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Firhill Stadium

Firhill Stadium, also known as Wyre Stadium at Firhill for sponsorship reasons, is a football and former rugby union, rugby league and greyhound racing stadium located in the Maryhill area of Glasgow, Scotland which has been the home of Partick Thistle since 1909.

Past ground-sharing agreements have seen Firhill act as a temporary home for three other football clubs: Clyde, Hamilton Academical and Queen's Park. It was also a venue for the 2000 Rugby League World Cup and the Glasgow Warriors rugby union team between 2007 and 2012. , the all-seated capacity of Firhill is.

History
Partick Thistle played at various sites between 1876 and 1891, including Kelvingrove, Jordanvale Park and Muir Park. The club settled at Meadowside, beside the River Clyde, in 1891. They were forced out of this site in 1908, however, to make way for a shipyard. The club found some spare Caledonian Railway land in Maryhill, the site was purchased by the club for £5,500, and construction started soon after. The ground was due to open on 21 August 1909, but the match was postponed because it had not been declared safe for public use and planning consent had not been obtained. Firhill opened a month later. The record attendance for a Partick Thistle game at Firhill was set against Rangers in 1922, when 49,838 people attended. The present main stand was constructed in 1927, at which time the terraces were expanded. Although the main stand resembles an Archibald Leitch design, it was in fact designed by David Mills Duncan, who had previously worked for Leitch. The stadium's attendance record was set by the 1928 British Home Championship match between Scotland and Ireland, when 54,728 people attended.

There were no further improvements until the early 1950s, when Thistle had a relatively successful period. This success financed a roof over part of the terracing and floodlights, which were first used in a friendly match against Tottenham Hotspur in November 1955. Firhill hosted the first European Cup match ever to be played in Glasgow, when Swedish club Djurgården played their "home" leg against Hibernian in the 1955–56 season in the city as a result of the freezing conditions in Sweden at the time of the match.

Firhill became designated under the Safety of Sports Grounds Act in 1977, which reduced its capacity from over 40,000 to 20,500. In 1986, Firhill became the first Scottish ground in modern times to be used by more than one team, when Clyde moved in after being evicted from Shawfield. This arrangement lasted until 1991. Hamilton Academical then shared Firhill with Thistle in two different spells, the first arrangement beginning in 1994. To cope with the resulting additional usage, undersoil heating was installed in 1994.

The North Stand was built in 2002 to meet the Scottish Premier League criteria on stadium capacity, which stated at the time that member clubs must have 10,000 seats in their ground. Ironically this criterion was later changed to only 6,000 seats, which not only allowed for the relegation of Partick Thistle, but meant they had constructed a stand which cost the club unnecessarily. Originally, the stand only ran for two-thirds the length of the pitch, but it was extended in 2003. The construction of this stand was assisted by the sale of some land to allow the construction of student flats which now lie behind the stand.

Structure and facilities
The modern stadium comprises three seated stands, with an unused area at the south end. The current capacity of the ground includes seats with no standing areas available. The Main Stand was built with an original capacity of 6,000 seats, however in recent times the capacity has been reduced. In January 2006, the club announced that the Main Stand would no longer be used on matchdays due to high maintenance and stewarding costs. There were exceptions to this, such as a Scottish Cup match against Rangers and for Glasgow Warriors matches against Edinburgh. When Thistle achieved promotion to the Scottish Premiership in 2013, the Main Stand was reopened to house away supporters, and is used by away fans of more than 500. The Main Stand was renamed the Colin Weir Stand in 2016 in tribute to the club's first ever patron.

Home fans now occupy the stand opposite the old stand, the Jackie Husband Stand; the north end of this stand is also host to away fans numbering less than 500. The stand is a large cantilever building, and was constructed in December 1994 with a capacity of 6,263 and is named after former Thistle player Jackie Husband.

The newest stand is the John Lambie Stand, at the north end of the ground. This was built in 2002 to replace the old terracing, in order to comply with SPL standards. This has a capacity of 2,014, houses Thistle's singing section and was named after former Thistle manager John Lambie in April 2018.

Future developments
In 2010, Thistle had announced plans to replace the disused terracing at the south end of the ground, commonly known as the "City End" with a new structure that would consist of a 1,000-seat stand as well as residential and office accommodation. However, planning permission from Glasgow City Council was not forthcoming. The grassy bank at the City End has come to be known by the fans as "The Bing".

On 7 November 2014, it was announced that planning permission had been submitted to Glasgow City Council to redevelop the southern end of the stadium. On this site, a new 450-seater stand will be built, complete with 79 residential flats and also office and retail space. The proposals are identical to those issued to the council in July 2010. Tim Clark of ZM Architecture, the company handling the application, stated: "The timescale for concluding the original consent has now ceased and our client wishes to resubmit the original application as they still have intentions to develop the site, which was interrupted by the downturn in the financial market in the intervening years."

Rugby Union
In December 2005, Firhill became the home of Glasgow's professional rugby union team, Glasgow Warriors, when they moved from their previous base at Hughenden Stadium. After returning to Hughenden in 2006, the Warriors took up a two-year residency at Firhill from the start of the 2007–08 Celtic League season. This was extended in April 2009 for a further five years. Glasgow Warriors left Firhill after the 2011–12 season and moved to Scotstoun Stadium.

Rugby League
In 1996, Firhill was the site of the Scottish national rugby league team's first game on home soil, with a victory against Ireland. Rugby league, very much a minority sport in Scotland, has returned to the ground on several occasions since, including for the 2000 World Cup.

Greyhound racing
Greyhound Racing took place from 1928 until 1957. An oval greyhound circuit 400 yards in circumference was added to the stadium around the football pitch in 1928 and a totalisator board was erected above the second bend between terracing. The racing started on 23 April 1928 as an independent (unlicensed) track before the joining of the British Greyhound Tracks Control Society (BGTCS) in 1933.

Licensed racing started on Monday 23 January 1933 with a hastily arranged meeting; greyhounds had only qualifying to race on the previous Thursday, Friday and Saturday trial sessions. The company responsible for the greyhound racing was the Firhill Greyhound Racing Company Limited and their managing director was John Bilsland, the same man that formed part of syndicates responsible for opening Southend-on-Sea (Kursaal) and having interests in three Liverpool greyhound tracks. Racing took place at Firhill every Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Saturday at 7.45pm with races held over 280 and 480 yards (mainly handicaps).

The extra revenue helped Partick Thistle overcome serious financial difficulties and when the BGTCS disbanded in 1935 the stadium management headed by David Mitchell and W I Bilsland joined the National Greyhound Racing Club (NGRC) and continued to capitalise on a greyhound racing boom. By March 1950 falling attendances and competition from other Glasgow tracks forced Firhill to resign from their NGRC affiliation. The chairman John Bilsland stated that the cost of NGRC membership exceeded £1,000 per year. During January 1957 Racing Manager Ernest Ganly announced that the track was going to close to greyhound racing. He blamed falling attendances but the owner trainers disagreed citing the policy of only running company owned greyhounds at the track as being the main cause.

Track records

Television
In 1999, the stadium briefly featured in a Chewin' the Fat sketch.

Firhill was used heavily in 2000 as a location for the television series Taggart in the episode "Football Crazy", in which the fictional team Strathclyde F.C. wore the same kits as Thistle and played at the ground. Scenes for the 2010 BBC television drama Single Father, starring Scottish actor David Tennant, were filmed at Firhill.

Transport
Maryhill railway station, which is served by trains from Glasgow Queen Street, is the closest railway station to Firhill. The walk between the two sites takes between 20 and 25 minutes. Firhill is better served by the Glasgow Subway, with Kelvinbridge and St George's Cross stations within 15 minutes walk of the stadium. The A81 road (Maryhill Road), leading to Firhill Road, runs from the M8 motorway.

title: Firhill Stadium


text:
Joel Meyerowitz

Joel Meyerowitz (born March 6, 1938) is an American street, portrait and landscape photographer. He began photographing in color in 1962 and was an early advocate of the use of color during a time when there was significant resistance to the idea of color photography as serious art. In the early 1970s he taught photography at the Cooper Union in New York City.

His work is in the collections of the International Center of Photography, Museum of Modern Art, and New York Public Library, all in New York, and the Museum of Contemporary Photography in Chicago.

Career
In 1962, inspired by seeing Robert Frank at work, Meyerowitz quit his job as an art director at an advertising agency and took to the streets of New York City with a 35 mm camera and color film. As well as Frank, Meyerowitz was inspired by Henri Cartier-Bresson and Eugène Atget—he has said "In the pantheon of greats there is Robert Frank and there is Atget."

After alternating between black and white and color, Meyerowitz "permanently adopted color" in 1972, well before John Szarkowski's promotion in 1976 of color photography in an exhibition of work by the then little-known William Eggleston. Meyerowitz also switched at this time to large format, often using an 8×10 camera to produce photographs of places and people.

Meyerowitz appears extensively in the 2006 BBC Four documentary series The Genius of Photography and in the 2013 documentary film Finding Vivian Maier. In 2014 the documentary Sense of Time by German filmmaker Ralph Goertz was published.

He is the author of many books including Cape Light, considered a classic work of color photography. Meyerowitz photographed the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attack on the World Trade Center, and was the only photographer allowed unrestricted access to its Ground Zero immediately following the attack. This resulted in the book Aftermath: World Trade Center Archive (2006), which Parr and Badger include in the third volume of their photobook history.

On January 18, 2017 Meyerowitz was honored for his lifelong work with a place at the Leica Hall of Fame and was described as a "magician using colour" and being able to "both capture and framing the decisive moment".

Personal life
Meyerowitz was born in the Bronx, to working class Jewish immigrant parents from Hungary and Russia. He studied art, art history, and medical illustration at Ohio State University, graduating in 1959. He is married to English novelist Maggie Barrett. In addition to their home in New York City, they maintain a residence outside of Siena, Tuscany, Italy.

Photo books and monographs

 * Cape Light: Color Photographs by Joel Meyerowitz. With a transcript of an interview between Meyerowitz and Bruce K. MacDonald. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 1979. ISBN 0-87846-132-9.
 * Remastered edition: New York: Aperture, 2015. ISBN 978-1-59711-339-7.
 * St. Louis and the Arch. New York: New York Graphic Society, 1980. ISBN 0-82121-093-9.
 * Wild Flowers. Boston: Bulfinch, 1983. ISBN 0-82121-528-0.
 * Revised edition. Damiani, 2021. ISBN 978-88-6208-730-8.
 * A Summer's Day. New York: Crown, 1985. ISBN 0-81291-182-2.
 * Creating a Sense of Place. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1990. ISBN 1-56098-004-4.
 * Redheads. New York, NY: Rizzoli, 1991. ISBN 0-84781-419-X.
 * Bay/Sky. Boston: Bulfinch, 1993. ISBN 0-82122-037-3.
 * At the Water's Edge. Boston: Bulfinch, 1996. ISBN 0-82122-310-0.
 * Joel Meyerowitz. Text by Colin Westerbeck. 55. London: Phaidon, 2001. ISBN 0-7148-4021-1.
 * Tuscany: Inside the Light. New York: Barnes & Noble, 2003. ISBN 1-40274-321-1.
 * Aftermath. London: Phaidon, 2006. ISBN 0-71484-655-4.
 * Aftermath: World Trade Center Archive. London: Phaidon, 2011. ISBN 0-71486-212-6.
 * Out of the Ordinary 1970-1980. Rotterdam: Episode, 2007. ISBN 90-5973-067-4.
 * Legacy: The Preservation of Wilderness in New York City Parks. New York: Aperture, 2009. ISBN 1-59711-122-8.
 * Between the Dog and the Wolf. Kamakura, Japan: Super Labo, 2013. ISBN 978-4-905052-61-6. Edition of 500 copies.
 * Joel Meyerowitz - Retrospective. Cologne / New York: Koenig Books / D.A.P., 2014. ISBN 978-3-86335-588-3.
 * Glimpse. Tokyo: Super Labo, 2014. ISBN 978-4-905052-73-9. Edition of 1000 copies.
 * Out of the Darkness: Six Months in Andalusia 1966~1967. Madrid: La Fábrica, 2018. ISBN 978-84-17048-43-3.
 * Where I Find Myself: A Lifetime Retrospective. London: Laurence King, 2018. ISBN 978-1-78627-186-0. With a text by Colin Westerbeck.

Further publications

 * Bystander: A History of Street Photography. With Colin Westerbeck. Boston: Bulfinch, 1994. ISBN 0-82121-755-0. Hardback.
 * UK edition: London: Thames & Hudson 1994. ISBN 0-500-54190-6 (2nd ed.: Norton Co 1999).
 * Paperback edition with a new afterword on street photography since the 1970s: Boston: Bulfinch/Little Brown, 2001. ISBN 0-8212-2726-2.
 * New revised and expanded edition: London: Laurence King, 2017. ISBN 978-1-78627-066-5.
 * Paul Strand: The Gardens of Orgeval. Selection and text by Meyerowitz. New York: Aperture 2012. ISBN 978-1-59711-124-9.
 * Pictures from Moving Cars. Photographs by Meyerowitz, Daido Moriyama und John Divola, Abad, 2013.
 * Colin Westerbeck: Vivian Maier: The Color Work. Foreword by Joel Meyerowitz. New York: Harper Collins 2014. ISBN 978-0-06-279557-1.
 * Seeing Things. A Kid's Guide to Looking at Photographs. New York: Aperture 2016. ISBN 978-1-59711-315-1.
 * Joel Meyerowitz: How I Make Photographs. Masters of Photography. London: Laurence King 2020. ISBN 978-1-78627-580-6.
 * The Pleasure of Seeing. Conversations with Joel Meyerowitz on Sixty Years in the Life of Photography. Bologna: Damiani 2023. ISBN 978-88-6208-793-3.

Literature

 * Sally Eauclaire: American Independents: Eighteen Color Photographers. New York: Abbeville, 1987. ISBN 0-89659-666-4.
 * Sophie Howarth and Stephen McLaren (eds.): Street Photography Now. London: Thames & Hudson, 2010. ISBN 978-0-500-54393-1.

Awards

 * Guggenheim Fellow (twice)
 * National Endowment for the Arts award
 * National Endowment for the Humanities award
 * Deutscher Fotobuchpreis (the German photobook prize) for Aftermath
 * The Royal Photographic Society's Centenary Medal and Honorary Fellowship (HonFRPS) in recognition of a sustained, significant contribution to the art of photography in 2012.

Exhibitions

 * 1968: My European Trip: Photographs from the Car by Joel Meyerowitz, MOMA, August 3–September 29, 1968
 * 2006: Joel Meyerowitz: Modern Color, Vintage Prints, Edwynn Houk Gallery, April 27 — June 17, 2006
 * 2012: Joel Meyerowitz - 50 Years of Photographs Part I: 1962 - 1977, November–December 2012; and Joel Meyerowitz - 50 Years of Photographs Part II: 1976 - 2012, December 2012 – January 2013, Howard Greenberg Gallery, New York.
 * 2014: Joel Meyerowitz Retrospektive, NRW-Forum Düsseldorf, (curated by Ralph Goertz),
 * 2015: KunstHausWien (curated by Verena Kaspar-Eisert)
 * 2017: Joel Meyerowitz - Transition, Howard Greenberg Gallery, September 7 - October 21, 2017

Collections

 * Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL
 * International Center of Photography, New York
 * Museum of Contemporary Photography, Chicago
 * Museum of Modern Art, New York – Photography Collection
 * New York Public Library, New York – Photography Collection
 * Amon Carter Museum, Fort Worth, Texas - Photography Collection

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Joel Meyerowitz


text: Category:Romanian athletes

title: Category:Romanian athletes


text:
The Gift (band)

The Gift is a Portuguese alternative rock band, formed in 1994. They have released eight albums to date. In 2005 they won the MTV Europe award for best Portuguese act.

Biography
Formed in 1994, The Gift was initially a side project of the Dead Souls, Nuno Gonçalves, El Guam and Miguel Ribeiro’s band at the time. The evolution from one project to another was natural, as they felt the Dead Souls sound was limited by their instrumentation (guitar, drums and bass) and wanted to experiment with new sounds and explore new musical paths.

In September, 1994, Sónia Tavares, Nuno and John Gonçalves, Miguel Ribeiro, and Ricardo Braga enrolled in the Bar Ben Music Competition in Alcobaça, and took second place in the competition, to everyone's great surprise, given the band’s short time in existence.

The band performed its first show at the Alcobaça Monastery in July, 1995. This was followed by the Belém Cultural Centre (Lisbon) in September, 1996, and the Labirintho Bar (Porto) in November, 1996.

The Gift masterminded their first record, with the intention of using it as a demo for the media and labels. From this effort, “Digital Atmosphere” was born, a six track enhanced CD featuring interviews and videos, recorded at home but not available in stores. In 1997 the band went on the road, playing at over 30 theatres (many of which sold out) and released a video at the end of the tour at the Belém Cultural Centre and Alcobaça Cine-Teatro shows.

Soon after the Digital Atmosphere Tour finished, Ricardo Braga left the band, and The Gift was now a four-member group once again. In 1998, they established themselves as an independent band forming their own label, La Folie, with the visionary goal of releasing their next record as independents.

In November 1998, the band's first true record Vinyl was released. Vinyl combined the potentials of new technologies (samples and synthesizer) with classical instruments (violins, cellos, trumpets, saxophones, etc.). Vinyl, which was fully funded by The Gift themselves, was named Album of the Year by the Diário de Notícias newspaper, a first for a Portuguese independent band, and began courting the attention of the labels that previously ignored The Gift's work. In spite of this, the band chose to stay independent, opting to use distribution contracts.

From November 1998 through 1999, the band performed over 80 shows, including the biggest Summer Festivals, selling out the most important venues in Lisbon and Porto, won several awards with the first hit single, “Ok! Do You Want Something Simple?” and sold over 35,000 records.

At the end of that year The Gift performed for the first time abroad in Paris (at La Cigalle), and a few months later participated in the prestigious music fair MIDEM 2000 (in Cannes), taking the first step towards the band's career outside Portugal.

In early 2000, the band closed the Vinyl era, simultaneously releasing the photo book A Single Diary (by Ana Pereira), and the video “Single Hand Camera Documentary” (by Gonçalo Covacich), two artistic visions and documentary pieces on the Vinyl Tour. Once again, all the costs incurred were covered by the band, establishing The Gift once and for all as a solid DIY band.

The steps taken abroad continued to gain momentum in June 2000 with the band's first mini-tour outside Portugal, including dates in Germany (Expo 2000 – Hanover), Macau, and again, France (Paris).

At the end of the year The Gift took a break from touring and started writing songs for the next album, some of which were introduced later in 2001 at the Eurosonic Festival in the Netherlands, representing Portugal.

Howie B produced Film, The Gift's second album, was released, again through their own label, La Folie Records. The band showed its “Film” throughout the country, playing at the Paredes de Coura Festival, the optimushype@meco Festival (sharing the stage with Howie B and Matthew Herbert), at the Interactive TV's launch in Portugal, live for Sic Radical channel, and radio Antena 3.

Film went Gold at 25,000 units, and The Gift won several more awards for its videos (“Waterskin” and “Question of Love” – the album's first two singles). At the end of 2001, the band was once more invited by Cap Magellan to promote Film in Paris.

In March 2002, The Gift flew to the United States to enter the South by Southwest Music & Media Conference in Austin, Texas; in June they returned to Paris to perform at the Hôtel de Ville Square; in August Popkomm and Musikfest am Ring festivals in Germany; Spain followed in September with shows in Barcelona; in October the band was back in the US for a short tour in a few North-American cities (New York City); and in November its first concert in Madrid, Spain, took place.

Of the few performances in Portugal, the Manchester Mad Remixers (which featured The Gift together with Rodrigo Leão and Pedro Oliveira) concerts were a highlight (first at the nightclub Lux, and later at the Frágil and the Clinic bars). This was a project especially created for the 24 Hour Party People film's premiere.

The band performed in numerous places: Barcelona, Valencia, Madrid, Bilbao, Vigo, New York City, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, Boston, San Diego, London, Caracas, and Dunkirk, amongst many other cities.

The Gift was invited to open for The Flaming Lips and Cousteau, and at the end of the year, in December 2003, got an invitation to perform for the recently launched Portuguese MTV, recording one of the first MTV Live shows in the history of MTV Portugal.

In 2004, The Gift celebrated its first 10 years in music. By the end of the recording sessions, The Gift was faced with a double album, where two distinctive but complementary environments surfaced (one more intimate and introspective, the other more euphoric) and in which duality was the key word. The new release, the first in three years, is entitled AM-FM. AM-FM went Gold, selling more than 25,000 copies.

In 2005 they won the MTV Europe Award for Best Portuguese Act.

The song "11:33" from AM-FM is featured on the soundtrack of the football video game FIFA 06.

The album Fácil de Entender, their first live album, was released in 2006. It sold over 25,000 units.

The Gift performed with great success on the Expo 2008 Zaragoza, the day of Portugal, at the exhibition.

In 2008 and 2009, The Gift's Sónia Tavares and Nuno Gonçalves, along with fellow musicians, Paulo Praça [Plaza] and Fernando Ribeiro, recorded and toured with their side project Hoje. Amalia Hoje sold more than 85,000 units.

They invited Ken Nelson [Coldplay, Gomez, Kings of Convenience, Badly Drawn Boy] to produce their 5th Album.

2011 was the year of Explode. Explode was released in Portugal on 1 April and immediately went to number one in the charts. In September 2016, the group released a new single featuring legendary British musician Brian Eno, titled Love Without Violins. Eno co-wrote and produced, as well as sang on the track. The single was released under the band's own record label, La Folie Records, on 30 September. A new album was also announced to be released in 2017, featuring the Grammy-nominated composer on several tracks, which he composed with the band's keyboardist Nuno Gonçalves, and mixed by legendary producer Flood. The Portuguese band will be sharing vocal duties and instruments with Eno, who also wrote the lyrics with singer Sónia Tavares. Following the release of the new single, The Gift were confirmed to play for the second time at Eurosonic Noorderslag in Groningen, NL.

In September 2016, the group released a new single featuring legendary British musician Brian Eno, titled Love Without Violins. Eno co-wrote and produced, as well as sang on the track. The single was released under the band's own record label, La Folie Records, on 30 September. A new album was also announced to be released in 2017, featuring the Grammy-nominated composer on several tracks, which he composed with the band's keyboardist Nuno Gonçalves, and mixed by legendary producer Flood. The Portuguese band will be sharing vocal duties and instruments with Eno, who also wrote the lyrics with singer Sónia Tavares. Following the release of the new single, The Gift were confirmed to play for the second time at Eurosonic Noorderslag in Groningen, NL.

Current

 * Sónia Tavares – lead vocals (1994–present)
 * Nuno Gonçalves – keyboards, backing vocals, composer (1994–present)
 * John Gonçalves – bass, keyboards (1994–present)
 * Miguel Ribeiro – guitar, bass (1994–present)

Current touring musicians

 * Mário Barreiros – drums (2006–present)
 * Paulo Praça – guitar, bass (2010–present)
 * Israel Costa Pereira – guitar, backing vocals, keyboards (2011–present)

Former

 * Ricardo Braga – keyboards, euphonium (1994–1998)

Former touring musicians

 * Diogo Santos – drums (1998–2006)
 * António Bruheim – saxophone (1999–2003)

Awards

 * 2005 - MTV Europe Award for Best Portuguese Act

Albums

 * Digital balls (1997) – demo tape without commercial release
 * Vinyl (1998)
 * Film (2001)
 * AM-FM (2004)
 * Fácil de Entender (2006)
 * Explode (2011)
 * Primavera (2012)
 * Altar (2017)
 * Verão (2019)
 * Coral (2022)

Singles

 * From Vinyl
 * "Ok! Do You Want Something Simple?" (1999)
 * "Real (Get Me For...)" (1999)
 * "Truth" (2000)

 * From Film
 * "Water Skin" (2001)
 * "Question of Love" (2001)

 * From AM-FM
 * "Driving You Slow" (2004)
 * "11:33" (2005)
 * "Music" (2005)

 * From Fácil de Entender
 * "Fácil de Entender" (2006)

 * From Explode
 * "RGB" (2011)

title: The Gift (band)


text:
Talk:Streetsville, Mississauga

Much of the material on this page seems to be based on the city of Mississauga page; the section removed seems to have been a cut and paste. --Big_Iron 11:02, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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title: Talk:Streetsville, Mississauga


text:
United States S-class submarine

The United States' S-class submarines, often simply called S-boats (sometimes "Sugar" boats, after the then-contemporary Navy phonetic alphabet for "S"), were the first class of submarines with a significant number built to United States Navy designs. They made up the bulk of the USN submarine service in the interwar years and could be found in every theater of operations. While not considered fleet submarines, they were the first submarines in the USN designed for open ocean, blue water operations. All previous submarines had been intended for harbor or coastal defense. These boats were intended to have greater speed and range than previous classes, with improved habitability and greater armament.

The S-class were designed during World War I, but not completed until after the war. Many boats of the class remained in service through World War II.

The United States Navy commissioned 51 S-class submarines from 1920 to 1925. The first boat in name sequence, USS S-1 (SS-105), was commissioned in 1920 and the last numerically, USS S-51 (SS-162), in 1922. Due to severe production difficulties encountered by one of the contractors, the production sequence was thrown into disarray and the last of the class actually commissioned was USS S-47 (SS-158) in September, 1925. The S class is subdivided into four groups of different designs:
 * Group I (S-1 class, or "Holland" type): 25 boats, S-1 and S-18 to S-41, built by Bethlehem Steel at Fore River Shipyard in Quincy, Massachusetts and Union Iron Works in San Francisco, California, as subcontractors for the designer, the Electric Boat Company.
 * Group II (S-3 class, or "Navy Yard" type): 15 boats, S-3 to S-17, built at the Portsmouth Navy Yard and Lake Torpedo Boat at Bridgeport, Connecticut.
 * Group III (S-42 class, or "2nd Holland" type): 6 boats, S-42 to S-47, built at Fore River.
 * Group IV (S-48 class, or "2nd Navy Yard" type): 4 boats, S-48 to S-51, built by Lake.

S-2 was a prototype built by Lake, and was not repeated.

The first three boats in name sequence, the S-1, S-2, and S-3, were prototypes authorized in Fiscal Year 1918 and were built to the same specifications: S-1 designed by Electric Boat, S-2 by Lake, and S-3 by the Bureau of Construction and Repair (BuC&R) (later Bureau of Ships). The Electric Boat and BuC&R designs were put into series production in later fiscal year appropriations.

SS-159 to SS-168 (2nd Holland) and SS-173 to SS-176 (2nd Navy Yard) were cancelled and, contrary to later practice, the hull numbers were used for subsequent submarines. Some of the material for these was used by Electric Boat to build the Peruvian Navy's four R-boats.

The first S-boat placed into commission was the S-3 on 30 January 1919, followed (in order) by S-4, S-5, S-6, and S-2. Electric Boat's contractors in Quincy and San Francisco worked in parallel, with the first unit, S-1, built in Quincy and commissioned on 5 June 1920, and the first unit from San Francisco being the USS S-30 (SS-135), commissioned on 29 October 1920.

Design
Intelligence reports received from 1914 to 1916 showed that the German U-boats then operating off Great Britain far exceeded the capabilities of the then current H, K, L, and N classes of USN submarines. If Great Britain were to fall, those boats would be unable to cross the Atlantic and fight once they got there, and this drove the requirements for the designs that would become the S-class. The Navy's specifications called for a boat of 800 tons, with a speed of 11-14 knots and a range between 3400 and 5400 nautical miles. It was to be armed with four 21-inch torpedo tubes and a 4-inch deck gun. The Navy turned to its traditional submarine builders, Electric Boat and Lake, and asked them to submit designs, but for the first time the Navy itself developed a design to be built at its own Navy Yards. The Navy wanted to diversify the acquisition process and provide some level of competition to Electric Boat.

Even though the FY-18 boats were considered to be prototypes, the Electric Boat (EB) and the BuC&R designs were intended for series production from the very beginning. The EB design formed the basis for the Group I and Group IV boats and were essentially enlarged versions of all their previous designs. A single hull design, all of the ballast tanks were contained within the pressure hull. The hull was a rounded spindle shape and the rudder was placed at the very end of the hull, aft of the twin screws. Compared to the previous R-boats, Group I S-boats were 33 ft longer, with 3 ft more beam, 2 ft more draft, and 60% greater displacement. This allowed for greater range, larger engines and higher speed, and more torpedo reloads, though the number of forward torpedo tubes was unchanged.

The Lake design, S-2, was a modified double hull type, with ballast tanks wrapped around the inner pressure hull. The stern ended in a flat "shovel" shape which gave the stern needed buoyancy. The rudder was mounted beneath the stern and the pivot structure also supported the stern diving planes. To gain surface buoyancy, the superstructure atop the boat was partially watertight. Sea trials showed that the bow tended to burrow into the waves so Lake added a buoyancy tank to the bow, which gave it a humped appearance. This boat suffered from poor maneuverability and was overcomplicated. It proved to be unreliable and was not well liked by its crew. The Navy did not choose it for mass production and no further boats were produced to this design.

The BuC&R design that became the S-3 was a full double hull type that incorporated some design features of both the Electric Boat and Lake designs. At 231 feet long it was longer and a little wider than the other two designs. The battery was contained in one large compartment forward of the control room, giving the boat a long, sleek appearance. The long hull ended in a sharp vertical "chisel" at the stern, and the rudder and stern dive planes were ventrally mounted under the hull, behind the propellers.

Four of the Group II and all four the Group IV boats had an additional single stern torpedo tube. Group IV was also longer and had less draft. The Electric Boat designs (Groups I and III) were single-hulled, the others were double-hulled. All S-boats had a 4-inch (102 mm)/50 caliber deck gun, a significant increase over the 3-inch gun of previous US submarines. This was due to observations that the German U-boats frequently used their deck guns, and many U-boats were equipped with 105 mm (4.1-inch) deck guns. Another improvement was the conning tower fairwater. Previous US submarines had small fairwaters to reduce drag and improve submerged speed. Experience gained on North Atlantic patrols during World War I showed that the boats would be spending considerable time on the surface and thus needed better protection for the bridge watchstanders. Examination of captured U-boats after the Armistice also showed that a larger fairwater with permanent grab rails was preferable when surfaced in the North Atlantic, so S-boats were built or backfitted with an improved and much larger fairwater.

Future admiral Hyman G. Rickover was assigned to USS S-48. He later credited the "faulty, sooty, dangerous and repellent engineering" of the S-class boats with inspiring his obsession for high engineering standards.

In 1923, USS S-1 experimented with a float plane (an idea the Japanese would later adopt). A cylindrical hangar was installed on the after deck to house a single Martin MS-1 float plane. Tests showed the concept to be unworkable, and the equipment was subsequently removed. The hangar was later reused and rebuilt as the prototype for the McCann Rescue Chamber, a diving bell for rescuing crewmen from sunken submarines.

Service
The first two boats completed by EB were the S-1 at Quincy and the S-30 at San Francisco. During builder's sea trials both boats experienced severe torsional drive train vibrations during their required high-speed runs. The vibrations were so bad that both engines on both submarines were completely wrecked. Subsequent investigation showed that the crankshafts of the NELSECO 8-EB-15 engines (built by an Electric Boat subsidiary) were of an insufficient diameter, and thus were not stiff enough to resist the power stroke of each cylinder/piston as it fired, resulting in excessive torsional twisting. This was a serious deficiency, and it threw the EB production process into chaos. Some boats lingered incomplete at the builder's yards, while others limped along at reduced power until a fix could be implemented. Eventually, the Navy Department, faced with the prospect of having a majority of the S-class being unable to meet its desired operational parameters, acquired additional funding for EB to rebuild the engines with a crankshaft of increased diameter. This solved the torsional vibration problem, but the rebuild work considerably delayed the delivery of the EB boats to the Navy, resulting in average build times exceeding 4 1/2 years. Once the engine problem was resolved, the EB boats turned in excellent service to the USN, with many serving until the end of WWII.

The boats built to the BuC&R design by Portsmouth and Lake used a Bureau built MAN diesel engine, or in the case of Lake a 2-cycle or 4-cycle Busch-Sulzer engine. These engine types, while still suffering from design and engineering problems inherent in all early diesel engines, were much more reliable than the NELSECO engines used by EB and they turned in acceptable performance throughout their service lives.

World War II service
At the entry of the United States into World War II in December 1941, the S-class submarines ranged in age from 16 to 21 years. While the US Navy had two older classes of submarines at that time (the O and R classes originally commissioned in 1918 and 1919), the S-class was the oldest class of submarine (possibly in the world) to be used in combat operations.

During World War II, 37 S-boats were in service when the United States entered the war in December 1941. Twenty S-boats were awarded battle stars and 17 were credited with sinking a collective total of 42 Japanese ships. Six commissioned S-boats were lost during the war - five due to accidents (three by grounding, one by collision and one by flooding) and one (S-44) in combat.

Some S-class boats were transferred to other navies. Five (S-1, S-21, S-22, S-24 and S-29) were transferred to the Royal Navy between March and September of 1942 and one, S-25, to Poland in November 1941. These were mostly used for training in anti-submarine warfare and removed from service by mid-1944.

S boats saw service in World War II in both the Atlantic and the Pacific. Smaller and slower than the later fleet submarines produced for war service, and lacking the range for Pacific Ocean patrols (as well as being 20 years old), they were used in reconnaissance and supply roles, as well as for coastal defense.

Eight S-boats (S-11 thru S-17 and S-48) spent the war entirely in the Atlantic theater. Their operations ranged from Coco Solo in Panama to Casco Bay in Maine.

S-boats operated in the Alaska theater during the aftermath of the Battle of the Aleutian Islands, based out of Dutch Harbor. Some also operated out of Australia in the Southwest Pacific Area. Most were withdrawn from front-line service by late 1943 as more Gato-class submarine fleet submarines became available, and were relegated to ASW training. Two S boats (S-42 and S-47) conducted combat patrols in 1944 with the last combat patrol by an S boat being conducted by S-42 from 5 August to 3 September 1944.

In World War II, S-class boats did not use the newer Mark 14 torpedo, standard in fleet submarines, due to shorter torpedo tubes, relying on the World War I-vintage Mark 10 instead. (Due to production shortages, many fleet boats used Mark 10s, also. Since the Mark 14 suffered from a high failure rate early in the war, this was not necessarily a disadvantage.)

The most notable combat success for the class was by the USS S-44 (SS-155). In the aftermath of the disastrous defeat of the USN and RAN at the Battle of Savo Island, the S-44 encountered the withdrawing Japanese force near Kavieng on the morning of 10 August 1942. Having found themselves in the perfect position, the crew of the S-44 launched a spread of four Mark 10 torpedoes, three of which hit the heavy cruiser Kako. The mortally wounded cruiser sank in seven minutes and the S-44 escaped.

As newer submarines were put in service during World War II, S-boats were withdrawn from combat service and provided training support instead. Starting in late 1944, a total of 11 boats were decommissioned and used for experimental purposes, including being sunk by experimental weapons.

13 S-boats were still in service when the Japanese surrendered on 2 September 1945. Of the 13, 11 were decommissioned in October 1945, one in November and S-15 remained in commission until June 1946.

S-boat fates
All S-boats were scrapped after World War II except those listed below.

Lost at sea between wars
4 submarines
 * USS S-4 (SS-109) - Sunk in a collision with the United States Coast Guard destroyer USS Paulding (DD-22), off Provincetown, Massachusetts, on 17 December 1927, 40 men were killed; later raised, repaired, and served as a salvage and submarine escape test boat before being finally sunk as a target 15 May 1936.
 * USS S-5 (SS-110) - Lost 1 September 1920, in a diving accident off the Delaware Capes with no loss of life. Subsequent salvage attempts failed and the boat was left on the bottom off Cape May, New Jersey.
 * USS S-48 (SS-159) - Sunk in a diving accident with no loss of life before commissioning 7 December 1921; raised and commissioned on 14 October 1922; served during World War II and scrapped in 1946.
 * USS S-51 (SS-162) - Sunk in a collision with SS City of Rome off Block Island, 25 September 1925, 33 men were killed; raised and later scrapped 1930.

Scrapped between World War I and World War II
6 submarines
 * USS S-2 (SS-106)
 * USS S-3 (SS-107)
 * USS S-6 (SS-111)
 * USS S-10 (SS-115)
 * USS S-19 (SS-124)
 * USS S-50 (SS-161)

Decommissioned between World War I and World War II and not recommissioned, eventually scrapped

 * USS S-7 (SS-112)
 * USS S-8 (SS-113)
 * USS S-9 (SS-114)

Transferred to the Royal Navy during World War II
6 submarines
 * USS S-1 (SS-105) to RN as P.552 in 1942, removed from service Jan 1944; returned to US and scrapped 1945
 * USS S-21 (SS-126) (as P.553) returned to US and sunk as target 23 March 1945
 * USS S-22 (SS-127) (as P.554) returned to US and scrapped 1945
 * USS S-24 (SS-129) (as P.555) returned to US and sunk as target 1947
 * USS S-25 (SS-130) (as P.551) later transferred to the Polish Navy as ORP Jastrząb; scuttled after hit by friendly fire 2 May 1942
 * USS S-29 (SS-134) (as P.556) returned to US on paper in 1946 after battery explosion, partially scrapped in UK 1947, scrapping completed in Spain 1987

Lost during World War II
7 submarines (1 to enemy action)
 * USS S-26 (SS-131) Sunk in a collision with USS Sturdy (PC-460) in the Gulf of Panama, 24 January 1942; The wreck was eventually found and surveyed by the Lost 52 Project.
 * USS S-27 (SS-132) Grounded, 19 June 1942, off St. Makarius Point, Amchitka Island, Alaska. Abandoned, 25 June 1942.
 * USS S-28 (SS-133) Sunk 4 July 1944, due to a hull failure off Pearl Harbor. The wreck was found in two pieces by the Lost 52 Project, in December 2017.
 * USS S-36 (SS-141) Grounded, on Taka Bakang Reef, in the Makassar Strait, Dutch East Indies. Scuttled, 21 January 1942.
 * USS S-39 (SS-144) Grounded, 13 August 1942, off Rossel Island, in the Coral Sea.
 * USS S-44 (SS-155) Lost to enemy action enroute to her patrol area near the Kuril Islands . Sunk by the Japanese escort ship Ishigaki, 7 October 1943.
 * USS S-49 (SS-160) Stricken and sold for scrap 25 May 1931; hulked in 1936; hulk reacquired by the U.S. Navy for "experimental purposes"; foundered and sank off Point Patience, in the Patuxent River, 16 December 1942. This is not counted among the 52 US submarines lost during World War II, as the vessel was not in commission at the time.

Other fates
11 S-boats were decommissioned in 1944 and 1945 prior to the surrender of Japan. They were mostly expended as targets. The wrecksite of the target boat USS S-35 was located off Oahu, by the Lost 52 Project in 2017, not far from the S-28.

13 S-boats were in commission when the Japanese surrendered on 2 September 1945. All except one, USS S-15 (SS-120), were decommissioned by the end of November 1945. S-15 was decommissioned in June 1946.

Group I
(1st Electric Boat (aka Holland) design)
 * Displacement: 854 tons surfaced; 1,062 tons submerged
 * Length: 219 ft
 * Beam: 20 ft
 * Draft: 16 ft
 * Propulsion: 2 × New London Ship and Engine Company (NELSECO) diesels, 600 hp (448 kW) each; 2 × Electro-Dynamic (S-1, S-30-S-35), Ridgway (S-18, S-20 through S-29), or General Electric (S-36 through S-41) electric motors, 750 hp each; 120 cell Exide battery; two shafts.
 * Bunkerage: 168 tons oil fuel
 * Speed: 14.5 knots (27 km/h) surfaced; 11 knots (20 km/h) submerged
 * Range: 5,000 miles (8,000 km) at 10 knots (19 km/h) surfaced
 * Test depth: 200 ft (61 m)
 * Armament (as built): 4 × 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes (bow, 12 torpedoes); 1 × 4 inch (102 mm)/50 cal deck gun
 * Crew: 38 (later 42) officers and men
 * Boats in Group: S-1, S-18 through S-41

Group II
(1st Navy Yard design) 1 × 4 inch (102 mm)/50 caliber deck gun
 * Displacement: 876 tons surfaced; 1,092 tons submerged
 * Length: 231 ft
 * Beam: 21 ft
 * Draft: 13 ft
 * Propulsion: 2 × MAN (S-3 through S-13) or Busch-Sulzer (S-14 through S-17) diesels, 1,000 hp (746 kW) each; 2 × Westinghouse electric motors, 600 hp (447 kW) each; 120-cell Exide battery; two shafts.
 * Speed: 15 knots (28 km/h) surfaced; 11 knots (20 km/h) submerged
 * Bunkerage: 148 tons oil fuel
 * Range: 5000 nmi at 10 kn surfaced
 * Test depth: 200 ft (61 m)
 * Armament (as built): 4 × 21 in (533 mm) torpedo tubes (bow, 12 torpedoes) or (S-11 through S-13) 5 (four bow, one stern, 14 torpedoes);
 * Crew: 38 (later 42) officers and men
 * Boats in Group: S-3 through S-17

Group III
(2nd Electric Boat (aka Holland) design)
 * Displacement: 906 tons surfaced; 1,126 tons submerged
 * Length: 216 ft, 225 ft overall
 * Beam: 20 ft
 * Draft: 16 ft
 * Propulsion: 2 × NELSECO diesels, 600 hp (448 kW) each; 2 × Electro-Dynamic electric motors, 750 hp each; 120 cell Exide battery; two shafts.
 * Speed: 15 knots (28 km/h) surfaced; 11 knots (20 km/h) submerged
 * Bunkerage: 185 tons oil fuel
 * Range: 5000 nmi at 10 kn surfaced
 * Test depth: 200 ft (61 m)
 * Armament (as built): 4 × 21 in (533 mm) torpedo tubes (bow, 12 torpedoes); 1 × 4 in (102 mm)/50 cal deck gun
 * Crew: 38 (later 42) officers and men
 * Boats in Group: S-42 through S-47

Group IV
(2nd Navy Yard design)
 * Displacement: 903 tons surfaced; 1230 tons submerged
 * Length: 240 ft, 266 ft overall
 * Beam: 21 ft
 * Draft: 13 ft
 * Propulsion: 2 × Busch-Sulzer diesels, 900 hp (670 kW) each; 2 × Ridgway electric motors, 750 hp each; 120 cell Exide battery; two shafts.
 * Bunkerage: 177 tons oil fuel
 * Speed: 14.5 knots (27 km/h) surfaced; 11 knots (20 km/h) submerged
 * Range: 8000 nmi at 10 kn surfaced
 * Depth: 200 ft (61 m)
 * Armament (as built): 5 × 21 in (533 mm) torpedo tubes (4 bow, 1 stern, 14 torpedoes); 1 × 4 in (102 mm)/50 cal deck gun
 * Crew: 38 (later 45) officers and men
 * Boats in Group: S-48 through S-51

S-2
(Lake Torpedo Boat Company design)
 * Displacement: 800 tons surfaced; 977 tons submerged
 * Length: 207 ft overall
 * Beam: 19 ft
 * Draft: 16 ft
 * Propulsion: 2 × diesels, 900 hp (670 kW) each; 2 × electric motors, 750 hp each; two shafts.
 * Speed: 15 knots (28 km/h) surfaced; 11 knots (20 km/h) submerged
 * Range: 8000 nmi at 10 kn surfaced
 * Depth: 200 ft (61 m)
 * Armament (as built): 4 × 21 in (533 mm) torpedo tubes (bow, 12 torpedoes); 1 × 4 in (102 mm)/50 cal deck gun
 * Crew: 38 officers and men

Notes and references

 * Campbell, John Naval Weapons of World War Two (Naval Institute Press, 1985), ISBN 0-87021-459-4.
 * Gardiner, Robert, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906-1921, pp. 130–131, London: Conway Maritime Press, 1985. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.
 * Gardiner, Robert and Chesneau, Roger, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922-1946, p. 96, London: Conway Maritime Press, 1980. ISBN 0-83170-303-2.
 * Johnston, David A Visual Guide to the S-Class Submarines 1918-1945 Part One: Concept Development
 * Johnston, David A Visual Guide to the S-Class Submarines 1918-1945 Part Two: The Government Boats
 * Johnston, David A Visual Guide to the S-Class Submarines 1918-1945 Part Three: The Electric Boat Groups
 * Johnston, David "The Devil in the Details: An Analysis of S-class Submarine Construction 1917-1925", The Submarine Review, December 2020, pp. 1–13
 * Lenton, H. T. American Submarines (Navies of the Second World War) (Doubleday, 1973), ISBN 0-38504-761-4.
 * Silverstone, Paul H., U.S. Warships of World War I, p. 148, (Ian Allan, 1970), ISBN 0-71100-095-6.
 * Silverstone, Paul H., U.S. Warships of World War II, pp. 180–184, (Ian Allan, 1965), ISBN 0-87021-773-9.
 * Silverstone, Paul H., U.S. Warships of World War II, pp. 180–184, (Ian Allan, 1965), ISBN 0-87021-773-9.

title: United States S-class submarine


text:
Talk:United States S class submarine

Possible errors and contradictions in this article
1) "The United States Navy commissioned 48 S-Class submarines between 1920 and 1922." S-1 through S-51 were all commissioned. Also, S-42 through S-47 were not even launched till 1923-24.

2) "S-48 through S-51, built by Bethlehem Quincy." These boats were built by Lake at Bridgeport.

3) "Group II (S-2 class, or "Lake" boats): S-2 through S-17..." S-2 was a prototype, substantially different from S-3 through S-17. (24 feet shorter, 3 feet 3 inches more draft, 75 tons lighter, smaller engine; all differences of 9% or more). S-3 was the BuCR design, built at the Portsmouth Navy Yard, as were S-4 through S-13. S-14 through S-17 were built by Lake to the BuCR design. I have created a separated characteristics section for S-2.

4) "Group I (S-1 class, or "Holland" boats)..." Holland was dead for several years; these were "Elco type".

5) Group I had 2 x 600 HP engines, not 2 x 1200 HP engines. The engine company was Busch-Sulzer, not Sultzer.

6) 900 hp = 670 kW, not 670 W.

I am incorporating these corrections to the article.

Also, "The S class is subdivided into four groups of slightly different designs." Slightly? Group I had a draft of 16 ft. Group IV had a draft of 11 ft and was 55 feet longer.

Style tweaks - it isn't necessary to footnote every data item in a description to the same source page. Added a lot of convert templates.

--Rich Rostrom (Talk) 19:27, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

(signature added - I was logged out for time.)

--24.148.0.125 (talk) 19:24, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

 * For #4 on your list, I find references to the first group (S-1) being called the "Holland"-type  (and cannot find them called "Elco", but some references attribute them to being made by the "Electric Boat" company), based on Holland's patents so I will revert that name change. Whether dead or alive, the designs are attributed to him.  The "Lake" group apparently was in response to avoid infringing on those patents .--MartinezMD (talk) 00:35, 19 August 2010 (UTC)

R vs. S
Peru purchased 4 "R" class submarines in 1926-28; not the "S" class as the article mention. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.236.84.156 (talk) 00:33, 29 December 2011 (UTC)
 * The searching I've just done seems to confirm this. I removed it from the article just now. MartinezMD (talk) 04:16, 29 December 2011 (UTC)

There is no S-class submarines.
According to most renown authors, such us Norman Polmar and Norman Friedman, S-boats were not a class. They were just a series rather, than class. And inside the series, there were no "groups", but classes.... Classes of completely different competing designs of submarines, just different classes AND types: --- --- So, according to sources, such as The American Submarines, U.S. Submarines through 1945 and Fontenoy's Submarines: An Illustrated History of Their Impact, there was not "S-class submariones", there were just S-1 class, S-42 claas, S-2 claas submarines, S-3 and S-48 class submarines, so-called "S-boats". Each class had different design, sometimes radically different, especially between Hollands-EB's boats and Lake's boats. Calling them all together as "S-class submarines" is a kind of paranoia and paradox. --Matrek (talk) 02:58, 15 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Holland-Electric Boat design Type I: S-1 class submarines (S-1 ~ S-41)
 * Holland-Electric Boat design Type II: S- 42 class submarines (S-42 ~ S-47)
 * Simone Lake TYPE I: S-2
 * Simone Lake TYPE II: S-48 class submarines (S-48 ~ S-51)
 * Bureau of Construction and Repair Type: S-3 class submarines (S-3 ~ S-17)

 * I'd generally agree. Lenton does group them together, as much for convenience as anything, & as I understand it, the Navy treated them as a class.  TREKphiler   any time you're ready, Uhura  13:39, 15 June 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:United States S class submarine


text:
Windows Nashville

Nashville (previously Cleveland), popularly known as Windows 96 by contemporary press, was the codename for a cancelled release of Microsoft Windows scheduled to be released in 1996, between "Chicago" (Windows 95) and "Memphis" (Windows 98, at the time scheduled for release in 1996, later 1997). Nashville was intended to be a minor release focusing on a tighter integration between Windows and Internet Explorer, in order to better compete with Netscape Navigator.

Microsoft claimed that Nashville would add Internet integration features to the Windows 95 and NT 4.0 desktop, building on the new features in the Internet Explorer 3.0 web browser (due for release a few months before Nashville). Touted features included a combined file manager and web browser, the ability to seamlessly open Microsoft Office documents from within Internet Explorer using ActiveX technology and a way to place dynamic web pages directly on the desktop in place of the regular static wallpaper.

A leaked build had version number 4.10.999 (in comparison to Windows 95's 4.00.950, Windows 95 OSR2's 4.00.1111, Windows 98's 4.10.1998, Windows 98 Second Edition's 4.10.2222 A, and Windows ME's 4.90.3000). The project was eventually cancelled as a full release of Windows, with Windows 95 OSR2 being shipped as an interim release instead. The codename "Nashville" was then reused for the Windows Desktop Update that shipped with Internet Explorer 4.0 and delivered most of the features promised for Nashville. The Athena PIM application would be released as Microsoft Internet Mail and News in 1996 along with IE3, which would later be renamed to Outlook Express in 1997 with IE4.

title: Windows Nashville


text:
Sydenham's chorea

Sydenham's chorea, also known as rheumatic chorea, is a disorder characterized by rapid, uncoordinated jerking movements primarily affecting the face, hands and feet. Sydenham's chorea is an autoimmune disease that results from childhood infection with Group A beta-haemolytic Streptococcus. It is reported to occur in 20–30% of people with acute rheumatic fever and is one of the major criteria for it, although it sometimes occurs in isolation. The disease occurs typically a few weeks, but up to 6 months, after the acute infection, which may have been a simple sore throat (pharyngitis).

Sydenham's chorea is more common in females than males, and most cases affect children between 5 and 15 years of age. Adult onset of Sydenham's chorea is comparatively rare, and the majority of the adult cases are recurrences following childhood Sydenham's chorea (although pregnancy and female hormone treatment are also potential causes).

It is historically one of the conditions called St Vitus' dance.

Signs and symptoms
Sydenham's chorea is characterized by the abrupt onset (sometimes within a few hours) of neurological symptoms, classically chorea, which are non-rhythmic, writhing or explosive involuntary movements. Usually all four limbs are affected, but there are cases reported where just one side of the body is affected (hemichorea). Typical chorea includes repeated wrist hyperextension, grimacing, and lip pouting. The fingers can move as if playing the piano. There may be tongue fasciculations ("bag of worms") and motor impersistence, for example, the "milkmaid sign" (grip strength fluctuates, as if hand milking a cow), or inability to sustain tongue protrusion (called jack-in-the-box tongue or serpentine tongue, as the tongue slides in and out of the mouth), or eye closure.

There is usually a loss of fine motor control, which is particularly obvious in handwriting if the child is of school age. Speech is often affected (dysarthria), as is walking; legs will suddenly give way or flick out to one side, giving an irregular gait and the appearance of skipping or dancing. Underlying the abnormal movements is often low tone (hypotonia) which may not become obvious until treatment is started to suppress the chorea.

The severity of the condition can vary from just some instability on walking and difficulty with handwriting, to the extreme of being wholly unable to walk, talk, or eat (chorea paralytica).

Movements cease during sleep.

It is a neuropsychiatric disorder, so besides the motor problems there is classically emotional lability (mood swings, or inappropriate mood), but also tics, anxiety, attention deficit etc. These can precede the motor symptoms.

Non-neurologic manifestations of acute rheumatic fever may be present, namely carditis (up to 70% of cases, often subclinical, so echocardiography required), arthritis, erythema marginatum, and subcutaneous nodules.

Differentiating these signs from other involuntary movements such as tics and stereotypies can be difficult, and since these things are not uncommon they can potentially co-exist. Diagnosis is often delayed and attributed to another condition such as tic disorder or conversion disorder. The controversial PANDAS (pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections) hypothesis has overlapping clinical features, but Sydenham's chorea is one of the exclusion criteria. PANDAS can present with chorea but more typically there are tics or stereotypies with a psychological component (e.g., OCD).

Differential diagnosis
Other disorders that may be accompanied by chorea include benign hereditary chorea, bilateral striatal necrosis, abetalipoproteinemia, ataxia–telangiectasia, biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease (BTBGD), Fahr disease, familial dyskinesia–facial myokymia (Bird–Raskind syndrome) due to an ADCY5 gene mutation, glutaric aciduria, Lesch–Nyhan syndrome, mitochondrial disorders, Huntington's disease, Wilson disease, hyperthyroidism, lupus erythematosus, pregnancy (chorea gravidarum), drug intoxication and side effects of certain anticonvulsants (e.g. phenytoin) or psychotropic agents. Although some of these can similarly present in an acute way, there will typically be other neurological signs (such as ataxia or cognitive impairment), or other disease manifestations, or positive family history, which will help distinguish between them.

Pathology
One of the important manifestations of acute rheumatic fever, Sydenham's chorea is believed to be caused by an autoimmune response following infection by group A β-hemolytic streptococci.

Two cross-reactive streptococcal antigens have been identified, the M protein and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine, whereby infection leads to autoantibodies being produced against host tissues (molecular mimicry) causing a variety of streptococcal related diseases including Sydenham's chorea but also rheumatic heart disease and nephritic syndrome. Autoantibodies against basal ganglia proteins have been found in Sydenham's chorea but these are non-specific. Dopamine receptor autoantibodies have been reported to correlate with clinical symptoms. Whether these antibodies represent an epiphenomenon or are pathogenic, remains to be proven.

Epidemiology
Sydenham's chorea is primarily seen in children.

As with rheumatic fever, Sydenham's chorea is seen more often in less affluent communities, whether in the developing world or in aboriginal communities in the global North. High rates of impetigo are a marker for widespread streptococcal transmission.

In the UK, there are approximately 20 cases per year, according to a BPSU surveillance study.

Diagnosis
Chorea is distinctive, if the health care provider is familiar with it. The diagnosis is then made by the typical acute onset in the weeks following a sore throat or other minor infection, plus evidence of inflammation (raised CRP and/or ESR) and evidence of recent streptococcal infection.

To confirm recent streptococcal infection:
 * Throat culture
 * Anti-DNAse B titre (peaks at 8–12 weeks after infection)
 * Anti-streptolysin O titre (peaks at 3–5 weeks)

None of these tests are 100% reliable, particularly when the infection was some months previously.

Further testing is directed more towards alternative diagnoses and other manifestations of rheumatic fever:
 * Echocardiography
 * Electroencephalography (EEG)
 * Lumbar puncture
 * Magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain (alterations in caudate nucleus and putaminal enlargement have been described in some patients)

Management
Management of Sydenham's chorea is based on the following principles:
 * Eliminate the streptococcus – a course of penicillin is usually given at diagnosis to definitively clear any remaining streptococci (and avoid spread of a rheumatogenic clone), but there is no evidence that it makes any difference to the course of the illness.
 * Treat the movement disorder
 * Immunosuppression
 * Prevention of relapses and further cardiac damage
 * Manage the disability - Occupational therapy and physiotherapy are useful for maintaining function and muscle tone.

Treatment of chorea
Treatment with sodium valproate is effective for controlling symptoms, but it does not speed up recovery. Haloperidol was used previously, but caused serious side effects e.g. tardive dyskinesia. Case reports exist to support carbamazepine and levetiracetam; other drugs tried include pimozide, clonidine, and phenobarbitone.

Immunosuppression
Immunosuppression is used inconsistently in Sydenham's chorea. The model of an autoimmune disorder would support its use. One randomized controlled trial of steroids from Paz, Brazil in 2006 (22 cases) showed remission reduced to 54 days from 119 days. Various other reports of use of oral or IV steroids from Israel, Italy and Brazil. Immunoglobulin has been used in Holland and South Africa. Some improvement can be seen within a few days of IV steroids. In Italy, prednisolone reduced average duration of symptoms from 9 weeks to 4 weeks, and these were severe cases. South African group found less neuropsychiatric complications at 6 months with IVIG treatment (IVIG preferred due to fear of TB reactivation).

Relapse prevention
Penicillin prophylaxis is essential to treat cardiac features of rheumatic fever, even if subclinical (American Heart Association guideline). If there are not features to warrant a diagnosis of rheumatic fever, it is arguable whether cardiac risk justifies prophylaxis or not; however, it is likely to reduce recurrence.

Other treatments
There are several historical case series reporting successful treatment of Sydenham's chorea by inducing fever.

Prognosis
Symptoms usually get worse over the course of two weeks, then stabilize, and finally begin to improve. Motor problems, including chorea, settle within an average of 2–3 months.

Recurrence is seen in 16–40% of cases. It is sometimes but not always associated with a rise in ASO titre or other evidence of new streptococcal infection. Recurrence is more likely with poor compliance with penicillin prophylaxis. It is more likely if there is failure to remit within 6 months of onset. Recurrence is associated in women with pregnancy (chorea gravidorum) and with female hormone treatment, although the onset of chorea can be delayed by months or more.

Intramuscular penicillin given every 2–3 weeks is superior to a 4 weekly regime for preventing relapse, but a risk assessment may conclude that twice daily oral penicillin is sufficiently effective, less painful for the child, and less demanding on the family.

Higher recurrence rates are seen with the longest follow up – relapse can be seen 10 years or more after the initial episode, so might be underestimated by series with shorter follow up.

Recurrence is usually only chorea, even if the original case was associated with rheumatic fever. There are two total reports of heart disease worsening after recurrence of chorea. The Thailand study also had 2 cases where carditis, which had improved after initial diagnosis, came back again. Some suggest that recurrent chorea is a different disease altogether.

10% reported long-term tremor in one study (10 years follow up). Long term neuropsychiatric difficulties are increasingly recognized (49 studies so far, especially obsessive-compulsive disorder but also attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, affective disorders, tic disorders, executive function disturbances, psychotic features, and language impairment).

Heart involvement improves in about a third of cases (whether silent or not).

History
The incidence of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease is not declining. Recent figures quote the incidence of Acute Rheumatic Fever as 0.6–0.7/1,000 population in the United States and Japan compared with 15–21/1,000 population in Asia and Africa. The prevalence of Acute Rheumatic Fever and Sydenham's Chorea has declined progressively in developed countries over the last decades.

Etymology
It is named after British physician Thomas Sydenham (1624–1689). The alternative eponym, "Saint Vitus Dance", is in reference to Saint Vitus, a Christian saint who was persecuted by Roman emperors and died as a martyr in AD 303. Saint Vitus is considered to be the patron saint of dancers, with the eponym given as homage to the manic dancing that historically took place in front of his statue during the feast of Saint Vitus in Germanic and Latvian cultures.

title: Sydenham's chorea


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USS Stribling

Two ships of the United States Navy have been named USS Stribling for Cornelius Stribling.

 * The first USS Stribling (DD-96) was a Wickes-class destroyer, later redesignated DM-1.
 * The second USS Stribling (DD-867) was a Gearing-class destroyer from 1945 to 1976.

title: USS Stribling


text:
ABW

ABW, or abw, may refer to:

Arts and media

 * ABW, a 2001 album by Addis Black Widow
 * ABW (TV station), the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Perth TV station

Technology

 * Abandonware, software no longer supported by its owner
 * AbiWord, word processor
 * Advanced Brake Warning, in vehicle safety systems

Transportation

 * ABW, National Rail code for Abbey Wood railway station in London, UK
 * ABW, IATA code for Abau Airport, Papua New Guinea
 * Advanced Brake Warning, in vehicle safety systems
 * AirBridgeCargo, a Russian cargo airline

Other

 * ABW, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country code for Aruba
 * abw, the ISO 639-3 code the Pal language, a Papuan language of Papua New Guinea
 * Activity Based Working, workplace strategy that provides people with a choice of settings for their work activities
 * Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego, the Polish internal security agency, also known as ISA
 * Alcohol by weight, used by some brewers instead of Alcohol by volume (ABV)
 * Australian Bird Watcher, an ornithological journal

title: ABW


text:
Borough Green

Borough Green is situated in the borough of Tonbridge and Malling in Kent, England. The central area is situated on the A25 road between Maidstone and Sevenoaks, with the M26 motorway running through the centre dividing Wrotham and Borough Green.

Pre-Roman
Two Paleolithic rock shelters were found at Oldbury Hill some two miles west of Borough Green with flint tools from about 50,000 years BCE.

Roman Remains
Roman cinerary urns were first found in Barrow Field off Staley's Road in 1839 but were reburied and lost to history. In the 1880s there was a much more important find on location north of the railway station where sand was being excavated. In 1898 a local archaeologist Benjamin Harrison of Ightham persuaded the owners to stop destroying them. He called in George Payne who identified them as Roman. There was a Roman cemetery consisting of rows of cinerary urns six feet apart and two feet deep. The burials date from around the year 100 CE.

Historical Inns
The first record of this name was in 1575, when it appears as Borrowe Grene. Middle English grene means village green The name itself is much older. It is not known if this from Old English burh 'manor, borough' or from beorg 'hill, mound'.

The name of the community describes what it originally was – a green to which the people of the area went for sports and games. There is also a view that "borough", which predates any borough council in the area, relates to the word barrow, possibly referring to the Roman remains near the station site.

Its location at a crossroads with the old route from Gravesend to Hastings meant that inns were gradually opened. The Red Lion, originally the "White Bear", first mentioned in 1586, is now closed. The 1592 Black Bull became the Black Horse, then The Black Horse and Hooden, and recently The Black Horse again. The Bull of 1753 survives, but the "Red Lion", Fox and Hounds (1837) and The Rock (1860) have been turned into private housing. The Red Lion building still exists as part of the Red Lion Square housing development. The Fox and Hounds and the Rock were demolished to make way for Foxlea and Tavern Close respectively. The 1878 Railway Hotel, later The Henry Simmonds, is now a Sainsbury's Local food store.

Nineteenth Century

In Borough Green there were 360 residents in 1841, 241 in 1861, 232 in 1871. The village expanded after the railway opened and in 1891 there were 682 inhabitants.

The London, Chatham and Dover Railway opened a line to Maidstone on 1 June 1874, and a station named Wrotham and Borough Green was built. Later the names were reversed to Borough Green and Wrotham, in line with the position of the station within Borough Green, and the fact that Borough Green had outgrown Wrotham.

An infant school was built on the direction of the local school board in 1875 to the design of architect Robert Wheeler.

Western Road was planned in 1877 after the sale of 56 acres of land by the Tomlyn family between the High Street and Fairfield. Town gas was provided by the Wrotham and Borough Green Gas Co from 1880 and in 1904 was taken over by the Mid Kent Gas Light and Coke Company.

The River Bourne flows through the southern part of the parish. It once powered a paper mill at Basted.

Recent History
Piped water came from the Mid Kent Water Co. in 1900. Kent Electric Power Co. brought electricity in 1930.

Governance
There are three tiers of local government covering Borough Green, at parish, district and county level: Borough Green Parish Council, Tonbridge and Malling Borough Council and Kent County Council. The parish council meets at the village hall on High Street.

Borough Green was historically part of the parish of Wrotham. In 1863 the parish was made a local government district, governed by a local board. Such districts were reconstituted as urban districts in 1894. Although named after Wrotham, the urban district council was always based in Borough Green, which was growing to become the largest settlement in the parish following the opening of the railway station in 1874. The council met at the Railway Hotel on Wrotham Road (now Sainsbury's) until 1902, then at a converted house it leased at 2 Sevenoaks Road from 1902 until 1924, before building its own headquarters at 16–18 Maidstone Road in 1924. Wrotham Urban District was abolished in 1934, with the area being absorbed into Malling Rural District and divided into the parishes of Borough Green (which also took some territory from Ightham), Platt, Plaxtol and Wrotham. Malling Rural District in turn was abolished in 1974 to become part of Tonbridge and Malling.

Sports
Borough Green is home to the British Racing and Sports Car Club, one of the major organisers of motorsports events in the United Kingdom. The village's main football team is Potters Football Club of the Sevenoaks & District Premier Division, which fields one men's team. It has close ties with Borough Green Junior Football Club, which is also located in the village.

Churches
Several denominations have places of worship in Borough Green:
 * Anglican – Church of England: The Church of the Good Shepherd, Quarry Hill Road. Before 1875 Church of England members walked to Wrotham, Ightham, Platt or Plaxtol to go to Church. From that year services were held in the new Church of England Infants School. The foundation stone of the Church of the Good Shepherd was laid by Emmeline St. Tour, Countess Torrington on 9 January 1906 and consecrated by the Bishop of Rochester, Dr John Harmer on 5 July 1906. The Architects were Monckton and Gillespie.
 * Borough Green did not become a separate Church of England parish until 1973. Before that the village was divided into three church parishes. Most of the village was in Wrotham parish. The part in Ightham parish started at the junction of Rock road and the A25 and included everything West of Rock Road. After 1843 part of the village was in Platt parish and the Black Horse Inn marked the boundary.

 * Baptist – Association of Grace Baptist Churches (South East): Borough Green Baptist Church, High Street. The land the chapel now stands on was purchased in 1816. Described as ‘wasteland’, it was sold as an outcome of the Enclosure Acts passed in 1814. It was purchased for twenty two pounds and ten shillings”. The chapel was opened for divine wor- ship in the spring of 1817.
 * Roman Catholic – St Joseph's, Western Road. The old village hall was built on this site in 1927. It was purchased by the diocese of Southwark in 1965. In 2017 a purpose-built church was officially opened on the site of the old building which had been demolished to make way for the new church.

Amenities
The village and nearby communities are served by Borough Green Primary School. The Medical Centre on Quarry Hill Road, opened in 1993 provides GP care. The first recorded practitioners in Borough Green were Dr AA Lipscomb and the Walker family.

The library was started in 1922 at the council school. it moved several times and finally to its purpose built building in 1977.

The Fire Brigade was founded in 1934. The modern Fire Station in Western Road was opened in 1964.

The Village Hall was built in 1964-65. It serves as a polling station during elections.

Borough Green had branches of two nationwide retail banks, both of which closed in 2017. The former NatWest building on High Street is now Costa Coffee. There are branches of the Co-op, Sainsbury's Local and Nisa. Borough Green Post Office on the High Street is located in Nisa. There are several independent retailers and teashops.

Notable people

 * Catherine Crowe (1803–1876), novelist and playwright, was born Catherine Ann Stevens in Borough Green.
 * Richard Dixon, a chemist who has done notable work on the thermal and optical properties of matter, was born in Borough Green on 25 December 1930.
 * Richard Hearne (1908–1979), actor, comedian and writer, most famous as Mr Pastry a comical children's character, lived at Platt's Farm, Long Mill Lane in nearby St Mary Platt from the 1940s.
 * Eva McLaren (1852–1921), suffragist and writer, died at Great Comp Cottage in Borough Green.
 * Denton Welch (1915–1948) author and artist

title: Borough Green


text:
Junior Wells

Junior Wells (born Amos Wells Blakemore Jr.; December 9, 1934 – January 15, 1998) was an American singer, harmonica player, and recording artist. He is best known for his signature song "Messin' with the Kid" and his 1965 album Hoodoo Man Blues, described by the critic Bill Dahl as "one of the truly classic blues albums of the 1960s". Wells himself categorized his music as rhythm and blues.

Wells performed and recorded with various notable blues musicians, including Muddy Waters, Earl Hooker, and Buddy Guy. He remained a fixture on the blues scene throughout his career and also crossed over to rock audiences while touring with the Rolling Stones. Not long before Wells died, the blues historian Gerard Herzhaft called him "one of the rare active survivors of the 'golden age of the blues.

Life and career
Wells may have been born in Memphis, Tennessee, and raised in West Memphis, Arkansas (some sources report that he was born in West Memphis). Initially taught by his cousin Junior Parker and by Sonny Boy Williamson II, Wells learned to play the harmonica skillfully by the age of seven. Wells told the following story, printed on the cover of his album Hoodoo Man Blues: "I went to this pawnshop downtown and the man had a harmonica priced at $2.00. I got a job on a soda truck... played hookey from school ... worked all week and on Saturday the man gave me a dollar and a half. A dollar and a half! For a whole week of work. I went to the pawnshop and the man said the price was two dollars. I told him I had to have that harp. He walked away from the counter – left the harp there. So I laid my dollar-and-a-half on the counter and picked up the harp. When my trial came up, the judge asked me why I did it. I told him I had to have that harp. The judge asked me to play it and when I did he gave the man the 50 cents and hollered 'Case dismissed!'"

He moved to Chicago in 1948 with his mother, after her divorce, and began sitting in with local musicians at house parties and taverns. Wild and rebellious but needing an outlet for his talents, he began performing with the Aces, consisting of the brothers Dave and Louis Myers on guitars and the drummer Fred Below, with whom he developed a modern amplified harmonica style influenced by Little Walter. In 1952, he made his first recordings when he replaced Little Walter in Muddy Waters's band and played on one of Waters's sessions for Chess Records in 1952. His first recordings as a bandleader were made in the following year for States Records. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, he recorded singles for Chief Records and its subsidiary, Profile Records, including "Messin' with the Kid", "Come on in This House", and "It Hurts Me Too", which would remain in his repertoire throughout his career. His 1960 Profile single "Little by Little" (written by Chief owner and producer Mel London) reached number 23 on the Billboard R&B chart, the first of his two singles to enter the chart.

Wells's album Hoodoo Man Blues, released in 1965 by Delmark Records, featured Buddy Guy on guitar. The two worked with the Rolling Stones on several occasions in the 1970s. Wells's album South Side Blues Jam was released in 1971, followed by On Tap in 1975. His 1996 release Come On in This House includes performances by the slide guitarists Alvin Youngblood Hart and Derek Trucks, among others. Wells appeared in the film Blues Brothers 2000, released in 1998.

Death
Wells began to have severe health problems, including cancer and a heart attack, in 1997. He died in Chicago on January 15, 1998, and was interred in the Oak Woods Cemetery, Chicago.

Album discography
† indicates albums with Buddy Guy.

 * Hoodoo Man Blues † (1965)
 * It's My Life, Baby! † (1966)
 * Chicago/The Blues/Today!, vol. 1 † (1966)
 * You're Tuff Enough (1968)
 * Coming at You † (1968)
 * Live at the Golden Bear (1969)
 * Southside Blues Jam † (1970)
 * Buddy and the Juniors † (1970)
 * In My Younger Days (1972)
 * Buddy Guy & Junior Wells Play the Blues † (1972)
 * On Tap (1974)
 * Live Recording at Yuhbin-Chokin Hall † (1975)
 * Live at Montreux † (1977)
 * Blues Hit Big Town (1977)
 * Drinkin' TNT 'n' Smokin' Dynamite † (1977)
 * Pleading the Blues † (1979)
 * Got to Use Your Head (1979)
 * The Original Blues Brothers (1983)
 * Messin' with the Kid, vol. 1 (1986)
 * Universal Rock (1986)
 * Chiefly Wells (1986)
 * Harp Attack! (1990)
 * 1957–1966 (1991)
 * Alone & Acoustic † (1991)
 * Undisputed Godfather of the Blues (1993)
 * Better Off with the Blues † (1993)
 * Messin' with the Kid 1957–63 (1995)
 * Everybody's Gettin' Some (1995)
 * Come On in This House (1996)
 * Live at Buddy Guy's Legends (1997)
 * Keep on Steppin': The Best of Junior Wells (1998)
 * Best of the Vanguard Years (1998)
 * Masters (1998)
 * Buddy Guy & Junior Wells † (1998)
 * Last Time Around: Live at Legends (1998)
 * Junior Wells & Friends (1999)
 * Every Day I Have the Blues † (2000)
 * Calling All Blues (2000)
 * Buddy Guy & Junior Wells † (2001)
 * Live Around the World: The Best of Junior Wells (2002)
 * Live at Theresa's 1975 (2006)
 * Vanguard Visionaries: Junior Wells (2007)

title: Junior Wells


text:
Vincent (1982 film)

Vincent is a 1982 American stop-motion animated short film written, designed and directed by Tim Burton, and produced by Rick Heinrichs. There is currently no individual release of the film except for a few bootleg releases. It can be found on the 2008 Special Edition and Collector's Edition DVDs of The Nightmare Before Christmas as a bonus feature and on the Cinema16 DVD American Short Films.

The film is narrated by actor Vincent Price, a lifelong idol of and inspiration for Burton. From this relationship, Price would go on to appear in Burton's Edward Scissorhands. Vincent Price later said that Vincent was "the most gratifying thing that ever happened. It was immortality — better than a star on Hollywood Boulevard."

Plot
Vincent is the story, told in rhyming verse, of a 7-year-old boy, Vincent Malloy, who pretends to be like the actor Vincent Price (who narrates the film). He does experiments on his dog Abercrombie in order to create a horrible ravenous zombie dog. He is obsessed with the tales of Edgar Allan Poe, and it is his detachment from reality when reading them that leads to his delusions that he is in fact a tortured artist and mad scientist, deprived of the woman he loves, mirroring certain parts of Poe's "The Raven". The film ends with Vincent feeling terrified of being tortured by the going-ons of his make-believe world, quoting "The Raven" as he falls to the floor in frailty, believing himself to be dead.

Production and release
While working as a conceptual artist at Walt Disney Productions, Tim Burton found himself two allies in Disney executive Julie Hickson, and Head of Creative Development Tom Wilhite. The two were impressed with Burton's unique talents and, while they felt he was not "Disney material", they still thought he deserved respect. In 1982, Wilhite gave Burton $60,000 to produce an adaptation of a poem Burton had written titled Vincent. Burton had originally planned the poem to be a children's short story book but thought otherwise.

Together with fellow Disney animator Rick Heinrichs, stop motion animator Stephen Chiodo and cameraman Victor Abdalov, Burton worked on the project for two months and came up with the six-minute short film. Shot in stark black-and-white in the style of the German Expressionist films of the 1920s, Vincent imagines himself in a series of situations inspired by the Vincent Price/Edgar Allan Poe films that had such an effect on Burton as a child, including experimenting on his dog — a theme that would subsequently appear in Frankenweenie — and welcoming his aunt home while simultaneously conjuring up the image of her dipped in hot wax. Vincent Malloy, the main character in the film, bears a striking resemblance to Tim Burton himself.

The film was narrated by Burton's childhood idol, Vincent Price, and marked the beginning of a friendship between them that lasted until Price's death in 1993. Burton credits the experience as one of the most formative experiences of his life.

The film was theatrically released for two weeks in one Los Angeles cinema with the teen drama Tex. Before it was consigned to the Disney vaults, it garnered several critical accolades when it played at film festivals in London, Chicago and Seattle, winning two awards at Chicago and the Critics' Prize at the Annecy Film Festival in France.

Cameos
An early form of the character of Jack Skellington from The Nightmare Before Christmas can be seen in the upper-left corner of the screen from 1:18-1:25 as well as in front of the embodiment of his deceased wife from 4:45–4:47. Jack also appeared in Tim Burton's Beetlejuice and the stop-motion animation film James and the Giant Peach. The first two cameos were years before production of Nightmare, though Burton had toyed with the original story idea while still an animator at Disney.

The character Prince Vince, from the Beetlejuice animated cartoon which would premiere seven years later, is named after and bears a strong resemblance to Vincent Malloy, both in appearance and mannerisms.

title: Vincent (1982 film)


text:
List of Moldovans

This is a list of notable people, of all ethnicities, born in the Republic of Moldova, the Moldovan SSR or the historical province of Bessarabia.

Artists and architects

 * Baruch Agadati (1895-1976), Palestinian-Israeli classical ballet dancer, choreographer, painter, and film producer and director
 * Tudor Cataraga, sculptor
 * Nachum Gutman (1898-1980), Teleneşti-born Israeli painter, sculptor, and author
 * Andrei Mudrea, painter
 * Alexandru Plămădeală, sculptor
 * Mihai Petric, painter
 * Alexey Shchusev, Russian architect
 * Tudor Zbârnea, painter

Writers

 * Alexandru Donici, poet and translator
 * Ion Creanga, writer
 * Alexei Mateevici, poet and publicist
 * Alexandru Hâjdeu, writer
 * Alecu Russo, writer
 * Victor Ciobanu, writer and specialist in agriculture
 * Bogdan Petriceicu-Hașdeu, writer and historian
 * Constantin Stamati, writer and translator
 * Constantin Stamati-Ciurea, writer and translator
 * Constantin Stere, writer
 * Dumitru Matcovschi, poet
 * Grigore Vieru, poet and writer
 * Ion Anton, poet and writer
 * Ion Druță, novelist
 * Ion Vatamanu, poet
 * Ion Hadârcă, writer
 * Lidia Kulikovski (born 1951), librarian, bibliographer and editor
 * Liviu Damian, poet
 * Mihai Eminescu, poet, novelist, and journalist
 * Petru Cărare, poet and epigrammatist
 * Sorana Gurian, writer
 * Vasile Vasilache, writer
 * Victor Teleucă, writer and poet
 * Vladimir Beșleagă, novelist
 * Sergiu Moraru, folklorist

Musicians

 * Eugen Doga
 * Maria Bieșu
 * Maria Cebotari
 * Matthew Cornelius
 * Sofia Rotaru
 * Anatol Dumitras
 * Nicolae Glib
 * Anastasia Lazariuc
 * Ion Suruceanu
 * Nelly Ciobanu
 * Zdob şi Zdub
 * Anna Odobescu, singer and actress
 * Valentina Naforniță, soprano opera singer
 * Dan Bălan, pop singer
 * Arsenie Todiraș, pop singer
 * Natalia Barbu, pop singer
 * Maria Bieșu, opera singer
 * Geta Burlacu, singer
 * Maria Cebotari, opera singer
 * Mihai Dolgan, pop singer
 * Valeriu Găină, guitarist
 * Lidia Isac, pop singer
 * Radu Marian, opera singer
 * Sofia Rotaru, pop singer
 * Radu Sîrbu, pop singer
 * Pavel Stratan, folk singer
 * Vika Jigulina, pop singer made famous for her hit Stereo Love
 * Mark Zeltser, concert pianist
 * Andrew Rayel, trance producer and DJ
 * Sergey Stepanov, saxophonist, feminist

Composers

 * Ion Aldea-Teodorovici, singer
 * Eugen Coca
 * Eugen Doga
 * Arkady Luxemburg
 * Gavriil Musicescu
 * Stefan Neaga

Scientists

 * Lev Berg, Russian biologist and geographer
 * Ștefan Ciobanu, historian
 * Nicolae Donici, astronomer
 * Jerzy Neyman, Polish statistician
 * Sergiu Rădăuțan, physicist
 * Nikolay Sclifosovsky, Russian surgeon and physiologist
 * Nicolae Testemițanu, physician, surgeon and hygienist
 * Nikolay Dimitrievich Zelinskiy, Russian chemist
 * George de Bothezat (Gheorghe Botezatu), engineer and pioneer of helicopter flight

Athletes

 * Radu Albot (born 1989), first Moldovan tennis player to win an ATP title
 * Olga Bolşova (born 1968), athlete
 * Alexandru Bratan (born 1977), weightlifter
 * Serghei Covalciuc (born 1982), football player
 * Ion Gonța, (born 1978), boxer
 * Vitalie Grușac
 * Nicolae Juravschi
 * Fedor Kassapu
 * Boris Polak (born 1954), Israeli world champion and Olympic sport shooter
 * Naum Prokupets
 * Alex Sherman
 * Sergey Spivak, UFC fighter
 * Andrei Tchmil
 * Vadim Vacarciuc
 * Marina Shafir

Businessmen

 * Anatol Stati
 * Gabriel Stati
 * Ion Sturza
 * Oleg Voronin
 * Sam Zemurray

Politicians

 * Dumitru Braghiș, former chairman of the Party for Social Democracy, former MP, former Prime Minister of Moldova
 * Dorin Chirtoacă, mayor of Chișinău
 * Dumitru Diacov, honorary chairman of the Democratic Party, MP, former speaker of Parliament
 * Vladimir Filat, former Prime Minister of Moldova, the Liberal-Democratic Party leader
 * Mihai Ghimpu, chairman of the Liberal Party, MP
 * Victor Guzun, Ambassador of the Republic of Moldova to Estonia
 * Avigdor Lieberman, Moldovan-born Israeli Member of the Knesset
 * Petru Lucinschi, former President of Democratic Party, MP, former speaker of the Parliament
 * Alexandru Moșanu, historian, former speaker of Parliament
 * Iurie Roșca, chairman of the Christian-Democratic Peoples Party, former deputy speaker of the Parliament
 * Oleg Serebrian, political scientist and diplomat, former chairman of the Social-Liberal Party, former MP
 * Mircea Snegur, former President of Moldova (3 Sept 1990 - 15 Jan 1997)
 * Vasile Tarlev, former Prime Minister of Moldova
 * Stepan Topal, Gagauz politician and activist
 * Serafim Urechean, former chairman of the "Our Moldova Alliance", former MP
 * Vladimir Voronin, former President of Moldova (7 Apr 2001 - 11 Sep 2009)

Other

 * Daria Harjevschi (1862-1934), librarian who improved the services of the Chișinău Public Library
 * Xenia Deli, fashion model

title: List of Moldovans


text:
USS Murray

USS Murray has been the name of more than one United States Navy ship, and may refer to:

 * USS Murray (SP-1438), a patrol boat in commission from 1917 to 1918
 * USS Murray (DD-97), a Wickes-class destroyer in commission from 1918 to 1936
 * USS Murray (DD-576), was a Fletcher-class destroyer in commission from 1943 to 1965

title: USS Murray


text:
Decompression

Decompression has several meanings, some of which are covered by several articles:
 * Data decompression, the action of reversing data compression
 * Decompression (physics), the release of pressure and the opposition of physical compression
 * Decompression (altitude). the reduction of pressure and the related physiological effects due to increase in altitude or other equivalent reduction of ambient pressure below normal atmospheric pressure
 * Uncontrolled decompression, catastrophic reduction of pressure in accidents involving pressure vessels such as aircraft
 * Decompression (diving), the reduction in pressure and the process of allowing dissolved inert gases to be eliminated from the tissues during ascent from a dive
 * Decompression (comics), in comic book storytelling, is the stylistic choice to tell a story mainly by visuals, with few words.
 * Decompression (novel), a 2012 novel by Juli Zeh
 * Decompression (surgery), a procedure used to reduce pressure on a compressed structure, such as spinal decompression
 * Herniated disc decompression, a form of treatment for Spinal disc herniation, employed by chiropractors
 * "Decompression" (The Outer Limits), an episode of the American television fiction series The Outer Limits
 * Nerve decompression, a procedure to relieve direct pressure on a nerve

title: Decompression


text:
The Simpsons Archive

The Simpsons Archive, also known by its previous domain name snpp.com or simply SNPP (named for the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant), is a Simpsons fan site that has been online since 1994. Maintained by dozens of volunteers from—amongst other places—the newsgroup alt.tv.simpsons and Simpsons-related forums, the site features information on every aspect of the show, from detailed guides to upcoming episodes and merchandise, to the episode capsules (text files documenting freeze frame jokes, quotes, scene summaries, reviews and the like), for which the site is well known. In a bid to steer clear of Fox's legal department after a conflict in 1996, the site contains no multimedia or interactive features, preferring to focus on documenting the show through textual material. As of October, 2005, the site receives roughly 1.2 million hits per month. In December, 2013, it was moved to simpsonsarchive.com, with the original snpp.com domain returned to the owner that had provided it to the project at no cost since 1995.

The Archive began in 1994, the brainchild of Gary Goldberg, with extensive help from the members of alt.tv.simpsons at the time, including Raymond Chen, the first to compile the episode capsules, and Dave Hall, one of the first online Simpsons fans to champion list-compiling. The site, originally based on the Widener archive set up by Brendan Kehoe in 1989, featured a bright yellow and black design until 1998, when it was revamped to the more subdued style.

Site contents

 * FAQs, Guides and Lists : FAQs, character files, merchandise information, broadcast history and, as the name would suggest, various lists (such as the cast list, couch gags, blackboard gags, song lyrics etc.)
 * Upcoming Episodes : Guides to upcoming national schedules in the countries of (including, but not limited to) USA, UK, Australia, New Zealand, Russia, as well as details on episodes in production.
 * Episode Guide : Brief episode synopsis for each episode, including guest stars and first character appearances.
 * Episode Capsules : Probably the site's most well-known feature: comprehensive text files documenting quotes and scene summaries, freeze-frame jokes, reviews, animation errors and any other insight necessary. The capsules are mostly compiled from documentation posted to alt.tv.simpsons. The episode capsule is a convention that has since crossed over to many other TV show fansites and newsgroups, including co-Matt Groening animation Futurama. Episodes featured are up to and including thirteenth season's "The Bart Wants What It Wants".
 * Miscellaneous : A collection of both internal and external copies of academic papers, articles, interviews and the like relating to the show, dating back as far as 1987.
 * Simpsons-L : The site's own e-mail-based discussion group, having over 1000 members. This list was moderated to prevent spam. The mailing list was shut down in 2010.
 * Web links : A comprehensive list of links to hundreds of other related sites, from fansites and character sites to the homepages of the cast and official sites.
 * The Springfield Times : A news page, home to articles on new Simpsons-related information, events and products, as well as to the two sub-sections of DVD News and Movie News.

In addition to this, the site offers a search facility and an About the Archive page which allows you to contact any of the various maintainers and check which new pages and episode capsules have been added since your last visit.

Publicity
The site has been featured in many publications, including the UK magazine WebUser, in which the site ranked #3 in their list of the "Top 100 TV Websites" back in 2002, and several unofficial Simpsons books including the analytical Planet Simpson by Chris Turner and the UK-issued episode guides The Pocket Essentials: The Simpsons by Peter Mann and I Can't Believe It's A Bigger, Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide by Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood. In Planet Simpson, Turner thanks the Simpsons Archive, saying that the book would have been impossible without it.

Matt Groening, creator of the show, was once quoted in the Argentinian newspaper La Nación as saying: "Sometimes we have to look at fan sites to remember [what we have done before]: one of the best is www.snpp.com. I have no idea what those initials mean, but it has a lot of stuff. Though for them, every episode is the worst ever." Reviews from the site's episode capsules have also been mentioned in the DVD commentaries by various members of the show's staff.

In 2007, it was ranked number five on Entertainment Weekly's list of "25 essential fansites".

title: The Simpsons Archive


text:
Chemosis

Chemosis is the swelling (or edema) of the conjunctiva. The term derives from the Greek words cheme and -osis, cheme meaning cockleshell due to the swollen conjunctiva resembling it, and -osis meaning condition. The swelling is due to the oozing of exudate from abnormally permeable capillaries. In general, chemosis is a nonspecific sign of eye irritation. The outer surface covering appears to have fluid in it. The conjunctiva becomes swollen and gelatinous in appearance. Often, the eye area swells so much that the eyes become difficult or impossible to close fully. Sometimes, it may also appear as if the eyeball has moved slightly backwards from the white part of the eye due to the fluid filled in the conjunctiva all over the eyes except the iris. The iris is not covered by this fluid and so it appears to be moved slightly inwards.

Causes
It is usually caused by allergies or viral infections, often inciting excessive eye rubbing. Chemosis is also included in the Chandler Classification system of orbital infections.

If chemosis has occurred due to excessive rubbing of the eye, the first aid to be given is a cold water wash for eyes.

Other causes of chemosis include:
 * Superior vena cava obstruction, accompanied by facial oedema
 * Hyperthyroidism, associated with exophthalmos, periorbital puffiness, lid retraction, and lid lag
 * Cavernous sinus thrombosis, associated with infection of the paranasal sinuses, proptosis, periorbital oedema, retinal haemorrhages, papilledema, extraocular movement abnormalities, and trigeminal nerve sensory loss
 * Carotid-cavernous fistula - classic triad of chemosis, pulsatile proptosis, and ocular bruit
 * Cluster headache
 * Trichinellosis
 * Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
 * Angioedema
 * Acute glaucoma
 * Panophthalmitis
 * Orbital cellulitis
 * Gonorrheal conjunctivitis
 * Dacryocystitis
 * Spitting cobra venom to the eye
 * High concentrations of phenacyl chloride in chemical mace spray
 * Urticaria
 * Trauma
 * HSV Keratitis
 * Post surgical
 * Mucor
 * Rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit

Diagnosis
An eye doctor may most often diagnose chemosis by doing a physical examination of the affected area. They can also ask questions about the severity and length of other symptoms.

Treatment
Treatment depends on the cause of the chemosis.

title: Chemosis