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Italic script

Italic script, also known as chancery cursive and Italic hand, is a semi-cursive, slightly sloped style of handwriting and calligraphy that was developed during the Renaissance in Italy. It is one of the most popular styles used in contemporary Western calligraphy.

History

Italic script is based largely on Humanist minuscule, which itself draws on Carolingian minuscule. The capital letters are the same as the Humanist capitals, modeled on Roman square capitals. The Italian scholar Niccolò de' Niccoli was dissatisfied with the lowercase forms of Humanist minuscule, finding it too slow to write. In response, he created the Italic script, which incorporates features and techniques characteristic of a quickly written hand: oblique forms, fewer strokes per character, and the joining of letters. Perhaps the most significant change to any single character was to the form of the a, which he simplified from the two-story form to the one-story form ⟨ɑ⟩ now common to most handwriting styles.

Under the influence of Italic movable type used with printing presses, the style of handwritten Italic script moved toward disjoined, more mannered characters. By the 1550s the Italic script had become so laborious that it fell out of use with scribes.

The style became increasingly influenced by the development of Copperplate writing styles in the eighteenth century. The style of Italic script used today is often heavily influenced by developments made as late as the early 20th century. In the past few decades, the italic script has been promoted in English-speaking countries as an easier-to-learn alternative to traditional styles of cursive handwriting.

In the UK this revival was due in part to the 19th-century artist William Morris. In 1905 Monica Bridges’ book, A New Handwriting for Teachers was published. She was a skilled calligrapher and this book is credited with making italic handwriting fashionable in British schools.

Edward Johnston's book Writing & Illumination & Lettering was published in 1906, Alfred Fairbank's book A Handwriting Manual in 1932 and the Dryad Writing Cards in 1935. These Dryad cards were used for teaching young school children to write an italic hand.

Italics script is considered one of the best examples of Latin cursive writing, and had a great influence on the calligraphic styles that followed throughout Europe. It was developed at a time when the spread of printing technology had already decreed the fall into disuse of manuscript books, consequently shifting the calligraphic attention from the books to the production of single papers and documents, for which handwriting remained an irreplaceable tool. For these needs, it was necessary to write faster than how humanistic script originally allowed, yet just as elegantly, hence the birth of the Italic script with a thinner and slightly inclined style that made it adaptable to more rapid execution. This period also gave birth to the first treatises on calligraphy: among them stands out "La Operina" by Ludovico Vicentino degli Arrighi (c.1475-c.1527).

A modern version called Getty-Dubay Italic was introduced in 1976.

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Talk:Chronic compartment syndrome

I merged the contents of this page with the pre existing discussion of compartment syndrome at fascial compartment. Nothing else links here, so I will mark it for deletion.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Chronic compartment syndrome


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User:JRM/to do

 * Rewrite criticism of Wikipedia into evaluations of Wikipedia. Or haven't you wondered why praise of Wikipedia doesn't exist? Wikipedia runs on the neutral point of view, not Wikinfo's sympathetic point of view.
 * Think about Requests for rollback privileges and try to summarize the differing POVs. Things are taking their usual Wikipedia pace, which is halfway between glacial and petrified.

title: User:JRM/to do


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SR Class 4DD

The SR Class 4DD was an experimental double-decker electric multiple unit built in 1949 and operated by the Southern Railway until 1971. Conceived by Oliver Bulleid for the Southern Railway's commuter line from London Charing Cross to Dartford, the two trains were the only double-decker trains to be used on the mainline railway network in Britain. Whilst commonly used in continental Europe and North America, the restrictive railway loading gauge in the United Kingdom prohibits normal double-decker trains with two fully separated decks.

History
The 4DD was more split-level than truly double-deck because the compartments were alternately high and low to ensure that the overall height of the train was exactly within the clearances necessary to safely pass through tunnels and under bridges. A mock-up was displayed at London Marylebone in 1949 shortly before it was first introduced into service, but an assessment after one year in service revealed that the design would not be the optimum solution to the problems of overcrowding, nor would it help increase capacity, and the decision was made to extend trains from eight coaches to ten coaches by using regular, single-decker multiple units.

The intention to carry more passengers in a train of the same length as other contemporary stock was met, with the two 4-DD units having 1,104 seats compared to 800 in other units of similar age. However it was found that the additional number of passengers meant longer time spent at stations to allow passengers to get on and off. In practice, the upper compartments were cramped and poorly ventilated because the upper-level windows were impossible to open due to tight clearance. To resolve this problem, the compartments were pressure-ventilated, but the equipment proved to be unreliable.

Near the end, they were renumbered 4901 and 4902. 4001 and 4002 were reassigned to another pair of prototype Southern Region four-coach EMUs, the 4-PEPs.

Unusually for an "experiment" they lasted in traffic from 1949 to 1971, undergoing routine maintenance and repaints with no hiccups in their life. The two units were finally withdrawn on 1 October 1971 having travelled approximately 700,000 miles in service.

Preservation
Driving motor cars 13003 and 13004 survive, the former at Kent Locomotives Ltd - Sellindge, Kent, and the latter at the Northamptonshire Ironstone Railway Trust. 13004 was moved to Kent by the Bulleid 4DD group to join 13003 in May 2023. One trailer was also preserved, but it was scrapped when Ashford Steam Centre closed in 1984, in lieu of rent owed. Driving motor cars 13003 and 13004 are now (May 2023) both in the care of Bulleid 4-DD Group, which plans to restore them.

title: SR Class 4DD


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Peter Hartley (cricketer)

Peter John Hartley (born 18 April 1960) is an English first-class cricketer and umpire.

Playing career
Born 18 April 1960, in Keighley West Riding of Yorkshire, Hartley made his debut for Warwickshire in 1982. A right-arm medium fast bowler, he moved to Yorkshire in 1985, and stayed there until 1997, when he relocated to Hampshire. When he retired at the end of the 2000 season, Hartley was Hampshire's opening bowler.

He made his highest first-class score for Yorkshire in a Roses match in 1988, making 127 not out out of a total of 224, while batting at no. 8 and coming to the wicket with his team at 37 for 6. Another highlight of his playing career was playing in the final when Yorkshire won the 1987 Benson & Hedges Cup, a rare triumph for the county in these years.

Hartley represented the England team in a Masters tournament in Sharjah in 1996.

Umpiring career
After retiring as a player, Hartley became an umpire, making his first-class umpiring debut in 2003. Between 2006 and 2009 he officiated in international cricket, taking charge of six one day international matches and three Twenty20 international matches. He continues to stand in List A and first-class cricket matches.

As of 2021, he remains a member of the England and Wales Cricket Board's umpire list.

title: Peter Hartley (cricketer)


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Talk:Fascial compartment

Untitled
There was already a topic of compartment syndrome here so I merged in a stub on chronic compartment syndrome. I suppose compartment syndrome might qualify to be moved to its own page, currently it redirects here. Osmodiar 14:41, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Grammar
I'm afraid the level of english grammar is not very high on this page. For example, "Compartment syndrome is an acute medical problem following injury or surgery in which increased pressure (usually caused by inflammation) within a compartment."

Where is the verb here?

Perhaps this could be rewritten as: "Compartment syndrome is an acute medical problem following injury or surgery in which increased pressure (usually caused by inflammation) **occurs** within a compartment.

title: Talk:Fascial compartment


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Adolf Brudes

Adolf Brudes von Breslau (15 October 1899 – 5 November 1986) was a Formula One driver from Germany and a member of German nobility. He started racing motorcycles in 1919. As an owner of a BMW and Auto Union dealership in Breslau, he had the opportunities to go racing, which he did from 1928 onwards, initially in hillclimbs. After World War II wiped out his business, he moved to Berlin and for a while became a mechanic, wherever he could find jobs. However he soon was back racing, and he continued until 1968, in hillclimbs – an amazing career of 49 years! He participated in one World Championship Grand Prix, the 1952 Großer Preis von Deutschland, but scored no championship points. He also participated in several non-Championship Formula One races.

Pre-War Career
Adolf was born in Kotulin, near Breslau. Today, Breslau is known as Wrocław, and is in Poland. Back in 1899, it was part of the German Reich.

He began his racing career on two wheels as early as 1919. Between 1924 and 1927, he was the master mechanic and works rider for motorcycle manufacturer Victoria. In 1925, the company added a Root blower to their 2-cylinder ohv 597cc flat engine. A year later, Brudes set a Land Speed Record of 102½ mph (165 km/h), riding one of these bikes.

Adolf wished to race at a higher level, and with that in mind, he started racing cars alongside the bikes in 1928. He purchased a Bugatti Type 37A with which he went hillclimbing mostly in Poland, taking a number of overall and class victories. Meanwhile, he established a BMW and Auto Union dealership in Breslau. By 1934, he had added a Bugatti Type 35B and a MG C-type to his stable, and it was with the MG, he scored a class victory in the 1934 Eifelrennen at the Nürburgring.

1936 saw Adolf take part on an Auto Union driver evaluation test, but the driver when to another driver. Not to be put off by this set back, he acquired a BMW 328. After some excellent results, he earns himself place in their works squad of the 1938 Spa 24 Hours race. Partnered by Paul Heinemann, the finish fourth overall, second in class. Also would also go on to record a podium finish in the 1940 Mille Miglia. The race ran over a shortened course, under the title of Gran Premio Bescia delle Mille Miglia. Brudes was paired with Ralph Röese in a BMW 328 spider, finished third.

Post-War Career
With the outbreak, naturally racing stopped. Once the war ended, Brudes' situation was much changed and by 1945, he had lost everything. His family were forced to move to Sedlitz, a small town in east of Germany where his brothers lived. After numerous odd jobs, he moved to Berlin looking for work. He found work at the BMW dealer in Halensee, when he was introduced to an American officer who was interested in racing, Alexander Orley. Brudes was employed to prepared BMW coupés for Orley to race. When Brudes resuming his own racing career, it was driving one of Orley's BMW Orley Speciale, based upon the Vertias-Meteor. It was in this car, he took part in his only World Championship Grand Prix, 1952 Großer Preis von Deutschland. His race latest only 5 laps behind him retired with engine problems. A few years earlier, he received an invitation from August Momberger to drive the new Borgward sports cars, in a number of record attempts. In October 1953, in a very streamlined 1500cc sports car with lightweight twin tube chassis, he set a number of speed and endurance records at L'autodrome de Linas-Monthlhéry. During the season of 1953, he was finally given a contract by Borgward and became an official works driver. When the team took their steps into international motorsport, Brudes was amongst the squad of drivers. Their first event was the 24 Heures du Mans, with a trio of Borgward-Hansa 1500 Rennsport Coupés. Brudes's car would run out of fuel just after three hours of racing.

He would continue to race until 1968, when he made his last competitive appearance on the Taunus Hillclimb, where in an Alfa Romeo Giulia, he finished third in class.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

title: Adolf Brudes


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Talk:Medway Megaliths

I have reverted the moving of Cossington and Great Tottington as they are settlements if not villages and appending megalith to the names is inaccurate (there are several stones) and not a common name. adamsan 14:42, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Can "The tombs are all located between Maidstone and Rochester" be justified? Coldrum stones / Longbarrow is some distance to the west. Perhaps a minor rewording should be considered. LiamE

Other sarsen megaliths
They are the only group of megaliths in eastern England and the only significant megalithic use of sarsen stone outside Wiltshire.

I'm not 100% on this but I think there are some in Dorset. I'll have a look into it. --LiamE 15:16, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I didn't have to look far! The sarsen article cites use in Dorset and Hampshire. Needs a little revision. --LiamE 15:32, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Sure there's natural sarsen elsewhere but I think the source's point was that it isn't used in a megalithic group there. adamsan 16:21, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay I misread that! Anyway it would have been odd that an area with as much neolithic activity and available sarsen as Dorset wouldn't have seen significant use. This, this and flagstones are examples. --LiamE 17:02, 24 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Nice finds, perhaps a change to "signficant structural use of sarsen"? adamsan 17:41, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

 * You're on the edit list for flagstones - you found it before me! Anyway "significant structural use of sarsen" would work. Either that or open up Wiltshire to "Wiltshire and the surrounding/nearby downland" perhaps. Or "outside of the group of neolithic structures centred on Wiltshire" In fact that last one gets my vote. I'll leave the final coice to you. --LiamE 19:00, 24 September 2005

(UTC
 * Sure. Also, if you find any more info for Flagstones then do please add it. It seems to be an interesting site, built after the causewayed enclosures but before the henges. adamsan 19:13, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Medway Megaliths


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Digital currency

Digital currency (digital money, electronic money or electronic currency) is any currency, money, or money-like asset that is primarily managed, stored or exchanged on digital computer systems, especially over the internet. Types of digital currencies include cryptocurrency, virtual currency and central bank digital currency. Digital currency may be recorded on a distributed database on the internet, a centralized electronic computer database owned by a company or bank, within digital files or even on a stored-value card.

Digital currencies exhibit properties similar to traditional currencies, but generally do not have a classical physical form of fiat currency historically that can be held in the hand, like currencies with printed banknotes or minted coins. However, they do have a physical form in an unclassical sense coming from the computer to computer and computer to human interactions and the information and processing power of the servers that store and keep track of money. This unclassical physical form allows nearly instantaneous transactions over the internet and vastly lowers the cost associated with distributing notes and coins: for example, of the types of money in the UK economy, 3% are notes and coins, and 79% as electronic money (in the form of bank deposits). Usually not issued by a governmental body, virtual currencies are not considered a legal tender and they enable ownership transfer across governmental borders.

This type of currency may be used to buy physical goods and services, but may also be restricted to certain communities such as for use inside an online game.

Digital money can either be centralized, where there is a central point of control over the money supply (for instance, a bank), or decentralized, where the control over the money supply is predetermined or agreed upon democratically.

History
Precursory ideas for digital currencies were presented in electronic payment methods such as the Sabre (travel reservation system). In 1983, a research paper titled "Blind Signatures for Untraceable Payments" by David Chaum introduced the idea of digital cash. In 1989, he founded DigiCash, an electronic cash company, in Amsterdam to commercialize the ideas in his research. It filed for bankruptcy in 1998.

e-gold was the first widely used Internet money, introduced in 1996, and grew to several million users before the US Government shut it down in 2008. e-gold has been referenced to as "digital currency" by both US officials and academia. In 1997, Coca-Cola offered buying from vending machines using mobile payments. PayPal launched its USD-denominated service in 1998. In 2009, bitcoin was launched, which marked the start of decentralized blockchain-based digital currencies with no central server, and no tangible assets held in reserve. Also known as cryptocurrencies, blockchain-based digital currencies proved resistant to attempt by government to regulate them, because there was no central organization or person with the power to turn them off.

Origins of digital currencies date back to the 1990s Dot-com bubble. Another known digital currency service was Liberty Reserve, founded in 2006; it lets users convert dollars or euros to Liberty Reserve Dollars or Euros, and exchange them freely with one another at a 1% fee. Several digital currency operations were reputed to be used for Ponzi schemes and money laundering, and were prosecuted by the U.S. government for operating without MSB licenses. Q coins or QQ coins, were used as a type of commodity-based digital currency on Tencent QQ's messaging platform and emerged in early 2005. Q coins were so effective in China that they were said to have had a destabilizing effect on the Chinese Yuan currency due to speculation. Recent interest in cryptocurrencies has prompted renewed interest in digital currencies, with bitcoin, introduced in 2008, becoming the most widely used and accepted digital currency.

Digital currency as a specific type and as a meta-group name
Digital currency is a term that refers to a specific type of electronic currency with specific properties. Digital currency is also a term used to include the meta-group of sub-types of digital currency, the specific meaning can only be determined within the specific legal or contextual case. Legally and technically, there already are a myriad of legal definitions of digital currency and the many digital currency sub-types. Combining different possible properties, there exists an extensive number of implementations creating many and numerous sub-types of digital currency. Many governmental jurisdictions have implemented their own unique definition for digital currency, virtual currency, cryptocurrency, e-money, network money, e-cash, and other types of digital currency. Within any specific government jurisdiction, different agencies and regulators define different and often conflicting meanings for the different types of digital currency based on the specific properties of a specific currency type or sub-type.

Digital versus virtual currency
A virtual currency has been defined in 2012 by the European Central Bank as "a type of unregulated, digital money, which is issued and usually controlled by its developers, and used and accepted among the members of a specific virtual community". The US Department of Treasury in 2013 defined it more tersely as "a medium of exchange that operates like a currency in some environments, but does not have all the attributes of real currency". The US Department of Treasury also stated that, "Virtual currency does not have legal-tender status in any jurisdiction."

According to the European Central Bank's 2015 "Virtual currency schemes – a further analysis" report, virtual currency is a digital representation of value, not issued by a central bank, credit institution or e-money institution, which, in some circumstances, can be used as an alternative to money. In the previous report of October 2012, the virtual currency was defined as a type of unregulated, digital money, which is issued and usually controlled by its developers, and used and accepted among the members of a specific virtual community.

According to the Bank for International Settlements' November 2015 "Digital currencies" report, it is an asset represented in digital form and having some monetary characteristics. Digital currency can be denominated to a sovereign currency and issued by the issuer responsible to redeem digital money for cash. In that case, digital currency represents electronic money (e-money). Digital currency denominated in its own units of value or with decentralized or automatic issuance will be considered as a virtual currency. As such, bitcoin is a digital currency but also a type of virtual currency. Bitcoin and its alternatives are based on cryptographic algorithms, so these kinds of virtual currencies are also called cryptocurrencies.

Digital versus cryptocurrency
Cryptocurrency is a sub-type of digital currency and a digital asset that relies on cryptography to chain together digital signatures of asset transfers, peer-to-peer networking and decentralization. In some cases a proof-of-work or proof-of-stake scheme is used to create and manage the currency. Cryptocurrencies can allow electronic money systems to be decentralized. When implemented with a blockchain, the digital ledger system or record keeping system uses cryptography to edit separate shards of database entries that are distributed across many separate servers. The first and most popular system is bitcoin, a peer-to-peer electronic monetary system based on cryptography.

Digital versus traditional currency
Most of the traditional money supply is bank money held on computers. They are considered digital currency in some cases. One could argue that our increasingly cashless society means that all currencies are becoming digital currencies, but they are not presented to us as such.

Centralized systems
Currency can be exchanged electronically using debit cards and credit cards using electronic funds transfer at point of sale.

Mobile digital wallets
A number of electronic money systems use contactless payment transfer in order to facilitate easy payment and give the payee more confidence in not letting go of their electronic wallet during the transaction.
 * In 1994 Mondex and National Westminster Bank provided an "electronic purse" to residents of Swindon
 * In about 2005 Telefónica and BBVA Bank launched a payment system in Spain called Mobipay which used simple short message service facilities of feature phones intended for pay-as-you-go services including taxis and pre-pay phone recharges via a BBVA current bank account debit.
 * In January 2010, Venmo launched as a mobile payment system through SMS, which transformed into a social app where friends can pay each other for minor expenses like a cup of coffee, rent and pay a share of the restaurant bill when one has forgotten their wallet. It is popular with college students, but has some security issues. It can be linked to a bank account, credit/debit card or have a loaded value to limit the amount of loss in case of a security breach. Credit cards and non-major debit cards incur a 3% processing fee.
 * On 19 September 2011, Google Wallet released in the United States to make it easy to carry all one's credit/debit cards on a phone.
 * In 2012 Ireland's O2 (owned by Telefónica) launched Easytrip to pay road tolls which were charged to the mobile phone account or prepay credit.
 * The UK's O2 invented O2 Wallet at about the same time. The wallet can be charged with regular bank accounts or cards and discharged by participating retailers using a technique known as 'money messages'. The service closed in 2014.
 * On 9 September 2014, Apple Pay was announced at the iPhone 6 event. In October 2014 it was released as an update to work on iPhone 6 and Apple Watch. It is very similar to Google Wallet, but for Apple devices only.

Central bank digital currency
A central bank digital currency (CBDC) is a form of universally accessible digital money in a nation and holds the same value as the country's paper currency. Like a cryptocurrency, a CBCD is held in the form of tokens. CBDCs are different from regular digital cash forms like in online bank accounts because CBDCs are established through the central bank within a country, with liabilities held by one's government, rather than from a commercial bank. Approximately nine countries have already established a CBDC, with interest in the system increasing highly throughout the world. In these nations, CBDCs have been used as a form of exchange and a way for governments to try to prevent risks from occurring within their financial systems.

A major problem with central bank digital currencies is deciding whether the currency should be easily trackable. If it's traceable, the government has more control than it currently does. Additionally, there's a technical aspect to consider: whether CBDCs should be based on tokens or accounts and how much anonymity users should have.

Decentralized systems
Digital Currency has been implemented in some cases as a decentralized system of any combination of currency issuance, ownership record, ownership transfer authorization and validation, and currency storage.

Per the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), "These schemes do not distinguish between users based on location, and therefore allow value to be transferred between users across borders. Moreover, the speed of a transaction is not conditional on the location of the payer and payee."

Law
Since 2001, the European Union has implemented the E-Money Directive "on the taking up, pursuit and prudential supervision of the business of electronic money institutions" last amended in 2009.

In the United States, electronic money is governed by Article 4A of the Uniform Commercial Code for wholesale transactions and the Electronic Fund Transfer Act for consumer transactions. Provider's responsibility and consumer's liability are regulated under Regulation E.

Regulation
Virtual currencies pose challenges for central banks, financial regulators, departments or ministries of finance, as well as fiscal authorities and statistical authorities.

Adoption by governments
As of 2016, over 24 countries are investing in distributed ledger technologies (DLT) with $1.4bn in investments. In addition, over 90 central banks are engaged in DLT discussions, including implications of a central bank issued digital currency. In March 2018, the Marshall Islands became the first country to issue their own cryptocurrency and certify it as legal tender; the currency is called the "sovereign".
 * Hong Kong's Octopus card system: Launched in 1997 as an electronic purse for public transportation, is the most successful and mature implementation of contactless smart cards used for mass transit payments. After only 5 years, 25 percent of Octopus card transactions are unrelated to transit, and accepted by more than 160 merchants.
 * London Transport's Oyster card system: Oyster is a plastic smartcard that can hold pay-as-you-go credit, Travelcards and Bus & Tram season tickets. An Oyster card can be used to travel on bus, Tube, tram, DLR, London Overground and most National Rail services in London.
 * Japan's FeliCa: A contactless RFID smart card, used in a variety of ways such as in ticketing systems for public transportation, e-money, and residence door keys.
 * The Netherlands' Chipknip: As an electronic cash system used in the Netherlands, all ATM cards issued by the Dutch banks had value that could be loaded via Chipknip loading stations. For people without a bank, pre-paid Chipknip cards could be purchased at various locations in the Netherlands. As of 1 January 2015, payment can no longer be made with Chipknip.
 * Belgium's Proton: An electronic purse application for debit cards in Belgium. Introduced in February 1995, as a means to replace cash for small transactions. The system was retired on 31 December 2014.

US Commodity Futures Trading Commission guidance
The US Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) has determined virtual currencies are properly defined as commodities in 2015. The CFTC warned investors against pump and dump schemes that use virtual currencies.

US Internal Revenue Service guidance
The US Internal Revenue Service (IRS) ruling Notice 2014-21 defines any virtual currency, cryptocurrency and digital currency as property; gains and losses are taxable within standard property policies.

US Treasury guidance
On 20 March 2013, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network issued a guidance to clarify how the U.S. Bank Secrecy Act applied to persons creating, exchanging, and transmitting virtual currencies.

US Securities and Exchange Commission guidance
In May 2014 the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) "warned about the hazards of bitcoin and other virtual currencies".

New York state regulation
In July 2014, the New York State Department of Financial Services proposed the most comprehensive regulation of virtual currencies to date, commonly called BitLicense. It has gathered input from bitcoin supporters and the financial industry through public hearings and a comment period until 21 October 2014 to customize the rules. The proposal per NY DFS press release "sought to strike an appropriate balance that helps protect consumers and root out illegal activity". It has been criticized by smaller companies to favor established institutions, and Chinese bitcoin exchanges have complained that the rules are "overly broad in its application outside the United States".

Canada
The Bank of Canada has explored the possibility of creating a version of its currency on the blockchain.

The Bank of Canada teamed up with the nation's five largest banks – and the blockchain consulting firm R3 – for what was known as Project Jasper. In a simulation run in 2016, the central bank issued CAD-Coins onto a blockchain similar Ethereum. The banks used the CAD-Coins to exchange money the way they do at the end of each day to settle their master accounts.

China
In 2016, Fan Yifei, a deputy governor of China's central bank, the People's Bank of China (PBOC), wrote that "the conditions are ripe for digital currencies, which can reduce operating costs, increase efficiency and enable a wide range of new applications". According to Fan Yifei, the best way to take advantage of the situation is for central banks to take the lead, both in supervising private digital currencies and in developing digital legal tender of their own.

In October 2019, the PBOC announced that a digital renminbi would be released after years of preparation. The version of the currency, known as DCEP (Digital Currency Electronic Payment), is based on cryptocurrency which can be "decoupled" from the banking system. The announcement received a variety of responses: some believe it is more about domestic control and surveillance.

In December 2020, the PBOC distributed CN¥20 million worth of digital renminbi to the residents of Suzhou through a lottery program to further promote the government-backed digital currency. Recipients of the currency could make both offline and online purchases, expanding on an earlier trial that did not require internet connection through the inclusion of online stores in the program. Around 20,000 transactions were reported by the e-commerce company JD.com in the first 24 hours of the trial. Contrary to other online payment platforms such as Alipay or WeChat Pay, the digital currency does not have transaction fees.

Denmark
The Danish government proposed getting rid of the obligation for selected retailers to accept payment in cash, moving the country closer to a "cashless" economy. The Danish Chamber of Commerce is backing the move. Nearly a third of the Danish population uses MobilePay, a smartphone application for transferring money.

Ecuador
A law passed by the National Assembly of Ecuador gives the government permission to make payments in electronic currency and proposes the creation of a national digital currency. "Electronic money will stimulate the economy; it will be possible to attract more Ecuadorian citizens, especially those who do not have checking or savings accounts and credit cards alone. The electronic currency will be backed by the assets of the Central Bank of Ecuador", the National Assembly said in a statement. In December 2015, Sistema de Dinero Electrónico ("electronic money system") was launched, making Ecuador the first country with a state-run electronic payment system.

El Salvador
On Jun 9, 2021, the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador has become the first country in the world to officially classify Bitcoin as legal currency. Starting 90 days after approval, every business must accept Bitcoin as legal tender for goods or services, unless it is unable to provide the technology needed to do the transaction.

Netherlands
The Dutch central bank is experimenting with a blockchain-based virtual currency called "DNBCoin".

India
The Unified Payments Interface (UPI) is a real-time payment system for instant money transfers between any two bank accounts held in participating banks in India. The interface has been developed by the National Payments Corporation of India and is regulated by the Reserve Bank of India. This digital payment system is available 24 hours a day, every day of the year. UPI is agnostic to the type of user and is used for person to person, person to business, business to person and business to business transactions. Transactions can be initiated by the payer or the payee. To identify a bank account it uses a unique Virtual Payment Address (VPA) of the type 'accountID@bankID'. The VPA can be assigned by the bank, but can also be self specified just like an email address. The simplest and most common form of VPA is 'mobilenumber@upi'. Money can be transferred from one VPA to another or from one VPA to any bank account in a participating bank using account number and bank branch details. Transfers can be inter-bank or intra-bank. UPI has no intermediate holding pond for money. It withdraws funds directly from the bank account of the sender and deposits them directly into the recipient's bank account whenever a transaction is requested. A sender can initiate and authorise a transfer using a two step secure process: login using a pass code → initiate → verify using a passcode. A receiver can initiate a payment request on the system to send the payer a notification or by presenting a QR code. On receiving the request, the payer can decline or confirm the payment using the same two step process: login → confirm → verify. The system is extraordinarily user friendly to the extent that even technophobes and barely literate users are adopting it in huge numbers.

Russia
Government-controlled Sberbank of Russia owns YooMoney – electronic payment service and digital currency of the same name.

Sweden
Sweden is in the process of replacing all of its physical banknotes, and most of its coins by mid-2017. However, the new banknotes and coins of the Swedish krona will probably be circulating at about half the 2007 peak of 12,494 kronor per capita. The Riksbank is planning to begin discussions of an electronic currency issued by the central bank to which "is not to replace cash, but to act as complement to it". Deputy Governor Cecilia Skingsley states that cash will continue to spiral out of use in Sweden, and while it is currently fairly easy to get cash in Sweden, it is often very difficult to deposit it into bank accounts, especially in rural areas. No decision has been currently made about the decision to create "e-krona".

In her speech, Skingsley states: "The first question is whether e-krona should be booked in accounts or whether the ekrona should be some form of a digitally transferable unit that does not need an underlying account structure, roughly like cash." Skingsley also states: "Another important question is whether the Riksbank should issue e-krona directly to the general public or go via the banks, as we do now with banknotes and coins." Other questions will be addressed like interest rates, should they be positive, negative, or zero?

Switzerland
In 2016, a city government first accepted digital currency in payment of city fees. Zug, Switzerland, added bitcoin as a means of paying small amounts, up to CHF200, in a test and an attempt to advance Zug as a region that is advancing future technologies. In order to reduce risk, Zug immediately converts any bitcoin received into the Swiss currency. Swiss Federal Railways, government-owned railway company of Switzerland, sells bitcoins at its ticket machines.

UK
In 2016, the UK's chief scientific adviser, Sir Mark Walport, advised the government to consider using a blockchain-based digital currency.

The chief economist of Bank of England, the central bank of the United Kingdom, proposed the abolition of paper currency. The Bank has also taken an interest in blockchain. In 2016 it has embarked on a multi-year research programme to explore the implications of a central bank issued digital currency. The Bank of England has produced several research papers on the topic. One suggests that the economic benefits of issuing a digital currency on a distributed ledger could add as much as 3 percent to a country's economic output. The Bank said that it wanted the next version of the bank's basic software infrastructure to be compatible with distributed ledgers.

Adoption by financial actors
Government attitude dictates the tendency among established heavy financial actors that both are risk-averse and conservative. None of these offered services around cryptocurrencies and much of the criticism came from them. "The first mover among these has been Fidelity Investments, Boston based Fidelity Digital Assets LLC will provide enterprise-grade custody solutions, a cryptocurrency trading execution platform and institutional advising services 24 hours a day, seven days a week designed to align with blockchain's always-on trading cycle". It will work with Bitcoin and Ethereum with general availability scheduled for 2019.

Hard vs. soft digital currencies
Hard electronic currency does not have the ability to be disputed or reversed when used. It is nearly impossible to reverse a transaction, justified or not. It is very similar to cash. Contrarily, soft electronic currency payments can be reversed. Usually, when a payment is reversed there is a "clearing time." A hard currency can be "softened" with a third-party service.

Criticism
Many existing digital currencies have not yet seen widespread usage, and may not be easily used or exchanged. Banks generally do not accept or offer services for them. There are concerns that cryptocurrencies are extremely risky due to their very high volatility and potential for pump and dump schemes. Regulators in several countries have warned against their use and some have taken concrete regulatory measures to dissuade users. The non-cryptocurrencies are all centralized. As such, they may be shut down or seized by a government at any time. The more anonymous a currency is, the more attractive it is to criminals, regardless of the intentions of its creators. Bitcoin has also been criticised for its energy inefficient SHA-256-based proof of work.

According to Barry Eichengreen, an economist known for his work on monetary and financial economics, "cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin are too volatile to possess the essential attributes of money. Stablecoins have fragile currency pegs that diminish their utility in transactions. And central bank digital currencies are a solution in search of a problem."

title: Digital currency


text: User talk:158.59.199.3

title: User talk:158.59.199.3


text:
Gambia national football team

The Gambia national football team (recognized as The Gambia by FIFA) represents The Gambia in men's international football and is controlled by the Gambia Football Federation. Until 1965, the team and the country were known as British Gambia. The team has never qualified for the World Cup. In 2021, Gambia qualified for the Africa Cup of Nations finals for the first time in history. The team represents both FIFA and Confederation of African Football (CAF).

History
Under the name British Gambia, the team played their first ever game on 9 February 1953 against Sierra Leone, winning 2–1 at home in a friendly. In April 1963, the team entered the L'Amitié tournament in Senegal, a competition mainly for French-speaking nations. They were drawn in a group with France's amateur team, the Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso) and Gabon. Their first match was lost 5–1 to the French amateurs on 11 April. The Gambia drew 2–2 with the Upper Volta on 13 April, and had the same result the very next day versus Gabon. The Gambia did not advance to the next round.

After the tournament in Senegal, the Gambia did not play another match until 16 November 1968, when they travelled to Sierra Leone to play its team in a friendly and lost 2–1. They played again in Sierra Leone in The Gambia's next match on 24 April 1971, and the hosts won 3–1. On 2 May 1971, The Gambia travelled to Guinea for a friendly and lost 4–2. On 14 May 1972, The Gambia returned to Guinea for their first African Games qualifier and lost 8–0 and were knocked out.

In 1975, the Gambia entered its first qualification campaign for the 1976 Summer Olympics in Canada. They were drawn in a qualifier against Guinea, and lost the first leg 1–0 at home on 27 April 1975. The second leg was lost 6–0 in Guinea on 1 June as Guinea advanced 7–0 on aggregate.

In August of that same year, the Gambia entered their first qualification for the African Cup of Nations, with the aim of reaching the 1976 finals in Ethiopia. They were drawn in a two-legged qualifier against Morocco and lost the first leg 3–0 away on 10 August. They lost by the same score in their home leg on 24 August and Morocco advanced 6–0 on aggregate.

After the qualification campaign for the 1976 finals, The Gambia played their first match against a full European side, losing a home friendly 4–1 to Denmark on 30 January 1977.

On 13 October 2002, the team got their biggest ever victory in international competition, a 6–0 victory against Lesotho.

In May 2014, the Gambia was banned from all CAF competitions for two years after deliberately falsifying players' ages.

The nation's fortunes improved in qualification for the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations. Although they failed to qualify, they took it to the final round of games, including drawing twice with African giants Algeria.

On 13 November, in their first Group D match of 2021 Africa Cup of Nations qualification, Gambia defeated Angola 1–3 in Luanda. This was the Scorpions' first away win in an AFCON or FIFA World Cup qualifier ever, at their 40th attempt. An impressive campaign saw them qualify for their first ever major tournament that year. As the lowest-ranked team in the 2021 Africa Cup of Nations, the Gambia defied the odds by defeating favourites Tunisia in the group stage, finishing unbeaten in 2nd place in the group. A further win against Guinea in the Round of 16 saw them reach the quarter-finals at their first attempt, eventually going out to tournament hosts Cameroon.

Home stadium
Independence Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Bakau, Gambia. It is currently used mostly for football matches, although it is also used for music concerts, political events, trade fairs and national celebrations. The stadium holds 30,000 people.

Results and fixtures
The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

Coaching history

 * Hans Heiniger (1987–1992)
 * Sang Ndong (1992-1994)
 * Sang Ndong (1994–2003)
 * 🇩🇪 Antoine Hey (2006–2007)
 * 🇪🇸 José Martínez (2007–2008)
 * 🇧🇪 Paul Put (2008–2011)
 * Peter Bonu Johnson (2011–2012)
 * 🇮🇹 Luciano Mancini (2012–2013)
 * Peter Bonu Johnson (2013–2015)
 * 🇪🇸 Raoul Savoy (2015)
 * Sang Ndong (2016–2018)
 * 🇧🇪 Tom Saintfiet (2018–2024)
 * Johnny McKinstry (2024–)

Current squad
The following players were called up for the 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification matches against Seychelles and Gabon on 8 and 11 June 2024.

Caps and goals correct as of 11 June 2024, after the match against Gabon.

Recent call ups
The following players have also been called up to the Gambia squad within the last twelve months.

WD Player withdrew from the squad due to non-injury issue. INJ Player withdrew from the squad due to an injury. PRE Preliminary squad. RET Player has retired from international football. SUS Suspended from the national team.

Records

 * Players in bold are still active with Gambia.

Honours

 * Amilcar Cabral Cup
 * Runners-up (3): 1980, 1985, 2001

title: Gambia national football team


text:
Eugene Jackson

Eugene W. Jackson II (December 25, 1916 – October 26, 2001) was an American child actor who was a regular of the Our Gang short series during the silent Pathé era.

Career
When he joined the gang, Jackson replaced the series' first black cast member, Ernie Morrison who was billed in the series as Sunshine Sammy, Jackson's characters nickname was "Pineapple" because of his haircut's similarity to the shape of the pineapple fruit.

He played the character "Humidor" in one of Mary Pickford's most successful films, Little Annie Rooney (1925). A large film poster of the cast of Little Annie Rooney, including Jackson, hangs in the lobby of the Mary Pickford Theatre of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in Hollywood.

Jackson also starred in Hearts in Dixie (1929), one of the first all-talking, big-studio productions to boast a predominately African-American cast. He was the first African-American child to have a speaking part in a major motion picture.

In television, Jackson was a recurring character on Julia, the first network sitcom to have a female African-American lead, Diahann Carroll. Jackson played Julia's uncle.

Jackson's last major feature film was The Addams Family (1991) with Anjelica Huston, Raul Julia and Christopher Lloyd. He played a one-armed musician.

Jackson wrote an autobiography in 1999 that contains pictures from his career in show business.

Death
Jackson died of a heart attack in Compton, California on October 26, 2001. He was 84.

Partial filmography

 * Penrod and Sam (1923) - Verman
 * Her Reputation (1923) - Boy pushed into pond
 * Boy of Mine (1923) - Little Boy (uncredited)
 * The Thief of Bagdad (1924) - Child (uncredited)
 * Little Annie Rooney (1925) - Humidor (uncredited)
 * Flirty Four-Flushers (1926, Short) - Boy Eating Watermelon (uncredited)
 * Uncle Tom's Cabin (1927) - Child (uncredited)
 * Little Mickey Grogan (1927) - Dancing Black Boy (uncredited)
 * Hearts in Dixie (1929) - Chinquapin
 * Dixiana (1930) - Cupid - Plantation House Boy (uncredited)
 * Cimarron (1931) - Isaiah
 * Sporting Blood (1931) - Sam "Sammy"
 * Sporting Chance (1931) - Horseshoe
 * Secret Service (1931) - Israel Polk
 * Ladies Crave Excitement (1935) - Lightcrust - Horse Groom (uncredited)
 * Tumbling Tumbleweeds (1935) - Eightball
 * Red River Valley (1936) - Iodine
 * The Lonely Trail (1936) - Harmonica Player / Dancer
 * Hearts in Bondage (1936) - Sam (uncredited)
 * Guns and Guitars (1936) - Eightball
 * Midnight Court (1937) - Garfield Brown (uncredited)
 * It Can't Last Forever (1937) - Jackson Brothers Act (uncredited)
 * Blonde Trouble (1937) - Bootblack (uncredited)
 * Wine, Women and Horses (1937) - Eight Ball
 * Thoroughbreds Don't Cry (1937) - Black Stable Boy (uncredited)
 * The Buccaneer (1938) - James Smith, a Servant
 * Arrest Bulldog Drummond (1938) - Hotel Page Boy (uncredited)
 * Tom Sawyer, Detective (1938) - Boy (uncredited)
 * Kentucky (1938) - Jimmy (uncredited)
 * Rhythm Rodeo (1938) - Tap Dancer
 * The Lady's from Kentucky (1939) - Winfield (uncredited)
 * Reform School (1939) - Pete
 * Boy Friend (1939) - Porter (uncredited)
 * Television Spy (1939) - Tommy (uncredited)
 * The Honeymoon's Over (1939) - Parking Man (uncredited)
 * Seventeen (1940) - Attendant (uncredited)
 * Sporting Blood (1940) - Sam - Lockwood's Horse Groom (uncredited)
 * Melody and Moonlight (1940) - Dancer (uncredited)
 * Golden Hoofs (1941) - Curly (uncredited)
 * Unfinished Business (1941) - Bootblack (uncredited)
 * Reap the Wild Wind (1942) - Dr. Jepson's Black Servant (uncredited)
 * Take My Life (1942) - Bill, Harlem Tuff-Kid Gang Member
 * Reveille with Beverly (1943) - Franklin Delano Lincoln Van Buren Jones (uncredited)
 * What's Buzzin', Cousin? (1943) - Bellboy (uncredited)
 * Scudda Hoo! Scudda Hay! (1948) - Stable Hand - Tony (uncredited)
 * The Story of Seabiscuit (1949) - Stablehand (uncredited)
 * The Killer That Stalked New York (1950) - Bootblack (uncredited)
 * Artists and Models (1955) - Street Saxophonist (uncredited)
 * Jeanne Eagels (1957) - Piccaninny (uncredited)
 * The Long, Hot Summer (1958) - Waiter (uncredited)
 * King Creole (1958) - Saxophonist in Blue Shade (uncredited)
 * North by Northwest (1959) - Security Guard at auction (uncredited)
 * The Gene Krupa Story (1959) - Saxophone Player (uncredited)
 * The Apartment (1960) - Office Worker (uncredited)
 * Two Weeks in Another Town (1962) - Commuter at Airport (uncredited)
 * Critic's Choice (1963) - Audience Member (uncredited)
 * Robin and the 7 Hoods (1964) - Congregation Member (uncredited)
 * Looking for Love (1964) - Office Worker (uncredited)
 * Your Cheatin' Heart (1964) - Theatre Patron (uncredited)
 * Zebra in the Kitchen (1965) - Newsboy (uncredited)
 * Shenandoah (1965) - Gabriel
 * Wild in the Streets (1968) - Congressman (uncredited)
 * Support Your Local Gunfighter (1971) - Waiter Aboard Train (uncredited)
 * Chandler (1971) - Shoe Shine Boy
 * The Carey Treatment (1972) - Doctor (uncredited)
 * Black Girl (1972) - Parishioner (uncredited)
 * Coffy (1973) - Man at Rally (uncredited)
 * 40 Carats (1973) - Party Dancer (uncredited)
 * Cleopatra Jones (1973) - Henry
 * The Day of the Locust (1975) - Doorman (uncredited)
 * All the President's Men (1976) - Reporter (uncredited)
 * Sparkle (1976) - Hotel Bellboy (uncredited)
 * Treasure of Matecumbe (1976) - Man Dancing in the Street (uncredited)
 * Five Days from Home (1978) - Inmate (uncredited)
 * Escape from Alcatraz (1979) - Inmate #7
 * American Gigolo (1980) - Bootblack
 * Off the Wall (1983) - Old Black Man
 * Swing Shift (1984) - Bartender at Kelly's
 * Life Stinks (1991) - Office Janitor (uncredited)
 * The Addams Family (1991) - One-Armed Bass Player

title: Eugene Jackson


text:
Alberto Abadie

Alberto Abadie (born April 3, 1968) is a Spanish economist who has served as a professor of economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology since 2016, where he is also Associate Director of the Institute for Data, Systems, and Society (IDSS). He is principally known for his work in econometrics and empirical microeconomics, and is a specialist in causal inference and program evaluation. He has made fundamental contributions to important areas in econometrics and statistics, including treatment effect models, instrumental variable estimation, matching estimators, difference in differences, and synthetic controls.

Born in the Basque Country in 1968, Abadie received a BA in economics from the Universidad del País Vasco in 1987, where he specialised in mathematical economics and econometrics. He received an MA in economics from the Centro de Estudios Monetarios y Financieros in 1995, and a PhD in economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1999, where his doctoral advisers were Joshua Angrist and Whitney K. Newey. Abadie was appointed an assistant professor of public policy at Harvard University in 1999, where he became an associate professor in 2004, and a full professor in 2005. He returned to the Department of Economics at his alma mater, MIT, in 2016, where he is currently a professor of economics, and Associate Director of the Institute for Data, Systems, and Society (IDSS).

Abadie has been a research associate at the NBER since 2009, where he was a faculty research fellow within its Labor Studies Program from 2002 to 2009. He co-edited the Review of Economics and Statistics from 2007 to 2011, and has served as an associate editor of several academic journals, including Econometrica. He was elected a Fellow of the Econometric Society in 2016, and was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2022.

title: Alberto Abadie


text:
Hippo Press

HippoPress is the publisher of the free weekly newspaper Hippo, based in Manchester, New Hampshire.

History
Hippo, which is independently owned by Jody Reese, Jeff Rapsis and Dan Szczesny, started in January 2001. In 2004 it launched a second edition in Nashua and in 2005 it started a third in Concord. In 2007 the editions were combined into one newspaper with a circulation of 42,000.

In 2009 HippoPress launched Quality of Life Printing and Distribution, a commercial distribution service for other free newspapers and fliers. QOL Distribution circulates publications throughout New Hampshire, Maine and Massachusetts. QOL Printing offers commercial printing. It also handled direct mail and list services.

In 2010, Hippo launched Seacoast Hippo, a free weekly distributed from mid June through mid September, to cover arts, entertainment and events in the Seacoast region of southern Maine, New Hampshire and northern Massachusetts. It has a weekly circulation of 20,000 and is distributed along the coast from Kennebunkport to Newburyport.

The Hippo's parent company, Quality of Life Publication, began some other publications that later folded: a free weekday newspaper in Manchester called the Manchester Daily Express; The Oxx, a semi-weekly circular geared towards males that in the summer of 2007 was turned into a monthly called OxxCycle, covering the state's motorcycling scene, that in 2009 was converted to a semi-yearly glossy magazine before shutting. In 2009, HippoPress purchased The York Independent, a twice-monthly newspaper in York, Maine, that ceased publication around 2011.

title: Hippo Press


text:
Chichimeca

Chichimeca is the name that the Nahua peoples of Mexico generically applied to nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples who were established in present-day Bajío region of Mexico. Chichimeca carried the same meaning as the Roman term "barbarian" that described Germanic tribes. The name, with its pejorative sense, was adopted by the Spanish Empire. In the words of scholar Charlotte M. Gradie, "for the Spanish, the Chichimecas were a wild, nomadic people who lived north of the Valley of Mexico. They had no fixed dwelling places, lived by hunting, wore little clothes and fiercely resisted foreign intrusion into their territory, which happened to contain silver mines the Spanish wished to exploit." Gradie noted that Chichimeca was used as a broad and generalizing term by outsiders, writing, "[it] was used by both Spanish and Nahuatl speakers to refer collectively to many different people who exhibited a wide range of cultural development from hunter-gatherers to sedentary agriculturalists with sophisticated political organizations." They practiced animal sacrifice, and they were feared for their expertise and brutality in war.

The Chichimeca War (1550-1590) ended with the Spanish making favorable peace terms with the Chichimeca. Spanish/Chichimeca interaction resulted in a "drastic population decline in population of all the peoples known collectively as Chichimecas, and to their eventual disappearance as peoples of all save the Pames of San Luis Potosí and the related Chichimeca-Jonaz of the Sierra Gorda in eastern Guanajuato." In modern times, only one ethnic group is customarily referred to as Chichimecs, namely the Chichimeca Jonaz, a few thousand of whom live in the state of Guanajuato.

Etymology
The Nahuatl name Chīchīmēcah (plural, pronounced ; singular Chīchīmēcatl) means "inhabitants of Chichiman," Chichiman meaning "area of milk." It is sometimes said to be related to chichi "dog", but both i's in chichi are short, and both in Chīchīmēcah are long. That changes the meaning, as vowel length is phonemic in Nahuatl.

Ethnohistorical descriptions
In the late sixteenth century, Gonzalo de las Casas wrote about the Chichimec. He had received an encomienda near Durango and fought in the wars against the Chichimec peoples: the Pame, the Guachichil, the Guamare and the Zacateco, who lived in the area known at the time as "La Gran Chichimeca." Las Casas' account was called Report of the Chichimeca and the Justness of the War Against Them. He described the people, providing ethnographic information. He wrote that they only covered their genitalia with clothing; painted their bodies; and ate only game, roots and berries. He mentioned, in order to prove their supposed barbarity, that Chichimec women, having given birth, continued traveling on the same day without stopping to recover.

In the late 16th century, according to the Spanish, the Chichimeca did not worship idols as did many of the surrounding indigenous peoples.

Wars with the Spanish
Chichimeca military strikes against the Spanish included raidings, ambushing critical economic routes, and pillaging. In the long-running Chichimeca War (1550–1590), the Spanish initially attempted to defeat the combined Chichimeca peoples in a war of "fire and blood", but eventually sought peace as they were unable to defeat them. The Chichimeca's small-scale raids proved effective. To end the war, the Spanish adopted a "Purchase for Peace" program by providing foods, tools, livestock, and land to the Chichimecas, sending Spanish to teach them agriculture as a livelihood, and by converting them to Catholicism. Within a century, the Spanish and Chichimeca assimilated.

title: Chichimeca


text:
Jay R. Smith

Jay R. Smith (August 29, 1915 – c. October 5, 2002) was an American child actor and comedian who had a brief career appearing  the Our Gang film short series during the silent Pathé era, from 1925 to 1929. He racked up appearances in 36 shorts, where he was billed as the skinny freckle-faced character "Specks". This series was syndicated to television as The Little Rascals.

Career
Smith's first film in the Our Gang series was Boys Will Be Joys in 1925. He rivalled the retiring Mickey Daniels as the freckle-faced kid in the gang and continued until the silent era ended. He also appeared as himself in 45 Minutes from Hollywood (1926).

Bowing to pressure from the studio, Smith appeared in the sixth Our Gang talkie titled Moan and Groan, Inc. (1929), his only talkie. He was dissatisfied with his performance in the film and feared he would not have a successful career in talkies, he quit acting overall. He came back to appear in The Boy Friends' episode Blood and Thunder, where he was seen throwing water.

Personal life
Jay R. Smith, the son of a labourer, was one of 5 siblings. His younger brother, Donnie "Beezer" Smith, appeared in the Our Gang short film Cat, Dog & Co..

According to an article in Variety in 1936, Smith was married to Gloria Narath, who provided the original voice of the Disney character Minnie Mouse, for Walt Disney Studios. He later married Mabel Florine Case, and they remained married until her death on February 1, 2002. After leaving acting, Smith, a native of Los Angeles, California, joined the U.S. Navy. He served during World War II in Guam before starting his own retail paint business and moving to Kailua, Hawaii.

Murder
Smith, having retired from the retail paint business after 15 years, moved to Las Vegas, Nevada in the early 1990s.

In October 2002, aged 87, he was reported missing by his daughter. His body was found on October 5, 2002, in the desert near Las Vegas. He had died of multiple stab wounds.

52-year-old Charles Wayne Crombie (known as Wayne), a homeless man whom Smith reportedly befriended, was convicted of the murder of Smith, stealing his belongings and Visa debit card, multiple counts of fraud, and stealing his motor vehicle.

Crombie was sentenced to two consecutive life terms in prison, which he was serving at the Northern Nevada Correctional Center where he died on July 17, 2014, of which was described in press reports as a "chronic illness" at the age of 64.

title: Jay R. Smith


text:
Jean Darling

Jean Darling (born Dorothy Jean LeVake; August 23, 1922 – September 4, 2015) was an American child actress who was a regular in the Our Gang short subjects series from 1927–29. Prior to her death, she was one of four surviving cast members from the silent era cast of Our Gang (Lassie Lou Ahern, Mildred Kornman and Dorothy Morrison being the others). At the time of her death in 2015, Darling was, along with Baby Peggy, one of the last surviving actors who worked in the silent film era.

Child star
Born Dorothy Jean LeVake, her name was legally changed to Jean Darling when she was five months old, a few days after her mother and father separated. She began in movies at six months old as a freelance baby. She got her break in 1926 when she passed a screen test and was accepted for a part in Hal Roach's Our Gang series. Darling appeared in 46 silents and five talkies with Our Gang during this period. She left the series in the fall of 1929 along with Joe Cobb and Harry Spear. She was not replaced right away.

She continued to appear in films after leaving the gang, including an appearance in Laurel & Hardy's adaptation of Babes in Toyland (uncredited) and as the young Jane in Jane Eyre (both 1934). A round of stage and radio shows followed. Stage shows involved up to seven performances a day. It was a punishing schedule for a fourteen-year-old, and that was not taking into account her educational studies.

Later life and career
Darling began to study singing, and in 1940 she was given a scholarship by the New York Municipal Opera Association. She turned down an offer to appear alongside Mickey Rooney in one of the MGM Andy Hardy movies, and went on Broadway, making her debut in the musical Count Me In in 1942. Darling's stage career hit a real high when she landed the role of Carrie Pipperidge in the original Broadway production of Carousel in 1945. She appeared in 850 consecutive performances.

Her role as Carrie Pipperidge helped her with parts for radio and TV in the 1950s. She hosted her own television show for NBC in New York City, A Date with Jean Darling. Her daily TV show for women, The Singing Knit-Witch, was aired on KHJ-TV in Hollywood. Her last work was a humorous silent comedy short, The Butler's Tale, from 2013. Written and directed by her good friend René Riva, a Dutch actor and singer, it was styled after the ones Darling starred in as a child.

In 1974, Darling moved to Dublin, Ireland, where she wrote mystery stories and had over 50 short stories published in the Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine and Whispers. As "Aunty Poppy", she read stories, which she wrote herself, on RTÉ radio and TV. She also wrote plays for radio and worked as a journalist.

Personal life
Darling married Reuben Bowen; they had a son, Roy. Reuben Bowen died of cancer on August 22, 1980. She never remarried. She later lived with her son in Rodgau, Germany.

She died at a nursing home in Rödermark on September 4, 2015, after a sudden illness, aged 93. Her death was reported two days later.

title: Jean Darling


text:
Joey Jones

Joseph Patrick Jones (born 4 March 1955 ) is a Welsh former footballer who played as a full-back.

Jones most notably played for Liverpool, with whom he won two European Cups. He is also known for his long association with Wrexham, playing for the club in three separate stints, and has been involved in the coaching set-up on-and-off since the early 1990s, including a brief spell as caretaker manager in 2001. Internationally, he represented Wales on 72 occasions from 1975 to 1986.

Wrexham
Jones was born in Llandudno, and joined Wrexham in 1971. He made his debut at the age of 17 in a Welsh Cup tie against local rivals Chester City; Wrexham lost 1–0. He did, however, win the Welsh Cup with the club in 1975, when they beat Cardiff City in the final. Jones established himself as a right-back and helped Wrexham to the quarter-finals of the FA Cup in 1974, the first time the club had reached that stage.

Liverpool
Jones left Wrexham to join his boyhood heroes, Liverpool (he had a Liverbird tattoo, which he later had removed for medical reasons, on his forearm), when Bob Paisley paid £110,000 for his services in July 1975. He made his debut on 16 August in a 2–0 league defeat to Queens Park Rangers at Loftus Road. He missed out on a league championship medal in 1975–76, as he did not play enough matches to qualify.

In 1977, Jones was part of the treble-chasing Liverpool team which won the League championship and reached the finals of the FA Cup and European Cup. Jones scored his first goal for the club on 9 November 1976 in the 5–1 league thrashing of Leicester City at Anfield. The treble, unprecedented in English football, was not forthcoming. Liverpool lost 2–1 in the FA Cup final at Wembley to Manchester United, though Jones supplied the accurate long pass for Jimmy Case to score Liverpool's goal. However, Jones became the first Welshman to receive a European Cup winners medal when Liverpool won their first European Cup in Rome four days later, defeating Borussia Mönchengladbach 3–1. A memorable banner was unfurled by Liverpool supporters at the European Cup final in Rome which said "Joey Ate The Frogs Legs, Made The Swiss Roll, Now He's Munching Gladbach".

Jones was in and out of the side the following year, with the renaissance of Tommy Smith and the emergence of young Scottish defender Alan Hansen severely reducing his first team opportunities. He left in the summer of 1978 after exactly 100 appearances, in which he scored 3 goals.

Return to Wrexham
He returned to Wrexham in 1978 for £210,000, a record that stood as Wrexham's record signing, until the £300,000 signing of Ollie Palmer in January 2022.

Chelsea
In 1982, Jones joined Chelsea for £34,000, having been signed by John Neal. Jones was sent off on his debut against Carlisle United at Brunton Park. However, Jones's committed attitude and pre-match fist-clenching ritual eventually made him a cult hero among the fans. He also proved instrumental in Chelsea's successful battle to avoid relegation to the Third Division. He was a part of the side which romped to promotion as Second Division champions in 1983–84. He remained with the club in the top flight for one more season, before surprisingly being sold to Huddersfield Town for £35,000 in August 1985. He finished his Chelsea career with 78 league appearances and 2 goals.

Later career
He joined Huddersfield in the summer of 1985 from Chelsea, and was named Town's player of the year in his first season. After two seasons he left to re-join Wrexham, where he retired at the end of the 1991–92 season.

International career
Joey made his Wales debut in November 1975 against Austria. He went on to win 72 caps, scoring one goal, his last action coming in a friendly away to Canada in May 1986.

After retirement
Jones underwent cardiac surgery in 2002 and has since scaled down his commitments with Wrexham, where he worked as the Under 18's and Reserve team coach until his retirement in 2017. He returned to the club in the position of youth team ambassador in 2021. In 2001, he had a brief spell as caretaker manager between the departure of Brian Flynn and arrival of Denis Smith.

In 2005, Jones completed his autobiography entitled Oh Joey, Joey! about his life in football. This was a book of the week on Sky Sports News in February 2006.

Also in 2005, Jones was named as Wrexham's ultimate Cult Hero on BBC's Football Focus. Jones is much respected by Liverpool supporters and he finished in 63rd place in the 2006 poll of all-time favourite Liverpool players (100 Players who shook the Kop). 110,000 fans worldwide had taken part in the vote.

Honours
Wrexham
 * Welsh Cup: 1974–75

Liverpool
 * Football League First Division: 1976–77
 * European Cup: 1976–77, 1977–78
 * UEFA Cup: 1975–76
 * European Super Cup: 1977
 * FA Cup runner-up: 1976–77

Chelsea
 * Football League Second Division: 1983–84

Individual
 * Chelsea Player of the Year: 1982–83
 * Huddersfield Town Player of the Year: 1985–86
 * PFA Team of the Year: 1988–89 Fourth Division

title: Joey Jones


text:
Suro of Geumgwan Gaya

Suro (수로) or Sureung (posthumous name: 수릉, 首陵, 42?–199), commonly called Kim Suro, was the legendary founder and Hero King of Geumgwan Gaya (43–532), in southeastern Korea.

Legend
According to the founding legend of Geumgwan Gaya, which was recorded in the 13th century texts of the chronicle Garakguk-gi and was cited in Samguk Yusa, when the 9 Khans (9干) and their people who were commanded by heaven performed ancestral rites, danced and sang, a gold bowl wrapped in red cloth came down from heaven. There were six eggs in them, and 12 days later six princes were born from the eggs. Suro was the firstborn among them and led the others in setting up six states while asserting the leadership of the Gaya confederacy.

Also according to legend, King Suro's wife, Heo Hwang-ok or Suriratna was a princess from a distant country called Ayuta 아유타, 阿踰, also implied to be in Southern India.

The legend as a whole is seen as indicative of the early view of kings as descended from heaven. Notably, a number of Korean Kingdoms besides Gaya, made foundation legends with ties to chickens and eggs. Jumong, the founding King of Goguryeo, is said to have been born from an egg laid by Lady Yuhwa; Park Hyeokgeose, the first King of Silla (or Saro-guk) is said to have hatched from an egg discovered in a well; and Kim Al-chi, the progenitor of the Kim dynasty of Silla, is said to have been discovered in Gyerim Forest by Hogong in a golden box, where a rooster was crowing. Aspects of the legend have been mined for information about the customs of Gaya, of which little is known.

Family

 * Wife: Heo Hwang-ok
 * 1st son: King Geodeung
 * 2nd son: Prince Geochil of the Heo clan (거칠군 허씨, 居漆君 許氏)
 * 3rd son: Prince Seongyeong of the Heo clan (선견왕자 허씨, 仙見王子 許氏)
 * seven other sons (all become Buddhist monks: Haejin (혜진, 慧眞); Gakcho (각초, 覺初); Jigam (지감, 智鑑); Deungyeon (등연, 等演); Dumu (두무, 杜武); Jeonghong (정홍, 淨洪); Gyejang (계장, 戒莊))
 * 1st daughter: Princess Yeongan (영안공주, 永安公主) – married Bae Yeolmun (배열문, 裴烈文).
 * 2nd daughter: Lady Jijinnaerye of the Kim clan (지진내례부인 김씨, 只珍內禮夫人 金氏) – married Seok Guchu (석구추, 昔仇鄒).

Incorporation of tomb into the Silla ancestor worship
At the time of King Munmu, the spirit tablet of Suro was temporarily respected along with fellow Silla Kings, as Munmu was his 15th grandson. According to Samguk Yusa, Munmu ordered the Jesa of King Suro.

Tomb and descendants
A tomb attributed to King Suro is still maintained in modern-day Gimhae. Members of the Gimhae Kim clan, who continue to play important roles in Korean life today, trace their ancestry to King Suro, as do the members of the Incheon Yi clan and Gimhae Heo clan; they did not inter-marry until the beginning of the 20th century. A Memorial Park for Kim Suro and his wife Heo Hwang-ok is being built in Ayodhya, India jointly by South Korean Government and Indian Government to strengthen relationship between both countries on the grounds of history and cultural heritage. Ayodhya and Gimhae became sister cities in 2001.

Television series

 * Portrayed by Ji Sung and Park Gun-tae in the 2010 MBC TV series Kim Su-ro, The Iron King.

title: Suro of Geumgwan Gaya


text:
Harry Spear

Harry Sherman Bonner (December 16, 1921 – September 22, 2006), also known as Harry Spear, was an American child actor and vaudevillian. He was notable for appearing in the Our Gang short subjects series from 1927 to 1929 and Educational Pictures shorts from 1925 to 1927. He was a native of Los Angeles, California.

Notable for appearing in a total of 31 Our Gang comedies, Spear also appeared in other shorts before his time in the Gang. He gained recognition for his ginger hair and freckles, as both of his well-known nicknames. After leaving showbiz, Spear started in vaudeville.

Early life
Born on December 16, 1921, on Los Angeles, California, Harry was born to Joseph Francis Bonner and Louise Dorothy Spear

He had a grandmother, Bertha Spear. Spear's legal surname, Bonner, was not used in documents like contracts, with his mother's maiden name, Spear being used instead. This was used after his parents divorced.

Early acting career
Before joining the wildly popular Our Gang series, Spear made appearances in several Juvenile Comedies as supporting character Ginger. He also appeared in Educational Pictures comedias, like the Tuxedo Comedies, and in a couple Smith Family shorts. Though Spear slowly was given a lead role over time, Spear was often foreshadowed by "Big Boy" Malcolm Sebastian, the leading and youngest character in the series. Even though it is stated that he appeared in a few Buck Jones westerns, Spear actually appeared in one, The Flying Horseman.

Our Gang
Spear made his first appearance in the Our Gang series at the age of five in the film Chicken Feed. Spear first made small appearances as an extra during mid-1927. After a void was left by Scooter Lowry after his contract expired, Spear took over the "tough kid" role, often targeting Allen "Farina" Hoskins, though it would not be until 1928 when Spear made appearances as a leader. Spear was a popular member of the gang during the late silent era (1927–1929), often donning an oversized bowler hat. At the dawn of the sound era, newcomer Jackie Cooper took over the role as either the leader or tough guy in the gang, replacing Spear, though Spear did make a few sound appearances. Spear's final Our Gang film would be Bouncing Babies.

Vaudeville
After departing the series, Spear briefly entered vaudeville, entertaining audiences with a dancing and monologue routine. Joining in 1930, Spear was dubbed as Freckles and known for his bad boy character. He was one of the young vaudeville stars that took dance instruction from Roy Randolph around September of that year. Spear "told several amusing stories" at a meeting of the Rotary Club in Waynesboro, Virginia, in April 1932. In Christmas 1933, twelve-year-old Spear would be offered a contract for a series similar to that of Horatio Alger, however, it was never completed. In the mid-1940s, though, he had left the entertainment industry and severed ties with his former Our Gang alumni.

Lost Rascal
Spear's whereabouts after the 1940s remained a mystery for over half a century. However, several diligent Our Gang fans attempted to track down Spear in 1995. Residing in San Diego, California, at the time, Spear (who went by his legal name of Harry Bonner) continually denied being the "Harry Spear" of Our Gang fame for unknown reasons, despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary From U.S. Naval records, it was found that Harry Spear served as a Chief Petty Officer in the U.S. Navy during World War II, the Korean War and Vietnam War.

Death
Spear died of kidney cancer on September 22, 2006, in San Diego, California. He was 84 years of age.

Personal life
Spear was managed by his grandmother Bertha Spear, who was also his legal guardian. Some name confusion existed for a while because of a different actor named Harry Spear, who appeared in some bit roles in several movies in the 1960s.

title: Harry Spear


text:
Talk:Bowel obstruction

The second sentence of the following paragraph is wrong and also isn't a converse of the first. For instance, inflammatory strictures can present in Chron's disease completely regardless of whether the patient has endured abdominal surgery in the past. Removing it now.

Small bowel obstruction caused by Crohn's disease, peritoneal carcinomatosis, sclerosing peritonitis, radiation enteritis, and postpartum bowel obstruction are typically treated conservatively, i.e. without surgery. Conversely, a small bowel obstruction in a "virgin abdomen" (an abdomen that has not seen an operation) is almost never treated conservatively. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Oleflar (talk • contribs) 16:26, 1 June 2014 (UTC)

The current Ileus page is about obstruction rather than ileus. I think it could be merged here and deleted, or started fresh, because it is not currently about ileus. Osmodiar 15:03, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

We could do with a better large bowel obstruction treatment section. Anybody fancy taking that on? :-) (med student) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.150.47.102 (talk) 16:01, 21 March 2009 (UTC)

Shouldn't this article say SOMETHING about intestinal sounds, their absence or altered quality??Tedtoal (talk) 06:32, 21 June 2010 (UTC)

this has me, the layman, asking what a "surgical problem" is, if not a problem treated by surgery. There is no clear definition of the term "surgical problem" on Wiki that I could find. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.178.236.114 (talk) 16:47, 17 December 2010 (UTC)
 * it says that "though many cases are treated without surgery, this is a 'surgical problem'"

classification
can anyone please classify causes into luminal, mural and extramural. would be a great addition to the article 92.40.254.42 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 16:58, 5 February 2012 (UTC).

Wiki Education assignment: Wikipedia for the Medical Editor
— Assignment last updated by Abilli4 (talk) 14:17, 15 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bowel obstruction


text:
Glaucophane

Glaucophane is the name of a mineral and a mineral group belonging to the sodic amphibole supergroup of the double chain inosilicates, with the chemical formula ☐Na2(Mg3Al2)Si8O22(OH)2.

Glaucophane crystallizes in the monoclinic system.

Name
Glaucophane is named for its typical blue color. In Greek, glaucophane means "blue appearing". As the major mineral component, it is glaucophane's color that gives the "blueschist" metamorphic rock type its name.

Characteristics
The blue color is very diagnostic for this species. Glaucophane, along with the closely related mineral riebeckite, to which it forms a series with, and their intermediate crossite, are the only well known amphiboles that are commonly blue. Glaucophane forms a solid solution series with ferroglaucophane (Na2(Fe,Mg)3Al2Si8O22(OH)2). Glaucophane is the magnesium-rich endmember and ferroglaucophane is the iron-rich endmember.

Ferroglaucophane is similar to glaucophane but is slightly denser and hence increased specific gravity. The two endmembers are indistinguishable in hand specimens and are strongly pleochroic. Glaucophane's hardness is 5–6 and its specific gravity is approximately 3–3.2.

Occurrence
The blueschist metamorphic facies gets its name from abundant blue minerals glaucophane and lawsonite. Glaucophane generally forms in blueschist metamorphic rocks of gabbroic or basaltic composition that are rich in sodium and have experienced low temperature-high pressure metamorphism such as would occur along a subduction zone.

This material has undergone intense pressure and moderate heat as it was subducted downward toward the mantle. Glaucophane is also found in eclogites that have undergone retrograde metamorphism.

There is also a rare amphibole called holmquistite, chemical formula Li2Mg3Al2Si8O22(OH)2, which occurs only in lithium-rich continental rocks. For many years, holmquistite was mistaken for glaucophane, as the two look identical in thin section.

title: Glaucophane


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vanier College

Vanier College was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep

Vanier College
School substub. Not notable as far as I can tell. [[User:Xezbeth| Xezbeth ]] 15:06, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep.--[[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 17:58, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Just clarifying, you did actually read the article, then checked the school to see if it's notable? The article consists of a location and an external link, and thats all that can be really said about it without being sub-trivial. [[User:Xezbeth| Xezbeth ]] 18:46, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, Wikipedia isn't a school directory. There's nothing remotely interesting about it. Has no chance of becoming encyclopedic. (Maybe merge with location article if possible). [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 21:34, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. CEGEPs are more than notable than high schools. - SimonP 21:51, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. School. anthony 警告 23:13, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Can I request that those in favour of deleting schools cease haranguing those who want them kept? I don't see any of these editors commenting when there is an unexplained delete vote. Dr Zen 23:48, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Just a question: Where is the harangue on this vote?
 * delete. I'm sure it's a nice school, but vanity entries should be strongly discouraged.  --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway Talk]] 00:15, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment I don't see how an NPOV substub is a vanity page. Also, Vanier College has about the same notability as other CEGEPs that weren't listed. See CEGEP for the listing. 132.205.45.155 00:52, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep it. Agree with Mr. Anonymous IP 132.205.45.155 that a school substub is hardly vanity. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 02:07, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * What is a CEGEP? It's never stated on the page, and I believe that articles ought to answer questions, not pose them, and should expand acronymns before using them.  Colleges and universities have typically been "in," so I don't have a problem if it's a post-secondary institution (and there are reasons for the distinction that have nothing to do with age of student).  Geogre 04:00, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Your question could have easily been answered here or even here, but in short, a CEGEP is a post-secondary educational institution of sorts unique to Quebec which serves as an intermediary school before one goes off to attend university. If you live in the United States, the closest analogy to a CEGEP would be community college. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 06:42, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I saw the wikilink, but my point was that the article steamrolls ahead as if there were a project to get every CEGEP in Wikipedia and, of course, we all already know what one is. I'm not fond of such assembly line articles, and, more to the point, I don't think that an acronymn should be used before the expansion, unless it's such a common acronymn as to be in common knowledge.  I'm not sure community colleges in the US, certainly, are notable by nature.  Still abstaining on this one. Geogre 15:00, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable. --ShaunMacPherson 08:04, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 'Merge with Saint-Laurent, Quebec (not to mention that it could be expanded) and delete - Skysmith 09:55, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * COMMENT Vanier College is more notable than the average CEGEP, because it is one of the few English language CEGEPs in Quebec, a French speaking part of North America that actively seeks to extinguish English through restrictive laws on access to English education and use in business and financial documents. 132.205.15.43 02:34, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge with Saint-Laurent, Quebec. The notable alumni aren't notable (they're all red links), so there's not really that much worth keeping in this article. Average Earthman 10:49, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable. --YUL89YYZ 17:44, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)

 * keep.Yuckfoo 01:54, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Just as notable as all of the other CEGEPs.  Seeing that all English language CEGEPs have at minimum a stub on Wikipedia, enough people are interested to warrant their inclusion.  -- JamesTeterenko 04:02, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's got potential for a more significant article. CWood 04:12, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep Post-secondary school.   The Steve  01:44, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Significant post-secondary institution. Notable beyond Saint Laurent, Quebec; so a merge and delete is inappropriate. Samaritan 06:39, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Intrigue 21:16, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * COMMENT -- Can we agree if the strange animals known as CÉGEPs are notable in themselves or need something else? They dispense ISCED 97 Level 4A and 5B (pdf) education. For the benefit of our American readers, their High school is 3A and Universities at the bachelor and masters are 5A. As Rad Man pointed out, they're a lot like Community colleges, but I believe these dispense bona fide, if incomplete, 5A education. A lot of Cégeps have famous Alumni and profs (literary authors, for instance), but, despite some effort, the research at this level is next to insignificant. Apart from the most (Bréboeuf, for instance) or least (Saint-Laurent) prestigious, where someone went to Cégep is not particularly important. -- Céçaquiéça 04:56, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Not notable. Spinboy 17:49, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
William Houston

William Churchill Houston (c. 1746 – August 12, 1788), a Founding Father of the United States, was a teacher, lawyer and statesman. Houston served as a delegate representing New Jersey in both the Continental Congress and Constitutional Convention. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1780.

Early life and career
Houston was born in the Sumter District of central South Carolina. His parents, Archibald and Margaret Houston, were farmers who had emigrated to the then British colony from Ireland. He studied at the Poplar Tent Academy before attending the College of New Jersey (later Princeton University), where he taught grammar school on the side to fund his studies. After his graduation in 1768 he stayed on as a tutor and became a professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy (science) in 1771. He married Jane Smith and together they had five children. It was probably Houston's connection with the college and John Witherspoon that drew him into politics as the Revolution approached. John Adams, who met him in 1774, applauded him as among the Sons of Liberty, and in the winter of 1775, he had traveled to Boston, possibly for the Continental Congress. In February 1776, the New Jersey Council of Safety recorded his election as an officer in the Somerset County militia; he resigned that summer, to return to the college, but apparently took up his commission again in the fall, when British forces moved on Princeton, and may have seen active combat during the winter campaigns in central New Jersey.

Militia
When British forces occupied Princeton in 1776 at the outset of the Revolution the college was closed and the students and professors returned home. Houston then joined with the militia of nearby Somerset County and saw action in the area. He was later elected Captain of one of their companies. When the British withdrew from New Jersey in 1777 and the college reopened, he returned to his teaching post. Houston's most significant contributions to rebellion came not as a soldier, however, but as public official in New Jersey and in the revolutionary confederation government. In March 1777 he was elected to the position of Deputy Secretary of the Continental Congress, serving under Charles Thomson, and continued in the post until September, when Somerset County sent him to the New Jersey General Assembly as one of its three representatives. He remained active in the Assembly, gradually gaining greater and greater committee responsibilities, until May 1779, when he and Abraham Clark were elected as New Jersey representatives to the Continental Congress (replacing Frederick Frelinghuysen and Elias Dayton). He played a particularly active role in Congress through July 1781, when he became seriously ill, and then served intermittently, through the winter of 1785.

Continental Congress and legal career
He was elected to represent Somerset County in the New Jersey General Assembly in 1777. In 1778 he served on the state's Committee of Safety. Then from 1779 to 1781 New Jersey sent him as a delegate to the Continental Congress. His work in Congress was largely directed to issues of finance and supply. He began to study law under Richard Stockton and was admitted to the bar in April 1781.

He returned to the college and also opened a law office in Trenton. During these years he was named as clerk of the New Jersey Supreme Court. In 1783, he resigned from the college to devote himself to his legal career. He returned to the Continental Congress in 1784 and 1785.

Constitutional Convention delegate
In 1786 Houston was appointed to a commission to study the defects in the Articles of Confederation which joined the states. He went to the Annapolis Convention to discuss the problem. Instead of proposing changes to the articles, this Convention called for a full Constitutional Convention. When the United States Constitutional Convention assembled in 1787, he went to Philadelphia, and Pennsylvania as a delegate. Houston only remained at the convention for a week before his failing health caused him to withdraw.

Death
Houston died of tuberculosis the following year in Frankford, Pennsylvania (now part of Philadelphia) and was buried at the Second Presbyterian Church Cemetery in Philadelphia. Later, he was reburied at the Mount Vernon Cemetery in Philadelphia.

title: William Houston


text:
Al Pease

Alan "Al" Victor Pease (15 October 1921 – 4 May 2014) was a British-Canadian motor racing driver, who was born in Darlington, England. He holds the unusual accolade of being the only driver to be disqualified from a Formula One World Championship race due to being too slow.

Biography
Growing up in England, he joined the British Army as a young man, serving in India, Rhodesia and Egypt. After his service, he emigrated to the United States, then Canada, in the 1960s; after a brief career as an illustrator, he took up motorsports.

He participated in three Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 27 August 1967. He is the only competitor disqualified from a World Championship race, the 1969 Canadian Grand Prix, for being too slow. He was black-flagged after a series of on-track incidents, the last involving Matra driver Jackie Stewart. In response, Matra owner, Ken Tyrrell, protested to the officials and had Pease disqualified. At the time, he had completed 22 laps in an uncompetitive car while the leaders had finished 46. His Formula One career was limited to three Canadian Grands Prix, consisting of a non-classification (1967, finishing 43 laps behind the leaders), a failure to start (engine trouble in 1968), and a disqualification (1969).

Despite the brief duration of his Formula One career, Pease was highly successful in domestic Canadian motor sport competitions, and was inducted as a member of the Canadian Motorsport Hall of Fame in 1998.

He died on 4 May 2014 at his home in Tennessee.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

title: Al Pease


text:
Alan Brown (racing driver)

Alan Everest Brown (20 November 1919 – 20 January 2004) was a British racing driver from England. He took up motor racing in a Cooper, later forming the Ecurie Richmond team with Eric Brandon. He participated in 9 World Championship Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on 18 May 1952 and numerous non-Championship Formula One races. He scored two championship points. He was the first driver to score championship points for Cooper and also gave the first Vanwall its race debut. After he retired, he fielded two drivers in the 1959 British Grand Prix under the team name Alan Brown Equipe.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

title: Alan Brown (racing driver)


text:
Alan Rees (racing driver)

Alan Brinley Rees (born 12 January 1938 in Langstone, Newport, Monmouthshire) is a British former racing driver from Wales. He participated in three World Championship Grands Prix in the 1960s, although two of those appearances were driving Formula 2 cars. He scored no championship points. His best result was seventh place (second in the Formula Two class) in the 1967 German Grand Prix.

Rees drove for the works Lotus Formula Junior team in 1962, and won three races before a crash at the Nürburgring 1000 km sports car race ended his season. From 1963 to 1968, he drove for the Roy Winklemann Racing team in Formula Two and frequently achieved victories over experienced drivers such as Jackie Stewart and Jochen Rindt.

Formula One team management
In 1969 Rees co-founded March Engineering; his initials being the "AR" in "March", alongside Max Mosley, Graham Coaker and Robin Herd. At the end of 1971 he moved to a Shadow Racing Cars where he became team principal. In 1977 he left Shadow to co-found Arrows. In 1996 he and the other remaining founders sold Arrows to Tom Walkinshaw. Following the death of Max Mosley in 2021, he is the sole March co-founder still alive.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

title: Alan Rees (racing driver)


text: File:Peggy Sue Got Married (musical) 2001.jpg


text:
Talk:Suro of Geumgwan Gaya

wow
cool... There's an article about my great-great-great-great-great-all the way up grandfather!!!!!!! 66.214.242.93 04:25, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

The dates
According to the dates he would have been about 170 years old when he died, but this looks seriously doubtful. Is there any commentary about that? Like the King's list being messed with?--Hitsuji Kinno (talk) 02:35, 14 February 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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Amazing
It's amazing. This is a wiki-page of my great-great-great-great-great grandfather. It's hard to see some people are vandalizing. Don't vandalize the page. Kim Jae Woo Jimin (talk) 07:35, 13 February 2022 (UTC)

 * Same, we are related then lol. Bionarchy (talk) 01:46, 24 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Suro of Geumgwan Gaya


text:
Category:Gminas of Poland

This list category contains Wikipedia articles about rural and urban-rural gminas (administrative districts) in Poland.

A corresponding list of topics can be found at List of Polish gminas.

For urban gminas and other towns, see Category:Cities and towns in Poland.

For powiats (larger administrative units), see Category:Land counties of Poland.

For general information about using categories, see the FAQ.

Subcategorization

Pages are not placed directly into this category, but into appropriate subcategories. Subcategories are organized by voivodeship.

title: Category:Gminas of Poland


text:
User talk:Vespula1

Please do not create pages with such gross POV and essential vandalism such as Chris Chatting 193.63.168.208 15:11, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vespula1