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Croydon, New South Wales

Croydon is a suburb in the Inner West of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is located 9 km west of the Sydney central business district. Croydon is split between the two local government areas of Municipality of Burwood and the Inner West Council.

The suburb is nestled between the commercial centres of Ashfield and Burwood. It is bounded by Parramatta Road to the north, Iron Cove Creek to the east, Arthur Street to the south and a number of different streets to the west. To the north are Kings and Canada Bays on the closest reach of the Parramatta River, to the northwest is Concord Hospital and the Olympic Games complex at Homebush Bay. To the south is Canterbury Racecourse. The suburb shares its name with Croydon, a large district and borough in the south of London in the United Kingdom.

The traditional owners of the land on which Croydon is situated are the Wangal people of the Eora nation.

Aboriginal anthropology
Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the area now known as Croydon was part of the land which the Wangal people lived. Their focus of tribal land was believed to be centred on Concord and stretched east to the swampland of Long Cove Creek. The land was heavily wooded at the time with tall eucalypts, blackbutts and turpentines covering the higher ground and mangroves, swamp oaks and swamp mahoganies in the lower swampy ground of Iron Cove Creek. The diet of the Wangal was primarily fish so they spent most of their time living near the shores of the Parramatta River and fishing in canoes. The land away from the river shores provided fruits, berries and edible plants as well as possums and kangaroos, which were killed both for food and their skins. The arrival of the First Fleet in 1788 and the start of modern Australia had, as one could expect, an influence on the people living in the area. One of their leaders, Bennelong, befriended the first governor of New South Wales, Arthur Phillip, and was taken by him to England.

After establishing the colony at Sydney Cove in early 1788, a second settlement was established at Rose Hill (now called Parramatta) later that same year to establish farms to feed the people. Within a year or so, a rough land route had been established between the two settlements, traversing through the territory of the Cadigal, Wangal and Burramattagal people. This rough track later became the main artery of the expanding Greater Sydney and, as the northern boundary of what is now Croydon, influenced modern settlement in the area.

Early British settlement
Governor Phillip showed great reluctance to grant large amounts of land to his colonists, restricting land grants to the towns and people actively planning to farm the land. After his return to England in 1792, acting governor Major Francis Grose and his successor Captain William Paterson pursued the opposite policy granting large swathes of land to their friends prior to the arrival of the second official governor John Hunter in 1795.

The first land grant in the Croydon area was to Captain John Townson in April 1793 who received 100 acre on Parramatta Road stretching west from Iron Cove Creek and south to what is now Queen Street. Further grants were made in 1794 to: Private J Eades (25 acres on Parramatta Road to the west of Townson's holding); James Brackenrig (30 acres on the other side of Eades's land); Augustus Alt, the first surveyor-general of NSW, (100 acres stretching south from Townson's land to roughly what is now Thomas Street); and Sarah Nelson (15 acres west of the southern corner of Alt's land in the area now known as Malvern Hill). Alt was the first to take up residence on his land, naming it 'Hermitage Farm'. However, his house was burnt down by a group of indigenous people (possibly led by Pemulwuy) in 1797 and he didn't return to Croydon, establishing himself in neighbouring Ashfield, and selling his property to John Palmer. By 1820 a large part of the area had been subsumed by Joseph Underwood's large 'Ashfield Park Estate'. This property remained largely intact for more than 40 years, until it was subdivided into large blocks after the death of Elizabeth Underwood in 1858. By this time its proximity to the railway made it a desirable area (the station was originally called Fivedock). One of these subdivisions was the 'Highbury Estate', on part of which Anthony Hordern, son of the founder of the great retail firm, Anthony Hordern & Sons, eventually built his house 'Shubra Hall', just beyond the west border of Ashfield. It later became part of the Presbyterian Ladies' College, the current boundaries of which give an idea of the extent of the Hordern property. The College, including Shubra Hall, the main school building and the Meta Street entrance gates, is now listed on the Register of the National Estate.

From around 1800 to 1860, development in the area was slow with the forests gradually being cleared for orchards and grazing land. The area was a haunt of bushrangers in the 1820s with two major thoroughfares, Parramatta Road to the north and Liverpool Road to the south providing regular opportunities for holdups.

In 1855, the Sydney-Parramatta railway was built through the area which led to a housing boom around the stations at Ashfield and Burwood. This in turn led to local governments forming in the two areas with the land divided roughly equidistant between the two centres. In 1874 a new station was built on the boundary of the two areas and was named Five Dock after another settlement to the north. Because Five Dock was actually a long way north some confusion ensued and Ashfield Council renamed the station in 1876 to Croydon after the suburb in London. The suburb remains divided between the two neighbouring councils to this day.

Population growth
The first developments were on the northern side of the station around Edwin and Elizabeth Streets. Anthony Hordern built his grand home 'Shubra Hall' in 1869 while many of the shops along Edwin Street North were built in the 1880s. Many houses in the areas surrounding Edwin Street North and Elizabeth St are also of the Victorian style popular in the 1880s and 90s. The 1880s and 90s also saw the establishment of the suburbs first schools with Croydon Public School in 1884, and the Presbyterian Ladies' College relocating from Ashfield in 1891.

The southern side of Croydon remained largely undeveloped until the early 20th century. The Malvern Hill Estate was subdivided in 1909 and designed as a model suburb like Haberfield with wide tree-lined streets and houses built in the then-modern Federation style (a variation of Arts and crafts). Part of the development was the Strand shopping strip, which has survived intact to this day and is now heritage listed in its entirety.

Since World War I, little has changed in Croydon generally. While there have been some blocks of flats built in that time, they account for only around 10% of dwellings in Croydon and many of them are art deco blocks from the 1930s which fit in with the general heritage feel of the area.

Heritage listings
Croydon has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Great Southern and Western railway: Croydon railway station
 * Boundary Street: Shubra Hall
 * Paisley Road: Croydon Sewer Vent

Commercial area
Croydon's principal commercial area is located around the railway station. The Strand, south of the railway line, is the primary commercial strip. It features a number of commercial properties, most of which contain residential units above them. A TAB, two real estate agencies, two grocery stores and various restaurants, cafés and bakeries are among the shops on The Strand. The older Edwin Street precinct, north of the line, consists mainly of specialist businesses such as an accounting firm, engineering firm, and printing shop. Some retailers on the southern side of Parramatta Road also fall just inside Croydon's boundaries.

Health
From 1893 to 1994, the Western Suburbs Hospital was situated on the corner of Liverpool Road and Brighton Street. After remaining unoccupied for nearly 10 years, it was replaced in the early 2000s with a community health centre and two aged care facilities: Holy Spirit Croydon and The Brighton. Both of these facilities are operated by Catholic Health Australia, and each facility houses over 100 residents.

Education
Croydon has four schools: two primary and two secondary. The suburb's oldest school is Croydon Public School, a primary, co-educational public school, established in 1883. Over 700 students currently attend the school, which is located on Young Street. The suburb's other primary school is Holy Innocents Catholic Primary School, a Roman Catholic, co-educational primary school, established in 1924. It is a much smaller school than Croydon Public School, with a total enrolment of around 200 students. Holy Innocents is located on Queen Street opposite Burwood Girls High School which, despite its name and proximity to Burwood, is in fact situated within the boundaries of Croydon. Currently about 1200 students attend the secondary public school for girls, which was established in 1929.

Another school for girls is Presbyterian Ladies' College, Sydney (PLC Sydney), an independent, Presbyterian, R-12, day and boarding school. The school was established in 1888 but did not move to its current Croydon location until 1891. Around 1150 girls currently attend the school. PLC Sydney is similar to the nearby Burwood Girls High School in that the vast majority of girls from both of these schools are not residents of Croydon, but instead travel to school from surrounding suburbs.

Transport

Croydon railway station is served by the Inner West & Leppington Line of the Sydney Trains network. Like most stations on the Inner West section of the line, it is served by all-stations services every fifteen minutes in both directions: east to the city and west to Homebush or Parramatta.

Seven bus services pass through Croydon:
 * The 461 travels down Parramatta Road between Burwood and the city
 * The 418 travels down Liverpool Road between Burwood and Kingsford
 * The 480 and 483 also travel down Liverpool Road between Strathfield and the city
 * The 490 and 492 travel from Drummoyne to Burwood via Queen Street, Croydon. They then travel through the southern part of Croydon with the 492 continuing on to Rockdale and the 490 continuing to Hurstville
 * The 491 travels down Frederick Street and Elizabeth Street between Five Dock and Ashfield and then on to Hurstville

Croydon is sandwiched between two major roads: Parramatta Road and Liverpool Road. Within Croydon itself, there is only one road bridge (Meta St bridge) over the railway line which connects the north and south parts of the suburb.

Up until 1948, Croydon and neighbouring Croydon Park were also serviced by electric tram services running between Ashfield Station and the respective terminuses at Mortlake and Cabarita Park. These were subsequently replaced by routes 464 and 466.

Churches

 * All Saints of Russia is a Russian Orthodox Church, Chelmsford Avenue.
 * Holy Innocents Catholic Church Webb Street
 * Malvern Hill Uniting Church, designed by Alfred Newman.
 * St Christophorous is a German-speaking Catholic Church in Edwin Street.
 * St Gabriel Syrian Orthodox Church
 * St Joseph's Maronite Catholic Church
 * St James' Anglican Church Croydon
 * Sydney Missionary and Bible College

Houses
Croydon features many of the inner west's most sought-after addresses due to its grand homes, larger blocks and family friendly streetscapes. As of 2011, the majority of dwellings were separate houses (63.6%). Croydon is a quiet village-like suburb with mostly detached housing built in the early part of the 20th century in what is known as Federation Bungalow or California Bungalow styles. The suburb caters for first-home buyers, while the wealthy may also find homes in the Malvern Hill Estate, a well-established pocket of prestigious homes that rarely come on the market and sell for more than $900,000. As of January 2016, the median house price of Croydon stood at $1,435,000.

The Malvern Hill area of Croydon was designed as a model suburb in 1906 by surveyors Atchison and Schleiser. Like the nearby Appian Way area in Burwood and the 'garden suburb' Haberfield, the aim of the development was to have modern houses on large blocks of land with wide streets. Most of the houses are California Bungalows or similar Federation-era designs. Just east of Malvern Hill, in the Ashfield Council part of the suburb, is the grand Gads Hill Villa built by former Ashfield mayor Daniel Holborow and the nearby St James Anglican Church.

Parks
Centenary Park is a large open park with a barbecue area, bike tracks, play equipment, basketball court, two synthetic cricket nets and two playing fields that are used for cricket, rugby and football. Burwood Soccer Club and ACC Cricket Club play some home matches at the park. The Western Suburbs Leagues Bowling Club (Wests Sports) is located next door to the park. Also adjacent is the Bede Spillane Dog Park, situated on the corner of Croydon Road and Queen Street.

The other major sporting park in Croydon is Blair Park, which borders Burwood Girls High School and is situated just 200 metres west of Centenary Park. It contains one sporting field as well as a playground and a dog off-leash area, both adjacent to the sports field.

Wangal Park, situated directly north of Blair Park, is currently undergoing redevelopment by Burwood Council. The area, which was originally a brickpit, will feature three wetlands, boardwalks, educational signage and various amenities. Stage one of construction was opened in 2015, and works are expected to be complete in 2016.

Croydon is also home to various smaller parks and reserves: Reed Reserve, Froggatt Crescent Reserve, Prowse Reserve, Anthony Street Reserve, and Bridges Reserve.

Street Art
Opposite the Adelaide Perry Art Gallery, behind the fence on the hill towards Croydon Train Station there are two billboards, on the backside of these billboards "BLADEE" is written with spray paint. This is a possible reference to Swedish musician Bladee

Demographics
According to the 2021 census, Croydon had a population of 10,755 people. It did not have the same level of high density housing found in its neighbours Ashfield and Burwood. 55.1% of dwellings were separate houses with 27.0% apartments and 17.2% terraces, semis or townhouses. The median age of people in the suburb was slightly older (42) than the rest of Sydney and a higher percentage of people owned their homes outright (34.7%) than those paying them off (31.4%). Median loan repayments ($2,700 per month) were much higher than the national figure ($1,8635).

Croydon still retains many of the characteristics of the broader Inner West region of Sydney, including a high proportion of residents born overseas. 31.3% of people were born in Australia. The most common other countries of birth were China (excludes SARs and Taiwan) 16.5%, Italy 6.4%, Lebanon 4.3%, and Vietnam 3.4%. The most common ancestries were Chinese 23.2%, Australian 17.5%, English 17.3%, Italian 9.8% and Irish 8.8%. 51.1% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 11.9%, Cantonese 6.0%, Italian 4.7%, Arabic 4.0% and Greek 3.0%. The most common responses for religion were No religion 36.6%, Catholic 28.2%, Anglican 5.9%, Not stated 5.6% and Orthodox 5.0%.

Notable residents
Notable former and current residents of Croydon include:

 * Joseph Abbott (1843–1903)wool-broker and politician
 * Augustus Alt (1731–1815)first surveyor-general of NSW
 * Bert Appleroth (1886–1952)founder of Aeroplane Jelly
 * Francis Birtles (1881–1941)explorer and author
 * Margaret Chandler (1934–1963)an infamous murder victim
 * Eleanor Dark (1901–1985)one of Australia's most significant novelists was born in Croydon
 * Freda Du Faur (1882–1935) mountaineer
 * Michael Fitzpatrick (1816–1881)public servant, land agent and politician
 * Walter Wilson Froggatt (1858–1937)entomologist, founder of the Naturalists' Society of New South Wales and author
 * Anthony Hordern (1819–1876)shopping magnate, built and lived at Shubra Hall, now part of the Presbyterian Ladies' College, Sydney
 * Ern Malley (1918–1943)a fictitious poet, purportedly lived in Dalmar St, Croydon
 * Arthur Murchan Archibald Prize-winning artist
 * Sarah Nelsonfirst settler in the Burwood Council area
 * Sir Bertram Stevens (1889–1973)Premier of NSW from 1932 to 1939 resided at 15 Malvern Street for around 25 years and during his time as Premier
 * Frederick Wills (1870–1955)artist, photographer and motion picture pioneer

Politics
At the federal level, Croydon is partly in the Division of Reid (north of the Hume Highway) and partly in the Division of Watson (south of the Hume Highway). Croydon was moved into Reid at the redistribution in 2016. Due to successive redistributions in 2009 and 2016 that moved the electorate eastward, Reid is a marginal electorate, largely inheriting the Inner West territory of the old Division of Lowe and retaining only a small part of the pre-2009 division of Reid in Western Sydney.

At the state level, Croydon is in the NSW state electoral division of Strathfield. The state seat of Strathfield is also considered marginal. It was held by the Liberals until a redistribution in 1999 saw Labor's Paul Whelan come into power. The seat was then held by Charles Casuscelli, Liberal Party member, until the election held in March 2015 when Jodi McKay won back the seat for the Labor Party.

The Croydon area by itself is considered a fairly safe Labor area. The adjacent table shows that when you just look at the polling booths in the suburb of Croydon, Labor has consistently returned around 60% of the two-party preferred vote even when the first preference votes have fluctuated. The Greens vote, while not as large as in other parts of the inner-west has been steadily increasing in recent years.

title: Croydon, New South Wales


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Viking Cup

The Viking Cup was a world ice hockey tournament in Camrose, Alberta. The prestigious Viking Cup international hockey tournament operated out of Camrose, with the Augustana Vikings as its host, between 1980 and 2006.

The Viking Cup regularly featured national U-18 and other teams from Sweden, Finland, the United States, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Russia, with other European nations also making appearances.

Each of these countries brought with them different and unique styles of play, with the Cup serving as a venue for these different systems to be pitted against each other to their mutual benefit.

Junior and collegiate teams from the United States and Canada also participated in the Viking Cup. Each tournament served as an opportunity for scouts from the professional ranks, including the NHL, to lay eyes on some of the top young hockey talent from around the world. Over 400 tournament alumni had their names called during NHL drafts.

Eventual NHL stars Dominik Hašek, Joe Pavelski, Paul Stastny, Olli Jokinen, Andrei Markov, Sergei Zubov, Miikka Kiprusoff, Tomáš Vokoun, James Patrick, Žigmund Pálffy, Patrik Eliáš, Mikko Koivu, Sergei Gonchar, Henrik Lundqvist, Henrik Zetterberg, and Tuuka Rask rank among the Cup's most decorated alumni.

The Viking Cup built upon Camrose’s existing decorated history of hosting hockey trailblazers. The 1974–75 Camrose Lutheran College Vikings shocked the hockey world when they emerged from a tiny rural school to win the first-ever Canadian Colleges Athletic Association hockey championships in Sydney, Nova Scotia.

Problems developed in the late 1990s as the Canadian Jr. A teams, which were popular with fans, were allowed to play with some 20-year-old players. This upset the European teams (which were all Under-18) and led to unbalanced games with the North American teams dominating their younger European opponents.

TOURNAMENT MVPs:

1981 - Hannu Virta (TPS)

1982 - Petr Klíma (CSSR)

1983-(Brian Hermanutz) (NAIT) 1984 - Cleo Rowein (NAIT)

1986 - Mark Schultz (NAIT)

1988 - Brent Severyn (U of A)

1990 - Jamie Reeve (McGill)

1992 - Sergei Brylin (CIS)

1994 - Sergei Luchinkin (Russia)

1996 - Olli Jokinen (Finland)

1998 - Mark Hartigan (SJHL)

2000 - Rick Gorman (USA)

2002 - Jeff Tambellini (BCHL)

2004 - Tuukka Rask (Finland)*

2006 (University Pool) - Patrick Ouelette (AUC)

TOP GOALTENDER:

1981 - Jouni Rokama (TPS)

1982 - Dominik Hašek (CSSR)

1984 - Ivo Capek (CSSR)

1986 - Radek Toth (CSSR)

1988 - Roman Turek (CSSR)

1990 - Jiří Podešva (CSSR)

1992 - Chris Somers (UNB)

1994 - Anton Zelenov (Russia)

1996 - Jani Riihinen (Finland)

1998 - Rob Schrader (SJHL)

2000 - Henrik Lundqvist (Sweden)

2002 - Chad Rycroft (AUC)

2004 - Tuukka Rask (Finland)*

2006 (University Pool) - Ken Ritson (Guelph)

2006 (Junior Pool) - Kyle Richter (AJHL South)

 * - the first player to win both MVP and Top Goaltender Awards

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Viking Cup


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Burwood, New South Wales

Burwood is a suburb in the Inner West of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is 10 km west of the Sydney central business district and is the administrative centre for the local government area of Municipality of Burwood.

Burwood Heights is a separate suburb to the south. The Appian Way is a street in Burwood, known for its architecturally designed Federation-style homes.

History
Archaeological evidence indicates people were living in the Sydney area for at least 11,000 years. This long association had led to a harmonious relationship between the indigenous inhabitants and their environment, which was interrupted by the arrival of the British in 1788. The European desire to cultivate the land aided and abetted by a smallpox epidemic that forced the local people, the Wangal clan, away from their source of food and their spiritual connection with the land. Captain Thomas Rowley (1748–1806) received a grant of 260 acre in 1799, and called his property Burwood Farm after Burwood Park, England. Following more land grants, his estate increased to 750 acre. The grant stretched from Parramatta Road to where Nicholson Street and The Boulevarde are today and eastwards where to Croydon railway station is now. This is where he ran merino sheep on the property.

The first house, Burwood Villa, was built in the area in 1814, the same year that a stagecoach began running between Sydney and Parramatta. Burwood became a staging post along the road and the beginnings of a settlement started to develop. One of its most prominent early residents was Dr. John Dulhunty, a former naval surgeon who was appointed the Superintendent of Police for the Colony of New South Wales after his arrival in Sydney from England in 1826. Dr. Dulhunty became famous in the colony for fighting a gang of bushrangers that attacked his residence, Burwood House. He died suddenly in the house in 1828 but his son, Robert Dulhunty, went on to become the founder of the New South Wales regional city of Dubbo.

Subdivisions in the Burwood area in the 1830s propelled the growth of a village and by 1855, when the railway line opened, Burwood was one of the initial six stops on the Sydney-to-Parramatta route. The railway led to a huge growth in population. In 1874, the area became a municipality.

Landmarks

Burwood features many fine examples of architecture from the Victorian and Federation styles. St Paul's Anglican Church on Burwood Road was designed by colonial architect Edmund Blacket and built in 1871. Sir Donald Bradman and Lady Bradman, Jessie Menzies were married here in 1932. The church and its pipe organ is listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register and on the (now defunct) Register of the National Estate.

Nearby Woodstock in Church Street was built in the early 1870s by tobacco manufacturer Edwin Penfold. In the 1940s, it was taken over by the army, later becoming Broughton Migrant Hostel, before being bought by the council in 1974 for use as a community centre. Radio station 2RDJ-FM has been broadcasting from Woodstock since November 1983.

Further south on Burwood Road is The Priory, built in 1877 by local councillor Mowbray Forrest, and Gayton, built in 1888 by NSW parliamentarian Richard Jones. St Nectarios Greek Orthodox Church in Railway Parade was formerly a Methodist church and was built in 1879, listed on the local government heritage list.

Running between Burwood Road and Liverpool Road is The Appian Way, a model housing estate conceived by George Hoskins at the turn of the century. The street has been described as one of the finest streets of Federation houses in Australia and is listed on the local government heritage list. In the centre of the Appian Way is a communal reserve which was converted into a lawn tennis club.

Heritage listings
Burwood has a number of heritage-listed sites, including the following sites listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register:
 * 168a Burwood Road: Burwood Post Office
 * 205 Burwood Road: St Paul's Anglican Church, Burwood
 * 213 Burwood Road: The Priory
 * 223 Burwood Road: St Cloud
 * 4 Clarence Street: Lynton
 * Great Southern and Western railway: Burwood rail underbridge
 * Great Southern and Western railway: Burwood railway station, Sydney
 * Railway Parade: Burwood Sewer Vent

The following buildings are listed on the (now defunct) Register of the National Estate and/or local government heritage registers:
 * Congregational Church, Burwood Road
 * Gayton (1888), Burwood Road,
 * Deolee, Burwood Road
 * Methodist Ladies College, Rowley Street
 * Woodstock, Church Street
 * St Nectarios Greek Orthodox Church, Railway Parade

Burwood Park
Burwood Park was established by the local council in 1882 on land formerly known as Edrop's Paddock. The original design of the park was based on the Union Jack flag, although it was later modified to allow a cricket oval to be established at the western edge of the park. Other features of Burwood Park include memorials to soldiers who died in World War I and Sandakan, a rotunda, a playground, a lake and an obelisk commemorating the site of Burwood Villa, the area's first house. It is also the location for Carols in the Park each Christmas. Burwood Park is located on Burwood Road opposite Westfield Burwood.

Demographics
In the, there were 16,030 residents in the suburb of Burwood, a significant increase from 12,466 in 2011. The most common reported ancestries in Burwood were Chinese 45.1%, English 7.0%, Australian 5.3%, Indian 3.9% and Korean 3.7%. 25.0% of the residents were born in Australia. The most common other countries of birth were mainland China 34.5%, India 3.8%, South Korea 3.4%, Nepal 3.0% and Hong Kong 2.8%. In Burwood, 20.1% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 34.0%, Cantonese 11.7%, Korean 3.7%, Nepali 3.0% and Italian 2.2%. The most common responses for religion in Burwood were No Religion 44.7%, Catholic 15.5%, Buddhism 9.3%, Not stated 8.6% and Hinduism 6.4%.

Commercial area
Burwood has a mixture of residential, commercial, and light industrial developments. The main shopping strip runs along Burwood Road, beside Burwood railway station. Westfield Burwood is a large regional shopping centre, north of the railway line, on Burwood Road opposite Burwood Park. Burwood Plaza is a smaller shopping centre on Railway Parade, south of the railway line. "Burwood Chinatown" is an arcade connecting Burwood Plaza to Burwood Road, formerly named Murray Arcade.

High rise residential and commercial buildings are also found in surrounding streets and along the railway line. Commercial and light industrial developments are located along Parramatta Road.

Transport
Burwood has excellent access to public transport and Burwood railway station is on the T9 Northern and T2 Inner West & Leppington lines of the Sydney Trains network.

Trams to Mortlake and Cabarita once travelled down Burwood Road; trams ceased in August 1948.

Transit Systems provide many bus services to Burwood, from Hurstville, Rockdale, Mascot, Kingsford, Strathfield, Homebush, Campsie, Ryde, Bankstown, Liverpool as well as other locations across Sydney. There are two terminuses, Burwood station and Westfield Burwood. Transit Systems' Burwood Bus Depot is located on the corner of Shaftesbury and Parramatta Roads.

Burwood North is a future rapid transit station to be built as part of the Sydney Metro West project.

Residents
The following were either born or have lived in the suburb of Burwood
 * Dave Barsley − rugby league player
 * Arthur Cuthbertson – Ice hockey player, born in Burwood
 * Eleanor Dark – novelist, born in Burwood
 * Clare Dennis – swimmer, born in Burwood
 * Sir Norman McAlister Gregg – ophthalmologist, born in Burwood
 * Norman Hetherington – cartoonist, grew up at 35 Meryla Street Burwood
 * Miriam Hyde – composer and pianist, born and lived in Burwood
 * Richard Jones MLC – lived at Gayton in Burwood Road
 * Robert Kaleski – writer, environmentalist, and dog breeder influential, born in Burwood
 * Rita Mabbett – cellist, lived in George Street Burwood
 * Richard Makinson - physicist, was born in Burwood
 * William McMahon – 20th Prime Minister of Australia, lived in Burwood
 * William MacDonald – serial killer, lived in a store in Burwood
 * Earle Page – 11th Prime Minister of Australia, lived in Burwood
 * George Reid – 4th Prime Minister of Australia, lived in Burwood
 * Arthur Renwick – physician, philanthropist and politician
 * Doug Sutherland – former lord mayor of Sydney
 * John Manning Ward – historian and vice chancellor, born in Burwood
 * Charles Smith Wilkinson – spent his last days in Burwood
 * Angus and Malcolm Young – musicians, grew up in Burwood

Sister cities
Burwood currently has five sister cities:
 * 🇨🇳 Tianjin, China
 * 🇮🇹 Calabria, Italy
 * 🇱🇧 Imar, Lebanon
 * 🇲🇾 Sandakan, Malaysia
 * Utica, New York, United States of America
 * 🇰🇷 Geumcheon, South Korea

title: Burwood, New South Wales


text:
Centennial Airport

Centennial Airport is a public use airport owned by the Arapahoe County Public Airport Authority in the Denver-Aurora metropolitan area, 15 nautical miles (17 mi, 28 km) southeast of downtown Denver, Colorado, United States. Located in Dove Valley, a census designated place in Arapahoe County, the airport's runways extend into Douglas County.

Facilities
The airport opened on May 12, 1968, as Arapahoe County Airport, and was renamed on July 13, 1984. The new name reflects Colorado's admission to the Union as the 38th state in 1876, the centennial of the United States Declaration of Independence.

In 1985 a new control tower was built. It is an international airport with continuous U.S. Customs services and is one of the busiest general aviation airports in the United States with an average of 874 operations per day. The Federal Aviation Administration control tower provides air traffic control service 24/7. Runway 35R has an instrument landing system.

Centennial Airport covers 1,400 acres (567 ha) at an elevation of 5,885 feet (1,794 m). It has three asphalt runways: 17L/35R is 10,000 by 100 feet (3,048 x 30 m); 17R/35L is 7,001 by 77 feet (2,134 x 23 m); 10/28 is 4,800 by 75 feet (1,463 x 23 m). In 2018 the airport had 337,947 aircraft operations, averaging 925 per day: 89% general aviation, 10% air taxi, and 2% military. 840 aircraft were then based at this airport: 569 single-engine, 104 multi-engine, 147 jets, and 20 helicopters.

Key Lime Air has its corporate headquarters on the airport property. Air Methods previously did as well; it moved to Greenwood Village, Colorado, in 2017.

The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 categorized the airport as a reliever airport.

Accidents and Incidents

 * On November 19, 1979, a Cessna 500 Citation I operated by National Jet industries, a cargo flight, crashed on an improper IFR approach to runway 34 due to icing conditions. Two of the three occupants died.
 * On July 2, 1984, a Bell 206B helicopter, N3173L, suddenly rolled over and crashed at Centennial Airport, killing the pilot and single passenger. Investigators found that the connector that retained the cyclic stick had broken due to a loose retaining nut, and attributed the accident to improper maintenance, with the manufacturer's inadequate preflight checklist being a contributing factor. Fifteen days after the crash, Bell Helicopter issued a safety notice advising operators to check quick removal flight controls for proper installation prior to flight—guidance which was previously omitted from the manufacturer's checklists.
 * On March 26, 2001, a Socata TBM-700, N300WC, departed shortly after 07:00 local time under IFR rules in low-ceiling ice fog conditions. Radar and on-board GPS data indicated the airplane began drifting to the left of runway centerline almost immediately after takeoff. The airplane made a climbing left turn, achieving a maximum altitude of 7,072 feet and completing 217 degrees of turn, before beginning a descending left turn. The airplane impacted terrain on airport property and was destroyed, killing the only occupant, the pilot.
 * On December 17, 2004, a Cessna 421, N421FR, drifted to the right on takeoff from runway 17L, crossing the median and runway 17R, then suddenly rolled very steeply to the right, struck the ground with the right wing low, and cartwheeled. The aircraft was destroyed and the three occupants—a student pilot, a flight instructor, and a second instructor riding as a passenger—were killed. Ground witnesses reported that the pilots made several unsuccessful attempts to start the engines, and discussed taking the aircraft to a shop for repairs, but ultimately got the engines running and initiated the flight. Investigators found fuel system anomalies indicative of a fuel line blockage, and attributed the accident to a loss of engine power due to fuel starvation, and to the flight instructor's failure to perform proper emergency procedures and abort the flight.
 * On May 12, 2021, a Cirrus SR22 and Key Lime Air Flight 970, a Swearingen SA226-TC Metroliner operating a charter cargo flight, collided on approach to Centennial Airport. The Cirrus made a safe off-airport parachute-assisted landing, while the Key Lime pilot landed safely at Centennial despite the loss of a section of the cabin roof, damage to the empennage, and failure of one engine. There were no injuries.
 * On June 16, 2021, a Lancair Evolution plane crashed south of Centennial while on final approach. The plane collided with several power lines and started a brush fire which was contained by fire crews. The two occupants and a dog were killed in the crash.
 * On August 9, 2022, a Cessna 182 Skylane crashed off the departure end of Runway 10. The sole pilot on board was killed. The final determination of the cause of the crash is pending; tentative reports indicate the aircraft was flown without the owner's knowledge and that the pilot had yet to complete a checkout flight on the type before being certified. According to a witness, the aircraft climbed to 150-200 feet AGL, sputtered, nosed down and impacted. There was no fire. The aircraft had no mechanical issues but had almost no fuel in the tanks.

title: Centennial Airport


text:
Passbook

A passbook or bankbook is a paper book used to record bank or building society transactions on a deposit account.

Traditionally, a passbook was used for accounts with a low transaction volume, such as savings accounts. A bank teller or postmaster would write the date, amount of the transaction, and the updated balance and enter his or her initials by hand. In the late 20th century, small dot matrix or inkjet printers were introduced that were capable of updating the passbook at the account holder's convenience, either at an automated teller machine or a passbook printer, either in a self-serve mode, by post, or in a branch.

History
Passbooks appeared in the 18th century, allowing customers to hold transaction information in their own hands for the first time. Until then, transactions were recorded in ledgers at the bank only, so customers had no history of their own deposits and withdrawals.

The passbook, which was around the size of a passport, ensured that customers had control over their own information, and was called a "passbook" because it was used as a way to identify the account holder without needing further identification. It also regularly passed between the bank and the account holder for updating.

Credits and deposits
To add credit to an account by bringing cash to a bank in person, the account holder can fill a small credit slip or deposit slip. The total value of notes and coins is counted and entered on the slip, along with the date and the payer's name. The cash and details are counted and checked by the teller at the bank; if everything is in order, the deposit is credited to the account, the credit slip is then kept by the bank, and the credit slip booklet is stamped with the date and then returned to the account holder. An account holder uses his passbook to record their history of transactions with his bank.

Debits and withdrawals
Withdrawals normally required the account holder to visit the branch where the account was held, where a debit slip or withdrawal slip would be prepared and signed. If the teller did not know the account holder, the signature on the slip and the authorities would be checked against the signature card at the branch, before money was paid out. In the 1980s, banks adopted the black light signature system for passbooks, which enabled withdrawals to be made from passbooks at a branch other than the one where an account was opened, unless prior arrangements were made to transfer the signature card to the other branch. Under this system, the passbook's owner would sign in the back of the passbook in an invisible ink and the signing authorities would also be noted. At the paying branch, the signature on the withdrawal slip would be checked against the signature in the book, which required a special ultraviolet reader to read. Today, the customer is more commonly verified by PIN and commonly through an automated teller machine.

Direct banking
For people who feel uneasy with telephone or online banking, the use of a passbook is an alternative to obtain, in real-time, the account activity without waiting for a bank statement. However, unlike some bank statements, some passbooks offer fewer details, replacing easy-to-understand descriptions with short codes.

title: Passbook


text:
Talk:Gasherbrum IV

Removing the {context} Tag
I've cleaned it up, added more info and links etc, and I'm removing the tag now.

Pakistan ranking
I am planning on removing the Pakistan elevation ranking from the infobox per reasons given at Talk:K2. Reply at the K2 talk page or here if there's an objection. -- Racer X11 Talk to me Stalk me  00:48, 9 January 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gasherbrum IV


text:
Sean McCann

Sean McCann may refer to:

 * Sean McCann (actor) (1935 – 2019), Canadian television actor
 * Sean McCann (ice hockey) (born 1971), Canadian ice hockey coach and former All-American for Harvard.
 * Séan McCann (musician) (born 1967), Canadian, member of Great Big Sea and Sean McCann & The Committed
 * Sean McCann (politician) (born 1971), Michigan State Representative and State Senator-elect
 * Sean McCann (soldier) (born 1950), Irish Defence Forces Chief of Staff

title: Sean McCann


text:
Shalya

In the Hindu epic Mahabharata, King Shalya (शल्य, lit. Pike) was the brother of Madri (mother of Nakula and Sahadeva), and the ruler of the Madra kingdom. Skilled with the mace and a formidable warrior, he was tricked by Duryodhana to fight the war on the side of the Kauravas. He was encouraged to serve as the charioteer of Karna by Duryodhana. Shalya was an incredibly calm and deliberate fighter, his level-headedness and prowess in warfare making him a great warrior in spite of his slight build.

Becoming Pandu's brother-in-law
On his way to Hastinapura, King Pandu encountered Shalya's army. At parlay, Shalya and his general met with Pandu; Pandu was very impressed by Shalya's slight general and became friends. Bhishma, head of Pandu's family, learned of Shalya's beautiful sister, Mādrī and decided to arrange Pandu's second marriage with Madri. Shalya agreed and was gifted with gold and jewels from Hastinapura.

Attempt to make Nakula and Sahadeva his heirs
Years after Madri had decided to self-immolate herself, Shalya invited his nephews Nakula and Sahadeva to Madra, wishing to make them his heirs. On their eighteenth birthday, Shalya revealed his intention to the twins. Shalya argued that Nakula could be a king one day, instead of fourth-in-line to the throne of Hastinapura, provided that Yudhishthira would be named the crown prince. Nakula supposed that Shalya only wished to anoint Nakula and Sahadeva as his heirs because they were both children of deities, and that Shalya was rejecting his own children from the line of succession with this gambit. Nakula admitted that while Sahadeva and he staying with the Pandavas would give them no power, his brothers and Kunti genuinely loved him, and would never try to make Nakula and Sahadeva their pawns. After some deliberation, Nakula was convinced that Shalya had no ulterior motives. Sahadeva and he agreed to become the heirs to Shalya's throne, on the condition that they would always stay with the rest of the Pandavas.

Falling prey to Duryodhana's trick
When Shalya heard of the impending Kurukshetra War, he marched forth with his army to join his nephews. On the way, Shalya was tricked by Duryodhana, who arranged a huge feast for Shalya and his men, entertaining him for hours. Impressed, Shalya was generous with his praise and asks to see Yudhishthira, who Shalya thought was his host. When Duryodhana revealed the treachery, Shalya is astounded but is compelled to grant a boon due to the hospitality. Unable to turn down Duryodhana's request to join the Kauravas, Shalya met the Pandavas and apologised for his mistake. Nakula and Sahadeva grew enraged, saying that Shalya had truly proven that Nakula and Sahadeva were not real brothers to the Pandavas, but only step-brothers. Yudhishthira quickly stepped in and reprimanded the twins, commanding that they were never to again cheapen their relationship by saying they were "step" brothers. At this point, Shalya realised that he had underestimated their brotherly bond. Yudhishthira promised to Shalya that he would kill him during the eve of the war.

Yudhisthira's plan against Karna
Prior to the start of the war, Yudhishthira met with his elders on the Kaurava side, seeking their blessings. Shalya readily offered his blessings to Yudhishthira, wishing him victory. Shalya was requested by Yudhishthira to heap praises of his brothers in order to infuriate Karna.

1st-13th days
Though not spirited in his fight, Shalya confronted many great warriors during the war. On the first day, he attacks Yudhishthira and snaps his bow. However, Yudhishthira takes another bow and wounds Shalya. Shalya killed Uttara Kumara on the first day of the war. He killed the boy with his spear after a fantastic duel, and subsequently hailed his brave death. On the second day, his eldest son Madranjaya is killed by Virata as revenge for Uttara.

13th-17th days
On the 13th day, Shalya's sons Rukmangada and Rukmaratha were killed by Abhimanyu; Shalya himself is helpless against Abhimanyu's attacks. On the 14th day, he tries to stop Arjuna’s advance towards Jayadratha but is defeated; injured so badly that he cannot even sit down. During the night battle at the end of the day, he vanquishes Virata and makes him flee.

Karna's charioteer
On 16th day of battle, Karna defeated, but spared the lives of Nakula and Sahadeva, stating that they are younger and not his equals, therefore not deserving of death by his hands. He proceeded to clash with Arjuna, having previously promised Kunti that he would not attempt to slay any Pandava except Arjuna. During the course of the battle, Karna invoked the Ashwasena snake on his arrow and directed it towards Arjuna. However, Shalya advised him to follow it up with another arrow. Karna disregarded his advice, and aimed the arrow towards Arjuna's head. Krishna drove Arjuna's chariot into the earth, saving Arjuna's life.

On the 17th day, unarmed and on foot, Karna is killed by Arjuna. After Karna's demise, Shalya would console the grieving Duryodhana by reminding him that Karna's death was inevitable. Duryodhana subsequently named Shalya as the new commander-in-chief of the Kaurava forces.

Death
After Shalya is named the new commander-in-chief for the Kaurava forces, Krishna suggested that Yudhishthira should kill the powerful warrior, as the eldest Pandava was not a man of aggression and could meet Shalya's aggressive demeanor in battle. Yudhishthira engages Shalya in an long archery duel. With the assistance of Bhima, Yudhishthira deprives Shalya of his charioteer and horses. In a fit of rage, Shalya rushes towards Yudhishthira with a sword and shield in hand. Using his arrows, Bhima destroys Shalya’s weapons but Shalya undeterred by this, proceeds towards Yudhishthira with the intent of killing him with his bare hands. Yudhishthira hurls a spear which belonged to Shiva at Shalya which pierces his chest, killing him instantly.

title: Shalya


text: User talk:4.42.10.147

title: User talk:4.42.10.147


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Katie Fitzgerald

Katie Fitzgerald
 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was RESULT: Keep - 4 (also one unsigned, not counted); Merge - 3; Delete - 20; Unclassified -2. Outcome: DELETE. Noel (talk) 19:41, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Just to tellyou, the Detroit Free Press (link on Ken Jennings page regarding early airing in GA) reports about someone becoming the Jeopardy! champ for a few days next week. The person mentioned is NOT Katie Fitzgerald, although I think this article should be kept until her last day as the champion. Or, maybe an article should be started about the (as in any) current Jeopardy! champ if he/she runs for more than one day. And, her real name is Kathleen. --Super-Magician 19:28, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * So let me get this straight, you want us to start a page on every Jeopardy champ the minute they win a single lousy episode, just to delete it as soon as they lose? Since when is wikipedia an entertainment tabloid? Ken lost; get over it. I know there are plenty of people who spent all their time documenting everything Ken ever did on the show, but those people have got to get new hobbies now. We have to stop writing articles on everyone someone has a hunch could be a notable person someday. Wait until it happens, don't jump the gun. -R. fiend 19:47, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree with you. However, what I meant was if the champion is notable, unique, and/or has a streak of over five or so days.  But now, since she lost after two days, it should be deleted.  Nancy, though, will still be known as the Jeopardy! contestant who beat Ken Jennings... --Super-Magician 01:54, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)

Katie Fitzgerald Section 1.2
Jeopardy contestant who beat the person who beat Ken Jennings. Hate to be a spoiler but I know for a fact she doesn't rack up alot of wins. Even Nancy Zerg, who beat Ken, should just be mentioned on the Ken article; without him she's just another contestant. Was listed for speedy but doesn't qualify. Certainly deletable though. -R. fiend 03:30, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Way to ruin the suspense. ;) I'd like to see this kept but if it doesn't actually come to anything then I guess it's not worth it. -Litefantastic 12:01, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) Delete. Is not notable enough for encyclopaedia article.   →Iñgólemo←   (talk)  03:40, 2004 Dec 3 (UTC)
 * Delete: Absolutely not notable, although she is kind of cute. Someone is a little too taken with Jeopardy!, I think.  Geogre 04:12, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Potential for notability != notability. (Well, at least nobody started a table summarizing all her appearances.) Aerion 04:29, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Not yet. Give them a day or two. -R. fiend 05:04, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * For the moment this article is speculative. Perhaps we'll be seeing a noteworthy writeup about her in the future but for now she's barely even a footnote in the Ken Jennings article.  —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 05:04, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't think Nancy Zerg deserves her own article, much less this lady. Delete. [[User:Mo0|Mo0 [ talk ] ]] 06:33, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: This page might be a useful starting point for an article about Katie Fitzgerald. Fitzgerald, like Jennings, may end up having a remarkable run on Jeopardy.
 * -Most importantly, immediate deletion of this article discourages contribution. I don't know why speculating on a win should be different from speculating on a loss. This article may always be removed later.
 * -The article on Ken Jennings was created following the broadcast of his [eighteenth win]. It would have been useful and more accurate to have had early information on Jennings before his winning streak extended that far, rather than digging up secondhand information later on the net.
 * -Where is the information source on future Jeopardy broadcasts? If it is a site, it should be posted here to prove that she does not maintain a streak. That link, when visible, would also deter further creation of this type of article.Raazer 07:44, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: 1. "Might" be notable in the future is not "notable." If she hits a long streak, then write the article.  2. The Ken Jennings article got started when he broke the existing record for performances and became an unique contestant (unique is the vital word).  3. Discouraging bad articles is neither here nor there.  Wikipedia is not desperate for content anymore.  Although no one wants to discourage a contributor, we should not violate our mission or our standards to avoid possibly offending someone.  This is not Everything2.com.  4. The "all knowledge" thing is a case of silly misreading of the goals of the project.  It is an online encyclopedia and then, as a dependent phrase, that will strive to contain (i.e. within "encyclopedia") all human knowledge.  N.b. that it's an encyclopedia first.  Encyclopedias limit themselves to logical presentation and to only discussing items that are useful and notable.  There are more facts than things in the world, and no one would be insane enough to say "any fact goes in in any form."  Geogre 14:59, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree with Geogre. Once a contestant becomes notable, an article is warranted, but not when a contestant may become notable. It is not our place to speculate on such things. Virtually no information was lost from the Ken Jennings article despite that it was started 18 days into the run - the information was freely available all over the place, from tvgameshows.net, from the Jeopardy! message boards, from JEOParchive!, etc. The information is available in such detail that writing the article seventeen days earlier almost certainly wouldn't have had any benefit. Aerion 16:18, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Merge with Jeopardy? It seems like a logical place to mention noteworthy contestants... QuantumEleven 09:08, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Notable Jeopardy competitors should appear on the Jeopardy article, not separately, and certainly not after one appearance. Average Earthman 10:38, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable, really was used - wikipedia is designed to keep all knowledge and such. So it is worth an article.
 * Keep. Is notable... Needs expansion and more information.  Kaite Fitzgerald might end up having a long run on Jeopardy in the future.  Let's wait and see for now.  --Randy 12:12, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: DCEdwards1966 14:47, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Put information on her at Talk:Ken Jennings or Talk:Jeopardy!, labeled something like "Hold for possible article." If she ties any record then the article can be created again from the Hold. Like User:Mo0 I also wonder if Nancy Zerg deserves an article. The point is, being a post-Ken Jeopardy! champion does not merit an automatic Wikipedia entry. Robert Happelberg 15:54, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: sorry folks but Post-Ken Jennings Jeopardy is not a whole new ballgame. The logic that the person who beat Ken must be better than Ken, and the person who beat her must be even better is just plain flawed. We're back where we were a year ago, in the world of regular run-of-the-mill Jeopardy contestants. I'm not sure what it will take to have a contest warrant an article now, but it will be a hell of a lot. Just winning 5 times or so won't do it. Many have done so in the past and have not gotten articles (and rightly so). Frank Spangenberg is one exception, because he broke a record and was very memorable, returning several times. Ken slipped up, and was beaten by a mortal. Yes, anyone might be notable in the future, but they don't get into an encyclopedia until they are. Keep tabs on contestants in your notebooks or whatever, post them here when they get to a dozen or more wins (which I guarantee you Fitzgerald does not do), and even then see if they get VfD'd or not. -R. fiend 16:28, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable enough at this time. Fire Star 16:53, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep articles on all Jeopardy! contestants who win at least one game. There is a level of fame associated with it, being watched by millions, and I suppose Jeopardy! fans care about it, even if I don't. We could chronicle all Jeopardy! episodes by winner biographies, and that would be a great resource. Everyking 17:34, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Jeopardy contestant. anthony 警告 18:23, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Lets wait and see.  [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 19:22, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I don't start to track Jeopardy! contestants stat-wise until they've won game #5. She's not notable enough as a person to the American public to warrant a Wikipedia article. There'll be enough important information lying around if she gets on a big streak. --OntarioQuizzer 19:59, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable.  We don't keep articles because the subject could potentially become notable.  -- WOT 21:38, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Jeopardy! champions are in no way notable unless truly extraordinary like Ken Jennings.  I would say that this person will soon be forgotten except that would require being remembered in the first place. Indrian 05:14, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete average Jeopardy contestant. Name gets a lot of hits, but most are for college and high school athletes that don't seem to stand out enuf for an article. Niteowlneils 18:05, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * delete boring Mozzerati 19:21, 2004 Dec 4 (UTC)
 * Delete as completely non-notable. I don;t think any Jeapordy contestant deserves their own article solely for that, even the hyped guy with long streak. They all should just be a footnote (possibly with redirect page for the hyped guy) to the Jeopardy article unless they do something else notable in their life. Gameshow contestants are not encyclopedic in any way, shape or form on their own. DreamGuy 04:16, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Not even ones who go on to sell millions of albums, like Kelly Clarkson and Clay Aiken? I mean, they wouldn't have done what they did without a game show. Mike H 04:20, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, and delete Nancy Zerg while we're at it. Break a record, then we'll write about you. Gamaliel 04:21, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Can be mentioned in another article. Not independently notable.  Delete.  Rossami (talk) 17:33, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Being a game show contestant is not at all notable. --Improv 03:01, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge. with the Ken Jennings article - she is not noteworthy enough to stand out on her own DemonKnight713
 * Delete. A champion is notable.  Someone who defeats a champion is notable.  But that does not make them, in and of itself, a champion, so the argument does not continue ad infinitum.  --L33tminion | (talk) 00:01, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Andy Warhol said everyone gets their 15 minutes of fame. If he was right, eventually Wikipedia will have 300 million articles just on Americans.  We better make it longer to get in the Wikipedia.    How about 1 week of fame? --BM 03:58, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge with Ken Jennings. While I don't think she deserves her own page, I'd say it's enough of a trivia question to warrant a mention somewhere on Wikipedia (see my comment on VfD on Nancy Zerg). However, I also say stop here in terms of creating new pages for Jeopardy contestants, because I think generally after two players, it starts getting forgotten again. TheProject 04:01, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep she is the starting goalie for a championship winning team in a league that is beginning to get well known.Vincelord (talk) 17:05, 20 September 2018 (UTC)


text:
Talk:One weekend a month, two weeks a year

VfD
moved from Votes for deletion/One weekend a month, two weeks a year:

Should be merged with Army National Guard. -- Paul Richter 03:30, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Long standing, once and future recruiting pitch (he can't win election again). The article creation is a hidden political statement. (Not that I don't agree. I could rant for a long time on the subject.) Geogre 04:15, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It wasn't supposed to be a political statement. I wrote down a list of things I wasn't sure WP had and them tried to crate articles for them. Admittedly, the list was only two items long and the other one was laugh track. I'm not trying to be political at any level. -Litefantastic 11:58, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable, really was used - wikipedia is designed to keep all knowledge and such. So it is worth an article.
 * Redirect The information is in the Army National Guard article. - Lifefeed 16:29, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * delete or merge; coverd in Army National Guard article. Fledgeling 21:50, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect. -Sean Curtin 02:30, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect at best. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 16:51, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep there is alot which should be built up around this. I made an attempt, but only with internet sources so it comes out a little one sided. Mozzerati 23:20, 2004 Dec 4 (UTC)
 * Delete. The slogan and any controversy surrounding it could be discussed in the National Guard page I suppose, but this is unnecessary. Indrian 23:52, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Mark Richards 01:44, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's just a slogan. --Improv 03:00, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep or merge complete text to Army National Guard. --Key45 22:42, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. [[User:Rhymeless|Rhymeless | (Methyl Remiss)]] 20:26, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect Let the editors of Army National Guard decide whether this warrants mention. Apparently it is already mentioned in that article. It looks like it is someone's soapbox. --BM 03:41, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * hmm.. Deletion policy Problems that don't require deletion -> Article is biased or has lots of POV: Solution:- List on Pages needing attention Add this tag: . It's already too long to help the National Guard article and whilst, in my belief it's important since hundreds of thousands of people have joined the national guard after having heard it (whether they believed it or not), it's not an issue which should have such a long section of that article. Please instead, make the effort to point out what is inaccurate on the talk page and to add what is missing. A good source for this might be the army recruiting page which has some warnings about what service will really be like. You will have to look back in archive.org since otherwise you won't be sure what they said at the time. Mozzerati 21:05, 2004 Dec 8 (UTC)

 * Keep: As a former member of the Home Guard in my country I always wondered what the US equivalent is and what it entails. From time to time I have checked the different articles about the National Guard without getting a good explanation. But today I found this article and it explained it. So normally it entails "One weekend a month, two weeks a year". Unless there is "war" and you are sent to full time duty for some months or more. And I like that this article mentions the issue of if the planned wars abroad should be included in the service for the members of the National Guard or not. Here in Sweden the Home Guard members can't be ordered to service abroad. Only our regular military and volunteers are sent to Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Libya, Mali, etc. Our Home Guard is an actual "Home Guard" or "National Guard": It stays at home guarding the country against invasion. (And I know I am 16 years late to this discussion.) --David Göthberg (talk) 16:49, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

I removed the reference to the Home Gaurd of England during the Second World War. The comparison is absolutely ludicrous. I'm not sure I understand what happened to this article? Why is it still here. I would agree that it should have been merged or deleted, but it looks like nothing ever happened. 138.32.32.44 21:34, 8 September 2006 (UTC

This is just an opnion piece. I am in the guard and think this articles slam of U.S. soldiers is extememely disrespectful.

end moved discussion

 * Navy Reserve?::

I'm not American, but why isnt there a navy national guard to go along with naval and air force reserve units? At least, merged into the same overall structure as the others. 58.7.204.212 09:59, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

There *are* Naval National Guard/Militia units in several states; New York, California, Texas and Ohio (Great Lakes--gotta keep the Canadians in their place!) at minimum; but the US Naval forces have always been predominately Federal rather than local.

As previous posters have indicated, there is not a good reason for this subject to be here. It takes a slangy phrase and attempts to elevate it to some sort of official doctrinal role. Several of my friends have been killed in active service as active-duty National Guard and quite frankly, this phrase is bullshit. None of us enlisted in the National Guard for "one weekend a month, two weeks a year"; we knew damn well what we were signing up for, and this phrase is simply insulting.

One weekend a month, my ass!
MST3k was the first place I heard this variant, back in 1993. Not sure if that directly contributed to the Iraq War photo. IMDB link Canute (talk) 17:00, 1 November 2019 (UTC)

Remove or edit "Army's future annual drill plans" section
As far as I can tell, as of 2020 the plan outlined in this section to expand annual drill time to 7 weeks never materialized. Not sure what to do with that. Is the section even still relevant if it never actually came true?

Jason.W.Watkins (talk) 02:01, 2 June 2020 (UTC)

 * It seems like a significant part of this article is out of date. Canute (talk) 16:22, 16 June 2023 (UTC)

Meaning
We should include a definition of the term "One weekend a month, two weeks a year". From my calculations, 1 weekend per month equates to about 3.5 weeks per year so I don't understand what the literal meaning of the term is meant to be. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.148.229.125 (talk) 16:10, 21 September 2022 (UTC)

 * I agree this should be explained in the article, preferably in the first section. Section "Army's future annual drill plans" seems to indicate that it actually means "One weekend a month, AND two weeks a year". So I assume those two weeks mean they go away to some camp for two weeks, or perhaps one week at a time but twice a year?
 * When I served in the Home Guard here in Sweden we could do one week winter camp (skiing and stuff), and one week summer camp, and some weekends, in addition to the usual Tuesday evening meetings. But we only had to do a total of 20 hours a year back then to keep our uniform and rifle. Most of our "Home Guards men" had also served about a year of mandatory national military service (conscription).
 * --David Göthberg (talk) 04:19, 12 March 2023 (UTC)


text: User talk:67.162.54.177

title: User talk:67.162.54.177


text:
Lowry Air Force Base

Lowry Air Force Base (Lowry Field from 1938–1948) is a former United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) training base during World War II and a United States Air Force (USAF) training base during the Cold War. From 1955-1958, it served as the initial site of the U.S. Air Force Academy. It is a U.S. Formerly Used Defense Site (B08CO0505).

Background
The City of Denver, Auraria, and Highland was chartered as the 1859 territorial capital after the start of the 1858 Pike's Peak gold rush. In 1887, Fort Logan was established in the modern Denver Metropolitan Area. East of the state capital, military training at Montclair, Colorado, began at the future airfield when the 1887 Jarvis Hall Military School opened. Montclair was incorporated into Denver in 1903 and Jarvis Hall burned down in 1904. At the military school site the Agnes Phipps Memorial Sanatorium was established as a tuberculosis hospital in 1904 at 520 Rampart Way (cf. "East 6th Avenue and Quebec Street") by Lawrence C. Phipps Sr., and in the 1930s the sanatorium included 17 buildings designed by the Gove and Walsh firm.

"After several fires at Chanute Field and deterioration of the buildings" in Illinois, a 1934 Air Corps announcement solicited a replacement training location and Denver submitted a bid. The City of Denver purchased the sanatorium for an airfield after a 1935 municipal bond vote. On 27 August 1937, the Denver Branch, Air Corps Technical School, was formed with Departments of Photography and Armament ("photography training moved from Chanute Field"), and the WPA converted the sanatorium grounds into a Colorado military airfield. In February 1938 the airfield being installed adjacent to Fairmont Cemetery was assigned to the Air Corps Technical School headquartered at Chanute, and "the Denver branch of the Army Air Corps became an Army post of 880 acres."

Original Lowry Field
The name Lowry Field was originally assigned to an airfield consisting of property taken over by the Colorado National Guard, having a southern border along East 38th Avenue between Dahlia & Holly Streets. It was named for Second Lieutenant Francis Lowry, the only Colorado pilot killed in combat in World War I. The airfield was used by the 120th Observation Squadron, 45th Division Aviation. In 1924, the 120th began flying Curtiss JN-4Es (better known as Jennies) at the new airfield.

A 28 October 1926 photo shows the Fokker BA-1 trimotor Josephine Ford of the Byrd Arctic Expedition being refueled at the original Lowry Field. Charles Lindbergh and his Spirit of St. Louis made a scheduled stop at Lowry on 1 September 1927 during his 48 state sponsored tour. Jack Taylor died on the maiden voyage of the Cheyenne-Pueblo-Denver contract airmail route from Lowry to Cheyenne when his aircraft exploded on 10 December 1927. He was flying a large Douglas mail plane for Western Air Express Inc. near Lowry.

During the latter part of 1937 the name "Lowry Field" was transferred from the Colorado National Guard facility to the new Denver Branch, Air Corps Technical School. In early 1938, after about a year of overlapping operations, the 120th Observation Squadron moved to their new quarters at the Denver Municipal Airport; remaining there until mobilization for World War II took place on 6 January 1941. The 19 officers and 116 enlisted members of the squadron then moved to Biggs Army Airfield, Texas.

In 1938, the former Lowry Field was renamed Combs Field when Harry B. Combs began leasing the airfield. He and a partner opened Mountain State Aviation, a fixed-base operation and flight training facility. Mountain State would go on to train over 9,000 pilots for World War II through the Civilian Pilot Training Program at the location. In 1936, Combs had joined the 120th Observation Squadron, flying the 0-19 E variant and gaining enough flying time to earn his instructor’s rating.

Lowry Field

Lowry Field was assigned to the new Army Air Field on 11 March 1938. Photographic courses began prior to the field's completion and runway paving. The paved runway opened on 4 April (first used by a B-18 Bolo). The sanatorium's main building became the Army post's headquarters, and the largest single barracks (3,200 men) was completed in mid-1940. The "Northeast-Southwest runway was completed in 1941" and on 1 March 1941, the Air Corps Technical School moved an "A.A.F. Clerical School" for Air Corps Clerks (384 hours) to Fort Logan from Lowry. Beginning 16 July 1940, the 1st class of the AAF bombardier schools was at Lowry and used the nearby bombing and gunnery range through 14 March 1941, graduating three classes of instructors who opened the Barksdale Field bombardier school.

Fourth Technical Training District
Lowry training for Boeing B-29 Superfortress pilot qualification and for B-29 operational crew readiness began in 1943, and the base had a July 1943–Jan 1944 clerical school. In 1944 expansion of Lowry's airfield was planned and Lowry gained B-29 Flight Engineer training.

Lowry transferred under Technical Training Command in mid-October 1945 (Air Training Command on 1 July 1946) and by the end of 1945, Lowry's separation center was processing an average of 300 discharges a day. The nearby bombing range was transferred from Buckley Field, by authority of Technical Division, Air Training Command, to Lowry A.F.B. on 20 September 1946. In July 1947, formal courses in Intelligence Training were established at Lowry for combat reporting, photographic intelligence, prisoner of war interrogation, and briefing and interrogation of combat crews.

USAF base
Lowry Air Force Base was designated on 24 June 1948 and on 26 August 1948 established all Lowry training organizations under the 3415th Technical Training Wing (redesignated "Lowry Technical Training Center" on 1 Jan 1959). Lowry provided Operation Hayride emergency response for people and livestock threatened by eighteen December 1948 – January 1949 snowstorms from Utah to Kansas (e.g., a C-47 of the 2151st Air Rescue Unit delivered 115 blankets and 30 cases of C rations on 4 January to 482 people at Rockport, Colorado.) By 25 August 1949, the 3903rd Radar Bomb Scoring Squadron had a unit based at Lowry which operated a Strategic Air Command radar station (Lowry's radar annex was at Genesee Mountain Park.)

In 1951, plans called for the headquarters of Technical Training Air Force to be at Lowry and after expansion at the beginning of the Korean War, Lowry courses included photography, armament, rocket propulsion, electronics, radar-operated fire-control systems, computer specialties, gun and rocket sights, and electronically operated turret systems. The 3415th Wing formed a Guided Missiles Department on 7 June 1951 and from 1952 – 1955, Lowry functioned as President Dwight D. Eisenhower's Summer White House. Beginning in September 1954, the 3415th TTW moved intelligence, comptroller, and transportation training programs to Sheppard AFB. On 11 July 1955, the first class of 306 USAF Academy cadets was sworn in at Lowry.

In 1956 Lowry's bombing range support ended when the bombing range mission was terminated and Lowry's first general courses for missiles were developed. Courses were for Falcon, Rascal, Snark, and Navajo missiles and in 1958, Nuclear Weapons Training. Also early in 1958, the USAF concluded that the new NORAD headquarters (different from the planned Cheyenne Mountain nuclear bunkers for NORAD and the Denver ADS) should be relocated from Ent AFB to Lowry AFB (CO Springs' Chidlaw Building became the new NORAD HQ). In 1960, Lowry was the 3rd ranked technical training base of ATC.

ICBM headquarters and training
The Air Force Ballistic Committee, formed in 1955, approved the former bombing range on 13 March 1958 for the first Titan I ICBM launch complex (the Titan missile plant was built at Waterton Canyon.) The 703d Strategic Missile Wing was activated on 25 September 1958 and redesignated the 451 SMW on 1 July 1961, at the same time the 848th and the 849 SMS were redesignated the 724th and 725 SMS. Construction on all nine silos at the three launch complexes for the 724 was completed by 4 August 1961. On 18 April 1962, Headquarters SAC declared the 724th SMS operational, and 2 days later the first Titan Is went on alert status. A month later, the sister 725th SMS (initially designated the 849th SMS) declared it had placed all nine of its Titan Is on alert status, which marked a SAC first. Both the 724th and 725th Strategic Missile Squadrons formed components of the Lowry-headquartered 451st Strategic Missile Wing. The "original class of instructors" for the Mace missile course at Lowry graduated from the "G.L. Martin factory training course in Baltimore MD in 1960" and by early 1961, Lowry's personnel course moved to Greenville AFB.

By 1962, Lowry's Department of Missile Training was graduating over 1,000 trained missile specialists per year, and the "Tactical Missile School at Lowry" (e.g., for Matador missile training) in January 1962 "was located in the Black Hangar." On 25 June 1965, the 724th and 725th Strategic Missile Squadrons were inactivated, and the last missile supported by Lowry was removed on 14 April 1965.

Air Intelligence Training Center
The Armed Forces Air Intelligence Training Center was established at Lowry effective 1 July 1963 with student training beginning on 17 July (by 14 March, "the Defense Department had assigned responsibility for all DOD air intelligence training and advanced training in photographic, radar, and infrared interpretation to the Air Force.") In 1965, the runway was closed, and all Lowry AFB flying activities moved to nearby Buckley Air National Guard Base. Ten courses from Amarillo AFB were planned to be moved to Lowry in mid-1968, and Amarillo's 3320th Retraining Group for convicted airmen moved to Lowry 1 July – 1 September 1967. In 1974, the Air Staff approved Lackland AFB's Special Treatment Center to transfer to the 3415th Special Training Group at Lowry AFB. In addition to Air Force personnel, the U.S. Navy also sent junior officers (ensigns and lieutenants) for initial intelligence training at Lowry, along with enlisted personnel newly graduated from boot camp for their "A" school instruction as intelligence specialists.

Construction began in 1970 for enlisted and officer billeting facilities to replace World War II vintage barracks, five 1,000-man dormitories and completed by 1974, a 187-space mobile home park. Other added facilities included a youth center, a child-care center, a chapel (in addition to the 1941 chapel), and a new Airmen's Open Mess. In 1976, the Defense Finance and Accounting Service (formerly Air Force Accounting & Finance Center) & the Air Reserve Personnel Center opened in the Gilchrist Building (Building 444).

The AFAITC school remained at Lowry from 1963 to 1988, before moving to Goodfellow AFB, in San Angelo, Texas. US Navy intelligence training for both junior officers and enlisted personnel was shifted to the new Navy Marine Corps Intelligence Training Center (NMITC) at Dam Neck, in Virginia Beach, Virginia.

USAF School of Applied Aerospace Sciences, Lowry
In 1972, the 3415th Technical Wing became the USAF School of Applied Aerospace Sciences, Lowry. The Department of Aerospace Munitions Training continued missile training and in 1978 was redesignated the 3460th Training Group. In 1980 Lowry acquired a Davis-Monthan AFB B-52D and stabilized another B-52 for training ALCM and SRAM loading procedures. New courses in the 1970s and 1980s included flight line and in-shop avionics maintenance courses for the F-4 Phantom II, F-111 Aardvark, A-10 Warthog, F-15 Eagle and F-16 Fighting Falcon (e.g., communications, flight controls, navigation, weapons guidance, and electronic countermeasures & warfare systems). In 1982, Lowry's 1941 Eisenhower Memorial Chapel (cf. the Eisenhower Chapel at Fort Knox ) was listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The National Geospatial Agency's Integrated Operations Center was in Denver and by 1983, Lowry had the Air Intelligence Officer Course

LGM-118 Peacekeeper ICBM training began at Lowry in 1985, and after Lowry became the primary training center for USAF space operations, Undergraduate Space Training's 1st graduation was in 1987. The 3301st Undergraduate Space Training unit moved to Vandenberg AFB, CA in 1991, prior to Lowry AFB closure. Lowry also handled ground & armament training for several interceptor models, the A-10 Thunderbolt II, and the B-1 Lancer.

After being considered for closure in 1978 and since "Lowry lacked a runway" (all runways closed and all USAF flight operations terminated, July 1966), Lowry AFB was designated for closure by BRAC 1991. The 3400th Technical Training Wing inactivated on 27 April 1994, and the base officially closed on 30 September 1994. The National Civilian Community Corps used Lowry facilities from 1994 until 2004; and Space Systems Support Group Detachment 1 "located at the former Lowry AFB" in March 1995 moved to Peterson AFB. The Bonfils Blood Center "became the first commercial tenant at Lowry" in the former commissary during September 1995, and the site development company was presented facility and real estate awards in 1997 (asbestos was remediated from the Formerly Used Defense Site of "1,866 acres"—remediation at buildings included Building 402:PCBs, 606: groundwater, & 1432: soil ).

Closure
The Buckley Annex was the remaining military installation after the "Whole Base Transfer" of Lowry AFB in 2006, the year the USGS listed the closed Lowry AFB in the Geographic Names Information System. In 2007, the annex of 70 acres with DFAS & ARPC was planned for closure. The last remaining Air Force facility at Lowry was the Air Reserve Personnel Center, which BRAC 2005 moved to Buckley AFB in August 2011. The Buckley Annex' Whole Base Transfer was in 2012, and the "final stages of cleanup" of the base and annex were underway in February 2013.

Most of the base is now the Lowry, Denver, neighborhood with 2 hangars used for the Wings Over the Rockies Air and Space Museum, the former Building 1499 for the Big Bear Ice Rink, a dormitory for the Logan School for Creative Learning, and base officer housing and other facilities for the Stanley British Primary School. A dormitory and a former medical building on the east end of the base are owned by the state as part of the Higher Education and Technology campus. The last remaining military facility at the former Lowry base was the Defense Finance and Accounting Service Finance Center (6760 E Irvington Place), which had its own USAF Base Facility identifier in 2004 (08002D). The Lowry Community Master Association (LCMA) is located at 7581 E Academy Blvd, the former hangar with the name "Lowry Air Force Base" and which also has suites for Martifer Solar USA, Mor Beverage Corp, Montessori Casa International, and Extra Space Storage. Bishop Machebeuf Catholic high school is located in the Lowry neighborhood.

Assignments and major units

 * Air Corps Technical School, 27 Aug 1937
 * Air Corps Technical Training Command, 26 March 1941 (AAF Technical Training Command on 15 March 1942)
 * AAF Training Command, 31 July 1943 (Air Training Command on 1 July 1946)
 * Air Educational and Training Command, 1 June 1992 – 27 April 1994

 * Major units

 * Denver Branch, February 1938
 * 3415th Technical Training Wing, 26 August 1948–
 * redesignated 3415th Technical School, USAF
 * Lowry Technical Training Center, 1 January 1959
 * USAF School of Applied Aerospace Sciences, Lowry, 1 August 1972 – 1 April 1977

 * 380th Bombardment Group (Heavy) March–April 1943 (B-24s)
 * 389th Bombardment Group, 19 April – 1 June 1943
 * 446th Bombardment Group, 8 June – 19 October 1943

 * 331st Twin Engine Fighter Training Group, 24 October 1943 – 1 January 1944
 * 322d Troop Carrier Wing, 12 Jun 1947 – 27 June 1949
 * USAF Technical Gunnery School, 12 October 1950 – 1 January 1960
 * USAF Academy, 14 August 1954 – 19 July 1959
 * 703d Strategic Missile Wing, 25 September 1958 – 1 July 1961
 * Redesignated 451st Strategic Missile Wing, 1 July 1961 – 25 June 1965

 * USAF Intelligence Training Center, 1 July 1963 – 27 April 1994

 * 3400th Technical Training Wing, 1 April 1977 – 1 January 1978; 1 November 1979 – 27 April 1994

title: Lowry Air Force Base


text:
Talk:Alison Stewart

Untitled
I object to the deletion of this Wikipedia article about the well-known journalist Alison Stewart. Just to eliminate any confusion, she is married to a Vice President of MSNBC, which in fact is irrelevant to her professional accomplishments. As is her racial and/or ethnic background. She is now employed by National Public Radio. She is a highly skilled and personable professional journalist and definitely fits the criteria for inclusion in Wikipedia.

User: Jeff Greenspan

I created the redirect because she doesn't seem to have done much that's notable, other than being married to a famous person. Joyous 03:32, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)

But who really is Alison Stewart ?
According to the history of the article, it was first speaking about the wife of Bono, the singer of U2. But now it speaks about an American TV anchor. Is it the same person ? Revas 00:47, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Different people as far as I can tell. I replaced a redirect to MSNBC with a stub.  Now looking at the history, someone had replaced a redirect to Bono with the MSNBC redir. Boisemedia 18:50, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

Stewart A Chamleon
Just saw Stewart today on PBS and she's a different person. I'd like to know someone's take on just what she's trying to accomplish with the changes.Godofredo29 (talk) 01:44, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

Accusation
There were some accusations inside the article, with source... an article in a blog. As per WP:REF and WP:BLP this is not acceptable. Deleted, and please don't reinsert. David.Monniaux 19:14, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Racially-biased wording
I couldn't help but notice that the first sentence of this article identified Alison Stewart as "an African American journalist", but I checked around and also discovered that, in fact, none of the other biographies I looked at identified their subjects as "Caucasian American journalist" or "German American journalist", or any similar wording, which seems to imply that the only reason it's used here is because she's black and somebody wanted to highlight that fact. Given that Stewart's race, as far as I know, has never been a significant factor in how she has presented herself, her career, or other noteworthy aspects of her life, and the rest of the article seems to agree with this assessment, the inclusion of this particular specifier on the first line of the article, giving it particular emphasis, seems to be somewhat inappropriate, uncharacteristic, and smacks of racist pidgeonholing, so I have removed it.

If her race is indeed important in some way to the noteworthy aspects of her life, I would suggest adding it as a separate section with some further explanation of why it is relevant to the Wikipedia article. -- Foogod 20:51, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Baby
http://www.npr.org/blogs/bryantpark/2008/05/welcome_little_big_isaac_stewa.html The World News Now Google Group is reporting that she just had a baby? MMetro (talk) 02:15, 18 May 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alison Stewart


text: User talk:68.190.179.95

title: User talk:68.190.179.95


text:
Confessional Lutheranism

Confessional Lutheranism is a name used by Lutherans to designate those who believe in the doctrines taught in the Book of Concord of 1580 (the Lutheran confessional documents) in their entirety. Confessional Lutherans maintain that faithfulness to the Book of Concord, which is a summary of the teachings found in Scripture, requires attention to how that faith is actually being preached, taught, and put into practice. Confessional Lutherans believe that this is a vital part of their identity as Lutherans.

The term Confessional Lutheran is generally used among the more conservative churches found in groupings such as the International Lutheran Council (ILC), the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference (CELC), and the Global Confessional and Missional Lutheran Forum. Churches of the larger Lutheran World Federation subscribe to the Book of Concord as an exposition of faith in so far as (quatenus) it agrees with their interpretation of the Bible.

History
Two main confessional movements arose during the 19th century: the Old Lutherans and the Neo-Lutherans. The Old Lutherans originated from the Schism of the Old Lutherans, while Neo-Lutheranism arose in Germany in the 1830s from the Pietist driven Erweckung, or Awakening. Neo-Lutheranism itself contained differing camps. It gave rise later to those calling themselves confessional Lutherans.

Neo-Lutheranism developed in reaction to Pietism on the one side and Rationalism on the other, both of which had arisen in the previous century. German clergymen such as Martin Stephan, C. F. W. Walther, F. C. D. Wyneken, and Wilhelm Loehe became a part of the movement as they studied the works of Martin Luther and the Book of Concord.

The Old Lutheran and Neo-Lutheran movements spread to the United States with the Neo-Lutheran Loehe and the Old Lutheran free church leader Friedrich August Brünn, both sending missionaries to newly arrived German immigrants in the Midwest, and with the immigration of groups including the Saxons who settled in Missouri under Martin Stephan and C. F. W. Walther, the Germans who settled in Indiana under F. C .D. Wyneken, and the Prussians under J. A. A. Grabau in Western New York and southeastern Wisconsin (the Buffalo Synod).

In Scandinavia, where High Church Lutheranism and Pietist Lutheranism has been highly influential, the Evangelical Lutheran Mission Diocese of Finland, Mission Province of the Church of Sweden, and the Evangelical Lutheran Diocese of Norway entered into schism with their national churches due to "the secularization of the national/state churches in their respective countries involving matters of both Christian doctrine and ethics"; these are members of the International Lutheran Council with their bishops having secured their lines of apostolic succession from other traditional Lutheran Churches, such as the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Kenya.

Church bodies using the title "confessional"
Contemporary Lutheran church bodies that identify themselves as confessional tend to be either members of the International Lutheran Council, the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference, the Global Confessional and Missional Lutheran Forum, or certain other independent Lutheran bodies. Among the members of the ILC are the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod, the Lutheran Church–Canada, the Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Germany, the Lutheran Church of Australia, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Brazil. Among the CELC are the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod and the Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Other confessional Lutherans include the Church of the Lutheran Confession, the American Association of Lutheran Churches, the Concordia Lutheran Conference, the Evangelical Lutheran Diocese of North America, member congregations of the Protes'tant Conference, and member congregations of the Orthodox Lutheran Confessional Conference of Independent Congregations, the United Lutheran Mission Association, and the Evangelical Lutheran Conference & Ministerium of North America (all of North America).

In the Nordic countries, members of the Communion of Nordic Lutheran Dioceses are a part of the International Lutheran Council: these include the Evangelical Lutheran Mission Diocese of Finland, the Mission Province of the Church of Sweden, and the Evangelical Lutheran Diocese of Norway. These dioceses entered into schism with the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, Church of Sweden, and Church of Norway, respectively, due to "the secularization of the national/state churches in their respective countries involving matters of both Christian doctrine and ethics". Apostolic succession of the Mission Province is derived from Walter Obare Omwanza, the presiding bishop of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Kenya, who, assisted by bishops Leonid Zviki from Belarus, David Tswaedi from South Africa, and Børre Knudsen and Ulf Asp from Norway, consecrated Arne Olsson as bishop of the diocese. The Concordia Lutheran Church and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Sweden are other bodies that identify as Confessional Lutherans in the region of Scandinavia.

Additionally, the Association of Free Lutheran Congregations (AFLC) describes themselves as confessional. The autonomous congregations within the AFLC are only required to officially subscribe to the unaltered Augsburg Confession and Luther's Small Catechism, but many member congregations officially subscribe to more, or all, of the Book of Concord, while others do so unofficially in matters of doctrine and practice. All internally trained AFLC pastors are taught a quia subscription of the Book of Concord, leaving the denomination as a whole "unofficially" confessional in matters of preaching and teaching.

Though there are some congregations in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America which would call themselves "confessional", many of those congregations have decided to leave the ELCA due to the liberal leanings of the denomination, most notably their stances expressed in the 2009 ELCA convention. The ELCA as a whole does not use the title "confessional" to describe itself, but it and the other member churches of the Lutheran World Federation do ascribe to the unaltered Augsburg Confession and the other confessional documents in the Book of Concord as true interpretations of the Christian faith. Additionally, the Evangelical Church of the Lutheran Confession in Brazil uses the title "confessional" on its name, but it instead has a "Quatenus" subscription to the Book of Concord and it is a member of the Lutheran World Federation.

"Quia" versus "Quatenus" subscription
Lutheran church bodies and Lutheran individuals that identify themselves as confessional generally hold to a "quia" (Latin for "because") rather than a "quatenus" (Latin for "insofar as") subscription to the Book of Concord, which contains the Apostles' Creed, Nicene Creed, Athanasian Creed, Luther's Small Catechism, Luther's Large Catechism, the Augsburg Confession, the Apology of the Augsburg Confession, the Smalcald Articles, the Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope, and the Formula of Concord.

Quia subscription (the Book of Concord is adhered to because it is faithful to the Scriptures) implies that the subscriber believes that there is no contradiction between the Book of Concord and the Scriptures. Quatenus subscription (the Book of Concord is adhered to insofar as it is faithful to the Scriptures) implies that the subscriber leaves room for the possibility that there might be a contradiction of the Scriptures in the Book of Concord in which case the subscriber may hold to the Scriptures against the Book of Concord. Some Confessional Lutherans maintain that this distinguishes them from other ("mainline") Lutheran bodies and Lutherans, who, they believe, hold to a quatenus subscription.

C. F. W. Walther explained the meaning of confessional subscription: "An unconditional subscription is the solemn declaration which the individual who wants to serve the church makes under oath (1) that he accepts the doctrinal content of our Lutheran Confessions, because he recognizes the fact that they are in full agreement with Scripture and do not militate against Scripture in any point, whether the point be of major or minor importance; and (2) that he therefore heartily believes in this divine truth and is determined to preach this doctrine."

Views on the Antichrist
Confessional Lutherans, including the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod, Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod, the Evangelical Lutheran Synod, and the Church of the Lutheran Confession officially maintain that the Early apostolic Church had been led into the Great Apostasy by the Roman Catholic Church and that the Pope is the Antichrist;  the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod affirms that "Antichrist" refers to the office, and not to the person, while the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod states that the reference is to the office, but not to the exclusion of the current office holder:

"There are two principles that mark the papacy as the Antichrist. One is that the pope takes to himself the right to rule the church that belongs only to Christ. He can make laws forbidding the marriage of priests, eating or not eating meat on Friday, birth control, divorce and remarriage, even where there are not such laws in the Bible. The second is that he teaches that salvation is not by faith alone but by faith and works. The present pope upholds and practices these principles. This marks his rule as antichristian rule in the church. All popes hold the same office over the church and promote the same antichristian belief so they all are part of the reign of the Antichrist. The Bible does not present the Antichrist as one man for one short time, but as an office held by a man through successive generations. It is a title like King of England."

title: Confessional Lutheranism


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Camrose trojans

Camrose Trojans
36 hits on Google. →Iñgólemo←  (talk)  03:33, 2004 Dec 3 (UTC)