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CBC Television

CBC Television (also known as CBC TV, or simply CBC) is a Canadian English-language broadcast television network owned by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, the national public broadcaster. The network began operations on September 6, 1952, with its main studios at the Canadian Broadcasting Centre in Toronto. Its French-language counterpart is ICI Radio-Canada Télé.

CBC Television is available throughout Canada on over-the-air television stations in urban centres, and as a must-carry station on cable and satellite television providers, and live streamed on its CBC Gem video platform. Almost all of the CBC's programming is produced in Canada. Although CBC Television is supported by public funding, commercial advertising revenue supplements the network (in contrast to CBC Radio and public broadcasters from several other countries, which are commercial-free.).

Overview
CBC Television provides a complete 24-hour network schedule of news, sports, entertainment, and children's programming; in most cases, it feeds the same programming at the exact local times nationwide, except to the Newfoundland Time Zone, where programs air 30 minutes "late".

On October 9, 2006, at 6:00 a.m., the network switched to a 24-hour schedule, becoming one of the last major English-language broadcasters to transition to such a schedule. Most CBC-owned stations previously signed off the air during the early morning hours (typically from 1:00 a.m. to 6:00 a.m.).

Instead of the infomercials aired by most private stations, or a simulcast of CBC News Network in the style of BBC One's nightly simulcast of BBC News Channel, the CBC uses the time to air repeats, including local news, primetime series, films and other programming from the CBC library.

Its French counterpart, ICI Radio-Canada Télé, which continued to sign off every night for several years after that, now broadcasts a simulcast of its sister news network Ici RDI after regular programming ends for the night until the next programming day begins.

While historically there has been room for regional differences in the schedule, as there is today (see "Stations", below), for CBC-owned stations, funding has decreased to the point that most of these stations no longer broadcast any significant local programming beyond local newscasts and an edition of the summer regional documentary series Absolutely Canadian.

Until 1998, the network carried a variety of American programs in addition to its core Canadian programming, directly competing with private Canadian broadcasters such as CTV and Global. Since then, it has restricted itself to Canadian programs, a handful of British programs, and a few American films and off-network repeats. Since this change, the CBC has sometimes struggled to maintain ratings comparable to those it achieved before 1995, although it has seen somewhat of a ratings resurgence in recent years. In the 2007–08 season, popular series such as Little Mosque on the Prairie and The Border helped the network achieve its strongest ratings performance in over half a decade.

In 2002, CBC Television and CBC News Network became the first broadcasters in Canada that are required to provide closed captioning for all of their programming. On those networks, only outside commercials need not be captioned, though most of them are aired with captions. All shows, bumpers, billboards, promos and other internal programming must be captioned. The requirement stems from a human rights complaint filed by deaf lawyer Henry Vlug, which was settled in 2002.

News and current affairs
The CBC's flagship newscast, The National, airs Sunday through Fridays at 10:00 p.m. local time (except in Newfoundland, where it airs at 10:30 p.m.) and Saturdays at 6:00 p.m. EST. Until October 2006, CBC owned-and-operated stations aired a second broadcast of the program at 11:00 p.m.; This later broadcast included only the main news portion of the program, and excluded the analysis and documentary segment. This second airing was later replaced with other programming, and as of the 2012-13 television season, was replaced on CBC's major market stations by a half-hour late newscast. There is also a short news update, at most, on late Saturday evenings. During hockey season, this update is usually found during the first intermission of the second game of the doubleheader on Hockey Night in Canada.

The show also simultaneously broadcasts rolling coverage from CBC News Network from noon to 1 p.m. local time in most time zones (also from 6 to 7 a.m. in regions where a local CBC Radio One morning show is not simulcast instead).

In addition to the mentioned late local newscasts, CBC stations in most markets fill early evenings with local news programs, generally from 5:00 p.m. to 6:30 p.m., while most stations also air a single local newscast on weekend evenings (comprising a supper hour broadcast on Saturdays and a late evening newscast on Sundays). Weekly newsmagazine The Fifth Estate is also a CBC mainstay, as are documentary series such as Doc Zone.

Sports
One of the most popular shows on CBC Television is the weekly Saturday night broadcast of NHL hockey games, Hockey Night in Canada. It has been televised by the network since 1952. During the NHL lock-out and subsequent cancellation of the 2004–05 hockey season, the CBC instead aired various recent and classic films, branded as Movie Night in Canada, on Saturday nights. Many cultural groups criticized this and suggested the CBC air games from minor hockey leagues; the CBC responded that most such broadcast rights were already held by other groups, but it did base each Movie Night broadcast from a different Canadian hockey venue. Other than hockey, CBC Sports properties included Toronto Raptors basketball, Toronto FC soccer, and various other amateur and professional events.

The telecast of the Olympics including the Summer and Winter Olympic Games on Canadian television on CBC's broadcast started in 1956. It has the rights to broadcast the Olympic Games until 2024.

It was also the exclusive carrier of Canadian Curling Association events during the 2004–05 season. Due to disappointing results and fan outrage over many draws being carried on CBC Country Canada (now called Cottage Life), the association tried to cancel its multiyear deal with the CBC signed in 2004. After the CBC threatened legal action, both sides eventually came to an agreement under which early-round rights reverted to TSN. On June 15, 2006, the CCA announced that TSN would obtain exclusive rights to curling broadcasts in Canada as of the 2008–09 season, shutting the CBC out of the championship weekend for the first time in 40-plus years.

CBC Sports suffered another major blow when it was announced that after the 2007 season, the CFL regular season games and the Grey Cup would be moving to TSN, ending the CBC's tenure with the CFL. It has been stated that the CFL was not happy with the CBC's lacklustre production during the CBC's 2005 union lock-out, which forced the network to use CBC management to work the behind-the-scenes telecast and use stadium public address announcers in place of their regular announcer crew.

On June 23, 2007, the network aired the first game in a two-year deal to broadcast Toronto Blue Jays games; the contract ended at the end of the 2008 season, and was not renewed.

In August 2007, it was also announced that the CBC would broadcast National Basketball Association games involving the Toronto Raptors, starting with the 2007–08 NBA season, through at least 2009–10; the CBC would carry 10 games for the 2007–08 and 20 games for the 2008–09 and 2009–10 seasons.

In November 2013, the CBC lost its rights to the NHL to Rogers Communications, under a 12-year deal beginning in the 2014–15 NHL season. The CBC concurrently announced a sub-licensing agreement with Rogers, under which it would supply Sportsnet-produced Hockey Night in Canada broadcasts to CBC Television at no charge; all advertising during the broadcasts would be sold by Rogers, but the CBC would be provided with advertising time for its own programs. Officially, the broadcasts are carried by a CRTC-licensed part-time network operated by Rogers and affiliated with all CBC Television stations. This was required to formally assign responsibility for the broadcasts to Rogers; on-air, the telecasts otherwise use CBC branding and continuity.

As a result of funding reductions from the federal government and decreased revenues, in April 2014, the CBC announced it would no longer bid for professional sport broadcasting rights.

Entertainment
Among CBC Television's best-known primetime series are comedy series Rick Mercer Report (2004–18), This Hour Has 22 Minutes (since 1993) and Little Mosque on the Prairie (2007–12), and dramas such as The Tudors (2007–10), Heartland (since 2007) and Intelligence (2006–07). In recent years, British series such as Coronation Street and Doctor Who have been given greater prominence. As noted above, it now carries very little American programming apart from some syndicated daytime shows.

In 2006, the CBC announced radical changes to its primetime line-up, including the following new series to premiere that fall:
 * Dragons' Den (reality)
 * Intelligence (drama; 2006–07)
 * Rumours (comedy; 2006–07)
 * Underdogs (a spinoff of Marketplace)
 * Jozi-H (medical drama; a Canadian-South African co-production; 2006–07)
 * The One: Making a Music Star (a Canadian version of the American reality show simulcast by CBC in July 2006; Canadian series was not included on the schedule)
 * 72 Hours: True Crime (crime documentary series; aired in "core" of primetime for first time; 2004–07)
 * Repeats of The Hour on the main CBC network, from 2005 to 2014.

Many were surprised by these changes to the CBC schedule, which were apparently intended to attract a younger audience to the network; some suggested they might alienate the core CBC viewership. Another note of criticism was made when the network decided to move The National in some time zones to simulcast the American version of The One over the summer. This later became a moot point, as The One was taken off the air after two weeks after extremely low American and Canadian ratings, and the newscast resumed its regular schedule.

In 2006, daytime programming was also revamped. While there were still repeats of CBC and foreign series, new talk shows such as The Gill Deacon Show (2006–07) and the regional franchise Living (2007–09) were aired. The Gill Deacon Show was cancelled after just seven months, and replaced with another talk show, Steven and Chris from 2008 to 2015 (Steven and Chris is also shown on the Live Well Network in the United States); Living was cancelled in August 2009.

On January 9, 2007, the CBC began airing a highly publicized new series called Little Mosque on the Prairie (2007–12), a comedy about a Muslim family living in rural Saskatchewan. The series garnered strong ratings as well as international media attention, for most of its five-year run. It was also announced that Martha Stewart's daytime show would be added to the CBC daytime line-up, with the nighttime Wheel of Fortune and Jeopardy! following in September 2008 (with a few edits to limit the amount of U.S. advertising).

In January 2008, CBC Television launched the drama series The Border (2008–10), MVP (2008) and jPod (2008), the reality series The Week The Women Went (2008–09) and the comedy Sophie from 2008 to 2009. Only The Border and Sophie were renewed for a second season in the fall of 2008. The new series Being Erica (2009–10) and the short-lived Wild Roses (2009) began airing in January 2009.

Beginning in 2005, the CBC has contributed production funds for the BBC Wales revival of Doctor Who, for which it received a special credit at the end of each episode. This arrangement continued until the end of fourth season, broadcast in 2008. The CBC similarly contributed to the first season of the spin-off series, Torchwood. More recently, the network has also begun picking up Canadian rights to some Australian series, including the drama series Janet King and Love Child, and the comedy-drama series Please Like Me.

In 2015, CBC Television premiered Dan and Eugene Levy's sitcom Schitt's Creek; the series began to achieve critical acclaim after it was acquired by the streaming service Netflix; In 2020 following its final season, Schitt's Creek won all seven comedy awards at the 72nd Primetime Emmy Awards, becoming the first comedy or drama to sweep all seven major awards in their respective genre at the Primetime Emmys.

CBC Gem
CBC Gem is CBC Television's over-the-top streaming platform; it launched in 2018, replacing the existing CBC TV app. The service carries live and on-demand programming from CBC Television, CBC News, and CBC Sports, as well as short- and long-form original programming and acquisitions (including films and television series).

The service is available in free ad-supported and premium versions, with the latter including advertising-free video on-demand, access to CBC News Network, and access to premium content that is exclusive to subscribers.

At launch, the CBC announced plans to add at least 50 Canadian films to Gem per-year, and announced a partnership with Telefilm Canada to stream a selection of featured Canadian films on the service ad-free for all users.

Children's programming
Children's programming, often marketed as "CBC Kids" and "The Outlet", occupies most of the morning hours on weekdays and much of weekend mornings.

CBC HD
On March 5, 2005, CBC Television launched a high definition simulcast of its Toronto (CBLT-DT) and Montreal (CBMT-DT) stations. Since that time, the network has also launched HD simulcasts in Vancouver (CBUT-DT), Ottawa (CBOT-DT), Edmonton (CBXT-DT), Calgary (CBRT-DT), Halifax (CBHT-DT), Windsor, (CBET-DT), Winnipeg (CBWT-DT), and St. John's (CBNT-DT).

All HD channels map to their analogue positions via the North American PSIP virtual channeling standard.

In fall 2007, the CBC upgraded its Toronto facilities, becoming the second fully HD news broadcaster in Canada. The National and all its news programs originating from the same news studio in Toronto (including CBC News: Sunday Night) are now available in HD.

On September 1, 2011, as part of the analogue television shutoff and digital conversion, all CBC over-the-air HD broadcasts switched from the 1080i to 720p resolution format.

In August 2012, after the CBC shut down all of their remaining analogue transmitters, CBC television (as well as CBC News Network) began broadcasting all programming solely in the 16:9 aspect ratio and began letterboxing its widescreen feed for standard definition viewers just as Ici Radio-Canada Télé has done since September 2007.

Stations
All CBC television stations, including those in major cities, are owned and operated by the CBC itself, with their master control facilities all located at the Canadian Broadcasting Centre in Toronto. CBC owned-and-operated (O&O) stations operate as a mostly seamless national service with few deviations from the main network schedule, although there are some regional differences from time to time. For on-air identification, most CBC stations use the CBC brand rather than their call letters, not identifying themselves specifically until sign-on or sign-off (though some, like Toronto's CBLT, do not ID themselves at all except through PSIP). All CBC O&O stations have a standard call letter naming convention, in that the first two letters are "CB" (an ITU prefix in the CA-CE block allocated not to Canada (whose block is CF-CK), but to Chile) and the last letter is "T". Only the third letter varies from market to market; however, that letter is typically the same as the third letter of the CBC Radio One and CBC Radio 2 stations in the same market. An exception to this rule are the CBC North stations in Yellowknife, Whitehorse and Iqaluit, whose call signs begin with "CF" due to their historic association with the CBC's Frontier Coverage Package prior to the advent of microwave and satellite broadcasting.

Some stations that broadcast from smaller cities were private affiliates of the CBC, that is, stations which are owned by commercial broadcasters but predominantly incorporated CBC programming within their schedules. Such stations generally followed the CBC schedule, airing a minimum 40 hours per week of network programming. However, they often chose to opt out of some CBC programming in order to air locally produced programs, syndicated series or programs purchased from other broadcasters, such as CTV Two, which do not have a broadcast outlet in the same market. In these cases, the CBC programming being displaced may have been broadcast at a different time than the network, or were not broadcast on the station at all. Most private affiliates generally opted out of CBC's afternoon schedule and Thursday night arts programming. Private affiliates carried the 10 p.m. broadcast of The National as a core part of the CBC schedule, but generally omitted the 11 p.m. repeat (which is no longer broadcast). Most private affiliates produce their own local newscasts for a duration of at least 35 minutes. Some of the private affiliates later began adding CBC's overnight programming to their schedules since the network began broadcasting 24 hours a day in October 2006.

Following the disaffiliation of the last privately owned CBC affiliate CKSA-DT in Lloydminster on August 31, 2016, no more private stations operate as CBC affiliates, as many such stations have been purchased either by the CBC itself or by Canwest Global or CHUM Limited, respectively becoming E! (a small system owned by Canwest, but separate from its fully national Global Television Network) or A-Channel (later A, now CTV Two) stations. One private CBC affiliate, CHBC-TV in Kelowna, joined E! (then known as CH) on February 27, 2006. When a private CBC affiliate reaffiliated with another network, the CBC normally added a retransmitter of its nearest O&O station to ensure that CBC service is continued. However, due to an agreement between CHBC and CFJC-TV in Kamloops, CFJC also disaffiliated from the CBC on February 27, 2006, but no retransmitters were installed in the licence area. Former private CBC affiliates CKPG-TV Prince George and CHAT-TV Medicine Hat disaffiliated on August 31, 2008, and joined E!, but the CBC announced it would not add new retransmitters to these areas. Incidentally, CFJC, CKPG and CHAT are all owned by an independent media company, Jim Pattison Group. With the closure of E! and other changes in the media landscape, several former CBC affiliates subsequently joined CTV, Citytv or Global, or closed altogether.

According to filings to the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) by Thunder Bay Electronics (owner of CBC's Thunder Bay affiliate CKPR-DT) and Bell Media (owner of CBC affiliates CFTK-TV in Terrace and CJDC-TV in Dawson Creek), the CBC informed them that it would not extend its association with any of its private affiliates beyond August 31, 2011. Incidentally, that was also the date for analogue to digital transition in Canada. Given recent practice and the CBC's decision not to convert any retransmitters to digital, even in markets with populations in the hundreds in thousands, it was not expected that the CBC would open new transmitters to replace its affiliates, and indeed pared back its existing transmitter network to just its digital transmitters in July 2012. However, in March 2011, CKPR announced that it had come to a programming agreement with the CBC, in which the station would continue to provide CBC programming in Thunder Bay for a period of five years.

On March 16, 2012, Astral Media announced the sale of its assets to Bell Media, owners of CTV and CTV Two, for $3.38 billion with CFTK and CJDC included in the acquisition. Both stations subsequently became CTV Two stations.

CBC television stations in Nunavut, the Northwest Territories and Yukon, branded as CBC North, tailor their programming mostly to the local native population, and broadcast in many native languages such as Inuktitut, Gwichʼin and Dene.

Carriage of CBC News
From 1994 through July 2005, CBC Television's news programming was aired in the United States on Newsworld International.

On September 11, 2001, several American broadcasters without their own news operations, including C-SPAN and Home Shopping Network, carried the CBC's coverage of the terror attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C. In the days after September 11, C-SPAN carried CBC's nightly newscast, The National, anchored by Peter Mansbridge.

C-SPAN has also carried CBC's coverage of major events affecting Canadians. Among them:
 * Canadian federal elections.
 * Six days in September 2000 that marked the death and state funeral of Pierre Elliott Trudeau.
 * The war in Iraq. The National aired on C-SPAN each night for about three weeks following the attacks on Iraq.
 * Peter Mansbridge signed off his broadcasts during that time, saying "I'm Peter Mansbridge. Thanks for watching, those of you here in Canada, and viewers across the United States watching us on C-SPAN."
 * The power outage crisis in summer 2003.
 * Key proceedings in Parliament of Canada, such as state openings.
 * U.S. presidential elections.
 * In 2004, C-SPAN picked up The National the day after the election for the view from Canadians.
 * State and official visits of American presidents to Canada.
 * During MSNBC's coverage of President George W. Bush's visit to Canada, the CBC's senior parliamentary editor, Don Newman, appeared on MSNBC.

Several PBS stations also air some CBC programs, especially The Red Green Show, although no CBC programming currently airs on the full network schedule.

For a number of years CBC co-produced a news programme, Hemispheres, with Australia's national broadcaster, the ABC; the program was hosted from Sydney and Vancouver and included reports from both networks' foreign correspondents. It was broadcast in both Canada and Australia and across Asia and the Pacific on the Australia Network.

Canada–United States border audiences
CBC Television stations can be received over-the-air or through cable in many American communities along the Canada–United States border, and have a significant audience in those areas.

CBC's sports coverage has also attained high viewership in border markets, including its coverage of the NHL's Stanley Cup Playoffs, which was generally considered to be more complete and consistent than coverage by other networks such as NBC. Its coverage of the Olympic Games also found a significant audience in border regions, primarily due to the fact that CBC aired more events live than NBC's coverage, which had been criticized in recent years for tape delaying events to air in primetime, even if the event is being held in a market in the Pacific Time Zone during primetime hours on the East (where it would still be delayed for West Coast primetime).

Over-the-air digital television transition
The CRTC ordered that in 28 "mandatory markets," full power over-the-air analogue television transmitters had to cease transmitting by August 31, 2011. Broadcasters could either continue serving those markets by transitioning analogue transmitters to digital or cease broadcasting over-the-air. Cable, IPTV, and satellite services are not involved or affected by this digital transition deadline.

While its fellow Canadian broadcasters converted most of their transmitters to digital by the Canadian digital television transition deadline of August 31, 2011, the CBC converted only about half of the analogue transmitters in mandatory areas to digital (15 of 28 markets with CBC Television stations, and 14 of 28 markets with Télévision de Radio-Canada stations). Due to financial difficulties reported by the corporation, the corporation published digital transition plans for none of its analogue retransmitters in mandatory markets to be converted to digital by the deadline. Under this plan, communities that receive analogue signals by rebroadcast transmitters in mandatory markets would lose their over-the-air signals as of the deadline. Rebroadcast transmitters account for 23 of the 48 CBC and Radio-Canada transmitters in mandatory markets. Mandatory markets losing both CBC and Radio-Canada over-the-air signals include London, Ontario (metropolitan area population 457,000) and Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (metro area population 257,000). In both of those markets, the corporation's television transmitters are the only ones that were not planned to be converted to digital by the deadline.

Because rebroadcast transmitters were not planned to be converted to digital, many markets stood to lose over-the-air coverage from CBC or Radio-Canada, or both. As a result, only seven of the markets subject to the August 31, 2011, transition deadline were planned to have both CBC and Radio-Canada in digital, and 13 other markets were planned to have either CBC or Radio-Canada in digital. In mid-August 2011, the CRTC granted the CBC an extension, until August 31, 2012, to continue operating its analogue transmitters in markets subject to the August 31, 2011, transition deadline. This CRTC decision prevented many markets subject to the transition deadline from losing signals for the CBC or Radio-Canada, or both at the transition deadline. At the transition deadline, Barrie, Ontario lost both CBC and Radio-Canada signals as the CBC did not request that the CRTC allow these transmitters to continue operating.

In markets where a digital transmitter was installed, existing coverage areas were not necessarily maintained. For instance, the CBC implemented a digital transmitter covering Fredericton, New Brunswick in the place of the existing transmitter covering Saint John, New Brunswick and Fredericton, and decided to maintain analogue service to Saint John. According to CBC's application for this transmitter to the CRTC, the population served by the digital transmitter would be 113,930 people versus 303,465 served by the existing analogue transmitter. In Victoria, the replacement of the Vancouver analogue transmitters with digital ones only allowed only some northeastern parts of the metropolitan area (total population 330,000) to receive either CBC or Radio-Canada.

CBC announced on April 4, 2012, that it will shut down all of its approximately 620 analogue television transmitters on July 31, 2012 with no plans to install digital transmitters in their place, thus reducing the total number of the corporation's television transmitters across the country down to 27. According to the CBC, this would reduce the corporation's yearly costs by $10 million. No plans have been announced to use subchannels to maintain over-the-air signals for both CBC and Radio-Canada in markets where the corporation has one digital transmitter. In fact, in its CRTC application to shut down all of its analogue television transmitters, the CBC communicated its opposition to use of subchannels, citing costs, amongst other reasons.

The CBC had stated that the "useful life of CBC/Radio-Canada's satellite distribution backbone for analogue transmission ends in 2013" and that it "will not reinvest in that infrastructure given the inevitability of analogue obsolescence."

Despite the shutdown of the rebroadcasters, few viewers actually lost access to CBC programming due to the very high penetration of cable and satellite, which is all but essential for acceptable television in much of Canada (particularly rural areas).

CBC and affiliate transmitters in mandatory markets
In addition to the above noted digital transmitters, the non-mandatory market Radio-Canada transmitter in Rimouski, Quebec, CJBR-DT, was transitioned to digital on August 31, 2012. The non-mandatory market CBC Yellowknife transmitter, CFYK-DT, was transitioned to digital on July 31, 2012. Of the non-mandatory affiliates, CKWS-DT Kingston and CHEX-DT Peterborough, Ontario converted in 2013, while CFTK-TV Terrace and CJDC-TV Dawson Creek, British Columbia has yet to convert; these stations has since changed its affiliations to other networks.

1 Lloydminster's CBC affiliate, CKSA-DT, disaffiliated with the network in September 2016, changing to an affiliate of Global. CBXT Edmonton and/or CBKT Regina now serves the region via cable and satellite. Radio-Canada never had a transmitter serving the Lloydminster area.

2 Thunder Bay's CBC affiliate, CKPR-DT, disaffiliated with the network in September 2014, changing to an affiliate of CTV. CBLT now serves the city via cable and satellite.

3 The Greater Toronto Area was served by CBC Television flagship CBLT, while the Durham Region was served by an affiliate, CHEX-TV-2. CHEX-TV-2 would not be required to convert to digital until 2019. CHEX-TV-2 would drop CBC programming in exchange for CTV in 2015; it since became a Global outlet for the Durham Region in 2018.

4 The Radio-Canada affiliate serving Rivière-du-Loup, CKRT-DT, ceased operations on August 31, 2021, after Radio-Canada declined to renew CKRT's affiliation, with no sufficient alternate sources available. Radio-Canada programming has since become available in the region only by cable and satellite, with CJBR-TV Rimouski seen on many cable systems. CBC Television never had a transmitter serving the Rivière-du-Loup area.

5 The Radio-Canada affiliate serving Rouyn-Noranda/Val-d'Or, CKRN-DT, ceased operations on March 25, 2018. Radio-Canada programming has since become available in the region only by cable and satellite, with CBFT Montreal seen on many cable systems. CBC Television was provided by two different repeaters: CBVD-TV channel 5 Malartic (repeating CBMT Montreal, serving Val-d'Or) and CFCL-TV-2 / CBLT-8 channel 2 in Kearns, Ontario (repeating CFCL-TV Timmins, later CBLT Toronto, serving Rouyn-Noranda); these repeaters would close with the rest of the repeater network in 2012.

History
In 2006, the CBC submitted a plan to the CRTC for transitioning the over-the-air television signals from analogue to digital. In this submission, the CBC stated that its 654 analogue transmitters reached 98% of the population, and that it planned on installing 44 digital transmitters, reaching 80% of Canadians.

The CRTC decided to impose a mandatory transition date switching over-the-air television signals from analogue to digital, following consultation with CBC and the public. The CBC had requested during this consultation that broadcasters be given four years to transition. Following the consultation, on May 17, 2007, the CRTC imposed a transition timeline of four years, resulting in a transition deadline of August 31, 2011, and requiring that over-the-air analogue transmitters be shut off by that date.

On July 6, 2009, the CRTC limited the August 31, 2011 transition deadline to certain mandatory markets, greatly reducing the number of transmitters needing to be transitioned. In CBC's 2009–2010 Corporate Plan, the corporation stated that it planned on having 30 transmitters broadcasting in digital by the deadline, costing $30 million.

On August 6, 2010, the CBC issued a press release stating that due to financial reasons, the CBC and Radio-Canada would only transition 27 transmitters total, one in each market where there was an originating station (i.e. a CBC or Radio-Canada television station located in that market). Further, the CBC stated in the release, that only 15 of the transmitters would be in place by August 31, 2011, due to lack of available funds, and that the remainder would not be on the air until as late as August 31, 2012. Additionally, the CBC stated in the release that it was asking the CRTC for permission to continue broadcasting in analogue until the identified transmitters for transition were up and running. At the time of the press release, only eight of the corporation's transmitters (four CBC and four Radio Canada) were broadcasting in digital.

On November 30, 2010, the CBC's senior director of regulatory affairs issued a letter to the CRTC regarding CBC's plans for transitioning to digital. The letter states, "CBC/Radio-Canada will not be converting its analogue retransmitters in mandatory markets to digital after August 31, 2011." On December 16, 2010, some months after the CRTC issued a bulletin reminding broadcasters that analogue transmitters had to be shut off by the deadline in mandatory markets, the CBC revised the documents accompanying its August 6, 2010, news release to state that it had the money for and is striving to transition all 27 transmitters by August 31, 2011.

On March 23, 2011, the CRTC rejected an application by the CBC to install a digital transmitter serving Fredericton, New Brunswick in place of the analogue transmitter serving Fredericton and Saint John, New Brunswick, which would have served only 62.5% of the population served by the existing analogue transmitter. The CBC issued a press release stating "CBC/Radio-Canada intends to re-file its application with the CRTC to provide more detailed cost estimates that will allow the Commission to better understand the unfeasibility of replicating the Corporation's current analogue coverage." The press release further added that the CBC suggests coverage could be maintained if the CRTC were to "allow CBC Television to continue providing the analogue service it offers today – much in the same way the Commission permitted recently in the case of Yellowknife, Whitehorse and Iqaluit."

On March 29, 2011, the CRTC added the following condition of licence to over-the-air stations owned by CBC: "Unless otherwise authorized by the Commission, the licensee shall not transmit analogue television signals after 31 August 2011 in mandatory markets designated as such by the Commission in Broadcasting Regulatory Policy 2011-184 or transmit television signals on channels 52 to 69".

On August 18, 2011, the CRTC issued a decision that allows CBC's mandatory market rebroadcasting transmitters in analogue to remain on-air until August 31, 2012. Before that deadline, the CBC's licence renewal process would take place and CBC's digital transition plans would be examined as part of that process. The requirement remains for all of CBC's full-power transmitters occupying channels 52 to 69 to either relocate to channels 2 to 51 or become low-power transmitters. In some cases, the CBC has opted to reduce the power of existing transmitters to low-power transmitters, which will result in signal loss for some viewers.

On April 4, 2012, the CBC released its budget plans, in which it announced that all of its approximately 620 analogue television transmitters would be shut down on July 31, 2012, which was earlier than planned, due to funding reductions from the federal government.

On July 17, 2012, the CRTC approved the shut down of CBC's analogue transmitters, noting that "while the Commission has the discretion to refuse to revoke broadcasting licences, even on application from a licensee, it cannot direct the CBC or any other broadcaster to continue to operate its stations and transmitters." On July 31, 2012, at around 11:59 p.m. in each time zone, the remaining 620 analogue transmitters were shut down, leaving the network with 27 digital television transmitters across the country, and some transmitters operated by some affiliated stations.

title: CBC Television


text:
Chartered

Chartered may refer to:
 * Charter, a legal document conferring rights or privileges
 * University charter
 * Chartered company
 * Chartered (professional), a professional credential
 * Charter (shipping)
 * Charter (airlines)
 * Charter (typeface)
 * Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing, a manufacturing company

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Chartered


text:
Mateba Autorevolver

The Mateba Model 6 Unica (often known simply as the Mateba or the Mateba Autorevolver) is a recoil operated semi-automatic revolver, one of only a few of this type ever produced. It was developed by Mateba, based in Pavia, Italy. Inventor Emilio Ghisoni (1937–2008), who was also famous for later designing the Chiappa Rhino, is listed as the owner of which details the operation of the weapon.

Design
The Mateba Model 6 uses the recoil from firing to rotate the cylinder and cock the hammer, unlike conventional revolvers, which depend on the user physically pulling the trigger and/or cocking the hammer to actuate the weapon's mechanism of operation.

The Mateba Autorevolver's barrel alignment is different from most other revolvers. The barrel is aligned with the bottom of the cylinder instead of the top. This lowers the bore axis (line of the barrel) which directs the recoil in line with the shooter's hand thereby reducing the twisting motion or muzzle flip of normal revolvers.

The gun's entire upper assembly (barrel, cylinder and frame) are mounted on rails on the lower frame, which houses the trigger, hammer, and grip, and recoils 1/2 of an inch, or 12.7mm, on firing. The rearward motion of the upper assembly cocks the hammer, and the cylinder is rotated on the forward stroke. This unique action makes this revolver a semi automatic weapon, making it one of the very few semi-automatic revolver designs, another notable design being the Webley–Fosbery Self-Cocking Automatic Revolver. The inclusion of the 454 Casull chambering makes the gun one of, if not the, most powerful semi-automatic handgun ever produced. This chambering places the Mateba in comparison to firearms like the Wildey pistol chambered in .475 Wildey Magnum and .44 Mag examples of the AutoMag pistol.

Variants
The Mateba Autorevolver and Grifone were produced in two finishes:
 * Blued
 * Satin Nickel
 * Polished Nickel (Up until 2000)

Early models of the Unica 6 Autorevolver did not include a mounting point at the front of the frame forward of the trigger guard, and instead had a simple bevel. Late model Unica 6's and Grifones are sometimes seen with mismatched parts, e.g. blued cylinders on a nickel frame or Grifone stamped parts mixed with Unica 6 parts, this was due to Italian bankruptcy laws requiring the company to continue operations after declaring insolvency without manufacturing any new inventory, while liquidating all existing inventory and assets. After this receivership period, all remaining stock leftover including parts was sold to CDNN Investments in Abilene, Texas and liquidated at discount rates.

The following are the primary variants of the Mateba revolver:

 * Defense - 4" Barrel, .357 Magnum
 * Home Protection - 5" Barrel, .44 Remington Magnum
 * Dynamic Sportiva - Either 5"- or 6"-barrel, .357 Magnum, .41 Magnum, .44 Magnum
 * Hunter - 8 3/8" threaded Barrel, .357 Magnum, .44 Remington Magnum (.44 S&W Special), .454 Casull

In addition, their barrels can be changed with interchangeable 3", 4", 5"-, 6"-, 7"- and 8"-inch barrels.

There was chambering in 30-357 AeT offered according to manuals released in 2000, it is unknown if any were actually produced in this caliber.

Mateba Grifone
Also available was the Mateba Grifone, a revolver carbine which came in three primary variants: It was available in the following Calibers:
 * Grifone - The standard Grifone mated a 460 mm barrel, handguard and buttstock to the Autorevolver's frame and action and included a barrel shroud with 4 widely spaced slots at the top.
 * Grifone MoSer - Chambered in .454 Casull and mated to a longer 510 mm barrel, Including a longer shroud with 5 widely spaced slots at the top.
 * Grifone Short - Included a shorter 320 mm barrel and shroud with 4 narrowly spaced slots.
 * .357 Magnum - Grifone, Grifone Short
 * .41 Magnum - Grifone
 * .44 Magnum - Grifone, Grifone Short
 * .454 Casull - Grifone MoSer

The buttstock came in 2 styles, a solid traditionally shaped walnut stock, or a "skeletonized" style all metal stock with a walnut cheekrest.

Multiple cartridge capability
Mateba Autorevolvers chambered in .357 Magnum can be loaded with .38 Special ammunition. Typical .38 Special loads do not have enough power to fully cycle the recoil mechanism, but the weapon will still function with a double-action trigger pull. There are two optional recoil springs designed specifically for .38 Special cartridges that can be installed by the operator to overcome this problem (.38 Special and .38 wadcutter). Replacing the spring requires the removal of the slide assembly, which is blocked by a retaining pin held in place by a small set screw in the trigger guard. The barrel shroud acts as the spring keeper and guide rod bushing.

Autorevolvers chambered in .44 Magnum can have the recoil spring swapped out to effectively cycle .44 special, and .357 Magnum with 38 Special.

title: Mateba Autorevolver


text:
Portland Saturday Market

The Portland Saturday Market is an outdoor arts and crafts market in Portland, Oregon. It is the largest continuously operated outdoor market in the United States. It is held every Saturday and Sunday from the beginning of March through December 24, in Tom McCall Waterfront Park underneath Burnside Bridge and south of the bridge, as well as within an adjacent plaza just across Naito Parkway, extending west to the Skidmore Fountain. The market's hours of operations are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. on Saturdays and 11:00am - 4:30pm on Sundays, and admission is free. The market is accessible by foot, bicycle, Segway, and TriMet's MAX Light Rail line which stops near the market at the Skidmore Fountain stop. The market has over 400 members and generates an estimated $12 million in gross sales annually. It has become a central economic engine for the historic Old Town Chinatown neighborhood, and attracts an estimated 750,000 visitors to this area each year. '

Structure & Mission
The Portland Saturday Market is a mutual-benefit non-tax-exempt nonprofit owned and run by the Members of the market. The Board of Directors and various committees are all run by members of the market, utilizing a democratic process. The focus of the market is on hand-crafted goods sold by the artisans who design and make them.

The mission of the Portland Saturday Market is to provide an environment that encourages the economic and artistic growth of emerging and accomplished artisans. Central to this mission shall be to operate a marketplace. That marketplace, and other market programs, shall honor craftsmanship, design innovation, marketing ethics, and authenticity of the product.

History
The market was founded in 1974 by craftspeople Sheri Teasdale and Andrea Scharf, who modeled it after the Saturday Market in Eugene, Oregon. It was founded as a mutual benefit corporation, under which all members would share in the cost and governance of the market, yet keep all profits they receive from selling their items. All items sold at the Saturday Market are required to be handmade by the person selling it, and a committee of members judge each new item against a minimum standard of quality.

Sock It To Me, a sock and apparel company based out of Portland, started at the Saturday Market.

I

Location
The group did not have a location for the market, until Bill Naito offered them a parking lot known as the "Butterfly lot". A large butterfly mural hangs over the market today commemorating the past. For the first year that the market operated, there was no specific site plan. A board of directors was established and the first chair was Scott Nay who worked in the Human Resources Department in the city of Portland. He was instrumental in hiring the first market manager Dana Comfort who along with a well chosen staff began to organize the site by and under the Burnside Bridge. A clear site plan was eventually created, marking out 8 x booth spaces, defining aisles and a pattern for customer traffic. In 1976, the market moved to a site under the Burnside Bridge between First Avenue and Front Avenue (now Naito Parkway), where it then remained for the next 33 years.

Relocation in 2009
In April 2005, the Portland Development Commission and Portland Saturday Market began a study of potential sites that serve as a permanent location for the Saturday Market. Although the market had already been operating for three decades, it had always existed on a patchwork of short-term leases with private property owners, providing little or no long-term certainty. That situation was viewed as a disincentive to capital investment, due to a lack of mid-week activities on the site, and as reinforcing adverse social conditions, creating an unsafe area within the neighborhood along with the additional burden of weekly cleaning of the site before Market use. The long-range major goals for the Market included: a permanent location, improved infrastructure, and more protection from the weather, needing to be met in a cost-efficient manner. In October 2005, the city launched its own study, called the "Ankeny/Burnside Development Framework Project", to assess the opportunities for the area and how best to direct public funding to increase private investment.

The recommendations from these studies eventually led to a plan which would move the market out of the space under the Burnside Bridge at First Avenue, to a new space one block east, in Tom McCall Waterfront Park, and include construction of an open-side shelter (called a "pavilion" by market representatives) to provide 8,000 square feet of semi-weather-protected space immediately south of the bridge. Ankeny Square, the small plaza located between the Skidmore Fountain and Naito Parkway, would continue to be used for vendor booths each weekend, in addition to the larger space to the east of Naito Parkway, within the park. The move would increase the number of craft-vendor spaces slightly, from 255 to 275. The intention was that Waterfront Park would lease the pavilion to the market on the weekends during the market season, while also leasing the area for other projects during the week. The project was overseen by the Portland Development Commission, who had recently concluded a three-year study on possible permanent locations. Also under the project's umbrella was an accommodation for the headquarters of Mercy Corps. At the beginning of the 2009 season, the new space was not ready for use, so the market opened temporarily at its old location.

In May 2009, Saturday Market moved into its new location in Waterfront Park. Ankeny Plaza, a relatively small portion of the market, was retained as part of the reconfigured market and is used by about 50 vendors each weekend. In August 2009, a new public fountain was brought into use next to the market's space, in the park at Ash Street, named the Bill Naito Legacy Fountain in honor of Portland businessman and civic leader Bill Naito, who had also been one of the Saturday Market's early supporters.

Sundays
The Market operated Sundays from 1977-2020 when COVID caused many older vendors to retire from the market. Portland Saturday Market is hoping to reopen Sundays in 2024 depending on vendor interest.

title: Portland Saturday Market


text:
Lawns (disambiguation)

Lawns are aesthetically maintained grassy areas.

Lawns or The Lawns may also refer to:

 * Lawns, West Yorkshire, Wakefield, England
 * The Lawns, Hull, Yorkshire, England
 * The Lawns Estate, Swindon, England

title: Lawns (disambiguation)


text:
Monthly

Monthly usually refers to the scheduling of something every month. It may also refer to:
 * The Monthly
 * Monthly Magazine
 * Monthly Review
 * PQ Monthly
 * Home Monthly
 * Trader Monthly
 * Overland Monthly
 * Menstruation, sometimes known as "monthly"

title: Monthly


text:
Bony

Bony may refer to:

 * Adjective relating to bone

People

 * Bony Dashaco, Cameroonian businessman
 * Bony King, Belgian singer-songwriter
 * Bony Pierre (born 1991), Haitian footballer
 * Bony Ramirez (born 1996), Dominican-born American painter and artist
 * Jean-François Bony (1754–1825), French painter, draftsman, embroiderer, and silk manufacturer
 * Jean-Michel Bony (born 1942), French mathematician
 * Jean-Yves Bony (born 1955), French politician
 * Oscar Bony (1941–2002), Argentine artist
 * Wilfried Bony (born 1988), Ivorian footballer

Organizations

 * Bank of New York

Places

 * Bony, Aisne, France, a commune of the Aisne département
 * Bőny, a village in Hungary

Entertainment

 * Bony (character), the main character in Arthur Upfield's novels
 * Bony (TV series), a 1992 Australian television series starring Cameron Daddo
 * Bony (film), a 2021 Indian Bengali film
 * Bony Moronie, single music album
 * Bony (character), fiction character created by Australian novelist

Other uses

 * Bony labyrinth, structure of the inner ear
 * Bony-eared assfish, Species of fish
 * Bony bream, Species of fish

title: Bony


text:
User:Walljordan/Persons

The word 'Persons' has more history behind it than the meaning commonly referring to the plural of 'Person'

'Persons' is many times used as a last name for families in the United States. The name derives from the last name 'Pearsons' or 'Piersons.' During the 1800's and early 1900's many immigrants' origin could be identified by their last name. Irish, Germans, Austrians and many other aliens commonly had the last name Pierson or Pearson or other related last names that would indicate their country of origin. As a result many families, upon entry into the United States, would change their last name to Persons to avoid being discriminated and ridiculed based on where they came from. The spelling of the last name 'Persons' was regarded as very American and would allow the children of immigrants to go about their lives without fear of their heritage preventing them from succeeding in their endeavors.

title: User:Walljordan/Persons


text:
Capability Maturity Model Integration

Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) is a process level improvement training and appraisal program. Administered by the CMMI Institute, a subsidiary of ISACA, it was developed at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU). It is required by many U.S. Government contracts, especially in software development. CMU claims CMMI can be used to guide process improvement across a project, division, or an entire organization.

CMMI defines the following five maturity levels (1 to 5) for processes: Initial, Managed, Defined, Quantitatively Managed, and Optimizing. CMMI Version 3.0 was published in 2023; Version 2.0 was published in 2018; Version 1.3 was published in 2010, and is the reference model for the rest of the information in this article. CMMI is registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office by CMU.

Overview

Originally CMMI addresses three areas of interest:

 * 1) Product and service development – CMMI for Development (CMMI-DEV),
 * 2) Service establishment, management, – CMMI for Services (CMMI-SVC), and
 * 3) Product and service acquisition – CMMI for Acquisition (CMMI-ACQ).

In version 2.0 these three areas (that previously had a separate model each) were merged into a single model.

CMMI was developed by a group from industry, government, and the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) at CMU. CMMI models provide guidance for developing or improving processes that meet the business goals of an organization. A CMMI model may also be used as a framework for appraising the process maturity of the organization. By January 2013, the entire CMMI product suite was transferred from the SEI to the CMMI Institute, a newly created organization at Carnegie Mellon.

History
CMMI was developed by the CMMI project, which aimed to improve the usability of maturity models by integrating many different models into one framework. The project consisted of members of industry, government and the Carnegie Mellon Software Engineering Institute (SEI). The main sponsors included the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) and the National Defense Industrial Association.

CMMI is the successor of the capability maturity model (CMM) or Software CMM. The CMM was developed from 1987 until 1997. In 2002, version 1.1 was released, version 1.2 followed in August 2006, and version 1.3 in November 2010. Some major changes in CMMI V1.3 are the support of agile software development, improvements to high maturity practices and alignment of the representation (staged and continuous).

According to the Software Engineering Institute (SEI, 2008), CMMI helps "integrate traditionally separate organizational functions, set process improvement goals and priorities, provide guidance for quality processes, and provide a point of reference for appraising current processes."

Mary Beth Chrissis, Mike Konrad, and Sandy Shrum Rawdon were the authorship team for the hard copy publication of CMMI for Development Version 1.2 and 1.3. The Addison-Wesley publication of Version 1.3 was dedicated to the memory of Watts Humphry. Eileen C. Forrester, Brandon L. Buteau, and Sandy Shrum were the authorship team for the hard copy publication of CMMI for Services Version 1.3. Rawdon "Rusty" Young was the chief architect for the development of CMMI version 2.0. He was previously the CMMI Product Owner and the SCAMPI Quality Lead for the Software Engineering Institute.

In March 2016, the CMMI Institute was acquired by ISACA.

In April 2023, the CMMI V3.0 was released.

Representation
In version 1.3 CMMI existed in two representations: continuous and staged. The continuous representation is designed to allow the user to focus on the specific processes that are considered important for the organization's immediate business objectives, or those to which the organization assigns a high degree of risks. The staged representation is designed to provide a standard sequence of improvements, and can serve as a basis for comparing the maturity of different projects and organizations. The staged representation also provides for an easy migration from the SW-CMM to CMMI.

In version 2.0 the above representation separation was cancelled and there is now only one cohesive model.

Model framework (v1.3)
Depending on the areas of interest (acquisition, services, development) used, the process areas it contains will vary. Process areas are the areas that will be covered by the organization's processes. The table below lists the seventeen CMMI core process areas that are present for all CMMI areas of interest in version 1.3.

Maturity levels for services
The process areas below and their maturity levels are listed for the CMMI for services model:

Maturity Level 2 – Managed
 * CM – Configuration Management
 * MA – Measurement and Analysis
 * PPQA – Process and Quality Assurance
 * REQM – Requirements Management
 * SAM – Supplier Agreement Management
 * SD – Service Delivery
 * WMC – Work Monitoring and Control
 * WP – Work Planning

Maturity Level 3 – Defined
 * CAM – Capacity and Availability Management
 * DAR – Decision Analysis and Resolution
 * IRP – Incident Resolution and Prevention
 * IWM – Integrated Work Managements
 * OPD – Organizational Process Definition
 * OPF – Organizational Process Focus...
 * OT – Organizational Training
 * RSKM – Risk Management
 * SCON – Service Continuity
 * SSD – Service System Development
 * SST – Service System Transition
 * STSM – Strategic Service Management

Maturity Level 4 – Quantitatively Managed
 * OPP – Organizational Process Performance
 * QWM – Quantitative Work Management

Maturity Level 5 – Optimizing
 * CAR – Causal Analysis and Resolution.
 * OPM – Organizational Performance Management.

Models (v1.3)
CMMI best practices are published in documents called models, each of which addresses a different area of interest. Version 1.3 provides models for three areas of interest: development, acquisition, and services.
 * CMMI for Development (CMMI-DEV), v1.3 was released in November 2010. It addresses product and service development processes.
 * CMMI for Acquisition (CMMI-ACQ), v1.3 was released in November 2010. It addresses supply chain management, acquisition, and outsourcing processes in government and industry.
 * CMMI for Services (CMMI-SVC), v1.3 was released in November 2010. It addresses guidance for delivering services within an organization and to external customers.

Model (v2.0)
In version 2.0 DEV, ACQ and SVC were merged into a single model where each process area potentially has a specific reference to one or more of these three aspects. Trying to keep up with the industry the model also has explicit reference to agile aspects in some process areas.

Some key differences between v1.3 and v2.0 models are given below:

 * 1) "Process Areas" have been replaced with "Practice Areas (PA's)". The latter is arranged by levels, not "Specific Goals".
 * 2) Each PA is composed of a "core" [i.e. a generic and terminology-free description] and "context-specific" [ i.e. description from the perspective of Agile/ Scrum, development, services, etc.] section.
 * 3) Since all practices are now compulsory to comply, "Expected" section has been removed.
 * 4) "Generic Practices" have been put under a new area called "Governance and Implementation Infrastructure", while "Specific practices" have been omitted.
 * 5) Emphasis on ensuring implementation of PA's and that these are practised continuously until they become a "habit".
 * 6) All maturity levels focus on the keyword "performance".
 * 7) Two and five optional PA's from "Safety" and "Security" purview have been included.
 * 8) PCMM process areas have been merged.

Appraisal
An organization cannot be certified in CMMI; instead, an organization is appraised. Depending on the type of appraisal, the organization can be awarded a maturity level rating (1–5) or a capability level achievement profile.

Many organizations find value in measuring their progress by conducting an appraisal. Appraisals are typically conducted for one or more of the following reasons:
 * 1) To determine how well the organization's processes compare to CMMI best practices, and to identify areas where improvement can be made
 * 2) To inform external customers and suppliers of how well the organization's processes compare to CMMI best practices
 * 3) To meet the contractual requirements of one or more customers

Appraisals of organizations using a CMMI model must conform to the requirements defined in the Appraisal Requirements for CMMI (ARC) document. There are three classes of appraisals, A, B and C, which focus on identifying improvement opportunities and comparing the organization's processes to CMMI best practices. Of these, class A appraisal is the most formal and is the only one that can result in a level rating. Appraisal teams use a CMMI model and ARC-conformant appraisal method to guide their evaluation of the organization and their reporting of conclusions. The appraisal results can then be used (e.g., by a process group) to plan improvements for the organization.

The Standard CMMI Appraisal Method for Process Improvement (SCAMPI) is an appraisal method that meets all of the ARC requirements. Results of a SCAMPI appraisal may be published (if the appraised organization approves) on the CMMI Web site of the SEI: Published SCAMPI Appraisal Results. SCAMPI also supports the conduct of ISO/IEC 15504, also known as SPICE (Software Process Improvement and Capability Determination), assessments etc.

This approach promotes that members of the EPG and PATs be trained in the CMMI, that an informal (SCAMPI C) appraisal be performed, and that process areas be prioritized for improvement. More modern approaches, that involve the deployment of commercially available, CMMI-compliant processes, can significantly reduce the time to achieve compliance. SEI has maintained statistics on the "time to move up" for organizations adopting the earlier Software CMM as well as CMMI. These statistics indicate that, since 1987, the median times to move from Level 1 to Level 2 is 23 months, and from Level 2 to Level 3 is an additional 20 months. Since the release of the CMMI, the median times to move from Level 1 to Level 2 is 5 months, with median movement to Level 3 another 21 months. These statistics are updated and published every six months in a maturity profile.

The Software Engineering Institute's (SEI) team software process methodology and the use of CMMI models can be used to raise the maturity level. A new product called Accelerated Improvement Method (AIM) combines the use of CMMI and the TSP.

Security
To address user security concerns, two unofficial security guides are available. Considering the Case for Security Content in CMMI for Services has one process area, Security Management. Security by Design with CMMI for Development, Version 1.3 has the following process areas:

 * OPSD – Organizational Preparedness for Secure Development
 * SMP – Secure Management in Projects
 * SRTS – Security Requirements and Technical Solution
 * SVV – Security Verification and Validation

While they do not affect maturity or capability levels, these process areas can be reported in appraisal results.

Applications
The SEI published a study saying 60 organizations measured increases of performance in the categories of cost, schedule, productivity, quality and customer satisfaction. The median increase in performance varied between 14% (customer satisfaction) and 62% (productivity). However, the CMMI model mostly deals with what processes should be implemented, and not so much with how they can be implemented. These results do not guarantee that applying CMMI will increase performance in every organization. A small company with few resources may be less likely to benefit from CMMI; this view is supported by the process maturity profile (page 10). Of the small organizations (<25 employees), 70.5% are assessed at level 2: Managed, while 52.8% of the organizations with 1,001–2,000 employees are rated at the highest level (5: Optimizing).

Turner & Jain (2002) argue that although it is obvious there are large differences between CMMI and agile software development, both approaches have much in common. They believe neither way is the 'right' way to develop software, but that there are phases in a project where one of the two is better suited. They suggest one should combine the different fragments of the methods into a new hybrid method. Sutherland et al. (2007) assert that a combination of Scrum and CMMI brings more adaptability and predictability than either one alone. David J. Anderson (2005) gives hints on how to interpret CMMI in an agile manner.

CMMI Roadmaps, which are a goal-driven approach to selecting and deploying relevant process areas from the CMMI-DEV model, can provide guidance and focus for effective CMMI adoption. There are several CMMI roadmaps for the continuous representation, each with a specific set of improvement goals. Examples are the CMMI Project Roadmap, CMMI Product and Product Integration Roadmaps and the CMMI Process and Measurements Roadmaps. These roadmaps combine the strengths of both the staged and the continuous representations. The combination of the project management technique earned value management (EVM) with CMMI has been described. To conclude with a similar use of CMMI, Extreme Programming (XP), a software engineering method, has been evaluated with CMM/CMMI (Nawrocki et al., 2002). For example, the XP requirements management approach, which relies on oral communication, was evaluated as not compliant with CMMI.

CMMI can be appraised using two different approaches: staged and continuous. The staged approach yields appraisal results as one of five maturity levels. The continuous approach yields one of four capability levels. The differences in these approaches are felt only in the appraisal; the best practices are equivalent resulting in equivalent process improvement results.

title: Capability Maturity Model Integration


text:
Vaughn Armstrong

Vaughn Dale Armstrong (born July 7, 1950) is an American actor. He is noted for portraying many characters in the Star Trek franchise, in four Star Trek television series. He is perhaps best known as the recurring character Admiral Maxwell Forrest in Star Trek: Enterprise. He has played twelve Star Trek characters.

In 1985, Armstrong portrayed drill instructor Sergeant Williams in a production of the play Tracers at the Coronet Theater in Los Angeles. In 1989, he played Father Larkin, a priest-principal of a Catholic school, in Stand-up Tragedy at the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles. In 1992 he appeared in an episode of Quantum Leap as Fred Trump (alongside his future Enterprise co-star Scott Bakula). In 2008, he had the role of Will Torrey, an American union representative in Ravensridge at the Fremont Centre Theatre in South Pasadena, California.

title: Vaughn Armstrong


text:
Talk:This is the Song That Never Ends

Are the lyrics public domain? If not, there might be a copyvio because you qoted them in full. P Ingerson 07:06, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * That's often a problem, but in a quatrain as short as this, where the full is the same length as a sample, we don't need to worry. - DavidWBrooks 15:16, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

from VfD
On 28 Mar 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. See Votes for deletion/This is the Song That Never Ends

title: Talk:This is the Song That Never Ends


text:
Braided

Braided is a musical group consisting of Casey LeBlanc, Ashley Leitão, and Amber Fleury, who all competed on the third season of Canadian Idol in 2005. They are the third music group to come from an Idol show in the world, after Young Divas from Australia and Feminnem from Croatia.

History
During the 2005, Canadian Idol contest, Leitao came in ninth, Fleury eighth and LeBlanc fifth. The three were brought together by producer and Idol accompanist Mark Lalama, at the suggestion of his brother Paul. The band's name was chosen because the group "braids" elements from across the country into one.

Braided began recording in Lalama's studio at his farmhouse in Fenwick, Ontario. The single "A Little Bit Closer" was released in June 2006. Their debut album, Casey, Ashley and Amber, was released in August. Figure skater Elvis Stojko sang a duet with Leitao on the track "Before You". The group toured during 2006–07 to promote the album.

Critical reception
Bob Mersereau, writing in the Telegraph-Journal, gave them a mixed review, writing that producer and songwriter Mark Lalama "gives them some cool 'girl-group' '60s material which is bright and fun. But there's also some schmaltz, ballad material that Celine Dion would pass on."

Albums

 * Casey, Ashley and Amber (August 2006)

Singles

 * "A Little Bit Closer"

title: Braided


text:
List of candies

Candy, known also as sweets and confectionery, has a long history as a familiar food treat that is available in many varieties. Candy varieties are influenced by the size of the sugar crystals, aeration, sugar concentrations, colour and the types of sugar used.

Simple sugar or sucrose is turned into candy by dissolving it in water, concentrating this solution through cooking and allowing the mass either to form a mutable solid or to recrystallize. Maple sugar candy has been made in this way for thousands of years, with concentration taking place from both freezing and heating.

Other sugars, sugar substitutes, and corn syrup are also used. Jelly candies, such as gumdrops and gummies, use stabilizers including starch, pectin or gelatin. Another type of candy is cotton candy, which is made from spun sugar.

In their Thanksgiving Address, Native peoples of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy give special thanks to the Sugar Maple tree as the leader of all trees "to recognize its gift of sugar when the People need it most". In traditional times, maple sugar candy reduced from sap was an important food source in the lean times of winter in North America.

China
Chinese candies and sweets, called táng (糖) are usually made with cane sugar, malt sugar, and honey.

Europe
Typically, European candies are toffees, nougats and rock candies.

Gummies
Gummies are gelatin based chewy candies that come in a variety of shapes, colors and flavors. The gummy bear originated in Germany, where it is popular under the name Gummibär (rubber bear) or Gummibärchen (little rubber bear). Hans Riegel Sr., a candy maker from Bonn, started the Haribo company in 1920.

Middle East
Turkish delight and rock candy are commonly found in Middle East.

South America
Panelas, cocadas and natillas are common sweets in South and Central America.

Western candies
The following are candies in the Western world.

Gum
Chewing gum is often referred to as a type of candy.

Chocolate
Chocolate is made from the fermented, roasted and ground beans of the tropical cacao tree. In America, cocoa refers to ground cacao beans. Chocolate is the combination of cocoa, cocoa butter, sugar and other ingredients (milk, flavorings, and emulsifiers) and they are sweet.

Classic candies
Many of these candies were developed between the 1880s and 1950 by various candy-makers.

Hard candy
Hard candies, or boiled sweets, are sugary candies that dissolve slowly in the mouth. Among the artisanal hard candies, the "pirulin", also known as the "Heng Jia" or "Heng Li" in Northern China, is a famous one in several Spanish-speaking countries, like Argentina, Mexico and Chile and its popularity has spread to certain parts of Greater Asia. There are many local and regional varieties, including the hazelnut-filled Mässmogge of Basel, Switzerland.

Liquorice
Licorice (liquorice) is a semi-soft candy that was originally flavored with a root extract of the Eurasian plant liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), of the Fabaceae (legume) family. As a candy, they are often black with licorice flavor or red and strawberry or cherry flavored.

Lollipops
Lollipops or Lollies are hard candies on a stick. The name lollipop was first coined by George Smith, owner of a candy company called the Bradley Smith Company. George named the stick candy after his favorite race horse Lolly Pop and trademarked the name "lollipop" in 1931.

Sours
Sours are popular for their cringe inducing flavor and acidity.

title: List of candies


text:
Chambers

Chambers commonly refers to:
 * Chambers (surname), including a list of people with the name
 * Chambers (TV series), a 2019 American supernatural horror show

Chambers may also refer to:

Canada

 * Chambers Township, Ontario

United States

 * Chambers, Arizona
 * Chambers, Nebraska
 * Chambers, West Virginia
 * Chambers Branch, a stream in Kansas
 * Chambers County, Alabama
 * Chambers County, Texas
 * Chambers Township, Holt County, Nebraska

Businesses and products

 * Chambers (publisher), formerly  Chambers Publishers
 * Chambers Dictionary, first published 1872
 * Chambers Biographical Dictionary, first published in 1897
 * Chambers's Encyclopaedia, 1859–1979
 * Chambers Communications, an American broadcasting company
 * Chambers and Partners, producing rankings for the legal industry
 * Chambers stove, cooking appliances sold under the Chambers brand

Other uses

 * Chambers (album), by Steady & Co., 2001
 * Chambers (series), a British radio and TV sitcom
 * Chambers (ship), the name of several ships
 * Barristers' chambers, rooms used by barristers
 * Judge's chambers, the office of a judge

title: Chambers


text:
Edna Schmidt

Edna Schmidt (August 8, 1969 – June 24, 2021) was a journalist who was a news anchor for Noticiero Univision Edición Nocturna. She was of Puerto Rican descent, and covered the September 11 attacks in New York City, the panic caused by the anthrax threat, and the execution of Oklahoma bomber Timothy McVeigh.

Early life and education
Schmidt's parents moved from Puerto Rico to Manhattan, New York City, where she was born. After receiving her primary and secondary education, Schmidt enrolled in college, where she majored in journalism.

Career
Schmidt moved to Puerto Rico, where she started her career as a newscaster for WSJN-TV (Channel 24). In 1992, she went to Chicago, where she was offered a job at WGBO-TV (Channel 66) a local Spanish language station.

Telefutura (2002-09)
She lived in Chicago for 10 years before she was offered the position of anchorwoman in Telefutura, a division of Univision Communications, Inc., the leading Spanish-language media company in the U.S.

In April 2002, Schmidt accepted the offer and together with her husband moved to Miami, Florida where Telefutura has its headquarters. Schmidt was the inaugural anchor of "Noticias al Minuto" (Latest Minute News) until 2009, when she was promoted to Noticiero Univision: Fin de Semana. Among the notable events that Schmidt has covered are the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in 2001, the panic caused by the Anthrax threat, and the execution of Oklahoma bomber Timothy McVeigh.

Univision (2009-2011)
She was working towards a master's degree in journalism at Iowa State University. She was named the National Godmother of the Puerto Rican Day Parade in New York City June 10, 2007.

After 19 years of serving as anchor woman for Univision's weekend newscasts, Noticiero Univision: Fin de Semana, María Antonieta Collins decided to leave Univision, thereby leaving the anchor chair vacated and would be filled in by substitutes notably Schmidt, Ilia Calderón, and Martín Berlanga.

From September 2005 to February 2011, Edna Schmidt with Enrique Teutelo co-anchored Univision's weekend newscasts at 6:30pm and 11:30pm weekends. Edna Schmidt and Enrique Teutelo were praised by Hispanicmarketweekly.com, saying that Teutelo and Schmidt gave a fresh face to the news weekends because they often alternated in the delivery of the news. She was however replaced with Ilia Calderón in early March 2011.

On April 4, 2011 she returned to deliver the news at 11:30 pm co-anchoring with Ilia Calderón on Última Hora, now under its new name of Noticiero Univision: Edición Noctura (Evening Edition).

On July 1, 2011, Schmidt announced via Twitter that she was subbing as news anchor for ¡Despierta América! for Sascha Pretto but that she would return to Noticias Univisión, where she stayed until September 2011, when she was let go.

Fashion sense
Schmidt has always been known for having a keen sense for fashion and quality attire while presenting Univision. As an example, viewers would always notice a broche, a flower or texture on her outfits.

Death
On June 24, 2021, Univision reported that she had died at age 51; her cause of death was not indicated.

title: Edna Schmidt


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User talk:MAD-santa

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 07:07, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:MAD-santa


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Stueckelberg action

In field theory, the Stueckelberg action (named after Ernst Stueckelberg ) describes a massive spin-1 field as an R (the real numbers are the Lie algebra of U(1)) Yang–Mills theory coupled to a real scalar field $$\phi$$. This scalar field takes on values in a real 1D affine representation of R with $$m$$ as the coupling strength.

 * $$\mathcal{L}=-\frac{1}{4}(\partial^\mu A^\nu-\partial^\nu A^\mu)(\partial_\mu A_\nu-\partial_\nu A_\mu)+\frac{1}{2}(\partial^\mu \phi+m A^\mu)(\partial_\mu \phi+m A_\mu) $$

This is a special case of the Higgs mechanism, where, in effect, $λ$ and thus the mass of the Higgs scalar excitation has been taken to infinity, so the Higgs has decoupled and can be ignored, resulting in a nonlinear, affine representation of the field, instead of a linear representation — in contemporary terminology, a U(1) nonlinear $σ$-model.

Gauge-fixing $$\phi=0$$, yields the Proca action.

This explains why, unlike the case for non-abelian vector fields, quantum electrodynamics with a massive photon is, in fact, renormalizable, even though it is not manifestly gauge invariant (after the Stückelberg scalar has been eliminated in the Proca action).

Stueckelberg extension of the Standard Model
The Stueckelberg extension of the Standard Model (StSM) consists of a gauge invariant kinetic term for a massive U(1) gauge field. Such a term can be implemented into the Lagrangian of the Standard Model without destroying the renormalizability of the theory and further provides a mechanism for mass generation that is distinct from the Higgs mechanism in the context of Abelian gauge theories.

The model involves a non-trivial mixing of the Stueckelberg and the Standard Model sectors by including an additional term in the effective Lagrangian of the Standard Model given by
 * $$\mathcal{L}_{\rm St}=-\frac{1}{4}C_{\mu \nu  }C^{\mu\nu }+g_XC_{\mu }\mathcal{J}_X^{\mu }-\frac{1}{2}\left(\partial _{\mu }\sigma +M_1C_{\mu}+M_2B_{\mu }\right)^2.$$

The first term above is the Stueckelberg field strength, $$M_1$$ and $$M_2$$ are topological mass parameters and $$\sigma $$ is the axion. After symmetry breaking in the electroweak sector the photon remains massless. The model predicts a new type of gauge boson dubbed $$Z'_{\rm St}$$ which inherits a very distinct narrow decay width in this model. The St sector of the StSM decouples from the SM in limit $$M_2/M_1 \to 0$$.

Stueckelberg type couplings arise quite naturally in theories involving compactifications of higher-dimensional string theory, in particular, these couplings appear in the dimensional reduction of the ten-dimensional N = 1 supergravity coupled to supersymmetric Yang–Mills gauge fields in the presence of internal gauge fluxes. In the context of intersecting D-brane model building, products of U(N) gauge groups are broken to their SU(N) subgroups via the Stueckelberg couplings and thus the Abelian gauge fields become massive. Further, in a much simpler fashion one may consider a model with only one extra dimension (a type of Kaluza–Klein model) and compactify down to a four-dimensional theory. The resulting Lagrangian will contain massive vector gauge bosons that acquire masses through the Stueckelberg mechanism.

title: Stueckelberg action


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Elms

Elms are trees in the genus Ulmus.

Elms or ELMS may refer to:

Places

 * Elms colliery, a mine in England
 * Elms School (disambiguation), schools in England
 * Elms Village, a student village in Northern Ireland
 * Elms College, Massachusetts, United States
 * Elms Township, Bottineau County, North Dakota, United States
 * Elms Hotel (disambiguation), United States
 * Elms (Mechanic Falls, Maine), a building in the United States

People with the surname

 * Albert Elms (1920–2009), English composer
 * Anthony Elms, American curator, writer and artist
 * Daniel Elms (born 1985), British composer
 * Dave Elms (fl. 1999), founder of The Erotic Review
 * Harvey Elms (born 1995), Scottish rugby player
 * Henry Elms (c. 1861–1928, Australian football coach
 * John Elms (1874–1951), English cricketer
 * Lauris Elms (born 1931), Australian singer
 * Richard Elms (born 1949), English cricketer
 * Robert Elms (born 1959), English writer and broadcaster

Other uses

 * Elms, several species of trees
 * ACO European Le Mans Series, a racing series
 * IMSA European Le Mans Series, a defunct racing series; see 2001 European Le Mans Series

title: Elms


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Ferraris (surname)

Ferraris is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Adalgiso Ferraris (1890–1968), Italian-born British musician and composer
 * Amalia Ferraris (c.1830–1904), Italian ballerina
 * Antonio de Ferraris (c.1444–1517), Greek-Italian scholar and doctor
 * Attilio Ferraris (1904–1947), Italian footballer
 * Claudia Ferraris (born 1988), Italian beauty pageant winner
 * David Ferraris (born 1963), South African racehorse trainer, now in Hong Kong
 * Galileo Ferraris (1847–1897), Italian physicist and electrical engineer
 * Ines Maria Ferraris (1882–1971), Italian operatic soprano
 * Jan Ferraris (born 1947), American professional golfer
 * Joseph de Ferraris (1726–1814), Austrian general and cartographer
 * Lucius Ferraris (18th century), Italian Franciscan canonist
 * Maurizio Ferraris (born 1956), Italian philosopher and academic
 * Pietro Ferraris (1912–1991), Italian footballer
 * Zoë Ferraris American novelist

title: Ferraris (surname)


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Congress Street Grounds

Congress Street Grounds is a former baseball ground located in Boston, Massachusetts. The ballpark, as the name implies, was along Congress Street, near the intersection of Thompson Place, and not far from the Fort Point Channel on South Boston Flats, a newly filled in piece of land on Boston Harbor. The ground was home to the Boston Reds, that played in the Players' League in 1890 and the American Association in 1891.

Although a short-lived facility, the ballpark witnessed some significant history. First, its occupants won league pennants in their two years of existence. Despite its success, the club was dropped during the NL-AA merger of 1892, as there was already an NL entry in Boston.

Then, between May and June 1894, Congress Street Grounds was the home to the Boston Beaneaters while their home grounds, the South End Grounds, were being rebuilt after the Great Roxbury Fire of May 15, 1894. It had a close left field fence, which benefited Boston's Bobby Lowe just a couple of weeks later, on May 30, 1894, as he became the first batter to hit four home runs in a single game, all of them down the line in left field.

In parts of the years between 1892 and autumn of 1896, the field was used for various local sports, including Gaelic football, hurling, and track-and-field events. By the end of 1896, the ballpark had been dismantled and urban development took over the property.

The location is now occupied by several office buildings, and the alley behind them, which would go through the area of the outfield, was used in the 2006 film The Departed, in a key scene where Martin Sheen's character is pushed off a roof.

Historic New England has a photo of the interior of the park.
 * Historic New England

title: Congress Street Grounds


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User talk:BunnyLamb

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Viriditas | Talk 07:11, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:BunnyLamb


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User:MAD-santa

MAD-santa is Magnus Samuelsson's nickname. Magnus "MAD-santa" Samuelsson is a mad 15 year-old-boy from sweden. He performs stunts and other weird things. On his sparetime he perform skateboarding.

title: User:MAD-santa


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User:Knightt

Below are some quotes from Albert Einstein that I connect with:

 * Common sense is the collection of prejudices acquired by age eighteen.

 * Education is what remains after one has forgotten everything he learned in school.

 * I don't pretend to understand the universe— it's much bigger than I am.

 * If A is a success in life, then A equals x plus y plus z. Work is x; y is play; and z is keeping your mouth shut.

 * If we knew what we were doing, it wouldn't be called research, would it?

 * Imagination is more important than knowledge. Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world.

 * Innovation is not the product of logical thought, even though the final product is tied to a logical structure.

 * My religion consists of a humble admiration of the illimitable superior spirit who reveals himself in the slight details we are able to perceive with our frail and feeble mind.

 * Now he has departed from this strange world a little ahead of me. That means nothing. People like us, who believe in physics, know that the distinction between past, present, and future is only a stubbornly persistent illusion.

 * Reading, after a certain age, diverts the mind too much from its creative pursuits. Any man who reads too much and uses his own brain too little falls into lazy habits of thinking.

 * The most beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious. It is the source of all true art and all science. He to whom this emotion is a stranger, who can no longer pause to wonder and stand rapt in awe, is as good as dead: his eyes are closed.

 * The most important human endeavor is the striving for morality in our actions. Our inner balance and even our very existence depend on it. Only morality in our actions can give beauty and dignity to life.

 * There are only two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is as though everything is a miracle.

Knightt

title: User:Knightt


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Maximilian Reiff

Maximilian Reiff was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Totally empty article. Delete, unless anyone knows who he is! P Ingerson 07:13, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * "Gerhard Kollinger" is what creator User:193.170.238.106 wrote to creating the article - that was it. Then the author blanked it themself. Should be speedied, along with the same author's creation Markusa Bratus, which I guess must be an article on Marcus Brutus that is inaccurate on all three points including his name. Hey, and they just created Bernd Schartner, a German-language sentence about the drummer from Rammstein which User:Brianjd just tagged for speedy. Samaritan 07:37, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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User:Cerceole

nothing here ...

title: User:Cerceole


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Millions (2004 film)

Millions is a 2004 British comedy-drama film directed by Danny Boyle, and starring Alex Etel, Lewis Owen McGibbon, and James Nesbitt. The film's screenwriter Frank Cottrell-Boyce adapted his novel while the film was in the process of being made. The novel was subsequently awarded the Carnegie Medal.

Plot
The story of Damian, a 9-year-old Catholic boy, whose family moves to the suburbs of Widnes after the death of his mother. One day, whilst playing in a cardboard box by the train tracks, Damian is disturbed by a bag of money flung from a passing train. He immediately shows the money to his brother, 12-year-old Anthony, and the brothers think of what they should do with it. Anthony wants to keep the money all to themselves, but Damian, being kind-hearted, religious, and inspired by a lecture at school; looks for ways to give his share of the money to help those in need.

Damian goes on to commit small acts of kindness, such as buying birds from pet shops and setting them free, and taking beggars to Pizza Hut. On the other hand, Anthony bribes other kids at school into being his transport and bodyguards, and looks into investing the money in real estate. A mysterious man comes snooping around the train tracks, and asks Damian if he has any money. Damian thinks that the man is a beggar and tells him he has "loads of money". However, a suspicious Anthony gives the man a jar full of coins to cover Damian's tracks.

The story takes place in the weeks leading up to the United Kingdom's fictionalised changover to the European single currency (€), an event publicised as "€ Day". An assembly is held at Damian's school to inform the children about the change, as well as to educate them about helping the poor. Realising that the money will be worthless after a few days, Damian decides that it would be best to give it away before the adoption of the Euro. He drops £1,000 into the donation can at assembly. The woman collecting the money, Dorothy, reports Damian to the head teacher. Anthony lies that he and Damian stole the money from missionaries, and both Damian and Anthony are grounded that night. When their father collects them from school, he chats with Dorothy; and there is an obvious attraction between them.

After the donation, Anthony's friend informs them that a train carrying banknotes, which were to be destroyed after the conversion, had been robbed. One bag was stolen in a diversion, the robbers then distracted the police before escaping into a crowd of football fans. However, one robber stayed on the train disguised as one of the emergency staff, and the money had been dispersed by throwing it off of the train at various locations throughout the country; to be collected later by other accomplices. The boys logically conclude that their money was stolen, and Damian, who thought the money was from God; feels terrible upon hearing this.

The mysterious man on the train tracks turns out to be one of the robbers looking for the bag. He eventually finds out where Damian lives and ransacks the house. Damian had informed his father about the money just before they came home to find their house destroyed. The robber who came sneaking around, hid in Damian's room after ransacking it; much in the way the original robbery was carried out. Damian's father, who had resolved to give the money back, decided that if the robbers were going to steal his family's Christmas, then he would steal the robbers' money. The family, as well as Dorothy; go on a massive shopping spree on Christmas Eve.

That night, while they are asleep, their house is bombarded by beggars and charities begging for donations and, seeing the confusion that ensues; Damian runs off to the train tracks to burn the money- realising that it was doing them more harm than good. Meanwhile, a robber sneaks through the back door and is arrested by the police. While Damian was burning the money, he is visited by his dead mother, who tells him not to worry about her.

In the final scene, the audience sees Damian's dream of the family flying a rocket ship to Africa and helping develop water wells, while Damian narrates over the scene that each family member but him had hidden a little bit of the money beforehand. Damian convinced them to spend this money on the wells he is dreaming about. Earlier in the film, that was shown to be the cheapest way to drastically improve the quality of life for many African communities.

Production
In a 2014 interview, Boyle stated that, had he and Cottrell-Boyce been more confident, they would have made the film as a musical, with the characters singing and dancing. Boyle was interested in having Noel Gallagher write original songs for the film.

Home media
Millions was released on DVD on 1 November 2005. The film is also available on Disney+ after its launch on 12 November 2019.

Box office
The film was a modest box office success, earning £7,830,074.88 worldwide despite a limited release to just 340 theatres, contending with Steven Spielberg's War of the Worlds. Around £3,987,642.22 of the final box office was received in the UK alone.

Critical reception
Millions received positive reviews, earning an 88% approval rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes based on 161 reviews, with an average rating of 7.40/10. The critical consensus calls the film "a charming children fable even adults can enjoy." On Metacritic, the film holds a score of 74 out of 100 based on reviews from 33 critics.

Roger Ebert awarded it a rating of four out of four and declared it "one of the best films of the year". He went on to write, ". . . although Millions uses special effects and materializing saints, it's a film about real ideas, real issues and real kids. It's not sanitized brainless eye candy. Like all great family movies, it plays equally well for adults—maybe better, since we know how unusual it is." It was on his Top 10 movies of 2005 placing at number 10.

Richard Roeper, Roger Ebert's co-host on the television show Ebert & Roeper, called it "One of the most stylish and eccentric films about childhood dreams and heartbreaks that I've ever seen."

Leonard Maltin praised the film upon its DVD release, saying "Millions is a winning and unpredictable fable from England that will charm viewers both young and old."

Christian film critics
Catholic News Services Harry Forbes wrote, "Boyle's offbeat tale — with a clever script by Frank-Cottrell Boyce — features good performances all around, especially by the remarkable Etel, who displays just the right innocence and religious fervor in delightful vignettes with the saints. The script dramatizes the themes of money and its complexities and the need for societal philanthropy without being heavy-handed, making this ideal entertainment for older adolescents and up."

Sister Rose Pacatte, F.S.P. (AmericanCatholic.org) commented, "Millions engages, inspires and is just quirky enough to be charming." She added, "Damien's familiarity with the saints and his recitation of their biographies is accurate and very funny."

Although praising the film for its positive depiction of the role the Christian faith can play in a young boy's life, some publications have pointed out details that viewers might find objectionable or deem inappropriate for younger audiences. As Harry Forbes wrote, "The film contains a couple of mildly crude expressions, some intense episodes of menace, a momentary sexual situation, religious stereotyping, and a brief scene where the brothers look, with boyish curiosity, at a web site for women's bras on a computer." As such, he explained, "the USCCB Office for Film & Broadcasting classification is A-II – adults and adolescents."

Johnathan Wooten of Christian Spotlight on Entertainment downplayed the significance, saying, "Those concerned about objectionable content will not find much to offend here though. There is very little violence (a short robbery scene, a very brief moment of a child in peril). Sexual content includes a glimpse of an unmarried couple in bed together as well as pre-pubescent boy viewing an Internet lingerie ad. When played out the latter scene actually has a strange wholesomeness to it considering his other viewing options. The only profanity is some mild British slang."

Accolades
The film premiered at the 2004 Toronto International Film Festival on 14 September 2004.

2005 British Independent Film Awards
 * Won, Best Screenplay: Frank Cottrell-Boyce
 * Nominated, Most Promising Newcomer: Alex Etel

2006 Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards
 * Nominated, Best Young Actor: Alex Etel

2005 Emden International Film Festival
 * Nominated, Emden Film Award: Danny Boyle

2005 Golden Trailer Awards
 * Nominated, Best Animation/Family
 * Nominated, Best Foreign Independent Film

2005 Humanitas Prize
 * Nominated, Best Film

2005 Phoenix Film Critics Association
 * Won, Best Live Action Family Film

2006 Saturn Awards
 * Nominated, Best Performance by a Younger Actor: Alex Etel

Soundtrack

 * The song playing in the flashback to the train robbery is "Hysteria" by Muse and, shortly after, another Muse song is played, "Blackout". It also includes "Hitsville UK" by The Clash, from their album Sandinista!.
 * The song playing in the scene after they descend from the sky and provide water in Africa is "Nirvana", by Elbosco on the Angelis album.
 * The song "La Petite Fille de la mer" by Vangelis also appears in the film.
 * Members of the Northwest Boychoir directed by Joseph Crnko sang on the soundtrack.

title: Millions (2004 film)


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title: File:Clue club.jpg


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Category:War crimes

Because of the sensitivity of the label, and WP:BLP, articles about specific war crimes should be placed in the appropriate subcategory, and this category be the repository of general laws, policies, and reports generated about war crimes.

See also Category:Crimes against humanity and Category:Genocide.

title: Category:War crimes