either absorbable sutures or with non-absorbable sutures that the plastic surgeon removes when the surgical wound has healed. Depending upon the deformity to be corrected, the otoplasty can be performed either as an outpatient surgery or at hospital; while the operating room time varies between 1.5 and 5 hours.

For several days after the surgery, the otoplasty patient wears a voluminous, non-compressive dressing upon the corrected ear(s), and must avoid excessive bandage pressure upon the ear during the convalescent period, lest it cause pain and increased swelling, which might lead to the abrasion, or even to the necrosis of the ear's skin. After removing the dressing, the patient then wears a loose headband whilst sleeping for a 3–6-week period; it should be snug, not tight, because its purpose is preventing the corrected ear(s) from being pulled forward, when the sleeping patient moves whilst asleep. An overly-tight headband can abrade and erode the side surface of the ear, possibly creating an open wound. A dressing does not have to be worn if the patient was operated upon with the stitch method.

Complications

 * Hematoma: a hematoma can be immediately addressed if the patient complains of excessive pain, or when the surgical wound bleeds. The dressing is immediately removed from the ear to ascertain the existence of a hematoma, which then is immediately evacuated. If the surgical wound is infected, antibiotic therapy helps avoid the occurrence either of abscess or of perichondritis (inflammation).
 * Infection: cellulitis is rare after otoplasty, but it is treated aggressively, with antibiotics in order to avoid chondritis, a condition potentially requiring debridement, and which may permanently disfigure the ear.
 * Suture complications: suture extrusion in the retroauricular sulcus (the groove behind the ear) is the most common otoplastic complication following corrective surgery. Such extruded sutures are easy to remove, but the extrusion occurrence might be associated with granulomas, which are painful and unattractive. This complication might be avoided by using absorbable sutures; to which effect, monofilament sutures are likelier to protrude, but have a lesser incidence rate of granulomas, whereas braided sutures are unlikely to protrude, but have a greater incidence rate of granulomas.
 * Overcorrection and unnatural contour: the most common, but significant, complication of otoplasty is overcorrection, which can be minimized by the surgeon's detailed attention to the functional principles of the surgical technique employed. Hence, function over form minimizes the creation of the unnatural contours characteristic of the "technically perfect ear".

Incidence of ear deformity
Approximately 20–30 per cent of newborn children are born with deformities of the external ear (auricle) that can occur either in utero (congenitally) or in the birth canal (acquired). The possible defects and deformities include protuberant ears ("bat ears"); pointed ears ("elfin ears"); helical rim deformity, wherein the superior portion of the ear lacks curvature; cauliflower ear, which appears as if crushed; lop ear, wherein the upper portion of the auricle is folded onto itself; and others. Such deformities usually are self-correcting, but, if at 1 week of age, the child's external ear deformity has not self-corrected, then either surgical correction (otoplasty 5–6 years of age) or non-surgical correction (tissue molding) is required to achieve an ear of normal proportions, contour, and appearance.

Tissue molding
In the early weeks of infancy, the cartilage of the infantile auricle is unusually malleable, because of the remaining maternal estrogens circulating in the organism of the child. During that biochemically privileged period, prominent ears, and related deformities, can be permanently corrected by molding the auricles (ears) to the correct shape, either by the traditional method of taping, with tape and soft dental compound (e.g. gutta-percha latex), or solely with tape; or with non-surgical tissue-molding appliances, such as custom-made, defect-specific splints designed by the physician. Therapeutically, the splint-and-adhesive-tape treatment regimen is months-long, and continues until achieving the desired outcome, or until there is no further improvement in the contour of the auricle, likewise, with the custom and commercial tissue-molding devices.

Taping
The traditional, non-surgical correction of protuberant ears is taping them to the head of the child, in order to "flatten" them into the normal configuration. The physician effects this immediate correction to take advantage of the maternal estrogen-induced malleability of the infantile ear cartilages during the first 6 weeks of their life. The taping approach can involve either adhesive tape and a splinting material, or only adhesive tape; the specific deformity determines the correction method. This non-surgical correction period is limited, because the extant maternal estrogens in the child's organism diminish within 6–8 weeks; afterwards, the ear cartilages stiffen, thus, taping the ears is effective only for correcting "bat ears" (prominent ears), and not the serious deformities that require surgical re-molding of the auricle to produce an ear of normal size, contour, and proportions. Furthermore, ear correction by splints and tape requires the regular replacement of the splints and the tape, and especial attention to the child's head for any type of skin erosion, because of the cumulative effects of the mechanical pressures of the splints proper and the adhesive of the fastener tape.

Physician-designed splints
Congenital ear deformities are defined as either malformations (microtia, cryptotia) or deformations, wherein the term "ear deformation" implies a normal chondrocutaneous component with an abnormal auricular architecture. The conditions are categorized as constricted ears, Stahl's ear deformity, and prominent ears, which derive from varied causes, such as the abnormal development and functioning of the intrinsic and extrinsic ear muscles, which might generate forces that deform the auricle; and external forces consequent to malpositioning of the head during the prenatal and neonatal periods of the child's life. A study, Postpartum Splinting of Ear Deformities (2005), reported the efficacy of splinting the ears of a child during the early neonatal period as a safe and effective non-surgical treatment for correcting congenital ear deformities. The study used a variety of physician-designed, physician-fabricated and commercially fabricated splints, such as a wire core segment in 6-French silastic tubing, self-adhering foam, temporary stopping with dental material, dental waxes, thermoplastic materials and other commercial ear-splint devices.

title: Otoplasty


text:
Bruce Coville

Bruce Farrington Coville (, born May 16, 1950) is an author of young adult fiction. Coville was first published in 1977 and has written over 100 books.

Biography
Coville was born on May 16, 1950, in Syracuse, New York, where he resided. Bruce Coville's father (born Arthur Farrington) was adopted by his aunt, where he adopted her surname of Coville. Growing up in what he called "farm country", Coville realized his bisexuality in his teens. While waiting to publish his first novel, Coville was employed in a number of professions including toymaker, gravedigger, cookware salesman, assembly line worker, and elementary school teacher working with second grade students and fourth grade students. Coville is wed to Katherine née Dietz (married when Coville was nineteen), and the two of them have three children: "a son, Orion, born in 1970; a daughter, Cara, born in 1975; and another son, Adam, born in 1981."

Literature
Coville began his love of books as a child, reading "Nancy Drew, the Hardy Boys, Tom Swift, and zillions of comic books". He read "books that made [him] laugh, but also made [him] shiver in terror." Wanting to impart those sorts of feeling to others is what spurred his love of writing. Coville knew he wanted to be a writer by his mid-teens, and by age 19 he "never looked back." His first book, The Foolish Giant, a picture book illustrated by his wife, Katherine Coville, was published in 1977.

With no set paradigm for writing, Coville has successfully tried everything from writing from a strict outline to "writing from the seat of my pants." , he uses what he calls an "ever-expanding outline" where he outlines the beginning and end of a novel, and works to fill in the middle later.

Coville has written over 100 books for young adults, with translations in over a dozen languages. He has said that even with over 100 books under his belt, it gets harder and harder to write each successive book; he's concerned with maintaining his level of quality and not repeating himself.

Coville is also the co-founder of Full Cast Audio, an audiobook company devoted to recording full-cast, unabridged copies of young adult fiction.

Awards
Coville has been the recipient of three Golden Duck Awards. He won first in 1992 for the novel My Teacher Glows in the Dark, in 2000 for I Was a 6th Grade Alien, and in 2006 for producing an audio adaptation of Robert A. Heinlein's The Rolling Stones.

In 2000, NESFA presented Coville with the Skylark Award for contributing significantly to science fiction, both through work in the field and by exemplifying the personal qualities which made the late "Doc" Smith well-loved by those who knew him.

In 2012, Coville was the 23rd recipient of the "Empire State Award for Excellence in Literature for Young People" as awarded by the New York Library Association.

title: Bruce Coville


text:
Mike Hunter (politician)

Mike Hunter (born May 7, 1947) was a Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia for the riding of Nanaimo, he served in that capacity from 2001 to 2005. He was the first non-New Democrat elected in the riding since the 1969 provincial election. As of May 2024, he is the last non-New Democrat to be elected in the riding.

Prior to becoming a politician, Hunter was the head of the British Columbia Fisheries Council, an industry association of companies active in the west coast fishery of Canada. He was also involved with the British Columbia Seafood Sector Council, a joint business-labour organization that promoted collaborative solutions to problems in the British Columbia seafood processing industry.

In the 2005 provincial election, Hunter lost his seat to former NDP leadership candidate Leonard Krog.

title: Mike Hunter (politician)


text:
Below the Salt

Below the Salt is the fourth studio album by Steeleye Span and their first after they joined the Chrysalis label. The album takes medieval influence and combines it with the band's British folk rock style. The lineup on the album includes Bob Johnson and Rick Kemp making their debuts in the band. By this point, Ashley Hutchings had left the band, leaving Tim Hart and Maddy Prior as the only remaining founding members.

The album was recorded in May and June 1972 at Sound Techniques studios in Chelsea, London. Tracks were mainly chosen by Hart and Prior, but it was Johnson who suggested the band add their Christmas hit "Gaudete". They self-produced the album because they could not yet find a replacement after Sandy Roberton departed.

"Gaudete" became the band's first hit, reaching number 14 on the UK charts. To give the impression of the choristers approaching and then moving away, the song was given a long fade-in and -out on the album. The single release, however, featured no fade.

The album reached number 43 in the UK album charts.

It was issued on CD by Shanachie Records in 1988 (79039).

Track listing
All songs on the album are Traditional, adapted by Steeleye Span; sources as identified by Tim Hart in the album liner notes
 * 1) "Spotted Cow" collected from Harry Cox of Norfolk — 3:09
 * 2) "Rosebud in June" from the Journals of The Folk-Song Society collected from William King by Cecil Sharp in Somerset, 1904 — 3:42
 * 3) "Jigs: The Bride's Favourite/Tansey's Fancy" — 3:13
 * 4) "Sheep-crook and Black Dog" collected by Ewan McColl [sic] from Queen Caroline Hughes, a Roma then living in Dorset — 4:44
 * 5) "Royal Forester" from the singing of John Strachan, first appeared in Halfway to Paradiddle (1293), an elementary drum tutor by Anchovy Ram — 4:35
 * 6) "King Henry" #32 from The English and Scottish Popular Ballads edited by Francis James Child — 7:10
 * 7) "Gaudete" (from Piae Cantiones, 1582) — 2:26
 * 8) "John Barleycorn" collected by Fred Hamer from Billy Bartle in Bedfordshire, dedicated to Margaret Hamer — 4:49
 * 9) "Saucy Sailor" from the Journals of the Folk-Song Society collected by George Butterworth in Sussex, 1907 — 5:53

Personnel

 * Steeleye Span
 * Maddy Prior - vocals
 * Tim Hart - vocals, Appalachian dulcimer, guitar
 * Peter Knight - violin, viola, mandolin, banjo, piano, vocals
 * Rick Kemp - bass, drums, vocals
 * Bob Johnson - guitar, vocals

title: Below the Salt


text:
Craig Stadler

Craig Robert Stadler (born June 2, 1953) is an American professional golfer who has won numerous tournaments at both the PGA Tour and Champions Tour level, including one major championship, the 1982 Masters Tournament.

Early life
Stadler was born in San Diego, California. His father introduced him to golf at age four, and he displayed a talent for golf early in life. Stadler attended La Jolla High School He won the 1973 U.S. Amateur, while attending the University of Southern California, where he was a teammate of future PGA Tour winners Mark Pfeil and Scott Simpson. Stadler was an All-American all four years – first-team his sophomore and junior years; second-team his freshman and senior years. Stadler finished college in 1975 and turned professional in 1976.

Professional career
Stadler won his first two PGA Tour events in 1980, at the Bob Hope Desert Classic and the Greater Greensboro Open. His career year was 1982 when he won four PGA Tour events including the Masters Tournament after a playoff with Dan Pohl and the World Series of Golf at the end of the year. Stadler won the money list for the only time. His next win was at the 1984 Byron Nelson Classic.

Despite playing relatively well, Stadler did not win a PGA Tour event for over 7 years (May 1984 – November 1991) during the heart of his career. During this period he recorded six runner-up performances and dozens of top-10s on the PGA Tour. He had more success at winning international tournaments. He won the 1985 Swiss Open on the European Tour and the 1987 Dunlop Phoenix Tournament on the Japan Golf Tour. He had great success at the Scandinavian Enterprise Open too, an official event on the European Tour, finishing runner-up at the 1983 and 1986 events until finally winning in 1990. His winless streak in America was broken at the final event of the 1991 season, defeating Russ Cochran in a playoff at the Tour Championship. Stadler won the B.C. Open in 2003, becoming the first player over age 50 to win a PGA Tour event in 28 years and the first player ever to win on the PGA Tour after he had won on the Champions Tour. He won 13 PGA Tour events in all, and played on the 1983 and 1985 Ryder Cup teams. In 1994 he was the featured coach for the Sega Saturn video game Pebble Beach Golf Links. In 1996 he appeared as himself in the film Tin Cup.

Stadler began playing on the Champions Tour upon becoming eligible in June 2003. His greatest successes came during his first two years of eligibility; he was the leading money winner in his first full year on that tour in 2004. Stadler underwent total left-hip-replacement surgery in Los Angeles on September 15, 2010, which limits his playing time. Stadler announced that the 2014 Masters Tournament, his 38th and in which he played with Kevin, was his last.

Personal life
Very popular with the galleries, Stadler is affectionately called "The Walrus" for his portly build and ample mustache. He lives in Denver, Colorado. His son Kevin is also a PGA Tour champion. Stadler and his son Kevin are the only father and son who have both won on both the PGA Tour and the European Tour. Stadler's brother Gary Stadler is a Billboard-charting recording artist.

Amateur wins

 * 1973 U.S. Amateur
 * 1975 Southwestern Amateur

PGA Tour wins (13)
PGA Tour playoff record (3–3)

European Tour wins (3)
European Tour playoff record (1–1)

South American Tour wins (1)

 * 1992 Argentine Open

Other wins (4)
Other playoff record (1–1)

Champions Tour wins (9)
Champions Tour playoff record (1–2)

Wins (1)
1Defeated Pohl with par on first extra hole.

Results timeline
{{legend|lime|Win}} {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the halfway cut (3rd round cut in 1975 and 1985 Open Championships) WD = withdrew "T" indicates a tie for a place.

Summary

 * Most consecutive cuts made – 11 (1990 PGA – 1993 U.S. Open)
 * Longest streak of top-10s – 2 (twice)

Results in The Players Championship
{{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the halfway cut "T" indicates a tie for a place

Results in World Golf Championships
1Cancelled due to 9/11 {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play NT = No tournament

U.S. national team appearances
Amateur
 * Walker Cup: 1975 (winners)

Professional
 * Ryder Cup: 1983 (winners), 1985
 * UBS Cup: 2003 (tie), 2004 (winners)
 * Wendy's 3-Tour Challenge (representing Champions Tour): 2003, 2004, 2005 (winners), 2006

title: Craig Stadler


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject NASCAR

Welcome to WikiProject NASCAR. Several Wikipedians have formed this collaboration resource and group dedicated to improving Wikipedia's coverage of NASCAR and the organization of information and articles on this topic. This page and its subpages contain their suggestions and various resources; it is hoped that this project will help to focus the efforts of other Wikipedians interested in the topic. If you would like to help, please join the project, inquire on the talk page and see the to-do list below.

Goals

 * 1) To divide the subject of NASCAR into appropriate subtopics
 * 2) To gather complete and accurate information in all NASCAR-related articles
 * 3) To standardize the appearance of NASCAR-related pages, such as articles on races, drivers, and teams, as well as race reports and season summaries
 * 4) To improve NASCAR and as many related pages as possible to Featured Article standard

Scope

 * All three national championships (NASCAR Cup Series, NASCAR Xfinity Series, NASCAR Camping World Truck Series)
 * All current and former regional series' championships (also known as NASCAR Home Tracks)
 * People who are related to the sport directly, such as drivers, crew chiefs, owners, and other notable figures.

Guidelines and standards
For the entire list of article guidelines and standards, see WikiProject NASCAR/Standards.

Open tasks
For more open tasks, see WikiProject NASCAR/To-do.

Featured content
For a more complete list of featured content, see WikiProject NASCAR/featured content.

• 2006 Bank of America 500
 * Featured articles

• 2006 Subway 500

• 2006 UAW-Ford 500

• 2007 AT&T 250

• 2007 Coca-Cola 600

• 2008 UAW-Dodge 400

• 2010 Sylvania 300

• 2012 Budweiser Shootout

• List of NASCAR race wins by Jeff Gordon
 * Featured lists

• 1998 Pepsi 400
 * Good articles

• 2003 Food City 500

• 2006 Bank of America 500

• 2006 Banquet 400

• 2006 Bass Pro Shops MBNA 500

• 2007 Dodge Dealers 400

• 2007 Toyota/Save Mart 350

• 2007 UAW-Ford 500

• 2008 AMP Energy 500

• 2009 AAA 400

• 2009 Checker O'Reilly Auto Parts 500

• 2009 Dickies 500

• 2009 Ford 400

• 2009 Samsung 500

• 2009 Sylvania 300

• 2010 AAA 400

• 2010 Air Guard 400

• 2010 Auto Club 500

• 2010 Carfax 400

• 2010 Crown Royal Presents the Heath Calhoun 400

• 2010 Emory Healthcare 500

• 2010 Food City 500

• 2010 Ford 400

• 2010 Goody's Fast Pain Relief 500

• 2010 Heluva Good! Sour Cream Dips 400

• 2010 Irwin Tools Night Race

• 2010 Kobalt Tools 500 (Phoenix)

• 2010 LifeLock.com 400

• 2010 Pepsi Max 400

• 2010 Price Chopper 400

• 2010 Showtime Southern 500

• 2010 Toyota/Save Mart 350

• 2011 Brickyard 400

• 2011 Budweiser Shootout

• 2011 Coca-Cola 600

• 2011 Daytona 500

• 2011 Kobalt Tools 400

• 2011 Subway Fresh Fit 500

• 2012 Daytona 500

• 2012 Gatorade Duels

• 2012 Bojangles' Southern 500

• 2013 Mudsummer Classic

• Mario Andretti

• Auto Club Speedway

• Hailie Deegan

• Harley J. Earl Trophy

• A. J. Foyt IV

• Sam Hornish Jr.

• International Speedway Corporation

• Alan Kulwicki

• David Pearson (racing driver)

• Jeffrey Pollack

• Tim Richmond

• Shawna Robinson

• Bruton Smith

 * Featured pictures

New articles
Any new articles that have an interesting or unusual fact in them, are at least over 1,500 characters, don't have any dispute templates on them, and cite their sources, should be suggested for the Did you know? box on the Wikipedia Main Page.

Assessment
For more information regarding the assessment of articles, see the assessment subpage.

Templates

 * Talk page templates
 * Please see our Assessment department for usage instructions.

 * WikiProject NASCAR is to be placed on the corresponding talk page of an article. This helps categorize the articles!  See example below:

 * Stub templates:
 * NASCAR-stub is for stub articles relating to NASCAR.
 * NASCAR-bio-stub is for stub biography articles relating to NASCAR.
 * General use:
 * Infobox NASCAR driver is an infobox for the drivers in NASCAR.
 * Infobox sportsperson is an infobox for the crew chiefs and other team members in NASCAR.
 * Infobox NASCAR team is an infobox for the teams in NASCAR.
 * NASCAR former team is an infobox for the former teams of NASCAR.
 * Motorsport venue is an infobox for the venues of NASCAR and Motorsport.
 * Infobox motor race is an infobox for the overall race in NASCAR. (Ex: Daytona 500)
 * Infobox NASCAR race report is an infobox for races throughout the season in NASCAR. (Ex: 2010 Food City 500)
 * Racing-Reference driver is a template to add links to racing-reference.info for drivers.
 * Racing-Reference owner is a template to add links to racing-reference.info for car owners.
 * Racing-Reference crewchief is a template to add links to racing-reference.info for crew chiefs.
 * Navigation:
 * NASCAR is a navigational template for NASCAR related articles.
 * NASCAR Sprint Cup Championship is a navigational template for the seasons in the NASCAR Cup Series.
 * NASCAR Xfinity Series Championship is a navigational template for the seasons in the Xfinity Series.
 * NASCAR Truck Series Championship is a navigational template for the seasons in the Camping World Truck Series.
 * ARCA Menards Series is a navigational template for the seasons in the ARCA Menards Series.
 * ARCA Menards Series East is a navigational template for the seasons in the ARCA Menards Series East.
 * ARCA Menards Series West is a navigational template for the seasons in the ARCA Menards Series West.
 * NASCAR Stock V6 Series Championship is a navigational template for the seasons in the Stock V6 Series.
 * NASCAR Toyota Series Championship is a navigational template for the seasons in the PEAK Mexico Series.
 * NASCAR Pinty's Series Championship is a navigational template for the seasons in the Pinty's Series.
 * NASCAR Whelen Euro Series Championship is a navigational template for the seasons in the Whelen Euro Series.
 * Motorsport season is an infobox showing the previous and next season in NASCAR.
 * Monster Energy NASCAR Cup races is a navigational template for the races in the NASCAR Cup Series.
 * NASCAR Xfinity Series races is a navigational template for the races in the Xfinity Series.
 * NASCAR Truck Series races is a navigational template for the races in the Camping World Truck Series.
 * NASCAR Toyota Series racesis a navigational template for the races in the PEAK Mexico Series.
 * NASCAR next race is a navbox showing the previous and next race.
 * NASCAR video games is a navigational template for all NASCAR-related video games.
 * NASCAR Sprint Cup Champions is a navigational template showing the champions of the NASCAR Cup Series.
 * NASCAR Xfinity Series Champions is a navigational template for the champions in the Xfinity Series.
 * NASCAR Truck Series Champions is a navigational template showing the champions of the Camping World Truck Series.
 * NASCAR Toyota Series' Champions is a navigational template showing the champions of the PEAK Mexico Series.
 * NASCAR Sprint Cup Series racetracks is a navigational template showing the NASCAR Cup Series tracks.
 * NASCAR Xfinity Series racetracks is a navigational template showing the Xfinity Series tracks.
 * NASCAR Truck Series racetracks is a navigational template showing the Camping World Truck Series tracks.
 * ARCA tracks is a navigational template showing the ARCA Menards Series tracks.
 * ARCA Menards Series (East / West) racetracks is a navigational template showing the ARCA Menards Series East/West tracks.
 * NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour racetracks is a navigational template showing the Whelen Modified Tour tracks.
 * NASCAR Pinty's Series racetracks is a navigational template showing the Pinty's Series tracks.
 * NASCAR Toyota Series racetracks is a navigational template showing the PEAK Mexico Series tracks.
 * NASCAR Whelen Euro Series racetracks is a navigational template showing the Whelen Euro Series tracks.
 * For a full list of navigational templates: Category:NASCAR templates

 * Lists, tables, and timelines
 * NASCAR driver results legend is for the NASCAR results table.
 * Userpage templates and awards
 * WikiProject NASCAR Award is an award given to any member of the project for their valued contributions.
 * User WP NASCAR is for UBX tags. It adds the page to Category:WikiProject NASCAR participants. If you do not wish to display this template, add the category by regular means to your user page.

Related WikiProjects
WikiProject Motorsport
 * Parent project
 * Similar projects
 * WikiProject A1 Grand Prix
 * WikiProject American Open Wheel Racing
 * WikiProject Australian motorsport
 * WikiProject British motorsport
 * WikiProject Formula One
 * WikiProject Motorcycle racing
 * WikiProject Sports Car Racing
 * WikiProject Superleague Formula
 * WikiProject World Rally

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject NASCAR


text:
Aboriginal Voices Radio Network

Aboriginal Voices Radio Network (rebranded as Voices Radio in 2014) was a Canadian radio network, which primarily broadcast music programming and other content of interest to aboriginal people. As of June 2015, the network operated stations in Toronto, Ontario (where its studios and offices were located), Calgary and Edmonton in Alberta, and Vancouver, British Columbia. All of its stations were licensed as rebroadcasters of its flagship station, CKAV-FM in Toronto. The network's administrative office was located in Ohsweken, Ontario, on the Six Nations Indian reserve near Brantford. The stations' music programming consisted mainly of adult contemporary music (including both mainstream and indigenous artists), along with specialty programs focusing on aboriginal-oriented content.

On June 25, 2015, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission revoked Voices Radio's broadcast licences effective July 25, 2015, citing a long-term history of non-compliance with conditions of their licences. The CRTC issued a call for applications for new radio services in the markets vacated by the network, with special priority given to new First Nations services. The suspension was stayed on July 23, 2015, by the Federal Court of Appeal, pending the outcome of a request for a leave to appeal the CRTC's decision. The stay was lifted on November 10, 2016, when AVR lost its appeal and the network left the air shortly afterwards.

History
Aboriginal Voices Radio Network (AVR) was founded in 1998 by a group of high-profile aboriginal Canadians, including actor Gary Farmer, playwright, novelist and author Tomson Highway, filmmaker Alanis Obomsawin and actress/producer Jennifer Podemski. The brand descended from Aboriginal Voices magazine, edited by Farmer, which published from 1993 to 1999, and Aboriginal Voices Festival which ran annually in Toronto from 1998 to 2000. Other founders and key contributors to creation of the network included project manager and training coordinator Brian Wright-McLeod, Christopher Spence and Andre Morriseau (production and programming), John Matthews and Mark MacLeod (licensing), Robert Templeton and J. Robert Wood (corporate funding), Elaine Bomberry, David Deleary, Sherman Maness, Nicole Robertson, Minnie Two Shoes and Doug Bingley (strategic advice). The network's original scope was to feature programming produced primarily by and for Aboriginal people in Canada, featuring music and personalities from around the world.

AVR's first station, CFIE-FM in Toronto, was licensed by the CRTC in 2000. CFIE changed its callsign to CKAV in 2006. AVR had previously operated on 106.3 FM (JUMP FM) for a short 6 day period in 1998 during the Aboriginal Voices Festival at Harbourfront Centre in Toronto. The network faced technical and logistical problems which have prevented it from launching some of its stations; and the original found here and management were forced out by 2004. The network had applied to the CRTC for extensions five or six times as of the end of 2005. Since then, however, the network had moved forward with most of the approved licenses.

In 2009, the network surrendered its licenses for transmitters in Kitchener, Ontario (CKAV-FM-8, 102.5 MHz) and Montreal (CKAV-FM-10, 106.7 MHz). On August 20, 2009, the CRTC approved an application by Canadian Hellenic Cable Radio (CHCR) to amend the broadcasting licence for its station in Montreal at 106.3 MHz, a second adjacent frequency to CKAV-FM-10 at 106.7 FM, requiring AVR to find an alternative frequency in the event of any interference with the signal of CKAV-FM-10. As of January 2011, CHCR's station, CKIN-FM, has signed on at 106.3 MHz. Another broadcaster, Evanov Communications, has since filed an application for a new station at 106.7 serving the western suburb of Hudson in January 2012; that station, since becoming CHSV-FM, was approved in October 2012.

AVR's outlet in Ottawa, CKAV-FM-9 95.7 MHz was on air until early October 2014, but has been silent since that time. It never returned to air, though it was still listed on its website among the other stations broadcasting.

In December 2014, AVR renamed itself to Voices Radio, as its scope expanded out of the aboriginal realm and more into music from mainstream artists, generally bent towards adult contemporary. In February 2015, Voices Radio began to air old-time radio programs from the United States, nightly from 10 pm to 12 Midnight local time.

Loss of broadcast licensing
On March 11, 2015, Voices Radio applied with the CRTC to renew all five station licences (including the closed Ottawa outlet), which were to expire on August 31, 2015. On June 25, 2015, the CRTC denied the renewals, revoked their broadcast licenses, and ordered Voices Radio to cease broadcasting by July 25, 2015. The commission cited repeated, long-term failures by Voices Radio to adhere to the requirements of its licenses, such as a failure to broadcast a sufficient amount of local news content in each of its markets that reflects stories of interest to their respective aboriginal communities, and failing to submit annual financial and business reports, program logs, and tapes of broadcast days to the CRTC. The CRTC intends to hold a call for applications for new aboriginal-focused broadcasters to take on CKAV's frequencies. The CRTC's suspension of license in all the network's cities, except for Ottawa, was suspended on July 23, 2015, pending an application by the station for a leave to appeal the CRTC's decision. The appeal was heard on November 8, 2016 and on November 10, the Federal Court of Appeal issued a ruling upholding the CRTC's revocation of AVR's licence.

Successors
In August 2015, the CRTC issued a call for new licenses to replace Voices Radio in Toronto, Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton and Ottawa. On February 23, 2016, the CRTC announced that they had received twelve applications for the new stations: two applications for stations in Vancouver, three for Calgary, three for Edmonton, two for Toronto and two for Ottawa. The five organizations that applied were the Aboriginal Multi-Media Society (owner of Alberta's CFWE radio network), Wawatay Native Communications Society, Northern Native Broadcasting (Terrace), VMS Media Group, and First Peoples Radio—a subsidiary of the Aboriginal Peoples Television Network).

The licenses for Voices Radio remained in effect, pending results of their appeal, though the CRTC subsequently announced that Voices Radio's outlets in Calgary and Edmonton had ceased operations, leaving Toronto and Vancouver as being the only stations in the Voices Radio group still broadcasting as of February 2016.

First Peoples Radio was granted licenses to operate stations in Toronto (CFPT-FM) and Ottawa (CFPO-FM) on AVR's former frequencies. Northern Native Broadcasting (Terrace) was awarded AVR's former Vancouver frequency and would broadcast as CKUR-FM, and AVR's former frequencies in Edmonton and Calgary were awarded to the Aboriginal Multi-Media Society. The new Calgary station, CJWE-FM, signed on in June 2018 with a similar format to CFWE; CIWE-FM Edmonton began full broadcasting in February 2021.

Stations
These four stations were on the air at the time of their license revocation:

 * Toronto - CKAV-FM 106.5 MHz
 * Vancouver - CKAV-FM-2, 106.3 MHz
 * Calgary - CKAV-FM-3 88.1 MHz (ceased operation prior to license revocation)
 * Edmonton - CKAV-FM-4 89.3 MHz (ceased operation prior to license revocation)

Ceased operation prior to 2015

 * Kitchener - CKAV-FM-8, 102.5 MHz (on-air from 2008-2009)
 * Ottawa - CKAV-FM-9, 95.7 MHz (on-air 2008-2014)
 * Montreal - CKAV-FM-10, 106.7 MHz (on-air from 2008-2009). In 2003, the station previously applied for 100.1 MHz, but was denied that frequency, due to new station CJEB-FM in Trois-Rivières being awarded the frequency.

Licensed but never launched
Both stations were approved by the CRTC in May 2007 and slated for launch in 2009, but never commenced broadcasting. As of 2022, these frequencies remain unoccupied.
 * Regina - 96.1 MHz
 * Saskatoon - 102.9 MHz

In 2003, Aboriginal Voices Radio was also approved to broadcast on 850 kHz in Abbotsford, British Columbia, following the conversion of Rogers Communications' CKSR to 107.1 MHz. That station never signed on, and the 850 AM frequency remains vacant.

title: Aboriginal Voices Radio Network


text:
User talk:Tlu

Hi! Thanks for uploading Image:Weierfunc1.gif and Image:Weierfunc2.gif. I notice they currently don't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much, hike395 06:18, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tlu


text:
Lauren Collins

Lauren Felice Collins (born August 29, 1986) is a Canadian actress, best known for portraying Paige Michalchuk on Degrassi: The Next Generation. She has also had supporting roles in the films Take the Lead (2006) and Charlie Bartlett (2007). In 2013, she appeared in multiple episodes of the sketch comedy Kroll Show, as well as a recurring guest role in the fourth season of the FX series The Strain (2017).

Early life
Collins was born in Thornhill, Ontario, the daughter of Sari (née Bresver) and Stan Collins. Her father was born in London, England. Collins was raised Jewish. She has one brother, and her first cousin once-removed is Spencer Rice, one of the stars of Kenny vs Spenny. She is a graduate of Thornlea Secondary School.

Career
Collins first began acting in 1998, with roles in various television series including Once a Thief, Noddy and I Was a Sixth Grade Alien. From 2000 to 2001, she had a recurring role on In a Heartbeat before landing the role of Paige Michalchuk on Degrassi: The Next Generation in 2001. She would stay on Degrassi until her departure in 2008.

She also portrayed Derek's ex-girlfriend Kendra on Life with Derek. She has also appeared in numerous theatrical productions, playing the title roles in Alice in Wonderland and the production of Annie, and starring in the made-for-television film Virtual Mom.

In 2006, Collins made her feature film debut in Take the Lead, appearing alongside Antonio Banderas. The following year she appeared in Charlie Bartlett (starring Anton Yelchin and Robert Downey Jr.). In 2008, she co-starred in the direct-to-DVD feature Picture This, opposite Ashley Tisdale and fellow Degrassi alumnus Shenae Grimes. After YouTube celebrity Shane Dawson expressed his interest in watching the Degrassi series, Collins starred in a parody video released March 6, 2010. She once again worked with Disney Channel and Tisdale on the 2011 High School Musical spin-off feature, Sharpay's Fabulous Adventure, playing the role of Tiffani.

From 2013 to 2014, Collins hosted MTV's 1 Girl 5 Gays replacing Aliya Jasmine Sovani, who had been hosting the show for 4 seasons.

In 2014, she co-wrote and starred in the short film Zero Recognition, directed by Ben Lewis, which premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival. Between 2013 and 2014, Collins appeared in four episodes of the sketch comedy series Kroll Show.

Collins reunited with her former Degrassi co-stars, in 2018, for Drake's "I'm Upset" music video.

In 2023, she was cast as a lead, alongside Megan Follows, in a six-part short-form comedy, My Dead Mom.

Personal life
Collins and actor Jonathan Malen married in October 2018. Collins revealed on Instagram that she gave birth to a boy named Charlie Sebastian Malen on March 6, 2020. Their second son, Leo Wilder Malen, was born April 27, 2023.

title: Lauren Collins