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Hyam Maccoby

Hyam Maccoby (חיים מכובי, 1924–2004) was a Jewish-British scholar and dramatist specialising in the study of the Jewish and Christian religious traditions. He was known for his theories of the historical Jesus and the origins of Christianity.

Life
Maccoby was a Domus Exhibitioner in Classics at Balliol College, Oxford University. During the Second World War he served in the Royal Signals. Maccoby was librarian of Leo Baeck College in London. In retirement he moved to Leeds, where he held an academic position at the Centre for Jewish Studies, University of Leeds.

Theories of historical Jesus
Maccoby considered the portrayal of Jesus given in the canonical gospels and the history of the early Church from the Book of Acts to be heavily distorted and full of later mythical traditions, but he claimed that a fairly accurate historical account of the life of Jesus could still be reconstructed from them.

Maccoby argued that the real Jesus was not a rebel against the Jewish law but instead a Jewish Messianic claimant whose life and teaching were within the mainstream of 1st-century Judaism. He believed that Jesus was executed as a rebel against the Roman occupation of Judaea. However, he did not claim that Jesus was the leader of an actual armed rebellion. Rather, Jesus and his followers, inspired by the Tanakh or Old Testament prophetic writings, were expecting a supernatural divine intervention that would end Roman rule, restore the Davidic Kingdom with Jesus as the divinely anointed monarch and inaugurate the Messianic age of peace and prosperity for the whole world. Those expectations were not fulfilled, and Jesus was arrested and executed by the Romans.

According to Maccoby, Barabbas, from the Aramaic Bar Abba, "Son of the Father", originally referred to Jesus himself, who was called thus from his custom of addressing the Father as Abba, "Father", in his prayers, or else as a form of the rabbinic honorific Berab.

Many of the disciples of Jesus did not lose their hopes; they believed that Jesus would soon be miraculously resurrected by God, and continued to live in expectation of his second coming. Their fellowship continued to exist in Jerusalem as a strictly-orthodox Jewish sect under the leadership of James the Just.

In 2012, Rabbi Shmuley Boteach wrote Kosher Jesus in which he drew on past work by Maccoby.

Theories on Paul
According to Maccoby, the founding of Christianity as a religion separate from Judaism was entirely the work of Paul of Tarsus. In this Maccoby's view is largely based on that of Heinrich Graetz.

Maccoby claimed that Paul was a Hellenized Jewish convert or perhaps even a Gentile, from a background in which he had been exposed to the influence of Gnosticism and the pagan mystery religions, such as the Attis cult, a myth involving a life-death-rebirth deity. The mystery religions, according to Maccoby, were the dominant religious forms in the Hellenistic world of that age and strongly influenced Paul's mythological psychology. Maccoby partially derived his theory from fragments of the writings of opponents of Ebionites, particularly the treatise on Heresies by Epiphanius of Salamis.

Maccoby considered Paul's claims to an orthodox Pharisaic Jewish education to be false and asserted that while many of Paul's writings sound authentic to the uninitiated, they actually betray an ignorance of the original Hebrew scripture and the subtleties of Jewish Law. Maccoby claimed that an examination of the New Testament indicates that Paul knew no Hebrew at all and relied entirely on Greek texts that no actual Pharisee would ever use because they were not properly translated from the Hebrew originals.

According to Maccoby, Paul fused the historical story of Jesus' crucifixion with elements of contemporary mystery religions and Gnosticism and developed such new non-Judaic mythic ideas as the Trinity and the Last Supper. Paul also made an attempt to find prophetic justification for his newly created myth in the Old Testament. Paul came to present Jesus as a dying and rising saviour deity similar to those from the Hellenistic mystery cults, fused with the historical pedigree of Judaism, and thus gave birth to a powerful new myth whose preaching gained him a large following. As the Jerusalem group of the original disciples of Jesus gradually became aware of Paul's teachings, bitter hostility ensued between them.

Maccoby interpreted certain New Testament passages (such as Paul's account of his quarrel with Peter in the Incident at Antioch) as remnants of authentic accounts of that hostility. However, the Jewish Rebellion of 66–70 soon brought a violent end to the Jerusalem sect, and the Gentile Church that was founded by Paul emerged as the winner by default. Maccoby viewed the Book of Acts as a later attempt by the Pauline Church to present the relations between Paul and the Jerusalem disciples as harmonious and the Pauline Church as legitimised by the chain of apostolic succession reaching back to the original disciples of Jesus. Maccoby also conjectured that the Jewish-Christian sect of Ebionites may have been an authentic offshoot of the original Jerusalem community.

The Disputation
Maccoby's play The Disputation is a re-enactment of the Disputation of Barcelona, a dramatic confrontation between the Spanish Rabbi Moshe ben Nachman, better known as Nachmanides, and a Spanish convert from Judaism to Christianity, Pablo Christiani, before King James I of Aragon in 1263. Much of the play is drawn from Nachmanides's account of the disputation, and much is inferred from the king's affection for the rabbi and considerable generosity to him after Christiani's formal victory. The play centres on King James, who is portrayed as a complex troubled soul who comes to accept the rabbi's ideas. The play has been widely performed and was broadcast by Channel 4 starring Christopher Lee and Toyah Willcox.

Reception
Reception of Maccoby's view of Paul has generally been negative. John Gager of Princeton University reviewed The Mythmaker (1986) in the Jewish Quarterly Review (1988), describing part of Maccoby's thesis as "perverse misreading" and concluded "Thus I must conclude that Maccoby's book is not good history, not even history at all." Skarsaune (2002), referencing Maccoby's work and the theory that Paul represents a Christianity totally different from that of the early community in Jerusalem, writes that "Acts provides no evidence to substantiate this theory." James D. G. Dunn (2006) describes Maccoby's revival of Graetz' accusations that Paul was a Gentile as "a regrettable reversion to older polemics". The continuity with Graetz is also noted by Langton (2009), who contrasts Maccoby's approach with adherents of a "building bridges" view, such as Isaac Mayer Wise, Joseph Krauskopf, and Claude Montefiore, even if they shared some details of the polemic critique of Paul.

title: Hyam Maccoby


text:
WPGH-TV

WPGH-TV (channel 53) is a television station in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, affiliated with the Fox network. It is owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group alongside dual CW and MyNetworkTV affiliate WPNT (channel 22). The two stations share studios on Ivory Avenue in the city's Summer Hill neighborhood, where WPGH-TV's transmitter is also located.

Channel 53 was the second TV channel to be activated in Pittsburgh, but the history of this station is discontinuous. It first emerged as WKJF-TV with commercial programming beginning on August 1, 1953. Owned by Agnes Jane Reeves Greer, it had second-choice rights to NBC programming and operated from a site shared with sister FM station WKJF-FM. Like many other ultra high frequency (UHF) TV stations, it struggled economically because not all homes could receive it and its signal was comparatively weak. It left the air on July 2, 1954, but the permit remained alive; the call sign was changed to WAND-TV in 1961, and the antenna was not dismantled until 1962. After federal authorities pushed holders of inactive UHF TV permits to build them, sell them, or forfeit them, Daniel H. Overmyer acquired the station in 1965 as part of a projected independent station group. He was unable to build what he called WECO-TV because of unexpected problems in transmitter site construction and financing difficulties. The independent stations were sold to U.S. Communications, a unit of American Viscose Corporation, which completed construction and put WPGH-TV on the air on February 1, 1969. U.S. Communications struggled with all of Overmyer's permits amid a soft advertising market; WPGH-TV was the third to leave the air on August 16, 1971, and it was placed into bankruptcy.

Leon Crosby of San Francisco led an investor consortium named Pittsburgh Telecasting bought WPGH-TV out of bankruptcy and returned it to the air, this time for good, on January 14, 1974. Under Crosby and the successive ownerships of the Meredith Corporation, Lorimar-Telepictures, and Renaissance Broadcasting, WPGH-TV endured as Pittsburgh's leading independent outlet. In 1986, it affiliated with Fox at the new network's launch; the Fox affiliation improved the station's ratings and advertising sales.

Sinclair Broadcast Group acquired WPGH-TV in 1991, selling the underperforming WPTT to Edwin Edwards in a move that in reality created a local marketing agreement. WPGH-TV started a 10 p.m. newscast, the Fox 53 Ten O'Clock News, in January 1997. It was the first such newscast on a broadcast station in the Pittsburgh market, but it was a ratings underperformer relative to similar newscasts in similarly sized markets. In 2003, Sinclair converted it to its News Central hybrid format, which led to ratings declines. The standalone news department was dissolved in January 2006, and WPGH-TV began airing newscasts produced by Pittsburgh NBC affiliate WPXI (channel 11).

WKJF-TV
When the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) opened up applications for new TV stations after a years-long freeze, in 1952, it allocated three commercial ultra high frequency (UHF) TV channels to the city. The only applicant for channel 53 was Agnes Jane Reeves Greer, owner of WKJF-FM, the city's only standalone FM radio station. The FCC awarded permits for the other two UHF channels, 16 and 47, in December 1952; it deferred action on the channel 53 application until Reeves supplied "further information", granting it on January 8, 1953. Two executives from Pittsburgh's only operating TV station, WDTV, left to take up posts with the new WKJF-TV. Officials expected to be on the air within months based on a prior equipment order. The planned spring date was scrapped when a strike at General Electric delayed fabrication of the antenna, to be fastened to WKJF's tower on Mount Washington. It arrived in July, but a dispute over union jurisdiction held up completion of the job.

On July 11, 1953, WKJF-TV put out its first test picture; it was on for five minutes and still elicited a call from a viewer. A regular schedule of test patterns followed starting on July 14. Days before launching, the station finally secured network programming in the form of a secondary affiliation with NBC. WDTV continued to enjoy right of first refusal to telecast NBC programs in Pittsburgh, so WKJF-TV would only get those programs not aired by channel 2. On July 28, the station initiated its first test programs beyond a pattern. From studios on Grandview Avenue, WKJF-TV began airing regular programming on August 1, 1953. At the end of August, after an AT&T network loop was completed to the Mount Washington facility, the first NBC shows appeared on the station. In at least one instance, the station also carried a DuMont Television Network program; WDTV passed over DuMont's Boxing from Eastern Parkway Arena to carry Studio One, so WKJF-TV picked it up.

WKJF-TV was one of two UHF stations to start in Pittsburgh in 1953, the other being WENS on channel 16, which operated at much higher power. Further, UHF stations performed poorly in rougher terrain. Though Pittsburgh had only one pre-freeze and very high frequency station, WDTV on channel 2, much of the city could receive a second VHF station, WJAC-TV on channel 6. These stations could be received by any set, unlike WENS and WKJF-TV, which required converters to view on many VHF-only sets. On July 2, 1954, the station left the air indefinitely, expressing hope of returning if Congress did something to alleviate the plight of UHF stations; it lost $1 million in its operational history. WENS remained on air but struggled to get sponsors despite carrying popular network shows.

A Cleveland mail-order distributor expressed interest in buying WKJF-TV in 1955; he would have renamed the station WDAV and run it for the benefit of disabled veterans. The deal never came to fruition as the owners waited for the UHF situation to change. Rumors circulated that the group putting together Pittsburgh's new VHF station on channel 11 was interested in the property. The call sign on the channel 53 permit was changed from WKJF-TV to WAND-TV on March 13, 1961; the WAND letters had belonged to a Reeves-owned station in Canton, Ohio. The antenna was dismantled in 1962 and replaced with a new FM antenna for the co-located radio station; the former television facility was leased to another tenant.

A construction project undermined
In November 1964, the FCC told 29 permittees of inactive UHF stations, including WAND-TV, that they faced losing their permits unless action was taken to put them back into service. Faced with the pressing FCC action, in February 1965, Reeves Greer agreed to sell to the New York–based Overmyer Communications Corporation, owned by Daniel H. Overmyer. The purchase presented a complication for Overmyer, as it was the eighth station he was attempting to acquire and the ownership limit was seven stations. The $28,000 transaction did not include any physical facilities. Overmyer, as well as a group attempting to reactivate WENS, were encouraged not only by the FCC's action but by the All-Channel Receiver Act making all new sets UHF-compatible. The FCC denied Overmyer's petition to waive the ownership rule and returned the original filing as unacceptable. It was refiled and approved by the FCC in July.

On November 30, 1965, WAND-TV became WECO-TV, one of four stations named for Daniel Overmyer's children—in this case, Elizabeth C. Overmyer. Overmyer had opted not to lease any facilities from WKJF. By March 1966, Overmyer was preparing to put the station on the air for the fall television season as Pittsburgh's first independent station, with a mix of syndicated shows and network programs preempted by the local affiliates. Even before signing on, the station acquired mobile video tape recording equipment. Overmyer was still promising this in May, along with a series of 22 new warehouses to be located in the Pittsburgh area.

Soon after, Overmyer's quest to build WECO-TV hit a series of snags. The station was on target to launch in September when crews erecting its tower found that the anchor points for two of its three guy wires were over abandoned mine shafts, and a third such tunnel was also found. This forced a change of site for the tower and delayed the prospective launch date to June 1967. The delay prevented WECO-TV from being part of its owner's planned Overmyer Network, which went on the air as the United Network on May 1, 1967. Its lone offering, The Las Vegas Show, aired on WIIC-TV.

Sale to AVC
Needing financing to finish construction of WPGH-TV and the other station permits he held nationwide, Overmyer agreed on March 28, 1967, to sell 80-percent majority control of his construction permits to the American Viscose Corporation (AVC). One partner in the investment firm facilitating the sale with Overmyer was a stockholder in WPHL-TV, an existing UHF station in Philadelphia; another partner was appointed to the AVC board of directors after the sale. AVC arranged to merge the Overmyer permits with WPHL's parent company to form U.S. Communications Corporation on June 8, 1967, giving the combined company six television stations in the top 50 markets. The FCC approved the sale on December 8, 1967, waiving a proposed rule in place since 1965 that sought to limit television station ownership within the top 50 markets, a practice the FCC had employed before in similar transactions.

Days after the deal was approved, Rep. Harley O. Staggers, chairman of the House Investigations Subcommittee, summoned all FCC members to testify over the decision not to hold hearings. FCC chairman Rosel H. Hyde testified that if a hearing had been ordered, the sale would have been abandoned. Hyde stated, "I believe that the possibility of refinancing the UHF stations would have failed had we designated the matter for hearing", and that any hearing "...might very well have defeated this effort to salvage a sinking enterprise." Hyde concluded Overmyer's application was sufficient for approval" and agreed with commissioner Kenneth A. Cox that the true nature of the transaction was to raise funds to save the warehouse business. Cox criticized the submission of out-of-pocket expenses and the loan and option agreement in the transaction, claiming it violated an FCC policy by providing a profit.

When the deal closed on January 15, 1968, Overmyer received the second $1.5 million portion of the total $3 million agreed to in the loan contract. AVC was an investment company with no experience in television broadcasting, thus only provided financing for U.S. Communications, while WPHL was used for leadership: two WPHL executives became part of U.S.'s management team. Overmyer's role was limited to only his 20-percent stock in the Atlanta, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Houston permits, with no managerial oversight; U.S. also included a provision that could compel Overmyer to divest his 20-percent interest and an option to purchase it between January 16, 1971, and January 15, 1972. The contract limited the highest purchase price to $3 million, the same amount AVC had loaned to Overmyer; the loan was secured by second mortgages on twenty-three of Overmyer's warehouse properties and his 20 percent interest in the TV stations. U.S. never executed its option to buy the stock, and Overmyer repaid the $3 million loan.

Second on-air stint (1969–1971)
After the sale to AVC, planning moved forward in Pittsburgh. By July 1968, the firm was still scouting a site for channel 53, which would have a far more powerful signal than the old WKJF-TV. The station set up its studios, offices, and transmitter at 750 Ivory Avenue in the North Hills area; the Ivory facility had previously belonged to WENS. The Pittsburgh Ad Club held a contest to select new call letters to replace WECO-TV, taking the call sign WPGH on December 7.

WPGH-TV made its on-air debut on February 1, 1969—the first broadcast from channel 53 in nearly 15 years. Programs included a local version of Bozo the Clown; Dark Shadows and the CBS Sunday Night News, which the local affiliates did not or were about to cease airing; syndicated sports heretofore unavailable in Pittsburgh; and daily movies. Local programming included Duquesne Dukes men's basketball; Pittsburgh Penguins hockey; and an interview show, Pittsburgh Now.

U.S. Communications struggled with the station permits it had acquired from Overmyer and built out. In July 1970, WPGH-TV cut back its broadcasting day to start at noon on weekdays, 3 p.m. on Saturdays, and 1 p.m. on Sundays. The company's woes became more acutely felt in 1971. On March 31, due to financial problems, the firm shut down its stations in San Francisco (KEMO-TV) and Atlanta (WATL). On August 5, 1971, The Wall Street Journal reported that U.S. Communications had asked the FCC for permission to take WPGH-TV and WXIX-TV in Cincinnati off the air. The two stations, however, got a reprieve because they had instead attracted potential buyers. In the case of WPGH-TV, the reprieve was short-lived. On the afternoon of August 16, 1971, U.S. Communications informed the 48 employees of channel 53 that the station would cease broadcasting at 6 p.m., with the entire staff being laid off.

Crosby and Meredith ownership
AVC began liquidating the U.S. Communications stations. With the February 1972 sale of WPHL-TV, the only station never threatened with closure, WPGH-TV became the last unsold station. It was instead assigned to a liquidating receiver. A Black-led group, Aquarius Broadcasting, investigated the purchase, but Leon Crosby emerged the winner in a November 1972 bankruptcy court hearing. Crosby, who also bought KEMO-TV in San Francisco from AVC, promised to program WPGH-TV as an independent station with a mix of movies, reruns, children's shows, and sports, as well as local program concepts that had been successful in San Francisco such as a Black variety show. Crosby and his company, Pittsburgh Telecasting, spent most of 1973 awaiting FCC approval; during that time, a tilt in the antenna was identified as a possible cause of signal reception issues in some areas. The commission granted the purchase on December 12, 1973. To get the station back into operating condition, rotting carpets had to be removed from the studio. WPGH-TV returned to the air on January 14, 1974. Like its prior incarnation, it picked up preempted network programs; this time, it added some morning programming from the Christian Broadcasting Network.

The Meredith Corporation purchased WPGH-TV for $12.2 million in 1978. It was the company's first UHF independent station and second total after KPHO-TV in Phoenix. That same year, Pittsburgh gained a second independent in the form of WPTT-TV (channel 22), started by the Baltimore-based Commercial Radio Institute (predecessor to Sinclair Broadcast Group). Though the new UHF outlet initially eroded WPGH-TV's ratings, channel 53 easily beat the comparatively neglected WPTT-TV in the ratings, and when David D. Smith became its general manager in 1984, he readily conceded that even a revived WPTT would be "the fifth station in this market". WPGH-TV responded by becoming an aggressive buyer of programming including shows and movies, pushing costs up. In Meredith's final months of ownership, the station agreed to join the new Fox network when it started providing programming in October 1986. By this time, it was well-regarded in the industry.

Lorimar-Telepictures and Renaissance Broadcasting ownership
In July 1986, the Meredith Corporation agreed to sell WPGH-TV to Lorimar-Telepictures for $35 million. At the time, Lorimar—a production powerhouse responsible for shows like Dallas, The People's Court, and The Waltons, was breaking rapidly into station ownership with three stations owned and in the process of buying WPGH and eight other stations, including WTTV, an independent station serving the Indianapolis market. Meredith did not have WPGH-TV on the market, but the deal made sense; Pittsburgh was not the kind of growth market Meredith was seeking, while Lorimar found in the city an area that was undervalued nationally. In the months following the purchase's announcement, the independent TV station market soured; a number of stations sought bankruptcy protection, including WTTV, which Lorimar stopped pursuing. The purchase price was cut to $21.25 million by the time the deal closed in January 1987. Less than six months, Lorimar-Telepictures decided to reorganize as a production company solely and divest all its television stations. The small-market holdings were spun off in a management buyout, while Lorimar gave itself 24 months to sell WPGH-TV.

Renaissance Broadcasting, a company formed by Michael Finkelstein, agreed to purchase WPGH-TV in August 1988 for $30 million. Finkelstein was a stakeholder in Odyssey Partners and transferred its two independent stations—WDZL in Miami and WTXX in Connecticut—to the new business. WDZL and WTXX had similar programming philosophies. The new owners took control in January 1989. During Renaissance ownership, the station benefited from Fox's surging fortunes as a network and from a far more aggressive approach than that taken under former owners. The station rebranded as "Fox 53" and increased its spending on advertising, rebuilt its afternoon lineup to serve the unserved children's market, and earned notice as an increasing competitor to the traditional network affiliates.

A controversial purchase and sale
In January 1991, Sinclair Broadcast Group announced it would purchase WPGH-TV from Renaissance for $55 million. Sinclair already owned WPTT-TV, which it had to put up for sale. Speculation swirled that WPTT would switch to the Home Shopping Network (HSN). The buyer for channel 22 was Edwin Edwards, WPTT's station manager and a Black man. For Sinclair, the deal was a trade-up. WPTT-TV had never been a ratings success, and WPGH-TV was closer to Sinclair's cluster of Fox affiliates that included stations WBFF-TV in Baltimore and WTTE in Columbus, Ohio. There was a marked difference in financial performance between first-tier and second-tier independent stations, and cost-cutting was seen as useful to WPTT-TV, which had lost $26 million in its 14-year history.

Under the deal, Commercial Radio Institute, the Sinclair subsidiary that had owned WPTT-TV, held $1 million in Edwards's debt as a convertible debenture and received a tax certificate for selling the station to a minority. The deal as originally structured permitted Sinclair to convert that debenture into an 80-percent ownership interest. Mark I. Baseman, a Pittsburgh attorney, filed an objection to the two deals in March, believing the sales gave Sinclair too much influence over WPTT-TV and represented an impermissible duopoly. Baseman also objected to the switch of WPTT-TV to home shopping, which eliminated competition for WPGH-TV. Baseman later disclosed the objection was filed on behalf of a client, which was only revealed in January 1992 as ABRY Communications. ABRY owned WNUV in Baltimore, a competitor to Sinclair's WBFF-TV, and fretted that Sinclair was using its buying power in Pittsburgh to force syndicators to place their shows on WBFF-TV in Baltimore lest they be shut out altogether in Pittsburgh.

The FCC approved the WPGH-TV and WPTT-TV sales in June 1991, and when they closed, on August 30, WPTT switched to HSN on a full-time basis. Threatened by cable systems seeking to drop the all-HSN WPTT, WPGH and Sinclair agreed to purchase and program nine hours a day of airtime. The operating arrangement attracted FCC scrutiny, and litigation resulted from the double transaction.

Starting a news operation
Sinclair began planning in early 1996 to launch a 10 p.m. newscast for WPGH the next year. Pittsburgh, compared to some markets, had little history of 10 p.m. local news. When WTAE-TV signed on in 1958, it offered a newscast at 10:30 p.m., which was short-lived. Through the 1980s, WPGH-TV aired the Independent Network News with local cut-ins. In 1990, when Sinclair still owned WPTT-TV and was setting up news operations for its Baltimore and Columbus stations, it proposed launching a 10 p.m. newscast for which production would have been outsourced to a third party. In 1994, WPXI-TV started the Pittsburgh Cable News Channel (PCNC), a local cable service which offered a live 10 p.m. newscast. The news director, David Janecek, came from Sinclair's WLFL in Raleigh, North Carolina, a Fox affiliate with a 10 p.m. newscast. Janecek hired Carolyn Clifford, with whom he had worked in Raleigh, and John Huck, a former Headline News anchor. Most of the news team came from outside the market, with the notable exception of sports anchor Alby Oxenreiter, who joined from WTAE. On weekends, Olympic gold medalist Kurt Angle presented the sports. To accommodate the news department, the Ivory Avenue facility was extensively remodeled with the addition of a new three-story building to help house the 40 full-time and 10 part-time employees added in the expansion—a total investment of $3 million. The station needed to mesh the younger target viewer profile of Fox network programming with the older demographic of Pittsburgh TV viewers.

The Fox 53 Ten O'Clock News debuted on January 26, 1997, after Fox's presentation of Super Bowl XXXI. The program had a slow start; though it quickly put behind technical glitches that pockmarked its first showing, the newscast was seen as a ratings underperformer with a share of just 3 percent in the 10 p.m. hour. In the November 1997 sweeps, it attracted fewer viewers than the episodes of Coach the station had been airing prior to launching the newscast.

Sinclair installed a new regional manager, Stu Powell, to oversee WPGH, WPTT, and other stations in November 1997. Powell had been the general manager at WXIX-TV in Cincinnati when it launched 10 p.m. news in 1993, finding ratings success. The next year, Clifford was replaced with Sheila Hyland, previously of WTAE. The quality of the newscast was seen to have improved, and it extended to an hour in November 1998. The expanded newscast brought with it several new reporters. In 2001, the market gained a third 10 p.m. newscast on UPN affiliate WNPA, produced by KDKA-TV. However, Pittsburgh's appetite for news in that time slot continued to trail the national average. Ratings stalled, and while WPGH-TV led the pack at 5 percent, the total market share of WPGH and its competition was 9 percent where the leading early local newscasts in Sacramento, St. Louis, and Portland, Oregon—all similarly-sized TV markets—attracted that many viewers or more. News director John Poister believed an additional newscast would bolster the station's reputation, but Sinclair had no expansion plans.

News Central
Starting May 28, 2003, Sinclair converted WPGH-TV's news department into a hybrid operation utilizing the services of News Central, the company's national news and weather service operating from its headquarters in Hunt Valley, Maryland. The 10 p.m. newscast now combined local news segments, reported locally and presented by Hyland from Pittsburgh, with national and international news segments from News Central. Ten employees were fired, including weeknight meteorologist Matt Morano, and a new set was introduced to match the News Central set. The national weather center had already been supplying weekend weather reports to WPGH-TV since January.

Where WPGH's 10 p.m. newscast had commanded 7 percent of the viewership at that time in February 2003, the station's share declined to 4 percent a year later, while WNPA posted viewership gains. Station staff were frustrated because the same local reporting and sports staff, producing the same reporting, was being weighed down by the change in news format. The news director was fired and replaced. Ratings began to improve after the time devoted to segments from News Central was cut back in August 2005, with WPGH regaining its lead over WNPA, but by the end of the year, rumors were running hot that Sinclair was about to dismantle the operation altogether and have WPXI produce news for WPGH.

Newscasts from WPXI
The rumors turned into reality on January 11, 2006, when Sinclair announced that WPGH would produce its last newscast on January 27, with WPXI taking over production on January 30 from its studios. Alby Oxenreiter was hired by WPXI to work in its sports department, but most other staff were laid off by Sinclair. The PCNC newscast, which WPXI had continued producing, moved to 7 p.m.; the new 10 p.m. news on channel 53 was anchored on weeknights by WPXI's evening anchor team of David Johnson and Darieth Chisolm. In 2013, former CNN anchor Lisa Sylvester replaced Chisolm as the 6, 10 and 11 p.m. news anchor for WPXI.

For the first time since WPGH began airing local news in 1997, the news offering expanded beyond 10 p.m. on March 14, 2022, with the debut of Channel 11 News on Fox 53 at 6:30, replacing a second half-hour of You Bet Your Life with Jay Leno. On January 8, 2024, Channel 11 Morning News on Fox 53 debuted at 7 a.m. as an extension of WPXI's existing morning newscast.

On January 18, 2021, WPGH-TV began airing the Sinclair-produced The National Desk from 7 to 9 a.m. With the 2024 morning news launch, the station instead began airing TND at 6 and 8 a.m.

Notable former on-air staff

 * Tamsen Fadal – reporter, 1997
 * Jay Harris – reporter, weekend anchor, weeknight anchor (1997–2003)
 * Eleanor Schano – host of Good Day Pittsburgh and Pittsburgh Women '79 in the 1970s

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed: {{legend|#DFEBF6|Broadcast on behalf of another station}}

WPGH-TV began broadcasting a digital signal on channel 43 on April 1, 2002. The analog signal on channel 53 was shut down on February 17, 2009, which had been the original digital television transition date. The station's digital signal continued to broadcast on channel 43. WPGH relocated its signal from channel 43 to channel 20 on December 6, 2019, as a result of the 2016 United States wireless spectrum auction.

In June 2020, WPNT converted to ATSC 3.0 (NextGen TV) operation, with its main channel broadcast in ATSC 1.0 format on WPGH-TV.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: WPGH-TV


text:
Paul Whelan (politician)

Paul Francis Patrick Whelan (12 December 1943 – 30 October 2019) was an Australian politician, who served as the New South Wales Minister for Police between 1995 and 2001.

Early years and background
Whelan was born and raised in Ashbury, a suburb of Sydney, Australia to Mary Bridget and John Joseph Whelan. He was the youngest of their seven children. He was educated at St Francis Xavier Primary School, Ashbury, De La Salle College, Ashfield, and the University of Sydney, where he received an LL.B. He was admitted as a solicitor in 1968 and barrister in 1988. He married Colleen Mary Healey in 1968 and had two daughters, two sons and eight grandchildren. He was an alderman on the Ashfield Municipal Council from 1970 to 1976 and Mayor from 1971 to 1976.

Political career
Whelan represented Ashfield from May 1976 to March 1999 and Strathfield from March 1999 to February 2003 for the Labor Party. He was Minister for Consumer Affairs and Minister for Roads from October 1981 to February 1983 and then Minister for Water Resources and Minister for Forests until April 1984 during the Wran government. He was also Minister for Aboriginal Affairs from February to April 1984. He was Minister for Police from April 1995 to November 2001 during the Carr government. Whelan retired from politics in 2003. Virginia Judge succeeded in replacing him in his seat.

title: Paul Whelan (politician)


text:
T. B. Ackerson Company

T.B. Ackerson Company was a real estate development company that built several planned communities in the New York metropolitan area during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

History
The company was founded by Thomas Benton Ackerson in 1898. That year, it purchased and began developing land in Flatbush bounded between East 19th Street, Ocean Avenue, Beverly Road and Cortelyou Road. The development, known as Beverly Square East, was completed and fully sold by 1901.

In the 1920s, the company developed a neighborhood over a portion of shipping tycoon Carlos W. Munson's estate in Flower Hill, New York.

Its former real estate office building for Fiske Terrace is now a station house for the New York City Subway's Avenue H station, at the corner of Avenue H and East 16th Street. The building was designated a landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 2005.

Notable developments

 * Beverley Squares (in Brooklyn)
 * West Midwood (in Brooklyn)
 * Fiske Terrace (in Brooklyn)
 * Brightwaters, New York (on Long Island; now an incorporated village of the same name)

title: T. B. Ackerson Company


text:
Tommy Windich

Tommy Windich (c. 1840 – c. 20 February 1876) was an Indigenous Australian member of a number of exploring expeditions in Western Australia in the 1860s and 1870s.

Tommy Windich (or Windiitj) was born around 1840 near Mount Stirling in Western Australia. Little is known of his youth, but his skills in tracking and knowledge of a number of Aboriginal languages suggest a traditional upbringing, whereas his skills in horseriding and marksmanship indicate extensive contact with colonial culture.

By the early 1860s, Windich was working as a "native assistant" in the police force at York, where his main tasks were to assist in the tracking of escaped convicts, Aborigines who were wanted by the authorities, and escaped horses.

In 1863, he joined the first aboriginal assistant policeman Cowits to accompany Henry Maxwell Lefroy on his expedition east of York to the interior.

In 1865 he tracked and helped to recapture a prison escapee named Joseph Johns, who would later become the notorious bushranger Moondyne Joe. Early in 1866 he helped to capture three Aborigines who had murdered a pastoralist, one of whom fought against his arrest, spearing Windich in the arm. This expedition appears to have made Windich's name as a superb tracker and a reliable and useful member of any travelling party, for he was afterwards in constant demand.

Windich and Cowits joined Constable Edwards in the police expedition east in May 1866 which discovered petroleum.

Sometime in 1866 Windich was stationed to Beverley, where he continued his usual work as a native assistant, but was also sent on a number of exploring expeditions. Windich's next exploratory expedition (also with Cowits) was the third expedition of the explorer Charles Hunt. The objective was to explore the area east of the Hampton Plains but an unseasonal drought caused a great shortage of water and feed for the horses, and they were forced to abandon their plans and return to York.

In 1869, Windich was a member of John Forrest's first expedition, which searched without success for clues to the fate of the long-lost explorer Ludwig Leichhardt in the desert west of the site of the present-day town of Leonora. The following year, he was a member of Forrest's second expedition, which surveyed Edward John Eyre's route between the colonies of Western Australia and South Australia along the coast of the Great Australian Bight. In 1871, Windich was part of another attempt to explore the land beyond the Hampton Plains, this time under the guidance of Alexander Forrest. This expedition discovered about 1,200 km2 of pastoral land, half of which was of fine quality, but also found water to be extremely scarce. In 1874, Windich was a member of John Forrest's third and most ambitious expedition. This expedition explored the watershed of the Murchison River, discovering much new pastoral land, then headed east through the uncharted centre of Western Australia, to the overland telegraph line from Darwin to Adelaide.

Early in 1876, Windich was working as a guide with the party constructing the overland telegraph line from Perth to Adelaide, when he caught a chill that became a serious illness. On about 20 February, he died of pneumonia. He was buried at Dempster Head near Esperance. John Forrest said at the time
 * "his name is almost a household word in this colony.... I feel that I have lost an old and well tried companion and friend."

Cultural references
In September 1988, a cultivar of barley, bred by the Western Australian Department of Agriculture for performance in medium to high rainfall areas, was released under the name "Hordeum vulgare (Barley) c.v. Windich". Commonly referred to simply as "Windich", the cultivar is named for Tommy Windich, continuing a tradition of naming Western Australian grain cultivars after historic people of Western Australia.

title: Tommy Windich


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Virginia Judge

Dianne Virginia Judge (born 19 August 1956) is a former Australian politician, who was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Strathfield for the Labor Party from 2003 until 2011.

Early life
Judge was born in Cooma, New South Wales, and educated in her early years in both Canberra and New Delhi, India, where her father was posted as a diplomat associated with the Columbo Plan. She later returned to Canberra for her secondary schooling. From an early age Judge was an aspiring coloratura soprano, and won many awards in the Australian National Eisteddfod in Canberra. She obtained distinctions at 6th grade with the NSW Music Examinations Advisory Board in each of Speech and Drama, Pianoforte and Music Theory. Unfortunately, her intended career as an opera singer was cut short by vocal cord polyps.

She received a Bachelor of Education from the Canberra College of Advanced Education (later University of Canberra) and the Canberra School of Music.

Judge taught in primary and secondary schools in both Sydney and Canberra. She also worked as a volunteer abroad for the Overseas Service Bureau in Tonga and as a project officer for small non-government organisation, The Australian Foundation for the Peoples of the South Pacific, now known as Action on Poverty, delivering items such as humidicribs, toilets and ovens to Pacific islands such as Nauru, the Solomon Islands and Fiji. While working in Tonga as an overseas volunteer she was employed as a teacher at Queen Salote College, a very large high school in Nuku’alofa in Tonga. After her work in Tonga, Judge returned to Sydney and resumed her teaching career, including at Evondale Special School for students with intellectual disabilities. She also studied law part-time at Macquarie University.

Local Government career
Judge was elected to Strathfield Municipal Council in 1995, and was reelected with overwhelming community support, enabling her to serve as Mayor of Strathfield from 2000 to 2003, the first woman from the Australian Labor Party in this role.

Political career
On 23 March 2003 Judge was elected to the Legislative Assembly of New South Wales as the first woman to represent the NSW seat of Strathfield.

In May 2007, following the re-election of the Labor Government led by Morris Iemma, she was appointed Parliamentary Secretary Assisting the Minister for Education & Training, Industrial Relations, and the Minister Assisting the Minister for Finance.

In September 2008, when Nathan Rees became Premier, she was appointed Minister Assisting the Premier on the Arts, Minister for Citizenship, and Minister for Fair Trading.

In the cabinet re-shuffle following Rees being replaced as Premier by Kristina Keneally, Judge retained the portfolio of Fair Trading, and became Minister for the Arts, the first woman to hold this portfolio in NSW. She held these portfolios until the ALP lost office at the 2011 election.

Post political career
In July 2011, Judge became Head of Strategic Partnerships at the Children's Medical Research Institute (CMRI) an independent medical research institute which commenced operations in 1958 as part of the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children in Camperdown, Sydney. Judge successfully secured a number of very large and others donations from her generous clients raising support for the medical research at the Institute.

Judge left CMRI in late 2018 and then took up the position of Business Development Manager at the Heart Research Institute (HRI) in Newtown, Sydney. Judge left HRI in December 2020.

In 2013, Judge became a Board Member of the Riverside Theatres Parramatta and Board Member of Gallery 49 Marrickville. Judge had been a long time Vanguard Member of the Sydney Symphony Orchestra and the Sydney Dance Company since 2011. Judge is actively involved in the activities of the Australian Museum where she was appointed a Trustee and Director of the Australian Museum Foundation in October 2016, and with the Royal Society of New South Wales (RSN) where she was elected a Fellow (FRSN) in July 2017. She was shortly afterwards elected to the Council of the RSN.

title: Virginia Judge


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text: User talk:64.113.160.185

title: User talk:64.113.160.185


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Moschia

Moschia (Meskheti, possibly related to Mushki) is a mountainous region of Georgia between Iberia, Armenia, and Colchis. The Moschian Mountains were the connecting chain between the Caucasus and Anti-Taurus Mountains. The people of that area were known as the Moschi. They may have been connected to the Mushki.

Wilhelm Gesenius suggested that the Moschi were descended from the Biblical Meshech tribe.

Strabo mentions the Moschian Mountains as joining the Caucasus (Geography, 11.2.1). He says that the Moschian country lay above the rivers Phasis, Glaucus, and Hippus (Geography, 11.2.17). In it "lies the temple of Leucothea, founded by Phrixus, and the oracle of Phrixus, where a ram is never sacrificed; it was once rich, but it was robbed in our time by Pharnaces, and a little later by Mithridates of Pergamum." (ibid).

According to the renowned scholar of the Caucasian studies Cyril Toumanoff, the Moschians were the early proto-Georgian tribes which were integrated into the first early Georgian state of Iberia.

Mushki are mentioned in the cuneiform tablets of Tiglath-Pileser I of Assyria dating to 1115–1100 B.C. He led a campaign against them in the North of Commagene and mountains of Georgia and Armenia. According to Igor Diakonoff, the Mushki possibly were speakers of Proto-Armenian, who carried their language from the Balkans across Asia Minor, mixing with Hurrians (and Urartians) and Luwians along the way. However, the connection between the Mushki and Armenian languages is quite unclear and many modern scholars have rejected a direct linguistic relationship. Additionally, genetic research does not support significant admixture into the Armenian nation after 1200 BCE, making the Mushki, if they indeed migrated from a Balkan or western Anatolian homeland during or after the Bronze Age Collapse, unlikely candidates for the Proto-Armenians. However, as others have placed (at least the Eastern) Mushki or Meskhi homeland in South Caucasus region mostly speaking Georgian language as their native.

Medieval maps mention with Moschi region Armenian and Iberian parts.

title: Moschia


text:
Piper PA-20 Pacer

The PA-20 Pacer and PA-22 Tri-Pacer, Caribbean, and Colt are an American family of light strut-braced high-wing monoplane aircraft built by Piper Aircraft from 1949 to 1964.

The Pacer is essentially a four-place version of the two-place PA-17 Vagabond, with conventional landing gear, a steel tube fuselage and an aluminum frame wing covered with fabric, much like Piper's famous Cub and Super Cub. The Tri-Pacer is a development of the Pacer with tricycle landing gear, while the Colt is a two-seat flight training version of the Tri-Pacer. Prized for their ruggedness, spacious cabins, and, for the time, impressive speed, many of these aircraft continue to fly today.

Factory installed 108 hp, 125 hp, 135 hp, 150 hp, and 160 hp engine options were available, and 180 hp engine after-market conversions have been offered.

Development
The Pacer and the Tri-Pacer were the first post-World War II Piper designs with flaps and a control yoke instead of a center stick, and they belong to a sub-group of Piper aircraft popularly called "short wing Pipers," reflecting their shorter wingspans compared to the earlier J-3 Cub and PA-18 Super Cub. The PA-20 Pacer is a tailwheel aircraft and thus has somewhat limited forward visibility on the ground and relatively demanding ground-handling characteristics. To help introduce more pilots to easier, safer flying, from February 1951, Piper introduced the PA-22 Tri-Pacer with a nosewheel instead of the tailwheel landing gear. Additionally, the Tri-Pacer offered higher-powered engine options in the form of 150 hp and 160 hp engines, whereas the largest engine available to the original Pacer had an output of 135 hp. At the time the tricycle undercarriage became a popular preference and 1953 saw the PA-22 Tri-Pacer outsell the Pacer by a ratio of six to one. Due to the geometry of the nosewheel installation, the aircraft is sometimes called the "Flying Milk Stool."

In 1959 and 1960 Piper offered a cheaper, less well-equipped version of the Tri-Pacer with a 150 hp Lycoming O-320 designated the PA-22-150 Caribbean. Over 9400 Tri-Pacers were produced between 1950 and 1964 when production ended, with 3280 still registered with the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in April 2018.

An unusual feature of the Tri-Pacer is bungees linking the ailerons and rudder to facilitate coordinated flight. The system can be easily overcome by the pilot as needed and allowed the installation of a simple Mitchell Industries transistorised autopilot marketed by Piper under the name Auto-control. It has roll and yaw data derived from a modified AN5735-1 Direction Indicator and AN5736-1 Gyro Horizon, boosted by a piggyback amplifier on the direction indicator driving a Globe Motors bi-directional motor/servo clamped to the top of the control column via the aileron control chains.

A trainer version of the PA-22 Tri-Pacer, the PA-22-108 Colt, was introduced to compete directly with other popular trainers such as the Cessna 150, and was powered by a 108 hp Lycoming O-235. Quickly designed in late 1960, the two-seat Colt was offered at a substantially lower price than the Tri-Pacer, and omitted the four-seat aircraft's flaps and second wing tank along with the rear side windows and door. The Colt otherwise closely resembles the Tri-Pacer, using the same front seats and door, landing gear, engine mounts, windshield, tail surfaces, struts and instrument panel. Over 2,000 Colts were manufactured and it was the last Pacer variant—and thus the last short wing Piper—to be dropped from production.

The last batch of 12 PA-22-150s were built for the French Army in 1963 and the last of the family, a PA-22-108 Colt, was completed on 26 March 1964. The type was replaced on the Vero Beach production line by the PA-28 Cherokee 140.

Some PA-22s have been converted to a tailwheel configuration, resulting in an aircraft that is very similar to a PA-20 Pacer, but which retains the model refinements and features of the PA-22. These conversions are often referred to by owners as PA-22/20s and are often listed in classified aircraft ads as such, although officially such converted aircraft continue to be designated by the FAA as PA-22 Tri-Pacers. When this conversion is accomplished, disc brakes are usually installed in place of the original drum brakes, and the Lycoming O-360 180 HP engine is the preferred upgrade. Some PA-22s have a Hartzell constant-speed controllable propeller or Koppers Aeromatic propeller. Each of these installations improves performance and economy at the sacrifice of payload. A few Colts have also been converted to tailwheel configuration, although this is not as popular as converting Tri-Pacers.

Cuba
Between 1953 and 1955, the Cuban Army Air Force (Fuerza Aérea Ejército de Cuba, or FAEC) received 7 PA-20s, 4 PA-22-150s, and 3 PA-22-160s. During the Cuban Revolution, PA-22s had their rear-doors removed and a .30 caliber machine gun installed in its place for use against insurgents, along with hand-dropped grenades. A PA-22 providing ground support for the Cuban Army during the Battle of Guisa is believed to be the lone aircraft lost by the FAEC to enemy fire.

Katanga
During the Congo Crisis, Katangese separatists received five PA-22-150s from the South African Air Force for the Force aérienne katangaise which were deployed against ONUC forces between 1961 and 1963.

Variants

 * PA-20
 * Four seats, conventional landing gear, 125 hp Lycoming O-290-D engine. Certified 21 December 1949.

 * PA-20S
 * Three seats, conventional landing gear, optional float installation, 125 hp Lycoming O-290-D engine. Certified 18 May 1950.

 * PA-20 115
 * Four seats, conventional landing gear, 115 hp Lycoming O-235-C1 engine. Certified 22 March 1950.

 * PA-20S 115
 * Three-seat, conventional landing gear, optional float installation, 115 hp Lycoming O-235-C1 engine. Certified 18 May 1950.

 * PA-20 135
 * Four seats, conventional landing gear, 135 hp Lycoming O-290-D2 engine. Certified 5 May 1952.

 * PA-20S 135
 * Three seats, conventional landing gear, optional float installation, 135 hp Lycoming O-290-D2 engine. Certified 15 May 1952.

 * PA-22
 * Four seats, tricycle landing gear, 125 hp Lycoming O-290-D engine. Certified 20 December 1950.

 * PA-22-108 Colt
 * Two seats, tricycle landing gear, 108 hp Lycoming O-235-C1 or C1B engine. Certified 21 October 1960.

 * PA-22-135
 * Four seats, tricycle landing gear, 135 hp Lycoming O-290-D2 engine. Certified 5 May 1952.

 * PA-22S-135
 * Three seats, tricycle landing gear, optional float installation, 135 hp Lycoming O-290-D2 engine. Certified 14 May 1954.

 * PA-22-150
 * Two or four seats, tricycle landing gear, 150 hp Lycoming O-320-A2A or A2B engine. Certified 3 September 1952 as a four place in the normal category and 24 May 1957 as a two place in the utility category.

 * PA-22-150 Caribbean
 * The Caribbean model was a 150 hp Lycoming O-320-A2A equipped model that remained in production after the 160 hp was introduced, to differentiate it.

 * PA-22S-150
 * Three seats, tricycle landing gear, optional float installation, 150 hp Lycoming O-320-A2A or A2B engine. Certified 3 September 1954.

 * PA-22-160
 * Two or four seats, tricycle landing gear, 160 hp Lycoming O-320-B2A or B2B engine. Certified 3 September 1952 as a four place in the normal category and as a two place in the utility category.

 * PA-22S-160
 * Three seats, tricycle landing gear, optional float installation, 160 hp Lycoming O-320-B2A or B2B engine. Certified 25 October 1957.

title: Piper PA-20 Pacer


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Projective hierarchy

In the mathematical field of descriptive set theory, a subset $$A$$ of a Polish space $$X$$ is projective if it is $$\boldsymbol{\Sigma}^1_n$$ for some positive integer $$n$$. Here $$A$$ is
 * $$\boldsymbol{\Sigma}^1_1$$ if $$A$$ is analytic
 * $$\boldsymbol{\Pi}^1_n$$ if the complement of $$A$$, $$X\setminus A$$, is $$\boldsymbol{\Sigma}^1_n$$
 * $$\boldsymbol{\Sigma}^1_{n+1}$$ if there is a Polish space $$Y$$ and a $$\boldsymbol{\Pi}^1_n$$ subset $$C\subseteq X\times Y$$ such that $$A$$ is the projection of $$C$$ onto $$X$$; that is, $$A=\{x\in X \mid \exists y\in Y : (x,y)\in C\}.$$

The choice of the Polish space $$Y$$ in the third clause above is not very important; it could be replaced in the definition by a fixed uncountable Polish space, say Baire space or Cantor space or the real line.

Relationship to the analytical hierarchy
There is a close relationship between the relativized analytical hierarchy on subsets of Baire space (denoted by lightface letters $$\Sigma$$ and $$\Pi$$) and the projective hierarchy on subsets of Baire space (denoted by boldface letters $$\boldsymbol{\Sigma}$$ and $$\boldsymbol{\Pi}$$). Not every $$\boldsymbol{\Sigma}^1_n$$ subset of Baire space is $$\Sigma^1_n$$. It is true, however, that if a subset X of Baire space is $$\boldsymbol{\Sigma}^1_n$$ then there is a set of natural numbers A such that X is $$\Sigma^{1,A}_n$$. A similar statement holds for $$\boldsymbol{\Pi}^1_n$$ sets. Thus the sets classified by the projective hierarchy are exactly the sets classified by the relativized version of the analytical hierarchy. This relationship is important in effective descriptive set theory. Stated in terms of definability, a set of reals is projective iff it is definable in the language of second-order arithmetic from some real parameter.

A similar relationship between the projective hierarchy and the relativized analytical hierarchy holds for subsets of Cantor space and, more generally, subsets of any effective Polish space.

title: Projective hierarchy


text:
WQXR-FM

WQXR-FM (105.9 FM) is an American non-commercial classical radio station, licensed to Newark, New Jersey and serving the North Jersey and New York City area. It is owned by the nonprofit organization New York Public Radio, which also operates WNYC AM and FM and the four-station New Jersey Public Radio group. WQXR-FM broadcasts from studios and offices located in the Hudson Square neighborhood in lower Manhattan and its transmitter is located at the Empire State Building.

The current WQXR-FM is its second FM incarnation in the New York City area. The first WQXR-FM in turn traced its history to an earlier New York City station, WQXR, which broadcast on the AM band. Both of these earlier stations were commercial operations, broadcasting classical music and known as "the radio station of The New York Times". New York Public Radio acquired the WQXR-FM branding on July 14, 2009, as part of a three-way trade which also involved The New York Times Company—the previous owners of WQXR-FM—and Univision Radio. As a result of the deal, WQXR-FM became a non-commercial public radio station on a new FM frequency, now operated by New York Public Radio. Financial support includes three on-air pledge drives a year.

WQXR-FM's main programming is also carried by translator station W279AJ, 103.7 FM in Highland, New York, simulcast on WNYC-FM's 93.9 FM HD2 subchannel, and carried over Time Warner Cable television channel 590 in the Hudson Valley, New York. On July 29, 2013, programming began to be simulcast on the former WDFH, now WQXW, 90.3 FM in Ossining, New York, covering northern and central Westchester County. WQXR-FM's standard programming is streamed on its webcast.

Additional programming includes New Sounds Radio, focusing on classical works by living composers, which is both streamed and broadcast over WQXR-FM's HD2 subchannel. A streaming-only channel, Operavore, dedicated to opera music, was launched in 2012.

Original WQXR operations
WQXR-FM is the outgrowth of a "high-fidelity" AM station, WQXR. This station was founded as experimental station W2XR by John V. L. Hogan and Elliott Sanger, and began operating in New York City on March 26, 1929, as a mechanical television station. In conjunction with the television transmissions, the station commonly broadcast classical music. In 1936 it was converted into a standard AM broadcast station at 1560 kHz, licensed to New York City with the call letters WQXR.

One of the listeners was the inventor of wide band FM, Edwin Howard Armstrong. When Armstrong put his experimental FM station, W2XMN, on the air, he arranged to rebroadcast some of WQXR's programming. This ended in 1939, when Hogan and Sanger put their own experimental FM station on the air, W2XQR, just down the dial from Armstrong at 42.3 MHz. In 1941, the station began transmitting from the top of the Chanin Building, where it remained until 1965 when it moved to the top of the Empire State Building. Remnants of the original tower remain on the Chanin Building.

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) began licensing commercial FM stations in 1941, and W2XQR moved to 45.9 MHz, becoming W59NY. Effective November 1, 1943, the FCC modified its policy for FM call letters, and the station became WQXQ.

"The radio station of the New York Times" (1944–2009)
In 1944, Hogan and Sanger sold their holding company, Interstate Broadcasting Company, to the New York Times Company. When the FM broadcast band was moved from 42–50 MHz to its present frequency range of 88–108 MHz in 1945, WQXQ moved to 97.7 MHz. In early 1948 the call letters were changed to WQXR-FM, and its frequency, home of WQXR-FM for the next 64 years, to 96.3 MHz. WQXR was the first AM station in New York to experiment with broadcasting in stereo, beginning in 1952. During some of its live concerts, it used two microphones positioned six feet (two meters) apart. The microphone on the right led to its AM feed, and the one on the left to its FM feed, so a listener could position two radios with the same separation, one tuned to 1560 and the other to 96.3, and listen in stereo.

During the 1950s, WQXR-FM's programming was also heard on the Rural Radio Network on several stations in Upstate New York, including ones targeting Buffalo, Rochester, Syracuse and Albany. This ended when the RRN stations were sold to Pat Robertson's Christian Broadcasting Network. Both the AM and FM sides continued to simulcast each other until 1965, when the FCC began requiring commonly owned AM and FM stations in large markets to broadcast separate programming for at least part of the day. WQXR-FM concentrated on longer classical works, while WQXR (AM) aired lighter classical music and talk programs produced in conjunction with The New York Times. While this plan gave classical music fans two options, it also increased expenses for the stations.

In 1962, the QXR network was purchased by Novo Industrial Corporation but the WQXR stations remained under the New York Times Company ownership.

After briefly attempting to sell the WQXR stations in 1971, The New York Times was able to get a waiver of the simulcasting rules. The stations continued to duplicate each other until 1992, when the AM side changed its programming from classical to popular standards, becoming WQEW (now WFME). In 1998, the Times entered into a long-term lease for WQEW with ABC, a move which brought Radio Disney to New York City. The Times Company also included a purchase clause in the lease contract, and ABC exercised the option in 2007. This left WQXR-FM as the Times lone radio station and, following a sale of its group of television stations to Local TV LLC that same year, the Time's sole broadcasting property.

Operations on 105.9 MHz
The facility on 105.9 MHz, taken over by New York Public Radio in 2009, has a history dating back to the early 1960s. On September 19, 1961, following competitive hearings, an Initial Decision was issued recommending approval of an application from the Cosmopolitan Broadcasting Company for a new station, located in Newark, New Jersey on 105.9 MHz. A Construction Permit for the station, which was initially assigned the call letters WCOM, was granted on November 8, 1961, and the station's debut took place on July 15, 1962. On July 30, 1962, WCOM's call sign was changed to WHBI, inheriting the call letters of a New York City station at 1280 AM, whose license had been voluntarily canceled twelve days earlier.

In 1972, WHBI's 1969 application for license renewal was designated for an FCC hearing, to determine whether the owners were qualified to remain as licensees. A July 25, 1974, Initial Decision recommended against renewal. This recommendation was formally adopted on May 19, 1976, after finding that "Cosmopolitan had operated its broadcast facility so as virtually to relinquish all interest and control over the station's programming", and "As a result of its abdication of licensee responsibility, numerous violations of Commission Rules occurred, including (but not limited to) the promotion of a lottery, false and misleading advertising, improper logging, failure to meet filing requirements, and inadequate record keeping".

The FCC conducted hearings in order to award an Interim Operation authorization to run the station until a new permanent licensee was chosen. In 1982 the Global Broadcasting Group was selected as the interim operator. On April 20, 1985, the station call letters were changed to WNWK.

Additional comparative hearings were held to determine the station's new permanent licensee. This was awarded to Multicultural Radio Broadcasting, Inc., which assumed operations on August 20, 1992. On May 27, 1998, the station call letters were changed to WCAA. On February 13, 2007, the call sign became WQBU-FM, but was changed back to WCAA ten days later.

Frequency swap and sale to New York Public Radio (2009)

On July 14, 2009, the New York Times Company announced it was transferring the license for WQXR-FM on 96.3 FM to Univision Radio, in exchange for the license for Univision's WCAA on 105.9 MHz, with the sale slated to close in the second half of 2009. This exchange included a third party, WNYC Radio, which would take over operations of 105.9 FM from the Times, now as a non-commercial station. Univision paid the New York Times Company $33.5 million for the license for 96.3 MHz, and WNYC Radio paid the New York Times Company $11.5 million for 105.9 FM's license, equipment, and the WQXR call letters, music library and website.

The changes took place at 8:00 p.m. on October 8, 2009. Univision took over operation of the 96.3 FM facility, and changed its call letters from WQXR-FM to WCAA, which was then changed a week later to WXNY-FM. At the same time, the WQXR-FM call letters were moved to the former WCAA at 105.9 FM, with the station becoming a non-commercial radio station run by New York Public Radio. The last music played on 96.3 MHz as WQXR was a live recording of "West Side Story" - Symphonic Dances: 4. Mambo of Leonard Bernstein.

Although classical music under the WQXR-FM call letters continued to be broadcast for the greater New York City region after the transfer, the 105.9 FM facility has less range and population coverage than the previous operation on 96.3 FM. After the frequency swap, WQXR-FM transmissions continued to originate from the master antenna atop the Empire State Building. However, the former signal was 6,000 watts ERP (effective radiated power—the energy concentrated toward the horizon), with the new signal reduced to 610 watts. For comparison, the calculated signal strength on 105.9 FM at a distance of 30 miles (48 km, covering approximately 14.5 million people) is less than the 96.3 FM's signal at 50 miles (80 km, covering approximately 17.1 million people). Further limiting coverage is Hartford's WHCN, which also broadcasts on 105.9 MHz. Although WHCN has a directional antenna with a reduced signal toward WQXR's transmitter, the two stations interfere with each other where their signals overlap.

A translator station on 96.7 FM in Asbury Park, New Jersey previously relayed WQXR's programming, until the owner sold it and it was moved out of Asbury Park, meaning WQXR could no longer broadcast at that frequency.

title: WQXR-FM


text:
Mark Degli Antoni

Mark degli Antoni (sometimes credited as Mark De Gli Antoni) is an American composer, known for his work as co-founder and keyboard sampler for the band Soul Coughing from 1992 to 2000.

Since leaving Soul Coughing, he has devoted much of his energy toward film scoring. Film scores include Cherish, Marie and Bruce, the HBO documentary Roman Polanski: Wanted and Desired, Into the Abyss directed by Werner Herzog, Crown Heights directed by Matt Ruskin, and the Netflix documentary Get Me Roger Stone.

Antoni collaborated with his former Soul Coughing bandmate Sebastian Steinberg as part of the backing band on Miho Hatori's 2005 album Ecdysis. He has toured with Low, John Scofield, and David Byrne on the Songs of David Byrne and Brian Eno Tour.

title: Mark Degli Antoni


text:
Talk:WQXR-FM

Confirmation needed

 * On December 3, 1936, W2XR became WQXR and moved its studios to 730 5th Ave. in Manhattan.

--ChrisRuvolo (t) 04:12, 22 May 2005 (UTC)

Confirmed
According to announcements on the air and emails to its email followers, WQXR is celebrating its 80th birthday tomorrow, December 3, 2016, 80 years after W2XR became WQXR. Marty39 (talk) 02:40, 3 December 2016 (UTC)

Reorg
The history of W2XR/WQXR(AM)/WQEW belongs in the WQEW article (which I think should already cover everything); this article should be giving the history of W2XQR/WQXQ/WQXR-FM, which is completely glossed over. I'll see what I can do (starting with renaming the article per WP:NC). 121a0012 02:47, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

Audience size
I deleted the reference to "300,000 listeners" as probably unverifiable and replaced it with the Spring 2004 Arbitron 12+ 5a-midnight AQH from a convenient reference work. (That's the most recent number I had.) It's worth noting that not only is this still the largest audience of any comparable station; KDFC, KMZT-FM, WCRB, WFMT, WRR, and WCLV all have far smaller audiences. That 300,000 number may well be correct if it's cume (the total number of distinct listeners in a week); my reference doesn't include those figures. 121a0012 03:53, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

It's sad that I can no longer get the station I enjoyed for years in Connecticut on FM radio. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.182.179.163 (talk) 00:53, 4 November 2009 (UTC)

QXR Radio Network
Missing in the history is the QXR Radio Network which was a network consisting of a number of Classical Music radio stations which used rebroadcast receivers to link station-to-station for various live classical performances. I don't remember enough about this to add anything to the article, but I do remember WCRB, Boston -> WCRQ Providence -> W??? "Radio mountain in Meridan Connecticut" -> WQXR as the link for broadcasting live performances of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. I was Chief Engineer of WCRQ and assistant Chief of WCRB at the time. A similar reverse link worked for getting the New York Philharmonic into the Boston area. This was before FM Stereo caught on, so the multiple links provided real good mono fidelity. I wanted to make a sub-audible tone queing system for the network, but it was voted down because it was thought that the listener's "golden ears" would hear it and become annoyed! Then I proposed supersonic, 25kHz, and it was voted down for the same reason! I guess the "golden ears" lost out when stereo came about with it's 23 to 53kHz supersonics! Anyway, there was a lot of innovation in those days. -- LymanSchool 18:18, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
 * It would be great if you could find some more stuff about that and add it to the article, but I don't think me or anyone else is going to know more about it than you. See if you can find some information and add it; that sounds very interesting. -- BlastOButter42 See  Hear  Speak  23:21, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

On January 29 at 5:29 someone at the IP address 12.144.1.222 (contribs) (talk) changed and made a large-scale addition to the "History" section. I've removed it since it is pretty major and should have been discussed first, and is completely unverified. There might be some good stuff in there, though, so it's visible at (diff:). -- BlastOButter42 See  Hear  Speak  08:26, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

WQXR-FM on the air since 1939? You must be kidding.
Here is two suggestions:

1. (What does the WQXR call letters stand for?) - At this time, the WQXR logo with it's colored NYC skyline is different, despite it says classical.

2. I thought WNYC-FM is still the major classical music radio station in NYC. But I have almost no knowledge about WQXR or such, I think I will try to look at their website and playlists.

--4.160.219.249 04:26, 23 February 2007 (UTC)
 * WNYC is the NPR station in New York, and they do play some classical music in the evenings but it's mostly a talk/news/culture station. If you read the history section you'll see where WQXR's call letters come from. And the logo in this article is from WQXR's website. -- BlastOButter42 See  Hear  Speak  21:03, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:WQXR logo.gif
Image:WQXR logo.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 04:50, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

Should Australian professional rugby league player Kevin Gordon really be listed and linked as an announcer for WQXR? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.234.41.17 (talk) 06:24, 11 March 2010 (UTC)

Wacky links
Re the comment above, "Should Australian professional rugby league player Kevin Gordon really be listed and linked as an announcer for WQXR?":

In fact, quite a few of the Wikilinks provided for the WQXR announcers listed in this article take us to articles about different individuals with the same names. Hosenrollen (talk) 23:41, 29 November 2012 (UTC)

90.3 WQXW (formerly WDFH)
As of July 29, 2013, WQXR is simulcasting on WQXW (90.3 FM) in Ossining, NY: http://www.wqxr.org/#!/articles/wqxr-features/2013/jul/29/wqxr-expands-reach-wqxw-westchester/

WQXW is the former dial position of WDFH. WDFH is working to regroup as a nonprofit media production company: http://wdfh.org/splash-52.htm

--DrChuck68 (talk) 19:20, 10 August 2013 (UTC)

The former WQXR-FM is WXNY-FM
According to information from the FCC, WQXR is currently the Univision station WXNY-FM. The history of the radio is totally wrong. The original WQXR-FM is WXNY-FM, and the former WXNY-FM (or WCAA) is the current WQXR-FM.
 * http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/prefill_and_display.pl?Application_id=1331450&Service=FM&Form_id=314&Facility_id=29022
 * http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/call_hist.pl?Facility_id=29022&Callsign=WXNY-FM

--Mega-buses (discusión / Talk) 18:34, 22 November 2014 (UTC)

Religious programming
For decades the station aired live religious programming. A statement was added, followed by sourcing. Additionally the station decided to discontinue all non-sectarian programming. This statment was added, with citation.-- ☾Loriendrew☽  ☏(ring-ring)  14:12, 10 October 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:WQXR-FM


text: User talk:146.163.190.96

title: User talk:146.163.190.96


text:
User:Jim mahoney

Jim Mahoney Computer Science Marlboro College No, I haven't done anything useful here. Yet.

Sandbox time...

--Jim mahoney

ThisIsCamelCase

$$ \sqrt{2+a \over 3+a}$$

This is a link

http://cs.marlboro.edu/

[|Marlboro College]

title: User:Jim mahoney


text:
Vendetta Online

Vendetta Online is a twitch-based, science fiction massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) developed by Guild Software for the operating systems Android, Linux, Mac OS X, iOS, and Microsoft Windows. It uses the NAOS game engine, a fully real-time flight model and combat system, to offer first-person/third-person shooter-style player versus player and player versus environment battle action against the backdrop of a massively multiplayer universe. Vendetta Online shipped as a commercial MMORPG on November 1, 2004 with a subscription-based business model, although it has been running continuously since April 2002. Vendetta Online is available to play across a wide array of platforms, including the Oculus Rift virtual reality display, allowing all users to directly interact in a single, contiguous galaxy. It is also notable for its twitch combat and fidelity to real physics.

Gameplay
The twitch gameplay in Vendetta Online revolves around lining up a correct shot against enemy ships, while avoiding incoming fire. The dynamics of this can be complex, as ships are moving through 3-D space, and the weapons fire itself has a specific velocity, modified by the ships' absolute velocity. The ships mostly obey the laws of Newtonian Mechanics although a few artificial limits are put in place to increase the playability of the game. The control scheme includes a full six degrees of freedom, allowing users to assign keys or control axes (via joystick, thumb-stick, throttle, accelerometer, or touch area) to yaw, pitch, roll, and thrust along three axes. Ships can also be controlled with the mouse and keyboard using "mouselook" mode, in which the direction of view is controlled by the mouse and the ship's nose auto-corrects to catch up. Ships each have detailed specifications such as mass, thrust, torque, cargo capacity, top speed, turbo energy drain, armor, and weapon ports. There are also many variants of the main ship types, some holding certain advantages over others, with some advanced variants belonging to special factions. Depending on what equipment is being used, and what is carried in the cargo hold, the mass of the ship (and consequently maneuverability) will change greatly, affecting combat.

Weaponry
There are a wide variety of weapons in Vendetta Online, some requiring energy to fire, others relying on ammunition, proximity fuzes, target tracking, or some combination thereof. As most weapons have a cone of fire assisted by autoaim, effectively deploying weaponry relies less on careful aiming than it does on managing the ship's momentum, energy, attitude and distance to target. Knowledge of combat proves an effective tool, as a veteran pilot flying mediocre equipment will often defeat a less experienced pilot using superior equipment, by virtue of tactics alone. However, certain weapons do require careful aiming, such as railguns. Weapons may cause the target ship to be displaced, or to spin through concussive force. Weapons may also hit a target that has not been selected, or hit an unintended target or friendly ship.

Factions
In Vendetta Online, there are three playable nations and many minor factions. The nations are the Itani Nation, the Serco Dominion, and the Union of Independent Territories (usually referred to as the UIT). The Itani are reputed for their science and maneuverable ships, the Serco for their warrior nature and armored ships, and the UIT for their trading abilities and neutrality. Choosing which nation to play affects initial faction standings, and which missions will later become available.

Licenses and faction standing
Vendetta Online uses a five-category license system in which players earn experience toward different licenses by participating in different avenues of gameplay. For example, to earn a better trade license a player may trade commodities between stations for profit or take missions from the local trade guild. As a player's licenses improve, different ships and equipment may become available to purchase and various types of missions appear. The player's standing in the current faction that controls the space around them also affects what opportunities may be afforded them. Faction standing can be gained or lost through missions or by destroying ships of various alignment.

Long-term objectives
As the player progresses in licenses and faction, certain large-scale goals become available. The player may take part in the war against the Hive, an ever-expanding race of NPC Robots, vying for control of areas of space containing asteroids rich in valuable minerals. By banding together with other players, they may take down powerful enemies such as the Hive Queen or Leviathan, affecting Hive activities across many systems. The player may also join the military and take part in large scale conflict between the Serco and the Itani.

 * Conquerable Stations - Several conquerable stations are scattered across unclaimed systems on the outskirts of national territory (an area known as Greyspace). Controlling these stations allows players to manufacture unique items and weaponry. Conquering a station involves destroying all of the station's defensive turrets within a timed window of opportunity. Once all turrets have been destroyed, a short timer is triggered at the end of which the first player to dock with the station is given an access key, which may then be provided to allies. Whenever a conquerable station comes under attack, any player with a key is sent a message, allowing them to organize a defense or a counter-attack.
 * Capture the Cargo (CtC) - Serco and Itani convoys depart hourly from within Greyspace, bound for their respective national territories. These convoys carry a valuable good known as Purified Xithricite Ore, which cannot be found elsewhere in the game. Players can lie in wait along the convoy routes and ambush the ships, picking up the ore and redirecting it to their own nation. At the end of each week the ore is tallied, and players belonging to the winning nation are given access to a special weapon. The losing nation is able to keep 20% of the ore that was collected as a surplus, the winning nation begins with nothing. UIT players are able to help either side as they see fit.
 * Race Tracks - There are a series of racetracks in Greyspace that record player top times. The racetracks are in the form of tubes, with certain segments transparent and certain segments opaque, presenting a visual hazard. Some tracks include branching tubes, allowing multiple courses through a single track. Players may take damage by colliding with the tube walls at high speed, challenging them to find the best line through each track while avoiding the tube walls. There are checkpoints along the way that allow the player to gauge his or her lap time. At the end of every month an achievement badge is awarded to any player holding a top time on any track.
 * Deneb War - Players belonging to either the Itani or the Serco military are able to engage in battles along the border between the nations. Depending on the outcome of each battle, territory may be claimed for either nation. Battles range in size from small fighter skirmishes to large battles between fleets of opposing capital ships. War convoys are sent out daily to blockade the entrance to the losing nation from Greyspace. This affects convoys carrying Purified Xithricite Ore, as the convoy route lies along the area that is blockaded.

Manufacturing
In June 2009, the game acquired the ability for several players to serve as crew together on one ship. Two years later in June 2011, a guild of players finished construction of Vendetta Online's first player-owned capital ship. Player-owned capships are constructed through a series of manufacturing missions, in which the player delivers a list of necessary materials to the station, and receives the resulting components. The components are assembled through a final mission at a hidden capital shipyard station.

Various weapons, addons, and fighter class ships may be assembled through manufacturing missions as well. Most manufactured items hold some benefit over regularly purchased items. Material elements used in manufacturing are often scarce, including rare ore and unique items dropped by Hive robots. Manufactured items, together with the rare ore and components used to create them, form a base leg of Vendetta Online's emerging player economy.

Setting
Vendetta Online has a long backstory, which details the fate of humanity from 2140 to 4432. It was written by the lead game developer, John Bergman. The backstory is written from a historical perspective, from the viewpoint of an Itani monk chronicling the events leading to the galaxy's present state. It outlines drastic advances in the fields of medicine and biotechnology during political unrest and warfare on Earth, the discovery of a stable wormhole near Saturn leading to a solar system across the galaxy, and the subsequent exploration, colonization, and inadvertent exile humankind experiences as a result of the wormhole's collapse. The three national factions are described in great detail, including their origins, personality, and notable historical figures. Subterfuge, misunderstanding, and betrayal are common themes throughout the backstory.

Galactic Trade Standard
Galactic Trade Standard (GTS) is a fictional language unique to Vendetta Online. Similar to real-world East Asian languages, it includes both phonetic and symbolic alphabets. The phonetic alphabet is simplified to include major human sounds with few letters. The symbolic alphabet includes pictographic representations of objects and ideas relating to trade within Vendetta. The language was constructed to allow traders from foreign nations to communicate with one another easily, as certain nations spent centuries in isolation from each other before regaining contact. GTS can be found throughout the galaxy on projected neon signs outside of space stations, most often advertising goods and services but also sometimes including cryptic messages or humorous phrases.

Development
Vendetta Online's development team is relatively small compared to many other titles in the same genre, at its largest including four people. The four original developers are John Bergman, Ray Ratelis, Andy Sloane, and Waylon Brinck. John Bergman remains the managing director and has invested much of his own personal finances into the project. The game is based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and has been in development since 1998. In April 2002, the game opened with a public alpha test to prove the efficiency of the twitch style combat in the low bandwidth environment of that era. In November 2004, the game launched as a retail product, with the Linux mascot featured as part of the game box artwork. The retail-CD included Mac, Linux, and PC native versions of the game.

Since launch, the development team has maintained Mac, Linux, and PC support for the game, allowing users on all three platforms to play and interact in the same universe. In 2010, the developers announced that the game would be ported to Android devices, allowing mobile device users to play. In March 2011, the game became available on mobile devices with the Nvidia Tegra, making it the first true PC MMORPG to make the jump to mobile. In September 2011, Vendetta launched on the Xperia Play. By December 2011, the game was available on a number of Android phones, and in October 2012, it was launched for Windows mobile devices on Windows RT, becoming the first game to appear in both the Nvidia TegraZone market and the Windows Store. On April 17, 2013, Vendetta launched on iTunes for iOS devices including the iPad 2 and later. Vendetta was the only MMORPG available at launch on the Android-based Ouya console, and continues to be accessible from the Ouya store. On July 24, 2013, Vendetta officially launched support for the Oculus Rift family of devices, marking the first time a live MMORPG supported the virtual reality display. On October 20, 2016, Vendetta launched for Samsung Gear VR, UploadVR noting it as "the most ambitious space shooter on Gear VR so far". On March 30, 2017, Vendetta launched for Google Daydream VR. On September 21, 2017, Vendetta officially launched for iPhone. On June 9, 2018, Vendetta launched for Oculus Go.

Users on all platforms are fed into the same, contiguous galaxy, where they can directly interact. The gameplay itself has been described as "device agnostic", meaning that users are able to approach the game with an even level of parity across platforms, and are blind to what platform other players with whom they are interacting are using. In general, the development team has a good relationship with the Vendetta Online user-base, often stopping to play online along with subscribed users and responding to user comments, questions and suggestions.

Player Contribution Corps
The PCC (Player Contribution Corps) is a hand-picked group of players that creates content for the game (mainly missions). These players use an in-house developed browser-based mission editor and submit their content to a publicly accessible test server. There the mission can be tested by anyone, and commented on. The mission can then be resubmitted, based on new suggestions. Typically, this process requires several months or more for a mission tree to be brought up to standard and implemented.

The PCC is a separate group from the remainder of the player base as an additional emphasis on "Trust, Maturity, Involvement and English" is expected of them. This is in part to ensure that the PCC remains a productive and collaborative environment that continues to produce high-quality content. The PCC is also responsible for helping design Lua code for the game's User Interface, and testing new equipment before it becomes widely available. The PCC remains an innovative development on the MMO scene, bridging the gap between "sandbox" style player-contributed content and traditional top-down corporate game design, generated in a method reminiscent of Lucas' 'Expanded Universe'.

Reception
Upon initial release, Vendetta Online received mixed reviews. GameSpot's 2005 review rated Vendetta as "good", highlighting the novel twitch-based space combat, and a successful implementation of multiplayer space trading and combat gameplay. However, it was felt that the limited content did not justify the subscription value, and the ship designs were deemed to be uninspiring. A more recent review by Kotaku stated that Vendetta was "a deep game with an intuitive interface" taking note of the port to Android mobile devices. Macworld called Vendetta "a brilliant online gaming experience, clearly influenced by classic space games Elite and Frontier". Joystiq praised Vendetta's development saying "For active developer participation, Vendetta Online definitely runs near the head of the pack and might even lead it". In January of 2013, Darrell Etherington of TechCrunch named Vendetta "The Most Multiplatform MMO Game Ever".

title: Vendetta Online


text:
Kate Wolf

Kate Wolf (born Kathryn Louise Allen; January 27, 1942 – December 10, 1986) was an American folk singer and songwriter. Though her career was relatively short, she had a significant impact on the folk music scene. Her best-known compositions include "Here in California", "Love Still Remains", "Across the Great Divide", "Unfinished Life", “Green Eyes” and "Give Yourself to Love". She recorded six albums as a solo artist. She was elected to the NAIRD Independent Music Hall of Fame in 1987. Her songs have since been recorded by Nanci Griffith and Emmylou Harris (whose recording of "Love Still Remains" was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1999 ).

Biography
Wolf was born in San Francisco to John Fred Allen (*1915) and Ernestine Ruth Allen, née Endicott (1918−1996). She began studying piano at 4 but quit at 16 because of her shyness. During their senior year (1959–60) at Berkeley High School, Kathy Allen and Marian Auerbach (now Shapiro) sang folk songs at the Berkeley High School Talent Shows (1957 and 1960). Aged 19, she first met Saul Wolf, an architecture student at UC Berkeley, and they married after two years. They had two children, born in 1964 and 1967.

In 1969 she became part of the Big Sur music community and developed rapidly as a guitarist and songwriter, influenced by such friends as Gil "Jellyroll" Turner and George Schroder. In 1971, she parted from Saul Wolf on good terms and moved to Sonoma County and formed her first band, The Wildwood Flower, with Don Coffin whom she later married.

Her first album, Back Roads, released in 1976 on her own label, Owl Records, was recorded in a living room with the band Wildwood Flower and was "remarkably well done." An important mentor, friend and touring companion was Utah Phillips. In 1979, she separated from Don Coffin, and the Wildwood Flower folded, but guitarist and mandolin player Nina Gerber became her accompanist for the rest of her career.

She married again in 1982 to Terry Fowler until her death in 1986. She died in December 1986, at age 44, after a long struggle with leukemia. She's buried at a small church cemetery in Goodyears Bar, California. In 1987, the World Folk Music Association established the Kate Wolf Award to honor her memory.

Discography

 * Back Roads (1976) (billed as Kate Wolf and the Wildwood Flower)
 * Lines on the Paper (1977) (billed as Kate Wolf and the Wildwood Flower)
 * Safe at Anchor (1979)
 * Close to You (1980)
 * Give Yourself to Love (1982)
 * Poet's Heart (1985)
 * Gold in California – A Retrospective of Recordings (1986)
 * The Wind Blows Wild (1988)
 * An Evening in Austin (1988)
 * Looking Back at You (1994)
 * Carry It On (1996)
 * Weaver of Visions – The Kate Wolf Anthology (2000)
 * Live in Mendocino (2018)

A live performance by Kate Wolf in 1981, comprising seven songs on which she is accompanied by Nina Gerber and Ford James, is included in the 2024 album Bear's Sonic Journals: Sing Out!.

Wolf, with fellow musician Don Coffin to whom she was married at the time, also appears on the 1973 album We Walked by the Water by folksinger Lionel Kilberg. This album was re-released in 1995 under the title Breezes and credited to Wolf alone on the front cover. Her family has stated that Wolf did not consider these songs as representative of her work.

Both Kilberg's We Walked by the Water and Wolf's own album Lines on the Paper are dedicated to Gil Turner, who Wolf and Coffin first met via Lionel Kilberg. Wolf subsequently recorded her own version of Turner's much-covered folk anthem "Carry It On".

A number of Wolf's albums were done in collaboration with Bill Griffin.

Music festival
Wolf's music was celebrated each year toward the end of June at the Kate Wolf Memorial Music Festival held at Black Oak Ranch in Laytonville, California. Several thousand guests attended this outdoor festival, which was regularly headlined by popular folk musicians such as Nina Gerber and Greg Brown. The festival traditionally closed with Wolf's song "Give Yourself to Love".

The 25th annual Kate Wolf Music Festival was scheduled for June 2020, then postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It took place 2 years later, as a 4-day festival, rescheduled to June 23–26, 2022. According to the promoters, Back Road Productions, 2022 was the final Kate Wolf Music Festival.

Tributes and covers
Track listing:
 * American folk duo Buskin and Batteau wrote "Never Cry Wolf" as a tribute to Wolf.
 * Scottish-born Australian singer-songwriter Eric Bogle wrote "Katie and the Dreamtime Land" as a tribute to Wolf.
 * Greg Brown wrote and performed "Kate's Guitar", which is on his 2004 album In the Hills of California, recorded live at the Kate Wolf Memorial Music Festival.
 * 'Gaelic Americana' singer Kyle Carey covered Wolf's song "Across the Great Divide" which is on her 2014 album North Star.
 * "Across the Great Divide" is the first track on Nanci Griffith's 1993 cover album called Other Voices, Other Rooms. She is accompanied by Emmylou Harris.
 * Klezmer revival folk musicians Daniel Kahn and Sarah Mina Gordon premiered a Yiddish-language cover of Wolf's "Telluride" at the Yiddish Book Center's YidStock Klezmer Festival in July 2019.
 * Songwriter, Joel Koosed, upon hearing on the radio of Wolf's death, wrote "Goodbye, Kate Wolf."
 * [[Image:Treasures-left-behind.png|right|thumb|Treasures Left Behind]]In 1998, a tribute album titled Treasures Left Behind: Remembering Kate Wolf was released by Red House Records. The album contains Wolf songs performed by various artists and the booklet contains tributes and remembrances about her.
 * "Give Yourself to Love" (Kathy Mattea)
 * "These Times We're Living In" (Dave Alvin)
 * "Friend of Mine" (Nanci Griffith)
 * "Sweet Love" (John Gorka)
 * "Here in California" (Lucinda Williams)
 * "Like a River" (Peter Rowan & The Rowan Brothers)
 * "Carolina Pines" (Cris Williamson & Tret Fure)
 * "See Here, She Said" (U. Utah Phillips)
 * "In China, or a Woman's Heart" (Rosalie Sorrels)
 * "Tequila and Me" (Greg Brown & Ferron)
 * "Back Roads" (Nina Gerber)
 * "Cornflower Blue" (Eric Bogle)
 * "Love Still Remains" (Emmylou Harris)
 * "Thinking About You" (Terry Garthwaite)
 * In 2002, Will Oldham under the name Bonny Billy and Rainywood (who would later become Brightblack Morning Light) released a Kate Wolf tribute split single. Oldham covered Wolf's "Brother Warrior" while Rainywood covered Wolf's "Cornflower Blue". The single was issued by Oldham's Palace Records through Drag City Records.

title: Kate Wolf


text:
Talk:Hidden variable

Hidden variables
Hidden variables are important in statistics, so instead of redirecting this to the Hidden variables theory (in physics), as now, I suggest to make this page a disambiguation page. Cema 04:18, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I have no problems with this proposal - especially because I feel that they're not *that* important in physics - perhaps only in philosophy of physics, and even there, they are a marginal direction. --Lumidek 12:45, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah. Uh...so? Will someone please take it up? :-) Cema 03:06, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Requested Move June 6, 2011

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved per discussion. - GTBacchus(talk) 00:41, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

Hidden variables → Hidden variable – WP:DABNAME states singular names should be preferred to plural names. Hidden variable is already a redirect article with a history, so an administrator is needed? Spacexplosion[talk] 16:05, 13 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:PLURAL. –CWenger ( ^ •  @ ) 20:31, 13 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. The singular has a valid meaning as "one of this plural collection" (not an intrinsically plural topic). DMacks (talk) 05:28, 20 June 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Hidden variable


text:
Nagata–Smirnov metrization theorem

In topology, the Nagata–Smirnov metrization theorem characterizes when a topological space is metrizable. The theorem states that a topological space $$X$$ is metrizable if and only if it is regular, Hausdorff and has a countably locally finite (that is, $\sigma$-locally finite) basis.

A topological space $$X$$ is called a regular space if every non-empty closed subset $$C$$ of $$X$$ and a point p not contained in $$C$$ admit non-overlapping open neighborhoods. A collection in a space $$X$$ is countably locally finite (or 𝜎-locally finite) if it is the union of a countable family of locally finite collections of subsets of $$X.$$

Unlike Urysohn's metrization theorem, which provides only a sufficient condition for metrizability, this theorem provides both a necessary and sufficient condition for a topological space to be metrizable. The theorem is named after Junichi Nagata and Yuriĭ Mikhaĭlovich Smirnov, whose (independent) proofs were published in 1950 and 1951, respectively.

title: Nagata–Smirnov metrization theorem