text:
Talk:List of first black Major League Baseball players

MLB expansion teams after 1960
Shouldn't the teams that started after 1960 also be added? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.188.116.137 (talk) 22:10, 13 December 2004

 * All MLB expansion teams have been integrated since day one. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.171.78.235 (talk) 03:01, 15 August 2005

First 20 by date
I'd like to make a list of the first 20 black MLB players not by team, but just by date. can anyone help make such a list? Kingturtle 07:07, 7 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I listed the first seven: . It would take further research to determine whether Monte Irvin, or another Brooklyn, Cleveland or St. Louis Browns player was #8. wbm1058 (talk) 22:53, 16 June 2017 (UTC)

 * This reference is good enough for me. It claims, he was #7, but they missed Campanella. wbm1058 (talk) 00:00, 17 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Hmm, from the comments section "My list shows that Irvin was the 9th - J. Robinson, L. Doby, H. Thompson, W. Brown, D. Bankhead, R. Campanella, S. Paige, and D. Newcombe came before Monte. That list doesn't include the darker skinned Latins like Minnie Minoso who also preceded Irvine.  It gets complicated since many Latins played before Jackie's debut (over 40 individuals) but they were of lighter skin apparently."
 * What do you do when mlb.com can't be relied upon as an accurate source? In the future, their writers may rely on Wikipedia as the best source! wbm1058 (talk) 00:08, 17 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes, 48 Latins played in the Majors before Robinson, of which 13 also played in the Negro Leagues. Supposedly they were "vetted" and found not to contain "black blood" but who can say for sure? Thus it is claimed that the Red Sox were not the last to integrate, but the first, with Ramon "Mike" Herrera in 1925, althouhg 17 Latins came before him. It is a fascinating subject, but one that likely will never be completey resolved. 96.237.184.133 (talk) 18:38, 4 June 2024 (UTC)

✅ thanks to the Society for American Baseball Research for the reference. wbm1058 (talk) 14:58, 17 June 2017 (UTC)

Rename article
If anyone is interested, this blog entry suggests that the article may need to be renamed. I don't know much about this subject, so I leave it to someone who does know more. Jokermage "Timor Mentum Occidit" 17:03, 26 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't know what you had in mind as I couldn't find that old blog, but I just generalized the title by moving the page from List of first black Major League Baseball players by team to List of first black Major League Baseball players. – wbm1058 (talk) 22:05, 16 June 2017 (UTC)

Moses Fleetwood Walker
The book the 50 biggest baseball myths states that Moses Fleetwood Walker in 1884 was the first black player... or at least that he predated Robinson by 60 years. Mglovesfun —Preceding undated comment added 04:28, 17 August 2006
 * I agree, the scope of this article is not specifically defined enough. It appears that the intent is to show the first black player for each Major League team after the "Color Barrier" was broken. Neonblak 14:36, 14 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Indeed. I made this more clear by making the qualifier a hatnote. wbm1058 (talk) 21:58, 16 June 2017 (UTC)

Where are the other Dodgers???
There are multiple players from other teams (such as the Indians), where are the other Dodgers (Roy Campanella, etc) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dodger55fan (talk • contribs) 21:41, 18 January 2010 (UTC)
 * It's the first black player per team. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 02:17, 7 March 2010 (UTC)

2016 continuation
I agree. I tried to add Roy Campanella last evening, but some reversed that change today. I did not try to add Campy as prior to Robinson, simply to include him in the list as are other ballplayers. The person who reversed the list argued that R.C. should not be included because Robinson preceded him. Of course. But the list includes several teams with more than one entry. There is no reason not to include R.C. The person who reversed seems to misunderstand the title of the article. The earliest players should be listed, even if there is more than one player from each team. - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Aremkay — Preceding unsigned comment added by Aremkay (talk • contribs) 20:13, 12 April 2016 (UTC)
 * I am the dynamic IP that reverted your addition. This list is limited the the first black player per team -- the first one, not the first few. No team has more than one chronological entry (note: the Giants & Reds have 2 players listed because they both debuted in the same game on the same day). However, changing the scope of the list to the first few (say, 5 or 10?) black players per team would not be a horrible idea.  But you would need to define the scope of the list and also you would need to come to the table with a good list for each team.  This is possibly do-able, but you would need to have sources and players for all teams, not just Campy for the Dodgers.  Rgrds. (Dynamic IP, will change when I log off.) --64.85.216.81 (talk) 01:19, 13 April 2016 (UTC)

Where is Satchel Paige?
I got on here to try and remember Satchel Paige's name to buy my wife a book about him, and I had to ask her because he's not on this list. I'm pretty sure he was the second black player to play in the white leagues. --68.44.13.238 (talk) 02:01, 7 March 2010 (UTC)Chezzo Osman
 * No. He was signed by the Cleveland Indians, who had already signed Larry Doby, at least. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 02:16, 7 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Second black pitcher, and first in the American league. Dan Bankhead of the Dodgers was the first. Paige's bio says that he was the seventh overall Black player in the majors. The Dodgers, Indians and St. Louis Browns each had added their second Black players before any other team added their first. wbm1058 (talk) 21:06, 16 June 2017 (UTC)

Ozzie Virgil, or Bill Bruton and Jake Wood?
The list and most baseball historians consider Ozzie Virgil, Sr., a Dominican, to have broken the color line for the Tigers in June 1958 (making them 15th of the Original 16 to do so), with Pumpsie Green making the Red Sox the 16th of the 16 in July 1959. However, Red Sox-related biographical articles on Joe Cronin, Bucky Harris and Pinky Higgins (and perhaps others, although not this article or Green's bio) have been edited in the past few months to state that Detroit was really the last team to integrate in 1961, when African-American players Bill Bruton and Jake Wood were in their starting lineup on Opening Day. If the color line excluded all players of known African descent, and if Virgil qualifies as such, these edits to the Red Sox pages should be deleted. Not known whether the editor considers Afro-Latino players or only African-American players in his ranking of the Red Sox ahead of the Tigers in desegregation.McGill1974 (talk) 00:07, 2 January 2014 (UTC)
 * I've added a reference to Tygiel's book, which says "In April 1958, an ad hoc civil rights group, the Briggs Stadium Boycott Committee, threatened a fan boycott of Tiger games unless the club desegregated. Club officials delayed the protest action with pledges to to end its all-white policies as soon as possible. On June 6, the Tigers fulfilled this promise when they called up black third baseman Ossie Virgil, obtained in a preseason trade with the Giants, from their Charleston farm team." There are many other sources as well, but Tygiel is one of the most authoritative authors on desegregation. BRMo (talk) 06:18, 2 January 2014 (UTC) Here are a couple of contemporary newspaper articles that describe Virgil as "the first Negro to wear a Tiger uniform":, . BRMo (talk) 06:40, 2 January 2014 (UTC)

Larry Doby played 18 games with the Tigers before being sold to the White Sox on May 13, 1959. So if Latins are no longer considered "black," then Doby would be the first black Tiger. 74.104.189.176 (talk) 16:04, 19 May 2021 (UTC)

replacement firsts?
Since "black" now means American blacks, not Latin blacks, will some of these firsts be replaced?

For the record: Bob Boyd 1951 replaces Minnie Minoso 1951, White Sox

Curt Roberts 1954 replaces Carlos Bernier 1953, Pirates

Chuck Harmon 1954 replaces Nino Escalera 1954, Reds

Joe Black 1957 replaces Carlos Paula 1954, Senators

Larry Doby 1959 replaces Ozzie Virgil Sr. 1958, Tigers...but before Pumpsie Green of the Red Sox...

74.104.189.176 (talk) 16:05, 19 May 2021 (UTC)

 * What do you mean by Since "black" now means American blacks...? I was not aware of this. Who made this declaration? I can research this if you can give me some context.  Rgrds. --Bison X (talk) 00:09, 9 July 2021 (UTC)

Well, it may not be the case everywhere, but it sure is in Boston. Last year when Mookie Betts was traded, Jackie Bradley Jr. lamented that he was now the "only black" on the Red Sox, despite Xander Bogaerts, Raefel Devers, and several others. The press agreed with him, and now that he's gone too, they talk about the “uncomfortable reality” of there being no blacks on the team, which of course isn’t counting black Latin players...depending on roster status, I believe this year there have been 8 altogether. But yes, I'd be interested to know if any other teams do not have any black players, based on this new definition. I'm not that familiar with many of today's players by name. BTW, Torrii Hunter was famous for saying that Latin players aren't black back in 2010. 74.104.189.176 (talk) 14:46, 9 July 2021 (UTC)

who's REALLY first
With regards to who was the first for each team, there are differences between what baseball officially “recognizes” and what actually happened. As you note, Carlos Bernier was the first black player for the Pirates in 1953, not Curt Roberts in 1954. Has there ever been an official explanation as to why he is not acknowledged, beyond the nonsensical presumption that Puerto Ricans can’t be black?

Now when two players are listed as first, this could happen if both entered the game as fielders at the same time, as for example starters for the home team, although obviously it could happen later in the game as well. But in the two cases listed, that is not what happened. For the Giants, Thompson played the entire game at second base, while Irvin was a late game pinch hitter, so Thompson was first. And for the Reds, both Escalera and Harmon entered the game as pinch hitters, with Escalera first. 74.104.189.176 (talk) 13:48, 23 May 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart

Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart (24 March 1739 – 10 October 1791), was a German poet, organist, composer, and journalist. He was repeatedly punished for his social-critical writing and spent ten years in severe conditions in jail.

Life
Born at Obersontheim in Swabia, he entered the University of Erlangen in 1758 as a student of theology. He led a dissolute life, and after two years' stay was summoned home by his parents. After attempting to earn a livelihood as private tutor and as assistant preacher, his musical talents gained him the appointment of organist in Geislingen an der Steige. Meeting Schubart in Ludwigsburg in 1772, Charles Burney called him "the first, real great harpsichord player that I had hitherto met with in Germany ... He is formed on the Bach school; but is an enthusiast, and original in genius. Many of his pieces are printed in Holland; they are full of taste and fire. He played on the Clavichord, with great delicacy and expression; his finger is brilliant, and fancy rich." Schubart was unappreciated in Ludwigsburg, according to Burney: "The common people think him mad, and the rest overlook him." As a consequence of his wild life and blasphemy, found expressed in a parody of the litany, he was later expelled from the country.

He then visited in turn Heilbronn, Mannheim, Munich and Augsburg. In Augsburg, he made a considerable stay, began his Deutsche Chronik (German Chronicle, 1774–1778) and eked out a subsistence by reciting from the latest works of prominent poets.

In 1775, Schubart witnessed a piano playing competition in Munich between Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Franz Ignaz von Beecke. He wrote in his Teutsche Chronik (27 April 1775) that in his opinion, von Beecke played far better than Mozart: "In Munich... I heard two of the greatest clavier players, Mr Mozart and Captain von Beecke. Mozart’s playing had great weight, and he read at sight everything that we put before him. But no more than that; Beecke surpasses him by a long way. Winged agility, grace and melting sweetness."

Owing to a bitter attack upon the Jesuits, he was expelled from Augsburg and fled to Ulm, where he was arrested in 1777 and confined in the fortress of Hohenasperg.

Here he met with lenient treatment, and he spent the time by a study of mystical works and in composing poetry. His Sämtliche Gedichte (Complete Poems) appeared in two volumes at Stuttgart in 1785/1786 (new edition by Gustav Hauff, Leipzig, 1884, in Reclams Universal-Bibliothek); in this collection most of the pieces are characterized by the "Sturm und Drang" period. One of the poems he wrote there and published in the Schwäbischer Musen-Almanach in 1783 was Die Forelle (The Trout), set to music by Franz Schubert in 1817.

He was set free in 1787 by Frederick the Great, king of Prussia, and expressed his gratitude in "Hymnus auf Friedrich den Grossen" ("Hymn to Frederick the Great"). Schubart was now appointed musical director and manager of the theatre at Stuttgart, where he continued his Deutsche Chronik and began his autobiography, Schubarts Leben und Gesinnungen ("Schubart's Life and Thoughts", 2 vols, 1791–1793), but he died before its completion in Stuttgart. His Gesammelte Schriften und Schicksale (Collected Writings and Fates) appeared in 8 volumes (Stuttgart, 1839–1840).

Among Schubart's musical works are the operetta Die glücklichen Reisenden, the melodrama Evas Klage bei des Messias Tod, three books of Musikalische Rhapsodien (1786), a "Salve Regina", and various songs and keyboard pieces.

title: Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart


text: Category:Education in Greece

title: Category:Education in Greece


text:
MR 0-10-0 Lickey Banker

In 1919, the Midland Railway built a single 0-10-0 steam locomotive, No 2290 (later LMS (1947) 22290 and BR 58100). It was designed by James Anderson for banking duties on the Lickey Incline in Worcestershire (south of Birmingham), England. It became known as "Big Bertha" or "Big Emma" by railwaymen and railway enthusiasts.

Banking on the Lickey Incline
The Lickey Incline is the steepest sustained main-line railway incline in Great Britain. The function of a banker is to provide extra power on steep inclines by being added to the rear of other trains. Bankers were also used to protect against wagons or coaches breaking away, in which case they might run in front of a train going downhill. They largely went out of use with the introduction of advanced braking systems and diesel and electric locomotives, although banking on the Lickey Incline continues as of 2024 using a pool of specialised Class 66 diesel-electric locomotives.

Numbering
No 2290 was built at the Derby Works of the Midland Railway in 1919 and was in use up to the year 1956 by the LMS and British Railways. She was numbered 2290 from new and kept this number through most of her LMS life, but was renumbered to 22290 in 1947 to make room for the numbering of a Fairburn 2-6-4T. Only a year later it was renumbered to 58100 by BR, since adding 40000 to its number (as was done with the majority of LMS engines) would have put it in the 6XXXX ex-LNER series.

Specification
Big Bertha's cylinder arrangement was unusual. There were four cylinders but only two sets of piston valves because there was insufficient space under the smokebox to fit piston valves for the inside cylinders. Instead, the large outside piston valves (as well as supplying the outside cylinders) supplied the inside cylinders through cross-over steam ports. The steam-flow characteristics would have been poor (because of the length of the ports) but this would not have mattered in an engine that ran only at slow speed. It has been suggested that this design has been influenced by the four-cylinder cross-ported arrangement of the Italian 0-10-0 FS Class 470 heavy freight locomotive (in which this was motivated by its being part of an asymmetrical compound design), of which a complete set of drawings were stored at Derby.

With a weight of 105 long ton and ten 4 ft diameter driving wheels, Bertha had a tractive effort of 43300 lbf. It, the LMS Garratts, and the LNER Class U1 Garratt were the only locomotives not given a power classification by either the LMS or BR, either because the bankers were designed specifically for the job of providing extra power at slow speeds and were not suitable for normal train working, or because their starting tractive effort fell outside the system and it was not worth extending it for so few machines.

Withdrawal
The engine was withdrawn on 19 May 1956 and scrapped by Derby Works in September 1957, having covered 838856 miles, mostly on the Lickey. BR Standard Class 9F number 92079 took over, acquiring Big Bertha's electric headlight for the duty. The other banking turns on the Lickey were operated by Midland Railway 2441 Class, LMS Fowler Class 3F 0-6-0Ts, and GWR 9400 Class pannier tanks often in pairs, operation being controlled by a complicated system of whistle codes.

title: MR 0-10-0 Lickey Banker


text:
Christian McBride

Christian McBride (born May 31, 1972) is an American jazz bassist, composer and arranger. He has appeared on more than 300 recordings as a sideman, and is an eight-time Grammy Award winner.

McBride has performed and recorded with a number of jazz musicians and ensembles, including Freddie Hubbard, McCoy Tyner, Herbie Hancock, Pat Metheny, Joe Henderson, Diana Krall, Roy Haynes, Chick Corea, Wynton Marsalis, Eddie Palmieri, Joshua Redman, and Ray Brown's "SuperBass" with John Clayton, as well as with pop, hip-hop, soul and classical musicians like Sting, Paul McCartney, Celine Dion, Isaac Hayes, The Roots, Queen Latifah, Kathleen Battle, Renee Fleming, Carly Simon, Bruce Hornsby, and James Brown.

Early life
McBride was born in Philadelphia on May 31, 1972. After starting on bass guitar, McBride switched to double bass. He is a graduate of the Philadelphia High School for Creative and Performing Arts, and studied at the Juilliard School.

Later life and career
McBride was heralded as a teen prodigy when he joined saxophonist Bobby Watson's group, Horizon, at the age of 17. From age 17 to 22, McBride played in the bands of older musicians such as Watson, Freddie Hubbard, Benny Golson, George Duke, Milt Jackson, J. J. Johnson and Hank Jones, as well as his peers such as Roy Hargrove, Benny Green, and Joshua Redman. In 1996, jazz bassist Ray Brown formed a group called SuperBass with McBride and fellow Brown protégé John Clayton. The group released two albums: SuperBass: Live at Scullers (1997) and SuperBass 2: Live at the Blue Note (2001). McBride was a member of saxophonist Joshua Redman's Quartet in the early 1990s with pianist Brad Mehldau and drummer Brian Blade. McBride began leading his own groups in 1995 after the release of his debut album Gettin' to It (Verve). Saxophonist Tim Warfield, pianists Charles Craig and Joey Calderazzo, and drummers Carl Allen and Greg Hutchinson are among the musicians who played in McBride's early groups. From 2000 to 2008, McBride led his own ensemble, the Christian McBride Band, with saxophonist Ron Blake, pianist/keyboardist Geoffrey Keezer, and drummer Terreon Gully. The band released two albums: Vertical Vision (Warner Bros., 2003) and Live at Tonic (Ropeadope, 2006).

In 1996, McBride contributed to the AIDS benefit album Offbeat: A Red Hot Soundtrip produced by the Red Hot Organization.

McBride primarily plays double bass, but he is equally adept on bass guitar. He played both on the album The Philadelphia Experiment, which included keyboardist Uri Caine and hip-hop drummer Ahmir "Questlove" Thompson. Other projects have included tours and recordings with the Pat Metheny Trio, the Bruce Hornsby Trio, and Queen Latifah. Like Paul Chambers, McBride can solo by playing his bass arco style.

In 2006, McBride was named to the position of Creative Chair for Jazz with the Los Angeles Philharmonic, taking over from Dianne Reeves. He was signed to a two-year contract that was renewed for an additional two years. He was succeeded by Herbie Hancock in 2010.

McBride performed with Sonny Rollins and Roy Haynes at Carnegie Hall on September 18, 2007, in commemoration of Rollins' 50th anniversary of his first performance there. McBride was also tapped by CBS to be a producer for the tribute to Rollins on the 2011 Kennedy Center Honors broadcast.

In 2008, McBride joined John McLaughlin, Chick Corea, Kenny Garrett and Vinnie Colaiuta in a jazz fusion supergroup called the Five Peace Band. They released an album in February 2009 and completed their world tour in May of that year, as Brian Blade took over for Vinnie Colaiuta as drummer in Asia and some US concerts. The album Five Peace Band Live won the 2010 Grammy Award for Best Jazz Instrumental Album, Individual or Group

In 2011 McBride released his first big band album, The Good Feeling, for which he won the Grammy for Best Large Jazz Ensemble Performance.

McBride leads five groups: Inside Straight, featuring alto/soprano saxophonist Steve Wilson, vibraphonist Warren Wolf, pianist Peter Martin and drummer Carl Allen; a trio featuring pianist Christian Sands and drummer Jerome Jennings; his 18-piece big band; an experimental group called A Christian McBride Situation with pianist/keyboardist Patrice Rushen, turntablists DJ Logic and Jahi Sundance, saxophonist Ron Blake and vocalist Alyson Williams; and the New Jawn, featuring trumpeter Josh Evans, saxophonist Marcus Strickland, and drummer Nasheet Waits.

In March 2016, McBride was named artistic director of the Newport Jazz Festival, succeeding the festival's founder and artistic director, George Wein.

McBride hosts NPR's radio show, Jazz Night In America.

Personal life
Christian is married to jazz singer and educator Melissa Walker. Walker, with contributions by McBride, leads the Jazz House Kids, a jazz school in their home town of Montclair, New Jersey. Each summer, they both appear at the Montclair Jazz Festival, along with student ensembles led by the instructors, professional ensembles composed of instructors, and guest acts.

McBride shared the story of his first encounters with Freddie Hubbard in "The Gig" and his relationship with James Brown in "Mr. Soul On Top" on The Moth Radio Hour, a radio show and podcast devoted to story-telling.

James Moody Jazz Festival
McBride curates and advises the annual James Moody Jazz Festival.

Compilations

 * It's Christmas on Mack Avenue (Mack Avenue, 2014)

title: Christian McBride


text:
User:ArgentLA

I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

title: User:ArgentLA


text:
User talk:Random account 47/Global climate change

 * (William M. Connolley 22:24, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)) I took the liberty of moving this page from your user talk space to your user space, which is I think what you would have wanted. This leaves your user talk sapce free to talk about your user space... so the proposal is at:

 * User:Benapgar/Global climate change

 * Anyway: comments: its not unreasonable, but I can't see how it can replace the global warming page. If you come to wiki looking (as Joe Public) for climate change, you are not going to search for GCC. You are going to search for GW. And note that the GW page is already over 32k, so putting its text inside another page makes no sense from that POV either.

It's supposed to be a new page, not a replacement for GW.

 * (William M. Connolley 15:02, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)) THen why does it say: The 19th century to present global warming page would be much like the current (Global warming) page.?

 * I am talking about a (19th century to present global warming) page, not a (Global climate change) page. They would be entirely different pages. I had already updated the proposal to include this change. The current trend needs its own page, as it won't all fit on gl cl ch. User:Benapgar/Proposal--Ben 22:31, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

My current idea for the GW page is that GW should either be divided up into "Global Warming" as a term, and theories on how it can happen, etc. and after that general information, "Global warming" as the current trend, with observations, and theories about the causes for this particular trend.

Or, create a new page (I suggested 19th century to present global warming, though that's too long) just for the current trend. I think this way will give a consistent style to entries on specific global climate changes, past and present (the other way would still help in my opinion).

I know Joe Public will search for either global warming, or climate change, but if the information they seek is only a single click away, or even just further down the page I don't think that will matter. If someone looks up "climate change" and only sees stuff about climate change in general, but then sees a link to "Global climate change" they'll think: ah, that's what I want, and go to the GCC page. Then they'll see that page, and find the "Current Global Climate Changes" and get to what they want. Or, they look up "global warming" and only see it described generally, and then they either see "Current global warming trend (sometimes simply known as Global Warming)" on that page, or a link to "Global Climate Change," or a direct link to "19th century to present GW," then they'll go to that page.

I would like GCC to be an overview page, or a home page, from which people can then learn about different things from it, rather than wandering through the topic. --Ben 01:05, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Harry Crookshank

Harry Frederick Comfort Crookshank, 1st Viscount Crookshank, (27 May 1893 – 17 October 1961), was a British Conservative politician. He was Minister of Health between 1951 and 1952 and Leader of the House of Commons between 1951 and 1955.

Background and education
Crookshank was born in Cairo, Egypt, the son of Harry Maule Crookshank and Emma, daughter of Major Samuel Comfort, of New York City. On his father's side, he descended from Alexander Crookshank, of County Longford, Ireland, who represented Belfast in the Irish House of Commons and served as a Justice of the Court of Common Pleas in Ireland. He was educated at Eton and Magdalen College, Oxford. In the First World War, he joined the Hampshire Regiment and served as a captain in the Grenadier Guards. On one occasion he was buried alive by an explosion for twenty minutes, and on another in 1916 he was castrated by shrapnel, requiring him to wear a surgical truss for the rest of his life. He was awarded by Serbia the Order of the White Eagle and Gold Medal for Valour.

He joined the Diplomatic Service in 1919 and worked at the British Embassy in Washington, D.C., until 1924.

Political career
Crookshank was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Gainsborough in 1924, a seat he held for the next 32 years. He entered the government as Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department in 1934 under Ramsay MacDonald. When Stanley Baldwin became prime minister in 1935 Crookshank was appointed Secretary for Mines, a post he retained when Neville Chamberlain became prime minister in 1937 until February 1939. Crookshank called Chamberlain "crazed and hypnotised by a loony" to have accepted the Munich Agreement and sent a letter of resignation in protest, but was convinced to rescind it. In the latter year, he was sworn of the Privy Council and made Financial Secretary to the Treasury. He continued in this post also when Winston Churchill came to power in 1940, and was then Postmaster General under Churchill between 1943 and 1945. In 1942 he was offered the post of British Minister Resident in the Mediterranean at Algiers following the liberation of Algeria by Operation Torch but he declined, Harold Macmillan being appointed instead.

When the Conservatives returned to office under Churchill in 1951, Crookshank was appointed Minister of Health and Leader of the House of Commons, with a seat in the cabinet. In 1952 exchanged his post at the Ministry of Health for the sinecure post of Lord Privy Seal, while he remained as Commons Leader. He continued in these two positions until December 1955, the last year under the premiership of Sir Anthony Eden. In the 1955 New Year Honours he was made a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour. He retired from the House of Commons in 1956 and was raised to the peerage as the Viscount Crookshank, of Gainsborough in the County of Lincoln, in January of that year. He had been offered a peerage in February 1940 but declined, having considered it at the time an insult because his First World War wounds had left him incapable of fathering any heir to a title.

Papers released by The National Archives, London, November 2007, show that Crookshank, with Harold Macmillan, led a faction within the third Churchill ministry who opposed what they perceived to be an attempt to bounce the Cabinet into a premature decision to authorise a British thermonuclear bomb programme in July 1954.

Personal life
Lord Crookshank was a Scottish Rite Freemason and Grand Master of Lincolnshire.

Incapable as result of his First World War wounds of fathering children, Crookshank was a lifelong bachelor. He was also (not publicly) known as a homosexual and caused a near scandal when a male lover of his was adopted as Conservative Party candidate for the Grimsby constituency in 1958 but later withdrawn. According to Chris Bryant he was a member of the Glamour Boys.

His home from 1937 was at 51 Pont Street, Kensington, London, where in 1947 he hosted a meeting of like-minded backbench MPs who unsuccessfully demanded Churchill's removal as Leader of the Conservative Party.

He died of cancer at Chelsea, London, in October 1961, aged 68. The viscountcy died with him. Having been since 1960 High Steward of the City of Westminster, his funeral service took place at Westminster Abbey, followed by burial at Lincoln Cathedral. His sister, Helen Elizabeth Comfort Crookshank (1895–1948), lies next to him.

Books cited

 * (a joint biography of Harold Macmillan, Lord Salisbury, Oliver Lyttelton and Crookshank)

title: Harry Crookshank


text:
Category talk:Television technology

Category:Television technology and Category:Broadcast engineering
I believe the theory in having the Broadcast category under the Television category is that "Television" is being used here in its broadest sense, as pertaining to any kind of electronic moving video, rather than in the sense of strictly RF broadcast television. Hence, in that broader sense, RF broadcasting it is only one aspect of television video technology, as there is also producing it, transferring it from point to point, and recording it. --Gary D 22:18, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Television technology


text: Category:Government agencies of Greece

title: Category:Government agencies of Greece


text:
Category talk:Broadcast engineering

Category:Television technology and Category:Broadcast engineering
I believe the theory in having the Broadcast category under the Television category is that "Television" is being used here in its broadest sense, as pertaining to any kind of electronic moving video, rather than in the sense of strictly RF broadcast television. Hence, in that broader sense, RF broadcasting it is only one aspect of television video technology, as there is also producing it, transferring it from point to point, and recording it. --Gary D 22:18, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Broadcast engineering


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tim burton holiday

Tim burton holiday
Tim burton holiday was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

Doesn't seem legit to me but perhaps you Goth masturbaters will tell us differently. Mdchachi|Talk 22:19, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC) Well, I know I've heard the term around my high school! I think it was actually a reference made on Adult Swim or something. -- Xeniphile π 18:47, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Agh...I was just going to tell you not to call anybody names (not even Goth kids), but then I went and read the article. Please sombody delete it, it's causing me almost physical pain (and it's probably just an attempt at a lame joke, not a serious article - at least I hope so) -- Ferkelparade π 23:12, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * A neologism at best. Delete. -- Antaeus Feldspar 01:15, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Sure seems like a joke. If it has wider currency, it hasn't shown up on a web search.  What happened to the good old days of repression, when we didn't talk about those things?  Geogre 02:01, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Idiotic, at best. -R. fiend 07:00, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. What exactly are "goth masturbaters", pray tell?  —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 07:11, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * After reading this, I can tell you that my trip to Disneyland this weekend will include a visit to the "Haunted Mansion Holiday." It'll be impossible not to think of this little tome.  A redirect to The Haunted Mansion might be OK, but it wouldn't reduce me to tears to see this deleted.  Therefore, delete as a neologism/joke/insult listing. - Lucky 6.9 23:13, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Slang neologism that will probably be out of date by the time you read this vote! P Ingerson 11:37, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, 'cause I like to be contrarian now and then. I wonder if scissorhanded boys do this too? Wyss 12:58, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. It made me smile, but it's really just an in-gag. Adambisset 00:26, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
*Walhaz

*Walhaz is a reconstructed Proto-Germanic word meaning 'foreigner', or more specifically 'Roman', 'Romance-speaker' or '(romanized) Celt', and survives in the English words of 'Wales/Welsh' and 'Cornwall.' The term was used by the ancient Germanic peoples to describe inhabitants of the former Roman Empire, who were largely romanised and spoke Latin languages (cf. Valland in Old Norse). The adjectival form is attested in Old Norse valskr, meaning 'French'; Old High German walhisc, meaning 'Romance'; New High German welsch, used in Switzerland and South Tyrol for Romance speakers; Dutch Waals 'Walloon'; Old English welisċ, wælisċ, wilisċ, meaning 'Brythonic'. The forms of these words imply that they are descended from a Proto-Germanic form *walhiska-.

From *Walhaz to welsch

 * Walhaz is a loanword derived from the name of the Celtic tribe which was known to the Romans as Volcae (in the writings of Julius Caesar) and to the Greeks as Οὐόλκαι Ouólkai (Strabo and Ptolemy). The Volcae tribe occupied territory neighbouring that of the Germanic people and seem to have been referred to by the proto-Germanic name *Walhaz (plural *Walhōz, adjectival form *walhiska-). It is assumed that this term specifically referred to the Volcae, because application of Grimm's law to that word produces the form *Walh-. Subsequently, this term *Walhōz was applied rather indiscriminately to the southern neighbours of the Germanic people, as evidenced in geographic names such as Walchgau and Walchensee in Bavaria. Place names containing the element *walhaz denote communities or enclaves in the Germanic-speaking world where Romance was spoken.

In Old English, *:walhaz developed into wealh, retaining the inherited meaning ‘a foreigner, more particularly a pre-Anglo-Saxon inhabitant of Britain who spoke Celtic or Latin or both’. It also came to imply the 'social position of the British natives that in the West Saxon dialect of Old English' came to mean ‘(British) slave’. The old feminine derivative of *walhaz, Old English wiln < *wielen < * wealh-in-, even exclusively means ‘a female slave’ and is likewise concentrated in the Saxon south of England.

From *Walhaz to Vlach
From the Germanic and Slavic peoples the term passed to other groups, such as the Hungarians (oláh, referring to Vlachs, generally used for Romanians; olasz, referring to Italians), Turks (Ulahlar) and Byzantines (Βλάχοι Vláhi) and was used for all Latin people of the Balkans.

title: *Walhaz


text:
Jacob Gould Schurman

Jacob Gould Schurman (May 2, 1854 – August 12, 1942) was a Canadian-American educator and diplomat, who served as President of Cornell University and United States Ambassador to Germany.

Early life and education
Schurman was born at Freetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada, on May 2, 1854 the son of Robert and Lydia Schurman. Schurman lived on his parents' farm as a child, then in 1867 took a job at a store near his home, which he held for two years.

At the age of fifteen, Schurman entered the Summerside Grammar School on Prince Edward Island, and in 1870 he won a scholarship to study at Prince of Wales College for two years. After Prince of Wales College, he studied for a year and a half at Acadia College in Nova Scotia.

In 1874, while a student at Acadia College in Wolfville, Nova Scotia, he won the Canadian Gilchrist scholarship to study at the University of London, from which he received a BA degree in 1877 and an MA in 1878. Schurman also studied in Paris, Edinburgh, Heidelberg, Berlin, Göttingen, and Italy.

Career
He was professor of English literature, political economy and psychology at Acadia College from 1880 to 1882, of metaphysics and English literature at Dalhousie College, Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1882–86, and the Sage professor of philosophy (Sage professor) at Cornell University from 1886 to 1892, and Dean of the Sage School of Philosophy from 1891 to 1892, during which edited The Philosophical Review.

In 1892, he became the third president of Cornell University, a position he held until 1920. He received an LL.D (honoris causa) from the University of Edinburgh in March 1902.

Cornell University president
As president of Cornell University, Schurman helped invent the modern state-supported research university. Under the Morrill Act, states were obligated to fund the maintenance of land grant college facilities, but were not obligated to fund operations. Subsequent laws required states to match federal funds for agricultural research stations and cooperative extension.

In his inaugural address as Cornell's third president on November 11, 1892, Schurman announced his intention to enlist the financial support of the state. Cornell, which had been offering a four-year scholarship to one student in each New York assembly district every year and was the state's land-grant university, was determined to convince the state to become a benefactor of the university.

In 1894, the state legislature voted to give financial support for the establishment of the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine and to make annual appropriations for the college. This set the precedents of privately controlled, state-supported statutory colleges and cooperation between Cornell and the state. The annual state appropriations were later extended to agriculture, home economics, and following World War II, industrial and labor relations.

New York State College of Forestry at Cornell
In 1898, Schurman persuaded the State Legislature to found the first forestry college in North America, the New York State College of Forestry. The College undertook to establish a 30000 acre demonstration forest in the Adirondacks, funded by New York State. However, the plans of the school's director Bernhard Fernow for the land drew criticism from neighbors, and Governor Benjamin B. Odell vetoed the 1903 appropriation for the school.

In response, Cornell closed the school. Subsequently, in 1911, the State Legislature established a New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University, and the remains of Cornell's program became the Department of Natural Resources in its Agriculture College in 1910. The State later followed the same model to establish a state college of ceramics at Alfred University.

Schurman was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1908.

In 1911, Schurman ruled in favor of admitting two Black female students to Sage Hall despite 269 of their white female peers petitioning to deny them residency.

International and governmental career
He was the chairman of the First United States Philippine Commission in 1899, and wrote a part of the official report to Congress and Philippine Affairs--A Retrospect and an Outlook (1902). With J. E. Creighton and James Seth he founded in 1892 The Philosophical Review. He also wrote  Kantian Ethics and the Ethics of Evolution (1881); The Ethical Import of Darwinism (1888); Belief in God (1890), and Agnosticism and Religion (1896).

Schurman served as United States Ambassador to Greece and Montenegro in 1912–13. In 1914 he declared support for female suffrage.

During World War I he insisted that American rights be respected; after the sinking of the Lusitania he pointed out that the action threatened to erase the distinction between combatants and non-combatants. In 1917 he was appointed a member of the New York State Food Commission, but resigned in June 1918 to go to France as lecturer to American soldiers.

After the war, he opposed many of the policies of Woodrow Wilson, but under Warren Harding, after resigning as president of Cornell in 1920, he was Minister to China between 1921 and 1925, and then as Ambassador to Germany between 1925 and 1929, a position twice previously held by Cornell's first president Andrew Dickson White. In 1917 Schurman was appointed honorary chairman of the American Relief Committee for Greeks of Asia Minor, an organization which provided humanitarian relief to Ottoman Greeks during the Greek genocide. He retired to Bedford Hills, New York in 1930.

In 1960, Cornell named the administrative wing of its veterinary school Jacob Gould Schurman Hall in his honor. In 2021, the Cornell Filipino Association sought to discredit Schurman due to the work of the Philippine Commission and demanded that his name be removed from the building. After hearing from both sides, Cornell President Martha Pollack rejected the move. In 1967, Jacob Gould Schurman III endowed the Schurman professorships in his honor. Cornell describes them as "one of the most prestigious chairs at the university."

Personal life
Schurman married Barbara Forrest Munro (1865–1930) in 1884; they had seven children, including youngest daughter Dorothy Schurman Hawes, who wrote about China. Schurman's father-in-law was George Munro; in 1881, he endowed Schurman the chair in English literature and philosophy at Dalhousie University, where Munro was the principal benefactor.

title: Jacob Gould Schurman


text:
Early Canadian banking system

The early Canadian banking system (British North America and New France until 1763; then renamed Upper and Lower Canada) was regulated entirely by the colonial government. Primitive forms of banking emerged early in the colonial period to solve the drain of wealth caused by the application of mercantilist theory. The drain of wealth translated into a complete lack of gold or silver bullion in the colonies, and thus, a complete lack of forms of economic exchange and payment.

History
In New France, playing cards were issued as a method of payment in the 1680s by the Intendant of New France, in addition to the coins introduced in the 1660s. However, the massive drain of wealth from New France to Europe resulting from mercantilist trade policies made it impossible to back card money with gold bullion. Card money was thus essentially worthless. The card system collapsed in the 1690s, causing long-term suspicion of paper money on the part of the French settlers.

Card money was replaced in the 18th century by a type of promissory note called bons, derived from the French phrase, bon pour, meaning good for the indicated amount. These were issued to a limited extent by French merchants, who, lacking in any other form of currency, were forced to create their own, and who consequently became the first Canadian bankers. The issue of bons spread rapidly into British North America after 1763, when New France became a British possession.

Bons persisted as the most common type of currency until 1812, along with the English pound, American and Spanish coinage, and the Halifax standard.

The British administration under Isaac Brock introduced what became known as army bills in 1812, in order to finance the War of 1812. The total value of these bills was 250,000 pounds. These were promissory notes issued directly by the government. They came into wide usage during the war (1812–1815) to make up for the lack of bullion in Upper and Lower Canada. Unlike the card money used in the late 17th century, army bills could be and were in fact exchanged for gold coin once the war had ended. The army bills had thus proven themselves reliable, eradicating any real stigma against paper currency.

In 1817, Montreal bankers were granted a charter by the British government to open the first formal bank in Canada. This was the Bank of Montreal. Under its charter, the Bank of Montreal was given a monopoly on the right to issue promissory notes on the model of the army bills. Because of its monopoly rights, the Bank of Montreal essentially acted as a central bank for both Upper and Lower Canada.

In the years after 1817, Britain granted several new bank charters, including a charter to the now-defunct Bank of Kingston, which was to act as a competitor to the Bank of Montreal in Upper Canada. The new chartered banks were required under the terms of their charters to recognise one another's currency, a practice that allowed for the development of long-distance trade within British North America. However, banking remained in private hands, which meant that the issue of currency was at the discretion of private bankers. This frequently led to high inflation when the infant Canadian economy was in recession(source?).

The Provincial Note Act was passed in 1866 to link note issue to the needs of the British administration. This marked the beginning of an enduring policy of government intervention in the Canadian economy. The British North America Act of 1867 formally codified this policy, allowing for government control over coinage, currency, bills of exchange, promissory notes, banking, and incorporation of banks. This in turn allowed for the creation of a uniform currency across Canada. Official Canadian currency took the form of the Canadian dollar in 1871, overriding the currency of individual banks.

After Confederation, Canada developed a banking system very different from that of the United States. Whereas the United States was served a large number of small banks serving just one town or, at most state, Canada's banking sector came to be dominated by a few banks with transcontinental branch networks. The Canadian system promoted stability and produced far fewer bank failures than either the contemporary United States or Australian banking systems. The downside of the Canadian banking system was that it was much less competitive that the United States and Australian systems, which meant that consumers paid more for banking services. The legal foundation of the Canadian banking system consisted of a series of laws passed in 1870 and 1871.

Banking remained relatively decentralized until 1935, when the Bank of Canada was founded in response to the economic instability experienced during the Great Depression in Canada. First opened on December 5, 1980, Canada's Currency Museum is located on the ground floor of the Bank of Canada in Ottawa, Ontario.

title: Early Canadian banking system


text:
Gabriel García

Gabriel or Gabe García may refer to:

 * Gabriël Garcia (1903–1970), Spanish cyclist
 * Gabriel García Moreno (1821–1876), 7th president of Ecuador
 * Gabriel García Márquez (1927–2014), Colombian novelist, journalist, publisher, and political activist
 * Gabriel Garcia, lead singer of Black Tide
 * Gabe Garcia, runner up on season 6 of Nashville Star
 * Gabe Garcia, American soccer forward
 * Gabri (footballer, born 1979), born Gabriel Francisco García de la Torre, Spanish retired footballer

title: Gabriel García


text:
Now He Sings, Now He Sobs

Now He Sings, Now He Sobs is the second studio album by Chick Corea, released in December 1968 on Solid State Records. It features Corea in a trio with bassist Miroslav Vitouš and drummer Roy Haynes. In 1988 it was reissued on CD by Blue Note with eight bonus tracks recorded at the same sessions.

All of the tracks on the original album are improvisations based on Corea’s ideas, with some being entirely free improvisations (such as "The Law of Falling and Catching Up" and "Fragments"). Vitous and Haynes would reunite with Corea as an acoustic trio on Trio Music (ECM, 1982), Trio Music, Live in Europe (ECM, 1986), and The Trio Live From The Country Club (Stretch, 1996). The trio also backed saxophonist Toshiyuki Honda on the album Dream (Eastworld, 1983).

The bonus tracks released on the CD include a cover of Thelonious Monk's composition "Pannonica" and the Wood/Mellin standard "My One and Only Love". All eight pieces had originally been issued in 1975 on Circling In, a Blue Note “twofer”.

According to Corea, the album title comes from the I Ching, which contains a section called "Now He Sings; Now He Sobs — Now He Beats The Drum; Now He Stops." He recalled: "The poetry of that phrase fit the message of the trio's music... the gamut of life experiences — the whole human picture and range of emotions."

Reception
DownBeat's reviewer awarded the original release zero stars, refusing to assign a rating because he didn't know what to think of it.

In 1999, the single "Now He Sings, Now He Sobs" was given the Grammy Hall of Fame Award.

In a review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine described the album as "the place where [Corea] put all the pieces in motion for his long, adventurous career," and wrote: "There's an intellectual rigor balanced by an instinctual hunger that makes for music that's lively and challenging while also containing a patina of comfort... it captures the pianist at the brink: it's kinetic, exciting, and filled with endless possibilities."

The authors of The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings awarded the album a full 4 stars, calling it "a fine, solid jazz set with some intelligently handled standard material."

The editors of MusicHound Jazz awarded the album a full 5 stars, and writer Ralph Burnett noted that it "features Corea's best original writing and a superb trio."

Will Layman of PopMatters included the recording in his article "The 11 Best Chick Corea Albums," and stated: "Can an artist sum up their career in what was essentially a debut? Yes." On a similar note, The Guardian's John Fordham included the album in his list of Corea's "10 Greatest Recordings," noting that it "found him at a crossroads, pulled between the swing of the classic acoustic jazz-piano trio and the more free-associative future he would soon briefly explore," and praising his "powerful and intuitive partners," who "follow his every move."

Author and drummer Michael Stephans called the album "a piano trio classic," and commented: "Many musicians and listeners alike believe it to be one of the greatest modern jazz trio records ever made. Corea is in top form, and Haynes and Vitous are responsive, supportive, and daring in their accompaniment and solos."

Writer and historian Loren Schoenberg remarked: "it is refreshing to go back to this... to hear how original his style sounded bounding out of the context of the 1960s... Corea's compositions and free-flowing concept set him apart from the pack even at this early date."

The singer Bilal named it among his 25 favorite albums, explaining: "I think that's just one of the best jazz trio albums ever. Mostly every jazz musician I talk to love that album. It's just a classic."

Track listing
All tracks are originals by the performers, except where noted.

Original release
 * 1) "Steps - What Was" – 13:53
 * 2) "Matrix" – 6:29
 * 3) "Now He Sings, Now He Sobs" – 7:05
 * 4) "Now He Beats the Drum, Now He Stops" – 10:40
 * 5) "The Law of Falling and Catching Up" – 2:28

1988 CD release
 * 1) "Matrix" – 6:25
 * 2) "My One and Only Love" (Guy Wood, Robert Mellin) – 3:35
 * 3) "Now He Beats the Drum, Now He Stops" – 10:34
 * 4) "Bossa" – 4:41
 * 5) "Now He Sings, Now He Sobs" – 7:05
 * 6) "Steps - What Was" – 13:49
 * 7) "Fragments" – 4:02
 * 8) "Windows" – 3:09
 * 9) "Pannonica" (Thelonious Monk) – 2:58
 * 10) "Samba Yantra" – 2:39
 * 11) "I Don't Know" – 2:40
 * 12) "The Law of Falling and Catching Up" – 2:25
 * 13) "Gemini" – 4:21

Personnel

 * Chick Corea – piano
 * Miroslav Vitouš – bass
 * Roy Haynes – drums
 * Sonny Lester – producer

title: Now He Sings, Now He Sobs


text:
Disappearance of Sarah MacDiarmid

Sarah MacDiarmid (born 15 November 1966) was a 23-year-old Scottish-Australian woman who disappeared from Kananook railway station in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia on 11 July 1990. She is presumed murdered, although no trace of her body has ever been found.

Disappearance
MacDiarmid, who emigrated with her family in 1987 from the Scottish Highlands to Australia, had been playing tennis after work with two friends at what was then known as Flinders Park in Batman Avenue, East Melbourne, before walking to Richmond station, where they found that they had just missed a Frankston line train. They caught a train to Caulfield, then changed to a Frankston service. MacDiarmid's friends disembarked this train at Bonbeach while she remained, continuing on to Kananook station where her vehicle was parked. She was last seen getting off the train and heading for the poorly lit car park at approximately 10:20 p.m.

Investigation
Police suspected that MacDiarmid had been assaulted, based on bloodstains found beside her red 1978 Honda Civic abandoned in the station car park, and drag marks leading into the bushes. A cigarette lighter belonging to MacDiarmid was discovered on the ground, but no trace of her was ever found. Later, witnesses said MacDiarmid got off the train and crossed the footbridge to the car park, where some people heard a woman shouting, "Give me back my keys!". An extensive 21-day air, sea and land search, involving more than 250 police, produced no results.

In May 2006, an inquest held by coroner Ian West, found MacDiarmid "had met her death as a result of foul play but the exact circumstances were unknown".

An initial state government reward of $50,000 was increased after an additional $75,000 was offered by an anonymous benefactor. That was increased to $1 million in 2004, and remains current.

In 2011, convicted serial killer Paul Denyer was interviewed by police and denied any involvement in MacDiarmid's disappearance. Denyer stated to the interviewer, Detective Ron Iddles that he was "sick of being accused of murder", and later wrote to Iddles, thanking him for informing the public of him not being involved in the matter.

In May 2014, News Corp Australia claimed police investigators considered convicted serial killer Bandali Debs to be a suspect in the case. Fairfax Media quoted a "senior police source" who said "it was 'common practice' for homicide investigators to examine links between unsolved murders and known offenders". A Victoria Police spokesperson declined to comment to Fairfax Media as MacDiarmid's disappearance was an "active" case.

Aftermath
The cold case was featured in the first episode of the Australian psychic TV series Sensing Murder, which aired on Network Ten in September 2004. The psychics used by this programme opined that MacDiarmid had been murdered and her body thrown into a now-closed rubbish dump on the Mornington Peninsula.

In 2010, marking the 20th anniversary of MacDiarmid's disappearance, her family and friends visited Kananook railway station to leave wreaths at a memorial established there. Her family also announced they had created a website Not Alone which was 'designed to help other families who find themselves in a position similar to them'. Police used the anniversary to issue a new call for information on the case with Victoria Police Assistant Commissioner Dannye Moloney stating:"You do not close the books on these sorts of crimes... History proves that if you continue to communicate with the people out there, in Victoria, in Australia, in the world in some cases, that piece of information, that key will come forward and we'll solve it."In 2021, a nine part Australian crime podcast named Searching for Sarah Macdiarmid was released. Hosted and written by author Vikki Petraitis, the podcast focuses on the backstory of MacDiarmid, her disappearance, and the subsequent investigation.

title: Disappearance of Sarah MacDiarmid


text:
Larry Grenadier

Larry Grenadier (born February 6, 1966, in San Francisco) is an American jazz double bassist.

Early life
Grenadier's father was a trumpet player in World War II army bands and later in Europe, but stopped playing professionally before his children were born. Grenadier began on trumpet when he was in fifth grade, before beginning to play the bass the following year. Grenadier's brothers played trumpet and guitar. Grenadier's father helped introduce him to the instruments and music theory. Larry's older brother Phil began listening to jazz around this time, influencing his sibling's musical interests. Grenadier began listening to several jazz bassists including Ray Brown, Charles Mingus, Richard Davis, Paul Chambers, Wilbur Ware and Oscar Pettiford, among others.

At age 12 Grenadier began formal study of the acoustic bass, learning from local jazz bass players Chris Poehlor, Paul Breslin, and Frank Tusa and later classical bassists Michael Burr and Stephen Tramontozzi. At 16, Grenadier had a busy career playing in the San Francisco Bay Area with both local musicians and those traveling through town in need of a bass player. These musicians included Harvey Wainapel, Bobby Hutcherson, Joe Henderson, Larry Vuckovitch, Eddie Henderson, Bruce Forman, Eddie Marshall, Vince Lateano, George Cables and Donald Bailey, Toots Thielmans, Johnny Griffin, Charles McPherson and Frank Morgan, among others.

Grenadier studied at Stanford University and graduated in 1989 with a bachelor's degree in English Literature. At Stanford, he met Stan Getz, with whom he toured.

Career
After graduating from Stanford, Grenadier moved to Boston to play with vibraphonist Gary Burton. In 1991, he moved to New York. He continued to collaborate with some of the musicians he had met during his time in Boston, such as Kurt Rosenwinkel, Joshua Redman, Mark Turner, Jorge Rossy, and Chris Cheek. Others he met for the first time in New York include Bill Stewart, Kevin Hays, Renee Rosnes, Ralph Moore, Billy Drummond, Danilo Perez, David Sánchez, Tom Harrell and Billy Hart. Grenadier continued his association with Joe Henderson, touring with his band which at times included Al Foster, Renee Rosnes and Larry Willis. He also spent a few months during his earlier years in New York playing in Betty Carter's band.

In the early 1990s, Grenadier first met and played with pianist Brad Mehldau. He joined Mehldau's Trio with drummer Jorge Rossy; together they toured and recorded for more than ten years. Rossy was replaced by drummer Jeff Ballard in 2004.

Grenadier has worked with guitarist Pat Metheny, with whom he toured as a trio along with drummer Bill Stewart. He credits his experiences touring with Metheny's trio as a significant learning experience.

Grenadier has also played with John Scofield, Hudson (a collaborative project with Jack DeJohnette, John Medeski and John Scofield), Charles Lloyd, Chris Potter, Billy Higgins, Michael Brecker, and Paul Motian, among many others. In 2014 Larry Grenadier collaborates with Stefano Bollani on the album "Sheik yer Zappa".

Grenadier is a member of FLY, a trio which includes drummer Jeff Ballard and tenor saxophonist Mark Turner. They have recorded three critically acclaimed albums. He also tours and records with his wife, singer-songwriter Rebecca Martin. A landmark solo bass album The Gleaners was issued by the ECM label in 2019.

Grenadier lives with Rebecca and their son Charlie James in the Hudson Valley, north of New York City.

Selected discography
As leader With BeatleJazz With Peter Beets With Peter Bernstein With Seamus Blake With Chris Cheek With George Colligan With Fly With Jon Gordon With Phil Grenadier With Kevin Hays With Hudson (Jack DeJohnette, John Scofield, John Medeski, and Larry Grenadier) With Ethan Iverson With David Kikoski With Jonathan Kreisberg With Charles Lloyd
 * The Gleaners (ECM, 2019)
 * With a Little Help From Our Friends (Lightyear, 2005)
 * All You Need is Love (Lightyear, 2007)
 * New York Trio – Page Two (Criss Cross, 2002)
 * Heart's Content (Criss Cross, 2002)
 * Stranger in Paradise (Venus, 2004)
 * The Call (Criss Cross, 1993)
 * Four Track Mind (Criss Cross, 1994)
 * Blues Cruise (Fresh Sound, 2005)
 * The Endless Mysteries (Origin, 2013)
 * Fly (Savory, 2004)
 * Sky & Country (ECM, 2009)
 * Year of the Snake (ECM, 2012)
 * Ask Me Now (Criss Cross, 1994)
 * Currents (Double-Time, 1998)
 * Sweet Transients (Fresh Sound New Talent, 2000)
 * Playful Intentions (Fresh Sound New Talent, 2002)
 * Ugly Beauty (SteepleChase, 1991)
 * Hudson (Motéma, 2013)
 * Costumes Are Mandatory (HighNote, 2013)
 * Every Note Is True (Blue Note, 2022)
 * Details (Criss Cross, 2003)
 * Limits (Criss Cross, 2005)
 * Nine Stories Wide (Criss Cross, 2003)
 * The Water Is Wide (ECM, 1999)
 * Hyperion with Higgins (ECM, 1999)
 * Lift Every Voice (ECM, 2002)
 * The Sky Will Still Be There Tomorrow (Blue Note, 2024)

With Herbie Mann With Brad Mehldau With Pat Metheny With Paul Motian With Rebecca Martin With MTB With Wolfgang Muthspiel With Chris Potter With Enrico Rava With Joshua Redman With Kurt Rosenwinkel With Jamie Saft With David Sánchez With Stan Sulzmann With Mark Turner With Scott Wendholt With Steve Wilson With Frank Wess and Johnny Coles With Chihiro Yamanaka
 * America/Brasil (Lightyear, 1995)
 * Celebration (Lightyear, 1995)
 * Introducing Brad Mehldau (Warner Bros., 1995)
 * The Art of the Trio Volume One (Warner Bros., 1997)
 * Live at the Village Vanguard: The Art of the Trio Volume Two (Warner Bros., 1998)
 * Songs: The Art of the Trio Volume Three (Warner Bros., 1998)
 * Art of the Trio 4: Back at the Vanguard (Warner Bros., 1999)
 * Places (Warner Bros., 2000)
 * Progression: The Art of the Trio, Vol. 5 (Warner Bros., 2001)
 * Largo (Warner Bros., 2002)
 * Anything Goes (Warner Bros., 2004)
 * Day Is Done (Nonesuch, 2005)
 * House on Hill (Nonesuch, 2006)
 * Brad Mehldau Trio Live (Nonesuch, 2008)
 * Highway Rider (Nonesuch, 2009)
 * Ode (Nonesuch, 2012)
 * Where Do You Start (Nonesuch, 2012)
 * Blues and Ballads (Nonesuch, 2016)
 * Seymour Reads the Constitution! (Nonesuch, 2018)
 * Trio 99 → 00 (Warner Bros., 2000)
 * Trio → Live (Warner Bros., 2000)
 * Metheny/Mehldau (Nonesuch, 2006)
 * Metheny/Mehldau Quartet (Nonesuch, 2007)
 * Trio 2000 + One (Winter & Winter 1997)
 * On Broadway Vol. 4 or The Paradox of Continuity (Winter & Winter, 2005)
 * Live at the Village Vanguard (Winter & Winter, 2006)
 * Live at the Village Vanguard Vol. II (Winter & Winter, 2006)
 * Live at the Village Vanguard Vol. III (Winter & Winter, 2006)
 * Thoroughfare (Sunnyside, 1998)
 * Middlehope (Fresh Sound, 2000)
 * The Growing Season (Sunnyside, 2008)
 * When I Was Long Ago (Sunnyside, 2010)
 * Twain (Sunnyside, 2013)
 * The Upstate Project (Sunnyside, 2017)
 * Consenting Adults (Criss Cross, 1994)
 * Rising Grace (ECM, 2016)
 * Where the River Goes (ECM, 2018)
 * Pure (Concord, 1994)
 * Moving In (Concord, 1996)
 * The Sirens (ECM, 2013) with Craig Taborn, David Virelles and Eric Harland
 * New York Days (ECM, 2008)
 * Timeless Tales (Warner Bros., 1998)
 * Back East (Nonesuch, 2007)
 * Compass (Nonesuch, 2009)
 * Walking Shadows (Nonesuch, 2013)
 * Deep Song (Verve, 2005)
 * Borscht Belt Studies (Tzadik, 2011)
 * Fight Against Babylon (Veal, 2011) New Zion Trio
 * Sketches of Dreams (Columbia, 1994)
 * The Jigsaw (Basho, 2004)
 * Two Tenor Ballads (Criss Cross Jazz, 1994 [2000]) with Tad Shull
 * Yam Yam (Criss Cross, 1994)
 * In This World (Warner Bros., 1998)
 * From Now On (Criss Cross, 1995)
 * Four for Time (Criss Cross, 1994)
 * Two at the Top (Uptown, 1988 [2012])
 * When October Goes (Atelier Sawano, 2002)
 * Madrigal (Atelier Sawano, 2004)
 * Lach Doch Mal (Verve, 2006)
 * Reminiscence (Verve, 2011)

title: Larry Grenadier


text:
Default route

In computer networking, the default route is a configuration of the Internet Protocol (IP) that establishes a forwarding rule for packets when no specific address of a next-hop host is available from the routing table or other routing mechanisms.

The default route is generally the address of another router, which treats the packet the same way: if a route matches, the packet is forwarded accordingly, otherwise the packet is forwarded to the default route of that router. The route evaluation process in each router uses the longest prefix match method to obtain the most specific route. The network with the longest subnet mask or network prefix that matches the destination IP address is the next-hop network gateway. The process repeats until a packet is delivered to the destination host, or earlier along the route, when a router has no default route available and cannot route the packet otherwise. In the latter case, the packet is dropped and an ICMP Destination Unreachable message may be returned. Each router traversal counts as one hop in the distance calculation for the transmission path.

The device to which the default route points is often called the default gateway, and it often carries out other functions such as packet filtering, firewalling, or proxy server operations.

The default route in Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) is designated as the zero address, in CIDR notation. Similarly, in IPv6, the default route is specified by. The subnet mask is specified as, which effectively specifies all networks and is the shortest match possible. A route lookup that does not match any other rule falls back to this route.

In the highest-level segment of a network, administrators generally point the default route for a given host towards the router that has a connection to a network service provider. Therefore, packets with destinations outside the organization's LAN, typically destinations on the Internet or a wide area network, are forwarded to the router with the connection to that provider.

title: Default route


text:
Islam in Azerbaijan

Islam is the majority religion in Azerbaijan, but the country is considered to be the most secular in the Muslim world. Various reports have estimated 97.3% (CIA, 2020) or 99.2% (Pew Research Center, 2006) of the population identifying as Muslim; with the majority being adherents of the Shia branch (55-65%), while a significant minority (35-45%) are Sunnis. Sources:
 * Traditionally, the differences between these two branches of Islam have not been sharply defined in Azerbaijan.
 * Traditionally, the differences between these two branches of Islam have not been sharply defined in Azerbaijan.
 * Traditionally, the differences between these two branches of Islam have not been sharply defined in Azerbaijan.
 * Traditionally, the differences between these two branches of Islam have not been sharply defined in Azerbaijan.
 * Traditionally, the differences between these two branches of Islam have not been sharply defined in Azerbaijan.
 * Traditionally, the differences between these two branches of Islam have not been sharply defined in Azerbaijan.

Most Shia Muslims in the country follow the Ja'fari school of Shia Islam, while Sunni Muslims typically adhere to either the Hanafi or Shafi'i school. Due to many decades of Soviet atheist policy, religious affiliation in Azerbaijan is often nominal and Muslim identity tends to be based more on culture and ethnicity than on religion. Shia Islam is prevalent in the western, central, and southern regions of the country. Traditionally, villages around Baku and the Lankaran region are considered Shia strongholds. In contrast, Sunni Islam is dominant in the northern regions.

History
Islam arrived in Azerbaijan with Arabs in the seventh century, gradually supplanting Christianity and pagan cults.

In the sixteenth century, the first shah of the Safavid Dynasty, Ismail I (r. 1486-1524), established Shi'a Islam as the state religion, although a portion of people remained Sunni. The population of what is nowadays Iran and what is nowadays Azerbaijan were converted to Shia Islam at the same moment in history.

As elsewhere in the Muslim world, the two branches of Islam came into conflict in Azerbaijan. Enforcement of Shi'a Islam as the state religion brought contention between the Safavid rulers and the ruling Sunnis of the neighboring Ottoman Empire.

In the nineteenth century, many Sunni Muslims emigrated from Russian-controlled Azerbaijan because of Russia's series of wars with their coreligionists in the Ottoman Empire. Thus, by the late nineteenth century, the Shi'a population was in the majority in Russian Azerbaijan. Antagonism between the Sunnis and the Shi'a diminished in the late nineteenth century as Azerbaijani nationalism began to emphasize a common Turkic heritage and opposition to Iranian religious influences.

Russian Empire and Soviet Union
In 1806, Azerbaijan became occupied by the Russian Empire as the latter invaded Qajar Iran during the Russo-Persian War (1804–1813). In the aftermath, Iran was forced to cede therefore almost all of Azerbaijan according to the Treaty of Gulistan of 1813 to Russia. However, all this only came to be confirmed in the aftermath of the next and last war between Russia and Iran, the Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) and the resulting Treaty of Turkmenchay of 1828. In 1918, Azerbaijan declared independence from Russia and established the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic under its leading Musavat party, but was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1920.

Before Soviet power was established, about 2,000 mosques were active in Azerbaijan. Most mosques were closed in the 1930s, then some were allowed to reopen during World War II. The Soviet rule promoted an Azerbaijani national consciousness as a substitute for identification with the world Islamic community and Iran.

During World War II, Soviet authorities established the Muslim Spiritual Board of Transcaucasia in Baku as the governing body of Islam in the Caucasus, in effect reviving the nineteenth-century tsarist Muslim Ecclesiastical Board. During the tenures of Leonid Brezhnev and Mikhail Gorbachev, Moscow encouraged Muslim religious leaders in Azerbaijan to visit and host foreign Muslim leaders, with the goal of advertising the freedom of religion and superior living conditions reportedly enjoyed by Muslims under Soviet communism.

During the Azerbaijani SSR, there were 17 mosques functioning in the country. In the 1980s only two large and five smaller mosques held services in Baku, and only eleven others were operating in the rest of the country. Supplementing the officially sanctioned mosques were thousands of private houses of prayer and many secret Islamic sects.

The lone center of conservative Shia Islam, was the town of Nardaran, 25 kilometers northeast of central Baku, and was renowned for its thirteenth-century Shia shrine. Unlike the rest of the country which was staunchly secular and which can be considered religiously progressive, Nardaran was the only place in the whole of Azerbaijan where its inhabitants are devoutly religious and fundamentalist, where its streets display religious banners and where most women wear chadors in public. The now banned Islamic Party of Azerbaijan was founded in this town and its base was centered there.

There is some evidence of Sufism in Azerbaijan.

After the Soviet Union

Beginning in the late Gorbachev period, and especially after independence, the number of mosques rose dramatically. Many were built with the support of other Islamic countries, such as Iran, Oman, and Saudi Arabia, which also contributed Qur'ans and religious instructors to the new Muslim states. A Muslim seminary has also been established since 1991. The growing number of religious Muslims resulted in the establishment of more than 2,000 mosques by 2014.

After independence, the laws regarding religion are quite clear. In Article 7 of the constitution, Azerbaijan is declared a secular state. This point is driven home in Article 19 with the statement of the separation of religion and state and the equality of all religions before the law as well as the secular character of the state educational system.

Religiosity levels
Azerbaijan has been a secular country and is often considered the most secularized Muslim-majority nation.

A 1998 survey estimated the proportion of ardent believers in Azerbaijan at close to 7 percent, slightly more than the number of declared atheists — almost 4 percent — with the largest numbers falling into the category of those who consider Islam above all as a way of life, without strict observance of prohibitions and requirements, or as a fundamental part of national identity. Another 1998 poll estimated the proportion of ardent believers in Azerbaijan at only 20 percent.

In a 2010 survey only half of Azerbaijanis answering yes to the question, "Is religion an important part of your daily life?".

Yet in 2017 Dobroslawa Wiktor-Mach noted an Islamic revival in the country: In 2010, the Caucasus Research Resource Center (CRRC)'s "Caucasus Barometer" found out that for around 25% of the citizens religion was "very important" and for 43% "rather important" but just two years later, in 2012, as per the same organization those who considered it "very important" rose to 33% while those who chose "rather important" rose to 47% (16% selecting "less important", 2% not important and 1% not knowing.)

Radical Islam
There is a certain rise of religious extremism across Azerbaijan as a result of continued problems such as corruption, poverty, and government rule, combined with disillusionment with the West and support of religious sects from different countries. However it works against a headwind of traditional secularism. According to Svante Cornell:

"Azerbaijan can rightly claim to be among the most progressive and secular Islamic societies. Aside from having been the first Muslim country to have operas, theater plays, and a democratic republic, Azerbaijan today is among the Muslim countries where support for secularism is the highest, and where radical ideologies have met only very limited interest."

Svante Cornell believes that the radical groups remain weak, but have a potential to grow under the current domestic and international circumstances. To confront this, the Azerbaijani state needs to address the diarchy in terms of supervision of religious structures. He writes, that the Government policies toward Islam in general and Islamic radicalism in particular have been inadequate.

According to researchers Emil Souleimanov and Maya Ehrmann, there is "a trend among Dagestani minorities in the north of Azerbaijan to engage in insurgent activities". The Salafi movement has been "spurred by missionary activities using external funds and the establishment of mosques", and found support from those who the desire a return to more traditionalist values. As authorities have repressed Salafis in the north they have become more radical.

Citizens of Azerbaijan have joined terrorist organizations in Syria.

In Nardaran, a deadly incident broke out between Azerbaijan security forces and religious Shia residents in which two policemen and four suspected Shia Muslim militants were killed.

As a result of this incident, the Azerbaijani parliament passed laws prohibiting people with religious education received abroad to implement Islamic rites and ceremonies in Azerbaijan, as well as to preach in mosques and occupy leading positions in the country; as well as prohibiting the display of religious paraphernalia, flags and slogans, except in places of worship, religious centers and offices. Ashura commemorations in public have also been banned. The Azerbaijani government also passed a law to remove the citizenship of Azerbaijani citizens who fight abroad.

title: Islam in Azerbaijan


text:
Herbert Bowden, Baron Aylestone

Herbert William Bowden, Baron Aylestone, (20 January 1905 – 30 April 1994) was a British Labour politician.

Early life
Born in Cardiff, Wales, Bowden was the son of Herbert Bowden, a baker, and his wife Henrietta (née Gould). Bowden later recalled that "I was born with the smell of bread in my nostrils and lived around the bakehouses. I always had one thought in mind – never to be employed in them." After completing elementary school he opened a tobacconist's shop, but following the collapse of his business during the Great Depression he left Cardiff to look for work elsewhere, eventually becoming a radio salesman in Leicester.

Political career
Bowden had been a member of the Independent Labour Party (ILP) as a young man, but sided with the Labour Party when the two parties disagreed over how best to support the Republican faction in the Spanish Civil War. In 1938, he was elected to sit on Leicester City Council, and later that year became president of the city's Labour Party. Having served as a flying officer in the Royal Air Force during World War II, Bowden was elected MP for Leicester South at the 1945 general election, and then for Leicester South West from 1950 until his retirement from the House of Commons in 1967. He was appointed a whip in 1949 and a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury in 1950. From 1951 onwards, he was Deputy Chief Whip, then Chief Whip throughout Labour's years in opposition. Bowden was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1953 Coronation Honours.

Bowden was regarded as being on the right of the Labour Party, and supported Hugh Gaitskell in his battles with the left before switching his allegiance to Harold Wilson following Gaitskell's death in 1963. He was, as the Daily Telegraph later commented, somewhat "traditional" in his mindset, representing the "authentic... old hat, passé, reactionary voice of the Labour Party", but his forthright attitude to party discipline (which had earned him the sobriquet "The Sergeant Major" amongst Labour MPs) made him an efficient and much-respected parliamentary whip. Thus, when Labour returned to power in 1964, Bowden was appointed Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council, having become a Privy Counsellor in 1962. In 1966, he was moved to the new post of Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs, serving until 1967. On 1 September 1967 he succeeded Lord Hill as chairman of the Independent Television Authority.

On 20 September 1967, Bowden was created a life peer as Baron Aylestone, of Aylestone in the City of Leicester, taking the Labour whip. He was appointed a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour in the 1975 Birthday Honours, and from 1984 to 1992 was a Deputy Speaker of the House of Lords. To many people's surprise, he left Labour to join the Social Democratic Party (SDP) in 1981. Remaining with the SDP throughout the party's existence, after its demise in 1988 he chose to follow David Owen's breakaway 'continuing' SDP rather than support the merger with the Liberals. When the Owenite rump itself dissolved two years later, Aylestone sat in the Lords as an 'Independent Social Democrat' before joining the Liberal Democrats in 1992.

Death
Lord Aylestone died in 1994, aged 89, in Worthing, Sussex, and was survived by his second wife and a daughter from his first marriage.

title: Herbert Bowden, Baron Aylestone


text:
Talk:Golden Nugget (resort)

Category
I don't understand why User:RedWolf deleted Category:Laughlin from Golden Nugget (resort). In any case I reinserted it again, abeit not under my username because I forgot to login. Any questions about this edit should be posted here. Misterrick 03:50, 09 March 2004 (UTC).

Elimination of separate article on Golden Nugget Las Vegas
My reaction is that organizing the material this way doesn't work. We should try to maintain some consistency in how casinos are treated. The way that others are treated is: (1) an article on each casino, although of course many are yet to be written; and (2) an article on each corporation that owns casinos, like MGM Mirage.

There are only a few instances where two casinos not in common ownership share a name, because of a licensing agreement attendant upon a sale. The agreement is usually temporary, like the one for the "Golden Nugget" name. I suggest that we handle the information this way: Then, after the Laughlin property adopts a new name, Golden Nugget Laughlin will become a redirect. JamesMLane 22:31, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * restore the separate article on Golden Nugget Las Vegas;
 * create an article on Golden Nugget Laughlin to accommodate the sale information; and
 * create Golden Nugget as a disambiguation page to point people to these different sources of information.

James I have to disagree with you. I think having one uniform article about the Golden Nugget properties is the way to go. Though there should be a disambiguation page. Having separate pages which mimic similar information is a waste of space and bandwidth for Wikipedia. Before any action is taken let's have a concensus of users taken on this talk page. I don't want this to end up being an editing war. Misterrick 22:50, 13 December 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree with not having an editing war. That's why I commented instead of reverting.  Trouble is, I don't know whether anyone else will bother commenting.  My disagreement with you is that a phrase like "the MGM Mirage properties" is meaningful, as referring to the properties owned by that company, but "the Golden Nugget properties" is different.  There are now two separate casinos, miles apart, with different owners, lumped together in one article, which lends ambiguity to references to them in other articles. JamesMLane 23:36, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Misterrick wrote, "Having separate pages which mimic similar information is a waste of space and bandwidth for Wikipedia." As I return to this article now after some time has passed, it still strikes me as unnecessarily confusing, just because there's not all that much similar information.  The two different properties have to be described separately.  For example, the article now includes this statement: "When Poster and Breitling assumed control of the Golden Nugget, they began to upgrade the gambling operation, for example by installing new "cashless" slot machines and by increasing the maximum bet available at table games to $15,000."  I very much doubt that Golden Nugget Laughlin is or ever was accepting that kind of action.  To the extent that the two casinos were for a time in common ownership, that could be accommodated by linking each separate article to a new article about Poster Financial Group, Inc., which would include the information about the principals that's now in this article. JamesMLane 10:38, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * James, Go ahead and do what ever you like. At this point if you feel that there should be separate articles then go ahead and make the changes I won't object because I'm sure I'd be overruled by the majority anyway. But personally I would wait until the the acquition by Barrick Gaming Corp. of the Golden Nugget Laughlin is completed before you make any changes. Misterrick 19:05, 23 December 2004 (UTC).

 * Hm.. I think perhaps one article is the way to go with the other stuff redirecting to it. This is, in my opinion, an aesthetical choice.  Unless there's some long standing precedent then either way is fine, but I'd prefer one well written article.  CryptoDerk 00:34, Dec 24, 2004 (UTC)

 * Misterrick, I asked CryptoDerk to give his opinion, because of his extensive editing of gambling-related articles. Given that he agrees with you, I'll go along with leaving the status quo until the aquisition is completed. JamesMLane 01:19, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I decided to look here after reading what I thought was a totally confusing article about three different Golden Nugget casinos. I'm also not sure that any of them is really a resort.  Further note the singular and not pural in the page name.  My thought was to add a disambig page and create one article for each casino.  It looks like most of the history would stay with the LV one.  Having a page for at least one of the Laughlin properities might spark some interest in getting more activity about that city listed in wiki.  I sure that Don(?) Laughlin's work to build the first casino and bridge is enough to get that properity into Wiki.  Golden Nugget (Take a look at the number of hits on google using "Golden Nuget") is also a Nintendo 64 game.  I creatd the Diasambig page with the three hotel casino antries pointing here untill they each get a page.  One final thought.  Even if the Laughlin name changes, by setting up the page now, you retain the history of the casino under whatever name it becomes.Vegaswikian 22:28, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * As you'll see above, what you've described is the structure that I favored a few months ago (except that I didn't know about the Nintendo game). Both Misterrick and CryptoDerk were inclined to maintain the status quo as long as the two existing Golden Nugget casinos were in common ownership (i.e., until the acquisition of the Laughlin property was completed), so I deferred to them.  I don't know the current status of the Laughlin deal. JamesMLane 02:00, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Kind of hard to get a concensus with only 4 people evenly split. The bottom line is that if the properities are not split out we will still have the confusion in the current article.   The fact that the name will be changed in Laughlin does not affect this in any way, we are still trying to cover 3 casinos in one article.  Personally I'd let the creator of the article make the final decision.  But I'd push to make the article readable and since it is an encylopedia, it needs to keep the history.  Having individual articles allows that, keeping a single article does not appear to do that.  This points out the need to clean up Vegas history quickly by moving the ownership changes into the pages on the holding companies.  Then all you need to include is who the current owner is.  The history of who ate who is in the company and not the casino page.  You only need the data once in one place.  I don't know how many pages had different version of the MGM Grand file, it was even textual in the disambg page!Vegaswikian 03:11, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)

There have been no comments since my last post over a week ago. So, I'm going to split out the various properities into their own articles. That way if you look at the city category you really see the portion of the writeup that is correct. Listing three cities for a resort should not happen in my opinion. Vegaswikian 19:22, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Ok, the casinos have their own pages. There are also two new pages for the various companies that owned the casinos.  After doing this, it became clear that what was included in the old 'combined' page was mostly company history.  There was almost nothing about the various casinos.  While I was able to add some stuff in, the articles could use a lot more attention to make them better articles.  This lack of data was hidden when everything was combined. Vegaswikian 22:06, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

If it matters (and I'll assume that at this point it doesn't, but what the hey?), the Golden Nugget Laughlin may not be changing names and could be joined with Golden Nugget Vegas if the deal continues to fall as it does. You probably saw this article this weekend, but in case you didn't here it is. LVRJ Article on Deal Collapse SpikeJones 10:37, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, it could be combined, but why? There are two different histories and they will be different in the future.  Each of these hotels needs an individual article.  Vegaswikian 05:27, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

Golden Nugget (resort) named to Golden Nugget Las Vegas
I'm going to do this move and fix the redirects. Actually this will have to be a cut and paste since there is a redirect in place and a good number of the references are still to the Golden Nugget Las Vegas. This will give all three of the casinos that have articles and used that name similar article names. I'll also fix some of the holding companies which still have bad links and missing information at the end. Vegaswikian 21:02, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Golden Nugget (resort)


text:
Seattle Steam Company

CenTrio, formerly known as the Seattle Steam Company, is a district heating public utility that provides steam (generated by burning natural gas, diesel oil, and recycled wood) to over 175 businesses in downtown Seattle and on First and Capitol Hills via 18 miles of steam pipeline. Its plants are located on Western Avenue at Union Street, just west of Pike Place Market, and on Post Avenue at Yesler Way, in Pioneer Square.

About
Seattle Steam was founded in 1893 as the Seattle Steam Heat and Power Co. It owns 18 miles of pipes under the streets of Downtown. Its average winter output is 250000 to 300000 lb of steam per hour; this drops to less than 100000 lb in the summer.

Seattle Steam's biggest customers are Swedish Medical Center, Harborview Medical Center, and Virginia Mason Medical Center, which use the steam for heat and sterilization. Other big customers include hotels, which use the steam for heat and for generating hot water, Seattle Public Library, which uses it for heat and the Seattle Art Museum, which uses it for heat and humidity control.

In May 2014, Seattle Steam was bought by Enwave Energy Corporation, a unit of Brookfield Asset Management of Toronto, and renamed Enwave Seattle.

title: Seattle Steam Company


text:
Paul Schützenberger

Paul Schützenberger (23 December 1829 – 26 June 1897) was a French chemist. He was born in Strasbourg, where his father Georges Frédéric Schützenberger (1779–1859) was professor of law, and his uncle Charles Schützenberger (1809–1881) professor of chemical medicine.

He was intended for a medical career and graduated MD from the University of Strasbourg in 1855, but his interests laid in physical and chemical sciences. In 1853 he went to Paris as preparateur to JF Persoz (1805–1868), professor of chemistry at the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers. A year later he was entrusted with a course of chemical instruction at Mulhouse, and he remained in that town until 1865 as professor at the École Supérieure des Sciences.

He then returned to Paris as assistant to AJ Balard at the College de France, in 1876 he succeeded him in the chair of chemistry, and in 1882 he became directing professor at the municipal École de Physique et de Chimie. The two latter chairs he held together until his death, which happened at Mézy, Seine et Oise.

During the period he spent at Mulhouse, Schützenberger paid special attention to industrial chemistry, particularly in connection with colouring matters, but he also worked at general and biological chemistry which subsequently occupied the greater part of his time. He is known for a long series of researches on the constitution of alkaloids and of the albuminoid bodies, and for the preparation of several new series of platinum compounds and of hyposulphurous acid, H2S2O4.

Towards the end of his life he adopted the view that the elements have been formed by some process of condensation from one primordial substance of extremely small atomic weight, and he expressed the conviction that atomic weights within narrow limits are variable and modified according to the physical conditions in which a compound is formed.

His publications include:

 * Chimie appliquée à la physiologie et à la pathologie animale (1863);
 * Traité des matières colorantes (1867);
 * Les Fermentations (1875), which was translated into German, Italian and English;
 * Traité de chimie générale in seven volumes (1880–1894).

title: Paul Schützenberger