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Support programs for OS/360 and successors

This article discusses support programs included in or available for OS/360 and successors. IBM categorizes some of these programs as utilities and others as service aids; the boundaries are not always consistent or obvious. Many, but not all, of these programs match the types in utility software.

The following lists describe programs associated with OS/360 and successors. No DOS, TPF or VM utilities are included.

History/Common JCL
Many of these programs were designed by IBM users, through the group SHARE, and then modified or extended by IBM from versions originally written by a user.

These programs are usually invoked via Job Control Language (JCL). They tend to use common JCL DD identifiers (in the OS, now z/OS operating systems) for their data sets:

IDCAMS
IDCAMS ("Access Method Services") generates and modifies Virtual Storage Access Method (VSAM) and Non-VSAM datasets. IDCAMS was introduced along with VSAM in OS/VS; the "Access Method" reference derives from the initial "VSAM replaces all other access methods" mindset of OS/VS. IDCAMS probably has the most functionality of all the utility programs, performing many functions, for both VSAM and non-VSAM files.

The following example illustrates the use of IDCAMS to copy a dataset to disk. The dataset has 80-byte records, and the system will choose the block size for the output:

In the example above, SYSIN control cards are coming from an in-stream file, but you can instead point to any sequential file or a PDS member containing control cards or a temporary data-set, if you wish. Example of using SYSIN files would be something like this:

or this:

IEBCOMPR
IEBCOMPR compares records in sequential or partitioned data sets.

The IEBCOMPR utility is used to compare two sequential or partitioned datasets. This data set comparison is performed at the logical record level. Therefore, IEBCOMPR is commonly used to verify that a backup copy of a data set is correct (exact match to the original).

During processing, IEBCOMPR compares each record from each data set, one by one. If the records are unequal, IEBCOMPR lists the following information in the SYSOUT:
 * The record and block numbers in question.
 * The names of the DD statements in which the inconsistency occurred.
 * The unequal records.

When comparing sequential data sets, IEBCOMPR considers the data sets equal if the following conditions are met:
 * The data sets contain the same number of records.
 * The corresponding records and keys are identical.

For partitioned data sets, IEBCOMPR considers the data sets equal if the following conditions are met:
 * The directory entries for the two partitioned data sets match - that is, the names are the same, and the number of entries are equal.
 * The corresponding members contain the same number of records.
 * The corresponding records and keys are identical.

If ten unequal comparisons are encountered during processing, IECOMPR terminates with the appropriate message.

Note: IEBCOMPR is not a very flexible or user-friendly compare program. It can't restrict the comparison to only certain columns, it can't ignore differences in white space, it doesn't tell you where in the record the difference occurs, and it halts after 10 differences. On the other hand, it is fast, and it is present on all IBM mainframes. So it is very useful when an exact match is expected, such as comparing load modules that have not been reblocked, or checking that a copy worked properly. For comparisons of programs or reports, the ISPF SuperC (ISRSUPC) compare program is often used instead.

IEBCOPY
IEBCOPY copies, compresses and merges partitioned data sets. It can also select or exclude specified members during the copy operation, and rename or replace members.

Some of the tasks that IEBCOPY can perform include the following:
 * Creating an unload of a partitioned data set (PDS) to a PS dataset, for backup or transmission.
 * Copying a PDS in place to reclaim the unused space from deleted members; also called compressing a PDS.
 * Copying selected members to another PDS.
 * Renaming selected members of a PDS.
 * Merging multiple partitioned data sets into a single PDS.
 * Altering, copying and reblocking load modules.
 * Members that are already present in another PDS will not get replaced unless the R option is specified.

For the IEBCOPY utility, the required job control statements for a copy are as follows:

The MYDD1 and MYDD2 DD statements are names chosen by the user for the partitioned input and output data sets, respectively; The defaults are SYSUT1 and SYSUT2. You can use any valid DDNAME for these two DD statements. These DDNAMEs are specified in the utility control statements to tell IEBCOPY the name of the input and output data sets. You only need one DD statement for a PDS to be compressed.

IEBDG
IEBDG ('Data Generator') creates test datasets consisting of patterned data. Control statements define the fields of the records to be created, including position, length, format, and initialization to be performed. IEBDG can use an existing dataset as input and change fields as specified in the control statements, for example replacing a name field by random alphabetic text. The contents of each field may be varied for each record, for example by rotating the characters in an alphanumeric field left or right for each subsequent record.

Example:

IEBEDIT
IEBEDIT selectively copies portions of JCL.

An example of an IEBEDIT program:

In this example, data set xxxxx.yyyyy.zzzzz should contain job(s) (which should include steps named STEP5, STEP10, and STEP15). This IEBEDIT routine copies the selected steps of the job onto the SYSUT2 output file (in this example, the internal reader).

The syntax of the EDIT statement is:

specifies the name of the input job to which the EDIT statement applies. Each EDIT statement must apply to a separate job. If START is specified without TYPE and STEPNAME, the JOB statement and all job steps for the specified job are included in the output.

Default: If START is omitted and only one EDIT statement is provided, the first job encountered in the input data set is processed. If START is omitted from an EDIT statement other than the first statement, processing continues with the next JOB statement found in the input data set.

specifies the contents of the output data set. These values can be coded:

specifies that the output is to consist of a JOB statement, the job step specified in the STEPNAME parameter, and all steps that follow that job step. All job steps preceding the specified step are omitted from the operation. POSITION is the default.

specifies that the output data set is to contain a JOB statement and all job steps specified in the STEPNAME parameter.

specifies that the output data set is to contain a JOB statement and all job steps belonging to the job except those steps specified in the STEPNAME parameter.

specifies the names of the job steps that you want to process.

can be a single job step name, a list of step names separated by commas, or a sequential range of steps separated by a hyphen (for example, STEPA-STEPE). Any combination of these may be used in one namelist. If more than one step name is specified, the entire namelist must be enclosed in parentheses.

When coded with TYPE=POSITION, STEPNAME specifies the first job step to be placed in the output data set. Job steps preceding this step are not copied to the output data set.

When coded with TYPE=INCLUDE or TYPE=EXCLUDE, STEPNAME specifies the names of job steps that are to be included in or excluded from the operation. For example, STEPNAME=(STEPA,STEPF-STEPL,STEPZ) indicates that job steps STEPA, STEPF through STEPL, and STEPZ are to be included in or excluded from the operation.

If STEPNAME is omitted, the entire input job whose name is specified on the EDIT statement is copied. If no job name is specified, the first job encountered is processed.

specifies that the message data set is not to include a listing of the output data set.

Default: The resultant output is listed in the message data set.

See here for more info:

IEBGENER
IEBGENER copies records from a sequential dataset, or creates a partitioned dataset.

Some of the tasks that IEBGENER can perform include the following:
 * Creating a backup of a sequential data set or a member of a PDS.
 * Changing the physical block size or logical record length of a sequential data set.
 * Creating an edited data set.
 * Printing a sequential data set or a member of a PDS.
 * Creating partitioned output data set from sequential input data set.

An example of an IEBGENER program to copy one dataset to another:

For straight copy tasks, the sort program can often do these faster than IEBGENER. Thus many mainframe shops make use of an option that automatically routes such tasks to the sort ICEGENER program instead of IEBGENER.

On some systems it is possible to send email from a batch job by directing the output to the " " external writer. On such systems, the technique is as follows:

It is also possible to attach files while sending the email from Mainframe.

IEBIMAGE
IEBIMAGE manipulates several types of definitions (AKA images) for the IBM 3211 printer, IBM 3800 laser printing subsystem and the IBM 4248 printer. Common uses are for forms control buffers (FCBs), character arrangement tables, character definitions and images of forms to be printed on the output along with the text, for company logos to be printed on the page, or just to print 'graybar' pages (alternating gray & white horizontal backgrounds, to match the previous greenbar paper). With this utility, many different forms or logos could be stored as images, and printed when needed, all using the same standard blank paper, thus eliminating the need to stock many preprinted forms, and the need for operators to stop the printer and change paper.

IEBISAM
IEBISAM unloads, loads, copies and prints ISAM datasets.

Extracted from IBM manual SC26-7414-08 z/OS DFSMSdfp Utilities: The IEBISAM program is no longer distributed. Starting in z/OS V1R7, ISAM data sets can no longer be processed (created, opened, copied or dumped). ISAM data sets that are still in use must be converted to VSAM key-sequenced data sets.

Prior to z/OS V1R7, you could use access method services to allocate a VSAM key-sequenced data set and copy an ISAM data set into it.

IEBPTPCH
IEBPTPCH ("PrinT and PunCH") prints or punches records from a sequential or partitioned dataset.

Some of the tasks that IEBPTPCH can perform include the following:
 * Printing or punching an entire data set, sequential or partitioned (PDS).
 * Printing or punching selected PDS members.
 * Printing or punching selected records from a sequential or partitioned data set.
 * Printing or punching a PDS directory.
 * Printing or punching an edited version of a sequential data set or PDS.
 * Check for empty dataset

Empty dataset check: If dataset to be checked is empty then RC=4 else 0.

IEBTCRIN
Read records from a 2495 Tape Cartridge Reader.

IEBUPDAT
Changes records in a sequential dataset or in a member of a partitioned dataset, replaced by, but not compatible with, IEBUPDTE.

IEBUPDTE
IEBUPDTE ("UPDaTE") incorporates changes to sequential or partitioned datasets. The UNIX  utility is a similar program, but uses different input format markers (e..g, "./ INSERT ..." in MVS becomes "@@..." in Unix Patch).

Some programmers pronounce it "I.E.B. up-ditty".

The IEBUPDTE utility is used to maintain source libraries. Some of the functions that IEBUPDTE can perform include the following:
 * Creating and updating libraries
 * Modifying sequential data sets or PDS members
 * Changing the organization of a data set from sequential to partitioned or from partitioned to sequential.

IEBUPDTE is commonly used to distribute source libraries from tape to DASD.

IEBUPDTE uses the same job control statements required by most IEB-type utilities. The only exceptions are as follow:
 * IEBUPDTE accepts a PARM parameter coded on the EXEC statement, NEW or MOD. NEW indicates that the utility control statements and the input data are contained in the SYSIN DD statement, so no SYSUT1 DD statement is needed. MOD indicates that the SYSIN DD statement contains only utility control statements, without input data. Therefore, the SYSUT1 DD statement is required to define the input data set.
 * IEBUPDTE reads the input data set from either the SYSUT1 DD statement or from the SYSIN DD statement.

The job control used by IEUPDTE are as follows:

IEFBR14
IEFBR14 is a dummy program, normally inserted in JCL when the only desired action is allocation or deletion of datasets.

An example of an IEFBR14 step:

The calling sequence for OS/360 contained the return address in Register 14. A branch to Register 14 would thus immediately exit the program. However, before and after executing this program, the operating system would allocate & deallocate datasets as specified in the DD statements, so it is commonly used as a quick way to set up or remove datasets.

It consisted initially as a single instruction a "Branch to Register" 14. The mnemonic used in the IBM Assembler was BR and hence the name: IEF BR 14. IEF is the "prefix" of OS/360's "job management" subsystem.

This single instruction program had an error in it — it didn't set the return code. Hence a second instruction had to be added to clear the return code so that it would exit with the correct status.

There was an additional error reported and fixed by IBM on this now two instruction program. This error was due to the IEFBR14 program not being link-edited as reenterable (simultaneously usable by more than one caller).

Some hackers have taken IEFBR14 and changed the BR 14 instruction to BR 15, thereby creating "the shortest loop in the world", as register 15 contains the address of the IEFBR14 module itself, and a BR 15 instruction would simply re-invoke the module, forever.

System utilities
These utilities are normally used by systems programmers in maintaining the operation of the system, rather than by programmers in doing application work on the system.

ICKDSF
ICKDSF ("Device Support Facility") installs, initializes and maintains DASD, either under an operating system, or standalone.

IEHATLAS
Assign alternate tracks to defective tracks.

IEHDASDR
IEHDASDR can performs several operations for direct access storage devices (DASD)

 * Initialize a DASD volume, with optional surface checking
 * Assign alternate tracks to defective tracks
 * Print tracks on a DASD
 * Create a backup of a DASD volume on tape
 * Restore DASD volumes from backup tapes.

IBM eventually stopped adding support for new device types to IEHDASDR and directed customers to the free DSF for initializing volumes and to the chargeable DASDR (5740-UT1) and Data Facility/Data Set Services (5740-UT3, DF/DSS) for dump/restore.

IBM removed IEHDASDR in MVS/XA.

IEHINITT
IEHINITT ("INITialize Tape") initializes tapes by writing tape labels. Multiple tapes may be labeled in one run of the utility. IBM standard or ASCII labels may be written.

An example of an IEHINITT program:

This example will label 3 tapes on a 3490 magnetic tape unit. Each tape will receive an IBM standard label. The VOLSER will be incremented by one for each tape labeled. Each tape will be rewound and unloaded after being labeled.

IEHIOSUP
IEHIOSUP updates relative track addresses (TTR) links for type IV Supervisor Call (SVC) routines in SYS1.SVCLIB. IEHIOSUP is no longer supported in OS/VS2 and later.

OPEN, CLOSE, and EOV functions are performed by a series of SVC modules that execute sequentially. Some modules contain tables used by the  macro to link to the next in the series. For performance reasons, to avoid a directory search each time, these tables contain the disk addresses of the modules rather than the names. Updates to SYS1.SVCLIB may cause these addresses to change, so IEHIOSUP needs to be run to install the correct addresses.

This is an example of the JCL required to run IEHIOSUP.

IEHLIST
IEHLIST is a utility used to list entries in a Partitioned Dataset (PDS) directory or to list the contents of a Volume Table of Contents (VTOC).

The IEHLIST utility is used to list the entries contained in any one of the following:
 * PDS directory
 * VTOC
 * Catalog (OS CVOL)

An example of an IEHLIST program:

This job will produce a formatted listing of the PDS directory of the PDS named xxxx.yyyy.zzzz.

An example of an IEHLIST program to list a VTOC is very similar:

IEHMOVE
IEHMOVE moves or copies collections of data. However, DFSMS (System Managed Storage) environments are now common, and IBM does not recommend using the IEHMOVE utility in those. A move differs from a copy in that following a move the original data set is deleted, or scratched. Some of the tasks that IEHMOVE can perform include the following:
 * Moving or copying sequential and partitioned data sets
 * Moving or copying multi- volume data sets
 * Moving an entire volume of data sets

On the surface, IEHMOVE may seen redundant to the IEBGENER and IEBCOPY utilities. However, IEHMOVE is more powerful. The main advantage of using IEHMOVE is that you do not need to specify space or DCB information for the new data sets. This is because IEHMOVE allocates this information based on the existing data sets.

Another advantage of IEHMOVE is that you can copy or move groups of data sets as well as entire volumes of data. Because of the ease in moving groups of data sets or volumes, the IEHMOVE utility is generally favored by systems programmers.

A sample IEHMOVE job:

The DD statements for IEHMOVE, other than SYSPRINT and SYSIN, refer to DASD or magnetic tape volumes instead of individual data sets. However, referencing volumes can pose a problem, since specifying  gains exclusive access to a volume. Therefore, while your IEHMOVE job runs, that entire volume (and all datasets on it) is unavailable to other users. This is acceptable for private volumes, such as tape or mountable DASD volumes, but unacceptable public volumes.

The SYSUT1 DD statement specifies a DASD volume where three work data set required by IEHMOVE are allocated. You must specify unit and volume information for this DD statement.

IEHMOVE was one of the first systems to be developed in PL/S.

In this example, three sequential data sets (SEQSET1, SEQSET2, and SEQSET3) are moved from one disk volume to three separate disk volumes. Each of the three receiving volumes is mounted when it is required by IEHMOVE. The source data sets are not cataloged. Space is allocated by IEHMOVE.

IEHPROGM
IEHPROGM builds and maintains system control data. It is also used for renaming and scratching (deleting) a data set.

Some of the tasks that IEHPROGM can perform include the following:
 * Deleting (scratching) a data set or PDS member
 * Renaming a data set or PDS member
 * Cataloging or uncataloging a data set
 * Maintaining data set passwords in the system PASSWORD dataset

For cataloging:

IFHSTATR
Select and format SMF records for tape errors.

Independent Utilities
These programs do not run under the control of an operating system

IBCDASDI
Format direct access volumes and assign alternate tracks.

IBCDMPRS
Dump and restore direct access volumes.

IBCRCVRP
Assign alternate tracks, recover and replace data.

ICAPRTBL
Load Forms Control Buffer (FCB) and Universal Character Set (UCS) buffer on printer.

Service Aids
These are utility program that IBM documents in service aids or diagnosis manuals. The original OS/360 Service aids had names beginning with IFC and IM*, but IBM changed the naming convention to HM* for OS/VS1 and to AM* for OS/VS2. IBM did not change the IFC convention.

IFCDIP00
Initializes the SYS1.LOGREC data set.

IFCEREP0
Summarizes and prints records from the SYS1.LOGREC error recording data set.

GTF (Generalized Trace Facility)
Traces selected system events such as SVC and I/O interruptions.

IMAPTFLE
Generates JCL needed to apply to a PTF and/or applies the PTF. The functions of this program have been subsumed by SMP.

IMASPZAP
Verifies and/or replaces instructions and/or data in a load module, program object, or disk file.

IMBLIST
Formats and prints object modules, load modules, program objects and CSECT identification records.

IMBMDMAP
Maps load modules. The functions of this program have been subsumed by IMBLIST.

IMCJQDMP
Stand-alone program to format and print the system job queue. Not applicable to MVS.

IMCOSJQD
Format and print the system job queue. Not applicable to MVS.

IMDPRDMP
Formats and prints core dumps, TSO swap data set, and GTF trace data.

IMDSADMP
Stand-alone program to produce a high-speed or low-speed dump of main storage.

SORT
The Sort/Merge utility is a program which sorts records in a file into a specified order, or merge pre-sorted files. It is very frequently used; often the most commonly used application program in a mainframe shop. Modern sort/merge programs also can select or omit certain records, summarize records, remove duplicates, reformat records, and produce simple reports. Sort/merge is important enough that there are multiple companies each selling their own sort/merge package for IBM mainframes.

IBM's original OS/360 sort/merge program, 360S-SM-023, program name IERRCO00 (alias SORT), supported only IBM's first-generation direct-access storage devices (DASD) and tapes (2400). Support for second-generation disk drives was provided by IBM program products such as 5734-SM1 and the later 5740-SM1 (DFSORT, alias ICEMAN, also SORT).

SORT is frequently executed as a stand-alone program, where it normally reads input from a file identified by DD  and writes sorted output to a file identified by DD. It is also often called from another application, via the COBOL  verb or calls to PL/I   routines, where it may use either   or   files or be passed records to be sorted by the caller and/or pass sorted records back to the caller one at a time.

The operation of SORT is directed by control statements, which are largely compatible among various IBM and third-party sort programs. The  or   statement defines the sort keys— the fields on which the data is to be sorted or merged. This statement identifies the position, length, and data type of each key. The  statement describes the format and length of the records in the input file. Other statements allow the user to specify which records should be included or excluded from the sort and specify other transformations to be performed on the data.

Keys can be any combination of EBCDIC or ASCII character data, zoned or packed-decimal, signed or unsigned fixed-point binary, or hexadecimal floating-point. Keys can be located anywhere in the record and do not have to be contiguous. Sorting can be specified on any combination of ascending and descending sequence by key.

The OS/360 sort program, IERRCO00, operates by dividing the input data into sections, sorting each section in main memory, and writing the sorted section to intermediate datasets on either direct-access storage devices (DASD) or magnetic tape. Final merge phases then merge the sections to produce the sorted output. SORT uses one of a number of techniques for distributing the sections among secondary storage devices. Usually SORT can choose the optimal technique, but this can be overridden by the user. SORT has three techniques that can be used if the intermediate storage is tape, and two if disk.

The tape techniques are:
 * Balanced (BALN) - more efficient if more tape drives are available for intermediate storage.
 * Polyphase (POLY) - used if fewer tape drives are available for intermediate storage.
 * Oscillating (OSCL) - uses more main storage. The size of the input dataset must be known or closely approximated.

The disk techniques are:
 * Balanced Direct Access (BALN) - uses three to six intermediate storage datasets.
 * Crisscross Direct Access (CRCX) - uses six to seventeen intermediate storage datasets, requires twice the main storage of the Balanced Direct Access technique.

Linkers
OS/360 had only the Linkage editor, available in several configurations. DFSMSdfp added the Binder as an alternatives for load modules, and as the only option for program objects.

Linkage Editor
The Linkage editor creates and replaces load modules in a partitioned data set from a combination of control cards, object modules other load modules. It can rename or replace a control section (CSECT) and perform several other miscellaneous functions. It was originally available in several configurations depending on storage requirement, but the E level Linkage Editor is no longer available and the F level Linkage Editor is now known simply as the Linkage Editor. In z/OS the Linkage Editor is only present for compatibility.

Binder
The binder performs the same functions as the Linkage Editor. In addition, it supports a new format, the program object, which is the functional equivalent of a load module in Partitioned Data Set Extended (PDSE), with many additional capabilities.

Assemblers
One assembler was usually standard, because it was required for system generation (SYSGEN) and customization.

IETASM
Assembler (E) was intended for OS/360 running in very small machines.

IEUASM
Assembler (F) was intended for normal OS/360 installations.

IFOX00
Assembler (XF) was the system assembler for OS/VS1 and OS/VS2, replacing Assembler (E) and (F), although it was not fully compatible with them. IBM soon made Assembler (XF) the system assembler for DOS and VM as well.

IEV90
Assembler (H) and Assembler (H) Version 2 are program product assemblers that are generally faster than Assemblers E, F, and XF, although not fully compatible with any of them.

ASMA90
IBM High Level Assembler (HLASM) is essentially a new version of Assembler (H) Version 2 and is the only assembler that IBM supports on z/OS and z/VM. It replaces all of the older assemblers, although it is not fully compatible with them.

Compilers
Each programming language used in a computer shop will have one or more associated compilers that translate a source program into a machine-language object module. Then the object module from the compiler must be processed by the linkage editor, IEWL, to create an executable load module.

IGYCRCTL is a common example of a compiler; it is the compiler for the current IBM Enterprise COBOL for z/OS product. (There have been several previous IBM COBOL compilers over the years, with different names, although users might provide an alias  for the current version.) There are many other compilers for various other programming languages.

Compilers available from IBM included ALGOL, COBOL, FORTRAN, PL/I, and RPG.

System Modification Program (SMP)
System Modification Program (SMP) is the vehicle for installing service on OS/360 and successors, replacing, e.g., stand-alone assembly, link edit and IMAPTFLE jobs. Originally an optional facility, it is mandatory for MVS/SP and later, and the program product version, SMP/E, is included in the more recent systems, e.g., z/OS.


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List of Moscow Kremlin towers

The following is a list of towers of the Moscow Kremlin. The Kremlin Wall is a defensive wall that surrounds the Moscow Kremlin, recognizable by the characteristic notches and its towers. The original walls were likely a simple wooden fence with guard towers built in 1156. The Kremlin is flanked by 19 towers with a 20th, the Kutafya Tower, not part of its walls.

Borovitskaya

The Borovitskaya Tower (Боровицкая башня) is a corner tower with a through-passage on the west side of the Kremlin. It is named after Borovitsky Hill, one of the seven hills Moscow is standing on. The tower was constructed in 1490 on the spot of an old Kremlin gate by Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari (Petr Fryazin, from fryaz or fryag as Italians were called at that time) by order of Vasili III of Russia. In 1658 by orders of tzar Aleksey I of Russia the tower was renamed to Predtechenskaya (from the Russian word предтеча, the forerunner) after the Church of John the Forerunner, which was later destroyed during the construction of the Kremlin Armoury (Oruzheynaya Palata). The new name, however, never became popular. In 1812, the tower was damaged by an explosion staged by the retreating French army. In 1817-19, the tower was restored by architect Osip Bove. In 1935, the Soviets installed a red star on top of the tower. Following the closure of the Spassky Gate in Red Square to all traffic at the end of the 1990s, the Borovitsky Gate became the main vehicle passageway. Together with the star, its height is 54.05 m.

Geographical coordinates: 55.74891°N, 37.61252°W.

Vodovzvodnaya

The Vodovzvodnaya Tower (Водовзводная башня) is a corner tower on the southwestern side of Kremlin, overlooking the Moskva River. It was built in 1488 by an Italian architect Antonio Gilardi (also known as Anton Fryazin). Initially, the tower was called the Sviblova Tower (Свиблова башня) after the Sviblov boyar family, who had lived in a house adjacent to the tower from the Kremlin's side. The tower was renamed to Vodovzvodnaya in 1633 after the installation of a water-supplying machine inside the tower ("vodovzvodnaya" may be translated as "water-lifting"). In 1805, the Vodovzvodnaya Tower was dismantled due to its dilapidation and built once again. In 1812, the retreating French army blew it up. The tower was restored in 1817-1819 by architect Osip Bove. Its height is 61.85 m.

Geographical coordinates: 55.74811°N, 37.61365°W.

Blagoveschenskaya
The Blagoveschenskaya Tower (Благовещенская башня), known in English as the Annunciation Tower, was erected in 1487-1488. At its foundation are slabs of white limestone that have survived since the time of the white stone Kremlin of the 14th century. During the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the tower was used as a prison. The name of the tower comes from the miracle-working Icon of the Annunciation, which was once kept here, and is also associated with the Cathedral of the Annunciation added to the tower in the early 18th century and demolished in 1932. In the 17th century, the Portomoyniye Gates were built nearby so that palace laundresses could go to the Portomoiny raft on the Moscow River to rinse porty, or underclothes. These gates were bricked up in 1813.

The height of the tower is 30.7 m (32.45 m together with the weather vane that replaced the original cross in 1932).

Geographical coordinates: 55.74872°N, 37.61519°W.

Taynitskaya
The Taynitskaya Tower (Тайницкая башня; it was also called Водяная башня (Vodyanaya bashnya), or the Water Tower) is a middle tower on the south side of the Moscow Kremlin. It was built in 1485 by Antonio Gilardi on the spot of the gates to Dmitry Donskoy's whitestone Kremlin. The Taynitskaya Tower had a secret well and a tunnel leading to the Moscow River (hence, the name "Taynitskaya", or "secret"). In 1770, the tower was dismantled due to the construction of the Kremlin Palace by Vasili Bazhenov. It was rebuilt in the 1770s. In 1930-1933, the Soviets bricked up the gateway and filled up the well. The Taynitskaya Tower is 38.4 m in height.

Geographical coordinates: 55.74937°N, 37.61786°W.

First Unnamed
The First Unnamed Tower (Первая Безымянная башня) was built next to the Taynitskaya Tower in the 1480s. It performed strictly defensive functions. In 1547, the tower was destroyed by fire after the gunpowder stored there exploded, and was rebuilt in the 17th century. In 1770, the tower was taken apart to clear the site for the Kremlin Palace. After the construction of the palace ended, the tower was rebuilt in 1783, closer to the Taynitskaya Tower. In 1812, the tower was blown up by Napoleon’s retreating troops, but it was soon restored to its original form by architect Osip Beauvais. Its height is 34.15 m.

Geographical coordinates: 55.7495°N, 37.61897°W.

Second Unnamed
The Second Unnamed Tower (Вторая Безымянная башня) was built in the middle of the 15th century. It had purely defensive functions. In 1680, a quadrangular structure and a tall pyramidal tent roof with a watchtower were added to the top of the tower. It is crowned with an eight-sided hipped cupola with a weather vane.

Geographical coordinates: 55.74962°N, 37.62036°W.

Petrovskaya
The Petrovskaya Tower (Петровская башня) is named after the Church of Metropolitan Peter, which was part of the mission of the Ugreshi Monastery located near the tower in the Kremlin. The Petrovskaya Tower was destroyed by cannon fire during the Polish invasion in 1612 and then restored. In 1771, it was pulled down to construct the Kremlin Palace, but was rebuilt in 1783. In 1812, the tower was blown up by Napoleon’s retreating troops. In 1818, it was rebuilt by the architect Osip Bove. The Petrovskaya Tower was used as a service building by the Kremlin's gardeners. Its height is 27.15 m.

Geographical coordinates: 55.7497°N, 37.62201°W.

Beklemishevskaya
The Beklemishevskaya Tower (Беклемишевская башня, also known as Москворецкая башня (Moskvoretskaya bashnya), or Moskvoretskaya Tower) is a corner tower on the southeastern side of the Moscow Kremlin on the Moscow River. The tower was built in 1487-1488 by an Italian architect Marco Ruffo (known as Mark Fryazin in Russia). It was named after a boyar Ivan Bersen-Beklemishev, whose house had been adjacent to the tower from the Kremlin side. The Beklemishevskaya Tower was constructed for protecting the ford and the crossing over the Moscow River. There was the so-called "listening" vault underneath the tower, which was used for preventing the enemy from tunneling his way to the Kremlin. The Beklemishevskaya Tower is 46.2 m in height. During the October Revolution of 1917, the top of the tower was damaged by a shell. It was restored a year later by an architect I.V. Rylsky.

Geographical coordinates: 55.74974°N, 37.62324°W.

Konstantino-Eleninskaya

The Konstantino-Eleninskaya Tower (Константино-Еленинская башня) is a tower on the eastern wall of the Kremlin, overlooking the so-called Basil Descent (Васильевский спуск), which begins at the Red Square and ends at the Moscow River. The tower was built in 1490 by an Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari on the spot of gates to the whitestone Kremlin. It was named after the Church of Constantine and Helene in the Kremlin (second half of the 17th century), which would be demolished by the Soviets in 1928. The Konstantino-Eleninskaya Tower had its own gates and a lift bridge, protected by guards at all times. In the late 18th century - early 19th century the gates were bricked up and the bridge was dismantled. The tower's height is 36.8 m.

Geographical coordinates: 55.75118°N, 37.62236°W.

Nabatnaya
The Nabatnaya Tower (Набатная башня) is a tower in the southeastern section of the Kremlin wall, built in 1495. It is 38 m in height. Traditionally, there has always been a bell on top of the Nabatnaya Tower, used for notifying citizens of fires and other misfortunes in the Kremlin or on the Red Square (hence, the name Nabatnaya, which derives from the old Russian word набат - nabat, meaning "alarm" or "tocsin"). In 1680, a bellmaker Feodor Dmitriev cast the so-called Nabatny bell (alarm bell) weighing 150 poods (2.45 metric tons) and installed it on the tower. The bell subsequently broke and was re-cast by Ivan Motorin on 30 July 1714. The sound from this bell served as a signal for the spontaneous uprising of the Muscovites during the plague outbreak in 1771, which would later be called the Plague Riot (Чумной бунт). By the order of Catherine the Great, the tongue of the bell was removed after this incident. The tongueless bell remained on top of the tower for 30 more years. In the early 19th century, it was removed and transferred to the Arsenal. In 1821, the bell was moved to the Armoury, where it remains to this day in the vestibule.

Geographical coordinates: 55.75184°N, 37.62191°W.

Tsarskaya
The Tsarskaya Tower (Царская башня, translated as "Tsar's tower") is the youngest and smallest tower of all, built in 1680. It is not a tower per se, it is rather a stone terem, a tent-shaped chamber placed directly on top of the wall. Previously, there was a small wooden turret, from which, according to legend, tsar Ivan IV liked to observe what was happening on the Red Square. Hence the name, the Tsar's Tower. The white stone bands around the posts, tall corner pyramids with gilt flags and tent roof topped with an elegant gilt weather vane make the tower look like some structure from a fairy tale.

Geographical coordinates: 55.75228°N, 37.62161°W.

Spasskaya

The Spasskaya Tower was built in 1491 by the Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari. Initially, it was named the Frolovskaya Tower after the Church of Frol and Lavr in the Kremlin, which is no longer there. The tower's modern name comes from the icon of 'Spas Nerukotvorny' (Спас Нерукотворный) translated as 'The Saviour Not Made by Hands', which was placed above the gates on the inside wall in 1658 and removed in 1917. The tower is also named for the wall-painted icon of 'Spas Smolensky' (Спас Смоленский) translated as 'Smolensky Saviour', which was created in the 16th century on the outside wall of tower, plastered over in 1937, but reopened and restored in 2010.

The Spasskaya Tower was the first tower of the many Moscow Kremlin Towers to be crowned with the hipped roof in 1624–1625 by architects Bazhen Ogurtsov and Christopher Galloway (a Scottish architect and clock maker). According to a number of historical accounts, the clock on the Spasskaya Tower appeared between 1491 and 1585. It is usually referred to as the Kremlin chimes (Кремлёвские куранты) and designates official Moscow Time. The clock face has a diameter of 20 ft. The gate of Spasskaya Tower was used to greet foreign dignitaries, and was used during formal ceremonies or processions held on Red Square.

Senatskaya
The Senatskaya Tower (Сенатская башня) was built in 1491 by an architect Pietro Antonio Solari and was purely defensive in nature: it guarded the Kremlin on the Red Square side. For a long time it remained nameless. It was only in 1787, after architect Matvei Kazakov constructed the Kremlin Senate on the Kremlin’s territory, that it was given its present name. The dome of the Senate can be seen from Red Square. Inside the central part of the tower there are three tiers of vaulted chambers. In 1860, the flat tower was topped with a stone tent roof crowned, in turn, with a gilt weather vane. The tower contains a through-passage that allows VIPs to travel from the kremlin to Red Square. Its height is 34.3 m.

Geographical coordinates: 55.75345°N, 37.61955°W.

Nikolskaya
The Nikolskaya Tower (Никольская башня) is a tower with a through-passage on the eastern wall of the Moscow Kremlin, which overlooks the Red Square not far from the State Historical Museum.

The Nikolskaya Tower was built in 1491 by an Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari. It was named after Nikolaevsky (Nikolsky) Greek Monastery, which is no longer there. In 1806, the tower was rebuilt in the neo-Gothic style by an architect Luigi Rusca. In 1812, the top of the tower was blown up by the retreating French army. It was restored in 1816 by an architect Osip Bove. The Nikolskaya Tower was once again severely damaged by the artillery fire in October 1917 and was later restored by an architect Nikolai Markovnikov. In 1935, the Soviets installed a red star on top of the tower. Its current height with the star is 70.4 m. The original icon of Saint Nicholas of Mozhaysk, placed above the entrance on Red Square had been plastered over by Soviet authorities and was uncovered and restored in 2010 - similar to what took place on the Spasskaya Tower.

Geographical coordinates:55.75442°N, 37.61771°W

Corner Arsenalnaya
The Corner Arsenalnaya Tower (Арсенальная Угловая башня, i.e. "Corner Arsenal tower") is a tower of the Moscow Kremlin. It was built in 1492 by an Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari. The construction of this tower completed the Kremlin's line of defence from the side of the Red Square. It was called the Sobakin Tower until the early 18th century (named so after a boyar Sobakin, whose house had been adjacent to the tower from the Kremlin side). The Corner Arsenalnaya Tower received its current name after the construction of the Arsenal. The tower still has a secret well. In 1707, due to a threat of Swedish invasion, the gun slots of the Corner Arsenalnaya Tower were enlarged to fit heavy cannons. In 1812, the tower was damaged by an explosion, set up by the retreating French army. It was restored in 1816-1819 by architect Osip Bove.

The tower's current height is over 60 m.

Geographical coordinates: 55.75511°N, 37.61647°W.

Middle Arsenalnaya
The Middle Arsenalnaya Tower (Средняя Арсенальная башня, i.e. "Middle Arsenal tower") is a Kremlin tower, built in 1495. It is located on the northwestern side of the Kremlin wall and overlooks the Alexander Garden. It is situated on the spot of a corner tower dating from the reign of Dmitry Donskoi. It was given its present name, the Middle Arsenal Tower, after the Arsenal was completed in the mid-18th century. Originally, it was called the Faceted Tower because of the shape of its façade. In 1680, an open lookout with a small pyramid-shaped top was added to the tower. In 1821, when the Alexander Garden was laid out, an ancient-style grotto was built at the foot of the tower, designed by Osip Bove.

Geographical coordinates: 55.75367°N, 37.61553°W.

Troitskaya
The Troitskaya Tower was built in 1495–1499 by an Italian architect Aloisio da Milano (known in Russia as Aleviz Fryazin Milanets). The tower has borne several names, including Rizopolozhenskaya, Znamenskaya, and Karetnaya. It received its current name in 1658 from the Troitskaya Coaching Inn (Троицкое подворье) in the Kremlin. The two-story basement of the tower housed a prison in the 16th–17th centuries. There is the Troitsky Bridge, which is protected by the Kutafia Tower and leads to the gates of the Troitskaya Tower. There was also a clock on top of the tower between 1585 and 1812. In 1707, due to a threat of Swedish invasion, the gun slots of the Troitskaya Tower were enlarged to fit heavy cannons. In 1935, the Soviets installed a red star on top of the Troitskaya Tower. Prior to Soviet rule the tower had an icon of the Holy Trinity atop its outward face. Because this tower was the formal entrance for huge Communist Party Congresses the icon was totally removed rather than just plastered over as were those on the Spasskaya and Nikolskaya Towers.

Komendantskaya
The Komendantskaya Tower (Комендантская башня) was completed in 1495. It used to be called Kolymazhnaya after the Kremlin’s coach yard, where carriages and coaches had been kept. It was given its present name, the Commandant’s Tower, in the 19th century when the commandant of Moscow took up residence in the Kremlin’s Poteshny – or Amusement – Palace. Like all Kremlin towers, it was supplemented with a tent roof and watchtower in 1676-1686. The height of the tower on the side of the Alexander Garden is 41.25 m.

Geographical coordinates: 55.75058°N, 37.61352°W.

Oruzheynaya

The Oruzheynaya Tower (Оружейная башня, translated as Armory Tower) was built in 1495. It was given its present name in the 19th century after the construction of the Armory. Before then, it was known as the Konyushennaya Tower, a reference to the royal stables that stood behind it.

Geographical coordinates: 55.74943°N, 37.61271°W.

Kutafya
The Kutafya Tower (Кутафья башня formerly Predmostnaya tower) is an outlying barbican tower of the Moscow Kremlin. Built in 1516 under the leadership of the Milanese architect Aloisio da Milano, in order to protect one end of the Neglinnaya River bridge that comes out of the West side of the Kremlin wall under the Troitskaya Tower. Initially, the Kutafya was surrounded by a moat and was the only access to the city through its lift bridge, nowadays the moat around the bridge has transformed into Alexander Garden. Kutafya is one of the lower height Kremlin towers which had two combat tiers and no spire, with the open-top upper landing equipped with arrowslits and machicolations, which made it a formidable obstacle to the besieging of the Kremlin fortress.

Marking today the main public entrance to the Kremlin, the Kutafya tower was modified several times through the centuries:
 * in the 16th and 17th centuries, a system of dikes was built to raise the water level of the Neglinnaya river and create a moat that surrounded the tower from all sides, making its drawbridge the only entry point from the city;
 * In 1668 a causeway leading through the tower to the Troitskaya Bridge was built;
 * a delicate ornamental crown in the Muscovite baroque style was built in 1685;
 * the divider between the two tiers was destroyed in 1780;
 * in 1867, a through-passage to the Manezhnaya Street was built as well as the arched apertures on the sides and a guard house on the south side;
 * the guard house was dismantled during the restoration works of carried out in 1974-77.

The Kutafya Tower is currently 13.5 m high; it used to be 18 m but the lower part of the tower was "submerged" by successive constructions that heightened the street-level ground.

Geographical coordinates: 55.75251°N, 37.61265°W.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of Moscow Kremlin towers


text:
Talk:Israel Police

I am an Israeli living in Canada, I have been living here most of my life, but when I turned 18 I joined the I.D.F, I was in a combat unit stationed around the westbank, I always loved the I.D.F but because of financial problems in the army I was not able to stay as a career, since that did not work out I later decided that I want to join the Israeli police and help fight terrorism. My question is how can I join the force?, what do I need and what do I have to do?

What are the requirements for joing the IDF? Can you recommend any official websites? Thanks...
 * i think a google search is what you need, not Wikipedia. Bobanny 23:04, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

Brigadier General in the British police?
Is any of this reliable at all? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.68.94.86 (talk) 21:47, 17 July 2014 (UTC)

Ministry of Public Security
Please create the Ministry of Public Security of Israel article.

By the way Government of Israel article is missing. Please do not make it as a redirect to Politics of Israel. `'mikka (t) 23:57, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

نعم يكفي هذو قالين مخزين غيارين هاهو باكياس فيسبوك قالين حقيقا من نعم بسف و حد بقلب اعتدت و الضر و ترستي في بطني و صوت الكلب المخزي حقيقا نعم مخزين الكلب وفقط وش قدمي هذا كون تفكرو غير يضر كي الهيشا حقيقا ملعولين طقو عليا ولك regarder Bein la sucurter avant toulemonde il croit je suis une blague ou quoi sal Anne mrd uuf mrd la chein les jalousies.mor vivante Bein iiiiiii tfeu mrd tro durer voilà avec c'est qu'en mrd la avptre me avi une machinne au vantre voilaتفو مخزي كي الحمار من الجمع يقول معوقا مئات كيزك الكلب مخلينو عليهم ولد زك الكلب ونعم تفو كي الكلبvous boiyernoasbhobitzl un dim vous n'avais pas goûter voilà la mer de la terre bon oui c'est la riyliter voilà elle ou la.mzcjinne au vantre s votre aviالمالكة هكذا تعامل غيرين كين il t'a le bon et le.mzuver voilà tfeu معوقين الكلب حقيقا  المالكة (talk) 12:32, 15 February 2019 (UTC)

نعم المالكة حفيذاتو الرسول موسا طن يوم عالى وجه ارض و ترك احفذ منه ما الكلب أو طاغين وفقط bonne jourt المالكة (talk) 12:33, 15 February 2019 (UTC)

Strange category
The article, along with the Israel Border Police, is categorized under: "National law enforcement agencies of the Israel". The category likely appears in one of the templates and I have little time to check this now. Would appreciated it if something else did. —Ynhockey (Talk) 07:48, 1 May 2011 (UTC)

==

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General Commissioners
Hey all :)

Can please someone add the new General Commissioner of the police?

Now it's Yaakov (Kobi) Shabtai

New police commissioner and new IPS commissioner

Thx

--Ofra「עפרה」 19:34, 8 January 2021 (UTC)

יופי I added him. Thanks for the input! Der rikkk (talk) 14:17, 9 January 2021 (UTC)

Very well done! תודה רבה

Ofra「עפרה」 16:06, 23 January 2021 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 25 May 2021
Add the coast district to the list of police districts. https://www.gov.il/he/departments/topics/districts_and_departments 2A00:7C40:C1B0:3A2:29FF:14E5:B54E:B0EA (talk) 20:51, 25 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Pictogram voting question.svg Question: Under operational or regional?

Ben ❯❯❯  Talk  21:01, 25 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Ben  ❯❯❯  Talk  21:01, 25 May 2021 (UTC)

Typo correction
There's a typo in the second bullet point of the Operational Units section. "Unquie" instead of "unique". Please correct. Elderlystrawberry (talk) 17:44, 31 July 2021 (UTC)

Requested edit ... Only 3.5 percent of Israeli police are Arabs
Requested edit ... Only 3.5 percent of Israeli police are Arabs

"Even though Arabs make up a fifth of the general population, only 1,183 officers are Arabs, representing 3.5 percent out of 32,000 officers on the force. More than half of them – 641 officers – have been hired in the last four years."

Tettegouche (talk) 16:01, 22 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Netanyahu is finally not the prime minister of Israel. Omer Bar-Lev the ministr of Public Security of Israel, announced that after the budget is approved, the police will recruit over 1,000 Arab policemen. see in Hebrew here. Hanay (talk) 00:59, 23 September 2021 (UTC)

Spelling error
There is a spelling error in the section in the second-to-last point in the Operational Units section, where "analysis" is misspelled as "anlysis", and I'm unable to fix it. Sinus46 (talk) 15:31, 27 December 2021 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 2 January 2023
Change the emblem from to

I live in Israel. The Israeli Police officialy uses the second one, I have never seen the first one in my life. MasterFlisater (talk) 14:11, 2 January 2023 (UTC)

The flag also needs to be changed to File:Flag of Israel Police V2.svg MasterFlisater (talk) 14:13, 2 January 2023 (UTC)

And the "Ministry of Public Security" was recently renamed "Ministry of National Security" MasterFlisater (talk) 14:15, 2 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: No such files. Lemonaka (talk) 10:50, 3 January 2023 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 27 October 2023
Add to the list of officer ranks (table entries from left to right should be: Officer Cadet, צוער, Tzo'er). Should be at the top of the officer section.

Previous edit request used improper linking, and requested to replace the israel police logo with their updated logo. Will reiterate their request as it remains valid and was refused on grounds of not being clear. Updated logo:

Xland44 (talk) 08:18, 27 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. -Lemonaka  02:50, 19 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Israel Police


text:
Talk:Cabochon

For astrological purposes, whether cabochon is better or the cut one is better. Does it make difference ?

How do you cut a competition cabochon? eg/ ideal dimensions / shape, choice of material etc.

A photo of one would be very helpful, if anyone has one. Recury 19:16, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

The flagged line about "attractiveness" of a cabochon should be deleted. It is too opinionated, besides the fact that there are flat-topped cabochons. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.113.230.149 (talk) 04:42, 29 November 2010 (UTC)

New Definition
In Decoden we call the little plastic or clay trinkets you use (cookies, bows, flowers, etc) to decorate with cabochons. Should we include this on the page because it can be confusing for people who are looking up the definition after hearing it from a decoden article. Ambiesushi (talk) 21:55, 5 March 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cabochon


text:
Mikhail Skobelev

Mikhail Dmitriyevich Skobelev (Михаил Дмитриевич Скобелев; 29 September 1843 – 7 July 1882), a Russian general, became famous for his conquest of Central Asia and for his heroism during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. Dressed in a white uniform and mounted on a white horse, and always in the thickest of the fray, he was known and adored by his soldiers as the "White General" (and by the Turks as the "White Pasha"). During a campaign in Khiva, his Turkmen opponents called him goz ganly or "Bloody Eyes".

British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery assessed Skobelev as the world's "ablest single commander" between 1870 and 1914 and wrote of his "skilful and inspiring" leadership. Francis Vinton Greene also rated Skobelev highly.

Early life and conquest of Khiva
Skobelev was born in Saint Petersburg on 29 September 1843. His mother was Russian philanthropist Olga Skobeleva, and his father was Russian general Dmitry Ivanovich Skobelev. After graduating from the General Staff Academy as a staff officer, he was sent to Turkestan in 1868 and, with the exception of an interval of two years, during which he was on the staff of the grand duke Michael in the Caucasus, remained in Central Asia until 1877.

During the Khivan campaign of 1873 he commanded the advance guard of General Lomakin's column from Kinderly Bay, in the Caspian Sea, to join General Verevkin, from Orenburg, in the expedition to the Khanate of Khiva, and, after great suffering on the desert march, took a prominent part in the capture of the Khivan capital. Later, dressed as a Turkoman, he explored in a hostile country the route from Khiva to Igdy on the old riverbed of the Oxus.

In 1875, he was given an important command in the expedition against the Khanate of Kokand under General Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufmann, showing great capacity in the action of Makram, where he outmanoeuvered a greatly superior force and captured 58 guns, and in a night attack during the retreat from Andijan, routed a large force with a handful of cavalry.

Later life, the Battle of Pleven, Geok Tepe and death

He was promoted to major-general, decorated with the Order of St George, and appointed the first governor of the Ferghana Oblast. In the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), he crossed the Danube with the 8th Corps. Skobelev commanded the Caucasian Cossack Brigade in the attack of the Green Hills at the second battle of Pleven. An infantry division under Skobelev's command assailed the Grivitsa redoubt to the north. Schakofsky managed to take two redoubts, but by the end of the day the Ottoman forces succeeded in repulsing all the attacks and retaking lost ground. Russian losses amounted to 7,300, and the Ottomans' to 2,000.

At the capture of Lovetch on 3 September, the general distinguished himself again in desperate fighting on the Green Hills during the third battle of Pleven in which Skobelev took two southern redoubts. The Romanian 4th division, led by General George Manu, took the Grivitsa redoubt after four bloody assaults, personally assisted by Prince Carol. The next day the Turks retook the southern redoubts, but could not dislodge the Romanians, who repelled three counterattacks. From the beginning of September, Russian losses had amounted to roughly 20,000, while the Ottomans lost 5,000.

Promoted to lieutenant-general and given the command of the 16th Division, he took part in the investment of Pleven and also in the fight of 9 December, when Osman Pasha surrendered, with his army. In January 1878 he crossed the Balkans in a severe snowstorm, defeating the Turks at Sheynovo, near Shipka and capturing 36,000 men and 90 guns.

Skobelev returned to Turkestan after the war, and in 1880 and 1881 further distinguished himself by retrieving the disasters inflicted by the Tekke Turkomans: following the Siege of Geoktepe, it was stormed, the general captured the fort. Around 8,000 Turkmen soldiers and civilians, including women and children were slaughtered in a bloodbath in their flight, along with an additional 6,500 who died inside the fortress. The Russians' massacre included all Turkmen males in the fortress who had not escaped, but they spared some 5,000 women and children and freed 600 Persian slaves. The defeat at Geok Tepe and the following slaughter broke the Turkmen resistance and decided the fate of Transcaspia, which was annexed to the Russian Empire. The great slaughter cowed the Akhal-Tekke country into submission. Skobelev was removed from his command because of the massacre. He was advancing on Ashkhabad and Kalat i-Nadiri when he was disavowed and recalled to Moscow. He was given the command at Minsk. The official reason for his transfer to Europe was to appease European public opinion over the slaughter at Geok Tepe. Some have suggested that he was suffering from delusions of grandeur and showing signs of political ambition.

In the last years of his life, Skobelev engaged actively in politics, supporting the ideas of Russian nationalism and militant Pan-Slavism. He has also been credited as one of the earliest promoters of the concept "Russia for Russians". At the beginning of 1882, he made speeches in Paris and in Moscow, predicting desperate strife between Slavs and Germans. He was at once recalled to St Petersburg.

He was staying at the Hôtel Dusseaux in Moscow and on his way to his estate in the country when he died suddenly of a heart attack on 7 July 1882. In Russia he was a very popular man at the time of his death, and not surprisingly, his death aroused suspicion among many. After all, he was a relatively young (38) and vigorous man. Skobelev's early death deprived Russia of a great military leader. This became especially evident during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05. The Russian generals commanding in that war were men of Skobelev's generation, but none of them had his military genius or charisma.

Legacy
After Skobelev's death, in Moscow a monument was raised in his honour on a major square on Tverskaya Street (across from the city hall, where today stands the statue of Yuri Dolgorukiy, the founder of Moscow), which was given his name, and the town of Fergana in Uzbekistan was renamed Skobelev.

Today, his name still lives, even beyond the Russian Federation: shortly after the end of the Turkish War of 1877, the Bulgarians constructed a park in Pleven, Skobelev Park, on one of the hills where the major battles for the city took place. The park is also a location of the Panorama Pleven's Epopee 1877 memorial, where in one of the scenes of the gigantic 360 degree panoramic painting the White General is displayed charging with his horse and bare sword, leading the infantry Russian attack on the Turkish positions. A central boulevard in Sofia, the capital city of Bulgaria, also bears Mikhail Dmitriyevich Skobelev's name.

Shortly after the entrance of the park, the bust of the famous general can be seen, watching over the city. The park contains memorials with the names of the Russian and Romanian soldiers that died for the liberation of Pleven, and is decorated with non-functional arms donated by Russia: cannons, cannonballs, gatling guns, rifles, and bayonets.

In the 1955 Soviet-Bulgarian war epic Heroes of Shipka Skobelev, played by Yevgeny Samoylov, is portrayed as one of the films main heroes.

Honours and awards

 * Russian
 * Order of St. Stanislaus, 1st class with swords
 * Order of St. Anna. 1st and 4th classes
 * Order of St. George, 2nd, 3rd and 4th classes
 * Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class with swords
 * Gold Sword for Bravery
 * Gold Sword for Bravery with diamonds
 * Gold Sword for Bravery with diamonds for the transition of the Balkans

 * Foreign
 * Order of the Red Eagle, 1st and 2nd class with swords (Prussia)
 * Pour le Mérite (Prussia)
 * Grand Cross of the Order of the Cross of Takovo (Serbia)
 * Order of the Cross of Takovo with swords (Serbia)
 * Serbian Gold Medal for bravery;
 * Montenegrin Medal
 * Romanian Medal for military valour

title: Mikhail Skobelev


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Comics/wanted

This is a list of (significant) comics-related articles that do not exist yet.

If an article does not exist yet: list it here. Please try to list it in the appropriate section, in rough descending order of importance.

If an article exists but it's stubby or needs a lot of work:
 * and it's an important article, list it on articles needing work.
 * and it's less important: mark it with a stub notice.

Feel free to create any of the articles below, and then strike it out on this list with and, like so. If you like, you can leave a comment describing what you did. If you simply create a stub, please put  somewhere in your new article.

General

 * creators' rights movement
 * prestige format
 * Counter-X - another X-Men event, when they handed half the titles to Warren Ellis

Creators
(see List of comic creators for more; below are names that someone considers high-priority)
 * Mike Carlin Ex Marvel Editor, Superman Editor & DC Executive Editor
 * Roberta Gregory Naughty Bits
 * John Totleben Swamp Thing, Miracleman
 * Los Bros Hernandez could just be a disambig or stub pointing to the three brothers
 * Mario Hernandez Love & Rockets
 * David Lapham Stray Bullets, Murder Me Dead, Batman
 * Kevin Maguire Justice League, Defenders
 * Gene Day Master of Kung Fu, Batman
 * Gérard Lauzier many noted one-shots
 * Martin Veyron Bernard Lermite, many
 * Daniel Ceppi Stéphane
 * Annie Goetzinger Félina, many one-shots
 * André-Paul Duchâteau scenarist for many series
 * Dupa (Luc Dupanloup) Cubitus
 * MiTacq La Patrouille des Castors
 * Mittéï (Jean Mariette) co-creator Natacha, took over Modeste et Pompon
 * Dino Attanasio did Bob Morane, Modeste et Pompon
 * Michel Weyland Aria series
 * Clarke (comics) (Frédéric Seron) Mélusine
 * Midam creator of Kid Paddle
 * Marcel Remacle Vieux Nick,Barbe Noir, Hultrasson
 * Marc Wasterlain Docteur Poche, Jeanette Pointu
 * Yann (comics) (Yannick le Pennetier) took over Marsupilami
 * Batem (Luc Collin), Marsupilami
 * Jean-Claude Servais Tendre Violette, many
 * Ptiluc (Luc Lefevre) Pacush Blues

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Comics/wanted


text:
Thieves in the Night

Thieves in the Night: Chronicle of an Experiment is a novel by Arthur Koestler written in 1946. Originally intended to be the first of a trilogy, Koestler later concluded that the book stood well enough on its own for further novels to be redundant.

Based on the author's own experiences in a kibbutz, it sets up a stage in describing the historical roots of the conflict between Arabs and Jewish settlers in the British ruled Palestine.

The book tackles many subjects, such as Zionism and idealism. Koestler was a Revisionist Zionist in his teens and 20s, but in later life his attitude toward Zionism grew more distant.

The title is a Biblical reference, quoted on the title page:

 * "But the day of the Lord will come as a thief in the night." (2 Peter 3:10)

Related Biblical references:

 * "If thieves came to thee, if robbers by night, (how art thou cut off!) would they not have stolen till they had enough? if the grapegatherers came to thee, would they not leave some grapes?" (Obadiah 1:5)

 * "If grapegatherers come to thee, would they not leave some gleaning grapes? If thieves by night, they will destroy till they have enough." (Jeremiah 49:9)

title: Thieves in the Night


text:
Anagram dictionary

In the main type of anagram dictionary, the letters in words or phrases are rearranged in alphabetical order, and these transpositions are themselves then ordered alphabetically within word-length groups, so that any words consisting of this group of letters can be found. This arrangement is designed for use in solving word puzzles such as crosswords, or for playing games such as Scrabble. The first such anagram dictionary was The Crossword Anagram Dictionary by R.J. Edwards

In the other kind of anagram dictionary, words are categorized into equivalence classes that consist of words with the same number of each kind of letter. Thus words will only appear when other words can be made from the same letters.

Anagram dictionaries were formerly produced by hand, but can now be trivially generated from any machine-readable word list by computer by sorting words in order of their sorted letter-strings.

title: Anagram dictionary


text:
Talk:Adam Sandler

Republican?
Because he donated $2100 to Giuliani's presidential campaign? Do you realize how little money $2100 is to someone like Sandler? It's more of an insult than an endorsement. Sandler's had bar tabs bigger than that. Rudy had a lot of independent and even Democrat supporters, especially those from the NY area after the two twin towers were bullied by funny hat people . I'd like to see a little more evidence that Sandler is enough of a Republican to actually list Republican as his official political party. I'm guessing he's independent. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:204:D503:CD10:F001:9256:E078:58D2 (talk) 14:03, 15 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Thank you, I didn’t see your comment before I posted my own of essentially the same request; verification that Adam Sandler is Republican. Mattucee (talk) 04:14, 20 June 2020 (UTC)

 * Addition of Sandler's support to Chris Christie's 2016 presidential campaign should be added — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rimacrob (talk • contribs) 00:30, 13 February 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 18 February 2021
Adam Sandler was also in Bulletproof in 1996 co-starring along Damon Wayans 2601:341:C100:6070:4839:F83C:3DFB:9D87 (talk) 01:52, 18 February 2021 (UTC)

 * This article contains a partial list. Full list is at Adam Sandler filmography. ◢  Ganbaruby!   (Say hi!) 02:22, 18 February 2021 (UTC)

Needs to have Spanglish added to filmography 2004
Missing a movie in filmography. Baggs1369 (talk) 02:37, 13 March 2021 (UTC)

Message I got.
I got a message saying I vandalized something here, I didn't even have a Wikipedia account prior to the message. Why? — Preceding unsigned comment added by My School Account (talk • contribs) 13:31, 19 March 2022 (UTC)

Word mistakes in 2007-2019 section.
In the Career section, under the subheading "2007-2019," is the sentence:

"His experiencing dysfunctional relationships with his brother (Ben Stiller), his sister (Elizabeth Marvel), and his father (Dustin Hoffman)."

This sentence does not make sense in English.

Perhaps the contributor meant to say the following?

"He experiences dysfunctional relationships with his brother (Ben Stiller), his sister (Elizabeth Marvel), and his father (Dustin Hoffman)."

Ssharmat (talk) 22:03, 12 June 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 5 July 2022
He's know as the King of Comedy Yoyoyoyou (talk) 11:39, 5 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Cannolis (talk) 13:18, 5 July 2022 (UTC)

He is also known for his love of children. He recently adopted new child Olivia Augustine from Sweden. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Itslivv829 (talk • contribs) 04:00, 7 July 2022 (UTC)

Missing films and context
The section 1995-2007 fails to mention '50 First Dates' (2004); nor does it mention his collaboration with Drew Barrymore in either that film or 'The Wedding Singer'. As a result, the reference in the next section to being "reunited with Drew Barrymore" in 'Blended' is missing a major piece of context.

This is what happens when folks come in and fiddle with small sections of text without considering the article as a whole!! 123.208.52.23 (talk) 00:44, 10 July 2022 (UTC)

Missing The Cobbler
In the filmography section “The Cobbler” (2014) is missing 2603:8080:5A02:4D3F:6160:AB79:27D3:BAB1 (talk) 20:19, 18 September 2022 (UTC)

Filmology
Missing Spanglish (2004) 2603:8081:4E00:6A63:D5C5:A470:B47C:9C54 (talk) 18:40, 12 October 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 27 Oct 2022
Sandler did not perform at or attend the 2004 Republican National Convention. The Fox News article that links to it is erroneous. 73.68.206.41 (talk) 22:29, 27 October 2022 (UTC)

Filmography- missing Spanglish (2004)
Should be add Halak77 (talk) 01:44, 24 November 2022 (UTC)

New movie idea
I would be very interested in seeing a movie made. Maybe call it Florida Man. Make an adventure of a man or men in Florida that do crazy stuff that you can Google in the news. I saw surfing the streets during the last hurricane. I've seen stories about a failed fast food robbery via gator baby......I think it's time this comes to fruition. Thanks!!

-Julia M in Iowa 166.181.88.215 (talk) 13:03, 27 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Do you think you are sending a message to Adam Sandler? Bbaum00 (talk) 02:17, 31 May 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 27 March 2023
In filmography in 2004 the movie Spanglish is missing. 2806:2F0:91A1:5BD0:35C9:97D:4E53:3DC2 (talk) 05:04, 27 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Actualcpscm (talk) 08:35, 27 March 2023 (UTC)

That he IS a registered Republican.
Tired of, and embarrassed for, Wiki allllways stating in 'opening credits' when a celebrity is a Democrat. But almost never ever when they are Republicans. 2604:2D80:9797:C300:F4B3:4F17:DD49:9926 (talk) 21:29, 27 March 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 5 April 2023
Please add to the end of his Filmography list, his first 2023 film: "Murder Mystery 2". Even though this is a partial list, he has no movies listed for 2023, and only two Adam Sandler movies ever have had sequels produced, this and "Grown Ups 2", which is in listed already.

Add to end of:

This entry:
 * Murder Mystery 2 (2023) M28k (talk) 06:49, 5 April 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ --Pinchme123 (talk) 02:28, 6 April 2023 (UTC)

Filmography
Missing “mixed nuts” 50.205.180.185 (talk) 15:59, 17 April 2023 (UTC)

Missing film
One of his best movies, Anger Management, is not listed! 5.151.88.5 (talk) 19:19, 13 May 2023 (UTC)

Anger Management (2003) not listed
His role in Anger Management (2003) is not listed or cited. Add it. Bbaum00 (talk) 02:15, 31 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Its covered at Adam_Sandler_filmography RudolfRed (talk) 03:26, 31 May 2023 (UTC)

Adam sandler is part cuban?
Adam sandler was raised in cuba from ages 3-5 years 72.93.229.114 (talk) 17:51, 26 September 2023 (UTC)

Adam Sandler
He was in mixed nuts the movie with Steve Martin in 1994. 2600:8804:9000:7E00:605D:4FCC:1673:53ED (talk) 15:56, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 27 January 2024
On the summary side bar on the right, the list of occupations starts with "Acotr" instead of "Actor" Zhelu (talk) 16:07, 27 January 2024 (UTC)

 * ✅ QuietCicada chirp 18:25, 27 January 2024 (UTC)

Soundtracks
"Leo (Soundtrack from the Netflix film)" has the link to url (on Amazon music) as template asks for, but not working right so needs fixing. Wschclc (talk) 22:47, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Adam Sandler


text:
Hanna R. Hall

Hanna Rose Hall (born July 9, 1984) is an American actress. She made her film debut in Forrest Gump (1994), and later appeared in Sofia Coppola's The Virgin Suicides (1999) and Rob Zombie's Halloween (2007).

Early life
Hall was born in Denver, Colorado. Her family moved into the mountains when she was two years old, and she remained in Colorado until age eighteen. After high school, she lived in Hawaii and Los Angeles before moving to Vancouver, British Columbia, where she attended the Vancouver Film School.

Career
When she was seven years old, Hall attended Nina Axelrod's open casting call for Robert Zemeckis's Forrest Gump. A few callbacks later, Hall was eventually cast as young Jenny Curran. This was followed by a role as an orphaned child in the 1996 television film Homecoming, co-starring Anne Bancroft.

Hall screen tested for the role of Lux Lisbon in Sofia Coppola's film adaptation of The Virgin Suicides, but was considered too young for the part so she was cast as Cecilia Lisbon instead. She appeared in several independent films following this, before being cast in Rob Zombie's remake of Halloween (2007) as Judith Myers. In 2009, she appeared in the independent comedy American Cowslip (2009), opposite Val Kilmer, Diane Ladd, and Cloris Leachman.

In 2012, Hall began working as a feline behavior specialist in Venice, California, directing underground plays. She has also appeared on television series, including guest roles on Criminal Minds and Masters of Sex.

title: Hanna R. Hall